PMID- 2393846
TI  - Differential growth-inhibitory effects of gallium on B-lymphocyte lines in high
      versus low iron concentrations.
AB  - The growth inhibitory effects of gallium on a murine and human B-cell line were
      studied using two different serum-free culture systems: (a) ferric citrate medium
      containing 500 microM iron and (b) transferrin medium containing 5 micrograms/ml
      of iron-saturated transferrin (0.125 microM iron). For the human cell line in
      ferric citrate medium, 50% growth inhibition achieved in the presence of
      transferrin-gallium represented a gallium concentration 80-fold lower than the
      concentration required when gallium nitrate was added. In the transferrin system,
      significantly higher transferrin-gallium concentrations were required to achieve
      the same inhibitory effects. Monoclonal antibody to the transferrin receptor
      significantly decreased the growth inhibiting effect of transferrin-gallium in
      the mouse ferric citrate system. Thus, under very different culture conditions,
      gallium and iron appear to compete via the transferrin-transferrin receptor
      pathway for cellular uptake. The growth inhibitory effects of gallium are
      markedly potentiated when the metal is taken up by functional transferrin
      receptors even in cells continuously cultured in transferrin-free medium.

PMID- 2393847
TI  - Inhibition of growth of established N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary cancer
      in rats by retinoic acid and ovariectomy.
AB  - Retinoids are effective in the prevention of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced
      mammary carcinoma; retinoids and hormonal therapy exert synergy in cancer
      prevention. In this study, we examined the effects of the dietary supplementation
      with all-trans retinoic acid (RA) alone or in combination with ovariectomy on the
      growth of established N-methyl-N- nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinomas in rats.
      In the first experiment, animals (n = 13) were entered in each of the following
      treatment groups when their tumors reached 2 cm in diameter: 1, control diet; 2,
      RA 300 mg/kg diet; 3, ovariectomy (OVX); 4, RA 300 mg/kg diet plus OVX. Animals
      were sacrificed after 28 days of therapy. In the RA-supplemented animals, tumor
      progression was less than in the control group without signs of toxicity as
      assessed by total and individual tumor surface area and weight, and animal
      weight. OVX produced tumor regression that was not enhanced by the addition of
      RA. In a second experiment, RA 65- and 130-mg/kg diets were dissolved in corn oil
      with antioxidants prior to mixing to the diet to improve biodisponibility. This
      resulted in overall stabilization of tumor growth by RA addition to the diet at
      either of the 2 doses utilized; the addition of RA 65 mg/kg diet did not modify
      tumor regression induced by OVX. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation with
      RA decreased the progression or stabilized the growth of the majority of tumors
      and only rarely (6%) induced tumor regression; no additive or synergistic effects
      were found with the combination of RA and ovariectomy.

PMID- 2393848
TI  - Differential down-regulation of epidermal protein kinase C by 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and diacylglycerol: association with epidermal
      hyperplasia and tumor promotion.
AB  - A single topical application of 2 nmol 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)
      to CD-1 mouse skin resulted in a rapid decrease in cytosolic, particulate, and
      total epidermal protein kinase C (PKC) activity at 6 h, which remained decreased
      by 70% at 96 h. This dose of TPA produced epidermal hyperplasia as determined by
      an increase in the number of nucleated epidermal cell layers. A single
      application of 10 mumol sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol, a model sn-1,2-diacylglycerol
      and complete tumor promoter, induced ornithine decarboxylase to an extent similar
      to that of 2 nmol TPA. However, sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol produced an 80%
      increase in particulate PKC activity that was accompanied by a 45% decrease in
      cytosolic PKC activity, resulting in no net change in total PKC activity. Unlike
      TPA, this dose of sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol did not produce a hyperplastic
      response. Additional dosing regimens were examined to determine whether the down
      regulation of particulate PKC activity was associated with hyperplasia and tumor
      promotion. A tumor-promoting dosing regimen consisting of multiple applications
      of 5 or 10 mumol sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol twice daily for 1 week resulted in
      more than a 60% decrease in cytosolic and particulate PKC activity and a marked
      epidermal hyperplasia. Twice-weekly application of 10 mumol sn-1,2
      didecanoylglycerol, a nonpromoting dosing rate, for 1 week decreased cytosolic
      PKC activity but increased particulate PKC activity and did not produce
      hyperplasia. Dosing regimens utilizing multiple applications of TPA decreased
      both particulate and cytosolic PKC activity and were also hyperplastic. PKC
      activity was also measured in epidermal papillomas from mice initiated with 7,12
      dimethylbenz[a]- anthracene and promoted with either sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol or
      TPA. Cytosolic- and particulate-associated PKC activity in these papillomas was
      decreased by at least 70% and 40%, respectively, when compared with epidermis and
      whole skin. After 2 months without promoter treatment, both cytosolic and
      particulate PKC activity remained decreased in the papillomas, whereas epidermal
      PKC activity returned to control values by 2 to 3 weeks following cessation of
      several weeks of TPA treatment. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the
      down-regulation of epidermal PKC is associated with and may be a permissive event
      for epidermal hyperplasia and tumor promotion.

PMID- 2393849
TI  - Clearance and tissue distribution of recombinant human interleukin 1 beta in
      rats.
AB  - Clearance and tissue distribution of recombinant human interleukin 1 beta (IL-1
      beta) were investigated by determining the growth-inhibitory activity on tumor
      cells in rats after i.v. or s.c. administration. A single 100 micrograms/kg i.v.
      bolus was biphasically eliminated with a terminal half-life of 19.0 min in normal
      rats. Serum IL-1 beta activity reached a maximum level 1 h after s.c.
      administration and then declined with a half-life of 1.59 h. The absolute
      bioavailability was 40.5%. IL-1 beta activity was mainly located in the kidney
      and was particularly accumulated in the lysosomal fraction. A 14-fold increase in
      the elimination half-life of IL-1 beta activity was found in nephrectomized rats,
      in comparison with sham-treated control rats. Pretreatment with E-64 and
      leupeptin, both of which are thiol protease inhibitors, had no effect on the
      plasma levels of IL-1 beta activity, but a 2-fold increase in plasma level was
      found in rats pretreated with pepstatin A, a carboxyl protease inhibitor. Since
      excreted IL-1 beta activity was not detected in urine, these results suggest that
      the kidney is the main site of its metabolic degradation and that carboxyl
      protease is involved in its metabolic inactivation.

PMID- 2393850
TI  - Effect of different levels of calorie restriction on azoxymethane-induced colon
      carcinogenesis in male F344 rats.
AB  - Epidemiological and animal model studies indicate that increased calorie intake
      increases the risk for colon cancer development. Previous studies in animal
      models restricted the calorie intake severely, and none of these studies have
      investigated a dose-response effect of different levels of calorie restriction on
      colon carcinogenesis. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of
      various levels of calorie restriction on colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats
      fed the low and high fat diets and the effect of these diets on the activities of
      colonic mucosal and tumor ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and protein tyrosine
      kinase. Starting at 5 weeks of age, groups of male F344 rats were fed the low fat
      or high fat diets ad libitum. At 7 weeks of age, all animals except the vehicle
      treated groups were given s.c. injections of azoxymethane (AOM) (15 mg/kg body
      weight, once weekly for 2 weeks). Four days after the second injection, groups of
      animals were restricted to 90, 80, or 70% of total calories consumed by the high
      fat ad libitum group (i.e., 10, 20, and 30% calorie restriction, respectively).
      In the low fat groups, animals were restricted to 80% of total calories consumed
      by the low fat ad libitum group (i.e., 20% restriction). Thirty-six weeks after
      AOM injections, all animals were necropsied and colon tumors were used for
      histopathology and ODC and protein tyrosine kinase analysis. In the second
      experiment, the protocol was the same as above except that the animals were
      sacrificed 5 days after the second AOM injection and colonic mucosal ODC and
      protein tyrosine kinase activities were assayed. The incidence and multiplicity
      of colon tumors were significantly inhibited in animals fed the high fat 20%
      calorie-restricted and high fat 30% calorie-restricted diets, as compared to
      those fed the high fat ad libitum diet. The regression coefficient representing
      the dose-response effect of different levels of calorie restriction in both high
      fat groups is significant. Results also indicate that AOM treatment significantly
      increased the colonic mucosal ODC and protein tyrosine kinase activities. This
      stimulation was inhibited by feeding the calorie-restricted diets. ODC and
      protein tyrosine kinase activities were lower in the colon tumors of animals fed
      the calorie-restricted diets.

PMID- 2393851
TI  - Uveal melanoma in relation to ultraviolet light exposure and host factors.
AB  - We conducted a case-control interview study among 1277 subjects (407 patients,
      870 controls selected by using random digit dial) in 11 western United States to
      determine whether uveal melanoma and cutaneous melanoma shared common risk
      factors. After adjustment for other factors, the risk of uveal melanoma was
      increased for those with green, gray, or hazel eyes [relative risk (RR) = 2.5, P
      less than 0.001] or blue eyes (RR = 2.2, P less than 0.001) when compared to
      brown. A tendency to sunburn after 0.5 h midday summer sun exposure increased
      risk for uveal melanoma (burn with tanning RR = 1.5, P = 0.02; burn with little
      tanning RR = 1.8, P less than 0.001; burn with no tanning RR = 1.7, P = 0.002);
      as did exposure to UV or black lights (RR = 3.7, P = 0.003); and welding burn,
      sunburn of the eye, or snow blindness (RR = 7.2, P less than 0.001). An
      association with uveal melanoma was also noted with an increasing number of large
      nevi (P = 0.04 for trend), although the individual risk estimates were not
      remarkable. These data suggest that host factors and exposure to UV light are
      risk factors for uveal melanoma.

PMID- 2393852
TI  - Lorglumide and loxiglumide inhibit gastrin-stimulated DNA synthesis in a rat
      tumoral acinar pancreatic cell line (AR42J).
AB  - Many reports emphasized the role of gastrin as growth factor on normal
      gastrointestinal mucosa and pancreas. In the present study, we analyzed the
      proliferative effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin peptides on a rat
      tumoral pancreatic cell line, AR42J, which possesses both CCKA and CCKB receptor
      subtypes. The results showed a good correlation between the binding of gastrin to
      CCKB receptor [Kd 1.125 +/- 0.3 (SD) nM] and its ability to either induce
      ornithine decarboxylase activity [50% effective concentration, 0.6 +/- 0.3 nM]
      and [3H]-thymidine incorporation [50% effective concentration, 2 +/- 0.4 nM].
      Furthermore, the ability of different cholecystokinin and gastrin antagonists
      such as proglumide and asperlicin derivatives (respectively, CR1409, CR1505, and
      L364,718) were tested. We found that all antagonists displaced 125I-labeled
      gastrin binding, with the following order of potencies: L364,718 greater than
      CR1409 greater than CR1505 greater than proglumide. Furthermore, the 50%
      inhibitory concentration of CR1409 and CR1505 to inhibit gastrin stimulated
      ornithine decarboxylase activity (an early event involved in cell proliferation)
      and [3H]thymidine incorporation were in agreement with their constants of
      inhibition (Ki) on gastrin binding. The L364,718 compound, at a concentration
      which fully occupied the CCKA without affecting the CCKB, had no effect on
      gastrin stimulated ornithine decarboxylase activity and [3H]thymidine
      incorporation. In addition, this compound appeared to be a full agonist on CCKB
      receptor. These results confirm the implication of the CCKB receptor in the
      proliferative response of AR42J cells to gastrin.

PMID- 2393853
TI  - Opposite effects of tamoxifen on in vitro protein kinase C activity and
      endogenous protein phosphorylation in intact MCF-7 cells.
AB  - We investigated the effects of the antiestrogen tamoxifen on MCF-7 cell protein
      kinase C either by using the in vitro histone kinase assay or by studying the
      phosphorylation of its endogenous Mr 28,000 protein substrate in intact cells. In
      the in vitro assay, tamoxifen inhibited the enzyme competitively with respect to
      phospholipid, whereas estradiol and morpholinobenzyl phenoxy ethanamine, a
      specific ligand for antiestrogen binding sites, were considerably less efficient.
      In contrast, tamoxifen did not affect phosphorylation of the Mr 28,000 protein
      induced by the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate in intact MCF-7
      cells. Estradiol and morpholinobenzyl phenoxy ethanamine also had no effect. At
      high concentration (100 microM), tamoxifen itself stimulated specific
      phosphorylation of this Mr 28,000 protein. Estradiol and morpholinobenzyl phenoxy
      ethanamine neither mimicked nor interfered with this effect. Our data suggest
      that the effect of tamoxifen on protein kinase C activity depends on the
      phospholipid environment of the enzyme, and opposite effects may be observed in
      intact cells to those seen in disrupted cells. The action of tamoxifen on
      endogenous protein phosphorylation was thought to be due to direct interaction
      with the phospholipid binding domain of the enzyme rather than by interaction
      with the estrogen receptor or the antiestrogen binding site. Nevertheless, our
      results do not rule out a possible activation by tamoxifen of specific protein
      kinase(s) and phosphatase(s). In any case, the antiproliferative activity of
      tamoxifen on MCF-7 cells cannot be attributed to its effects on protein kinase C.

PMID- 2393854
TI  - Decreased serum concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites induced by
      aminoglutethimide.
AB  - The antiestrogen tamoxifen and the aromatase inhibitor aminoglutethimide show
      similar response rates when used in the endocrine management of advanced breast
      cancer. However, numerous clinical trials have demonstrated no increase in
      response rate from treatment with the drug combination of tamoxifen plus
      aminoglutethimide. We investigated the possibility of a pharmacokinetic
      interaction between these two drugs in six menopausal woman with breast cancer.
      All patients were investigated under three different conditions (termed phases A,
      B, and C). The steady state kinetics of tamoxifen were determined when
      administered alone (phase A) and after coadministration of aminoglutethimide for
      6 weeks (phase B). In phase B, the pharmacokinetics for aminoglutethimide were
      determined and compared with these parameters after a tamoxifen washout of 6
      weeks (phase C). The serum concentration of tamoxifen and most of its metabolites
      ([trans-1(4-beta-hydroxy-ethoxyphenyl)-1,2-diphenylbut-1-ene], 4
      hydroxytamoxifen, 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen, N-desmethyltamoxifen, and N
      desdimethyltamoxifen) were markedly reduced following aminoglutethimide
      administration, corresponding to an increase in tamoxifen clearance from 189-608
      ml/min. The amount of most metabolites in serum increased relative to the amount
      of parent tamoxifen. These data are consistent with induction of tamoxifen
      metabolism during aminoglutethimide exposure. We found no effect of tamoxifen on
      aminoglutethimide pharmacokinetics or acetylation. We conclude that this
      aminoglutethimide-tamoxifen interaction should be taken into account when
      evaluating the clinical effect of this drug combination relative to monotherapy.

PMID- 2393855
TI  - Regulation of succinyl coenzyme A:acetoacetyl coenzyme A transferase in rat
      hepatoma cell lines.
AB  - The regulation of succinyl-CoA:acetoacetyl-CoA transferase (CoA transferase) has
      been studied in 8 rat hepatoma cell lines. Compared with normal rat hepatocytes,
      which have almost nondetectable activity of the enzyme, the hepatoma cell lines
      have a wide range of expression of CoA transferase activity, from as low as 45
      nmol/min/mg to as high as 960 nmol/min/mg. Western blotting showed that the
      different levels of CoA transferase activity were due to differing amounts of the
      enzyme in the cells. This was further attributed to the varying amounts of the
      enzyme synthesized in the cells as monitored by L-[35S]methionine labeling
      followed by immunoprecipitation. To study further the differential expression of
      CoA transferase in the hepatoma cell lines, the relative quantity of functional
      CoA-transferase mRNA in the cells was measured by in vitro translation. The
      results showed that the levels of functional CoA transferase mRNA detected were
      consistent with the differences in the enzyme activity in the cells. Since CoA
      transferase is the key enzyme responsible for the utilization of ketone bodies as
      an alternative energy source, the expression of CoA transferase in hepatoma cells
      may play a role in energy production.

PMID- 2393856
TI  - Molecular genetic analysis of chromosome 22 in 81 cases of meningioma.
AB  - Constitutional and tumor tissue genotypes from 81 unrelated patients with
      meningioma were compared at 25 polymorphic loci (restriction fragments length
      alleles) on chromosome 22. Thirty tumors (37%) retained the constitutional
      genotype along chromosome 22, a finding consistent with no detectable aberrations
      on chromosome 22 as studied. Forty-two tumors (52%) showed loss of one allele at
      all informative loci consistent with monosomy 22 in the tumor DNA. The remaining
      9 tumors (11%) showed retained constitutional heterozygosity in the tumor DNA at
      one or more centromeric loci and loss of the heterozygosity at other telomeric
      loci, which is consistent with variable terminal deletions of one chromosome 22q
      in the tumor DNA. The localization of breakpoints in these 9 cases with deletions
      suggests that a meningioma locus is localized distal to myoglobin locus, within
      22q12.3-qter. The male cases showed a higher percentage of tumors with no
      detectable aberrations on chromosome 22, a finding which may suggest that tumors
      of males have preferentially smaller rearrangements on chromosome 22q than those
      of females or that the male and female cases with no detected aberrations have
      another mechanism of oncogenesis. In view of the recent findings on the
      localization of the neurofibromatosis-2 gene on chromosome 22, the data from case
      11 of our series suggests that the meningioma and the neurofibromatosis-2 loci
      are separate entities.

PMID- 2393857
TI  - Cellular and molecular events in loss of estrogen sensitivity in ZR-75-1 and T-47
      D human breast cancer cells.
AB  - When deprived of steroid in the long term, both estrogen-dependent (ZR-75-1) and
      estrogen-responsive (T-47-D) human breast cancer cells lose estrogen regulation
      of cell growth in a reproducible time course using both stock lines and recloned
      cells. The estrogen-stimulated growth rate was unaffected by such treatment, but
      there was an increase in the basal growth rate without steroid. For ZR-75-1
      cells, the effects are clonal but occur at high frequency (1 in 1000 cells) and
      synchronously between clones, suggesting a phenotypic mechanism. These changes in
      cell growth occur without any coordinated loss of estrogen sensitivity of
      molecular markers (pS2 mRNA, progesterone receptor protein) showing that
      functional estrogen receptors remain present throughout. The constitutive
      expression of progesterone receptor in one clone of steroid-deprived ZR-75-1
      cells does suggest, however, that alterations in expression of individual
      estrogen-sensitive genes can occur. Loss of estrogen-stimulated growth was not
      accompanied by loss of growth inhibition by antiestrogen, and the latter effect
      remained reversible by estradiol. In an attempt to understand the molecular
      mechanisms underlying the loss of steroid sensitivity in the two cell lines,
      growth factor gene expression was investigated. Progression to steroid autonomy
      in T-47-D cells was accompanied by an upregulation of transforming growth factor
      (TGF) alpha, TGF beta 1, and TGF beta 2 mRNA. However, TGF beta 1 mRNA was
      downregulated in two ZR-75-1 steroid-deprived clones. These findings are
      discussed in relation to possible autocrine mechanisms in the loss of steroid
      sensitivity of breast cancer cells.

PMID- 2393858
TI  - Antitumor efficacy of interleukin-2 alone and in combination with adriamycin and
      dacarbazine in murine solid tumor systems.
AB  - Recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2)/chemotherapy combinations have recently entered
      clinical trial. The rationale for sequencing has primarily been empiric or based
      on in vitro data. To establish in vivo models for chemoimmunotherapy trials, we
      investigated IL-2 alone and in combination with dacarbazine (DTIC) and
      adriamycin. IL-2 (as a single agent given i.v. at 1-3 x 10(5) Cetus units once
      daily for 5 days, repeated 7-10 days later), was highly active against an
      immunogenic line of colon adenocarcinoma no. 11/A [tumor growth inhibition (T/C)
      = 0% with cures]. It was modestly active against colon adenocarcinoma no. 38 (T/C
      = 39%), mammary adenocarcinoma no. 16/C (T/C = 18%), and B16 melanoma (T/C =
      21%). IL-2 was inactive against colon adenocarcinoma no. 7/A (T/C = 83%).
      Combination trials were done using DTIC and IL-2 against colon no. 7/A and
      upstaged colon no. 11/A. The combination of adriamycin and IL-2 was tested
      against mammary adenocarcinoma no. 16/C. In the DTIC/IL-2 combination trials, the
      combination was superior over either agent used alone. In the IL-2/adriamycin
      trials, the combination was no better than adriamycin alone at optimum dosages.

PMID- 2393859
TI  - Seasonal change in the concentration of progesterone receptor in breast cancer.
AB  - There are conflicting reports of seasonal changes in steroid hormone receptor
      levels in breast cancer tissue. Estrogen receptor and progesterone (PR) receptor
      levels from 1132 tumors were thus grouped according to month of initial tumor
      detection or month of tissue sampling/surgery. There was a significant circannual
      variation in the mean monthly PR receptor concentration in patients grouped
      according to month of tissue sampling/surgery with peak PR levels in April (late
      summer-early autumn) and nadir values in August and September (late winter-early
      spring). There was no significant cyclic variation in estrogen receptor values. A
      significant annual variation in tumor PR concentration was also seen when
      receptor levels from individual tumors were grouped according to month of initial
      tumor detection, with peak PR levels found in January and February. The time
      interval between tumor detection and biopsy/surgery was 3.3 +/- 5.3 months (mean
      +/- SD) which was close to the interval between the peak PR concentration
      expressed by month of tumor detection compared with month of tissue sampling for
      receptor assay. There was also a significant seasonal variation in the month of
      initial tumor detection, with peak detection occurring in December (summer). The
      close synchrony between month of maximum tumor detection and month of peak PR
      concentration suggests that seasonal changes in detection of breast cancer may in
      part relate to seasonal changes in hormone responsiveness within tumor tissue.

PMID- 2393860
TI  - Ascorbate free radical stimulates the growth of a human promyelocytic leukemia
      cell line.
AB  - Ascorbate free radical stimulates the growth of human promyelocytic leukemia
      cells (HL-60) in the presence of a limited amount of serum (1%) when added to the
      cells under conditions where it is impermeable. Maximum growth stimulation occurs
      at concentrations from 5 x 10(-9) to 2 x 10(-8) M. Ascorbate mimicks the
      stimulation effect of its free radical but stimulates at higher concentrations.
      Autoxidation of ascorbate by oxygen produces its free radical, which apparently
      causes growth stimulation. Ascorbate could be regenerated by intact cells in
      vitro, since prevention of autoxidation of ascorbate in the presence of cells is
      observed. Neither dehydroascorbate nor isoascorbate increases HL-60 cell growth.
      Short term incubation of cells in the presence of ascorbate free radical induced
      intracellular NADH oxidation. We propose that the stimulation of growth of HL-60
      cells shown here could be caused by activation of the transplasma membrane
      electron transport system by the ascorbate free radical.

PMID- 2393861
TI  - DNA damage induced by a new 2-chloroethyl nitrosourea on malignant melanoma
      cells.
AB  - Different biological aspects of a novel 2-chloroethyl nitrosourea derived from
      cysteamine, N'-(2-chloroethyl)-N-[2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl]-N'- nitrosourea
      (CMSOEN2), were studied. Drug-induced cytotoxic effects, uptake kinetics, DNA
      damage, and O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity were determined in 3
      melanoma cell lines: the murine B16 and 2 human metastatic-derived cell lines (M4
      Beu and M3 Dau). We found that radioactivity uptake and incorporation in acido
      precipitable material was inversely proportional to cell drug viability. The
      highly CMSOEN2-sensitive B16 line showed the lowest total radioactivity uptake.
      In fact, among the melanoma cell parameters studied, 3 of them were well
      correlated: (a) cytotoxicity as reflected by the colony-forming assay; (b) DNA
      cross-link frequency estimated by the alkaline elution technique; and (c) O6
      alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity (Mer phenotype), defined as the
      ability of cell extracts to remove O6-methylguanine from N-methyl-N-nitrosourea
      alkylated DNA. The 2 human cell lines (M4 Beu and M3 Dau), the most resistant to
      the cytostatic drug effects, showed little or no ability to form DNA lethal cross
      links. These results correspond to the higher O6-alkylguanine-DNA
      alkyltransferase activity found in human-derived cell lines compared with that
      present in murine B16 cell lines. This study confirms that the cell content in
      this repair DNA protein is certainly one of the important factors implicated in
      the variability of response to 2-chloroethyl nitrosourea treatment observed in a
      number of established malignant cell lines. It has been shown that pretreatment
      of derived cell lines with methylating agents (N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, N-methyl
      N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine) or O6-methylguanine used as a free base, increased
      cytotoxic effects of this class of anticancer agents, likely by saturating
      receptor sites (sulfhydryl groups) of this specific DNA repair enzyme.
      Nevertheless, in preliminary Phase I and II clinical trials, 2 patients who had
      been treated with multiple chemotherapies including alkylating agents [1-(2
      chloroethyl)-3- cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4
      carboxamide, platinum derivatives], presented complete or partial remission after
      CMSOEN2 treatment. Our results raise the question of the exact relation between
      the Mer phenotype determined in derived murine or human cultured cells and that
      directly observed on surgically excised tumors in cancer patients. The original
      Mer phenotype could be modified by cell culture conditions since it has been
      shown that O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity is widely distributed
      between normal and tumoral tissues without any real difference.

PMID- 2393862
TI  - Cloning and sequencing of a complementary DNA encoding a Mr 70,000 human breast
      epithelial mucin-associated antigen.
AB  - The human milk fat globule (HMFG) membrane contains several glycoproteins that
      have been referred to as breast differentiation antigens and that are expressed
      in normal breast, breast tumors, breast tumor-derived cell lines, and are found
      in breast cancer patient serum. These antigens include a high molecular weight
      mucin and several smaller components including Mr 150,000; 70,000; and 46,000
      glycoproteins. We have used 2 monoclonal antibodies (McR2 and Mc13) that bind the
      Mr 70,000 component of HMFG to immunoscreen a lambda gt11 expression library
      prepared from human lactating breast tissue. We report here the sequence of a
      complementary DNA clone (BA70-1) that codes for a peptide that binds both McR2
      and Mc13 but not monoclonal antibodies to the breast mucin or other components of
      HMFG.A 1.8-kilobase RNA was detected in 9 of 9 breast tumor cell lines using 32P
      labeled BA70-1 as probe. The BA70-1 RNA was highly expressed in 6 of 9 cells
      lines of breast and several other carcinomas lines compared with a lymphoblastoid
      cell line (Raji). The BA70-1 complementary DNA sequence has no extensive homology
      with previously reported sequences including the high-molecular weight mucin
      complementary DNA. Since the Mr 70,000 molecule appears to be associated with the
      breast mucin by disulfide bonds, its study could help elucidate the structure of
      this latter complex and how it is organized in the cell membrane, and prove
      useful in diagnosis and therapy of breast cancer.

PMID- 2393863
TI  - Suramin inhibits laminin- and thrombospondin-mediated melanoma cell adhesion and
      migration and binding of these adhesive proteins to sulfatide.
AB  - Suramin is a polysulfonated drug with several biological activities including
      inhibition of binding of some growth factors to cells, inhibition of tumor cell
      growth, and of glycosaminoglycan metabolism. We report here that suramin also
      inhibits binding of the adhesive glycoproteins, thrombospondin and laminin, to
      immobilized sulfatide with 50% inhibitory doses of 220 and 470 micrograms/ml,
      respectively. Sulfated glycoconjugates on melanoma cells mediate spreading on
      thrombospondin by binding to the amino-terminal heparin- and sulfatide-binding
      domain. This domain is also required for chemotaxis on thrombospondin. We
      therefore examined the effect of suramin on human melanoma cell spreading and
      migration. Suramin at 50-400 micrograms/ml specifically inhibited G361 melanoma
      cell spreading on thrombospondin without affecting cell attachment. Suramin also
      inhibited spreading of A2058 melanoma cells on thrombospondin and laminin and
      partially inhibited cell attachment. However, suramin had no effect on G361 or
      A2058 cell attachment or spreading on fibronectin. Chemotaxis of A2058 and G361
      melanoma cells to thrombospondin and laminin were also specifically inhibited by
      suramin, as was haptotaxis of A2058 melanoma cells to laminin. However, suramin
      only weakly inhibited haptotaxis of G361 melanoma cells to thrombospondin, which
      is not mediated by the amino-terminal domain, and did not inhibit haptotaxis to
      fibronectin. These results suggest a new mechanism for the observed antitumor
      activity of suramin based on its ability to inhibit interactions of tumor cells
      with laminin or thrombospondin in the extracellular matrix.

PMID- 2393864
TI  - Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and gamma camera imaging of 111In-KC-4G3
      murine monoclonal antibody in athymic nude mice with or without human tumor
      xenografts.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the monoclonal antibody
      radioconjugate 111In-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-KC-4G3, which is directed
      against a high molecular weight mucin(s) antigen expressed on the human milk fat
      globule and many epithelial cell membranes, were examined in BALB/c nude mice
      with and without xenografts of the human tumor lines ZR-75 (mammary
      adenocarcinoma, KC-4G3 antigen positive) and BALL-1 (B-cell lymphoma, KC-4G3
      antigen negative). Plasma of ZR-75 and BALL-1 tumor-bearing nude mice inoculated
      with 111In-KC-4G3 had a higher initial volume of distribution (V1), steady state
      volume of distribution (Vss), and plasma clearance and a lower initial half-life
      (t1/2 alpha) than non-tumor-bearing nude mice. There were no significant
      differences in biological half-life (t1/2 beta) in tumor- and non-tumor-bearing
      nude mice. Urinary and fecal excretion of radioactivity by ZR-75 tumor-bearing
      mice was greater than that of BALL-1 and non-tumor-bearing mice. Localization of
      111In-KC-4G3 in mice bearing xenografts of ZR-75 was significantly greater than
      in mice with BALL-1 tumors. Uptake of 111In-KC-4G3 by ZR-75 tumors averaged 14%
      of injected dose/g at 72 h after inoculation and was unaffected by antibody dose.
      Significantly, the radioconjugate concentration in ZR-75 tumors remained
      relatively constant from 72 to 336 h post-inoculation, while that in normal
      tissues declined considerably over this period. Nonspecific reticuloendothelial
      tissue uptake of 111In-KC-4G3 was only moderately affected by pretreatment with a
      large excess of unlabeled normal mouse immunoglobulin and was not changed by
      treatment with asialofetuin. Further enhancement of specific localization of
      111In-KC-4G3 was obtained by subtraction of the blood pool identified by co
      inoculation of 131I-labeled, isotype-identical, normal mouse immunoglobulin.
      Gamma camera images of 111In-KC-4G3-inoculated ZR-75 tumor-bearing mice showed
      enhanced tumor localization compared to mice with BALL-1 tumors. The results of
      this study suggest that 111In-KC-4G3 may prove useful for imaging and possibly
      therapy of human malignancies expressing the high molecular weight epithelial
      mucin(s).

PMID- 2393865
TI  - A novel ribonucleoprotein complex defined by monoclonal antibodies to NIH 3T3
      cells transfected with human pancreatic adenocarcinoma DNA.
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies elicited to NIH 3T3 cells transfected with DNA from a
      human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line recognized a novel ribonucleoprotein
      complex. Minimally, this ribonucleoprotein complex contained a Mr 240,000 protein
      (by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and two RNA
      species with apparent sizes of 1.5 and 3.0 kilobases (by formaldehyde agarose gel
      electrophoresis). In addition to a cytoplasmic and nuclear subcellular
      localization, the RNA antigen was secreted from human tumor cell lines and NIH
      3T3 cells transfected with pancreatic tumor DNA (inhibitable by monensin) and was
      apparently not a viral or Mycoplasma contaminant. The ribonucleoprotein antigen
      was detected in some normal tissues by immunoperoxidase but was not found in or
      secreted from in vitro cultured normal human fibroblasts, nontransfected or
      spontaneously transformed NIH 3T3 cells, or normal peripheral blood leukocytes.

PMID- 2393866
TI  - Flow and image cytometric DNA analysis in rhabdomyosarcoma.
AB  - Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common malignant soft-tissue tumor in childhood,
      with an overall 3-year disease-free survival of 73%. DNA content is known to
      correlate with prognosis and therapy response in many cancers. To determine the
      role of DNA content in rhabdomyosarcoma, 23 tumor samples were studied
      retrospectively: 18 primary tumors and 5 post-chemotherapy recurrences or
      specimens obtained at second-look surgeries. The DNA analysis was performed on
      disaggregated paraffin-embedded tissue nuclei by flow and image cytometry and
      correlated with the histology and clinical history. Of the primary tumors 4 were
      diploid, 4 polyploid, and 10 aneuploid (9 with a single aneuploid G0G1 peak and 1
      multiploid) by flow cytometry. The concordance rate between flow and image
      cytometry was 19 of 23 (83%); one case did not have flow cytometry available.
      Most embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas were aneuploid (10 of 12; 83%), and they had a
      high incidence of recurrence in Stages III and IV (4 of 12; 33%). Although
      aneuploidy in pediatric cancers may predict a therapeutic response and good
      prognosis, this was not supported by our findings in rhabdomyosarcoma. The tumor
      DNA content correlated with the clinical stage but not with the patient's
      clinical course or tumor histopathological type. DNA content did not appear to be
      as important a prognostic tool as tumor stage.

PMID- 2393867
TI  - Effect of tumor necrosis factor on the antitumor efficacy and toxicity of
      aminopterin-monoclonal antibody conjugates: parameters for optimization of
      therapy.
AB  - Immunoconjugates of monoclonal antibodies with drugs, isotopes, or toxins are
      currently being investigated for their therapeutic effect on tumors. However, all
      have problems of access of the immunoconjugate to the tumor, particularly with
      solid tumors. To address this problem, we have used aminopterin-monoclonal
      antibody (AMN-mAb) conjugates combines with murine tumor necrosis factor (mTNF
      alpha), which is known to have specific effects on tumor vasculature. In a murine
      model, well-established tumors (measuring 1.0-1.4 cm in diameter) were either
      totally eradicated or considerably reduced in size with combined therapy--a
      greater effect than with either mTNF-alpha or AMN-mAb used alone. The mechanisms
      involved in the improved antitumor effect were investigated using in vitro
      assays, autoradiography, and biodistribution experiments. mTNF-alpha was found
      both to increase the cytotoxic activity of the conjugate in vitro and to increase
      in vivo tumor localization of mAb up to 5-fold. The timing of mTNF-alpha
      administration was crucial to effects on tumor localization; mTNF-alpha given
      with mAb caused the greatest increase in localization and mTNF-alpha given well
      before mAb decreased localization. mTNF-alpha also reduced the toxicity to mice
      of AMN-mAb depending on the timing of injection. These results indicate that mTNF
      alpha has a useful role in potentiation of immunoconjugate therapy but shows the
      need for careful planning of the dose regimen.

PMID- 2393868
TI  - Effect of epidermal growth factor on glioma cell growth, migration, and invasion
      in vitro.
AB  - Effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and an antibody (Ab-528) reactive
      against the binding site for EGF on human EGF receptors were studied on
      multicellular tumor spheroids obtained from three human glioma cell lines with
      high (D-37 MG), medium (D-247 MG), and low (D-263 MG) levels of EGF receptor
      expression. The D-247 MG and D-263 MG spheroids grew slowly or not at all in the
      absence of EGF, while in the presence of EGF they were growth stimulated. Tumor
      cell migration, as measured by the spread of cells from spheroids on a plastic
      substratum, was increased by the addition of EGF for all three cell lines.
      Stimulation of migration could be blocked by a subsequent addition of Ab-528 to
      the medium at a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml. Invasiveness of glioma cell
      spheroids into fetal rat brain aggregates was related to EGF receptor expression;
      the two lines with medium to high receptor expression (D-247 MG and D-37 MG) were
      invasive, while the line with low EGF receptor expression (D-263 MG) was
      noninvasive, as assessed by an in vitro coculture assay. In the D-247 MG cell
      line, morphometry revealed EGF-enhanced invasiveness of the tumor cells. The
      addition of the Ab-528 to EGF-treated cocultures reduced invasion in both D-247
      MG and D-37 MG cell lines. Antibody Ab-528 alone did not affect glioma cell
      growth or migration but did inhibit invasiveness. The present study suggests
      that, in brain tumors with an increased number of normal-sized Mr 170,000 EGF
      receptors, EGF or an EGF-like ligand such as transforming growth factor-alpha may
      selectively facilitate expansive tumor growth and tumor cell invasion. This
      effect may in part be blocked or retarded by specific antibodies to the EGF
      receptor.

PMID- 2393869
TI  - Cathepsin D in breast cancer cells can digest extracellular matrix in large
      acidic vesicles.
AB  - In breast cancer cell lines, pro-cathepsin D is synthesized in excess and
      abnormally processed, resulting in its slower maturation and increased secretion
      into the culture medium. Since this lysosomal protease is only active at acidic
      pH, we have searched for acidic compartments other than lysosomes where cathepsin
      D might be active when MCF7 cells are plated on corneal extracellular matrix. We
      found large acidic intracellular vesicles (1.5 to 20 microns in diameter) by
      acridine orange and 3-(2,4-dinitroanilino)-3'-amino-N-methyldipropylamine
      staining, two fluorescent probes which reveal acidic compartments. These vesicles
      were actively acidified. They were 2- to 20-fold more abundant in MCF7 breast
      cancer cells and primary cultures of human breast cancers cells than in primary
      cultures of normal mammary epithelial cells. In living MCF7 cells, high
      resolution video-enhanced microscopy showed that these vesicles were mobile and
      intracellular. Double immunolocalization indicated that they contained mature
      cathepsin D (but no detectable pro-cathepsin D) and endocytosed extracellular
      material. This material (dextran, transferrin, and extracellular matrix) and the
      association with other lysosomal enzymes varied according to the vesicles,
      suggesting their heterogeneity (large endosomes or phagosomes). We conclude that,
      in breast cancer cells, cathepsin D may digest intracellularly phagocytosed
      and/or endocytosed extracellular matrix in large acidic vesicles. We propose that
      the higher expression of cathepsin D associated with the increased number of
      large acidic vesicles in breast cancer cells may facilitate digestion of basement
      membrane and consequently metastasis.

PMID- 2393870
TI  - Neuropeptide Y expression in the developing adrenal gland and in childhood
      neuroblastoma tumors.
AB  - Neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression is limited to tissues of the central and
      peripheral nervous system. In the adrenal gland, NPY is found in a subset of
      cells of the adrenal medulla. Using in situ hybridization analysis, NPY mRNA
      expression was characterized during human fetal adrenal medullary development. We
      found a biphasic pattern of NPY mRNA expression during the development of the
      human adrenal medulla. NPY mRNA is detectable at the earliest evaluable time
      point (7.5 weeks of gestational age) through 18 weeks of gestational age, and is
      then not detectable until 8 months after birth. We also analyzed NPY mRNA
      expression in neuroblastoma tumors, which often arise in the adrenal medulla.
      Thirty-eight neuroblastoma tumors were analyzed for NPY mRNA expression using in
      situ hybridization. We found NPY mRNA expression in 30 of 38 tumors; 15 of 15
      Stage IVS tumors from children under 1 year of age at diagnosis expressed NPY
      mRNA, whereas 0 of 4 Stage IV tumors from children less than 1 year of age at
      diagnosis expressed NPY mRNA. These data suggest that in children under 1 year of
      age at diagnosis, Stage IVS and Stage IV neuroblastoma may be marked by the
      presence or absence, respectively, of NPY mRNA expression. Moreover, since NPY is
      expressed for only a short period of time during embryogenesis, these tumors may
      arise from different neuroblast populations occurring during the course of
      adrenal medullary development.

PMID- 2393871
TI  - Production of hydrogen peroxide by murine epidermal keratinocytes following
      treatment with the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
AB  - The ability of murine epidermal cells to produce intracellular hydrogen peroxide
      was analyzed by flow cytometry and the measurement of 2',7'- dichlorofluorescin
      (DCFH) oxidation. Epidermal cells isolated from acetone-treated CD-1 mice for 24
      h were relatively homogeneous in cell size and density and oxidized low levels of
      DCFH. However, following 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatment of
      mice (10 micrograms; 24 h), two cytokeratin-positive populations of cells were
      identified that were heterogeneous with respect to size and density. These two
      TPA-derived cell populations oxidized levels of DCFH that were time and dose
      dependent and were between 2- and 10-fold higher than levels of DCFH oxidized by
      cells isolated from acetone-treated mice. The ability of catalase, the enzyme
      that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide, to suppress DCFH oxidation to control levels
      suggested that intracellular hydrogen peroxide was responsible for the enhanced
      rate of DCFH oxidation in epidermal cells isolated from TPA-treated mice. The
      ability of mouse epidermal keratinocytes to oxidize DCFH in response to TPA
      treatment was confirmed using a cloned keratinocyte cell line. These results
      suggest that specific subpopulations of keratinocytes produce elevated levels of
      intracellular peroxides following treatment with TPA either in vivo or in
      culture.

PMID- 2393872
TI  - Integrin (alpha 6/beta 4) expression in human lung cancer as monitored by
      specific monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - In this study, the expression of the alpha 6/beta 4 integrin complex was analyzed
      in human lung carcinomas both in vitro and in vivo, using two monoclonal
      antibodies which recognize the integrin subunits alpha 6 (Mab 135-13C) and beta 4
      (Mab 439-9B). Immunoprecipitation patterns obtained from established human lung
      carcinoma cell lines demonstrated that the alpha 6 and the beta 4 subunits were
      differentially expressed in carcinomas of different types. The alpha 6 subunit
      was expressed in all the cell lines tested (squamous cell carcinoma A431,
      adenocarcinoma A549, large cell carcinoma DG3, and small cell carcinoma AE2). The
      beta 4 subunit was expressed in non-small cell cancer lines but was not
      detectable in the small cell cancer line tested. Using a quantitative two-site
      assay, we measured the concentration of the alpha 6/beta 4 integrin in matched
      biopsies from primary lung tumors and from normal lung. These studies confirmed
      that the complex was differentially expressed in non-small versus small cell lung
      cancers and that it was also detectable in lysates from normal lung at low
      levels. The highest levels of alpha 6/beta 4 were found in moderately
      differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. By immunohistochemistry, the beta 4
      subunit was detectable in all the squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomas
      tested (a total of 59), but not in 10 small cell cancers. The patterns of
      immunoreactivity were consistent with the expected distribution of membrane
      glycoproteins and, in some squamous cell carcinomas, were suggestive of the
      localization displayed by molecules involved in carcinoma-stroma interaction.
      Immunohistochemical staining indicated that beta 4 was also expressed in specific
      types of nonrespiratory pulmonary epithelial cells.

PMID- 2393873
TI  - [The role of immunology in monitoring the effects of environmental pollution].
AB  - The paper gives a neat summary of experience acquired from two decades of
      immunological testing methods used for studying the effect of environmental
      contamination of the human organism. Immunological examination is part of a
      series of methods for a systematic follow-up of the state of health of the
      population. The paper underlines the complicated process leading to the resulting
      individual immune reactivity, which can be regarded as an outcome of multilateral
      interaction between the immune genetically conditioned potential and external
      environmental influences.

PMID- 2393874
TI  - [The effect of OROS metoprolol in mild and moderately severe essential
      hypertension].
AB  - The authors tested in an open, uncontrolled trial in a group of 23 patients with
      essential hypertension grade I-II (WHO classification) the effect of Metoprolol
      OROS. The OROS system is a new form of Metoprolol administration which makes it
      possible to maintain by a single dose per day a steady plasma concentration,
      while preserving the cardioselectivity and total 24-hour effectiveness during
      treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. After eight weeks of Metoprolol
      OROS administration, in doses gradually adjusted to the therapeutic action,
      gradually a significant decrease of the heart rate (HR) occurred, of the systolic
      blood pressure (BPs) and diastolic blood pressure (BPd) (p less than 0.01 for all
      values) in a recumbent as well as upright position. A reduction of the BPd in an
      upright position by greater than or equal to 10 mm Hg was achieved in 85% of the
      patients, in 73.9% of the patients the BPd in an upright position dropped below
      95 mm Hg. Four patients developed side-effects which were mild to medium severe
      (vertigo, palpitations, fatigue, sensation of tremor, tension in the lower
      extremities). Two patients discontinued treatment early, the main reason in both
      being palpitations which were under better conversely, in two patients
      palpitations which were not adequately controlled by previous metoprolol
      treatment, disappeared completely during Metoprolol OROS treatment. During the
      trial no significant changes in the investigated laboratory values incl. total
      cholesterol were recorded, Metoprolol OROS administered once per day is an
      effective, safe and well tolerated preparation in treatment of mild to medium
      severe essential hypertension.

PMID- 2393875
TI  - [Epidemiology of bronchial asthma and bronchial hyperreactivity].
AB  - Prevalence of bronchial asthma and bronchial hyperreactivity (BH) was studied in
      a randomized sample of Prague 8 inhabitants aged 19 and over. The number of
      adults living in Prague 8 had been 90 458 by December 31, 1987. 8458
      questionnaires had been sent to 5 randomly selected districts. Information mainly
      concerned with respiratory diseases was received from 89.9% persons. Cumulative
      prevalence (i.e. both contemporary and past) of bronchial asthma was 2.3% +/-
      0.3% in both sexes. The cumulative prevalence calculated by way of direct
      standardization was slightly higher - 2.33% +/- 0.33% (men 2.33% +/- 0.5%, women
      2.32% +/- 0.45%). The highest value of 3.6% was found at the age of 21-30 years.
      Evidence of BH was found in 75% cases of bronchial asthma by means of the
      inhalation histamine test. In adult population, the BH value was calculated on
      the basis of distribution of incidence in the healthy population and in persons
      with respiratory disease and the BH prevalence was found in each group. The BH in
      total adult population of Prague 8 was 13.7%. This is an alarming figure.

PMID- 2393876
TI  - [Relation of angina pectoris before myocardial infarct to coronarographic
      findings after thrombolytic therapy].
AB  - Patients with significant residual stenosis after thrombolytic therapy during
      acute myocardial infarction have higher risk of reinfarction, periinfarction
      ischemia and sudden death. Early revascularisation can prevent such
      complications. To find out patients who are at increased risk and are candidates
      for early angiography 74 patients undergoing angiography after thrombolytic
      therapy were reviewed. Significant residual stenosis (greater than or equal to
      50% diameter reduction) of infarct related artery was present in 85%, high grade
      stenosis (greater than or equal to 75%) in 58% of patients respectively. The
      group of patients with preinfarction angina (Canadian class I to IV. 24 hours
      before infarction) had higher mean residual stenosis than patients without angina
      (76.5% vs 64%). There was significant difference in presence of preinfarction
      angina in patients with high grade stenosis and without high grade stenosis (79%
      and 21% respectively). Thus preinfarction angina can be used to identify patients
      with higher risk of reocclusion after thrombolytic therapy during acute
      myocardial infarction. Early coronary angiography and revascularisation can
      prevent serious complications in these patients.

PMID- 2393877
TI  - [A simple method of determining the intensity and duration of physical exertion].
AB  - Determination of the intensity and duration of physical activity with respect to
      the individual condition of the organism is essential for the effective control
      of physical training. One of the possible methods of establishing those
      quantities is making use of the dependence of intensity on the duration of
      physical exercise. Using semi-logarithmic coordinates (the intensity of exercise
      is given in the decomal system, the period of time in logarithms) this dependence
      is of the linear type. The straight line constructed from the limit (highest)
      intensities of exertion and the relevant times of exercise in any given
      individual, which must take into account that individual's state of health and
      fitness, cuts the plane of all conceivable combination of intensity-duration,
      into two semi-planes. All the actual combinations of those variables exploitable
      for training purposes are found in the semi-plane situated to the left of this
      line. With regard to the purpose of physical training it is then possible simply
      to choose the required intensity of exercise and to find the respective zone of
      the duration of this exercise, or it is possible to choose the duration of
      physical exercise and to read from the graph the respective zone of intensity.
      This intensity can be put either in terms of the speed of movement or,
      indirectly, in terms of the heart rate. This method of determining the intensity
      and duration of physical exercise can be used for all activities of the cyclic
      type, e.g. running, cycling, swimming and so on.

PMID- 2393878
TI  - [Comparison of the results of transbronchial puncture of the lymph nodes with
      surgical findings in patients with lung cancer].
AB  - Referring to a group of 144 patients with lung cancer planned for lung surgery,
      the authors compared the results of the needle biopsy of hilar, bifurcation and
      paratracheal nodes with the pathologist's finding in the resected portions of the
      lungs. In the hilar region, there were 89.5% findings in agreement with
      postoperative, 10.5% different findings. These were six patients where falsely
      negative results were found in 2 patients, falsely positive results in 4
      patients. In the bifurcation and paratracheal regions, the cytologist's and
      pathologist's findings were entirely in agreement. At the same time the authors
      considered peribronchial needle biopsy for the ability to detect the lymph node.
      In the group of patients, in whom the nodes had not been reached by the needle,
      the pathologist described enlarged nodes in 14.7% patients in the hilar region, a
      2.9% rate in the region of the bifurcation, and a 12.2% rate in the paratracheal
      region. In the authors' opinion, the method of peribronchial needle biopsy is
      sufficiently accurate and very useful for the intrathoracic staging of
      bronchogenic carcinoma. They see it as an inseparable part of bronchoscopy in
      patients with lung cancer.

PMID- 2393879
TI  - [Experience with a computer database in a cytogenetic laboratory].
AB  - The paper describes a computer system to support the data management in
      cytogenetics. Two major objectives are considered: the improvement of the quality
      and consistency of laboratory data and the support of data management in a large
      data set for research purposes. The entire system is divided into two logical
      parts. Firstly, a data collection module reads data from keyboard in an user
      friendly way and checks for consistency including syntactic analysis of karyotype
      description. Secondly, the data are manipulated by a professional database system
      where three hierarchical data structures are introduced: 1. identification data,
      2. investigation data and 3. karyotype description. Since 1984 we collected 1820
      patients, 2800 investigations and 2760 karyotypes in the system. Currently, the
      system is reimplemented on IBM compatible machine using "dBase" database system
      in order to increase the operational speed and enhance the transportability of
      the system.

PMID- 2393880
TI  - [Problems with indications for extracorporeal lithotripsy in urolithiasis].
AB  - Extracorporeal lithotripsy is a modern noninvasive method for the treatment of
      urolithiasis. The morphological and functional state of the urinary pathways, the
      localization of concrement and their size and number call in 35% of the patients
      for additive and auxiliary operations. Such comprehensive treatment can be
      provided by departments where all methods for the treatment of lithiasis are
      readily available. Repeated lithotripsy and combined therapeutic methods of more
      complicated conditions protract hospitalization and reduce the number of
      patients. The authors tested in more than 2500 lithotripsies the possibility to
      apply this treatment in the great majority of lithiases. However, because of the
      limited capacity they had to reduce the spectrum of indications to a minimum.
      Retardation of treatment by a protracted waiting period could damage the patient
      and it is then better to indicate another therapeutic approach; or to provide
      adequate treatment. We hope that patients who will need treatment after a year's
      time, will have the opportunity to be treated sooner by lithotriptors which
      should be installed before long in other departments.

PMID- 2393881
TI  - [Thromboembolic incidents in the cardiology department].
AB  - The authors evaluate the incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) and its impact in
      patients who died in the cardiological department of the Institute of Clinical
      and Experimental Medicine during two five-year periods (1979-1983 and 1984-1988).
      These two periods are compared with the period 1974-1978 in the same department.
      The purpose was to assess the trend of fundamental findings (number of post
      mortem examinations, number of PE, number of fatal PE, source of thrombosis in PE
      etc.). Based on the assembled findings it may be said that the number of p.m.
      examinations is increasing and thus also the number of PE. There was an obvious
      rise of the number of women with embolic, attacks in the cardiological
      department. Correct clinical diagnoses are equal in all periods.

PMID- 2393882
TI  - [The effect of HLA alloimmunization and other factors on the effectiveness of
      thrombocyte concentrates].
AB  - Sixteen patients with severe thrombocytopenia and secondary bone marrow
      inhibition were given 81 thrombocyte concentrates. In 55.6% platelet transfusions
      led to an adequate posttransfusion rise of platelets, in 44.4% of thrombocyte
      transfusions the increase of platelets was not satisfactory. The cause of the
      inadequate posttransfusion rise of platelets in 19.4% were antibodies against HLA
      antigens. In addition to other known factors which influence the rise of
      platelets a significant relationship was revealed between administration of
      Amphotericin B, broad spectrum bactericide antibiotics and the body temperature.
      To improve substitution of thrombopenic patients by platelet concentrates the
      authors recommend to create a national register of HLA typed donors.

PMID- 2393883
TI  - [Reduced hospitalization stay after surgery for inguinal hernia].
AB  - Operations of inguinal hernias hold among all surgical operations, as regards
      frequency, the second place after appendectomy. They deserve thus not only
      practical but also theoretical attention. In the course of two years in 110
      investigated operated patients the mean hospitalization period was 6.5 days, the
      mean period of work incapacity 4.6 weeks. Relapses were recorded in two patients
      and postoperative complications in 14 patients. In the group of patients with a
      hospitalization period shorter than 7 days (45.5% of the whole group)
      postoperative complications developed in four patients, the mean period of work
      incapacity being 4.08 weeks. The mean hospitalization period was reduced by one
      day, from 7.5 days to 6.5 days. This reduction did not increase the incidence of
      complications and did not prolong the period of work incapacity.

PMID- 2393884
TI  - [The ADAM syndrome].
AB  - The author demonstrates genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis in a family
      where a severely malformed infant was born with the diagnosis of the syndrome of
      multiple animal malformations and mutilations. These disorders are known under
      the acronym ADAM (amnial deformation, adhesion, mutilation). Based on the case
      history the author explains the possibility to apply prenatal diagnostic methods
      and makes comparisons with similar cases in the literature.

PMID- 2393885
TI  - [Type I and III membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Clinical picture and
      prognosis].
AB  - Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (CN) of types I and III was diagnosed in
      154 patients (15.5% out of primary CN). Out of this number 60% were men. During
      biopsy, one third of the patients were normotensive, 40% were slightly
      hypertensive and one third suffered from severe hypertension. Mean proteinuria
      was 6.5 +/- 5.5 g/24 h. In two thirds of the patients erythrocyturia was higher
      than 35 mil. in Addis' sediment and the findings in the urine were characterised
      by the proportion between proteinuria and erythrocyturia (p less than 0.001).
      During biopsy in one half of the patients, the serum creatinine level was already
      elevated. The presence of creatininemia was found to be directly linked to blood
      pressure, proteinuria, the degrees of extracapillary proliferation,
      tubulointerstitial regression and vascular arteriolosclerosis. The cumulative
      duration of the kidney function within the period of 10-20 years was 41 or 28%,
      the cumulative cure amounted to 14% 10 years after biopsy.

PMID- 2393886
TI  - [Percutaneous transhepatic drainage of the bile ducts].
AB  - Percutaneous transhepatic biliary duct drainage followed in nearly one quarter of
      the group of patients with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography for
      malignant and non-malignant diseases. A total of 147 drainage operations were
      performed, thereof 126 (85.7%) successful ones. Drain was successfully introduced
      in 96 (88.2%) out of 107 patients. In 78 patients, successful or unsuccessful
      attempts were made once, in 19 cases drainage was performed twice, and in 9 cases
      three attempts were made. In 1 female patient the attempt had to be repeated 4
      times. There were 11 cases of complication in connection with the puncture proper
      (7.5%), 2 cases required emergency laparotomy, the rest were handled
      conservatively. There was no lethal complication. In one quarter of the drains
      introduced, complete loss of function occurred in the course of drainage (slipped
      out drain, block). Septic complications threatened unless drainage was restored
      in time. Proper management of the catheter in place is crucial for the
      uncomplicated course of drainage. Also important are the patient's cooperation
      and the nursing personnel's experience. Internal drainage was used in 15 cases.
      An endoprosthesis was introduced transcutaneously in 1 case. The longest
      functional drainage ina case of malignant involvement lasted 288 days, in a non
      malignant case 330 days and for the next 334 days endoprosthesis was introduced.
      The average quantity of bile was 1,009 ml/24 hrs. in malignant cases, and 644
      ml/24 hrs. in non-malignant cases. The average period of time from the
      introduction of drainage until surgical operation was 18 days in malignant cases,
      11 days in non-malignant cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2393887
TI  - [Distal renal tubular acidosis in primary biliary cirrhosis].
AB  - 5 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), 9 patients with compensated
      hepatic cirrhosis of different etiology and 12 control persons were tested for
      renal acidification after peroral CaCl2 administration and urine Na2SO4 and pCO2
      infusion as well as the gradient between partial urine pressure and blood
      pressure after NaHCO3 application. Distal renal tubular acidosis (DRTA) was
      diagnosed in one patient with PBC, latent DRTA in other 2 patients with PBC. Not
      even one patient's acidification disorder was eliminated through an increased
      sodium application to the acidification site after Na2SO4 application. After
      NaHCO3 application, the gradient between the CO2 partial pressure in the urine
      and blood in both patients with PBC was, however, latent, DRTA normal. After pH
      gradient elimination in patients with PBC and DRTA, the hydrogen iont secretion
      is thus comparable with the control persons. Based on this study, the authors
      believe that the gradient type of DRTA is characteristic of primary biliary
      cirrhosis.

PMID- 2393888
TI  - [Present state and perspectives of endocrinology in Czechoslovakia].
AB  - The contemporary state of the sub-discipline of endocrinology within the
      framework of internal medicine is generally considered rather desolate, but so
      far actual data were lacking. Based on an analysis of data provided by regional
      specialists in the Czech Republic and by regional (district) specialists in
      internal medicine in Slovak republic it may be said that in the majority of
      health institutions the number of endocrinologists does not reach even the
      unsatisfactory standard (i. e. 1 endocrinologist per 150 to 250,000 population),
      that specialized training of endocrinologists, specialists in internal medicine
      and other specialist is not ensured, that there are not adequate numbers of
      community doctors and factory medical officers, that there are not adequate
      capacities of specialized laboratory examinations and that adequate collaboration
      with other disciplines is not ensured (the position is in particular alarming as
      regards immunological methods and cytological processing of specimens obtained by
      aspiration biopsy from the thyroid gland. With regard to these data the authors
      recommend to raise the numbers of endocrinologists so that in institutions
      corresponding to hospitals with policlinics type II there will be one
      endocrinologist per 50-100,000 population, to improve the standard and
      availability of auxiliary examinations, to ensure endocrinological in-patient
      care at the level of hospitals with policlinics type III and to create
      specialized centres within the framework of the research base or university
      hospitals. It is important to resolve the link between endocrinology and other
      disciplines (paediatrics, gynaecology etc). It is also essential to coordinate
      closely therapy, education and research, Federal coordination is essential.

PMID- 2393889
TI  - [Disorders of the cardiovascular system in Turner's syndrome].
AB  - A group of 22 adults with Turner's syndrome, mean age 29.6 years, was subjected
      to a careful examination by one-dimensional, two-dimensional, pulsed and coloured
      Doppler echocardiography. The purpose was to assess the incidence and character
      of congenital and acquired abnormalities of the cardiovascular system which occur
      within the framework of this defined genetic syndrome. A quite normal
      echocardiographic finding was recorded in 13 patients, i. e. in 59.1%. In the
      remainder a wide spectrum of abnormalities was found such as prolapse of the
      mitral valve (in 13.6%), bicuspid aortal valve with a medium regurgitation
      (4.5%), hypoplasia of the coronary cusp of the aortal valve (4.5%), dilatation of
      the ascending aorta with a residual significant stenosis at the site after
      operation of coarctation of the thoracic aorta (4.5%), subaortal defect of the
      interventricular septum (4.5%) and slight left ventricular hypertrophy in
      patients with arterial hypertension (9.1%). Echocardiographic examination in
      Turner's syndrome makes early diagnosis of abnormalities of the cardiovascular
      system possible, incl. quantification of the haemodynamic impact. Some of these
      pathological changes (bicuspid aortal valve, dilatation of the root of the aorta)
      are for a long time clinically silent but may be nevertheless associated with
      serious complications. An echographic diagnosis made in time may be of decisive
      importance for the prevention of complications.

PMID- 2393890
TI  - [The early phase of development of myocardial infarction in diabetics].
AB  - The authors evaluated retrospectively the course of the early stage of
      symptomatic myocardial infarction (IM) with regard to the incidence and character
      of infarction pain and the clinical course of IM during hospitalization at the
      coronary unit (CU) in a group of diabetic patients (D, n = 67) and a group of non
      diabetic controls (ND, n = 63). In the group D there was a higher incidence of
      painless IM (D 7.5%, ND 0%, p less than 0.05). The interval between the
      development of the first symptoms of IM and admission to the CU was significantly
      longer in diabetics (D 20 +/- 35 hours, ND 9 +/- 16 hours, p less than 0.05). IM
      in diabetics was more frequently complicated by left-sided cardiac failure (D
      48%, ND 27%, p less than 0.05). As to other investigated complications the two
      groups did not differ significantly. Nor did they differ in the mortality during
      hospitalization at the CU.

PMID- 2393891
TI  - [Injuries of the nose in neonates].
AB  - In 1000 healthy born neonates the nose and nasal septum were examined with
      special attention to injuries. Three types traumatic deformities of the nose and
      nasal septum were detected. The most frequent type were so-called flattened noses
      which, however, did not require treatment. More serious were subluxations of the
      cartilaginous part of the nasal septum or combined deformities in view of
      possible late sequelae. The authors emphasize the necessity of early diagnosis
      and early treatment which can be ensured only by close collaboration of the
      neonatologist and otolaryngologist.

PMID- 2393892
TI  - [Treatment of chronic glomerulonephritis with small doses of acetylsalicylic
      acid].
AB  - The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate the long-term administration of
      100 mg acetylsalicylic acid in patients with chronic proliferative
      glomerulonephritis. Two 12-month periods are compared in the same patients (n =
      19) without and with treatment. Glomerular filtration and quantitative
      proteinuria did not change significantly one year prior to treatment. During
      treatment glomerular filtration increased from 1.22 +/- 0.37 to 1.70 + 0.55 ml/s
      (p less than 0.01) and proteinuria declined from 2.6 + 1.1 to 1.6 +/- 1.0 g/24 h
      (p less than 0.01). Treatment did not influence the excretion of the metabolite
      prostacyclin 186 +/- 56 and 189 + 75 ng/24 h resp., and significantly reduced the
      thromboxane excretion from 565 +/- 267 to 348 + 123 ng/24 h, p less than 0.01).
      The authors assume that long-term treatment could influence in a favourable way
      the course of chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2393893
TI  - [Transplantation of human organs].

PMID- 2393894
TI  - [Nutrition and metabolic diseases with a mass incidence].
AB  - Metabolic diseases with a mass incidence (simple obesity, arterial hypertension,
      hyperlipoproteinaemia, type II diabetes and gout) are the main risk factors for
      the manifestation of cardiovascular diseases which can be influenced, as has been
      reliably proved. They are at present the cause of 56% of all deaths in
      Czechoslovakia. It is important to emphasize that we are living and dying in an
      epidemic of cardiovascular diseases. The founder of morbid anatomy, Rudolf
      Virchow, stated more than 100 years ago: "If the prevalence of a certain disease
      in a population becomes epidemic, it reflects always a disorder of human
      culture". It is a fact that a great proportion of the population in
      Czechoslovakia has adopted during the past decades and still practices an unsound
      dietary regime and there are other negative lifestyle factors (obesity, smoking,
      little exercise, high alcohol consumption) for which we pay at present by a
      declining life expectancy, unnecessary human suffering and the nation as a whole
      by immense economic losses. The question arises: who and what prevents us from
      starting in Czechoslovakia as rapidly as possible expedient, comprehensively
      conceived prevention on a wide front, making use of all findings and advances of
      world science in this field?

PMID- 2393895
TI  - [Noninvasive quantification of the severity of aortic defects using the Doppler
      method].
AB  - Using Doppler method (HPRF and CW regime), the authors assessed the peak velocity
      of flow in an aortal spurt in 41 patients with aortal stenosis. For calculation
      of the transaortal pressure gradient they used a modified Bernoulli equation. The
      values of the calculated gradients were compared with those obtained by direct
      manometric assessment during catheterization of the heart after an interval of
      several hours to five days. Combination of two Doppler techniques correlated
      closely with direct assessment (r = 0.811; p less than 0.001). By application of
      the continuity equation in the best records of spectral analysis of velocity
      curves the authors calculated in 8 patients the area of the reduced aortal
      orifice which was very close to the area calculated by means of Hakki's formula
      from direct haemodynamic indicators (r = 0.948; p less than 0.001). In 33
      patients the authors quantified by Doppler method the severity of aortal
      regurgitation from the ratio of forward and backward flow in the descending
      portion of the aortal arch (expressed as the % regurgitation fraction--RF). The
      RF values correlated well with the angiographic semiquantitative scale of
      severity of aortal insufficiency (r = 0.805; p less than 0.001), although they
      enabled the authors only to make a partial differentiation of haemodynamically
      severe regurgitations and mild or insignificant ones. The authors conclude that
      the Doppler approach makes it possible to evaluate sufficiently accurately the
      severity of aortic valve disease (in insufficiencies the authors recommend a more
      comprehensive approach), which when correctly applied and interpreted, can make
      non-invasive clinical diagnosis more accurate and thus permits also more accurate
      indication of surgical treatment of these patients.

PMID- 2393896
TI  - [The effect of euphylline on energy expenditure in obese patients during
      treatment with a reducing diet].
AB  - The energy economy induced by a reducing diet and manifested by a reduced energy
      output at rest threatens greatly the long-term success of reducing regimes. The
      authors investigated the effect of a four-week therapy of obese patients by a low
      energy protein diet with an energy value of 1560 kJ on the resting metabolic rate
      (RMR), the serum concentration of thyroid hormones and TSH and on the Achilles
      tendon reflex time. Four weeks' treatment with a low energy protein diet caused a
      significant drop of the energy output at rest in the control group of obese men
      (by 17.5%), as well as in the control group of obese women (by 16.9 per cent). In
      the group of obese women who were given during the last two weeks of treatment
      depot methyl xanthine derivative, Euphilline (Byk Gulden), the energy output at
      rest did not decline as a result of dietetic treatment and the decline of the BMI
      was significantly higher than in the control group of obese women, although the
      two groups did not differ in the initial BMI, mean age and the degree of physical
      activity during treatment. With the exception of the control group of men where
      the serum triiodothyronine level declined, in the investigated obese subjects no
      significant changes of the investigated thyroid function parameters were
      recorded. The syndrome of low T3 thus does not participate in a substantial way
      in the drop of the metabolism at rest during treatment with a low energy protein
      diet, obviously due to the intake of 50 g carbohydrate per day.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2393897
TI  - [Dual cephalosporins--a return of fixed combinations of antibiotics?].
AB  - The author submits information on the preparation and properties of new molecules
      of "tailored antibiotics"--dual cephalosporins. They are formed by esterification
      of cephalosporins of the third generation (so far only cephotaxim) with
      fleroxacine or another fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent. The author
      discusses the aptness and advantage of this new approach to the innovation of the
      existing spectrum of antibacterial agents.

PMID- 2393898
TI  - [An unusual complication of myxoma of the left atrium].
AB  - The authors give an account of a 59-year-old female patient with a myxoma of the
      left atrium which was complicated by repeated multiple embolizations into the
      systemic circulation. The cause of death after a successful operation was
      haemorrhage into the abdominal cavity from a ruptured spleen, as a result of a
      new lienal infarction after embolization of a portion of the myxoma into the
      lienal artery, 24 before the operation. The authors emphasize the necessity of
      immediate removal of an intracardiac formation as soon as it is detected.

PMID- 2393899
TI  - Spontaneous and experimentally evoked [Ca2+]i-transients in cardiac myocytes
      measured by means of a fast Fura-2 technique.
AB  - A setup for dual wavelength-excitation fluorescence measurements is introduced
      which permits a temporal resolution of up to 1 KHz, using the Ca2(+)-sensitive
      fluorescent dye Fura-2. The system makes use of a novel technical solution for
      chopping between two excitation wavelengths which does not move any optical
      components. Two beams, which are alternatively opened or shut by a rotating
      chopper wheel, are united by a dichroic mirror and are used for low-noise
      epifluorescence microscopy. The system includes a device for fast changes of
      extracellular solution that can be used for studying various components of
      [Ca2+]i-regulation in excitable and non-excitable cells. Sample recordings of
      spontaneous and experimentally-evoked [Ca2+]i-transients from cardiac myocytes
      are presented. Cardiac myocytes are a cell species that produces particularly
      fast [Ca2+]i-transients and therefore, a high temporal resolution is required in
      order to study physiological and/or pharmacological properties of these
      transients.

PMID- 2393900
TI  - Cholera toxin and its B subunit do not change cytosolic free calcium
      concentration.
AB  - Using the fluorescent Ca2+ probe Quin-2 it has been reported that cholera toxin
      (CT) and its B subunit (B-CT) increase cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration
      ([Ca2+]i) in entherocytes, thymocytes and fibroblasts. In this work we show,
      however, that the fluorescence increases of Quin-2-loaded cells (rat thymocytes,
      mouse splenocytes, P-388 macrophages and 3T3 fibroblasts) observed upon addition
      of CT or B-CT are not caused by an increase in [Ca2+]i. The observed effect
      appears to be accounted for by EDTA-2Na admixtures (present as conservation agent
      in all CT and B-CT preparations) which 'unquenches' the fluorescence of Quin-2
      acid leaked out from the cells into the extracellular medium and produces
      influorescent complexes with contaminating heavy metal ions. Thus the mitogenic
      effect of B-CT is not obviously connected with the cytosolic free Ca2+ increase
      but is probably due to ganglioside-mediated protein phosphorylation.

PMID- 2393901
TI  - Optical response of the indicator chlortetracycline to membrane potential.
AB  - Chlortetracycline is a fluorescent, Ca2+ indicator commonly used to monitor the
      internal Ca2+ concentration of membrane vesicles and organelles. We have found
      that the intensity of chlortetracycline fluorescence in the presence of Ca2(+)
      loaded liposomes is dependent on the membrane potential of the vesicles as well
      as the intravesicular Ca2+ concentration. The fluorescence of chlortetracycline
      was lower when an inside-negative membrane potential was placed across the
      liposome membrane. Since chlortetracycline diffuses across the membrane in the
      zwitterionic form, the distribution of chlortetracycline across the membrane
      should not be strongly dependent on the membrane potential. However, because the
      proton permeability of phospholipid vesicles is relatively high, the
      intravesicular proton concentration is dependent on the membrane potential. The
      binding of Ca2+ to chlortetracycline is dependent on pH in the range of pH 6 to
      pH 8. Therefore, changes in the intravesicular pH as a result of a change in the
      membrane potential causes relatively large changes in the chlortetracycline
      fluorescence signal even when there isn't a change in the Ca2+ concentration.

PMID- 2393902
TI  - Influence of ischemia on [Ca2+]i transients following drug therapy in hearts from
      aortic constricted rats.
AB  - Intracellular calcium transients were studied prior, during and after 30 min of
      global ischemia in control and aortic constricted rat hearts, with and without
      acute treatment with verapamil. Calcium transients [Ca2+]i continued to occur in
      verapamil treated animals for 18-20 min following the onset of global ischemia,
      whereas untreated hearts demonstrated calcium transients for only 3-8 min
      following global ischemia. Following the onset of global ischemia calcium
      transients continued to occur even though there was no measurable developed
      pressure. When calcium transients occurred for shorter periods of time during
      global ischemia the rise in diastolic calcium was greater and recovery was less.
      Addition of bradykinin to the perfusate showed that an increase in diastolic
      [Ca2+]i was related to a decrease in amplitude of developed [Ca2+]i transients
      and a decrease in developed pressure, but not to a change in coronary flow.

PMID- 2393903
TI  - The crisis in funding: a time for decisions.

PMID- 2393904
TI  - The MURF3 gene of T. brucei contains multiple domains of extensive editing and is
      homologous to a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase.
AB  - Mitochondrial MURF3 transcripts of T. brucei are extensively edited by the
      addition and deletion of uridines. The editing creates potential initiation and
      termination codons and a continuous open reading frame. The predicted amino acid
      sequence has homology to a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ND7). ND7 is
      independently edited in two distinct domains, suggesting two editing initiation
      sites. Editing in the two domains is differentially regulated: the 5' domain is
      edited in both bloodstream and procyclic forms but the 3' domain is completely
      edited only in the bloodstream form. Two potential guide RNA (gRNA) coding
      sequences were identified in the same minicircle. One is complementary to edited
      sequence in the 5' domain, the other to edited sequence in the 3' domain.

PMID- 2393905
TI  - Identification of an origin of bidirectional DNA replication in mammalian
      chromosomes.
AB  - Mechanistically, an origin of bidirectional DNA replication (OBR) can be defined
      by the transition from discontinuous to continuous DNA synthesis that must occur
      on each template strand at the site where replication forks originate. This
      results from synthesis of Okazaki fragments predominantly on the retrograde arms
      of forks. We have identified these transitions at a specific site within a 0.45
      kb sequence approximately 17 kb downstream from the 3' end of the dihydrofolate
      reductase gene in Chinese hamster ovary chromosomes. At least 80% of the
      replication forks in a 27 kb region emanated from this OBR. Thus, initiation of
      DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes uses the same replication fork mechanism
      previously described in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes,
      suggesting that mammalian chromosomes also utilize specific cis-acting sequences
      as origins of DNA replication.

PMID- 2393906
TI  - Establishment of myoid cells from bone marrow.
AB  - A peculiar adherent cell clone (R613BM) was established under muscle tissue free
      conditions from bone marrow of a Wistar rat. The cloned cell line was able to
      form myofibrils and expressed nicotinic acetylcholine receptors specific for
      skeletal muscles. The muscle specific characteristics have been maintained
      consistently for more than five years. These results suggest that bone marrow
      contains a precursor cell which has the potency to differentiate into muscle
      cells.

PMID- 2393907
TI  - A simple dye-coupling assay for evaluating gap junctional communication: the
      importance of transcription and translation on the establishment of dye-coupling.
AB  - A simple dye-coupling assay has been developed to study gap junctional
      communication using a uterine cell line. The new dye-coupling assay was found to
      be of comparable sensitivity to an autoradiographic assay for transfer of
      radiolabelled nucleotide. To investigate the importance of protein synthesis in
      the establishment of dye-coupling under the conditions of this assay, cultures
      were treated with actinomycin-D and cycloheximide to inhibit transcription and
      translation, respectively. Inhibition of transcription had no significant effect
      on dye-coupling. The protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, also had no
      significant effect on dye-coupling at concentrations up to 1 uM, even though
      protein synthesis was inhibited to 19% of control.

PMID- 2393908
TI  - Concanavalin A affects glycosaminoglycans cellular and extracellular accumulation
      in cultured embryonic fibroblasts.
AB  - Incorporation of 3H glucosamine and 35SO4 into glycosaminoglycans and
      proteoglycans produced and secreted by 7, 11 and 14 day chick embryo fibroblasts
      in vitro after concanavalin A treatment has been determined. Lectin differently
      affects 3H and 35SO4 incorporation. It enhances 3H labelled GAG accumulation in
      both cellular and extracellular compartments. Total incorporation of 35SO4
      remains unchanged whereas the intracellular one is stimulated and the
      extracellular is reduced. All the effects are more relevant in the early stages
      of development. HA and PG cellular and extracellular accumulation seems to be
      independently regulated.

PMID- 2393909
TI  - Improved visualization of ultrastructural components in the avian ovarian
      granulosa basement membrane.
AB  - By modifying and improving a fixation procedure originally designed for better
      conservation of tissue lipids, we were able to visualize some ultrastructural,
      hitherto unobserved components in the theca interna and in the neighbouring
      granulosa basement membrane of the wall of the largest avian ovarian follicles.
      The basement membrane was seen to contain a network of stacks of densely staining
      plasma membrane fragments, probably formed by progressive piling up of thecal
      membranes during the rapid expansion of the follicle wall. At the same time,
      uptake at the surface of the basement membrane of intercellular yolk precursor
      material including lipid spheres was described.

PMID- 2393910
TI  - Conservation of centriole protein composition among different species.

PMID- 2393911
TI  - Quantitative relationships between single-cell and cell-population model
      parameters for chemosensory migration responses of alveolar macrophages to C5a.
AB  - Phenomenological parameters from a mathematical model of cell motility are used
      to quantitatively characterize chemosensory migration responses of rat alveolar
      macrophages migrating to C5a in the linear under-agarose assay, simultaneously at
      the levels of both single cells and cell populations. This model provides
      theoretical relationships between single-cell and cell-population motility
      parameters. Our experiments offer a critical test of these theoretical linking
      relationships, by comparison of results obtained at the cell population level to
      results obtained at the single-cell level. Random motility of a cell population
      is characterized by the random motility coefficient, mu (analogous to a particle
      diffusion coefficient), whereas single-cell random motility is described by cell
      speed, s, and persistence time, P (related to the period of time that a cell
      moves in one direction before changing direction). Population chemotaxis is
      quantified by the chemotactic sensitivity, chi 0, which provides a measure of the
      minimum attractant gradient necessary to elicit a specified chemotactic response.
      Single-cell chemotaxis is characterized by the chemotactic index, CI, which
      ranges from 0 for purely random motility to 1 for perfectly directed motility.
      Measurements of cell number versus migration distance were analyzed in
      conjunction with the phenomenological model to determine the population
      parameters while paths of individual cells in the same experiment were analyzed
      in order to determine the single-cell parameters. The parameter mu shows a
      biphasic dependence on C5a concentration with a maximum of 1.9 x 10(-8) cm2/sec
      at 10(-11) M C5a and relative minima of 0.86 x 10(-8) cm2/sec at 10(-7) M C5a and
      1.1 x 10(-8) cm2/sec in the absence of Ca; s and P remain fairly constant with
      C5a concentration, with s ranging from 2.1 to 2.5 microns/min and P varying from
      22 to 32 min. chi 0 is equal to 1.0 x 10(-6) cm/receptor for all C5a
      concentrations tested, corresponding to 60% correct orientation for a difference
      of 500 bound C5a receptors across a 20 microns cell length. The maximum CI
      measured was 0.2. Values for the population parameters mu and chi 0 were
      calculated from single-cell parameter values using the aforementioned theoretical
      linking relationships. The values of mu and chi 0 calculated from single-cell
      parameters agreed with values of mu and chi 0 determined independently from
      population migrations, over the full range of C5a concentrations, confirming the
      validity of the linking equations. Experimental confirmation of such
      relationships between single-cell and cell-population parameters has not
      previously been reported.

PMID- 2393912
TI  - [Pharmacy today and yesterday].

PMID- 2393913
TI  - [The effect of the method of detecting indocyanine green (HPLC,
      spectrophotometry) on the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters].
AB  - The method of determination of indocyanine green (ICG) in plasma by means of high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is compared with the method of
      spectrophotometry. A sample for HPLC is purified by deproteination with
      acetonitrile and the supernatant is directly spread on the column. The internal
      standard is diazepam. The mobile phase consists of 50% of phosphate buffer pH 6
      prepared according to PhBs 4, 47% of acetonitrile and 3% of methanol. Detection
      takes place at 260 nm. Spectrophotometric analysis consists in the measurement of
      plasma absorbance at 805 nm. Correlation of both methods is linear r = 0.989, n =
      20, p less than 0.05. From the curves of elimination of the dye from the blood
      bed the principal pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by means of a one
      compartmental model after single intravascular administration. In
      spectrophotometric examination, elimination of ICG seems to be slower as compared
      with HPLC.

PMID- 2393914
TI  - [Determination of pentoxifylline and its major metabolites in human plasma using
      HPLC].
AB  - The present paper describes a rapid, reliable and simple method of pentoxiphyllin
      in plasma. The worked-out one-step extraction with dichloromethane yields 63%
      recovery of pentoxiphyllin, 58% recovery of the metabolite and 54% recovery of
      the internal standard. The employed column with a reverse load of Spherisorb ODS,
      mobile phase 65% of 0.01 M KH2PO4 and 35% acetonitrile, detection at the
      wavelength lambda = 273 nm, makes it possible to achieve determination of
      pentoxiphyllin at the levels commencing with 5 ng.ml-1 of plasma. Reproducibility
      of determination is 6.8%, or 4.5% in the pentoxiphyllin concentrations of 50, or
      100 ng.ml-1.

PMID- 2393915
TI  - [Use of a logical procedure in searching for a relationship between the chemical
      structure of substances and their biological activity].

PMID- 2393916
TI  - [Clinical approach to hereditary metabolic disorders in neonates. Review of 20
      years' experience].
AB  - Suspicion of hereditary disorders of the intermediary metabolism must be aroused
      by every neonatal disease associated with a neurological affection without an
      apparent cause, with ketonuria, metabolic acidosis or hypoglycaemia. These
      disorders can be suspected clinically by common laboratory examinations. The
      correct diagnosis is important, as some of these diseases respond well to early
      treatment. The diagnosis is of fundamental importance also in those hereditary
      metabolic diseases which are so far incurable (prognosis of a future pregnancy).
      Based on their experience with 218 neonates, the authors differentiate between
      five groups of these diseases. Their characteristic may be a guideline for
      initiation of adequate therapy and for special examinations.

PMID- 2393917
TI  - [Echocardiographic diagnosis of interrupted aortic arch in a group of 13 patients
      (children)].
AB  - Based on experience with the examination of 13 children with interruption of the
      aortal arch (IAA) the authors present an account of the basic echocardiographic
      (ECHO) diagnostic signs and procedures in IAA. Two-dimensional ECHO makes it
      possible, when a suprasternal approach is used, to assess the type of IAA.
      Examination from a subcostal and parasternal approach helps to detect associated
      heart diseases. ECHO findings correlated with angiocardiographic, surgical and
      necrotic findings. ECHO makes it possible to select further suitable examination
      methods and therapeutic procedures in this rare critical congenital heart
      disease.

PMID- 2393918
TI  - [The clinical picture and treatment of migraine in children].
AB  - Child neurologists present their experience with diagnosis and treatment
      assembled in a group of 111 children hospitalized on account of migraine. The
      figure indicates the age distribution of the children; the first attack developed
      in 80% of the children during puberty, up to the age of 10 the sex ratio was
      proportional, later girls predominate 3:1.

PMID- 2393919
TI  - [Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic coma in a 10-year-old patient].
AB  - A ten-year-old patient referred to a child ambulatory for preoperative
      examination suddenly falls unconscious. The physical finding and laboratory
      results suggest hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic coma. The authors describe the
      clinical course and therapeutic procedure. They draw attention to adequate fluid
      and ion repletion, to the importance of their balancing and to possible
      complications of treatment.

PMID- 2393920
TI  - [Pericardial teratoma in an infant].
AB  - In a four-month-old neonate a pericardial teratoma was diagnosed which exerted
      pressure on the airways, right atrium and large blood vessels. The tumour was
      removed by operation. It was a simple, mature pericardial teratoma. Supporting
      cytostatic treatment was administered. Three years after operation the patient is
      free of signs of relapse of the tumour.

PMID- 2393921
TI  - [A rational diagnostic program for hypertension in children].
AB  - Early screening of subjects liable to develop cardiovascular diseases is one of
      the main tasks of preventive cardiology of child age. The authors present a
      rational programme for the screening and diagnostic of hypertension in children,
      its aim being to differentiate primary and the most frequent secondary forms of
      hypertension; this will create prerequisites for its adequate treatment (non
      pharmacological and pharmacological) as well as for dispensarization. Review.

PMID- 2393922
TI  - [The fight against diarrheal disease in Yemen: introduction of oral rehydration
      therapy].
AB  - Within the National Diarhoeal Diseases Control Programme formulated in 1982, the
      first oral rehydration centre was established in the Children's Hospital in Aden
      in 1983. 2898 diarrhoea patients were admitted to this hospital from 1980 to
      1984, 360 (12.4%) of them died. Three periods were compacted for the evaluation
      of the Three periods were compacted for the evaluation of the impact of oral
      rehydration therapy: 12 months before the centre was established, 12 months when
      the centre was open 8 hours a day and 9 months when the centre functioned on a 24
      hour basis. Total numbers of diarrhoea patients in the three periods were: 4631,
      6406 and 9444 respectively. Admission rates were 12.2%, 9.1% and 4.3% resp.,
      overall case fatality rates were 1.55%, 1.31% and 0.51% resp., inpatient case
      fatality rates 12.7%, 14.4% and 11.9% resp. Substantial reduction of diarrhoea
      admission and overall case fatality rates were considered to be the impact of
      oral rehydration therapy.

PMID- 2393923
TI  - [Clinical types of juvenile chronic arthritis].

PMID- 2393924
TI  - [Sequelae of traffic accidents in 15- to 24-year-old persons in Czechoslovakia
      1987-1988].

PMID- 2393925
TI  - [Prevention of tooth decay with fluoride].

PMID- 2393926
TI  - [Sauna bathing of children].

PMID- 2393927
TI  - [Disseminated intravascular coagulation as a complication of aspiration pneumonia
      in a neonate].

PMID- 2393928
TI  - [Chronic appendicitis in children].

PMID- 2393929
TI  - [Clinical manifestations of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency].

PMID- 2393930
TI  - [Case report of the clinico-biochemical diagnosis of the peroxisomal disease
      syndrome of Zellweger].

PMID- 2393931
TI  - [Peroxisomal disorders--is diagnosis possible in Czechoslovakia?].

PMID- 2393932
TI  - [Fanconi's anemia].

PMID- 2393933
TI  - [Comparison of questionnaires and biochemical methods in the verification of
      smoking habits in children].

PMID- 2393934
TI  - [Acute interstitial nephritis with uveitis in children and adolescents].
AB  - Acute non-suppurative tubulointerstitial nephritis was recorded within a five
      month interval in 1988 in one girl and two boys aged 15, 16 and 12 years. The
      common feature was non-selective proteinuria, slight glycosuria, anaemia, a
      sedimentation rate of more than 100 mm/2 hrs hyperatotaemia not calling for
      dialyzation treatment (268, 354 and 266 mumol/l plasma creatinine resp.), a
      markedly impaired concentrating capacity (540, 593 and 520 mOsm/kg urine resp.).
      In all patients circulating serum immunocomplexes were elevated (PEG-IKEM). One
      patient developed acute uveitis at the onset of the disease, the remainder after
      5 and 6 months resp. and in all there was a tendency of a protracted course and
      relapses resp. In two patients uveitis was diagnosed by an aimed examination by
      means of a slit lamp at a time when there were not yet any clear signs of
      affection of the eyes. All patients were subjected to percutaneous renal biopsy
      which revealed an interstitium with uneven lymphoplasmacytic cellulization with
      infrequent eosinophil and neutrophil polynuclear cells. Electron microscopy
      revealed sections of varying size with fibrotization of the tubular basal
      membrane; the glomerular changes were not typical. All patients had prednisone
      treatment and their renal functions were gradually restored. Despite extensive
      serological examinations, the aetiology was not cleared, however before the onset
      of the disease the patients had penicillin, cotrimoxazol and erythromycin resp.

PMID- 2393935
TI  - [Continuing education of administrators in Czechoslovak health care].
AB  - In their contribution to training and postgraduate training the authors pay in
      the first part of their paper attention to postgraduate training of directors of
      district and factory institutes of national health which is implemented in the
      form of periodic innovation courses. They use as a basis a survey made in 63
      respondents who took part in the above courses. In the questionnaires the set-up
      and contents of training were evaluated, the view of directors as regards the
      concept and character of these courses. In the second part the authors submitted
      information of the contents of further periodic innovation courses for directors-
      public health medical officers.

PMID- 2393936
TI  - [Parallels in drug utilization--II].
AB  - The author analyzes indicators of drug consumption at the regional level in the
      CSSR and the main towns. The analysis covers the period from 1971-1985 and
      pertains to the following indicators: A. Expenditure on drugs per day of
      treatment by functional types of health institutions. B. per capita expenditure
      on drugs and C. expenditure on drugs. From the indicators dynamic time series are
      elaborated and the analysis is focused on the development in the past. The author
      presents basic indices, mean coefficients of growth and parameters characterizing
      the development in a multiple way. Statistical testing of parallelisms between
      the obtained developmental parameters reveals factors which influence drug
      consumption in the investigated territories.

PMID- 2393937
TI  - [Trends in drug utilization in elderly persons].
AB  - The aim of the work was to test the hypothesis that drug consumption, consistent
      with greater demands on therapeutic and preventive care, increases more in older
      people, as compared with the average population. The authors investigated drug
      consumption in old people during five-year periods with two-year intervals (1982,
      1984, 1986). It was found that during these periods expenditure on drugs
      increased by 80.1%, although this population group increased only by 15.1%. For
      comparison the increase of drug consumption expressed in expenditure in the
      younger population (0-59 years) was 38.1%.

PMID- 2393938
TI  - [Possibilities of improving the community health care system in cooperation with
      the hospitals/polyclinics].
AB  - Improvement of health care of the population calls for marked improvement of the
      health community system of work in close cooperation with all polyclinical
      departments and common diagnostic and therapeutic components of the hospital and
      polyclinic. The first line of contact with the patient under conditions of the
      rapidly developing process of specialization in the health services, without
      coordinated consultation with all constituents of the hospital and polyclinic,
      cannot meet new qualitative tasks in conjunction with the main target of the
      health services--systematic improvement of physical and mental health of the
      population. As part of the improvement of the system of health facilities it is
      necessary to promote the professional and control function of the hospital and
      polyclinic in the appropriate catchment area with special attention to the
      implementation of its preventive function.

PMID- 2393939
TI  - [The role of the Czechoslovak Physical Education Society in educating towards a
      healthy life style].
AB  - The paper deals with the participation of physical training and sports in active
      health protection. Citizens in this country have so far a very passive attitude
      to health protection and health promotion. Therefore the Central Committee of the
      National Front asked all social organizations to take a more active part in the
      health education of citizens. The task of the Czechoslovak Physical Training
      Association is not only to enforce a healthy lifestyle and to propagate physical
      training and sports as the most effective and most natural factor of diseases of
      civilization, but also to create opportunities for recreational sports activities
      of wide strata of the population.

PMID- 2393940
TI  - Alternating current voltammetric determination of DNA damage.
AB  - The conditions for alternating current (a.c.) voltammetric DNA determinations
      have been investigated with respect to its use with alkaline filter elution
      techniques at low DNA concentrations. In inorganic electrolyte solutions three
      current peaks can be distinguished: peak I around -1.1 V caused by the
      reorientation or desorption of DNA segments; peak II around -1.2 V caused by the
      native DNA (nDNA) form; peak III caused by denatured DNA (dDNA) at -1.4 V.
      Sonication of nDNA increases the peak current, however not with dDNA. Both dDNA
      and nDNA give linear peak current increments with DNA increments, their
      regression lines cutting the concentration axis at the origin. In filter elution
      techniques organic bases are often used. Adding ethanolamine (EA) elution buffer
      decreases the peak amplitude of DNA. It turns out that an unknown substance,
      perhaps a protein or RNA, elutes from the filters and gives rise to a current
      peak at about -1.3 V. This substance can interfere with the dDNA by competing for
      electrode surface area, since it diffuses much faster than the large molecules of
      the DNA. Since however, dDNA has a higher affinity for the electrode surface,
      after enough time, usually few minutes, the dDNA increasingly displaces the
      substance and occupies the surface. The same is valid for other organic molecules
      and thus also for EA. It is therefore remarkable that the unknown substance can
      be altered by ultrasonication, so that it will no longer interfere with dDNA, in
      contrast to EA. EA, on the other hand, can be "titrated". When EA is present at
      short accumulation times it prevents dDNA adsorption. By adding dDNA, the EA can
      be scavanged and further addition will adsorb and thus increase peak current in
      proportion to the concentration of the DNA present. The conditions for
      voltammetric DNA determination have been investigated obeying the recognized
      interactions. Avoiding organic bases and using inorganic ones would simplify the
      determination procedure. The reproducibility of the procedure in the range of 50
      60 ng DNA/ml has been found to be +/- 6%.

PMID- 2393941
TI  - Inhibition of Chinese hamster ovary cell DNA synthesis by hydrogen peroxide.
AB  - The DNA synthesis inhibitory effect of hydrogen peroxide has been examined under
      a number of experimental conditions. Results have indicated that the effect of
      the oxidant is more pronounced when the treatment is performed at 37 degrees C
      than at 4 degrees C and in low density as compared to high density cultures. In
      addition, similar levels of inhibition were achieved by measuring the
      incorporation of radiolabelled thymidine in the presence of, or following
      treatment with, the oxidant. Although early events seem to be responsible for the
      decreased rate of DNA synthesis, it would appear that hydrogen peroxide does not
      alter thymidine extracellularly and/or decrease the transport of the nucleoside
      across the plasma membrane, which may actually be slightly augmented. Thus, the
      previously illustrated results may represent an underestimate of the actual
      capacity of the oxidant to reduce DNA synthesis. This inference is further
      supported by the fact that the effect of hydrogen peroxide appears markedly
      enhanced in cells preloaded with the radiolabelled precursor. A temporal
      relationship seems to exist between the steady state level of DNA single strand
      breaks and the extent of DNA synthesis inhibition by hydrogen peroxide. The
      oxidant has no effect on DNA chain elongation. In conclusion, data presented in
      this paper suggest that early events, involving selective effects on replicon
      initiation, mediate the DNA synthesis inhibitory effect of hydrogen peroxide.

PMID- 2393942
TI  - Trapping and measurement of short-lived alkylating agents in a recirculating flow
      system.
AB  - A procedure has been developed for estimating the survival time of short-lived
      alkylating agents in a flow system at physiological temperature and pH. The
      system simulated the slow release into the bloodstream of a reactive compound
      formed in the liver. A solution of the reactive compound was injected slowly into
      a fast stream of aqueous fluid and immediately mixed. After a delay (up to 1 min)
      determined by a length of tube, during which hydrolysis took place, the surviving
      reactive compound was trapped on a column of immobilized thiol (thiol-Sepharose),
      and the fluid was recirculated via a reservoir. The system was used to study the
      hydrolysis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid metabolites dehydromonocrotaline,
      dehydro-anacrotine and dehydroretrorsine. The S-bound pyrrolic moiety in the trap
      was measured colorimetrically and hydrolysis rates were estimated after a series
      of 1-h runs with different delay times. Hydrolysis of dehydroretrorsine was very
      rapid, whereas the hydrolysis of dehydromonocrotaline and dehydro-anacrotine
      fitted biphasic first-order reactions, with a faster first phase. By isolating
      and identifying the trapped products from dehydromoncrotaline it was shown that
      the two phases involved hydrolysis of the 7- and 9-ester groups, respectively.
      The results supported the view that a proportion of the reactive metabolites from
      the alkaloids monocrotaline and anacrotine would be able to survive long enough
      to be transported from the liver to the lungs of a rat. The flow system would be
      applicable to the study of other types of short-lived metabolites.

PMID- 2393943
TI  - Structure-activity relationships in the myotoxicity of ring-methylated p
      phenylenediamines in rats and correlation with autoxidation rates in vitro.
AB  - A number of N-methylated p-phenylenediamines are known to cause necrosis of
      skeletal and cardiac muscle in rats. The severity of the muscle damage induced by
      these compounds in vivo was found to be directly proportional to their
      autoxidation rates in vitro, suggesting that reactive species formed during
      oxidation may be involved in the initiation of this toxic effect. In the present
      study, the in vitro oxidation rates and in vivo toxicities of a number of ring
      methylated p-phenylenediamines have been evaluated. 2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl p
      phenylenediamine readily autoxidized at neutral pH. Hydrogen peroxide was formed
      in this reaction, while oxidation in the presence of glutathione or reduced
      pyridine nucleotides led to the production of both hydrogen peroxide and
      superoxide radical. Less highly methylated derivatives oxidized more slowly, with
      rates decreasing in the order 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl greater than 2,5-dimethyl
      greater than 2,6-dimethyl greater than 2-methyl. All these compounds were
      myotoxic in rats, with damage being largely confined to skeletal muscle. Toxicity
      was again proportional to oxidation rate. Myotoxicity appears to be a general
      property of certain substituted p-phenylenediamines and the structure-activity
      relationships identified may permit an estimate to be made of the potential
      toxicity of other compounds of this type.

PMID- 2393944
TI  - Interaction of chlorinated phenols with thyroxine binding sites of human
      transthyretin, albumin and thyroid binding globulin.
AB  - Previous results (Brouwer and van den Berg, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 85 (1986)
      301) indicated preferential binding of a hydroxylated metabolite of
      tetrachlorobiphenyl to transthyretin (TTR) a carrier of thyroxine (T4). In the
      present study it was investigated whether the T4 binding site of TTR could be
      occupied specifically by hydroxylated chlorinated aromatic compounds using
      chlorinated phenol congeners as model compounds in a competition assay with
      [125I]T4. Chlorinated aromatics such as 2,3-dichlorobenzene and 3,4,3',4'
      tetrachlorobiphenyl, and phenols such as 4-hydroxybiphenyl and phenol were
      inefficient competitors. All chlorinated phenols tested were competitors for the
      T4 binding site of TTR. The ranking in competition was pentachlorophenol (PCP)
      greater than trichlorophenols greater than dichlorophenols greater than
      monochlorophenols. Structures with chlorine in both ortho positions to the
      hydroxyl group were more efficient competitors. The relative affinity of binding
      of pentachlorophenol (PCP) to TTR was about twice that of T4. Scatchard analysis
      showed that PCP mainly decreased the affinity constant K11 while the binding
      capacity R1 was not altered, indicating a competitive type of inhibition. PCP was
      also able to compete with T4 sites on albumin with a relative affinity of 0.25.
      T4 binding to thyroid binding globulin (TBG) was much less affected by
      interference of PCP (relative affinity 0.001). The results indicate a specific
      interaction of chlorophenols with the T4 binding site of TTR.

PMID- 2393945
TI  - Latex piezoelectric immunoassay: detection of agglutination of antibody-bearing
      latex using a piezoelectric quartz crystal.
AB  - A method for immunoassay of CRP (C-reactive protein) was developed using a
      piezoelectric quartz crystal. Previous immunoassays using a piezoelectric crystal
      have required the formation of a thin film on the crystal, to which an antibody
      is affixed. The occurrence of antigen-antibody reaction increases the weight
      attached to the crystal surface, which causes a reduction in the oscillation
      frequency. In our method, the frequency reduction was observed using antibody
      bearing latex without any film. One possible mechanism of the frequency change is
      that the crystal acts as a sensing apparatus for viscosity or density change in
      the solution due to aggregation of latex particles. The detection limit was
      almost the same as that for latex photometric immunoassay (LPIA). The present
      method has been designated as latex piezoelectric immunoassay (LPEIA).

PMID- 2393946
TI  - Solution-phase synthesis of porcine brain natriuretic peptide (pBNP) using S
      trimethylacetamidomethylcysteine.
AB  - The hexadodecapeptide corresponding to the entire amino acid sequence of porcine
      brain natriuretic peptide (pBNP) was synthesized by assembling four segments in
      solution, followed by HF deprotection and subsequent oxidation to establish an
      intramolecular disulfide bridge. The synthesis using the newly developed S
      trimethylacetamidomethylcysteine [Cys(Tacm)] derivative gave a better yield than
      that using the S-2,4,6-trimethylbenzylcysteine [Cys(Tmb)] derivative. The chick
      rectum relaxant activity of the synthetic pBNP was 2.9 times more potent than
      that of alpha-rat atrial natriuretic peptide (alpha-rANP).

PMID- 2393947
TI  - Woodfordin C, a macro-ring hydrolyzable tannin dimer with antitumor activity, and
      accompanying dimers from Woodfordia fruticosa flowers.
AB  - Three new dimeric hydrolyzable tannins, woodfordins A, B and C, along with seven
      known hydrolyzable tannins, including oenothein B, a dimer exhibiting marked host
      mediated antitumor activity, were isolated from an Indonesian crude drug,
      Sidowayah [dried flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (Lythraceae)]. The
      structures of the new tannins were elucidated based on chemical and spectral
      evidence. Woodfordin C, having a macro-ring structure, was also found to exhibit
      a significant antitumor activity.

PMID- 2393948
TI  - Effects of interaction of tannins with co-existing substances. VII. Inhibitory
      effects of tannins and related polyphenols on xanthine oxidase.
AB  - The inhibitory effects of hydrolyzable tannins, condensed tannins and related
      polyphenols on the activity of xanthine oxidase (XOD), catalyzing uric acid
      formation from xanthine, were investigated. Marked differences in the strength of
      the inhibition were observed. Some of the differences among the monomeric
      hydrolyzable tannins were due to their molecular weights, reflecting the number
      of phenolic hydroxyl groups in the molecule. However, the inhibitory activity of
      several oligomeric hydrolyzable tannins seemed particularly low in spite of their
      large molecular size. It was also observed that differences in location of acyl
      groups on the carbohydrate cores caused differences in the inhibitory activity
      among monomeric and oligomeric hydrolyzable tannins. A caffeic acid derivative
      (caffeetannin), 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (24), also inhibited this enzyme.
      Galloylation and the degree of polymerization in proanthocyanidins were also
      shown to affect remarkably the strength of the inhibition. Among the compounds
      tested in the present study, valoneic acid dilactone (29), isolated from Mallotus
      japonicus, inhibited the enzyme most effectively. A kinetic study showed that
      this dilactone inhibited XOD non-competitively. Comparison of the inhibitory
      effect on XOD, with the binding activity to hemoglobin, for each tannin, suggests
      that their inhibition of XOD is not based on non-specific binding to the protein.
      Similar comparison of the inhibitory effect on XOD with the inhibitory effect on
      the generation of superoxide anion radical (O2-.) from the hypoxanthine-XOD
      system revealed that the inhibition of O2-. generation by tannins is due to their
      radical-scavenging activity, and not due to their inhibitory activity upon the
      enzyme.

PMID- 2393949
TI  - Studies on antiallergic agents. II. Quantitative structure-activity relationships
      of novel 6-substituted N-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2-pyrazinecarboxamides.
AB  - The effect of structural modifications of 6-substituted N-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2
      pyrazinecarboxamides on their anti-allergic activity was analyzed quantitatively
      by means of the Hansch-Fujita method. The activity of these compounds was
      correlated with hydrophobic (pi) and steric (molecular refractivity and STERIMOL
      B1) effects of the 6-substituent on the pyrazine ring. The 6-substituents with a
      length greater than n-propylamino possess an extra effect enhancing the activity.
      Moreover, the activity increased progressively from 6-non-amino via alkylamino-
      to dialkylamino-substituted compounds, other factors being equal. This could be
      attributable to an electronic effect of substituents. Electron-donating small and
      yet symmetric substituents with high hydrophobicity longer than n-propylamino
      seemed to be favorable to the activity. By compromising these contradictory
      requirements, small dialkylamino (including cyclic amino) groups were decided to
      be the most favorable substituents. This analysis was in agreement with the
      observation that the most effective compounds were the 6-dimethylamino (I-27) and
      6-(1-pyrrolidinyl) (I-34) derivatives.

PMID- 2393950
TI  - Synthesis and antifungal activities of some thiolane-triazole derivatives.
AB  - As part of our search for active agents against systemic fungal infections, a new
      series of triazole compounds with a thiolane ring was synthesized. Their
      antifungal activities were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Some of these
      thiolanetriazoles showed promising activity, comparable to that of ketoconazole,
      against a mouse systemic Candida albicans infection, after oral or parenteral
      dosing.

PMID- 2393951
TI  - Studies on uricosuric diuretics. I. Syntheses and activities of
      xanthonyloxyacetic acids and dihydrofuroxanthone-2-carboxylic acids.
AB  - A series of substituted xanthonyloxyacetic acids (5 and 6), 1,2-dihydrofuro[2,3
      c]xanthone-2-carboxylic acids (7) and 2,3-dihydrofuro[3,2-b]xanthone-2-carboxylic
      acids (8) were synthesized and tested for diuretic and uricosuric activities in
      rats. Most of the xanthon-3-yloxyacetic acids (5) and 7 showed potent diuretic
      activities, while 8 had lower activities. Uricosuric activities were found in 5c,
      5f, 5k, 5m, 5o, 5p, 5r, 7m, 7p and 8q.

PMID- 2393952
TI  - Synthesis and biological evaluation of quinocarcin derivatives.
AB  - Cyanation of quinocarcin readily opened the oxazolidine ring to provide DX-52-1
      (2), which was a key compound in the synthesis of quinocarcin derivatives.
      Various electrophilic reactions toward aromatic ring of DX-52-1 were examined,
      and 10-substituted (e.g., halogen, nitro, formyl, cyano, hydroxy, etc.) analogs
      were prepared. Dehydrocyanation of the derivatives could be achieved to reproduce
      the oxazolidine ring upon treatment with HCl or AgNO3. 10-Chloride 10 and 10
      bromide 11 were the most promising among the derivatives prepared. Antitumor
      activity of 10 was extended to B-16 melanoma.

PMID- 2393953
TI  - Novel 4-substituted 2-piperazinylquinazolines as potent anticonvulsive and
      antihypoxic agents.
AB  - Several types of quinazoline derivatives were prepared and examined for
      anticonvulsive and antihypoxic activities. Many compounds showed potent
      anticonvulsive activity, and their anticonvulsive profile is similar to that of
      phenytoin. The analysis of quantitative structure-activity relationships
      indicated that the anticonvulsive activity was parabolically related to the
      lipophilicity of the compounds. Most of the 4-alkoxyquinazolines showed potent
      anticonvulsive and antihypoxic activities. It is confirmed that there is a good
      correlation between the potencies of these activities.

PMID- 2393954
TI  - Processing of nux vomica. II. Changes in alkaloid composition of the seeds of
      Strychnos nux-vomica on traditional drug-processing.
AB  - In the course of our study on the drug-processing of the seeds of Strychnos nux
      vomica L. (Loganiaceae), the alkaloid composition of the heat-treated seeds of S.
      nux-vomica was compared to that of the untreated seeds. On heat treatment, the
      contents of the major alkaloids such as strychnine and brucine declined
      significantly with increases in the amounts of isostrychnine, isobrucine,
      strychnine N-oxide and brucine N-oxide. The cleavage of an ether linkage and the
      occurrence of N-oxidation were demonstrated by heat treatment of authentic
      strychnine and brucine.

PMID- 2393955
TI  - Anti-ulcer effects of Trichosanthes fruits.
AB  - Anti-ulcer activities of fruits of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maximowicz var.
      japonica Kitamura (50% ethanolic extract, TKE) were investigated in rats. TKE, at
      doses of 100-1000 mg/kg, showed potent protection against experimental gastric
      lesions, namely, those induced by water-immersion, histamine, serotonin,
      HCl.ethanol, 0.6 N HCl, 0.2 N NaOH, 35% NaCl, and Shay' ulcer and acetic acid
      induced gastric ulcer. At doses of 500-1000 mg/kg, TKE decreased the gastric
      secretion and acid output in pylorus-ligation (for 7 h), but 100 mg/kg of TKE had
      no influence on the gastric secretion. On the other hand, TKE exerted inhibition
      on the contractile responses of the isolated ileum of mouse to acetylcholine.
      These results suggested that TKE has an anti-ulcer effect.

PMID- 2393956
TI  - A chemiluminogenic substrate for N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, o
      aminophthalylhydrazido-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide.
AB  - A new type of chemiluminogenic substrate for N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, o
      aminophthalylhydrazido-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide, was prepared by
      incorporating an enzyme-removable substituent, N-acetyl-D-glucosaminide group,
      into the hydrazide moiety of luminol. This substrate releases luminol upon
      enzymatic hydrolysis. The enzyme was detected chemiluminescently using this
      substrate.

PMID- 2393957
TI  - Urethane-hydrolyzing enzyme from Citrobacter sp.
AB  - Urethane, a cancer-causing chemical, was reported to contaminate alcoholic
      beverages such as whisky, liquor, wine and sake. Enzymatic removal of urethane
      would be a possible approach to remove this potentially hazardous chemical from
      alcoholic beverages. We found that Citrobacter sp. isolated from mouse feces
      stoichiometrically decomposed urethane to ethanol and ammonia. We named this
      enzyme "urethanase." Partially purified urethanase could hydrolyze several
      carbamates and some amides. However, urea, N-alkyl ureas and ethyl esters of
      organic acids were not hydrolyzed at all. These results suggest that urethanase
      belongs to the category of amidase. The enzyme was inactive in high
      concentrations of alcohol and at acidic pH and was practically ineffective for
      the elimination of urethane from alcoholic beverages.

PMID- 2393958
TI  - Inhibition of influenza virus sialidase and anti-influenza virus activity by
      plant flavonoids.
AB  - Flavonoids (103 species) were tested for inhibitory activity against influenza
      virus sialidase using sodium p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-alpha-D-neuraminate as
      substrate. 5,7,4'-Trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone from the root of Scutellaria
      baicalensis showed the most potent activity (IC50, 55 microM), and this flavone
      appeared to be a non-competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. Whereas, negligible or
      weak inhibitory activities were observed for mouse liver sialidase, beta
      galactosidase and alpha-mannosidase as tested. This flavone also inhibited the
      infection by influenza virus A/PR/8/34 of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, and
      replication of the virus in the allantoic sack of embryonated egg. These results
      suggest that flavone, which has potent influenza virus sialidase inhibitory
      activity, may have anti-influenza virus activity.

PMID- 2393959
TI  - Effects of food on bioavailability of two indomethacin capsules containing
      different sizes of particles.
AB  - Two different indomethacin capsules, a commercial one containing fine drug
      particles and an experimental capsule containing 125-177 microns particles, were
      employed in this study. The commercial preparation showed faster in vitro
      dissolution than the experimental one. When administered to humans having normal
      acidity of the gastric juices, the commercial capsule exhibited higher Cmax and
      smaller Tmax and mean residence time (MRT) than the experimental one both in
      fasting and nonfasting states, although the two capsules were equivalent in area
      under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC). The ingestion of a breakfast
      delayed the gastrointestinal absorption from both preparations, which resulted in
      larger Tmax's and MRT's and smaller Cmax's in the nonfasting state. Food,
      however, did not have any significant effect on the AUC's of the preparations.

PMID- 2393960
TI  - Bile salt-induced disintegration of egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes: a kinetic
      study based on turbidity changes.
AB  - The disintegration kinetics of egg phosphatidylcholine small unilamellar
      liposomes in various bile salts (nine species) were investigated by monitoring
      turbidity changes with a stopped-flow apparatus. The pseudo-first-order rate
      constants obtained as a function of bile salt concentration (up to 25 mM) were
      analyzed based on a two-step model in which a penetration-saturation step of bile
      salt into the bilayer and a lamellar-micellar transition step were assumed for
      the disintegration mechanism of the bilayer. The order of the rate of the
      penetration-saturation step, which is assumed to be a measure of the
      disintegration ability, was as follows: SCDOC greater than SDOC greater than
      STCDOC greater than STDOC greater than STC greater than SC greater than SGCDOC
      greater than SGDOC greater than SGC. The results indicated that (1) the dihydroxy
      bile salts have a greater disintegration ability than the corresponding
      trihydroxy bile salts, (2) the chenodeoxy bile salts have a greater ability than
      the corresponding deoxy-bile salts regardless of non-conjugated or conjugated
      form, (3) the taurine conjugates always have a greater ability than the glycine
      conjugates. The penetration-saturation rate of the bile salts against the lipid
      bilayer depends considerably on the chemical nature of each bile salt, varying by
      a factor of about 10(5). In the conjugated bile salts alone, they were in a
      narrower range of a factor of 10(3). The physical integrity of liposomes can
      hardly be maintained in the bile salt-rich intestinal tract but the resulting
      mixed micelles may contribute substantially to solubilization and enhanced
      delivery of drugs.

PMID- 2393961
TI  - Hepatic transport of an antiallergic agent, emedastine difumarate: interspecies
      difference in rats and guinea pigs.
AB  - Interspecies differences in the hepatic transport of an antiallergic agent,
      emedastine difumarate (KG-2413), were investigated in rats and guinea pigs,
      taking notice of the influx, efflux and metabolic processes. When the
      concentration of emedastine in the injection was varied from 2 microM to 10 mM,
      the extraction ratio of total radioactive compound to the liver at 18 s in rats
      and 25 s in guinea pigs after the rapid portal injection was more than 90% of the
      dose. This suggested that the influx velocity of emedastine into the liver was
      extremely fast, and that there was no interspecies difference in the influx
      process. The disappearance of unchanged emedastine from the liver was described
      by biexponential curve in rats and monoexponential curve in guinea pigs after
      rapid portal injection of 100 microM solution. This difference might be related
      to the interspecies difference in the binding of emedastine to the liver tissue.
      The time courses of disappearance of total radioactive compound and unchanged
      emedastine from the liver were analyzed using a compartment model for the
      examination of the efflux and metabolic processes. Emedastine was observed to
      have a pronounced interspecies difference in metabolic rate constant, but there
      was no pronounced interspecies difference in its efflux rate constant.

PMID- 2393962
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of mycelium extract of Ganoderma lucidum: inhibition of
      sympathetic outflow as a mechanism of its hypotensive action.
AB  - In an effort to understand the mechanism of cardiovascular actions of Ganoderma
      lucidum which was cultivated in Korea, the mycelium was isolated for a large
      scale culture. Water extract of the mycelia was evaluated for its cardiovascular
      activity in anesthetized rabbits and rats. The left femoral artery and vein were
      cannulated for the measurement of arterial pressure and subsequent delivery of
      drugs. The left kidney was exposed retroperitoneally and a branch of the renal
      nerve was used to integrate renal efferent or afferent nerve activities. The
      extract decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which was accompanied by
      an inhibition of renal efferent sympathetic nerve activity. The extract did not
      decrease heart rate in these animals, although there was clear hypotension in the
      extract dose dependent manner. This suggests that the hypotension induced by the
      treatment of the extract was secondary to the primary effect of the extract in
      the central nerve system, which suppressed the sympathetic outflow. Therefore we
      concluded that the mechanism of hypotensive action of Ganoderma lucidum was due
      to its central inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity.

PMID- 2393963
TI  - Inhibition of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 by cannabidiol in adult male
      rats.
AB  - The mechanism of inhibitory effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on the hepatic drug
      metabolizing enzyme system was studied in adult male rats in vivo. Time course
      studies revealed that microsomal d-benzphetamine N-demethylation and testosterone
      2 alpha-, 16 alpha- and 17-oxidation were markedly suppressed 6 to 48 h after the
      single administration of CBD (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Decreases in
      activities of aniline hydroxylation and p-nitroanisole O-demethylation and in
      content of total cytochrome P450 were intermittent and moderate. On the other
      hand, no change was observed in reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
      phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome c reductase activity or cytochrome b5 content in the
      hepatic microsomes of the CBD-treated rats. Western blotting analysis showed a
      marked decrease in the male-specific cytochrome P450 UT-2 in the hepatic
      microsomes, especially 24 to 48 h after pretreatment with CBD. It is possible
      that CBD given 6 to 12 h before the sacrifice might interact with cytochrome P450
      as a substrate, resulting in inhibition of the drug-metabolizing enzyme
      activities in the earlier stages. In the later stages from 24 to 48 h after CBD
      treatment, the reduction in content of the male-specific cytochrome P450 UT-2 may
      play a major role in the inhibitory effect of CBD on the hepatic drug
      metabolizing enzyme system in the adult male rat in vivo.

PMID- 2393964
TI  - Pharmacological activities of synthetic human cholecystokinin-33 of which
      tyrosine was sulfated by arylsulfotransferase.
AB  - The pharmacological activities of synthetic human CCK-33, in which a tyrosine
      molecule was sulfated by arylsulfotransferase, were investigated in the rat and
      the guinea-pig. The activities were compared with those of non-sulfated CCK-33
      (CCK-33NS), CCK-8 and CCK-4. CCK-33 was about 100 fold more potent than non
      sulfated CCK-33(CCK-33NS) but was about 20 fold less potent than CCK-8 in the
      contraction of the isolated gallbladder of the guinea-pig. In rat pancreatic
      secretion, intravenous CCK-33 and CCK-8 showed almost the same activity. The
      potency of each was about 1000 fold more than the individual potency of CCK-33NS,
      non-sulfated CCK-8 (CCK-8NS) and CCK4. There were no significant differences in
      gastric acid stimulatory activities among CCK-33, CCK-8, CCK-4, but the
      activities of CCK-33NS and CCK-8NS were less than those of CCK-33 and CCK-8,
      respectively. CCK-33 and CCK-8 produced a reduction in the intake of powder chow
      in doses of 10(-8) and 3 x 10(-8) mol/kg i.p., but CCK-33NS, CCK-8NS and CCK-4
      did not. In conclusion, the activities of synthetic human CCK-33 are almost the
      same as those of CCK-8 on exocrine pancreatic secretion, gastric acid secretion
      and food intake, but less than CCK-8 on isolated gallbladder contraction.

PMID- 2393965
TI  - Indole Grignard reaction. III. Synthesis, crystal structure, and analgesic
      activity of (R)- and (S)-3-amino-2,3,4,9-tetrahydrothiopyrano[2,3-b]indoles.
AB  - Both enantiomers of the title compounds were synthesized and the crystal
      structure of one of them was determined by X-ray crystallography. The indole
      Grignard reaction was effective for synthesizing the key intermediate of the (R)
      isomers. The analgesic activities of the products were compared with those of 4
      methylaminomethyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydrothiopyrano[2,3-b]indole (1), Isoxal, and
      Tiaramide. The (R)-isomers were more potent than the corresponding (S)-isomers,
      and were more potent than Isoxal and Tiaramide, but less potent than 1.

PMID- 2393966
TI  - Study of enzyme inhibitory activities by dipyridamole.
AB  - Inhibitory activities of Dipyridamole (DPM, 2,6-bis(diethanolamino)-4,8
      dipiperidinopyrimido(5,4-d)py rim idine) against xanthine oxidase (XO), carbonic
      anhydorase (CA) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) were studied, in vitro. DPM did not
      inhibit XO and CA, but it strongly inhibited MAO. The type of inhibition by DPM
      against MAO with respect to benzylamine as a substrate was uncompetitive.

PMID- 2393967
TI  - Studies on the sesquiterpenoids of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. IV.
AB  - A tricarbocyclic sesquiterpenoid (1), isolated from the ethereal extract of the
      rootlets of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, showed almost identical nuclear magnetic
      resonance data to those reported for senecrassidiol (2). Detailed spectral
      analysis of 1 led us to revise the stereochemistry of 2.

PMID- 2393968
TI  - Direct evidence for the presence of methylmercury bound in the thyroid and other
      organs obtained from mice given methylmercury; differentiation of free and bound
      methylmercuries in biological materials determined by volatility of
      methylmercury.
AB  - Peroxidase in mouse thyroid was inhibited by mercuric chloride but not by
      methylmercury in in vivo and in vitro systems (Nishida, et al., J. Histochem.
      Cytochem., 37, 723 (1989)). To identify the reason for the difference, the
      present study was conducted to examine whether methylmercury is indeed bound
      within cells or tissues. Mice were given radioactive methylmercury by intubation
      for 18 d and the tissues were dissected out and vacuum-dried. With this
      procedure, free methylmercury was evaporated off and the bound mercury remained.
      The thyroid, liver, kidney and fats examined showed no loss of radioactivity
      under the vacuum, indicating that the mercury was bound to the thyroid, as well
      as the other tissues. Radioactive mercuric chloride was nonvolatile regardless of
      the presence or absence of the tissues. The preferential affinity of
      methylmercury for SH-containing materials was re-confirmed by this method.

PMID- 2393969
TI  - Effective purification of human chorionic gonadotropin and its subunits from
      pregnant women's urinary peptides absorbed on reverse-phase resin.
AB  - Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was extracted and purified by reverse-phase
      resin (Sepralyte C8 resin) adsorption and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography
      from urine of pregnant women. Approximately 15000 IU of hCG was recovered from
      1000 ml of urine by C8 resin adsorption. hCG from the gel-filtration step
      stimulated testosterone production in rat Leydig cells and had a specific
      activity of approximately 8000 IU/mg, a value which was higher than those of
      commercial hCGs. Furthermore, hCG purified to near-homogeneity was separated
      effectively into its subunits by reverse-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography using an acetonitrile gradient in the presence of 0.1%
      trifluoroacetic acid with no special pretreatment for dissociation of subunits.
      The separated subunits were able to re-associate. The techniques used are simple
      and may be suitable for not only laboratory but also industrial production of hCG
      and its subunits.

PMID- 2393970
TI  - Tyrosine formation from phenylalanine by ultraviolet irradiation.
AB  - When phenylalanine was irradiated at ultraviolet (UV) light, p-tyrosine, m
      tyrosine and o-tyrosine were identified as hydroxylated products. From p-tyrosine
      and m-tyrosine, the formation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) was
      observed. The hydroxylation of phenylalanine was prevented by radical scavengers,
      e.g., catalase, superoxide dismutase, sodium thiocyanate, mannitol, potassium
      iodide and thiourea. Replacement of air with nitrogen gas prevented the
      hydroxylation, but did not depress it completely. The addition of H2O2 increased
      significantly the hydroxylation of phenylalanine. These results suggest that the
      hydroxylation of phenylalanine by UV irradiation may be caused by .OH formed
      during the decomposition of H2O.

PMID- 2393971
TI  - Chemical modification by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) of an
      essential amino group in 3-ketovalidoxylamine A C-N lyase.
AB  - 3-Ketovalidoxylamine A C-N lyase of Flavobacterium saccharophilum is a monomeric
      protein with a molecular weight of 36000, and contains 32 amino groups and no
      cysteine or cystine residues. The enzyme was inactivated by 2,4,6
      trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) following pseudo-first order kinetics.
      Substrate of the lyase, p-nitrophenyl-3-ketovalidamine, protected the enzyme
      against the inactivation, suggesting that the modification occurred at or near
      the active site. Although several amino groups were modified by TNBS, a plot of
      log (reciprocal of the half-time of inactivation) versus log (concentration of
      TNBS) suggested that one amino group has an essential role in catalysis.

PMID- 2393972
TI  - Percutaneous absorption of indomethacin from mixtures of fatty alcohol and
      propylene glycol (FAPG bases) through rat skin: effects of oleic acid added to
      FAPG base.
AB  - The effects of oleic acid (OA) added to mixtures of fatty alcohol and propylene
      glycol (FAPG bases) on the percutaneous absorption of indomethacin (ID) were
      investigated by using the abdominal skin of rats in vivo. The percutaneous
      absorption of propylene glycol (PG) from FAPG base was simultaneously examined.
      The percutaneous absorption of ID from FAPG bases in the absence of OA was poor
      as compared with that from FAPG bases containing OA. It was observed that when OA
      was added to the vehicles in the range of 5 to 30%, the percutaneous absorption
      of ID from the vehicles was increased. In particular, the maximal enhancement of
      percutaneous absorption of ID was achieved at 5% OA. However, the enhancing
      effect of percutaneous absorption of ID diminished when the OA content in the
      vehicle exceeded 50%. PG was readily absorbed through the rat skin from FAPG
      bases and its percutaneous absorption profiles were similar to those of ID. It
      can be presumed that PG and ID penetrate together through the skin. In addition,
      it was confirmed that the percutaneous absorption of ID and PG from FAPG bases
      was not affected by the viscosity of the vehicle. If FAPG base is to be used as a
      vehicle for the purpose of percutaneous absorption of ID, OA is considered to be
      a useful additive.

PMID- 2393973
TI  - Effect of N-benzyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate on renal toxicity of inorganic
      mercury in rats.
AB  - The effect of N-benzyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate (BGD) on the renal toxicity of
      inorganic mercury in rats was studied. Rats were injected i.v. with saline or
      HgCl2 (300 micrograms Hg/kg) and 30 min later they were injected i.p. with saline
      or BGD (2778 mumol/kg, a quarter of an LD50). Urinary excretion of gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), which is a brush border enzyme, in rats after mercury
      treatment significantly increased compared to that of the control in the 12-24 h
      urine specimen and reached a maximum value within 24 h after the treatment.
      Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), which is a lysosomal
      enzyme, also significantly increased after mercury treatment compared to that of
      the control in the 12-24 h urine specimen and reached a maximum value within 48 h
      after the treatment. A change in urinary aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
      activity after mercury treatment followed a pattern similar to that observed with
      the urinary NAG. BGD treatment did not increase the urinary excretions of gamma
      GTP, NAG, and AST. The uptake of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) by renal cortical
      slices significantly decreased 24 h after mercury treatment. BGD injection after
      mercury treatment did not decrease the uptake of PAH by cortical slices. In
      addition, the microscopic examination of renal tissue from mercury-treated rats
      revealed necrosis of the proximal tubular cells. However, a photomicrograph of
      rat renal cortex after BGD treatment showed little abnormality. These results
      indicated that the mercury-induced renal damage was protected by the injection of
      BGD 30 min after mercury treatment.

PMID- 2393974
TI  - Molecular structure of (-)-3-acetyl-6 beta-(acetylthio)-N-(cyclopropyl-methyl)
      normorphine and its 14-hydroxy congeners.
AB  - The stereochemistry of the title compound 3 was confirmed by X-ray analysis. The
      6-acetylthio derivatives with an OH group at C-14 were also designed and
      synthesized.

PMID- 2393975
TI  - [Vaccines, cells and nucleic acids].

PMID- 2393976
TI  - Food safety aspects relating to the application of X-ray surveillance equipment:
      memorandum from a WHO meeting.
AB  - Inspection of food-containing cargoes using X-rays is safe since no detectable
      radioactivity will be induced in the foodstuffs provided that an energy level of
      10 MeV and a dose of 0.5 Gy are not exceeded.

PMID- 2393977
TI  - Malaria chemoprophylaxis among European tourists in tropical Africa: use, adverse
      reactions, and efficacy.
AB  - In order to determine knowledge, attitudes and practices towards malaria
      prophylaxis, as well as its side-effects and efficacy, a self-administered
      questionnaire was distributed to European travellers on return flights from
      tropical Africa to Europe. Between 1985 and 1988 the questionnaire was completed
      by 44,472 passengers (80.1% of those on board) on 242 flights. A follow-up
      questionnaire was completed by 42,202 (94.9%) of the same travellers 3 months
      later. Almost all knew about the risk of malaria, but 10% relied solely on advice
      from nonmedical sources. While 55.6% had taken at least one measure against
      mosquito bites, only 4.5% adopted three such measures (used repellents and
      insecticides and wore long clothing after dusk). Compliance with chemoprophylaxis
      use was reported by 57.0% of travellers who spent less than 3 months in Africa,
      compared with 29.2% who stayed 3-12 months. Depending on the antimalaria regimen
      taken, 11-44% of the travellers experienced adverse effects, while four deaths
      were attributed to the chemoprophylaxis. The incidence of malaria per month of
      exposure for travellers who took no chemoprophylaxis was 15.2 per 1000 in East
      Africa and 24.2 per 1000 in West Africa. In East Africa, the prophylactic
      efficacy of the currently recommended antimalaria regimens (relative to that of
      no chemoprophylaxis) was zero for a chloroquine dosage of 300 mg base per week (4
      malaria fatalities), 64.1% for a chloroquine dosage of 600 mg base per week (P =
      0.03), and 94.0% for mefloquine (P = 0.003).

PMID- 2393978
TI  - Field evaluation of methods for estimating carbamate resistance in Anopheles
      albimanus mosquitos from a microplate assay for insensitive acetylcholinesterase.
AB  - The reliability of a published method to predict survivorship in the WHO propoxur
      resistance bioassay (WHO test) from the results of a biochemical assay for
      detecting the insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is described. For
      biochemical assay data from three field populations of Anopheles albimanus
      mosquitos, the results obtained using the method did not correlate consistently
      with the findings of the WHO test. A modified method is then described that
      eliminates the effect on the assay of factors unrelated to pesticide resistance,
      and it is shown that this modification can be used to predict survivorship in the
      WHO test for mosquitos from three study sites in Guatemala. The results show that
      when scored visually, the insensitive AChE microplate assay is an accurate method
      of estimating survival in the WHO test, regardless of whether the mosquitos
      tested are blood-fed or not. Recommendations are given for the application and
      analysis of data from the insensitive AChE microplate assay for detecting and
      monitoring resistance to carbamate insecticides.

PMID- 2393979
TI  - The predicted and observed decline in onchocerciasis infection during 14 years of
      successful control of Simulium spp. in west Africa.
AB  - In 55 villages from the well-protected central area of the Onchocerciasis Control
      Programme in West Africa (OCP), skin snip surveys have been carried out at
      regular intervals since the programme started, and the latest round of surveys
      was undertaken after 12-14 years of successful vector control. The observed
      trends in the prevalence and intensity of onchocerciasis infection in cohorts of
      adults were compared with the trends predicted using a host-parasite model. After
      12-14 years of control the community microfilarial load (CMFL) was close to zero
      in all villages. During the last few years of control, the prevalence of
      infection declined at an accelerated rate, and this was predicted by the model.
      There was generally good agreement between observed and predicted trends. The
      predictions were based on an estimated average duration of infection of 10.4
      years, which corresponds to a mean reproductive lifespan for Onchocerca volvulus
      of 9-9.5 years, and an upper limit of 15 years for 95% of the infections.
      Differences between the observed and predicted data included the trend in CMFL
      between the first and second surveys, which in 18 villages did not show the
      predicted decline. Furthermore, the observed final decline in prevalence was
      faster than predicted in the north-eastern part of the central OCP area. After 14
      years of vector control, the level of onchocerciasis has fallen to such a low
      level that consideration is being given to ending larviciding.

PMID- 2393980
TI  - Use of ELISA to reveal rodent infections in plague surveillance and control
      programmes.
AB  - To assess its potential applications in plague surveillance and control
      programmes, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that captures the
      specific Yersinia pestis F1 antigen was used to determine the amounts of this
      antigen present in samples of blood and spleens from laboratory rats with acute
      plague, in the buboes of rats with chronic plague, and in tissues from the
      carcasses of rats that had died from plague. In rats with acute plague, bacteria
      and F1 antigen were detected in samples of blood 2-4 days after the rats had been
      subcutaneously inoculated with virulent Y. pestis. Although F1 antigen was not
      detected in blood samples at the onset of bacteraemia, average antigen levels of
      10,240 ng/ml for blood clots and 4829 ng/ml for sera were detected during severe
      bacteraemia. Immediately after the rats died from acute plague, antigen levels in
      their spleens of up to 410 micrograms/g of tissue were detected. For rats with
      chronic plague, ELISA antigen levels of 1600 ng/g to 51 micrograms/g were
      detected in buboes that contained viable plague bacilli. In samples of spleen,
      liver, kidney and heart from rat carcasses, F1 antigen was detected up to 20 days
      after death. In contrast, it was possible to isolate Y. pestis bacilli from these
      samples only up to 6 days after death.

PMID- 2393981
TI  - Training for primary eye care in leprosy.
AB  - Reported are the results of a primary eye care training programme for community
      based leprosy control workers in the Republic of Korea. The 20-hour programme
      emphasized the detection and management of lagophthalmos (and its complications)
      and chronic iridocyclitis. Leprosy patients in four resettlement villages were
      examined independently by the health workers and an ophthalmologist. Agreement
      between the health workers and the ophthalmologist was good for the detection of
      most signs (lagophthalmos, acute iridocyclitis, and chronic iridocyclitis). Based
      on these preliminary results it is recommended that primary eye care be included
      as a part of the training for leprosy paramedical workers.

PMID- 2393982
TI  - The changing age structure of diphtheria patients: evidence for the effectiveness
      of EPI in the Sudan.
AB  - During an outbreak of diphtheria in Khartoum, Sudan, in 1988, only 19.1% of
      patients admitted to hospital were under 5 years of age. This is considerably
      less than the proportion of such patients seen during a similar outbreak in
      Khartoum in 1978 (49.5%) and also less than the proportion (55.2%) of under-5
      year-olds reported for all inpatients with diphtheria in the Sudan during 1979
      86. Cluster surveys carried out between 1981 and 1989 demonstrate that
      vaccination coverage was much higher for under-5-year-olds (about 65% for the
      third dose of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine (DPT3] than for children of
      school age (less than 20% for DPT3) at the time of the 1988 outbreak. These
      results indicate that improved vaccination coverage led to the shift in the age
      distribution of diphtheria patients seen during the 1988 outbreak. It is unlikely
      that these data are affected by the type of biases that usually plague disease
      surveillance systems and can therefore be used as a simple way of assessing the
      effectiveness of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI).

PMID- 2393983
TI  - Traditional methods in management of diarrhoeal diseases in Uganda.
AB  - A total of 292 traditional healers were interviewed in five districts of Uganda
      to discover how diarrhoeal diseases were treated by them. At least two healers
      were present in every village visited, and over 42% of their case-load was
      concerned with diarrhoeal treatment. The investigation showed that a great
      variety of herbs/plants are used by traditional healers in the treatment of
      diarrhoeal diseases. All those interviewed used water as the main vehicle for
      their herbal preparations, the amount prescribed daily ranging from 20 ml to over
      100 ml for children (in the case of 54.5% of healers) and 100 ml to over 500 ml
      for adults (56.6%); 26.4% of healers considered fluid supplements as mandatory
      and 70.5% advised patients to take as much fluid as possible. Only 3.1% of
      healers either limited or did not advise fluid intake. These findings indicate
      that traditional healers could play an important role in interventions to control
      diarrhoeal diseases using modern oral rehydration therapy if they are assisted to
      improve their techniques.

PMID- 2393984
TI  - Impact of the Brazilian national breast-feeding programme on mothers in greater
      Sao Paulo.
AB  - A broad-based national breast-feeding programme was launched in Brazil in 1981
      that was preceded by an evaluation of infant feeding habits in two metropolitan
      areas of the country. This paper reports the initial findings of an evaluation of
      the programme in Greater Sao Paulo that was carried out in 1987, 6 years after
      the programme started. The method employed was analogous to that used before the
      start of the programme in 1981. For this purpose, a representative sample of
      mothers who were attending child care services open to all income groups were
      interviewed, together with a number of health professionals. A total of 497
      mothers with children aged 0-12 months were covered. A recall interview was also
      administered on the duration of breast-feeding for all children born to the
      mothers since 1981. As a result of the programme, the mean duration of breast
      feeding rose from 89.4 days to 127.5 days and of feeding only breast-milk from
      43.2 days to 66.6 days. The proportion of previous children who were breast-fed
      for more than 6 months rose from 18.9% for those born in 1981-82 to 37.7% for
      those born in 1984, when the programme activities were at their highest, and
      slipped back again to 27.6% in 1985-86.

PMID- 2393985
TI  - International collaboration for the prevention of colorectal cancer.
AB  - This brief paper describes the involvement of the World Health Organization in
      promoting international collaboration for the prevention of colorectal cancer,
      more than half a million cases of which are diagnosed every year. A WHO
      Collaborating Centre was designated in 1985 in the USA and the activities of this
      Centre have included the preparation of a series of six articles for publication
      in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization. These articles deal with
      primary prevention, risk and screening of average-risk individuals, as well as
      risk and surveillance of individuals with chronic ulcerative colitis, colorectal
      polyps, and heritable factors for colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2393986
TI  - Does reperfusion extend necrosis? A study in a single territory of myocardial
      ischemia--half reperfused and half not reperfused.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to confirm or disprove the existence of reperfusion
      induced extension of necrosis. To avoid the effect of the variability of
      collateral circulation when groups of dogs are compared, we compared the effect
      of reperfusion and nonreperfusion on myocardial necrosis in a single ischemic
      territory, half of which was reperfused and half of which was not. The left
      anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) territory between its last diagonal
      branch and the apex was studied because it was found to have uniform collateral
      blood flow. In 20 dogs, the LAD was occluded for 90-240 minutes to produce
      necrosis of different degrees of transmurality. Before release of this occlusion,
      the LAD was occluded distally halfway to the apex to keep the distal half
      nonreperfused. After 5 minutes of proximal reperfusion. Monastral blue dye was
      injected into the left atrium for demarcation of the reperfused region, and the
      heart was arrested, excised, cut parallel to the LAD, and placed into triphenyl
      tetrazolium chloride (TTC) solution for delineation of the region of necrosis.
      The validity of TTC staining under the conditions of this study was confirmed by
      light and electron microscopy. The transmurality of necrosis, measured within 1
      or 0.5 cm on either side of the boundary, ranged from 30% to 88% of wall
      thickness and was not different in the reperfused compared with the nonreperfused
      region (paired t test). Reperfusion did not advance the epicardial edge of
      necrosis compared with the nonreperfused region. In conclusion, at 5 minutes
      after reperfusion, comparison of necrosis in the reperfused and nonreperfused
      halves of a single ischemic territory could not demonstrate an extension of
      necrosis by reperfusion.

PMID- 2393987
TI  - Observations on electrode-tissue interface temperature and effect on electrical
      impedance during radiofrequency ablation of ventricular myocardium.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to correlate changes in electrical impedance with
      the electrode-tissue interface temperature and to characterize the associated
      events occurring at the catheter tip electrode. In a canine model, lesions were
      created in vitro (n = 49) and in vivo (n = 31) and radiofrequency power settings
      were varied. Electrode-tissue interface temperature, delivered current, and
      voltage were recorded, and impedance was calculated. A sudden rise in electrical
      impedance was seen in only two of 17 ablations in vitro and in one of 16
      ablations in vivo with a peak electrode-tissue interface temperature of less than
      100 degrees C compared with 29 of 32 ablations in vitro (p = 0.0001) and 12 of 15
      ablations in vivo with a temperature of more than 100 degrees C (p = 0.0001).
      This phenomenon was associated with the observation of boiling and popping at the
      tip in in vitro preparations and tissue avulsion and thrombus formation on the
      catheter tip in in vivo studies. The lesion size was directly proportional to the
      peak temperature for all ablations but not to the peak power, current, or voltage
      during radiofrequency catheter ablation in the heart. Maintaining electrode
      tissue interface temperature at less than 100 degrees C during radiofrequency
      catheter ablation in the heart may avoid the complications associated with the
      sudden rise in electrical impedance.

PMID- 2393988
TI  - Acute coronary occlusion after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.
      Evolving strategies and implications.

PMID- 2393989
TI  - Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects. Past, present, and future.

PMID- 2393990
TI  - Antiplatelet therapy to prevent coronary artery bypass graft occlusion.

PMID- 2393991
TI  - Aortic regurgitation. A lesion with similarities to both aortic stenosis and
      mitral regurgitation.

PMID- 2393992
TI  - Baroreceptors and hypertension.

PMID- 2393993
TI  - Inverted T waves. An electrocardiographic marker of stunned or hibernating
      myocardium in man?

PMID- 2393994
TI  - Refractoriness prolongation by defibrillation shocks.

PMID- 2393995
TI  - Technetium-99m MIBI as a myocardial perfusion agent.

PMID- 2393996
TI  - Is diagnostic certainty essential for the use of thrombolytic therapy during
      myocardial infarction in the 1990s?

PMID- 2393997
TI  - Positron emission tomography.

PMID- 2393998
TI  - dP/dt and isovolumic pressure decline.

PMID- 2393999
TI  - The healthy American diet.

PMID- 2394000
TI  - Incidence and consequences of periprocedural occlusion. The 1985-1986 National
      Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
      Registry.
AB  - Of 1,801 patients in the 1985-1986 Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
      (PTCA) Registry, 122 (6.8%) had periprocedural occlusion (4.9% in the
      catheterization laboratory, 1.9% outside the laboratory). Baseline patient
      factors independently associated with increased occlusion rates included triple
      vessel disease, high risk status for surgery, and acute coronary insufficiency.
      Lesion characteristics showing significant positive association included severe
      stenosis before PTCA, diffuse or multiple discrete morphology, thrombus, and
      collateral flow from the lesion. Intimal tear and dissection were also very
      strongly associated with occlusion. Sixty patients (49%) had a transient
      occlusion that was reopened with PTCA, 43 (35%) were not redilated and managed
      with bypass surgery, and 19 (16%) were not redilated and managed medically. In
      hospital mortality was 5% in each of these treatment groups, compared with 1% in
      occlusion-free patients. In-hospital infarction rates ranged from 27% in patients
      with transient occlusion to 56% in the patients managed with surgery, compared
      with 2% in patients without occlusion. During 2 years of follow-up, somewhat
      increased mortality continued in patients with occlusion, whereas follow-up
      infarction rates were comparable for all patients regardless of occlusion.
      Patients with an occlusion that was reopened or managed medically had increased
      rates of surgery during follow-up. Rates of repeat PTCA were comparable (about
      23% by 2 years) in patients with transient occlusion and those without occlusion.
      Occlusion remains a serious complication of angioplasty and is associated most
      strongly with major events and surgical procedures that occur during the in
      hospital period.

PMID- 2394001
TI  - Double-umbrella closure of atrial defects. Initial clinical applications.
AB  - Forty patients were catheterized for closure of atrial septal defects with the
      Rashkind patent ductus arteriosus umbrella device, a modified Rashkind umbrella
      device, and the newly designed Lock Clamshell Occluder. Patients weighed 8 kg or
      more (a requirement for transvenous access with the 11F delivery sheath) and had
      defects suitable for closure based on two-dimensional echocardiography. The new
      device was at least 1.6 times the diameter of the atrial septal defect as
      determined by balloon sizing at catheterization. Patients were followed up by
      telephone, clinical examination, and echocardiography at 6 months. We attempted
      closure in 34 patients, with atrial septal defects ranging in diameter from 3 to
      22 mm; device sizes ranged from 17 to 33 mm. Initial device position immediately
      after release was correct in all patients. A cerebral embolus occurred in one
      elderly patient before device placement--the patient died 1 week later. Two
      instances of early device embolization occurred, and devices were retrieved by
      catheter without complication. Follow-up of 31 patients discharged with devices
      in place, for a total of 31 patient-years, has yielded no umbrella-related
      complications. Adequate imaging studies in 19 patients 6.5 months after device
      placement revealed no atrial shunt in 12; residual flow through separate,
      previously unrecognized atrial septal defects occurred in two; and small residual
      leaks (less than 3 mm) around devices were present in five patients. This initial
      success indicates that double-umbrella closure of atrial septal defects will aid
      in the treatment of intracardiac defects.

PMID- 2394002
TI  - Consequences of reocclusion after successful reperfusion therapy in acute
      myocardial infarction. TAMI Study Group.
AB  - To determine the clinical consequences of reocclusion of an infarct-related
      artery after reperfusion therapy, we evaluated 810 patients with acute myocardial
      infarction. Patients were admitted into four sequential studies with similar
      entry criteria in which patency of the infarct-related artery was assessed by
      coronary arteriography 90 minutes after onset of thrombolytic therapy. Successful
      reperfusion was established acutely in 733 patients. Thrombolytic therapy
      included tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) in 517, urokinase in 87, and a
      combination of t-PA and urokinase in 129 patients. All patients received aspirin,
      intravenous heparin and nitroglycerin, and diltiazem during the recovery phase. A
      repeat coronary arteriogram was performed in 88% of patients at a median of 7
      days after the onset of symptoms. Reocclusion of the infarct-related artery
      occurred in 91 patients (12.4%), and 58% of these were symptomatic. Angiographic
      characteristics at 90 minutes after thrombolytic therapy that were associated
      with reocclusion compared with sustained coronary artery patency were right
      coronary infarct-related artery (65% versus 44%, respectively) and Thrombolysis
      in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow 0 or 1 (21% versus 10%, respectively) before
      further intervention. Median (interquartile value) degree of stenosis in the
      infarct-related artery at 90 minutes was similar between groups: 99% for
      reoccluded (value, 90/100%) compared with 95% for patent (value, 80/99%).
      Patients with reocclusion had similar left ventricular ejection fractions
      compared with patients with sustained patency at follow-up. However, patients
      with reocclusion at follow-up had worse infarct-zone function at -2.7 (value, 
      3.2/-1.8) versus -2.4 (SD/chord) (value, -3.1/-1.3) (p = 0.016). The recovery of
      both global and infarct-zone function was impaired by reocclusion of the infarct
      related artery compared with maintained patency; median delta ejection fraction
      was -2 compared with 1 (p = 0.006) and median delta infarct-zone wall motion was 
      0.10 compared with 0.34 SD/chord (p = 0.011), respectively. In addition, patients
      with reocclusion had more complicated hospital courses and higher in-hospital
      mortality rates (11.0% versus 4.5%, respectively; p = 0.01). We conclude that
      reocclusion of the infarct-related artery after successful reperfusion is
      associated with substantial morbidity and mortality rates. Reocclusion is also
      detrimental to the functional recovery of both global and infarct-zone regional
      left ventricular function. Thus, new strategies in the postinfarction period need
      to be developed to prevent reocclusion of the infarct-related artery.

PMID- 2394003
TI  - An evaluation of right and left ventricular function after anatomical correction
      and intra-atrial repair operations for complete transposition of the great
      arteries.
AB  - Anatomical correction of complete transposition of the great arteries has the
      potential advantage over intra-atrial repair in that the left ventricle becomes
      the systemic pump. To investigate the importance of this, we evaluated right and
      left ventricular function in 21 patients after anatomical correction and in 21
      patients after Mustard or Senning operations. First-pass and equilibrium-gated
      radionuclide angiography were used to measure right and left ventricular ejection
      fractions between 17 and 78 (mean, 47) months after anatomical correction and
      between 3 and 187 (mean, 67) months after intra-atrial repair. The mean age of
      the patient groups at the time of study was 52 and 84 months, respectively. The
      right ventricular ejection fraction ranged from 35% to 78% (mean, 58%) in
      patients after anatomical correction and from 27% to 68% (mean, 51%) after intra
      atrial repair (p = 0.066). The left ventricular ejection fraction ranged from 39%
      to 74% (mean, 58%) after anatomical correction and from 35% to 74% (mean, 58%)
      after intra-atrial repair (p = 0.86). The mean right and left ventricular
      ejection fractions of both groups were significantly lower than those of normal
      children. Individuals with systemic ventricular dysfunction were identified after
      both types of operations; however, symptomatic dysfunction occurred only after
      intra-atrial repair (p = 0.24).

PMID- 2394004
TI  - Modification of human atrioventricular nodal function by selective
      atrioventricular nodal artery catheterization.
AB  - The hypothesis that human atrioventricular (AV) nodal function can be modulated
      selectively with a new technique of AV nodal artery catheterization was tested in
      eight subjects referred for diagnostic cardiac catheterization or
      electrophysiological studies. Three patients had no history of arrhythmias. Three
      patients had supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) due to reentry confined to the AV
      node (AVNRT). One patient had SVT due to reentry over a concealed AV bypass tract
      (AVRT-CBT), and one patient had nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. In each
      subject, sinus cycle length, AH interval, HV interval, AV nodal effective
      refractory period (AVN-ERP), and Wenckebach paced cycle length were measured in a
      control state. A flexible infusion catheter was then positioned selectively in
      the AV nodal artery of each subject. Through this catheter, a constant infusion
      of 0.1 mg/min procainamide at a flow rate of 0.125 ml/min (n = 1) or 50
      micrograms/min acetylcholine at a flow rate of 0.25 ml/min (n = 4) was
      administered. Electrophysiological parameters were determined again during
      selective AV nodal artery drug infusion and during infusion of saline at
      identical rates. Two subjects developed transient AV nodal block during selective
      AV nodal catheterization alone and did not receive an infusion of drug or saline.
      A stable position of the AV nodal artery catheter could not be achieved in one
      other subject, who also received no drug or saline. In the other five subjects,
      drug infusion caused an increase in AVN-ERP from a control value of 312 +/- 52
      msec to a value of 543 +/- 228 msec (p less than 0.05) and an increase in
      Wenckebach paced cycle length from a control value of 360 +/- 47 msec to a value
      of 572 +/- 217 msec (p less than 0.05). These parameters were unchanged from
      control during selective saline infusion. In two patients with AVNRT, drug
      infusion abolished SVT by causing complete blockade of ventriculoatrial
      conduction as well as lengthening of anterograde AVN-ERP. In the patient with
      AVRT-CBT, drug infusion abolished SVT by preventing repetitive anterograde AV
      conduction. Saline had no effect on SVT inducibility. Selective AV nodal artery
      catheterization enables AV nodal function to be modulated exclusively. Delivery
      of ablative agents to the AV node by this technique may be useful in patients
      with refractory SVT.

PMID- 2394005
TI  - Fibrinopeptide A levels indicative of pulmonary vascular thrombosis in patients
      with primary pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - Although the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of primary pulmonary
      hypertension have not yet been delineated, thrombosis has been implicated. This
      study was designed to determine whether thrombin activity as reflected by plasma
      concentrations of fibrinopeptide A (FPA), a marker of the action of thrombin on
      fibrinogen, is increased in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. To
      evaluate fibrinolytic activity, we measured plasma concentrations of tissue-type
      plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and cross-linked fibrin
      degradation products. We studied 31 patients with primary pulmonary hypertension.
      Plasma FPA concentrations measured by radioimmunoassay, were elevated to 87.4 +/-
      36.9 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM). Fifteen minutes after administration of heparin (5,000
      U), FPA concentrations decreased to 6.8 +/- 1.4 ng/ml (p less than 0.001 compared
      with preheparin levels). In 21 of 30 patients (70%), FPA concentrations after
      heparin administration were less than half the preheparin levels, a response
      consistent with inhibition of thrombin by heparin and the short half-life of FPA.
      Despite evidence for marked thrombin activity, plasma concentrations of cross
      linked fibrin degradation products were normal in all but four patients.
      Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity was elevated in 19 of the 27 patients
      in whom it was measured, potentially limiting the fibrinolytic response. The
      elevations of FPA indicate that thrombin activity is increased in vivo in
      patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Thus, sequential assays of plasma
      markers of thrombosis and fibrinolysis in vivo may help identify those patients
      who may benefit from treatment with anticoagulants.

PMID- 2394006
TI  - A comparison of the pathological spectrum of hypertensive, diabetic, and
      hypertensive-diabetic heart disease.
AB  - The hearts obtained at autopsy of 67 patients with hypertension, diabetes
      mellitus, or both were examined microscopically and histochemically, and the
      amount of fibrosis was determined. Significant differences in heart weight,
      interstitial fibrosis, replacement fibrosis, and perivascular fibrosis were found
      among the groups. The mean heart weight of the hypertensive-diabetic patients was
      significantly greater than that of the hypertensive patients and the diabetic
      patients. The amount of microscopic fibrosis increased between the groups, the
      lowest in hypertensive hearts, midrange in diabetic hearts, and highest in
      hypertensive-diabetic hearts. Total fibrosis correlated with heart weight among
      diabetic and hypertensive-diabetic patients and was significantly greater among
      patients with congestive heart failure, most of whom had histories of both
      hypertension and diabetes. The microscopic grade of fibrosis correlated
      significantly (p less than 0.01) with a quantitative, histochemical determination
      of the amount of collagen per milligram of total noncollagenous protein in the
      heart tissue. Myocardial fibrosis may contribute to the diastolic dysfunction
      typical of hypertensive-diabetic cardiomyopathy, in which congestive heart
      failure is a common sequela. The importance of hypertension in the pathogenesis
      of severe diabetic heart disease is discussed.

PMID- 2394007
TI  - Baroreflex control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in borderline
      hypertension.
AB  - Patients with borderline hypertension have exaggerated vascular responses to
      orthostatic stress produced by tilt or lower body negative pressure (LBNP). It
      has been suggested that 1) in the supine position, these patients have augmented
      activity of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors that exerts an increased restraint on
      sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone; 2) withdrawal of this augmented inhibitory
      baroreceptor activity during orthostatic stress elicits augmented reflex
      sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow; and 3) augmented cardiopulmonary
      baroreceptor activity may be secondary to impaired arterial baroreflex
      mechanisms. To test these hypotheses, we recorded muscle sympathetic nerve
      activity from the peroneal nerve in seven borderline hypertensive subjects and
      seven age-, sex-, and weight-matched normotensive subjects during three levels of
      nonhypotensive LBNP and infusions of phenylephrine and nitroprusside. During
      LBNP, reductions of central venous pressure were similar in borderline
      hypertensive and normotensive subjects, and arterial pressure and heart rate
      values were unchanged. Increases of sympathetic nerve activity, however, were
      significantly greater in borderline hypertensive than in normotensive subjects at
      each level of LBNP, indicating an augmented gain of the cardiopulmonary
      baroreflex. To determine whether this augmentation is related to impairment of
      arterial baroreflexes, we measured changes of sympathetic nerve activity during
      increases and decreases of arterial pressure produced with infusions of
      intravenous phenylephrine and nitroprusside. Central venous pressure was held at
      control levels by LBNP during phenylephrine and saline infusion during
      nitroprusside. Changes of sympathetic nerve activity during alterations of
      arterial pressure were similar in borderline hypertensive and normotensive
      subjects. These data show that cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of SNA is
      augmented in borderline hypertensive subjects and that this augmentation does not
      result from an attenuation of the arterial baroreflex.

PMID- 2394008
TI  - Left ventricular diastolic function. Doppler echocardiographic changes soon after
      cardiac transplantation.
AB  - In acute cardiac rejection, left ventricular diastolic function is altered, and a
      restrictive ventricular filling pattern occurs. Doppler echocardiographic indexes
      of mitral inflow have been proposed as sensitive markers of the rejection
      process. As rejection progresses, the restrictive ventricular filling pattern is
      reflected by a shortening of isovolumic relaxation time and mitral valve pressure
      half-time and by an increase in early transmitral filling velocity. Diastolic
      function is also compromised in the nonrejecting cardiac transplant recipient
      during the early postoperative period. This study examined the progression in
      Doppler-derived mitral filling indexes in 25 recent cardiac transplant recipients
      who demonstrated no histological evidence of transplant rejection. Isovolumic
      relaxation time, mitral valve pressure half-time, and early transmitral filling
      velocity were measured at postoperative weeks 1, 2, 4, and 6 on the day that
      surveillance right ventricular endomyocardial biopsies were performed. The
      initial indexes were comparable to previously described restrictive parameters
      and over the 6-week study period evolved into a nonrestrictive filling pattern.
      This evolution reflects a progressive improvement in postoperative diastolic
      function and a decrease in left heart filling pressures. None of the evaluated
      clinical characteristics, including preoperative pulmonary pressures, total
      ischemic time of the transplanted heart, cardiopulmonary bypass time, and age of
      the donor heart, correlated with this process. Given the increasing use of
      Doppler echocardiography as a means of screening for transplant rejection, it is
      important to have a thorough understanding of normal postoperative changes in
      left ventricular diastolic function.

PMID- 2394009
TI  - Body surface mapping of ectopic left and right ventricular activation. QRS
      spectrum in patients without structural heart disease.
AB  - The value of simultaneous 62-lead electrocardiographic recordings in localizing
      the site of origin of ectopic ventricular activation in a structurally normal
      heart was assessed by examining body surface QRS integral maps in 12 patients
      during left and right ventricular (LV and RV) pacing at 182 distinct endocardial
      sites. A data base of 38 characteristic mean integral maps was composed after
      visually selecting subgroups with nearly identical total QRS integral morphology
      and numerically evaluating intrasubgroup pattern uniformity and intersubgroup
      pattern variability. Corresponding endocardial pacing site locations were
      computed by a biplane cineradiographic method and outlined as segments on a
      standardized LV and RV polar projection. LV pacing resulted in 25 markedly
      different mean total QRS integral patterns, showing higher electrocardiographic
      sensitivity for anteroseptal (18 patterns) compared with posterolateral regions
      (seven patterns). RV pacing demonstrated 13 mean total QRS integral patterns,
      exhibiting less intersubgroup variation and comparatively low
      electrocardiographic sensitivity for the basal anterior and outflow regions.
      Comparison of LV with RV pacing revealed that QRS configurations produced at LV
      apical and LV midseptal sites closely resembled QRS configurations generated at
      RV apical, RV septal, and RV anterior sites, respectively. Total QRS time
      integral amplitudes showed considerable intrasubgroup variation but permitted
      global differentiation of spatially similar QRS patterns obtained during pacing
      at LV and RV sites. This study demonstrates that the QRS pattern of the total
      body surface electrocardiogram allows discrimination among 38 different LV and RV
      segments of ectopic endocardial impulse formation in patients with normal cardiac
      anatomy.

PMID- 2394010
TI  - Perioperative myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass surgery.
      Clinical significance and approach to risk stratification.
AB  - The clinical significance of perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) after
      coronary artery bypass surgery is not known. Therefore, strategies for the risk
      stratification of these patients do not exist. This study was undertaken to
      define the effect of perioperative MI on prognosis after discharge from the
      hospital and to develop an approach to the risk stratification of these patients.
      Fifty-nine patients with and 115 patients without perioperative MI were observed
      for 30 months for the development of cardiac events (death, nonfatal MI, and
      admission to hospital for unstable angina or congestive heart failure). Patients
      with perioperative MI were significantly more likely than patients without to
      have a cardiac event (31% versus 12%, p less than 0.01) and multiple events (19%
      versus 1%, p less than 0.001). Cox regression analysis identified two independent
      predictors of cardiac events other than perioperative MI (relative risk, 2.7):
      inadequate revascularization (relative risk, 3.5) and depressed (less than 40%)
      postoperative ejection fraction (EF) (relative risk, 2.1). Event-free survival
      rate of patients with perioperative MI varied markedly depending on the number of
      other negative prognostic variables present. Patients with perioperative MI who
      were adequately revascularized and had a postoperative EF greater than 40% had an
      event-free survival rate similar to patients without a perioperative MI (92%
      versus 87%, p = NS). Patients with perioperative MI who were inadequately
      revascularized and had depressed postoperative EF had an event-free survival rate
      of 13% (p less than 0.001 versus all other subsets). Event-free survival rate was
      intermediate (68%) in patients with perioperative MI and with only one of the
      other two variables (p less than 0.001 versus other subsets). In conclusion,
      perioperative MI adversely affects prognosis. Patients can be stratified into
      low, high, and intermediate risk subsets based on a simple assessment of the
      adequacy of revascularization and a determination of residual left ventricular
      function.

PMID- 2394012
TI  - Activation and decreased deformability of neutrophils after intermittent
      claudication.
AB  - This study investigated local alterations in neutrophil activation and
      deformability after intermittent claudication. In 17 patients with one-sided
      peripheral arterial occlusive disease, neutrophil count, proportion of activated
      neutrophils (by nitro blue tetrazolium test), and neutrophil filterability as a
      measure of passive deformability were assessed in the femoral arterial and venous
      blood of the diseased leg and in the femoral venous blood of the healthy leg (n =
      10). The values were obtained at rest, immediately after claudication, and 10
      minutes after claudication induced by repetitive toe stands. Immediately after
      exercise, the arterial and venous blood differences in the diseased leg were 1)
      neutrophil count, 9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5-14%; relative increase in
      the venous blood compared with arterial blood); 2) the proportion of activated
      neutrophils, 26% (CI, 10-42%); and 3) the neutrophil filterability, -10% (CI, -4%
      to -15%). At rest and 10 minutes after exercise, neutrophil parameters did not
      differ significantly between the femoral arterial and venous blood. Furthermore,
      no arterial and venous blood differences in the neutrophil parameters were found
      in the healthy leg. In addition to local changes, systemic changes occurred
      immediately after exercise. In the femoral arterial blood, the total neutrophil
      count had risen by 13% (CI, 8-18%), the proportion of activated neutrophils had
      risen by 41% (CI, 25-58%), and average neutrophil rigidity had risen 17% (CI, 11
      22%) compared with the values obtained before exercise. At 10 minutes after
      exercise, all neutrophil parameters were still elevated. We conclude that even
      short periods of ischemia, as in intermittent claudication, cause local
      alterations in neutrophil function and distribution.

PMID- 2394011
TI  - Reversal of segmental hypokinesis by coronary angioplasty in patients with
      unstable angina, persistent T wave inversion, and left anterior descending
      coronary artery stenosis. Additional evidence for myocardial stunning in humans.
AB  - To evaluate the significance of persistent negative T waves during severe
      ischemia, we prospectively studied 62 patients admitted for unstable angina
      without evidence of recent or ongoing myocardial infarction. A critical stenosis
      on the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), considered as the culprit
      lesion, was successfully treated by percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty (PTCA). The patients were divided into two groups according to the
      admission electrocardiogram: T NEG group (n = 32) had persistent negative T
      waves, and the T POS group (n = 30) had normal positive T waves on precordial
      leads. The two groups had similar baseline clinical, hemodynamic, and
      angiographic characteristics. All patients underwent a complete clinical and
      angiographic evaluation (coronary arteriography and left ventriculography) before
      undergoing PTCA and 8 +/- 3 months later. Left ventricular anterior wall motion
      was evaluated by the percent shortening of three areas (S1, S2, and S3)
      considered as LAD-related segments on left ventriculograms. Before PTCA, there
      was no significant difference in global ejection fraction between the two groups
      despite a significant depression in anterior mean percent area shortening in the
      T NEG compared with the T POS group (S1, 44 versus 54, p less than 0.01; S2, 39
      versus 48, p less than 0.01; S3, 44 versus 50, NS). At repeated angiography, the
      anterior mean percent area shortening improved significantly in the T NEG group
      (S1, from 44 to 61, p less than 0.001; S2, from 39 to 58, p less than 0.001; S3,
      from 44 to 61, p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2394013
TI  - Morphological and electrophysiological correlates of atrioventricular nodal
      response to increased vagal activity.
AB  - The mechanisms responsible for slowing cardiac impulse conduction through the
      atrioventricular (AV) node are not well understood but include anatomical
      architecture, presence of cells with diverse electrophysiological
      characteristics, and modulation by autonomic nervous system. The present study
      was designed to determine the site of vagally induced slowing of conduction
      through the AV node. We attempted to correlate the electrophysiological response
      of AV nodal cells to postganglionic vagal stimulation applied in different
      regions of the node with the morphological findings and patterns of
      acetylcholinesterase-positive staining of nodal tissue. This multifaceted
      approach revealed that vagal stimulation produced localized hyperpolarization of
      the cells from the N region of the AV node, which correlated with the strong
      acetylcholinesterase positive staining of the central nodal area. In contrast,
      the density of the acetylcholinesterase staining decreased toward both the AN and
      His bundle regions, whereas vagal stimulation had a negligible effect on the
      cells from these regions. These results suggest that vagal-induced depression of
      AV nodal conduction is produced by release of acetylcholine predominantly around
      the midnodal region and the depressive action of acetylcholine is concentrated on
      the cells occupying the same region (i.e., the N cells). Thus, there appears to
      be a close juxtaposition of nerve elements and effector cells in the midnodal
      region of the AV node. This unique combination of available neuromediator and
      responding cells with hyperpolarization and depressed action potential determines
      the midnodal region as the focus of vagal effect on AV nodal conduction.

PMID- 2394014
TI  - Ventricular refractory period extension caused by defibrillation shocks.
AB  - In pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, transcardiac shocks of up to 30 J or pacing
      stimuli were delivered to myocardial tissue at different times in the electrical
      cycle. When delivered midway or later into electrical systole, shocks, but not
      pacing stimuli, greatly extended the refractory period as determined by left
      ventricular pacing. There was a positive correlation between both the shock
      energy and timing and the amount of delay. A 30-J shock given 10 msec before the
      end of the refractory period extended the refractory period by 63 +/- 15 msec (p
      less than 0.001), whereas the same shock given 40 msec earlier produced only 25
      +/- 10 msec (p less than 0.001) of extension. By comparison, a 5-J shock given at
      those times produced 36 +/- 18 (p less than 0.005) and 10 +/- 8 msec (p less than
      0.001) of extension, respectively. When delivered early into electrical systole,
      both a pacing stimulus and a shock had no substantial effect on the tissue
      refractory period. Because the tissue that is late in electrical systole would
      otherwise be the first to repolarize if no shock were given, the selective
      refractory period extension may create a period after the shock during which no
      tissue is repolarized to a level sufficient for wavefront propagation. Thus, the
      energy- and time-dependent refractory period extension may help explain the
      mechanism by which ventricular defibrillation occurs during transcardiac shocks.

PMID- 2394015
TI  - Assessment of regional myocardial and renal blood flow with copper-PTSM and
      positron emission tomography.
AB  - We recently demonstrated in isolated, perfused hearts that radiolabeled
      pyruvaldehyde bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazonato)copper(II) (Cu-PTSM) is well
      extracted throughout a range of conditions including ischemia, hypoxia, and
      hyperemia. Once extracted, binding of radioactivity by the isolated heart was
      essentially irreversible, giving this tracer microspherelike qualities. Because
      Cu-PTSM can be readily prepared with the generator-produced positron-emitting
      copper 62 and other gamma- or positron-emitting copper radionuclides, we
      evaluated its usefulness for measuring regional myocardial and renal blood flow
      in vivo in intact dogs at rest, after ischemia, or after coronary hyperemia was
      induced by intravenous administration of dipyridamole. After intravenous
      administration of radiolabeled Cu-PTSM, the tracer cleared rapidly from the
      blood. Myocardial uptake of single photon-emitting 67Cu-labeled Cu-PTSM was
      measured directly in myocardial samples 15 minutes after tracer administration,
      and it increased proportionally with blood flow throughout the flow range
      (estimated concomitantly with radiolabeled microspheres) of 0.0-6.0 ml/g/min (n =
      340 samples from 17 dogs, r = 0.99, Ycopper radioactivity = 85Xmicrosphere flow 
      7 chi 2 + 17). Renal uptake of radiolabeled Cu-PTSM was also proportional to
      blood flow. Positron emission tomography was performed in four intact dogs after
      intravenous administration of 64Cu-labeled Cu-PTSM (19% positron decay, t1/2 =
      12.8 hours). High-quality images of heart and kidney were obtained. Accordingly,
      radiolabeled Cu-PTSM should be a useful, generator-produced tracer for estimating
      regional myocardial and renal blood flow with positron emission tomography.

PMID- 2394016
TI  - Technetium-99m hexakis 2-methoxy-2-isobutyl isonitrile and thallium-201
      extraction, washout, and retention at varying coronary flow rates in rabbit
      heart.
AB  - Technetium-99m hexakis 2-methoxy-2-isobutyl isonitrile (Tc-MIBI) and thallium-201
      extraction, washout, and retention were investigated and compared in 20 isolated,
      isovolumic, retrograde blood-perfused rabbit hearts at flow rates ranging from
      0.5 to 3.5 ml/g wet wt min-1 in the absence of tracer recirculation. Mean Tc-MIBI
      peak instantaneous extraction was lower (0.55 +/- 0.10, p less than 0.001) and
      more affected by flow rate (p less than 0.05) than 201Tl peak instantaneous
      extraction (0.83 +/- 0.06). In contrast, the rate of 201Tl washout was
      significantly faster (p less than 0.05) and initially more dependent on perfusion
      rate (p less than 0.05) than Tc-MIBI washout. Reflecting its higher peak
      instantaneous extraction, 201Tl retention was 55-79% higher immediately after
      isotope injection (p less than 0.001) than Tc-MIBI retention, and relative
      changes in maximal 201Tl net uptake correlated better (p less than 0.05) with
      relative flow changes than maximal Tc-MIBI net uptake. However, due to its faster
      washout rate, the superiority of thallium over Tc-MIBI as a perfusion indicator
      was lost within 10 minutes of tracer injection under the present single-pass
      experimental conditions. These data were interpreted to indicate that 1) Tc-MIBI
      is not as well extracted and has a slower washout rate than 201Tl; 2) varying the
      coronary flow rate has significant but divergent effects on the extraction,
      washout, and retention of Tc-MIBI and 201Tl; and 3) the present results support
      continued evaluation of Tc-MIBI as a possible perfusion indicator.

PMID- 2394017
TI  - Evolving concepts in ischemic heart disease. San Francisco, California, January
      13-15, 1989. Proceedings.

PMID- 2394018
TI  - Development of cell injury in sustained acute ischemia.
AB  - Sudden induction of ischemia by occlusion of a major branch of a coronary artery
      in mammalian heart sets into motion a series of events that culminates in the
      death of markedly ischemic myocytes. The changes begin within 8-10 seconds of
      occlusion and include 1) cessation of aerobic metabolism, 2) depletion of
      creatine phosphate, 3) onset of anaerobic glycolysis (AG), and 4) accumulation of
      products of anoxic metabolism in the ischemic tissue. Functional defects appear
      simultaneously, including depressed contractile activity and electrocardiographic
      changes. The demand of the ischemic myocytes for energy exceeds the supply of
      high-energy phosphate (approximately P) possible from AG; as a consequence,
      myocyte adenosine diphosphate increases, and adenylate kinase is activated to
      capture the approximately P bond of adenosine diphosphate. Adenosine
      monophosphate is a product of this reaction; it accumulates and is progressively
      degraded to nucleosides and bases that are lost from the myocyte. The pace of
      development of the short-term metabolic changes slows after 40-60 minutes of
      ischemia, at which time most of the severely ischemic myocytes are irreversibly
      injured. Early in the irreversible phase of injury tissue is characterized as
      follows by: 1) very low approximately P content (creatine phosphate less than 1
      2% and adenosine triphosphate less than 10% of control), 2) a depressed adenine
      nucleotide pool that consists principally of adenosine monophosphate, 3) virtual
      cessation of AG, 4) low pH and low glycogen content, 5) high inosine and
      hypoxanthine contents, 6) a markedly increased osmolar load consisting chiefly of
      lactate, and 7) characteristic ultrastructural changes including cell swelling
      and evidence of generalized mitochondrial and marked sarcolemmal damage.
      Sarcolemmal disruption is the feature that we hypothesize causes irreversibility;
      however, its pathogenesis is unknown.

PMID- 2394019
TI  - Stable angina pectoris. Risk stratification and therapeutic options.

PMID- 2394020
TI  - Intra-tympanic membrane bleeding after grommet insertion and tympanosclerosis.
AB  - The aetiology of tympanosclerosis following grommet insertion remains
      controversial. In this study tympanosclerotic changes of the tympanic membrane in
      92 ears were shown to be related to the presence of intra-epithelial haemorrhage
      shortly after myringotomy with grommet insertion (P less than 0.01) and to the
      grommet being in situ on follow-up 6 months later (P less than 0.025). Ears in
      which haemorrhage was absent and where the grommet had extruded did not develop
      tympanosclerosis. These findings would indicate that bleeding, if causally
      implicated is not the sole aetiological factor, but careful attention to surgical
      technique to reduce this may subsequently minimize the development of
      tympanosclerotic changes.

PMID- 2394021
TI  - Endoscopic evaluation and treatment of sleep-associated upper airway obstruction
      in infants and young children.
AB  - A method is described for observing the pharyngeal airway in children with proven
      sleep apnoea using a flexible nasendoscope during light anaesthesia. Fifteen
      children were referred for endoscopic evaluation and treatment. All had
      documented obstructive sleep apnoea. Flexible endoscopic assessment of the airway
      revealed the site of obstruction in all cases and allowed a rational and
      successful management plan. The mechanism of obstructive sleep apnoea in infants
      and young children is discussed and the findings at endoscopy and results of
      treatment are reported.

PMID- 2394022
TI  - Is routine histological examination of nasal polyps justified?
AB  - This study aims to assess the indications for histological examination of
      polypoid lesions removed from the nose. To achieve this we have performed a
      national survey of consultant ENT surgeons and reviewed 2866 nasal polypectomy
      operations. The operations were performed between 1982 and 1988 in the Radcliffe
      Infirmary, Oxford and the Freeman Hospital, Newcastle. One hundred and fifty
      questionnaires were sent to randomly selected ENT consultants in the United
      Kingdom. One hundred and seventeen were returned completed (return rate 78%). The
      questionnaire asked whether or not the surgeon sent all polyps for examination
      and, if not, what his indications were for so doing. A retrospective review of
      all nasal polypectomy operations at the two hospitals was performed. The
      questionnaire revealed that 38% of the surgeons who replied sent all nasal polyps
      for examination and 62% did not. The commonest indications for requesting
      histology were unilateral polyps, abnormal appearance and a history of bleeding.
      The review of polypectomies showed that 74% of cases in Oxford were examined
      histologically and 33% in Newcastle. Two per cent of polyps were tumours, of
      which half were malignant. There were no cases in this study in which unsuspected
      malignancy was found. All cases of nasal tumours, benign or malignant, were
      diagnosed clinically either in the Outpatient clinic or in the operating theatre.
      The results of this survey suggest that it is unnecessary to send all nasal
      polyps for histological examination.

PMID- 2394023
TI  - Radical surgery for lingual cancer.
AB  - The survival rates of 58 patients treated for squamous carcinoma of the tongue
      between 1972 and 1985 were evaluated. The overall 5-year survival rate was 41.6%;
      for stage I it was 61.8%; stage II 59.5%; and stage III, 27.7%. No patient
      survived for more than 2 years when their tumour was stage IV on presentation. A
      composite pull-through resection with radical neck dissection gave a 5-year
      survival rate of 50.7%, which was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than
      the 13.8% achieved by other treatments, mainly local tumour excision combined
      with radiation therapy. The same trend in favour of radical surgery was also seen
      stage by stage. In 45% of the patients regional neck metastases (palpable in 35%
      and occult in 10%) were present and predicted a poor prognosis. Among T1-T2 cases
      the 5-year survival of 58.5% in the N0 group was significantly (P less than 0.01)
      higher than the 15.1% among those with nodal involvement. The location of the
      primary tumour did not affect the survival rates.

PMID- 2394024
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. A review of 176 cases with
      application of malignancy grading and DNA measurements.
AB  - This retrospective study comprised 176 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of
      the oral cavity treated at The Linkoping University Hospital over a 19-year
      period. Clinical parameters, microscopic malignancy grading (according to
      Jakobsson et al. and Glanz and Eichhorn), DNA cytofluorometry, analysis of
      therapeutic modalities and statistics regarding survival and prognosis are
      reported. The mean age was 70 years with a male: female ratio of 1.3:1 One
      hundred and four patients had T1 or T2 tumours and 109 an N0 neck. Cervical lymph
      node metastases were more frequent in patients with larger tumours (T3 + T4) than
      in those with smaller (T1 + T2) (P less than 0.01), in tumours with a high
      malignancy grading compared to those with a low (P less than 0.05) and in DNA non
      diploid tumours compared to diploid ones (P less than 0.001). The aneuploid
      tumours responded better to preoperative radiotherapy than did diploid (P less
      than 0.01) or polyploid (P less than 0.05) tumours. Eighty-nine per cent of the
      recurrences occurred within 1 year of initial therapy. Secondary treatment was
      successful in 15 of 37 (41%) patients in whom the tumour recurred either at the
      primary site or in regional lymph nodes, but only in 1 of 8 (12%) with
      recurrences in both locations. Surgery alone or combined with radiotherapy
      resulted in equivalent survival rates for tumours in stages I and II. In advanced
      stages combined radiotherapy and surgery gave better survival figures than either
      modality alone (P less than 0.01; Kaplan-Meier). The presence of lymph node
      metastases (P less than 0.001), tumour size (P less than 0.01) and tumour ploidy
      (P less than 0.005) were the only clinical and histological parameters that
      significantly influenced survival (Cox regression analysis). Twenty-four patients
      developed a secondary primary malignancy; 21 of these were located in the
      aerodigestive tract.

PMID- 2394025
TI  - Blood loss and haematological consequences related to nasal surgery.
AB  - A prospective study was carried out to compare blood loss from various types of
      nasal surgery, to investigate how accurately this loss was estimated during
      surgery and to find out how soon any losses were replenished. Blood loss during
      surgery was estimated, and by serial blood tests actual blood loss and continuing
      changes in haematological parameters were recorded. It was found that blood loss
      was highest when a nasal polypectomy and submucous resection were performed
      together and over the whole range of nasal surgery studied the actual blood loss
      was more than double the estimate during surgery. Although the blood volume
      recovers soon after surgery it was found that even after 6 weeks many patients
      had still not made up their loss of haemoglobin.

PMID- 2394026
TI  - The ceratocricoid muscle.
AB  - One hundred and thirty-four hemilarynges were examined for the presence of the
      ceratocricoid muscle. This muscle arises from the cricoid cartilage, below the
      posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, and inserts onto the posterior aspect of the
      inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage. A prevalence of 6.3% was found. The
      anatomy, relations and innervation of the muscle are discussed.

PMID- 2394027
TI  - Identification of hypoxaemia in children having tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.
AB  - A series of children having tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy was investigated for
      hypoxaemia during sleep and to assess the value of signs and symptoms as
      predictors of hypoxaemia. Forty-four children were studied the night before
      surgery. Oxygen saturation (SaO2) was measured whilst the child was awake using a
      pulse oximeter and when the child was asleep oxygen saturation. ECG and chest
      impedance were continuously monitored and recorded. In addition, 20 control
      children having urological surgery were studied in the same way. All the measures
      of hypoxaemia (awake SaO2, baseline asleep SaO2, number of hypoxaemic episodes)
      differed significantly between patients and controls (P less than 0.01). When
      significant hypoxaemia was defined as a baseline sleeping SaO2 below 90% or one
      dip in SaO2 of at least 10% below the baseline per hour 15 children were found to
      have abnormal studies. These children could not be identified from history or
      clinical examination but using the criteria of mouth breathing, audible
      respiration at rest and an awake SaO2 of less than 96%, 14 of the 15 children
      were accurately identified (93% sensitivity, 86% specificity). Thus a combination
      of the physical signs of mouth breathing and measurement of oxygen saturation
      whilst awake may provide a useful clinic screening test for children suspected of
      suffering from sleep apnoea.

PMID- 2394028
TI  - Association of Head and Neck Oncologists of Great Britain. Abstracts of a
      meeting. April 1989.

PMID- 2394029
TI  - Access by Le Fort I osteotomy for correction of unilateral choanal atresia.
AB  - Le Fort I osteotomy is proposed as an alternative approach in the management of
      choanal atresia in the adult. It offers excellent access with full exposure of
      the atresia and the funnelling of the nasal cavity to the bony septum.

PMID- 2394030
TI  - Genetic susceptibility to the development of spontaneous insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus in the rat.
AB  - Spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the rat is a multigenic,
      multifactorial condition. We have identified three phenotypic characteristics of
      the syndrome. The first is an association with the RT1u haplotype of the rat
      major histocompatibility complex. A single RT1u haplotype is permissive, although
      the relative risk of developing the disease is increased when the animal is
      homozygous. An immunoregulatory defect, which is characterized phenotypically by
      a severe T lymphocyte depletion, behaves as if it were regulated by a single
      autosomal recessive gene which segregates independently of the RT1. The third
      phenotype characteristic is the presence of lymphocytic infiltration of the
      pancreas. The genetics of this characteristic have not been delineated, although
      there is evidence that it behaves as a dominant. In addition to the requirement
      for several genes, environmental events are important for full expression of the
      syndrome.

PMID- 2394031
TI  - Serum interleukin-2 receptor responses to immunization.
AB  - Serum interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels have been used to assess immune
      activation in inflammatory and infectious illnesses, although the cellular origin
      of these receptors and the dynamics of their production are not well defined. To
      investigate the relationship between sIL-2R levels and the degree of immune
      activation in antigen-specific responses, sIL-2R were measured in healthy
      individuals after both primary and secondary immunization with keyhole limpet
      hemocyanin (KLH). Despite induction of strong antibody responses, KLH
      immunization did not result in consistent elevations of sIL-2R levels, with only
      one of six subjects developing a substantial (twofold) increase in sIL-2R levels.
      The absence of sIL-2R elevation after a discrete antigenic stimulus suggests that
      inflammatory illnesses in which elevated sIL-2R levels have been noted involve
      more extensive stimulation of immune cells, either in number or in degree, than
      that present after simple immunization in healthy individuals.

PMID- 2394032
TI  - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in two patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus: clinical significance of anti-platelet antibodies.
AB  - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a clinical syndrome of unknown
      etiology and has a high mortality rate due to disseminated platelet thrombi.
      However, the mechanism of platelet agglutination is not understood. Although an
      immunological mechanism has been suggested as the basis for the pathogenesis of
      TTP, any possible immune-mediated etiology remains unclear. The association of
      TTP with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affords a unique opportunity to study
      such possibilities, because SLE is a prototype of autoimmune disease. This report
      describes two patients with SLE who developed TTP. The development of anti
      platelet antibodies is one possible immunological mechanism for platelet
      agglutination in patients with SLE complicated by TTP. More importantly, patient
      J.Y., who had anti-platelet antibodies, responded dramatically to high doses of
      prednisolone.

PMID- 2394033
TI  - Innate and adaptive immune responses in a social conflict paradigm.
AB  - Social conflict stress was examined for its effects on in vitro and in vivo
      immunity in mice. Adaptive immunity, as measured by the generation of primary IgM
      antibody responses to the T-dependent antigen keyhold limpet hemocyanin, was
      suppressed following chronic (greater than 1 day), but not acute (less than 1
      day), stress periods while the IgM response to the T-independent antigen
      polyvinylpyrrolidone was not affected. In vitro proliferative responses of
      splenocytes to the T cell mitogen concanavalin A and the B cell mitogen
      lipopolysaccharide were unaffected. Acute (less than 1 day) stress dramatically
      increased innate immunity as measured by a luminol-dependent chemiluminescence
      assay of phagocytic cell function. DBA/2J mice averaged a 269% increase in
      phagocytosis as compared to a 412% increase in C57BL/6J. This differential effect
      of stress on immune responsiveness indicates that alterations in innate immunity
      in addition to adaptive immunity should also be considered when evaluating
      neuroendocrine and immune interactions in response to stress.

PMID- 2394034
TI  - Human anti-idiotypic antibody responses to autoantibody against the alternative
      pathway C3 convertase.
AB  - Anti-idiotypic antibodies to autoantibody against the alternative pathway C3
      convertase (C3NeF) were isolated and purified from normal human serum as well as
      from serum from six patients with membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis
      (MPGN). All preparations of anti-id antibody blocked C3NeF deposition on EC3bBb
      as well as C3NeF stabilization of EC3bBb functional activity. The Ka of these ant
      id antibodies for C3NeF was 10(9) liters/mol which is comparable to the Ka of
      C3NeF for its antigen. In addition, 90% of anti-id antibody isolated from
      patients with MPGN and 20% isolated from normal individuals resembled Bb and
      bound to C3b as well as to antibody specific for the Bb portion of Factor B.
      These anti-id antibodies also resembled C3b and bound to antibody specific for
      the C3c portion of C3b. Immunization of rabbits with this latter form of anti-id
      antibody led to the production of functionally active C3NeF. These data indicate
      that C3NeF anti-idiotypic antibodies exist in two distinct forms, with and
      without internal imagery of C3bBb, and can occur in both normal individuals and
      patients with MPGN.

PMID- 2394035
TI  - Human monocytes produce IL-1 and an inhibitor of IL-1 in response to two
      different signals.
AB  - Recently, IL-1 inhibitors from urine, monocytes, or monocyte lines have been
      described. The relationship of these inhibitors to the production, release, and
      immunological effects of IL-1 is unclear. The present studies were initiated to
      describe and quantitate the production of IL-1 and a 23 to 45-kDa IL-1 inhibitor
      from human monocytes in response to certain stimuli using a mouse thymocyte
      system responsive to IL-1. Zymosan stimulated monocytes to produce IL-1 but not
      IL-1 inhibitor. Adherent immune complexes, human IgG1-4, and Fc fragments, but
      not F(ab')2, stimulated monocyte production of IL-1 inhibitor and little if any
      IL-1. Fibronectin and three of its fragments had neither effect. These
      observations suggest that monocytes produce IL-1 or IL-1 inhibitor in response to
      two different signals, through "endotoxin or beta-glucan" and Fc receptors,
      respectively. The inhibitor decreases IL-1-induced CD-1, C3H/HeJ, and D10 G4.1
      cells but not IL-2-induced CD-1, C3H/HeJ, or CTLL-2 proliferation. The inhibitor
      competitively blocked binding of radiolabeled rIL-1 to the IL-1 receptor on
      murine thymoma cells. Preincubation of thymocytes with the inhibitor prevented IL
      1-induced proliferation; however, this effect was reversed by washing thymocytes
      and inhibitor activity was markedly reduced when added 24 hr after stimulation
      with IL-1. These observations suggest that the inhibitor acts on IL-1 receptors
      to prevent thymocyte proliferation. Monocytes from patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus produced less IL-1 inhibitor than cells from normal volunteers. The
      decrease in IL-1 inhibitor production may play a role in disease states.

PMID- 2394036
TI  - Complement activation products in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: relevance of
      fragment Ba to disease severity.
AB  - Immune complexes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary
      fibrosis (IPF), a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Using newly
      developed techniques to measure complement fragments, we assessed whether
      complement activation occurs in IPF and its relationship to circulating immune
      complexes (CIC), disease severity, and prognosis. We measured the fragments C3d,
      C4d, and Ba of the common, classical, and alternative pathway, respectively,
      along with the components C3, C4, and Factor B and CIC, in 18 patients and 19
      healthy subjects. The fragment to parent molecule ratios C3d/C3, C4d/C4, and
      Ba/Factor B were derived. Complement determinations were repeated in 14 of the
      patients on a second occasion separated by 8-33 months (median 17 months) from
      the first. All parameters were higher in patients than controls, and the
      difference between the two groups was significant for C3d, C4d/C4, C3, CIC (P
      less than 0.05) and for C4d and Ba (P less than 0.01). Fragment Ba was found to
      correlate with disease duration and indices of disease severity, i.e., positively
      with the dyspnoea score (Rs = 0.44, P less than 0.04), the physiological score
      (Rs = 0.50, P less than 0.02), the fibrosis score (Rs = 0.45, P less than 0.04),
      and a composite clinical, radiological, and physiological score (Rs = 0.48, P
      less than 0.03) and negatively with the forced vital capacity (Rs = -0.47, P less
      than 0.03). Ba was higher in those patients who deteriorated on follow-up
      analysis than those who improved or remained unchanged (P less than 0.04). These
      results show that conversion products of all complement pathways are increased in
      IPF and demonstrate classical pathway activation. They also show that the
      measurement of Ba might prove a useful laboratory test of disease severity in
      this condition.

PMID- 2394037
TI  - Changes in distribution of Ia antigen on epithelium of the jejunum and ileum in
      rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.
AB  - This study compared the tissue distribution and cellular expression of Ia antigen
      in jejunal and ileal epithelium at various stages of intestinal inflammation
      produced by infecting rats with the nematode parasite Nippostrongylus
      brasiliensis. Tissues were examined at Day 0 (control), Day 4 (early), Day 10
      (acute), and Day 16 (recovering). Frozen sections were stained with the MRC OX-4
      anti-Ia monoclonal antibody using an immunoperoxidase technique. Control jejunal
      sections demonstrated positive epithelial Ia expression mainly in the mid-regions
      of the villi. The stain appeared to be mostly intracellular in the supranuclear
      area; the basolateral membrane stained faintly. At Day 4, a greater percentage of
      the epithelial cells expressed Ia, including those at the tips of the villi. The
      Day 10 sections demonstrated no staining at all of villus enterocytes, but the
      crypt epithelium was Ia positive. At Day 16, the pattern of Ia expression was
      similar to that seen in the early infection. In the ileum, stain was present in
      enterocytes over most of the villus and crypt regions except in the villus-crypt
      junction and did not change significantly during infection. We conclude that the
      changes in the expression of Ia antigen by intestinal epithelium are local to the
      site of infection and probably occur as a consequence of the host's inflammatory
      response.

PMID- 2394038
TI  - Flavone acetic acid suppresses human peripheral blood lymphocyte and human
      colonic lamina propria lymphocyte DNA synthesis.
AB  - Flavone 8-acetic acid (FAA) is a new experimental antitumor drug with activity
      against various murine and human solid tumors in vitro and in vivo. We previously
      demonstrated that FAA suppressed the growth of a human colon cancer cell line
      (HCT-116). In this study we investigated the effect of FAA on human peripheral
      blood (PBL) and human colonic lamina propria lymphocyte (LPL) DNA synthesis. Our
      results show that FAA inhibited DNA synthesis in PBL and LPL in a dose-dependent
      fashion. In addition, FAA inhibited the activity of the intracellular enzyme,
      ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), in stimulated PBL and LPL. FAA did not inhibit
      phorbol ester (PDB) and calcium ionophor(ionomycin)-stimulated LPL DNA synthesis.
      These results suggest that FAA alters DNA synthesis of human peripheral and
      colonic mucosal lymphocytes. We postulate that FAA may affect the human
      peripheral and mucosal immune system.

PMID- 2394039
TI  - Advances in the Federal Republic of Germany.

PMID- 2394040
TI  - Analogous effects of organic calcium antagonists and magnesium on the epiphyseal
      growth plate.
AB  - High doses of both calcium antagonists and magnesium lead to disorders in the
      early phase of calcification. Analogous to known mechanisms of calcification
      outside the bone, the calcium overload of cellular suborganelles, which may play
      a role in enchondral ossification, is assumed to be prevented or delayed by
      calcium antagonists and magnesium. In accordance with the relevant literature,
      which describes analogous cytoprotective effects of calcium antagonists and
      magnesium in association with extraskeletal calcification and ossification, the
      qualitative agreement of histologic findings in the epiphyseal growth plate
      suggests a homologous, primarily intracellular mechanism of action of both
      magnesium and organic calcium antagonists. This common mechanism of action of the
      two substances on the molar Mg-Ca quotient, with reference to intracellular
      calcium phosphate mineralization, is regarded as the cause of the analogous
      effects.

PMID- 2394041
TI  - Cervical spine and shoulder pain.
AB  - The complex problem of combined neck and shoulder pain was investigated in 26
      operations in 13 patients who had a shoulder procedure (subacromial
      decompressions or rotator cuff repairs) and an anterior cervical spine fusion.
      This select group of complex patients illustrates the diagnostic studies required
      to determine whether the pain comes primarily from the cervical spine, shoulder,
      or both. Good pain relief was accomplished after 24 of the 26 surgical procedures
      (average follow-up, 4.3 years). In the 13 patients, eight presented with nearly
      equal neck and shoulder pain as the chief complaint, whereas in the remaining
      five patients, the initial complaint was predominantly neck pain with only minor
      shoulder involvement. The shoulder pain became more significant after the
      anterior cervical fusion in these five patients. This study emphasizes the need
      for a careful evaluation of patients with combined neck-shoulder pain syndrome in
      a systematic approach allowing appropriate treatment.

PMID- 2394042
TI  - A comparative study of clinical muscle testing and Cybex evaluation after
      shoulder operations.
AB  - One hundred consecutive patients treated with shoulder surgery were studied to
      determine their functional recovery. Their average age was 47.3 years, and the
      average follow-up period was ten months. Clinical grading of muscle strength was
      compared pre- and postoperatively with objective testing using the Cybex II
      Isokinetic System, with subjective functional assessment by dictation, and with
      the ability of the patient to return to work. The clinical grade of muscle
      strength increased postoperatively by approximately one-half of a grade in both
      forward flexion and external rotation. However, various Cybex parameters did not
      significantly improve. The postoperative values were significantly less for the
      operated side than for the uninvolved side. Only weak statistical correlations
      were found between the clinical muscle grading and objective Cybex evaluation.
      Pain relief was obtained in 87% of the patients. Eighty-six percent of the
      patients returned to work, although 43% returned to light duty only. Thirty-two
      percent of patients reported full recovery, while 58% had decreased but
      satisfactory function. The study showed that although the clinical assessment of
      muscle strength improved early after shoulder surgery, the clinical grading of
      muscle power did not correlate well with objective parameters of strength,
      endurance, ability to work, or functional assessment. Strength did not recover to
      the level of the uninvolved opposite shoulder. Endurance, which is not measured
      by clinical grading, may decrease. Longer follow-up and rehabilitation periods
      are required to optimize results.

PMID- 2394043
TI  - Structural abnormality of the clavicle associated with Sprengel's deformity. A
      case report.
AB  - Sprengel's deformity is the most common congenital anomaly of the shoulder girdle
      and is often accompanied by the presence of an omovertebral bone. Preoperative
      oblique roentgenograms or computed tomography may be necessary to define the
      abnormal structures in Sprengel's deformity. Sprengel's deformity in a six-year
      old girl was corrected as follows. During clavicular exposure to osteotomy, an
      abnormal osseous bridge extending from the midportion of the clavicle to the
      spine of the scapula was identified and resected. A literature survey failed to
      identify other similar anomalies.

PMID- 2394044
TI  - Osteointegration of bone graft in porous-coated total hip arthroplasty.
AB  - Since 1983, 19 patients have had bone grafting of acetabular defects in
      association with a porous-coated acetabular prosthesis. The defects were defined
      by anatomic location to assess the rates of incorporation at different sites. The
      average time to incorporation was 12 months, judged by trabecular continuity.
      Superolateral grafts showed a greater degree of rarefaction than medial grafts.
      Nonprogressive migration of the graft was seen in only two cases before full
      incorporation of the graft. Developing lucency was seen up to 2 mm at the
      prosthesis-graft interface but not at the graft-ilium level. Roentgenograms
      suggested that integration of porous acetabular prostheses into bone may improve
      results of reconstructive surgery of the acetabulum.

PMID- 2394045
TI  - Clinician-directed hospital cost management for total hip arthroplasty patients.
AB  - Can patients treated with total hip arthroplasty (THA) receive high-quality
      inpatient care at less cost? In 1984, a group of orthopedic surgeons and nurses
      examined the use of resources for THA patients and changed certain clinical
      practices to promote more cost-effective hospital care. At the end of the two
      year project, orders for complete blood counts fell 72% and mean operating room
      time dropped 47 minutes for the participating orthopedists. For all orthopedists
      in the division, average length of stay (ALOS) decreased from 13 to 11 days. By
      the end of the following year, when clinicians received quarterly length-of-stay
      (LOS) data, ALOS dropped further to 9.8 days. This significant ALOS reduction was
      not accompanied by an increase in hospital readmissions or nursing home
      placements. The ALOS reduction was also not seen in elective coronary artery
      bypass graft patients whose ALOS did not substantially change over the same
      period. Two years after the project, ALOS for THA patients remained at ten days
      or below. This reduction in LOS and in the use of other hospital services
      translated into a mean total hospital charge decrease of $2045 per THA patient.

PMID- 2394046
TI  - Clinical and roentgenographic evaluation of noncemented porous-coated anatomic
      medullary locking (AML) and porous-coated anatomic (PCA) total hip
      arthroplasties.
AB  - Eighty-four primary noncemented porous-coated total hip arthroplasties (THAs) in
      78 patients were reviewed clinically and roentgenographically at an average
      follow-up period of 37 months. The average patient age was 51.9 years. Sixty-four
      Anatomic Medullary Locking (AML) devices were placed in 58 patients, and 20
      Porous-Coated Anatomic (PCA) devices were placed in 20 patients. The AML devices
      had been in situ an average of 36 months (range, 24-49 months), and the PCA
      devices had been in situ an average of 40 months (range, 29-51 months). The
      average patient ages were 52.7 and 49.2 years for AML and PCA patients,
      respectively. The AML devices included three that were fully coated, 59 that were
      five-eighths coated, and two that were one-third coated. The average preoperative
      Harris hip score was 38.2 for the AML devices and 33.2 for the PCA devices. The
      average postoperative Harris hip score was 80.7 for the AML devices and 83.8 for
      the PCA devices. Pain related to the implant was present in 30% of the AML
      devices and 30% of the PCA devices. Roentgenographically, no component
      demonstrated complete radiolucency, and all components demonstrated
      roentgenographic evidence of bone ingrowth. Roentgenographic changes with time
      noted for both the AML and PCA devices included: neck roundoff, neck osteolysis,
      neck corticocancellization, endosteal bone bridging, and distal hypertrophy. On
      roentgenographic zonal analysis, radiolucency greater than 1 mm was observed most
      frequently in the most proximal lateral zone and distal tip of the femoral
      component. The current series of cases, although clinically acceptable, does not
      support the current widespread enthusiasm for primary noncemented AML and PCA
      total hip systems. Cemented THA appears to produce superior clinical results,
      particularly when contemporary cementing techniques are employed.

PMID- 2394047
TI  - The relationship of the intrapelvic vasculature to the acetabulum. Implications
      in screw-fixation acetabular components.
AB  - The use of screw-fixation acetabular components in total hip arthroplasty could
      increase the incidence of vascular injury because of the increased use of drills
      and screws placed into the acetabulum in close proximity to major vessels.
      Analysis of two illustrative case studies, anatomic specimen cross sections, and
      computed tomographic scans demonstrate which vessels are at risk of injury should
      the inner cortex of the pelvis be penetrated. The iliac vessels are at risk of
      injury when penetration of the inner cortex of the pelvis occurs in the
      anterosuperior region of the acetabulum. The obturator vessels are at risk when
      penetration occurs in the anteroinferior quadrant of the acetabulum. The vessels
      can be within 0.5 cm of the inner cortex of the pelvis and tend to become closer
      with advancing age. Damage to the intrapelvic vessels may cause profound blood
      loss and hypotension when screw-fixation acetabular components are used. Rapid
      identification and immediate surgical repair of vessel lacerations are essential
      in the treatment of this complication.

PMID- 2394048
TI  - Experience with a new technique for managing severely overcorrected valgus high
      tibial osteotomy at total knee arthroplasty.
AB  - Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) after valgus proximal tibial osteotomy poses no
      major difficulties in most cases. There is, however, a small subgroup of severely
      overcorrected patients in whom TKA is particularly difficult. These patients
      require special considerations. A complex ligament reconstruction has been
      developed to allow simultaneous implantation of a minimally constrained total
      knee prosthesis for patients with failed, severely overcorrected valgus high
      tibial osteotomies. The technique is described in five patients. The mean age of
      the group was 57 years and the average follow-up period was 34 months (range, 12
      72 months). A 100-point knee-evaluation scale was used to rate the knees before
      and after TKA. The average pre- and postoperative scores were 50 and 94,
      respectively. None of the patients was noted to have any more than mild
      instability in any direction postoperatively. Despite this extensive
      reconstruction, the group functioned as well as most recipients of more standard
      primary TKAs and demonstrated it is possible to avoid highly constrained
      implants, custom prostheses, or major bone grafts.

PMID- 2394049
TI  - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children.
AB  - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is an uncommonly reported entity in children.
      This paper reports five cases of RSD in children and summarizes 80 cases of
      pediatric RSD reported in the literature. The diagnosis is based on the clinical
      findings of pain, dysesthesia, and autonomic instability. Tache cerebrale, not
      previously described in the diagnosis of RSD, is a helpful sign of vasomotor
      dysfunction. RSD in childhood frequently affects the lower extremities, in
      contrast to the adult localization around the shoulders and hands. Noninvasive,
      nonpharmacologic management is generally successful. A simple outpatient program
      of massage and mobilization was beneficial in four of the five patients treated
      in this study.

PMID- 2394050
TI  - Osteoarthropathy in congenital sensory neuropathy with anhidrosis.
AB  - Osteoarthropathy in congenital sensory neuropathy with anhidrosis (CSNA) is not
      only a rare complication but also difficult to treat. Two patients with CSNA, a
      three-year-old boy and a 24-year-old woman, were treated as follows. The boy was
      affected in his left knee and left heel and required reduction of recurrent
      bilateral hip dislocations. The woman was treated by amputation of her left leg
      above the knee because of ischemic necrosis, secondary to knee dislocations.

PMID- 2394051
TI  - Fibula dimelia in association with ipsilateral proximal focal femoral deficiency,
      tibial deficiency, and polydactyly. A case report.
AB  - A 16-year-old girl with bilateral tibial deficiency, left fibula dimelia, left
      proximal focal femoral deficiency, polydactyly, and congenital heart disease is
      now ambulatory and able to attend public school. This combination of anomalies
      has been overcome by cardiac surgery followed by Boyd-type amputation, prosthetic
      restoration, and therapy. The shortened left distal femur was lengthened by
      implanting both amputation fibulae proximally. In the same surgery, the
      amputation os calcis was fused distally to these fibulae. The right fibula was
      disarticulated at the knee. The female patient was fitted with bilateral knee
      disarticulation prostheses. She became fully ambulatory with a walker,
      progressing to bilateral forearm crutches. Recurrent deformity at the fusion site
      of the left femoral segment to the fibulae required a subsequent wedge osteotomy
      and multiple surgeries during the years following. Today she remains ambulatory
      with the use of nonaxillary crutches, attends public school, and is without pain.
      She takes part in athletics within the range of her abilities and hopes to obtain
      a driver's license and use a modified car. She is independent and well adjusted.
      Her progress has been followed from the age of 11-and-one-half months to present.

PMID- 2394052
TI  - Disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating Ender's nailing of a
      pathologic fracture in prostatic carcinoma. A case report.
AB  - Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) occurred after closed Ender's
      pinning of a pathologic fracture of the humerus in a 58-year-old man with
      metastatic prostatic carcinoma. A review of the oncologic and urologic literature
      revealed that coagulopathy can be associated with prostatic carcinoma. This
      association seems not to have been previously reported in the orthopedic
      literature.

PMID- 2394053
TI  - Closed reduction by two-phase skin traction and functional splinting in mitigated
      abduction for treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip.
AB  - A method of a two-phase closed reduction using longitudinal skin traction
      followed by abduction was employed by the authors for treatment of children with
      congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH). Longitudinal traction was used for two
      to four weeks, depending on the child's age and the degree of dislocation.
      Traction in abduction required two weeks. Splinting after reduction was used with
      an intermediate abduction device, which allowed immediate hip function and motion
      without the risk of redislocation. The results of 1178 treated hips, with follow
      up examinations in 809 cases, demonstrate the efficacy of this method even for
      completely dislocated hips. The procedure is nonaggressive, results in a low
      incidence of femoral head osteonecrosis (3.4%), and is suitable for children with
      CDH aged six weeks to about 2.5 years.

PMID- 2394054
TI  - Bioassay of chondrocyte differentiation by bone morphogenetic protein.
AB  - For sensitive bioassay of cartilage development in response to bone morphogenetic
      protein (BMP), the supernatant of interstitial fluid containing crud BMP was
      obtained from an implanted diffusion chamber, applied to a cellulose acetate
      film, and stained with Alcian blue. The optical density of the Alcian blue
      stained spot was measured by a densitometer for quantitative analysis. Density of
      the Alcian blue-stained spot was markedly increased when cartilage developed
      outside the chamber. Occurrence of cartilage-specific proteoglycan-H (PG-H) and
      Type II collagen was seen in this intensely stained spot by dot-blot analysis.
      Electron microscopic examination revealed that the residue of interstitial fluid
      in the implanted diffusion chamber contained many collagen fibrils and
      proteoglycan granules.

PMID- 2394055
TI  - Serum bone-gla protein after fracture.
AB  - Serum bone Gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (bone-gla) protein (BGP), a marker of bone
      formation, was measured in serial blood samples drawn from 14 patients who had
      fractured at least one of their tibial or femoral diaphyses and from two other
      patients who had sustained major trauma without fracture but who had been
      immobilized. A total of 85 samples were taken and analyzed during the first three
      months after the fractures occurred. Serum BGP significantly increased and
      positively correlated with the time that had elapsed after the fracture, with an
      average twofold increase after two months. The fracture site and the duration of
      immobilization had no influence on the serum BGP levels. Serum BGP levels from
      the two non-fractured cases increased in the first two weeks with no subsequent
      consistent trend. These data suggest that serum BGP increases one to two months
      after a major fracture, possibly as a manifestation of bone repair. Further
      studies are required to determine the potential clinical value of serum BGP in
      the management of such patients.

PMID- 2394056
TI  - A simple test for hindfoot flexibility in the cavovarus foot.

PMID- 2394057
TI  - High incidence of poor results in clubfoot surgery.

PMID- 2394058
TI  - Cleft feet. Proposals for a new classification based on roentgenographic
      morphology.
AB  - The authors studied 45 cleft feet from among their patients and 128 from the
      literature with regard to their roentgenographic morphology. An increasing degree
      of malformation was found, from deepening of a central interdigital commissure to
      a monodactylous cleft foot. These observations resulted in a classification of
      six groups based on the number of metatarsal bones. Types I and II are cleft feet
      with minor deficiencies, both having five metatarsals. The metatarsals are all
      normal in Type I and partially hypoplastic in Type II. As the degree of
      malformation increases, only four metatarsals in Type III, three metatarsals in
      Type IV, and two metatarsals in Type V can be identified. Type VI represents the
      monodactylous cleft foot. Of the 173 feet studied, 166 could be assigned to one
      of these types. Two additional forms were also found: four cleft feet with
      central polydactyly are described as polydactylous type, and three monodactylous
      feet with lower-leg diastasis or tibial aplasia or both are described as
      diastatic type. According to the distribution of syndactylies, synostoses, and
      aplasias, it became evident that cleft formation begins at the second or third
      ray. It then proceeds in a longitudinal direction from distal to proximal as well
      as in a transverse direction from tibial to fibular, while the first ray remains
      intact. The first ray is only missing in the monodactylous cleft foot, which
      possesses only the fifth ray. The defects are always larger distally than
      proximally. Synostoses are found only at the margin of the cleft. Cross-bones are
      rare and usually occur in mild cases of the deformity. Another rare feature is
      polydactyly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2394059
TI  - Correction and stabilization of angular kyphosis.
AB  - Reconstruction of normal geometric relationships, regardless of original
      pathology, has to be the goal when treating angular kyphosis. Since anterior and
      posterior spinal structures are involved, successful decompression, correction,
      and stabilization require both dorsal and ventral surgery. By using segmental
      transpedicled and ventrolateral Instrumentation System implants, permanent
      fixation can be achieved. As a result, the length of the compression
      spondylodesis and fusion time are short. pedicular anchorage and implant design
      leave the joints and ligamentum flavum of healthy neighboring segments untouched.
      In the last five years, over 570 kyphotic deformities, including congenital
      kyphosis, spondylitis, tumors, and acute and neglected fractures, have been
      treated with this method. During a three- to five-year follow-up period of 40
      patients with posttraumatic kyphoses, no additional neurologic damage,
      pseudarthrosis, or substantial loss of correction occurred.

PMID- 2394060
TI  - Biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint and its clinical relevance.
AB  - An analysis of the patellofemoral joint based on experimental determinations of
      pressure distributions on the patellar cartilage and vectorial calculations is
      presented. The extension torque of all quadriceps muscles is similar. The force
      transmitted to the patella by the retinacula is small in all knee positions.
      Because the rigid patella has its own lever arms and tendon insertions at
      different heights, the forces on patellar and quadriceps tendons are unequal. The
      small patellar contact areas change according to flexion and are dependent on
      quadriceps force. Retropatellar pressure is thereby limited and becomes
      independent of flexion angle. By virtue of the direct force transmission of the
      quadriceps tendon to the femur, the increase in the retropatellar force is
      strongly limited beyond 70 degrees. The lateral-to-medial ratio of contact areas,
      pressing forces, cartilage areas, and bone mass is always 1.6:1, whereas the mean
      pressure is the same on both facets. The osseous form of the patella does not
      allow identification of dysplasia because cartilage compensates for apparent
      incongruence, especially about the medial ridge. This permits the rigid patella
      to adapt itself to very different abutments. Its individual form results from
      functional adaptation and does not explain chondromalacia. The ventralization of
      the tibial tuberosity does not alter retropatellar loading. The mediodistal
      transfer results in a high increase of pressure on both facets.

PMID- 2394061
TI  - Are unconstrained components essential in total knee arthroplasty? Long-term
      results of the Blauth knee prosthesis.
AB  - For 17 years, the Blauth total knee prosthesis has been implanted with its basic
      constructional features remaining unchanged. While it is true that the prosthetic
      components are constrained by a mechanical hinge, load transmission is actually
      effected in accordance with the low-friction principle through the cup-shaped
      condylar surfaces. Packing of the prosthesis in the bone is ensured by large load
      bearing surfaces and by specific elements intended for rotational stability. In a
      comprehensive follow-up review, 497 implants were studied over a period of one to
      15 years (average, 45 months). Aseptic loosening occurred in only 1.2% of the
      prostheses, and deep infection was found in 3% of the patients in the follow-up
      review. According to survival statistics, the probability of finding prostheses
      without deep infection or loosening after more than ten years is 89%. The
      efficiency of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) by hinged prostheses should therefore
      not be judged by the results obtained with the pioneer implants, which date back
      to the beginnings of TKA. The clinical results obtained clearly demonstrate that
      there is 90 degrees knee flexion in more than 88% of the implants. A subjective
      appraisal demonstrated substantially less pain compared with the preoperative
      findings. Problems originating from the patella were recorded in less than 10%.
      However, in 1985, an improved prosthetic design was introduced that also provided
      for the replacement of the posterior surface of the patella and for a proximally
      extended patellar bearing. The position of the hinge and implant packing remained
      unchanged. The results obtained so far with the modified prosthetic design are
      very good.

PMID- 2394062
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and neuromuscular blocking effects of atracurium besylate and
      two of its metabolites in patients with normal and impaired renal function.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of atracurium, laudanosine and the quaternary alcohol were
      studied in patients with normal and impaired renal function following intravenous
      administration of atracurium. Anaesthesia consisted of thiopental, fentanyl,
      halothane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Plasma and urine concentrations of the
      parent compound and its degradation products were measured by high performance
      liquid chromatography. Renal failure was defined as a creatinine clearance of
      less than 5 ml/min; it caused no significant differences in the pharmacokinetics
      of atracurium but did result in a different pharmacokinetic profile of
      laudanosine, with a 3-fold increase in the mean ( +/- SD) terminal half-life (176
      +/- 84 and 516 +/- 262 minutes for patients with normal and impaired renal
      function, respectively). Moreover, the half-life of the quaternary alcohol
      increased from 27.1 +/- 8.3 minutes in patients with normal renal function to
      42.5 +/- 8.3 minutes in those with impaired renal function (mean +/- SD). Renal
      elimination of unchanged atracurium accounted for 11% of the administered dose
      and at least 27% of the total degradation of atracurium occurred via ester
      hydrolysis. The neuromuscular function was monitored by measuring the twitch
      tension of the adductor pollicis muscle elicited by stimulation of the ulnar
      nerve at 0.1 Hz. The total duration of neuromuscular blockade (51.8 +/- 11.5
      minutes) and the recovery index (9.6 +/- 2.0 minutes) are shortened in patients
      with impaired renal function, compared with those with normal renal function
      (64.1 +/- 7.2 and 16.7 +/- 4.1 minutes, respectively), indicating that
      sensitivity to the neuromuscular blocking action of atracurium may be altered by
      renal failure.

PMID- 2394064
TI  - Diaphragmatic (Bochdalek) hernias simulating pulmonary metastases on computed
      tomography.
AB  - Three patients with known primary malignancy and a normal chest radiograph are
      presented. Computed tomographic scans viewed on 'lung' settings showed a solitary
      mass lesion simulating a neoplastic mass in the posterior costophrenic recess in
      each patient. These lesions in fact were small herniations of abdominal fat into
      the chest through diaphragmatic defects.

PMID- 2394065
TI  - The insertion of chronic indwelling central venous catheters (Hickman lines) in
      interventional radiology suites.
AB  - The insertion of Hickman central venous catheters for chronic venous access is a
      procedure usually conducted in the operating theatre under local or general
      anaesthesia. In a prospective study over a one year period we have assessed the
      feasibility of radiologists inserting central venous catheters for long term
      access. A subclavicular approach to the subclavian vein with prior digital
      subtraction angiography or video imaging of the vein was the technique of choice.
      Thirty-one Hickman catheters were inserted in 21 patients. All but two patients
      had a haematological malignancy. Ages ranged from 19 to 77 years. The mean time
      for insertion was 43 min (range 20-80 min). The catheters remained in situ for
      between 2 days and 242 days with a mean of 86 days. There was one documented line
      infection; nine patients had episodes of septicaemia with identified organisms,
      and a further six had pyrexias of unknown origin during the line indwelling
      period. There were four documented line and or ipsilateral subclavian vein
      thromboses, and one death occurred within 36 hours of the procedure. We conclude
      that radiological placement is an excellent alternative to 'blind' surgical
      placement. Screening during insertion provides immediate facilities for
      correction of malposition and monitoring of immediate complications. The time
      taken for catheter insertion did not impede the usual patient throughout in the
      interventional radiology suite.

PMID- 2394063
TI  - Clomipramine metabolism. Model-based analysis of variability factors from drug
      monitoring data.
AB  - A steady-state model is here developed as a framework for the analysis of blood
      concentrations of clomipramine, obtained during routine drug monitoring. A model
      is proposed to account for its major metabolic pathways, hydroxylation and
      demethylation, including first-pass effect. Impaired hydroxylation capacity is
      shown to lead to a dramatic increase in the concentration of demethyl
      clomipramine, with a concomitant moderate increase in that of the parent drug.
      Deficient demethylation capacity is associated with a reduced ratio of demethyl
      metabolite to parent drug. A nomogram is provided to allow easy determination of
      hydroxylation and demethylation capacities from routinely measured blood
      concentrations. Data from 150 patients are analysed in order to identify
      interindividual variability factors. Average pseudo-clearances, calculated from
      trough blood concentrations at steady-state, are 17 L/h for hydroxylation, 23 L/h
      for demethylation and 40 L/h for elimination of hydroxylated metabolites. Maximum
      to minimum ratios are 8, 27 and 11, respectively. The metabolising capacity
      through either process significantly decreases with increasing age, clearance
      estimates being 40 to 50% lower for patients 75 years or older than for those 40
      years or younger. Tobacco smoking and chronic alcohol consumption induce and
      reduce the demethylation clearance, respectively. Inhibition of hydroxylation in
      the presence of phenothiazine comedication is also shown. Finally, small but
      significant differences according to sex are observed. Potential implications of
      the proposed model-based approach include adaptation of the dosage regimen to
      individual characteristics at the very beginning of antidepressant therapy, and
      early detection of patients with impaired metabolising capacities.

PMID- 2394066
TI  - Aortic valvoplasty: comparison of the techniques and results of transeptal and
      retrograde methods.
AB  - Balloon aortic valvoplasty is used in some patients with aortic valve stenosis
      who are unsuitable for aortic valve replacement. Complications associated with
      the retrograde approach can be avoided using an antegrade approach which has been
      less widely described. Experience of these two methods is reported and aspects of
      the differences in technique are emphasized. Aortic valvoplasty was attempted in
      21 patients with severe aortic valve stenosis (mean gradient 65 mmHg). A
      significant reduction in gradient was achieved in 20 (mean reduction 59%
      transeptal group [four patients], 50% retrograde group [16 patients]) with
      symptomatic improvement in 18 patients which was maintained at follow-up (mean
      interval of 5.2 months, range 1-17 months) in 8/15 patients. There were only two
      significant, resolvable early complications and increases in aortic regurgitation
      were not seen. There were six late deaths but three patients improved
      sufficiently to undergo successful aortic valve replacement. Aortic valvoplasty
      provides good palliation of symptoms. In patients who are unsuitable for the
      retrograde approach the antegrade, transeptal approach is a satisfactory and
      effective alternative.

PMID- 2394067
TI  - Aortic dissection presenting as acute leg ischaemia.
AB  - Lower limb ischaemia as the only or main clinical manifestation of aortic
      dissection is a rare event. Two cases are presented where this occurred resulting
      in attempted embolectomy before the correct diagnosis was made. The diagnosis
      should be considered when embolectomy fails to retrieve thrombus and when
      angiography demonstrates spiral lucencies within the lumen of large vessels or
      non-filling of major vascular branches. The value of pre-operative angiography is
      emphasized.

PMID- 2394068
TI  - Staging of renal cell carcinoma by dynamic computed tomography: a prospective
      comparison of two techniques.
AB  - Two dynamic computed tomographic methods used for staging renal carcinoma in 46
      patients are described and compared. Twenty-eight patients were examined using an
      infusion technique during incremental dynamic scanning across the kidneys with
      contrast administered via an arm vein. Eighteen patients were staged using a
      technique comprising a single location dynamic scan sequence at the level of the
      renal hilum followed by an incremental sequence during an infusion of contrast
      into the femoral vein. When compared with overall pathological staging, the arm
      vein infusion technique correctly staged 20 patients (72%) with four patients
      (14%) understaged and four (14%) overstaged. The femoral vein infusion and single
      location dynamic scanning technique correctly staged 11 (61%) patients with three
      (17%) overstaged and four (22%) understaged. The femoral vein infusion with
      single location scanning was more accurate in demonstrating tumour involvement of
      the renal vein (83.3% correct vs. 78.6%), inferior vena cava (94.4% correct vs.
      89.3%) and lymph nodes (88.9% correct vs. 78.6%) but was less accurate in
      assessing extracapsular spread (77.8% correct vs. 96.4%). The additional
      information obtained from the single location dynamic sequence is sufficiently
      valuable for this part of the second technique to be used in any scanning
      protocol for staging renal carcinoma.

PMID- 2394069
TI  - Gossypiboma in the early post-operative period: a diagnostic problem.
AB  - A gossypiboma (a retained surgical sponge) usually has the characteristic
      appearance on CT of a soft tissue mass with air-bubbles and a whirl-like pattern.
      This finding may be confused in the early post-operative period with an abscess,
      especially when a fistula is present. We describe two patients, in whom this
      diagnosis was initially missed. A soft tissue mass containing air-bubbles in the
      early post-operative period with or without a fistula should include a retained
      pad, in the differential diagnosis.

PMID- 2394070
TI  - Spontaneous thrombosis of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation.
AB  - We report a patient who presented acutely to a neurosurgical unit with a mild
      left hemiparesis following mild trauma and an episode of hypotension. Computed
      tomography of the brain showed fresh partial thrombosis of a right parietal
      arteriovenous malformation. Subsequent angiography confirmed partial obliteration
      of an arteriovenous malformation. The malformation had completely thrombosed on
      follow up computed tomography, and disappeared angiographically.

PMID- 2394071
TI  - Thoracic spinal cord compression caused by diffuse idiopathic skeletal
      hyperostosis (DISH).
AB  - Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is now recognized with increasing
      frequency in the elderly population. Whilst usually a relatively asymptomatic
      process, serious neurological sequelae have been reported. A previously
      unreported complication, severe focal thoracic canal stenosis, is presented.
      Attention is drawn to the need for full assessment of the whole spine by CT
      myelography in patients presenting with evidence of myelopathy.

PMID- 2394072
TI  - The Koebnor phenomenon--an unusual localization of a contrast reaction.
AB  - We describe the case of an immunosuppressed patient who developed a Koebnor
      reaction following left ventriculography using iohexol. This is a previously
      unreported manifestation of a type I allergic reaction.

PMID- 2394073
TI  - Moyamoya disease--imaging with magnetic resonance.
AB  - We report a case of moyamoya disease in a young adult female, in whom the initial
      clinical and radiological features were considered to be compatible with multiple
      sclerosis. The subsequent development of cerebral infarction led to the typical
      moyamoya features being found on carotid angiography. Magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI) features of dilated collateral arteries were then recognized, and the
      initial MRI findings considered to represent demyelination were reinterpreted as
      areas of infarction. Although rare, moyamoya disease should be considered in the
      differential diagnosis in young patients presenting with symptoms and signs
      suggestive of multiple sclerosis. The diagnosis may be suggested by typical MRI
      findings.

PMID- 2394074
TI  - Starting from scratch--some problems with Forrest.

PMID- 2394075
TI  - Implications of scanning recently head injured patients in general hospitals.
AB  - Increasing availability of computed tomography (CT) in general hospitals makes it
      appropriate to scan certain categories of acutely head injured patients in these
      hospitals. Policies should be devised locally indicating which types of patient
      should be scanned there, and what circumstances require transfer to the
      neurosurgical unit (NSU). Consideration must be given to the implications for
      training, staffing and other CT scanner commitments. The paper discusses these
      issues in the light of a study of the CT scans and surgical treatment of 1551
      patients admitted to an NSU over a five year period, and provides models for
      discussion.

PMID- 2394076
TI  - Gas/air embolism associated with intrauterine laser surgery.

PMID- 2394077
TI  - Daily two minute meeting keeps the physician in charge.
AB  - The two minute stand-up meeting is a daily time control tool which allows you to
      re-examine today's patient schedule and try to relate it to the hours left in the
      day. Also, your aides want you to make daily planning decisions--you can do this
      with the two minute meeting. Start the day right by: 1) limiting the number of
      hospitals you serve, 2) avoiding hospital "habit traps" 3) communicating delays
      to the office, and 4) practicing the two minute meeting at your office every day.

PMID- 2394078
TI  - Cigarette sales to minors in Colorado.
AB  - In May of 1990, Secretary of Health and Human Services, Louis Sullivan, MD
      introduced model state legislation to restrict tobacco sales to minors. Without
      definitive actions, such as those suggested here and by Dr. Sullivan, tobacco use
      among Colorado's youth will continue to have almost unrestricted access to
      cigarettes and other tobacco products and our population will continue to suffer
      the harmful effects of tobacco well into the next century. If we act now to curb
      sales to minors, we will soon reap the benefits of our actions through reduced
      morbidity and mortality rates from cardiovascular disease, lung and other
      cancers, emphysema, other obstructive airways diseases and fires. Imagine an
      entire generation free of tobacco disease injury and death.

PMID- 2394079
TI  - Record release issues--another perspective.

PMID- 2394080
TI  - Malpractice settlement becomes windfall in unique case.

PMID- 2394081
TI  - Anticompetitive conduct: the committee on peer review.

PMID- 2394083
TI  - The epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: 1950-1990 conceptual advances
      and the ARAMIS data banks.

PMID- 2394084
TI  - Decrease in myoglobin and enzyme contents with haemodilution in non-hypoxaemic
      polycythaemic patients.
AB  - Quadriceps muscle biopsies from five patients with primary polycythaemia and four
      patients with non-primary polycythaemia, all with normal respiratory functions,
      were studied before and after normalization of haemoglobin and erythrocyte volume
      fraction by haemodilution or venaesectio. Since similar results were obtained
      from both groups of patients data were pooled. After normalization of the
      erythrocyte volume fraction myoglobin decreased by 19 +/- 16%, P less than 0.01,
      the activity of creatine kinase and citrate synthase by 12 +/- 8 and 14 +/- 18%,
      P less than 0.05, respectively. The decrease in myoglobin content was related to
      the decrease in haemoglobin concentration (r = 0.77, P less than 0.01). In
      conclusion, these data suggest that in non-hypoxaemic polycythaemia skeletal
      muscle shows adaptations indicative of an impaired oxygenation and a metabolic
      stress, adaptations that are reversed by haemodilution.

PMID- 2394085
TI  - The effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on human forearm blood flow.
AB  - The effect of intravenous and intra-arterially administered calcitonin gene
      related peptide (CGRP) on the human forearm blood flow and cutaneous blood flow
      were investigated by means of venous occlusion plethysmography and laser-Doppler
      flowmetry, respectively. Infusion of CGRP (11-216 pmol min-1) into the brachial
      artery resulted in a dose-dependent increase in forearm blood flow and cutaneous
      blood flow which persisted for up to 90 min after the infusion was stopped.
      Repeated infusions resulted in an identical response. Systemic intravenous
      infusion of CGRP (104-520 pmol min-1) resulted in a dose-dependent flush in the
      face, neck, upper trunck and upper arms, and an increase in the forearm blood
      flow. The cutaneous blood flow was dramatically increased on the forehead,
      whereas on the hand only a slight increase was noted. By intravenous infusions a
      significant drop in blood pressure and increase in heart rate were seen at 520
      pmol min-1. Thus, it is possible to give CGRP in doses that increase the blood
      flow in muscle and skin without resulting in a fall in systemic arterial blood
      pressure and tachycardia, suggesting that CGRP may be used as a tool for the
      treatment of various conditions in man with compromised blood flow.

PMID- 2394086
TI  - Effects of experimental potassium depletion on renal function and urinary
      prostanoid excretion in normal women during hypotonic polyuria.
AB  - During hypotonic polyuria renal function studies by the clearance (cl.) method,
      and urinary PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TxB2 determinations were performed on 14
      healthy women in normal potassium balance (N) and 14 healthy women in sustained
      potassium depletion (KD) induced by low dietary potassium intake (less than or
      equal to 10 mmol day-1) and natriuretic treatment. By using different depletive
      patterns, two groups with estimated cumulative potassium deficits of 160 +/- 43
      mmol (KD1, n = 8) and 198 +/- 22 mmol (KD2, n = 6), respectively, were obtained.
      (1) In both the KD1 and KD2 groups as compared to normal potassium balance (N),
      plasma potassium concentration and urinary potassium excretion were significantly
      lower; plasma renin activity was significantly higher. (2) Only in KD2 did
      significant changes appear in renal function and urinary prostanoid excretions.
      Besides a decrease in creatinine cl. and the urinary flow rate, an increase in
      fractional chloride excretion and a reduction in distal fractional chloride
      reabsorption were manifest. The plasma chloride concentration was reduced too.
      Urinary prostanoid excretions were significantly (6-keto-PGF1 alpha, TxB2) or
      tendentially (PGE2) lower. (3) Indomethacin treatment resulted in changes in mean
      arterial pressure (increase) and creatinine cl. (decrease) which were not
      significantly different in normal potassium balance and KD groups. Only in KD2
      did the drug significantly reduce the fractional salt and water excretions and
      the fractional sodium and chloride deliveries to the diluting segments. However,
      indomethacin was unable to correct the inhibition of distal fractional chloride
      reabsorption. Therefore, the potassium depletion attained in the KD2 group was
      efficacious in depressing renal prostanoid synthesis. This fact, in the presence
      of high levels of angiotensin II, induced a reduction of the glomerular
      filtration rate thus contributing to renal ability to retain chloride and
      potassium.

PMID- 2394087
TI  - Gas-exchange impairment: its correlation to lung mechanics in acute airway
      obstruction (studies on a rabbit asthma model).
AB  - A rabbit model was developed for the studies of ventilation/perfusion
      relationships (VA/Q) and thorax mechanics during bronchial provocation tests.
      Baseline data from 14 anaesthetized rabbits show a VA/Q distribution that is
      broader (less efficient VA/Q match) than that of lung-healthy humans, dogs and
      horses. Airway provocation was created by inhalation of ammonia, prostaglandin
      (PGE1) and methacholine bromide. Methacholine bromide was the only substance that
      triggered measurable VA/Q changes. Measurements 5 min after methacholine
      provocation showed markedly increased thorax resistance, widened VA/Q
      distribution and in some rabbits an increased shunt. Fifteen minutes after
      provocation that was still a broad VA/Q distribution and in several rabbits a
      further increase of shunt. Both thorax resistance and perfusion of regions with
      low VA/Q were reduced. Our results suggest a correlation between thorax
      resistance and perfusion of regions with low VA/Q. However, the slower
      normalization in VA/Q disturbance and the remaining or increased shunt suggests
      that factors other than airway resistance contribute to the gas-exchange
      impairment. These factors might be alveolar oedema, or mucus and oedema in the
      smallest airways.

PMID- 2394088
TI  - Mucociliary clearance in healthy men at rest and during exercise.
AB  - We measured mucociliary clearance at rest and during exercise in 11 healthy non
      smoking men. The subjects inhaled an aerosol containing [99Tcm]albumin
      millimicrospheres with deep inhalations. Four sets of scintigraphic images were
      obtained with 15-min intervals. Lung retention of radioactivity was quantified
      using a gamma camera and the clearance of particles from the lungs calculated for
      each 15-min period. The first image was obtained directly after inhalation, the
      second after a period of 15-min rest, the third after a period of exercise on a
      bicycle ergometer (workload approximately 80% of predicted maximum capacity) and
      the final fourth image after another period of rest. We found small differences
      in clearance rate at rest and during exercise indicating that there is no
      substantial change in the clearance rate during exercise in normal subjects.

PMID- 2394089
TI  - Short-term variability of systolic blood pressure and heart rate in normotensive
      subjects.
AB  - Short-term fluctuations in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) and
      their inter-relationship were analysed in a group of normotensive middle-aged men
      (n = 16) using a multivariate autoregressive modelling technique. This study is
      the first to evaluate the beat-to-beat variability of SBP and HR in a group of
      real normotensive subjects. Direct intra-arterial blood pressure was registered
      together with ECG using an ambulatory tape recording technique (the Oxford
      method). Power spectrum density estimated (PSD) were used as a measure of the
      variability. PSDs were calculated over 3-min periods for four basic physiological
      conditions: during sleep and in the supine, sitting and standing positions. The
      inter-relationship between the blood pressure and heart rate variabilities was
      analysed using a closed-loop model. In agreement with results presented earlier
      in the literature, the beat-to-beat variation in SBP and HR was concentrated in
      three typical power spectrum regions: the high-frequency (HF = 0.15-0.35 Hz)
      region (respiration), the mid-frequency (MF = 0.075-0.15 Hz) region (vasomotor
      oscillation) and the low-frequency (LF = 0.02-0.075 Hz) region
      (thermoregulation). The variability changes considerably between different
      situations, especially that of the MF region. The variability was most prominent
      in the MF region and in the standing position. The variability was generally
      smallest in the HF region and in sleep. The results also demonstrate that the
      beat-to-beat variability in SBP and HR can considerably affect one another.

PMID- 2394090
TI  - A gene mapping expert system.
AB  - Expert systems are now commonly developed to solve practical problems.
      Nevertheless, genetics has just begun to benefit from this new technology, since
      genetic expert systems are extremely rare and often purely experimental. A
      prototype for risk calculation in pedigrees was developed at the University of
      Utah, using a commercial frames/rules developmental shell (Intelligence
      Compiler), which runs on an IBM PC. When small data sets were used, the
      implementation functioned well, but it could not handle larger data sets.
      Performance became a major issue, with two possible solutions. The first
      possibility would have been to port the system to a more powerful machine, and
      the second would have been to use several different shells or languages, each
      efficiently representing a specific type of knowledge. Neither of these solutions
      was applicable in this case. From this experience, we learned that performance,
      portability, and modifiability were three major requirements for genetic expert
      systems. To achieve these goals, we implemented the gene mapping expert system
      GMES: (GMES is unrelated to the gene mapping system, GMS in Lisp combined with a
      frame/object shell (FROBS). We were able to efficiently represent, control, and
      optimize a gene mapping experiment, achieving portability by building GMES on top
      of a C-based version of Common Lisp. Lisp combined with the FROBS expert system
      shell permitted a declarative representation of each of the components of the
      experiment, resulting in a transplant specification of the problem within a
      maintainable system.

PMID- 2394091
TI  - Parallel computation of multiple biological sequence comparisons.
AB  - A parallel implementation of an efficient method for comparison of multiple DNA
      sequences is presented. The method is described in terms of a conceptual tree
      data structure for the sequences to be compared. The parallel algorithm shows
      efficient utilization of processors on an Encore Multimax computer in a sample
      comparison of 11 sequences totaling over 4000 bases. Timing data show the strong
      influence of computer system details on this parallel program. Also presented is
      a graphics program for displaying multiple sequence comparison output data. The
      display is capable of representing large volumes of multiple sequence comparison
      data in a single plot. The program has several additional features that allow
      closer examination of subsets of sequences. A display of matches from the sample
      comparison reflects the known structure of these sequences.

PMID- 2394092
TI  - Decision rules for the ECG diagnosis of inferior myocardial infarction.
AB  - ECG measurements from 341 patients with inferior myocardial infarction (IMI) and
      327 normal subjects were used to develop and test decision rules for the ECG
      diagnosis of IMI. Recursive partitioning provided a simple decision rule with 75%
      sensitivity and 97% specificity, using Q amplitude and Q duration in a VF, Q
      duration in III, and T-wave axis in the frontal plane as decision variables.
      Dropping T-wave axis from the decision rule led to a 10% decrease in sensitivity.
      Multiple logistic regression provided sensitivities and specificities which were
      similar to those for recursive partitioning. Both methods outperformed
      traditional noncontour criteria for IMI.

PMID- 2394093
TI  - Landmarking of cephalograms using a microcomputer system.
AB  - Landmarks, or certain characteristic reference points, on cephalograms are used
      as a diagnostic aid employed in treatment planning by orthodontists. This work
      presents an algorithm for recognizing some anatomical features and locating
      landmarks on lateral skull X rays (cephalograms) using digital image processing
      and feature recognition techniques. A cephalogram is digitized and stored in a
      computer memory. Prefiltering is applied to remove image noise. The bony and
      flesh profiles of jaw and front face are traced. Using these profiles the
      algorithm locates 17 points on the image, some on bony features and others on
      soft tissue. To locate these points, edge-enhancement, thresholding, and edge
      detection techniques are applied. The algorithm can be run on an IBM compatible
      microcomputer.

PMID- 2394094
TI  - The dynamics of HIV spread: a computer simulation model.
AB  - Mathematical modeling of the AIDS pandemic has been limited by the difficulty of
      satisfactorily representing the marked behavioral heterogeneity that
      characterizes the various populations at risk. We propose an approach which
      models the spread of infection as a discrete-event simulation using SIMSCRIPT, a
      powerful simulation language. The program developed provides sufficient
      flexibility to adequately represent and study a wide range of risk-group
      dynamics. Using this tool we have verified the May-Anderson prediction relating
      contact rate heterogeneity to the rate of HIV spread. We have also been able to
      assess the sensitivity of the model to the particular choice of distribution for
      contact rates, disease stage durations, and intercontact intervals. It is thought
      that this approach will permit the empirical testing of hypotheses which do not
      lend themselves to a purely mathematical treatment.

PMID- 2394095
TI  - Mammography in Connecticut: current estimates of capacity and usage.
AB  - All 124 registered mammography facilities in Connecticut were surveyed in 1988 to
      determine the availability, quality, and usage of mammography services. A total
      of 112 responses (90% return) were analyzed. By the measures considered here,
      capacity and quality of mammography in Connecticut is very good to excellent.
      Services are available in Connecticut in a wide array of locales, times, and
      settings. Since 1985, 95 new dedicated machines have been put into service. We
      estimate that current capacity may exceed 400,000 annual studies. Utilization is
      below current capacity; roughly 155,000 examinations were completed in 1988.
      Continued recognition of the procedure's effectiveness, particularly in screening
      women for evidence of early disease, can help reduce the burden of breast cancer.

PMID- 2394096
TI  - Encouraging screening mammograms. Results of the 1988 Connecticut Breast Cancer
      Detection Awareness Campaign.
AB  - Connecticut's first Breast Cancer Detection Awareness Campaign during April 1988
      offered low-cost screening mammograms ($50) to women over age 34 who had not been
      previously examined. Following a brief mass media campaign, some 2,500 inquiries
      about the program were received over a seven-day period, resulting in 1,243
      examinations of the detection of eight breast cancers. Program participants cited
      an enhanced awareness that a baseline examination was due, and knowledge about
      the availability of low-cost services as reasons for obtaining a screening
      mammogram. Their reasons for not having been previously screened included not
      having been advised by physicians to have such an examination (28%); high cost
      (37%); and failure to recognize the importance of periodic screening (21%). By
      contrast, relatively few women expressed concern about the test procedure (12%),
      or fear of finding cancer (9%) as reasons for not being screened previously.
      These findings underscore the benefit of cancer control efforts to reduce access
      and information barriers to regular use of mammography by women.

PMID- 2394097
TI  - Women's use of mammographic screening: the role of information, cues, and
      reinforcement.
AB  - Questionnaires were distributed to 359 women who had mammograms during the
      previous six months. Data were obtained on: 1) demographic variables; 2)
      perception of risk and sources of knowledge about breast cancer and mammography;
      3) cues or events which initiated action to obtain a mammogram; and 4) behaviors
      or events which may reinforce the use of the procedure. A major goal of the
      research was to obtain information on factors hypothesized to effect women's use
      of mammography for the detection of breast cancer. High education and income
      levels, characteristic of women using screening procedures, were found in this
      sample. Availability of information and a realistic perception of risk were not
      sufficient motivators to obtain a mammogram. The recommendation of a health
      professional was reported to be the single most important motivating factor by
      71% of the sample. Following the procedure, relief of anxiety, and verbal
      reinforcement by health professionals, friends, or relatives were reported. These
      results suggest that the most important cue for many women to obtain a mammogram
      is recommendation of a health professional. The role of reinforcement in
      repeating the behavior requires further clarification.

PMID- 2394098
TI  - Omeprazole.
AB  - Omeprazole is the first acid-pump inhibitor. With its unique mechanism of action,
      it represents a new class of drugs in treatment of GERD, reflux esophagitis, and
      hypersecretory conditions. Overall, its adverse effects are mild and transient
      and found to be well-tolerated. Thus, omeprazole will serve as an important new
      agent in the management of some gastrointestinal disorders.

PMID- 2394099
TI  - Breath of life.

PMID- 2394101
TI  - Fellowship programs in critical care medicine: 1990/1991.

PMID- 2394100
TI  - A busy six months.

PMID- 2394102
TI  - Buprenorphine sedation of intensive care patients and ileus reversal.

PMID- 2394103
TI  - Hypotension during slow phenytoin infusion in severe sepsis.

PMID- 2394104
TI  - Pharmacokinetic variability of midazolam infusions in critically ill patients.

PMID- 2394105
TI  - Influence of pindolol on shock after mixed psychotropic intoxication.

PMID- 2394106
TI  - Selective decontamination of the gut--is it enough?

PMID- 2394107
TI  - To transfuse or not to transfuse--that is the question!

PMID- 2394108
TI  - Hemoglobin: how much is enough?

PMID- 2394109
TI  - Gastric pH measurements.

PMID- 2394110
TI  - Equivocal definitions of sepsis and septic shock.

PMID- 2394111
TI  - An erroneous central venous pressure reading from a pulmonary artery catheter.

PMID- 2394112
TI  - Admission to a pediatric intensive care unit for poisoning: review of 105 cases.

PMID- 2394113
TI  - Adult respiratory distress syndrome: roles of leukotriene C4 and platelet
      activating factor.
AB  - The relationship between leukotriene C4 (LTC4), platelet activating factor (PAF),
      and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was studied in nine patients and
      84 control subjects. A leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay induced by each
      of the ligands was used to monitor the subjects for 3 consecutive days or until
      clinical recovery was noted. LAI was considered to be positive if the
      nonadherence index (NAI) was greater than 30 for LTC4 or greater than 20 for PAF.
      LAI was negative in all healthy subjects using both ligands. LTC4-induced LAI was
      positive in all nine ARDS patients and reverted to negative after recovery from
      the syndrome, while three (33.3%) of nine patients responded to PAF. In contrast,
      of the 84 control subjects, LAI was induced by LTC4 in only three (3.3%) and by
      PAF in five (5.9%). The mean NAI (52.2 +/- 18) of LTC4-induced LAI in ARDS
      patients was significantly (p less than .05) higher when compared with the
      control group (-5 +/- 6.4), whereas that of PAF-induced LAI was less than 20 in
      both groups, indicating that LTC4 is a more specific ligand than PAF. All three
      patients in whom ARDS was caused by sepsis responded to both LTC4 and PAF, but
      results of specific receptor-antagonist experiments indicated that each compound
      acted independently. The mean NAI for LTC4 (58.5 +/- 10) and PAF (49.1 +/- 12) in
      patients with septic ARDS were significantly (p less than .05) higher when
      compared with those of patients with sepsis alone (0.5 +/- 9.9 and 4.4 +/- 17,
      respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2394114
TI  - Continuous arterial-venous hemodiafiltration in critically ill patients.
AB  - Intermittent hemodialysis in critically ill patients is often accompanied by
      circulatory instability and hypotension. This may hamper the removal of fluid.
      Therefore, slow, continuous arterial-venous hemodiafiltration (CAVHD), using the
      patient's arterial-venous pressure difference, was developed. In 17 critically
      ill patients with acute renal failure, CAVHD was initiated. Most patients (n =
      13) suffered from septic shock. Five (29%) patients survived and in six (35%),
      renal function was recovered. Average length of treatment was 15 days. The filter
      life was 52 h. When a dialysate rate of 1600 ml/h was employed, urea clearance
      was sufficient and hemodialysis was no longer needed as compared with a dialysate
      rate of 800 ml/h. Hyponatremia developed in all but one patient, but was more
      severe in the group treated with a dialysate fluid containing 132 mmol/L Na.
      After using a dialysate with a higher Na content of 140 mmol/L, the average serum
      Na concentration was 131 mmol/L. Convective Na transport by ultrafiltration was
      probably responsible for most of the Na loss. In 13 (76%) patients,
      thrombocytopenia was present. In one patient a hematoma developed in the groin,
      but could be controlled by local pressure. It is concluded that CAVHD is a safe
      technique that might replace intermittent hemodialysis in critically ill
      patients.

PMID- 2394115
TI  - Hypermagnesemia and hypocalcemia as predictors of high mortality in critically
      ill pediatric patients.
AB  - Ca and Mg are biologically important minerals that are involved in maintaining
      the stability of membranes, muscle contractions, and enzyme activity in nearly
      all cells. Derangements of Ca and Mg homeostasis can precipitate serious and life
      threatening problems in the critically ill patients. We examined serum ionized Ca
      and Mg levels in pediatric patients consecutively admitted to a pediatric ICU.
      Abnormal Mg and ionized Ca levels on admission were found in 43.3% and 17% of the
      patients, respectively. Hypocalcemia and hyper-magnesemia were both associated
      with poor outcome as measured by either survival or length of ICU stay. In
      addition, ionized Ca levels could not be predicted from total Ca measurement
      either alone or in combination with serum albumin and pH.

PMID- 2394116
TI  - Observations of hemodynamics during human cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
AB  - To evaluate hemodynamics during human CPR, 32 patients with witnessed cardiac
      arrest were studied during manual and mechanical conventional CPR. In eight
      patients during manual conventional CPR, peak systolic radial artery, right
      atrial (RAP), and pulmonary artery pressures were found to be similar (59.8 +/-
      4.3, 70.8 +/- 4.7, 71.2 +/- 8.2 mm Hg) and higher than external jugular venous
      pressure (33.8 +/- 1.9 mm Hg, p less than .0001). The diastolic radial artery to
      RAP gradient was found to be only 10.7 +/- 2.1 mm Hg. In four patients, maneuvers
      that avoid chest compression and thus obviate cardiac compression, i.e., rhythmic
      compression of the abdomen, yielded arterial pressures comparable to those
      generated by conventional CPR (48 +/- 6.4 vs. 52.8 +/- 3.4 mm Hg, NS). In 13
      other patients during mechanical conventional CPR at constant chest compression
      force, radial artery pressure was higher during the first compression after
      ventilation as compared with subsequent chest compressions (67.5 +/- 5.0 vs. 61.9
      +/- 4.8 mm Hg, p less than .007). These hemodynamic observations are similar to
      those reported in large dogs during CPR and support the generation of vascular
      pressures during CPR by an increase in intrathoracic pressure. They also suggest
      that despite anatomic differences, the similarity of hemodynamics in dogs and
      humans justifies the use of large dogs as a human model during acute
      resuscitation studies.

PMID- 2394117
TI  - Cardiovascular and metabolic response to red blood cell transfusion in critically
      ill volume-resuscitated nonsurgical patients.
AB  - We examined the cardiovascular and metabolic response to RBC transfusion in
      patients with circulatory shock after volume resuscitation. Data were analyzed
      from 36 transfusions in 32 patients who were undergoing continuous hemodynamic
      monitoring. Transfusions were administered for moderate to severe anemia, mean
      Hgb 8.3 g/dl. The diagnosis were sepsis (19/36), cardiogenic shock (14/36),
      connective tissue disease (2/36), and severe hypocalcemia (1/36). Benefit from
      transfusion was defined as an improvement in tissue oxygen utilization (increased
      oxygen consumption [VO2] or decreased lactate), a decrease in myocardial VO2 (MAP
      x HR), or a decrease in myocardial work (left ventricular work index). Mean
      transfusion volume was 577 ml over 4.5 h. Hgb and oxygen delivery (DO2) increased
      by 27% and 28%, respectively, while pulmonary artery wedge pressure and cardiac
      index were unchanged. No significant change was noted in VO2, or lactate, after
      augmentation of red cell mass. An increase occurred in myocardial work indices
      and MAP x HR. No changes were identified when subgroups were analyzed based on
      diagnosis, pretransfusion Hgb, lactate, or VO2 levels. We conclude that selective
      increase in DO2 by augmentation of RBC mass and oxygen-carrying capacity did not
      improve the shock state in these volume-resuscitated patients, regardless of the
      etiology of the shock.

PMID- 2394118
TI  - Expansion of the medical intensive care unit: clinical consequences in a large
      urban hospital.
AB  - We examined how a permanent expansion of the medical ICU (MICU) affected resource
      utilization and severity of illness for intensive care admissions within a 700
      bed urban teaching hospital. On our 162-bed medical service, construction of a
      separate cardiac care unit and the expansion of the MICU increased the number of
      core intensive care beds by 100%. We prospectively analyzed noncardiology MICU
      admissions 2 months before, immediately after, and 4 months after MICU expansion.
      Although the volume of MICU patients increased by 51% after MICU expansion, the
      severity of illness as determined by the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health
      Evaluation (APACHE II) score and types of admission diagnoses remained the same.
      Moreover, there was no change in MICU occupancy and length of stay, hospital or
      MICU mortality, or MICU readmission rate. The increased MICU patient volume came
      from the ED, transfers from other hospitals, and from other ICUs within our
      hospital. In contrast, the volume and severity of illness of MICU transfers from
      the inpatient medical floor service were constant in all time periods. These
      results suggest that, while MICU expansion increased patient volume, physician
      utilization of the MICU resources was unchanged. Our physicians used high
      intensity ICU beds in a consistent fashion in response to external factors, such
      as ED activity, intramural ICU transfers, and referrals from other hospitals.

PMID- 2394119
TI  - Organophosphate poisoning: grading the severity and comparing treatment between
      atropine and glycopyrrolate.
AB  - Organophosphate poisoning occurs worldwide and often requires admission to an
      ICU. Grading of patients may be of value to identify high-risk cases but this has
      never been prospectively evaluated. Conventional treatment with atropine may lead
      to CNS toxicity, although control of secretions may still be inadequate. We
      conducted a randomized, controlled trial in 44 patients to compare atropine with
      glycopyrrolate, a drug that may provide better control of secretions and does not
      cross the blood-brain barrier. Grading was performed prospectively and compared
      to outcome. Thirty-nine cases were evaluated (atropine 22, glycopyrrolate 17);
      the treatment groups were comparable at baseline. No differences could be
      detected in outcome except for a trend to fewer respiratory infections in the
      glycopyrrolate group. Thus, treatment with atropine and glycopyrrolate was
      equally effective. A grading of serious was associated with ventilation,
      complications, and a prolonged ICU stay. A revised simplified grading is
      proposed.

PMID- 2394120
TI  - Patients' recollection of intensive care unit experience.
AB  - This study evaluates the recall of 100 patients after ICU admission. There was a
      wide spectrum of race, religion, occupation, and educational levels. The more
      common diagnoses included asthma, pneumonia, trauma, and adult respiratory
      distress syndrome. The average Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation
      (APACHE II) score was 12.3, and 68% of the patients were mechanically ventilated.
      The ICU atmosphere was described as friendly or relaxed by 94% of patients.
      Confidence in doctors and nurses was good. The most frequently reported
      unpleasant experiences were arterial blood gas sampling (48% of patients) and
      tracheal suctioning (30 of 68 ventilated patients). Only 6% of patients disliked
      ward rounds and discussion around the bedside. This study suggests that arterial
      lines or pulse oximetry could be used to avoid frequent arterial blood gas
      analyses and that tracheal suctioning should be performed with greater care. The
      need for better communication with patients is emphasized.

PMID- 2394121
TI  - Chest radiographic course after exogenous surfactant therapy in baboons with
      respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - Exogenous surfactant materials have been used under a variety of treatment
      protocols in cases of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). To evaluate
      the differences in radiologic changes that follow either an early or late therapy
      with exogenous bovine surfactant, we reviewed 189 serially obtained chest
      radiographs from 48 premature baboons with RDS studied under different treatment
      regimen. Twenty-six animals were controls (100 chest films), and 22 received 100
      mg/kg bovine surfactant instilled via the trachea in three study protocols (89
      chest films). Surfactant was given within 10 min of birth in one group and at 2 h
      of age in the other. In 25/26 controls, radiologic evidence of severe RDS was
      seen by 2 h of age; these changes persisted in 15 animals at 24 h. By contrast, a
      rapid clearing of radiologic features of RDS was seen following surfactant
      instillation in all 22 (100%) animals within 4 h, but one (4.5%) of these 22
      deteriorated at 9 h of age. Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) was seen in
      9/26 (34.6%) and pneumothorax in 5/26 (19.2%) control animals, while 1/22 (4.5%)
      surfactant-treated animals developed PIE, and none had pneumothorax. The presence
      of a shunt via the patent ductus arteriosus did not affect radiographic findings
      in 20 animals studied by contrast injection. Therapy for patent ductus arteriosus
      (PDA) also had no substantial influence on the radiographic findings, or with
      regard to the pulmonary course. Radiographic clearing of RDS occurred
      approximately 18 to 20 h prior to the improvement in pulmonary
      compliance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2394122
TI  - Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on murine neutrophil and T-lymphocyte functions.
AB  - We investigated the effect of repeated hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) exposure on PMN
      and T-lymphocyte functions in a murine model. Animals received eight 90-min
      exposures twice daily to 2.4 ata and 100% or 10% oxygen. Control animals were
      maintained in room air. On the ninth day spleens and peritoneal cell exudates
      were harvested. Phagocytosis was measured by flow-cytometric analysis of the
      ability of PMN to engulf formalin-killed, fluorescence-labeled Staphylococcus
      aureus. PMN-killing capacity was measured by the ability of PMN to undergo an
      oxidative burst after stimulation with N-formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine,
      phorbol myristate, or opsonized zymosan. T-lymphocyte subpopulations were
      identified using monoclonal antibodies and two-color flow cytometry after 48 h
      stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, and lymphocyte proliferation was measured by
      3 H-thymidine incorporation. We found PMN phagocytosis and oxidative burst were
      unchanged after HBO treatment. Lymphocyte proliferation was decreased, and an
      activated population of CD8+ T cells appeared after mitogen stimulation. We
      conclude that, although PMN function is not affected by prior HBO, lymphocyte
      proliferation is decreased.

PMID- 2394123
TI  - Comparison of cardiorespiratory responses to sudden progressive hypoxia in an
      animal model with and without respiratory failure.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the hemodynamic and oxygen transport
      responses to sudden, acute progressive hypoxia in normal control conditions (six
      healthy dogs) and in subacute respiratory failure (six dogs with naturally
      occurring distemper). The latter were used to simulate respiratory failure from
      viral pneumonitis in man. Acute progressive hypoxia was induced by rebreathing
      through a respirometer while hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables were
      rapidly and repeatedly measured. The immediate effects of hypoxia were decreased
      PaO2 and oxygen delivery. In the middle period of hypoxia, defined as periods 4,
      5, and 6 of eight equally spaced time periods, cardiac index, stroke volume, and
      oxygen extraction increased; these occurred as compensatory responses. Oxygen
      consumption (VO2) remained relatively stable until late in both control and
      distemper dogs. Initially, physiologic compensations in distemper dogs were found
      to be partially exhausted and overall to be shorter in duration and of lesser
      magnitude when compared with the healthy control animals. Failure to maintain
      near normal VO2 toward the end of the hypoxic episode indicated the progression
      of decompensation, imminent circulatory deterioration, and death.

PMID- 2394124
TI  - Cardiac output determinations in the pig--thoracic electrical bioimpedance versus
      thermodilution.
AB  - The accuracy of transthoracic electrical bioimpedance (TEB) for continuous,
      noninvasive measurement of cardiac output (Qt) in pigs was assessed in comparison
      with the thermodilution (TD) technique. Using the TEB technique, the different
      thoracic habitus of the pig had to be corrected for A good correlation with the
      TD technique was obtained (r = .87; p less than .001; n = 86) using thoracic
      length value (the measured value plus 25%) in an NCCOM3-R6 cardiodynamic computer
      for Qt values ranging from 2.9 to 9.8 L/min in pigs weighing from 40 to 75 kg.
      However, the Qt values given by the NCCOM3 were systematically 11% to 15% higher
      over the full range of values than the average of NCCOM-3 and TD Qt values. On
      the basis of the good agreement in the present study between the TEB and TD
      techniques over a broad range of Qt values, we conclude that TEB offers a
      valuable continuous, noninvasive alternative to TD for Qt determinations in
      experimental porcine models.

PMID- 2394125
TI  - Experimental dissection of devitrification in aqueous solutions of 1,3
      butanediol.
AB  - Devitrification is a major problem which must be overcome for successful organ
      cryopreservation. Devitrification can be initiated on fracture planes and on
      bubbles, but the focus of attention here is on devitrification by ordinary
      heterogeneous and homogeneous mechanisms, which are the most relevant for organ
      preservation by vitrification. The purpose of the present studies was to define
      the devitrification process: to determine nucleation rates, ice-crystal growth
      rates, and the distribution of ice-crystal size and to evaluate the applicability
      of existing quantitative models of these processes which have successfully
      approximated the behavior of other aqueous systems. The present work was done
      using differential scanning calorimetry and cryomicroscopy. The amount of ice
      formed has been estimated for highly concentrated solutions. Kinetic parameters
      are presented here for isothermal conditions and continuous heating rate
      experiments. The classical theory based on the Johnson-Avrami equation has been
      evaluated and the results are compared with the theory of Boutron. The agreement
      is good for the continuous heating rate conditions, but results differ for the
      isothermal conditions.

PMID- 2394126
TI  - Hypothermic preservation of rabbit kidneys for 48 hours using low ionic strength
      solutions.
AB  - Microwaves offer the prospect of rapid and uniform heating of frozen organs. This
      is significant in the context of cryopreservation, and particularly of
      vitrification, because microwave heating may help to avoid crystallization or
      recrystallization of ice during warming, minimize any effects of high cell
      density, and reduce thermal-mechanical stresses. Previous work has established a
      rationale for reducing the ionic strength of solutions used to prepare tissues
      for microwave heating, since this permits the use of lower frequencies, which
      makes heating more uniform, without increasing the risk of thermal runaway (T. P.
      Marsland, S. Evans, and D. E. Pegg, Cryobiology 24, 311-323, 1987). In this paper
      we report a study of two possible low ionic strength perfusates, in rabbit
      kidneys, using 48 hr of hypothermic storage and autotransplantation as the test
      system. This model was chosen because there is a great deal of basic information
      about it. Both a single-pass "flush" preservation solution and a solution
      designed for continuous perfusion gave excellent results. The continuous
      perfusion system, which would be the more suitable for introducing
      cryoprotectants, gave five of five surviving animals with peak serum creatinine
      levels of 353-555 mumol/liter normal histology in three cases, and only very
      minor damage in the other two. There would therefore seem to be no obstacle to
      the use of perfusates having a low ionic strength in renal cryopreservations
      studies.

PMID- 2394127
TI  - Hypothermic preservation of the rat heart. Comparison of immersion and low-flow
      perfusion methods: contribution of 31P-NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - Comparison of rat heart preservation by simple storage in a cardioplegic solution
      at 4 degrees C (6 hr for group I; 15 hr for group II) and by hypothermic low-flow
      perfusion of the same solution (0.3 ml min-1, 15 hr: group III) was performed by
      measuring biochemical and functional parameters and by collecting 31P-NMR
      spectroscopy data. When compared to control values, adenine nucleotide levels
      remained unchanged in group I hearts, while glycogen was 45% hydrolyzed and
      lactate level increased by 700%. Extension of heart immersion to 15 hr (group II)
      led to breakdown of ATP (-77%), of the sum of adenine nucleotides (-27%), and of
      glycogen (-77%), whereas lactate accumulation reached 900% of the control value.
      Functional recovery, measured at the end of a 60-min reperfusion was less than
      10% in group II hearts when compared to group I hearts. This dramatic development
      was completely avoided by hypothermic low-flow perfusion (group III). 31P-NMR
      data showed that phosphocreatine was completely degraded in all groups of
      preserved hearts. Low-flow perfusion limited cellular acidosis. The ATP/Pi (Pi =
      inorganic phosphate) ratio calculated from NMR data was lower for group II hearts
      (0.04 +/- 0.01, n = 6) than for group I hearts (0.29 +/- 0.12; n = 6) or group
      III hearts (0.19 +/- 0.09; n = 6) and could constitute a convenient bioenergetic
      index to predict the capability of the heart to recover satisfactory
      contractility following a preservation period.

PMID- 2394128
TI  - Cultured Chinese hamster cells undergo apoptosis after exposure to cold but
      nonfreezing temperatures.
AB  - Cultured Chinese hamster V79 fibroblast cells at the transition from logarithmic
      to stationary growth have been shown to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
      after cold shock [B. L. Soloff, W. A. Nagle, A. J. Moss, Jr., K. J. Henle, and J.
      T. Crawford, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 145, 876-883 (1987)]. In this report,
      we show that about 95% of the cell population was susceptible to cold-induced
      apoptosis, and the amount of cell killing was dependent on the duration of
      hypothermia. Cells treated for 0-90 min at 0 degrees C exhibited an exponential
      survival curve with a D0 of 32 min; thus, even short exposures to the cold (e.g.,
      5 min) produced measurable cell killing. The cold-induced injury was not produced
      by freezing, because similar results were observed at 6 degrees C, and cell
      killing was not influenced by the cryoprotective agent dimethyl sulfoxide. Cold
      induced apoptosis was inhibited by rewarming at 23 degrees C, compared to 37
      degrees C, by inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis, such as cycloheximide, and
      by 0.8 mM zinc sulfate. The results suggest that apoptosis represents a new
      manifestation of cell injury after brief exposure to 0-6 degrees C hypothermia.

PMID- 2394129
TI  - Factors influencing survival of mammalian cells exposed to hypothermia. IV.
      Effects of iron chelation.
AB  - Survival of V-79 Chinese hamster cells was assessed by colony growth assay after
      hypothermic exposure in the presence of iron chelators. At 5 degrees C, maximum
      protection from hypothermic damage was achieved with a 50 microM concentration of
      the intracellular ferric iron chelator Desferal. A 3-hr prehypothermic incubation
      with 50 microM Desferal followed by replacement with chelator-free medium at 5
      degrees C also provided some protection. This was not observed when the
      extracellular chelator DETA-PAC (50 microM) was used prior to cold storage.
      Treating 5 degrees C-stored cells with Desferal just prior to rewarming was
      ineffective, but treating cells with Desferal during hypothermia exposure after a
      significant period of unprotected cold exposure ultimately increased the
      surviving fraction. Submaximal protection during hypothermia was achieved to
      various degrees with extracellular chelators at 5 degrees C, including 50 microM
      DETAPAC and 110 microM EDTA. EGTA (110 microM) had little effect. The
      sensitization of cells at 5 degrees C with 200 microM FeCl3 could be reduced or
      eliminated with Desferal in accordance with a 1:1 binding ratio. At 10 degrees C,
      50 microM Desferal, 50 microM DETAPAC, and 110 microM EDTA were as or less
      effective in protecting cells than at 5 degrees C. An Arrhenius plot of cell
      inactivation rates shows a break at 7-8 degrees C, corresponding to maximum
      survival for control cells and cells in 50 microM Desferal; however, the amount
      of protection offered by the chelator increases with decreasing temperature below
      about 19 degrees C, and sensitization increases above that point. It has not
      previously been shown that iron chelators protect against cellular hypothermia
      damage which is uncomplicated by previous or simultaneous ischemia. This may be
      relevant to the low-temperature storage of transplant organs, in which iron of
      intracellular origin and in the perfusate may be active and damaging.

PMID- 2394130
TI  - Retroviruses: strategies of replication.

PMID- 2394131
TI  - Retroviral RNA packaging: sequence requirements and implications.

PMID- 2394132
TI  - Pleural effusion in congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2394133
TI  - A role for intermediate, heterozygous alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency in
      obstructive lung disease.

PMID- 2394134
TI  - Enhancement of hypoxemia by atrial shunting in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Patients with CF may develop hypoxemia which seems disproportionate to the degree
      of pulmonary disease. In a series of patients with CF and advanced pulmonary
      disease undergoing transesophageal echocardiography for the evaluation of cor
      pulmonale, eight of 15 patients were found to have atrial shunts through a
      stretched foramen ovale. To our knowledge, this is the first observation of
      intracardiac shunting in CF. This phenomenon may account for unexplained levels
      of cyanosis and worsening of hypoxemia with exercise, vasodilators, or PEEP and
      poses the threat of paradoxic emboli when central venous lines are used in these
      patients.

PMID- 2394135
TI  - A family study of sleep apnea. Anatomic and physiologic interactions.
AB  - The distribution of symptoms, physiologic responses, and upper airway structure
      in members of one family with three generations of subjects with sleep apnea (SA)
      is reported. Questionnaire data were obtained from ten family members (ages 7 to
      66 years), overnight sleep studies were performed in nine subjects, and
      ventilatory responses to hyperoxic hypercapnia and to eucapnic hypoxia and
      cephalometry were obtained in five subjects. All ten family members reported
      habitual snoring or nighttime snorting/gasping; five of ten family members also
      reported excessive daytime sleepiness. All studied subjects except for a pregnant
      woman had greater than ten apneas/hypopneas per hour. Ventilatory responses to
      hypoxia were markedly reduced in all five subjects studied (less than or equal to
      0.51 L/min/SaO2); hypercapnic responses were reduced in three of five subjects
      (less than or equal to 0.61 L/min/mm Hg CO2). No subject was morbidly obese (body
      mass index less than 29 kg/m2) or demonstrated retrognathia. The posterior airway
      space was reduced in three subjects, and the mandibular to hyoid distance was
      increased in four subjects. The two subjects with the longest soft palates and
      the most inferiorly displaced hyoids had the most severe sleep disorder. Sleep
      apnea was present, albeit less profound, in the one subject with normal anatomy
      who had an abnormal hypoxic ventilatory response. The distribution of these
      physiologic and anatomic measurements in this family provides further support for
      a genetic basis for SA, and suggests that the disorder may occur as a result of
      interactions between ventilatory control abnormalities and anatomic risk factors.

PMID- 2394136
TI  - Predictive value of bronchoalveolar lavage in pulmonary sarcoidosis.
AB  - We investigated whether analysis of cellular composition (including lymphocyte
      subsets) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid at the start of follow-up in
      patients with untreated sarcoidosis has any predictive value for further
      evolution of the disease. The outcome was evaluated by the chest roentgenograms,
      the lung volumes, and the single breath diffusing capacity for CO (DCO) after 22
      to 36 months. In contrast to the general belief, patients who improved
      radiologically had a significantly higher T4 cell count (as percentage of BAL
      lymphocytes) (p less than 0.02) and a higher T4-T8 ratio in the initial BAL
      sample (9.3 vs 3.2; p less than 0.05) than those whose chest roentgenogram showed
      deterioration or remained unchanged. Total cell count and the percentage of
      lymphocytes in BAL fluid were not different between both groups. The change in
      DCO at the end of the follow-up period correlated positively with the baseline
      BAL T4 cells (Rs = 0.44; p less than 0.05) and with the BAL T4-T8 ratio (Rs =
      0.51; p less than 0.03) and negatively with the baseline BAL T8 cells (Rs = 
      0.48; p less than 0.04). In only three patients progression of the disease
      necessitated steroid therapy, and they all had a low to normal T4-T8 ratio in the
      initial BAL sample. Bronchoalveolar lavage was repeated at least once in ten
      patients. Improvement of the chest roentgenograms in these patients was
      accompanied by a decrease of the BAL T4 cell count (as percentage of lymphocytes)
      and of the T4-T8 ratio. We conclude that a high lymphocyte count, a high T4 cell
      count (as percentage of lymphocytes), and a high T4-T8 ratio in BAL fluid reflect
      an intense alveolitis at the time of the procedure, but they are not indicators
      of poor prognosis on which therapeutic decisions can be based.

PMID- 2394137
TI  - Effect of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with sarcoidosis or AIDS on
      interleukin 1 beta release from alveolar macrophages.
AB  - We studied the effect of concentrated surfactant-depleted BALF from 8 normal
      subjects, 13 patients with sarcoidosis, and 13 patients with AIDS on IL1 beta
      release by human AM. Adherent target AM were exposed to concentrated BALF in the
      presence or absence of LPS (1 microgram/ml) for two hours. Control AM were
      unexposed to BALF. After an additional 24-hour incubation, AM supernatants were
      collected and measured for IL1 beta by ELISA. No spontaneous IL1 beta release
      occurred from unstimulated AM. One of the sarcoid-BALF and three of the AIDS-BALF
      samples induced a small amount of IL1 beta release from unstimulated AM. In LPS
      stimulated AM, exposure to normal BALF did not significantly alter IL1 beta
      release compared to unexposed AM. Exposure to sarcoid-BALF significantly
      increased the release of IL1 beta, while exposure to AIDS-BALF significantly
      reduced the IL1 beta level in the AM supernatants. The latter effect was related
      to the higher mortality induced by AIDS-BALF in AM. These data show that release
      of IL1 beta from LPS-stimulated AM is modified by a short exposure to a sample of
      alveolar fluid from patients with lung disease.

PMID- 2394138
TI  - Analysis of airflow obstruction by bronchoalveolar lavage following bone marrow
      transplantation. Implications for pathogenesis and treatment.
AB  - The development of airflow obstruction, most often due to bronchiolitis, is a
      significant cause of morbidity and mortality in recipients of allogeneic BMT.
      Current consensus holds that this airways disease is the result of chronic GVHD
      and/or CMV infection. However, recent studies of idiopathic forms of BRO have
      demonstrated a striking influx of neutrophils into the lungs of affected
      individuals. Reasoning that the immune cell populations involved in tissue injury
      associated with either CGVHD or CMV infection would consist predominantly of
      lymphocytes, we tested this hypothesis by performing BAL in 12 adults with
      minimal or absent smoking histories who developed significant airflow obstruction
      (FEV1/FVC = 80.7 +/- 1 percent preBMT and 56.8 +/- 2.4 percent postBMT; p less
      than 0.001) following allogeneic BMT. Eleven of 12 patients had evidence of
      chronic, stable GVHD at the time of the study. In contrast to non-BMT patients
      with BRO, BAL defined two distinct patterns of lung inflammation in the BMT
      patients with airflow obstruction: (a) neutrophil predominance (five patients;
      neutrophil percentage = 20.2 +/- 6.6 percent); and (b) lymphocyte predominance
      (three patients; lymphocyte percentage = 35.9 +/- 12.1 percent). These data
      suggest that the pattern of inflammation in the lungs of BMT patients with BRO is
      not uniform and is not associated with active microbial infection. From these
      results, it is inferred that the airways injury in BMT patients may reflect
      diverse pathogenetic mechanisms initiated in the context of CGVHD and cytotoxic
      drug therapy.

PMID- 2394139
TI  - Mucociliary clearance from central airways in patients with excessive sputum
      production with and without primary ciliary dyskinesia.
AB  - Studies of mucociliary clearance were made on 17 patients with bronchiectasis and
      excessive sputum production. Tracheal mucus velocity was measured. Five patients
      with primary ciliary dysfunction and 12 who had no clinical evidence of this
      defect were studied. The mean (+/- SD) tracheal mucus velocity of the five
      patients with proved or presumptive primary ciliary dysfunction was 2.9 +/- 0.2
      mm per minute and for the 12 patients without ciliary dysfunction, 7.9 +/- 1.4 mm
      per minute. (The previously determined rate for normals was 4.7 +/- 1.3 mm per
      minute.) In four of five patients with ciliary dysfunction, CBF was below 7.5 Hz
      while in the one patient of the 12 without ciliary dysfunction CBF was at the
      lower limit of normal values. Thus, mucociliary clearance responds to load,
      depends partly on CBF, and has a built-in control system and the means for
      compensating for ciliary dysfunction.

PMID- 2394140
TI  - Recovery of the ventilatory and upper airway muscles and exercise performance
      after type A botulism.
AB  - We studied six patients with type A botulism to determine the degree of initial
      respiratory compromise and to quantitate the time course and extent of recovery
      of the ventilatory and upper airway muscles and exercise performance. The VM
      weakness was identified in all patients early after botulism. Upper airway muscle
      weakness was also common, requiring intubation for airway protection in one
      patient. Recovery of VM and upper airway muscle strength occurred in all
      patients, predominantly over the first 12 weeks but continued up to one year in
      several. A similar time course of improvement was noted for exercise performance.
      Ventilatory limitation was an unusual cause for exercise limitation. By 12
      months, lung function, VM and upper airway muscle strength and exercise
      performance had returned to normal in all but one patient. We conclude that VM
      and upper airway muscle weakness occurs in most patients with clinically
      significant type A botulism.

PMID- 2394141
TI  - Respiratory failure of acute organophosphate and carbamate poisoning.
AB  - Respiratory failure (RF) developed in 43 (40.2 percent) of 107 patients with
      acute organophosphate or carbamate poisoning; 22 (51.2 percent) died. The 64
      patients who did not develop RF survived. All cases of RF developed within 96
      hours after poisoning: within 24 hours in 35 patients (acute onset) and between
      24 and 96 hours in eight patients (subacute onset). Severity of poisoning was the
      primary determinating factor for RF. Cardiovascular collapse and pneumonia were
      also associated with RF. In 19 patients with cardiovascular collapse, 17 had
      acute onset of RF and two had subacute onset. In 28 patients with pneumonia, 17
      developed acute onset of RF and eight developed subacute onset. No
      organophosphorus compound caused RF more frequently than another. The duration of
      ventilator support for subacute RF was significantly longer than for acute RF
      (287 +/- 186 vs 115 +/- 103 hours, p = 0.02). The use of pralidoxime did not
      reduce the incidence of RF. We found that severity of poisoning, cardiovascular
      collapse, and pneumonia were the predisposing factors to RF. The golden time for
      treatment of acute organophosphate or carbamate poisoning was the initial 96
      hours. No RF occurred after this time. Aggressive treatment and prevention of the
      above three factors will reduce the incidence of RF, or in other words, reduce
      the mortality.

PMID- 2394142
TI  - The flow-ratio index. An approach for measuring the influence of age and
      cigarette smoking on maximum expiratory flow-volume curve configuration.
AB  - A forced expiratory flow ratio, derived from the average slope of the maximum
      expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curve over a specified volume interval, was
      examined in healthy asymptomatic cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. This index was
      developed to have the properties that it would be (1) simple to calculate, (2)
      less effort dependent than indices that incorporate peak flow, and (3) free of
      influence from the configurational detail and noise frequently occurring at
      higher lung volumes on MEFV curves. Forced expired vital capacity maneuvers were
      performed by participants in a worksite health promotion program. Data from
      asymptomatic individuals with normal pulmonary function were analyzed for 49
      cigarette smokers and 52 nonsmokers; 25 individuals had MEFV curves collected
      twice over a one-year interval. The ratio of flow derived from an average MEFV
      slope to instantaneous flow was calculated over the lower half of the vital
      capacity. Flow ratios were expressed as a percentage of the instantaneous flow at
      75 percent of the expired vital capacity (FR75). This ratio was reproducible from
      year 1 to year 2 (r = 0.86, p less than 0.0001). Furthermore, the FR75 was well
      correlated with age among cigarette smokers and nonsmokers (r = 0.68 and 0.63
      respectively). The slope of the least squares regression equation relating FR75
      to age was significantly greater among smokers than nonsmokers (2.90 percent per
      year vs. 1.73 percent per year, p less than 0.025). While there was a significant
      interactive influence of age and total pack-years on the FR75 (F = 2.91, p =
      0.02), this index did not differ systematically by gender. We conclude that the
      FR25 is a more sensitive index of altered lung function in cigarette smokers than
      are results of conventional pulmonary function.

PMID- 2394143
TI  - Recovery after unilateral phrenic injury associated with coronary artery
      revascularization.
AB  - Hemidiaphragmatic paralysis occurs in some patients following CAB surgery,
      possibly related to an intraoperative stretch or cold-induced phrenic injury. To
      determine the time and extent of recovery of phrenic nerve function, we studied
      five patients with left phrenic paresis or paralysis after CAB. The FVC, FEV1,
      Pmax and PEmax pressures, latency of conduction and amplitude of CDAP with
      phrenic nerve stimulation, and diaphragmatic excursion during fluoroscopy were
      measured for 12 months after CAB. Left phrenic paralysis was substantiated in
      four of five patients, and paresis was present in the other patient. Recovery of
      the left phrenic nerve occurred in all patients, complete in one and partial in
      four, but was delayed and continued for up to 12 months. We conclude that phrenic
      nerve recovery is delayed after CAB-associated injury and may be incomplete up to
      14 months later, in keeping with rates of regeneration of other peripheral
      nerves.

PMID- 2394144
TI  - Diastolic time during static and dynamic exercise in myocardial infarction.
AB  - To evaluate the difference in the response of DT in the early phase of static
      (sustained weight load) and dynamic (treadmill) exercise, the relation of DT and
      HR was studied by ear densitography in 11 patients with myocardial infarction.
      None of the patients had an ischemic electrocardiographic response during
      exercise. Despite an increase in HR and the pressure-HR product with both types
      of exercise, the pressure-HR product was significantly higher at three minutes of
      dynamic exercise, which was associated with a significant lengthening of left
      ventricular ejection time. Diastolic blood pressure rose significantly during
      static exercise, but it remained unchanged with dynamic exercise.
      Electromechanical systole and HR had a linear inverse relation at three minutes
      of exercise, and DT and HR had a nonlinear inverse relation (DT = e7.29-0.0156 x
      HR, and DT = e7.07-0.0142 x HR for static and dynamic exercises, respectively). A
      significant prolongation of QS2 with a consequent shortening of DT (p less than
      0.05) was observed in dynamic exercise. In addition to a higher pressure-HR
      product, the disproportionate shortening of diastole in the early phase of
      dynamic exercise has a potential for initiating imbalance of myocardial oxygen
      supply and demand.

PMID- 2394145
TI  - Cardiac arrhythmias during theophylline toxicity. A prospective continuous
      electrocardiographic study.
AB  - To examine the effects of theophylline toxicity on cardiac rhythm, patients
      underwent continuous ambulatory ECG recording during acute theophylline toxicity
      and recovery. The patients, who were recruited form inpatient wards, intensive
      care units, and emergency departments of a University Medical Center and a
      Veterans Administration Medical Center, had serum theophylline concentrations
      (STC) greater than 30 mg/L. There were 14 men and two women with a mean age of 66
      years. Fourteen patients had COPD and developed toxicity following long-term
      theophylline overmedication. Two patients had asthma and ingested an intentional
      overdose. The STC at the onset of ECG recording ranged from 23 to 67 mg/L. The
      principal rhythm was sinus in 15 patients; one patient had atrial fibrillation.
      Sinus tachycardia (heart rate greater than 100/min) was common, and heart rate
      fell in proportion to STC as toxicity resolved. Supraventricular ectopic beats
      (SVEs) were noted in seven patients with multiple runs of SVE being present in
      four. One patient developed multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT) during toxicity
      that resolved spontaneously. During the 11 +/- 8 hours of recording during
      toxicity (STC greater than 20 mg/L), 80 percent of patients had ventricular
      premature beats (VPBs), 44 percent had paired VPBs, and 25 percent had
      ventricular runs. One elderly patient with heart disease developed sustained
      ventricular tachycardia (VT) when STC = 66 mg/L. No other patient had ventricular
      ectopy that required intervention. During the 10 +/- 6 hours of recording during
      the "recovery phase" (STC less than 20 mg/L), all patients with VPBs continued to
      have ectopy; however, the number of VPBs declined significantly. A follow-up 24
      hour ECG recording obtained one week after recovery from toxicity in the patient
      with sustained VT demonstrated marked reduction in the frequency and complexity
      of VPBs. Patients with frequent (greater than 10/h) or repetitive VPBs were older
      (p less than 0.05) than those without complex ectopy. There was a trend (p =
      0.07) suggesting patients with underlying heart disease were at risk for having
      complex ventricular ectopy. We conclude that sinus tachycardia, SVE, and VPBs are
      common among patients with theophylline toxicity; however, sustained ventricular
      or supraventricular tachyarrhythmias that require antiarrhythmic therapy are
      uncommon.

PMID- 2394146
TI  - Pancreatic pseudocyst. An uncommon mediastinal mass.

PMID- 2394147
TI  - Prophylactic antibiotic usage in cardiothoracic surgery.

PMID- 2394148
TI  - Acute and subacute effects of injury on the canine alveolar septum.
AB  - The effect of papain on the prevalence and distribution of alveolar macrophages,
      alveolar septal interstitial tissue gaps and epithelial cells in normal canine
      pulmonary alveoli was studied by light and electron microscopy. Serial sections
      of whole alveoli from control animals and from animals sacrificed 4 h, two weeks
      and one month after the instillation into one lung of crude papain in saline
      solution containing India ink as a marker were compared. In dogs, as in humans,
      there is normally a zonal distribution of alveolar macrophages and type 2 cells
      at alveolar junctional sites. We hypothesize that early alveolar septal injury
      takes place at these junctional sites, judging from concentration of alveolar
      macrophages and interstitial septal gaps at these sites following papain
      exposure, and also that septal repair activities are greatest at these sites, in
      view of the preponderance and high prevalence of type 2 cells occupying
      interstitial septal gaps in junctional zones. Consequently, the type 2 cell may
      play a role beyond that of merely replacing type 1 epithelial cells following
      alveolar septal injury.

PMID- 2394149
TI  - Failure of lung repair following acute lung injury. Regulation of the
      fibroproliferative response (Part 1).

PMID- 2394150
TI  - Recurrent pneumonia.

PMID- 2394151
TI  - Cardiopulmonary physicians' preferred formats for continuing medical education.

PMID- 2394152
TI  - Masked atrial tachycardia with ventricular pseudobigeminy by 1:3 tracking of DDD
      pacemaker.

PMID- 2394153
TI  - Primary pulmonary artery sarcoma. A method of resection.
AB  - Primary pulmonary artery sarcoma classically presents with symptoms and findings
      suggestive of acute pulmonary artery occlusion. An angiocentric mass or the
      finding of spindling neoplasm on needle biopsy should suggest this neoplasm. The
      rare unilateral location in the present case permitted resection by
      pneumonectomy. An endarterectomy technique was used to extract loosely adherent
      tumor-thrombus from the more proximal portions of the left pulmonary artery.

PMID- 2394154
TI  - Fever, pulmonary infiltrates, and pleural effusion following acyclovir therapy
      for herpes zoster ophthalmicus.
AB  - A 71-year-old man presented with herpes zoster ophthalmicus and ocular
      involvement. Following the institution of intravenous therapy with acyclovir, the
      patient developed fever, hemoptysis, and a pleural friction rub. A ventilation
      perfusion lung scan showed no defects; roentgenograms showed bilateral
      infiltrates and a left-sided pleural effusion. The fever abated promptly
      following discontinuation of acyclovir, and radiographic abnormalities resolved
      over ten days. No other anti-infective therapy was given. To our knowledge, the
      syndrome of fever, pulmonary infiltrates, and pleural effusion following use of
      acyclovir has not been previously reported.

PMID- 2394155
TI  - Obligate mouth breathing during exercise. Nasal and laryngeal sarcoidosis.
AB  - A young black man presented with simultaneous nasal and laryngeal sarcoidosis,
      each uncommon entities. Despite severe upper airway obstruction and emergent
      tracheostomy, there was an uncharacteristic rapid response to oral steroids
      alone. The patient's predominant initial complaint of early mouth breathing
      during routine army physical training demonstrates a symptom complex and an
      alternate mechanism of dyspnea to consider in sarcoidosis.

PMID- 2394156
TI  - Localized epicarditis mimicking cardiac tumor.
AB  - A rare case of localized epicarditis mimicked a cardiac tumor. The diagnosis was
      confirmed at surgery. Epicardial peel with resection of the aneurysmal right
      atrial appendage resulted in complete recovery.

PMID- 2394157
TI  - Nifedipine and prazosin in the management of pulmonary hypertension in CREST
      syndrome.
AB  - A 62-year-old woman with CREST syndrome and isolated pulmonary hypertension
      (without evidence of interstitial lung disease) underwent right heart
      catheterization to evaluate the effect of steroid and vasodilator treatment on
      hemodynamic parameters. During 12 weeks of prednisone treatment in a dosage of 40
      mg daily, her condition markedly deteriorated clinically and hemodynamically as
      manifested by pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary vascular resistance
      (PVR), cardiac output (CO), mixed venous O2 saturation, and systemic vascular
      resistance (SVR). Successive trials with various vasodilators demonstrated
      ineffectiveness of isosorbide dinitrate and phenoxybenzamine, whereas nifedipine
      was effective in a 15-mg single dose, and prazosin 1 mg was partially effective
      in reducing PVR, SVR, and increasing CO and mixed venous O2 saturation. The
      combination of nifedipine 10 mg and prazosin 0.5 mg given alternately every four
      hours for 48 hours was the most effective in reducing PVR and PAP. Clinical
      response was favorable as well until treatment with medications was discontinued
      due to gastrointestinal side effects one month later.

PMID- 2394158
TI  - Albuterol and spacer-induced atrial fibrillation.
AB  - Albuterol used with a spacer device which induced atrial fibrillation is
      described. Inhaled sympathomimetics have been extensively studied for the
      treatment of asthma and have generally been found to be safe from cardiac
      arrhythmias. A review of the literature is presented.

PMID- 2394159
TI  - Aspiration pneumonia due to diffuse cervical hyperostosis.
AB  - Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis previously has been reported to cause a
      number of extraspinal manifestations including dysphagia, respiratory distress,
      dysphonia and cervical myelopathy. We report a case of cervical DISH so extensive
      as to interfere with the swallowing mechanism and lead to aspiration. Patients
      with DISH who have mechanical compression of the posterior pharynx may be at high
      risk for aspiration.

PMID- 2394160
TI  - Complete resolution of roentgenographic changes in a patient with pulmonary
      histiocytosis X.
AB  - A smoker presented with pleuritic chest pain and was found to have
      reticulonodular interstitial opacities on chest x-ray film. Open lung biopsy
      revealed changes consistent with histiocytosis X, a disease seen almost
      exclusively in smokers. Smoking cessation was recommended, and the patient
      complied. A chest x-ray film taken nearly three years later revealed complete
      resolution of the radiographic abnormalities. It is proposed that smoking
      cessation may be related to the improvement in this patient's chest x-ray film
      findings, and that it should be recommended for all patients with pulmonary
      histiocytosis X.

PMID- 2394161
TI  - Unilateral bronchospasm during pleurodesis in an asthmatic patient.
AB  - A case of unilateral bronchospasm during pleurodesis in a patient with a history
      of recurrent pneumothorax and asthma is presented. The etiology of this event is
      not clear; however, it likely includes reflex parasympathetic bronchoconstriction
      due to physical stimulation of the pleural surface during pleurodesis. Treatment
      involved independent lung ventilation, corticosteroids, and aminophylline.

PMID- 2394162
TI  - A rare malposition of the central venous catheter.
AB  - The left pericardiacophrenic vein was accidentally cannulated during an attempt
      to establish central venous catheterization through the left internal jugular
      vein. Chest roentgenograms and intravenous contrast material confirmed the
      position of the catheter. Although our patient developed no problems during a
      five-day cannulation, based on published information, it is advisable to
      reposition the catheter to avoid perforation of the pericardiacophrenic vein and
      possible cardiac tamponade.

PMID- 2394163
TI  - Bronchoscopy: enough or not enough?

PMID- 2394164
TI  - Utility of echocardiography in AIDS.

PMID- 2394165
TI  - Laryngeal damage from intubation.

PMID- 2394167
TI  - Treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax.

PMID- 2394166
TI  - Multiple endobronchial metastases due to renal carcinoma and laser therapy.

PMID- 2394168
TI  - Enticements for fruitless bronchoscopy.

PMID- 2394169
TI  - Legal issues in cardiopulmonary medicine.

PMID- 2394170
TI  - Pleural, alveolar and blood T-lymphocyte subsets in pleuropulmonary sarcoidosis.

PMID- 2394171
TI  - An unusual cause of pneumothorax during percutaneous pleural biopsy.

PMID- 2394172
TI  - Complication with a transbronchial histology needle.

PMID- 2394173
TI  - Extended survival with a porcine mitral valve bioprosthesis.

PMID- 2394174
TI  - [The use of plasma in dentistry].

PMID- 2394175
TI  - [The twin implant. A new approach to anterior units in a thin ridge].

PMID- 2394176
TI  - [The maxillary sinus and implantology].

PMID- 2394177
TI  - [A root covering technic: the coronally repositioned bipedicle flap].

PMID- 2394178
TI  - [Oral manifestations of lichen planus. 1. Clinical aspects].

PMID- 2394179
TI  - Association of HLA antigens with myasthenia gravis in Chinese on Taiwan.
AB  - HLA phenotypes were studied in 82 Chinese patients with myasthenia gravis (MG)
      and 202 healthy controls, using standard microcytotoxicity assay. The patients
      showed significant increase in HLA-Bw46 (46.3% vs 17.3%, chi 2 = 25.7, p less
      than 0.001), HLA-DR9 (56.1% vs 15%, chi 2 = 35.7, p less than 0.001) and HLA-DQw3
      (89% vs 63.6%, chi 2 = 15.9, p less than 0.001). The HLA-DR3 was decreased (2.4%
      vs 32.7%, chi 2 = 27.0, p less than 0.001). Both HLA-Bw46 and -DR9 were increased
      in all subgroups except the over 40 at age of onset group. In thymectomised
      patients, no association with HLA antigen was found in the thymoma group, whereas
      both involuted and hyperplasic thymus groups had HLA DR9 association and only the
      hyperplasic thymus group showed HLA Bw46 association. No association with HLA
      antigens was noted in patients with low antibody titer, however, patients with
      antibody titers between 0.2 to 2 n mole/1, had an association with HLA Bw46 and
      DR9. The HLA DQw3 was associated with the group of female MG patients, age onset
      below 10 and with ocular myasthenia. Finally, the HLA A2, Bw46 and DR9
      combination was also significantly increased in patients [24.3% (20/82) vs 7.4%
      (8/107), chi 2 = 10.5, p less than 0.001], especially in the subgroup of male MG,
      age onset below 10 and with ocular myasthenia.

PMID- 2394180
TI  - Characterization of monoclonal antibody binding site to the polymorphic length of
      hepatitis B surface antigen synthesized in a cell-free system.
AB  - A combination of two modern biological techniques, hybridoma and recombinant DNA,
      was described to screen and characterize a monoclonal antibody binding site.
      Three monoclonal antibodies, M27, M9 and M01 recognizing to a specific domain of
      the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), were determined by their ability
      to immunoprecipitate the in vitro synthesized HBsAg in a polymorphic length.
      Results indicated that the M9 and M01 both recognize the S region of surface
      antigen while the M27 binds to the pre-S2 region of surface antigen.

PMID- 2394181
TI  - Antibiotic combination effect on the clinical isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila.
AB  - The effect of antibiotic combinations on 191 clinical strains of Aeromonas
      hydrophila was analysed by checkerboard microdilution methods. The combinations
      of antibiotics were as follows: amikacin (AN) + carbenicillin (CB), AN +
      cephalexin (CLX), AN + piperacillin (PIP), AN + cefoperazone (CFP), AN +
      ceftriaxone (ROC), gentamicin (GM) + CB, GM + CLX, GM + PIP, GM + CFP, GM + ROC,
      GM + tetracycline (TC). The results of this study indicated that (i) the effect
      of AN + CB and AN + PIP was considered synergistic (their fractional inhibitory
      concentration (FIC) index of less than or equal to 0.5 was equal to 85.9% and
      83.2%); (ii) the combination of GM + PIP, GM + CB, AN + CLX and GM + CLX was
      considered additive (their FIC index of = 1 were 79.0%, 82.7%, 76.4% and 93.2%,
      respectively); and (iii) the combination of GM + TC, GM + CFP, AN + ROC, AN + CFP
      and GM + ROC was considered antagonistic (their FIC index of = 2 was 55.0%, 67.6%
      61.3% 68.6% and 71.2%, respectively). AN + CB, and AN + PIP combinations revealed
      the highest bactericidal activity, based on conclusions drawn from the bacterial
      killing curve study. Therefore, it is suggested that when clinicians attempt to
      use a drug combination to treat infection caused by A. hydrophila, they should
      consider the possible outcome of antibiotic combinations and choose the
      appropriate therapy.

PMID- 2394182
TI  - Photodynamic effect of methionine-riboflavin mixture on rabbit red blood cells.
AB  - The photodynamic effect of methionine-riboflavin mixture (MR) on membranous
      system of living cells was examined using rabbit red blood cells (RBCs) as an
      assay system. Evident increases of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive substances,
      which reflected presumably the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the
      peroxidation of membrane lipid, were detected from tested MR-RBCs system shortly
      after light exposure. Moreover, there was a paralleled increase of leakage of
      hemoglobin and other cellular proteins from the treated cells which indicated the
      substantial damages on the membrane function. At pHs ranged from 4.0 to 8.0, the
      rate of MDA production of RBCs in MR appeared to increase with the decrease of
      pH. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was also noted that the extent of
      protein leakage from MR-treated RBCs and the associated protein degredation were
      both greatest at pH around 4.0-5.0. This strongly supported our previous view on
      the participation of Haber-Weiss reaction and hydroxyl radicals in the biological
      damages of the studied MR reaction system. The lethal effect of MR on living
      cells was clearly shown by evidence obtained from scanning electron microscopy
      which indicated that tested RBCs in MR were severely deformed very shortly after
      illumination. It seemed apparent that the strong biocidal activity of MR was due
      in great part to the peroxidation of membrane lipid and the destruction of
      cellular protein molecules.

PMID- 2394183
TI  - A stochastic simulation of tumor growth.
AB  - The growth of a tumor is described by a nonlinear stochastic representation. A
      systematic approach based on Taylor series expansion is adopted to solve the
      nonlinear master equation governing the variation of tumor weight as a function
      of time. The analysis of the available experimental data reveals that the growth
      rate of a tumor has a power law dependence on its weight.

PMID- 2394184
TI  - [Effects of solute on growth and intracellular salt concentration of Pediococcus
      halophilus CCRC 12884 isolated from Inyu mash].
AB  - Optimal growth conditions for Pediococcus halophilus CCRC 12884, a halophilic
      strain of lactic acid bacterium isolated from Inyu (black bean sauce) mash, were
      MRS broth with 10% NaCl and 35 degrees C of incubation temperature. The NaCl in
      media could not be replaced by sucrose or glycerol of same concentrations, and
      under certain osmolarity, growth of P. halophilus CCRC 12884 only in NaCl was
      better than that in NaCl plus sucrose or glycerol. To determine effects of
      monovalent and divalent ions on P. halophilus CCRC 12884, it was found that close
      relations were present among Na+, K+ and PO4(-3). The intracellular concentration
      of Na+ in P. halophilus CCRC 12884 was not correspondent to its extracellular
      concentration of NaCl, but intracellular K+ and quaternary ammonium compounds
      significantly increased as extracellular NaCl increased. Adding 0-3.5 mM betaine
      to media with different contents of NaCl would not affect the growth of this
      halophilic bacterium. On feeding 14C-ethanolamine to the bacterium, no
      intracellular 14C-betaine was synthesized.

PMID- 2394185
TI  - HLA haplotype frequencies of Taiwan-Chinese families.
AB  - HLA haplotype frequency was studied by typing 201 members of 32 unrelated
      families. Linkage disequilibrium was determined by observed and expected
      haplotype frequencies. The two-locus haplotype frequencies with most significant
      linkage disequilibrium were A30-B13, Aw33-B17, Bw46-Cw11, B12-Cw8, A1-Cw6 and A33
      Cw3. No locus recombination was noted among 137 children.

PMID- 2394186
TI  - The effects of myasthenic immunoglobulin G on the ultrastructure of mouse motor
      endplate.
AB  - The effects of immunoglobulin G (IgG), taken from a patient with myasthenia
      gravis (MG), were studied on the ultrastructure of mouse diaphragm. IgG from a
      normal patient served as control. After chronic intraperitoneal injection of IgG
      isolated from the normal patient, the axon terminal of the mouse diaphragm was
      filled with numerous synaptic vesicles, mitochondria as well as occasional
      bundles of fine neurofilaments and neurotubules. Primary and secondary synaptic
      clefts appeared normal. Similar results showed in the axon terminal of the mouse
      chronically injected with IgG from MG patient. No significant ultrastructure
      changes were found in the motor endplate of mouse injected chronically with IgG
      from a MG patient compared with the motor endplate of mouse injected chronically
      with IgG from normal patient. It is postulated that IgG from MG may not exert
      morphological changes on the mouse diaphragm, even after chronic intraperitoneal
      injection.

PMID- 2394187
TI  - [Clinical Aeromonas hydrophila contain the DNA fragments with nucleotide sequence
      similar to those of hemolysin and cholera-toxin gene].
AB  - The artificially synthesized aquatic Aeromonas hydrophila partial aerolysin gene
      DNA (Ae, containing 48 oligonucleotides), and partial cholera-toxin gene DNA
      fragments (C1 and C2, containing 34 and 19 oligonucleotide, respectively) were
      used as probes to determine their DNA sequence homology to the chromosome DNA of
      191 strains of the clinically isolated A. hydrophila, using the colony
      hybridization test. The three probes had a positive reaction with clinical A.
      hydrophila strains. Several positive strains of this organism were further
      screened by cutting reaction with restriction endonuclease BamHI and EcoRI, the
      alkaline Southern transfer, and DNA hybridization test. Some strains were found
      to be positive in reacting with Ae and C1, but negative with C2. The findings led
      to the conclusion that the DNA sequences were homologous among the clinical A.
      hydrophila toxin gene, cholera-toxin gene and aquatic A. hydrophila aerolysin
      gene.

PMID- 2394188
TI  - [Cloning and sequencing of hemolysin gene from clinical Aeromonas hydrophila].
AB  - Aerolysin is one of the important virulence factors for Aeromonas hydrophila
      infection. To understand the characteristics of the aerolysin gene in clinical A.
      hydrophila, a genomic library was constructed by using pUC19 as cloning vector.
      The positive clone containing the aerolysin gene was selected by the colony
      hybridization method, using the aerolysin probe (an 48 mer oligonucleotide) of
      aquatic A. hydrophila. Four positive out of 1,200 transformants were obtained
      from the primarily screened genomic library, and were further identified for
      specific binding capability by the dot blot hybridization method. One of three
      positive clones, designated as pAH-1, was further analyzed by the restriction
      mapping technique. For further sequencing the aerolysin gene nucleotides, the 3.0
      kb fragment of A. hydrophila isolated from pAH-1 was cloned into pBluescriptII,
      pKS+, resulting in plasmid pKAH-1. Subclones of pKAH-1 were constructed and
      determined for the presence of 48 mer aerolysin gene sequence by dot blot
      hybridization method. These (subclones pKS+SS and pSK+SS) were selected for
      nucleotide sequencing by single-stranded dideoxy sequencing method. The
      nucleotide sequence similarity coefficient between clinical and aquatic strains
      of A. hydrophila was 76%; whereas between clinical strains of A. hydrophila and
      A. sobria was 71%. Since the length of the A. hydrophila DNA fragment cloned into
      pAH-1 is 3.0 kb, a larger size than the aerolysin gene of aquatic A. hydrophila
      (1.45 kb) and, also, includes 3' region of aerolysin gene in aquatic A.
      hydrophila, the indication is that the clone, pKAH-1, contains an entire
      aerolysin gene of A. hydrophila. The similarity between a small region
      (containing 8 amino acids) of the aerolysin in the clinical A. hydrophila and the
      alpha toxin of Staphylococcus aureus suggests that there is functional
      significance in this region.

PMID- 2394189
TI  - Gene probe coated piezoelectric biosensors for biochemical analysis.
AB  - A new method has been developed to monitor DNA hybridization by using
      piezoelectric (PZ) crystal biosensor system. AT-cut crystals, with a basic
      resonant frequency of 9 MHz, were modified by a series of surface pretreatment as
      followings: gold plated, anoidical oxidation and gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
      treatment. Single stranded DNA probe was electro-blotted onto the surface of
      crystal electrodes. The DNA probe was further fixed on the crystal surface by UV
      crosslinking. The crystal sensor is dipped into the hybridization solution and
      the surface mass increase, caused by hybridization, is measured by the decrease
      in the resonant frequency of the crystal. The potential capability to obtain
      qualitative as well as quantitative information on a sample through such an DNA
      hybridization assay makes this technique an attractive alternative to
      conventional analytical techniques that require use of radio-isotope.

PMID- 2394190
TI  - Cryptosporidiosis in AIDS and non-AIDS patients.
AB  - Stool specimens were collected from 433 diarrheal patients (87 AIDS and 346 non
      AIDS), among which, 154 specimens from 84 patients (45 AIDS and 39 non-AIDS) had
      cryptosporidial oocysts detected by acid-fast stain method. The overall incidence
      of cryptosporidiosis in this study was 19%; however, the incidence in the AIDS
      patients was almost 5 times of that in the non-AIDS patients. The consistency of
      154 specimens having oocysts were 71 (46%) watery, 57 (37%) loose and 26 (17%)
      soft. The consistency of positive specimens from the AIDS patients and the non
      AIDS patients were different; among 86 from AIDS patients, 54 (63%) of them were
      watery and 7 (8%) were soft; whereas in 68 positive specimens from the non-AIDS
      patients, 32 (47%) were loose and 19 (28%) were soft. The positive cases were
      found all-year-round and with a slightly higher incidence in December-February,
      30 cases (36%), and in June-August, 23 cases (27%). Although a few enteric
      bacteria pathogens and protozoan parasites were also found in the stool specimens
      of patients with cryptosporidiosis, no close association with Cryptosporidium was
      found. As shown in this study, cryptosporidiosis is the leading cause of gastro
      intestinal illness in great New York area and is not uncommonly found in AIDS and
      non-AIDS patients.

PMID- 2394191
TI  - A simple method for maintaining Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri.
AB  - A typical colony of each of strains XW17, XW45, XW47, XW82, XW86, XW118, and
      XW138 of Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri was streaked onto nutrient agar, GY
      agar, minimal agar, and semi-enriched minimal agar plates, respectively. The agar
      plates, after incubated at 30 degrees C for 2-4 days, were inverted and stored at
      4 degrees C in darkness. All of the X. campestris pv. citri strains retained
      their viability for at least 26 weeks on the semi-enriched minimal agar plates;
      whereas, cultures of these bacterial strains survived for only 2-10 weeks on the
      nutrient agar, 2-5 weeks on the GY agar plates and 12-26 weeks on the minimal
      agar plates. The bacterial strains which survived after 22-26 weeks on the semi
      enriched minimal agar and minimal agar plates, respectively, also retained their
      ability to produce typical colonies and virulence. Thus, this semi-enriched
      minimal agar plate method is a simple and efficient way for maintaining the X.
      campestris pv. citri strains for a relatively long period.

PMID- 2394192
TI  - [Cerebrospinal fluid study in Chinese patients with multiple sclerosis].
AB  - The demonstration of intrathecally synthesized IgG had been known to be one of
      the most important aids in diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Three
      quantitative methods (CSF IgG, IgG index, de novo IgG synthesis rate) and
      qualitative detection of oligoclonal band (OB) were used in this study. We
      collected CSF and serum samples from 22 patients, including 14 with clinically
      definite MS (DMS) and 8 with clinically possible MS (PMS). The 3 quantitative CSF
      IgG index were significantly increased in DMS group (p less than 0.05) as
      compared with normal control group, but not in PMS group. There was no difference
      in the positive rate of OB between DMS and PMS (both are 50%). The relationship
      between IgG index and various clinical condition in DMS patients are as
      following: The 3 CSF IgG index were increased only in the patients with younger
      age onset, shorter duration, higher relapsing rate, spinal form and disease in
      relapsing stage. The positive rate of OB was increased only in the patients with
      longer duration and higher relapsing rate. The follow-up study showed the
      presence of OB was not change while the disease was remissive. It was concluded
      that CSF IgG, IgG index, de novo IgG synthesis rate had good correlation with
      clinical diagnosis, and were good reference for clinical course, disease
      activity, and therapeutic effect in Chinese patients with MS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2394193
TI  - [A quantitative analysis for determining porosity of pre-compressed and vacuum
      mixed bone cement].
AB  - The porosity and the mechanical strength of 64 bone cement specimens were
      investigated. Different types of mixing procedures were tested: 1) hand, 2)
      compression, 3) vacuum and 4) the combination of vacuum stirring and compression.
      The differences in porosity and mechanical stability are remarkable. In relation
      to hand-mixed bone cement all techniques are leading to a reduction in the number
      of cavities. Specimens made by compression are showing a confluence of several
      small cavities to a few large. There is only a change in the distribution of the
      embedded gas volume, but not a reduction. The lowest porosity is seen in vacuum
      mixed specimens.

PMID- 2394194
TI  - [Acute mesenteric ischemia].
AB  - 83 patients with acute intestinal ischemia are presented. The aim of the study is
      to characterize anamnestic and clinical signs of this severe disease. Mainly old
      people with various cardiac illnesses suffer from acute intestinal ischemia.
      Precise anamnesis sometimes leads to the etiology of the obstruction. Clinical
      examination may show the extent of the disease. Angiography is mandatory for
      correct diagnosis. Early recognition and aggressive therapy significantly improve
      prognosis.

PMID- 2394195
TI  - [Pain in ambulatory surgery. A prospective follow-up study].
AB  - Although acute pain is most often the dominant symptom that causes a patient to
      visit the out-patient clinic there is a lack of data concerning duration,
      intensity and quality of pain. Therefore, the physician's treatment is most often
      insufficient and the patient has to fix the dose of drugs himself. To get
      reliable and objective data a prospective trial on 161 patients in our out
      patient clinic was performed using clinical instruments for measurement. 84% of
      the patients reported significant pain in the out-patient clinic compared to 96%
      during the prehospital period. Pain intensity is highly depended on the type of
      injury (bone injuries hurt more than soft tissue injuries). To get more reliable
      data on the acute pain situation and to improve therapeutic interventions it is
      suggested to use the methods presented routinely.

PMID- 2394196
TI  - [Extensive angiodysplasia of the colon and rectum as a cause of recurrent lower
      intestinal hemorrhage].

PMID- 2394197
TI  - MHPG circadian rhythmicity in blood of healthy subjects.
AB  - An earlier study showed that plasma concentrations of total 3-methoxy-4
      hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), the major metabolite of norepinephrine, display a
      circadian rhythm in 6 male healthy subjects. In the previous study, the period of
      the rhythm was not fixed to 24 h thereby undermining the reliability of the
      cosinor parameter estimates. The present study extends the findings to a larger
      group of 12 clinically healthy male volunteers. Plasma total MHPG concentrations
      were determined every 3h for one full day. The data were fitted to a cosinor
      model fixing the period of the putative MHPG rhythm at 24 h. Several estimation
      techniques were utilized including Fourier analysis and time domain analysis with
      4 variations. It is concluded that a circadian rhythm indeed characterizes MHPG
      blood concentrations. The concordance among the various parameter estimates is
      discussed.

PMID- 2394198
TI  - Ultradian rhythmic models of blood pressure variation in normal human daily life.
AB  - To examine levels and variance structure of systolic blood pressure (SBP),
      diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR), we measured those 3 variables
      every 7.5 min for 24 h (approximately 192 samples each subject) by ambulatory
      monitoring in 2 nominated groups of normal volunteers: younger (Y; 8 men, 5
      women, 24-44 years) and older (O; 13 men, 12 women, 50-95 years). Y and O did not
      differ in either sleep or wake means for HR and DBP. Mean SBP in O was 17 mm Hg
      higher than in Y during wakefulness. Thirty-four subjects had significant low
      frequency variations (presumably the circadian rhythm) in SBP, DBP and HR,
      regardless of age. A periodic model fitting the time series required a 9 h
      feature (rhythm) for Y and O in DBP for best reduction of mean square error. In
      addition, O regularly showed 3 h features in both SBP and DBP, a 6 h feature in
      DBP and a 9 h feature in SBP, which were absent in Y. Our results suggest that
      low-power ultradian rhythms may appear in both SBP and DBP after age 50, and
      possibly serve as dynamic markers of normal cardiovascular aging.

PMID- 2394199
TI  - Corticosteroids and intratracheal surfactant both alter the distribution between
      the airways and lung tissue of intratracheally administered radiolabeled
      phosphatidylcholine in the preterm rabbit.
AB  - Developmental differences exist regarding quantitative aspects of surfactant
      phosphatidylcholine clearance from the alveolar space and its subsequent
      reutilization. We wished to further extend observations of this nature to
      prematurely delivered rabbits undergoing mechanical ventilation. In addition we
      tested the hypothesis that prenatal corticosteroid exposure and/or intratracheal
      surfactant at birth would produce alterations in the lung's clearance of
      phosphatidylcholine from the airways. Pregnant does were injected with either
      Ringer's lactate or betamethasone on days 25 and 26 of gestation. Fetuses were
      delivered at 27 days and given by intratracheal injection either surfactant or
      one-half strength Ringer's lactate, both of which were trace labeled with
      [3H]phosphatidylcholine. Fetuses then underwent mechanical ventilation for
      periods of time ranging from 10 to 120 min. Following ventilation, alveolar
      lavage and lung tissue were examined to determine the distribution of
      [3H]phosphatidylcholine between these two compartments. Antenatal corticosteroid
      exposure was associated with decreased recovery of the radiolabel from the
      alveolar space and increased recovery of the label from the lung tissue in
      comparison to control fetuses. Intratracheal surfactant was associated with
      persistence of the radiolabel within the alveolar space. Therapy with both of
      these modalities produced a radiolabel distribution that resembled that seen in
      fetuses receiving intratracheal surfactant alone.

PMID- 2394200
TI  - Pathophysiologic changes induced by phospholipase A2 in the isolated, perfused
      guinea pig lung.
AB  - Pathophysiologic changes induced by phospholipase A2 (PLA2), a lipolytic enzyme
      implicated in a variety of pulmonary diseases, were examined in the isolated,
      perfused guinea pig lung. Thirty microliters of vehicle (saline) or 30 units of
      PLA2 suspended in saline was given as a bolus injection into either the trachea
      or pulmonary artery, and the lungs were examined by combined light and
      transmission electron microscopy at 1, 10, and 30 min following administration.
      Pulmonary morphologic and physiologic changes were observed only in animals that
      received PLA2 via the trachea. Initially, morphologic evidence of airway
      constriction was accompanied by a significant increase in intratracheal pressure.
      No morphologic change was observed in alveolar parenchymal cell populations at
      this time. Later there was marked swelling of airway epithelial cells accompanied
      by pronounced blebbing of the apical cytoplasm with a subsequent decrease in
      airway lumen size. Interalveolar septa were multifocally thickened by edema and
      alveolar spaces contained sparse fibrogranular material 10 min after
      intratracheal PLA2. Significant increases in lung weight were observed at this
      time. Morphologic features of vasoconstriction, characterized by undulating and
      convoluted endothelium with prominent cytoplasmic processes resulting in
      decreased luminal size were observed in small caliber vessels and occurred in
      conjunction with significant increases in pulmonary arterial pressure. There was
      pronounced injury to type I alveolar epithelium, including marked cell swelling
      and fragmentation, accompanied by lesser injury in type II alveolar epithelium.
      This study demonstrates that the airway epithelium was the initial cell
      population having morphologic change following intratracheal PLA2, and that the
      airway epithelium and type I alveolar epithelium were the cell populations most
      severely affected following intratracheal PLA2. Results further suggest that
      normal circulating levels of blood-formed elements are not essential for the
      development of PLA2-induced morphologic change in the isolated, perfused guinea
      pig lung.

PMID- 2394201
TI  - Evaluation of reexpansion pulmonary edema following unilateral pneumothorax in
      rabbits and the effect of superoxide dismutase.
AB  - We investigated the lung injury that occurs following reexpansion of a unilateral
      pneumothorax and determined the effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) infused
      immediately prior to reexpansion on this injury. After 7 days of at least 80%
      right pneumothorax, rabbits received intravenous infusions of either SOD (n = 7),
      heat-inactivated SOD (n = 1), or vehicle (n = 7) immediately before lung
      reexpansion. Lung injury was assessed by measuring the systemic white cell
      counts, pulmonary blood volumes, extravascular albumin, extravascular lung water,
      wet/dry weight ratios, and histology 2 h after reexpansion. The reexpanded lung
      showed increased extravascular albumin, extravascular lung water and wet/dry
      weight ratios with decreased blood volumes compared to the uninjured lung. SOD
      delayed the onset of leukopenia and neutropenia at 3 and 7 min after reexpansion,
      but the white cell counts had decreased to the same level in both groups by 30
      min. SOD had no effect on the degree of injury after 2 h. While a single bolus of
      SOD given immediately before reexpansion delayed the onset of this injury, it did
      not affect the injury that subsequently developed in the lung.

PMID- 2394202
TI  - Lipids in airway mucus of acute quadriplegic patients.
AB  - Quadriplegic patients have difficulty in clearing lung mucus due to paralysis of
      muscles of respiration. In about 25% of these patients, excessive mucus in the
      airway necessitates tracheostomy, and in some patients it is fatal. In others
      there is spontaneous recovery. To determine if the excessive mucus results from
      secretion of abnormal mucus or from accumulation of normal mucus, we analyzed the
      lipids in mucus from eight quadriplegic patients. Lipids were separated from
      other constituents of the mucus by density gradient ultracentrifugation,
      extracted with chloroform-methanol (2:1), and examined by high-performance thin
      layer chromatography (HPTLC). Cholesterol was the major neutral lipid;
      phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin were the main
      phospholipids. Glycolipids were predominant, lactosylceramide (CDH) being the
      highest in amount. Two-dimensional HPTLC as well as high-performance lipid
      chromatography also revealed the presence of gangliosides: comparison with
      standards indicated the presence of GM1, GM2, GM3, and some unidentified
      gangliosides. In normal mucus, cholesterol is the predominant lipid; phospholipid
      is present in smaller amounts but glycolipids are not identified. Thus, results
      of our lipid analysis show that mucus from the quadriplegic patients is abnormal
      and similar to that in hypersecretory diseases such as chronic bronchitis and
      cystic fibrosis. Unlike these latter cases, hypersecretion in the quadriplegic
      has a rapid onset and, often, spontaneous recovery, suggesting that this is due
      to abnormal stimulation rather than an increase in the population of secretory
      cells.

PMID- 2394203
TI  - Chronic respiratory effects of indoor formaldehyde exposure.
AB  - The relation of chronic respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function to
      formaldehyde (HCHO) in homes was studied in a sample of 298 children (6-15 years
      of age) and 613 adults. HCHO measurements were made with passive samplers during
      two 1-week periods. Data on chronic cough and phlegm, wheeze, attacks of
      breathlessness, and doctor diagnoses of chronic bronchitis and asthma were
      collected with self-completed questionnaires. Peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR)
      were obtained during the evenings and mornings for up to 14 consecutive days for
      each individual. Significantly greater prevalence rates of asthma and chronic
      bronchitis were found in children from houses with HCHO levels 60-120 ppb than in
      those less exposed, especially in children also exposed to environmental tobacco
      smoke. In children, levels of PEFR decreased linearly with HCHO exposure, with
      the estimated decrease due to 60 ppb of HCHO equivalent to 22% of PEFR level in
      nonexposed children. The effects in asthmatic children exposed to HCHO below 50
      ppb were greater than in healthy ones. The effects in adults were less evident:
      decrements in PEFR due to HCHO over 40 ppb were seen only in the morning, and
      mainly in smokers.

PMID- 2394204
TI  - Total body burdens and tissue concentrations of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, and
      ash in 55 human cadavers.
AB  - Trace metal contents of human tissues and total body burdens are useful for
      studies of nutrition and certain diseases. Data are summarized and analyzed for
      individuals exposed to the normal Cincinnati environment, for 29 tissues from 55
      cadavers for lead and ash concentrations, and from 26 cadavers for cadmium,
      copper, and zinc concentrations. Total body burdens also were calculated and
      correlated against each other and age. The distributions for ash, copper, and
      zinc were close to normal, but those for lead and cadmium were closer to
      lognormal. Bone lead increased with age, whereas soft tissue lead did not. The
      calculated mean percentage of total body lead in the bones ranged from 78% at age
      20 to 96% at age 80. Correlations of blood concentrations with total body burdens
      were negligible for cadmium and zinc. For copper the correlation coefficient was
      a poor 0.54. For lead in blood vs soft tissue burden it was a very poor 0.37, and
      vs total body lead it was negligible. Thus the use of blood samples as a
      convenient clinical measure of body burdens for these metals may be of limited
      value. These and other findings provide a useful bank of information for health
      studies.

PMID- 2394205
TI  - Suppression of murine natural killer cell activity by tributyltin: in vivo and in
      vitro assessment.
AB  - The effects of tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) and inorganic tin (IT) on murine
      natural killer (NK) cell activity were tested in vivo and in vitro. In vivo
      studies demonstrated that mice fed with TBT (10 and 100 ppm) daily for 1 week
      exhibited suppression in NK activity 38-46% at effector:target (E:T) ratio = 50:1
      compared to control mice. On the other hand, animals treated with inorganic tin
      showed no change in activity of NK cells. In vitro studies showed leukocytes,
      preincubated with TBTCl (0.01-0.1 ppm) at room temperature for 1 h and then
      washed three times, demonstrated significant suppression in NK activity (41 and
      85%) at concentrations 0.01 and 0.05 ppm, respectively. Increasing the dose to
      0.1 ppm, resulted in complete inhibition of the activity of NK cells. In
      contrast, IT had no effect on NK activity in vitro at the same concentrations of
      TBTCl. The effect of TBTCl appears to be due to interference with the binding
      capacity of effector cells, a necessary prerequisite for target cell lysis. In
      conclusion, TBTCl proved to be a very potent inhibitor of NK activity; this
      inhibition may predispose animals to malignancy, which is a characteristic
      feature reported recently for some TBT compounds.

PMID- 2394206
TI  - Structural determinants of the platelet agonist activity of cotton bract
      condensed tannin.
AB  - Previous studies on the platelet agonist activity of cotton bract condensed
      tannin have used tannins with apparent molecular weights greater than 10,000 Da
      as measured by dialysis and/or ultrafiltration. However, because tannins in
      cotton dust are heterogeneous in terms of molecular weight, it was important to
      determine if platelet agonist activity was related to polymer length. To
      accomplish this, aqueous extracts of cotton dust were fractionated by a series of
      graded Amicon ultrafiltrations and the resulting fractions were examined for
      tannin content and platelet agonist activity. All tannins with apparent molecular
      weight greater than 1000 Da were equally potent platelet agonists while those
      less than 1000 Da had no measurable platelet agonist activity. This polymer
      length dependence for activity was supported by the observation that two
      procyanidin dimers had only minimal platelet agonist activity. In addition,
      methylation of the tannin hydroxyl groups resulted in the loss of platelet
      agonist activity. Thus, the platelet agonist activity of tannin requires a
      minimum polymer length and the presence of free hydroxyl groups.

PMID- 2394208
TI  - Preparative isoelectric focusing of reduced wheat gluten proteins.
AB  - Proteins extracted from gluten of the bread wheat cultivar Fiorello 2 in the
      presence of 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol were separated by isoelectric
      focusing in a free solution in a pH 3-10 gradient containing 50% v/v 1-propanol
      or urea. The collected fractions were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 10% gels (high and medium molecular weight
      glutenin subunits) and 16% gels (low molecular weight gliadins). The isoelectric
      focusing pattern of gluten polypeptides in 50% v/v 1-propanol was comparable to
      that obtained on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, based on isoelectric
      focusing and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or nonequilibrium pH gradient
      electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A similar isoelectric
      focusing pattern was also observed when 3M urea was used as solvent. New gluten
      polypeptides, similar in mobility to the high molecular weight subunits of
      glutenin were detected at acidic pH.

PMID- 2394207
TI  - Comparative potency of inhaled acidic sulfates: speciation and the role of
      hydrogen ion.
AB  - Inhaled acidic sulfate aerosols affect various aspects of lung function,
      presumably by delivery of hydrogen ion (H+) to target sites. Recent evidence
      suggests that the relationship between response and H+ content of the exposure
      atmosphere may depend upon the specific sulfate species with which the H+ is
      associated. This study examined comparatively the effects of exposure to the two
      main ambient acidic sulfates, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and ammonium bisulfate
      (NH4HSO4), using the phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages as the endpoint.
      Rabbits were exposed to 250-2000 micrograms/m3 H2SO4 (as SO4(-2)) and 500-4000
      micrograms/m3 NH4HSO4 (as SO4(-2)) for 1 hr/day for 5 days; bronchopulmonary
      lavage was then performed for recovery of free lung cells. Phagocytosis, measured
      by uptake of opsonized latex spheres in vitro, was altered by exposure to H2SO4
      at concentrations greater than or equal to 500 micrograms/m3 and to NH4HSO4 at
      greater than or equal to 2000 micrograms/m3. Assessment of results in terms of
      the calculated hydrogen ion concentration in the exposure atmosphere showed that
      identical levels of H+ produced different degrees of response depending upon
      whether exposure was to H2SO4 or NH4HSO4. On the other hand, macrophages
      incubated in acidic environments in vitro responded similarly regardless of
      whether H2SO4 or NH4HSO4 was used to adjust the pH. Possible reasons for the
      difference in response observed in vivo and in vitro are discussed. Speciation of
      ambient acidic sulfate aerosols may be needed in atmospheric monitoring so as to
      assess the presence of H+ posing the greatest biologic hazard following
      inhalation exposure.

PMID- 2394209
TI  - Interlaboratory comparative study of the numerical analysis of one-dimensional
      sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic protein patterns of
      Campylobacter strains.
AB  - Twenty-nine bacterial strains of the genus Campylobacter were examined
      independently at two collaborating institutes, the National Collection of Type
      Cultures, London and the Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Rijksuniversiteit Gent.
      The one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic protein patterns of the
      strains were analysed using computerised numerical methods which employed a
      correlation coefficient and a clustering algorithm. The electrophoretic methods
      used at the two institutes included both major differences such as gel
      composition and running conditions and minor differences in buffer composition.
      Although the algorithm on which similarity and clustering were computed were the
      same, the detailed treatment of scan patterns differed. The resulting protein
      patterns in the gels differed markedly in appearance but after numerical analysis
      the two systems were equally effective in their ability to speciate the strains.
      There were, however, differences in the relationships between the species defined
      at the two institutes and these were at least partly due to the different
      background subtraction methods employed. In conclusion, the portability and
      reproducibility of the two systems for identification was demonstrated but for
      definitive classification further standardization may be required.

PMID- 2394210
TI  - Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic studies on the self-association of crotamine:
      characterization and molecular dimension of n-mer species.
AB  - Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) at pH 4.4 was used to study the
      concentration dependence of absolute mobility of crotamine. Within amounts
      ranging from 5-65 micrograms the toxin appeared in at least three n-mer species
      which were characterized by their geometrical mean radius R and molecular weight
      Mr estimation. The R and Mr values of crotamine bands were obtained from
      equations described in the literature and by using standard polypeptides and
      proteins submitted to the same experimental conditions. When amounts of up to 20
      micrograms were assayed by PAGE the bands had a monomer molecular weight value of
      4650 and R was 1.08 nm. From 20-35 micrograms the toxin migrated as dimer (Mr
      10,000) with an R value of 1.42 nm. However, amounts higher than 35 micrograms
      crotamine were mostly resolved in a "two-band" pattern with R and Mr values
      corresponding to higher associated species.

PMID- 2394211
TI  - Interaction of the vitamin D-binding protein (group-specific component) and its
      ligand 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3: binding differences of the various genetic types
      disclosed by isoelectric focusing.
AB  - The three common variants of the vitamin D binding protein, also known as group
      specific component (Gc), namely types 1S, 1F and 2, as well as some rare variants
      were studied by thin-layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing in a pH 4.5
      5.4 carrier ampholyte generated pH gradient, additionally containing N-(2
      acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (ACES). Prior to isoelectric focusing,
      whole serum or purified preparations of the vitamin D binding protein were
      incubated with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol at various ligand/protein ratios.
      Binding differences were found for the anodal and cathodal isoforms of Gc 1
      variants and also for various allelic types. Isoforms with higher isoelectric
      points generally had a lower affinity for the ligand than the variants with lower
      isoelectric points.

PMID- 2394212
TI  - Haptoglobin subtyping with anti-haptoglobin alpha chain antibodies.
AB  - Specific antibodies against the human haptoglobin (HP) alpha chain were raised
      and used for immunoblotting after isoelectric focusing to determine Hp alpha
      subtypes in a reproducible and simplified manner. By eliminating the staining of
      the HP beta chain, HP alpha subtypes were visualized more precisely and simply
      than by previously reported methods. Subtypes of a total of 1211 sera, obtained
      from two different populations in Japan, were examined by the new method. Four HP
      alpha subtypes (HP 1S-1S,2FS-1S, 2FS-2FS and 2FS-2SS) and five subtypes combined
      with a new variant (HP 2FS-1V1, 2V1-1S, 2FS-2V1, 2FS-2V2 and 2FS-2V3) were
      observed. HP 1V1 belonged to HP alpha 1, and HP 2V1, 2V2 and 2V3 belonged to HP
      alpha 2, and their alleles were designated HP A*1V1, HP A*2V1, HP A*2V2 and HP
      A*2V3, respectively. The allele frequencies were calculated to be as follows: HP
      A*1S, 0.2597; HP A*1V1, 0.0004; HP A*2FS, 0.7333; HP A*2SS, 0.0008; HP A*2V1,
      0.0045; HP A*2V2, 0.0008; and HP A*2V3, 0.0004. The allele frequency of HP A*2SS,
      which is common in the European population, is less frequent than HP A*2V1 in the
      Japanese population.

PMID- 2394213
TI  - Improved detection of the histamine receptor on human peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells by crosslinking using tritiated as compared with radioiodinated
      histamine.
AB  - In order to detect histamine receptors on the surface of human peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells, the cells were incubated in the presence of radiolabelled
      histamine and then the bifunctional crosslinker disuccimidyl suberate was added
      in various concentrations. They were then solubilized with sodium dodecyl
      sulphate, boiled, reduced and the lysate separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both 3H and 125I-radiolabelled ligands bound
      to a 16 kDa band, to be defined although a much clearer and obviously unequivocal
      signal was obtained with 3H-labelled histamine. This molecule migrated with the
      same mass on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a 16
      kDa subunit which had been purified on a histamine affinity column from Triton X
      100 solubilized mononuclear cells, indicating it to be the ligand-binding subunit
      for the histamine receptor on these cells. For 3H, fluorography with Entensify
      was required to obtain an autoradiographic signal. Although 3H took much longer
      to give a signal than 125I, the considerable background, artefacts and heavy lane
      trailing seen with [125I] histamine were completely abrogated when [3H]histamine
      was used. In addition, the distinction between specific and nonspecific binding
      was more clearly seen using [3H]histamine. The modifications reported here which
      improve signal detection for 3H should encourage the use of tritiated ligands in
      radioreceptor crosslinking, particularly those of low molecular weight which
      might otherwise undergo steric modification due to iodination, this having the
      potential for interfering with receptor ligand binding.

PMID- 2394214
TI  - Estimation of biotinylated lectin by isoelectric focusing.
AB  - Concanavalin A (Con A) was biotinylated to various degrees using N-biotinyl-omega
      aminocaproic-acid-N-hydroxy succinimide ester as the biotinylation reagent, and
      then analyzed by isoelectric focusing using PhastGel IEF 3-9. The isoelectric
      points of biotinylated ConAs were found to decrease with increasing concentration
      of the biotinylation reagent. Analysis by isoelectric focusing followed by dot
      blotting clearly indicated that the biotinylated ConA with an isoelectric point
      lower than that of the original ConA by 2.2 +/- 0.6 had the strongest binding
      activity for ovalbumin.

PMID- 2394215
TI  - Analysis of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isozymes by polyacrylamide gel
      isoelectric focusing.
AB  - Three common phenotypes of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) were
      identified by enzyme visualization following isoelectric focusing in
      photochemically polymerized polyacrylamide gels whereas in chemically polymerized
      gels no activity could be detected. Gene frequencies calculated from 429
      individuals were 0.915 and 0.085 for 6-PGD*A and 6-PGD*C, respectively, similar
      to the gene frequencies of Japanese samples previously reported.

PMID- 2394216
TI  - Two-dimensional electrophoresis of dog bronchoalveolar lavage fluid proteins.
AB  - Proteins of dog bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, obtained by washing the epithelial
      lining layer of lungs with phosphate-buffered saline, were separated by two
      dimensional electrophoresis. Due to the low protein and high salt content of the
      bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, samples had to be concentrated and desalted.
      Following electrophoresis the protein spots were visualized by silver staining.
      Comparing the two-dimensional protein patterns of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
      with that from serum, several lung-specific proteins were detected. The most
      prominent protein, most probably a surfactant-associated protein, showed isoforms
      with isoelectric points in the range of pH 4.2-4.8, and a molecular mass of 32
      kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after reduction
      with dithiothreitol.

PMID- 2394217
TI  - Rehabilitation technology or the ergonomics of ergonomics.
AB  - This paper describes some of the problems in rehabilitation technology. It is
      emphasized that design for people with impairments will become more and more
      'less special'. A good design procedure involves a very good knowledge of the
      target group. Target groups cannot be described by the usual statistics as seen
      in ergonomics.

PMID- 2394218
TI  - The topology of the thalamo-cortical projections in the marmoset monkey
      (Callithrix jacchus).
AB  - This paper addresses the question of a general topological principle of thalamo
      cortical projections. In the lissencephalic primate brain of the common marmoset
      (Callithrix jacchus), large injections of horseradish peroxidase were made in
      various parts of the neocortex. These injections were placed in different animals
      and hemispheres along various caudo-rostral and medio-lateral gradients. Labelled
      cells in the thalamus were plotted and the labelling-zones resulting from several
      injections along a medio-lateral and two caudo-rostral cortical vectors were
      drawn into semi-schematic thalamic maps. These composite maps reveal a
      topological organization of the whole thalamo-cortical projection. The thalamic
      representation of the caudo-rostral and medio-lateral gradients indicate a
      rotation of the posterior relative to the anterior thalamus. An attempt is made
      to relate the organization of the thalamo-cortical projection to the development
      of the thalamus and the cortex. The cortex is divided into concentric zones
      around the sensory-motor and insular cortex. The thalamus is divided into
      corresponding projection zones. The topology of thalamo-cortical connections can
      then be regarded as a consequence of corresponding thalamic and cortical growth
      gradients. This is not only consistent with the general thalamo-cortical topology
      and the inversion of maps from thalamus to cortex, but also explains the
      continuity and overlap of thalamic projection zones in the pulvinar to widely
      separated cortical areas as the parietal, temporal and frontal association
      cortex.

PMID- 2394219
TI  - Single injection into the cerebrospinal fluid of antibodies against the secretory
      material of the subcommissural organ reversibly blocks formation of Reissner's
      fiber: immunocytochemical investigations in the rat.
AB  - An antibody (cf. Rodriguez et al. 1984b) raised in rabbits against the
      glycoproteins of the bovine Reissner's fiber (RF) was injected into the lateral
      brain ventricle of 38 rats with the aim to interfere with RF formation. The rats
      were killed 20 min; 1, 4, 8, 12 h; and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 days after the
      injection. Based on the fact that the material secreted by the subcommissural
      organ (SCO) into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) first condenses on the organ
      surface as a distinct layer (pre-RF material) and then becomes assembled to form
      RF and that both structures are distinguishable in tissue sections, three
      immunostaining procedures were applied. They served to visualize: (i) secretory
      material that had not bound the injected antibody; (ii) secretory material
      antibody complexes formed in vivo; and (iii) antibody not bound to its antigen
      and present in the ventricles and the subarachnoid space. After a single
      injection of the above-mentioned antibody the following events were observed: (1)
      The antibody was present in the brain cavities for at least 8 h. (2) The injected
      antibody bound selectively to the pre-RF and RF. (3) Pre-RF displayed antibody
      binding during the 24 h following the injection. During the 2nd and 3rd post
      injection days, the pre-RF was free of antibody, indicating that it was formed by
      newly released secretory material. (4) Approximately 4 h after the injection, the
      RF detached from the SCO and underwent fragmentation. Clusters of these fragments
      were found in the Sylvian aqueduct and fourth ventricle. (5) In the fragmented
      original RF the injected antibody against Reissner's fiber remained bound
      throughout the entire period of observation, i.e. for 8 days. (6) In rats of the
      1-, 3-, 5- and 8-day-groups, RF was missing from the central canal of the spinal
      cord. (7) One day after the injection, a new RF structure started to grow from
      the rostral end of the SCO. This newly formed fiber could be distinguished from
      the original RF because of (i) its normal appearance; (ii) it did not display
      binding of the injected antibody. (8) At day 3, the growing RF had not yet
      extended to the Sylvian aqueduct. (9) At day 8, the new RF reached the fourth
      ventricle. Control experiments involved the intraventricular administration of
      (i) an antibody against the secretory material extracted from the entire bovine
      SCO; (ii) antivasopressin; and (iii) rabbit IgG. From these only antibody (i)
      bound to pre-RF and RF.

PMID- 2394220
TI  - Effect of a local ibotenic acid lesion in the visual association area on the
      prelunate gyrus (area V4) on saccadic reaction times in trained rhesus monkeys.
AB  - Two rhesus monkeys were trained to make saccadic eye movements from a central
      fixation point towards a peripheral target. Saccadic reaction times (SRTs) were
      measured in the gap paradigm (200 ms pause between offset of fixation point and
      onset of peripheral target). Target position for extensive training (SRTs of 150
      to 250 saccades were collected per day) was four degrees eccentric in the lower
      quadrant of the visual field contralateral to the intended lesion site in area
      V4. For control the monkeys were also trained for target positions either in the
      lower quadrant ipsilateral to the intended lesion site or in the upper visual
      half field. After several weeks of training a bimodal distribution of saccadic
      reaction times, one peak at 85 ms (express saccades) and the other around 160 ms
      (regular saccades) was obtained for each target position. Local injection of
      ibotenic acid into the 4 deg representation of area V4 resulted in a unimodal
      distribution of saccadic reaction times (over 90% express saccades) towards the
      corresponding target position, leaving the distribution of reaction times for the
      control position unchanged. Recovery began after 5 days and was complete 8 to 10
      days after the injection. From these results we conclude that V4 is involved in
      the generation of the longer latency peak in the distribution of saccadic
      reaction times by delaying the initiation of visually guided saccades.

PMID- 2394221
TI  - Quantitative comparison of frequency representation in the auditory brainstem
      nuclei of the gerbil, Pachyuromys duprasi.
AB  - Frequency representation in the auditory brainstem nuclei of the fattailed gerbil
      (Pachyuromys duprasi) was studied by focal iontophoretic HRP injections into the
      cochlear nucleus at physiologically characterized positions. Tuning curves of
      cochlear nucleus neurons were determined by extracellular recording of multi-unit
      spike activity prior to HRP application. Neurons with characteristic frequencies
      of 0.55 to 17.5 kHz were recorded. Anterograde labeling of synaptic terminal
      fields demonstrated a tonotopic arrangement of frequencies within the cochlear
      nucleus subdivisions and the lateral and medial superior olivary nuclei. In all
      nuclei investigated terminal fields were arranged in isofrequency planes. In the
      subdivisions of the cochlear nucleus and in the lateral superior olive the
      frequency range from 0.55 to 17.5 kHz was represented. In the medial superior
      olive on the other hand, frequency representation was restricted to frequencies
      below 3.5 kHz. Quantitative evaluation of tonotopy showed that the frequency
      representation in the anteroventral and posteroventral cochlear nucleus and
      lateral superior olive were very similar. The amount of tissue-volume processing
      one octave varied within the hearing range. The frequency range of highest
      auditory sensitivity (between 1 and 5 kHz) occupied up to 25% nuclear
      tissue/octave, while at the upper and lower limits of the hearing range,
      frequencies were represented by a ratio of 10-15% nuclear tissue/octave. The
      frequency representation pattern in these brainstem nuclei reflected exactly the
      frequency place map of the cochlea.

PMID- 2394222
TI  - Visual vestibular interaction: vestibulo-ocular reflex suppression with head
      fixed target fixation.
AB  - In order to maintain clear vision, the images on the retina must remain
      reasonably stable. Head movements are generally dealt with successfully by
      counterrotation of the eyes induced by the combined actions of the vestibulo
      ocular reflex (VOR) and the opto-kinetic reflex. We have studied how, in humans,
      the VOR gain (VORG) is modulated to provide appropriate eye movements in two
      situations: 1. fixation of a stationary object of the visual space while the head
      moves. This requires a visuo-vestibulo-ocular reaction to induce eye movements
      opposite in direction, and equal in velocity to head movements, and 2. fixation
      of an object moving with the head. Here, the visuo-vestibulo-ocular reaction
      should be totally suppressed. These two situations were compared to a basic
      condition in which, to induce "pure" VOR, the subjects (Ss) in darkness were not
      allowed a visual target. Eye movements were recorded in seated Ss during constant
      amplitude sinusoidal and pulse-like passive rotations applied around the vertical
      axis. Subjects were in total darkness (DARK condition) and performing mental
      arithmetic. Alternatively, they were provided with a small target, either
      stationary with respect to earth (earth-fixed target: EFT), or moving with them
      (chair-fixed-target: CFT). The sinusoidal rotation experiment was used as
      baseline for the ensuing experiments and yielded control data in agreement with
      the literature. In particular, rotation in the dark showed a VORG of 0.6. With,
      for example, 0.8 s passive pulse rotations, typical responses in all three visual
      conditions were rigorously identical during the first 150 to 180 ms. They showed
      a delay of about 16 ms of the eye behind the head with no significant difference
      between passive whole-body and passive head-alone rotations. In all conditions,
      once the eyes had started to move, a rapid increase in eye velocity was observed
      during 75 to 80 ms, after which, the average VORG was 0.9 +/- 0.15. During the
      following 50 to 100 ms, the gain remained around 0.9 in all three conditions.
      Beyond 180 ms, the VORG remained around 0.9 in DARK, increased slowly towards 1
      or decreased towards zero in the EFT and CFT conditions, respectively. The time
      course of these later events suggests that visual tracking mechanisms came into
      play to reduce retinal slip through smooth pursuit. Sinusoidal rotations,
      extensively used in VOR studies, do not seem to be a satisfactory stimulus to
      rapidly and precisely characterize VOR function, particularly in pathological
      cases. Our data suggest that rapid transient rotations are more appropriate.

PMID- 2394223
TI  - Quantitative distribution of AChE-positive neurons in the hippocampus of young
      and aged rats.
AB  - Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive neurons were counted in the different layers
      of the rostral (septal) third, the middle third and the caudal (temporal) third
      of the hippocampus from 3 month (young) and 27 month old rats (aged) using AChE
      stained cryostat sections. The rats were treated with 3 and 2.5 mg of
      diisopropylphosphofluoridate/kg body weight, respectively 3 h before sacrifice.
      The study showed -1) a high numerical density of AChE-positive neurons (10.9 to
      18.9 perikarya/mm2) in the hilus (fascia dentata), the str. oriens/pyramidale of
      CA1 and the subiculum, a particularly low density (less than 0.1 perikarya/mm2)
      in the str. granulosum and moleculare of the dentate area; -2) a significant (p
      less than 0.05) linear increase of the numerical density in most of the
      hippocampal layers from the rostral to the caudal pole; -3) no significant
      differences between young and aged animals; - and 4) a higher sensitivity to DFP
      treatment in aged than in young animals. The distribution of AChE-positive
      neurons corresponds with the distribution of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons
      described in the literature. A modulatory effect on neurotransmission is
      discussed as a possible function of the AChE in peptidergic neurons.

PMID- 2394224
TI  - Time-dependent effects of intrahippocampal grafts in rats with fimbria-fornix
      lesions.
AB  - Based on three experiments, this study examined whether behavioral and
      histological effects of fetal septal or hippocampal grafts placed in the
      denervated hippocampus depend on the duration of post-grafting delays. Each
      experiment included four groups of rats: sham-operated rats (Sham), rats with
      aspirative lesions of the fimbria-fornix (Fifo) and rats given both Fifo lesions
      and intrahippocampal fetal suspension grafts of either septal (Fifo.ST) or
      hippocampal (Fifo.HT) origin. All rats were tested (i) for home cage activity,
      (ii) for activity and reactivity in an open field and (iii) for learning ability
      in a 8-arm radial maze. Except for home cage activity which was also monitored
      preoperatively, behavioral tests were conducted between 1-2 months postgrafting
      in Experiment 1 (EXP1), 5-6 months post-grafting in Experiment 2 (EXP2) and 10-11
      months post-grafting in Experiment 3 (EXP3). Each test period lasted 3 weeks.
      Histological controls consisted of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cresyl violet
      staining. Graft size was estimated by computerized image analysis. Normal rats
      performed well in each experiment. In all experiments, rats with fimbria-fornix
      lesions showed increased activity in both their familiar (home cage) and
      unfamiliar (open field) environments, and their performances in the radial maze
      task were impaired. In no experiment did grafts, whether hippocampal or septal,
      affect "noncognitive" behavioral variables. However, maze performance was
      improved by hippocampal grafts in EXP1 (short delay) and by septal grafts in EXP2
      (intermediate delay). No graft-induced effect was found in EXP3 (long delay).
      Concerning AChE-positivity in the dorsal hippocampus, fimbria-fornix lesions
      reduced staining densities by at least 60%. Both types of grafts were
      undiscernably AChE-positive, but only septal grafts provided the denervated
      hippocampus with a significant AChE-positive fiber ingrowth. Differences among
      groups in density of hippocampal AChE staining were comparable in all three
      experiments and no correlation between hippocampal AChE-positivity and maze
      performance was found. Our results suggest that graft-induced recovery from
      behavioral effects of fimbria-fornix lesions may depend on both the type of
      tissue implanted (hippocampal vs septal) and the post-grafting delay (1-2, 5-6
      and 10-11 months). The recovery observed at a short post-grafting delay with
      hippocampal grafts and at a longer post-grafting delay with septal grafts was not
      persistent and concerned only cognitive function as assessed by radial maze
      performance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2394225
TI  - Recordings from the facial nucleus in the rat: signs of abnormal facial muscle
      response.
AB  - On the basis of results of electrophysiological studies in patients undergoing
      microvascular decompression (MVD) operations to relieve hemifacial spasm (HFS),
      we have postulated that the abnormal muscle response characteristically found in
      patients with HFS is the result of irritation of the facial nerve by the blood
      vessel that is compressing the facial nerve near its exit from the brainstem in
      these patients. This abnormal muscle response is seen when one branch of the
      facial nerve is electrically stimulated and recordings are made from muscles that
      are innervated by other branches of the facial nerve. We further hypothesized
      that the facial nucleus is hyperactive in patients with HFS and that the spasm
      and the abnormal muscle response are results of a phenomenon known as "kindling".
      These hypotheses are supported by recent studies showing that chronic electrical
      stimulation of the facial nerve trunk in rats near the brainstem results in an
      abnormal muscle response that is similar to that seen in patients with HFS. In
      this paper, we present the results of recording from the facial motonucleus in
      rats that had been subjected to repeated electrical stimulation of the facial
      nerve. The results indicate that the abnormal muscle response in these rats was
      caused by changes in the function of the facial motonucleus. We interpret these
      results as showing that the physiological abnormalities that give rise to the
      signs of HFS in man are located in the facial motonucleus, and that the changes
      in the function of the nucleus are produced by chronic antidromic neutral
      activity resulting from close contact between a blood vessel and the facial
      nerve.

PMID- 2394226
TI  - Motor deficit induced by red nucleus lesion: re-appraisal using kainic acid
      destructions.
AB  - The motor deficits induced by red nucleus lesions have been well documented but
      so far based upon approaches destroying both cells and fibres of passage. In the
      present study we used kainic lesions, which are known to spare, at least
      partially, the fibres of passage in order to re-investigate the motor deficit
      induced by rubral lesion. Five cats were fully trained to perform a forepaw
      pointing movement towards a moving spot of light. Four of them underwent a
      bilateral neurotoxic lesion of the red nucleus; a fifth one, was used as a
      control, with the lesion being done electrolytically. Kainic lesions induced
      strong dysmetria with a tendency to over-reaching, and a delayed movement onset;
      after postoperative training, the dysmetria only persisted when reaching towards
      targets moving at high speed. The electrolytic lesion led to a much stronger
      deficit with an additional lengthening of the execution phase duration. Moreover,
      although overall accuracy could recover, time taken for movement initiation and
      execution stayed permanently impaired. In the light of these results a
      distinction can be made between the red nucleus syndrome per se and the one due
      to damage to fibres of passage.

PMID- 2394227
TI  - An identified model for human wrist movements.
AB  - We have performed tests to find the mechanical properties of the hand and muscles
      driving wrist flexion and extension, and have identified parameters of a model.
      The hand acts as a nearly pure inertial load over most of its range of motion. It
      can be approximated as a rigid body rotating about a single axis. Viscosity of
      the wrist joint is negligible. Passive elastic torques are also small, except at
      extreme wrist angles. We measured torque as a function of wrist angle for maximum
      voluntary contractions, and angular velocity as a function of load. The
      torque/velocity curves for shortening muscles are well approximated by a Hill
      equation. To measure the "series elasticity" of the muscle equivalents, we
      imposed step changes in torque. The series stiffness is a monotonically
      increasing function of the preload, or "active state", in the Hill sense. We
      discuss the relationship of the measured parameters to properties of isolated
      muscles. To see the implications of the model structure for the "inverse problem"
      of identifying motor control signals, we simulated four models of different
      complexities, and found best fits to movement data, assuming simple pulse-shaped
      inputs. Inferred inputs depend strongly on model complexity. Finally, we compared
      the best fit control signals to recorded electromyograms.

PMID- 2394229
TI  - Sensitivity of monosynaptic test reflexes to facilitation and inhibition as a
      function of the test reflex size: a study in man and the cat.
AB  - In parallel experiments on humans and in the cat it was investigated how the
      sensitivity of monosynaptic test reflexes to facilitation and inhibition varies
      as a function of the size of the control test reflex itself. In man the
      monosynaptic reflex (the Hoffmann reflex) was evoked in either the soleus muscle
      (by stimulation of the tibial nerve) or the quadriceps muscle (by stimulation of
      the femoral nerve). In the decerebrate cat monosynaptic reflexes were recorded
      from the nerves to soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles; they were evoked by
      stimulation of the proximal ends of the sectioned L7 and S1 dorsal roots. Various
      excitatory and inhibitory spinal reflex pathways were used for conditioning the
      test reflexes (e.g. monosynaptic Ia excitation, disynaptic reciprocal inhibition,
      cutaneous inhibition, recurrent inhibition, presynaptic inhibition of the Ia
      fibres mediating the test reflex). It was shown that the additional number of
      motoneurones recruited in a monosynaptic test reflex by a constant excitatory
      conditioning stimulus was very much dependent on the size of the test reflex
      itself. This dependency had the same characteristic pattern whatever the
      conditioning stimulus. With increasing size of the test reflex the number of
      additionally recruited motoneurones first increased, then reached a peak (or
      plateau) and finally decreased. A similar relation was also seen with inhibitory
      conditioning stimuli. The basic physiological factors responsible for these
      findings are discussed. Finally, the implications for the interpretation of
      experiments in man with the H-reflex technique are considered.

PMID- 2394228
TI  - Spinal cord transplants enhance the recovery of locomotor function after spinal
      cord injury at birth.
AB  - Fetal spinal cord transplants placed into the site of a neonatal spinal cord
      lesion after the response of immature CNS neurons to injury. The transplants
      prevent the retrograde cell death of immature axotomized neurons and support the
      growth of axons into and through the site of injury. In the present experiments
      we used a battery of locomotor tasks to determine if these transplants are also
      capable of promoting the recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury at
      birth. Embryonic (E14) spinal cord transplants were placed into the site of a
      spinal cord "over-hemisection" in rat pups. Three groups of animals were used: 1)
      normal control animals, 2) animals with a spinal cord hemisection only, and 3)
      animals with a spinal cord transplant at the site of the hemisection. Eight to
      twelve weeks later, the animals were trained and videotaped while crossing
      runways requiring accurate foot placement and footprinted while walking on a
      treadmill. The videotapes and footprints were analyzed to obtain quantitative
      measures of locomotor function. Footprint analysis revealed that the animals'
      base of support during locomotion was increased by a neonatal hemisection. The
      base of support in animals with transplants was similar to control values.
      Animals with a hemisection rotated their hindlimbs further laterally than did
      control animals during locomotion. A transplant at the site of injury modified
      this response. Normal animals were able to cross a grid runway quickly with only
      a few errors. In contrast, animals with a hemisection took a longer time and made
      more errors while crossing. The presence of a transplant at the site of injury
      enabled the animals to cross the grid more quickly and to make fewer errors than
      the animals with a hemisection only. Animals that received the transplants
      demonstrated qualitative and quantitative improvements in several parameters of
      locomotion. Spinal cord transplants at the site of neonatal spinal cord injury
      result in enhanced sparing or recovery of motor function. We suggest that this
      transplant induced recovery of function is a consequence of the anatomical
      plasticity elicited by the transplants.

PMID- 2394230
TI  - Optokinetic nystagmus and afternystagmus in human beings: relationship to
      nonlinear processing of information about retinal slip.
AB  - In four normal human subjects we measured eye movements during full-field
      optokinetic stimulation (10-220 deg/s) and determined the relationship among
      retinal-slip velocity (drum velocity minus slow-phase eye velocity), the slow
      phase velocity of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and the initial value of the slow
      phase velocity of optokinetic afternystagmus (OKAN) measured in darkness. OKN and
      OKAN were maximum (63-84 and 11-19 deg/s, respectively) when retinal slip ranged
      from 30-100 deg/s. For higher values of retinal slip, OKN and OKAN fell (in 3
      subjects) or reached a plateau (in the fourth). The amplitude of OKAN in human
      beings was much less than that reported in monkeys. The shape, however, of the
      curve relating retinal slip to the amplitude of OKAN was similar to that of
      monkeys. Furthermore, in both cases the curve resembles that obtained by plotting
      the results of experimental recordings of neural discharge in the nucleus of the
      optic tract as a function of retinal slip. These results imply that the
      processing of visual information for generation of OKAN is similar in monkeys and
      human beings but that the gain of the system is much less in human beings. We
      also found that fixation of a small target during optokinetic stimulation nearly
      completely prevented the development of OKAN while fixation of a small target for
      short periods after optokinetic stimulation did not alter the pattern of decay of
      OKAN. Thus, fixation may actively prevent the coupling of visual information into
      the velocity-storage mechanism.

PMID- 2394231
TI  - Horizontal optokinetic responses under stroboscopic illumination in cat, monkey
      and man.
AB  - The horizontal optokinetic reflex (OKN) was studied in cat, monkey and man under
      conditions of steady or stroboscopic illumination. In all species, there was an
      abrupt decrease in OKN gain for a given spatial displacement of the stimulus
      between two consecutive stroboscopic flashes. The upper limit of spatial
      displacement which preserved optimal OKN gain was independent of stimulus
      velocity and flash frequency. The value of this limit differed in the three
      species studied. In the cat, OKN gain was affected when the spatial displacement
      between two stimuli exceeded 0.55 degrees of visual angle. In monkey and man,
      these limits were 1.48 degrees and 2.87 degrees, respectively. When human
      subjects were asked to volontary track the stimulus, the limit value reached 4.3
      degrees. This result is discussed in the context of the evolution of the smooth
      pursuit system and its contribution to optokinetic response.

PMID- 2394232
TI  - Goal directed motor behavior and its adaptation following reversed tactile
      perception in man.
AB  - When two adjacent fingers are crossed over each other and two tactile stimuli are
      touched to the two crossed fingertips, the two stimuli are perceived to be
      inverted in space. This phenomenon of tactile reversal was used in the present
      work to study the sensorimotor transformation occurring in goal directed motor
      behavior. When the subjects had to perform a movement toward a tactile stimulus
      (target) in tactile reversal conditions, the stimulus directed movements were
      performed wrongly, that is, away from the target. However, not all the subjects
      perceived a complete inversion of the stimuli; in this case, the target stimulus
      was perceived to be on the same side as its actual position, although with an
      error. In these conditions, the stimulus directed movements were performed
      correctly, that is, toward the target. These results show that the illusory
      spatial perception of the stimuli controls motor behavior on the basis of the
      amount of the perceptual error. Within the first hour of training, several
      compensatory responses occurred so as to produce correct motor performance.
      Despite this motor learning, reversed tactile perception remained reversed.
      Therefore, what subjects learned was the execution of the movements opposite to
      those necessary for reaching the target stimulus, without any change in
      perception. In the context of theories concerning the relationship between motor
      learning and perceptual adaptation, the present study shows that, with this
      experimental paradigm, motor learning during the first hour was mainly cognitive
      and did not have short-term effects upon perceptual processes.

PMID- 2394233
TI  - Lumbar dorsal root projections to spinocerebellar cell groups in the rat spinal
      cord: a double labeling study.
AB  - The aim of this study has been to investigate projections to spinocerebellar cell
      groups from lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) in the rat. The binding subunit of
      cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (B-HRP) was used to label
      primary afferent fibers. Spinocerebellar neurons were labeled retrogradely by
      Fluoro-Gold (FG). To determine the orientation of dendrites, retrogradely labeled
      spinocerebellar neurons were studied, following injections of wheat germ
      agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into cerebellum. FG or WGA
      HRP labeled neurons were found mainly in laminae V and VII, in the lateral group
      of lamina IX, in Clarke's column (CC) and in the dorsal funiculus. B-HRP labeled
      primary afferent fibers overlapping with FG labeled cells were observed at all
      these locations after injections of B-HRP into different DRGs. The overlap in
      lamina V was found mainly medially and dorsolaterally. CC was found to receive
      dense projections from DRGs L1-6. In the lumbar part of CC, labeling from DRGs L4
      5 overlapped and was distributed over the entire mediolateral extent of the CC,
      whereas labeling from DRGs L1-3 was somatotopically organized and projected to
      successively more dorsomedial areas. The central area of lamina VII showed
      moderate labeling from DRGs L3-5. The lateral group of lamina IX received only
      smaller amounts of labeled fibers from DRGs L3-5.

PMID- 2394234
TI  - Recording and identification of single motor units in the free-to-move primate
      hand.
AB  - A new technique is described for recording the activity of single motor units in
      human or monkey hand muscles. A pair of microwire electrodes is introduced into
      the muscle using a fine needle. After insertion, the needle can be completely
      removed, leaving the recording microwires in situ. The method allows stable
      recording of a motor unit during natural movement of the hand and fingers. The
      identity of a given single motor unit was reflected in the form and amplitude of
      the motor unit-triggered average (MU-TA), derived by averaging the unrectified
      surface EMG recorded from the muscle with discharges of the motor unit. The MU-TA
      of a given unit remained constant despite variations in the form and size of its
      action potential. Inspection of successive MU-TAs increased confidence that
      records were taken from one and the same unit over long recording periods.
      Control experiments in human first dorsal interosseous showed that the peak-to
      peak amplitude of the MU-TA was highly correlated with both the twitch force (r =
      0.65-0.92, mean 0.82, six subjects) and force threshold (r = 0.62-0.93, mean
      0.83) of a given unit. Similar findings were obtained for human abductor pollicis
      brevis (AbPB) motor units. In the monkey, AbPB motor units which were recruited
      early in a precision grip task and which discharged steadily during the grip had
      smaller MU-TAs than late-recruited, phasic units. The combination of methods
      described in this paper enable a single motor unit to be identified and
      recognised. The relative size of the unit, which is an important parameter in
      most motor unit studies, can be reliably estimated from the amplitude of the MU
      TA. This allows indirect assessment of motor unit size in a free-to-move animal.

PMID- 2394235
TI  - On the question of the carcinogenic action of hydrazine--evaluation on the basis
      of new experimental results.
AB  - Hydrazine has not previously been shown to have any carcinogenic action in man.
      After the administration of probably clearly toxic doses (the data in earlier
      publications are very fragmentary) or doses severely irritating to the sensitive
      nasal epithelium of the rodent over a large part of its life, hydrazine was shown
      in the majority of the studies described in the literature to be carcinogenic in
      rodents. Even under these severe experimental conditions, however, the
      carcinogenic action was not very pronounced or was even very weak. In the study
      in mice described below, which was carried out according to modern guidelines, no
      carcinogenic action was detected for hydrazine even after the administration of
      toxic doses over the entire lifespan of the animals. Administration of a still
      higher dose would have conflicted with all current recommendations. On the basis
      of the results available in the literature, indirect alkylation of DNA was
      assumed to be the mechanism of the carcinogenic action of hydrazine. According to
      the current level of knowledge, this effect, like the mutagenic and the
      carcinogenic action of the substance, is closely linked with the toxic activity
      of hydrazine. Overall, hydrazine should be regarded as a substance having a
      probably indirect weakly carcinogenic action after toxic doses administered over
      the entire lifespan.

PMID- 2394236
TI  - Secretory differentiation of human fetal bronchial epithelial cells in culture. A
      study by histochemistry and electron microscopy.
AB  - Human fetal bronchial epithelial (HFBE) cells at 6-8 passages were cultivated on
      a collagen gel for 10 days. A basal differentiative medium (BDM), consisting of
      RPMI 1640 supplemented with hormones and growth factors, was employed.
      Histochemistry, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy
      revealed that HFBE cells developed secretory granules when cultivated on collagen
      gel in BDM. They were electron-dense and stained positive for PAS but negative
      for alcian blue. On additional treatment with 8 micrograms/ml vitamin A (VA), the
      number of secretory granules was increased. Moreover, the HFBE cells lost their
      surface microvilli, and dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum was more marked
      than in culture without VA.

PMID- 2394237
TI  - Cardiovascular system and tissue oxygen pressure (ptO2) in bilaterally
      nephrectomized rats.
AB  - 1. In bilaterally nephrectomized rats, 24 or 44 +/- 2 h after surgery, normal
      distribution of tissue pO2 values was measured at the surface of liver and thigh
      muscles. 2. As cardiac output was generally higher in uremic rats as compared
      with that of corresponding controls and arterial pO2 was rather elevated in the
      uremic rats, it may be concluded that the cells of the uremic animals were
      sufficiently supplied with oxygen. 3. Consequently, the known depression of whole
      body oxygen consumption in acute uremic rats must be due to metabolic defects at
      the cellular level. 4. Elevated arterial blood pressure in acute uremic rats is
      due to elevated cardiac output which in turn is mainly caused by fluid retention.
      When uremic rats are deprived of water the increase of blood pressure, cardiac
      output and plasma volume are considerably blunted.

PMID- 2394238
TI  - Nicotine increases human polymorphonuclear leukocytes chemotactic response--a
      possible additional mechanism of lung injury in cigarette smokers.
AB  - Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) which are a potential source of
      proteolytic enzymes and reactive oxidant species contribute to the development of
      pulmonary emphysema in cigarette smokers. We found that nicotine at
      concentrations that occur in smokers' plasma enhances human PMNL chemotactic
      response to zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) and n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl
      phenylalanine (FMLP). Maximal increase in chemotactic migration was at nicotine
      concentration 1 mumol/l. Higher concentrations, above 0.1 mmol/l inhibited PMNL
      chemotactic response and spontaneous migration. Nicotine also enhanced PMNL
      influx to the place of inflammation developed in the mouse pleural cavity after
      injection of ZAS. The number of PMNL found in the pleural cavity was 1.9-fold
      higher (p less than 0.001, n = 5) when animals were pretreated with 0.15 mg of
      nicotine. However, this drug itself (concentrations of 0.1 mumol/l to 10 mmol/l)
      had weak chemotactic activity for PMNL. It seems that the stimulatory action of
      nicotine on PMNL chemotaxis may be partly responsible for increased PMNL numbers
      in the lower airways of cigarette smokers and following formation of the
      elastase/antielastase imbalance in lung tissue.

PMID- 2394239
TI  - Pattern of myelin proteins in moderate hypoxia.
AB  - Myelin proteins isolated from the brain of Wistar rats subjected to moderate
      hypoxia (7% of oxygen in a respiration gaseous mixture) for 30 min were
      investigated. Among the various protein fractions Wolfgram protein happened to be
      most markedly affected, demonstrating considerably lowered percentages in all
      experimental groups, starting from 24 h after hypoxia. Our findings compared with
      those obtained in other experimental conditions lead to the conclusion that
      changes in the myelin protein pattern are characteristic for particular morbid
      processes evoked by various pathogenic factors. The demyelination is concomitant
      with severe loss of basic proteins, whereas myelin lesions of other types are
      connected with changes in protein of higher molecular mass.

PMID- 2394241
TI  - Persistence of spontaneous and experimental hepatitis A in rhesus macaques.

PMID- 2394240
TI  - Modification of pulmonary silicotic reaction in rats exposed to coal fly ash.
AB  - Quartz exposure resulted in an increase in the wet weight, dry weight and
      collagen contents of lungs. Animals inoculated comparable amounts of fly ash
      revealed a statistically insignificant increase in these parameters. In silicotic
      rats exposed to fly ash the increase in the wet weight, dry weight and collagen
      contents of lungs was reduced in comparison to silicotic animals unexposed to
      coal fly ash. Histological examination of lungs revealed the development of
      silicotic granulomata with reticulin and collagen fibre formation. The difference
      in the development of these lesions was less pronounced when a blindfold
      comparison was made between the silicotic animals, exposed or unexposed to coal
      fly ash. The increased activity of LDH in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of
      rats exposed to quartz alone was mitigated significantly in silicotic animals
      subsequently exposed to coal fly ash. The protein content of the BAL increased
      significantly more in quartz-fly ash exposed animals than in rats exposed to
      either dust alone. The total cellular elements of the BAL were increased in rats
      exposed to quartz alone (p less than 0.005). The results demonstrate that fly ash
      exposure can significantly modify the development of a silicotic pulmonary
      reaction.

PMID- 2394242
TI  - [Effect of hyperthermia on the cardio- and hemodynamics and acid-base balance of
      the blood in dogs].
AB  - The effect of severe hyperthermia on the circulatory function was studied in
      dogs. Arterial pressure was maintained at the normal level, cardiac output
      increased at the core temperature of about 40 degrees C. An abrupt fall of the
      arterial pressure and cardiac output was observed at the rectal temperature of
      about 41 degrees C. The results suggest that a decrease in the cardiac output
      during severe hyperthermia is due to the fall of the central venous pressure and
      to the increase of the vascular compliance.

PMID- 2394243
TI  - [The role of neurons of the caudal ventrolateral region of the medulla oblongata
      of cats in the mechanism of realization of the cardio-hemodynamic reaction].
AB  - Glycine injection to the identified area of the RVLM leads to the development of
      a characteristic depressor reaction, due to a decrease of the total peripheral
      vascular resistance (TRP). Glycine injection to the identified area of CVLM
      results in the developing pressor reaction also due to the changes of TRP.
      Glycine injection to CVLM under preliminary functional switch-off the RVLM
      neuronal activity is not accompanied by the development of pressor reaction. This
      can be an evidence that CVLM sympathoinhibitory neurones act on
      cardiohemodynamics by their interaction with RVLM sympathoexcitatory neurones.
      Turn off of the tonically active sympathoinhibitory CVLM neurones does not affect
      the character of the reactions depending on the inhibition or excitation of
      sympathoexcitatory RVLM neurones.

PMID- 2394244
TI  - [Effect of vasopressin and its analogs on blood coagulation in rats].
AB  - A change in the response of the blood coagulation system to the intravenous
      injection of vasopressin (AVP), DDAVP and DGAVP has been studied in the
      experiments on white rats. Intensification of the procoagulant activity on AVP is
      of the dose-dependent character. Maximal effect is observed 5-15 min after i.v.
      injection of AVP in a dose of 4 mg/kg. The administration of this peptide
      increases the fibrinolytic activity, that is connected with an increase in the
      level of plasminogen activator. DDAVP and DGAVP have a weaker effect on
      fibrinolysis. AVP and DDAVP increase the level of FVIII by 5-6% during the first
      minutes, but DGAVP increases the level of FVIII only after 15-30 minutes. While
      using AVP, DDAVP and DGAVP in clinical practice it is necessary to allow for
      their hormonal action, the initial state of haemostasis and the age of patients.

PMID- 2394245
TI  - [Effect of chronic effect of the electrostatic field on various biochemical
      indicators of the tissues].
AB  - The action of electrostatic field (320 kV/m) on the adaptability has been studied
      in experiments on young Wistar rats (females). Some parameters of carbohydrate,
      lipid and protein metabolism, and the process of lipid peroxidation were observed
      in blood serum, liver and brain. Glucose content was observed to increase in all
      the tissues, liver glycogen, cholesterol/phospholipid ratio. The urea and
      malondialdehyde increased in the liver and brain. The experiments have shown that
      the physiological adaptability is high.

PMID- 2394246
TI  - [Free choice of salt solutions and functional enzyme-transport mechanisms of the
      small intestine in relation to different calcium levels in the body].
AB  - The data obtained suggest the coordinated changes in the rat free choice of the
      solutions, which differ in Ca+(+)-content, and sensitivity of the enterocyte
      transport systems for glucose under the influence of chronic Ca-tropic treatment.
      Response of the glucose channel and maltose enzyme-transport to such a treatment
      is stated to be of the specific character.

PMID- 2394247
TI  - [Mineral water Naftusia as a xenobiotic].
AB  - It is stated that organic matters contained in mineral water Naftusia appear in
      blood serum 10 min after intragastric introduction of this water to rats. Long
      administration of water Naftusia to animals stimulates the monooxygenase hepatic
      system and secretory renal apparatus, that probably, underlies the mechanism for
      weakening of damaging effect of hepatotropic poison.

PMID- 2394248
TI  - [Effect of electric stimulation of the locus coeruleus on transcallosal response
      in parietal associative cortex of the cat brain].
AB  - The influence of conditioning locus coeruleus (LC) stimulation on various
      components of transcallosal field response was investigated in the parietal
      cortex of the cat brain. Conditioning LC simulation caused a decrease in fast
      positive wave amplitude and facilitated slow negative wave. It is concluded that
      LC suppresses excitatory and facilitates inhibitor processes evoked in the
      parietal cortex by transcallosal stimulation.

PMID- 2394249
TI  - [Effect of destruction of the lateral septal nucleus on renal function].
AB  - A conclusion on relationships of the septum with both the antidiuretic and
      antinatriuretic systems in the regulation of the aqueous-electrolytic balance and
      renal function has been drawn as a result of the study of the drinking behaviour
      and renal reaction after the destruction of the lateral septal nucleus (LSN).
      This conclusion is based on the revealed increase in the urinary excretion of
      sodium, osmotically active substances, creatinine, titrating acids and ammonia
      after the LSN destruction. Moreover, an increase of the vasopressin level in the
      blood plasma, a decrease of aldosterone concentration as well as an activation of
      the drinking behaviour are noted.

PMID- 2394250
TI  - [Androgen status in rabbits after long-term administration of non-steroid
      androgen antagonist niftolid].
AB  - Niphtholid (25 mg/kg/dl for 60 days) significantly increases the LH and
      testosterone blood levels but has no marked effect on ++androstenedione and
      testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin levels in Chinchilla++ mature rabbits.
      The concentration of latter was elevated against a background of low testosterone
      and androstenedione and high LH levels in the castrated rabbits. The obtained
      results show that niphtholid exerts a continuous stimulating and pronounced
      effect on the rabbit pituitary-gonadal axis and simultaneously prevents the
      manifestation of suppressing androgen effect on testosterone-estradiol-binding
      globulin contents in the organism.

PMID- 2394251
TI  - [Age-related characteristics of the activity of phagocytes in the normal state
      and in infections].
AB  - Activity of peroxidase (AP) and maintenance of lysosomal cation proteins (CP)
      were studied during phagocytic reaction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes of
      healthy persons of different age and those with acute respiratory disease and
      chronic tonsillitis. It is found that during acute virus and chronic bacterial
      infection similar changes in AP and CP dynamics are observed, which is correlated
      with a decrease of phagocytic digesting function.

PMID- 2394252
TI  - [Effect of proserine on the levels of steroid hormones in cows].
AB  - Stimulation of cholinergic processes by neostigmine methylsulfate results in a
      reliable increase of the progesterone and estradiol content in blood of cows 11
      15 days after calving. In the case of hypertrophy of ovaries increase of the
      progesterone content is not followed by an increase of estradiol content that,
      apparently, decreases the content of luteohormones. In animals with high content
      of progesterone with persistent yellow body of ovaries the injection of
      neostigmine methylsulfate decreases the content of this hormone and with
      follicular cysts of ovaries the low content of progesterone increases. Hence,
      intensification of cholinergic processes normalizes the content of sexual
      hormones. The known trophic function of progesterone appears to be one of the
      manifestations of common protective-trophic function of the nervous system
      performed by the cholinergic processes. Therefore, the progesterone effect can be
      regarded as a starting one in the neurotrophic regulation of sexual hormones.

PMID- 2394253
TI  - [Effect of the autonomic nervous system on the resistance of heart ventricles to
      fibrillation].
AB  - Effects of vagus stimulation and cutting on the tolerance of heart ventricles to
      fibrillation in cats have been studied. The parasympathetic effects increased the
      tolerance of heart ventricles to fibrillation while sympathetic ones--decreased
      it.

PMID- 2394254
TI  - [Effect of heterogeneity of the myocardium on its mechanical function].
AB  - The influence of the mechanical heterogeneity on the myocardium contractility was
      evaluated. The heterogeneity was imitated by parallel connection of two papillar
      muscles with different mechanical properties. The rate of muscle shortening was
      controlled by a feed-back from tension of each of the muscles or both muscles
      simultaneously in the precision ergometer. The "force-velocity" and "length
      force" relations were registered for each muscle independently, and in case of
      parallel connection of two muscles. It was shown that connection of two muscles
      in parallel influenced significantly the distribution of load in the muscles,
      maximal and mean velocity of their shortening. It is stated that the key
      phenomenon controlling the value and the heterogeneity influence sign is mechano
      chemical uncoupling (inactivation).

PMID- 2394255
TI  - [Predicting the success of vocational training of operators in the training
      centers on the basis of psychophysiological and personality criteria].
AB  - Psychophysiological criteria to predict success of mastering of the profession of
      operator and to determine a group of professional fitness are described in the
      work. A system of ranging of psychophysiological indices of operators is
      developed.

PMID- 2394256
TI  - [Effect of retabolil, biosed and vitreous body on reparative processes in the
      heart of rats with experimental myocardial infarction].
AB  - Influence of retabolilum, biossedum and corpus vitreum on the inflammation and
      reparation in the rat heart with experimental infarction has been investigated.
      It is shown that retabolilum has the most pronounced reparation effect. At the
      same time biossedum has a slight effect on the reparative processes and corpus
      vitreum does not influence it al all. It is also found that the most pronounced
      action of retabolilum has been observed by the 12th day of infarction.

PMID- 2394257
TI  - [Dynamics of absorption of C-14-biotin by blood cells and plasma protein binding
      in ontogenesis].
AB  - Age peculiarities of absorption of 14C-biotin by the blood cells and plasma
      proteins in vitro are studied. The phase dynamics of 14C-biotin absorption by the
      blood cells and binding by plasma proteins is found. The reliable ontogenetic
      differences in absorption of 14C-biotin by the blood cells and plasma proteins
      are determined. The biotin-binding in vitro by the blood cells and plasma
      proteins decreases and becomes slower in old rats as compared with young ones.

PMID- 2394258
TI  - [A new method of evaluation of the masticatory function in humans].
AB  - A method is proposed to estimate mastication by three indices: chewing effect,
      chewing performance, chewing efficiency. Definitions are given for these terms. A
      new chewing test is described, permits studying the influence of the number of
      chewing strokes, chewing force and volume of test portion on the mastication
      using a group of 25 dentate persons aged 17-25 years with class I occlusion. A
      new approach to the estimation of chewing efficiency changes traditional views. A
      strong positive correlation is first found between chewing effect (A) and
      integrated bioelectrical activity (J) of chewing muscles with the constant number
      of chewing strokes. A relation between A and J is established when the number of
      chewing strokes increases.

PMID- 2394259
TI  - Publicity.

PMID- 2394260
TI  - Ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy in diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism.

PMID- 2394261
TI  - Legal implications of the registered care technician proposal.

PMID- 2394262
TI  - Care of the critically ill child after liver transplantation.
AB  - The many potential problems related to liver transplantation are intensified when
      the recipient is an infant or a child. The nursing diagnoses and interventions
      presented in this article can be a guide to the critical care nurse in management
      of sources of infection, rejection by the patient's own immune system, fluid
      volume, and electrolyte balance.

PMID- 2394263
TI  - Monitoring gastric pH to prevent stress ulcer syndrome.

PMID- 2394264
TI  - The intensity of waiting: life outside the intensive care unit.

PMID- 2394265
TI  - Research utilization: practical considerations for applying research to nursing
      practice.

PMID- 2394266
TI  - Writing a book review.

PMID- 2394267
TI  - 1990 critical choices. An AACN opinion survey.

PMID- 2394268
TI  - A look at Nurses Day at the White House.

PMID- 2394269
TI  - McMurphy of China Beach supports nursing image campaign.

PMID- 2394270
TI  - The determination of nitrate and nitrite in cured meat by HPLC/UV.
AB  - A rapid strong anion exchange HPLC/UV procedure has been developed for the
      determination of nitrate and nitrite in a wide variety of cured meats. The
      accuracy of this technique has been confirmed by the good agreement achieved with
      the existing British Standard colorimetric method. The applicability and
      repeatability of the procedure has been established in a survey of over 200
      samples. The agreement between duplicate determinations and their respective
      means averaged +/- 3.4% for nitrite and +/- 4.3% for nitrate as defined by the
      term [(a - b)/(a + b)] X 100% where a and b are the repeat determination values.

PMID- 2394271
TI  - Evaluation of a predictive mathematical model of di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate
      plasticizer migration from PVC film into foods.
AB  - The diffusion coefficient of the plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA) in
      Cheddar cheese (Df) was determined by measuring the extent to which DEHA
      penetrated cheese that was placed in intimate contact with artificially DEHA
      contaminated cheese. Slices (20 microns) of cheese from the boundary layer, into
      which DEHA had migrated, were microtomed at -40 degrees C, and analyzed for DEHA
      by gas chromatography (GC). Mean values of Df determined by graph fitting
      experimental and calculated data were 1.5 x 10(-9) cm2 s-1 at 5 degrees C and 3.0
      x 10(-8) cm2 s-1 at 25 degrees C. The partition coefficient (K) of DEHA between
      cheese and PVC film was derived from the partition coefficients of DEHA between
      acetonitrile (ACN) and cheese lipid, ACN and cheese solid, and ACN and PVC film.
      The mean values of K between cheese and PVC film were estimated to be 0.70 at 5
      degrees C and 0.58 at 25 degrees C. The estimated values of Df and K were then
      used in a mathematical model (Till et al. 1982) to predict migration levels of
      DEHA into cheese. Good agreement with previously published experimental data was
      obtained. Extrapolation of the prediction of DEHA migration into fatty foods,
      such as salami and avocado, was also successful (ratio of experimental to
      predicted results within a factor of two). The values of Df and K for cheese are,
      however, inappropriate for modelling non-fatty foods such as meat, cakes, fruit
      and vegetables. Predicted values for these foods were typically 3-10-fold too
      high. More accurate predictions would probably be obtained if values of Df more
      relevant to these foods are used. The predictions were relatively insensitive to
      the value of K.

PMID- 2394272
TI  - A survey of the occurrence of deoxynivalenol in wheat from 1986-1988 harvests in
      the USSR.
AB  - The occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON; vomitoxin) in wheat from 1986-1988
      harvests in the USSR was surveyed. A significant frequency of DON contamination
      (81.3% of samples analyzed) was observed. A correlation between levels of DON
      contamination and percentage of Fusarium-damaged kernels was demonstrated. It was
      shown that DON contamination did not exceed the maximum tolerated level (MTL)
      established in the USSR (1.0 mg/kg) if samples contained no more than 0.6% of
      Fusarium-damaged kernels.

PMID- 2394273
TI  - Sulphonamide residues in milk of dairy cows following intravenous injection.
AB  - An investigation was conducted into the elimination into milk of four
      sulphonamides (sulphadimidine, sulphamethoxypyridazine, sulphadimethoxine and
      sulphadoxine) after intravenous injections of drugs available in France.
      Sulphonamide determination in milk was performed using a high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) method with detection limit of 0.01 micrograms/ml. These
      results were used to determine the withdrawal times (two to six milkings)
      required for these drugs with a tolerance of 0.1 micrograms/ml as proposed by the
      European countries.

PMID- 2394274
TI  - Excretion of deltamethrin in lactating dairy cows.
AB  - A study was conducted to determine the metabolic fate of deltamethrin in
      lactating cows after a 'pour-on' application. Two cows were treated with 0.1 g
      deltamethrin and two with 1 g of the compound. Urine, faeces, milk and blood were
      collected over an 8-day period and analyzed for deltamethrin. This preliminary
      experiment has shown that it is necessary to undertake further experiment of
      longer duration (1 month). Deltamethrin was rapidly absorbed and slowly excreted.
      In milk, residues levels were very low: less than 1% of the treatment dose, and
      maximum levels were reached after 2 days (0.009 micrograms/ml for 0.1 g
      deltamethrin and 0.053 micrograms/ml for 1 g deltamethrin). For cows 1 and 2 (0.1
      g deltamethrin), no residue level was detected at the detection limit (0.001
      micrograms/ml) after 8 days. A total of 0.3-0.6% of excreted deltamethrin was
      present in urine, and no residue was found after 8 days. The major route for
      elimination was via faeces (about 95% of the total eliminated compound). Maxima
      were reached after 2 days and were still present after 8 days. Results shown in
      this study substantiate previously published work.

PMID- 2394275
TI  - Residues of insecticides and fungicides on Ontario-grown vegetables, 1986-1988.
AB  - Between 1986 and 1988, 433 composite vegetable samples representing 16
      commodities were collected from farm deliveries to the marketplace in Ontario,
      Canada. All samples were analysed for insecticides and fungicides. The analyses
      included organochlorine, organophosphorus, synthetic pyrethroid, and N
      methylcarbamate insecticides and dithiocarbamate, dicarboximide, and
      organochlorine fungicides. The commodities tested included asparagus, beans,
      carrots, celery, cole crops, cucumbers, lettuce, onions, peppers, potatoes,
      radishes, rutabagas and tomatoes. In 64% of samples, no pesticide residues were
      identified to the limits of detection which ranged from 0.005 to 0.05 mg/kg. A
      further 22% had combined insecticide and fungicide residues below 0.1 mg/kg. Most
      of the positive findings were a fraction of the Maximum Residue Limit permitted
      for each commodity under the Canadian Food and Drugs Act and Regulation. Three
      samples (0.7%) had residues that exceeded the MRL. These involved diazinon and
      parathion on celery and chlorothalonil on peppers. While some commodities had no
      detectable residues others had measurable residues of up to three separate
      pesticides. The most were found on celery, lettuce and field tomatoes.

PMID- 2394276
TI  - Mercury levels in hair from people eating large quantities of Swedish freshwater
      fish.
AB  - Mercury concentrations in hair were related to fish-eating habits in a group of
      50 people reported to have a high consumption of freshwater fish. Mercury levels
      in hair ranged from 0.3 to 10.8 mg/kg with a mean +/- SD of 3.2 +/- 2.3 mg/kg.
      The average mercury level in hair from men was significantly higher than that in
      hair from women (3.8 +/- 2.6 mg/kg versus 2.4 +/- 1.8 mg/kg. Seven individuals
      (14%) had levels above 6 mg/kg. In people with equal fish consumption,
      significantly higher mercury levels were found in the hair of those eating fish
      from lakes Malaren and Vattern than in those eating fish from Lake Hjalmaren. It
      has been reported that fish from the latter lake contains approximately 0.2 mg/kg
      mercury, whereas fish from the other two lakes contains approximately 0.4 mg/kg.
      The mean mercury level in hair was higher in the group eating freshwater fish
      more than three times a week (greater than or equal to 500 g fish flesh/week)
      than in the group eating less, although the difference was of borderline
      significance. Within couples (n = 16) eating equal numbers of fish meals per
      week, the men had significantly higher levels (mean 3.7 mg/kg) than the women
      (mean 2.5 mg/kg). The results from the present study show that people with a high
      consumption of Swedish freshwater fish have elevated levels of mercury in their
      hair, when compared with previously reported levels in the hair of Swedish
      pregnant women.

PMID- 2394277
TI  - Mouse skin bioassay of smoke condensates from cigarettes containing different
      levels of cocoa.
AB  - Smoke condensates derived from three cigarette types of identical blend to which
      0, 1 and 3% cocoa powder was added to the filler were assayed on mice by chronic
      dermal application (skin painting). For each cigarette type, three condensate
      doses were applied: 60, 90 and 125 mg dry condensate/mouse/week. The results
      obtained in this study do not provide evidence that the biological activity of
      the condensates, as indicated by the occurrence of non-tumorous and tumorous
      lesions, is enhanced by the addition of cocoa.

PMID- 2394278
TI  - [Precancerous lesions of the oral cavity. Protocol for diagnosis and therapy].

PMID- 2394279
TI  - [Osteo-dental ankylosis of permanent teeth].
AB  - The Authors present a bone dental ankylosis study and two clinical cases. The
      Authors show literature data in relation to different pathogenetic hypothesis and
      their therapeutic programs. Considering Bda as an histologic diagnosis, they
      suggest that any treatment-resistant clinical case is a true Bda.

PMID- 2394280
TI  - [Luxation of anterior deciduous teeth. Clinical considerations].
AB  - Deciduous anterior teeth dislocations are a very high incidence pathology in
      children. In this work the Authors describe some cases, their complications and
      therapy.

PMID- 2394281
TI  - [Palatine torus. Clinical picture and etiopathology].
AB  - In this note the Author deals with the so-called "torus palatinus", namely a
      hyperostosis, which develops very slowly, set on the median line of the palate;
      it usually develops during the years of youth and doesn't normally require
      surgical treatment because, as soon as it settles, it will not grow any more. Its
      surgical removal is needed only in some rare cases, when it does not allow the
      placing of a prothesis or when the mucosa covering it undergoes ulcerous
      pathology.

PMID- 2394282
TI  - [Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. A rare case].
AB  - The Authors describe a case of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. In this patient
      marked macroglossia and mandibular prognatism are presented.

PMID- 2394283
TI  - [Migratory red areas of the tongue. Description of a case].

PMID- 2394284
TI  - [The dental photograph. When and why. 2].

PMID- 2394285
TI  - [Automated "data base" prediction of surgico-orthodontic results. 1].

PMID- 2394286
TI  - [Conventional and single-use burs. Cavity preparation comparison].
AB  - Our work's aim, was to value the wear of conventional and monouse burs, while
      preparing the cavity. Usually the conventional burs give better technical
      efficiency, but the monouse ones represent a notable progress both in technology
      and prevention.

PMID- 2394287
TI  - [Impacted upper central incisor. Surgical-orthodontic treatment].
AB  - This study goes through the aetio-pathogenetic factors which cause the upper
      central incisor's inclusion and then it analyses the various clinical pictures to
      which odontologist's attention may be called. It is in this context that the
      study describes afterwards several problems pertinent to disinclusion's surgical
      techniques and to scientific methods about included teeth's hooking and about
      their odontological settling in the dental arch.

PMID- 2394289
TI  - [Dental photograph. When and why. 3].

PMID- 2394288
TI  - [Latero-lateral teleradiography of the head. Natural "controlled" position].
AB  - The Authors give forth a method to realize a profile radiograph in natural head
      position. This method considers the corner between the anterior border of the
      auricolar arm and the Camper plane. This angle always allows to reproduce natural
      head position like in the first profile radiograph. The Authors call this natural
      position: "natural controlled head position".

PMID- 2394290
TI  - [Colorimetry of composite resins. Shade modifications].

PMID- 2394291
TI  - [Functional dynamics of the TMJ. Importance of the lateral capsular ligament].
AB  - On the base of some papers previously published on the anatomy and physiology of
      the Tmj the Authors have studied the intracapsular dynamics of the cranio
      mandibular articulation. The intracapsular movements are guided by some
      biomechanical restrictions that have been cautiously studied and analized. The
      biological advantages of the presence of the meniscus between the two articular
      surfaces is clearly stated. The role of the lateral capsular ligament in
      stabilizing the disk over the condyle head is clearly demonstrated on the base of
      previous studies both on the microscopic and macroscopic anatomy of the ligament
      and the capsule. According to the Authors the disk is stabilized over the condyle
      head by the lateral capsular ligament, the temporomandibular ligament and by the
      histological structure of the meniscus that permits its compression and
      distorsion during the mandibular movements. The disk distorsion increases the
      anatomical correspondence between the intracapsular structures.

PMID- 2394292
TI  - [Persistence of deciduous canines in an adult patient].
AB  - The Author presents a case of permanence of two canine deciduous teeth in the
      upper jaw of a grown-up person for the absence of a side incisor and three
      premolars. Furthermore he presents personal histological findings of the pulp of
      two teeth and the biological meanings are discussed.

PMID- 2394293
TI  - [Impacted maxillary third molars. Accidental dislocation].
AB  - During surgical removal of impacted maxillary third molars, many complications
      may occur. Their accidental displacements in the maxillary sinus or in the
      infratemporal fossa are not too rare in the common general dentistry. Presenting
      this case, the Authors want to demonstrate that, when each one of this kind of
      teeth are well studied before their treatment, many complications can be avoided
      and, the sooner the dentist is able to solve them when they occur, the better the
      post-operative course will be.

PMID- 2394294
TI  - [Germectomy of upper wisdom teeth. Clinical case].
AB  - About complications during a third upper molar germectomy has been pointed out
      the possible slipping of the tooth below the masseter floor.

PMID- 2394295
TI  - [Adhesiveness of microorganisms to some soft resins].
AB  - Considering the fact that one of the main causes of the soft resins modification
      in prosthetic dentistry is the effect caused by a variety of microbe, experiments
      were carried out "in vitro" of microbe, experiments were carried out "in vitro"
      on three of the most commonly used resins with a modified method, based on the
      use of lymphoprep, it has been possible to study the capacity for adherence of
      bacteria and mycetes commonly found in the oral flora, over both the short and
      the long term. Results of this research underlined how ethylene and acetate based
      vinyl resins, probably for their physical and chemical characteristics, provide
      the best resistance to colonization by microbes, with special reference to
      mycetes. This is presumably an advantage for their use "in vivo" for a greater
      and improved conservation over the time, owing to this reduced interaction with
      microbe action.

PMID- 2394296
TI  - [Treatment of polymerized resins. A new method].
AB  - The resins used at present to prepare removable orthodontic equipment have
      surface characteristics which do not always correspond to the operator's
      requirements. The Authors are proposing a new methodology of treatment of the
      orthodontic products which will improve the outlook, the hygienic aspect and
      quite probably its byocompatibility.

PMID- 2394297
TI  - Melagenina. An analysis of published and other available data.
AB  - The placenta should be an excellent source of factors which might be efficacious
      in the treatment of vitiligo. Proof, however, for that hypothesis is lacking.
      Numerous claims have been made about Melagenina. It would appear to be nontoxic
      if we were to assume that the medication does not contain infectious agents. The
      ease of application certainly is of value for patients with vitiligo who wish to
      try some therapy for their disease. Practically, it is very costly to travel to
      Cuba and to export Melagenina. The cost of shipping on airplanes plus import
      duties make the price very high. Unfortunately, the inconvenience of the travel
      and the costs cannot necessarily be offset by the claims to efficacy. The
      biochemistry, assays for biological activity and the pharmacology studies as
      reported do not stand up to rigorous and acceptable scientific standards. The
      medication clearly needs further and intensive study. Now that the barriers
      between countries are being dismantled, it is hoped that the Cuban team will be
      able to travel to other laboratories outside of Cuba where they can continue
      animal studies as well as studies on melanocytes growing in culture. In addition,
      it is hoped that they will be able to share more about the pharmacology, the
      chemistry, the isolation and other chemical properties of the medication. These
      results can be published and will stand up to scrutiny by the world's medical and
      scientific community. Until that time, patients and their physicians must
      recognize the uncertain quality of the claims as well as the high financial cost
      and potential risk of using Melagenina either within or outside of Cuba.

PMID- 2394298
TI  - Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in psoriasis.
AB  - Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a product of activated
      T lymphocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes, is
      thought to play an important role in inflammatory reactions by 'priming' or
      enhancing the functions of neutrophils and macrophages. The aim of this study was
      to determine whether GM-CSF is detectable in psoriatic lesions. No GM-CSF was
      detected by ELISA in the suction blister fluids raised on normal, psoriatic
      uninvolved or involved skin. In contrast, although we could not detect GM-CSF in
      most of the extracts from noninflammatory stratum corneum, it was readily
      detected in most of the scale extracts from psoriasis and sterile pustular
      dermatoses, and its level was significantly higher than that from the controls.
      These results suggest that in psoriasis GM-CSF may amplify and modulate
      inflammatory reactions and activated T cells.

PMID- 2394299
TI  - Seasonal modulation of sebum excretion.
AB  - It is currently agreed that ambient temperature influences the sebum excretion
      rate. By using the Sebutape technique we have confirmed this concept, which is
      related to an increased delivery of sebum to the surface of the skin without an
      increment in the number of active sebaceous follicles.

PMID- 2394300
TI  - Water vapour loss threshold and induction of cholinergic urticaria.
AB  - A patient is described with cholinergic urticaria (CU) in whom the symptoms could
      be provoked by gustatory stimuli. The aim of this study was to investigate
      whether there is a threshold of sweating (monitored by skin water vapour loss
      (SVL) measurements) at which CU can be provoked. Provocations with lemon and sal
      ammoniac liquorice induced transient sweating differing both in degree and
      duration. Only 'doubly salted' liquorice, which caused the most intense sweat
      response, resulted in urticarial lesions. This findings suggest a threshold
      dependency for the induction of CU. SVL measurement may be a useful method for
      the evaluation of sweating tests in CU patients.

PMID- 2394301
TI  - Fumaric acid therapy in psoriasis: a double-blind comparison between fumaric acid
      compound therapy and monotherapy with dimethylfumaric acid ester.
AB  - In a 4-month double-blind study the effects of dimethylfumaric acid esters (DMFAE
      EC) and DMFAE plus salts of monoethylfumaric acid esters (fumaric acid
      combination, FAC-EC) in enteric-coated tablets were compared in 22 respectively
      23 patients with psoriasis. In both groups about 50% showed a considerable
      improvement, i.e. the initial score was more than halved. The therapeutic effects
      showed no significant differences in both groups with respect to the total
      psoriasis score or the different parameters. In the FAC-EC group the effects were
      obtained more rapidly. Most frequently observed side effects in both groups were
      flushings, stomachache and diarrhea. Due to these complaints 3 respectively 8
      patients discontinued therapy. Eosinophilia, leukopenia and lymphopenia were the
      most frequently observed differences in lab tests. It was concluded that FAC-EC
      had no significantly better effect than monotherapy with DMFAE-EC. Moreover,
      enteric coating of the tablets did not prevent stomach complaints. Until more
      information has been obtained about the pharmacokinetics, the toxicity and
      optimal composition of the drug, the fumaric acid therapy in psoriasis should be
      seen as experimental.

PMID- 2394302
TI  - Local blanching after epicutaneous application of EMLA cream. A double-blind
      randomized study among 50 healthy volunteers.
AB  - EMLA cream is a topical formulation based upon the eutectic mixture of lidocaine
      and prilocaine and is used in clinical settings to produce local analgesia after
      application under occlusive dressing. A blanching reaction has been reported to
      occur locally after application, but it is not clear whether this reaction is
      caused by the anesthetic mixture, by the vehicle or the occlusion. We studied
      this blanching reaction in 50 healthy volunteers in a double-blind randomized
      assay: EMLA versus placebo, under occlusive dressing for 1 h, each subject being
      his own control. We found 33 cases (66%) of blanching after application of EMLA
      cream versus 3 cases (6%) after placebo, this difference being highly
      significant. Blanching was observed without delay, after removal of the dressing,
      and was very transient, disappearing in less than 3 h in all cases. We thus
      conclude that the blanching reaction is (1) frequent but very transient, and (2)
      determined by the anesthetic mixture included in EMLA cream and not by the
      vehicle alone, nor by the occlusion, since it is not found with the placebo. The
      precise mechanism of this reaction is unknown.

PMID- 2394303
TI  - Intractable epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: efficacy of cyclosporin A.
AB  - We report the case of a 66-year-old man who presented with a spontaneous
      blistering involving both skin and mucous membranes, diagnosed as an inflammatory
      form of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. During a 5-year course, the condition
      failed to respond to various therapies. Finally, only ciclosporin, together with
      a low dose regimen of prednisone, achieved a dramatic improvement with a total
      clearing within 6 months, persisting 1 1/2 years after discontinuation. Such
      results prompt us to propose such an association as a primary therapeutic scheme
      in an otherwise barely tractable disease.

PMID- 2394304
TI  - Subcutaneous fat necrosis with thrombocytopenia in a newborn infant.
AB  - A case of subcutaneous fat necrosis (SCFN) in a newborn who had suffered from
      asphyxia secondary to meconium aspiration is described. During the third week of
      life, bluish-red subcutaneous nodules were noticed. A biopsy of the lesions
      showed subcutaneous necrosis with fat cells containing needle-like crystals with
      reactive inflammatory infiltrates. Peripheral transient thrombocytopenia was
      observed prior to the appearance of subcutaneous fat necrosis. The good prognosis
      is stressed.

PMID- 2394305
TI  - Leg ulcers in a patient with spherocytosis: a clinicopathological report.
AB  - In a case of spherocytosis combined with ulcus cruris, Doppler sonography and
      phlebography revealed a chronic venous insufficiency, together with fibrinous
      precipitates in capillary and venous vessel walls. Some haemolysis and
      fragmentation of red cells in the biopsy was also observed. It is suggested that
      the haemodynamic alteration due to chronic venous insufficiency may have played
      the main role in the development of the ulcers, although the rheological
      disturbance caused by the spherocytosis may have had an aggravating effect.
      Circulatory disorders should be excluded, if skin ulcers are to be classified as
      haematological disorders.

PMID- 2394306
TI  - Giant solitary sebaceous gland hyperplasia on the frontal region.
AB  - A case of a 39-year-old Japanese woman with a dome-shaped elevated nodule on the
      frontal region of the scalp is reported. Our case is very similar both clinically
      and histologically to that of 'giant solitary sebaceous gland hyperplasia'
      described by Kudoh et al. in 1988.

PMID- 2394307
TI  - Sebaceous trichofolliculoma on scrotum and penis.
AB  - A case of unique sebaceous trichofolliculoma on scrotum and penis is reported.
      Until now, this tumor has been reported as a solitary tumor only on the nose. The
      patient showed many small soft nodules for several years, then they became large,
      while some of them amassed. Histological examination showed many cystic cavities
      with many sebaceous follicles connected to them. No cell atypia or recurrence
      after excision was noted. A diagnosis of sebaceous trichofolliculoma was made
      based on histological findings.

PMID- 2394308
TI  - The relationship of epidermal hyperplasia and Merkel cell hyperplasia.

PMID- 2394309
TI  - Hyperplasia of Merkel cells in hyperplasia epidermis: which induces which?

PMID- 2394310
TI  - Photosensitivity due to alprazolam.

PMID- 2394311
TI  - Koebner phenomenon in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.

PMID- 2394312
TI  - Can C4AQO decreased frequency be considered a genetic marker for vitiligo and
      familial melanoma?

PMID- 2394313
TI  - Hereditary angioedema and oral contraception.

PMID- 2394314
TI  - About the association of lichen planus and psoriasis.

PMID- 2394315
TI  - Malignant melanoma at sites of therapeutic X-irradiation.
AB  - Two patients are reported in whom malignant melanoma developed at sites of low
      dose superficial X-ray therapy given for treatment of benign dermatoses. No
      causal link has been established between melanoma and X-irradiation, but previous
      reports of a possible association are reviewed. The probably importance of
      ultraviolet exposure after X-irradiation in such patients is emphasised.

PMID- 2394316
TI  - Metabolism of carotenoid pigments in birds.
AB  - Carotenoid pigments are an important component in the plumage of birds. The
      metabolic precursors are dietary in origin but many species have the capacity to
      chemically modify and selectively deposit the pigments. The ensuing plumage
      patterns are important in communication and identification. The bright yellows,
      oranges, and reds are due mostly to xanthophylls; keto and hydroxy carotenes.
      Some are deposited unmodified (e.g., lutein) whereas others are modified
      chemically (canthaxanthin, astaxanthin). Early workers concentrated on
      demonstrating that feather carotenoids were derived from the diet and deposited
      selectively. Progress in defining and solving biological problems depended on
      advances in chemical and analytical techniques. Subsequent investigation showed
      that various plumage colormorphs, seasonal plumage changes or colors in common
      mutant, were due to relatively simple chemical changes in carotenoids but had
      profound biological consequences. Equally important was the realization that many
      of these processes were under genetic control. Validation came from feeding
      studies of flamingos and finches. Recent studies have employed the plumage
      carotenoids to test hypotheses of genetic divergence, to relate plumage color to
      environmental process, and to demonstrate the influence of synthetic changes on
      color. Understanding the processes has advanced with the introduction of high
      resolution separation techniques and the ability to determine both conformation
      and absolute configuration. The next steps will be in the direction of
      understanding the enzymatic modification, transport, and tissue selectivity of
      feather carotenoids.

PMID- 2394317
TI  - An enzyme with a double identity: purple acid phosphatase and tartrate-resistant
      acid phosphatase.
AB  - The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatases or purple acid phosphatases constitute a
      class of related mammalian enzymes. Spectroscopic and magnetic studies have
      revealed that the purple phosphatases contain a novel dinuclear iron active site
      that is responsible for the purple color. More biologically and biomedically
      oriented research has shown that the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatases
      generally occur in osteoclasts and white blood cells, where they appear to be
      localized in lysosomes or similar organelles. Despite the different names given
      the enzymes by researchers in the two fields, recent sequence determinations and
      immunological studies indicate that the enzymes are identical. The status of
      research in both fields is reviewed in an attempt to present a unified picture of
      the structure, function, and mode of action of these unique metalloproteins.

PMID- 2394318
TI  - Mosquito oostatic factor: a novel decapeptide modulating trypsin-like enzyme
      biosynthesis in the midgut.
AB  - A peptide that inhibits egg development in mosquitoes (oostatic factor) has been
      purified from the ovaries of female Aedes aegypti. The factor is a decapeptide
      with a molecular mass of 1047.6. The primary sequence has been determined as NH2
      Tyr-Asp-Pro-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Pro-Pro-Pro-COOH from mass spectra recorded on a
      quadrupole Fourier transform instrument. The amino acid sequence exhibits
      sequence correlation to mammalian, plant, and several viral proteins. Injection
      of synthetic analogs into mosquitoes, biting midges, flies, and fleas inhibited
      proteolytic enzyme biosynthesis in the midgut. Binding studies with [3H]oostatic
      factor indicated that the midgut epithelial cells have a factor-specific
      receptor.

PMID- 2394319
TI  - Cytochalasin B induces cellular DNA fragmentation.
AB  - Cellular DNA fragmentation can be induced in many biological instances without
      plasma membrane damage. The fungal metabolite, cytochalasin B, is capable of
      modifying numerous cellular functions related to DNA synthesis. In this work it
      is demonstrated that cytochalasin B is capable of inducing DNA fragmentation in a
      number of cells lines. This DNA fragmentation occurs before plasma membrane lysis
      and over a period of hours. Cytochalasin E and villin, agents that act on the
      microfilaments, also induce DNA fragmentation. Phorbol dibutyrate, a
      diacylglyceral analog, is able to inhibit cytochalasin B-induced DNA
      fragmentation in a dose-dependent fashion. These findings support the
      interpretation that cytochalasin B is inducing DNA fragmentation via its effect
      on the actin filaments.

PMID- 2394320
TI  - A common ancestor for Candida tropicalis and dehydrogenases that synthesize
      antibiotics and steroids.
AB  - Candida tropicalis peroxisomes contain a 905-residue trifunctional enzyme with
      hydratase-dehydrogenase-epimerase activity that is important in fatty acid beta
      oxidation. At its amino terminus are two tandem copies of an approximately 280
      residue domain of unknown function. We provide evidence that this domain is
      homologous to oxidoreductases used for metabolizing sugars and synthesizing
      antibiotics and steroids such as estradiol, androstenedione, corticosterone, and
      hydrocortisone. The trifunctional enzyme shows no sequence similarity to the
      bifunctional hydratase-dehydrogenase found in animal peroxisomes and plant
      glyoxysomes, which are homologs of each other. We suggest that the C. tropicalis
      trifunctional enzyme and the animal and plant bifunctional enzymes have different
      ancestors.

PMID- 2394321
TI  - Localization of monoclonal antibody TNT-1 in experimental kidney infarction of
      the mouse.
AB  - An experimental kidney infarction model was developed in the mouse to study the
      uptake of a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody previously shown to bind to
      degenerating cells in malignant tumors. To determine if this approach is
      applicable to normal tissue and cell degeneration, kidney infarction was produced
      by clamping the mouse renal artery for 3 h using surgical procedures. Various
      groups of mice were injected with 131I-labeled TNT-1 F(ab')2 monoclonal antibody
      directed against nuclear histone antigens at varying intervals after surgery.
      Imaging, biodistribution, autoradiography, and histological studies were
      performed on each group of mice, including sham-operated controls, to quantitate
      the level of binding and localize the uptake of label in clamped and unclamped
      (contralateral) kidneys. As additional controls, clamped mice were administered
      radiolabeled irrelevant monoclonal antibody Lym-1 or mouse albumin. The results
      showed a marked selective uptake of radiolabeled TNT-1 F(ab')2 in the injured
      clamped kidney compared with the untreated kidney and other normal organs of the
      mouse. These studies define a model of normal organ necrosis that may be useful
      for study of the kinetics of antibody uptake in infarcted tissues.

PMID- 2394322
TI  - Improved Federal research support--National Information Campaign.

PMID- 2394323
TI  - Sensory and motor responses to rectal distention vary according to rate and
      pattern of balloon inflation.
AB  - Anorectal motor activity and rectal sensation were recorded in 12 normal male
      subjects during ramp distention of the rectum with water and air at randomized
      rates of 10, 20, 50, and 100 mL/min and during intermittent rapid distention with
      air. There were no significant differences between the results of ramp inflation
      with water or with air, and the repeated infusion of the same medium yielded
      reproducible results. Ramp distention induced sigmoid pressure-volume profiles.
      Different sensations occurred at specific points on the pressure-volume curve and
      were maintained until succeeded by the next sensation. Initial perception of the
      distention occurred during the initial steep pressure increase, the sensation of
      wind occurred during the plateau phase, and the desire to defecate occurred at
      the onset of the final rapid ascent. Rectal sensations were induced at lower
      volumes at low infusion rates when the slope of the pressure-volume relationship
      was shallower than at high infusion rates. This suggests that the receptor
      triggering rectal sensation is not a simple volume or pressure receptor, but is
      more likely to be a slowly adapting mechanoreceptor lying parallel to the
      circular muscle of the rectal wall. During rapid intermittent distention, the
      rectal volumes required to elicit rectal sensations were lower than during ramp
      distention, although the pressure-volume curve was steeper. Moreover, sensations
      often only lasted a short period of time but recurred on deflation. These data
      suggest activation of an additional population of rapidly adapting or high
      threshold mechanoreceptors. Anal relaxation was always evoked by intermittent
      rectal distention and was almost always associated with a rectal sensation and an
      increase in external anal sphincter activity. In contrast, anal relaxation could
      be absent or delayed during ramp inflation, especially at lower infusion rates,
      suggesting that internal sphincter can maintain continence for a long period of
      time while the rectum is slowly filling. Rectal sensation and concomitant
      external anal sphincter activity was not associated with anal relaxation during
      ramp inflation; most subjects felt the sensation long after the pressure reached
      its lowest level. However, under all circumstances the onset of rectal sensation
      was associated with an increase of external anal sphincter electrical activity.
      In conclusion, the rectal sensory and anorectal motor responses to distention
      depend on the rate and pattern of distention, which may activate a different
      population of receptors. Results from different laboratories cannot be compared
      directly unless the pattern and rate of distension are the same.

PMID- 2394324
TI  - Role of fructose-sorbitol malabsorption in the irritable bowel syndrome.
AB  - Because even after low doses of fructose and sorbitol, fructose-sorbitol
      malabsorption has been found in a high number of patients with the irritable
      bowel syndrome, an etiological role of fructose-sorbitol malabsorption in the
      irritable bowel syndrome has been suggested. However, these studies have been
      uncontrolled. Therefore, a controlled study of fructose-sorbitol malabsorption in
      the irritable bowel syndrome compared with healthy controls was performed.
      Seventy-three patients, 23 men and 50 women with a mean age 43.1 +/- 1.7 years
      (range, 18-66 years) with the irritable bowel syndrome were compared with 87 age-
      and sex-matched control subjects. Fructose-sorbitol malabsorption was determined
      by a breath-hydrogen test (Lactoscreen, Hoek Loos, Schiedam, The Netherlands)
      following an oral load of 25 g fructose and 5 g sorbitol after a 10-hour fast.
      Fructose-sorbitol malabsorption, as shown by an H2 peak of 20 ppm over basal
      values, was found in 22 (30.1%) of the patients and 35 (40.2%) of the control
      subjects. With a lower peak level of 10 ppm over basal values, these percentages
      were 45.2% and 57.5%, respectively. Also, the highest H2 peak values (15.2 +/-
      2.3 ppm vs. 21.5 +/- 2.6 ppm), time to reach peak levels (110.7 +/- 5.4 min vs.
      107.1 +/- 5.9 min), and area under the H2 curve (1310 +/- 219 ppm.min vs. 1812 +/
      255 ppm.min) did not discriminate between patients and controls. During the
      test, symptoms developed in 31 of 70 patients and in 3 of 85 control subjects (P
      less than 0.0001). Symptomatic patients did not differ from asymptomatic patients
      regarding the presence or absence of fructose-sorbitol malabsorption, H2 peak
      values, and area under the curve. No differences could be identified between male
      and female patients or controls. In conclusion, fructose-sorbitol malabsorption
      is frequently seen in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, but this is not
      different from observations in healthy volunteers. Therefore, fructose-sorbitol
      malabsorption does not seem to play an important role in the etiology of
      irritable bowel syndrome.

PMID- 2394325
TI  - Colonoscopic surveillance in long-standing total ulcerative colitis--a 15-year
      follow-up study.
AB  - In a 15-year surveillance program composed of 72 patients with total ulcerative
      colitis, 12 patients developed definite dysplasia. At endoscopy, low-grade
      dysplasia was detected in seven patients, high-grade in four, and a carcinoma
      (Dukes' stage A at operation) in one. One of the patients with high-grade
      dysplasia and macroscopical lesions at colonoscopy had a carcinoma (Dukes' A)
      detected at operation. A sequential development of dysplasia was found in seven
      patients. The cumulative risk of developing at least low-grade dysplasia was 14%
      after 25 years of disease duration. Using flow cytometric analyses, abnormal,
      aneuploid DNA content was detected in biopsies of 12 of 59 patients (20.3%); this
      correlated significantly with low-grade and high-grade dysplasia. Aneuploidy
      preceded dysplasia in two patients and was also detected in two dysplasia-free
      patients. The long-term use of colonoscopic surveillance in ulcerative colitis is
      a reliable way to select patients, in whom dysplasia is developing, for
      prophylactic surgery. Additionally, flow cytometric DNA analyses may help in the
      selection. The risk of missing a carcinoma until it becomes incurable appears to
      be low.

PMID- 2394326
TI  - Lack of association between oral contraceptive use and ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Previous epidemiological studies suggesting an association between oral
      contraceptive use and ulcerative colitis incidence have been weak and
      conflicting. To measure a possible association, 46 incident cases of ulcerative
      colitis patients, women aged 18-50 years, were compared with peer-nominated age
      matched and sex-matched controls. There were no differences between case and
      control patients in demographic characteristics. There was no association between
      oral contraceptive use and ulcerative colitis (current use: odds ratio 0.70, 95%
      confidence interval 0.27-1.83; former use: odds ratio 1.14, confidence interval
      0.41-3.15; current or former use: odds ratio 0.86, confidence interval 0.40
      1.85). Stratifying by disease location (pancolitis or left-sided disease) also
      failed to identify an association. Controlling for possible confounding effects
      of cigarette smoking did not alter the lack of association between oral
      contraceptive use and ulcerative colitis. Similarly, testing for interaction
      failed to demonstrate any effect modification. Analyzing for duration of current
      oral contraceptive use or time interval since last use failed to demonstrate a
      "dose-response" effect. The study was of sufficient size to detect statistical
      significance for oral contraceptive use for odds ratios of 2.8 and higher. In
      this matched case-control study of incident cases and community controls, there
      was no association between oral contraceptive use and ulcerative colitis
      incidence. To date, there is no evidence suggesting that women predisposed to the
      development of ulcerative colitis should be advised to avoid oral contraceptive
      use.

PMID- 2394327
TI  - Oxidant injury to hepatic mitochondrial lipids in rats with dietary copper
      overload. Modification by vitamin E deficiency.
AB  - To examine the role of oxidant damage to subcellular membranes in the
      pathogenesis of copper hepatotoxicity, the effects of dietary copper overload and
      varying states of vitamin E on biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural
      features of rat liver were investigated. Weanling male rats were pair-fed for 8
      weeks on diets containing normal or high levels of copper in combination with
      either deficient, sufficient, or excessive vitamin E. Hepatic microsomes and
      mitochondria, isolated by differential centrifugation, showed similar enrichment
      and recovery among all experimental groups. Evidence of in vivo peroxidation of
      membrane lipids (generation of conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid reacting
      substances) was present in mitochondrial but not microsomal preparations from
      copper-overloaded rats. Serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine
      aminotransferase, and cholylglycine (which were increased in all copper
      overloaded rats), as well as mitochondrial thiobarbituric acid-reacting
      substances, were more elevated in vitamin E-deficient rats. In copper-overloaded
      rats, liver histology showed changes of acute and chronic hepatocyte injury with
      mild periportal fibrosis; electron microscopy showed abundant copper-containing
      lysosomes and dilated cristae of hepatocyte mitochondria, findings similar to
      those in the liver of humans with copper-overload disorders. These findings
      suggest that an oxidant injury to hepatocyte mitochondria may be one of the
      initiating factors in hepatocellular damage that leads to hepatic lesions in
      copper-overload states in humans.

PMID- 2394328
TI  - Human liver tyrosylsulfotransferase.
AB  - The sulfation of tyrosine is a common posttranslational modification of peptides
      and may regulate the biological activity of a peptide. The biological activity of
      cholecystokinin is dependent on sulfation at the tyrosyl residue. Study of the
      enzyme(s) responsible for this activation step should provide the basis for
      future studies of the posttranslational control of peptide biological activity.
      The experiments reported here were designed to determine the subcellular
      distribution and biochemical properties of tyrosyl-sulfotransferase activity in
      normal human liver tissue. tert-Butoxycarbonylcholecystokinin octapeptide
      (desulfated) served as the sulfate-acceptor substrate. Subcellular distribution
      studies showed that tyrosyl-sulfotransferase activity was localized to the
      membrane-bound fraction. Tyrosylsulfotransferase was characterized by a pH
      optimum of 5.8, and activity was increased in the presence of sodium chloride and
      manganese chloride. The addition of detergents inhibited this enzyme activity.
      Using the optimized assay conditions, tyrosylsulfotransferase was measured in 20
      individual human liver samples. Twenty-fold interindividual variation was found-
      variation that may be related to individual differences in the degree of
      posttranslational sulfation of proteins. The level of tyrosylsulfotransferase
      activity did not correlate with the levels of activity of two soluble
      sulfotransferases, thermostable and thermolabile phenol sulfotransferase. These
      results provide the basis for future studies to determine the role of sulfation
      of peptides in humans and whether individual variations in
      tyrosylsulfotransferase activities correlate with individual differences in the
      degree of sulfate conjugation of peptides.

PMID- 2394329
TI  - Usefulness and limitations of laboratory and hepatic imaging studies in iron
      storage disease.
AB  - Liver biopsy with measurement of hepatic iron concentration is the most certain
      procedure for evaluation of iron-storage disease, although use of computed
      tomography and magnetic resonance imaging procedures recently have been proposed
      as alternative, noninvasive methods for estimating the degree of iron overload.
      The results of these imaging procedures were compared with those of other
      noninvasive techniques and liver biopsies in 48 patients. Final diagnoses, based
      on synthesis of clinical and laboratory data, included (a) primary
      hemochromatosis (n = 25; 19 homozygous, 6 heterozygous); (b) secondary
      hemochromatosis (n = 7); (c) alcoholic liver disease (n = 11); (d) chronic active
      hepatitis (n = 3); and (e) other (n = 2). Serum ferritin and computed tomography
      or magnetic resonance scanning had 100% sensitivity in detecting hepatic iron
      overload more than fivefold above the upper limit of normal (greater than 10.7
      mumol Fe/100 mg dry liver) but did not detect lesser degrees of iron overload
      reliably, including those found in 6 of 13 patients with untreated homozygous
      primary hemochromatosis and 3 of 7 with secondary hemochromatosis. Computed
      tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were more specific than ferritin (64%
      and 92% vs. 21%) in the detection of iron excess, more than five times the upper
      limit of normal. Among magnetic resonance imaging measures, the ratio of the
      second echo signal intensities of liver to paraspinous muscle was the most
      sensitive and most specific for detection of this degree of iron overload. The
      degree of correlation between hepatic iron concentration and results of
      noninvasive laboratory or imaging studies were insufficient to permit prediction
      of hepatic iron content by noninvasive studies alone. It is concluded that
      computed tomography or magnetic resonance scanning as currently usually used is
      not cost-effective in routine evaluation of iron overload, although these imaging
      procedures may play a role in patients in whom liver biopsy is contraindicated.
      Because of their low cost and ready availability, serum ferritin and transferrin
      saturation tests remain the preferred screening studies for iron overload. Liver
      biopsy with quantitative iron measurement remains the study of choice for the
      definitive diagnosis of hemochromatosis.

PMID- 2394330
TI  - Transport, metabolism, and effect of chronic feeding of lagodeoxycholic acid. A
      new, natural bile acid.
AB  - Ursodeoxycholic acid, the 7 beta-hydroxy epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid, is more
      hydrophilic and less hepatotoxic than chenodeoxycholic acid. Because
      "lagodeoxycholic acid," the 12 beta-hydroxy epimer of deoxycholic acid, is also
      more hydrophilic than deoxycholic acid, it was hypothesized that it should also
      be less hepatotoxic than deoxycholic acid. To test this, lagodeoxycholic acid was
      synthesized, and its transport and metabolism were examined in the rat, rabbit,
      and hamster. The taurine conjugate of lagodeoxycholic acid was moderately well
      transported by the perfused rat ileum (Tmax = 2 mumol/min.kg). In rats and
      hamsters with biliary fistulas, the taurine conjugate of lagodeoxycholic acid was
      well transported by the liver with a Tmax greater than 20 mumol/min.kg; for the
      taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid, doses infused at a rate greater than 2.5
      mumol/min.kg are known to cause cholestasis and death. Hepatic biotransformation
      of lagodeoxycholic acid in the rabbit was limited to conjugation with glycine; in
      the hamster, lagodeoxycholic acid was conjugated with glycine or taurine; in
      addition, 7-hydroxylation occurred to a slight extent (approximately 10%). When
      lagodeoxycholic acid was instilled in the rabbit colon, it was absorbed as such
      although within hours it was progressively epimerized by bacteria to deoxycholic
      acid. When injected intravenously and allowed to circulate enterohepatically,
      lagodeoxycholic acid was largely epimerized to deoxycholic acid in 24 hours.
      Surgical creation of a distal ileostomy abolished epimerization in the rabbit,
      indicating that exposure to colonic bacterial enzymes was required for the
      epimerization. Lagodeoxycholic acid was administered for 3 weeks at a dose of 180
      mumol/day (0.1% by weight of a chow diet; 2-4 times the endogenous bile acid
      synthesis rate); other groups received identical doses of deoxycholic acid
      (hamster) or cholyltaurine, a known precursor of deoxycholic acid (rabbit). After
      3 weeks of lagodeoxycholic acid ingestion, liver test results and liver
      appearance were normal. The total bile acid pool expanded by 37% in the rabbit,
      lagodeoxycholic acid composing 10% of biliary bile acids. In the hamster, the
      total bile acid pool was expanded by 95%, lagodeoxycholic acid composing 22% of
      biliary bile acids; biliary lipid secretion remained unchanged. Tracer studies
      indicated that the fractional turnover rate of lagodeoxycholic acid was high
      (157%/day, rabbit; 116%/day, hamster) because of its rapid epimerization to
      deoxycholic acid in the colon. These studies indicate that lagodeoxycholic acid,
      the more hydrophilic epimer of deoxycholic acid, is transported and metabolized
      as other dihydroxy bile acids but is much less toxic than deoxycholic
      acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2394331
TI  - Ethanol inhibits liver regeneration in rats without reducing transcripts of key
      protooncogenes.
AB  - The mechanisms responsible for ethanol-associated inhibition of liver
      regeneration are poorly understood but may involve the modulation of
      protooncogene expression. To test this hypothesis, the steady-state messenger RNA
      levels of several protooncogenes involved in cellular proliferation were measured
      in livers obtained from ethanol-fed rats and isocalorically maintained controls
      before and during surgically-induced liver regeneration. Regeneration was
      significantly inhibited in ethanol-fed rats as evidenced by delayed induction of
      ornithine decarboxylase activity and reduced thymidine incorporation, mitotic
      index, and restoration of liver mass after partial hepatectomy. As previously
      reported, partial hepatectomy induced the time-dependent expression of mRNA for c
      fos, c-myc, and c-Ha-ras. However, the transcript levels of these protooncogenes
      were indistinguishable in ethanol and control livers at various time points
      between 0-72 hours after partial hepatectomy. Although regeneration after partial
      hepatectomy is significantly delayed in ethanol-fed rats, the transcription of
      certain protooncogenes, which encode for both DNA-binding and signal-transducing
      proteins, appears to proceed normally. Consequently, ethanol-associated
      impairment of liver regeneration cannot be explained by altered transcription of
      these protooncogenes. The results suggest that either the expression of these
      protooncogenes alone may not be sufficient to trigger liver regeneration or that
      ethanol inhibits protooncogene-mediated events at posttranscriptional levels.

PMID- 2394332
TI  - Chronic active hepatitis with hepatitis B virus DNA and antibody against e
      antigen in the serum. Disturbed synthesis and secretion of e antigen from
      hepatocytes due to a point mutation in the precore region.
AB  - Some patients with type B chronic active hepatitis have a high titer of hepatitis
      B virus DNA despite antibody against e antigen in the serum. Clones of hepatitis
      B virus were propagated from the sera of seven patients with this disease, and
      the precore region was sequenced. Essentially all clones (128/131 or 98%) showed
      a point mutation from guanine to adenine at nucleotide 83, converting codon 28
      for tryptophan (TGG) to a stop codon (TAG); the second guanine-to-adenine point
      mutation at nucleotide 86 was identified in only 29 clones from two patients. In
      patients followed up since they had hepatitis B e antigen, a shift from guanine
      to adenine was observed at nucleotide 83 along with the seroconversion to the
      antibody to e antigen. The precore-region product is required for the synthesis
      and secretion of e antigen from hepatocytes. A point mutation from guanine to
      adenine at nucleotide 83 observed in the seven patients, therefore, would be
      responsible for disturbed secretion of e antigen.

PMID- 2394333
TI  - Pancreatic exocrine secretion in acute experimental pancreatitis.
AB  - Little is known about exocrine pancreatic secretory function in patients with
      acute pancreatitis, in particular during the early phase of the disease.
      Therefore, this study evaluates basal and stimulated pancreatic secretion in vivo
      and in vitro in four different models of acute pancreatitis which reflect its
      clinical spectrum of severity: (a) edematous pancreatitis induced in the rat by
      seven IP injections of 50 micrograms/kg cerulein at hourly intervals; (b)
      edematous pancreatitis with cellular necrosis induced in the mouse by seven IP
      injections of 50 micrograms/kg cerulein at hourly intervals; (c) hemorrhagic
      pancreatitis induced in the mouse by feeding an ethionine-supplemented, choline
      deficient diet for 66 hours; and (d) hemorrhagic pancreatitis induced in the rat
      by retrograde infusion of 0.6 mL 5% sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct.
      Secretory studies were performed in vivo and in vitro at various times after
      onset of pancreatitis. The results show that the exocrine pancreas gradually
      became resistant to cholecystokinin stimulation after the onset of acute
      pancreatitis in all four animal models. Cholecystokinin-stimulated secretion was
      almost abolished in vivo and in vitro at the time of maximal histological damage.
      In vivo basal secretion was also reduced. In vitro there was an increase in basal
      release of amylase from isolated acini that was not caused by an increase in
      luminal secretion but by enzyme release from damaged cells. The time course of
      improvement of secretory function after acute experimental pancreatitis depended
      on the severity of the pancreatitis. Recovery of secretory capacity took longer
      after severe necrotizing pancreatitis than after edematous pancreatitis. However,
      the ultimate resolution of secretory function was remarkable, in particular after
      severe hemorrhagic pancreatitis. In all four models, secretory capacity became
      indistinguishable from normal before the morphological alterations had completely
      resolved. The present experimental data suggest that pancreatic secretion, and
      particularly pancreatic secretory response to cholecystokinin, may also be
      reduced in patients early after the onset of acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 2394334
TI  - Bone mass in women with primary biliary cirrhosis: the relation with histological
      stage and use of glucocorticoids.
AB  - To assess the impact of primary biliary cirrhosis on bone mass in general and the
      relative importance of the stage of the liver disease and of treatment with
      glucocorticoids for the possible development of osteoporosis, bone mineral mass
      was measured by single and dual photon absorptiometry in 55 unselected female
      patients with longstanding primary biliary cirrhosis. Although most of the
      patients had a bone mineral density within the normal range, the bone mineral
      densities of the lumbar spine and distal and proximal forearm were 8% (P less
      than 0.004), 8% (P less than 0.03), and 5% (NS) respectively, lower than in age
      matched healthy women. Multiple regression analysis showed that the histological
      stage of the liver disease (early stage vs. late stage) was an independent
      determinant of axial bone mineral density, whereas the use of glucocorticoids
      resulted in only a moderate and not significant bone loss. Serum calcium proved
      to be significantly lower in the patients with late-stage primary biliary
      cirrhosis than in those with early-stage disease, whereas no significant
      differences were found in these groups with regard to several biochemical
      parameters of bone metabolism. In conclusion, in patients with primary biliary
      cirrhosis, bone loss was only moderate and related to the histological stage. The
      effect of low-dose glucocorticoids on bone mass seemed not significant.

PMID- 2394335
TI  - Hepatic venoocclusive disease and perisinusoidal fibrosis secondary to arsenic
      poisoning.
AB  - Hepatic injury secondary to arsenic poisoning has been known long but is poorly
      documented. A case of a patient with hepatic injury following severe arsenic
      poisoning is reported. Histological study of the liver demonstrated acute
      venoocclusive disease and perisinusoidal fibrosis. This case indicates that
      arsenic poisoning causes veno-occlusive disease in humans. It also suggests that
      hepatic damage in arsenic poisoning is secondary to vascular endothelial injury
      and supports the hypothesis that different patterns of hepatic vascular injury
      might proceed from a common mechanism.

PMID- 2394337
TI  - Primary biliary cirrhosis in a mouse?

PMID- 2394338
TI  - Liver biopsy in the long-term follow-up of liver transplant patients: still the
      gold standard.

PMID- 2394336
TI  - Severe posthemicolectomy diarrhea: evaluation and treatment with SMS 201-995.
AB  - The effect of subcutaneous somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 (Sandoz
      Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, NJ) was investigated in a patient with acute
      postoperative secretory diarrhea. The patient was hospitalized with bowel
      obstruction caused by a descending colon adenocarcinoma. One week after left
      hemicolectomy and transverse colostomy, watery colostomy output, which exceeded
      10 L per day developed. Jejunal perfusion studies suggested that the patient's
      diarrhea was caused by abnormal net secretion of water and electrolytes by the
      small intestine. Circulating levels of various peptide hormones were normal with
      the exception of elevated level of pancreatic polypeptide. SMS 201-995
      administration reduced colostomy output and normalized many of the abnormalities
      found during jejunal perfusion. These results indicate that the patient's acute
      secretory diarrhea, occurring after large intestinal obstruction, originated in
      the small intestine and that SMS 201-995 can be used to manage this unusual
      severe postoperative problem.

PMID- 2394339
TI  - Allergic reactions alter gastric function.

PMID- 2394340
TI  - Another important effect of Helicobacter pylori infection.

PMID- 2394341
TI  - What's all the FLAP about? A new 5-lipoxygenase-binding protein identified!

PMID- 2394342
TI  - A Japanese view of American early gastric cancer detection.

PMID- 2394343
TI  - Crohn's disease and NSAID enteropathy--a unifying model.

PMID- 2394344
TI  - Acute necrotizing esophagitis.

PMID- 2394345
TI  - Domperidone in chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction.

PMID- 2394346
TI  - Concerning a published paper on cobalamin-binding proteins.

PMID- 2394347
TI  - Prevalence of columnar-lined (Barrett's) esophagus. Comparison of population
      based clinical and autopsy findings.
AB  - In this study, two different methods were used to investigate the prevalence of
      columnar-lined (Barrett's) esophagus. First, a population-based study of
      clinically diagnosed cases was performed in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Twenty
      five residents of this county, who had undergone endoscopy and biopsy between
      1969 and 1986, were diagnosed as having Barrett's esophagus. On January 1, 1987,
      17 of these patients were still living in the county, representing an age- and
      sex-adjusted prevalence rate of 22.6 cases per 100,000 population (95% confidence
      interval, 11.7-33.6 cases). A prospective search of Mayo Clinic autopsy material
      for Barrett's esophagus was conducted using the same diagnostic criteria as in
      the clinical study. Over an 18-month period ending in September 1987, 7 cases of
      Barrett's esophagus were found in 733 unselected autopsies. In 5 of the 7 cases,
      Barrett's esophagus was first detected at the time of autopsy. Using the age- and
      sex-specific prevalence from the clinically diagnosed study, researchers expected
      to find 0.19 cases of Barrett's esophagus at the 226 autopsies performed on
      Olmsted County residents, although 4 were actually observed (P less than 0.001).
      This approximately 21-fold increase (95% confidence interval, 5-54 cases)
      corresponds to an autopsy estimated prevalence of 376 cases per 100,000
      population (95% confidence interval, 95-967 cases). In conclusion, a majority of
      cases of Barrett's esophagus, a condition that predisposes to esophageal
      malignancy, remains unrecognized in the general population.

PMID- 2394348
TI  - Proximal duodenal prostaglandin E2 release and mucosal bicarbonate secretion are
      altered in patients with duodenal ulcer.
AB  - Proximal duodenal mucosal bicarbonate production is impaired in patients with
      duodenal ulcer disease. Because prostaglandins of the E class increase human
      proximal duodenal bicarbonate secretion, this study tested the hypothesis that
      endogenous prostaglandin E2 production is defective in patients with duodenal
      ulcer. Ten patients, five with active and five with inactive duodenal ulcer
      disease, were studied along with 10 normal volunteers. The proximal 4 cm of
      duodenum, the bulb, was isolated and continuously perfused with 154 mmol/L NaCl.
      Basal bicarbonate secretion was measured for 30 minutes. The test segment was
      then acidified with a physiological amount of HCl (2 mmol over 5 minutes), and
      acid-stimulated bicarbonate secretion was measured by pH/PCO2 and back-titration
      for 55 more minutes. Prostaglandin E2 was measured in the effluents by a
      radioimmunologic assay validated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
      Compared with the normal subjects after luminal acidification, the duodenal ulcer
      patients had significantly greater PGE2 release and decreased total 1-hour
      bicarbonate output. The peak 5-minute acid-stimulated bicarbonate responses were
      not significantly different between the duodenal ulcer patients and normal
      subjects. After luminal acidification, PGE2 output remained elevated in the
      duodenal ulcer patients but returned promptly to basal in the normal subjects.
      Furthermore, the ratio of bicarbonate secreted to the amount of PGE2 released was
      significantly less in the ulcer patients. These findings suggest that patients
      with duodenal ulcer disease have an impaired mucosal bicarbonate response to
      endogenous PGE2. The increased acid-stimulated PGE2 response in duodenal ulcer
      patients suggests a compensatory phenomenon in response to the diminished mucosal
      bicarbonate production.

PMID- 2394349
TI  - Predictability of the postoperative course of Crohn's disease.
AB  - Eighty-nine patients who had been treated by ileal resection for Crohn's disease
      between 1979 and 1984 were included in a prospective cohort follow up to study
      the natural course of early postoperative lesions. Recurrent lesions were
      observed endoscopically in the neoterminal ileum within 1 year of surgery in 73%
      of the patients, although only 20% of the patients had symptoms. Three years
      after surgery, the endoscopic recurrence rate had increased to 85% and
      symptomatic recurrence occurred in 34%. The ultimate course of the disease was
      best predicted by the severity of the early postoperative lesions, as observed at
      ileoscopy. Clinical parameters that influenced outcome were preoperative disease
      activity, the indication for surgery, and the number of surgical resections. When
      patients were stratified for preoperative disease activity, the severity of
      lesions found at endoscopy remained a strong predictive factor for symptomatic
      recurrence. In 22 other patients submitted to "curative" ileal resection and
      ileocolonic anastomosis, the segment to be used as neoterminal ileum was
      carefully examined during surgery, and two large biopsies were taken before
      making the anastomosis. An ileoscopy was performed 6 months after surgery.
      Although all patients had a macroscopically normal neoterminal ileum and 19 had
      entirely normal biopsies at the time of surgery, 21 patients were found at
      ileoscopy to have developed ileitis involving a 15-cm segment (range, 4-30 cm),
      and 20 had unequivocal microscopic lesions on biopsies. These studies suggest
      that early lesions in the neoterminal ileum after Crohn's resection do not
      originate from microscopic inflammation present in this bowel segment at the time
      of surgery. The early postoperative lesions in the neoterminal ileum seem to be a
      suitable model to study the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease and also to evaluate
      new therapeutic modalities, either to prevent development of these early lesions
      or to treat progressive recurrence.

PMID- 2394350
TI  - Folic acid transport in organ-cultured mucosa of human intestine. Evidence for
      distinct carriers.
AB  - The transport of folic acid was investigated in organ-cultured endoscopic biopsy
      specimens of intestinal mucosa from normal subjects. In the proximal small
      intestine at pH 5.5 and 6.5, [3H]folic acid accumulated to concentrations 2.64-
      and 2.17-fold higher than those of the medium, respectively, but at pH 7.5 the
      concentration was same as that of the medium. Saturability of initial rates of
      uptake was demonstrable with respect to luminal concentrations of [H+] and folic
      acid. Two proton-dependent transport mechanisms were evident: (a) a carrier with
      a low affinity for H+ and a low capacity for folic acid, and (b) a high-affinity,
      high-capacity carrier (Km, 635 and 54.6 nmol/L [H+]; Vmax, 0.066 and 2.583 pmol
      folic acid/microL intracellular water per 10 minutes, respectively). Kinetic
      studies of folic acid uptake at pH 5.5 and 7.5 revealed a difference in Km for
      folic acid (15.76 and 34.38 mumol/L, respectively) with no change in Vmax. In the
      colon, folic acid did not accumulate against a concentration gradient, and the
      initial rate of uptake was not affected by luminal pH. The accumulation of folic
      acid in colonic mucosa was significantly higher at pH 5.5 than at 7.5 and showed
      significant regional variation, with optimal uptake in the sigmoid colon.
      Methotrexate inhibited folic acid uptake competitively both in the proximal small
      intestine and in the cecum (inhibition constant 6.9 and 54 mumol/L, respectively,
      at pH 5.5). These data indicate the presence of a proton-dependent, active
      transport of folic acid in the proximal small intestine at pH 5.0-6.5. At pH 7.5
      and in the mucosa of the colon, uptake of folic acid proceeds by facilitated
      diffusion through a low-affinity carrier.

PMID- 2394351
TI  - Mannan and oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine protect intestinal mucosa of celiac
      patients with active disease from in vitro toxicity of gliadin peptides.
AB  - Wheat flour and other cereals toxic for celiac patients contain an alcohol
      soluble protein fraction that, under experimental conditions simulating in vivo
      protein digestion, yields peptides that agglutinate undifferentiated K 562(S)
      cells. In contrast, cereals well tolerated in celiac disease (i.e., rice and
      maize) do not. Furthermore, purified A-gliadin peptides that damage in vitro
      cultured flat celiac mucosa are powerful agglutinins for K 562(S) cells, whereas
      A-gliadin peptides that do not show any adverse in vitro effect on celiac
      intestine lack agglutinating activity. Mannan, acetylglucosamine, and its
      oligomers (N,N'-diacetylchitobiose and N,N',N"-triacetylchitotriose) were able to
      prevent and reverse cell agglutination induced by peptides from all the toxic
      cereals. Moreover, mannan and N,N',N"-triacetylchitotriose exhibited a protective
      effect on intestinal mucosa specimens of patients with active celiac disease
      cultured with wheat protein-derived peptides. These data are consistent with the
      hypothesis that the agglutinating and toxic peptides are bound by carbohydrates.

PMID- 2394352
TI  - Hypoxia causes ischemic bowel necrosis in rats: the role of platelet-activating
      factor (PAF-acether).
AB  - We have previously shown that injection of platelet-activating factor causes
      necrotizing enterocolitis in the rat and that platelet-activating factor is an
      endogenous mediator in lipopolysaccharide-induced bowel necrosis. Because hypoxia
      is a known predisposing factor for neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, we
      investigated the effect of hypoxia on platelet-activating factor formation and
      intestinal necrosis. Young male Sprague-Dawley rats were made severely hypoxic by
      placing them in a 100% N2 chamber for 2 minutes; moderate hypoxia was
      accomplished using 10% O2 for 15 or 30 minutes. To evaluate the role of platelet
      activating factor on intestinal perfusion and injury, two platelet-activating
      factor antagonists, SRI 63-441 and WEB 2086, were injected 10 minutes before the
      hypoxic exposure. We found that plasma platelet-activating factor levels were
      significantly elevated after 2 minutes of severe hypoxia (13.8 +/- 2.9 ng/mL vs.
      control 2.1 +/- 0.8 ng/mL) and after 30 minutes of moderate hypoxia (41.1 +/-
      11.7 ng/mL). This increase in platelet-activating factor level was not caused by
      decreased degradation, because neither plasma nor intestinal platelet-activating
      factor acetylhydrolase was decreased in the hypoxic rats. (Intestinal
      acetylhydrolase activity was actually increased). Intestinal perfusion was
      markedly decreased at 30 minutes in hypoxic animals. In contrast, all platelet
      activating factor antagonist-treated animals had normal intestinal perfusion.
      Histological examination of affected bowel from hypoxic animals showed early
      intestinal necrosis which was completely prevented by pretreatment with SRI 63
      441 and WEB 2086. Because 30 minutes of hypoxia also resulted in metabolic
      acidosis, we further investigated if acidosis alone could induce platelet
      activating factor release and bowel injury. We found that acidosis alone resulted
      in moderate increase of plasma platelet-activating factor but did not produce
      bowel injury. We conclude that platelet-activating factor plays a central role in
      mediating hypoxia-induced intestinal necrosis. Acidosis may enhance the effect of
      hypoxia on platelet-activating factor production.

PMID- 2394353
TI  - Increased risk of preterm birth for women with inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - The reproductive histories of 177 women with Crohn's disease and 84 women with
      ulcerative colitis were compared with those of healthy control subjects.
      Inflammatory bowel disease was associated with reduced fertility as measured by
      number of pregnancies, but measures of childlessness, infertility, fecundability,
      and methods of birth control suggested that this reduced fertility was the
      patients' choice rather than a consequence of disease-mediated biological
      impairments. There was no evidence of increased risk of pregnancy loss, but the
      risk of preterm birth was significantly elevated for patients with Crohn's
      disease (odds ratio, 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-5.4) and for those with
      ulcerative colitis (odds ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-5.4). Several
      plausible biological mechanisms that could explain the link between preterm birth
      and inflammatory bowel disease are suggested. These results may be useful when
      counseling patients who desire pregnancy. Physicians can reassure patients about
      potential fertility problems but should also encourage close obstetrical
      monitoring during the third trimester of pregnancy.

PMID- 2394354
TI  - Mechanical properties of obstructed colon in a Hirschsprung's model.
AB  - Hirschsprung's disease, induced by aganglionosis of the distal intestinal tract,
      results in significant morbidity in affected children. This study uses a murine
      model of congenital aganglionosis in the distal colon to determine the effects of
      this type of obstruction on the proximal colon. In lethal spotted mice (Ls/Ls)
      there is a greater increase in the thickness of circular muscle (in the
      obstructed colon immediately proximal to the aganglionic region) than
      longitudinal muscle compared with controls. The active forces generated in vitro,
      as determined by length-tension curves of the circular muscle, are larger than in
      control littermates, and isolated muscle cells from the area proximal to the
      obstruction are larger and shorten to a significantly greater degree in response
      to acetylcholine. These data are consistent with increased muscle mass subsequent
      to hypertrophy, although simultaneously occurring hyperplasia cannot be excluded.
      However, the increased forces that developed are not entirely explained by
      increased muscle mass. When forces are normalized per cross-sectional unit of
      circular muscle present in the obstructed rings, stress is considerably higher in
      the rings proximal to the obstruction than in matched rings from obstruction-free
      littermates. Pressure-diameter relationships calculated from in vitro data show
      that the Ls/Ls colon is capable of exerting higher intraluminal pressures than
      the control colon. The increases in circular muscle thickness, forces, and stress
      are similar to those observed in other models of obstruction. The increased
      pressure-diameter relationships observed in the colon are unlike an experimental
      model of obstruction in the ureter and may reflect longstanding obstruction or a
      difference in response of colonic muscle to obstruction. It is possible that
      these mechanical changes may affect the course of Hirschsprung's disease.

PMID- 2394355
TI  - [Effect of pyridoxal-5-phosphate-modified polyhemoglobin on mammals' erythrocyte
      aggregation].
AB  - Human red blood cells in vitro are most subjected to aggregating action of
      pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-modified polyhemoglobin (PPPH) as compared to red blood
      cells of other mammals--mouse, dog, rabbit, rat. A conclusion has been made that
      the study of rheologic properties of PPPH in the animals cannot completely
      reflect the aggregating action of this oxygen-carrier in case of its infusion to
      humans.

PMID- 2394356
TI  - [Use of the methods of blood protein fractionation for increasing the activity of
      natural anti-A and anti-B antibodies].
AB  - Effectiveness has been shown of human blood serum fractionation with polyethylene
      glycol for isolation of anti-A and anti-B isohemagglutinins from stocks with low
      antibody activity, inadequate for the production of AB0-typing standards. An
      optimal diluent of fractions containing antibodies of the AB0 system has been
      selected. The reagents prepared did not differ, by their activity and
      specificity, from the standard ones produced from the whole sera.

PMID- 2394357
TI  - [A case of malignant course of the hypereosinophilic syndrome].

PMID- 2394358
TI  - [Complex isolation of macroglobulins from retroplacental serum and analysis of
      their levels in the blood serum of donors].

PMID- 2394359
TI  - [Elaboration of the technology of producing a lyophilized form of immunoglobulin
      preparations for intravenous administration].

PMID- 2394360
TI  - [Use of prostaglandin E2 in the complex treatment of acute renal failure].

PMID- 2394361
TI  - [Intensive transfusion-infusion therapy of patients with cirrhosis of the liver].
AB  - Optimum programs have been developed for the differential intensive transfusion
      infusion therapy of patients with cirrhosis of the liver, based on the
      characteristics of the clinical course of the disease and the directed action of
      varying current solutions. Overtime clinical investigations were conducted in 296
      patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The results of the study have shown a
      favourable effect of the components, blood preparations and hemocorrectors on the
      clinical signs of the disease, on the function of the liver, kidneys, hemostasis
      system and microcirculation.

PMID- 2394362
TI  - [Malignant lymphoma with "hairy" lymphocytes in the blood and splenomegaly--a new
      variant of lymphoproliferative diseases].
AB  - A total of 5 patients with a clinicohematological picture resembling hairy-cell
      leukemia (HCL) have been described. However, the morphological features of
      leukemic lymphocytes, the absence of acid phosphatase in them, the nodular
      character of the bone marrow lesion combined with an unusual phenotype have
      permitted the authors to distinguish these cases as a separate variant of B-cell
      malignant lymphoma. Paraprotein (M-class) was detected in the blood of two of the
      patients. A conclusion has been made that the combination of splenomegaly with
      hairy lymphocytes in the blood is characteristic of not only HCL, but it can be
      also observed in different variants of malignant lymphoma.

PMID- 2394363
TI  - [Characteristics of the clinical course of acute drug-induced agranulocytosis
      (data of the Hematological Department for the 6-year period--1982-1987)].
AB  - The clinical characteristics of agranulocytosis in its varying forms have been
      presented that determine the therapeutic tactics at different stages of the
      disease. It has been stressed that the prevention and treatment of infectious
      complications, control of intoxication should be considered as the most important
      measures. Glucocorticoid hormones present only a symptom complex of the antishock
      therapy.

PMID- 2394364
TI  - [Status of nonspecific defense factors in patients with chronic
      myeloproliferative diseases].
AB  - The features of nonspecific defense factors were studied in 42 patients with
      chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and in 18--with chronic subleukemic myelosis
      (CSM), in the presence of the treatment including polychemotherapy and
      plasmocytapheresis. Significant changes have been detected in the humoral factors
      of nonspecific defense (lysozyme, beta-lysins, complement components), as well as
      in the cellular component (phagocytic activity of the cells) in CML patients,
      these changes were growing with the leukemic process progressing.
      Plasmocytapheresis conducted produced no appreciable effect on the parameters of
      nonspecific resistance in the patients.

PMID- 2394365
TI  - [Concepts of the structure and functions of the immune system].

PMID- 2394366
TI  - [Problem of radiation-induced leukemia].
AB  - A case of radiation-induced leukemia has been described in a woman living in the
      area exposed to radioactive contamination as a result of the disaster at the
      Chernobyl NPS. Radiation-induced leukemia was diagnosed basing on the cytogenetic
      changes in the bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cytogenetic changes
      in the peripheral blood lymphocytes have been recorded in 60 subjects who were
      evacuated from areas contaminated with isotopes as a result of the disaster.

PMID- 2394367
TI  - [Ways to improve the hospital system of hematological services].

PMID- 2394368
TI  - [Recurrence of acute myeloblastic leukemia in a patient after 17 years of
      complete remission].

PMID- 2394369
TI  - [Isolation of hematopoietic stem cells from peripheral blood of patients with
      hemoblastoses].
AB  - To isolate peripheral blood stem cells, a fraction of the mononuclear blood cell
      suspension, 51 leukapheresis procedures were conducted in 8 patients with
      hemoblastosis using the continuous-flow blood cell separator Fenwal CS-3000. The
      blood volume processed in a procedure was 10 l at a flow rate of 40-60 ml/min,
      the centrifuge speed was 1600 rpm. The standard computer program of the Separator
      was modified depending on the whole blood rate and the patient's hematocrit. The
      mean yield of mononuclear cells per run was 6.3 X 10(9). Leukapheresis has not
      significantly affected the patient's blood cell concentration. The mean content
      of granulocytes in the leucocyte suspension comprised 1.89%. No complications or
      side effects were observed in the patients during leukapheresis procedures.

PMID- 2394370
TI  - Heart muscle: mathematical modelling of the mechanical activity and modelling of
      mechanochemical uncoupling.
AB  - A mechanical model of heart muscle is proposed which includes rheological
      equations and equations for Ca-troponin interaction, for the dependences of the
      number of myosin cross-bridges on the length of sarcomere and on the speed of
      motion. The main assumption of the model is the dependence of the troponin
      affinity to calcium ions on the number of myosin cross-bridges attached. The
      model successfully imitates isometric and isotonic contractions, the "length
      force" relationships, load-dependent relaxation, and the group of mechanical
      phenomena known as mechanochemical uncoupling.

PMID- 2394371
TI  - The influence of the rate of rigor state development on its tension in single
      muscle fibre.
AB  - The rigor tension and stiffness of glycerinated fibres from rabbit psoas muscle
      were found to vary markedly in dependence on the rate of substitution of the
      solutions in the experimental chamber. The maximum value of rigor tension, which
      is close to that activated by Ca2+ with pCa4, was obtained at the slow
      development of rigor in the absence of Ca2+ ions. The observed dependence is
      assumed to be due to the different degrees of removal of the 'slack' in fibres,
      which may be contributed by compliant ends of the preparation. A new method
      allowing to obtain rather reproducible values of rigor tension is proposed.

PMID- 2394372
TI  - Caffeine and the myoplasmic calcium removal mechanisms in cut frog skeletal
      muscle fibres.
AB  - Antipyrylazo III myoplasmic calcium transients were recorded in cut skeletal
      muscle fibres of the frog (Rana esculenta), using the double vaseline-gap voltage
      clamp system. Intracellular calcium removal mechanisms were analysed, using a
      slightly modified model taken from the literature. Parameter values reported here
      are generally consistent with those obtained by the original model. Caffeine (0.5
      mmol.l-1) moderately enhanced the overall myoplasmic calcium removal. In
      particular, the rate constant of the non-saturable uptake increased by 51% on the
      average, but there was a considerable fiber-to-fiber variation. The kinetic
      features of the binding sites representing the saturable uptake did not change
      significantly while the concentration of the available sites decreased by 36%. It
      is concluded that the caffeine-induced changes of the calcium removal components
      can be explained by supposing an increased resting myoplasmatic Ca2+
      concentration in the presence of the drug.

PMID- 2394373
TI  - Red blood cells under mechanical stress.
AB  - The effect of mechanical stress on erythrocytes suspended in various media was
      studied. The ability of the cells to increase their glucose consumption was found
      to be the major criterion allowing to divide the media into two groups. In
      plasma, serum or in Ringer's solution supplemented with albumin and glucose the
      energy consumption by mechanically stressed erythrocytes increased 20 to 50%; no
      morphological changes of the cells were observed either in suspension or on
      Giemsa smears. The cells behaved in the same way in Mg2(+)-free medium. The other
      group included protein-free medium (Ringer's solution supplemented with glucose)
      and Ca2(+)-free Ringer's solution supplemented with albumin and glucose; under
      these conditions erythrocytes were unable to raise their energy consumption in
      response to mechanical stress, and after some period structural impairment of the
      membrane could be observed on Giemsa smears. No differences in metabolism
      associated nucleotide concentrations (ATP, ADP, NAD, NADP) were observed between
      the samples. Resealed red cell ghosts with high concentrations of intracellular
      components were prepared as a model of cells with damaged membrane. In these
      ghosts (with low ATP concentration) mechanical stress produced increased
      proportions of echinocytes, even in the "native" suspension. These results have
      confirmed the vital role of the energy-consuming contractile apparatus in the
      erythrocyte membrane, and supplied a clue to the role of Ca2+ in its activation
      and to the influence of extracellular proteins on the maintenance of in red cell
      shape.

PMID- 2394374
TI  - The axial repeats in paracrystals of light meromyosin and its complex with C
      protein.
AB  - We examined the axial repeats in electron micrographs of three types of
      negatively stained paracrystals (two tactoid- and one sheet-like type) of rabbit
      light meromyosin (LMM) and its complex with C-protein characterized previously by
      similar axial period of about 43.0 nm. Assuming for the axial repeat in type II
      tactoids the value of 42.93 +/- 0.05 nm as it was determined by X-ray diffraction
      technique (Yagi and Offer 1981), we found average axial repeats in type I tactoid
      and in sheet-like paracrystal of 42.93 +/- 0.75 nm and 43.50 +/- 0.62 nm
      respectively. Analyzing the micrographs where the two types paracrystals are
      located side-by-side we determined rather accurately the average ratio of axial
      repeat in sheet-like paracrystal to that in type I tactoid (1.013 +/- 0.002).
      Taking 42.93 nm as the axial repeat in type I tactoid, the axial repeat in sheet
      like paracrystal was found to be 43.50 +/- 0.08 nm. C-protein binds to LMM with
      the period of the underlying LMM paracrystals and independently of the value of
      their axial repeats. Two different axial repeats (42.9 nm and 43.5 nm) revealed
      for LMM paracrystals in this study precisely coincide with the average repeat
      periods of myosin crossbridges along the thick filaments found for different
      physiological states of skeletal muscles (Lednev and Kornev 1987). Molecular
      basis for the appearance of two structural states in LMM paracrystals and in the
      shafts of thick filaments are discussed.

PMID- 2394375
TI  - Lipid peroxidation-induced changes in physical properties of annular lipids in
      rat brain synaptosomal membranes.
AB  - The effects of lipid peroxidation (LPO) on the physical state (fluidity) of the
      rat brain synaptosomal lipid bilayer matrix and the annular lipid domains were
      investigated using the fluorescent probe pyrene. The parameters of pyrene
      fluorescence intensity alpha = IE/IM were measured at excitation wavelengths 280
      nm and 340 nm (alpha 280 and alpha 340), reflecting fluidity of lipid bilayer
      matrix and annular lipids, respectively. LPO induction was shown to result in
      changes of fluidity of both the bilayer and annular lipids. Upon reducing
      formation of LPO products by carnosine, fluidity changes of both the lipid
      bilayer matrix and annular lipids were diminished. Conformational changes of the
      annular lipid domain by LPO may therefore be considered as a possible cause of
      the functional changes in the receptor mediated responses and of the inactivation
      of membrane-bound enzymes by oxidative stress.

PMID- 2394376
TI  - The effect of biased conversion on the mutation load.
AB  - The mutation load is sensitive to changes in the segregation ratio caused, for
      example, by biased conversion. If the distortion, measured by the force of
      conversion, is greater than the loss of fitness in the mutation heterozygotes,
      then the mutation load will be far away from its normal value. Examples are given
      where a small positive bias together with realistic fitness parameters increase
      the mutation load by more than two orders of magnitude. In practical terms this
      implies that great restrictions should be placed on the use of substances and
      treatments that may induce mutations associated with a positive conversion bias.

PMID- 2394377
TI  - Selection response in traits with maternal inheritance.
AB  - Maternal inheritance is the non-Mendelian transmission of traits from mothers to
      their offspring. Despite its presence in virtually all organisms, acting through
      a variety of mechanisms, the evolutionary consequences of maternal inheritance
      are not well understood. Here we review and extend a model of the inheritance and
      evolution of multiple quantitative characters with complex pathways of maternal
      effects. Extensions of the earlier model include common family environmental
      effects not associated with maternal phenotype, sexual dimorphism, and paternal
      effects (non-Mendelian influence of the father on offspring traits). We find
      that, in contrast to simple Mendelian inheritance, maternal inheritance produces
      qualitatively different evolutionary dynamics for two reasons: (1) the response
      to selection on a set of characters depends not only on their additive genetic
      variances and covariances, but also on maternal characters that influence them,
      and (2) time lags in the response to selection create a form of evolutionary
      momentum. These results have important implications for evolution in natural
      populations and practical applications in the economic improvement of
      domesticated species. We derive selection indices that maximize either the
      economic improvement in a single generation of artificial selection or the
      asymptotic rate of improvement in long-term selection programmes, based on
      individual merit or a combination of individual and family merit. Numerical
      examples show that accounting for maternal inheritance can lead to considerable
      increases in the efficiency of artificial selection.

PMID- 2394378
TI  - Mutation-selection balance and the evolutionary advantage of sex and
      recombination.
AB  - Mutation-selection balance in a multi-locus system is investigated theoretically,
      using a modification of Bulmer's infinitesimal model of selection on a normally
      distributed quantitative character, taking the number of mutations per individual
      (n) to represent the character value. The logarithm of the fitness of an
      individual with n mutations is assumed to be a quadratic, decreasing function of
      n. The equilibrium properties of infinitely large asexual populations, random
      mating populations lacking genetic recombination, and random-mating populations
      with arbitrary recombination frequencies are investigated. With 'synergistic'
      epistasis on the scale of log fitness, such that log fitness declines more
      steeply as n increases, it is shown that equilibrium mean fitness is least for
      asexual populations. In sexual populations, mean fitness increases with the
      number of chromosomes and with the map length per chromosome. With 'diminishing
      returns' epistasis, such that log fitness declines less steeply as n increases,
      mean fitness behaves in the opposite way. Selection on asexual variants and genes
      affecting the rate of genetic recombination in random-mating populations was also
      studied. With synergistic epistasis, zero recombination always appears to be
      disfavoured, but free recombination is disfavoured when the mutation rate per
      genome is sufficiently small, leading to evolutionary stability of maps of
      intermediate length. With synergistic epistasis, an asexual mutant is unlikely to
      invade a sexual population if the mutation rate per diploid genome greatly
      exceeds unity. Recombination is selectively disadvantageous when there is
      diminishing returns epistasis. These results are compared with the results of
      previous theoretical studies of this problem, and with experimental data.

PMID- 2394379
TI  - Gerontology and literary studies.

PMID- 2394380
TI  - Cumulative advantage, cumulative disadvantage, and inequality among elderly
      people.
AB  - It is often asserted that economic inequality narrows after age 65 when benefit
      programs replace labor markets as principal income sources. However, analysis of
      recent Census data suggests inequality is greatest among elderly people. The
      worst off one-fifth of the elderly (disproportionately unmarried women,
      minorities, and the physically impaired) receives 5.5% of the elderly's total
      resources, whereas the best off one-fifth receives 46%. Equalizing effects of
      Social Security are more than outweighed by private pensions, asset income, and
      other sources. Findings suggest a process of cumulative economic advantage and
      disadvantage throughout the life course.

PMID- 2394381
TI  - The delivery, regulation, and politics of home care: a California case study.
AB  - This study examined seven basic types of formal home care service providers in
      California, licensed and unlicensed, delivered by agencies and by individual
      providers. The primary differences were based on sources of payment, duration of
      care, supervision of personnel, and state regulation, rather than on statutory
      definitions of services offered and clients served. Many key officials and
      providers advocate regulatory reform by extending licensure to unlicensed
      agencies and providers. Competing special interest groups have not developed a
      consensus about regulation, leading to a political stalemate. Research has not
      determined differences in quality, access, and costs of licensed and unlicensed
      home care providers.

PMID- 2394382
TI  - Beyond the living will.
AB  - Sixty-three residents of a retirement community with living wills were studied to
      see if more specific planning for, and thus control over, their dying process
      would decrease their anxiety about death. The experimental group received
      intervention in the form of counseling and filling out a questionnaire regarding
      specific treatments (e.g., CPR, feeding tubes), proxy decision making, and other
      related questions. Results show that the mean death anxiety score for the
      experimental group decreased, whereas the control group's mean score did not
      change significantly.

PMID- 2394383
TI  - Two approaches to the care of an elder parent: a study of Robert Anderson's I
      Never Sang for My Father and Sawako Ariyoshi's Kokotsu no hito [The Twilight
      Years].
AB  - Care of an elder patient is often regarded by the children as an unwanted burden.
      Anderson's 1968 play, I Never Sang for My Father, and Ariyoshi's 1972 novel,
      Kokotsu no hito [The Twilight years], show how two different families of two
      different cultures (American and Japanese) respond to this crisis. Both texts
      arrive at dramatically different conclusions: in one the children, Gene and
      Alice, prove unwilling or unable to cope with the problems posed by their
      father's need; in the other Akiko, though nearly overwhelmed by the burden of her
      father-in-law's illness, emerges richer for the experience.

PMID- 2394384
TI  - The development of a hierarchical polychotomous ADL-IADL scale for
      noninstitutionalized elders.
AB  - A hierarchical scale comprising 18 activities of daily living (ADL) and
      instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) items was tested on a sample of
      101 noninstitutionalized people of 60 years and older in a northern part of the
      Netherlands. Three possible answers per item were used. The results confirmed the
      possibility of constructing a unidimensional, hierarchical, polychotomous scale
      for older people, measuring "functional problems on ADL-IADL." Moreover, the
      possibility of using two separate subscales (for ADL and IADL) was observed.

PMID- 2394385
TI  - Determinants of functional health of older persons.
AB  - The study investigated relationships among demographics, self esteem, health
      locus of control, health promotion behaviors, perceived health and functional
      health ratings in 179 older men and women from 65 to 99 years. Canonical
      correlation and stepwise discriminant analyses demonstrated several meaningful
      and significant relationships suggesting that exercise and nutrition may be
      critical health promotion activities associated with better scores on five
      functional dimensions. The 85+ years age group differed from younger groups
      through having significantly higher reported exercise scores.

PMID- 2394386
TI  - Reduction of psychiatric inpatient stay for older adults by intensive case
      management.
AB  - An intensive case management program was offered for a 5-month period to all
      older persons admitted to a county inpatient unit. A quasiexperimental design was
      used for program evaluation with comparison to a preintervention baseline period
      and to younger adults on the inpatient unit during both baseline and intervention
      periods. Length of stay was reduced from 27 days during baseline to 12 days
      during intervention. For the younger patient group, length of stay changed from
      11 to 12 days. Contrary to expectation, older patients were the young-old, mostly
      first admissions, and with mostly functional rather than organic diagnoses. This
      reduction in length of stay would save about $6,750 per geriatric admission.

PMID- 2394387
TI  - Perceived change among participants in an exercise program for older adults.
AB  - Data regarding perceived change were collected as part of a study of the effects
      of aerobic exercise training on psychological, cognitive, and physiological
      functioning among 101 healthy older adults. Subjects were assigned randomly to an
      aerobic exercise group, a yoga control group, or a waiting list group for 16
      weeks, after which all subjects participated in aerobic exercise for another 16
      weeks. Exercise participants perceived positive changes in a wide range of
      significant life areas, and perceived improvement was more closely related to
      objective improvement for physiological indicators than for indicators of
      cognitive functioning or psychological well-being.

PMID- 2394388
TI  - Reminiscence interviews as stress management interventions for older patients
      undergoing surgery.
AB  - A standard reminiscence interview and one that focused on successfully met
      challenges reduced state anxiety and enhanced coping self-efficacy when measured
      against both attention-placebo and no-intervention control groups in a sample of
      104 elderly male patients facing surgery. Age-peer interviewers did not elicit
      significantly greater overall reductions in state anxiety or increases in coping
      self-efficacy scores than younger interviewers (nonpeers), but did produce
      significantly higher coping self-efficacy scores than nonpeers when administering
      the challenge reminiscence interview.

PMID- 2394389
TI  - Physician satisfaction with career choices in geriatrics.
AB  - In a national survey of fellows who had trained in geriatric medicine and
      psychiatry, the vast majority of former fellows expressed satisfaction with their
      current work. Satisfaction with a career choice in geriatrics was significantly
      greater among those physicians who had practices with large numbers of patients
      over 75, accepted Medicare assignment, spent their time as clinician-researchers,
      and had a medical school appointment. Physician job satisfaction may have
      important consequences, and attention to maximizing satisfaction is warranted.

PMID- 2394390
TI  - The impact of family interactions on recovery from stroke: help or hindrance?
AB  - The family networks of 47 geriatric stroke patients were examined for social
      supports and social problems as they related to well-being after hospital
      discharge. Structured interviews assessed positive and negative family
      interactions and patients' independence in activities of daily living (ADL), time
      use, personal adjustment, and cognitive functioning. After controlling for
      patients' medical status at hospital discharge, social supports were not
      associated with any of the outcomes examined. Social problems explained
      additional variance in personal adjustment and ADL independence.

PMID- 2394391
TI  - Planning for contact between the generations: an effective approach.
AB  - A program for preschoolers and elders was designed to promote three types of
      prosocial behavior in the children: sharing, cooperating, and helping. The
      program used five types of contact: contact with natural grandparents in the
      preschool, regular elderly volunteers in the preschool, competent elderly
      visitors who shared their expertise, contact with less able elders through
      regular visits to a nursing home, and classroom activities providing positive and
      realistic information about older people and aging. The program resulted in
      increased prosocial behaviors in the children.

PMID- 2394392
TI  - Feelings group for adult day care.
AB  - An adult day care center incorporated a feelings group into its daily program,
      based on Yalom's focus group model (1983). The group discussion encourages
      communication, understanding, and trust, and buffers the effects of physical and
      emotional losses sustained by participants. Anticipated outcomes include
      increased self-esteem, decreased loneliness, and regained social skills.

PMID- 2394393
TI  - A community response to elder abuse.
AB  - The 1987 amendments to the Older Americans Act of 1965 required that State
      Offices on Aging identify agencies involved in identifying and treating abused,
      neglected, and exploited elders and determine the need for appropriate services
      for such individuals. This paper discusses how the Dallas, Texas Area Agency on
      Aging met this requirement and what the community did to increase services for
      those in need. The creation of an Elder Abuse Task Force had a radiating impact
      on state law, the statewide adult protective service system, and regional
      policymaking bodies.

PMID- 2394394
TI  - [New agrarian policy of the CPSU and health goals of agricultural labor].

PMID- 2394395
TI  - [Comparison of the effects of organic dusts on respiratory organs of rats using a
      morphometric method].
AB  - The contributors studied changes in the respiratory organs in rats induced by
      lucerne, maize, cotton, flax and flour dusts. The dusts were administered
      intratracheally by 10 mg dosages. Histological studies of the lung parenchyma
      were performed in 3 months, which revealed granuloma formations caused by the
      dusts. Automized planimetry was used to measure the surfaces, both individual and
      total, of the granuloma formations. To this criterion, cotton dust proved most
      affective (2.423 +/- 0.772), followed by lucerne (1.739 +/- 0.694), maize (1.434
      +/- 0.558), flax (1.420 +/- 0.329), and flour (0.565 +/- 0.171) dusts.

PMID- 2394396
TI  - [Comparative characteristics of the biological aggressiveness of welding dusts].
AB  - The article contains a study of the cytotoxic properties of welding dusts (WD)
      and their capacity to activate lipoid peroxidation (LP) depending on the
      particles of chemical composition. A correlation was established between the WD
      cytotoxic properties, activation of LP in the lungs and the concentration of
      cremnium dioxide.

PMID- 2394398
TI  - [Current hygiene problems and main risk factors in wool industry].
AB  - The labour conditions of the workers engaged in raw wool manufacturing are
      characterized by irrational management of the technological processing,
      inadequate labour and rehabilitation regimen, nutrition, organization of social
      and medical services for those engaged in shearing, as well as by incompatibility
      of the industrial sites to the existing hygienic and technological requirements.
      All this accounts for the high relevance of respiratory diseases (42%), and
      inflammatory and allergic diseases of the skin and subcutaneous fat, which are
      etiologically related to wool dust's action. The contributors propose newly
      elaborated hygienic recommendations and occupational health related standards
      designed to promote prevention of these diseases and elimination of industrial
      risk-factors.

PMID- 2394397
TI  - [Occupational pathology of the respiratory organs in miners of highly mechanized
      ore mines using diesel vehicles].
AB  - A medical survey of 2000 miners was performed at industrial sites using high
      mechanized self-propelled diesel vehicles in the Far North, South and East
      regions of the country. All the miners were exhibited to quartz containing
      polymetal ore dusts and diesel exhausts. 128 miners were medically examined to
      specify the morphological changes in the bronchi and respiratory sections in case
      of occupational pathology, as well as to establish specific clinical
      manifestations. In 81 cases, fibro-bronchoscopy was performed and bronchial
      mucous and transbronchial pulmonary biopsy. Due to the increased concentrations
      of benzopyrene and other soot absorbed polycyclic hydrocarbons, thoron and radon,
      the authors tentatively proposed them as risk-factors for occupational malignant
      bronchopulmonary diseases development.

PMID- 2394399
TI  - [N-nitrosamines in the air of an enterprise producing rubber footwear and rubber
      technology articles].

PMID- 2394400
TI  - [Hygienic analysis of the experience in dicyclopentadiene production from
      petrochemical raw materials].
AB  - The labour conditions at an experimental dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) processing line
      was characterized by a combined action of occupational hygienic factors, mostly
      contamination of the working zone air with chemical substances. Both to the
      degree of its hazardousness and concentration levels in the working zone air,
      DCPD was predominant agent in the gaseous discharges. The DCPD discharge in the
      air was due to improper pump packing gland hermetization, manual sample taking,
      inadequate decontamination of the equipment prior to preventive maintenance, as
      well as to the desorption by the construction elements surfaces. DCPD
      contamination of the workers' skin and overalls was also revealed.

PMID- 2394401
TI  - [State of oxidation-reduction systems of the body in acute and chronic sodium
      nitrite poisoning].
AB  - The oxidation-reduction equilibrium shifting after the introduction of natrium
      nitrate (NN) has a duration related effect. A single NN introduction in a toxic
      dosage decreases the force of the blood's thioldisulfide and ascorbate systems
      (AOS). On the contrary, processes in the liver of laboratory animals are marked
      by a tendency towards growing AOS activity due to an increase in the reduced
      forms of thiol enzymes and ascorbic acid content. The process of subtoxic dosage
      action of natrium nitrate is characterized by decreased volume of the enzyme
      deoxidation thioldisulfide system of the liver.

PMID- 2394402
TI  - [Hygienic evaluation of new laser technology units].
AB  - The study revealed that the levels of lazer irradiation diffusion in working
      places, in case with the "Biryuza" technological equipment, were lower MAC. The
      other occupational factors, violating the accepted hygienic norms, were connected
      with improper hygienic control measures at the stage of equipment processing and
      usage. A set of labour conditions improvement measures was proposed.

PMID- 2394403
TI  - [Rational nutrition under the effect of occupational noise on the body].
AB  - Basing on medical literature data, the contributors deal with the positive role
      of diet therapy, including specific food substances and their complexes, in case
      with patients from noise-affected occupations. Prophylactic diet patterns are
      proposed specifically intended for workers engaged in intensive industrial noise
      professions.

PMID- 2394404
TI  - [Problems of toxicology and occupational health during production of bismuth and
      its compounds].

PMID- 2394405
TI  - [Main ways of improving occupational health in manufacturing of aluminum powder
      products].
AB  - Aluminium metal high-disperse dust presents a major health-affecting factor in
      aluminium powder metallurgy. Therefore, labour conditions improvement in the
      industry should be aimed at aluminium metal dust discharge and manual labour
      decrease along with occupational microclimate optimization. The article gives a
      detailed description of major labour conditions improvement measures, which
      include modernization of the technological processes and equipment with due
      account of the occupational hygiene priorities.

PMID- 2394406
TI  - [Pesticide regulating technologies--a means of protecting the health of workers
      and the population].

PMID- 2394407
TI  - [Occurrence of carpal tunnel syndrome among workers engaged in manual labor].
AB  - Examinations of 835 manual workers were performed, as a result of which high
      prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) was revealed (36.6%). Neurological
      studies proved a predominant (90.1%) occurrence of the 3rd stage of CTS cases.
      The analysis performed showed that the right arm was more affected, which was
      proved by lower sensitivity registered through electroneuromyography. In about
      1/3 of the CTS patients, the disease was registered within 3 years of work. In
      13.5% cases, the syndrome developed within several months of intensive manual
      labour.

PMID- 2394408
TI  - [Clinical experience in using tents in oxygen-drug inhalation].
AB  - The contributors display their experience in the clinical application of tents
      for oxygen-drug therapy, aerosol prophylaxis and treatment purposes, and advocate
      the evident advantages of the method: a combined therapeutic action of oxygen and
      aerosols, the healing properties of the sprayer-produced negative ions,
      portability and easiness in handling the tent, possibility of its ready-to-use
      prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. Clinical trials were made in 2 groups of
      patients with respiratory and cardio-vascular disorders, which proved both
      therapeutic and technical effectiveness of the method to be recommended for wide
      use in medical posts of enterprises.

PMID- 2394409
TI  - [Morbidity with temporary loss of work capacity in the production of rare
      metals].

PMID- 2394410
TI  - [Reactions of the serotoninergic system of newborn animals and maternal bodies to
      separate and combined effects of vibration and acceleration].

PMID- 2394411
TI  - Ecological constraints on group size in three species of neotropical primates.
AB  - The foraging strategies and association patterns of 3 species of primates (Ateles
      geoffroyi, Alouatta palliata, Cebus capucinus) were studied over a 5-year period.
      The objective of the study was to provide a quantitative test of the hypothesis
      that the size, density and distribution of food resources influence the size of
      animal groups. In examining the assumptions of this hypothesis, it was shown that
      these primates used resources that occurred in patches, depleted the patches
      through their use, and that membership in large subgroups was associated with
      increased travel costs. The howler and spider monkey groups formed subgroups, the
      size of which could be predicted from the size, density and distribution of their
      plant food resources. When resources were clumped and at a low density, both the
      howler and spider monkeys were found in small subgroups, whereas when patches
      were uniformly distributed and at high density they formed larger subgroups.
      Capuchin monkeys, in contrast, did not respond to changes in these ecological
      variables by forming subgroups or changing the cohesion of their group.

PMID- 2394412
TI  - Fragile sons or harassed daughters? Sex differences in mortality among juvenile
      primates.
AB  - In most mammals, juvenile males tend to be more vulnerable to starvation than
      females and consequently experience a higher mortality. This has been attributed
      to selection on high male growth rates in response to strong intrasexual
      competition. Among primates, by contrast, it has been noted that females tend to
      be less viable as juveniles. This has been attributed to a greater ability of
      juvenile males to contest for food. An alternative explanation is that there is
      local resource competition, and adults of the resident sex (usually females)
      attempt to limit the recruitment of unrelated immatures of the same sex by
      harassing them. These ideas are not mutually exclusive. A set of predictions from
      these three hypotheses was derived for two social systems and two levels of food
      supply. They were tested using estimates of juvenile mortality and juvenile sex
      ratios of non-human primates based on over 40 data sets drawn from the
      literature. The results indicate that the local resource competition hypothesis
      provides the best explanation for the observed patterns in differential juvenile
      mortality in primates. The contrast between the findings for primates and those
      for other taxa is attributed to the low growth rate of immatures and the
      widespread occurrence of conditions conducive to local resource competition in
      primates.

PMID- 2394413
TI  - Form perception and visual acuity in a chimpanzee.
AB  - A 6.5-year-old female chimpanzee learned to distinguish perfectly every letter of
      the alphabet in a matching-to-sample task with 26 letters as choice alternatives.
      Confusion of letters during the initial training was used to scale them in a
      multidimensional similarity space and to associate them in hierarchical clusters.
      The results resembled those obtained from similarity judgements by humans. Using
      letters of various sizes, a visual acuity test revealed that the chimpanzee's
      acuity was about 1.5, comparable to that in normal humans. The chimpanzee also
      readily learned to use letters as names of individual humans and chimpanzees. A
      species-typical feature was identified in the perceptual processes associated
      with complex forms, such as those involved in individual recognition.

PMID- 2394414
TI  - Peer interaction in infant chimpanzees.
AB  - The peer interactions of 6 infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) ranging in age
      from 18 to 50 months were observed in a seminatural context. The infants and
      their mothers lived as members of a captive social group at the Yerkes Regional
      Primate Research Center. An analysis of contact initiations between infants
      indicated that the most preferred peer interactant was the youngest and the least
      preferred was the oldest infant. Infants also initiated more interactions with
      the offspring of adults that had the closest relationships with both themselves
      and their mothers. These results indicate that a number of factors may influence
      the peer affiliations of infant chimpanzees, including the age of the infant and
      the mother's social relationships.

PMID- 2394415
TI  - A case of lethal infant abuse in an established group of chimpanzees.

PMID- 2394416
TI  - An epizootic of whooping cough among chimpanzees in a zoo.

PMID- 2394417
TI  - Seasonal variation of sperm morphology in the Mayonette brown lemur (Eulemur
      fulvus mayottensis).

PMID- 2394418
TI  - [Atherosclerosis prevention is possible. Calcium antagonists protect the
      endothelium. Abstracts of the Bayotensin Workshop on New Aspects of
      Antihypertensive Treatment with Calcium Antagonists: Calcium Antagonists and
      Atherosclerosis. Fuschl, 8-10 June 1990].

PMID- 2394419
TI  - Survey identifies trends in equipment acquisitions.
AB  - Automated laboratory equipment, medical imaging equipment, and patient monitors
      top the list of hospitals' priorities for equipment acquisition during the next
      year. This is according to an exclusive survey sponsored by the Linc Group, Inc.,
      Chicago, and Hospitals magazine. The new survey also found that equipment
      acquisitions are most often financed with internal funds and gifts; that
      equipment purchasing budgets are on the rise; and that executives believe that
      most equipment makes money for their hospitals. Find out what your peers have to
      say about anticipated trends in equipment acquisition and financing during the
      next year.

PMID- 2394420
TI  - Survey: hospitals abandoning searches for solo practitioners.
AB  - Hospitals are shifting their approach to physician recruiting as competition for
      qualified physician candidates heats up. Instead of recruiting physicians to
      establish solo practices, 85 percent of hospitals are now helping staff
      physicians expand their practices. So says an exclusive survey of physician
      recruiting habits conducted by the Atlanta-based recruiting firm Jackson & Coker
      and Hospitals magazine.

PMID- 2394422
TI  - Risk managers still building professionalism.

PMID- 2394421
TI  - Risk managers see new regulations as boon and burden.
AB  - Health care risk managers have mixed feelings about the new regulations governing
      patient transfer and the National Practitioner Data Bank. Although cumbersome,
      the regulations give risk managers the teeth to enforce practices that may
      previously have been difficult to enact.

PMID- 2394423
TI  - 1990 Foster McGaw winner: community comes first.
AB  - Martin Diamond, president and CEO of Mt. Zion Hospital and Medical Center, San
      Francisco, believes a hospital has an obligation to provide community service.
      His hospital's commitment to service and his success in coordinating community,
      social, and health efforts helped Mt. Zion win the 1990 Foster G. McGaw Prize.
      The award is given by the Baxter Foundation and the AHA.

PMID- 2394424
TI  - Hospitals try new infection control tactics.
AB  - The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington DC, estimates that
      90 percent of hospitals already comply with its proposed infection control
      standards. But some hospitals aren't waiting for mandates; instead, they're
      taking more progressive action of their own.

PMID- 2394425
TI  - Culture can make or break a restructuring.
AB  - Organizational restructuring doesn't always bring about anticipated change;
      often, that's because management doesn't put enough effort into aligning the
      organization's culture with the new structure. Redesign must lead trustees,
      clinicians, managers, and employees to behave differently from before.

PMID- 2394426
TI  - New guidelines tackle ethics in advertising.

PMID- 2394427
TI  - Hospitals join with public agencies to serve the elderly.

PMID- 2394428
TI  - Hospitals, agencies subject of IRS compliane checks.

PMID- 2394429
TI  - RWJF (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation) launches $2 million program to improve
      quality.

PMID- 2394430
TI  - Management trends dictate which jobs are hot.

PMID- 2394431
TI  - Hospitals should say 'no' to some technologies.
AB  - The implicit promise of technology assessment is that if you look hard enough,
      you'll find the best new drug or device--before the competition does. But health
      care providers may forget to exercise a powerful option: just saying 'no'. So
      says Alan Weinstein, president, Premier Hospital Alliance, Inc., Westchester, IL.

PMID- 2394432
TI  - Problem-based teaching of pathology: is it cost-effective?

PMID- 2394433
TI  - Problem-based learning: an assessment of its feasibility and cost.
AB  - As our knowledge of human biology becomes more complex and the medical school
      applicant pool declines, there is ample reason to consider an alternative to the
      conventional medical curriculum. Many authorities feel that a format
      incorporating problem-based learning (PBL) would be more appropriate and
      effective. The problem-based medical curriculum is one in which facts and
      principles are learned in the context of a clinical problem. Problem-based
      medical education began as a revision of the McMaster University medical
      curriculum in 1969 and was instituted in the United States as a problem-based
      experimental track at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine in 1979.
      The first completely integrated, totally problem-based, McMaster-type, medical
      curriculum in the United States began operation in 1982 with the establishment of
      Mercer University School of Medicine. Many years of experience at these three
      institutions have shown that the problem-based curriculum works well. Several
      medical schools throughout the world are either practicing PBL or investigating
      the feasibility of adopting it. A comparison of the costs (in faculty time) of
      problem-based and conventional pathology programs suggests that the PBL
      curriculum is quite feasible for schools with a class size of 60 or less and may
      be so for many schools and programs with classes of less than 100.

PMID- 2394434
TI  - Morphology and membrane antigens of nonlymphoid accessory cells in oral hairy
      leukoplakia.
AB  - We have investigated the features and distribution of accessory cells (ACs) and
      the relationship of these cells to each other and to lymphocytes in the
      epithelium and lamina propria of oral hairy leukoplakia (HL), with the objective
      of better defining the differentiation and mutual interactions of immune-response
      cells within HL as a preliminary step to understanding the onset and significance
      of this lesion during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Twenty-four
      HIV-infected patients with HL, two asymptomatic HIV-positive subjects, and three
      HIV-negative subjects were studied by immunohistochemistry; five HIV-positive
      patients with HL and three asymptomatic HIV-positive subjects were studied by
      electron microscopy. In both the epithelium and the lamina propria of HL, we
      found cells with the immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of variably
      differentiated ACs; differences were found between the epithelium and lamina
      propria. In the lamina propria, ACs were characterized by dendritic shape,
      multiple contacts with lymphocytes, expression of CD1a antigen, and
      ultrastructural features of fully differentiated ACs. Conversely, in the
      epithelium ACs showed bluntly dendritic shape, low expression of CD1a, absent
      expression of HLA-DR, constant expression of CD11c and CD14 antigens, only
      occasional contacts with lymphocytes, and ultrastructural features of variably,
      but always incompletely, differentiated cells of monocyte-dendritic lineage.
      Seventy-nanometer wide intracisternal particles, closely resembling A particles
      described in retroviral infections, were found in the intraepithelial ACs in two
      patients with HL. The defective differentiation of ACs in the epithelium of HL-
      possibly influenced by the perturbation of the epithelial microenvironment
      induced by Epstein-Barr virus, and following the direct HIV infection of these
      cells--and the exceptional finding of close contacts with lymphocytes suggest
      that the lesional epithelium of HL may constitute a pathway for the entry of
      foreign antigens which circumvent monitoring by ACs and can induce immune
      tolerance. The impairment of the local immune response in HL may contribute to
      the development of full blown, systemic immunodeficiency.

PMID- 2394435
TI  - Pitfalls in the diagnosis of collagenous colitis: experience with 75 cases from a
      registry of collagenous colitis at the Johns Hopkins Hospital.
AB  - Collagenous colitis is a relatively rare disorder presenting mainly in middle
      aged women as watery diarrhea. Endoscopic and radiographic studies of the colon
      are usually normal, and diagnosis must be made by biopsy. The characteristic
      biopsy findings are a combination of increased mucosal inflammation (collagenous
      colitis) as well as subepithelial collagenous thickening. The mucosal
      inflammatory changes include increased lamina propria plasma cells, prominent
      intraepithelial lymphocytes, and in some cases, numerous eosinophils. The
      collagenous thickening has qualitative as well as quantitative differences from
      normal, and may be highlighted by Masson trichrome stains. Simply quantitating
      the thickness of a subepithelial collagen layer is neither adequate nor necessary
      for the diagnosis of collagenous colitis. Major problems in diagnosing
      collagenous colitis arise from focusing solely on the subepithelial region
      without attention to inflammatory changes. For example, tangential sectioning of
      normal colon results in an artifactually thickened basement membrane, and such
      cases have been wrongly interpreted as collagenous colitis. If biopsies lack the
      characteristic inflammatory pattern, a tangentially cut thick basement membrane
      should be ignored. The key to correct diagnosis of collagenous colitis is
      analyzing the summation of various inflammatory changes plus subepithelial
      collagenization, rather than focusing on any single feature in isolation.

PMID- 2394436
TI  - Primary testicular sarcoma: a report of two cases.
AB  - The clinical and pathologic features of two primary pure testicular sarcomas are
      reported. One tumor was an osteosarcoma and was found in a 30-year-old man; the
      other was a fibrosarcoma from an 86-year-old man. The patients were treated with
      orchiectomy and high ligation of the spermatic cord and received no postoperative
      therapy. Both of them were alive and well with no evidence of disease 6 months
      and 5 1/2 years, respectively, after orchiectomy. Most testicular sarcomas arise
      from a teratoma or, less commonly, originate from a spermatocytic seminoma, but
      our two cases and rare previously reported cases illustrate that pure sarcomas
      occur occasionally and may be associated with a favorable prognosis.

PMID- 2394437
TI  - Immunohistochemical study of human placental stromal cells.
AB  - An immunohistochemical study of stromal cells in human placental villi was made
      using various polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. This study demonstrated that
      almost all villous stromal cells expressed HLA-ABC, which is indicative of class
      I major histocompatibility complex, and vimentin, which is a mesenchymal marker,
      through the entire period of pregnancy. Some of these stromal cells were
      considered to be fetal macrophages having HLA-DR, which is a determinant of class
      II major histocompatibility complex, particularly in the second and third
      trimesters. Such macrophages also expressed CD-4 (Leu-3a and -3b) and 2H4, which
      are the cell membrane determinants of suppressor-inducer T lymphocyte; CD-2 (Leu
      5b), which is a marker of pan-T cell; Leu-M3, Leu-M5 and Mac-1, which are the
      markers of monocyte and macrophage lineage; leukocyte common antigen, which is a
      marker of bone marrow derived cell; and alpha-antichymotrypsin, which is a
      glycoprotein associated with macrophages. Morphologically, villous macrophages
      consisted of heterogeneous phenotypes such as classic Hofbauer cells, fibroblast
      like spindle cells with long cytoplasmic processes, and dendritic-shaped cells.
      These may have more complex features than previously considered and may have a
      greater initiating role in immunologic interactions between mother and fetus when
      compared with the very sparsely distributed T or B lymphocytes.

PMID- 2394438
TI  - Lymphoid hyperplasia and malignant lymphoma occurring in the ocular adnexa
      (orbit, conjunctiva, and eyelids): a prospective multiparametric analysis of 108
      cases during 1977 to 1987.
AB  - We performed a prospective multiparametric correlative clinical, histopathologic,
      and immunologic analysis of 117 ocular adnexal lymphoid proliferations developing
      in 108 patients between October 1977 and July 1987. The ocular adnexal lymphoid
      proliferations were distributed among the 108 patients as follows: orbit 69
      (64%), conjunctiva 30 (28%), and eyelids nine (8%). The 117 ocular adnexal
      lymphoid proliferations were classified as follows: polyclonal lymphoid
      hyperplasia, 32 (22 orbit, nine conjunctiva, one eyelid) (27%); monoclonal B cell
      lymphoma, 81 (48 orbit, 25 conjunctiva, eight eyelid) (69%); null cell lymphoma,
      one (orbit) (1%); and histologically indeterminate, three (one each: orbit,
      conjunctiva, eyelid) (3%). Patients presenting with ocular adnexal polyclonal
      lymphoid hyperplasia and monoclonal B cell lymphoma, and patients developing
      unilateral and bilateral ocular adnexal lymphoid proliferations did not differ
      significantly with respect to age, sex, presenting complaints, duration of
      symptoms, or ophthalmic findings. Classifying ocular adnexal lymphoid
      proliferations into benign and malignant categories by histopathologic criteria
      and into polyclonal and monoclonal B cell categories by immunophenotypic criteria
      was not useful in predicting eventual outcome, including the occurrence of
      extraocular lymphoma. However, the clinicopathologic characteristics did differ
      according to the anatomic site of involvement and histopathology of the ocular
      adnexal lymphoid proliferations. Lymphoid infiltrates of the conjunctiva were
      associated with a lower incidence of extra-ocular lymphoma (20%) than were those
      of the orbit and eyelid, 35% and 67%, respectively (statistically significant, P
      less than .03). Ocular adnexal small lymphocytic and intermediate lymphocytic
      lymphomas were less often associated with extra-ocular lymphoma than were ocular
      adnexal lymphomas of all other histologic types, 27% and 46%, respectively (P
      less than .09). However, the single most important and statistically significant
      prognostic factor in these patients was the extent of disease at the time of
      presentation with an ocular adnexal lymphoid proliferation (P less than .001).
      Eighty-six percent of patients presenting with a unilateral or bilateral clinical
      stage lE ocular adnexal lymphoid proliferation, regardless of the histopathology
      or the immunophenotype, had a benign indolent clinical course and failed to
      develop ocular or extra-ocular lymphoma during a median follow-up period of 51
      months. The results of this study substantially improve our understanding of
      extranodal small lymphocytic proliferations in general, and those of the ocular
      adnexa in particular.

PMID- 2394439
TI  - Malignant lymphoma involving a Warthin's tumor: a case with immunophenotypic and
      gene rearrangement analysis.
AB  - We describe a Warthin's tumor which was involved by malignant lymphoma. The
      lymphoma was classified in the Working Formulation as follicular and diffuse,
      mixed small cleaved and large cell type. Frozen section immunohistochemical
      studies revealed an abnormal immunophenotype: immunoglobulin-negative and B
      lineage. Gene rearrangement analysis confirmed the diagnosis by demonstrating
      rearrangements of both the immunoglobulin heavy and kappa light chain genes. The
      bcl-2 gene was also rearranged, consistent with the presence of the t(14;18)
      (q32;q21) translocation which is typically seen in follicular lymphomas. The T
      cell receptor beta chain gene retained the germline configuration. The results in
      this case highlight an advantage of molecular techniques as compared with
      immunophenotypic analysis: gene expression is not required to demonstrate
      clonality.

PMID- 2394440
TI  - Metastatic amelanotic melanoma simulating giant-cell tumor of bone.
AB  - A case of metastatic malignant melanoma simulating a giant cell tumor of bone is
      reported. This case typifies the diversity of expression of malignant melanoma.
      Osteoclast-like giant cells were present only in the femoral head metastasis and
      were not present in the primary lesion. The giant cell component may be
      reflective of an inherent and indiscriminant expression which may be seen in a
      variety of neoplastic bone lesions.

PMID- 2394441
TI  - The value of the autopsy for the 1990s.

PMID- 2394442
TI  - Is there a "genetic model" in the genesis of malignant pleural mesothelioma?

PMID- 2394444
TI  - Risk of nonocular cancer in first-degree relatives of retinoblastoma patients.
AB  - The increased risk of nonocular cancer seen consistently in studies of survivors
      of retinoblastoma may be caused in part by the presence of a retinoblastoma gene
      that also predisposes to other cancers. It has been claimed that this gene also
      increases the risk for cancer among unaffected relatives of genetic
      retinoblastoma probands. We report here a population-based study of the risk of
      nonocular cancer in parents and siblings of persons notified to the Danish Cancer
      Registry with retinoblastoma during 1943-84. No excess was observed among first
      degree relatives of 61 genetic retinoblastoma probands, whereas a slight (10%)
      excess was seen among the parents of 115 nongenetic probands. The latter was the
      result of significant excesses of malignant melanoma (4 observed, 0.4 expected),
      multiple myeloma (2 observed, 0.2 expected) and osteogenic sarcoma (1 observed,
      0.03 expected). The observed risk pattern cannot be explained by the presence of
      the retinoblastoma gene.

PMID- 2394443
TI  - High-resolution dynamic and morphological G-bandings (GBG and GTG): a comparative
      study.
AB  - A high-resolution replication banding technique, dynamic GBG banding (G-bands
      after 5'-bromodeoxyuridine [BrdUrd] and Giemsa), showed that, at a resolution of
      850 bands/genome, GBG banding and GTG banding (G-bands after trypsin and Giemsa)
      produce almost identical patterns. RBG band (R-bands after BrdUrd and Giemsa) and
      RHG band (R-bands after heat denaturation and Giemsa) patterns were previously
      shown to be only 75%-85% coincident; thus GTG banding more accurately reflects
      replication patterns than does RHG banding. BrdUrd synchronization uses high
      concentrations of BrdUrd both to substitute early replicating DNA and to arrest
      cells before the late bands replicate. Release from the block is via a low
      thymidine concentration. The banding is revealed by the fluorochrome-photolysis
      Giemsa (FPG) technique and produces the GBG banding that includes concomitant
      staining of constitutive heterochromatin. As opposed to other replication G
      banding procedures, BrdUrd synchronization and GBG banding produces a
      reproducible replication band pattern. The discordance between homologs after GBG
      banding is similar to that after GTG banding and no lateral asymmetry of the
      constitutive heterochromatin has been observed. Also, BrdUrd synchronization
      neither significantly depresses the mitotic index, nor induces chromosome breaks.
      Thus, GBG banding seems as clinically useful as GTG banding and provides
      important information regarding replication time.

PMID- 2394445
TI  - DNA sequence analysis of the KM19 locus linked to cystic fibrosis. Design of new
      oligonucleotides to remove non-specific PCR products.
AB  - The PstI polymorphism detected by probe KM19 is a highly informative marker in
      linkage disequilibrium with the cystic fibrosis locus and has been used
      extensively for prenatal diagnosis. The currently available primers used for
      polymerase chain reaction- (PCR-) based analysis of this locus have been shown to
      produce spurious amplification products. In this report, we describe the sequence
      of the KM19 locus and the major contaminating PCR product. We have used this
      information to design a more specific amplification procedure for analysis of the
      KM19 locus.

PMID- 2394446
TI  - Pericentromeric structure of human X "isochromosomes": evidence for molecular
      heterogeneity.
AB  - Three different long-arm X isochromosomes and an isodicentric X chromosome were
      examined by in situ hybridization with X-chromosome-specific alpha-satellite
      probes and by quantitation of Southern blots hybridized with proximal short-arm
      probes. Each chromosome had a unique pericentromeric structure. The isodicentric
      X chromosome was clearly dicentric, showing two distinct alpha-satellite
      hybridization signals and duplication of short-arm material. Two isochromosomes
      showed a larger than normal, bifid alpha-satellite signal and also had
      duplications of different extents of short-arm material. The third X
      isochromosome could not be distinguished from a classical long-arm isochromosome;
      it did not have a short-arm duplication and it had a single alpha-satellite
      signal. These data indicate that rearrangements responsible for X isochromosome
      formation can occur at numerous locations in the pericentromeric region and that
      some X isochromosomes may involve duplications of substantial portions of the
      short arm.

PMID- 2394447
TI  - Gametic equilibrium between 24 polymorphic markers.
AB  - Pairs of unlinked genetic markers (blood cell antigens and enzymes and serum
      proteins) were tested for gametic equilibrium (GE) in data from 508 unrelated
      individuals from different regions of North America. A total of 24 markers were
      considered in the study. Only 14 of 262 pairs (5.3%) of markers deviated from GE
      at the 5% significance level and only 6 pairs (2.3%) remained in significant
      disequilibrium after accounting for genetic heterogeneity among regional groups.
      The particular combinations of alleles or one-locus genotypes that showed
      significant association were identified in case they might be replicated in
      future studies. On the basis of this study alone, however, there is no reason to
      suspect disequilibrium between the pairs of markers studied.

PMID- 2394448
TI  - Polymorphism and mapping of the IGF1 gene, and absence of association with
      stature among African Pygmies.
AB  - Probes detecting restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the
      insulinlike growth factor (IGF1) gene were isolated and allele frequencies in
      different human populations determined. No difference was detected between the
      distribution of IGF1 alleles in Pygmies versus non-Pygmy black Africans, despite
      the proposal that a defect in the IGF1 gene might be responsible for Pygmy short
      stature. This was supported by the absence of a correlation of IGF1 genotype with
      height in the C.A.R. Pygmies. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct
      sequencing failed to demonstrate an alteration in the region upstream the IGF1
      start site in Pygmies. Linkage analysis demonstrated that IGF1 is tightly linked
      to the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene on chromosome 12q22-24.1.

PMID- 2394449
TI  - Paternal age and trisomy among spontaneous abortions.
AB  - The relationship of paternal age to specific types of trisomy and to
      chromosomally normal loss was investigated in data drawn from a case-control
      study of spontaneous abortions. Differences in paternal age between karyotype
      groups and controls delivering after 28 weeks gestation were tested using an urn
      model analysis which adjusted, by regression, for maternal age and, by
      stratification, for the effects of design variables (payment status, phase of
      study) and demographic factors (language, ethnicity). The magnitude of paternal
      age differences was estimated using least squares regression analysis. For
      chromosomally normal cases there was no association with paternal age. Among the
      fourteen trisomy categories examined, four (7, 9, 18, 21) showed increased
      paternal age (greater than or equal to 1 year above expectation), three (13, 20,
      22) showed decreased paternal age and the rest, including the most common,
      trisomy 16, showed negligible differences. Only the association with trisomy 22
      was statistically significant (P = 0.012), with a predicted reduction in paternal
      age of 2.1 years (95% CI -4.9, -0.5 years). This association did not vary with
      maternal age, payment status, phase of study, language or ethnicity. Because
      previous observations are extensive, the relation of paternal age to trisomy 21
      was examined further. The overall association was not significant (beta = 0.8
      years; 95% CI -0.8, 2.4 years). Moreover, there was evidence that the magnitude
      and direction of paternal age associations vary significantly within the sample,
      although not between subgroups defined on the basis of payment, phase of study,
      language or ethnicity. With respect to maternal age, the trend is towards a
      greater paternal age difference for trisomy 21 losses in younger women (P =
      0.058). Given the number of tests performed, the finding for trisomy 22 and
      reduced paternal age could be due to chance. Among trisomy types, the direction
      of paternal age associations was not consistent for chromosomes grouped according
      to characteristics that might relate to the probability of nondisjunction, such
      as size, arm ratio, or nucleolar organizer region content, or to the potential
      viability of the trisomy. Thus, neither on statistical nor biological grounds do
      the data provide compelling evidence of paternal age effects on the trisomies
      found among spontaneous abortions, or on chromosomally normal losses.

PMID- 2394450
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of genodermatoses by ultrastructural diagnostic markers in
      extra-embryonic tissues: defective hemidesmosomes in amnion epithelium of fetuses
      affected with epidermolysis bullosa Herlitz type (an alternative prenatal
      diagnosis in certain cases).
AB  - We report the first use of amnion epithelium for prenatal diagnosis. Prenatal
      diagnosis of recessive epidermolysis bullosa atrophicans generalisata gravis
      Herlitz type can at present be achieved with safety by detailed ultrastructural
      analysis of fetal skin. Because of the close developmental origin of amnion and
      skin, which has been elucidated by the recent development of anti-amnion
      antibodies against dermo-epidermal junction antigens and by their abnormal
      binding in epidermolysis bullosa skin, there is presumably some morphological
      relationship between amnion epithelium and skin. In a comparative study of extra
      embryonic tissues, we found ultrastructurally complete hemidesmosomes in all 24
      investigated normal amnion samples from gestational weeks 15-27, but not in 7
      reflected chorion samples from weeks 16-22. The results of placental chorion
      samples were not reliable. Amnion of 5 fetuses affected with epidermolysis
      bullosa atrophicans generalisata gravis revealed only hypoplastic hemidesmosomes,
      the same defect as in the respective skin. In a recent case where unfortunately
      only non-skin material was available, a positive prenatal diagnosis of
      epidermolysis bullosa atrophicans gravis Herlitz was performed from the amnion
      material. The diagnosis was confirmed by investigation of the fetal skin after
      termination. Investigation of amnion membranes is therefore an alternative for
      prenatal diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa atrophicans gravis Herlitz in certain
      cases. The possibility and limitations of the general use of amnion for prenatal
      diagnosis are discussed.

PMID- 2394451
TI  - Mapping the human gene coding for chromosomal protein HMG-17.
AB  - The functional gene coding for nonhistone chromosomal protein HMG-17, a
      nucleosomal binding protein that may confer unique properties to the chromatin
      structure of active genes, has been mapped to band 1p36.1. The multiple,
      nonfunctional, HMG-17 retropseudogenes are scattered over several chromosomes.

PMID- 2394452
TI  - Characterisation of the alpha-1-antitrypsin M3 gene, a normal variant.
AB  - By sequence analysis of the complete protein-coding region of the human alpha-1
      antitrypsin gene using polymerase chain reaction techniques, we have
      characterised one of the normal variants, M3. We have identified a single point
      mutation between M1 Val213 and M3 at codon position 376 which is a GAA(Glu) to
      GAC(Asp) transversion.

PMID- 2394453
TI  - Identifiability analysis and parameter identification of an in vivo ligand
      receptor model from PET data.
AB  - Identifiability problem is a very important topic in the framework of model
      justification and not accounting for it during the modeling procedure can lead to
      meaningless results. While studying the receptor-ligand model parameter
      estimation from dynamic positron emission tomography data, each of the three
      possible conclusions to the identifiability problem (i.e., unidentifiable model,
      multiple solutions, or unique solution) are reached depending on the experimental
      protocol used. The identification of the model parameters from data obtained with
      a single tracer injection leads to disappointing numerical results since most of
      the parameters have to be considered as unidentifiable. A protocol including two
      injections, a first injection of the labeled ligand and a second injection of the
      cold ligand (displacement experiment) leads to two very different numerical
      solutions, which is surprising since such multiplicity of solutions was not
      indicated by a preliminary theoretical identifiability study. We show that a
      three-injections protocol, including both a displacement and coinjection
      experiment, allows to determine which of these two solutions is biologically
      valid.

PMID- 2394454
TI  - Theoretical basis for controlling minimal tumor temperature during interstitial
      conductive heat therapy.
AB  - This paper describes simulation of steady-state intratumoral temperatures
      achieved by a simple modality of local heat therapy: interstitial treatment with
      parallel arrays of warmed, conductive heating elements. During "conductive
      heating" power is directly deposited only in the interstitial probes. Adjacent
      tissue is warmed by heat conduction. Simulations of interstitial conductive
      heating involved solution of the bioheat transfer equation on a digital computer
      using a finite difference model of the treated tissue. The simulations suggest
      that when the complete temperature distributions for conductive interstitial
      hyperthermia are examined in detail, substantial uniformity of the temperature
      distributions is evident. Except for a thin sleeve of tissue surrounding each
      heating element, a broad, flat central valley of temperature elevation is
      achieved, with a well defined minimum temperature, very close to modal and median
      tissue temperatures. Because probes are inserted directly in tumor tissue, the
      thin sleeve of overheated tissue would not be expected to cause normal tissue
      complications. The temperature of the heated probes must be continuously
      controlled and increased in the face of increased blood flow in order to maintain
      minimum tumor temperature. However, correction for changes in blood flow is
      possible by adjusting probe temperature according to a feedback control scheme,
      in which power dissipation from each probe is the sensed input variable.
      Conductive interstitial heating with continually controlled probe temperature
      deserves investigation as a technique for local hyperthermia therapy.

PMID- 2394455
TI  - A nonlinear model of the arterial system incorporating a pressure-dependent
      compliance.
AB  - The three-element modified Windkessel model has been widely used to study the
      characteristics of the systemic arterial system. This model provides most of the
      features of the systemic input impedance, but does not describe the nonlinear
      effect of the pressure dependence of arterial compliance. The current
      investigation examines the hemodynamic consequences of such an inclusion.
      Simultaneous aortic pressure and flow during control and brief descending aortic
      occlusion were measured in open chest anesthetized experimental dogs. A numerical
      procedure was implemented to compute constant compliance linear and nonlinear
      compliance model-predicted pressure waveforms with flow as the input. Results
      show that the nonlinear compliance model in general can more accurately predict
      the measured pressure waveforms during control and during acute pressure loading.
      The difference between the predicted waveforms is more pronounced when blood
      pressure is high and when the pulse pressure is large.

PMID- 2394456
TI  - Model reference adaptive control with constraints for postoperative blood
      pressure management.
AB  - This paper presents an approach for adaptive control of blood pressure using
      sodium nitroprusside. A modified stochastic model reference adaptive control
      algorithm with a time varying reference model is developed and used for this
      purpose. An automatic adjustment of the reference model is proposed in order to
      optimize the performance of the closed loop system while meeting clinical
      constraints imposed on the infusion rate and the mean arterial pressure.
      Extensive computer simulations show the robustness of the proposed controller in
      the presence of relatively high noise levels, over the full range of plant
      parameters and for large parameter variations.

PMID- 2394457
TI  - Point source nerve bundle stimulation: effects of fiber diameter and depth on
      simulated excitation.
AB  - Excitation response of different diameter myelinated nerve fibers situated at
      various depths within a cylindrical nerve bundle from the applied field of a
      point source electrode are analytically evaluated. For the potential field
      calculation, the fiber bundle is considered to be immersed in an infinite
      isotropic conductive medium and is idealized as an infinitely extending cylinder
      represented as an anisotropic bidomain (where electrical coupling from
      interstitial to intracellular space is included). Myelinated nerve fiber
      excitation is determined from a core-conductor nerve model, whose nodal currents
      are described by the Frankenhaeuser-Huxley kinetics and the aforementioned field
      providing the applied potentials. Stimulation level necessary for a nerve fiber
      to reach threshold is quantified in response to four descriptions of the volume
      conductor: the isotropic homogeneous case, the monodomain case, the bidomain
      case, and the "modified monodomain" case (where axial current is considered to
      flow through a parallel combination of longitudinal interstitial and
      intracellular resistive pathways, i.e., "complete" current redistribution). Model
      results indicate the importance of a bidomain representation of the nerve bundle,
      and provide insight into the relationship between the physical medium and the
      physiological properties of nerve fiber excitation.

PMID- 2394458
TI  - An improved method for localizing electric brain dipoles.
AB  - Methods for localizing electrical dipolar sources in the brain differ from one
      another by the models they use to represent the head, the specific formulas used
      in the calculation of the scalp potentials, the way that the reference electrode
      is treated, and by the algorithm employed to find the least-squares fit between
      the measured and calculated EEG potentials. The model presented here is based on
      some of the most advanced features found in other models, and on some
      improvements. The head is represented by a three-layer spherical model. The
      potential on any point on the scalp due to any source is found by a closed
      formula, which is not based on matrix rotations. The formulas will accept any
      surface electrode as the reference electrode. The least-squares procedure is
      based on optimal dipoles, reducing the number of unknowns in the iterations from
      six to three. The new method was evaluated by localizing five implanted dipolar
      sources in human sensorimotor cortex. The distances between the locations of the
      sources as calculated by the method, and the actual locations were between 0.4
      and 2.0 cm. The sensitivity of the method to uncertainties encountered whenever a
      real head has to be modeled by a three-layer model has also been assessed.

PMID- 2394459
TI  - A nerve cuff technique for selective excitation of peripheral nerve trunk
      regions.
AB  - Numerical modeling and experimental testing of a nerve cuff technique for
      selective stimulation of superficial peripheral nerve trunk regions is presented.
      Two basic electrode configurations ("snug" cuff monopolar and tripolar
      longitudinally aligned dots) have been considered. In addition, the feasibility
      of "steering" excitation into superficial nerve trunk regions using subthreshold
      levels of current flow from an electrode dot located on the opposite side of the
      nerve has been tested. Modeling objectives were to solve for the electric field
      that would be generated within a representative nerve trunk by each electrode
      configuration; and to use a simple nerve cable model to predict the effectiveness
      of each configuration in producing localized excitation. In three acute
      experiments on cat sciatic nerve the objective was to characterize the
      effectiveness of each electrode configuration in selectively activating only the
      medial gastrocnemius muscle. Modeling and experimentation both suggest that
      longitudinally aligned tripolar dot electrodes on the surface of a nerve trunk,
      and bounded by a layer of insulation (such as a nerve cuff), will restrict
      excitation to superficial nerve trunk regions more successfully than will
      monopolar dot electrodes. Excitation "steering" will improve the spatial
      selectivity of both monopolar and tripolar electrode configurations.

PMID- 2394460
TI  - High-efficiency coupling-insensitive transcutaneous power and data transmission
      via an inductive link.
AB  - This paper presents a new approach for transmitting RF power and signal via an
      inductive link. Such an approach optimizes the power efficiency of the overall
      transmission scheme comprising the power amplifier plus the inductive link. Power
      amplification is based on the single ended class E concept. The power
      amplification stage is self oscillating, the oscillation frequency thus being
      influenced by the coupling of the coils. The resulting operating frequency offset
      yields an improved power transmission performance of the circuit since the
      oscillation frequency tracks the absolute transmission efficiency maximum. A
      detailed analysis is given. Realization of the described approach requires a
      minimal number of circuit components. Experimental and theoretical results are in
      good agreement.

PMID- 2394461
TI  - Design for a constant peak current defibrillator.
AB  - A damped sine wave defibrillator that is capable of delivering a constant peak
      discharge current over a wide range of patient thoracic impedance is shown to be
      theoretically possible. This is realized in practice by the technique of storing
      an amount of energy above that required for delivery, and dumping the excess
      charge when the discharge current has reached a predetermined level, the dumping
      being triggered by a current sensor. A larger than normal inductance assists in
      swamping the effect of varying impedance and produces a smooth waveform. The
      preselected peak current can be delivered with a variation of about +/- 6% to 95%
      of a normal patient population. The energy expended in a simulated patient
      circuit is somewhat lower than for conventional defibrillators.

PMID- 2394462
TI  - Rapid assessment of electrode characteristics for impedance imaging.
AB  - Electrical impedance imaging is the technique for producing images of the
      resistivity of internal body structures based on measurements of voltage and
      current from electrodes applied to the body's surface. When a multiplicity of
      electrodes are applied in one or more rows around a body structure such as the
      thorax or limb, it is useful to be able to rapidly assess the general status of
      the electrode-body interface to determine if the skin has been suitably prepared,
      and that electrode and skin impedance are suitably low. In addition, assessment
      of the impedance of individual electrodes should precede acquisition of data for
      image formation. This communication presents techniques for assessing the overall
      skin and electrode impedances relative to the impedance of the body interior, and
      for assessing the integrity of each electrode's contact impedance.

PMID- 2394463
TI  - A method for real-time processing to study recovery functions of evoked
      potentials.
AB  - A new method for evaluating the recovery function of evoked potential (EP) in
      real time was reported. To record the test response of paired stimulation, the
      responses to alternate presentation of unpaired stimulus and several kinds of
      paired stimuli with various interstimulus intervals were averaged respectively
      and subtraction was made in real time. The EP's to the test stimulus obtained by
      the proposed method were proved to be accurate even under the changing recording
      conditions. A formula for computing the recovery correlation factor was derived
      as a measure of the recovery function of the recorded EP, and the recovery curves
      for three subjects were obtained.

PMID- 2394464
TI  - Endogenously secreted IL-4 is required for mouse thymocytes to become cytotoxic.
      Human, but not mouse, IL-2 induces a functionally immature thymic subset to
      secrete IL-4 and become CTL.
AB  - Experiments described here demonstrate that the differentiation of mouse
      thymocytes into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) requires interleukin-4 (IL-4). To
      reach this conclusion, we took advantage of our discovery that human and mouse IL
      2 have very different effects on the development of CTL from a functionally
      immature subset of thymocytes. The lobster agglutinin 1 (LAg1)-negative
      subpopulation of thymocytes proliferated when cultured with concanavalin A (Con
      A)+ human or mouse IL-2, but these cells became CTL only when cultured with Con
      A+ human IL-2. Furthermore, Con A+ human IL-2, but not mouse IL-2, stimulated IL
      4 production by cells within this population. Con A-induced cytotoxicity by
      mature LAg1-positive thymocytes and normal thymocytes was also accompanied by
      secretion of IL-4. The anti-IL-4 mAb 11B11 inhibited induction of cytotoxicity by
      all thymocyte populations tested. Taken together these experiments indicate that
      stimuli which induce cytotoxicity by mouse thymocytes also induce the secretion
      of IL-4, which is necessary for the differentiation of thymocyte CTL precursors
      into CTL.

PMID- 2394465
TI  - Interaction between endogenous opioids and IL-2 on PHA-stimulated human
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Endogenous opioids exert a variety of extra central nervous system (CNS)
      functions, including modulation of some human lymphocyte functions. The latter
      opioid activity may result in elevation of human natural killer (NK) function
      (i.e. by beta-endorphin), which is reversed by an opioid antagonist, Naloxone.
      Since recent evidence has suggested both structural and functional similarities
      between lymphokines known to elevate human NK function (interferon and
      interleukin-2) and endogenous opioids, we investigated if Naloxone could modulate
      lymphokine-enhanced human NK activity. Naloxone blunted, in a dose-dependent
      fashion, the NK-enhancing activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes or large
      granular lymphocytes by recombinant interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) or interleukin-2
      (IL-2). Naloxone decreased the uptake of radiolabelled IL-2 receptors. beta
      endorphin also decreased the binding of radiolabelled IL-2 or IL-2 receptor
      positive human lymphocytes. Finally, labelled Naloxone was inhibited from binding
      to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes by either beta-endorphin or
      IL-2. These findings strongly suggest that human lymphocyte receptors for opioid,
      IFN or IL-2 molecules, once occupied, have distinct influences on the alternate
      receptor. In addition, these data further strengthen the potential role of CNS
      mediated influences on the human immune system.

PMID- 2394466
TI  - Adoptive transfer of viable motheaten humoral autoimmunity in cyclophosphamide
      immunodepressed beige recipient mice.
AB  - Cyclophosphamide-pretreated homozygous C57BL/6 beige mice (B6 bg) were used as
      recipients for the transfer of lymphoid cells either of short-living autoimmune
      homozygous B6 'viable motheaten' mice (B6 mev) or of normal B6 mice (B6+) or B6
      bg mice as controls. The grafts had no incidence on the survival of the
      recipients, whatever protocol used. The [mev----bg] chimeras did not develop the
      mev external phenotype, but there was a transfer of humoral autoimmunity.
      Compared to control Compared to control chimeras ([bg----bg] and [+----bg]),
      recipients of mev cells always showed an increase in anti-single-stranded DNA
      (ssDNA) antibody titres, reaching 2/3 of the mev ones 40 weeks after the cell
      transfers. Moreover, the anti-ssDNA were mainly of IgM class, correlating with
      the higher total IgM level found in [mev----bg] chimeras, thus reflecting the
      serological phenotype of the mev homozygous mice. Though the adoptive transfer of
      some mev-type humoral autoimmunity symptoms was clearly achieved in this chimera
      model, the recipient mice did not suffer from the several other features of the
      mev syndrome, such as the hyperglobulinemia and the severe pathology. This
      indicates that microenvironmental influences act in concert with B cells to
      produce pathology in mev mice.

PMID- 2394467
TI  - Recognition of a 30,000 MW antigen of Giardia muris trophozoites by intestinal
      IgA from Giardia-infected mice.
AB  - The principal aims of this work were (i) to identify the molecular weight (MW) of
      Giardia muris trophozoite antigens that are recognized by IgA in small intestinal
      secretions from G. muris-infected mice, and (ii) to determine whether mouse
      intestinal Giardia-specific IgA is directed against trophozoite surfaces. BALB/c
      mice were infected with G. muris cysts, and intestinal secretions were harvested
      from these mice at various times after the start of Giardia infection, and from
      uninfected mice. Flow cytometry showed that intestinal IgA from G. muris-infected
      mice, but not from uninfected mice, became bound to trophozoite surfaces in
      vitro. Western blotting of trophozoite proteins with mouse intestinal secretions
      showed that IgA from Giardia-infected mice reacted specifically with a broad
      protein band of approximately 30,000 MW. This finding suggests that one or more
      trophozoite proteins of approximately 30,000 MW are targets for intestinal
      antibody in mice infected with G. muris.

PMID- 2394469
TI  - Placental pathology in pre-eclampsia eclampsia syndrome.
AB  - Quantitative analysis of placental pathology was carried out on 20 placentae from
      various grades of pre-eclampsia eclampsia syndrome and 20 placentae from control
      group. Placental weights were lower in the study group. The gross abnormalities
      noted were the placental infarcts, retroplacental haematoma and calcification.
      The striking villous lesions observed in the study group were cytotrophoblastic
      cell proliferation, thickening of villous basement membrane and paucity of
      vasculosyncytial membrane and these findings correlated well with the severity of
      maternal disease. These vascular villous lesions were considered secondary to
      uteroplacental ischaemia.

PMID- 2394468
TI  - A chymotryptic-type serine protease is required for IL-2 production by Jurkat T
      cells.
AB  - Interleukin-2 (IL-2) production by activated Jurkat T cells was markedly delayed
      when these cells were treated with low concentrations of the chymotryptic-type
      protease inhibitor N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethylketone (TPCK).
      This increased lag time observed in the presence of TPCK directly correlates with
      the interaction of the inhibitor with a unique 42,000 molecular weight (MW)
      serine protease, which can be labelled with [3H]DFP, and was not due to an
      intracellular accumulation of a non-mature form of IL-2 nor to a non-specific
      inhibition of overall protein synthesis. The results presented in this report
      indicate that a 42,000 MW chymotryptic-like serine protease is required for IL-2
      production by activated Jurkat T cells.

PMID- 2394470
TI  - Lyon hypothesis--a look back.

PMID- 2394471
TI  - Who are the victims of HAV infection in Madras?

PMID- 2394472
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a south Indian Hospital--our experience with the
      International Working Formulation.
AB  - There were 836 biopsy cases of Malignant Lymphomas over a seven year period,
      among which Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas (70 percent) predominated over Hodgkin's
      Disease (30 percent). Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas could be easily classified using
      the IWF. The Diffuse variety was much commoner than the Follicular variety. The
      Diffuse Large cell type was the commonest histologic type. The Gastrointestinal
      tract was the commonest site for extranodal lymphomas. Though sophisticated
      immunological methods are available for lymphoma analysis, histologic
      classification will continue to remain the principal method of lymphoma typing in
      our country.

PMID- 2394473
TI  - Microphotometric DNA analysis in mild and moderate dysplasia of the uterine
      cervix: a retrospective study.
AB  - Twenty six cases of mild and moderate dysplasia of uterine cervix were
      retrospectively subjected to microphotometric study for nuclear DNA estimation in
      order to correlate their ploidy pattern with biological behaviour at initial
      presentation and during follow up intervals ranging from six months to six years
      (median-30.8 months). Of these, fourteen cases had progressed to malignancy, five
      persisted as dysplasia and seven had regressed to normalcy or inflammation. DNA
      value of these cases revealed aneuploidy in ten cases whereas polyploid and
      euploid DNA pattern were observed in eight cases each. Of the ten aneuploid cases
      eight (80.0 per cent) progressed to malignancy while two persisted as dysplasia.
      Of the sixteen polyploid and euploid cases, only six (37.8%) progressed to
      malignancy. However, five of these six cases developed aneuploidy during follow
      up or at the point of progression to malignancy. The findings indicate that
      aneuploidy in mild and moderate dysplasia cases is a reliable "high risk
      indicator".

PMID- 2394474
TI  - Histological and functional correlation of thyroid carcinoma by
      immunohistochemistry.
AB  - 40 cases of thyroid carcinoma comprising of 22 follicular, 11 papillary, 4
      medullary, 2 anaplastic and 1 medullary carcinoma with focal areas of papillary
      differentiation were selected for this immunohistochemical study for the presence
      of thyroglobulin, calcitonin and somatostatin. As per the functional
      classification recommended by Otto L Jungberg, 22 cases were well differentiated,
      13 were of intermediate differentiation with 3 poorly differentiated cases. 2
      cases of anaplastic carcinoma were negative for all the 3 markers. Correlation
      between functional classification and histological pattern show 77% of the well
      differentiated type to be of follicular pattern with the rest consisting of
      papillary carcinoma. In the intermediate type 38.4% were follicular carcinoma,
      15.3% medullary carcinoma and the rest, papillary carcinoma. Poorly
      differentiated type consisted of 2 medullary carcinomas. Contrary to previous
      reports, functional differentiation did not always correlate with histological
      pattern.

PMID- 2394475
TI  - Efficacy of serum lactate dehydrogenase and its isozymes in monitoring the
      therapy in patients with acute leukemia.
AB  - The pretreatment levels of serum Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isozymes are
      measured in 12 cases of Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL) and 8 cases of Acute
      Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and compared with 14 matched healthy controls. Patients
      showed only first three bands of LDH while normal sera exhibited five bands. A
      significant increase in total LDH activity was observed in patients of both the
      groups as compared to controls at the time of admission. The patients were
      treated with chemotherapy and were followed at 72 hrs. and after 4 weeks. The
      patients who successfully responded to the therapy showed increased levels of
      total LDH and LDH2 and LDH3 isoenzymes as early as 72 hrs. after commencement of
      the therapy. The nonresponders, on the other hand, circulated, decreased or
      unaltered values of isozymes during this interval. Following them up for a month,
      ALL responders showed decreased values of total LDH activity, LDH2 and LDH3
      activities when compared with their 72 hour values except LDH1. Non responders of
      this group had practically unaltered values of these isozymes. AML responders
      circulated decreased values of all the isozymes while AML non responders "showed
      significant increases in total LDH, and all its isozymes as compared with their
      72 hour values. The determination of total enzyme and its isozyme levels at pre,
      mid and end of treatment seems to be a promising biochemical parameter to predict
      the early response to chemotherapy administered.

PMID- 2394476
TI  - Studies of the antifungal compounds produced by Erwinia herbicola.
AB  - The organic phase of a wide spectrum, antimycotic and diffusable toxin from
      Erwinia herbicola showed a highly significant inhibitory activity against
      Pyricularia oryzae spores in spore well bioassay. Germ tube lengths were
      inhibited more in wells containing 5 microliters equivalent of bacterial toxin
      than 1 microliter. No significant difference between the germ tube in an equal
      mixture of Dimethyl sulphoxide: ethanol and controls. Thin layer chromatography
      using the chloroform extraction of the organic phase showed a significant
      antagonism on Cladosporium cucumerinum. The retardation factor values for
      inhibitory zones in solvent 1 were 0.07 for lower spot and 0.26 for upper spot.

PMID- 2394477
TI  - Auto-antibody profile in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Thirty cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were selected on the basis of
      revised ARA criteria (American Rheumatology Association) and their sera examined
      for the presence of various auto-antibodies. The male to female ratio was 1:5 and
      joint manifestations were the commonest mode of presentation. The frequency of
      various manifestations was found to differ between the two sexes. Renal lesions
      were observed in 9 (nine) cases. ANF was detected in 28 of the 30 cases and the
      diffuse pattern was the commonest (11 cases) (37.7%). Six cases had very high
      titres (a titre of more than 1:1280) of antinuclear factor. Antibodies to DNA
      were detected in 9 cases (30%). These patients tended to have more severe
      disease, with high titres of ANF and low complement levels. Presence of
      antibodies to DNA, however, could not be correlated with the severity of renal
      lesions. Anti Sm antibody was found in 8 cases (26.7%), anti nRNP antibody in 19
      cases (63.3%) and antihistone antibodies in 22 cases (73.3%). Patients harbouring
      any of these three antibodies tended to have a milder clinical disease.

PMID- 2394478
TI  - S. typhi infection of hydatid cyst.

PMID- 2394479
TI  - Ovarian cancer, acute leukemia and systemic mastocytosis. A case report.

PMID- 2394480
TI  - Spermatocytic seminoma--report of 3 cases.

PMID- 2394481
TI  - Entomophthoromycosis: clinico--mycological study of a case.

PMID- 2394482
TI  - Decreased prevalence of hypertension in Mexican-Americans.
AB  - Relatively few studies of hypertension have been carried out in Mexican
      Americans, a population characterized by high rates of obesity and non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus. We therefore compared the prevalence of hypertension
      according to four different definitions in 3,297 Mexican-Americans and in 1,873
      non-Hispanic whites from the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based study of
      cardiovascular disease and diabetes. By all four definitions, the crude
      prevalence of hypertension in both sexes was lower in Mexican-Americans than in
      non-Hispanic whites, although only two of the eight pairwise comparisons were
      statistically significant. However, after adjusting for the potentially
      confounding effects of age, body mass index, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus, Mexican-Americans did have a statistically significant lower prevalence
      of both systolic and diastolic hypertension than did non-Hispanic whites in both
      sexes (odds ratios ranging from 0.66 to 0.71 depending on the definition of
      hypertension). The cause of this lower prevalence is unknown, but study of this
      ethnic group with elevated levels of risk factors for hypertension (obesity,
      hyperinsulinemia, and diabetes) may provide additional insights into the etiology
      of hypertension.

PMID- 2394483
TI  - Systemic and regional hemodynamics in patients with salt-sensitive hypertension.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with normal plasma renin and essential hypertension were
      classified as "salt-sensitive" (SS) (n = 9) or "non-salt-sensitive" (NSS) (n =
      13) from an increase in mean blood pressure with changes in sodium intake from 25
      to 250 meq/day. With the high sodium diet, the SS patients gained more weight (p
      less than 0.05), retained more sodium (p less than 0.05), and had a greater
      increase in cardiac output (p less than 0.05). Despite the markedly increased
      cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance did not change with sodium loads in
      the SS patients, whereas the NSS patients had a significant decrease in systemic
      vascular resistance. Thus, the greater increase in blood pressure with sodium
      loads in SS patients can be attributed not only to an increase in cardiac output,
      possibly resulting from greater sodium retention, but also to inappropriately
      elevated systemic vascular resistance. Concomitant with a greater increase in
      cardiac output, the SS patients had a greater increase in forearm blood flow with
      sodium loading than the NSS patients (p less than 0.02). In contrast, blood flow
      to the kidney and the liver was not significantly changed in either group; renal
      (p less than 0.05) and hepatic (p less than 0.01) vascular resistance increased
      significantly in SS patients but remained unchanged in NSS patients. Thus,
      evidence presented suggests that the greater increase in blood pressure with
      sodium loads seems to be characterized by a very inhomogenous distribution of
      local flow and resistance in SS patients; renal and hepatic blood flow remains
      essentially unchanged and skeletal muscle blood flow receives almost all of the
      increase in cardiac output. Moreover, systemic vascular resistance changes did
      not reflect the resistance of individual beds because vasoconstriction appeared
      in the kidney and the splanchnic area but was masked by prominent vasodilation in
      the skeletal muscle. Because this hemodynamic pattern is similar to the pattern
      evoked during defense reaction, it is suggested that sympathetic overactivity on
      a selective basis might be involved in the impaired renal function for sodium
      excretion and the increase in blood pressure with sodium loads in SS patients.

PMID- 2394484
TI  - Cytosolic free calcium of aorta in hypertensive rats. Chronic inhibition of
      angiotensin converting enzyme.
AB  - Cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and muscle tension were
      simultaneously measured in aortic tissue isolated from spontaneously hypertensive
      rats (SHR), normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, and SHR chronically treated
      with a novel angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, CS-622. In the presence of
      2.5 mM Ca2+ in the bathing solution, aortic [Ca2+]i measured with fura-2 was
      higher in SHR than in WKY rats, and it was almost the same in CS-622-treated SHR
      and untreated WKY rats. Increase of external Ca2+ concentration from zero to 2.5
      mM elicited a contraction in SHR aortas but not in aortas from both CS-622
      treated SHR and untreated WKY rats. When the aortas were contracted by 60 mM K+,
      however, [Ca2+]i as well as developed tension was similar in the three groups.
      CGP-28392 (10(-6) M), a Ca2+ channel activator, induced a rhythmic activity
      superimposed on a gradual increase of [Ca2+]i and tension in SHR aortas but not
      in the aortas of CS-622-treated SHR or untreated WKY rats. Nicardipine (10(-7) M)
      decreased the resting [Ca2+]i and the resting tone in SHR aortas, but not in WKY
      rat aortas. These results suggest that SHR aortas have a higher myogenic tone due
      to increased [Ca2+]i than WKY rat aortas and that the increased [Ca2+]i is
      attributed to alterations of dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channels in SHR
      aortas. Further, the decrease of the vascular tone induced by long-term
      administration of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor may be due to a
      reduction of increased [Ca2+]i in SHR.

PMID- 2394485
TI  - Enalapril can prevent vascular amplifier development in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - Three groups of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were given enalapril (25
      mg/kg/day) from 4 to 9 weeks, 4 to 14 weeks, and 14 to 20 weeks of age. The drug
      was stopped and observations continued for another 16-21 weeks. At selected
      times, we measured blood pressure, in vitro hindquarter vascular resistance
      properties, left ventricular weight/body weight ratio, and skeletal muscle vessel
      norepinephrine kinetics in treated and untreated SHR and in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY)
      rats. At the end of each treatment period, all cardiovascular variables were
      close to values of WKY rats and well below those of untreated SHR, and the
      norepinephrine or fractional rate constant was about 25% below those levels.
      After enalapril was stopped, blood pressure and left ventricular weight/body
      weight ratio increased in parallel to levels ranging from 30% to 50% of the
      normal difference between untreated SHR and WKY rats. However, in SHR treated
      from 4 to 9 weeks and from 4 to 14 weeks of age, hindquarter resistance
      properties remained close to WKY rat levels for the entire observation period of
      16-21 weeks after treatment, suggesting suppression of the enhanced resistance
      responses of SHR (amplifier properties). In SHR treated from 14 to 20 weeks of
      age, suppression of amplifier properties was more transient, and they redeveloped
      partially 5-6 weeks after cessation of therapy. When enalapril was given up to 14
      weeks of age, the long-term suppression of amplifier properties was probably
      mainly through prevention of smooth muscle hypertrophy in resistance vessels and
      possibly through other mechanisms (e.g., "rarefaction").(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2394486
TI  - Hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat is linked to the Y chromosome.
AB  - The objective of our study was to determine the genetic influence on blood
      pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto
      (WKY) rats using genetic crosses. Blood pressure was measured by tail
      sphygmomanometry from 8 to 20 weeks of age. Blood pressure was significantly
      higher from 12 to 20 weeks in the male offspring derived from WKY mothers x SHR
      fathers as compared with male offspring derived from SHR mothers X WKY fathers
      (180 +/- 4 versus 160 +/- 5 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). There was no significant
      difference between the blood pressure of the F1 females, further supporting Y
      chromosome linkage and not parental imprinting. The blood pressure data from F2
      males derived from reciprocal crosses of parental strains were consistent with
      the presence of a Y-linked locus, but not with an X-linked locus controlling
      blood pressure. The data strongly suggest that hypertension in the SHR has two
      primary components of equal magnitude, one consisting of a small number of
      autosomal loci with a second Y-linked component.

PMID- 2394487
TI  - Role of epinephrine in the development of hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive
      rats.
AB  - The present experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that adrenal
      epinephrine contributes to the development of hypertension in the Dahl salt
      sensitive (DS) rat. All studies were carried out in conscious male DS and Dahl
      salt-resistant (DR) rats weighing 200-240 g. An indwelling femoral arterial
      catheter was placed for blood sampling and measurement of blood pressure. After 5
      days of either a high salt (7% NaCI) or a normal salt (1% NaCl) dietary regimen,
      DS and DR rats were subjected to an acute stress paradigm (graded electrical
      footshock). There were no differences in basal plasma catecholamine
      concentrations or in the acute pressor responses to graded footshock between the
      four substrain/diet groups. However, in both DS and DR rats, plasma epinephrine
      responses to acute footshock were greater on a 7% than on a 1% NaCl diet.
      Additional groups of DS rats were treated with an inhibitor of adrenal
      phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, SK&F 29,661 (1-2 g/kg body wt/day) or
      with vehicle. Three days after placement of an arterial catheter, rats were
      placed on a 7% NaCl diet, and blood pressure was measured daily for an additional
      3 weeks. Although SK&F 29,661 treatment was effective in reducing adrenal
      epinephrine content and apparent release by approximately 80%, treatment did not
      alter the time course of salt-induced changes in blood pressure.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2394489
TI  - Backfiltration in clinical dialysis: nature of the phenomenon, mechanisms and
      possible solutions.

PMID- 2394488
TI  - Exaggerated response to alerting stimuli in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The startle response, consisting of behavioral and cardiovascular components, was
      used to study the reaction of the cardiovascular system to a mild environmental
      stressor. We used tactile air puff startle to study responses in adult Wistar
      Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. In both strains, air puff elicits a
      transient motor response with rapid habituation over the test session of 30
      trials. Spontaneously hypertensive rats exhibit exaggerated motor responses
      compared with Wistar-Kyoto rats. Similarly, a 2-3-second duration pressor
      response was significantly greater in spontaneously hypertensive rats than in
      Wistar-Kyoto rats (47.7 +/- 2.0 versus 37.1 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, respectively).
      However, spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats exhibited
      strikingly dissimilar heart rate responses. Wistar-Kyoto rats exhibited a
      transient bradycardia (-42 +/- 7 beats/min) on early trials yielding to
      tachycardia on later trials (35 +/- 11 beats/min). In contrast, spontaneously
      hypertensive rats exhibited only tachycardia to all stimuli with an absence of
      bradycardia. Adrenal medullary secretions chronically modulate cardiac responses
      in both strains. Sinoaortic denervation did not alter the magnitude or profile of
      the heart rate responses. Spontaneously hypertensive--Wistar-Kyoto rat
      differences were not secondary to hypertension because renovascular hypertensive
      Wistar-Kyoto rats show normal responses to air puff. Four-week-old spontaneously
      hypertensive rats exhibit enhanced pressor and suppressed bradycardia responses
      relative to age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats, indicating chronotropic differences
      precede development of established hypertension. Our results indicate
      parasympathetic activation by the mild startle stimuli rather than sympathetic
      withdrawal allows bradycardia to mask a latent tachycardia in Wistar-Kyoto rats.
      Spontaneously hypertensive rats exhibit a parasympathetic insufficiency in the
      startle response to novel alerting stimuli. Thus, mild air puff startle
      identifies a unique and discriminatory phenotypic difference between inbred
      normotensive and hypertensive rats.

PMID- 2394490
TI  - The use of dual lumen jugular venous catheters as definitive long term access for
      haemodialysis.
AB  - We describe the long term use for haemodialysis of the PermCath (Quinton,
      Seattle, Washington) dual lumen, jugular venous catheter (DLJVC) in 21 patients
      who had no apparent alternative means of access. The nineteen patients maintained
      in this manner for periods of 30 to 600 days (mean 233.2) included 6 patients
      dialyzed for over 12 months. Blood flows exceeded 250 mls/min and recirculation
      rates averaged 5.9%. Infection and insufficiency due to thrombosis were the major
      problems. In 8 patients (38.1%) infection required DLJVC removal; in three the
      catheter was immediately replaced over a guidewire along the same track under
      antibiotic cover and infection has not recurred. Insufficiency occurred in 10
      patients (47.6%) and was successfully managed with oral anticoagulants, local
      instillation of urokinase (4 cases), systemic streptokinase (2 cases) or by
      changing the DLJVC over a guidewire (2 cases). We believe that the DLJVC is the
      long term access method of choice for patients in whom conventional access cannot
      be constructed.

PMID- 2394491
TI  - Intraoperative blood salvage: a new trend in blood transfusion medicine.

PMID- 2394492
TI  - Regulation of plasma aldosterone during hemodialysis.
AB  - In order to clarify the influence of serum potassium, serum sodium and plasma
      angiotensin II concentrations on aldosterone release during hemodialysis (HD),
      six chronic hemodialysis patients were studied during HD with varying dialysate
      sodium concentrations and different buffers. Plasma aldosterone concentrations
      were higher during acetate than bicarbonate HD, during low sodium compared to
      high sodium HD, and were correlated inversely to serum sodium concentrations. The
      decline in plasma aldosterone concentrations during HD paralleled the decrease in
      serum potassium concentrations, and plasma aldosterone concentrations were
      correlated with serum potassium concentrations. In addition, plasma aldosterone
      and plasma angiotensin II concentrations were correlated significantly. It is
      proposed that serum potassium and the renin-angiotensin system are the main
      factors of aldosterone release during hemodialysis, while serum sodium per se
      seems to be of less importance. The dialysate buffer employed also plays a role
      in aldosterone regulation (via the renin-angiotensin system).

PMID- 2394493
TI  - Endotoxin and bacterial contamination of dialysis center water and dialysate; a
      cross sectional survey.
AB  - The bacterial and endotoxin levels of purified water and effluent dialysate were
      examined in a cross section of dialysis centers in the central United States. All
      samples were collected within a four-hour drive of the University of Louisville
      and were collected, processed and analyzed by our personnel, to eliminate
      variability in sample handling. A medium capable of higher bacteria recovery from
      aqueous environments than those ordinarily employed in clinical assays was used.
      Endotoxins were determined by a quantitative colorimetric assay. By the more
      sensitive bacterial assay 53% of the centers had bacterial counts above the AAMI
      standard of 200 colony-forming units per ml (CFU/ml) for water and 35% of the
      centers had bacterial counts above the 2000 CFU/ml standard for dialysate in at
      least one sampling period. The samples showed 35% and 19% of water and dialysate
      above the standards, respectively. While there are no standards for endotoxin
      concentrations in water used to prepare dialysate, 2% of the centers had
      endotoxin levels in their water above five endotoxin units per ml (5 EU/ml = 1
      ng/ml in our assay kit), the limit set by the AAMI standards for reprocessor
      water. Both bacterial and endotoxin levels tended to be elevated in dialysate,
      with the highest levels of endotoxin in dialysates posing an obvious potential
      risk when high-flux dialyzers are used.

PMID- 2394494
TI  - Peritoneal leucocyte response to bacterial peritonitis in patients receiving
      peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - We evaluated the quantitative peritoneal leucocyte response to antibiotic therapy
      in 25 CAPD patients with 57 episodes of bacterial peritonitis. Eighty-eight
      percent of the peritonitis episodes were initially treated with a first
      generation cephalosporin, but results of microbial sensitivity studies led to a
      change in the initial antibiotic regimen in 23 episodes. Overall, 47/57 (82%)
      episodes were cured by antibiotic therapy alone (responders), while 10/57 (18%)
      required removal of the peritoneal catheter as a curative procedure
      (nonresponder). Neither the duration of symptoms on initial presentation nor the
      status of being a nonresponder could be related to the baseline peritoneal
      leucocyte values, either the total (PLC) or polymorphonuclear counts (PMN). Since
      the baseline PLC and PMN showed a 500-fold variation, subsequent changes were
      expressed as a percent [PLC (%) and PMN-PLC (%)] of the baseline value. On day 3
      of peritonitis, PLC (%) and PMN-PLC (%) were less in responders (26% and 10%)
      than nonresponders (251% and 254%) (p less than 0.001). Differentiation between
      responders and nonresponders based on PLC (%) and PMN-PLC (%) was associated with
      a high degree of sensitivity (90%) and specificity (90%). Similar results were
      obtained for day 4. These data suggest that the temporal pattern of PLC and PMN,
      when expressed as a percentage of the baseline value, may be useful in predicting
      those episodes of peritonitis which require removal of the peritoneal catheter.

PMID- 2394495
TI  - Relationship between design and control of artificial heart for protection of the
      right/left balance.
AB  - Right/left matching in the total artificial heart (TAH) is essential to prevent
      fatal volume displacement into the pulmonary circuit. Measurements were made with
      three different sized Rostock pneumatic artificial ventricles incorporated in the
      Donovan mock circulatory system together with the heart driver AKT 86. First for
      each ventricle we determined the dependence of the maximum effective stroke
      volume on the systolic driving pressure and the afterload. The right ventricle
      (RV) is about 10% more effective than the left ventricle (LV). Control of the TAH
      permits different or equal frequencies for the RV and LV. For control with equal
      frequencies and full-to-empty regimen of one ventricle (RV-Master or LV-Master)
      the ratio of designed stroke volumes between RV and LV is important. This follows
      from the smaller efficiency of the LV and the left-to-left shunt. Otherwise a
      control mode with different heart rates must be used.

PMID- 2394496
TI  - Particle spallation and plasticiser (DEHP) release from extracorporeal circuit
      tubing materials.
AB  - Particle spallation and plasticiser (DEHP) release from medical grade
      polyvinylchloride (PVC), co-extruded PVC-polyurethane (PIVIPOL)R and an
      experimentally produced co-extruded PVC-ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) has been
      studied when used with manually occluded and self-occluding peristaltic pumps
      over a six hour pumping period. The shore hardness of the tubings studied were
      similar but the luminal coating thickness differed (0.2 mm polyurethane, 0.99 mm
      EVA). The pattern of particle release was similar for all materials on the pump
      type used with the majority of particles released being less than 5 microns in
      diameter. The number of particles greater than 5 microns released was independent
      of the tubing material but depended on the pump type. Particle release with self
      occluding pumps was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than for the
      manually occluded pump. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the particles
      released originate from the repeated compression and flexing of the insert during
      pumping which leads to material structural failure. The higher release observed
      in the case of self-occluding pumps is suggestive of over-occlusion by the
      springs utilised in the pump. DEHP release (ppm) over a six hour period while
      perfused at 300 ml/min was significantly reduced for co-extruded tubing (0.56 +/-
      0.05 mg (PVC-polyurethane) and 0.12 +/- 0.04 mg (PVC-EVA) compared with PVC (0.74
      +/- 0.05 mg).

PMID- 2394497
TI  - Fourier analysis of biliary and pancreatic excretion in man based on data
      obtained by a duodenal perfusion/aspiration technique.
AB  - A standard duodenal perfusion/aspiration technique was used to continuously
      monitor biliary and pancreatic excretion in young healthy human subjects, and the
      excretory patterns were examined by Fourier power spectral analysis. Experiments
      were carried out in the fasting state, either without or during a continuous
      parenteral (i.v.) stimulation by secretin and the cholecystokinin analogue
      ceruletide. The duodenal content aspirated was either discarded after sampling or
      reinfused into the jejunum. In the fasting state, significant biliary and
      pancreatic excretion was detected, fluctuating with a periodicity of about 60
      min. During parenteral infusion with ceruletide/secretin, to simulate a
      postprandial state, the rate of biliary and pancreatic excretion increased as
      compared with fasting levels alone (basal levels). A dominant period of about 60
      min was still detected but second periods of approximately 45 min and
      approximately 95 min, respectively, were also observed. The peak power and the
      total power of the biliary excretion signals were reduced. Reinfusion of
      aspirated duodenal fluid into the intestine (jejunum) led to a further decrease
      in peak power and total power of the known biliary signals. Trypsin excretion
      into the duodenum revealed mainly insignificant changes in peak and total power
      upon hormone stimulation despite a definite increase in total amount of trypsin
      excreted. The results indicate that parenteral ceruletide/secretin stimulation
      has a stabilizing effect on biliary excretion in man, and that reinfusion of
      aspirated duodenal content into the intestine further stabilizes the excretion.

PMID- 2394498
TI  - Characteristics of user interaction with a communication system for the non-vocal
      using a hierarchically structured interface.
AB  - This paper describes aspects of a highly flexible communication aid for the non
      vocal which, as a principal feature, allows the local specification of a selected
      communication vocabulary so as to match the requirements of an individual
      communicator. The paper describes and discusses the structure of a hierarchically
      configured interface through which this vocabulary specification may be achieved
      in an efficient and convenient manner, greatly increasing the range of
      applicability of such a communication aid.

PMID- 2394499
TI  - Adaptive smoothing: an improved method for spectral analysis and its application
      to seizure EEG.
AB  - We describe the data adaptive smoothing method, an improved method for
      multichannel spectral analysis of seizure EEG. After Fast Fourier Transform of
      EEG data, spectra were computed by smoothing over adjacent frequency components.
      Using cross-validatory maximum likelihood criteria, unsmoothed spectral data were
      used to select the level of smoothing (spectral window effective bandwidth)
      required to minimize bias and variance errors. The statistical assumptions of
      this method are consistent with the statistical properties of seizure EEG. On
      computer simulation of seizure EEG, the smoothing level predicted by this method
      correlates strongly with the optimum smoothing level. The utility of the method
      is demonstrated by application to seizure EEG. The consistency of the method's
      statistical assumptions, the success in selection of the optimum smoothing level,
      and the variability in optimum smoothing required for seizure EEG suggest that
      the adaptive smoothing method is a useful method for multichannel spectral
      analysis.

PMID- 2394500
TI  - Towards validation of expert systems as medical decision aids.
AB  - Expert system evaluation is an important step in knowledge engineering
      development and is clearly not a simple process. The aim of this paper is to
      introduce methodological aspects of medical knowledge base validation. We
      distinguish two components of the evaluation: verification and validation. In the
      first part, the difficulties of evaluation are analysed, problems with some
      techniques used in the evaluation process are discussed. In the second part, our
      experiment gives guidelines to present these aspects and underline what and when
      to evaluate.

PMID- 2394501
TI  - Incidence and determinants of skin cancer in a high-risk Australian population.
AB  - In a Queensland community, we surveyed the incidence of basal-cell carcinoma
      (BCC) and squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC), and associated risk factors. In
      December, 1986, 2,095 residents were examined by dermatologists for skin cancer.
      Of these, 1,770 further participated in a follow-up postal survey in December,
      1987, regarding all skin cancers in the preceding 2 years, and 87 reported being
      treated for skin cancer in the 2-year period between December 1985 and November
      1987. The estimated annual incidence rates of non-melanoma skin cancer in men and
      women aged 20-69 years were 2,389/100,000 and 1,908/100,000 respectively, with an
      overall ratio of BCC cases to SCC cases of 4.5 to one. While both tumour types
      occurred more commonly in fair-complexioned people, the risk associated with high
      sun exposure was greater for SCC than for BCC. Clinical signs of solar skin
      damage, especially the number of solar keratoses on the face, were the strongest
      predictors of both types of skin cancer.

PMID- 2394502
TI  - Prenatal X-ray exposure and childhood cancer in Swedish twins.
AB  - The association between X-ray exposure in utero and childhood cancer was studied
      in a case-control study, nested in a national cohort of Swedish twin births.
      Records of the Swedish Twin Register for those born 1936-1967 (n = 83,316) were
      linked to the Swedish Cancer Register (1958-1983) and the Swedish Cause-of-Death
      Register (1952-1983). Ninety-five cases of childhood cancer before the age of 16
      were identified. Two controls from the Twin Register were matched to each case by
      sex and year of birth. Maternal X-rays during pregnancy were documented for 41%
      of the cases and 36% of the controls. The crude relative risk of any childhood
      cancer associated with any prenatal X-ray was 1.2 (95% CI; 0.7-2.1). For the
      cases 64% of the X-rayed women had had abdominal X-rays, the numbers for the
      controls were 57%. Fifty-nine per cent of the X-rayed women had had abdominal X
      rays, which were associated with a relative risk for all cancers of 1.4 (Cl; 0.8
      2.5), leukemias 1.7 (Cl; 0.7-4.1) and tumors of the central nervous system 1.5
      (Cl; 0.5-4.2). There was no apparent confounding by mother's age, drug use,
      obstetric complications, previous miscarriages, social class or length of
      pregnancy. The observed relative risks of cancer following prenatal X-ray
      exposure are consistent with previous studies, suggesting that the developing
      fetus may be more sensitive to the carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation
      than are children irradiated post-natally.

PMID- 2394503
TI  - Oral contraceptives and risk of breast cancer.
AB  - A national population-based case-control study was conducted in New Zealand to
      assess the effects of hormonal contraception on breast-cancer risk. A total of
      891 women aged 25 to 54 with a first diagnosis of breast cancer, and 1864 control
      subjects, randomly selected from the electoral rolls, were interviewed. The
      relative risk of breast cancer for women who had ever used oral contraceptives
      was 1.0 (95% confidence interval 0.82-1.3). There was no increase in risk with
      duration of use, even among women who had continued to use oral contraceptives
      for 14 or more years (relative risk = 1.1, 95% confidence interval 0.78-1.7). The
      risk of breast cancer was not increased by use of oral contraceptives for long
      periods before the first pregnancy or by starting use at a young age. Parity, age
      at menarche, family history of breast cancer, or history of benign breast disease
      did not modify the effect of oral contraceptives on breast-cancer risk. Relative
      risk estimates were slightly, although not significantly, increased during the
      first few years after starting oral contraception and in women under 35 years of
      age at diagnosis.

PMID- 2394504
TI  - Influence of dietary fat on fecal mutagenicity in premenopausal women.
AB  - A dietary intervention study was conducted on 31 premenopausal women (age: 20-40
      years) to investigate the relationship between dietary fat and fecal
      mutagenicity. After a free-living period (baseline) of one menstrual cycle, the
      subjects were placed on a high-fat diet (40% calories from fat) for 4 menstrual
      cycles, followed by a low-fat diet (20% calories from fat) for 4 menstrual
      cycles. One-half of the subjects were randomly assigned throughout the study to a
      diet with a P:S ratio of 1.0 while the other half was assigned to one with a P:S
      ratio of 0.3; body weight by group remained constant. Three-day stool samples
      were collected at the mid-follicular period during the free-living phase and
      during the 4th menstrual cycle of each of the 2 controlled diet periods.
      Mutagenicity was assayed by the SOS chromotest. Reduction of dietary fat was
      accompanied by a significant decrease in fecal mutagenicity in both P:S groups.
      Combined values, i.e., both P:S groups, were 20.3 units for high-fat diets vs.
      8.78 for low-fat diets.

PMID- 2394505
TI  - Serum hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) in breast cancer patients.
AB  - Eighty-three women with breast cancer (57 with systemic metastasis, 26 without)
      were investigated for serum hyaluronan (HA) and compared to 50 patients with
      benign diseases of the breast. Hyaluronan was significantly increased in sera of
      metastatic patients compared to sera of non-metastatic patients (p less than
      0.0001) and also in sera of non-metastatic patients when compared to control sera
      (p less than 0.01). The difference was not related to the number of metastatic
      sites involved. Three months after starting cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic
      patients, lower HA concentrations were observed in patients responding to
      chemotherapy. The initial level of serum HA had no predictive value concerning
      response to chemotherapy.

PMID- 2394506
TI  - The role of alcohol in oral and pharyngeal cancer in non-smokers, and of tobacco
      in non-drinkers.
AB  - Data from a hospital-based case-control study of oral and pharyngeal cancer
      conducted in Northern Italy were used to analyse the risk associated with alcohol
      in non-smokers and with tobacco in non-drinkers. Out of a total of 336 cases (291
      males and 45 females) and 1,652 controls (1,272 males and 380 females) 27 cases
      and 572 controls described themselves as lifelong non-smokers. Odds ratios (ORs)
      were 1.5 for 14-55 vs. 0-13 alcoholic drinks per week and 2.2 for 56 or over; the
      trend in risk was statistically significant. Among 19 cases and 213 controls who
      described themselves as non-drinkers, the ORs were 3.8 and 12.9 for smokers of
      less than 15 and greater than or equal to 15 cigarettes per day, with a highly
      significant trend. This study therefore confirms that tobacco has an independent
      role in the aetiology of oral and pharyngeal cancer, and suggests that alcohol
      may have an independent role as well, even where, as in Northern Italy, wine is
      its predominant source. Indeed, ORs were similar to those for tobacco and alcohol
      individually, each adjusted for the other factor, in the overall data-set.

PMID- 2394507
TI  - Parathyroid hormone-related protein and hypercalcemia in pancreatic neuro
      endocrine tumors.
AB  - We investigated the possible involvement of parathyroid hormone-related protein
      (PTHrP) in 2 cases of metastatic pancreatic neuro-endocrine tumors associated
      with severe hypercalcemia. Both patients displayed biochemical alterations in
      renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and phosphate, as well as in urinary cAMP
      excretion, similar to those encountered in primary hyperparathyroidism, although
      plasma levels of parathyroid hormone were within the normal range. Tumor protein
      extracts stimulated cAMP production, which was inhibited by the PTH-antagonist
      (8,18 Nle, 34 Tyr)bPTH-(3-34)amide, in the PTH-responsive osteoblastic cell line
      UMR-106. Northern blot analysis of tumor extracts revealed the presence of PTHrP
      mRNA transcripts, while PTH mRNA was undetectable. In contrast, neither PTHrP
      mRNA(s) nor cAMP-stimulating activity was detectable in other neuroendocrine
      tumors not accompanied by hypercalcemia. These results demonstrate that certain
      pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors associated with hypercalcemia can synthesize and
      release PTHrP.

PMID- 2394508
TI  - Diet, living conditions and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Tunisia--a case-control
      study.
AB  - We conducted a case-control study of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in Tunisia,
      on diet, dietary patterns and life style, the characteristics of which had been
      defined by an anthropological study. Eighty incident cases, diagnosed in Tunisia
      between November 1986 and November 1987, were each matched for sex, age and place
      of residence to 2 controls. The subjects were asked for dietary data referring to
      the year preceding the diagnosis of NPC and, with help of their families, during
      childhood and after weaning. After adjustment for an empirical living conditions
      score, the following food items were found to be associated with an increased
      risk for NPC: preserved spiced meat (quaddid), basic stewing preparation (mixture
      of red and black pepper, garlic, oil, caraway and coriander), and harissa (red
      pepper, olive oil, garlic, caraway, salt) taken with bread as a snack during
      childhood and youth. Moreover, subjects who had been directly weaned from
      mother's milk on to an adult diet were found to be at higher risk for NPC.

PMID- 2394509
TI  - Food temperature and gastric cancer.
AB  - The relationship between preference for food temperature and the risk of stomach
      cancer was analysed using data from a case-control study conducted in Northern
      Italy on 563 histologically confirmed incident gastric cancers and 1,501 controls
      admitted to hospital for acute, non-neoplastic, non-digestive tract disorders. A
      specific question was related to food temperature, subjectively defined as
      "warm", "hot" or "very hot". Compared with subjects indicating preference for
      "warm" foods, the relative risk (RR) was 1.1 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.9
      1.4) for "hot" and 1.8 (95% CI = 1.3-2.4) for "very hot". The test for trend in
      risk was statistically significant, and the results were not appreciably modified
      by allowance for a number of identified potential distorting factors. The
      elevated risk, however, appeared to be restricted to the 17% of cases reporting a
      preference for "very hot" foods. This may be due to an absence of substantial
      misclassification between "warm" and "very hot", but also to the existence of a
      threshold temperature, below which no appreciable thermal irritation is evident.
      Thus, although the difficulties and uncertainties on measures of food temperature
      are substantial, these data suggest that thermal irritation may have a role in
      gastric carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2394510
TI  - Are energy and energy-providing nutrients related to exocrine carcinoma of the
      pancreas?
AB  - During 1984-88 a population-based case-control study was carried out in The
      Netherlands in collaboration with the International Agency for Research on Cancer
      in order to further explore the possible relationship between diet and exocrine
      pancreatic carcinoma. Past habitual dietary intake was assessed in 164 cases and
      480 controls. This is the first series of population-based studies of pancreas
      cancer to perform a comprehensive assessment of diet. The results of logistic
      regression analysis, controlled for age, gender and total cigarette consumption,
      suggested a positive association with past habitual intake of energy in directly
      interviewed patients (OR highest versus lowest quintile 3.35; 95% confidence
      interval 1.51-7.18). No indication of an effect of Quetelet index was found. When
      maximum-weight-ever-achieved was used, nonsignificantly reduced risks were
      observed for the upper 4 quintiles of "maximum" Quetelet index. After controlling
      for age, gender, response status and total cigarette consumption, a positive
      relationship with habitual past intake of total carbohydrates was observed (OR
      2.40; 95% confidence interval 1.44-3.99). The effect decreased considerably when
      the analysis was restricted to subjects who reported stable long-term dietary
      intake. After controlling for age, gender, total cigarette consumption and
      response status, a significant, positive association between pancreatic cancer
      and past habitual intake of simple sugars was found (OR 1.95; 95% confidence
      interval 1.24-3.07). Among those who reported stable long-term dietary intake, no
      effect was seen. The positive effect of simple sugars was present in males only
      (OR 2.15; 95% confidence interval 1.18-3.93) and was smaller in men who reported
      long-term stable dietary intake. Our findings suggest that the development of
      exocrine pancreatic carcinoma is positively related to past habitual intake of
      total energy, total carbohydrates and simple sugars, whereas no relationship with
      body-mass index was observed.

PMID- 2394511
TI  - CA 72-4 radioimmunoassay in the diagnosis of malignant effusions. Comparison of
      various tumor markers.
AB  - We evaluated the utility of the CA 72-4, CEA, CA 125, CA 19-9 and CA 15-3
      radioimmunoassays for the detection of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in
      effusions of malignant vs. benign origin. Fluids were obtained from 51 patients
      with adenocarcinomas, 27 with non-epithelial malignancies, and 68 with benign
      disorders. The CA 72-4 radioimmunoassay (cut-off value 8.5 U/ml) detected the TAG
      72 antigen in 51% of adenocarcinoma patients' effusions, while only 1 of 68
      benign specimens had an elevated TAG-72 level. Similarly, CEA levels above 5
      ng/ml were found in 55% of the fluids from patients with adenocarcinoma and 3.2%
      of effusions from patients with benign disease. CA 19-9 (cut-off value 37 U/ml)
      exhibited a lower degree of sensitivity, with positive values in 23.5% of the
      effusions due to adenocarcinomas and in 4.5% of the effusions due to benign
      disease. At a cut-off value of 29 U/ml, CA 15-3 was positive in 49% of fluids
      from patients with adenocarcinoma and in 3.0% of the benign fluids. The CA 125
      RIA failed to show any specificity using the established cut-off value of 35
      U/ml, with approximately 80% of all the effusions giving positive results. The
      specificity of the assay was increased by using a cut-off value of 3000 U/ml, but
      with a substantial loss in sensitivity (23.5%). Using a combination of the CA 72
      4 and CEA RIAs the sensitivity for malignant effusions was increased to 73.5%. No
      additional improvement in the overall sensitivity was observed when using the CA
      72-4 assay in combination with assays for the other markers, except in the case
      of 1 effusion. We conclude that the CA 72-4 RIA, possibly in combination with
      other assays such as CEA, may be useful in distinguishing between
      adenocarcinomatous and benign effusions.

PMID- 2394512
TI  - Contributions of vascularized lymph-node metastases to hematogenous metastasis in
      a rat mammary carcinoma.
AB  - Rats received hind-foot-web (FWI) injections of MT-100-TC mammary carcinoma
      cells; the resultant tumor metastasized first to the popliteal lymph nodes. Over
      the course of 4 weeks, in association with increases in tumor weight, the blood
      flow to the popliteal nodes increased 18-fold, and their vascular densities
      increased 2-fold. In spite of this vascularization, cancer cells were detected in
      only 3 of 648 blood vessels associated with involved, ipsilateral lymph nodes
      compared with intravascular cells in 82 of 314 vessels associated with "primary"
      foot-pad lesions. The presence of tumorigenic cancer cells in the right
      ventricular blood of animals bearing these tumors is, therefore, considered to
      result from their direct entry into blood vessels from the "primary" lesions,
      and/or from extra-nodal invasion of vessels in tissues to which nodal tumors were
      adherent, as distinct from passage via lymphatico-venous communications between
      tumors and nodal blood-vessels. The reconstructed events occurring in the rat
      model, with effective restriction of regional node metastases to the nodes
      themselves for a time, could possibly account for the long-term survival of some
      patients with breast cancer and regional-node metastases, following surgery.

PMID- 2394513
TI  - Anti-tumor protection induced in mice by fatty acid conjugates: alkyl butyrates
      and poly(ethylene glycol) dibutyrates.
AB  - Simple fatty acids, especially butyrate salts, have interesting biological
      properties, since they are able to down-regulate cell growth and promote various
      differentiated cellular functions. Their use for anti-tumor treatment is,
      however, hampered by their over-rapid diffusion in the blood, followed by a short
      lived biological action. We have therefore devised conjugates linking butyrate
      with either (i) aliphatic alcohols of increasing carbon numbers ranging from C4
      to C12 or (ii) poly(ethylene glycols) of increasing molecular weights. In both
      cases, the resulting butyric esters can be hydrolysed by esterases which can
      release biologically active subunits from the synthetic compounds. As shown in
      the present study, only one conjugate in each series gave satisfactory anti-tumor
      protection: namely, I-octyl butyrate and poly(ethylene glycol 1000) dibutyrate
      respectively. A single immune-stimulatory injection of purified Corynebacterium
      parvum extract prior to administration of the conjugates significantly increased
      the anti-tumor potency.

PMID- 2394514
TI  - Anti-tumor effects of interferon in mice injected with interferon-sensitive and
      interferon-resistant Friend erythroleukemia cells. VIII. Role of the immune
      system in the inhibition of visceral metastases.
AB  - DBA/2 mice were injected i.v. with IFN alpha/beta-resistant 3CI8 Friend
      erythroleukemia cells (FLC) which metastasize to the liver and spleen. IFN
      alpha/beta treatment of FLC-injected mice increased their survival time and these
      mice developed a resistance to a second challenge with FLC. The efficacy of IFN
      alpha/beta in increasing the survival time was compared between normal
      immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice. The anti-tumor action of IFN was
      markedly reduced or abolished in newborn DBA/2 mice, in adult athymic nu/nu and
      beige DBA/2 mice, and in BALB/c scid/scid mice. To determine the phenotype of the
      effector cells involved, FLC-injected DBA/2 mice were treated with antibodies to
      asialo-GMI, CD4, or CD8 antigens, or with cyclosporin A or silica. IFN alpha/beta
      treatment proved much less effective in these mice, indicating that a variety of
      effector cell types participated in the IFN-induced suppression of visceral
      metastases. Thus, an intact immune system appears to be essential to obtain
      optimal therapeutic effects of IFN alpha/beta in this experimental model.

PMID- 2394515
TI  - Histocompatible miniature, boar model: selection of transformed cell lines of B
      and T lineages producing retrovirus.
AB  - A lymphoblastoid cell line (B1) was isolated in culture following a brief
      exposure to 5-azacytidine from peripheral-blood mononuclear cells of a boar
      previously injected with cells (Shimozuma) producing porcine retrovirus (Tsukuba
      1) and suffering a severe non-neoplastic syndrome at autopsy. B1 cell line and 5
      of its sublines were propagated for more than 100 generations, retaining doubling
      times comprised between 16.8 and 27.5 hr and growing readily in agarose or agar
      (plating efficiency: 5 to 50%). Karyotype analyses showed that 4 sublines were
      nearly diploid, except for cells of L14, which displayed a monosomy affecting
      chromosome 18 pair. Two sublines (L35 and L45) were considered as being of T-cell
      lineage, since MSA, antigen was observed on the surface of approximately 30% of
      cells. Three sublines (L23, L14 and L52) were considered of B-cell lineage, since
      membrane immunoglobulins were observed on the cell surface. In addition, sublines
      L23 and L52 were actively secreting immunoglobulin of mu isotype. Retrovirus
      particles were evidenced in gradient-purified preparation of 200-fold
      concentrated cell culture supernatants of the B1 cell line, L14, L35 and L52
      sublines, using both a reverse transcriptase activity assay and electron
      microscopic observation. These cell lines can be used to select for porcine
      retrovirus variants with transforming potential for lymphocytes of B and T
      lineages.

PMID- 2394516
TI  - Degradation of immobilized soluble elastin by tumor cells in culture:
      quantitation by ELISA.
AB  - A new, sensitive assay based on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been
      developed for measuring elastolytic activity produced by invasive and/or
      metastatic tumor cells in culture. Elastin peptides, obtained by treating the
      insoluble protein with either oxalic acid, KOH, or chymotrypsin, are adsorbed
      onto the surface of cell culture microtiter plastic wells, and incubated with
      dilution of standard proteinases or viable normal or tumor cells. The total
      amount of immobilized elastin peptides is revealed by the mean of specific
      antibodies, and detected by a microplate reader, while dose- and time-dependent
      reduction of bound antibodies after incubation with proteases or cells is taken
      as a measure of elastin degradation. Adsorbed elastin has been found to be
      available as a substrate for purified enzymes, as well as for living melanoma
      cells (A2058 and B16-BL6), c-Ha-ras transformed rat embryo fibroblasts, and human
      pulmonary macrophages, as demonstrated by the release into the culture medium of
      lower molecular weight digestion products. No degradation was achieved by
      BALB/3T3 and rat embryo control fibroblasts, and no inhibition was produced by
      the presence of fetal calf serum which, on the contrary, potentiated the
      degradation by active cells. This new method, revealing degradation of only a few
      nanograms of soluble elastin peptides, can be used for studying the importance in
      tissue invasion and metastasis of elastolytic proteinases produced by cells in
      culture.

PMID- 2394517
TI  - Why so many congresses? Do we really have to go to this one?

PMID- 2394518
TI  - Cardiac amyloidosis.

PMID- 2394519
TI  - Rehabilitation of children after total correction of tetralogy of Fallot.
AB  - Nine children who had undergone total correction of tetralogy of Fallot were
      studied with the purpose of observing the physical changes that might be produced
      by a period of rehabilitation in hospital and comparing these results with those
      of a control group having the same pathology but which had not followed a
      protocol for physical activity. Precise criteria were used in the selection of
      the patients. Careful clinical examinations and exercise tests were conducted
      before and after the programme, in particular maximal stress testing on the
      bicycle ergometer and submaximal exercise on the treadmill. The sessions were
      held three times weekly in a gymnasium over three months, gradually increasing
      the duration of each session to a maximum of one hour. During the session, heart
      rate was monitored with a Sport-tester 3000 so as not to exceed 60%, then 70%, of
      the maximal heart rate recorded during the stress test. Testing at the end of the
      programme demonstrated an improvement in tolerance under maximal stress in 7 of
      the 9 patients. As for submaximal performance, 8 out of 9 children covered a
      greater distance using the same parameters as for initial testing. At the end of
      the programme, the children all showed increased independence and initiative and
      more self-confidence in establishing social relations. The programme has proven
      to be a comprehensive method for safely improving physical fitness in these
      patients and represents an important starting point for a better future.

PMID- 2394520
TI  - External pacing for the termination of sustained supraventricular tachycardia in
      children.
AB  - Cardiac pacing from either endocardial or transesophageal sites has proven useful
      in termination of sustained supraventricular tachycardia in children. In two
      patients we demonstrated the efficacy of external pacing in the termination of
      sustained supraventricular tachycardia. The ease and apparent safety of the
      technique make it an attractive addition to our current therapies for
      supraventricular tachycardia in children. The usefulness of external pacing in
      treating pediatric arrhythmias needs further evaluation.

PMID- 2394521
TI  - Relationship between heart rate and rhythm, and cardiac performance assessed in
      the human fetus in utero.
AB  - To evaluate the relationship between heart rate and rhythm, and cardiac
      performance, in the human fetus in utero, observed over a long-term period in
      gestation, we made a total of 138 studies in 114 fetuses from 18 to 41 weeks of
      gestation; 104 having heart rate changes without rhythm disturbances ("control
      group"), 6 with complete atrioventricular block and 4 with supraventricular
      tachycardia. Using M-mode echocardiogram, we measured end-diastolic dimension and
      fractional shortening in the right and left ventricles. The corresponding heart
      rate for each cardiac cycle was measured using the interval between two
      consecutive end-systolic points. In fetuses in the group of controls, the values
      for fractional shortening in both ventricles were almost constant with advancing
      gestational age, unrelated to an increase in end-diastolic dimensions of either
      ventricle. There was no correlation between changes in heart rate and changes in
      the value of ventricular fractional shortening at any period of gestation
      studied. In the fetuses with atrioventricular block, dimensions and fractional
      shortenings in both ventricles were significantly larger than those in the group
      of control fetuses at the same stage of gestation. This indicates that the fetal
      heart is capable of acclimatizing itself, beginning as early as 18-25 weeks of
      gestation, to long-lasting bradycardia in which an increased stroke volume would
      be required. In fetuses with supraventricular tachycardia, end-diastolic
      dimensions were larger and fractional shortening was significantly smaller in
      both ventricles than in fetuses from the control group from 26-30 weeks of
      gestation onwards. This suggests tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy occurring
      during intrauterine life.

PMID- 2394522
TI  - Aggregation of platelets in whole blood from children with pulmonary
      hypertension.
AB  - The response of aggregation of platelets to adenosine diphosphate (7.5-120
      microM) and collagen (1.25 micrograms/ml) was assessed in whole blood (impedance
      method) in 10 children with pulmonary hypertension (hematocrit range, 42 to 71%).
      The response to collagen was normal (9.08 +/- 3.47 vs. 10.36 +/- 1.86 ohms in
      controls, P = NS) while there was a decreased response to adenosine diphosphate
      (6.98 +/- 3.83 vs. 11.21 +/- 2.02 ohms, P less than 0.01), in spite of high
      concentrations of the inducer. Lowering the hematocrit in vitro to 40% with
      autologous platelet-rich plasma resulted in a rise in the platelet count from 171
      +/- 63 to 225 +/- 84 x 10(9) platelets/1 (P less than 0.001) and a significant
      increase in the response to adenosine diphosphate from 6.98 +/- 3.83 to 9.89 +/-
      3.66 ohms (P less than 0.02). As in the baseline condition, high concentrations
      of adenosine diphosphate were required. The response to collagen did not change
      significantly. The results indicate that aggregatory response of platelets is
      relatively preserved in these children. The decreased response to adenosine
      diphosphate may be a result of a low count and interference of red cells on the
      accretion of platelets on the electrodes. Because high concentrations of
      adenosine diphosphate were still required after hemodilution to achieve an
      aggregatory response close to normal, we speculate that leakage of endogenous
      adenosine diphosphate from red cells may have accounted for partial activation of
      the platelets, resulting in a relative refractory state to in vitro stimulation.

PMID- 2394523
TI  - Cardioprotective effects of N-acetylcysteine: the reduction in the extent of
      infarction and occurrence of reperfusion arrhythmias in the dog.
AB  - We have studied the cardioprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine in the dog. In
      mongrel dogs of either sex, the left anterior descending coronary artery was
      ligated for a period of 2 hours behind the origin of its first diagonal branch.
      After this period, dogs in a treated group were administered 100 mg of N
      acetylcysteine/kg body weight while a control group remained untreated. This was
      followed by a 2-hour period of reperfusion. The extent of necrosis was determined
      using the triphenyltetrazolium method. Presence or absence of collaterals was
      established at the same time. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmias was
      monitored throughout the study. Compared with 11 dogs of the control group, 10
      dogs treated with N-acetylcysteine showed a decrease of 32.7% in the extent of
      infarction. The extent of infarction, expressed as the percentage of the left
      ventricular myocardium at risk, was 55.0 +/- 7.0% in the control group and 37.0
      +/- 12.6% in the treated group (P less than 0.01). N-acetylcysteine also
      statistically significantly decreased the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias
      over the period of reperfusion. Compared with the control group, the difference
      was evident as early as the first 5-10 minutes of reperfusion, becoming most
      pronounced at the 60th minute (P less than 0.001). We conclude that N
      acetylcysteine is effective in limiting the extent of infarction and
      significantly reduces the incidence of reperfusion ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 2394524
TI  - Contribution of atrial contraction to left ventricular filling in patients with
      sick sinus syndrome on AAI pacing.
AB  - Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of the contribution of atrial contraction to
      left ventricular filling, its determinants and relationship with early diastolic
      filling was studied in 20 patients with sick sinus syndrome without structural
      heart disease on AAI pacing over a wide range of physiological atrioventricular
      delays (PR intervals). The results were compared with 20 normal controls matched
      for age, sex and heart rate. Left ventricular filling pattern, and the
      contribution of left atrial contraction to diastolic filling, were similar in the
      two groups. AAI pacing restores the physiological dynamics of left ventricular
      filling in patients with sick sinus syndrome without organic heart disease.

PMID- 2394525
TI  - The use of colour Doppler in fetal echocardiography.
AB  - Doppler colour flow mapping provides a non-invasive method for studying patterns
      of blood flow in the cardiovascular system. We undertook a prospective study
      using this technique in order to document normal and abnormal patterns in the
      human fetus. A group of 50 consecutive normal fetuses were examined with colour
      flow mapping. Patterns of flow that could be readily identified in the majority
      included inflow at the atrioventricular valves, outflow through the arterial
      valves and flow in the aortic arch and arterial duct. Flow across the oval
      foramen and in the pulmonary veins was identified in approximately half the
      patients. Colour Doppler also proved helpful in the detection and definition of
      cardiac anomalies. A series of 74 cardiac malformations, seen during 1988, were
      examined with colour flow mapping. The presence or absence of flow across valves
      could be confirmed, valvar incompetence demonstrated and the direction of blood
      flow displayed across both normal and abnormal communications. Colour Doppler
      studies in the human fetus can thus improve the understanding of the
      characteristics of flow of blood and add to the accuracy of antenatal diagnosis
      of congenital heart disease.

PMID- 2394526
TI  - Improved subtraction technique in intravenous digital left ventriculography:
      comparison with radionuclide studies.
AB  - Adequate processing of left ventricular angiograms depends on the visualisation
      of all segments of the ventricular wall. At the same time, subtraction of
      different images can enhance different heart segments but commercially available
      methods do not allow simultaneous viewing of several images masked by different
      processes. Using our software, for each studied frame, a four quadrant display
      permits the simultaneous visualisation of a mask mode image, a diastolic-systolic
      difference image, an image obtained by subtraction of a frame at the same cycle
      time and a composite mask subtracted image. The composite mask image is obtained
      by weighting three images according to videodensitometric measurements by
      reference to previously acquired data. This method facilitates contour
      delineation and computation of the ejection fraction by area-length method.
      Correlation with radionuclide estimates of left ventricular ejection fraction is
      higher (n = 60, r = 0.90, SEE = 8%) than using the classical mask mode display (n
      = 60, r = 0.82, SEE = 11%). In a subgroup of 30 patients the contrast medium was
      injected in an antecubital vein and the correlation coefficient remained
      satisfactory (n = 30, r = 0.89, SEE = 7%) when compared with the classical
      subtraction technique (n = 30, r = 0.70, SEE = 12%). We therefore conclude that
      the composite mask method gives comparatively similar values for left ventricular
      ejection fraction to those acquired by radionuclide angiography.

PMID- 2394527
TI  - Myocardial and endocardial involvement in tuberculous constrictive pericarditis:
      difficulty in biopsy distinction from endomyocardial fibrosis as a cause of
      restrictive heart disease.
AB  - Differentiation of constrictive pericarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis by the
      available diagnostic methods is difficult at present. With this in mind, we
      compared autopsy data in heart specimens from 8 patients of constrictive
      pericarditis of tuberculous origin and 6 patients with tropical endomyocardial
      fibrosis. Post-mortem endomyocardial biopsies were also performed from both the
      ventricles. Pericardial thickening and adhesions were present in all cases of
      constrictive pericarditis and in none of those with endomyocardial fibrosis.
      Interestingly, significant endocardial thickening was seen in four, and
      myonecrosis, lymphohistiocytic cellular infiltration and myofibrosis were
      observed in seven of the eight cases of constrictive pericarditis. This suggests
      that the tubercular insult to heart may result in involvement of all three layers
      with varying severity. The endomyocardial biopsy specimens from the affected
      areas revealed similar histopathological changes of endocardial thickening and
      focal myofibrosis with cellular infiltrates in patients with both constrictive
      pericarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis, making distinction of the two
      difficult. The hallmark of differentiation between these two clinical entities
      appears to be a diligent attempt at identification of the thickened pericardium.

PMID- 2394528
TI  - Isolated transarterial percutaneous mitral valvoplasty: the double balloon
      technique.

PMID- 2394529
TI  - Steroid responsive cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Heart disease responsive to steroids is well described in many disorders,
      including sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa,
      myocarditis and Churg-Strauss syndrome. The underlying disorder is often obvious
      and the response is usually slow. We describe a woman who had severe left
      ventricular failure, cardiac dilatation and pericardial effusion which were
      rapidly rectified by steroid therapy. Steroid withdrawal led to recurrence of
      signs, which were reversed by recommencing steroids. The aetiology was not
      determined.

PMID- 2394530
TI  - Ventriculo-atrial shunt causing tricuspid endocarditis: its percutaneous removal.
AB  - A 21-year-old patient developed tricuspid endocarditis with the distal sections
      of two redundant ventriculo-atrial shunts remaining in the right atrium. We
      report their percutaneous removal using a Dotter basket.

PMID- 2394531
TI  - Aortopulmonary shunt with replacement of a common atrioventricular valve in a
      patient with double inlet ventricle.
AB  - Replacement of a common atrioventricular valve with a St. Jude medical
      prosthesis, together with construction of a central aortopulmonary shunt using a
      polytetrafluoroethylene graft, were performed on a patient with double inlet
      ventricle complicated by severe regurgitation across an atrioventricular valve
      and hypoplastic pulmonary arteries. No complications were noted during a
      postoperative follow-up of 58 months; indeed, a considerable increase was noted
      in postoperative exercise capacity. This simple surgical procedure should be
      considered as a mode of treatment in patients with this combination of lesions.

PMID- 2394532
TI  - Contraindication to thrombolytic therapy in accidental hypothermia simulating
      acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - A 35-year-old schizophrenic patient was admitted to the Coronary Care Unit with
      shock, bradycardia and ST-T changes mimicking acute myocardial infarction. The
      rectal temperature was 33.6 degrees C and the diagnosis of accidental hypothermia
      was established. Accidental hypothermia must be considered in the differential
      diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction before instituting thrombolytic therapy.

PMID- 2394533
TI  - Attitudes and practices regarding clinical hypnosis with psychotic patients--a
      survey: a brief communication.
AB  - Attitudes toward and actual use of hypnotherapeutic techniques with psychotic
      patients were assessed. Results are discussed in light of historical and current
      attitudes toward the use of hypnosis with psychotics. Respondents were selected
      from the 1980 membership directory of the Society for Clinical and Experimental
      Hypnosis (SCEH). 80 respondents completed and returned the survey. Results
      indicate that the perceived usefulness of hypnosis with psychotics is currently
      quite high and negative attitudes toward its use quite low. The growth of the use
      of hypnotherapeutic techniques and the need for further research are discussed.

PMID- 2394534
TI  - Cognitive strategies in hypnosis: toward resolving the hypnotic conflict.
AB  - 2 experiments were carried out to assess the relative contributions of
      dissociation and absorption as cognitive strategies employed by high and low
      hypnotizable Ss in responding successfully to hypnotic suggestions. Of special
      interest was the manner in which Ss deal with conflicting information typically
      inherent in hypnotic suggestions. In the first experiment, Ss rated their
      attentional focus and the involuntariness of their experience after responding to
      a number of hypnotic suggestions administered in the usual manner. In the second
      experiment, the level of conflict was varied by instructing some Ss to imagine a
      circumstance that was congruent and other Ss to imagine a circumstance that was
      incongruent with the suggested behavioral response. The results of the 2
      experiments were consistent in suggesting that, depending upon the nature of the
      hypnotic suggestion, high hypnotizable Ss are able to employ dissociation or
      absorption in order to respond successfully. Low hypnotizable Ss, on the other
      hand, seem to be relatively ineffective dissociators. When the structure of the
      hypnotic suggestion precludes the use of absorption, the performance of low
      hypnotizables deteriorates.

PMID- 2394535
TI  - Modifying hypnotizability with the Carleton Skills Training program: a partial
      replication and analysis of components.
AB  - 3 standard components of the Carleton Skills Training (CST) program--information,
      modeling, and instructions--were administered in 1 of 3 sequences to 12 low
      hypnotizable Ss. Hypnotizability measures were obtained after each component was
      given, as well as before and after training. Although objective scores showed
      significant gains from screening to testing, subjective scores did not,
      suggesting that while training encouraged behavioral compliance, few Ss learned
      to have the subjective experiences traditionally associated with hypnosis.
      Results from the component analysis were clear and consistent: whether
      instructions were presented first, second, or third in the training sequence, no
      significant changes occurred until this component was provided.

PMID- 2394536
TI  - Physiological responsiveness during hypnosis.
AB  - 4 physiological measures--electromyogram, respiration rate, heart rate, and skin
      conductance--were recorded for 11 high and 11 low hypnotizable Ss. It was
      hypothesized (a) that physiological responsiveness during hypnosis would vary
      depending on the nature of the task instructions, and (b) that high hypnotizable
      Ss would show more physiological responsiveness than low hypnotizable Ss. The
      first hypothesis was substantiated across all 4 measures. Only heart rate levels
      supported the second hypothesis. The results are discussed as they relate to the
      2 hypotheses and to future research.

PMID- 2394537
TI  - Daily living problems of people with haemophilia and HIV infection: implications
      for counselling.
AB  - The advent of AIDS not only signifies the emergence of a new disease that affects
      hitherto healthy members of the general population but also highlights many
      unresolved problems of people with haemophilia, a life-long genetic disorder of
      blood clotting. Although HIV infection and the threat of AIDS has been a tragedy
      for people with haemophilia, the reported study shows that in spite of recent
      technological advancement in treatment, problems caused by haemophilia as such
      are still devastating for some severely affected patients. The ability of people
      with haemophilia to cope with their daily living problems such as chronic and
      acute pain, stress in the family, difficulties with unemployment and social
      relationships affects their response to HIV/AIDS. These facts have important
      implications for their rehabilitation and counselling and raise questions about
      coping with HIV/AIDS for other risk groups.

PMID- 2394538
TI  - Patterns of vocational interests and work motivation among mentally retarded
      adults attending vocational rehabilitation centres.
AB  - The present study describes a survey of the vocational interests and work
      motivation of trainees attending vocational rehabilitation centers for the
      mentally retarded in Israel. A random sample of 152 subjects was chosen from a
      total of 1,509 trainees. Two sets of questionnaires were applied: (1) the
      Illustrated Vocational Inventory (IVI) (Whelan and Reiter, 1980); and (2) a
      specially designed questionnaire on work motivation based on Herzberg's model
      (Herzberg et al., 1959). The most significant finding of the study was that
      several consistent patterns of vocational knowledge, vocational interests and
      motivational factors emerge with regard to mentally retarded clients attending
      vocational rehabilitation centers; and this lends strong support to the view that
      such people can be placed in employment on the open labour market.

PMID- 2394539
TI  - Relationship between response time and falls among stroke patients undergoing
      physical rehabilitation.
AB  - This study evaluated the influence of simple motor response time on the risk of
      falling among 202 stroke patients admitted to a rehabilitation hospital. All
      patients were tested within 2 weeks of admission to hospital on a computerized
      response time task. Visual stimuli were presented centrally, in the left and in
      the right visual fields. Three response times were calculated for each patient.
      Using the response time from the most impaired field, the 95 fallers generally
      had slower response times than did the 107 non-fallers (on average, 2.50 s vs.
      1.93 s). However, response time was only significantly slower when the visual
      stimuli were presented in the left visual field (on average, 1.99 s vs. 1.39 s).
      As response time increased so did the risk of falling, demonstrating a dose
      response effect. In comparison to patients with 'normal' response times (0.0-0.50
      s), patients with response times between 2.00 s and 2.50 s had a sevenfold
      increase in the risk of falling. Previous research has shown that the response
      time of stroke patients improves over time, indicating that response time may be
      one factor influencing falls which is indeed modifiable. A suggestion is made to
      include the assessment of response time as a screening tool for identifying
      persons at elevated risk to fall as it is easily and accurately measured and as
      interventions aimed at improving response time are available.

PMID- 2394540
TI  - The role of alternating air and Silicore overlays in preventing decubitus ulcers.
AB  - Patients with chronic neurological diseases who were at high risk of decubitus
      ulcers were randomly assigned to alternating air on silicore mattress overlays
      for a period of 3 months. Of 148 subjects who completed the trial, more than 50%
      in each group developed one or more ulcers. No statistically significant
      differences between groups were found in the incidence, severity, healing
      duration or the location of the ulcers; with the exception of a significant
      difference (p less than 0.001) in the categorical location of the trochanters.

PMID- 2394541
TI  - The neuropsychological dimensions of postinfectious neuromyasthenia (chronic
      fatigue syndrome): a preliminary report.
AB  - Postinfectious neuromyasthenia (PIN) is a clinical syndrome of protracted and
      incomplete recovery after an apparent viral-like illness. Medical investigation
      yields few abnormalities which might account for the symptomatology. A
      substantial number of PIN patients complain of cognitive changes. Specific
      complaints include impaired attention, concentration and abstraction skills. This
      study was designed to systematically investigate whether the aforementioned
      subjective complaints could be quantified objectively using standard
      neuropsychological instruments. Results indicated that on all tests but one, the
      subjects' performances were significantly higher than those of their age matched
      groups in the normative data. Specifically, PIN patients scored significantly
      better than their age matched norms on tests of concentration, attention and
      abstraction. What is most striking is the discrepancy between the subjective
      complaints of cognitive impairment and the objective results of the subjects'
      performances on all tests. These findings suggest that psychological factors may
      play an important role in the cognitive functioning of individuals diagnosed with
      postinfectious neuromyasthenia.

PMID- 2394542
TI  - What does a doctor do with psychosocial problems in primary care?
AB  - Though a lot has been published on the prevalence of psychosocial disorders in
      primary care, less is known about the actual treatment, given by primary care
      providers. This article describes treatment given to complaints which are
      considered by the physician as being psychosocial by nature. Treatment has been
      assessed by means of observation. A database of approximately 1500 videotaped
      consultations, sampled from thirty general practitioners has been used for this
      purpose. The possibilities and limitations of (generalist) psychosocial treatment
      in primary care are discussed.

PMID- 2394543
TI  - Rating depression and anxiety after mastectomy: observer versus self-rating
      scales.
AB  - Paykel's Clinical Interview for Depression (CID), an observer-rated scale, and
      Kellner's Symptom Questionnaire (SQ), a self-rating inventory, were administered
      to twenty-six patients with breast cancer: 1) the day prior to discharge after
      mastectomy or lumpectomy, 2) after six months, during a follow-up outpatient
      visit. There were no significant changes in depression and anxiety (except for
      self-rated anxiety) and, indeed, there were very high test-retest correlations.
      Observer and self-rated assessments were significantly related, and these
      correlations improved on outpatient follow-up. DSM-III-R diagnoses of affective
      illness (mood and anxiety disorders) based on pre-established cut-offs of the
      CID, showed considerable stability, particularly as to major depressive illness.

PMID- 2394544
TI  - Sequelae of attempted suicide by cyanide ingestion: a case report.
AB  - A twenty-eight-year-old man presented emergently after ingesting 800 mg of
      potassium cyanide in a suicide attempt. He survived only with intensive medical
      and psychiatric intervention, and went on to develop severe parkinsonian
      symptoms, including profound micrographia and hypersalivation. Bilateral,
      symmetrical basal ganglial abnormalities were demonstrated with magnetic
      resonance imaging. Survival following cyanide poisoning is rare; the clinical,
      radiologic, and neuropathologic sequelae in other documented cases are reviewed.

PMID- 2394545
TI  - Psychosocial adjustment before and after coronary artery bypass surgery.
AB  - Twenty-eight consecutive male patients were examined a few days before, and again
      twelve months after, coronary artery bypass surgery. The evaluation included the
      patients' psychological distress, psychosocial adjustment, cardiac state,
      personality and family relations. Before surgery the patients were relatively
      well adjusted, despite being severely disabled physically. On the follow-up
      evaluation the cardiac state improved significantly on every index examined. On
      the other hand no change occurred in the psychological distress, personality and
      family relations. Significant post-operative improvement was found in some of the
      domains of the psychosocial adjustment, but not in others.

PMID- 2394546
TI  - Ketanserin and capillary flow in Raynaud's phenomenon.
AB  - The serotonin (S2) antagonist ketanserin has been proposed as a useful therapy
      for Raynaud's phenomenon. The present study was designed to investigate the
      effects of 8 weeks therapy with oral Ketanserin (40 mg tds for the last 6 weeks)
      on finger nailfold capillary flow velocity at rest and following cold challenge
      and symptom score in 30 patients with Raynaud's in a double-blind, placebo
      controlled, parallel design study. The ketanserin treated group reported a 16.7%
      improvement in symptom score (p less than 0.05) relative to the end of the run-in
      phase compared with a 2.4% (NS) improvement in the placebo group. Improvement in
      capillary flow was confined to a significant (p less than 0.02) rise in rest flow
      in the ketanserin treated group but no beneficial changes were observed following
      cold challenge. The disparity between the subjective and objective benefits
      demonstrated for this drug suggest the possibility of a central action rather
      than one that involves the correction of a local vascular fault.

PMID- 2394547
TI  - Mechanisms for edema formation in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia evaluated by
      skin capillary dynamics.
AB  - Disturbances of vasomotor activity and veno-arteriolar reflex mechanism probably
      promote cutaneous edema formation. Videophotometric capillaroscopy was used to
      measure nailfold skin capillary blood cell velocity (CBV) and its response to
      increased transmural pressure induced by venous occlusion in healthy subjects,
      normal pregnancies and patients with preeclampsia. Vasomotion, assessed by
      rhythmic variation of CBV, was also recorded. Both frequency (3-10 cycles/minute)
      and amplitude (0.01-0.23 mm/s) of CBV fluctuations were similar in all groups
      investigated. In healthy controls basal CBV was positively correlated with the
      amplitude of individual velocity fluctuations (r = 0.89). CBV response to venous
      occlusion was significantly reduced (p less than 0.05) in preeclampsia compared
      to normal pregnancies and non-pregnant controls. This finding indicates impaired
      veno-arteriolar reflex which may contribute to the edema formation seen in
      preeclampsia. It is suggested that vasomotor activity may serve as a
      physiological modulator of vascular resistance and hence CBV.

PMID- 2394548
TI  - The effect of hypervolemic hemodilution and hyperoncotic infusions on the
      immediate reperfusion impairment in skeletal muscle of the rat after prolonged
      total ischemia.
AB  - The effect of hypervolemic hemodilution and hyperoncotic infusions on the
      reactive hyperemic volume flow rates during the initial minutes of post-ischemic
      reperfusion in the rat's tibialis anterior muscle after 1, 2 and 3 hours of
      tourniquet ischemia was studied using the 133Xenon clearance technique. Median
      maximal hyperemic peak reflow rates in muscle of non-infused, control animals
      upon release of a tourniquet were 56.5, 43.6 and 7.5 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1
      respectively, demonstrating the development of a post-ischemic reperfusion
      impairment, a no-reflow phenomenon, that increased with the duration of the
      preceding period of ischemia. Rapid infusions of isotonic saline solutions over
      the last five minutes of tourniquet ischemia, aiming at increasing the
      circulating blood volume of the animals at start of the ischemic leg reperfusion
      by 2.0, 4.5, and 9.5 ml respectively, or by approximately 10%, 25% and 50%, gave
      no significant improvement in post-ischemic reperfusion, except in that following
      3 hours of leg ischemia and after the two largest volumes. Rapid infusions of
      solutions of human albumin in a concentration of 200 mg.ml-1 to an amount
      approximately equalling 0.15, 0.40 and 0.75 g.kg-1 bodyweight till the moment the
      reperfusion was started, aiming to increase circulating albumin until the start
      of reperfusion by about 10%, 20% and 40%, significantly improved immediate peak
      hyperemic reperfusion in proportion to dose and more than doubled post-ischemic
      peak hyperemic reperfusion rates after the largest dose to 129.6, 102.6 and 39.1
      ml.min-1 x 100 g-1 respectively. This improvement in initial post-ischemic
      hyperemia by hyperoncotic reperfusion may be of importance for achieving a rapid
      post-ischemic tissue oxygenation and for preventing tissue edema.

PMID- 2394549
TI  - Effect of anisodamine on the microcirculation of the hydronephrotic kidney of
      rats.
AB  - Anisodamine, an atropine analog, is widely used in China for treatment of acute
      circulatory shock but mechanisms of its action are not fully known. We
      investigated the effect of anisodamine on different renal vessels in the
      hydronephrotic kidney. Anisodamine was added to the tissue bath containing the
      kidney to produce increasing concentrations from 10(-8) to 10(-3) M. Anisodamine
      dilated the arcuate artery, interlobular artery and afferent arteriole in a dose
      dependent manner. The maximal dilation of 15 to 25% in these preglomerular
      vessels was attained at a concentration of about 10(-5) M. In contrast, the
      efferent arteriole constricted by about 55% in response to anisodamine. The
      glomerular blood flow increased by 15 and 40% at anisodamine concentrations of
      10(-8) and 10(-5) M respectively. The renal vascular effect of anisodamine could
      be abolished by the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol. Our data indicate
      that anisodamine is a potent vasodilator of preglomerular renal vessels and that
      its effect is mediated by activation of the dopaminergic system. The action of
      anisodamine through a dopaminergic mechanism, as found in the hydronephrotic
      kidney, may also be involved in its antishock properties.

PMID- 2394550
TI  - Shape and orientation of arterial loops in cat sartorius muscle.
AB  - A method is described to quantify the shape and orientation of vascular loops
      (arcades). Shape is characterized by an ellipticity factor, calculated from area
      and perimeter values. Orientation is measured as the angle formed by the great
      axis of the loop with the muscle fibers. These parameters were calculated for 772
      arteriolar loops of the cat sartorius muscle. The results show that, on the
      average, the ellipticity factor is a linear function of the number of segments.
      The observed values change in the opposite direction from the expected values for
      regular polygons. Simple calculations are presented to rectify this discrepancy.
      Most loops are oriented parallel to the muscle fibers.

PMID- 2394551
TI  - Whole body plasma extravasation in saline and Haemaccel loaded rats: effects of
      endotoxemia.
AB  - Endotoxin causes only a limited increase in plasma leakage in rats. This may be
      due to a concomitant fall in venous pressure. We therefore studied effects of
      increases in this pressure on plasma loss. After a 60 min. endotoxin (20 mg/kg.
      hr E coli 0127-B8) or saline (control) infusion anesthetized rats were volume
      loaded (3 ml/10 min. 100 g for 10 min.) at t = 120 min. with saline (shock group
      n = 8; control group n = 8) or Haemaccel (shock group n = 6; control group n =
      8). At t = 180 min. the experiments ended. We measured mean arterial and central
      venous pressure, heart rate, arterial lactate, blood volume (51Cr-labeled red
      cells), hematocrit (conductivity cell), macromolecular extravasation (125I-HSA)
      and fluid retention (calculated from change in plasma volume). Whole body
      transcapillary filtration coefficient (Kf) and interstitial compliance (Ci) were
      obtained from saline retention curves. During volume loading central venous
      pressure increased, then fell again. At the end of saline loading (t = 130) 50
      and 60% of infused volume remained intravascularly in control and endotoxin
      treated rats, respectively; at the end of Haemaccel infusion retention was 110
      and 120%, respectively. Fifty minutes later (t = 180) it was 25 and 30% after
      saline loading and 50 and 60% after Haemaccel loading in control and endotoxin
      treated rats, respectively. Between control and endotoxin group filtration
      coefficients (Kf; .094 vs .111 ml/min.mmHg.100 g, respectively) and compliances
      (Ci; 1.90 vs 1.58 ml/mmHg.100 g, respectively) were not significantly different.
      No increase in leakage of 125I-HSA was found in either group. Increased venous
      pressure thus did not reveal an increase in macromolecular permeability in
      endotoxin treated rats.

PMID- 2394552
TI  - Abstracts presented at the 5th annual meeting of the Benelux Society
      Microcirculation. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, February 2, 1990.

PMID- 2394553
TI  - Abstracts presented at the Nordic Microcirculation Society. February 1-3, 1990,
      Kittila, Finland.

PMID- 2394554
TI  - An in vivo study of teeth reprepared during periodontal surgery.

PMID- 2394555
TI  - Radiographic and histologic aspects of osseous defects.

PMID- 2394556
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of human gingival epithelial cell attachment to implant
      surfaces in vitro.

PMID- 2394557
TI  - Guided tissue regeneration using an absorbable membrane (polyglactin 910) and
      osseous grafting.

PMID- 2394559
TI  - Measuring health care effectiveness. Use of large data bases for technology and
      quality assessments.

PMID- 2394558
TI  - Introduction to measuring health care effectiveness.

PMID- 2394560
TI  - Inherent limitations of hospital death rates to assess quality.
AB  - Modeling death rates has been suggested as a potential method to screen hospitals
      and identify superior and substandard providers. This article begins with a
      review of one hospital death rate study and focuses upon its findings and
      limitations. It also explores the inherent limitations in the use of large data
      sets to assess quality of care.

PMID- 2394561
TI  - Impact of claims data research on clinical practice.
AB  - Despite their potential utility, clinicians are skeptical about claims data as a
      substrate for clinical research. Clinician's concerns are centered on two issues
      the quality of the data and the fairness of comparisons that are made. To
      increase the impact of claims data research on clinical practice, several
      strategies should be pursued.

PMID- 2394562
TI  - Policy implications of outcomes research.

PMID- 2394563
TI  - Creonization of health care.
AB  - As prefigured in the Greek tragedy Antigone, one of the primary conflicts in
      contemporary health care is that between humane concern for the individual and
      concern for society at large and administrative rules. The computerization of the
      health care system and development of large data bases will create new forms of
      this conflict that will challenge the self-definition of health care and health
      care professionals.

PMID- 2394564
TI  - Does it work? The outcomes of medical interventions.

PMID- 2394565
TI  - Assessment of medical outcomes. New opportunities for achieving a long sought
      after objective.
AB  - Health outcome assessment may be used for a variety of purposes: to evaluate the
      effectiveness of medical practices; to assess the quality of services provided;
      to educate providers, purchasers, and users of health services about the sequelae
      of treated and untreated disease; to guide reimbursement and regulatory policy;
      and to characterize the health status of a population. This article focuses on
      the use of health outcomes to evaluate the effectiveness of medical practices and
      to assess the quality of services provided.

PMID- 2394566
TI  - [Coughing up blood--hemoptysis].

PMID- 2394567
TI  - [Recurrent syncope in dilated cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 2394568
TI  - The inferior vena cava clip. The percutaneous approach.
AB  - Pulmonary embolism in high-risk patients may be minimized by surgical inferior
      vena cava (IVC) clipping or by the insertion of caval filters. A percutaneous
      clipping technique was developed that narrows the cava while allowing caval
      patency. The caval clip is inserted through a percutaneous translumbar approach
      under fluoroscopic control. Nine dogs underwent percutaneous translumbar caval
      clip placement without complications. Three of four dogs, followed-up for 5 to 19
      weeks by angiography and caval pressure measurements, showed caval patency. This
      technique eliminates the risks of surgical IVC clip placement and risks from the
      insertion of intravascular foreign bodies such as filters.

PMID- 2394569
TI  - Evaluation of postprocessing dual-energy methods in quantitative computed
      tomography. Part 1. Theoretical considerations.
AB  - Five postprocessing methods for dual-energy quantitative computed tomography of
      the vertebral body were evaluated theoretically. The methods were compared by
      transforming the original sets of equations to a standard set. Only two of these
      methods produced optimal results, namely the basic approach of Goodsitt et al and
      the method of Nickoloff et al. The calibration approach of Goodsitt et al will
      produce optimal results only if calibration materials are available that mimic
      the anatomic constituents of the vertebral body better than those available
      currently. Theoretically, the methods of Cann et al and of Laval-Jeantet et al
      will not produce optimal results.

PMID- 2394570
TI  - Evaluation of postprocessing dual-energy methods in quantitative computed
      tomography. Part 2. Practical aspects.
AB  - Three facets of dual-energy quantitative computed tomography are studied: (1) the
      algorithm for postprocessing data (the methods of Cann, Laval-Jeantet et al,
      Goodsitt et al [two methods], and Nickoloff et al); (2) the influence of choice
      of tissue-equivalent materials for calibration; and (3) the difference between
      central and peripheral calibration. The different tissue-equivalent materials
      include bone mineral-equivalent (K2HPO4 solutions and calcium hydroxyapatite),
      fat-equivalent (liquid paraffin, polyethylene, and 70% ethanol solution), and red
      marrow-equivalent (plastic). Deviation from the manufacturer's quoted content is
      least with central positioning of the calibration materials. The accuracy of
      estimates is best when the same tissue-equivalent materials are used for
      calibration that are being measured. The deviations produced by the use of
      different tissue-equivalent materials indicate the importance of using materials
      that mimic the components of bone most closely. The two methods of Goodsitt et al
      and the method of Nickoloff et al produced the best results.

PMID- 2394571
TI  - Computer-displayed eye position as a visual aid to pulmonary nodule
      interpretation.
AB  - Approximately 30% of nodules are missed during the initial reading of chest
      radiographs. Eye-position recordings have shown that most nodules that are missed
      receive prolonged visual attention. A computer algorithm was developed that uses
      eye-position and gaze-duration times to identify locations on the chest image
      likely to contain missed nodules. These locations are highlighted on the
      displayed image to give visual feedback. The current study tested whether visual
      feedback was an effective aid to nodule detection. Six radiology residents
      searched 40 chest images for nodules while their eye-position and gaze-duration
      times were recorded. Half received displayed visual feedback and half were given
      a second view without feedback. Two months later the two groups returned and
      viewed the images in the opposite condition to counterbalance for possible
      practice effects. Performance of readers who were given feedback showed an
      average of 16% improvement as measured by the alternative free response operating
      characteristic (AFROC) curve area, A1. Performance of the same readers given a
      second look without feedback did not improve.

PMID- 2394573
TI  - Computer-simulated lung nodules in digital chest radiographs for detection
      studies.
AB  - Computer simulations of lung nodules overcome many shortcomings of creating
      radiographs using anthropomorphic nodule phantoms for lung nodule detection
      studies, but these algorithms can be cumbersome and involved. A simple, fast, and
      flexible computer program to simulate lung nodules in digital chest radiographs
      for detection studies is reported. To verify the realism of the simulated
      nodules, a psychophysical study and a statistical study were conducted. In the
      psychophysical study, six radiologists and four nonradiologists were asked to
      distinguish between 17 real lung nodules and 17 computer-simulated lung nodules
      shown in eight radiographs. The results show that the computer-simulated lung
      nodules are indistinguishable visually from real lung nodules. Using parameters
      from the Rose model of vision, results show that the simulated and real nodules
      are the same statistically. Thus, besides visual validity, statistical analysis
      in confirming the validity of the simulated lung nodules is included.

PMID- 2394572
TI  - The effect of image processing on chest radiograph interpretations in a PACS
      environment.
AB  - The question of whether image processing affects a radiologist's diagnostic
      performance is becoming more important as the digital modalities proliferate. In
      the multi-observer study reported, the performance of radiologists who interpret
      a series of posteroanterior digitized chest images displayed on a high-resolution
      workstation, with and without a set of image processing options, is determined.
      These include brightness, contrast, reverse look-up tables (black-bone), and two
      edge enhancement options. Three hundred images were evaluated twice (once in each
      mode) by each of seven board-certified radiologists, who recorded their
      confidence ratings for the presence or absence of one or more of the following
      abnormalities: interstitial disease, nodule, and pneumothorax. The original,
      unprocessed digital image was available for reference for those sessions in which
      the processing options were available. With the exception of one reader, receiver
      operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed no statistically significant
      difference between the two modes (with and without processing) for the detection
      of any of the different abnormalities by individual readers. Likewise, the group
      as a whole showed no significant difference (P less than .05) for detection of
      any of the three abnormalities between the two reading modes.

PMID- 2394574
TI  - Quantitative dual-energy coronary arteriography.
AB  - Subtraction techniques for digital cardiac imaging have been hampered by
      misregistration artifacts. The use of dual-energy imaging is being evaluated as a
      means for reducing these artifacts. Results reported previously indicate that the
      dual-energy technique may be useful for applications such as exercise
      ventriculography and general quantification tasks. The purpose of the current
      study is to investigate the use of dual-energy subtraction imaging for
      quantitative coronary arteriography. In vivo coronary vessel phantoms (0.2 to 7
      mm2 in cross-sectional area) were used to study the potential advantages of
      tissue suppressed energy subtracted images over unsubtracted images for
      quantification of absolute vessel cross-sectional area when cardiac motion is
      present. Estimates of lumen cross-sectional area (N = 20) were determined using
      videodensitometric analysis of selected energy subtracted and unsubtracted
      images. Linear regression analysis of measured and actual cross-sectional area
      showed energy subtracted image data (slope = 1.06, intercept = 0.48 mm2, r =
      0.99) to have improved accuracy (P less than .05) and precision (P less than .05)
      over unsubtracted image data (slope = 1.24, intercept = 1.07 mm2, r = 0.95).

PMID- 2394575
TI  - In vivo estimation of perfluorooctylbromide concentration in tissues.
AB  - Currently, the only available method to measure perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB) in
      tissues requires its extraction with a solvent followed by gas chromatography.
      Not only is this method invasive, but it cannot be validated because the amount
      of unextracted PFOB is unknown. Using a cylindrical CT phantom with eight wells
      in the wall filled with bromine (Br) standards, an in vivo method to measure PFOB
      tissue concentration was developed. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) was used to
      calibrate and validate the phantom since NAA allows the quantification of Br by
      making Br radioactive without the need for extraction. Once NAA was validated for
      PFOB, the phantom was calibrated using 80 rats and tested using 20 rats relative
      NAA. The phantom produced linear correlation between CT number and known PFOB
      concentrations with r = 0.998. After its calibration with NAA, the CT method
      produced a linear correlation between tissue PFOB concentration determined by CT
      and NAA near the line of identity with an r = 0.984, thus allowing the
      determination of PFOB tissue content in vivo noninvasively.

PMID- 2394576
TI  - A pharmacokinetic and MRI study of unilamellar gadolinium-, manganese-, and iron
      DTPA-stearate liposomes as organ-specific contrast agents.
AB  - Small unilamellar liposomes that contain the lipophilic chelate DTPA-stearate
      (DTPASA) were used as carriers for the paramagnetic metal ions gadolinium,
      manganese, and iron. The iron liposomes were unstable in vitro and thus not
      studied further. The natural targeting properties of these liposomes to the
      reticuloendothelial system was used in rats and dogs for the imaging of liver and
      spleen. In vitro incubations with human plasma, followed by high-pressure liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) separation of the Gd-DTPASA and Mn-DTPASA liposomes showed
      that after an incubation period of 24 hours, only 4% of the gadolinium was bound
      to the plasma proteins, whereas, with the Mn-DTPASA liposomes, a transfer of 40%
      manganese was seen. These results indicate that the Mn-DTPASA complex is not
      stable. On T1-weighted images, both liposome preparations gave a strong signal
      enhancement of the organs of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Gadolinium
      liposomes accumulated in the liver of rats at a peak concentration 4 hours after
      application and at a higher concentration compared with the manganese liposomes.
      Gd-DTPASA liposomes had an elimination half-time from the liver of 61 hours.
      Manganese liposomes produced stronger contrast at lower concentrations and had
      faster elimination kinetics from the liver, with a major elimination half-time of
      10 hours. Both chelate complexes were eliminated predominantly by the
      hepatobiliary route. Thus, liposomal Gd-DTPASA appears to be a stable, efficient,
      and specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent for the upper
      abdomen.

PMID- 2394577
TI  - Gd-DOTA. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability after intravenous injection into
      healthy volunteers.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of Gd-DOTA meglumine in humans were evaluated in six healthy
      male volunteers. The agent was injected intravenously at 0.1 mmol/kg over
      approximately 2 minutes. Its behavior was found to be similar to that of
      urographic and angiographic iodinated contrast media with a plasma elimination
      half-life of 91 +/- 14 minutes (mean +/- standard deviation [SD]), a small
      distribution volume of 171.0 +/- 19.7 mL/kg and rapid urinary excretion. The
      results suggest rapid passive extravascular diffusion of gadolinium (Gd)-DOTA in
      the interstitial space without intracellular penetration, followed by a rapid
      urinary excretion via glomerular filtration. Furthermore, the results are
      consistent with animal data that showed that the compound does not cross the
      normal blood brain barrier. Its plasma pharmacokinetics appeared to be similar to
      those reported for Gd-DTPA. No relevant biological effects were seen with Gd
      DOTA, especially in regard to serum iron and bilirubin levels.

PMID- 2394578
TI  - Environmental issues in radiology. Control and disposal of hazardous wastes.

PMID- 2394579
TI  - The effect of ciamexone on lymphocytic thyroiditis and insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus in the BB/Wor rat.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that ciamexone, a 2-cyan-aziridine derivative, is
      a selective immunomodulatory agent with potential therapeutic application in a
      variety of autoimmune diseases. In the present study, the effects of ciamexone on
      autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis and diabetes mellitus were studied in the BB
      rat. The data suggest that, in this animal model, ciamexone does not affect the
      frequency of autoimmune diabetes or lymphocytic thyroiditis nor does it affect
      the serum TSH or T4 concentrations.

PMID- 2394580
TI  - Immunoregulation of natural and lymphokine-activated killer cells by selenium.
AB  - The effect of selenium (Se) on natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated
      killer (LAK) cell activities and proliferative responses of human lymphocytes was
      studied in vitro. Direct addition of Se at 1.0 microgram/ml final concentration
      to the mixture of target and effector cells during a 4 h cytotoxicity assay
      significantly suppressed the NK activity of normal lymphocytes. When lymphocytes
      were preincubated with Se at concentrations as low as 0.2 microgram/ml for a
      period of 48 h, a significant inhibitory effect on NK activity was observed. In
      the LAK cell assay, direct addition of Se at concentrations of 0.2-1.0
      microgram/ml to a mixture of target and effector cells did not show any effects
      on LAK cell activity, whereas LAK cells generated in the presence of Se at 0.8
      microgram/ml showed significant inhibition of their functions. Lymphocyte
      proliferative responses to T cell mitogens such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and
      concanavalin A (Con A) were also significantly suppressed by direct addition of
      Se at 0.5-1.0 microgram/ml. The inhibitory effect of Se was not due to
      nonspecific toxicity of effector cells as demonstrated by viability nor was the
      effect directed against target cells. These studies suggest that although Se is
      an essential micronutrient for various immune mechanisms, an excess of Se may
      have a deleterious effect on certain immunological functions. As these activities
      are considered to be important defense mechanisms against tumors and virus
      infections, a nutritional imbalance of Se could result in an increased risk of
      these disorders.

PMID- 2394581
TI  - Phosphatidylserine counteracts physiological and pharmacological suppression of
      humoral immune response.
AB  - Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a necessary cofactor for protein kinase C (PKC)
      activation, and changes in the synthesis of PS have been shown to participate in
      the mechanism(s) involved in the transmembrane signaling of interleukin 1 (IL-1).
      In view of the age-associated defects in T-cell functions, in the present study
      we have addressed the question of whether an in vivo treatment with PS might
      interfere with such processes. Furthermore, the effect of an in vitro treatment
      with PS in human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) or splenocytes activated with
      a lectin mitogen, on the expression of IL-2 receptor, was assessed. While the
      process of ageing was accompanied by a marked decline of humoral response
      monitored by anti-BSA antibodies (of the IgG class) production, following
      immunization with BSA in complete Freund adjuvant, chronic treatment with PS (50
      mg/kg, in drinking water), reversed this effect, raising specific antibody titers
      to levels practically indistinguishable from those measured in young animals.
      Pharmacological depression of humoral immune response induced by a treatment of
      adult animals with dexamethasone was similarly reversed by a chronic treatment
      with PS. While only a pharmacological concentration (10(-5) M) of PS
      significantly increased IL-2 receptor expression in activated human PBMC,
      simultaneous treatment of PBMC with inactive doses of PS and the pharmacological
      activator of PKC (phorbol myristate acetate, PMA, 10(-8) M) resulted in a
      synergistic stimulation of Tac+ cells. Furthermore, in cultures of rat
      splenocytes PS (10(-6) M) significantly stimulated the expression of IL-2
      receptor, and concomitant addition of PS (10(-7) M) to Con A-stimulated
      splenocytes produced a significant potentiation of IL-2 receptor induction. The
      present results indicate that in vivo treatment of ageing animals with the
      specific phospholipid PS is able to reverse the physiological decline of the
      humoral immune response induced by the ageing process. Moreover, treatment of
      young rats with PS reversed the pharmacological associated depression of specific
      antibody production. The in vitro effects of the phospholipid on human PBMC and
      rat splenocytes might suggest that PS is implicated in T-cell activation through
      its action on IL-2 receptor.

PMID- 2394582
TI  - Type of lymphocytes affected by the islet-activating protein (IAP).
AB  - By flow cytometric analysis, we identified the subclass of lymphocytes that
      proliferates in response to islet-activating protein (IAP), both in vitro (human
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells, MNC, cultured with IAP) and in vivo
      (peripheral blood MNC derived from A/J mice treated with IAP). IAP caused a
      preferential proliferation of CD8+ T cells. These cells expressed the IL-2
      receptors on their surface. CD4+ CD8+ T cells could also be detected in these
      cultures, IAP caused human MNC to produce IL-1 and to induce expression of HLA-DR
      antigen. These effects may play an important role in the T-cell proliferation
      induced by IAP, although IAP by itself suppressed the proliferative action of IL
      1 in mouse thymocytes. IAP induced proliferation of the purified CD4+ cells but
      had a smaller effect on the purified CD8+ cells. This suggests that the
      proliferation of CD8+ cells in IAP-treated MNC depends on the function of other
      types of cell, e.g. CD4+ cell and macrophage.

PMID- 2394583
TI  - Deprivation and health in Scotland.
AB  - A measure of deprivation has been devised using data from the 1981 Census about
      area characteristics which may be considered to reflect material deprivation, and
      a score is calculated for each postcode sector in Scotland. The routine data
      sources provide information for a range of health measures which are shown to be
      strongly linked to levels of deprivation, with specific causes--respiratory
      conditions, cancer of the lung and cancer of the cervix--exhibiting very
      considerable differentials in respect of both mortality and cancer morbidity.
      Nevertheless not all causes exhibit this positive association. This area-based
      measure provides a valuable tool for the analysis of health data in relation to
      socio-economic circumstances which overcomes many of the limitations which arise
      in the use of the more traditional measure of social class. Like social class
      however it depends on data from the census which are available only at ten-yearly
      intervals. Other existing data sources are suggested which could possibly provide
      relevant information on area characteristics and populations for inter-censal
      years.

PMID- 2394584
TI  - The World Health Organisation's definition of health promotion: three problems.

PMID- 2394585
TI  - A comparison of geriatric day hospitals in Fife.

PMID- 2394586
TI  - Radiotherapy verification film for estimating cumulative entrance skin exposure
      for fluoroscopic examinations.
AB  - Measurement of skin entrance exposures during fluoroscopic procedures is
      complicated by the use of automatic exposure control devices and the presence of
      contrast media. Due to variability in positioning spot films from patient to
      patient, standard dosimeters, such as thermoluminescent, cannot be properly
      placed on the skin prior to examination. Prepackaged film of the type used for
      portal verification in radiation therapy held next to the patient's skin in a
      specially modified patient examination gown was found to be useful for
      determining the entrance skin exposure from both fluoroscopy and spot films
      during air contrast barium enema exams. The usable sensitivity range of this film
      has been found satisfactory for exposure measurements at exposures and kVps
      typically used for gastrointestinal fluoroscopic procedures. Errors in exposure
      estimates due to changes in film speed and contrast with kVp are less than 5% for
      the range of kVps used. Errors from variations in beam quality due to the
      adjacency of scattering material are approximately 5%. Entrance exposures
      determined with film agreed with those determined from TLD measurements to within
      21%, with an average difference of 9%.

PMID- 2394587
TI  - Dose equivalent response of a TLD badge--influence of body backscatter.
AB  - In personnel monitoring, operational quantities recommended by ICRU Publication
      No. 39 for photon radiation can be realized by calibrating dosimeters on a
      phantom and considering body backscatter photons by using established conversion
      factors. Personnel dosimeters used in this study are based on CaSO4:Dy Teflon
      thermoluminescence dosimeter discs (TLD) that have a highly photon energy
      dependent response. Since body backscattered photons have lower energies than the
      incidence photons, methods for correcting for energy dependence of both the
      incident and body backscattered photons have to be developed. By using readouts
      of two TLD discs (one under a composite metal filter and the other without a
      metal filter) in an empirical relation valid at all energies, it is possible to
      correct for the effect of change in response from change in the photon energies.
      It was found that the new operational quantities recommended by ICRU could be
      estimated to within +/- 15% by a TLD badge design based on this method. Angular
      dependence limits for photons in accordance with the new international standards
      and a high beta dose-equivalent discrimination in the mixed fields of beta and
      low-energy x rays could also be achieved.

PMID- 2394588
TI  - Induction of lymphoma and osteosarcoma in mice by single and protracted low alpha
      doses.
AB  - Internal doses from the short-lived alpha-emitter 22Ra were given to 4-wk-old
      female NMRI mice. One group of about 300 animals received a single injection of
      18.5 kBq 22Ra kg-1 body weight, corresponding to a mean skeletal alpha dose of
      0.15 Gy. A second group of about 300 animals received the same total amount of
      224Ra in the form of 72 fractions of 257 Bq kg-1 each, applied twice weekly
      during 36 wk. The fractionated group received the same final mean total skeletal
      dose of 0.15 Gy as the single injected group, but with a mean skeletal dose rate
      of 1 mGy d-1. A rather high incidence, 13.5% (40/296), of early malignant
      lymphomas was observed in the fractionated group during and shortly after the
      injection period, followed by a 7% incidence (21/296) of osteosarcomas during the
      second half of the animals' lifetime. The group with a single injection did not
      develop early lymphomas but did develop osteosarcomas later with an incidence of
      5.8% (17/295). The occurrence of osteosarcomas was similar up to day 800 in the
      two experimental groups. Surprisingly, however, after this period no additional
      case of osteosarcoma was observed in the single-injected group, whereas one-third
      of all osteosarcomas occurred after day 800 in the protracted group. The
      additional later occurrence of osteosarcomas occurred after indicates a longer
      lasting induction effect on osteosarcomas, or a promoting effect in older age,
      for this kind of treatment.

PMID- 2394589
TI  - Simulation of angular and energy distributions of the PTB beta secondary
      standard.
AB  - Calculations and measurements have been performed to assess radiation doses
      delivered by the PTB Secondary Standard that employs 147Pm, 204Tl, and 90Sr:90Y
      sources in prescribed geometries, and features "beam-flattening" filters to
      assure uniformity of delivered doses within a 5-cm radius of the axis from source
      to detector plane. Three-dimensional, coupled, electron-photon Monte Carlo
      calculations, accounting for transmission through the source encapsulation and
      backscattering from the source mounting, led to energy spectra and angular
      distributions of electrons penetrating the source encapsulation that were used in
      the representation of pseudo sources of electrons for subsequent transport
      through the atmosphere, filters, and detectors. Calculations were supplemented by
      measurements made using bare LiF TLD chips on a thick polymethyl methacrylate
      phantom. Measurements using the 204Tl and 90Sr:90Y sources revealed that, even in
      the absence of the beam-flattening filters, delivered dose rates were very
      uniform radially. Dosimeter response functions (TLD:skin dose ratios) were
      calculated and confirmed experimentally for all three beta-particle sources and
      for bare LiF TLDs ranging in mass thickness from 10 to 235 mg cm-2.

PMID- 2394590
TI  - Investigation of neutron scattering for a multisphere spectrometer.
AB  - Count rates were measured as a function of distance from a planar concrete
      reflector for a set of eight Bonner-sphere detectors and four isotopic neutron
      sources. These data can be used to determine the contributions of scattered
      neutrons to the response of moderated detectors used in environments bounded by
      concrete. A model based on "images" of the original source can be developed to
      produce an equation that describes the data well, if the strengths of the image
      sources can be treated as variable parameters. Values of the parameters appearing
      in the equations are given based on least-squares analysis of the experimental
      results.

PMID- 2394591
TI  - Daily U intake in Utah residents from food and drinking water.

PMID- 2394592
TI  - Further observations on environmental radiation and cancer in India.

PMID- 2394593
TI  - Population irradiation factors (PIFs) in diagnostic medical dosimetry.

PMID- 2394594
TI  - Equilibrium factor and dosimetry of Rn by a nuclear track detector.

PMID- 2394595
TI  - Response to 'Expected indoor 222Rn levels in counties with very high and very low
      lung cancer rates'.

PMID- 2394596
TI  - Characterizing distributions of data from monitoring Rn in homes.

PMID- 2394598
TI  - Comments to Olson article.

PMID- 2394597
TI  - Annual frequency of diagnostic x-ray examinations in The Netherlands.

PMID- 2394599
TI  - First-order compartmental models and the matrix of mean residence times.

PMID- 2394600
TI  - [Endoscopic, endonasal removal of inverted papillomas of the nose and paranasal
      sinuses].
AB  - Fifty-one patients with inverted papillomas of the nose and paranasal sinuses
      underwent surgery, 35 by an intranasal endoscopic method and 16 by an extranasal
      approach. The recurrence rate after endoscopy surgery was 17% (6/35), compared
      with 19% (3/16) after an external approach. Endoscopic surgery proved to be
      successful even in large lesions affecting the posterior ethmoid, the sphenoid
      sinus, or the nasofrontal duct. Therefore, its use does not need to be restricted
      to limited lesions of the anterior nasal cavity. After intranasal surgery
      patients with inverted papillomas have a better chance of retaining the bony
      framework with recovery of the respiratory and olfactory function.

PMID- 2394601
TI  - [Endoscopic-controlled laser lithotripsy of salivary calculi. In vitro studies
      and initial clinical use].
AB  - An in vitro study was performed to examine the application of a laser beam for
      the fragmentation of salivary stones. In accordance with the absorption and
      reflection spectra of sections of salivary stones, optimal fragmentation was
      achieved using a pulsed excimer laser with a pulse width of 60 ns and a wave
      length of 308 or 351 nm. Further studies on particle size were conducted and a
      new "sialoendoscope" technique was developed. Twelve patients suffering from a
      sialolithiasis of the submandibular gland were treated. Under continuous
      endoscopic monitoring a laser-induced shock wave lithotripsy was performed. In 11
      cases complete fragmentation and removal of the salivary stones was achieved.
      This approach to laser lithotripsy of salivary stones with endoscopic monitoring
      represents a novel method that permits treatment on an outpatient basis under
      local anaesthesia, with little inconvenience to the patient.

PMID- 2394602
TI  - [Diastrophic dysplasia. A congenital syndrome with remarkable changes of the
      external ear and stridor].

PMID- 2394603
TI  - [Recognition of pitch of sinusoidal half waves. A contribution to auditory
      theory].
AB  - A total of 24 students (mean age 21.7 years) were asked to identify the frequency
      of sinusoidal half-waves. Four different frequencies (f1 = 400, f2 = 600, f3 =
      800, f4 = 1000 Hz) and four different types of half-waves were generated by a
      computer-controlled device. Stimuli were presented binaurally via headphones. The
      results show that the mean threshold for recognizing different frequencies is 2%
      10%. As this low value indicates, the human auditory system exhibits a remarkable
      ability to process fragments of sinusoidal waves.

PMID- 2394604
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo].
AB  - The clinical features and therapeutical aspects of 31 patients with benign
      paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) were studied. Attention is drawn to
      diagnostic criteria such as the "Hallpike manoeuvre" and guidelines are given for
      the differentiation of BPPV and cervical nystagmus. The results of this study are
      discussed with special regard to habituation training.

PMID- 2394605
TI  - External irradiation of epithelial skin cancer.
AB  - A total of 339 consecutively treated, biopsy proven squamous and basal cell
      carcinomas of the skin treated from January 1966 to December 1986 were
      retrospectively analyzed to determine the patterns of local recurrence. There
      were 242 basal cell carcinomas, 92 squamous cell carcinomas, and 5 variants of
      squamous cell carcinoma in various locations. Radiotherapy was the initial
      treatment modality in 212 patients and 127 were treated after failing initial
      surgical excision. Lymph nodes were involved in 1/242 patients (.4%) with basal
      cell carcinoma, 14/92 patients (15%) with initially treated squamous cell
      carcinoma, and 20/51 (39%) with recurrent squamous cell lesions. Distant
      metastasis was found in one patient. Superficial X rays were given to 187
      patients, electrons to 57 patients, megavoltage photons to 15, and a combination
      of modalities to the remainder. Overall local tumor control was achieved in 292
      of 339 patients (86%), 220 of 242 (91%) with basal cell and 73 of 97 (75%) with
      squamous cell carcinoma. Tumor control was closely related to the size of the
      primary lesion. For lesions less than 1 cm tumor control was 97% (86/89) for
      basal cell and 91% (21/23) for squamous cell carcinoma. For 1 to 5 cm, tumor
      control was 87% (116/133) for basal cell and 76% (39/51) for squamous cell
      carcinoma and for lesions greater than 5 cm, the tumor control was 87% (13 of 15)
      and 56% (9/16), respectively. Tumor control was related to the modality used to
      treat the patient in spite of stratification of primary lesion size. For
      superficial X rays, tumor control was 98% (81/83) for lesions less than 1 cm, 93%
      (94/101) for lesions 1-5 cm and 100% (5/5) for lesions greater than 5 cm. For
      electrons tumor control was 88% (14/16), 72% (23/32), and 78% (7/9),
      respectively. For mixed beams tumor control was 90% (9/10), 76% (32/42), and 64%
      (9/14), respectively, and for 60Co-4 MV X rays, tumor control was 100% (3/3), 67%
      (6/9), and 33% (1/3), respectively. Cosmesis and complications were analyzed in
      261 patients. An excellent or good cosmetic result was found in 92% (239/261) of
      the patients. There were 8 of 261 patients (3.1%) with fair and 19 of 261 (7.3%)
      with poor cosmesis. Cosmesis had an inverse relation to the primary lesion size
      with 97 of 99 patients (98%) with tumors 1 cm or less, 123 of 140 patients (88%)
      with lesions 1 to 5 cm and 13 of 16 patients (82%) with larger tumors having
      excellent or good cosmetic results. Cosmesis is also related to treatment
      modality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2394606
TI  - Posterior fossa medulloblastoma in childhood: treatment results and a proposal
      for a new staging system.
AB  - Seventy-two children with posterior fossa medulloblastoma were diagnosed at the
      Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, from 1977 to 1987 and treated by standard
      methods. The 5- and 10-year survival and disease-free survival rates were 71% and
      63%, and 64% and 63%, respectively. Total tumor resection, as determined by the
      surgeon was the most significant favorable prognostic factor. Post-operative
      meningitis, a residual enhancing mass lesion on the post-operative, pre
      irradiation CT scan and dissemination to the brain or cord at diagnosis were
      unfavorable factors. These four easily definable factors were used to define a
      staging system with prognostic significance. Five-year disease-free survival
      rates were for Stage I (total resection, no adverse factor) 100%, Stage II (total
      resection with one or more adverse factor or less than total resection with no
      other adverse factor) 78%, and Stage III (less than total resection with one or
      more adverse factor) 18%. Evaluation of treatment results in medulloblastoma
      requires that these prognostic factors be known.

PMID- 2394607
TI  - Prognostic factors of local outcome for T1, T2 carcinomas of oral tongue treated
      by iridium 192 implantation.
AB  - The results of Iridium 192 implantation for 121 node negative T1 or T2 squamous
      carcinomas of mobile tongue were reviewed to look for predictors of local control
      and necrosis. Age, sex, total dose, dose rate, linear activity, and intersource
      spacing were examined. Minimum follow-up was 2 years but no patient with local
      recurrence or necrosis was excluded. There were 57 T1N0 tumors, 45 T2aN0 (2.1-3.0
      cm), and 19 T2bN0 (3.1-4.0 cm). Local failures occurred in 14% of T1, 11% of T2a,
      and 26% of T2b. Univariate analysis showed that local control increased with
      increasing dose (55-60 Gy: 73%; 65-75 Gy: 92%, p = 0.005), whereas multivariate
      analysis revealed both sex and total dose to be significant. Radiation necrosis
      occurred in 17% of T1, 29% of T2a, and 47% of T2b (p = 0.034). Half were limited
      to soft tissue and the majority healed with conservative management. Univariate
      analysis showed that necrosis increased with increasing dose (55-60 Gy: 16%; 65
      75 Gy: 33%, p = 0.037), as well as increasing dose rate, linear activity, and
      intersource spacing. With multivariate analysis only stage, dose rate, and
      spacing remained predictive of necrosis. Total dose was not adjusted for dose
      rate or tumor volume. This analysis suggests that within the therapeutic range of
      low dose rate brachytherapy, correction of total dose according to dose rate is
      unnecessary. We recommend 65 Gy. Lower dose rate (0.4-0.5 Gy/hr) and closer
      intersource spacing (12-14 mm) should be aimed for to minimize necrosis.

PMID- 2394608
TI  - Fetal hypothalamic transplants into brain irradiated rats: graft morphometry and
      host behavioral responses.
AB  - This study was designed to test the hypothesis that neural implants can
      ameliorate or prevent some of the long-term changes associated with CNS
      irradiation. Using a rat model, the initial study focused on establishing motor,
      regulatory, and morphological changes associated with brain radiation treatments.
      Secondly, fetal hypothalamic tissue grafts were placed into the third ventricle
      of rats which had been previously irradiated. Adult male Long Evans rats received
      one of three radiation doses (15, 22.5, & 30 Gy) or no radiation. Three days
      after irradiation, 7 animals in each dose group received an embryonic day 17
      hypothalamic graft into the third ventricle while the remaining 8-9 animals in
      each group received injections of vehicle solution (sham). Few changes were
      observed in the 15 and 22.5 Gy animals, however rats in the 30 Gy treatment group
      showed stereotypic and ambulatory behavioral hyperactivity 32 weeks after
      irradiation. Regulatory changes in the high dose group included decreased growth
      rate and decreased urine osmolalities, but these measures were extremely variable
      among animals. Morphological results demonstrated that 30 Gy irradiated animals
      showed extensive necrosis primarily in the fimbria, which extended into the
      internal capsule, optic nerve, hippocampus, and thalamus. Hemorrhages were found
      in the hippocampus, thalamus, and fimbria. Defects in the blood brain barrier
      also were evident by entry of intravascularly injected horseradish peroxidase
      into the parenchyma of the brain. Animals in the 30 Gy grafted group showed fewer
      behavioral changes and less brain damage than their sham grafted counterparts.
      Specifically, activity measures were comparable to normal levels, and a dilute
      urine was not found in the 30 Gy implanted rats. Morphological changes support
      these behavioral results since only two 30 Gy implanted rats showed necrosis in
      the fimbria, internal capsule, and other areas of the brain. These results
      suggest that grafts of fetal neural tissue exert a beneficial influence on the
      host brain, although the mechanism by which the implant exerts its effect is
      still unknown. Evidence supporting the role of trophic factors is reviewed. These
      preliminary results suggest a potential for tissue grafts in the treatment of CNS
      irradiated patients.

PMID- 2394609
TI  - Radiotherapy by multiple fractions per day (MFD) in head and neck cancer: acute
      reactions of skin and mucosa.
AB  - The feasibility of several unusual fractionation schedules in the radiotherapy of
      head and neck tumors was assessed, especially the acute reactions of skin and
      mucosa. All schedules were based on the principle of multiple fractions per day
      (MFD) leading to highly concentrated treatment series, alternating with rest
      periods. The fraction sizes used were between 1.6-2 Gy, overall treatment time
      was about 6 weeks, and total dose ranged from 60 to 67.2 Gy. The most important
      parameter that was modified was the size of the dose given in one treatment
      series. The first schedule consisted of two unequal radiation series: 48 Gy/12
      days, followed by a second series of 19.2 Gy/4 days after a 3- to 4-week
      interval. All subsequent treatment schedules were divided in equal series: the
      first in 2 times 30 Gy, the second in 3 times 22.4 Gy, and the third in 4 times
      16 Gy. Comparison of acute reactions in skin and mucosa after these irradiations
      to different dose levels has made it possible to obtain a precise idea of the
      time course in the development of radiation induced damage and of the dose-effect
      relationship. Such dose-response curves will be extremely useful in further
      studies on the dose-modifying effects of sensitizers and cytostatic drugs.
      Conclusions of this study: 1. In human oral mucosa, the threshold dose for the
      development of confluent mucositis (patches of 0.5 cm) after fractionated
      irradiation appears to be around 20 Gy. 2. Intervals of 12 days allow full repair
      of mucosa damage after a dose of about 20 Gy and repeating the irradiation leads
      to an identical reaction after second, third or fourth treatments, demonstrating
      that no cumulative effect exists for acute damage. This phenomenon could be
      exploited to reduce the acute side effects in radiotherapy. 3. The reactions
      observed in skin are less pronounced than those of mucosa, possibly due to the
      dose distribution of high energy photons. The changes are, however, slower to
      develop and intervals of 2 weeks are insufficient for the skin to fully recover
      from the radiation damage. Subsequent treatment series led to a cumulative
      reaction pattern. 4. Finally, a number of treatments were associated with
      misonidazole, an anoxic cell sensitizer, which did not appear to modify
      significantly the radiation reactions in either skin or mucosa.

PMID- 2394610
TI  - Radiobiological characterization of head and neck and sarcoma cells derived from
      patients prior to radiotherapy.
AB  - The radiobiological parameters of 33 tumor cell lines were studied in biopsy
      samples obtained from patients prior to radiotherapy. Epithelial tumor cells
      derived from head and neck cancer patients were more radioresistant than tumor
      cell lines derived from patients with sarcoma regardless of method of analysis.
      The presence of radioresistant tumor cell lines was associated with local failure
      in some patients. However, the presence of radiosensitive tumor cells did not
      necessarily predict local control. Our data suggest radiocurability is complex
      and inherent radiobiological parameters of tumor cells may be only one factor in
      radiotherapy outcome.

PMID- 2394611
TI  - Radiation-induced ocular injury in the dog: a histological study.
AB  - Radiation-induced ocular injury secondary to treatment of nasal cancer occurs in
      humans and animals. Dogs with nasal carcinomas were randomized to receive 36 to
      67.5 Gy in fractionated doses given in 4 weeks using a 6 MV linear accelerator.
      Ophthalmic examinations were performed according to a predetermined protocol and
      eyes were removed for histologic examination when dogs were euthanatized. The eye
      in the radiation field exhibited greater injury than the contralateral eye with
      nasal areas of the globe having more severe lesions than temporal areas. Lesions
      occurred in all dogs and at all doses. At 1 month or less postirradiation
      treatment, all dogs had blepharitis, keratoconjunctivitis and corneal epithelial
      atrophy. Surface lesions persisted in all eyes, becoming less severe and more
      chronic with time. At 3-6 months postirradiation treatment, degenerative
      angiopathy of retinal vessels appeared with multifocal retinal hemorrhage and
      mild diffuse retinal degeneration which affected outer layers first and
      progressed inwardly with time. At 6 months postirradiation treatment, there were
      cataracts, fibrosis of retinal vessel walls with loss of vascular smooth muscle,
      retinal hemorrhage, and mild to moderate retinal degeneration. At 1 year
      postirradiation treatment, retinal vessels remained sclerotic, retinal hemorrhage
      was less frequent, and there was moderate retinal degeneration with swelling and
      loss of ganglion cells. By 2 years or more postirradiation treatment, optic nerve
      axonal degeneration secondary to retinal changes had appeared. Tapetal and
      choroidal atrophy were inconsistently seen. Thus, ocular lesions at the doses
      received developed along a relatively predictable time course and recovery was
      not seen. Structures of the canine eye appear sufficiently sensitive that even
      relatively low total doses given in small doses per fraction cause significant
      long-term injury.

PMID- 2394612
TI  - Tumor and normal tissue tolerance for fractionated low-dose-rate radiotherapy.
AB  - Radiobiological evidence suggests that an improved therapeutic ratio might be
      achieved through the use of smaller than conventional dose fractions. The
      ultimate in small dose fractions for external beam radiotherapy would be
      fractionated low-dose-rate (LDR) irradiation, and clinical trials of fractionated
      external beam LDR therapy are already in progress. Using the BA1112 rat sarcoma,
      we have determined the 50% tumor control dose for LDR and for conventional-dose
      rate (CDR) fractionated radiotherapy. These tumor control doses were compared to
      normal tissue tolerance doses for hemi-body irradiation in similar CDR and LDR
      schedules. Animals were treated 3 times per week without anesthesia using 10-19
      fractions. LDR radiotherapy was done with 60Co at dose rates of 0.028-0.033
      Gy/min; CDR radiotherapy was done with 250 kVp X rays at dose rates of 0.54-2.1
      Gy/min. The tumor control dose modification factor (DMF) for LDR compared to CDR
      irradiation was 1.3 (1.0-1.5). For LDR and CDR hemi-body irradiation, the dose
      modification factor for 7 day lethality (gastrointestinal damage) was 1.7 (1.5
      1.9), for 100 day morbidity was 1.8 (1.6-2.2), and for radiation nephritis at 90
      days was 1.9 (1.7-2.3). The therapeutic gain factor for fractionated low-dose
      rate irradiation compared to conventional-dose-rate fractionated radiotherapy was
      therefore 1.8/1.3 = 1.4 (1.2-1.8). The study shows that there is an experimental
      as well as a theoretical basis for anticipating a therapeutic benefit from the
      use of external beam fractionated LDR radiotherapy, and implies that the
      recognized therapeutic efficacy of brachytherapy is not due solely to the high
      localized dose.

PMID- 2394613
TI  - Possible relationship between chromosome alterations and in vitro cellular
      radiosensitivity of human malignant melanoma.
AB  - In the present study, in vitro radiation survival analysis was performed on 8
      human malignant melanoma cell lines with defined karyotypes. Exponentially
      growing cells were irradiated to doses of 0 to 8 Gy and examined for soft agar
      clonogenicity. Two groups emerged from this analysis: 4 cell lines with a small
      shoulder (extrapolation number, n less than 2) and 4 cell lines with a large
      shoulder (n greater than 2). Of possible significance, 4/4 cell lines with
      extrapolation numbers greater than 2 demonstrated clonal structural abnormalities
      of chromosome 7. In contrast, 3/4 cell lines with extrapolation numbers less than
      2 had no structural abnormalities of chromosome 7. These very preliminary results
      suggest that structural alterations of chromosome 7 may be associated with
      melanoma tumors with high extrapolation numbers.

PMID- 2394614
TI  - Radiation, pool size and incorporation studies in mice with 5-chloro-2'
      deoxycytidine.
AB  - Bolus doses of 5-chlorodeoxycytidine (CldC) administered with modulators of
      pyrimidine metabolism, followed by X-irradiation, resulted in a 2-fold dose
      increase effect against RIF-1 tumors in C3H mice. Pool size studies of the fate
      of [14C]-CldC in BDF1 mice bearing Sarcoma-180 tumors, which demonstrated the
      rapid formation of 5-chlorodeoxycytidylate (CldCMP), and incorporation of CldC as
      such in RIF-1 tumor DNA, indicate that CldC is a substrate for deoxycytidine
      kinase, as our past Km studies have shown. Our data indicate that 5
      chlorodeoxyuridine triphosphate (CldUTP) accumulates from both the cytidine
      deaminase-thymidine kinase pathway, as well as from the deoxycytidine kinase-dCMP
      deaminase pathway, in tumor tissue. As shown in a previous study,
      tetrahydrouridine (H4U), a potent inhibitor of cytidine deaminase, can
      effectively inhibit the enzyme in the normal tissues of BDF1 mice. When H4U was
      administered with the modulators N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartic acid (PALA) and 5
      fluorodeoxycytidine (FdC), the levels of CldC-derived RNA and DNA directed
      metabolites increased in tumor and decreased in normal tissues compared to when
      CldC was administered alone. These modulators inhibit the de novo pathway of
      thymidine biosynthesis, lowering thymidine triphosphate (TTP) levels, which
      compete with CldUTP for incorporation into DNA. 5-Benzylacyclouridine (BAU), an
      inhibitor of uridine phosphorylase, was also utilized. DNA incorporation studies
      using C3H mice bearing RIF-1 tumors showed that the extent of incorporation of 5
      chlorodeoxyuridine (CldU) into DNA correlates with the levels of cytidine and
      dCMP deaminases; this is encouraging in view of their high activity in many human
      malignancies and the low activities in normal tissues, including those undergoing
      active replication. Up to 3.9% replacement of thymidine by CldU took place in RIF
      1 tumors, whereas incorporation into bone marrow was below our limit of
      detection. CldC did not result in photosensitization under conditions in cell
      culture in which radiosensitization to X rays was obtained. Thus, the combination
      of CldC with modulators of its metabolism has potential as a modality of
      selective radiosensitization for ultimate clinical use in a wider range of tumors
      than those of the brain.

PMID- 2394615
TI  - Metastases after fractionated radiation therapy of three murine tumor models.
AB  - The incidence of lung metastases after fractionated radiation therapy was
      compared to single dose irradiation in a retrospective analysis of three murine
      tumor models. For FSaII and SCCVII 5 or 15 fractions over 5 days were given using
      curative and subcurative doses and photons and neutrons. Data were pooled from
      different experiments. In mice with locally controlled FSaII the incidence of
      lung metastases was the same after all treatments, whereas in mice with locally
      controlled SCCVII, metastases were enhanced after 15 fractions. Photon and
      neutron irradiations yielded similar results. Local recurrences were followed by
      increased metastases. MCaIV was subcuratively irradiated with 9 equal fractions
      followed by a top-up dose to achieve local control. Metastases were high if doses
      per fraction were low and interfraction time intervals long. The data on MCaIV
      indicate increased metastases if clonogenic cells during treatment represent a
      large proportion of the integral tumor burden. The results on FSaII and SCCVII
      indicate that fractionated treatments might differently influence distant
      metastasis in different tumor models.

PMID- 2394616
TI  - Cytogenetic effects of radiotherapy: frequency and types of chromosome
      aberrations.
AB  - The frequency and types of chromosome aberrations induced by ionizing radiation
      in cancer patients were evaluated in 24 cases studied just before and immediately
      after radiotherapy. The incidence of aberrant metaphases prior to treatment was
      9.98% and increased significantly after treatment to 32.8%. The frequency of
      chromosome aberrations before radiotherapy was, with the exception of the cases
      of breast cancer and seminoma, significantly higher than that in our laboratory
      controls. A comparison of chromosome abnormalities observed before and after
      treatment indicated that dicentric translocations, rings, and reciprocal
      translocations increased by a factor of 23, 13, and 11, respectively, after
      radiotherapy. Ionizing radiation produces more asymmetrical than symmetrical
      chromosome aberrations and more two-break than one-break anomalies.

PMID- 2394617
TI  - Absorbed power deposition for various insertion depths for 915 MHz interstitial
      dipole antenna arrays: experiment versus theory.
AB  - Dipole antennas are commonly used in interstitial clinical hyperthermia
      treatments because of their compatibility with brachytherapy techniques and their
      good power deposition patterns when used in arrays. For accurate treatment
      planning, however, there must be a comprehensive knowledge base to predict the
      power deposition patterns when insertion depth is a non-resonant length. This is
      especially true for insertion depths that result in significant power deposition
      outside of the antenna junction plane and presumably outside of the tumor volume.
      A computer controlled measurement system was used with a muscle equivalent
      phantom to make measurements of specific absorption rate (SAR) or absorbed power
      per unit mass of tissue at 598 points in a plane. The diagonal plane was the
      measurement plane of choice because it characterized the SAR profiles at the
      array center as well as areas in the proximity of the antennas. Dartmouth dipole
      antennas were used (0.9 mm O.D.) in brachytherapy catheters with inner catheters
      (2.2 mm O.D./1.2 mm I.D.). The resonant half-wavelength of this dipole
      antenna/catheter combination is 7.8 cm. A choke modification of the dipole was
      also investigated. Four antennas were used in a boxlike configuration with 2.0 cm
      separation. Insertion depths of 5.9, 7.8, 9.8, 12.7, 15.6 and 17.6 cm were used.
      The hA subsection (junction to tip) was held constant at 3.9 cm. Plots were made
      of the experimental SAR data normalized to the maximum SAR measured in the plane.
      Theoretical plots were calculated in the same plane for each of the insertion
      depths. SAR comparisons were also made longitudinally along the central axis of
      the array and through the antenna junctions in the diagonal plane for resonant
      half-wavelength insertion depth. Experimental results verified theoretical
      predictions of the existence of a secondary hot-spot in the center of the array,
      but outside of the antenna junction plane and approximately a quarter-wavelength
      from the insertion point. This secondary hot-spot appears for all insertion
      depths greater than 10 cm. At longer insertion depths approaching a full
      wavelength, however, this secondary peak is not dominant. Choke antennas
      demonstrated a solution to the problem of shifting SAR patterns with varying
      insertion depths by restricting the active length of the antenna.

PMID- 2394618
TI  - Time-temperature analysis of cell killing of BHK cells heated at temperatures in
      the range of 43.5 degrees C to 57.0 degrees C.
AB  - Baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells were heated at temperatures in the range of 43.5
      degrees C to 57.0 degrees C to determine the time-temperature relationship of
      cell killing. The cells were grown on 0.025 mm thick pieces of mylar to minimize
      warm-up times. After heating, the cells were plated for the colony formation
      assay. The endpoints of 1%, 10%, or 90% isosurvival, or the D0 values of the
      survival curves were used to construct plots of the logarithm of the reciprocol
      of the exposure time versus the reciprocol of the absolute temperature. The data
      for each endpoint resulted in a straight line plot, indicating that the time
      temperature relationship for cell killing remained constant from 43.5 degrees C
      to 57.0 degrees C; namely, a 1.8-fold increase in exposure time was required for
      a 1 degree C decrease in temperature in order to obtain isosurvival. Heated BHK
      cells were also examined using electron microscopy. The threshold level of
      altered morphology was the dissociation of polyribosomal structure and the
      formation of electron-dense granules within the mitochondria. The time
      temperature relationship for the induction of this altered morphology was
      identical to that for the 90% isosurvival endpoint. Hence, the appearance of
      altered morphology appears to be related to cell killing.

PMID- 2394619
TI  - Preliminary results of a pilot study of pentoxifylline in the treatment of late
      radiation soft tissue necrosis.
AB  - Between September 1988 and August 1989, 12 patients with 15 sites of late
      radiation necrosis of the soft tissues were treated with pentoxifylline, a
      hemorrheologic agent that has been used to treat a variety of vasculo-occlusive
      disorders. Four of these necroses were located in the oromucosa, four in the
      mucosa of the female genitalia, and seven in the skin. At the time of analysis,
      87% (13/15) of the necroses had healed completely, and one was partially healed.
      Furthermore, the time-course of healing with pentoxifylline was significantly
      less than the duration of nonhealing prior to pentoxifylline (average: 9 weeks vs
      30 1/2 weeks). All patients had pain relief. These results indicate that
      pentoxifylline can contribute to the healing of soft tissue radiation necrosis.
      They also support the concept that late radiation injury in skin and mucosa is at
      least partly due to vascular injury.

PMID- 2394620
TI  - Radiation therapy for intracranial germinoma: the case for limited volume
      treatment.
AB  - Although radiation therapy has been universally accepted as the treatment of
      choice for primary intracranial germinomas, the optimal treatment technique
      continues to be a matter of controversy. Some authors advocate routine
      prophylactic craniospinal irradiation for all patients with localized
      intracranial germinomas whereas others have recommended partial brain fields. A
      retrospective analysis was performed on all 30 patients with tumors of the pineal
      and suprasellar regions irradiated at our institution between 1967 and 1987.
      Definitive histology was obtained in 23 patients. There were 13 germinomas and 10
      non-germinomatous germ cell tumors. The 13 patients with biopsy proven germinomas
      constitute one of the largest modern series and will form the basis of this
      report. In all 13 patients, the tumor was confined to a single site within either
      the pineal region (9 patients) or the suprasellar region (4 patients). One
      patient with a pineal germinoma had CSF cytology positive for malignant cells and
      this patient was treated with craniospinal irradiation. Twelve patients were
      treated using partial brain fields encompassing either the tumor plus margin (10
      patients) or the entire ventricular system followed by a boost to the primary
      tumor (2 patients). With the exception of one patient, all patients received a
      total dose between 4900 and 5500 cGy to the primary (median 5040 cGy). The
      patient receiving less (3960 cGy) suffered from both local and spine relapse 26
      months after diagnosis. The remaining 12 patients were free of disease at 81
      months median follow-up time. We suggest that for patients with biopsy proven
      pineal or suprasellar germinomas, irradiation of partial brain is sufficient and
      craniospinal irradiation should be administered only to those patients with
      disease involving more than one intracranial site, demonstrated meningeal
      seeding, or positive CSF cytology.

PMID- 2394621
TI  - Reversal of cranial nerve dysfunction with radiation therapy in adults with
      lymphoma and leukemia.
AB  - Twenty patients with leukemic (8) or lymphomatous (12) meningitis and cranial
      nerve palsies were treated with cranial irradiation at Memorial Sloan-Kettering
      Cancer Center from June 1987 through December 1988. The diagnosis of malignant
      meningitis was confirmed by malignant or 'suspicious' cerebrospinal fluid
      cytology in 13/20 patients. The 6th and 7th cranial nerves were most commonly
      involved. Multiple nerve involvement was present in 11/20 patients, for a total
      of 42 nerves affected. Treatment consisted of whole brain irradiation to a median
      dose of 2400 cGy (range: 1000-3000) at 200-300 cGy per fraction. Median survival
      was 7 months. Forty of 42 nerves improved, for an actuarial response rate of 95%
      at 3 months. The complete response rate was 44% and was better for patients with
      lymphoma than for those with leukemia (72% vs 19%, p = 0.04). Delaying initiation
      of irradiation more than 3 days after the onset of symptoms did not affect the
      ultimate response rate, but slightly increased the median time to response (9
      days vs 14 days, p = 0.1). Radiation therapy is an effective means of reversing
      cranial nerve dysfunction in leukemia and lymphoma. Higher doses may be needed to
      increase the rate of complete response.

PMID- 2394622
TI  - Hemangiopericytoma--the role of radiotherapy.
AB  - Between 1955 and 1987, 15 patients with hemangiopericytomas were seen at the
      University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Twelve of these were thought to have
      localized tumors and three had metastatic disease at diagnosis. Seven of the 12
      patients with localized disease were treated with surgery alone, four were
      treated with surgery and postoperative radiation therapy, and one was treated
      with surgery and chemotherapy. Only one of the seven patients initially treated
      with surgery alone has remained continuously free of disease, although two others
      were salvaged with radiation therapy. In contrast, all four patients initially
      treated with surgery and postoperative radiation therapy have remained alive with
      no evidence of disease in spite of the fact that three of these patients had
      gross residual tumor at the time of irradiation. Ten patients received radiation
      therapy at some stage of their management. Local tumor control was achieved at
      all sites receiving greater than 5500 cGy. Six patients received chemotherapy
      sometime during the course of their management, although no complete or partial
      responses were observed. In this small series, mitotic activity was not an
      accurate predictor of biologic behavior.

PMID- 2394623
TI  - Results of radiotherapy in the treatment of acromegaly: lack of ophthalmologic
      complications.
AB  - Between 1956 and 1988, 25 patients were treated with radiotherapy for acromegaly.
      Acromegalic features were present in 24 (96%), visual field deficits in 4 (16%),
      and suprasellar extension was present in 7 patients (28%). The median growth
      hormone level was 40.2 ng/ml (range: 13.8-105) in 15 patients. Initial therapy
      consisted of radiotherapy alone (19 patients) or surgery followed at some
      interval by radiation (6 patients). The radiation therapy was administered with
      megavoltage equipment in 23 (92%) patients and orthovoltage equipment in 2
      patients. The median total dose was 46 Gy (range: 24-53.44 Gy) with 21 patients
      receiving at least 45 Gy. With a median follow-up of 53 months (range: 18-205), 2
      of the 19 patients treated with radiotherapy alone have required surgery for
      symptomatic recurrences. Both are alive and in remission at 69 and 158 months
      following craniotomy. Thus, the success of radiotherapy as a primary modality in
      this series is 17/19 (89%). None of the six patients treated postoperatively have
      recurred. At the time of last follow-up the visual fields remained normal and
      visual acuity stable in the 21 patients with no pre-existing visual deficits. The
      four patients with prior visual field deficits improved with therapy. There were
      no cases of radiation optic neuropathy, brain necrosis or second intracranial
      malignancies. Seven patients (28%) had evidence of hypopituitarism attributed to
      the radiotherapy. Growth hormone levels after radiotherapy showed a median of 5.4
      ng/ml (range: 3.2-40.0) in 15 patients. Eleven of 15 patients (73%) had growth
      hormone levels less than 10 ng/ml. Radiation use in acromegaly remains a safe and
      effective modality assuming careful attention is paid to technique, total dose,
      and fraction size.

PMID- 2394624
TI  - Minimization of small bowel volume within treatment fields utilizing customized
      "belly boards".
AB  - Thirty consecutive patients with pelvic malignancies were evaluated prospectively
      for the impact of a novel bowel minimization device ("belly board") on the volume
      of small bowel included within a four field pelvic radiation plan. A customized
      polyurethane and styrofoam bowel immobilization mold was created for each patient
      in the prone position. Using contrast enhanced CT scanning on a dedicated
      radiation treatment planning scanner, we imaged the location of the small
      intestine in the supine position and the prone position aided by the "belly
      board". Custom in-house interactive image analysis software was developed to
      allow volumetric determination of small bowel within the treatment portals. The
      mean small bowel volume was reduced by 66% (299 cm3 to 102 cm3), comparing the
      standard supine position to the prone position assisted by the "belly board". In
      13 patients without prior pelvic surgery, the small bowel volume reduction was a
      more dramatic 74% (334 cm3 to 88 cm3). All patients were found to benefit from
      this prone "belly board" setup regardless of body habitus, weight, and age.
      Compliance with the set-up including use of bladder distension was excellent. All
      patients completed their pelvic radiotherapy without requiring a treatment break.
      Weight loss at completion averaged less than 5%. Seventy-six percent of patients
      experienced little or no diarrhea. This technique is comfortable, inexpensive,
      highly reproducible, and permits maximal bowel displacement from standard pelvic
      radiotherapy fields.

PMID- 2394625
TI  - Use of light-dependent-resistor circuit to remotely reset digital constancy
      meter.
AB  - A digital constancy meter which has been used in our institution uses a plane
      parallel chamber for daily morning output checks of treatment machines. After
      exposure, the user has to enter the treatment room to obtain the charge reading
      and reset the meter for the next reading. To avoid this extra step and save time,
      a remote reset circuit which includes a light-dependent-resistor (LDR), was built
      into the meter. When the room light is turned off (or dimmed) from the console,
      the light-dependent-resistor will trigger a circuit which will reset the meter.

PMID- 2394626
TI  - Irradiation alone for supraglottic larynx carcinoma: can CT findings predict
      treatment results?
AB  - Between January 1982 and December 1986, 54 patients with squamous cell carcinoma
      of the supraglottic larynx were treated for cure with radiation therapy alone;
      all had a minimum 2-year follow-up. For 31 patients, high-quality pretreatment CT
      scans were available for review. Scans were retrospectively evaluated by a single
      radiologist for the percentage of preepiglottic space involvement by tumor, the
      percentage of paralaryngeal space involvement, and the total tumor volume in
      cubic centimeters (cc). Volume was measured using a computer digitizer for each
      CT slice showing tumor. Results showed a significant difference in local control
      for tumors less than 6 cc versus tumors greater than or equal to 6 cc (15/18 or
      83% vs 6/13 or 46%; p = .038). This difference was independent of both T stage
      and primary site. For T3 lesions, there was a trend toward decreased local
      control with increasing percentage of preepiglottic space involvement (0-25% =
      85% local control; greater than 25% = 60% local control; p = .384); in most
      cases, however, the amount of preepiglottic space involvement reflected tumor
      volume (0-25%, 8/12 or 67% of tumors were less than 6 cc; greater than 25%, 7/10
      or 70% of tumors were greater than or equal to 6 cc). There was no clear
      association between degree of paraglottic space involvement and local control.
      Tumor volume did not correlate with complications of treatment. Because of the
      limited number of patients in the current study, conclusions should be considered
      preliminary. However, the data do suggest that pretreatment CT findings,
      particularly tumor volume, can predict the likelihood of local control with
      radiation therapy alone for squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx.

PMID- 2394627
TI  - External irradiation of epithelial skin cancer.

PMID- 2394628
TI  - Tumor volume as a predictor of radiocurability--a drop in the bucket?

PMID- 2394629
TI  - Treatment approaches in soft tissue sarcomas--putting our best foot forward.

PMID- 2394630
TI  - A lip sparing technique for external beam irradiation of oral lesions.

PMID- 2394631
TI  - Bilateral squamous cell carcinoma of the middle ear.

PMID- 2394632
TI  - Neural correlates of gap detection in auditory nerve fibers of the chinchilla.
AB  - The neural correlates of gap detection were examined in a population of single
      auditory nerve fibers in the chinchilla. Acoustic stimuli consisted of 120 ms
      noise bursts (30-80 dB SPL) which contained silent intervals (gaps: 1, 2, 3, 4,5,
      6 and 10 ms) at the midpoint. The neural response to the gap was quantified by
      the modulation index, (MAX-MIN)/AVE, which accounts for the steady state
      discharge rate before the gap (AVE), the minimum firing rate during the gap
      (MIN), and the maximum firing rate after the gap (MAX). In general, the
      modulation index increased as a function of gap width and stimulus level.
      Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the modulation index and
      the characteristic frequency of the fiber. To estimate how detection could be
      based on the neuronal response, a criterion-free measure, analogous to d'. was
      calculated using z-scores obtained from the distributions of modulation index
      values collected before and during the gap and used to predict percent correct
      values for chinchilla psychophysical studies. The values increased with gap
      duration in a sigmoidal manner much like the psychometric functions in the
      chinchilla. In general, the neural gap thresholds obtained approximated those
      obtained psychophysically, although they were less affected by stimulus level.

PMID- 2394633
TI  - Age-related changes in auditory potentials of Mongolian gerbil.
AB  - The Mongolian gerbil is being evaluated as an animal model of age-related hearing
      loss (presbyacusis). Part of this evaluation involves estimating auditory
      thresholds from evoked potentials arising from the auditory nerve and brainstem.
      The gerbils are born and reared in an environment where the ambient noise level
      is less than 40 dBA. Some animals are followed longitudinally (8, 19, 23.5 and 36
      months), others are studied at 6-8 months (controls), or at 36 months (cross
      sectional). Physiological responses are obtained with the animals anesthetized
      with ketamine and xylazine and transdermal electrodes attached to the head.
      Auditory signals are tone pips with center frequencies from 1 to 16 kHz in octave
      steps. Signal levels are varied from 10 to 80 dB SPL in 10 dB steps. For animals
      (N = 48) in the age range of 6-8 months, mean auditory thresholds were about 20
      dB SPL between 2.0 and 8.0 kHz, 25 dB at 16 kHz and 30 dB at 1.0 kHz. By age 22
      24 months (N = 15) thresholds had increased by about 10 dB at nearly all
      frequencies. By age 36 months (N = 37 ears, 32 animals) threshold increases were
      about 30-35 dB at 8 and 16 kHz, were 25 dB at 4 kHz and 2 kHz, and were 19 dB at
      1 kHz. These hearing losses in 36-month gerbil are qualitatively similar to human
      data for 60-65-year-old males and 70-year-old females. Individual differences in
      hearing loss were large with the range exceeding 65 dB. While some animals
      (26/37) had a high-frequency sloping loss, others (11/37) had a bimodal
      audiometric shape where the hearing loss was smallest at 4 kHz and increased by
      at least 10 dB at adjacent frequencies.

PMID- 2394634
TI  - Variations in receptor cell innervation in the saccule of a teleost fish ear.
AB  - Using transmission electron microscopy, we quantitatively analyzed the afferent
      and efferent synapses on 67 sensory hair cells along the saccular epithelium of
      the oscar (Astronotus ocellatus), a cichild fish with a non-specialized ear. The
      synaptic profile (number of afferent and efferent synapses per cell) varied
      considerably among cells. The number of synapses per hair cell ranged from three
      to 24, and all but six of the 67 hair cells had both afferent and efferent
      synapses. Statistical analysis showed that the synaptic profiles did not
      significantly vary anywhere on the saccular epithelium except at the edges.
      There, hair cells had significantly fewer efferent synapses than hair cells in
      other epithelial regions. This statistical variation in efferent synapse
      distribution in different epithelial regions corresponds with the lengths of
      ciliary bundles in these regions. The synapses on hair cells showed a regional
      specificity in position. In all cells synapses were never located more apically
      than the top of the nucleus. On hair cells towards the periphery, the most apical
      synapse on the hair cells tended to be afferent. On more centrally located cells,
      the most apical synapse was efferent in 92% of the cells.

PMID- 2394635
TI  - Recovery of the basilar papilla following intense sound exposure in the chick.
AB  - Newly hatched chicks were exposed to a 900-Hz tone at 120 dB SPL for 48 hours,
      then sacrificed, along with unexposed controls, at intervals of 0-15 days
      following exposure. Examination of the basilar papilla by scanning electron
      microscopy demonstrated a 32% loss of hair cells within the lesion area with
      substantial shrinkage of the apical surfaces of the survivors. Within days, the
      papilla returned to a nearly normal appearance, and new hair cells were seen, but
      the number of new cells was only a fraction--approximately 22%--of the number
      lost. Expansion of the apical surfaces of the surviving cells to larger than
      normal size was a major factor in the recovery of the papilla.

PMID- 2394636
TI  - Vestigial hearing in a fossorial mammal, the pocket gopher (Geomys bursarius).
AB  - Behavioral tests of hearing and sound localization in the North American pocket
      gopher (Geomys bursarius) show that it is unique among mammals. It has a severely
      attenuated range of hearing and only rudimentary ability to localize sound. In
      these respects, the hearing of gophers can be properly termed 'vestigial' and
      suggests that life underground can produce as severe a change in hearing as a
      light-less world produces in vision or an odorless world produces in olfaction.

PMID- 2394637
TI  - Hearing and vocalizations in hybrid Waterslager-Roller canaries (Serinus
      canarius).
AB  - A male canary from the Belgian Waterslager strain, which is known for its
      elevated high-frequency thresholds and a female of German Roller canary with
      normal high-frequency thresholds were bred. Operant techniques and a
      psychophysical tracking procedure were used to measure auditory sensitivity of
      six F1 hybrid canaries from this cross. Three patterns of auditory sensitivity
      were observed in the six hybrid birds. Four birds showed elevated high-frequency
      hearing characteristic of the Belgian Waterslager strain; one bird showed normal
      hearing, and one bird showed an intermediate pattern of auditory sensitivity. A
      spectral analysis of contact calls recorded from these F1 hybrid canaries showed
      a spectral distribution of energy which was intermediate between that of Belgian
      Waterslager strain and the German Roller strain. These results suggest there may
      be a relation between hearing sensitivity and the spectral distribution of energy
      in the calls of domestic canaries. Such hybrids may prove useful for examining
      the genetic basis of more complex behaviors such as vocal learning.

PMID- 2394638
TI  - The hearing sensation roughness and neuronal responses to AM-tones.
AB  - The hearing sensation roughness as a function of modulation frequency shows a
      bandpass characteristic similar to that of modulation transfer functions (MTFs)
      obtained from neurons. However, while the MTFs may change their characteristics
      from bandpass to low-pass at low levels or with masking noise, roughness shows a
      bandpass characteristic irrespective of level or masking noise.

PMID- 2394639
TI  - Left ventricular hemodynamics during exercise recovery.
AB  - The directional response of human left ventricular stroke volume during exercise
      recovery is unclear. Stroke volume has been reported to increase and decrease
      over exercise values during early recovery. The confounding variable may be
      posture. With the use of pulsed Doppler ultrasound, we tested the hypothesis that
      there is a significant difference between seated and supine stroke index (SI)
      during passive recovery from seated ergometer exercise. Thirteen subjects aged 26
      +/- 2 yr performed two seated cycle ergometer exercise tests to 70% of predicted
      maximum heart rate (HR). Recovery was supine on one test and seated on the other.
      Cardiac index (CI), HR, and SI were calculated during rest, exercise, and 10 min
      of recovery. At rest, SI and CI were significantly (P less than 0.01) less and HR
      significantly (P less than 0.01) greater when the subjects were seated than when
      they were supine. At the last exercise work load, no significant differences were
      found in any measured variable between tests. During recovery, supine SI was
      maximal 180 s postexercise (99 +/- 14 ml/m2) and exceeded (P less than 0.01)
      resting supine (81 +/- 14 ml/m2) and peak exercise (77 +/- 14 ml/m2) SI by 22 and
      29%, respectively. Seated SI was constant at peak exercise levels for 2 min.
      Seated and supine recovery CI never exceeded exercise values. Systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure recovery curves were similar in the two postures. We
      conclude that posture significantly affects SI during recovery from submaximal
      seated exercise. These results have implications for choice of recovery posture
      after stress testing in cardiac patients where it is desirable to minimize
      ventricular loading.

PMID- 2394640
TI  - Estimation of total systemic arterial compliance in humans.
AB  - Systemic arterial compliance, a major component of aortic input impedance, was
      determined in 10 patients with congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic
      dilated cardiomyopathy and 11 age-matched control subjects found free of
      detectable cardiovascular disease. Total arterial compliance was determined from
      high-fidelity ascending aortic pressure and velocity recordings using 1) the
      traditional monoexponential aortic diastolic pressure decay and 2) the direct
      solution of the equation, which describes the three-element windkessel model of
      the arterial system. Resting values for total arterial compliance (x10(-3)
      cm5/dyn) derived from method 1 were significantly correlated with compliance
      derived from method 2 (r = 0.89, P less than 0.01). However, method 1 values
      (control mean 1.15 +/- 0.27, heart failure mean 1.18 +/- 0.54) were consistently
      and significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than method 2 values (control mean
      1.59 +/- 0.50, heart failure mean 1.38 +/- 0.60). Resting total arterial
      compliance in heart-failure patients was not significantly different from control
      subjects. Total arterial compliance did not significantly change with exercise in
      either group despite increases in arterial pressure. However, nitroprusside
      administration in the heart-failure group increased total arterial compliance
      both at rest and on exercise compared with the unmedicated state. These different
      methodological approaches to the estimation of total arterial compliance in
      humans resulted in significantly different absolute values for compliance,
      although both methods provided concordant results with respect to the response of
      arterial compliance to physiological and pharmacological interventions.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2394641
TI  - Contractile properties of bronchial smooth muscle with and without cartilage.
AB  - The majority of in vitro studies on airway smooth muscle have used the trachealis
      (TSM) as a convenient substitute for muscle from airways that constitute the flow
      limiting segment. The latter are technically difficult to work with. However,
      because the site of maximum resistance to airflow is at the third to seventh
      generations of the bronchial tree, the trachealis preparation is of limited
      value. Length-tension and force-velocity properties were therefore studied at
      optimal length (lo) of canine bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) from which cartilage
      had been carefully removed. Normalized maximum isometric tension or stress (Po x
      10(4) N/m2) for BSM was 7.1 +/- 0.19 (SE), which was similar to that of BSM with
      cartilage (BSM+C, 6.8 +/- 0.21) but lower than for TSM (18.2 +/- 0.81). At length
      greater than lo, the BSM+C was stiffer than the BSM. The values of maximum
      shortening capacity (delta Lmax), obtained directly from isotonic shortening at a
      load equal to the resting tension at lo, were 0.76 lo +/- 0.03, 0.41 lo +/- 0.02,
      and 0.24 +/- 0.02 lo for TSM, BSM, and BSM+C, respectively. The BSM and BSM+C
      delta Lmaxs were different (P less than 0.05). Maximal shortening velocities (Vo)
      for BSM, elicited at 2, 4, and 8 s by quick release in the course of an isometric
      contraction were significantly higher than for the BSM+C. Vos showed gradual
      decreases in all three groups in the later phase of contraction, suggesting the
      operation of latch bridges.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2394642
TI  - Changes in lung liquid dynamics induced by prolonged fetal hypoxemia.
AB  - Our aim was to determine the effect of prolonged fetal hypoxemia, induced by
      reduced maternal uterine blood flow (RUBF), on fetal lung liquid secretion, flow,
      and volume. In chronically catheterized fetal sheep, lung liquid volume (VL) and
      the secretion rate of lung liquid (Vs) were measured before and after a 24-h
      period of either RUBF or normoxemia. Tracheal fluid flow and the incidence of
      fetal breathing movements (FBM) were measured before, during, and after the 24-h
      period. In normoxic control fetuses Vs was not significantly altered. After 24 h
      of RUBF, Vs was significantly (P less than 0.005) reduced compared with pre-RUBF
      values. During 24 h of RUBF the incidence of FBM declined initially but returned
      to control values after 12-16 h. In seven of eight fetuses, over the 12- to 24-h
      period of RUBF, large amounts of liquid (22.7-62.6 ml) were drawn into the lungs
      during FBM, resulting in a net movement of amniotic fluid into the lungs. During
      the 18- to 24-h period of RUBF, changes in the incidence of FBM were found to be
      significantly and positively correlated (r = 0.86, P less than 0.005) with the
      changes in VL that occurred over the 24-h period. Thus, prolonged RUBF can result
      in the inhalation of large volumes of amniotic fluid by the fetus, which could be
      a cause of in utero meconium aspiration.

PMID- 2394643
TI  - Fetal breathing and cardiovascular responses to graded methemoglobinemia in
      sheep.
AB  - Graded methemoglobinemia (MetHb) was produced in unanesthetized fetal sheep to
      determine the effects on brain oxygenation. MetHb was induced by infusing
      methemoglobin-containing erythrocytes in exchange for fetal blood. During the
      hour after MetHb was established, fetal methemoglobin concentrations averaged
      1.23 +/- 0.12 (mild MetHb), 1.71 +/- 0.13 (moderate MetHb), and 2.27 +/- 0.17
      g/dl (severe MetHb). MetHb reduced mean arterial O2 content by approximately 19
      (mild MetHb), 29 (moderate MetHb), and 39% (severe MetHb). The average preductal
      arterial PO2 fell by 1.6 (-7%), 2.8 (-11%), and 4.0 Torr (-16%) for mild,
      moderate, and severe MetHb, respectively. Fetal heart rate increased
      significantly during mild and moderate MetHb, and mean arterial pressure fell
      slightly during moderate and severe MetHb. The incidences of fetal breathing and
      eye movements were reduced in a dose-dependent manner when the calculated brain
      end-capillary PO2 was less than 14 Torr. We conclude that: 1) the effective
      capillary PO2 in the fetal brain can be significantly reduced by increasing the
      distance between non-methemoglobin-laden erythrocytes in capillaries and 2)
      hypoxic inhibition of fetal breathing probably arises from discrete areas of the
      brain having a PO2 less than 3 Torr.

PMID- 2394644
TI  - Aging effect on oxygen consumption of respiratory muscles in humans.
AB  - The first purpose of the present study was to develop a new method to examine
      oxygen consumption of respiratory muscles (VO2resp) in human subjects. The
      apparatus consists of an expandable dead space and a respirometer. When the dead
      space was increased at a constant rate (approximately 100 ml/min), minute
      ventilation (VE) and VO2resp increased gradually. Because the logarithm of VO2
      was found to be approximately linearly related to VE, we characterized this
      relationship by the slope (logVO2/VE) and the intercept at VE = 0 (VO2met) of the
      semilog regression line. The second purpose of this study was to examine the
      relationship between VO2resp and aging. Six anthropometric and spirometric
      factors (age, height, weight, vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s,
      and body surface area) were analyzed in 37 normal subjects by simple and stepwise
      multiple regression analyses. We found a significant increase in logVO2/VE and a
      significant decrease in VO2met with age. In conclusion, 1) the present method is
      convenient to use, and we are able to study VO2resp over a wide range of
      ventilation without voluntary effort, and 2) age per se is one of the factors
      accounting for the observed increase in VO2resp with age.

PMID- 2394645
TI  - Alveolar pressure inhomogeneity during low-frequency oscillation of excised
      canine lobes.
AB  - To quantify the inhomogeneity of alveolar pressures (PA) during cyclic changes in
      lung volume similar to those present during spontaneous breathing, inhomogeneity
      of PA was measured with an alveolar capsule technique in six excised canine
      lungs. The lungs were ventilated by a quasi-sinusoidal pump with a constant end
      expiratory lung volume and tidal volumes of 10, 20, and 40% of vital capacity at
      breathing frequencies ranging from 5 to 45 breaths/min. Inhomogeneity of PA was
      quantified as the sample standard deviation of pressures measured in three
      capsules. A component of inhomogeneity in phase with flow and a smaller component
      out of phase with flow were present. The in-phase component increased
      approximately linearly with flow. The ratio of inhomogeneity to flow was smaller
      at large tidal volumes and, at the two higher tidal volumes studied, the ratio
      was greater during inspiration than during expiration. If these data are
      interpreted in terms of a simple circuit model, this degree of inhomogeneity
      implies an approximately twofold variation in regional time constants. Despite
      these considerable differences in time constants, the absolute amount of
      inhomogeneity as defined by the sample standard deviation of the three PA's was
      small (maximum 0.57 +/- 0.32 cmH2O at the highest breathing frequency and tidal
      volume) because airway resistance in the canine lung was small.

PMID- 2394646
TI  - Mechanical alterations in sensitized canine saphenous vein.
AB  - Because it is likely that antigen sensitization is not restricted to airway
      smooth muscle but probably involves all tissues in the animal, we decided to test
      the hypothesis that saphenous vein from pollen extract-sensitized dogs is
      sensitized and is, in addition, mechanically altered. To this end, we studied
      responses to specific antigen challenge and length-tension and force-velocity
      relationships in sensitized (SSV) and control saphenous veins (CSV). The antigen
      challenge revealed that the venous smooth muscle was strongly sensitized and
      developed a Schultz-Dale response, the two main mediators of which were histamine
      and norepinephrine. Length-tension relationship studies showed that whereas there
      is no difference in maximum isometric tension development between SSV and CSV
      [93.95 +/- 7.34 and 87.86 +/- 4.00 (SE) mN/mm2, respectively], SSV exhibited a
      significantly greater maximum isotonic shortening capacity of 0.613 +/- 0.009
      optional length (lo) vs. 0.578 +/- 0.012 lo for CSV. Unloaded shortening velocity
      (Vo), which reflects the cross-bridge cycling rate, was determined at different
      times after the onset of electrical stimulation. Maximum Vo was attained early (5
      s) in the contraction; a 15% decline in Vo was observed at the plateau of the
      contraction (15 s). At 5 s, Vo of SSV (0.316 +/- 0.019 lo/s) was significantly
      higher than that of CSV (0.269 +/- 0.018 lo/s), although Vos were same at 15
      (0.249 +/- 0.021 lo/s for SSV and 0.237 +/- 0.019 lo/s for CSV). The increase in
      shortening likely results from th e increase in the early cross-bridge cycling
      rate because our studies show that the bulk of shortening occurs in the first 5
      s.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2394647
TI  - Release of luteinizing hormone and growth hormone after recovery from maximal
      exercise.
AB  - Pulsatile properties of luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) release
      were evaluated in 19 eumenorrheic untrained females [mean age 31.1 +/- 1.1 yr,
      height 165.2 +/- 1.4 cm, weight 64.8 +/- 2.1 kg, peak oxygen uptake (Vo2) 41.6 +/
      1.4 (SE) ml.kg-1.min-1] during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle
      (days 3-4 after the onset of menses). Each subject was studied during two
      consecutive menstrual cycles under each of two conditions in random order: 1) no
      formal exercise for 72 h (C) and 2) 12-24 h after two maximal exercise bouts
      (peak Vo2/lactate threshold treadmill evaluation and a 3,200-m time-trial run or
      a maximal Vo2 inclined treadmill test) performed on consecutive days (EX). Blood
      sampling was performed every 10 min for 12 h. LH and GH pulsatile parameters were
      identified and characterized by the Cluster pulse detection algorithm. No
      significant differences were noted in the number of peaks, peak amplitude,
      interpeak interval, peak increment, or 12-h integrated concentrations between C
      and EX for LH or GH. We conclude that maximal exercise protocols typically used
      for exercise evaluation do not have an effect on the pulsatile characteristics of
      LH or GH release in untrained women during the early follicular phase of the
      menstrual cycle if 12-24 h of recovery are allowed before evaluation of the
      pulsatile secretion of gonadotropins or GH.

PMID- 2394648
TI  - Systemic vascular reactivity during high-altitude pregnancy.
AB  - There is an increased incidence of preeclampsia at high compared with low
      altitude. Increased vasoreactivity, possibly due to a deficiency of vasodilator
      prostaglandins, is thought to contribute to the etiology of preeclampsia. We
      sought to determine whether high-altitude exposure increased systemic vascular
      reactivity during pregnancy. We measured systemic vascular reactivity and
      contractile sensitivity of isolated aortic rings from pregnant and nonpregnant
      guinea pigs kept for 6 wk at either simulated high altitude (3,900 m) or low
      altitude (1,600 m). We found that pregnancy at high compared with low altitude
      increased baseline systemic vascular resistance (SVR) but not the SVR response to
      angiotensin II in awake unstressed guinea pigs. Contractile sensitivity to
      norepinephrine was also increased in aortic rings isolated from high-altitude
      compared with low-altitude pregnant animals. Meclofenamate, a prostaglandin
      synthesis inhibitor, did not equalize vasoreactivity in the high- and low
      altitude pregnant guinea pigs or in their isolated aortic rings. We concluded
      that pregnancy at high compared with low altitude increased base-line SVR and
      aortic contractile sensitivity but that mechanisms other than decreased
      vasodilator prostaglandin production were responsible.

PMID- 2394649
TI  - Effect of raised alveolar pressure on leukocyte retention in the human lung.
AB  - To determine whether an increase in alveolar pressure delays the passage of
      leukocytes (WBCs) through the lung by compressing the lung capillaries, we
      measured the concentration of WBC across the lung in response to a forced
      expiratory maneuver. In 20 human subjects, blood was sampled from catheters
      placed in the pulmonary artery (PA) and left ventricle (LV) before, during, and
      after a forced expiratory maneuver held for greater than or equal to 20 s against
      an occluded airway. Pressures were recorded at the mouth and from both catheters.
      A significant fall in LV WBC (P less than 0.01) but not in PA WBC occurred during
      or immediately after the maneuver in 18 subjects, with a mean maximum decrease of
      26 +/- 12% (SD) from base line (range 9-46%). Between 1 and 3 min after the
      maneuver, there was an increase in LV and PA WBC (P less than 0.01) above base
      line. The neutrophil and lymphocyte counts showed similar changes, but
      erythrocyte and platelet counts remained unchanged. The degree of fall in LV WBC
      correlated closely (r = 0.68, P less than 0.01) with the changes from lung zone 3
      to zone 2 and 1 conditions, as determined from the pressure changes. We conclude
      that WBCs are retained in the lung during a forced expiratory maneuver because of
      alveolar capillary compression.

PMID- 2394650
TI  - Radial heat and water transport across the airway wall.
AB  - The thermal profiles in the airways of healthy human volunteers and patients with
      asthma differ after cessation of hyperpnea. The asthmatic patients rewarm their
      airways more rapidly. To identify thermal properties and processes that could
      account for the difference between these populations, we developed a model
      describing the radial transport of heat and water across the trachea. A
      distinctive feature of the model is a variable parameter describing blood supply
      to the mucosal and submucosal layers. Simulations performed with the model are
      initiated by a breath-hold maneuver and are propagative in time. Blood perfusion
      rates in the airway wall, the thickness of the layer of airway surface liquid,
      and the mucosa-submucosa thickness, all thought to be more pronounced in
      asthmatic patients, were varied by changing model parameters and initial
      conditions. Increasing the thickness of the liquid layer by more than an order of
      magnitude had little effect on the temperature or water content in the airway
      lumen. Doubling the blood flow to the mucosa-submucosa resulted in a slight
      increase in airway temperature. When this effect was coupled, however, with an
      increase in the thickness of the mucosa-submucosa layer, the increase in
      temperature was more pronounced. Because the bronchial circulation is the major
      source of heat to the airway, these results indicate that differences in airway
      wall thickness coupled with differences in the magnitude or responsiveness of the
      bronchial microcirculation could account for the differences in intra-airway
      temperature between the two populations.

PMID- 2394651
TI  - Thyroarytenoid muscle activity during hypoxia, hypercapnia, and voluntary
      hyperventilation in humans.
AB  - Intramuscular electromyographic activity of the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle, a
      vocal cord adductor, was recorded in nine normal adult humans during progressive
      isocapnic hypoxia and hyperoxic hypercapnia. Four of the nine subjects also
      performed voluntary isocapnic hyperventilation. During quiet breathing of room
      air, the TA exhibited phasic activity in expiration and often tonic activity
      throughout the respiratory cycle. Both phasic and tonic TA activity progressively
      decreased with either increasing hypoxia or hypercapnia. Tonic activity appeared
      to decrease more rapidly than phasic activity with increasing chemical
      stimulation. At comparable tidal volume increments, the relative decrease in
      phasic TA activity appeared to be greater under hypoxic than under hypercapnic
      conditions. During voluntary isocapnic hyperventilation, phasic TA activity
      decreased without significant change in tonic activity. At tidal volumes
      approximately double those of base line, the relative decrease in TA activity was
      similar during both hypercapnia and voluntary hyperventilation, although
      differences appeared at higher tidal volumes. The results, in combination with
      recent findings in humans regarding the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, a vocal
      cord abductor, suggest that vocal cord position is dependent on the net balance
      of counteracting forces not only during quiet breathing but also during
      involuntary and voluntary hyperpnea.

PMID- 2394652
TI  - In vitro tracheal responses from mice chosen for in vivo lung cholinergic
      sensitivity.
AB  - We selected two inbred strains of mice based on their different in vivo lung
      responses to intravenous acetylcholine for studies on the in vitro tracheal
      responses to contractile and relaxing agents. In addition, we studied the role of
      cyclooxygenase products on the in vitro responses. Tracheal rings were contracted
      with increasing concentrations of carbachol and KCl and relaxed with increasing
      concentrations of isoproterenol after contraction with carbachol at the
      concentration that produced 30, 50, and 70% of the maximal contraction (EC30,
      EC50, and EC70, respectively) and KCl at the EC50. Half the tracheae
      simultaneously underwent the same protocols after pretreatment with indomethacin
      (3 X 10(-6) M). Despite a severalfold difference in the maximal response to
      cholinergic agents in vivo, there were no significant differences between the
      strains in the tracheal responses to carbachol (P = 0.78) or KCl (P = 0.13) in
      vitro. Both strains showed inhibition of the isoproterenol relaxation by
      carbachol (P less than 0.0001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that
      the strain that was more sensitive to carbachol in vivo was also more sensitive
      to isoproterenol in vitro after carbachol contraction (P = 0.014). The greater
      isoproterenol sensitivity of the tracheae from this strain was not present after
      contraction with KCl, nor were these tracheae more sensitive to relaxation with
      sodium nitroprusside. Indomethacin pretreatment of the tissues in vitro augmented
      the maximal response and the sensitivity to carbachol (P less than 0.001) and KCl
      (P = 0.0006), and this effect was similar in both strains. Evaluation of
      isoproterenol relaxation after indomethacin pretreatment was confounded by the
      lower concentrations of carbachol needed for contraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2394653
TI  - Nature of pulmonary hypertension in canine oleic acid pulmonary edema.
AB  - It has recently been suggested that pulmonary hypertension secondary to oleic
      acid lung injury mainly results from an increase in the critical closing pressure
      of the pulmonary vessels [Boiteau et al., Am. J. Physiol. 251 (Heart Circ.
      Physiol. 20): H1163-H1170, 1986]. To further test this hypothesis, we studied 1)
      the pulmonary arterial pressure- (Ppa) flow (Q) relationship with left atrial
      pressure (Pla) kept constant (n = 7) and 2) the Ppa-Pla relationship with Q kept
      constant (n = 9) in intact anesthetized and ventilated dogs before and after lung
      injury induced by oleic acid (0.09 ml/kg iv). Q was manipulated by use of a
      femoral arteriovenous bypass and a balloon catheter inserted in the inferior vena
      cava. Pla was manipulated with a balloon catheter placed by thoracotomy in the
      left atrium. Ppa-Q plots were rectilinear before as well as after oleic acid.
      Before oleic acid, the extrapolated pressure intercept of the Ppa-Q plots
      approximated Pla. Oleic acid administration resulted in a parallel shift of the
      Ppa-Q plots to higher pressure; i.e., the pressure intercept increased, whereas
      the slope was not modified. Increasing Pla at constant Q before oleic acid led to
      a proportional augmentation of Ppa. After oleic acid, however, changes in Pla
      over the same range affected Ppa only at the highest levels of Pla. These results
      suggest that oleic acid lung injury increases the critical closing pressure that
      exceeds Pla, becomes the effective outflow pressure of the pulmonary circulation,
      and is responsible for the pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 2394654
TI  - Left ventricular functional capacity in the endurance-trained rodent.
AB  - Cardiac myosin P-light chain phosphorylation [P-LC(P)] has been proposed to
      augment myocardial force production. This study was undertaken to examine the
      potential for cardiac myosin P-LC(P) for both equivalent heart rate and work load
      in exercising endurance-trained and nontrained rodents. A 10-wk training protocol
      elicited a significant reduction in submaximal running O2 uptake while enhancing
      peak O2 uptake (-17 and 10%, respectively, P less than 0.05). Left ventricular
      functional index during submaximal exercise, obtained with a high-fidelity Millar
      ultraminiature pressure transducer, indicated that the trained animals were able
      to maintain peak left ventricular pressure (LVP) in comparison to their sedentary
      counterparts, even though both heart rate and rate of LVP development were
      significantly reduced (P less than 0.05). When expressed on the basis of
      equivalent submaximal heart rate, peak LVP was augmented in the trained animals.
      Cardiac myosin P-LC(P) was examined under two conditions known to produce
      disparate responses in trained vs. sedentary animals. For an equivalent work
      load, we observed parallel increases in P-LC(P) (20%) and systolic pressure (17%)
      in both groups, even though the trained animals exhibited significantly lower
      heart rates (P less than 0.05). For an equivalent heart rate, training evoked a
      significant increase in systolic pressure (26%, P less than 0.05) and caused a
      slight increase in P-LC(P) relative to the nontrained controls. Cardiac myosin
      adenosinetriphosphatase was reduced approximately 10% in the trained animals (P
      less than 0.05), commensurate with a 2.0-fold increase in the V3 (low
      adenosinetriphosphatase) isomyosin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2394655
TI  - Response of antioxidant enzymes to intermittent and continuous hyperbaric oxygen.
AB  - Rats and guinea pigs were exposed to O2 at 2.8 ATA (HBO) delivered either
      continuously or intermittently (repeated cycles of 10 min of 100% O2 followed by
      2.5 min of air). The O2 time required to produce convulsions and death was
      increased significantly in both species by intermittency. To determine whether
      changes in brain and lung superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and
      glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) correlated with the observed tolerance, enzyme
      activities were measured after short or long HBO exposures. For each exposure
      duration, one group received continuous and one intermittent HBO; O2 times were
      matched. HBO had marked effects on these enzymes: lung SOD increased (guinea pigs
      47%, rats 88%) and CAT and GSHPx activities decreased (33%) in brain and lung. No
      differences were seen in lung GSHPx or brain CAT in rats or brain SOD in either
      species. In guinea pigs, but less so in rats, the observed changes in activity
      were usually modulated by intermittency. Increases in hematocrit, organ protein,
      and lung DNA, which may also reflect ongoing oxidative damage, were also slowed
      with intermittency in guinea pigs. Intermittency benefited both species by
      postponing gross symptoms of toxicity, but its modulation of changes in enzyme
      activities and other biochemical variables was more pronounced in guinea pigs
      than in rats, suggesting that there are additional mechanisms for tolerance.

PMID- 2394656
TI  - Pleural pressure as a function of body position in rabbits.
AB  - Pleural pressure was measured at end expiration in spontaneously breathing
      anesthetized rabbits. A liquid-filled capsule was implanted into a rib to measure
      pleural liquid pressure with minimal distortion of the pleural space. Capsule
      position relative to lung height was measured from thoracic radiographs.
      Measurements were made when the rabbits were in the prone, supine, right lateral,
      and left lateral positions. Average lung heights in the prone and supine
      positions were 4.21 +/- 0.58 and 4.42 +/- 0.51 (SD) cm, respectively (n = 7).
      Pleural pressure was -2.60 +/- 1.87 (SD) cmH2O at 50.2 +/- 7.75% lung height in
      the prone position and -3.10 +/- 1.22 cmH2O at 51.4 +/- 6.75% lung height in the
      supine position. There was no difference between the values recorded in the prone
      and supine positions. Placement of the capsule into the right or left chest had
      no effect on the magnitude of the pleural pressure recorded in rabbits in right
      and left lateral recumbency (n = 12). Measurements over the nondependent lung
      were repeatable when rabbits were turned between the right and left lateral
      positions. Lung height in laterally recumbent rabbits averaged 4.55 +/- 0.52 (SD)
      cm.

PMID- 2394657
TI  - Thromboxane does not mediate pulmonary hypertension in phorbol ester-induced
      acute lung injury in dogs.
AB  - Thromboxane (Tx) has been suggested to mediate the pulmonary hypertension of
      phorbol myristate acetate- (PMA) induced acute lung injury. To test this
      hypothesis, the relationship between Tx and pulmonary arterial pressure was
      evaluated in a model of acute lung injury induced with PMA in pentobarbital
      sodium-anesthetized male mongrel dogs. Sixty minutes after administration of PMA
      (20 micrograms/kg iv, n = 10), TxB2 increased 10-fold from control in both
      systemic and pulmonary arterial blood and 8-fold in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
      fluid. Concomitantly, pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) increased from 14.5 +/-
      1.0 to 36.2 +/- 3.5 mmHg, and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) increased from
      5.1 +/- 0.4 to 25.9 +/- 2.9 mmHg.l-1.min. Inhibition of Tx synthase with OKY-046
      (10 mg/kg iv, n = 6) prevented the PMA-induced increase in Tx concentrations in
      blood and BAL fluid but did not prevent or attenuate the increase in Ppa. OKY-046
      pretreatment did, however, attenuate but not prevent the increase in PVR 60 min
      after PMA administration. Pretreatment with the TxA2/prostaglandin H2 receptor
      antagonist ONO-3708 (10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 iv, n = 7) prevented the pressor
      response to bolus injections of 1-10 micrograms U-46619, a Tx receptor agonist,
      but did not prevent or attenuate the PMA-induced increase in Ppa. ONO-3708 also
      attenuated but did not prevent the increase in PVR. These results suggest that Tx
      does not mediate the PMA-induced pulmonary hypertension but may augment the
      increases in PVR in this model of acute lung injury.

PMID- 2394658
TI  - Mathematical modeling of heat and water transport in human respiratory tract.
AB  - Excessive heat and water losses from the airways are stimuli to asthma. To study
      heat and water vapor transport in the human respiratory tract, a time-dependent
      model, based on a single differential equation with an analytical solution, was
      developed that could predict the intra-airway temperatures and water vapor
      contents. The key feature is the dependence of the temperature and water vapor
      along the respiratory tract as a function of the air residence time at each
      location. The model assumes disturbed laminar flow leading to enhanced transport
      mechanisms and wall temperature profiles modeled according to experimental data
      (E. R. McFadden, Jr., B. M. Pichurko, H. F. Bowman, E. Ingenito, S. Burns, N.
      Dowling, and J. Soloway. J. Appl. Physiol. 58: 564-570, 1985). It predicts that
      1) the air equilibrates with the wall before it reaches body conditions (37
      degrees C, 99.5% relative humidity); 2) conditioning of the inspired air involves
      several generations, with the number depending on the respiratory conditions; and
      3) the walls of the upper airways are unsaturated, although it is difficult to
      judge at this state the depth of the respiratory tract affected.

PMID- 2394659
TI  - Nontoxic and durable salt bridges using hydroxyethylmethacrylate hydrogels.
AB  - Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate polymers (poly-HEMA) form hydrogels that provide an
      excellent alternative to agar in the production of salt bridges for use in
      bioelectrochemical experiments. A method for the simple production of poly-HEMA
      salt bridges is described. The poly-HEMA bridges were compared with agar bridges
      of similar geometry. Whereas poly-HEMA salt bridges have a conductivity that is
      20 times lower than that of agar bridges of a similar geometry, poly-HEMA bridges
      are capable of dissipating twice the power compared with agar bridges. The
      mechanical properties of the poly-HEMA bridges make them easy to manufacture,
      store, and sterilize. When agar bridges were compared with poly-HEMA bridges in
      long-term cell culture experiments, the failure rate of the agar bridges was
      found to be approximately 10% per week vs. a virtually nonexistent failure rate
      for the poly-HEMA bridges. Because poly-HEMA salt bridges are reliable, durable,
      and nontoxic to cells, they are a practical alternative to agar salt bridges in
      certain experimental designs.

PMID- 2394660
TI  - Determination of esophageal probe insertion length based on standing and sitting
      height.
AB  - The present study derives simple formulas for the prediction of optimal insertion
      length of an esophageal temperature-sensitive probe from the measurements of
      either standing or sitting height. The formulas assume that the optimal site for
      an esophageal temperature probe is in the region of the esophagus bounded by the
      left ventricle and aorta, corresponding to the level of the eighth and ninth
      thoracic vertebrae (T8 and T9, respectively). An esophageal probe was constructed
      of polyethylene tubing containing 1-cm segments of alternating radiopaque and
      nonradiopaque tubing in the distal 20 cm of the probe. The probe was inserted
      through a nostril into the esophagus of 20 subjects (12 males and 8 females) of
      various heights (range 163-194.6 cm) and weights (range 52.2-100.8 kg), and
      lateral chest radiograms were obtained for determination of the insertion length
      of the probe (L) required to situate the probe in the retrocardiac esophagus.
      Analysis of the radiograms demonstrated that, at the level of the intervertebral
      disc between T8 and T9, the probe was below the tracheal bifurcation and close to
      the left ventricle. The distance from the nasal flare to this level showed a good
      correlation with the subject's stretched stature (r2 = 0.71) and sitting height
      (r2 = 0.86). The following equations were derived to predict the placement of the
      esophageal probe at the T8/T9 level based on standing height: L (CM) = 0.228 x
      (standing height) - 0.194, and sitting height: L (cm) = 0.479 x (sitting height) 
      4.44.

PMID- 2394661
TI  - Association between muscle acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine levels in the
      exercising horse.
AB  - Treadmill exercise of 2-min duration and increasing intensity resulted in
      increased formation of acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine in working muscle of
      Thoroughbred horses. At high work intensities a plateau was reached for both
      acetyl-CoA (approximately 50 mumols/kg dry muscle) and acetylcarnitine
      (approximately 20 mmol/kg dry muscle). Postexercise concentrations were
      significantly (P less than 0.001) correlated; [acetylcarnitine] = 349.[acetyl
      CoA] + 2.4. The results indicate that approximately 350 mumols acetylcarnitine
      were accumulated for every 1 mumol acetyl-CoA. Under the conditions of exercise
      used it is probable that most of the acetyl-CoA formed is generated through the
      intramitochondrial decarboxylation of pyruvate. The acetyl groups of acetyl-CoA
      are apparently redistributed throughout the whole cell through formation of
      acetylcarnitine, which readily transverses the mitochondrial membrane. Despite
      the redistribution, however, the close correlation between acetylcarnitine and
      acetyl-CoA would indicate that equilibrium was maintained and that neither
      acetylcarnitine transferase nor carnitine/acetylcarnitine translocase were rate
      limiting. There is some question as to whether the changes observed relate
      directly to exercise itself or to the state in muscle 10 s or more after
      exercise.

PMID- 2394662
TI  - Impaired muscle glycogen resynthesis after eccentric exercise.
AB  - Eight men performed 10 sets of 10 eccentric contractions of the knee extensor
      muscles with one leg [eccentrically exercised leg (EL)]. The weight used for this
      exercise was 120% of the maximal extension strength. After 30 min of rest the
      subjects performed two-legged cycling [concentrically exercised leg (CL)] at 74%
      of maximal O2 uptake for 1 h. In the 3 days after this exercise four subjects
      consumed diets containing 4.25 g CHO/kg body wt, and the remainder were fed 8.5 g
      CHO/kg. All subjects experienced severe muscle soreness and edema in the
      quadriceps muscles of the eccentrically exercised leg. Mean (+/- SE) resting
      serum creatine kinase increased from a preexercise level of 57 +/- 3 to 6,988 +/-
      1,913 U/l on the 3rd day of recovery. The glycogen content (mmol/kg dry wt) in
      the vastus lateralis of CL muscles averaged 90, 395, and 592 mmol/kg dry wt at 0,
      24, and 72 h of recovery. The EL muscle, on the other hand, averaged 168, 329,
      and 435 mmol/kg dry wt at these same intervals. Subjects receiving 8.5 g CHO/kg
      stored significantly more glycogen than those who were fed 4.3 g CHO/kg. In both
      groups, however, significantly less glycogen was stored in the EL than in the CL.

PMID- 2394663
TI  - Hemodynamic changes after pneumonectomy in the exercising foxhound.
AB  - Pulmonary arterial pressure is higher during exercise after pneumonectomy than
      before. Several factors may contribute to the elevation, e.g., loss of vascular
      bed, overinflation of the remaining lung, and active pulmonary vasoconstriction.
      We measured hemodynamic changes during graded exercise in conditioned foxhounds
      and compared pulmonary pressure-flow relationships before and after left
      pneumonectomy. Pulmonary arterial pressure-flow relationship in the remaining
      lung is not altered by pneumonectomy, suggesting that the increase in pulmonary
      vascular resistance post-pneumonectomy is largely the passive consequence of
      increased pulmonary blood flow to the remaining lung. The potential for chronic
      hyperinflation of the remaining lung to increase pulmonary resistance after
      pneumonectomy may have been counterbalanced by a concomitant reduction in lung
      elastic recoil. Unexpectedly, both mean systemic blood pressure and hematocrit
      were higher with respect to cardiac output after pneumonectomy. Cardiac output
      and stroke volume at any given work load were lower after pneumonectomy than
      before, and heart rate response was unaltered. This pattern of responses suggests
      that increases in left and right ventricular afterload may have contributed to
      the reduction in cardiac output.

PMID- 2394664
TI  - Exercise-induced swelling of rat soleus muscle: its relationship with
      intramuscular pressure.
AB  - Exercise-induced tissue swelling and its possible consequence for tissue pressure
      were studied in rat soleus muscle. Rats ran for 75 min on a belt with a 10 degree
      positive incline. Wet weights of cryofixed soleus muscles were increased at 3
      (16%), 6 (28%), 9 (16%), and 24 (16%) h after running compared with those of
      nonexercised controls. The transient increase in muscle wet weight correlated in
      time with an increase in muscle volume. Muscle fiber swelling accounted for most
      of the muscle swelling in absolute terms because of the large proportion
      (approximately 90%) of the muscle volume composed of fibers, but swelling of the
      interstitium was about twofold larger than fiber swelling per unit area. Muscle
      fiber degeneration was most frequently found at the end of the observation
      period, i.e., 24 h after running. The muscle swelling was not associated with an
      increase in intramuscular pressure. During the postexercise measuring period (18
      min to 24 h after exercise), intramuscular pressures of exercised rats (1.3 +/-
      0.3 mm Hg) did not differ significantly from control values (1.0 +/- 0.2 mm Hg).
      These findings indicate that increased intramuscular pressure is not responsible
      for the muscle fiber degeneration found in rat soleus muscle 24 h after endurance
      running.

PMID- 2394665
TI  - Effects of surface tension and viscosity on airway reopening.
AB  - We studied airway opening in a benchtop model intended to mimic bronchial walls
      held in apposition by airway lining fluid. We measured the relationship between
      the airway opening velocity (U) and the applied airway opening pressure in thin
      walled polyethylene tubes of different radii (R) using lining fluids of different
      surface tensions (gamma) and viscosities (mu). Axial wall tension (T) was applied
      to modify the apparent wall compliance characteristics, and the lining film
      thickness (H) was varied. Increasing mu or gamma or decreasing R or T led to an
      increase in the airway opening pressures. The effect of H depended on T: when T
      was small, opening pressures increased slightly as H was decreased; when T was
      large, opening pressure was independent of H. Using dimensional analysis, we
      found that the relative importance of viscous and surface tension forces depends
      on the capillary number (Ca = microU/gamma). When Ca is small, the opening
      pressure is approximately 8 gamma/R and acts as an apparent "yield pressure" that
      must be exceeded before airway opening can begin. When Ca is large (Ca greater
      than 0.5), viscous forces add appreciably to the overall opening pressures. Based
      on these results, predictions of airway opening times suggest that airway closure
      can persist through a considerable portion of inspiration when lining fluid
      viscosity or surface tension are elevated.

PMID- 2394666
TI  - Effect of separate hemidiaphragm contraction on left phrenic artery flow and O2
      consumption.
AB  - Phrenic arterial blood flow has been shown to increase during bilateral phrenic
      nerve stimulation (BPNS). However, the role of unilateral phrenic nerve
      stimulation [left (LPNS) or right (RPNS)] on the blood flow and O2 consumption of
      the contralateral hemidiaphragm is not known and is explored here. In six
      anesthetized, mechanically hyperventilated dogs, left phrenic arterial blood flow
      (Qlpha) was measured (Doppler technique). Supramaximal (10 V, 30 Hz, 0.25-ms
      duration) LPNS, RPNS, and BPNS at a pacing frequency 15/min and duty cycle of
      0.50 were delivered in separate runs. Left hemidiaphragmatic blood samples for
      gas analyses were obtained by left phrenic venous cannulation. During RPNS, Qlpha
      and left hemidiaphragmatic O2 consumption (VO2ldi) did not change significantly
      compared with control. During LPNS and BPNS, there was a significant increase in
      Qlpha and VO2ldi (P less than 0.01). There was no significant difference in Qlpha
      and VO2ldi between LPNS and BPNS (P greater than 0.05). We conclude 1) that there
      is a complete independence of left-right hemidiaphragmatic circulation both at
      rest and during diaphragm pacing and 2) that during unilateral stimulation
      transdiaphragmatic pressure is not related to diaphragmatic blood flow.

PMID- 2394667
TI  - Effects of expiratory resistive loading on the sensation of dyspnea.
AB  - To determine whether an increase in expiratory motor output accentuates the
      sensation of dyspnea (difficulty in breathing), the following experiments were
      undertaken. Ten normal subjects, in a series of 2-min trials, breathed freely
      (level I) or maintained a target tidal volume equal to (level II) or twice the
      control (level III) at a breathing frequency of 15/min (similar to the control
      frequency) with an inspiratory load, an expiratory load, and without loads under
      hyperoxic normocapnia. In tests at levels II and III, end-expiratory lung volume
      was maintained at functional residual capacity. A linear resistance of 25
      cmH2O.1(-1).s was used for both inspiratory and expiratory loading; peak mouth
      pressure (Pm) was measured, and the intensity of dyspnea (psi) was assessed with
      a visual analog scale. The sensation of dyspnea increased significantly with the
      magnitude of expiratory Pm during expiratory loading (level II: Pm = 9.4 +/- 1.5
      (SE) cmH2O, psi = 1.26 +/- 0.35; level III: Pm = 20.3 +/- 2.8 cmH2O, psi = 2.22
      +/- 0.48) and with inspiratory Pm during inspiratory loading (level II: Pm = 9.7
      +/- 1.2 cmH2O, psi = 1.35 +/- 0.38; level III: Pm = 23.9 +/- 3.0 cmH2O, psi =
      2.69 +/- 0.60). However, at each level of breathing, neither the intensity of
      dyspnea nor the magnitude of peak Pm during loading was different between
      inspiratory and expiratory loading. The augmentation of dyspnea during expiratory
      loading was not explained simply by increases in inspiratory activity. The
      results indicate that heightened expiratory as well as inspiratory motor output
      causes comparable increases in the sensation of difficulty in breathing.

PMID- 2394668
TI  - Ozone inhalation effects in females varying widely in lung size: comparison with
      males.
AB  - It has been suggested that lung size accounts for observed gender differences in
      responsiveness to the same total inhaled dose of O3. To test the hypothesis that
      lung size is a determinant of magnitude of response within a gender, two groups
      of 14 healthy young adult females differing significantly in forced vital
      capacity [FVC; i.e., small-lung group mean = 3.74 liters (range 3.2-4.0) and
      large-lung group mean = 5.11 liters (range 4.5-6.2] were exposed for 1 h to
      filtered air (FA) and to 0.18 and 0.30 ppm O3. On each occasion, subjects
      exercised continuously on a cycle ergometer at a work rate that elicited a mean
      minute ventilation of approximately 47 l/min. For the small-lung group [mean
      total lung capacity (TLC) = 4.52 liters] exercise O2 uptake was 67% of maximal O2
      uptake (VO2max), and that for the large-lung group (TLC 6.37 liters) was 61% of
      VO2max. Statistical analysis revealed significant decrements for both groups in
      FVC, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0), and forced expiratory flow rate in
      the middle half of FVC on exposure to 0.18 and 0.30 ppm O3. Exercise respiratory
      frequency increased, and tidal volume decreased significantly in both groups in
      response to 0.18 and 0.30 ppm O3 exposure. On exposure to 0.30 ppm O3, the number
      of individual subjective symptoms reported and their severity were significantly
      greater for both groups than those reported for the FA and 0.18 ppm O3 exposures.
      Both groups evidenced similar percent changes in pulmonary function and exercise
      ventilation response, and in subjective symptom response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2394669
TI  - Role of confluent monolayer surfaces on the growth of a newly established human
      esophageal carcinoma cell line.

PMID- 2394670
TI  - The isolation and description of LIF-10: a human tumor cell line derived from a
      colorectal adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 2394671
TI  - Isolation and morphologic differentiation in vitro of villous cytotrophoblast
      cells from rhesus monkey placenta.
AB  - Trophoblast is the major functional cell type of the placenta. The purpose of
      this study was to devise a means to isolate trophoblast cells from the monkey
      placenta and to examine their capacity to differentiate in vitro. Methods
      originally devised for the isolation of human cytotrophoblast cells produced poor
      yields and a low degree of purity when applied to the near-term rhesus monkey
      placenta. However, a procedure has been developed which allows the isolation of a
      cell population consisting of more than 95% cytotrophoblast based on intermediate
      filament immunocytochemistry. The cells sedimented between densities of 1.040 and
      1.053 g/ml on continuous Percoll density gradient centrifugation. When maintained
      in culture the cells adhered and formed aggregates of mononuclear cells by 24 h.
      By 5 d in culture, immunofluorescent staining using antidesmoplakin and
      antinuclear antibodies revealed that most colonies consisted of large
      multinucleated masses similar to syncytiotrophoblast. These results demonstrate
      trophoblast cells from monkey placental villi can be isolated with a high degree
      of purity and undergo morphologic differentiation in vitro. This preparation
      should enable investigators to study many functional characteristics of these
      cells throughout gestation.

PMID- 2394672
TI  - Preparation and use of lipid microemulsions as nutritional supplements for
      culturing mammalian cells.
AB  - Cells grown in vitro generally have a requirement for an exogenous source of
      lipid. This requirement is often met by the addition of serum, lipoproteins, or
      lipids complexed to albumin. To overcome the disadvantages of using lipoproteins
      or albumin for culturing cells in serum-free media, a method has been devised to
      provide necessary lipids. This report describes the preparation and use of
      protein-free lipid microemulsions suitable for use in tissue culture. The
      microemulsions are prepared from purified, synthetic lipids to produce a
      homogeneous, water-soluble, stable suspension that can be sterile-filtered. The
      best results were obtained using a sonicate of cholesterol oleate, dipalmitoyl
      phosphatidylcholine, dilinoleoyl phosphatidylcholine, dimyristoyl
      phosphatidylglycerol, cholesterol, sphingomyelin, alpha-tocopherol, alpha
      tocopherol acetate, and Tween 80. Using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in a
      protein-free medium, cell growth was 222% vs. control (no microemulsion) in a 5-d
      assay. Inclusion of the microemulsion to protein-free media also increased the
      growth rate of murine hybridomas, H9 transformed T lymphoblasts, and human skin
      keratinocytes.

PMID- 2394673
TI  - Accelerated fetal lung maturation by estrogen is associated with an epithelial
      fibroblast interaction.
AB  - The role of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the stimulation of lung
      development by estrogen is now investigated using organ cultures of lung from
      male and female fetal rats taken from Days 17 to 21 of gestation. Estradiol at 1
      microgram/ml was found to reduce cell proliferation in explants taken during a
      rapid growth phase (Day 18) and to stimulate surfactant synthesis in both males
      and females only in Day 20 explants when cell division is much slower. At this
      time more epithelial cells from estrogen-treated explants contained lamellar
      bodies, which were also secreted to fill the air sacs. These cultures also showed
      a significant increase in the frequency of cell-to-cell contacts between
      epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Uptake of tritiated estradiol by explants
      increased from Day 18 onward, and by autoradiography, labeling was located
      predominantly over fibroblasts. Using pure cultures of fetal and adult cells,
      uptake of labeled estradiol was significantly higher in fibroblasts than in
      corresponding epithelial cells, and estradiol did not directly enhance palmitate
      incorporation into epithelial cells. The results suggest that the earlier
      maturation and increased surfactant synthesis in female fetal lung is related at
      least in part to enhanced binding of estrogen by the fibroblast with subsequent
      transfer of a maturation factor to the fetal epithelium.

PMID- 2394674
TI  - Primary culture of normal rat mammary epithelial cells within a basement membrane
      matrix. I. Regulation of proliferation by hormones and growth factors.
AB  - A serum-free primary culture system has been developed which allows for three
      dimensional growth and differentiation of normal rat mammary epithelial cells
      (RMECs) within an extracellular matrix preparation. RMECs were isolated from
      mammary glands of immature 50- to 60-d-old rats and the organoids embedded within
      a reconstituted basement membrane matrix prepared from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm
      sarcoma. Cells grown in a serum-free media consisting of phenol red-free
      Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium-F12 culture medium containing 10 micrograms/ml
      insulin, 1 microgram/ml prolactin, 1 microgram/ml progesterone, 1 microgram/ml
      hydrocortisone, 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF), 1 mg/ml fatty-acid-free
      bovine serum albumin (BSA), 5 micrograms/ml transferrin, and 5 microM ascorbic
      acid proliferated extensively (15- to 20-fold increase in cell number as
      quantitated using the MTT dye assay) over a 2- to 3-wk culture period and
      remained viable for months in culture. Several types of colonies were observed
      including the alveolarlike budding cluster which predominates at later times in
      culture, units with no or various degrees of ductal-like projections, stellate
      colonies, and two- and three-dimensional web units. Optimal proliferation
      required insulin, prolactin, progesterone, EGF, and bovine serum albumin.
      Hydrocortisone was not required for proliferation, but the colonies developing in
      its absence were morphologically altered, with a high frequency of colonies that
      formed an extensively branched network with many fine projections. Cell
      proliferation was also dependent on substratum, with significantly less growth
      and development occurring in RMECs grown within a type I collagen gel matrix
      compared to RMECs grown within the reconstituted basement membrane. In
      conjunction with other studies demonstrating extensive differentiation as well as
      proliferation, it is concluded that this model should prove to be an important
      tool to study the hormonal regulation of the growth and development of rat
      mammary cells.

PMID- 2394675
TI  - Primary culture of normal rat mammary epithelial cells within a basement membrane
      matrix. II. Functional differentiation under serum-free conditions.
AB  - A serum-free primary culture system is described which allows normal rat mammary
      epithelial cells (RMECs) embedded within a reconstituted basement membrane to
      undergo extensive growth and functional differentiation as detected by synthesis
      and secretion of the milk products casein and lipid. RMECs isolated from mammary
      glands of immature virgin rats were seeded within an extracellular matrix
      preparation derived from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm sarcoma and cultured in a
      serum-free medium consisting of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium-F12 containing
      insulin, prolactin, progesterone, hydrocortisone, epidermal growth factor, bovine
      serum albumin, transferrin, and ascorbic acid. Casein synthesis and secretion
      were documented at the electron microscopic level as well as by an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay using a polyclonal antibody against total rat
      caseins. Numerous secretory vesicles with casein micelles were noted near the
      apical surface of the RMECs, and secreted casein was observed in the lumen. These
      ultrastructural data were confirmed by the ELISA assay which showed that
      microgram amounts of casein per well were synthesized by the RMECs and that the
      amount of casein increased with time in culture. Using immunoblot analysis it was
      demonstrated that the full complement of casein proteins was synthesized. In
      addition to casein protein, beta-casein mRNA levels were shown to increase with
      time. Synthesized lipid was detected at both the light and electron microscopic
      levels. Phase contrast photomicrographs demonstrated extensive intracellular
      lipid accumulation within the ductal and lobuloalveolarlike colonies, and at the
      electron micrograph level, lipid droplets were predominantly localized near the
      apical surface of the RMECs. The lipid nature of these droplets was verified by
      oil red O staining. Results from this study demonstrate that RMECs from immature
      virgin rats proliferate extensively and rapidly develop the capacity to
      synthesize and secrete casein and lipid when grown within a reconstituted
      basement membrane under defined serum-free conditions. This unique system should
      thus serve as an excellent model in which the regulation of mammary development
      and gene expression can be investigated.

PMID- 2394676
TI  - Purification and characterization of a novel nitrilase of Rhodococcus rhodochrous
      K22 that acts on aliphatic nitriles.
AB  - A novel nitrilase that preferentially catalyzes the hydrolysis of aliphatic
      nitriles to the corresponding carboxylic acids and ammonia was found in the cells
      of a facultative crotononitrile-utilizing actinomycete isolated from soil. The
      strain was taxonomically studied and identified as Rhodococcus rhodochrous. The
      nitrilase was purified, with 9.08% overall recovery, through five steps from a
      cell extract of the stain. After the last step, the purified enzyme appeared to
      be homogeneous, as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, analytical
      centrifugation, and double immunodiffusion in agarose. The relative molecular
      weight values for the native enzyme, estimated from the ultracentrifugal
      equilibrium and by high-performance liquid chromatography, were approximately
      604,000 +/- 30,000 and 650,000, respectively, and the enzyme consisted of 15 to
      16 subunits identical in molecular weight (41,000). The enzyme acted on aliphatic
      olefinic nitriles such as crotononitrile and acrylonitrile as the most suitable
      substrates. The apparent Km values for crotononitrile and acrylonitrile were 18.9
      and 1.14 mM, respectively. The nitrilase also catalyzed the direct hydrolysis of
      saturated aliphatic nitriles, such as valeronitrile, 4-chlorobutyronitrile, and
      glutaronitrile, to the corresponding acids without the formation of amide
      intermediates. Hence, the R. rhodochrous K22 nitrilase is a new type distinct
      from all other nitrilases that act on aromatic and related nitriles.

PMID- 2394677
TI  - Biosynthesis of anthraquinones by interspecies cloning of actinorhodin
      biosynthesis genes in streptomycetes: clarification of actinorhodin gene
      functions.
AB  - Streptomyces galilaeus ATCC 31133 and ATCC 31671, producers of the anthracyclines
      aclacinomycin A and 2-hydroxyaklavinone, respectively, formed an anthraquinone,
      aloesaponarin II, when they were transformed with DNA from Streptomyces
      coelicolor containing four genetic loci, actI, actIII, actIV, and actVII,
      encoding early reactions in the actinorhodin biosynthesis pathway. Subcloning
      experiments indicated that a 2.8-kilobase-pair XhoI fragment containing only the
      actI and actVII loci was necessary for aloesaponarin II biosynthesis by S.
      galilaeus ATCC 31133. Aloesaponarin II was synthesized via the condensation of 8
      acetyl coenzyme A equivalents, followed by a decarboxylation reaction as
      demonstrated by [1,2-13C2]acetate feeding experiments. S. coelicolor B22 and
      B159, actVI blocked mutants, also formed aloesaponarin II as an apparent shunt
      product. Mutants of S. coelicolor blocked in several other steps in actinorhodin
      biosynthesis did not synthesize aloesaponarin II or other detectable
      anthraquinones. When S. galilaeus ATCC 31671 was transformed with the DNA
      carrying the actI, actIII, and actVII loci, the recombinant strain produced both
      aloesaponarin II and aklavinone, suggesting that the actinorhodin biosynthesis
      DNA encoded a function able to deoxygenate 2-hydroxyaklavinone to aklavinone.
      When S. galilaeus ATCC 31671 was transformed with a plasmid carrying only the
      intact actIII gene (pANT45), aklavinone was formed exclusively. These experiments
      indicate a function for the actIII gene, which is the reduction of the keto group
      at C-9 from the carboxy terminus of the assembled polyketide to the corresponding
      secondary alcohol. In the presence of the actIII gene, anthraquinones or
      anthracyclines formed as a result of dehydration and aromatization lack an oxygen
      function on the carbon on which the keto reductase operated. When S. galilaeus
      ATCC 31671 was transformed with the DNA carrying the actI, actVII, and actIV
      loci, the recombinant strain produced two novel anthraquinones,
      desoxyerythrolaccin, the 3-hydroxy analog of aloesaponarin II, and 1-O
      methyldesoxyerythrolaccin. The results obtained in these experiments together
      with earlier data suggest a pathway for the biosynthesis of actinorhodin and
      related compounds by S. coelicolor.

PMID- 2394678
TI  - Phosphorylation of the VirG protein of Agrobacterium tumefaciens by the
      autophosphorylated VirA protein: essential role in biological activity of VirG.
AB  - Agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence genes are induced by plant signals through
      the VirA-VirG two-component regulatory system. The VirA protein is a membrane
      spanning sensor molecule that possesses an autophosphorylating activity, and the
      VirG protein is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein. In this report, we
      demonstrate that the VirG protein is phosphorylated by the VirA protein and that
      the phosphate is directly transferred from the phosphorylated VirA molecule
      (phosphohistidine) to the VirG protein. The chemical stability of the phospho
      VirG bond suggested that the VirG protein was phosphorylated at the aspartate
      and/or glutamate residue. The phosphorylated VirG protein was reduced with
      tritiated sodium borohydride and subjected to proteolytic digestion with the
      Achromobacter protease I enzyme. The resulting peptide fragments were separated
      by C8 reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, and the tritium-labeled
      peptide was sequenced. Amino acid sequence data showed that the aspartate residue
      at position 52 was the only site phosphorylated. Changing this aspartate into
      asparagine resulted in a nonphosphorylatable and biologically nonfunctional gene
      product. As a control, a randomly chosen aspartate was changed into an asparagine
      (position 72), and no effect on its phosphorylation or biological activity was
      observed. Unlike its homologs, including CheA-CheY, EnvZ-OmpR, and NtrB-NtrC, the
      phospho-VirG molecule was very stable in vitro. The possible implications of
      these observations and the function of VirG phosphorylation in vir gene
      activation are discussed.

PMID- 2394679
TI  - Different types of dienelactone hydrolase in 4-fluorobenzoate-utilizing bacteria.
AB  - Of various benzoate-utilizing bacteria tested, Alcaligenes eutrophus 335, A.
      eutrophus H16, A. eutrophus JMP222, A. eutrophus JMP134, Alcaligenes strain A7,
      and Pseudomonas cepacia were able to grow with 4-fluorobenzoate as the sole
      source of carbon and energy. P. cepacia also utilizes 3-fluorobenzoate. Except
      for A. eutrophus JMP134, which is known to grow with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate
      and 3-chlorobenzoate (R. H. Don and J. M. Pemberton, J. Bacteriol. 145:681-686,
      1981), the strains were unable to grow at the expense of these compounds or 4
      chlorobenzoate. Assays of cell extracts revealed that all strains express
      dienelactone hydrolase and maleylacetate reductase activities in addition to
      enzymes of the catechol branch of the 3-oxoadipate pathway when growing with 4
      fluorobenzoate. Induction of dienelactone hydrolase and maleylacetate reductase
      apparently is not necessarily connected to synthesis of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase
      type II and chloromuconate cycloisomerase activities, which are indispensable for
      the degradation of chlorocatechols. Substrate specificities of the dienelactone
      hydrolases provisionally differentiate among three types of this activity. (i)
      Extracts of A. eutrophus 335, A. eutrophus H16, A. eutrophus JMP222, and
      Alcaligenes strain A7 convert trans-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-4-olide (trans
      dienelactone) much faster than the cis-isomer (type I). (ii) The enzyme present
      in P. cepacia shows the opposite preference for the isomeric substrates (type
      II). (iii) Cell extracts of A. eutrophus JMP134, as well as purified dienelactone
      hydrolase from Pseudomonas strain B13 (E. Schmidt and H.-J. Knackmuss, Biochem.
      J. 192:339-347, 1980), hydrolyze both dienelactones at rates that are of the same
      order of magnitude (type III). This classification implies that A. eutrophus
      JMP134 possesses at least two different dienelactone hydrolases, one of type III
      encoded by the plasmid pJP4 and one of type I, which is also present in the cured
      strain JMP222.

PMID- 2394680
TI  - Enzymatic formation, stability, and spontaneous reactions of 4
      fluoromuconolactone, a metabolite of the bacterial degradation of 4
      fluorobenzoate.
AB  - Enzymatic conversion of 4-fluorocatechol in the simultaneous presence of
      partially purified preparations of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas
      cepacia and muconate cycloisomerase from Alcaligenes eutrophus 335 yielded a
      product that was unambiguously identified as (+)-4-fluoromuconolactone [(+)-4
      carboxymethyl-4-fluoro-but-2-en-4-olide]. This compound was shown to be the only
      major product formed from 3-fluoro-cis,cis-muconate by the action of muconate
      cycloisomerases from A. eutrophus 335, A. eutrophus JMP134, and P. cepacia as
      well as by the action of dichloromuconate cycloisomerase from A. eutrophus
      JMP134. This finding implies that dichloromuconate cycloisomerase, like the
      muconate cycloisomerases, catalyzes primarily a cycloisomerization reaction,
      which only in the case of chloro- and bromo-substituted substrates is connected
      to a dehalogenation. 4-Fluoromuconolactone at pH 7 decomposes by spontaneous
      reactions mainly to maleylacetate, which then decarboxylates to give cis
      acetylacrylate. Although significant amounts of an unidentified compound are also
      formed from the fluorolactone, HF elimination to the two isomeric dienelactones
      (4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-4-olides) is negligible. However, all spontaneous
      reactions proceed so slowly that an enzymatic conversion of 4-fluoromuconolactone
      must be assumed. Participation of dienelactone hydrolases in this reaction is
      indicated by their induction during growth of various strains with 4
      fluorobenzoate. However, experiments with cell extracts of P. putida A3.12
      suggest that at least one other hydrolytic enzyme is able to contribute to 4
      fluoromuconolactone conversion. In light of these observations, earlier proposals
      for a 4-fluorobenzoate degradative pathway are discussed.

PMID- 2394681
TI  - Transformation of Rochalimaea quintana, a member of the family Rickettsiaceae.
AB  - Rochalimaea quintana is the only member of the family Rickettsiaceae that can be
      grown in vitro. Because of its relationship to the other members of this family,
      techniques developed to transform R. quintana might be applicable to the obligate
      intracellular bacteria of the Rickettsiaceae. These procedures are critical to
      understanding mechanisms of pathogenesis and the nature of obligate intracellular
      growth. A transformation procedure for R. quintana has been established by using
      electroporation techniques. Several cosmids or plasmids with replicons RK2 and
      RSF1010 have been successfully used to transform this organism. Transformants
      were obtained by selection for antibiotic resistance to chloramphenicol or
      kanamycin. Plasmid retention and replication has been verified by Southern blot
      analysis and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay. Experimentation with
      different voltage field strengths and pulse times indicate that 12.5 kV/cm at 10
      ms (25 microF and 400 omega) was optimal, giving a transformation frequency of
      approximately 0.3% and 3 x 10(5) transformants per microgram of DNA.

PMID- 2394682
TI  - Combined actions of multiple hairpin loop structures and sites of rate-limiting
      endonucleolytic cleavage determine differential degradation rates of individual
      segments within polycistronic puf operon mRNA.
AB  - Differential expression of the genes within the puf operon of Rhodobacter
      capsulatus is accomplished in part by differences in the rate of degradation of
      different segments of the puf transcript. We report here that decay of puf mRNA
      sequences specifying the light-harvesting I (LHI) and reaction center (RC)
      photosynthetic membrane peptides is initiated endoribonucleolytically within a
      discrete 1.4-kilobase segment of the RC-coding region. Deletion of this segment
      increased the half-life of the RC-coding region from 8 to 20 min while not
      affecting decay of LHI-coding sequences upstream from an intercistronic hairpin
      loop structure shown previously to impede 3'-to-5' degradation. Prolongation of
      RC segment half-life was dependent on the presence of other hairpin structures 3'
      to the RC region. Inserting the endonuclease-sensitive sites into the LHI-coding
      segment markedly accelerated its degradation. Our results suggest that
      differential degradation of the RC- and LHI-coding segments of puf mRNA is
      accomplished at least in part by the combined actions of RC region-specific
      endonuclease(s), one or more exonucleases, and several strategically located
      exonuclease-impeding hairpins.

PMID- 2394683
TI  - Polymer length of teichuronic acid released from cell walls of Micrococcus
      luteus.
AB  - Teichuronic acid released from its phosphodiester linkage to peptidoglycan in the
      cell walls of Micrococcus luteus by mild acid treatment is resolved into a
      ladderlike series of bands by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in the
      presence of borate. Each band of the ladder differs from its nearest neighbor by
      one disaccharide repeat unit, ----4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D
      mannopyranuronosyl-(1----6)- alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-. Acid-fragmented
      teichuronic acid, after conversion to the phenylamine derivative, was
      fractionated by preparative-scale molecular sieve column chromatography, which
      produced a series of elution peaks. Fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry of
      the smallest member of the series determined its molecular weight and established
      its identity as the phenylamine derivative of one disaccharide repeat unit of
      teichuronic acid. Homologous fractions of the same series were used to index the
      ladder of bands obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from samples
      containing a more extensive distribution of polymer lengths. Nearly native
      teichuronic acid consists of polymers with a broad range of molecular sizes
      ranging from 20 to 55 disaccharide units. The most abundant species are those
      which have 25 to 40 repeat units. Prolonged treatment of teichuronic acid with
      the acid conditions used to release it from peptidoglycan causes gradual
      fragmentation of the teichuronic acid.

PMID- 2394684
TI  - Identification of a virB10 protein aggregate in the inner membrane of
      Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
AB  - Products of the virB operon are proposed components of a membrane-associated T
      DNA transport apparatus in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Here we identified the
      virB10 gene product and raised specific antiserum to the protein. While the
      virB10 reading frame contains two potential ATG translation start sites located
      32 codons apart, we found that only the downstream ATG was required for efficient
      VirB10 synthesis. Cellular localization studies and analysis of translational
      fusions with the Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase gene (phoA) indicated that
      VirB10 was anchored in the inner membrane and contained a periplasmic domain.
      This work also demonstrated the utility of alkaline phosphatase as a reporter for
      secreted proteins in A. tumefaciens. Several high-molecular-weight forms of
      VirB10 were observed after treatment of A. tumefaciens whole cells or inner
      membranes with protein cross-linking agents, suggesting that VirB10 exists as a
      native oligomer or forms an aggregate with other membrane proteins. These results
      provide the first biochemical evidence that a VirB protein complex is membrane
      associated in A. tumefaciens.

PMID- 2394685
TI  - Ion selectivity of the Vibrio alginolyticus flagellar motor.
AB  - The marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, normally requires sodium for
      motility. We found that lithium will substitute for sodium. In neutral pH
      buffers, the membrane potential and swimming speed of glycolyzing bacteria
      reached maximal values as sodium or lithium concentration was increased. While
      the maximal potentials obtained in the two cations were comparable, the maximal
      swimming speed was substantially lower in lithium. Over a wide range of sodium
      concentration, the bacteria maintained an invariant sodium electrochemical
      potential as determined by membrane potential and intracellular sodium
      measurements. Over this range the increase of swimming speed took Michaelis
      Menten form. Artificial energization of swimming motility required imposition of
      a voltage difference in concert with a sodium pulse. The cation selectivity and
      concentration dependence exhibited by the motile apparatus depended on the
      viscosity of the medium. In high-viscosity media, swimming speeds were relatively
      independent of either ion type or concentration. These facts parallel and extend
      observations of the swimming behavior of bacteria propelled by proton-powered
      flagella. In particular, they show that ion transfers limit unloaded motor speed
      in this bacterium and imply that the coupling between ion transfers and force
      generation must be fairly tight.

PMID- 2394686
TI  - Oxidation of monohalogenated ethanes and n-chlorinated alkanes by whole cells of
      Nitrosomonas europaea.
AB  - We have investigated the substrate specificity of ammonia monooxygenase in whole
      cells of the nitrifying bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea for a number of aliphatic
      halogenated hydrocarbons. To determine the effect of the halogen substituent and
      carbon chain length on substrate reactivity, we measured the rates of oxidation
      of the monohalogenated ethanes (fluoroethane, chloroethane, bromoethane, and
      iodoethane) and n-chlorinated C1 to C4 alkanes by whole cells of N. europaea. For
      monohalogenated ethanes, acetaldehyde was the major organic product and little or
      none of any of the alternate predicted products (2-halogenated alcohols) were
      detected. The maximum rate of haloethane oxidation increased with decreasing
      halogen molecular weight from iodoethane to chloroethane (19 to 221 nmol/min per
      mg of protein). In addition, the amount of substrate required for the highest
      rate of haloethane oxidation increased with decreasing halogen molecular weight.
      For the n-chlorinated alkanes, the rate of dechlorination, as measured by the
      appearance of the corresponding aldehyde product, was greatest for chloroethane
      and decreased dramatically for chloropropane and chlorobutane (118, 4, and 8 nmol
      of aldehyde formed per min per mg of protein, respectively). The concentration
      profiles for halocarbon oxidation by ammonia monooxygenase showed apparent
      substrate inhibition when ammonia was used as the reductant source. When
      hydrazine was used as the electron donor, no substrate inhibition was observed,
      suggesting that the inhibition resulted from reductant limitation.

PMID- 2394687
TI  - Glycerophospholipid:cholesterol acyltransferase complexed with lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS) is a major lethal exotoxin and cytolysin of Aeromonas salmonicida: LPS
      stabilizes and enhances toxicity of the enzyme.
AB  - An extracellular lethal toxin produced by Aeromonas salmonicida was purified by
      fast-protein liquid ion-exchange chromatography. The toxin is composed of
      glycerophospholipid:cholesterol acyltransferase (GCAT) (molecular mass, 25
      kilodaltons) aggregated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the GCAT/LPS complex
      having a molecular mass of about 2,000 kilodaltons, estimated by gel filtration
      chromatography. The toxin is lethal for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) at a
      concentration of 0.045 micrograms of protein per g of body weight. The toxin is a
      hemolysin (T-lysin, active on fish erythrocytes), leukocytolysin, and cytotoxin.
      Antiserum to the purified toxin neutralized the lethal toxicity of the crude
      extracellular toxins, indicating this toxin to be the major lethal factor
      produced by A. salmonicida. In the crude extracellular products, small amounts of
      free GCAT were also present. This has been purified, and its activities and
      properties have been compared with those of the GCAT/LPS complex. The presence of
      LPS did not influence the GCAT activity of the enzyme with egg yolk or
      phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) as a substrate, but the specific hemolytic
      activity and lethal toxicity was about eightfold higher in the complexed form.
      Furthermore, the free GCAT was more susceptible to proteolytic and heat
      inactivation than was the GCAT/LPS complex. Recombination of LPS (phenol
      extracted from extracellular products of A. salmonicida) with free GCAT enhanced
      the hemolytic activity, lethal toxicity, and heat stability of the latter but did
      not influence its lecithinase activity. In native polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, the GCAT/LPS complex and the recombined GCAT-LPS both showed a
      high-molecular-mass band which did not enter the gel, while the free GCAT
      produced a single band with low molecular mass. In isoelectric focusing gels, the
      GCAT/LPS and recombined GCAT-LPS produced a nonfocusing smear with pIs from pI
      5.0 to 5.8, while the free GCAT produced a single band with pI 4.3. These data
      show that free GCAT can combine with LPS to produce a high-molecular-mass complex
      with enhanced toxicity and heat stability compared with those of free GCAT,
      similar to the preexisting GCAT/LPS complex, and indicate that the LPS moiety of
      the toxin plays an active role in toxicity.

PMID- 2394688
TI  - A biovar-specific signal of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae induces increased
      nodulation gene-inducing activity in root exudate of Vicia sativa subsp. nigra.
AB  - Flavonoids in root exudate of leguminous plants activate the transcription of
      Rhizobium genes involved in the formation of root nodules (nod genes). We report
      that inoculation with the homologous symbiont R. leguminosarum bv. viciae results
      in an increased nod gene-inducing activity (Ini) in root exudate of V. sativa
      subsp. nigra, whereas inoculation with heterologous Rhizobium strains results in
      exudates with nod gene-inducing activity comparable to that of uninfected plants.
      Ini can be demonstrated by using either of the isogenic indicator strains
      containing an inducible nod promoter fused to the Escherichia coli lacZ reporter
      gene and the regulatory nodD gene of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, R.
      leguminosarum bv. trifolii, or R. meliloti. The presence of genes nodDABCEL of R.
      leguminosarum bv. viciae appeared to be essential for induction of Ini. Mutation
      of the genes nodI and nodJ causes a delay of Ini, whereas gene nodF appears to be
      required for both the timely appearance and the maximum level of Ini activity.
      The nodE gene is responsible for the biovar specificity of induction of Ini by
      Rhizobium spp. Ini is caused by a soluble heat-stable factor of rhizobial origin.
      This Rhizobium-produced Ini factor has an apparent molecular weight between 1,000
      and 10,000 and does not originate from flavonoid precursors.

PMID- 2394689
TI  - Relationship between the acceptor/donor radioactivity ratio and cross-linking in
      bacterial peptidoglycan: application to surface synthesis during the division
      cycle.
AB  - The relationship between the experimental measurement of the cross-linking of
      bacterial peptidoglycan and the mode of its insertion is analyzed. The cross
      linking value, in practice and in theory, is independent of the pattern of strand
      insertion. Since the measure of the mode or pattern of insertion is the
      acceptor/donor radioactivity ratio (ADRR), no correction need be made for the
      ADRR. The measurement of cross-linking using radioactivity is independent of the
      labeling time, the specific activity of the label, and the mode of strand
      insertion. It is not concluded, however, that cross-linking does increase during
      the division cycle.

PMID- 2394690
TI  - Accumulation of human apolipoprotein E in the plasma of transgenic mice.
AB  - Three separate lines of transgenic mice were created with integrated copies of an
      11.1-kilobase pair human DNA fragment containing the apolipoprotein (apo) E gene.
      The endogenous mouse apoE gene is primarily expressed in the liver with varying
      levels of expression in other tissues. However, in all three transgenic lines
      high levels of human apoE mRNA were detected only in the kidney, with lower
      levels found in the liver and other tissues; despite this profile of human apoE
      mRNA, human apoE was found in the plasma of the transgenic mice at levels
      comparable to those found in human plasma. All of the human apoE in the plasma of
      the transgenic mice was associated with lipoproteins. These results suggest that
      the domain responsible for the high level of apoE expression in liver lies
      outside of the microinjected DNA fragment and that an ectopic site of expression
      of an introduced gene may be permissive for the accumulation of its protein in
      plasma.

PMID- 2394691
TI  - The propeptide of beta-glucuronidase. Further evidence of its involvement in
      compartmentalization of beta-glucuronidase and sequence similarity with portions
      of the reactive site region of the serpin superfamily.
AB  - A significant portion of murine hepatocyte beta-glucuronidase is maintained
      within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by complex formation with the esterase
      active site of the protein egasyn. The carboxyl-terminal propeptide of the
      precursor form of glucuronidase appears important in localization of
      glucuronidase to the ER since a naturally occurring mutation in it is associated
      with decreased levels of ER glucuronidase. A sequence similarity was noted
      between the carboxyl-terminal propeptide and portions of the conserved sequences
      of the reactive site region of members of the serpin (serine proteinase
      inhibitor) superfamily. Also, previous studies had shown that a synthetic
      peptide, corresponding to the propeptide region, was a specific and potent
      inhibitor of the esterase activity of purified egasyn. Taken together, these
      results suggest that (a) the egasyn-glucuronidase system may use a novel
      mechanism related to that of serine proteinases and their inhibitors in complex
      formation and in subsequent localization of glucuronidase within the ER and that
      (b) a possible function of ER glucuronidase is to modulate the esterase activity
      of egasyn.

PMID- 2394692
TI  - Nicotinic receptor-mediated catecholamine secretion from individual chromaffin
      cells. Chemical evidence for exocytosis.
AB  - Nicotinic receptor-mediated secretion of catecholamines from individual cultured
      bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells was measured and characterized with a
      voltametric microelectrode placed adjacent to the cells. Nicotine-induced
      secretion is associated with a large increase in chemical spikes that is
      temporally resolved into the apparent secretion of discrete packets of attomole
      quantities of easily oxidized molecules. These data are consistent with direct
      chemical measurement of single exocytotic events.

PMID- 2394693
TI  - Pipecolic acid biosynthesis in Rhizoctonia leguminicola. II. Saccharopine
      oxidase: a unique flavin enzyme involved in pipecolic acid biosynthesis.
AB  - The fungal parasite Rhizoctonia leguminicola produces two indolizidine alkaloids,
      slaframine and swainsonine, of physiological interest. These alkaloids are
      biosynthesized from pipecolic acid which in turn is derived from L-lysine in this
      fungus as shown in the accompanying paper (Wickwire, B.M., Harris, C.M., Harris,
      T.M., and Broquist, H.P. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 14742-14747): L-lysine---
      saccharopine----delta 1----piperideine-6- carboxylate----pipecolate. This paper
      concerns the discovery, purification, and properties of a flavoenzyme, termed
      saccharopine oxidase, which carries out the oxidative cleavage of saccharopine as
      follows: Saccharopine + O2----delta 1-piperidine-6-carboxylate + glutamate + H2O2
      The enzyme was purified 2,000-fold to homogeneity (polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis) in 14% yield from R. leguminicola mycelia, and had a native
      molecular mass of about 45,000 daltons by gel filtration (fast protein liquid
      chromatography Superose). Evidence for the presence of a flavin in the enzyme was
      drawn from these considerations: (a) the enzyme, while oxidatively cleaving
      saccharopine, concomitantly reduces 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol; (b) the
      purified enzyme has a fluorescence spectrum typical of flavins; and (c) the
      enzyme requires oxygen and produces hydrogen peroxide. Good correlation was shown
      with purified saccharopine oxidase between disappearance of saccharopine with the
      concomitant appearance of delta 1-piperideine-6-carboxylate plus glutamate. The
      enzyme has a pH optimum about 6 and a Km for saccharopine of 0.128 mM. The enzyme
      apparently exists in R. leguminicola to shunt saccharopine, a major lysine
      metabolite, into a secondary pathway of lysine metabolism leading to pipecolate
      and subsequently to slaframine and swainsonine.

PMID- 2394694
TI  - Purification, structure, and biochemical properties of human O6-methylguanine-DNA
      methyltransferase.
AB  - The level of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity in a human cell line
      carrying a 1.1-kilobase cDNA fragment was about 50 times higher than that found
      in ordinary methyltransferase-proficient (Mer+) cell lines (Hayakawa, H., Koike,
      G., and Sekiguchi, M. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 213, 739-747). Taking advantage of
      this overproduction, the enzyme was purified to apparent physical homogeneity and
      the physical and biochemical properties investigated. A single polypeptide with a
      molecular weight of approximately 25,000 was detected on sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the most highly purified preparation. The
      Stokes radius of 22.5 A and the sedimentation coefficient of 2.0 S were obtained,
      from which the molecular weight of the native form of the enzyme was calculated
      to be 19,000. After digestion with lysyl endopeptidase, peptide fragments of the
      protein were isolated and sequenced. The amino acid sequences of these peptides
      and the amino acid composition of the protein were in good agreement with those
      deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the cloned cDNA. The purified enzyme
      catalyzed transfer of methyl groups from O6-methylguanine and O4-methylthymine,
      but not from methylphosphotriesters, of methylated DNA to the enzyme molecule.

PMID- 2394695
TI  - Mitogenic and binding properties of monoclonal antibodies to the prolactin
      receptor in Nb2 rat lymphoma cells. Selective enhancement by anti-mouse IgG.
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (T6, U5, and U6) against prolactin (PRL)
      receptors in rat liver were studied in the rat lymphoma lactogen-dependent (Nb2
      11C) and autonomous (Nb2-SP) cell lines. The mAbs had strong affinity for
      lactogen receptors (Ka = 12-14 nM-1), similar to that of human growth hormone
      (hGH) which is a lactogenic hormone. T6 and hGH competed for the same binding
      site, while U5 and U6 interacted with another epitope. The 125I-hGH-receptor
      complex could be immunoprecipitated by either U5 or U6, but not by T6. Affinity
      labeling and immunoblotting revealed that hGH and U6 bind to a protein of 63-65
      kDa. T6, U5, and U6 were mitogenic in Nb2-11C cells but their respective
      potencies were 185-, 70-, and 4700-fold lower than that of hGH. Anti-mouse IgG
      enhanced the mitogenic effect of all three mAbs and almost completely abolished
      the differences between them, although their mitogenic activity was still 60-120
      fold lower than hGH. Des-13-hGH, a competitive antagonist of hGH which hardly
      effected the binding of 125I-U5, inhibited the U5-stimulated proliferation of Nb2
      11C cells in a noncompetitive manner, indicating that simultaneous binding of
      both ligands fixed the receptor in a nonactive conformation. A Fab fragment of T6
      was not mitogenic, and inhibited the hGH-induced mitogenesis in a competitive
      manner, but its mitogenicity could be restored by anti-mouse IgG. We suggest that
      the dimerization or oligomerization of the lactogen receptor in Nb2-11C cells is
      an obligatory step in the transduction of the mitogenic signal. It may be induced
      by binding of the mAb to a site, which can be either identical or may even be
      distinct from that which binds the lactogenic hormone.

PMID- 2394696
TI  - Elafin: an elastase-specific inhibitor of human skin. Purification,
      characterization, and complete amino acid sequence.
AB  - A potent inhibitor of human leukocyte elastase (EC 3.4.21.37) and porcine
      pancreatic elastase (EC 3.4.21.36) was purified to homogeneity from human horny
      layers. It inhibits human leukocyte elastase and porcine pancreatic elastase in a
      1:1 molar ratio and shows equilibrium dissociation constants of 6 x 10(-10) M and
      1 x 10(-9) M, respectively. Inhibition of plasmin, trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin,
      and cathepsin G was not observed. This inhibitor proved to be an acid stable
      basic peptide with an isoelectric point of 9.7. The complete amino acid sequence
      appears to be unique with 38% homology to the C-terminal half of
      antileukoprotease. The sequence shows that the inhibitor is composed of 57 amino
      acids and predicts a Mr of 7017. The high affinity as well as the apparent
      specificity for elastases suggests a functional role in preventing elastase
      mediated tissue proteolysis. It is suggested that the term "elafin" be used to
      designate this inhibitor.

PMID- 2394697
TI  - Fluorescent adducts of wheat calmodulin implicate the amino-terminal region in
      the activation of skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase.
AB  - Considerable attention is being directed toward defining a binding site in the
      central region of calmodulin that forms a high affinity interaction with certain
      enzymes and amphiphilic peptides. However, other regions of calmodulin are also
      known to be involved in the activation of enzymes such as myosin light chain
      kinase, regions which may not be directly involved in the binding of small
      peptides, e.g. mastoparan X. We investigated the properties of wheat calmodulin
      fluorescent derivatives, which were modified chemically in the first calcium
      binding site at Cys-27, in the activation of rabbit fast skeletal muscle myosin
      light chain kinase. Unmodified wheat calmodulin stimulated myosin light chain
      kinase to a greater maximal velocity than wheat calmodulin that was modified at
      Cys-27 by any of four fluorescent compounds, IAANS (2-[4'
      iodoacetamidoanilino]naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid), 5-[2'
      [[iodoacetyl]amino]ethyl]aminonaphthalene]-1-sulfonic acid, 5
      iodoacetamidofluorescein, and 7-diethylamino-3-[4'-maleimidylphenyl]-4
      methylcoumarin; the midpoints for activation of myosin light chain kinase were
      not significantly different for unmodified wheat calmodulin and three of the four
      wheat calmodulin derivatives. Myosin light chain kinase, but not mastoparan X,
      enhanced the fluorescence emission intensity of wheat calmodulin-IAANS.
      Mastoparan X reversed, in a dose-dependent manner, the changes in fluorescence
      intensity of a preformed complex of myosin light chain kinase and wheat
      calmodulin-IANNS. Thus, we propose that the region vicinal to Cys-27 participates
      in the activation but not the high affinity association of myosin light chain
      kinase. Lastly, a comparison of mammalian and plant calmodulin showed that the
      Vmax for the stimulation of myosin light chain kinase was 1.6-fold greater for
      bovine than wheat calmodulin. The difference between the two calmodulins was more
      pronounced at lower Ca2+ because less Ca2+ was needed to saturate the kinase rate
      when stimulated by bovine calmodulin.

PMID- 2394698
TI  - Mitochondrial DNA copy number is proportional to total cell DNA under a variety
      of growth conditions.
AB  - Analyses of populations of NIH/3T3 cells for mitochondrial DNA under various
      conditions were made by use of an improved procedure. Cells were examined at
      different cell densities, at different stages of cell growth, and after the cells
      had been incubated with a carcinogen reported to affect mitochondrial DNA
      replication, benzo[a]pyrene-epoxide. In addition, the analysis was performed on
      three tumorigenic NIH/3T3 cell lines and one mouse bladder epithelial cell line
      and its tumorigenic derivative. Small variations of mitochondrial DNA under these
      various conditions were detected easily and revealed a linear relationship
      between mitochondrial DNA and total cell DNA.

PMID- 2394699
TI  - Compound I formation is a partially rate-limiting process in chloroperoxidase
      catalyzed bromination reactions.
AB  - The kinetics of chloroperoxidase-catalyzed bromination and chlorination reactions
      were studied at various halide and hydrogen peroxide concentrations. At very high
      concentrations, both chloride (KI = 370 mM) and bromide (KI = 150 mM) are
      competitive substrate inhibitors versus hydrogen peroxide. Results at
      subinhibitory halide concentrations for bromination reactions (kcat = 4 ms-1,
      kcat/KPeroxide = 1.6 microM-1 x s-1 and kcat/KBr = 4.0 microM-1 x s-1) and
      chlorination reactions (kcat = 1.5 ms-1, kcat/Kperoxide = 2.3 microM-1 x s-1, and
      kcat/KBr = 0.32 microM-1 x s-1) indicate that halide oxidation is rate-limiting
      in chlorination reactions. However, in bromination reactions, both compound I
      formation and bromide oxidation are partially rate-limiting. This is the first
      documented case where compound I formation participates in determining the
      overall rate of a peroxidase reaction.

PMID- 2394700
TI  - Reconstitution of the immunopurified 49-kDa sodium-dependent bile acid transport
      protein derived from hepatocyte sinusoidal plasma membranes.
AB  - Reconstitution, using phosphatidylcholine liposomes in conjugation with
      immunological purification procedures, has been used to establish directly the
      identity of the hepatocyte Na(+)-dependent bile acid transport protein. Octyl
      glucoside-solubilized sinusoidal plasma membranes were shown to form
      proteoliposomes exhibiting taurocholate transport properties which were similar
      to those of plasma membrane vesicles, namely, Na(+)-dependence and marked
      inhibition by 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid and by
      taurochenodeoxycholate. Proteoliposomes formed from plasma membrane proteins
      depleted of the putative 49-kDa bile acid transport protein by
      immunoprecipitation with monoclonal antibody 25D-1, which specifically recognizes
      this protein (Ananthanarayanan, M., von Dippe, P., and Levy, D. (1988) J. Biol.
      Chem. 263, 8338-8343), showed a 94% reduction in mediated transport capacity.
      Proteoliposomes containing total membrane protein also demonstrated Na(+)
      dependent alanine transport. The addition of taurochenodeoxycholate or the
      removal of the 49-kDa protein by monoclonal antibody 25D-1 immunoprecipitation
      had no effect on the uptake of alanine, thus confirming the specificity of these
      procedures. When only the immunoprecipitated 48-kDa protein was used in the
      reconstitution system, a 2200% increase of taurocholate uptake was observed.
      These results definitively establish that this 49-kDa sinusoidal membrane protein
      is the sole essential component of the Na(+)-dependent bile acid transport
      system.

PMID- 2394701
TI  - Phorbol diesters stimulate the accumulation of phosphatidate,
      phosphatidylethanol, and diacylglycerol in three cell types. Evidence for the
      indirect formation of phosphatidylcholine-derived diacylglycerol by a
      phospholipase D pathway and direct formation of diacylglycerol by a phospholipase
      C pathway.
AB  - The effect of the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), on
      phospholipid degradation was investigated in three cell lines of dissimilar
      origin, Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK), rat aorta smooth muscle cells
      (RASM), and bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAE). In cells prelabeled
      with [3H]myristic acid, which is predominantly incorporated into
      phosphatidylcholine (PC), TPA treatment (80 nM) in the absence or presence of
      ethanol (2%) in the culture medium resulted in either the rapid generation of
      [3H]phosphatidate (PA) or the sustained accumulation of [3H]phosphatidylethanol
      (PEt), respectively. Increases in [3H]PA and [3H]PEt were paralleled by
      quantitative decreases in cellular [3H]PC radioactivity. TPA-induced [3H]PEt
      formation occurred in a similar fashion, irrespective of the presence of Ca2+ in
      the culture medium. The experiments demonstrate that TPA elicits PC degradation
      by phospholipase D (PLD) in cells of diverse origin. Data from further
      experiments revealed a complex relationship between TPA-induced [3H]PA and
      [3H]diacylglycerol (DG) generation in the three cell lines that was suggestive of
      dual pathways for the generation of [3H]DG. Experiments to discern the pathways
      for TPA-induced, PC-derived DG were conducted by comparing the variation of
      [3H]PA and [3H]DG formation in the absence and in the presence of increasing
      ethanol concentrations in the culture medium. With increasing amounts of ethanol,
      the formation of [3H]PA decreased at the expense of [3H]PEt formation, and
      depending upon the pathway operable, the amount of [3H]DG formed was either
      decreased, indicative of indirect formation of DG via PA phosphohydrolase, or not
      modified, indicative of DG formation by a direct phospholipase C (PLC) pathway.
      Increasing the concentration of ethanol in the medium blocked TPA-induced [3H]DG
      generation in MDCK cells in a concentration-dependent manner, while the formation
      of [3H]PEt increased at the expense of [3H]PA formation. In BPAE cells the
      presence of ethanol likewise reduced TPA-elicited formation of DG. Conversely, in
      two smooth muscle cell lines, RASM and A-10, ethanol was without influence on TPA
      induced formation of [3H]DG, although [3H]PEt was generated at the expense of
      [3H]PA. In RASM cells prelabeled with [3H]choline, TPA induced the release to the
      medium of [3H]choline and [3H]phosphocholine, indicative of both PLD and PLC
      activation. These results show that TPA elicits DG formation from PC in MDCK
      cells predominantly by an indirect pathway, whereas in arterial smooth muscle
      cells DG is formed in part by the direct action of PLC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2394702
TI  - Characterization of in vitro motility assays using smooth muscle and cytoplasmic
      myosins.
AB  - We have used two in vitro motility assays to study the relative movement of actin
      and myosin from turkey gizzards (smooth muscle) and human platelets. In the
      Nitella-based in vitro motility assay, myosin-coated polymer beads move over a
      fixed substratum of actin bundles derived from dissection of the alga, Nitella,
      whereas in the sliding actin filament assay fluorescently labeled actin filaments
      slide over myosin molecules adhered to a glass surface. Both assay systems
      yielded similar relative velocities using smooth muscle myosin and actin under
      our standard conditions. We have studied the effects of ATP, ionic strength,
      magnesium, and tropomyosin on the velocity and found that with the exception of
      the dependence on MgCl2, the two assays gave very similar results. Calcium over a
      concentration of pCa 8 to 4 had no effect on the velocity of actin filaments.
      Phosphorylated smooth muscle myosin propelled filaments of smooth muscle and
      skeletal muscle actin at the same rate. Phosphorylated smooth muscle and
      cytoplasmic myosin monomers also moved actin filaments, demonstrating that
      filament formation is not required for movement.

PMID- 2394703
TI  - Kinetic evidence for a common transporter for glycylsarcosine and
      phenylalanylprolylalanine in renal brush-border membrane vesicles.
AB  - We investigated the interaction between glycylsarcosine (Gly-Sar), a neutral
      dipeptide, and phenylalanylprolylalanine (Phe-Pro-Ala), a neutral tripeptide, for
      transport into renal brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from Japanese F344
      rats. This rat strain is genetically deficient in dipeptidylpeptidase IV. Owing
      to the absence of this enzyme, Phe-Pro-Ala was found to be completely resistant
      to hydrolysis by the brush-border membranes, and this enabled us to study the
      uptake of the intact tripeptide without interference by hydrolysis. Gly-Sar was
      also resistant to hydrolysis by these membrane preparations. Transport of Gly-Sar
      as well as that of Phe-Pro-Ala in these vesicles was driven by an inwardly
      directed H+ gradient. Gly-Sar transport was blocked completely by increasing
      concentrations of Phe-Pro-Ala and vice versa. Gly-Sar inhibited Phe-Pro-Ala
      transport competitively; and similarly, Phe-Pro-Ala inhibited Gly-Sar transport
      competitively. The dissociation constant (Kt) for Gly-Sar transport (94 +/- 5
      microM) was very similar to the inhibition constant (Ki) for Gly-Sar to inhibit
      Phe-Pro-Ala transport (107 +/- 13 microM). The Kt for Phe-Pro-Ala transport (36
      +/- 3 microM) was equal to the Ki for Phe-Pro-Ala to inhibit Gly-Sar transport
      (36 +/- 6 microM). Furthermore, linear correlation was exhibited by various
      neutral di- and tripeptides, which were also resistant to hydrolysis, in their
      abilities to inhibit the transport of Gly-Sar and that of Phe-Pro-Ala. These
      results strongly suggest that a common carrier system participates in the
      transport of neutral di- and tripeptides in renal brush-border membrane vesicles.

PMID- 2394704
TI  - Crystallization of a calcium-binding lysozyme from horse milk.
AB  - Crystals of the calcium-containing lysozyme from horse milk have been grown by
      precipitation with sodium phosphate. The crystals are orthorhombic space group
      P2(1)2(1)2(1) with cell dimensions a = 53.2, b = 57.1, and c = 38.2 A and contain
      a single molecule in the asymmetric unit. The crystals are suitable for high
      resolution x-ray structural analysis.

PMID- 2394705
TI  - Hydrophobic surfaces of tubulin probed by time-resolved and steady-state
      fluorescence of nile red.
AB  - Binding of Nile Red to tubulin enhances and blue-shifts fluorescence emission to
      about 623 nm with a "shoulder" around 665 nm. Binding is reversible and saturable
      with an apparent Kd of approximately 0.6 microM. Nile Red does not alter tubulin
      polymerization, and polymerization in 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (Mes)
      buffer does not alter the spectrum of the Nile Red-tubulin complex. In contrast,
      polymerization in glutamate buffer results in a red shift, reduction of
      intensity, and a decrease in lifetime, suggesting an increase in "polarity" of
      the binding environment. Lifetimes of 4.5 and 0.6 ns fluorescence in Mes buffer
      are associated with the 623-nm peak and the 665-nm shoulder, respectively.
      Indirect excitation spectra for these components are distinct and the 4.5-ns
      component exhibits tryptophan to Nile Red energy transfer. Acrylamide quenching
      yields linear Stern-Volmer plots with unchanged lifetimes, indicating static
      quenching. Apparent quenching constants are wavelength-dependent; global analysis
      reveals a quenchable component corresponding to the 4.5 ns component and an
      "unquenchable" component superposing the 0.6-ns spectrum. Analysis of anisotropy
      decay required an "associative" model which yielded rotational correlation times
      of greater than 50 ns for the 4.5-ns lifetime and 0.3 ns for the 0.6-ns lifetime.
      Dilution of tubulin in Mes results in an apparent red shift of emission without
      lifetime changes, due only to loss of the 623-nm component. These data are
      reconciled in terms of a model with two binding sites on the tubulin dimer. The
      more "nonpolar" site is located in a region of subunit-subunit contact which
      accounts for the fluorescence changes upon dilution; this permits estimation of a
      subunit dissociation constant of 1 microM.

PMID- 2394706
TI  - Ceramide 1-phosphate, a novel phospholipid in human leukemia (HL-60) cells.
      Synthesis via ceramide from sphingomyelin.
AB  - Prior studies demonstrated that conversion of sphingomyelin to ceramide via
      sphingomyelinase action resulted in the generation of free sphingoid bases and
      inactivation of protein kinase C in human leukemia (HL-60) cells (Kolesnick, R.
      N. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 7617-7623). The present studies define the novel
      phospholipid ceramide 1-phosphate in these cells and present evidence for
      formation of this compound by preferential utilization of ceramide derived from
      spingomyelin. A ceramide 1-phosphate standard, prepared enzymatically via
      diacylglycerol kinase, was utilized for localization. In cells labeled to
      equilibrium with 32Pi to label the head group of the molecule, the basal ceramide
      1-phosphate level was 30 +/- 2 pmol/10(6) cells. Generation of ceramide via the
      use of exogenous sphingomyelinase resulted in time- and concentration-dependent
      formation of ceramide 1-phosphate. As little as 3.8 x 10(-5) units/ml was
      effective and a 3-fold increase was observed with a maximal concentration of 3.8
      x 10(-2) units/ml; ED50 approximately 2 x 10(-4) units/ml. This effect was
      observed by 5 min and maximal at 30 min. Similarly, in cells labeled with
      [3H]serine to probe the sphingoid base backbone, the basal level of ceramide 1
      phosphate was 39 +/- 5 pmol/10(6) and increased 2.5-fold with sphingomyelinase;
      ED 50 approximately 5 x 10(-5) units/ml. To determine the source of the phosphate
      moiety, studies were performed with cells short term labeled with 32Pi and
      resuspended in medium without radiolabel. Under these conditions, sphingomyelin
      was virtually unlabeled. Nevertheless, sphingomyelin (3.8 x 10(-2) units/ml)
      induced a 12-fold increase in radiolabel incorporation, suggesting ceramide 1
      phosphate formation occurred via ceramide phosphorylation. This event appeared
      specific for ceramide derived from sphingomyelin since ceramide from
      glycosphingolipids was not converted to ceramide 1-phosphate. In sum, these
      studies demonstrate the novel phospholipid ceramide 1-phosphate in HL-60 cells
      and suggest the possibility that a path exists from sphingomyelin to ceramide 1
      phosphate via the phosphorylation of ceramide.

PMID- 2394707
TI  - Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of the human nucleolin gene.
AB  - Nucleolin, a eukaryotic nucleolar phosphoprotein, is involved in the synthesis
      and maturation of ribosomes. To characterize the genomic organization and
      regulatory sequences of this gene, two overlapping lambda clones containing the
      human nucleolin gene plus flanking regions were isolated from a genomic library
      using human nucleolin cDNA. Southern blots of genomic DNA from human, several
      mammals, chicken, and yeast revealed that the nucleolin gene is well conserved
      across these species. The gene consists of 14 exons with 13 intervening sequences
      and spans approximately 11 kilobases of DNA. Analysis of the splice junctions
      indicated that the amino-terminal domain and the four RNA binding domains plus
      the nuclear localization signal are split into adjacent exons. Sequences from the
      5'-flanking and the first intron contain a high content of GC residues which is
      consistent with nucleolin being a "housekeeping" gene. Promoter elements include
      an atypical TATA box (GTTA), one CCAAT box much further from the initiation site,
      three reverse compliments of CCAAT (ATTGG), and two pyrimidine-rich nucleotide
      stretches. In addition, this region and the first intron contain numerous
      potential Sp1, GCF, CRE-fos, GCN, AP-1, AP-2, UCE, and sequences similar to the
      glucocorticoid receptor binding site. The transcription start site was determined
      by primer extension and S1 nuclease mapping of RNA from human liver. One Kpn and
      three Alu repeats were found within two of the middle introns. The 3'
      untranslated portion of the gene contains five homology blocks in a 100-base pair
      region that are highly conserved among human, mouse, and hamster genomes.
      Finally, we have determined that the human nucleolin gene is located on
      chromosome 2q12-qter and is present at one copy per haploid genome. A restriction
      fragment length polymorphism with EcoRI has been detected in the gene.

PMID- 2394708
TI  - Bone acidic glycoprotein-75 is a major synthetic product of osteoblastic cells
      and localized as 75- and/or 50-kDa forms in mineralized phases of bone and growth
      plate and in serum.
AB  - Anti-peptide and anti-protein antisera were produced which both recognize bone
      acidic glycoprotein-75 (Mr = 75,000) and an apparent fragment or biosynthetic
      intermediate (Mr = 50,000) in calcified tissues and/or serum. A fragment
      precursor relationship is suggested from the fact that closely spaced doublet
      polypeptides of Mr = 50,000 could be produced by proteolysis of the purified
      protein upon long term storage. No reactivity was detected with osteopontin, bone
      sialoprotein, or small bone proteoglycans. Bone acidic glycoprotein-75 represents
      0.5-1% of the total radiolabeled proteins synthesized by explant cultures of
      neonatal calvaria or growth plate, by calvarial outgrowth cultures, and by rat
      osteosarcoma cells. Amounts produced by explant cultures and calvarial outgrowth
      cultures were similar to that for osteopontin, a major product of osteoblasts. In
      osteosarcoma cultures, 80% of labeled antigens were associated with the cell
      layer fraction wherein specific immunoprecipitation pelleted Mr = 50,000 and
      75,000 sized antigens. Bone acidic glycoprotein-75 (Mr = 75,000) is enriched in 4
      M guanidine HCl/0.5 EDTA extracts of neonatal rat bone and growth plate tissues,
      whereas largely absent from heart, lung, spleen, liver, brain, and kidney.
      Explant cultures of these noncalcifying tissues also synthesized bone acidic
      glycoprotein-75 antigen, but the quantities produced were only 5% or less that
      obtained with calvaria. By immunohistochemistry, antigenicity is associated with
      the bony shaft and calcified cartilage of long bones, but is absent from
      associated soft tissues. These finding demonstrate that bone acidic glycoprotein
      75 is antigenically distinct, predominantly localized to calcified tissues,
      represents a major product of normal osteoblastic cells and may undergo a
      characteristic fragmentation in vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 2394709
TI  - Identification of cytosolic and microsomal bile acid-binding proteins in rat
      ileal enterocytes.
AB  - Studies were performed to determine the subcellular fractions and proteins
      involved in the intracellular transport of bile acids in rat ileal cells. The
      photolabile derivative 7,7-azo-taurocholate inhibited the Na(+)-dependent uptake
      of taurocholate into rat ileal enterocytes reversibly in the dark and
      irreversibly following photolysis. When photolabeled cells were submitted to
      subcellular fractionation, greatest radioactivity was found in the soluble
      protein (SP) fraction with decreasing radioactivity in the brush-border-(BBM),
      basolateral-(BLM), mitochondria-(MT), microsome-(MC), and Golgi-(GO) enriched
      fractions. Following trichloroacetic acid precipitation, delipidation, and
      correction for loss of marker enzyme activity, protein bound radioactivity was in
      SP greater than BBM greater than MC greater than BLM greater than GO greater than
      MT. When photolabeled cells were first fractionated and then submitted to sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a 99-kDa polypeptide was
      associated with BBM, 54- and 59-kDa polypeptides with BLM, 14-, 35-, 43-, 59-,
      and 68-kDa polypeptides with SP and a 20-kDa polypeptide with MC fractions.
      Immunoprecipitation with known antisera identified the 68-kDa polypeptide as
      albumin and the 43-kDa polypeptide as actin. No precipitation on the 14-kDa
      polypeptide was noted with anti-hepatic and anti-intestinal fatty acid-binding
      proteins. No precipitation of the 35-kDa polypeptide occurred with antibody to
      the hepatic cytosolic bile acid-binding protein. These studies reveal a
      previously unrecognized 20-kDa microsomal, and 14- and 35-kDa cytosolic bile acid
      binding polypeptides which may be involved in the transcellular movement of bile
      acids.

PMID- 2394710
TI  - Refill status of the agonist-sensitive Ca2+ pool regulates Mn2+ influx into
      parotid acini.
AB  - We have utilized fura-2 and a Ca2+ surrogate, Mn2+, to assess the mechanism of
      Ca2+ entry involved in the refill of the internal agonist-sensitive Ca2+ pool in
      parotid acini. Both the muscarinic agonist, carbachol, and the alpha-adrenergic
      agonist, epinephrine, stimulate Mn2+ entry into dispersed parotid acini, which is
      detected as an augmentation in fura-2 fluorescence quench rate. The rate of Mn2+
      entry into parotid acini, depleted of internal agonist-sensitive Ca2+ pools by
      prolonged carbachol stimulation in a nominally Ca2(+)-free medium, is not
      significantly changed by the addition of the muscarinic antagonist, atropine, but
      is significantly attenuated when these internal pools are allowed to either
      partially or totally reload with Ca2+. Also, we provide evidence which suggests
      that under conditions which promote refill, Mn2+ appears to directly enter the
      cytosol from the extracellular medium and is not accumulated into an internal
      Ca2+ pool either directly from the medium or via a cytosolic route. Thus, we
      suggest that during refill, Ca2+ enters into the cytosol prior to its recruitment
      into the internal agonist-sensitive Ca2+ pool and in turn, the magnitude of this
      entry is modulated by the refill status of this pool.

PMID- 2394711
TI  - Molecular structure, chromosome assignment, and promoter organization of the
      human matrix Gla protein gene.
AB  - Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is an 84-residue vitamin K-dependent protein initially
      isolated from bovine bone. MGP is also expressed at high levels in heart, kidney,
      and lung and is up-regulated by vitamin D in bone cells. To characterize the
      genomic sequences responsible for the regulated expression of this gene, we
      screened a human genomic library using a MGP cDNA probe and obtained two clones
      containing the MGP locus. The human MGP gene spans 3.9 kilobases of chromosomal
      DNA and consists of four exons separated by three large intervening sequences
      which account for more than 80% of the gene. Southern analysis of total human
      genomic DNA indicated the presence of a single copy of the MGP gene.
      Hybridization of the hMGP cDNA to a series of Chinese Hamster x human hybrid
      clones assigned this gene to the short arm of the human chromosome 12 (12p). The
      N-terminal sequences of the known vitamin K-dependent vertebrate proteins reveal
      a transmembrane signal peptide, followed by a putative gamma-carboxylation
      recognition site and a Gla-containing domain. Each of these regions correspond to
      a separate exon in MGP. MGP also contains a fourth exon of unknown function which
      codes for 11 residues and lies between the transmembrane signal peptide and the
      putative recognition site for the gamma-carboxylase. This four-exon organization
      is essentially identical to that of bone Gla protein and is quite different from
      the two exon organization encoding this region in the other known vitamin K
      dependent proteins. Analysis of the MGP gene promoter revealed, in addition to
      the typical TATA and CAT boxes, the presence of a number of putative regulatory
      sequences homologous to previously identified hormone and transcription factor
      responsive elements. In particular, two regions of the promoter were delineated
      containing possible binding sites for retinoic acid and vitamin D receptors.

PMID- 2394712
TI  - Purification of H gene-encoded beta-galactoside alpha 1----2 fucosyltransferase
      from human serum.
AB  - The human serum enzyme, beta-galactoside alpha 1----2 fucosyltransferase,
      presumably blood group H gene-encoded, was purified to homogeneity from serum of
      AB and mixed secretor phenotype individuals. The purification procedure involved
      chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose, S-Sepharose, GDP-hexanolamine-Sepharose, and
      high pressure liquid chromatography gel filtration. The enzyme was purified 10 x
      10(6)-fold, with a final specific activity of 23.6 units/mg for the phenyl-beta-O
      galactoside acceptor. The apparent Mr of the H gene-encoded beta-galactoside
      alpha 1----2 fucosyltransferase was determined as 200,000 and 50,000 by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in nonreducing and reducing
      conditions, respectively. The Mr of native enzyme was found by gel filtration
      chromatography to be 148,000. The subunit structure as well as the sensitivity of
      the enzymatic activity to beta-mercaptoethanol suggest that the native enzyme
      exists in polymeric form of covalently bound subunits. Lectin binding properties
      of the purified molecule indicate that the enzyme is glycosylated. Another human
      serum beta-galactoside alpha 1----2 fucosyltransferase, presumably Se gene
      encoded, was separated from the H enzyme by adsorption on S-Sepharose cation
      exchange matrix. A comparison of the kinetic parameters of the initial rate data
      of both alpha 1----2 fucosyltransferases revealed differences between Km values
      for various oligosaccharide acceptors. Higher Km values for the phenyl-beta-O
      galactoside acceptor and a lower Km for the lacto-N-tetraose-beta-O-PA8 type 1
      acceptor for the enzyme that adsorbed to S-Sepharose compared with nonadsorbed
      enzyme were observed. The two enzymes also were differentiated by binding
      properties to S-Sepharose and electrophoretic mobilities on native gel
      electrophoresis. We, therefore, postulate that the enzyme which does not adsorb
      to S-Sepharose and adsorbed enzyme are structurally different molecules and they
      represent the H and Se gene-encoded beta-galactoside alpha 1----2
      fucosyltransferases, respectively.

PMID- 2394713
TI  - Carboxypeptidase M in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Evidence that
      carboxypeptidase M has a phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor.
AB  - Carboxypeptidase M, a plasma membrane-bound enzyme, is present in many human
      organs and differs from other carboxypeptidase that cleave basic COOH-terminal
      amino acids. Cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) distal tubular cells
      contain a kininase I-type enzyme that inactivates bradykinin by releasing Arg9.
      We found the properties of this kininase to be identical with carboxypeptidase M.
      In fractionated cells, carboxypeptidase activity sediments with membranes; and
      detergents, trypsin, and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C solubilize
      it, similar to results with human placental carboxypeptidase M. Ten microM 2
      mercaptomethyl-3-guanidinoethylthiopropanoic acid and 1 mM o-phenanthroline
      inhibit, whereas 1.0 mM CoCl2 activates the enzyme. It has a neutral pH optimum
      and cleaves COOH-terminal Arg or Lys in bradykinin and in shorter peptides. The
      relative hydrolysis rates of peptides in the presence or absence of 1 mM CoCl2
      were similar to those obtained with human carboxypeptidase M. The
      carboxypeptidase in MDCK cells (54 kDa) cross-reacts with antibodies to human
      carboxypeptidase M in Western blotting, but not with antibodies to plasma
      carboxypeptidase N. The enzyme is a glycoprotein; chemical deglycosylation
      reduced the size to 48 kDa. The presence of the enzyme on the cell membrane of
      MDCK cells was also shown with transmission electron microscopy using immunogold,
      which indicated that the enzyme is on the apical side. In addition, MDCK cells
      contain neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (enkephalinase) and prolylcarboxypeptidase
      (angiotensinase C) activities. Partitioning of solubilized carboxypeptidase M
      into Triton X-114 and water indicates that trypsin and phospholipase C remove a
      hydrophobic tail, while detergent solubilization leaves the hydrophobic moiety
      intact. Labeling of MDCK cells with [3H]ethanolamine resulted in the synthesis of
      radiolabeled carboxypeptidase M as determined by immunoprecipitation and
      fluorography. Thus, MDCK cells contain membrane-bound carboxypeptidase M, which
      is anchored to the plasma membrane via phosphatidylinositol-glycan. As a major
      kininase of the distal tubules, it may regulate salt and water excretion.

PMID- 2394714
TI  - Hepatic P-450 cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. Regulation in vivo at the protein
      and mRNA level in response to mevalonate, diurnal rhythm, and bile acid feedback.
AB  - Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (P-450 Ch7 alpha) catalyzes the first and rate
      limiting step in the hepatic conversion of cholesterol to bile acids. P-450 Ch7
      alpha activity in rat liver is regulated at three independent levels: (a)
      feedback inhibition by bile acids (long term regulation); (b) midterm regulation
      through the diurnal cycle; (c) short term modulation by hormones and dietary
      factors. P-450 Ch7 alpha was purified to apparent homogeneity and in active form
      (turnover number = 10-15 min-1 P-450(-1)) from cholestyramine-fed female rats,
      and rabbit anti-P-450 Ch7 alpha polyclonal antibodies were then prepared. Liver
      microsomes were isolated from rats fed normal diet or diet containing the bile
      acid sequestrant cholestyramine and were then killed at either the apex
      (midnight) or nadir (noon) of the diurnal rhythm of P-450 Ch7 alpha activity.
      Direct comparison of microsomal P-450 Ch7 alpha enzyme activity levels with P-450
      Ch7 alpha protein (Western blotting) and mRNA levels (Northern and slot blots)
      revealed that the 2.5-3-fold induction of P-450 Ch7 alpha activity with
      cholestyramine feeding can be fully accounted for by an increase in P-450 Ch7
      alpha protein and mRNA. Turnover numbers of 7-9 nmol of 7 alpha
      hydroxycholesterol/min/nmol of microsomal P-450 Ch7 alpha were observed for both
      induced and uninduced animals. Similarly, the postmidnight decrease in enzyme
      activity could be generally accounted for by a decrease in P-450 Ch7 alpha
      protein and mRNA, suggesting that these species have relatively short half-lives.
      The short term regulation of P-450 Ch7 alpha was examined following treatment
      with the cholesterol precursor mevalonic acid. A 2.5-fold increase in hepatic
      microsomal P-450 Ch7 alpha activity occurred within 150 min and was accompanied
      by a significant elevation of P-450 Ch7 alpha mRNA (up to 3-6-fold increase).
      These findings establish that hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity is
      regulated in response to long term, midterm, and short term control factors
      primarily at a pretranslational level and that this regulation is of greater
      importance than proposed mechanisms based on allosteric effects of bile acids on
      P-450 Ch7 alpha protein, changes in cholesterol availability, or reversible
      phosphorylation of a putative P-450 Ch7 alpha phosphoprotein.

PMID- 2394715
TI  - Drosophila fasciclin I, a neural cell adhesion molecule, has a
      phosphatidylinositol lipid membrane anchor that is developmentally regulated.
AB  - Fasciclin I is a homophilic neural cell adhesion molecule which is regionally
      expressed on a subset of fasciculating axons in both the grasshopper and
      Drosophila embryo, suggesting a role in axonal recognition. It is also
      dynamically expressed on a variety of other embryonic tissues. Biochemical
      analysis of the fasciclin I glycoprotein from Drosophila embryonic membranes and
      Schneider 1 cells indicates that it is tightly associated with the lipid bilayer
      by a phosphatidylinositol lipid moiety. In Drosophila embryos a large fraction of
      fasciclin I protein has lost its membrane anchor. The ratio of this soluble form
      to the phosphatidylinositol-linked form changes during embryogenesis. We
      speculate that removal of the phosphatidylinositol lipid from the fasciclin I
      protein could be a mechanism to regulate its adhesive function.

PMID- 2394716
TI  - Increased rates of lipid exchange between Mycoplasma capricolum membranes and
      vesicles in relation to the propensity of forming nonbilayer lipid structures.
AB  - We have studied the effects of modification of the endogenous
      phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) content of the plasma
      membrane of Mycoplasma capricolum on the kinetics of spontaneous [14C]cholesterol
      and 14C-labeled phospholipid exchange between M. capricolum membranes and lipid
      vesicles. The PG/DPG molar ratio of M. capricolum membranes changed when cells
      were grown in media supplemented with 0.5 mM CaCl2 and/or egg phosphatidylcholine
      (PC) (10-20 micrograms/ml), increasing from 3.9 to 6.3 on supplementation with
      Ca2+; this ratio decreased to 1.1 in media supplemented with PC and to 1.8 in
      media containing both PC and Ca2+. The ratio of palmitate to oleate in both PG
      and DPG decreased when cells were grown with PC or with PC and Ca2+. Bilayer
      disruptions were seen in freeze-fracture electron micrographs of trypsin-treated
      M. capricolum membranes from cells grown with both Ca2+ and PC, and numerous
      lipidic particles and other bilayer disruptions were observed in trypsin-treated
      M. capricolum membranes and their lipid extracts. The rates of spontaneous
      exchange of 14C-labeled cholesterol and PC from membranes isolated from cells
      grown with PC and Ca2+ to acceptor lipid vesicles were exchanged by approximately
      30%, and the rate of the rapidly exchangeable cholesterol pool in intact cells
      was enhanced by 64%. The enhancements in cholesterol and PC exchange rates are
      considered to result from structural defects expected in the M. capricolum
      membranes obtained from cells grown with Ca2+ supplementation. Our findings
      parallel previous examples of functional modifications of membranes induced by
      bilayer instability arising from a pretransitional state leading to the onset of
      a nonlamellar phase.

PMID- 2394717
TI  - A GGCAGG motif in minisatellites affecting their germline instability.
AB  - Mouse and human genomes contain hypervariable DNA regions consisting of tandem
      repeats of a short sequence referred to as minisatellites. This variation is
      thought to arise through processes such as unequal crossover or replication
      slippage. A mo-1 minisatellite probe comprising a 14-base pair repeat sequence
      reveals many polymorphic fragments even in DNA of BALB/c sublines.
      Oligonucleotide probes with single base substitution in the mo-1 have been
      synthesized and used for assessing sequence involved in generation of
      polymorphisms. The results indicate that the loci containing mo-1 homologues with
      mutation in the GGCAGG sequence are monomorphic despite the other mutants showing
      polymorphism. Reciprocally, locus-specific polymorphic clones, Pc-1 and Pc-2,
      have been isolated with hybridization to mo-1, and both are shown to contain
      repeated sequence comprising the GGCAGG sequence. They reveal high mutation rates
      of 8.8% and 3.3% per gamete, respectively. These results strongly suggest that
      the motif contributes to the germline instability of minisatellites.

PMID- 2394718
TI  - Cloning, sequence analysis, and expression of ligninolytic phenoloxidase genes of
      the white-rot basidiomycete Coriolus hirsutus.
AB  - Two cDNAs and two genomic DNAs coding for the allelic forms of the ligninolytic
      phenoloxidase were isolated from the white-rot fungus Coriolus hirsutus. The
      cloned genes were identified in genetic libraries by hybridization screening
      using four deoxyoligonucleotide probes which corresponded to the partial amino
      acid sequence of the purified enzyme. Each cDNA encoded the full-length of the
      phenoloxidase, a protein consisting of 499 amino acid residues, and its putative
      signal peptide of 21 amino acid residues. The nucleotide sequences of the two
      alleles differed by 18 single base changes within the open reading frames
      resulting in one amino acid substitution. Ten small introns interrupted both
      genomic DNAs as indicated by direct comparison with the corresponding cDNAs.
      Putative eukaryotic regulatory sequences, "CAAT" and "TATA," were observed in the
      5'-flanking region of both genomic DNAs. Each of the phenoloxidase cDNAs was
      successfully expressed in an active form in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the
      useful yeast expression vector YEp51.

PMID- 2394719
TI  - Characterization of the carboxyl-terminal 10-kDa cyanogen bromide fragment of
      caldesmon as an actin-calmodulin-binding region.
AB  - A pair of 10-kDa peptides, designated CB-a and CB-b, was isolated by calmodulin
      Sepharose chromatography from a total CNBr digest of turkey gizzard caldesmon. CB
      a encompasses the COOH-terminal segment of residues 659-756, according to the
      sequence of adult chicken gizzard caldesmon (Bryan, J., Imai, M., Lee, R., Moore,
      P., Cook, R.G., and Lin, W.G. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 13873-13879), whereas CB
      b comprises the same structure but was a few amino acids shorter at its COOH
      terminus. Both peptides cosedimented with F-actin, and their binding was
      increased by smooth muscle tropomyosin. The Kd values were 1.3 and 0.5 microM, in
      the absence and presence of tropomyosin, respectively, with a maximum binding
      capacity of 6.9 actins/mol of peptides. The CB-a/CB-b fragments inhibited, in a
      tropomyosin-sensitive and Ca2(+)-calmodulin-dependent manner, the skeletal
      actomyosin subfragment 1 ATPase activity to a level close but not identical to
      that observed for the parent caldesmon. Ca2(+)-calmodulin was selectively cross
      linked to either caldesmon or the CNBr peptides with 1-ethyl-3-(3
      dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide producing 1:1 covalent complexes that were
      retained neither by phenyl-Sepharose nor by immobilized calmodulin. Moreover, the
      cross-linked caldesmon bound weakly to F-actin and did not inhibit the actomyosin
      subfragment 1 ATPase in the absence of Ca2+. The results suggest that the CB-a/CB
      b peptide region contains major regulatory determinants of caldesmon.

PMID- 2394720
TI  - Cloning and analysis of beta-tubulin gene from a protoctist.
AB  - We have isolated and characterized by restriction endonuclease mapping,
      transcription pattern, and DNA sequencing a beta-tubulin gene from the coenocytic
      freshwater protoctist, Achlya klebsiana. The gene is intronless and has a single
      open reading frame that encodes a 444-amino acid residue polypeptide of Mr
      49,856. The protein shows a high degree of homology to other beta-tubulins, 85%
      identity to human beta-tubulin and 89% identity to beta-tubulin of the sporozoan
      (also a protoctist) Plasmodium falciparum. Fungal beta-tubulins are among the
      least identical to A. klebsiana beta-tubulin. Through Southern blot hybridization
      analysis, we determined that there is just one form of beta-tubulin gene in A.
      klebsiana. Transcription of the gene was studied during sporogenesis. Following
      induction of sporogenesis, the level of the mRNA increased markedly at 2 h and
      declined in the next 2 h when mitosis, cytokinesis, and spore development
      occurred. At the same time, beta-tubulin content increased about 6-fold in the
      cells. Sporulation in A. klebsiana is not inhibited by antimitotic drugs such as
      benomyl, colcemid, and colchicine. Benomyl resistance in Neurospora crassa and
      Aspergillus nidulans has been genetically and molecularly linked to single amino
      acid substitutions at positions 167 and 165, respectively. The change from
      phenylalanine to tyrosine conferring benomyl resistance to N. crassa is seen in
      A. klebsiana, but the valine substitution for alanine in A. nidulans is marked by
      cysteine replacement in A. klebsiana. The amino acid found at position 165 is not
      conserved in various beta-tubulins, but phenylalanine at position 167 is
      extremely conserved.

PMID- 2394721
TI  - Parathyroid hormone-induced alterations of protein content and phosphorylation in
      enriched apical membranes of opossum kidney cells.
AB  - Parathyroid hormone (PTH) reduces Na/Pi co-transport activity in opossum kidney
      (OK) cells in a process mediated by protein kinases A and C. Further,
      inactivation of Na/Pi transport involves irreversible inhibition, possibly via
      internalization, of the transport system. This study analyzed alterations of
      concentration and phosphorylation of membrane proteins of an apically enriched
      preparation induced by short (10 min) and long (3 h) term incubation with 10(-10)
      M PTH of monolayer cultures of the OK-cell line. To this end, an apically
      enriched membrane fraction was isolated from cells grown on Petri dishes and
      analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Long term exposure of the cells
      to PTH induced changes in apical protein concentration. Four proteins were found
      to be decreased and one protein was found to be increased in its concentration.
      Addition of 10(-10) M PTH to the cells led to transient phosphorylation of five
      proteins. In contrast to transient phosphorylation, phosphorylation of one
      protein increased over the time period of 3 h. Combined analysis of silver
      staining and autoradiography led to the detection of an acidic 35-kDa protein in
      which specific phosphorylation increased over a time period of hours. The results
      document for the first time alterations in apical membrane protein content and
      phosphorylation state mediated by PTH when added to an intact cellular system. It
      is concluded that the identified proteins represent possible candidates for being
      involved directly or indirectly in PTH alterations of membrane transport.

PMID- 2394722
TI  - Cloning and sequencing of a human pancreatic tumor mucin cDNA.
AB  - A monospecific polyclonal antiserum against deglycosylated human pancreatic tumor
      mucin was used to select human pancreatic mucin cDNA clones from a lambda gt11
      cDNA expression library developed from a human pancreatic tumor cell line. The
      full-length 4.4-kilobase mucin cDNA sequence included a 72-base pair 5'
      untranslated region and a 307-base pair 3'-untranslated region. The predicted
      amino acid sequence for this cDNA revealed a protein of 122,071 daltons
      containing 1,255 amino acid residues of which greater than 60% were serine,
      threonine, proline, alanine, and glycine. Approximately two-thirds of the protein
      sequence consisted of identical 20-amino acid tandem repeats which were flanked
      by degenerate tandem repeats and nontandem repeat sequences on both the amino
      terminal and carboxyl-terminal ends. The amino acid sequence also contained five
      putative N-linked glycosylation sites, a putative signal sequence and
      transmembrane domain, and numerous serine and threonine residues (potential O
      linked glycosylation sites) outside and within the tandem repeat position. The
      cDNA and deduced amino acid sequence of the pancreatic mucin sequence was over
      99% homologous with a mucin cDNA sequence derived from breast tumor mucin, even
      though the native forms of these molecules are quite distinct in size and degree
      of glycosylation.

PMID- 2394723
TI  - Purification of a reconstitutively active K+/H+ antiporter from rat liver
      mitochondria.
AB  - We describe purification of three different states of the 82-kDa K+/H+ antiporter
      from rat liver mitochondria. The denatured 82-kDa protein, identified by its
      selective labeling with [14C]dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), was purified by
      preparative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This purified product was used
      to raise and immunopurify monospecific polyclonal antibodies. Western blot
      analysis showed that the [14C] DCCD-labeled 82-kDa protein is not a DCCD
      crosslinked product. The native, [14C]DCCD-labeled, 82-kDa protein was purified
      by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and column chromatography, using 14C labeling and gel
      electrophoresis to track the protein. The native, non-DCCD-labeled 82-kDa protein
      was purified by similar procedures, using immunopurified antibodies to track the
      protein. DCCD binding had no effect on chromatographic behavior of the antiporter
      protein. This protocol resulted in purification of the 82-kDa protein to apparent
      homogeneity. The purified, native 82-kDa protein was reconstituted into
      proteoliposomes and assayed for K+ transport with the new fluorescent probe,
      PBFI. K+ transport was electroneutral and was inhibited by DCCD, Mg2+, and
      timolol. The turnover number for K+ transport was about 1000 s-1, very similar to
      the value previously estimated in intact mitochondria.

PMID- 2394724
TI  - Light activation of one rhodopsin molecule causes the phosphorylation of hundreds
      of others. A reaction observed in electropermeabilized frog rod outer segments
      exposed to dim illumination.
AB  - A rhodopsin phosphorylation reaction that occurs with high-gain is observed if
      measurements are made in electropermeabilized frog rod outer segments (ROS)
      stimulated by a dim flash of light in the operating range of the photoreceptor.
      Flashes of light exciting 1000 or fewer of the 3 x 10(9) rhodopsins present/ROS
      results in the incorporation of 1400 phosphates from ATP into the rhodopsin pool
      for each excited rhodopsin (Rho*). This amplification decreases with increasing
      light intensity, falling most sharply after each disk has absorbed one photon.
      The high-gain reaction is lost if the ROS are broken into vesicles by shearing,
      leaving a low-gain rhodopsin phosphorylation characterized in previous studies
      using brighter illumination. The high-gain but not the low-gain phosphorylation
      appears to be regulated by G-protein and by calcium levels in the range over
      which intracellular calcium changes when rod photoreceptors are illuminated.
      Kinetic measurements made on the phosphorylation observed at higher light
      intensities shows that it initially occurs rapidly enough for a role in
      terminating the photoresponse. The high-gain phosphorylation observed at lower
      light intensities may play a global role in regulating light-adaptation of the
      rod photoreceptor, and its existence suggests that a search for a similar high
      gain modification in systems using the homologous beta-adrenergic or muscarinic
      acetylcholine receptors might be rewarding.

PMID- 2394725
TI  - Construction and analysis of parallel and antiparallel Holliday junctions.

PMID- 2394726
TI  - Mammalian thioltransferase (glutaredoxin) and protein disulfide isomerase have
      dehydroascorbate reductase activity.
AB  - Homogeneous native and recombinant porcine liver thioltransferase (glutaredoxin),
      bovine thymus and human placenta thioltransferase (glutaredoxin) were examined
      for dehydroascorbate reductase activity (EC 1.8.5.1) involving the direct
      catalytic reduction of dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) by glutathione. Each enzyme had
      substantial activity with apparent Km and Vmax for dehydroascorbate between 0.2
      and 2.2 mM and 6-27 nmol min-1, respectively, and for gluathione between 1.6 and
      8.7 mM and 11-30 nmol min-1, respectively. In the presence of purified bovine
      liver thioredoxin reductase, homogeneous bovine liver thioredoxin failed to
      reduce DHA to ascorbic acid as measured by NADPH oxidation. Highly purified
      bovine liver protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) reacted directly with DHA and GSH
      to catalyze the reduction of DHA to ascorbic acid. The apparent Km for DHA was
      1.0 mM and the Vmax was 8 nmol min-1, and for GSH were 3.9 mM and 14 nmol min-1,
      respectively. These results suggest that thioltransferase and PDI contribute to
      the regeneration of oxidized ascorbic acid in mammalian cells, and based on their
      cellular location, thioltransferase is proposed to be the major cytoplasmic
      activity, whereas interaction of DHA with microsomal membrane PDI may catalyze
      regeneration of ascorbic acid and initiate oxidation of intralumenal protein
      thiols to disulfides.

PMID- 2394727
TI  - Antimicrobial peptide, tachyplesin I, isolated from hemocytes of the horseshoe
      crab (Tachypleus tridentatus). NMR determination of the beta-sheet structure.
AB  - The conformation of tachyplesin I, an antimicrobial cationic peptide of 17
      residues found in the hemocyte debris of horseshoe crab, was investigated using
      two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The 1H NMR spectrum of tachyplesin I in aqueous
      solution could be completely assigned, and the secondary structure was
      substantiated by interpretation of the nuclear Overhauser effect, coupling
      constant, amide exchange rate, and temperature dependence of the amide chemical
      shift. Tachyplesin I takes on a fairly rigid conformation constrained by two
      disulfide bridges and adopts a conformation consisting of an anti-parallel beta
      sheet (residues 3-8 and 11-16) connected by a beta-turn (residues 8-11). In this
      planar conformation, five bulky hydrophobic side groups are localized in one side
      of the plane and six cationic side groups are distributed at the "tail" part of
      the molecule (residues 1-5 and 14-17). This amphipathic structure of the molecule
      is presumed to be closely associated with the bactericidal activity.

PMID- 2394728
TI  - Expression of mRNA coding for kidney and red cell water channels in Xenopus
      oocytes.
AB  - The existence and identity of protein water transporters in biological membranes
      has been uncertain. Osmotic water permeability (Pf) was measured in
      defolliculated Xenopus oocytes microinjected with water or mRNA from kidney
      cortex, kidney papilla, reticulocyte, brain, and muscle. Pf was measured by
      quantitative image analysis from the time course of oocyte swelling in response
      to an osmotic gradient. When assayed at 10 degrees C, Pf in water-injected
      oocytes increased from (3.6 +/- 0.9) x 10(-4) cm/s (S.D., n = 16) to 74 x 10(-4)
      cm/s with addition of amphotericin B, showing absence of unstirred layers. At 48
      72 h after injection of 50 ng of unfractionated mRNA, Pf (in cm/s x 10(-4] was:
      4.0 +/- 1.5 (rabbit brain, n = 15), 4.2 +/- 1.8 (rabbit muscle, n = 10), 18.4 +/-
      6.3 (rabbit reticulocyte, n = 20), 16.1 +/- 5.6 (rat renal papilla, n = 24), 12.9
      +/- 6.3 (rat renal cortex, n = 20), 14.4 +/- 6.1 (rabbit renal papilla, n = 15),
      and 11.8 +/- 3.4 (rabbit renal cortex, n = 8). In oocytes injected with mRNA from
      rat renal papilla, Pf was inhibited reversibly by 0.3 mM HgCl2 (4.1 +/- 1.6, n =
      10); expressed water channels from kidney and red cell had activation energies of
      less than 4 kcal/mol. These results show functional oocyte expression of water
      channels from red cell, kidney proximal tubule (cortex), and the vasopressin
      sensitive kidney collecting tubule (papilla), indicating that water channels are
      proteins, and providing an approach for the expression cloning of water channels.

PMID- 2394729
TI  - Characterization of a carbon monoxide complex of reduced dopamine beta
      hydroxylase. Evidence for inequivalence of the Cu(I) centers.
AB  - Ascorbate-reduced dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) is inhibited by CO in a
      competitive manner with respect to molecular O2. Measurement of the stoichiometry
      of CO binding indicates 0.50 CO bound per Cu(I), which provides the first
      evidence that the Cu(I) centers in the reduced enzyme are structurally
      inequivalent. FTIR spectroscopy has been used to detect an infrared absorption
      band characteristic of coordinated CO, with v(CO) = 2089 cm-1. Comparison of this
      frequency with those of other Cu(I)-carbonyls in both inorganic and protein
      systems suggests a coordination site with fewer or less basic ligands than the 3
      histidine site of carbon-monoxy hemocyanin.

PMID- 2394730
TI  - Rapid induction of thymosin beta 4 in concanavalin A-stimulated thymocytes by
      translational control.
AB  - The expression of thymosin beta 4, an ubiquitous peptide of high cellular
      content, was studied in concanavalin A-stimulated rat thymocytes within the first
      3 h after activation of the cells. An early 6.3-fold increase of the peptide
      occurred after 1 h of stimulation amounting to 0.4% of the total cellular
      protein. This increase coincided with that of thymosin beta 4 biosynthesis
      measured by [35S]methionine incorporation. The share of thymosin beta 4 synthesis
      in total protein synthesis 1 h after addition of concanavalin A amounts to 1% but
      no elevation of the corresponding mRNA was observed. These data suggest that a
      translational control mechanism is involved in this rapid induction.
      Consequently, actinomycin D did not inhibit thymosin beta 4 induction in contrast
      to cycloheximide. The peaks of maximal thymosin beta 4 levels and biosynthesis
      were followed by rapid decreases of these parameters suggesting a function of
      thymosin beta 4 in the early phase of T cell activation.

PMID- 2394731
TI  - Cellular energetics and the oxygen dependence of respiration in cardiac myocytes
      isolated from adult rat.
AB  - The oxygen dependence of mitochondrial respiration was investigated using
      suspensions of mitochondria and quiescent ventricular myocytes isolated from
      adult rat hearts. A new optical method was used to determine oxygen concentration
      in the suspending media. The P50 for respiration for coupled mitochondria at a
      high [ATP]/[ADP].[Pi] ratio and oxidizing glutamate/malate was 0.45 +/- 0.03
      microM but was increased to 0.57 +/- 0.02 microM by the addition of succinate to
      the substrate mixture. This value was decreased to less than 0.06 +/- 0.01 microM
      when the ATP/ADP.Pi ratio was decreased with the uncoupler, carbonyl cyanide p
      trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. The P50 value in resting myocytes was 2.23 +/-
      0.13 microM at a Vmax of 13.22 +/- 1.38 nmol of O2/g, dry weight/min. During
      resting conditions, the creatine phosphate/creatine and ATPfree/ADPfree ratios
      were high in these cells, 6.81 +/- 1.11 and 1131 +/- 185, respectively. Addition
      of 1 mM Ca2+ to the suspending media increased the P50 by 50% whereas respiration
      rose by only 10%. Respiratory rate was increased up to about 10-fold by
      uncoupling the cells, but the P50 increased by less than 3-fold. When these
      uncoupled cells were inhibited with Amytal to lower the rate of oxygen
      consumption to that of resting cells, the P50 fell to 1.25 +/- 0.14 microM.
      Diffusion models indicate that in resting myocytes, the oxygen concentration
      difference from sarcolemma to cell core was approximately 1.84 microM with an
      additional difference of about 0.27 microM attributed to the unstirred layer of
      media surrounding each cell. The intracellular oxygen diffusivity coefficient in
      myocytes was calculated to be 0.30 x 10(-5) cm2/s. The results show that the
      oxygen dependence of respiration is modulated by the cellular metabolic state. At
      near maximal levels of respiration or on recovery from hypoxic episodes, oxygen
      diffusion may become an important determinant of the oxygen dependence of
      myocardial respiration.

PMID- 2394732
TI  - Oxygen transport to respiring myocytes.

PMID- 2394733
TI  - An ATP-modulated specific association of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
      with human erythrocyte glucose transporter.
AB  - Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was found to bind in vitro to purified,
      human erythrocyte glucose transporter reconstituted into vesicles. Mild tryptic
      digestion of the glucose transporter totally inactivated the binding, suggesting
      that the cytoplasmic domain of the transporter is involved in the binding to
      glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The binding was abolished in the
      presence of antisera raised against the purified glucose transporter, further
      supporting specificity of this interaction. The binding was reversible with a
      dissociation constant (Kd) of 3.3 x 10(-6) M and a total capacity (Bt) of
      approximately 30 nmol/mg of protein indicating a stoichiometry of one enzyme
      tetramer per accessible transporter. The binding was sensitive to changes in pH
      showing an optimum at around pH 7.0. KCl and NaCl inhibited the binding in a
      simple dose-dependent manner with Ki of 40 and 20 mM, respectively. The binding
      was also inhibited by NAD+ with an estimated Ki of 3 mM. ATP, on the other hand,
      enhanced the binding by up to 3-fold in a dose-dependent manner with an apparent
      Ka of approximately 6 mM. The binding was not affected by D-glucose or
      cytochalasin B. The binding did not affect either the glucose or cytochalasin B
      in binding affinities or the transport activity of the transporter. However, the
      enzyme was inactivated totally upon binding to the transporter. Based on these
      findings, we suggest that a significant portion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
      dehydrogenase in human erythrocytes exists as an inactive form via an ATP
      dependent, reversible association with glucose transporter, and that this
      association may exert regulatory intervention on nucleotide metabolism in vitro.

PMID- 2394734
TI  - The effects of NADPH and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA on the thiol/disulfide
      redox behavior of rat liver microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase.
AB  - Microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase isolated from the livers of
      rats fed a diet containing cholestyramine (HMGR-C) is oxidized to a protein-SS
      protein disulfide via a thermodynamically favorable thiol/disulfide exchange in
      glutathione redox buffers which approach the normal in vivo redox poise. In the
      presence of either substrate (NADPH or 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA), the
      equilibrium thiol/disulfide redox behavior of HMGR-C is substantially different
      than that observed in the absence of substrates or in the presence of both
      substrates. NADPH present during redox equilibrium in a glutathione redox buffer
      decreases the equilibrium constant for formation of the protein-SS-protein
      disulfide (Kox,i) from 0.55 +/- 0.07 M to 0.18 +/- 0.02 M and increases the Kox,m
      for formation of an inactive protein-SS-glutathione mixed disulfide from less
      than 1 to 6 +/- 1. The presence of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA during redox
      equilibrium has a similar effect, decreasing the Kox,i for protein-SS-protein
      disulfide formation to 0.10 +/- 0.02 M and increasing the Kox,m for protein-SS
      glutathione mixed disulfide formation to 3.8 +/- 0.9. A three-state model is
      developed which describes the simultaneous accumulation of protein-SS-protein and
      protein-SS-glutathione mixed disulfides at redox equilibrium with glutathione
      redox buffers. Because of the different redox behavior of the free and substrate
      liganded forms of the enzyme, addition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA or NADPH
      to HMGR-C at redox equilibrium results in increased reduction and activation of
      the enzyme.

PMID- 2394735
TI  - Nerve growth factor and fibroblast growth factor selectively activate a protein
      kinase that phosphorylates high molecular weight microtubule-associated proteins.
      Detection, partial purification, and characterization in PC12 cells.
AB  - A cell-free assay has been developed to detect and characterize a nerve growth
      factor (NGF)-stimulated protein kinase activity in PC12 cells that phosphorylates
      high molecular weight microtubule-associated proteins (HMW-MAPs). The activity
      was partially purified and separated from other endogenous nonregulated HMW-MAP
      kinase activities by chromatography on heparin-Sepharose and Mono-Q resin.
      Characterization of the NGF-activated kinase (designated HMK) revealed the
      following features. 1) Both MAP1 and MAP2 are phosphorylated with approximately
      equal efficiencies. 2) Activation reaches a plateau within 3 min of NGF treatment
      and persists for approximately 60 min; subsequently, a substantial decline occurs
      by 5 h. 3) Maximal activation reaches 15-20-fold; activation is nearly as high
      with fibroblast growth factor, an agent that mimics NGF in promoting PC12 cell
      neuronal differentiation. 4) Epidermal growth factor and depolarizing levels of
      K+ stimulate HMK activity by only 2-4-fold; additional agents without PC12 cell
      differentiation activity (insulin, phorbol ester, and a permeant cAMP analogue)
      do not stimulate HMK activity. 5) The divalent cation requirement shows a
      preference for Mn2+ over Mg2+. 6) There is inhibition by 10 mM 2-aminopurine but
      not by 6-thioguanine, heparin, or NaF. 7) HMW-MAPs and myelin basic protein are
      effective substrates while histones IIIs and H1, dephospho-beta-casein, and S6
      protein are not phosphorylated by HMK. These and other features appear to
      distinguish HMK from a variety of other well-characterized protein kinases as
      well as from other previously described NGF-activated kinases. The properties of
      HMK indicate that it could play a role in the signaling pathway for growth-factor
      promoted neuronal differentiation.

PMID- 2394736
TI  - Use of amber suppressors to investigate the thermostability of Bacillus
      licheniformis alpha-amylase. Amino acid replacements at 6 histidine residues
      reveal a critical position at His-133.
AB  - A set of 12 Escherichia coli suppressor tRNAs, inserting different amino acids in
      response to an amber codon, has been used to create rapidly numerous protein
      variants of a thermostable amylase; by site-directed mutagenesis, amber mutations
      were first introduced into Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase gene at position
      His35, His133, His247, His293, His406, or His450; genes carrying one or two amber
      mutations were then expressed in the different suppressor strains, generating
      over 100 amylase variants with predicted amino acid changes that could be tested
      for thermostability. Within the detection limits of the assays, amino acid
      replacements at five histidine positions had no significant effect. In contrast,
      suppressed variants substituted at residue His133 clearly exhibited modified
      thermostability and could be either less stable or more stable than the wild-type
      amylase, depending on the amino acid inserted at this position; comparison of the
      variants indicates that the hydrophobicity of the substituting residue is an
      important but not a determinant factor of stabilization. The effect of the most
      stabilizing and destabilizing amino acid substitutions, His133 to Tyr and to Pro,
      respectively, were confirmed by introducing the corresponding missense mutations
      into the gene sequence. The advantages and limits of informational suppression in
      protein stability studies are discussed as well as structural features involved
      in the thermostability of B. licheniformis alpha-amylase.

PMID- 2394737
TI  - Evaluation of the double-quantum filter for the measurement of intracellular
      sodium concentration.
AB  - Evaluation of the double-quantum filter for sodium was performed on several
      sample series of bovine serum albumin in water. Both single-quantum (1Q) and
      double-quantum (2Q) measurements were obtained. The quality of the 2Q filter was
      found to be quite sensitive to pulse width setting. Ordinary 1Q measurements of
      sodium in albumin-containing solutions show 100% visibility. At high ionic
      strengths, the 2Q albumin results confirm earlier conclusions demonstrating the
      tendency for the albumin molecule to unfold under a variety of influences. At
      physiological sodium concentrations, the magnitude of the 2Q/1Q ratio is
      controlled not only by the concentration of albumin, but also by the solution pH.
      Non-zero, double-quantum signals were observed in physiological samples
      consisting of essentially intracellular material (packed red blood cells) as well
      as in extracellular material (plasma and urine). Measurements in human urine
      showed no 2Q signal. However, high-concentration NaCl solutions did produce real,
      measurable 2Q signals. Therefore, the 2Q filter does not measure intracellular
      sodium exclusively. Although packed red blood cells gave the highest 2Q/1Q ratio
      (8.5 x 10(-3), plasma gave a very considerable 2Q/1Q ratio (2.3 x 10(-3). Because
      of its relatively high extracellular concentration, extracellular sodium may give
      a greater absolute 2Q signal than intracellular sodium in unmodified tissue
      samples. Based on these data, we conclude that a 2Q filter will not provide a
      useful measurement of intracellular sodium in in vivo tissue samples.

PMID- 2394738
TI  - Cloning and expression of the human S100 beta gene.
AB  - S100 protein is a low molecular weight, EF-hand, Ca2(+)-binding protein widely
      distributed and conserved in the central nervous system of vertebrates. The gene
      coding for the beta subunit of human S100 protein (S100 beta) has been recently
      mapped to chromosome 21. In order to study the expression of this gene in normal
      and abnormal brain development, we have isolated and characterized overlapping
      genomic clones spanning the region coding for human S100 beta and its flanking
      sequences. The intron-exon organization of the human S100 beta gene is similar to
      that of the genes coding for several other members of the S100 protein subfamily
      of EF-hand proteins. The human S100 beta gene is composed of 3 exons, the first
      of which specifies the 5'-untranslated region, while the second and third each
      encode a single EF-hand, Ca2(+)-binding domain. The promoter region contains
      several potential regulatory transcription elements including the cAMP-responsive
      elements CRE and AP-2. A novel sequence motif, the S100 protein element, situated
      in close proximity to the TATA box of the genes of several members of the S100
      protein subfamily, has been identified. In addition, multiple repeats with
      similar nucleotide sequence and location to the recently reported beta globin
      direct repeat elements have been also found in the human S100 beta promoter. A
      full length (17.3 kilobases) copy of the human S100 beta gene was constructed and
      transfected into rat glioma C6 cells. Stable transfectants were shown to express
      correctly initiated transcripts of the human S100 beta gene, indicating that the
      cloned sequences contain functional regulatory transcription elements.

PMID- 2394739
TI  - Pulmonary fibroblasts: an in vitro model of emphysema. Regulation of elastin gene
      expression.
AB  - Disruption and degradation of interstitial elastic fibers are significant
      characteristics of pulmonary emphysema. In order to examine the responses of
      elastogenic cells to the conditions mimicking degradation of interstitial
      pulmonary elastin, rat pulmonary fibroblast cultures were used as an in vitro
      model. Second passage fibroblasts were divided into two different environmental
      situations to represent cells adjacent to and remote from the site of elastase
      digested matrix. One set of cell cultures was briefly digested with pancreatic
      elastase. The resultant digest was then added back incrementally to the medium of
      elastase-digested cell cultures and to the medium of a second set of undigested
      cultures. Both sets of cell cultures remained viable and metabolically active
      during these treatments (96 h of incubation) as judged by protein synthesis, cell
      number, and steady-state levels of beta-actin mRNA. However, the two sets of
      cultures exhibited opposite responses in elastin gene expression with addition of
      increasing amounts of the elastase digest. The elastase-digested cultures
      exhibited a 200% increase in extractable soluble elastin and a 186% increase in
      tropoelastin mRNA with the addition of increasing amounts of the elastase digest
      to the medium. Conversely, the amount of soluble elastin recovered from the
      undigested cultures decreased 75%, and the steady-state level of tropoelastin
      mRNA decreased 63%. Soluble elastin peptides generated from oxalic acid treatment
      of purified elastin were shown to decrease tropoelastin mRNA in undigested cell
      cultures in the same manner as the elastase digest. Based on these data, we
      propose that pulmonary fibroblast elastin gene expression can be controlled
      coordinately by the state of the extracellular matrix and solubilized peptides
      derived from that matrix. Such integrated regulation may serve to localize
      elastin repair mechanisms.

PMID- 2394740
TI  - Transmembrane movement of heme.
AB  - Evidence for CO-heme partitioning into and across lipid bilayers was obtained by
      kinetic and chromatographic studies. Biphasic time courses were observed when CO
      heme was rapidly mixed with unilamellar lipid vesicles in a stopped-flow
      spectrometer. The initial rapid phase depended linearly on lipid concentration
      and was assigned to heme partitioning between the external solvent phase and the
      outer lipid layer of the membranes. The rate of the second, much slower phase was
      independent of both heme and lipid concentration. The fraction of absorbance
      change associated with this slower phase increased with increasing heme to lipid
      ratios and reached a maximum of approximately 45%. A similar slow phase was
      observed when membrane-bound heme was reacted with apomyoglobin. In the presence
      of excess globin, all of the CO-heme was extracted from the membranes to form
      native CO myoglobin. Under these conditions, the fractional amount of absorbance
      change associated with the slow dissociation phase was approximately 45%,
      regardless of the heme to lipid ratio. These results suggest strongly that the
      slow phases represent transmembrane movement of heme, from the outer to the inner
      lipid layer in the association reactions and from the inner to the outer layer in
      dissociation reactions. The temperature dependence of the rate of CO-heme binding
      to the outer lipid layer was markedly different from that of transmembrane
      movement. The rate of the latter, slower process decreased greatly with
      increasing acyl chain length, whereas the rate of the initial binding process
      varied little with vesicle composition, as long as the membranes were examined
      above their melting temperatures. Finally, the two kinetically distinct bound
      heme fractions could be isolated directly by column chromatography.

PMID- 2394741
TI  - The effects of lipid composition on the rate and extent of heme binding to
      membranes.
AB  - The effects of membrane composition on heme binding to large unilamellar vesicles
      were examined using 30 separate phospholipid mixtures. Although there was some
      variation, most lecithins with Tm values less than or equal to 20 degrees C
      showed overall equilibrium partition constants equal to approximately 5 x 10(5)
      and association and dissociation partition rate constants equal to approximately
      3 x 10(6) s-1 and 7 s-1, respectively, for CO-heme binding at 30 degrees C. A
      sharp decrease in the association rate for CO-heme uptake was observed as the
      lipid vesicles changed from liquid-crystalline to the gel phase. The addition of
      dicetyl phosphate or dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol, which are negatively
      charged at neutral pH, decreased the affinity of the vesicles for CO-heme. The
      association rate and equilibrium partition constants for CO-heme uptake in
      unsaturated lecithins were unaffected by cholesterol content at levels up to
      40%/mol. The affinity of saturated dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles
      for CO-heme decreased with increasing cholesterol content at 30 degrees C. This
      effect appears to be related to the influence of cholesterol on the DMPC phase
      transition temperature (Tm) since at low temperatures (less than or equal to 20
      degrees C) little CO-heme binds to vesicles composed of DMPC even in the absence
      of cholesterol.

PMID- 2394742
TI  - The neuroendocrine polypeptide 7B2 is a precursor protein.
AB  - The neuroendocrine protein 7B2 is highly conserved and widely present in neurons
      and endocrine cells. It is coexpressed with the prohormone proopiomelanocortin
      (POMC) in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland of Xenopus laevis. To
      study the biosynthesis of 7B2 in this amphibian, an anti-7B2 monoclonal antibody
      was used in immunoprecipitation analysis of newly synthesized radiolabeled
      proteins, produced by pulse and pulse-chase-incubated neurointermediate lobes.
      Following a 15-min pulse incubation, a single immunoprecipitable protein of 25
      kDa was synthesized. During subsequent chase incubation, this newly synthesized
      7B2 protein was processed to an 18-kDa immunoprecipitable form. Analysis of the
      chase incubation medium revealed that only the 18-kDa processed product of 7B2,
      and not 7B2 itself, had been secreted. This secretion is a regulated process
      because it was blocked completely by the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine. A
      study of protein biosynthesis in lobes treated with tunicamycin to prevent N
      linked glycosylation showed that in contrast to POMC and an 18-kDa derivative of
      POMC, neither 7B2 nor its 18-kDa derivative was glycosylated. Chemical and
      enzymatic peptide mapping showed that processing of 7B2 occurs in the carboxyl
      terminal region. The function of the 7B2 protein is unknown; the present results
      show that 7B2 itself is a precursor molecule and can only have an intracellular
      function whereas an extracellular function can only be attributed to 7B2-derived
      peptides.

PMID- 2394743
TI  - Mechanism of dioxygen formation catalyzed by vanadium bromoperoxidase. Steady
      state kinetic analysis and comparison to the mechanism of bromination.
AB  - The steady state kinetic mechanism of the bromide-assisted disproportionation of
      hydrogen peroxide, forming dioxygen, catalyzed by vanadium bromoperoxidase has
      been investigated and compared to the mechanism of monochlorodimedone (MCD)
      bromination under conditions of 0.0125-6 mM H2O2, 1-500 mM Br-, and pH 4.55-6.52.
      Under these conditions, 50 microM MCD was sufficient to inhibit at least 90% of
      the dioxygen formation during MCD bromination. The rate data is consistent with a
      substrate-inhibited Bi Bi Ping Pong mechanism, in which the substrate bromide, is
      also an inhibitor at pH 4.55 and 5.25, but not at pH 5.91 and 6.52. The kinetic
      parameter KmBr, KmH2O2, KisBr, and KiiBr determined for the reactions of bromide
      assisted disproportionation fo hydrogen peroxide and MCD bromination are similar,
      indicating that the mechanisms of both reactions occur via the formation of a
      common intermediate, the formation of which is rate-limiting. Fluoride is a
      competitive inhibitor with respect to hydrogen peroxide in both reactions at pH
      6.5. At high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, the bromide-assisted
      disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide occurs during the bromination of MCD. The
      sum of the rates of MCD bromination and dioxygen formation during MCD bromination
      is equal to the rate of dioxygen formation in the absence of MCD. The
      apportionment of the reaction through the MCD bromination and dioxygen formation
      pathways depends on pH, with much lower hydrogen peroxide concentrations causing
      significant dioxygen formation at higher pH.

PMID- 2394744
TI  - Protein kinase C heterogeneity in GH4C1 rat pituitary cells. Characterization of
      a Ca2(+)-independent phorbol ester receptor.
AB  - Clonal GH4C1 rat pituitary cells are heterogeneous with respect to phorbol
      dibutyrate receptors (PDBu-R) and protein kinase C (PKC) content. GH cell PDBu-Rs
      can be separated into two categories based on Ca2(+)-modulation of receptor
      affinity. Approximately 70% of the cytosolic PDBu-Rs demonstrate Ca2(+)-sensitive
      receptor affinity and redistribute from the soluble to the particulate fraction
      in the presence of excess Ca2+. The other 30% of the receptors remain in the
      cytosol in the presence of excess Ca2+. Their receptor affinity is Ca2(+)
      independent. Northern blot hybridization and immunoblot analysis showed that
      GH4C1 cells express Ca2(+)-independent epsilon-PKC as well as Ca2(+)-dependent
      alpha- and beta-PKCs. Cell lysis in Ca2+ caused the redistribution of greater
      than 95% of alpha- and beta-PKC to the particulate fraction, whereas
      approximately 90% of the epsilon-PKC remained in the cytosol. In contrast, brief
      treatment of GH cell cultures with PDBu or thyrotropin-releasing hormone caused
      redistribution of all three isozymes. Prolonged treatment with PDBu down
      modulated all three isozymes but at different rates and to different extents. In
      contrast, prolonged thyrotropin-releasing hormone treatment selectively down
      modulated epsilon-PKC. These results demonstrate that GH cells have both Ca2(+)
      sensitive and -insensitive PKCs and PDBu-Rs and that both populations are
      regulated by agonists that control prolactin synthesis and secretion by these
      cells.

PMID- 2394745
TI  - Selective adenosine release from human B but not T lymphoid cell line.
AB  - Intracellular adenosine formation and release to extracellular space was studied
      in WI-L2-B and SupT1-T lymphoblasts under conditions which induce or do not
      induce ATP catabolism. Under induced conditions, B lymphoblasts but not T
      lymphoblasts, release significant amounts of adenosine, which are markedly
      elevated by adenosine deaminase inhibitors. In T lymphoblasts, under induced
      conditions, only simultaneous inhibition of both adenosine deaminase activity and
      adenosine kinase activities resulted in small amounts of adenosine release. Under
      noninduced conditions, neither B nor T lymphoblasts release adenosine, even in
      the presence of both adenosine deaminase or adenosine kinase inhibitors.
      Comparison of B and T cell's enzyme activities involved in adenosine metabolism
      showed similar activity of AMP deaminase, but the activities of AMP-5'
      nucleotidase, adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase differ significantly. B
      lymphoblasts release adenosine because of their combination of enzyme activities
      which produce or utilize adenosine (high AMP-5'-nucleotidase and relatively low
      adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase activities). Accelerated ATP degradation
      in B lymphoblasts proceeds not only via AMP deamination, but also via AMP
      dephosphorylation into adenosine but its less efficient intracellular utilization
      results in the release of adenosine from these cells. In contrast, T lymphoblasts
      release far less adenosine, because they contain relatively low AMP-5'
      nucleotidase and high adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase activities. In T
      lymphoblasts, AMP formed during ATP degradation is not readily dephosphorylated
      to adenosine but mainly deaminated to IMP by AMP deaminase. Any adenosine formed
      intracellularly in T lymphoblasts is likely to be efficiently salvaged back to
      AMP by an active adenosine kinase. In general, these results may suggest that
      adenosine can be produced only by selective cells (adenosine producers) whereas
      other cells with enzyme combination similar to SupT1-T lymphoblasts can not
      produce significant amounts of adenosine even in stress conditions.

PMID- 2394746
TI  - Purification and complete amino acid sequence of a new type of sweet protein
      taste-modifying activity, curculin.
AB  - A new taste-modifying protein named curculin was extracted with 0.5 M NaCl from
      the fruits of Curculigo latifolia and purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation,
      CM-Sepharose ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. Purified curculin
      thus obtained gave a single band having a Mr of 12,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 8 M urea. The molecular
      weight determined by low-angle laser light scattering was 27,800. These results
      suggest that native curculin is a dimer of a 12,000-Da polypeptide. The complete
      amino acid sequence of curculin was determined by automatic Edman degradation.
      Curculin consists of 114 residues. Curculin itself elicits a sweet taste. After
      curculin, water elicits a sweet taste, and sour substances induce a stronger
      sense of sweetness. No protein with both sweet-tasting and taste-modifying
      activities has ever been found. There are five sets of tripeptides common to
      miraculin (a taste-modifying protein), six sets of tripeptides common to
      thaumatin (a sweet protein), and two sets of tripeptides common to monellin (a
      sweet protein). Anti-miraculin serum was not immunologically reactive with
      curculin. The mechanism of the taste-modifying action of curculin is discussed.

PMID- 2394747
TI  - Cell type specificity and activation requirements for NFAT-1 (nuclear factor of
      activated T-cells) transcriptional activity determined by a new method using
      transgenic mice to assay transcriptional activity of an individual nuclear
      factor.
AB  - Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT-1) is a transcription factor which is
      considered to be an important regulator in early T-cell activation. We have
      developed a system to monitor the transcriptional activity of NFAT-1 at the
      single cell level in whole animals. The system is based on the use of an
      oligomerized NFAT-1 binding motif that directs transcription of SV40 T-antigen in
      transgenic mice. This report represents the first demonstration that a
      multimerized short binding motif can function appropriately in transgenic mice.
      NFAT-1 activity had previously been thought to be confined to activated T
      lymphocytes upon release of intracellular calcium. By targeting NFAT-1-dependent
      gene expression in transgenic mice we discovered new sites of NFAT-1 activity.
      Besides in T-lymphocytes NFAT-1 activity could also be induced in T-lymphocyte
      depleted spleen cells and purified B-lymphocytes and requires agents that both
      release intracellular calcium and activate protein kinase C. A difference in the
      time course of appearance of NFAT-1 activity between T-lymphocytes and non-T
      lymphocytes was revealed. Constitutive expression was observed in a small
      population of cells in the dermis and some mice have developed skin lesions.
      Interestingly, the tissue pattern of expression of the NFAT-1 activity resembles
      the expression pattern described for HIV-LTR/tat transgenic mice (Vogel, J.,
      Hinrichs, S. H., Reynolds, R. K., Luciw, P. A., and Jay, G. (1988) Nature 335,
      606-611). This similarity in expression and the fact that NFAT-1 has been shown
      to bind functional sequences in HIV-LTR suggest a role for NFAT-1 in dermal
      activation of the HIV-LTR.

PMID- 2394748
TI  - Tertiary structure of oxidized flavodoxin from an eukaryotic red alga Chondrus
      crispus at 2.35-A resolution. Localization of charged residues and implication
      for interaction with electron transfer partners.
AB  - The crystal structure of the oxidized form of a flavodoxin from an eukaryotic red
      alga, Chondrus crispus, has been determined by multiple isomorphous replacement
      and anomalous scattering methods. A model of the 173 residues and flavin
      mononucleotide (FMN) has been refined by a restrained least squares method to a
      crystallographic R-factor of 22.6% using 6236 reflections between 6.0 and 2.35 A
      with F greater than 3 sigma F. This molecule has a sheet consisting of five
      parallel beta-strands with two alpha-helices on one side of the sheet and three
      on the other side, and has a (beta alpha)5 structure. The molecule incorporates a
      substantial insertion in beta 5, as in Anacystis nidulans flavodoxin, which
      distinguishes these flavodoxins from the short-chain type. The isoalloxazine ring
      of FMN is sandwiched between the side chains of Trp-56 and Tyr-98, with its C-7
      and C-8 methyl groups being exposed to solvent. The phosphate group of FMN is
      located at the N-terminal end of alpha 1, and forms extensive hydrogen bonds with
      the loop (T8-T13) between beta 1 and alpha 1 of the protein. Six of the total 11
      lysine residues are clustered at the opposing face to the FMN-binding site, while
      about two-thirds of the total 35 acidic residues are located in the half of the
      molecule which includes the FMN-binding site. Such localization of charged
      residues produces a dipole within the molecule, which may be important in its
      recognition of the other proteins participating in electron transfer reactions.

PMID- 2394749
TI  - A retinoic acid-inducible mRNA from F9 teratocarcinoma cells encodes a novel
      protease inhibitor homologue.
AB  - We have previously isolated several cDNA clones specific for mRNA species that
      increase in abundance during the retinoic acid-associated differentiation of F9
      teratocarcinoma stem cells. One of these mRNAs, J6, encodes a approximately 40
      kDa protein as assayed by hybrid selection and in vitro translation (Wang, S.-Y.,
      LaRosa, G., and Gudas, L. J. (1985) Dev. Biol. 107, 75-86). The time course of J6
      mRNA expression is similar to those of both laminin B1 and collagen IV (alpha 1)
      messages following retinoic acid addition. To address the functional role of this
      protein, we have isolated a full-length cDNA clone complementary to this
      approximately 40-kDa protein mRNA. Sequence analysis reveals an open reading
      frame of 406 amino acids (Mr 45,652). The carboxyl-terminal portion of this
      predicted protein contains a region that is homologous to the reactive sites
      found among members of the serpin (serine protease inhibitor) family. The
      predicted reactive site (P1-P1') of this J6 protein is Arg-Ser, which is the same
      as that of antithrombin III. Like ovalbumin and human monocyte-derived
      plasminogen activator inhibitor (mPAI-2), which are members of the serpin gene
      family, the J6 protein appears to have no typical amino-terminal signal sequence.

PMID- 2394750
TI  - Role of ceramide as a lipid mediator of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced HL
      60 cell differentiation.
AB  - The treatment of HL-60 myelocytic leukemia cells with 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin
      D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) resulted in the activation of a neutral sphingomyelinase and in
      sphingomyelin turnover (Okazaki, T., Bell, R., and Hannun, Y. (1989) J. Biol.
      Chem. 264, 19076-19080). In this paper, the effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on the
      product of sphingomyelin hydrolysis, ceramide, and the possible function of
      ceramide as a lipid mediator of the effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on HL-60 cell
      differentiation were investigated. Treatment of HL-60 cells with 1,25-(OH)2D3
      resulted in a time- and dose-dependent increase in ceramide mass levels. Ceramide
      levels peaked at 2 h following treatment of HL-60 cells with 100 nM 1,25-(OH)2D3
      with an increase of 41% over base line. The mass of generated ceramide (13 +/- 2
      pmol/nmol of phospholipid) agreed with the mass of hydrolyzed sphingomyelin (17
      +/- 4 pmol/nmol of phospholipid). Cell-permeable ceramides with shorter N-acyl
      chains induced HL-60 cell differentiation at subthreshold concentrations of 1,25
      (OH)2D3. Higher concentrations of cell-permeable ceramides potently induced HL-60
      cell differentiation independent of 1,25-(OH)2D3. A 2-h exposure of HL-60 cells
      to N-acetyl-sphingosine was sufficient to cause differentiation. Morphologically,
      N-acetylsphingosine caused a similar monocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells as
      did 1,25-(OH)2D3. Exogenous ceramide was further metabolized to sphingomyelin and
      other sphingolipids, but no conversion to sphingosine was detected. Moreover,
      sphingosine and its analogs failed to affect monocytic differentiation of HL-60
      cells in response to subthreshold 1,25-(OH)2D3, indicating that the effect of
      ceramide was independent of sphingosine generation. These studies demonstrate
      that ceramide is a lipid mediator that may transduce the action of 1,25-(OH)2D3
      on HL-60 cell differentiation.

PMID- 2394751
TI  - Induction and superinduction of auxin-responsive mRNAs with auxin and protein
      synthesis inhibitors.
AB  - We have identified a class of small mRNAs (approximately 0.5 kilobases), referred
      to as small auxin-up RNAs (SAURs), that increases in abundance within minutes
      after auxin application to excised elongating hypocotyl sections of soybean. In
      this study, we present evidence that SAURs accumulate in the absence of auxin
      when protein synthesis is inhibited. Superinduction of SAURs occurs if the
      synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is added under conditions where
      protein synthesis is inhibited. Transcription run-on experiments with isolated
      nuclei show that, unlike 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, protein synthesis
      inhibitors do not activate transcription of the SAUR genes. These results suggest
      that protein synthesis inhibitors act by stabilizing SAURs and that some labile
      protein(s) are involved in the rapid turnover of SAURs. This stabilization is not
      observed with GH3, another auxin-inducible mRNA. Whether induced with 2,4
      dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or cycloheximide, SAURs are primarily expressed in
      epidermal and cortical cells of elongating hypocotyl sections, with little or no
      expression in vascular tissue. Unlike 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-induced SAUR
      accumulation, the increase in abundance of SAURs induced by cycloheximide is
      transient, with a peak approximately 1 h after inhibitor addition. Complete
      inhibition of protein synthesis is not required for SAUR accumulation in the
      presence of protein synthesis inhibitors.

PMID- 2394753
TI  - Mitochondrial creatine kinase from chicken brain. Purification, biophysical
      characterization, and generation of heterodimeric and heterooctameric molecules
      with subunits of other creatine kinase isoenzymes.
AB  - In a recent study it has been shown that mitochondrial creatine kinase from
      chicken brain (Mia-CK) and heart (Mib-CK) are two distinct isoenzymes differing
      in ten out of the thirty N-terminal amino acids (Hossle, J.P., Schlegel, J.,
      Wegmann, G., Wyss, M., Bohlen, P., Eppenberger, H.M., Wallimann, T., and Perriard
      J.C. (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 151, 408-416). The present article
      describes the purification and biophysical characterization of the mitochondrial
      creatine kinase isoenzyme from chicken brain (Mia-CK). Gel permeation
      chromatography, direct mass measurements of individual molecules by scanning
      transmission electron microscopy, and analytical ultracentrifugation confirmed
      the existence of two different oligomeric forms, dimeric and octameric Mia-CK,
      with molecular masses of 85 kDa and 306-352 kDa and with sedimentation constants
      of 4.9-5.3 and 11.6-12.0 S, respectively. In addition, it was tested if Mia- and
      Mib-CK can form heterodimeric and heterooctameric molecules with subunits of
      other CK isoenzymes. By denaturation in urea or guanidine hydrochloride and
      subsequent renaturation, MiaMib-CK and surprisingly also MiaM-CK heterodimers
      could be generated. In contrast, no heterodimers were obtained between Mib- and M
      or B-CK. Furthermore, reoctamerization of a mixture of Mia- and Mib-CK
      homodimers led to the formation of MiaMib-CK heterooctamers. In these
      heterooctamers, the Mia- and Mib-CK homodimers remained the fundamental building
      blocks. No subunit exchange between adjacent dimers within the heterooctamer
      could be observed even after storage for 3 months at 4 degrees C. The relevance
      of these data on the structural organization of the Mi-CK octamer and on the
      physiological aspects of tissue-specific isoenzyme expression are discussed.

PMID- 2394752
TI  - Protein kinase A phosphorylates retinal phosducin on serine 73 in situ.
AB  - Photoreceptors of vertebrate retinas contain a 33,000-dalton phosphoprotein,
      phosducin, which complexes with the beta, gamma subunits of the photoreceptor G
      protein (guanine nucleotide-binding protein), transducin. In situ, the retinal
      content of phosphorylated phosducin is modulated by light in conjunction with
      light-triggered changes in intracellular cyclic nucleotide concentration. In
      vitro, phosducin is phosphorylated by either exogenous or endogenous protein
      kinase A. 32P-Labeled rat retina phosducin was isolated by immunoprecipitation
      either after phosphorylation by protein kinase A in the presence of [gamma
      32P]ATP or after incubation of retinas in darkness with 32Pi. In either case,
      phosphoamino acid analysis showed that greater than 98% of 32P was linked to
      serine, with less than 2% to threonine. Two-dimensional peptide mapping showed
      that [32P]phosphoserine was associated with the same characteristic set of
      tryptic peptides. Furthermore, Cleveland peptide analysis using four different
      proteases showed that either sample exhibited identical patterns of
      phosphopeptides which were characteristic of the protease used. Identical
      phosphopeptide maps were also obtained from 32P-labeled bovine retina phosducin,
      indicating that the serine phosphorylation site for protein kinase A is conserved
      between rat and bovine. Edman degradation of phosphopeptides derived from 32P
      labeled bovine phosducin showed that radioactive phosphate was incorporated into
      serine residue 73 which is located within a consensus phosphorylation sequence
      for protein kinase A (-R-K-M-S73(P)-). These observations are uniformly in
      agreement with protein kinase A being the endogenous kinase that phosphorylates
      phosducin in vivo.

PMID- 2394754
TI  - Proteoglycan biosynthesis by human corneas from patients with types 1 and 2
      macular corneal dystrophy.
AB  - Corneal buttons were obtained from patients with types 1 and 2 macular corneal
      dystrophy (MCD) and from control patients with Fuchs' dystrophy or keratoconus.
      Buttons were incubated for 20 h in the presence of [3H]glucosamine or [2
      3H]mannose. Radiolabeled proteoglycans and lactosaminoglycan-glycoproteins (L
      GPs) were purified using chromatography on Q-Sepharose, Superose 6, and octyl
      Sepharose. They were identified using chondroitinase ABC, keratanase or endo-beta
      galactosidase digestion, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis or Superose 6 chromatography. This study confirms previous
      reports that type 1 MCD corneas synthesize a normal dermatan sulfate-proteoglycan
      (DS-PG) and an abnormal keratan sulfate-proteoglycan (KS-PG). The data indicate
      that typ 1 MCD corneas synthesize L-GP instead of KS-PG. This L-GP has a core
      protein of similar hydrophobicity (elution from octyl-Sepharose) and nearly
      similar mass (42 kDa) as the core protein of the KS-PG. It has identical
      glycoconjugates as those of the KS-PG except that they lack sulfate. Thus, type 1
      MCD fails to synthesize keratan sulfate as a result of a defect in a
      sulfotransferase specific for sulfating lactosaminoglycans. Further,
      proteoglycans synthesized by a cornea from a patient with type 2 MCD were
      studied. This cornea synthesized a normal ratio of KS-PG to DS-PG although net
      synthesis of proteoglycans was approximately 30% below normal. The KS-PG appeared
      normal whereas the DS-PG had dermatan sulfate chains that were approximately 40%
      shorter than normal.

PMID- 2394755
TI  - The structure and regulation of expression of the murine fast skeletal troponin C
      gene. Identification of a developmentally regulated, muscle-specific
      transcriptional enhancer.
AB  - Fast skeletal muscle troponin C (sTnC) is the calcium-binding subunit of the
      myofibrillar thin filament that regulates excitation-contraction coupling.
      Utilizing a polymerase chain reaction cloning strategy, we have isolated cDNA
      clones encoding murine sTnC. The 160-amino acid sTnC protein shares 70% amino
      acid sequence identity with the slow/cardiac isoform of troponin C (cTnC).
      However, three areas of significant sequence divergence were identified. Southern
      blot analyses demonstrated that murine sTnC is encoded by a single copy gene that
      is distinct from that which encodes cTnC. Northern blot analyses showed that the
      sTnC gene is expressed exclusively in skeletal muscle (extensor digitorum and
      anterior tibialis) and not in neonatal or adult heart, brain, kidney, liver,
      lung, or testes. Studies of the murine C2C12 myoblast cell line demonstrated that
      sTnC gene expression is developmentally regulated during the differentiation of
      these myoblasts into myotubes. A full-length murine sTnC genomic clone was
      isolated and characterized by DNA sequence, primer extension, and S1 nuclease
      protection analyses. The sTnC gene is composed of six exons spanning 2.6 kilobase
      pairs of genomic DNA. Although the introns do not divide the gene into functional
      domains, the intron-exon borders are nearly identical to those of the other
      members of the troponin C multigene family. Transient transfection assays using
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter plasmids demonstrated that the sTnC
      promoter alone is relatively inactive in muscle cells and that high level sTnC
      gene expression in these cells is controlled by a potent transcriptional enhancer
      element located within the first intron of the gene. In additional transfection
      experiments, the sTnC enhancer was shown to display three important biological
      activities. (i) It was required for high level transcription from the sTnC
      promoter in muscle cells; (ii) its activity was muscle cell specific; and (iii)
      its activity was developmentally regulated during the differentiation of C2C12
      myoblasts to myotubes. Taken together, these data define the sTnC gene as an
      excellent model system for studies of developmentally regulated gene expression
      in skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2394756
TI  - Protein disulfide-isomerase in rat exocrine pancreatic cells is exported from the
      endoplasmic reticulum despite possessing the retention signal.
AB  - Recently we found by immunogold electron microscopy that protein disulfide
      isomerase (PDI), a major resident protein in the lumen of the endoplasmic
      reticulum (ER) of many cells, is exceptionally localized in rat exocrine
      pancreatic cells not only in the ER but also in plasma membranes and other
      organelles along secretory pathway (Akagi, S., Yamamoto, A., Yoshimori, T.,
      Masaki, R., Ogawa, R., and Tashiro, Y. (1988) J. Histochem. Cytochem. 36, 1069
      1074). These observations suggest that another type of PDI, e.g. one with a
      defective ER retention signal, might exist and be transported in the exocrine
      pancreatic cells. We therefore compared biochemical and immunochemical properties
      of the transported PDI with the authentic ER resident PDI. Sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, peptide mapping, urea-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing showed that the former was
      indistinguishable from the latter. We prepared a polyclonal antibody against the
      synthetic hexapeptide, which corresponds to the carboxyl terminus of PDI
      containing the putative ER retention signal "KDEL." The epitopes of this antibody
      (anti-KDEL antibody) were located within the KDEL sequence. Anti-KDEL antibody
      reacted with PDI in both the plasma membranes and the ER of rat pancreatic cells
      in immunoblot analysis as well as in immunogold electron microscopy. These
      results suggest that PDI exported from the ER to the plasma membranes in rat
      exocrine pancreatic cells possesses the KDEL sequence.

PMID- 2394757
TI  - Extensive interference of DNA packaging processes affected by chemotherapeutic
      drugs.
AB  - The therapeutic and cytotoxic effects exerted by DNA-binding drugs used for
      chemotherapy originate from a rather large variety of modifications sustained by
      the nucleic acids upon interaction with the chemical agents. Notably, these
      modifications are generally considered as involving the following localized
      chemical or structural processes: base alkylations, frameshift mutations or
      strand breakages at specific sites, interstrand cross-links, and local structural
      transitions within the secondary configurations. We find that antitumor agents
      hinder or prevent altogether the long range packaging of DNA molecules into
      compact, ordered states. This effect, observed even at low drug to base pair
      ratios, is general: it is induced by DNA groove binders as well as by
      intercalators. Nucleoprotein complexes are found to be efficiently protected
      against the decondensing effect of the drugs. These observations point toward a
      generic mechanism for the effectiveness of DNA-binding drugs against tumor cells
      and viruses as well as for the severe effects of chemotherapy on male fertility:
      actively dividing systems, such as tumor cells, are characterized by regions of
      chromatin which are decondensed for the purpose of replication and transcription,
      and therefore accessible to the drugs. Similarly, both viral infection and
      spermatogenesis, where histones are replaced by protamines, involve transient
      formation of relatively uncondensed DNA species and subsequent packaging into
      extremely tight structures.

PMID- 2394759
TI  - In vitro degradation of glycine/DL-lactic acid copolymers.
AB  - The in vitro degradation of glycine-DL-lactic acid copolymers was studied as a
      function of the composition. These polydepsipeptides were prepared by ring
      opening copolymerization of 6-methyl-2,5-morpholinedione and DL-lactide. The
      degradation of discs of the copolymers was performed in a phosphate buffer at pH
      7.4 and 37 degrees C. The decrease in molecular weight and weight was determined
      until complete weight loss had occurred. Poly(DL-lactide) was used as a reference
      material. All (co)-polymers show an immediate decrease in molecular weight,
      whereas the weight remains almost unchanged during a longer period of time.
      Decrease in weight started earlier as the glycine content of the co-polymer
      increased. The lactic acid content of the residual material increased during the
      weight loss showing a higher solubility of polymer fragments with a relatively
      high content of glycine residues. From the hydrolysis constants it was concluded
      that the degradation was best described by hydrolysis of ester bonds via a bulk
      erosion process, autocatalyzed by the generated carboxylic acid end groups. The
      rate constants varied from 4-7 X 10(-2) (day-1) for all (co)polymers. All
      (co)polymers show an increase in the molecular weight distribution upon weight
      loss.

PMID- 2394758
TI  - Structural and functional characterization of a splicing mutation in the pro
      alpha 2(I) collagen gene of an Ehlers-Danlos type VII patient.
AB  - A splicing mutation in the pro-alpha 2(I) collagen gene of a patient with Ehlers
      Danlos syndrome type VII has been characterized. Protein microsequencing of
      peptides prepared from the patient's dermal collagen identified an interstitial
      deletion of 18 residues. The deleted segment corresponds to the amino-terminal
      telopeptide junction domain encoded by the sixth exon of the pro-alpha 2(I)
      collagen gene. Sequencing of specifically primed cDNA clones confirmed the
      presence of two distinct populations of pro-alpha 2(I) mRNAs, a normal one and
      another which lacks the sequences of exon 6. Limited sequencing of genomic clones
      showed that one of the pro-alpha 2(I) alleles displays a conservative change in
      the seventh codon of exon 6 (GAC for GAT), and a base substitution at position +1
      of intron 6 (A for G). Since the normal transcript contains the GAT codon, the
      intronic change was associated with the allele that gives rise to the shortened
      pro-alpha 2(I) collagen mRNA. The two allelic fragments were subcloned into an
      expression vector and the pattern of splice-site selection for exons 5-8 was
      assessed for each of the constructs after transfection into COS cells. This
      documented skipping of exon 6 sequences only in transcripts of the minigene
      construct that harbors the G to A transition. Expression of allelic cross
      constructs confirmed that the single-base substitution at position +1 of intron 6
      is the mutation responsible for the abnormal joining of exons 5 and 7 sequences
      in the patient's shortened pro-alpha 2(I)mRNA.

PMID- 2394760
TI  - Dynamic mechanical properties of multiphase acrylic systems.
AB  - The influence of type and quantity of five different dimethacrylate crosslinking
      agents on the dynamic mechanical properties of multiphase acrylic systems has
      been studied. These materials, commonly used in bioengineering, were processed by
      polymerization of a mixture of liquid methacrylate monomers, and poly(methyl
      methacrylate) powder. The specimens were made with various ratios of methyl
      methacrylate and dimethacrylate crosslinking agents in the monomer liquid. Two
      different processing conditions were used, heat-polymerization at 100 degrees C
      and autopolymerization at 45 degrees C. By using a forced torsional vibration
      apparatus the storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G"), and dissipation factor
      (tan delta) were determined over the temperature range -60 degrees C to 140
      degrees C at frequencies of 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100 rad/s. In the autopolymerized
      materials, the glass transition temperature (Tg), as determined via tan delta
      data, increased with increasing quantities of crosslinking agents. The storage
      modulus likewise increased. In the heat-polymerized materials only minor
      variations in modulus and tan delta with type and quantity of crosslinking agents
      were observed. Tg values of the heat-polymerized materials were, in all cases,
      greater than those of the autopolymerized materials.

PMID- 2394761
TI  - Mechanical property studies of human gallstones.
AB  - The recent development of gallstone fragmentation methods has increased the
      significance of the study of the mechanical properties of human gallstones. In
      the present work, fracture strength data and microhardness values of gallstones
      of various chemical compositions are presented as tested in both dry and
      simulated bile environments. Generally, both gallstone hardness and fracture
      strength values were significantly less than kidney stone values found in
      previous studies. However, a single calcium carbonate stone was found to have an
      outer shell hardness exceeding those values found for kidney stones. Diametral
      compression measurements in simulated bile conclusively demonstrated low
      gallstone fracture strength as well as brittle fracture in the stones tested.
      Based on the results of this study, one may conclude that the wide range of
      gallstone microhardnesses found may explain the reported difficulties previous
      investigators have experienced using various fragmentation techniques on specific
      gallstones. Moreover, gallstone mechanical properties may be relatively sensitive
      to bile-environment composition.

PMID- 2394762
TI  - Differential effects of eight metal ions on lymphocyte differentiation antigens
      in vitro.
AB  - In vitro studies were conducted to determine the effects of metal ions known to
      be released from metallic implants in vivo on the expression of lymphocyte
      surface antigens. Normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to
      various concentrations of metal ions (Fe3+, Ni2+, Co2+, Mo6+, V5+, Cr6+, Cr3+,
      and Ti3+) for 30 min at 37 degrees C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere, and then analyzed
      for their ability to form rosettes with sheep red blood cells. Following this
      preliminary analysis, lymphocytes were exposed to the metal ions found to inhibit
      the E-rosette reaction (Fe3+, Ni2+, and Co2+) in order to determine which of the
      following surface antigens were affected: CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD1, CD22, CD10,
      and HLA-DR. Our results showed that the in vitro treatment of lymphocytes with
      Fe3+ or Co2+ caused inhibition of CD2 only, whereas Ni2+ caused inhibition of
      both CD2 and CD3 antigens. These findings suggest that Fe3+, Co2+, and Ni2+ ions
      may interfere with T cell activation since both CD2 and CD3 are involved in that
      process.

PMID- 2394763
TI  - Reduced thrombogenicity of polymers having phospholipid polar groups.
AB  - The thrombogenicity of polymers having a phospholipid polar group, poly(2
      methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)-co-n-butyl methacrylate (BMA)), was
      evaluated by a microsphere-column method with attention to the activation and
      adhesion of platelets on the polymer surface. When citrated platelet-rich plasma
      (PRP) contacted with the polymers, a large number of platelets adhered and
      aggregated on poly(BMA). The number of adherent platelets decreased and
      deformation and aggregation were suppressed with increasing MPC composition. The
      same tendency was noted when Ca2(+)-re-added PRP came in contact with the
      polymers. In the case of poly(MPC-co-BMA) with 0.320 mole fraction of MPC,
      activation of platelets and formation of fibrin were completely suppressed.
      Therefore, MPC moieties in the polymer play an important role in the reduction of
      thrombogenicity of the polymer.

PMID- 2394764
TI  - Hard tissue replacement (HTR) polymer as an implant material.
AB  - This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a synthetic implant material
      Hard Tissue Replacement polymer (HTR) for: (1) compatibility with bone and soft
      tissues, (2) capacity to physically attach to bone and soft tissues, and (3)
      capacity for bone induction and metaplasia. HTR was implanted for a 3-week test
      period in femur bones, connective tissue, and skeletal muscle of 15 Sprague
      Dawley descent rats for histological examination and implanted in bone in 6 rats
      for infrared absorption analyses to determine the presence of new bone.
      Compatibility (defined as absence of significant inflammation) was present in
      13/14 (93%) bone sites, 7/9 (78%) connective tissue, and 4/4 (100%) muscle sites.
      Physical attachment of HTR occurred in 10/14 (71%) bone sites, 4/9 (44%)
      connective tissue, and 1/7 (14%) muscle sites. Density of new bone appeared to be
      greater with HTR than in controls. However, no metaplastic bone was formed in
      nonbony sites indicating that this material is nonosteogenic. These preliminary
      findings demonstrated the effectiveness of HTR as an implant material.

PMID- 2394765
TI  - In vitro properties of crosslinked, reconstituted collagen sheets.
AB  - Reconstituted, 100-microns-thick collagen sheets were crosslinked with either UV
      light, chromium, or cysteine for use as a burn covering. The sheets were also
      exposed to a "surface agent" (hydroxyproline, fibronectin, or soluble basement
      membrane matrix containing Type IV collagen) as a preliminary step in planned
      adherence studies. Since some chemicals render the collagen toxic, the modified
      sheets were tested for cytotoxicity using human keratinocytes and fibroblasts.
      Autoradiography and 3H-thymidine incorporation were used to quantitate the
      proliferative rate of these cells in vitro. There was a universal depression of
      keratinocyte incorporation of 3H-thymidine following a 1-day exposure to any
      collagen sheet when compared to cells not exposed to any collagen. This effect
      had lessened by 5 days' exposure to the collagen. Conversely, the fibroblasts the
      collagen. Conversely, the fibroblasts showed an enhancement in rate of
      incorporation after 1-day exposure, especially for cells exposed to collagen
      sheets cross-linked by UV light. This effect had also lessened by 5 days'
      exposure. Autoradiography showed few significant variations for any of the cells
      exposed for either time period. Chromium leaching was determined, with no values
      greater than 30% of the allowable maximum set by both the British and American
      Pharmacopeia.

PMID- 2394766
TI  - Breakdown corrosion potential of ceramic coated metal implants.

PMID- 2394767
TI  - Release and detection of dental corrosion products in vivo: development of an
      experimental model in rabbits.
AB  - An experimental animal model was developed to investigate the release of metal
      ions from nonprecious dental alloys. Cast specimens of five Ni-Cr-alloys and Co
      Cr-alloys were implanted intramuscularly in rabbits for periods of 2, 4, 8, and
      12 weeks. The concentrations of nickel, chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum in the
      implant-loaded muscles were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption
      spectrometry (AAS) and neutron activation analysis (NAA). Reference muscle
      samples of each animal were analyzed to determine the individual control values.
      Significant increases in the tissue concentrations of these metals occurred in
      the immediate vicinity of the implants. Concentration gradients of the corrosion
      products were found between the implant contact tissue and the implant periphery
      (p less than 0.001). Tissue concentrations of nickel and chromium correlated (r
      less than 0.7). Microprobe analysis before and after implantation of the alloy
      specimens indicated an even corrosive loss of the alloy surfaces and changes in
      the surface element distributions. Advantages and limitations of this animal
      model are discussed, as well as its application in future studies.

PMID- 2394768
TI  - Preparation and evaluation of radiopaque hydrogel microspheres based on
      PHEMA/iothalamic acid and PHEMA/iopanoic acid as particulate emboli.
AB  - Highly porous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) microspheres prepared by
      suspension polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in presence of
      polymeric diluents such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in toluene and
      poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG) were made radiopaque by esterification of the
      reactive hydroxyl groups with iothalamic acid and iopanoic acid, two radiopaque
      substances clinically used. Of the various solvents and catalysts examined,
      tetrahydrofuran (THF) and N,N'-dimethyl paratoluidine (DMPT) were found to be
      best for obtaining a high degree of conversion. More than 30 wt% iodine could be
      bound to the microspheres which made them sufficiently radiopaque to be imaged
      radiographically. Microspheres retained their porosity, swelling ability,
      hydrophilicity, and surface morphology to a significant extent after iodination.
      Preliminary implantation studies of such microspheres subcutaneously in rats have
      shown no adverse tissue reactions over a 6-month period. It is suggested that
      these microspheres would prove to be useful as particulate emboli in endovascular
      embolization.

PMID- 2394769
TI  - Clinical review 13: Diagnosis and management of Graves' ophthalmopathy.
AB  - Although Graves ophthalmopathy is a potentially sight threatening and disfiguring
      condition that can be frightening for the patient to experience, there are
      effective means of management. At the present time, treatment is based on the
      relief of excessive intraorbital pressures and is accomplished either by
      shrinking the orbital contents or by expanding the orbital volume. The most
      effective treatment modality or combination of modalities is an area of
      controversy. However, it must be remembered that the approach to management
      undertaken should be finely tuned to the needs of the particular individual
      afflicted with the condition. Perhaps with a greater understanding of
      pathophysiology, more reliable and effective treatments, based on specific
      pathophysiological mechanisms, may be developed. In addition, tests to reliably
      predict those patients most likely to progress in their disease might be
      developed, allowing preventive measures to be taken.

PMID- 2394770
TI  - Development and validation of a radioligand receptor assay for measurement of
      luteinizing hormone in human serum.
AB  - Studies of circulating LH physiology and pathophysiology are dependent upon
      measurements of immuno- and bioactivity, both of which have methodologic
      limitations. We have developed and validated a RRA which allows direct
      measurement of receptor-bindable LH in human serum. Using a cultured Leydig tumor
      cell line (MA-10) known to express the CG/LH receptor as the receptor source and
      polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis purified hCG as the radioligand, we have
      established an assay system with the requisite sensitivity (0.04 ng/tube) to
      measure circulating LH, without significant alteration in total specific binding
      upon addition of up to 150 microL gonadotropin-free serum when compared to no
      serum. Standard curves of hLH diluted in gonadotropin-free serum were not
      statistically different in slope or ED50 from buffer curves. Dilutions of human
      serum from postmenopausal women and men with Klinefelter's syndrome containing LH
      measured in the assay were parallel to the standard curve. Further validation of
      the RRA included measurement of LH by RRA and RIA in daily serum samples from
      normal women across the menstrual cycle (n = 6) where there was excellent
      correlation (P less than 0.001) between RRA and RIA measurements with the
      exception of the mid-cycle surge where the RRA/RIA ratio fell to 0.5. This LH RRA
      will be useful in further studies of the physiology and biochemistry of LH in
      human serum.

PMID- 2394771
TI  - Hormonal regulation of prostaglandin production by rhesus monkey endometrium.
AB  - Although there have been numerous studies on the production of prostaglandins
      (PGs) by human endometrium in vitro during the menstrual cycle, considerable
      variation exists in the levels reported during the proliferative vs. the
      secretory phase. Such variation may be due in part to the difficulty in obtaining
      endometrium from a precisely known hormonal environment and in part to the use of
      the different culture systems employed. The aim of the present study was to
      develop a non-human primate model in which precisely dated endometrial tissue
      could be obtained reliably. Moreover, PG levels in the endometrium of the rhesus
      monkey or other primates have not previously been reported during the artificial
      menstrual cycle. An important objective in establishing such a model was to
      permit future manipulations of the cycle in vivo [e.g. by omitting the midcycle
      estradiol (E) peak] to further dissect specific roles of E and progesterone (P)
      in regulating PG synthesis during the menstrual cycle. Ovariectomized rhesus
      monkeys were maintained on a standard artificial menstrual cycle via the
      insertion and removal of Silastic capsules containing E or P. Samples of
      endometrium (approximately 50 mg) were obtained by hysterotomy under sterile
      conditions at predetermined stages of separate menstrual cycles: day 9
      (midproliferative; n = 5), day 13 (E peak; n = 3), day 14 (1 day post-E peak; n =
      5), and day 23 (midsecretory; n = 8). Measurement of the primary PGs in
      unextracted medium by RIA over 4 days of organ culture indicated PGF2 alpha
      greater than 6-keto-PGF1 alpha greater than PGE2 greater than thromboxane-B2,
      PGD2 greater than leukotrienes. PGF2 alpha, the most abundant PG produced on the
      first day of culture, was low on day 9 and increased dramatically on day 13 (P
      less than 0.01). On day 14, PGF2 alpha levels fell significantly only 1 day post
      E peak (P less than 0.01), while on day 23, after exposure to P in vivo, PGF2
      alpha was 10-fold higher (P less than 0.01) than on cycle days 9 and 14. The
      other PGs measured showed a lower but similar profile at the cycle stages
      examined. Physiological concentrations of P (5.0 ng/mL) added to cycle day 23
      cultures in both the absence and presence of low or high E markedly inhibited the
      high levels of PGs found in day 23 cultures (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2394772
TI  - The increase in plasma and saliva cortisol levels in pregnancy is not due to the
      increase in corticosteroid-binding globulin levels.
AB  - Total and free cortisol levels are significantly elevated in pregnancy, but the
      reasons for this are not clear. The relationships between the diurnal variation
      in saliva (free) cortisol and baseline levels of total cortisol, corticosterone
      binding globulin (CBG), progesterone, and estrogens were studied in several
      groups of women (normal nonpregnant, taking a combined oral contraceptive pill,
      after superovulation therapy, during early and late pregnancy, and postpartum).
      Saliva cortisol levels were significantly elevated in late pregnancy throughout
      the day, with preservation of diurnal variation. Total cortisol and CBG levels
      were also significantly raised in pregnancy, but total cortisol levels were
      normal in women taking a combined oral contraceptive pill in spite of
      significantly elevated CBG. There was no relationship between saliva cortisol and
      progesterone levels, and it is unlikely that the increase in cortisol is due to
      displacement of cortisol from CBG by progesterone. Cortisol levels fell slowly
      postpartum over several days, making it improbable that the increase in cortisol
      is solely due to elevated CRH levels. It appears that increased free and total
      cortisol levels in pregnancy are related to resetting of the sensitivity of the
      hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and not merely to raised CBG, progesterone,
      or CRH levels.

PMID- 2394773
TI  - 5-Methoxypsoralen as a specific stimulating agent of melatonin secretion in
      humans.
AB  - The endocrine effects of the linear furocoumarin, 5-methoxypsoralen (Bergapten),
      were investigated in 11 normal adults according to a cross-over design with 2
      conditions: a 1-week trial with 5-methoxypsoralen (5MOP) administered daily (40
      mg/orally) at 0900 h, and after a 1-week period of washout, a similar 1-week
      trial with daily administrations of 5MOP at 2100 h. The subjects were living
      under normal nychtohemeral conditions. The plasma levels of melatonin, cortisol,
      TSH, PRL, and GH were evaluated by hourly blood samples over 24-h periods on the
      preceding day and on the last day of each condition. Our main finding is that
      5MOP specifically stimulates melatonin secretion in humans, with a pronounced
      effect when administered during the dark phase of the day (at 2100 h). The other
      endocrine rhythms were unaffected by 5MOP administration. Melatonin has been
      shown to interact with the regulation of the human circadian system; this
      specific stimulation may, therefore, be of great interest in disorders associated
      with abnormalities of circadian rhythms.

PMID- 2394774
TI  - Long term treatment with CV 205-502 in patients with prolactin-secreting
      pituitary macroadenomas.
AB  - CV 205-502, a new long-acting nonergot dopamine agonist, was given to 15 patients
      (6 women and 9 men) with PRL-secreting pituitary macroadenomas. The compound was
      administered in a single daily dose for a period of 6-12 months. The treatment
      resulted in normalization of plasma PRL levels (less than or equal to 20
      micrograms/L) in 5 of 6 women at a mean dose of 135 micrograms (range, 75-300
      micrograms) and in 6 of 9 men at a mean dose of 192 micrograms (range, 75-300
      micrograms). Among patients for whom computed tomographic scans were available
      before and after at least 6 months of therapy, definite tumor shrinkage occurred
      in 6 of 7 patients. Libido was improved in 5 of 6 women and in 6 of 8 men,
      galactorrhea disappeared in all cases (3 women and 1 man) and menses resumed in 3
      of 5 women. Plasma testosterone rose to normal levels in 3 of 6 men who were not
      receiving testosterone injections. The PRL response to TRH was blunted in 4 of 6
      patients with normalized basal PRL. Serum total cholesterol was reduced by CV 205
      502 treatment in women from 5.35 +/- 0.49 to 4.63 +/- 0.51 mmol/L (P = 0.031) and
      in men from 5.93 +/- 0.89 to 5.28 +/- 0.82 mmol/L (P = 0.045). Side-effects
      included mainly headache, nausea, and dizziness. One side-effect or more occurred
      transiently and with mild intensity in 14 patients. No patient discontinued the
      therapy because of side-effects. In conclusion, CV 205-502 appears to be a safe
      and valuable compound in the treatment of patients with PRL-secreting
      macroadenomas.

PMID- 2394775
TI  - Twenty-four-hour plasma growth hormone (GH) profiles, urinary GH excretion, and
      plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and -II levels in prepubertal children with
      chronic renal insufficiency and severe growth retardation.
AB  - We studied 24-h plasma GH profiles, maximal GH responses to arginine provocation
      and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II levels in plasma in 22
      euthyroid prepubertal children (mean age, 9.5 yr) with chronic renal
      insufficiency (glomerular filtration rate, less than 20 mL/min.1.73 m2) and
      severe growth retardation [mean (+/- SD) height SD score (SDS), -2.8 (1.1)]. The
      24-h GH profiles were analyzed using the Pulsar program. Girls had significantly
      higher 24-h GH secretion than boys (P less than 0.004). Children with end-stage
      nephrotic syndrome had higher baseline GH levels and total area under the curve
      (AUCo) than patients with dysplastic kidneys (P less than 0.05), while the area
      under the curve above baseline (AUCb) was similar in all types of renal diseases.
      The type of treatment (conservative, peritoneal, hemodialysis) did not
      significantly influence the 24-h GH secretion. No correlation was found between
      24-h GH profiles and age, height SDS for chronological age, height velocity SDS
      for bone age, and weight for height. Fourteen children showed a normal 24-h GH
      profile, defined as a GH profile with well defined, regular GH peaks returning to
      baseline GH levels and a distinct day and night pattern (AUCb, 90-300
      micrograms/L.24 h). Four children had low profiles, with GH peaks below 10
      micrograms/L, returning to baseline GH levels and occurring almost exclusively
      during the night (AUCb, less than 90 micrograms/L.24 h). The remaining four
      children had elevated 24-h GH profiles, with GH peaks on top of elevated baseline
      GH levels of more than 3 micrograms/L (AUCb, 35-205 micrograms/L.24 h; AUCo
      greater than 300 micrograms/L.24 h). In all patients 24-h urinary GH and beta 2
      globulin excretion was 100-1000 times higher than that in controls. The urinary
      GH excretion correlated significantly with all characteristics of the 24-h GH
      profiles (r = 0.57-0.59; P less than 0.05). The maximal GH response during the
      arginine tolerance test was normal in 66% of the children. The mean (+/- SD) SDS
      for bone age for the IGF-I plasma levels was +1.1 (1.9), and that for IGF-II was
      +3.6 (3.4). IGF-I levels correlated significantly with the AUCb, maximum GH, and
      GH peak characteristics of the 24-h GH profiles (r = 0.05-0.73; P less than 0.02
      0.001). IGF-II levels did not show any correlation with the characteristics of
      the endogenous GH secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2394776
TI  - Bromocriptine increasingly suppresses the in vitro gonadotropin and alpha-subunit
      release from pituitary adenomas during long term culture.
AB  - Prolonged treatment with bromocriptine may lead to a decrease in tumor size in
      patients with a gonadotroph, alpha-subunit-secreting, or clinically
      nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. The effectiveness of the treatment, however,
      may depend on its duration. We investigated the effects of prolonged incubation
      with bromocriptine on the release and intracellular hormone and alpha-subunit
      concentrations in 10 such adenomas in vitro. The release of FSH, LH, alpha
      subunit, or a combination of these was demonstrated in 7 tumors. Bromocriptine
      significantly suppressed this release in 6 tumors. In 5 tumors bromocriptine had
      an inhibitory effect on gonadotropin and/or alpha-subunit release which increased
      with duration of culture. Withdrawal of bromocriptine during the culture period
      led to a recovery of gonadotropin or alpha-subunit release in the 2 tumors in
      which it was tested. Intracellular hormone and alpha-subunit concentrations in 3
      of 4 tumors cultured for 4 or more weeks were significantly lower in
      bromocriptine-treated than in untreated cells. We conclude that 1) bromocriptine
      can suppress the in vitro release of gonadotropins and alpha-subunit from the
      majority of clinically nonfunctioning, gonadotroph, and alpha-subunit-secreting
      pituitary adenomas; 2) during prolonged incubation of these tumors with
      bromocriptine, this drug has a time-dependent increasing inhibitory effect on the
      release and synthesis of gonadotropins and alpha-subunit, which eventually may
      lead to decreased intracellular concentrations of these glycoproteins.

PMID- 2394777
TI  - Effects of 13 cis-retinoic acid on growth and differentiation of human follicular
      carcinoma cells (UCLA R0 82 W-1) in vitro.
AB  - Dedifferentiation of human thyroid tumors is frequently found in humans. The
      effect of retinoids (13 cis-RA) was studied on the proliferation and
      differentiation of a human follicular cell line in vitro (UCLA R0 82 W-1). A
      significant and dose-dependent reduction (P less than 0.001) in cell number and
      [3H] thymidine uptake was found in cells exposed to 13 cis-RA up to 10 microM.
      Higher concentrations of 13 cis-RA, however, led to a dose-dependent restoration
      of cell proliferation. Various parameters of differentiation increased under the
      influence of 13 cis-RA (10 microM) over nonexposed cells. The 125I uptake
      increased 4-fold over that in control nonexposed cells (P less than 0.05). [125I]
      Epidermal growth factor binding increased 5-fold, and [125I] human TSH binding
      increased significantly after exposure to 13 cis-RA (P less than 0.02).
      Deiodinase activity, however, was significantly lower in 13 cis-RA exposed cells
      than in control cells. The present study shows that 13 cis-RA (10 microM) drives
      the tumor cells toward a more normal state of proliferation and differentiation.

PMID- 2394779
TI  - Growth hormone secretion in pubertal age patients with Turner's syndrome.
AB  - GH levels were measured every 30 min during sleep over 9 h in 10 patients with
      Turner's syndrome ranging in age from 10.6-18.9 yr (mean, 15.0 +/- 2.7 yr) and in
      12 controls matched for bone age, all of whom had normal GH responses to an
      orally administered dose of clonidine. We found no significant difference in the
      mean 9-h overnight GH concentration between groups. The overnight GH
      concentration was 3.8 +/- 2.2 micrograms/L (mean +/- SD) in Turner's syndrome
      patients and 4.5 +/- 2.4 micrograms/L in the control group. Total GH output
      (205.4 +/- 118.7 vs. 251.4 +/- 122.0 U), total number of nocturnal GH pulses (2.4
      +/- 0.8 vs. 2.9 +/- 0.7), and mean peak GH response during nocturnal sampling
      (13.0 +/- 7.4 vs. 13.2 +/- 3.3 micrograms/L) were not different in the children
      with Turner's syndrome and the controls. We conclude that pubertal age patients
      with Turner's syndrome secrete GH normally and do not have any abnormality in GH
      regulation.

PMID- 2394778
TI  - The use and limitations of a chemiluminescent thyrotropin assay as a single
      thyroid function test in an out-patient endocrine clinic.
AB  - A chemiluminescent TSH assay (detection limit, less than 0.01 mU/L) allows for
      accurate measurement of subnormal TSH concentrations. We retrospectively analyzed
      serum TSH and the free T4 (fT4) index of 460 consecutive endocrine clinic visits
      to determine the usefulness of TSH measurements alone in the assessment of
      thyroid function. Additionally, case histories were presented nonconsecutively to
      one of us (TSH alone or TSH with fT4) to determine if knowledge of the fT4 level
      would alter management. Of hypothyroid patients on replacement therapy (n = 127),
      60% had concordant fT4 and TSH, 14% had subnormal TSH with normal fT4, 18% had
      high TSH with normal fT4, and 4% normal TSH with high fT4; only 4% were managed
      differently when the fT4 level was known in addition to TSH. Of the patients
      receiving suppressive therapy with TSH levels above 0.05 mU/L (n = 81), only 4%
      were managed differently when fT4 was known; 4% had high fT4. With TSH levels
      below 0.05 mU/L (n = 64), knowledge of fT4 was felt to be necessary for
      management in all cases; 53% had high fT4. Twenty-three of 46 (50%) patients
      being treated for hyperthyroidism had discordant TSH and fT4, including 7
      patients with low TSH and low fT4. Two of 21 (10%) patients screened with
      pituitary/hypothalamic disease had discordant TSH and fT4, and 4 of 9 (44%)
      patients treated with L-T4 for secondary hypothyroidism had subnormal TSH.
      Knowledge of fT4 was felt to be necessary in all these cases. We conclude that
      TSH alone is sufficient for screening and monitoring L-T4 replacement or
      suppression therapy if TSH levels are above 0.05 mU/L. These patients account for
      the majority of visits to our endocrine clinic. TSH alone is misleading in
      pituitary disease and during the treatment of hyperthyroidism. fT4 is needed if
      TSH levels are less than 0.05 mU/L to assess the degree of hyperthyroidism.

PMID- 2394780
TI  - Changes in endocrine function after adrenal medullary transplantation to the
      central nervous system.
AB  - Ten patients were studied before and after autologous adrenal medullary
      transplantation to the central nervous system for Parkinson's disease to
      determine if the presence of new catecholamine-producing tissue near the
      hypothalamus would alter hypothalamic or pituitary function, mineralocorticoid
      levels, or catecholamine production. No clinically apparent ill effects occurred.
      Changes in endocrine function were largely short-term and transient: at 7-10 days
      after surgery, urinary catecholamine levels were significantly increased, PRL
      levels were significantly elevated despite markedly increased serum dopamine
      levels, and gonadal steroid levels (estradiol and testosterone) were
      significantly lower despite unchanged basal and stimulated levels of
      gonadotropins. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate was significantly reduced at 7-10
      days after surgery and remained low at 3-6 months. Other changes at 3-6 months
      after surgery included increased stimulated corticotropin levels and reduced
      serum aldosterone response to upright posture. The changes at 7-10 days were
      probably due to stress or unilateral adrenalectomy or both; the changes at 3-6
      months were likely due to unilateral adrenalectomy. We conclude that unilateral
      adrenalectomy and autologous adrenal medullary transplantation to the central
      nervous system does not produce clinically important changes in endocrine
      function; however, possible adverse consequences of long-term reduction of
      dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2394781
TI  - A morphometric study of the human endometrial stroma during the peri-implantation
      period.
AB  - In this study we have examined the human endometrial stromal cell population in
      well-timed biopsies during the peri-implantation period, using traditional
      stereological techniques. This paper reports data obtained from 16 women of known
      fertility who underwent endometrial biopsies at known times after the luteinizing
      hormone (LH) surge (four each at LH + 2, LH + 4, LH + 6 and LH + 8). The average
      stromal cell nuclear diameter increased in size throughout the period of study (P
      less than 0.01), with a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in the nuclear
      profile axial ratio. This suggests that the nuclei were increasing in size and
      becoming more rounded. There was a dramatic increase (P less than 0.01) in the
      rounded. There was a dramatic increase (P less than 0.01) in the packing density
      between LH + 2 and LH + 6; this is likely to be due, at least in part, to the
      glands filling up with secretory products and so compressing the intervening
      stroma. A substantial decrease (P less than 0.01) was seen in the packing density
      between LH + 6 and LH + 8. This corresponds to the time when stromal oedema is
      thought to be maximal.

PMID- 2394782
TI  - Restitution of fertility in sterilized mice by transferring primordial ovarian
      follicles.
AB  - Primordial follicles isolated from infant mouse ovaries by enzymatic
      disaggregation have been transferred to the ovaries of sterile adults. They were
      transferred after being recombined and incubated in a plasma clot which was
      inserted either into ovaries which had been sterilized by X-irradiation or into
      vacant periovarian capsules immediately after ovariectomy. Irrespective of the
      type of operation, these grafts underwent morphogenesis to form replicas of the
      normal ovary, which were generally indistinguishable in respect of form,
      histological appearance and function. The numbers of follicles in these so-called
      transgerminative ovaries were highly variable, but all stages of follicular
      maturation up to Graafian stage were represented in most of them, while grafts
      that had been X-irradiated before transfer were sterile. Ovaries forming from
      fertile grafts were capable of spontaneous ovulation and the majority of animals
      carrying them were sexually receptive to males. Mating often resulted in
      pregnancies and those delivering at full-term produced normal offspring.

PMID- 2394783
TI  - Autoradiographic localization of [3H]RU 486 and [3H]progesterone in the uterus,
      pituitary and hypothalamus of the rat.
AB  - Twenty-one castrated oestrogen-primed Wistar rats, which were 2-months-old, were
      injected via the jugular vein with 100 mu Ci/100 g body weight of [3H]RU 486 or
      [3H]progesterone. Some of these received unlabelled compounds for competition
      studies. Samples of reproductive tract, pituitary and hypothalamus were excised
      after 15 min. The 4-microns frozen sections were processed for thaw-mounted
      autoradiography. The exposure time of the autoradiogram was approximately 6
      months. After the injection of [3H]RU 486 and [3H]progesterone, the nuclear
      concentration of radioactivity was most distinct in muscular and stromal cells of
      the uterus, and the epithelial nuclei of lumina and glands showed weak labelling.
      Nuclear localization was also observed in muscle cells of the vagina, cervix and
      oviduct. After injection of [3H]progesterone, the radioactivity was found in the
      nuclei and cytoplasm of anterior pituitary cells and some cells showed a
      preferential nuclear concentration of radioactivity. The distribution of [3H]RU
      486 in the anterior pituitary was more extensive than that of [3H]progesterone.
      In the hypothalamus, specific localization of [3H]RU 486 and [3H]progesterone
      existed in neurones accumulated in the preoptic nucleus, preoptic suprachiasmatic
      nucleus and the periventricular nucleus. No localization was found in the
      diaphragm. Pretreatment with RU 486, but not with dexamethasone, reduced the
      nuclear concentration of radioactivity of [3H]progesterone in the vagina, uterus,
      oviduct, pituitary and hypothalamus. The nuclear concentration of radioactivity
      after injection of [3H]RU 486 was also decreased by preinjection with
      progesterone. The autoradiographic results suggest that RU 486 and progesterone
      competed for the specific binding site (possibly a progesterone receptor) in the
      target cells at the levels of the uterus, pituitary and hypothalamus in vivo.

PMID- 2394784
TI  - Effects of natural progesterone on the morphology of the endometrium in patients
      with primary ovarian failure.
AB  - In 43 patients without ovaries, endometrial biopsies at day 21 of 75 substituted
      cycles were studied by light and electron microscopy. The morphology of the
      endometrium was compared after oral, vaginal or intramuscular administration of
      progesterone, and correlated with the serum levels of 17-beta oestradiol and
      progesterone and the pregnancies obtained after oocyte donation. After vaginal
      application of micronized progesterone, endometrial morphology closely matched
      that of a natural cycle. This therapy was able to support two ongoing
      pregnancies. No adequate endometrial response was noted after oral ingestion of
      progesterone. The maturation of the endometrium after intramuscular injections of
      progesterone in oil was heterogeneous. It was concluded that the vaginal route
      for administering micronized progesterone can be advised as the treatment of
      choice in patients without ovarian function.

PMID- 2394785
TI  - Possibilities and limitations of techniques of assisted reproduction for the
      treatment of male infertility.
AB  - Since relatively few spermatozoa are needed for oocyte fertilization during
      gamete intra-Fallopian transfer (GIFT) or in-vitro fertilization (IVF), these
      methods have been applied in couples with infertility due to male causes. Forty
      six couples with male factor infertility were enrolled in this study and results
      were compared with those attained in 48 couples treated with the same techniques
      for other than male causes. Overall, GIFT resulted in 26% ongoing pregnancies.
      GIFT seems to be particularly successful when the sperm concentration is 20 x
      10(6)/ml or more, but sperm motility and/or morphology are poor. Nine pregnancies
      occurred out of 26 GIFT cycles in 18 cases selected on this basis. The ongoing
      pregnancy rate after IVF was 16% per patient. The latter treatment should be
      attempted in male immune infertility and in cases with a low sperm concentration,
      with or without abnormal sperm motility and/or morphology. In these
      circumstances, five pregnancies were attained out of 28 cycles in 14 cases. For
      similar sperm concentrations, the conception rate per cycle attained with
      techniques of assisted reproduction was more than twice that attained with
      conventional treatment of male infertility.

PMID- 2394786
TI  - One-hundred-and-six gamete intra-fallopian transfer procedures with donor semen.
AB  - A single attempt of gamete intra-Fallopian transfer was performed in 106
      patients, who had previously failed to become pregnant after a certain number of
      artificial donor inseminations. A maximum of six unselected oocytes were
      transferred into the tubes. Fifty-five clinical pregnancies (51.9%) were
      obtained. There were 11 multiple pregnancies (20%) and 10 miscarriages (18.1%).
      Only one ectopic pregnancy occurred (1.8%). The age of the patients and the
      previous number of failed inseminations did not have any significant influence on
      the outcome of the procedure, whereas the number of transferred oocytes had a
      proportional, significant correlation with the pregnancy rate.

PMID- 2394787
TI  - Chromosomal analysis of human oocytes fertilized by microinjection of spermatozoa
      into the perivitelline space.
AB  - In-vitro fertilization by sperm microinjection techniques have been shown to be
      effective (the birth of one child has resulted), but concerns about the
      chromosomal normality of embryos derived from this process have been raised. The
      British Interim Licensing Authority has set, as a pre-condition to the clinical
      application of sperm microinjection, the chromosomal evaluation of pre-embryos
      derived by this technique. In this study, we demonstrate that four of 18 (22%)
      eggs fertilized by sperm microinjection into the perivitelline space are
      chromosomally abnormal as compared with nine of 30 (30%) fertilized by
      conventional IVF procedures. These results are not significantly different. In
      addition, we demonstrate that nine out of 20 couples who did not previously have
      fertilization in multiple cycles of IVF had between one and three oocytes
      fertilized by sperm microinjection. These findings demonstrate that sperm
      microinjection does not increase the incidence of chromosomally abnormal eggs and
      provide reassurance and support for the clinical implementation of a technique
      that appears to be effective for the treatment of certain forms of male
      infertility.

PMID- 2394788
TI  - Resistance of human follicular oocytes to parthenogenetic activation: DNA
      distribution and content in oocytes maintained in vitro.
AB  - Sixty-nine human oocytes were subjected to various parthenogenetic stimuli but no
      activation was observed. Analysis of Feulgen-stained DNA (F-DNA) distribution and
      content showed anomalies of chromosomal material in 36% of oocytes at 24-75 h
      after retrieval. A significant loss of F-DNA was noticed in apparently normal
      metaphase II oocytes remaining in culture for 2-3 days.

PMID- 2394789
TI  - Intrauterine insemination with spermatozoa recovered from the aspirate of
      artificial spermatocoele.
AB  - Congenital absence of both vas deferens accounts for approximately 10% of cases
      of obstructive azoospermia. The purpose of the present study was to develop a
      treatment protocol for a group of azoospermic patients using surgical
      implantation of alloplastic spermatocoele to enable repeated sperm cell
      aspiration. Nine patients with congenital absence of both vas deferens, two with
      obstructed and one with destroyed vas, underwent surgery for the implantation of
      an alloplastic spermatocoele. In 10 of the 12 patients, vital spermatozoa were
      recovered from the aspirate and used for intrauterine insemination of their
      female partners with induced ovulation, some of whom then conceived.

PMID- 2394790
TI  - The evaluation of morphological characteristics of human spermatozoa according to
      stricter criteria.
AB  - The evaluation of the morphology of human spermatozoa varies widely between and
      sometimes even within laboratories. The purpose of this study was to determine
      whether the method that has been developed in our laboratory and which resulted
      in the use of stricter criteria for the evaluation of sperm morphology is a
      practical, reliable and repeatable method and to establish the within and between
      observer variations. The criteria used for a 'normal' spermatozoon are based on
      the appearance of spermatozoa found in the mucus of the upper endocervical canal.
      The results of the morphological evaluations of 26 samples by four observers were
      statistically analysed by various methods. The method of Barnett showed a high
      degree of relative accuracy between observers with error variances of between
      2.89 and 19.67 as well as high Spearman rank correlation coefficients of between
      0.8675 and 0.6537 (P less than 0.0003). The Spearman correlation coefficient for
      15 duplicate evaluations by one observer was 0.9650 (P less than 0.0001) while
      the coefficients of variation for repeated evaluations of single samples were
      also within acceptable limits. Based on these results, the method described in
      this article allows comparable and reliable results between and within observers
      to be obtained. From this and other studies it can be concluded that the method
      also has a good prognostic value for the prediction of expected IVF
      fertilization, the hamster test and hemizona assay.

PMID- 2394791
TI  - Linear and non-linear relationships between the 'swelling test' and conventional
      semen variables in men suspected of primary infertility.
AB  - The relationship and degree of association between the percentage of sperm
      swelling (HOS-test) and conventional semen variables was investigated in 263
      consecutive ejaculates. The semen samples were exclusively obtained from men
      suspected of primary infertility. It was found that the correlation coefficients
      (Spearman's rho) followed the order: percentage of progressive motility at 3 h
      greater than count/ml greater than percentage of total motility at 3 h greater
      than percentage of normal spermatozoa. Of the three morphology sub-classes
      considered (sperm head, mid-piece and tail abnormalities), only mid-piece
      abnormalities correlated with the outcome of the HOS-test (rho = -0.409). Linear
      relationships between HOS-test results and sperm motility and morphology, but not
      sperm count, were indicated by LOWESS-smoothing. However, a linear relationship
      between the HOS-test, sperm count and a 'functional index' combining the
      conventional semen variables could be demonstrated after normalization of the
      data. Our findings suggest that the HOS-test may be of value in assessing the
      functional integrity and viability of spermatozoa; however, its prognostic power
      for fertility is probably not different from that of conventional semen
      variables.

PMID- 2394792
TI  - Sperm chromosome analysis in a man heterozygous for a reciprocal translocation
      46,XY t(12;20)(q24.3;q11).
AB  - Sperm chromosome complements were studied in a man who carried a reciprocal
      translocation t(12;20)(q24.3;q11). A total of 113 spermatozoa were karyotyped
      after in-vitro penetration of hamster eggs. 2:2 and 3:1 meiotic segregations were
      observed with the following frequencies: alternate 47%, adjacent 1 42%, adjacent
      2 10%, 3:1 2%. For alternate segregations, the number of normal spermatozoa (25)
      was not significantly different from the number of spermatozoa carrying a
      balanced form of the translocation (28), as theoretically expected. The
      proportion of spermatozoa with an unbalanced form of the translocation was 53%.
      There was no evidence for an interchromosomal effect since the frequencies of
      numerical and structural abnormalities (unrelated to the translocation) were
      within the normal range of control donors.

PMID- 2394793
TI  - Frozen storage of Ham's F10 medium for human in-vitro fertilization.
AB  - A method of frozen storage of Ham's F10 medium was investigated that provides
      'ready-to-use' culture medium for human in-vitro fertilization, without the
      necessity of readjusting and testing the medium after thawing. Ham's F10 medium,
      without bicarbonate, was adjusted to 245 mOsm/kg and stored in aliquots of 33 ml
      at -20 degrees C. Aliquots of 1 ml of a 7.5% (w/v) sodium bicarbonate solution
      were stored separately at the same temperature. The two components were mixed
      together after thawing. In the first test series, mouse embryos were cultured in
      media stored frozen for varying intervals between 2 weeks and 6 months and no
      difference in the rates of blastocyst formation was detected. Frozen-stored Ham's
      F10 medium was then used for human IVF in 256 cycles performed within a 16-month
      period in two different IVF centres. The pregnancy rates were evaluated and
      correlated with the duration of the frozen storage (between 1 week and 3 months)
      and compared to the outcome of 24 cases in which non-frozen medium was used.
      There was no significant difference in the pregnancy rates in the different
      groups (19% with non-frozen medium and between 21 and 33% with frozen-stored
      medium). Thus it was shown that there is no loss of quality of the frozen-stored
      media within the tested period of 3 months. The prolonged storage interval offers
      the possibility of extended quality tests and cross-tests between different IVF
      laboratories.

PMID- 2394794
TI  - Morphometric categorization of the human oocyte and early conceptus.
AB  - Morphometrical procedures were used to quantitatively evaluate human oocytes and
      embryos in an IVF programme. The metaphase II oocyte was an irregular 3.5 x 10(6)
      microns 3 sphere of 1.05 coefficient of form. The ooplasmic volume of 1.4 x 10(6)
      microns 3 was reduced by 10% by fertilization. The zona pellucida behaved as a
      stable and almost spherical envelope of 1.8 x 10(6) microns 3 volume and 17
      microns thickness. Through the first three cleavages, mean blastomere reduces
      28.5% volume per division, evolving from an irregular spherical shape with 0.9
      coefficient of form to an ellipsoid (0.8) at the 8-cell stage. The coefficient of
      diversity between sister blastomeres progressively moved from 1.4 to 1.6 during
      the first two (2n) cleavages. The coefficient of diversity also increased at 3
      cell (2.2) and 6-cell (2.6) asynchronous divisions. Morphologically abnormal
      embryos showed some morphometrical differences. Embryos which successfully
      implanted and progressed to birth showed a higher coefficient of diversity
      between sister blastomeres.

PMID- 2394795
TI  - Cryopreservation of pronucleate mouse ova: slow versus ultrarapid freezing.
AB  - The usefulness of ultrarapid freezing of mouse pronucleate ova was investigated
      in comparison with slow, programmed freezing. Pronucleate mouse ova were frozen
      using an ultrarapid method in either 3.5 M dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), 3.5 M
      propanediol (PROH) or a 1:1 mixture of both. After a brief exposure to the
      cryoprotectant, they were plunged into liquid nitrogen. Thawing was done at 37
      degrees C and the cryoprotectant was rapidly diluted in a sucrose solution.
      Pronucleate ova were slowly cooled in a biological freezer using 1.5 M PROH as
      cryoprotectant. Thawing was done at room temperature and PROH was removed by
      multi-step dilutions. As control groups, pronucleate ova were either given no
      treatment, or exposed to PROH or DMSO without freezing and cultured in vitro.
      Ultrarapid freezing using 3.5 M DMSO as cryoprotectant resulted in rates of
      survival, cleavage and post-thaw development to blastocysts of 85, 89 and 37%,
      respectively. PROH as cryoprotectant, however, was inadequate in the ultrarapid
      freezing protocol and the combination of DMSO and PROH showed no further
      improvement. Slow, programmed freezing (using PROH) compared to ultrarapid
      freezing (using DMSO) resulted in similar rates of survival, cleavage and
      development of 80, 84, 20% and 92, 81 and 23% respectively. In conclusion, DMSO
      is a better cryoprotectant than PROH for ultrarapid freezing of pronucleate mouse
      ova, and ultrarapid freezing with 3.5 M DMSO is as effective as slow freezing
      with 1.5 M PROH, as evaluated by their subsequent development in vitro.

PMID- 2394796
TI  - Single progesterone assay for early recognition of abnormal pregnancy.
AB  - Serum progesterone and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) were analysed using a
      time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay in an unselected group made up of 158 women with
      clinical suspicions of abnormal early gestation. Only cases in which endovaginal
      sonography had failed to localize the pregnancy were included. A single HCG
      determination had no diagnostic value. On the other hand, a critical progesterone
      level of 30 nM was determined below which no viable intrauterine pregnancies were
      found. Eighty-eight per cent of the ectopic pregnancies (n = 97) and 83% of the
      spontaneous abortions had progesterone levels below this limit. The
      discriminatory efficacy of one single progesterone determination was independent
      of the actual HCG level and serial determinations of progesterone did not
      increase the discriminatory power.

PMID- 2394797
TI  - Filiation and secrecy in artificial insemination with donor.
AB  - Artificial insemination with donor (AID) forces the gynaecologist to face the
      problem of filiation with his patients. Here, the authors point out the
      pathogenic effect, both on the parents and the child, which may result from
      rigidly kept secret about 'AID filiation', and they discuss some conditions which
      could help to avoid this pathogenic effect, possibly allowing a non-traumatic
      revelation of his/her filiation to the child, in the future.

PMID- 2394798
TI  - Dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

PMID- 2394799
TI  - Association of cell-adherent glycocalyx and endocarditis production by viridans
      group streptococci.
AB  - To assess the role of glycocalyx production in the pathogenesis of endocarditis
      caused by viridans group streptococci in adult patients, glycocalyx production
      was examined for 49 blood culture isolates. The tryptophan assay, a quantitative
      spectrophotometric test, was used to measure cell-adherent glycocalyx production.
      Absorbance values of the isolates that produced endocarditis were significantly
      higher (means, 0.166 versus 0.060 [P less than 0.001]). At a breakpoint of
      absorbance of 0.120, the sensitivity of the test was 0.83, the specificity was
      0.96, and the predictive value was 0.95. These data suggest that the in vitro
      tryptophan assay of glycocalyx production by viridans group streptococci has
      potential value as a predictor of clinical pathogenicity.

PMID- 2394800
TI  - Characterization of Leuconostoc lactis strains from human sources.
AB  - An examination of 23 vancomycin-resistant, streptococcuslike isolates of clinical
      origin revealed a group of 14 to be related to Leuconostoc lactis (type strain,
      CIP 102422) on the basis of chemotaxonomic studies. These isolates were initially
      shown to be atypical by classical biochemical tests. However, they were
      characterized in particular by their polar lipid patterns by thin-layer
      chromatography and, additionally, by whole-cell protein patterns by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It is feasible, therefore,
      that common biochemical tests may continue to serve the purpose of routine
      identification, even though such isolates were formerly thought to be only of
      dairy origin.

PMID- 2394802
TI  - Preparation of species-specific murine monoclonal antibodies against the yeast
      phase of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.
AB  - A panel of four murine monoclonal antibodies showing species specificity for the
      yeast phase of the pathogenic dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was
      produced by using a modification of the standard monoclonal antibody technology.
      This involved the use of the immunosuppressive drug cyclophosphamide to suppress
      the immune response of test animals to fungi showing cross-reactivity, i.e., to
      Histoplasma capsulatum. One monoclonal antibody, P4, which had a high titer by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was shown to recognize a linear antigenic
      epitope of P. brasiliensis at a molecular size of 70,000 to 75,000 daltons by
      Western blot (immunoblot) analysis. The potential use of these monoclonal
      antibodies, which are the first species-specific probes to P. brasiliensis that
      have been produced, in the field of serodiagnosis is discussed.

PMID- 2394801
TI  - Genotypic heterogeneity of strains of Citrobacter diversus expressing a 32
      kilodalton outer membrane protein associated with neonatal meningitis.
AB  - Genetic diversity and relationships among 42 strains of Citrobacter diversus
      recovered from the cerebrospinal fluid of human infants with meningitis and from
      other clinical sources in the United States were estimated on the basis of
      electrophoretically detectable allelic variation in 20 genes encoding metabolic
      enzymes. Sixteen distinctive multilocus enzyme genotypes were identified, among
      which the mean genetic diversity per locus was 0.244. The recovery of isolates of
      the same genotype in several regions of the United States and over periods as
      long as 20 years indicates that the population structure of C. diversus is
      clonal. There was little association between multilocus enzyme genotype and
      biotype, piliation, or presence of a 32-kilodalton outer membrane protein. The
      observation that the 32-kilodalton outer membrane protein, which is expressed
      predominantly by strains recovered from infants with meningitis, occurs in a
      variety of genotypically diverse clones belonging to several phylogenetic
      lineages supports the hypothesis that this protein confers virulence.

PMID- 2394803
TI  - Cytotoxin and enterotoxin production as factors delineating enteropathogenicity
      of Aeromonas caviae.
AB  - Twenty-one stool and environmental Aeromonas caviae isolates were studied for
      cytopathogenicity for cultured HEp-2 cells. Cytotoxic activity was demonstrated
      by the 21 A. caviae strains and by A. caviae ATCC 15468 after challenging HEp-2
      cells with filtrates from a 24-h-old broth shake culture composed of double
      strength, glucose-free Trypticase soy broth, incubated at 35 degrees C. Heat
      stable cytotoxicity was observed 5 h after the addition of 1/5 and 1/10
      concentrations of filtrates and consisted of cell rounding and cell detachment.
      Enterotoxin activity was also demonstrated through the suckling mouse assay.
      These data advance the role of A. caviae as a gastrointestinal pathogen.

PMID- 2394804
TI  - Evaluation of a murine model of hepatic candidiasis.
AB  - A murine model of focal hepatic candidiasis which we suggest simulates certain
      conditions of this clinical variant of systemic candidiasis in leukemic patients
      is described. We have shown that outbred mice inoculated with Candida albicans by
      the oral-intragastric route as infants (6 days old) and then immunocompromised by
      cyclophosphamide and cortisone acetate treatment 2 weeks later demonstrate
      systemic spread of the opportunistic pathogen to the liver, lungs, spleen, and
      kidneys. Treatment with the immunosuppressive drugs cyclophosphamide and
      cortisone acetate resulted in alteration of the normal integrity of the mucosal
      epithelium of the gut as well as in granulocytopenia. Approximately 55% of the
      animals with C. albicans infections in the liver demonstrated hepatic abscesses.
      After these same infected, immunocompromised animals were treated with suboptimal
      dosages of antifungal agents (cilofungin or amphotericin B), either by
      intraperitoneal or subcutaneous (s.c.) routes, persistent hepatic abscesses were
      fewer in number and delimited by a distinct outer layer of host tissue but still
      contained large numbers of the viable pathogen. Blood cell counts indicated that
      these antifungal drug-treated animals had reestablished approximately the same
      number of leukocytes per microliter of blood as estimated prior to the
      immunocompromising drug treatment. Similar conditions in leukemic patients who
      were in remission and who were undergoing antifungal drug therapy for systemic
      candidiasis have been reported. Clearance of hepatic infections in mice was
      accomplished by using appropriate concentrations of amphotericin B administered
      by daily intraperitoneal or s.c. injection for 5 to 7 days or cilofungin by
      continuous s.c. infusion for 7 days. However, systemic antifungal therapy did not
      significantly reduce numbers of C. albicans cells in the stomach and esophagus.
      Persistent foci of gastrointestinal colonization by C. albicans, especially in
      the region of the cardial-atrium fold of the stomach of these mice, are
      reservoirs of the opportunistic pathogen from which reinfection may occur,
      leading to relapse of systemic candidiasis.

PMID- 2394805
TI  - Transient intestinal colonization by multiple phenotypes of Aeromonas species
      during the first week of life.
AB  - The intestinal colonization rate of Aeromonas spp. was determined for 52 cesarean
      born Peruvian neonates. Rectal swabs were obtained daily from newborns during
      their postdelivery hospitalization (mean = 5.5 days), and the gross appearances
      of their feces (blind determinations) were recorded. Aeromonas spp. were
      recovered from rectal swabs of 12 of 52 (23.1%) infants during their first week
      of life; the isolates were obtained from 5 of 9 (55.6%) infants with at least one
      stool with a watery consistency and from 7 of 43 (16.3%) neonates with no watery
      stools (P = 0.022). None of the infected infants became clinically ill. No other
      commonly recognized enteropathogens were detected in watery stools. An
      environmental survey indicated that hospital water was the probable source of
      infection. These and other data indicated that Aeromonas colonization occurs
      transiently at a very early age in Peruvian neonates and that in some instances,
      initial infection may be followed several days later by one or more watery stools
      of normal volume.

PMID- 2394806
TI  - Presumptive identification of Clostridium difficile by detection of p-cresol in
      prepared peptone yeast glucose broth supplemented with p-hydroxyphenylacetic
      acid.
AB  - Prereduced, anaerobically sterilized peptone yeast glucose broth was supplemented
      with p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and used for the presumptive identification of
      Clostridium difficile. Two hundred eighty-two organisms were grown in this medium
      for 18 h and tested for p-cresol production by gas-liquid chromatography. All 49
      stock and reference strains of C. difficile and 19 organisms confirmed as C.
      difficile produced p-cresol. p-Cresol was not produced by 53 negative control or
      161 test organisms. The system was convenient and effective.

PMID- 2394807
TI  - Use of commercially available rapid chloramphenicol acetyltransferase test to
      detect resistance in Salmonella species.
AB  - Chloramphenicol resistance among Salmonella spp. has important public health and
      clinical implications, especially in areas of the world where these strains are
      endemic. The availability of rapid and sensitive screening methods for detection
      of antibiotic resistance is important. Therefore, we tested 33 strains of
      Salmonella for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity using two rapid
      techniques. Evaluation of a 1-h tube method and a 30-min commercial disk
      procedure demonstrated that they are as accurate as standardized susceptibility
      techniques. Both the 1-h tube and 30-min disk methods detected CAT enzymatic
      activity produced by one CAT gene copy per cell.

PMID- 2394808
TI  - Identification of Mycoplasma felis and Mycoplasma gateae by an immunobinding
      assay.
AB  - An immunobinding assay capable of distinguishing between Mycoplasma felis and
      Mycoplasma gateae was developed. Nitrocellulose was used as the solid support.
      Polyclonal rabbit antiserum against M. felis or M. gateae was used in the assay.
      Binding of the specific rabbit antiserum was detected by alkaline phosphatase
      conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin and an alkaline phosphatase substrate
      (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium-5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate). The immunobinding
      assay was effective in the detection of feline mycoplasmas on agar plates, on
      primary isolation plates, in broth cultures, and in mixed cultures. No cross
      reactions were observed with other related mycoplasmal species. The assay was
      cheap to perform and easy to interpret, and it required little technical time.

PMID- 2394809
TI  - Pediatric pelvic ring fractures.
AB  - Pelvic fractures are uncommon in children, yet they rank second to those of the
      skull in terms of complications. Thirty-six pediatric patients who sustained
      pelvic fractures were retrospectively studied, and a recent follow-up examination
      was conducted in 29 of the patients. All fractures were classified using Torode
      and Zieg's system, and the severity of injury was classified using the Modified
      Injury Severity Score (MISS). Associated injuries occurred in 67% of the
      patients, with long-term morbidity or mortality in 30%. The high probability of
      associated injuries must be appreciated, as even minimal bony injury may be
      associated with life-threatening visceral injuries and morbidity.

PMID- 2394810
TI  - Hip instability in spinal cord injury patients.
AB  - Seventeen children with spinal cord injuries that occurred before the age of 9
      years were followed at the Alfred I. duPont Institute for a mean of 13.2 years
      (range 3-32 years). Fourteen of these patients (82%) developed subluxation or
      dislocation in one or both hips. Patients with spastic spinal cord injury (SCI)
      developed hip flexion and adduction contractures and had symptoms that tended to
      mimic those of cerebral palsy. Patients with flaccid SCI mirrored the "flail"
      hips of myelomeningocele. Pelvic obliquity occurred in spastic and flaccid
      children. Only one patient developed pain, and three had deformities suggesting
      avascular necrosis of the femoral head. At final follow-up, no patient had
      physical problems relating to the hip dysplasia.

PMID- 2394812
TI  - Internal fixation versus traction and casting of adolescent femoral shaft
      fractures.
AB  - We compared the results of traction plus subsequent casting with rigid internal
      fixation in a large series of adolescent femoral shaft fractures. Of 90 patients
      with 96 femoral shaft fractures, 49 (52 fractures) underwent rigid internal
      fixation, whereas 41 (44 fractures) underwent traction and subsequent casting
      until healing occurred. The traction and casting group had a mean hospital stay
      of 26 days. The operative group had a mean hospital stay of 9 days and had fewer
      complications than the nonoperative group. Adolescent femoral shaft fractures can
      be operatively treated with excellent results and a decreased complication rate.
      Operation results in shorter hospitalization, which has psychological, social,
      educational, and economic advantages over conservative treatment.

PMID- 2394811
TI  - Complex femur fractures in children: treatment with external fixation.
AB  - External fixation was used to treat complex femur fractures in 10 children. These
      injuries were associated with head trauma, cerebral palsy, epidermolysis bullosa,
      open wounds, and failed casting. The duration of external fixation averaged 8
      weeks, and the mean follow-up was 5 years 8 months. At follow-up, one patient had
      2.6 cm of residual shortening, and two had overgrowth. Complications included one
      refracture. Three children developed superficial pin site drainage. Although most
      femur fractures can be treated with traction or casting, external fixation may
      simplify overall care in children with multiple injuries and is effective in
      controlling unacceptable femoral shortening and angulation.

PMID- 2394813
TI  - C1-C2 posterior soft-tissue injuries with neurologic impairment in children.
AB  - A retrospective study of the initial lateral cervical spine radiographs (read as
      normal) of five multiply traumatized quadriplegic children showed a subtle
      widening between the spinous processes of C1 and C2. To verify the accuracy of
      this widening, five distances, two calculations, and four angles were defined and
      measured in the pathologic group and in a control group of 12 normal children.
      There was a significant difference (p less than 0.05) between the two groups. A
      widening of greater than 10 mm between the spinous processes of C1-C2 on a
      neutral lateral radiograph should alert the physician to an underlying spinal
      cord injury. The other measurements could then confine the pathology at that
      level.

PMID- 2394814
TI  - Postnatal growth and development of the flexor tendon pulley system.
AB  - The number, type, position, and size of the pulleys of the flexor tendon sheath
      of preserved cadaver hands from children ranging in age from newborn to 15 years
      were studied by dissection, observation, direct measurement, and radiographic
      evaluation. These studies delineated flexor tendon pulley development and their
      locations in the developing hand. Pulley positions are relatively constant
      throughout postnatal development, with the gross anatomic characteristics
      correlating closely to those of the adult hand. Mild abnormalities in the
      location of pulleys were identified in three hands classified as growth-retarded
      on the basis of an inconsistency between skeletal and chronologic ages. The
      flexor tendon system of the skeletally immature hand progressively develops in
      concert with adjacent chondro-osseous and soft tissue elements.

PMID- 2394815
TI  - Anatomy of the os trigonum.
AB  - Three anatomic specimens of os trigonum from skeletally immature patients
      demonstrated anatomic continuity of the cartilage containing the ossicle with the
      body of the talus, with a synchondrosis being present between the two ossifying
      regions. The os trigonum may be considered a developmental analogue of a
      secondary ossification center similar to the posterior calcaneal apophysis
      (although there are obvious histologic differences). The chondro-osseous border
      of the synchondrosis may be injured either as a chronic stress fracture or, less
      frequently, as an acute fracture, comparable to the injury patterns involving the
      accessory navicular.

PMID- 2394816
TI  - Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia: treatment with free vascularized fibular
      grafts.
AB  - We used free vascularized fibula transfers to treat 12 patients with congenital
      pseudarthrosis of the tibia. The mean age at surgery was 6.5 years, and the
      average follow-up was 3.4 years. Only one patient had persistent nonunion at the
      time of last follow-up, but he had 2.2 operations after the initial vascularized
      procedure. Problems included delayed union at the distal anastomosis and
      refracture. Union can be achieved in most patients, but attention to technical
      detail is very important. All angulation must be corrected and, at the first sign
      of delayed union, the site should be regrafted and intramedullary fixation should
      be used.

PMID- 2394817
TI  - Recurrent hip dislocation in intermediate spinal atrophy.
AB  - Recurrent hip dislocation after corrective orthopaedic surgery in children and
      teenagers with intermediate spinal atrophy has not been reported in the
      literature. Four cases with long-term follow-up are presented. These represent
      the only cases surgically treated in 30 years of following spinal atrophy
      patients. Thus, it seems significant that all hips redislocated after the
      surgical procedure. In addition, two patients had second operations with
      subsequent dislocation. Pelvic obliquity should not be the basis for the surgery,
      as spinal fusion is generally necessary for wheelchair users. The sagacity of
      performing surgery for hip dislocations is raised.

PMID- 2394818
TI  - Surgical treatment of adolescent hallux valgus.
AB  - Surgical for adolescent hallux valgus (HV) was performed on 32 feet. Five feet
      (16%) required revision surgery, and technical errors accounted for recurrence in
      all five. Satisfaction was obtained in 70% of patients. According to a new bunion
      rating score, 59% of patients had good to excellent results. In a subgroup of
      patients treated with metatarsal osteotomy for metatarsus primus varus, the
      Mitchell osteotomy provided an excellent rating in 95% of patients. Surgery for
      adolescent HV provides satisfying results in most patients. The one factor most
      highly correlated with both decreased risk of recurrence of angular deformity and
      patient satisfaction was a reduction of the intermetatarsal (IM) angle.

PMID- 2394819
TI  - Tibial physeal closure and genu recurvatum after femoral fracture: occurrence
      without a tibial traction pin.
AB  - Two cases of premature closure of the anterior portion of the proximal tibial
      physis with associated genu recurvatum deformity in adolescent males who had
      sustained a closed femur fracture are reported. In both cases, physeal closure
      occurred without use of a proximal tibial traction pin. In one patient, treatment
      included distal femoral pin traction; the other patient was treated with skin
      traction followed by spica cast. We believe that development of recurvatum of the
      tibia after femoral fracture in children is not necessarily iatrogenic and
      related to a tibial traction pin, but instead may result from physeal injury
      incurred at the time of the original trauma.

PMID- 2394820
TI  - Avascular necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis in metachondromatosis.
AB  - A 6-year-old boy with metachondromatosis, an inherited disorder characterized by
      multiple enchondromas and exostoses, developed avascular necrosis of the capital
      femoral epiphysis mimicking Perthes disease. Despite containment, significant
      coxa magna occurred with flattening and lateral extrusion, requiring
      intertrochanteric osteotomy and shelf augmentation.

PMID- 2394821
TI  - New procedure to remove a centrally located bone bar.
AB  - A centrally located bone bar of the lower tibia was removed after epiphyseolysis
      with an Ilizarov device. The bone bridge attached to the metaphysis was easy to
      remove, and methylmethacrylate was used as an interpositional material. Varus
      deformity was corrected at the level of the epiphyseolysis. At the 2-year follow
      up, there was evidence of further growth and correction of the varus was
      maintained.

PMID- 2394822
TI  - The cincinnati incision for the split posterior tibial tendon transfer: a
      technical note.
AB  - The split posterior tendon transfer has been effective in correcting equinovarus
      deformity in children with cerebral palsy. The original report of this procedure
      described a four incision approach. We have modified the technique by
      substituting the single transverse, Cincinnati incision, which permits better
      visual and physical access to the operative field and has no major disadvantages.

PMID- 2394823
TI  - Art and learning.

PMID- 2394824
TI  - Open bone graft epiphysiodesis for slipped capital femoral epiphysis.

PMID- 2394825
TI  - Molecular basis of medium chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. An A to
      G transition at position 985 that causes a lysine-304 to glutamate substitution
      in the mature protein is the single prevalent mutation.
AB  - We sequenced polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified variant medium chain acyl
      CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) cDNAs in cultured fibroblasts from three MCAD-deficient
      patients. In all three patients, an A to G transition was identified at position
      985 of the coding region. Since no appropriate restriction sites for detecting
      this point mutation were found, we devised a PCR method that amplifies an 87-bp
      fragment from position 955. In the 5' primer encompassing positions 955 to 984, A
      981 was artificially substituted with C. With the presence of C-981 and G-985, an
      Nco I restriction site is introduced in the mutant copies. When cDNA or genomic
      DNA from fibroblasts of nine MCAD-deficient patients were tested with this
      method, the copies from all of them completely cleaved into two shorter fragments
      by Nco I, indicating their homozygosity for the A----G-985 transition. In
      contrast, the copies from all eight controls remained intact. Thus, this A----G
      985 transition is the single prevalent mutation causing MCAD deficiency, a highly
      unusual feature for any genetic disorder. The PCR/Nco I digestion method is
      suitable for the diagnosis of MCAD deficiency.

PMID- 2394826
TI  - Enhanced expression of an exocrine pancreatic protein in Alzheimer's disease and
      the developing human brain.
AB  - Pancreatic thread protein (PTP) is a major exocrine secretory protein that in
      vitro forms filamentous bundles reminiscent of the paired helical filaments of
      Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously described increased PTP immunoreactivity
      in AD brains and now report high levels in the developing human brain. Using a
      full-length cloned bovine PTP cDNA and synthetic oligonucleotides corresponding
      to human PTP cDNA, which is identical to human islet cell regeneration factor, we
      analyzed the expression of PTP in pancreas and brain. A major 0.9-kb as well as
      several minor transcripts were identified in human pancreas. In AD brain, the
      same size transcripts were detected by Northern analysis, primer extension assay,
      or polymerase chain reaction amplification of cDNAs generated by reverse
      transcriptase assay. There were significantly higher levels of PTP mRNA in brains
      with AD compared with aged controls, with increased amounts of 1.2-, 0.6-, and
      0.4-kb transcripts by Northern analysis. In situ hybridization localized
      expression to pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex, the same population that
      contains neurofibrillary tangles and high levels of immunoreactive PTP. These
      findings suggest that AD is associated with enhanced expression of PTP-related
      transcripts with intraneuronal accumulation of PTP-like proteins.

PMID- 2394827
TI  - Human very low density lipoproteins and chylomicrons can protect against
      endotoxin-induced death in mice.
AB  - Endotoxemia stimulates many physiologic responses including disturbances in lipid
      metabolism. We hypothesized that this lipemia may be part of a defensive
      mechanism by which the body combats the toxic effects of circulating endotoxin.
      We tested the effects of mixtures of endotoxin, lipoproteins, and lipoprotein
      free plasma and determined the ability of varying concentrations of human very
      low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and chylomicrons, as well as low density
      lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL), and of the synthetic
      lipid emulsion SOYACAL to prevent endotoxin-induced death in mice. This study
      demonstrates that the triglyceride-rich VLDL and chylomicrons, as well as
      cholesterol-rich LDL and HDL, and cholesterol-free SOYACAL can protect against
      endotoxin-induced death. Protection required small amounts of lipoprotein-free
      plasma, and depended on the incubation time and the concentration of lipoprotein
      lipid. Despite stringent techniques to prevent exogenous endotoxin contamination
      eight of ten duplicate VLDL preparations contained endotoxin (5,755 +/- 3,514 ng
      endotoxin/mg triglyceride, mean +/- SEM) making the isolation of endotoxin-free
      VLDL difficult. In contrast, simultaneous preparations of LDL and HDL were
      relatively free of endotoxin contamination (3 +/- 3 and 320 +/- 319 ng/mg total
      cholesterol, respectively), suggesting that the contamination of VLDL occurs in
      vivo and not during the isolation procedure. These observations suggest a
      possible role for increased triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the host's defense
      against endotoxemia and infection.

PMID- 2394829
TI  - Skeletal muscle response to exercise training in congestive heart failure.
AB  - To examine the ability of the skeletal muscle of congestive heart failure (CHF)
      patients to adapt to chronic exercise, five patients performed localized
      nondominant wrist flexor training for 28 d. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) and
      phosphocreatine (PCr) were monitored by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in both
      forearms at rest and during submaximal wrist flexion exercise at 6, 12, 24, and
      36 J.min-1 before and after exercise training. Simultaneous measurements of limb
      blood flow were made by plethysmography at 12, 24, and 36 J.min-1. Forearm muscle
      mass and endurance were measured by magnetic resonance imaging and wrist flexion
      exercise before and after training. The Pi/PCr ratio and pH were calculated from
      the measured Pi and PCr. Exercise cardiac output, heart rate, plasma
      norepinephrine, and lactate measured during training were not elevated above
      resting values, confirming that training was localized to the forearm flexor
      muscles. After training, muscle bioenergetics, as assessed by the slope of the
      regression line relating Pi/PCr to submaximal workloads, were improved in the
      trained forearm of each patient, although muscle mass, limb blood flow, and pH
      were unchanged. Forearm endurance increased by greater than 260% after training.
      In the dominant untrained forearm, none of the measured indices were affected. We
      conclude that localized forearm exercise training in CHF patients improves muscle
      energetics at submaximal workloads in the trained muscle, an effect which is
      independent of muscle mass, limb blood flow, or a central cardiovascular response
      during training. These findings indicate that peripheral muscle metabolic and
      functional abnormalities in CHF can be improved without altering cardiac
      performance.

PMID- 2394828
TI  - Phenotypic expression of heterozygous lipoprotein lipase deficiency in the
      extended pedigree of a proband homozygous for a missense mutation.
AB  - Familial lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder
      accompanied by well-characterized manifestations. The phenotypic expression of
      heterozygous LPL deficiency has not been so clearly defined. We studied the
      pedigree of a proband known to be homozygous for a mutation resulting in
      nonfunctional LPL. Hybridization of DNA from 126 members with allele-specific
      probes detected 29 carriers of the mutant allele. Adipose tissue LPL activity,
      measured previously, was reduced by 50% in carriers, but did not reliably
      distinguish them from noncarriers. Carriers were prone to the expression of a
      form of familial hypertriglyceridemia characterized by increased plasma
      triglyceride, VLDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B, and decreased LDL and HDL
      cholesterol concentrations. These manifestations were age modulated, with
      conspicuous differences between carriers and noncarriers observed only after age
      40. Several noncarriers exhibited similar lipid abnormalities, but without the
      inverse relationship between VLDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol noted among
      carriers. In addition to age and carrier status, the potentially reversible
      conditions, obesity, hyperinsulinemia and lipid-raising drug use were
      contributory. Thus heterozygous lipoprotein lipase deficiency, together with age
      related influences, may account for a form of familial hypertriglyceridemia.

PMID- 2394830
TI  - Distinct abnormalities in the interaction of purified types IIA and IIB von
      Willebrand factor with the two platelet binding sites, glycoprotein complexes Ib
      IX and IIb-IIIa.
AB  - We have studied the interaction of the congenitally abnormal type IIA and IIB von
      Willebrand factor (vWF) molecules, both lacking the larger multimeric forms, with
      the two vWF binding sites on platelets, the glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX and GP IIb
      IIIa complexes. Variant as well as normal (N) vWF were purified from plasma.
      Estimates for binding of subunit molecules per platelet at saturation (Bmax) and
      dissociation constant in moles/liter (Kd), respectively, were obtained from
      binding isotherms of 125I-labeled vWF, with the following results. In the
      presence of ristocetin (binding to GP Ib-IX): N, 25,693 and 0.5 x 10(-8); IIA,
      both parameters not measurable; IIB, 17,708 and 0.87 x 10(-8). After thrombin
      stimulation (binding to GP IIb-IIIa): N, 17,059 and 1.12 x 10(-8); IIA, 23,751
      and 4.87 x 10(-8); IIB, 19,890 and 2.52 x 10(-8). Distinct experiments based on
      measuring the ability of the variant species (from the same patients and one
      additional IIB patient) to inhibit the binding of normal 125I-vWF to platelets
      gave results in agreement with those reported above. Other studies showed that
      only IIB vWF bound to platelets in the absence of any mediating substance (Kd =
      5.21 x 10(-8) mol/liter and Bmax = 9,599 subunits per platelet) and induced
      aggregation at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml (3.6 x 10(-8) M). Thus, IIB
      vWF binds to GP Ib-IX with high affinity and induces platelet aggregation,
      whether with or without ristocetin, in spite of the absence of larger multimers.
      In contrast, the binding of IIA vWF to GP Ib-IX occurs with very decreased
      affinity, and this defective function may result from specific structural
      abnormalities rather than just being a reflection of the absence of larger
      multimeric forms. Both IIA and IIB vWF exhibit decreased affinity for GP IIb
      IIIa. In this case, the extent of the defect correlates with the absence of
      larger multimers.

PMID- 2394831
TI  - Lack of effect of lovastatin therapy on the parameters of whole-body cholesterol
      metabolism.
AB  - The effects of lovastatin therapy on the parameters of body cholesterol
      metabolism were explored in nine hypercholesterolemic patients. Long-term
      cholesterol turnover studies were performed before therapy, and were repeated
      after 15 mo of lovastatin therapy (40 mg/d) while continuing on therapy. The
      major question addressed was whether a reduction in plasma cholesterol level with
      lovastatin would be associated with a reduction in the whole-body production rate
      of cholesterol or with the sizes of exchangeable body cholesterol pools as
      determined by the three-pool model of cholesterol turnover. The mean plasma
      cholesterol level decreased 19.4% (from 294 to 237 mg/dl), and low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol decreased 23.8% (from 210 to 159 mg/dl) with lovastatin
      therapy. Changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level were not
      significant. The cholesterol production rate did not change significantly with
      therapy (1.09 +/- 0.10 [mean +/- S.D.] vs. 1.17 +/- 0.09 g/d). By comparison,
      colestipol and niacin treatment in three other subjects more than doubled the
      cholesterol production rate (1.14 +/- 0.28 vs. 2.42 +/- 0.34 g/d). Thus,
      hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibition by lovastatin at
      the therapeutic dose used here did not change the steady-state rate of whole-body
      cholesterol synthesis. Despite the changes in plasma cholesterol levels, no
      significant changes were seen in the values of M1, of M3 or of Mtot, the sizes of
      the pools of rapidly, of slowly, and of total body exchangeable cholesterol.
      CONCLUSION: lovastatin therapy to lower plasma cholesterol does not lead to
      corresponding reductions in body cholesterol pools or to a reduction in the rate
      of whole-body cholesterol synthesis. In the new steady state that exists during
      long-term lovastatin therapy, along with increased expression of the genes for
      HMG-CoA reductase and the LDL receptor, the body compensates for the effects of
      the drug so that cholesterol production rate and tissue pool sizes are not
      changed from pretreatment values.

PMID- 2394832
TI  - Distribution of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase along the rabbit nephron.
AB  - It has been recently proposed that 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta
      OHSD) is responsible for aldosterone tissue specificity. A 11 beta-OHSD
      deficiency has been invoked as a cause of the syndrome of apparent
      mineralocorticoid excess, and 11 beta-OHSD inhibition by liquorice has been
      invoked to explain the hypertension induced by this drug. Since the renal tubule
      is composed of aldosterone-sensitive and insensitive segments, we determined the
      distribution of 11 beta-OHSD along the rabbit tubule. Pools of tubular segments
      isolated by microdissection were incubated for 2 h at 37 degrees C in the
      presence of [3H]corticosterone (3H-B, 8.10(-9) M). Afterwards, the amounts of 3H
      B and of the metabolite 11-dehydrocorticosterone (3H-A) were determined using
      HPLC analysis. In the proximal tubule, in either its convoluted or straight
      portion, and in the medullary thick ascending limb, the amount of 3H-A was 19.6
      +/- 3.8% (n = 12), 17.9 +/- 3.4 (n = 8), and 15.0 +/- 2.2 (n = 4), respectively,
      of the sum of 3H-A + 3H-B. In the cortical ascending limb and the collecting
      tubule in its cortical and medullary parts, it was 74.7 +/- 6.8% (n = 4), 74.1 +/
      4.9 (n = 9) and 64.6 +/- 14.1 (n = 3), respectively. In both proximal and
      cortical collecting tubule, addition of carbenoxolone 8.10(-4) M, an inhibitor of
      11 beta-OHSD, almost completely inhibited the conversion of 3H-B to 3H-A. Thus,
      11 beta-OHSD activity was high in the aldosterone-sensitive segments, and low in
      the aldosterone-insensitive segments. These results strongly favor the hypothesis
      that 11 beta-OHSD is a key enzyme in mineralocorticoid tissue specificity along
      the rabbit nephron. They reinforce the notion that a defect in 11 beta-OHSD plays
      a major role in the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess and liquorice
      induced hypertension.

PMID- 2394833
TI  - Increased pulmonary neuroendocrine cells with bombesin-like immunoreactivity in
      adult patients with eosinophilic granuloma.
AB  - Cigarette smoking is associated with hyperplasia of pulmonary neuroendocrine
      cells and variably increased levels of bombesin-like peptides in the lower
      respiratory tract. Because the neuropeptide bombesin is a chemoattractant for
      monocytes and a mitogen for 3T3 fibroblasts, we hypothesized that an excess of
      neuroendocrine cells and bombesin-like peptides could contribute to lung
      inflammation and fibrosis in certain cigarette smokers. Eosinophilic granuloma is
      a fibrotic lung disease of unknown etiology that in adults occurs almost
      invariably in cigarette smokers. We quantitated neuroendocrine cells with
      bombesin-like immunoreactivity in open lung biopsies from patients with
      eosinophilic granuloma (n = 6) and compared these with cigarette smokers (n = 6)
      who underwent lung resection for reasons other than primary lung disease. In
      addition, we compared them with patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (n =
      8), a disease not associated with cigarette smoking. Finally, we also examined
      the mitogenic effect of bombesin on cultured human adult lung fibroblasts. The
      patients with eosinophilic granuloma exhibited a 10-fold increase in
      neuroendocrine cells with bombesin-like immunoreactivity compared to both smokers
      (P = 0.005) and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (P = 0.005). In
      addition, bombesin produced a significant mitogenic effect on cultured human
      adult lung fibroblasts at concentrations of 1 nM and above. We conclude that
      increased numbers of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells with bombesin-like
      immunoreactivity are commonly found in patients with eosinophilic granuloma and,
      since bombesin-like peptides are chemotactic for monocytes and mitogenic for
      human lung fibroblasts, we speculate that neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia may be
      important in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic granuloma in adult cigarette
      smokers.

PMID- 2394834
TI  - Effects of interleukin 2 on cardiac function in the isolated rat heart.
AB  - Adoptive immunotherapy with IL 2 is associated with severe cardiovascular
      toxicities including peripheral and pulmonary edema, hypotension decreased
      systemic vascular resistance, increased heart rate, and an increased cardiac
      index. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether IL 2 alone or
      in combination with lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK) cells depress cardiac
      function using the isolated, perfused, working rat heart preparation. Male
      Sprague-Dawley rats (250-350 g) were anesthetized and the hearts were removed and
      placed on the perfusion apparatus. Hearts were perfused with oxygenated Krebs
      Henseleit buffer (KHB), or oxygenated KHB containing IL 2 alone, IL 2-Media (cell
      culture media supplemented with 1,500 U IL 2/ml), LYMPH (cell culture media from
      cultured mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers), or LAK (cell culture media
      from cultured lymphocytes harvested from patients receiving IL 2/LAK in the
      presence of 1,500 U/ml IL 2). The cells were removed before perfusion (n = 9).
      Cardiac output and coronary flow were measured at 20-min intervals with preload
      constant (afterload varied or afterload constant (preload varied). The results
      indicate a significant depression in cardiac function in hearts treated with LAK.
      This depression was evident at 20 min and was more pronounced at 60 min. Washout
      of the KHB plus LAK reversed this depression. Thus, IL 2-stimulated/cultured
      human mononuclear cells produce a soluble factor that produces a reversible
      severe depression of cardiac function.

PMID- 2394835
TI  - Ascitic fluid from human ovarian cancer patients contains growth factors
      necessary for intraperitoneal growth of human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells.
AB  - Human ovarian cancer, the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy,
      tends to remain localized to the peritoneal cavity until late in the disease. In
      established disease, ascitic fluid accumulates in the peritoneal cavity. We have
      previously demonstrated that this ascitic fluid is a potent source of in vitro
      mitogenic activity including at least one unique growth factor. We now report
      that the human ovarian adenocarcinoma line, HEY, can be induced to grow
      intraperitoneally in immunodeficient nude mice in the presence (23/28 mice), but
      not absence (0/21 mice) of ascitic fluid from ovarian cancer patients. Ascitic
      fluid from patients with benign disease did not have similar effects on
      intraperitoneal growth of HEY cells (1/15 mice). Once tumors were established by
      injections of exogenous ascitic fluid, they could progress in the absence of
      additional injections of ascitic fluid. The mice eventually developed ascitic
      fluid which contained potent growth factor activity, suggesting that the tumors
      eventually produced autologous growth factors. This nude mouse model provides a
      system to study the action of ovarian cancer growth factors on tumor growth in
      vivo and to evaluate preclinically, therapeutic approaches designed to counteract
      the activity of these growth factors.

PMID- 2394836
TI  - Pituitary-like proopiomelanocortin transcripts in human Leydig cell tumors.
AB  - Proopiomelanocortin is a polypeptide precursor molecule, the processing of which
      generates ACTH, beta-endorphin, the beta- and gamma-lipotropins, the joining
      peptide, and the NH2-terminal fragment. Anterior pituitary corticotrophs are the
      major site of proopiomelanocortin gene expression in man and the predominant, if
      not sole source of circulating ACTH. Recent data have established that
      proopiomelanocortin gene expression also occurs in various normal nonpituitary
      tissues, one of the best studied being the testis. In this latter organ the
      dominant gene products are short transcripts of approximately 800 nucleotides,
      which lack the first two exons of the gene and cannot encode a complete
      proopiomelanocortin molecule. In this report we show that the mode of
      proopiomelanocortin gene expression is occasionally modified in human Leydig cell
      tumors: a 1,200-nucleotide mRNA species identical to that in the pituitary is
      produced. It results from the usual (pituitary) start site of transcription and
      thus can encode the complete proopiomelanocortin molecule. In two out of six
      tumors, large amounts of the 1,200-nucleotide transcript led to a dramatic
      increase of approximately 1,000-fold in proopiomelanocortin peptide
      concentrations as compared with the normal and peritumoral testis.
      Proopiomelanocortin processing in these tumors generates various peptide
      fragments including ACTH. These results may help to understand the mechanism of
      proopiomelanocortin expression in nonpituitary tumors and have implications for
      the more general phenomenon of ectopic hormone secretion.

PMID- 2394837
TI  - Two distinct abnormalities in patients with C8 alpha-gamma deficiency. Low level
      of C8 beta chain and presence of dysfunctional C8 alpha-gamma subunit.
AB  - The sera from three C8 alpha-gamma deficient patients previously reported to have
      a selective C8 alpha-gamma defect were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot
      using two polyclonal antisera to C8 alpha-gamma and a monoclonal antibody to C8
      alpha. All three sera exhibited C8 alpha-gamma bands that dissociated into alpha
      and gamma chains under reducing conditions. Quantitation of the alpha-gamma
      subunit in these sera by a sensitive ELISA revealed an amount approximately 1% of
      that found in normal human serum. A similar assay performed with a specific
      antiserum to C8 beta showed unexpectedly low levels of C8 beta in these sera,
      which were confirmed by hemolytic titration of C8 beta. The remarkable
      differences between C8 alpha-gamma and C8 beta in the C8 alpha-gamma deficient
      sera was that in spite of their comparable immunochemical levels, C8 beta still
      exhibited functional activity whereas C8 alpha-gamma was totally inactive. That
      the residual C8 alpha-gamma was inactive was also proved by its inability to show
      lytic bands in an overlay system after SDS-PAGE and subsequent removal of SDS.
      The implications of these findings for a novel concept of C8 deficiency are
      discussed.

PMID- 2394838
TI  - Congenital hypothyroidism, as studied in rats. Crucial role of maternal thyroxine
      but not of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in the protection of the fetal brain.
AB  - To study the protective effects of maternal thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'
      triiodothyronine (T3) in congenital hypothyroidism, we gave pregnant rats
      methimazole (MMI), an antithyroid drug that crosses the placenta, and infused
      them with three different doses of T4 or T3. The concentrations of both T4 and T3
      were determined in maternal and fetal plasma and tissues (obtained near term) by
      specific RIAs. Several thyroid hormone-dependent biological end-points were also
      measured. MMI treatment resulted in marked fetal T4 and T3 deficiency. Infusion
      of T4 into the mothers increased both these pools in a dose-dependent fashion.
      There was a preferential increase of T3 in the fetal brain. Thus, with a T4 dose
      maintaining maternal euthyroidism, fetal brain T3 reached normal values, although
      fetal plasma T4 was 40% of normal and plasma TSH was high. The infusion of T3
      pool into the mothers increased the total fetal extrathyroidal T3 pool in a dose
      dependent fashion. The fetal T4 pools were not increased, however, and this
      deprived the fetal brain (and possibly the pituitary) of local generation of T3
      from T4. As a consequence, fetal brain T3 deficiency was not mitigated even when
      dams were infused with a toxic dose of T3. The results show that (a) there is a
      preferential protection of the brain of the hypothyroid fetus from T3 deficiency;
      (b) maternal T4, but not T3, plays a crucial role in this protection, and (c) any
      condition which lowers maternal T4 (including treatment with T3) is potentially
      harmful for the brain of a hypothyroid fetus. Recent confirmation of
      transplacental passage of T4 in women at term suggests that present results are
      relevant for human fetuses with impairment of thyroid function. Finding signs of
      hypothyroidism at birth does not necessarily mean that the brain was unprotected
      in utero, provided maternal T4 is normal. It is crucial to realize that
      maintainance of maternal "euthyroidism" is not sufficient, as despite
      hypothyroxinemia, the mothers may be clinically euthyroid if their T3 levels are
      normal.

PMID- 2394839
TI  - Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase genes coamplify in primary ovarian
      carcinomas.
AB  - The genes for acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) and butyrylcholinesterase (CHE) are
      expressed in multiple tumor tissues, including ovarian carcinomas. Both CHE and
      ACHE genes coamplify in leukemias. To examine the relationship of gene
      amplification to the expression of these genes in tumors, ACHE and CHE genes and
      their expression were studied in primary ovarian carcinomas. DNA blot
      hybridization demonstrated a significant amplification and mutagenesis of both
      genes in 6 of 11 malignant tumors studied. This was greater or of the same order
      of magnitude as the amplification of the oncogenes c-rafi, v-sis, and c-fes in
      these tumors. No amplification was found in normal ovarian tissues or benign
      ovarian cysts. Xenopus oocyte microinjections, blot and in situ hybridizations,
      and immuno- and cytochemical staining revealed translatable CHEmRNA and its
      active protein product in discrete tumor foci. The frequent coamplification in
      ovarian carcinomas of ACHE and CHE genes implicates cholinesterases in neoplastic
      growth and/or proliferation.

PMID- 2394840
TI  - A molecular defect in hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis in sitosterolemia with
      xanthomatosis.
AB  - We examined the relationship between cholesterol biosynthesis and total and high
      affinity LDL binding in liver specimens from two sitosterolemic and 12 healthy
      control subjects who died unexpectedly and whose livers became available when no
      suitable recipient for transplantation was identified. Accelerated
      atherosclerosis, unrestricted intestinal sterol absorption, increased plasma and
      tissue plant sterol concentrations, and low cholesterol synthesis characterize
      this disease. Mean total microsomal HMG-CoA reductase (rate-control controlling
      enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis) activity was sevenfold higher (98.1 +/- 28.8
      vs. 15.0 +/- 2.0 pmol/mg protein per min) and microsomal enzyme protein mass was
      eightfold larger (1.43 +/- 0.41 vs. 0.18 +/- 0.04 relative densitometric U/mg
      protein) in 11 controls than the average for two sitosterolemic liver specimens.
      HMG-CoA reductase mRNA probed with pRED 227 and pHRED 102 was decreased to barely
      detectable levels in the sitosterolemic livers. In addition, there was a 50%
      decrease in the rate [2-14C]mevalonic acid was converted to cholesterol by
      sitosterolemic liver slices compared with controls (112 vs. 224 +/- 32 pmol/g
      liver per h). In contrast, average total LDL binding was 60% greater (326 vs. 204
      +/- 10 ng/mg), and high affinity (receptor-mediated) binding 165% more active
      (253 vs. 95.1 +/- 8.2 ng/mg) in two sitosterolemic liver membrane specimens than
      the mean for 12 controls. Liver morphology was intact although sitosterolemic
      hepatocytes and microsomes contained 24 and 14% less cholesterol, respectively,
      and 10-100 times more plant sterols and 5 alpha-stanols than control specimens.
      We postulate that inadequate cholesterol biosynthesis is an inherited abnormality
      in sitosterolemia and may be offset by augmented receptor-mediated LDL catabolism
      to supply cellular sterols that cannot be formed.

PMID- 2394843
TI  - Intestinal lesions resembling paratuberculosis in a wild rabbit (Oryctolagus
      cuniculus).
AB  - One of three feral rabbits from a colony on a hill grazing used to sustain farmed
      red deer in north-east Scotland, had chronic intestinal lesions resembling
      paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), but similar lesions were not found in 29
      juvenile and adult rabbits killed subsequently on the same ground. Acid- and
      alcohol-fast bacteria were observed in fixed tissues, but material for culture
      was not obtained from the affected rabbit, thus the species of Mycobacterium
      involved was not identified. The farmed deer had experienced recently a severe
      outbreak of paratuberculosis.

PMID- 2394841
TI  - Neutrophil bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus adherent on
      biological surfaces. Surface-bound extracellular matrix proteins activate
      intracellular killing by oxygen-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
AB  - The activation patterns of surface adherent neutrophils are modulated via
      interaction of extracellular matrix proteins with neutrophil integrins. To
      evaluate neutrophil bactericidal activity, Staphylococcus aureus adherent to
      biological surfaces were incubated with neutrophils and serum, and the survival
      of surface bacteria was determined. When compared to albumin-coated surfaces, the
      bactericidal activity of neutrophils adherent to purified human extracellular
      matrix was markedly enhanced (mean survival: 34.2% +/- 9.0% of albumin, P less
      than 0.0001) despite similar efficient ingestion of extracellular bacteria.
      Enhancement of killing was observed when surfaces were coated with purified
      constituents of extracellular matrix, i.e., fibronectin, fibrinogen, laminin,
      vitronectin, or type IV collagen. In addition to matrix proteins, the
      tetrapeptide RGDS (the sequence recognized by integrins) crosslinked to surface
      bound albumin was also active (survival: 74.5% +/- 5.5% of albumin, P less than
      0.02), and fibronectin-increased killing was inhibited by soluble RGDS.
      Chemiluminescence measurements and experiments with CGD neutrophils revealed that
      both oxygen-dependent and -independent bactericidal mechanisms are involved. In
      conclusion, matrix proteins enhance intracellular bactericidal activity of
      adherent neutrophils, presumably by integrin recognition of RGDS-containing
      ligands. These results indicate a role for extracellular matrix proteins in the
      enhancement of the host defense against pyogenic infections.

PMID- 2394844
TI  - Neuroaxonal dystrophy associated with vitamin E deficiency in two Haflinger
      horses.
AB  - Neuroaxonal dystrophy and minimal diffuse degenerative myelopathy was diagnosed
      in two female full sibling, 1- and 2-year-old, Haflinger horses. Both animals
      developed slowly progressive ataxia from the age of 4 months. Clinical signs,
      which were more prominent in the hind legs, included hypermetria and dysmetria.
      Histological examination revealed neuroaxonal dystrophy characterized by spheroid
      formation, vacuolation, astrogliosis and lipofuscin pigment deposition in
      macrophages and neuronal perikarya. These changes were restricted to the gracilis
      and cuneate nuclei, nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus intermediomedialis in
      the sacral and the seventh segment of the cervical spinal cord and Stilling
      Clarke's column in both horses and the medial vestibular nucleus in the older
      horse. Both diseased Haflingers had significantly reduced serum alpha- and gamma
      tocopherol values. No significant alteration in serum total lipid concentrations
      and serum selenium values were observed. It is likely that the condition has a
      familial hereditary basis. It is unclear whether there is a link between the
      observed neuroaxonal dystrophy and vitamin E deficiency and further
      investigations are warranted.

PMID- 2394842
TI  - Antioxidant macromolecules in the epithelial lining fluid of the normal human
      lower respiratory tract.
AB  - We hypothesized that the alveolar structures may contain extracellular
      macromolecules with antioxidant properties to defend against oxidants. To
      evaluate this 51Cr-labeled human lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) and cat lung epithelial
      cells (AKD) were exposed to a H2O2-generating system and alveolar epithelial
      lining fluid (ELF) from healthy nonsmokers was tested for its ability to protect
      the lung cells from H2O2-mediated injury. The ELF provided marked antioxidant
      protection, with most from a H2O-soluble fraction in the 100-300-kD range. Plasma
      proteins with anti-H2O2 properties were in insufficient concentrations to provide
      the antioxidant protection observed. However, catalase, a normal intracellular
      antioxidant, was present in sufficient concentration to account for most of the
      observed anti-H2O2 properties of ELF. Depletion of ELF with an anticatalase
      antibody abolished the anti-H2O2 macromolecular defenses of ELF. Since catalase
      is not normally released by cells, a likely explanation for its presence in high
      concentrations in normal ELF is that it is released by lung inflammatory and
      parenchymal cells onto the epithelial surface of the lower respiratory tract
      during their normal turnover and collects there due to the slow turnover of ELF.
      It is likely that catalase in the ELF of normal individuals plays a role in
      protecting lung parenchymal cells against oxidants present in the extracellular
      milieu.

PMID- 2394845
TI  - Unusual concretions in the hepatocyte rough endoplasmic reticulum of sheep given
      tunicamycin.
AB  - Unusual concentric laminar bodies in the RER of ovine hepatocytes treated with
      tunicamycin are described. These bodies are probably proteinaceous in nature and
      related to inhibition of protein glycosylation by tunicamycin in the RER.

PMID- 2394846
TI  - Studies of experimental Jembrana disease in Bali cattle. I. Transmission and
      persistence of the infectious agent in ruminants and pigs, and resistance of
      recovered cattle to re-infection.
AB  - The agent causing Jembrana disease, an enzootic disease of Bos javanicus (Bali
      cattle) occurring in Bali, Indonesia, was shown to occur at high titres in the
      blood of animals during the febrile period of the disease and to persist in
      cattle for 25 months after clinical recovery. During the febrile period of the
      disease, most of the infectious agent appeared to be associated with the plasma
      fraction of whole blood. There was a linear relationship between the number of
      organisms inoculated into susceptible Bali cattle and the incubation period,
      which varied from 4.5 to 12 days. Seventeen of 18 animals in which Jembrana
      disease had been experimentally induced up to 22 months previously did not
      develop clinical signs when re-challenged with the infectious agent. Ongole
      cattle (Bos indicus), Friesian cattle (Bos taurus), buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
      and pigs, but not sheep or goats, developed a mild febrile response, but no other
      overt clinical signs of the disease after inoculation with the Jembrana disease
      agent. Ongole and Friesian cattle, buffaloes, and sheep developed a persistent
      infection after inoculation; the infectious agent persisted in blood or spleen
      for at least 9 months in buffaloes and for shorter periods in the other species.

PMID- 2394847
TI  - Studies on experimental Jembrana disease in Bali cattle. II. Clinical signs and
      haematological changes.
AB  - The clinical and haematological changes which occurred in 18 Bali cattle (Bos
      javanicus) experimentally infected with Jembrana disease are described. The major
      clinical signs were an elevated rectal body temperature persisting for 7 days
      (range 5 to 12 days), lethargy, anorexia, enlargement of the superficial lymph
      nodes, a mild ocular and nasal discharge, diarrhoea with blood in the faeces and
      pallor of the mucous membranes. Not all of these changes occurred in all affected
      cattle. The major haematological changes included leucopenia, lymphopenia,
      eosinopenia and a slight neutropenia, a mild thrombocytopenia, a normocytic
      normochromic anaemia, elevated blood urea concentrations and reduced total plasma
      protein. The mortality rate in the experimentally infected cattle was 17 per
      cent. The similarity of Jembrana disease to malignant catarrhal fever and to
      diseases of cattle associated with Ehrlichia is discussed.

PMID- 2394848
TI  - Selective vulnerability of hippocampal CA3 neurones after microinfusion of
      paraquat into the rat substantia nigra or into the ventral tegmental area.
AB  - The neuropathological effects of various doses of paraquat, a widely used
      herbicide, given directly into different areas of the rat brain, were studied.
      Paraquat, microinfused into the pars compacta of the substantia nigra (3.2, 16,
      32 and 160 nmol), i.e. concentrations of 3.2 to 160 mmol l-1 applied at 1
      microliter min-1 for 1 min, produced dose-dependent neuropathological lesions
      culminating in neuronal necrosis. A particular feature of paraquat neurotoxicity
      after its microinfusion into the substantia nigra (3.2 mmol per 1 at 1 microliter
      per min for 1 min) or into the ventral tegmental area (1.6 mmol per 1 at 1
      microliter per min for 1 min), but not into other areas of the brain, was a
      selective vulnerability of hippocampal CA3 neurones consisting initially of a
      significant decrease of dendritic spines and later in neuronal degeneration and
      cell loss. No damage occurred after microinfusion of paraquat into other areas of
      the brain near or distant from the infusion sites. In addition, similar
      neuropathological alterations occurred in other non-dopaminergic areas, such as
      the locus coeruleus and some raphe nuclei after direct microinfusion of paraquat
      into these sites. In conclusion, the above neuropathological findings show that
      paraquat possesses marked neurotoxicity which, despite its chemical similarity to
      MPTP, is not selective for dopaminergic neurones.

PMID- 2394849
TI  - Oxalate nephropathy in a Tibetan spaniel litter. A probable case of primary
      hyperoxaluria.
AB  - Severe oxalate nephropathy with end-stage kidney lesions was found in two pups of
      a litter of three Tibetan Spaniels. This histopathological finding strongly
      suggests a primary hyperoxaluria since there was no exposure to agents capable of
      producing secondary hyperoxaluria. Primary hyperoxaluria has not been reported as
      a spontaneous disease in the dog, although it is a well-known, but rare,
      inherited metabolic disease of man.

PMID- 2394850
TI  - Protective effect of sera raised against different fractions of Streptococcus
      suis type 2.
AB  - Five bands of 44, 54, 78, 86 and 94 kD were identified by Western blot analysis
      of Streptococcus suis type 2 by the use of sera that were from immune or non
      immune pigs and were positive or negative in bactericidal tests in vitro. These
      bands were cut from the gels and used as antigens to produce antisera in rabbits.
      Rabbit sera against the 78 and 94 kD bands were positive in bactericidal tests,
      and the serum against the 94 kD band also protected mice against challenge with a
      live pathogenic strain of S. suis type 2. The serum raised against the 78 kD band
      was not protective in mice and appeared to inhibit the protective effect of the
      94 kD band antiserum. Rabbit sera raised against the 44, 54 and 86 kD bands were
      negative in bactericidal tests and failed to protect mice against challenge.

PMID- 2394851
TI  - Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma is a rare neoplasm of eccrine sweat
      gland origin. An acral location and a high recurrence rate are characteristic
      features. Its histopathologic features are distinctive, and the tumor expresses
      carcinoembryonic and S-100 protein antigens. We demonstrated immunoreactivity of
      the tumor to ferritin antibody, a new immunohistologic marker for sweat gland
      malignancies.

PMID- 2394852
TI  - Xanthoma disseminatum with progressive involvement of the central nervous and
      hepatobiliary systems.
AB  - A rapidly progressive disease with multiple organ involvement and symptoms of
      polyuria and polydipsia developed in a 32-year-old woman, with an initial
      presentation of xanthoma disseminatum. Within 6 months increasing visual
      impairment of the right eye developed; a computed tomographic scan revealed
      multiple cerebral and cerebellar lesions. Progress of her disease resulted in
      blindness of the right eye, internal hydrocephalus with involvement of both
      ventricles, and cerebellar ataxia. Ultrasound examination of the abdomen and a
      subsequent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic examination revealed a
      xanthomatous gallbladder and liver involvement. The gallbladder and liver showed
      histologic changes compatible with xanthomatosis. The patient died 4 years after
      the appearance of skin lesions.

PMID- 2394853
TI  - Acute hemorrhagic edema of childhood: an unusual variant of leukocytoclastic
      vasculitis.
AB  - A case of acute hemorrhagic edema in a 3-year-old boy is presented. Its cause,
      differential diagnosis, and relation to Schonlein-Henoch purpura are discussed.
      Acute hemorrhagic edema is an unusual variant of leukocytoclastic vasculitis.

PMID- 2394854
TI  - Disseminated porokeratosis accompanying multicentric Bowen's disease.
      Characterization of porokeratotic lesions progressing to Bowen's disease.
AB  - Multicentric Bowen's disease developed in a 73-year-old man in areas involved
      with disseminated porokeratosis. The porokeratotic lesions were brownish; some
      were small and solitary, and others were coalesced and of variable size. Some
      lesions were erythematous. The histologic findings of the small, solitary or
      brownish, coalesced lesions were those of porokeratosis without apparent
      dysplasia; however, the erythematous coalesced lesions revealed epidermal
      dysplasia. Study revealed DNA ploidy abnormalities in the epidermal cells of
      these porokeratotic skin lesions. The skin lesions progressed in their degree of
      DNA ploidy abnormality from small solitary lesions to brownish coalesced ones and
      further to erythematous, coalesced ones. These observations suggest the direct
      and sequential growth of potentially malignant neoplastic clones in the patient's
      porokeratotic skin lesions and explain the multicentric development of Bowen's
      disease.

PMID- 2394855
TI  - Radioactive gold ring dermatitis.
AB  - A superficial squamous cell carcinoma developed in a woman who wore a radioactive
      gold ring for more than 30 years. Only part of the ring was radioactive.
      Radiation dose measurements indicated that the dose to basal skin layer was 2.4
      Gy (240 rad) per week. If it is assumed that the woman continually wore her
      wedding ring for 37 years since purchase, she would have received a maximum dose
      of approximately 4600 Gy.

PMID- 2394856
TI  - Cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by a rare fungal pathogen, Hormonema
      dematioides: successful treatment with ketoconazole.
AB  - Annular, fungating, ulcerated lesions developed on both hands of a 64-year-old
      immunocompetent man 2 months after he was cut with barbed wire. A dematiaceous
      mold, Hormonema dematioides, heretofore not definitively associated with human
      disease, was grown from two separate tissue specimens during a period of 9 days.
      Histopathologic examination demonstrated rare small, periodic acid-Schiff
      positive, hyaline, yeastlike organisms in tissue. Twelve weeks of empiric therapy
      with ketoconazole, 400 mg/day, was curative.

PMID- 2394857
TI  - Transient symptomatic zinc deficiency in a full-term breast-fed infant.
AB  - A full-term 5-month-old breast-fed female infant presented with a 2-month history
      of diarrhea and a 1 1/2-month history of an acrodermatitis enteropathica-like
      skin eruption. Her serum zinc level and the maternal milk zinc level were
      markedly reduced. All symptoms disappeared promptly with oral zinc therapy, after
      which the patient's serum zinc level returned to normal.

PMID- 2394858
TI  - Familial occurrence of KID (keratitis, ichthyosis, deafness) syndrome. Case
      reports of a mother and daughter.
AB  - Keratitis, ichthyosis, and deafness (KID) syndrome in a mother and her daughter
      is reported. Both patients showed the typical cutaneous abnormality of
      papillomatous hyperkeratosis, which gave the skin a grainy, rugose, spiculated
      appearance, together with keratitis with corneal neovascularization and a
      neurosensory hearing defect. Treatment with etretinate did not benefit the
      daughter. The mother had marked keratitis with progressive corneal opacification
      that required repeated bilateral corneal grafts, which were unsuccessful. This is
      the second report of hereditary transmission of this disorder. An autosomal
      dominant mode of inheritance is probable.

PMID- 2394859
TI  - Multiple keratoacanthomas with peculiar manifestations and course.
AB  - The case of a 60-year-old Japanese man with unique multiple keratoacanthomas is
      reported. The lesions were located in the perioral area, grew peripherally, and
      healed centrally. Although individual lesions spontaneously regressed, prompt
      recurrence was observed after excision. Biopsy specimens taken from early
      proliferative, fully developed, and regressing stages revealed keratoacanthoma.
      Involucrin was demonstrated in the lesions during development and resolution. The
      early stage showed homogeneous staining of moderate intensity in the tumor cells
      at the suprabasal layers, and the staining became slightly irregular and intense
      when the lesions were fully developed. During resolution the intensity was
      markedly diminished. These results suggest that preterminal squamous
      differentiation accelerated during development of the tumors.

PMID- 2394860
TI  - Acute primary cutaneous nocardiosis.
AB  - An acute localized, purulent skin lesion developed on the right knee of an 8-year
      old girl and was subsequently diagnosed as a primary cutaneous Nocardia
      brasiliensis infection. It was soon accompanied by intense lymphangitis and
      regional adenopathy. The patient had a history of a minor abrasion contaminated
      by soil at the site of infection 8 days before the infection became evident. The
      infection was successfully treated with a combination of minocycline and dapsone.

PMID- 2394861
TI  - Dermal vascular IgA deposits in IgA nephropathy secondary to alcohol abuse.
AB  - Skin, kidney and liver samples were investigated from 103 people with evidence of
      alcohol abuse at forensic autopsy. The diagnosis of alcohol abuse was based on
      clinical history, post mortem blood alcohol level and liver pathology. The
      findings confirmed the frequent widespread vascular IgA deposition in individuals
      with evidence of alcohol abuse. The frequency of IgA deposition in superficial
      small vessels of the dermis was not significantly different between individuals
      with IgA nephritis (16/85) and without such pathology (7/38). Based on these
      results, it can be inferred that had a pre-mortem skin biopsy been performed, it
      would not have had clinical usefulness in predicting the renal disease.

PMID- 2394862
TI  - Lectin-binding sites in clear cell acanthoma.
AB  - Lectin-binding sites in clear cell acanthoma (CCA) were studied using an avidin
      biotin complex (ABC) with 9 lectins. Formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded
      sections of 7 CCA lesions were employed. Positive stainings, similar to those
      seen in normal epidermis, were observed on the cell surface in CCA with Ricinus
      communis agglutinin I (RCA-I), Ricinus communis agglutinin II (RCA-II), and wheat
      germ agglutinin (WGA). Reduced reactivities were observed with Concanavalin A
      (ConA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA) in CCA. In some areas of CCA lesions, faint
      stainings were seen with Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-I). Capability of
      staining with soybean agglutinin (SBA) was completely lost in the lesions. With
      Bandeiraea simplicifolia agglutinin II (BSA-II), cytoplasmic stain was seen in a
      part of upper and spinous layers in CCA lesions. Dolichos biflorus agglutinin
      (DBA) did not bind to either CCA or normal epidermis. These results indicate that
      the lectin-binding sites of proliferating cells of CCA resemble those of
      epidermal keratinocytes and suggest that CCA is a tumor of epidermal origin.

PMID- 2394863
TI  - Histological diagnostic criteria for accessory tragi.
AB  - The histological features of accessory tragi from 13 patients were analyzed. All
      the lesions showed numerous tiny mature hair follicles in various phases, while
      the presence of cartilage was not essential. Of importance was the prominent
      connective tissue framework in the subcutaneous fat that seemed to be one of the
      diagnostic criteria for accessory tragi.

PMID- 2394864
TI  - Mucinous syringometaplasia with prominent epithelial hyperplasia and deep dermal
      involvement.
AB  - This report describes two patients with mucinous syringometaplasia whose findings
      expand the microscopic and clinical spectrum of the entity. The first patient had
      an eroded nodule that exhibited multiple epidermal invaginations that penetrated
      deeply into the dermis. In addition to mucinous metaplasia, there was also
      exuberant papillary epithelial hyperplasia. Expanded eccrine ducts with similar
      changes appeared as lobules isolated in the dermis but were shown to connect with
      the invaginations. In the second patient, a clinical "cyst" drained serous fluid.
      Multiple papillary-cystic epithelial lobules similar to those seen in the first
      case were located in the dermis. A few approached the epidermis, but epidermal
      connections were not identified. The epithelium in these lesions was identical to
      that previously described in mucinous syringometaplasia. The tumors differed from
      prior cases by virtue of the number of eccrine apparatus involved, the extent and
      depth of involvement, and the presence of prominent papillary epithelial
      hyperplasia.

PMID- 2394865
TI  - Actinic granuloma-like change in exogenous ochronosis: case report.
AB  - Exogenous ochronosis is caused by the longterm application of skin-lightening
      creams containing hydroquinone. This irreversible disfiguring cosmetic problem
      assumes epidemic proportions in South African blacks. Mild ochronosis is
      characterized clinically by coarsening and darkening of the skin and severe
      ochronosis by coalescing, caviar-like black papules and atrophy. Histology shows
      ochronotic collagen fibres with eventual formation of ochronotic colloid milium.
      A variable cellular infiltrate, which may be granulomatous, is present. We
      describe a 39-year-old black woman with severe exogenous ochronosis who developed
      superimposed annular lesions with granulomatous histology bearing great
      resemblance to lesions of actinic granuloma.

PMID- 2394866
TI  - Plaque-type blue nevus combined with lentigo (nevus spilus).
AB  - Three cases of plaque-type blue nevus accompanied with lentigo-like changes were
      reported. The combination of blue nevus and lentigo (nevus spilus) is a new type
      of "combined nevus", but it belongs to the second type of Kawamura's atypical
      blue nevus. This combination is unlikely to be rare, not only in plaque-type, but
      also in common type blue nevus, and to be comparable with the findings of such
      dermal melanocytosis as nevus of Ota. Histologically, cellular blue nevus was
      also observed in areas of Case 1.

PMID- 2394867
TI  - A case of subungual amelanotic malignant melanoma: an electron microscopic study
      of aberrant melanosomes.
AB  - A 68-year-old woman with amelanotic malignant melanoma (AMM) of her left
      thumbnail bed was reported. The tumor cells were positive with S-100 protein.
      Electron microscopic findings revealed the presence of typical melanosomes and a
      variety of aberrant melanosomes within the tumor cells, obviously different from
      the results for common malignant melanoma.

PMID- 2394868
TI  - [Behavior and conditions related to denture wearing in edentulous Quebecers over
      60 years of age].
AB  - A study was conducted among 367 persons aged 60 and over in order to determine
      the type and severity of digestive and nutritional problems experienced by
      edentulous elderly not wearing functional dentures. This article summarizes the
      information collected through an interview. The data describes the prosthetic
      status and experience of the elderly, their use of dental services and their
      methods of hygiene. In addition, information is provided on the level of
      satisfaction relative to their dentures and the need for repair or replacement of
      the latter.

PMID- 2394869
TI  - [Prostheses on osteointegrated implants: restoration of a missing tooth (4)].
AB  - This article is the last of a series of four. This article describes in detail
      the fabrication of a crown connected to a Branemark implant.

PMID- 2394870
TI  - [Use of pit and fissure sealants in private practice: the Quebec situation].
AB  - This paper presents data collected in March of 1989 from a sample of dentists
      practicing in the province of Quebec. A survey was mailed to dentists in order to
      determine to what degree sealants are used and the various characteristics
      relative to the dentists in question. Other questions related to how dentists
      obtained information about sealants, the difficulties encountered with their
      application and the problems relative to their use by the dental profession. The
      results indicate that nearly three quarters of Quebec dentists use sealants at
      least sometimes. This level of usage is comparable to American findings. A
      dentist is more likely to use sealants, if he is a recent graduate, a female
      dentist, and in a child-oriented group practice. A high proportion of dentists
      (2/3) use sealants selectively (in less than 25% of their patients). According to
      the dentists surveyed, the main obstacle to using sealants is the lack of
      coverage by the government dental program and the public's ignorance of the
      benefits of sealants. Most dentists who admitted never trying sealants, reported
      that they simply preferred to place an amalgam filling. In general, dentists knew
      the indications for sealants and had a positive attitude relative to their use.

PMID- 2394871
TI  - [Autogenic tooth transplantation: an alternative in treatment to fill an
      edentulous space].
AB  - Even with the advent of new dental technology (e.g. implants), of improved
      asepsis control and of a better comprehension of physiological phenomena, a
      dentist should look at mastering another alternative, namely, autogenic dental
      transplants. This article describes, the indications, technique and prognosis.

PMID- 2394872
TI  - An uncommon dermal tumor.

PMID- 2394873
TI  - The Keeler panoramic prismatic loupe.
AB  - Panoramic prismatic loupes are optically superior to standard binocular Galilean
      loupes and are rivaled only by operating microscopes. Several companies offer
      these loupes. The Keeler loupe (Keeler Instruments, Inc, Broomall, PA) offers the
      most versatility, with seven different magnifications and three different working
      distances. In addition, all of the lenses are interchangeable on the same
      lightweight frame.

PMID- 2394874
TI  - The needle-scratch technique.
AB  - An easy, convenient method of marking the borders of a cutaneous tumor before
      excision is presented. It enables the physician to see the preoperative clinical
      borders of a tumor without worry of erasing the inked borders with cleansing
      solution.

PMID- 2394875
TI  - An evaluation of wound closure tapes.
AB  - Wound closure tapes are often used to decrease tension on wounds, to close
      wounds, and to reinforce wounds after suture removal. Seven different brands of
      wound closure tape, both with and without the additional application of the
      liquid adhesive Mastisol, were tested for their adhesion to the forearms of 8
      volunteers when a 225-gram weight was applied. Steri-Strips with Mastisol had the
      longest time of adhesiveness, and the application of Mastisol markedly increased
      the adhesiveness of all 7 tapes evaluated. Only 2 of the 7 tapes, Proxi-Strip and
      Coverstrip II, showed any significant adhesiveness without Mastisol.

PMID- 2394876
TI  - Nasal tip reconstruction: the horizontal "J" rotation flap using skin from the
      lower lateral bridge and cheek.
AB  - The horizontal "J" flap is a rotation flap that uses skin from the lower lateral
      bridge and cheek to repair full-thickness skin defects of the nasal tip.
      Pertinent anatomic morphologic characteristics of the nasal tip skin that
      contribute to the unique character of the nose are discussed. The example defects
      presented resulted from the excision of skin cancers using micrographic surgery.
      Nasal tip reconstruction, using adjacent skin based on the nasal anatomic subunit
      principle, results in superior aesthetic repairs.

PMID- 2394877
TI  - Practical advice to the beginner in hair transplantation.
AB  - Daily practice of hair transplantation enables one to develop certain personal
      techniques that help to facilitate operations. Such techniques, acquired during
      22 years of daily practice, are presented.

PMID- 2394878
TI  - A psychosocial assessment of patients with basal cell carcinoma.
AB  - We performed a controlled study to investigate the psychosocial problems of
      patients diagnosed and treated for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) as compared to the
      general population. Thirty-nine BCC patients and 39 matched controls answered a
      psychosocial questionnaire. Chi square analysis of the questionnaire results
      revealed no statistically significant difference between the BCC patients and the
      control group. In conclusion, no more psychosocial problems were found in BCC
      patients than in members of the general population.

PMID- 2394879
TI  - Postfixation expanded fixative study.

PMID- 2394881
TI  - World Health Organization sponsors AIDS project in Africa.

PMID- 2394880
TI  - Retattooing after the treatment of a red tattoo reaction with the CO2 laser.

PMID- 2394882
TI  - AIDS prevention--the role of the pharmacist.

PMID- 2394883
TI  - Long-term follow-up study of cerebral palsy children and coping behaviour of
      parents.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to understand: (a) the feelings, thoughts and
      actions of parents at the time their children were diagnosed as having cerebral
      palsy; (b) the crisis periods in raising their children; (c) the important
      persons who supported the parents during the 'acceptance' phase; and (d) the
      roles of mothers and fathers in raising the children. The subjects were 28
      mothers and fathers who had sons or daughters with cerebral palsy. The latter
      offspring were aged 22-29 years at the time of this study. They were interviewed
      at their homes with a semi-structured method retrospectively. The results showed
      that most parents became aware of their children's disability in infancy and most
      of their children were diagnosed as having cerebral palsy by around 2 years of
      age. The mothers' reactions to the diagnosis were emotional and those of the
      fathers were realistic in coping with the problem. Although crisis periods arose
      throughout the periods of growth and development of the children, the infancy
      period was the more critical for mothers and the toddlerhood, school-age and
      adolescence periods were more critical for fathers. The important support people
      were the spouses. The mothers took care of the children while the fathers
      provided an income; however, some fathers withdrew from competing for achievement
      in their jobs.

PMID- 2394884
TI  - Attitudes towards the care of elderly people: are they getting better?
AB  - This paper reports findings of research assessing the attitudes of both learner
      and trained nurses towards the elderly. At the time of the study, all subjects
      were employed on wards within the care of the elderly unit of a large district
      general hospital. Assessment of stress perceived on these wards was also made to
      determine its effect on learner nurses' attitudes towards the elderly. Attitudes
      of the learner nurses towards the elderly became slightly more negative over
      their training module. Stress perceptions only correlated with this change to a
      small extent. Trained staff were also found to be quite neutral in their beliefs
      about the elderly. The study pointed to the great need for further research into
      this area so as to prepare the health care services to meet the increasing needs
      of elderly people. Several implications of the research and more practical
      considerations are discussed.

PMID- 2394885
TI  - The ageing family in crisis: assessment and decision-making models.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to present a multidisciplinary model for use with
      elderly families in crisis and decision making. The application of systems in
      family assessment theory is outlined in order to understand the complexities of
      family assessment and decision making. A schematic family assessment and decision
      making model is discussed. These models identify what the problem is, the family
      structure and supports, and possible interventions and evaluation. Ineffective
      processing strategies such as regression and premature closure are reviewed, and
      strategies for effective decision making are outlined.

PMID- 2394886
TI  - The relationships between social skills, social support, self-esteem and burden
      in adult caregivers.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between social skills,
      self-esteem, social support and burden in a sample of adult caregivers. The
      Gambrill and Richey Assertion Inventory, Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale,
      Montgomery's Objective and Subjective Burden Scale, Norbeck's Social Support
      Questionnaire and Sarason's Social Support Questionnaire were administered to a
      convenience sample of 31 caregivers. Unassertive caregivers had less available
      social support. Those caregivers who felt more discomfort in situations also had
      less available social support. Caregivers who had significantly more affection,
      affirmation and aid from within their social network were found to have higher
      self-esteem. Those with lower self-esteem reported losing a greater number of
      important relationships in the past year. Nonassertive caregivers were more
      likely to experience lower subjective burden.

PMID- 2394887
TI  - Health locus of control and glycosylated haemoglobin concentration of implantable
      insulin pump recipients in Austria.
AB  - Thirty diabetic individuals in Austria were included in this study about health
      locus of control and glycosylated haemoglobin in implantable insulin pump
      recipients. Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scores were generally
      consistent with the optimal values identified for other populations with chronic
      conditions. Little relationship was found between MHLC scores and glycosylated
      haemoglobin values. Areas for further research are identified.

PMID- 2394888
TI  - The hospital ward sister: professional gatekeeper.
AB  - This study is a shortened report of research exploring ward sisters/charge
      nurses' perceptions of their responsibilities. (Throughout the study, the title
      'ward sister' is used to refer to ward sister/charge nurse.) Using semi
      structured interview technique, 10 hospital sisters from two large hospitals in
      the south of England were interviewed. The emergent data were analysed using
      grounded theory method. From the analysis, the substantive theory was developed
      that ward sisters act to gatekeep the professional function of the nurse. Many
      previous British studies have explored the role of the ward sister, reporting the
      powerful influence that the ward sister exerts over her environment. This study
      suggests that one of the reasons the ward sister is able to exert such power is
      because of her professional gatekeeper role. The shift in emphasis from the
      clinical to the managerial function of ward sister could therefore have important
      implications for the professional nursing function. Some possible implications
      are discussed and recommendations are made.

PMID- 2394889
TI  - Investigating change in a nursing context.
AB  - This paper focuses on 'why', 'what' and 'how' issues as they relate to the
      investigation of change in a nursing context. The why issues revolve around the
      need for change, and evolutionary and revolutionary change are discussed. Next
      the what issues are discussed and some variables involved in the change process
      are identified, and the role of change agents is outlined. Change strategies such
      as the power-coercive, the rational-empirical and the normative-re-education are
      discussed. Finally, the potential of action research in the context of bringing
      about change is advanced.

PMID- 2394890
TI  - Thoughts on the discipline of nursing as we approach the year 2000.
AB  - A discipline is 'characterized by a unique perspective, a distinct way of viewing
      all phenomena, which ultimately defines the limits and nature of its inquiry'
      (Donaldson & Crowley 1978). Further, Chinn & Jacobs (1987) define discipline as a
      'branch of instruction; a body of knowledge and of systematizing that knowledge
      within an area of concern or domain of inquiry'. The position taken in this paper
      is that nursing, as it approaches the year 2000, is an evolving discipline that
      is 'dedicated to the advancement of knowledge which contributes to the pursuit of
      excellence of care' (AARN 1985). The writer agrees with Jennings' (1987) position
      that theory gives definition to nursing's body of knowledge, and direction to
      research and practice. This paper addresses some of the issues and concerns
      related to the development of nursing knowledge which serves as a cornerstone for
      the discipline. It goes on to consider briefly a few tasks that face nursing as
      it approaches the year 2000.

PMID- 2394891
TI  - The good nurse: descriptions from the People's Republic of China.
AB  - This study is based on questionnaire data gathered from 33 students in the first
      class of the first BSN programme in the People's Republic of China. They were
      asked to describe the characteristics of a good nurse and characteristics of a
      bad nurse. These students had just completed their pre-nursing courses and were
      entering the nursing part of their education. They identified personal qualities,
      behaviour and knowledge areas as the overall categories for these
      characteristics.

PMID- 2394892
TI  - Nurses and shiftwork: effects on physical health and mental depression.
AB  - An examination was made of relationships between the physical health and mental
      depression of nurse shiftworkers and their scores on relevant social and work
      related variables. Nurses on the day, afternoon, night and rotating shifts from
      five hospitals (n = 463) were surveyed using a mail-back questionnaire. Two
      alternative models were examined in the study. The first model suggests that
      shift work influences the physical health and mental depression of nurses, which
      in turn affect social and work-related variables including: family relations;
      formal and informal social participation; solitary activities; job performance;
      and job-related stress. Shiftwork's disturbance of the body's circadian rhythm
      would exert a direct affect on nurses' physical health and mental depression,
      which in turn would then affect other aspects of the nurses' lives. The second
      model suggests instead that shift work primarily affects social and work-related
      variables, which then influence physical health and mental depression. Circadian
      rhythm desynchronization, while still being a consequence of shiftwork, might not
      directly affect physical health and mental depression. Contrary to either of the
      two models proposed for the study, shiftwork was not found to be significantly
      related to either the nurses' physical health or mental depression. However,
      certain factors, when considered in conjunction with the unique shift-related job
      characteristics of nursing, may help to explain the study's unexpected findings.

PMID- 2394893
TI  - The smoking behaviour of military nurses: the relationship to job stress, job
      satisfaction and social support.
AB  - Three hundred and seven nurses at a large military medical centre were sent and
      completed an anonymous questionnaire which measured their smoking status along
      with job stress, job satisfaction and social support, as well as a variety of
      demographic factors. Three groups of nurses were defined on the basis of their
      response to the smoking status questions: those who have never smoked (54%),
      former smokers (23%) and current smokers (22%). The results revealed that the
      current smokers reported significantly (P less than 0.05) more job stress, job
      dissatisfaction and less social support than either former smokers or those who
      had never smoked. Further, the former smokers reported significantly less social
      support, defined from a variety of perspectives, than those who had never smoked.
      These were not as important in predicting amount smoked (number of cigarettes per
      day) among the current smoker group as they were in predicting differences
      between the different smoking status groups. The results suggest the need to
      incorporate the issues of social support and to a lesser extent job
      stress/satisfaction issues into smoking cessation programmes aimed at this
      population.

PMID- 2394894
TI  - Mandatory refreshment for nurses: an incentive to return?
AB  - The UKCC's proposal to introduce mandatory refreshment for nurses will affect all
      qualified nurses and those in training. This article reviews the advantages and
      disadvantages where similar changes have been effected. It discusses concerns to
      the individual and the profession and considers the implementation during a
      period of change.

PMID- 2394895
TI  - AIDS--an interview with Ole Morten Nygaard who is HIV positive. Interview by
      Marie Farrell and Richard Wells.

PMID- 2394896
TI  - Protective filters.

PMID- 2394897
TI  - Professional liability.

PMID- 2394898
TI  - Protection from UV radiation.

PMID- 2394899
TI  - Vision characteristics of individuals identified as Irlen Filter candidates.
AB  - Individuals with "scotopic sensitivity syndrome" have been reported to have
      visual symptoms including eye strain, headaches, blurred vision, double vision
      and words moving on the page. This study was designed to investigate Irlen's
      claims that these symptoms are unrelated to vision anomalies. She suggests that
      the use of Irlen tinted lenses/filters relieves these symptoms and results in
      improved reading performance. Thirty nine subjects (age 10-49) were recruited by
      advertising for a study of Irlen Filters/Lenses. Before the Irlen screening all
      subjects received an optometric examination. The results of this study
      demonstrate that 95 percent of the subjects identified as candidates for Irlen
      Filters did have significant and readily identifiable vision anomalies. Fifty
      seven percent of the subjects had received vision care within the past year, yet
      testing revealed that 90 percent of these subjects had significant vision
      problems that had not been corrected.

PMID- 2394900
TI  - A nationwide evaluation of the academic performance of male and female optometry
      students.
AB  - The number of women entering optometry has risen steadily over the last two
      decades. The present study is a nationwide evaluation of the academic performance
      of male and female optometry students graduating in 1986. The data presented was
      obtained through the cooperation of 12 of the 15 U.S. schools and colleges of
      optometry. Factors which were investigated include preoptometry grade point
      average (GPA), GPA at the end of the first two years of optometry school, GPA for
      the second two years of optometry (calculated independently from the first two
      years GPA), Optometry College Admission Test (OCAT) scores, class rank at
      graduation and awards received at graduation. This analysis revealed very little
      difference in overall academic performance between male and female optometry
      students.

PMID- 2394901
TI  - An alternative gonioscopy and fundus contact lens protocol.
AB  - The clinical procedures for gonioscopy and fundus contact lens examination
      traditionally have required the use of a topical anesthetic and an interface
      solution. I have replaced the topical anesthetic and interface solution with a
      disposable contact lens. The alternative protocol was performed on 18 volunteers,
      none of whom showed any significant adverse effects of the procedure. The pre-
      and post-slit lamp microscopic results are discussed in addition to the
      advantages and potential pitfalls of the new protocol.

PMID- 2394902
TI  - Practice profile of University of Missouri-St. Louis optometry graduates.
AB  - The results of a survey of the University of Missouri-St. Louis School of
      Optometry graduates are presented. The practice mode selected and relocation
      throughout the country is examined for the school's first four graduating
      classes. Approximately two-thirds of the graduates remained in the state with
      more than half in proximity of the school. Of these, one-third to one-half
      maintain "commercial" affiliations.

PMID- 2394903
TI  - A study of perceptual and verbal skills of disabled readers in grades 4, 5 and 6.
AB  - This investigation addresses the role of the optometrist in diagnosing and
      treating children in grades 4, 5, and 6 who have been identified as reading
      disabled. Fifty-one subjects with average intelligence, but whose reading
      comprehension skills were below the 31st percentile (mean, 20th percentile), were
      evaluated using verbal and perceptual tests. When the performance of this
      experimental group was compared with the mean scores from standardized test norms
      for each of the various tasks, the disabled readers scored significantly lower in
      seven of the eight perceptual and five of the six verbal tasks. These results
      lend support to the hypothesis that both perceptual and verbal deficits are
      related to reading comprehension. Using step-wise multiple correlation analysis,
      three perceptual factors; eye-movements, Auditory-Visual Integration Test (AVIT),
      and grooved peg-board, contributed 38 percent of the variance whereas the
      addition of two verbal factors (digit span and token test) provided just 2
      percent. That is, 38 percent of the variations in reading comprehension could be
      accounted for by variations in perceptual skills in the disabled readers. The
      results were interpreted in terms of spatial-simultaneous and verbal-successive
      processing skills.

PMID- 2394904
TI  - A case report of demodicosis.
AB  - We report on a patient who had an excessive number of mites (Demodex
      folliculorum) on his eye lashes, i.e. 10 mites on eight lashes examined. A review
      of three previous reports suggested that one mite for every two lashes represents
      an over population of this nearly ubiquitous mite. Greasy scales on the lashes
      and foamy tears suggested that seborrhea was present as well as demodicosis. The
      primary symptoms of itching was relieved after one week of treatment with
      mercuric oxide ointment and lid scrubs, although the number of mites was not
      reduced. Treatment for an additional two weeks did reduce the mite number. We
      therefore recommend continuing treatment for demodicosis for at least three weeks
      even if symptoms abate sooner.

PMID- 2394905
TI  - A pupil-sparing oculomotor palsy from a contralateral giant intracavernous
      carotid aneurysm.
AB  - A patient presenting with a left pupil-sparing oculomotor palsy and periorbital
      pain was subsequently found to have a giant saccular aneurysm of the right
      internal carotid artery within the cavernous sinus. The aneurysm was of the
      contralateral artery compared to the side of all presenting neuro-ophthalmic
      signs and symptoms. Diagnosis was achieved by bilateral carotid arteriography and
      surgical treatment with a Crutchfield arterial clamp and bypass graft has
      returned the patient essentially to normalcy.

PMID- 2394906
TI  - State of the profession--1990.

PMID- 2394907
TI  - Dietary restriction alone and in combination with oral ethoxyquin/2
      mercaptoethylamine in mice.
AB  - To investigate effects of dietary caloric restriction (DR) combined with
      antioxidant feeding, long-lived hybrid mice were divided into four dietary groups
      at weaning, and followed until natural death. Groups "C" and "R" received control
      (97 kcal/wk) and restricted (56 kcal/wk) diets respectively. Groups "C+ alpha ox"
      and "R+ alpha ox" received C or R diets supplemented with an antioxidant mixture
      (2-mercaptoethylamine plus ethoxyquin). R mice (mean life span 41 months)
      significantly outlived the other three groups (mean life span 30-34 months).
      Hepatic degeneration and increased hepatoma in the R+ alpha ox group suggested
      unusual hepatotoxicity of this regimen. Antioxidants had little effect on splenic
      cell mitogen response in similarly fed mice sacrificed at 12-15 months. Gompertz
      analysis suggests that the beneficial effect of DR may be due to reductions in
      initial vulnerability or rate-of-aging parameters, or both, and that the relative
      influence of each factor may vary with animal strain and DR protocol used.

PMID- 2394908
TI  - Dietary restriction and aging: the initiation of a primate study.
AB  - Juvenile (1 yr) and adult (3-5 yr) male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and
      juvenile (1-4 yr) and adult (5-10 yr) male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
      were fed a diet at or near ad libitum levels based on recommended caloric intake
      for age and body weight or fed 30% less of the same diet with this restriction
      gradually introduced over a 3-mo period. Analysis of body weights among these
      respective control and experimental groups from the first year of the study
      indicated that the monkeys undergoing dietary restriction were gaining weight at
      a markedly slower rate compared to control values. Actual food intake among diet
      restricted groups had been reduced 22-24% below control levels. Periodic analysis
      of hematology and blood chemistry measurements over the first year of the study
      detected few significant differences between control and experimental groups to
      indicate that diet restriction was not detrimental to general health. When values
      obtained from hematology and blood chemistry measurements of juvenile and adult
      groups (control and experimental groups combined) were compared to ad libitum fed
      old monkeys from each species (greater than 18 yr for rhesus; greater than 10 yr
      for squirrel monkeys), many significant age differences were noted. Among the
      largest and most consistent findings in both species were age-related decreases
      in concentrations of lymphocytes, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, serum
      glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and phosphates as well as
      the albumin/globulin ratio and the blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio. Age
      related increases in serum globulin and creatinine concentrations were also
      found. These parameters as well as many others being implemented in the study
      will be monitored further to determine if diet restriction affects the rate of
      development as well as aging as observed in numerous rodent studies applying such
      nutritional manipulations.

PMID- 2394909
TI  - The effect of food restriction and germ-free environment on age-related changes
      in bone matrix.
AB  - Studies were performed to determine the effects of food restriction or a germ
      free environment on age-related changes in bone. Four groups of male Lobund
      Wistar rats were examined at 6 months, 18 months, and 30 months of age.
      Conventional-free-fed rats were housed in routine laboratory cages and fed ad
      libitum. Conventional-restricted diet rats were fed 12 grams a day, which becomes
      restrictive at 8 weeks of age. Germ-free rats were maintained using gnotobiotic
      procedures and were free of pathogens. The germ-free rats were maintained on
      either the full-fed or restricted diet regimens. Serum bone Gla protein and
      matrix concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and hydroxyproline (reflecting
      collagen content) and bone Gla protein were not significantly different between
      the four treatment groups. All of these parameters except hydroxyproline,
      however, showed age-related declines in all four treatment groups. We conclude
      that prolongation of rat life span by dietary restriction and/or a germ-free
      environment did not alter the measured parameters in each age group, and did not
      alter or slow the age-related changes in the bone matrix.

PMID- 2394910
TI  - Poor blood glucose regulation predicts sleep and memory deficits in normal aged
      rats.
AB  - Poor glucose regulation predicts memory deficits in individual elderly humans.
      The present experiment determined whether glucose regulation was also related to
      memory and to sleep in aged rodents. Glucose regulation, inhibitory avoidance,
      and daytime sleep were assessed in young (3-month-old) and old (24-month-old)
      rats. Correlations were obtained between glucose regulation and the other
      variables in individual rats. In old rats, the magnitude of increases in blood
      glucose levels after glucose injections (500 mg/kg) was inversely correlated with
      retention of inhibitory avoidance and duration of paradoxical sleep bouts. In
      young rats, these measures were not significantly correlated. Because the
      deficits in sleep and memory in aged rats were largely confined to those rats
      with poor glucose control, peripheral glucose regulation may be a useful
      biological marker that accompanies cognitive and neurobiological dysfunction
      during aging.

PMID- 2394911
TI  - Aging and longevity genes: strategies for identifying DNA sequences controlling
      life span.

PMID- 2394912
TI  - The effects of persistent depressive symptoms on hip fracture recovery.
AB  - One hundred ninety-six older. White females were followed for 12 months after hip
      fracture. We examined the effects of persistently elevated depressive symptoms,
      measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale
      during a postsurgery interview and 2, 6, and 12 months later, on ambulation,
      overall physical function, and return to prefracture physical function 12 months
      after fracture. Age, prefracture physical function, and cognitive status were
      predictors of recovery. Controlling for these factors, persons consistently
      reporting few depressive symptoms were three times more likely than those with
      persistently elevated CES-D scores to achieve independence in walking, nine times
      more likely to return to prefracture levels in at least five of seven physical
      function measures, and nine times more likely to be in the highest quartile of
      overall physical function. These findings emphasize the importance of
      persistently elevated depressive symptoms for recovery. Routine screening,
      evaluation, and treatment of depression or depressed mood may be beneficial to
      the recovering hip fracture patient.

PMID- 2394913
TI  - Geriatric sleep apnea syndrome: a preliminary description.
AB  - We compared 8 patients diagnosed with geriatric sleep apnea syndrome (GSAS) with
      12 healthy older controls (GCON) matched on age, sex, weight, education, and
      socioeconomic standing. GSAS was diagnosed if patients had an apnea + hypopnea
      index (AHI) greater than or equal to 10 and an impairment involving at least two
      of the following: hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, or daytime hypersomnolence.
      In addition to significant differences on selection variables (e.g., AHI,
      frequency of hypertension, Multiple Sleep Latency Test), GSAS patients had
      significantly more sleep disturbance, were sleepier on subjective measures, were
      more depressed, and had lower scores on tests of nonverbal problem solving and
      nonverbal memory. Thus, GSAS resembles SAS described in middle-aged populations.
      More research is needed to determine the most efficient diagnostic parameters for
      identifying pathological levels of SDB in older persons.

PMID- 2394914
TI  - A comparison of anthropometry with computed tomography in limbs of young and aged
      men.
AB  - Arm and leg composition determined by anthropometry (AP, girths, and skinfolds)
      were compared with computed tomography (CT) in 7 young (mean age 31.4y) and 13
      old (74.8y) males. Five transverse CT scans, girths, and skinfold measurements
      were made. In each CT image, total cross-sectional area (CSA), bone CSA, muscle
      compartment CSA, and "pure" muscle CSA within the compartment were measured.
      Corresponding volumes were also calculated. Total limb and muscle plus bone CSA
      and volumes were estimated from AP measures. The two methods were compared, and
      multiple regression analyses were used to predict component CSA and volumes from
      AP measures. In both groups, AP component measures in the leg provided more
      accurate values than in the arm. Skin plus subcutaneous tissue in the old was not
      well estimated by AP. The greater preponderance of nonmuscle tissue in the muscle
      compartments of the old, as determined from CT images, was not related to any AP
      estimates. Prediction equations for various component areas and volumes were
      derived. Some equations derived for the young could not be obtained for the old
      due to the reduced ability of AP to accurately assess limb composition of aged
      men.

PMID- 2394915
TI  - Mental and physical health of caregiving spouses: development of a causal model.
AB  - This study modeled the causal relationship between physical health and depression
      among a sample of 315 people providing home care for a spouse who had been
      diagnosed as having Alzheimer's disease. In addition to significant stability
      paths and correlations among variables at any one point in time, significant
      lagged paths were found in which depression (1) predicted physical health (2),
      depression (2) predicted physical health (3), and depression (1) predicted burden
      (2). Contrasting the overall model for husband and wife caregivers over a 6-month
      period indicated that the model was significant for wives but not for husbands.

PMID- 2394916
TI  - Sample bias in caregiving research.
AB  - Data on subject selection biases in research with older adults are limited. We
      conducted two sample bias studies that assessed primary caregivers for dementia
      patients. The first study compared 46 caregivers, who required home interviews,
      with 63 caregivers willing to travel to the university hospital for assessment;
      all subjects had been offered free taxi service. Caregivers interviewed at home
      were helping more hours per day and were more depressed than those assessed at
      the university; in addition, the patients of caregivers assessed at home were
      more impaired and had greater personality changes. The second study compared
      available information from respite care users who chose to participate in our
      caregiver research project with those who chose not to participate.
      Nonparticipants provided care for more impaired patients. No demographic
      differences were found between groups in either study, and there were no
      differences in the chronicity of caregiving. The implications of these data for
      aging research are discussed.

PMID- 2394917
TI  - Age differences in memory for concrete and abstract pictures.
AB  - There is considerable experimental literature showing that memory for complex
      pictures is relatively insensitive to age. Previous research has shown that young
      and old adults do not differ in their ability to recognize complex scenes. Other
      studies, however, using simple line drawings, do find age differences. This
      experiment investigated the possibility that the failure to find age differences
      with memory for complex pictures occurs because of memory support provided at
      encoding and retrieval by both the degree of visual detail (complex perceptual
      information) and the degree of propositional content (linguistic meaningfulness)
      that are represented in complex scenes. Pictures were shown to young and old
      subjects that differed in visual detail (complex vs simple) and propositional
      content (concrete vs abstract). The results indicated that age differences in
      picture memory emerge if the pictures are either deprived of visual detail or
      reduced in propositional content.

PMID- 2394918
TI  - Discourse production and normal aging: performance on oral picture description
      tasks.
AB  - Changes in language as a function of the normal aging process were studied.
      Eighty adults between the ages of 20 and 78 described three pictures.
      Quantifiable measures reflecting speech production, elaboration, and complexity;
      speech dysfluency; conciseness; and information imparted were abstracted from
      each description. No relationships between age and these measures were found,
      except for an increase in the use of prepositional phrases and indefinite words
      and longer pauses among older persons. Indefinite wording reflects word-finding
      or naming difficulty, and longer pauses may reflect cognitive slowing. No age
      related differences in amount of information imparted were found in either time
      limited or time-unlimited speech samples.

PMID- 2394919
TI  - Determinants of interpersonal support and self-direction in group residential
      facilities.
AB  - This study examined the determinants of residents' and staff's judgments of
      interpersonal support and self-direction in group residential facilities for
      older people. The Multiphasic Environmental Assessment Procedure (MEAP) was used
      to assess social climate dimensions and their determinants in a national sample
      of 244 facilities. Residents saw more interpersonal support and self-direction in
      facilities with more physical resources (comfort and staff facilities) and
      policies providing more autonomy. A similar pattern was found for staff's
      perceptions of self-direction. Residents and staff also viewed facilities as
      providing more interpersonal support and self-direction when residents were more
      socially competent. Larger facility size was associated with residents'
      assessments of more conflict, and a higher staff-resident ratio was related to
      residents' judgments of having less independence and influence. These findings
      may help to improve residential facilities by suggesting factors that can be
      targeted in interventions to improve the social climate.

PMID- 2394920
TI  - Perceived health problems, formal/informal support, and life satisfaction among
      older adults.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess whether support from formal sources
      buffers the effects of stress more effectively than assistance that is provided
      by informal network members. Findings from a longitudinal study of older adults
      suggests that formal support, but not informal assistance, reduces the
      deleterious effects of perceived health problems on changes in life satisfaction
      through time. In the process of evaluating these relationships, an effort was
      made to match the needs created by a particular type of stress (ongoing perceived
      health problems) with the benefits provided by a particular type of support
      (illness-related instrumental support).

PMID- 2394921
TI  - Health status and life style in elderly Japanese men with a long life expectancy.
AB  - The Japanese population in Hawaii has one of the longest life expectancies of any
      large population subgroup in the U.S. and the world. Cross-sectional data on
      1,379 elderly, noninstitutionalized, male Japanese American survivors of a
      population-based cohort study indicated the most common health problems were
      hypertension (43%), arthritis (33%), diabetes (13%), and gout (9%). For cancer
      and hypertension there is a trend toward higher prevalence in older age groups.
      For coronary heart disease, stroke, and angina the oldest age group (75-81 years)
      has a higher prevalence than that seen in younger age groups. Other relatively
      common diseases such as diabetes, gout, peptic ulcer, and arthritis do not have
      higher prevalence in older age groups. Drugs reported to be used frequently by
      study participants were for hypertension, gout, CHD, and diabetes. The prevalence
      rates of major limitations of mobility and of living alone appear to be
      relatively low in this population. Less than one percent of the current
      population rate their health status as poor. The prevalence of normal serum
      cholesterol and smoking are similar to those seen in U.S. White males, while the
      rates of hypertension appear lower. Prevalence rates for stroke and heart attack
      also appear to be somewhat lower in these long-lived individuals than those seen
      in U.S. Whites.

PMID- 2394922
TI  - Elderly Hispanic migration in the United States.
AB  - The specific aim of this study was to extend the analysis of migration patterns
      to Hispanics (Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, and Other Hispanic) over the age of
      60. The 1980 Census public use sample provided the data for this study, which was
      structured by four research expectations derived from features of the Hispanic
      population and from migration concepts. First, because of population growth,
      migration from abroad was expected to be heavy, and about half came from abroad.
      Second, because of the pattern of Hispanic population concentration and the
      different settlement patterns of the four subgroups, a relatively small migration
      system with distinct subsystems for the four nationality groups was expected and
      found. Florida is the major ethnomagnet. Third, traditional family values, as
      reflected in dependent living arrangements, were expected to be more prevalent
      among migrants from abroad, and they were. Finally, returning to one's state of
      birth was highest among Mexican interstate migrants, as expected.

PMID- 2394923
TI  - Group benefit orientation toward older adults at work? A comparison of cohort
      analytic methods.
AB  - The group benefit orientation for explaining generational beliefs on policy
      issues is considered in light of debate regarding emerging conflict between
      younger and older people in America. Using data from two national surveys
      conducted seven years apart, beliefs about older adults' labor force
      participation are analyzed by conventional cohort analysis and an alternative
      method of replacing age in similar models with a theoretically meaningful
      variable. Neither method offers support for the group benefit orientation. Both
      methods indicate that more recent cohorts show the highest levels of support for
      older workers' privileges and opportunities, reflecting social change in the
      direction of increasing tolerance of and support for the rights of older people.
      A period effect of increasing support for older workers was also observed on two
      of the indicators. The findings have implications for both the substantive issues
      raised and the analysis of cohort data.

PMID- 2394924
TI  - Induction of transient hyperglycaemia in cancer patients.
AB  - Serum glucose levels up to 700 mg/dl were achieved and maintained for 3 h in
      patients with advanced metastatic cancer by infusion of concentrated glucose
      solutions. Even with infusions of large amounts of glucose, the maximum
      sustainable level of serum glucose did not exceed 700 mg/dl. The apparent ceiling
      of serum glucose level appeared to be due to a large and rapid loss of glucose
      from the kidneys. With adequate fluid volume replacement there was no rebound
      hypoglycaemia and there was no significant changes in haematocrit or
      electrolytes.

PMID- 2394925
TI  - Limitations and significance of thermal washout data obtained during microwave
      and ultrasound hyperthermia.
AB  - It is common in clinical hyperthermia to calculate an 'effective blood flow' by
      neglecting tissue thermal conduction and fitting thermal washout data to a
      simple, perfusion-dominated exponential model. We have applied this approach to
      characterize thermal dissipative mechanisms in patients treated at the Harvard
      MIT Hyperthermia Center, by analysing thermal washout curves which were obtained
      during treatment sessions by momentarily interrupting the applied heating.
      Unfortunately, these measurements of 'effective blood flow' in patient sessions
      have given inconsistent results. These inconsistencies arise from uncertainties
      inherent in the clinical situation: the actual thermal boundary conditions and
      the spatiotemporal characteristics of the heating field. To quantify these
      observations a Green's function solution to the tissue bioheat equation has been
      derived, to enable temperature fields produced by various heating geometries to
      be easily calculated. This has been applied to the analysis of temperature decay
      curves following local energy deposition representative of ultrasound and
      microwave hyperthermia therapy devices. These results show that thermal washout
      data are as dependent on patient- and session-specific parameters as on tissue
      properties and perfusion. For measurements of effective blood flow following
      ultrasonic heating, errors are dependent on the measurement position within the
      heated volume, heating geometry, and duration of heating prior to the decay; for
      microwave heating, results are dependent on the position of the measurement point
      within the heated field, the heating frequency, and the surface boundary
      conditions, whether heated, cooled, or insulated. Thus, any effective tissue
      property calculated without correctly modelling the heating geometry, boundary
      conditions and initial conditions will be of a qualitative rather than
      quantitative nature, and may lead to erroneous and misleading conclusions
      concerning tissue and tumour response.

PMID- 2394926
TI  - Increase in carcinoembryonic antigen release from cancer cells by combined
      treatment with retinoic acid and low-temperature hyperthermia.
AB  - The growth of a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line, MKN-45, was inhibited and
      the amount of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in both the culture medium and the
      cell extract was increased in the presence of retinoic acid at a concentration of
      75 (1.5x)-125 microM (1.9x), which did not substantially affect cell survival.
      Treatment using a combination of retinoic acid (125 microM) and low-temperature
      hyperthermia (40 degrees C, 30 min) was more effective in increasing CEA compared
      with retinoic acid alone (extracellular 1.9-2.4x, intracellular 1.5-1.9x). The
      inhibition of cell growth was reversed after the retinoic acid was removed from
      the medium. Cells treated with both retinoic acid and (low-temperature)
      hyperthermia, however, could be induced to release a significant amount of CEA at
      about 48 h after retinoic acid removal. The induced CEA increase in the cells,
      but not in the medium, was suppressed by actinomycin D (1 ng/ml) or cyclohexamide
      (0.2 microgram/ml). These results suggest that retinoic acid, used alone or in
      combination with hyperthermia, enhances the production and release of CEA in
      human gastric cancer cells.

PMID- 2394927
TI  - Effect of a hyperthermic treatment on the pluripotent haemopoietic stem cell in
      normal and anaemic mice.
AB  - Up to now, the hyperthermic sensitivity of pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells is
      unknown, and the few existing data from reports in the literature are
      conflicting. There are two main drawbacks in the set-up of those studies: (1)
      only CFU-S day 9 results were presented, whereas it is questionable if this assay
      gives a true reflection of the pluripotent stem cell, and (2) no attention has
      been paid to heat effects on the seeding efficiency, i.e. the amount of stem
      cells which will lodge in the spleen. The present study focused on the procedural
      differences and compared the results of a hyperthermic treatment (60 min, 42
      degrees C) on the stem cells, assayed with the CFU-S day 9 and the CFU-S day 12
      method, using the following three stem cell suspensions, all differing in their
      proliferative activity: bone marrow from normal mice and bone marrow and spleen
      cells from anaemic mice. Furthermore, we investigated the seeding efficiency
      before and after heat treatment. Resting stem cells, assayed with the CFU-S day
      12 method, turned out to be resistant to hyperthermia as compared with the active
      cycling stem cells, while with the CFU-S day 9 assay the stem showed the same
      thermosensitivity in the two bone marrow suspensions. The active cycling stem
      cells do not significantly differ in thermosensitivity, in CFU-S day 9 and day 12
      assays, although there is a difference between bone marrow and spleen.
      Hyperthermia appears to influence the seeding efficiency for spleen CFU-S; an
      increase of 1.73 was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2394928
TI  - A DNA double-strand break repair-deficient mutant of CHO cells shows reduced
      radiosensitization after exposure to hyperthermic temperatures in the plateau
      phase of growth.
AB  - Heat response and heat-induced radiosensitization were studied in plateau-phase
      cultures of CHO cells and their radiation-sensitive counterpart, the xrs-5 cells.
      The xrs-5 cells were more sensitive to heat alone than were CHO cells. A large
      enhancement in radiation-induced killing was observed in CHO cells pre-exposed to
      heat (43 degrees C), expressed as a reduction in the values of Do and Dq.
      Contrary to the results obtained with CHO cells, pre-exposure to heat of xrs-5
      cells affected radiation sensitivity to a much lesser extent. D1, the radiation
      dose required to reduce cell survival to 1%, decreased in CHO cells from 8.7 Gy
      to 2.5 Gy with increasing heat damage (cell survival after exposure to heat
      alone), whereas it decreased from 1.4 Gy to 0.9 Gy in xrs-5 cells. These results
      suggest that heat-induced radiosensitization is compromised in plateau-phase xrs
      5 cells. Since xrs-5 cells are deficient in DNA dsb repair, it is hypothesized
      that DNA dsb repair proficiency is a prerequisite for heat radiosensitization and
      that heat-induced inhibition of DNA dsb repair is likely to contribute to the
      radiosensitization observed in repair-proficient cell lines after exposure to
      high temperatures.

PMID- 2394929
TI  - Effects of hyperthermia on the repair of radiation-induced DNA single- and double
      strand breaks in DNA double-strand break repair-deficient and repair-proficient
      cell lines.
AB  - The effect of heat on the induction and repair of DNA single (ssb) and double
      (dsb) strand breaks was studied in irradiated exponentially growing or plateau
      phase CHO cells and their DNA dsb repair-deficient, radiation-sensitive
      counterpart, the xrs-5 cells. Induction and repair of DNA ssb was measured by the
      alkaline unwinding technique, whereas induction and repair of DNA dsb was
      measured by the non-unwinding filter elution technique. The results indicated
      that pre-exposure of cells to heat (45 x 5 degrees C) for 8-30 min did not affect
      the induction of DNA ssb or DNA dsb per Gy and dalton of DNA in CHO or xrs-5
      cells, tested either in the exponential or in the plateau-phase of growth. On the
      other hand, pre-exposure to heat inhibited DNA repair processes and increased the
      fraction of unrepaired radiation-induced damage measured 2 h after irradiation.
      Repair of DNA dsb was more heat-sensitive than repair of DNA ssb in both cell
      lines. Repair of radiation-induced ssb or dsb was inhibited in xrs-5 cells to a
      larger extent than in CHO cells after a similar exposure to heat. These results
      complement those previously reported on heat-induced radiosensitization in these
      cell lines, and suggest that the reduction in heat-induced radiosensitization
      observed in xrs-5 cells is largely due to their deficiency in repairing DNA dsb,
      rather than to a reduction in the ability of heat to inhibit DNA repair processes
      in general. The data presented here provide further support to the hypothesis
      that DNA dsb repair proficiency is a prerequisite for heat-induced
      radiosensitization.

PMID- 2394930
TI  - [Proceedings of the 5th meeting for the Orthopaedic Research of the Japanese
      Orthopaedic Association. Abstracts].

PMID- 2394931
TI  - [28th meeting of the Japan Society for Cancer Therapy. Tokyo, 3-5 October 1990.
      Abstracts].

PMID- 2394932
TI  - The effects of topical S(+)-ibuprofen on interleukin-1 induced ocular
      inflammation in a rabbit model.
AB  - Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may serve as an alternative or
      adjunct to topical corticosteroid therapy for iritis. We have tested the efficacy
      of topically given S(+)-ibuprofen in a rabbit model of uveitis secondary to the
      intravitreal injection of human recombinant interleukin 1-alpha. Topically
      administered S(+)-ibuprofen was found to inhibit increased vascular permeability
      associated with this model. These results with topical S(+)-ibuprofen compare
      favorably to the results seen with topical prednisolone and are significantly
      superior to the results seen with topical flurbiprofen. Topical S(+)-ibuprofen
      did not significantly reduce the cellular infiltration associated with
      interleukin-1 induced inflammation. These findings suggest a potential role for
      topical S(+)-ibuprofen in the treatment of ocular inflammation and, in this
      animal model, it appears to be superior to an alternative non-steroidal compound,
      but further studies are indicated to assess its activity in alternate models of
      ocular inflammation.

PMID- 2394933
TI  - Molecular weight dependence of the pharmacokinetic of hydroxypropyl
      methylcellulose in the vitreous.
AB  - The influence of molecular weight on the elimination kinetics of the potential
      vitreous substitute hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was studied using
      solutions of equal viscosity (15,000 cps) of HPMC of molecular weight 86,000
      daltons (HPMC 86,000) and HPMC of molecular weight 120,000 daltons (HPMC
      120,000). Three days after gas vitrectomy of the right eyes of 64 rabbits, the
      gas was replaced by 0.5 ml of HPMC solution (2.5% HPMC 86,000 in 39 and 2% HPMC
      120,000 solution in 25); HPMC concentration was determined immediately afterwards
      and 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 days later by the diphenylamine method, the left eyes
      being used as blanks. HPMC elimination exhibited order one kinetics, with a half
      life of 10.4 days for HPMC 86,000 and 38.4 days for HPMC 120,000. These results
      suggest that by choosing HPMC of suitable molecular weight it may be possible to
      control the residence time of the polymer in the vitreous cavity.

PMID- 2394934
TI  - The effect of timolol, betaxolol, and placebo on corneal sensitivity in healthy
      volunteers.
AB  - This study in sixty healthy volunteers investigated the effect of a single drop
      of either 0.5% timolol ophthalmic solution, 0.5% betaxolol ophthalmic solution,
      or placebo on corneal sensitivity as measured by the Cochet-Bonnet
      anesthesiometer. Corneal sensitivity was measured immediately prior to the drop
      and then 1, 3, 6, 10, 15 and 30 minutes after drop instillation. The timolol
      treated eyes showed a significant decrease at one minute after instillation. An
      increase in sensitivity occurred in the placebo group at 15 and 30 minutes. In
      the eyes treated with betaxolol, a significant reduction in corneal sensitivity
      was seen at every time point through the 10-minute measurement.

PMID- 2394935
TI  - The effect of sodium hyaluronate on the migration of rabbit corneal epithelium.
      I. An in vitro study.
AB  - The effect of sodium hyaluronate (Na-HA) on the migration of corneal epithelium
      was investigated in vitro using corneo-scleral sections of rabbits. The effect on
      migration was evaluated by the length of migrating epithelium on the cut surface
      of corneal stroma after incubation in media containing Na-HA of various molecular
      weights or concentrations. The medium concentration of Na-HA was 400
      micrograms/ml, and the molecular weights were 0.4 x 10(4), 2 x 10(4), 10 x 10(4),
      68 x 10(4), 102 x 10(4) and 216 x 10(4). Regarding Na-HA with a molecular weight
      of 102 x 10(4); media containing Na-HA at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 400,
      800, 2000 and 4000 micrograms/ml were also investigated. When the concentration
      of Na-HA was 400 micrograms/ml, Na-HA with molecular weights of over 68 x 10(4)
      accelerated significantly the epithelial migration. Regarding Na-HA with a
      molecular weight of 102 x 10(4), acceleration was observed at concentrations of
      200, 400 and 800 micrograms/ml. Furthermore, the concentration of fibronectin
      (FN) in medium containing the effective Na-HA was significantly lower than that
      in the control medium after the incubation. These results suggest a possibility
      that the accelerative effect of Na-HA depends on the reduction of FN release from
      the cornea or the facilitation of FN deposition on the cornea.

PMID- 2394936
TI  - Neutrophils inhibit platelet reactivity by multiple mechanisms: relevance to
      thromboregulation.

PMID- 2394937
TI  - Effect of hypophysectomy and growth hormone substitution on red blood cell
      morphology and filterability in rats.
AB  - Growth factors, including insulin, are known to stimulate erythroid cell
      formation in vitro. This somatotrophic effect of insulin might be involved in
      blood abnormalities in diabetes mellitus. We therefore investigated whether
      growth hormone (GH) affects the morphology or filterability of circulating red
      blood cells (RBCs) in hypophysectomized rats. After hypophysectomy, rats became
      anemic with a decrease in hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, RBC count, and
      reticulocytes. The RBC membrane area was enlarged, giving an increased area-to
      volume ratio compared with the control RBCs. The calculated minimum cylindrical
      diameter (MCD) and resistance to initial folding of the RBC decreased after
      hypophysectomy, and was confirmed by an enhanced filtration of RBCs through 3
      microns Nucleopore membranes. The number of filter clogging particles was also
      lower in hypophysectomized rats than in control rats. Substitution for 21 days
      with bovine GH (via subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps) normalized RBC
      morphology and filterability. After withdrawal of GH, all parameters returned
      toward the presubstitutional levels. Neither cortisone nor thyroxine had any
      measurable effect on RBC morphology or deformability, indicating that GH
      deficiency contributes to the abnormal RBC morphology and rheology seen after
      hypophysectomy.

PMID- 2394938
TI  - Effect of camostat mesilate for the treatment of advanced diabetic nephropathy.
AB  - Camostat mesilate is a developed derivative of gabexate mesilate for oral
      administration and is known to be one of the most potent protease inhibitors. We
      administered this drug to 15 patients with advanced diabetic nephropathy at a
      daily dose of 600 mg for 4 to 6 weeks. All patients had been treated with
      conventional therapy including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and
      their diseases had stabilized for at least 2 weeks before the camostat mesilate
      therapy. Urinary protein excretion decreased promptly from 4.8 +/- 0.6 to 2.9 +/-
      0.4 gm/day (mean +/- SEM, p less than 0.01) and serum albumin level increased
      from 2.7 +/- 0.2 gm/dl to 2.9 +/- 0.2 gm/dl (mean +/- SEM, p less than 0.05)
      within 4 to 6 weeks. The amount of plasma fibrinogen significantly decreased from
      419.7 +/- 42.3 mg/dl to 306.6 +/- 28.3 mg/dl (mean +/- SEM, p less than 0.01),
      and urinary total fibrinogen degradation product excretion over 24 hours also
      decreased from 26,118 +/- 9,696 to 18,072 +/- 7,107 micrograms/day (mean +/- SEM,
      p less than 0.05). The value for serum creatinine level did not change during
      this intervention. We suggest that camostat mesilate suppresses the
      hypercoagulable state originating from diabetes mellitus, and changes the
      permselectivity of the glomerular capillary wall. These effects of camostat
      mesilate may improve the prognosis of diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 2394939
TI  - Extracellular matrix phenotype of rat mesangial cells in culture. Biosynthesis of
      collagen types I, III, IV, and V and a low molecular weight collagenous component
      and their regulation by dexamethasone.
AB  - Rat glomerular cells were cultured in vitro to evaluate their collagen phenotype.
      The enriched epithelial cell population that grew out from glomeruli in the
      initial stages of culture primarily synthesized type IV collagen. By 14 days,
      mesangial cell proliferation occurred with a coordinate change in collagen
      phenotype, after which time these cells mainly synthesized type I collagen and
      lesser amounts of types III, IV, and V collagens. In addition to the standard
      collagens, mesangial cells synthesized and accumulated in their extracellular
      matrix a small molecular weight collagenous protein that accounted for 16.6% of
      the total radioactivity incorporated into extracellular matrix proteins. This
      short-chain collagen, with an approximate molecular mass of 70,000 (70 kd),
      appears to be a unique product of mesangial cells. Collagen biosynthesis by the
      mesangial cells was down-regulated by dexamethasone in a time- and dose-dependent
      manner. Treatment with 10(-6) mol/L dexamethasone reduced synthesis of type I and
      type IV collagens by about 37% and 24%, respectively. Steady-state levels of the
      corresponding procollagen messenger RNAs were diminished in dexamethasone-treated
      mesangial cells. This effect of glucocorticoid was found to be specific because
      dexamethasone did not affect biosynthesis and secretion of noncollagenous
      proteins.

PMID- 2394940
TI  - delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in rat liver: studies on the effects of
      ethanol, acetaldehyde, and B6 vitamers.
AB  - Because ethanol ingestion lowers delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD)
      activity in liver and red cells, effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on ALAD in
      rat liver cytosol were studied. When added to the assay mix, as little as 0.5
      mmol/L acetaldehyde competitively inhibited ALAD even in the presence of
      dithiothreitol, a sulfhydryl reagent. ALAD activity also fell when undiluted
      cytosol was incubated at 37 degrees with as little as 0.25 mmol/L acetaldehyde
      for 8 hours before enzyme assay. Inactivation of ALAD by acetaldehyde was
      prevented by the metabolic inhibitor NaF but not by the aldehyde dehydrogenase
      inhibitor cyanamide. Incubation of undiluted cytosol with 20 mmol/L ethanol also
      decreased ALAD activity, but addition of ethanol to the assay mix had no effect.
      Ethanol-mediated inactivation of ALAD was reduced by inhibition of alcohol
      dehydrogenase with 4-methylpyrazole, but ALAD activity was not decreased by
      incubation of undiluted cytosol with acetate or sorbitol or by addition of
      acetate to the assay mix. The aldehydic B6 vitamers, pyridoxal and pyridoxal
      phosphate, also inhibited ALAD activity when added to the assay mix. However,
      these vitamers increased ALAD activity and decreased acetaldehyde-mediated
      inactivation of ALAD when incubated for 8 hours with undiluted cytosol. We
      conclude that (1) acetaldehyde decreases ALAD activity both by competitive
      inhibition with substrate and by inactivation of enzyme protein and that (2)
      inactivation of ALAD by acetaldehyde may require nonoxidative metabolism of
      acetaldehyde. The net pharmacologic effect of B6 vitamers on ALAD activity and on
      inactivation of ALAD by acetaldehyde remains to be determined.

PMID- 2394941
TI  - Is anti-factor Xa activity important?

PMID- 2394942
TI  - The importance of anti-factor Xa and antithrombin activities of low molecular
      weight heparins.

PMID- 2394943
TI  - Assessment of chemokinetic behavior of inflammatory lung macrophages in a linear
      under-agarose assay.
AB  - Migration of cells in response to a chemoattractant gradient is influenced by
      directed migration (chemotaxis) and stimulated random motility (chemokinesis).
      The present study quantitated the chemokinetic motility of normal and
      inflammatory lung macrophages by performing the linear under-agarose assay in the
      presence of uniform concentrations of chemoattractant. Under these conditions,
      cell motility can be likened to a molecular diffusion process. Mathematical
      analyses which describe molecular diffusion were then applied, allowing the
      quantitation of the parameter, mu, the cellular equivalent to the molecular
      diffusivity constant. Determination of changes in mu as a function of
      chemoattractant concentration revealed that the chemokinetic motility of alveolar
      macrophages recovered during the early stages of acute pulmonary inflammation was
      greater than that of normal alveolar macrophages and macrophages recovered later
      in the inflammatory response. The correlation of differences in macrophage
      chemokinesis with macrophage maturation and the relevance of these differences to
      macrophage accumulation during inflammation are discussed.

PMID- 2394944
TI  - Modulation of an adhesion-related surface antigen on equine neutrophils by
      bacterial lipopolysaccharide and antiinflammatory drugs.
AB  - The essential role of the CD11/CD18 family of leukocyte adhesion molecules
      (LeuCams) in neutrophil-substrate adhesion is well documented. We have found that
      a monoclonal antibody designated 60.3 (MoAb 60.3) that recognizes the common beta
      subunit (CD18) on human neutrophils (PMN) also recognizes a surface antigen on
      equine PMN. Antigen expression as assessed by immunofluorescence flow cytometry
      was enhanced by zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
      (PMA) stimulation. Pretreatment of equine PMN with MoAb 60.3 inhibited ZAS
      stimulated aggregation, indicating that the monoclonal recognized a functional
      epitope on equine PMN involved in adhesion-related functions. Cells pretreated
      only with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 microgram/ml) exhibited moderate
      increased binding of MoAb 60.3 as determined by fluorescence intensity.
      Preincubation of PMN with LPS resulted in a slight increase in MoAb 60.3 binding
      after subsequent ZAS stimulation, greater than that with either LPS or ZAS as
      sole stimulus. Similarly, enhanced binding of MoAb 60.3 was observed with LPS
      preincubation when PMA was used as a stimulus, but this effect was dose dependent
      and was observed at only one of three PMA concentrations tested (1 ng/ml). In
      other experiments, preincubation of PMN with antiinflammatory drugs inhibited
      41.5-45.1% of ZAS-stimulated PMN adhesion to monolayers of equine endothelial
      cells. To determine whether modulation of expression of the adhesion-related
      antigen recognized by MoAb 60.3 correlated with these observed adhesive responses
      of PMN, we used immunofluorescence flow cytometry to assess expression of the
      antigen on drug-treated PMN. Using 10% ZAS as a stimulus, phenylbutazone (PBZ;
      100 micrograms/ml) pretreatment of PMN reduced subsequent MoAb 60.3 binding by
      only 12.3%, and dexamethasone (DEX; 10(-5) M) reduced binding by only 1.0%;
      reductions of 16.4% with PBZ and 9.3% with DEX occurred when PMA (10 ng/ml) was
      used as the PMN stimulant. These data suggest that equine PMN express a
      functional adhesion molecule similar to those found on human PMN and that LPS may
      enhance the expression of this surface antigen. Expression of this adhesion
      related surface antigen on equine PMN does not correlate well with levels of drug
      induced diminished adhesion of PMN to endothelium in vitro.

PMID- 2394945
TI  - Flow cytometric study of the activation of polymorphonuclear cells.
AB  - The activation of human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) by the chemotactic peptide,
      N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), or the protein kinase C
      activator, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), was studied using flow cytometry. Two
      probes were used to evaluate PMN activation: 1) a monoclonal antibody (MoF11)
      directed against an antigen (Ag) expressed on the membrane of monocytes and of
      activated PMN; 2) rhodamine phalloidin was used at the cytoplasmic level to
      measure the F-actin content. The expression of MoF11 antigen was found to be 3 to
      5 times greater on the membrane of PMN activated by either FMLP or PMN as
      compared with membrane expression of the same Ag on resting PMN. This increase
      was found to be dose dependent for the two activators. Kinetic studies showed
      that a maximum response was observed in 1 to 2 min at 37 degrees C when FMLP was
      used, whilst a similar response required 10 min when PMA was used. The same
      discrepancy with activators was observed when actin polymerization was measured
      by labelling with rhodamine phalloidin. However, pretreatment of PMN with
      cytochalasin B inhibited actin polymerization whilst MoF11 antigen expression was
      increased, suggesting that the MoF11 antigen could be stored in granules of
      resting PMN. The study of actin polymerization and of MoF11 antigen expression,
      separately or in combination, could be a useful tool for the detection of
      activated PMN in biological samples.

PMID- 2394946
TI  - Time course considerations for the effects of unilateral lower cervical
      adjustments with respect to the amelioration of cervical lateral-flexion passive
      end-range asymmetry.
AB  - The initial effectiveness as well as the temporal stability of the effect of
      cervical spinal manipulation with respect to the amelioration of goniometrically
      verified cervical lateral-flexion passive end-range asymmetry was examined.
      Responses of two groups of pain-free subjects were compared: a) those exhibiting
      end-range asymmetries of greater than 10 degrees who, in addition, had suffered
      previous neck trauma, and; b) those who happened to exhibit end-range asymmetries
      of greater than 10 degrees but who had no history of prior neck trauma. All
      subjects received a single lower cervical adjustment delivered to the side of
      most-restricted end-range, and goniometric reassessments were performed 30 min, 4
      hr, and 48 hr following the adjustment. A dramatic amelioration of asymmetry was
      observed in both groups at 30 min and 4 hr postmanipulation. Furthermore, the
      magnitudes of these short-term effects were similar for the two groups. However,
      by 24 hours, a difference in the temporal responses of the groups had become
      readily apparent. By 48 hours, the difference was even more striking; whereas 14
      of 16 of the subjects with no previous neck trauma continued to exhibit
      asymmetries of less than 10 degrees (mean +/- SEM = 3.8 +/- 1.0 degrees), 12 of
      the 16 subjects with previous neck trauma had regained asymmetries of greater
      than 10 degrees (mean +/- SEM = 11.4 +/- 1.7 degrees). These results indicate
      that among asymptomatic (pain-free) individuals, the mere presence of passive end
      range asymmetry as well as the magnitude of the short-term ameliorative effect of
      cervical manipulation do not distinguish these two categories of
      subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2394947
TI  - The physics of spinal manipulation. Part III. Some characteristics of adjusting
      that facilitate joint distraction.
AB  - The role of quickness, adjustive amplitude, preadjustive tension, and
      countertension in facilitating joint distraction to cavitation is investigated.
      These characteristics are further shown to contribute to joint isolation,
      protection of joints from injury, and enhanced adjustive efficiency. Block and
      spring "slinky dog" models aid in illustrating the physics principles involved.
      The complete role of mass and acceleration in the adjustive process is discussed.

PMID- 2394948
TI  - Nutrition education of chiropractic students: a survey of colleges recognized by
      the Council on Chiropractic Education.
AB  - Concern has been expressed that the public is subject to nutritional
      misinformation. Examination of nutrition designated units in nine chiropractic
      colleges enjoying accreditation or candidate status according to the Council on
      Chiropractic Education suggests that these colleges are not a source of such
      misinformation.

PMID- 2394949
TI  - Differential effects of honey, sucrose, and fructose on blood sugar levels.
AB  - It is now recognized that dietary carbohydrate components influence the
      prevalence and severity of common degenerative diseases such as dental problems,
      diabetes, heart disease and obesity. Fructose and sucrose have been evaluated and
      compared to glucose using glucose tolerance tests, but few such comparisons have
      been performed for a "natural" sugar source such as honey. In this study, 33
      upper trimester chiropractic students volunteered for oral glucose tolerance
      testing comparing sucrose, fructose and honey during successive weeks. A 75-gm
      carbohydrate load in 250 ml of water was ingested and blood sugar readings were
      taken at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 240 minutes. Fructose showed minimal changes in
      blood sugar levels, consistent with other studies. Sucrose gave higher blood
      sugar readings than honey at every measurement, producing significantly (p less
      than .05) greater glucose intolerance. Honey provided the fewest subjective
      symptoms of discomfort. Given that honey has a gentler effect on blood sugar
      levels on a per gram basis, and tastes sweeter than sucrose so that fewer grams
      would be consumed, it would seem prudent to recommend honey over sucrose.

PMID- 2394950
TI  - Lyme disease.
AB  - A 29-year-old male tennis player was examined for neck pain, limited mobility,
      and right elbow pain. The patient was treated for cervical facet syndrome by
      chiropractic manipulative therapy (CMT) for a period of 6 weeks. After this time
      the patient had a relapse of cervical pain, spinal myofascitis, dermatitis and
      migratory arthropathy. Several specialists were consulted throughout the case
      including a rheumatologist, and a tentative diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis and
      fibromyalgia was made. A follow-up blood evaluation led to a new diagnosis of
      Lyme disease.

PMID- 2394951
TI  - Caves, wizards and the state of the petunia patch.

PMID- 2394952
TI  - Effect of unilateral spinal adjustments on goniometrically-assessed cervical
      lateral-flexion end-range asymmetries in otherwise asymptomatic subjects.

PMID- 2394953
TI  - Addenda: effects of subject eye closure on goniometrically assessed cervical
      lateral-flexion passive end-range capability.

PMID- 2394954
TI  - Cell changes and soluble interleukin-2 receptors (Tac peptide) in leprosy
      reversal reactions using suction-induced blisters.
AB  - The cellular contents and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) [Tac peptide] of
      skin blisters induced by suction over 7 reversal reaction (RR) patients were
      examined using immunoperoxidase and ELISA techniques respectively. The helper T
      activity (CD4+ cells) and helper:suppressor ratio were significantly greater in
      borderline lepromatous (BL) lesions with RR than in quiescent BL lesions.
      Interestingly, the intracutaneous levels of Tac peptide were elevated and
      directly correlated with the increases in CD4+ cells. The systemic administration
      of corticosteroids revealed a reduction in the numbers of CD4+ cells in the
      lesions. These results indicate that RRs are manifestations of a spontaneous
      increase in delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and possibly cell mediated
      immunity (CMI) in leprosy patients. The mechanism of such changes in immunity is
      of considerable value in understanding reversal reactions and the underlying
      determinants of DTH and CMI in leprosy and this in turn will have a bearing on
      the potential for proposed vaccines or immunotherapy.

PMID- 2394955
TI  - Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of furosemide marketed in Thailand.
AB  - Thirteen different brands of 40 mg furosemide tablets available in Thailand were
      evaluated. In vitro studies revealed that all products met the requirement of
      United States Pharmacopoeia XX for weight variation, per cent labeled amount, and
      disintegration time. However, there were only 4 brands that passed the
      dissolution test specification. The original brand (brand A) and the three local
      brands (brand B, C and D) with differences in dissolution characteristics were
      selected for bioavailability study. Relative bioavailability of 40 mg furosemide
      tablets were performed on eight healthy Thai males using a crossover design.
      Plasma furosemide concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid
      chromatographic method. Clinical response to these tablets were also studied by
      determination of urine output and electrolyte excretion. Individual plasma data
      was analyzed according to one-compartment open model using the PCNONLIN computer
      program. The elimination half-life of furosemide was 1.27 hours. The mean
      individual peak plasma levels ranged from 0.61-1.12 micrograms/ml and the time
      required to reach the peak ranged from 1.63-2.00 hours. There were no
      statistically significant differences in parameters studied between the original
      and the local brands (p greater than 0.05). The relative bioavailability of
      furosemide with respect to brand A were 70.29, 113.41, and 94.93 per cent for
      brand B, C and D, respectively. There was no relationship between in vitro and in
      vivo characteristics. Clinical response, in terms of diuresis and electrolyte
      excretion, e.g., sodium, chloride and potassium, between four brands of
      furosemide tablets were also not significantly different (p greater than 0.05),
      indicating that the four brands are clinically equivalent.

PMID- 2394956
TI  - A simple method for protein electrophoresis of unconcentrated urine.
AB  - Thirty-two unconcentrated urines were electrophoresed on cellogels in 0.05 M
      barbital buffer, pH 8.6, at 280 volts for 35 minutes. Instead of concentrating
      100 fold, the urine samples were directly applied on the gel in volumes from 1.2
      to 3.6 microliters and Coomassie dye was used for staining. This makes it
      possible to observe the protein patterns at trace concentration by reagent strips
      (about 0.05-0.2 g/l). This method is simple, convenient and suited for routine
      services.

PMID- 2394957
TI  - Spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage: a prognostic study.
AB  - A prospective study to determine the prognostic factors of spontaneous
      supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage was carried out in 93 cases admitted to
      the Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital from 1984 to 1986. The overall
      mortality found in this study was 48.39 per cent, most of which occurred within
      the first ten days of admission. Death resulting from brain herniation secondary
      to cerebral oedema accounted for 86.05 per cent of those who died. Comparison to
      determine the possible factors related to the prognosis of the survival and dead
      groups was made of the following items: age, sex, onset-treatment duration,
      Glasgow Coma Scale at the onset, side, site and size (in ml) of the lesion,
      evidence of blood leakage into the ventricle and hyperglycaemia. Statistically
      significant prognostic parameters found in this study are level of consciousness,
      haematoma size, extension of blood into the ventricle and hyperglycaemia.

PMID- 2394958
TI  - Intestinal obstruction due to phytobezoars.
AB  - Seven adults and four children with phytobezoar obstruction to the small bowel
      were reported. All adult patients had undergone previous laparotomies, six of
      which were gastric operations. Phytobezoar obstruction was not suspected in any
      of the adult patients and surgery was necessary to relieve the obstruction.
      Abnormal gastric function may predispose phytobezoars, and surgeons should be
      aware of the possibility in patients with previous gastric surgery. The children
      had been previously healthy, but all had a history of eating an excessive amount
      of fruit or seeds before the onset of symptoms. The obstruction was found to be
      incomplete and could be relieved by conservative treatment, including the use of
      colonic washouts. In children with intestinal obstruction a good dietary history
      should lead to the correct diagnosis so that surgery may be avoided.

PMID- 2394959
TI  - Aspects of community-based nutritional intervention.
AB  - A number of aspects are discussed in relation to community-based nutrition
      intervention projects. This includes the application of different intervention
      measures, the used of anthropometric indicators, and the methods of immediate and
      final data evaluation.

PMID- 2394960
TI  - Cryptosporidiosis: report of a case with life-threatening diarrhea.
AB  - A case of life-threatening chronic diarrhea, caused by Cryptosporidium spp., was
      reported. The patient was a seven month old boy from an orphanage suffering from
      voluminous watery diarrhea, fever and vomiting three days before admission. He
      presented with severe dehydration and severe hypokalemia. Numerous
      cryptosporidial oocysts were detected in the stools without other
      enteropathogens. Although co-trimoxazole and gentamicin were administered in the
      first week of illness, the diarrheal symptom was still persistent. At the end of
      the third week, spontaneous remission was observed. The overall diarrheal period
      lasted twenty-five days. In this case, cryptosporidiosis manifested as severe
      chronic diarrhea in the immunocompetent and supportive management was very
      important because an effective drug is not available at present.

PMID- 2394961
TI  - Phlegm production in plain cigarette smokers who changed to filter cigarettes or
      quit smoking.
AB  - Data from a prospective epidemiological study that included 2025 plain cigarette
      smokers were analysed to investigate the effect of phlegm production of changing
      to filter cigarettes or quitting smoking. During a 5-year follow-up, 189 subjects
      quitted smoking, 312 changed to filter cigarettes, while 1524 continued to smoke
      plain cigarettes. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for age,
      duration of smoking, number of cigarettes smoked, socio-economic status and
      alcohol consumption. Smokers with morning phlegm at enrollment, who changed to
      filter cigarettes during the follow-up, had a probability ratio of 1.9 of phlegm
      production ceasing, compared with smokers who continued to smoke plain cigarettes
      (P less than 0.05). However, the probability ratio of developing morning phlegm
      among smokers who changed to filter cigarettes compared to those who continued to
      smoke plain cigarettes was 1.6 (P less than 0.05). The overall prevalence of
      morning phlegm at the end of the follow-up was the same in smokers who changed to
      filter cigarettes as in persistent plain cigarette smokers. The trends for
      chronic phlegm were similar, although they did not reach statistical
      significance. The smokers who stopped smoking had a probability ratio of 0.4 of
      developing morning phlegm (P less than 0.01) and a ratio of 7.7 for ceasing to
      produce it (P less than 0.001) compared to the smokers who continued to smoke
      plain cigarettes. Our results suggest that changing from plain to filter
      cigarettes is associated with a higher frequency of cessation of phlegm
      production, but offers no protection against the development of phlegm.

PMID- 2394962
TI  - A study of patients with diabetes mellitus (type 1) and end-stage renal failure:
      tobacco usage may increase risk of nephropathy and death.
AB  - Thirty-four consecutive patients with diabetes mellitus as a plausible cause of
      end-stage renal failure were investigated with regard to outcome and tobacco
      consumption. The mean duration of diabetes was 25.5 years. Thirty-one of the
      patients had used tobacco regularly for at least 5 years. For 28 patients it was
      possible to calculate the intake of tobacco as the daily mean and the total
      consumption (expressed as pack years). The time period (in years) between
      initiation of tobacco usage and onset of persistent proteinuria, as an early
      indicator of diabetic nephropathy, was shorter if the daily consumption of
      tobacco was higher (P less than 0.01) and the total consumption (pack years) in
      these patients was lower (P less than 0.05). There was an increased risk of early
      death (P less than 0.01) in patients who were currently smokers when they were
      uraemic (predialysis), on dialysis or had kidney grafts, compared to those who
      had never used tobacco or who were ex-smokers. In conclusion, it appears to be
      important for insulin-dependent diabetic patients to avoid tobacco usage and for
      current smokers to give up the habit in order to reduce the risk of diabetic
      nephropathy and early death.

PMID- 2394963
TI  - Erythrocyte sodium transport in malignant hypertension.
AB  - Twenty-three patients with treated malignant hypertension (MH), 23 patients with
      treated non-malignant hypertension (NMH) and 46 normotensive control subjects
      were investigated with regard to intraerythrocyte sodium (Na) and potassium (K)
      levels, as well as transmembrane fluxes of sodium (Na-influx and Na-efflux rate
      constant). Intraerythrocyte Na and K concentrations were determined by flame
      photometry. The Na-influx and Na-efflux rate constant were calculated from uptake
      values for 22Na in vitro. In NMH the Na-influx and Na-efflux rate constant were
      significantly higher while intraerythrocyte Na and K levels did not differ from
      the controls. Patients with MH tended to have an elevated intraerythrocyte Na
      concentration, but an unchanged Na-influx and Na-efflux rate constant relative to
      controls. The increased rate of erythrocyte membrane transport of Na in treated
      NMH could be due to a stimulatory effect of antihypertensive treatment on
      cellular Na transport. Patients with treated MH do not show this effect, and in
      addition, tend to have an elevated intraerythrocyte Na concentration, which is
      compatible with the existence of a more pronounced abnormality of cellular ion
      transport in MH.

PMID- 2394964
TI  - Do-not-resuscitate orders in Swedish medical wards.
AB  - In a nation-wide survey, procedures related to do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders in
      Swedish medical wards were investigated by means of a questionnaire given to
      internists-in-charge. The response rate was 89% (286 out of 323), of whom all but
      2% (seven individuals) stated that DNR orders were used in their wards. The most
      common procedure was an oral direction to the nurse, who documented the order in
      the nurses' day-to-day work sheet. The DNR orders were signed by 28% of the
      physicians. A wide range of symbols and code words were used, and there was
      considerable disagreement regarding the meaning of a DNR order. Such orders were
      often associated with withdrawal and withholding of life-sustaining treatments
      other than cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Most physicians stated that they never
      discuss DNR order with the patients, and that only in a minority of DNR decisions
      do they involve family members. There was considerable conflict with regard to
      DNR ordering procedures not only between internists in different hospitals, but
      also within individual hospitals.

PMID- 2394965
TI  - Global assessment of patients--a bedside study. II. Inter-observer variation and
      frequency of clinical findings.
AB  - Three physicians independently assessed 201 hospital in-patients for the presence
      of 10 basic physical characteristics, and made an overall assessment of whether
      or not the patients appeared ill. There were significant differences between the
      physicians in the average number of observations recorded for each patient (P
      less than 0.001). There was a significant difference (P less than 0.05) between
      the physicians regarding the number of positive diagnoses of anaemia, abnormal
      nutritional state, breathing difficulties and the overall assessment. Inter
      observer variation was estimated by a pairwise comparison of the three
      physicians. Overall agreement rates ranged from 0.65 for abnormal nutritional
      state to 0.99 for presence of pain. After adjusting for random agreement, kappa
      values between 0.09 (elevated body temperature) and 0.88 (consciousness impaired)
      were found. No tendency towards a higher level of agreement in the overall
      assessment than in the basic findings was observed.

PMID- 2394966
TI  - Effects of nicotinic acid on serum cholesterol concentrations of high density
      lipoprotein subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 in hyperlipoproteinaemia.
AB  - Nicotinic acid was given in a 4-g daily dose for 6 weeks to 41 weight-stable
      patients of mean age (+/- SD) 52 +/- 9 years, with type IIa, type IIb or type IV
      hyperlipoproteinaemia (HLP), in order to study its effects on serum cholesterol
      concentrations of high density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions HDL2 and HDL3. The
      triglyceride and cholesterol levels of serum very low density (VLDL) and low
      density (LDL) lipoproteins decreased during treatment (P less than 0.001). Serum
      HDL and HDL2 cholesterol levels increased by 37% and 135%, respectively. These
      changes were positively correlated (r = 0.93; P less than 0.001). There was no
      significant change in mean serum HDL3 cholesterol concentration. A negative
      correlation existed between changes in HDL3 and HDL2 cholesterol levels (r = 
      0.54; P less than 0.001). Multiple stepwise linear regression analyses revealed
      that the initial HDL3 cholesterol predicted more than 30% of the increase in HDL2
      cholesterol. Changes in the concentrations of HDL2 and HDL3 cholesterol after 6
      weeks of drug treatment were not related to the type of HLP, neither were these
      effects of nicotinic acid correlated with changes in VLDL or LDL lipid levels.
      The concept has previously been proposed, on the basis of in vitro data, that
      HDL2 is formed from HDL3 particles in the blood. Our results suggest that, in
      man, this reaction is stimulated in vivo by prolonged nicotinic acid therapy.

PMID- 2394967
TI  - Dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids may impair glucose homeostasis in
      patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The effects on lipoprotein and glucose metabolism of addition of n-3 fatty acids
      were studied in 14 non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients who were given 10 g of
      MaxEPA (3 g n-3 fatty acids) or placebo (olive oil) per day in a randomized
      double-blind cross-over study during two consecutive 8-week periods. After MaxEPA
      treatment, there was a marked increase in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
      of the n-3 series in the plasma lipid esters and in the platelet phospholipids,
      while the n-6 fatty acid content decreased. The very low density lipoprotein
      (VLDL) triglyceride concentrations decreased significantly (by 22%) on MaxEPA
      treatment. However, these changes were not significantly different from those
      observed during the placebo period. The blood glucose concentration tended to
      increase during MaxEPA treatment, and to decrease during the placebo period, the
      changes under the two regimes being significantly different (P less than 0.01).
      In addition, the rate constant for glucose disappearance (k value) for the
      intravenous insulin-tolerance test, which reflected the peripheral insulin
      sensitivity, tended to decrease during MaxEPA treatment and increase during
      administration of the placebo, there being a significant difference (P less than
      0.03) between the changes during the two treatments. The reason for the observed
      changes in blood glucose concentration and peripheral insulin sensitivity is
      still unclear.

PMID- 2394968
TI  - Accumulation of anaphylatoxins and terminal complement complexes in inflammatory
      fluids.
AB  - The presence of anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a) and terminal complement complexes
      (TCC) in different inflammatory fluids and plasma was studied in 33 patients.
      Anaphylatoxins were assayed using a radioimmunoassay technique, and the terminal
      complement complexes were determined by an ELISA method. Patients with peritoneal
      (n = 14), pleural (n = 7), pericardial (n = 6) or burn bullae fluid (n = 6) were
      studied. High C3a and TCC concentrations were found in all these fluids. Elevated
      C3a and TCC concentrations in inflammatory fluids were found not only in patients
      with elevated plasma C3a and TCC concentrations, but also in patients with normal
      plasma levels. No increases in C5a concentration were observed in pleural or burn
      bullae fluid. In one patient with pericarditis, and in subjects with acute
      pancreatitis with ascites, high C5a levels were found in the fluid. However, the
      high TCC concentration in the fluids suggests that C5a had been formed but was
      probably removed by leucocytes present in the fluid.

PMID- 2394969
TI  - Urinary free cortisol excretion shortly after ischaemic stroke.
AB  - The cortisol axis and catecholamine excretion were studied in 20 patients within
      the first week after acute ischaemic stroke. Urine free cortisol and plasma
      cortisol levels after dexamethasone were significantly higher in stroke patients
      than in 80-year-old volunteers (n = 32; P = 0.03 and P = 0.003, respectively).
      Catecholamine excretion was found to be significantly correlated with urine
      cortisol concentration (r = 0.54, P less than 0.05) and limb paresis (r = 0.52, P
      less than 0.05). In a multiple regression analysis, urine cortisol values were
      shown to be positively associated with limb paresis (P = 0.003), disorientation
      (P = 0.03) and body temperature (P = 0.03). High cortisol excretion was
      associated with a poorer functional outcome in a discriminant analysis (P =
      0.001). Thus acute ischaemic stroke is associated with an increased activity in
      the cortisol axis. This may have a number of negative effects on organ
      functioning, and is a predictor of a poorer functional outcome.

PMID- 2394970
TI  - Unintentional self-intoxication with inorganic calcium.
AB  - A 40-year-old woman with previous parathyroidectomy for adenoma was found to have
      a serum calcium level of 5.35 mmol l-1 (21.4 mg dl-1). Inadvertent calcium
      overdose had occurred because of her mistaken belief that if some prescribed
      calcium was good, then more was better. Her misconception is in contrast with
      that of patients with Munchausen's syndrome, who deliberately made themselves
      hypercalcaemic by ingesting calcium or Vitamin D surreptitiously. Inorganic
      calcium is increasingly promoted for its presumed, though unproven, effectiveness
      in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Massive overdose can be associated
      with serious risks, as illustrated by the present case, which we believe
      represents the highest serum calcium level yet reported in an ambulatory patient.

PMID- 2394971
TI  - Compensated hypothyroidism presenting with galactorrhoea.
AB  - Compensated hypothyroidism was diagnosed in a 36-year-old female who presented
      with breast tenderness and mild galactorrhoea. T4 was 5.8 mcg dl-1 and T3RU was
      22.5%, while TSH and prolactin were very mildly elevated (6.5 mU ml-1 and 26.1 ng
      ml-1, respectively). The TRH test showed an exaggerated response. TSH increased
      to 43 mU ml-1, and prolactin levels reached 161 ng ml-1. Treatment with T4
      decreased the TSH and prolactin levels to within the normal range, and prevented
      the galactorrhoea. The case presented here demonstrates that galactorrhoea can be
      present even with mild hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2394972
TI  - Problems in diagnosing meningitis in general practice.

PMID- 2394973
TI  - Why mask a good conscience as a bad conscience?

PMID- 2394974
TI  - Drug related hospital admissions: the role of definitions and intensity of data
      collection, and the possibility of prevention.
AB  - Three hundred and thirty-three consecutive patients in a medical ward were
      evaluated in a high-intensity monitoring scheme for drug events as a cause of
      hospitalization. Taking into consideration only 'definite' and 'probable' drug
      events, we found 36 cases (10.8%) of all admissions to be drug-related
      hospitalizations (DRH). Of these, 8.1% were adverse drug reactions and 2.7% were
      therapeutic failures due to ineffective dosage. In 8 cases (2.4%) the drug event
      could definitely have been avoided, and a further 13 cases (3.9%) were considered
      to have been potentially avoidable if appropriate measures had been taken by the
      health service. In 19 cases (53%) the referring physician was unaware of the drug
      related problem. Those patients admitted because of a drug event were taking
      significantly more drugs than other individuals. The avoidable drug events
      pointed to the primary health care physicians as the appropriate targets for
      preventive measures in terms of intensified drug education. The study
      demonstrated that a reliable estimate of the DRH rate requires active data
      collection by a qualified health service worker in close collaboration with the
      patient's family doctor in cases of suspected DRH.

PMID- 2394975
TI  - Humoral response of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata to trematode infection:
      observations on a circulating hemagglutinin.
AB  - The hemolymph of invertebrates often contains molecules that agglutinate
      vertebrate erythrocytes and that may function as humoral mediators of "non-self"
      recognition. The objectives of this study were to 1) determine if exposure of M
      line or 10-R2 strain Biomphalaria glabrata snails to infection with the
      trematodes Echinostoma paraensei and Schistosoma mansoni could increase
      agglutinating activity in snail hemolymph, and 2) identify particular hemolymph
      molecules with such activity. In some host-parasite combinations, such as
      juvenile M line snails and E. paraensei, infection provoked significant
      elevations in titer from as early as 2 days postinfection (dpi) through 15 dpi.
      In other combinations, as with 10-R2 snails and E. paraensei or S. mansoni, host
      responses were comparatively modest, yet still measurable. In general, E.
      paraensei and S. mansoni elicited different responses from the same host strain,
      and M line and 10-R2 snails responded differently to the same parasite. Further
      study of the response of juvenile M line snails to E. paraensei indicated that
      hemolymph agglutinating activity could be inhibited by several monosaccharides
      (including L-fucose) and by EDTA and EGTA. An affinity column containing L-fucose
      agarose beads was used to purify molecules with agglutinating activity from the
      hemolymph of such snails. The fraction eluted from the column by 0.2 M L-fucose
      was shown by SDS-PAGE to contain a broad band of 80-120 kD and, less
      consistently, a 200 kD band. Following extensive dialysis to remove L-fucose,
      this fraction had agglutinating activity. As a previous study has shown that the
      hemolymph of E. paraensei-infected snails contains significantly increased
      quantities of 80-120 kD polypeptides, it is concluded that polypeptides in this
      size range are responsible, at least in part, for the increased hemolymph
      agglutination activity in such snails.

PMID- 2394976
TI  - Nuclear transplantation in the pig embryo: nuclear swelling.
AB  - The transfer of nuclei from cleavage stage embryos to enucleated activated
      meiotic metaphase II oocytes results in a reprogramming of the transferred
      nucleus such that it behaves as a zygotic nucleus. One estimator of nuclear
      reprogramming is nuclear swelling after nuclear transfer. The diameter of nuclei
      after nuclear transfer was not found to be dependent upon the amount of cytoplasm
      transferred with the donor cell or the amount of cytoplasm in the recipient cell.
      Nuclei from 4-, 8-, and 16-cell stage embryos swelled to a similar diameter after
      nuclear transfer (26.9, 27.3, and 27.2 microns, respectively) and this was
      significantly different from the diameter of contemporary donor embryos (18.3,
      14.3, and 13.0 microns, respectively). This is a swelling of 47, 91, and 109%,
      respectively. Since the degree of nuclear swelling does not appear to be related
      to cytoplasmic volume it is concluded that the components mediating nuclear
      swelling are not in a limiting supply.

PMID- 2394977
TI  - Comparison of early and late onset dysthymia.
AB  - The present investigation compares early and late onset community dysthymia
      groups on insidious onset patterns, cognitive, coping, and symptom measures
      testing the assumption implicit in DSM-III-R that the two groups are
      qualitatively dissimilar. The results suggest that, regardless of age of onset,
      the groups did not differ except on some features of coping style. Homogeneity,
      not heterogeneity, was the predominant finding. The results call into question
      the DSM-III-R procedure for classifying dysthymia by age of onset, but also point
      to the need for additional research.

PMID- 2394978
TI  - Duration and intensity of combat exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in
      Vietnam veterans.
AB  - We assessed whether a relationship exists between posttraumatic stress disorder
      (PTSD) and two quantitative aspects of war trauma: the duration of exposure to
      combat (expressed in months) and the intensity of combat (measured by ratings on
      the Laufer Combat Scale). These stressor characteristics were measured in
      relation to PTSD prevalence and persistence. Eighty-four veterans, inducted
      during the Vietnam War, who attended an orthopedic clinic participated in the
      study. A significant association was found between duration of combat exposure
      and prevalence and persistence of PTSD. The longest duration of combat exposure
      was found in patients who still suffered from PTSD. This duration was shorter for
      patients in remission and still shorter for patients who had never developed
      PTSD. Similarly, a significant association was found between combat scale ratings
      and PTSD. The highest rating was observed in subjects who still had PTSD. The
      rating was lower in patients in remission and still lower in those who had never
      experienced PTSD. Having been wounded, which is one of the Laufer Combat Scale
      items and could be considered particularly traumatic, was strongly associated
      with PTSD. The findings are discussed in relation to the reliability and validity
      of the PTSD construct and to the contribution of factors other than stressor
      characteristics to PTSD symptom expression.

PMID- 2394979
TI  - A description of patients diagnosed with DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder.
AB  - In the revision to DSM-III, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is no longer
      considered only a residual category but can be diagnosed even when other axis I
      disorders are present. In this report, we present basic descriptive data on 22
      patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for GAD. Specific spheres of worry most
      commonly reported by patients with GAD are presented as well as data suggesting
      that these spheres of worry can be identified and judged as excessive or
      unrealistic in a reliable fashion. Nearly all GAD patients receive an additional
      diagnosis (comorbidity). Patterns of comorbidity indicate a high frequency of
      social phobia as an additional diagnosis in this sample. The present study
      suggests that, consistent with the new definition of GAD, a group of patients
      exist who worry excessively about two or more life circumstances and have the
      accompanying physiological symptoms with sufficient severity to satisfy the
      diagnostic criteria. Preliminary evidence suggests that this pattern of chronic
      intense worry about life circumstances discriminates GAD from other anxiety
      disorders.

PMID- 2394980
TI  - An examination of defense style in parents who abuse children.
AB  - The study aimed to determine the predominant defense style in parents who abuse
      their children, at least as determined by a new defense style questionnaire. The
      scores of 32 parents who had physically abused their young children and had been
      assessed after court proceedings were compared with a normal population sample
      and with patients with anxiety disorders who were equally symptomatic. Parents
      who had abused their children identified themselves as being particularly likely
      to use projection, displacement, passive-aggressiveness denial, and splitting to
      a degree greater than normal persons or patients with anxiety disorders. We would
      caution that, although the differences remained after statistical control of age
      and sex differences, a firm conclusion that such defenses are germane to child
      abuse will have to await replication of these findings with a study using a
      control group of young parents who do not abuse their children matched for social
      class and family structure.

PMID- 2394982
TI  - Familiarity of DSM-III self-defeating personality disorder.

PMID- 2394981
TI  - Comparison of dysthymic major and nonmajor depressives.

PMID- 2394983
TI  - Triiodothyronine augmentation of the antidepressant effect of the nontricyclic
      antidepressant trazodone.

PMID- 2394984
TI  - Down-regulation of progestin receptors in guinea pig brain: new findings using an
      immunocytochemical technique.
AB  - Progesterone injection in estradiol-primed, ovariectomized guinea pigs results in
      down-regulation of hypothalamic progestin receptors determined by in vitro
      binding assays. In order to determine if progesterone also decreases
      immunostaining of progestin receptors and if progestin receptors are down
      regulated preferentially in particular neuroanatomical areas, ovariectomized
      guinea pigs were injected with doses of estradiol benzoate (10 micrograms at 42 h
      before progesterone injection) and progesterone (500 micrograms at 4, 12, or 24 h
      before perfusion) that reliably induce the expression of lordosis and subsequent
      behavioral refractoriness to progesterone. Progestin receptor-immunoreactive
      cells were counted in sections from discrete parts of the preoptic area and
      hypothalamus. As expected, estradiol dramatically increased cell nuclear, and, to
      a lesser extent, cytoplasmic, immunostaining in defined regions of the preoptic
      area and hypothalamus. By 12 h after progesterone injection, the number of
      progestin receptor-immunoreactive cells had decreased in some areas, but not
      others. The rostral and caudal aspects of the ventrolateral hypothalamus were
      particularly responsive showing a substantial decrease in progestin receptor
      immunoreactivity by 12 h after injection. No decreases in the progestin receptor
      immunoreactive cell number were observed in any of the preoptic regions examined,
      although obvious decreases in immunostaining intensity were seen. The results of
      these immunocytochemical experiments extend earlier findings from in vitro
      progestin binding experiments and demonstrate that as with progestin binding,
      progestin receptor-immunoreactivity decreases when progesterone is injected in a
      behavioral desensitization procedure. Furthermore, they point to the
      ventrolateral hypothalamus as one site in which the down-regulation of progestin
      receptors may be particularly responsive to progesterone.

PMID- 2394985
TI  - Sex differences in hormonal responses of vasopressin pathways in the rat brain.
AB  - Vasopressin (AVP) immunoreactivity in cells and projections of the bed nucleus of
      the stria terminalis (BST) and medial amygdaloid nucleus (MA) depends on gonadal
      steroids. In addition, the AVP projections from the BST show denser fiber
      staining in males than in females. To study whether these differences depend on
      different hormone levels in adulthood, male and female rats were gonadectomized
      and similarly treated with testosterone for 4 weeks prior to sacrifice.
      Immunocytochemistry showed that males had significantly more AVP-immunoreactive
      (AVP-IR) cells in the BST and significantly denser AVP-IR projections from this
      nucleus to the lateral septum, lateral habenular nucleus, and periaqueductal
      central gray than did females. The number of AVP-IR cells in the MA nucleus was
      not statistically different, but denser AVP-IR fiber networks were found in the
      MA and ventral hippocampus, which receives its input from the MA. No differences
      were found in the anteroventral portion of the periventricular nucleus and the
      dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus that receive their AVP innervation from
      the suprachiasmatic nucleus. These results indicate that the sex difference in
      the steroid-sensitive AVP pathways depends on other factors besides circulating
      hormone levels in adulthood.

PMID- 2394986
TI  - Evidence for androgen receptors in sexually dimorphic perineal muscles of
      neonatal male rats. Absence of androgen accumulation by the perineal motoneurons.
AB  - During development, survival of the sexually dimorphic spinal nucleus of the
      bulbocavernosus (SNB) and its target perineal muscles, the bulbocavernosus (BC)
      and the levator ani (LA) is androgen-dependent. To define androgen's site of
      action in masculinizing SNB system structures, we examined whether or not
      androgen receptors are present in SNB motoneurons and/or BC/LA muscles of
      neonatal male rats. Using a receptor binding assay, we have identified androgen
      binding factors in the neonatal BC/LA (Bmax = 13.5 fmol/mg protein; Kd = 4.69 nM)
      for the first time. In contrast, androgen autoradiography provided no evidence
      that neonatal spinal motoneurons accumulate androgens. These results support the
      hypothesis that BC/LA muscles are a primary site of androgen action for
      masculinizing SNB system structures, and that androgen need not interact with SNB
      motoneurons directly to sexually differentiate them.

PMID- 2394987
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of cholecystokinin in the medial preoptic area
      and anterior hypothalamus of the Brazilian gray short-tailed opossum: a sex
      difference.
AB  - We have studied the anatomical localization of cholecystokinin-like
      immunoreactivity (CCK IR) in somata and fibers in the medial preoptic area (MPA)
      and anterior hypothalamus (AH) of the Brazilian gray short-tailed opossum,
      (Monodelphis domestica). With the aid of an avidin-biotin, nickel-enhanced,
      immunohistochemical technique, CCK IR neuronal elements were found within the MPA
      and AH. A large number of CCK IR cell bodies were located in the MPA of
      colchicine-treated opossums. The MPA also contained a CCK IR fiber plexus.
      Quantitative image analysis revealed that the periventricular preoptic area of
      noncolchicine-treated male opossums had a significantly higher percent of blocked
      light measurements than that of the noncolchicine-treated females, indicating a
      higher density of CCK IR neuronal elements in the males. Neuronal fibers and
      somata containing CCK IR were also found within the periventricular hypothalamic
      nucleus (Pe), and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCh). These results show that CCK
      IR neuronal elements are found within the MPA and AH of the Brazilian short
      tailed opossum. Furthermore, there is a sexually dimorphic distribution of CCK IR
      elements within the MPA of this small marsupial.

PMID- 2394988
TI  - Hormonal control of neuron number in sexually dimorphic spinal nuclei of the rat:
      IV. Masculinization of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus with
      testosterone metabolites.
AB  - The spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) is a sexually dimorphic motor
      nucleus in the rat lumbar spinal cord. SNB motoneurons and their perineal target
      muscles are present in adult males but reduced or absent in females. This sexual
      dimorphism is due to the presence of androgen during development; females treated
      with testosterone (T) perinatally have a masculine SNB system. To assess whether
      masculinization of the SNB could involve the conversion of testosterone into its
      active metabolites, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estrogen, we examined the
      development of the SNB in females treated perinatally with estrogen alone or in
      combination with dihydrotestosterone. Counts of motoneurons in the developing SNB
      in all groups showed the typical prenatal increase followed by a differential
      postnatal decline; the incidence of degenerating cells reflected this decline.
      Motoneuron numbers and the frequency of degenerating cells in females treated
      with estrogen (E) alone did not differ from those of normal females, with both
      groups losing large numbers of motoneurons and having a high incidence of
      degenerating cells. In contrast, females treated with both estrogen and
      dihydrotestosterone did not show the female-typical decline in motoneuron number
      and had a low, masculine incidence of degenerating cells. By postnatal day 10,
      females treated with estrogen and dihydrotestosterone had a fully masculine SNB
      motoneuron number, suggesting that dihydrotestosterone alone or in conjunction
      with estrogen may be involved in the development of the sexually dimorphic SNB
      system.

PMID- 2394989
TI  - Are separable aromatase systems involved in hormonal regulation of the male
      brain?
AB  - In vitro study of testosterone (T) metabolism shows that formation of estradiol
      17 beta (E2) is regionally specific within the preoptic area (POA) of the male
      ring dove. The POA is known to be involved in the formation of E2 required for
      specific components of male sexual behavior. Two sub-areas of high aromatase
      activity, anterior (aPOA) and posterior preoptic (pPOA) areas, have been
      identified. Aromatase activity is higher in aPOA than in pPOA. The aromatase
      activity within the aPOA is also more sensitive to the inductive effects of low
      circulating T, derived from subcutaneous silastic implants, than the enzyme
      activity in pPOA. Kinetic analysis of preoptic fractions indicates that a similar
      high-affinity enzyme occurs in both areas (apparent Km less than 14 nM), but the
      Vmax of aPOA enzyme activity is higher than pPOA. Cells containing estrogen
      receptors (ER) are localized in areas of high aromatase activity. There is
      overlap between immunostained cells in the aPOA and in samples containing
      inducible aromatase activity measured in vitro. Within the aPOA there is a higher
      density of ER cells in the nucleus preopticus medialis. The pPOA area also
      contains ER, notably in the nucleus interstitialis, but at a lower density. We
      conclude that the hormonal regulation of the male preoptic-anterior hypothalamic
      region, which is a target for the behavioral action of T, involves at least two
      inducible aromatase systems with associated estrogen receptor cells.

PMID- 2394990
TI  - Critical period for the androgenic block of neuromuscular synapse elimination.
AB  - Juvenile androgen treatment during developmental synapse elimination changes the
      pattern of innervation in the adult levator ani (LA), an androgen-sensitive
      muscle (Jordan, Letinsky, and Arnold, 1989b). Most notably, such adult muscles
      contain an unusually high number of muscle fibers that are innervated by two or
      more axons indicating that these fibers are multiply innervated. Juvenile
      androgen treatment also increases the adult level of preterminal branching, the
      number of junctional sites per adult fiber, and the size of adult LA muscle
      fibers and motoneurons in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB). The
      present study was designed to determine when in development androgen treatment is
      most effective in maintaining multiple innervation in adulthood and whether there
      are different critical periods for the different effects of juvenile androgen
      treatment. Male rats were castrated on 7, 21, or 34 days after birth (roughly
      corresponding to the beginning, middle, and end of synapse elimination in the LA
      muscle) and treated daily with testosterone propionate for the next 2 weeks. All
      rats were sacrificed at 9 weeks and their spinal cords and LA muscles were
      stained and analyzed. Only during the first treatment period (7-20) did androgen
      treatment result in increased levels of multiple innervation at 9 weeks. During
      this period, androgen also increased the number of junctional sites per fiber and
      the size of SNB somata but did not influence the adult level of preterminal
      branching or the diameter of adult LA muscle fibers. Androgen treatment during
      the two later periods increased the level of preterminal branching and the size
      of LA muscle fibers without influencing the level of multiple
      innervation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2394991
TI  - Onset of the hormone-sensitive perinatal period for sexual differentiation of the
      sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in female rats.
AB  - The volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) of
      the rat brain is severalfold larger in males than in females. The volume of the
      SDN-POA can be influenced significantly by the hormonal milieu during the
      perinatal "critical period" of sexual differentiation of the brain. The purpose
      of the present study was to determine the onset of this period of sexual
      differentiation of the SDN-POA. Pregnant rats received no treatment or were
      injected subcutaneously with oil on day 17, 18, or 20, or testosterone (T;5 mg)
      on days 16-22 of gestation. On postnatal day 15, unilateral SDN-POA volumes from
      female offspring prenatally exposed to testosterone on day 16 or 17 were not
      different from values of control (untreated or oil-injected) offspring. Female
      offspring from mothers treated with testosterone on day 18, 19, or 20 of
      gestation showed a significant and similar increase in SDN-POA volume over values
      from control animals. SDN-POA volumes from female offspring exposed to
      testosterone on day 21 or 22, although larger than those of controls, were not
      different statistically. We conclude that with the specific paradigm used in this
      study SDN-POA development is insensitive prior to day 18 of gestation, the day on
      which the onset of the hormone-sensitive period occurs.

PMID- 2394992
TI  - Is androgen-dependent aromatase activity sexually differentiated in the rat and
      dove preoptic area?
AB  - Aromatase activity is higher in the male than in the female anterior hypothalamic
      preoptic area (POA) in both the avian and the rodent adult brain. This sex
      difference is abolished after castration of the male and restored by androgen
      treatment. Gonadectomy has no effect on POA aromatase in the female. The aim of
      this study was to find out whether sex dimorphism in adult POA aromatase is only
      due to a sex difference in circulating gonadal hormones or dependent upon sexual
      differentiation of the brain. Aromatase activity was measured in vitro in
      microdissected POA samples using a sensitive radiometric assay. We examined the
      effects of gonadectomy and testosterone treatment on enzyme activity in adult
      rats and doves of both sexes. We also studied the effects of neonatal gonadectomy
      and hormone substitution in male and female rats. The results suggest that levels
      of POA aromatase in the adult depend primarily on gonadal activity, but that
      mechanisms involved in the regulation of aromatase activity and enzyme induction
      may be sex-specific and could result from sexual differentiation of the brain in
      early life. Further work will be required to determine the developmental stage
      when this occurs and the exact mechanism(s) responsible for increased sensitivity
      of the adult male POA to the inductive effect of testosterone.

PMID- 2394993
TI  - Role of postnatal androgens in sexual differentiation of the lordosis-inhibiting
      effect of central injections of cholecystokinin.
AB  - The neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits lordosis behavior when infused
      into the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) of female rats and has no
      effect when infused into the VMN of male rats. To test whether this sex
      difference develops under the control of perinatal steroids, male rats were
      castrated or given sham surgeries within 3 h of birth and female rats were
      injected with either 0 or 100 micrograms testosterone propionate on postnatal day
      5. As adults, these rats were castrated as necessary, implanted with unilateral
      cannulae directed at the VMN, and tested for their ability to display female
      sexual behavior and to respond to CCK. Neonatal castration of males prevented
      defeminization of this response. When treated with 5 micrograms estradiol
      benzoate (EB), neonatally castrated males showed both lordosis behavior and a
      profound inhibition of that behavior after infusions of CCK. Neonatally castrated
      males did not display lordosis behavior when treated with 2 micrograms EB.
      Control males showed no lordosis behavior and, therefore, no response to CCK.
      Both doses of EB induced lordosis behavior in neonatally androgenized females.
      Significantly, these neonatally androgenized females were less responsive to
      CCK's inhibition of lordosis and were also anovulatory. These results imply that
      androgens alter the development of CCK responsive circuits as well as defeminize
      cyclic gonadotropin release. Levels of 125I-sCCK-8 binding in the VMN were
      correlated closely with an individual's ability to respond to sCCK-8. In summary,
      the inhibition of female sexual behavior caused by exogenously administered CCK
      in normal adult female rats appears to be controlled at least partially by levels
      of CCK receptors in the VMN and to differentiate under the control of perinatally
      present testosterone.

PMID- 2394994
TI  - Effects of castration and testosterone treatment on the activity of testosterone
      metabolizing enzymes in the brain of male and female zebra finches.
AB  - Recently, we described the distribution of testosterone-metabolizing enzymes
      (i.e., aromatase, 5 alpha- and 5 beta-reductases) in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia
      guttata) brain using a sensitive radioenzyme assay combined to the Palkovits
      punch method. A number of sex-differences in the activity of these enzymes were
      observed especially in nuclei of the song-control system. The hormonal controls
      of these differences have now been analyzed by gonadectomizing birds of both
      sexes and by giving them a replacement therapy with silastic implants of
      testosterone (T). Five nuclei of the song system (Area X [X], nucleus
      magnocellularis of the anterior neostriatum [MAN], nucleus robustus
      archistriatalis [RA], nucleus intercollicularis [ICo], hyperstriatum ventrale,
      pars caudalis [HVc]) and three preoptic-hypothalamic areas (preoptic anterior
      [POA], periventricular magnocellular nucleus [PVM], and posterior medial
      hypothalamic nucleus [PMH]) were studied as well as other limbic and control non
      steroid-sensitive areas. The activity of the 5 alpha-reductase was higher in
      males than in females for the five song-control nuclei and was not affected by
      the hormonal treatments. The overall activity of this enzyme was not sexually
      dimorphic in POA and PVM. It was higher in males than in females in intact birds
      only, and was reduced by gonadectomy and enhanced by T. The activity of the 5
      beta-reductase was higher in females than in males in all nuclei of the song
      system and in POA, but was not influenced by the changes in T level. Both sex and
      treatment effects were observed in the control of aromatase. The production of
      estrogens was dimorphic (females greater than males) in RA and PMH. It was
      increased by T in POA, PVM, and PMH, and also in RA. These data show that some of
      the sex differences in T-metabolizing enzymes result from the exposure to
      different levels of T in adulthood (e.g., 5 alpha-reductase in POA and PVM or
      aromatase in PVM), whereas others persist even if birds are exposed to the same
      hormonal conditions. These are presumably the result of organizational effects of
      steroids. The steroid modulation of the aromatase might be related directly to
      the activation of sexual, aggressive, and nest-building behaviors, whereas the
      stable dimorphism in 5 alpha- and 5 beta-reductase observed in the nuclei of the
      song system might be one of the neurochemical bases of the sex differences in the
      vocal behavior of the zebra finch.

PMID- 2394995
TI  - Human chorionic gonadotropin-induced shifts in the electrosensory system of the
      weakly electric fish, Sternopygus.
AB  - Sternopygus macrurus of both sexes were injected with human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG) or saline. Electric organ discharge (EOD) frequency rose after
      hCG injections in females and gradually declined to baseline levels over the next
      few weeks. EOD changes in males were more complex and variable; most males showed
      an initial minor rise in EOD frequency followed by a larger decrease, or simply a
      decrease. hCG treatment also resulted in a rise in electroreceptor best frequency
      and shortened electric organ pulse duration in females, and had the opposite
      effect on these parameters in males. The saline-injected controls showed no
      changes in any of these parameters. Levels of testosterone (T) and 11
      ketotestosterone, but not estrogen (E), were elevated in males preceding the fall
      in EOD frequency, whereas neither T nor E changed significantly in females before
      EOD frequency increases. Saline injections caused a drop in T in the male control
      group and had no effect in the female control group. We presume that the effect
      of hCG on the electrosensory system of males is mediated via androgens. Whether
      the effects of hCG on females are mediated by slight increases in circulating
      levels of gonadal steroids, the release of hormones other than T or E, or are due
      to direct effects on the nervous system is not known.

PMID- 2394996
TI  - Lithium uptake rate and lithium: lithium exchange rate in human erythrocytes at a
      nearly pharmacologically normal level monitored by 7Li NMR.
AB  - 7Li NMR was used to follow the rate of uptake of Li+ and Li+:Li+ exchange rates
      in human erythrocytes at an external lithium concentration of 2 mM, marginally
      higher than used in therapeutic applications of lithium. The rate of Li+:Li+
      exchange is approximately 16 times faster than the rate of Li uptake from the
      medium. The results are in agreement with lithium-sodium countertransport being
      the dominant mode for lithium uptake into erythrocytes and for the
      countertransport system having a greater affinity for Li+ than for Na+.

PMID- 2394997
TI  - Platinum(II), platinum(IV), and palladium (II) complexes of amino substituted
      phosphine oxides: synthesis, characterization, and antitumor activity.
AB  - The complexes [Pt(dapo)2Cl2], [PtNH3(dapo)Cl2], [Pt(py)(dapo)Cl2],
      [Pt(mbpo)Cl2].H2O, [Pt(mbpo)(OH)2Cl2].H2O, [Pd(dapo)2Cl2], and [Pd(mbpo)Cl2],
      where dapo is dimethyl aminomethylphosphine oxide and mbpo is methyl
      bis(aminomethyl)phosphite oxide have been synthesized and characterized by
      elemental analyses, electric conductivity, infrared, 1H NMR and electronic
      spectra. The ligands are found to be coordinated only via the amino groups. The
      complexes are of cis-square planar configuration with the exception of
      [Pt(mbpo)(OH)2Cl2].H2O which is pseudo-octahedral. An in vivo antitumor screening
      of the complexes against Leukemia L1210 was performed. A considerable activity
      (T/C = 233%) was observed for [PtNH3(dapo)Cl2]. The activity of the remaining
      complexes was below the accepted criterion.

PMID- 2394998
TI  - Diorganotin dihalide complexes of 2,2'-biimidazole. A preliminary study of their
      inhibitory effects on cell division.
AB  - We report the synthesis of new complexes with the general formula
      (R2SnX2)y.H2BiIm, where y = 1 or 2; R = Me, Et, Bun; X = Cl or Br (for R = Et)
      and H2BiIm = 2,2'-Biimidazole. The complexes have been characterized by elemental
      analysis and Mossbauer, infra-red and 1H n.m.r. spectroscopy and tested (like the
      ligand, Me2SnCl2 and Et2SnCl2) against P388D1 leukemic cells.

PMID- 2394999
TI  - Solid and solution behavior of sulphonylurea complexes with ions of IIA group
      metals. Molecular modeling of K[Zn(ClCH4SO2NCONHC3H7)3] and action of zinc
      sulphonylurea complexes as hypoglycemic agents.
AB  - Complexes of Zn2+ with deprotonated suphonylurea as ligands have been synthesized
      and characterized. Deprotonated sulphonylurea act as bidentate ligands using one
      nitrogen and one oxygen atom (the ureido oxygen) to bind Zn2+ forming
      K[Zn(suphonylurea)3]. Using the MMX89 program, a model for
      K[Zn(ClC6H4SO2NCONHC3H7)3] compound is proposed. Conductometric and
      potentiometric studies in methanol, for d10 metal-sulphonylurea complexes,
      demonstrated that zinc, cadmium and silver complexes are 1:1 electrolytes and are
      protonated in the range 4.2-5.6 pH. UV-Vis study shows no interaction between
      metal and protonated sulphonylureas in methanol solutions. At 7.34 pH the form of
      Zn complexes which act as a hypoglycemic agent is [ZnL3]-. Test for hypoglycemic
      activity reduced glycemia to a statistically significant degree compared to the
      corresponding free ligands.

PMID- 2395000
TI  - Antimelanoma monoclonal antibody-ricin A chain immunoconjugate (XMMME-001-RTA)
      plus cyclophosphamide in the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma: results
      of a phase II trial.
AB  - Prior studies with the XMMME-001-RTA immunoconjugate composed of an antimelanoma
      monoclonal antibody and ricin A chain demonstrated some antitumor activity.
      However, almost all patients studied developed human antimurine antibodies and
      antiricin antibodies. In an effort to abrogate these host anti-immunotoxin immune
      responses and thus enhance antitumor activity, we treated 20 patients with the
      immunoconjugate plus a single dose of intravenous cyclophosphamide. An overall
      response rate of 20% was observed-predominantly in pulmonary and soft tissue
      nodules. There was no diminution in antibody responses against either the murine
      antibody or the ricin moiety. Further studies to elucidate the role of
      cyclophosphamide in monoclonal antibody therapy are planned.

PMID- 2395001
TI  - Superior antiproliferative effects mediated by interferon-alpha entrapped in
      liposomes against a newly established human lung cancer cell line.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to characterize the antiproliferative activity of a
      recombinant interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) against a newly established human
      adenocarcinoma cell line (DMS-4C) and to determine whether IFN-alpha entrapped in
      multilamellar liposomes had superior antitumor effects compared with free IFN
      alpha. Treatment of DMS-4C cells with 100 U/ml of free IFN-alpha resulted in 34%
      cytostasis. IFN-alpha encapsulated in phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine
      multilamellar vesicles produced growth inhibition of 67%, which was significantly
      greater than that produced by free IFN-alpha or by control liposomes containing
      only medium combined with free IFN-alpha. Moreover, kinetic analysis revealed
      that to produce significant cytolysis, free IFN-alpha had to be incubated with
      target cells for at least 24 h, whereas IFN-alpha encapsulated into liposomes
      required only 30 min of exposure.

PMID- 2395002
TI  - Effects of combinations of interferon-beta ser and interferon-gamma on interferon
      inducible proteins and on the cell cycle.
AB  - SKCO 1 human colon carcinoma cells have been shown to be synergistically
      inhibited in their growth by the combinations of alpha-interferon (IFN-alpha) or
      beta-interferon (IFN-beta ser) and gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma). To determine if
      a correlation could be established between this synergistic antiproliferative
      effect and a synergistic induction in IFN-inducible proteins, or a unique
      perturbation in the cell cycle, we studied the effects of IFN-beta ser and IFN
      gamma, alone and in combination, on 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase,
      indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a human analogue of the murine Mx protein
      (p78), and the phases of cell cycle. 2-5A synthetase was maximally induced after
      a 24-h exposure to both IFN-beta and IFN-gamma. A synergistic enhancement of 2-5A
      synthetase activity was observed only with low concentrations of each IFN (0.05
      ng/ml). IDO activity was induced by IFN-gamma and the combination of IFN-beta ser
      and IFN-gamma, but not IFN-beta ser alone. The differences in IDO activity
      between IFN-gamma and the combination, however, were not statistically
      significant. The p78 protein was induced in a dose-dependent manner by IFN-alpha
      and IFN-beta ser. IFN-gamma enhanced the expression of p78 induction by IFN-alpha
      or IFN-beta ser, even at concentrations of IFN-gamma that did not induce the
      protein when administered as a single agent. The combination of IFN-alpha and IFN
      beta ser, which results in an antagonistic antiproliferative effect, also
      resulted in an antagonistic induction of p78. No changes in the cell cycle were
      observed following exposure to IFN-beta ser, IFN-gamma, or the combination, and
      treatment with IFN-gamma did not inhibit the accumulation of cells in G2M caused
      by colchicine. Thus, the synergistic antiproliferative effect produced by IFN
      beta ser and IFN-gamma in SKCO 1 cells could not be correlated with a synergistic
      enhancement in 2-5A synthetase or IDO activity, or with a perturbation in the
      cell cycle. In contrast, the combination of IFN-gamma and IFN-alpha or IFN-beta
      ser synergistically enhanced the expression of p78 protein in these cells.

PMID- 2395003
TI  - Heterogeneity in lectin-binding characteristics of human lymphokine-activated
      killer cells.
AB  - The binding of various lectins to human lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells
      was investigated. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured for 3 days
      with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2), and then stained with 20 kinds of
      lectins. There were four types of lectin-binding patterns: (a) negative staining;
      (b) weakly positive staining; (c) strongly positive staining; and (d) two
      populations, one weakly and one strongly positive staining. Among the 20 kinds of
      lectins, both Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA) and Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA)
      showed two peaks in the staining patterns on LAK cells (type 4). We separated
      these two populations of LAK cells by using a cell sorter, and assayed them for
      cytotoxic activity against 51Cr-labeled Hela cells. The LAK cells that were
      strongly stained by LCA or PSA [LCA (or PSA)-bright LAK cells] showed stronger
      cytotoxic activity than the LAK cells that were weakly stained by LCA or PSA [LCA
      (or PSA)-dull LAK cells]. Furthermore, we separated lymphocytes with LCA or PSA
      before culturing them with rIL-2 (LAK precursor), and we found that both LCA
      bright and PSA-bright lymphocytes can develop into LAK cells with higher
      cytolytic activity. LCA-bright lymphocytes kept their ability to be stained
      strongly with LCA even after culture with rIL-2 for 3 days. Similarly, LCA-dull
      lymphocytes were still stained weakly after culture with rIL-2. Two-color assay
      of LAK cells revealed that 78% of NK (CD16+)-LAK cells and 46% of T (CD3+)-LAK
      cells were LCA-bright cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395004
TI  - Implications of leukoregulin to autologous tumor-specific human T-cell
      populations.
AB  - Interactions between the cellular and humoral compartments of the human immune
      system are well documented. Leukoregulin (LR) is a hormone with the ability to
      upregulate the natural killer (NK) phenomenon by increasing target cell
      sensitivity to NK lymphocyte cytotoxicity. In the present report, the
      interactions between LR and human cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) are described.
      Two cultured T-cell populations are specifically cytotoxic for autologous human
      melanoma and fail to lyse allogeneic melanoma, K562, or autologous peripheral
      blood lymphocytes (PBLs) in 4 h chromium release assays. Pretreating allogeneic
      melanoma or K562 with LR resulted in 19-67% lysis at an effector:target (E:T)
      ratio of 5:1, while no more than 10% lysis was observed without LR. Autologous
      PBLs were also subject to lysis when pretreated with LR (50% at an E:T of 40:1
      with LR, and 2% without LR). The observed effect was dose-related and was most
      effectively inhibited by autologous cold targets, but persisted in the presence
      of antibody to human lymphocyte antigen class I antigens (w6/32). Lysis of
      autologous melanoma was not increased by pretreatment with LR. LR appears to
      mediate lysis of melanoma, NK targets, and normal PBLs by tumor specific CTLs.
      The effect is dose-related and non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted.
      The data do not support a significant role for LR in the normal physiology of
      human CTLs, but the striking effects in vitro may prove to be experimentally or
      therapeutically useful.

PMID- 2395006
TI  - Effect of recombinant interleukin-1 alpha, recombinant interleukin-2, recombinant
      interferon-beta, and recombinant tumor necrosis factor on subcutaneously
      implanted adenocarcinoma 755 and Lewis lung carcinoma.
AB  - The antitumor activity of recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha (rHIL-1 alpha),
      recombinant human tumor necrosis factor, and recombinant murine interferon-beta
      (rIFN-beta) was augmented by concomitant administration of recombinant human
      interleukin-2 (rHIL-2) in the treatment of adenocarcinoma 755. Especially when a
      divided dose (two doses/day) of rHIL-1 alpha or rIFN-beta was combined with a
      divided dose of rHIL-2, the antitumor effect was markedly potentiated. However,
      only a marginal effect was seen by combination of rHIL-1 alpha and/or rIFN-beta
      and rHIL-2 against Lewis lung carcinoma, a tumor that is resistant to cytokines.

PMID- 2395005
TI  - In vivo administration of recombinant interleukin-2 induces granulocyte
      macrophage colony formation in a murine system.
AB  - The in vivo administration of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) in humans has led
      to anemia, thrombocytopenia, and eosinophilia. In an attempt to evaluate the
      effects of the in vivo administration of rIL-2 on murine bone marrow, we
      administered rIL-2 to C57BL/6 female mice i.p. three times a day at doses ranging
      from 10,000 to 100,000 U for 10 days; we then harvested blood and bone marrow
      from these animals every other day and performed the following analyses: White
      blood cell count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, histogram
      analysis of nucleated cell volume, manual differential counts, and in vitro
      colony-forming assays for granulocytes and monocytes (CFU-GM). The administration
      of rIL-2 induced an overall increase in the total white blood cell count that was
      dose-dependent for its appearance and overall number. This increase was secondary
      to an increase in monocytes and granulocytes but not to a change in lymphocyte
      number. Myeloid proliferative activity measured by CFU-GM revealed a biphasic
      pattern of activity. An early proliferation at 2 days was not followed by
      lymphocytosis. However, a second peak of proliferation at 6 days was associated
      with peripheral blood granulocytosis and monocytosis. After rIL-2 was
      discontinued on day 10, the CFU-GM activity returned to normal by days 16-18.
      These results suggest that the in vivo administration of rIL-2 may play an
      important role in the regulation of hematopoiesis.

PMID- 2395007
TI  - Comparative studies of the long-term growth of lymphocytes from tumor
      infiltrates, tumor-draining lymph nodes, and peripheral blood by repeated in
      vitro stimulation with autologous tumor.
AB  - Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been grown from a variety of human
      tumors. TILs from some patients with melanoma demonstrate lytic activity specific
      for autologous tumor, and can mediate tumor regression when adoptively
      transferred to select cancer patients. In this study, we have compared the in
      vitro properties of lymphocytes from peripheral blood (PBLs), from draining lymph
      nodes (DLNs), and from tumors (TILs) grown simultaneously from 10 patients: 2
      with melanoma, 4 with breast cancer, 1 with gastric cancer, 1 with renal cancer,
      1 with sarcoma and 1 with lung cancer. PBLs, TILs, and DLNs were cultured in RPMI
      1640 + 10% human AB serum, 20% LAK cell culture supernatant, and 1,000 u/ml of
      recombinant interleukin-2. Half of each culture was restimulated with irradiated
      autologous tumor every 14 days. In all groups, tumor feeding enhanced lymphocyte
      proliferation, although TILs and DLNs consistently proliferated longer and more
      rapidly than PBLs. Eight of 10 early cultures of TILs and DLNs contained greater
      or equal proportions of CD8+ cells compared with CD4+ cells, but in long-term
      cultures an inversion of that ratio was seen (CD4+ greater than CD8+). In short
      term chromium release assays, specific lysis of autologous tumor was seen in
      tumor-fed TILs and DLNs from one patient with melanoma, DLNs from one patient
      with breast cancer, and TILs from one patient with lung cancer. Other cultures
      had nonspecific lytic activity. Specific cytotoxicity against autologous tumor
      sometimes became apparent only after prolonged culture and repeated restimulation
      with autologous tumor. DLNs have in vitro properties similar to TILs and may be a
      useful immune reagent for cancer therapy.

PMID- 2395008
TI  - Recombinant interferon-alpha 2a and vinblastine in advanced renal cell cancer: a
      clinical phase I-II study.
AB  - Twenty patients with metastatic renal cell cancer were treated with a combination
      of recombinant interferon-alpha 2a (Roferon-A), 18 MU intramuscularly three times
      weekly and vinblastine 0.1 mg/kg intravenously once every 3 weeks. Three patients
      experienced a complete response (CR) (15%) and three a partial response (PR)
      (15%). The response duration was 3, 13, and 15 months in the CR group, and PRs
      lasted 11, 13, and 14 months. Constitutional symptoms like fever, anorexia, and
      fatigue were the most common side effects. One patient had reversible hepatitis,
      which was probably unrelated to antineoplastic therapy. Dose modifications had to
      be made in seven patients due to leukopenia or thrombocytopenia. No very serious
      side effects were noticed. In view of what has been reported previously, the
      overall response rate (30%) of this regimen is good and tolerance of the
      treatment is acceptable.

PMID- 2395009
TI  - Toxicity of intravesical recombinant human tumor necrosis factor in cynomolgus
      monkeys.
AB  - Six groups of two cynomolgus monkeys were treated with escalating intravesicular
      doses of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rHuTNF) for a 6 week interval.
      The doses of rHuTNF ranged from 10 ng to 1 mg and were instilled weekly. Two
      monkeys had instillation of saline only and served as controls. The monkeys were
      weighed and temperatures determined before, immediately after, and 2 days
      following each treatment. Cystoscopic examination was performed 2 days after each
      treatment and blood samples were obtained. At the conclusion of the study,
      animals were killed and necropsy was performed. There was no observable toxicity
      from treatment with rHuTNF. There was no difference between treated and control
      monkeys with respect to temperature, weight, or blood measurements. No drug
      induced alteration in bladder morphology was found by either cystoscopic or
      microscopic pathologic examination.

PMID- 2395010
TI  - Food irradiation buoyed by regulatory and scientific acceptance but held back by
      perception problems.

PMID- 2395011
TI  - Brain perfusion SPECT using an annular single crystal camera: initial clinical
      experience.
AB  - The annular single-crystal brain camera (ASPECT) is a digital SPECT system with a
      single-crystal sodium iodide thallium Nal(Tl) ring detector and collimator system
      designed to view the patient's head from three angles simultaneously. The ring is
      rotated concentrically to the detector for three-dimensional reconstruction over
      a 21.4 cm (diameter) by 10.7 cm (length) field of view. We evaluated the system
      clinically by imaging a Hoffman brain phantom and seven subjects, of whom two
      were normal controls, three had previous cerebral infarction and two had
      dementia. The ASPECT system produced tomographic images of high spatial
      resolution. In normal subjects, the separation of striata from thalami by the
      posterior limbs of the internal capsules was much clearer on ASPECT images than
      on rotating gamma camera images. The high spatial resolution obtained with the
      ASPECT system translates into superior anatomical representation of the brain
      compared to the standard rotating gamma camera.

PMID- 2395012
TI  - Sincalide-augmented quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy (QHBS): definition of
      normal parameters and preliminary relationship between QHBS and sphincter of Oddi
      (SO) manometry in patients suspected of having SO dysfunction.
AB  - Sphincter of Oddi (SO) dysfunction presents with vague abdominal pain and/or
      abnormal liver function tests, and is presumably due to SO stenosis or spasm.
      Clinical, laboratory, and imaging methods of diagnosis have been less than ideal.
      Initially, we determined normal quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy (QHBS)
      parameters both pre- and post-sincalide administration. Thirty-one "normals" were
      analyzed, and post-sincalide common bile duct (CBD) dynamics could be
      satisfactorily determined in 29 (94%) subjects. Normal values at sincalide
      augmented QHBS are reported. Next, 10 patients suspected of having SO dysfunction
      were studied prospectively using SO manometry and QHBS. The two tests were in
      agreement in seven cases (4: normal CBD dynamics, 3: abnormal). In one case of
      advanced SO stenosis, QHBS was abnormal, but SO manometry could not be performed.
      In the two remaining cases, SO manometry and QHBS gave discordant results. Of
      greatest importance, no significant correlation existed between the quantitative
      parameters of these two tests. Sincalide-augmented QHBS is possible and may, in
      the future, be of value in the diagnosis of SO dysfunction and/or partial CBD
      obstruction.

PMID- 2395013
TI  - Quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy.

PMID- 2395014
TI  - Scintigraphic assessment of indium-111-labeled granulocyte splenic pooling: a new
      approach to inflammatory bowel disease activity.
AB  - We have conducted a prospective study into the sensitivity and the specificity of
      the fall in splenic activity (FSA) as an index of activity in inflammatory bowel
      disease (IBD). FSA was measured on scintiscans obtained at 3 and 24 hr
      postinjection of indium-111-labeled granulocytes. One hundred and twenty-two
      scans were acquired in 96 patients who were divided into six groups: Gr. I =
      normal volunteers (n = 10); Gr. II = inflammatory rheumatism (n = 10); Gr. III =
      abscesses (n = 17); Gr. IV = ulcerative colitis (UC: n = 23); Gr. V = colonic
      Crohn's disease (CCD: n = 22); and Gr. VI = ileal Crohn's disease (ICD: n = 14).
      FSA for Groups I and II was constantly below 10%, but it was increased in the
      other four groups (abscesses: 39% +/- 12%; UC: 35% +/- 13.5%; CCD: 23.7% +/-
      14.7%; ICD: 21.5% +/- 11.7%). There was a significant correlation between fecal
      excretion of 111In (FEI) and FSA in patients with IBD (UC: r = 0.71, p less than
      0.001; CCD: r = 0.74, p less than 0.001; ICD: r = 0.43, p less than 0.001). FSA
      was followed in 16 patients with IBD after medical treatment and there was a
      significant correlation between variations in FSA and in FEI (r = 0.879, p less
      than 0.001). FSA is a very sensitive although nonspecific index of disease
      activity in IBD and may replace FEI in the assessment of IBD activity.

PMID- 2395015
TI  - McCune-Albright syndrome: the patterns of scintigraphic abnormalities.
AB  - This study of 22 patients with the McCune-Albright syndrome examined the
      scintigraphic distribution of fibrous dysplasia. The most frequently affected
      areas were the base of the skull (82% of patients), mandible (50%), facial bones
      (45%), femora (59%), and legs (64%). The least frequently affected areas included
      the hands (none), wrists (none), ankles (none), feet (5%), sacrum (5%), and
      vertebrae (9%). The distribution varied somewhat from idiopathic fibrous
      dysplasia but generally agreed with the distributions reported in radiographic
      studies of patients with the McCune-Albright Syndrome. The serum alkaline
      phosphatase was not an accurate predictor of the extent of fibrous dysplasia.

PMID- 2395016
TI  - Iodine-125-MIBG to treat neuroblastoma: preliminary report.
AB  - Three children with Stage III neuroblastoma were treated with [125I]MIBG in a
      phase I toxicity study. Concepts of the treatment were: in small tumors, the
      absorbed dose of radiation from MIBG labeled with 131I is reduced but the
      absorbed dose from [125I]MIBG is less affected; and many recurrences of
      neuroblastoma arise from small tumors. Two patients exhibited only modest
      thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, the most sensitive indices of radiation
      toxicity, after receiving 261 and 407 mCi, and 83 and 104 rad of whole-body
      radiation. One patient died of progressive neuroblastoma; the other two patients
      have stable disease over 30 mo after treatment. Per millicurie given, [125I]MIBG
      imparts about one-fourth the radiation dose of [131I]MIBG to the whole body.
      Iodine-125-MIBG can be given in doses that impart over 100 rad of whole-body
      radiation and that exceed 400 mCi before toxicity becomes limiting, even in small
      children.

PMID- 2395018
TI  - Gastric emptying.

PMID- 2395017
TI  - Intravenous erythromycin dramatically accelerates gastric emptying in
      gastroparesis diabeticorum and normals and abolishes the emptying discrimination
      between solids and liquids.
AB  - Erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, has recently been shown to have a motilin
      like effect on gastrointestinal muscle strips. In this study, we have evaluated
      the effect of erythromycin on patients with delayed gastric emptying and healthy
      subjects using the dual radionuclide technique. Twelve patients with
      gastroparesis diabeticorum and ten healthy age- and sex-matched controls were
      studied. Gastric emptying of solids and liquids was determined using 99mTc-SC
      scrambled egg and 111In-DTPA in water. Following a baseline study and on a
      separate day, each patient and control received a 15-min i.v. perfusion of
      erythromycin starting at meal ingestion. Eleven out of the 12 patients were
      restudied after a 3-wk oral administration. In patients and controls, i.v.
      erythromycin dramatically accelerated gastric emptying of both solids and liquids
      which were emptied at the same rate. After chronic oral administration, solid and
      liquid emptying remained significantly accelerated. Erythromycin appears to be a
      very powerful gastrokinetic drug. Derived compounds with the gastrokinetic effect
      and without the antibiotic activity could be useful in dyspeptic patients with
      delayed gastric emptying.

PMID- 2395019
TI  - Metabolism of indium-111-labeled murine monoclonal antibody in tumor and normal
      tissue of the athymic mouse.
AB  - We have studied the fate of radiometal metabolism in vivo by analyzing the
      molecular form of radiolabeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in tissues.
      Athymic mice bearing colonic tumor xenografts were injected i.v. with 111In
      isothiocyanate-benzyl-DTPA-(SCN-Bz-DTPA) IgG or 111In-(SCN-Bz-DTPA) F(ab')2, and
      then killed daily for up to four days. Liver, kidney, and tumor were extracted
      and the supernatants, plasma and urine samples were analyzed by HPLC, ITLC, HPIEC
      and SDS-PAGE. By HPLC, the activity in normal tissue and tumor was associated
      principally with two major components. The first was native MAb and the second
      was a low molecular weight component (LMWF). On Day 1, the native-sized IgG was
      the predominant form (greater than 65%), but progressively decreased to less than
      20% by Day 4. For the F(ab')2, even by Day 1 approximately 90% of the activity
      was associated with the LMWF. This LMWF was resolved further by HPIEC and SDS
      PAGE into several metabolites that appear to be 111In-SCN-Bz-DTPA and 111In-SCN
      Bz-DTPA bound to peptide fragments.

PMID- 2395020
TI  - Iodine-125-NRLU-10 kinetic studies and bismuth-212-NRLU-10 toxicity in LS174T
      multicell spheroids.
AB  - Alpha emitter-labeled antibodies (Abs) are of considerable interest in cancer
      therapy. Alpha particles are densely ionizing and therefore have a high
      radiobiologic effectiveness, and the cell killing produced is influenced very
      little by dose rate or hypoxic conditions. LS174T human colon adenocarcinoma
      spheroids were used in this study to evaluate the efficacy of alpha emitter
      labeled Abs in a three-dimensional model. NRLU-10, an IgG2b Ab to a pancarcinoma
      antigen, and its Fab fragment were used. Initial kinetic studies using 125I-NRLU
      10 revealed that a large number of binding sites/cell and high Ab affinity led to
      slow Ab penetration. This effect could be overcome by increasing the Ab
      concentration ten-fold for Fab but not for intact Ab. Bismuth-212-NRLU-10 therapy
      was very effective in killing single cells (over 3 log reduction in surviving
      fraction) but was ineffective in spheroids (less than 1 log reduction). This was
      likely due to inadequate penetration into the spheroids before the 212Bi decayed.
      The use of higher Ab concentrations, tumors with fewer antigenic sites/cell for
      the Ab being used, lower affinity Abs, alpha emitters with longer half-lives, and
      pretargeting with bifunctional Ab are all potential ways of increasing the
      efficacy of alpha emitter-labeled Abs for cancer therapy.

PMID- 2395021
TI  - Comparison of the distribution of bromine-77-bromovinyl steroidal and
      triphenylethylene estrogens in the immature rat.
AB  - The specific uptake and distribution of steroidal and non-steroidal
      [77Br]bromovinylestrogens were studied in immature female rats to assess the
      potential of these radioligands for imaging or therapy of estrogen receptor (ER)
      positive cancers. E-17 alpha [77Br]bromovinylestradiol, its 3 methyl ether and 11
      beta-methoxy derivative, as well as the triphenylethylene estrogen, 1,1-bis[4
      hydroxy-phenyl]-2-[77Br]bromo-2- phenylethylene all showed diethylstilbestrol
      inhibitable, specific uptake of radiobromine between 2 and 16 hr after i.p.
      administration. The highest concentrations in the estrogen target tissues and the
      highest target tissue-to-blood ratios were found with E-17 alpha-[Br]bromovinyl
      11 beta-methoxyestradiol, but it also had rather high nonspecific uptake in all
      tissues. The triphenylethylene estrogen showed comparable specific uptake in
      estrogen target tissues to 17 alpha [77Br]bromovinylestradiol at 2 hr but better
      apparent retention, indicated by higher specific target tissue levels at the
      later time points. Thus, [77Br]bromovinyl-11 beta- methoxyestradiol and 1,1-bis[4
      hydroxyphenyl]-2-[77Br]bromo-2-phenylethylene appear most favorable for these
      applications.

PMID- 2395022
TI  - Splenic accumulation of technetium-99m-methylene diphosphonate in a transfusion
      dependent patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia.

PMID- 2395024
TI  - Peripheral arteriovenous malformation: diagnosis and localization by
      intraarterial injection of technetium-99m-MAA.
AB  - Radionuclide angiography with technetium-99m-labeled macroaggregates of albumin
      (99mTc-MAA), was successful in a single patient with a lower limb arteriovenous
      (AV) malformation, not only in diagnosis and quantitation of AV shunting, but
      also in localizing the site of shunting. This information proved useful to the
      angiographer, permitting a carefully tailored examination of the area of
      interest. This technique may hold promise as a preliminary examination in
      patients with limb AV malformations prior to angiography.

PMID- 2395023
TI  - Three-phase radionuclide bone imaging in stress injury of the anterior iliac
      crest.
AB  - Two adolescents with stress-related avulsion injury of the anterior iliac crest
      apophysis are presented. Increased tracer concentration in the anterior iliac
      crest area is present on the blood-pool and delayed images. Increased iliac crest
      activity was demonstrated on the radionuclide angiogram in one patient.
      Scintigraphic detection of this injury is useful when clinical findings are
      atypical, if objective evidence of a fracture is required, or when the fracture
      is not readily apparent radiographically.

PMID- 2395025
TI  - Scatter and attenuation correction in SPECT using density maps and Monte Carlo
      simulated scatter functions.
AB  - A new scatter and attenuation correction method is presented in which Monte Carlo
      simulated scatter line-spread functions for different depth and lateral positions
      are used. A reconstructed emission image is used as an estimate of the source
      distribution in order to calculate the scatter contribution in the projection
      data. The scatter contribution is then subtracted from the original projection
      prior to attenuation correction. The attenuation correction method uses density
      maps for the attenuation correction of projection data. Simulation studies have
      been done with a clinically realistic source distribution in cylindrical,
      homogeneous water phantoms of different sizes and with photon energies
      corresponding to 201T1, 99mTc, and 111In. The results show excellent quantitative
      results with an accuracy within +/- 10% for most of the source positions and
      phantom sizes. It has also been shown that the variation in the event
      distribution within the source region in the images has been significantly
      decreased and that an enhancement in the contrast has been achieved.

PMID- 2395026
TI  - Clinical function following stroke.

PMID- 2395027
TI  - Diffuse liver uptake of iodine-131.

PMID- 2395028
TI  - Influence of kidney depth on the renographic estimation of relative renal
      function.

PMID- 2395029
TI  - Noninvasive imaging of giant hematomas.

PMID- 2395030
TI  - The manager's role as coach and mentor.
AB  - By serving as mentors, managers can help employees expand their capabilities and
      improve their performance, but first a manager must create the proper climate and
      develop the specific skills needed for effective coaching.

PMID- 2395031
TI  - Using employee benefit plans to fight the nursing shortage.
AB  - Employee benefit plans can be a viable tool for recruiting and retaining nurses.
      By understanding the needs of their staff and the alternatives available, nurse
      administrators can help their institutions select the benefits that will be most
      beneficial to their staff. Certain employee benefit plans increase employee after
      tax income at little cost to the hospital. The authors discuss these nontaxable
      and tax-deferred benefits as well as the advantages and disadvantages associated
      with each.

PMID- 2395032
TI  - When subordinates go over your head. The manipulative employee.
AB  - When an employee goes over the manager's head to the manager's superior, a high
      degree of anxiety is often created for all three persons involved. The manager's
      ability carefully to assess the situation, to evaluate the dynamics present, and
      to respond deliberatively will be crucial to his or her effectiveness in handling
      the situation. Managers can view managing the manipulative employee as both a
      challenge and an opportunity. The manager who is able to respond effectively to
      the complex, interpersonal phenomenon of manipulation will gain not only self
      confidence but the respect of colleagues.

PMID- 2395033
TI  - The Chicago plan: innovative strategies to change nurses' work patterns.

PMID- 2395034
TI  - The magnet hospitals. Excellence revisited.
AB  - This article reported on a 1989 telephone and statistical/demographic survey
      study of 16 magnet hospitals, which were identified in 1982 and studied
      intensively in 1986. Trends and patterns, many of which were just becoming
      evident in 1986 were found to be well established in 1989. With very limited or
      no nursing shortage, these hospitals engaged in a variety of innovative and
      challenging programs. As a group, they continue to display evidence of cultures
      of excellence and give every evidence of continuing leadership in working out
      creative and successful solutions to today's problems in nursing.

PMID- 2395035
TI  - Firing for cause.
AB  - When a nurse is hired, the employer hopes the relationship will be mutually
      beneficial. When this is not the case, the employer's knowledge of the at will
      rule is critical. The author discusses the at will rule, good faith dealings, and
      the conditions under which the employee can be dismissed for cause.

PMID- 2395036
TI  - Participation, decision making, and job stress.

PMID- 2395037
TI  - Tooth exfoliation and necrosis of the mandible--a rare complication following
      trigeminal herpes zoster: report of a case.

PMID- 2395038
TI  - Rigid plate stabilization to facilitate craniomaxillofacial osteotomies.

PMID- 2395039
TI  - A freehand technique for harvesting dermal grafts.

PMID- 2395040
TI  - Advantage of traditional sequence for the Le Fort I osteotomy.

PMID- 2395041
TI  - TMJ disc displacement = the cause of TMJ dysfunction and pain: a sophism?

PMID- 2395042
TI  - Insuring our professional future.

PMID- 2395043
TI  - Vessel preservation with glycerol: an experimental study in rats.
AB  - Arterial and venous allografts (aorta and femoral vein or artery) of Sprague
      Dawley rats were preserved with glycerol (98%) or by lyophilization and
      subsequently implanted in Wistar rats. The grafts were removed for histologic
      examination of vessel patency on days 1, 30, 60, and 100 postoperatively. Whereas
      the glycerol-preserved vessels exhibited a high patency, the results obtained
      with the lyophilized vessels were less favorable. Lyophilized veins could not be
      successfully implanted.

PMID- 2395044
TI  - An epidemiologic survey of facial fractures and concomitant injuries.
AB  - A 5-year review of facial fractures and concomitant injuries at a level 1 trauma
      center is presented. The anatomic location of the facial fractures, age and sex
      of the patients, cause of injury, and associated systems injuries are presented.
      The majority of facial fractures were found in males; the most prevalent age
      range was 16 to 30 years. Mandible fractures outranked zygomatic and maxillary
      fractures (6:2:1). Assaults and motor vehicle accidents were the most frequent
      causes of facial fractures, and lacerations followed by neurologic and orthopedic
      injury were the most frequently encountered concomitant injuries. Motor vehicle
      accidents were the most frequent cause of associated injury.

PMID- 2395045
TI  - Allogeneic bone for secondary alveolar cleft osteoplasty.
AB  - The purpose of this retrospective clinical study was to determine the efficacy of
      allogeneic bone for secondary alveolar cleft osteoplasty. Twenty-four patients
      with unilateral cleft lip and palate treated with allogeneic bone grafts were
      examined by a surgeon, orthodontist, and prosthodontist 20 to 47 months after
      surgery. Radiographic and clinical examination of the periodontal status of the
      teeth adjacent to the cleft and their antimeres were compared for differences
      with Student's t test and the Wilcoxon test. Radiographs indicated complete bone
      bridging in 21 patients. Two of the remaining three patients had a 1-mm
      radiolucent gap in the cleft site. The third patient had a 6-mm-wide radiolucency
      and recurrence of an oronasal fistula which was regrafted with autogenous bone.
      No statistically significant differences between the cleft and noncleft tooth
      antimeres were found for plaque, gingivitis, bleeding, sulcus depth, or level of
      attachment. A statistically significant difference in the amount of attached
      gingiva was found between the cleft and noncleft tooth antimeres. Nine patients
      with missing lateral incisor teeth avoided prosthetic replacement by orthodontic
      movement of the canine tooth into the grafted edentulous space. In those cases
      where the maxillary canine was unerupted at the time of the surgery, eruption
      into the graft occurred. Stability of the maxillary segments was sufficient to
      allow prosthodontic restoration with a fixed partial denture in those cases where
      it was indicated.

PMID- 2395046
TI  - Incidence of hypoxemia in the postanesthetic recovery room in patients having
      undergone intravenous sedation for outpatient oral surgery.
AB  - This study prospectively quantitated the incidence of hypoxia in outpatients in a
      postanesthetic recovery unit following intravenous (IV) sedation. After
      identifying the high incidence of hypoxia by the use of pulse oximetry,
      supplemental oxygen was given to another group of patients and the incidence of
      the hypoxia was again monitored. Twenty of 100 patients experienced hypoxic
      episodes in the postanesthetic recovery unit when no supplemental oxygen was
      administered; only 3 of an additional 100 patients who received supplemental
      oxygen had episodes of hypoxia. The difference between the groups receiving and
      not receiving supplemental oxygen was both clinically and statistically
      significant. As result of this study, the use of supplemental oxygen is
      recommended for all patients undergoing IV sedation for outpatient oral surgery.

PMID- 2395047
TI  - Comparison of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen and flurbiprofen,
      with methylprednisolone and placebo for acute pain, swelling, and trismus.
AB  - Pain, swelling, loss of function, and hyperthermia are acute postoperative
      sequelae of inflammation due to tissue injury during surgical procedures.
      Pharmacologic strategies for minimizing the clinical manifestations of surgical
      trauma are often directed toward blocking the formation or inhibiting the effects
      of the biochemical mediators of acute inflammation. This study compared two
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), flurbiprofen and ibuprofen, with a
      prototype glucocorticoid, methylprednisolone, in two replicate placebo-controlled
      studies for suppression of inflammation due to the surgical removal of impacted
      third molars. The results indicate that NSAIDs produce greater initial analgesia
      than do steroids, whereas steroids result in greater suppression of swelling and
      less loss of function. Examination of the pooled data from the two studies
      indicates that NSAID pretreatment results in a modest suppression of swelling in
      comparison with placebo. These data suggest that the acute analgesic effects of
      NSAIDs in the oral surgery model are due to suppression of a nociceptive process,
      presumably prostaglandin formation, rather than a generalized anti-inflammatory
      effect.

PMID- 2395048
TI  - A radiographic and histologic study of the topographic relations in the
      temporomandibular joint region: implications for a nerve entrapment mechanism.
AB  - A radiographic and histologic investigation was performed in 18 temporomandibular
      joint (TMJ) autopsy specimens. Disc position was determined
      arthrotomographically. The pathway of the nerve branches in the vicinity of the
      joint was reconstructed from serial sagittal or frontal histologic sections. The
      relationship between the joint components and the different nerves running in the
      vicinity of the joint was studied. The results revealed the existence of
      topographical prerequisites for mechanical influence upon the nerve branches
      passing in the TMJ region. In two joints, both with a displaced disc, the
      auriculotemporal nerve trunk was almost in contact with the medial aspect of the
      condyle instead of having its normal sheltered course at the level of the
      condylar neck, thus exposing the nerve to the risk of mechanical irritation
      during condylar movements in an anteromedial direction. Two joints with normal
      disc position had an extension of the medial fossa wall in a caudal direction. In
      these joints the auriculotemporal nerve had its course between the condyle and
      the elongated fossa wall, exposing it to the risk of mechanical irritation during
      medial disc displacement. Compression of the masseteric nerve anterior to the TMJ
      was found in one joint with excessive condylar translation. The deep posterior
      temporal nerves may pass close to the anterior insertion of the joint capsule on
      the temporal bone, exposing them to the risk of mechanical irritation when there
      is condylar hypermobility. It was also found that the inferior alveolar and the
      lingual nerves may pass close to the medial part of the condyle. In joints with
      this nerve topography, a medially displaced disc could interfere mechanically
      with these nerves. These findings could offer an explanation for the sharp,
      shooting pain felt locally in the joint with jaw movements and the pain and other
      sensations projecting to the terminal area of distribution of the nerve branches
      in the vicinity of the TMJ such as the ear, temple, cheek, tongue, and teeth.

PMID- 2395049
TI  - Extraosseous and intraosseous oral traumatic neuromas and their association with
      tooth extraction.
AB  - Tooth extraction has been suggested as the most common etiologic factor in the
      development of oral traumatic neuroma, but intraosseous lesions are stated to be
      rare. The clinicopathologic features of 45 oral traumatic neuromas are reviewed.
      Fifteen cases were painful. Inflammatory infiltrate was present in 53% of the
      painful cases in contrast to only 17% of asymptomatic neuromas, and was the only
      light microscopic feature significantly related to the incidence of pain. Eleven
      of 45 cases were found in an intraosseous location. Four of 45 reviewed neuromas
      were associated with extractions. All 4 cases were painful and 2 of them were in
      an intraosseous location. Only 3 of the 15 painful cases and 2 of the remaining
      asymptomatic 30 cases had a tentative clinical diagnosis of traumatic neuroma
      before removal.

PMID- 2395050
TI  - Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome masquerading as facial pain.

PMID- 2395051
TI  - Lymphoepithelial parotid cysts as presenting symptom of immunodeficiency virus
      infection: clinical, sialographic, and magnetic resonance imaging findings.

PMID- 2395052
TI  - Rapid airway compromise following traumatic laceration of the facial artery.
AB  - A patient with facial lacerations and a patent airway developed major airway
      compromise in a relatively short period. The patient underwent exploration of the
      wound with ligation of the facial artery and vein. The best method of hemorrhage
      control is directly at the hemorrhage site. For this reason, we recommend that
      all penetrating wounds to the face be surgically explored before debridement and
      closure.

PMID- 2395053
TI  - Malignant hemangiopericytoma of the gingiva: report of a case.
AB  - A case of malignant hemangiopericytoma arising in the left maxillary gingiva in a
      2-year-old boy is presented. This represents an extremely rare intraoral lesion
      that is impossible to diagnose clinically. Histologic diagnosis was made by use
      of special staining techniques, immunohistochemical stains, and electron
      microscopic evaluation. This tumor shows a high incidence of local recurrence
      with a poor prognosis. The mainstay of treatment is wide local excision and
      adequate postoperative follow-up.

PMID- 2395054
TI  - Mandibular metastasis from a cerebellar medulloblastoma.

PMID- 2395055
TI  - Oral aspergillosis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2395056
TI  - Toward an appreciation of ophthalmology in pediatric gastroenterology.

PMID- 2395057
TI  - Visceral neuropathies responsible for chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction
      syndrome in pediatric practice: analysis of 26 cases.
AB  - Twenty-six children aged from 1 day to 15 years (18 boys and 8 girls) with
      visceral neuropathies are analyzed. Clinical symptomatology is dominated by
      abdominal distension, attacks of occlusion, abdominal pain, and malnutrition.
      Intestine bacterial overgrowth is frequent. From aspiration biopsies, surgical
      rectal biopsies, and, in some cases, ileal or ileocolic biopsies,
      histopathological studies revealed two patterns. One group had abnormalities of
      the myenteric plexus identified by conventional light microscopic studies, with
      two patterns: [myenteric plexus hyperplasia (9 patients), characterized by large
      ganglionic nodes, penetration into the mucosal zone, and altered argyrophilic
      neurons]. Clinically this pattern was observed in four patients with multiple
      endocrine neoplasia syndrome with risk of medullary thyroid carcinoma. The second
      pattern observed was characterized by glial cell hyperplasia (15 patients).
      Ganglion cells are present but are small and sparse, often infiltrated by
      collagen tissue; Schwann nerve fibers are hypertrophic. Eleven patients presented
      with neonatal intestinal obstruction. The second group is characterized by normal
      conventional light microscopic examination, but silver stains revealed important
      abnormalities of argyrophobic cells (one case) or argyrophilic cells (one case).
      In the two groups, most of the patients needed intestinal derivation and
      prolonged nutritional support with total parenteral nutrition.

PMID- 2395058
TI  - Intestinal giardiasis associated with ophthalmologic changes.
AB  - In an ophthalmologic study of 90 children with symptomatic giardiasis, ocular
      alterations were found in 10. Eight of these subjects presented an extensive
      "salt and pepper" degeneration of the pigmented epithelium involving 360 degrees
      of the midperiphery of both eyes. In one of the eight children, the pigmented
      epithelium showed atrophic areas, and in another there was a small hard exudate
      in the left eye. Of 2 remaining of the 10 children with ocular alterations, 1
      presented with slight decoloration of the temporal half of the optic disc, and
      the other was affected by chorioretinitis. After single-dose antiprotozoic
      therapy (tinidazole 50 mg/kg), parasitologic tests were negative in all subjects
      and remained so throughout a 1-year follow-up. However, the characteristic
      epithelial lesion remained unaltered in all eight children for the entire follow
      up period, as well as the optic disc decoloration in the only observed case. The
      child affected by chorioretinitis recovered after 3 weeks of combined treatment
      with bethametasone plus deflazacort. In two control groups, 1 of 200 healthy
      children and 1 of 200 children with gastrointestinal symptoms but without
      giardiasis, no case of "salt and pepper" degeneration of the pigmented epithelium
      or other significant ocular alterations was found.

PMID- 2395059
TI  - Immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccines in children with
      hepatoportoenterostomies.
AB  - To assess the immunogenicity of HIB vaccines in patients in whom
      hepatoportoenterostomies were performed for biliary atresia, eight such children
      received Haemophilus influenzae type b-polyribosylribitol phosphate (HIB-PRP)
      vaccine and had pre- and postvaccination total serum anti-PRP antibody
      concentrations determined by radioimmunoassay. Preimmunization anti-PRP antibody
      levels ranged from less than 0.125 to 0.40 microgram/ml [geometric mean antibody
      titer (GMT) 0.106 microgram/ml], while postvaccination levels ranged from 0.161
      to 1.192 micrograms/ml (GMT = 0.489 microgram/ml). Five children who did not
      achieve postimmunization anti-PRP antibody levels greater than 1.0 microgram/ml
      received 15 micrograms of either PRP coupled to diphtheria toxoid (PRP-D) or PRP
      coupled to an outer membrane protein complex of Neisseria meningitidis group B
      (PRP-NOMP) conjugate vaccine. Anti-PRP antibody levels 1 month after immunization
      with HIB conjugate vaccines ranged from 1.51 to 10.35 micrograms/ml (GMT = 3.386
      micrograms/ml). Patients with extrahepatic biliary atresia and
      hepatoportoenterostomies who previously received the HIB-PRP vaccine should be
      revaccinated with PRP protein conjugate vaccines to ensure adequate protection
      against H. influenzae type b disease.

PMID- 2395060
TI  - A study of the relationship between bile salts, bile salt-stimulated lipase, and
      free fatty acids in breast milk: normal infants and those with breast milk
      jaundice.
AB  - Breast milk jaundice has been reported to be associated with increased lipase
      activity and elevated free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations within breast milk. We
      have previously shown that bile salts are present in small concentrations in
      breast milk and the aim of this study was to examine the relationship of bile
      salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) activity, FFA concentration, and bile salt
      concentration in milks of normal infants and the milk of infants with breast milk
      jaundice. Mothers of healthy newborn infants were recruited in the early newborn
      period and 42 provided breast milk samples at 2 weeks, 30 at 6 weeks, 16 at 10
      weeks, and 13 at 14 weeks postnatally. We initially studied the effect of
      lactation on bile salts and found there was a significant decline in both cholate
      and chenodeoxycholate levels with duration of lactation (p less than 0.05). There
      was also a significant fall in BSSL activity with duration of lactation (p less
      than 0.05), but no correlation was found between BSSL activity and bile salt
      concentration. FFA concentrations were similar throughout lactation and were not
      related to either BSSL activity or bile salt concentration. There was a
      significant increase in the concentration of cholate and the cholate-to
      chenodeoxycholate ratio in the milks of 12 infants with breast milk jaundice
      compared with normal milks, the BSSL activity was similar and contrary to
      previous reports, the FFA concentration was not increased in the milks of infants
      with breast milk jaundice.

PMID- 2395061
TI  - Measurement of gastrointestinal pH and regional transit times in normal children.
AB  - Gastrointestinal pH and regional intestinal transit times of a capsule were
      measured in twelve healthy children aged 8-14 years using a radiotransmitting pH
      sensitive capsule. The location of the capsule was determined by fluoroscopy. pH
      in the stomach was 1.5, but rose to 6.4 in the duodenum (mean values). pH
      gradually rose in the small intestine and reached an alkaline peak value of 7.4
      in the distal part. pH dropped to 5.9 in the cecum but rose to 6.5 in the rectum.
      Median gastric residence time of the capsule was 1.1 h. Small intestinal transit
      time was 7.5 h, and colonic transit time was 17.2 h. pH profile and intestinal
      transit times found in the present study are almost identical to values found in
      studies on healthy adults. It is therefore concluded that the release pattern of
      pH-dependent sustained-release tablets in children is likely to be equal to that
      of adults.

PMID- 2395062
TI  - Serum antibodies to dietary antigens: a prospective study of the diagnostic
      usefulness in celiac disease of children.
AB  - We examined 1,541 consecutive serum samples from 707 children with suspected food
      intolerance and 32 with treated celiac disease (CD) for IgG and IgA antibody
      reactivities to antigens from gluten, egg, and cow's milk by an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples from 72 patients showed increased IgA and/or
      IgG reactivity to gluten antigens; four were known CD patients not complying with
      a gluten-free diet, 13 were suspected CD patients challenged with gluten, and 30
      most likely had CD as suggested by small intestinal villous atrophy and
      histological and/or clinical improvement on a gluten-free diet. The remainder
      with increased antigluten activity had other disorders that might have affected
      mucosal permeability. Nevertheless, the median IgA reactivity to gluten was
      significantly higher in the CD group, and the probability for CD increased from
      25 to 100% when this reactivity was above 2.4 optical density (OD) units in our
      ELISA. Sixteen CD patients (but none of those without CD) had IgA reactivity to
      gluten higher than 2.4 OD units. We conclude that ELISA determinations of levels
      of serum antibodies reacting to dietary antigens is a valuable adjunct in the
      diagnosis of CD in children.

PMID- 2395063
TI  - Variation in macronutrients in human bank milk: influencing factors and
      implications for human milk banking.
AB  - Protein (P), fat (F), and carbohydrate (C) concentration in expressed human bank
      milk was determined by infrared analysis of 2,554 samples from 224 mothers. The
      mean contents of P, F, C, and energy (E, calculated from P, F, and C) were 9.0
      g/L, 39.0 g/L, 71.9 g/L, and 696 kcal/L, respectively. There was a large
      variation in the concentration of energy-yielding macronutrients. The contents of
      P, F, C, and E in the samples with the highest values (97.5 percentile) were 2.3
      , 4.8-, 1.2-, and 2.3-fold, respectively, above the contents in the samples with
      the lowest values (2.5 percentile). The P content decreased exponentially during
      the 1st 8 months, followed by an increase during the following months. The F
      content decreased during the 1st 4 months, followed by an almost linear increase.
      The possible influence of different maternal characteristics on the macronutrient
      content of the milk was examined. The main results were as follows: the P and F
      contents increased slightly with increasing body mass index of the mother, the P
      content decreased with increasing amounts of milk delivered to the milk bank, and
      the F content was higher in mothers delivering large amounts of milk. By
      selecting incoming milk with a high P content, we have developed a "high-protein"
      milk with a P content of about 12 g/L (true protein) and an E content of about
      725 kcal/L. Thus, by continuous monitoring of macronutrient content in human bank
      milk it is possible to develop a "high-protein" milk with sufficient P and E
      content to cover the needs of preterm infants with very low birth weights (less
      than 1,500 g).

PMID- 2395064
TI  - Short-term malnutrition in neonatal rabbits: effect on function and synthesis of
      free radical metabolizing enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - Oxygen-derived free radicals are an important component of gastrointestinal
      injury in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). To assess the effect of a 72-h fast on
      the ability of neonatal small bowel to metabolize free radicals, the activity of
      superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and the glutathione cycle were quantitated
      in mucosal scrapings from proximal and distal small bowel of fed and fasted
      neonatal rabbits. Hexose monophosphate shunt activity, quantitated in enterocytes
      from fed and fasted neonatal rabbits, was significantly less, p less than 0.01,
      in fasted animals. SOD activity was lower in distal small bowel from fasted
      animals than fed. The two mechanisms available to metabolize H2O2, catalase and
      the glutathione cycle, were significantly lower in both proximal and distal small
      bowel from fasted animals than in those from fed animals. To determine if fasting
      caused decreased enzyme activity at the level of gene expression,
      gastrointestinal tract DNA, RNA and protein, and specific mRNA levels for
      catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and SOD were quantitated. DNA, total RNA,
      and mRNA for SOD were lower in mucosal scrapings from fasted animals. However,
      mRNA for catalase, and GPx were not lower in fasted animals. Thus, a 72-h fast in
      neonatal rabbits causes a regional-specific decrease in SOD activity, which may
      be explained by decreased transcription. Changes in transcription do not
      completely account for regulation of catalase and glutathione cycle enzymes.

PMID- 2395065
TI  - Transport of water and electrolytes by rotavirus-infected mouse intestine: a time
      course study.
AB  - The movement of water and transport of Na+ and Cl- by mid-small intestine (M-SI)
      of rotavirus-infected neonatal mice was investigated by an in vitro perfusion
      technique. The concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl- in the luminal contents of
      upper, middle, and lower small intestine and colon of infected mice were
      determined by flame photometry (Na+, K+) and an ion selective microelectrode (Cl
      ). In M-SI, maximal disturbance of water transport occurred at 72 h postinfection
      (PI): Infected tissue exhibited net water secretion. Water transport was also
      impaired at 144 h PI. Net secretion of Cl- occurred at 72 h PI, with some
      evidence of a second phase of reduced magnitude at 120-144 h PI. The magnitude
      and statistical significance of changes in Na+ transport were both less than
      those for Cl-, but the pattern of change was similar to that for Cl-. Luminal
      concentrations of Na+ were elevated between 48 and 144 h PI in the small
      intestine; this was particularly so in distal regions. Luminal Cl- concentration
      was maximally elevated to a considerable degree at 72 h PI and remained high at
      96 h PI throughout the small intestine; thereafter, Cl- concentration returned to
      near normal. K+ concentration was unchanged in the small intestinal lumen; in the
      colon, however, K+ concentrations were depressed 72-168 h PI. In the light of
      previous data from this laboratory, the present data are interpreted as evidence
      for a secretory component in rotavirus-induced diarrhea.

PMID- 2395066
TI  - Effect of vitamin E on transport processes in isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Vitamin E deficiency is a common consequence of chronic cholestatic liver
      disorders. Inasmuch as vitamin E content of cellular membranes alters membrane
      properties such as fluidity and molecular order, we postulated that vitamin E
      status could affect hepatocyte transport processes dependent on membrane
      integrity. Hepatocytes were isolated from rats maintained on diets containing
      deficient, sufficient, or excess vitamin E. Cell viability and oxygen consumption
      were maintained in all groups of hepatocytes. Hepatocyte uptake of taurocholic
      acid and ouabain and Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity estimated by rubidium-86 influx did
      not differ with vitamin E status. Vitamin-E-deficient hepatocytes had increased
      generation of lipid peroxide products. We conclude that deficient or excess
      vitamin E status had little effect on selected transport processes in normal
      hepatocytes.

PMID- 2395067
TI  - Intraoperative endoscopic diagnosis of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the ileum
      causing recurrent acute intussusception.
AB  - Heterotopic gastric mucosa (HGM) may be found anywhere in the gastrointestinal
      tract, most often in a Meckel's diverticulum. Approximately 30 cases of HGM,
      located in the small bowel beyond the ligament of Treitz and not associated with
      a Meckel's diverticulum, have been reported. They were most often revealed by
      intestinal intussusception, occasionally by perforation of an intestinal ulcer or
      intestinal bleeding. We report a 4-year-old boy who had three attacks of acute
      intestinal intussusception over a 5-month period resulting in surgery. Both
      physical examination and barium examination of the small bowel and large
      intestine were found to be normal between attacks. Peroperative palpation of the
      small bowel was normal during the three laparotomies. During the third operation,
      he underwent an intraoperative endoscopy (IOE), which revealed a polypoid mass 2
      cm in diameter and 0.5 cm in height, 40 cm proximal to the ileocaecal valve.
      Histologic examination showed HGM with fundic glands, and chief and parietal
      cells. This case emphasizes the interest of IOE, the main indications of which
      are the localization of unknown sites of gastrointestinal bleeding and the search
      for hamartomatous polyps of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome for polypectomy and/or
      segmental resection.

PMID- 2395068
TI  - Celiac disease and schizophrenia: family occurrence.

PMID- 2395069
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in the mucosa of the small intestine in patients with
      geophagia (Prasad's syndrome).
AB  - The ultrastructure of intestinal mucosa in two geophagia patients with growth
      retardation, hypogonadism, hepatosplenomegaly, zinc deficiency, iron deficiency,
      and anemia was studied with an electron microscope. Alterations in the
      ultrastructure of intestinal mucosa, especially in Paneth's cells, possibly due
      to zinc deficiency were observed.

PMID- 2395070
TI  - Squamous cell papillomas of the esophagus.

PMID- 2395071
TI  - Do American authors quote enough British pediatric journals?

PMID- 2395072
TI  - Sex- and age-dependent nature of the cytoplasmic 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone
      (DHT) binding site/receptor in bovine pineal gland.
AB  - Recent research has justified the presumption that the pineal gland plays a role
      in the regulation of the gonadal system in mammals. Evidence also exists for
      androgen receptors in pinealocytes. In the current study, our approach has been
      to assess the age- and sex-dependent nature of 5 alpha-DHT receptors in bovine
      pineal. Although no significant difference was noted between various groups of
      bulls, cows, peripuberal cows, and calves (male) for pineal weight, the
      cytoplasmic 5 alpha-DHT binding site/receptor content in the pineal gland
      differed significantly. While the males had a low androgen receptor concentration
      in the pineal (46 fmol/pineal), the females showed the highest (442 fmol/pineal).
      The peripuberal females without calves and calves (male) presented a 5 alpha-DHT
      receptor content in between (225 fmol/pineal; 138 fmol/pineal). When the data
      were related to unit weight of pineal tissue, the difference still existed. It is
      suggested that the concentration of cytoplasmic 5 alpha-DHT receptors reflects
      the cellular activity and they are inversely related. Further, low cytoplasmic
      receptors also indicate that most of it is confined to the nuclear sites, as
      generally suggested for other androgen-dependent tissues. In the light of these
      suggestions, it is possible that lowest cytosolic 5 alpha-DHT receptor
      concentration in the males, in reality, reflects a higher degree of cellular
      function and a high concentration of the receptors in the nuclear site.
      Similarly, the peripuberal cows and calves perhaps have more cellular activity in
      the pineal than the mature cows. The current investigation, for the first time,
      by directly estimating the androgen receptors/binding site in the bovine pineal
      gland, demonstrates the sex- and age-dependent nature.

PMID- 2395073
TI  - Development of an organ culture technique capable of monitoring most pineal gland
      indole metabolites.
AB  - An intact pineal gland organ culture technique was developed which utilised
      radiolabelled tryptophan as the indolic precursor and two-dimensional thin-layer
      chromatography to separate the various indole metabolites produced. The method
      was capable of reproducibly separating and quantitating all tryptophan
      metabolites except 5-methoxytryptophan which co-chromatographed with tryptophan
      in all the solvent systems evaluated. Noradrenergic stimulation of cultured
      pineals led to a predictable increase in N-acetyl-serotonin and melatonin
      production, suggesting that the method was useful for biochemical and
      pharmacological studies on the pineal gland. Similarly evaluation of the results
      revealed that a strong linearity existed between N-acetylserotonin and melatonin
      production and between actual and theoretical methylation as previously reported,
      again verifying the usefulness of the method developed.

PMID- 2395074
TI  - Preliminary studies on melatonin in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes
      following cancer chemotherapy.
AB  - Experimental studies have suggested that the pineal hormone melatonin, in
      addition to its documented antineoplastic action, plays a role in the
      physiological regulation of blood cell proliferation. Based on these data, we
      evaluated the clinical effects of melatonin therapy in patients with
      myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) secondary to cancer chemotherapy for primary
      neoplasms. The study was carried out on six patients, and melatonin was given
      orally at a dose of 20 mg/daily, following a schedule prepared to reproduce the
      circadian rhythm of the pineal hormone. A transient improvement in platelet and
      neutrophil count was achieved in two of five patients with thrombocytopenia and
      in two of four patients with neutropenia before therapy, respectively, while no
      effect was seen on hemoglobin concentration. Mean survival time was 12.5 months,
      and a long survival, greater than 30 months, was achieved in two of six patients.
      These preliminary results seem to suggest that melatonin may have a role in the
      treatment of MDS induced by previous cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 2395075
TI  - "Synaptic" ribbons in the pineal gland of the horse.
AB  - Previous studies on the ultrastructure of the horse pineal gland did not report
      the presence of "synaptic" ribbons, functionally enigmatic pinealocyte organelles
      regularly occurring in other mammalian species. The aim of the present study was
      to reinvestigate the horse pinealocyte in this respect. Careful investigations
      here reported allowed detection of "synaptic" ribbons in the pinealocytes of all
      the examined animals, although in a relatively low number (5.4 +/- 2.0 per 20,000
      microns 2 of pineal tissue; mean +/- SD). The ultrastructure of "synaptic"
      ribbons in pinealocytes of the horse resembles closely that observed in other
      mammalian species.

PMID- 2395076
TI  - Immunoreactive levels of pineal arginine vasopressin change during the rat
      estrous cycle.
AB  - It has been reported that mammalian pineal activity is influenced by reproductive
      hormones. However, even though a relationship between serum estrogen levels and
      pineal indole metabolism is well documented, little is known about other pineal
      components. Among peptides, arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been identified in the
      pineal gland of several species. In the present work, variations of
      immunoreactive (IR)-AVP in the rat pineal during the estrous cycle were studied
      by radioimmunoassay. Pineal IR-AVP levels increased significantly at the
      proestrus afternoon, and returned to basal levels by the end of estrus. These
      variations were partially related to those of serum estradiol concentration.
      Although the functional role of AVP in the rat pineal has not been clearly
      elucidated, these findings provide an additional indication that it might be
      involved in the reproductive function of the female rat.

PMID- 2395077
TI  - Permeability of the pineal gland of the viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus) to
      the lanthanum hydroxide.
AB  - Lanthanum hydroxide together with a fixative solution was injected into the third
      ventricle of the viscacha. The tracer penetrated freely into the pineal gland
      demonstrating an extensive network of intercommunicating intercellular spaces.
      Numerous gap junctions were observed indicating that they are the predominant
      interparenchymal contacts. The capillaries were characterized by non-fenestrated
      endothelial cells lining a moderate-sized perivascular space. Precipitates of
      lanthanum hydroxide were found in the basal membranes of the perivascular and
      interendothelial spaces, but not in the vascular lumina. The tracer stopped at
      tight junctions; these constitute a barrier between the pinealocytes and the
      blood compartment. Active micropinocytosis observed in the capillary walls
      suggest a transendothelial transport.

PMID- 2395079
TI  - The epidemiology of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. A symposium. San Francisco,
      California, September 29, 1989. Proceedings.

PMID- 2395078
TI  - Kaposi's sarcoma: introduction and overview.
AB  - KS can be considered to be a paradigm for cancer development. It is readily
      observable in the skin and has a preneoplastic counterpart. Its development is
      related to geographic, environmental, genetic, and acquired conditions. Despite a
      reliably consistent histologic appearance, the tumor displays varied clinical
      manifestations and natural history that may be attributed to tumor and/or host
      determinants. Thus, this intriguing neoplasm lends itself to intensive
      epidemiologic, clinical, and biologic study in an attempt to pin down the
      etiologic covariants and to develop hypothetical models for further testing.

PMID- 2395081
TI  - Risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma in the Vancouver Lymphadenopathy-AIDS Study.
AB  - In our ongoing cohort study of homosexual men, the ratio of new Kaposi's sarcoma
      (KS) cases to new opportunistic infections (OI) during the periods 1982-1985,
      1986-1987, and 1988-1989 fell from 0.75 (9 KS: 12 OI) to 0.57 (12 KS:21 OI) to
      0.27 (4 KS:15 OI), respectively. To examine factors associated with the
      development of KS as compared to OI, we compared antecedent risk factors in 25 KS
      cases and 48 OI "controls." In univariate analyses, several classical HIV risk
      factors including numbers of sexual partners and receptive anal intercourse were
      higher in the KS than the OI group. The strongest associations were found with an
      elevated number of sex partners in high-risk areas (San Francisco, Los Angeles,
      and New York) in the 5 years prior to enrollment and with elevated use of nitrite
      inhalants. Logistic regression revealed the latter two variables and an elevated
      number of partners contacted in washrooms/parks to be significant, independent
      risk factors for KS relative to OI. Any or all of these variables could be
      related with early HIV infection. However, the association with early sexual
      contact in high-risk areas raises the more intriguing possibility that this
      variable is an indicator of an increased exposure either to a particular strain
      of HIV that is more pathogenic for KS, or, more likely, to a sexually transmitted
      KS cofactor that may have been more highly concentrated in these areas at this
      early point in the epidemic. The present study supports an independent
      association with use of nitrite inhalants, which could be hypothesized either to
      have an independent biologic effect on KS or to enhance the efficiency of
      transmission of the cofactor virus.

PMID- 2395080
TI  - Survival following diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma for AIDS patients in San
      Francisco.
AB  - To evaluate survival for AIDS patients diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), we
      calculated survival for 1,015 patients reported in San Francisco between July
      1981 and December 31, 1987, representing 22% of total patients reported. These
      patients had a definitive initial diagnosis of KS, and developed no other
      diseases within 3 months of diagnosis. Patients were followed prospectively
      through December 31, 1988. All patients evaluated in this study were men.
      Survival was evaluated for subgroups based on age, race and ethnicity, year of
      diagnosis, and transmission category. The median survival for patients diagnosed
      with KS alone was 17.0 months, with a 5-year survival rate of 8.7%. Poorer
      prognosis was found for patients with older age at diagnosis and with later year
      of diagnosis. Proportional hazards analysis indicated that age (p less than
      0.001) and year of diagnosis (p less than 0.05) were significant independent
      predictors of survival, while race or ethnicity and risk group were not.

PMID- 2395082
TI  - Incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma in a cohort of homosexual men infected with the
      human immunodeficiency virus type 1. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Group.
AB  - Longitudinal data on 2,125 participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study
      (MACS) with documented antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV
      1) were used to examine the incidence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome
      (AIDS)-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) over time and to determine if sexual
      practices and hematologic variables prior to diagnosis differed for participants
      who develop KS vs. non-KS AIDS (NKS). In the first 4 years of the study, 84
      seropositive men were observed to develop KS and 307 presented with an AIDS
      diagnosis other than KS. A systematic trend in the incidence of KS over time was
      not apparent in this population. The number of anal-receptive intercourse
      partners prior to diagnosis declined in a similar fashion for both AIDS groups.
      Although the number of partners with whom the men performed rimming decreased
      prior to diagnosis for both AIDS groups, a greater proportion of the KS AIDS
      group had performed this activity with multiple partners than had the non-KS AIDS
      group. Furthermore, history of oral gonorrhea was significantly (p = 0.027) more
      prevalent in the KS group. In addition, the KS AIDS group had lower
      cytomegalovirus antibody levels prior to diagnosis and higher levels of total
      immunoglobulin G. The groups did not differ with respect to baseline
      hematological measures, temporal trends in helper and suppressor T cells, or
      hepatitis B surface antigen or antibody. Given this profile of factors associated
      with the occurrence of KS, an infectious agent, in addition to HIV-1, is
      plausible as a proposed cofactor in the development of KS.

PMID- 2395083
TI  - Kaposi's sarcoma among homosexual and bisexual men enrolled in the San Francisco
      City Clinic Cohort Study.
AB  - The changing epidemiology of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and possible explanations for
      this change were analyzed using data from a well-characterized cohort of
      homosexual and bisexual men. Among 1,341 men with AIDS, the proportion presenting
      with KS declined from 79% in 1981 to 25% in 1989. For 250 men whose date of HIV
      seroconversion could be well characterized, persons presenting with KS had a
      shorter interval from HIV seroconversion to AIDS diagnosis than other AIDS
      patients without KS (mean = 77 vs. 86 months). Among 182 men who were interviewed
      prior to a diagnosis of AIDS, men with and without KS did not significantly
      differ with respect to number of sex partners, a history of certain sexually
      transmitted or enteric diseases, use of certain recreational drugs (including
      nitrite inhalants), or participation in certain specific sexual practices. The
      decline in KS may at least partly be due to a shorter latency period from
      infection to disease. Although cofactors for the development of KS may exist,
      many previously hypothesized agents were not supported by this analysis.

PMID- 2395084
TI  - Kaposi's sarcoma in three HIV-1-infected cohorts.
AB  - We describe the Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) experience in three cohorts of homosexual
      men, subjects with hemophilia, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
      seroconverters. The risk of KS was higher in HIV-1-infected homosexual men from
      New York City as compared with Washington, D.C. and was very low in the
      hemophilia subjects. While KS accounted for a decreasing proportion of AIDS cases
      in homosexual men, the absolute risk per year did not diminish. Survival was
      similar after diagnosis of KS vs. opportunistic infection including Pneumocystis
      carinii pneumonia. Percent CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and beta 2-microglobulin levels
      were less abnormal in subjects who later developed KS than in those who developed
      opportunistic infections; conversely, serum neopterin abnormalities were greater
      in those who developed KS. The additional risk of KS in homosexual men may
      explain their apparently higher incidence of AIDS. Further investigation of the
      differences in intermediate markers of KS and opportunistic infections may shed
      light on the pathogenesis of these particular manifestations of AIDS.

PMID- 2395085
TI  - The epidemiology of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma in San Francisco.
AB  - To clarify further the epidemiology of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in San
      Francisco, we reviewed AIDS cases reported to the San Francisco Department of
      Public Health through August 31, 1990. Of the 7,119 patients reported, 2,346
      (33%) had been diagnosed as having KS: 1,716 (73%) as their presenting clinical
      manifestation of AIDS and 648 (27%) as a later manifestation. Of these 2,364 KS
      patients, 2,075 (88%) were homosexual or bisexual men without histories of
      intravenous drug use, and 273 (12%) were homosexual or bisexual intravenous drug
      users. From 1981 to August 1989, the proportion of AIDS patients presenting with
      KS declined from 55 to 19% (p less than 0.001). However, the number of patients
      being diagnosed with KS has increased along with the overall number of AIDS
      patients, but this increase was less than the increase in number of patients with
      other opportunistic infections and malignancies. KS patients were less likely
      than patients without KS to be reported through an active surveillance system and
      less likely to be found through retrospective reviews of medical records, death
      certificates, and obituaries. We conclude that the proportion of AIDS patients
      with KS is continuing to decline in San Francisco and that this decline is not an
      artifact of the AIDS surveillance system.

PMID- 2395086
TI  - The relationship between Kaposi's sarcoma and intestinal parasites among
      homosexual males in the United States.
AB  - An interesting temporal relationship exists between the emergence of the epidemic
      of intestinal parasites in the homosexual male population and the subsequent
      appearance of Kaposi's sarcoma. Existent models suggest possible links between
      chronic parasitosis, viral infection, and the emergence of malignant disease.
      Patients with AIDS-related conditions have been demonstrated to have a high rate
      of asymptomatic amebiasis. Possible links between intestinal parasites and the
      development of Kaposi's sarcoma in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients
      are explored.

PMID- 2395087
TI  - Nitrite inhalant abuse and AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.
AB  - There is sufficient clinical and epidemiological evidence to suggest that HIV
      infection alone does not cause Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in AIDS. Several possible
      "cofactors" have been proposed. There are several reasons to consider nitrite
      inhalants as a plausible choice as the KS cofactor. Identifying the KS cofactor
      in AIDS could prove valuable for prevention of the most common cancer afflicting
      AIDS patients. Clarifying the mechanisms by which HIV infection and the KS
      cofactor produce disease may have implications for other cancers and diseases.

PMID- 2395088
TI  - HLA antigen frequencies in HIV-1-related Kaposi's sarcoma.
AB  - In an ongoing study of genetic factors that might contribute to disease outcome
      in HIV-1-infected individuals, HLA antigen (A, B, C, DR and DQ) frequencies in 44
      patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and/or 14 with KS and opportunistic infection
      (OI) were compared with the frequencies found in 83 HIV-1-seropositive (disease
      free) and 87 seronegative homosexual men, or with 50 patients with OI. KS
      patients had higher frequencies of HLA-B35, -C4, -DR1, and -DQ1 and lower
      frequencies of HLA-C5 and -DR3 compared to the total control population (N = 170)
      and to the population at risk (HIV-1-seropositive, disease-free). HLA-DR5,
      reported by others to be increased in frequency in classical KS as well as HIV-1
      related KS, was not found to be increased in the KS cohort. Antigen frequencies
      in the patients with KS differed from the frequencies in patients with OI by an
      increase in HLA-A23, -C4, -DR14, and -DR53. These results suggest that genetic
      factors controlled by the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) may
      influence disease outcome in HIV-1-infected homosexual men.

PMID- 2395089
TI  - Kaposi's sarcoma reporting in San Francisco: a comparison of AIDS and cancer
      surveillance systems.
AB  - A preliminary comparison of the reported incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma among
      males under 60 years of age residing in San Francisco was conducted using merged
      San Francisco AIDS Registry and California Tumor Registry (CTR) data. For the
      years 1980-1986, the number of cases reported by both registries was similar.
      However, only 961 (72.3%) of the 1,330 cases appearing in either registry
      appeared in both. Of the 160 Kaposi's sarcoma cases in the AIDS registry only, 11
      (6.9%) were included in the CTR with another cancer diagnosis. Of the 209
      Kaposi's sarcoma cases occurring only in the CTR, 109 (52.2%) were included in
      the AIDS registry with another diagnosis. The number of cases included in either
      or both registries was about 20% more than in either alone. Data sharing between
      the staff of these registries is precluded by confidentiality constraints.

PMID- 2395090
TI  - Kinetic analysis of enantiomers of threo-methylphenidate and its metabolite in
      two healthy subjects after oral administration as determined by a gas
      chromatographic-mass spectrometric method.
AB  - A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method was developed for the
      stereoselective quantification of threo-methylphenidate (MPD) and its metabolite,
      ritalinic acid (RA), in plasma or urine. The plasma concentrations of (+)-MPD
      after oral administration of two 10-mg conventional tablets containing racemic
      MPD.HCl or of 20-mg of racemic MPD.HCl crystals to two healthy subjects were much
      higher than those of the (-)-isomer. The plasma concentrations of the metabolite,
      (-)-RA, were higher than that of the (+)-isomer during the first 4 h after
      administration of racemic MPD.HCl in both tablet and crystal forms. Although in
      urine both (+)- and (-)-RA were largely excreted in 48 h (37 and 40% of the dose,
      respectively), the percentage excretion of (-)-RA during the first 3-4 h was
      approximately twice that of the (+)-isomer. These results suggest that one reason
      for the difference in the plasma levels between (+)- and (-)-MPD may be due to
      differences in their rates of metabolism. Pharmacokinetic parameters of (+)-MPD
      after administration of 10 mg of (+)-MPD.HCl crystals were almost the same as
      those after administration of racemic MPD.HCl crystals. The AUC infinity 0 of (-)
      MPD after administration of 10 mg of (-)-MPD.HCl crystals was smaller than that
      after administration of racemic MPD.HCl crystals.

PMID- 2395091
TI  - Sobrerol enantiomers and racemates: solid-state spectroscopy, thermal behavior,
      and phase diagrams.
AB  - The characterization of the solid state of sobrerol enantiomers and racemates has
      been accomplished by a number of techniques on solid phase such as thermal
      analysis (DSC) and spectroscopy (IR, 13C NMR, and X-ray diffraction both on
      powders and on single crystal). Experimental and theoretical binary phase
      diagrams of cis- and trans-sobrerol enantiomers and their mixtures have been
      drawn and are discussed. Thermal analysis allowed, moreover, the detection of cis
      racemate polymorphism. Finally, the quantitative analysis of the cis racemate as
      an impurity of the trans racemate by means of microcalorimetric determinations is
      reported.

PMID- 2395092
TI  - Relationship between contact time of applied dose and percutaneous absorption of
      minoxidil from a topical solution.
AB  - Twenty-two healthy male volunteers completed a four-way, multiple-dose,
      randomized crossover study to determine the relationship between contact time of
      applied drug on the scalp and minoxidil absorption from a 2% topical solution.
      One milliliter of solution was applied twice daily over 150 cm2 of bald scalp to
      each subject for 6 days. Unabsorbed drug was washed off the scalp after 1, 2, 4,
      and 11.5 h of contact time in each of four treatments. Cumulative urinary
      excretion profiles within steady-state, 12-h dosing intervals were well described
      by straight lines for all treatments, indicating that systemic minoxidil
      elimination was rate controlled by constant, zero-order percutaneous drug
      absorption. The extent of minoxidil absorption, expressed as steady-state urinary
      excretion of unchanged minoxidil, minoxidil glucuronide, or the sum of these,
      increased in a disproportionate manner with increase in contact time of drug on
      the scalp. Relative to the amount absorbed after a contact time of 11.5 h,
      absorption was approximately 50% complete by 1 h and greater than 75% complete by
      4 h. This suggests that minoxidil absorption from the vehicle into skin occurs
      rapidly relative to diffusion through skin. The rate of minoxidil absorption from
      vehicle into skin was characterized as nonlinear, whereas minoxidil excretion
      into urine was rate controlled by diffusion from one or more components of the
      skin which apparently serve as a reservoir, or depot, for minoxidil.

PMID- 2395093
TI  - Combined effect of alcohol and urea on the in vitro transport of indomethacin
      across rat dorsal skin.
AB  - An aqueous gel, prepared with hydrogenated soya phospholipid, increased the in
      vitro transport of indomethacin across rat dorsal skin. The addition of various
      alkanols further accelerated the transport, with an increasing effect as the
      chain length of the alkanol increased. The addition of urea alone did not
      significantly affect the transport of indomethacin. However, the addition of urea
      markedly accelerated the transport of indomethacin when included in an aqueous
      gel containing an alkanol such as 1-octanol, 1-decanol, or 1-dodecanol. Thus, it
      appears that a combination of urea and these alkanols strongly enhances the
      transdermal absorption of indomethacin. Urea appears to accelerate enhanced drug
      transport into the stratum corneum by a mechanism involving the transport of urea
      enhanced by these alkanols.

PMID- 2395094
TI  - Effect of laser irradiation on the dissolution kinetics of hydroxyapatite
      preparations.
AB  - This research investigated the effects of a laser irradiation treatment on the
      dissolution characteristics of hydroxyapatite (HAP), and the results provide an
      insight into the relationship between the effects of laser treatment and the two
      site dissolution kinetics of HAP samples. The HAP samples prepared by aqueous
      precipitation and digestion at approximately 100 degrees C were irradiated with a
      CO2 laser (20-50 W) with a beam diameter of 14 mm for a total of 10-400 s.
      Dissolution rates of the laser-treated HAP samples were subsequently determined
      in acetate buffer (pH = 4.5, mu = 0.50) at various levels of partial saturation
      (0-24% with respect to the HAP thermodynamic solubility of pKsp = 116). The
      following were the important findings. The X-ray diffraction and the IR
      spectroscopy results suggested that the HAP crystalline structure was not changed
      by laser treatment. Laser treatment of HAP powder at 50 W for 400 s, however,
      caused an approximately 3.5-fold reduction in the specific surface area of HAP
      and reduced the initial dissolution rate of HAP in acetate buffer by a factor of
      approximately 22.9. Also, this laser treatment appeared to reduce the dissolution
      rate of HAP in 16 and 24% partially saturated acetate buffer from substantial
      levels to essentially zero. These results may be summarized as follows. Laser
      treatment of HAP results in a reduction in the dissolution rate and also a
      reduction in the specific surface area of this material. However, the dissolution
      rate reduction is significantly greater than the reduction in the specific
      surface area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395095
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of a new 2-amino-2-oxazoline: application
      to pharmacokinetic studies in dogs.
AB  - 5-(1'-Phenyl-4'-piperazinomethyl)-2-amino-2-oxazoline (1; COR3224), a derivative
      of 2-amino-2-oxazolines with antidepressant properties in rats, was assayed in
      plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. After back extraction, 1 and a
      ortho-O-methyl derivative of 1 as the internal standard were separated by
      reversed-phase liquid chromatography and measured by UV detection (235 nm). The
      method is rapid and specific: the detection was linear in the range 125-1000
      micrograms.L-1, with a detection limit of 50 micrograms.L-1. This method allowed
      the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters in six beagle dogs after
      intravenous and oral administration of 14C-labeled 1 ([14C]1) in a crossover
      study. The comparison of the results obtained from total radioactivity counting
      and unchanged product evaluated by HPLC-UV suggest the presence of metabolites.

PMID- 2395096
TI  - Effect of surfactant structures on the separation of cold medicine ingredients by
      micellar electrokinetic chromatography.
AB  - Using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (micellar EKC or MEKC) the retention
      behavior of twelve active ingredients used in cold medicines was investigated.
      The role of five different anionic surfactants was investigated by MEKC and the
      results were compared with those obtained by conventional capillary zone
      electrophoresis (CZE). The relative retention order of the 12 ingredients was
      significantly different among the five surfactants; the different elution orders
      were ascribed to the differences in the hydrophilic groups of the surfactants.
      The effects of surfactant concentration and buffer pH were also investigated. The
      ingredients were successfully separated within 30 min by micellar EKC with high
      theoretical plate numbers (approximately 200,000), and selectivity was much
      improved in comparison with CZE. Micellar EKC was applied by the internal
      standard method to the quantitation of some active ingredients combined in
      commercial preparations.

PMID- 2395097
TI  - Determination of temelastine and a hydroxymethyl-pyridyl metabolite in biological
      fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of temelastine
      (1) and 2-[4-(5-bromo-3-methylpyrid-2-yl)-butylamino]-5-[6-hydroxymethy lpyrid-3-
      ylmethyl]-pyrimidin-4(1H)-one (1-A) in biological fluid is presented. The method
      combines the previously reported extraction procedure and new chromatography
      conditions capable of resolving 1, 1-A, and structurally similar compounds formed
      by the oxidation of 1. The modified method has been used to measure
      concentrations of 1 and 1-A in biological fluids taken from the rat and dog, and
      to look for the presence of 1-A in humans following administration of 1.

PMID- 2395098
TI  - Synthesis and biological activity of guanylhydrazones of 2- and 4-pyridine and 4
      quinoline carboxaldehydes.
AB  - A series of guanylhydrazones derived from 2- and 4-pyridine and 4-quinoline
      carboxyaldehydes was synthesized from S-methylisothio-semicarbazide hydroiodide
      using known procedures. The compounds are analogous to anticancer and antiviral
      thiosemicarbazones, but several of the guanylhydrazones derived from 4-quinoline
      carboxaldehyde showed no activity against P388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice.
      Guanylhydrazones derived from all three heterocyclic aldehydes revealed
      significant blood pressure lowering effects in the rat, however.

PMID- 2395099
TI  - Ester prodrugs of zidovudine.
AB  - Ten novel ester prodrugs of zidovudine (azidothymidine; AZT) were synthesized
      with aliphatic acids (acetic-stearic), and the enzymatic regeneration of AZT from
      the prodrugs was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The enzymatic hydrolysis
      rates of the AZT esters in the presence of mouse enzyme systems (plasma, liver,
      and intestine, and kidney) were highly dependent on the lengths of the acyl
      chains of the prodrugs. The caprate or caprylate of AZT showed the highest
      reactivity to three of the four enzyme systems; either the decrease or the
      increase in the acyl chain length resulted in the decrease of the reactivity to
      the enzymes. Zidovudine (AZT) and three of the prodrugs (acetate, caprate, and
      stearate) were administered to mice intraperitoneally, and the plasma
      concentrations of AZT and a corresponding prodrug were measured. The AZT
      concentrations in plasma following the acetate administration rapidly decreased
      with a half-life of 14.5 min. This tendency is similar to that shown in direct
      AZT administration. On the other hand, the concentrations following the caprate
      or stearate administration decreased slowly and were maintained for as long as 4
      h after dosing. The prodrug concentrations in plasma after the prodrug
      administration were under the detection limit (0.01 micrograms/mL), except for
      acetate. The absence of the caprate and stearate in plasma may be attributed to
      the high hydrophobicity or favorable tissue distribution of the ester
      derivatives.

PMID- 2395100
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of 4-amino-5-chloro-N-[(1
      ethylimidazolin-2-yl)methyl]-2-methoxybenzamide and its metabolite in biological
      fluids. Applications in pharmacokinetic studies.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with spectrofluorometric
      detection has been developed for the analysis of a new substituted benzamide and
      its metabolite in body fluids. The detection was performed at 270 nm for
      excitation, and 370 nm for emission. The proposed technique is selective,
      reliable, and sensitive. The detection limit is 1 ng/mL for the parent drug and 2
      ng/mL for the imidazole derivative. The reproducibility of the analytical method
      through statistical coefficients is approximately 5%. The accuracy of the method
      is good; that is, the relative error is less than 2%. To validate this method,
      the stability of these two drugs was tested at the time of conservation of urine
      and plasma samples and during all steps of the analytical method.

PMID- 2395101
TI  - Metabolites of (+)-dehydroabietic acid in rabbits.
AB  - The seven metabolites of (+)-dehydroabietic acid (DHA) were newly isolated from
      rabbit urine by liquid chromatography. On the basis of chemical and spectral data
      their structures were established to be (15S)-8,11.13-abietatrien-16,18-dioic
      acid, 2 alpha-hydroxy-8,11,13,15-abietatetraen-18-oic acid, (15R)-15,16-dihydroxy
      8,11,13-abietatrien-18-oic acid, 2 beta,15-dihydroxy-8,11,13-abietatrien-18-oic
      acid, (15S)-2 beta,16-dihydroxy-8,11,13-abietatrien-18-oic acid, 2 alpha,15
      dihydroxy-8,11,13-abietatrien-18-oic acid, and (15S)-2 alpha,16-dihydroxy-8,11,13
      abietatrien-18-oic acid. The possible hydroxylation routes of DHA in rabbits and
      the difference between the metabolism of DHA in microorganisms and that in
      rabbits are discussed.

PMID- 2395102
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of the trichothecene mycotoxin verrucarol in dogs.
AB  - Verrucarol is a simple trichothecene which is structurally related to T-2 and HT
      2 toxins. Several macrocyclic trichothecenes which are ester derivatives of
      verrucarol possess antitumor activity. The pharmacokinetics of verrucarol has
      been studied in eight dogs following iv and oral administrations (0.4 and 0.8
      mg/kg, respectively). The iv study showed that verrucarol has a mean (+/- SD)
      clearance of 11 +/- 5.5 mL/min/kg, a volume of distribution of 1.2 +/- 0.6 L/kg,
      and a terminal half-life of 1.6 +/- 0.5 h. Following oral administration, the
      absolute bioavailability of verrucarol was 44 +/- 33%, and its terminal half-life
      was similar to that obtained after iv administration. In comparison with T-2 and
      HT-2 toxins, verrucarol has a longer half-life and a lower clearance, and its
      liver extraction ratio is about one third of that of T-2 and HT-2 toxins.
      Therefore, verrucarol is less susceptible to a liver first-pass effect and its
      partially absorbed after oral administration. These characteristics make
      verrucarol the first partially absorbed trichothecene whose pharmacokinetics was
      investigated following oral administration.

PMID- 2395103
TI  - Determination of ibuprofen vapor pressure at temperatures of pharmaceutical
      interest.

PMID- 2395104
TI  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine modulation of electrically induced twitch responses of mouse
      vas deferens: involvement of multiple 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors.
AB  - The actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the electrically induced twitch
      responses of mouse vas deferens were studied. 5-HT at the concentration range of
      10(-8) to 10(-4) M produced a "bell-shaped" concentration-response curve on the
      field-stimulated twitch contractions; the enhancement of the contractions was
      maximum at 10(-5) M and progressively reduced at the concentrations of more than
      10(-5) M. In the presence of ketanserin, whereas the stimulatory response to low
      concentrations of 5-HT (less than or equal to 10(-6) M) was not changed, that to
      high concentrations was reversed. The stimulation by 5-HT (less than or equal to
      10(-5) M) was principally antagonized by MDL 72222. In the presence of both MDL
      72222 and ketanserin, 5-HT inhibited the twitch contractions in a dose-dependent
      manner. 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) and BP-554 (1-[3-(3,4
      methylenedioxyphenoxy)propyl]-4-phenyl piperazine), selective 5-HT1A agonists,
      only inhibited the twitch contractions. Downward slope of the contraction
      response curve of 5-HT (greater than or equal to 10(-5) 5 M) was shifted to right
      in the presence of 8-OH-DPAT. 5-HT and 8-OH-DPAT had no effect on the tension of
      unstimulated organs. Contractions elicited by ATP were potentiated by 5-HT, which
      was antagonized by ketanserin. 8-OH-DAPT did not affect ATP-elicited
      contractions. These results suggest the presence of presynaptic 5-HT1, maybe 5
      HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors mediating inhibition and potentiation, respectively, of
      neurotransmitter release and of postsynaptic responsible for enhancing neurogenic
      contractions in mouse vas deferens.

PMID- 2395105
TI  - Effects of the methyl xanthine S 9795 on isolated bronchi of the dog.
AB  - The xanthine derivative 1-methyl 3-isobutyl 8-(2-ethyl[1-(4-diphenylmethyl
      piperazinyl)])3, 7-dihydro (1H) purine 2, 6-dione (S 9795) is a potent inhibitor
      of bronchoconstriction in vivo. The aim of the present study was to analyze the
      effects of S 9795 in vitro and determine whether S 9795 affects the autonomic
      nerves, the epithelium or the smooth muscle of the bronchial wall. S 9795 had an
      inhibitory effect on the contractile responses evoked by acetylcholine and by
      electrical stimulation of the cholinergic nerves. S 9795 appeared more potent
      against contractions evoked by nerve stimulation. In addition, S 9795 caused the
      release of [3H]norepinephrine from the adrenergic nerve endings but did not
      affect neuronal uptake of the catecholamine. At low concentrations, S 9795 acted
      as a competitive serotonergic antagonist; at higher concentrations, the compound
      inhibited noncompetitively the contractions evoked by histamine and
      acetylcholine. In both second and fourth order bronchi, S 9795 (and theophylline)
      produced concentration-dependent relaxations that were significantly greater in
      rings with, compared with rings without, epithelium. The compound also
      facilitated the epithelium-dependent component of the relaxation response to beta
      adrenergic activation. These results suggest that S 9795: 1) causes prejunctional
      inhibition of the release of acetylcholine, 2) evokes the displacement of stored
      norepinephrine, 3) exerts a differential inhibitory effect on airway contractions
      induced by various bronchoconstrictors and 4) augments the release or facilitates
      the effect of the epithelium-derived relaxing factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2395106
TI  - Ethanol self-administration in long sleep and short sleep mice indicates
      reinforcement is not inversely related to neurosensitivity.
AB  - Studies of ethanol drinking suggest an inverse correlation between innate
      sensitivity to ethanol and behavior reinforced by this drug. The present study
      investigated ethanol reinforced behavior in mice selectively bred for high, Long
      Sleep/Institute for Behavioral Genetics (LS), and low, Short Sleep/Institute for
      Behavioral Genetics (SS), sensitivity to ethanol. Results show that both lines
      will drink large amounts of ethanol postprandially. However, in the absence of
      food presentation, LS and SS mice differed significantly in ethanol reinforced
      behavior. Ethanol maintained higher rates of responding, greater intake and
      higher blood ethanol levels in LS relative to SS mice across increasing fixed
      ratio values. Ethanol did not maintain fixed-ratio lever pressing above rates
      maintained by vehicle in SS mice. Responding for and consumption of 8% ethanol
      significantly exceeded that of vehicle only in LS mice. Response rates of LS mice
      showed a typical inverted U-shaped relationship to ethanol concentration.
      Postsession blood ethanol levels and body temperatures indicated
      pharmacologically significant ethanol intake only in LS mice. Thus, ethanol
      served as an effective reinforcer in LS mice across a range of environmental
      conditions. Conversely, ethanol was not established as a positive reinforcer in
      SS mice under any of the broad range of conditions studied. These results are not
      consistent with the frequently reported negative correlation between ethanol
      intake and sensitivity to ethanol and rule out a causal basis for correlations
      seen between these traits.

PMID- 2395107
TI  - Electrophysiologic effects of ethanol in human brain xenografts in oculo:
      antagonism by Ro15-4513.
AB  - Human cortex cerebri and cerebelli xenografts from first-trimester fetal tissue
      fragments were used to study the effects of ethanol on single human central
      neurons. Transplants were placed into the anterior eye chamber of athymic nude
      rats and allowed to develop for 3 to 11 months. Immunohistologic analysis
      revealed graft structures that stained positively for a number of neuronal,
      transmitter-related, glial and vascular markers. Superfusion of ethanol (EtOH)
      elicited a reversible and dose-dependent depression of action potential
      discharge. At least two populations of neurons could be identified--a more
      sensitive group with an EC50 of 3.0 mM and a less sensitive group with an EC50 of
      22.4 mM. These EtOH levels are within the range eliciting behavioral signs of
      intoxication in humans. EtOH-induced depressions could be antagonized by
      administration of the benzodiazepine inverse agonist Ro 15-4513. This study
      represents the first demonstration, to our knowledge, of the electrophysiologic
      actions of EtOH on single neurons from human brain, and provides dose-response
      data collected with known concentrations of EtOH as well as evidence for the
      blockade of these EtOH effects by the Roche compound.

PMID- 2395108
TI  - Amiodarone-induced injury of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells: protection
      by alpha-tocopherol.
AB  - Amiodarone is a potent antidysrhythmic drug that is associated with severe
      pulmonary toxicity. The mechanism of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity is poorly
      understood. To investigate the possible involvement of oxygen-derived metabolites
      in amiodarone-induced injury, 51Cr-labeled human pulmonary artery endothelial
      (HPAE) cells were incubated with amiodarone for 18 hr in the presence of various
      antioxidants and in hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions with cell injury quantified
      by 51Cr release, expressed as cytotoxic index. Amiodarone (10-50 microM) directly
      injured HPAE cells in a concentration-dependent manner, but the injury was not
      modulated by altering ambient oxygen concentrations. Furthermore, amiodarone
      induced injury (30 microM) was not reduced by the following antioxidants:
      catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. In
      contrast, toxicity from 30 microM amiodarone was significantly reduced by alpha
      tocopherol (alpha-TOC) at 10, 20 and 40 microM from a cytotoxic index of 41.6 +/-
      3.5 to 25.5 +/- 7.9, 10.61 +/- 5.4 and 3.1 +/- 2.8, respectively. As revealed by
      phase microscopy, alpha-TOC (40 microM) prevented any evidence of toxicity to the
      amiodarone-treated cells. Amiodarone concentrations in the HPAE cells incubated
      in the presence and absence of alpha-TOC were not significantly different,
      indicating that alpha-TOC did not interfere with the uptake of the drug by the
      cells. Similarly, amiodarone did not interfere with the uptake of alpha-TOC by
      the HPAE cells. Although the specific mechanism of action remains unclear, alpha
      TOC affords nearly complete protection in vitro from the cellular injury induced
      by amiodarone.

PMID- 2395109
TI  - Inhibition of rat liver estrogen 2/4-hydroxylase activity by troleandomycin:
      comparison with erythromycin and roxithromycin.
AB  - Administration of troleandomycin (0.5 mmol.kg-1 p.o. daily for 5 days) decreased
      by 61% and 36%, respectively, the estradiol and ethinylestradiol 2/4-hydroxylase
      activities of hepatic microsomes from male Sprague-Dawley rats killed 2 hr after
      the last dose. This decrease did not appear to be due to the in vivo formation of
      the inactive cytochrome P-450 p Fe(II)-metabolite complex, since disruption of
      this complex with potassium ferricyanide did not increase estrogen hydroxylase
      activities. Troleandomycin administration, however, essentially suppressed
      cytochrome P-450 UT-A (one of the P-450 forms involved in the hydroxylation of
      estrogens) and resulted in the appearance of cytochrome P-450 forms whose
      estradiol hydroxylase activity was inhibitable by troleandomycin in vitro.
      Similarly, troleandomycin (2 mM) inhibited by 60% estradiol and ethinylestradiol
      2/4-hydroxylase activities in microsomes from dexamethasone-treated rats,
      although it had no inhibitory effect in microsomes from control rats. In
      contrast, erythromycin and roxithromycin (2 mM) exerted no inhibitory effect,
      even in microsomes from dexamethasone-treated rats. In vivo, these macrolides
      (0.5 mmol.kg-1 p.o. daily for 5 days) decreased moderately cytochrome P-450 UT-A
      levels and estradiol 2/4-hydroxylase activity, and did not modify
      ethinylestradiol 2/4-hydroxylase activity. We conclude that the administration of
      troleandomycin, but not that of erythromycin or roxithromycin, decreases
      ethinylestradiol 2/4-hydroxylase activity in male rat liver microsomes, as a
      possible consequence of decreased cytochrome P-450 UT-A levels and of the
      induction of glucocorticoid-responsive P-450 forms whose ethinylestradiol
      hydroxylase activity is inhibitable by troleandomycin.

PMID- 2395110
TI  - The effects of chronic caffeine administration on peripheral adenosine receptors.
AB  - Rat platelets and adipocytes were used as models to investigate alterations of
      the A2- and of the A1-adenosine receptor-adenylate cyclase system of peripheral
      cells caused by chronic caffeine administration. The maximum effects of 5'-N
      ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity in
      suspensions of platelet membranes and to inhibit aggregation were significantly
      greater with platelets from caffeine-treated rats than from control rats. The
      effects of 1 to 100 nM prostaglandin E1 to inhibit platelet aggregation and to
      stimulate adenylate cyclase activity in platelet membranes were also
      significantly greater with caffeine-treated than with control rats. These data
      suggest that the increased ability of NECA to inhibit platelet aggregation after
      chronic caffeine ingestion was a result of increased cyclic AMP accumulation
      induced by this agonist. The increased stimulatory effect of NECA on adenylate
      cyclase in platelet membranes could be due to an increased A2-adenosine receptor
      number and/or an increased functional coupling between A2-adenosine receptor and
      stimulatory guanine nucleotide binding proteins. In contrast, although A1
      receptor number was 37% higher in fat cell membranes from caffeine-treated rats
      than in those from control rats, increased A1-adenosine receptor-mediated
      inhibition of lipolysis and of adenylate cyclase was not detected. Thus, chronic
      caffeine consumption causes alterations in the response of some but not all
      peripheral cell types to agonists of adenosine receptors.

PMID- 2395111
TI  - Respiratory effects of xanthines and adenosine analogs in rhesus monkeys.
AB  - This study examined the relative contributions of phosphodiesterase inhibition
      and adenosine receptor blockade in the respiratory-stimulant effects of selected
      xanthines. The respiratory effects of caffeine, theophylline, 8
      phenyltheophylline (8-PT), 8-cyclopentyltheophylline (8-CPT), 3-isobutyl-1
      methylxanthine and enprofylline, as well as the nonxanthine phosphodiesterase
      inhibitor, rolipram, and the adenosine analogs, N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) and
      5'-N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine (NECA), were studied in unanesthetized rhesus
      monkeys. Ventilation was measured continuously by enclosing the monkey's head in
      a fitted Lexan helmet while a pressure transducer measured differences in
      pressure produced by inspirations and expirations against a constant flow of air.
      Drugs were administered (i.m.) using cumulative-dosing procedures while the
      subjects breathed air or 5% CO2 mixed in air. All xanthines except 8-PT produced
      dose-related increases in respiratory frequency and less pronounced changes in
      tidal volume, both in air and in 5% CO2 mixed in air. 8-PT, an adenosine
      antagonist with little activity as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, did not have
      respiratory effects over the range of doses studied. Enprofylline, a
      phosphodiesterase inhibitor with little activity as an adenosine antagonist, had
      effects that were comparable to those of caffeine. Rolipram also had effects on
      respiration that were similar to those of caffeine, and it was approximately 100
      times more potent than caffeine. The adenosine A1/A2 agonist, NECA, produced dose
      related increases in respiratory frequency, and both CPA (an A1-selective
      agonist) and NECA produced dose-related decreases in tidal volume; NECA was 30 to
      100 times more potent than CPA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395112
TI  - Mechanism of cyclosporin potentiation of vasoconstriction of the isolated rat
      mesenteric arterial bed: role of extracellular calcium.
AB  - Hypertension is a serious side-effect of the clinical use of Cyclosporin A (CsA).
      One notion is that alterations of vascular reactivity contribute to this
      hypertension. In this study we used the isolated rat mesenteric vascular bed to
      test the specific hypothesis that CsA modifies vascular calcium regulation to
      potentiate vascular contractility. Mesenteric vessels from CsA-treated rats (10
      mg/kg/day i.m. for 7 days) exhibited significantly greater vasoconstrictor
      responses to exogenous norepinephrine (NE) and potassium-induced depolarization
      than those of vehicle-treated animals. Similarly, in vitro CsA (8.3 X 10(-8) to
      8.3 X 10(-6) M) augmented in a concentration-dependent manner both the
      sensitivity and the maximum response to NE and potassium. This effect of CsA on
      vasoconstriction was critically dependent on the presence of external calcium [(
      Ca++]o). The degree of vasoconstriction potentiation correlated significantly
      with the [Ca++]o which was used during exposure of the mesenteric bed to CsA.
      Reapplication of external calcium in the presence of CsA to "calcium-depleted"
      preparations increased significantly the amplitude of subsequent NE responses in
      a calcium-free medium. Thus, CsA-potentiated NE responses, once established, were
      not reversed by removing external calcium; however, attenuation occurred with the
      intracellular calcium antagonist dantrolene. Verapamil and nifedipine blocked
      potassium-elicited responses, but failed to prevent the CsA effect on NE-induced
      vasoconstriction. We conclude that CsA potentiation of vasoconstriction depends
      on extracellular calcium, and results from an enhanced transmembrane calcium
      transport. We speculate that CsA also increases the filling of intracellular
      stores of releasable calcium. These effects lead to greater calcium influx and
      greater intracellular calcium release upon stimulation.

PMID- 2395113
TI  - Pharmacologic studies on the differential influence of inhibitors of neutral
      endopeptidase on nonadrenergic, noncholinergic contractile responses of the
      guinea pig isolated hilar bronchus to transmural electrical stimulation and
      exogenously applied tachykinins.
AB  - Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic contractile responses of guinea pig hilar bronchi
      to transmural electrical stimulation (TES) have been suggested to be due to
      release of endogenous tachykinins from capsaicin-sensitive neurons (C-fibers).
      Thiorphan and phosphoramidon, inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase (NEP, the major
      enzyme responsible for degrading tachykinins), were found to potentiate
      contractile responses of this isolated airway segment to TES and exogenously
      applied capsaicin, substance P and neurokinin A. However, the magnitude of
      potentiation by either inhibitor was smaller for TES and capsaicin (less than 10
      fold leftward shift) than for the substrate agonists (about 100-fold leftward
      shift). This quantitative difference in potentiation by NEP inhibitors does not
      appear to be due to an influence of vasoactive intestinal peptide or calcitonin
      gene-related peptide, two endogenous peptides that might be released
      concomitantly by TES. Neither peptide caused marked effects on contractile
      responses to TES or tachykinins when applied to the isolated tissues. Addition of
      inhibitors of serine proteases, aminopeptidases, acetylcholinesterase and
      angiotensin-converting enzyme failed to further potentiate responses to TES in
      the presence of thiorphan. Therefore, the contractile response does not appear to
      be further modified by the activity of these peptidases. Neuropeptide gamma, but
      not neuropeptide K, was potentiated by thiorphan. The data suggest that peptides
      that are not substrates for NEP (for example, neuropeptide K) may also be
      released by TES from capsaicin-sensitive neurons to cause contraction. This may,
      at least in part, explain the quantitative difference in potentiation by NEP
      inhibitors of contractile responses to TES and to exogenously applied NEP
      sensitive tachykinins in the guinea pig hilar bronchus.

PMID- 2395114
TI  - Development of central nervous system sensitivity to ethanol and pentobarbital in
      short- and long-sleep mice.
AB  - Dose-response curves to ethanol from day 9 to adulthood have been carried out in
      short-sleep and long-sleep mice. At very young ages, up to about 35 days of age,
      the mice differ in sleep time response to ethanol, but this difference is due to
      the development of acute tolerance. At older ages the differences in sleep times
      are due to a combination of acute tolerance and differences in initial
      sensitivity. In contrast to adult mice, that show no difference in brain
      sensitivity to pentobarbital, short-sleep mouse pups ranging in age from days 9
      to 12 are more sensitive to pentobarbital than are long-sleep mice. The
      difference in sensitivity at young ages is again due to differences in
      development of acute tolerance and not to initial sensitivity differences. It is
      postulated that the development of acute tolerance to ethanol is rapid, within
      minutes, following injection of ethanol and that the system responsible might be
      the gamma-amino-butyric acid-mediated chloride flux which has also been shown to
      develop tolerance within 5 min after ethanol injection.

PMID- 2395115
TI  - Naloxone produces protracted tolerance in mice treated with a single dose of
      morphine.
AB  - Previously we have shown that naloxone (NLX)-induced withdrawal in acutely
      dependent mice [a single dose of 100 mg/kg of morphine sulfate (MS) s.c.] leads
      to an increase in the degree and duration of the dependent state. In this study
      we investigated the modulation of opioid tolerance by NLX in acutely tolerant
      mice (a single dose of 100 mg/kg of MS s.c.). When acutely tolerant mice were
      injected 3 hr later with 32 mg/kg of NLX, tolerance to the antinociceptive effect
      of MS could be observed for at least 12 days after MS injection. The same dose of
      NLX given 3 days after MS injection also led to the prolongation of MS tolerance
      whereas 4 mg/kg of NLX had no effect. By using the latter protocol, if the
      ineffective 4-mg/kg dose of NLX was preceded 2 hr before with 10 mg/kg of MS,
      tolerance to MS could be detected for at least 6 days. When this protracted
      tolerance (100 mg/kg of MS followed 3 hr later by 32 mg/kg of NLX) was studied at
      spinal and supraspinal sites, tolerance to MS at supraspinal sites was greater
      and more prolonged than at spinal sites. [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin did not show
      cross-tolerance at either site. U50,488H [trans-(+/-)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2
      (1- pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide) showed a slowly developing cross
      tolerance only at the supraspinal sites. In acutely tolerant animals, the
      tolerance that developed at supraspinal and spinal sites was of equal magnitude
      and contributed additively to the total tolerance observed in the
      animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395116
TI  - Maintenance of morphine dependence by naloxone in acutely dependent mice.
AB  - To investigate the development of dependence to a single dose of morphine sulfate
      (MS) and its modulation by naloxone hydrochloride (NLX), mice were pretreated
      with a single dose of MS, 100 mg/kg s.c. and, at various times after this
      pretreatment, a priming dose of 10 mg/kg of MS s.c. was administered. Two hours
      later various doses of NLX were injected s.c. to precipitate jumping behavior, a
      sign of withdrawal and ED50 values of NLX were determined. Twenty-four and 72 hr
      after the MS pretreatment, NLX ED50 values were 18 and 21 mg/kg, respectively,
      which were significantly lower than those of the control groups which did not
      receive the 100 mg/kg of MS pretreatment. If the withdrawn mice were reprimed
      with a 10 mg/kg s.c. dose of MS 24 and 72 hr after the first priming dose, they
      displayed even more sensitivity to NLX with the NLX ED50 values lowered to 3 and
      4 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, mice pretreated with 100 mg/kg of MS and
      treated with 32 mg/kg of NLX either 1 or 3 days later required smaller amounts of
      NLX to precipitate withdrawal after the priming dose of MS. NLX ED50 values in
      the former group were 5 and 4 mg/kg 24 and 72 hr after MS injection,
      respectively. In the latter group NLX ED50 values were 2, 19 and 25 mg/kg after
      4, 6 and 9 days after MS injection, respectively. All these values were
      significantly lower than those of control groups which did not receive NLX at 3
      or 72 hr after 100 mg/kg of MS. These results suggest that administration of the
      opioid antagonist naloxone in morphine-pretreated mice can lead to the
      maintenance of the dependent state.

PMID- 2395117
TI  - Role of plasma catecholamines in eliciting cardiovascular changes seen during
      naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in conscious, unrestrained morphine-dependent
      rats.
AB  - Rats given morphine (8 mg/kg i.v.) followed after 2 hr by infusions of morphine
      (4 mg/kg i.v.) every 2 hr for 24 hr (total infusion time of 2 min for each
      infusion) became dependent on morphine. Injection of the opiate antagonist
      naloxone (5 mg/kg) precipitated a withdrawal response including an increase in
      mean arterial blood pressure (BP), biphasic heart rate response and an increase
      in plasma norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (Epi). Plasma Epi was also higher
      after abrupt withdrawal from morphine. After removal of adrenal glands from
      morphine-dependent rats, naloxone injection produced no change in the BP or
      plasma Epi. However, naloxone injection to morphine-dependent rats treated with
      phentolamine to block the alpha receptor-mediated effects of circulating
      catecholamines led to a significant decrease in BP even though plasma Epi
      increased 8-fold. In morphine-dependent rats in which NE levels in sympathetic
      nerves have been reduced by prior exposure to 6-hydroxydopamine, naloxone
      produced a biphasic BP response, an initial decrease followed by an increase
      along with a 3-fold increase in plasma Epi. These results suggest that Epi
      released from the adrenal medulla of morphine-dependent rats mediates, in large
      part, the autonomic withdrawal responses elicited by naloxone. Naloxone injection
      to control and morphine-dependent rats produced similar increases in plasma NE (2
      fold) indicating that the increase in plasma NE is not responsible for the
      withdrawal response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395118
TI  - Positive inotropic effect of carbachol and inositol phosphate levels in mammalian
      atria after pretreatment with pertussis toxin.
AB  - The m-cholinoceptor agonist carbachol elicits a negative inotropic effect in
      mammalian atria. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin converts the negative to a
      positive inotropic effect. In this study we investigated the time course of the
      effects of carbachol on force of contraction and phosphoinositide products in
      electrically driven left auricles from guinea pig hearts after pretreatment with
      pertussis toxin (180 micrograms/kg i.v.; 24 hr). Inositol phosphates and
      phosphatidylinositols were labeled with [3H]inositol and separated with high
      performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography, respectively.
      All experiments were performed in the presence of LiCl (10 mmol/l). The positive
      inotropic effect of carbachol (10 mumol/l) began within 2 min and was maximal
      within 15 min. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate rose within 1 min followed by an
      increase in inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate,
      inositol 1,4-bisphosphate and inositol 1-phosphate beginning within 2 min. It is
      concluded that the carbachol-induced positive inotropic effect is associated with
      an increase in the presumed second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and
      inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate. Since the increase in inositol 1,4,5
      trisphosphate precedes the increase in force of contraction, it may initiate the
      positive inotropic effect. The increase in inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate may
      be involved in maintaining the positive inotropic effect of carbachol.

PMID- 2395119
TI  - Effects of alpha,beta-methylene ATP on the prejunctional purinoceptors of the
      sympathetic nerves of the rat caudal artery.
AB  - The effects of alpha,beta-methylene ATP, an agent known to stimulate and then to
      desensitize P2-purinoceptors, on the release of endogenous norepinephrine from
      the electrically stimulated rat caudal artery were determined. Norepinephrine was
      quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection
      techniques. alpha,beta-Methylene ATP over the concentration range of 1 to 100
      microM did not affect the release of norepinephrine evoked by stimulation for 3
      min at 1 Hz. In contrast, 2-chloroadenosine, a P1 receptor agonist, and
      beta,gamma-methylene ATP, a P2 receptor agonist, produced a concentration-related
      inhibition of the release of norepinephrine presumably by activating
      prejunctional purinoceptors. The failure of alpha,beta-methylene ATP to inhibit
      transmitter release was apparently not related to the length of pretreatment with
      this agent because pretreatments of 0.5 to 15 min yielded similar results. These
      findings indicate that the ability of alpha,beta-methylene ATP to decrease
      excitatory junction potentials and vasoconstriction of the caudal artery, as
      reported by others, is not due to a decrease in the release of transmitter. In
      spite of not possessing agonistic properties, alpha,beta-methylene ATP does
      interact with prejunctional purinoceptors as judged by the finding that the
      inhibitory effects of 2-chloroadenosine and beta,gamma-methylene ATP, but not
      those of the alpha-2 agonist clonidine, were antagonized by alpha,beta-methylene
      ATP. alpha,beta-Methylene ATP thus appears to be an antagonist at prejunctional
      purinoceptors (classified by us previously as P3-purinoceptors). alpha,beta
      Methylene ATP also appears to act as an antagonist against endogenously released
      adenine nucleosides and nucleotides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395120
TI  - Effects of retrograde flow on measured blood volume, Disse space, intracellular
      water space and drug extraction in the perfused rat liver: characterization by
      the multiple indicator dilution technique.
AB  - Previous rat liver perfusion studies had shown a preferential derecruitment of
      downstream (phenacetin O-de-ethylation) in relation to upstream (acetaminophen
      sulfation) hepatocyte activities with reductions in prograde (normal) flow, with
      substrates entering from the portal vein and exiting the hepatic vein. The
      reduction in metabolic activities was found associated with a reduction in
      accessible intracellular water space (Pang et al., J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm.
      16: 595, 1988). In the present studies, we investigated the changes in metabolic
      activities of the liver and its accessible spaces during retrograde flow
      (substrates entering from the hepatic vein and exiting the portal vein), an
      approach used to probe zonal heterogeneity in the liver. The multiple indicator
      dilution technique was used to gain information concerning the accessible
      sinusoidal blood volume, Disse space, and the intracellular water space; once
      through perfusion with tracer [3H]acetaminophen and [14C]phenacetin was performed
      simultaneously within the same liver, to estimate metabolic activities at the
      periportal and perihepatic venous regions of the liver, respectively, at the
      designated flows. The estimated sinusoidal blood volume, total albumin and
      sucrose distribution spaces, the Disse space and the accessible albumin and
      sucrose Disse spaces showed weak but positive correlations with retrograde
      perfusate flow rate. The values were substantially greater than those for rat
      livers perfused with normal (prograde) flows, suggesting an increase in the
      vascular space and accessible Disse space of the liver during retrograde flow.
      The total water and accessible intracellular water spaces also showed weak but
      positive correlations with retrograde perfusate flow, and the average
      intracellular water space (which is also accessed by the substrates) at both
      retrograde flows of 8 and 12 ml/min was 0.52 +/- 0.08 and 0.55 +/- 0.08 ml/g
      liver, respectively, values that were not statistically different. When the
      intracellular water space was plotted vs. water flow rate (ml water/g liver), a
      weakly positive correlation was again found, suggesting that over the flow range,
      the accessible intracellular water space decreased in a very gradual and linear
      fashion with a reduction in water flow rate. When the estimated intracellular
      water space for retrograde flow was compared with values obtained for the same
      flow rate in a prograde fashion, slightly lower values were obtained. After
      consideration of the effect of the distended vascular and interstitial spaces on
      the weights of the liver, the values obtained for retrograde and prograde flow
      rates were closely similar. In both cases, it appeared that with reduction in
      flow, the accessible intracellular water spaces were reduced, regardless of the
      flow direction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2395121
TI  - Buprenorphine and naltrexone effects on cocaine self-administration by rhesus
      monkeys.
AB  - The effects of daily treatment with buprenorphine (0.237-0.70 mg/kg/day),
      naltrexone (0.32-3.20 mg/kg/day) and saline on cocaine self-administration were
      compared in rhesus monkeys. Cocaine (0.05 or 0.10 mg/kg/injection) and food (1-g
      banana pellets) self-administration were maintained on a fixed-ratio 4 (variable
      ratio 16:S) schedule of reinforcement. Buprenorphine, naltrexone or an equal
      volume saline control solution were infused slowly over 1 hr through one lumen of
      a double lumen i.v. catheter at the same time each day. Saline and each dose of
      buprenorphine (0.237, 0.40 and 0.70 mg/kg/day) or naltrexone (0.32 and 3.20
      mg/kg/day) were studied for 60 sessions over 15 consecutive days. Buprenorphine
      significantly suppressed cocaine self-administration (P less than .001-.0001) in
      comparison to saline in all monkeys. Cocaine self-administration decreased by 49
      to 95% in five of six monkeys on the 1st day of buprenorphine administration
      (0.237 and 0.40 mg/kg/day) and remained suppressed by an average of 72 to 93%
      during buprenorphine treatment. After abrupt termination of buprenorphine
      treatment (0.237 and 0.70 mg/kg/day), cocaine self-administration remained
      suppressed for an average of 16 +/- 4.4 and 28 +/- 6.6 days, respectively.
      Buprenorphine (0.237 and 0.40 mg/kg/day) initially suppressed food self
      administration in some monkeys (P less than .01), but tolerance developed to
      buprenorphine's effects on food-maintained responding whereas cocaine self
      administration remained significantly suppressed. During treatment with 0.70
      mg/kg/day of buprenorphine, food self-administration returned to or significantly
      exceeded (P less than .01) base-line levels in three animals. Daily patterns of
      food self-administration were not disrupted by buprenorphine treatment.
      Naltrexone (0.32 mg/kg/day) initially suppressed cocaine self-administration by
      an average of 28% over 15 days (P less than .0009). During high-dose naltrexone
      treatment (3.20 mg/kg/day), cocaine-maintained responding was suppressed by 25%
      over 15 days (P less than .01). Cocaine-maintained responding was not
      significantly changed by naltrexone in one of the five subjects. Food self
      administration decreased by 24% (P less than .05) after 5 days of 0.32 mg/kg of
      naltrexone administration, then exceeded baseline levels during 3.20 mg/kg of
      naltrexone administration. These data suggest that buprenorphine decreases
      cocaine's reinforcing properties more effectively than naltrexone across the dose
      range studied. Buprenorphine may be an effective pharmacotherapy for treatment of
      cocaine abuse as well as dual abuse of cocaine plus heroin.

PMID- 2395122
TI  - EM-523, an erythromycin derivative, and motilin show similar contractile activity
      in isolated rabbit intestine.
AB  - The effect of EM-523 [de(N-methyl)-N-ethyl-8,9-anhydroerythromycin A 6,9
      hemiacetal], an erythromycin derivative, on preparations of isolated intestine of
      rabbits, rats and guinea pigs was investigated and compared to the effects of
      motilin and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha). EM-523 and motilin induced
      contractions in the rabbit intestinal preparations but not in the rat or guinea
      pig preparations. In contrast, PGF2 alpha induced contractions in all three
      intestinal preparations. The rabbit duodenum and jejunum were more sensitive than
      the ileum to EM-523 and motilin, but no selectivity was observed with PGF2 alpha.
      The contractile responses induced by EM-523 and by motilin were not influenced by
      pretreatment with tetrodotoxin, atropine, naloxone or mepyramine but were greatly
      suppressed by pretreatment with verapamil or removal of calcium ions from the
      medium, suggesting that both agents induce intestinal contractions by acting
      directly on smooth muscle and that their actions depend largely on extracellular
      calcium. The contractile response to EM-523 or motilin was reduced markedly after
      treatment of the preparation with a high concentration of either agent, and cross
      tachyphylaxis between EM-523 and motilin was also observed. These findings
      indicate that the contractile activity of EM-523 is very similar to that of
      motilin and that EM-523 and motilin may share the same site of action.

PMID- 2395123
TI  - Effects of morphine on the renal handling of sodium and lithium in conscious
      rats.
AB  - The present study was carried out in order to assess the renal response to i.v.
      morphine in the rat, particularly the effects on tubular handling of sodium and
      lithium. Rats were prepared surgically with arterial and venous catheters and
      bladder cannulas. Clearance experiments and measurements of blood pressure and
      heart rate were carried out at least 4 days after surgery in unanesthetized
      animals. Intravenous administration of morphine (4 mg/kg b.wt.) caused a decrease
      in fractional sodium excretion, (at 90 min after injection, vehicle, 2.49 +/-
      0.30% vs. morphine, 1.12 +/- 0.17%, P less than .05), in the absence of
      significant changes in systemic hemodynamics or glomerular filtration rate. This
      effect was prevented by pretreatment with naloxone. Enhanced proximal tubular
      reabsorption of sodium was considered as a possible explanation for the decrease
      in sodium excretion which followed morphine administration. Proximal tubular
      fluid reabsorption was estimated utilizing the lithium clearance method. Results
      indicated a reduction in fractional excretion of lithium by morphine
      administration (at 90 min, vehicle, 34.2 +/- 3.3% vs. morphine, 18.8 +/- 2.3%, P
      less than .05), which was also prevented by naloxone pretreatment. It is
      concluded that, under the present experimental conditions, morphine enhances
      tubular reabsorption of sodium by an opiate receptor-dependent mechanism and that
      this effect is, at least in part, localized in the proximal tubule.

PMID- 2395124
TI  - Effects of uninephrectomy and mercuric chloride on renal glutathione homeostasis.
AB  - The effects of uninephrectomy and i.v. injections of inorganic Hg on renal
      glutathione(GSH) homeostasis were studied in rats. Compensatory renal growth
      occurred in all uninephrectomized (NPX) rats 12 days after surgery. The weights
      of, and the amounts of total protein in, the remnant left kidneys from the NPX
      rats were significantly greater than those of the corresponding left kidneys from
      sham-operated (SHAM) rats. The concentration of GSH in samples of whole kidney,
      cortex and outer stripe of the outer medulla increased after uninephrectomy, with
      the most striking changes occurring in the outer stripe of the outer medulla. The
      concentration of GSH in all samples from the SHAM and NPX rats was greater after
      the administration of a low, nontoxic dose of HgCl2 (0.5-mumol/kg). As with
      uninephrectomy alone, the increases due to inorganic Hg in both SHAM and NPX rats
      were greatest in the outer stripe of the outer medulla. The concentration of GSH
      increased further with a higher, toxic dose of HgCl2 (2.0-mumol/kg). Increasing
      the dose of HgCl2 to 3.0-mumol/kg resulted in more severe damage to the kidneys
      of all rats and in decreased concentration of renal GSH. The concentration of Hg
      under the same conditions as above was also measured, and closely paralleled that
      of GSH, with the greatest differences occurring in the outer stripe of the outer
      medulla. To explain these results, we hypothesize that both during compensatory
      renal growth and after administration of low, nontoxic to mildly toxic doses of
      Hg, GSH synthesis is induced. At higher, more toxic doses of Hg, GSH depletion
      becomes more prominent.

PMID- 2395125
TI  - Protective effect of BN 50739, a new platelet-activating factor antagonist, in
      endotoxin-treated rabbits.
AB  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF) has been demonstrated in the circulation and
      organs of animals exposed to gram negative endotoxins, whereas PAF antagonists
      have been shown to exhibit some efficacy in modifying the course of endotoxemia.
      In this study we evaluated BN 50739, a novel specific PAF antagonist, for its
      capacity to block PAF or lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS)-mediated effects in
      rabbits. Pretreatment with BN 50739 (3 and 10 mg/kg i.p.) inhibited PAF (500
      pmol/kg i.v.)-induced thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and plasma thromboxane B2
      elevation in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect lasted 3.5 to 4.5 hr.
      BN 50739 (10 mg/kg) prevented the early phase of LPS (50 micrograms/kg i.v.)
      induced thrombocytopenia and thromboxane B2 elevation, and reduced the 24-hr
      mortality rate from 75 to 22% (P less than .05). Post-treatment with BN 50739
      increased the 10-hr survival rate from 33 to 87% (P less than .05); however, it
      had no effect on the 24-hr mortality. BN 50739 did not affect LPS-induced
      leukopenia or the elevation in plasma tumor necrosis factor. Our data support
      possible therapeutic efficacy of PAF antagonists in septic shock despite their
      inability to prevent the generation of tumor necrosis factor.

PMID- 2395126
TI  - Renal responses and pharmacokinetics of piretanide in humans: effect of route of
      administration, state of hydration and probenecid pretreatment.
AB  - The influence of route of administration, state of hydration and transport
      inhibitor probenecid on the renal responses of a loop diuretic, piretanide, were
      investigated in 14 healthy volunteers. Maximally achieved plasma concentrations
      after i.v. and oral piretanide were higher in the nonhydrated state [+54% (i.v.);
      + 68% (oral)], accompanied by significant decreases in mean residence time, renal
      clearance and fraction of unchanged drug excreted with nonsignificant decreases
      in t1/2, steady-state volume of distribution and total clearance when compared
      with the hydrated state. Relative differences between the two hydrated states in
      maximal plasma concentrations of piretanide remained after probenecid [+26%
      (i.v.); +55% (oral)] but changes in kinetic parameters did not. Pretreatment with
      probenecid produced significant increases in absolute peak and plasma diuretic
      concentrations, t1/2 and mean residence time while decreasing steady-state volume
      of distribution, total clearance, renal clearance and fraction of unchanged drug
      excreted without affecting the bioavailability of piretanide. Urinary drug
      recovery was greater after i.v. than after oral piretanide, the recovery being
      consistently lower in nonhydrated state [iv: 2.78 (nonhydrated) versus 3.41 mg/24
      h (hydrated); oral: 1.93 (nonhydrated) versus 2.76 mg/24 h (hydrated)].
      Probenecid pretreatment reduced the overall urinary recovery of piretanide
      without altering the i.v./oral differences. Excretion of sodium paralleled
      piretanide excretion throughout the study except after i.v. dosing in the
      nonhydrated state where changes in drug excretion after probenecid (2.55 versus
      1.63 mg/6 h) failed to influence sodium output (167 versus 152 mmol/6 h). These
      results demonstrate the importance of route of administration and state of
      hydration in determining the pharmacocological response of loop diuretics within
      the kidney.

PMID- 2395127
TI  - Rational approach to therapy in splenic abscess.
AB  - Intrasplenic abscess is an uncommon but potentially lethal condition. Seven cases
      of splenic abscess were seen between 1985 and 1988. There are no specific
      clinical findings; symptoms and signs of fever, abdominal pain and tenderness
      were present in all seven cases but were only helpful in diagnosing splenic
      abscess in three cases. Computed tomographic scanning probably at present offers
      the most direct way of evaluating the spleen and making an early diagnosis.
      Splenectomy was done in three cases and antibiotics were used in four cases with
      equally successful results. Contrary to the prevalent opinion, we believe that
      medical management is an important addition to the surgeon's armamentarium and
      offers a viable alternative in selected cases of splenic abscess. A successful
      outcome is dependent on a high degree of clinical alertness, an aggressive
      diagnostic approach and prompt effective treatment.

PMID- 2395128
TI  - Arterial reconstruction for upper limb ischaemia: an alternative technique.
AB  - Reconstructive arterial surgery for upper limb ischaemia has been performed since
      the early 1950s. The commonest site of occlusion is in the subclavian artery for
      which the widely preferred surgical reconstruction is the carotid-subclavian
      bypass graft. We present a series of eight cases of subclavian artery occlusion
      for which direct subclavian to carotid anastomosis was performed yielding results
      comparable with carotid-subclavian bypass.

PMID- 2395129
TI  - Long-term results after Nissen fundoplication: a 5-15-year review.
AB  - In a study of 154 consecutive patients who had a Nissen fundoplication performed
      by 12 surgeons over a 10-year period, 117 (76%) were available for review of
      symptoms 5-15 years after the procedure. Heartburn, the most common presenting
      symptom, was abolished in 85.5% and epigastric pain in 84.6% of patients. Fifteen
      patients (12.8%) considered the operation a failure because of dysphagia (17%),
      bloating (17%), pain (13%), heartburn (13%) or diarrhoea (6%). Comparison of
      possible risk factors between successes and failures showed no difference between
      these two groups in terms of age, sex, rank of surgeon, smoking, or accompanying
      crural repair. Prior response to H2-receptor antagonists did not influence
      outcome. Nissen fundoplication is successful in some 85% of patients over a
      period of 5-15 years after operation.

PMID- 2395130
TI  - Gastric polyps: the case for polypectomy and endoscopic surveillance.
AB  - Thirty-two patients with gastric polyps and a mean follow-up period of 18 months
      were analysed. The principal presentation was epigastric pain accompanied at
      times by haematemesis or melaena. As in other series, the hyperplastic polyps (21
      cases) predominated, followed by the adenomatous type (six patients). Endoscopy
      was an effective first-line investigative method for 21 patients and for a
      further five who had initial false negative barium studies. Gastric polypectomy
      was performed for 60% of patients without any complications. There was
      discrepancy between the biopsy material and polypectomy specimen in five of seven
      patients who were recalled for snaring. Although no polyp in this series turned
      malignant, one diffuse polyposis patient developed linitis plastica after 4.5
      years of follow-up. Hence, for reasons of recurrence, new polypoid growths and
      development of gastric cancer, long-term surveillance is indicated.

PMID- 2395131
TI  - Hartmann's procedure for carcinoma of rectum and distal sigmoid colon: 5-year
      audit.
AB  - During a 5-year period, 32 patients with colorectal carcinoma underwent a
      Hartmann procedure. Twenty operations were performed as emergencies for
      obstruction or peritonitis, and 12 for the elective treatment of colorectal
      malignancies. Of 22 surviving patients with potentially curable resections, 17
      had restoration of colorectal continuity without complication. Five patients
      refused this option. Of the nine palliative procedures, seven patients developed
      a pelvic recurrence, one developed metastatic disease, and the remaining patient
      died after surgery. The median hospital stay was 17 days (range 8-48 days). There
      were two postoperative deaths (6%), both from pulmonary emboli. Thrombotic events
      occurred in three further patients, and wound sepsis in four. Other complications
      inherent to this procedure were individual cases of pelvic sepsis, anastomotic
      stricture, and a failed initial attempt at 'reversal'. These findings confirm
      that this operation is safe and effective in dealing with rectal and distal
      sigmoid colon malignancies with potential for local recurrence, and in those
      presenting as an emergency with obstruction or peritonitis, particularly when the
      operator is a surgical trainee.

PMID- 2395132
TI  - Bowel preparation or not for elective colorectal surgery.
AB  - The importance of bowel preparation in elective colorectal surgery has often been
      stressed. We have surveyed the current practice of bowel preparation and
      chemoprophylaxis amongst surgeons in Wales and the south-west of England. From
      this we identified one surgeon who used no preoperative preparation and his
      results are reported in detail. One hundred consecutive colorectal cases were
      studied from one surgeon (J.M.P-T.). There was a 7% incidence of wound infection
      and one anastomosis leaked. None of these patients had mechanical bowel
      preparation but all had antibiotic chemoprophylaxis. Mechanical bowel preparation
      is usual in the UK. These results demonstrate that its importance as a factor in
      wound infection and anastomotic dehiscence may be overstated.

PMID- 2395133
TI  - Carotid body tumours: report of six cases and a review of management.
AB  - We have treated six patients with carotid body tumours in the period from 1972 to
      1988. All patients had a neck mass on presentation. In addition one patient
      complained of tinnitus and another was noted to have Horner's syndrome. The
      diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasound and angiography in all cases. Five patients
      subsequently underwent successful surgical resection. At the time of surgery one
      of the tumours was found to be locally invasive. One elderly patient was deemed
      unfit for surgery and was managed non-surgically with a satisfactory outcome. A
      review of the literature reveals that surgery is still the preferred mode of
      treatment although preoperative embolization may be a useful adjunct. Although
      the incidence of peroperative stroke has gradually been reduced from that found
      in earlier series, injury to the cranial nerves remains high and is the main
      hazard of surgical management. The improved results of surgical resection in more
      recent reports support the view that these tumours should be treated in units
      with expertise in vascular surgery of the neck.

PMID- 2395134
TI  - Cosmetic results of early breast carcinoma treated with wide local excision,
      external beam radiotherapy and iridium-192 boost.
AB  - Cosmetic results of 80 patients with axillary lymph node negative or unknown T1
      and T2 carcinoma of the breast who were treated with wide local excision,
      external beam radiotherapy and iridium-192 boost, were evaluated by the patient
      and the radiotherapist at 18-36 months. Their overall cosmetic results were
      assessed as good, very good or excellent by 80% of the patients. The
      radiotherapist's assessment was similar but in general the patients score was
      more favourable. After a follow-up of 24-72 months recurrence was found in only
      one patient at 40 months. This approach offers good cosmesis with low local
      recurrence rates in early breast carcinoma patients with negative axillary lymph
      nodes.

PMID- 2395135
TI  - Cystic hygroma in Saudi Arabian children.
AB  - Seven cases of cystic hygroma in Saudi Arabian children were treated in King
      Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh between 1984 and 1987. One newborn child had
      bilateral giant cystic hygroma. Investigation included ultrasound and computed
      tomographic scan. All patients but one underwent single or multiple surgical
      procedures for excision of the cystic hygroma.

PMID- 2395136
TI  - Omental and mesenteric cysts in Nigerian children.
AB  - Omental and mesenteric cysts are rare intra-abdominal lesions which may be
      congenital, traumatic, neoplastic or infectious in origin. They give rise to non
      specific clinical features and may be a cause of the surgical acute abdomen,
      especially in children. Correct preoperative diagnosis is infrequent but a high
      index of suspicion and use of ultrasonography when available would improve
      clinical diagnosis. Six omental and mesenteric cysts encountered in five children
      over a 10-year period (1978-87) are reported. All the cysts were congenital.
      Three patients presented with non-specific symptoms and two presented with acute
      abdomen. Correct preoperative diagnosis was made in two patients. All five
      patients had surgery. Two had enucleation of the cysts, two had excision of the
      cysts with adjacent bowel segment and one patient with two cysts had partial
      excision of the wall of the cysts with free internal drainage into the peritoneal
      cavity. All patients survived.

PMID- 2395137
TI  - Spontaneous arteriovenous fistula between the common iliac vessels secondary to
      aneurysmal disease.

PMID- 2395138
TI  - False positive diagnosis of intussusception in the older child by contrast enema.

PMID- 2395139
TI  - Knotted ureteric stent: an unusual urological complication.

PMID- 2395140
TI  - Full-thickness skin grafts: fat removal simplified.

PMID- 2395141
TI  - A circumcision template.

PMID- 2395142
TI  - Plasmacytoma of the patella.

PMID- 2395143
TI  - A new right-angled spinal retractor.

PMID- 2395144
TI  - Attitudes of parents and paediatricians to a baby's death.

PMID- 2395145
TI  - Policing a violent society.

PMID- 2395146
TI  - Role of computed tomography in the evaluation of suspected sacroiliac joint
      disease.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) was compared with plain radiography in 41 examinations
      of selected patients with a clinical history suggestive of sacroiliac joint
      disease. The obliquity of the sacroiliac joints renders radiographic
      interpretation difficult. In the 41 cases who were examined with standard
      anteroposterior and posteroanterior radiographs of the sacroiliac joints, four
      were normal, eight abnormal and 29 were equivocal. Equivocal findings included
      indistinct and possibly irregular articular margins to the joints and
      subarticular sclerosis. Of the 29 equivocal studies, nine were normal on CT and
      20 were abnormal. CT demonstrated definite changes of sacroiliac joint disease in
      29 of the 41 examinations, 16 of which were sacroiliitis and 13 osteoarthritis.
      With plain radiography four of the eight abnormal studies were consistent with
      sacroiliitis, and four with osteoarthritis. It is concluded that CT is more
      sensitive than plain radiography in the evaluation of sacroiliac joint disease,
      and is especially valuable when there are equivocal plain radiographs.

PMID- 2395147
TI  - Are we getting informed consent from patients with cancer?
AB  - We developed a consent form for a hypothetical trial and asked patients to
      underline information that was pertinent to their decision to accept or refuse to
      participate in the proposed trial. We also investigated whether patients
      correctly interpreted statements describing the probability of certain events
      occurring. Of the 50 patients, 74% did not indicate that both risks and benefits
      were pertinent. Of the 20 patients who would not enter the trial, 70% focused on
      risks of therapy only. In contrast, of the 30 who agreed to enter, only 33%
      focused entirely on risks, while 10% did not note potential for either benefit or
      risk. For each of four probability statements, patients chose one of four
      possible interpretations, only one of which was correct. Depending on the
      statement, between 26 and 54% of the interpretations were incorrect. It appears
      that many decisions regarding trial entry may be based upon incomplete or
      incorrect information.

PMID- 2395148
TI  - Interface between research and clinical practice in child psychiatry--some
      personal reflections: discussion paper.

PMID- 2395149
TI  - Psychological problems of patients with cleft lip and palate: discussion paper.

PMID- 2395150
TI  - Spontaneous rupture of renal artery aneurysm.

PMID- 2395151
TI  - Presentation of malignant pleural mesothelioma with cerebral metastases.

PMID- 2395152
TI  - Osteomyelitis of the talus in childhood due to Haemophilus influenzae.

PMID- 2395153
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 2395154
TI  - Coloproctology teaching day in Colchester.

PMID- 2395155
TI  - Italian psychiatric care.

PMID- 2395156
TI  - Postviral syndrome.

PMID- 2395157
TI  - Prolonged prothrombin time with warfarin.

PMID- 2395158
TI  - Genetic heterogeneity in tuberous sclerosis: phenotypic correlations.
AB  - There is increasing evidence for genetic heterogeneity in tuberous sclerosis
      (TSC) on the basis of linkage analysis in affected kindreds. We have performed a
      detailed assessment of an affected South African family in which there is no
      evidence of linkage to chromosome 9 markers. The affected persons have atypical
      clinical features, namely prominent nuchal skin tags, a confetti pattern of
      hypopigmentation of the skin of the lower legs, and absence of ungual fibromata.
      Further investigation of these unusual phenotypic features is warranted in order
      to determine whether these lesions are consistently present in families in whom
      the gene for TSC is not on 9q34. We conclude that confetti depigmentation and
      nuchal skin tags may be clinical pointers to an alternative locus for TSC.

PMID- 2395159
TI  - Possible genetic heterogeneity in X linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.
AB  - Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia has been mapped to Xq11-q13 by linkage studies
      and by a translocation in a manifesting female. We report a family with
      hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in which the disease did not segregate with
      this region of the X chromosome as expected. Ten DNA probes which are localised
      between Xp11 and Xq22 were used in the investigation. The difficulties in
      diagnosing the carrier state in this condition and the possibility of non-allelic
      heterogeneity are discussed.

PMID- 2395160
TI  - Prenatal identification of a girl with a t(X;4)(p21;q35) translocation: molecular
      characterisation, paternal origin, and association with muscular dystrophy.
AB  - There are 23 females known with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD or
      BMD) who have X;autosome translocations that disrupt the X chromosome within band
      p21. A female with a t(X;4)(p21;q35) translocation was identified prenatally at
      routine amniocentesis. At birth, she was found to have a raised CK level,
      consistent with a diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Her cells were fused
      with mouse RAG cells and the translocated chromosomes were separated from one
      another and from the normal X chromosome by segregation in the resulting somatic
      cell hybrids. Southern blot analysis of the hybrids indicated that the
      translocation occurred on the X chromosome between genomic probes GMGX11 and J
      66, both of which lie within the DMD gene. Further localisation with a
      subfragment of the DMD cDNA clone placed the translocation breakpoint in an
      intron towards the middle of the gene, confirming that the de novo translocation
      disrupted the DMD gene. RFLP analysis of the patient, her parents, and the hybrid
      cell lines showed that the translocation originated in the paternal genome. This
      brings to six out of six the number of DMD gene translocations of paternal
      origin, a fact that may be an important clue in future studies of the mechanism
      by which X;autosome translocations arise.

PMID- 2395161
TI  - No evidence for genetic linkage of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome on chromosomes
      7 and 18.
AB  - Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a heritable neuropsychiatric disorder. In order
      to determine the chromosomal localisation of the locus involved, genetic linkage
      studies were initiated in six extended families. The Gilles de la Tourette gene
      has been tentatively assigned to chromosome 18q22.1. In our present study no
      evidence for genetic linkage on chromosome 18 and chromosome 7 was obtained. Data
      from the markers tested made it possible to exclude the whole of chromosome 18
      and the chromosome 7q21.3-qter region as a site for the Gilles de la Tourette
      gene.

PMID- 2395162
TI  - Chromosomal radiosensitivity of lymphocytes from Alzheimer's disease patients.
AB  - We have examined chromosome aberrations in gamma irradiated (3 Gy) lymphocytes
      from five patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In each case, the number of
      dicentrics was significantly higher than the number in irradiated lymphocytes
      from five age matched normal subjects, the mean value for AD cells being about
      25% higher. There was no significant difference in number of acentrics between AD
      and normal cells. Examination of the number of first, second, and third division
      metaphases, using fluorescence plus Giemsa staining, indicated that there was no
      difference in cycling time between AD and normal cells, and that after
      irradiation both groups showed the same mitotic delay. The similarity of our
      findings to those of others with irradiated Down's syndrome cells (from adult
      patients) is discussed.

PMID- 2395163
TI  - Cancer family syndrome: cytogenetic investigations, in vitro tetraploidy, and
      biomarker studies in a large family.
AB  - Fifty-five members of a family with the cancer family syndrome (CFS) were
      investigated for the following potential biomarkers for cancer proneness: (1)
      cytogenetics of peripheral blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts; (2) in vitro
      tetraploidy of dermal fibroblast monolayer cultures; (3) quantitative serum
      immunoglobulin determinations; (4) study of genetic linkage with respect to eight
      blood group markers including Kidd. Biological specimens were obtained from 14
      patients affected with cancer, 21 subjects at risk, and 20 healthy subjects. None
      of the markers tested in this family, in order to identify a biomarker for the
      status of CFS gene carrier, was found to be useful. Our search for linkage to
      other biological markers (DNA RFLPs and NK cells) is in progress.

PMID- 2395165
TI  - The Townes-Brocks syndrome.

PMID- 2395164
TI  - Mitochondrial genome: defects, disease, and evolution.
AB  - Defects of mitochondrial function are often caused by defects of the
      mitochondrial genome. The hypothesis that defective organelles may spread through
      syncytial tissues as a result of a process of subcellular Darwinian selection is
      proposed. Tissues are likely to be involved in mitochondrial disease if they are
      syncytial, are derived from a few embryonic cells only, have little redundancy of
      function, and are subject to repeated metabolic stress. These effects, together
      with the random distribution of genetically heterogeneous mitochondria within the
      fertilised zygote, may account for the varied clinical pictures of mitochondrial
      disease. Evolution will have favoured the shift of mitochondrial DNA sequences to
      the nucleus, once the differentiation of tissues had created body compartments in
      which defective mitochondria could flourish to the detriment of the organism.
      This model of mitochondrial disease allows the generation of several predictions,
      testable using currently available laboratory techniques. Avenues of potential
      therapeutic value are indicated, including the avoidance of hypoglycaemia and the
      use of selective mitochondrial toxins.

PMID- 2395166
TI  - Ring chromosome 7 in a man with multiple congenital anomalies and mental
      retardation.
AB  - A 39 year old male with multiple dysmorphic features was found to have an
      unstable ring chromosome 7. Clinical findings are presented and compared with the
      other five reported cases of ring chromosome 7. The main characteristics found in
      patients with this chromosome constitution are prenatal onset growth deficiency,
      bone anomalies, pigmentary or vascular skin changes, and ocular and genital
      anomalies.

PMID- 2395167
TI  - Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. II: A disorder of the fetal adrenals?
AB  - Two cases of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome type II are presented. During the late
      stages of both pregnancies maternal oestriol levels were unrecordable and there
      was evidence of suppression of maternal adrenal function. We speculate on the
      existence of a primary defect in the fetal adrenals.

PMID- 2395169
TI  - Towards light microscopic imaging of hydrated 'native' ribosomal RNA genes. A
      combined video microscopic and transmission electron microscopic analysis.
AB  - Investigations of the higher-order structure of 'native' genes as well as
      antibody localization to defined gene chromatin areas require elaborate light
      microscopic imaging of the chromatin structure of interest, such as visualization
      of unfixed and unstained gene transcription units. Since all our present
      structural information on the, relatively, small nucleolar rRNA genes has been
      obtained using transmission electron microscopy of spread genes following
      fixation, staining and complete dehydration, this type of EM specimen was our
      first specimen for LM imaging. Using Normarksi differential interference contrast
      video microscopy, it was found that spread EM chromatin can be sufficiently
      visualized by light microscopy to allow precise correlation with the conventional
      TEM image. In addition, it is demonstrated that video-enhanced LM can provide
      enough contrast enhancement for rapid visualization of spread 'native' rRNA genes
      in slightly fixed, fully hydrated, unstained gene chromatin.

PMID- 2395168
TI  - Microspherophakia-metaphyseal dysplasia: a 'new' dominantly inherited bone
      dysplasia with severe eye involvement.
AB  - We report a father and son affected by a hitherto unpublished bone dysplasia with
      moderately severe dwarfism. On initial radiographs, thickening of the diaphyses
      of the long bones was striking. The small bones of the extremities were almost
      unaffected. With age, the metaphyseal deformation became more prominent. The
      epiphyses became irregular and their growth was delayed (particularly the femoral
      heads). The femoral neck showed an unusual 'lip' on the inner edge. Later, the
      stubby appearance of the long bones faded and, in adulthood, only enlarged
      metaphyses and deformed femoral necks persisted. The vertebrae showed moderate
      deformation with irregular flattening, and narrowing of the spinal canal with a
      shortened interpedicular distance. The eye defects consisted of high grade
      myopia, microspherophakia, lens coloboma, lens luxation, and retinal detachment.
      The name 'microspherophakia-metaphyseal dysplasia' is suggested for this probably
      autosomal dominant bone dysplasia.

PMID- 2395170
TI  - Fine structure of unstained human chromosome fibres dried with no fixative as
      observed by X-ray contact microscopy.
AB  - X-ray contact microscopy was used to examine unstained human chromosomes dried
      without any fixative. This is the first report of the observation of single human
      chromosome fibres at high resolution without any modification(s) such as staining
      or fixation. The 'beads-on-a-string' structure was observed in stretched portions
      of chromosome fibres. The diameters of the thin filaments and small particles
      were 7-15 nm (mean +/- SD of 12.2 +/- 2.1 nm) and 16-69 nm (31.4 +/- 13.2 nm),
      respectively. These sizes correspond to those of fibres composed of nucleosomes
      (10-15 nm in diameter) and particle units (15-50 nm in diameter) called
      superbeads (unit structures composed of a multiple association of nucleosomes).
      These results are in good agreement with the current nucleosome and superbead
      model for chromosome fibre structure.

PMID- 2395171
TI  - Cooling rate and ice-crystal measurement in biological specimens plunged into
      liquid ethane, propane, and Freon 22.
AB  - Specimens sandwiched between copper planchettes were plunged up to a depth of 430
      mm into coolants used for cryofixation. Hydrated gelatin containing a miniature
      thermocouple was used to mimic the behaviour of tissue during freezing. Gelatin
      and red blood cells were used for ice-crystal analysis. Ethane produced the
      fastest cooling rates and the smallest ice-crystal profiles, and Freon 22
      produced the slowest cooling rates and the largest crystal profiles. Smaller
      crystal profiles were often seen in the centre of the specimens than in
      subsurface zones. The results show that ethane, rather than propane, should be
      used for freezing metal-sandwiched freeze-fracture specimens by the plunging
      method, and probably also in the jet-cooling method. They further suggest that
      good cryofixation could occur at the centre of thin specimens rather than only at
      their surfaces. Comparison between theoretical and experimental ice-crystal sizes
      was satisfactory, indicating that where the experimental parameters can be
      defined then realistic predictions can be made regarding cryofixation results.

PMID- 2395172
TI  - Surgery in HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibody positive patients.

PMID- 2395173
TI  - Cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2395174
TI  - Sexual and social invitations.

PMID- 2395175
TI  - Treatment compliance and hostility levels of head-injured psychiatric
      outpatients.
AB  - Twenty-eight head-injured psychiatrically ill patients were compared in terms of
      compliance with psychiatric treatment and hostility levels to a matched control
      group of 28 non-head-injured psychiatrically ill patients attending a community
      mental health clinic. Results indicated that the two groups did not differ in
      treatment compliance. However, the head-injured group had significantly less
      rapport with their therapists. Hostility measures revealed that male head-injured
      patients scored significantly higher on the assaultive scale; and the severity of
      the head injury correlated positively with levels of hostility and with reported
      problems at school.

PMID- 2395176
TI  - Potassium efflux: a simple method to determine intactness of erythrocytes.
AB  - This article describes a simpler approach to checking the integrity of
      erythrocyte membrane and internal milieu of the human erythrocyte. Potassium (K+)
      and hemoglobin (Hb) effluxes were studied in erythrocytes incubated with buffer G
      (pH 7.4) at varying time intervals and temperatures. Potassium in the supernatant
      was measured by direct ion selective electrode method and Hb by cell counter
      following incubation for 0 to 3 hours at 4 degrees to 55 degrees C. Basal
      adenosine triphosphate levels were also determined during varying time intervals
      at 37 degrees, 50 degrees, and 55 degrees C. At 4 degrees, 25 degrees, and 37
      degrees C, insignificant (P greater than .05) amounts of K+ and Hb were released;
      amounts were significantly higher (P less than .0005) after 2 hours of incubation
      at 45 degrees for K+ and 50 degrees C for Hb. After 30 minutes at 55 degrees C,
      maximum K+ and Hb concentrations were found in the supernatant; concentrations
      remained the same up to 3 hours. Basal levels of adenosine triphosphate in the
      erythrocytes decreased significantly with time at higher temperatures. We
      conclude that K+ efflux, being more sensitive than Hb and more erythrocyte
      concentration-dependent, can be used as an effective method to confirm the
      intactness or viability of red blood cells.

PMID- 2395177
TI  - Body fat distribution patterns and blood pressure in black and white women.
AB  - The prevalence of obesity and being overweight and the distribution of body fat
      in relation to blood pressure were assessed in a college population of 181 black
      and white US women and 124 black Nigerian women. The mean ages ranged from 18.6
      to 22.4 years. Twenty-nine percent of black US women were overweight and 12.9%
      were obese; whereas 13.6% of white US women were overweight and 2.3% were obese.
      Only 18.6% of Nigerians were overweight and 1.6% were obese. More upper body fat
      was found among the black US women and Nigerians than among white US women. There
      was no significant correlation between body fat distribution and blood pressure
      among Nigerians. In general, among US blacks and whites, there were positive
      associations among body mass index, waist-hip girth measurements, and blood
      pressure, particularly for systolic blood pressure.

PMID- 2395178
TI  - Flow cytometry: past, present, and future.

PMID- 2395179
TI  - Nephrocutaneous fistula.
AB  - The author presents a case of spontaneous nephrocutaneous fistula associated with
      a complete staghorn calculus in a nonfunctioning kidney. A renal scan, an
      intravenous pyelogram, and a right retrograde pyelogram confirmed the need for a
      nephrectomy. The procedure and results are described here.

PMID- 2395180
TI  - [Fifty-two-week oral chronic toxicity study of propiverine hydrochloride in
      rats].
AB  - An oral chronic toxicity study of propiverine hydrochloride (P-4), a new anti
      pollakiuria agent, was carried out at dose levels of 0 (control), 0.5, 5 and 50
      mg/kg/day using male and female rats. They were treated for 52 weeks, followed by
      5 weeks recovery period. The results obtained from the present study were as
      follows. 1. There were no deaths related to P-4. Mydriasis, transitory salivation
      were observed in both sexes receiving 50 mg/kg/day, and soil of the abdomen was
      also noted in females receiving 50 mg/kg/day. 2. Body weight gain was suppressed
      from initiation of administration in both sexes receiving 50 mg/kg/day. 3. There
      were no significant or remarkable changes in food consumption, hematology and
      ophthalmology. 4. Urinary findings in animals receiving 50 mg/kg/day showed
      increases of urine and potassium excretion volumes and decrease of urine osmotic
      pressure in both sexes, negativity of urine protein and decrease of urobilinogen
      value in females. 5. Biochemical findings in animals receiving 50 mg/kg/day
      showed increase of urea-nitrogen (Urea N) in both sexes and decrease of
      triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T. cho), free cholesterol (F. cho), non
      esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and phospholipid (PL) in males. 6. The absolute
      and/or relative weights of the liver increased in animals receiving 50 mg/kg/day.
      Histopathological examination in animals receiving 50 mg/kg/day revealed
      intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions and cytoplasmic eosinophilic substance in
      renal proximal tubular epithelium and midzonal lipid droplets in liver.
      Histochemical examination in animals receiving 50 mg/kg/day revealed the slight
      increase of gamma-GTP positive area in peripheral zone of liver. Electron
      microscopic examination in animals receiving 50 mg/kg/day revealed intranuclear
      and intracellular large and homogeneous spherical-like structure with low
      electron density in renal proximal tubular epithelium, and slight hyperplasia of
      smooth endoplasmic reticulum with dilatation of cisternae and deposition of large
      lipid droplets in hepatocytes, but there was no difference of VLDL and its
      distributions in hepatocytes among groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2395181
TI  - Loss of viability after disulfiram treatment without preceding depletion of
      intracellular GSH.
AB  - Effects of disulfiram (DSF) on freshly isolated hepatocytes were examined. Its
      effects on the cellular reduced form of glutathione (GSH) were triphasic; GSH
      decreased instantly after the addition of DSF, returned to subnormal levels
      within 30 min, and then declined gradually. The initial decrease in GSH after DSF
      treatment and the subsequent recovery of GSH were accompanied by an increase and
      decrease in the oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG), respectively. Decreases in
      cell viability brought about by 0.4 mM of DSF were correlated with the later
      gradual decrease in GSH. The loss of viability by DSF treatment seemed to appear
      when the initial GSH levels became lower than approximately 5 nmole/10(6) cells.
      Hepatocyte toxicity of DSF was potentiated by diethylmaleate (GSH depletor) and
      inhibited by N-acetylcysteine (GSH biosynthesis precursor). 1,3-bis(2
      chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), an inhibitor of GSH reductase, inhibited the
      GSH recovery and potentiated the toxicity. Respiration of hepatocytes was also
      inhibited by DSF. Free sulfhydryl groups other than GSH showed similar changes to
      those of GSH. From these results, it seemed that DSF reacted with cellular GSH
      and other free sulfhydryl groups to form diethyldithiocarbamate and GSSG, GSSG
      was reduced back to GSH by glutathione reductase, and the decrease in the
      viability was dependent on the initial loss of GSH.

PMID- 2395182
TI  - Potentiation of carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity by thinner
      inhalation.
AB  - The interaction of thinner and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity
      was studied in the rats using the activity of plasma GOT and GPT, liver
      triglyceride and histopathologic changes of liver necrosis as indices. The
      animals were housed in a chamber with the continuous flow of thinner vapour (1.11
      g/litre/hr) for 2 hrs prior to i.p. administration of CCl4 (0.1 ml/kg BW) at 18
      hrs after thinner inhalation. Thinner inhalation potentiated CCl4 induced
      hepatotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The maximal enhanced effect was
      observed at 24 hrs after CCl4 administration by which the activities of PGOT and
      PGPT were significantly increased (3 folds). Thinner itself caused an additive
      effect on CCl4 induced liver triglyceride accumulation. At 18 hrs after thinner
      inhalation, the activity of NADPH cytochrome C reductase was markedly increased
      (2.2 folds) but no change in the activity of aminopyrine N-demethylase which was
      able to increase the 14.CCl3 free radicals and binding to both the hepatic
      microsomal proteins (1.8 folds) and lipids (1.4 folds). In addition, thinner
      pretreatment somehow increased hepatic lipid peroxidation by 1.4 folds. These
      results suggest that thinner pretreatment causes an increase in mixed function
      oxidases to activate the formation of .CCl3 free radicals and binding to the
      microsomal proteins and lipids, which in turn stimulate hepatic damage via lipid
      peroxidation in the membrane.

PMID- 2395183
TI  - Effect of DL-ethionine on blood clearance of 99mTc-phytate in dogs.
AB  - The effect of DL-ethionine (EthN) on the blood clearance of 99mTc-phytate (99mTc
      P) in dogs was examined, and the blood clearance test of 99mTc-P was compared
      with the cases of the serum transaminase and bilirubin test. Serum transaminase
      and bilirubin levels in dogs increased dose-dependently after the administration
      of EthN. The disappearance rate of 99mTc-P from blood in dogs decreased with the
      increase in dose of EthN and with the passage of time after EthN administration.
      Changes of the blood clearance of 99mTc-P after EthN treatment in dogs may be
      influenced by the disorder in the hepatocytes. The blood clearance test of 99mTc
      P in dogs showed a reaction for the acute hepatic dysfunction induced by EthN
      equally to the serum transaminase and bilirubin test.

PMID- 2395185
TI  - While some correctional facilities go smoke-free, others appear to help inmates
      to light up.

PMID- 2395184
TI  - Tobacco foes attack ads that target women, minorities, teens, and the poor.

PMID- 2395186
TI  - Jails lead prisons in smoking bans.

PMID- 2395187
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Football-related spinal cord injuries among
      high school players--Louisiana, 1989.

PMID- 2395188
TI  - The latest victim of tobacco trade sanctions.

PMID- 2395189
TI  - Nicotine gum in general practice.

PMID- 2395190
TI  - The borrowed imagery of boxing.

PMID- 2395191
TI  - Clinical decision making: theory vs practice.

PMID- 2395192
TI  - MRFIT after 10.5 years.

PMID- 2395193
TI  - Depression and the dynamics of smoking. A national perspective.
AB  - Data from multiple studies suggest that depression plays a role in cigarette
      smoking. To obtain a national perspective on the role of depression in the
      dynamics of smoking, we analyzed data from the first National Health and
      Nutrition Examination Survey and the National Health and Nutrition Examination
      Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. We used the Center for Epidemiologic
      Studies Depression Scale to assess symptoms of depression and used the standard
      cutoff (score, greater than or equal to 16) for defining persons as depressed.
      The cross-sectional analysis of the first National Health and Nutrition
      Examination Survey showed that the prevalence of current smokers increased as the
      Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score increased, whereas the
      quit ratio (former smokers/ever smokers) decreased as the Center for
      Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score increased. Among the cohort of
      smokers in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic
      Follow-up Study, the estimated incidence of quitting after 9 years of follow-up
      was 9.9% for depressed smokers and 17.7% for nondepressed smokers. When we
      adjusted for amount smoked, sex, age, and educational attainment by means of a
      Cox proportional hazards model, we found that depressed smokers were 40% less
      likely to have quit compared with nondepressed smokers (relative risk, 0.6).
      These findings suggest that depression plays an important role in the dynamics of
      cigarette smoking in the United States.

PMID- 2395194
TI  - Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression.
AB  - A relationship between cigarette smoking and major depressive disorder was
      suggested in previous work involving nonrandomly selected samples. We conducted a
      test of this association, employing population-based data (n = 3213) collected
      between 1980 and 1983 in the St Louis Epidemiologic Catchment Area Survey of the
      National Institute of Mental Health. A history of regular smoking was observed
      more frequently among individuals who had experienced major depressive disorder
      at some time in their lives than among individuals who had never experienced
      major depression or among individuals with no psychiatric diagnosis. Smokers with
      major depression were also less successful at their attempts to quit than were
      either of the comparison groups. Gender differences in rates of smoking and of
      smoking cessation observed in the larger population were not evident among the
      depressed group. Furthermore, the association between cigarette smoking and major
      depression was not ubiquitous across all psychiatric diagnoses. Other data are
      cited indicating that when individuals with a history of depression stop smoking,
      depressive symptoms and, in some cases, serious major depression may ensue.

PMID- 2395195
TI  - Sociodemographic characteristics of cigarette smoking initiation in the United
      States. Implications for smoking prevention policy.
AB  - Cigarette smoking initiation greatly influences smoking prevalence in the United
      States. To understand better the initiation of cigarette smoking, we estimated
      the age-specific incidence of cigarette smoking initiation in relation to
      race/ethnicity, sex, and educational attainment, using the reported age at
      smoking onset for 18- to 35-year-old respondents in the 1987 National Health
      Interview Survey (N = 14764) and the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination
      Survey (N = 3123) conducted during 1982 to 1984. Among white, black, and Hispanic
      respondents the incidence of smoking initiation increased rapidly after 11 years
      of age, reaching a peak in groups 17 to 19 years of age, rapidly declining in
      groups through age 25 years, and gradually declining thereafter. Age-specific
      smoking initiation rates were generally lower among black than white respondents,
      similar between white and Hispanic respondents, and appreciably higher among
      black and Hispanic men than women. Compared with persons who graduated from high
      school, persons with less than high school education were consistently more
      likely to start smoking cigarettes during childhood and adolescence. These data
      indicate that age and educational attainment are the factors most consistently
      associated with cigarette smoking initiation among all race/ethnic groups in the
      United States. These data also emphasize the need for smoking-prevention
      education beginning at an early age, particularly among persons of low
      socioeconomic status.

PMID- 2395196
TI  - The effect of cigarette smoking on hemoglobin levels and anemia screening.
AB  - The relationships among cigarette smoking, hemoglobin concentration, and
      carboxyhemoglobin concentration were examined using data from the Second National
      Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Among women, smokers had a mean (+/- SE)
      hemoglobin level of 137 +/- 0.4 g/L, significantly higher than the mean
      hemoglobin level of 133 +/- 0.5 g/L for never-smokers. Among men, the mean
      hemoglobin levels for smokers and never-smokers were 156 +/- 0.4 and 152 +/- 0.5
      g/L, respectively. No significant difference in mean hemoglobin was noted between
      ex-smokers and never-smokers. Mean hemoglobin levels and carboxyhemoglobin levels
      increased progressively with the number of cigarettes consumed per day. Cigarette
      smoking seems to cause a generalized upward shift of the hemoglobin distribution
      curve, which reduces the utility of hemoglobin level to detect anemia. Among
      women of comparable socioeconomic status, the prevalence of anemia was 4.8% +/-
      0.6% among smokers, compared with 8.5% +/- 1.2% among never-smokers. This study
      suggests that minimum hemoglobin cutoff values should be adjusted for smokers to
      compensate for the masking effect of smoking on the detection of anemia.

PMID- 2395197
TI  - Drinking coffee and carbonated beverages blocks absorption of nicotine from
      nicotine polacrilex gum.
AB  - Patients failing to obtain benefit from nicotine polacrilex gum in their efforts
      to quit smoking may be inadvertently blocking nicotine absorption. Effective
      nicotine absorption depends on the mildly alkaline saliva that is produced when
      buffering agents in the polacrilex are released along with nicotine as the
      polacrilex is chewed. We found that intermittent mouth rinsing with coffee or
      cola, but not distilled water, substantially reduced salivary pH and nicotine
      absorption. Because many commonly consumed substances were also found to be
      highly acidic, we recommend that patients do not ingest any substance during or
      immediately before nicotine polacrilex use.

PMID- 2395198
TI  - Ending smoking at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. An evaluation of
      smoking prevalence and indoor air pollution.
AB  - An empiric evaluation of a policy ending smoking in a large urban medical center
      was conducted. The study included a prospective cohort tracking of employees to
      measure changes in smoking behavior, environmental fires, smoking-related litter,
      and environmental tobacco pollution exposure. A 25% decrease in employee smoking
      prevalence was found (21.7% vs 16.2% before vs after policy implementation,
      respectively). The daily number of cigarettes reportedly smoked by employees who
      continued smoking and the total number smoked at work decreased across all
      occupational categories by an average of 25%. Significant reductions were noted
      in the level of public smoking and the amount of cigarette remnants. Nicotine
      vapor concentrations decreased significantly in all areas except restrooms. These
      findings suggest that visible smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure
      can be markedly decreased by instituting a policy eliminating smoking in a large
      medical center.

PMID- 2395199
TI  - Reducing tobacco consumption in California. Development of a statewide anti
      tobacco use campaign.
AB  - Cigarette smoking continues to be the leading preventable cause of death in
      California and the United States. Although substantial progress has been made
      over the past 25 years, there is growing recognition of the need for large-scale
      efforts to reduce tobacco use. Given their central roles in implementing public
      health programs and their ability to reach many of the groups most at risk of
      tobacco use uptake and tobacco-related disease, state health agencies have an
      important challenge before them. This article describes the development and
      operation of a statewide, publicly funded anti-tobacco use campaign currently
      undertaken by the California Department of Health Services under the auspices of
      the state's Tobacco Tax and Health Promotion Act of 1988 (Proposition 99), which
      increased excise taxes on cigarettes by 25 cents per pack sold in the state. A
      discussion of problems in implementation and operation being incurred may be
      relevant to the planning of similar campaigns elsewhere.

PMID- 2395200
TI  - A comparison of smoking patterns in the People's Republic of China with the
      United States. An impending health catastrophe in the middle kingdom.
AB  - Half of the global increase in tobacco use from 1976 to 1986 occurred in the
      People's Republic of China. In 1984, the first national smoking survey was
      conducted in China, involving over a half-million subjects. Sixty-one percent of
      Chinese males over age 15 smoke, with higher rates in all occupational groups
      than for corresponding groups in the United States. Current smoking patterns in
      China are similar to those in the United States during the 1950s, and these
      patterns forecast a steadily increasing epidemic of smoking-related deaths. It is
      estimated that by 2025, two million Chinese men will die annually from smoking.
      Foreign tobacco companies are mounting massive production and advertising
      campaigns in China. Government health education programs lack funds to counter
      these influences with sustained and comprehensive educational and interventional
      campaigns. To avert an impending national health catastrophe, China must launch a
      comprehensive smoking-control initiative aimed at public education, cessation,
      and legislation and policy.

PMID- 2395201
TI  - The growing brown plague.

PMID- 2395202
TI  - An opportunity to oppose: physicians' role in the campaign against tobacco.

PMID- 2395203
TI  - Blue mood, blackened lungs. Depression and smoking.

PMID- 2395204
TI  - From the Office of the General Counsel. Tobacco advertising and the first
      amendment.

PMID- 2395205
TI  - [Characteristics of B-cell lymphoma in Japan].
AB  - Consecutive 431 patients with B-cell lymphoma seen in Aichi Cancer Center
      Hospital from 1964 to 1988 were analysed. Median age was 56 yr (range 8-86).
      There were 76 patients (17.6%) with follicular lymphoma and 355 with diffuse
      lymphoma. Among the 30 patients with follicular lymphoma, 10 (33%) were found to
      have a bcl-2 rearrangement. The incidence was lower than those reported in the
      United States. This might contribute to the lower incidence of follicular
      lymphoma cases in Japan. There were 168 patients (39.0%) with nodal lymphoma and
      263 with extranodal lymphoma. Eight-four cases arose from the stomach, 84 from
      Waldeyer's ring, 21 small intestine and 13 thyroid. The distributions of
      extranodal B-cell lymphoma differed from those of T-cell lymphoma. Patients with
      gastric lymphomas in stage I were treated with resection alone. In the same
      manner, patients with Waldeyer's ring lymphoma in stage I were treated with
      radiotherapy alone. More than 90% of these patients were expected to survive
      without relapse. On the other hand, only 55% of patients with nodal lymphoma in
      stage I were expected to survive for more than 10 years. These findings suggest
      the site of localized lymphoma is an important determinant of outcome of clinical
      behavior.

PMID- 2395206
TI  - [Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the pleural cavity developing from long-standing
      pyothorax].
AB  - Our previous study suggested a close relationship between a preceding chronic
      tuberculous pyothorax and the development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in the
      pleural cavity. To confirm this further, 37 cases were collected, their clinical
      and pathological findings summarized. The age at first admission for lymphoma of
      patients ranged from 46 to 81 (mean 63) years, the male to female ratio being
      5.2:1. All patients were admitted after a 22-55 (mean 33) year history of
      pyothorax resulting from artificial pneumothorax for treatment of pulmonary
      tuberculosis (29 cases) or tuberculous pleuritis (seven cases). The most common
      presenting symptom was chest pain. The diagnosis of pleural NHL was made by
      biopsy for 31 of the patients and at autopsy for the other six. Histologically 30
      (81%) of 37 cases were of diffuse large cell type, and of these the immunoblastic
      type was the most common (22 cases). Immunological and immunohistologic studies
      revealed a B-cell nature of the proliferating cells in all but one tumor. Thirty
      two patients received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Twenty-seven patients
      died between one and 144 (median eight) months of diagnosis. Autopsies carried
      out in 23 cases revealed the disease to have been localized to the thorax in 11
      patients. These findings indicated that malignant B-cell lymphoma arose as a
      monoclonal growth from a pool of proliferating polyclonal B lymphocytes in
      tissues affected by the chronic tuberculous pyothorax.

PMID- 2395207
TI  - [Recent advances in clinical research on T-cell lymphoma].
AB  - Immunophenotypic analysis on 34 cases of T-cell malignancies using monoclonal
      antibodies against T-cell receptors (TCR) revealed 25 cases of alpha beta-type
      and two of gamma delta-type. The two patients with gamma delta-type showed
      cutaneous involvement of tumor cells. Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (IBL)-like T
      cell lymphoma is divided into three histologic categories; inconspicuous type,
      patchy type and diffuse type. DNA hybridization analysis revealed that 11 of 16
      cases showed clonal rearrangement of TCR beta-chain gene without rearrangement of
      immunoglobulin heavy chain gene, providing strong evidence for clonal
      proliferation of T-cells. Among 185 patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), 18
      cases (9.7%) were found not to be associated with human T-cell leukemia virus
      type I (HTLV-I). They consisted of 10 of acute type, five of chronic type, two of
      lymphoma type and one of smoldering type, indicating a diversity in clinical
      features. Two Japanese patients with ATL developed secondary monoclonal B-cell
      lymphomas of diffuse, large cell, non-Burkitt type. They were seropositive for
      HTLV-I but negative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). They also suffered
      from pulmonary tuberculosis, and one from adenovirus type 11-induced hemorrhagic
      cystitis, indicating an immunodeficient state. Epstein-Barr virus genome was
      found in lymphoma cells from one patient. It is suggested that opportunistic B
      cell lymphomas may occur in the immunodeficient stage of ATL.

PMID- 2395208
TI  - [Multi-stop carcinogenesis model for adult T-cell leukemia].
AB  - A multi-step model of the carcinogenesis for adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL)
      has been reviewed here according to the authors observations. Epidemiological
      studies demonstrated that in most japanese ATL cases the disease developed from
      those who acquired infection of the causal agent, human T-cell lymphotropic virus
      type 1 (HTLV-1), during early infancy, probably through breast-feeding.
      Therefore, the latency period between the acquisition of HTLV-1 and clinical
      manifestation of ATL can be represented by the age of disease onset. It has been
      demonstrated by us that the age distribution of ATL onset can be described by a
      single Weibull distribution function, which is considered to be a feasible
      mathematical model for multistep carcinogenesis. Based on the present model, it
      is assumed that age-dependent accumulation of nearly five leukemogenic events,
      most likely somatic mutations, within the target cell(s) might be required prior
      to the disease onset.

PMID- 2395209
TI  - [Control of graft-vs-host disease].
AB  - Considering the merit and demerit of GVHD in leukemia patients following
      allogeneic BMT, our strategies for GVHD are as follows; (1) a mild prevention,
      (2) a treatment to control the severity, if occurred, and (3) an induction of
      GVHD in recipients who did not develop GVHD. We reported the results of recent
      trials in prevention, treatment and induction of GVHD. For the prevention, T
      cells were depleted from bone marrow cells in 11 recipients with the results of
      graft failure in 5 and death in 9. The data from IBMTR were similar to our data.
      For the treatment, new drugs, 15-Deoxyspergualin. Mizoribine and anti-human
      lymphocyte globulin were introduced with compromising outcomes and mild adverse
      effects. For the induction, Ubenimex, an immunostimulator, was administered to
      recipients who did not develop GVHD until 30 days after BMT. The interim data
      suggests that Ubenimex may induce chronic GVHD and suppress the relapse of
      leukemia. We experienced the sudden onset of GVHD during the tapering of
      immunosuppressants in two recipients, who were found to have arbitrarily
      discontinued them. The interruption of drugs for the prevention of GVHD may cause
      the induction of GVHD.

PMID- 2395210
TI  - [Application of polymerase chain reaction for bone marrow transplantation].
AB  - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a recently-developed technique capable of
      amplifying a specific nucleotide sequence and has been proved highly sensitive
      enough to analyse a small amount of DNA. This prompts us to study minimal
      residual disease (MRD) which is undetectable by conventional morphological or
      cytogenetic analysis. Using this technique, tumor specific chimeric DNA or mRNA
      were detected in patients with follicular lymphoma with t(14; 18) or in Ph1
      positive ALL in complete remission, respectively. PCR was also useful to monitor
      MRD after treatment of bone marrow cells with monoclonal antibody. In sex
      mismatched bone marrow transplantation, mixed chimerism was well documented by
      using repeated sequences which is unique to human Y chromosome. These results
      suggested that PCR offers a great help for detecting MRD or mixed-chimerism
      following bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2395211
TI  - [Detection of minimal residual leukemia after bone marrow transplantation in
      patients with chronic myeloid leukemia using the polymerase chain reaction].
AB  - We have utilized the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to sensitively detect the
      minimal residual leukemia in 24 patients who were hematologically normal and were
      negative for Ph1 chromosome after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). None of the
      patient showed breakpoint cluster region (BCR) gene rearrangement by Southern
      blot analysis, however, PCR technique revealed the bcr/abl mRNA in 13 of 24
      patients. In patients who received CY + TBI as a conditioning regimen, 6 out of 8
      patients were detected bcr/abl mRNA by PCR. On the other hand, patients who
      received high dose AraC+ CY + TBI or busulfan + CY as a conditioning, bcr/abl
      mRNA was detected in 4 out of 9 patients and 1 out of 5 patients, respectively.
      There was no clear association between the presence or absence of graft versus
      host disease and the detection of bcr/abl mRNA by PCR.

PMID- 2395212
TI  - [Result of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from unrelated donor].
AB  - Two patients treated by unrelated bone marrow transplantation were reported. Case
      1 was an eight-year-old boy with Morquio's disease received bone marrow graft
      from an HLA one-locus mismatched, MLC non reactive unrelated donor. The patient
      was prepared with conventional dose of cyclophosphamide, and thoracoabdominal
      irradiation. For the prophylaxis of GVHD, three drug regimen consisted of
      methotrexate (MTX), cyclosporine A (CsA), and prednisolone (PSL) was
      administered. Engraftment was prompt, and grade I of acute GVHD developed, which
      resolved with increased dose of PSL. Case 2 was a ten-month-old boy with juvenile
      chronic myelogenous leukemia received bone marrow graft from an HLA fully
      matched, MLC non reactive unrelated donor. Preconditioning regimen consisted of
      total body irradiation, VP-16, and cytosine arabinoside. MTX, CsA, and
      methylprednisolone were administered to prevent GVHD, but grade II of acute GVHD
      developed, which resolved with prolonged course of PSL. Both cases are alive and
      well, without chronic GVHD. In conclusion, unrelated donor bone marrow
      transplantation may be a useful to treat hematologic malignancies, aplastic
      anemia, and some inherited diseases.

PMID- 2395213
TI  - [Unrelated bone marrow transplantation b. Bone Marrow Donor Registry. Nagoya Bone
      Marrow Transplantation Group].
AB  - Tokai Bone Marrow Donor Registry was established to facilitate unrelated bone
      marrow transplantations in Japan. Although the basic structure was constructed,
      the number of donors must be expanded and financial problems must be solved. More
      bone marrow donor registries are likely to be established in the near future
      throughout Japan, and those will be anticipated to become a nationwide bone
      marrow donor registry. The HLA identity between unrelated individuals is unique
      in that it is only phenotypically identical and not genotypically identical.
      Therefore, for the HLA matching, not only serological typing of donors and
      recipients but molecular and biochemical methods would be employed to facilitate
      the analysis of the degree of the HLA identity to be more precise. Those methods
      include HLA-DP DNA typing and IEF analysis of HLA-class 1 antigens.

PMID- 2395214
TI  - [Occurrence of hemophilia A and von Willebrand disease in the same family].
AB  - Occurrence of the two congenital hemorrhagic disorders, von Willebrand disease
      (vWD) and hemophilia A, was found in the same family. The propositus was a 21
      year-old male patient with findings of moderate hemophilia A. Father, the eldest
      sister and second eldest sister were found to have mild type I vWD. Mother was
      confirmed to be a hemophilia A carrier, and the eldest son of second eldest
      sister to be a moderate hemophilia A. These results suggest that the occurrence
      of the two hemorrhagic disorders may have been resulted from the incidental
      mating of father's vWD gene and mother's hemophilia A gene, and suggest that
      second eldest sister may be the double heterozygosity of type I vWD and
      hemophilia A.

PMID- 2395215
TI  - [Myelofibrosis with marked subcapsular bleeding of the spleen--a case report].
AB  - A 22-year old male was admitted to Ashikaga Red Cross Hospital because of the
      progressing abdominal distension in May 1988. The physical examinations disclosed
      marked hepato-splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and cachexic state. In the laboratory
      examinations, anemia, leukocytosis with left shift of nuclei and severe
      inflammatory reactions were found. Bone marrow aspirations were dry taps, and the
      biopsy showed myelofibrotic changes. Abdominal computed tomography and
      ultrasonography revealed a marked hepatomegaly and a giant splenomegaly with
      subcapsular hematoma. Philadelphia chromosome was negative and neutrophilic
      alkaline phosphatase score was slightly high. A little amount of peritoneal
      effusions was obtained and yielded S. aureus. A diagnosis of myelofibrosis with
      subcapsular hematoma due to spontaneous rupture of spleen and peritonitis of
      unknown cause was made. Operative indication was considered, but his family did
      not agree with it. Then conservative therapies for general conditions, those are,
      administrations of antibiotics and diuretics, and blood transfusions were taken.
      On the enlarged spleen, total irradiation was done. After the therapies, his
      spleen got smaller and hematoma was going to be absorbed. A rare case of
      myelofibrosis with splenic hematoma is reported and the conservative therapies
      were effective to this case.

PMID- 2395216
TI  - [Occurrence of subdural hematoma closely associated with danazol administration
      in a patient with refractory ITP].
AB  - We reported a 34-year-old female patient with refractory idiopathic
      thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in whom a subacute subdural hematoma occurred
      without any preceding trauma during danazol administration which resulted in a
      marked decrease of plasma fibrinogen level. It is strongly suggested that danazol
      should be very carefully administered in ITP patients with serious bleeding
      tendency.

PMID- 2395217
TI  - [Malignant lymphoma with Adams-Stokes syndrome as the first manifestation].
AB  - A case of malignant lymphoma with Adams-Stokes attack which was the first
      manifestation was reported. A 56-year-old female admitted our institute because
      of unconsciousness attack. After implantation of pacemaker she had high fever and
      abdominal mass. Ga scintigraphy revealed many accumulation on the hepatic hilus
      and the heart. Abdominal Computed Tomography and echography revealed abnormal
      mass in the hepatic hilus. The biopsy of this abnormal mass was performed. The
      histological examination of this specimen showed diffuse middle sized type
      malignant lymphoma.

PMID- 2395218
TI  - [Expression of proliferation-associated antigens in cutaneous lymphoid
      infiltrates].
AB  - The expressions of PC (Ki-67), DNA polymerase-alpha and OKT9 (transferrin
      receptor) were studied in 29 cutaneous T cell lymphomas and in a variety of
      benign cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal
      antibodies. PC, DNA polymerase-alpha and OKT9 were detected in malignant
      cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates much more frequently than in benign cutaneous
      infiltrates. Besides, correlation with histologic grading of lymphomas and
      expressions of those antigens on lymphoid cells was indicated: the high-grade
      types, e.g. immunoblastic type, exhibited greater positivity than intermediate
      grade types and much more than low-grade types.

PMID- 2395219
TI  - [Proliferating patterns of basal cell carcinoma--immunohistological study by
      means of anti-BrdU monoclonal antibody].
AB  - The proliferating patterns of basal cell carcinoma were investigated by means of
      BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine), which is analogue of thymidine and by means of anti
      BrdU monoclonal antibody. We classified 8 cases of basal cell carcinoma into
      three groups; 1) 21 nests of solid type basal cell carcinoma without retraction
      space 2) 6 nests of solid type basal cell carcinoma with retraction space 3) 5
      nests of superficial type basal cell carcinoma without retraction space. The
      labeling index was obtained in each area of the outermost cells and inner cells
      in each nest of the three groups. The results indicated that when there was no
      retraction space, the labeling index of the outermost cells was high, and when
      there was some retraction space, the labeling index of the outermost cells was
      low. In other words, the proliferation of basal cell carcinoma cells occurs in
      the outermost cells of a nest. When there was retraction space, the role of the
      outermost cells of a nest diminished or disappeared.

PMID- 2395220
TI  - [Study of action spectrum of papulovesicular light eruption (PVLE)].
AB  - Eight patients suffering from papulovesicular light eruption (PVLE) were
      phototested for reproduction of skin lesions with FL20SE and FL20BLB. Of the 8
      patients, 50.0% developed typical lesions of PVLE at the test site by provocative
      phototesting with FL20SE (3 daily exposure of 2MED). In these patients, similar
      lesions were induced by the provocative test with FL20BLB for 2 consecutive days
      without filter, but no eruptions were induced when a sharp cut filter UV-35 was
      used. In conclusion, it is important to consider not only UVB but also the border
      spectrum between UVB and UVA (320-340 nm) as the action spectrum of PVLE.

PMID- 2395221
TI  - [Porphyria cutanea tarda in a chronic hemodialysis patient].
AB  - After 6 months on hemodialysis, a 58-year-old male patient with diabetes
      developed photosensitive bullous dermatosis on his hands and face. There was no
      evidence of liver diseases although the patient had a history of excessive
      alcohol consumption. He was suspected to have iron overload in the liver.
      Analysis of porphyrins in plasma, hemofiltrate, urine and feces by high
      performance liquid chromatography revealed significantly high levels in these
      samples with a porphyrin profiles which is consistent with porphyria cutanea
      tarda. The fluorometric assays of plasma also disclosed an elevated plasma
      porphyrin level. And it seemed that there were correlation between the
      fluctuation of vesicle formation, serum ferritin level and plasma porphyrin
      level. Small volume plasma exchange temporarily reduced the plasma porphyrin
      level and prevented vesicle formation.

PMID- 2395222
TI  - [Mental health care for mentally ill employees. Part 1. Detection of mental
      disorders].
AB  - A mental health program was commenced in 1957 in an electric power company which
      has about 360 offices and 17,000 employees scattered throughout Kyushu (excluding
      Okinawa). During a period of 30 yr from 1957 to 1986, a total of 949 mentally ill
      employees sought consultation regarding various mental health problems. The mean
      annual number of new cases that sought consultation was 32, giving a rate of
      0.19% of the number of employees as of the end of year. The rate increased with
      length of service and reached 4.4% of the initially employed number after 25-29
      yr of service. In addition to cases of direct interview, indirect consultation
      was sought from family members and/or superiors of the employees. About one-half
      of this number later sought direct interview, but the remaining cases remained as
      latent cases in places of work. Psychiatric diagnoses of the subjects by
      interview included neurotic disorders, alcoholic mental disorders (alcoholic
      psychoses and dependence), schizophrenic psychoses, affective psychoses,
      personality disorders, epilepsy and other non-organic psychoses (reactive
      psychoses).

PMID- 2395223
TI  - [Toxicity of lead shots in domestic fowls].

PMID- 2395224
TI  - Prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsia antibody in Apodemus speciosus
      captured in an endemic focus in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan.
AB  - Fourteen of Apodemus speciosus (large Japanese field mouse) were captured near
      the place where one of the patients with spotted fever group rickettsiosis had
      been infected, in Takaoka town, Miyazaki Prefecture. In the town, four human
      cases were reported. All of the mice had antibodies against Rickettsia japonica
      and R. montana. The incidence of the antibody was significantly higher in
      Apodemus mice in the area than in those from nonendemic area.

PMID- 2395225
TI  - Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection among domestic cats in the Tokyo
      Metropolitan District, Japan.
AB  - From February, 1988 to February, 1989, an epidemiological survey for feline
      cryptosporidiosis was carried out on domestic cats that had been committed to the
      Tokyo Metropolitan Animal Protection Center by owners residing in the Tokyo
      Metropolitan District. Of a total of 608 cats, 23 (3.8%) were found to have
      Cryptosporidium oocysts. The percentage of cats positive for the infection ranged
      from 0 to 13.6% by month. The infection was found to be more common in "baby" and
      "young" cats than in "middle" and "old" ones. No significant difference in
      incidence was shown between the sexes. In each positive cat, no apparent clinical
      symptom such as diarrhea was found, and the size of the oocysts measured from 4.3
      to 4.7 microns in diameter (small type).

PMID- 2395226
TI  - [A fundamental study of immunoscintigraphy with 131I-labeled anti-CA 19-9 and
      anti-CEA monoclonal antibodies--imaging of tumor-bearing mice by IMACIS-1 and
      cell ELISA with human tumor cells].
AB  - A study was made on 2 types of 131I-labeled anti-CA 19-9 and anti-CEA mouse
      monoclonal antibodies (IMACIS-1) against human cancer related antigen as to their
      usefulness in radioimmunoimaging. Tumor-bearing nude mice were used for
      comparison. The transplanted tumors (SW948, COLO 201) were clearly visualized 48
      72 hours after administration of IMACIS-1. Tumor/blood ratio 72 hours after
      administration: 8.69 in COLO 201 and 5.70 in SW948, showing ca. 10-15 times as
      high as those in PC-3 and HEp-2. IMACIS-1 therefore is considered useful in
      radioimmunoimaging of cancer. Analysis was made by in vitro cell ELISA. As a
      result, both of the cells specifically reacted with anti-CA 19-9 but not anti
      CEA.

PMID- 2395227
TI  - [Efficacy of pancreatic scan--comparison among conventional scan, SPECT and X
      CT].
AB  - We studied the efficacy of pancreas scintigraphy using 75Se-selenomethionine by
      conventional method and SPECT in 26 patients diagnosed as pancreatic tumor or
      pancreatitis. X-CT was also performed in all patients and compared its efficacy
      with that of scintigraphy. In order to evaluate the image quality, 4 doctors
      analysed the images independently without clinical information and score them
      according to the possible abnormality. The average score of each film was adopted
      as an index for sensitivity, and the standard deviation was evaluated as
      objectiveness of the images. As for the detection of pancreatic tumor, both the
      sensitivity and the objectiveness of X-CT were superior to those of
      scintigraphies. However, evaluation by scintigraphy combined with X-CT increased
      the diagnostic sensitivity of pancreatitis than that of X-CT alone in some cases.
      These results suggest that the scintigraphy has no indication to suspected
      pancreatic tumor, but it still has some value in limited cases of pancreatitis.
      Almost no advantage was noted in SPECT combined with conventional image. Main
      reason was the artifact of SPECT preventing the accurate interpretation. Only
      benefits of SPECT were to decrease the false positive rate and to increase the
      objectiveness of 75Se-selenomethionine scan. When the scan is discussed as the
      examination, careful considerations should be done on the point of limited
      advantage on diagnostic efficacy and marked disadvantage of radiation to patients
      and environment.

PMID- 2395228
TI  - [Pulmonary clearance of 99mTc-HMPAO aerosol].
AB  - The clearance rate of inhaled aerosols of a lipophilic substance, 99mTc-HMPAO
      (Hexamethyl propylene amine oxime) was studied and compared to that of
      hydrophilic substances in 6 normal volunteers and 18 patients with lung diseases.
      The subject in sitting position inhaled a single deep breath of 99mTc-HMPAO
      aerosols, and held his breath about 30 sec. Then he continued to breath aerosols
      again for about 3 min. Radioactivity rapidly falls down during breath holding, to
      about 60% of the peak value (fast phase), with T 1/2 of 3.75 +/- 2.22 sec in 6
      normal volunteers. This rapid phase was not appeared in hydrophilic aerosols with
      99mTc-DTPA and 99mTc-pertechnetate and in lipophilic aerosol with 123I-IMP
      aerosol. The clearance of residual activity of 99mTc-HMPAO was slow with T 1/2 of
      17.4 +/- 4.0 min. The T 1/2 of 99mTc-DTPA, 99mTc-pertechnetate and 123I-IMP were
      50.2 +/- 20.9 min, 11.4 +/- 4.3, and 62.5 +/- 20.8 min respectively. 99mTc-HMPAO
      may cross transcellularly using the whole alveolar surface. The clearance of
      aerosols in the fast phase is rapid and depend on the regional perfusion. On the
      other hand, hydrophilic aerosol pass by an intercellular pathway and the
      clearance will be diffusion limited. As conclusion, inhalation study of 99mTc
      HMPAO might be a new method to evaluate perfusion following ventilation study.

PMID- 2395229
TI  - [Diagnosis of acute gastrointestinal bleeding using scintigraphy with 99mTc
      labeled red blood cells].
AB  - To evaluate the usefulness and clinical significance of scintigraphy using 99mTc
      RBC in urgent abdominal bleeding, we performed abdominal bleeding scintigraphy in
      20 patients with melena. These patients were admitted to the critical care
      center. Nine of 20 patients showed positive images with bleeding scintigraphy.
      Five of 20 patients were referred because of small intestinal bleeding. Four of
      these 5 patients revealed positive images. Seven of 9 patients who had positive
      image and four of 11 patients who were negative had open-surgery performed. While
      angiography was done in 8 patients, only 3 of the 8 patients were proven to have
      bleeding. These 3 patients also revealed positive images by bleeding
      scintigraphy. This technique facilitates the screening of bleeding in the ileum,
      where endoscopic techniques may prove difficult to detect the site of bleeding.
      We emphasize that abdominal scintigraphy should be performed on patients with
      G.I. bleeding since this is a more accurate examination than angiography.

PMID- 2395230
TI  - [Estimation of scatter component in SPECT planar image using a Monte Carlo
      method].
AB  - A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to estimate quantitatively the scattered
      photons in planar images of SPECT. As a phantom we used a water-filled cylinder
      with a line source and calculated the energy spectra of primary and multiple
      scattered photons separately at each pixel of the planar images. The energy
      spectra of primary and scattered photons were studied on following parameters:
      the size of the phantom; the location of the source; the width of the energy
      window centered at 72.3 (Tl-201), 141 (Tc-99m), and 159 keV (I-123); and the view
      angle of the planar images. Obtained results were; (1) the energy spectra of
      Compton scattered photon varied with the phantom size, the source location, and
      the photopeak energy, (2) the scattered photons within energy windows of 10-30%
      centered at the photopeak energy were mainly composed by Compton scatter of the
      first order, (3) the higher order scattering component of the Compton photons did
      not represent the location of the line source on the planar image, and (4) the
      scatter fraction defined by the ratio of the scattered photons to the primary
      photons increased with increasing the size of the phantom and the width of energy
      window at the low photopeak energy. From the results, we discussed on the scatter
      subtraction methods.

PMID- 2395231
TI  - [Gallium-67 myocardial imaging for the detection of adriamycin cardiomyopathy].
AB  - To detect Adriamycin cardiomyopathy, radionuclide myocardial imagings with Tl
      201, Tc-99m pyrophosphate, I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine and Ga-67 were performed
      in a 49 year-old-woman receiving Adriamycin (a total dose of 230 mg/m2) for the
      treatment of breast cancer. This patient demonstrated symptoms of congestive
      heart failure 2 months after the last intravenous administration. At the period
      of performing the radionuclide studies, echocardiographic LV ejection fraction
      (EF) was 22%. Despite severe deterioration of cardiac function, Tl-201 SPECT
      demonstrated no defect and Tc-99m pyrophosphate (PYP) SPECT demonstrated no
      positive finding. I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy demonstrated
      no regional defect. However, I-123 MIBG washout rate during 4 hours was markedly
      enhanced, probably reflecting abnormalities of norepinephrine kinetics due to the
      progression of heart failure. Compared to these pharmaceuticals, Ga-67 was
      diffusely accumulated in the heart. Then, 5 months after the first study, when LV
      EF improved to 30% and congestive symptoms disappeared probably owing to beta
      blockade therapy, myocardial accumulation of Ga-67 markedly reduced. It has been
      reported that Ga-67 accumulates in malignant tumor cells and leukocytes. Since,
      in Adriamycin cardiomyopathy, myocardial accumulation of leukocytes with
      myocardial fibrotic changes have been histologically demonstrated, the results of
      Ga-67 scintigraphy may reflect the accumulation of leukocytes. Thus, this case
      indicates that Ga-67 scintigraphy is advantageous for detecting Adriamycin
      cardiomyopathy and may be more useful than Tl-201 and Tc-99m PYP scintigraphies.

PMID- 2395232
TI  - [Brain perfusion SPECT imaging before and during the acetazolamide test using
      99mTc-HMPAO].
AB  - A new method using brain perfusion 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT imaging was developed for
      evaluating cerebral perfusion reserve by the acetazolamide test with a short
      period. The first SPECT study was carried out for 13.5 min to obtain SPECT images
      at the resting state after 3 min postinjection of 555 MBq (15 mCi) of 99mTc
      HMPAO. At the same time as the start of the first SPECT study, 1 g of
      acetazolamide was intravenously injected. Immediately after the stop of the 1st
      SPECT study, 925 MBq (25 mCi) of 99mTc-HMPAO from the same vial as in the first
      study was additionally injected. Three minutes later the second SPECT study was
      carried out for 10 min. After reconstruction the tomographic images in the first
      study were subtracted from the images in the second study to obtain those during
      the acetazolamide test after correction of the time differences in data
      acquisition between the two studies. This subtraction technique gives independent
      brain perfusion SPECT images before and during the acetazolamide test. Besides,
      the regional flow changes during the test were quantitatively analyzed. In
      conclusion this method seems to be practically useful for evaluating regional
      brain perfusion before and during drug treatments as a consecutive study with a
      short period of approximately 30 min.

PMID- 2395233
TI  - [A three-headed SPECT system with high resolution and high sensitivity:
      application to myocardial imaging].
AB  - A three-headed single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system was
      developed, and the fundamental SPECT performance and clinical applications were
      investigated. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the SPECT system is 10.8
      mm at the center of rotation with a radius of 20 cm. In clinical applications,
      201Tl myocardial images with the three-headed system demonstrated a distincter
      and thinner myocardium compared to those with the dual-headed system. The right
      ventricular wall was observed even in patients without right ventricular
      overload. Owing to both the increased sensitivity and resolution, the three
      headed system has high performance capability in clinical use such as ECG-gating
      and dynamic studies.

PMID- 2395234
TI  - [Evaluation of silent myocardial ischemia by Tl-201 myocardial scintigraphy].

PMID- 2395235
TI  - [Basic and clinical studies on ELSA CA 72-4 kit for measurement of serum CA 72-4
      concentrations: usefulness in patients with gastrointestinal cancer].

PMID- 2395236
TI  - Acetylcholine elicits metabolically mediated M2-muscarinic hyperpolarization in
      isolated rabbit sympathetic neurons.
AB  - Topically applied acetylcholine elicited a hyperpolarizing (ACh-HP) response in
      about 2/3 of the principal neurons of rabbit superior cervical ganglia isolated
      in a culture medium for several days. Membrane changes responsible for the ACh-HP
      were multiple and varied with the level of membrane potential (Vm): At, or less
      negative than, resting Vm (about -60 mV), membrane conductance (Gm) was
      increased; at Vm more negative than -70 mV, Gm either increased, decreased, or
      remained unchanged. The effect of altering extracellular K+ and Ca2+
      concentrations suggest that a Ca2(+)-dependent increase in K+ conductance
      contributes to ACh-HP; however, drugs reported to block such channels (D
      tubocurarine at 30 microM or apamin at 200 nM) shortened duration of the ACh-HP
      but did not depress peak amplitude. The ACh-HP was depressed by the M2-muscarinic
      antagonist AF-DX 116 and blocked by an intracellular administration of guanosine
      5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) (GDP-beta-S) or by preincubation with pertussis toxin.
      Intracellularly injected inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) elicited a
      hyperpolarization associated with an increase in Gm at any Vms. Activators of
      protein kinase C applied extracellularly, 1,2-oleoylacetylglycerol (OAG) or
      phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (Pb(Bu)2) elicited a hyperpolarization with a decrease
      in Gm at Vms more negative than -50 mV and a reversal potential close to Ec1. In
      the presence of Li+, ACh-HP was smaller after a repetitive stimulation with ACh.
      These results suggest that, in these neurons, ACh can directly activate M2
      muscarinic receptors coupled to GTP-binding proteins, which leads to both an
      increase in Ca2(+)-sensitive K+ conductance mediated by the intracellular
      messenger IP3 and a decrease in a conductance, possibly Gc1, through another
      phosphatidylinositide pathway.

PMID- 2395237
TI  - Respiratory responses to occlusion or hypercapnic blood injection of the anterior
      inferior cerebellar artery in cats.
AB  - To examine whether the central chemoreceptors of respiration are located in the
      perfused area of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), we occluded
      arteries or injected hypercapnic blood into arteries in the ventral surface of
      the medulla in anesthetized, paralyzed, and peripherally chemodenervated cats.
      Phrenic nerve activity, as an index of respiratory output, was augmented by an
      injection of hypercapnic blood into the vertebral artery. This vertebral
      injection response decreased during bilateral occlusion of AICA. However,
      responses of phrenic nerve activity to the occlusion of AICA were complicated;
      activity increased in 19 cats, did not change in 10, and decreased in 9 during
      occlusion. In experiments with blood of various PCO2 levels being bilaterally
      injected into AICA, phrenic discharges increased with increases of PCO2. During
      the injection of constant PCO2 blood into AICA, phrenic response to alveolar PCO2
      decreased by 80% compared with the original response. From these results, the
      blood flow and blood PCO2 level of AICA seemed to be related to the central
      chemosensitivity for respiration. To examine the perfused area, the ventral
      surface pH of the medulla was measured with a micro-combination pH electrode (2
      mm diameter). During the injection into AICA, pH in the rostral medulla depended
      on the PCO2 of injected blood, and pH in other areas depended on the PCO2 of
      systemic blood. Also, histological study of India ink injection into AICA showed
      that ink-filled vessels were exclusively observed in the rostral medulla. Thus,
      we conclude that at least part of the central chemoreceptors of respiration are
      located in the perfused area of AICA, that is, in the rostral medulla.

PMID- 2395238
TI  - Effects of sodium depletion on the caffeine-induced contraction of frog's
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - Effects of depletion of Na ions from the environmental medium on the caffeine
      induced contraction were investigated in both intact and skinned fibers prepared
      from the frog's fast twitch muscle. In intact muscle fibers, both the twitch and
      the contracture induced by 5 mM caffeine were enhanced by depleting the external
      Na at 9-10 degrees C. In contrast, in the mechanically skinned muscle fiber,
      which was used to examine the capability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to take up
      Ca ions from the sarcoplasm and/or the superfusing medium, the contractile
      tension as well as its fractional area measured by applying 25 mM caffeine were
      markedly inhibited by Na-depletion at 5 degrees C. The apparent discrepancy
      between these two conditions is discussed.

PMID- 2395239
TI  - Augmentation of muscle nociceptive respiratory reflex facilitation by vagal
      afferents.
AB  - Vagal influence on the facilitation of phrenic neural activity during respiratory
      phase-locked, gastrocnemius muscle nerve nociceptive electrical stimulation was
      examined in anesthetized, glomectomized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated
      cats. (1) In the vagi-intact state, respiratory reflex facilitation was
      characterized by a sharp rise in peak amplitude, maximum rate of rise or slope,
      and mean rate of rise of integrated phrenic nerve activity. This was greater
      during inspiratory phase-locked (T1-locked) muscle nerve electrical stimulation
      than during expiratory phase-locked (TE-locked) muscle nerve electrical
      stimulation. "Evoked post-inspiratory phrenic activity" during the early
      expiratory phase was also observed during TE-locked muscle nerve electrical
      stimulation. (2) Bilateral vagotomy significantly attenuated the respiratory
      facilitation during both T1- and TE-locked muscle nerve electrical stimulation.
      In particular, the "evoked post-inspiratory phrenic activity" during TE-locked
      muscle nerve electrical stimulation was also attenuated or almost completely
      abolished. (3) Conditioning electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve revealed
      facilitatory reflexes which co-exist with inspiratory inhibitory reflexes. (4)
      The "evoked post-inspiratory phrenic activity" during TE-locked muscle nerve
      electrical stimulation, which was attenuated or abolished after vagotomy, was
      restored after vagal T1-locked conditioning stimuli combined with TE-locked
      muscle nerve electrical stimulation. The results suggest that vagal facilitatory
      reflexes augment the respiratory reflex facilitation during muscle nociceptive
      stimulation.

PMID- 2395240
TI  - Relationship between cytosolic activities of calcium and pH in frog proximal
      tubules.
AB  - To examine the effect of acid-base changes on the cytosolic calcium activity,
      (Ca)i, we used ion-selective microelectrodes in doubly perfused preparations of
      bullfrog kidney proximal tubule. For analyzing the time course of changes in
      (Ca)i and cytosolic pH (pHi) in response to peritubular acid or alkali perfusion
      and high K+, low Na+, or low Ca2+ perfusion single-barreled PVC-resin Ca2(+)
      selective microelectrodes and double-barreled pH-sensitive microelectrodes were
      inserted into the cells. Control values (mean +/- S.E., number of observations)
      of (Ca)i and pHi averaged 17.2 +/- 1.0 nM (n = 25) and 7.39 +/- 0.01 (n = 25),
      respectively. Peritubular perfusion with a low pH perfusate (low HCO3-, pH 6.7)
      was found to reduce (Ca)i to about 4 nM in association with a moderate degree of
      cell acidification (to pH 7.09) and depolarization of the peritubular membrane
      potential (control -60 mV to experimental approximately -40 mV). Further,
      peritubular alkalinization (high HCO3- 30 mM, pH 8.0) induced a transient
      elevation of (Ca)i and hyperpolarization. In contrast, the peritubular perfusion
      of high K+ solution induced a rise of (Ca)i and pHi with membrane depolarization,
      while low Na+ perfusion decreased (Ca)i and pHi. These results support the view
      that 1) the experimentally induced changes in the membrane potential may be
      ascribed in large part of alterations of pH-sensitive conductance across the
      peritubular membrane, and 2) the cell pH and extracellular Ca2+ affect the
      cytosolic Ca2+ of the proximal tubule.

PMID- 2395241
TI  - [Surgical results of high grade constriction of tricuspid annulus in DeVega
      technique for secondary tricuspid regurgitation].
AB  - Sixty-six patients were operated on by our high degree constriction technique
      using DeVega tricuspid annuloplasty from 1985 to 1989. They were 20 men and 46
      women, age distributed from 28 to 71 (mean 54.5). Preoperative tricuspid annular
      diameter ranged from 29 mm to 45 mm, average 36.3 mm. Those were constricted to
      27 mm in 38 patients, and to 25 mm in 28 patients. Postoperative residual
      tricuspid regurgitation was observed in only 8.5% of total cases followed up 14
      to 55 months. This results were comparable with other reports. We concluded that
      our tight constriction DeVega method is considered better to prevent
      postoperative tricuspid regurgitation than ordinary methods.

PMID- 2395242
TI  - [Digital subtraction angiography for congenital heart disease].
AB  - From January 1988 to May 1989, ten infant patients (15 times) with congenital
      heart disease were studied by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) pre and/or
      postoperatively. The diagnoses of the patients include total anomalous pulmonary
      venous return (TAPVR), transposition of great arteries, patent ductus arteriosus
      with pulmonary hypertension, giant hemangioma of the left leg, asplenia (two
      cases), tetralogy of Fallot (two), and tricuspid atresia (two). Two newborn
      patients (TAPVR, giant hemangioma) were in critical condition preoperatively, but
      were diagnosed precisely and nonivasively by DSA. Ten cases were studied for
      estimation of operative repair and consequently five of them were diagnosed to
      require reoperation. It is concluded that DSA is of use for diagnosis of
      congenital heart diseases and for postoperative evaluation of infant patients
      under critical condition.

PMID- 2395243
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of various methods of myocardial protections during open
      heart surgery in infants with ventricular septal defect and severe pulmonary
      hypertension].
AB  - The effectiveness of various methods of myocardial protection were evaluated
      retrospectively in 59 infants less than 12 months of age who underwent open heart
      surgery for ventricular septal defect with severe pulmonary hypertension.
      Intermittent aortic clamping and electrically induced ventricular fibrillation
      (EF) were employed in 13 infants (Group I), and potassium induced cold
      cardioplegia and topical cardiac cooling (TC) were used in 14 infants (Group II).
      Six infants in Group II had additional EF after declamping of the aorta (Group II
      A) but the rest of Group II infants did not have any EF (Group II-B). Profound
      hypothermia and circulatory arrest were utilized in 17 infants (Group III). Cold
      blood cardioplegia with TC were used in 15 infants (Group IV). Moderate
      hypothermia were used during cardiopulmonary bypass in Group I, II and IV. The
      operative mortality for Group I was 15% and was 0% for Group II, III and IV. The
      incidence of spontaneous resumption of cardiac beat following declamping of the
      aorta were 33.3, 0, 100, 94.1, 93.3% for Group I, II-A, II-B, III and IV
      respectively. The urinary output obtained in the postoperative 72 hours was
      significantly lower in Group I than in Group II, III and IV (Group I less than II
      less than IV less than III).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395244
TI  - [Experimental evaluation for tricuspid annular constriction with the model of
      tricuspid annular dilatation].
AB  - We have obtained the good result about tricuspid annular constriction (TAC) for
      secondary tricuspid insufficiency. The purpose of this study is to investigate
      the effectiveness of TAC for the experimental model of tricuspid annular
      dilatation. First of all, tricuspid annular dilatation was made surgically in 8
      mongrel dogs by placing 8 incisions to tricuspid annulus except septal cusp under
      the condition of heart-lung preparation. On clinical evaluation, septal annulus
      was kept to be intact in many cases compared with the two other areas. This
      experimental model of tricuspid annular dilatation was considered to be
      substituted to the clinical model of tricuspid annular dilatation. TAC suture was
      surrounded circumferentially around the dilated tricuspid annulus. And then, TAC
      suture was pulled out from the right atrial wall, and the circumferential length
      of tricuspid annulus was completely accommodated by pulling the TAC suture. The
      hemodynamic status was observed by right atrial pressure (V wave and mean) and
      right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (RVEDP). After heart resuscitation and
      gradual increase of preload, right atrial pressure was significantly elevated
      especially right atrial pressure (V wave) compared with control values. When 2 cm
      of circumferential length of tricuspid annulus on an average was constricted by
      shortening of TAC suture, right atrial pressure was significantly decreased, and
      then RVEDP tended to decrease. It was shown that TAC was an effective operative
      technique for the secondary tricuspid annular dilatation and tricuspid
      insufficiency from the standpoint of experimental aspect as well as clinical
      results.

PMID- 2395245
TI  - [Surgical treatment of descending thoracic aortic aneurysm under temporary bypass
      with antithrombogenic tube and bio-medicus centrifugal pump].
AB  - Four patients with descending thoracic aortic aneurysm were successfully operated
      on under temporary bypass with an antithrombogenic tube and a Bio-Medicus
      centrifugal pump. The bypass flow ranged from 1.0 to 2.4 l/min with the mean
      femoral artery pressure of 50 to 70 mmHg. No complications such as paraplegia,
      hepatic dysfunction or renal failure were encountered in all the patients.
      Temporary increment of the serum amylase level occurred in all the patients, but
      any apparent clinical symptoms were not present. The temporary bypass method with
      an antithrombogenic tube and a centrifugal pump is useful and reliable for
      surgical treatment of descending thoracic aortic aneurysm.

PMID- 2395246
TI  - [A case of successful surgery in ruptured aneurysm of the aortic arch under
      profound hypothermic selective cerebral perfusion].
AB  - We experienced a case of surgery for ruptured aneurysm of the aortic arch. A 51
      year-old man who had been admitted complaining of back pain was diagnosed as
      ruptured aortic arch aneurysm by chest X-ray film and computed tomography. The
      aortic arch and descending aorta was replaced with a Dacron graft under profound
      hypothermic selective cerebral perfusion (PHSCP). The post operative course was
      well without neurological complications. Since 1982 we have utilized PHSCP in
      four cases of thoracic aortic aneurysms including this case. The average of PHSCP
      time was 143 minutes. Perfusion rate of carotid arteries was 400-800 ml/min
      during PHSCP. The average of lowest blood temperature was 15.5 degrees C. It was
      suggested that PHSCP was a safe and effective method for surgical treatment of
      thoracic aortic aneurysms.

PMID- 2395247
TI  - [A case of complex cardiac anomalies with high pulmonary blood flow treated
      successfully by PDA banding].
AB  - A patient with complex cardiac anomalies who developed severe respiratory
      insufficiency due to high pulmonary blood flow from a giant PDA was treated
      successfully by PDA banding. PDA-dependent heart disease causes a reduction in
      pulmonary blood flow in many patients and is often treated by palliative shunt
      operation. Although the present patient had PDA-dependent heart disease, heart
      failure occurred due to increased pulmonary blood flow through PDA and required
      surgical treatment. We performed PDA banding, because it is technically simple
      and allows adjustment of the postoperative pulmonary blood flow according to the
      degree of constriction. The degree of constriction was determined according to
      the PaO2 value. SO2 levels of 60-70% have been used as an index of the extent of
      banding, but PaO2 is considered to be equally appropriate.

PMID- 2395248
TI  - [An operative case of benign schwannoma originating in the intrathoracic vagal
      nerve].
AB  - A 50-years-old man was admitted with cough and abnormal shadow on the chest film.
      The tumor originated from the left vagal nerve in the antero-superior
      mediastinum. Subcapsular extirpation was performed to save the nerve function,
      since the tumor located in the site proximal to the branching point of the
      recurrence nerve. Pathological diagnosis was a benign schwannoma. Though H-E and
      Bodian stain did not show any nerve fibers in the schwannoma, postoperative
      hoarseness arose. In this country, 4 cases of subcapsular extirpation have been
      performed, but all of them had postoperative hoarseness. We think that
      postoperative hoarseness cannot be prevented by the subcapsular extirpation.

PMID- 2395249
TI  - [A case of rapidly developed constrictive pericarditis following acute non
      specific pericarditis].
AB  - A case of constrictive pericarditis which developed within one month after the
      onset of acute pericarditis was presented. A 3-year-old boy was admitted to our
      hospital suffering from dyspnea. Pericardectomy was performed 3 weeks after the
      pericardial drainage. His echocardiograms revealed the progressive thickening of
      the pericardium, severely restricted ventricular motion in both systole and
      diastole and paradoxical motion of the interventricular septum. Echocardiography
      at close intervals is useful for making the diagnosis and decision of the
      surgical intervention of rapidly developed constrictive pericarditis.

PMID- 2395250
TI  - [Case report of a saccular aneurysm of the thoracic aorta in childhood].
AB  - A five-year-old boy with a large saccular aneurysm of the thoracic descending
      aorta extending rightward in the mediastinum underwent operation. Through a left
      thoracotomy descending aorta was clamped during partial femoro-femoral bypass and
      a examination of somatosensory evoked potential of the spinal cord. Placing a
      vertical incision on the aorta, a orifice of the aneurysm was closed with a
      xenograft pericardial patch. The aneurysm was left untouched. Nine months after
      operation the aneurysm was not recognized on chest X-ray and computed tomography.
      Etiology was unknown.

PMID- 2395251
TI  - [A case of coronary sinus rupture following retrograde coronary perfusion for
      myocardial protection].
AB  - A 48-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital suffering from chest and back
      pain. The aortogram and CT scanning revealed aortic dissection (DeBakey II type).
      Six days after onset, the emergent operation was carried out under the cardio
      pulmonary bypass. Myocardial protection was made by retrograde coronary sinus
      perfusion (RCSP) with cold GIK. The ascending aorta was replaced with an
      artificial graft including the entry. Massive bleeding in the pericardial space
      and the rupture of coronary sinus was recognized immediately after declamping of
      the aorta. Repair was made successfully under induced electric ventricular
      fibrillation. Care for RCSP was discussed.

PMID- 2395252
TI  - [A case of myonephropathic-metabolic syndrome after urgent aortic valve re
      replacement due to prosthetic valve thrombosis].
AB  - Acute cardiac failure due to prosthetic valve thrombosis is a rare, but lethal
      complication after cardiac valve replacement. A 40-year-old female admitted to
      our hospital, because of cardiac failure after aortic valve replacement with a
      #21 Bjork-Shiley valve in 1975. After admission, echocardiography showed
      thrombotic obstruction of the prosthetic valve, and we underwent urgent aortic
      valve re-replacement. Postoperative period, she was complicated with
      myonephropathic-metabolic syndrome (MNMS). But, we performed intermittent veno
      venous hemofiltration (IVVH) in early period, and successfully could save her
      life and her lower limb.

PMID- 2395253
TI  - [A case of bioprosthetic mitral valvular dysfunction due to pannus-formation].
AB  - A case of bioprosthetic mitral valvular dysfunction accompanied by mitral
      stenosis due to pannus is reported. A 69-year-old woman, whose mitral valve had
      been replaced with a Hancock bioprosthetic valve in June 1979, underwent the
      second mitral valve replacement in September 1988 because of valvular
      dysfunction. The ring and cusps of this Hancock valve was partially covered with
      hard and milky white pannus which resulted in mitral stenosis. The tear of cusp
      was observed at the point of contact with pannus, which resulted in mitral
      regurgitation. Histologically, pannus was consisted of two-layered structure,
      fibrin and collagen fiber, which demonstrated this over-growth was based on
      thrombus. Main causes of bioprosthetic valve dysfunction are calcification and
      tear of cusps. But, valvular dysfunction due to pannus-formation described in
      this case has been experienced very rarely.

PMID- 2395254
TI  - [Coronary revascularization using an internal mammary artery-saphenous vein
      composite graft in a patient with severely calcified ascending aorta].
AB  - A 52-year-old woman with angina pectoris resulted from complete obstruction of
      left coronary ostium required double-vessel bypass. Because of severely calcified
      ascending aorta, avoidance of aortic cross-clamping was needed for the prevention
      of embolic injury and aortic dissection. Internal mammary artery (IMA)-saphenous
      vein (SV) composite graft under hypothermic ventricular fibrillation was
      successfully performed without any complication. IMA-SV composite graft is a good
      alternative in a case of insufficient IMA length and limited site for proximal
      vein graft anastomosis, which can avoid or reduce the manipulation of diseased
      ascending aorta.

PMID- 2395255
TI  - [A case of medial pneumothorax in the aged].
AB  - A 81-year-old man was admitted because of left recurrent pneumothorax with
      pleural adhesion. A drainage tube was inserted through the left lateral thoracic
      wall. The lung seemed to be fully expanded in the AP chest X-ray film but his
      dyspnea was not relieved. The CT examination showed severe medial pneumothorax.
      He was operated on and recovered uneventfully. It is important to note medial
      pneumothorax in patients in the supine position and/or with pleural adhesion.

PMID- 2395256
TI  - [A case of surgical repair in type A aortic dissection with intimal laceration
      extending into the noncoronary Valsalva sinus].
AB  - A 50-year old man who had acute type A aortic dissection, underwent prosthetic
      graft replacement of the ascending aorta. Intimal laceration of the ascending
      aorta was extending into the noncoronary Valsalva sinus just near the aortic
      annulus, but the competency of the aortic valve was preserved. Reconstruction of
      the noncoronary sinus was achieved by approximating intimal edge with Teflon felt
      reinforced buttress suture, then the ascending aorta was replaced by a Dacron
      prosthetic graft. His postoperative recovery was uneventful.

PMID- 2395257
TI  - [Individualized selection of anti-angina drugs by applying self-controlled graded
      walking].

PMID- 2395258
TI  - [5-year experience with roentgenologically controlled endovascular nitinol
      prosthesis].
AB  - Clinical application of roentgeno-endovascular++ prosthesis was initiated in
      March, 1984, following 2-year developments and experimental implantations of
      endoprostheses made from an alloy with a mould storage effect. An effect of
      implantation of the endoprosthesis into the arterial wall by covering it with an
      nonhyperplastic, nonadhesive neointima. In 103 patients, 121 endoprosthesis
      implantations had been made into the iliac, femoral, and popliteal arteries over
      5 years, 76.8% of the patients had had a severe concurrent disease. The age of
      the patients ranged from 21 to 72 years. Positive results were obtained in 93.7%
      of all the implantations. The long-term results were studied during 0.5-5.0
      years' follow-ups. Poor results were obtained with endoprosthesis of the
      superficial femoral and popliteal arteries, which was associated with impaired
      distal limb blood flow. Indications for endoprosthesis were defined. The
      technique may be used in critical ill patients in whom direct surgical
      interventions are contraindicated due to concurrent abnormalities. The methods
      developed make it possible to successfully make endoprosthesis of the great
      arteries via a transcutaneous puncture access under local anesthesia.

PMID- 2395259
TI  - [Relation between microcirculatory disorders and coronary circulation in patients
      with a history of myocardial infarction (clinico- angiographic study)].
AB  - The interrelationship between bulbar conjunctival microcirculation and coronary
      blood flow was studied in patients who had sustained myocardial infarction. It
      was shown that the trends in abnormal changes occurring in the cardiac vessels
      and their severity might be judged from microcirculatory alterations in the
      bulbar conjunctiva.

PMID- 2395260
TI  - [Development of left-ventricular aneurysm in relation to the status of the
      coronary bed in patients with a history of myocardial infarction].
AB  - The study was undertaken to examine 270 patients with a history of myocardial
      infarction. Its purpose was to reveal a relationship between the ischemic signs
      of cardiac aneurysm and the status of coronary arteries. The findings suggested
      that left ventricular aneurysm was greatly due to severe obstruction of the
      infarct-related right intraventricular branch of a coronary artery.

PMID- 2395261
TI  - [Erythrocyte deformability in patients with acute myocardial infarction].
AB  - A change in filterability of erythrocytes through a cellulose filter with pores 7
      microns in diameter was examined in 67 patients with acute myocardial infarction.
      Dynamic evaluation of the filterability was compared with a process of necrotic
      focus development in time. The filterability was ascertained to have various
      phases coinciding with the development phases of a necrotic focus and to be an
      early prognostic indicator of myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2395262
TI  - [Effect of intravascular irradiation of blood by helium-neon laser on the markers
      of the area of ischemic myocardial damage in patients with acute myocardial
      infarction].
AB  - In 80 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction (30 patients with
      anterior infarction and 50 with posterior infarction), endovascular irradiation
      of blood with helium-neon laser was studied for effects on the time-course of the
      processes of ischemic lesion and myocardial necrotization from the data on
      precordial mapping of 35 leads ECG (epsilon ST, nST, nQS) and serum creatinine
      phosphokinase and its MB fraction (maximal activity peak attainment time, level
      normalization, summary Q ejection and activity increase rate, delta E/delta t)
      were measured. The irradiation initiated no later than 4 hours after the
      development of anginal pains was found to contribute to a more rapid formation of
      a necrotic zone and to a decrease in extension and relapses of myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2395263
TI  - [Plasminogen activator inhibitor and protein C: their relation to plasma lipids
      and lipo- and apoproteins in ischemic heart disease of different duration].
AB  - The levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI), protein C (pC), total
      cholesterol (TC), high and low density lipoprotein cholesterols (HDLC and LDLC),
      apolipoproteins A1 (apoA1) and B (apoB) were measured in 45 patients with
      coronary heart disease angiographically documented and 10 healthy subjects
      without coronary heart disease and coronary atherosclerosis as evidenced by
      coronary angiography and provocative tests. Twenty three patients had primary
      angina (PA) with a duration of less than 3 months, twenty two patients presented
      with chronic coronary heart disease (CCHD) with a duration of more than 4 months.
      In general, a negative correlation between PAI and HDLC levels in the patients
      under study (r = -0.413; p = 0.02), it was higher in PA (r = -0.687; p = 0.02),
      but disappeared in CCHD (r = 0.027). The content of PAI correlated with the
      cholesterol index (r = 0.654; p less than 0.001 in the whole group), more greatly
      in PA (r = 0.865; p = 0.001) than in CCHD (r = 0.506, NS). There was a good
      correlation between the levels of pC and apoB in the whole group (r = 0.606; p
      less than 0.001) and in PA (r = 0.662; p = 0.001), but not in CCHD (r = 0.288,
      NS). The content of pC also correlated with a apoB/apoA1 ratio (r = 0.445; p =
      0.002 in the whole group of patients). This correlation was significantly
      positive in PA (r = 0.455; p = 0.044), but not in CCHD (r = 0.022). Thus, higher
      levels of PAI coincided with atherogenic changes in those of HDLC, and an
      increase in the content of pC was in agreement with that of apoB. The
      interrelationships are particularly typical of early stages of CHD.

PMID- 2395264
TI  - [Differential therapy in emergency cardiology].

PMID- 2395265
TI  - [Lipid peroxidation and hyperuricemia in patients with ischemic heart disease].
AB  - Lipid peroxidation, activity of the enzymatic link of the antioxidative system,
      and parameters of the lipid system were studied in 62 patients with coronary
      heart disease (27 patients with hyperuricemia and 35 subjects with normal uric
      acid levels) in relation to blood uric acid concentrations. The levels of uric
      acid, malonic dialdehyde, total lipids, total cholesterol, beta-lipoprotein
      cholesterol, triglycerides were measured and the activities of superoxide
      dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were
      evaluated. In the patients there was an increase in lipid peroxidation and lipid
      composition changes which were more drastically marked in hyperuricemia.

PMID- 2395266
TI  - [Painless myocardial ischemia in patients with stable stenocardia].
AB  - 24-hour Holter monitoring was performed in 58 patients with stable angina
      pectoris. Out of them, 70.7% were recorded to have painless ischemic ST-segment
      depression episodes which made up some half (45.7%) of the total number of
      myocardial ischemic episodes. The episodes of silent myocardial ischemia were
      characterized by various length, depending on the conditions of their occurrence.
      They were far short-term with physical activity and long-term at rest. An
      increase in the number of diseased coronary vessels in the patients undergoing
      coronary angiography was followed by a rise in the amount of episodes and ST
      segment displacement amplitude. In patients who had an bicycle ergometric loading
      of 100 Wt or greater, the episodes of silent myocardial ischemia were observed
      twice more frequently than in patients who had a threshold loading of 25 to 50
      Wt. Some proportion of the patients exhibited variations in the Holter monitoring
      and paired bicycle ergometric tests when finoptin and obsidan were evaluated for
      their antianginal effect. There was a significant decrease in obsidan's effect
      following 2-month continuous therapy. Despite the persistent growth of exercise
      tolerance as evidenced by bicycle ergometry, finoptin proved to be inefficient in
      46.2% of the patients.

PMID- 2395267
TI  - [Value of 24-hour ECG Holter monitoring in the evaluation of painless episodes of
      ST segment depression in patients with ischemic heart disease].
AB  - The paper presents the results of examination of 149 patients with ischemic heart
      disease. All the patients underwent 24-hour Holter monitoring; selective coronary
      angiography according to M. Judkins was performed in 142 patients, 29 patients
      were subjected to a bicycle ergometric test adopted in the All-Union Cardiology
      Research Center, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In the patients with ischemic
      heart disease, features and rates for detecting the painless episodes of ST
      segment depression from the data of 24-hour Holter monitoring. Painless episodes
      of ST-segment depression were revealed in 82% patients with sclerosing
      atherosclerosis of the coronary bed. These were most frequently found in patients
      with three diseased vessels in the coronary bed or impaired left coronary trunk.
      Painful episodes of ST-segment depression were more pronounced and prolonged in
      the majority of patients.

PMID- 2395268
TI  - [Functional state of the vascular wall in patients with coronary arteriosclerosis
      and different types of reactions to psycho- emotional stress].
AB  - With changes in psychoemotional stress, antithrombogenic properties of the
      vascular wall and hemostatic parameters were evaluated in 25 healthy subjects and
      46 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) who differently performed a leader
      function when intrapersonal interaction was simulated by using a bioengineering
      "Gomeostat" device. There was a significant increase in the functional activity
      of the hemostatic system involving enhanced platelet functional activity and
      diminished blood procoagulative fibrinolytic activity and decreased
      antithrombogenic activity of the vascular wall in patients with CHD who showed a
      managerial tactics during simulated intrapersonal interaction in a minor group as
      compared to a group of followers among CHD patients.

PMID- 2395269
TI  - [Psychological characteristics of patients with ischemic heart disease and
      behavioral risk factor (type A personality)].
AB  - Psychological features were examined in 64 coronary heart disease (CHD) patients
      with type A behavioral risk factor. CHD was diagnosed after all the patients had
      undergone selective coronary angiography. To study personality traits,
      traditional psychological methods were used such as MMPI, the Spilberger
      questionnaire, Jenkins' questionnaire scores. According to the scores of MMPI
      (5MF, 8 Sc, Osi, F), type A behavior subjects were demonstrated to have lower
      ratings than type B behavior ones. No differences in anxiety shown by people were
      found. The findings suggest that Type A persons are inclined to have
      intrapersonal contacts, socially active, emotionally responsive on the one hand,
      and exhibit a provoked hostility, on the other hand. This leads to the formation
      of an emotional conflict which may be a factor causing a long-term emotional
      stress and predisposing to a more frequent development of CHD.

PMID- 2395270
TI  - [Characteristics of psycho-autonomic regulation in patients with myocardial
      infarction and circulatory failure].
AB  - Three hundred and fourteen patients with myocardial infarction were studied by
      using psychodiagnostic tools and measuring blood levels of neuromediators and
      neurohormones. It was ascertained that the hemodynamic status determined not only
      various clinical syndromes, but also contributed to the development of
      psychoemotional and vegetative and humoral abnormalities. Situation-induced
      anxiety and moderate activation of the sympathetic-adrenal+ system were observed
      in uncomplicated myocardial infarction; astheno-hypochondriac disorders and
      prevalent parasympathetic regulation were seen in cardiogenic shock; pulmonary
      edema displayed depressive and phobic reactions and activation of the both
      autonomic nervous system portions with predominant adrenocortical function;
      congestive decompensation exhibited anxiety and depressive disorders and
      sympathetic activation at the normal and mediatory levels. This leads to the
      conclusion that it is necessary to perform multimodality therapy with regard to
      the status of psychovegetative control.

PMID- 2395271
TI  - [Differences in metabolic rate of Na+/H+ in the erythrocyte membrane in
      hypertension and symptomatic hypertension of renal origin].
AB  - Na+/H+ turnover rate in the erythrocyte membranes were measured in 20 patients
      with Stages II and III essential hypertension, 11 patients with renal
      hypertension and 10 healthy subjects. The patients with essential hypertension
      showed a two-fold increase in Na+/H+ turnover rate as compared to the controls.
      Those with renal hypertension displayed no changes in the rate. The rate of
      Na+/H+ turnover was not associated with the patients' sex and was the same in
      Stages II and III essential hypertension. Measuring the Na+/H+ exchange rate was
      proposed to be an additional diagnostic tool for the differential diagnosis of
      arterial hypertension.

PMID- 2395272
TI  - [Diagnostic possibilities of the BIPI test in hypertension].
AB  - To gain an insight into the potentialities of the psychologic test Brief
      International Personality Inventory (BIPI), clinical and psychologic studies were
      undertaken to examine 390 hypertensive patients. The study provided evidence for
      wide psychodiagnostic potentialities of the BIPI in hypertensive disease. This
      test reflects the severity of mental changes, specific features of a
      psychopathological profile of patients with hypertensive disease and the time
      course of these parameters during follow-up and management. It may be useful both
      in the evaluation of hypertensive ' personality traits and in the differential
      diagnosis of psychopathological syndromes. It was shown that it was possible to
      use the BIPI in the prediction of effective therapy for arterial hypertension and
      length of temporary disability in patients with hypertensive disease.

PMID- 2395273
TI  - [Predicting heart failure by intravital study of the mitochondrial energy
      function in patients with heart defects].
AB  - The mitochondrial energy system (respiration and oxidative phosphorylation) was
      studied in 144 patients by a lifetime method for polarographic recording of
      respiration of tissue sections in myocardial biopsy specimens. The application of
      new biochemical criteria for assessing the energy system of mitochondria
      increases the accuracy of diagnosis of latent heart failures in the presence of
      cardiac malformations.

PMID- 2395274
TI  - [Relation between the indicators of temporary disability and risk factors of
      ischemic heart disease in male industrial workers (epidemiological study)].
AB  - In 1986, a random sample of 400 males was examined at one of the Moscow
      enterprises. A registry developed at the enterprise was used to study risk
      factors for coronary heart disease such as arterial hypertension, smoking,
      obesity, and morbidity accompanied by temporary disability in 1986. The analysis
      showed that the major CHD risk factors: smoking, arterial hypertension, and
      obesity were significantly related to temporary disability parameters. The more
      "limited" criteria for hypertension, the closer relationship was to temporary
      disability in terms of both cardiovascular and other diseases. With these
      diseases, disability parameters in cases and days per 100 workers were
      significantly higher in smokers and ex-smokers than in non-smokers. The most
      relative risk for temporary disability was found in the ex-smokers as compared to
      smokers and non-smokers. The subjects with obesity were demonstrated to be at
      higher risk for temporary disability due to cardiovascular disease than those
      without it. No relation was found between temporary disability parameters and
      obesity for total morbidity.

PMID- 2395275
TI  - [Thoracophrenotomy in adrenal surgery].
AB  - The approaches to the adrenal gland may generally be classified into three groups
      abdominal, lumbar and thoracic. Thoracophrenotomy is one of them, which is used
      in the surgical treatment of diseases of the adrenal gland. The approach has a
      series of advantages over the other conventionally used ones; this is confirmed
      by the good results obtained with its application in 21 operated patients.

PMID- 2395276
TI  - [Postoperative invagination in early childhood].
AB  - Postoperative intussusception is a rare but serious complication which occurs
      usually during the early postoperative period with intermittent, but progressing
      intestinal obstruction with characteristic appearance of mucus-bloody stools. Two
      children with postoperative intussusception have been observed among 381 children
      who have had abdominal operations during the last three years (1985-1987) (0.5
      per cent). Various postoperative complications developed in 45 children (11.8 per
      cent), in 2 of them (4.4 per cent) the complication being intussusception. Both
      children were operated for tumors. In one (1 1/2 years old) the postoperative
      intussusception was not diagnosed until it was re-operated; the child died. In
      the second child (3 months old) the postoperative intussusception was diagnosed
      by clinical and X-ray examination; the ileocolic portion of the intussusception
      was reduced by pneumocoloscopy, while the ileo-ileal required re-operation with
      manual reduction. The infant survived. Early diagnosis of this rare postoperative
      complication, especially when mucus-bloody stools appear and pneumocoloscopy is
      performed, is feasible. Appropriate treatment will help for a favourable outcome.

PMID- 2395277
TI  - [Cancer of the pancreas. II. The histological forms and local complications of
      carcinoma of the pancreas].
AB  - A detailed study of the histologic forms and local complications of pancreas
      cancer is made. Based on ample pathologic case material (25,589 sections for 25
      years), the prevailing number of cases of pancreas cancer had histologic
      characteristics of adenocarcinoma, which is in keeping with the standpoint that
      glandular carcinoma is the most common form of pancreas cancer. Next in incidence
      were histologic forms of nondifferentiated scirrhous carcinoma and gelatinous
      cancer of the gland.

PMID- 2395278
TI  - [The multiple-organ failure syndrome in intra-abdominal infections].
AB  - A specific clinical picture, characterized by affection of parenchymatous organ
      functions, named "multiple organ deficiency syndrome" was studied in 68 patients
      with intraabdominal infections. The severity of the infection was determined by
      practicable quantitative tests, furnishing objective assessment of the function
      of all affected organs. Reliable correlation was found between the number of
      affected organs and quantitative testing values as to the outcome of the disease.
      This approach however is not recommended for individual prognosis, but for
      classifying the patient into group with presumable mortality rate. Apart from
      giving precise description of the severity of infection and the patient's state,
      the testing is convenient for comparing groups of patients with similar diseases,
      also for assessment of different treatment schemes and for comparing the results
      of personal experience with that of other authors.

PMID- 2395279
TI  - [The postoperative changes in the cellular immune response in vivo in patients
      with colorectal carcinoma after preoperative acute normovolemic hemodilution--a
      randomized, prospective and comparative study].
AB  - The in vivo changes in the cell-mediated immune response (CMIR) were studied in
      40 patients undergone planned operation for colorectal cancer; delayed skin
      hypersensitivity test was used after intracutaneous application of standardized
      set of antigens produced at the Research Institute of Infectious and Parasitic
      Diseases in Sofia. The tests were performed, as follows: T0--2 days before the
      operation; T1--1 and T2--7 days after the operation. The tests were read after 48
      hours, taking into consideration the sum of the mean diameters of the "positive"
      papules (in mm) and the number of antigens inducing positive skin response.
      Twenty patients received preoperative acute normovolemic hemodilution (PANHD)-
      group A, and the other 20--blood substitution by routine method--group B,
      control. Comparison of the results for T0 revealed no significant difference
      between the two groups. For T1 and T2 the mean sums of the mean diameters of
      positive papules in group B patients showed statistically significant decrease (p
      less than 0.001) both compared to T0 and to the respective values in group A
      patients. The following conclusions were made: 1. After PANHD the patients
      retained normal CMIR after operation: 2. Patients who received homologous blood
      substitution had statistically significant inhibition of CMIR on the 7.
      postoperative day.

PMID- 2395280
TI  - [A modified technic of preoperative acute normovolemic hemodilution--the
      advantages and economic effect of its use in planned colorectal surgery].
AB  - In a prospective and comparative study were included 129 patients undergone
      planned operation for colorectal cancer. They were divided in two randomized
      groups: Group A consisted of 65 patients operated under conditions of
      preoperative acute normovolemic hemodilution (PANHD) by an own modified technique
      with Ringer-lactate and hemodex. Group B (control) included 64 patients operated
      with the use of homologous blood substitution. The results in the two groups were
      compared as to: intra- and postoperative blood transfusions; time (in days) of
      postoperative treatment; number of postoperative complications. Statistically
      significant differences (p less than 0.001) referrable to all three compared
      values were found. The modified PANHD technique in planned colorectal surgery is
      safer for the patients than the so far suggested techniques and may readily gain
      acceptance with the use of solutions of domestic produce. It leads to significant
      decrease in homologous blood transfusion, shortening the postoperative stay in
      hospital of patients subjected to hemodilution. The number of patients in whom
      postoperative complications developed was reduced.

PMID- 2395281
TI  - [Continuous thoracic epidural analgesia in surgical interventions on the upper
      half of the abdomen--the noninvasive monitoring of the early hemodynamic
      changes].
AB  - Operative interventions in the upper half of the abdomen have been performed in
      32 surgical patients under thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) with bupivacain at
      T4-L2 level, with the use of catheter technique. Before operation the patients
      were hydrated with 12.5 per cent of the circulating blood volume, calculated by
      nomogram. By noninvasive approach were monitored: pulse rate (PR), mean arterial
      pressure (MAP), minute cardiac volume (MCV), peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)
      and cardiac index (CI) for the following times; T0--basal preoperative value, T1-
      on the 5. min; T2--on the 10. min; T3--on the 15. min.; T4--on the 20 min.; T5-
      on the 50. min after application of bupivacain analgesia. The results were
      compared by variation analysis to T0. PVR was reduced with statistical
      significance for T2, T3 and T4 (p less than 0.01). MCV, CI and MAP tended to be
      reduced, while PR showed no significant changes. The results may be summarized,
      as follows: 1. Noninvasive monitoring of PR, MAP, MCV, CI and PVR in TEA is
      necessary for early detection and control of their pathologic changes; 2. The
      hemodynamic changes in TEA with bupivacain at T4-L2 level after premedication
      with vagolytic and hydration with Ringer-lactate (in amount 12.5 per cent of the
      circulating blood volume) are not significant and do not require additional
      treatment; 3, TEA at T4--L2 level allows performance of operative interventions
      in the upper half of the abdomen with adequate analgesia and relaxation, being
      particularly indicated for patients at risk.

PMID- 2395282
TI  - [Cancer of the pancreas. I. The age distribution and localization of the tumor
      process in the gland].
AB  - Analysis is made of the age prevalence and localization of cancer in the
      pancreas. Most frequently affected was the age from 41 to 80 years. Of all these
      four decades most common was the disease in the sixth decade. A purposely carried
      out study of the anatomical localization of pancreas cancer revealed that most
      common was cancer of the head of the pancreas, with that of the body and the tail
      ranking next in incidence.

PMID- 2395283
TI  - [The diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the papilla of Vater].
AB  - The diagnostic possibilities for early detection of cancer of the duodenal
      papilla are discussed. A scheme is suggested for examination of patients
      suspected of having cancer of the papilla. The advantages of radical operation,
      providing longer survival are pointed out. A patients is reported, who survived
      16 years after duodenopancreatectomy for cancer of the duodenal papilla.

PMID- 2395284
TI  - [Percutaneous nephrostomy in childhood].
AB  - Percutaneous nephrostomy has been performed in 18 children, in 7 of whom
      bilaterally. The indications for operation, the operative technique using
      combined echographic and X-ray method by own modification of cannulation, the
      postoperative complications and the results are analyzed. The advantages of the
      method and of the authors modification are pointed out. It is assumed that in the
      event of indications for temporary or lasting supravesical derivation of urine,
      as well as when emergency indication for unloading of urostasis arises,
      percutaneous nephrostomy may be considered first-order method of choice.

PMID- 2395285
TI  - [Nonspecific immunotherapy with BCG vaccine in bladder tumors].
AB  - Clinical experience is recorded and summarized with the application of BCG
      vaccine for prophylaxis, treatment and immunochemotherapy of bladder tumors for
      the period June 1985-January 1988. Included in the study were 85 patients
      distributed in five groups: 23 patients treated for prevention of relapses; 26
      treated for existing and residual surface tumors; 13 in whom BCG vaccine F-70 was
      applied for prophylaxis purpose; 17 with surface tumors treated only surgically-
      control group; 10 patients with advanced bladder tumor treated with
      immunochemotherapeutic agents. Once the results have been reported and discussed,
      the following inferences were made: 1. Intravesical BCG vaccine is a new
      effective and practicable method for prophylaxis and treatment of surface bladder
      tumors; 2. A 12-month course of treatment with the new Bulgarian Kalgevax showed
      high therapeutic activity; 3. Indications and possibilities for treatment of
      existing and residual surface tumors with intravesical BCG vaccine are given;
      complete effect of treatment was obtained in 21 patients (81 per cent); 4. The
      side reactions of the application of BCG vaccine and the possibilities for their
      reduction are presented; 5. The first results of application of immunotherapy in
      advanced bladder tumors are encouraging.

PMID- 2395286
TI  - [Diet and chronic kidney failure].

PMID- 2395287
TI  - [10 cases of parathyroid carcinoma--the clinical and surgical aspects].

PMID- 2395288
TI  - [The casuistics of neurinoma of the stomach with a case report].

PMID- 2395290
TI  - [Polycystosis of the liver and kidneys].

PMID- 2395289
TI  - [Rupture of a liver tumor].

PMID- 2395291
TI  - [Combined capillary with cavernous hemangioma and tuberculosis of the liver].

PMID- 2395292
TI  - [A case of tumors of the kidney and bladder with differing histology].
AB  - A case is presented being of interest because of the simultaneous development of
      two tumors at different sites of the urinary tract with different histologic
      structure. The patients, a 56 years old man entered the clinic on July 13, 1988
      with painless hematuria. On examination, including intravenous urography,
      cystoscopy with transurethral echography and computer axial tomography, tumors of
      the right kidney and of the bladder were identified. The affected kidney was
      removed and the diagnosis was renal cancer (hypernephroma). A two-step
      transurethral resection of the bladder was also performed. The histologic
      diagnosis was moderately differentiated transient-cell carcinoma. The patient is
      under regular medical observation.

PMID- 2395293
TI  - [Cases of the regression of advanced bladder tumors (T2-T4) after the use of
      chemotherapy].
AB  - A. Yagoda reports that modern therapeutic schemas applied for treatment of
      bladder tumors have essentially increased the response rate: more than 50 per
      cent with full response (CRs), within the range from 28 to 40 per cent persisting
      for a period from 11 to more than 32 months. What appears new, noted by this
      author, is the complete disappearance of the tumor (restaging) following
      chemotherapy, demonstrated surgically and on pathologic examination. Proceeding
      from the current trends in the treatment of bladder tumors and the use of modern
      chemotherapeutic schemes, the authors describe 4 cases of regression of advanced
      tumors. This was based on criteria of clinico-laboratory assay, which included
      urethroscopy with transurethral echography and biopsy specimen examination,
      computer axial tomography of pelvis and kidneys, radioisotopic examination of
      kidneys, chest X-ray. Two patients received combined treatment by a scheme with
      methotrexate, biocysplatinum and biocarbazine; a three-year survival without
      relapse was recorded. The other two patients were treated using M-VAC scheme
      (methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin and biocysplatinum). They have been under
      observation for 18 months and had no relapse.

PMID- 2395294
TI  - [A comparative study of the effect of epidural analgesia on the hormonal status
      and humoral immunity in patients with bladder carcinoma and prostatic adenoma].

PMID- 2395295
TI  - [A device for transcholedochal-transduodenal operations on the terminal
      choledochus].

PMID- 2395296
TI  - [Treatment of eye burns with a polyvalent proteolytic inhibitor].
AB  - The present paper reports the results of a study on the use of a polyvalent
      proteolysis inhibitor (Gordox), the active agent of which is aprotinin, in early
      stages of ocular burn injuries. Following experimental corneal burns, Gordox
      influenced the activity of proteolytic enzymes in ocular tissue and morphologic
      changes in the cornea. Various administration methods were studied--instillation,
      and subconjunctival and intravenous injection. The preparation reduced the
      activity of proteolytic enzymes in the burned region of the cornea by a factor of
      two and led to "stages" in healing processes, thus preventing severe
      complications following ocular burns. In 98 patients (152 eyes) with ocular burn
      injuries, Gordox was found to be highly efficacious: in particular, it reduced
      the severity of inflammation in ocular tissues and considerably decreased the
      incidence of corneal perforations.

PMID- 2395297
TI  - [Retinal vascular occlusions are independent of optic disk size. A morphometric
      study of 140 patients].
AB  - The size of the optic nerve head influences the prevalence of optic disk
      anomalies and diseases. The authors investigated whether this also holds true for
      retinal vessel occlusions. The optic disks of 140 patients with central or branch
      occlusions of the retinal veins and arteries were measured, using photographs of
      the optic disk and correcting the photographic enlargement by Littmann's method.
      There were no significant differences in size and shape (Mann-Whitney Test)
      between the disks thus studied and 457 nonselected optic nerve heads. The
      incidence of retinal vessel occlusions appears to be unrelated to the shape and
      size of the optic disk.

PMID- 2395298
TI  - [Changes in visual evoked potential latencies following retrobulbar neuritis].
AB  - After unilateral retrobulbar neuritis, VEP latency time does not remain stable:
      in 7 out of 9 patients, significant changes in latency time were recorded after
      intervals of 15 to 35 months. In 6 of the 9 cases a reduction in latency time was
      observed, in 2 of them complete normalization. In one patient it increased
      further as compared to the initial examination. One conclusion from these
      findings is that optic neuritis in remission cannot be ruled out by normal VEPs.

PMID- 2395299
TI  - [Flexibility of intraocular lens haptics of various geometry and materials].
AB  - The relations between the deformation and resulting resilience of lens haptics
      with various geometries and made of different materials were studied. While there
      are no fundamental differences between PMMA and PP haptics with identical
      geometries, the resilience of soft lenses made of poly-HEMA and silicone rubber
      subjected to the same deformation is significantly higher. On the basis of such
      measurements it is possible to estimate stress on the capsular bag during and
      after implantation. In light of recent publications concerning the prevention of
      secondary cataract, permanent circular tensioning of the lens capsule appears a
      desirable goal. This requirement is best satisfied with a material with
      permanently high elasticity, which tensions the equator of the capsular bag over
      360 degrees.

PMID- 2395300
TI  - [A method for recording the network topology of human retinal vessels].
AB  - Network analysis of the human retinal vessels must be based on a thorough
      knowledge of the topology of the network. This derives from the numerical
      composition of the network's individual components. Using histologic specimens,
      centrifugal and centripetal ordering methods were compared. It was found
      necessary to use an ordering system which takes both dichotomous as well as
      lateral branching into account, and Strahler's centripetal ordering system was
      found to be suitable. For various representative areas of human retinae it could
      be shown that the number of segments of each Strahler order forms an inverse
      geometric sequence which enables the Horton branching quotient RB to be
      calculated. It is thus possible to predict the number of vessel segments within
      the individual orders. Although the method ignores detailed vessel morphology,
      with knowledge of the vessel lengths and diameters determined in the same manner
      it enables the conductivity and resistance of human retinal vessels to be
      measured.

PMID- 2395301
TI  - [Coincidence of hypertensive fundus changes and regulatory disorders of
      peripheral microcirculation. II--Skeletal muscles].
AB  - In patients with hypertensive fundus changes considerable morphologic changes of
      the entire vascular system may be assumed. In the present study, the effects of
      these processes on the partial oxygen pressure of the skeletal musculature were
      investigated in 62 patients via a macro puncture electrode placed in the tibial
      muscle. The extent of fundus changes and the reduction in muscular partial oxygen
      pressure were found to be correlated. With advancing stages of fundus changes,
      blood flow measured in the common carotid artery decreased. Vascular changes
      which are clearly recognizable in the hypertensive fundus thus appear to be
      accompanied by a deterioration in partial oxygen pressure in muscular tissue and
      restriction of flow in the macrocirculation.

PMID- 2395302
TI  - [Retinoschisis with a giant central outer layer retinal tear and concomitant
      detachment].
AB  - The authors report on 2 cases with a special form of senile retinoschisis with
      retinal detachment. In both cases, a typical retinoschisis was combined with a
      giant tear of the outer retinal layer and a sickle-shaped retinal detachment
      extending almost to the macula. In contrast to previously published cases, which
      were treated by a conventional scleral buckling procedure or vitrectomy with
      fluid air exchange, it was decided to demarcate the retinal detachment by argon
      laser photocoagulation. The authors consider this non-invasive procedure
      sufficiently safe and effective.

PMID- 2395303
TI  - [Moschcowitz syndrome and retinal neovascularization with retinal detachment].
AB  - The authors examined a patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
      (Moschcowitz's disease). Six months after the patient was first seen with massive
      bilateral vascular occlusion, she presented with advanced retinal
      neovascularization in both eyes and traction retinal detachment in the left eye.
      While traction retinal detachment is a very rare sequela of this hematologic
      disorder, patients with Moschocowitz's disease should be carefully examined for
      early signs of ocular neovascularization in order to prevent loss of residual
      vision.

PMID- 2395304
TI  - [A new laser scan system for video-ophthalmoscopy. Initial clinical experiences
      also in connection with digital image processing].

PMID- 2395305
TI  - [Recommendation for lens implantation following vitreoretinal silicone oil
      surgery].
AB  - The occurrence of silicone oil-induced cataract following vitreoretinal silicone
      oil surgery is an unavoidable complication due the metabolic changes. Following
      extracapsular cataract extraction, extreme fibrosis und shrinkage of the
      posterior lens capsule was observed in 7 cases when the oil was left in situ. A
      new procedure was therefore evolved for correcting refraction following
      vitreoretinal silicone oil surgery. During vitreoretinal surgery, intracapsular
      cataract extraction is performed or the pseudophakos is removed. When all retinal
      interventions have been completed, and at the earliest 3 months after silicone
      oil removal, anterior lens implantation is performed provided the retina is
      stable.

PMID- 2395306
TI  - [New heterocentric, aplanatic surgical contact lenses for the anterior eye
      segment].
AB  - A heterocentric arrangement of optical radii in surgical contact lenses and the
      extremely eccentric mirror placement which this makes possible guarantee a wide
      field angle for the observer and the therapeutic laser beam, and thus represent
      an optimized optical system with minimal optical aberration. The monobloc glass
      lens systems were developed in cooperation with Dr. Schirmer specifically for
      glaucoma surgery in the anterior chamber angle. A mirrored chamber angle contact
      lens and an iridotomy lens for use in argon laser trabeculoplasty, YAG laser
      iridotomy, YAG laser capsulotomy, and YAG goniosynechiectomy are designed to
      facilitate therapy with greatly reduced laser energy and optimized image
      conditions. The lenses have been evaluated, with positive results, at university
      eye hospitals in Montreal (Dr. Schirmer), Tubingen (Dr. Jean), Berlin (Dr.
      Seiler), and Munich (Dr. Fabian).

PMID- 2395307
TI  - [The value of the red-green test].
AB  - The causes of chromatic aberration were elucidated by Newton in 1704, though in
      regard to the eye the phenomenon has been a subject of controversy. The chromatic
      aberration of the eye has long been used to determine refraction. In principle,
      blurred coloured circles are visible which depend on the chromatic aberration of
      the eye and lead to perception of different contrasts in the dark optotypes
      presented in the two coloured fields, depending on the real ametropia or
      correction conditions. Uniform perception of contrast by the subject is used as
      the criterion for correction. As regards the red-green test, it appears doubtful
      that the results are not influenced by protanopia and brunescent cataract.
      Therefore, the contrast thresholds of 8 protanopic patients and 5 patients with
      brunescent cataract were examined. This was done using special red and green
      lenses (produced by VEB Carl Zeiss Jena) under individual conditions with
      Landolt's rings. Characteristic differences in the contrast thresholds for red
      and green were found. For bichromatic tests no procedure has been defined, and
      neither the wave-lengths to be used nor the reference wavelength have been laid
      down. The results can be affected by numerous physical, physiological and
      pathological factors. The accuracy and practical usefulness of red-green tests
      are questionable. Therefore, it does not appear justified to equip
      ophthalmological examination instruments for such tests.

PMID- 2395308
TI  - [Evaluation of intraocular lenses].
AB  - With an optical spherometer and a collimator it is possible to determine the
      curvature radii, focal length, and vertex power of IOLs. For testing image
      quality, optotype charts of the kind familiar to ophthalmologists should be used,
      and the images produced by the IOLs in air or water observed with a microscope.
      Bicofal intraocular lenses should always be tested in a solution in planoparallel
      cuvettes or artificial eyes. The imaging characteristics of different lenses can
      be demonstrated using a telescope with 1 x magnification.

PMID- 2395309
TI  - [Ischemic optic neuropathy (apoplexia papillae) and ischemic micro-infarcts of
      the retinal nerve fiber layer in extreme internal carotid artery kinking].
AB  - The authors report on 2 patients with extreme kinking of the internal carotid
      artery and ipsilateral, recurrent ischemic optic neuropathy associated with
      localized microangiopathy of the retinal nerve fiber layer (cotton wool spots).
      In conjunction with the kinking phenomenon, the atheromatous plaques represent a
      potential cause of dangerous embolization causing ocular symptoms. The kinking
      phenomenon may not be diagnosed by Doppler sonography, including duplex B-scan
      evaluation, and digital subtraction angiography may be necessary. Extreme kinking
      of the internal carotid artery, which causes ocular embolisms, must be recognized
      and treated immediately by angioplasty to prevent damage to the eyes and brain.

PMID- 2395310
TI  - [Results in Pediatric Oncology 14. Proceedings of the Society of Pediatric
      Oncology and the German Working Group on Leukemia Research and Treatment in
      Childhood].

PMID- 2395311
TI  - [Clinical applications of the study of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene
      rearrangements in acute leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children].
AB  - In addition to conventional morphological, histological and immunological marker
      studies, cells from 150 children with leukemia or non Hodgkin's lymphoma were
      analysed using the Southern blot hybridization technique to examine
      immunoglobulin- (Ig) and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements. Patients with
      B-lineage leukemia or NHL demonstrated in 90% an Ig heavy chain gene
      rearrangement, 6% with an additional light chain kappa gene rearrangement.
      Combined Ig- with TCR-beta-gene rearrangements were mainly found in patients with
      common ALL: 19% at first presentation, and 33% in relapse. Moreover, 6 c-ALL
      patients showed rearrangements in all 3 gene loci (JH-, Ck- and TCR). Based on
      the developmental hierarchy of Ig- and TCR gene rearrangements it was possible to
      further subclassify c-ALL into different stages of B cell development. No
      correlation could be established between the different constellations of gene
      rearrangements, the number of rearranged fragments and the course of illness. All
      patients with T-lineage leukemia or NHL demonstrated TCR rearrangements of the
      beta-, g- and delta-gene loci, two with an additional Ig gene rearrangement.
      These data confirm recent reports indicating that immunoglobulin heavy chain gene
      rearrangements are not restricted to B-lineage neoplasms. Furthermore, non
      germline configuration was found in tumor cells of every patient with AUL, O-ALL
      and AHL, permitting a classification to B- or T-cell lineage. Noteworthy is that
      every AML patient with Ig- and/or TCR gene rearrangements showed a poor or non
      response towards therapy. Specimens of individual patients with differently
      involved tissues at diagnosis always showed an identical rearrangement. The
      intensity depended on the number of infiltrating blast cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395312
TI  - [Retinoblastoma gene analysis in a patient with osteosarcoma following previous
      bilateral retinoblastoma].
AB  - In a native osteosarcoma specimen of a patient cured of a bilateral
      retinoblastoma eight years before we found a homozygous deletion of a 7.5 kb Hind
      III-fragment within the retinoblastoma gene and a hemizygous deletion of the same
      fragment in its constitutional cells. In a native osteosarcoma tissue of a lung
      metastasis of a patient with sporadic osteosarcoma the Rb-gene-analysis did not
      reveal any deletion within the gene. This might be due to the fact that the used
      c-DNA-probe did not detect point mutations. Nevertheless, the possibility of
      additional or alternative transforming events should be kept in mind.

PMID- 2395313
TI  - [Effect of 7S immunoglobulin substitution on the incidence and course of
      infection in cytostatic drug treated patients].
AB  - This retrospective analysis evaluates the effect of intravenously administered
      immunoglobulin against infections occurring during bone marrow depression after
      cancer chemotherapy in 85 children with leukemia and lymphoma. There was no
      statistical difference between patients with and without immunoglobulin
      administration neither when immunoglobulins were used prophylactically nor
      therapeutically in addition to antibodies during episodes of infection. Duration
      of fever, duration of antibiotic therapy, maximum of temperature, white blood
      cell counts, and kind of infections were comparable in 84 fever episodes in
      patients who had received immunoglobulin therapeutically and 69 fever episodes in
      patients who had not. This study supports the aspect that immunoglobulin
      administration does not have preventive or therapeutic efficacy on infections
      during cancer chemotherapy in children.

PMID- 2395314
TI  - [Malignancies in families of children with cancer].
AB  - We examined the frequency and kind of cancer in families with a child having a
      neoplasm at the Universitatskinderklinik Homburg/Saar, at the
      Universitatskinderklinik Freiburg and at the Institut fur Medizinische Statistik
      und Dokumentation der Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat Mainz. The following could
      be shown: 1. There is no difference in the distribution of various kinds of
      cancer in children, whether they have relatives with cancer or not. 2. It is
      necessary to examine the family history repeatedly to obtain an accurate
      documentation of familial cancer. 3. Cancer in familial members did occur in a
      third of all families on an average. 4. Independently of the diagnosis of the
      child, in most families only one additional family member did have cancer. 5. The
      majority of relatives with cancer are grandparents. 6. Cancer of the lung and of
      the breast are the most frequent kinds of neoplasms occurring in family members.
      7. Comparing the most frequent kinds of neoplasms in family members in this study
      with the distribution of cancer in adults, it is obviously, that there is a
      higher percentage of leukemia and brain tumors in relatives of children with
      cancer than is expected. 8. Typical tumor constellations can be found in affected
      families like breast cancer and soft tissue sarcomas.

PMID- 2395315
TI  - Abstracts of papers selected for presentation at the third annual research
      meeting of the Kind-Philipp Foundation for Leukemia Research.

PMID- 2395316
TI  - An improved method of bronchoalveolar lavage of lungs of small laboratory
      animals: short report.
AB  - This report describes a semi-automatic method for standardized bronchoalveolar
      lavage of small laboratory animals. In essence the method is constructed from a
      dispenser and a pressure chamber.

PMID- 2395317
TI  - On the use of T61 for euthanasia of domestic and laboratory animals; an ethical
      evaluation.
AB  - A number of experiments was carried out to determine the sequence of events
      leading to death following administration of the euthanizing agent T61.
      Simultaneous recordings of the EMG, EEG, ECG and end-tidal CO2 (dogs only) were
      obtained in acutely instrumented rabbits and dogs. Results show that following
      T61 administration the loss of consciousness and loss of muscle activity occurred
      simultaneously. Vocalization and increased muscle movement occurred in the
      initial phase of the injection in 3 of 8 dogs, injected with T61 or butyramide.
      From this study it was concluded that the presence of the muscle relaxant does
      not pose an ethical problem for the use of T61 as an euthanizing agent, but our
      results suggest that the use of T61 may have some emotionally unpleasant side
      effects.

PMID- 2395318
TI  - Ringtail in the pouched mouse (Saccostomus campestris).
AB  - Laboratory colonies of the pouched mouse (Saccostomus campestris) were housed in
      solid bottom cages and fed a varied diet containing excess fatty acids. Ringtail
      was only initiated in animals of all ages, from populations originating from
      different areas of South Africa, when the relative humidity fell below 30%. The
      incidence of ringtail was curtailed by maintaining relative humidity above 45% in
      animal houses.

PMID- 2395319
TI  - The effect of age on the rhythmic contractions of the rat small intestine.
AB  - In vivo and in vitro rates of intestinal rhythmic contractions were measured in
      the same rats varying in age from very young to the senescent. Two rat strains,
      three small intestine locations, and six ages were compared. Contraction rates
      determined in vivo and in vitro were similar. Rhythmic contractions at all ages
      were fasted in the duodenum, slower in the jejunum, and slowest in the ileum.
      Contractions at 10 days of age were significantly slower than at all other ages;
      otherwise no systematic age-associated difference in contractions was
      demonstrated in either strain. Several factors were suggested as possibly
      influencing the developmental aspects of contraction rate and, therefore, their
      potential involvement in the early post natal period was suggested. It appears
      that old age does not influence the rate at which rhythmic contractions occur in
      the small intestine of the rat, and very possibly, these results are applicable
      to other species including humans.

PMID- 2395321
TI  - Histomorphology of the hamster cheek pouch.
AB  - Histomorphology of the cheek pouch was studied in 14 hamsters by light and
      transmission electron microscopy. The cheek pouch wall was devoid of any
      lymphatic tissue and dense subepithelial tissue (i.e. the lamina propria) would
      render lymph drainage almost impossible and might constitute impermeable
      morphological barrier for non-recognition of transplants evoking a host immune
      response. Because in the literature it was reported that there is absence of any
      arteriovenous anastomoses on the pouch wall, and interruption of arterial supply
      failed to alter the growth rate of tissue grafts, we speculated that epidermal
      growth factors present in the saliva could play a role in maintaining the growth
      of tissue transplants.

PMID- 2395320
TI  - Responses of female rhesus macaques to an environmental enrichment apparatus.
AB  - Environmental enrichment devices are a potential way to enhance psychological
      well-being in laboratory animals. The effects of such devices need to be
      systematically evaluated before they are recommended for widespread use. The
      purpose of this research was to monitor the behavioural and physiological
      responses of adult female rhesus macaques to a simple enrichment device. The
      apparatus consisted of a box attached to the monkey's home cage that contained a
      radio and a food dispenser, which could be controlled by the monkeys via contact
      detectors. Radio and food dispenser use were automatically recorded. Whole blood
      serotonin (WBS), plasma cortisol and abnormal behaviour were measured in 5
      monkeys before, during and after a 20-week period in which the monkey's cages
      were equipped with the device. All monkeys used the device (3 of the 5 subjects
      earned an average of more than 200 food pellets per day). Mean plasma cortisol
      and whole blood serotonin did not differ across sampling times, suggesting that
      the apparatus had no effect on basal stress levels. There was an inverse
      relationship between apparatus use and cortisol levels in 76% of the samples, but
      only 3 of 17 coefficients were significant. There was a significant but small
      negative correlation between apparatus use and self-abusive behaviour. This
      enrichment device was readily used by adult rhesus monkeys and could be adapted
      for use in a wide variety of laboratory settings.

PMID- 2395322
TI  - Host specificity of cloned Spironucleus muris in laboratory rodents.
AB  - With three clones of Spironucleus muris (S. muris)--established from a mouse,
      hamster, and rat--homologous and heterologous host species were experimentally
      infected. Each host was susceptible to the clone originating from the homologous
      donor. In addition, both mice and hamsters were susceptible to the reciprocal
      heterologous clones. In contrast, infections of the rat with both heterologous
      clones were very poor, i.e. quantitatively low and ephemeral. It was not possible
      to infect hamsters and mice, not even athymic, with S. muris from the rat. This
      suggests a strain heterogeneity within the genus S. muris. In general, the
      genetic background of the host influenced the infection, the sex of the host did
      not.

PMID- 2395323
TI  - Age related changes in weight and the concentrations of zinc and copper in the
      brain of the adult rat.
AB  - Two groups of adult male rats aged 15 weeks and 49 weeks, 15 rats in each group,
      were analysed for the concentrations of the trace elements zinc (Zn) and copper
      (Cu) in serum, liver, kidney, and five parts of the brain (cortex, corpus
      striatum, hippocampus, midbrain + medulla, and cerebellum). All organs increased
      in weight from 15 weeks to 49 weeks. In all parts of the brain, except for corpus
      striatum, there was a significant increase of the weights. The dry weight (% of
      wet) increased in all parts of the brain. In serum, the Zn and Cu concentrations
      increased from 15 weeks to 49 weeks. In the liver, both concentrations decreased
      and in the kidney the concentrations increased with increasing age. The Zn
      concentrations increased in cortex and corpus striatum and decreased in
      cerebellum and hippocampus. The Cu levels increased in all parts of the brain
      with the largest changes in corpus striatum. For rats aged 49 weeks, a
      significant correlation was found between the Cu concentrations of corpus
      striatum or midbrain + medulla and the fluid consumption. The findings of the
      present study reveal a dynamic age-related pattern of changes in the
      concentrations of Zn and Cu in different organs of the adult rat. This stresses
      the need of age-matching as an important control in experiment studies.

PMID- 2395324
TI  - Population density and growth rate in laboratory mice.
AB  - Home Office guidelines recommend an area of 60 cm2 per mouse for growing mice up
      to 30 g. However, the overall growth rate, and final adrenal weight of weanling
      BALB/c and MF1 strain mice was not affected by being housed at a density of down
      to 27 cm2 per mouse, though there was some evidence of strain differences in
      ability to tolerate such dense housing. The presence of cage accessories had no
      effect on growth rate of BALB/c and female mice, but reduced growth of MF1 and
      male mice, though the effect was small. It is concluded that present Home Office
      guidelines make a generous provision for the space requirements of growing
      laboratory mice, and that the use of cage accessories of varying design may be
      worth exploring in more detail.

PMID- 2395325
TI  - A technique for creating partial obstruction of the common bile duct in the rat.
AB  - Partial obstruction of the common bile duct was produced in rats by tightly tying
      a 0.5 mm stainless steel rod to the proximal common bile duct. The rod was then
      removed from the ligature leaving a constriction around the duct. Within 2 weeks
      the bile duct proximal to the partial obstruction was markedly dilated. Liver
      histology was notable for marked proliferation of the interlobular bile ductules
      and minimal cholangitis, changes which are characteristic of partial obstruction.

PMID- 2395326
TI  - Electrocardiographical findings of WBN/Kob rats.
AB  - Electrocardiographical (ECG) investigations were carried out on 4 and 12 week old
      WBN/Kob and Wistar male rats. In comparison with Wistar rats which showed ECG
      findings typical of those of normal rats, WBN/Kob rats showed significantly
      larger QRS complex amplitude, smaller T wave amplitude, longer QRS duration, and
      longer QT interval at 4 weeks of age. This tendency became clearer at 12 weeks of
      age. There were no changes in serum inorganic ion concentrations or cardiac
      histopathology suggestive of these ECG changes in WBN/Kob rats. These ECG
      findings in WBN/Kob rats are considered to be a hereditary characteristic of the
      strain.

PMID- 2395327
TI  - Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates wound healing and modulates
      extracellular matrix gene expression in pig skin. I. Excisional wound model.
AB  - The effect of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) on matrix gene
      expression has been investigated during the process of wound repair, where the
      formation of new connective tissue represents a critical step in restoring tissue
      integrity. Split-thickness excisional wounds in the pig were studied by in situ
      hybridization in order to obtain subjective findings on the activity and location
      of cells involved in matrix gene expression after the administration of
      recombinant TGF-beta 1. Data focus on the stimulatory role of this growth factor
      in granulation tissue formation, on the enhanced mRNA content of collagen types I
      and III, fibronectin, TGF-beta 1 itself, and on the reduction in stromelysin
      mRNA, suggesting that increased matrix formation measured after treatment with
      TGF-beta 1 is due to fibroplasia regulated by the abundance of mRNAs for several
      different structural, matrix proteins as well as inhibition of proteolytic
      phenomena elicited by metalloproteinases. These studies reveal elastin mRNA early
      in the repair process, and elastin mRNA expression is enhanced by administration
      of TGF-beta 1. Moreover, we show that TGF-beta 1 was auto-stimulating in wounds,
      accounting, at least in part, for the persistent effects of single doses of this
      multipotential cytokine.

PMID- 2395328
TI  - Induction of receptor clustering, patching, and capping on surface-activated
      platelets.
AB  - Interaction of selective ligands or specific antibodies with mobile glycoprotein
      IIb-IIIa receptors on suspended human platelets is associated with reorganization
      of receptor-ligand complexes. Words used to describe the reorganization have been
      adapted from similar, antigen-antibody redistribution on lymphocytes, and include
      descriptive terms such as clustering, patching, capping, and endocytosis. Studies
      on the interaction of fibrinogen coupled to colloidal gold (Fgn/Au) with
      glycoprotein IIb-IIIa on surface-activated cells failed to reveal clustering,
      patching, capping, and endocytosis observed by others on agonist-stimulated or
      immunoreacted platelets in suspension. The present study sought to induce these
      phenomena in order to distinguish them from the ligand-receptor interaction and
      translocation that do develop on surface-activated platelets. Treatment of
      platelets with cytochalasin B after spreading, but before exposure to Fgn/Au,
      resulted in clustering of electron-dense probes. Addition of cytochalasin B to
      fully spread platelets after they had been incubated with Fgn/Au produced
      patching. Allowing grids of fully spread platelets reacted with Fgn/Au for 5
      minutes to rest on drops of Hanks' balanced salt solution for 10 minutes resulted
      in capping. Platelets exposed to cytochalasin B in suspension before interaction
      with Formvar grids failed to spread fully or develop pseudopods, but channels of
      the open canalicular system became filled with Fgn/Au-receptor complexes. The
      Fgn/Au-filled channels were concentrated in cell centers, and could be confused
      with endocytosis identified previously by immunofluorescence. Thus, phenomena
      resembling clustering, patching, capping, and endocytosis can be produced on
      plasma membranes of surface-activated platelets, but do not appear required for
      response to agonists or surface activation.

PMID- 2395329
TI  - Staphylococcal alpha-toxin-induced vascular leakage in isolated perfused rabbit
      lungs.
AB  - alpha-Toxin, the major, pore-forming exotoxin of Staphylococcus aureus, caused
      acute hypertension when perfused through blood-free rabbit lungs (21). This
      reaction is mediated by pulmonary thromboxane generation, for which toxin-induced
      calcium flux into target cells with subsequent stimulation of arachidonic acid
      metabolism is predominantly responsible. In the present study, we investigated
      the effects of alpha-toxin on the integrity of the lung microvasculature.
      Thromboxane generation was inhibited in all experiments to suppress the
      development of pulmonary hypertension. Application of low alpha-toxin
      concentrations (5 to 40 ng/ml) induced protracted, severe vascular leakage in a
      dose-dependent manner. After a lag period of 40 to 120 minutes, gravimetrically
      determined capillary filtration coefficients progressively increased to greater
      than 10-fold values, and this was followed by pronounced weight gain of the
      isolated organs. These physiologic alterations were paralleled by dose- and time
      dependent structural changes documented by electron microscopic examination of
      perfusion-fixed lungs. Increasing electron density of microvascular endothelial
      cell nuclei and subsequently of their cytoplasma was noted, followed by
      detachment of these cells from the mutual endoepithelial basal lamina. Edema was
      localized in the blood-gas exchange area, in contrast to hydrostatically induced
      lung fluid accumulation. These results identify pulmonary microvascular
      endothelium cells as highly susceptible targets for attack by alpha-toxin. Given
      a similar sensitivity of human endothelial cells, alpha-toxin might directly
      contribute to the pathogenesis of acute respiratory failure under conditions of
      severe infection with Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 2395330
TI  - Characterization and in vivo transfer of nephritogenic autoantibodies directed
      against dipeptidyl peptidase IV and laminin in experimental lupus nephritis.
AB  - The present studies dealt with the pathogenesis of renal involvement in murine
      chronic graft-versus-host disease, which is a model for human systemic lupus
      erythematosus. The disease was induced in (C57BL10xDBA/2)F1 hybrids by injection
      of DBA/2 lymphocytes. The animals developed systemic disease accompanied by
      deposition of autoantibodies in the glomeruli and a lupus type of nephritis.
      Antibodies were eluted from glomeruli isolated during various stages of the
      disease by magnetic extraction from iron-perfused kidneys. For assessment of the
      specificity of the antibodies, we used indirect immunofluorescence, an enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay, and immunoblotting. In glomeruli from week 4,
      autoantibodies were found to be directed against several antigens, among which
      were the glomerular basement membrane component laminin and the glomerular enzyme
      dipeptidyl peptidase IV, whereas week 8 glomeruli also showed antibodies directed
      against nuclear antigens. Both laminin and dipeptidyl peptidase IV are known
      nephritogenic antigens occurring in renal tubular epithelial brush border
      preparations. Antibodies eluted from isolated glomeruli of diseased animals bound
      in a granular pattern along the glomerular capillary wall after in vivo transfer.
      Anti-renal tubular epithelial antibodies in the sera of diseased animals were
      affinity purified and injected into naive mice, which induced immune complex
      glomerulonephritis and proteinuria, thus confirming the nephritogenic role of
      these autoantibodies in this model.

PMID- 2395331
TI  - Hyperthermia: effects on renal ischemic/reperfusion injury in the rat.
AB  - Hyperthermia (39.5 degrees C) worsens experimental ischemic acute renal failure
      (ARF). We assessed whether it does so by affecting the ischemic and/or
      reperfusion injury phase and if its influence is mediated through changes in
      kidney ATP content and xanthine oxidase-mediated oxidant stress. Rats were
      subjected to 25 minutes of renal pedicle occlusion and hyperthermia was imposed
      during ischemia alone, reflow alone (0 to 30, 30 to 60, and 60 to 90 minutes),
      ischemia + reflow, or without ischemia. Hyperthermia's effects on
      ischemic/reperfusion adenylate pools lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), and
      the severity of ARF were assessed in comparison with normothermic ischemic
      controls. Hyperthermia confined to ischemia profoundly worsened ARF whereas
      during immediate reflow (0 to 30 minutes) hyperthermia had only a mild ARF
      potentiating effect. During late reflow (greater than 30 minutes) or in the
      absence of ischemia, hyperthermia caused no damage. Hyperthermia had only a brief
      negative impact on ischemic ATP content, just slightly lowering it during the
      first 5 minutes of ischemia. Nevertheless, much greater ischemic damage resulted,
      reflected by increased proximal tubular brush border membrane sloughing at the
      end of vascular occlusion. Hyperthermia imposed only during reflow did not affect
      ATP concentrations. Hyperthermia increased end-ischemic purine base
      concentrations by 10% due to increased ATP degradation. However, reperfusion
      lipid peroxidation did not result and xanthine oxidase inhibition (by oxypurinol)
      conferred no protection. CONCLUSIONS: (a) Hyperthermia worsens ARF predominantly
      by affecting ischemic, not reperfusion, injury; (b) xanthine oxidase is not an
      important mediator of hyperthermic-ischemic ARF; and (c) hyperthermia has a
      quantitatively trivial impact on ischemic ATP levels. This suggests that
      hyperthermia principally worsens ARF by magnifying the consequences of energy
      depletion (e.g., membrane damage) more than by worsening energy depletion, per
      se.

PMID- 2395332
TI  - Glycoprotein storage in Gaucher disease: lectin histochemistry and biochemical
      studies.
AB  - Lectin histochemical studies were performed on formalin-fixed, frozen, and
      paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 19 patients with glucosylceramide
      lipidosis (i.e., Gaucher disease). Eleven different lectins were used to identify
      the specific carbohydrate residues in the undegraded stored compounds in the
      cytoplasm of Gaucher cells. In all cases studied, Gaucher cells stained with
      Concanavalia ensiformis agglutinin, Datura stramonium agglutinin, Lens culinaris,
      Ricinus communis agglutinin-I, and wheat germ agglutinin. These results
      demonstrated common carbohydrate residues in the undegraded material stored
      within Gaucher cells and indicated the presence of fucosylated N-linked complex
      oligosaccharides, and glycans containing N-acetyllactosamine repeating sequences,
      as well as nonreducing terminal beta-galactosyl and sialyl residues. In order to
      confirm these findings using biochemical methods, livers and spleens from Gaucher
      patients and controls, and from a patient with Niemann-Pick disease type C
      (included for comparison) were digested with Pronase and the resulting
      glycopeptides separated by gel filtration into fractions with high and low
      molecular weight. In the high-molecular-weight fractions from livers of Gaucher
      patients, the levels of sugars corresponding to N-linked glycans, as measured by
      gas-liquid chromatography, were elevated over those in controls. In the high
      molecular-weight fractions from spleens, the levels of the same sugars were
      elevated in both Gaucher and Niemann-Pick type C patients. Digestion of the
      glycopeptides with endo-beta-galactosidase, which specifically cleaves
      polylactosaminoglycans, showed the presence of material containing N
      acetyllactosamine repeating units in Gaucher liver glycopeptide fractions, but
      not in control and Niemann-Pick type C derived glycopeptide fractions. Our
      histochemical and biochemical studies demonstrated that in addition to
      glucosylceramide, affected tissues of patients with Gaucher disease accumulate
      glycoproteins. This accumulation could not have been predicted on the basis of
      the primary enzymatic defect.

PMID- 2395333
TI  - Ultrastructural study of acinar and intercalated duct organization of
      submandibular and parotid salivary gland.
AB  - According to some current hypotheses, the morphology and organization of the
      intercalated duct/acinar interface of salivary gland have implications for the
      induction of tumors in this organ. However, this region has received limited
      detailed investigation. To study the organization of the terminal ductal segments
      of salivary gland, conventional transmission electron microscopy of human parotid
      and submandibular glands and canine submandibular gland was combined with 3
      dimensional observations of polymer casts of the canine submandibular ductal
      system; the latter were prepared by retrograde injection of acrylic resin via the
      main excretory duct with subsequent digestion of the gland tissue. The division
      of intercalated ducts, into first- and second-order branches, and acinar
      arrangement is more complex than previously suggested. The entire surface of each
      elongated second-order intercalated duct is covered with acini projecting in all
      directions. In the human gland, some acini abut directly on the intercalated duct
      surface, whereas others are connected by a short stalk of intercalated duct
      cells; in comparison with canine submandibular gland, the latter may be a
      modification producing a third-order of the intercalated duct unit. All of these
      features combine to produce a highly efficient secretory apparatus with a large
      proportion of acinar cells to each intercalated duct.

PMID- 2395334
TI  - Stereologic analysis of monocytes and their subcellular organelles in patients
      with acute monocytic and myelomonocytic leukemia.
AB  - The stereologic characteristics of monocytes from patients with acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia containing a monocytic component (FAB M4 and M5), and the
      monocytes from normal individuals were determined by morphometric analysis. The
      cells studied were monocytic cells beyond the promonocyte stage of development,
      as defined by ultrastructural criteria. Parameters evaluated included cell and
      nuclear volumes and surface areas, mitochondrial and myeloperoxidase (MPO)
      positive secretory granule volume and numerical density as well as volume and
      number of the organelles/cell. Peripheral blood and bone marrow monocytes of
      leukemic patients could not be distinguished by their cell or organelle
      stereologic characteristics. Monocytes from patients with both M4 and M5 acute
      leukemia had relatively large cell and nuclear volumes. Mitochondrial volume
      density and volume/cell were also high in monocytes from leukemic patients (M4;
      21 microns 3/cell, M5 20 microns 3/cell) as compared with monocytes from normal
      individuals (8.5 microns 3/cell). On the other hand, MPO-positive secretory
      granule stereologic parameters in monocytes from leukemic patients were
      indistinguishable from those of normal individuals. A small number (3 of 18)
      patients showed very low monocyte MPO-positive granule volume densities. There
      was a slight positive correlation between MPO-positive granule volume density and
      patient survival time. No relationship between mitochondrial characteristics and
      survival was noted.

PMID- 2395335
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of prolactin and chromogranin B messenger
      ribonucleic acids with biotinylated oligonucleotide probes in cultured pituitary
      cells.
AB  - A technique for the subcellular localization of prolactin and chromogranin B
      messenger RNAs (mRNA) in pituitary adenomas by in situ hybridization with
      biotinylated oligonucleotide probes is described. Ultrastructural examination
      revealed clusters and individual gold particles in the cytoplasm with this pre
      embedding in situ hybridization method. Prolactinomas expressed both prolactin
      and chromogranin B mRNA, whereas the null cell adenoma expressed only
      chromogranin B mRNA. Sections of positively labeled cells contained up to 30 gold
      particles/cell. Treatment of cells with RNAse before hybridization reduced the
      number of gold particles to less than 1/cell. These results indicate that
      biotinylated oligonucleotide probes can be used to localize different mRNAs in
      cultured pituitary cells at the ultrastructural level to study the processing of
      these molecules within specific cells and for more precise correlation of
      molecular function with ultrastructural morphology.

PMID- 2395336
TI  - Growth and differentiation of human distal airway epithelial cells in culture.
      Effects of small amounts of serum in defined medium.
AB  - We herein describe a new simple method for culturing primary epithelial cells
      derived from the distal airway of adult human lung. Peripheral lung tissue
      obtained from surgical materials was cultured as explants in Ham's F12 medium
      supplemented with hormones and growth factors. From days 10 to 14, outgrowth of
      epithelial cells started on the dish surface, and even after removal of explants
      at days 14 to 16, these cells continued to replicate during the 3rd and 4th week
      of culture, and eventually formed epithelial cell foci (10 to 20-fold increase in
      population). They then ceased to replicate and terminally differentiated in the
      5th week. Addition of 1% serum to the culture medium enhanced the initial
      outgrowth of epithelial cells, whereas small amounts of serum had no effect on
      proliferation of cells after explant removal. On the other hand, serum modulated
      the differentiation phenotypes of epithelial cells. In the presence of 1% serum,
      numerous ciliated and secretory cells appeared, whereas the cells underwent
      epidermoid differentiation in the absence of serum. When replated onto 3T3
      fibroblast feeder layers, the epithelial cells from earlier cultures showed a
      great replicative capability and formed colonies at higher frequencies (colony
      forming efficiency, 8 to 27% at days 14 to 21), but the replicative capability
      was significantly reduced at the confluent stage (colony-forming efficiency, 0.44
      to 2.0% at day 28). Morphologic examinations of explants strongly suggested that
      the primary cells were derived from the bronchiolar epithelium. We conclude that
      this new culture system provides an excellent model for studying the growth,
      differentiation, and function of human bronchiolar epithelial cells in vitro.

PMID- 2395337
TI  - Cocaine metabolism in man: identification of four previously unreported cocaine
      metabolites in human urine.
AB  - Cocaine and 11 of its metabolites were identified in a urine specimen from a
      cocaine user. Four of the metabolites are reported for the first time:
      ecgonidine, norecgonidine methyl ester, norecgonine methyl ester, and m-hydroxy
      benzoylecgonine. The structures of the newly identified metabolites were
      confirmed by comparison of their gas chromatographic retention times and their
      electron ionization and chemical ionization mass spectra with the corresponding
      data obtained on synthesized standards. Other metabolites present were
      benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, ecgonine, ecgonidine methyl ester,
      norcocaine, p-hydroxycocaine, and m-hydroxycocaine.

PMID- 2395338
TI  - Influence of storage conditions on aluminum concentrations in serum, dialysis
      fluid, urine, and tap water.
AB  - The influence of storage temperature, vessel type, and treatment on alterations
      of aluminum (Al) concentrations in serum, urine, and dialysis fluid samples was
      studied at three different concentrations for each sample over an 18-month
      period. Furthermore, the influence of acidification on Al levels in tap water,
      urine, and dialysis fluid samples was studied over a four-month period. Al was
      measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Sample storage in glass vessels was
      unsuitable, whereas only minor alterations of Al levels were observed with
      storage in polypropylene tubes, polystyrene tubes, and Monovettes. By using
      appropriate plastic containers, acid washing of the vessels showed no
      improvement. Frozen storage was superior compared with 4 degrees C, whereas
      storage at -80 degrees C offered no advantage compared with storage at -20
      degrees C. Acidification of tap water samples was necessary to stabilize Al
      levels during storage. No striking effect of acidification on Al levels in urine
      and dialysis fluid samples was found. It is concluded that longterm storage of
      serum, urine, tap water, and dialysis fluid samples is possible if appropriate
      conditions are used.

PMID- 2395339
TI  - A comparison of a commercial microdiffusion method and gas chromatography for
      ethanol analysis.
AB  - A simple, rapid ethanol screen based on a microdiffusion technique (Toxi-Lab
      alcohol test) was evaluated using whole blood and urine samples and compared to a
      direct injection gas chromatographic technique. A total of 204 samples were
      analyzed, 124 whole blood specimens and 80 urine samples. The whole blood samples
      showed agreement in 79 of 80 samples that tested positive by gas chromatography.
      All 44 whole blood samples that tested negative by gas chromatography were also
      negative by the microdiffusion method. All urine samples, both positive and
      negative, as well as all control specimens showed agreement. The one whole blood
      sample that did not agree had an ethanol level by gas chromatography below the
      stated detection limit (0.01%) of the microdiffusion method. The microdiffusion
      method was found to be a viable screening test for the presence of ethanol in
      whole blood and urine. It is relatively inexpensive and rapid and is therefore an
      ideal method for screening samples before a more expensive or time-consuming
      confirmatory method.

PMID- 2395340
TI  - Laboratory investigation of a poisoning epidemic in Sierra Leone.
AB  - In June 1986, an epidemic of poisoning occurred in Sierra Leone, West Africa; it
      involved 49 persons--with 14 deaths. Our laboratory's approach and investigation
      of this incident is described. Using positive chemical ionization mass
      spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the toxicant was
      identified as parathion, a highly toxic organophosphorus pesticide. Analysis of
      various items supported the epidemiologic hypothesis that bread was made from
      contaminated flour and that the flour became contaminated with parathion during a
      truck shipment. Modern analytical instruments played a major role in this
      laboratory investigation and effected the identification of the unknown toxicant
      within hours of receiving the initial bread sample. Close cooperation and clear
      communication between the epidemiologic and laboratory teams were important in
      this investigation.

PMID- 2395341
TI  - Percutaneous absorption of tricyclic antidepressants: amitriptyline,
      nortriptyline, imipramine, and desipramine.
AB  - The percutaneous absorption of amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, and
      desipramine as their hydrochloride salts in vivo was demonstrated without use of
      a vehicle using the hairless (hr-1/hr-1) mouse as an experimental model for human
      skin. After topical application of 2 mg of each compound in distilled water,
      followed by rapid evaporation of the water, concentrations were measured in
      heart, lung, brain, liver, and blood in 1-, 2-, 4-, and 6-hour study groups. Lung
      consistently demonstrated the highest concentrations for all four compounds while
      heart and liver had the lowest. Concentrations in heart remained essentially
      constant for all compounds during the 6-hour study period. The concentrations in
      solid tissues were much lower than those commonly seen in man after overdose,
      whereas the concentrations in blood resembled low therapeutic to toxic
      concentrations in humans. Percutaneous absorption may provide a feasible route of
      administration for the tricyclic antidepressants which may lead to improved
      compliance with fewer gastrointestinal side effects.

PMID- 2395342
TI  - Specificity data of the tricyclic antidepressants assay by fluorescent
      polarization immunoassay.
AB  - Additional specificity data of the fluorescent polarization immunoassay (FPIA)
      for tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) in serum were evaluated. The TDx TCA assay
      exhibits cross-reactivities for a variety of the tricyclic antidepressants,
      tetracyclic antidepressants, phenothiazines, and several metabolites from these
      compounds. Significant cross-reactivities were found for dixyrazine (20-40%),
      alimemazine (20-47%), perazine (23-33%), Iofepramine (27-30%),
      desmethyltrimipramine (40-57%), opipramol (60-77%), amitriptylinoxide (73-85%),
      and dothiepin (97-113%).

PMID- 2395343
TI  - The effects of copper, zinc, mercury, and cadmium on rabbit erythrocytic
      porphobilinogen synthase in vivo.
AB  - The interactions of Zn2+, Hg2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ with normal and lead-intoxicated
      rabbit erythrocytic porphobilinogen synthase (PBG-S) were studied in vivo. The
      results obtained show that each divalent ion has a characteristic effect on the
      pH-activity relationship of PBG-S. The effects for a given ion were both pH and
      concentration dependent and were similar to those obtained in vitro. Lead was
      found to be the most potent effector in vivo.

PMID- 2395344
TI  - Simultaneous determination of urinary mandelic, phenylglyoxylic, and mercapturic
      acids of styrene by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - We have developed a relatively simple and reproducible HPLC procedure for the
      determination of urinary metabolites of styrene. Urine samples (pH 2) are
      extracted with ethyl acetate, the organic layer is evaporated to dryness, and the
      residues are dissolved in water-methanol (1:1). Samples are analyzed by HPLC with
      a C18 reversed-phase column and a water (pH 6, 5mM tetrabutylammonium dihydrogen
      phosphate)-acetonitrile gradient and ultraviolet detection at 225 nm. Using this
      method, it is possible to determine simultaneously mandelic and phenylglyoxylic
      acids, N-acetyl-S-(1-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (M1), and N-acetyl-S-(2
      phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (M2). The internal standard is p-hydroxybenzoic
      acid. Additional validation data are obtained by analysis of urine samples
      obtained from rats treated with a wide range of styrene doses.

PMID- 2395345
TI  - HPLC analysis of diuron and metabolites in blood and urine.
AB  - A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of diuron and
      its metabolites in human urine and blood is presented. The synthesis of different
      metabolites and of a suitable internal standard is described and the structure of
      the compounds is determined by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy. The method is applied to an overdose case.

PMID- 2395346
TI  - Determination of total mercury in human hair samples by cold vapor atomic
      absorption spectrometry.
AB  - A procedure for the determination of mercury in human hair by cold-vapor atomic
      absorption spectrometry with a new reaction vessel was developed and evaluated.
      To eliminate the so-called matrix effect, calibration was carried out in an
      isomedium under identical operating conditions. Under these conditions, the
      recovery percentage of mercury from human hair digest samples using the peak
      height method, was 102 +/- 2.2%. The method has been used for measuring the
      mercury level in hair of different groups of people living in the Nantes, France
      area.

PMID- 2395348
TI  - Acute intoxication by azinphos-ethyl.
AB  - Azinphos-ethyl concentrations in the blood, urine, and gastric lavage liquid from
      medical examiner cases are reported. In all cases, there was ingestion of the
      organophosphate pesticide. They are presented under three categories of
      intoxication: less serious, more serious, and fatal intoxications. The results of
      this study indicate that it was not possible to determine the blood levels that
      show the correct degree of intoxication and of lethal dose. Fast methods are
      given for identification and quantification of azinphos-ethyl in human biological
      fluids.

PMID- 2395347
TI  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for HI-6 oxime in plasma.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay was developed to determine
      HI-6 (1-(2-hydroxyiminomethyl-1-pyridinio-3-(4-carbamoyl-1-py ridiniol-2
      oxapropane dichloride)) concentrations in small volumes of plasma. A 100-microL
      plasma sample added to 900 microL of distilled water was microfiltered. Filtrate
      (200 microL) was injected onto an HPLC instrument containing a 100-microL sample
      loop, a C18 column, and an ultraviolet (UV) wavelength detector. Limit of
      sensitivity for HI-6 was 2.5 micrograms/mL. Extraction of efficiency (n = 12) at
      10 and 100 micrograms HI-6/mL plasma was 69.4 +/- 6.6% (SD) and 81.5 +/- 2.0%
      (SD), respectively. Protein-plasma binding of HI-6 did not occur. HI-6 was stable
      when frozen at -20 degrees C for up to 10 days (0.025 less than p less than
      0.05). Correlation coefficients representing standard curve linearity ranged from
      0.9986 to 0.9999 (n = 6). Within-day and between-day coefficients of variation (n
      = 6) for unknown samples ranged from 4.4 to 8.3% and 5.8 to 17.1%, respectively.
      Bias of unknown samples ranged from -10.5 to 5.7%. The method's sensitivity,
      accuracy, and precision indicate that it can be used to accurately measure HI-6
      concentrations in 100 microL of plasma.

PMID- 2395349
TI  - Determination of dextromoramide by capillary gas chromatography and electron
      impact mass spectrometry.
AB  - A sensitive and specific quantitative assay for the determination of
      dextromoramide in human fluids and tissues is described. Dextromoramide and an
      internal standard, SKF 525 A, are isolated by a basic extraction and back
      extraction process. The final extract is separated on a 25-m capillary column
      B.P. 1 and drugs are detected by selected ion monitoring at m/z 100 and m/z 86
      for dextromoramide and the internal standard, respectively. The minimum
      detectable quantities are 0.5 and 0.3 ng/mL, for dextromoramide in plasma and
      urine, respectively. Coefficients of variation for within-run data were less than
      6%.

PMID- 2395350
TI  - Sudden death following accidental ingestion of chlormequat.
AB  - A 59-year-old white male accidentally ingested a mouthful of a plant growth
      chemical, Cycocel, containing 11.8% of the active ingredient (2
      chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat). He was seen by a family
      physician and then transferred to a hospital where he died as a result of
      ventricular fibrillation, which progressed to asystole. Postingestion symptoms
      were typical of cholinergic crisis and included salivation, diaphoresis,
      bradycardia, visual disturbances, and seizure. Autopsy findings showed marked
      pulmonary edema, coronary atherosclerosis, atheromata of aorta, and localized
      adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Toxicological analyses of biological samples
      showed the presence of chlormequat in the stomach contents and urine.

PMID- 2395351
TI  - Cocaine-associated fetal death in utero.
AB  - Cocaine and its principle metabolite benzoylecgonine were quantitated in blood
      and liver in six cocaine-related deaths within the Hennepin County Medical
      Examiner's jurisdiction. Postmortem blood cocaine and benzoylecgonine
      concentrations ranged from 0 to 5.6 mg/L and 0.6 to 18.7 mg/L respectively.
      Postmortem liver concentrations ranged from 0 to 5.0 mg/kg and 0.4 to 24.1 mg/kg,
      respectively. All cases had benzoylecgonine concentrations greater than cocaine
      concentrations. Most alarming were the findings regarding the cocaine and
      benzoylecgonine concentrations in the case of a dead pregnant woman. The amniotic
      fluid cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations of 3.3 mg/L and 1.6 mg/L
      displayed at parent drug to metabolite ratio greater than 1.0 compared to the
      blood (0.30) and liver (0.21) ratios. This was likely indicative of very recent
      exposure.

PMID- 2395352
TI  - A discussion of smoke generation and analytical procedure in 'The contribution of
      low tar cigarettes to environmental tobacco smoke'.

PMID- 2395353
TI  - Incorrect overestimates of blood alcohol concentration from breath test results.

PMID- 2395354
TI  - A video-based technique for measuring ankle-subtalar motion during stance.
AB  - This study was designed to demonstrate that an accurate and reliable technique
      for measuring the rotational motion between rigid bodies can be developed from a
      video-based data collection system. Tests on the accuracy of the rotational
      measurements demonstrated that for each of five trials, under three test
      condition, mean errors of less than 0.4 degrees and standard deviations of less
      than 0.2 degrees were found for all three joint axes. The reliability of the
      technique for evaluating ankle-subtalar motion during stance was also
      demonstrated, and the technique was then applied to evaluate ankle-subtalar
      motion during the stance phase of gait. The rotational motion of the combined
      ankle-subtalar joint was characterized by complexity and inter-subject
      variability. Two simplified models previously used to describe ankle-subtalar
      motion were tested using the current data and were proven to be inadequate for
      describing ankle-subtalar motion during stance.

PMID- 2395355
TI  - Topographic components analysis of evoked potentials: estimation of model
      parameters and evaluation of parameter uniqueness.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the practicability of the 'topographic
      components model' proposed by Mocks for the spatio-temporal characterization of
      multi-channel evoked potentials (EP), and to present a complete and detailed
      algorithm for this method of analysis. Details of the algorithm are discussed
      along with various computational issues, especially with regard to contrasts with
      traditional principal components analysis. The algorithm is applied to multi
      channel pattern-shift visual EP data obtained from normal subjects, and the model
      is demonstrated to provide data reduction of 71% with a relative mean-squared
      error (MSE) of 2%. Obvious features of the data are seen to be reflected in the
      estimated model parameters, lending support to the appropriateness of the model.
      The results also demonstrate that although the model parameters are uniquely
      identifiable in theory, care must be taken when fitting the model to insure that
      the MSE is not so insensitive to perturbations in the model parameters that they
      are rendered 'non-unique' for all practical purposes. The proper selection of
      model order is shown to play a critical role in avoiding this problem. Finally, a
      theoretical analysis is presented which evaluates the relationship between
      parameter 'uniqueness', model order, and the non-orthogonality of the model
      components.

PMID- 2395356
TI  - Local anaesthetic block protects against electrically-induced damage in
      peripheral nerve.
AB  - This study is one of a series addressing the mechanisms involved in the
      production of neural damage caused by continuous, prolonged electrical
      stimulation of peripheral nerve. It has been previously shown that sustained,
      high frequency electrical stimulation of the cat's peroneal nerve may cause
      irreversible neural damage in the form of axonal degeneration of the large
      myelinated fibres. In this study we demonstrate that blocking the action
      potentials on most of the nerve fibres with local anaesthetics (10% procaine or
      2% lidocaine) almost completely prevents the axonal degeneration. The abolition
      of axonal injury by local anaesthetic block strongly suggests that the
      electrically-induced damage is due to prolonged electrical excitation of axons.
      Furthermore, since less than complete suppression of the induced neural activity
      by local anaesthetic engenders essentially complete sparing of all axons, our
      results suggest that the damage to individual axons derives, at least in part,
      from stimulation-induced global changes in the nerve.

PMID- 2395357
TI  - Partial pressure of oxygen in brain and peripheral nerve during damaging
      electrical stimulation.
AB  - The studies were performed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the neural
      damage which may occur during prolonged electrical stimulation of either brain
      tissue or peripheral nerve. The partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) was measured in
      the sciatic nerve and the cerebral cortex of adult cats before and during direct,
      local electrical stimulation of these neural tissues, using stimulus parameters
      capable of inducing neural injury. pO2 was monitored by the polarographic method,
      employing a platinum microelectrode inserted into the tissue adjacent to or
      beneath the stimulating electrode. In the sciatic nerve there was no marked
      change in intrafascicular pO2 in three cats upon initiation of the electrical
      stimulation. In a fourth animal intraneural pO2 increased briefly upon initiation
      of the stimulation. In no case did the intrafascicular compartment of nerves
      become significantly hypoxic. In the cerebral cortex, the start of stimulation
      was accompanied by a significant increase (approximately 12-15 Torr) in
      intracortical pO2 beneath the stimulating electrode, and pO2 remained at or above
      the pre-stimulus value for the duration of the stimulation. These results show
      that extracellular hypoxia is unlikely to be a significant factor in the neural
      injury induced in brain or peripheral nerve by prolonged electrical stimulation.

PMID- 2395358
TI  - Three-dimensional analysis of orthodontic tooth movement.
AB  - A three-dimensional finite element model was used to investigate the
      biomechanical response of an upper canine tooth. The physical model was developed
      from ceramic replicas and X-rays, and consisted of cancellous and cortical bone,
      the periodontal ligament, dentine and pulp chamber. Horizontal forces were
      applied at the tip of the crown and at the cervical margin and a rotational force
      was applied at the cervical margin of the tooth crown. The resulting
      displacements and stress field for each load case are presented with particular
      emphasis being placed on the response of the periodontal ligament. The
      investigation shows that quantitative information on initial tooth movement can
      be accurately predicted and used to evaluate the response of orthodontic
      treatment.

PMID- 2395359
TI  - Development of a probe for the in vivo measurement of airway humidity during
      anaesthesia.
AB  - Airway drying can arise during long-term respiration of anaesthetic dry gases and
      this may have implications for the function of the airway wall. Monitoring airway
      humidity can identify drying trends, although previous attempts have been limited
      for technical reasons. The design and development of a probe to measure mid
      tracheal air humidity is described. The device comprises a commercially available
      capacitive humidity sensor and a thermocouple. The assembled probe is catheter
      like with a diameter of 9.5 mm and a length of 312 mm. Water vapour transfer
      response times of 1.4s (absorption) and 3.6s (desorption) were evaluated for the
      probe. A preliminary trial to record airway humidity in ambient air and involving
      six patients was performed during anaesthesia.

PMID- 2395360
TI  - Design and evaluation of footrests for hospital wheelchairs.
AB  - Transferring a patient to or from a hospital wheelchair can be a difficult
      operation, with some risk to the patient and to the attendant. Studies are
      described in which the footrests of hospital wheelchairs are assessed and
      improved in order to reduce the problems of patient transfer. Four different
      types of footrest were fitted to hospital ward chairs and three types to transit
      chairs; these were assessed and compared by hospital ward staff and porters
      respectively. Based on the findings of these trials, a new type of footrest was
      designed for use on both types of chair. The new footrest lowers down to the
      ground and is operated by a footlever.

PMID- 2395361
TI  - Mechanical function of the human lumbar interspinous and supraspinous ligaments.
AB  - The mechanical function of the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments has been
      examined by simulating, on excised specimens, the deformation caused during
      forward flexion of the spine in real life. The load extension curves showed that
      during the first half of flexion the ligaments carried very little load but
      towards the end of the range of flexion they resisted up to 134N. When the
      supraspinous ligament was sectioned the interspinous ligament alone resisted 75%
      of this load. Testing at high strain rates showed an increase in load-carrying
      capacity of up to 30%. The maximum extension moment that can be produced by these
      ligaments was calculated to be approximately 7 Nm, or 5% of the moment the back
      muscles can produce across any intervertebral joint. Hence, during active
      lifting, these ligaments in isolation provide little mechanical assistance.

PMID- 2395362
TI  - A low cost gas mixer.
AB  - A low cost gas mixer for permanent gases and volatile agents is described. The
      apparatus used the simple principle that if known volumes of gases are mixed at
      the same pressure and temperature, than a mixture of known composition results.
      The apparatus is shown to have an accuracy of better than +/- 0.08% vol/vol for
      gases and volatile agents in two and three part mixtures. For permanent gases the
      mixer could be used accurately over the concentration range 1-99% vol/vol. For
      volatile agents the mixer was suitable for mixing concentrations in the low
      percentage ranges (less than 5% vol/vol). Gas mixtures, including volatile
      agents, could be stored in the mixer for approximately 2 h without changes in
      concentration outside this limit of accuracy.

PMID- 2395363
TI  - Analytical study of open four compartment pharmacokinetic models: concentrations,
      area under curves, mean residence times.
AB  - The analytical expressions for drug concentrations in each of the four
      compartments of different pharmacokinetic models, following any type of drug
      administration, are obtained from the transfer and elimination coefficients. In
      addition, areas under concentration curves and mean residence time of the drug,
      in a given compartment or in the whole system, are derived.

PMID- 2395364
TI  - Two useful devices for the lung function laboratory.

PMID- 2395365
TI  - Effect of ATP synthesis promoters on postischemic myocardial recovery.
AB  - The use of cardioplegia during surgically induced ischemia greatly reduces
      myocardial metabolic requirements. However, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
      depletion may occur, resulting in poor functional recovery after ischemia. This
      study investigated if augmentation of intracellular ATP could be achieved by
      delivering known ATP synthesis promoters (adenosine and/or phosphate) during
      cardioplegic arrest, and whether this could enhance myocardial functional and
      metabolic recovery following ischemia. Isolated, perfused rabbit hearts were
      subjected to 120 min of hypothermic (34 degrees C) cardioplegia-induced ischemia.
      Controls received St. Thomas cardioplegia (CTL); remaining hearts received
      cardioplegia containing 200 microM adenosine (ADO), or 25 microM phosphate (PO4),
      or both ADO and PO4. Following ischemia and reperfusion, recovery of developed
      pressure (%DP) and postischemic diastolic stiffness was significantly better in
      adenosine hearts when compared with control or PO4 hearts. To determine if ADO or
      PO4 minimized depletion of ATP during ischemia or accelerated synthesis of ATP in
      the postischemic period, nucleotide levels were obtained before, during, and
      after ischemia. During ischemia, ATP fell equally in all groups, indicating that
      ADO and PO4 did not alter ischemia-induced depletion of ATP. However,
      intracellular adenosine was augmented during ischemia in adenosine-treated
      hearts. Consequently, during reperfusion, ADO and ADO/PO4 hearts had
      significantly enhanced ATP levels, suggesting that augmenting myocardial
      adenosine accelerated synthesis of ATP postischemia. The addition of phosphate, a
      stimulus for ATP synthesis, did not augment postischemic ATP. In fact, the
      beneficial effect of adenosine may have been decreased when phosphate was added
      to adenosine. In conclusion, adenosine but not PO4 augments intracellular ATP by
      allowing better metabolic repletion following ischemia, thereby improving
      postischemic myocardial functional recovery.

PMID- 2395367
TI  - Transfemoral balloon aortic occlusion during open cardiopulmonary resuscitation
      improves myocardial and cerebral blood flow.
AB  - These experiments were designed to determine whether the limited cardiac output
      during open cardiac massage could be preferentially directed to the coronary and
      cerebral vessels by balloon occlusion of the descending thoracic aorta. Sixteen
      dogs were instrumented to monitor cardiac output and left atrial, right atrial,
      right ventricular, left ventricular, and arterial blood pressures. Measurements
      of myocardial and cerebral blood flow distribution during massage were made using
      the radioactive microsphere technique. Each animal underwent two episodes of
      fibrillation and resuscitation. In one episode the arrest was managed by open
      massage alone, and in the other, open massage was accompanied by balloon
      occlusion, with the order randomized. When compared to control, open cardiac
      massage was associated with a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure;
      however, the addition of balloon occlusion produced a 130% increase in the mean
      arterial pressure that was obtained during open CPR (control, 93 +/- 5 mm Hg;
      massage alone, 35 +/- 2 mm Hg; massage + balloon, 76 +/- 2 mm Hg, P less than
      0.01). In a similar fashion, although the absolute blood flow was reduced by 50%
      when compared to control, the blood flow (ml/min/g) to the brain and heart during
      massage was 100% better when balloon occlusion was employed (brain: control, 0.41
      +/- 0.03; massage only, 0.05 +/- 0.01; massage + balloon, 0.25 +/- 0.02, P less
      than 0.01; heart: control, 1.46 +/- 0.11; massage alone, 0.35 +/- 0.05; massage +
      balloon, 0.71 +/- 0.05, P less than 0.01). These results suggest that aortic
      occlusion significantly increased myocardial and cerebral perfusion patterns
      during ventricular fibrillation and open cardiac massage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395366
TI  - Ventriculoarterial coupling influences regional contractility.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to adjudicate whether concomitant manipulation of
      inotropic state and arterial elastance influences linear indices of regional
      contractility. Fifteen autonomically denervated open-chest porcine hearts were
      instrumented with midmyocardial ultrasonic crystals and aortic and left
      ventricular chamber microamanometers. Linear left anterior descending coronary
      artery regional stroke work vs preload relationships (RSW) were generated by 10
      sec vena caval occlusion at control and altered contractile states (either
      dopamine, 5 micrograms/kg/min, or propranolol, 0.2 mg/kg) and following arterial
      elastance variation (phenylephrine or nitroprusside), effecting an average 30%
      change in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Global contractility (dP/dt) was doubled
      (227% of control) by dopamine and halved (35% of control) by propranolol at
      constant preload (end-diastolic volume, end-diastolic pressure) and afterload
      (MAP). Regional contractility (RSW slope) was increased from 135 +/- 11 to 211 +/
      28, P less than 0.01, by dopamine, but unchanged with propranolol (106 +/- 10 vs
      118 +/- 14, NS). Bidirectional changes in aortic elastance depressed the dopamine
      augmented RSW slope (115 +/- 17, nitroprusside; 132 +/- 14, phenylephrine; P less
      than 0.01 vs dopamine). These differences were attenuated by propranolol infusion
      (98 +/- 7, nitroprusside; 132 +/- 9, phenylephrine; NS vs propranolol). Thus,
      optimizing ventriculoarterial coupling should supersede simple afterload
      manipulation in perioperative cardiac support.

PMID- 2395368
TI  - Protective effect of glutamine on endothelial cell ATP in oxidant injury.
AB  - Endothelial cell dysfunction following exposure to H2O2 is associated with rapid
      inhibition of glucose-dependent pathways of ATP synthesis. The role other
      substrates for ATP synthesis (e.g., amino acids) may play in the metabolism of
      H2O2-injured cells is unclear. The effect of glutamine, a precursor of the Kreb's
      cycle intermediate alpha-ketoglutarate on ATP levels in bovine pulmonary artery
      endothelial cells exposed to H2O2 was examined. The presence of glutamine during
      H2O2 injury significantly enhanced ATP levels in the injured cells.
      Concentrations of glutamine as low as 50 microM produced significant improvement
      of ATP levels in endothelial cells exposed to 5 mM H2O2. The 2 mM concentration
      of glutamine produced the greatest benefit, while greater concentrations of
      glutamine (5-20 mM) were actually associated with progressive decrements of the
      maximal benefit seen with the 2 mM concentration. The 2 mM concentration of
      glutamine produced similar enhancement of ATP with 1 and 10 mM H2O2 injury as
      well. Short-term viability following 5 mM H2O2 injury was significantly improved
      by the presence of 2 mM glutamine. The most effective concentration of glutamine
      (2 mM) did not scavenge H2O2 in a fluorometric assay. These observations suggest
      that mitochondrial substrates, such as glutamine, that bypass glucose-dependent
      pathways of ATP synthesis may be useful therapeutic agents for maintenance of ATP
      levels in oxidant-injured cells.

PMID- 2395369
TI  - In vivo 31P NMR spectroscopic changes during liver regeneration.
AB  - Liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy involves rapid cell division 24
      to 72 hr postresection. This cell division would necessarily involve changes in
      intracellular energy stores and cell membrane phospholipid precursors. In tumor
      models 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been shown to identify
      intracellular substrate changes associated with cell growth. The ability to
      monitor early changes in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), inorganic orthophosphate
      (Pi), phosphomonoesters (PME), or phosphodiesters (PDE) after liver resection
      could indicate the intracellular changes necessary for hepatocellular
      regeneration. In vivo 31P NMR scans of the liver were performed in both normal
      rats and in rats at 24, 48, 72, and 120 hr after 70% hepatectomy. At 48 hr, total
      ATP fell to 18.9% (P less than 0.05) and both Pi/beta-ATP and PME/beta-ATP were
      significantly elevated (P less than 0.01) from controls. These changes correlate
      with the known mitotic peak in the rat following hepatectomy. We conclude that in
      vivo 31P NMR is a potentially valuable tool for studying hepatic regeneration.
      The data also suggest that hepatocellular regeneration may be critically
      dependent on cellular ATP stores.

PMID- 2395370
TI  - Competitive inhibition of LDL binding and uptake by HDL in aortic endothelial
      cells.
AB  - High-density lipoprotein (HDL) may inhibit the binding and cellular uptake of low
      density lipoprotein (LDL) as one means of regulating the delivery of exogenous
      cholesterol to nonhepatic tissues. This may play an important role in
      atherogenesis, by altering lipid metabolism in cells of the arterial wall. To
      verify and better characterize this effect, endothelial cells were harvested from
      bovine aorta and maintained in tissue culture. Following initial preincubation in
      lipid-deficient culture media, these cells were incubated for 2 hr at 4 degrees C
      in media containing 125I-LDL (10 micrograms protein/ml) and varying
      concentrations of either HDL (0-400 micrograms protein/ml) or comparable amounts
      of Apoprotein A (Apo A), the major protein component of HDL. Intracellular and
      trypsin-released counts were assayed separately, as a measurement of cellular
      uptake and membrane bound LDL, respectively. Results of this study indicated an
      inhibition of LDL binding and uptake by HDL (P less than 0.005, ANOVA). A similar
      inhibition was found with Apo A alone (P less than 0.005). When identical studies
      were performed using 125I-Apoprotein B, the protein component of LDL, and Apo A,
      the latter was found to inhibit the binding of Apo B to the same extent (P less
      than 0.0006). These results indicate that HDL does inhibit LDL binding and uptake
      by bovine aortic endothelial cells and that, because this effect is seen equally
      with only the protein component of these lipoprotein particles, it is most likely
      due to competitive binding at the receptor level rather than to stearic hindrance
      or an alteration of the cell membrane.

PMID- 2395371
TI  - Effects of low extracellular calcium on cytosolic calcium and ischemic
      contracture.
AB  - We have shown that myocardial cytosolic calcium [Cai] rises during ischemia.
      Simultaneously membrane bound stores are depleted. The [Cai] rise precedes the
      onset of irreversible ischemic contracture. We found that a low extracellular
      calcium [Cao] (100 microM) perfusate decreased peak contracture pressure and
      delayed the time to onset and to peak of ischemic contracture in the isolated
      retroperfused rabbit heart subjected to 37 degrees C ischemia. [Cai] was measured
      with the intracellular [Cai] fluorescent indicator Fura-2 AM (10 microM) in a
      separate group. In the group exposed to 2.45 mM Ca2+ there was a significant rise
      (P less than 0.05) in [Cai] to above 50% of preischemic value after 30 min of
      ischemia. The [Cai] in the low [Cao] perfused group at 30 min of ischemia was 30%
      below the preischemic value. The peak of the [Cai] rise in the low [Cao]
      perfusate group was markedly attenuated and delayed to 40 min. Taken together it
      appears that low calcium perfusate (100 microM) prior to ischemia attenuates the
      ischemia-induced [Cai] rise, delays the onset, and decreases the force of
      contracture with irreversible ischemic injury.

PMID- 2395372
TI  - Epidermal growth factor stimulation and metastatic rate in human pancreatic
      carcinoma cell lines.
AB  - Pancreatic carcinoma is usually a fatal disease with most patients dying of
      metastases. We have developed several pancreatic carcinoma cell lines that have
      varying metastatic abilities in a splenic injection/liver metastasis model.
      Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a mitogen to most cell types with increased
      levels of EGF receptor. The parent cell line (COLO-357) of the pancreatic
      carcinoma cell lines used in this study has been shown to have a high number of
      EGF receptors per cell. We studied the relationship between the mitogenic
      responsiveness to EGF and the metastatic rate of each of the cell lines. Three of
      the six cell lines were significantly stimulated by EGF as determined by an
      increase in cell number over the course of 4 days, and three of the cell lines
      were not. There was no correlation between metastatic rate and EGF
      responsiveness. Further work will be needed to determine if there is any
      relationship between growth factors and their receptors and tumor metastasis with
      these pancreatic cancer cell lines.

PMID- 2395373
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in gastric epithelium caused by bile salt.
AB  - We assessed the influence of bile salt in neutral solution on the morphology and
      function of the Ussing-chambered stomach mucosa. Guinea pig gastric mucosa was
      exposed to 5, 10, and 20 mM taurocholic acid in balanced salt solution with
      glucose. Control tissues were exposed to salt solution without taurocholic acid.
      During exposure to the bile salt, the pH of the bathing solutions was maintained
      at 7.0-7.4 with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. Potential difference, short-circuit
      current, and resistance of the tissues were recorded every 15 min. The
      morphologic effects of the bile salt were determined with light and electron
      microscopy. The 10 and 20 mM concentrations caused significant deterioration of
      the electrophysiologic measurements and major morphologic alteration on both
      light and electron microscopic evaluations. The 5 mM concentration of taurocholic
      acid did not affect the electrophysiologic measurements or the light microscopic
      appearance of the surface cells. Electron microscopy, however, revealed
      morphologic changes in over 50% of the specimens examined. These findings
      demonstrate that in vitro, mammalian gastric mucosa shows significant
      ultrastructural changes when exposed to physiological concentrations of bile salt
      in a neutral solution. These changes appear to be subtle in that they are evident
      on transmission electron microscopy even before significant change can be
      demonstrated by light microscopy or by standard electrophysiologic measurements.

PMID- 2395374
TI  - Spatial harmonics and pattern specification in early Drosophila development. Part
      I. Bifurcation sequences and gene expression.
AB  - Molecular probes have now provided an unprecedented wealth of detail revealing
      the changing spatial patterns of gene products in early Drosophila development.
      This is examined for dynamic properties which might provide insights into the
      underlying behaviour of the patterning process. What emerges is that transcripts
      and protein products of members of the major categories of zygotically active
      genes involved in segmentation pass through transient spatial patterns that are
      suggestive of harmonic sequences arising from spatial frequency-doubling
      bifurcations. That is to say, these patterns are typically periodic in space and
      show a doubling in the number of domains of spatial expression as development
      proceeds. One of these patterns reflects the primary functional role of the gene
      in the establishment of the spatial pattern. The different categories of
      segmentation gene pass through these transients at different rates, those with
      the longest functional wavelength progressing most slowly. Each gene in a
      category has its own unique phase relationship to other members, as well as
      particular variations on the harmonic sequence theme. The result is that the
      developing embryo experiences a spatial hierarchy of phase-shifted patterning
      influences that span the range from the whole embryo to single segments,
      providing progressively more spatial resolution in the patterning process. The
      characteristic transients and the dynamic relationships between genes of the
      different categories suggest that gene products expressed in longer-wavelength
      patterns act as bifurcation parameters on the dynamic system generating the next
      shorter wavelength category. Such parametric influences are known to result in
      frequency-doubling bifurcations in Turing reaction-diffusion systems. A general
      model is proposed of a hierarchically-nested set of quasi-autonomous dynamic
      systems involving gene activities that can generate the progressively finer
      spatial order that emerges during embryogenesis. This model has implications for
      the general stability properties of evolving epigenetic systems.

PMID- 2395375
TI  - Spatial harmonics and pattern specification in early Drosophila development. Part
      II. The four colour wheels model.
AB  - We review the evidence presented in Part I showing that transcripts and protein
      products of maternal, gap, pair-rule, and segment polarity genes exhibit
      increasingly complex, multipeaked longitudinal waveforms in the early Drosophila
      embryo. The central problem we address in Part II is the use the embryo makes of
      these wave forms to specify longitudinal pattern. Based on the fact that mutants
      of many of these genes generate deletions and mirror symmetrical duplications of
      pattern elements on length scales ranging from about half the egg to within
      segments, we propose that position is specified by measuring a "phase angle" by
      use of the ratios of two or more variables. Pictorially, such a phase angle can
      be thought of as a colour on a colour wheel. Any such model contains a phaseless
      singularity where all or many phases, or colours, come together. We suppose as
      well that positional values sufficiently close to the singularity are
      meaningless, hence a "dead zone". Duplications and deletions are accounted for by
      deformation of the cycle of morphogen values occurring along the antero-posterior
      axis. If the cycle of values surrounds the singularity and lies outside the dead
      zone, pattern is normal. If the curve transects the dead zone, pattern elements
      are deleted. If the curve lies entirely on one side of the singularity, pattern
      elements are deleted and others are duplicated with mirror symmetry. The
      existence of different wavelength transcript patterns in maternal, gap, pair
      rule, and segment polarity genes and the roles of those same genes in generating
      deletions and mirror symmetrical duplications on a variety of length scales lead
      us to propose that position is measured simultaneously on at least four colour
      wheels, which cycle different numbers of times along the anterior-posterior axis.
      These yield progressively finer grained positional information. Normal pattern
      specification requires a unique angle, outside of the dead zone, from each of the
      four wheels. Deformations of the cycle of gene product concentrations yield the
      deletions and mirror symmetric duplications observed in the mutants discussed.
      The alternative familiar hypothesis that longitudinal position is specified in an
      "on" "off" combinatorial code does not readily account for the duplication
      deletion phenomena.

PMID- 2395376
TI  - A mechanism of formation of protein-free regions in the red cell membrane: the
      rupture of the membrane skeleton.
AB  - The process of rupture and redistribution of the red cell membrane skeleton is
      analyzed theoretically. Following the emergence of the rupture the spectrin-actin
      network is redistributed on the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane bilayer. Due
      to the interaction of the membrane skeleton and integral proteins the
      redistribution of the spectrin-actin network leads to the release of purely lipid
      regions of the membrane. The scale of the protein redistribution caused by the
      rupture of the membrane skeleton and the size of the lipid domains produced
      depend on the shape of the membrane and the value of the electrical interaction
      of the membrane proteins. The lipid domains occurring as a result of the rupture
      and relaxation of the spectrinactin network can spontaneously increase or
      decrease its area. The criteria determining the conditions which result in the
      system's evolutions leading to the domain growth have been obtained. The
      character of the evolution is determined by the shape of the membrane region in
      which the rupture occurs as well as the relation between the effective linear
      tension of the rupture boundary and the modulus of elasticity of the spectrin
      actin network.

PMID- 2395377
TI  - Efficiency in evolutionary games: Darwin, Nash and the secret handshake.
AB  - This paper considers any evolutionary game possessing several evolutionarily
      stable strategies, or ESSs, with differing payoffs. A mutant is introduced which
      will "destroy" any ESS which yields a lower payoff than another. This mutant
      possesses a costless signal and also conditions on the presence of this signal in
      each opponent. The mutant then can protect itself against a population playing an
      inefficient ESS by matching this against these non-signalers. At the same time,
      the mutants can achieve the more efficient ESS against the signaling mutant
      population itself. This construction is illustrated by means of the simplest
      possible example, a co-ordination game. The one-shot prisoner's dilemma is used
      to illustrate how a superior outcome which is not induced by an ESS may be
      temporarily but not permanently attained. In the case of the repeated prisoner's
      dilemma, the present argument seems to render the "evolution of co-operation"
      ultimately inevitable.

PMID- 2395379
TI  - The influence of nursing research and knowledge development on politics and
      public policy.

PMID- 2395378
TI  - Kinetics of the transient-phase and steady-state of the monocyclic enzyme
      cascades.
AB  - We present a kinetic analysis of the whole course of the reaction, that is, of
      both the transient-phase and steady-state, of monocyclic enzyme cascade systems.
      The equations for the rapid equilibrium conditions are obtained as a particular
      case of the general transient-phase equations. An analysis of the kinetic data
      allows the determination of the equilibrium and the rate constants if adequate
      experimental results are available. Finally, our results for the steady-state are
      compared with those obtained by other authors.

PMID- 2395380
TI  - Ethics Committee report, Part 2: The Nuremberg Code.

PMID- 2395381
TI  - Immunophenotypic and HLA studies in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in
      Trinidad, West Indies.
AB  - Between October 1983 and May 1986, 17 cases of childhood acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (ALL) were admitted to the General Hospital, Port of Spain, Trinidad.
      Fifteen of those cases were under 10 years of age, seven of whom presented with
      joint or bone pains. Boys outnumbered girls by almost 5:1 and the ethnic
      distribution showed a preponderance of patients of East Indian origin. At last
      follow-up (May 1989), the survival rate of the 15 under-10-year-old patients was
      71%. Immunophenotype studies on nine of the 17 patients revealed six carrying T
      cell markers and three carrying markers suggestive of a pre-B phenotype. HLA
      tissue typing on 10 patients showed an enhanced frequency of the HLA-B40 antigen
      when compared with controls (p less than 0.05). This antigen was present in six
      of the patients typed and four carried the HLA-A2 and B40 antigens together, two
      of whom also carried the CW3 antigen and the other two carried untypable C
      antigens. Three of the four carrying HLA-A2 and B40 have died. Two of the three
      pre-B cases also carried the HLA-A2 and B40 antigens. HLA studies on three of the
      four families showed that HLA-A2 and B40 were on the same chromosome, i.e., a
      haplotype inherited from the mother in each case. None of the cases carried the
      HLA-B5 antigen although this antigen had a frequency of 37.8% in the control
      group (p less than 0.05). None of the controls with the HLA-B40 antigen carried
      the CW3 antigen. Further evidence of a disease association must await typing of
      the D locus antigens but current evidence would suggest an association between
      HLA-B40 and childhood ALL in Trinidad.

PMID- 2395382
TI  - Phenotypic, genotypic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of
      acute undifferentiated leukemia.
AB  - During the diagnostic investigation of 750 acute leukemias, nine cases were
      morphologically, cytochemically, and phenotypically undifferentiated. In seven of
      these cases the blasts were class II+, CD34+ and TdT+, in one were class II+,
      TdT+, CD7+ while in the remaining leukemia blasts expressed class II only.
      Cytoplasmic and membrane CD22, CD3, CD13, and Ig as well as membrane CD19, CD10,
      CD37, CD2, CD33, CD14, glycophorin C, and CD61 were absent. The further
      characterization of these rare leukemias yielded the following results. The TCR
      beta, -gamma and -delta genes were in germline configuration in seven cases
      studied while IgH genes were rearranged on both alleles in two cases and germline
      in the other five. By ultrastructural analysis peroxidase activity was detected
      on unfixed cells in a minority of blasts from four of seven cases. In two of the
      peroxidase-positive cases a small proportion of blasts also reacted with an anti
      myeloperoxidase monoclonal antibody. In one of the peroxidase-negative cases, 7%
      of blasts were labeled by the antibody, suggesting the presence of peroxidase in
      its proenzyme form. Importantly, the two cases with Ig gene rearrangements did
      not have cytochemically or immunologically detectable peroxidase. Three of the
      nine patients were treated as ALL while six received AML chemotherapy. In five
      patients complete remission was achieved while the other four died from
      infections during remission induction. Four patients are still in remission 7,
      12, 24, and 30 months after diagnosis while one patient relapsed after 12 months.
      In conclusion, we have characterized the genotypic and ultrastructural features
      of subtype of acute leukemia in which blasts expressed immaturity markers and
      lacked lineage associated antigens. In contrast to previously reported
      "unclassifiable" cases, the leukemias were phenotypically homogeneous and showed
      a good response to chemotherapy.

PMID- 2395383
TI  - Treatment of refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults with high dose
      cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone (HAM).
AB  - In a clinical phase II study the combination of high dose cytosine arabinoside
      and mitoxantrone (HAM) was applied to 24 patients with refractory acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). All patients had received a standardized first line
      treatment and were considered refractory against conventional chemotherapy as
      defined by nonresponse to induction treatment (n = 8), nonresponse to an
      alternative salvage regimen at first relapse (n = 9), second and third relapses
      (n = 5) and relapse after bone marrow transplantation (n = 2). Therapy consisted
      of HD-araC 3 g/m2 q 12 hr days 1-4 and mitoxantrone 10 mg/m2/d days 2-5 or 2-6.
      Twelve of the 24 patients (50%) achieved a complete remission (CR), one patient
      had a partial remission, and five patients were nonresponders. Five patients died
      in aplasia due to infections, one additional patient succumbed to HD-araC related
      CNS toxicity. Nonhematologic side effects consisted predominantly in infection,
      nausea and vomiting, mucositis and diarrhea. Recovery of blood counts occurred at
      a median of 28 days from the onset of treatment; the median time to CR was 33
      days. Three of the 12 responders underwent subsequent bone marrow
      transplantations and one is alive disease free at 40+ months. The median
      remission duration for the remaining nine patients is 3.5 months, with one case
      in ongoing CCR at 36+ months; the median survival time is 5 months. Considering
      the selection of a highly unfavorable group of patients, these data demonstrate a
      significant antileukemic activity of HAM in refractory ALL and support its
      application as consolidation treatment during first line ALL therapy.

PMID- 2395384
TI  - Use of pulsed field gel electrophoresis to characterize BCR gene involvement in
      CML patients lacking M-BCR rearrangement.
AB  - We studied the pattern of BCR involvement in 52 patients with chronic myeloid
      leukemia by Southern blotting. Of 33 Philadelphia (Ph)-positive patients, 30 had
      evidence of M-BCR rearrangement, two cases were difficult to interpret, and one
      clearly lacked evidence of M-BCR rearrangement. Of 19 Ph-negative patients, nine
      showed M-BCR rearrangement, nine showed no rearrangement, and one result was
      uncertain. We selected for more detailed study eight patients (three Ph-positive
      and five Ph-negative). Two of the Ph-positive patients, whose Southern blots were
      difficult to interpret, had rearranged bands when the BCR gene was studied by
      pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results of PFGE studies and in situ
      hybridization to metaphase chromosomes in the third Ph-positive patient, whose
      DNA clearly lacked M-BCR rearrangement on Southern analysis, were consistent with
      a breakpoint on chromosome 22 located 3' of all known exons of the BCR gene.
      However, mRNA studied with the polymerase chain reaction showed evidence of a
      classical b2-a2 linkage. The findings in this patient may be explained by an
      unusual genomic breakpoint downstream of the BCR gene associated with long range
      splicing that excluded all of the 3' BCR exons. Of the five patients with Ph
      negative M-BCR non-rearranged CML studied by PFGE for BCR gene rearrangement,
      none had evidence of rearranged bands. We conclude that PFGE is a valuable
      adjunct to standard molecular techniques for the study of atypical cases of CML.
      Occasional patients with Ph-positive CML have breakpoints outside M-BCR. The BCR
      gene is probably not involved in patients with Ph-negative, M-BCR non-rearranged
      CML.

PMID- 2395385
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of human bone marrow. III. Neutrophil maturation.
AB  - Neutrophil maturation was studied in normal human bone marrow aspirates using
      multidimensional flow cytometry in comparison with morphology. The combination of
      the monoclonal antibodies, CD11b, CD15, and CD16, in addition to the forward and
      orthogonal light scattering signals permitted the isolation of neutrophilic cells
      from cells of other cell lineages with a purity of greater than 99%. An
      unexpectedly close relationship was found between the identification of
      neutrophil maturation by flow cytometry and morphological classification of cells
      sorted based on cell surface antigen expression and light scattering properties.
      The neutrophils could be divided into six distinct maturational stages, i.e.,
      stage N I contained predominantly myeloblasts; stage N II, predominantly
      promyelocytes; stage N III, predominantly early myelocytes; stage N IV,
      predominantly myelocytes and metamyelocytes; stage N V, predominantly
      metamyelocytes and bands; and stage VI, predominantly segmented neutrophils.
      These data suggest that the morphologic changes during neutrophil maturation can
      be identified by flow cytometry using simultaneous quantitative assessment of
      multiple antigens in concordance with the light scattering properties of the
      human bone marrow cells.

PMID- 2395386
TI  - [31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the stomach wall following
      proximal selective vagotomy].
AB  - The phosphate metabolism of the gastric wall after proximal selective vagotomy
      (PSV) was investigated by means of 31P-NMR spectroscopy. The destruction of
      metabolism has been found just after PSV resulting in a significant decrease of
      adenosine diphosphates and adenosine triphosphates. 4 and 7 days after PSV the
      progress of metabolism regeneration was detected, nevertheless with the
      retardation of high energy phosphates ischemic degradation. The results indicate
      not only a hydrochloric acid activity reduction but diminution of gastric mucosa
      protective factors, too. In experimental gastric ulcers no energy phosphates have
      been found suggesting a mucosa cells necrobiosis.

PMID- 2395387
TI  - [Improved intraoperative leak control in cytostatic drug isolation perfusion of
      tumors of the extremities].
AB  - The success of extremity perfusion and the protection from systemic side effects
      largely depend upon the prevention of systemic drug leakage from the extremity
      circulation. The use of autologous 111-Indium labelled erythrocytes for leakage
      control allows a continuous exact surveillance and timely correction of the
      tourniquet position in case a major leak should occur. A total of 97 patients
      were studied. In 6 patients (= 6%) the perfusion had to be discontinued within
      the first 30 min due to an uncorrectable leak of greater than 20%. In 31 patients
      (= 32%), a major leak could be reduced by manipulation of the tourniquet. No
      systemic side-effects could be observed in any of our patients. Applying leakage
      control by means of 111-Indium labelled erythrocytes extremity perfusion has
      proved to be a safe procedure in patients with high risk or recurrent malignant
      melanoma and soft tissue sarcoma.

PMID- 2395388
TI  - [Subjective sequelae of splenectomy].
AB  - 111 of 806 former patients splenectomized at the Wurzburg university hospital
      during the years 1968-1983 were interviewed for their complaints since their
      operation. Investigations included the use of Beck's inventory for measuring
      depression and the Giessen questionnaire for the evaluation of general complaints
      used in psychosomatic medicine. There was a significant increase of symptoms
      after splenectomy as compared to the normal population. A special list of 18
      questions to investigate typical postsplenectomy complaints was answered by 95 of
      these 111 persons and by a control group of "statistical twins" with similar
      upper abdominal surgery without splenectomy. The leading difference was the
      highly significant increase of the susceptibility to infections after splenic
      loss followed by accelerated exhaustion and increased physical and mental
      weakness. The distribution of other complaints like for instance the intolerance
      to alcohol hitherto judged as typical sequelae of splenectomy was not
      statistically different in both splenectomy was not statistically different in
      both groups. Since the symptoms listed above as significantly increased in the
      splenectomized patient were closely correlated with the susceptibility to
      infection they seem to be rather the expression of the decreased resistance than
      direct consequences of the loss of the spleen.

PMID- 2395389
TI  - [Significance of revascularization in arterially-induced mesenteric infarct].
AB  - Until 1957 the only treatment of occlusion of mesenteric arteries was resection
      of the ischemic part of the bowel. A reduction of the extremely high mortality
      can be reached by the combination of mesenteric revasularisation with an optional
      resection of the necrotic parts of the bowel. Based on the experience with 57
      patients operated on between 1970 and 1987, the survival rate (greater than 60
      days after operation) could be improved by performing this regime. Reasons for
      this improvement are both the salvage of bowel length and the avoidance of the
      leak of bowel anastomosis. The latter was observed only in patients treated by
      bowel resection alone without revascularisation leading to death in three out of
      four cases.

PMID- 2395390
TI  - [Humerus head resection as therapy of compound fracture of the upper arm-
      results].
AB  - Proximal humeral fractures are frequent injuries in older patients. Most of these
      fractures respond satisfactorily to conservative treatment. Problems arise in
      cases of four-part displacements and in head-splitting fractures with massive
      defects in the articular surface. Between 1970 to 1988 eight patients were
      treated in our clinic in this situation by resection of the humeral head. 6
      patients could be followed-up for an average of 69 months. Postoperative findings
      showed a restricted range of motion in all operated shoulders. The average
      abduction of the arm was 60 degrees (40-80 degrees) and elevation 60 degrees (40
      80 degrees). The patients showed a mean external rotation of 17 degrees (5-30
      degrees) and an internal rotation of 48 degrees (5-90 degrees). Only one patient
      was painless, 2 patients had pain during the night, and 3 patients suffered from
      various pain symptoms. Nevertheless 5 of 6 patients assessed the result as
      satisfactory and one patient as good.

PMID- 2395391
TI  - [Sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract].
AB  - From 1970-1988 15 patients were operated on gastrointestinal sarcomas. Four more
      patients with this diagnosis had to be excluded after histological
      reclassification. A resection with curative intention was possible in 10 cases.
      Three patients initially had distant metastases, in 6 patients they appeared
      postoperatively. Regarding prognosis the TNMG-system proved to be useful only
      concerning lymph nodes. Eight patients died because of tumor progression, four
      have no evidence of disease 20-97 months postoperatively. One patient with liver
      metastases has a complete remission 32 months after chemotherapy. We found a 5
      year-survival rate of 28%. Radical tumor resection and lymphadenectomy is
      recommended, distant metastases should be treated by chemotherapy.

PMID- 2395392
TI  - Long-term results with a simple surgical treatment of bilateral vocal cord
      paralysis.
AB  - Since 1979, we have treated patients suffering from bilateral vocal cord
      paralysis with laterofixation of one vocal cord, a simple and comparatively
      atraumatic method. To evaluate the long-term results of this method of
      laterofixation, 11 consecutive patients were examined at least 5 years
      postoperatively regarding breathing capacity, voice function, and swallowing
      ability. Breathing capacity was assessed by determination of orolaryngeal (upper)
      airway resistance and spirometry. Voice function was judged by two listening
      panels. Swallowing ability was studied by barium contrast radiography.
      Postoperative improvement of breathing capacity was, in most cases, found to be
      long lasting. Furthermore, there was no deterioration of voice function, nor were
      there aspiration problems during the postoperative follow-up period. We suggest
      this method of laterofixation as the treatment of choice in patients suffering
      from breathing difficulties due to bilateral vocal cord paralysis.

PMID- 2395393
TI  - Electromyographic study on end-to-end anastomosis of the recurrent laryngeal
      nerve in dogs.
AB  - The effectiveness of anastomosis of a divided recurrent laryngeal nerve was
      studied with electromyography as well as visual observation. Results obtained
      through this investigation permitted the following conclusions: 1. Regenerated
      potentials were recorded from both the involved thyroarytenoid and posterior
      cricoarytenoid muscles for an average of 5 to 6 weeks postoperatively. 2. Average
      onset of recovery of spontaneous adduction was 10 weeks following surgery, and
      four dogs regained complete recovery of adduction in 13 to 14 weeks. Average
      onset of recovery of spontaneous abduction was 11.8 weeks postoperatively, and
      none of the four dogs displayed complete recovery. 3. The time delay between the
      onset of regenerated potentials and onset of recovery of cord mobility averaged
      4.2 weeks for adduction and 6.4 weeks for abduction. 4. Incomplete recovery of
      movements of the reinnervated vocal cord might be due to an inadequate number of
      effective motor units. 5. End-to-end anastomosis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
      can be performed as one method of reinnervating the denervated intrinsic
      laryngeal muscles, and further histological studies should be carried out to
      determine if the regenerated nerve fibers actually have decreased.

PMID- 2395395
TI  - Modified subglottoscope in the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

PMID- 2395394
TI  - Bone conduction implants.

PMID- 2395396
TI  - Pharyngolaryngectomy and voice restoration.

PMID- 2395397
TI  - Hemostasis of the bi-coronal scalp incision.

PMID- 2395398
TI  - Deep neck infections in patients at risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic has introduced an increasing
      population of immune-compromised patients susceptible to infections by unusual
      pathogens. To evaluate the role of traditional antibiotic therapy for deep neck
      infections in high-risk patients, we reviewed the records of 73 patients with
      deep neck infections. Forty-six had or were at risk for acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome, and nine were diabetics. Staphylococcal infections were more common in
      the at-risk group, and 24% of staphylococcal isolates in intravenous drug abusers
      were methicillin-sodium resistant. In addition, Klebsiella was isolated in two of
      nine diabetic patients. No other clinical differences were noted, and no unusual
      organisms were isolated from any other patients. Although traditional antibiotic
      therapy is appropriate for deep neck infections in patients at risk for acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome, vancomycin hydrochloride should be considered when
      staphylococcal infections are suspected in intravenous drug abusers. Since
      diabetics appear to be susceptible to infections by gram-negative rods, broader
      antibiotic coverage must be considered in this population.

PMID- 2395399
TI  - Cervicofacial mycobacterial adenitis in children: endemic to San Diego?
AB  - Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are an important cause of cervicofacial
      lymphadenitis in children. A dramatic increase has been seen in confirmed cases
      of NTM lymphadenitis in San Diego in the past few years. This report encompasses
      a span of 2 years 9 months, during which 22 children had confirmed NTM infection
      and another 14 had necrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis in whom the specific
      diagnosis of NTM could not be made. This apparent increase in the prevalence of
      NTM as compared to previous reports in the literature suggests a possible endemic
      risk for NTM in the San Diego area. These cases are reviewed and our diagnostic
      and surgical approach to possible NTM infection is described. We also discuss
      possible explanations for the increasing occurrence of NTM in the San Diego area.

PMID- 2395400
TI  - Decompression of the brain stem and superior cervical spine for
      congenital/acquired craniovertebral invagination: an interdisciplinary approach.
AB  - A transoropharyngeal/transpalatal approach to the clivus and anterior cervical
      spine in association with a midline labiomandibular glossotomy has proved
      successful in the treatment of craniovertebral instability. Nine cases at this
      institution between 1978 and 1986 were retrospectively reviewed. A head-and-neck
      surgeon, along with a neurosurgeon and/or orthopedic surgeon collaborated on
      these procedures. The indications, methods, operative techniques, results and
      postoperative complications are presented.

PMID- 2395401
TI  - Spontaneous cervical and mediastinal emphysema.
AB  - Subcutaneous cervical emphysema often appears as a result of surgery or trauma.
      However, when it occurs spontaneously, the patient may present with clinically
      impressive and dramatic features. The etiology is related to the rupture of
      terminal alveoli and dissection of air along the pulmonary vasculature. Exercise
      may contribute to the process by increases in intrathoracic pressure. Six cases
      of spontaneous cervical emphysema, all related to SCUBA diving training at a
      Naval facility, were recently seen at our institution. Proper management entails
      having a high index of suspicion for diagnosis, and then being able to identify
      potentially life-threatening complications.

PMID- 2395402
TI  - Experimental model of immune-mediated hearing loss using cross-species
      immunization.
AB  - The presence of immune-mediated hearing loss was investigated in an animal model.
      Eight guinea pigs and four mice underwent immunizations with a preparation of
      chick or guinea pig cochlear tissue and Freund's adjuvant. Hearing thresholds
      were monitored by auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing over a 5-week period
      after immunization. The serum and temporal bones of test and control animals were
      then examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),
      immunocytochemical, and histological techniques. Hearing loss of 20 dB or greater
      occurred in eight animals. ELISA demonstrated antibodies to cochlear antigens in
      the sera of all test animals. Immunocytochemistry revealed immunostaining of hair
      cell stereocilia in the organ of Corti and saccule. Endolymphatic hydrops, and
      organ of Corti degeneration was observed in the temporal bones of three animals.
      This study provides evidence to suggest that cross-species immunization with
      cochlear antigens might produce a humoral response that can be associated with
      inner ear pathologic change and sensorineural hearing loss.

PMID- 2395403
TI  - Middle fossa decompression of the internal auditory canal in acoustic neuroma
      surgery: a therapeutic alternative.
AB  - Unilateral acoustic neuromas in only-hearing ears and bilateral acoustic neuromas
      (NF-2) are separate entities, but both pose a common problem because surgical
      removal has the potential to leave the patient totally deafened. A middle fossa
      decompression of the internal auditory canal (IAC) was performed in 8 patients (5
      with NF-2 tumors and 3 with neuromas in an only-hearing ear). In 5 of the 8, the
      speech discrimination scores at the 6-month follow-up were better than
      preoperative scores. After 6 months, however, hearing regressed at variable
      rates. Although not a definitive therapeutic treatment, decompression of the IAC
      appears to improve and perhaps prolong useful hearing, which gains valuable time
      for rehabilitation. Rigid follow-up by computed tomography scans or magnetic
      resonance imaging is essential.

PMID- 2395404
TI  - Benign lesions of the larynx: should the laser be used?
AB  - The use of the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser in the treatment of patients with
      benign laryngeal lesions, excluding respiratory papillomatosis, has been
      questioned because of potential adverse thermal effects on surrounding tissue. We
      question whether wound healing and subsequent quality of voice would be better if
      the surgeon used the "cold technique" with microlaryngeal instruments. Since the
      advent, in 1987, of a small-spot (0.3 mm) CO2 laser micromanipulator and more
      precise microlaryngeal instruments, we have redefined our use of the CO2 laser
      for benign laryngeal lesions. Over the past 4 years, in a series of 68
      consecutive patients with vocal cord nodules, polyps, polypoid changes, or
      granulomas, the CO2 laser was useful for mucosal micro-flap dissection techniques
      and for vascular lesions. Smaller pedunculated lesions, such as vocal cord
      nodules, were more efficiently removed with the new microlaryngeal
      instrumentation. The combined selective use of a microspot CO2 laser at low-power
      settings (1 to 3 W), with 0.1-second pulses, and with precise microlaryngeal
      instruments will give the best results.

PMID- 2395405
TI  - Early complications of airway management in head-injured patients.
AB  - Head-injured patients are frequently young, healthy individuals whose excellent
      medical condition is suddenly altered by trauma. The purpose of this study is to
      evaluate the early complications of airway management which occur in head-injured
      patients and to determine if these are different from what has been reported in
      patients with chronic illnesses (i.e., diabetes, atherosclerosis, or
      immunosuppression). Chart review of 52 head-injured patients reveals an early
      complication rate of 61% for endotracheal intubation and 20% for tracheotomy.
      Discriminant analysis shows that increasing duration of intubation is the most
      significant factor in predicting airway management complications (P less than
      0.008). The incidence of complications seen in head-injured patients is similar
      to that of the chronically ill. Complications of endotracheal intubation are
      judged to be more severe than those of tracheotomy. Data from this study supports
      the early tracheotomy of severely head-injured patients who are likely to require
      prolonged airway management.

PMID- 2395406
TI  - The nasogastric tube syndrome.
AB  - The nasogastric tube can produce sudden, life-threatening bilateral vocal cord
      paralysis and is often an unrecognized cause of this clinical entity. The
      pathophysiologic mechanism is thought to be paresis of the posterior
      cricoarytenoid muscles secondary to ulceration and infection over the posterior
      lamina of the cricoid. Since our initial report of this entity in 1981, several
      cases have been photo-documented. Study of whole organ sections of an involved
      larynx have demonstrated the histopathology. Diabetic renal transplant patients
      appear to be particularly susceptible to the condition, due to prolonged
      gastroparesis and requirement for nasogastric tube drainage. Esophagoscopy should
      be performed promptly in these patients when pharyngodynia, hoarseness, or
      evolving stridor present in the postoperative period.

PMID- 2395407
TI  - Embryology of the facial nerve and its clinical applications.
AB  - Although many studies have investigated facial nerve development, most have been
      limited by available specimens and have not provided a comprehensive description
      of the development of this important structure. Even the best and most
      comprehensive articles on this subject have not systematically integrated the
      descriptions of facial nerve embryology with a summary of the development of
      other otologic structures. This study describes the parallel development of the
      facial nerve and ear, emphasizing practical applications for the otologic
      surgeon. The validity of these predictions has been tested through surgical
      procedures on patients with malformed ears.

PMID- 2395408
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: an analysis of 213 consecutive
      patients scheduled for primary radiotherapy.
AB  - Radiotherapy was administered to 213 consecutively treated patients with
      oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The classification (Union Internationale
      Contre le Cancer, 1982) showed primary tumors (T1, 13%; T2, 51%; T3, 34%; T4, 2%)
      and regional lymph nodes (N0, 38%; N1, 38%; N2, 4%; N3, 20%). The 10-year
      actuarial value for local control was 48%; for regional control, it was 66%.
      Distant failure occurred in 20 patients. The 10-year actuarially corrected
      survival rate was 40% (stage I, 57%; stage II, 51%; stage III, 43%; stage VI,
      21%). Locoregional tumor control was significantly influenced by irradiation
      parameters (total dose and treatment time), tumor volume, sex, and hemoglobin
      value. It is concluded that local control of the tumor while still in the T
      position is the parameter most crucial to success. This end point is currently
      being aimed at evaluating primary surgery and testing a radiation technique with
      larger total doses and shrinking fields and a new radiosensitizer, while at the
      same time investigating the influence of hemoglobin concentration.

PMID- 2395409
TI  - Symptoms of vocal attrition in women army instructors and new recruits: results
      from a survey.
AB  - Symptoms of vocal attrition were surveyed with a questionnaire in 130 Israeli
      women army instructors, a high-risk group for vocal attrition, and in 386 Israeli
      women recruits, presumably a low-risk group. Results showed 1. a high prevalence
      of symptoms in both groups, but a significantly higher prevalence among the
      instructors; 2. significant correlation between number of symptoms and rapid,
      excessive, and loud speech habits in both groups; and 3. significant correlation
      between number of symptoms and difficulties in performing instructional duties.
      These findings suggest that 1. vocal attrition is related to both external
      demands on the voice and idiosyncratic speech habits; and 2. vocal attrition has
      a significant impact on performance and work-efficiency.

PMID- 2395410
TI  - Stimulation of mitochondrial pyruvate transport in rat renal cortex by
      phenylephrine.
AB  - Phenylephrine effect on liver and kidney cortex mitochondrial pyruvate
      concentration was investigated. While in liver the alpha 1-adrenergic agent
      produced a decrease in pyruvate content, a significant increase was observed in
      kidney, even in the presence of 0.5 mM alpha-cyano-4-hydroxy-cinnamate. These
      changes were not observed when pyruvate was formed by intramitochondrial
      transamination of alanine, suggesting a role for the pyruvate transport across
      mitochondrial membranes in the regulation of mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism in
      kidney cortex. This was corroborated measuring the phenylephrine effect on
      pyruvate carboxylation.

PMID- 2395411
TI  - Alterations in acetylcholine release in the rat hippocampus during sleep
      wakefulness detected by intracerebral dialysis.
AB  - Acetylcholine (ACh) release from the dorsal hippocampus was continuously
      monitored in freely moving rats during a light period using an intracerebral
      dialysis technique. A dialysate was collected every 6 min and polygraph
      recordings including cortical and hippocampal electroencephalograms,
      electromyogram, and electrooculogram were simultaneously made to determine the
      stage of sleep-wakefulness. The content of ACh was measured by high-performance
      liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. ACh output showed profound
      and state-dependent fluctuations. ACh levels during waking increased
      approximately 300% compared to slow wave sleep. In contrast, the rate of ACh
      release during paradoxical sleep was as high as during waking and appeared to be
      even higher. These results revealed that the intracerebral dialysis technique
      provides a useful method to monitor changes in spontaneous neurotransmitter
      release during the sleep-waking cycle.

PMID- 2395412
TI  - Effects of acute physical exercise on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in
      human peripheral lymphocytes.
AB  - It has been reported that physical exercise may enhance cytochrome P-450
      dependent drug metabolism in vivo. In this study we report that the specific
      activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in human peripheral lymphocytes
      (HPL) is enhanced approximately two fold following acute physical exercise. This
      enhancement of AHH activity in HPL appears to be strongly correlated with
      enhanced lymphocyte count as well as induced metabolic and exercise stress but
      not with the intrinsic physical fitness of individuals.

PMID- 2395413
TI  - Red blood cell polyamine level changes following heart transplantation in man.
AB  - Follow-up of orthotopic heart transplanted patients has revealed the existence of
      abnormally high red blood cell (RBC) spermidine (Spd) levels during the first two
      months after surgical procedure (A-period). From the third month after heart
      transplantation (B-period), RBC Spd concentrations went back to normal values in
      early cardiac rejection (ECR) patients. During A- and B-periods, significantly
      higher Spd levels and Spd/Spm ratios were observed in late cardiac rejecting
      (LCR) patients than in ECR ones. The lack of a direct relationship between the
      histological grade of rejection and RBC Spd levels leads us to consider these
      polyamine blood levels as a new biological instrument in the diagnosis of heart
      rejection.

PMID- 2395414
TI  - Mechanism of lysophosphatidylcholine accumulation in the ischemic canine heart.
AB  - The metabolism of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) in non-ischemic and ischemic
      canine heart was investigated by in vitro enzyme analysis. Selected subcellular
      fractions were assayed for the LPC-producing enzyme phospholipase A and the LPC
      eliminating enzymes LPC:acyl-CoA acyltransferase, LPC:LPC transacylase and
      lysophospholipase. The canine heart was found to contain all enzymes differing,
      however, in subcellular distribution and specific activity. Phospholipase A
      activity did not change significantly in any of the fractions prepared from the
      ischemic tissue of hearts rendered ischemic for 1, 3 or 5 hr when compared to non
      ischemic tissue. Changes in the activity of the microsomal LPC:acyl-CoA
      acyltransferase over the course of 5 hr of ischemia were observed. Significant
      decreases in the activity of the cytosolic and microsomal lysophospholipases were
      detected especially after 3 and 5 hr of ischemia. Similarly, a decrease in the
      activity of the microsomal LPC:LPC transacylase was noted after 3 and 5 hr of
      ischemia. Our results suggest that impaired catabolism of LPC rather than an
      enhanced production of LPC is the principal mechanism for the increase in LPC
      levels in the ischemic canine heart.

PMID- 2395415
TI  - Palmitic acid-labeled lipids selectively incorporated into platelet cytoskeleton
      during aggregation.
AB  - Previous experiments showed that during the early stages (20-30 seconds) of
      aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP, 2 microM) or thrombin (0.1
      U/mL) of rabbit or human platelets prelabeled with [3H]palmitic acid, labeled
      lipid became associated with the cytoskeleton isolated after lysis with 1% Triton
      X-100, 5 mM EGTA [ethylene glycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)]-N,N,N',N'-tetra
      acetic acid. The association appeared to be related to the number of sites of
      contact and was independent of the release of granule contents. We have now
      investigated the nature of the labeled lipids by thin-layer and column
      chromatography and found differences between the distribution of the label in
      intact platelets (both stimulated and unstimulated) and the isolated
      cytoskeletons. In both species, and with either ADP or thrombin as aggregating
      agent, 70-85% of the label in both intact platelets and in the cytoskeletons was
      in phospholipids. The distribution of label among the phospholipids in the
      cytoskeletons was similar to that in intact platelets except that the percentage
      of label in phosphatidylcholine was significantly higher in the cytoskeletons of
      human platelets than in the intact platelets, and the percentage of label in
      phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylinositol was significantly lower in the
      cytoskeletons of rabbit platelets and thrombin-aggregated human platelets than in
      intact platelets. The cytoskeletons contained a lower percentage of label in
      triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and cholesterol ester than the intact platelets.
      Contrary to a report in the literature, we found no evidence for the
      incorporation of diacylglycerol and palmitic acid into the cytoskeleton.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395416
TI  - Effect of excess dietary calcium on colon mucosal membranes and fecal lipids.
AB  - The objective of the present studies was to examine the biochemical alterations
      in colon apical membranes upon feeding excess calcium to animals on a saturated
      fatty acid-rich diet. It has been suggested recently that excess dietary calcium
      may offer a protection to colon membranes as judged by histologic examination.
      Sprague-Dawley weanling male rats were fed a semisynthetic diet containing 14%
      beef fat plus 2% corn oil and either the calcium requirement or excess calcium in
      the form of calcium carbonate. Animals were fed the diets for 4 weeks. Feces were
      collected in the last 3 days. The results indicate that excess dietary calcium
      resulted in alteration in the density of 4 protein bands of colon apical
      membranes upon examination on SDS-gel electrophoresis. These bands contain 20% of
      membrane proteins. The diet had no effect on either the lipid content or fatty
      acid composition of the membranes. Excess dietary calcium resulted in a 54%
      reduction in fecal water bile acids and a 44% reduction in fecal water free fatty
      acids. The reduction in fecal water lipids was due to alterations in the
      solubility of these lipids. This was not mediated through alterations in the pH
      of fecal water. The observed alterations in protein patterns of these membranes
      may be due to either the reduction of fecal water bile acids and free fatty acids
      or may be a direct effect of dietary calcium on membrane proteins.

PMID- 2395417
TI  - Cell separation of Tethya aurantia, an analytical study of embryonic and
      differentiated sponge cells.
AB  - The cells of the sponge Tethya aurantia var. californiana were separated on a
      Ficoll density gradient and the fractions analyzed for cell types and their
      lipids. Major cell types were choanocyte, archeocyte, and symbiont. Major
      differences in archeocyte and choanocyte fatty acid composition were noted for
      20:4, 26:1 and 26:2. The fatty acids 26:1, 26:2, and 28:3 were dominant in the
      phosphatidylcholine fraction. Archeocytes had highest concentrations of 4,7,10,13
      20:4 and 5,8,11,14-20:4 (arachidonic) acids which could be derived from
      symbionts, as odd-chain and methyl-branched fatty acid were also present. Sterol
      analyses showed cholesterol as a major sterol of the sponge cell fractions and
      clionasterol (or its 24-isomer) as a major sterol in symbiont cells.

PMID- 2395418
TI  - Structure activity relationships of imido N-alkyl semicarbazones,
      thiosemicarbazones and acethydrazones as hypolipidemic agents in rodents.
AB  - A series of nitrogen substituted N-butan-3-one derivatives of cyclic imides
      (phthalimide, substituted phthalimide, o-benzosulfimide, 1,8-naphthalimide, 2,3
      dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione and diphenimide) and their semicarbazone,
      thiosemicarbazone and acethydrazone derivatives were investigated for
      hypolipidemic activity in rodents. These compounds were generally potent
      hypolipidemic agents, lowering serum cholesterol levels on an average of 37% and
      serum triglyceride levels on an average of 29% after 16 days dosing at 20 mg/kg
      day intraperitoneally (I.P.) in mice. Several analogs, most notably the
      semicarbazone and acethydrazone derivatives of 1-N-(1,8-naphthalimido)-butan-3
      one, demonstrated improved hypocholesterolemic activity relative to their ketone
      precursors. Similarly, the acethydrazone derivatives generally resulted in
      improved hypotriglyceridemic activity in each series of 2-(3-oxobutyl)-2,3
      dihydrophthalazone-1,4-dione analogs tested. The thiosemicarbazones in mice
      generally resulted in a loss in hypolipidemic activity. Select compounds, 1-N-3
      methylphthalimido butan-3-semicarbazone (Ig) and 1-(4-methoxyphthalazine-1(2H)
      one)yl butan-3(N-acetyl)hydrazone (IVg), at 10 mg/kg/day orally administered to
      rats demonstrated potent hypolipidemic activity after 14 days. These compounds
      lowered liver, small intestine mucosa and aorta wall tissue lipids, e.g.
      cholesterol and triglycerides, and raised fecal excretion of cholesterol
      moderately and of triglyceride significantly. Rat serum lipoprotein fractions
      after treatment for 14 days showed that the two agents lowered VLDL cholesterol
      and raised HDL cholesterol content.

PMID- 2395419
TI  - Measurement of the metabolic interconversion of deuterium-labeled fatty acids by
      gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - An analytical method that was developed to analyze deuterium-labeled fatty acids
      in human blood has been extended to identify labeled fatty acids from C14 to C24
      chain length which are formed by metabolic processes such as desaturation,
      elongation, or shortening of the labeled fatty acids fed. A new computer and a
      hardware adder have been utilized to assure reliable data acquisition. Relative
      standard deviations for the analysis of labeled fatty acids were measured at
      0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 at the 5%, 1%, and 0.2% levels of the labeled fatty acid
      methyl esters, respectively. The method makes extensive use of standards and
      computer processing for accuracy and high productivity. Data from a chylomicron
      triacylglycerol fraction are included to demonstrate the sensitivity of detection
      of metabolites formed by desaturation and elongation.

PMID- 2395420
TI  - Quantitation of vitamin K in human milk.
AB  - A quantitative method was developed for the assay of vitamin K in human colostrum
      and milk. The procedure combines preparative and analytical chromatography on
      silica gel in a nitrogen atmosphere followed by reversed phase high performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two HPLC steps were used: gradient separation with
      ultraviolet (UV) detection followed by isocratic separation detected
      electrochemically. Due to co-migrating impurities, UV detection alone is
      insufficient for identification of vitamin K. Exogenous vitamin K was shown to
      equilibrate with endogenous vitamin K in the samples. A statistical method was
      incorporated to control for experimental variability. Vitamin K1 was analyzed in
      16 pooled milk samples from 7 donors and in individual samples from 15 donors at
      1 month post-partum. Vitamin K1 was present at 2.94 +/- 1.94 and 3.15 +/- 2.87
      ng/mL in pools and in individuals, respectively. Menaquinones, the bacterial form
      of the vitamin, were not detected. The significance of experimental variation to
      studies of vitamin K in individuals is discussed.

PMID- 2395421
TI  - A simple device for the optimized isolation of fat cells.
AB  - We describe a simple cell isolation device that allows the separation and
      sequential collection of fat cells as they are released from adipose tissue
      fragments exposed to a collagenase preparation. This is done without interrupting
      the digestion process. Use of the device allows for appreciable lowering of the
      degree of cell damage and the extent to which larger cells are ruptured during
      the isolation process. Fat cells isolated by this technique elicit a higher level
      of metabolic activity as reflected by their improved response to the lipolytic
      action of epinephrine.

PMID- 2395422
TI  - Separation and detection of phospholipid hydroperoxides in the low nanomolar
      range by a high performance liquid chromatography/ironthiocyanate assay.
AB  - A new method for the detection of phospholipid hydroperoxides in the low
      nanomolar range has been developed by using a high performance liquid
      chromatography system combined with a post-column reaction. The detection is
      based on the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) by hydroperoxides and the subsequent
      formation of an ironthiocyanate complex, which can be determined
      spectrophotometrically at 505 nm. By this method it is possible to separate and
      quantitate phosphatidylethanolamine hydroperoxide and phosphatidylcholine
      hydroperoxide formed in erythrocyte ghost membranes during photooxidation.

PMID- 2395423
TI  - Academic standards and changing patterns of medical school admissions: a
      Malaysian study.
AB  - Changing social demands made it necessary for the Medical Faculty of the
      University of Malaya to accommodate students with a wider range of academic
      experience than before. However, teachers sought to achieve comparable academic
      standards to those in the West by striving to maintain a close resemblance to the
      Western model of medical education in other respects. As a result teachers failed
      to adapt their teaching methods, assessment techniques and curriculum design to
      meet the educational needs of the students, thus compromising academic standards.
      Many students lack basic academic skills and do not know how to learn
      effectively. In order to help students overcome their learning difficulties
      innovative teaching was required during the first year at university, designed to
      foster the joint development of knowledge and basic skills. In the case of less
      well-prepared students who lack self-confidence, a caring and supportive learning
      environment is crucial to the achievement of meaningful learning. Lecturers
      needed to become facilitators of learning rather than transmitters of knowledge.
      However, teachers' objective to retain international recognition of the degree,
      which presumably reflected the importance of teaching, was not operationalized in
      terms of its incentive structure such that teachers were constrained not to try
      to fill the new roles demanded of them. It was assumed that academic distinction
      accrued through scientific research was essential for the achievement of academic
      excellence. However, under the prevailing circumstances the two aims were
      mutually exclusive and incompatible and teaching quality deteriorated.

PMID- 2395425
TI  - Students teaching students: a medical school peer tutorial programme.
AB  - A peer tutorial programme which is available to all first- and second-year
      medical students has been in operation at Case Western Reserve University School
      of Medicine since 1972. A retrospective study of the classes of 1982, 1983 and
      1984 was undertaken to assess the participation levels in the tutorial programme
      and to compare the participation level to available performance parameters. The
      analysis revealed that 54% of the first-year classes and 22% of the second-year
      classes participated in the peer tutorial programme. X2 analysis of the data
      demonstrated that the relationship between participation in the tutorial
      programme and performance on examinations reached statistical significance. The
      results suggested that an open peer tutorial programme responded to the needs,
      both cognitive and affective, of medical students.

PMID- 2395424
TI  - A health promotion module for undergraduate medical students.
AB  - This paper describes a 4-day module on health promotion which is part of the
      undergraduate programme for medical students at the University of Edinburgh.
      Early experience of the module from both the learner and teacher perspectives are
      reported. The module is part of a new 4-week course on community medicine for
      fourth- and fifth-year students and is a collaborative venture between people
      working in the field of health promotion in the University, the local health
      service and the national health education organization, the Scottish Health
      Education Group. The aims of the module, together with details about the content,
      teaching methods and form of assessment are described. Some of the formal
      evaluation results are presented. The module has proved highly popular with both
      students and teachers. The paper concludes with a discussion of the key factors
      that have been important in the successful development of the module.

PMID- 2395426
TI  - The educational value of clinical electives.
AB  - One hundred and eighty-four medical students at the University of Queensland were
      surveyed after they returned from their clinical elective. Approximately half
      stayed in Australia, and the other half travelled overseas. The United Kingdom
      was the most popular overseas destination, but there was a wide geographic
      distribution. The most popular clinical specialties were surgery, medicine,
      orthopaedics and emergency medicine, while the least popular were geriatrics and
      psychiatry. They were given a reasonable work schedule, but students remaining in
      Australia had a heavier work-load. While students on overseas electives received
      more formal instruction, students remaining in Australian placements received
      greater responsibility and better acceptance, but the majority in both groups
      received adequate supervision. Students gained experience in a large number of
      practical procedures, especially those in Australian placements. More problems
      were encountered by students in overseas placements, particularly with regard to
      organizing the elective, finances and personal-social difficulties. The vast
      majority of students found their clinical elective to be moderately or extremely
      worthwhile, and cited a number of perceived benefits. These results suggest that
      the clinical elective can have significant educational value.

PMID- 2395427
TI  - Medical student experience of London general practice teaching attachments.
AB  - Forty-eight students kept a log diary of activities during their central London
      general practice teaching attachments associated with the Department of Primary
      Health Care of University College and Middlesex School of Medicine. The students
      each saw on average 96 patients per week, of whom 69% were discussed by the
      general practitioner with the student after the consultation. Students spent an
      average of 21.5 hours a week sitting in with the general practitioner. While most
      of this time was as a passive observer, the students were also able to
      participate more actively, personally taking histories for a median of 1.25 hours
      a week and personally examining patients for a median of 1.7 hours a week. During
      these periods of active involvement each student personally took a mean of 10
      short and 2.5 long histories per week and performed a mean of 25.5 short and 1.2
      long examinations per week. General practitioners to whom the students were
      attached spent a mean of 4 hours a week on (patient-oriented) teaching. The
      tuition was highly rated by the students in terms of both usefulness and
      stimulation. Students also received a mean of 2.3 hours a week of teaching from
      other members of the primary health care team, which was somewhat less well
      received. Areas for improvement were: the relatively few home visits (median of 6
      per week) per student; the limited time students spent on self-education (average
      of 65 minutes per week); and the few practical procedures performed by the
      students. Students could also be encouraged to play a more active role in
      examining and interviewing patients.

PMID- 2395428
TI  - Teaching quality assurance in Malaysia: a report on six workshops on quality
      assurance in patient care services for health care providers in government
      service.
AB  - In the government hospitals of Malaysia quality assurance activities have been
      introduced since 1985. Local clinicians and other health care workers had been
      stimulated by the Ministry of Health to pursue these activities, but they found
      themselves untrained and ill-prepared for the job. With the help of the World
      Health Organization a programme of training courses has been set up and
      conducted, most recently, in February 1989. A model for teaching quality
      assurance was developed, geared towards the needs of the Malaysian clinicians and
      taking into account the recent progress made in the development of quality
      assurance approaches worldwide. Moreover, quality assurance results from one
      Malaysian hospital were used, thus increasing the relevance of the teaching.
      Results show that Malaysian clinicians have appreciated the training and have
      relaxed in their attitude towards quality assurance and the government's
      involvement in it. During the various courses pitfalls have been identified in
      the teaching of modern quality assurance in health care for audiences from
      developing and newly industrialized countries.

PMID- 2395429
TI  - Residency performance of graduates from a problem-based and a conventional
      curriculum.
AB  - Performance of 130 graduates in residency from a community-oriented, problem
      based medical curriculum, and from a parallel, conventional track, were compared
      on eight dimensions: knowledge, communication with patients, independent learning
      ability, teamwork, patient education, critical thinking ability, attention to
      health care costs, and self-assessment. Ratings were obtained from three
      evaluators: a doctor-supervisor, a nurse and the resident him/herself. The study
      was undertaken to identify differences between graduates from the two curricular
      tracks. Differences were observed in the areas of health care costs (supervisors)
      and communication with patients (residents), and a trend was observed in patient
      education (supervisors) and knowledge (nurses), The outcomes of the study are
      discussed in light of the literature on residency performance, and in terms of
      the educational experiences that characterize the two medical curricula.

PMID- 2395430
TI  - Training psychiatrists and family doctors in evaluating interpersonal skills.
AB  - Ten psychiatrists and 15 family doctors were asked to score videotapes of patient
      doctor encounters before and after each of two training periods. One period
      focused on the theory of assessment of doctors' interpersonal skills, while the
      other was purely practical. Results indicate that after one training session in
      either theory or practice, both groups of doctors achieved a significantly higher
      interrater reliability. The second session, which crossed over theory and
      practice of assessment, did not increase the improvement in interrater agreement
      achieved by the first training period. Although both groups of doctors showed a
      significant increase in interrater agreement, psychiatrists exhibited greater
      reliability scores than family doctors before the experiment as well as after the
      second training session. These results were discussed in terms of their
      implicatioins for future research on the doctor-patient relationship.

PMID- 2395431
TI  - Emigration patterns among 1974 British medical graduates.
AB  - For 96.7% of identified qualifiers from British medical schools in 1974, career
      information was available concerning experience outside the United Kingdom. A
      total of 34.2% of respondents had been abroad at some time by 1987, the peak
      period being 6 years after qualifying when over 15% were abroad. Twelve per cent
      were still abroad 13 years after qualifying. Compared to English and Welsh
      medical schools, Scotish medical schools produced higher percentages of
      qualifiers who were abroad and who intended not to practise in the United
      Kingdom. The commonest reasons for going abroad were adventure, travel, vacation,
      better lifestyle and living conditions, and better career prospects. Further
      aspects of motivation for travel abroad and return to the United Kingdom are
      discussed.

PMID- 2395432
TI  - Learning human anatomy: by dissection or from prosections?
AB  - Two matched groups of first-year preclinical medical students studied the gross
      anatomy of the lower limb by different methods. One group dissected in the
      traditional manner (as in the existing curriculum) while the other worked
      according to an experimental programme which excluded dissection by students.
      Preparatory study guides were supplied to the experimental group and each of
      their practical classes on soft tissues began with a priming session at which the
      structures to be encountered were introduced. The instructor then demonstrated
      these structures to the group on a prosected wet specimen and bones. Thereafter,
      the students were allowed to handle and discuss the specimens without staff
      supervision. At the end of the programme, both groups submitted to a 300-item two
      choice paper and a practical test. A debriefing questionnaire was also completed
      by the experimental group. In both tests, the experimental group performed better
      than the traditional group and the difference was statistically significant (P
      less than 0.05) in the theory paper. Further, the experimental programme was
      completed in about 74% of the time taken by the traditional programme. All the
      participants commented positively on the experimental programme and expressed the
      opinion that it had helped them understand the lower limb better than dissection
      had done for the upper limb. These results suggest that working from prosections
      is a very effective way of learning human gross anatomy. Such a programme is
      worthy of consideration by departments having to contend with unfavourable
      student:cadaver ratios and curtailed teaching time.

PMID- 2395433
TI  - Clinical inquiry and scientific inquiry.

PMID- 2395434
TI  - Localization and molecular modelling of the membrane-inserted domain of the ninth
      component of human complement and perforin.
AB  - Upon interaction with the membrane-bound C5b-8 complex, the ninth component of
      complement (C9) unfolds and inserts into the membrane of cells on which surface
      complement has been activated. Consequently C9 oligomerization occurs and
      transmembrane channels of varying sizes are formed. The domain of the unfolded
      protein interacting with the cell membrane has so far not been identified since,
      unlike many integral membrane proteins, the C9 sequence does not contain a
      continuous stretch of hydrophobic amino acids. We studied the interaction of C9
      with the lipid bilayer using the membrane-restricted photoaffinity label 3
      (trifluoromethyl)-3-(m[125I]iodophenyl)diazirine (125I-TID). C9 was assembled on
      liposomes and after photoactivation, several labeled and non-labeled peptides,
      obtained by chemical and enzymatic cleavage or the 125I-TID-labeled C9, were
      analyzed. The segment from 176 to 345 was identified as the region containing the
      membrane-interacting structure. By means of secondary structure predictions, we
      identified two amphipathic alpha-helices (292-308 and 313-333) separated by a
      turn (309-312). Based on these results, we constructed a molecular model for the
      membrane-spanning region of C9. By analogy, we also constructed a model for this
      domain in perforin/cytolysin, a pore-forming protein found in the cytoplasmic
      granules of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.

PMID- 2395435
TI  - Molecular and functional identification and purification of complement component
      factor D from urine of patients with chronic renal failure.
AB  - Urine proteins of normal subject and patients with impaired renal function were
      analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. As a result, a
      clear spot was detected specifically in urine from patients with obvious renal
      dysfunction. The isoelectrical point of this unique spot was pH 7.1-7.2 and the
      flow-rate (Rf) was 0.50-0.55 as that of albumin was 1.0. Partial amino acid
      sequence analysis revealed that the NH2-terminal to 22nd amino acid sequence was
      identical with that of complement factor D. We purified 22 mg of this protein
      (factor D) from 5000 ml of urine from a patient on hemodialysis by three
      chromatographic steps using DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and Sephacryl S-200. The purified
      urine factor D gave a single band in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis at the position of 23 kD, and displayed normal factor D hemolytic
      activity. The concentrations of factor D estimated by hemolytic assay were 1.9
      micrograms/ml of normal serum, less than 0.1 microgram/ml of normal urine, 15
      micrograms/ml of patient serum and 50 micrograms/ml of patient urine.

PMID- 2395436
TI  - Functional and molecular characterization of I-A kappa beta mutants is consistent
      with the predicted three dimensional structure of class II MHC molecules.
AB  - Class II MHC (Ia) molecules have been shown to be critical as restriction
      elements in the T helper/inducer cell recognition of antigen. Efforts to
      determine the role of allelic variation in MHC restricted antigen presentation
      have included the use of serologically selected mutants to correlate structural
      variations in Class II molecules with changes in the antigen presenting function
      of Ia bearing cells. Such studies have revealed that serologically selected
      mutations tend to occur in a single immunodominant region and that even a single
      amino acid substitution can alter T cell recognition of Ia molecules. We report
      here the characterization of two more serologically selected Class II A beta
      chain mutations. Each is due to a single base change which alters a single amino
      acid. One of these mutations is in the third hypervariable region (amino acid 64-
      glutamine to arginine) and alters the antigen presenting function. The second
      mutation at amino acid 48, though a relatively non-conservative change (arginine
      to cysteine), has no effect on APC phenotype. Such a result would be predicted
      based on comparisons made with the proposed three dimensional crystallographic
      structure of Class I molecules and models proposed for Class II molecules based
      on Class I structure. The amino acid change at position 48 is in a portion of the
      molecule that is most likely unavailable to bind antigen or interact with T cell
      receptor whereas the mutation at amino acid 64 is on an exposed face of the alpha
      helix, a region which could affect interaction with either antigen and/or the T
      cell receptor.

PMID- 2395437
TI  - Purification of Art v I, a relevant allergen of Artemisia vulgaris pollen.
AB  - An allergenic protein from Artemisia vulgaris pollen has been purified to
      homogeneity. Its molecular weight in native conditions is 47,000. The purified
      allergen, hereafter denominated Art v I, is a monomeric protein. It is a
      clinically relevant allergen since, at least, 70% of the individuals allergic to
      Artemisia vulgaris pollen have specific IgE in serum and in mast cells,
      demonstrated by ELISA and skin prick tests, respectively.

PMID- 2395438
TI  - Antibodies with high affinity for spiroperidol--II. Cross reactivity with
      iodobenzamide and domperidone.
AB  - Three radioligands, 3H-spiroperidol (3H-SPD), 3H-domperidone (3H-DOMP) and 125I
      iodobenzamide (125I-IBZM), were used to investigate the antibody response to two
      haptens, aminospiroperidol (NH2SPD) and N-aminophenethylspiroperidol (NAPS).
      Although structurally different, these three radioligands each bind with high
      affinity to the D2 dopamine receptor. Antibodies with high affinity for 3H-SPD
      were elicited in rabbits following immunization with the hapten NH2SPD covalently
      linked to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). In addition, antibodies in the rabbit
      anti-NH2SPD antisera bound 125I-IBZM or 3H-DOMP. Rabbit anti-NH2SPD antibodies
      that bound 125I-IBZM or 3H-DOMP were found to have higher affinity for IBZM or
      DOMP, respectively, than for SPD. The binding properties of the anti-NH2SPD
      antibodies that bound 3H-SPD, 125I-IBZM and 3H-DOMP were characterized using a
      panel of competitive inhibitors and each radioligand appeared to bind to a
      distinct subpopulation of anti-NH2SPD antibodies. BALB/c mice were immunized with
      NH2SPD-KLH or NAPS-KLH. A population of antibodies that bound 3H-SPD and a
      population of antibodies that bound 3H-DOMP were detected. The population of
      antibodies that bound 3H-DOMP was found to be heteroclitic for DOMP, since DOMP
      was a more effective competitive inhibitor than SPD. Binding sites for 125I-IBZM
      were not detected in either the anti-NH2SPD or the anti-NAPS BALB/c antisera.
      However, two anti-NAPS monoclonal antibodies, N6-24 and N6-29, that bind 3H-SPD
      with high affinity (Kd = 10(-9) M), were also found to bind IBZM (Ki = 2 x 10(-7)
      M) and DOMP (Ki = 2 x 10(-6) M). Although anti-NH2SPD and anti-NAPS antibodies
      were identified that appeared to bind 3H-SPD, 3H-DOMP or 125I-IBZM with high
      affinity, none of the populations of polyclonal antibodies or monoclonal
      antibodies bound all three ligands with high affinity.

PMID- 2395439
TI  - Binding and immunological properties of a synthetic peptide corresponding to the
      phosphorylcholine-binding region of C-reactive protein.
AB  - A synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acid residues 47-63 of human C
      reactive protein (CRP) was synthesized and evaluated for its ability to bind
      phosphorylcholine (PC) and to react with mAb specific for the PC-binding region
      of CRP. The PC-binding peptide displayed Ca2(+)-independent binding specific for
      PC and was able to compete against CRP for PC in the presence of Ca2+ ions. The
      synthetic peptide, like CRP, binds to the extracellular matrix protein
      fibronectin and the basement membrane protein laminin. The PC-binding peptide was
      recognized by those mAb generated against the intact CRP molecule that bind at,
      or near, the functional PC-binding region. In addition, several mAb to the T-15
      idiotype present on mouse antibodies specific for PC, recognize an epitope(s) on
      the PC-binding peptide. Therefore, the 17 amino acid synthetic peptide shares
      both functional binding activity and antigenicity with the corresponding
      functional region within the CRP molecule.

PMID- 2395440
TI  - Environmental nitrophenols and autoimmunity.

PMID- 2395441
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 39-1990. A 66-year-old man with demyelinative neuropathy and a
      retroperitoneal mass.

PMID- 2395442
TI  - The trouble with rationing.

PMID- 2395443
TI  - Essential national health research. A key to equity in development.

PMID- 2395444
TI  - Failure of zidovudine prophylaxis after exposure to HIV-I.

PMID- 2395445
TI  - Ivermectin in lymphatic filariasis.

PMID- 2395446
TI  - Treatment of physiologic maladaptation to night work.

PMID- 2395447
TI  - Tetrahydroaminoacridine and lecithin for Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2395448
TI  - Calcium bioavailability from two calcium carbonate preparations.

PMID- 2395450
TI  - Choices for individual patients vs. groups.

PMID- 2395451
TI  - High efficiency filtration removes hazards from laser surgery.

PMID- 2395449
TI  - Cancer-registry data on melanomas.

PMID- 2395452
TI  - My Africa trip.

PMID- 2395453
TI  - Evidence to the Nurses Pay Review Body on behalf of the National Association of
      Theatre Nurses 1990.

PMID- 2395454
TI  - A safer environment for endo-urological equipment.

PMID- 2395455
TI  - Image analysis for all.

PMID- 2395456
TI  - Technology and the family farm.
AB  - It is one thing for innovation in agricultural practice to be implemented
      thoughtlessly; quite another for it to be opposed on principle. The introduction
      of bovine growth hormone is a case in point.

PMID- 2395457
TI  - Human immunodeficiency viruses. Too close for comfort.

PMID- 2395458
TI  - Genetic basis of grammar defect.

PMID- 2395459
TI  - Atomic structure of the actin:DNase I complex.
AB  - The atomic models of the complex between rabbit skeletal muscle actin and bovine
      pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I both in the ATP and ADP forms have been determined
      by X-ray analysis at an effective resolution of 2.8 A and 3A, respectively. The
      two structures are very similar. The actin molecule consists of two domains which
      can be further subdivided into two subdomains. ADP or ATP is located in the cleft
      between the domains with a calcium ion bound to the beta- or beta- and gamma
      phosphates, respectively. The motif of a five-stranded beta sheet consisting of a
      beta meander and a right handed beta alpha beta unit appears in each domain
      suggesting that gene duplication might have occurred. These sheets have the same
      topology as that found in hexokinase.

PMID- 2395460
TI  - Fetal tissue. Will ban provoke challenge?

PMID- 2395462
TI  - Human genome project. Database goes on-line.

PMID- 2395461
TI  - Atomic model of the actin filament.
AB  - The F-actin filament has been constructed from the atomic structure of the actin
      monomer to fit the observed X-ray fibre diagram from oriented gels of F-actin. A
      unique orientation of the monomer with respect to the actin helix has been found.
      The main interactions are along the two-start helix with a contribution from a
      loop extending across the filament axis provided by the molecule in the adjacent
      strand. There are also contacts along the left-handed genetic helix.

PMID- 2395463
TI  - Crystal structure of ovalbumin as a model for the reactive centre of serpins.
AB  - The serpins are a widely distributed family of proteins with diverse functions;
      they include the key serine protease inhibitors of human plasma as well as
      noninhibitory homologues such as hormone-binding globulins, angiotensinogen and
      egg-white ovalbumin. Sequence alignment based on the crystal structure. On the
      cleaved form of the archetypal serpin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, indicates that the
      serpins share a common highly ordered structure. On cleavage of the reactive
      centre peptide bond, they characteristically undergo a remarkable conformational
      change, the newly generated C terminus moving some 70 A to the opposite pole of
      the molecule. The structure of this post-cleavage form is known, but the
      conformation of the intact serpins and in particular that of their reactive
      centre is not. Wright et al.'s structure of plakalbumin (ovalbumin cleaved by
      subtilisin) has provided evidence for the conformational change that results from
      cleavage. We have now determined the structure of native ovalbumin to 1.95 A
      resolution and have found that the intact peptide loop forming the analogue to
      the reactive centre of the inhibitory serpins takes the unexpected form of a
      protruding, isolated helix. This model of the intact structures of the serpins
      suggests how they may interact with their target proteases.

PMID- 2395464
TI  - Draft of conflict rules angers Congress.

PMID- 2395465
TI  - Clinicians wanted.

PMID- 2395466
TI  - Due process protection.

PMID- 2395467
TI  - Alzheimer's disease. Dominant susceptibility genes.

PMID- 2395468
TI  - Haematopoiesis. Searching for stem cells.

PMID- 2395469
TI  - Requirement for subplate neurons in the formation of thalamocortical connections.
AB  - The neurons of layer 4 in the adult cerebral cortex receive their major ascending
      inputs from the thalamus. In development, however, thalamic axons arrive at the
      appropriate cortical area long before their target layer 4 neurons have migrated
      into the cortical plate. The axons accumulate and wait in the zone below the
      cortical plate, the subplate, for several weeks before invading the cortical
      plate. The subplate is a transient zone that contains the first postmitotic
      neurons of the telencephalon. These neurons mature well before other cortical
      neurons, and disappear by cell death after the thalamic axons have grown into the
      overlying cortical plate. The close proximity of growing thalamocortical axons
      and subplate neurons suggests that they might be involved in interactions
      important for normal thalamocortical development. Here we show that early in
      development the deletion of subplate neurons located beneath visual cortex
      prevents axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus from
      recognizing and innervating visual cortex, their normal target. In the absence of
      subplate neurons, lateral geniculate nucleus axons continue to grow in the white
      matter past visual cortex despite the presence of their target layer 4 neurons.
      Thus the transient subplate neurons are necessary for appropriate cortical target
      selection by thalamocortical axons.

PMID- 2395470
TI  - Separation of pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells from spleen colony-forming
      cells.
AB  - Long-term reconstitution of the lymphohaematopoietic cells of a mouse after
      lethal irradiation requires the transplantation of at least (5-10) x 10(3) bone
      marrow cells. Several cell-separation techniques based on cell-surface
      characteristics have been used in attempts to identify the pluripotent
      haematopoietic stem cells (PHSC), and have allowed the long-term engraftment of
      lethally irradiated mice with an enriched fraction of fewer than 200 marrow
      cells. But these techniques enrich not only for PHSC but also for haematopoietic
      progenitors, especially day-12 spleen colony-forming units (CFU-S). Although day
      12 CFU-S have been postulated to be primitive multipotential haematopoietic
      progenitors, with day-8 CFU-S representing later, more committed progenitors,
      recent evidence suggests that neither of these CFU-S represents mouse PHSC. Here
      we report that counterflow centrifugal elutriation, which sorts cells on the
      basis of size and density, can separate PHSC from these less primitive
      progenitors. The fraction containing the largest cells was enriched for the
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM), but gave only transient,
      early engraftment and was therefore depleted of PHSC. The intermediate fraction
      was enriched for CFU-S, but depleted of CFU-GM. Despite being devoid of CFU-GM
      and CFU-S, the fraction consisting of only morphological lymphocytes gave
      sustained, albeit delayed, reconstitution of all lymphohaematopoietic cells, and
      was therefore enriched for PHSC. We conclude that there are two vital classes of
      engrafting cells: committed progenitors, which provide initial, unsustained
      engraftment, and PHSC, which produce delayed, but durable, engraftment. Therefore
      for late haematological reconstitution, PHSC must be transplanted with a
      distinguishable source of early engrafting cells, thereby allowing the lethally
      irradiated host to survive initial aplasia.

PMID- 2395472
TI  - Lipid cell culture supplements.

PMID- 2395473
TI  - Kiss me and the world is mine. Toad toxins.

PMID- 2395471
TI  - Genetic linkage studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease is not a single
      homogeneous disorder.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease, a fatal neurodegenerative disorder of unknown aetiology, is
      usually considered to be a single disorder because of the general uniformity of
      the disease phenotype. Two recent genetic linkage studies revealed co-segregation
      of familial Alzheimer disease with the D21S1/S11 and D21S16 loci on chromosome
      21. But two other studies, one of predominantly multiplex kindreds with a late
      age-of-onset, the other of a cadre of kindreds with a unique Volga German ethnic
      origin, found absence of linkage at least to D21S1/S11. So far it has not been
      possible to discern whether these conflicting reports reflect aetiological
      heterogeneity, differences in methods of pedigree selection, effects of
      confounding variables in the analysis (for example, diagnostic errors,
      assortative matings), or true non-replication. To resolve this issue, we have now
      examined the inheritance of five polymorphic DNA markers from the proximal long
      arm of chromosome 21 in a large unselected series of pedigrees with familial
      Alzheimer's disease. Our data suggest that Alzheimer's disease is not a single
      entity, but rather results from genetic defects on chromosome 21 and from other
      genetic or nongenetic factors.

PMID- 2395474
TI  - A survey of graduates from a family practice residency program. A good way to
      initiate curricular reform.

PMID- 2395475
TI  - The North Carolina Student Rural Health Coalition enters the medical school
      curriculum. The Duke rural health elective.

PMID- 2395476
TI  - Doublespeak in high places.

PMID- 2395478
TI  - Beware the addled brain.

PMID- 2395477
TI  - Spinal cord injury: a view from behind the wheel.

PMID- 2395479
TI  - A hypnosis story.

PMID- 2395480
TI  - [The treatable smell disorder].

PMID- 2395481
TI  - [Are reporting committees in hospitals effective in the prevention of untoward
      events?].

PMID- 2395482
TI  - [Liability for professional mistakes--the breaking through a taboo?].

PMID- 2395483
TI  - [The pathophysiology of external heart massage].

PMID- 2395484
TI  - [The value of employment medical examinations].

PMID- 2395485
TI  - [Drug therapy support during and following resuscitation].

PMID- 2395486
TI  - [Organ donation in a general hospital].
AB  - There is an acute shortage of donor organs for transplantation in The
      Netherlands. It is presumed that many potentially available organs are lost due
      to insufficient alertness. A retrospective study was made of the results of the
      procedure for obtaining permission for post-mortem donorship. Records of patients
      succumbed in the Intensive Care Unit in the period 1983-1987 were checked to
      ascertain whether these patients had met the current selection criteria for
      donorship. According to these criteria, 104 of the 531 deceased patients had been
      suitable. Death had been due to irreversible brain damage in 71 cases, to CVA in
      29, to a primary brain tumour in three and to an intoxication in one. The
      donation procedure was followed in 53 cases of death. In 20 cases relatives
      refused permission and in 12 there were insuperable practical and technical
      difficulties. Relatives of 19 deceased patients were not asked for permission for
      post-mortem donorship. Once the procedure for obtaining permission for post
      mortem donorship was implemented according to protocol and on a multidisciplinary
      basis, the proportion of cases in which requesting permission was omitted fell
      from 37% to 3%. Greater alertness of those involved to the possibilities of organ
      donation and good organization result in a growing number of organs available for
      transplantation, reducing an acute shortage.

PMID- 2395487
TI  - [Inventory and comparison of guidelines for antibiotic utilization in Dutch
      hospitals].
AB  - In 1976 the Dutch Health Council advised hospitals to formulate guidelines for
      use of antibiotics. These guidelines and their use should improve the quality of
      care in terms of medical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. In 1988 the Peer
      Review Council held a survey among all (140) Dutch hospitals to collect data
      about these guidelines. Thirty-seven sets of guidelines used in 71 hospitals were
      obtained. We analysed these sets of guidelines as to the following general
      aspects: the status of the guidelines in the hospitals, the problem-oriented
      approach, the topics dealt with in the guidelines and the authors of the
      guidelines. Four specific aspects related to rational use of antibiotics were
      analysed as well: the use of cephalosporin, the use of different antibiotics for
      prophylaxis and therapy and the cost-effectiveness of antibiotic treatment in
      relation to urosepsis. Results of these analyses show that guidelines are too
      often formulated in a noncommittal way and that there is a need for a more
      functional registration system to link information about the clinical working
      diagnoses, the bacteria isolated and the sensitivity to the antibiotics used.
      These linkages are essential for feedback to clinicians, microbiologists and
      pharmacists and a prerequisite for management of the quality of care with respect
      to use of antibiotics.

PMID- 2395488
TI  - [External fixation of unstable wrist fractures].
AB  - The results of external fixation of 66 unstable distal radial fractures were
      evaluated. In the majority, the radiological results were excellent or good.
      There was a clear correlation between an excellent or good clinical score and the
      subsequent radiological result. Upper limb dystrophy which caused a considerable
      morbidity was found in every third patient. Unstable distal radial fractures with
      severe initial displacement predispose to reflex dystrophy. External fixation
      obviously cannot prevent this severe complication, it is even possible that
      tension on soft tissues, capsules and ligaments caused by ligamentotaxis might
      induce reflex dystrophy. Therefore, the indication for using external fixation of
      unstable distal radial fractures has to be defined with due caution.

PMID- 2395489
TI  - [Small intestinal perforation as complication of loperamide treatment of
      Salmonella typhimurium infection].
AB  - A patient is described with an acute gastroenteritis, after ingestion of French
      fries and a raw egg and the simultaneous use of loperamide, due to an infection
      with Salmonella typhimurium phage type 10. As a complication multiple
      perforations of the ileum developed which needed surgical resection. This is the
      first report of this complication in the literature. The simultaneous use of
      loperamide is suspected to be the promoting factor in the development of this
      complication.

PMID- 2395490
TI  - [The value of the preoperative examination].

PMID- 2395491
TI  - Pneumatic dilatation for the treatment of achalasia: a follow-up study of 49
      patients.
AB  - Results of treatment by pneumatic dilatation of the oesophagus were evaluated in
      49 patients with achalasia. Thirty-four patients (69%) had excellent or good
      results after three or fewer dilatation-sessions (follow-up of at least 18
      months). The results were moderate in 9 patients, whereas 6 experienced no
      benefit at all. Two out of 169 sessions of pneumodilatation were complicated by
      perforation of the oesophagus. There was no mortality. Our results are in
      agreement with those reached by other series. We conclude that pneumodilatation
      is an effective and relatively safe procedure for the treatment of achalasia.

PMID- 2395492
TI  - Polyradiculoneuritis and inappropriate ADH secretion in infectious mononucleosis.
AB  - A 59-yr-old female with acute infectious mononucleosis developed a severe
      polyradiculoneuritis with quadriplegia and a transient syndrome of inappropriate
      antidiuretic hormone secretion. Both these complications of the Epstein-Barr
      virus infection are rare.

PMID- 2395493
TI  - Treatment in patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease or toxic
      multinodular goitre (Plummers disease)

PMID- 2395494
TI  - Acute volume and electrolyte disorders in obstetrics and gynaecology.

PMID- 2395496
TI  - Change of serum calcitonin in patients receiving glucocorticoids: an acute phase
      study.
AB  - The basal and calcium-stimulated calcitonin response was measured in 10 patients
      with giant cell arteritis before and 1, 3 and 6 wk after the start of daily
      treatment with 60 mg of prednisone. The study shows that plasma calcitonin level
      in response to a calcium injection is increased after 1 wk treatment with
      prednisone. Later on the calcitonin secretion capacity diminishes significantly
      compared to the initial level. The phylogenetic old calcitonin system first tries
      to prevent the occurrence of the process of osteoporosis. Moreover, exhaustion of
      this system later contributes to the process of steroid osteoporosis.

PMID- 2395495
TI  - Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: metabolic studies and treatment with
      LDL apheresis.
AB  - A 14-yr-old Turkish girl presented with serum cholesterol levels of 15-20 mmol/l,
      skin and tendon xanthomata, and anginal attacks. A coronary angiography
      demonstrated severe coronary atherosclerosis including a 70% stenosis at the
      origin of the left coronary artery. The clinical diagnosis, homozygous familial
      hypercholesterolaemia, was confirmed by: (1) investigation of the family
      revealing hypercholesterolaemia in both her parents and siblings; (2) fibroblast
      association studies, in which the specific association of low density lipoprotein
      (LDL) was 35% of normal; and (3) LDL turnover study, in which the fractional
      catabolic rate of LDL was decreased to 0.213 pools/day. Treatment with
      cholestyramine or simvastatin had little effect on serum cholesterol levels.
      After coronary artery bypass grafting, the patient was treated with selective LDL
      apheresis using columns containing dextran-sulphate bound to cellulose. These
      columns bind apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins but not high density
      lipoproteins. After 2 yr of therapy, the level of serum cholesterol has declined
      by 56%. Skin xanthomata have disappeared and there is no recurrence of angina
      pectoris. On repeated coronary angiography, two of the three bypasses are patent
      and there is no progression of atherosclerotic lesions. We conclude that LDL
      apheresis is an efficient procedure to lower serum cholesterol in patients who do
      not respond to pharmacological treatment of hypercholesterolaemia.

PMID- 2395497
TI  - Functional hypothalamic derangement in a case of Wernicke's encephalopathy.
AB  - A case of Wernicke's encephalopathy exhibited prominent signs of hypothalamic
      involvement, including thermoregulatory and multiple hormonal abnormalities.
      Features of the clinical presentation, thermoregulatory and hormonal studies are
      discussed.

PMID- 2395498
TI  - Beware of the dog: meningitis in a splenectomised woman.
AB  - Purulent meningitis was diagnosed in a 75-yr-old splenectomised woman nine days
      after a dog bite. The original wound was apparently uninflamed. The causative
      microorganism proved to be a dysgonic fermenter 2 (DF-2) bacterium (renamed
      Capnocythophaga canimorsus). This is a recently recognised Gram-negative
      bacterium, belonging to the normal canine mouth flora, to which asplenic
      individuals seem to be particularly susceptible.

PMID- 2395499
TI  - [Microsurgery of spinal angioblastoma].
AB  - The treatment results of ten patients with spinal hemangioblastoma including
      clinical, radiological and surgical considerations are reported. Magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) is considered to be the radiological method of choice.
      With its superior imaging qualities MRI was able to clearly demonstrate the exact
      anatomical location of the tumor nidus as well as the extent and location of the
      accompanying space-occupying intramedullary cysts. The tumors could be completely
      removed in all ten patients using microsurgical techniques. The additional
      application of the CO2-laser has added significantly to the atraumatic and total
      tumor extirpation. In none of the patients postoperative worsening occurred. In
      two patients with long lasting symptoms the pre- and postoperative neurological
      status was unchanged. Minor sensory sequelae persisted in another two patients.
      In 6 patients the preoperative neurological deficits including significant motor
      and sensory disturbances resolved completely. It is concluded that microsurgical
      removal guided by MRI imaging and aided by the application of laser energy is the
      method of choice in the treatment of spinal hemangioblastomas.

PMID- 2395500
TI  - [Trans-sphenoid microsurgery of craniopharyngioma].
AB  - This paper presents the microsurgical transsphenoidal approach to intracranial
      craniopharygiomas. Essential prerequisites for this route are stressed: enlarged
      sella, growth into the sphenoid sinus, intact diaphragma sellae. The authors' own
      material is discussed. It is pointed out that even repeated transsphenoidal
      decompression of large cystic lesions is well tolerated in elderly patients.

PMID- 2395501
TI  - [Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of ofloxacin (Tarivid) in non-inflamed
      meninges].
AB  - In 9 patients, who underwent lumbar drainage after transsphenoidal surgery for
      pituitary adenoma, we collected 69 samples of CSF and plasma, respectively. The
      concentration of ofloxacin was measured bacteriologically. Considering the
      ofloxacin CSF and plasma levels related to time some aspects of pharmacokinetics
      are discussed. With maximum CSF concentrations coming up to 40% of plasma levels
      liquor penetrability is quite good. Ofloxacin seems to be able to prevent
      (postoperative) meningitis, even with grampositive Cocci.

PMID- 2395502
TI  - A contribution to the scientific assessment of degenerative and regenerative
      processes of peripheral nerve fibers following axonotmesis under the systemic
      administration of vitamins B1, B6 and B12--light and electron microscopy findings
      of the saphenous nerve in the rabbit.
AB  - The present study investigates the de- and regenerative changes in the saphenous
      nerve of the rabbit following systemic treatment with a combination of the
      vitamins B1, B6 and B12 and a control group that was treated with physiological
      saline solution. Cold lesion of the nerve, which led to an optimal axonotmesis,
      was used to cause a secondary degeneration. After 4, 10 and 21 days the nerves
      were removed and investigated by light and electron microscopy. The morphological
      results show that the number of regenerating axons is higher and that of
      degenerating axons lower in the group treated with the given doses of the
      vitamins than in the comparable control group. Statements as to the metabolic
      processes and vitamins from which the better regeneration results are due are as
      yet not possible. Further investigations with the individual vitamins are
      necessary. Clinical indications of neurotoxicity due to the dose levels used were
      not observed in any of the cases.

PMID- 2395503
TI  - Cerebral transmural angiitis and ruptured cerebral aneurysms in patients with
      systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Two cases of cerebral transmural angiitis and ruptured aneurysm in patients with
      established systemic lupus erythematosus are presented. A 22-year-old woman with
      a 4-year history of systemic lupus erythematosus was found to have a ruptured
      cerebral aneurysm at the trifurcation of the middle cerebral artery. She died 10
      days after admission because of the brain swelling. Necropsy showed remarkable
      brain edema and focal transmural angiitis at the site of the ruptured aneurysm.
      Another 29-year-old woman with a 3-year history of systemic lupus erythematosus
      had an acute subdural hematoma resulting from a ruptured aneurysm of the right
      anterior cerebral artery. She was surgically treated. The ruptured aneurysm was
      resected and examined histologically. The transmural angiitis was demonstrated.
      This report describes two radiographically and pathologically confirmed cases of
      central nervous system lupus producing focal angiitis of a cerebral artery with
      secondary aneurysm formation.

PMID- 2395504
TI  - [Topography of the orbital contents. I: Eye muscles, orbital walls and internal
      contents].
AB  - The distances between the sclera of the bulb and the orbital walls and between
      the sclera and the external orbital muscles, the width of the orbital muscles and
      their distances to the orbital walls were measured. Values are given in
      millimeters (liminals). Discussed are the surgical approaches to the orbital
      contents.

PMID- 2395506
TI  - Astrocytosis and cathepsin D activity in experimental measles encephalomyelitis.
AB  - The temporal relationship between the activity of cathepsin D (CD), the major
      brain acid proteinase, inflammatory cell infiltration and reactive astrocytosis
      was examined in a hamster model of measles virus infection of the central nervous
      system. Twenty-five day old hamsters were inoculated intracerebrally with the HBS
      strain of measles virus and sacrificed 6, 10, and 16 days later. Mean CD levels
      in aqueous extracts of infected brain were significantly elevated on days 10 and
      16 compared to control animals. Histologic examination showed that while the
      degree of inflammatory cell infiltration did not correlate with the elevations in
      CD activity (r = .38), there was a correlation with the degree of astrocytosis (r
      = .995). This suggests that the increase in CD was due to astrocytic changes and
      not directly related to mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration.

PMID- 2395505
TI  - Influence of aging and drug treatment on the bioenergetics of hypoxic brain.
AB  - Synaptosomes isolated from the forebrain of rats of different ages (20, 60 and
      100 weeks of age) were incubated in Krebs-Henseleit-Hepes (pH 7.4) buffer, for 10
      min at 24 degrees C. The energetic state was defined by the redox state of the
      intramitochondrial NAD-couple (delta Gox-red) and the phosphorylation state of
      adenine nucleotide system (delta GATP). The biological energy "lost" by the
      system during the coupled reactions was estimated by the delta delta G = delta
      Gox-red - delta GATP. The animals were submitted for 10 min to different degrees
      of in vivo hypoxia. To elucidate the mechanism of action, the effect of the
      pretreatment with drugs acting on oxygen availability (almitrine) or on
      microcirculation and metabolism (delta-yohimbine) was tested. In synaptosomes
      isolated from the forebrain of animals submitted to moderate degree of hypoxia
      (oxygen arterial partial pressure ranging between 32 and 29 mmHg) the efficiency
      of the system was quite similar to that observed in normoxia, with the exception
      of the older rats. In synaptosomes isolated from the forebrain of rats submitted
      to severe degree of hypoxia (oxygen arterial partial pressure ranging between 20
      and 18 mmHg) the efficiency of the system was markedly altered as a function of
      both aging and severity of hypoxemia. The pretreatment with the agent increasing
      the oxygen availability partially modified the efficiency of the system, the
      alpha-blocking agent being less important. The drug action was markedly related
      to both the age and the degree of hypoxia.

PMID- 2395509
TI  - [Clinical study of reaccumulation and persistence of chronic subdural hematoma;
      setting an Ommaya reservoir].
AB  - We treated 57 cases of chronic subdural hematoma by aspiration via the Ommaya
      reservoir following burr hole opening and irrigation of the hematoma in order to
      reduce the reaccumulation and persistence of the hematoma. An Ommaya reservoir
      was placed on the following patients: (1) the volume of hematoma was more than
      100 ml and/or (2) expansion of the brain after evacuation of the hematoma was
      poor. However in spite of these techniques there were 6 cases (10.5%) of
      recurrence and 21 cases (36.8%) with persistence of the hematoma cavity for
      longer than 2 months after the first operation. The recurrence was due to
      occlusion of the Ommaya reservoir by massive rebleeding into the hematoma cavity
      in cases with a large subdural hematoma and/or an immature external membrane.
      Persistence of the hematoma cavity for longer than 2 months after the first
      operation was due to minor rebleeding and CSF inflow into the hematoma cavity
      through the damaged inner membrane in cases of acute onset and/or or coexisting
      intracranial disease (brain atrophy, cerebral infarction and subdural effusion).
      The most suitable cases for application of this technique were those with poor
      expansion of the brain after evacuation of the hematoma, or those with a mature
      external membrane and a medium-size hematoma.

PMID- 2395508
TI  - Modulation of Mn2+ accumulation in cultured rat neuronal and astroglial cells.
AB  - The effects of physiological concentrations of K+ on Mn2+ accumulation were
      compared in rat glial cells and neurons in culture. Increasing the K+
      concentration in growth medium increased significantly the Mn2+ level of the
      cultivated cells, with glial cells more affected than neurons. Ethanol markedly
      increased the Mn2+ accumulation within glia but not within neurons while ouabain
      caused inhibition of Mn2+ uptake with neurons and glial cells. A modulation of
      the total protein synthesis by Mn2+ and ethanol level in the growth medium was
      observed with glial cells. These data suggest that the mechanisms involved in
      Mn2+ accumulation in glial cells are different from those present in neurons.
      Moreover, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that Mn2+ plays a
      regulatory role in glial cell metabolism.

PMID- 2395507
TI  - Antioxidant enzymatic systems in neuronal and glial cell-enriched fractions of
      rat brain during aging.
AB  - The activities of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase
      and glutathione reductase in neuronal and glial cell-enriched fractions obtained
      from the cerebral cortex of rat brain during aging (15, 30, 90, 350, 750 days of
      age) were assayed. Our results showed that glutathione peroxidase, catalase and
      glutathione reductase activities varied little during the examined periods. Only
      the Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase activity decreased notably from 15th to 750th day
      of age in both neuronal and glial cells, moreover the activities of all enzymes
      studied were always detected at lower levels in neuronal cells with respect to
      glial cells. In agreement with diminished SOD activity, the lipid peroxidation
      showed an elevated increase with aging; this fact is more evident in neuronal
      than in glial cells. In conclusion our data show that Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase
      is the most affected antioxidant enzymatic system of brain aging and it could be
      responsible for the increased lipid peroxidation in both cell types examined.

PMID- 2395510
TI  - [Hyperthermia of metastatic brain tumor with implant heating system: a
      preliminary clinical results].
AB  - Metastatic brain tumors were treated by interstitial hyperthermia with an Implant
      Heating System, which consists of three major parts: ferromagnetic implant
      (thermoseed), generator of high frequency (240 KHz) and induction coil (30 cm in
      diameter). The implant is made of Fe-Pt alloy, 1.8 mm in diameter and 15 to 20 mm
      in length, whose Curie point is 68 - 69 degrees C. Seven cases of metastatic
      brain tumor, 5 from lung cancer, one from breast cancer and another from colon
      cancer, were involved in this study. One or several implants were placed inside
      the tumor by CT guided stereotaxis, or manually inserted at craniotomy.
      Interstitial hyperthermia at 44 - 46 degrees C was made by IHS for 30 to 60
      minutes twice or three times a week. External irradiation was simultaneously
      combined with hyperthermia in 6 cases. Repeated, longterm hyperthermia (8 - 45
      times) was possible in all cases except one, whose treatment was discontinued due
      to migration of the implant. No other serious side effect was found in any cases
      during and after the treatment. Repeated CT scans reveal complete response in 2,
      minor response in one and progression in 3 cases. Therefore this preliminary
      clinical study indicates that interstitial hyperthermia with IHS is very useful
      and promising method for treating intracranial metastases.

PMID- 2395511
TI  - [Ultrastructure of capillary permeability in human brain tumor: primary meningeal
      malignant melanoma].
AB  - The tumor vessels of a primary meningeal malignant melanoma were studied by
      electron microscopy. There were numerous endothelial fenestrae and basal lamina
      abnormalities in the intrinsic tumor capillaries. They resembled the tumor
      vessels found in nonglial tumors, but were distinctly different from those seen
      in glial tumors with nonfenestrated capillaries. These findings were anticipated
      because leptomeninges have fenestrated capillaries.

PMID- 2395512
TI  - [Phosphorus-31 MR spectroscopy of brain tumors].
AB  - Eleven normal volunteers and 17 subjects with brain tumors were studied by
      phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance (MR) spectroscopy. Measurements were performed
      by FROGS (Fast Rotating Gradient Spectroscopy) saturating nearly skin or muscle
      by Volume of Interest (VOI). This measurement took about 30 minutes for each
      case, including the imaging procedure, shimming and the measuring of
      spectroscopy. In phosphorus-31 MR spectroscopy, pH of the subjects with brain
      tumors showed a statistically significant elevation compared with that of the
      volunteers. In the subjects with benign tumors, only the elevation of pH was
      significant compared with that in volunteers. There was no other difference. This
      result suggests that benign tumors have an almost normal metabolic mechanism.
      Malignant brain tumors showed a decrease of PCr and an increase of Pi and PME.
      The increase of Pi indicates the increase of energy consumption. The increase of
      PME is connected with the acceleration of cell proliferation, there is a
      difference between malignant tumors and benign tumors. Phosphorus-31 spectroscopy
      has the potential to investigate the metabolism in vivo.

PMID- 2395513
TI  - [A case of subdural effusion secondary to dural metastasis of prostatic cancer:
      case report].
AB  - The authors reported a case of subdural effusion secondary to dural metastasis of
      prostatic cancer. A 61-year-old man was referred for headache, vomiting and gait
      disturbance. He had undergone hormonal therapy for prostatic cancer. He showed a
      mild left hemiparesis and anemia without bleeding. CT-scan disclosed a
      multilobular crescent shaped low density area in the right hemisphere. Under the
      diagnosis of chronic subdural hematoma, burr hole irrigation therapy was
      performed. Xanthochromic fluid was evacuated from the subdural space, in which no
      tumor cells were shown to exist. CT-scan on the 21st day disclosed a low density
      area, which was diagnosed as recurrent chronic subdural effusion. Therefore,
      craniotomy was performed to evacuate the subdural fluid and to explore the dura
      mater. Removal of the red hemorrhagic tumor at the dura mater and the fluid was
      performed. The patient died of heart failure in the 16th month despite complete
      recovery after the second operation. Histopathological examination of the tumor
      revealed adenocarcinoma at the outer part of the dura mater and the adjacent
      skull bone, where capillaries were embolized with tumor cells. However, no tumor
      cells were found in the subdural fluid. The authors could find in the literature
      30 cases of subdural hematoma or effusion secondary to dural metastasis of
      carcinoma. The pathogenesis of the subdural hematoma in this case might be due to
      circulatory disturbance at the dura mater brought about by the invasion of the
      tumor or tumor cells emboli in the capillaries.

PMID- 2395514
TI  - [A case of arachnoid cyst in the posterior fossa with lower cranial nerve palsy].
AB  - We experienced a rare case of arachnoid cyst in the right cerebellomedullary
      cistern. A 59-year-old female was admitted to our clinic because of lower cranial
      nerve palsy (deviation of uvula to the left side, swallowing disturbance, curtain
      sign, hoarseness, atrophy of the right sternocleidomastoid muscle, and deviation
      of the tongue to the right side). MRI demonstrated a mass lesion compressed
      towards the medulla oblongata in the right cerebellomedullary cistern. MRI was
      very helpful as a diagnostic tool, since there is no bone object in the posterior
      fossa. Although by CT cisternography, the arachnoid cyst was thought to have a
      communication with the surrounding subarachnoid spaces, the cyst wall was removed
      because of its compressive symptoms on the lower cranial nerves. After the
      operation, the cyst shrank, and the clinical symptoms were reduced.

PMID- 2395515
TI  - [A case of epidural hematoma occurring on the opposite site of craniotomy after
      clipping surgery performed on internal carotid giant aneurysm].
AB  - Postoperative epidural hematomas remote from the operating field are sometimes
      seen as a complication after ventricle drainage, ventricle-peritoneal shunt or
      suboccipital craniotomy. Reported here is a very rare case of epidural hematoma
      which occurred on the opposite site of craniotomy after clipping surgery
      performed on internal carotid giant aneurysm. A 43-year-old woman was admitted to
      our hospital because of progressive visual disturbance in her right eye for
      twelve months. Precise examinations of her right eye revealed deterioration of
      visual acuity (0.02) right temporal-hemianopsia and an optic disc atrophy. A
      computed tomography scan (CT) showed a suprasellar round mass which was
      homogeneously well enhanced. Right carotid angiogram disclosed a large internal
      carotid artery aneurysm directed supramedially. The aneurysm was explored in June
      1988. The neck was clipped with Sugita's ring clips through right frontotemporal
      craniotomy. The patient recovered fully and extubation was performed soon after
      the operation. Neurological examinations revealed no abnormal findings. Two days
      after the operation, she gradually developed impairment of consciousness and
      nausea. CT scan showed mass effect caused by epidural hematoma over the left
      temporoparietal region contralateral to the craniotomy site. Evacuation of the
      hematoma was carried out urgently. She had a good clinical course and
      postoperative angiogram demonstrated disappearance of the giant aneurysm. She was
      discharged and returned home without new neurological deficits. We review
      literature, and discuss presumptive pathogenesis responsible for such unexpected
      postoperative epidural hematomas.

PMID- 2395516
TI  - [Disappearance of hemifacial spasm following spinal drainage: a case report].
AB  - This report is concerned with a case of right hemifacial spasm (HFS) occurring in
      a 65-year-old woman, who incidentally had a left internal carotid-ophthalmic
      artery aneurysm. The aneurysm was successfully treated by clipping its neck.
      However, spinal drainage had to be performed postoperatively in order to prevent
      possible cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea, as the roof of the sphenoid sinus
      was accidentally opened during the aneurysm surgery. Liquorrhea was observed and
      stopped on the 5th postoperative day. The drain was then removed only to be reset
      because CSF rhinorrhea recurred 8 days later, when the HFS began to subside. When
      the spinal drain was finally removed 9 days later, the HFS was scarcely seen. The
      HFS was thought to be due to the compression of the right facial nerve by the
      ipsilateral AICA. The draining of the CSF might have changed the amount and flow
      of the liquor and consequently the positional relationship among the facial
      nerve, the AICA and the arachnoid membrane, resulting in neurovascular
      decompression.

PMID- 2395517
TI  - [A case of a basilar bifurcation aneurysm associated with common carotid artery
      occlusion].
AB  - A case of a basilar bifurcation aneurysm associated with common carotid artery
      occlusion is reported. A 40-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with
      severe headache and nausea. On admission, no neurological abnormality was
      observed. CT scan showed thin subarachnoid hemorrhage in the basal cistern. Left
      vertebral angiograms revealed a basilar bifurcation aneurysm located in the high
      position. Also, the left internal and external carotid arteries were supplied
      through the anastomotic muscle branches of the left occipital and vertebral
      artery. The trunk of the left common carotid artery was not visualised from its
      origin on the aortogram. CT scan at the level of C6 showed thinning of the left
      common carotid artery and contrast enhancement study indicated occlusion. Neck
      clipping of the aneurysm was successfully performed by right trans-sylvian
      approach. Right zygomatic arch was removed to obtain a wider operative field for
      avoiding further retraction of the brain tissue. The postoperative course was
      uneventful except transient disorientation for two weeks. It has been well known
      that internal carotid artery occlusion may be associated with cerebral aneurysm
      in some cases. However, it seemed to be a rather rare case that the common
      carotid artery occlusion due to arteriosclerosis was associated with cerebral
      aneurysm. Hemodynamic factor was positively suggested for aneurysmal formation in
      this case.

PMID- 2395518
TI  - [Cerebral blood flow of the non-affected brain in patients with malignant brain
      tumors as studied by SPECT; with special reference to adverse effects of
      radiochemotherapy].
AB  - The mean cerebral blood flow (mCBF) has been studied in 40 patients with brain
      tumors undergoing radiation and chemotherapy, and with ages ranging from 20 to 69
      years, using 133Xe and single photon emission CT. A comparison was made of mCBF
      of 40 normal volunteers (34 males and 6 females) whose ages ranged from 25 to 82
      years. The results were as follows: Some patients exhibited increased mCBF during
      external irradiation therapy. Over 3 months after the initiation of external
      irradiation, the average mCBF decreased significantly, ranging from 5.0 to 8.8
      ml/100g/min, compared to the control group. A regression equation, which was
      obtained using multiple regression analysis, was delta mCBF = -3.140 + 0.181 A -
      0.069 E - 0.022 V - 0.543 C (delta mCBF: subtract measured mCBF from presumed
      mCBF at the same age, A: age, E: dose of external irradiation, V: volume of
      lesion, C: CSF-cranial ratio, multiple regression coefficient: r = 0.536, P less
      than 0.002). This result means that the mCBF of non-affected hemispheres
      decreases in direct proportion to the volume of the lesion, degree of brain
      atrophy, and dose of external irradiation. In this study, the tendency for mCBF
      to decrease in direct proportion to these factors was found to be more pronounced
      among young patients. There were no side effects caused by the additional
      irradiated doses intraoperatively or caused by residual tumors on the mCBF of non
      affected brains. Also, there was no significant difference in the average mCBF
      between cases in which whole and local brain irradiation was employed, as well as
      between cases in which there were different histopathological diagnoses.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395519
TI  - [A successful treatment of spontaneous carotid cavernous fistula causing
      hemorrhagic infarction treated by detachable balloon].
AB  - A rare case of hemorrhagic infarction associated with carotid-cavernous fistula
      is reported. The patient was a 74-year-old female. CT scan showed hemorrhagic
      infarction of the left superior temporal gyrus, irregular vascular enhancement of
      the bilateral front-temporal lobe, and dilatation of the cavernous sinus. Left
      carotid angiogram revealed a high-flow left-sided CCF, cross filling to the right
      cavernous sinus, and intracavernous aneurysm. Bilateral front-temporal cortical
      veins were visualized early in the arterial phase. In this case, there was a
      direct shunt between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, and
      venous hypertension. Therefore urgent treatment using detachable balloon
      catheters was performed. Postoperative digital subtraction angiography revealed
      the disappearance of CCF. In conclusion, in CCF with cortical venous drainage
      there is a high possibility of developing hemorrhagic infarction. Only immediate
      detachable balloon occlusion can improve the outcome in elderly patients.

PMID- 2395520
TI  - [Acute interhemispheric subdural hematoma: a case report with good result by
      small craniotomy during the chronic stage].
AB  - A 88-year-old male slipped down and hit his head on the floor on the night of
      November 27, 1988. He was able to return to bed and fell asleep. Next morning, he
      noticed gait disturbance and was admitted to our clinic. Neurological examination
      revealed monoparesis (1/5) and hyperreflexia of the left lower extremity.
      Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a semilunar high density area with the base
      toward the right side of the falx. General anesthesia for craniotomy was judged
      to be contra-indicated because serious ischemic heart disease was also present.
      Although his neurological condition proved to be not progressive, and the
      monoparesis recovered gradually under conservative treatment, he could not walk
      by himself one month after the accident. Since the hematoma was surmised to be
      liquidized and, hence, could be aspirated either through a burr hole or by small
      craniotomy, an operation was performed under local anesthesia on January 4th,
      1989. The hematoma was successfully removed, and the muscle power of the
      extremities improved to the level of 4/5 - 5/5 just after operation. He was
      discharged on foot. Lately, there seems to be an increase in patients with
      traumatic intra-cranial hematomas who, because of systemic problems related to
      advanced age, are regarded as high-risk subjects for craniotomy under general
      anesthesia. Not a few of these patients have residual neurological deficits, even
      though they are in a chronic stage. The subject of this case reported here is
      typical of such patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395521
TI  - [Selective injury of the vestibular and facial nerves following microvascular
      decompression procedures for hemifacial spasm: A case report].
AB  - Microvascular decompression procedures were carried out to relieve right
      hemifacial spasm in a 54-year-old man. His facial spasm was satisfactorily cured
      but he complained of severe vertigo, and slight facial palsy was also shown after
      the operation. Electronystagmograph disclosed spontaneous horizontal and rotatory
      nystagmus toward the non-operated (left) side. The postoperative caloric test
      showed profound dysfunction on the operated side. His hearing was well maintained
      postoperatively. These findings indicated, in addition to facial nerve injury,
      that the peripheral portion of the vestibular nerve was selectively damaged by
      the operative manipulations. It was shown that both the facial and vestibular
      nerves tended to be injured when the nerve trunk was shifted caudal-to-rostrally
      due to manipulations in the CP angle. It was stressed that caution should be paid
      to preserve not only the cochlear but also the vestibular nerve function in
      cerebellopontine angle manipulations.

PMID- 2395522
TI  - [A case of intramedullary spinal cord metastasis from adenocarcinoma of corpus
      uteri].
AB  - The authors present a case of a woman with intramedullary spinal cord metastasis
      from adenocarcinoma of the corpus uteri. Such a case was not able to be found in
      the literature. A 54 year-old woman complained of right upper extremity weakness
      and headache. CT scan showed abnormality, and removal of a brain tumor was
      performed. After that, total hysterectomy, retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and
      chemotherapy was carried out. Three months later, she suddenly experienced
      bilateral weakness in her lower extremities. After a few days she was unable to
      walk. Gd-DTPA enhanced MRI showed an abnormal mass at the upper part of the conus
      medullaris. Total removal of the intramedullary tumor was performed and
      adenocarcinoma was diagnosed histopathologically.

PMID- 2395524
TI  - Developmental plasticity and recovery of function.

PMID- 2395523
TI  - [Seizures induced by movement].
AB  - Three cases with seizures induced by movement are presented. These patients were
      a 24-year-old man, a 15-year-old girl and a 15-year-old boy respectively. In each
      case, the onset began at the age of thirteen. The following characteristics were
      observed in all cases. The attacks were precipitated by sudden initiation of
      voluntary movement after rest. The attacks were brought on, for instance, by
      running quickly from a standing position, and were characterized by tonic spasm
      or choreoathetotic movement of unilateral extremities. They lasted only 5 - 10
      seconds, without loss of consciousness and occurred up to ten times daily.
      Between the attacks there were no abnormalities. Neurological examination and
      laboratory findings were all negative. EEG at rest showed normal findings in two
      cases and abnormality in one case. Cerebral angiograms did not show any
      abnormalities in any of the cases. On CT scans and MRI, mild dilatation of
      lateral ventricles was observed in one case. One of these three cases was
      familial. Concerning treatment, carbamazepine was the most effective means to
      inhibit the attacks in all three cases. Seizures induced by movement may suggest
      moyamoya disease to neurosurgeons who are not familiar with this disease, so it
      is important to be able to recognize this disease when it is encountered.

PMID- 2395525
TI  - Brain plasticity as a basis for recovery of function in humans.
AB  - One of the factors leading to the virtual neglect of the long-term potential for
      functional recovery following brain damage was the eclipse of plasticity concepts
      during the 100 years following Broca's 1861 publication on location of function.
      However, in the last 30 years evidence has been accumulating that demonstrates
      the plasticity of the brain and thus recovery potential is a subject of practical
      as well as theoretical interest. "Unmasking" of relatively inactive pathways, the
      taking over of functional representation by undamaged brain tissue, and neuronal
      group selection are among the mechanisms that are being explored. Human models of
      recovery of function include hemispherectomy patients that have regained
      bilateral function, facial paralysis patients who recover function (with
      appropriate rehabilitation) after VII-XII cranial nerve anastomosis, and patients
      with muscle transpositions to re-establish lost motor functions. The role of
      early and late rehabilitation, with attention to psychosocial and environmental
      factors, appears to be critical for recovery.

PMID- 2395526
TI  - Neurophysiological heterogeneity and the definition of dyslexia: preliminary
      evidence for plasticity.
AB  - Developments in the field of quantified electroencephalography have enhanced
      visualization of brain function in the learning disabilities. Optimal utilization
      of these techniques requires that populations under study be unambiguously
      defined. Evidence from the literature demonstrates that brain electrical activity
      of children with reading disability is more extensive and differs from that seen
      in children with "dyslexia-pure". Preliminary data are presented demonstrating
      that electrophysiological change seen in children with dyslexia-plus (dyslexia
      and attentional deficit disorder) could not be predicted by knowledge of
      electrophysiologic change in children with dyslexia-pure alone and attentional
      deficit disorder alone. Data from our laboratory are summarized to show that
      within dyslexia-pure the anomic, dysphonemic and global Denckla subtypes differ
      electrophysiologically from one another. Of particular interest is the
      demonstration that regions of electrophysiological difference among these
      subtypes may reflect compensatory mechanisms rather than pathological change.
      Finally, a case study is presented demonstrating advantageous effects of
      remediation upon brain electrical function. As both spontaneous and
      environmentally induced change in brain function can be documented, developmental
      dyslexia in its broadest terms appears to represent a more dynamic or plastic
      process than previously appreciated.

PMID- 2395527
TI  - Oculomotor (N III) motoneurons can innervate the superior oblique muscle of
      Xenopus after larval trochlear (N IV) nerve surgery.
AB  - The position of motoneurons which reinnervate the superior oblique muscle (SOM),
      normally exclusively innervated by contralateral trochlear motoneurons, was
      studied in Xenopus using retrograde tracing techniques. The trochlear nerve was
      cut at its decussation in 49 larvae of different ages and, after subsequent
      regeneration, the total number of trochlear motoneurons was found to be reduced
      to about 50% of the controls. In contrast, the number of ipsilateral trochlear
      motoneurons was increased. Cutting the trochlear nerve at later stages may result
      in absence of this nerve. In some animals the SOM was innervated either by
      superior rectus or, more frequently, by inferior oblique motoneurons alone; the
      latter is known to act predominantly as an antagonist of the SOM.

PMID- 2395529
TI  - Investigations on day-night differences of vesicle densities in synapses of the
      rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.
AB  - The present study was conducted to test whether the well-known circadian
      alterations in physiological and metabolical parameters of the hypothalamic
      suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are accompanied by day-night differences in the
      number of vesicles in intrinsic synapses of the nucleus. Two groups of 5 adult
      male rats each were killed at mid-light or mid-dark, respectively, by perfusion
      with Karnovsky's fluid. The SCN were removed and processed for routine electron
      microscopy. In medial parts of the nucleus, synapses were characterized as being
      of Gray type I (asymmetrical), Gray type II (symmetrical) or of intermediate
      form, and the vesicles per synaptic profile (VPSP) were counted over a defined
      area. It was found that the ratio of different types of synapses did not differ
      between day and night. Median VPSP numbers were slightly augmented in animals
      killed at mid-dark when compared to those obtained from mid-light rats, this
      difference, however, lacks statistical significance. The present results suggest
      that vesicle density as a morphological parameter does not clearly parallel the
      circadian changes in SCN metabolism.

PMID- 2395528
TI  - Localization of m5 muscarinic receptor mRNA in rat brain examined by in situ
      hybridization histochemistry.
AB  - The regional distribution of mRNA coding for the m5 muscarinic acetylcholine
      receptor subtype was investigated in tissue sections of rat brain by in situ
      hybridization histochemistry. The highest hybridization signal was observed in
      the hippocampus, but restricted to the ventral subiculum, pyramidal cells of the
      CA1 and, with lower intensity, of the CA2 subfields. Significant levels of
      hybridization were also seen in the substantia nigra pars compacta, ventral
      tegmental area, lateral habenula, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and
      mammillary bodies. An involvement of the m5 muscarinic receptors in the
      regulation of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway is suggested.

PMID- 2395530
TI  - Cerebral preamyloid deposits and congophilic angiopathy in aged dogs.
AB  - The brains of 7 dogs aged 6 to 18 years have been histochemically and
      immunohistochemically investigated at the light- and electron microscopy levels
      for preamyloid deposits and amyloid fibrils to verify the hypothesis that the
      accumulation of cleavage products of amyloid precursor protein is related not
      only to Alzheimer's disease but also to the normal aging of the brain. Preamyloid
      deposits were detected in the neuropil of the cerebral cortex and neostriatum,
      whereas amyloid fibrils were found in the walls of parenchimal and leptomeningeal
      vessels. The densities of preamyloid deposits in the neuropil and of deposits of
      amyloid fibrils in the vessel walls were higher in the brains of the most aged
      dogs. These findings suggest that aging of the canine brain is characterized by
      an accumulation of intermediate cleavage products of the amyloid precursor
      protein in both the neuropil and the vessel walls, and by processing of these
      products to amyloid fibrils in the vessel walls.

PMID- 2395531
TI  - Long-term potentiation in the prefrontal cortex following stimulation of the
      hippocampal CA1/subicular region.
AB  - We have examined single cell activity and field potentials in the prelimbic area
      of the prefrontal cortex of the rat to electrical stimulation of the
      CA1/subicular region of the temporal hippocampus. Excitatory unit responses were
      found in 50 out of 120 neurons recorded in the prelimbic area. Paired-pulse
      facilitation was found for both single cell responses and field potentials. High
      frequency, tetanic stimulation of the temporal hippocampus produced a significant
      and persistent potentiation of prelimbic field potentials. The evidence suggests
      that the direct pathway from the temporal hippocampus to the prelimbic area of
      the prefrontal cortex in the rat is excitatory and can undergo long-term
      potentiation (LTP).

PMID- 2395532
TI  - Purification of neurocatin, a neuroregulatory factor from brain.
AB  - A neuroregulatory factor (neurocatin) has been isolated from bovine brain.
      Neurocatin is a powerful affector of catecholamine metabolism in synaptosomes
      isolated from rat brain, causing increased formation of norepinephrine (NE) and
      decreased formation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). The ratio NE/DOPAC
      in synaptosomes has been used to measure the neurocatin content of samples during
      isolation. Neurocatin has now been purified to a single chromatographic peak by
      high-resolution HPLC and a preliminary amino acid content measured. It appears to
      be a small peptide with a molecular weight in the range of 2,000-2,500 Da.

PMID- 2395533
TI  - Effects of gangliosides on the methionine uptake in crushed sciatic nerves of
      rats with alloxan diabetes.
AB  - Effect of gangliosides on the transmembrane transport of methionine in crushed
      sciatic nerves was studied in alloxan diabetic and control rats until the 4th day
      after nerve crushing. Methionine uptake rate decreases while time passes after
      injury in both control and diabetic rats, but the decrement is greater in
      diabetic rats than in controls. Ganglioside treatment causes an enhancement on
      the transmembrane transport in both diabetic and control animals, but the effect
      in time was greater in diabetic rats than in controls.

PMID- 2395534
TI  - The C57BL/10Bg sps/sps mouse: a mutant with absence-like seizures; neurochemical
      and behavioral correlates.
AB  - C57BL/10Bg sps/sps mice display behavioral arrest, similar to generalized absence
      seizures. Compared with the parent strain C57BL/10Bg SPS/SPS, the activities of
      glutamate decarboxylase (GAD, E. C. 2.6.1.15), GABA aminotransferase (GABA-T, E.
      C. 2.6.1.19), aspartate aminotransferase (ASP-T, E. C. 2.6.1.1), and glutamate
      dehydrogenase (GDH, E. C. 1.4.1.3) in whole brain crude supernatant were
      significantly reduced in the sps/sps mice. Alanine aminotransferase activity (ALA
      T, E. C. 2.6.1.2), was not altered in any of the strains, and normalization of
      GAD, GABA-T and GDH activities by that of ALA-T, further revealed significant
      differences between the normal strain (SPS/SPS), the heterozygotes (SPS/sps), and
      behavioral arrest (sps/sps) mice. These results suggest the possible involvement
      of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the absence-like behavior
      displayed by sps/sps mice. Open field behavior of C57BL/10Bg sps/sps mice is
      characterized by periods of marked inactivity which easily distinguish affected
      homozygotes, from their heterozygotes littermates.

PMID- 2395535
TI  - Tracheal stenosis.
AB  - A case report of tracheal stenosis is used to review the pathophysiology and
      surgical management of symptomatic tracheal stenosis following intubation and/or
      tracheostomy. The authors discuss tracheal resection and reconstruction, the
      preferred permanent method of managing benign tracheal stenosis.

PMID- 2395536
TI  - Kallmann's syndrome: reproductive success.
AB  - Kallmann's syndrome is a genetic disorder that includes pituitary gonadotropin
      deficiency associated with sexual immaturity and infertility. A successful
      treatment program resulted in normalization of sexual development,
      spermatogenesis, and conception.

PMID- 2395537
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy in the presence of gastrointestinal bleeding.

PMID- 2395538
TI  - Pelvic papillary neoplasia along the round ligament simulating inguinal hernia.

PMID- 2395539
TI  - Calcified liver lesions.

PMID- 2395540
TI  - Pneumothorax. Complication of needle EMG of thoracic wall.

PMID- 2395541
TI  - Coping with problem personalities.

PMID- 2395542
TI  - Changing jobs: making the right move.

PMID- 2395543
TI  - Special care units need all pharmacy services.

PMID- 2395544
TI  - Are you a winner?

PMID- 2395545
TI  - A formula to avoid miscommunicating.

PMID- 2395546
TI  - How to advance.

PMID- 2395547
TI  - Jeff's last wish.

PMID- 2395548
TI  - Should you take zidovudine after a needle stick?

PMID- 2395549
TI  - . . . About suicide. Review the warning signs ... interventions ... and more.

PMID- 2395550
TI  - Action stat! Ventricular tachycardia. How to control this potentially fatal
      arrhythmia and prevent cardiac arrest.

PMID- 2395551
TI  - Caring for boarder babies.

PMID- 2395552
TI  - Bonnie's love.

PMID- 2395553
TI  - Helping Joanne die with dignity. A nursing profile in courage.

PMID- 2395554
TI  - The mistake I'll never forget.

PMID- 2395555
TI  - Respiratory acidosis. Pathophysiology, signs, and symptoms.

PMID- 2395556
TI  - Brush up on your injection technique.

PMID- 2395557
TI  - How to insert and remove nasogastric tubes quickly and easily.

PMID- 2395558
TI  - Caring for patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2395559
TI  - How to irrigate a colostomy.

PMID- 2395560
TI  - Eight precious words.

PMID- 2395562
TI  - Understanding lupus. Patient care and teaching.

PMID- 2395561
TI  - Surviving. A young boy's mother helped this nurse overcome feelings of failure.

PMID- 2395564
TI  - Temperature conversion. From Fahrenheit to celsius.

PMID- 2395563
TI  - Protamine sulfate. Reducing the risks.

PMID- 2395565
TI  - A question of nursing liability.

PMID- 2395566
TI  - Christchurch psychiatric epidemiology study: use of mental health services.
AB  - Use of health and mental health services by the 1498 adults in the Christchurch
      psychiatric epidemiology study is reported. Fourteen percent of the sample had
      visited a health service for help with mental health problems over the preceding
      six months. Of those with identified psychiatric disorder during the last six
      months, only 29% had over that period visited a health service or professional
      for a mental health consultation though 75% had sought health care. Mental health
      consultations were more commonly with general practitioners than with mental
      health specialists, the latter seeing only one in seven of those with recent
      disorder. Those who at some point in their lives had not sought help, even though
      they or others had considered it necessary, reported the reasons to be
      attitudinal rather than to do with practical concerns such as finance, time or
      access to care.

PMID- 2395567
TI  - Functional gastrointestinal symptoms in a Wellington community sample.
AB  - In this study, gut functioning and the prevalence of functional bowel disorders
      among a Wellington community sample of 285 apparently healthy people was
      estimated using a standardised questionnaire. When asked for their opinion of
      their bowel functioning generally, 37% of respondents were satisfied that it was
      always normal, 57.2% regarded it as not always normal, and 5.6% felt it was
      normal less than half the time or not normal at all. However, only 11.6% had
      actually consulted a physician about a stomach or bowel disorder in the past
      year. Average bowel frequency was 8.4 movements per week (SD = 3.9) for the total
      sample. Approximately three quarters of the total sample had experienced
      diarrhoea at least occasionally, but only 2.5% half the movements or more often.
      Constipation was reported by 8.1% for half the time or more, and 1.8% for most
      bowel movements. Abdominal distension was experienced by 7.2% on half of days or
      more, and 3.6% on most days or daily. Abdominal pain occuring on six or more
      separate days in the previous year was reported by 26.4% of men and 31.9% of
      women. Pain not due to organic disorders that was colonic in nature and of the
      irritable bowel syndrome type was reported by 15.9% of men and 17.2% of women.

PMID- 2395568
TI  - Education, training and assessment for entry into general practice.

PMID- 2395569
TI  - Job satisfaction amongst resident medical officers.
AB  - This paper reports the results of an attitudinal survey of resident medical
      officers (RMOs) to assess their level of job satisfaction. The survey
      questionnaire consisted of 31 statements or questions concerning RMOs' attitudes
      towards various aspects of their work. One-third of RMOs employed in New Zealand
      hospitals were questioned, totalling 524 doctors, and yielding a 74.4% response.
      Levels of job satisfaction were higher than expected given recent publicity which
      has stressed dissatisfaction and low morale. The study found that about 66% were
      satisfied, 20% were neutral and 14% were dissatisfied. Registrars were
      significantly more satisfied than house surgeons. There were some relatively
      minor differences by region and specialty. There were no differences by gender,
      medical school, or whether partnered or nonpartnered. Hours of work, pay,
      holidays, rostering and other general working conditions were considered by most
      RMOs to be adequate to positive. The nature of the work was felt to be
      interesting, stimulating and providing an adequate level of responsibility.
      However, low morale seems endemic amongst RMOs in hospitals. There was a
      generally unfavourable view of hospital administration by all RMOs. Of those who
      claimed to be satisfied with their jobs, 28% stated that they would not re-enroll
      at medical school again if they had prior knowledge of their working conditions.

PMID- 2395570
TI  - Single dose prophylaxis in colorectal surgery.
AB  - Moxalactam disodium (Latamoxef), was evaluated as a single dose prophylactic
      antibiotic against wound infection in open colorectal surgery. One hundred and
      five consecutive patients admitted to the university department of surgery,
      Wellington Hospital, were studied. Twelve patients were excluded because either
      the antibiotic was not given or antibiotics were given for other reasons. Eleven
      patients developed early wound infections and one further patient developed a
      late infection, an overall wound infection rate of 13% (95% CI 7-19). Whilst this
      infection rate is higher than that previously reported from this unit using more
      prolonged (3 dose) antibiotic prophylaxis (9.8%, 95% CI 9.6-10) the difference is
      not likely to be significant because the patient groups were not matched, and the
      comparisons were sequential. On the basis of the present study it is concluded
      that 1 g of moxalactam disodium administered at the induction of anaesthesia in
      open colorectal surgery is inexpensive, is associated with a low incidence of
      side effects and its further use in colorectal surgery would seem to be
      justified.

PMID- 2395571
TI  - Perineal delivery.

PMID- 2395572
TI  - AST:ALT ratios.

PMID- 2395573
TI  - General anaesthesia in dentistry.

PMID- 2395575
TI  - Tobacco advertising and consumption.

PMID- 2395574
TI  - Strategic ethics.

PMID- 2395576
TI  - AIDS today.

PMID- 2395577
TI  - Insurance for HIV/AIDS.

PMID- 2395578
TI  - Occupational asthma: better diagnosis and management.

PMID- 2395579
TI  - Occupational asthma: the OH nurse's role.

PMID- 2395580
TI  - First aid. The new code: a case of plus ca change.

PMID- 2395581
TI  - PPE: one standard for Europe: Personal protective equipment.

PMID- 2395582
TI  - Pregnancy and maternity: dismissals.

PMID- 2395583
TI  - Contents of first aid boxes.

PMID- 2395584
TI  - Fitness at work schemes.

PMID- 2395585
TI  - Sharps injuries.

PMID- 2395586
TI  - [Information on the Branemark technic].

PMID- 2395588
TI  - Collective bargaining is professional.

PMID- 2395587
TI  - [Real emergencies and "lying" patients].

PMID- 2395589
TI  - [The relative content of oocyte and somatic 5S rRNA at different stages of
      embryonic development as an index of the replacement of maternal ribosomes by
      ribosomes of the embryo in the loach].
AB  - Relative content of the oocyte and somatic 5S rRNA in loach Misgurnus fossilis L.
      during development was determined electrophoretically. Embryos before hatching
      contain 70% and swimming larvae no less than 50% of the oocyte 5S rRNA. We assume
      that the relative content of 5S rRNA fractions reflects the proportion between
      ribosomes synthesized during oogenesis and those synthesized in embryos and
      larvae. We calculated using previous data (Timofeeva, Kafiani, 1964) the rates of
      maternal ribosome decay and ribosome synthesis in the embryo. During
      organogenesis these rates appear to be 1.17-1.09 x 10(6) and 1.7 x 10(6)
      molecules/sec per embryo, respectively.

PMID- 2395590
TI  - [The organization of the cortical layer of amphibian ova. 1. The ultrastructure
      of the cortex of the oocytes and ova of the clawed toad: the effect of divalent
      cations].
AB  - Ultrastructure of oocyte and egg cortical layer isolated in media containing
      various ions has been studied. The following results were obtained: 1) in
      cortical layer a two-component cytoskeletal system is present; morphology of this
      system changes during development; 2) cytoskeleton of the egg cortex acts as a
      two-component system in response to the influence of Ca2+: the cortex per se is
      destroyed while subcortex is contracted; 3) cytoskeleton of the oocyte cortex is
      destroyed under the influence of Ca2+; 4) nature and sensitivity to the absence
      of Mg2+ in the medium varies for cytoskeletal structures of oocyte and egg
      cortex.

PMID- 2395591
TI  - [The polarization of neuroepithelial cells when a portion of the neural plate is
      inserted into the neural tube cavity in amphibian embryos].
AB  - Portions of homologous neuroepithelium of various length were introduced into the
      neural tube cavity in Rana arvalis and Pleurodeles waltlii late neurula. The
      neural tube in R. arvalis was destroyed independently of the transplant length.
      In P. waltlii neural primordia were deformed if a large transplant prevented
      closing of the neural tube. Redundant increase in the host cells length
      (polarization) was observed during the small transplant-induced retardation of
      neurulation. Recipient cells elongated 1.5-2 fold as compared to the normal ones.
      Zones of contact polarization were detected. They arise in slowly relaxing layer
      under conditions during the transplant-induced retardation of neurulation. The
      labelled TRITC cells introduced into the neural tube cavity integrated into the
      wall of the neural tube and retarded polarization of its cells.

PMID- 2395592
TI  - [The uptake of 3H-serotonin by neural elements of the rat hypothalamus in
      ontogeny].
AB  - Development of serotoninergic system of rat hypothalamus has been studied. The
      level of its maturity was measured by specific absorption of 3H-serotonin by
      hypothalamus of fetuses (days 16-20 of intra-uterine development), newborn (9
      days after birth) and adult rats. Inhibitors of specific serotonin capture by
      serotoninergic neural elements (cocaine, fluoxetin and cytalopram) were used in
      control experiments. Specific uptake of 3H-serotonin by hypothalamus was detected
      on day 16 of intra-uterine development. It increased twice by day 18 and remained
      unchanged until birth. No statistically significant increase of 3H-serotonin
      uptake was detected in newborn and adult animals.

PMID- 2395594
TI  - Experiences with facilitating educational mobility in nursing: Kentucky.

PMID- 2395593
TI  - [The use of rafts made of polymers with hydrophobic properties in organ culture-
      a new modification of Chen's raft method].
AB  - A new modification of tissue culture technique implying the use of rafts of
      hydrophobic polymers is suggested. Polyethylene rafts appeared to be the most
      appropriate for tissue culture of chick pituitary. The rafts were prepared as
      disks with an opening in the center. Millipore filter carrying the explants was
      placed over the opening. The rafts had good buoyancy, remained on the surface of
      the culture media for 1-2 weeks and were reusable.

PMID- 2395595
TI  - ANA Convention: events of special interest to nurses interested in minority
      participation.

PMID- 2395596
TI  - Court gives preliminary approval to settlement of sex discrimination case.

PMID- 2395597
TI  - Managing scarce resources for the ultimate nursing shortage: the declining
      numbers of nurse academicians.

PMID- 2395599
TI  - Automated identification and quantitation of four patterns of electrocortical
      activity in the near-term fetal lamb.
AB  - Most previous efforts to characterize electrocortical states in the
      unanesthetized fetal lamb have relied on descriptive measures of amplitude and
      frequency; those that used quantitative parameters did not draw upon data from a
      cohort of subjects for contiguous time segments. We have used Fourier analysis to
      quantitate amplitude and frequency characteristics of records of 2-3 h for a
      group of fetuses. Four electrocortical states, including two types of
      transitional activity, have been identified and quantitated. Additionally, we
      have developed a method that automates the assignment of data to these four
      electrocortical states. This has enabled us to monitor transitions among states
      and indicates that epochs that appear homogeneous by descriptive measures may
      actually encompass several patterns of electrocortical activity.

PMID- 2395598
TI  - Oxygen extraction in lamb skeletal muscle.
AB  - Past studies have found that total-body O2 extraction during hypoxia was less in
      1-wk-old lambs than in older animals. It was proposed that reduced O2 extraction
      was secondary to suppression of growth-related oxygen consumption (VO2) in
      tissues such as skeletal muscle, bone, kidney, and skin, rather than a defect in
      peripheral O2 use. To determine the capacity of immature skeletal muscle to
      extract O2, we isolated the hind limb circulation of eight ketamine-anesthetized,
      7- to 18-d-old lambs exposed to stagnant hypoxia by inflation of a right atrial
      balloon catheter. Femoral arterial and venous PO2, PCO2, pH, Hb concentration, O2
      saturation, and femoral arterial blood flow (Q) were measured and hind limb O2
      delivery (DO2), extraction ratio, and VO2 calculated. Individual critical levels
      of DO2 below which VO2 was dependent on O2 supply were determined by dual-line
      best-fit regression analysis. In six of eight animals, VO2 was clearly
      independent of supply until DO2 reached critically low levels. However, O2
      extraction during extreme hypoxia appeared submaximal (baseline O2 extraction
      ratio, 0.22 +/- 0.06; at critical levels of DO2, 0.51 +/- 0.11; at the lowest
      level of Q, 0.64 +/- 0.15). When 2,4-dinitrophenol, an uncoupler of oxidative
      phosphorylation, was administered to four additional lambs exposed to stagnant
      hypoxia, O2 extraction below critical levels of DO2 increased from 0.48 +/- 0.15
      to 0.79 +/- 0.10 (p less than 0.001, unpaired t test). These data suggest that
      initial limitations in O2 extraction were a result of the suspension of O2
      consuming processes, not an irreversible defect in peripheral O2 use.

PMID- 2395600
TI  - Blood flow distribution and brain metabolism during tolazoline-induced
      hypotension in newborn dogs.
AB  - Tolazoline is used in neonatal intensive care to treat hypoxia secondary to
      persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Its use is often complicated by
      systemic hypotension. We compared the effect of tolazoline-induced hypotension on
      organ blood flow, regional brain blood flow, and cerebral metabolism in hypoxic
      newborn dogs whose mean arterial pressure fell by more than 20% with a second
      group whose blood pressure fell by less than 20%. Blood flows were measured by
      the radioactive microsphere technique. We found no changes in organ blood flow,
      regional brain blood flow, and cerebral metabolism in hypoxic animals whose mean
      arterial blood pressure decreased less than 20% during tolazoline administration.
      However, in those animals whose mean arterial blood pressure decreased more than
      20%, we found a decrease in cerebral blood flow. As a consequence of decreased
      cerebral blood flow, cerebral oxygen delivery decreased. However, oxygen
      extraction increased so that cerebral metabolic rate was preserved.

PMID- 2395601
TI  - Central nervous system involvement in the erythrophagocytic disorders of infancy:
      the role of cerebrospinal fluid neopterins in their differential diagnosis and
      clinical management.
AB  - In two children with familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis accompanied
      by neurologic symptoms, total neopterin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid
      were 200 times higher than in controls and 10 to 20 times higher than in five
      children with presumed neurologic disease due to primary viral infections (human
      immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex, measles) of the CNS. In one child with
      familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, clinical remission was
      accompanied by a fall in neopterin concentrations to normal; in a second child,
      who died, total neopterin concentrations remained high. In two other children
      with a diagnosis of infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome without any
      neurologic disturbance, neopterin concentrations were also elevated but only to
      10 times the concentrations in controls. Total neopterin concentrations in
      cerebrospinal fluid provide a measure of the severity of macrophage infiltration
      and activation within the CNS, and are useful in assessing the need for intensive
      chemotherapy and monitoring the response to treatment.

PMID- 2395602
TI  - Comparison of red cell transfusion and polyethylene glycol-modified adenosine
      deaminase therapy in an adenosine deaminase-deficient child: measurement of
      erythrocyte deoxyadenosine triphosphate as a useful tool.
AB  - The effect of red cell transfusion and polyethylene glycol-modified adenosine
      deaminase therapy on biochemical abnormalities, clinical status, and immunologic
      function in an adenosine deaminase-deficient child was investigated. After red
      cell transfusions, erythrocyte deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) concentrations
      decreased about 95% and were closely related to adenosine deaminase activities;
      deoxyadenosine diphosphate concentrations decreased only approximately 30%. The
      evolution of dATP levels was also closely related to the improvement in clinical
      status of the patient. However, immune function was not restored. After
      polyethylene glycol-modified adenosine deaminase therapy, the concentration of
      erythrocyte dATP decreased to undetectable levels correlated with an increase of
      T lymphocyte counts and an increase of lymphocyte responses to mitogens. Immune
      functions were restored only when dATP levels were below 15 mumols/L. It appears
      that red cell transfusion therapy is not sufficiently effective to reduce and
      maintain erythrocyte dATP levels at values compatible with normal immune
      function. On the contrary, polyethylene glycol-modified adenosine deaminase
      therapy is a suitable treatment to reduce dATP levels to near undetectable
      values, allowing the immune function to be restored, dATP measurement is a very
      useful tool for monitoring and evaluating the degree of efficiency of therapy in
      adenosine deaminase deficiency.

PMID- 2395603
TI  - Progressive increase of the mutated mitochondrial DNA fraction in Kearns-Sayre
      syndrome.
AB  - We have performed morphologic and biochemical studies in three pediatric cases of
      Kearns-Sayre syndrome. All cases had heteroplasmy with a high percentage of
      mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with deletion in muscle. The deletions were mapped to
      the same region of mtDNA but were of different sizes. The same type of deletion
      could also be detected in fibroblasts from all cases but the percentage was
      considerably lower. In two cases, an increase with time of the mutated mtDNA
      fraction in muscle was found and this increase paralleled the progression of the
      disease. Oximetric evaluation of respiratory-chain function in isolated muscle
      mitochondria showed a complex I deficiency in one case and was normal in the two
      other cases. Comparison of the fractional concentration of mtDNA with deletion in
      muscle and isolated mitochondria showed that the isolated mitochondria were not
      representative of the mitochondrial population in muscle. Mitochondria with high
      percentage of mtDNA with deletion were selectively lost. The finding of different
      mitochondrial populations is in good agreement with the morphology. One case
      spontaneously recovered from an infantile sideroblastic anemia before the
      development of Kearns-Sayre syndrome. The anemia was of the same type as that in
      Pearson's syndrome, a mitochondrial disorder with high amounts of mtDNA with
      deletion in blood cells. These findings indicate that the phenotype of a mtDNA
      deletion disorder can change with time and is governed by the fractional
      concentration of mtDNA with deletion in different tissues.

PMID- 2395604
TI  - Pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetic profiles of keto-doxapram and
      doxapram in newborn lambs.
AB  - Keto-doxapram (keto-dox), an oxidative metabolite of doxapram, is a possible
      ventilatory stimulating agent. Our study characterizes its ventilatory
      properties, pharmacodynamic effects, and pharmacokinetic profile, and those of
      its parent compound, doxapram. Two groups of five awake, unsedated, newborn lambs
      (2- to 6-d old) received, respectively, i.v. infusions of keto-dox or doxapram
      (2.5 mg/kg) over a period of 1 min. Ventilatory parameters were continuously
      recorded before and for 1 h after the drug infusion. The pharmacokinetic profiles
      of both drugs were determined from blood samples collected serially before and
      after drug injection. Both drugs stimulated ventilation. Keto-dox increased
      baseline minute ventilation by 46 +/- 6.1% and 27.8 +/- 8.1% (p less than 0.002)
      at 1 and 5 min, respectively, an effect that decreased after 5 min of infusion.
      Doxapram increased minute ventilation by 57 +/- 9% (p less than 0.002) at 1 min,
      and by 48 +/- 7% at 5 min, but its effect lasted for 20 min after injection.
      Compared with the effects of keto-dox, this doxapram increase was significantly
      higher (p less than 0.02). Also, doxapram, but not keto-dox, caused an increase
      in systolic blood pressure (from 110 +/- 3.5 to 118 +/- 3.4 mm Hg at 10 min, p
      less than 0.01), as well as a change in neuro-behavior. Both drugs exhibited a
      biexponential decay curve, characterized by a short alpha and a longer beta t1/2,
      but keto-dox has a faster elimination rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395606
TI  - An infant ventilator technique for resistive unloading during spontaneous
      breathing. Results in a rabbit model of airway obstruction.
AB  - The combined system of ventilator circuit, endotracheal tube, and lung commonly
      imposes a resistive load on spontaneous breathing efforts. It is possible to
      compensate for this positive resistance by a device generating a "negative
      ventilator resistance" (NVR), i.e. delivering a positive pressure during
      inspiration and a negative pressure during expiration in constant proportion to
      the instantaneous flow of the spontaneous breathing. The concept of NVR implies
      that there must not be any phase lag between flow and pressure signals. In eight
      anesthetized, intubated, spontaneously breathing rabbits (mean body wt 3570 g,
      range 2900-4600 g), challenged either by aerosolized histamine or an
      extrapulmonary resistive load, lung mechanical data were calculated from
      esophageal pressure and flow signals. Each animal served as its own control with
      and without NVR. In a total of 39 experiments, NVR was applied in amounts between
      1 and 15 kPa.s/L. During both types of additional resistive load, NVR immediately
      reduced the resistive work of breathing. There was a strong linear correlation
      between the amount of NVR applied and the decrease in total resistance, where the
      total resistance equals the resistive load on the animal's respiratory muscles
      (sum of the resistances of all components of the combined respirator-lung
      system): r = 0.93, p less than 0.001. The relationship between NVR and the drop
      in resistive work per mL of tidal volume was similar: r = 0.85, p less than
      0.001. Throughout the experiments, NVR operated in perfect synchronization with
      the animal's spontaneous breathing activity.

PMID- 2395605
TI  - Whole body protein turnover measured with 13C-leucine and energy expenditure in
      preterm infants.
AB  - Our study was undertaken in preterm infants to examine the relationship of whole
      body protein kinetics with protein intake and energy expenditure. Leucine
      kinetics were determined in seven low birth wt preterm infants fed human milk or
      human milk enriched with protein (2.5 to 4.3 g protein/kg.d). The infants
      received a short (4-h) constant infusion of L-[1-13C]leucine and leucine turnover
      and oxidation were calculated from 13C-plasma leucine and expired 13CO2
      enrichments measured by mass spectrometry. Energy expenditure was measured by
      indirect calorimetry. Nonoxidative leucine disposal (an estimate of protein
      synthesis) and leucine derived from protein (an estimate of protein breakdown)
      were, respectively, 2.98 +/- 0.82 and 2.06 +/- 0.74 mumol/kg.min. Whole body
      protein turnover and deposition, derived from leucine kinetics, were 8.22 +/-
      2.31 and 2.17 +/- 0.50 g/kg.d, whereas energy expenditure was 56.3 kcal/kg.day.
      Protein turnover was correlated with protein intake but not with protein
      deposition. Energy expenditure was correlated with protein turnover, synthesis,
      and breakdown but not with protein deposition. These data are in agreement with
      the fact that protein deposition depends upon protein intake, but they also
      suggest that an elevated protein deposition is not necessarily the result of a
      rapid protein turnover or associated with an elevated energy expenditure.

PMID- 2395607
TI  - Theophylline stimulates fetal breathing movements during hypoxia.
AB  - The respiratory responses to theophylline during normoxia and hypoxia were
      determined in 13 unanesthetized fetal sheep. Theophylline (plasma levels
      approximately 111 mumol/L) increased the incidence of fetal breathing movements
      measured over 120 min from 37.7 +/- 4.8% to 61.1 +/- 5.7% (SEM) in normoxic
      fetuses. In isocapnic hypoxia (arterial O2 tension approximately 1.86 kPa),
      theophylline increased the incidence from 20.0 +/- 6.3 to 52.0 +/- 6.1%.
      Theophylline also resulted in an increase in the slope of inspiration during both
      normoxia and hypoxia. We conclude that adenosine modulates fetal respiratory
      drive during normoxia and hypoxia.

PMID- 2395608
TI  - Maturation of cardiorespiratory interactions in spontaneous recovery from hypoxic
      apnea (autoresuscitation).
AB  - The maturation of the process of spontaneous recovery from hypoxic apnea by
      gasping (autoresuscitation) was characterized in adult, weanling (18-22 d), and
      infant (5 and 10 d) BALB/c mice. ECG and respiration were recorded and hypoxic
      apnea was induced with 97% N2-3% CO2. Administration of 21% O2 at onset of
      hypoxic apnea resulted in successful autoresuscitation in all 63 animals tested.
      In all mice, three sequential stages occurred: 1) gasping with marked
      bradycardia, 2) rapid increase in heart rate (cardiac resuscitation), and 3)
      increase in respiratory rate (respiratory resuscitation). Despite these similar
      stages, marked maturational differences were apparent. The times to cardiac and
      respiratory resuscitation were longer in the pups than in the older mice, whereas
      the gasp frequency before cardiac resuscitation was lower in the infants.
      Resuscitation time correlated with gasp interval (1/gasp frequency). In addition,
      the initial bradycardia at onset of gasping was more pronounced in the pups. A 30
      or 60-s delay in oxygen administration after onset of hypoxic apnea caused a
      marked decrease in the adults' ability to autoresuscitate, without affecting that
      of the pups. A comparison of gasp frequency in 21% O2 versus 97% N2-3% CO2 showed
      that the presence of oxygen increased gasp frequency in the pups, but had no
      effect on gasp frequency in the weanlings or adults. We conclude that
      autoresuscitation is equally effective in both infant and adult BALB/c mice but
      only when oxygen is available before the onset of hypoxic gasping.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395609
TI  - Fetal hind limb oxygen consumption and blood flow during acute graded hypoxia.
AB  - Hind limb blood flow and O2 uptake, mean blood pressure, and heart rate were
      measured in six fetal sheep at 127-141 d gestation in the control state and at
      different levels of hypoxia that were induced by partial occlusion of the
      maternal terminal aorta. Blood flow was measured by an ultrasonic flow
      transducer. Control fetal arterial O2 content ([O2]a) in the descending aorta was
      3.25 + 0.17 mM. In response to graded acute hypoxia, blood flow first increased
      (22.2 versus 19.9 mL.min-1.100 g-1, p = 0.003) and then decreased abruptly at
      approximately 1.5 mM [O2]a.O2 uptake decreased about 12% (14.74 versus 16.71, p =
      0.03) as [O2]a decreased to 1.5 mM, and then fell markedly, tending toward zero
      for [O2]a = 0.9 mM. In the 2.7- to 1.5-mM [O2]a range, heart rate increased above
      control (194 versus 169 min-1, p = 0.0024), whereas mean blood pressure did not
      change significantly. For [O2]a less than 1.5 mM, heart rate decreased to 148 min
      1 (p = 0.0005) and mean blood pressure increased above baseline (55 versus 47
      torr, p = 0.0001). In conjunction with previous evidence, these results define a
      state of acute moderate hypoxia in which the whole fetus can sustain a relatively
      high rate of oxidative metabolism, and a state of acute severe hypoxia ([O2]a
      between 1.5 and 1.0 mM) in which O2 uptake by some fetal organs is selectively
      and markedly decreased.

PMID- 2395610
TI  - [Mother-child contact as basis of the organization of inpatient services to the
      newborn infants].

PMID- 2395611
TI  - [Determination of severity of endotoxicosis in critical conditions in children].

PMID- 2395612
TI  - [Characteristics of adaptation of the cardiovascular system of newborn infants
      born to mothers with hypertension syndrome].

PMID- 2395613
TI  - [Hemodynamic and morphological parallels in the determination of indications for
      radical correction of ventricular septal defect in severe pulmonary hypertension
      in early age].

PMID- 2395614
TI  - [Morpho-functional features of concomitant pathology of the biliary system and
      pancreas in children].

PMID- 2395615
TI  - [Clinico-morphological parameters of the gastric state in obese children].

PMID- 2395616
TI  - [Hypoglycemia and epilepsy syndrome in diabetes mellitus in children].
AB  - Eight children suffering from diabetes mellitus and epilepsia were followed up.
      Emphasis is laid on the necessity of measuring glycemia in diabetes mellitus
      patients during convulsive attacks as well as on the importance of early
      diagnosis of epilepsia to institute multimodality treatment.

PMID- 2395617
TI  - [Comparative study of the effectiveness of immuno-correcting therapy in insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus in children].
AB  - Forty-seven children suffering from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were
      examined for criteria of the efficacy of the immunocorrecting drugs prodigiosan,
      sodium nucleinate, decaris and splenin. Certain differences were discovered in
      the clinicoimmunologic efficiency of the drugs enumerated. The treatment of
      choice should be conducted on an individual basis under control of the
      immunologic status with regard to the clinicometabolic effect. The necessity has
      been shown of including the immunocorrecting remedies into multimodality
      treatment of diabetes mellitus. Decaris and splenin have been found to possess
      the greatest immunocorrecting activity in respect of the cellular component of
      immunity and the highest clinicometabolic efficacy.

PMID- 2395618
TI  - [Circulating immune complexes and insulin antibodies in obesity in children].
AB  - Clinical and laboratory studies of circulating immune complexes (CIC) and insulin
      antibodies were carried out in 110 children aged 7 to 14 years. Of these, 90
      patients suffered from obesity and 20 were normal. The data obtained indicate
      that obese children had a high content of CIC and insulin antibodies. The high
      content of CIC and appearance of pathogenic CIC in obese children may attest to a
      possibility of the development of autoimmune processes. Insulin resistance seen
      in obese children is likely to be connected with appearance of insulin
      antibodies.

PMID- 2395619
TI  - [Tactics of examining patients with unpalpable testis redux].
AB  - As many as 117 patients with inpalpable testis redux were examined. They had
      undergone selective testicular venography with measurements of testosterone
      content in random blood samples after stimulation with human chorionic
      gonadotropin. The data obtained during all-round investigation make it possible
      to estimate the morphological status of the testes and their functional reserves.
      This forms the basis for recommending an optimal treatment method in each
      specific case of inpalpable testis redux.

PMID- 2395620
TI  - [Possibilities of surgical treatment of lesions of the organs of the reproductive
      system and disorders of sexual development].
AB  - The authors describe the data on clinico-laboratory and instrumental examinations
      and surgical treatment of about 5,000 children with different reproductive organ
      injuries including complex patterns of abnormal sexual differentiation. The
      designed diagnostic programs made it possible to distribute patients into groups
      and according to the disease entities in conformity with the classification
      suggested. It is emphasized that in the developing science concerned with sex, it
      is necessary to distinguish an area pertaining to childhood, namely pediatric
      andrology, and to delineate its subject matter and tasks. Skilled assistance can
      be rendered by a specialized center. A broad spectrum of improved masculinizing
      (including the design of an artificial phallus) and feminizing (including the
      design of an artificial vagina from the rectosigmoid segment of the colon) is
      provided. The catamnestic data are evaluated.

PMID- 2395621
TI  - [Disorders of hemodynamics in the acute period of respiratory distress syndrome
      (Doppler echocardiography)].
AB  - An all-round study of the cardiovascular system in 90 neonates with respiratory
      distress using Doppler's echocardiography has revealed 5 varieties of hemodynamic
      disorders: hypovolemia, transitory dysfunction of the left and right ventricle
      myocardium, persistent pulmonary hypertension, functioning arterial canal. Each
      of the enumerated varieties of circulatory disorders manifested itself by the
      characteristic symptom complex. However, frequent combinations of the disorders
      with each other made the clinical diagnosis fairly difficult. Doppler's
      echocardiography permitted one to make noninvasive diagnosis and to appraise the
      gravity of circulatory disorders.

PMID- 2395622
TI  - [International Convention on Children's Rights and problems of social protection
      of children in our country].

PMID- 2395623
TI  - [Age-related characteristics of children's adaptation to the beginning of school
      training and ways of preventing its disorders].

PMID- 2395624
TI  - [State of the autonomic homeostasis in children with neurogenic syncope].

PMID- 2395625
TI  - [Myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve].

PMID- 2395626
TI  - [Effects of antioxidants on content of bioelements in the blood of newborn
      infants after chronic intrauterine hypoxia].

PMID- 2395627
TI  - [Dynamics of the indicators of blood circulation in children with bronchial
      asthma treated by reflexotherapy].

PMID- 2395628
TI  - [Way of life and children's health].

PMID- 2395629
TI  - [Acrodermatitis enteropathica].

PMID- 2395630
TI  - [A case of Kartagener's syndrome in a 9-year-old child].

PMID- 2395631
TI  - [A case of chronic hepatitis progressing to liver cirrhosis in a child with
      hereditary deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin].

PMID- 2395632
TI  - [Clinico-diagnostic significance of fibronectin determination in diabetes
      mellitus in children].
AB  - Immunoelectrophoresis was used to measure fibronectin content in blood plasma of
      111 children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and in 20 normal children.
      In patients with diabetes mellitus, the content of plasma fibronectin turned out
      to be higher depending on the disease standing, the presence of
      microangiopathies, and status of compensation. It has been noted that fibronectin
      was detectable in urine in diabetic angionephropathy.

PMID- 2395633
TI  - Coding potential of transfected human placental lactogen genes.
AB  - We have joined the promoter-less sequences of the three hPL genes (hPL-1, hPL-3
      and hPL-4) to strong transcriptional control elements. in vivo 35S-labeled
      proteins from the culture medium of cells transfected with the genes were
      resolved on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The presence of characteristic labeled
      bands, visualized by autoradiography, determined that hPL-4 and hPL-3, but not
      hPL-1, contribute to the production of mature hPL. In these experiments hPL-3
      expressed more RNA and protein than hPL-4. By exchanging the first two exons
      among hPL and hGH genes, we determined that the abundance of chimeric proteins
      depended on the genetic origin of the first two exons. Finally, we found evidence
      indicating that the splice mutation (G----A) at the beginning of the second
      intron of hPL-1, is not the only cause of the apparent lack of inactivity of this
      gene, since its reversion does not restore expression.

PMID- 2395634
TI  - The role of modified purine 64 in initiator/elongator discrimination of
      tRNA(iMet) from yeast and wheat germ.
AB  - The role of 2'-ribosylated adenosine 64 in tRNA(iMet) from yeast in
      initiation/elongation discrimination was investigated. As measured by in vitro
      translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate, the specific removal of the 2'
      ribosylphosphate at adenosine 64 via periodate oxidation allows tRNA(iMet) to
      read internal AUG codons of the globine messenger RNA. Yeast Met-tRNA(iMet)
      lacking the modification of nucleoside 64 forms ternary complexes with GTP and
      elongation factor Tu from Escherichia coli. The lack of modification at position
      64 does not prevent tRNA(iMet) from participating in the initiation process of in
      vitro protein synthesis. Wheat germ tRNA(iMet) has a 2'-ribosylated guanosine at
      position 64. Removal of this modification from the wheat germ tRNA(iMet) enables
      it to read internal AUG codons of globine and tobacco mosaic virus messenger RNA
      in reticulocyte and wheat germ translation systems, respectively.

PMID- 2395635
TI  - Zinc dependent binding of a liver nuclear factor to metal response element MRE-a
      of the mouse metallothionein-I gene and variant sequences.
AB  - Metallothionein gene transcription is inducible by zinc and other heavy metals,
      and several metal response elements (MREs) have been mapped within about 200 bp
      upstream of the site of transcription initiation in several metallothionein
      genes. Comparison of a number of MREs defined a 15 bp consensus sequence
      containing a more highly conserved MRE core sequence TGCRCNCG. I have used the
      proximal MRE of the mouse metallothionein-I gene (MRE-a) in DNA fragment mobility
      shift assays to detect a protein in rat liver nuclear extracts which binds
      specifically to the MRE in a zinc-regulated manner. Use of a comprehensive series
      of variant MRE sequences established that the binding was strongly dependent on
      the MRE core sequence, whereas changes at the less highly conserved positions had
      minor effects on binding. This provides strong evidence that the protein detected
      is responsible for the zinc-responsiveness of the MT genes in liver, and provides
      a more detailed picture of the regulatory protein:MRE interaction than was
      previously available.

PMID- 2395636
TI  - An affinity matrix for the purification of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase.
AB  - The preparation of quantities of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase sufficient for
      detailed structural and enzymatic characterizations has been difficult due to the
      very low tissue content of the enzyme and its lability in late stages of
      purification. To date, the only purification of this enzyme to apparent
      homogeneity has involved a procedure requiring 6 column chromatographic steps.
      Described here is the preparation of an affinity matrix which consists of ADP
      ribose polymers bound to dihydroxyboronyl sepharose. An application is described
      for the purification of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase from calf thymus in which
      a single rapid affinity step was used to replace 3 column chromatographic steps
      yielding enzyme of greater than 90% purity with a 3 fold increase in yield. This
      matrix should also prove useful for other studies of ADP-ribose polymer
      metabolism and related clinical conditions.

PMID- 2395637
TI  - Biochemical and biophysical studies on the folding of the core region of the
      origin of replication of bacteriophage M13.
AB  - DNA oligonucleotides with the sequence corresponding to the plus strand origin of
      replication of the filamentous bacteriophage M13 are studied. Biochemical
      structure probing and UV melting studies, supplemented with initial NMR
      experiments, are used to investigate structural features of a 51-nucleotides long
      synthetic oligonucleotide and two oligonucleotides that are integral parts of
      this latter molecule. The results demonstrate the feasibility and complementarity
      of the use of methidiumpropyl.EDTA-Fe(II) and nuclease S1 in the structural
      analysis of small oligonucleotides. The bacteriophage origin region appears to
      comprise two hairpins. The first hairpin, which contains a cleavage site for the
      bacteriophage gene II protein, has a large and probably flexible loop. NMR as
      well as UV melting studies demonstrate that the second hairpin contains a stable
      three-membered loop. Both hairpins are present in the 51-mer, which forms a
      stable tertiary structure.

PMID- 2395638
TI  - Trans-splicing of pre-mRNA is predicted to occur in a wide range of organisms
      including vertebrates.
AB  - Several known trans-splicing RNA structures were used to define a canonical trans
      splicing structure which was then used to perform a computer search of the EMBL
      nucleotide database. In addition to most known trans-splicing structures, many
      putative new trans-splicing sites were detected. These were found in a broad
      range of organisms including the vertebrates. Control experiments indicate that
      the search predicts known false positives at a rate of only 20%. Trans-splicing
      may therefore be a very wide-spread phenomenon.

PMID- 2395639
TI  - An undecamer DNA sequence directs termination of human ribosomal gene
      transcription.
AB  - Previously we have shown that a repetitive 18 bp sequence motif, the Sal box
      (AGGTCGACCAGA/TT/ANTCCG), present in the 3' terminal spacer of mouse rDNA
      constitutes a termination signal for RNA polymerase I (pol I). Similar sequence
      elements which are functionally analogous to the murine terminator are present in
      the spacer of human rDNA. However, the human termination signal is shorter
      encompassing only 11 bp (GGGTCGACCAG) which correspond to the proximal part of
      the mouse sequence. Two out of the five human Sal box elements are functionally
      inactive due to natural point mutations which damage factor binding. A similar
      sequence motif with a 10 of 11 base identity with the downstream terminators is
      located upstream of the human transcription initiation site. The upstream element
      interacts with the same factor(s) as the downstream terminators and is also
      capable to stop elongating human RNA polymerase I. Despite the human and mouse
      factors exert different electrophoretic mobilities in gel retardation assays, UV
      crosslinking and proteolytic clipping experiments indicate that both the sizes
      and the tertiary structure of the Sal box binding proteins of both species are
      very similar. When bound to DNA, both the human and the mouse factor terminate
      transcription of pol I from the heterologous species. The results implicate that
      changes in signal sequences necessary for termination have been accompanied by
      compensatory changes in the DNA binding domain of the protein(s) interacting with
      the termination signal. In contrast, the protein-protein interactions between the
      termination factor and the transcribing RNA polymerase I appear to have been
      conserved during evolution.

PMID- 2395640
TI  - Human transcription factor IIIC contains a polypeptide of 55 kDa specifically
      binding to Pol III genes.
AB  - Human transcription factor IIIC contains a 55 kDa polypeptide which specifically
      interacts with the Adenovirus 2 VAI gene promoter and which mimics most of the
      DNA binding properties of the entire factor. The specificity and affinity of this
      protein:DNA interaction was demonstrated by: (i) Separation of purified fractions
      of hTFIIIC by SDS PAGE, electrotransfer to nitrocellulose, renaturation of
      proteins and their subsequent binding to the VAI gene, (ii) recovery and
      renaturation of proteins from SDS gels and identification of a fraction of
      hTFIIIC with a molecular mass less than 68 kDa, which specifically binds to VAI
      DNA, (iii) correlating the differential binding activity of the renatured 55 kDa
      component of hTFIIIC to mutated Pol III promoters with the ability of the entire
      factor to form functional transcription complexes thereon, and finally by (iv)
      specific crosslinking of the 55 kDa DNA binding component of hTFIIIC to the
      photoaffinity labeled B-box promoter sequence of the VAI gene.

PMID- 2395641
TI  - Molecular recognition in the minor groove of the DNA helix. Studies on the
      synthesis of oligonucleotides and polynucleotides containing 3-deaza-2'
      deoxyadenosine. Interaction of the oligonucleotides with the restriction
      endonuclease EcoRV.
AB  - An improved procedure for the preparation of 3-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine (d3CA) is
      described which is suitable for the synthesis of gram quantities of this
      analogue. Using phosphoramidite chemistry d3CA has been incorporated into the Eco
      RV restiction endonuclease recognition sequence (underlined) present in the self
      complementary dodecamer d(GACGATATCGTC). The modified oligonucleotides have been
      thoroughly characterised by nucleoside composition analysis, circular dichroism
      and thermal melting studies. Studies with Eco RV show that incorporation of d3CA
      into either the central or outer dA-dT base-pair results in a substantial
      reduction in the rate of cleavage. The two-step conversion of d3CA to 3-deaza-2'
      deoxyadenosine-5'-O-triphosphate (d3CATP) via the 5'-O-tosylate is also
      described. d3CATP is not a substrate in the poly[d(AT)].poly[d(AT)] primed
      polymerisation for either E. coli DNA polymerase I or Micrococcus luteus DNA
      polymerase. In a more detailed kinetic analysis d3CATP was shown to be a
      competitive inhibitor of E. coli DNA polymerase I with respect to dATP.

PMID- 2395642
TI  - Chemical synthesis and spontaneous glycosidic hydrolysis of 3-methyl-2'
      deoxyguanosine and 2'-deoxywyosine [1].
AB  - 3-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (1a) is obtained from 2'-deoxyguanosine by a reaction
      sequence involving conversion into tricyclic 1,N-2-isopropeno derivative (4
      desmethyl-2'-deoxywyosine, 3a) followed by methylation which results in 2'
      deoxywyosine (2a) and final removal of the 1,N-2 blocking system. Compounds 1a
      and 2a undergo spontaneous hydrolytic cleavage of their glycosidic bonds at pH 7,
      37 degrees C, which makes them the most labile of all known nucleosides composed
      of structural units occurring in nature.

PMID- 2395643
TI  - Neural network detects errors in the assignment of mRNA splice sites.
AB  - The use of databanks in genetic research assumes reliability of the information
      they contain. Currently, error-detection in the manually or electronically
      entered data contained in the nucleotide sequence databanks at EMBL, Heidelberg
      and GenBank at Los Alamos is limited. We have used a subset of sequences from
      these databanks to train neural networks to recognize pre-mRNA splicing signals
      in human genes. During the training on 33 human genes from the EMBL databank
      seven genes appeared to disturb the learning process. Subsequent investigation
      revealed discrepancies from the original published papers, for three genes. In
      four genes, we found wrongly assigned splicing frames of introns. We believe this
      to be a reflection of the fact that splicing frames cannot always be
      unambiguously assigned on the basis of experimental data. Thus incorrect
      assignment appear both due to mere typographical misprints as well as erroneous
      interpretation of experiments. Training on 241 human sequences from GenBank
      revealed nine new errors. We propose that such errors could be detected by
      computer algorithms designed to check the consistency of data prior to their
      incorporation in databanks.

PMID- 2395644
TI  - Analysis and in vitro localization of internal methylated adenine residues in
      dihydrofolate reductase mRNA.
AB  - A T7 RNA transcript coding for mouse dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) was utilized
      as a substrate for the N6-methyladenosine mRNA methyltransferase isolated from
      HeLa cell nuclei. This transcript acted as a 3 fold better substrate than either
      prolactin mRNA or a synthetic RNA substrate which contained multiple methylation
      consensus sequences. Formation of internal N6-methyladenine (m6A) residues in the
      DHFR transcript was shown to increase slightly by the absence of a 7
      methylguanine-2'-O-methyl cap structure. Using T7 transcripts from different
      regions of the DHFR gene, the majority of the m6A residues were localized to the
      coding region and a segment of the transcript just 3' to the coding region. This
      data suggests that DHFR mRNA contains multiple methylation sites with most of
      these sites concentrated in the coding region of the transcript.

PMID- 2395645
TI  - A heteromeric transcription factor required for mammalian RNA polymerase II.
AB  - A general transcription factor, FC, essential for specific initiation of in vitro
      transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II was identified and a procedure
      developed to purify it to near homogeneity from HeLa cell nuclei. Purified FC is
      composed of two polypeptides of apparent molecular masses 80 kDa and 30 kDa, on
      SDS-PAGE, and has a native size of 280 kDa estimated by gel filtration column.
      Both polypeptides were shown to be essential for reconstituting in vitro
      transcription activity. Biochemical analysis showed that the 80 kDa and 30 kDa
      components were present in a 1:1 molar ratio. FC was also demonstrated to
      interact directly or indirectly with purified RNA polymerase II. Similarities
      between FC and transcription factors reported by others from human, rat or
      Drosophila cells are discussed.

PMID- 2395646
TI  - NMR studies on the binding of antitumor drug nogalamycin to DNA hexamer
      d(CGTACG).
AB  - The interactions between a novel antitumor drug nogalamycin with the self
      complementary DNA hexamer d(CGTACG) have been studied by 500 MHz two dimensional
      proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. When two nogalamycins are mixed
      with the DNA hexamer duplex in a 2:1 ratio, a symmetrical complex is formed. All
      non-exchangeable proton resonances (except H5' & H5") of this complex have been
      assigned using 2D-COSY and 2D-NOESY methods at pH 7.0. The observed NOE cross
      peaks are fully consistent with the 1.3 A resolution x-ray crystal structure
      (Liaw et al., Biochemistry 28, 9913-9918, 1989) in which the elongated aglycone
      chromophore is intercalated between the CpG steps at both ends of the helix. The
      aglycone chromophore spans across the GC Watson-Crick base pairs with its
      nogalose lying in the minor groove and the aminoglucose lying in the major groove
      of the distorted B-DNA double helix. The binding conformation suggests that
      specific hydrogen bonds exist in the complex between the drug and guanine
      cytosine bases in both grooves of the helix. When only one drug per DNA duplex is
      present in solution, there are three molecular species (free DNA, 1:1 complex and
      2:1 complex) in slow exchange on the NMR time scale. This equilibrium is
      temperature dependent. At high temperature the free DNA hexamer duplex and the
      1:1 complex are completely destabilized such that at 65 degrees C only free
      single-stranded DNA and the 2:1 complex co-exist. At 35 degrees C the equilibrium
      between free DNA and the 1:1 complex is relatively fast, while that between the
      1:1 complex and the 2:1 complex is slow. This may be rationalized by the fact
      that the binding of nogalamycin to DNA requires that the base pairs in DNA open
      up transiently to allow the bulky sugars to go through. A separate study of the
      2:1 complex at low pH showed that the terminal GC base pair is destabilized.

PMID- 2395647
TI  - Thermal denaturation profiles and gel mobility shift analysis of
      oligodeoxynucleotide triplexes.
AB  - Oligodeoxypurine- and oligodeoxypyrimidine-containing strands were mixed under
      conditions conducive to the formation of triple stranded assemblies. The mixtures
      were characterized both by their UV absorbance change with increasing temperature
      and by their mobility in non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels. Duplexes 34 bp long
      containing 15 central purines on one strand and 15 complementary pyrimidines on
      the other strand yielded new melting transitions and showed different gel
      mobilities upon combination with oligopyrimidine 15-mers. The dependence of the
      thermal denaturation profiles on pH, salt concentration, GC content, strand
      orientation, base mismatches, and strand length was investigated.

PMID- 2395648
TI  - A palindromic mutation of the linear killer plasmid k2 of yeast.
AB  - Production of the killer toxin in Kluyveromyces lactis is dependent on the
      presence of two linear DNA plasmids, k1 and k2. We isolated a non-killer mutant,
      VM5, with a modified plasmid composition. It had lost k1, but conserved k2, and
      acquired, in addition, three new DNA species. The new species were found to be
      rearranged derivatives of the k2 plasmid. One of them, pVM5-1, was made of the
      left terminal 4720 bp sequence of k2, including the inverted terminal repeat, and
      was organized as a large palindromic dimer molecule. The second, pVM5-2, was made
      of one strand of the pVM5-1 palindrome, folded into a hairpin structure. Like
      normal k2, pVM5-1 and 2 were present in a high copy number. The third species,
      pVM5-x, of variable size, was also a deletion product of k2, but not palindromic,
      and did not contain the terminal repeat. Genetic analysis showed that the
      presence of the palindromic derivatives appeared to destabilize the normal k2
      genome, leading to gradual accumulation of plasmid-less cells.

PMID- 2395649
TI  - Crosslinking of tRNA containing a long extra arm to elongation factor Tu by trans
      diamminedichloroplatinum(II).
AB  - A tRNA containing a long extra arm, namely E. coli tRNA(Leu1) has been
      crosslinked to elongation factor Tu, with the crosslinking reagent trans
      diamminedichloroplatinum(II). The nucleotide involved in the crosslinking was
      identified to be a guanosine in the variable region at position 47F or 47G.

PMID- 2395651
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a white clover alcohol dehydrogenase cDNA.

PMID- 2395650
TI  - Identification of a distal regulatory element in the 5' flanking region of the
      bovine prolactin gene.
AB  - The 5'-flanking region of the bovine prolactin gene was cloned and sequenced. The
      expression of chimeric gene constructs containing 5'-flanking DNA fragments from
      the prolactin gene joined to a reporter gene encoding human growth hormone (hGH)
      was examined using transiently transfected rat pituitary cells. Prolactin
      nucleotide sequences located at position -1213 to -925 enhance the basal level of
      expression of growth hormone by 5-fold and function in a position- and
      orientation-independent fashion. In addition to increasing the basal level of
      growth hormone expression, this enhancer element also responds to induction by
      epidermal growth factor. The nucleotide sequence of the bovine prolactin gene
      enhancer element is highly similar to an enhancer element located approximately 
      1.5 kb from the rat prolactin transcription initiation site. Deletion analysis of
      the enhancer region shows that sequences -1124 to -985 are necessary and
      sufficient for enhancer activity.

PMID- 2395652
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a white clover ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small
      subunit gene.

PMID- 2395653
TI  - Sequence and expression of Paracentrotus lividus alpha tubulin gene.

PMID- 2395654
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the SHV-2 beta-lactamase (blaSHV-2) of
      Klebsiella ozaenae.

PMID- 2395655
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the woodchuck N-myc gene (WN-myc1).

PMID- 2395656
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of cDNA for the cytosolic Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase from
      spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.).

PMID- 2395657
TI  - Characterisation of a cDNA for porcine PDH-E1 alpha and comparison with the human
      cDNA.

PMID- 2395658
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding the BYMV coat protein gene.

PMID- 2395659
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of human prostatic acid phosphatase determined from a full
      length cDNA clone.

PMID- 2395660
TI  - Complete genomic sequence encoding trpC from Aspergillus niger var. awamori.

PMID- 2395661
TI  - Structural homology between the rat calreticulin gene product and the Onchocerca
      volvulus antigen Ral-1.

PMID- 2395662
TI  - cDNA and deduced amino acid sequences of a male dominant P-450Md mRNA in rats.

PMID- 2395663
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding the vacuolar protein strictosidine
      synthase from Catharanthus roseus.

PMID- 2395664
TI  - Sequence of a replication competent hepatitis B virus genome with a preX open
      reading frame.

PMID- 2395665
TI  - Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of mouse catalase: molecular analysis
      of a low activity mutant.

PMID- 2395666
TI  - Construction of a biologically active recombinant DNA plasmid containing a mouse
      metallothionein promoter and genomic bovine growth hormone gene.

PMID- 2395667
TI  - An expression vector system for stable expression of oncogenes.

PMID- 2395668
TI  - A phage screening method to isolate intron-containing genes in the presence of
      multiple processed pseudogenes.

PMID- 2395669
TI  - Primer design in fluorescent DNA sequencing.

PMID- 2395670
TI  - A specificity enhancer for polymerase chain reaction.

PMID- 2395671
TI  - Tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism in the vWF gene.

PMID- 2395672
TI  - Two polymorphisms for amino acid substitutions in the APOA4 gene.

PMID- 2395673
TI  - TG repeat polymorphism at the D21S167 locus.

PMID- 2395674
TI  - Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism located at D21S120.

PMID- 2395676
TI  - Cycles of evasion.

PMID- 2395677
TI  - No nurses necessary.

PMID- 2395678
TI  - A bolt from the blue.

PMID- 2395679
TI  - A disease of sympathy.

PMID- 2395680
TI  - A Greek tragedy.

PMID- 2395675
TI  - New nucleotide sequence data on the EMBL File Server.

PMID- 2395681
TI  - Positive practice.

PMID- 2395682
TI  - Going to market.

PMID- 2395684
TI  - Liaison psychiatry. Setting the pace.

PMID- 2395683
TI  - Liaison psychiatry. Breaking down the barriers.

PMID- 2395685
TI  - Beware: Mum under training.

PMID- 2395686
TI  - The art of dying.

PMID- 2395687
TI  - The Heidelberg ten.

PMID- 2395688
TI  - Euro-diseases.

PMID- 2395689
TI  - Escaping the routine. Interview by Joanna Trevelyan.

PMID- 2395690
TI  - Planning an expedition.

PMID- 2395691
TI  - Think pink.

PMID- 2395692
TI  - As others see us. A varied diet.

PMID- 2395693
TI  - Effects of race and consanguinity in babies.

PMID- 2395694
TI  - A test for the quality of home care.

PMID- 2395695
TI  - Child health. Growing pains.

PMID- 2395696
TI  - Child health. Out of the shell.

PMID- 2395697
TI  - Child health. Parent power.

PMID- 2395698
TI  - Surgeons to review HIV testing without consent.

PMID- 2395699
TI  - The price of unity.

PMID- 2395700
TI  - The American way.

PMID- 2395701
TI  - Open secrets?

PMID- 2395703
TI  - Keeping in touch.

PMID- 2395702
TI  - Fertile idea.

PMID- 2395704
TI  - Poor eaters.

PMID- 2395705
TI  - Where are they now?

PMID- 2395706
TI  - Critical care. Sensory imbalance and sleep loss.

PMID- 2395707
TI  - Critical care. Neurological observations.

PMID- 2395708
TI  - Seeing it straight.

PMID- 2395709
TI  - Mental health take-away.

PMID- 2395710
TI  - Every which way you lose.

PMID- 2395711
TI  - Logjam in the regions.

PMID- 2395712
TI  - Seeking respite.

PMID- 2395713
TI  - Stimulus control techniques for sleep onset insomnia.
AB  - Sleep onset insomnia is a common complaint in patients and in the population as a
      whole. With the increasing reluctance to prescribe hypnotics as a solution there
      is a need for alternatives to drugs. In this paper the outcome of 15 outpatients
      with insomnia treated with stimulus control techniques is reported. The potential
      for nurses using these procedures is discussed.

PMID- 2395714
TI  - Learning to help.

PMID- 2395715
TI  - Nurses and the law. When to tell.

PMID- 2395716
TI  - Treating leprosy in Amazonas.

PMID- 2395717
TI  - Bottle or breast. The first big decision.

PMID- 2395718
TI  - Condemnation of secret HIV tests.

PMID- 2395719
TI  - Out of the shadows of Strangeways.

PMID- 2395720
TI  - Health Czech.

PMID- 2395721
TI  - Sandwich course.

PMID- 2395722
TI  - Cones for continence.

PMID- 2395723
TI  - Three, four and more.

PMID- 2395724
TI  - An old problem.

PMID- 2395725
TI  - Proof of the pudding.

PMID- 2395726
TI  - Complaints. Could we do better?

PMID- 2395727
TI  - Who supports the cancer counsellors?

PMID- 2395729
TI  - Geriatrics and district general hospital beds.

PMID- 2395728
TI  - Making sense of ... PUVA phototherapy.

PMID- 2395730
TI  - Reducing leakage rates of incontinence pads.

PMID- 2395731
TI  - Energy restriction in diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2395732
TI  - First things first.

PMID- 2395733
TI  - Nurse education. Quality control.

PMID- 2395734
TI  - Nurse education. How to use ... objective tests.

PMID- 2395735
TI  - An alternative approach.

PMID- 2395736
TI  - Are fathers getting a fair deal?

PMID- 2395737
TI  - Radical manager.

PMID- 2395738
TI  - Midwives' forum: reorganization imposed from above.

PMID- 2395739
TI  - Determinants of hemoglobin concentration in cyanotic heart disease.
AB  - Children with cyanotic heart disease were studied to determine the effects of
      chronic hypoxemia, iron stores, and age on hemoglobin. Red cell mean corpuscular
      volume greater than 90th percentile was found in 72% of children and hemoglobin
      was higher in this group than in patients with a mean corpuscular volume in the
      10-90th percentile or less than 10th percentile (p less than 0.05). In children
      presumed iron sufficient and with oxygen saturation greater than 75%, multiple
      regression analysis showed that age (p less than 0.0001) and oxygen saturation (p
      less than 0.0001) were associated with hemoglobin. Significant correlations
      between hemoglobin and oxygen saturation were present for children less than 2
      years (r = -0.50) and 2-11 years (-0.48), but not for patients greater than 11
      years. We conclude that variables other than oxygen saturation, including age and
      iron stores, are important in determining hemoglobin concentration in cyanotic
      heart disease.

PMID- 2395740
TI  - Postoperative exercise training develops normal levels of physical activity in a
      group of children following cardiac surgery.
AB  - Children with congenital heart defects often demonstrate a reduced capacity for
      exercise, even after surgical intervention. Forty subjects, with various heart
      defects, completed a 5-year study to evaluate the impact of a postoperative
      training program on their physical exercise capacity. All of the patients were
      significantly less active than their peers prior to the surgical intervention.
      Subjects who completed a simple, home exercise program during the first 3
      postoperative months achieved a normal level of physical fitness. These benefits
      were maintained up to 5-years postoperatively without further intervention.
      Children who did not receive a postoperative training program remained
      significantly below their healthy peers. Therefore, a simple exercise training
      program, conducted early in the postoperative period would appear essential to
      the achievement of appropriate levels of physical activity for children with
      congenital heart defects.

PMID- 2395742
TI  - A useful projection for demonstrating the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery.
AB  - The demonstration of the pulmonary bifurcation is important in order to exclude
      pulmonary branch stenoses. The origin of the right and left pulmonary arteries
      can be demonstrated in the anteroposterior plane if cranial angulation is used.
      Depending on the course of the left pulmonary artery, the origin of the left
      pulmonary artery may not be seen in spite of the maximal cranial angulation. On
      the lateral plane without tube angulation the origin left pulmonary artery is
      commonly superimposed on the origin of the right pulmonary artery. If maximum
      caudal angulation is added to the steep left anterior oblique view, not only the
      left, but also the origin of the right pulmonary artery can be seen.

PMID- 2395741
TI  - Congenital polyvalvular disease in trisomy 18: echocardiographic diagnosis.
AB  - Congenital heart disease is known to occur in greater than 90% of patients with
      trisomy 18, with ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus being the
      most frequently encountered lesions. The presence of congenital polyvalvular
      disease in trisomy 18 as assessed by pathological specimens has also been noted.
      Echocardiograms were obtained in 15 patients with trisomy 18 and in 12 infants
      with dysmorphic features, who did not have chromosomal abnormalities, in order to
      obtain an echocardiographic assessment of the frequency of polyvalvular disease
      in living patients with trisomy 18. In this series all patients with trisomy 18
      had structural defects (seven ventricular septal defects, three patent ductus
      arteriosus, five both). All trisomy 18 patients also had congenital polyvalvular
      disease with six patients having four affected valves, five patients having three
      affected valves, and four patients with two affected valves. In patients with
      normal chromosomes, two had a single abnormal valve, and structural lesions
      included patent ductus arteriosus (3), ventricular septal defect (2), pulmonary
      atresia with ventricular septal defect (1), transposition of the great arteries
      (1), and atrioventricular canal with patent ductus arteriosus and coarctation
      (1). In infants with features suggestive of trisomy 18, structural cardiac
      lesions are a nonspecific finding. However, the presence of polyvalvular disease
      may be a more specific and useful adjunct to other clinical investigations
      pending chromosomal analysis for definitive diagnosis.

PMID- 2395743
TI  - Successful treatment of a nondeflatable balloon atrial septostomy catheter.
AB  - A rare complication of balloon atrial septostomy is presented in an infant with D
      transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) undergoing a Rashkind septostomy. The
      balloon could not be deflated after the first pass across the atrial septum
      because of a blocked catheter lumen. Deflation was achieved with a fine-gauge
      needle introduced percutaneously via a transhepatic approach. The management of
      nondeflatable balloons is reviewed.

PMID- 2395744
TI  - Mitral regurgitation with gross deformity of a mitral leaflet due to Kawasaki
      disease.
AB  - A 4-year-old girl had two episodes of Kawasaki disease which resulted in severe
      mitral regurgitation. She had not had any coronary arterial lesion during the
      acute phase of the illness, nor any myocardial ischemia. Severe destruction of
      the mitral leaflet was documented by two-dimensional echocardiography. It is
      suggested that this lesion was due to severe carditis and valvulitis which
      developed during the acute phase of the illness.

PMID- 2395745
TI  - Anomalous origin of both pulmonary arteries from the ascending aorta with a
      nonbranching main pulmonary artery arising from the right ventricle.
AB  - A 3-month-old boy, mildly cyanosed and tachypneic, was found by cineangiography
      to have a nonbranching main pulmonary artery arising from the right ventricle and
      connecting to the descending aorta via a large persistent ductus arteriosus. The
      left and right pulmonary arteries arose as a common "trunk," before branching,
      from the ascending aorta. Complete surgical correction was performed at 7-months
      of age. Subsequent cardiac catheterization has demonstrated normal pressures and
      blood oxygen saturation in all right-heart chambers and the great arteries.

PMID- 2395746
TI  - Coarctation of the aorta in the syndrome of absent pulmonary valve with
      ventricular septal defect.
AB  - The case of a male child is reported in which the syndrome of absent pulmonary
      valve and ventricular septal defect was associated with anomalous drainage of the
      right superior pulmonary vein into the superior vena cava, atrial septal defect,
      a right aortic arch, and an aortic isthmic coarctation. The combination of aortic
      coarctation with a high degree of right-ventricular outflow obstruction has not
      been reported so far in the literature. This case shows that there is no proof of
      aplasia of the ductus arteriosus in the syndrome of absent pulmonary valve and
      ventricular septal defect. Most likely, there is an early involution of the
      ductus arteriosus; persistence of the ductus arteriosus would not be compatible
      with fetal survival.

PMID- 2395747
TI  - Omphalocele associated with coronary sinus atrial septal defect: report of two
      cases.
AB  - Two children with omphalocele were found to have coronary sinus atrial septal
      defect as part of their congenital heart disease complex. This unusual atrial
      communication may elude preoperative detection unless specifically sought. Its
      occurrence in conjunction with omphalocele may represent more than a chance
      association.

PMID- 2395749
TI  - Anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery from the noncoronary sinus of
      Valsalva.

PMID- 2395748
TI  - Posterior d-transposition of the great arteries with an unusual form of aortic
      obstruction.
AB  - An unusual case of posterior transposition of the great arteries, with previously
      undescribed aortic obstruction is described. The patient, who underwent an
      arterial switch operation, was found at surgery to have a mass of myxomatous
      tissue arising from the tricuspid valve. This finding was responsible for the
      hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis.

PMID- 2395750
TI  - A case of Bland-White-Garland syndrome with myocardial infarction on the first
      day after birth.

PMID- 2395751
TI  - Intravenous verapamil for tachyarrhythmia in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2395752
TI  - An infant with aneurysm of the thoracoabdominal aorta and blood elastase
      activity.

PMID- 2395753
TI  - [Bacterial diarrhea in small children treated in the clinic during the winter
      months 1986/1987].

PMID- 2395754
TI  - [Model for diagnosis and treatment of frontal sinusitis].
AB  - Long-term clinical experience and follow-up of 213 patients with the acute and
      chronic sinusitis resulted in the model of diagnosis and treatment. This model is
      based on detailed evaluation of lesions to the mucous membrane and the degree of
      naso-frontal channel capacity. Designed method enables local treatment and
      complete recovery of the majority of patients.

PMID- 2395755
TI  - [A method for early diagnosis of reduced mobility of hand joints in diabetes
      mellitus type I].
AB  - The study aimed at elaborating the technique of an early diagnosis of
      cheiroarthropathy. The study involved 170 patients with diabetes mellitus type I
      aged between 16 and 45 years and disease duration ranging from 1 year to 33
      years. Advanced cheiroarthropathy with shining waxy skin was diagnosed in 41
      patients (group I). No lesions characteristic for cheiroarthropathy was diagnosed
      in 122 patients (group II) while in 7 patients (group III) only skin lesions
      without contractures were noted. Proliferative retinopathy was significantly more
      frequent (p less than 0.001) in the group with cheiroarthropathy--39% to 8%. Mean
      age of patients of group I is 31.5 +/- 5.9 years, in group II--31.0 +/- 6.6
      years. Duration of diabetes mellitus is 17.8 +/- 6.2 and 9.6 +/- 7.2 years
      respectively (p less than 0.05). An angle of metacarpophalangeal joint of the V
      finger extension was measured in all patients with goniometer. A significant
      difference was noted in both groups: 34.4 +/- 8.08 degrees and 56.5 +/- 7.1
      degrees, respectively (p less than 0.01). Mathematic models were designed basing
      on the value of measured angle and duration of the disease. These models
      facilitate possible risk of cheiroarthropathy. Systematic measurements of
      metacarpophalangeal joint extension seems valuable means of early diagnosis of
      diabetic cheiroarthropathy and follow-up of such patients.

PMID- 2395756
TI  - [Traumatic injuries of the spinal cord in the cervical segment].
AB  - A group of 1000 patients treated for traumatic injuries to the spinal cord in
      cervical segment was analysed. These patients were hospitalized at the Department
      of Rehabilitation in Konstancin in 1967-1987. The most frequent causes of spine
      injuries, level and degree of lesions to the spinal cord, techniques of
      conservative treatment and surgeries and results of therapy are discussed.
      Significant neurological improvement was observed in 62% of the treated patients.
      An improvement depended on the degree of lesion to the spinal cord, time and
      method of therapy, mechanism of trauma, and to some extent patients' age.
      Finally, hospitalization duration was analysed which greatly depend on the degree
      of lesions to the spinal cord.

PMID- 2395757
TI  - [Occupational allergy in the production of drugs].
AB  - Quinazoline oxide--an intermediate in chlordiazepoxide synthesis--is the most
      potent contact allergen in the pharmaceutical industry. Penicillins proved to be
      potent allergens. Conditions of the technological process favor development of
      hypersensitivity to tetracyclines. No single case of allergy to erythromycin was
      noted. In case of employees hypersensitive to disulfiram and aminophylline cross
      reactions with compounds of similar structure were observed. The authors discuss
      also some problems concerning contact allergy in all persons occupationally
      dealing with various medicines.

PMID- 2395758
TI  - [Results of ciprofloxacin therapy in urinary and respiratory tract infections].
AB  - Ciprofloxacin was administered to 218 patients with various urinary and
      respiratory tracts infections, including 142 patients with urinary tract
      infections and 76 patients with respiratory tract infections. Bacteriological
      tests and routine laboratory tests were performed thrice (before, during and
      after therapy) in all patients. Ciprofloxacin was administered orally in daily
      dose of 500 mg for 10 days. Daily dose was increased to 1000 mg in 23 patients
      with severe respiratory tract infections. Satisfactory results (recovery or
      regression of the symptoms of exacerbated chronic disease) were achieved in 185
      patients (84.9%) and no effect in 10 patients (4.6%). Significant improvement or
      transient improvement were noted in 23 patients (10.5%).

PMID- 2395759
TI  - [Sensitivity of aerobic bacteria and Candida species to chlormidazole
      hydrochloride in vitro].
AB  - Over 100 bacterial stains, including Candida sp., gram-positive cocci and some
      gram-negative bacilli, were tested. The majority of microorganisms was isolated
      from man. Only one bacterial strain (5 micrograms/mL) and 76% of Candida strains
      were sensitive to chlormidazole HCl (10 micrograms/mL). It may be assumed that
      most infections with Candida sp. will respond to therapy with drugs containing
      chlormidazole HCl. Relatively simple and inexpensive tube test may serve to
      evaluate microbial sensitivity to this agent, especially in case of isolates from
      patients.

PMID- 2395760
TI  - [Treatment of Class II, division 1, with a maxillary traction appliance].

PMID- 2395761
TI  - [Macrophotography. Magnetic photography. 2].

PMID- 2395762
TI  - Four-year average follow up of cemented PCA total knees: clinical and
      roentgenographic analysis.
AB  - Twenty patients with 25 consecutive primary-cemented Howmedica PCA total knee
      prostheses were clinically and roentgenographically reviewed. Twenty implants
      were placed in 16 women and five in four men. The average patient age at surgery
      was 68.0 years (range, 53 to 82), and average follow up was 51 months. Total knee
      replacement indication was degenerative joint disease in 21 knees and rheumatoid
      arthritis in four. Excellent or good results were seen in 22 of 25 knees (88%) at
      the early follow up examination and 18 of 25 knees (72%) at the most recent
      follow up examination.

PMID- 2395763
TI  - Alternatives in the selection of allograft bone.
AB  - Many orthopedic surgeons are unfamiliar with the various types of commercially
      available allograft bones, despite their frequent use in reconstructive and tumor
      surgery. This report summarizes the mechanical, osteoinduction, and safety data
      for sterile fresh-frozen, secondarily sterilized, and freeze-dried bone. The
      orthopedic surgeon can make informed choices about bone alternatives based on the
      risks and benefits of each type. Data have shown that fresh-frozen sterile
      collection bone is the optimal substitute for autogenous bone in most
      applications.

PMID- 2395764
TI  - A mathematical analysis of the effect of flexion and rotation on apparent
      varus/valgus alignment at the knee.
AB  - The quantitative effect of flexion and rotation on apparent varus/valgus
      deformity was analyzed, and the expected amount of deformity as a function of
      flexion rotational artifact determined, as shown by use of formulae and tabulated
      computational results. These results were calculated first when no deformity was
      present initially, and also for varying amounts of initial deformity.

PMID- 2395765
TI  - Profundus tendon disruption resulting in carpal tunnel syndrome.

PMID- 2395766
TI  - Avulsion of the acetabular labrum with intraarticular displacement.

PMID- 2395767
TI  - Traumatic posterior dislocation of the hip associated with separation of the
      capital epiphysis.

PMID- 2395768
TI  - Answer please. Tarsal coalition.

PMID- 2395769
TI  - [Prevalence of Streptococcus mutans in a school group].
AB  - In the present study, S. mutans colony morphotypes has been investigated in
      salivary specimens obtained from 67 schoolchildren. Prevalence of these bacteria
      has been matched with DMFS in order to obtain information on cariogenicity of
      single morphotypes. Our data seems to suggest a correlation between total count
      of S. mutans colonies and caries experience, with major evidence for two colony
      morphotypes.

PMID- 2395770
TI  - [Evaluation of fluoride content in Modena water].
AB  - The Authors confirm the importance of fluoroprophylaxis in the prevention of
      Dental caries. They analyze the main methods of fluoroprophylaxis pointing out
      the systemic fluoroprophylaxis, effected by means of water fluoruration, as the
      best one for a valid prevention of dental caries on a large scale. In view of
      such a kind of fluoroprophylaxis in our country the Authors considered quite
      interesting to effect a research about the amount of fluoride in the waters of
      the district of Modena. The whole of results are reported.

PMID- 2395771
TI  - [Prevention of cross infection].

PMID- 2395772
TI  - [Fluoridation using iontophoresis. In vitro experimentation].

PMID- 2395773
TI  - [Between public and private. Possibilities and prospects for dentistry in Italy
      in the 90's].
AB  - The Italian dental panorama is largely changing. In addition to the major
      increase of professionals, there is also an increase of the population
      sensibility and of the political and administrative authorities with respect to
      the health of the oral cavity. In the short and medium term it is foreseen a
      variation of the dental sanitary interventions from the mere therapeutic
      rehabilitative approach to a global action which is educative and preventive.

PMID- 2395774
TI  - [Fluoroprophylaxis in prevention of caries. Results of a screening].
AB  - Dental screening in children aged 3-8 showed the effectiveness of fluoride
      tablets to prevent dental decay and its damages.

PMID- 2395776
TI  - [Evaluation of cardiac function in dentists during professional activity].
AB  - In this study research was carried out a comparison between different dental
      situations by using a common parameter: myocardial oxygen consumption, accurately
      expressed in terms of cardiac exercise. Important increase in the previously
      specified parameter in dentists were provocated by dental extractions conducted
      on anxious patients. Tooth extractions undertaken on calm and cooperative
      patients determined an increase of cardiac exercise in dentists similar to those
      caused by amalgam restoration conducted on a manikin, but not in ergonomic work
      conditions. The situation, referred previously, resulted more stressing for the
      dentist, as regard to a similar restoration conducted, this time, in ergonomic
      work conditions. Amalgam restoration performed on calm and cooperative patients
      caused alterations of cardiac exercise as referred previously to those provocated
      by a similar restoration conducted on a manikin in ergonomic conditions. These
      findings show that work conditions and patients anxiety have a negative influence
      on the dentists' cardiovascular apparatus. The corrisponding poor modification of
      the oxygen consumption in the whole organism demonstrates that major part of
      cardiac exercise is dissipated by stress.

PMID- 2395775
TI  - [Fluoridation using iontophoresis. Clinical experimentation].

PMID- 2395777
TI  - [Prevention and the public sector. The "Citta murata" project. Results of a
      year's activity].
AB  - Transporting the pupils in pullman directly towards the locations of Sanitary
      Services has been made a complete screening process of caries applied on the
      first primary classes pertaining to the territory of the Ulss n.19 (Veneto
      Region). After a lesson on oral hygiene and a specialistic visit of the orodental
      state, it was performed a sealing of the surfaces of the permanent molar teeth in
      subjects at risk. It was emphasized that at the age of 6 years, the 73.76% of the
      subjects has presented at least one molar tooth erupted, and that among the
      permanent molar teeth, the 11.01 has already had a caries experience. The sealing
      was performed on 1149 molar teeth, equivalent to 68.47% of the elements at risk.
      the initiative will be completed by a recall of the same subjects, with the same
      modalities of treatment, in the second primary class.

PMID- 2395778
TI  - [Assisting children].

PMID- 2395779
TI  - [Oral hygiene motivation].

PMID- 2395780
TI  - [Epidemiology of dental caries in a Vicenza school group].
AB  - The Authors have made a stratified randomized enquiry about scholastic population
      of the Ulss no 8. The results obtained have shown a high prevalence of the
      decayed phenomenon in all bands of age.

PMID- 2395781
TI  - [Relations between sodium fluoride sensitivity and cariogenic potential in
      Streptococcus mutans].
AB  - Supragingival plaque samples of a group of 59 schoolchildren were taken. The
      samples were cultivated on a selective medium for Streptococcus mutans and the
      isolated wild strains were tested for resistance to sodium fluoride (NaF). The
      results show the existence of a positive statistic correlation between the degree
      of resistance to NaF caries experience, obtained by DMFS of the experimental
      group.

PMID- 2395782
TI  - Effect of the presence of hens on the semen production of male breeder turkeys.
AB  - Large White breeder male turkeys were raised in the absence of females. At 28 wk
      of age, the breeders were moved to a house with two separate wings. In one wing,
      four pens with five males per pen were alternated with 4 pens of breeder females;
      in the other wing, 4 pens with 5 males per pen were alternated with 4 empty pens.
      Vocalization by the females could not be heard in the wing without females. Semen
      was collected once a week from 33 to 49 wk of age. The ejaculate volume,
      concentration of spermatozoa in the ejaculate, and total number spermatozoa per
      ejaculate were determined for each male. An analysis of variance for each week
      showed few significant effects (P less than .05). Males with females in adjacent
      pens had higher ejaculate volumes and higher totals for spermatozoa per ejaculate
      for Weeks 36 and 41, higher spermatozoal concentrations for Week 39, and a lower
      spermatozoal concentration for Week 44 than males adjacent to empty pens. For
      Weeks 33 to 49 inclusive, the cumulative total ejaculate volume per male was 5.18
      and 4.89 mL, and the cumulative total spermatozoa per male was 40.0 and 39.0
      billion for males adjacent to females and males adjacent to empty pens,
      respectively. Therefore, the authors concluded that the presence of breeder hens
      had little effect on ejaculate volume, on concentration of spermatozoa in the
      ejaculate, or on total spermatozoa per ejaculate of breeder male turkeys.

PMID- 2395783
TI  - Anticoccidial effect of monensin against Eimeria mitis and Eimeria dispersa.
AB  - Four chick and five poult trials were conducted in order to investigate the
      anticoccidial efficacy of monensin against Eimeria mitis in chickens and Eimeria
      dispersa in turkeys. The chicks were fed a basal diet with either 0 or 100 ppm of
      monensin. The poults were fed a basal diet with either 0 or 60 ppm of monensin.
      Two days after the initiation of each experiment, the chicks and poults were crop
      intubated with oocysts of E. mitis and E. dispersa, respectively. A group was
      also included that was not infected and not medicated. Growth and feed intake
      were recorded. At 6 or 7 days postinoculation, the birds were killed by cervical
      dislocation and were scored for the incidence and severity of intestinal
      abnormalities. The Eimeria mitis infection reduced (P less than .01) gain and the
      feed:gain ratio, compared with uninfected birds; the E. dispersa infection only
      reduced (P less than .05) gain. Although well-defined, discrete lesions were not
      observed, marked intestinal abnormalities were noted in birds infected with
      either E. mitis or E. dispersa. Also, the infected, unmedicated birds had
      increased (P less than .01) intestinal scores compared with uninfected birds or
      those with infection but treated with monensin. Monensin eliminated the reduction
      in gain and feed efficiency seen in the infected birds. The infected birds fed
      monensin had intestinal scores, gain, and feed:gain ratios similar (P greater
      than .10) to those for the birds that were not infected and that did not receive
      medication.

PMID- 2395784
TI  - Effect of alanine-producing bacteria on the growth of chicks.
AB  - The effects of alanine-producing bacteria administered orally on the growth of
      chicks was investigated. The chicks were given diets containing adequate amounts
      of only the essential amino acids as sources of nitrogen: a basal diet (BD); a BD
      plus 40 g of urea per kilogram of diet (UD); a UD with bacteria named AR-8-3; a
      UD with bacteria named AB-605; and a BD plus 59.4 g and plus 118.7 g of L-alanine
      per kg of diet, respectively, from Day 8 to Day 15. The growth of chicks fed
      diets containing urea or alanine was significantly faster than that of the BD
      controls; no significant difference in growth was detected among the groups given
      the UD and bacteria. Since viable bacteria could not be detected from the
      intestinal content or from excreta for both groups given the bacteria, the
      establishment and achievement of alanine-producing activity by the bacteria in
      the gastrointestinal tract were considered doubtful. The supplement with 59.4 g
      of alanine per kg of diet improved the growth rate, but the higher inclusion
      (118.7 g of alanine per kg of diet) resulted in no further improvement.

PMID- 2395785
TI  - Relative biopotency of triiodothyronine and of thyroxine for inducing oxygen
      consumption in young chicks.
AB  - An experiment was conducted to evaluate the relative biopotency of
      triiodothyronine (T3) and of thyroxine (T4) for inducing oxygen consumption in
      young chicks. Male chicks, Single Comb White Leghorn, at 40 days of age were
      distributed into five experimental groups, one control group of 6 birds and four
      hormone-treated groups of 3 chicks. The chicks were injected intraperitoneally
      with T3 or T4 at a dose of 500 or 1,000 micrograms per kg of body weight.
      Thereafter, oxygen consumption was measured by indirect calorimetry using a
      respiration test apparatus. Oxygen consumption was significantly increased at 2
      and 4 h for the birds treated with T3 or T4 compared with the control birds,
      except for the chicks treated with T4 at 500 micrograms at 2 h. From the
      coefficients for a multiple regression equation of oxygen consumption on T3 and
      T4, the data showed that T3 was 2 to 3 times as biologically active as T4.

PMID- 2395786
TI  - Production traits and alloantigen systems in lines of chickens selected for high
      or low antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes.
AB  - The selection of chickens for high (HA) and for low (LA) antibody titers to sheep
      erythrocytes has produced differences in the selected trait and in the correlated
      responses in body weight, egg production, and erythrocyte antigens. The response
      to selection continued through 14 generations. There was considerable divergence
      between lines for erythrocyte alloantigen systems, including the major
      histocompatibility complex. Females from Line LA were heavier as juveniles and
      lighter as adults, matured at a younger age, and had higher egg production than
      those from Line HA. There were no differences between lines for the incidence of
      defective eggs laid-except for the percentage of eggs with double-yolks, which
      was greater for Line LA than HA. The phenotypic correlations of antibody response
      with growth and with reproductive traits were very low; the genetic correlations
      were moderate to high for most of these traits.

PMID- 2395787
TI  - The effect of zinc bacitracin and roxarsone on performance of broiler chickens
      when fed in combination with narasin.
AB  - Six trials were conducted at various locations to determine the response of
      broiler chickens to combinations of zinc bacitracin and roxarsone when fed in the
      presence of narasin. The addition of zinc bacitracin at 55 mg per kg
      significantly improved growth rate and feed utilization when data from all
      locations were combined. There was no effect of roxarsone fed at 50 mg per kg on
      BW or feed utilization, nor was there an interaction of roxarsone and zinc
      bacitracin on BW. There was a significant interaction of roxarsone and zinc
      bacitracin for feed utilization; addition of zinc bacitracin significantly
      improved feed utilization both in the presence and absence of roxarsone, but the
      improvement was greater in the absence of roxarsone.

PMID- 2395788
TI  - Effects of dietary aflatoxin in aflatoxin-resistant and control lines of
      chickens.
AB  - The resistance to a single oral dose (12 mg of aflatoxin per kg of BW) and 4 wk
      of dietary aflatoxin (2.5 mg per kg of feed) were investigated in chicks selected
      for five generations for resistance to acute aflatoxicosis (AR) and unselected
      control (C) chicks. The AR chicks were more resistant to a single oral dose of
      aflatoxin and had significantly decreased sodium pentobarbital sleeping time
      compared to C chicks. Four-weeks exposure to dietary aflatoxin did not result in
      any significant change in BW or feed conversion ratios of chicks from either the
      C or AR line. However, more sensitive indicators of aflatoxicosis including
      plasma total protein, albumin, cholesterol concentrations, and gamma glutamyl
      transferase activity were significantly altered in C chicks but not in AR chicks
      fed aflatoxin. Percentages of liver lipid and liver hyperplasia score were also
      significantly altered as a result of dietary aflatoxin treatment in C but not AR
      chicks. These data indicate that selection-associated differences exist between
      the C and AR lines of chickens that convey resistance to not only a single oral
      dose of aflatoxin but also to a more chronic dietary exposure to aflatoxin.

PMID- 2395789
TI  - The requirement for sulfur amino acid by laying hens as influenced by the protein
      concentration.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted with White Leghorn laying hens to determine the
      influence of the dietary CP concentration on the requirement for TSAA.
      Supplements of 0, .05, .1, or .15% of DL-methionine (Experiment 1) and 0, .025,
      .05, .075, .1, or .125% of DL-methionine (Experiment 2) were each added to corn
      soybean meal diet with 13, 16, or 19% CP. Experiment 1 was conducted for 4 wk
      (four groups of 10 hens, 32 wk of age per treatment). Experiment 2 was conducted
      for 5 wk (three groups of 9 hens, 59 wk of age per treatment). Methionine
      supplementation significantly improved egg production in Experiment 2, and in
      Experiment 1, the increase in egg production approached significance (P = .077).
      Egg production was highly significantly improved by increasing the protein level
      in both experiments. Egg weight was increased by methionine supplementation at
      all protein levels. For Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, the estimated
      requirement for TSAA in order to achieve maximum egg mass (grams of egg per day)
      was .61 and .54% for 13% CP, .61 and .65% for 16% CP, and .68 and .73% for 19%
      CP. The methionine requirement for maximum egg mass in Experiment 2 was .29%, .36
      and .41% for 13, 16, and 19% CP, respectively, but was not improved in Experiment
      1 by increasing the concentration of protein. Feed per gram of egg, but not feed
      per dozen eggs, was improved by methionine supplementation at all CP levels. Body
      weight gain generally increased along with the CP levels and with methionine
      supplementation, but the methionine requirement for maximum body weight did not
      appear to increase along with the increase in protein concentration. The results
      of the present study show that the concentration of dietary protein should be
      considered when determining the requirement of laying hens for TSAA.

PMID- 2395790
TI  - Relationship of dietary aluminum, phosphorus, and calcium to phosphorus and
      calcium metabolism and growth performance of broiler chicks.
AB  - Dietary treatments providing three levels of added Al (0, .196, or .392%) as
      aluminum sulfate and of available phosphorus (Pav) .45, .68, or .78%) in a
      factorial arrangement were administered to day-old chicks in Experiment 1. Plasma
      inorganic phosphorus (Pi) was significantly (P less than .05) elevated by
      increasing Pav and was decreased by Al. Body weight gain, feed intake, and the
      gain:feed ratio at Day 21 were significantly decreased by increased
      concentrations of Al, but were unaffected by the Pav concentrations. Decreases of
      39 and 73% in weight gain and of 34 and 66% in feed intake resulted from feeding
      .196 and .392% Al, respectively. In Experiment 2, day-old chicks were fed diets
      supplemented with 0 or .392% Al in combination with .9% Ca plus .45% Pav, .9% Ca
      plus .78% Pav, 1.8% Ca plus .45% Pav, or 1.8% Ca plus .9% Pav. After 21 days, the
      supplemental Al resulted in: 1) significantly poorer growth performance; 2)
      decreased plasma Pi, total Ca, Zn, and Mg; and 3) decreased tibia weight and
      breaking strength. Elevating Pav improved growth performance, plasma Pi, and
      tibia weight and strength, and decreased plasma total Ca. Increasing dietary Ca
      significantly decreased plasma Pi and increased plasma total Ca without affecting
      other parameters. Increasing Pav alleviated the negative effect of Al on plasma
      Pi without correcting the negative effect of Al on growth performance.

PMID- 2395791
TI  - The effect of adding cholesterol to laying hen diets as powder or predissolved in
      fat.
AB  - An experiment was conducted to determine if adding supplemental cholesterol to
      the feed or first adding it to the supplemental fat source of laying hen diets
      would result in differences in egg yolk and liver cholesterol levels. Five levels
      of cholesterol (0, .5, 1, 2, and 4%) and three levels of animal tallow (0, 4, and
      8%) were used. The diets were randomly assigned and fed for 35 days to
      individually caged hens within each of six replicates. Eggs laid on or near Days
      0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 were used for cholesterol analysis. Liver cholesterol,
      egg production, and feed intake were also assessed. Mixing cholesterol with the
      fat source before feed incorporation did not promote higher yolk or liver
      cholesterol levels and were essentially the same as the method in which powdered
      cholesterol was added directly to the feed. A linear increase in yolk and liver
      cholesterol was observed with 0, .5, and 1% dietary cholesterol. Yolk cholesterol
      also increased linearly during the first 14 days of cholesterol administration.
      Further increases in yolk cholesterol, however, were not obtained with either the
      higher levels of dietary cholesterol or the extended feeding times.

PMID- 2395792
TI  - Manganese utilization in chicks as affected by excess calcium and phosphorus
      ingestion.
AB  - Three experiments were conducted to assess Mn utilization in the presence or
      absence of excess Ca and P from various sources. Supplements were added to a corn
      soybean meal diet containing 1% Ca, .7% (.5% available) P and 37 mg of Mn per kg.
      Three percentages of supplemental Mn from MnSO4.H2O (0, 500, and 1,000 mg of Mn
      per kg) were used to construct a standard curve of tibia Mn regressed on the 14
      day supplemental Mn intake (r averaged .96 for the three experiments). From this,
      the tibia Mn values obtained from chicks fed diets containing 1,000 mg of
      supplemental Mn per kg of diet plus 1% added Ca from various sources, were used
      to calculate bioavailable Mn via standard-curve methodology. In Experiment 1,
      analytical-grade (AG) CaCO3, feed-grade (FG) oyster shell and FG dicalcium
      phosphate decreased Mn utilization by 20, 15 and 53%, respectively, but FG
      limestone was without effect. Experiments 2 and 3 were conducted to determine how
      different combinations of Ca and P, as well as different cationic forms of P,
      affected Mn utilization. The results from these experiments indicated that
      feeding .88% of excess inorganic P, regardless of source and whether fed alone or
      in combination with excess Ca, reduced Mn utilization by 50 to 65%. Among the Ca
      sources, only oyster shell caused a reduction in Mn utilization. It is evident
      that excess dietary P is more antagonistic to Mn than is excess Ca.

PMID- 2395793
TI  - Effect of dietary aluminum sulfate on calcium and phosphorus metabolism of
      broiler chicks.
AB  - The effect of dietary aluminum sulfate on Ca and P metabolism was studied using 1
      day-old male broiler chicks. In Experiment 1, practical diets providing .90% Ca
      plus .45% available P (Pav), .90% Ca plus .78% Pav, 1.80% Ca plus .45% Pav, or
      1.80% Ca plus .90% Pav were fed with 0 or .392% A1 as aluminum sulfate for 21
      days. The control diet (.90% Ca plus .45% Pav) without added A1 was fed to all
      chicks during Days 22 to 49. In general, A1 significantly (P less than .05)
      decreased BW gain, feed intake, gain:feed ratio, plasma inorganic P (Pi), tibia
      breaking strength, tibia weight, percentage of tibia ash, and plasma Zn, measured
      at Day 21. Elevating Pav increased BW gain, feed intake, gain:feed ratio, tibia
      weight and plasma Zn, and decreased plasma total Ca in the presence of .392% A1
      plus 1.80% Ca. Plasma Pi, tibia breaking strength, and percentage of tibia ash
      were increased by raising dietary Pav in the presence of .392% A1 with either
      level of Ca. Negative effects of dietary A1 on feed intake and BW persisted
      through Day 49. In Experiment 2, a control diet (.90% Ca, .45% Pav) was fed for
      ad libitum access either alone or supplemented with .2% A1 as aluminum sulfate or
      with an equivalent amount of sulfate provided by potassium sulfate. The control
      diet was also pair-fed to chicks given .2% A1. Dietary A1 significantly depressed
      weight gain, feed intake, gain:feed ratio, and plasma Pi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395794
TI  - Cryopreservation of semen from unique lines of chicken germ plasm.
AB  - Frozen semen is a practical means of preserving valuable germ plasm. Monitored
      samples of semen cryopreserved with glycerol for heterozygous, dominant marker
      stocks and for nine chromosomal rearrangement lines had sufficiently high
      fertility for germ-line retrieval. The results also indicated a potential for the
      genetic selection of certain lines for the freezability of spermatozoa, since
      stock and line differences in fertility occurred when previously frozen semen was
      used for insemination. Freezing the semen of stocks routinely reproduced provides
      insurance against possible disasters.

PMID- 2395795
TI  - Relationships in the structure-tissue distribution of basic drugs in the rabbit.
AB  - The relationship between the tissue-to-plasma partition coefficients (Kp) and
      drug lipophilicity was investigated using highly lipophilic drugs with apparent
      partition coefficients of 150 or above in an octanol-water system at pH 7.4. Ten
      clinically popular basic drugs with different dissociation coefficients (pKa) and
      lipophilicity were used. The Kp values were determined in nondisposing organs
      after the i.v. administration of individual drugs in rabbits. The free fraction
      in plasma and the blood-to-plasma concentration ratio were determined in vitro.
      Then the tissue-to-plasma ratios of nonionized and unbound drug concentrations
      (Kpfu) were calculated from Kpf (ratio of unbound drug). The true octanol-water
      partition coefficient of the nonionized drugs (P) was used to analyze the Kpf and
      Kpfu. In all tissues, log Kpfu was more highly correlated with log P than log
      Kpf.

PMID- 2395796
TI  - Optimization of the therapeutic index by adjustment of the rate of drug
      administration or use of drug combinations: exploratory studies of diuretics.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to explore theoretically certain strategies
      for optimizing the therapeutic index of drugs and to assess these strategies
      experimentally with two diuretics. Diuretic agents allow dosing rate
      flexibilities because the temporal profile of diuretic action can vary
      considerably as long as the total diuretic effect per day is the same. They can
      also be used in combination. Experiments were designed to determine if the
      therapeutic index of furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide can be optimized by
      administering one or the other at a certain rate or by administering the two
      drugs together in a certain ratio and at a certain rate. Male Lewis rats received
      one or the other drug, or combinations of the two, by i.v. infusion at different
      rates. Several timed urine collections were made under steady-state conditions,
      with excreted urine replaced volume for volume by i.v. lactated Ringer's
      solution. The urine flow rates and the urinary excretion rates of the diuretics
      and of Na+ and K+ were determined. The relationship between the diuretic effect
      of either of the two drugs given alone and the respective drug excretion rate
      could be described by the Hill equation. The ratio of urine flow rate to K+
      excretion rate exhibited a marked dependence on hydrochlorothiazide excretion
      rate (highest ratio at high excretion rates), whereas the K+/Na+ excretion rate
      ratio was constant over a wide range of hydrochlorothiazide excretion rates.
      There was no significant change of these ratios with changing excretion rate of
      furosemide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395797
TI  - Chemical pathways of peptide degradation. II. Kinetics of deamidation of an
      asparaginyl residue in a model hexapeptide.
AB  - Deamidation of Asn residues is a major chemical pathway of degradation of
      peptides and proteins. To understand better the external factors that influence
      deamidation, we studied the degradation of the hexapeptide Val-Tyr-Pro-Asn-Gly
      Ala, a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone, by HPLC. The deamidation of this
      model peptide showed marked dependence on pH, temperature, and buffer
      composition. In the pH range 5 to 12, the peptide deamidated exclusively via a
      cyclic imide intermediate with the formation of both the Asp- and the isoAsp
      hexapeptides. Buffer catalysis was also observed in the pH range of 7 to 11.
      However, at acidic pH's, the pathway of deamidation involved direct hydrolysis of
      the amide side chain of Asn residue to produce only the Asp-hexapeptide.

PMID- 2395798
TI  - Contributions of drug solubilization, partitioning, barrier disruption, and
      solvent permeation to the enhancement of skin permeation of various compounds
      with fatty acids and amines.
AB  - The contributions of several proposed mechanisms by which fatty acids and amines
      might increase skin permeation rates were assessed. Permeation rates of model
      diffusants with diverse physicochemical properties (naloxone, testosterone,
      benzoic acid, indomethacin, fluorouracil, and methotrexate) through human skin
      were measured in vitro. The enhancers evaluated were capric acid, lauric acid,
      neodecanoic acid, and dodecylamine. Increased drug solubility in the vehicle,
      propylene glycol (PG), in some cases accounted for the increases in flux in the
      presence of adjuvants, since permeability coefficients were unchanged. Partition
      coefficients of some drugs into isopropyl myristate or toluene were increased by
      the adjuvants, but this did not occur for combinations of an acid with a base
      (adjuvant-drug or drug-adjuvant). Increases in flux not accounted for by
      increases in drug solubility or partitioning were assumed to involve disruption
      of the barrier function of skin (increased skin diffusivity). All fatty acids
      increased skin diffusivity of naloxone, testosterone, indomethacin, and
      fluorouracil but not of methotrexate or benzoic acid. Dodecylamine increased skin
      diffusivity only for fluorouracil. Capric acid and dodecylamine, but not lauric
      acid or neodecanoic acid, increased the skin permeation rate of PG, suggesting
      that enhanced solvent penetration could also be involved as a mechanism for
      increased skin permeation of the drug. However, the increase in PG flux due to
      dodecylamine was nullified when methotrexate was added to the vehicle, possibly
      because of a dodecylamine/methotrexate interaction. These studies demonstrate
      that drug solubilization in the vehicle, increased partitioning, increased
      solvent penetration, and barrier disruption each can contribute to increased skin
      permeation rates in the presence of fatty acids and amines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395800
TI  - Optical purity determination of threo-methylphenidate hydrochloride using a
      chiral europium nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shift reagent.
AB  - A 1H-NMR spectroscopic method for the determination of the optical purity of
      threo-methylphenidate hydrochloride is presented. Complexation of the free-base
      form of the substrate with a chiral Eu(III) shift reagent resulted in two
      distinct enantiomeric ester methyl proton signals of utility for quantitative
      work. The accuracy of the method was validated by analyzing six synthetic
      mixtures of various proportions of (+)- and (-)-threo-methylphenidate. In
      addition to yielding assay results that were in close agreement with the known
      weights of each enantiomer in the mixture, and a mean recovery of the (-)-threo
      enantiomer of better than 99.0%, the proposed method was capable of accurately
      measuring as little as 2% of one enantiomer in the presence of the other.

PMID- 2395799
TI  - Sulfate homeostasis. II. Influence of chronic aspirin administration on inorganic
      sulfate in humans.
AB  - The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of chronic
      aspirin administration on the serum concentration and renal clearance of
      inorganic sulfate in healthy volunteers. In a randomized crossover study, eight
      male subjects received either no treatment or 975 mg of enteric-coated aspirin
      three times daily for 8 days. Blood and urine samples were collected on the
      eighth day over a 7-hr period. Midpoint salicylic acid concentrations in serum
      varied between 55 and 182 micrograms/ml (mean concentration of 109
      micrograms/ml). Serum inorganic sulfate concentrations demonstrated a small but
      significant decrease on the eighth day of aspirin administration but there was no
      apparent change in the renal clearance of sulfate. There were significant
      correlations between the renal clearances, urinary excretion rates, and serum
      concentrations of creatinine and sulfate, reflecting the dependence of sulfate
      homeostasis on renal function. The serum concentration and renal clearance of
      creatinine, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were unaffected
      by aspirin treatment.

PMID- 2395801
TI  - Influence of temperature and hydrophobic group-associated icebergs on the
      activation energy of drug decomposition and its implication in drug shelf-life
      prediction.
AB  - The Ea values of aspirin hydrolysis, as a result of hydronium-ion catalysis,
      intramolecular-nucleophilic catalysis, and hydroxyl-ion catalysis, were
      significantly different from each other when determined in the 30-40, 45-55, and
      60-70 degrees C ranges. The different Ea values were attributed to differences in
      both delta H* and delta S*, which could be accounted for by the various activated
      complexes formed in the hydrolysis of aspirin for each mechanism and the
      disruptive effect of temperature on the iceberg structures of water present
      around the phenyl group and the methyl group of aspirin at 42 and 58 degrees C,
      respectively. A linear relationship observed between the calculated
      "differential" enthalpy and entropy values, with a slope (compensation
      temperature) value of about 307 degrees K, supported a role for icebergs
      associated with hydrophobic groups in the formation of the activated complexes.
      This study illustrates that the predicted shelf life of a drug at room
      temperature could be erroneous if estimated from a single Ea value which is
      calculated from the decomposition rate constants determined at widely spaced
      temperatures in the range of 10-70 degrees C, using the Arrhenius relationship.

PMID- 2395802
TI  - Vidarabine-loaded nanoparticles: a physicochemical study.
AB  - The chemical reaction of vidarabine (VIDA) with isohexyl cyanoacrylate
      nanoparticles in a pH-dependent fashion occurs only in the presence of
      dioctylsulfosuccinate (DOSS). The formation of an ion pair with DOSS allows a
      better contact of VIDA with the monomer during the polymerization process taking
      place in micelles. On the basis of molecular weight profiles of the polymer,
      determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), it is proposed that VIDA
      induces the polymerization of cyanoacrylic monomers through a zwitterionic
      pathway. This mechanism allows the covalent linkage of the drug with the polymer,
      which is consistent with NMR experiments. The present study illustrates the need
      for physicochemical studies in the design of new colloidal drug delivery
      formulations.

PMID- 2395803
TI  - The metabolism of CGP-291: the use of microorganisms as models of mammalian
      metabolism.
AB  - CGP-291 is an investigational antiprotozoal agent with unknown metabolism.
      Microbial systems were utilized, as a model of mammalian metabolism, to predict
      the oxidative metabolic pathway of this nitroimidazole. Large-scale fermentation
      of CGP-291 with Beauvaria bassiana produced two major metabolites, IV and V.
      Structures of both were elucidated by comparing spectral data of metabolites to
      that of the starting material. The presence of two minor monohydroxylated
      metabolites was verified using LC-MS.

PMID- 2395804
TI  - Quantitative correlations and reexamination of the importance of hydrophobic and
      steric factors in anticholinergic drug receptor interactions.
AB  - The pA2 (or log K) values at the muscarinic cholinergic receptor of the guinea
      pig ileum for a series of 1,3-dioxolanes have been correlated with the
      hydrophobic constant pi and pi 2. A correlation coefficient of 0.97 and standard
      deviation of 0.30 were obtained with 16 of the 18 compounds (P less than 0.05). A
      series of 17 analogues of amino esters of alpha-methyl tropic acid and alpha
      substituted phenyl acetic acids, which were tested in the isolated rat ileal
      muscle, was analyzed, with a correlation coefficient of 0.92 and a standard
      deviation of 0.25 (P less than 0.05). Based on these results, the role of
      hydrophobic forces in the drug receptor interactions of muscarinic cholinergic
      receptors was analyzed. Optimum values for the physicochemical parameters were
      determined and their use in enhancing potency was suggested.

PMID- 2395805
TI  - Upper gastrointestinal (GI) pH in young, healthy men and women.
AB  - The pH in the upper gastrointestinal tract of young, healthy men and women was
      measured in the fasting state and after administration of a standard solid and
      liquid meal. Calibrated Heidelberg capsules were used to record the pH
      continuously over the study period of approximately 6 hr. In the fasted state,
      the median gastric pH was 1.7 and the median duodenal pH was 6.1. When the meal
      was administered the gastric pH climbed briefly to a median peak value of 6.7,
      then declined gradually back to the fasted state value over a period of less than
      2 hr. In contrast to the pH behavior in the stomach, feeding a meal caused a
      reduction in the median duodenal pH to 5.4. In addition, there was considerable
      fluctuation in the postprandial duodenal pH on an intrasubject basis. The pH in
      the duodenum did not return to fasted state values within the 4-hr postprandial
      observation period. There was no tendency for the duodenal pH to be related to
      the gastric pH in either the fed or fasted phases of the study. Furthermore, pH
      in the upper GI tract of young, healthy subjects appears to be independent of
      gender. The differences in upper GI pH between the fasted and the fed state are
      discussed in terms of dosage form performance and absorption for orally
      administered drugs.

PMID- 2395806
TI  - Percutaneous absorption enhancement of an ionic molecule by ethanol-water systems
      in human skin.
AB  - Ethanol-water systems enhance permeation of ionic solutes through human stratum
      corneum. Optimum enhancement of salicylate ion permeation has been observed with
      ethanol volume fractions near 0.63. The mechanism of action of ethanol-water
      systems enhancing skin permeation was investigated by in vitro skin permeation
      studies combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy experiments. The
      increased skin permeation of the ionic permeant by the ethanol-water systems may
      be associated with alterations involving the polar pathway. Polar pathway
      alterations may occur in either or both the lipid polar head and proteinaceous
      regions of the stratum corneum. Ion-pair formation may also contribute to
      increased permeation. However, the decreased permeation of salicylate ion
      observed at higher volume fractions of ethanol may be attributed to decreased
      uptake of permeant into the stratum corneum.

PMID- 2395808
TI  - Influence of food on the bioavailability of Ro 15-0778 in humans.

PMID- 2395809
TI  - Academic pharmaceutics: the challenge of excellence. AAPS Task Force.

PMID- 2395807
TI  - Nasal absorption enhancers for biosynthetic human growth hormone in rats.
AB  - The effects of several prospective absorption enhancers were assessed on the
      nasal absorption of biosynthetic human growth hormone (hGH) in the rat. These
      enhancers function by alternative mechanisms that include enzyme inhibition,
      reduction in mucus viscosity, and enhancement of membrane fluidity. The levels of
      plasma hGH achieved were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The
      increase in peak height was calculated relative to nasal administration of hGH
      alone without any enhancers and the relative bioavailability was calculated with
      reference to subcutaneous injection data. A lysophospholipid,
      lysophosphatidylcholine, gave the highest peak concentration, with an increase in
      peak height of 450% and a relative bioavailability of 25.8%. However, the
      greatest increase in AUC (291%) was achieved with the aminopeptidase inhibitor,
      amastatin, which gave a relative bioavailability of 28.9%. A mucolytic agent, N
      acetyl-L-cysteine, and a transmembrane fatty acid transporter, palmitoyl-DL
      carnitine, were also found to promote the nasal absorption of hGH in this model,
      with relative bioavailabilities of 12.2 and 22.1%, respectively. Bestatin, an
      enzyme inhibitor, was not an effective absorption enhancer for hGH in this model.

PMID- 2395810
TI  - Fifth annual meeting and exposition. American Association of Pharmaceutical
      Scientists. November 4-8, 1990, Las Vegas. Abstracts.

PMID- 2395811
TI  - Sparteine metabolism capacity in human liver: structural variants of human
      P450IID6 as assessed by immunochemistry.
AB  - An antibody raised against rat P450dbl was used to examine the heterogeneity of
      the human enzyme involved in the sparteine/debrisoquine polymorphism. The extent
      to which the antibody was able to inhibit sparteine metabolism varied in
      different human livers (10-80%, n = 9) and reflected the amount of sparteine
      metabolism carried out by the polymorphic P450IID6 in individual liver specimens.
      The individual sample variation in inhibition by the antibody correlated with the
      inhibition caused by quinidine, a prototype competitive inhibitor of the P450IID6
      enzyme active site. Western immunoblots of the liver microsomes confirmed that
      the variation in the inhibition of sparteine metabolism by this antibody
      reflected the amount of P450IID6 protein. In addition, a detailed study of one of
      the livers (K19) which demonstrated a lack of inhibition by the antibody was
      performed which confirmed the lack of P450IID6 in this liver specimen and
      suggested that the nascent sparteine metabolism activity was due to other forms
      of P450.

PMID- 2395812
TI  - TCDD inhibits the support of B-cell development by the bursa of Fabricius.
AB  - The toxic effects produced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and its
      congeners include inhibition of lymphoid development. We have previously found an
      inhibition of B-cell development in the bursa of Fabricius of chick embryos
      treated with TCDD congeners in ovo. In the present study, the bursae of ten-day
      old chick embryos were removed and cultured on filter paper for 24 hr in media
      with or without TCDD or 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorazoxybenzene (TCAOB). Following
      culture, the bursae were transplanted onto the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of
      ten-day-old eggs of the same strain or of a strain expressing a different B-cell
      surface alloantigen. After 5 days on the CAM the number of B-cells was determined
      or the grafts were sectioned for subsequent immunohistochemistry. Results were as
      follows: 1) A lower number of lymphoid cells (dose dependent) was observed in the
      TCDD-treated transplants amounting to 40-50% of that in the controls at 10(-9) M
      TCDD. Higher concentrations of TCDD compromised survival of the grafts. A single
      concentration of TCAOB (10(-8) M) was tested, resulting in a lymphoid cell number
      of 60% of that of the controls. 2) The bursal epithelium showed relatively normal
      development even in cases where B-cell development was affected. 3) Lymphoid
      cells in the grafted bursae originated from the embryo of the host egg. These
      findings suggest that the TCDD congeners had a direct effect on the bursa of
      Fabricius, leading to an inhibition of lymphoid development. It is likely that
      the microenvironment is affected by these compounds, thus resulting in a decrease
      in the attraction of stem cells and/or in the capacity to induce proliferation of
      the colonizing cells.

PMID- 2395814
TI  - Acute behavioural effects of the organophosphates sarin and soman in rats.
AB  - The effects on behaviour of single subtoxic doses of two potent organophosphorous
      compounds, sarin (isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate, 12.5 and 50 micrograms/kg,
      intraperitoneally) and soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate, 4 and 20
      micrograms/kg, intraperitoneally) were studied in male Wistar rats. In the open
      field test, soman dose-dependently decreased rearing and ambulation and increased
      non-mobile exploration. The higher dose of sarin changed only the rearing and
      grooming behaviour. Sarin and soman decreased locomotor activity on the Animex
      for at least one hour at the beginning of the monitoring period. In the doses
      used, both organophosphates inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity
      significantly in the blood. The results suggest that small doses of sarin and
      soman have inactivating effects on the behaviour of rats. Although the findings
      cannot be extrapolated directly to behavioural changes in man, they indicate that
      subtle behavioural dysfunctions could also occur in humans at exposures which do
      not cause acute toxicity.

PMID- 2395813
TI  - Cardiovascular consequences of organophosphorus poisoning and of antidotes in
      conscious unrestrained rats.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects of two organophosphorus, paraoxon and soman, as well
      as of antidotes advocated in the treatment of these intoxications have been
      investigated using a computerized analysis of arterial blood pressure in
      conscious unrestrained rats. Intravenous administration of paraoxon as well as of
      soman produced a marked, sustained and dose-related increase in blood pressure
      associated with a bradycardia. Pyridostigmine, a quaternary carbamate, neither
      altered blood pressure nor heart rate. Benzodiaxepines, such as diazepam or
      loprazolam, and atropine induced a dose-dependent tachycardia while pralidoxime
      decreased heart rate. A complete therapeutic scheme including the intravenous
      administration of pyridostigmine 10 min. before a postpoisoning therapy made of
      pralidoxime, diazepam and atropine induced a transient tachycardia, which was
      followed, after a return to control values, by a second and more stable
      tachycardia concurrently to a slight hypertension. Postpoisoning therapy alone
      suppressed the pressor effect of soman within a few minutes after its
      administration. Afterwards, this therapy reduced the importance of the
      cardiovascular effects produced by soman. Pyridostigmine pretreatment decreased
      the protection afforded by postpoisoning therapy in soman-intoxicated rats. These
      results show that postpoisoning therapy with pralidoxime, diazepam and atropine
      has a noteworthy efficacy against cardiovascular manifestations of soman
      intoxications in the rat.

PMID- 2395815
TI  - Demethylation pathways in caffeine metabolism as indicators of variability in
      1,1,1-trichloroethane oxidation in man.
AB  - Twenty volunteers were exposed to 191 +/- 7 p.p.m. 1,1,1-trichloroethane or 50 +/
      2 p.p.m. perchloroethylene vapour for 6 hr. They were then evaluated for their
      rate of caffeine metabolism, mephenytoin hydroxylation and debrisoquine
      hydroxylation. Seven subjects were identified as 'fast acetylators' of caffeine
      and one person as a slow metabolizer of debrisoquine. The "slow acetylators"
      exposed to perchloroethylene excreted an average of 3.83 +/- 0.35 mg
      trichloroacetic acid within 24 hr (N = 13, +/- S.E.) and the 'fast acetylators'
      3.58 +/- 0.48 mg (N = 7, +/- S.E.). The excretion of trichloroethanol by the same
      persons after 1,1,1-trichloroethane exposure was 14.1 +/- 1.12 mg and 16.7 +/-
      1.48 mg, respectively. The excretion of trichloroacetic acid in the latter
      exposure varied significantly between the seven 'fast' and 13 'slow acetylators'
      (0.43 +/- 0.08 mg versus 1.03 +/- 0.19 mg; +/- S.E.; P = 0.037). A multiple
      linear regression analysis confirmed this association when other factors, such as
      body weight, creatinine clearance, smoking habit and alcohol consumption, were
      taken into account. One volunteer proved to be a poor hydroxylator of
      debrisoquine and excreted half the amount of trichloroacetic acid in the
      perchloroethylene exposure and half the amount of trichloroethanol in the 1,1,1
      trichloroethane exposure compared to the others. A reduction in the solvent
      metabolism could thus be predicted by the debrisoquine test. On the other hand,
      the caffeine test predicted faster oxidation of trichloroethanol which could be
      of toxicological and pharmacological importance e.g. in the clinical use of
      chloral.

PMID- 2395816
TI  - Dose-related accumulation of organophosphate phosphamidon in discrete regions of
      the CNS: correlation with its neurotoxicity.
AB  - Phosphamidon was detected by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) from various CNS
      regions of the rats intoxicated with three doses (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg body
      weight) intraperitoneally daily for seven days. A distinct dose-related increase
      in its concentration was observed in all investigated areas of the CNS. Regions
      with higher gray matter composition showed greater uptake of phosphamidon
      compared to those rich in white matter. This is in accordance with our previous
      study (Naqvi et al. 1988) revealing similar pattern in the effect of phosphamidon
      on the phospholipids in the brain.

PMID- 2395818
TI  - Effects of positive inotropic drugs on the frequency of contraction of the
      isolated atria: influence of dose regimen and age.
AB  - The dose-activity relationship of various positive inotropic drugs has been
      investigated in the spontaneously beating right atria of the rat. The influence
      of dose regimen and age has been evaluated. There is a significant difference
      between the maximal response of single and cumulative dose experiments with
      amrinone (P less than 0.05) and dobutamine (P less than 0.001) in animals aged 2
      months and in dopamine (P less than 0.001) in animals aged 4 months. The maximum
      response is lowered significantly with age for isoprenaline with single (P less
      than 0.05) and for dopamine and dobutamine with cumulative dosing (P less than
      0.001). In the single dose study the response is achieved within 4 min. for
      isoprenaline, noradrenaline, dobutamine, xamoterol and amrinone, but not until
      after 14 min. for prenalterol. It is concluded that both age and methods used in
      the study of pharmacodynamics are important. Thus when comparing effects the use
      of the same method and tissue from rats of the same age is necessary.

PMID- 2395817
TI  - Autoradiography of 3H-alpha-fluoromethyl histidine in mice: correlation with the
      kidney histidine decarboxylase activity.
AB  - Tritium-alpha-fluoromethyl histidine (3H-alpha-FMH), designed as a kcat-inhibitor
      of mammalian histidine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.22), was administered
      intravenously in male and pregnant female mice of the NMRI strain and the
      distribution of tritium in the body recorded by whole-body and
      microautoradiography. The results showed penetration of radioactivity into most
      tissues within 5 min. after the injection. After 4 hrs the highest levels of
      radioactivity were present in the intestinal content and in the kidneys. In the
      pregnant animal there was also a high labelling of the foetal tissues. When whole
      body sections were washed in TCA prior to the autoradiographic exposure to retain
      only protein-bound radioactivity, a distinct labelling pattern was seen in the
      kidneys of the pregnant female mice but not in those of the male mice.
      Microautoradiography of the kidneys showed that the cells involved were located
      within the proximal convoluted tubuli. In several mouse strains, including the
      NMRI, the activity of kidney histidine decarboxylase is low in the males but high
      in females during a transient period of pregnancy. Incorporation of tritium into
      kidney protein after treatment with 3H-alpha-FMH, was correlated to a loss in
      histidine decarboxylase activity. The isotopic labelling was confined mainly to a
      component which cofractionated with histidine decarboxylase in polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (PAGE) under non-denaturing conditions. Our data indicate that
      the cells described above represent the location of kidney histidine
      decarboxylase.

PMID- 2395819
TI  - Effect of oral activated charcoal on the pharmacokinetics of quinidine and
      quinine administered intravenously to rabbits.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of quinidine and quinine following intravenous
      administration (10 mg/kg) with and without concurrent treatment with oral
      activated charcoal was studied in the rabbit. Marked differences were observed in
      the pharmacokinetic parameters. Compared to quinidine, quinine was characterized
      by larger volume of distribution (Vd), systemic clearance (Cl) and elimination
      rate constant (Kel), and smaller half-life of elimination (t1/2), mean residence
      time (MRT) and area under the curve (AUC). Activated charcoal administered orally
      (15 g) significantly decreased the serum concentrations of quinidine but not
      quinine. Furthermore, charcoal treatment significantly enhanced the systemic
      elimination of quinidine as indicated by the significant increase in Cl and
      decrease in t1/2, MRT and AUC. By contrast, activated charcoal had no significant
      effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of quinine. Differences between
      quinidine and quinine in respect to the effect of activated charcoal on the
      systemic elimination of these drugs seem at least, in part, dependent on
      dispositional factors. The high Cl and Vd of quinine in the rabbit are probably
      factors that mask the effect of charcoal on the elimination of this drug.

PMID- 2395820
TI  - Acute and carry-over effects of brotizolam compared to nitrazepam and placebo in
      monotonous simulated driving.
AB  - Eighteen healthy volunteers of both sexes, aged 20-35 years, were tested in the
      morning after three nights of medication with brotizolam 0.25 mg, nitrazepam 5 mg
      or placebo on a monotonous simulated driving task. The effect measures were
      subsidiary auditory reaction time and time outside road. Measurements of self
      rated alertness were carried out as well. No effects were demonstrated from
      treatments on either measure. Nitrazepam however tended to score worst on all
      measures, except time outside road which could not be analysed with respect to
      statistical significance because of an insufficient number of subjects leaving
      the road. Twelve of the subjects were also tested immediately after drug intake
      on the first night of each medication period. Reaction time decrement was
      observed in both active drugs conditions with no difference between the two. The
      other measures, however non-significant, pointed in the same direction with the
      greatest decrement for nitrazepam.

PMID- 2395821
TI  - Influence of interleukin-1 beta on the secretion of oxytocin and vasopressin from
      the isolated rat neurohypophysis.
AB  - The effect of the cytokine interleukin-1 beta on the secretion of oxytocin and
      vasopressin from electrically stimulated rat neurohypophysis was examined in
      vitro. The release of oxytocin and vasopressin was concentration-dependently
      increased by interleukin-1 beta in the concentration range from 4.4 pM to 440 pM.
      The effect of interleukin-1 beta on oxytocin secretion was less intense as
      compared to vasopressin. After 440 pM interleukin-1 beta the electrically evoked
      release of oxytocin was increased about 22% and had not reached its maximum. The
      vasopressin response was maximal after 44 pM interleukin-1 beta, the response
      being increased 43% compared to control. No trace of interleukin-1 beta was found
      in the posterior pituitary (less than 350 pmol/lobe, radioimmunoassay). The
      results indicate that interleukin-1 beta might be involved the regulation of
      oxytocin and vasopressin at the pituitary level.

PMID- 2395822
TI  - Sympathoexcitatory action of a novel muscarinic receptor agonist, AF102B, and its
      blockade by pirenzepine.
AB  - The pharmacological effects of a novel, selective muscarinic (M1) receptor
      agonist, AF102B (cis-2-methyl-spiro-(1,3-oxathiolane-5,3')-quinuclidine
      hydrochloride hemihydrate), on sympathetic nerve activity are described.
      Intravenous administration of AF102B (1 and 10 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent
      increase in cardiac sympathetic nerve activity accompanied by tachycardia in
      spinal-intact rats. In addition, AF102B (10 mg/kg) caused a marked increase in
      cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and heart rate in pithed rats. Pirenzepine (50
      micrograms/kg) inhibited these sympathoexcitatory effects of AF102B (10 mg/kg) in
      pithed rats. These findings suggest that AF102B possesses a sympathoexcitatory
      action which is mediated by M1-receptors.

PMID- 2395823
TI  - Rat liver slices: metabolic changes during short time incubation in glucose-free
      buffer.

PMID- 2395824
TI  - Effects induced by phenobarbital and phenytoin on the activity of
      pseudocholinesterase in serum and liver in the mouse.

PMID- 2395825
TI  - [The use of the antipyrine test in assessing liver function in patients with
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus].
AB  - The antipyrine test in the authors' modification was used for investigation of
      liver function in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. The drug was
      administered per os a dose of 15 mg per 1 kg of body mass. Its concentration was
      determined in saliva spectrophotometrically and calculated a period of its half
      life [correction of semielimination] (T1/2). In half of 19 patients T1/2 of
      antipyrine was inhibited 3.2 times, in 4 patients it was decreased 2.1-fold, and
      in 6 patients it was unchanged. Indices of routine biochemical liver tests were
      within normal. In patients with inhibited excretion of antipyrine there were
      signs of disturbed lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The antipyrine test can be
      recommended as an auxiliary method for evaluation of the gravity of liver
      parenchymal lesion in patients with diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2395826
TI  - [The interrelation of the glucose tolerance test indices with nutritional factors
      in persons with excess body weight].
AB  - An organized population of males aged 20 to 59 (799 persons) was investigated, of
      them 55 had excess body mass (EBM). Body mass was evaluated using Quetelet's
      rule, its values 30 and more being regarded as the presence of EBM in an
      examinee. Nutrition was investigated by a method of examination of food eaten up
      over a preceding day. Carbohydrate metabolism was investigated with GTT per os
      with the determination of glycemia on an empty stomach 1 and 2 h after glucose
      (75 g) intake. Analysis of the obtained results has shown that dietary habits of
      persons with EBM do not differ considerably from those of the population. However
      in persons with EBM the relationship of the glycemia level with the amount of
      consumed carbohydrates as well as with the amount of fats and proteins,
      especially proteins of animal origin, turned out to be specific. With some
      exceptions, these relationships in the population were undetectable.

PMID- 2395827
TI  - [Hyperbaric oxygenation in the combined treatment of patients with diabetes
      mellitus complicated by a suppurative-septic infection].
AB  - Some indices of humoral and cellular immunity were studied in 98 patients with
      diabetes mellitus (DM), complicated with pyoseptic infection (phlegmon, abscess,
      gangrene of different sites, hematogenic osteomyelitis, furunculosis, sepsis). A
      course of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) was conducted. Multimodality antidiabetic
      therapy in combination with HBO resulted in the improved general status of almost
      all DM patients, stimulation of reparative processes and wound defect closure
      were faster; DM compensation was achieved and ketoacidosis stopped. Normalization
      of laboratory and clinical indices was accompanied by immunological tests. The
      use of HBO in multimodality therapy of patients with DM complicated with
      pyoseptic infection brings about a good therapeutic effect.

PMID- 2395828
TI  - [The results of using parlodel in hyperprolactinemia].
AB  - The authors presented the results of catamnestic investigation of 133 women
      treated with bromocriptine for various types of hyperprolactinemic hypogonadism.
      A high effectiveness and safety of bromocriptine therapy were observed. Methods
      of prevention of probable complications were proposed. The authors evaluated the
      health status of children born to patients treated with bromocriptine. The most
      prolonged remissions were observed in patients with macroprolactinemia who gave
      birth to children owing to bromocriptine therapy. Most patients develop a relapse
      of the disease after therapy discontinuation and therefore need repeated
      therapeutic courses. In the authors' opinion, prolonged bromocriptine therapy is
      a serious alternative to surgery and radiotherapy.

PMID- 2395829
TI  - [The HLA system in diffuse toxic goiter].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the determination of class I antigens of the HLA
      system in 104 patients with diffuse toxic goiter and in 643 donors. A study was
      made of the distribution of antigens, haplotypes and phenotypes of the HLA
      system. An increase in the frequency of antigens A28 and B8, haplotype
      [correction of haploptin] A1-B8 and phenotype B7, B8 and a decrease in the
      frequency of antigens B13, B17 and Cw4 were revealed. Immunogenetic indices
      showed no correlation with clinical, hormonal and immunological manifestations of
      the disease, neither did they influence the therapeutic prognosis of diffuse
      toxic goiter. A great genetic difference was revealed between patients with a
      relapse (decompensation) and those at remission.

PMID- 2395830
TI  - [The radioimmunological determination of human placental lactogen with the RIO-PL
      125I reagent kit].
AB  - The authors described the development of a radioimmunoassay for the determination
      of human placental lactogen (PL) in the blood serum of pregnant women. Methods of
      obtaining RIA components were developed: highly refined and stable agents of the
      labeled and unlabeled hormones, specific antisera and a highly effective
      separating agent. The test system and commercial kits were used for comparative
      determination of the blood PL concentration at various terms of pregnancy.
      Similar results were obtained. The above test system was laid in the basis of a
      commercial kit RIO-PL-125I (USSR).

PMID- 2395831
TI  - [The effect of neurotropic preparations on the sensitivity of the hypothalamo
      hypophyseal system to the inhibiting action of dexamethasone].
AB  - The effect of 10 neurotropic drugs with the known mechanism of action on the
      cortisol level was studied in 220 patients with effective psychoses before and
      after administration of 0.5 mg of dexamethasone. The use of the tranquilizer
      phenazepam, alpha-adrenoblockers pyrroxane and phentolamine and a new generation
      antidepressant mianserin blocking alpha-adrenoreceptors, improved considerably
      the results of a dexamethasone test. Pharmacological enhancement of
      serotoninergic processes with alpha-tryptophan either increased or decreased the
      inhibitory effect of dexamethasone with relation to the initial response to
      glucocorticoid administration. Dopamine-mimetics alpha-DOPA and bromocriptine
      improved the results of the test in patients who were resistant to dexamethasone
      action before the initiation of therapy. Disorder of the homeostatic regulation
      of corticosteroid secretion of feed-back type is mainly caused by chronic stress
      and increased influence of noradrenaline on alpha-adrenoreceptors of the cerebral
      structures responding to feedback signals. Serotonin- and dopamine-mimetics make
      a normalizing effect on the mechanism of self-regulation of glucocorticoid
      secretion.

PMID- 2395832
TI  - [A rare case of adrenal myelolipoma].

PMID- 2395833
TI  - [Modern methods of thyroid gland research (a lecture)].

PMID- 2395834
TI  - [A variant of the self-control system in the dispensary care of diabetics].

PMID- 2395835
TI  - [The expediency of using B. I. Bleskin's method in treating diabetics].

PMID- 2395836
TI  - [Experience in treating patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus by
      sodium salicylate electrophoresis].

PMID- 2395837
TI  - [The effect of hydrocortisone on the activity of 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine
      deaminase in the hypothalamus and hippocampus of the rat brain].
AB  - The effect of single (1.4 and 24 h) and long-term (7 days) hydrocortisone
      intramuscular administration (5 mg/100 g of body mass) on 5'-nucleotidase and
      adenosine deaminase activities in homogenate and subcellular fractions of the rat
      brain hypothalamus and hippocampus has been studied. Enzymatic activity of
      adenosine metabolism in hypothalamus and hippocampus has been shown to undergo
      changes with the duration of hydrocortisone administration. A possible role of
      adenosine in the mechanism of glucocorticoid action in the CNS and the regulation
      of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is under discussion.

PMID- 2395838
TI  - [Testosterone metabolism in discrete areas of the brain in rat fetuses].
AB  - Experiments in vitro with further thin-layer chromatography of steroids were
      staged to investigate changing of 3H-testosterone into 3H-estradiol-17 beta and
      3H-5 alpha-reduced metabolites in a fraction of 1000 g of homogenates of the
      medial preoptic area (MPA), the paraventricular nuclei (PVN), the dorsal vagal
      complex (DVC) of the lower cerebral trunk, the rostral and caudal parts of the
      amygdaloid complex (ACr and ACc) of the brain of 21-day male and female rat
      fetuses. The activity of aromatase (AA) and 5 alpha-reductase (AR) was detected
      in all investigated areas. AA was maximum in PVN of females and minimum in ACc of
      males and females. The production of 5 alpha-dehydrotestosterone prevailed among
      5 alpha-reduced products in PVN, DVC and ACr, 5 alpha- and rostane-3 alpha and 17
      beta-diol--in MPA and ACr, AR in ACr was much higher than in ACc. AR in DVC of
      females was slightly higher than in males. Sex differences in the other cerebral
      areas were undetectable. The results of the investigation suggest that the above
      cerebral structures are dependent on sex hormones.

PMID- 2395839
TI  - [The characteristics of the sex-differentiating action of sex steroids on the
      androgen receptors of the rat liver].
AB  - A study was made of the specificities of polydifferentiating action of androgens
      (A) and estrogens (E) on the level of androgen receptors (AR) of the rat liver
      cytosol. Androgen receptors were shown to be detected in the neonatal period of
      ontogenesis, their level was progressively on the increase with the body
      development. Sex differences in their content were revealed in mature animals
      only. The AR level is a reversibly controlled, but unprogrammed sex-related sign.
      The effects of sex steroids are dose-related and modulated reciprocally by the
      action of endogenous A and E. The action of physiological doses of A and E is
      characterized by slow development of the effect. Correlation between the level of
      AR and the efficacy of A action on the content of these proteins was revealed.

PMID- 2395840
TI  - [The characteristics of the estrogen-binding protein from the pancreas of female
      and male rats].
AB  - Hormone-binding and some other physicochemical properties of an estrogen-binding
      protein (EBP) from the female and male rat pancreas in partially purified
      specimens were studied. Kinetic parameters of the hormone-protein interaction
      were found to be the same for males and females. However the concentration of
      binding sites for estradiol in females was higher than that in males. The female
      and male EBP exhibited nearly the same specificity for hormonal compounds except
      for some estrogens and androgens, whose competitive efficiency was higher in
      males. These sex differences were found not to be ascribed to diverse intensity
      of hormonal metabolism during incubation with male and female EBP specimens. The
      data obtained are suggestive of sex differentiation in the quantity and/or
      quality of low molecular "accessory" factor modifying EBP hormone-binding
      properties.

PMID- 2395841
TI  - [The development of a radioimmunological method for determining autoantibodies to
      thyroglobulin].
AB  - A radioimmunoassay to determine a titer of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin in
      human blood serum was developed. The scheme of analysis included a reaction
      between 125I-thyroglobulin and autoantibodies to thyroglobulin with subsequent
      separation of the produced immune complex and free polyethylene glycol-labeled
      thyroglobulin. A high specificity of the radioimmunoassay is ensured by the use
      of highly purified thyroglobulin for obtaining the labeled agent. A possibility
      of the use of the method for the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid diseases was
      shown.

PMID- 2395842
TI  - [Tha fatty acid spectrum of the thrombocyte phospholipids in experimental
      diabetes mellitus complicated by proteinuria].
AB  - Experiments on 5 test and 16 control Wistar-Kyoto rats have shown that
      streptozocin diabetes mellitus complicated by proteinuria is characterized by the
      following changes of the fatty acid spectrum of platelet phospholipids: a
      decrease in the content of C18:2p6, C18:3p3, C20:4p6, C20:3p9, C20:5p3, in the
      sum of fatty acids of the linoleic group and the ratio of unsaturated/saturated
      fatty acids and an increase in the content of C18:0, C20:2p6 and C20:3p6. These
      changes were accompanied by an increase in the platelet aggregation ability, an
      increase in their synthesis of thromboxane A2 and a decrease in the synthesis of
      prostacyclin I2 by vascular endothelium and account for them, to a certain
      degree. The obtained results are promising with relation to achieving a positive
      effect of the diets, rich in linoleic acid, for prophylaxis of vascular
      complications in diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2395843
TI  - [Use of T-activin in patients with sarcoidosis].
AB  - In sarcoidosis patients, comparison of the outcomes of treatment with
      corticosteroids alone (n = 142) or in combination with T-activin (n = 20) showed
      a marked positive effect of T-activin on the improvement of the patients'
      immunologic status and pronounced regression of changes in the lungs and
      intrathoracic lymph nodes. Indications for T-activin administration were defined
      and its treatment regimen was suggested.

PMID- 2395844
TI  - [Combined use of antitubercular drugs and metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid
      cycle in experimental tuberculosis].
AB  - The efficacy of a combined use of isoniazid together with polyzid prolonged
      tuberculostatic and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites was experimentally
      studied in guinea pigs. Mortality rates, pathomorphologic test data and the
      extent of tuberculous affection in the animals confirm a fairly high efficacy of
      prolonged polyzid in combination with succinate and malate as pathogenetic drugs.

PMID- 2395846
TI  - [Diagnostic criteria and classification of respiratory failure].

PMID- 2395845
TI  - [Pathophysiological classification of external respiratory failure].
AB  - On the basis of literature analysis and clinical experience, a classification of
      external respiratory failure (ERF) is suggested. The types of ERF can be as
      follows: 1) pulmonary ventilation failure; 2) gas diffusion failure; 3) pulmonary
      blood flow failure; 4) respiration control failure; and 5) ambient air gas
      composition change. The forms of ERI can be classified as acute, subacute and
      chronic. The stages of ERF include the following: I (compensatory) with pulmonary
      ventilation function drop of degree I-III (of an obstructive, restrictive and
      mixed type) and without hypoxemia, normo- or hypocapnia; II (subcompensatory)
      with the same pulmonary ventilation failures, moderate or serious hypoxemia,
      normo- or hypocapnia; III (decompensatory) with hypoxemia and hypercapnia or
      extremely severe hypoxemia in combination with normo- or hypocapnia.

PMID- 2395847
TI  - [Effectiveness of various chemotherapy schedules and the indications for surgical
      treatment of patients with newly detected destructive pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - The investigation findings have demonstrated that after the initial
      chemotherapeutic course (for 6-12 months) in 32% of the patients with newly
      diagnosed forms of tuberculous process, certain changes (residual cavities and
      tuberculomas) were evolving and requiring surgical treatment methods. Surgical
      intervention counterindications were proved in 2.7% of the cases, thus bringing
      the demand indicator in a surgical treatment of the given group of the patients
      to 29.3%. The analysis of the factors influencing the above demand indicator made
      it possible to find out its relation to a clinical form of tuberculosis and
      chemotherapeutic regimen.

PMID- 2395848
TI  - [Ways of increasing the effectiveness of surgical treatment of patients with
      chronic empyema].
AB  - A dynamic morphologic examination and surgical treatment analysis in connection
      with 184 patients with chronic empyema of the chest appeared to be the basis to
      refer to it as an independent form of pleuropulmonary pathology with a typical
      undulatory clinical course and morphologic picture. The disease is evolving
      progressively, with predominant hyperplastic processes in the changed pleura
      leaves at the initial, and as a rule lengthy stage in relation to a stable
      course, accompanied by subsequent aggravation and easing of the process in
      addition to the development of complications. Depending on the clinical course
      stage, a surgical treatment tactics is elaborated together with the use of
      different surgical methods. The application of surgical intervention of a
      restorative nature at early stages of the disease is stipulated, since it gains
      good results and prevents the development of serious, hardly curable forms.

PMID- 2395849
TI  - [Immunogenetic analysis of delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin in mice by the
      method of local adoptive transfer].
AB  - It has been demonstrated that a specific phase of DTH reaction to tuberculin is
      carried out (and in adoptive transfer-transferred) by T-lymphocytes with Lyt-1+,
      Lyt-2-, L3T4+ phenotype by a method of local adoptive transfer of this reaction
      from BCG-immunized mice to the pads of intact recipients. From genetic viewpoint,
      the above reaction is limited by 1-A beta, 1-A alpha genes. In a syngeneic
      apposition, monoclonal antibodies anti-1-A kappa beta (without complement) were
      blocking the reaction transfer to CBA mice A beta chain affected mutation bm12
      failed to limit the reaction transfer in apposition B6----B6.C-H-2bm12.

PMID- 2395850
TI  - [Recurrence of destructive pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 2395851
TI  - [Pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2395852
TI  - [The course of pulmonary tuberculosis associated with diabetes mellitus in middle
      aged and elderly patients].

PMID- 2395853
TI  - [A case of isolated tuberculosis of the liver].

PMID- 2395854
TI  - [Successful cure of a patient with acute destructive pneumonia and empyema with
      bronchial fistula after upper lobectomy].

PMID- 2395855
TI  - [2 cases of histiocytosis X in adolescents].

PMID- 2395856
TI  - [Foreign body in the intermediate bronchus simulating infiltrative pulmonary
      tuberculosis].

PMID- 2395857
TI  - Molecular genetics of X chromosome-linked color vision among populations of
      African and Japanese ancestry: high frequency of a shortened red pigment gene
      among Afro-Americans.
AB  - Red-green color vision in humans is mediated by the X chromosome-linked highly
      homologous red and green pigment genes. Color vision defects are caused by
      deletions and fusions involving these genes. However, we found the frequency of
      molecular abnormalities among Caucasians to be twice as high as that of
      phenotypic color vision defects. Among Japanese the frequency of phenotypic and
      molecular color vision defects was similar (approximately 5%). Among Afro
      Americans, molecular defects (largely green-red fusion genes) were at least five
      times more frequent (21%) than phenotypic color vision defects (approximately
      4%). In addition, 35% of Afro-Americans, 2% of Japanese, and less than 1% of
      Caucasians had a shortened red pigment gene not associated with phenotypic color
      vision defects. This gene lacked 1.9 kilobases in its first intron and had the
      identical size as the green pigment gene from which it presumably originated by
      gene conversion in an ancestral African population. This gene and the closely
      linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase A+ variant were in linkage equilibrium.
      A model for the evolutionary origin of the color vision pigment genes in higher
      primates is portrayed.

PMID- 2395858
TI  - Role of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in growth-plate cartilage: inhibition of
      terminal differentiation of chondrocytes in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - The effects of vitamin D metabolites on alkaline phosphatase [ALPase;
      orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1]
      activity, a marker of terminal differentiation, in chondrocyte cultures and
      growth plates in vivo were examined. In cultures of pelleted rabbit growth-plate
      chondrocytes, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) increased
      the contents of DNA and macromolecules containing uronic acid (proteoglycans). It
      also decreased ALPase activity with an ED50 of less than 1 nM. Other vitamin D3
      metabolites, such as 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 25
      hydroxycholecalciferol, had little effect on these biochemical parameters. In
      rachitic growth plates, the uronic acid content was half that in normal growth
      plates, whereas ALPase activity was 2.5 times that in normal growth plates.
      Administration of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol at a low dose (0.1 micrograms per
      kg of body weight) to rachitic rats increased the uronic acid content 1.4-fold
      and decreased ALPase activity by 40%. This compound, like 24,25
      dihydroxycholecalciferol (10 micrograms per kg of body weight), increased the
      calcium level of the blood. However, administration of 24,25
      dihydroxycholecalciferol had little effect on the uronic acid and ALPase contents
      in growth plates. These observations suggest that 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
      is a bioactive form of vitamin D that plays an important role in the control of
      chondrocyte terminal differentiation.

PMID- 2395859
TI  - High concentrations of recombinant soluble CD4 are required to neutralize primary
      human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates.
AB  - There is substantial evidence supporting the CD4 molecule as the principal
      cellular receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). A number
      of truncated recombinant soluble CD4 (sCD4) molecules have been produced and
      shown to easily neutralize infection of laboratory strains of HIV-1 in vitro, and
      clinical trials using these sCD4 preparations have begun in patients with AIDS.
      Infectious HIV-1 titers in the plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of
      five patients receiving sCD4 at 30 mg/day were sequentially monitored. No
      significant decrease in viral titers was found during therapy. Furthermore,
      plasma samples from eight patients with AIDS were titrated for HIV-1 with and
      without the addition of sCD4 ex vivo. Despite the addition of sCD4 at up to 1
      mg/ml, there was little change in plasma viral titers. Subsequently, 10 primary
      HIV-1 isolates were tested for their susceptibility to neutralization in vitro by
      one preparation of sCD4. Neutralization of these clinical isolates required 200
      2700 times more sCD4 than was needed to inhibit laboratory strains of HIV-1.
      Similar results were observed using one other monomeric sCD4 preparation and two
      multimeric CD4-immunoglobulin hybrid molecules. We conclude that unlike
      laboratory strains, primary HIV-1 isolates require high concentrations of sCD4
      for neutralization. This phenomenon may pose a formidable problem for sCD4-based
      therapeutics in the treatment of HIV-1 infection.

PMID- 2395860
TI  - Interleukin 2 receptor beta chain expressed in an oligodendroglioma line binds
      interleukin 2 and delivers growth signal.
AB  - Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a potent growth factor for T lymphocytes, playing a
      crucial role in the immune response. In view of the considerable evidence that
      the immunoregulatory cytokines (or lymphokines) also play a role in the growth
      and differentiation of cells in the central nervous system (CNS), we examined the
      operation of the IL-2 system in a cell line of CNS origin by expressing a cDNA
      encoding the beta chain of the human IL-2 receptor (IL-2R beta, a 75-kDa
      protein). When the cDNA was expressed in a human oligodendroglioma cell line, ONS
      21, the IL-2R beta bound IL-2 with an affinity similar to that in lymphoid cells
      (Kd, approximately 2 nM). Furthermore, cell proliferation ([3H]thymidine
      incorporation) was stimulated by IL-2. These results demonstrate that the same
      cytokine receptor is functional in cells of the immune system and CNS and point
      to a molecular mechanism that is similar for growth-signal transduction between
      lymphoid and neural cells but that may be different in other cells, such as
      fibroblasts.

PMID- 2395861
TI  - Similarities in transthyretin gene expression and differences in transcription
      factors: liver and yolk sac compared to choroid plexus.
AB  - The serum thyroxine-binding protein, transthyretin (TTR), is made by hepatocytes
      and by choroid plexus epithelium in adults and by yolk sac cells in
      embryogenesis. Four hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNF-1, -3, and -4 and C/EBP) that
      are present in liver but not in most other adult tissues bind DNA sites in the
      TTR gene that are sufficient to direct transgenic expression. Three of these
      proteins were also found in yolk sac cells, which also express the transgene. A
      limited transgenic construct is not active in the choroid plexus and a TTR
      producing choroid plexus tumor lacks three of the liver-enriched DNA-binding
      proteins. We conclude that cell-specific expression of TTR is regulated at least
      in part by the differential cellular distribution of positive-acting
      transcription factors.

PMID- 2395862
TI  - Gene activation is required for developmentally programmed cell death.
AB  - The intersegmental muscles of the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta die during the
      36-hr period after metamorphosis. The trigger for cell death is a fall in the
      ecdysteroid titer. Commitment of the intersegmental muscles to degenerate
      involves selective repression and activation of ecdysteroid-responsive genes.
      When the pattern of gene expression is altered after injection of either 20
      hydroxyecdysone or actinomycin D, the muscles persist. cDNA clones have been
      isolated for four genes that become abundantly expressed coincident with the
      commitment to degenerate. The data presented here indicate that programmed cell
      death is not due to the cessation of macromolecular synthesis in condemned cells
      but rather is due to the activation of a differentiative pathway.

PMID- 2395863
TI  - Is a function of the secreted hepatitis B e antigen to induce immunologic
      tolerance in utero?
AB  - Infants born to hepatitis B virus carrier mothers, who express a secreted form of
      the nucleocapsid antigen designated HBeAg, invariably become persistently
      infected. To investigate the role of immunologic tolerance mechanisms in chronic
      infection of the newborn, we have generated HBeAg-expressing transgenic mice.
      HBeAg-expressing transgenic mice were tolerant to both HBeAg and the nonsecreted
      nucleocapsid (hepatitis B cor antigen/HBcAg) at the T-cell level. Transgenic mice
      did not produce antibody to HBeAg but did produce anti-HBc antibody in vivo and
      in vitro. The coexistence of tolerance to HBc/HBe T-cell determinants and anti
      HBc antibody production in vivo parallels the immunologic status of neonates born
      to carrier mothers. It was also demonstrated that the maintenance of T-cell
      tolerance to HBcAg/HBeAg required the continued presence of the tolerogen and in
      its absence persisted for less than 16 weeks. The reversibility of T-cell
      tolerance to HBcAg/HBeAg may explain the inverse correlation between age of
      infection and rates of viral persistence. These observations suggest that a
      function of the HBeAg may be to induce immunologic tolerance in utero. Expression
      of HBeAg may represent a viral strategy to guarantee persistence after perinatal
      infection.

PMID- 2395864
TI  - Peripheral tolerance in mice expressing a liver-specific class I molecule:
      inactivation/deletion of a T-cell subpopulation.
AB  - We previously demonstrated that C3H/HeJ transgenic (TG) mice that express a
      laboratory-engineered class I molecule, Q10/L, exclusively on liver parenchymal
      cells show no evidence of hepatic disease even after deliberate immunization.
      Nevertheless, these animals demonstrate cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity
      specific for Q10/L, although it is less than that obtained from non-TG
      littermates. We now show that this decrease in CTL activity is not a reflection
      of a decrease in precursors, since both TG and normal animals have similar
      numbers. When non-TG C3H mice are primed with H-2Ld and H-2Kbm1 antigens, which
      extensively crossreact with Q10/L, their specific in vitro CTL activity directed
      against H-2Ld, H-2Kbm1, and Q10/L is increased 10- to 20-fold, as expected.
      Although primed TG mice show similar increases in in vitro CTL activity directed
      against H-2Ld and H-2Kbm1, they display no increase in anti-Q10/L activity.
      Whereas anti-H-2Ld spleen cells from non-TG mice readily generate CTL lines and
      clones specific for H-2Ld and Q10/L, TG cells give rise to anti-H-2Ld lines or
      clones only. These data indicate that the tolerance in TG mice is accounted for
      by the inactivation or deletion of an important CTL subpopulation having the
      capability of recognizing the peripheral antigen in situ. To determine whether
      tolerance would persist in the absence of Q10/L, TG cells were transferred into
      non-TG recipients. Three weeks later Q10/L-specific lytic activity generated in
      in vitro bulk cultures remained reduced compared to non-TG cells, indicating that
      the tolerant phenotype was stable during this interval.

PMID- 2395865
TI  - Purification of two transcription factors required for initiation by mammalian
      RNA polymerase II.
AB  - We have purified two general transcription factors (FA and FE) necessary for
      specific transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II to near homogeneity. Both
      activities are associated with peptides of approximately 33 kDa. FA and FE do not
      replace one another and show different kinetics of action in a sarkosyl block
      assay. In particular, FE participated in a rapid reaction after the formation of
      an initial complex with the other transcription factors. Furthermore, FE can
      associate with purified calf thymus RNA polymerase II.

PMID- 2395866
TI  - Fluorescence in situ hybridization with Alu and L1 polymerase chain reaction
      probes for rapid characterization of human chromosomes in hybrid cell lines.
AB  - Human-rodent hybrid cell lines have been analyzed with regard to their human DNA
      content by using various DNA probe sets, derived from the hybrids, for in situ
      hybridization to normal human metaphase chromosome spreads. Total genomic hybrid
      DNA was compared with probe sets of hybrid DNA that were highly enriched in human
      sequences. The latter probes were obtained by amplification through the
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using oligonucleotide primers directed to human
      specific subsequences of the interspersed repetitive sequences Alu and L1.
      Previously unidentified chromosomal material within hybrid lines was
      characterized with speed and precision. It is demonstrated that the complete
      human complement of hybrid lines can be rapidly assessed by comparing the data
      obtained with the Alu-PCR products with the results from the L1-PCR products or
      from the genomic hybrid DNA. This approach using interspersed repetitive sequence
      PCR products is simple and fast and also provides an alternative way of
      generating complex DNA probe sets for the specific delineation of entire
      chromosomes or subchromosomal regions by in situ hybridization.

PMID- 2395867
TI  - Simultaneous localization of cosmids and chromosome R-banding by fluorescence
      microscopy: application to regional mapping of human chromosome 11.
AB  - A technique for nonradioactive in situ hybridization on human metaphase
      chromosomes has been developed to localize human cosmid clones. The simple
      procedure using two fluorescent dyes (fluorescein and propidium iodide) allows
      the simultaneous identification of chromosomal R-bands and hybridization signal
      in a single screening of the slides. This technique has been used for rapid
      correlation of the genetic and physical map of chromosome 11q13-qter in the
      region of genes responsible for ataxia-telangiectasia and tuberous sclerosis.

PMID- 2395868
TI  - Antibody remodeling: a general solution to the design of a metal-coordination
      site in an antibody binding pocket.
AB  - To develop a general approach to designing cofactor-binding sites for catalytic
      antibodies, we characterized structural patterns in the binding sites of
      antibodies and zinc enzymes. Superposition of eight sets of antibody light- and
      heavy-chain variable domains identified structurally conserved sites within the
      sequence-variable complementarity determining regions. The pattern for catalytic
      zinc sites included two ligands close in sequence, a sequence-distant ligand, and
      a main-chain hydrogen bond joining two ligands. In both the light- and heavy
      chain variable domains, the stereochemistry of five structurally conserved sites
      general to all known antibody structures matched that of the zinc ligands of
      carbonic anhydrase: three residues on two hydrogen-bonded antiparallel beta
      strands. For one such general site, an antibody model replacing residue 34 on the
      first complementarity determining region of the light chain (L1) and residues 89
      and 91 on the third complementarity determining region of the light chain (L3)
      with histidine ligands formed a zinc-binding site with an open coordination
      position at the bottom of the antibody binding pocket. For the anti-fluorescein
      antibody 4-4-20, this L1-L3 site placed the zinc ion about 4 A from the bound
      fluorescein, an indicator for metal binding. This predicted zinc-binding mutant
      was created in the single-chain variable domain construct, expressed, and found
      by fluorescence quenching to bind metal ion with an affinity constant of 10(6) M
      1. Thus, our template-based multisite design proved successful for remodeling an
      antibody to contain a cofactor-binding site, without requiring further
      mutagenesis and screening. Combination of a specific light or heavy chain
      containing a catalytic metal site with a library of complementary chains raised
      to potential substrates or transition state analogs should greatly improve the
      production of catalytic antibodies with desired activities and specificities.

PMID- 2395870
TI  - Crystal structure and sequence-dependent conformation of the A.G mispaired
      oligonucleotide d(CGCAAGCTGGCG).
AB  - The crystal structure of the dodecanucleotide d(CGCAAGCTGGCG) has been determined
      to a resolution of 2.5 A and refined to an R factor of 19.3% for 1710
      reflections. The sequence crystallizes as a B-type double helix, with two
      G(anti).A(syn) base pairs. These are stabilized by three-center hydrogen bonds to
      pyrimidines that induce perturbations in base-pair geometry. The central AGCT
      region of the helix has a wide (greater than 6 A) minor groove.

PMID- 2395869
TI  - Characterization of a fibrillar collagen gene in sponges reveals the early
      evolutionary appearance of two collagen gene families.
AB  - We have characterized cDNA and genomic clones coding for a sponge collagen. The
      partial cDNA has an open reading frame encoding 547 amino acid residues. The
      conceptual translation product contains a probably incomplete triple-helical
      domain (307 amino acids) with one Gly-Xaa-Yaa-Zaa imperfection in the otherwise
      perfect Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeats and a carboxyl propeptide (240 amino acids) that
      includes 7 cysteine residues. Amino acid sequence comparisons indicate that this
      sponge collagen is homologous to vertebrate and sea urchin fibrillar collagens.
      Partial characterization of the corresponding gene reveals an intron-exon
      organization clearly related to the fibrillar collagen gene family. The exons
      coding for the triple-helical domain are 54 base pairs (bp) or multiples thereof,
      except for a 57-bp exon containing the Gly-Xaa-Yaa-Zaa coding sequence and for
      two unusual exons of 126 and 18 bp, respectively. This latter 18-bp exon marks
      the end of the triple-helical domain, contrary to the other known fibrillar
      collagen genes that contain exons coding for the junction between the triple
      helical domain and the carboxyl propeptide. Compared to other fibrillar collagen
      genes, the introns are remarkably small. Hybridization to blotted RNAs
      established that the gene transcript is 4.9 kilobases. Together with previous
      results that showed the existence of a nonfibrillar collagen in the same species,
      these data demonstrate that at least two collagen gene families are represented
      in the most primitive metazoa.

PMID- 2395871
TI  - Molecular phylogeny of Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Primates, Artiodactyla, and
      Carnivora and molecular clocks.
AB  - Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from primates, rodents, lagomorphs,
      artiodactyls, carnivores, and birds strongly suggests that the order Rodentia is
      an outgroup to the other four mammalian orders and that Artiodactyla and
      Carnivora belong to a superordinal clade. Further, there is strong evidence
      against the Glires concept, which unites Lagomorpha and Rodentia. The radiation
      among Lagomorpha, Primates, and Artiodactyla--Carnivora is very bush-like, but
      there is some evidence that Lagomorpha has branched off first. Thus, the
      branching sequence for these five orders of mammals seems to be Rodentia,
      Lagomorpha, Primates, Artiodactyla, and Carnivora. The branching date for
      Rodentia could be as early as 100 million years ago. The rate of nucleotide
      substitution in the rodent lineage is shown to be at least 1.5 times higher than
      those in the other four mammalian lineages.

PMID- 2395873
TI  - Prevention of spontaneous and radiation-induced tumors in rats by reduction of
      food intake.
AB  - In our previous studies carried out on inbred Sprague-Dawley rats, we reported a
      striking increase in the incidence of tumors following total-body gamma
      irradiation [150 rads (1.5 Gy) five times at weekly intervals]. Subsequently, we
      observed that two or three irradiations, and to a lesser extent even a single
      irradiation, were sufficient to induce an impressive increase in the incidence of
      tumors, particularly in females. A significant reduction of the incidence of
      radiation-induced tumors resulted when the rats were placed on calorically
      restricted diet. In experiments reported here, we increased slightly the amount
      of food given to animals on restricted diet. In the new study, among 102
      irradiated females on full diet, 91 (89%) developed tumors, as compared with 29
      out of 128 female rats (23%) also irradiated but maintained on restricted diet
      and 43 out of 89 (48%) untreated control females. None of 77 nonirradiated
      females on restricted diet developed tumors. Among 65 irradiated male rats, 29
      (45%) developed tumors, as compared with 5 out of 74 (7%) rats also irradiated
      but maintained on restricted diet. Of the 49 males in the nonirradiated groups, 2
      (4%) developed tumors. There was a significant weight reduction in both females
      and males maintained on restricted diet; animals on restricted diet lived longer
      than those on full diet.

PMID- 2395872
TI  - Processing of prosecretin: isolation of a secretin precursor from porcine
      intestine.
AB  - A precursor to the gastrointestinal hormone secretin has been isolated. The
      starting material for the purification of the precursor was a peptide fraction
      purified from pig intestinal extracts, containing peptides with a molecular
      weight higher than that of secretin. The purification could be followed by
      measurement of secretin bioactivity (alkali secreted in the pancreatic juice of
      anesthetized cat). Sequence analysis of the isolated secretin precursor revealed
      a 71-amino acid residue polypeptide that contained the sequence of secretin N
      terminally, followed by a Gly-Lys-Arg sequence and a C-terminal extension of 41
      amino acid residues. With the exception of an arginine residue, which occurs
      directly after the Gly-Lys-Arg sequence, the remainder of the C-terminal residues
      in this precursor are identical to the 40 C-terminal residues predicted by the
      recently described cDNA sequence for porcine preprosecretin. Compared to the
      deduced preprosecretin sequence, a stretch of 32 amino acid residues directly
      following the Gly-Lys-Arg sequence is missing in the now purified secretin
      precursor. This implies that differential splicing may occur when the secretin
      gene transcript is processed to mRNA.

PMID- 2395874
TI  - Sensitization of bleached rod photoreceptors by 11-cis-locked analogues of
      retinal.
AB  - Photoactivation of rhodopsin initiates both excitation and adaptation in
      vertebrate rod photoreceptors. Bleaching of rhodopsin to free opsin and all-trans
      retinal in isolated rods produces a stable desensitization (bleaching adaptation)
      that is much larger than expected from pigment depletion alone. In our
      experiments, a 93% bleach produced a 500-fold increase in the light intensity
      required for saturation of the light response. This component of adaptation was
      32-fold larger than the 16-fold increase expected from pigment depletion alone.
      11-cis-Retinal, when delivered to isolated rods from liposomes, combines with
      free opsin to form a bleachable photopigment that fully restores sensitivity. 11
      cis-Locked analogues of retinal combine with opsin to form unbleachable pigments
      in isolated bleached rods from the tiger salamander. They restore sensitivity to
      a substantial (16- to 25-fold) but incomplete extent. The analogues apparently
      relieve a stable component of adaptation when they interact with opsin. Because
      these analogues do not detectably excite rods, the structural requirements of
      both retinal and opsin for the relief of adaptation are different from those of
      excitation. The biochemical basis of light adaptation resulting from pigment
      bleaching and the minimum structural requirements of retinal for its relief
      remain to be determined.

PMID- 2395875
TI  - Inhibition of Na-K-C1 cotransport in Ehrlich ascites cells by antiserum against
      purified proteins of the cotransporter.
AB  - Two proteins were purified earlier from solubilized membranes of Ehrlich ascites
      cells by using a bumetanide-Sepharose affinity column. These proteins were
      proposed to be constituents of the Na-K-C1 cotransporter. However, the
      specificity of binding of bumetanide to the cotransporter was insufficient
      evidence for this proposal. We now have direct evidence that the purified protein
      contains components of the cotransporter. Antiserum raised against the bumetanide
      binding proteins strongly inhibits Na-K-C1 cotransport measured by two
      independent methods. Cotransport was induced by hypertonic challenge and was
      measured as the bumetanide-sensitive portion of unidirectional C1 influx and as
      regulatory cell volume increase. In both assays, cotransport was strongly
      inhibited by the antiserum. Fab fragments of the antibodies inhibited cotransport
      to a similar extent.

PMID- 2395876
TI  - Molecular cloning of cDNA for the human tumor-associated antigen CO-029 and
      identification of related transmembrane antigens.
AB  - The human tumor-associated antigen CO-029 is a monoclonal antibody-defined cell
      surface glycoprotein of 27-34 kDa. By using the high-efficiency COS cell
      expression system, a full-length cDNA clone for CO-029 was isolated. When
      transiently expressed in COS cells, the cDNA clone directed the synthesis of an
      antigen reactive to monoclonal antibody CO-029 in mixed hemadsorption and
      immunoblot assays. Sequence analysis revealed that CO-029 belongs to a family of
      cell surface antigens that includes the melanoma-associated antigen ME491, the
      leukocyte cell surface antigen CD37, and the Sm23 antigen of the parasitic
      helminth Schistosoma mansoni. CO-029 and ME491 antigen expression and the effect
      of their corresponding monoclonal antibodies on cell growth were compared in
      human tumor cell lines of various histologic origins.

PMID- 2395877
TI  - A major endothelial plasmalemmal sialoglycoprotein, gp60, is immunologically
      related to glycophorin.
AB  - Glycophorins, the major sialoglycoproteins of red blood cells in many species,
      are generally considered to be specific to erythroid cells. Using polyclonal
      antibodies directed against mouse glycophorin (alpha gp), we have identified a
      glycoprotein antigenically related to glycophorin on the surface of bovine and
      rat cultured endothelial cells. Immunoblotting with alpha gp identified a single
      60-kDa polypeptide on transfers of SDS/polyacrylamide gels of solubilized
      confluent endothelial monolayers. In addition, a 60-kDa polypeptide was
      immunoprecipitated by alpha gp from lysates of 125I-labeled intact endothelial
      cells. Controls with preimmune serum were negative. This antibody interaction was
      inhibited by murine erythrocyte ghosts and purified glycophorins. Our past work
      identified several endothelial surface sialoglycoproteins including a 60-kDa
      glycoprotein (gp60) that (i) interacts with albumin, (ii) binds Limax flavus,
      Ricinus communis, and Triticum vulgare agglutinins but not other lectins, (iii)
      is sequentially precipitated from 125I-labeled cell lysates by using R. communis
      agglutinin followed by T. vulgare agglutinin, and (iv) is sensitive to sialidase
      digestion. Immunoblotting of such precipitates with alpha gp demonstrates that
      lectins recognize the same glycoprotein, namely gp60. These results indicate that
      gp60, a major endothelial surface sialoglycoprotein, shares antigenic epitope(s)
      with glycophorin.

PMID- 2395878
TI  - Expression of the maize Cat3 catalase gene is under the influence of a circadian
      rhythm.
AB  - The accumulation of Cat3 catalase mRNA in the green leaves of maize (Zea mays)
      exhibits an unusual circadian rhythm. The steady-state level of the Cat3
      transcript varies dramatically over the day in seedlings grown on a 12-hr
      photoperiod. Low or undetectable levels of the Cat3 mRNA are found late in the
      dark and early in the light period, while the transcript accumulates to high
      levels late in the light and early in the dark period. This dramatic diurnal
      variation in mRNA level does not occur with the maize Cat1 or Cat2 catalase
      transcripts. The diurnal fluctuation in Cat3 mRNA persists when the seedlings are
      transferred to continuous light or darkness, which indicates the influence of a
      circadian rhythm. The lack of influence of red and/or far-red light on this
      diurnal variation in transcript level indicates that the circadian rhythm is not
      regulated by phytochrome. Run-on transcription assays show that changes in the
      rate of Cat3 gene transcription closely parallel the observed changes in steady
      state mRNA levels. This circadian rhythm in Cat3 gene expression and the
      resulting high levels of mRNA which accumulate late in the light period suggest
      that the catalase 3 (CAT-3) isozyme is being synthesized for accumulation in the
      dark period. This, together with the high level of Cat3 mRNA and CAT-3 protein
      accumulation in dark-grown maize shoots, suggests that the activity of the CAT-3
      isozyme might be associated with a metabolic process important in shoot cells in
      the dark.

PMID- 2395879
TI  - Isolation of carp genes encoding major histocompatibility complex antigens.
AB  - In the evolution of the adaptive immune system unique to vertebrates, teleost
      fish occupy the critical position. This is the most primitive class of lower
      vertebrates in which the capacity for acute allograft rejections can be
      demonstrated, thus suggesting the presence of major histocompatibility complex
      (MHC) antigens and, therefore, T cells. Here, we report the identification of two
      putative MHC-antigen-encoding sequences in the carp Cyprinus carpio. One,
      identified as TLAI alpha-1, had reasonable homology to MHC class I heavy chains
      of mammalian and avian species, while the other, identified as TLAII beta-1, was
      homologous to MHC class II beta chain of the aforementioned higher vertebrates.
      For these isolations of fish MHC genes, we have identified two highly conserved
      amino acid sequence blocks surrounding two cysteine residues in the second domain
      of MHC class II beta chains as well as the third domain of class I heavy chains
      of humans, mice, and chickens. Two kinds of mixed oligonucleotide probes
      corresponding to these two regions were synthesized. The carp genomic DNA was
      subjected to amplification by polymerase chain reaction using the above two
      synthetic DNA fragments as primers. Subsequently, two different DNA sequences
      sandwiched by these primers were isolated from the amplified products. Their use
      as secondary probes led to the identification of TLAI alpha-1 and TLAII beta-1.
      We also discuss the applicability of the above approach for isolation from lower
      vertebrates of other genes belonging to the immunoglobulin super-family as well
      as the evolutionary origin of vertebrate MHC antigens.

PMID- 2395880
TI  - Substitution of a single amino acid (aspartic acid for histidine) converts the
      functional activity of human complement C4B to C4A.
AB  - The C4B isotype of the fourth component of human complement (C4) displays 3- to 4
      fold greater hemolytic activity than does its other isotype C4A. This correlates
      with differences in their covalent binding efficiencies to erythrocytes coated
      with antibody and complement C1. C4A binds to a greater extent when C1 is on IgG
      immune aggregates. The differences in covalent binding properties correlate only
      with amino acid changes between residues 1101 and 1106 (pro-C4 numbering)-
      namely, Pro-1101, Cys-1102, Leu-1105, and Asp-1106 in C4A and Leu-1101, Ser-1102,
      Ile-1105, and His-1106 in C4B, which are located in the C4d region of the alpha
      chain. To more precisely identify the residues that are important for the
      functional differences, C4A-C4B hybrid proteins were constructed by using
      recombinant DNA techniques. Comparison of these by hemolytic assay and binding to
      IgG aggregates showed that the single substitution of aspartic acid for histidine
      at position 1106 largely accounted for the change in functional activity and
      nature of the chemical bond formed (ester vs. amide). Surprisingly, substitution
      of a neutral residue, alanine, for histidine at position 1106 resulted in an
      increase in binding to immune aggregates without subsequent reduction in the
      hemolytic activity. This result strongly suggests that position 1106 is not
      "catalytic" as previously proposed but interacts sterically/electrostatically
      with potential acceptor sites and serves to "select" binding sites on potential
      acceptor molecules.

PMID- 2395881
TI  - Molecular structure of leucine aminopeptidase at 2.7-A resolution.
AB  - The three-dimensional structure of bovine lens leucine aminopeptidase (EC
      3.4.11.1) complexed with bestatin, a slow-binding inhibitor, has been solved to
      3.0-A resolution by the multiple isomorphous replacement method with phase
      combination and density modification. In addition, the structure of the
      isomorphous native enzyme has been refined at 2.7-A resolution, and the current
      crystallographic R factor is 0.169 for a model that includes the two zinc ions
      and all 487 amino acid residues comprising the asymmetric unit. The enzyme is
      physiologically active as a hexamer, which has 32 symmetry and is triangular in
      shape with a triangle edge length of 115 A and maximal thickness of 90 A. The
      monomers are crystallographically equivalent and each is folded into two unequal
      alpha/beta domains connected by an alpha-helix to give a comma-like shape with
      approximate maximal dimensions of 90 x 55 x 55 A3. The secondary structural
      composition is 40% alpha-helix and 19% beta-strand. The N-terminal domain (160
      amino acids) mediates trimer-trimer interactions and does not appear to
      participate directly in catalysis. The C-terminal domain (327 amino acids) is
      responsible for catalysis and binds the two zinc ions, which are 2.88 A apart.
      The pair of metal ions is located near the edge of an eight-stranded, saddle
      shaped beta-sheet. One zinc ion is coordinated by carboxylate oxygen atoms of Asp
      255, Asp-332, and Glu-334 and the carbonyl oxygen of Asp-332. The other zinc ion
      is coordinated by the carboxylate oxygen atoms of Asp-255, Asp-273, and Glu-334.
      The active site also contains two positively charged residues, Lys-250 and Arg
      336. The six active sites are themselves located in the interior of the hexamer,
      where they line a disk-shaped cavity of radius 15 A and thickness 10 A. Access to
      this cavity is provided by solvent channels that run along the twofold symmetry
      axes.

PMID- 2395882
TI  - Inhibition of estrogen receptor-DNA binding by the "pure" antiestrogen ICI
      164,384 appears to be mediated by impaired receptor dimerization.
AB  - Many estrogen-antagonist and -agonist ligands have been synthesized, some of
      which have proved clinically important in the treatment of hormone-dependent
      breast tumors and endocrine disorders. Here we show that the "pure" antiestrogen
      ICI 164,384 inhibits mouse estrogen receptor-DNA binding in vitro. The effects of
      this steroid on DNA binding can be overcome by addition of anti-receptor antibody
      whose epitope lies N-terminal to the receptor DNA-binding domain. Since this
      antibody is also capable of restoring DNA-binding activity to receptor mutants
      that either lack the dimerization domain or bear deleterious mutations within it,
      we propose that ICI 164,384 reduces DNA binding by interfering with receptor
      dimerization. In contrast, when complexed with the antagonist/partial agonist
      tamoxifen, the estrogen receptor is capable of binding to DNA in vitro, but
      tamoxifen does not promote the agonist-induced conformational change obtained
      with estradiol. The implications of these data are discussed in relation to the
      in vivo properties of these drugs.

PMID- 2395883
TI  - Polarized integrin mediates human keratinocyte adhesion to basal lamina.
AB  - Epithelial cell interactions with matrices are critical to tissue organization.
      Indirect immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitations of cell lysates prepared
      from stratified cultures of human epidermal cells showed that the major integrins
      expressed by keratinocytes are alpha E beta 4 (also called alpha 6 beta 4) and
      alpha 2 beta 1. The alpha E beta 4 integrin is localized at the surface of basal
      cells in contact with the basement membrane, whereas alpha 2 beta 1/alpha 3 beta
      1 integrins are absent from the basal surface and are localized only on the
      lateral surface of basal and spinous keratinocytes. Anti-beta 4 antibodies
      potently inhibited keratinocyte adhesion to matrigel or purified laminin, whereas
      anti-beta 1 antibodies were ineffective. Only anti-beta 4 antibodies were able to
      detach established keratinocyte colonies. These data suggest that alpha E beta 4
      mediates keratinocyte adhesion to basal lamina, whereas the beta 1 subfamily is
      involved in cell-cell adhesion of keratinocytes.

PMID- 2395884
TI  - Lipid domains in the ram sperm plasma membrane demonstrated by differential
      scanning calorimetry.
AB  - Mammalian sperm plasma membranes, in contrast to those of mammalian somatic
      cells, exhibit a significant fraction of lipid that does not diffuse laterally in
      the plane of the membrane. This nondiffusing fraction results from lipid-lipid
      interactions. Similar nondiffusing fractions are found in mixed-lipid model
      systems that contain coexistent gel and fluid domains. These results suggest that
      the sperm plasma membrane may also exhibit lateral phase segregations of lipids
      and may contain significant amounts of gel-phase lipid. In this paper we use
      differential scanning calorimetry to show that, in contrast to the plasma
      membranes of mammalian somatic cells, the plasma membrane from the anterior
      region of the head of ram sperm exhibits at least two major endothermic
      transitions, one centered at approximately 26 degrees C and one centered at
      approximately 60 degrees C. The heats of these transitions are consistent with
      gel-to-fluid transitions in model membranes. These transitions are observed both
      in plasma membrane vesicles and in rehydrated lipid extracts made from these
      vesicles. These results demonstrate that at physiological temperatures the lipids
      of the ram sperm plasma membrane are segregated into coexistent fluid and gel
      domains. Since sperm encounter a wide range of temperatures during their
      development, these phase transitions may be important in establishing dynamic
      domains of lipid requisite for epididymal storage and fertilization.

PMID- 2395888
TI  - What quality for the new NHS?

PMID- 2395885
TI  - Casein expression in cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
AB  - A cDNA that expresses a mRNA restricted to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and
      mammary tissue has been isolated and characterized. The deduced amino acid
      sequence from this cDNA shows extensive homology with the previously reported
      amino acid sequence for rat alpha-casein. Indeed, the presence of a six-residue
      repeated motif that is specific for rodent alpha-caseins strongly supports the
      identification of this cDNA as mouse alpha-casein. Northern (RNA) blot analysis
      of many hematopoietic cell types revealed that this gene is restricted to CTL,
      being expressed in four of six CTL lines examined. Furthermore, CTL that express
      this gene were also found to express other members of the casein gene family,
      such as beta- and kappa-casein. These results suggest that caseins may be
      important in CTL function, and their potential role in CTL-mediated lysis is
      discussed.

PMID- 2395887
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone for the Cat2 gene in maize and its
      homology with other catalases.

PMID- 2395889
TI  - Tablets to take away. Why some elderly people fail to comply with their
      medication.
AB  - Studies have shown alarming numbers of elderly people failing to comply with
      their medication.

PMID- 2395886
TI  - 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin causes an extensive alteration of 17 beta
      estradiol metabolism in MCF-7 breast tumor cells.
AB  - MCF-7 breast tumor cells form multicellular foci in vitro when supplemented with
      17 beta-estradiol (E2). In the presence of E2 and the aryl hydrocarbon-receptor
      agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), MCF-7 cells grow to
      confluence but do not form foci. To investigate the role of E2 metabolism in this
      antiestrogenic effect of TCDD, analyses were performed by capillary GC/MS. The
      results revealed that pretreatment of MCF-7 cultures with TCDD (10 nM) rapidly
      depletes E2. In untreated cultures supplemented with 10 nM E2, the concentration
      of free E2 decreased to 4 nM in the first 12 hr, followed by a slower rate of
      decline. After 3 days most E2 in the medium was in conjugated form(s); 1.7 nM was
      present as free E2, and 2.9 nM was released by treatment with
      glucuronidase/sulfatase. In TCDD-treated cultures, E2 declined to 290 pM in 12 hr
      and after 2 days was not detected (less than 100 pM) either as free steroid or
      after treatment with glucuronidase/sulfatase. Intracellular E2 and estrone were
      likewise depleted by pretreatment with TCDD. Microsomes from TCDD-treated cells
      showed highly elevated aryl hydrocarbon-hydroxylase activity and catalyzed
      hydroxylations of E2 at C-2, C-4, C-15 alpha, and C-6 alpha with a combined rate
      of 0.85 nmol/min per nmol of cytochrome P-450 at saturating E2. These results
      suggest that depletion of E2 by enhanced metabolism accounts for the
      antiestrogenic activity of TCDD in MCF-7 cells.

PMID- 2395890
TI  - Keeping the flora out. Reducing risk of infection in i.v. therapy.
AB  - Selection of the site and careful attention to hygiene are vital aspects of
      reducing the risk of infection in IV therapy. Strict attention must also be paid
      to keeping the site free from colonisation.

PMID- 2395891
TI  - Cones are not a substitute for specialist physiotherapy.

PMID- 2395892
TI  - A real way forward in A&E. Developing the nurse-practitioner role.
AB  - The development of nurse-practitioners offers real scope for improvement in A&E
      services. However, if it is to be successful, the education must be properly
      established.

PMID- 2395893
TI  - Fetal rights--a technologically created dilemma.
AB  - Fetal rights have always been a contentious issue, raising passions on either
      side of the debate. As technology moves on, however, decisions will have to be
      made on more wide ranging issues than when life itself begins.

PMID- 2395894
TI  - Nurse--I'm going on holiday. Considerations for people with diabetes.
AB  - People with diabetes need to plan their holidays much more thoroughly than most.
      It is important that they are given information, and encouraged not to simply
      forget their diabetes for two weeks.

PMID- 2395895
TI  - The joy a recovered patient can bring.

PMID- 2395896
TI  - [Potential cardiotonic agents. 8. 2-acyloxyalkylamino-, 2-acyloxyalkoxy-, and 2
      acylaminoalkylamino-3-cyan-5-(pyrid-4-yl) pyridine].
AB  - By acylation of our previously described cardiotonic active 2-hydroxyalkylamino,
      2-hydroxyalkoxy, 2-aminoalkyl-amino and 2-piperazino substituted 3-cyano-5-(4
      pyridinyl) pyridines with acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride or aroyl and
      heteroaroyl chlorides, respectively, the corresponding in position 2 O- or N
      acylated 3-cyano-5-(4-pyridinyl)pyridines were prepared. Cardiovascular activity
      of the obtained derivatives is discussed in comparison with that of the parent
      compounds.

PMID- 2395898
TI  - Hydrodynamically balanced systems as sustained release dosage forms for
      propranolol hydrochloride.
AB  - Sustained release hydrodynamically balanced capsules (HBS) of propranolol.HCl
      have been prepared and evaluated in vitro. Data to support the mechanism of drug
      release from the HBS capsule are also presented. Floating behaviour of the HBS
      capsule has also been seen in vivo with the help of endoscopy.

PMID- 2395899
TI  - Structure-activity relationship investigation of bis(2-chloroethyl)aminoethyl
      esters of some carboxylic acids.
AB  - A study of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) in a series of
      carboxylic acid bis(2-chloroethyl)aminoethyl esters with potential antitumor
      activity was carried out. The statistical-heuristic technique was applied to
      estimate the contributions of the structural features of the compounds to the
      probability of their activity in vivo against lymphoid leukemia L1210. The
      results obtained were compared with those of the pharmacological screening of the
      esters. Some assumptions are made concerning the difference in antileukemic
      activity of compounds based on the computed weights of their structural features.

PMID- 2395897
TI  - Synthesis and antifungal evaluation of some 3-phenyl-2,5-disubstituted indoles
      derived from new ethyl-2-benzyl-2-[N-(aryl)hydrazono] ethanoates.
AB  - In connection with previous related works [1-6] we have now studied the reaction
      of ethyl alpha-benzyl-alpha-acetylethanoate (EBAE), as an aliphatic active C-H
      compound, with the diazonium salts of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), sulfanilamide
      (SA) and N,N-dimethylsulfanilamide (DSA), respectively. Ethyl 2-benzyl-2-[N
      (aryl)hydrazono] ethanoates were the resulting substances (1-3). The synthesis of
      4-6, namely 3-phenyl-2,5-disubstituted indoles, was carried out employing acidic
      indole ring closure reaction (Fischer indole synthesis) starting from 1-3.
      Because only 5 had a high antifungal potency its derivatives 7-10 were also
      prepared. But these derivatives were unfortunately found to be inactive.
      Structure elucidation of 1-10 were made by elemental analysis, IR, NMR and mass
      spectral data.

PMID- 2395900
TI  - Influence of leukemia P388 on the pharmacokinetics of mitoguazone in B6D2F1 mice.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of different stages
      of leukemia P388 on the pharmacokinetics of the antineoplastic agent mitoguazone
      in mice. It could be shown that, independent of the tumor stage investigated, the
      total clearance of mitoguazone is slightly reduced reflecting a moderate increase
      of AUC in the serum of leukemia-bearing animals. Furthermore, in an advanced
      tumor stage the drug levels in kidneys, liver, spleen and serum were found to be
      elevated to some extent in comparison to tumor-free controls in contrast to an
      earlier stage of leukemia. In conclusion, the tumor stage has to be considered as
      an important factor to which extent a neoplasia may alter the pharmacokinetics of
      drugs used for anticancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 2395901
TI  - 15N NMR in the analysis of drugs. Part 5: Characterisation of some vitamins.

PMID- 2395902
TI  - [Quantitative determination of N,N-bis[3-2'-ethoxyphenoxy)-2
      hydroxypropyl]ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (Falirytmin) in plasma].

PMID- 2395903
TI  - [Behavior of ibuprofen and its formulation in a resorption model].

PMID- 2395904
TI  - Evaluation of pharmaceutical availability of salicylic acid from tablets
      containing amphoteric surfactants.

PMID- 2395905
TI  - [Synthesis and biological activity of new cholecystokinin (CCK)-analogs with a
      special CCK-A receptor antagonistic effect].

PMID- 2395906
TI  - Acute release of plasminogen activator by ethyl alcohol in the isolated perfused
      pig ear.

PMID- 2395907
TI  - Influence of murine melanoma B16 on the distribution of ambazone in B6D2F1 mice.

PMID- 2395908
TI  - Effects of aspartame and sucrose on hunger and energy intake in humans.
AB  - Physiological and behavioral responses to high intensity sweeteners have been
      poorly characterized, leading to questions regarding their utility in weight
      management regimens. To address this issue, studies must independently control
      attributes such as the taste properties, chemical composition and energy
      contribution of a given sweetener, as well as subject expectations of its
      effects. In the present study, 24 adults of normal weight consumed breakfasts
      including unsweetened or sweetened (sucrose or aspartame) cereal for 5 days,
      during which hunger and energy intake were monitored. The cereals were rated as
      equally sweet and pleasant and were equicaloric. Half of the subjects were aware
      of the cereal composition. Neither sweet taste nor aspartame alone significantly
      affected reported hunger, daily energy intake or subsequent selection of foods
      with varying taste qualities. Energy intake tended to be more strongly influenced
      by perceptions of the energy value of the experimental breakfast. Thus, this
      study failed to find an appetite stimulating effect of either sweetness or
      sweetener (aspartame or sucrose).

PMID- 2395910
TI  - Effects of thirst-inducing stimuli on consumption of ethanol solutions by golden
      hamsters.
AB  - Two experiments were performed to examine the acute effects of thirst-inducing
      stimuli upon the intake of tap water and ethanol solutions by golden hamsters, a
      species which avidly consumes ethanol solutions. In Experiment 1, three groups of
      adult male hamsters (n = 6/group) were maintained on Purina chow and tap water;
      hamsters in two of the groups also had access to one of two ethanol solutions
      (15% or 30%, v/v). Animals were deprived at various times of either one or both
      fluids for 24 hr, and then either one or both fluids were presented during a 2-hr
      drinking test. Total water intake increased substantially following both
      selective water deprivation and total fluid deprivation whenever tap water was
      available during the drinking test, but no significant changes occurred when only
      the ethanol solution was available. Both total fluid deprivation and selective
      ethanol deprivation produced similar increases in ethanol consumption, but
      selective water deprivation did not, suggesting that the temporary removal of tap
      water has little direct effect upon ethanol intake in hamsters, at least at the
      ethanol concentration levels studied here. In Experiment 2, thirst was induced by
      a subcutaneous injection of 10% saline (1 ml/100 g). This procedure produced
      large increases in total water intake whenever tap water was available during the
      drinking test, but ethanol intake did not change under any circumstances. These
      results suggest that factors that acutely enhance water intake have little or no
      effect upon the ethanol consumption of golden hamsters.

PMID- 2395909
TI  - Sensorimotor cortical lesion effects and treatment with nimodipine.
AB  - Rats with unilateral ablations of the sensorimotor cortex and others with control
      operations were tested for their ability to touch and remove adhesive tape
      applied to both forelimbs. Half of each group was administered a calcium channel
      antagonist (nimodipine) for two weeks following the lesions and the other half
      received vehicle. The rats with lesions showed a bias to remove the ipsilateral
      stimulus first and exhibited contralateral deficits relative to control animals.
      Nimodipine was shown to reduce the contralateral stimulus removal time when the
      animals began testing two weeks after surgery, but not when testing began 1 day
      after surgery and overlapped the period of drug administration. Lesion effects
      also appeared on tests for neurologic impairment and activity, but nimodipine did
      not reduce these deficits. These findings indicate that nimodipine has the
      potential to reduce some deficits after sensorimotor cortical lesions, but that
      the effects of this drug may be task specific.

PMID- 2395911
TI  - Effects of medullary afferent vagal axotomy and area postrema lesions on short
      term and long-term NaCl-induced taste aversion learning.
AB  - This series of experiments demonstrates a functional dissociation between the
      area postrema (AP) and the vagus nerve in short-term taste aversion learning
      (TAL). Although medullary axotomy of the afferent component of the vagus
      disrupted the learning observed with NaCl-induced short-term (nondelayed) TAL,
      lesioning the AP failed to interfere with the discriminative process employed by
      the animals under the same conditions. However, involvement of neither the vagus
      nerve nor the AP seemed to be indispensable for learning in NaCl-induced long
      term (delayed) TAL. The possibility that the vagus nerve and the AP are involved
      in temporally distinct visceral processing is discussed.

PMID- 2395912
TI  - Heart rate development and sensory-evoked cardiac responses in perinatal rats.
AB  - Sensory-evoked changes in heart rate (HR) are often used to assess sensory
      function in infants, but HR measures have not been applied in studies of
      perinatal sensory function. Normative HR data are needed to judge whether
      baseline characteristics and response properties of the late fetal and newborn
      heart are appropriate as a dependent measure in sensory studies. We compared
      parameters of HR development and phasic cardiac responses to stimulation across
      the perinatal period in Norway rats. EKG was measured in cesarean-delivered
      prenatal rats (embryonic day 20-day of birth; conception = E0) and compared to
      both cesarean and vaginally delivered neonates (day of birth-postnatal day 2;
      birth = P0). Resting heart rate increased monotonically across the perinatal
      period, except between E21 and DOB (Experiment 1). During an hour-long test, HR
      was strong and stable. Variations in HR across successive measurement intervals
      (10 sec) were uniformly low (less than 2%) in all age groups. In Experiment 2,
      fetuses and neonates responded with dramatic HR decelerations (20-80 bpm) to an
      intraoral infusion of lemon extract. HR responses did not appear to be
      reflexively mediated by changes in respiration. These findings suggest that
      parameters of resting HR and cardiac responses to stimulation are well suited to
      studies of perinatal sensory function.

PMID- 2395913
TI  - Conditioned rotation: a behavioral analysis.
AB  - Rats trained to turn in circles have been used by a number of investigators to
      study brain dopamine metabolism. We report the results of a behavioral analysis
      of conditioned rotation and describe the apparatus used in our laboratory to
      train rats and monitor their performance. A novel discrimination procedure was
      used which required each rat to turn left in one training chamber with one set of
      stimulus conditions and right in a different chamber. Water-deprived animals were
      trained to circle for a water reward. Initial acquisition of this task required
      11 days of training. At the end of acquisition, a discrimination test indicated
      that turning in the left and right directions was under stimulus control of the
      chamber environment. We found that trained turning had a highly stereotyped
      temporal organization with a rapid movement component during which the rat
      executed the turn, and a longer pause time component during which the rat
      consumed the water reinforcer.

PMID- 2395914
TI  - Plasma catecholamine and corticosterone levels during active and passive shock
      prod avoidance behavior in rats: effects of chlordiazepoxide.
AB  - Plasma noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A) and corticosterone (CS) concentrations
      were determined in rats before, during and after 15-min exposure to a constantly
      electrified (2 mA) or nonelectrified prod which was mounted on the wall of the
      home cage either with or without bedding material on the floor. Concomitantly,
      exploration of the prod, freezing and prod-burying behavior were recorded. Both
      in the presence and absence of bedding material, rats explored the nonelectrified
      prod and showed a small increase in plasma NA and CS contents. Exploration of the
      prod was strongly reduced when the prod was electrified. In the presence of
      bedding material, shocked rats typically displayed burying behavior (active
      avoidance), whereas in the absence of bedding (i.e., burying option eliminated)
      shocked rats engaged in freezing behavior (passive avoidance). The passive
      avoidance situation was accompanied by larger A and CS increases but a lower NA
      rise as compared to the hormonal responses associated with the active avoidance
      situation. Administration of the anxiolytic chlordiazepoxide (CDP; 9 mg/kg
      intragastrically) attenuated the shock-induced suppression of prod exploration,
      decreased prod-burying behavior but, paradoxically, increased freezing behavior.
      Irrespective of bedding condition, the prod shock-induced elevations in plasma CS
      and A contents were completely abolished in CDP-treated rats. The rise in plasma
      NA was attenuated only in CDP-treated rats tested on a bedding-floor. The results
      indicate that passive (e.g., freezing) and active (e.g., burying) behavioral
      coping are each accompanied by specific and dissociated patterns of
      neurosympathetic, adrenomedullary and adrenocortical outflow. CDP-treatment
      shifts an animal's behavioral coping style from an active to a passive form of
      avoidance responding, but abolishes the accompanying adrenocortical and
      adrenomedullary activation.

PMID- 2395915
TI  - Plasma catecholamine, corticosterone and glucose responses to repeated stress in
      rats: effect of interstressor interval length.
AB  - Plasma noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A), corticosterone (CS) and glucose
      concentrations were determined in blood frequently sampled via a cardiac catheter
      from freely behaving rats exposed to five successive trials of water-immersion
      stress (WIS) with an interval between successive trials (interstressor interval;
      ISI) of either 24 hr or 72 hr. The first, acute exposure to WIS was accompanied
      by increased levels of plasma NA, A, CS and glucose which were substantially
      higher than those associated with handling or placement into a new cage. The
      magnitudes of the WIS-induced plasma NA, A, CS and glucose responses gradually
      declined across trials. However, five WIS exposures at a 24-hr ISI resulted in a
      faster and greater decrement of the plasma A, CS and glucose responses than five
      exposures at a 72-hr ISI. The data indicate that frequency of stressor
      presentation (i.e., length of interstressor interval) affects the adaptation
      pattern of neuroendocrine and metabolic responses to chronic intermittent stress.
      This finding supports the hypothesis that neuroendocrine adaptation to stress is
      (at least partly) similar to the process of behavioral or neurophysiological
      habituation to a sensory stimulus.

PMID- 2395916
TI  - Behavioral thermoregulation in long-tailed macaques: effect on social preference.
AB  - Environmental and behavioral data were collected on a captive group of six long
      tailed macaques housed in an outdoor cage to determine whether intragroup spacing
      behavior would vary in a consistent manner in relation to microclimatic
      variables. Records were made of ambient temperature, relative humidity, and time
      of day. Temperature was found to influence proximity between the monkeys. Under
      cool conditions, the long-tailed macaques of this study increased interindividual
      body contact, a behavior that lowers the amount of heat lost by radiation.
      Behavioral thermoregulation exerted a major effect on the expression of social
      relationships among the individuals. Social preference thresholds that regulate
      interindividual body contact were dramatically lowered under cool conditions (13
      24 degrees C). In contrast, affiliative thresholds for noncontact proximity did
      not alter as a function of thermal conditions. The effect of temperature on
      dyadic body contact did not seem to vary with the social characteristics of the
      dyad. The results support the hypothesis that certain aspects of primate social
      behavior may also serve some thermoregulatory function.

PMID- 2395917
TI  - Social facilitation of duration and size but not rate of the spontaneous meal
      intake of humans.
AB  - The amount eaten by humans in spontaneously ingested meals is positively
      correlated with the number of other people present. In order to investigate
      whether this social facilitation of eating was due to an increase in arousal,
      emotionality, hunger, or social interactions, analyses were performed on the data
      obtained from 82 adult humans. They were paid to maintain 7-day diaries of
      everything they ingested, when and where they ingested it, the number of other
      people present, and their subjective states of hunger, elation, and anxiety. The
      presence of other people was found to be associated with the duration of meals
      and not the rate of intake, whereas self-rated hunger was found to be associated
      with the rate of intake and not the duration of meals. Self-rated anxiety was not
      found to be associated with the number of people present, whereas self-rated
      elation was positively correlated with the presence of others. Multiple
      regression analyses suggested that the presence of other people facilitates
      intake and increases elation independently. It also suggested that social
      facilitation operates by independently increasing the size and the duration of
      meals and that it operates independently of the subjective state of the
      individual. These results contradict the predictions of increased arousal,
      increased hunger, and increased emotionality models but support attentional,
      disinhibitory, and time extension models of social facilitation.

PMID- 2395919
TI  - Anticipatory wheel-running in behaviorally anosmic rats.
AB  - Rats rendered behaviorally anosmic by the intranasal infusion of zinc sulfate
      were placed on a single daily meal, 2 hr in duration. Anosmic rats and controls
      showed a similar degree of wheel-running anticipatory to the meal. It was
      concluded that the stimulus for entrainment of meal-associated rhythmicity is not
      olfaction and that other characteristics of food intake need to be systematically
      investigated.

PMID- 2395918
TI  - Age-related changes in spontaneous behavior and learning in NMRI mice from
      maturity to middle age.
AB  - Spontaneous behavior and learning and memory of 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-month-old
      virgin female NMRI mice were compared. Open field activity and spontaneous
      alternation in a Y-maze decreased in an age-related manner, reaching a
      statistical level of significance for the groups aged 9 and 12 months. Spatial
      learning was highly impaired in 9-and 12-month-old mice in the place version of a
      Morris-type water maze but not in the cued version of this task. Changes in motor
      activity, swimming ability or speed did not appear to account for these deficits.
      In a one-trial passive avoidance, performance was more variable, although a
      deficit in the oldest age group was clearly evident using a cutoff time of 120
      sec. The passive avoidance was not attributable to reduced shock sensitivity.
      Together, these results suggest that the onset of aging in NMRI mice occurs at
      the age of 9 and particularly 12 months. NMRI mice of this age could, therefore,
      represent a viable animal model for the study of cognitive impairments in aging.

PMID- 2395920
TI  - Ambulatory activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AB  - This study was undertaken to investigate changes in ambulatory and drinking
      behavior, using the Gunma University-type special apparatus for continuous and
      direct measurement of ambulation and drinking in streptozotocin-induced diabetic
      rats (STZ, 60 mg/kg). Ambulatory activity of diabetic rats was significantly less
      than that of control rats during the dark phase but not during the light phase.
      Ambulatory activity of diabetic rats was also significantly less from 0900 to
      1000 hr, but significantly more from 1400 to 1500 hr and 1700 to 1800 hr than
      that of control rats. On the other hand, there was significant increase in
      drinking behavior from DM-1W to DM-4W rats throughout the experimental time.
      Since diabetic animals are very sick, a wide variety of metabolic systems,
      including dopamine turnover, would be expected to be altered in these animals,
      and such alterations could also contribute to the results observed. Further
      studies are in progress to determine whether these abnormalities will be
      normalized by insulin administration.

PMID- 2395921
TI  - Experience-hormone interactions and maternal behavior in rats.
AB  - Three studies were conducted to determine the effects of reproductive condition
      and hormonal background on the acquisition and retention of a prior maternal
      experience. In the first study five experience conditions were compared. All
      animals gave birth and received either no postpartum contact with pups or 1/2 hr,
      1 hr, 2 hr or 24 hr of pup contact and were tested for maternal behavior 10 days
      later. Animals receiving pregnancy and parturitional experience, but minimal
      social experience with young, exhibited significantly longer maternal onset
      latencies than did groups receiving 2 or 24 hr of prior experience; also,
      comparisons of 10- and 30-day retention intervals indicated that animals tested
      10 days after a 24-hr experience exhibited shorter latencies than those tested 30
      days later. Thus, the duration of the postpartum experience and the interval
      since prior experience both affect the level of maternal responsiveness shown. In
      the second study six groups of females were tested. Four groups were permitted
      one day of interaction with pups either after parturition (primiparous animals)
      or following pup induction procedures (nulliparous animals) and were tested for
      their maternal responsiveness to foster pups 25-35 days later, either on day 19
      of a subsequent pregnancy or following resumption of estrous cycling. For most
      measures of maternal behavior there were significant main experience and test
      effects; experienced and pregnant animals exhibited shorter latencies to
      retrieve, lick and crouch over pups than did inexperienced and cycling animals,
      respectively. Significant interactions were also found for genital licking
      latency as well as for retrieval and crouch frequencies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395922
TI  - Role of the cerebellum in an avoidance conditioning task in the rat.
AB  - Adult DA/HAN strain male rats were submitted to an avoidance conditioning
      procedure. They were divided into two experimental groups, the animals being
      either conditioned (COC group) or not (NOC group) before cerebellectomy, and two
      control groups, the animals being either intact (C group) or sham-operated (SO
      group). Although the NOC rats could be conditioned successfully and the
      cerebellum is not absolutely necessary for the avoidance conditioning
      achievement, their scores were significantly lower than the preoperative scores
      of COC rats. Moreover, the scores of NOC rats (postoperative scores) were
      significantly lower than the postoperative scores of COC animals, suggesting that
      the preoperative conditioning makes the postoperative conditioning easier. At
      last, comparing postoperative scores of COC rats with those obtained by C and SO
      rats when given the retrieval test and comparing preoperative and postoperative
      scores in COC animals show that retention of the initial (preoperative)
      conditioning is partly abolished by the cerebellectomy. Histological controls
      demonstrated that the entire cerebellum except for the flocculus and the nodulus
      was removed. These results strongly suggest that the cerebellum is involved in
      the memory processes that sustain the avoidance conditioning.

PMID- 2395923
TI  - Opponent strain effect on eliciting attacks in NZB mice: physiological
      correlates.
AB  - In agonistic encounters between male mice, the characteristics of the opponent
      may influence the attacking behavior of its partner. The present study shows that
      the opponent's ability to elicit attacking behavior in NZB males is strain
      dependent. BALB/c opponents elicit attacks more frequently, earlier and more
      intensively than C57BL/6 males. Plasma testosterone concentration was found to be
      higher in BALB/c than in C57BL/6 intact males. The weight of seminal vesicles in
      castrated males of both strains increased with injections of either 10- or 250
      micrograms testosterone propionate (TP). This response was greater in BALB/c with
      the higher TP dose. The submandibular glands reacted to TP only in castrated
      BALB/c males with the higher dose. Furthermore, BALB/c males produced more
      marking secretions than C57BL/6 males. These results suggest that for these two
      strains, a higher testosterone sensitivity and a greater production of secretions
      are associated with a higher probability of opponents to elicit attacks. Genetic
      hypotheses on the underlying mechanisms are discussed.

PMID- 2395924
TI  - Comparison of the dipsogenic responsiveness of Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley
      rats.
AB  - The dipsogenic responsiveness of the Sprague-Dawley (albino) and Long-Evans
      (hooded) strains of rats was compared. The responsiveness of the angiotensin II
      pathway for induction of drinking was assessed by means of acute administration
      of the beta-adrenoceptor agonist, isoproterenol (25 micrograms/kg, SC),
      angiotensin I (150 micrograms/kg, SC), and angiotensin II (150 micrograms/kg,
      SC). The results show that rats of the Long-Evans (hooded) strain drink less
      water than those of the Sprague-Dawley strain in response to acute administration
      of either isoproterenol or angiotensin I. However, there was no difference
      between groups in water intake resulting from administration of angiotensin II.
      This suggests that the Long-Evans strain has less capacity to convert angiotensin
      I to angiotensin II than the Sprague-Dawley strain, but that responsiveness of
      the Long-Evans strain to angiotensin II is similar to that of the Sprague-Dawley
      strain. The responsiveness of the osmoreceptor pathway for induction of drinking
      was also assessed both by measurement of the drinking response to acute
      administration of hypertonic saline (1% body weight of 1 M NaCl solution, IP) and
      a 24-hour dehydration. The results show that rats of the Long-Evans strain drink
      less water in response either to administration of hypertonic saline or to
      dehydration than those of the Sprague-Dawley strain. This suggests that
      responsiveness to stimulation of the osmoreceptor pathway of the Long-Evans
      strain induces less drinking than in the Sprague-Dawley.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2395925
TI  - The role of the pontis oralis in the generation of RSA activity in the
      hippocampus of the guinea pig.
AB  - The relationship between field activity in the nucleus pontis oralis (PnO) and
      the hippocampus was examined in the guinea pig. Rhythmical slow activity (RSA or
      theta activity) could be recorded from both the pontis oralis and the
      hippocampus. RSA recorded in the pontis oralis was of the same principal
      frequency as that found in the hippocampus, but had a much lower amplitude.
      Behavioral correlates of PnO RSA were the same as the behavioral correlates of
      hippocampal RSA. The effects of atropine sulfate on RSA were the same at each
      site. Stimulation of the PnO produced RSA in the hippocampus. Lesions of the PnO
      had no effect on RSA recorded from the hippocampus or on the behavioral
      correlates of this RSA. Lesions of the medial septum abolished RSA in both sites.
      Cross-correlations between field activity recorded from both the hippocampus and
      PnO showed the same time lag before and after septal lesions. These results
      indicate that while the PnO is not instrumental in the production of hippocampal
      RSA, an intact septum is necessary for the production of RSA in both sites. They
      also indicate that there is a common projection to these sites which does not
      pass through the medial septum.

PMID- 2395926
TI  - Changes in hypothalamic neuronal function related to hormonal induction of
      lordosis in behaving hamsters.
AB  - The hypothalamus is known to be critical for the neuroendocrine control of sexual
      behavior, but the neural effects of gonadal hormones on behavior-related activity
      of hypothalamic neurons has received little investigation. The present study
      examined the effects on single hypothalamic neurons of lordosis-inducing estrogen
      and progesterone administration to behaving golden hamsters. The lordosis
      inducing action of the hormones was associated with rapidly emerging, cumulative
      changes in the activity level and somatosensory responsiveness of neurons
      throughout the hypothalamus, as well as the appearance in most neurons of
      lordosis-correlated firing. This functional reconfiguration of hypothalamic
      neuronal properties resembled, in time course and other aspects, effects of
      estrogen and progesterone previously observed in hamster midbrain neurons.
      Although the firing rates of the hypothalamic neurons were typically low, the
      lordosis-related activity of these neurons was compatible with a role in the
      control of individual episodes of lordosis as well as a state-related tendency to
      exhibit the lordosis response.

PMID- 2395927
TI  - Variations in human taste bud density and taste intensity perception.
AB  - Some variations in human taste sensitivity may be due to different numbers of
      taste buds among subjects. Taste pores were counted on the tongue tips of 16
      people with videomicroscopy, and the subjects were divided into two groups (N =
      8) by the rank order of their taste bud densities. The "higher" density group
      averaged 374 +/- 134 taste pores/cm2, while the "lower" density group averaged
      135 +/- 43 tp/cm2. The higher density group had an average fungiform papilla
      density which was 1.8 times greater than the lower density group and an average
      of 1.5 times more taste pores/papilla. The subjects also rated the intensity for
      4 suprathreshold concentrations of 5 taste stimuli placed on the same region of
      the tongue where taste pores were counted. The group with higher taste bud
      densities gave significantly higher average intensity ratings for sucrose (196%),
      NaCl (135%) and PROP (142%), but not for citric acid (118%) and quinine HCl
      (110%) than the lower density group. Thus, the subjects with higher fungiform
      taste bud densities also reported some tastes as more intense than subjects with
      fewer fungiform taste buds.

PMID- 2395928
TI  - Acute, chronic, and interactive effects of type I and II corticosteroid receptor
      stimulation on feeding and weight gain.
AB  - Type I (aldosterone) and/or type II (dexamethasone or RU28362) corticosterone
      receptor agonists were continuously infused in adrenalectomized Sprague-Dawley
      rats for 28 days at doses of 3.4, 17.2, or 86.2 nmol/day. Additional groups
      received combined agonist infusions, blank infusions, or sham operations. The
      type I agonist stimulated body weight gain, and the type II agonists were both
      suppressive, differing mainly in degree. Although there were a few early effects
      of these hormones (usually a stage of exaggerated activity), once passed, chronic
      stimulation was marked by steady or slightly increasing steroid influence on body
      weight. Throughout the chronic phase of this study there was no departure from a
      simple opponent model of type I and II ligand actions, and their combination
      approximated an arithmetic summation of the two separate agonists. This was
      generally true of feeding as well, although steroid effects on intake were always
      less pronounced. In contrast to chronic administration, acute combinations of
      these agonists were highly interactive, producing slight losses than large gains
      for the aldosterone and RU28362 combinations, but a large gain then small loss
      for the aldosterone and dexamethasone combination. These results imply that
      RU28362 and dexamethasone differ in more respects than potency. Because normal
      endogenous type II stimulation is acute and occurs against a background of type I
      receptor occupation, mixed agonist interactions are probably the rule for
      everyday physiological activity, not the exception.

PMID- 2395929
TI  - Aspartame ingested without tasting inhibits hunger and food intake.
AB  - The effects on motivation to eat and food intake of administering small amounts
      of aspartame (234 to 470 mg: lower dose equivalent to the amount of aspartame
      contained in 1-2 cans of some soft drinks) in capsules to human volunteers were
      examined in two separate experiments (the second was a replication of the first).
      The results provided clear evidence of a prominent postingestive inhibitory
      action of aspartame on appetite: consumed in capsules, aspartame reduced
      subsequent food intake and, to a lesser extent, motivation to eat. The mechanism
      underlying this effect has yet to be elucidated. A possibility is that the
      release of cholecystokinin by phenylalanine, a constituent of aspartame, is
      involved. A further result was that drinking aspartame-sweetened water did not
      reliably reduce motivational ratings or food intake (in the first experiment
      aspartame ingested in capsules significantly reduced food intake compared with
      the same amount ingested as a sweet drink). One interpretation of these together
      with previous findings is that the response to consuming aspartame is determined
      by at least two interacting influences: an inhibitory postingestive effect and a
      stimulatory effect of its sweet taste. In turn, the relative potency of these
      influences may be modified by certain other features of the aspartame-sweetened
      food or drink (e.g., its nutrient content). Another implication of these results
      is that it cannot be assumed that intense sweeteners will all have equivalent
      effects on appetite.

PMID- 2395930
TI  - Altered T-lymphocyte response following aggressive encounters in mice.
AB  - Intermale aggression is a natural form of psychosocial stress that can alter a
      variety of physiological functions, including immune function. In Experiment 1,
      daily fighting between pairs of previously isolated male mice differentially
      altered immunological measures of T-cell responsiveness in dominant and
      submissive animals. Submissive mice had lower T-cell proliferation and IL-2
      production, when compared to dominant, nonfought, or witness mice. Since the
      fighting behavior often results in wounding of the submissive animal, Experiment
      2 used a relatively nonaggressive test to determine whether the immunological
      differences between dominant and submissive mice were due to wounding or due to
      the psychosocial state of dominance. Dominant mice had elevated T-cell
      proliferation and IL-2 production when compared to the other treatment groups.
      Therefore, it appears that in dominant/submissive pairs of mice a severe physical
      stress, such as intense fighting, influences the immune system in a different
      manner than psychological or mild aggressive encounters.

PMID- 2395931
TI  - Coping with social conflict, and short-term changes of plasma cortisol titers in
      familiar and unfamiliar environments.
AB  - Each of 27 male guinea pigs was confronted with a strange opponent a) in its
      familiar home cage (CHC) and b) in the unfamiliar cage of the opponent (CSC) and
      was c) exposed to an unfamiliar open-field area without a conspecific present
      (OFA). The behavior displayed during confrontations was recorded in detail and
      plasma-cortisol-titers (PCT) were measured immediately before and after each
      test. The main findings were: 1) PCT increased significantly in response to the
      tests carried out in unfamiliar environments (OFA and CSC) compared with the
      response to the home-cage confrontation. 2) In both confrontation tests
      "offensive" males could be distinguished from "defensive" males according to
      marked differences in their agonistic behavior. Offensive males approached and
      threatened their opponents. Defensive males retreated and did not perform
      elements of threat behavior. 3) Offensive males showed significantly lower
      increases in PCT than defensive males in the home-cage confrontations. Increases
      in PCT did not differ significantly between the two categories of male in the
      strange-cage confrontations. The results show a) that different intensities of
      adrenocortical responses depend on the behavioral coping pattern and b) that this
      behavioral effect can be masked by environmental factors.

PMID- 2395932
TI  - An inexpensive rotary infusion pump for delivering microliter volumes of fluids
      to animal subjects.
AB  - The study of chemosensory responsiveness in developing animals often involves
      experimental designs in which fluid stimuli are infused into the mouth of the
      subject. In this report we describe an inexpensive alternative to commercially
      available syringe pumps for automatically delivering intraoral infusions on a
      programmed schedule.

PMID- 2395933
TI  - 2-Mercaptoacetate stimulates sham feeding in rats.
AB  - Rats maintained on a LF diet (Purina chow) were pretreated with 0.3 M/kg 2
      mercaptoacetate, an antagonist of B-oxidation of fatty acids, 60 min before sham
      feeding condensed milk with open gastric cannulas. 2-Mercaptoacetate
      significantly increased 30-min milk intake by about 35%. This suggests that
      blockade of fatty acid oxidation 1) participates control of feeding even in rats
      adapted to low fat diets, and 2) modulates not only the timing of meal initiation
      as previously reported by others, but also may influence the rate of ingestion
      and/or meal size. Finally, 2-mercaptoacetate pretreatment did not block the
      synergistic inhibition of sham feeding elicited by simultaneous injections of
      glucagon and cholecystokinin.

PMID- 2395934
TI  - Prepuberal MPOA lesions and housing condition: effects on rats' male sex
      behaviors.
AB  - After prepuberal male rats underwent either medial preoptic area (MPOA) lesions
      or sham surgeries, they were housed in all-male groups (SOC-X and SOC-S
      treatments) or isolation (ISO-X and ISO-S treatments). In the first mating test,
      SOC-X rats mounted and intromitted more than ISO-X, but not SOC-S, rats. In this
      and across mating tests, SOC-X did not differ from SOC-S rats in the proportion
      ejaculating; however, fewer ISO-X than ISO-S rats ejaculated. In the first
      ejaculatory test, MPOA-lesioned rats ejaculated less and had shorter PEIs than
      shams. No consistent effects on testes or seminal vesicles (SVs) were observed.

PMID- 2395935
TI  - Changes in ingestive behaviors and body weight following intracranial application
      of 17 alpha-estradiol.
AB  - The present experiment was conducted to determine if central implants of 17 alpha
      estradiol could influence food intake, water intake, and body weight in
      ovariectomized rats. A total of fifteen animals were fitted with bilateral guide
      cannulae in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and stimulated unilaterally with
      cholesterol and 17 alpha-estradiol in each side of the brain. Compared with
      cholesterol treatment, 17 alpha-estradiol implants in the PVN significantly
      lowered food intake and body weight but did not affect water intake. These
      findings indicate that the PVN is a brain region responsive to the effects of 17
      alpha-estradiol on feeding behavior, and support the hypothesis that the effects
      of estrogens on ingestive and reproductive behaviors are organized separately
      within the brain.

PMID- 2395936
TI  - The effect of taste on gastric and pancreatic responses in dogs.
AB  - Six mongrel dogs with gastric and esophageal fistulas (n = 4) or with gastric and
      pancreatic fistulas (n = 2) were studied to determine the role of taste on
      gastric and pancreatic secretion. Stimulation of the back of the throat with a
      range of tastants produced gastric acid, bicarbonate, protein, and pancreatic
      polypeptide levels that were statistically equivalent to those produced with
      stimulation of the entire tongue. This suggests that the vagus nerve is the
      primary mediator of the cephalic phase response to tastants. There were marked
      individual differences among dogs in the responses to the ten tastants that were
      tested. On average, monosodium glutamate and seltzer, which mongrel dogs do not
      normally encounter in their diets, produced lower gastric acid secretion and
      pancreatic polypeptide release than sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and meaty tastes.
      The gastric acid secreted by the dogs with esophageal fistulas in response to
      tastes was only one-half as large as levels previously reported for sight/smell
      of food and only one sixth as large as those obtained with sham feeding.

PMID- 2395938
TI  - [Depression and anxiety--a study for validating subtypes of depression].
AB  - Psychopathological analysis of the patterns of symptoms in 176 depressive in
      patients disclosed in 73.3% of all patients the presence of anxiety symptoms: of
      these, 38.6% merely had diffuse anxiety, whereas 34.7% showed either additionally
      or alone specific anxiety symptoms such as phobias and panic attacks. Similar to
      the results obtained by dividing the patients into an "endogenous" and "neurotic"
      group, namely, that there was no difference between the subtypes in respect of
      triggering the depressive episodes by life events, or in respect of the suicide
      rate 30 months after discharge and in respect of a chronic course developing
      during the 2 years following the discharge, there was likewise no difference with
      regard to these criteria if the patients were subdivided into depressive patients
      without anxiety and those with anxiety symptoms. However, a subdivision of the
      depressive patients with anxiety symptoms into a group having only free-floating
      anxiety and a group with specific anxiety symptoms, resulted in a clear
      association with these criteria: If a phobia or panic attacks were present,
      triggering by life events was far more frequent than if there was only free
      floating was more often chronic in the first group, but there was no difference
      in suicidality. The results indicate that it will be necessary to provide for a
      more differentiated classification of anxiety symptoms before deciding in
      clinical routine what steps to take wherever depression and anxiety symptoms are
      present side by side. The same applies to treatment studies.

PMID- 2395937
TI  - [Social workers and physicians--partners in social psychiatry? Assumptions and
      reality in a social psychiatry model institution].
AB  - With the reform of psychiatric and psychosocial care services, new professional
      groups, apart from the traditionally medical professions, have increasingly found
      their way into everyday therapy. Social workers in particular have gained
      significance in complementary fields of treatment. An empirical survey of the
      everyday situation in a comprehensive community mental health service system
      focusing on the therapist-couple "physician" and "social worker" collaborating to
      guarantee continuity of care for long-term treatment, yielded three results: 1.
      The dual-therapistsystem was convincingly effective for nearly half of the total
      number of patients; the other patients were attended generally by one therapist,
      while the second therapist took an active part in treatment only sporadically. 2.
      Analysis considering the two professional groups involved showed a significant
      pre-dominance of the physicians, both on a qualitative basis in their function as
      being the primary therapist as well as in strictly quantitative terms concerning
      the relations of all therapeutic activities. 3. A comparison of two extreme
      groups "doctor-patients" and "social worker-patient" revealed significant
      differences in features of their respective social and clinical case histories.
      In the course of treatment we found a rapid focusing on and acceptance of the
      medical therapeut. These results, which also reflect the conflict between social
      psychiatric claims and everyday reality, are discussed with regard to the self
      perception of the professional groups involved and the practice of our department
      and the cooperative institutions, as well as the expectations of the patients and
      their relatives, and finally with reference to the various exclusively medical
      oriented treatment models which still dominate contemporary psychiatric praxis.

PMID- 2395939
TI  - [Integration and reintegration of first admission psychiatric patients].
AB  - In the framework of a prospective follow-up study, development and outcome of the
      occupational and social status in 258 first-admission psychiatric patients was
      investigated. Interviews were made at the time of discharge, 1 year and 5 years
      later. For that reason prospective data exist on the prehospital and hospital
      time as well as on short-term and long-term course. Social adjustment,
      occupational rehabilitation, early retirement, social status and pre- and post
      hospital occupational integration were investigated. It must be placed on record,
      that psychiatric patients are subjected to severe negative changes in their
      occupational and social life even after the first hospital treatment. Type and
      quantity of disintegration depended on the diagnostic group. Schizophrenic
      patients differed from the other patients in every intergration area.

PMID- 2395940
TI  - [Basic suicidality at a psychiatric hospital].
AB  - Using a questionnaire the therapists of the Psychiatric Hospital in Ravensburg
      Weissenau were requested for information on the suicidality and symptomato-logy
      of their patients. This was done to assess the acute and chronic suicidality
      prevalent in a psychiatric hospital. The number of acute and chronic suicidal
      patients, the prevalence of self-destructive behaviour (38%) as well as the fact
      that 75% of the 475 assessed patients belonged to diagnostic groups with an
      imminent high risk of suicidality, show the high "basic suicidality" that
      therapists of a psychiatric hospital to deal with: 7% of the assessed patients
      were acutely, 11% chronically and 22% possibly suicidal; 38% had had suicidal
      episodes at least once in their life. The rate of suicidality was highest among
      patients with affective psychoses followed by those with personality disorders,
      neurotic disorders and depressive syndromes.

PMID- 2395941
TI  - [Self-administration of drugs in an open psychiatric unit].
AB  - In 65% of the rehabilitation wards on Bavarian psychiatric hospitals, medication
      is not distributed by nurses but is collected by the patients in the nurses'
      room. For 159 patients, data on their reliability in this procedure were
      obtained. Patients generally come for their medication with considerable
      reliability. Patients suffering from schizophrenia were unreliable during the
      first week of treatment. During the last week of treatment, however, their
      reliability improved. The improvement of reliability was high for patients of
      higher education, productive psychotic symptoms at the beginning of the
      treatment, good response to neuroleptic medication, or first manifestation of the
      disease. The system of patients coming for their medication is a method of
      training self-responsible medication intake. The reliability of the patients'
      participation can be interpreted as a measure of their compliance.

PMID- 2395942
TI  - [Occupationally-induced HIV infection in medical personnel].

PMID- 2395943
TI  - [Significance of combination cylinder ampoules/syringes for an unexceptional
      application].

PMID- 2395944
TI  - [Endodontic emergency (1)].

PMID- 2395945
TI  - [Preparation of esthetic porcelain inlay with Optec-HSP system].

PMID- 2395946
TI  - [Efficacy of chlorhexidine on germ spectrum of periodontal pockets--an in vitro
      study].

PMID- 2395947
TI  - [Principles of dental implantation].

PMID- 2395948
TI  - [Interpretation of radiographs].

PMID- 2395949
TI  - [ABC of practice management].

PMID- 2395950
TI  - [Investigation of corrosion on edge surfaces of porcelain and non-precious metal
      alloys].

PMID- 2395951
TI  - [Relative analgesia in pediatric dentistry].

PMID- 2395952
TI  - [Implantation today--present status of implantation from clinical point of view.
      (1) Basic concept and resulting criteria].

PMID- 2395953
TI  - [Endodontic emergency (2)].

PMID- 2395954
TI  - [Flexible gingival augmentation for implant supported denture].

PMID- 2395955
TI  - [Interpretation of radiographs].

PMID- 2395956
TI  - [ABC of practice management. A--work time and time management].

PMID- 2395957
TI  - [Denture bases--comparison of different materials].

PMID- 2395958
TI  - [Systematic application of opiates in dentistry (1)].

PMID- 2395959
TI  - [Endodontic emergency (3)].

PMID- 2395960
TI  - [Invisible crown margins (2). An in vitro study].

PMID- 2395961
TI  - [Is the choice of chewing side accidental?].

PMID- 2395962
TI  - [Interpretation of radiographs].

PMID- 2395963
TI  - [ABC of practice management: A--work time and time management (2)].

PMID- 2395964
TI  - [Efficacy of toothpaste in therapy of cervical hypersensitivity].

PMID- 2395966
TI  - [Integrative dental-psychological evaluation to mouth-jaw-face surgery].

PMID- 2395965
TI  - [Systemic application of opiates in dentistry (2)].

PMID- 2395967
TI  - [Gold blend veneers for baked porcelain].

PMID- 2395968
TI  - [Frequency, localization, clinical and therapeutic aspects of salivary stones in
      submandibular gland].

PMID- 2395969
TI  - [Study of efficacy of six different mechanical methods of root canal
      preparation].

PMID- 2395970
TI  - [Clinical and technical procedures of ceramic crowns and bridge system: In
      Ceram].

PMID- 2395971
TI  - [Total mouth rehabilitation for function and esthetic viewpoint--case report].

PMID- 2395972
TI  - [Modified bite plane appliances and their different applications (1)].

PMID- 2395973
TI  - [Splints for very loose teeth using splint-lock method].

PMID- 2395974
TI  - [Interpretation of radiographs].

PMID- 2395975
TI  - [ABC of practice management: B--advice].

PMID- 2395976
TI  - [Plastic comparison study of impression materials with addition of antiseptics of
      chlorhexidine group (1)].

PMID- 2395977
TI  - [Amalgam--sensitive word for dentist and patient].

PMID- 2395978
TI  - [Present status of endodontic fixation].

PMID- 2395979
TI  - [Biological testing of glass-ionomer cement Chem-Fil II under conditions of use].

PMID- 2395980
TI  - [Modified plate appliance and its different applications (2)].

PMID- 2395981
TI  - [Role of dentist in supervision and maintenance of implant dentures].

PMID- 2395982
TI  - [Interpretation of radiographs].

PMID- 2395983
TI  - [Oblique transcranial lift of zygomatic arch for presentation of fractures of the
      zygomatic process of the temporal bone. (1)].

PMID- 2395984
TI  - [ABC of practice management: C-Computer].

PMID- 2395985
TI  - [Plastic comparison study of impression materials with addition of antiseptics of
      chlorhexidine group (2)].

PMID- 2395986
TI  - [Systemic application of antipyretic, non-opioid analgesics (1)].

PMID- 2395987
TI  - [Risks with endosseous implantation following radiation].

PMID- 2395988
TI  - [Frankel function regulator type III--case report].

PMID- 2395989
TI  - [Microbiological evaluation of complex preventive program in adult years-
      Schwerin prevention study].

PMID- 2395990
TI  - [Oblique transcranial lift of zygomatic arch for presentation of fractures of the
      zygomatic process of the temporal bone (2)].

PMID- 2395991
TI  - [Interpretation of radiographs].

PMID- 2395992
TI  - [ABC of practice management: D--delegation].

PMID- 2395993
TI  - [Systemic application of antipyretic non-opioid analgesics (2)].

PMID- 2395994
TI  - [Titanium for dental restorations].

PMID- 2395995
TI  - [Immediate prosthetic care of edentulous mandible with help of Ledermann-screw].

PMID- 2395996
TI  - [New amalgam technic with example of Heragam-48 non-gamma 2].

PMID- 2395997
TI  - [Metalloceramic and full ceramic restorations (1)].

PMID- 2395998
TI  - [Modified bite plane appliances and their different applications (3)].

PMID- 2395999
TI  - [Basic principles of dentistry. Incidents with local anesthesia (2)].

PMID- 2396000
TI  - [Allergy--a plague of our time (2)].

PMID- 2396001
TI  - [Oral hygiene at home and on the way].

PMID- 2396003
TI  - [Process of fact finding orientation in dental practice (1)].

PMID- 2396002
TI  - [Applied psychology in the dental office (4)].

PMID- 2396004
TI  - [Medicaments in dental practice].

PMID- 2396005
TI  - Reactivity of nitro-thiophene derivatives with electron and oxygen radicals
      studied by pulse radiolysis and polarographic techniques.
AB  - A new series of nitrothiophene derivatives have been synthetized and some of the
      physico-chemical parameters which can influence both their radiosensitizing
      efficiency and toxicity have been investigated. These include octanol/water
      partition coefficient (P), one-electron reduction potential (E7(1] and reactivity
      of the drugs towards primary radical species. For these studies, pulse radiolysis
      techniques and conventional polarography have been extensively used. Biological
      responses (both sensitization and toxicity) have been tested towards Chinese
      Hamster cells in vitro. The results are valuable in selecting, among the tested
      compounds, 5-NTMA, 5-NTM, 4- and 5-NTCA as the nitrohiophenes promising for in
      vivo applications.

PMID- 2396006
TI  - Detection of DNA damage in spermiogenic stages of mice treated with enriched
      uranyl fluoride by alkaline elution.
AB  - DNA breakage in spermiogenic stages of mice treated with enriched uranyl fluoride
      (UO2F2) was studied using an alkaline elution technique. Mature spermatozoa were
      sampled from the animal's vas and eluted with a buffer (PH 12.2) at 3-day
      intervals over a 33-day period after i.p. injection of 2 mg UO2F2/kg and always
      at 36 days after thymidine labeling in the testes. Elution of sperm DNA from
      treated animals varied with spermiogenic stages. At 12 days after exposure the
      amount of the elution of sperm DNA was found highest and increased with the
      increasing UO2F2 dose up to 6 mg/kg.

PMID- 2396007
TI  - Dose-rate dependent stochastic effects in radiation cell-survival models.
AB  - When cells are subjected to ionizing radiation the specific energy rate
      (microscopic analog of dose-rate) varies from cell to cell. Within one cell, this
      rate fluctuates during the course of time; a crossing of a sensitive cellular
      site by a high energy charged particle produces many ionizations almost
      simultaneously, but during the interval between events no ionizations occur. In
      any cell-survival model one can incorporate the effect of such fluctuations
      without changing the basic biological assumptions. Using stochastic differential
      equations and Monte Carlo methods to take into account stochastic effects we
      calculated the dose-survival relationships in a number of current cell survival
      models. Some of the models assume quadratic misrepair; others assume saturable
      repair enzyme systems. It was found that a significant effect of random
      fluctuations is to decrease the theoretically predicted amount of dose-rate
      sparing. In the limit of low dose-rates neglecting the stochastic nature of
      specific energy rates often leads to qualitatively misleading results by
      overestimating the surviving fraction drastically. In the opposite limit of acute
      irradiation, analyzing the fluctuations in rates merely amounts to analyzing
      fluctuations in total specific energy via the usual microdosimetric specific
      energy distribution function, and neglecting fluctuations usually underestimates
      the surviving fraction. The MOnte Carlo methods interpolate systematically
      between the low dose-rate and high dose-rate limits. As in other approaches, the
      slope of the survival curve at low dose-rates is virtually independent of dose
      and equals the initial slope of the survival curve for acute radiation.

PMID- 2396008
TI  - Comparison of six different models describing survival of mammalian cells after
      irradiation.
AB  - Six different cell-survival models have been compared. All models are based on
      the similar assumption that irradiated cells are able to exist in one of three
      states. SA is the state of a totally repaired cell, in state SC the cell contains
      lethal lesions and in state SB the cell contains potentially lethal lesions i.e.
      those which either can be repaired or converted into lethal lesions. The
      differences between the six models lies in the different mathematical
      relationships between the three states. To test the six models, six different
      sets of experimental data were used which describe cell survival at different
      repair times after irradiation with sparsely ionizing irradiation. In order to
      compare the models, a goodness-of-fit function was used. The differences between
      the six models were tested by use of the nonparametric Mann-Whitney two sample
      test. Based on the 95% confidence limit, this required separation into three
      groups.

PMID- 2396009
TI  - Topological DNA target size model.
AB  - This study presents a model that explains the difference in radiosensitivity
      between dividing and resting mammalian non-lymphoid tissue cells (liver, kidney,
      respiratory tract, muscle cells, neurons), based on the topological organization
      of DNA. In dividing cells, the target for radiation might be identified in
      replicon clusters or domains (7 X 10(8)-5.8 X 10(9) Da of DNA), in contrast with
      resting cells, in which the target could be limited to the size of chromatin
      loops or replicons (10(7)-10(8) Da). Hence, the target theory, D37(cGy) = 0.58 X
      10(12)/weight of DNA in Da, indicates that the D37 dose (low-LET radiation)
      needed to inactivate 63% of the replicon clusters contained by the genome is
      around 100-850 cGy, and the D37 doses that could damage 63% of chromatin loops
      increase to 5800-58,000 cGy, with a value of 10,000 cGy for medium size replicons
      (5.8 X 10(7) Da). Accordingly, most dividing cells have D37 doses of 35 to 650
      cGy, and the D37 values for the interphase death of non-lymphoid resting cells
      increase to several tens of Gy or more. These data are consistent with the idea
      that killing of dividing cells is correlated with the inactivation of most
      replicon clusters (about 720-6000 domains per genome), induced mainly by DNA
      single-strand breaks (SSBs), associated with double-strand breaks (DSBs); while
      the death of resting cells occurs when the majority of replicons comprised by the
      cell nucleus (about 72,000 chromatin loops) are damaged by radiation (SSBs,
      DSBs), which might prevent the process of transcription.

PMID- 2396010
TI  - The effect of radiation in combination with carcinogens on the growth of normal
      urothelium in explant culture.
AB  - Radiation is known to be carcinogenic to humans but attempts to demonstrate the
      process using human tissue culture models have met with little success. In the
      present study explants were established from urothelium and exposed to radiation
      and a range of chemical carcinogens, suspected promotor or metabolic agents. The
      resulting outgrowth was monitored for growth rate, proliferating epithelial
      fraction and development and differentiation of endothelial cells in culture. The
      results indicate that enhanced growth of epithelial cells can be seen when
      cultures are irradiated in the presence of various nitrosamines, benzo(a)pyrene
      or aniline. Radiation alone reduced the overall growth area measured but several
      proliferative foci developed on the resulting outgrowth. Their ultrastructural
      appearance reveals that they carry severe mitochondrial damage and exposure of
      treated cultures to metabolic inhibitors confirms that their respiration is
      defective. Endothelial cells proliferated over the surface of the epithelial
      monolayer and both the number and the degree of differentiation of the
      endothelial cells increased with increasing dose up to 10 Gy. While the cultures
      are not immortalised by the treatment, it appears that the epithelial cells have
      an extended lifespan (division capacity) and that a subpopulation has undergone a
      number of premalignant changes. Changes in endothelial cell proliferation also
      occur.

PMID- 2396011
TI  - Sr-90 transfer factors for rye in podzolic soils: dependence on soil parameters.
AB  - The transfer factor (TF) for Sr-90 was studied in 10 rye fields with podzolic
      soils near Bremen. Values between 0.10 and 0.30 were obtained with a mean of
      0.18. The TF was correlated with various soil parameters (pH, organic matter, K,
      Ca and P content). Negative correlations were found between TF and pH-value, Ca
      and P content. However, the content of organic matter in the soils was positively
      correlated with soil and grain activity (Bq/kg).

PMID- 2396012
TI  - [Measurement of abundance ratio of 15N in amino acids by capillary gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry].
AB  - A capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for analysis of 15N-labeled
      amino acids and amides is described. The method is based on direct silylation of
      amino acids and amides with MTBSTFA and the formation of the TBDMS derivatives.
      The method was possible simultaneously to measure the 15N abundance ratio of
      amino-N and amide-N of amides, as to analysis of amino acids.

PMID- 2396013
TI  - [Measurements of 127I Mossbauer spectra for iodine compounds].
AB  - 127I Mossbauer spectra of good quality were obtained at 20 K using a Zn127mTe
      source produced by high flux neutron irradiation of 66Zn-126Te at reactor core.
      The Mossbauer spectra for KI and some iodine(III) compounds with absorption
      intensity of about 5% suggest that the 127I Mossbauer spectroscopy is useful in
      elucidating the bonding nature of the iodine compounds. Preparative method of the
      Mossbauer source and experimental technique are reported in detail.

PMID- 2396014
TI  - Substoichiometric radiochemical determination of silver with potassium ethyl
      xanthate in photofilm washings.
AB  - An accurate and rapid radiochemical method has been developed for the
      determination of microgram amount of silver employing potassium ethyl xanthate as
      a substoichiometric radiochemical reagent. The light yellow coloured silver ethyl
      xanthate formed was extracted into nitrobenzene from sulphuric acid media. The
      effect of foreign ions on the extraction was studied. The method was applied to
      the determination of silver content in photofilm washings.

PMID- 2396015
TI  - Determination of cadmium in water samples by substoichiometric radiochemical
      method employing potassium ethyl xanthate.
AB  - A radiochemical method has been developed for the determination of microgram
      amounts of cadmium based on the substoichiometric extraction of its 1:2 complex
      with potassium ethyl xanthate into 1:4 v/v mixture of pyridine and ethyl acetate
      from 2.5 M sodium formate. 10-90 micrograms of cadmium was determined with an
      average error of +/- 1.96%. The method developed was successfully applied to the
      determination of Cd contents in water samples.

PMID- 2396016
TI  - [Measurement of the abrasion of radioactive teeth by dentifrices].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to assess the dentifrice abrasivity of both
      commercially available products and test products. The assessment of abrasivity
      was carried out by the measurement of 32P released from tooth by using
      radioactive dentifrice abrasion (RDA) method. In dentine, RDA values, which show
      the polishing ability for dentine, were 65-100 with dentifrices with normal
      cleaning power and 106-182 with those with high cleaning power, respectively. On
      the other hand, REA values which show the polishing ability for enamel were 12
      405 with both market products and test products. The difference of the REA values
      according to the dentifrices appears to be largely influenced by the difference
      of polishing agents of each dentifrice. It is concluded that RDA method is
      usefull for assessing of dentifrice abrasivity. However, particular attention
      should be given to the abrasion of dentine.

PMID- 2396017
TI  - [Measurement of radiation energy and its application. IV. Measurement of beta-ray
      energy and its application (2). Beta-ray detectors using solids and gasses].

PMID- 2396018
TI  - [Gamma-ray spectra of 201Tl-radiopharmaceuticals with a scintillation camera-
      crosstalk of contaminating nuclides of 200Tl and/or 202Tl onto 201Tl-photopeaks].
AB  - In cardiac imaging with 201Tl, the collimator for low energy high resolution is
      generally used, and also the energy window, which is set on the spectral display
      of a pulse height analyzer of a scintillation camera, is chosen 70 +/- 12.5 keV.
      The purpose of this study is to discuss those conditions in 201Tl imaging with
      the scintillation camera. Two types of collimators for HR (high resolution) and
      ME (medium energy) were used in this experiment, and we measured the pulse height
      spectra of 201TlCl radiopharmaceuticals in air and in a cuboid phantom,
      connecting a multi-channel pulse height analyzer to the scintillation camera. As
      a result of measuring of the pulse height spectra, two different energies of
      gamma rays which are not supposed to emit from 201Tl nuclide were observed, and
      we also identified the presence of a small amount of 202Tl (with 439 keV) and/or
      200Tl (with 368 keV) from their half-life measurements. Thus, the use of the HR
      collimator with 201Tl imaging is not suitable, because the shielding effects of
      its septa is poor to 439 keV gamma-rays, and the scattered radiation produced by
      the Compton interaction contributes to the principal photopeak on the pulse
      height spectrum. Here, we recommend the use ME-collimator instead of the HR-one,
      and of the window width of 76 +/- 25 keV for increasing the count rate.

PMID- 2396019
TI  - [Tissue free water tritium in pine needles around a nuclear power plant].
AB  - The elevation of the concentration of tissue free water tritium (TFWT) in pine
      needles was discernible in trees growing around a nuclear power plant. The values
      varied from 2.6 Bq/l to 6.1 Bq/l with a mean value of 3.8 Bq/l. Analysis of pine
      needles collected at Fukui City as control samples was done. The values averaged
      1.7 Bq/l and fell within 1.5 B/l-1.8 Bq/l which was obtained nation-wide survey
      of TFWT in pine needles in Japan. The present study also revealed that reactor
      tritium incorporated into pine needles decreased rapidly with a half time of 6
      days and then tissue free water tritium has a short retention time.

PMID- 2396020
TI  - [Evaluation of thrombus scintigraphy using 67Ga-deferoxamine-dialdehydestarch
      fibrinogen in patients with internal A-V shunt].
AB  - We evaluated the diagnosis of thrombus and the effect of antithrombic therapy by
      using 67Ga-DFO-DAS-Fibrinogen (67Ga-Fbg.) scintigraphy in vivo. The 11 patients
      with chronic renal failure had the operation of the internal A-V shunt. The two
      groups were divided the group I (the patients were injected 67Ga-Fbg. within 5
      days after the operation of A-V shunt) from the group II (the patients were
      injected 67Ga-Fbg. from 7 months to 6 years after A-V shunt). We examined 72 h
      after the injection of 67Ga-Fbg. in all patients. In group I, the scintigraphy
      showed the deposition of 67Ga-Fbg. in all 5 patients, but 3 patients were given
      dipyridamole (75-300 mg). The scintigraphy examined 3 weeks after A-V shunt were
      negative in 2 patients in group I. In group II, the scintigraphy showed the
      deposition of 67Ga-Fbg. in the two of 6 patients. Within 5 day after A-V shunt,
      we observed there was the tendency of the thrombus formation. The scintigraphy of
      67Ga-Fbg. was useful for the detection of thrombus in vivo.

PMID- 2396021
TI  - [Measurement of radiation energy and its application. IV. Measurement of beta-ray
      energy and its application (2). Beta-ray detectors using solids and gases
      (continued) (3). Preparation of beta-ray sources for high resolution measurement
      and (4). Applications].

PMID- 2396022
TI  - [The dentist as an expert in disasters: dental identification in the disasters
      with the Zeebrugge ferry].
AB  - The Herald of Free Enterprise Disaster on the 6th of March 1987 just outside
      Zeebrugge harbour was without any doubt a disaster of major proportions. The
      ferry disaster highlighted different approaches in major incident procedures in
      both countries involved but nevertheless the identification team which was
      composed of both British and Belgian specialists did perform good work. The
      identification of the victims had to be done in three phases each of them with
      its own specific work and problems. As the process of identification of bodies is
      an exacting science, and forensic odontology is known to be among the most
      reliable scientific methods in mass disasters, it is easily understood that
      forensic odontology took an active part in all three phases of the identification
      process.

PMID- 2396023
TI  - [Ethics in dental practice].
AB  - After a discussion of the foundations of ethical thinking in general, a link is
      made to the professional ethics for medical and dental practitioners.
      Professional ethics are constantly influenced by the changing society, although
      some values remain fundamental. A critical look at existing ethical codes for
      dentists is followed by some examples of the wider context in which dental care
      is provided and its ethics influenced. Not only safeguarding of professionalism
      in dental treatment but the fulfillment of the aspirations for both dentist and
      patient orientates a redefined modern ethical code.

PMID- 2396024
TI  - [Survey of the problems of young dentists].
AB  - The "BTK" started an anonymous inquiry in '89. The major goal was to have a
      complete view of the actual situation of young dentists, practicing no longer
      than 10 years. By having a more than 50% response, it was possible to draw some
      unexpected conclusions. Are things going that well for young dentists? The
      inquiry shows some interesting facts about his income, his expectations for the
      future and his affection for our profession. Questions about income, number of
      patients and number of hours, spent weekly in practice, were readily answered.
      Our younger colleges were asked for their personal remarks: the results were
      surprising. This inquiry is believed to be an important document to discover the
      (hidden) problems of young dentists.

PMID- 2396025
TI  - [Third-party payment system. Analysis of surveys performed in the province of
      Limbourg and in the department of Louvain].
AB  - Two inquiries were set up to analyse the attitude to and the use of the direct
      payment system. This system implies a direct payment of the dentist by the social
      assurance organisations. Because of the potential fraud, this system is very
      controversial. Both users and non-users suggested better controls simplified
      administration and a legal obligation to demand the franchise part of the fees.

PMID- 2396026
TI  - [A survey: the forgotten dentist. Interview by Johan Boone].

PMID- 2396027
TI  - ["Health care"--the care for complete quality, a challenge].
AB  - The report "Care for Health" of the Planning Office focused on the need to
      implement the principles of total quality assurance. The aim of the report was to
      reopen the discussion on the organisation of (public) health care in Belgium.
      Some topics were discussed in detail: definition of health (WHO), multicausal
      process thinking, team concept, management quality, organization models,
      preventive policy, financial policy, data management, legal aspects and last but
      not least the final responsibility for the health policy.

PMID- 2396028
TI  - [Internal and external methods of quality control].
AB  - An overview is given over theories and methods in quality assurance, especially
      in health care. There is a long way to go to improve systematically the quality
      of care, even in high industrialized countries. Moreover it is postulated that
      many of the problems of modern health care need a governmental and institutional
      quality policy to be solved.

PMID- 2396029
TI  - [The human dimension of health care through the application of the principles of
      complete quality of care].
AB  - Quality of care is the property of a service when it is an adequate response to a
      good defined need at an effort all parties are satisfied with. Some aspects of
      this complex definition are discussed in detail. To measure quality some absolute
      and relative criteria are needed. A systematic and integrated quality control
      assures a dynamic process of quality corrections. Integral quality management as
      developed in the industry can be implemented in medicine with only some minor
      corrections in the ethical field. Methods for quality incentives as audits,
      certifications and quality circles are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2396030
TI  - [Elaboration and natural stratification of dental ceramics (2)].

PMID- 2396031
TI  - Epidemiology and the European community.

PMID- 2396032
TI  - [Evaluation of the medical and social cost of 2 trichinosis outbreaks in France
      in 1985].
AB  - Two outbreaks of trichinosis occurred in France in 1985 and 1,073 cases were
      identified. These outbreaks were related to the consumption of parasitized horse
      meat. The medical and social cost of these outbreaks have been estimated with a
      sample of 92 patients. The average medical cost was 1,200 FF by outpatient and
      17,300 FF by hospitalized patient. For the 1,073 cases, the total cost of these 2
      outbreaks is estimated to have been between 7 and 11 millions FF. Of this sum,
      the hospitalization fees exceeded 51% and the social cost was 36% (loss of
      productivity). Since October 1985, a decree of the French Ministry of Agriculture
      has imposed a parasitologic test on all horse carcasses slaughtered in France or
      imported. This examination costs under 5 FF (under $1) per carcass. This study
      shows that the systematic examination for trichinosis of horse meat carcasses
      should be continued and that more sensitive screening methods should be
      developed.

PMID- 2396033
TI  - [Evaluation of the effects of a support campaign on exclusive breast feeding at 1
      month].
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a support campaign on
      exclusive breast-feeding at one month postpartum among women having chosen breast
      feeding. The study population consisted of all women (n = 657) having delivered
      in the Maternity Hospital in Pertuis (Area of Vaucluse-France) between January 1,
      1987 and December 31, 1988. The first 151 women belonged to the control group not
      submitted to interventions while the following 506 composed the groups submitted
      to interventions. Interventions mainly aimed at providing information to women,
      supporting them after delivery, raising the awareness of their environment and
      educating Health professionals. Mothers were interviewed at the maternity and at
      their home one month later. Results showed that interventions significantly
      increased the number of women breast-feeding at one month (66% vs 52%-p less than
      0.01) and reduced physical and medical problems related to breast-feeding (51% vs
      60%-NS). To resolve these problems, Health professional education particularly
      appeared efficacious. The mothers' planned duration of breast-feeding was not
      significantly changed showing that actions were well conducted, as we wished, in
      the sense that the choice of mothers was respected. The greatest benefit was seen
      among the lowest social class (p less than 0.05), the less educated (p less than
      0.01), and Maghrebin women (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 2396034
TI  - [Regionalization of health care and obstetric practice].
AB  - The decision to regionalize obstetric services in the Montreal metropolitan area
      was designed to improve the efficiency of the system. Changes in types of birth
      between 1981 and 1984 in this area were studied in order to evaluate the effects
      of this decision on cesarean section rates. Results show a sudden increase in
      cesarean rates, coinciding with the regionalization decision. Hypotheses put
      forward are linked to the characteristics of hospitals remaining after this
      measure, as well as the organisational disturbances which it may have caused.

PMID- 2396035
TI  - Improving patient flow in ambulatory care through computerized evaluation
      techniques.
AB  - The Authors describe the application of Patient Flow Analysis (P.F.A.), an
      efficiency evaluation technique in a Gynaecologic Clinic in a large Provincial
      Hospital. This technique evaluates both patient flow and staff utilization in
      ambulatory settings. Staff efficiency (percentage of work time spent with
      patients) was low, (43% for clinicians and 36% for aides, and patients waiting
      time was excessive (average 2 hours 44 minutes) for only 35 minutes of service
      time, and could have been substantially reduced by a more personalized
      appointment pattern and punctual starting of clinics by the clinicians. The
      usefulness of Patient Flow Analysis is clearly demonstrated.

PMID- 2396036
TI  - [Evaluation of mortality in hospitalized mental patients 1968-1982].
AB  - Yearly, between 1968 and 1976, and every two years from 1976 to 1982, diagnostic
      data based on a national classification of mental disorders were homogeneously
      collected in French public psychiatric hospitals. The hospitalized population was
      estimated by the person-year method, using data on length of stay. The number of
      observed deaths was compared with the number of deaths expected (Standardized
      mortality ratio). The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for psychiatric
      inpatients were found irregularly and slightly decreasing, except among women
      under 45: this SMR was higher in 1982 (9.6) than in 1968 (7.4). The SMR for
      neuroses, in the under 55 years age group, showed a regular increase especially
      among women. The SMR for psychoses and mental retardation was decreasing among
      men. For people aged more than 55 years the SMR was decreasing for all groups of
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2396037
TI  - Trend surface models in the representation and analysis of time factors in cancer
      mortality.
AB  - A method of graphic representation of time factors in cancer mortality is
      presented, based on different tonalities of grey applied to the surface of the
      matrix defined by various age-specific rates. It is illustrated using mortality
      data from cancers of the mouth or pharynx, oesophagus, larynx and lung in Italian
      and Swiss males. Progressively more complex regression surface equations are
      defined, on the basis of two independent variables (age and cohort) and a
      dependent one (each age-specific rate). General patterns of trends were thus
      identified, showing important similarities in cohort and period effects, but also
      noticeable differences in time-related factors in mortality from various
      neoplasms of the upper digestive and respiratory tract. For instance, there were
      declines in mortality from cancers of the mouth or pharynx in the oldest age
      groups, whereas rates were appreciably upwards at younger and middle age,
      particularly in Italy. Likewise, cancers of the oesophagus and, chiefly, of the
      larynx were substantially increasing, on a cohort basis, in oldest Italian males.
      Temporal pattern for laryngeal cancer in Italy was similar to that of lung
      cancer, thus suggesting that (cigarette) smoking has a greater impact on this
      cancer site as compared with alcohol. However, it is difficult to explain, on
      this basis alone, the totally diverging pattern for cancer of the larynx
      (downwards) and of the lung (upwards) observed among older Swiss males. These
      examples indicate that trend surface models are a useful summary guide to
      illustrate and understand the general patterns of age, period and cohort effects
      in cancer mortality.

PMID- 2396038
TI  - [Critical analysis of a clustering method applied to the study of geographic
      distribution of cancer].
AB  - Cancer registration permits to elaborate atlases that describe the spatial
      distribution of incidence within the registration area. The division of this area
      in small units is usually an administrative one, leading a wide range of unit
      sizes. Hence, results of indirect standardization are often difficult to
      interpret, due to the large variability of the observed cases. We used Huel's
      method (1986), which is based on the grouping of contiguous geographical zones
      that have the same incidence level. Here are displayed the results for cancer
      incidence within the "departement de l'Isere" (France). We focus on method
      mechanisms and on the impact of the choice of the risk level.

PMID- 2396039
TI  - [Calculation of sample size for the detection of relative risk with a
      predetermined confidence level and power].
AB  - Herein, a method of calculation is proposed for determining the number of
      subjects required for risk ratio detection, the significance level (alpha) and
      the power (1 - beta) being fixed in advance. Risk ratios under consideration are
      rate ratios, proportion ratios and odds ratios. The method of calculation is
      based on the logarithmic transformation.

PMID- 2396040
TI  - Age differentials in trends of uterine cervical cancer incidence from 1970 to
      1987 in Geneva.

PMID- 2396041
TI  - Regional variations in HIV seroprevalence among injecting drug users in Italy.

PMID- 2396042
TI  - [Receptors for epidermal growth factor in breast cancer].
AB  - Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) and cytosolic (cER) and nuclear (nER)
      estradiol receptors were quantified in 220 primary breast cancers. The EGFr was
      significantly more frequent (X2 = 5.9; P less than 0.025) and its concentration
      was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) among ER- tumors than in ER+ tumors.
      There was a significantly greater proportion (X2 = 6.4; P less than 0.05) of node
      involvement in EGFr+/ER+ tumors than in EFGr/ER+. Increases in the proportion of
      EGFr+ in ER- tumors are parallel to Scarff-Bloom scores (X2 = 6.1; P less than
      0.05) and there is a significant trend towards increased EGFr concentrations with
      histologic dedifferentiation. In ER+ tumors the median concentrations of EGFr in
      the different age groups show linear correlation and follow a parallel profile
      with the medians of nER. These findings support the hypothesis that considers
      EGFr as a bad prognosis factor and suggest that EGFr expression and concentration
      in ER+ tumors might be considered an estrogenic action mediated through the
      binding of ER to their nuclear acceptors.

PMID- 2396043
TI  - Ovarian steroid hormones and endometrial response.
AB  - As a bioassay of the steroidogenic function of the corpus luteum, endometrial
      biopsy has been proposed as the most efficient way of diagnosing corpus luteum
      insufficiency. However, analysis of our data on luteal phase evaluation in
      infertility shows that most cases (86%) of endometrial luteal inadequacy are
      associated with normal hormone (progesterone, estradiol) stimulation. This
      apparent lack of endometrial progestational response may be explained by an end
      organ defect localized to the endometrial steroid receptors.

PMID- 2396044
TI  - Platelet-activating factor-induced aggregation of rat alveolar macrophages.
AB  - Isolated rat alveolar macrophages aggregate in the presence of PAF in a dose- and
      cell-dependent manner. Saturation was achieved at 80 microM PAF. The response was
      increased linearly with cell number up to a concentration of 3 x 10(6) cells/ml,
      but decreased at higher cell concentrations. The stereoisomer, enantio-PAF, and
      the C2-acetyl hydrolyzed product, lyso-PAF, each caused aggregation of isolated
      rat alveolar macrophages in a manner similar to that for PAF. The PAF-induced
      aggregation of alveolar macrophages may be mediated through non-specific binding
      sites and may represent a toxic response to relatively high levels of PAF that
      released at localized sites.

PMID- 2396045
TI  - Stereospecificity of enzymatic hydrogen transfer to loxoprofen, a non-steroidal
      antiinflammatory agent, in the rat.
AB  - The in vitro metabolic reduction of loxoprofen in rat liver cytosolic fractions
      was investigated using a capillary gas-chromatography and electron ionization
      mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The formation rates of the corresponding trans- and
      cis-alcohol metabolites in the presence of non-labeled NADH were 3.5-fold higher
      than those of 4-(R)-[4-deuterated]-NADH as a cofactor. The representative mass
      fragment ion (m/z 319) derived from the trimethylsilyl derivatives of the latter
      alcohol products exhibited the ascending shift, suggesting the pro-4R hydrogen of
      NADH was transferred to loxoprofen. On the other hand, such significant
      differences in the metabolic activities and mass fragment grams were not observed
      whenever non-labeled NADPH or 4-(S)-[deuterated]-NADPH were employed.

PMID- 2396046
TI  - No enhancement by phenobarbital of the hepatocarcinogenicity of a choline-devoid
      diet in the rat.
AB  - An experiment was performed to test whether inclusion of phenobarbital in a
      choline-devoid diet would increase the hepatocarcinogenicity of the diet. Groups
      of 5-week old male Fischer-344 rats were fed for 7-25 months semipurified choline
      devoid or choline-supplemented diets, containing or not 0.06% phenobarbital. No
      hepatic preneoplastic nodules or hepatocellular carcinomas developed in rats fed
      the plain choline-supplemented diet, while one preneoplastic nodule and one
      hepatocellular carcinoma developed in two rats fed the same diet containing
      phenobarbital. The incidence of preneoplastic nodules and of hepatocellular
      carcinomas was 10% and 37%, respectively, in rats fed the plain choline-devoid
      diet, and 17% and 30%, in rats fed the phenobarbital-containing choline-devoid
      diet. The results evinced no enhancement of the hepatocarcinogenicity of the
      choline-devoid diet by phenobarbital. Sporadic neoplastic lesions were observed
      in organs other than the liver of some of the animals, irrespective of the diet
      fed.

PMID- 2396047
TI  - Perdeuteration of methoxyflurane reduces production of fluorometabolites in mice.
AB  - The fluorometabolites of perdeuterated methoxyflurane (D-MOF) compared to the
      nondeuterated form (H-MOF) were studied in mice. Inorganic fluoride (F) and an
      organic acid labile fluorometabolite (OALF) were determined at various post
      administration times. At 100 minutes after D-MOF, F was decreased 32-38% and OALF
      was down to 33-45%. After 300 minutes F was 56% less and OALF was 46% less after
      D-MOF administration. OALF increased 35-38% when H-MOF and D-MOF were diluted in
      oil compared to the undiluted forms. At three times (10, 30, and 100 minutes) D
      MOF resulted in reductions of F to 31-38% of values produced by H-MOF. Also, OALF
      was reduced to 38-46% with D-MOF compared to H-MOF. These studies suggest that
      the use of D-MOF in mice results in a significant decrease in the appearance of
      the fluorometabolites F and OALF. The accumulation of metabolites is thought to
      be responsible for nephrotoxicity of MOF; therefore, D-MOF should be a much safer
      agent for use in general anesthesia.

PMID- 2396048
TI  - Effects of chelators on copper therapy of macular mouse, a model animal of
      Menkes' kinky disease.
AB  - Effects of chelators on the copper(Cu) therapy for the mutant mouse, Macular,
      which is a model animal of Menkes' disease were studied. Simultaneous
      administration of some chelators reduced the necessary dose of Cu (10 mg/kg) for
      the survival of the mice to one tenth. By this treatment the Cu concentration in
      the brain was increased but Cu in the kidney was not increased as much as Cu
      administration without chelator. Surviving mice showed normal growth in terms of
      body weight and fertility. Furthermore same effects were observed even when the
      chelator was administered without Cu. In the chelators tested, derivatives of
      carbamic acid like dimethyldithiocarbamate, which forms a lipophilic complex with
      Cu, were effective.

PMID- 2396049
TI  - Sex-related differences in drug-metabolizing enzyme activity of rats in
      carrageenan-induced inflammation.
AB  - Sex related differences in drugs metabolizing enzymes was studied using Wistar
      rats bearing carrageenan-induced edema. One day after treatment with carrageenan,
      aminopyrine N-demethylase activity was inhibited in males but not in females.
      Carrageenan treatment did not alter the activity of aniline hydroxylase in either
      sex of the rats. These data show that there is a sex-related difference in the
      ability of carrageenan to alter the hepatic drug metabolism, which is substrate
      specific, in the rat.

PMID- 2396050
TI  - Strain differences of antipyrine, trimethadione, and debrisoquine metabolism in
      female rats.

PMID- 2396051
TI  - Gossypol modulation of mouse heart and liver lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes as
      a function of gender.
AB  - Acute treatment with gossypol produced both tissue specific and sex-dependent
      alterations of M and H subunits of mouse lactate dehydrogenase. Gossypol induced
      female mouse heart cytoplasma H subunit and inhibited both enzyme subunits in the
      male mouse. Gossypol induced mouse liver mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase
      subunit M in both sexes 50 hrs after acute drug administration while was
      ineffective on the testicular enzyme. Induction of hepatic lactate dehydrogenase
      may enhance NADH:NAD ratio, resulting in alteration of cellular redox status and
      reduction of NAD utilization by other dehydrogenases. The gossypol-mediated sex
      dependent changes of heart lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes may be of value in
      the prediction of certain aspects of gossypol toxicity.

PMID- 2396052
TI  - Knee injuries in volleyball.
AB  - The knee is the most frequent site of injury in volleyball players. More than 40%
      of high level players suffer overuse injuries during this activity; this
      particularly painful syndrome is caused by the amount of jumping typical in
      volleyball play, and in its training which aims at strengthening the quadriceps
      muscle. In volleyball players the extensor apparatus is subject to continuously
      high stress and the bone tendon junction, being the weakest point, is susceptible
      to lesion. The prevention and treatment of 'jumper's knee' requires a high degree
      of cooperation among trainers, doctors and athletes. Although volleyball is a
      sport without contact between players, traumatic acute injuries are more frequent
      and more serious than would be expected. It is therefore important to emphasise
      that volleyball must be considered among the high risk sports that expose the
      knee not only to twisting, but also to contact with other players. Generally, the
      lesions are caused by frequent jumps with loss of balance and a consequent 'one
      footed' landing. There is no specific method of preventing knee instability.
      Accurate diagnoses, rest and rapid surgical treatment after the first injury are
      recommended in order to avoid chronic knee instability with subsequent meniscal
      lesions and post-traumatic osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2396054
TI  - [The treatment of deafness].

PMID- 2396053
TI  - [What is your diagnosis? Grade III AV block].

PMID- 2396055
TI  - [Epiglottitis in adults].
AB  - From 1987 to 1989, 14 adults with acute epiglottitis were seen and treated at the
      ENT clinic of Geneva. All patients presented with a severe sore throat as primary
      symptom. An indirect laryngoscopy, which bears no risk in adults, was performed
      and revealed a swollen, cherry-red epiglottis. The course of the disease is
      unpredictable, and rapid development of airway obstruction may occur. In most
      cases, these patients can be treated medically with antibiotics and corticoids,
      and there is no need for systematic orotracheal intubation. However, patients
      presenting with respiratory distress syndrome or stridor require intubation,
      which may be impossible because of edema of the epiglottis. Therefore, a surgeon
      must be ready to perform a tracheotomy.

PMID- 2396056
TI  - [Submucosal Tissucol injections in recurrent epistaxis].
AB  - For two years we have used submucosal Tissucol injections for the treatment of
      severe recurrent epistaxis in twelve patients. The result was positive for all
      our patients, as the bleeding ceased completely for several months. Until now, 44
      injections have resulted in no side effects. Nevertheless, a few side effects
      have been mentioned in the literature. For this reason the treatment should be
      restricted to severe recurrent epistaxis.

PMID- 2396057
TI  - [Solitary plasmocytoma of the larynx].
AB  - Solitary plasmacytoma involving the larynx is very rare. To the best of our
      knowledge, there are only 73 cases reported in the world literature. The clinical
      picture was chronic cough, hoarseness and discrete dysphagia. Complete work-up to
      rule out systemic evidence of plasmacytoma is necessary. Microscopically,
      solitary plasmacytoma must also be distinguished from plasma cell granuloma.

PMID- 2396058
TI  - [Pemphigus vulgaris. Apropos of a clinical case].
AB  - A case report of Pemphigus Vulgaris will be presented. We shall be looking at its
      clinical, cytological and immunological aspects. Pemphigus Vulgaris is a rare
      disease that has, nevertheless, a very common oral expression (90-100% cases). It
      has the worst prognosis of all the blistering diseases, with a mortality rate of
      90% without treatment that dropped to 30 to 40% with corticosteroids.

PMID- 2396059
TI  - [Conference on psychosomatic manifestations in the oral cavity].

PMID- 2396060
TI  - [Giant maxillary cyst].

PMID- 2396061
TI  - [Intraosseous cylindrical implants].

PMID- 2396062
TI  - [Importance of sodium fluoride administration in the incidence of dental caries.
      Epidemiological study].

PMID- 2396063
TI  - [The selective financing of drugs].

PMID- 2396064
TI  - [What is transactional analysis?].

PMID- 2396065
TI  - [Direct intravenous puncture or central intravenous catheter?].

PMID- 2396066
TI  - [Urinary incontinence. The economic and care repercussions].

PMID- 2396067
TI  - [Student nutrition. A health diagnosis].

PMID- 2396068
TI  - [Nursing care in a basic health area. A framework of reference].

PMID- 2396069
TI  - [The Europe of the elderly. Interview by M. J. Nadal].

PMID- 2396070
TI  - [Anxiety produced by "unpleasant" health stimuli].

PMID- 2396071
TI  - [A technic for improving your figure. Liposuction].

PMID- 2396072
TI  - [Venomous snakes. A popularizing study].

PMID- 2396073
TI  - [Tropical diseases. Preventive measures].

PMID- 2396074
TI  - [Health, a constitutional good].

PMID- 2396075
TI  - Portrait of a critical care nurse. Interview by Annelies Ravensbergen.

PMID- 2396076
TI  - Self scheduling helps nurses balance their personal & professional lives.

PMID- 2396077
TI  - Competency-based education.

PMID- 2396078
TI  - Coroner's recommendations.

PMID- 2396079
TI  - Study of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 for prevention of stress ulcer after
      hepatectomy of experimental cirrhotic liver and its influence on hepatic
      regeneration.
AB  - The influence of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (16,16-dm PGE2; an agent used
      for the prevention of stress ulcer after hepatectomy of the cirrhotic liver) on
      liver regeneration after hepatectomy was studied in rats. The following results
      were obtained. Ulceration after the stress of 6 h of water immersion was markedly
      suppressed in rats treated with 30 r/kg of 16,16-dmPGE2 as compared with the
      untreated controls. In animals that received hepatectomy alone, the gastric pH
      and gastric mucosal blood flow showed significant reduction from the preoperative
      levels. In animals that received hepatectomy plus 16,16-dmPGE2 treatment the
      postoperative reduction in the gastric pH and gastric mucosal blood flow was
      suppressed, suggesting the effectiveness of 16,16-dmPGE2 treatment in the
      prevention of stress ulcer after hepatectomy of the cirrhotic liver. The 3H
      thymidine uptake percentage and thymidine activity 24 h after hepatectomy and the
      DNA content 30 h after hepatectomy were significantly higher in animals treated
      with 16,16-dmPGE2 than in the untreated controls. In animals that were treated
      intraperitoneally with 50 mg/kg of indomethacin 6 h before hepatectomy the
      mitotic index 30 h after hepatectomy was markedly lower than that in untreated
      controls. This indomethacin-induced reduction in the mitotic index tended to be
      normalized by treatment with 16,16-dmPGE2. These results suggest that 16,16
      dmPGE2 treatment effectively prevents stress ulcer and favorably affects hepatic
      regeneration after hepatectomy of the cirrhotic liver.

PMID- 2396080
TI  - Hepatic lesions in adult coeliac disease.
AB  - In the period 1970 to 1987, 171 patients with small-intestinal mucosal atrophy
      have been hospitalized in our department. Of these, 132 patients fulfilled the
      diagnostic criteria of coeliac disease on the basis of histologic findings and
      clinical improvement on a gluten-free diet. Aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT),
      alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were chosen as
      markers of hepatic involvement. Elevation above the normal range in one or more
      of these tests was seen in 62 patients (47.0%, group I). In 70 patients (53.0%,
      group II) of similar age the levels of these variables were normal. In group I,
      14 (10.6%) patients had an elevation of ALP only, leaving 48 (36.4%) patients
      with pathologic values for one or both transaminases. In group I, 32 patients had
      their ASAT, ALAT, and ALP reexamined after at least 6 months of gluten-free diet.
      Among the patients with increased values of one or both transaminases 18 patients
      were tested before and at least 6 months after start of gluten-free diet. The
      variables were significantly reduced in all patients. Liver biopsies were
      performed in 37 patients, and findings were normal in 5. In 25 patients the
      changes were classified as non-specific. Chronic active hepatitis was
      demonstrated in five patients. In one of these patients primary sclerosing
      cholangitis and ulcerative colitis were also diagnosed. Concomitant malignant
      disease was found in 22 patients, of whom 16 had malignant lymphoma. Malignant
      disease was seen more often in group I than group II (p less than 0.01). In
      conclusion, liver lesions were found in a great proportion of the patients with
      coeliac disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2396081
TI  - The potential difference response of the human gastric mucosa to cimetidine.
AB  - The effect of cimetidine on the dynamic transmucosal potential difference (PD) of
      the normal human gastric fundus was studied, to quantitate the influence of the
      hydrogen ion on measurements. PD was measured between an intravenous flowing
      bridge of isotonic NaCl and a perfused intragastric probe by means of two calomel
      half-cells. The probe was used for luminal infusion of different electrolyte
      solutions, which at the same time functioned as the mucosal measuring electrode.
      Cimetidine increased PD -12 mV during NaCl infusion. When gastric acidity was
      neutralized with isotonic NaHCO3, this change of PD decreased to -5 mV. We
      conclude that 60% of the PD increase seen after H2 blockade may be explained by
      the mere disappearance of H+ from the gastric juice, and the other 40% by changes
      in the gastric mucous membrane. PD decreased progressively as luminal NaCl
      content was lowered, but this reaction was reversed after cimetidine. These
      findings may be explained by a twofold decrease of transmucosal permeability to
      Na+ during H2 blockade.

PMID- 2396082
TI  - The predictive value of history in dyspepsia.
AB  - Symptomatic patients referred to an open-access upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
      completed a detailed, self-administered questionnaire aimed at assessing the
      predictive value of history in dyspepsia. Nine hundred and thirty patients were
      suitable for analysis. Of these, 29% were found to have organic dyspepsia. A
      substantial overlap of symptoms and demographic data was found among the various
      endoscopic diagnoses. Discriminating variables were identified by stepwise
      logistic regression analysis and included in predictive score models. Pain
      relieved by antacids, age above 40 years, previous peptic ulcer disease, male
      sex, symptoms provoked by berries, and night pain relieved by antacids and food
      were found to predict organic dyspepsia with a sensitivity and specificity of
      approximately 70%, when applied on the observed material. Similar probabilities
      were found for score models of peptic ulcer and esophagitis. In general, the low
      prevalence of organic diseases resulted in low positive and high negative
      predictive values. Accordingly, the main impact of the predictive models may be
      to reduce the number of negative endoscopies rather than to predict a precise
      diagnosis. Independent of disease category and age, 41% of the subjects expressed
      a fear of malignancy, emphasizing the value of reassurance from a negative
      endoscopy.

PMID- 2396083
TI  - Short-chain fatty acid and organic acid concentrations in feces of healthy human
      volunteers and their correlations with anaerobe cultural counts during systemic
      ceftriaxone administration.
AB  - Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and organic acid concentrations and (an)aerobe
      cultural counts were determined simultaneously in fresh feces from 10 human
      volunteers before, during, and after 5 days of single-dose ceftriaxone
      administration. The changes and the correlation coefficients between these
      variables were tested to be significant (P less than 0.05). to investigate
      whether significant changes in the intestinal microflora could be predicted by
      significant changes in SCFA/organic acid concentrations. Multivariate analysis
      was used with the same objective. Significant decreases in most SCFA, total SCFA
      (0.01 less than P less than 0.02), and pyruvic acid (0.02 less than P less than
      0.05) concentrations in feces were found on day 3 of treatment and also on day 5,
      with the exception of the pyruvic acid concentrations. Lactic acid
      concentrations, however, were significantly increased (0.01 less than P less than
      0.02) on day 5. All anaerobic cultural counts were significantly decreased (P
      less than 0.05) on days 3 and 5 of treatment except those for Clostridium
      difficile agar, which were only decreased on day 5. Highly significant
      correlations were found on day 3 between the total anaerobe counts (P less than
      0.001), the Bacteroides counts (P less than 0.001), and propionic acid, of which
      the latter had a predictive value during treatment. The results of multivariate
      analysis were significant but did not have a predictive value. From this study we
      can conclude that propionic acid concentrations during ceftriaxone treatment in
      healthy volunteers have a predictive value for the Bacteroides cultural counts.
      The results of this study must be confirmed by those from patients treated with
      ceftriaxone.

PMID- 2396084
TI  - Calcium absorption after intestinal resection. The importance of a preserved
      colon.
AB  - Calcium absorption was studied in 62 patients with Crohn's disease during a 1
      week admission on a standardized diet supplying 70 g fat, 800 mg calcium, and 200
      mg oxalate. All patients had been subjected to a distal small-bowel resection of
      at least 50 cm. Twenty-two had an ileostomy, and 40 had at least half of the
      colon in function. In all patients the disease was inactive. Calcium absorption
      was determined by the fractional accumulation in the skeleton of the antebrachium
      of an intravenous and oral dose of 47Ca. Calcium absorption was significantly
      lower in patients with ileostomy (median, 10%; range, 5-18%) than in patients
      with part of or the whole colon in function (median, 14%; range, 6-22%). The
      present study shows that in patients with extensive small-bowel resection
      preservation of at least half of the colon improves calcium absorption.

PMID- 2396085
TI  - Effect of chronic ursocholic acid administration on bile lipid composition and
      bile acid pool size in gallstone patients.
AB  - We assessed the effect of chronic (4-6 weeks) administration of ursocholic acid
      (UCA) (15 mg/kg/day), a natural bile acid with poor detergent capacity, on
      biliary lipid composition of gallbladder bile (n = 26) and bile acid pool size (n
      = 5) in gallstone patients. During treatment the biliary molar percentage UCA
      increased from trace values to 28% (p less than 0.001). This effect was
      accompanied by an increase in molar percentage deoxycholic acid from 16% to 33%
      (p less than 0.001). Total bile acid pool size remained unchanged during UCA
      administration; cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid pool sizes decreased from
      1.0 to 0.6 mmol (p less than 0.05) and from 1.6 to 0.9 mmol (p less than 0.05),
      respectively. The molar percentage cholesterol of gallbladder bile decreased from
      9.8% to 7.0% (p less than 0.001) during UCA, but bile remained supersaturated
      with cholesterol in 21 patients. The weak effect on biliary lipid composition and
      the increase of potentially toxic deoxycholic acid in bile suggest that UCA is
      unlikely to replace ursodeoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acid for medical
      treatment of gallstones.

PMID- 2396086
TI  - Gallbladder stones classified by chemical analysis of cholesterol content.
      Frederiksberg, 1987-1988.
AB  - Gallstones from 80 cholecystectomies and 81 autopsies were chemically analysed
      and showed a trend of decreasing cholesterol content with increasing age (p =
      0.00009). The frequency of cholesterol stones (cholesterol content greater than
      70%) was higher in operated women (81%) than in operated men (33%) (p = 0.0006)
      and in the total autopsy material (42%). The study supports the theory that the
      predominance of gallstone disease in women is an effect of the preponderance of
      cholesterol stones. The accuracy of estimates of cholesterol content of
      gallstones from the appearance of the cut surface was low. When the chemical
      analysis was used as a key, only one in three was correct. There was a tendency
      to underestimate cholesterol content.

PMID- 2396087
TI  - How reliable are the 14C-urea breath test and specific serology for the detection
      of gastric Campylobacter?
AB  - Detection of gastric Campylobacter by the 14C-urea breath test and serology were
      correlated to biopsy culture in 25 unselected outpatients referred for
      gastroscopy. All the 17 culture-positive patients had positive 14C-urea breath
      test, and 16 had positive serology. Of eight culture-negative patients, six
      patients had negative breath test and seven negative serology. A high degree of
      reproducibility was found when two subsequent breath tests were performed in 11
      healthy volunteers. The breath test values obtained at 10 min showed a strong
      correlation (r = 0.97, p less than 0.001) to the accumulated values within 30
      min. Breath sampling once, 10 min after intake of 2.5 microCi 14C-urea, seems
      sufficient for the detection of gastric Campylobacter. The 14C-urea breath test
      correlates well with biopsy culture and provides a sensitive tool for the
      detection of gastric Campylobacter. Serology also corresponds well with biopsy
      culture and should provide a useful tool for epidemiologic studies.

PMID- 2396088
TI  - Comparison of loxiglumide, a cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, and atropine on
      hormonal and meal-stimulated pancreatic secretion in man.
AB  - The effects of loxiglumide, a potent cholecystokinin (CCK)-receptor antagonist,
      and atropine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, on exocrine pancreatic secretion
      stimulated by hormones (secretin plus CCK) and a Lundh test meal were studied in
      healthy young volunteers. Loxiglumide infused intravenously in gradually
      increasing doses (2-16 mumol/kg-h) caused a dose-dependent inhibition of
      pancreatic enzyme secretion induced by intravenous infusion of a constant dose of
      secretin (82 pmol/kg-h) plus CCK-8 (85 pmol/kg-h) but had relatively smaller
      influence on duodenal volume flow and bicarbonate output. Atropine (20 nmol/kg)
      also caused a significant reduction in pancreatic enzyme secretion but failed to
      affect the volume flow or bicarbonate secretion induced by secretin plus CCK,
      possibly owing to the high doses of secretin and CCK used in these tests. Both
      loxiglumide and atropine inhibited the pancreatic enzyme response to a Lundh
      meal, but atropine was more effective in the early phase and loxiglumide in the
      late phase of the postprandial secretion. Neither loxiglumide nor atropine
      affected the plasma gastrin and CCK levels, but both antagonists reduced plasma
      pancreatic polypeptide responses to the Lundh meal. We conclude that 1)
      loxiglumide results in a relatively stronger suppression of the pancreatic enzyme
      than aqueous-alkaline secretion induced by secretin plus CCK, whereas atropine
      inhibits only enzyme secretion; and 2) both loxiglumide and atropine suppress the
      pancreatic enzyme responses to the meal stimulation without affecting the
      postprandial plasma gastrin and CCK responses.

PMID- 2396089
TI  - Does sulfation of gastrin influence gastric acid secretion in man?
AB  - To assess the physiologic significance of tyrosine o-sulfation of gastrin in
      humans, the gastric acid stimulatory potencies of sulfated and non-sulfated human
      gastrin-17 were compared in six normal young subjects. Sulfated and non-sulfated
      forms of synthetic human gastrin-17 were infused intravenously in doses from 12.7
      to 478 pmol/kg/h. Similar acid secretory responses were observed. The calculated
      maximal acid response for sulfated gastrin-17 was 35.7 +/- 4.3 mmol/h, and that
      for non-sulfated gastrin-17 was 39.8 +/- 7.5 mmol/h (mean +/- SEM, NS). The 50%
      effective dose of sulfated gastrin-17 was 22.2 +/- 6.7 pmol/kg/h, whereas it was
      29.3 +/- 5.8 pmol/kg/h for non-sulfated gastrin-17 (NS). Finally, the 50%
      effective concentration of gastrin in serum was 34.7 +/- 5.0 pmol sulfated
      gastrin-17/l and 42.5 +/- 11.8 pmol non-sulfated gastrin-17/l (NS). The results
      show that tyrosine o-sulfation is without significant influence on the gastric
      acid secretory potency of gastrin in man. Moreover, the results also suggest that
      sulfated and non-sulfated gastrin-17 in man have similar rates of metabolism.

PMID- 2396090
TI  - Erosive prepyloric changes in patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing
      maintenance dialysis treatment.
AB  - We endoscoped 322 of 422 patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing
      maintenance dialysis treatment to determine the prevalence of erosive prepyloric
      changes (EPC) in uraemia. EPC grade 1 was found in 79 patients (25%), grade 2 in
      16 (5%), and grade 3 in 43 (13%). EPC grades 2 and 3 were commoner among uraemic
      patients than among non-uraemic patients presenting for gastroduodenoscopy (13 of
      198 = 6%; p less than 0.001). Patients with EPC grades 2 and 3 were older, had
      been receiving dialysis longer, and were more likely to be receiving
      haemodialysis rather than peritoneal dialysis when compared with patients without
      EPC. Histologic gastritis of the body and antrum was less common among patients
      with EPC grades 2 and 3 than among patients without EPC. The prevalence of
      Campylobacter-like organisms was similar in patients with and without EPC.

PMID- 2396091
TI  - Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease: comparison with systemic lupus
      erythematosus. A case-control study.
AB  - Smoking is rare in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Onsets are common after
      stopping smoking. Several observations suggest possible immunologic mechanisms in
      UC. As smoking has an immunosuppressive effect, a possible role of smoking in UC
      could be immunosuppression. In this study an analogous hypothesis was
      investigated by studying smoking habits in patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE), an inflammatory multisystemic disease of unknown etiology,
      characterized by disturbances in cellular and humoral immunity. At onset, 23 of
      56 patients were smokers and 2 probable smokers. Few were ex-smokers. The
      patients were matched for age, sex, and geographic vicinity, and multiple
      relative risks were calculated. No correlation could be found between smoking/ex
      smoking and SLE either at diagnosis or at interview, and no resemblance in habit
      to patients with UC was found. The present study provides no evidence that the
      immunosuppressive effect of smoking is sufficient to influence the clinical
      course of SLE and therefore by analogy does not support an immunosuppressive
      explanation of the possible protective effect of smoking in UC.

PMID- 2396092
TI  - Comparison of regional pancreatic tissue fluid pressure and endoscopic retrograde
      pancreatographic morphology in chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - The relation between pancreatic tissue fluid pressure measured by the needle
      method and pancreatic duct morphology was studied in 16 patients with chronic
      pancreatitis. After preoperative endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) the
      patients were submitted to a drainage operation. The predrainage pressures were
      higher in the tail of the pancreas (29 mm Hg; range, 16-37 mm Hg) than in the
      head (18 mm Hg; range, 2-30 mm Hg; p = 0.02). The regional pressure differences
      were significantly greater in four patients who had previously undergone
      pancreatic surgery than in the 12 patients without previous surgery. A stone,
      total obstruction, or major stenosis in the pancreatic duct at ERP was related to
      a downstream pressure gradient significantly higher than found in a non
      obstructed pancreatic main duct, but the relation was not uniform. Generally,
      there was no significant relation between pancreatic duct diameter and pressure,
      but in each individual patient, the regional pressure tended to be highest in the
      region with the largest duct diameter. In conclusion, the study shows
      considerable regional pressure differences in chronic pancreatitis and indicates
      that the intraoperative pressure measurements give important information
      supplementary to ERP about the pathologic process in patients with chronic
      pancreatitis.

PMID- 2396093
TI  - [Long-term results of surgical coronary vessel intervention in patients with
      reduced left ventricular function].
AB  - From 1975 to 1980, 112 patients with an ejection fraction below 45% underwent
      coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in the Cardiovascular Surgery Unit,
      University Hospital Zurich. The mean age was 35 years and the mean ejection
      fraction 32% (21-44%). The vast majority of patients had severe symptoms (angina
      pectoris or congestive heart failure). Elective surgery was performed in 62
      patients (55%) and emergent or urgent in 50 (45%). All were operated on in mild
      hypothermia (26-30 degrees C). An average of 2.9 bypasses per patient were
      performed; in 57, internal mammary artery bypass was carried out for
      revascularization of the left anterior descending branch. - Early postoperative
      mortality (within 30 days of operation) was 3.6%; all deaths were of cardiac
      origin. Perioperative myocardial infarction occurred in 7.5% of all patients.
      Cumulative survival was 83% at 5 years and 68% at 9 years. Mean mortality
      rate/year was 3.8% with a maximum of 6.5% in the first year after operation. The
      incidence of angina pectoris and congestive heart failure was significantly lower
      after revascularization. Cumulative survival was significantly enhanced in
      patients with complete revascularization (91% at 5 years vs 71% for incomplete
      revascularization). Early postoperative mortality was especially high in urgent
      and emergent cases, and was higher after revascularization with internal mammary
      artery bypass than with venous graft. Postoperative ejection fraction was
      assessed in 20 patients (12 with 2- or 3-vessel disease and 8 with left main
      coronary artery stenosis). Ejection fraction was significantly increased only in
      the patient group with left main coronary artery stenosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2396094
TI  - [Incidence and characteristics of lumbar disk hernias in older patients].
AB  - Previous history, clinical findings, course and therapeutic outcome in 149
      elderly patients with lumbar disk hernia were analyzed and compared with younger
      adult patients. 21% of all patients with lumbar disk hernia undergoing surgical
      treatment, and 25% under conservative treatment, were aged over 60 years. In
      these patients no history of low back pain is present in one third, the course is
      prolonged and motor deficits are more often encountered. Concomitant osseous
      narrowing (spinal stenosis, narrowed recessus lateralis) were present in 72% of
      this elderly group. Surgical complications are increased (34%) and are due to age
      related diseases. Functional results are excellent after both conservative
      treatment and surgical therapy.

PMID- 2396095
TI  - [Renal and neurological toxicity of acyclovir. Apropos of a case].
AB  - The occurrence of anuria and stupor in a patient treated with acyclovir afforded
      the opportunity to discuss the renal and neurological toxicity of this drug.
      Acute renal insufficiency by crystallization of acyclovir and intratubular
      obstruction is a not infrequent side effect. The risk depends on the dose, the
      administration mode, the patient's state of hydration and preexisting renal
      failure. The evolution is typified by a rapid onset (after 24-48 h) and a prompt
      recovery after ending the treatment. The demonstration in urinalysis of crystals
      within leukocytes helps to establish the diagnosis. Neurological involvement can
      vary from confusion to coma. The cerebrospinal fluid is normal and the
      electroencephalogram shows diffuse slowing. A favorable outcome after ending
      treatment is the rule. Awareness of the risk factors associated with renal and
      neurological toxicity should lead to a reduction of its frequency.

PMID- 2396096
TI  - Stereoscopic depth discrimination in the visual cortex: neurons ideally suited as
      disparity detectors.
AB  - The possibility has been explored that a subset of physiologically identifiable
      cells in the visual cortex is especially suited for the processing of
      stereoscopic depth information. First, characteristics of a disparity detector
      that would be useful for such processing were outlined. Then, a method was
      devised by which detailed binocular response data were obtained from cortical
      cells. In addition, a model of the disparity detector was developed that includes
      a plausible hierarchical arrangement of cortical cells. Data from the cells
      compare well with the requirements for the archetypal disparity detector and are
      in excellent agreement with the predictions of the model. These results
      demonstrate that a specific type of cortical neuron exhibits the desired
      characteristics of a disparity detector.

PMID- 2396098
TI  - Long-term potentiation.

PMID- 2396097
TI  - Activation of extrastriate and frontal cortical areas by visual words and word
      like stimuli.
AB  - Visual presentation of words activates extrastriate regions of the occipital
      lobes of the brain. When analyzed by positron emission tomography (PET), certain
      areas in the left, medial extrastriate visual cortex were activated by visually
      presented pseudowords that obey English spelling rules, as well as by actual
      words. These areas were not activated by nonsense strings of letters or letter
      like forms. Thus visual word form computations are based on learned distinctions
      between words and nonwords. In addition, during passive presentation of words,
      but not pseudowords, activation occurred in a left frontal area that is related
      to semantic processing. These findings support distinctions made in cognitive
      psychology and computational modeling between high-level visual and semantic
      computations on single words and describe the anatomy that may underlie these
      distinctions.

PMID- 2396099
TI  - Gene therapy: into the home stretch.

PMID- 2396100
TI  - What's holding up "aversives" report?

PMID- 2396101
TI  - U.K. science responds to terror.

PMID- 2396102
TI  - L-tryptophan puzzle takes new twist.

PMID- 2396103
TI  - Minorities at majority institutions.

PMID- 2396104
TI  - Principles of design of fluid transport systems in zoology.
AB  - Fluid transport systems mediate the transfer of materials both within an organism
      and between an organism and its environment. The architecture of fluid transport
      systems is determined by the small distances over which transfer processes are
      effective and by hydrodynamic and energetic constraints. All fluid transport
      systems within organisms exhibit one of two geometries, a simple tube interrupted
      by a planar transfer region or a branched network of vessels linking widely
      distributed transfer regions; each is determined by different morphogenetic
      processes. By exploiting the signal inherent in local shear stress on the vessel
      walls, animals have repeatedly evolved a complex branching hierarchy of vessels
      approximating a globally optimal system that minimizes the costs of the
      construction and maintenance of the fluid transport system.

PMID- 2396105
TI  - The Salk Institute and elsewhere.

PMID- 2396106
TI  - Hairy problems for new drug testing method.

PMID- 2396107
TI  - Abortion divides uniting Germanies.

PMID- 2396108
TI  - Inclusion of thermal motion in crystallographic structures by restrained
      molecular dynamics.
AB  - A protein crystal structure is usually described by one single structure, which
      largely omits the dynamical behavior of the molecule. A molecular dynamics method
      with a time-averaged crystallographic restraint was used to overcome this
      limitation. This method yields an ensemble of structures in which all possible
      thermal motions are allowed, that is, in additional to isotropic distributions,
      anisotropic and anharmonic positional distributions occur as well. In the case of
      bovine pancreatic phospholipase A2, this description markedly improves agreement
      with the observed x-ray diffraction data compared to the results of the classical
      one-model structure description. Time-averaged crystallographically restrained
      molecular dynamics reveals large mobilities in the loops involved in lipid
      bilayer association.

PMID- 2396109
TI  - [Spectrum of erythrocyte membrane lipids in various types of hypoglycemic
      therapy].
AB  - Changes in the lipid spectrum of red cell membrane (cholesterol, total and
      fractional phospholipids) were examined in 46 patients with newly detected non
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus at the period of the disease diagnosis and
      over the course of therapy with various sugar-reducing drugs. Diabeton, a
      gliclazide series drug, has shown the most manifest compensatory effect on red
      cell membrane lipid shifts. Diets and biguanide therapy for 6-8 months failed to
      stably normalize the detected shifts; further correction appeared to be necessary
      in such cases.

PMID- 2396110
TI  - [A method of treatment of humeroscapular periarthritis].

PMID- 2396111
TI  - [Adolescent use of narcotics and toxic substances].

PMID- 2396112
TI  - [Itai-Itai syndrome].

PMID- 2396113
TI  - [A case of nonspecific aortoarteritis].

PMID- 2396114
TI  - [Renal abnormalities simulating complicated aneurysm of the abdominal aorta].

PMID- 2396115
TI  - [Functional characteristics in infiltrative, disseminated and fibrous-cavernous
      tuberculosis of the lungs].

PMID- 2396116
TI  - [A case of primary generalized amyloidosis].

PMID- 2396117
TI  - [Several aspects of general biological concept of osteogenesis].
AB  - Basing on the literature data and their own findings, the authors present the
      general biological concept of osteogenesis. The significance of copper compounds
      (ceruloplasmin) in bone tissue synthesis was revealed; the role of bound iron
      (transferrin) in the development and maintenance of the inflammatory process
      induced by opportunistic bacteria and in bone regeneration was confirmed.
      Analysis of clinical and microbiological findings in the patients with chronic
      posttraumatic osteomyelitis, coral uroliths, gastrointestinal diseases
      complicated by cholelithiasis has lead the authors to a suggestion that fecal
      microcenosis may become one of the criteria for estimating mineral metabolism in
      the body; the markers of this metabolic disorders are shifted levels of full
      value E. coli, Lactobacilli, and, to a lesser degree, of L. bifidum. The presence
      of E. coli hemolytic variant also essentially contributes to these disorders,
      when its level surpasses by 2-3 orders the level of this microorganism in normal
      subjects and in patients whose mineral metabolism is virtually unchanged. When
      planning multiple-modality treatment of patients with locomotor system defects
      and disordered salt metabolism, a physician should investigate intestinal
      biocenosis and prescribe agents to correct the detected disorders.

PMID- 2396118
TI  - [Use of helium-neon laser in multimodal therapy of bronchial asthma].

PMID- 2396119
TI  - [Osteoplastic trepanation and recanalization of the tubular bone in chronic
      osteomyelitis of the femur].
AB  - A new method for the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis of tubular bones is
      described, realized via osteoplastic trepanation when the disease is localized in
      the femoral bone. Satisfactory results were achieved in the treatment of 15
      patients, remote results were followed for up to 2 years in 13 patients--no
      recurrences were recorded.

PMID- 2396120
TI  - [Results of simultaneous combined surgical interventions in neglected injuries of
      nerves of the hand and fingers].
AB  - The authors analyze the remote results of treatment of 56 patients with neglected
      injuries to the median and/or ulnar nerves after combined surgical interventions
      including restoration of the nerves, flexor tendons, one of the main arteries,
      and correction of neurogenic deformation of the hand. The results were assessed
      according to a specially developed comprehensive scheme with due consideration
      for recovery of individual structures of the hand and of its total function. Good
      and satisfactory results were achieved in 96 percent of patients, which fact
      recommends combined surgical interventions for the treatment of neglected
      injuries to the hand and finger nerves.

PMID- 2396122
TI  - [Silent myocardial ischemia].

PMID- 2396121
TI  - [Chronic gastritis as a high risk factor of gastric cancer].

PMID- 2396123
TI  - [Prevalence of arterial hypertension among rural population of the Irkutsk
      region].

PMID- 2396124
TI  - [Socioeconomic effectiveness of the use of transesophageal
      electrocardiostimulation in polyclinics].

PMID- 2396125
TI  - [Methods of developing qualification tests in the evaluation of skills of
      physicians-therapeutists].

PMID- 2396126
TI  - [Treatment periods at city hospitals].

PMID- 2396127
TI  - [Sexually transmitted diseases: an important problem of present-day public
      health].

PMID- 2396128
TI  - [Characteristics of blood circulation disorders in meningococcal
      meningoencephalitis].
AB  - Studies of liquorologic, hemodynamic, electrophysiologic, and biochemical
      characteristics of the blood, carried out over the course of the disease in 110
      patients with purulent meningoencephalitis of meningococcal etiology, complicated
      by development of high intracranial hypertension, have revealed a hypokinetic
      type of circulation, characterized by reduced heart performance and elevated
      afterload, in the majority of the examinees during the acute period of the
      disease. Among the causes contributing to the formation of the hypokinetic type
      are inflammatory and dystrophic changes in the myocardium, deterioration of the
      blood rheology (of the high blood viscosity syndrome type), and vasopressor
      effect of elevated intracranial pressure (Cushing's phenomenon) resultant from
      brain edema developing in the majority of patients. The findings evidence the
      leading role of intracranial pressure elevation in the origin of increased tone
      of resistive vessels and in the development of macro- and microcirculatory
      disorders in the acute phase of the disease.

PMID- 2396129
TI  - [Use of bonnecor in ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2396130
TI  - [Evaluation of the antianginal effects of foridon by transesophageal stimulation
      of the left atrium].

PMID- 2396131
TI  - [Individualized therapy of protracted attacks of bronchial asthma using
      theophylline preparations].

PMID- 2396132
TI  - [Combined therapy of newly detected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and
      associated pathology of the gastrointestinal tract and liver].

PMID- 2396133
TI  - [Treatment of disseminated destructive pulmonary tuberculosis by intracavernous
      administration of antibacterial drugs].

PMID- 2396134
TI  - [Immunomodulating drugs, thymalin and T-activin in the treatment of chronic liver
      diseases].

PMID- 2396135
TI  - [Characteristics of the course of peptic ulcer in polycythemia vera].

PMID- 2396136
TI  - [New textile compressive articles with specific therapeutic properties to be used
      in the rehabilitation of patients after radical treatment of breast cancer].

PMID- 2396148
TI  - Somatostatin analogues and their clinical application.

PMID- 2396149
TI  - A renaissance in primary health care or a time of austere damage-control.

PMID- 2396150
TI  - Never take anything for granted.

PMID- 2396151
TI  - Radical irradiation for carcinoma of the prostate.
AB  - Ninety-three patients treated by radical irradiation for stage A2, B and C1
      carcinoma of the prostate between 1979 and 1988 at a joint radiotherapy service
      were reviewed. The average age was 63 years, 84% of the patients were white and
      on histological examination the tumours were well or moderately differentiated in
      88% of cases. Treatment was with 5 fractions per week in 71% while the remainder
      received 3-4 fractions per week. At a median follow-up of 62 months, the 5-year
      survival rate was 83% and the relapse-free rate was 73% (life table). The most
      important prognostic factor was tumour grade. In patients with grade 1 and 2
      tumours, the 5-year survival rate and relapse-free rate was 91% and 76%
      respectively, while the survival for grade 3 tumour was 60% and 22% respectively
      (P less than 0.05 logrank). There was a suggestion that patients diagnosed by
      trans-rectal needle biopsy did better than those diagnosed by trans-urethral
      resection, but this was not statistically significant. Disease stage did not
      influence survival. The crude late complication rate was 10% but this was
      significantly related to the use of less than 5 fractions of radiation per week.
      A separate group of 13 patients with local disease who had had failed previous
      hormonal treatment were not analysed. Their 5-year survival rate was 19%, which
      is statistically significantly worse (P less than 0.001 logrank).

PMID- 2396152
TI  - Emigration of doctors, military service and alternative service. Some proposals
      based on a survey of medical students.
AB  - In the face of a critical shortage of skilled medical personnel, especially in
      the rural areas of South Africa, and high rates of emigration of doctors, a
      survey was conducted in 1989 of white male medical students at the University of
      the Witwatersrand to assess their intentions to emigrate, their reasons for
      emigrating and their attitudes to alternative civilian service. Ninety-five per
      cent of respondents still had military service obligations; 39% said they were
      considering emigrating. Military service was ranked as the first or second most
      important reason by 59% of those intending to emigrate and 47% said they would
      remain in South Africa if alternative service were available. The majority of
      those willing to do alternative service were also willing to do this in rural
      areas. The introduction of the option of alternative service would reduce
      emigration, increase the provision of medical care in rural areas, and
      acknowledge the right of individuals to serve the country in a non-military
      capacity.

PMID- 2396153
TI  - Selection of medical students--a follow-up study.
AB  - The attributes of 1,026 medical students admitted to university on academic
      criteria and by interview between 1980 and 1983, and the characteristics of 822
      of them who graduated between 1985 and 1988, were analysed. There were 133
      students (13%) who failed and were excluded, 99 (10%) repeated 1 or more years of
      study, 67 (7%) voluntarily withdrew, 42 (4%) completed a B.Sc. degree during
      their medical training, and 675 graduated in the minimum time. The admitted and
      graduated students were mainly white (85%), male (67%) and had no academic
      experience other than matriculation (69%). During the review period the
      proportion of 'non-whites', women and applicants with university experience
      increased. Students who voluntarily withdrew had significantly low interview
      scores; applicants with university experience and applicants who subsequently
      failed had significantly high interview scores. It is concluded that the
      interview is useful, that the demographic characteristics of the classes are
      changing, and that traditional academic standards have been maintained.

PMID- 2396154
TI  - The role of the ambulance service as part of the health profession.
AB  - The provincial ambulance services have developed into highly trained professional
      emergency medical services over the last few years. This rapid development seems
      to have caught the medical profession by surprise, so much so that in recent
      months some medical practitioners were of the opinion that ambulance personnel
      were being trained to do more than they should. Unfortunately many doctors still
      seem to view the ambulance service as mainly a patient transport service and not
      as the emergency medical service it has become. It would be in the interest of
      the patient if a sound working relationship between pre-hospital, hospital and
      private medical practitioners could be established and that each group becomes
      familiar with the capabilities of the other. It is equally important that
      ambulance personnel be welcomed into the health profession of which they are now
      an integral part.

PMID- 2396155
TI  - Assessment of the 2.4 km run as a predictor of aerobic capacity.
AB  - Since the 2.4 km run time test is routinely used in military training programmes
      as an indicator of aerobic capacity and its possible improvement, an attempt was
      made to: (i) establish a regression equation of VO2max v. 2.4 km run time in a
      group of 20 young military volunteers; and (ii) determine whether this equation
      could be used to predict VO2max reliably from the 2.4 km time obtained from
      another group. Before and after training, VO2max was measured in all subjects
      using a treadmill test, and 2.4 km run time was determined in the field. Linear
      regression equations using the 2.4 km run time as the independent variable
      accounted for 76-92% of the variance in VO2max, while the standard error of the
      estimate varied from 2.24-2.91 ml/kg/min. In the second test group, the directly
      measured VO2max was 59.89 +/- 0.99 ml/kg/min, while the mean value estimated from
      the regression equation of the first group was 59.61 +/- 1.16 ml/kg/min (P less
      than 0.001). It was concluded that, in the population studied, the 2.4 km run
      time in the field reliably predicts VO2max measured during treadmill exercise in
      the laboratory.

PMID- 2396156
TI  - Anaesthetic hazards of the 'passion gap'. A case report.
AB  - Dental abnormalities cause problems for both dentist and anaesthetist. The
      anaesthetic hazards associated with the 'passion gap'--a term used in the western
      Cape Province for removal of the top four incisor teeth, a practice widespread
      among members of the Cape Coloured community--are discussed. Recommendations are
      made to assist the anaesthetist when dealing with such a patient.

PMID- 2396157
TI  - Venous infarction of the testis--a cause of non-response to conservative therapy
      in epididymo-orchitis. A case report.
AB  - Acute epididymo-orchitis occasionally responds poorly to conservative measures.
      Testicular infarction may be one reason for this complication. Ultrasonography
      and radionuclide scanning can elucidate the cause. A patient with this
      complication is described.

PMID- 2396158
TI  - Aquatically acquired Aeromonas hydrophila wound infection. A report of 3 cases.
AB  - The occurrence of Aeromonas hydrophila wound infections in healthy hosts after
      water-associated injury is being reported more frequently. This paper reports our
      experience with 3 such cases and outlines the importance of recognising the
      association between a water-related injury and this organism.

PMID- 2396159
TI  - Forward projection of HIV prevalence.

PMID- 2396160
TI  - Sulpiride in tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2396161
TI  - A case of haemangiopericytoma.

PMID- 2396162
TI  - Anti-HTLV-I in blood donors in Natal.

PMID- 2396163
TI  - [Nearing the end of post-transfusional hepatitis?].

PMID- 2396164
TI  - [Variations in the thrombogenic properties of the extracellular matrix produced
      by endothelial cells in consecutive passages].
AB  - Cultured endothelial cells are currently used as a model for the study of the
      interaction of platelets with the vascular wall under flow conditions. Little is
      known about the influence of cell-culture conditions on the preservation of the
      original characteristics of primary tissues. In our study, the reactivity of
      platelets towards extracellular matrices produced by endothelial cells from
      different passage numbers was morphometrically evaluated. The presence and
      distribution of the extracellular von Willebrand factor was analyzed by
      immunofluorescent techniques. Morphology of endothelial cells in culture varied
      dramatically along the culture and polymorphism increased clearly at fourth or
      fifth passages. Extracellular matrix thrombogenicity decreased significantly from
      the fifth passage number. Simultaneously, von Willebrand factor distribution in
      ECM changed its typical pattern. Our results confirm that the extracellular
      matrix produced by human umbilical vein derived-endothelial cells constitutes a
      good model for the study of platelet adhesion onto vascular subendothelium. The
      limited viability of ECs and the variation in the thrombogenic properties of ECM
      formed after multiple passages must be taken into account when these cells or
      their products are used in experimental research.

PMID- 2396165
TI  - [Evolution of autotransfusion: effect of a diet with and without the ingestion of
      iron].
AB  - The efficiency of an autotransfusion program was studied over two groups of
      patients undergoing an elective surgery. The A group (n = 41) was on dietotherapy
      program associated with a supplement of ferrous sulfate and the B group (n = 35)
      on dietary intervention only. Red cell volume (RCV), haemoglobin (Hb) and
      haematocrit (Ht) were determined previously to the autotransfusion, during the
      same and before the surgical intervention. Serum ferritin levels were measured in
      the B group patients previous to the autotransfusion and before the surgical
      intervention. No statistically significant differences were observed among the
      two groups with regard to the RVC variations, Hb or Ht during the autotransfusion
      process. Although 85% of the A group patients showed secondary digestive effects
      due to oral ferrous therapy, no patients from the B group showed any sign of
      these effects whatsoever. The results of the present study suggest that a diet
      rich in easily bioavailable iron could be an alternative therapy during the
      autotransfusion procedure.

PMID- 2396166
TI  - [Leukemia and malnutrition. III. Effect of chemotherapeutic treatment on the
      nutritional state and its repercussion on the therapeutic response of patients
      with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with standard risk].
AB  - This is the third part of a series of papers dealing with the relationship
      between malnutrition and poor prognosis of patients with standard-risk acute
      lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The first part shows that undernourishment is an
      adverse prognostic factor in the outcome of treatment of patients with ALL
      inasmuch as malnourished children, due to diminished bone marrow reserve, receive
      approximately 50% of the optimal doses of so-called "maintenance" chemotherapy,
      thus leading into frequent bone marrow leukaemic relapses and into a shortened
      disease-free survival--DFS--(5 year DFS was 83% for well nourished children and
      only 26% for undernourished children, p less than 0.001). The second part
      demonstrates that the delivery of sub-optimal doses of myelosuppressive
      maintenance chemotherapy is by itself, an adverse prognostic factor in the
      outcome of treatment of children with ALL: five year disease free-survival was
      65% and 7% for children receiving either optimal or sub-optimal doses of ablative
      maintenance chemotherapy (p less than 0.001); accordingly, suboptimal doses of
      chemotherapy were delivered mainly in undernourished children, due to the
      abnormally low bone marrow reserve. This third part deals with two additional
      points: the degree of undernourishment as related to the prognosis and the
      changes in the nutritional status along with the anti-leukaemic chemotherapy,
      together with its relationship to the prognosis. In a group of 43 children with
      standard-risk ALL, we have found that those with a mild to moderate degree of
      undernourishment do better than those with severe forms of malnutrition (2 year
      DFS was 50% and 25% respectively, p less than 0.02), but significantly worse than
      those with normal nourishment status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2396167
TI  - [Hemoglobin Setif (alpha 94 (G1) Asp----Tyr) in a Spanish family].
AB  - A family was studied who carried a slow mobility haemoglobin on cellulose acetate
      electrophoresis at pH 8.6. The structural analysis of the anomalous globin chain
      showed substitution of residual aspartic acid in position 94 of the alpha chain
      by tyrosine (Hb Setif). This mutation induces low oxygen affinity in the
      haemoglobin molecule plus instability of the tetramer in the oxy conformation.
      Such haemoglobin has been found in North-African populations, and the case
      presented here is the first one reported in Spain.

PMID- 2396168
TI  - [Erythroid colonies derived from BFU-E from the bone marrow in a patient with
      type I congenital dyserythropoietic anemia].
AB  - The findings of in vitro culture of bone-marrow BFU-E from a patient with type I
      dyserythropoietic anaemia are reported, scarce data being seemingly available in
      the literature. The number of BFU-E in the culture was increased four-fold with
      respect to the normal values. The morphologic study of the colonies showed in all
      cases varying number of erythroblasts with internuclear bridges (5-20%). Upon
      ultrastructural examination of the colonies, a great number of erythroblasts
      exhibited morphologic alterations, spongy chromatin and internuclear bridges
      being commonest. These findings suggest that an alteration of the progenitor
      erythroid cells exists in type I dyserythropoietic anaemia, whereas the
      morphological defects appreciated show great variation in the progeny of each BFU
      E.

PMID- 2396169
TI  - [Changes in various hematologic parameters following treatment with zinc
      acetate].
AB  - The effect of different doses of zinc acetate (1,000 and 3,000 ppm) on several
      haematological values was studied on Wistar rats. Decreased haematocrit, mean
      corpuscular volume and white cell counts were appreciated, along with increased
      red cell counts. The leucocyte differential count was also modified, an important
      reduction of the percentage of neutrophils and monocytes being registered.

PMID- 2396170
TI  - [Association of chronic lymphatic leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and
      erythroblastopenia].

PMID- 2396171
TI  - [Ocular infiltration as a presenting form of extramedullary blast crisis in CML].

PMID- 2396172
TI  - [Multiple myeloma and destruction of the sella turcica].

PMID- 2396173
TI  - [Neutropenia and hypotension during treatment with recombinant human
      erythropoietin in refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts].

PMID- 2396174
TI  - Foot length growth related to crown-rump length, gestational age and weight in
      human staged fresh fetuses. An index for anatomical and medical use.
AB  - Several anatomical parameters are useful in the assessment of gestational age.
      This work studies the foot length growth analysed against age, crown-rump length
      (C-R) and body weight (W) in eighty human fresh fetuses (staging from 14 to 38
      weeks post-conception). These data were correlated with the following statistical
      methods: simple regression, power formula (allometric method), exponential and
      reciprocal models. The foot length growth presents very high and statistically
      significant coefficients of correlations with fetal parameters (P less than
      0.001); the allometric method was the best method for this analysis. Foot length
      grows with moderate (against the age and C-R) or slight (against the W) positive
      allometry. This study presents statistically significant curves of the foot
      length growth in relation to fetal parameters. These curves are useful in
      anatomy, forensic medicine, feto-pathology, medical imaging, obstetrics and
      pediatrics.

PMID- 2396175
TI  - The development of tibiofibular torsion.
AB  - We studied the angle of torsion of the leg in both lower limbs of 1607
      schoolchildren of both sexes (1010 girls and 597 boys) aged between 3 and 17
      years. Statistical differences were observed between one lower limb and the other
      in girls at the ages of 3, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 13 years but in boys no differences
      were observed. No statistical differences were found between the angle of torsion
      from one age to the next, except between the angles of 11 years and 12 years old
      boys. The torsional angle varies from approximately 5 degrees at 3 years to 17
      degrees at 17 years, with a slight, inconsistent increase in both sexes.

PMID- 2396176
TI  - Blood supply of the flexor digital tendon in the hand and its clinical
      significance.
AB  - An anatomical study on the blood sources and vascularity of the flexor digital
      tendon was conducted in the upper extremities of fresh cadavers by means of
      arterial injection and meticulous dissection of the transparent tendon under the
      microscope. According to whether or not synovial membrane surrounded the tendon,
      the flexor digital tendon can be divided into 2 regions: non-synovial and
      synovial. The major intrinsic blood supply of the digital tendon was in the form
      of longitudinal vascular bundles, while the transverse anastomotic branches were
      short and sparse. The non-synovial region of the tendon was covered by paratenon
      and the vascular distribution of this region was uniform. In the synovial sheath,
      the blood vessels distributed only on the dorsal side, while the volar side was
      devoid of vessels. The profundus and superficialis tendons had an avascular zone
      at the proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints respectively. It
      was considered that the difference of the vascular architecture might be related
      to the mechanical force to which the tendon was subjected. The nutrition of
      tendon was discussed and the selection of tendon graft at operation was
      suggested.

PMID- 2396177
TI  - An anatomical and radiological study of the femoropatellar articulation.
AB  - An analytical study was made of 30 knees by dissection, 200 by conventional
      radiology, 120 by CT scans, and of 2,400 pathological knees by conventional
      radiology, and 900 by CT. The radiological and scanning methods most used for a
      study of the femoropatellar articulation are described and the normal values of
      each feature determined by a computer study. The femoral trochlea and its shape
      are very important for the stability of the patella. The normal and pathological
      types of trochlea are described. This study established a number of anatomical
      factors which influence patellar stability, and form a basis for proposing the
      correction of anatomical anomalies in the treatment of instability of the joint.

PMID- 2396178
TI  - Collateral pathways in portal hypertension.
AB  - In a retrospective study angiographic image material of percutaneous direct
      portographies carried out in 43 patients was evaluated according to anatomic and
      radiologic criteria. These examinations were performed for therapeutic purposes
      (embolisation of vessels supplying varices). All the hepatofugally perfused veins
      were analyzed according to their localisation and course. Apart from the known
      portocaval collateral pathways a number of other collaterals not yet described
      could be documented by means of angiography.

PMID- 2396179
TI  - Comparison of computerized tomography with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in
      the evaluation of encephalic ventricular volume.
AB  - The volume of the encephalic ventricles was determined from computerized
      tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of seven subjects
      without apparent pathology and three subjects with enlarged ventricles. Since
      there are many conditions in which the encephalic ventricles become enlarged such
      as Alzheimer's disease and hydrocephalus, accurate measurement of these
      structures provides (1) a valuable and safe means of aiding in the diagnosis of
      such conditions and (2) important follow-up information on affected patients.
      This paper presents the data obtained from the second phase of a three phase
      study. The first phase demonstrated the possibility of measuring fluid filled
      spaces by MRI in three phantom preparations (small, medium, and large
      "ventricles"). The results were compared with those obtained from the
      computerized tomography (CT) scans of the same preparations. This phase of the
      study compares the volumes obtained from CT scans with those obtained from MRI
      scans of the same individuals. The volumetric calculations were done with the aid
      of a Calcomp 9000 digital analyser programmed to compensate for the scale factor
      and slice thickness of the images. The results obtained from the MRI scans
      correlated closely with those obtained from the CT scans of the same subjects.
      The third and final phase of the project is the development of an MRI volumetric
      data base for the encephalic ventricles using a larger number of subjects.

PMID- 2396180
TI  - Measurements of the normal lumbar spinal canal by computed tomography. Segmental
      study of L3-L4 and L4-L5 related to the height of the subject.
AB  - Computed tomography measurements of the main diameters and cross section areas of
      the lumbar vertebral canal and the lower end of the dural sac at the L3-L4 and L4
      L5 levels were made in 34 young male adults who were free of symptoms. This study
      shows a statistically significant correlation between the height of the subject
      and the cross sectional area of the canal and the dural sac, and the
      interpedicular diameter. The determination of regression coefficients enabled an
      estimate to be made of the mean values of these parameters in relation to height,
      the actual values having a normal distribution around these means. This study
      suggest that the areas, when narrowing is suspected, should be interpreted as a
      function of the height of the subject.

PMID- 2396181
TI  - The morphological differentiation of the internal sphincter muscle of the anus in
      the human embryo and fetus.

PMID- 2396182
TI  - Sero-fatty fringes of the pericardium: anatomical and radiological preoperative
      assessment of their availability for the protection of bronchial sutures.

PMID- 2396183
TI  - The transfacial approach with naso-maxillary flap for tumors of the ethmoid and
      sphenoid.

PMID- 2396184
TI  - Relevant knowledge on the research of clinical anatomy.

PMID- 2396185
TI  - The ophthalmic artery and its branches, measurements and clinical importance.
AB  - Seventy-one Caucasian orbits (36 right, 35 left) were studied by dissection. The
      diameter of the ophthalmic a. (2 mm from the origin) was 1.54 +/- 0.04 mm (male)
      and 1.31 +/- 0.05 mm (female). In individual cases, there were no significant
      differences in vessel diameter between the right and left sides but, differences
      in vessel diameter between males and females were more commonly observed in the
      arteries which leave the orbit (extraorbital group), the individual vessels
      having a larger diameter in males. The incidence of the ophthalmic a. passing in
      the orbit medially under the optic n. was 18.6%. The lacrimal a. was observed to
      arise from the ophthalmic a. in only 82.5% of the cases examined, 15.9% of the
      cases showed the origin to be at the anastomotic branch of the middle meningeal.

PMID- 2396186
TI  - The mandibulo-stylohyoid ligament (tractus angularis).
AB  - The authors of the present study were able to expose the tractus angularis (the
      mandibulo-stylohyoid ligament), which was consistently found as a large ligament
      extending from the angle of the mandible to the stylohyoid ligament, with
      prolongations in the direction of the stylohyoid m. and the posterior belly of
      the digastric. The ligament forms part of the structures which separate the
      submandibular gland from the parotid gland. We believe that this ligament should
      be included in anatomy textbooks, and we affirm our perception of these
      structures as potentially important for clinical and surgical anatomy.

PMID- 2396187
TI  - The surgical anatomy of the middle nasal meatus.
AB  - An exact study was made of the middle nasal meatus in 20 anatomical preparations
      (left and right) from 10 subjects. Some features (the ethmoidal bulla, the
      uncinate process of the ethmoidal bone, the openings of the maxillary and frontal
      sinuses) are relatively constant in their arrangement, but very variable in shape
      and size. An understanding of these structures is now essential for the practice
      of endonasal microsurgery.

PMID- 2396188
TI  - Chromosome aberrations induced in vitro in human lymphocytes by monoenergetic 2.5
      MeV neutrons and 60Co gamma rays.
AB  - The aim of the present experiments was to evaluate the relative biological
      effectiveness (RBE) of monoenergetic 2.5 MeV neutrons, in view of the scarcity of
      data on the RBE of neutrons in this energy range. Human peripheral blood
      lymphocytes from two donors were exposed to doses of neutrons ranging from 0.005
      Gy to 0.5 Gy. Gamma rays produced by a telecobalt therapy unit were used as
      reference radiation. RBE values were of the same order of magnitude, whatever was
      the model of the dose-response curve chosen for the neutrons (linear or linear
      quadratic). As expected, RBE increased markedly with decreasing doses and went
      beyond 30 at a dose level of 0.2 Gy. The present results, compared with RBE
      values obtained with neutrons of higher energy (6.5, 14 and 21 MeV), confirm that
      low energy neutrons are more effective in producing genetic effects, especially
      at low doses.

PMID- 2396189
TI  - The unexpected guest: problem of iris reposition.
AB  - A 31-year-old male presented with a corneal laceration and iris prolapse in the
      left eye. The surgical repair was complicated by epithelial ingrowth on the lens
      capsule. The appropriate management of both the initial trauma and subsequent
      complication is discussed.

PMID- 2396190
TI  - Recertification: update and future issues.
AB  - This article describes the history and substance of New York State's proposal for
      a mandatory recredentialing program for physicians, its implications for the
      medical profession, and the pros and cons of instituting a recertification policy
      for ophthalmology.

PMID- 2396191
TI  - Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasms of the pancreas.
AB  - Seven patients with solid and papillary epithelial neoplasms of the pancreas are
      reported. All were young women with a mean age of 22 years (range, 16 to 33 years
      old). Each patient had a large asymptomatic abdominal mass. The tumors ranged in
      size from 7 to 20 cm (average size, 13 cm) and were evenly distributed throughout
      the head, body, and tail of the pancreas. One patient had a metastatic tumor to
      her liver, which was unresectable. All other patients underwent resection, which
      included two distal pancreatectomies, two total pancreatectomies, one
      pancreaticoduodenectomy, and one local excision. Four of the seven patients had
      evidence of local invasions alone, and one had a liver metastasis and local
      invasion. All patients had the characteristic histologic pattern of a solid and
      papillary epithelial pancreatic neoplasm. All patients are alive with a mean
      follow-up of 10 years (range, 4 to 20 years). This is an unusual malignant
      neoplasm of the pancreas occurring predominantly in young women. Even though they
      are locally invasive, long-term survival is the rule. Surgical therapy should be
      aggressive, since liver metastasis may occur.

PMID- 2396192
TI  - Nutritional consequences of total gastrectomy: the relationship between mode of
      reconstruction, postprandial symptoms, and body composition.
AB  - Body composition, postprandial symptoms, and social performance were assessed in
      41 patients who were free of tumors 16 to 63 months (median, 41 months) after
      total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy (n = 15) or jejunal
      interposition (n = 26). There were no significant differences with respect to
      age, sex, initial tumor stage, interval since operation, and premorbid
      weight/height2 (body mass index). The lowest postoperative body mass index (BMI)
      was 72% +/- 3% of the preillness BMI in patients with Roux-en-Y reconstruction
      and 79% +/- 2% in patients with jejunal interposition (p less than 0.05). At the
      time of the study the relative BMI was 88% +/- 2% of the preillness BMI in
      patients with jejunal interposition but only 81% +/- 3% in patients with the Roux
      en-Y reconstruction (p less than 0.01). Muscle mass and lean body mass estimated
      from anthropometric and bioelectric impedance measurements were correlated with
      sex (p = 0.0001) and with the mode of reconstruction (p = 0.02) independently,
      which was confirmed by multiple linear regression. The postprandial symptoms were
      not significantly associated with changes in body composition except for an
      inverse relationship between Sigstad's dumping score and the extracellular
      mass/body cell mass ratio (r = 0.553; p = 0.0002). Of the patients under 60 years
      of age, 10 of 15 patients with jejunal interposition and two of eight patients
      with Roux-en-Y reconstruction were back at work (p = 0.057). The persons who had
      resumed their work had a significantly higher relative BMI (90% +/- 2% vs 82% +/-
      3%), lean body mass (53 +/- 3 kg vs 46 +/- 3 kg), and muscle mass (25 +/- 2 kg vs
      21 +/- 1 kg) than persons in early retirement. We concluded that preserving the
      duodenal transit should be a main objective of gastric replacement after total
      gastrectomy.

PMID- 2396193
TI  - Carcinoma of the main hepatic duct junction: indications, operative morbidity and
      mortality, and long-term survival.
AB  - Carcinoma of the main hepatic duct junction tends to spread extensively along the
      hepatic ducts into the liver parenchyma. Therefore extensive resection of the
      bile ducts combined with hepatic resection is the procedure of choice. Between
      January 1973 and April 1989, 25 of 50 patients with this type of carcinoma
      underwent resection, a resectability rate of 50%. One patient died of
      staphylococcal sepsis on the postoperative day 42 after right trisegmentectomy
      and resection of the bile ducts, a hospital death rate of 4%. Twenty-four
      patients were discharged from the hospital. The 5-year actuarial survival rate
      calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method was 19%. Four patients lived longer than 5
      years after surgery; the longest survival was 9 years after right
      trisegmentectomy and resection of the bile ducts. These four patients had clear
      margins at the resected bile ducts. This article was designed to clarify the
      point at issue by presenting our results in terms of indications, operative
      morbidity and mortality, and long-term survival.

PMID- 2396194
TI  - Intraperitoneal 5-fluorouracil infusion for treatment of both peritoneal and
      liver micrometastases.
AB  - Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that intraperitoneal administration of 5
      fluorouracil (5-FU) has the potential to reduce the locoregional recurrence rate
      of gastrointestinal cancer. We have tested this hypothesis in a rat model, in
      which liver and peritoneal micrometastases were induced by the injection of
      cultured colonic cancer spheroids into both the portal vein and peritoneal
      cavity, respectively. Sixty-seven tumor-bearing animals were randomized to
      receive either no treatment, superior mesenteric vein 5-FU, or intraperitoneal 5
      FU. Infusions were begun 2 days after tumor inoculation at a dose of 45 mg/kg/day
      and continued for 5 days. All untreated animals had advanced liver and peritoneal
      metastases 1 month after tumor implantation. Intraperitoneal 5-FU totally
      prevented the development of macroscopic tumor on peritoneal surfaces in 57% of
      animals. Paradoxically, rats treated with portal vein 5-FU had significantly more
      tumor or peritoneal surfaces than did the untreated group (p = 0.038). Both
      intraperitoneal and portal vein chemotherapy resulted in approximately a 50%
      reduction in total liver metastases compared with untreated animals (p = 0.78).
      Comparison of hepatic tumor growth within different lobes or segments
      demonstrated that although intraperitoneal 5-FU produced a homogeneous reduction
      in liver metastases, the effect of portal vein chemotherapy was unevenly
      distributed. We conclude that intraperitoneal chemotherapy was not only effective
      in eradicating peritoneal micrometastases but also received the same overall
      reduction in liver metastases as did portal vein chemotherapy. Moreover, regional
      differences in hepatic tumor responses as a result of drug streaming during
      portal vein 5-FU infusion were not observed after intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

PMID- 2396195
TI  - Use of homologous platelet factors in achieving total healing of recalcitrant
      skin ulcers.
AB  - We used homologous platelet-derived wound healing factors (HPDWHF) to achieve
      complete healing of recalcitrant ulcers of diverse cause. Twenty-three patients
      with 27 skin ulcers who had been receiving conventional wound care with no
      evidence of healing for an average period of 25 weeks (range, 12 to 156 weeks)
      were studied. The patients were first subjected to controlled wound care for 3
      months, with saline solution and silver sulfadiazine dressings used in all cases.
      At the end of this period, persistent nonhealing ulcers were treated by topical
      use of HPDWHF and silver sulfadiazine. Ulcer parameters were recorded on the
      first day and every week during therapy until complete epithelization was
      achieved in either group. Each ulcer acted as its own control. In the controlled
      wound care group, only three ulcers in three patients achieved complete healing;
      the remaining 24 ulcers in 20 patients failed to achieve even 50% healing in the
      stipulated 3-month period. However, when subjected to HPDWHF applications, these
      ulcers healed completely, 100% healing occurring in 9.67 +/- 4.9 weeks (range, 3
      to 19 weeks), which is highly significant (p less than 0.01). The healing
      response to HPDWHF applications was of uniform progression over the weeks. Only
      the basic cause of the ulcer determined the healing rates in this group. The
      shortest and the longest time to achieve 100% healing occurred in patients with
      diabetes (6.88 +/- 2.97 weeks) and in the venous stasis group (14.00 +/- 7.07
      weeks). Age, sex, location of ulcer, ulcer duration, and ulcer measurements had
      no influence on the HPDWHF-stimulated healing rates. This is the earliest report
      of HPDWHF-stimulated repair in chronic nonhealing skin ulcers.

PMID- 2396196
TI  - Endoscopic alternatives in the management of colonic strictures.
AB  - A 10-year review of our experience with all patients with symptoms of colonic
      narrowing (n = 61) revealed 14 patients who were treated endoscopically. The site
      of narrowing was the sigmoid colon in 12 patients and the rectum in two patients.
      The strictures occurred after anastomosis in seven patients, with carcinoma in
      four patients, and with inflammatory disease, external compression, and idiopathy
      in one patient each. Although combinations of endoscopic techniques were
      occasionally used, the predominant method responsible for successful management
      of the narrowing was bouginage in four patients, endoscopy with a prototype
      dilating endoscope in four patients, balloon dilatation in three patients, and
      electrocautery and laser surgery in one patient each. There were no perforations
      or bleeding complications. Repeated treatments were usually needed. As less
      invasive methods evolve to treat colonic narrowing, appropriate matching of
      available techniques with the underlying disease becomes easier. We have found
      that dilation with a bougie, balloon, or a prototype dilating endoscope can
      provide especially beneficial results when used on patients with strictures
      resulting from inflammatory disease or external compression. Cutting and ablating
      tools such as the electrocautery and laser tools are more suited for management
      of strictures that result from carcinoma and anastomotic webs. Appropriate
      matching of endoscopic technique to underlying colonic pathology will allow
      increasingly successful and safer management of colonic narrowing without
      operation.

PMID- 2396197
TI  - Analysis of 1084 consecutive lower extremities involved with acute venous
      thrombosis diagnosed by duplex scanning.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 8658 consecutive lower extremity venous duplex scans
      performed between the years 1982 to 1988 revealed 953 patients with involvement
      of 1084 extremities with acute deep or superficial thrombi. Records of patients
      with acute thrombi were then evaluated for the incidence, location, and patterns
      of distribution. There were 485 women (50.9%) and 468 men (49.1%), with a mean
      age of 62.9 +/- 16.7 years and 58.8 +/- 15.2 years, respectively. There were 371
      right-sided thrombi (180 women and 191 men), 451 left-sided thrombi (235 women
      and 216 men), and 131 (70 women and 61 men) patients with thrombi in both lower
      extremities. Women were found to be uniformly older, and the left leg was found
      to be involved more frequently (p less than 0.05). The overall distribution of
      the 3169 veins involved with acute thrombi in decreasing order were: popliteal,
      16.1%; superficial femoral, 15.0%; posterior tibial, 13.4%; common femoral,
      13.2%; greater saphenous, 9.9%; soleal, 9.1%; peroneal, 7.2%; deep femoral, 6.6%;
      lesser saphenous, 5.7%; anterior tibial, 2.0%; varicosities, 1.6%; and
      perforating, 0.3%. A different rank order was found in analysis of single
      thrombus patterns as follows: greater saphenous, 27.5%; soleal, 20.1%; lesser
      saphenous, 13.4%; varicosities, 8.8%; popliteal, 8.1%; posterior tibial, 9.1%;
      common femoral, 3.5%; superficial femoral, 4.9%; peroneal, 2.8%; deep femoral,
      1.0%; anterior tibial, 0.3%; and perforating, 0.3%. In patients with multiple and
      bilateral thrombi there was a large number of unique patterns of thrombosis.
      Locations, patterns, and frequency of acute venous thrombi vary with age, sex,
      and leg involved. Patterns and statistical analyses of pertinent observations
      were performed.

PMID- 2396198
TI  - Moderate smoke inhalation produces decreased oxygen delivery, increased oxygen
      demands, and systemic but not lung parenchymal lipid peroxidation.
AB  - We studied the first 24-hour lung and systemic physiologic response to a moderate
      smoke inhalation injury. In addition, we monitored oxidant-induced lipid
      peroxidation (LP), using malondialdehyde and conjugated dienes. Sixteen adult
      sheep with lung and soft tissue lymph fistulas were given 20 breaths of smoke
      while under anesthesia. Eight sheep were given a tidal volume of 5 ml/kg smoke,
      confining the inflammatory injury to airways only. Eight sheep were given 10
      ml/kg smoke after which focal alveolar collapse and a carboxyhemoglobin level of
      28% +/- 5% were noted in addition to airways injury. No significant lung or
      systemic physiologic changes were noted in the 5 ml/kg smoke exposure. However,
      plasma levels of malondialdehyde increased significantly, indicating that LP had
      occurred. With the 10 ml/kg smoke exposure, a 50% early decrease in oxygen
      consumption was noted. At 12 hours, oxygen consumption was then significantly
      increased by 30% over baseline. Fluid requirements to maintain filling pressures
      were also significantly increased, comparable to that seen after a 20% total body
      surface burn. A change in soft tissue permeability was noted with a twofold
      increase in systemic lymph, which could in part explain the fluid requirements.
      Lung lymph flow increased by only twofold, and lung water was not increased,
      whereas arterial partial oxygen pressure decreased from a baseline of 95 +/- 4 mm
      Hg to 60 +/- 5 mm Hg. Systemic LP was evident when both plasma malondialdehyde
      and conjugated dienes increased significantly. Liver tissue malondialdehyde at
      postmortem examination was double the normal level. However, lung parenchymal
      malondialdehyde was not increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2396199
TI  - Proglumide inhibits cholecystokinin and meal-stimulated pancreatic secretion and
      release of pancreatic polypeptide.
AB  - Exogenously administered cholecystokinin is a potent stimulant of pancreatic
      exocrine secretion and pancreatic polypeptide release. Release of cholecystokinin
      by amino acids and fats is strongly correlated with both pancreatic exocrine
      secretion and pancreatic polypeptide release. Despite this correlation, direct
      evidence that cholecystokinin is a physiologic mediator of these actions is not
      available. We have studied this problem in fasted dogs with chronic pancreatic
      fistulas by means of a specific cholecystokinin antagonist, proglumide, to
      inhibit the effect of cholecystokinin. Secretion, neurotensin (with secretin
      stimulation infusion), or cholecystokinin-octapeptide was infused intravenously,
      either with saline solution or with proglumide (300 mg/kg/hr). For endogenous
      release of cholecystokinin, intraduodenal infusions of phenylalanine and
      tryptophan or of sodium oleate were given with either intravenous saline solution
      or intravenous proglumide. Pancreatic secretion and release of cholecystokinin
      and pancreatic polypeptide were measured in plasma. Cholecystokinin-octapeptide
      stimulated pancreatic secretion of water and protein; both of these were
      significantly inhibited by proglumide. Intraduodenal amino acids and sodium
      oleate both caused significant release of cholecystokinin, which was not altered
      by proglumide; however, proglumide inhibited pancreatic secretion stimulated by
      intraduodenal amino acids and sodium oleate. Release of pancreatic polypeptide
      stimulated by amino acid and sodium oleate was also significantly inhibited by
      proglumide. Since proglumide appears to block actions of cholecystokinin, our
      results show that cholecystokinin is physiologically important for pancreatic
      secretion and for release of pancreatic polypeptide.

PMID- 2396200
TI  - An experimental assessment of the effect of blood transfusion on susceptibility
      to bacterial infection.
AB  - Clinical investigations in patients who have undergone transplantation and
      patients with cancer and infection suggest that blood transfusions have an
      immunosuppressive effect. To investigate the impact on responses to infection, an
      experimental transfusion model was developed in the rat with allogeneic or
      syngeneic transfusions. Animals were given either a moderate or severe bacterial
      challenge, both simulating a clinical surgical infection, immediately after
      transfusion or 1 week later; hypotension and hemodilution were especially
      avoided. Blood transfusion adversely affected the animals' capacity to resist
      immediate moderate challenge, but not a later one. The effect was maximized by
      allogeneic transfusion but was not demonstrable after severe bacterial challenge,
      whether immediate or late.

PMID- 2396201
TI  - [The use of a modified Health Assessment Questionnaire for evaluating the
      effectiveness of therapy at a hospital].
AB  - A study was made of a possibility of estimating the efficacy of hospital therapy
      of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using the modified Stanford
      health assessment questionnaire. The general functional index (GFI) derived on
      the basis of the questionnaire was found to be in good agreement with a number of
      the commonly accepted indicators in rheumatology: Richi's articular index, the
      swelling index, the power of pain in accordance with the visual analog scale,
      hand force as well as with the psychological and social characteristics. The GFI
      was shown to decrease significantly after the treatment carried out under
      hospital conditions together with a decrease of pain and the articular index (p
      less than 0.001) both in grave RA patients with an unfavorable functional and
      work fitness prognosis and in patients with milder RA, having a favourable
      prognosis. It is recommended that the GFI may be used for estimating the efficacy
      of the treatment in addition to other indicators and measurements.

PMID- 2396202
TI  - [The importance of local intra-articular drug treatment in the combined therapy
      of rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2396203
TI  - [Intra-articular and periarticular therapy with prednisolone acetate].

PMID- 2396204
TI  - [The local therapy of systemic scleroderma].

PMID- 2396206
TI  - [The characteristics of medical rehabilitation in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2396205
TI  - [Local antirheumatic agents].

PMID- 2396207
TI  - [The results of the intra-articular administration of corticosteroids in
      arthritis in adolescents].

PMID- 2396208
TI  - [The epidural administration of corticosteroids in treating discogenic
      radiculitis].

PMID- 2396210
TI  - [Combined systemic lupus erythematosus and ichthyosis vulgaris].

PMID- 2396209
TI  - [The possibilities of using colchicine in rheumatoid arthritis and amyloidosis].

PMID- 2396211
TI  - [A case of van der Hoeve's syndrome].

PMID- 2396212
TI  - [The conservative orthopedic treatment of rheumatic diseases with an articular
      syndrome].

PMID- 2396214
TI  - [The role of estrogen-androgen imbalance in rheumatic diseases].

PMID- 2396213
TI  - [The clinico-echocardiographic signs of rheumocarditis in acute rheumatism in
      adults and their dynamics under the influence of antirheumatic therapy].
AB  - Of 45 patients with acute rheumatic fever 23 manifested enlargement of the left
      ventricle. Of these, 14 patients had it combined with an increase in the stroke
      volume, the syndrome of load with the left ventricular volume. These alterations
      disappeared or lessened by the end of the treatment. They did not correlate with
      lesions of the valvular apparatus and were likely to be consequent to the
      underlying inflammatory process. In patients with the syndrome of load with the
      left ventricular volume, myocardial contractility was, as a rule, increased or
      normal, indicating that myocardial contractility remained at a satisfactory level
      at the initial disease period. Comparative studies of the therapeutic effect of
      corticosteroids and nonsteroidal drugs (indomethacin and voltaren) have
      demonstrated that they exert a similar effect on the clinicofunctional signs of
      rheumatic carditis.

PMID- 2396215
TI  - [The healing of the bone erosions during therapy with gold preparations and D
      penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis patients].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the data obtained during 17-year prospective follow
      up of over 500 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who received
      individualized treatment mainly with basic drugs. Cases of repair of bone
      erosions in small joints of the hands and feet are described as are cases of
      complete or partial repair of osteolysis in 8 patients with significant RA
      treated for a long time with parenteral or oral gold drugs, or D-penicillamine in
      different daily doses.

PMID- 2396216
TI  - [The comparative efficacy of reaferon and methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2396217
TI  - [The characteristics of the course of rheumatoid arthritis combined with thyroid
      pathology].
AB  - As many as 28 patients with associated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and thyroid
      pathology were examined. Comparison with the control group of RA patients (n =
      100) revealed a number of the clinical characteristics: the lack of severe
      destructive lesions of the joints, bone ankyloses, aseptic necroses of the head
      of the femur, a higher percentage of the development of secondary amyloidosis of
      the kidneys, attesting to the presence of a definite pathogenetic interrelation
      between these diseases.

PMID- 2396218
TI  - [Changes in the functional and biochemical characteristics of the thrombocytes in
      the side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory preparations].
AB  - Differences in the character of platelet response to aggregation inducers and
      inhibitors was revealed in atopy and pseudoallergy, with aspirin-sensitive asthma
      being chosen as its model. In atopy, activation of platelets and cAMP decrease in
      them under the action of ADP are observed as is an increase of TxB2 formation. In
      aspirin-sensitive asthma, inhibition of aggregation is observed; platelets become
      refractory to the action of ADP, with the decrease but not increase of cAMP level
      accompanying it after the action of the aggregation inducer. Changes in the
      formation of PGF2 alpha and TxB2 are observed simultaneously. In some patients
      with intolerance to non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, it is possible to find
      the same type of platelet reactions as in atopy. It allows one to suggest an IgE
      dependent mechanism of drug allergy development.

PMID- 2396219
TI  - [A comprehensive study of heart function in patients with systemic scleroderma].
AB  - The data of instrumental studies in 43 patients with systemic scleroderma were
      compared to the clinical picture, which made it possible to specify the character
      and to reveal new regularities of heart lesions in patients with the above
      disease. The instrumental research methods, echo- and polycardiography in
      particular, allow an objective control of heart lesions in systemic scleroderma
      which should be specified in making the diagnosis and in the course of the follow
      up of patients.

PMID- 2396220
TI  - [The mechanisms of intravascular blood coagulation in patients with systemic
      scleroderma].
AB  - Hemostasis was investigated in 2 groups of patients with systemic scleroderma
      (SSD) with minimal (12 patients) and moderate (9 patients) activity of the
      process. It has been shown that in SSD, the triggering factor of intravascular
      blood coagulation is the release of Willebrand's factor, an activator of
      platelets, from the impaired endothelium. Hyperaggregation and labilization of
      platelets characterizes the course of SSD irrespective of the disease activity.
      The main changes in coagulation hemostasis are related to the dramatically
      accelerated triggered thrombin formation and deficiency of the antithrombin
      potential. The status of fibrinolysis confirming the thrombogenic situation is
      marked by a number of features: depression of contact lysis is maximally
      pronounced in chronic SSD with minimal activity, accumulation of the soluble
      complexes of fibrin monomer only correlates with the disease activity, and no
      significant rise of the level of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products has been
      discovered.

PMID- 2396221
TI  - [Cryoglobulinemia in Sjogren's syndrome].
AB  - As many as 130 patients with Sjogren's disease (SD) were examined for blood
      cryoglobulins during 1977-1982. Cryoglobulinemia was discovered in 25 (19.2%)
      patients with SD. The clinical manifestations such as severe xerostomia,
      appreciable increase of the parotid salivary glands, hepatosplenomegaly, purpura,
      polyneuropathy, lesions of the lungs and kidneys were mostly detectable in SD
      patients with cryoglobulinemia. Ten cryoprecipitates of SD patients with
      cryoglobulinemia showed the monoclonal immunoglobulins IgMk-9 and IgA-1. All the
      patients had high titers of antinuclear antibodies and 90% manifested antinuclear
      Ro/La antibodies. Over the 5-year period. SD patients with cryoglobulinemia
      manifested the growth of hepatosplenomegaly, ulcerous-necrotic vasculitis,
      polyneuropathy, polyneuritis, cerebral vasculitis, lesions of the lungs and
      kidneys. The development of the grave systemic manifestations of the disease was
      attended by a decrease of immunological activity and the rise of inflammatory
      activity. The 5-year survival of SD patients with cryoglobulinemia was 64%
      against 98% in SD patients without cryoglobulinemia (p less than 0.001).

PMID- 2396222
TI  - [The regional circulation of the parotid gland in Sjogren's disease].
AB  - Morphological methods, rheography and coagulography were used to study regional
      circulation in the parotid salivary gland (PSG) in 20 patients with the primary
      dry syndrome (Sjogren's disease). It has been established that in the presence of
      immune inflammation with the predominance of traits characteristic of delayed
      type hypersensitivity, the vascular bed of the PSG undergoes transformation
      (changes in the tone, elasticity of vessels, blood flow rate, dystonia of
      resistive and atonia of capacitance microvessels, lymphostasis, and so forth).
      The changes in regional circulation are not infrequently coupled with a high
      concentration of fibrinogen and low fibrinolytic activity of the blood tending
      towards hypercoagulation.

PMID- 2396223
TI  - [Infectious endocarditis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy].
AB  - The authors describe 2 cases of infectious endocarditis in patients with
      idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. In one case, the disease eventuated
      in lethal outcome. Photomicrographs of histological preparations are provided.

PMID- 2396224
TI  - [The clinical importance of studying disorders in the rheological properties of
      the blood in hypertension patients].
AB  - Altogether 118 patients with stages I-III essential hypertension were examined
      for hemodynamics and rheologic blood properties: total viscosity, deformability,
      aggregation, form and mechanical resistance of red blood cells, plasma
      osmolality, hematocrit, and red blood cell count. The data obtained indicate that
      in patients suffering from essential hypertension, there occur consistent
      abnormalities of hemorheology, correlating with the disease stage and some
      hemodynamic parameters. Early changes in red blood cell deformability and their
      discospheric transformation turned out to be the most specific in patients with
      essential hypertension. Red blood cell aggregation and hydrodynamic deaggregation
      underwent alterations mainly in complicated disease patterns.

PMID- 2396225
TI  - [A new chondroprotector--polyvinylpyrrolidone for treating osteoarthrosis
      patients].
AB  - The authors demonstrate the role of chondroprotector therapy in the management of
      patients with osteoarthrosis (OA). They suggest the use of the polymeric drug
      polyvinylpyrrolidone as artificial synovial fluid. The drug is administered intra
      articularly and is capable of replacing pathological synovial fluid. It has been
      established that 10 and 20% polyvinylpyrrolidone solutions possess high viscosity
      and low compressibility, they are isolated from the articular cavity for 6 to 7
      days and manifest antiarthrosis action in chondrocytic cultures. The short- and
      long-terms results of the clinical trials of polyvinylpyrrolidone solutions allow
      recommending them for the treatment of OA.

PMID- 2396227
TI  - Leadership attitudes are infectious.

PMID- 2396226
TI  - [Percutaneous absorption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory preparations].
AB  - Percutaneous uptake of anti-inflammatory drugs is very small. The velocity of
      permeation for all substances may be described by permeation constants over a
      long time after deposition in the lipid phase of the horny layer, and an
      analogous function of the infusion kinetics may be generally used. Examples of
      salicylic acid and methyl salicylate applied by bathing and of indomethacine were
      discussed. Plasma values were used to compare different application methods. They
      rise to 10 ng/ml salicylic acid and 450 ng/ml metabolized methyl salicylate
      during first hour and 20 minutes bathing the whole body. After the first hour
      plasma levels by use of salicylic acid are nearly constant and by use of methyl
      salicylate decrease quickly. These values are in good agreement with calculated
      values by a kinetic model. Another application method for NSAIDs is the
      iontophoresis. By this method higher permeation rates are generally found.
      Iontophoresis of salicylic acid on 400 cm2 of the skin daily resulted in plasma
      values going up to about 600 ng/ml. By use of this method for the uptake of
      indomethacine on 1380 cm2 of the skin for one hour plasma values going up to 100
      350 ng/ml were attained. Tissue concentration of salicylic acid in the epidermis
      is about one hundredth of the concentration of the applied solution. By
      iontophoresis using 0.1 mA/cm2 the concentration in the epidermis increases about
      ten times. The concentration in the dermis is higher than the plasma levels but
      in other tissues no differences regarding the plasma levels were found.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2396228
TI  - 'Embarrassing' U.S. infant mortality rate is blamed on lack of prenatal care.

PMID- 2396229
TI  - Getting involved in a political party.

PMID- 2396230
TI  - Effects of lung resection on pulmonary function and exercise capacity.
AB  - The effects of lung resection on exercise capacity and perception of symptoms
      were studied in 47 patients aged 39-73 (mean 58.3) years. Twenty had a
      pneumonectomy and 27 a lobectomy, all for lung cancer. Forced expiratory volume,
      maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, and progressive maximal one minute
      incremental cycle ergometer exercise performance were measured before and after
      surgery. Breathlessness and leg discomfort were assessed with a modified Borg
      scale (0-10). Mean FEV1 decreased from 79% (SD 22%) to 53% (11%) of the predicted
      value after pneumonectomy and from 89% (22%) to 74% (18%) after lobectomy.
      Exercise capacity, measured as the highest work load completed, Wmax, decreased
      from 78% (25%) to 58% (28%) predicted in the pneumonectomy group and from 77%
      (21%) to 67% (20%) in the lobectomy group. There was only a weak relation between
      changes in FEV1 and changes in Wmax (r = 0.54, r2 = 0.30). The slope of the
      relation between the intensity of dyspnoea and work load or the intensity of
      dyspnoea and ventilation increased significantly after pneumonectomy, but not
      after lobectomy. Leg discomfort increased more rapidly when related to work load
      after both pneumonectomy and lobectomy. After resection dyspnoea was rarely the
      only limiting factor at maximal exercise. It is concluded that (1) change in FEV1
      is a poor predictor of change in exercise capacity after lung resection; (2)
      pneumonectomy results in a 25% decrease in Wmax and in an appreciable increase in
      dyspnoea during exercise; (3) lobectomy has little or no effect on Wmax or the
      intensity of postoperative dyspnoea; (4) after both pneumonectomy and lobectomy
      leg discomfort makes an important contribution to exercise limitation.

PMID- 2396231
TI  - Bronchography in the assessment of patients with lung collapse for endoscopic
      laser therapy.
AB  - In an attempt to improve selection of patients and the efficacy of endoscopic
      laser treatment, a bronchographic technique has been developed for patients with
      tumours causing complete endobronchial obstruction. This technique has shown
      patent distal airways in 16 out of 17 patients with a collapsed lung or lobe.
      These airways were abnormally dilated in each case, suggesting bronchiectasis. In
      one patient the appearances of bronchiectasis were sufficiently severe to decide
      against attempting treatment. Treatment was not attempted in another patient as a
      large cavity was seen within the collapsed lung and this was thought to carry a
      risk of postoperative infection and haemorrhage. Treatment with a neodymium YAG
      laser under general anaesthesia successfully recanalised the airway in 12 of the
      15 remaining patients and was associated with a substantial reduction in
      breathlessness. The procedure was abandoned prematurely in one patient because of
      life threatening haemorrhage. In the remaining two patients in whom treatment was
      unsuccessful bronchography had suggested very extensive endobronchial
      obstruction. Spirometry and radionuclide lung scans were performed before and
      after treatment in eight patients treated successfully and showed significant
      improvements. Four patients were investigated within two weeks of lung re
      expansion by repeat bronchography (three patients) or computed tomography (one
      patient); in each case the calibre of the airways had returned almost to normal.
      Thus the radiological demonstration of bronchial dilation in a collapsed lung
      does not necessarily imply a diagnosis of irreversible bronchiectasis and should
      not be regarded as a contraindication to treatment. It is concluded that
      preoperative bronchography provides reliable data on the extent of tumour, the
      patency of the distal airways, and presence of extensive cavitation. This
      information should facilitate successful laser treatment.

PMID- 2396232
TI  - Single breath carbon monoxide transfer factor in different forms of chronic
      airflow obstruction in a general population sample.
AB  - The single breath transfer factor for carbon monoxide (TLCO), TLCO/alveolar
      volume (VA), and standard spirometric indices were measured in a survey of the
      randomly selected population sample of 1174 subjects enrolled in the Tucson
      epidemiological study of airways obstructive disease. Subjects were subdivided
      according to whether the FEV1/FVC ratio was under 65%, 65-75%, or over 75%. The
      influence of smoking on TLCO was accounted for by expressing TLCO as a percentage
      of the expected value-that is, of the value expected from the reported cigarette
      consumption. The 63 subjects who gave a history of physician confirmed asthma in
      reply to a questionnaire tended to have high values for TLCO, even when FEV1/FVC
      was reduced. In the absence of a given diagnosis of asthma, however, TLCO and
      TLCO/VA were reduced when the FEV1/FVC ratio was reduced, whether or not a
      clinical diagnosis of emphysema had been reported. This suggests that these
      subjects may have undiagnosed emphysema. This cross sectional analysis of our
      survey data suggests that subjects in our sample with spirometric evidence of
      chronic airflow obstruction have different forms of disease, characterised by
      different physiological features, in addition to the different risk factors and
      clinical courses reported earlier.

PMID- 2396233
TI  - Effect on histamine responsiveness of reducing airway dimensions by altering
      posture.
AB  - Baseline airway geometry is thought to be an important determinant of the airway
      response to challenge; this geometry is altered by changing posture. The effect
      of changes in posture on airway calibre, midtidal lung volume, and the airway
      response to inhaled histamine was studied in eight healthy subjects (four female;
      mean (SD) age 29.8 (5.1) years, FEV1 3.54 (0.65) 1). Each subject was studied in
      both sitting and supine postures on two days; airway calibre was assessed by
      measuring total respiratory resistance (Rrs) at 6 Hz with a forced oscillation
      technique applied over 16 seconds of tidal breathing. Appropriate doses of
      histamine were selected by preliminary experiments and were always inhaled with
      the subject in the supine posture. Midtidal lung volume was larger in the sitting
      (2.9 (0.8) 1) than in the supine posture (2.4 (0.5) 1). Baseline Rrs was lower in
      the sitting than in the supine posture (2.03 (0.44) and 3.12 (0.76) cm H2O.1(
      1).s*). The mean absolute increase in Rrs after the same dose of histamine was
      1.22 cm H2O.1(-1).s in the sitting position (65.8% increase over baseline) and
      1.39 cm H2O.1(-1).s (48.8% increase over baseline) in the supine position. The
      geometric mean provocation concentration of histamine causing a given percentage
      increase in Rrs was similar in the sitting (8.26 mg/ml) and supine (8.65 mg/ml)
      positions. Thus there was no significant increase in responsiveness after the
      reduction of airway dimensions and extra-airway distending forces that occurs in
      the supine posture.

PMID- 2396234
TI  - Indium-111 labelled granulocyte scanning to detect inflammation in the lungs of
      patients with chronic sputum expectoration.
AB  - Thirty eight patients with chronic sputum expectoration underwent indium-111
      labelled granulocyte lung scanning and measurement of whole body loss of indium
      111 labelled granulocytes. Twenty four patients had radiologically proved
      bronchiectasis and 14 had mucus hypersecretion without radiological evidence of
      bronchiectasis. None was having an acute exacerbation at the time of the scan.
      The median 24 hour volume of sputum expectorated was 17 (range 2-175) ml. The 24
      hour volume of purulent sputum was 5 (0-142) ml; six patients expectorated mucoid
      sputum only. Twenty one of the 38 patients had a positive granulocyte lung scan.
      All nine patients expectorating more than 20 ml purulent sputum in 24 hours had
      positive lung scans and all had lost more than 19% of the indium-111 from the
      body after five to seven days. Of the six patients with mucoid sputum, only one
      had a positive scan and these subjects lost only 6-11% of the indium-111 in five
      to seven days. The percentage loss of indium-111 from the body correlated with 24
      hour purulent sputum volume (r = 0.41, n = 38, p less than 0.001) and total
      elastolytic activity in 24 hour sputum (r = 0.54, n = 14, p less than 0.01). The
      loss of indium-111 was not related to the extent of bronchiectasis when purulent
      sputum volume was allowed for. Indium-111 labelled granulocyte scanning provides
      a sensitive and objective method for detecting inflammation in the lungs and
      should help to improve understanding of chronic bronchial sepsis and possibly
      treatment in selected cases.

PMID- 2396235
TI  - The Seventh World Conference on Tobacco and Health.

PMID- 2396236
TI  - Massive pleural effusion due to pancreatic pseudocyst.
AB  - Four patients with massive pleural effusions due to pancreatic pseudocysts who
      were initially treated conservatively with percutaneous pleural drainage are
      described. In two patients the pleural effusions and the pancreatic pseudocysts
      disappeared, but two required surgery, in one case because conservative treatment
      failed and in the other at a later date for a recurrent pancreatic pseudocyst.

PMID- 2396238
TI  - Constrictive pericarditis caused by primary liposarcoma.
AB  - A 30 year old man presented with symptoms of constrictive pericarditis.
      Echocardiography and computed tomography showed a mass extending from the
      pericardium to surround the heart and penetrating the left ventricular apex. An
      unresectable pleomorphic liposarcoma arising from the pericardium was found at
      thoracotomy.

PMID- 2396237
TI  - Sarcoidosis presenting as recurrent left laryngeal nerve palsy.
AB  - A patient with sarcoidosis presented with hoarseness caused by mediastinal lymph
      nodes compressing the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. The response to
      corticosteroids was dramatic and complete.

PMID- 2396239
TI  - Recurrent and fatal haemoptysis caused by an atheromatous abdominal aortic
      aneurysm.
AB  - A 74 year old woman presented with a two month history of recurrent small
      hemoptyses and died after a subsequent massive haemoptysis. At postmortem
      examination the source of bleeding was found to be a leaking saccular,
      atheromatous abdominal aortic aneurysm, which had ruptured through the diaphragm
      into the lower lobe of the right lung.

PMID- 2396240
TI  - Recurrent localised pneumonia due to bronchial infiltration in a patient with
      chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
AB  - A woman with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia developed pneumonia on five occasions
      in the right middle lobe in the course of 27 months. Bronchoscopy disclosed
      concentric narrowing of the middle lobe bronchus by leukaemic infiltration.

PMID- 2396241
TI  - Diffuse meningeal thickening associated with pleural mesothelioma.

PMID- 2396242
TI  - A case of necrobacillosis.

PMID- 2396243
TI  - [The role of veterinary toxicology in farm animals].
AB  - The history of veterinary toxicology in farm animals, like that of human
      toxicology, is marked by a number of classical, large-scale cases of poisoning,
      which have become widely known. A number of these cases are briefly reported,
      attention being drawn to the specific problems to which they give rise.
      Publicity, liability, diagnostic problems and amount of loss often have a
      delaying effect on settlements. Methods which might improve this situation are
      broadly outlined.

PMID- 2396244
TI  - [Abuse of pesticides: effects on farm animals and birds].
AB  - Pesticides are unique toxic compounds, as they have to comply with two
      requirements: A high degree of toxicity as well as being highly specific. These
      requirements are difficult to combine. In the past, risk assessment was limited
      to the danger to human health, but today ecological risks are also taken into
      account. Consequently, modern pesticides would seem to be relatively safe.
      However, research in this particular field is scarce. Injurious effects on
      domestic animals due to pesticides is almost always caused by abuse or accidents,
      having their origin in human failure. Injury to birds (the only species
      thoroughly monitored) is also rarely attributable to any type of side-effect of
      legal pesticide usage. However, cases of deliberate misuse or abuse, intended to
      kill birds, are very common.

PMID- 2396245
TI  - [Toxicological considerations in the evaluation of veterinary drugs].
AB  - Interactions between veterinary pharmacotherapy, toxicology of residues,
      prevention of residues of veterinary drugs and the evaluation of veterinary drug
      files are discussed on the basis of a number of examples. Sulphadimidine is used
      to treat atrophic rhinitis in medicated feeds which do not benefit the animal but
      are the cause of persistent sulphonamide residues in feed mills and husbandry.
      Carbadox is a potentially effective prophylactic feed additive for the prevention
      of swine dysentery, but is mostly used in high dosages which are almost toxic for
      the animals, and used during unnecessary prolonged periods. It is also prescribed
      as a therapeutic agent in which case a symptom of poisoning, dry faeces, is
      mistaken for a sign of recovery. Carbadox and/or its metabolites are carcinogenic
      and its use should be restricted to a bare minimum. Furazolidone is an example of
      an effective veterinary drug, the use of which should be limited by the fact that
      detoxification mechanisms of the animals, may result in the appearance of
      reactive metabolites which are available in the gastro-intestinal tract of the
      consumer. The central issue in a 'minimal residue' policy regarding the use of
      veterinary drugs should be the selection of effective drugs. Such a selection
      could result in a significant reduction of the incidence of veterinary drug
      residues. Second to this issue is the question of the extent to which residue
      toxicology should modulate the use of veterinary drugs.

PMID- 2396246
TI  - [White heifer disease as a cause of herd subfertility].
AB  - In a herd with fertility problems mainly in the heifers, White Heifer Disease was
      diagnosed in a quarter of the animals. All affected animals were of the Belgian
      Blue breed and were sired bij the same bull. It was concluded that as a
      consequence of the hereditary character of the affection, White Heifer Disease
      can cause herd subfertility, mainly when a high degree of inbreeding has taken
      place. Especially in the Belgian Blue breed, which is a rather small population
      with many white animals, the breeding stock should be examined to eliminate the
      carriers of this disease.

PMID- 2396247
TI  - [Increasing incidence of Salmonella dublin infections on dairy farms].

PMID- 2396248
TI  - [Long-term recurrent diarrhea on a large pig-breeding farm].

PMID- 2396249
TI  - [A case of tetanus in a dog].

PMID- 2396250
TI  - [The Veterinary Chief Inspection of Public Health. Rabies in bats].

PMID- 2396251
TI  - [Study of Trichina in wild swine].

PMID- 2396252
TI  - A case of Turner syndrome with the karyotype of 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) associated with
      acute monocytic leukemia.
AB  - An infertile 37-year-old woman was diagnosed as having acute monocytic leukemia
      (AMoL) (FAB classification; M5b). In addition, a diagnosis of infertile Turner
      syndrome was made, based on the presence of the ovarian dysplasia, abnormal
      physical features (short stature, lack of pubic hair, shield-like chest, etc.),
      and low urinary estrogen excretion with high plasma gonadotropin level.
      Karyotypes in the peripheral blood and bone marrow cells were mosaic 45,X and
      46,X,i(Xq): isochromosome Xq, which were consistent with infertile Turner
      syndrome. No further chromosomal abnormalities were found during the course of
      her treatment for leukemia. This is the first report of the combination of Turner
      syndrome and AMoL. However, this patient did not have any of the other autosomal
      chromosomal abnormalities which are common in acute non-lymphocytic leukemias.

PMID- 2396253
TI  - Sweat protein components tested by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      followed by immunoblotting.
AB  - Sweat samples were collected in a sauna from 74 healthy volunteers (72 men and 2
      women) and concentrated. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the
      individual samples revealed, in general, five main proteins and four PAS positive
      components. In pooled sweat, a method of SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting with
      specific antisera or antibodies against 24 human serum components was applied,
      and three out of the five main proteins showed the same molecular weights and
      antigenicities corresponding to serum albumin (67,000 Da), Zn-alpha 2
      glycoprotein (42,000 Da) and lysozyme (14,000 Da). Moreover, orosomucoid,
      transferrin, IgG and IgA were demonstrated in the pooled sweat. Although alpha 1
      antitrypsin was probably in the pooled sweat, other serum components could not be
      detected. On the pooled and individual sweat samples, anti-carcinoembryonic
      antigen (CEA) formed three bands at 42,000, 19,000 and 18,000 Da, but the
      antibody did not react with normal serum. It might be considered from these
      molecular weights that those sweat components are CEA-related antigens.

PMID- 2396255
TI  - The protein synthesis of human full term placenta cell in monolayer culture
      system.
AB  - Protein synthesis of human placenta from cesarean section was analyzed by SDS gel
      electrophoresis using full term cell culture system. The qualitative pattern of
      cytoskeletal proteins before and after culture was also examined. After
      trypsinization, cytotrophoblasts were cultured for 20 days in the humidified
      incubator of 5% CO2 in 95% air. The confluency was obtained in 10 days after
      inoculation. The pattern of SDS-PAGE showed several protein bands including actin
      (43,000 Da) and desmin (55,000 Da) as major constituents of 12 and 20 day
      cultures. The significant differences between band appearances in samples before
      and after culturing were noted. The present results indicated that myosin may not
      be synthesized in high content, differing from previous observations.
      Cytoskeletal protein production seemed to be markedly enhanced in the cultured
      system.

PMID- 2396254
TI  - The changes in the levels of dihydrofolate reductase mRNA and its gene dosage in
      5-fluorouracil-resistant L1210 cells.
AB  - 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-resistant L1210 cell line (L1210/5-FU-1) was established in
      this laboratory, and maintained by serial passage in the peritoneal cavities of
      BDF1 mice. This and another 5-FU-resistant cell line (L1210/5-FU-2) showed
      approximately 50-fold increase in resistance to 5-FU, i.e., IC50 of 5-FU
      determined for wild type L1210 cells was 3 x 10(-7) M, whereas those for 5-FU
      resistant lines, L1210/5-FU-1 and L1210/5-FU-2 were 1.65 x 10(-5) M and 1.35 x
      10(-5) M, respectively. The incorporation of 3H-5-FU into L1210/5-FU-1 cells was
      about 57% of that observed in wild type L1210 cells. Northern blot analysis of
      DHFR mRNA obtained from 5-FU-sensitive and -resistant cell lines revealed four
      distinct bands of 1.6 kb, 1.2 kb, 1.0 kb and 0.75 kb in length. Although all
      these bands showed higher density in autoradiography in 5-FU-resistant lines than
      in wild type, no extra band was observed. Southern blot analysis of DHFR DNA,
      digested with the restriction enzymes, EcoRI, BamHI or HindIII, revealed no
      rearrangement. However, all the fragments were expanded, showing that DHFR gene
      increased in 5-FU-resistant cells. The karyotype analysis carried out for L1210/5
      FU-1 showed abnormal banding region in a part of chromosome X, and this
      chromosomal aberration was considered to be the reflection of the amplification
      of DHFR gene. Many investigators have reported that thymidylate synthetase (TS),
      a target enzyme for 5-FU, increased in 5-FU-resistant cells and that the increase
      of TS was responsible for the drug resistance to 5-FU. The increase both in DHFR
      mRNA and DHFR DNA suggested the increase in DHFR and also in N5, N10
      methylenetetrahydrofolate (methylene THF), a coenzyme of TS. The increase of
      methylene THF, together with the increase of TS, might result in the resistance
      of the cells to 5-FU.

PMID- 2396256
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide response to ethanol in dogs.
AB  - Only one report has described the ethanol-induced release of vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and its mechanism of action is unknown. We studied
      changes in mesenteric immunoreactive VIP (IR-VIP) concentrations following the
      intrajejunal administration of 100 ml of normal saline, 5% and 10% ethanol, and
      hypertonic saline which was isoosmolar to 10% ethanol (1,670 mOsm/liter) in dogs.
      Administration of 5% and 10% ethanol resulted in significant and dose-dependent
      increases in mesenteric IR-VIP. Mesenteric IR-VIP changes and incremental
      integrated responses to 10% ethanol and to hypertonic saline were the same. We
      concluded that ethanol-induced VIP release in dogs is mainly due to ethanol's
      hyperosmolarity.

PMID- 2396257
TI  - Cosinor analysis of changes in circadian blood pressure rhythm with aging in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Evolution of circadian rhythm of blood pressure with age in male spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR) was compared with that in male Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY).
      Three different age groups (5-6 week old, 19-22 week old, 29-31 week old) were
      provided for each strain. Chronogram and cosinor method were used for time series
      analyses. In all age groups of WKY, a diurnal fall and a nocturnal rise in blood
      pressure (BP) as well as in heart rate (HR) were observed. There was no
      significant difference in acrophase between BP and HR in each age group of WKY.
      Regarding SHR, however, each age group demonstrated a different relation between
      circadian BP rhythm and HR rhythm. In 5-6 week old SHR, a difference in acrophase
      between BP and HR (about 6.9 hr, p less than 0.1) was observed, which became more
      conspicuous with the increase in age, eventually presenting an inverted relation
      between BP and HR in 19-22 week old SHR. The relation between circadian BP rhythm
      and circadian HR rhythm in 29-31 week old SHR was almost identical with that in
      19-22 week old SHR. In other words, a phase lag of acrophase of BP from that of
      HR already observed in young SHR increased with aging. The results indicate that
      parasympathetic periodicity remained unchanged even in SHR since circadian HR
      rhythm was similar in all groups, while the periodicity of sympathetic neural
      tone relating to the regulation of circadian BP rhythm seems to be disturbed. The
      mechanism responsible for development and maintenance of high BP in SHR may be
      linked to a disturbance in the sympathetic mechanism which regulates BP
      periodicity.

PMID- 2396258
TI  - HLA antigens in cancer of the gallbladder.
AB  - Thirty one patients with gallbladder cancer (GBC) and 32 healthy controls were
      typed using antisera against 12 HLA-A, 31 HLA-B, 7 HLA-C and 13 HLA-DR antigens.
      The DR4 frequency of 61.3% (19/31) in GBC was significantly different from that
      of 28.1% (9/32) in the control (p = 0.00794 by Fisher's exact test). The relative
      risk and the etiologic fraction were 4.0 and 0.46, respectively.

PMID- 2396259
TI  - Effect of capsular infarct size on clinical presentation of stroke.
AB  - We reviewed the medical records and cranial computed tomograms of 74 patients
      with acute capsular infarcts to investigate the correlation between infarct size
      and clinical symptoms. Average infarct size varied significantly by clinical
      syndrome; patients with sensorimotor stroke had the largest infarcts, patients
      with pure motor hemiparesis had middle-sized infarcts, and patients with ataxic
      hemiparesis or the dysarthria-clumsy hand syndrome had the smallest infarcts.
      Although it has been proposed that the type of lacunar syndrome is determined
      entirely by the infarct location, our results suggest that infarct size is
      another important factor influencing the clinical presentation of lacunar
      syndromes.

PMID- 2396260
TI  - Seasonal variation in stroke incidence in Hisayama, Japan.
AB  - We investigated seasonal variation in the incidence of cerebral stroke among the
      general population aged greater than or equal to 40 years in November of 1961 in
      Hisayama, Japan. During the 24-year follow-up period, 311 cases of
      cerebrovascular diseases occurred. The date or month of onset was determined in
      308 cases, of which 51 were classified as intracerebral hemorrhage, 223 as
      cerebral infarction, and 27 as subarachnoid hemorrhage. We observed a significant
      seasonality in the incidence of all stroke (p less than 0.01), of intracerebral
      hemorrhage (p less than 0.05), and of cerebral infarction (p less than 0.01),
      whereas subarachnoid hemorrhage had no significant seasonal pattern. Subjects
      less than 64 years of age showed a significant seasonal variation in the
      incidence of both intracerebral hemorrhage (p less than 0.05) and cerebral
      infarction (p less than 0.01). A significant seasonal pattern for the incidence
      of intracerebral hemorrhage was also noted among persons with hypertension (p
      less than 0.05) or a high serum cholesterol level (p less than 0.05), whereas
      such a pattern for cerebral infarction was documented among normotensive persons
      (p less than 0.05) and those with a low serum cholesterol level (p less than
      0.01). In addition, the incidences of intracerebral hemorrhage and cerebral
      infarction were negatively correlated with mean ambient temperature (p less than
      0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively), and all stroke and intracerebral
      hemorrhage in men were significantly related to intradiurnal temperature change
      (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively). The significance of the
      seasonal occurrence of stroke is discussed in relation to relevant risk factors.

PMID- 2396261
TI  - Clinical and laboratory findings in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies and
      cerebral ischemia. The Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Stroke Study Group.
AB  - We reviewed the clinical and laboratory data of 128 patients with cerebrovascular
      disease and antiphospholipid antibodies. Cases were evenly divided between men
      and women, and the mean age of the study group was 46 years. Cerebral infarction
      occurred in 97 patients, and transient hemispheric ischemic attacks without
      stroke were recorded in 19; 12 suffered ocular ischemia. Systemic lupus
      erythematosus was diagnosed in 16% of all cases. Histories of systemic
      thromboembolic events and recurrent miscarriages were noted in 14% of the
      patients and in 19% of the women, respectively. Evidence of cerebral infarction
      preceding the index event was present in 30% of cases. During a mean follow-up of
      16 months, nine of 96 (9%) patients sustained new cerebral infarctions. Of 72
      echocardiographic studies, 16 (22%) showed valvular abnormalities. Cerebral
      angiography detected intracranial lesions in 24 of 49 patients (49%). These data
      indicate that antiphospholipid antibodies can be identified in stroke patients
      without known autoimmune disorders. They also suggest that antiphospholipid
      antibody-associated cerebrovascular ischemia may be recurrent and often occurs in
      patients with systemic thromboembolic events. Our findings should help design a
      prospective clinical trial that will assess the risk of recurrent thromboembolism
      in this population, identify stroke risk factors, and address therapy.

PMID- 2396263
TI  - The principle of parsimony: Glasgow Coma Scale score predicts mortality as well
      as the APACHE II score for stroke patients.
AB  - Although the development and use of severity-of-illness measures has gained
      widespread enthusiasm, uncertainty remains as to the optimal measure for stroke
      patients. The Health Care Financing Administration recently derived a severity-of
      illness measure based on the APACHE II system to explain differences in Medicare
      mortality rates among hospitals treating stroke patients. We hypothesized that
      the Glasgow Coma Scale score provides prognostic information of accuracy
      comparable to that of the APACHE II score for stroke patients, yet is simpler and
      cheaper to abstract from the medical record. We therefore studied 246 patients
      hospitalized with stroke, including 49 oversampled mortalities. The Glasgow Coma
      Scale score was as accurate as the APACHE II score in predicting stroke mortality
      both before (r = -0.50 and r = 0.50, respectively) and after (r = -0.40 and r =
      0.38, respectively) the oversampled mortalities were excluded. The APACHE II
      score required abstraction of 16 variables from the medical record compared with
      three for the Glasgow Coma Scale score and required more than three times the
      time to abstract from the medical record. Therefore, in the interest of
      parsimonious data collection, the Glasgow Coma Scale may be a preferable severity
      of-illness measure for patients with stroke.

PMID- 2396262
TI  - Slowdown in the decline of stroke mortality in the United States, 1978-1986.
AB  - The gradual decline in stroke mortality rates observed in the United States since
      1900 accelerated markedly around 1973 for whites and around 1968 for blacks.
      During the next decade stroke mortality rates decreased by almost 50% so that the
      United States now experiences one of the lowest stroke mortality rates in the
      world. Beginning in 1979, however the annual rate of decline in stroke mortality
      began to slow considerably. Comparing the period 1979-1986 with the previous
      decade, a 57% slowing in the absolute rate of decline (as estimated by the slope
      of the linear portion of the mortality curve) was observed for white men; the
      corresponding slowdowns in the rate of decline were 58% for white women, 44% for
      black men, and 62% for black women. If the decline during the 1980s had continued
      at the rate observed for the period 1968/73-1978, there would have been 131,000
      fewer stroke deaths during the period 1979-1986, 28,000 fewer in 1986 alone. This
      slowdown in the rate of decline in stroke mortality is occurring while mortality
      rates for both coronary heart disease and all causes are leveling off. The
      reasons for this change in the mortality trend remain unknown, and corresponding
      trends in the treatment and control of hypertension do not provide an entirely
      satisfactory explanation.

PMID- 2396264
TI  - Effect of nimodipine on platelet function in patients with subarachnoid
      hemorrhage.
AB  - We studied platelet function in 41 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage who were
      randomized to receive either nimodipine or placebo in a double-blind fashion.
      Nimodipine was given to 21 patients, intravenously for 7-10 days and then orally
      until 21 days after the subarachnoid hemorrhage. The other 20 patients received
      placebo in a similar manner. Nimodipine did not significantly influence platelet
      aggregability. For the first 1-5 days after the subarachnoid hemorrhage,
      nimodipine treatment did not have any notable effect on adenosine diphosphate
      induced platelet thromboxane B2 release, but a significant (p less than 0.05)
      inhibitory effect was observed thereafter. During intravenous administration,
      nimodipine prevented the increase in thromboxane release otherwise observed after
      subarachnoid hemorrhage. Concomitant with the decrease in thromboxane release,
      nimodipine increased the platelet count both before and after surgery so that the
      capacity for thromboxane formation per liter of blood decreased less than
      expected on the basis of thromboxane release per 10(7) platelets. Our study
      suggests that nimodipine might diminish the chance of cerebral ischemia by
      inhibiting platelet thromboxane release.

PMID- 2396265
TI  - Large-dose infusions of heparinoid ORG 10172 in ischemic stroke.
AB  - We evaluated the safety and possible efficacy of large doses of the heparinoid
      ORG 10172 in 57 patients with acute or progressing ischemic stroke. Patients
      received a loading bolus of the drug followed by a maintenance intravenous
      infusion for 7 days. The plasma level of ORG 10172 was monitored by the degree of
      inhibition of coagulation factor Xa. In general, the drug was well tolerated and
      few hemorrhagic complications occurred. Two patients with large cardioembolic
      hemispheric strokes had intracranial hemorrhagic complications. Most patients
      improved during treatment. By 3 months after the stroke, 37 patients (65%) had a
      favorable outcome (minimal or no residual disability). This study suggests that
      high-dose intravenous infusions of ORG 10172 can be safely given to patients with
      acute ischemic stroke.

PMID- 2396266
TI  - Effects of nitrous oxide on global and regional cortical blood flow.
AB  - We conducted regional cortical blood flow studies using the xenon-133 clearance
      technique on 12 volunteers during the administration of 25% and 50% N2O and
      during baseline conditions (breathing room air or 100% O2). Global cortical blood
      flow was very highly significantly increased above baseline measures in all
      subjects by 50% N2O (mean increase 37% above 100% O2 condition). A smaller but
      still significant increase was observed with 25% N2O. Analysis of regional
      cortical blood flow revealed heterogeneity in the pattern of changes; that is,
      the baseline pattern was altered by the inhalation of N2O, most often resulting
      in an accentuation of relative frontal blood flow. The anterior-posterior
      gradient in N2O-induced blood flow changes differs from that observed with simple
      vasodilatory agents, such as CO2, with which the increase is purely systemic and
      the baseline pattern is preserved. This indicates that N2O has differential
      effects on cerebral metabolism that may well reflect the typical alterations in
      experiential state reported by subjects.

PMID- 2396267
TI  - Arterial pathology in cerebellar infarction.
AB  - We reviewed 88 pathologically proven cerebellar infarcts, examining the entire
      thoracocervical arterial system (including the spinal part of the vertebral
      artery, the intracranial arteries, and the heart) in all cases. For 50 infarcts,
      we found an arterial occlusion. The intracranial part of the vertebral artery was
      involved in 38 infarcts (76%), the basilar artery in 20 infarcts (40%), and a
      cerebellar artery in 12 infarcts (24%). Eight infarcts were due to bilateral
      distal vertebral artery occlusions. For the 50 infarcts, the cause of the
      occlusion was atherosclerosis in 28 (56%) and a cardiac embolism in 12 (24%). For
      the remaining 38 infarcts, we found no arterial occlusions on postmortem
      examination. Of these 38 infarcts, 26 (68%) were associated with a cardiac source
      of emboli. For the entire group of 88 infarcts, atherosclerosis was the cause in
      31 (35%), while a cardiac embolism was proven or presumed in 38 (43%). Dissecting
      aneurysms, atherosclerotic artery-to-artery embolism, or hemodynamic mechanisms
      could have been responsible for a few infarcts. We conclude that cerebellar
      infarcts often arise from cardiogenic embolism.

PMID- 2396268
TI  - Liposome-entrapped superoxide dismutase reduces cerebral infarction in cerebral
      ischemia in rats.
AB  - We studied the role of superoxide radicals in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain
      injury using a model of focal cerebral ischemia in 102 rats and liposome
      entrapped CuZn-superoxide dismutase, which can penetrate the blood-brain barrier
      and cell membranes efficiently. The bolus intravenous administration of 25,000
      units of liposome-entrapped CuZn-superoxide dismutase elevated superoxide
      dismutase activities in the blood and brain 1, 2, 8, and 24 hours later as well
      as in the ischemic hemisphere and contralateral cortex. Determined 24 hours after
      right middle cerebral and bilateral common carotid artery occlusion by the lack
      of staining for mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity with 2,3,5
      triphenyltetrazolium chloride, infarct sizes were reduced by 33%, 25%, and 18% in
      the anterior, middle, and posterior brain slices, respectively, by treatment with
      liposome-entrapped CuZn-superoxide dismutase. Our data demonstrate that
      superoxide radicals are important determinants of infarct size following focal
      cerebral ischemia and that liposome-entrapped CuZn-superoxide dismutase may have
      pharmacologic value for the treatment of focal cerebral ischemic injury.

PMID- 2396269
TI  - Effects of normothermic versus mild hyperthermic forebrain ischemia in rats.
AB  - We compared the neuropathological consequences of global forebrain ischemia under
      normothermia versus mild hyperthermia. Twenty-one rats underwent 20 minutes of
      four-vessel occlusion during which brain temperature was maintained at either 37
      degrees C (normothermia, n = 9) or 39 degrees C (hyperthermia, n = 12).
      Quantitative neuropathological assessment was conducted 1 or 3 days later. At 1
      day following the ischemic insult, normothermic rats demonstrated neuronal injury
      mainly confined to the most dorsolateral striatum. By 3 days, ischemic cells were
      present throughout the striatum and CA1 hippocampus in normothermic animals.
      Compared with normothermic rats, intraischemic hyperthermia significantly
      increased the extent and severity of brain damage at 1 day after the ischemic
      insult. Areas of severe neuronal necrosis and frank infarction included the
      cerebral cortex, CA1 hippocampus, striatum, and thalamus. Morphologic damage was
      also detected in the cerebellum and pars reticulata of the substantia nigra. An
      overall mortality rate of 83% was demonstrated at 3 days in the hyperthermic
      ischemic group. We conclude that intraischemic hyperthermia 1) markedly augments
      ischemic brain damage and mortality compared with normothermia, 2) transforms
      ischemic cell injury into frank infarction, and 3) accelerates the morphological
      appearance of ischemic brain injury in regions usually demonstrating delayed
      neuronal necrosis. These observations on mild hyperthermia may have important
      implications for patients undergoing cardiac or cerebrovascular surgery as well
      as patients following cardiac arrest or those with stroke-in-evolution.

PMID- 2396270
TI  - Phenytoin affects metabolism of free fatty acids and nucleotides in rat cerebral
      ischemia.
AB  - We investigated the effects of phenytoin on the rate of enzymatic release of free
      fatty acids and on the levels of energy metabolites and nucleoside phosphates in
      ischemic brain. Phenytoin (10 mg/kg i.v.) was administered 30 minutes before the
      onset of ischemia induced in 30 male Wistar rats by occluding the basilar and
      both common carotid arteries. The rats' brains were frozen in situ after 0, 5, or
      30 minutes of ischemia or 10, 30, or 60 minutes of recirculation following 30
      minutes of ischemia (n = 5 at each time). Nucleoside triphosphate levels were
      higher in the phenytoin-treated rats than in corresponding untreated rats at each
      time during and after ischemia. Phenytoin significantly attenuated the
      accumulation of lactate and free fatty acids (arachidonic acid and stearic acid)
      during ischemia and accelerated their recovery during recirculation. These
      results suggest that phenytoin has favorable protective effects on ischemic brain
      and that phenytoin may inhibit calcium-mediated phenomena, especially the
      inositol cycle, in cerebral ischemia.

PMID- 2396271
TI  - Hemodilution and hypertension effects on cerebral hemorrhage in cerebral ischemia
      in rats.
AB  - We determined the effect of hemodilution and hypertension on cerebral hemorrhage
      and brain injury in 32 rats subjected to 180 minutes of middle cerebral artery
      occlusion and 120 minutes of reperfusion. We divided the rats into four groups.
      In the control group (n = 8) neither hematocrit nor blood pressure was
      manipulated during occlusion, in the hemodilution group (n = 8) 5% albumin was
      administered to maintain a hematocrit of 30% during occlusion, in the
      hypertension group (n = 8) mean arterial blood pressure was increased to 30 mm Hg
      above baseline during occlusion with phenylephrine, and in the
      hemodilution/hypertension group (n = 8) albumin and phenylephrine were employed
      simultaneously during occlusion. We assessed the amount of cerebral hemorrhage
      (as concentration of extravasated hemoglobin) spectrophotometrically and the
      extent of ischemic injury (as percentage of the hemisphere with deficient
      staining) histochemically using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Mean +/- SD
      hemoglobin concentration in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the occlusion in the
      hemodilution/hypertension group (71 +/- 14 micrograms/g brain tissue) was
      significantly (p less than 0.05) greater than that in the hemodilution and
      hypertension groups (25 +/- 5 and 29 +/- 7 micrograms/g, respectively),
      hemoglobin concentrations in these two groups were in turn significantly (p less
      than 0.05) greater than that in the control group (2 +/- 3 micrograms/g). Mean +/
      SD percentage of the ipsilateral hemisphere with deficient staining was
      significantly (p less than 0.05) less in the hypertension and hemodilution
      hypertension groups (8 +/- 3% and 11 +/- 6%, respectively) than in the control
      and hemodilution groups (26 +/- 8% and 26 +/- 7%, respectively).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2396272
TI  - Increasing doses of intracarotid air and cerebral blood flow in rabbits.
AB  - We studied the natural history of brain air embolism by observing bubbles in the
      pial vessels of rabbits and the effect of different doses of intracarotid air on
      brain function and blood flow. We identified and then studied two doses of air;
      25 microliters in five rabbits caused rapid bubble transit, recovery, and then
      deterioration in brain function and blood flow and 400 microliters in five
      rabbits caused temporary bubble trapping and sustained deterioration in brain
      function. These dose responses correlate well with the natural history of divers
      with air embolism of the brain. All doses of air caused both arteriolar
      dilatation and reduced blood flow, which were independent of dose, whereas the
      detrimental effect of air embolism of brain function was dose dependent. Our
      results suggest that this is a good model of brain air embolism.

PMID- 2396273
TI  - Sequential cerebral blood flow changes in short-term cerebral ischemia in
      gerbils.
AB  - Using quantitative autoradiography, we studied sequential changes in regional
      cerebral blood flow during and after 2 minutes of bilateral common carotid artery
      occlusions in 18 gerbils. Occlusion (n = 4) led to severe ischemia in the
      forebrain (regional cerebral blood flow less than 5% of control [n = 4]) and
      midbrain (regional cerebral blood flow less than 10% of control), but was
      morphologically nonlethal. Reperfusion of the brain was complete, and regional
      cerebral blood flow was not different from control 1 minute after ischemia (n =
      4), but hypoperfusion (regional cerebral blood flow 30-50% of control) occurred
      at 5 minutes (n = 3) and was pronounced at 1 hour (n = 4); at this stage blood
      flow was inhomogeneous. Hypoperfusion had disappeared at 4 hours (n = 3). Our
      results indicate that the well-documented sequence of cerebral blood flow changes
      (i.e., ischemia, initial recovery of blood flow, and delayed hypoperfusion) takes
      place even after nonlethal cerebral ischemia.

PMID- 2396274
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in lateral sinus hypoplasia and thrombosis.
AB  - Lateral sinus thrombosis may be difficult to differentiate angiographically from
      lateral sinus hypoplasia, which mainly affects its proximal transverse portion.
      Using magnetic resonance imaging, we evaluated six patients who demonstrated poor
      filling or lack of filling of one or both lateral sinuses at angiography. In each
      patient, magnetic resonance imaging unambiguously demonstrated either lateral
      sinus thrombosis or lateral sinus hypoplasia. The latter was characterized by a
      frank asymmetry in size (surface of section) of the transverse portion of the
      lateral sinuses on parasagittal images without any abnormal signal in the course
      of the sinus. Lateral sinus thrombosis was indicated by increased intraluminal
      signal on all planes and with all pulse sequences. By virtue of its freedom from
      bone-related artifact, its multiplanar imaging capability, and its sensitivity to
      both blood flow and thrombus formation, magnetic resonance imaging is an
      excellent tool for the evaluation of lateral sinus thrombosis or hypoplasia.

PMID- 2396275
TI  - Ipsilateral leg weakness associated with carotid stenosis.
AB  - Ipsilateral motor or sensory symptoms associated with carotid occlusive diseases
      are rare. We report a 52-year-old man who presented with aphasia, right
      hemiparesis, mild left leg weakness, and bilateral Babinski's signs. During the
      previous 10 days, he had experienced three episodes of left leg numbness and
      incoordination that occurred either alone or in association with right arm and
      leg weakness. Computed tomography showed infarcts in the right frontoparietal
      (parasagittal), left frontal, and left parietal lobes. Cerebral angiography
      revealed 60% stenosis of the right internal carotid artery, 80% stenosis of the
      left internal carotid artery, absence of the A1 segment of the right anterior
      cerebral artery, filling of the right anterior cerebral artery from the left
      carotid circulation only, and a normal vertebrobasilar system. This report
      illustrates that leg weakness may occur ipsilateral to carotid disease if the
      contralateral anterior cerebral artery is supplied by the ipsilateral carotid
      artery.

PMID- 2396276
TI  - The functional nature of cerebellar diaschisis.
AB  - We report a patient who presented with transient clumsiness of his right hand due
      to a small hemorrhage in the left globus pallidus. Ten days later, positron
      emission tomography performed at rest showed decreased oxygen metabolism and
      blood flow at the site of the anatomic lesion and in remote areas such as the
      ipsilateral frontotemporoparietal cortex and the contralateral cerebellar
      hemisphere. Cerebellar hypometabolism has been ascribed to functional
      disconnection of the contralateral hemisphere from the cerebral cortex and has
      been termed crossed cerebellar diaschisis. One month later, positron emission
      tomography performed during unilateral motor activation (finger opposition)
      showed increased blood flow in the sensorimotor and supplementary motor areas
      contralateral to the hand engaged in the motor task. An at-rest study at this
      time showed resolution of the crossed cerebellar diaschisis observed acutely, but
      cerebellar asymmetry was demonstrated during performance of the motor task with
      the normal as well as with the previously paretic hand. Our activation study
      demonstrated cerebellar asymmetry in the chronic phase during a motor task, even
      though resting cerebellar blood flow was symmetrical. This observation reveals
      the dynamic, functional nature of crossed cerebellar diaschisis and may partially
      explain the lack of any clinical counterpart in functional studies of the
      cerebellum performed with the patient at rest.

PMID- 2396278
TI  - Plasma cortisol as a measure of stress response in acute stroke.

PMID- 2396277
TI  - Formation of left atrial ball thrombus during anticoagulation in a case of
      cerebral embolism.

PMID- 2396279
TI  - Animal models in stroke.

PMID- 2396280
TI  - Imaging techniques in suspected internal carotid artery dissection.

PMID- 2396281
TI  - Suspected isolated angiitis causing stroke in a child.

PMID- 2396282
TI  - [The clinico-morphological basis for a diagnosis of diffuse axonal brain damage
      in head trauma].
AB  - The most typical neurologic signs and variants of computer-tomographic cerebral
      picture in diffuse axonal lesion of the brain are presented. Dynamics of
      pathomorphologic changes depending on duration of posttraumatic periods is
      detected.

PMID- 2396283
TI  - [The morphology of the gunshot entry wound].
AB  - The main signs of inlet gunshot wound inflicted from non-close shot distance are
      the following: central defect of the tissue, presence of abrasion and rub zones
      along the margins. During experimental study high variability of these signs was
      stated and new morphologic characteristics of inlet gunshot wound were detected.

PMID- 2396284
TI  - [The determination of the age of an individual by the morphological signs of the
      pubic symphysis].
AB  - The series of 365 pelvic bones from the area of pubic joint (195 female and 170
      male) were studied. The author developed regression equations to determine
      individual age on the basis of the results of age dynamics study in relation to 5
      morphologic characteristics of pubic joint (joint surface, front and rear
      borders, upper and lower ends). This method makes it possible to determine
      individual age within the interval of 15-90 years of age (mean error 7.23 years,
      correlation factor 0.9261).

PMID- 2396285
TI  - [Forensic medical expertise on burned bone remains].
AB  - The series of 1138 cadaveric humerus and femurs of people of both sexes who died
      at the age of 17-91 years and 468 animal bones (cow, pig, sheep) was studied.
      Bones were burned (experimentally) at various temperature values and in different
      conditions. Investigations were carried out using osteometric, microscopic,
      microroentgenographic and mathematical methods. Species identification as well as
      sex and age determination using burned bone remains are possible regardless of
      the level of their burning. Regression equations to calculate victim's stature
      according to fragments of burned bones were received.

PMID- 2396286
TI  - [Expert criteria of the degree of severity of the chemical trauma in acute
      poisonings by organophosphate insecticides].
AB  - The article deals with quantitative assessment of severity of chemical trauma
      (according to life-threatening characteristics) in case of acute peroral
      poisoning with OPI (carbophos and chlorophos). Standard diagrams were plotted
      which help to assess the life threatening values of the given compounds depending
      on the initial blood poison level or recorded decrease in enzyme cholinesterase
      activity. Basic opportunity to assess severity of body lesions in case of
      poisoning with OPI according to character of specific clinical signs was
      evidenced.

PMID- 2396287
TI  - [The effect of vaginal discharges on serum reagents in diseases of the female
      genital area].

PMID- 2396288
TI  - [The establishment of the presence and group classification of sperm in mixed
      stains by isoelectric focusing].
AB  - The article deals with experimental data on design of the method used for
      detection of sperm, blood and vaginal secretions according to isoelectric points
      of acid phosphatases, differential diagnosis of ABO group antigens in "mixed"
      stains as well as detection of phenotype of red cell acid phosphatase by
      isoelectric focusing method.

PMID- 2396289
TI  - [Genomic "dactyloscopy" in the expertise of disputed paternity and the
      determination of biological relationship].
AB  - Genome "dactyloscopy" (DNA fingerprinting) is a principally new way of personal
      identification based on analysis of human genetic material (DNA); the difference
      in DNA structure of different subjects is the scientific basis of this method.
      This ensures opportunity to estimate biological relationship of persons
      positively. The authors were the first to demonstrate using certain expert
      material the adequacy and potentials of DNA fingerprinting by M 13 probe for
      medicolegal expert practice in most complicated cases of relationship
      determination requiring positive identification of paternity and maternity.

PMID- 2396290
TI  - [The forensic chemical determination of antidiabetic agents].
AB  - Method of detection, purification and determination of some antidiabetic agents
      (ADA)--bucarban, butamid, glybenclamid, glybutide, methformine, prediane,
      chlorpropamide, chlocyclamide, cyclamide in biological material was developed.
      Microcrystalline reaction with 10% alcoholic potassium iodide, colour reactions
      and investigation by TLC method both native substances and nitration products
      were developed to identify ADA. The assay is performed by spectrophotometry.
      Detection limit is 2-5 mg of each substance in 50 g of the material.

PMID- 2396292
TI  - [The role of the department of forensic medicine in shaping the general
      practitioner].

PMID- 2396291
TI  - [The diagnosis and forensic psychiatric expertise in infectious cerebral
      arachnoiditis].
AB  - Neurologic and psychiatric examination of 32 patients with infectious cerebral
      arachnoiditis was performed. Psychopathic-like syndrome and intellectual
      deficiency were diagnosed in those patients and the correlation between high
      intracranial pressure and severity of mental disorders was established.
      Characteristics of forensic psychiatric examination of this group of patients are
      presented.

PMID- 2396293
TI  - [The problems of perestroika in the teaching of forensic medicine and forensic
      psychiatry in the institutions of higher learning of the Ministry of Internal
      Affairs of the USSR].

PMID- 2396294
TI  - [A statistical probability method for determining the degree of reliability of
      expert conclusions].

PMID- 2396295
TI  - [The work of a council of mentors in improving the knowledge of young forensic
      medical experts].

PMID- 2396296
TI  - [The determination of the time of death through a complex of biophysical
      indices].

PMID- 2396297
TI  - [Marfan's syndrome as a cause of sudden death].

PMID- 2396298
TI  - [The identification significance of skin injuries].

PMID- 2396299
TI  - [Death from mechanical asphyxia following the taking of potassium permanganate].

PMID- 2396300
TI  - [Body injuries caused by another's or the victim's own hand?].

PMID- 2396301
TI  - [Fatal poisoning by estimal].

PMID- 2396302
TI  - [The morphological characteristics of the brain injuries in acceleration trauma
      depending on the conditions of its occurrence].
AB  - The series of 175 cases of cranio-cerebral trauma (acceleration trauma by
      mechanism of its formation) was studied. Morphology of percussion and anti
      percussion cerebral lesions was shown to depend on conditions of trauma formation
      and other factors including presence or lack of cranial bone fractures, cerebral
      vascular pathology, nature of trauma (isolated or combined) etc.

PMID- 2396303
TI  - Intravenous lidocaine in the treatment of convulsions in the neonatal period:
      monitoring plasma levels.
AB  - Thirteen newborn infants (five premature, eight full term) with severe seizures
      and not responding to phenobarbital and diazepam received a lidocaine (LD)
      infusion. The schedule was 4 mg/kg/h on the 1st day, 3 mg/kg/h on the 2nd day, 2
      mg/kg/h on the 3rd day, and 1 mg/kg/h on the 4th day. The LD plasma levels were
      measured every 24 h just before decreasing the dose. The control of seizures was
      achieved in 11 of 13 patients, with plasma LD concentration ranging from 2.8 to
      10.5 mg/L. The LD concentration was linearly correlated with the dose in each
      group. In the premature group, LD clearance was always smaller than in the full
      term group. Although no side effects were observed on heart rate and blood
      pressure, it is suggested that the dose of LD be adjusted to maintain the LD
      concentrations between 3-6 mg/L.

PMID- 2396304
TI  - The effects of calcium channel blockers on cyclosporine and its metabolites in
      renal transplant recipients.
AB  - Although calcium channel blockers have been reported to increase trough
      cyclosporine (CsA) blood levels, few studies have systematically examined the
      effects of calcium channel blockers on CsA pharmacokinetics. In the present
      investigation, complete pharmacokinetic profiles of CsA and its major metabolites
      (M1, M17, and M21) were determined in 11 verapamil-treated patients, 7 nifedipine
      treated patients, and in 78 controls. Whole blood and urine levels were analyzed
      using high-performance liquid chromatography. Verapamil caused a 45% increase in
      CsA area under the curve, maximum concentration, steady-state concentration, and
      trough level. Metabolite 17 levels were increased in a parallel fashion,
      suggesting that altered CsA bioavailability rather than decreased metabolism may
      have caused the higher CsA levels in verapamil-treated patients. However,
      verapamil-induced reductions in CsA metabolism by other routes could not be ruled
      out. No changes in CsA or its metabolites were observed in nifedipine-treated
      patients. Unlike previous reports in patients treated with higher CsA doses,
      verapamil and nifedipine did not improve renal function in the present study.
      Nevertheless, the increase in CsA blood levels seen with verapamil may enhance
      the therapeutic cost-effectiveness of this agent in hypertensive renal transplant
      recipients.

PMID- 2396305
TI  - A study of the interaction between omeprazole and phenytoin in epileptic
      patients.
AB  - This study was performed to determine the effect of omeprazole, given in
      therapeutically recommended doses, on the steady-state plasma levels of phenytoin
      in epileptic patients. Five men and three women of median age 34 years
      participated in the study. Steady-state plasma levels of phenytoin were measured
      once a week for 2 weeks before and after, respectively, and during 3 weeks of
      concomitant omeprazole treatment with 20 mg daily. Urinary excretion of phenytoin
      and its metabolite [5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-hydantoin] were determined
      before and at the end of the omeprazole treatment period. The steady-state plasma
      phenytoin levels as well as urinary excretion of phenytoin and its main
      metabolite were unchanged during omeprazole treatment. The results from this
      study suggest that concomitant omeprazole treatment in therapeutically
      recommended doses (20 mg daily) will not significantly affect the steady-state
      plasma levels of phenytoin in epileptic patients.

PMID- 2396306
TI  - Monitoring phenytoin therapy using citric acid-stimulated saliva in infants and
      children.
AB  - Two factors have limited the use of saliva in monitoring phenytoin therapy:
      availability of adequate volume of clear saliva and lack of a sensitive phenytoin
      assay. The applicability of citric acid-stimulated saliva and of a sensitive
      analytical assay (fluorescence polarization immunoassay, "TDx" Abbott) was
      evaluated in this study. Phenytoin was measured in paired plasma-saliva specimens
      from epileptic children during the long-term or the initial phase of phenytoin
      therapy. Analysis was carried out in plasma and in the clear supernatant of
      saliva (following centrifugation). Pooled-estimate SD of the analytical assay
      variability was 0.175 micrograms/ml for plasma total phenytoin, 0.063 for plasma
      free phenytoin, and 0.009 for saliva phenytoin. Recovery measurements of
      phenytoin spiked into saliva samples gave a coefficient of variation of less than
      5%. Correlations between saliva and total plasma phenytoin levels and between
      saliva and free plasma phenytoin levels were strong and highly significant (r =
      0.99, p less than 0.01). The percentage of temporal fluctuation (as determined by
      saliva phenytoin profiles) during 10-24 h ranged between 25.5-177 (mean, 58.3;
      SD, 47.3). Ratios of plasma total phenytoin/saliva phenytoin and of plasma free
      phenytoin/saliva phenytoin levels were 9.54 +/- 1.05 and 0.71 +/- 0.09,
      respectively. Dialysis experiments showed no binding of phenytoin to saliva
      supernatant. The greater saliva phenytoin concentrations as compared to plasma
      free phenytoin concentrations could be due to active transport of phenytoin from
      plasma to saliva. Measurement of phenytoin in citric acid-stimulated saliva by
      fluorescent polarization immunoassay is a reliable, noninvasive, and convenient
      method for monitoring phenytoin therapy in children.

PMID- 2396307
TI  - Determination of plasma azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis treated with oral azathioprine.
AB  - Two specific high-performance liquid chromatography methods for determining
      plasma concentrations of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine after oral
      administration of azathioprine are presented. It was shown that azathioprine is
      unstable in the blood samples unless immediately cooled in ice water. The 2-amino
      analog, guaneran, was used as internal standard for azathioprine, which was
      extracted from plasma with ethylacetate. A Nucleosil C18 column was used for the
      separation. The detection limit was 6 nM. For quantification of 6-mercaptopurine,
      6-thioguanine was used as internal standard. Plasma was deproteinized with HClO4
      and the sample was purified on mercurial cellulose. A Beckman ODS column was used
      and the detection limit was 5 nM. Pharmacokinetic data from two patients are
      presented. Unchanged azathioprine was seen until 6 h after an oral dose of 32
      mg/m2.

PMID- 2396308
TI  - Comparative analyses of cyclosporine in whole blood and plasma by
      radioimmunoassay, fluorescence polarization immunoassay, and high-performance
      liquid chromatography.
AB  - Cyclosporine (CsA) concentrations were prospectively monitored for 6 months after
      transplantation in 66 consecutive renal transplant recipients. Analysis for CsA
      was performed with polyclonal radioimmunoassay (RIA), high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC), and fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) in whole
      blood and plasma, and with specific and nonspecific monoclonal RIA in whole
      blood. Precision within and between runs was best with FPIA, followed by HPLC and
      RIA. A strong correlation was observed between the results obtained with HPLC and
      specific monoclonal RIA (r = 0.98). Correlation coefficients between the other
      assays ranged from 0.56 (plasma HPLC versus blood polyclonal RIA) to 0.91 (blood
      nonspecific monoclonal RIA versus blood FPIA). The highest values for CsA
      concentrations in blood were found with nonspecific monoclonal RIA, followed by
      FPIA and polyclonal RIA (mean ratio versus specific monoclonal RIA was 3.3, 2.9,
      and 2.4, respectively). Specific monoclonal RIA had 7% higher values than HPLC.
      There was a more than threefold interindividual variation in the mean ratio
      between specifically and nonspecifically measured CsA concentrations in whole
      blood and plasma. The ratio between CsA concentrations, determined with specific
      versus nonspecific methods in whole blood, decreased significantly during the
      first month after transplantation (from 0.42 to 0.35, as assayed with specific
      monoclonal RIA versus polyclonal RIA in whole blood; p less than 0.05). The
      concentrations in blood were, on the average, three times higher than those in
      plasma, although there was a more than fourfold interindividual variation in the
      mean values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2396309
TI  - Therapeutic cyclosporine monitoring: comparison of radioimmunoassay and high
      performance liquid chromatography methods in organ transplant recipients.
AB  - We have determined blood cyclosporine concentrations using three different
      methods in a total of 212 therapeutic monitoring specimens from heart, liver,
      kidney, and bone marrow, transplant recipients. The specimens were analyzed by
      radioimmunoassay using a polyclonal nonspecific antibody (RIA, Ciclosporin RIA
      Kit), radioimmunoassay using a monoclonal specific antibody (SRIA, Sandimmun
      Kit), and by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). When the nonspecific
      antibody was used, mean RIA/HPLC ratios in different patient groups ranged from
      2.3 to 5.5, and the variability in this ratio was large in all groups. When the
      specific antibody was used, mean SRIA/HPLC ratios in different groups ranged from
      1.1 to 1.5, with smaller variability. It can be concluded that radioimmunoassay
      using a specific monoclonal antibody is well suited for therapeutic monitoring of
      blood cyclosporine concentrations. However, even this method overestimates
      cyclosporine concentrations in certain patients.

PMID- 2396310
TI  - Determination of pentamidine in whole blood, plasma, and urine by high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - The analysis of pentamidine in whole blood, plasma, and urine by liquid
      chromatography is described. Extraction was made with a mixture of acetonitrile
      and chloroform followed by back-extraction into phosphate buffer. A reversed
      phase chromatographic system with fluorescence detection was used. The precision
      of the method was 5-7% at the lower limit of determination (16 nmol/L in plasma
      and hemolyzed whole blood, 27.7 nmol/L in urine).

PMID- 2396311
TI  - Evaluation of test sensitivity and test specificity of three field methods for
      quantification of chloroquine in urine using liquid chromatography as reference
      method.
AB  - We have evaluated three quantitative colorimetric methods [bromthymol blue (BTB),
      Haskins, and Saker-Salomons (S-S)] for measurement of concentrations of
      chloroquine (CQ) in urine. A graphical evaluation of test sensitivity and test
      specificity at different concentrations of CQ in authentic urine samples was
      used. Liquid chromatography (LC) was used as a reference method. The Haskins
      method showed the highest test specificity (89%) and test sensitivity (97%), at a
      discrimination value of 2 mumols/L. At the same sensitivity (97%) as the Haskins
      method, S-S and BTB methods had test specificities of 49 and 13%, respectively.
      The correlation coefficients between the LC method and the colorimetric methods
      were all higher than 0.94 at a urinary concentration range of 2-100 mumols/L. The
      intra- and interassay variations for the colorimetric methods were all uniformly
      less than 15% at 2 mumols/L, but the Haskins method showed less variation than
      the other two methods.

PMID- 2396312
TI  - A direct liquid chromatographic quantitation of ciprofloxacin in microsamples of
      plasma with fluorometric detection.
AB  - We describe a rapid liquid chromatographic assay for ciprofloxacin in 20-50
      microliter samples of plasma by use of C18 cartridge in conjunction with a radial
      compression system and a C18 precolumn module. The mobile phase consisted of an
      ammonium phosphate solution (pH 2.5), acetonitrile, and methanol. The sample was
      diluted with an equal volume of water and directly injected into the cartridge.
      The drug and internal standard (quinine bisulfate) were detected
      spectrofluorometrically. The peak height ratio (PHR) varied linearly with
      concentration (0.05-4 micrograms/ml), and the coefficient of variation of the PHR
      did not exceed 5%. No interference for any endogenous substance or other
      concomitantly used drug in the assay was detected. This method is currently being
      used to monitor ciprofloxacin in patients treated with this drug for brucellosis.

PMID- 2396313
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the simultaneous measurement of
      trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in plasma or urine.
AB  - Procedures for the simultaneous determination of trimethoprim (TMP) and
      sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in plasma or urine are reported. The drugs are extracted
      from plasma or urine by a single solid-phase extraction and quantitated by high
      performance liquid chromatography. Both drugs are analyzed in the same
      chromatographic run. Intra- and interassay variability are less than 10% for both
      compounds, and the recovery and precision of TMP measurement are unaffected by
      concurrent SMX concentrations. Limits of quantitation for TMP and SMX in plasma
      were 0.02 and 0.21 microgram/ml, respectively. In urine, the limit of
      quantitation for both drugs was 1.0 microgram/ml. Metabolites of TMP and SMX did
      not interfere with the assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters from volunteers given
      two formulations of co-trimoxazole in a crossover comparison study are reported.

PMID- 2396314
TI  - Comparison of ultrafiltration devices for assessing theophylline protein binding.
AB  - The ability of two commercially available ultrafiltration devices to assess the
      protein binding of theophylline was compared using human serum albumin in pH 7.4
      buffer at 37 degrees C. The devices compared were the Millipore-MC filter units
      (Catalog number UFC3LGC00) and the Amicon Centrifree Micropartition System; both
      rely on centrifugal force to separate the unbound and bound molecules. The
      results from each device were essentially identical provided that the Millipore
      units were centrifuged using conditions that would not allow heat buildup to
      occur and thereby cause a decrease in the binding. This problem could be
      minimized if the Millipore units were available in a low-binding 30,000 dalton
      cutoff membrane instead of the 10,000 dalton membrane currently available. The
      use of the Millipore 30,000 dalton cutoff polysulfone membrane (UFC3TTK00)
      reduced the centrifugation time necessary to obtain a sufficient volume of
      ultrafiltrate for assay, thereby minimizing the possibility of heat generation.
      Furthermore, the binding of theophylline to this device was low and comparable to
      the binding to the Centrifree devices. Because this low degree of membrane
      binding may not hold for other drugs, we would suggest that a Millipore unit
      supplied with a low-binding, 30,000 dalton cutoff membrane could provide binding
      data with an efficacy comparable to that achieved with the Centrifree devices.

PMID- 2396315
TI  - Procainamide-induced myasthenic crisis.
AB  - We describe a case of procainamide-induced respiratory failure in a myasthenic
      patient with no prior history of respiratory weakness. Respiratory failure was
      induced secondary to procainamide alone since no N-acetyl-procainamide level was
      detectable. The patient's strength rapidly improved and he was successfully
      extubated 12 h after the offending dose.

PMID- 2396316
TI  - Slow omeprazole metabolizers are also poor S-mephenytoin hydroxylators.

PMID- 2396317
TI  - [Correction with formate of metabolic disorders in alcoholic intoxication].
AB  - Formate was studied for its effect on the content of acetaldehyde, activity of
      the total aldehyde dehydrogenase, content of substrates of glycolysis and
      tricarbonic-cycle and pool of free amino acids of rat tissues during alcohol
      intoxication. The introduction of formate during the acute alcohol intoxication
      lowers the acetaldehyde content in the blood; the ethanol load being prolonged-
      it increases the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase and normalizes the content of
      pyruvate, glutamate and malate in the liver and glutamate and oxaloacetate in the
      brain, that evidences for the correction of metabolic disturbances in the
      organism.

PMID- 2396318
TI  - [The role of a protein factor in the effect of alpha-tocopherol on mitochondrial
      respiration].
AB  - It is shown that alpha-tocopherol in vitro stimulates respiration of the liver
      mitochondria in E-hypovitaminosis rats only in the presence of the specific
      protein factor isolated from the liver cytosol. The action of alpha-tocopherol on
      mitochondria in the presence of NAD and a protein factor is not accompanied by an
      increase in the NADH level, that evidences for the absence of the direct redox
      interaction between NAD and tocopherol.

PMID- 2396319
TI  - [Structural-functional characteristics of vasoactive peptides from the Vespa
      orientalis venom].
AB  - Two vasoactive peptides are isolated from the Vespa orientalis venom by gel
      filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The physicochemical and functional
      properties of peptides are studied. Vasoactive peptides show the myotropic
      activity and hypotensive action which is of prolonged character as compared with
      bradykinin. Their complete amino acidic sequences are determined. One of the
      peptides is a similar structural analogue of bradykinin.

PMID- 2396320
TI  - [Biochemical and physico-chemical changes in albumin in dynamics of experimental
      allergic encephalomyelitis].
AB  - The experiments on guinea pig with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE)
      have shown that the most significant changes in the content, binding ability and
      thermodynamic characteristics of serum albumin are found at the early stages
      preceding the appearance of neurological characters. The plasma perfusion through
      granulated carbon-activated sorbents increases the binding ability and decreases
      the temperature denaturation of albumin down to the normal level.

PMID- 2396321
TI  - [Properties of plasma low density lipoproteins in patients with
      hypertriglyceridemia and ischemic heart disease].
AB  - It has been shown that low-density plasma lipoproteins in patients with ischemic
      heart disease and hypertriglyceridemia are heavier in density, smaller in size,
      more negatively charged and more inclined to peroxide modification and
      aggregation than in healthy persons. The protein in the composition of such
      lipoproteins deviates towards the water phase, which may result in the masking of
      the domen, recognized by the BE-receptor and may lead to hyperlipidemia of a
      retaining character.

PMID- 2396322
TI  - [Structural-functional changes in plasma lipoproteins during vitamin D-deficient
      rickets in children].
AB  - The lipid composition and structure of low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL
      and HDL) have been studied in children with the vitamin D-deficient rachitis. An
      increase of the cholesterol content in the atherogenic LDL against a background
      of its decrease in the antiatherogenic HDL has been revealed, that is analogous
      to the observed changes under the atherosclerosis development in adults. Due to
      the studies in the amino acidic composition and determination of the nature and
      quantity of the charged groups of lipoprotein particles accessible for titration
      definite, certain disturbance in the structure of lipoproteins are observed as
      such that may cause disturbances in their functional activity.

PMID- 2396323
TI  - [Calcium-transporting system of erythrocytes in psoriasis].
AB  - The activity of Ca-ATPase and permeability of erythrocyte membrane for calcium in
      patients with psoriasis were studied with the aim to reveal disturbances in the
      calcium membrane transport under psoriasis. In the presence of endogenic
      activators the mean values of the maximal Ca-ATPase activity of erythrocyte
      membranes in patients with psoriasis and in healthy people have no essential
      differences and make up 264 +/- 12 and 244 +/- 10 mumol P/1 cells per 1 min,
      respectively. The rate of 45Ca accumulation in erythrocytes under inhibition of
      Ca-ATPase in patients suffering from psoriasis is by 64% higher than in healthy
      people. The data obtained along with the previously revealed changes in the
      calcium metabolism in patients with psoriasis make it possible to suppose the
      presence of the system disturbance of the calcium membrane transport, in
      particular an increase in the plasma membrane permeability for cells of different
      types. Such a disturbance may distort a regulatory (messenger) function of
      calcium ions in the processes of proliferation, differentiation, functional
      activity and death of different cell types.

PMID- 2396324
TI  - [Comparative antivitamin activity of oxythiamine disulfide and its
      monosulfoxide].
AB  - The B1-antivitamin activity of oxythiamine disulphide monosulphoxide has been
      determined in experiments on albino mice. It is shown that this derivative is
      less toxic and exerts a more profound and prolonged inhibitory action on the
      pyruvate dehydrogenase and transketolase activity in the animal body in
      comparison with initial oxythiamine disulphide.

PMID- 2396325
TI  - [Lipid composition of plasma membranes of jejunum enterocytes in cattle of
      different age].
AB  - The lipid composition of plasma membranes (a brush margin and basolateral
      membranes) of enterocytes from the jejunum of cattle: adult animals (aged 1.5-3)
      and newborns (3-5 days) both healthy and suffering from diarrhea has been
      studied. Substantial differences are established in the content of phospholipids,
      cholesterol and fatty acids in the brush margin and basolateral membranes as well
      as in the both membrane fractions of the adult, newborn and sick animals.

PMID- 2396326
TI  - [Kinetic properties of 5'-nucleotidase in the adipose tissue, liver and blood of
      rats of different ages].
AB  - The kinetic characteristics (Vmax and Km) of membrane-bound and serum 5'
      nucleotidases from rats of different age groups are studied. The age-related
      increase of Km parameter in plasma membranes of fatty tissue and liver
      demonstrated a lower enzyme affinity to the substrate in ageing membranes. The
      specific activity of 5'-nucleotidase in blood serum of aged animals was below
      that in young ones, while Km value remained stable. Tissue differentiation of the
      catalytic properties of the enzyme and their aged-related characteristics may be
      to a considerable extent determined by the physicochemical state of cell
      membranes.

PMID- 2396327
TI  - [Aspartate aminotransferase metabolism in muscles during physical exercise].
AB  - It is established that the concentration of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase
      decreases the first day after intensive physical exercises due to the
      intensification of the degradation processes, the decrease in the synthesis rate
      and the enzyme entry into the blood vessel. The enzyme content is normalized by
      the 24th hour of rest and then the supercompensatory phase takes place: the
      enzyme biosynthesis increases and its degradation decreases to a greater extent.

PMID- 2396328
TI  - Myocardial ultrasonic backscatter for characterization of ischemia and
      reperfusion: relationship to wall motion.
AB  - We have previously shown that cardiac cycle-dependent variation of integrated
      backscatter occurs in normal myocardium. To determine whether myocardial ischemia
      and reperfusion can be distinguished by real-time integrated backscatter imaging
      we performed 10 min balloon occlusion of the Left Anterior Descending (LAD)
      coronary artery followed by reperfusion in 10 closed-chest anesthetized dogs.
      Images were obtained at baseline, during occlusion, and up to 120 min after
      reperfusion. We measured the magnitude and delay of cyclic variation of
      integrated backscatter in segments with and without asynergy. Radiolabeled
      microspheres were used to verify both ischemia and reperfusion. Ischemic segments
      exhibited decreased magnitude and increased normalized delay of cyclic variation
      of integrated backscatter (from 3.3 +/- 0.3 dB to 1.4 +/- 0.2 dB, mean +/- SE;
      and from 0.95 +/- 0.03 to 1.67 +/- 0.15, respectively, all p less than or equal
      to 0.001). Reperfusion promptly restored the magnitude of cyclic variation toward
      normal. However, the delay of the cyclic variation was restored only partially.
      Wall motion analysis of the ischemic sites revealed persistent abnormalities
      throughout the reperfusion interval despite return to normal of the magnitude and
      delay of cyclic variation. Thus, real-time integrated backscatter imaging permits
      detection and differentiation of changes in myocardial acoustic properties
      indicative of ischemia and of subsequent reperfusion.

PMID- 2396329
TI  - Effects of physical parameters on high temperature ultrasound hyperthermia.
AB  - The purpose of this research was to investigate the feasibility of inducing
      perfusion independent, predictable therapeutic thermal dose using high power
      ultrasonic pulses. Computer simulations were used to study the effects of blood
      perfusion, tissue properties, transducer characteristics, and treatment geometry
      on the temperature elevation and thermal dose delivered by short ultrasonic
      pulses. Experiments were conducted in vitro and in vivo to investigate the
      effects of blood perfusion changes. Results show that short pulse lengths (less
      than or equal to 2 s) and small focal diameters (approximately 3 mm) give
      temperature elevations and thermal doses which are nearly perfusion independent.
      Normal fluctuations in tissue properties should not have a significant effect on
      the treatment provided that proper choice of transducer is made for each
      individual application.

PMID- 2396330
TI  - Pressure-induced tremor-associated activity in ventral roots in isolated spinal
      cord of newborn rats.
AB  - Hyperbaric pressure induces hyperexcitability, tremor, and convulsions in intact
      animals by mechanisms that are not understood. High pressure induces spontaneous
      electrical discharges in the spinal ventral roots which we call "tremor
      associated activity" (TAA). This study examined the nature of TAA, its likely
      origins, and its possible contribution in the cervical roots to respiratory
      difficulties. Activity was recorded extracellularly from the cut cervical ventral
      roots C1 and C5 in an in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparation from newborn
      rats. Under hyperbaric conditions spontaneous TAA was observed either between the
      typical respiratory bursts in C1 and C5 or immediately after the burst itself.
      Stimulating the trigeminal nerve at 1 Hz induced a direct excitatory
      medullospinal reflex which, at high pressure, was followed by a conspicuous TAA.
      The TAA evoked by the dorsoventral root reflex in isolated spinal cord under
      hyperbaric conditions was similar to that evoked by the medullospinal reflex.
      These findings suggest that basic TAA originates at the level of the spinal cord
      and may be triggered by various synaptic inputs. They further suggest that
      pressure-induced abnormal activity of the motoneuron pool innervating various
      respiratory muscles may contribute to respiratory problems encountered under
      hyperbaric conditions.

PMID- 2396331
TI  - Quantitative ultrastructural study of the rabbit lung: exposure to 60% oxygen for
      21 days.
AB  - When rabbits were exposed to 60% oxygen for 21 days, arterial PaO2 showed
      statistically insignificant changes at 6-8 days (69 +/- 5 Torr) and 14-16 days
      (62 +/- 5 Torr); at 21 days the PaO2 was significantly decreased (56 +/- 5.4
      Torr) as compared to 79 +/- 2 Torr at 0 time of exposure. No significant
      alterations in PaCO2, pH, or hematocrit were present. Morphometric techniques for
      electron microscopy showed no qualitative or quantitative alterations in lung
      morphology except for a significant decrease in the volume per lung of the
      capillary endothelial lumen, possibly reflecting an altered recruitment of
      capillaries. The total capillary volume per lung however did not differ
      significantly between oxygen and control-treated rabbits. The physiologic finding
      of a decreased oxygenation after 60% oxygen exposure suggests that changes in
      oxygenation precede the morphologic parameters studied.

PMID- 2396332
TI  - Relative decompression risk of dry and wet chamber air dives.
AB  - The difference in risk of decompression sickness (DCS) between dry chamber
      subjects and wet, working divers is unknown and a direct test of the difference
      would be large and expensive. We used probabilistic models and maximum likelihood
      estimation to examine 797 dry (and generally resting and comfortable) and 244 wet
      (and generally working and cold) chamber dives from the Defence and Civil
      Institute of Environmental Medicine, supplemented with 483 wet (working, cold)
      dives from the Navy Experimental Diving Unit. Several analyses considered whether
      dry and wet data were distinguishable using several models, whether models
      obtained from one set of exposure conditions would correctly predict the
      occurrence of DCS in the other condition, and whether a single wet-dry risk
      difference parameter was different from zero. Although the two conditions may not
      produce identical risks, immersion appears to change relative risk of DCS by less
      than 30% and certainly involves less than a doubling of DCS risk. Uncontrolled
      differences in exercise and temperature stresses unavoidably complicate
      interpretation. Several methods are presented to extrapolate results from dry
      test subjects in decompression trials to expected at-sea performance.

PMID- 2396334
TI  - U.S. Navy experience with Treatment Table 5 (TT5)

PMID- 2396333
TI  - Distribution of lesions in the head and neck of the humerus and the femur in
      dysbaric osteonecrosis.
AB  - In a prospective investigation of 164 cases of dysbaric osteonecrosis out of a
      total of 1269 hyperbaric workers, we found that lesions are apt to occur more
      frequently in some sites of the head and neck of the femur and humerus than in
      others. Defining the susceptibility of sites with radiographs has improved our
      ability to make early diagnoses because we are able to estimate the likelihood of
      a definite lesion of osteonecrosis developing. We have found that when the
      trabeculae in a susceptible site appear disordered or have translucent areas, the
      site often develops into osteonecrosis in a few years.

PMID- 2396335
TI  - [Marelin in the treatment of urolithiasis].
AB  - The paper provides the results of a study into a therapeutic effect produced by
      the Soviet agent Marelin used in the treatment of urolithiasis. The study was
      undertaken to examine 52 patients with severe nephrolithiasis, of them 33 had
      undergone an operation. The purpose of the study was to investigate spasmolytic,
      lithagogue, and anti-inflammatory effects of the drug, its impact on phosphorus
      and calcium exchange, uric acid metabolism, bacterial flora, urine excretion and
      pH. A pronounced spasmolytic effect was found almost in all the patients.
      Expelling of small concrements and fragments was observed in 14 cases, almost in
      all (80%) had crystallines of uric salts, mucus, and pus. Some of them had small
      calculi moved from the calyces and pelves into the ureter. No pathogenic urinary
      bacterial flora was found in 12.2% of the cases. Calciuria was normalized in 18
      patients, reduced on an average of up to 5.2 mmol/l in 16. Phosphaturia (false or
      true) occurred in 20 of 52 patients, its severity diminished in two thirds of the
      cases. Hyperuricemia improved in 6 out of 13 patients who had oxalate calculi.
      With Marelin, diuresis increased in 48 of 52 patients by 25-30% and 10-20% within
      the first 2-9 days and the subsequent 20 days, respectively. There was a decrease
      in pH from 7.8 to 6.8 in some patients with urinary alkaline reaction. The
      findings suggest that Marelin should be recommended for its wide clinical
      application.

PMID- 2396336
TI  - [The prevention of infectious-inflammatory complications in operations on the
      kidney].
AB  - The paper presented the experience in the prevention of infectious complications
      during the renal surgery developed both in the organ operated on (acute
      postsurgical pyelonephritis) and in the surgical wound later. The package of
      prophylactic measures was employed in 48 patients operated on for the diseases of
      kidneys and urinary tract (nephrolithiasis predominantly). It included aseptic,
      antiseptic techniques, antibacterial treatment and preventive treatment in the
      pre-, intra- and postoperative periods, as well as intraoperative irrigation of
      the wound with antiseptic solutions and postoperative local therapy.
      Antibacterial prophylaxis was started 3-5 days or at night before the indicated
      surgery. Antibiotics were administered only after a careful adjustment of the
      dosage. Their intravenous (mainly) injections were performed under the effect of
      preliminary anesthetics. Clinical materials for microbiological and
      pharmacokinetic monitoring were being taken during the operation. Sodium chloride
      solution was electrolyzed and the obtained sodium hypochloride was used for the
      sanation of pyogangrenous foci. Patients with pyodestructive renal lesions
      developed in the presence of active chronic or acute pyelonephritis and the
      drainage of the urinary tract underwent 5-7-day antibacterial therapy. The
      aforementioned preventive measures allowed the authors to gain a significant
      reduction in the incidence of postoperative pyelonephritis (from 94.2 to 31.2 per
      cent) and wound infection (from 19.2 to 8.3 per cent), as well as bacteremia
      (from 32.3 to 5.4). Postsurgical complications (acute pyelonephritis and wound
      infection), if appeared, ran a relatively favorable course and were cured 3-5
      days later. Uroseptic conditions were not observed.

PMID- 2396337
TI  - [Remote lithotripsy with the URAT-P apparatus in treating urolithiasis in
      children].
AB  - The Soviet-made device "URAT-P" for remote lithotripsy was used for the treatment
      of urolithiasis in children aged from 22 months to 14 years who suffered from
      various clinical patterns of urolithiasis with solitary or dendritic calculi. Out
      of 64 treated persons, 21 children had undergone 1-2 surgeries for the disease.
      The majority of them had pains and frequent aggravations of pyelonephritis.
      Excretory urography revealed the signs of hydronephrosis and hydrocalycosis.
      There was no need for additional adjustments to perform the procedure in patients
      with a height of under 75 cm. The authors employed erosive operating conditions
      of a shock-wave generator for lithotripsy in case of large or dendritic calculi
      and to avoid preliminary renal drainage. One treatment session was a success in
      43 patients, 2 sessions were needed for 15, 3 for 4 and 4 for 2 patients. A
      beneficial effect (total disintegration and fragmental discharge) was reached in
      64 (98.4%) of the patients. Partial disintegration was recorded only in 1 patient
      who was exposed to 2 sessions. Radioisotope, immunological, ultrasonic, and
      biochemical investigations failed to reveal inhibition of the renal functional
      parameters after remote lithotripsy. No renal injuries associated with
      hematogenesis were revealed in the parents. The signs of hematuria were observed
      in the first portion of the postoperative urine only. The only serious
      complication calling for close attention is acute pyelonephritis observed in 6
      patients, one case requiring a surgical application of nephrostoma.

PMID- 2396338
TI  - [Kidney involvement in acute occlusion of the bifurcation of the aorta and the
      major arteries of the lower extremities].
AB  - A total of 162 patients with acute thromboses and embolism of bifurcation of the
      aorta and the major vessels of the extremities were studied for renal performance
      before and after the corrective surgery. In this line the values of central
      hemodynamics, electrolytic balance, acid-base composition of blood and the
      hemostatic system were investigated. The author established the relation between
      the renal dysfunction and the character of the underlying disease which was the
      cause of thromboses or embolism, the level of occlusion and the degree of
      ischemic lesions in the extremity mainly. It was revealed that in case of an
      increase in the ischemic lesion of the extremity, the kidney performance
      decreased. In patients with recovered blood flow in the extremities, the failure
      of the renal function was developing due to the inclusion syndrome. The author
      distinguished three stages of the syndrome severity and related functional
      disorders of the kidneys. Renal dysfunction should be corrected even in case of
      mild ischemic lesions. The authors presented the principles of their correction
      as well. Acute renal failure can be regarded as a death cause only in 7.7% of
      expired persons who had acute thromboses of arterial embolism. The author came to
      the conclusion that in patients with the recovered blood flow pathological
      changes in the morphology and functioning of the kidneys were mainly associated
      with the disorders in renal hemodynamics, the mechanical blockage of tubules by
      myoglobin degradation products, decompensated metabolic acidosis, disseminated
      intravascular coagulation syndrome and immediate exposure of the renal parenchyma
      to toxins of protein nature.

PMID- 2396339
TI  - [Bladder neck sclerosis in children].
AB  - Nowadays there are contradictory opinions of the prevalence of urinary
      cervicovesical sclerosis in children and therefore the high incidence of the
      disease is explained by some investigators as hyperdiagnosis. This article
      presents the results of examination performed in 15 children with urinary
      cervicovesical sclerosis who were referred to hospital for other diagnoses.
      Morphological examination, including electron microscopy, failed to demonstrate
      the congenital origin of the disease. The authors suspect that the development of
      cervicovesical sclerosis in children was associated with some secondary reasons.
      Clinical signs of the disease are characteristic of intravesical obstruction
      confirmed by uroflow, profilo- and cystomanometries. The findings failed to
      confirm the dysfunction of the detrusor. In general, cystoscopic examination
      documented a heterogeneous, more commonly mosaic picture which was not infrequent
      in the presence of chronic inflammation. Trabecularism of the mucosa was
      documented in all examinees, false diverticula in four of them. When the
      irrigation liquid passed the neck of the urinary bladder the latter opened but
      the stricture was not continuous. X-ray examination revealed the rigidity,
      compression and high position of lower cervical segments. Cervicovesical
      sclerosis was treated by transurethral [correction of transureteral]
      electroresection with a subsequent multiple urodynamic study which proved the
      correctness in the choice of the treatment policy and its beneficial impact. In
      case of a "dry urinary bladder', the authors first made operative corrections for
      the recovery of the urine passage, followed by transurethral [correction of
      transureteral] electroresection of the neck of the urinary bladder.

PMID- 2396340
TI  - [Whole-body artificial controlled hyperthermia and hyperglycemia in the combined
      treatment of metastatic kidney cancer].
AB  - The attempt of treatment for metastatic renal cancer has not been a success as
      all the methods known failed to produce any significant effect on the development
      of metastases. So the search for the means which could potentiate the antitumor
      activity of the drugs or radiation therapy is still a problem. Various
      physicochemical methods, including hyperthermia and hyperglycemia, have been used
      as modifiers of tumor cell responses. When properly employed, hyperthermia and
      hyperglycemia can produce an antitumor effect. However, their ability to
      selectively potentiate radiation or chemotherapy is more valuable. A total of 25
      patients with renal cell carcinoma and multiple metastases have undergone a
      comprehensive treatment: radiation therapy for metastases at the total dosage of
      60 Gr after removal of the primary tumor. The session of hyperthermia and
      hyperglycemia was performed in the course of the radiation therapy. During the
      session chemotherapeutic agents were administered in a half-course dosage. The
      second part of the radiation therapy was continued after the session. The
      treatment course included 5 sessions and lasted 12 months. An immediate
      stabilization of the health status was recorded in all the patients. Some of them
      had the total or partial regression of metastases. Yet since the follow-up time
      was not long the authors could make no conclusions.

PMID- 2396341
TI  - [The incidence of bladder tumor recurrences after transurethral resection during
      combined treatment].
AB  - A total of 231 patients undergoing transurethral resection combined with
      intravesical chemotherapy were examined for incidence of vesical tumor relapses.
      Some patients were subjected only to transurethral resection (Group I), those had
      the resection followed by intravesical adriamycin (Group II), those underwent the
      resection followed by thiophosphamide chemical prevention (Group III), and those
      had surgeries after intravesical chemotherapy (Group IV). The incidence of the
      relapses was 44, 43.1, 29.6, and 52.9%, respectively. The incidence of relapses
      was examined in relation to the type, malignancy, and multiple foci of the tumor.

PMID- 2396342
TI  - [The treatment of bladder exstrophy].
AB  - The results of treatment of 41 children with vesical exstrophy were analysed.
      Four types of surgeries were performed: 1) transplantation of Lieutaud's triangle
      into the sigmoid (n = 19); 2) its transplantation into the semi-isolated part of
      the sigmoid (n = 7); 3) ureteral transplantation into the sigmoid (n = 3); 4) the
      formation of the urinary bladder and ureter from the adjacent tissues (n = 12).
      In the first group 2 children died, 6 patients had no clinical signs of chronic
      renal or ureteral inflammation for the period of 5-17 years, the remaining 11
      patients had pyelonephritis. In the second group 5 children were apparently
      healthy for 1-3 years after the operation, one child developed pyelonephritis,
      one child died from pneumonia. In the third group 2 patients were apparently
      healthy 1.5-2 years after the surgery, 1 child developed pyelonephritis. A great
      number of complications such as sutural incompetence followed by fistulization or
      enuresis made the authors avoid the fourth type. Thus, while forming an
      urointestinal anastomosis, preference is given to transplantation of Lieutaud's
      triangle or ureters proper into the semi-isolated segment according to the
      antireflux methods, if there are strictures in their distal portions.

PMID- 2396343
TI  - [The muscle compressing the ureter and its role in the closure mechanism of the
      ureteral-bladder segment].
AB  - The authors indicate an important role of the locking mechanism of the
      vesicoureteral segment in the prevention of the retrograde regurgitation of urine
      into the upper urinary tracts, namely vesicoureteral reflux. They pay special
      attention to the fact that the knowledge of the structure of the terminal part of
      the ureter helps select certain appliances preventing the development of the
      reflux. However, the known data fail to satisfy the clinicians and explain the
      appearance of the reflux in some cases. Therefore, the authors have undertaken an
      original morphological investigation of the terminal part of the ureter,
      observing the vesicoureteral complexes of 32 human cadavers. Micropreparation of
      the vesicoureteral segments was performed with the use of a 2.5-4X binocular
      magnifier. The study revealed a muscle previously undepicted. Regarding it as the
      ureter-pressing one, the authors designated it as "musculus appressor ureteris".
      Formed by the muscular fibres of the detrusor and situated 1-2 cm more proximal
      than the ostium ureteris, it arches through the submucosal segment of the ureter
      and is connected with the musculature of the urinary bladder on the both sides of
      the ureter. Its width is about 6-8 mm and its thickness is 1.5-2 mm. The authors
      explain its function and role by the locking system of the vesicoureteral
      segment, which is proved by the development of the reflux in case the ureteral
      ostium and the above muscle are dissected. The authors emphasize the fact that it
      is necessary to extremely accurately cut the anterior wall of the terminal part
      of the ureter.

PMID- 2396344
TI  - [The function of the closure apparatus of the bladder in retrograde ejaculation
      in diabetics].
AB  - The impairment of sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder neck was
      supposed to be a cause of the syndrome of diabetic retrograde ejaculation (DRE).
      The performance of the sphincter system had not been studied in this category of
      patients. The liquid profilometric technique was used to examine 3 groups of
      males: 8 patients with the DRE syndrome; 5 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM)
      without ejaculation disorders; and 7 apparently healthy subjects. All the
      examinees showed no organic changes in the prostate and urethra. The groups were
      matched by age, type, duration and severity of DM. The DRE syndrome patients had
      no elevation of intraureteral pressure in the area the inner sphincter of the
      urinary bladder, which evidenced its atony. In health the elevation of vesical
      pressure is usually accompanied by an increase in ureteral resistance (r = 0.96;
      p less than 0.001), thus maintaining the stability of the positive pressure
      gradient and preventing the escape of urine. Correlation analysis revealed
      alterations of interrelations between intravesical and sphincter pressures in
      diabetes mellitus patients. This phenomenon evidenced the disorders of somatic
      innervation of the outer ureteral sphincter more pronounced in patients with the
      DRE syndrome. No significant differences were revealed in the length of the
      anatomical and functional ureter as well as in the length of the posterior ureter
      of all the patients involved in the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2396345
TI  - [Embedding of the deep dorsal vein into the duplication of the tunica albuginea-
      a new method for the surgical treatment of venous insufficiency of the corpora
      cavernosa penis].
AB  - The methods to block the venous drainage of the spongy bodies (ligation,
      arterialization and embolization of the venous system in the penis) used in the
      treatment of vascular erectile impotence lead to spongy tissue sclerosis. The
      pathogenetic unfoundedness of the above methods prompted the authors to develop
      better methods for treating the venous insufficiency of the spongy bodies.
      Nineteen patients with erectile impotence were examined by using drug
      (papaverin), induced erection, dynamic spongiography, cavernography, and
      spongiobiopsy. The examination provided a classification of venous insufficiency
      in the spongy bodies, which included 3 types of the disease: distal, proximal,
      and mixed. For the treatment of the distal pattern, a new surgical method was
      developed, namely, immersion of the deep dorsal vein of the penis into the
      duplication of the tunica albuginea in the spongy bodies. The method partially
      blocks the venous drainage only in the erected penis, thus avoiding persistent
      venous hypertension in the erected penis, thus avoiding persistent venous
      hypertension in the spongy bodies. Five patients were operated on. The follow-up
      of 3 months to 1 year showed an improvement of penis erectility. Lower venous
      drainage in the spongy bodies was evidenced by Doppler sonography and perfusion
      artificial erection. Thus, the proposed operation is an effective tool to correct
      venous drainage in the spongy bodies.

PMID- 2396346
TI  - [Goodpasture's syndrome in the urological clinic].

PMID- 2396347
TI  - [Lipomatosis of the scrotum in Madelung's syndrome].

PMID- 2396348
TI  - [The treatment of coralliform nephrolithiasis].
AB  - A total of 184 patients with dendritic nephrolithiasis (74.5% females and 25.5%
      males) were under study. It was established that in more than half of them the
      disease developed from the infectious inflammation of the urinary tract. Based on
      the findings, the authors supposed that in these patients the initial instability
      of cellular membranes was associated with a decrease in nonspecific resistance
      which was unfavourably complicated by infection of the urinary tracts and the
      formation of calcium phosphate calculus. As the presence of friable (low
      contrast) calculi in the state of growth is accompanied by a severe inflammation,
      a continuous nonoperative treatment is mandatory. When the growth of the calculus
      is stopped and confirmed by its high-contrast dense X-ray shadow and the signs of
      inflammation ceased the authors insisted on the conduction of the 3-4-week
      inpatient preoperative management. The latter should include the administration
      of wide-range antibiotics, drugs for potentiation of nonspecific resistance and
      the complex of vitamins. Subcortical pyelolithotomy with partial nephrotomy is a
      method of choice in case of a "dry kidney". An average postoperative bedtime
      comprised 22.3 days.

PMID- 2396349
TI  - Analysis of serum placental alkaline phosphatase activity in testicular cancer
      and cigarette smokers.
AB  - Serum PLAP/PLAP-like enzymes are elevated in testicular cancer patients and also
      in heavy smokers. Such elevations were measurable with anti-PLAP polyclonal and
      monoclonal antibodies, and an antigenic heterogeneity was demonstrated in the
      circulating enzymes. Thus polyclonal antibody revealed more of tumor PLAP-like
      antigen while a monoclonal antibody H7 detected PLAP of smokers better. PLAP of
      smokers and PLAP-like enzyme of cancer (seminoma) patients showed similar
      characteristics with respect to glycosylation pattern, charge and hydrophobicity.
      By these properties they were differentiated from PLAP of placenta.

PMID- 2396350
TI  - Clonal growth of bladder cancer cells in a double layer soft agar assay: needles
      addition of multiple culture supplements.
AB  - The necessity of multiple culture supplements, characteristic of Hamburger and
      Salmon (H&S) soft agar assay (1977), for the clonal growth of bladder cancer
      cells was systematically investigated. One murine and 6 human cell lines were
      cultivated in different culture supplemented conditions based on the H&S method.
      All cell lines successfully formed colonies in the absence of supplements. The
      inclusion of 2-mercaptoethanol to supplement-free medium stimulated the clonal
      growth of murine (MBT-2) cells, whereas it did not affect the growth of human
      cell lines. DEAE-dextran suppressed the clonal growth of 5 out of 7 lines.
      Tryptic soy broth stimulated the growth of 2 human cell lines, whereas it
      suppressed the other 2 cell lines. The chemosensitivity of MBT-2 cells was not
      affected by these supplements.

PMID- 2396351
TI  - Rapid method of measuring the inhibition of calcium-oxalate monohydrate growth in
      urine.
AB  - In order to have a rapid method of measuring the inhibition of calcium-oxalate
      monohydrate growth in freshly voided whole urine, a test system by Meyer and
      Smith that has originally been developed for diluted urine was modified. The
      crystallization processes were monitored by an ion-selective calcium electrode,
      which allowed determination of the half-life value of the decrease in calcium
      within 25 min. Even given the high inhibitory activity of whole urine, the test
      gave reliable results when a high seed concentration was used. Inhibition was
      expressed as the ratio between the half-lives of the calcium decrease obtained in
      the presence and in the absence of inhibitors. This approach allowed kinetic
      studies of individual inhibitors in model solutions. Furthermore, the
      measurements of inhibitors in urine could be performed before the chemical
      composition was determined.

PMID- 2396352
TI  - Effects of papaverine on human isolated bladder muscle.
AB  - Papaverine is a non-specific smooth muscle relaxant and is thought to act at a
      site beyond the receptor sites on the cell membrane. In this study the relaxing
      properties of papaverine were tested in isolated muscle strips from the human
      bladder dome. In carbachol-induced contractions papaverine, even in high
      concentrations of 10(-4) mol/l had virtually no effects on peak tension
      generation, whereas the fading was accelerated and the steady state tension at 30
      min. was reduced by about 54%. In contrast, high potassium-induced contractions
      were relaxed by papaverine in a concentration-dependent way; a concentration of
      papaverine of 10(-4) mol/l produced full relaxation. These findings might
      possibly be explained if it is assumed that papaverine blocks calcium ion
      channels in the cell membrane. However, the observation that rather high
      concentrations of papaverine were necessary to fully relax high potassium
      contractions and the fact, that papaverine affects cellular cAMP levels separate
      this drug from more selective calcium channel blockers. The calcium movements
      responsible for the peak tension generation in carbachol-induced contractions are
      obviously not affected by papaverine. Although papaverine had little effect on
      carbachol-induced contractions in vitro it cannot be excluded that the drug is
      effective in diseases were non-cholinergic mechanisms are involved.

PMID- 2396353
TI  - A study of oligosaccharide determinants expressed by prostatic glandular
      epithelium of the normal adult rat.
AB  - Normal prostates from Copenhagen/Fischer F1 hybrid rats were removed at 14 month
      of age. After routine formalin fixation and paraffin embedding, the expression of
      seven oligosaccharide structures by prostatic epithelial cells was assessed by an
      examination of lectin binding sites before and after neuraminidase digestion. Con
      A bound to plasma membranes as well as the cytoplasm of all cells, thus
      confirming the presence of complex-type glycoconjugates. However, only two other
      oligosaccharides, apart from Con-A, were freely expressed on epithelial luminal
      plasma membranes. These were the Type I structure (Gal beta 1----3GalNAc-)
      identified by PNA-binding and (GlcNAc beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4-)n identified
      by WGA. PNA, WGA, UEA-1 and SBA bound to the cytoplasm of almost all epithelial
      cells, although their intracellular distribution was not identical. DBF binding
      was not identified. ECG bound to only a very few cells and then only after
      digestion with neuraminidase when it was localised to the cytoplasm. Following
      removal of sialic acid groups by neuraminidase digestion, PNA-binding became more
      prominent, SBA-binding appeared localized to paranuclear intracellular vesicles
      and WGA binding sites were abolished. This study has now characterized the major
      oligosaccharide determinants expressed by rat normal prostatic epithelial cells
      and provides a baseline against which alterations occurring during ontogenesis
      and oncogenesis may be compared.

PMID- 2396354
TI  - Association of polycystic kidney disease and an HLA haplotype within a family
      clan.
AB  - Nine members of a Chinese family underwent for HLA-A, -B. and -DR typing using
      microlymphocytotoxicity technique. The results of genotyping of the family showed
      that all four individuals who suffered from polycystic kidney disease shared the
      HLA-A9(Aw24), -Bw22, and -DR5 haplotype. It indicated that polycystic kidney
      disease was associated with an HLA haplotype in the family. We suggested that the
      HLA-A9(Aw24), -Bw22, -DR5 chromosome might carry the susceptibility gene of
      polycystic kidney disease in this family.

PMID- 2396355
TI  - Use of histochemical techniques in the characterisation of osteochondroses
      affecting pigs.
AB  - Growth cartilages with dyschondroplastic foci (osteochondrosis) or areas of
      chondrolysis were selected from the ribs and bones of the appendicular skeleton
      of 132 commercial pigs euthanased between one and 169 days old or at a liveweight
      of 100 kg. Histochemical staining techniques that identified proteoglycans,
      collagen and deposits of calcium enhanced the visualisation of the lesions, were
      valuable for recognising the distribution of lesions, and helped to elucidate the
      development of the lesions. On the basis of the histochemical and morphological
      differences, it was considered that the lesions associated with growth plates and
      the lesions associated with articular-epiphyseal cartilage complexes should be
      considered as different entities. Lesions were identified in the articular
      epiphyseal cartilage complexes of pigs at 15 days old, earlier than has been
      reported previously. Toluidine blue and safranin O were more useful than alcian
      blue and, in terms of staining intensity, toluidine blue gave more consistent
      results than safranin O.

PMID- 2396356
TI  - The coccygeal artery as a route for the administration of drugs into the
      reproductive tract of cattle.
AB  - A simple procedure is described for cannulating the aorta abdominalis of cattle
      through the coccygeal artery, and for positioning the tip of the cannula close to
      the origin of the ovarian artery. When noradrenaline was infused through the
      cannula there was a rapid increase in the concentration of progesterone in the
      peripheral blood, whereas the intravenous infusion of the same dose of
      noradrenaline had little effect. The procedure can be used for endocrinological
      studies of the reproductive organs and avoids the more costly and potentially
      damaging procedure of implanting cannulae during a laparotomy.

PMID- 2396357
TI  - Triazophos poisoning in goslings.

PMID- 2396358
TI  - Oil seed rape and equine respiratory disease.

PMID- 2396359
TI  - Rinderpest in Nigeria.

PMID- 2396360
TI  - Hiatus hernia in a cat.

PMID- 2396361
TI  - Neutering.

PMID- 2396362
TI  - Effects of proinflammatory mediators on canine neutrophil chemotaxis and
      aggregation.
AB  - The present study investigated in vitro the qualitative and quantitative
      neutrophil function-activating properties of the most important non-cytokine
      participants in the acute inflammatory cell response. Apart from the results
      obtained with leukotriene (LT) D4, similar qualitative relationships were found
      for the several mediators tested regarding effects on neutrophil migration and
      aggregation. Thus, LTB4, PAF-acether and zymosan-activated serum all activated
      both functions, while f-Met-Leu-Phe had no effect. In all cases, the half-maximal
      eliciting concentration (EC50) for induction of chemotaxis was much lower than
      for aggregation, indicating that high and low receptor affinity responses were
      being studied, respectively. LTD4 induced modest aggregation, but was virtually
      without effect on migration. Using PAF-acether as stimulus, the mechanism of
      aggregation was studied in more detail. The results indicate that LTB4, PAF
      acether, the complement-split products C5a/C5a desArg, and perhaps LTD4, may play
      a role as stimulants of neutrophil functions in inflammatory processes in vivo.

PMID- 2396363
TI  - Effects of exogenous oestradiol on the number and functional capacity of
      circulating mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the sow.
AB  - The effects of exogenous oestradiol-17 beta on blood leukocytes were studied in
      four ovariectomized gilts. The gilts were injected with oestradiol benzoate
      dissolved in arachidic oil during the test period and 6 weeks later, during the
      control period, with arachidic oil alone. During both periods, the immune status
      of the blood was monitored by determining the total numbers of leukocytes,
      lymphocytes and neutrophils and the percentage of immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing
      mononuclear cells. The serum level of Ig, the number of circulating monocytes
      with phagocytic activity and the phagocytic function of circulating
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes, estimated by means of chemiluminescence, were also
      determined. During the test period, the total number of lymphocytes and the
      proportion of Ig-bearing mononuclear cells in blood decreased significantly (P
      less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01 respectively) after treatment with oestradiol
      benzoate. For the polymorphonuclear cells, the time needed to reach the peak
      value of chemiluminescence was significantly (P less than 0.01) prolonged after
      treatment; the phagocytic capacity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was increased
      (P less than 0.01) concurrently. None of the changes recorded during the test
      period occurred during the control period. The results show that oestradiol-17
      beta depresses some components of the vascular compartment of the porcine immune
      system, and stimulates other components.

PMID- 2396364
TI  - An antigen capture ELISA test using monoclonal antibodies for the detection of
      Mycoplasma californicum in milk.
AB  - The use of monoclonal antibodies to detect Mycoplasma californicum was
      investigated in an antigen capture microtitre format. The finalized test was
      highly specific and no cross-reactions were detectable with any of the mastitis
      associated mycoplasma or bacterial antigens tested. Using a concentration step
      involving centrifugation, the sensitivity of the test could be improved from
      10(5)-10(7) to 10(3)-10(5) colony forming units per ml with pure broth cultures,
      and from 10(7) to at least 10(6) colony forming units per ml in milk samples from
      two experimentally infected cows. The antigen detected was partially identified
      by immunoblotting, which demonstrated two polypeptides of 40 and 46 kD.

PMID- 2396365
TI  - Immunological changes during pregnancy in the viviparous lizard, Chalcides
      ocellatus.
AB  - Splenic cells from pregnant and non-pregnant viviparous lizards (Chalcides
      ocellatus) were stimulated in vitro with the mitogens, concanavalin A (Con A),
      phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell
      cultures from pregnant animals were significantly less responsive to Con A and
      PHA than comparable cultures from non-pregnant animals. The response was
      depressed during the first period of pregnancy and remained low in magnitude
      until parturition. By contrast, the response of maternal splenic cells to LPS was
      reduced in pregnant lizards only during advanced pregnancy. The drastic decrease
      in mitogenic responsiveness was associated with marked involution of the maternal
      spleen. These findings strongly suggest that pregnancy impairs the
      immunoreactivity of viviparous lizards. Possible mechanisms for this impairment
      and the relationship to circulating levels of sex hormones are discussed.

PMID- 2396366
TI  - Bovine albumin-like protein in commercial human albumin for clinical use.
AB  - We have demonstrated that several lots of commercial human serum albumin (HSA),
      prepared for clinical use by two manufacturers, reacted with anti-bovine whole
      serum in the double-diffusion test. The antigenic proteins were purified by
      affinity chromatography from these HSA lots and their chemical and immunological
      properties characterized. The purified proteins showed the same molecular weight
      as HSA and bovine serum albumin (BSA). By CNBr treatment and trypsin digestion,
      the purified protein produced the same fragments as BSA. Moreover, the purified
      protein had an amino acid composition very similar to BSA and also 30 residues
      identical to those of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of BSA. In addition, it
      was shown that heterophilic Hanganutziu-Deicher antigenicity was present in the
      purified protein. The protein reactive against-bovine whole serum, contained in
      commercial HSA, was called BSA-like protein.

PMID- 2396367
TI  - Platelet storage lesions in second-generation containers: correlation with in
      vivo behavior with storage up to 14 days.
AB  - The relationship between in vivo behavior and in vitro characteristics of 59
      platelet concentrates (PC) stored for up to 14 days in a synthetic medium or in
      CPDA-1 plasma was systematically investigated. 25 paired studies (1 study was
      incomplete) were performed comparing platelets suspended either in the synthetic
      medium or CPDA-1 plasma with 5 days (n = 5); 7 days (n = 10); 10 days (n = 5);
      and 14 days (n = 5) of storage. In addition, 10 control studies were performed
      with freshly prepared PC (6-24 h) in CPDA-1 plasma. Both percent recovery and
      survival estimations showed decreases with increasing storage duration,
      irrespective of storage medium used. In both media, with prolonged storage, the
      platelet survival curves not only became shorter, but also increasingly
      exponential, suggesting that in vitro storage caused progressive damage to the
      platelets present in circulation. Survival curves of platelets suspended in
      synthetic medium remained more linear, indicative of less random damage during
      storage. Mean population lifespan (MPL) of the stored PC was determined by the
      area below the survival curve divided by the mean percent recovery for the fresh
      PC, which was 55%. MPL decreased from 4.5 days (fresh PC) to 0.4 days after 14
      days of storage in plasma, with a 50% reduction (t1/2) estimated at 7.2 days of
      storage. MPL t1/2 for PC stored in the synthetic medium was estimated to be 8.8
      days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2396368
TI  - Effectiveness of the Imugard E leukocyte removal filter for preparation of
      leukocyte-poor concentrated red cells.
AB  - Concentrated red cells (CRC) were filtered through a new leukocyte removal
      filter, the Imugard E, which consists of a polyvinyl alcohol porous sheet. CRC
      were filtered through the Imugard E with neither priming before filtration nor
      rinsing after filtration. Leukocyte removal was 99.1 +/- 0.6, 99.6 +/- 0.3 and
      99.6 +/- 0.4% on the 1st, 5th and 10th day after blood collection, respectively.
      Platelet removal was 96 +/- 2, 81 +/- 6 and 85 +/- 3% on the 1st, 5th and 10th
      day, respectively. Red cell recovery was 86 +/- 2, 86 +/- 1 and 86 +/- 1% on the
      1st 5th and 10th day, respectively. Filtration time was 3.9 +/- 0.8, 5.8 +/- 0.9
      and 6.1 +/- 0.8 min on the 1st, 5th and 10th day, respectively. Direct filtration
      of CRC through the Imugard E resulted in no significant changes in the ATP or 2,3
      DPG concentrations, and no hemolysis due to filtration was noticed. It may be
      concluded that the Imugard E is a good filter that is simple to use and effective
      in leukocyte removal.

PMID- 2396369
TI  - Systematic pre-deposit autologous blood provision for elective surgery: an
      important contribution to hospital blood supply.
AB  - From the 8th of September 1987 to the 31st of July 1988 all patients scheduled
      for major elective orthopaedic surgery were systematically offered the facility
      of pre-deposit autologous blood storage. Of 251 patients, 204 (81%) were eligible
      to pre-donate, and of these only 9 declined to do so. 72% of the participants
      required only autologous blood at operation, 23% required some additional
      homologous blood. During the study period, autologous blood accounted for 10% of
      all blood transfused in the district, making a significant contribution to the
      local blood supply.

PMID- 2396370
TI  - A simple protocol for the screening and preliminary identification of antibodies
      to human IgA using unpurified proteins in the passive haemagglutination test.
AB  - Experiments have shown that suitably diluted, unpurified IgA paraprotein sera can
      be substituted for chemically purified IgA proteins in the passive
      haemagglutination test for the detection of anti-IgA antibodies. The substitution
      of unpurified IgA paraprotein was made possible by the enhanced serological
      activity obtained by pre-heating the unpurified immunoglobulin preparations at 56
      degrees C for 60 min. Using a small screening panel of suitably coated tanned red
      cells, various population groups were investigated for the presence of anti-IgA
      antibodies. Results were similar to those obtained by other workers using
      purified IgA preparations in the passive haemagglutination test.

PMID- 2396371
TI  - A simple non-isotopic method for the quantitation of red cell-bound
      immunoglobulin.
AB  - A method was developed for the estimation of the number of molecules of
      immunoglobulin bound to red cells. Solubilization of sensitized, washed red cells
      was followed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of immunoglobulin
      concentration (SOL-ELISA). This assay gave results that were comparable to
      isotopic methods, was reproducible, utilised inexpensive reagents and was
      relatively quick and simple to perform.

PMID- 2396372
TI  - Immunoblotting of human red cell membranes: detection of glycophorin B with anti
      S and anti-s antibodies.
AB  - Human anti-S and anti-s eluates bound to glycophorin B on immunoblots from
      membranes of S+ and s+ red cells, respectively. Eluates of human anti-S were more
      efficiently prepared from sensitized trypsin-treated cells than from sensitized
      untreated cells. The results of immunoblotting membranes from enzyme-treated
      cells confirmed the serological findings: S and s antigens were not affected by
      treatment with trypsin or sialidase but were destroyed or much depressed by
      treatment with papain, pronase or alpha-chymotrypsin. Immunoblotting with anti-S
      or anti-s of membranes from cells with unusual MNS phenotypes confirms the
      involvement of glycophorin B in hybrid glycophorins; the existence of such hybrid
      glycophorins was deduced previously from serological work or immunoblotting with
      monoclonal antibodies. The presence of s-active glycophorin B in glycophorin (B
      A)Dantu, in glycophorin BMiIII and in glycophorin (A-B)MiV was confirmed. The
      bands observed when Mit+ membranes were immunoblotted with anti-S supports the
      suggestion from serological work that the Mit antigen is associated with an
      altered S antigen.

PMID- 2396374
TI  - Autologous transfusion: just about time.

PMID- 2396373
TI  - Erythroid HLA class I expression in 300 patients with haematological, renal and
      rheumatological disorders.
AB  - The expression of HLA class I was assessed on erythrocytes by haemagglutination
      with monoclonal antibodies to monomorphic epitopes on the heavy and light (beta 2
      microglobulin) chains. Previously, enhancement of HLA class I expression was
      observed on erythrocytes of many patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
      and chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL), and we have now tested erythrocytes from
      patients (and 130 normal controls) with other auto-immune diseases and renal and
      haematological disorders. The striking enhancement in patients with SLE and CLL
      was confirmed. A significant increase in expression was also observed in aplastic
      anaemia patients following bone marrow transplantation and in renal patients with
      primary glomerulonephritis who had received a transplant. No class I was
      expressed by erythrocytes from many patients with inherited haemoglobinopathies
      and high reticulocyte counts, which suggests that the enhancement in SLE patients
      cannot be accounted for by immature or young erythrocyte populations. The
      distribution of HLA-A and -B types in the patients with enhanced class I
      expression did not relate to those antigens previously detected more frequently
      on erythrocytes, B7(Bga), B17(Bgb), A28(Bgc), B8 or A10, and the enhancement was
      not associated with any particular HLA types.

PMID- 2396375
TI  - No clinical effect of Lutheran antibodies on a susceptible neonate.

PMID- 2396376
TI  - Severe transfusion reaction to donor plasma containing HLA antibody.

PMID- 2396377
TI  - [The relationship of concomitant and occupational diseases in workers in mining
      enterprises].
AB  - An analysis is presented of general (concomitant) diseases in workers of mining
      enterprises suffering of professional diseases. A supplementary criterion in the
      evaluation of professional diseases is proposed.

PMID- 2396378
TI  - [The experimental effect of electrolytic oxygen on the structure of the internal
      organs in animals].
AB  - Experiments were conducted on white rats. It was established that prolonged
      (within two months) effect of a gaseous-air mixture of electrolysis gaseous
      oxygen and gaseous nitrogen applied daily for 24 hours in male rats did not
      produce in the body of the experimental animals any visible changes of the
      internal organs.

PMID- 2396379
TI  - [The anginal form of yersiniosis].
AB  - The anginal form of yersiniosis is described in 16 patients (1.3% of all patients
      with this kind of infection). Clinico-laboratory investigations revealed signs of
      a generalized process with bacteremia and toxemia. The syndrome complex of
      infectious mononucleosis is often observed in this form of yersiniosis. Two
      patients showed a diphtheria-like form of severe angina. In 31% of patients
      recurrence developed but usually without angina. The outcomes are favourable.

PMID- 2396380
TI  - [The seasonality of acute hemorrhages in gastroduodenal ulcers].
AB  - A study of 390 patients admitted far gastroduodenal bleeding indicates that these
      bleedings developed more frequently in young subjects in January, October and
      September. An analysis of the seasonal dependence of complications on the
      duration of the disease revealed a tendency of prevalence in the autumn period of
      patients with a prolonged anamnesis. Data of the study confirm the seasonal
      character of ulcer disease complications as well as the development of acute
      gastroduodenal bleedings.

PMID- 2396381
TI  - [Circulating immune complexes and the indices of the kallikrein-kinin system in
      viral hepatitis B].
AB  - The authors describe the dynamics of circulating immune complexes and indices of
      kallikrein-kinin system in the dynamics of the disease and convalescence period
      of patients with viral hepatitis B. A relationship was established between
      indices of the kallikrein-kinin system and their prognostic significance in the
      formation of unfavourable outcomes of the disease.

PMID- 2396382
TI  - [The bile immunoglobulins and electrolytes of patients with acute and protracted
      courses of viral hepatitis].
AB  - The authors studied the content of G, M, A, serum immunoglobulins and sodium,
      potassium and calcium electrolytes in the gallbladder bile in 65 patients with
      acute, protracted and chronic course of viral hepatitis. It was shown that the
      content and spectrum of bile immunoglobulins depended on the course of viral
      hepatitis.

PMID- 2396383
TI  - [The frequency of detecting Campylobacter pylori in biopsies of the gastric
      mucosa].
AB  - Campylobacter pylori were detected in 70% of patients with diseases of the
      digestive tract. It was found endoscopically that presence of Campylobacter
      pylori is always accompanied by changes of gastric mucosa, mainly in the antral
      region. There were no specific symptoms characteristic of Campylobacter pylori
      gastritis. There was a close correlation between the presence of Campylobacter
      pylori and activity of the inflammatory process (active gastritis in 73.6% of
      patients).

PMID- 2396384
TI  - [The importance of the complement consumption reaction for the differential
      diagnosis of diseases of the hepatobiliary system].
AB  - A study is presented of 94 patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the
      hepatobiliary system and in 22 patients with dyskinesia of the biliary tract. The
      importance of the complement consumption reaction was evaluated (N. I.
      Kondrashova modification). The results of the investigation revealed distinct
      increase of the level of antitissue antibodies in patients with chronic
      inflammatory diseases of the hepatobiliary system at the stage of exacerbation.
      This may be used for assessment of the activity of the pathological process,
      differential diagnosis of biliary tract dyskinesia and as an index of treatment
      efficacy.

PMID- 2396385
TI  - [The treatment with hepatoprotectors of patients with chronic liver diseases].
AB  - Hepatoprotectors were used in 89 patients with chronic liver diseases from 1 to 6
      months. A positive clinico-biochemical and immunological effect, namely, increase
      of the T-lymphocyte count, normalization of the ratio of immunoregulator cells,
      reduction of the antibody-dependent cellular toxicity, level of circulating
      immune complexes, immunoglobulins. Patients with chronic persisting hepatitis
      showed a stable remission from 6 to 12 months. Despite prolonged treatment,
      patients with active chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis developed exacerbation
      of the disease that was in 2/3 of patients caused by an increase of deficit of
      theophyllin-sensitive lymphocytes-suppressors and in 1/3 by K-cell deficit. The
      necessity is emphasized of interrupted treatment with hepatoprotectors for not
      less that 2-3 months alternating hepatoprotectors with immunomodulators.

PMID- 2396386
TI  - [The correction of carbohydrate metabolic disorders in myocardial infarct
      patients during convalescence].

PMID- 2396387
TI  - [The use of labetalol and propranolol in patients who have had a myocardial
      infarct].
AB  - Paired bicycle ergometry [correction of veloergometric] testing was carried out
      in 94 patients with a history of myocardial infarction before and after single
      intakes of 40 mg of obsidan and 200 mg of labetalol. The effect of these agents
      on the increase of tolerance to physical load was evaluated. It was found that
      obsidan and labetalol increased the tolerance of these patients to physical
      loads. The positive effect was realized due to negative chronotropic effect of
      obsidan and reduction of the systemic arterial pressure under the effect of
      labetalol.

PMID- 2396388
TI  - [The characteristics of the psychological reactions to stress situations caused
      by acute myocardial infarct and surgery for acquired heart defect].
AB  - The authors compare the psychologic reactions to acute stress situations due to
      acute myocardial infarction and in patients operated on for acquired heart
      disease. To evaluate the emotional experience of the patients psychodiagnostic
      methods were used. Some of them were specially developed by the authors. New data
      were obtained on the specific psychosocial adaptation and psychosocial defense of
      these categories of patients.

PMID- 2396389
TI  - [The significance of the fibrinogen level and hematocrit for the quantitative
      determination of cerebral blood flow].
AB  - The author studied the diagnostic possibilities of determination of the cerebral
      blood flow by means of blood viscosity parameters (fibrinogen and hematocrit) in
      46 patients with ischemic stroke. It was found that this method allows to reveal
      the direction of hemodynamic changes in the cerebral vessels but it does not
      allow to assess the amount of blood entering the brain hemispheres.

PMID- 2396390
TI  - [Blood transfusion complications based on data from a provincial blood
      transfusion station].
AB  - It is concluded that the outcome of hemotransfusion complication is influenced by
      the clinical state of the patients during incompatible transfusion, the amount of
      the transfused medium as well as the treatment carried out after development of
      acute renal failure. Constant alertness during transfusion as well as wider use
      of blood antigen-typed for Rh-Hr system antigens are of major importance for the
      prophylaxis of blood transfusion complications.

PMID- 2396391
TI  - [Chronic prostatis and sexual disorders in elderly men].
AB  - A study of 73 patients over 59 years of age with chronic prostatitis and
      copulative dysfunction revealed that these disorders are characterized by
      prolonged asymptomatic course of chronic prostatitis, complex structure of sexual
      pathology with prevailing disturbance of adequate erection, ejaculation and
      orgasm. Androgenous saturation, constitutional weakness of sexual function,
      somatic pathological conditions are of major significance in the development of
      sexual disorders in this category of patients.

PMID- 2396392
TI  - [The determination of natural killer cells in the peripheral blood of patients
      with diffuse toxic goiter].
AB  - Natural killer cells were evaluated in patients with diffuse toxic goiter by
      determining large granule-containing lymphocytes in the peripheral blood that was
      found to be reduced depending on the course of diffuse toxic goiter. The values
      were lower in severe course of the disease. Results of the quantitative
      determination of large granule-containing lymphocytes in the complex with other
      clinico-laboratory findings reflect the severity of the course of chronic diffuse
      goiter, state of unspecific immunity and treatment efficacy.

PMID- 2396393
TI  - [Myocardial infarct in a female patient with diffuse toxic goiter].

PMID- 2396394
TI  - [The treatment of diabetics at the health resort of Truskavets].
AB  - Results are reported of the treatment of 265 patients with different
      complications of diabetes mellitus at the endocrinological department of the
      Truskavets health resort. In patients with fatty hepatosis treatment resulted in
      normalization of the lipid complex of the blood and intrahepatic blood flow while
      patients with diabetic angionephropathy showed an increase of glomerular
      filtration and tubular reabsorption. The efficacy of different methods of health
      resort treatment in these patients is described.

PMID- 2396395
TI  - [The use of millimeter-range electromagnetic radiation for treating peptic
      ulcer].
AB  - The efficacy was studied of treatment of ulcer disease by means of microwave
      resonance radiation. It was established that this method of treatment has
      advantages over traditional drug therapy in patients harbouring the ulcer in the
      duodenum. The authors describe contraindications to the use of this method,
      determine the duration of treatment.

PMID- 2396396
TI  - [Changes in the fractions of atherogenic and antiatherogenic lipoproteins in
      patients with chronic bronchitis].

PMID- 2396397
TI  - [Inhalations of essential oils in the combined treatment of patients with chronic
      bronchitis].
AB  - The complex of health resort treatment of patients with chronic bronchitis was
      supplemented by inhalation of a complex of ether oils in natural concentration
      (0.1--0.5 mg/m3): ether oils of Mentha, Artemisia limonica, Salvia officinalis,
      Lavandula officinalis, Monarda (2:4:1:1:2). Inhalation course--10 +/- 4
      procedures, duration: up to 30 min. The described treatment optimizes the result,
      increases the anti-inflammatory effect of health resort treatment.

PMID- 2396398
TI  - [The outpatient corticosteroid therapy of bronchial asthma patients].
AB  - The author reports his three-year experience of treatment of 17 hormone-dependent
      patients with bronchial asthma. It was established that intake of the entire 24
      hour dose of corticosteroids agents during the night and morning hours in minimal
      maintenance doses with correction of the dosage depending on the patient's
      feelings an effective variant of long-term hormone therapy of bronchial asthma.

PMID- 2396399
TI  - [The indices of the humoral immunity and cytogram in pleural exudates of
      different etiologies].
AB  - A cytological and immunological examination of pleural exudates of different
      etiology indicates that tumour exudates differed from exudates of tuberculous and
      parapneumonic etiology by distinctly reduced level of immunoglobulin A as well as
      by an elevated content of circulating immune complexes. Prevalence of mesothelial
      cells accompanied by an increase of immunological indices in tumour exudates and
      their reduction in exudates in cases of cardiac pathology is to be considered as
      an unfavourable prognostic sign.

PMID- 2396400
TI  - [Changes in the biochemical indices of patients with a recurrence of pulmonary
      tuberculosis].
AB  - It was found that patients with pulmonary tuberculosis recurrences revealed an
      imbalance between the elevated level of lipid peroxidation and possibilities of
      antioxidant protection. The proteinase inhibitor system balance was disturbed.
      The general level of haptoglobulin rises while the number of persons with
      homozygote of haptoglobulin 2:2 rose and the number of persons with the
      heterozygote phenotype 2:1 reduced. Normalization of the biochemical indices in
      patients with recurrences was delayed.

PMID- 2396401
TI  - [The use of a concentrate of antithrombin III and disaggregants in the
      preoperative preparation of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - A study of the blood coagulation system in 32 patients with pulmonary
      tuberculosis before surgical intervention showed that reduction of the
      antithrombine III activity and related enhancement of the thrombin formation
      reaction and suppression of deaggregation capacities of thrombocytes reflect the
      latent process of pathological intravascular blood coagulation. The authors
      suggest justification of restoring the reduced antithrombine blood capacitance
      and normalization of the deaggregation capacity of thrombocytes by means of the
      antithrombine III concentrate and disaggregants in the complex preoperative care.

PMID- 2396402
TI  - [The psychological characteristics of patients with chronic destructive pulmonary
      tuberculosis].
AB  - As a result of a study of 262 patients with chronic destructive tuberculosis of
      the lungs the authors revealed that these patients showed personality disorders
      that impede adequate treatment. Psychotherapy carried out in 5.2% of patients
      aimed at correction of personality disorders enabled to increase treatment
      efficacy of chronic destructive pulmonary tuberculosis.

PMID- 2396403
TI  - [The treatment of patients with destructive pulmonary tuberculosis with
      indomethacin and tuberculostatic preparations].
AB  - Use of indomethacin along with tuberculostatic agents increases the efficacy of
      treatment of patients with freshly detected destructive pulmonary tuberculosis.
      Healing of disintegration cavities was more frequent and quicker that when only
      chemotherapy was employed. Addition of indomethacin to the chemotherapeutic
      agents is not accompanied by inhibition of the T-system of immunity and increased
      specific reactivity in this group of patients.

PMID- 2396404
TI  - [Disordered systemic hemodynamics in the acute period of craniocerebral trauma
      complicated by pneumonia].
AB  - Results are analyzed of a study of 67 patients with head injuries complicated by
      pneumonia. Indices of the central hemodynamics showed distinct differences in the
      group of patients with pneumonia in the acute period of head injury as compared
      with those showing uncomplicated course of head injury. Disorders of the systemic
      hemodynamics have a prognostic significance for the development of pneumonia in
      patients during the acute period of head injury. There was a distinct dependence
      of the degree of disorders of the systemic hemodynamics and severity of the
      patients' condition and normalization of cardiac function as clinical symptoms
      regressed and pneumonia was controlled.

PMID- 2396405
TI  - [The variation pulsometric and electrocardiographic indices of patients with mild
      craniocerebral trauma].
AB  - Vegetative homeostasis was evaluated by means of variation pulsometry in 134
      patients with mild head injury. It is suggested that shifting of the ECG
      transitional zone is related mainly to unilateral excitation of efferent cardiac
      nerves while high-amplitude T-waves are caused by elevated parasympathetic
      activity allowing to distinguish 4 ECG variants. Patients with mild head injuries
      show a phasic character of sympathetic and parasympathetic effects differing on
      the ECG variants.

PMID- 2396406
TI  - [The use of medicinal glycerin in treating alcoholics].
AB  - The possibilities are shown of using officinal glycerin as a polyatomic alcohol
      in the treatment of alcoholism, in particular, alcohol abstinent syndrome. The
      theoretical basis of using glycerin is the possibility of replacing ethanol by a
      substance with a similar chemical structure not possessing euphoric and narcotic
      effect. Clinical results showed the rationality of using glycerin as an
      antialcohol substance.

PMID- 2396407
TI  - [The diagnostic significance of pathological synkinesias].
AB  - The author revealed the following pathological synkinesias: 14 palpebro-ocular,
      palpebro-facial, palpebro-cervical, 3 oculomaxillary, bucco-manual, digito
      digital in the hand, pedal-digital. Their diagnostic significance is described.

PMID- 2396408
TI  - [Cellular immunity in pollinosis patients].
AB  - A study of 107 patients with pollinosis with exacerbation during the spring
      summer season revealed T-lymphopenia, increased number of 0-lymphocytes,
      reduction of the level of "active" and theophyllin-sensitive lymphocytes and
      histamin-sensitive cells. The number of low-differentiated B-cells increased, the
      number of autorosette-forming lymphocytes decreased. The revealed changes may be
      interpreted as secondary immunological insufficiency (relative hyposuppressor
      variant).

PMID- 2396409
TI  - [The treatment of peptic ulcer patients with calcitrin].
AB  - Calcitrin (3 units intramuscularly; course--15-18 injections) was used in the
      treatment of 59 patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer along with routine
      therapy. The efficacy of treatment was evaluated by dynamic endoscopic
      determination of ulcer reparation and normalization of the level of regulatory
      peptides. Results indicate that calcitrin treatment was followed by a more
      enhanced ulcer scarring (average 4-5 days) as compared with the control.
      Endoscopic remission was observed in 54 patients.

PMID- 2396410
TI  - [Changes in the optic disk in the first hours and days after death].
AB  - A study of the eye-ground during the first three days after death revealed
      regular sequence of changes manifested in a characteristic dynamics of colour,
      level and relief of the visual nerve disk surface, clarity of its borders, state
      of arterial and venous vessels. It is suggested that evaluation of the dynamics
      of postmortal changes of the eye-ground may be used in determining the time of
      death.

PMID- 2396411
TI  - [Drug interactions in combination pharmacotherapy].
AB  - Data are summarized on the interaction of drugs when several of them are used
      simultaneously. A scheme is presented based on the principle of location of the
      drug in the body, correspondence of the preplanned effect and actual efficacy,
      pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic phases. These findings allow to
      objectivize and plan rational, effective and safe treatment. Evaluation of
      interaction of drugs used simultaneously permits to organize a qualitatively
      optimal and an economically advantageous variant of pharmacotherapy.

PMID- 2396412
TI  - [A case of acute thallium poisoning].

PMID- 2396413
TI  - [The sensitizing action of an industrial aerosol on the body of gas cutters].
AB  - Results of a study of 312 gas cutters revealed in a half of them sensibilization
      of metals-haptens (chromium, nickel, manganese) that are ingredients of
      industrial aerosols. Most frequently there occurred sensibilization of nasal
      mucosa (latent or as allergic rhinosinusopathy) in association with positive
      specific reactions of the blood in vitro. Bronchial asthma and chronic asthmatic
      bronchitis were rarely observed.

PMID- 2396414
TI  - [Treatment of duodenal ulcer with ranitidine].
AB  - 30 patients with endoscopically proved duodenal peptic ulcer were treated with
      Bulgarian drug Ranatidin in a dose of 150 mg twice daily in the course of 20
      days. The pains were relieved up to the third day in 90% of the patients treated
      and the dyspeptic complaints disappeared in 1-3 days in 96-100% of the patients.
      Following the treatment course a statistically significant decrease of the
      gastric secretion indices was established (V, V1) and of the basic acid
      production (BAO, MAO, PAO) in comparison with the values before the treatment.
      Full epithelialization of the ulcer was found endoscopically in 60% of the
      patients treated and in the remaining 40% the size of the ulcer has diminished.
      The ulcer epithelialization is related to its initial size. The results achieved
      do not differ from those achieved with the analogous English drug Zantac. No side
      effects were observed in the course of treatment with Ranatidin.

PMID- 2396415
TI  - [Results of the long-term observation and treatment of patients with arterial
      hypertension].
AB  - 48 patients, 40 men (mean age 57.4 years) and 8 women (mean age 56.7 years) with
      stable arterial pressure--II B and III stage according to A. L. Miasnikov's
      classification, were treated and followed up dynamically in the course of 8
      years. The treatment with diuretics, beta-blockers and reserpin has led to a
      permanent and satisfactory regulation of arterial pressure in most of the
      patients. Only in 10.4% of the patients the therapeutic results were not
      satisfactory. In spite of the normalization of the arterial pressure the number
      of patients with various forms of ischemic heart disease is high--79.2%. The risk
      factors and their combinations play an important role for this condition
      (diabetes mellitus, gout, obesity, lipid metabolism changes, etc.). These data
      imply a new assessment of the drugs used in the treatment of arterial
      hypertension.

PMID- 2396416
TI  - [Outpatient polyclinic observations on senzit in the treatment of ischemic heart
      disease].
AB  - 56 patients, aged from 28 up to 60 years, with ischemic heart disease II-III
      functional class according to the Canadian classification were treated with the
      original Hungarian drug Sensit in out-patient conditions. The number of patients
      with anginal pain fell from 56 to 12 and the overall effect of the Sensit
      treatment was 84% (47 patients improved). The physical load tolerance
      significantly increased--from 58.2 to 67.4 W. Sensit influences the pathological
      ECG changes--ST segment lowering after physical load. It must be emphasized that
      the effect of the Sensit treatment is seen after a 3 week course of treatment at
      least. The drug is suitable for an out-patient treatment.

PMID- 2396417
TI  - [The long-term (10- to 13-year) prognosis of patients with unstable angina
      pectoris].
AB  - The prognosis after mean 11.4 (10-13) years of 249 patients with unstable angina
      pectoris, are 55.9 years, treated with contemporary drugs (in an intensive care
      coronary unit until the life-threatening symptoms were overcome, in a general
      cardiac unit until full clinical recovery and then in outpatient clinic) was
      studied. Till the end of the observation period 98 patients (39.4%) had a new
      myocardial infarction and a total of 110 patients (44.2%) died of ischemic heart
      disease (suddenly or after a myocardial infarction). The increased risk of acute
      myocardial infarction and lethal outcome in patients with unstable angina
      pectoris is determined by the persistence of the angina pectoris, after the
      hospitalization and in spite of the treatment, fluctuating ST-T changes in the
      ECG, inefficient left ventricular function, previous stable angina pectoris and a
      past myocardial infarction. These patients are indicated for a direct examination
      for assessment of the need of surgical treatment.

PMID- 2396418
TI  - [The prognostic significance of high leukocytosis in acute myocardial infarct].
AB  - 39 patients with an acute myocardial infarction and high leucocytosis of greater
      than or equal to 15.0,10(9)/l, were studied in order to find out the relation of
      the high leucocytosis and the final prognosis of the disease. The high
      leucocytosis of greater than or equal to 15.0.10(9)/l was found for several up to
      10-12 h after the onset of the painful attack in patients with a large, combined
      and obligatory transmural acute myocardial infarction. Leucocytosis of greater
      than or equal to 19.5.10(9)/l was found in all patients who died. The high
      leucocytosis is due to the mobilization of the bone marrow neutrophil reserve.
      The high leucocytosis of greater than or equal to 15.0.10(9)/l is an important
      prognostic sign for the final outcome of acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2396419
TI  - [Treatment of chronic glomerulonephritis with high doses of intravenous
      immunoglobulin].
AB  - The initial results of the treatment of 8 patients with idiopathic and lupus
      glomerulonephritis with immunovenin intact are reported. Previously the patients
      had been treated for a long time with combinations of corticosteroids,
      immunosuppressors and anticoagulants without effect. All patients had an well
      expressed nephrotic syndrome, 6 patients had initial chronic renal failure. The
      immunovenin intact treatment was carried out in three day courses of 85 mg/kg/24
      h (a total of 250 mg/kg for one course). All patients received two courses of
      treatment. The patients were followed up for 3 to 30 months (mean 10.0 +/- 3.29).
      In 4 patients a full clinical remission was achieved. Two patients, after a
      satisfactory effect of the treatment, died from non-renal causes. The mechanisms
      of action of immunovenin intact are discussed.

PMID- 2396420
TI  - [Treatment of patients with postmenopausal and steroid-induced osteoporosis using
      sodium fluoride combined with vitamin D2 and calcium gluconate].
AB  - 9 patients with postmenopausal and 5 patients with steroid-induced osteoporosis,
      mean age 57.9 +/- 7.76 years, were treated in the course of one year with sodium
      fluoride (Fluosen) in a dose of 45 mg/24 h in combination with calcium gluconate
      (2 g/24 h) and oil solution of vit D2 (2 mg/week). In the course of the treatment
      a considerable easing of the pains in the most affected parts of the skeleton was
      found and the height remained at the same level before and after the treatment.
      This correlates with the statistically significant increase of the serum levels
      of the total alkaline phosphatase and its bone isoenzyme by keeping a normal
      kalium phosphorous balance as well as with the x-ray data for retaining the bone
      changes liked with the osteoporosis.

PMID- 2396421
TI  - [The nephrotic syndrome as a consequence of Feloran treatment in a female patient
      with rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - A case is presented of a 65 years old woman with a rheumatoid arthritis III stage
      who had developed a nephrotic syndrome due to the treatment with Feloran. The
      biopsy examination showed the pathomorphologic pattern of glomerulonephritis with
      minimum changes. The discontinuance of the Feloran treatment led to a full
      disappearance of the nephrotic syndrome. It is recommended that Feloran treatment
      should not be applied to patients with previous renal lesions.

PMID- 2396422
TI  - [Acromegaly and pregnancy].
AB  - Pregnancy in women with acromegaly is very rare. The introduction of dopaminergic
      treatment revealed new possibilities for conception. Four acromegalic women who
      conceived during a course of bromcryptin treatment and after an unsuccessful
      transsphenoidal adenectomy are presented. Two of the women have given birth to a
      normal child, the third woman aborted willfully and the delivery of the fourth
      woman is forthcoming. Bromcyptin was given during the whole course of pregnancy
      in progressively increasing doses up to 15 mg daily according to the increased
      levels of the somatotrophic hormone (STH). The action of bromcryptin on some
      hormones of the mother and the child is discussed. The mother's serum STH level
      increased in the course of the pregnancy progressively despite the treatment and
      fell after the delivery while the child's STH levels were normal.

PMID- 2396423
TI  - [Contraception in Austria].
AB  - 952 sexual active women between 15 and 44 years were investigated for their
      contraceptive behaviour. In 42% the pill was the first choice followed by the
      condom in 16%. 18% of all sexual active women in this age group did not use any
      contraceptives. Therefore the rate of unplanned pregnancies was very high: 34%
      reported about such unplanned pregnancies in their history. The main sources for
      informations in contraception are the gynecologist and the partner, but not the
      parents or the newspapers. Nearly half of all women did not know how the pill
      really works and quite a lot has still the opinion that there are really harmful
      side effects of oral contraceptives.

PMID- 2396424
TI  - [Selenium deficiency in pregnancy?].
AB  - Selenium content was investigated by atomic absorbtion spectroscopy in 32 normal
      pregnant women in the 38th-42, week of pregnancy. In congruence with other
      investigations from middle and northern Europe, selenium deficiency was stated in
      all of the patients.

PMID- 2396425
TI  - Hyperkalemic electromechanical dissociation.
AB  - Two patients with hyperkalemic electromechanical dissociation are described.
      Electrocardiograms at the time of the cardiac arrests demonstrated normal
      appearing QRS complexes. Both patients responded to intravenous calcium chloride
      administration with prompt restoration of normal blood pressure. Implications of
      these observations with respect to current advanced cardiac life support
      guidelines are discussed.

PMID- 2396426
TI  - Haemophilus influenzae B meningitis in a patient with a ventriculoperitoneal
      shunt and meningomyelocele.
AB  - A child with an implanted ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt and meningomyelocele
      had an infection of his cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The organism cultured from the
      VP shunt apparatus and the meningomyelocele repair site was Haemophilus
      influenzae B (HIB), a very unusual pathogen in this setting. The patient was
      treated with the appropriate antibiotics, administered intravenously in
      accordance with accepted practice and available literature, with no improvement.
      The site of the persistent infection was finally determined to be within the
      meningomyelocele repair tissue. The patient's clinical status improved
      dramatically following the removal and replacement of the total shunt apparatus.
      The three-part apparatus tip was cultured according to the standard laboratory
      practice, but did not yield any organism. We conclude that the management of HIB
      meningitis in the presence of a VP shunt should include prompt removal of the
      apparatus. Recovery of the organism may be enhanced by separating the apparatus
      components and culture of the connections, instead of merely the indwelling tip.

PMID- 2396427
TI  - Professional education for evaluating environmental exposure.

PMID- 2396428
TI  - Supreme Court rules on right to die.

PMID- 2396429
TI  - AMA Health Access America proposal.

PMID- 2396430
TI  - National Practitioner Data Bank slated to open in September.

PMID- 2396431
TI  - [Are there indications for interval appendectomy?].

PMID- 2396432
TI  - [A clinical survey: what are bile duct dyskinesias?].

PMID- 2396433
TI  - [Neurologic symptoms and their topical classification in neurosarcoidosis:
      studies in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis].

PMID- 2396434
TI  - [Treatment of phimosis with human chorionic gonadotropin].

PMID- 2396435
TI  - [The water content of common sunscreening agents].

PMID- 2396436
TI  - [Health behavior of physicians].

PMID- 2396437
TI  - [Individual continuing education and continuing education goals of the specialist
      in general medicine].

PMID- 2396439
TI  - [Safety guidelines for health in endurance sports events].

PMID- 2396438
TI  - [Status of occupationally related legal knowledge of students in the 6th year of
      medical education (residents)].

PMID- 2396440
TI  - [Sports medicine management in motor sports].

PMID- 2396442
TI  - [Understanding of frequently used medical specialty concepts by patients].

PMID- 2396441
TI  - [The so-called Darrach operation following fracture of the distal radius].

PMID- 2396443
TI  - Cow's milk protein allergy--results of skin-prick test with purified milk
      proteins.
AB  - The diagnosis of milk-protein allergies is difficult. Therefore, the main cow's
      milk proteins (alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin A + B, alpha s-casein, beta
      casein, kappa-casein), purified to the highest available standards, were used for
      differential diagnosis of allergic individuals by applying skin-prick test. In
      the case of adults with uncertain medical history, milk proteins rarely caused
      skin reactions, while distinct skin reactions were observed in 11 of 13 children
      with strongly suspected milk-protein allergy. In the presented study alpha
      lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin B were the main allergens, because skin
      reactions to these proteins were provoked with highest prevalence and intensity.
      Intensity and prevalence of reactions to alpha- and kappa-casein were
      significantly less. In two cases skin reactions to alpha-lactalbumin were
      observed exclusively.

PMID- 2396444
TI  - Specific effect of the amount of dietary fat on esterase-1 (ES-1) activity of rat
      plasma.
AB  - The question addressed is whether the amount of dietary fat rather than that of
      carbohydrates or protein affects esterase-1 (ES-1) activity in plasma of rats.
      For this purpose, the effects on plasma ES-1 activity of replacement of dietary
      fat, by isocaloric amounts of either carbohydrates or protein were studied in
      male rats. In rats fed high-fat diets, corn oil induced higher plasma ES-1
      activities than coconut fat. Plasma ES-1 activity was decreased by a decrease in
      fat intake. Replacement of fat by carbohydrates produced a similar decrease of
      plasma ES-1 activity as did replacement of fat by protein. Replacement of
      carbohydrates by protein did not significantly change plasma ES-1 activity. It is
      concluded that the amount of fat in the diet specifically influences ES-1
      activity in plasma.

PMID- 2396445
TI  - [Effect of purine-rich nutrients on weight gain, catabolites in blood plasma and
      the uric acid transport of erythrocytes--a model study in dogs].
AB  - In a nutritional tolerance study 36 young dogs were fed over 52 weeks high or low
      purine diets at an average paired feeding intake of 0.6 and 80 mg purine-N/MJ per
      day. The high purine diet resulted in a significant decrease of growth rate by 
      23% (Beagles) and -38% (Dalmatians) and of feed efficiency (-29 and -42%). The
      fasting levels of allantoin, uric acid and uracil in blood plasma were
      significantly increased. During the experiment a metabolic adaptation to the high
      purine diet decreased the plasma concentrations of uric acid, uracil and in part
      of allantoin. The high purine diet effected a significant increase of Km (2.5
      fold) and of Vmax (1.6-fold) of uric transport through the erythrocyte membrane.
      The results documented disadvantageous effects of high purine nutrition during
      juvenile development.

PMID- 2396446
TI  - [The base data from Weight Watcher's groups as the parameter for long-term follow
      up of weight reduction].
AB  - The available data of members of Weight Watchers groups were statistically
      evaluated and their efficiency is discussed with respect to the underlying
      therapeutic concept. As a result of the data evaluation and the discussion of the
      literature it can be concluded: 1. The time of active membership in the group
      correlates with the weight loss. 2. Dropouts can be expected at the beginning of
      the therapy and have usually a greater obesity than other members. An early
      motivation has to consider the slower success in those people with a high degree
      of obesity. 3. A continuous motivation and re-motivation is of greatest
      importance to prevent any weight gain after the end of group therapy. This re
      motivation program should be established within the group; members who succeeded
      in losing weight should return for meetings at regular intervals.

PMID- 2396447
TI  - [Psychological aspects of traffic fitness of aging car drivers].
AB  - With the increase in the proportion of older car drivers in road traffic of the
      G.D.R. it becomes more necessary to carry out traffic psychological fitness
      examinations stronger related to health indications. The present paper is
      occupied with accident frequency, accident causes, indications of age-induced
      changes in relevant traffic psychological performance demands, and it gives
      references with regard to a self-assessment of age-induced impairments in driving
      behaviour.

PMID- 2396448
TI  - [Problems of muscular fatigue--relationship to stimulation conduction velocity
      and K(+) concentration].
AB  - Muscle fatigue is accompanied by a series of biochemical correlations as
      substrate depletion, lactate accumulation, shifts of pH, increase of phosphate
      (Pi), arise of free radicals or disturbances of ionic balances. In last time high
      interest has been directed to the increase of extracellular potassium during
      extensive muscle activity. It was suggested that high K+ concentration in the
      interstitium may alter propagation of action potential along the T-tubules or
      induces membrane depolarization with physiological consequences. In order to
      elucidate the role of potassium accumulation, experiments were performed on
      isolated rat muscles. An elevation from 5 to 10 mmol K+ of the bath solution
      causes a significant decrease of the conduction velocity of the action potential.
      This effect is more pronounced on fatigue-sensitive fast twitch EDL muscles than
      on fatigue-resistant slow twitch SOL muscles. Moreover, after tetanic
      stimulations of these muscles in normal solution, the conduction velocity dropped
      by the same amount as in high K+ solution but, again, differently in both muscle
      types. Therefore it is supposed that K+ accumulation during intensive muscle
      activity contributes to fatigue.

PMID- 2396449
TI  - [Reactions of the cardiopulmonary and the motor system in work with medium-sized
      muscles].
AB  - Three groups of untrained males and two groups of untrained women (aged 20...49
      years) carried out one-arm cranking with defined loads. All derived parameters of
      the cardiopulmonary and motor systems showed a load-dependent behaviour. There
      were sex-differences in heart rate, oxygen uptake and iEMG. The physical
      endurance limit was determined by 10 watts for males and 5 watts for women.

PMID- 2396450
TI  - [Sex- and age-related differences in blood pressure response to local muscular
      work during noise].
AB  - During noise exposure (90 dB [A]) and during local muscular work (30% MVC)
      combined with noise (90 db [A]) the blood pressure was measured in 20 men and 20
      women (20-29 years; 30-39 years). In the group of younger subjects the blood
      pressure was taken also during the recovery period of 60 minutes. Age- and sex
      related differences in blood pressure response were observed not only during
      noise exposure but also during combined exposure. The different return of the
      diastolic blood pressure to the resting value after the period of combined
      exposure referred to sex-related differences in the response of the
      cardiovascular system during the recovery period, too.

PMID- 2396451
TI  - [The significance of slow brain potentials for the estimation of activation
      processes in activities at the video-screen model workplace].
AB  - Numerous studies have shown that the slow potentials registered in the EEG allow
      conclusions on changes in activation processes preceding different activities.
      The Bp which has so far been analysed preferably as motoric phenomenon, is in the
      following used to furnish evidence of activation processes preceding mental
      performance at a visual display terminal. The analysis reveals the relationships
      between the Bp and mental load, mental performance, and a varying dynamic
      activation. From that, conclusions can be drawn already in the phase of preparing
      different information processing activities on variations in central-nervous
      activation and most likely even on the readiness to perform and the reliability
      of actions.

PMID- 2396452
TI  - [Exposure analysis of the effect of air pollution by carbon disulfide].
AB  - In the framework of an epidemiological cross sectional study on the medical
      effects of environmental carbon disulphide loads a specific exposure analysis has
      been developed concerning this harmful substance. The main point of this analysis
      is the determination of the individual exposure by personal sampling and
      biological monitoring, respectively, in addition to emission and in-door
      measurements. The non-metabolised and acid labile CS2 in urine is determined as
      the specific biological marker. For characterizing the additional exposure the
      drinking water, soil, and settlement structure were investigated. Since 1987 this
      expensive analysis is performed parallel to a specific medical examination
      programme.

PMID- 2396453
TI  - [A program of medical examination of the effect of air pollution by carbon
      disulfide].
AB  - For investigating the effect of emissions of the cellulose and rayon silk
      production on the health state of selected groups of the population as part of an
      epidemiological cross sectional study on 9-year old school children a medical
      examination programme with emphasis to the following 5 points--psychological
      examination, clinical-chemical investigations, lung function analysis, actual
      state, anamnestic inquiry--has been developed. The programme has been
      successfully tested in 660 specifically exposed and non-exposed children,
      respectively. Hitherto performed part evaluations of the mentioned 5 points
      confirm the correctness of the broadly constructed study.

PMID- 2396454
TI  - [Studies for the assessment of the herbicide prometryne in the air].
AB  - An analytical method for the quantitative determination of the triazine herbicide
      prometryne in air is described. In the sample preparation procedure developed,
      the ambient air is drawn through the adsorber tube packed with the prepurified
      crosslinked polystyrene resin Wofatit EP 61 (0.2-0.5 mm) for collecting the
      pesticide with a high efficiency. A special modified cellulose filter is of use
      to sample particulate matter. The trapped vapours and aerosol are nearly
      quantitatively eluted from the sorbent by diethyl ether and then analyzed by gas
      chromatography. A greenhouse experiment yielded prometryne concentrations in air
      up to 146 ng.m-3 after spraying on soil. The described procedure permits the
      measurement of airborne prometryne at trace levels up to 1 ng.m-3.

PMID- 2396455
TI  - [Legionella in water of medical facilities--a hazard for patients and
      personnel?].
AB  - Since 1987 warm water samples of public health facilities in Dresden were
      cultured for Legionellae. In 59 of 220 (26.8%) samples and in 15 of 20 facilities
      Legionella pneumophila was detected. Most frequently serogroups (SG) 1 (5 times),
      6 (4 times), 8 (times) and 5 (twice) were found. By reason of the ubiquity of the
      aerogenic transmissible Legionellae, nosocomial legionellosis can occur at any
      time. Most legionellosis patients suffered from severe underlying diseases.
      Therefore the risk for immunocompetent staff should be assessed lower. In
      dentists who used Legionella-contaminated dental units we could demonstrate more
      frequently high antibody titers against Legionellae. Measures to eradicate
      Legionellae from air conditioning systems and hot water supplies are discussed.

PMID- 2396456
TI  - [Development of a city planning hygiene analysis and its application in the
      framework of an environmental-epidemiological study].
AB  - A "town-planning hygienic analysis" is presented which has been developed within
      an environmental epidemiological study. This analysis contains 7 marks (maximum
      sound pressure level Lmax, equivalent pressure level Leq, housing
      conditions/sanitary, size of flat, brightness/day-light ratio, environment,
      building order) whose quality is scored into 3 categories (very good/good,
      sufficient, insufficient). The evaluation is performed by relating the frequency
      of the proportional quality as well as the score for the general quality, which
      is constructed by the mean of the proportional qualities. First results are
      discussed with a comparative study on 297 flats.

PMID- 2396458
TI  - [Work Disability Index--a possibility for the qualification of physician-related
      work absenteeism analysis].

PMID- 2396457
TI  - [Epidemiological analysis of rank category exposure effects using cumulative
      logistic models].
AB  - Logistic regression is the fundamental procedure to analyze the dependence of the
      frequency of a binary disease indicator from exposure and other factors. Disease
      indicators with ranked levels contain a larger amount of information and permit a
      more precise prediction. For that, the cumulative logistic model was developed.
      Its application, demonstrated with an epidemiologic study for the dependence of
      arthritic changes in the knee-joint from intensity of kneeling stress and age, is
      very recommendable for the evaluation of well-designed epidemiologic studies
      concerning the prevalence of chronic diseases.

PMID- 2396459
TI  - [Developmental trends of the illness status as a function of expected
      modification in the age structure of the population].

PMID- 2396461
TI  - [Physician compliance in the treatment of hypertension].
AB  - The physician compliance is determined by knowledge, skill and behaviour. In 103
      physicians working in the basic medical care investigations of the compliance
      were performed. Partly clear deviations from the guidelines recommended were
      found in the habits of diagnostics and therapy. These deviations frequently
      concerned even the majority of the physicians asked for. While the knowledge can
      relatively easily be judged according to objective criteria, the behaviour is
      difficult to be measured. Of 4 physicians with comparable knowledge concerning
      the clinical picture of hypertension the influence of the behaviour of the
      physician on the success of therapy was investigated during a psycho
      physiologically orientated group therapy and the breath-induced relaxation
      training. The univariate and discriminance-analytic investigations as well as the
      factor analyses showed the behaviour of the physician as essentially
      determinating for the success of the therapy. The determination of the physician
      compliance gives the possibility to recognize still existing insufficiencies in
      the treatment of hypertension. It serves for the further optimization of the
      therapy of hypertension. Measures increasing the compliance among others can be
      derived also for the training and further training.

PMID- 2396460
TI  - [Comparison of pre- and postoperative findings in patients undergoing
      aortocoronary bypass surgery].
AB  - The purpose of the study to compare the following factors pre- and
      postoperatively --cardiovascular risk factors (abuse of nicotine, obesity,
      disturbances of fat metabolism, diabetes mellitus, hypertension)--complaints,
      measured at the daily need of nitrangin, and functional capacity in watt. Apart
      from this the time of waiting for the operation, the pre- and postoperative
      medication and the problem of the fitness for work and the calculation of the
      pension were analysed postoperatively. In the study 61 patients were included, in
      whom an aortocoronary bypass operation was carried out in the period from 1980 to
      1988. Postoperatively, the risk factor abuse of nicotine was reduced by most
      patients, whereas obesity and disturbances of the fat metabolism practically
      remained uninfluenced. Postoperatively a permanent need of nitrangin was existing
      only in exceptional cases. An improvement of the functional capacity could be
      proved only in about half the patients. This partly explained that only one third
      of the patients became again fit for work after operation. On the other hand, the
      long time of waiting for the operation which in most cases included a long
      preoperative inability to work was also decisive for the great number of
      calculations of the pension after operation.

PMID- 2396462
TI  - [Perioperative complications in at-risk patients undergoing heart valve surgery].
AB  - The success of operations of the replacement of heart valves is disturbed by
      perioperative complications and early lethality. A valuation of the perioperative
      risk individually of patients with operations of the replacement of heart valves
      according to defined subgroups is controlled by the perioperative course. In
      order to achieve the registration of patients with perioperative lesion of the
      myocardium and/or low output syndrome, the bedside performance of a marker
      protein monitoring consisting of enzymes/isoenzymes (CK, CK-MB, ALAT) and the
      muscle protein myoglobin, respectively, is necessary. In 38% of the patients with
      operation of the replacement of heart valves the preoperative risk constellation
      was objectified early-postoperatively with the proof of complication and thus the
      strategy of the preoperative individual valuation of the risk confirmed.
      Altogether patients with replacement of the aortic valve showed the smallest rate
      of perioperative complications in comparison to patients with replacement of the
      mitral valve (re-operation in replacement of the mitral valve, double valve
      replacement, replacement of the mitral valve with restricted left-ventricular
      function).

PMID- 2396463
TI  - [Isovolemic hemodilution--an adjuvant treatment principle in patients with
      chronic cor pulmonale caused by chronic obstructive lung disease].
AB  - On the basis of 10 patients with chronic cor pulmonale due to chronic obstructive
      lung disease and secondary polyglobulia in a clinical and experimental study
      could be made evident that by limited isovolaemic haemodilution (haematocrit
      value of 0.58 +/- 0.03 reduced to 0.36 +/- 0.01) are to be expected a decrease of
      the total pulmonary-arterial resistance, a reduction of the mean pulmonary
      arterial pressure, an increase of the partial O2-pressure as well as an increase
      of the heart index. Analogically to this as a consequence of the improved
      rheologic conditions a clear involution of the clinical signs of a heart
      insufficiency developed. Complications were not observed. The technique of the
      limited haemodilution should find a broader use in the medical practice, taking
      into consideration the isovolaemia as adjuvant treatment principle for patients
      with the indication mentioned.

PMID- 2396464
TI  - [Recording electrical signals of the heart--experiences with eliminating artefact
      potentials].
AB  - On the basis of our experiences using exercise-ECG, Holter- and bed-side
      monitoring and high resolution-ECG we report the most common and important faulty
      complaints in leading-off and processing bioelectrical signals. The recognition
      of faulty signals and their origin (patient-depending, biological, technical and
      environmental causes) are the most important preconditions for their avoidance.

PMID- 2396465
TI  - [Pneumothorax in chronic obstructive lung diseases].
AB  - Internal and surgical treatment exist for the primary care of spontaneous
      pneumothorax. The choice for the primary method of therapy is depending on
      personal factors and the possibilities of the hospital. A pneumothorax in
      patients with chronically obstructive lung disease (COLD) is a treatment which is
      quicker and safer by insertion of chest drain are with internal methods. There
      than no arguments against the chest drain.

PMID- 2396466
TI  - [Indication for and benefit of 574 cerclages performed at the Medical University
      of Hannover (1987-1985)].
AB  - 574 cervical ligations according to the method of Shirodkar had been performed at
      the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology during the years 1978 to 1985. In all
      cases the "Cervix Set" of Braun-Dexon was used. Compared to the number of 11,397
      deliveries in this period, there is a frequency of cerclage operations of about
      5%. The average age of the patients had been 29.2 years. Most of the operations
      had been carried out between the 17th and the 20th and between the 25th and the
      30th week of gestation, 20.6% and 34.9%, respectively. 512 women delivered in our
      hospital, the records of these patients could be evaluated further. 185 women had
      been primiparae, 225 secundiparae and 102 pluriparae. In a retrospective study
      the singleton pregnancies (n = 481) had been grouped due to the indication for
      cerclage: group "obstetric history", group "dilated internal os", group "dilated
      external cervical os plus decreased cervical length", group "visible fetal
      membranes" and group "premature contractions plus threatened preterm delivery".
      Twin and triplet pregnancies (n = 31) had been evaluated separately. Only 48.8%
      of the multiparae patients had already delivered a viable child, while after
      cervical ligation 93.9% of the children survived beyond the perinatal phase.
      Before the 37th week of gestation delivery occurred in only 19.3% of the cases.
      According to maturity stage of the newborn and to the time period between removal
      of the cervical ligature and delivery we judged the effectiveness and the
      necessity of Shirodkar operation in the different patient groups. The results
      could demonstrate the high importance of this treatment especially in patients
      with "visible fetal membranes".(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2396467
TI  - [Transplacental cardioversion of fetal supraventricular tachycardia using
      sotalol].
AB  - Intrauterine fetal supraventricular tachycardia (FSVT) is a rare condition which
      is connected with organic heart disease in 4-10 per cent. Intrauterine
      pharmacologic cardioversion with digoxin and verapamil has been recommended
      previously. However, during pregnancy standard doses of digoxin result in
      suboptimal concentrations in the maternal serum and fetal therapeutic
      concentrations might demand doses inconvenient to the mother. Verapamil is not
      always effective. In this report we describe a case of FSVT. The arrhythmia was
      treated by administering sotalol to the mother after verapamil had failed to
      alter the fetal heart rate. This ist the first report of a fetal cardioversion
      with sotalol. We conclude that sotalol may be useful in the treatment of FSVT
      that is refractory to digoxin or verapamil.

PMID- 2396468
TI  - Studies on cell-mediated immune response to rabies virus immunization in dogs.
AB  - Peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) from unvaccinated dogs and dogs vaccinated
      subcutaneously with beta-propiolactone (BPL) inactivated sheep brain antirabies
      vaccine were exposed in vitro to rabies antigen. A direct leucocyte migration
      inhibition (LMI) assay in agarose was used to study the cell-mediated immune
      (CMI) response. The CMI response could be detected as early as 7 days
      postvaccination. It reached a peak by 14 days postvaccination followed by a
      decline. The PBL from unvaccinated control dogs were not stimulated by rabies
      virus antigen.

PMID- 2396469
TI  - Immunological response of Moroccan children and newborns to oral poliovirus
      vaccine prepared on Vero cells.
AB  - Immunogenicity of the oral poliovirus vaccine prepared on Vero cells (Vero OPV)
      has been assessed in a two-stage study conducted in Rabat, Morocco. During the
      first stage, the vaccine produced seroconversion in most of the 200 children
      vaccinated in a three dose primary immunization, and in most of the 56 children
      boostered. During the second stage, four doses were given at 0, 6, 10 and 14
      weeks of age to 55 newborns. At the same time, 50 control newborns were given
      reference OPV prepared on primary monkey kidney cells (PMK OPV). No difference
      could be shown between the two vaccines in terms of immunogenicity. Therefore,
      permitting a more standardized production, continuous cell lines should be used
      for the production of OPV.

PMID- 2396470
TI  - Antigenic properties and protective capacity of a cyclic peptide corresponding to
      site A of influenza virus haemagglutinin.
AB  - Two cyclic peptide analogues corresponding to residues 139-146 (site A) of
      influenza A virus haemagglutinin (strain X31) were synthesized. The ability of
      these peptides to react with anti-influenza virus antibodies was found to depend
      on the conformation of the loop and on the orientation in which the peptide was
      presented to antibodies. Antibodies raised to the peptides were able to bind in
      ELISA with influenza virus antigen that had been allowed to dry on the microtitre
      plate. When OF1 mice were immunized with cyclic peptides, approximately 80% of
      the animals were protected against an intranasal challenge with influenza virus.

PMID- 2396471
TI  - Antibody-secreting cells in the evaluation of the immunogenicity of an oral
      vaccine.
AB  - The immune response to different dosage schedules of oral live Salmonella typhi
      Ty21a vaccines was studied by enumeration of specific antibody-secreting cells
      (ASC) in the peripheral blood believed to have been stimulated by the vaccine
      antigen on mucosal surfaces and to be on their way back to those sites for local
      antibody secretion. Four groups of subjects were vaccinated with either three (3
      x S), two (2 x S) or one (1 x S) dose of a suspension-formulated vaccine, or with
      three doses of vaccine in enteric-coated capsules (3 x E). The ASC-responses were
      highest in group 3 x S, followed by 3 x E, 2 x S and 1 x S, in this order. These
      differences parallel differences in protection from disease as observed in field
      trails with these regimens. This assay might therefore be useful for presumptive
      assessment of the protective ability of new vaccines or vaccine regimens. It
      certainly can be used to measure the immunogenicity of an oral vaccine.

PMID- 2396472
TI  - Measles-mumps vaccination in the FRG: an empirical analysis after 14 years of
      use. I. Efficacy and analysis of vaccine failures.
AB  - One hundred and ninety two reports on vaccine failures after measles and mumps
      vaccination are analysed. These reports were received by the Drug Surveillance
      Department at Behringwerke between 1976 and 1989. Seventy-six per cent of the
      suspected measles and 41% of the suspected mumps cases occurred within the first
      3 years postvaccination. Most probably these were primary vaccine failures. The
      analysis of the data collected in the 14 years since the introduction of measles
      mumps vaccination in the FRG gives no reason to suspect that the protection
      afforded by the vaccines wanes with time.

PMID- 2396473
TI  - Oral adjuvants for viral vaccines in humans.
AB  - The availability of various viral vaccines prompted extensive studies on oral
      adjuvants. In this study, parotid protein (parotin), taurine and lithium were
      chosen as safe and potent oral adjuvants for rubella and influenza virus
      vaccines. The anti-rubella virus antibody titres in persons administered orally
      with parotin were significantly higher than those of persons with the non
      adjuvanted vaccines. The combinations of oral adjuvants were used for vaccination
      with trivalent influenza vaccines. Each group, receiving taurine, taurine +
      lithium, taurine + parotin or taurine + parotin + lithium, was higher in the
      magnitude of increased influenza virus antibody titres than the non-adjuvant
      control group. Although taurine was shown to be an effective adjuvant in taurine
      responders but not in taurine non-responders, the combination of taurine, lithium
      and/or parotin gave higher increased rate of influenza antibody titres than with
      taurine alone. These results have shown to be a valuable approach to the clinical
      use of oral adjuvants.

PMID- 2396474
TI  - Protective effect of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against abortion in
      mice infected by Chlamydia psittaci.
AB  - The role of antibody in preventing placental and fetal infection by Chlamydia
      psittaci was studied in mice. Pregnant mice were passively immunized with
      polyclonal sera or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) at day 11 of gestation. The mice
      were intravenously challenged the following day with the virulent AB7 ovine
      abortion strain of C. psittaci. Mice were either killed on day 16 of gestation to
      determine placental and fetal chlamydial infection levels or were permitted to
      have and raise their young until 8 days old for comparison of survival rates.
      Immune sera produced a decrease in both placental and fetal infection and reduced
      the number of young dying in utero or shortly after birth. Polyclonal sera to the
      highly invasive AB7 and AB4 strains or to the invasive 1B strain were more
      effective than serum to the invasive AB13 strain. The B577/F3 and B577/A11
      monoclonal antibodies gave almost complete protection, with only low levels of
      placental infection and no detectable fetal infection or decrease in survival
      rate. The study demonstrates that immune sera and type-specific mAbs can
      passively transfer resistance to placental and fetal colonization and to abortion
      and fetal loss in mice intravenously challenged with P. psittaci.

PMID- 2396475
TI  - Use of reassortant viruses to map attenuating and temperature-sensitive mutations
      of the Rift Valley fever virus MP-12 vaccine.
AB  - A live-attenuated vaccine for Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), MP-12, has been
      developed recently by undirected, serial mutagenesis of a RVFV strain (ZH548)
      isolated during the 1977 epidemic in Egypt. In the present study, the mutations
      responsible for attenuation of this virus have been examined by analysis of
      reassortant viruses generated between the vaccine strain and a wild RVFV strain
      isolated in Senegal. Reassortant viruses were generated efficiently in multiply
      infected Vero cells, and were readily isolated without application of selective
      pressures. The origin of the S and M genomic RNA segments in each cloned
      reassortant virus was determined with monoclonal antibodies capable of
      differentiating the nucleocapsid protein (S segment marker) or G1 glycoprotein (M
      segment marker) of the parental strains. The L segment of the vaccine strain was
      found to contain a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutation, and the origin of the L
      segment in most reassortants could be inferred by analysis of their ts phenotype.
      Analysis of the virulence properties of selected reassortant viruses in mice
      demonstrated that virulence characteristics were under polygenic control, and
      that at least one mutation capable of independently attenuating the virus existed
      on each genome segment. The L and M RNA segments were also found to contain ts
      mutations. These findings suggest that reversion to virulence is unlikely, and
      further indicate that genetic reassortment with wild-type viruses during a
      vaccination programme in endemic areas would also be expected to yield attenuated
      variants.

PMID- 2396476
TI  - Enhancement of interleukin-2 activity by liposomes.
AB  - The present report demonstrates that liposomes increase the interleukin-2 (IL-2)
      dependent proliferation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte line (CTLL) cells used for the
      measurement of IL-2 activity. This effect was better observed with suboptimal
      doses of IL-2 and low concentrations of lipids. The increased IL-2 dependent
      proliferation is not due to a direct effect of liposomes on CTLL cells but rather
      to an interaction between IL-2 and liposomes. An interaction between IL-2 and
      components of fetal calf serum is also demonstrated. The results indicate that
      liposomes may interfere with IL-2 bioassay but also show the possibility of
      potentiating IL-2 activity for therapeutic purposes.

PMID- 2396477
TI  - Rabies antibody profile among pregnant females administered therapeutic
      postexposure vaccine during pregnancy, their neonates and infants.

PMID- 2396478
TI  - Second annual meeting of the National Cooperative Vaccine Development Groups for
      AIDS. 15-18 October 1989; Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
AB  - In this short review of the three-day meeting on AIDS vaccine development where
      numerous scientific advances were described for the first time, it is nearly
      impossible to capture all of the highlights. Thus, areas such as advances in
      vaccine adjuvant development, standardized challenge pools for vaccine testing,
      novel approaches with retroviral vectors for construction of target cells for
      cellular immune assays, summaries from all of the international AIDS vaccine
      development programmes, and other topics which were covered at the meeting are
      not discussed above. In closing the meeting, W. Koff (NIAID) noted that 1989
      represented the turning point for AIDS vaccine development, that pessimism had
      given way to cautious optimism, and that the fundamental focus had changed from
      'if a vaccine could be developed' to 'when'. While several challenges still
      remain in the path toward development of a safe and effective vaccine, the
      meeting served both to focus the direction of the research agenda for the next
      year and to build new and stronger collaborations among the international network
      of scientists dedicated to the common goal of developing a safe and effective
      AIDS vaccine.

PMID- 2396479
TI  - [The prenatal genotype-dependent modification by glucocorticoids of the
      morphometric characteristics of the genital system in mice and rats].
AB  - Morphometric parameters of the reproductive system have been studied in adult
      males of four inbred mouse strains and two outbred rat strains after injection of
      corticosteroids into their mothers at 16 and 18 day of pregnancy. Significant
      interstrain difference in weight of sex glands was observed. Prenatal injection
      of corticosteroids decreased high values of features and increased low ones.
      Hence, the level of corticosteroids during prenatal development plays an
      important part in regulation of morphometric parameters of the reproductive
      system of adult rodents. The pattern of action depends on the genotype of an
      animal and may change under the influence of selection.

PMID- 2396480
TI  - [A histochemical study of the nervous system in trematode parthenitae].
AB  - Localization of catecholamines in the nervous system of 12 species of Trematodes
      parthenitae from marine mollusks has been studied using the method of glyoxilic
      acid-induced fluorescence. Unlike primitive species with orthogon-like
      distribution of catecholamines, specialized ones have diffuse nervous plexus,
      which can be reduced in most specialized forms.

PMID- 2396481
TI  - Dekkera, Brettanomyces and Eeniella: electrophoretic comparison of enzymes and
      DNA-DNA homology.
AB  - The taxonomic status of various species of Dekkera, Brettanomyces and Eeniella
      was examined by electrophoretic comparison of enzymes, by deoxyribonucleic acid
      homology and by physiological characterization. These studies demonstrated that
      two teleomorphic Dekkera species, D. anomala and D. bruxellensis (synonym D.
      intermedia), and four anamorphic Brettanomyces species, B. anomalus (synonym B.
      claussenii), B. bruxellensis (synonym B. abstinens, B. custersii, B. intermedius,
      B. lambicus), B. custersianus and B. naardenensis, can be recognized. The
      anamorphic genus Eeniella remained as a separate, monotypic taxon.

PMID- 2396482
TI  - The influence of mononuclear leukocytes on the chemotactic responsiveness of
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes of bovines.
AB  - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) isolated from the blood of bovines which do
      not react with an influx of cells into the milk upon intramammary administration
      of low doses of endotoxin (Group II), show a diminished chemotactic activity in
      vitro as compared to PMN of bovines which do respond to intramammary endotoxin
      administration (Group I; 8). The purpose of the present study was to determine
      whether other immune cells affected the chemotactic activity of PMN of Group I
      and II bovines. Mononuclear leukocyte suspensions of Group I animals had no
      effect on the migration of PMN of Group I animals. In contrast, the distance
      migrated by Group II PMN was diminished in the presence of Group II mononuclear
      leukocytes. As a consequence, this phenomenon resulted in a much larger
      difference in chemotactic activity of PMN in vitro between Group I and Group II
      bovines. It can be concluded that the chemotactic activity of PMN of animals
      which are more susceptible for mastitis as indicated by non-responsiveness to
      intramammary endotoxin-infusions, was further down-regulated by mononuclear
      leukocytes.

PMID- 2396483
TI  - The production of peste des petits ruminants hyperimmune sera in rabbits and
      their application in virus diagnosis.
AB  - Hyperimmune sera were produced by serial inoculation of rabbits with Vero cell
      adapted, sucrose gradient-purified Nigerian peste des petits ruminants virus
      (PPRV) isolate. Two antisera produced, neutralized the homologous PPRV but not
      the heterologous rinderpest Kabette "O" virus. The antisera gave strong
      precipitin lines with purified PPRV antigens and were used to detect PPRV and
      rinderpest virus antigens from ante-mortem secretions and post-mortem tissue
      homogenates from PPR and rinderpest virus infected goats and cattle by the agar
      gel precipitation tests (AGPT). The hyperimmune sera gave good titration curves
      with both purified Nigerian goat and the United Arab Emirate wildlife PPRV
      isolates in the indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results of
      indirect ELISA showed that although there were some cross reactions with the
      rinderpest, canine-distemper and measles viruses, at 1:100 dilution, the antisera
      would give a positive signal with only the homologous PPR virus.

PMID- 2396484
TI  - Antiserum raised in pigs against canine distemper virus and its utility in
      diagnostic procedures for morbillivirus infections (canine distemper, phocine
      distemper, rinderpest).
AB  - Antiserum against canine distemper virus (CDV) was raised in pigs by intranasal
      inoculation with CDV strains CND65 and ROCKBORN. Immunoglobulin fractions were
      conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. Peroxidase-conjugated anti-CDV
      immunoglobulin preparations were used for the detection and titration of CDV,
      seal-derived (phocine) distemper virus (PDV) and rinderpest virus (RPV) in Vero
      cell cultures. For the detection and titration of corresponding neutralizing
      antibodies a direct neutralizing peroxidase-linked antibody (NPLA) assay was
      established. The results were compared with those obtained with the conventional
      microtitre neutralization test (MNT) based on CPE reading. In addition the
      sensitivity of an indirect peroxidase-linked antibody (PLA) assay was tested in
      parallel with that of the NPLA assay using sera obtained from CDV-immunized pigs.

PMID- 2396485
TI  - Erosive colitis in experimental canine Leishmaniasis.
AB  - Six 4 month-old beagles were inoculated with Leishmania infantum, three of them
      intraperitoneally (Group A) and the other three intravenously (Group B). The
      animals from Group A were killed at 109, 433 and 592 days after inoculation and
      animals from Group B 109, 171 and 334 days after inoculation. At 350 days (Group
      A) and 275 days (Group B) after inoculation, dogs started to develop a chronic
      large bowel diarrhoea. At necropsy a diffuse colonic and rectal wall thickening
      of gradually increasing severity was observed. Histological examination of the
      colon showed a diffuse inflammatory infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa by
      macrophages with amastigotes, lymphocytes, plasma cells and some neutrophils and
      eosinophils. The surface epithelium developed increasingly extensive
      degeneration, which caused the development of erosions on the mucosal surface.
      The crypts of Lieberkuhn decreased in number and showed degeneration of the crypt
      epithelium.

PMID- 2396486
TI  - Plasma aldosterone and cortisol levels in experimental acute renal failure.
AB  - Deranged adrenal cortical function was previously described in different stress
      situations. The aim of this work was to study the plasma cortisol and aldosterone
      levels in acute renal failure induced by the uranyl nitrate injection or
      bilateral ureteral ligation. In both groups of uremic dogs on the first day of
      uremia there was a significant elevation of the plasma cortisol level, being more
      pronounced and lasting longer after bilateral ureteral ligation. In sham operated
      controls a modest elevation was recorded. The plasma aldosterone level rose
      significantly from the first day in both groups of uremic animals. A further
      progressive elevation continued the following days and a highly elevated
      aldosterone levels remained until the end of the experiments. A minor but
      significant elevation of plasma aldosterone was also found in sham operated
      controls. This study has established increased plasma cortisol and aldosterone
      levels attributable to the operative stress and failing kidney function in acute
      uremia.

PMID- 2396487
TI  - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of streptokinase in acute myocardial infarct
      with respect to the pump function of the heart].
AB  - During 2 years and 3 months 230 patients suffering from acute myocardial
      infarction were treated at an Intensive Care Unit and a Department of Cardiology.
      Streptokinase was given intravenously to 54 of them. Out of 54 patients, in 52%
      the localisation of the myocardial infarction was in the anterior and in 48% in
      the posterior wall. The patients were divided in the three categories according
      to the onset of symptoms: up to 2 hours, 2-4 hours and 4-6 hours. The dose of
      streptokinase was 1,500,000 i.u. during 1.5 hours. The CPK and MBCPK level
      reached the maximum values up to 12 hours and was to lowest in the first group.
      In 74% of the patients the serum enzyme level showed successful reperfusion of a
      coronary artery. Electrocardiographic findings of a successful myocardial
      reperfusion amounted to 36% in the first, 40% in the second, and 17% in the third
      group. Malignant ventricular arrhythmias appeared in the first group in 3.6%, in
      the second in 12.5% and in the third group in 14.2%. The criteria for successful
      myocardial reperfusion by echocardiography (analysed regional wall motion) were
      present in 52% in the first, in 50% in the second, and in 17% in the third group.
      Coronarography and ventriculography were performed in 17 patients after 21 days
      of treatment, with successful results in 88% (15 out of 17 patients). In a group
      of 176 patients unable to be treated with streptokinase because of the onset of
      symptoms of myocardial infarction (more than 6 hours) or because of
      contraindications for that treatment, the lethality rate reached 17.6%. The
      lethality rate in the group of 54 patients treated with streptokinase was 5.5%.
      Local complication (hemorrhage) during the treatment was observed in one patient
      (2%).

PMID- 2396488
TI  - Phospholipid and ganglioside composition in rat cerebral cortex and cerebral
      white matter after chronic diazepam treatment.
AB  - Male Wistar rats with an initial weight of 170 g were maintained on a
      nutritionally adequate diet, and diazepam was administered in a dose of 10
      mg/kg/d. Control animals were pair-fed on adequate diet. The feeding was
      continued for 180 days, and the effects on cerebral cortex and white matter lipid
      contents were studied. A generalized increase in the lipid phosphorus and lipid-N
      acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) level was found. The increase was statistically
      significant for phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine, ganglioside GM1,
      GD1a and GDIb in the cerebral cortex, as well as for phosphatidylinositol and
      phosphatidic acid in the cerebral white matter. There were no significant
      differences in the content and patterns of gangliosides in the cerebral white
      matter after the chronic diazepam treatment.

PMID- 2396489
TI  - Ventilatory lung function changes in family members of asbestos workers.
AB  - A group of 114 adult family members of asbestos workers were examined for the
      prevalence of chronic nonspecific respiratory symptoms and ventilatory function
      changes. There was no difference in the prevalence of any respiratory symptom
      between the examinees and the matching members of the general population in the
      study areas. No difference was found between the measured and predicted values of
      FVC or FEV, or FEF50 in either smoking or nonsmoking men (P greater than 0.05).
      In contrast, all the measured values in women were significantly lower (P less
      than 0.0001) than their normal predicted values. Airborne chrysotile weight
      concentrations in five houses of asbestos workers were found significantly higher
      than those in four houses without inhabitants occupationally exposed to asbestos.

PMID- 2396490
TI  - [Correlation analysis of pulmonary shunt after resection the lung].
AB  - Thirty-three patients with performed thoracotomy and lung resection were studied
      by measuring changes in shunting after they had undergone the breathing of 100%
      O2 for 20 minutes during the operative procedure and the immediate postoperative
      period. The obtained values of the shunt were compared with those in the
      preoperative period by making a correlative analysis, with a view to examining
      whether the shunt values and hypoxemia during the operation and the postoperative
      period could be foreseen on the basis of data on the preoperative shunt. The
      shunt was calculated from the following equation: Qs/Qt = CcO2--CaO2/CaO2--CvO2.

PMID- 2396491
TI  - Vitamin E status in men and women aged 60-90 years.
AB  - The vitamin E status in men and women aged 60-90 years (62 men and 124 women) was
      examined. Plasma free vitamin E was analysed according to a modified version of
      the Hansen and Warwich method--a fluorometric micromethod for serum tocopherol.
      Serum cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol were quantified by the
      enzymatic methods on a Computer Directed Analyzer. Anthropometric data included
      the measurement of 13 skinfold thickness dimensions and Quetelet's index of
      obesity computed from weight (in g) and height (in cm2). The distribution of
      plasma free tocopherol level ranged from 10 mumol/1 to 69.9 mumol/1 for men and
      from 20 mumol/1 to 64.9 mumol/1 for women (median: 40-44.9 mumol/1 for both
      groups). Using the range of 12-46 mumol/1 free tocopherol of the plasma as the
      criterion, 78.5% of the subjects were classified as having the optimal vitamin E
      status. With the total free tocopherol levels above 49.9 mumol/1 of plasma, 21.5%
      of the subjects had an over average vitamin E status. It has also been found that
      there were correlations between the total free plasma tocopherol and plasma
      lipids (plasma triglycerides, plasma cholesterol, in men and women) and HDL
      cholesterol in the male population.

PMID- 2396492
TI  - Relationship between finger and wrist deformities in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Ulnar deviation of fingers in rheumatoid arthritis is known to be very frequently
      associated with the radial deviation of the hand. The present study was
      undertaken to test the hypothesis that there is a significant correlation between
      the position of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal angulation in common rheumatoid
      hand deformities. Measurements were carried out on standard radiographs of the
      hands from two comparative groups: 50 adult patients (100 hands) with classical
      or definite rheumatoid arthritis and the control group of 40 adults (80 hands)
      suffering from no rheumatoid arthritis but coming for routine check up relating
      to some degenerative diseases. The results showed a statistically significant
      relationship between finger and wrist deformities in patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis but not in normal controls.

PMID- 2396493
TI  - Primary prevention of perinatal impairments in the newborn.
AB  - The effects of intrauterine hypoxia on the motorial development of forty infants
      was studied by synthesizing the findings obtained by a team of obstetricians,
      neonatologists and physiatrists. The pH of the blood of the examinees was
      measured during delivery to detect hypoxia. Analyses of the results obtained have
      shown that the degree of deviation from a normal neurophysiological development
      is directly proportional to the degree of hypoxia. The findings indicate the
      importance of the early detection of intrauterine hypoxia.

PMID- 2396494
TI  - [A bronchiolitis epidemic caused by respiratory syncytial viruses].
AB  - In the typical period of the year (autumn-winter 1986-1987) an outbreak of
      bronchiolitis in infants caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) occurred.
      The acute course of the illness, a severe clinical picture, and a very fast
      spread of infection called for the very rapid techniques for detecting the
      etiological agent. Applying the direct immunofluorescent antibody test (DFTA) in
      samples of nasopharyngeal secretions, RSV was found to be responsible for the
      epidemic. Later the same samples of the material were inoculated into tissue
      cultures and RSV was isolated. Fourfold or higher titres of complement fixing
      antibodies in paired serum samples confirmed the infection with RSV. During the
      outbreak of bronchiolitis 72 children aged under 15 months (only one child was
      older than one year) were hospitalized. The majority of cases of RSV
      bronchiolitis was noticed in infants in the first six months of life (81.9%, chi
      2 = 31.1, p less than 0.01). Boys against girls were in relation as 1.25:1.
      Because of the broncho-obstructive component of the illness, respiratory failure
      was the dominant sign in the clinical picture of bronchiolitis; 34.7% of the
      patients were afebrile, 16.7% were in the state of hyperpyrexy and 48.6% with
      temperature up to 38 degrees C. Oxygen and symptomatic therapy were the basic
      treatment. In severe cases corticosteroids and antibiotic were administered for a
      short time. The classical type of bronchiolitis in infancy as the most severe
      among acute infections of respiratory organs because of its poor prognosis at the
      very beginning and the long-term sequels is a serious medical problem. Emphasis
      is laid on the importance and usefulness of the virologic diagnosis, especially
      the application of rapid DFTA techniques in the acute stages of bronchiolitis
      caused by infections with respiratory syncytial virus during the epidemic
      occurrence of this agent.

PMID- 2396495
TI  - Prostaglandin E2 inhibits formation of osteoclastlike cells in long-term human
      marrow cultures but is not a mediator of the inhibitory effects of transforming
      growth factor beta.
AB  - Prostaglandins are important local regulators of bone cell function and have been
      shown to have multiple effects on osteoclasts. Using a human bone marrow culture
      system in which multinucleated cells with osteoclast characteristics form, we
      have recently shown that TGF-beta is a potent inhibitor of osteoclastlike cell
      formation and appears to act at several stages of their development. Because it
      has been suggested that the effects of TGF-beta are mediated via a prostaglandin
      dependent mechanism, we determined the effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on
      total and osteoclastlike cell formation (detected by reactivity with the 23c6
      monoclonal antibody, which identifies osteoclasts) in human marrow cultures and
      tested whether prostaglandin synthesis was responsible for the inhibitory effects
      of TGF-beta on multinucleated cell formation. These studies show that PGE2 is a
      potent inhibitor of both 23c6-positive and negative multinucleate cell formation
      in human marrow cultures and that the effects of TGF-beta on multinucleated cell
      formation are not mediated by PGE2.

PMID- 2396496
TI  - Ascertainment of risk factors for osteoporosis: comparison of interview data with
      medical record review.
AB  - To determine the accuracy of self-reported risk factors for osteoporosis, an age
      stratified random sample of Rochester, MN, women was studied. Results from a
      structured face-to-face interview were compared with information documented in
      contemporary inpatient and outpatient health care records in the community. Using
      the kappa statistic to evaluate concordance of these two data sources, we found
      substantial agreement for a history of proximal femoral and distal forearm
      fractures, peptic ulcer disease, estrogen replacement therapy and oral
      contraceptive use, and cigarette and alcohol exposure. Moderate agreement was
      seen for histories of other age-related fractures, hysterectomy or oophorectomy,
      thyroidectomy, and use of thyroid supplements. Poor agreement was found for prior
      thyroid disease, gastrectomy, and corticosteroid or anticonvulsant use. This
      study demonstrates a need for greater attention to the quality of self-reported
      risk factor data in studies of bone loss and fractures.

PMID- 2396497
TI  - Measurement of vertebral area on spine x-rays in osteoporosis: reliability of
      digitizing techniques.
AB  - Much of the clinical research in osteoporosis is directed toward documenting a
      reduction in vertebral fracture rate, but there is considerable disagreement
      about defining and quantifying vertebral fractures. We have evaluated the
      technique of digitizing landmarks identified on lateral radiographs of thoracic
      and lumbar vertebrae and computing vertebral body area. Reduction in area
      indicates that fractures occurred. Radiographs from 10 patients with osteoporosis
      and vertebral fractures were obtained from each of two centers. Henry Ford
      Hospital (HFH) and Mayo Clinic (MC), and vertebral area for each individual in
      the complete set of 20 radiographs was calculated at each center. Measurements at
      the two centers differed by a multiplicative constant related to the method of
      recording landmarks on the radiographs that was estimated using 300 x-rays from
      HFH. After adjusting the MC areas for this multiplicative relationship, the
      average ratio of the HFH areas to the transformed MC areas of individual
      vertebrae (T4-L5) ranged from 0.98 to 1.06. The correlation between HFH and
      transformed MC areas for individual vertebrae averaged 0.85, with slopes between
      0.87 and 1.00, intercept average -0.57. Within-patient rank correlation averaged
      0.97. We conclude that radiographic digitization is a reliable and reproducible
      method of determining vertebral body dimensions that is suitable for evaluating
      radiographs obtained at different clinical sites and for comparison with normal
      data. This technique should prove useful for documenting the presence of a
      vertebral fracture that may not be readily apparent on visual inspection of
      radiographs and for monitoring serial changes in vertebral body dimensions in
      long-term epidemiologic and therapeutic studies.

PMID- 2396498
TI  - Quantitation of growth factors IGF-I, SGF/IGF-II, and TGF-beta in human dentin.
AB  - Human bone matrix is known to contain a battery of polypeptide growth factors.
      Since dentin is a mineralized tissue similar to bone in composition and perhaps
      in formation, human dentin was assayed for the presence of similar growth
      factors. Root dentin proteins were extracted by demineralization in 4 M guanidine
      hydrochloride (Gu) and 30 mM Tris (pH 7.4) containing 20% EDTA and proteinase
      inhibitors. Gu-EDTA extracts were desalted and used for the following assays: (1)
      bone cell proliferation in chick calvarial cell mitogenic assay using the
      incorporation of [3H]thymidine into TCA-insoluble material; (2) osteocalcin by
      radioimmunoassay (RIA); (3) insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) by RIA; (4)
      skeletal growth factor/insulinlike growth factor II (SGF/IGF-II) by radioreceptor
      assay; and (5) transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) by bioassay. Gu-EDTA
      extracts stimulated bone cell proliferation. At 10 micrograms/ml, dentin proteins
      increased the incorporation of [3H]thymidine by calvarial cells to 320% of that
      by BSA-treated control cells. Consistent with the presence of mitogenic activity,
      growth factors were found in dentin in the following concentrations
      (ng/micrograms Gu-EDTA protein): (1) IGF-I, 0.06; (2) SGF/IGF-II, 0.52; and (3)
      TGF-beta, 0.017. All three growth factors were present in concentrations lower
      than that found in human bone. Osteocalcin was detected at a concentration of 3.0
      mg/g Gu-EDTA protein, also much lower than that in bone.

PMID- 2396499
TI  - Mechanism of amphotericin B stimulation of net calcium efflux from neonatal mouse
      calvariae.
AB  - Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal agent that binds to membrane sterols,
      creating aqueous pores that permit ion fluxes sufficient to cause cell lysis. It
      has also been shown to alter ion transport in mammalian cells, including proton
      secretion from renal tubular cells. The latter effect can lead to distal renal
      tubular acidosis in patients treated for systemic fungal infections. Based on the
      understanding that osteoclast-mediated bone resorption is dependent on proton
      secretion, we examined the effect of amphotericin B on calcium efflux from
      neonatal mouse calvariae in organ culture. Amphotericin B (5 micrograms/ml)
      stimulated net calcium efflux from calvariae within 24 h to a level almost as
      great as that produced by a maximally effective concentration of parathyroid
      hormone. The stimulated calcium efflux was completely inhibited by both 10 ng/ml
      salmon calcitonin, a physiologic inhibitor of osteoclast activity, and 4 x 10(-4)
      M acetazolamide, a specific inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, the enzyme necessary
      for substantial proton generation by osteoclasts. These results indicate a direct
      effect of amphotericin B on bone in vitro to stimulate osteoclast-mediated
      calcium efflux.

PMID- 2396500
TI  - Promotion of calvarial cell osteogenesis by endothelial cells.
AB  - Bone development and remodeling are associated with changes in the pattern of
      vascularization. Here we show that endothelial cells isolated from rat liver or
      bovine aorta can greatly enhance bone formation when implanted in diffusion
      chambers with rat fetal calvarial cells. The latter cells are unable to form bone
      when implanted alone at low initial cell density. The amount of mineralization
      measured by calcium deposition was 70 times higher in chambers containing
      calvarial cells mixed with endothelial cells from isologous liver or bovine aorta
      than in chambers containing endothelial or calvarial cells alone. Alkaline
      phosphatase activity was increased 20-fold. Calvarial cells in the presence of
      demineralized bone matrix powder did not form bone when implanted under similar
      conditions. Endothelial cells implanted alone seemed to enhance
      neovascularization around the Millipore diffusion chambers.

PMID- 2396501
TI  - Release of parathyroid hormonelike peptides by fetal rat long bones in culture.
AB  - We observed that culture medium conditioned with fetal rat long bones stimulated
      cyclic AMP production by canine renal cortical membranes. This cyclase
      stimulating activity (CSA) was retained by an ultrafiltration membrane with a
      molecular weight cutoff of 5000; three biologically active peaks with an
      approximate molecular weight of 18,000-25,000, 9000-12,000, and 4000-6000 were
      separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The biologic activity was
      destroyed by trypsin digestion. The stimulation of adenylate cyclase by the
      medium and by the three peaks was inhibited by [N-leu8,18,Tyr34]parathyroid
      hormone-(3-34)-amide and by [Tyr34]parathyroid hormone-(7-34)amide. Preincubation
      of the bone culture medium and of the three peaks with an antibody raised against
      human parathyroid hormone-(1-34) did not decrease the biologic activity more than
      incubation with nonimmune serum. However, the biologic activity of the three
      active peaks was significantly suppressed after preincubation with an antiserum
      directed against the N-terminal region of the parathyroid hormone-related peptide
      of malignancy. The release of CSA into the bone culture medium was enhanced by
      parathyroid hormone induction and by 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. It was
      decreased by calcitonin. We conclude that fetal murine bones in culture release
      peptides that stimulate the adenylate cyclase of renal cortical membranes. These
      peptides are antigenically similar to the parathyroid hormone-related peptide of
      malignancy. Their release from bones is modulated by hormones that control bone
      resorption.

PMID- 2396502
TI  - Regulation by calcium and 1,25-(OH)2D3 of cell proliferation and function of
      bovine parathyroid cells in culture.
AB  - The effects of high calcium and 1,25-(OH)2D3 on parathyroid cell growth, PTH
      secretion, and steady-state levels of pre-proPTH mRNA in proliferating bovine
      parathyroid cells were examined. Cells were established in primary tissue culture
      and then tested in passages 2 and 5. Cell proliferation was suppressed by 10(-9)
      10(-7) M 1,25-(OH)2D3 but not by high calcium (2.5 mM). Cells at passages 2 and 5
      were grown to subconfluence and then exposed for 72 h to 2.5 mM calcium or 10(-7)
      M 1,25-(OH)2D3. Pre-proPTH mRNA was decreased to approximately 50% of control by
      2.5 mM calcium compared with 0.3 and 1.0 mM calcium. PTH secretion, as tested by
      low calcium stimulation for 1 h at the end of 72 h incubation, was inhibited by
      50% in cells that had been exposed to high calcium compared with control.
      Incubation with 10(-7) M 1,25-(OH)2D3 caused a decrease in the levels of pre
      proPTH mRNA and PTH release to 50% of control at 72 h. These results suggest that
      cultured bovine parathyroid cells, at least in early passages, have responses to
      high calcium and 1,25-(OH)2D3 similar to those in primary nonproliferating
      cultures studied earlier and that 1,25-(OH)2D3 inhibits the proliferation of
      parathyroid cells in a dose-responsive fashion.

PMID- 2396503
TI  - Bilirubin as an inhibitor of cartilage metabolism: effect on avian chondrocyte
      proliferation in cell culture.
AB  - Elevated levels of bilirubin and other tetrapyrroles are common to a number of
      chronic hematologic and liver diseases that can result in growth failure. This
      report establishes a cellular model system for the study of these endogenous
      growth inhibitors. Primary chondrocyte cultures were prepared from embryonic
      chick cartilage; cells were incubated (0.3 X 10(5) cells per plate) in tissue
      culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) with or without added
      bilirubin, 0.01-0.10 mM. Bilirubin caused profound, dose-dependent inhibition of
      chondrocyte proliferation: after 7 days, control incubations contained 11.45 +/-
      2.0 X 10(5) cells per plate versus 4.92 +/- 0.55 X 10(5) cells per plate for
      wells with added 0.01 mM bilirubin and 1.76 +/- 0.30 X 10(5) for cultures with
      added 0.05 mM bilirubin. In chondrocytes cultured for 3 days, the addition of
      0.05 mM bilirubin was associated with inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation
      into DNA (47 +/- 5% of control), [3H]uridine incorporation into RNA (11 +/- 0.05%
      of control), and [14C]leucine incorporation into proteins (16 +/- 1% of control).
      The inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation induced by a range of bilirubin
      concentrations (0.01-0.10 mM) was in no way attenuated by the addition of
      physiologic concentrations of albumin (4 g/dl). After 3 days in media containing
      bilirubin or heme (at equimolar concentrations), chondrocytes were subsequently
      incubated in FBS alone for an additional 3 days; only partial reversal of the
      bilirubin (or heme)-induced inhibition was then observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2396505
TI  - Brain edema. Pathogenesis, imaging, and therapy.

PMID- 2396506
TI  - Cumulative effect of repeated ischemia on brain edema in the gerbil. Biochemical
      and physiological correlates of repeated ischemic insults.
AB  - Using a bilateral carotid artery occlusion model in the gerbil, we evaluated the
      cumulative effect of repeated ischemic insults on various physiological and
      biochemical parameters in brain. The most striking consequence of repeated
      occlusions is a profound, delayed increase in brain edema between 6- and 24-hr
      recirculation, after a series of three 5-min occlusions carried out at 1-hr
      intervals. This increment in brain water is accompanied by morphological evidence
      of compressed capillaries with increased filling of larger vessels, consistent
      with impaired microcirculation even though total blood flow and total vascular
      volume return toward control levels. The effect on edema is most severe when
      occlusions are repeated during the period of postischemic hypoperfusion, although
      the mechanisms responsible for this effect remain to be determined. Histograms of
      cerebral cortical oxygen tension show a shift toward progressively lower values
      during the recirculation interval after each occlusion, suggesting that secondary
      hypoxia accompanying hypoperfusion may worsen the impact of successive ischemic
      intervals. Although levels of PCr and ATP indicate adequate recovery of energy
      metabolism between occlusions, slight elevations of brain lactate persist,
      consistent with continued hypoxia. Under the conditions employed in these
      studies, repeated occlusions give rise to progressively more prolonged deficits
      in brain protein synthesis activity, which may thus provide a useful index of the
      severity of the accumulated ischemic insult. Continued studies using this well
      defined model should provide further insight into the pathophysiology of ischemic
      brain edema.

PMID- 2396504
TI  - Failure of isolated rat tibial periosteal cells to 5 alpha reduce testosterone to
      5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone.
AB  - Periosteal cells were isolated from tibiae of adult male rats after collagenase
      treatment. Northern blot analysis of total cytoplasmic RNA extracted from the
      isolated periosteal cells was positive for expression of genes encoding the
      osteoblast marker proteins osteocalcin (BGP) and pre-pro-alpha 2(I) chain of type
      1 precollagen. The isolated periosteal cells were incubated with 1 nM
      [3H]testosterone [( 3H]T) for up to 240 minutes and the reaction products
      separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. [3H]5 alpha
      dihydrotestosterone [( 3H]DHT) was not detected in extracts of periosteal cell
      incubations. In contrast, [3H]DHT was produced in a time-dependent manner by
      cells from seminal vesicles. These results suggest that testosterone 5 alpha
      reductase activity is not expressed by osteoblasts in rat tibial periosteum and
      that the anabolic effects of androgens in this tissue are not mediated by locally
      produced DHT.

PMID- 2396507
TI  - Hydrostatic pressure versus osmotic pressure in the development of vasogenic
      brain edema induced by cold injury.
AB  - The role of hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure gradient in the development
      of vasogenic brain edema induced by cold lesion made in the parietal cortex was
      studied in cats under ketamine anesthesia and blood pressure monitoring. The
      animals were divided into a hypertensive group and a normotensive group and were
      kept alive for 6 hr. The brain was removed and cut coronally at the lesion for
      tissue sampling from various areas of edematous white matter to measure both the
      SG and the amount of extravasated serum albumin in the same samples. Our result
      showed that the edema confined in the area containing extravasated serum albumin
      and the increase of water content correlated linearly with the amount of
      extravasated serum albumin both in the normotensive group and hypertensive group.
      However, the slope of the regression line indicated albumin content in the edema
      fluid was significantly different between the two groups. The slope became lower
      as the MABP during the experiment became higher, indicating that protein
      concentration in the edema fluid became lower when hypertension sustained. Thus,
      both hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradient regulate the extravascular
      accumulation of edema fluid in the cold lesion edema.

PMID- 2396508
TI  - Indomethacin attenuates early postischemic vasogenic edema and cerebral injury.
AB  - Inhibition of cyclooxygenase products by IND given during and after temporary
      MCAO produced a marked reduction in the incidence of early postischemic BBB
      opening to albumin, despite the presence of reactive hyperemia. This beneficial
      effect might be due to direct prevention of endothelial cell damage by inhibition
      of prostaglandin synthesis. Reduction was insignificant in postischemic brain
      edema: however, the intensity of postischemic neuronal damage was reduced by IND.

PMID- 2396509
TI  - Effect of the calcium entry blocker nimodipine on the metabolism of nucleic acids
      in rat brain ischemia.
AB  - The effect of nimodipine, a 1,4 dihydro-piridine calcium entry blocker (200
      micrograms/kg), was investigated in rats after definitive ischemia or 2 min of
      global ischemia (neck tourniquet method). The brains were freeze-clamped at the
      desired time intervals and subjected to high pressure liquid chromatography
      analyses for nucleotides and enzymatic lactate estimation. Although in the
      definitive ischemia (removal of the brain) no difference was observed in the
      treated versus the untreated animals, there was a statistically significant
      difference in both groups after global ischemia followed by reperfusion. Thirty
      minutes after reflow the brains of the treated animals contained 1,690 +/- 62
      nmol ATP/g as compared to 765 +/- 259 nmol ATP/g in the untreated animals (p less
      than 0.05). The normal controls amounted to 1,932 +/- 77 nmol ATP/g. Also the
      adenylate energy charge returned to normal in the treated animals (treated
      animals and controls 0.69 and 0.72, respectively). From these preliminary data we
      conclude that nimodipine is able to restore mitochondrial function after ischemia
      and to maintain a high level of energy-rich phosphates. Thus, calcium entry
      blockers may be effective in preserving and protecting cerebral tissue from
      irreversible injury after ischemia.

PMID- 2396510
TI  - Regional [14C]palmitate incorporation into the hippocampus after transient
      cerebral ischemia in awake gerbils.
AB  - Incorporation of plasma [14C]palmitate into the hippocampus was measured using
      quantitative autoradiography and a ratio method of analysis between 10 min and 7
      days after 5 min of bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries in awake
      gerbils. One day after carotid occlusion, relative palmitate incorporation was
      elevated by 16% and 20%, respectively (p less than 0.01), in the CA4 pyramidal
      cell layer and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus as compared with sham-operated
      animals. At 3 days, significant elevations of this magnitude were found in the
      CA3 and CA4 cell layers, and relative incorporation was reduced by 26% in the CA1
      pyramidal cell layer. At 7 days, the only significant difference from control was
      a 15% elevated incorporation in the CA3 pyramidal cell layer. The results suggest
      that the turnover of palmitate-containing lipids is retained in the CA1 pyramidal
      layer of the gerbil hippocampus for 1 day and then reduced at 3 days after 5-min
      ischemia and that lipid synthesis is stimulated in hippocampal regions affected
      by but recovering from an ischemic insult (CA3, CA4, dentate gyrus).

PMID- 2396511
TI  - Is postischemic hypoperfusion related to brain edema?
AB  - The effect of reversible cerebral ischemia on brain edema development was studied
      with a gravimetric method. CBF changes after ischemia were correlated with
      alterations in brain SG. Forebrain ischemia (15 min) was induced in rats by
      reversible bilateral ligation of both carotid arteries plus induction of
      controlled hypotension to 50 mm Hg. The SG of different brain structures was
      determined in a Percoll column up to 24 hr after ischemia. In addition, rCBF was
      measured by [14C]iodoantipyrine autoradiography. Cerebral ischemia resulted in
      reduction of CBF to less than 1% of normal in cortical structures and the
      caudatoputamen. One hour after the end of ischemia, blood flows were still
      reduced to 30% to 50% of the control level indicative of DPH. SG in cortex and
      hypothalamus reached a maximal decrease 10 min after the end of the ischemia and
      was still significantly reduced at 1 hr, although it was normal again 6 hr later.
      Regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between CBF obtained
      during ischemia and the corresponding SG found at 10-min recirculation, which
      could also be established at 1-hr recirculation. Therefore, a causal relation
      between the development of the DPH and the formation of ischemia might be
      considered.

PMID- 2396512
TI  - Evaluation of brain edema using magnetic resonance proton relaxation times.
AB  - Experimental and clinical studies on the evaluation of water content in cases of
      brain edema were performed in vivo, using MR proton relaxation times
      (longitudinal relaxation time, T1; transverse relaxation time, T2). Brain edema
      was produced in the white matter of cats by the direct infusion method. The
      correlations between proton relaxation times obtained from MR images and the
      water content of white matter were studied both in autoserum-infused cats and in
      saline-infused cats. The correlations between T1 as well as T2 and the water
      content in human vasogenic brain edema were also examined and compared with the
      data obtained from the serum group. T1 and T2 showed good correlations with the
      water content of white matter not only in the experimental animals but also in
      the clinical cases. The quality of the edema fluid did not influence relaxation
      time and T1 seemed to represent almost solely the water content of the tissue.
      T2, however, was affected by the nature of existence of water and was more
      sensitive than T1 in detecting extravasated edema fluid. It seems feasible
      therefore to evaluate the water content of brain edema on the basis of T1 values.

PMID- 2396513
TI  - Effect of glycerol on ischemic edema evaluated by somatosensory evoked
      potentials.
AB  - Glycerol is administered to reduce intracranial pressure by clinically enhancing
      cerebral edema. In this study, the effect of glycerol on ischemic edema was
      evaluated in 34 cerebral infarct patients by serial SEP. Evoked potentials were
      obtained by stimulating the hemiparetic median nerve 60 times with duration of
      0.1 msec. N20 wave of SEP was analyzed by signal processor. SEP was monitored
      every 30 min for 3 hr after glycerol administration. Improvements of CCT, which
      means interpeak latency between N13 and N20, were observed in 14 patients. In
      seven patients, N20 waves were observed after IV administration of glycerol even
      though N20 waves were not observed before glycerol administration. The patients
      in acute stage or with the small infarction of basal ganglia showed these
      electrophysiological improvements. No CCT changes were observed in nine patients,
      and no N20 waves were obtained in two patients even after glycerol
      administration. In conclusion, electrophysiologically, glycerol effect on
      ischemic edema was well recognized in acute staged infarct patients and the
      patients with small infarction of basal ganglia.

PMID- 2396514
TI  - Morphological changes in acute cerebral ischemia after occlusion and reperfusion
      in the rat.
AB  - Blood-brain barrier permeability was investigated in acute focal ischemia after
      MCA occlusion and reperfusion. Four kind of tracers were used: sodium fluorescein
      and ionic lanthanum as a small molecular tracer, and Evans blue and HRP as a
      macromolecular tracer. BBB permeability to the tracers was observed
      macroscopically and studied by electron microscopy. The MCA was dissected free
      and occluded by ligation with 10-0 monofilament nylon suture. In the reperfusion
      model, the nylon suture was cut and the occluded MCA was reopened. Diffuse
      fluorescein staining was noted in the ipsilateral cortex; however, there was no
      extravasation of Evans blue or HRP in the occlusion model. Ionic lanthanum was
      demonstrated in the interendothelial space, basement membrane, and extracellular
      space. In the reperfusion model, intense fluorescein staining and hemorrhagic
      infarction were observed. Remarkable extravasation of Evans blue and HRP was also
      revealed in the ischemic lesion. HRP was demonstrated in the basement membrane
      and around the neuropils. Ultrastructural findings suggested that small molecules
      such as sodium fluorescein and ionic lanthanum may pass through the entire
      interendothelial cleft into the extracellular space before leakage of the
      macromolecules in the acute ischemic stage. Between 30 to 60 min after MCA
      occlusion, cerebral edema may begin with an escape of water and ions through the
      tight junctions. Reperfusion of MCA in the acute stage of ischemia may lead to
      abnormal vascular permeability to macromolecules as a manifestation of severe
      damage to the BBB.

PMID- 2396515
TI  - Importance of protein content in the edema fluid for the resolution of brain
      edema.
AB  - This study shows that there is a quantitative relation between the protein
      content of edema fluid and the rate of fluid clearance. Minimal clearance takes
      place during the first 3 days in the high albumin group. Thereafter, the majority
      of the fluid is cleared, and tissue water returns to normal values by 8 days.
      This appears to support an idea that the rate of clearance is in direct
      proportion to protein concentration. This also supports the findings of Kuroiwa
      et al. who showed a direct relation between protein extravasation and the
      increase of water in extracellular vasogenic edema. However, the rate of
      clearance does not in fact appear to be linear with time as the greater
      percentage of protein edema fluid is cleared after 3 days. This may be explained
      by the observations of Rasmussen and Klatzo and Bodsch and Hossmann who indicate
      that the composition of the extracellular protein may undergo various changes,
      similar to fragmentation, hence increasing the number of osmotically active
      particles so the pre-existing edema would remain stable or slightly increase. In
      conclusion, this study demonstrates that the infusion model of edema can be
      applied to the rat for study of resolution dynamics. We have also shown that in
      this model, there is a proportional relation between protein concentration of the
      edema fluid and time necessary for clearance.

PMID- 2396516
TI  - Spinal cord edema and changes in tissue content of Na+, K+, and Mg2+ after impact
      trauma in rats.
AB  - Changes in the tissue content of water, Na+, K+, and Mg2+ were measured in spinal
      cord samples from anesthetized rats subjected to impact trauma (T9 spinal
      segment) of varying severity: 25 g-cm (low injury), 100 g-cm (high injury).
      Laminectomized animals served as controls. Rats with high injury were killed at
      15 min, 60 min, 4 hr, 24 hr, 3 days, or 7 days after trauma. Those with low
      injury were killed at 24-hr postinjury. In all groups, spinal cord tissue was
      rapidly removed (less than 30 sec), frozen in liquid nitrogen, and dissected into
      the injured segment and adjacent two caudal and rostral segments. Water content
      was determined as wet weight/dry weight ratios, and cations were measured by
      atomic absorption spectrophotometry. High injury resulted in statistically
      significant increases in water content as early as 15 min after trauma. There
      were concomitant increases in Na+ and decreases in K+ that were apparent at 15
      min and were statistically significant by 60-min posttrauma. The increases in
      water content and Na+ were present to a similar degree in the 4-hr, 24-hr, 3-day,
      and 7-day groups. In contrast, tissue Mg2+ was reduced and significantly
      decreased at 4 hr and 24 hr; Mg2+ levels had recovered partially by 3 days and
      completely by 7 days. Whereas changes in the tissue content of water, Na+, and K+
      occurred at 24 hr regardless of the injury severity, changes in total Mg2+ were
      correlated with the degree of injury. These data are consistent with the
      conclusion that edema formation (and associated Na+ and K+ changes) after spinal
      cord trauma may be an epiphenomenon and does not significantly contribute to
      injury progression. In contrast, reductions in Mg2+ content may represent an
      important factor in the development of irreversible tissue damage.

PMID- 2396517
TI  - Comparative studies of edema produced by fluid percussion injury with lateral and
      central modes of injury in cats.
AB  - Earlier studies by our laboratories indicated that severe fluid percussion injury
      in cats results in the development of significant brain edema. In this study we
      measured the spatial distribution of edema developed after both central and
      lateral modes of impact with the objective of determining the degree to which the
      edema volume may contribute to ICP elevation and neurologic deterioration. All
      animals developed a marked increase in tissue water, particularly in the
      brainstem. In laterally injured cats, the increase in brainstem water equaled the
      edema produced supratentorially. Adding the increase of brainstem edema and the
      edema volume of the supratentorial compartment, we found an average water
      increase of 1.125 cc in survivors and 2.492 cc in nonsurvivors. This represents a
      significant volume increase when it is considered that the average PVI of the
      normal cat is approximately 0.9 cc (6). However, we observed that the PVI was
      reduced soon after injury and at a time when it has been reported that water
      content was near normal levels (7). Taking these studies in concert, we believe
      that the early reduction in PVI is most probably due to vascular swelling. The
      developing edema further contributes to reductions in PVI, thus setting the stage
      for elevated ICP and the tissue impaction observed in nonsurvivors.

PMID- 2396518
TI  - Electron microscopic study of perivascular structure associated with
      experimentally induced brain edema in cats.
AB  - The fine structural features and water content of white matter associated with
      the resolution process of brain edema were sequentially investigated in the model
      produced by infusion of autoserum, mock CSF, or ferritin into the centrum
      semiovale of cats. The correlation between water content and morphological
      features was good. Mock CSF-infused edema disappeared within 3 days, serum
      infused edema within 6 days. In a fine structural study of serum-infused white
      matter, the distended extracellular spaces were found to be occupied with
      electron-dense materials, active phagocytosis of the dense materials being
      observed in the macrophages. Around the postcapillary venules, edematous changes
      were characterized by wide expansion of the perivascular spaces between
      endothelial cells and astrocytic endfeet. In some instances, the dense materials
      in the cytoplasm or in the membrane-bound vacuoles of the astrocytic endfeet were
      continuous with those in the perivascular space, through the hiatuses of the
      perivascular astrocytic endfeet being separated at their margins. At 3 days after
      infusion, wide distension of the extracellular space persisted, but the dense
      materials had markedly diminished. These results strongly suggest that water
      clearance of vasogenic brain edema does not commence until proteinaceous
      macromolecules are degraded and removed from the extracellular space.
      Perivascular channels around the postcapillary venules might also have some role
      on the movement of edematous fluid.

PMID- 2396519
TI  - Oxygen tension, oxygen metabolism, and microcirculation in vasogenic brain edema.
AB  - In cold brain injury edema, cerebral pO2, oxygen metabolism, and local CBF were
      investigated. In randomized groups of 10 rats each, pO2 was measured by
      polarography using a balanced multiwire surface electrode on the parietal cortex
      after trepanation. lCMRO2 was approximated by oxygen disappearance rate after
      sudden complete cerebral circulatory arrest (cervical cuff inflation). Using
      integrated platinum electrodes, the local CBF was measured by H2 clearance. All
      data were evaluated on-line by computer. In normal animals we found a regular,
      normally distributed pO2 histogram in barbiturate and in ketamine anesthesia.
      Oxygen consumption and local CBF, however, are significantly higher in ketamine
      narcosis. The local CBF is thereby coupled with metabolic requirements: The more
      oxygen consumed, the higher the local pO2. In animals 24 hr after cold brain
      injury, this metabolic coupling is disturbed: In the perifocal edema the pO2
      histogram is flat and broad with different mean and median, but with a shifting
      toward higher oxygen values. Oxygen consumption is reduced; the local CBF,
      however, is significantly increased with large variations. Also over the
      contralateral, noninjured hemisphere a decrease in CMRO2 and an increase in pO2
      are observed (diachisis). These disturbances with a maximum at 24 hr after injury
      show a recovery after 72 hr. After infusion of the calcium entry blocker
      nimodipine a normalization in pO2 distribution was found, combined with an
      increase in CMRO2. We assume a primary disturbance of oxidative glucose
      metabolism with uncoupling of metabolic flow control; local CBF and O2
      availability are not primarily impaired. Ca2+ may be a main factor in this
      pathophysiology.

PMID- 2396520
TI  - Relation between epileptic activities and edema formation after cryogenic injury
      in the rabbit.
AB  - Although cryogenic lesions have been widely used as experimental models of either
      focal epilepsy or focal BE, the relation between these two disorders has never
      been discussed. In these experiments EA and gray matter edema were correlatively
      investigated during the early phase (1 to 23 hr) after a cryogenic lesion in the
      rabbit. Indexes were developed to allow a quantitative assessment of EA. The
      indexes demonstrated that the early phase of cryogenic epilepsy is a rapid
      phenomenon during the first 4-hr postlesion. Epileptic activity precedes BE, and
      in individual animals, there is a significant positive correlation between the
      total amount of EA and edema. EA and BE are most likely interrelated at the level
      of pathophysiological mechanisms. Excitotoxins and ions would be possible
      candidates mediating both phenomena.

PMID- 2396521
TI  - Relation between intracranial pressure, computed tomographic lesion, and
      neuropsychological outcome.
AB  - Long-term neuropsychological recovery of 24 severe head-injured patients was
      examined and correlated with acute measurements of intracranial pressure (ICP)
      and diffuse computed tomographic (CT) lesions. Intracranial hypertension (ICP
      greater than or equal to 20 mm Hg) was present acutely in 12 patients and absent
      in 12 patients. CT diagnoses of diffuse swelling (DS) was present in 12 patients,
      and diffuse axonal injury (DAI) in 12 patients. During chronic recovery,
      neuropsychological dysfunctioning was found in all cases. Patients with acute ICP
      elevations showed more intellectual and memory losses than those without acute
      ICP elevations. No neuropsychological differences were found between patients
      with DS and DAI injuries. The findings suggest secondary brain insults caused by
      intracranial hypertension may be more disruptive to long-term neuropsychological
      functioning than diffuse lesion type.

PMID- 2396522
TI  - Effect of glycerol on the hemodynamics of acutely induced ischemic area in the
      cerebral cortex of cats.
AB  - The effect of glycerol on the hemodynamics of ischemic areas of the brain was
      examined. Employing a photoelectric apparatus, the CBV (vol%), mean transit time
      of blood(s), and CBF (ml/100 g/min) in the cortex of the left ectosylvian gyrus
      were determined in 16 anesthetized cats before, at 1 hr, and at 2 hr after left
      MCA occlusion. In 10 cats, 10% glycerol in 5% fructose saline was intravenously
      administered at a speed of 5 ml/kg/hr at 1 hr after MCA occlusion. The other
      animals served as the control. In the group given glycerol, the relation between
      the values of CBF at 1 hr after MCA occlusion (X) and those at 2 hr after MCA
      occlusion (Y) was curvilinear and could be expressed by the regression curve, Y =
      0.04X2 - 0.26X + 7.68 (R2 = 0.86). In the control group without glycerol,
      however, a linear relation expressed by the equation, Y = 0.76X + 5.96 (R2 =
      0.94), was obtained. Comparison between the two relations indicated that glycerol
      improved the hemodynamics in the mild ischemic area with a relatively higher CBF.
      Severely ischemic areas showed no improvement.

PMID- 2396523
TI  - Clearance of infusion edema fluid at high and low levels of intracranial
      pressure.
AB  - We found that under conditions of sustained edema production, the rate of edema
      resolution by the CSF is not appreciably enhanced with lowering of the ICP.
      Although the entrance of edema fluid into CSF for the high-pressure series was
      notably slower, the amount of edema remaining in the brain was not appreciably
      affected. This appears somewhat contradictory to the principle that increasing
      the bulk flow pressure gradient should increase flow into the CSF. However,
      simultaneous steady-state measurements of the change in brain tissue pressure for
      a corresponding change in CSF pressure showed that the two pressures are
      identical. As a result, when ICP is lowered, the brain tissue pressure follows
      with no gradient increase. This also suggests that lowering of ICP and the
      concomitant reduction of tissue pressure may increase the intravascular tissue
      pressure gradient, which may act to increase the edema production. More work is
      required to resolve this issue.

PMID- 2396524
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of glucosteroids in severe head injury. Experimental studies in
      rat brain after cold lesion.
AB  - The treatment of brain edema after severe head injury remains controversial. We
      investigated the uptake kinetics and pharmacokinetics of glucocorticoids in rat
      brain after cold lesion, employing tritium-labeled dexamethasone or tritium
      labeled triamcinolone acetonide (TA). The normal brain, as demonstrated on
      isolated cells, revealed a saturable, time-dependent uptake of dexamethasone
      (rate of uptake, 5 nm/mg protein/min at 37 degrees C). This clearly defined
      uptake is replaced by a simple diffusion like uptake after the trauma. The
      pharmacokinetical studies demonstrated a rapid decline of the TA concentration
      after a bolus injection in the brain tissue after the trauma. Within 30 min only
      11% of the initial concentration could be discovered in the traumatized brain
      tissue. However, after a discontinuous administration of TA, a steady state was
      reached in the normal brain after 24 hr (0.26 micrograms TA/g). In the
      traumatized brain the concentration increased steadily amounting to 0.34
      micrograms TA after 24 hr. The continuous infusion of TA resulted in an equal
      high concentration in normal brain than after the discontinuous administration.
      The continuous infusion of TA, however, produced the highest concentration of TA
      in the traumatized brain after 24 hr (0.79 micrograms TA/g) (p less than 0.05 as
      compared with the discontinuous injection). Our results demonstrate that the
      widely used discontinuous administration of steroids result in low tissue
      concentration, which might account partly for the low efficiency of steroids in
      traumatic brain edema. The continuous administration of the steroid TA increases
      the concentration in the traumatized tissue and might therefore be beneficial in
      the treatment of brain edema after severe head injury.

PMID- 2396526
TI  - Dose-response relation for dexamethasone in cold lesion-induced brain edema in
      rats.
AB  - A dose-response relation was established for the antiedematous effect of
      dexamethasone in the rat brain, using the model of cold lesion-induced brain
      edema. Four doses corresponding to a human dose of 20 mg, 100 mg, 500 mg, and
      2,500 mg dexamethasone (Fortecortin, E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) resulted in a
      highly significant edema reduction by 25%, 30%, and 50%, respectively, although
      the megadose of 2,500 mg showed less effect, only 30% reduction. Reproducible
      conditions with regard to animal material and sophisticated method used, exact
      analysis, manufacture and stability of the test substance dexamethasone, and
      scatter-reducing techniques and calculation procedures were the prerequisites for
      the clear result of the study. These results with the optimal dose of 500 mg
      dexamethasone obtained confirm recent therapy concepts in antiedematous therapy
      with ultra-high doses of dexamethasone in head injury. Carefully designed
      clinical studies on the subject of head injury and glucocorticoids may therefore
      be considered as extremely promising.

PMID- 2396525
TI  - Chronological alterations of regional cerebral blood flow, glucose utilization,
      and edema formation after focal ischemia in hypertensive and normotensive rats.
      Significance of hypertension.
AB  - The chronological changes of ischemic brain edema, rCBF, and LCGU were examined
      in SHR and WKY 6, 24, and 48 hr after MCAO. The analysis focused on the ischemic
      periphery in the cortex at the level of caudate nucleus. The ischemic areas in
      the cortex as identified on stained sections were more extensive in rats with
      hypertension than in those with normotension. The swelling of the ischemic
      hemisphere progressed until 48 hr after MCAO in hypertension; however, the peak
      of brain swelling was found at 24 hr in normotension and then resolved 48 hr
      after MCAO. The water content was also increased in hypertension at 48 hr after
      MCAO. Determination of rCBF and LCGU was made by a double-label autoradiographic
      method using [14C]deoxyglucose and [14C]iodoantipyrine. In the early period (6
      hr) after MCAO, the reduction of rCBF was greater than the reduction of LCGU in
      both hypertension and normotension, indicating misery perfusion. After 24 and 48
      hr of MCAO, the rCBF and LCGU recovered in normotension; however, the progressive
      reductions in rCBF and LCGU were observed in hypotension. These results suggest
      that an increased hydrostatic pressure gradient in the ischemic periphery may
      play an important role in the development of edema and impairment in both rCBF
      and LCGU.

PMID- 2396527
TI  - Brain edema after an experimental missile wound.
AB  - We have developed an experimental model to study cerebral pathophysiology
      associated with a missile wound to the brain. After wounding, vasogenic edema
      occurs about the missile wound track in the injured cerebral hemisphere. This
      edema is relatively mild, does not appear life-threatening, peaks at 48 hr after
      wounding, and spontaneously resolved in 1 week.

PMID- 2396528
TI  - A mathematical model for vasogenic brain edema.
AB  - A two-dimensional model of vasogenic brain edema was constructed using the FEM.
      The model incorporates the following physical parameters: cerebrovascular
      hydraulic conductivity, metabolic water production, tissue hydraulic conductivity
      and compliance, tissue and plasma osmotic and hydrostatic pressures, CSF
      hydrostatic pressure and absorption, intracerebral stress, and shift of brain
      tissue. These parameters, related by partial differential equations, were
      approximated numerically in time and space by the FEM. The results of computer
      simulation of brain edema by the FEM were compared with experimental data of cold
      injury brain edema in cats. Computer simulation predicted the observed changes in
      interstitial pressure, extension of edema, intracerebral stress distribution, and
      displacement.

PMID- 2396529
TI  - Role of blood-brain barrier permeability in focal ischemic brain edema.
AB  - We studied how changes in BBB function are related to the development of ischemic
      brain edema. Focal cerebral ischemia was produced by left MCA occlusion in rats.
      The permeability of the BB to small or large molecules was evaluated
      qualitatively by the extravasation of EB or NaFl dyes and quantitatively by the
      uptake index of 125I-BSA or 14C-sucrose. Brain water content was determined by
      specific gravity. Measurements were made from the cortical core of the MCA
      territory within 14 days of occlusion. Water content progressively increased
      within 2 days of occlusion and then gradually decreased up to 14 days. Lightly
      stained EB areas were located only in the proximal portion of the ischemic core.
      The incidence of NaFl extravasation was similar to that of EB within 2 days of
      occlusion but was greater than that of EB 3 days after occlusion. NaFl staining
      diffusely extended into the ischemic core. Although the index of 125I-BSA
      increased only slightly within 2 days of occlusion, a marked increase in 125I-BSA
      was found after 3 days. The index of 14C-sucrose increased gradually after
      occlusion, reaching a peak at 8 days. These findings indicate that the change in
      BBB permeability is minimal in ischemic brain tissue when the accumulation of
      edema fluid is maximal and suggest that BBB alteration in ischemic brain tissue
      may be associated with the stabilization or resolution of the ischemic lesion.

PMID- 2396530
TI  - Dexamethasone effects on the distribution of water and albumin in cold-injury
      cerebral edema.
AB  - To evaluate the effectiveness of steroids in the treatment of traumatic cerebral
      edema, we have hypothesized that the distribution of water and RISA is diminished
      by Dex and have experimentally tested this proposition with the rat model of
      cortical cold injury. Dex was found to have no effect on the water content of
      normal brain. The cold injury significantly increased the water content of only
      the right middle forebrain in untreated rats; in contrast, the increase in water
      content in the right middle forebrain after cold injury was small and
      insignificant in Dex-treated rats. Dex diminished the distribution of RISA in the
      tissue immediately adjacent to the primary lesion but did not affect RISA
      distribution within the lesion or the remainder of the brain. These findings
      suggest that steroids do not alter the distribution of water and albumin within
      cerebral tissue that has been heavily damaged and that steroids do affect these
      processes in the less traumatized tissue immediately surrounding the primary
      lesion.

PMID- 2396531
TI  - Effects of dexamethasone on blood flow and volume of perfused microvessels in
      traumatic brain edema.
AB  - We have hypothesized that dexamethasone acts, in part, to reduce the formation
      and spread of edema fluid by altering CBF and VPM and have tested this
      proposition by measuring CBF and VPM in treated and untreated rats at several
      times after cold injury of the cerebral cortex. Both CBF and VPM were markedly
      decreased within the lesioned cortex. This suggests that the major cause of the
      fall in CBF was a decrease in the number of perfused microvessels. In untreated
      rats after cold injury, CBF was not appreciably changed in cortical tissue
      adjacent to the primary lesion and in contralateral cortex. Dexamethasone may,
      however, have lowered CBF in these two "normal" brain areas after cold injury. In
      the ipsilateral corpus callosum adjacent to the lesion, CBF was significantly
      lowered after cold injury. In the corpus callosum on both sides. CBF tended to be
      lower in dexamethasone-treated than in untreated rats. Because arterial pressure
      was similar in treated and untreated rats but CBF was consistently lower in
      treated rats, dexamethasone may increase the resistance to flow of the blood
      vessels proximal to the leaky microvessels and reduce the hydrostatic pressure
      that drives the formation of edema fluid.

PMID- 2396532
TI  - Contribution of brainstem edema to neurophysiologic deterioration in the cat
      infusion edema model.
AB  - These results show that infusion edema produces a significant increase in
      brainstem tissue water similar to the distribution seen after traumatic injury.
      The increased brainstem water of 0.24 cc is equivalent to a brainstem volume rise
      of 7.26% and was sufficient to cause a marked reduction in the PVI and sustained
      elevation of the ICP. Despite the ICP rise, somatosensory and brainstem
      potentials are only mildly affected and return to normal within 8 hr. The fact
      that severe fluid percussion injury results in obliteration of BAER immediately
      after impact would suggest that the neurologic deterioration seen in the fluid
      percussion model of injury is due to direct structural damage of the tissue,
      which was received at the moment of impact, and not to the compressive effect of
      the developing brainstem edema at levels achieved in these experiments (7.62%
      swelling). As in other mechanical models, edema results in secondary compression
      of the tissue and contributes to the general brain swelling, which if unabated
      could lead to tentorial herniation and death. In these infusion studies, we must
      conclude that in some cases, mild secondary compression was sufficient to affect
      other control centers and produce systemic failure at levels of edema that do not
      result in alteration of evoked potentials. This might explain the deaths of those
      animals that occurred during the infusion period in which brainstem potentials
      remained intact.

PMID- 2396533
TI  - Effects of a 21-aminosteroid (U-74006F) on cerebral metabolites and edema after
      severe experimental head trauma.
AB  - U-74006F, a 21-aminosteroid, is a potent inhibitor of CNS tissue LP in vitro. In
      this study it was tested for effects on brain edema and metabolites after impact
      injury to the closed skull. Anesthetized cats were blindly treated with U-74006F
      or vehicle at 30 min (1 mg/kg) and 2.5 hr (0.5 mg/kg) after head or sham injury.
      They were sacrificed 4 hr after injury by in situ fixation of the brain. Head
      injured cats were selected for unilateral (left) cerebral contusion. Metabolites
      (enzyme fluorometry) and edema (specific gravity) were measured in the cerebral
      cortex and white matter bilaterally. Cerebral hemisphere, contusion, and
      vasogenic edema volumes were morphometrically measured. Magnitude of edema and
      metabolites in tissue with vasogenic edema was similar in vehicle- and drug
      treated cats. By contrast, the cortex and nonedematous white matter neighboring
      contusion in drug-treated cats had lactate, glucose, and glycogen levels that
      suggested an improved metabolic state over vehicle treatment. Most metabolites
      were not affected by trauma or treatment in the uncontused hemisphere. These
      results suggest that postinjury treatment with the nonglucocorticoid steroid U
      74006F may benefit the metabolism of nonedematous tissue adjacent to contusion.

PMID- 2396534
TI  - Effect of experimental blunt head injury on acute regional cerebral blood flow
      and edema.
AB  - Acute edema occurs in cerebral hemispheres with contusion after a cranial impact
      acceleration injury in the cat. In the present study, we asked whether changes in
      rCBF could contribute to this early pathophysiology. Cortical and white matter
      blood flow were measured with RMS before and at 10, 30, and 60 min after cranial
      impact. Specific gravity was tested peripheral to sample sites for rCBF. Head
      injured animals with severe unilateral (grade 2) contusions had bilateral
      postinjury decreases in rCBF despite adequate cerebral perfusion pressure and
      carefully regulated PCO2 and PO2. Injured cats without cerebral contusion (grade
      0) had substantial individual variation in rCBF after injury, with no group
      changes from preinjury values. Edema was measurable in the left cortex of grade 2
      animals. Because of differences in sample sites, specific gravity data could not
      be reliably correlated with rCBF. Our findings suggest that acute oligemia can
      occur in the traumatized brain without systemic dysfunction.

PMID- 2396535
TI  - Focal cerebral edema impedes convective fluid/tracer movement through
      paravascular pathways in cat brain.
AB  - Cerebral blood vessels are accompanied by longitudinal paravascular fluid
      pathways that communicate with the subarachnoid space. After infusion into the
      subarachnoid space, the tracer protein, HRP, distributes throughout the brain
      with such rapidity as to suggest that the paravascular fluid transport system
      serves to flush the entire brain parenchyma. However, it was found that the
      tracer is largely excluded from regions of experimental vasogenic brain edema as
      well as from remotely situated white matter in the cold-lesioned hemisphere. The
      results suggest that the persistence and spread of vasogenic edema may be related
      to an impairment or disruption of the normal paravascular fluid transport system
      of the brain.

PMID- 2396536
TI  - Effect of cytidine diphosphate choline on ultraviolet-induced brain edema.

PMID- 2396537
TI  - Rapid solute transport throughout the brain via paravascular fluid pathways.
AB  - Solutes in CSF have rapid access to ECS throughout the CNS (within 5-10 min).
      This occurs by solute/fluid influx through PVS around penetrating arteries,
      followed by longitudinal spread along the BL of capillaries to reach venules and
      veins. These paravascular pathways can be demonstrated light-microscopically by
      infusion of the tracer protein, HRP, into SAS and the subsequent localization of
      this probe molecule in brain sections using the sensitive histochemical method
      based on TMB. This unidirectional tracer/fluid movement along the
      intraparenchymal vascular network, with accompanying spread into the cerebral
      interstitium, appears to be facilitated by the pulsation of penetrating
      arterioles within their PVS with each cardiac contraction.

PMID- 2396538
TI  - Quantitative analysis of experimental peritumoral edema in cats.
AB  - Cat brain tumors were produced by stereotactical xenotransplantation of rat
      glioma clone F98 into the internal capsule of the left hemisphere. Two to four
      weeks after implantation, the tissue content of water, sodium, potassium,
      calcium, magnesium, serum albumin, serum immunoglobulin, and hemoglobin was
      measured in samples taken from the tumor, from peritumoral white and gray matter,
      and from homotopic regions of the opposite hemisphere. Extravasated serum protein
      content was determined by subtracting intravascular from total tissue protein,
      using the hemoglobin content as a marker of blood volume. The development of
      brain tumors was accompanied by severe vasogenic brain edema, which was clearly
      confined to the ipsilateral white matter. The increase of water was paralleled by
      an increase of sodium, calcium, and serum proteins. Potassium and magnesium
      content remained constant. The calculated sodium and calcium content of edema
      fluid approximated that of blood serum. The content of blood proteins was about
      50% lower, but the ratio of albumin/immunoglobulin was the same as in blood. It
      is concluded that peritumoral edema is a combination of plasma ultrafiltrate and
      whole plasma extravasation with different modes of formation. Implications for
      the pathophysiology and therapy of peritumoral edema are discussed.

PMID- 2396539
TI  - A computed tomography study on formation, propagation, and resolution of edema
      fluid in metastatic brain tumors.
AB  - Propagation of contrast medium, which extravasated from small metastatic brain
      tumor, was imaged via CT. By maintaining a constant blood level of the contrast
      medium by prolonged infusion of 200 ml of 60% meglumine amidtrizoate for 3 hr and
      thus maintaining a constant passage of contrast labeled edema fluid into the
      peritumoral extracellular space, the spread of the newly formed edema fluid can
      be imaged by repeated CTs as a gradually expanding peritumoral circular
      enhancement into the neighboring white matter. Four patients with small
      metastatic brain tumor were investigated. CT scans were taken at identical levels
      1.5, 3, 6, 9, and 12 hr after start of contrast infusion. After 4 to 7 days of
      dexamethasone treatment (0.15-0.25 mg/kg/day), the examination was repeated. The
      area of the expanding circular enhancement was planimetrically measured. From
      these values, the increase in radius per hour, respectively, in volume per hour
      were calculated assuming a spherical geometry. These data enabled a determination
      of the formation rate of edema fluid, of the speed of edema propagation, and of
      the resolution rate of edema fluid during tissue passage. The formation rate of
      edema fluid amounted to 0.6 to 3.2 ml/hr depending on tumor diameter and was
      reduced by about 30% after dexamethasone treatment. Edema fluid traveled 4.8 mm
      during the first 180 min and 1.9 mm during the consecutive 90 min. The resolution
      rate of edema fluid during tissue passage amounted to 0.05 ml/hr/cm3 white matter
      before dexamethasone treatment.

PMID- 2396540
TI  - Characterization of a protein product of human malignant glial tumors that
      induces microvascular permeability.

PMID- 2396541
TI  - Relation between macrophage infiltrates and peritumoral edema.
AB  - Peritumoral edema is one of the most serious complications of intracranial
      neoplasms. However, the exact pathogenesis of peritumoral edema is still unknown.
      To explore the role of macrophages and LTs in brain tumors, we examined
      macrophage infiltrates in the brain tumors by immunohistological method using
      anti-Leu M3 monoclonal antibody and measured tissue LTC4 and LTD4 by HPLC with
      ODS column and UV spectrophotometer in the wavelength of 280 nm. Nine of 14
      gliomas, 10 of 14 meningiomas, and all six metastatic brain tumors had macrophage
      infiltrates. The correlation was good between macrophage infiltration and
      peritumoral edema detected on CT. In many cases with peritumoral edema, LTC4 was
      detected. In most cases without peritumoral edema and many cases with
      preoperative steroid treatment, LTC4 was not detected. These data suggest that
      macrophages and LTs may play an important role in the formation of peritumoral
      edema.

PMID- 2396542
TI  - Effect of dexamethasone on neurotransmitter amines in a rat glioma model.
AB  - Vasogenic brain edema was produced by transplantation of rat glioma C6 cells into
      rat brain. Using this model, we measured neurotransmitter concentrations and
      water content of regional brain tissue. In the tumor-implanted controls,
      monoamine neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus, cortex, and striatum
      significantly decreased. When treated with DEX, these monoamines tended to return
      to the levels of the sham-operated controls. Additionally, DEX markedly lowered
      tumoral monoamines. In the nonsurgical animals, DEX significantly increased
      norepinephrine but not DA. Regardless of treating with DEX or not, water content
      showed no changes in the hypothalamus and striatum in the tumor-implanted
      animals. However, the increase in water content in the cortex was significant,
      and this increase could be reduced by DEX to the levels of controls. Water
      content of tumor tissue could also be markedly reduced by DEX. In the nonsurgical
      animals, there were no changes in water content between DEX-treated and
      nontreated animals. In conclusion, brain edema produced by the brain tumor may
      reduce noradrenergic and dopaminergic activities. This is more likely due to
      compression anoxia caused by the tumor mass, glial hydrops, and edema fluid. It
      is presumed that the effect of DEX is due to reduction of water content of the
      tumor and peritumoral white matter as well as by increasing noradrenergic
      activity.

PMID- 2396543
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of human cerebral edema.

PMID- 2396544
TI  - Positron emission tomography study of 11C-acetoacetate uptake in a freezing
      lesion in cat brain, as correlated with 11C-tyrosine and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose
      uptake, and with proton magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Using 11C-ACAC, 11C-TYR, and 18FDG as tracers, brain uptake of these substrates
      was studied in cat brain with a freezing lesion, by PET, at 1 day to 3 weeks
      after injury. Also MRI was conducted. Although the MRI scans depicted the
      morphological changes, such as edema formation, the PET studies of the brain
      uptake of substrates visualized the pattern of changes, which in the fresh lesion
      was largely governed by impairment of the BBB, but in the chronic lesion they
      were indicative of the proliferation of reactive cells in the process of tissue
      repair and edema resolution.

PMID- 2396545
TI  - Application of dynamic computed tomography scan and computed tomography
      densitometry in the evaluation of brain volume enlargement.
AB  - Cats with brain cold injury and epidural balloon compression with sudden
      decompression were used as models of vasogenic or ischemic edema and
      vasoparalysis of the brain vessels. Dynamic CT scan and CT densitometric studies
      were performed to diagnose and differentiate between brain edema and
      vasoparalytic changes. The CT methods were found to be useful in CBF and edema
      zone estimation. The correlation of CT scan and CT densitometry enabled us to
      evaluate the degree of autoregulation disorders and can be also applied in
      clinical investigations.

PMID- 2396546
TI  - In vivo characterization of infusion edema by magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - In vivo measurements of relaxation time profiles were carried out in cats using
      the infusion model of edema. These profiles were correlated with independent
      gravimetric measurements of brain water. The results indicated that in vivo
      determinations of water content by MRI are possible with high spatial resolution.

PMID- 2396547
TI  - Fibrinolysis in pseudotumor cerebri.

PMID- 2396548
TI  - Effects of calcium channel blockers on ischemic brain edema in rats.

PMID- 2396549
TI  - Effect of timing and dose of the hyperosmotic agent glycerol on experimental
      ischemic brain edema and metabolites.

PMID- 2396550
TI  - Glycerol elicits cerebral vasodilation.

PMID- 2396551
TI  - Mechanisms of astroglial swelling in focal cerebral ischemia.

PMID- 2396552
TI  - Brain edema in experimental superior sagittal sinus occlusion.

PMID- 2396553
TI  - Epidural pressure and cerebral metabolism in rat internal carotid artery
      occlusion by silicone cylinder embolus.

PMID- 2396554
TI  - Vasogenic component of ischemic brain edema in experimental focal ischemia.

PMID- 2396556
TI  - Glycerol dehydrates traumatic and cold-lesioned brain edema as well as normal
      brain.

PMID- 2396555
TI  - Effects of intraventricular noradrenaline on vasogenic edema.

PMID- 2396557
TI  - Neutrophil migration into a bacterial cerebritis.

PMID- 2396558
TI  - Calcium entry blocker effects on ischemic brain damage after severe head injury.

PMID- 2396559
TI  - Cerebral atrophy after severe head injury.

PMID- 2396560
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus.

PMID- 2396561
TI  - Effects of glycerol infusion on cerebral blood flow in cases with hypertensive
      intracerebral hematoma.

PMID- 2396562
TI  - Clinical study of potassium canrenoate on raised intracranial pressure.

PMID- 2396563
TI  - Perifocal abnormal signal intensity area in magnetic resonance imaging in
      meningiomas.

PMID- 2396564
TI  - Mental dysfunction in water intoxication brain edema.

PMID- 2396565
TI  - Effects of neutrophil depletion and superoxide dismutase on postischemic
      hypoperfusion of rat brain.
AB  - In the present investigation, the involvement of PMNLs and oxygen free radicals
      was explored in rats with postischemic perfusion disturbances of the brain.
      Reversible forebrain ischemia was induced by bilateral clamping of both carotid
      arteries in combination with hemorrhagic hypotension. This procedure resulted in
      a reproducible DPH 1 hr after start of recirculation. Neutropenia was induced by
      sheep ANS. One group received ANS before and a second group immediately after
      termination of ischemia. Two additional groups received SOD before or immediately
      after ischemia. Regional postischemic CBF was determined by [14C]iodoantipyrine
      autoradiography. It was found that CBF significantly improved in cortical
      structures of animals treated with ANS before ischemia. Treatment with ANS at the
      end of ischemia had no effect on the postischemic CBF depression. Neither was
      injection of SOD effective to influence DPH, irrespective whether given before or
      after ischemia. It is concluded that PMNLs play a role in the development of DPH
      of the brain, whereas free radical mechanisms seem to be less relevant.

PMID- 2396566
TI  - Imaging of water distribution in the rat brain by activation autoradiography.
AB  - Regional water distribution in the rat brain was obtained autoradiographically by
      activation analysis. The autoradiogram obtained for the normal rat brain showed
      high accumulation of water in the areas of sensory-motor cortex, hippocampus,
      thalamus, and amygdaloid cortex, whereas corpus callosum and internal capsule
      showed low water contents as expected. The estimated values of water content were
      78.6 +/- 4.9 weight % for gray matter, and 73.5 +/- 4.9 weight % for white
      matter, respectively. The mean values of the water content were consistent with
      those obtained by a conventional drying-weighing method.

PMID- 2396567
TI  - An osmotic gradient in ischemic brain edema.
AB  - We studied how the osmotic pressure gradient between blood and the brain is
      related to the development of ischemic brain edema. Focal cerebral ischemia was
      produced by left MCA occlusion in rats. Brain osmolality was determined with a
      vapor pressure osmometer, water content of the brain tissue was measured by wet
      and dry weight, and the tissue sodium and potassium contents were assayed by
      flame photometry. Permeability of BBB was tested by EB. These measurements were
      made from the cortical core of MCA territory at various intervals from 1 hr to 14
      days after occlusion. Brain osmolality increased from 311 +/- 2 mOsm/kg (M +/-
      SE) to 329 +/- 2 mOsm/kg (n = 7, p less than 0.01) by 6 hrs after occlusion.
      Serum osmolality did not significantly change. The osmotic gradient between blood
      and the brain was about 26 mOsm/kg. Brain osmolality then decreased to 310 +/- 2
      mOsm/kg by 12 hr after occlusion and remained about the same level for up to 14
      days. Water content progressively increased within 1 day, then gradually
      decreased by 14 days. Sodium plus potassium content of the brain tissue did not
      increase and EB extravasation was not seen within 6 hr of occlusion. These
      findings indicate that an osmotic pressure gradient contributes to the formation
      of edema only during the early stage of cerebral ischemia. Brain osmolality is
      not related to tissue electrolyte change and BBB disruption to protein.

PMID- 2396568
TI  - Effect of halothane on ischemic brain edema.
AB  - Halothane anesthesia (2%) given continuously during the ischemic and post
      ischemic period in gerbils does not protect against cytotoxic edema but
      counteracts superimposed vasogenic edema due to the first BBB opening to serum
      protein during the reflow period, thus allowing specific gravity values at 1-hour
      reflow to return to initial levels. It seems likely that this effect of halothane
      is due to a reduction of the hyperemia by halothane, which reduces both blood
      pressure and brain metabolism. CBF measurements in halothane-treated animals also
      indicated that intense early postischemic hypoperfusion may well exist in the
      absence of brain edema.

PMID- 2396569
TI  - Cerebral protection during reperfusion with superoxide dismutase in focal
      cerebral ischemia.

PMID- 2396570
TI  - [Growth chart for ages 0 to 3 years].
AB  - The body mass and body length of 84 boys and 91 girls were investigated from
      birth up to the age of three years. From these data growth charts were drawn up.
      The development of body mass and body length related to chronological age, on the
      one hand, and the development of body mass related to body length, on the other
      hand. were set out. The growth charts are recommended as standards for reference
      purposes.

PMID- 2396571
TI  - [Neonatal percentile values for the GDR--1985. Correlation of body weight and
      length in newborn infants (calculation of birth weight/body length in cm. with
      reference to gestational age)].
AB  - Taking account of the gestational age (28th to 42nd completed week of pregnancy)
      the sex-related ratio of birth weight to length (g/cm) for newborn infants is
      reported. This shows that observation of the correlation between birth weight and
      length with reference to gestational age makes a more accurate classification of
      newborn infants possible, rather than using a two dimensional classification
      (birth weight week of gestation).

PMID- 2396572
TI  - [Youths and alcohol--drinking behavior of young people].
AB  - On the basis of several representative research findings of the Central Institute
      of Youth Research the drinking habits of young people are described. Besides the
      frequency of drinking, the weekly overall consumption of alcohol, the consumption
      of different kinds of alcoholic beverages as well as the combinations preferred
      were ascertained. A habitual daily alcohol intake of more than 40 g of pure
      alcohol was found among one fifth of the male workers up to the age of 35 and
      among 14 per cent of the male apprentices, but only among three per cent of the
      male intellectuals. We analyzed the conditions which encourage the abuse of
      alcohol on the societal and individual level as well as within social groups, and
      thus derived some conclusions for the prevention of alcohol abuse among
      adolescents. An effective reduction in the abuse of alcohol can--in the long term
      -only be achieved by a wide range of societal measures. The first step is to make
      the population more aware of the problems resulting from the abuse of alcohol.

PMID- 2396573
TI  - [Body mass indices: results and problems in their application].

PMID- 2396574
TI  - [Age on starting school and school achievement].
AB  - According to a medical check-up on the whole group of school beginners for one
      year in the town of Gorlitz and considering the results of their first school
      year, the authors observed that the age on starting school has a very important
      influence on school achievement. While girls are better able to compensate for
      developmental retardation, it is advisable to postpone the admission of very
      young boys for one year in doubtful cases or to provide individual coaching.

PMID- 2396575
TI  - [Morphological study of the disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier following
      paracentesis].
AB  - Long-term morphological changes of the blood-aqueous barrier following
      paracentesis were studied in monkeys. Horseradish peroxidase molecules given
      intravenously were detected in the intercellular space beyond the tight junction
      between the nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells in a monkey 7 days after the
      operation. The data demonstrated that the breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier
      was not functionally repaired 7 days after the operation. Cysts were observed at
      the most anterior portions of the ciliary processes in monkeys surviving for 14
      days to 1 year. These cysts consisted of two layers of both pigmented and
      nonpigmented epithelial cells. These findings suggest that the breakdown of the
      blood-aqueous barrier remains not to be repaired for log periods.

PMID- 2396576
TI  - [A brief review of outflow facility from the viewpoint of metabolic inhibitors].
AB  - Aqueous humor is generally considered to flow through the trabecular meshwork
      without requiring pumping energy from this tissue. Previous studies of the
      influence of metabolic inhibitors were done mostly at room temperature and
      usually showed no effect. However, we found that, when tested at 35-36 degrees C,
      F- reduced the facility of outflow of enucleated bovine eyes. Furthermore, F- did
      not significantly change the tone of the isolated bovine ciliary muscle, thus the
      mechanical opening of the trabecular meshwork "pore" could be eliminated. The
      author made a brief review in this article that outflow facility might happen to
      be altered by changes in cellular activity involving metabolic processes in the
      aqueous drainage system.

PMID- 2396578
TI  - [Progression of early glaucomatous visual field defects].
AB  - We studied the mode of progression of visual field defects in glaucoma the using
      static computerized perimetry (OCTOPUS 201). As a result of analysis using Delta
      Program, the modes of progression of the visual field defects were divided into
      two groups, general depression and local depression. The cases of general
      depression were younger than those of local depression. In cases of local
      depression, we examined the direction of progression in isolated scotomas.
      Isolated scotomas located at the nasal visual field tended to progress toward the
      nasal and peripheral side.

PMID- 2396577
TI  - [The effects of vortex vein ligation and partial scleral resection on the
      subretinal fluid resorption].
AB  - The effects of the choroidal congestion and lamellar scleral resection on the
      resorption of the subretinal fluid were studied. Small localized retinal
      detachments were made in pigmented rabbit eyes by injecting balanced salt
      solution into the subretinal space. In these control eyes, the subretinal fluid
      was gradually absorbed and the retina was reattached within 160 +/- 21 min.
      Choroidal congestion was obtained by ligating a couple of vortex veins. To avoid
      the effects of IOP on the subretinal fluid resorption, IOP was constantly
      maintained at 20 mmHg by manometry in all experimental eyes. In these eyes, the
      resorption time was prolonged about 45% compared with the control eyes. After
      releasing the choroidal congestion by partial thickness scleral resection, the
      prolonged resorption time was shortened about 19%, but was still 17% longer than
      that in the non-treated eyes. The present data suggest that the lamellar scleral
      resection releases the elevated choroidal tissue pressure and is helpful to
      evacuate the subretinal space.

PMID- 2396579
TI  - [The diurnal variation of the intraocular pressure of vitrectomized eyes
      receiving instillation of silicone oil].
AB  - We examined diurnal variations of intraocular pressure (IOP) before and after
      scleral encircling, vitrectomy and silicone oil (S.O) tamponade in 7 patients (7
      eyes) with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and 8 patients (8 eyes) with
      proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). They were all successfully operated and
      the IOP was lower than 24 mm Hg without medication. The contralateral, non
      operated eye was used as the control. IOP was measured every 4 hours with
      Goldmann applanation tonometer or a pneumotonometer (Alcon) by the single
      examinee (S.H.). The amplitudes of the diurnal variation of the IOP with S.O.
      tamponade were smaller than those of the control eyes (p less than 0.05). Phakic
      eyes with silicon oil tamponade showed smaller amplitudes of IOP diurnal
      variation than those in aphakic eyes (p less than 0.05). The physiological
      significance is not clear yet, but these results suggest that the S.O. tamponade
      have some effect on the dynamics of the intraocular fluid in operated eyes (p
      less than 0.05).

PMID- 2396580
TI  - [Accommodation in ametropia and the effect of targets on astigmatism].
AB  - Measurements of accommodative responses in 28 astigmatic eyes (22 patients, 19-32
      years of age) were made with an objective Auto Refkeratometer (Canon, RK-1). We
      constructed an actual target representative instrument with a star burst chart
      and a fine line chart, and attached this instrument to the Auto Refkeratometer.
      The fine line chart was turned around the sight line of the eye at a fixed
      distance. The amount of mean accommodative responses decreased in the following
      order; the fine line chart parallel to the first principal meridian of subjects,
      the star burst chart, the fine line chart parallel to the second principal one.
      This tendency was also shown in cases of subjects with astigmatism less than 1.25
      diopters. The slopes of mean accommodative response curves reduced in the similar
      order as above, significantly in the cases of astigmatism over 1.25 diopters.
      These results suggest that target charts for accommodation and the degree of
      astigmatism have influence on the amount of accommodative response and the slope
      of its curve.

PMID- 2396581
TI  - [Congenital large field color vision defects].
AB  - To investigate changes in the way of seeing colors due to expansion of the visual
      angle in patients with congenital color vision defects, an anomaloscope which can
      alter the visual angle to 2 degrees, 6 degrees, 10 degrees, 15 degrees and 20
      degrees was prepared using three colored light emission diodes, and 28 patients
      with congenital color vision defects were examined. The results showed that the
      patients could be categorized into two groups: one with no change in the equation
      range and one in which the equation range was contracted. Contraction of the
      equation range was marked when the visual angle was 10 degrees or more.

PMID- 2396582
TI  - [Application of lectin histochemistry to various types of corneal dystrophy].
AB  - We described the staining pattern of deposits in 4 cases of the staining method
      employing corneal dystrophy by avidin-biotin peroxidase complex employing
      biotinated lectins as intermediate products. The specimens consisted of 8
      keratoplasty specimens obtained from 2 cases of granular dystrophy and 4 cases of
      lattice dystrophy and one case each of primary droplet dystrophy and Reis
      Bucklers dystrophy. In two cases with granular dystrophy, deposits stained
      positively with WGA and with Con A in one case. The deposits found in lattice
      dystrophy were stained with WGA in 3 cases and with Con A in one case. The
      deposits noted in primary gelatinous droplet dystrophy were stained with WGA and
      those in Reis-Bucklers dystrophy were not stained with any lectin. The staining
      patterns suggested that the deposits found in granular and lattice dystrophy
      possess N-acetyl-D-glucosamine as a sugar residue. They may possess alpha-D
      mannose and/or alpha-D-glucose.

PMID- 2396583
TI  - [Interactions between saccades and vestibulo-ocular reflex during double gaze
      shifts].
AB  - After fixating the center, human subjects were required to track two visual
      targets (T1, T2) presented in the horizontal plane in a dark room. When T2 was
      lit 200-600 msec after T1, T2 was given and also second saccadic eye movement
      unsolicited at various positions of eye and head during the course of gaze (eye
      position in the orbit plus head position) shift toward T1. Under all
      circumstances, the final gaze reached T2 without significant difference from the
      trials made by eye movement alone, suggesting head and eye positions are
      perfectly monitored to adjust the amplitude of gaze. As head velocity increased,
      gaze velocity increased and duration decreased with little change in eye
      velocity, contrary to the previous assumption that vestibulo-ocular reflex
      adjusts the time course of gaze shift to be constant.

PMID- 2396584
TI  - [Intraocular cell proliferation].

PMID- 2396585
TI  - [Experimental studies of retinal glial cell proliferation on retinal surface].
AB  - Our previous reports described the formation processes of epiretinal membranes
      composed of retinal glial cells in the experimental vitreous hemorrhage. This
      report presents the pathological changes of retinal glial cells, inner limiting
      membranes and vitreous body in the early stage of experimental vitreous
      hemorrhage. Using an operating microscope, 0.3 ml of autologous whole blood was
      injected through the pars plana into the vitreous cavity of albino rabbits. The
      eyes were enucleated at 3, 7, 10, 14 and 28 days after injection. Three days
      after injection, normal vitreous structure disappeared and vitreous fibers
      condensed. Seven days after injection, red blood cells were found on the retinal
      surface. The inner limiting membrane, composed of lamina rara and lamina densa,
      had a normal appearance. Where the red blood cell were present on the retinal
      surface, the lamina rara of the inner limiting membrane became thin. Fourteen
      days after injection, where glial cells showed upheaval, lamina rara disappeared
      and lamina densa became thin. Afterward, glial cells extruded their cytoplasmic
      processes onto the retinal surface. Twenty-eight days after injection, the inner
      limiting membranes were normal in appearance except for the area of glial cells
      penetrating the inner limiting membranes. The results suggested that, in vitreous
      hemorrhage, glial cell proliferation onto the retinal surface is an active
      reaction in order to engulf the debris of the red blood cells.

PMID- 2396586
TI  - [Electron microscopic study of the choroidal melanocytes and elastic fibers].
AB  - The relationship between choroidal melanocytes and elastic fibers as well as
      collagen fibers was studied by electron microscopy. In pigmented rabbits (Dutch
      rabbits), the choroidal melanocytes were distributed mainly at the suprachoroidea
      and formed layers alternating with fibroblasts. The elastic fibers and oxytaran
      fibers were in close proximity to the melanocytes and their cytoplasmic processes
      aligned along the long axis of the elastic fibers. Furthermore, the bundles of
      the collagen fibers were engulfed by the melanocytes. The present findings
      suggest that the choroidal melanocytes have a close relationship with the elastic
      fibers, as has been reported with dermal melanocytes and elastic fibers.

PMID- 2396587
TI  - [Distribution of preganglionic cells of superior cervical ganglion in the spinal
      cord in the cat].
AB  - It is generally accepted that preganglionic neurons of the cervical sympathetic
      nerve arise from the ciliospinal center, which exists in the spinal cord over C8
      T3. However, its distribution within the spinal cord has not been exactly
      demonstrated. Therefore, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the
      cervical sympathetic trunk in order to demonstrate the distribution of
      preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord in the cat. Four adult cats were used.
      HRP was injected into the superior cervical sympathetic trunk. Two or three days
      after the injection cats were sacrificed and prepared for histochemical
      demonstration of HRP. The superior cervical ganglion, sympathetic trunk and
      spinal cord were examined. Labelled cells with HRP were found in the
      intermediolateral nucleus over C8-T6 on the ipsilateral side of the injection.
      These neurons were identified as preganglionic neurons of the cervical
      sympathetic nerve. In addition, a large number of labelled cells were seen at the
      T2 and T3 levels, but a few labelled cells were observed at C8, T5 and T6. T1 and
      T4 showed the moderate distribution. Preganglionic neurons in the ciliospinal
      center were located at the level from C8 to T6 of the spinal cord.

PMID- 2396588
TI  - [Immunological analysis of Streptococcus sanguis antigens].
AB  - The exact cause of Behcet's disease is still unknown. Recently, advanced
      bacterial studies revealed that Behcet's disease was related to Streptococcus
      (S.) sanguis. However, the antigenicity of S. sanguis has not been fully studied.
      In this study, we clarified the antigenicity of S. sanguis. We made S. sanguis
      antigens: Mechanical Braun Extract (MBE) and Crude Cell Wall (CCW) from the whole
      cells, Membrane Fraction (MF) and Cytoplasmic Fraction (CF) from MBE, Cell Wall
      Fragment (CWF) and Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from MBE. We found that the major
      antigenicity of S. sanguis was present in CF by use of the Ouchterlony method and
      the ELISA method. However, apart from S. pyogenes, we could not recognize a
      common antigenicity among S. sanguis and several other antigens, such as S-Ag,
      IRBP, retinal soluble fraction, retinal insoluble fraction and Enterococcus
      faecalis, by the Ouchterlony method. Since we have clarified the antigenicity of
      S. sanguis in this study, we can now perform detailed examinations with samples
      from patients with Behcet's disease for S. sanguis antigens.

PMID- 2396589
TI  - [Morphological study on the intraocular proliferative membrane of proliferative
      diabetic retinopathy and proliferative vitreoretinopathy].
AB  - The membranes from 42 eyes with PDR and 8 eyes with PVR were removed during
      vitreous surgery. In 12 of those with PDR and 3 of the cases with PVR, the
      reproliferated membranes formed beneath silicone oil (SO) were removed and were
      histologically and immunohistochemically examined, using morphometrical
      quantitative analysis. In each case, area coefficient, fibrous content and the
      number of new vessels, and thick basement membranes, increased wall cells and
      multilayer basement membranes of new vessels were studied. In both PDR and PVR,
      the number of cells per unit area tended to be increased with the period of time
      after SO was injected, while the percentage of fibrous components did not change.
      The Percentage of occurrence of each type of new vessels was almost the same in
      both primary and reproliferative PDR membranes. In the primary proliferative PDR
      membranes, endothelial cell proliferation was found predominantly, while glial
      hyperplasia was predominant in the primary proliferated PVR membranes and the
      reproliferated membranes under SO of PDR and PVR.

PMID- 2396590
TI  - [Variation of sensitivity in the central visual field by the range of
      measurement].
AB  - We compared two programs with different measurement field ranges in terms of
      sensitivity for common coordinates using an automated perimeter Octopus. The
      combination of programs consisted of programs 31 and 61, 31 and PSQ, 61 and 11,
      61 and PSQ. The center of program 61 was (0, 0). PSQ was made by the sargon
      program and a program which measured the outer 16 points of the 61. The mean
      sensitivity of the common coordinates in 11 was significantly better than that in
      61, which was better than that in 31, and that in PSQ better than that in 31 and
      in 61. The sensitivity was better in programs which tested a smaller size of
      measurement in the central visual field.

PMID- 2396591
TI  - [The antibody titer to streptococcal and staphylococcal L-form in Behcet's
      disease].
AB  - The antibody titer to streptococcal and staphylococcal L-form was determined in
      the serum of Behcet's disease by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These L-form
      bacteria were induced by the penicillin disk method. In 12 patients with Behcet's
      disease, the antibody titer to streptococcal L-form was significantly lower than
      that in the 14 normal controls by Student's t-test (p less than 0.025). The
      antibody titer to staphylococcal L-form, however, showed no statistical
      difference between the patients and the controls. In Behcet's disease, antibody
      formation to streptococcus pyogenes, as well as its L-form, may be specifically
      disturbed.

PMID- 2396592
TI  - [A re-evaluation of pupillary sensitivity to autonomics in diabetic patients].
AB  - It is well known that pupils of diabetic patients are supersensitive to topical
      administration of autonomics, and whether the penetration of instilled drugs into
      the anterior chamber is high or not is an important problem from a causal point
      of view. Fluorescein penetration into the anterior chamber after topical
      instillation was examined by fluorophotometry in 39 diabetic patients aged 30-70
      and 26 age-matched healthy subjects. Penetration increased in correlation with
      aging in both groups. Though there was no significant difference between the
      distribution of fluorescein penetration in patients with DR-Scott 0, I, II and
      those in healthy subjects, patients with DR-Scott III.V showed higher penetration
      than the former in each age-group. A study of the relation between the pupillary
      sensitivity to diluted solution of pilocarpine and fluorescein penetration in
      diabetic patients revealed significant correlation (r = 0.48, p less than 0.05)
      in cases aged less than 50. As a result, penetration of drug into the anterior
      chamber was considered to be a significant parameter of pupillary sensitivity.

PMID- 2396593
TI  - [A pupillographical study on the presence of organochlorine pesticides in
      autonomic nerve disturbance].
AB  - It is well known that the effect of organophosphate pesticides on the autonomic
      nervous system is a cholinergic reaction. However no study has been done
      assessing the effect of organochlorine pesticides on the autonomic nervous
      system. We evaluated the autonomic nerve function using open-loop pupillography
      in 20 patients who had exposure to the organochlorine pesticides. Significant
      differences were seen in pupil area (p less than .006), velocity of both
      constriction and dilatation (p less than .001), and dilatation time (p less than
      .02), when compared with 18 normal subjects. Autonomic nerve disturbances were
      detected in eighteen of 20 patients (90%) by evaluating the pupillary light
      reflex in each patient. Sympathetic nerve inhibition i.e. sympatholytic pattern,
      was recognized in ten of 18 patients (55%). Four patients with sympatholytic
      pattern had a disturbance not only in the sympathetic nerve, but also
      parasympathetic nerve involvement suggesting pandysautonomia. The residue blood
      level of the organochlorine pesticides was examined in each patient. A high
      frequency of the DDE was recognized (85%). It was concluded that the toxicity of
      the organochlorine pesticide on the autonomic nerve appear as an inhibitory
      effect on pupil light reflex.

PMID- 2396594
TI  - [A case of necrotizing scleritis with angiitis of papilla].
AB  - A case of a 66-year-old woman suffering from polymyalgia rheumatica with
      necrotizing scleritis followed central retinal artery occlusion in the left eye
      was studied clinico-pathologically. The left eye was enucleated because of severe
      pain in spite of the steroid therapy, and was examined histopathologically. The
      necrotic granulomatous changes of the deep sclera in the ciliary body and
      peripheral fundus were observed. Lymphocytes, plasma cells and epitheloid cells
      infiltrated in the central retinal artery at the papilla. It seemed that
      subconjunctival injection of steroid had induced scleral necrosis. When scleritis
      is very severe, it might be suggested that systemic steroid should be given in
      large suppressive doses.

PMID- 2396595
TI  - [Non-neuroectodermal epithelial cyst in the middle cranial fossa associated with
      unilateral exophthalmos].
AB  - A rare case of unilateral exophthalmos caused by an epithelial cyst in the middle
      cranial fossa was reported. A 42-year-old man had a proptosis of sudden onset in
      the left eye. Ophthalmological examinations revealed a proptosis of 3mm,
      contraction of the lower visual field and a bow tie atrophy of the optic disc in
      the left. Plain skull X-P, CT scan and MRI disclosed a cystic lesion in the left
      middle fossa, resulting in the enlargement of the superior orbital fissure of the
      same side. Metrizamide CT cisternography showed the cyst had no communication
      with the subarachnoid spaces. The cyst, removed surgically, was located in the
      epidural region of the middle fossa and was about 4cm in diameter, containing
      yellowish turbid fluid and fat-like floating substance. Histologically, the cyst
      was composed of collagenous connective tissue, lined with pseudostratified
      columnar to cuboidal epithelia. Small cells with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic
      ratio, considered as basal cells or reserve cells, were often seen in the basal
      layer. Ciliated and secretory cells were rarely observed in the superficial
      layer. Neither stratified squamous epithelium nor adamantinomatous structure was
      seen. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that the lining epithelium was
      strongly positive for keratin (wide spectrum), but negative for vimentin, S-100,
      neuron specific enolase or glial fibrillary acidic protein. These staining
      characters were different from those of neuroectodermal cells including ependymal
      cells and choroidal cells which are usually vimentin- and S-100-positive.
      Morphologically, the lining epithelium resembled respiratory or alimentary tract
      epithelium, suggesting that the cyst might be derived from non-neuroectodermal
      ectoderm or endoderm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2396596
TI  - FDA to consider home test kits for HIV.

PMID- 2396597
TI  - Burnout among pharmacists.
AB  - A nationwide mail survey of a random sample of the American Pharmaceutical
      Association membership was conducted to study the degree of burnout among
      pharmacists and to identify individual and job characteristics that make a
      pharmacist susceptible to burnout. Analysis of 1,261 returned questionnaires
      (57.1% response rate) revealed moderate levels of burnout among pharmacists. The
      study found that the typical pharmacist who reported the highest level of burnout
      was a woman less than 40 years old, who works in a chain community pharmacy
      setting, and who has been in practice and in the same job for less than 10 years.
      Further work is needed to identify other personal and practice conditions that
      make pharmacists susceptible to burnout. In the meantime, employees are
      encouraged to establish interpersonal communications designed to identify and
      deal with signs of burnout.

PMID- 2396598
TI  - Path through the job jungle: Part 1. Are you ready for a job change?

PMID- 2396599
TI  - Choosing a cholesterol screening service vendor.

PMID- 2396600
TI  - Making cholesterol screening work in small-town America.

PMID- 2396601
TI  - Using acetaminophen in infants.

PMID- 2396602
TI  - Enhancement of chronic viral hepatitic changes by alcohol intake in patients with
      persistent HBs-antigenemia.
AB  - The clinical and histologic changes in 116 Japanese patients with persistent HBs
      antigenemia and chronic liver diseases were analyzed after the patients were
      divided into three groups depending on the history of alcohol consumption. Group
      1 consisted of 45 nondrinkers, Group 2 of 51 social drinkers, and Group 3 of 20
      habitual drinkers with a daily intake of more than 60 g of ethanol for at least
      ten years. The frequency of chronic active hepatitis (CAH) in Group 3 was higher
      than in Groups 1 and 2 (P less than 0.05). The histologic comparison of patients
      with CAH between the three groups revealed that only the inflammatory changes
      at/near portal tracts, such as piecemeal necrosis and inflammatory cell
      infiltration in Group 3, were more prominent than those in Groups 1 and 2. The
      alcohol-related changes except for fatty change were not found in any specimens.
      These findings suggest that alcohol intake, particularly of more than 60 g of
      ethanol a day, may enhance the viral inflammatory changes of the liver in
      patients with persistent HBs-antigenemia.

PMID- 2396603
TI  - The bleeding time response to aspirin. Identifying the hyperresponder.
AB  - The authors measured the template bleeding time in 11 normal people before and 2,
      4, 12, 24, and 48 hours after the subjects ingested a single dose of 74 mg of
      aspirin (ASA). The entire experiment was repeated twice at two-week intervals,
      with the dose of ASA increased to 325 mg and finally 3,900 mg. The mean increase
      was maximal at 4 and 12 hours, regardless of the dose administered, with a return
      to baseline by 48 hours. The authors then performed bleeding times in a
      prospective randomized double-blinded fashion on an additional 39 subjects at
      baseline and seven hours after they ingested either placebo or ASA 325 mg. The
      mean baseline bleeding time was 5.2 minutes (SD +/- 1.4), with a mean
      prolongation after ASA of 2.1 minutes (SD +/- 1.9). The authors identified 5 of
      37 (14%) subjects as hyper-responders (HRs) using the criterion of a bleeding
      time prolongation of greater than 5.9 minutes (greater than 2 SD beyond the mean
      prolongation). Neither baseline bleeding time, threshold sensitivity of collagen
      induced platelet aggregation, nor other tests of hemostatic function
      discriminated HRs from normals. The authors conclude that in subjects with normal
      baseline bleeding times, a prolongation of greater than 5.9 minutes when measured
      seven hours after the administration of a single dose of 325 mg of ASA can
      discriminate HRs from normals.

PMID- 2396604
TI  - Effect of clot-detection methods and reagents on activated partial thromboplastin
      time (APTT). Implications in heparin monitoring by APTT.
AB  - Two automatic coagulometers, ACL 810 (Instrumentation Laboratory), a laser
      nephelometric centrifugal analyzer, and KoaguLab 40 A (Ortho Diagnostics), an
      optical automatic coagulometer, were compared with the manual tilt-tube method
      for the performance of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Seven
      commercial APTT reagents were used for duplicate determinations in 30 normal
      controls, 26 patients with liver disease, and 33 patients on full-dose heparin
      treatment. Clotting times were longer with the manual method than with ACL 810
      and, to a lesser extent, with KoaguLab 40 A. Average imprecision of duplicate
      determinations (coefficient of variation [CV]) was less with ACL 810 (less than
      1.5%) than with KoaguLab 40 A (2.9%) and the manual method (2.4%). Differences in
      slope of the regression curves of clotting times obtained with the coagulometers
      over the tilt-tube method were observed with all the reagents tested (P less than
      0.01). Transformation of clotting times of controls, patients with liver disease,
      and patients on heparin therapy to APTT ratios did not eliminate the bias
      resulting from the different reagents (P less than 0.001) and clot-detection
      methods (P less than 0.001); in controls, significant (P less than 0.001) reagent
      method interaction was also observed. The in vitro heparin sensitivity differed
      with the APTT reagents evaluated and was influenced by the clot-detection method
      used. Transformation of APTT ratios of anticoagulated patients to apparent plasma
      heparin levels--as derived from in vitro dose-response curves--effectively
      eliminated the bias resulting from the different clot-detection methods but had
      no effect on the bias resulting from the different APTT reagents. In vitro
      heparin activity curves thus have little, if any, relevance for the ex vivo
      monitoring of heparin treatment.

PMID- 2396605
TI  - Solitary splenic metastasis of an adenocarcinoma of the lung.
AB  - Splenic metastasis of solid tumors is a rare event, most often diagnosed at the
      time of autopsy. Whereas in cases of widely disseminated cancer, splenic
      involvement may be fairly common, solitary splenic metastasis in the absence of
      other metastases is exceedingly rare. The authors report a case of a 63-year-old
      woman in whom the sole detectable distant metastasis of a lung carcinoma was a
      splenic mass. The splenic lesion was detected before the resection of the primary
      lung lesion during a complete metastatic work-up. At that time, however, it was
      considered unlikely that the mass in the spleen represented a metastasis because
      of the lack of metastatic disease elsewhere.

PMID- 2396606
TI  - Aspiration cytology of papillary cystic neoplasm of the pancreas.
AB  - The authors present a case of papillary and cystic neoplasm of the pancreas (PCN)
      in which fine-needle aspiration was performed intraoperatively. Only a few
      reports of fine-needle aspiration of this rare tumor have been published. The
      features most helpful in reaching a diagnosis of PCN were a monotonous population
      of tumor cells, round to oval bland-appearing nuclei, scanty to moderate ill
      defined cytoplasm, and the presence of numerous capillaries. Despite the lack of
      branching papillary clusters described in previous reports, it was possible to
      suggest the correct diagnosis by identifying these other characteristic features.
      In addition, estrogen and progesterone receptor levels were measured and found to
      be negligible. A review of the literature with emphasis on cytologic features
      also is presented.

PMID- 2396607
TI  - Association of NK-cell lymphoproliferative disease and nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - A 56-year-old white man with a seven-year history of lymphocytosis of large
      granular lymphocytes (LGL) developed mild renal insufficiency (serum creatinine
      150 mumol/L (1.7 mg/dL) with proteinuria (3.4 g/day). Laboratory investigations
      confirmed a proliferative disease of non-T lineage cytotoxic LGL/natural killer
      (NK) cells, and the renal biopsy documented focal and segmental
      glomerulosclerosis associated with interstitial inflammation and tubular atrophy.
      These findings could be explained by production and release of humoral mediators
      by pathologic LGL/NK cells. The renal function must be carefully monitored in
      patients with LGL/NK proliferative disorders, and the role of the NK cell system
      in renal diseases should be investigated.

PMID- 2396609
TI  - The threshold in altering routine practice.

PMID- 2396608
TI  - Invasive infection with Sarcinosporon inkin in a patient with chronic
      granulomatous disease.
AB  - Sarcinosporon inkin, a rare skin fungus, was found to have caused progressive
      pneumonia in a young male with chronic granulomatous disease. Histologic sections
      of right upper lobe lung tissue showed clusters of globose to oblong hyalin
      walled, septate, sporangia throughout the necrotic areas within the
      pyogranulomas. Pure cultures of S. inkin were recovered from the surgical
      specimen of the lung. Current status of the taxonomy of S. inkin is reviewed and
      clarified. Treatment of the patient with Amphotericin B and white blood cell
      transfusions led to clinical and radiographic response. This is the first
      documented case of systemic infection caused by S. inkin.

PMID- 2396610
TI  - Expression of a multidrug resistance gene.

PMID- 2396611
TI  - Impact of treatment guidelines on use of ribavirin.
AB  - During the 1987 through 1988 seasonal peak of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV),
      177 courses of ribavirin were administered at St Christopher's Hospital for
      Children, a tertiary care medical center in Philadelphia, Pa. Charts were
      reviewed on 100 treated patients with proved or suspected RSV disease to
      determine adherence to American Academy of Pediatrics treatment guidelines.
      Ninety-four percent fulfilled criteria for the risk of significant morbidity:
      cardiac, pulmonary, or immunodeficiency conditions (38%); an age of 6 weeks or
      younger (35%); or severe illness (21%). Severe illness was defined as hypoxemia,
      hypercapnia, or marked tachypnea. Of those treated because of underlying
      conditions, 71% had RSV documented, as did 71% of patients aged 6 weeks or
      younger and 81% of patients with severe disease. A study of 80 consecutive
      patients who were hospitalized with illness compatible with RSV infection
      revealed that 56% of patients were treated with ribavirin. Adherence to
      guidelines led to ribavirin use in half of the hospitalized patients with
      suspected RSV infection. The majority of these patients received therapy because
      of underlying conditions or very young age.

PMID- 2396612
TI  - Effect of marginal maternal zinc intake on zinc absorption and growth of 3-month
      old infant rhesus monkeys.
AB  - One compensatory mechanism for marginal zinc intake may be through an enhanced
      absorption of zinc. Such a compensatory mechanism could be of value to the
      neonate, as poor zinc nutriture during early life has severe consequences on
      growth and development. We studied the uptake of zinc by 3-month-old infant
      rhesus monkeys born to dams fed control diets (100 micrograms of zinc per gram of
      diet or zinc-restricted diets (4 micrograms of zinc per gram of diet). Zinc
      uptake/retention was studied by feeding 3-month-old infant monkeys that had
      fasted an infant formula containing zinc 65 by gavage. Whole body radioactivity
      was counted immediately after intubation and on days 10 and 17 after intubation.
      Regardless of dietary group, 65 zinc retention was high, ranging from 33% to 71%
      of the dose fed to the monkeys. There were no significant differences between the
      two dietary groups in the percentage of zinc retention at days 10 and 17.
      Independent of the dietary group, there was no correlation between plasma zinc
      and zinc absorption. A positive correlation was found between weight gain and
      zinc retention in the marginal zinc infants, while a negative correlation between
      weight gain and zinc retention was observed in the control infants. These
      observations suggest that the mechanisms underlying growth may be different in
      infants born to dams fed control vs marginal zinc diets.

PMID- 2396613
TI  - Reading a thermometer by use of temperature zones.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that poor, urban parents are often unable to
      identify the presence of fever by use of a mercury glass thermometer. We
      investigated whether 145 mothers whose children received care in an urban
      hospital ambulatory care center could accurately read a thermometer. If they
      could not, their ability to identify zones of temperature, either by use of
      colors or numbers, was assessed. Although 57.9% of parents owned a mercury glass
      thermometer, only 9.7% could accurately read three thermometers presented to
      them. When those parents who were unable to accurately read were asked to
      identify the zones of temperature within which the mercury fell, 87.0% could
      successfully identify number zones; 78.6% could correctly identify color zones.
      Teaching the zone-reading techniques required only 15 to 30 seconds. We conclude
      that for parents unable to read a thermometer by conventional means, the use of
      color zones or number zones is a technique that is easily taught and reliably
      carried out.

PMID- 2396614
TI  - Weight-training injuries in adolescents.
AB  - We studied the incidence of injury caused by weight training in junior and senior
      high school football players. Three hundred fifty-four subjects completed a
      retrospective injury questionnaire; histories were confirmed for high school
      athletes. Cumulative incidence and incidence rates were determined for injuries
      causing more than 7 days of missed participation. The cumulative incidences of
      injuries were as follows: all athletes, 7.6% (27/354); junior high school
      athletes, 7.1% (7/98); high school freshman/junior varsity athletes, 9.4%
      (15/159); and high school varsity athletes, 5.2% (5/97). The total incidence rate
      was 0.082 injuries per person-year, with 0.11 injuries per person-year in junior
      high school athletes, 0.091 injuries per person-year in high school
      freshman/junior varsity players, and 0.051 injuries per person-year in high
      school varsity players. Differences in the incidence measures among groups were
      not statistically significant. The most common injury type was a strain (74.1%),
      and the most common site was the back (59.3%). Certain exercise apparently caused
      more back injuries in older athletes.

PMID- 2396615
TI  - Serum sodium concentration and intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants.
AB  - Recent data suggest that early loss of brain tissue water content, ie, decreased
      extravascular cerebral tissue pressure, may play a role in the pathogenesis of
      germinal matrix/intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature newborn. This study
      examines the relationship between the concentration of serum sodium and germinal
      matrix/intraventricular hemorrhage in 299 premature infants with birth weights of
      less than 1500 g during the first 4 days of life. Intraventricular hemorrhage
      developed in 34 (32%) of the 106 infants with maximum serum sodium levels of 145
      mmol/L or less and in 54 (28%) of 193 infants whose highest serum sodium levels
      were greater than 145 mmol/L (chi 2 = 0.37). These data suggest that
      concentrations of serum sodium greater than 145 mmol/L are not associated with an
      increased risk of germinal matrix/intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature
      newborn. Consequently, more liberal administration of fluids to maintain
      extravascular cerebral tissue pressure is unlikely to reduce the incidence of
      germinal matrix hemorrhage/intraventricular hemorrhage.

PMID- 2396616
TI  - Hyperbaric oxygen use in neonates. A report of four patients.
AB  - We report the use of hyperbaric oxygen in four neonates with delayed wound
      healing. Three presented with cyanotic congenital heart disease and had wounds
      associated with surgical procedures; the fourth had a nonhealing wound as a
      result of a complication of an umbilical-artery catheter. All were treated in a
      hyperbaric chamber with 100% oxygen at 2 atmospheres absolute. All wounds healed
      after institution of hyperbaric therapy. There was no evidence of serious side
      effects in any patient. These observations suggest, but do not prove, the
      efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for neonates with delayed wound healing.

PMID- 2396617
TI  - Bronchiolitis in tropical south India.
AB  - In a prospective hospital-based study of 328 children under 5 years of age with
      acute lower respiratory infections, 114 (35%) were diagnosed to have acute
      bronchiolitis. Of them, 87 (76%) were less than 1 year and 107 (94%) were less
      than 2 years of age. Signs of severe lower respiratory infections, namely
      tachypnea (respiratory rate greater than 50/min) and subcostal retraction, were
      present in 95% and 93%, respectively. Of 88 children of whom roentgenographs were
      taken, 30 (34%) had evidence of pneumonia. No clinical signs discriminated
      between those with and without pneumonia. By culture or immunofluorescence
      antigen detection, viruses were found in 81 (71%) children with bronchiolitis;
      respiratory syncytial virus was the most common agent, found in 65 (57%).
      Parainfluenza viruses were the next most common, found in 12 (11%). Most cases of
      bronchiolitis occurred in outbreaks during the rainy months of August through
      November, coinciding with respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks. Although
      bacterial culture of blood was done in 56 children, no respiratory pathogen was
      isolated. In one child with bronchiolitis and consolidation, postmortem lung
      aspirate yielded Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, bronchiolitis is primarily a viral
      syndrome in this tropical region, just as it is in temperate regions. Eight (7%)
      children died (all were infants); 5 had roentgenographic pneumonia and the
      remaining had other abnormalities contributing to death; all had been treated
      with antibiotics. Since one third of lower respiratory infections are
      bronchiolitis, and among infants under 1 year of age bronchiolitis comprises 47%
      of all lower respiratory infection cases, criteria for antibiotic management must
      take into account the availability of roentgenographic investigation.

PMID- 2396618
TI  - Gowning on a postpartum ward fails to decrease colonization in the newborn
      infant.
AB  - We conducted a randomized study to evaluate the effect of gowning by visitors and
      hospital personnel on a postpartum ward on nose and umbilical colonization and
      disease in healthy newborn infants. Cultures were obtained in infants assigned to
      the gowning and nongowning groups within 6 hours of birth from the anterior part
      of the nares and the base of the umbilicus and at the time of discharge from the
      nursery. There were 102 infants in the gowning group and 100 infants in the
      nongowning group. No significant differences were noted between the two groups
      with respect to sex, length of stay, mode of delivery, weight, or status of
      nursery admission culture results. The use of gowns on a postpartum ward failed
      to decrease nose or umbilical colonization when compared with infants in the
      nongowning group. Seventy (68.6%) of 102 infants in the gowning group and 65
      (65%) of 100 infants in the nongowning group had negative umbilical cord cultures
      on admission to the nursery that became positive at discharge. On follow-up, no
      differences were noted between the two groups with respect to their health. Only
      one infant in each group had an infection develop in the first 4 weeks of life.
      We conclude that the routine use of cover gowns on postpartum units in healthy
      full-term infants is ineffective and costly. It may discourage health care
      providers from examining patients and providing care.

PMID- 2396619
TI  - Mediterranean spotted fever in children returning from France.
AB  - Although the incidence of Mediterranean spotted fever has increased dramatically
      in parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia, the disease is only rarely seen in
      travelers. We describe two children who had traveled in southern France and
      subsequently had rash and lymphadenopathy develop. Both children were treated
      with doxycycline and had unequivocal serologic evidence of Mediterranean spotted
      fever develop. Although this disease is usually mild, in the absence of a tick
      bite the disease can easily be confused with other febrile exanthems. We describe
      these patients to reemphasize the influence that international travel has brought
      to pediatrics.

PMID- 2396620
TI  - Radiological cases of the month. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation presenting
      with brain abscess.

PMID- 2396621
TI  - Neonatology and residency training: enough is enough.

PMID- 2396622
TI  - The use of anabolic steroids.

PMID- 2396623
TI  - Infectious conditions in day care: there is more than enteritis and rhinitis.

PMID- 2396624
TI  - Nintendo power.

PMID- 2396625
TI  - Survey suggests education objectives to improve practice activities.

PMID- 2396626
TI  - What has become of the physical examination?

PMID- 2396627
TI  - Management of cardiovascular disease risk factors in children. A national survey
      of primary care physicians.
AB  - A national survey of family physicians, general practitioners, and pediatricians
      revealed substantial physician differences in managing cardiovascular disease
      risk factors in children aged 2 to 18 years. Pediatricians tended to screen
      younger children but were more conservative in treatment. General practitioners
      tended to screen less and to initiate intervention in older children, but were
      more aggressive in therapy. While only 9% of surveyed physicians measured blood
      cholesterol levels routinely, 72% screened children with family histories of
      cardiovascular disease. The majority routinely measured blood pressure, but the
      ages of first measurements differed among physicians. Surprisingly, of those who
      had treated children with elevated blood pressure or blood cholesterol, 54% said
      that they had ever used antihypertensive and 12% used lipid-lowering drugs in
      children, including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and clofibrate. Half
      the surveyed physicians felt prepared to provide dietary counseling, but only 14%
      felt successful with it. When asked what they considered were the major
      cardiovascular risk factors, less than one third of the physicians cited all
      three major factors: hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking.

PMID- 2396628
TI  - Social and medical problems in children of heroin-addicted parents. A study of 75
      patients.
AB  - Between January 1985 and December 1987, seventy-five children of intravenous
      heroin-addicted parents (one or both) were studied. Their ages ranged from 4 days
      to 14 years. All patients had suffered from several pediatric diseases. Three
      major types of problems were found among the children studied: infectious
      diseases, nutritional diseases, and parental neglect and/or disinterest. The most
      common diagnoses at discharge were gastroenteritis (24%), pneumonia (21%),
      malnutrition (17%), upper airway infectious diseases (13%), septicemia (12%),
      child abuse (4%), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (3%), and other infectious
      diseases (24%). Their parents reported hepatitis B virus infection, acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and alcoholism. The unemployment rate among the
      fathers was 37%. Sixteen percent of mothers were prostitutes. There was an
      imprisonment record of 19% for mothers and fathers combined. A multidisciplinary
      approach for this group of children would make prevention possible and care less
      expensive.

PMID- 2396629
TI  - Childhood lawn dart injuries. Summary of 75 patients and patient report.
AB  - Lawn dart injuries account for an estimated 675 emergency department visits per
      year. Seventy-six patients are described herein. The victims ranged from 1 to 18
      years of age and were predominantly male (male to female ratio is 3.1:1). The
      most common sites of injury were head (54%), eye (17%), and face (11%).
      Hospitalization was required for 54% (41/76) of these patients. Sequelae included
      unilateral blindness and brain damage. The case fatality rate was 4%. The extent
      of a head injury was not always clinically apparent at the initial presentation
      and should be promptly defined by computed tomographic scan. Despite the recent
      ban on the sale of lawn darts, there remain an estimated 10 to 15 million sets of
      lawn darts in the homes of Americans. Pediatricians should encourage parents to
      discard all lawn darts.

PMID- 2396630
TI  - Comparative heights of mothers and fathers whose children are short.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate and compare the heights of mothers and
      fathers whose children had various forms of short stature. The heights of parents
      of a total of 341 children were grouped by their children's diagnoses into three
      groups: group 1, genetic short stature; group 2, a constitutional delay of
      growth; and group 3, normal "short" stature (children in the fifth to 25th
      percentile). Analysis indicated that the data were gaussian in distribution and
      that no significant skewing or kurtosis was noted in any group for either
      maternal or paternal heights. The mean height of mothers in group 1 (mean +/- SD,
      157.7 +/- 6.8 cm) was less than (F = 14.36) the mean height of mothers in either
      group 2 (mean +/- SD, 161.1 +/- 6.9 cm) or group 3 (mean +/- SD, 162.5 +/- 6.6
      cm). In contrast, the mean heights of fathers were not significantly different (F
      = 2.13) among the three groups (mean +/- SD, 173.3 +/- 7.5, 173.8 +/- 8.3, and
      176.0 +/- 9.6 cm). Thus, a significant shift to greater shortness in mothers'
      heights than in fathers' heights for the parents of children with genetic short
      stature was noted. Such a differential shortness was not detected in the parents
      of children with a constitutional delay of growth.

PMID- 2396632
TI  - Successful grieving.

PMID- 2396631
TI  - Clinical utility of cycle exercise for the physiologic assessment of growth
      hormone release in children.
AB  - The clinical utility of exercise as a stimulus for the physiologic assessment of
      growth hormone (GH) deficiency was examined in healthy children. In response to
      exercise tests performed on different days, serum GH concentrations exceeded 7
      micrograms/L on both days in 9 of 10 children. Although there is variation in
      this method of physiologic testing in the response of serum GH concentration
      (significant mean differences in GH peak values, 27.1 vs 19.8 micrograms/L for
      the two tests), the exercise test proved clinically valid in that diagnostic
      levels of GH were exceeded on both days 90% of the time. We conclude that this
      exercise evaluation protocol has clinical utility for the assessment of GH
      deficiency in children.

PMID- 2396634
TI  - A jury defines 'neglect' in nursing homes.

PMID- 2396633
TI  - The lady with the flashlight.

PMID- 2396636
TI  - Try a penrose drain and cloth tape.

PMID- 2396637
TI  - Perforated peptic ulcer.

PMID- 2396635
TI  - Heparin vs. saline debate.

PMID- 2396638
TI  - Hazards of the infiltrated i.v.

PMID- 2396639
TI  - Intra aortic balloon pumping. How to stay on course.

PMID- 2396640
TI  - The National Practitioner Data Bank.

PMID- 2396641
TI  - Status asthmaticus.

PMID- 2396642
TI  - Understanding autonomic dysreflexia.

PMID- 2396643
TI  - Northeast jobfocus. Northeast network: from Maine to Maryland.

PMID- 2396644
TI  - Access to invisible expressways.

PMID- 2396645
TI  - Boston jobfocus. Boston: health-care hub.

PMID- 2396646
TI  - Visual prognosis in macular retinoblastomas.
AB  - Since 1979, we have treated 11 patients who had macular retinoblastomas. Two
      patients eventually recovered 20/20 visual acuity despite the presence of
      subretinal fluid in the fovea at the time of diagnosis. The diagnosis was made at
      11 and 14 months of age, and follow-up periods were ten and seven years,
      respectively. One case was sporadic and the other was hereditary. Both patients
      were treated with external radiation; one patient was also treated with
      chemotherapy. The lesions regressed markedly after treatment. These cases
      demonstrate that visual prognosis in macular retinoblastomas is not uniformly
      poor even when a foveal detachment is present. Visual acuity may be good in some
      cases, which supports the merits of medical treatment rather than enucleation in
      selected patients.

PMID- 2396647
TI  - Reversible visual loss caused by fibrous dysplasia.
AB  - Fibrous dysplasia is a developmental anomaly of bone, often affecting the facial
      bones. We treated a patient who had fibrous dysplasia involving the right
      maxillary and sphenoid bones. The patient had a sudden loss of visual acuity to
      R.E.: counting fingers. Visual fields demonstrated a central scotoma, and
      retrobulbar neuritis was diagnosed. When vision failed to improve spontaneously,
      however, radiologic studies were performed. These showed compromise of the optic
      canal by bony proliferation and an apparent mucocele at the orbital apex.
      Surgical exploration disclosed fibrous dysplastic bone and a cystic structure
      overlying the optic nerve. Successful surgical excision of the cyst and debulking
      of the fibrous dysplasia resulted in visual acuity returning to R.E.: 20/25.

PMID- 2396648
TI  - Management of subretinal foreign bodies with a cannulated extrusion needle.
AB  - We treated two patients who had nonmagnetic subretinal foreign bodies (metallic
      pellet and lens nucleus fragment) in the presence of a retinal detachment and a
      distant retinal break. After the pars plana vitrectomy, the soft, flexible tip of
      the cannulated extrusion needle was used to push the foreign object gently away
      from the posterior pole toward the retinal break where it was grasped and removed
      from the eye. This technique for subretinal foreign body removal is preferable to
      creating a large posterior retinotomy overlying the foreign body because of the
      potential risks of further macular trauma, hemorrhage, or proliferation of
      periretinal membranes from the retinotomy site.

PMID- 2396649
TI  - Needle revision with and without 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of failed
      filtering blebs.
AB  - Twelve patients with failed or failing filtering blebs were treated by
      transconjunctival needle revision of the bleb. Seven of these received 5
      fluorouracil as an adjunct. Intraocular pressure decreased from 31.3 +/- 8.8 mm
      Hg (range, 20 to 47 mm Hg) to 17.0 +/- 3.7 mm Hg (range, 8 to 22 mm Hg). The
      length of follow-up ranged from two to 31 months. The results in 11 of 12
      patients (91.6%) were satisfactory, defined by an intraocular pressure of 22 mm
      Hg or less, with or without antiglaucoma medications, and requiring no subsequent
      procedures for control of intraocular pressure. The success rates and overall
      pressure lowering effect of the seven patients receiving and the five patients
      not receiving 5-fluorouracil were similar. However, most patients receiving 5
      fluorouracil were thought to be at higher risk for surgical failure.
      Complications of needle revision were minor and resolved without sequelae. We
      advocate the consideration of transconjunctival needle revision with or without
      the use of 5-fluorouracil as a useful therapeutic modality in the management of
      the failed or failing filtering bleb.

PMID- 2396650
TI  - The effect of iridotomy on iris contour.
AB  - With a recently developed technique for quantifying the geometry of the anterior
      chamber in optical cross section (slit-lamp photography using the Scheimpflug
      principle and computer correction for the optical effects of the cornea), we
      studied the iris contour before and after iridotomy in six patients with narrow
      anterior chamber angles and angle-closure glaucoma. Before iridotomy, the iris
      contour was convex anteriorly in all meridians. After iridotomy, the anterior
      lens surface position did not change perceptibly. The iris at the pupil margin
      settled backward onto the lens surface, no longer held forward by the narrow
      stream of aqueous passing from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber.
      Next to the pupil there was often a perceptible mound, presumably representing
      the iris sphincter. From the point of support by the lens to the root of the
      iris, the contour of the iris surface was a straight line, except for the surface
      irregularities. The deepening of the anterior chamber at each point was the
      difference between the convex contour before iridotomy and the straight line
      after iridotomy.

PMID- 2396651
TI  - Use of the Megasoft Bandage Lens for treatment of complications after
      trabeculectomy.
AB  - Shallow anterior chambers and leaking filtration blebs are possible complications
      after trabeculectomy that can be treated with therapeutic contact lenses. In most
      cases, however, treatment fails because these lenses are not large enough to
      cover the filtering bleb. We evaluated the use of a newly developed large
      diameter (20.5 mm) therapeutic soft contact lens. Five patients with shallow
      anterior chambers and ten patients with leaking filtering blebs after
      trabeculectomy were fitted with this new extended-wear contact lens. All patients
      with shallow anterior chambers developed deep chambers after a mean treatment
      period of five days. Of the ten patients with leaking filtering blebs, in eight
      (80%) the leak closed after a mean treatment period of 2.2 months. The contact
      lens used was comfortable and complications occurred in only one eye. This new
      therapeutic device is an improvement in the treatment of complications after
      trabeculectomy.

PMID- 2396652
TI  - Oxygen permeability of disposable soft contact lenses.
AB  - Disposable contact lenses are inexpensive hydrogel lenses that are approved for
      both daily and extended wear. Confusion may exist regarding the physical
      properties of disposable contact lenses. We used the single-chamber polarographic
      oxygen permeability measurement method, corrected for both boundary and edge
      effects, to determine objectively the oxygen permeability of three brands of
      disposable contact lenses. The oxygen permeability values determined for each
      lens material are as follows: Acuvue, 18 x 10(-11) cm2 ml O2/sec ml mm Hg (Dk);
      NewVues, 15 x 10(-11) Dk; and SeeQuence, 9 x 10(-11) Dk. This demonstrates that
      the inexpensive production techniques, which confer a relatively low unit
      expense, do not change the physical properties of the hydrogel materials as they
      relate to oxygen permeability and transmissibility. We concluded that hypoxic
      stress to the cornea is just as likely when using a disposable contact lens as it
      is when using a conventional reusable soft hydrogel lens of similar composition
      and water content.

PMID- 2396653
TI  - Ocular findings in Treacher Collins syndrome.
AB  - We examined 14 patients from nine families referred with the diagnosis of
      Treacher Collins syndrome. We noted seven significant ocular findings including
      the following: a subnormal horizontal palpebral fissure length and inferomedial
      displacement of the lateral canthus in primary gaze; further medial displacement
      (4.0 mm or more) of the lateral canthus with resultant shortening of the
      horizontal fissure length on forced eyelid closure (fissure narrowing sign);
      partial-thickness eyelid colobomata localized to the nasal one half to two thirds
      of the lower eyelids; bilateral absence of the inferior lacrimal puncta;
      bilateral blepharoptosis; inferior displacement of the palpebral fissures; and
      regular astigmatism without any consistent orientation of the axis of astigmatism
      relative to the lower eyelid defects, blepharoptosis, or lateral canthus. The
      fissure narrowing sign correlates with known anatomic deficiencies in the
      Treacher Collins syndrome and may prove valuable in confirming the diagnosis in
      patients who lack certain typical features.

PMID- 2396654
TI  - Accommodative convergence in hypermetropia.
AB  - We compared the clinical characteristics of esotropic, hypermetropic children
      whose strabismus was fully corrected with spectacles (refractive accommodative
      esotropia) with those who remained orthotropic (that is, had no manifest
      strabismus on the cover test) in the presence of uncorrected hypermetropia. In
      addition to a standard ophthalmologic and orthoptic examination, we determined
      the stimulus accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio by using the
      gradient method over a range of 6 diopters, the near point of accommodation, and
      random dot stereopsis. Hypermetropic patients without esotropia or significant
      esophoria were found to have a low AC/A ratio in contrast to those patients with
      refractive accommodative esotropia. This finding explains why esodeviations may
      be absent in some hypermetropic patients with uncorrected vision. We found a high
      prevalence of abnormally low near points of accommodation and defective or absent
      stereopsis in both groups of patients.

PMID- 2396655
TI  - A comparative study of grating and recognition visual acuity testing in children
      with anisometropic amblyopia without strabismus.
AB  - Bailey-Lovie-Ferris visual acuity charts and Teller visual acuity cards were used
      to compare recognition and grating visual acuity at near testing distances in 32
      children with anisometropic amblyopia without strabismus. Appropriate optical
      corrections were worn. Test-retest intraobserver reliability was higher for
      letters (r =.95) than for gratings (r = .68). Using 20/30 visual acuity or better
      as the criterion for normal visual acuity, eight eyes with letter visual acuities
      ranging from 20/42 to 20/138 would have been inaccurately found to be normal by
      using the Teller visual acuity cards alone. Grating visual acuity measurements
      tended to be better than letter visual acuity; and, in general, they did not
      worsen proportionately with poorer letter visual acuity.

PMID- 2396656
TI  - Functional eyelid pulling in children.
AB  - Five children (three girls and two boys, aged 3 1/2 to 9 1/2 years) were referred
      by their pediatricians for evaluation of intermittent pulling on their eyelids.
      All the children were free of systemic disease. One child wore spectacles for
      accommodative esotropia but no child had evidence of an acute ocular disorder.
      The duration of symptoms before examination ranged from one to 13 months. None of
      the parents were able to identify temporally related stressful events.
      Reassurance alone was given to both parents and children; eyelid pulling resolved
      in all cases within two weeks. In only the youngest patient did eyelid pulling
      recur and no child developed other symptoms during a follow-up of six to 15
      months. Following resolution, parents believed their children pulled on the
      eyelids to gain attention or because their eyes were initially irritated and they
      then developed a "bad habit." Children said they did it to "look funny" or
      because their "eyes were not opening enough."

PMID- 2396657
TI  - Light deprivation and retinitis pigmentosa.

PMID- 2396659
TI  - Corneal endothelial changes in ocular hypertensive individuals after long-term
      unilateral treatment with timolol.

PMID- 2396658
TI  - Familial anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and papillophlebitis.

PMID- 2396660
TI  - Corneal and iris burns with the laser indirect ophthalmoscope.

PMID- 2396661
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnea and the floppy eyelid syndrome.

PMID- 2396662
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of superior oblique muscle atrophy in acquired
      trochlear nerve palsy.

PMID- 2396663
TI  - Cavernous hemangioma of the lacrimal sac.

PMID- 2396664
TI  - The use of eye pads after cataract surgery.

PMID- 2396665
TI  - Penetrating keratoplasty in ectodermal dysplasia.

PMID- 2396666
TI  - Postoperative endophthalmitis caused by Wangiella dermatitidis.

PMID- 2396667
TI  - Safety of fluorescein angiography during pregnancy.

PMID- 2396668
TI  - Posterior vitreous cyst.

PMID- 2396669
TI  - Phosphorus restriction reverses hyperparathyroidism in uremia independent of
      changes in calcium and calcitriol.
AB  - Phosphorus is a well-known modulator of renal 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity. In
      early and moderate renal failure it is proposed that dietary Pi reduction
      ameliorates secondary hyperparathyroidism through increased circulating levels of
      calcitriol (i.e, 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol). To gain further insight
      into the mechanisms by which a low-Pi diet ameliorates secondary
      hyperparathyroidism in advanced renal insufficiency, studies were performed in
      five dogs before and 6 mo after the induction of uremia by 5/6 nephrectomy.
      Glomerular filtration rate decreased from 69.0 +/- 2.3 to 10.5 +/- 0.5 ml/min,
      immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (irPTH) increased from 66.0 +/- 8.8 to 321.0
      +/- 46 pg/ml, and calcitriol decreased from 39.0 +/- 10.4 to 27.0 +/- 6.2 pg/ml.
      Thereafter, dietary Pi was decreased gradually every 2 wk from 0.95% to 0.6,
      0.45, and 0.3%, respectively. Dietary Ca was reduced from 1.6 to 0.6% to prevent
      development of hypercalcemia. Ionized Ca (ICa) decreased from 5.4 +/- 0.04 to 5.2
      +/- 0.05 mg/dl (P less than 0.02), and plasma Pi decreased from 6.3 +/- 0.7 to
      4.7 +/- 0.2 mg/dl (P less than 0.05). Calcitriol remained low (23.3 +/- 4.7
      pg/ml). However, irPTH gradually decreased from 321.0 +/- 46.0 to 94.7 +/- 22.9
      pg/ml (P less than 0.005). These studies indicate that a decrease in dietary Pi
      from 0.95 to 0.3% suppressed irPTH by approximately 70%. Reduction of irPTH was
      observed in the absence of a concomitant increase in levels of ICa or calcitriol.
      These studies suggest that reduction in dietary Pi in advanced renal
      insufficiency improves secondary hyperparathyroidism by a mechanism that is
      independent of the levels of calcitriol or plasma ICa.

PMID- 2396670
TI  - Epidermal growth factor accelerates renal repair in mercuric chloride
      nephrotoxicity.
AB  - Repair and recovery of ischemic or nephrotoxic acute renal failure (ARF) are
      dependent upon renal tubule cell regeneration. Because epidermal growth factor
      (EGF) is a potent growth promoter to renal tubule cells, experiments were
      undertaken to assess the effects of exogenous administration of EGF during the
      recovery phase of HgCl2-induced ARF. Rats were administered HgCl2 (5 mg/kg sc),
      and [3H]thymidine incorporation into renal tissue and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
      and serum creatinine concentrations were measured at various times after toxin
      administration. EGF (20 microgram) was administered subcutaneously 2 or 4 h after
      HgCl2 injection. Exogenous EGF resulted in greater levels of renal [3H]thymidine
      incorporation into renal proximal tubule cells compared with those observed in
      nontreated animals at several time points in the first 48 h after toxic injury.
      Morphometric analysis of histoautoradiograph sections of renal tissue
      demonstrated that greater than 96% of labeled cells were tubular in all examined
      sections. This EGF-related acceleration in DNA synthesis was associated with
      significantly lower peak BUN and serum creatinine levels, averaging 213 +/- 23
      and 6.54 +/- 0.72 (SE) mg/dl, respectively, at 3 days in EGF-treated nephrotoxic
      rats compared with peak levels of 359 +/- 40 and 9.92 +/- 1.67 mg/dl (P less than
      0.001, n = 7-16) at 5 days in non-EGF-treated nephrotoxic rats. EGF treatment
      also was associated with a return to near normal BUN and serum creatinine levels
      approximately 4 days earlier than that observed in non-EGF-treated animals. These
      findings demonstrate that exogenous EGF accelerates the repair process of the
      kidney after a severe toxic insult.

PMID- 2396671
TI  - Neurogenic control of pressure natriuresis in conscious dogs.
AB  - In this study we investigated the interaction of the sympathetic nervous system
      with renal perfusion pressure (RPP) in the short-term control of sodium excretion
      (UNa V). Pressure natriuresis curves (PNCs) were determined in 13 conscious dogs
      on a normal-salt diet during control conditions, bilateral common carotid
      occlusion (CCO), CCO combined with an intrarenal prazosin infusion, and during an
      intrarenal methoxamine infusion. RPP was reduced in controlled steps by inflation
      of a cuff placed around the renal artery. For controls, a reduction in RPP
      resulted in a strong decrease in urine output and UNaV. In all dogs, the PNC was
      closely related to individual resting blood pressure; UNaV fell to less than 50%
      of control (10-20 mmHg below resting blood pressure). A baroreflex activation of
      the sympathetic nervous system by CCO shifted PNC to the right by 10-15 mmHg (n =
      8). Sensitivity of pressure natriuresis was not affected by CCO. The shift was
      blocked when the selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin was infused
      intrarenally during CCO (n = 9). Without CCO, prazosin had no effects on urine
      flow rate or UNaV at the control RPP. Similar to CCO, intrarenal infusion of the
      selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist methoxamine shifted PNC to the right by 15
      20 mmHg (n = 4). Neither renal blood flow nor glomerular filtration rate was
      significantly different between control and any experimental condition. These
      results indicate that the sympathetic nervous system regulates UNaV by shifting
      the PNC through intrarenal alpha 1-adrenoceptors without altering the sensitivity
      of pressure natriuresis.

PMID- 2396672
TI  - Growth hormone stimulates IGF I gene expression in isolated rat renal collecting
      duct.
AB  - To determine whether growth hormone (GH) directly stimulates insulin-like growth
      factor I (IGF I) gene expression in renal collecting duct, plasma membranes
      prepared from collecting ducts isolated from rat kidney, and collecting ducts
      themselves were incubated in presence and absence of GH. GH enhanced
      phospholipase C activity in collecting duct plasma membranes establishing the
      potential for GH-signal transduction. Inclusion of GH in suspensions of
      collecting ducts increased production of immunoreactive IGF I in a time-dependent
      and concentration-dependent manner. Production was stimulated significantly by
      addition of 10(-10), 10(-8), or 10(-6) M GH to suspensions for 2 h. IGF I
      produced in isolated collecting ducts was released into the suspending media.
      Levels of IGF I mRNA in collecting ducts were increased 2.8-fold after incubation
      with 10(-6) M GH in vitro. IGF I of collecting duct origin was indistinguishable
      from recombinant human IGF I in terms of its size and receptor-binding
      characteristics. Our findings demonstrate a direct action of GH to enhance
      collecting duct IGF I gene expression in vitro. Such enhancement is likely to
      reflect the mechanism by which GH stimulates renal IGF I production in intact
      kidney.

PMID- 2396673
TI  - Differential Na fluxes with artificial and native fluids in clip models of volume
      expansion.
AB  - Earlier we demonstrated significant differences in proximal tubular Na transport
      inhibition during saline volume expansion (VE) depending on whether artificial
      (AF) or native harvested tubular fluid (HTF) was used. In the present experiments
      the shrinking-drop technique was used to measure volume flux (Jv) in the early-
      and late-clip models of VE with AF alternating with HTF. In early-clip rats, with
      AF, Jv (x 10(4) mm3.mm-2.s-1) during the nonexpanded period was 2.92 +/- 0.105;
      during subsequent VE, it was 2.20 +/- 0.180 and 1.97 +/- 0.149 with HTF (for the
      latter two P greater than 0.3). In late-clip rats they were 2.83 +/- 0.135, 1.99
      +/- 0.157, and 1.50 +/- 0.171 (for the latter two P less than 0.001),
      respectively. With AF, transport was inhibited equally in both models during VE.
      There were no significant differences in the electrolyte composition of AF and
      HTF during shrinkage as measured by microprobe analysis. The 47% inhibition of Jv
      with HTF but not AF during VE in the late-clip but not the early-clip rats
      strongly implies the presence of factors other than physical forces during VE,
      which inhibit proximal tubular Na transport. Studies of tubular transport during
      VE need to be performed using both AF and HTF.

PMID- 2396674
TI  - Stimulation of transient elevations in cytosolic Ca2+ is related to inhibition of
      Pi transport in OK cells.
AB  - Stimulation of changes in cytosolic free calcium by parathyroid hormone was
      determined in three opossum kidney (OK) cell types, OK wild-type, OKP clone, and
      OKH clone. All three types of OK cells express parathyroid hormone (PTH)
      sensitive adenylate cyclase and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)
      production. However, only the OK wild-type and the OKP clone respond to PTH with
      inhibition of sodium-dependent Pi transport and transient increase in cytosolic
      calcium. Characterization of the increases in cytosolic calcium in the wild-type
      and OKP clones revealed they were due in part to stimulation of Ca2+ release from
      intracellular stores, probably by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which was
      stimulated by PTH. PTH-stimulated Ca2+ transients were also inhibited by protein
      kinase C activation. These data are compatible with PTH receptor-mediated
      phospholipase C activation and its feedback inhibition by protein kinase C. The
      OKH cells demonstrated a slow increase in cytosolic calcium when stimulated by
      cyclic nucleotides but no evidence for PTH stimulation of Ca2+ release from
      intracellular stores. Thus the absence of an inhibitory response of sodium
      dependent Pi transport to PTH in the OKH cells is associated with the absence of
      the rapid transient elevations of cytosolic Ca2+ such as those produced by IP3
      production. These data suggest an important cooperative role for cAMP and the
      phospholipase C-stimulated Ca2(+)-protein kinase C message system in the
      regulation of Pi transport.

PMID- 2396675
TI  - Regulation of small-conductance K+ channel in apical membrane of rat cortical
      collecting tubule.
AB  - We used the patch-clamp technique to study the activity and regulation of single
      potassium channels in the apical membrane of isolated cortical collecting tubules
      (CCT) of rat kidney. With 140 mM K+ in the pipette the inward conductance of the
      channel in cell-attached patches at 37 degrees C was 35 pS (n = 106, NaCl-Ringer
      or 70 mM KCl and 70 mM NaCl in the bath), and the outward conductance was 15 pS
      (n = 15, 70 mM NaCl + 70 mM KCl in the bath). Mean open probability (Po) of the
      channel is voltage independent and 0.96 (n = 106). The channel displayed one open
      state with a mean lifetime of 18.6 ms and one closed state with a mean lifetime
      of 0.7 ms (n = 20). Selectivity ratio between K+ and Na+ is 20 (n = 5). High
      potassium diet increased channel incidence from control 32% (53 patches with
      channel from 165 patches) to 64% (53 patches with channels from 83 patches). The
      channel could be blocked by 1 mM Ba2+ (n = 7, Ba2+ in the pipette); however, 5 mM
      tetraethylammonium (n = 9, TEA in the pipette) did not block the channel
      activity. The channel was very sensitive to intracellular pH (n = 6). Changing
      bath pH facing cytoplasmic side of inside-out patches from 7.4 to 6.9 reversibly
      reduced Po from 0.9 to 0.1. Addition of 1 mM ATP (n = 7) to bath almost
      completely inhibited channel activity in inside-out patches. This ATP-induced
      inhibition was fully reversible and was found to be dependent on the ratio of ATP
      to ADP, since adding 0.5 mM ADP to bath solution relieved the ATP-induced
      blockade. Results indicate that intracellular pH, concentration of ATP, and ratio
      of ATP to ADP are important regulators of potassium channel activity in the
      apical membrane of rat CCT, and the properties of the channel make it a strong
      candidate for K+ secretion in this nephron segment.

PMID- 2396676
TI  - Monoaminergic innervation of the rat kidney: a quantitative study.
AB  - The sympathetic innervation of the renal tubules and vasculature was
      characterized by measuring the overlap of accumulations of autoradiographic
      grains (AAGs) on these structures in autoradiograms of kidney sections from rats
      injected with tritiated norepinephrine. AAG overlap was used as an indirect
      measure of the innervation of those structures. The renal vasculature showed x
      4.5 more AAG overlap than observed on renal tubules. The greatest amount of AAG
      overlap occurred on afferent arterioles, followed by efferent arterioles,
      interlobular arteries, cortical capillaries, arcuate arteries, and renal veins.
      High concentration of AAGs occurred along the vascular bundles of the outer
      stripe. In the tubular nephron the proximal tubule had the greatest amount of AAG
      overlap, followed by the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle, the connecting
      tubule, the distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct. It was found that
      afferent arterioles had significantly higher mean density of AAG overlap than
      efferent arterioles for the superficial, midcortical, and juxtamedullary
      (vascular bundles excluded) renal cortex. There was consistently more AAG
      perimeter facing the interstitium than overlapping the vasculature. These
      observations, together with the ultrastructural distribution of synaptic vesicles
      in varicosities, suggest that the interstitium might be an additional pathway of
      neurotransmitter access to the effector structures.

PMID- 2396677
TI  - Thiazide-sensitive NaCl absorption in rat cortical collecting duct.
AB  - The mechanism of transepithelial NaCl transport was investigated in isolated
      perfused cortical collecting ducts from the kidneys of deoxycorticosterone
      treated rats. In the presence of vasopressin, hydrochlorothiazide (0.1 mM)
      markedly reduced the net rate of Na absorption, Cl absorption, and active fluid
      absorption but did not significantly change the transepithelial voltage.
      Similarly, in the absence of vasopressin, hydrochlorothiazide decreased the rate
      of sodium absorption by 50% without affecting transepithelial voltage. Amiloride
      (30 microM) completely eliminated the lumen-negative voltage but decreased net
      sodium absorption only by approximately 50%. In the presence of amiloride,
      chloride absorption occurred against an electrochemical gradient for chloride,
      indicating that there was active chloride absorption. Bumetanide (0.1 mM) did not
      affect chloride absorption or spontaneous fluid absorption in the presence of
      vasopressin. The combination of amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide inhibited net
      sodium absorption by a greater extent than did either agent alone. These results
      demonstrate the presence of the following two parallel sodium transport pathways
      in cortical collecting ducts from mineralocorticoid-replete rats: 1) an
      electrogenic pathway blocked by amiloride, which presumably involves an apical
      sodium channel, and 2) a thiazide-inhibitable electroneutral pathway, which
      presumably utilizes apical Na-Cl cotransport and mediates secondary active
      transport of chloride.

PMID- 2396678
TI  - Tubuloglomerular feedback kinetics in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto
      rats.
AB  - The steady-state behavior of the tubuloglomerular feedback system has been
      studied in detail, but little is known about its dynamics. However, kinetic data
      can provide insight regarding the contribution of feedback to autoregulatory
      responses. Accordingly, experiments were conducted in anesthetized, euvolemic,
      spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats to
      characterize the time course of changes in proximal tubular stop-flow pressure
      after step changes in the rate of orthograde perfusion of Henle's loop. We
      studied the responses both to increase in perfusion rate, which produced
      preglomerular vasoconstriction, and decreases in perfusion rate, which produced
      preglomerular vasodilation. In both strains, the pattern of induced stop-flow
      pressure transients consisted of a pure delay followed by a monoexponential decay
      to a new steady state. In SHR rats, delay times were shorter than in WKY rats,
      but response time constants were not significantly different in the two strains.
      However, response time constants for dilation were longer than for constriction
      in both strains. The delay times and relatively large response time constants
      observed indicate that tubuloglomerular feedback cannot mediate rapid
      autoregulatory responses to fluctuations in renal perfusion pressure. The
      response time of tubuloglomerular feedback is probably limited by both the time
      lag associated with fluid transit through the loop of Henle and a relatively slow
      rate-limiting step in the signal transduction process at the macula densa.

PMID- 2396679
TI  - Role of prostanoids in cerebrovascular responses to asphyxia and reventilation in
      newborn pigs.
AB  - Cerebral hemodynamics during asphyxia and reventilation were investigated in
      normothermic, hypothermic (35 degrees C), and indomethacin-pretreated (5 mg/kg
      iv) anesthetized, newborn pigs. In the normothermic group, total cerebral blood
      flow (CBF) measured with radioactive microspheres was 57 +/- 12 ml.min-1 x 100 g
      1 during baseline, 104 +/- 19 at 1 min of asphyxia, 39 +/- 5 at 5 min of
      asphyxia, 186 +/- 16 at 8 min of reventilation, and 95 +/- 20 at 16 min of
      reventilation. During asphyxia and reventilation blood flow to brain stem was
      better regulated than to cerebrum or cerebellum. Baseline CBF was similar in the
      indomethacin and hypothermic groups (32 +/- 2 and 41 +/- 5 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1,
      respectively; n = 5 for each group). However, during asphyxia, blood flow was
      never less in either one of these groups than in the normothermic group in spite
      of a lack of arterial hypercapnia at 1 min in the hypothermia group. During
      reventilation, blood flow was sometimes lower in the hypothermic and indomethacin
      groups than the normothermic group but never lower when considered on a
      percentage change from baseline basis. We conclude that inhibition of prostanoid
      production with indomethacin did not limit vasodilation during these conditions.

PMID- 2396680
TI  - Rat venular pressure-diameter relationships are regulated by sympathetic
      activity.
AB  - The hypothesis that the pressure-diameter relationship of intestinal venules in
      rats is primarily determined by sympathetic nervous system activity was tested.
      The pressure-diameter relationship of the smallest to largest diameter (20-100
      microns) intestinal venules of the rat was measured at rest, during hemorrhage to
      increase sympathetic neural activity, and during saline volume expansion to
      decrease sympathetic activity. During hemorrhage, the diameter of all venules
      decreased approximately 10% at 10 mmHg venous pressure, and the slope of the
      pressure-diameter relationship increased approximately 50% above control. Blood
      volume expansion led to an approximately 10% increase in venule diameter at 10
      mmHg and a 25% decrease in slope. Denervation of the vessels causes concomitant
      vasodilation, which was greater than the vasodilation caused by blood volume
      expansion. Hemorrhage after denervation caused no significant changes in the
      relationship when compared with denervated control. Nitroprusside caused an even
      greater vasodilation when compared with the pressure-diameter relationship after
      denervation. The results suggest that the slope and 10-mmHg intercept of the
      pressure-diameter relationship for the largest through smallest intestinal
      venules and, therefore, their vascular compliance and capacitance characteristics
      are primarily determined by sympathetic activity.

PMID- 2396681
TI  - Changes in adrenal oxygen consumption during catecholamine secretion in
      anesthetized dogs.
AB  - Prior attempts to study adrenal medullary O2 metabolism during catecholamine
      secretion have been unsuccessful because venous blood from medulla mixes with
      venous blood from the much larger cortex. To circumvent this problem, eight adult
      mongrel dogs were pretreated for 5-6 wk with the adrenocorticolytic agent 1,1
      dichloro-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (o,p'-DDD). Prednisolone (5
      mg/day) and fludrocortisone (0.1 mg.10 kg-1.day-1) were administered orally to
      prevent adrenocortical insufficiency. Animals were then anesthetized with
      pentobarbital sodium and subjected to splanchnic nerve stimulation (NS) at 20 and
      4 Hz to elicit catecholamine secretion. NS at 20 Hz increased epinephrine
      secretion from 1.6 +/- 0.7 to 1,780 +/- 762 ng.min-1.g medulla-1 but had no
      effect on medullary O2 consumption. Medullary blood flow (MQ) increased from 216
      +/- 63 to 1,522 +/- 182 ml.min-1.100 g-1, and O2 extraction decreased from 2.7 +/
      0.7 to 0.8 +/- 0.2%. NS at 4 Hz increased epinephrine secretion from 3.1 +/- 1.4
      to 76 +/- 17 ng.min-1.g medulla-1 and MQ from 226 +/- 66 to 649 +/- 122 ml.min
      1.100 g-1 but had no effect on adrenal O2 consumption or extraction. Cortical
      blood flow was 342 +/- 98 ml.min-1.100 g-1 at baseline and was unaffected by NS.
      Gross weight of cortex was reduced by 80% in o,p'-DDD-treated animals, and
      histological examination of glands from three animals showed only rare islands of
      glomerulosa cells remaining. These data suggest that increases in MQ during NS do
      not occur in response to changes in O2 consumption.

PMID- 2396683
TI  - Functional anatomical site of intramural collaterals in dogs.
AB  - The objectives of the present study were to determine quantitatively whether the
      retrograde flow measurement reflects the total flow from collateral vessels or
      overestimates or underestimates collateral flow, and to determine the functional
      anatomical origin of intramural collaterals in the native dog heart. In an
      isolated heart preparation, three experimental procedures were used. 1) The left
      circumflex coronary artery was embolized with microspheres of different sizes;
      then retrograde flows and the peripheral coronary pressures were measured. 2)
      Epicardial collaterals were cauterized, and retrograde flows were measured before
      and after cautery. 3) Epicardial collaterals were cauterized followed by
      embolization of the circumflex coronary artery with different size spheres. We
      found that 1) the retrograde flow measurement underestimates the total collateral
      flow to the circumflex coronary artery by approximately 25%, 2) intramural
      collateral flow constitutes 58 +/- 3.5% of the retrograde flow measurement, 3)
      the antegrade component of blood flow that is not measured during a retrograde
      flow measurement is from the intramural collateral circulation, and 4) the
      functional site of origin of intramural collaterals is greater than 25 microns
      but less than 80 microns in diameter. We conclude that, in our preparation,
      retrograde flow underestimates total collateral flow, and that intramural
      collateral flow is a major component of retrograde flow in the native dog heart.

PMID- 2396682
TI  - Autonomic pathophysiology in heart failure: carotid baroreceptor-cardiac
      reflexes.
AB  - We evaluated reflex cardiac responses mediated by carotid baroreceptors in 14
      patients with treated congestive heart failure and 14 age-matched healthy
      subjects. We used a neck chamber to deliver two types of pressure change: 5 s of
      continuous 50-mmHg suction and an R wave triggered, ramped neck pressure-suction
      sequence. Reflex latencies (functions of baroreflex arc duration) were comparable
      in heart failure patients and healthy subjects. However, the average maximum
      baroreflex slope (gain) was less in heart failure patients than healthy subjects
      (2.0 vs. 3.5 ms/mmHg, P less than 0.010), the R-R interval response range was
      smaller (91 vs. 188 ms, P = 0.002), and the resting R-R interval position on
      stimulus-response relation (operational point) was significantly (13 vs. 40%, P =
      0.001) closer to threshold. Stepwise regression analysis suggested that baseline
      R-R interval variability, used as an index of ongoing vagal-cardiac nerve
      traffic, and the inverse of antecubital vein plasma norepinephrine level, used as
      an index of sympathetic nerve activity, contributed significantly to the
      prediction of abnormal carotid baroreceptor-cardiac reflex responses. Thus our
      results suggest that in heart failure patients, carotid baroreceptor-cardiac
      reflex abnormalities are related significantly to ongoing abnormalities of vagal
      and sympathetic cardiovascular outflow.

PMID- 2396684
TI  - Transient inotropic effects of low extracellular sodium in perfused rat heart.
AB  - The inotropic effects of low concentrations of extracellular Na+ (35-110 mM) were
      studied using Langendorff-perfused rat hearts. Low Na+ induced an initial
      positive inotropic response proportional to the decrease of transsarcolemmal Na+
      gradient. At 35 mM Na+, this effect was followed by a secondary fall in
      contractility and rise of resting force (RF) and then by a delayed positive
      inotropic effect and recovery of RF. The magnitude of these low Na(+)-induced
      transient changes was dependent on the extracellular Ca2+ concentration and was
      altered by amiloride (6 x 10(-4) and 2.5 x 10(-3) M), ouabain (5 x 10(-5) and 5 x
      10(-4) M), ryanodine (2 x 10(-8), 1 x 10(-7) and 1 x 10(-6) M), and sodium azide
      (1 x 10(-3) and 5 x 10(-3) M) but not by verapamil (2 x 10(-8) and 1 x 10(-7) M)
      or vanadate (4 x 10(-6) M). The data indicate the initial positive inotropic
      response of the rat heart to low Na+ may be due to rapid loading of myocytes with
      Ca2+ through the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange mechanism. The secondary depression of
      contractility and the rise of RF appear to be the consequence of the short-lived
      intracellular Ca2+ overload. Furthermore, the recovery of contractions and the
      delayed positive inotropic response may be the result of the intracellular
      redistribution of excessive Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum with
      mitochondria and increased transsarcolemmal Ca2+ efflux apparently playing a more
      minor role.

PMID- 2396685
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of posterior hypothalamic stimulation in baroreflex
      denervated rats.
AB  - The overall purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sinoaortic
      baroreceptor denervation (SAD) on the cardiovascular and sympathetic outflow
      responses to electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus. In
      anesthetized rats that had undergone SAD 7-10 days before experimentation,
      electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus elicited greater increases
      in mean arterial pressure, iliac vascular resistance, mesenteric vascular
      resistance, and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity than in sham-operated
      baroreceptor-intact animals. Similarly, the pressor effects of intravenous
      norepinephrine were also augmented in the baroreceptor-denervated group compared
      with the baroreceptor-intact group. When posterior hypothalamic and intravenous
      norepinephrine pressor stimuli, which produced equivalent pressor responses in
      sham-operated baroreceptor-intact animals, were compared in baroreceptor
      denervated animals, the pressor effects of the central hypothalamic stimulus were
      enhanced to a greater degree than the norepinephrine pressor effects. These data
      provide evidence that arterial baroreceptor reflexes exert greater buffering of
      pressor stimuli initiated from the central nervous system compared with pressor
      responses due to peripheral vascular vasoconstrictor agents.

PMID- 2396686
TI  - Inosine transiently decreases coronary flow but potentiates vasodilation by
      adenosine.
AB  - To test whether inosine interferes with the action of adenosine, we investigated
      the effects of intracoronary administration of inosine, adenosine, 8
      phenyltheophylline, and adenosine deaminase on isolated rat heart. Inosine did
      not change heart rate or developed tension but increased the effluent adenosine
      concentration. Inosine also decreased exogenous adenosine uptake and breakdown.
      After the start of the inosine infusion (20 microM), a transient 30% decrease of
      coronary flow took place within 0.5 min. The nucleoside caused sustained
      vasodilation, dependent on the concentration (30-400 microM). After the infusion
      we observed a transient vasodilation. A nonvasoactive inosine concentration (10
      microM) combined with an adenosine concentration that increased flow by 60% (0.1
      microM) raised vasodilation by another 60%. Infusion of adenosine, adenosine
      deaminase, or 8-phenyltheopylline did not influence the inosine-induced transient
      decrease of flow, suggesting that this decrease is independent of adenosine and
      its receptor. We conclude that inosine 1) potentiates the vasodilation induced by
      adenosine and 2) is a coronary vasodilator but probably also a vasoconstrictor.

PMID- 2396687
TI  - Diminished responsiveness of human platelets to platelet-activating factor during
      pregnancy.
AB  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF; PAF-acether) is a phospholipid that is
      synthesized and released by a number of inflammatory cells and is a potent
      inducer of platelet aggregation and secretion. In the present study we examined
      the responsiveness of human platelets to various concentrations of PAF during
      pregnancy and postpregnancy. We found that in pregnant individuals the responses
      of washed gel-filtered platelets to PAF were either absent or greatly reduced
      during the 22nd-30th wk of pregnancy and returned to normal in the postpartum
      period. In contrast, the responses of platelets to various concentrations of ADP
      were not altered during pregnancy. We propose that during pregnancy circulating
      levels of PAF in the maternal circulation, possibly originating from the fetus,
      may desensitize maternal platelet receptors to PAF, resulting in a diminished or
      a complete lack of response of platelets, specifically to PAF. These findings may
      have important implications for our understanding of the role of PAF in
      hemostasis during pregnancy and in embryonic and fetal development.

PMID- 2396688
TI  - Transcapillary adenosine transport in isolated guinea pig and rat hearts.
AB  - Transcapillary adenosine transport was studied in isolated guinea pig and rat
      hearts perfused with a colloid-free solution. High-performance liquid
      chromatography techniques were used to measure adenosine concentration of venous
      and interstitial (epicardial surface) fluid during steady-state perfusion with
      various concentrations of adenosine. A mathematical model was used to analyze
      these data to obtain estimates of the following parameters of transcapillary
      adenosine transport: PSg, permeability-surface area product for adenosine
      movement through interendothelial cell channels; PSecl, permeability-surface area
      product for adenosine movement through the luminal plasma membrane of endothelial
      cells; and Gec, clearance rate constant for endothelial cell metabolism and/or
      sequestration of adenosine. In both guinea pig and rat hearts, PSg was estimated
      to be less than or equal to 3 ml.min-1.g-1. Estimates of PSecl and Gec of guinea
      pig hearts (7.2 +/- 0.4 and 230 +/- 157 ml.min-1.g-1) were significantly less
      than those of rat hearts (66 +/- 11 and 2,490 +/- 1,360 ml.min-1.g-1). That PSecl
      is greater than PSg in both species indicates that endothelial cells represent an
      important pathway for transcapillary adenosine transport. That Gec is much
      greater than PSecl in both species implies that endothelial cells act as a sink
      for adenosine from surrounding areas. Our results indicate that endothelium is a
      stronger sink for adenosine in rat hearts than in guinea pig hearts. Inosine
      infusion (10(-4)M) had little effect on the estimated PSecl and Gec in guinea pig
      hearts but reduced these parameters several-fold in rat hearts, suggesting that
      different transport mechanisms for adenosine exist in endothelia of guinea pig
      and rat hearts.

PMID- 2396689
TI  - Flow stimulates endothelial cells to release a nitrovasodilator that is
      potentiated by reduced thiol.
AB  - We designed a novel system to study flow-mediated endothelium-dependent
      vasodilation. Vascular rings of rabbit thoracic aorta were mounted for isometric
      tension recording in a flow chamber filled with physiological saline solution.
      The flow chamber contained a stir bar and was mounted on a magnetic stirrer to
      induce vortical flow. Norepinephrine (NE, 10(-6) M) induced contraction of the
      vascular rings. Bovine endothelial cells on microcarrier beads added to the
      chamber had little effect on contraction to NE in the absence of flow. Flow
      induced endothelium-dependent relaxation of the vascular rings that was dependent
      on the flow rate. Relaxations were annulled or reversed to a contraction with
      methylene blue, bovine hemoglobin, or N-monomethyl-L-arginine. Conversely, N
      acetyl-L-cysteine augmented the flow-mediated relaxation. Furthermore, in the
      presence of N-acetyl-L-cysteine, the half-life of the endothelium-dependent
      relaxing factor was increased. In conclusion, the stimulus of flow induces the
      release by endothelial cells of a diffusible, short-lived factor with the
      attributes of a nitrovasodilator. The action of this endogenous vasodilator is
      augmented by the reduced thiol N-acetyl-L-cysteine.

PMID- 2396690
TI  - Negative inotropy of halogenated anesthetics in ferret ventricular myocardium.
AB  - The effects of the volatile anesthetics halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on
      amplitude and time variables of contraction and relaxation in isometric,
      isotonic, and zero-load clamped twitches of isolated right ventricular ferret
      papillary muscles (n = 24) were compared with those of changing extracellular
      Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]o). Contraction and relaxation variables were compared
      at equal contraction amplitudes to determine whether the studied anesthetics
      exert specific effects on contraction and relaxation other than those that may
      exist as a consequence of their negative inotropic effect. Both changes in
      [Ca2+]o and anesthetic concentrations had quantitatively and qualitatively
      similar effects on the following variables of contraction amplitude: peak
      isometric developed force (DF), maximal extent of shortening (DL), and maximal
      unloaded velocity of shortening (MUVS). Analysis of anesthetic concentration
      effect curves normalized for effects to changes in [Ca2+]o demonstrated that
      anesthetic effects relative to those of changes in [Ca2+]o were greater on DF
      greater than DL greater than MUVS. When compared with twitches of equal amplitude
      in low [Ca2+]o, halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane accelerated isometric and
      isotonic relaxation. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the
      negative inotropic effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane are mostly a
      consequence of a reduction of intracellular Ca2+ availability and that anesthetic
      induced decreases in myofibrillar Ca2+ responsiveness play only a minor role.

PMID- 2396691
TI  - Protective effects of an adenosine deaminase inhibitor on ischemia-reperfusion
      injury in isolated perfused rat heart.
AB  - We tested the effect of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3
      nonyl)adenosine (EHNA) on ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated perfused rat
      heart. In the ischemia-reperfusion group (n = 10), ventricular fibrillation
      occurred within 3 min of reperfusion after the 40-min ischemic period. The
      incidence of ventricular fibrillation was 90% with a mean duration of 3.15 +/-
      0.97 (SE) min. Resting tension increased significantly. By contrast, the
      incidence of ventricular fibrillation after reperfusion in the EHNA-treated (5
      microM) group (n = 10) was 20% (P less than 0.01), and the duration was 0.30 +/-
      0.21 min (P less than 0.01). Resting tension was significantly lower and around
      the normal level in the EHNA-treated group (P less than 0.01). Contraction
      amplitude and heart rate recovered to nearly normal compared with the ischemia
      reperfusion group (P less than 0.01). Coronary flow was greater in the EHNA
      treated group (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that EHNA protects the heart,
      possibly by accumulation of adenosine that benefits the hearts and by blocking
      the xanthine oxidase pathway for free radical generation.

PMID- 2396692
TI  - AV junctional rhythm induced by sympathetic-parasympathetic imbalance in dog
      hearts.
AB  - We studied the atrioventricular (AV) junctional rhythm induced by stimulation of
      discrete autonomic nerves to the AV nodal area in spontaneously beating hearts of
      anesthetized dogs where all central autonomic connections to the heart had been
      cut. Simultaneous stimulation of intracardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic
      nerves to the AV nodal area (AVSP stimulation, at the junction of the inferior
      vena cava and left atrium) initially increased and then decreased the AV
      interval. During such stimuli no AV junctional rhythm was observed; however,
      after cessation of stimulation, an AV junctional rhythm then appeared in 6 of 12
      dogs. Because norepinephrine (NE) persists much longer than acetylcholine in
      cardiac tissues, we postulated that the junctional rhythm was ascribable to the
      residual NE that had been released during stimulation. After the animals had been
      given atropine, an AV junctional rhythm was induced in all animals during AVSP
      stimulation. These junctional rhythms were suppressed by propranolol or by pacing
      the atria at a rate faster than the rate of the junctional rhythm. These results
      suggest that a regional sympathetic-parasympathetic imbalance may unmask
      subsidiary pacemaking activity, such as an AV junctional rhythm.

PMID- 2396693
TI  - Pacing during reperfusion elevates regional myocardial oxygen consumption.
AB  - Reperfusion after 2 h of coronary artery occlusion has been shown to result in
      depressed coronary blood flow to the reperfused region and elevated regional
      myocardial extraction. This suggests that reperfused myocardium, even after 4 h
      of reperfusion, possesses limited flow and O2 consumption reserves. We studied
      the capacity of reperfused myocardium to elevate regional blood flow and regional
      O2 consumption in response to sustained increased O2 demand, produced by atrial
      pacing. Two groups of anesthetized open-chest dogs were subjected to 2 h of left
      anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 4 h of reperfusion. One
      group was subjected to atrial pacing (40% increase in heart rate) during the
      entire 4-h reperfusion period. Regional O2 saturation was measured by
      microspectrophotometry in samples of reperfused and nonoccluded subepicardium and
      subendocardium, which were taken at the end of the reperfusion period. In the
      paced group, regional blood flow (radiolabeled microspheres) to reperfused
      myocardium was significantly higher than to corresponding regions of unpaced
      hearts (110 +/- 22 vs. 40 +/- 9 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1 in the subendocardium). In the
      control group, O2 extraction of reperfused subendocardium was significantly
      higher than that measured in the corresponding nonoccluded region (11.0 +/- 0.9
      vs. 8.0 +/- 0.6 ml O2/100 ml). Pacing did not elevate O2 extraction of reperfused
      myocardium (8.7 +/- 0.6 vs. 8.3 +/- 0.7 ml O2/100 ml). Myocardial O2 consumption
      was significantly elevated in all regions of the paced heart. It is concluded
      that reperfused myocardium possesses significant unutilized O2 supply and
      consumption reserves.

PMID- 2396694
TI  - Transient hypothermic reperfusion and postischemic recovery in isolated rat
      heart.
AB  - The potential benefit of transient hypothermic reperfusion of the ischemic
      myocardium was investigated in isolated working rat hearts (n = 6/group)
      subjected to 25 min of global ischemia at 37 degrees C. Hearts were reperfused in
      the Langendorff mode at 5, 10, 20, 30, or 37 degrees C for 10 min plus 5 min at
      37 degrees C before assessment of functional recovery (working mode). Compared
      with normothermic reperfusion (recovery of cardiac output = 42.3 +/- 6.1%),
      transient hypothermia failed to improve the recovery of cardiac output, which was
      47.9 +/- 12.7 (P = NS), 54.3 +/- 11.5 (P = NS), 25.3 +/- 2.7 (P = NS), and 6.4 +/
      3.8% (P less than 0.05) in the 30, 20, 10, and 5 degrees C groups, respectively.
      Reduced recovery in the 5 degrees C group was reflected in increased creatine
      kinase leakage from 0.26 +/- 0.04 IU.ml-1.g dry wt-1 (37 degrees C reperfusion)
      to 0.62 +/- 0.12 IU. ml-1.g dry wt-1 (5 degrees C reperfusion; P less than 0.05).
      Brief periods (3 x 1 min) of hypothermic (5 degrees C) perfusion during
      normothermic Langendorff reperfusion (15 min) also reduced recovery of cardiac
      output to 12.1 +/- 7.2% (P less than 0.01). In additional studies, hearts were
      subjected to a 2-min preischemic infusion with the St. Thomas' Hospital
      cardioplegic solution before either 25 or 35 min of normothermic ischemia and
      reperfusion with transient hypothermia at 5, 10, 20, or 30 degrees C. Once again
      hypothermic reperfusion failed to improve recovery but detrimental effects were
      not observed in the 5 degrees C group. These results indicate no beneficial
      effect of transient hypothermic reperfusion on recovery of function measured
      following global normothermic ischemia.

PMID- 2396695
TI  - Effect of superoxide dismutase and catalase, given separately, on myocardial
      "stunning".
AB  - Controversy persists regarding which oxygen metabolites are cytotoxic. Although
      the combination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase has been shown to
      attenuate postischemic myocardial dysfunction ("stunning"), it is unknown whether
      this beneficial effect is due to scavenging of O2-., H2O2, or both. Accordingly,
      85 open-chest dogs underwent a 15-min occlusion of the left anterior descending
      coronary artery followed by 4 h of reperfusion. In phase A, dogs received an
      intravenous infusion of saline (group I), SOD (5 mg/kg, group II), catalase
      (12,000 U/kg, group III), or the combination of SOD and catalase (same doses,
      group IV). Recovery of regional myocardial function (assessed as systolic wall
      thickening) after reperfusion was significantly improved by the combination of
      SOD and catalase but not by SOD alone or catalase alone. To determine whether
      higher doses of enzymes are more effective, in phase B dogs received an
      intracoronary infusion of normal saline (group V), SOD in low dose (1.5 mg/kg,
      group VI), SOD in high dose (6.3 mg/kg plus 1.5 mg/kg iv, group VII), catalase in
      low dose (18,000 U/kg, group VIII), or catalase in high dose (240,000 U/kg plus
      40,000 U/kg iv, group IX). Despite the fact that the local plasma levels of
      enzymes were considerably higher than those achieved in phase A, none of the
      treatments in phase B significantly enhanced recovery of contractile function.
      This study demonstrates that the combination of SOD and catalase is more
      effective than either enzyme alone in attenuating postischemic myocardial
      dysfunction and that increasing the doses of SOD or catalase does not provide
      additional protection. The results suggest that both O2-. and H2O2 contribute
      significantly to the pathogenesis of myocardial stunning after regional ischemia
      in the intact animal. Furthermore, the data imply that if SOD and catalase are to
      be used clinically to prevent postischemic dysfunction, protection may be
      achieved most effectively by combining the two enzymes.

PMID- 2396697
TI  - Anoxia-reoxygenation-induced, neutrophil-mediated endothelial cell injury: role
      of elastase.
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess the role of neutrophilic elastase in anoxia
      reoxygenation-induced, neutrophil-mediated injury to microvascular endothelium.
      Cultured bovine microvascular endothelial cells were grown to confluence and
      labeled with 51Cr. The endothelial cells were exposed to a 30-min period of
      anoxia and subsequently reoxygenated. Endothelial cell injury, quantitated as
      51Cr release and cell detachment, was determined 8 h after reoxygenation.
      Addition of neutrophils upon reoxygenation enhanced the anoxia-reoxygenation
      induced increase in 51Cr release and cell detachment. The neutrophil-mediated
      injury was associated with elastase release from the neutrophils. Four agents
      were used to inhibit neutrophilic elastase activity: Eglin C, methoxysuccunyl
      Ala2-Pro-Val-CH2Cl, L658,758, and a monoclonal antibody against neutrophilic
      elastase. All elastase inhibitors attenuated the neutrophil-mediated endothelial
      cell detachment but not 51Cr release. Addition of purified human neutrophilic
      elastase, at a level that mimicked the release from neutrophils, increased cell
      detachment in endothelial cells exposed to anoxia-reoxygenation but did not
      affect 51Cr release. Our results indicate that elastase plays an important role
      in anoxia-reoxygenation-induced, neutrophil-mediated endothelial cell
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2396696
TI  - Connections between hypothalamus and medullary reticular formation mediate
      coronary vasoconstriction.
AB  - We have recently identified discrete sites within the lateral hypothalamus and
      medullary reticular formation that, when stimulated electrically, produce
      neurally mediated coronary vasoconstriction. This study examined whether these
      sites are part of the same coronary vasomotor pathway. The neuronal tracing dye
      fast blue was injected in cats into the coronary vasoconstrictor site within
      medullary reticular formation. Fluorescence microscopy revealed major afferent
      projections originating from within the same region of midbrain ventrolateral
      periaqueductal gray that receives projections from lateral hypothalamus. To
      determine the functional importance of the proposed connections between the
      hypothalamic and medullary sites, anesthetized cats were prepared for continuous
      hemodynamic measurements. Constant current electrical stimulation within lateral
      hypothalamus produced significant increases in heart rate (21 +/- 6%), arterial
      pressure (11 +/- 3%), and femoral (36 +/- 18%) and coronary resistances (14 +/-
      9%) with no change in coronary flow velocity (-1.1 +/- 2.5%). After beta
      adrenoreceptor blockade, significantly greater increases in arterial pressure (35
      +/- 8%) and coronary resistance (39 +/- 5%) with transient decreases in coronary
      flow velocity (21 +/- 6%) were seen. Microinjections of lidocaine into the
      medullary site blocked coronary constriction produced by lateral hypothalamic
      stimulation (39 +/- 5% increase in coronary resistance to electrical stimulation
      before and 2.4 +/- 2% increase after lidocaine in medullary reticular formation).
      These data provide evidence that specific regions of lateral hypothalamus and
      medullary reticular formation are part of a common central vasomotor projection
      that mediates coronary vasoconstriction in addition to other hemodynamic effects.

PMID- 2396698
TI  - Effects of hypercapnia and hypoxia on the cardiovascular system: vascular
      capacitance and aortic chemoreceptors.
AB  - Aortic chemoreceptor influences on vascular capacitance after changes in blood
      carbon dioxide and oxygen were studied in mongrel dogs anesthetized with
      methoxyflurane and nitrous oxide. The mean circulatory filling pressure (Pmcf),
      measured during transient cardiac fibrillation, provided a measure of capacitance
      vessel tone. Hypercapnia, hypoxia, and hypoxic hypercapnia significantly
      increased most variables, except that hypercapnia caused the total peripheral
      resistance (TPR) to decrease. Hypocapnia caused a significant decrease in mean
      systemic (Psa) and pulmonary (Ppa) arterial blood pressures, cardiac output (CO),
      and central blood volume and an increase in TPR and heart rate. The changes in
      Pmcf on changing blood gas tensions could be described by the equation delta Pmcf
      = -1.60 + 0.036 (arterial PCO2) + 50.8/arterial PO2. Thus a 10 mmHg increase in
      arterial PCO2 caused a 0.36 mmHg increase in Pmcf with receptors intact. Cold
      block (2 degrees C) of the cervical vagosympathetic trunks did not significantly
      influence the measured variables at control. During severe hypercapnia, vagal
      cooling caused a small but significant decrease in Pmcf, Psa, Ppa, and CO but not
      TPR. During hypoxia, vagal cooling caused the Pmcf, Psa, and TPR to decrease. We
      conclude that although hypercapnia or hypoxia acts reflexly to increase the
      capacitance vessel tone (an increase in Pmcf), the aortic and cardiopulmonary
      chemoreceptors with afferents in the vagi have only a small influence on the
      capacitance system, accounting for only approximately 25% of the total body
      response.

PMID- 2396699
TI  - Propagation and collision characteristics of calcium waves in rat myocytes.
AB  - In myocytes, local contractions occur spontaneously and propagate as traveling
      waves. We observed the waves in myocytes as local changes in fura-2 fluorescence
      and determined some characteristics of the wave. Myocytes were enzymatically
      isolated from rat left ventricles and incubated with 2 microM fura-2/AM for 60
      min. Microscopic fluorescence images of myocytes were recorded with a high
      sensitivity video camera. The images were digitally analyzed, frame by frame, and
      temporal changes in local fluorescence were displayed. With the excitation
      wavelength at 380 nm, the darker band propagates as the traveling wave. With the
      excitation wavelength at 340 nm, the wave appears brighter. With the isosbestic
      wavelength at 360 nm, the wave is not discernible. The waves are thus considered
      to be traveling waves of change in local cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration
      (calcium wave). Velocity, amplitude, and width of the calcium waves appeared to
      be fairly constant during their propagation. When two waves propagating in
      opposite directions collided, summation of the waves did not occur. After the
      collision both waves disappeared. These observations support the idea that the
      waves propagate by inducing calcium release from adjacent sarcoplasmic reticulum.
      Phenomena observed during the collision indicate that there is a refractory
      period after the calcium transient; spatially, a refractory zone exists in the
      wake of the wave.

PMID- 2396700
TI  - Activation of furosemide-sensitive K+ fluxes in myocytes by ouabain and recovery
      from metabolic inhibition.
AB  - Modulation of transsarcolemmal K+ flux mediated by the furosemide-sensitive K(+)
      Cl- (or Na(+)-K(+)-Cl-) cotransport carrier was studied in cultured chick embryo
      ventricular cells. We defined at least three distinct K+ efflux pathways: 1) a
      Ba2(+)-sensitive efflux component, probably reflecting K+ movement through K+
      channels; 2) a furosemide-sensitive component, reflecting K(+)-Cl- cotransport;
      and 3) a component insensitive to both Ba2+ and furosemide. With respect to K+
      influx, there were 1) a ouabain-sensitive K+ uptake presumably mediated by Na(+)
      K(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase and 2) a furosemide-sensitive K+ uptake. The effects
      of elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) on Ba2+ and
      furosemide-sensitive K+ flux pathways were studied. Elevation of [Ca2+]i had
      minor effects on Ba2(+)-sensitive K+ flux. However, elevation of [Ca2+]i produced
      by exposure to ouabain for 60 min activated a furosemide-sensitive 42K+ efflux
      and a ouabain-resistant, furosemide-sensitive 42K+ influx. The activation of K+
      influx, caused by an increase in [Ca2+]i, was completely inhibited by ATP
      depletion (produced by exposure to ouabain and metabolic inhibitors
      simultaneously) and was partially inhibited by the calmodulin inhibitor W7.
      Activation of the furosemide-sensitive K+ flux was also produced by washout of
      metabolic inhibitors, a condition in which ATP resynthesis occurs in the presence
      of an increased [Ca2+]i. Activation of furosemide-sensitive K+ fluxes by exposure
      to ouabain or washout of metabolic inhibitors caused a net K+ loss, which
      accounts in part for the cell shrinkage noted during recovery from metabolic
      inhibition in previous studies. These results suggest that [Ca2+]i and
      intracellular ATP concentration are important in the regulation of furosemide
      sensitive K+ flux in these cells, perhaps via the involvement of a Ca2(+)
      calmodulin-dependent protein kinase.

PMID- 2396701
TI  - In situ calibration of fura-2 and BCECF fluorescence in adult rat ventricular
      myocytes.
AB  - Quantitation of Ca+ and H+ activities within cells using presently available
      fluorescent probes is optimal when the fluorescence signal is calibrated in situ
      after each experiment. Fura-2 and 2',7'-bis(2-carboxy-ethyl)-5,6
      carboxyfluoroscein (BCECF) are difficult to calibrate in freshly dissociated
      adult cardiac myocytes because calibration procedures produce cellular
      hypercontracture. In situ calibration was accomplished in rat ventricular cells
      by saturating fura-2 with La3+, an agent known to produce myocardial relaxation.
      Since fura-2 has different spectral properties when complexed with La3+ than with
      Ca2+, scaling factors were defined in vitro and then verified by experiments in
      cultured neonatal myocytes. In adult rat myocytes using the La3+ method,
      intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was 131 +/- 47 nM (n = 14) in
      quiescent cells; diastolic [Ca2+]i and systolic [Ca2+]i in myocytes stimulated at
      1 Hz were 140 +/- 56 and 1,088 +/- 211 nM (n = 5), respectively. BCECF
      fluorescence was calibrated in situ by a method that prevented cellular
      hypercontracture and reported a pH value of 7.10 +/- 0.10 in cells stimulated at
      1.5 Hz. An additional advantage of both methods is that the buffers employed
      prevented large changes in the redox state of intracellular pyridine nucleotides,
      thus preventing a change in cellular autofluorescence during the calibration
      procedure.

PMID- 2396702
TI  - Calcium deprivation increases salt intake.
AB  - Relative to rats fed chow or semisynthetic control diet, rats fed Ca2(+)
      deficient diet increased daily "spontaneous" intake of 0.3 M NaCl solution by as
      much as eightfold. Intake of 0.3 M NaCl increased in monotonic relationship to
      the severity of Ca2+ deficiency, which was manipulated by both duration of
      depletion (0-32 days) and dietary Ca2+ content (0-50 mmol/kg Ca2+). The increased
      intake was specific to either Na+ or saltiness; relative to controls, Ca2(+)
      deprived rats drank more of a wide range of NaCl solutions (0.05-0.50 M) but the
      same volume of 0.37 mM sucrose octaacetate (bitter), slightly more 2.5 mM citrate
      (sour), and significantly less 2.5 mM saccharin (sweet). Although urine volume of
      Ca2(+)-deprived rats was increased, total Na+ excretion was slightly decreased.
      Adrenal weights, hematocrit, and plasma concentrations of Na+, aldosterone, and
      angiotensin I were all normal. These results reveal that Ca2+ deficiency
      increases NaCl intake and thus challenge the notion that salt appetite is a
      specific response to perturbed Na+ homeostasis.

PMID- 2396703
TI  - Interleukin 1 alpha and an interleukin 1 beta fragment are somnogenic.
AB  - The somnogenic activity of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) has previously been
      established. Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) is a distinct gene product that
      possesses similar biological activities. We report here that IL-1 alpha, like IL
      1 beta, has the capacity in rabbits to enhance non-rapid-eye-movement sleep,
      electroencephalographic slow-wave (0.5-3.5 Hz) voltages, and body temperatures
      and to inhibit rapid-eye-movement sleep. After IL-1 alpha, sleep remained
      episodic, and at the doses used no abnormal behavior was observed. Several
      synthetic IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta peptides were also tested in vivo for
      somnogenic and pyrogenic activity and in vitro for their ability to stimulate
      prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by fibroblasts and proliferation of T-cells.
      Only IL-1 beta-(208-240) enhanced non-rapid-eye-movement sleep and body
      temperature, although both IL-1 beta-(208-240) and IL-1 alpha-(223-250)
      stimulated PGE2 production; both of these peptides failed to stimulate T-cell
      production. In contrast, four other IL-1 peptides were nonpyrogenic and
      somnogenically inactive yet stimulated T-cell proliferation. We conclude that the
      components of IL-1 required for sleep and temperature activities are different
      from those required for T-cell proliferation.

PMID- 2396704
TI  - Energy expenditure and subsequent nutrient intakes in overfed young men.
AB  - We investigated the mechanisms of body weight regulation in young men of normal
      body weight leading unrestricted lives. Changes in total and resting energy
      expenditure, body composition, and subsequent voluntary nutrient intakes in
      response to overeating by 4,230 +/- 115 (SE) kJ/day (1,011 +/- 27 kcal/day) for
      21 days were measured in seven subjects consuming a typical diet. On average, 85
      90% of the excess energy intake was deposited (with 87% of this amount in fat and
      13% in protein on average). There was no detectable difference between
      individuals in susceptibility to energy deposition. The resting metabolic rate,
      averaged for fasting and fed states, increased during overfeeding (mean +/- SE,
      628 +/- 197 kJ/day, P less than 0.01), but at least some of this amount was
      obligatory expenditure associated with nutrient assimilation. No significant
      increase in energy expenditure for physical activity or thermoregulation resulted
      from overfeeding. Thus energy expenditure did not substantially adapt to
      increased energy intake. However, significant decreases in voluntary energy
      intake (1,991 +/- 824 kJ/day, P less than 0.05) and fat intake (48 +/- 11 g/day,
      P less than 0.01) followed overeating, indicating that adaptive changes in
      nutrient intakes can contribute significantly to body weight regulation after
      overeating.

PMID- 2396705
TI  - Hypothalamic adrenoceptors mediate sympathoadrenal activity in exercising rats.
AB  - The role of hypothalamic adrenoceptors in the exercise-induced alterations of
      plasma norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and corticosterone concentrations
      was investigated in rats. Exercise consisted of strenuous swimming against a
      counter-current for 15 min. Before, during, and after swimming, blood samples
      were withdrawn through a permanent heart catheter for determination of E, NE, and
      corticosterone. In control rats E, NE, and corticosterone levels were all
      increased during exercise. Infusion of the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist
      phentolamine through permanent bilateral cannulas into the ventromedial
      hypothalamus (VMH) immediately before exercise reduced the exercise-induced
      increase in plasma E without affecting NE. Infusion of the beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonist timolol into the VMH enhanced plasma E and attenuated plasma NE
      increases. Infusion of phentolamine into the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) led
      to enhanced NE and unchanged E concentrations, whereas infusion of timolol into
      the LHA caused a potentiation of the increase in plasma E without an effect on
      NE. Plasma corticosterone concentrations were not affected. The results suggest
      that 1) alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in the hypothalamus influence peripheral
      catecholamine release, and 2) E and NE responses to exercise can be dissociated
      by interference of the central nervous system.

PMID- 2396706
TI  - Paraventricular hypothalamic adrenoceptors and energy metabolism in exercising
      rats.
AB  - The role of adrenoceptors in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the exercise
      induced changes in plasma norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), corticosterone,
      free fatty acids (FFA), and blood glucose was investigated in rats. Exercise
      consisted of strenuous swimming against a countercurrent for 15 min. Before,
      during, and after swimming, blood samples were withdrawn through a permanent
      heart catheter for determination of E, NE, corticosterone, FFA, and glucose, In
      control rats receiving artificial cerebrospinal fluid through permanent bilateral
      cannulas into the PVN, the levels of all blood components increased during
      exercise. Infusion of the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine into the PVN
      completely reduced the exercise-induced increases in blood glucose and plasma
      corticosterone concentrations. Plasma NE, E, and FFA were not affected. Infusion
      of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist timolol into the PVN reduced blood glucose
      and plasma NE concentrations. Plasma E, corticosterone, and FFA remained
      unchanged. It is concluded that alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors in the PVN
      are involved in the central nervous regulation of blood glucose levels during
      exercise, partly by influencing sympathetic outflow. alpha-Adrenoceptors in the
      PVN play an important role in the release of corticosterone during exercise.

PMID- 2396707
TI  - Physiological correlates of schedule-induced activities in rats.
AB  - Oxygen consumption and heart rate as well as a range of behavior variables were
      tracked continuously as rats adapted to a schedule of food delivery. Over 15 days
      of observation a majority of the subjects developed characteristic patterns of
      schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) in which bouts of drinking reliably followed
      food delivery. Variations in food tray entries, oxygen consumption, heart rate,
      and, in the final stage of the experiment, rates of general activity were also
      time locked to food delivery in both rats exhibiting SIP and nondrinkers.
      However, the patterns of variation in these measures differed consistently
      between these two groups. Oxygen consumption varied over a wider range and
      reached higher levels in drinkers than nondrinkers. Additionally, heart rate was
      lower in the drinkers, which, in the final stage of the experiment, also
      exhibited depressed rates of food tray entries and general activity relative to
      the nondrinkers. Each of these between-subject differences was paralleled by
      differences within the drinking group between trials on which drinking occurred
      and trials on which it did not occur. The implications of these results on the
      utility of unidimensional energetic constructs are discussed.

PMID- 2396708
TI  - Mechanism of cardiac-related synchronized cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in
      awake cats.
AB  - To examine the mechanism of cardiac-related sympathetic discharge, the
      periodicity of synchronized cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (CSNA) was
      measured in awake cats before and after baroceptor denervation using an interval
      histogram. We found two major periodicities, i.e., Tc = 48-164 ms (20-6 cycles/s)
      and Tb = 164-512 ms (6-2 cycles/s). In the baroceptor-intact state, the modes of
      Tc (C) and Tb (B) were 96 ms (10 cycles/s) and 368 ms (2.7 cycles/s),
      respectively, whereas the cardiac interval (CI) was 366 ms (2.7 cycles/s).
      Probability of B mode was larger than that of C mode. During tachycardia by
      atropine, B mode decreased to 304 ms in proportion to CI of 308 ms, whereas C
      mode remained the same. Probability of B and C modes decreased reflexly by
      hypertension. Under baroceptor denervation, C mode remained unchanged but its
      probability increased significantly. A 2-6 cycles/s Tb rhythm could be found, but
      its probability decreased significantly. Tb periodicity consists of 2Tc, 3Tc, and
      4Tc. These results suggest that C mode may reflect a fundamental periodicity of
      central origin and that B mode reflects a periodicity of cardiac-related
      synchronized CSNA, which is produced in a probabilistic manner by reflex
      inhibition of fundamental rhythm due to periodic baroceptor input.

PMID- 2396709
TI  - Brain histamine regulates pressor responses to peripheral hyperosmolality.
AB  - The role of brain histamine (HA) in the pressor response to peripheral
      hyperosmolality was investigated in the conscious Sprague-Dawley rat. Increased
      mean arterial pressure was observed during a 30-min intravenous infusion of
      hypertonic saline (HTS; 10 microliters.100 g body wt-1 x min-1) in vehicle
      treated controls (20.1 +/- 3.8 mmHg) and in animals centrally pretreated with the
      specific H2-antagonist, cimetidine (15.0 +/- 3.7 mmHg). However, this pressor
      response was abolished in a dose-dependent manner after intracerebroventricular
      injection of the H1 antagonist promethazine. In other experiments, brain tissue
      microdissected from the supraoptic nucleus (SON), paraventricular nucleus (PVN),
      and posterior hypothalamic region showed significantly lower levels of total
      tissue HA after 60 min of intravenous HTS infusion compared with tissue taken
      from control animals receiving an isotonic infusion. Microdialysis in the region
      of the PVN or SON before and during HTS infusion showed increased extracellular
      concentrations of HA in the SON (24.4 +/- 10.9%) during infusion. No change in
      extracellular HA concentration was seen in the PVN during HTS infusion. These
      results support the conclusion that endogenous brain HA is involved in the
      pressor response to peripheral hyperosmolality.

PMID- 2396710
TI  - Daily injections of triazolam induce long-term changes in hamster circadian
      period.
AB  - Previous experiments in hamsters indicate that daily injections of the short
      acting benzodiazepine, triazolam, can entrain the free-running circadian activity
      rhythm to the period of the injections and that, after discontinuation of
      triazolam injections, the period of the free-running activity rhythm remains
      close to that of the previous injection schedule for 20-50 cycles. In this paper,
      we extend these findings and demonstrate that 1) long-term treatment with
      triazolam can induce aftereffects on the period of the circadian clock underlying
      the activity rhythm that can last for up to 100 days, 2) triazolam-induced
      changes in period can lead to a loss of effect of daily injections of triazolam
      which can be restored if the time of injection is altered, and 3) chronic
      treatment with triazolam also alters the period of the circadian clock in animals
      entrained to a light-dark cycle, and such changes in period alter the phase
      relationship between the circadian clock and the entraining light-dark cycle.

PMID- 2396711
TI  - 31P-NMR measurements of pHi and high-energy phosphates in isolated turtle hearts
      during anoxia and acidosis.
AB  - We used 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to measure
      intracellular pH (pHi) and high-energy phosphate levels in hearts of turtles
      (Chrysemys picta bellii) during either 4 h of anoxia [extracellular pH (pHo) 7.8,
      97% N2-3% CO2], 4 h of lactic acidosis (pHo 7.0, 97% O2-3% CO2), or 1.5 h of
      combined anoxia + lactic acidosis (pHo 7.0, 97% N2-3% CO2) followed by 2 h of
      oxygenated recovery (pHo 7.8) at 20 degrees C. We also measured heart rate,
      maximum ventricular-developed pressure, and rate of pressure development
      (dP/dtmax). 31P-NMR spectra were characterized by the seven peaks typical of
      mammalian hearts, although turtle spectra were dominated by a large
      phosphodiester peak. Anoxia caused an increase in Pi to 165% and a decrease in
      creatine phosphate (CP) to 42% of control, whereas ATP levels remained unchanged.
      pHi declined from 7.37 +/- 0.01 to 7.22 +/- 0.03 at 1 h of anoxia and remained
      unchanged through hour 4. Lactic acidosis caused a 59% decrease in Pi, whereas CP
      and ATP levels remained unchanged. pHi fell to 6.88 +/- 0.04 by hour 1 and then
      climbed steadily to 7.14 +/- 0.05 at hour 4. During recovery from acidosis, pHi
      exceeded control values and returned to control by 2 h. Combined anoxia +
      acidosis caused profound decreases in CP to 14% and pHi to 6.56 +/- 0.03. In
      anoxic hearts, cardiodynamic variables remained at control levels through hour 3,
      after which cardiac output, heart rate, and dP/dtmax declined. Cardiodynamic
      variables were essentially unchanged from control throughout 4 h of acidosis
      except for dP/dtmax, which declined rapidly. In the combined protocol, all
      measures of cardiac function decreased. Recovery in all three cases was complete
      by approximately 2 h. We conclude that turtle hearts were relatively resistant to
      the stresses imposed in all three protocols compared with mammalian hearts,
      although anoxia + acidosis depressed the measured cardiac variables more
      profoundly than predicted from responses to the conditions imposed separately.
      Our results from the anoxia protocol suggest no direct causal relationship
      between myocardial CP (or ATP) levels and cardiac function.

PMID- 2396712
TI  - Circulating angiotensin II and drinking behavior in rats.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the effects on water drinking of acute and
      chronic increases in circulating angiotensin II (ANG II) concentrations in rats.
      Experiments were conducted in male Sprague-Dawley rats chronically instrumented
      with femoral arterial and venous catheters and permanently housed in metal
      metabolism cages. ANG II was infused intravenously either acutely (30 min-2 h) or
      chronically (3 days) in a dose range of 10-60 ng/min. In no instance did such
      infusions cause a statistically significant increase in water intake. Other
      experiments examined the influence of ANG II (10 ng/min iv) on drinking elicited
      by infusion of hypertonic sodium chloride (1.5 M at 3.5 microliters/min). ANG II
      administration did not increase drinking to a hypertonic saline stimulus or lower
      the osmotic threshold for drinking. Nitroprusside (12 micrograms/min) was infused
      for 30 min to produce hypotension and drinking. Water intake associated with this
      stimulus was not changed by blocking ANG II formation with enalapril (2 mg/kg iv)
      or by concomitant infusion of ANG II (10 ng/min iv). Finally, plasma ANG II
      concentrations were measured before and after 1-h intravenous infusion of saline
      or ANG II to determine the levels of circulating ANG II produced by the infusion
      rates used here. It is concluded that the range of circulating ANG II
      concentrations found under most physiological conditions in rats does not
      directly stimulate drinking or participate importantly in osmotic or hypotension
      induced drinking.

PMID- 2396713
TI  - Human serum and plasma have different sources of epidermal growth factor.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was determined by radioimmunoassay in serum,
      plasma, and urine of 23 patients undergoing ablative therapy followed by bone
      marrow transplantation. The difference between the serum and plasma values
      reflected the amount of EGF released from the platelets at the time of blood
      coagulation. Platelet-derived EGF strongly correlated with platelet count (r +
      0.850, P less than 0.0001), and the intercept of the regression line was very
      close to zero; one platelet contained approximately 2.5 x 10(-18) g EGF.
      Correspondingly, when the platelet count dropped after bone marrow ablation from
      222 +/- 97 to 33 +/- 13 x 10(9)/l, the serum EGF decreased from 603 +/- 222 to 65
      +/- 41 pg/ml (P less than 0.0001). Plasma EGF content did not correlate with the
      platelet count and did not change significantly after bone marrow ablation
      (before and after the ablation, correspondingly, 290 +/- 80 and 332 +/- 99 pg/ml,
      P = 0.194). High-performance liquid chromatographic fractionation of serum and
      plasma showed different molecular mass distribution of EGF-immunoreactive
      fractions. The main molecular mass components of the plasma EGF did not change
      after bone marrow ablation. Urine excretion remained unchanged (320 +/- 133 and
      314 +/- 173 pmol EGF/mmol creatinine). We conclude that whereas platelets are the
      source of serum EGF, the origin of plasma EGF is different and the search of its
      origin is warranted.

PMID- 2396714
TI  - Coherence of medullary unit activity and sympathetic nerve discharge.
AB  - Analyses in the frequency and time domains were used to study the relationships
      between the discharges of single brain stem neurons and postganglionic
      sympathetic nerves in baroreceptor-innervated and -denervated cats anesthetized
      with 5,5-diallylbarbiturate-urethan. Spike-triggered averaging was used initially
      to identify single neurons with sympathetic nerve-related activity in the
      medullary lateral tegmental field, rostral ventrolateral medulla, and medullary
      raphe. The discharges of such neurons were correlated to the 2- to 6-Hz rhythm in
      sympathetic nerve discharge (SND). Frequency-domain analysis revealed that the
      relationship between medullary unit activity and the sympathetic nerve rhythm was
      not fixed from cycle to cycle. First, the coherence values relating the activity
      of these neurons to SND were closer to zero than to unity in most cases. Second,
      whereas most of the power in the autospectra of SND was contained between 2 and 6
      Hz, that in the autospectra of medullary unit activity was more evenly
      distributed over a much wider frequency band. These and other observations
      indicate that the 2- to 6-Hz rhythm is an emergent property of a network of brain
      stem neurons whose discharges are probabilistically rather than strictly related
      to the phases of the population rhythm.

PMID- 2396715
TI  - Forebrain rhythm generators influence sympathetic activity in anesthetized cats.
AB  - Autospectral and coherence analyses were used to study the frequency-domain
      relationships between frontal-parietal cortical activity [electroencephalogram
      (EEG)] and the discharges of the interior cardiac and renal sympathetic nerves of
      baroreceptor-denervated and vagotomized cats anesthetized with either alpha
      chloralose or pentobarbital sodium. Delta slow-wave activity in the EEG was
      correlated to sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) as shown by sharp peaks between
      0.5 and 4 Hz in the coherence function. The relationship was stronger in
      chloralose- than in pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. Coherence of the two signals
      could be attributed to descending influences of forebrain delta slow-wave
      generators on sympathetic circuits, since midbrain transection preferentially
      reduced the power in SND at frequencies that cohered to the EEG before
      transection. In contrast, the power in the EEG was not reduced by midbrain
      transection. The relationship between cortical delta slow-wave activity and SND
      was stronger during than between cortical spindlelike events that lasted 1-3 s
      and recurred once every 5-10 s. These events were similar to cortical spindles
      observed during the early stages of sleep and under light barbiturate anesthesia.
      These observations raise the possibility that the influences of forebrain delta
      slow-wave generators on SND are gated by thalamic mechanisms normally involved in
      the sleep-wake cycle.

PMID- 2396716
TI  - Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus lesions do not prevent anorectic effect of
      exercise in male rats.
AB  - The effects of a hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) lesion on energy
      balance were investigated in exercise-trained rats. Male Wistar rats weighing
      initially 250 g were divided into four groups. Two groups of rats underwent a
      bilateral PVN lesion, whereas the two remaining groups were sham operated. The
      PVN lesions were done electrolytically. One group from each surgical treatment
      was exercised, while the other group was kept in sedentary conditions. Rats were
      exercised on a rodent motor-driven treadmill at moderate intensity, 1 h/day for
      21 consecutive days. Food intake and body weight were measured each day during
      the study. At the end of the treatment period, rats were killed, and carcasses
      were analyzed for their energy content. Serum corticosterone was measured by a
      competitive protein-binding assay. Energy gain and energy intake were lower in
      exercised rats than in sedentary controls, regardless of whether they were sham
      or PVN lesioned. Concurrently, there was no difference in the energy gain between
      PVN-lesioned and sham-operated rats, despite the fact that PVN-lesioned rats
      ended the experiment with a larger body weight than the sham-lesioned animals.
      Serum corticosterone levels were lower in PVN-lesioned rats than in sham-lesioned
      rats. In conclusion, the present results indicate that the PVN, the hypothalamic
      nucleus predominantly controlling the pituitary-adrenal axis activity, is not a
      prominent structure in the regulation of energy balance in exercised male Wistar
      rats.

PMID- 2396717
TI  - Osmoresponsive units in sheep median preoptic nucleus.
AB  - Single-unit neural activity in the lamina terminalis, a region implicated in
      osmoregulation, was studied in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized sheep during mild
      hyperosmotic stimulation (intracarotid infusions of 1.65 M NaCl, 3 M sorbitol in
      0.15 M NaCl, or 3 M urea in 0.15 M NaCl, at 1 ml/min). Twelve of 121 units (9.9%)
      were activated significantly (by 82 +/- 52%) by 2- to 3-min infusions of 1.65 M
      NaCl. Eleven of these and one untested unit were excited by hypertonic sorbitol
      (91 +/- 40% increase). Of five units further tested with urea, two were excited
      (by 19 and 58%). Isotonic or hypotonic NaCl infusions were without effect (eight
      osmoresponsive units tested). All responsive units were in the median preoptic
      nucleus (MnPO; nucleus medianus). MnPO units were compared with neurohypophysial
      fibers (multiunit recordings). Osmotic response profiles were similar; both MnPO
      units and neurohypophysial fibers responded equally to hypertonic NaCl and
      sorbitol but less to equiosmolal urea. Both MnPO units and neurohypophysial
      fibers responded slowly, taking 50 and 30 s of NaCl infusion, respectively, to
      show significant increases and approximately 2 min to reach peak activity. Their
      hemodynamic responses differed, however; neurohypophysial fibers were strongly
      excited by nitroprusside-induced hypotension (three of three animals) but MnPO
      osmoresponsive units were not (zero of five units). Osmoresponsive MnPO units may
      contribute osmotic, but not hemodynamic, inputs to control vasopressin secretion
      and/or osmoregulatory responses.

PMID- 2396718
TI  - Discharge patterns of ventrolateral medullary neurons during muscular
      contraction.
AB  - Static muscular contraction is known to elicit reflex increases in arterial
      pressure. However, the areas of the central nervous system that mediate this
      reflex remain elusive. A recent study from this laboratory suggested that neurons
      in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) participate in the pressor reflex to muscular
      contraction. In the present study, we sought to ascertain whether extracellular
      single-unit activity of VLM neurons is altered by static contraction of hindlimb
      muscles. In anesthetized cats, muscular contraction elicited by stimulation of L7
      and S1 ventral roots evoked increases in arterial pressure, heart rate, and
      minute ventilation. The firing frequency in 33 of 50 VLM units increased greater
      than 70% during muscular contraction. VLM units displayed two types of discharge
      patterns in response to contraction: 1) a rapid onset response (0.5-3 s) and 2) a
      delayed onset response (10-20 s). Computer averaging analysis showed that 14 of
      28 VLM units tested had a cardiac-related rhythm and 10 of those 14 also
      responded to muscular contraction. Muscular contraction had no effect on the
      discharge patterns of most neurons located outside the VLM. These findings
      suggest that neurons in the ventrolateral medulla respond to muscular contraction
      and may have a role in the pressor reflex to muscular contraction.

PMID- 2396719
TI  - Regulation of renal pelvic pressure by diuresis and micturition.
AB  - The influence of the voiding cycle and diuresis on the hydrodynamic pressures of
      the renal pelvis in the multicalyceal kidney of miniature pigs has been examined.
      Identification of the pressure patterns characteristic of the renal pelvis with
      an undisturbed pelviureteric and ureterovesical junction was emphasized. The
      frequency and amplitude of contractions in the renal pelvis were measured
      bilaterally. The patterns of renal pelvic pressure changes were interpreted
      during bladder filling and emptying and diuresis to evaluate the mechanisms
      facilitating the pressure isolation of the upper urinary tract. These studies
      were undertaken in the awake pig equipped with a long-term radiotelemetry implant
      transmitting renal pelvic and urinary bladder pressure. The results show that
      renal pelvic contractions are low-pressure events having an amplitude of 10.3 +/-
      4.2 cmH2O and a frequency of 6.6 +/- 0.7 contractions/min. During basal
      hydration, the process of renal pelvic filling and emptying is active, with
      rhythmic pelvic contractions. The left and right renal pelvis demonstrate
      approximately equal frequency, 1.04:1.00, but are not synchronous. Furosemide
      stimulated diuresis produces radical changes in the renal pelvis by transforming
      emptying from an active to passive mode and facilitating the transmission of
      voiding pressures and spontaneous bladder pressures to the kidney.

PMID- 2396720
TI  - Preheparinization improves organ function after hemorrhage and resuscitation.
AB  - Recent studies indicate that heparinization before hemorrhage maintains
      microvascular patency in the liver and kidney during and after severe hemorrhagic
      shock. However, it is not known whether preheparinization has any protective
      effects on organ function after hemorrhage and resuscitation. To study this,
      unanesthetized rats (with or without preheparinization) were bled to and
      maintained at a mean arterial pressure of 40 mmHg until 40% of the maximum shed
      blood volume was returned in the form of Ringer lactate (RL). They were then
      resuscitated with four times the volume of the shed blood with RL. Cardiac output
      (CO), [3H]inulin clearance (CIn; renal function), hepatic microvascular blood
      flow (HMBF), and hepatocellular function (HF), i.e., maximal velocity of
      indocyanine green clearance (Vmax), were determined 1.5 h after resuscitation.
      Although CO decreased in both groups, the values in preheparinized rats were
      significantly higher than in the nonheparinized rats. The improvement in CIn as
      well as HMBF followed the same trends. HF (Vmax) was significantly depressed in
      the nonheparinized rats but was maintained in preheparinized rats. Thus
      administration of heparin before the onset of hemorrhage improves CO and renal
      function and restores HF to control after hemorrhage and resuscitation. These
      protective effects of preheparinization could be due to the maintenance of
      microvascular patency and prevention of blood sludging during and after
      hemorrhage.

PMID- 2396721
TI  - Accelerated gastric emptying in VMH-lesioned rats is secondary to excess weight
      gain.
AB  - This experiment evaluates the hypothesis that an accelerated rate of gastric
      emptying accounts for the hyperphagia and obesity after lesions of the
      ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Gastric emptying was measured for 16 days after
      the production of VMH lesions in rats maintained either ad libitum or on
      restricted eating. Only ad libitum VMH-lesioned rats demonstrated faster than
      normal rates of emptying. However, VMH rats maintained at control weights showed
      normal rates of gastric emptying and, even in ad libitum rats, accelerated
      emptying was not apparent immediately after lesions. These findings indicate that
      changes of emptying are not a primary effect of VMH lesions but that this
      dysfunction develops secondarily as a consequence of excess eating and weight
      gain. Measurement of stomach secretions demonstrated, however, that VMH lesions
      did result in an immediate and direct effect on gastric secretion. These findings
      mitigate the importance of gastric emptying in the etiology of the VMH syndrome.
      Other data consistent with this conclusion are reviewed.

PMID- 2396722
TI  - [Transfusion of UV-irradiated autologous blood in the complex treatment of women
      with anemia after cesarean section].
AB  - Transfusion of ultraviolet-irradiated autologous blood in women delivered by
      cesarean section and grade I and II anemia has improved their postoperative
      course, blood concentration, transcutaneous oxygen tension, hemostasis and
      fibrinolytic activation responses. The transfusion produced a more marked
      improvement as compared with iron drugs and packed erythrocyte transfusion.

PMID- 2396723
TI  - [A regional perinatal center: its structure and functions].

PMID- 2396724
TI  - [Evaluation of diagnostic potential of various methods of chorionic sampling in
      the first trimester of pregnancy].
AB  - Potentials of the most common chorionic sampling methods have been examined:
      transcervical biopsy (TCB) (n-65), transcervical aspiration (TCA) (n-63) and
      transabdominal aspiration (TAA) (n-10). These procedures were done in outpatient
      settings at 6-12 week's gestation with sonographic guidance using accepted
      methodologies. TCB and TCA yielded 14.3 mg and 27.5 mg of a sample, respectively.
      The chorionic sample obtained with TAA was at best 3 mg. The incidence of
      successful chorionic sampling was 92.4% for TCB, 76.1% for TCA and 80.0% for TAA.
      Spontaneous abortions occurred after TAA (7.9%) and combined transcervical
      procedures (10%). These results suggest a potential of TCB and TCA in first
      trimester prenatal diagnosis, but TCB has a number of advantages. TAA is a
      promising technique which, however, requires further sophistication.

PMID- 2396725
TI  - [Status of steroid receptors in the uterus, placenta and fetal membranes].
AB  - Receptors of the myometrium, placenta and fetal membranes have been examined
      during deliveries at different gestational ages. No direct correlation was seen
      between plasma levels of steroid hormones and steroid receptor concentrations in
      target organs.

PMID- 2396726
TI  - [Clinico-biological evaluation of the status of newborn infants and the tactics
      in the management of the early postnatal period].
AB  - Biology of the perinatal period as a basis of neonatal management is an area of
      conceptual controversy. Literature evidence and findings of a clinical and
      functional study in 175 term newborns support the concept of intrapartum and
      neonatal stress. This is a rationale for a strategy of maintaining the adaptive
      mechanisms of the fetus and newborn in a maximal range and active support of
      neonatal homeostasis. Narcotic depression, prolonged hypothermia++ of various
      origins are considered as factors endangering the postnatal adaptation.

PMID- 2396727
TI  - [Birth injuries and lesions of the spinal cord in the perinatal period].
AB  - The paper presents a clinical and pathological analysis of 40 deliveries, autopsy
      findings in fetuses and newborns with combined birth injury of the brain and
      spinal cord, perinatal disease entities associated with intrapartum spinal
      lesions and disease entities which entail secondary spinal lesions. A subgroup of
      newborns with intraventricular hemorrhage showed at autopsy diffuse
      subarachnoidal hemorrhage of the cervical and thoracic spinal segments as a
      function of its extension into the cerebrospinal fluid system. Guidelines for
      pathological diagnosis in the pediatric practice are offered.

PMID- 2396728
TI  - [Ischemic necrosis of the gluteal area with sciatic nerve damage in newborn
      infants].
AB  - The pathogenesis of dry gluteal necrosis with the involvement of the sciatic
      nerve as a severe complication of neonatal resuscitation employing umbilical drug
      administration has been elucidated by angiographic studies. This complication was
      found to result from a spasm and subsequent thrombosis of the internal iliac
      artery induced by intraumbilical drug administration. Guidelines for the
      prevention of this severe complication are offered.

PMID- 2396730
TI  - [Organization and tasks of the obstetrical and gynecological services for women
      in rural areas].

PMID- 2396729
TI  - [Lesions of the sciatic nerve in newborn infants after administration of various
      drugs into the umbilical arteries].

PMID- 2396731
TI  - [Preclinical diagnosis of late pregnancy toxemias].

PMID- 2396733
TI  - [Diagnosis, management tactics and prevention of suppurative inflammatory
      diseases of the adnexa uteri].

PMID- 2396732
TI  - [Modeling and specific pharmacological prevention of unfavorable effect of acute
      herpetic infection on the course of pregnancy, fetus and the newborn
      (experimental study)].

PMID- 2396734
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of fetal condition in a women's consultation clinic].

PMID- 2396735
TI  - Death in Anchorage in 1987.
AB  - In 1987, 855 persons died in Anchorage, Alaska. Crude death rate was slightly
      higher than in 1986. Age-adjusted death rate was distinctly higher than in the
      nation. Proportions of deaths due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, violence,
      and other categories were about the same as in 1986.

PMID- 2396736
TI  - The federal government--Native American relationship and the Indian Health
      Service in Alaska.

PMID- 2396737
TI  - Witch doctor's prophecy.

PMID- 2396738
TI  - Restructuring health care financing in Alaska.

PMID- 2396739
TI  - [German Anesthesia Congress 1990. Annual meeting of the German Society for
      Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine. Mannheim, 21-25 March 1990.
      Abstracts].

PMID- 2396740
TI  - Estimation of analytical values from sub-detection limit measurements for water
      quality parameters.
AB  - A method is described for estimating analytical values for water quality
      parameters from sub-detection limit measurements. The method, which is referred
      to as the error approximation (EA) procedure, relies on quality control
      analytical procedures and on the assumption that the bulk of the analytical error
      associated with measurements at or near the detection limit exists within k = -3
      to +3 standard deviations for normally (or approximately normally) distributed
      errors. The EA procedure also assumes that the analytical errors are equally
      distributed on each side of half the detection limit and that the sub-detection
      limit value lies between zero and the detection limit.

PMID- 2396741
TI  - Simple and unambiguous method for identifying urinary acylcarnitines using gas
      chromatography--mass spectrometry.
AB  - Several inherited metabolic disorders, particularly the organic acidurias and
      acidemias, are often characterised by excretion of acylcarnitines, especially
      octanoylcarnitine, in the urine. Clinical investigation of such serious disorders
      ideally requires a rapid, simple and selective method for determining
      acylcarnitines in urine. Initial results are given here of a method that may
      approach this ideal. The procedure involves chemical derivatisation, in which the
      zwitterionic acylcarnitines are cyclised to volatile lactones, and analysis by
      gas chromatography and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Preparation of
      urine samples by ion-exchange purification and an illustrative application of the
      proposed method to a clinical sample are also outlined.

PMID- 2396742
TI  - Study of fatty acid profiles in cancer cells grown in culture using gas
      chromatography--mass spectrometry.
AB  - The determination of long-chain fatty acids in the phospholipid, triglyceride and
      free fatty acid fractions of HT29/219 colon cancer cells grown in a medium
      containing either foetal calf serum or horse serum, was carried out using gas
      chromatography - mass spectrometry. Several bonded-phase capillary columns were
      tested for the separation of the fatty acid methyl esters, and a 30-m
      poly(ethylene glycol) column was found to give optimum separation. The mass
      spectrometer was set to the multiple ion detection mode to increase the
      sensitivity of the recording of the characteristic ions, consisting of the
      molecular ion and the base peak. The phospholipid and triglyceride compositions
      of the cells were different when the cells were grown in media containing
      different sera. Differences were also found in the turnover of the acids in the
      different lipid fractions, the phospholipids being the most important, when the
      cells were grown in different media. The cellular metabolism and turnover of
      certain fatty acids differed from others in the same cell. These differences
      emphasise the importance of a precise knowledge of the lipid composition of the
      culture medium in in vitro studies of cancer cells.

PMID- 2396743
TI  - Identification of triacylglycerols by high-performance liquid chromatography-gas
      liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - Triacylglycerols from rat adipose tissue were chromatographed by high-performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC), with a gradient of propan-2-ol in acetonitrile as
      the mobile phase. Fractions of the material eluting from the column were
      collected and analysed by automated gas - liquid chromatography of the fatty acid
      methyl esters obtained after transmethylation. Triacylglycerols were identified
      by using a combination of their fatty acid content and elution time from the HPLC
      column. Fractions corresponding to whole peaks or groups of peaks were also
      collected and re-chromatographed on a liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry
      system equipped with a belt interface. For most triacylglycerols, good agreement
      was obtained between the two methods, although mass spectrometric identification
      of the early eluting peaks was complicated by poor resolution of the
      triacylglycerols on the HPLC system.

PMID- 2396744
TI  - Evaluation of biological sample mineralisation methods for the determination of
      fluorine by graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry.
AB  - Various mineralisation methods were evaluated as means of treating different
      liquid and solid biological samples for the determination of fluorine by the
      formation of aluminium monofluoride in an electrothermal graphite furnace and
      molecular absorption spectrometry (AIF-MAS). Simple sample dilution and the use
      of 0.01 M Al3+ + 0.01 M Sr2+ solution as a matrix modifier are sufficient to
      determine the fluorine content in most liquid samples, although some require the
      addition of 0.3 M ammonium nitrate to the matrix modifier solution in order to
      diminish background absorbance. In solid samples, treatment methods routinely
      used with fluoride ion-selective electrodes such as microdiffusion, furnace
      ashing - microdiffusion and oxygen flask combustion, were tested for
      compatibility with AIF-MAS. The results were compared with those obtained with a
      fluoride ion-selective electrode. The proposed mineralisation methods were
      checked for applicability to different plants, foodstuffs and other biological
      materials. Some of the methods gave an over-all precision of better than 10%,
      which is often acceptable, and all methods gave recoveries above 80%. Differences
      between labile + ionic fluoride and total fluorine can be established by sample
      treatment.

PMID- 2396745
TI  - Evaluation of oxidant media for the determination of lead in food slurries by
      hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry.
AB  - Several oxidant media were evaluated for the generation of lead hydride from
      slurry samples and their application to the determination of lead in vegetables
      and fish by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Three oxidant -
      acid media were compared: hydrogen peroxide - nitric acid, ammonium persulphate -
      nitric acid and potassium dichromate - lactic acid. The powdered samples were
      suspended in Triton X-100 and shaken with 10.0 g of blown zirconia spheres until
      a slurry was formed. The potassium dichromate - lactic acid medium was the most
      satisfactory for the determination of lead in fish and vegetables, providing the
      lowest detection limits as a result of its high sensitivity and low blank values.
      The ammonium persulphate - nitric acid medium gave good accuracy, precision and
      selectivity for vegetables (1-2 p.p.m. of lead); however, with fish (0.1-1 p.p.m.
      of lead) it was only a semi-quantitative medium for the determination of lead
      owing to its lack of sensitivity and selectivity. The hydrogen peroxide - nitric
      acid medium was unsatisfactory for the generation of lead hydride from slurry
      samples because of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by the organic matter in
      the sample.

PMID- 2396746
TI  - Simultaneous determination of total and free calcium in milk by flow injection.
AB  - A fast and reliable procedure for the determination of total and free calcium in
      milk is described. The method is based on the flow injection (Fl) technique.
      Total calcium is determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (422.7 nm)
      and free calcium by spectrophotometry (580 nm). Interference in the determination
      of free calcium is eliminated by using a dialyser, which also separates the total
      and free calcium. Interference from phosphates in milk in the determination of
      total calcium by AAS is overcome by using a dinitrogen oxide-acetylene flame with
      the necessary suppression with K+. With 30-microliters samples the Fl system
      covers a standard working range of 100-1500 mg dm-3 of Ca2+. The system is
      suitable for the simultaneous determination of total calcium (relative standard
      deviation less than 1.30% for 1300-1500 mg dm-3 of total calcium) and free
      calcium (relative standard deviation less than 0.85% for 120-170 mg dm-3 of free
      calcium) in milk at a sampling frequency of about 60 samples h-1. The results
      obtained agree reasonably well with results from the AAS method.

PMID- 2396747
TI  - Continuous flow molecular emission cavity analysis of cephalosporins by alkaline
      degradation to sulphide.
AB  - A continuous flow method for the determination of some cephalosporins
      (cephradine, cephalexin, cephalosporin C, cefadroxil, cephapirin and cephalothin)
      in the general range 10.0-250.0 micrograms ml-1 is described. The sample is mixed
      with sodium hydroxide and remains for 20 min at 90 degrees C in the delay coil of
      an air-segmented system. The solution is then mixed with an excess of
      orthophosphoric acid, and the hydrogen sulphide evolved is continuously
      transferred into the cavity for generation of the S2 molecular emission. The
      analysis is automated, requires no sample pre-treatment and samples can be
      analysed at a rate of 30 per hour with a relative error of 1-2%. The method was
      evaluated by carrying out recovery experiments and by the analysis of commercial
      formulations. Results agreed well with those obtained by the standard methods.

PMID- 2396748
TI  - Purification of human glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and an adsorptive
      voltammetric investigation of the interaction of GDH with rabbit anti-human GDH
      antibody.
AB  - A procedure for the isolation of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) from human liver,
      which involves the use of ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl
      cellulose and affinity chromatography on guanosine triphosphate conjugated to
      Sepharose 4B, is described. The adsorptive voltammetric behaviour of human GDH,
      bovine GDH and rabbit anti-human GDH antibody was optimised with respect to
      accumulation potential, accumulation time and scan rate. The lower limits of
      detection were 0.2 and 1.2 mg l-1 for human and bovine GDH, respectively, and the
      lower limit of detection for rabbit anti-GDH antibody was 0.04 mg l-1. The
      interaction of human GDH with rabbit anti-human GDH antibody was also examined
      using this method.

PMID- 2396749
TI  - Poly(vinyl chloride) matrix membrane electrode for the selective determination of
      heroin (diamorphine) in illicit powders.
AB  - The potentiometric response characteristics of a poly(vinyl chloride) membrane
      electrode for heroin based on its ion-pair complex with tetraphenylborate were
      examined. The influence of pH, temperature and time on the performance of the
      electrode system was investigated. The electrode shows a near-Nernstian response
      over the heroin concentration range 10(-2)-10(-4) M with good precision. The mean
      relative standard deviation for the determination of heroin in 40 micrograms ml
      1(-1) mg ml-1 aqueous heroin hydrochloride solutions is 1.2%. The electrode
      exhibits good selectivity for heroin in the presence of a number of adulterants
      and basic organic compounds commonly present in illicit heroin powders. The
      method was applied to the direct potentiometric determination of heroin in
      illicit powders (10-36% heroin) and the results agreed fairly well with those
      obtained by gas - liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2396750
TI  - Trypsin inhibitors analysis: direct chromatographic titration.
AB  - A titrimetric method for the standardisation of three human urinary trypsin
      inhibitors (UTIs) has been developed. The same substances are also present in
      human plasma, and their amounts in such biological fluids are of bioclinical
      interest. The method is based on the direct titration of each UTI with a solution
      of bovine trypsin of known molarity, and monitoring the decreasing residual
      amounts of the inhibitor by reversed-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography. The proposed method provides a suitable alternative to the
      traditional enzymic - spectrophotometric method. Mean within-day and between-day
      coefficients of variation and the limit of determination for the standardisation
      of each UTI are reported.

PMID- 2396751
TI  - Determination of low-energy beta-emitter radionuclides deposited on surfaces by
      attapulgite treatment.
AB  - A method for the determination of surface contamination of various materials by
      3H and 99Tc is reported. Both 3H and 99Tcm are widely used in chemical and
      clinical applications. The isotopes 99Tc, the decay product of 99Tcm, and 3H are
      soft beta-emitter radionuclides and the use of unsealed sources can frequently
      produce contamination and excessive internal dosing for workers. The removal of
      radionuclides from surfaces was effected with attapulgite, a clay with a high
      absorption capacity for many organic and inorganic substances. The determination
      was carried out by extracting the absorbed radionuclide from the clay and then
      measuring it in a beta-scintillation counter. The determination limits of the
      method, 20 Bq cm-2 for 3H and 100 Bq cm-2 for 99Tc, are below the "derived
      working limits" for these radionuclides.

PMID- 2396752
TI  - Spectrophotometric determination of taurine in food samples with phenol and
      sodium hypochlorite as reagents and an ion-exchange clean-up.
AB  - A simple and accurate spectrophotometric method is proposed for the determination
      of taurine in food samples using phenol and sodium hypochlorite as reagents,
      which form a blue colour with taurine at room temperature and pH 10.35. Ion
      exchange was used to improve the selectivity of the method. Absorbance
      measurements were made at 630 nm and the calibration graph was linear from 0 to
      180 micrograms ml-1 of taurine with a slope of 0.00242 A (p.p.m.)-1. The
      precision for the determination of taurine (156 micrograms ml-1) was 0.8% (n =
      10). The method was applied successfully to the determination of taurine in milk
      products and energy drinks.

PMID- 2396753
TI  - A theoretical model of endochondral ossification and bone architectural
      construction in long bone ontogeny.
AB  - The role of mechanical stresses in the formation of endochondral ossification
      patterns and the construction of basic bone architecture in human long bones is
      investigated using a three-dimensional generalized model of long bone
      development. The distribution of mechanical stress which is created in developing
      bones as a result of intermittent mechanical loading is calculated using a
      computer model that mathematically represents the bone's geometry, material
      properties and loading conditions. The process of endochondral ossification is
      simulated by iteratively converting cartilaginous regions of the computer model
      to bone, based on the calculated intermittent hydrostatic and shear stress
      distributions. Once local regions of mineralized bone have formed, these regions
      are remodeled according to an algorithm which relates bone density to a
      mechanical stress stimulus. The results simulated the correct sequence of the
      appearance of morphological structures which are common to long bones in the
      human appendicular skeleton. These developmental structures include the site of
      the first endochondral bone and the secondary ossification center and the tubular
      nature of long bones. Our results suggest that mechanical loading histories may
      influence bone morphogenesis beginning from the early stages of endochondral
      ossification and continuing throughout life. The stress-based algorithms may be
      part of the 'rules of construction' or 'developmental constraints' which guide
      limb ontogeny.

PMID- 2396754
TI  - Postnatal development of nonpyramidal neurons in the rat hippocampus (areas CA1
      and CA3): a combined Golgi/electron microscope study.
AB  - This study describes the morphological differentiation of nonpyramidal neurons in
      areas CA1 and CA3 of the rat hippocampus as seen after Golgi-impregnation.
      Representative neurons were gold-toned and processed for an electron microscopic
      study of identified cells. We analyzed the postnatal stages P0 (day of birth),
      P5, P10 and P20. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. On the day of birth
      nonpyramidal neurons display relatively large cell bodies with short, clumsy
      dendrites. Great variability of the shape of the cell body and of the orientation
      of dendrites was observed when compared with the more stereotyped pyramidal
      neurons. Electron microscopy of identified nonpyramidal neurons revealed small
      infoldings of the nuclear membrane and immature synapses on the short dendritic
      shafts of these cells. 2. Developing nonpyramidal neurons from P0 and P5 display
      growth cones, filopodia, preterminal growth buds, and irregular varicose
      swellings along the dendrites. 3. Further postnatal development of nonpyramidal
      neurons is mainly characterized by an increase in dendritic length, paralleled by
      a decrease in growth cones and preterminal growth buds. By means of the electron
      microscope an increase in the number of mature input synapses on the gold-toned
      dendritic shafts of identified nonpyramidal neurons was observed. 4. There is a
      significant developmental difference between nonpyramidal neurons in CA1 and CA3
      that was most obvious on P5. Nonpyramidal neurons in CA3 appear more mature,
      displaying longer dendrites that sometimes traverse through several hippocampal
      layers. In contrast, the dendrites of nonpyramidal neurons in CA1 are still
      restricted to the layer of the parent cell body. The earlier differentiation of
      nonpyramidal neurons in CA3 may result from the earlier formation of neurons in
      CA3 than in CA1. Longer dendrites of nonpyramidal neurons in CA3, together with
      an earlier arrival of afferent fibers in this region, suggest that nonpyramidal
      neurons in CA3 are integrated into inhibitory hippocampal circuits earlier than
      their counterparts in CA1. 5. On P20, hippocampal nonpyramidal neurons showed all
      structural characteristics as observed in adult animals both at light and
      electron microscopic levels. It is concluded that the structural maturation of
      hippocampal nonpyramidal cells is completed by that postnatal age.

PMID- 2396755
TI  - Postnatal development of the light and electron microscopic features of basket
      cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of the rat.
AB  - Light and electron microscopic preparations were used to analyze the postnatal
      development of the basket cells of the rat dentate gyrus. The basket cells,
      located at the hilar border, were recognized in 2-day-old rats in Golgi
      preparations, where they displayed immature dendrites and a small axon arbor in
      the granule cell layer. At 5 days, the basket cells were found to have a large
      perikaryal cytoplasm, a round nucleus, an axon that forms symmetric synapses with
      granule cells, and dendrites and somata that are contacted by other axon
      terminals. The 10-day basket cells display more mature features, such as Nissl
      bodies and well-developed Golgi complexes. The basket cells from 16-day-old rats
      are mature in terms of their ultrastructural features, in that the nuclei are
      highly indented and display intranuclear rods or sheets, the perikaryal cytoplasm
      is packed with organelles, and the axon has developed an extensive arborization
      with the somata and dendrites of granule cells at the border with the molecular
      layer. This arborization will continue to expand as more granule cells are
      generated and added to the hilar border. These data correlate well with the
      immunocytochemical and biochemical development of GABAergic neurons in the
      dentate gyrus. Furthermore, the maturation of the structure of basket cells
      appears to precede the appearance of adult-like electrical activity in the
      hippocampus.

PMID- 2396756
TI  - Distribution and characteristics of the different astroglial cell types in the
      adult lizard (Lacerta lepida) spinal cord.
AB  - The astroglial cells have been studied in the lizard spinal cord by means of
      metallic impregnations, immunohistochemical (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and
      ultrastructural methods. Three astroglial cell types have been
      immunohistochemically identified: ependymocytes, radial astrocytes and
      astrocytes. Transitional forms have also been observed. Scarce immunopositive
      ependymocytes were located in the dorsal and ventral regions of the ependyma. The
      radial astrocytic somata were located around the ependymal layer and their
      processes reached the subpial glia limitans. Typical astrocytes were the most
      abundant astroglial cell type; astrocytes located in the ventral horn showed a
      greater development than those of the dorsal horn. In the white matter, the
      astrocytes were large and their processes formed part of the subpial glia
      limitans; on some occasions, astrocytic cell bodies also formed part of this
      subpial limitans. Transitional elements between astrocytes and radial astrocytes
      were observed in both grey and white matter. The perivascular and subpial glia
      limitans were continuous and showed a strong immunoreactivity. The comparative
      analysis of our results in the lizard spinal cord with those in other vertebrate
      groups leads us to conclude that reptiles could represent the key group in the
      phylogenetic evolution of the astroglial cells in vertebrates.

PMID- 2396757
TI  - Demonstration of a reciprocal connection between the periaqueductal gray matter
      and the reticular nucleus of the thalamus.
AB  - Lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase was either injected or implanted in
      crystalline form in various parts of the periaqueductal gray substance in the
      cat. After survival times ranging between 24 and 48 h the animals were fixed, and
      the mesencephalon and thalamus were sectioned and processed for peroxidase
      histochemistry, using tetramethylbenzidine as the chromogen. Light microscopic
      examination of the sections revealed that there exists a prominent reciprocal
      connection between the ventral and lateral parts of the periaqueductal gray
      matter on one hand, and the reticular nucleus of the thalamus on the other. The
      connections are mainly ipsilateral, and involve the entire rostrocaudal extent of
      the thalamic reticular nucleus, but mainly the ventrolateral sector of its caudal
      two thirds. There is a differential labelling within the thalamic reticular
      nucleus.

PMID- 2396758
TI  - On the histogenetic potency of the tailbud mesoderm.
AB  - The caudalmost part of the tailbud mesoderm (terminal paraxial tailbud mesoderm)
      does not develop into somites. It is not clear whether this terminal paraxial
      tailbud mesoderm can be considered to be a part of the segmental plate. To
      elucidate the nature of the tailbud mesoderm, grafts containing caudal somites,
      caudal prospective somitic mesoderm and the terminal paraxial tailbud mesoderm
      were grafted from quail embryos into the wing bud mesoderm of chick embryos. The
      distinct nuclear difference between quail and chick allows the identification of
      the grafts on a cellular level. The grafts containing caudalmost somites and the
      prospective somitic mesoderm differentiate into muscle and cartilage. The
      terminal paraxial tailbud mesoderm, on the other hand, did not give rise to
      either of these tissues. From this it can be concluded that the terminal paraxial
      tailbud mesoderm cannot be considered to be a part of the segmental plate.

PMID- 2396759
TI  - [Anesthesia management in the surgical separation of craniopagus].
AB  - A rare clinical case--anesthesiological management in craniopagus--is described.
      Problems arising in the course of anesthesia during surgical separation of such
      children are reviewed.

PMID- 2396760
TI  - [The effect of collagen-normalizing therapy on the incidence and severity of
      anesthetic and postoperative complications in children with connective tissue
      syndromes].
AB  - A new method of collagen-normalizing therapy has been worked out to prevent
      specific anesthesia-induced, operative and postoperative complications and to
      treat some symptoms in children with Ehlers-Danlos and Marfan's syndromes and
      with non-classified Marfan-like malformations. The technique involves a combined
      use of beta-adrenoblocker in the age-matched doses and vitamins C/0.03
      g/(kg.day)/, B2/0.0004 g/(kg.day)/and B6/0.002 g/(kg.day)/ for 2.5 months before
      surgery and during the first 2 weeks of the postoperative period. The above
      therapy reduces the incidence of delayed recovery of the muscular tone and
      adequate respiration, spontaneous and recurrent pneumothorax, hemorrhagic and
      gastroenterologic complications, as well as the incidence and severity of
      intestinal paresis. The indexes of effective collagen-normalizing therapy are as
      follows: body weight increase, echocardiographic pattern of reduced diameter of
      the aorta and mitral valve prolapse, normalization of the urinary excretion of
      total and polypeptide-bound oxyproline. The efficacy of therapy depends on the
      baseline level of oxyproline excretion.

PMID- 2396761
TI  - [Evaluation of subarachnoid anesthesia using local anesthetics in combination
      with morphine].
AB  - The efficacy of subarachnoidal anesthesia with lidocaine (trimecaine) in
      combination with small morphine doses was compared to anesthesia with lidocaine
      (trimecaine) alone. The analysis of the results obtained has demonstrated that
      the combination of local anesthetics (lidocaine, trimecaine) with minimum doses
      of narcotic analgesics (morphine) improves considerably the quality of
      anesthesia, enhancing the blockade of nociceptive impulsation from the operative
      area and ensures prolonged postoperative analgesia.

PMID- 2396762
TI  - [Neuropharmacologic analysis and clinical course of ketamine anesthesia during
      central alpha2-adrenostimulation with clopheline].
AB  - The experiments on white male rats have established that clopheline preinjection
      shortens the latent period and prolongs the duration of ketamine anesthesia due
      to alpha 2-, alpha 2- and beta 2-adrenoceptor mechanisms, respectively. An
      additional administration of prazosin and naloxone (0.1 mg/kg) potentiates the
      duration of combined clopheline and ketamine anesthesia. The duration of ketamine
      anesthesia alone remains unchanged in simultaneous alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptor blockade with phentolamine, however, it is prolonged in alpha 1
      adrenoceptor blockade and shortened in alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade with
      prazosin and yohimbine, respectively. Tachycardiac effects of ketamine are
      removed with clopheline due to alpha 2-adrenostimulation and beta 1
      adrenoblockade with talinolol or attenuated upon reserpine administration. The
      combined use of clopheline and ketamine for the termination of pregnancy, as
      compared to combined diazepam and ketamine anesthesia, prolongs the duration of
      anesthesia, normalizes basic hemodynamic parameters prior to and following the
      injection of an anesthetic and promotes to a more adequate discontinuation of
      anesthesia.

PMID- 2396763
TI  - [Mechanisms of the effect of general anesthesia with barbiturates on immunity].
AB  - The effect of short-acting barbiturates on the number of theophylline-resistant
      and theophylline-sensitive T-lymphocytes in donors and patients with lung cancer
      on the function of spontaneous and induced donor regulators as well as the
      concentration of cyclic nucleotides and T-lymphocytes in donors has been studied
      in vitro. The effect of general anesthesia with barbiturates on the number of
      lymphocyte populations and subpopulations in the peripheral blood of somatically
      healthy patients with minimum surgical trauma has also been assessed. These
      studies as well as previous investigations serve the basis for elucidating the
      impact of general anesthesia with barbiturates on the immunity. It is recommended
      to identify the nature of immunodepression in patients with preoperative immune
      deficiencies.

PMID- 2396764
TI  - [Clinical experience of anesthesia management in heart transplantation].
AB  - An experience is described of anesthesiological management of orthotopic heart
      transplantations performed to 22 males aged 16 to 54 years and 5 females aged 27
      to 43 years with dilation cardiomyopathy (20 cases), ischemic heart disease (5
      cases), Abramov-Fiedler myocarditis (1 case) and the combination of the aortic
      valve defect with ischemic heart disease (1 case). Techniques of
      anesthesiological management in recipients and donors are described. The period
      necessary for the recovery of the donor heart function is characterized and
      cardiotropic transplant support is described. Specific clinical course of the
      anesthesia depending on the pulmonary artery pressure, the type of general
      anesthesia used in recipients and the use of catecholamines for hemodynamic
      maintenance in donors during heart excision have been analysed.

PMID- 2396765
TI  - [Postoperative analgesia using moradol in emergency surgery].
AB  - Moradol was used for postoperative analgesia in 39 patients subject to urgent
      surgery. Promedol was used as a control. It has been found that a marked pain
      syndrome in the early postoperative period in patients examined was characterized
      by certain deviations of the parameters studied. Moradol, as compared to
      promedol, has a better analgesic effect, causing milder respiration and
      hemodynamic changes. With intravenous drug injection, a more profound analgesia
      is associated with a greater respiratory depression.

PMID- 2396766
TI  - [The effect of autohemotransfusions on the hemostasis system in open heart
      surgery].

PMID- 2396767
TI  - [Choice of the optimal variant of blood loss replacement during reconstructive
      surgery of the major vessels with the object of preventing postoperative anemia].
AB  - 175 patients after reconstructive surgery on major vessels have been examined.
      Blood loss during surgery was compensated by crystalloid and colloid solutions or
      their combination with donor blood, autoblood, UV-irradiated autoblood. In the
      postoperative period hematological parameters were assessed, the volume of the
      donor blood transfused was determined and the effect of UV-irradiation on the
      morphology and size of autoerythrocytes was studied. The optimal variant of blood
      loss compensation was the combination of crystalloid solutions with UV-irradiated
      autoblood.

PMID- 2396768
TI  - [Metabolic changes in simulated weightlessness].
AB  - 8 healthy subjects participated in 2 series of experiments on the comparative
      studies of two techniques of respiratory therapy employing multicomponent
      anesthesia during controlled lung ventilation in normal conditions and in
      experimental weightlessness. It has been established that experimental
      weightlessness, as compared to normal conditions of controlled lung ventilation,
      was more favourable for the maintenance of effective energy exchange in
      erythrocytes and tissue O2 consumption. Both techniques of respiratory therapy
      during controlled lung ventilation are recommended in these conditions.

PMID- 2396769
TI  - [The effectiveness of the gas-exchange function of the lungs in diffuse
      peritonitis].
AB  - Using a Douglas-Holden open system, gas exchange disturbances were studied and
      the role of gas exchange parameters in determination of gas exchange lung
      function was assessed in 39 patients with generalized peritonitis (GP). It has
      been established that in patients with GP the postoperative period is
      characterized by marked disturbances in ventilation/perfusion ratio (VA/QT) of
      the lungs. Thus, the level of arterial hypoxemia is determined both by impaired
      VA/QT and increased intrapulmonary shunting and by postoperative changes in the
      cardiac output. Consequently, arterial blood pO2 cannot serve as an absolutely
      objective index of the degree of gas exchange in the lungs. Alveolar-arterial
      difference in pO2 with 100% O2 inhalation [D(A-a)O2] will be a more accurate
      assessment of gas exchange in the lungs in patients with GP, as it takes into
      consideration the hemodynamic status. The criterion of gas exchange efficacy is
      [D(A-a)O2] value not exceeding 350 mmHg, with greater values being the
      indications for the earlier use of controlled lung ventilation.

PMID- 2396770
TI  - [Clinico-anatomic characteristics of acute respiratory insufficiency occurring
      after trauma and surgical interventions].
AB  - The results of clinical and anatomical studies of acute respiratory insufficiency
      in patients suffering from hypotensive reactions caused by blood loss, shock, fat
      and thromboembolism and by acute left ventricular insufficiency are discussed.
      The role of impaired pulmonary circulation due to general circulatory
      disturbances in the development of acute respiratory insufficiency and the role
      of this syndrome in the onset of bilateral polysegment pneumonia after trauma and
      surgery are demonstrated. Acute diffuse alveolitis, interstitial intraalveolar
      edema, with the formation of hyalin membranes, atelectasis and emphysema are the
      main morphological signs of acute respiratory insufficiency. Massive infusion
      transfusion therapy may aggravate acute respiratory insufficiency.

PMID- 2396771
TI  - [Pathogenesis and prevention of pneumonia in patients with severe craniocerebral
      trauma].
AB  - The results of endoscopic studies of the bronchial tree have been assessed in 150
      patients during the acute period of craniocerebral trauma. A correlation has been
      established between the side and degree of the brain stem damage and the onset of
      asymmetrical bronchomalacia. The development and signs of the obstructive
      syndrome within a 2-week post-traumatic period have been demonstrated. The
      incidence of destructive pneumonia has reduced four-fold. It is concluded that
      endoscopy of the bronchial tree is highly effective for the prevention of
      pneumonia in the acute period of severe craniocerebral trauma.

PMID- 2396772
TI  - [Characteristics of hemostatic disorders in septic shock in children].
AB  - Changes at different stages of coagulation cascade have been assessed during
      intensive therapy of septic shock in 40 children aged 1 to 14 years. Progressing
      septic shock is accompanied by chronometric and structural hypocoagulation with
      potential hypercoagulation in transfer samples, thrombocytopenia and
      thrombocytopathy. Terminal stages of septic shock are characterized by profound
      hypocoagulation without potential hypercoagulation, predominance of antithrombin
      and antiaggregant blood activity with persistent depletion of antithrombin III
      and plasminogen. The decrement of arterio-venous difference in hemostasis
      parameters is typical of marked stages of the shock lung. Dynamic control over
      hemostasis shifts makes it possible to predict the outcome of septic shock.

PMID- 2396773
TI  - [The informativeness of clinical laboratory indices of the effectiveness of
      exchange plasmapheresis in patients with peritonitis].
AB  - The results of the application of exchange plasmapheresis in 51 patients with
      suppurative peritonitis have been processed statistically using "MEDSTAT-85"
      software. 2-3 exchange plasmapheresis procedures at an up to 2-day interval, with
      exfusion of 1000-1200 ml plasma and adequate replacement of plasma loss by
      freshly frozen donor plasma and specific hyperimmune plasma were shown to be an
      optimum regimen. Blood toxicity, concentration of medium molecular toxins and
      leukocytic index of intoxication were the most informative criteria of the
      efficacy of exchange plasmapheresis.

PMID- 2396774
TI  - [Intensive therapy of diabetic (ketoacidotic) coma].
AB  - Complex intensive therapy involving daily procedures of hyperbaric oxygenation
      combined with antioxidants in patients admitted to hospital in condition of
      ketoacidotic coma allows prompt elimination of hypoxia, acidosis, hyperglycemia
      and makes it possible to enhance resistance of cellular membranes and normalize
      free-radical parameters of lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 2396775
TI  - [Emergency craniocerebral hypothermia in the management of open mitral
      commissurotomy].
AB  - Craniocerebral hypothermia was used during open-heart surgery in 69 patients with
      mitral stenosis (hospital mortality rate 2.9%). Indications for open-heart
      surgery (left atrial thrombosis, mitral valve calcinosis, onset of traumatic
      mitral insufficiency) were determined intraoperatively during closed mitral
      commissurotomy. Some pathophysiological peculiarities of craniocerebral
      hypothermia were studied. A decrease in brain temperature and total oxygen
      consumption (up to 27.7% of the basic metabolism level) has been observed.
      Prolongation (up to 25 min) of major vessel occlusion had no negative effect on
      the patients' condition, postoperative complications and lethality.
      Craniocerebral hypothermia is considered to be a safe and effective technique
      indicated in case of emergency for open-heart surgery.

PMID- 2396776
TI  - [Variants of intravenous anesthesia during lung surgery in conditions of high
      frequency artificial ventilation].
AB  - Basic systemic hemodynamic parameters were compared during intravenous anesthesia
      with calypsol (ketamine) and diazepam, promedol and diazepam, fentanyl and
      diazepam, fentanyl and sombrevin in 120 patients operated on the lungs with
      conventional and high-frequency jet ventilation. The studies have shown that in
      conventional controlled lung ventilation there were no distinctions in
      hemodynamic parameters depending on the type of the anesthesia. In high-frequency
      jet ventilation, specific hemodynamic effects of calypsol were observed. Unlike
      other anesthetics, calypsol administration is associated with elevated central
      venous pressure, increased cardiac output and enhanced left ventricular work,
      which can be accounted for by higher venous return.

PMID- 2396777
TI  - [Changes in the homeostatic indices in children with the prolonged crush syndrome
      receiving complex intensive therapy].
AB  - Crush syndrome was assessed clinically in 22 children, 16 of whom had renal
      failure. For objective evaluation, different techniques of extracorporeal
      detoxication were performed under dynamic control over the level of some
      homeostasis parameters. It has been established that the most marked changes were
      associated with the signs of colloid-osmotic condition and the following
      development of hyperosmolar syndrome. A complex approach to the management of
      this group of patients, using various intensive care techniques (plasmapheresis,
      hemodialysis, hemosorption, hyperbaric oxygenation, etc.) is assessed. Using the
      data of biochemical control, the most informative parameters characterizing the
      severity of crush syndrome in children have been determined.

PMID- 2396778
TI  - [Total intravenous general anesthesia during radical correction of tetralogy of
      Fallot].
AB  - Three techniques of general intravenous anesthesia were compared, using
      mathematical parameters of the heart rhythm, hemodynamic and sympathoadrenal
      system responses, arterial blood Hb saturation with O2 (SaO2) and thermometry. It
      has been established that anesthesia with dipidolor ensures adequate protection
      against the operation stress both in patients with tetralogy of Fallot previously
      subject to interarterial anastomoses and patients with tetralogy of Fallot
      without anastomoses. Combined fentanyl and ketamine anesthesia ensures an
      adequate protection against the operation stress only in patients with tetralogy
      of Fallot without anastomoses. A more marked response of sympathetic autonomous
      nervous system and hemodynamics in patients with tetralogy of Fallot previously
      subject to anastomoses is, probably, mediated by a more intensive analgesic
      sequestration in the lungs in the presence of functioning anastomoses, which
      attenuates the analgetic effect. Anesthesia in patients with tetralogy of Fallot
      previously subject to interaortic anastomoses should be performed using higher
      doses of narcotic analgesics.

PMID- 2396779
TI  - Changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis in horses during exercise.
AB  - Changes in clotting time (CT) and fibrinolytic activity (FA) were evaluated in 6
      mature, female horses during exercise. Two trials were performed on consecutive
      days, using a randomized crossover design. Each mare was assigned to either an
      exercise trial or a control trial on the first day, and to the alternate trial 24
      hours later. Mares exercised for 20 minutes on a treadmill at an elevation of 2
      degrees and a velocity of 5 m/s. Venous blood samples were collected immediately
      before exercise, at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 minutes during exercise, and 15 minutes
      after cessation of exercise. Blood was placed into plain glass tubes for
      determination of CT, and into chilled, citrated tubes for determination of FA,
      plasminogen/plasmin complex activity (PLG), one-stage prothrombin time (OSPT),
      activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and antithrombin-III (AT-III)
      activity. There were significant differences (P less than 0.05) between the
      control and exercise groups for CT, FA, and PLG. During exercise, clotting time
      decreased from 21.5 +/- 1.6 minutes to 9.9 +/- 1.6 minutes (mean +/- SD; P less
      than 0.05), without significant changes in OSPT, APTT, or AT-III. Fibrinolytic
      activity and PLG increased (P less than 0.05) during exercise. Changes in CT, FA,
      and PLG were significant at 4 minutes of exercise, remained altered until the end
      of exercise, and returned to baseline values by 15 minutes of recovery. Clotting
      time, OSPT, APTT, FA, AT-III, and PLG did not change (P greater than 0.05) during
      control trials.

PMID- 2396780
TI  - Amplitude and latency characteristics of spinal cord motor-evoked potentials in
      dogs.
AB  - The motor-evoked potential can be reliably recorded in anesthetized dogs by use
      of percutaneous placement of active recording electrodes near the dorsal lamina
      of the vertebral column. Two types of responses were observed in this study;
      short (less than 5.5 ms at T9-10)- and long (greater than 5.8 ms at T9-10)
      latency waves. Short-latency waves are larger in amplitude and appear with higher
      stimulus intensities than do long-latency waves. Short-latency waves are
      conducted at greater than 80 m/s and may not reflect pyramidal tract activation.
      The safety of using higher intensity stimuli to generate short-latency waves has
      not been determined.

PMID- 2396781
TI  - Plasma, tissue, and urine carnitine concentrations in healthy adult cats and
      kittens.
AB  - Mean carnitine concentrations [( carnitine]) were higher (P less than 0.05) in
      adult cats than in kittens for skeletal muscle (total and free carnitine),
      myocardium (free carnitine), and urine (total and free carnitine). The free/total
      carnitine ratio was lower (P less than 0.05) in kittens than in adults for liver,
      myocardium, and urine. Carnitine concentrations were similar between genders in
      kittens, but in adult cats, [carnitine] in plasma (total, free, and esterified
      carnitine) and liver (total and free carnitine) were higher (P less than 0.05) in
      female than in male cats. Total and free plasma [carnitine] were correlated to
      total and free liver [carnitine], respectively. Skeletal muscle [carnitine] was
      not correlated to plasma [carnitine]. Correlations in [carnitine] between plasma
      and myocardium, kidney, or urine were inconsistent.

PMID- 2396782
TI  - Comparison of plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle carnitine concentrations in cats
      with idiopathic hepatic lipidosis and in healthy cats.
AB  - Concentrations of total, free, and esterified carnitine were determined in
      plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle from cats with idiopathic hepatic lipidosis
      and compared with values from healthy cats. The mean concentrations of plasma,
      liver, and skeletal muscle total carnitine; plasma and skeletal muscle free
      carnitine; and plasma and liver esterified carnitine were greater (P less than
      0.05) in cats with idiopathic hepatic lipidosis than in control cats. The mean
      for the ratio of free/total carnitine in plasma and liver was lower (P less than
      0.05) in cats with idiopathic hepatic lipidosis than in control cats. These data
      suggest that carnitine deficiency does not contribute to the pathogenesis of
      feline idiopathic hepatic lipidosis.

PMID- 2396783
TI  - Use of relaxation half-time as an index of ventricular relaxation in clinically
      normal cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Relaxation half-time (t1/2) was evaluated as a measure of isovolumic ventricular
      relaxation in clinically normal cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
      Relaxation half-time was determined directly from the left ventricular pressure
      tracing as the time required for the left ventricular pressure at the beginning
      of isovolumic relaxation to decrease by half. The value of t1/2 was unaffected by
      moderate changes in heart rate, inotropic state, and afterload in clinically
      normal cats. However, t1/2 increased significantly (P = 0.003) with increased
      preload. The value of t1/2 was significantly higher (P = 0.0003) in a group of
      cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, compared with that of a group of
      clinically normal cats. Although t1/2 must be interpreted in the context of
      changes in loading conditions, the index is useful as a measure of relaxation in
      clinically normal cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2396784
TI  - Effect of acute acidemia on blood biochemical variables in healthy ponies.
AB  - L-Lactic acid and D,L-lactic acid infusion in ponies resulted in metabolic
      acidosis with high anion gap (AG). Increased AG was explained entirely by
      increased blood L- and D-lactate concentrations. Hydrochloric acid infusion
      caused metabolic acidosis with decreased AG. Saline (NaCl) infusion caused mild
      metabolic acidosis, with no significant change in AG. Plasma K+ concentration was
      decreased by all types of infusions, with a maximum of 0.50, 0.25, 0.40, 0.50
      mmol/L below baseline at the end of infusion in the L-lactic acid-, D,L-lactic
      acid-, HCl-, and NaCl-infused ponies, respectively. Only hydrochloric acid had a
      tendency to increase plasma K+ concentration. Hypophosphatemia developed in NaCl-
      and HCl-infused ponies, but not in the D,L-lactic acid-infused ponies. Serum
      inorganic phosphate concentration in L-lactic acid-infused ponies increased
      initially, but was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than values in the
      other ponies at 4 hours after onset of infusion. In ponies, the effect of
      acidemia on plasma K+ and serum inorganic phosphate concentrations was similar to
      that reported for other species. Changes were small in magnitude and depended on
      the nature of the acid anion. Results indicate that large changes in plasma K+
      and serum inorganic phosphate concentrations during acidosis are probably not a
      direct result of acidemia.

PMID- 2396786
TI  - Evaluation of two commercial test kits for detection of occult blood in feces of
      dogs.
AB  - To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of 2 commercial test kits for
      detection of occult blood in canine feces, various volumes of blood were
      administered to 6 dogs via orogastric tube. Blood volumes tested were chosen on
      the basis of hemoglobin quantities of 5, 10, 20, 200, 350, and 500 mg of
      hemoglobin/kg of body weight. Fecal specimens were collected twice daily and
      analyzed separately by 2 observers for the presence of occult blood by use of
      modified guaiac and orthotolodine tablet tests, and for melena by visual
      inspection. Five dogs given blood at the rate of 500 mg of hemoglobin/kg and 1
      dog given blood at the rate of 350 mg of hemoglobin/kg developed melena. Results
      of both occult blood tests were positive in 2 of 6 dogs given blood at the rate
      of 5 mg of hemoglobin/kg. Five of 6, and 4 of 6 dogs given blood at the rate of
      10 mg hemoglobin/kg had positive test results by modified guaiac and
      orthotolodine methods, respectively. Results of both methods were positive in all
      dogs given blood at the rate of 20 mg of hemoglobin/kg. There was 86% agreement
      between the 2 observers' results for the modified guaiac method, and 78%
      agreement for the orthotolodine method. There was 77% agreement of results
      between the 2 test methods. Gastrointestinal transit time decreased with
      increasing volumes of blood. Occult blood testing was found to be useful for
      detection of blood in feces at volumes 20 to 50 times less than that required to
      cause melena.

PMID- 2396785
TI  - Serum lipid and lipoprotein changes in ponies with experimentally induced liver
      disease.
AB  - Alterations in serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in ponies with
      experimentally induced liver disease were investigated. Hepatocellular damage was
      induced, using a nonlethal dose of carbon tetrachloride. In a separate group of
      ponies, obstructive jaundice was induced by surgical ligation of the common bile
      duct. Over a 6-day period, blood samples were obtained from ponies after
      treatment with carbon tetrachloride and for 12 days in ponies subjected to
      surgery. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were unaffected in
      both groups of ponies, except for significantly (P less than 0.01) high
      triglyceride concentration in ponies of the ligated group during the second
      postsurgical week. This increase was most likely attributable to anorexia
      observed during that period. Hyperbilirubinemia was observed early in ponies of
      the ligated group; most of the bilirubin was of the conjugated type. Using
      electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal methods, serum lipoprotein alterations were
      detected only in ponies of the ligated group. Increases of very low-density and
      low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and decrease in high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol concentration were found. Although no changes were seen
      in total serum cholesterol concentration, a redistribution of lipoprotein
      cholesterol was observed in ponies of the ligated group. Similar alterations in
      lipoprotein distribution have been found in dogs, rats, and human beings with
      obstructive jaundice and cholestasis. The association between serum
      lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase activities and these lipoprotein
      alterations remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2396787
TI  - Immunologic factors related to survival and performance in neonatal swine.
AB  - Logistic regression was used to develop models predicting preweaning survival in
      334 neonatal swine. Measured risk factors included birth weight, litter size
      (live born), dam parity, serum IgG concentration, serum ELISA titers recognizing
      common gram-negative core antigens, and serum concentrations of the third
      component of complement. Larger birth weights were associated with increased
      probability of preweaning survival. The highest mortality was observed in litters
      with more than 12 pigs. Pigs with serum concentration of the third component of
      complement (C3) in the lowest stratum, less than 20% adult pooled C3 standard
      (APC3), had reduced mortality, compared with high (greater than 38% APC3) and
      middle (20 to 38% APC3) groups. Associations between all other variables,
      including total serum IgG concentration and preweaning survival were not
      significant. Few pigs had hypogammaglobulinemia, less than 3% of the study
      population had serum IgG concentrations less than 1 g/dl. Of all measured
      variables, only birth weight and dam parity were significant predictors of
      preweaning gain. Larger pigs and pigs born to third or greater parity dams had
      more preweaning gain than other pigs.

PMID- 2396788
TI  - Quantitative noninvasive assessment of liver size in clinically normal dogs.
AB  - Measurements of liver size were made from radiographs of 16 clinically normal
      anesthetized dogs. Two measurements were made from each of 3 views: right and
      left lateral and ventrodorsal. Each measurement was correlated with liver weight
      and volume. Liver weight and volume were also correlated with both measurements
      from the same radiograph multiplied together. All measurements, with the
      exception of ventrodorsal depth, correlated significantly (P less than 0.05) with
      liver weight and volume. The multiplication of the 2 measurements made from the
      right lateral radiograph correlated most highly with liver weight. These data
      were then compared with those from similar studies involving liver measurements
      obtained from nuclear scintigraphic and ultrasonographic scans on the same dogs.
      The radiographic measurements made from the right lateral view had the highest
      correlation with liver weight, followed by the nuclear scintigraphic measurements
      made from the same position.

PMID- 2396789
TI  - Maturation of spinal-evoked potentials to tibial and ulnar nerve stimulation in
      clinically normal dogs.
AB  - Spinal-evoked potentials were recorded from 2 litters of clinically normal mixed
      breed dogs between 35 and 300 days of age. Summated responses to tibial nerve
      stimulation were recorded from percutaneous needle electrodes placed at L7-S1, L4
      5, T13-L1, C7-T1, and the cisterna cerebellomedullaris. The ulnar nerve was
      stimulated with recordings at C7-T1 and the cisterna cerebellomedullaris.
      Amplitudes did not change significantly with age, but were significantly (P less
      than 0.05) different between various recording sites. On day 35, segmental and
      overall (L7-cisterna cerebellomedullaris) conduction velocities were less than
      half of the adult values. Spinal cord conduction velocities increased with age,
      reaching adult values at approximately 9 months of age. It was determined that
      quadratic equations best predicted the conduction velocities during maturation.

PMID- 2396790
TI  - Adaptation of human oscillometric blood pressure monitors for use in dogs.
AB  - Two digital oscillometric human blood pressure measuring devices were modified
      and evaluated as blood pressure monitors in 12 healthy anesthetized dogs. Direct
      arterial pressures were measured via cannulation of the dorsal pedal artery and
      were correlated with indirect measurements through an inflatable cuff placed over
      the dorsal pedal artery below the hock joint of the contralateral limb. Direct
      and indirect measurements were compared for systolic, diastolic, and calculated
      mean arterial pressures. Blood pressure ranges between 215/145 mm of Hg and 65/30
      mm of Hg were obtained, using combinations of halothane, phenylephrine, calcium,
      and IV administered fluids. Machine A was found to be insufficient for clinical
      application, on the basis of correlation coefficients between direct and indirect
      pressures of 0.78, 0.65, and 0.74 for systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial
      pressures, respectively. Higher correlation coefficients between direct and
      indirect pressures (0.77, 0.87, and 0.87, respectively) were obtained with
      machine B. The results of the study reported here suggest machine B may be an
      effective blood pressure monitoring device in anesthetized dogs.

PMID- 2396791
TI  - Breda virus (Toroviridae) infection and systemic antibody response in sentinel
      calves.
AB  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were established to detect Breda virus antigen
      in feces and homologous antibodies of the IgG1, IgM, and IgA isotypes in serum.
      With the aid of solid-phase immune-electron microscopy, torovirions in fecal
      material were observed. The course of natural infection was studied in 10
      sentinel calves that had been obtained from different farms, and housed together
      at 1 week of age. They were separated from other cattle until the age of 10
      months. Up to the age of 4 months, all calves regularly excreted Breda virus in
      the feces. Irrespective of the existence of IgG1 isotype maternal antibodies, all
      calves had early IgM responses in serum, but lack of IgA seroconversion. In 7
      calves, antibody titer decreased below detection, whereas 3 calves had an isotype
      switch, resulting in persistent IgG1 titer. After introduction into the dairy
      herd at 10 months of age, all calves had diarrhea, and shedding of Breda virus
      was observed in 8 of them. Seroconversion for all antibody isotypes was observed,
      indicating lack of mucosal memory. In contrast, coronavirus infection in the
      presence of maternal antibodies led to isotype switch in all calves but one, and
      a memory response was observed after introduction into the dairy herd.

PMID- 2396792
TI  - Complement resistance in Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae infection
      of swine.
AB  - The possible role of the complement-mediated bactericidal system in protection of
      swine against contagious pleuropneumonia was investigated. Strains of
      Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae representing serotypes 2, 3 and 5
      were found to be fully resistant to the bactericidal action of porcine serum from
      precolostral, clinically normal adult, and chronically infected pigs. All strains
      were also resistant to hyperimmune rabbit serum, but 3 of 4 strains were
      sensitive to normal human serum. This bactericidal effect was lost when human
      serum was previously absorbed with the homologous bacteria, indicating that
      antibody was necessary for killing. Addition of human serum to porcine serum or
      to absorbed human serum did not restore the bactericidal system. Pretreatment of
      the bacteria with undiluted heat-treated human serum also failed to sensitize the
      bacteria to the absorbed serum, indicating that a heat-labile, absorbable factor
      may have been required for killing of A pleuropneumoniae. None of the strains was
      sensitized to porcine serum by sublethal treatment with polymyxin B, a treatment
      that is known to disrupt the integrity of the outer membrane and induce serum
      sensitivity in gram-negative bacteria. The ability of A pleuropneumoniae to
      resist complement killing in vitro may reflect a virulence mechanism in vivo that
      assists bacteria in avoiding the pulmonary defenses of swine and promotes
      bacterial invasion of the lungs.

PMID- 2396793
TI  - Comparison of pharmacokinetic variables for two injectable formulations of
      netobimin administered to calves.
AB  - In a 4 x 4 crossover-design study, pharmacokinetic variables of 2 injectable
      formulations of netobimin (trisamine salt solution and zwitterion suspension)
      were compared after SC administration in calves at dosage of 12.5 mg/kg of body
      weight. Netobimin parent drug was rapidly absorbed, being detected between 0.25
      and 12 hours after treatment, with maximal plasma drug concentration (Cmax)
      values of 2.20 +/- 1.03 micrograms/ml achieved at 0.75 +/- 0.19 hour (trisamine)
      and 1.37 +/- 0.59 micrograms/ml at 0.81 +/- 0.18 hour (zwitterion). Netobimin
      area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was 7.59 +/- 3.11
      micrograms.h/ml (trisamine) and 6.98 +/- 1.60 micrograms.h/ml (zwitterion).
      Elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) was 2.59 +/- 0.63 hours (trisamine) and 3.57 +/
      1.45 hours (zwitterion). Albendazole was not detected at any time. Albendazole
      sulfoxide was detected from 4 hours up to 20 hours (trisamine) and from 6 hours
      up to 24 hours (zwitterion) after administration of the drug. The Cmax values
      were 0.48 +/- 0.16 micrograms/ml and 0.46 +/- 0.26 micrograms/ml for trisamine
      and zwitterion formulations, respectively, achieved at time to peak drug
      concentration (Tmax) values of 9.50 +/- 1.41 hours (trisamine) and 11.30 +/- 1.04
      hours (zwitterion). Albendazole sulfoxide AUC was 3.86 +/- 1.04 micrograms.h/ml
      (trisamine) and 4.40 +/- 3.24 micrograms.h/ml (zwitterion); t1/2 beta was 3.05 +/
      0.75 hours (trisamine) and 3.90 +/- 1.44 hours (zwitterion). Albendazole sulfone
      was detected from 4 (trisamine) or 6 hours (zwitterion) to 24 hours after
      treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2396794
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in lactating cattle after single and
      multiple intramuscular and intravenous administrations.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of flunixin were studied in 6 adult lactating cattle after
      administration of single IV and IM doses at 1.1 mg/kg of body weight. A crossover
      design was used, with route of first administration in each cow determined
      randomly. Plasma and milk concentrations of total flunixin were determined by use
      of high-pressure liquid chromatography, using an assay with a lower limit of
      detection of 50 ng of flunixin/ml. The pharmacokinetics of flunixin were best
      described by a 2-compartment, open model. After IV administration, mean plasma
      flunixin concentrations rapidly decreased from initial concentrations of greater
      than 10 micrograms/ml to nondetectable concentrations at 12 hours after
      administration. The distribution phase was short (t1/2 alpha, harmonic mean =
      0.16 hours) and the elimination phase was more prolonged (t1/2 beta, harmonic
      mean = 3.14 hours). Mean +/- SD clearance after IV administration was 2.51 +/-
      0.96 ml/kg/min. After IM administration, the harmonic mean for the elimination
      phase (t1/2 beta) was prolonged at 5.20 hours. Bioavailability after IM dosing
      gave a mean +/- SD (n = 5) of 76.0 +/- 28.0%. Adult, lactating cows (n = 6) were
      challenge inoculated with endotoxin as a model of acute coliform mastitis. After
      multiple administration (total of 7 doses; first IV, remainder IM) of 1.1 mg/kg
      doses of flunixin at 8-hour intervals, plasma flunixin concentrations were
      approximately 1 microgram/ml at 2 hours after each dosing and 0.5 micrograms/ml
      just prior to each dosing. Flunixin was not detected in milk at any sampling
      during the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2396795
TI  - Ventricular arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine in dogs and cats anesthetized with
      tiletamine/zolazepam and halothane.
AB  - The ventricular arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ADE) was determined in 6 dogs
      anesthetized with halothane alone or with halothane after injection of
      tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ). Respiratory rate and tidal volume were controlled and
      sodium bicarbonate was administered to maintain arterial pH and blood gas values
      within reference range. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were recorded
      during determination of the ADE. The ADE (mean +/- SD) was no different during
      anesthesia with use of halothane alone (8.9 +/- 4.3) than it was when injections
      of TZ preceded administration of halothane (6.7 +/- 2.8). Tiletamine/zolazepam
      was also administered IV immediately after determination of the ADE during
      halothane-induced anesthesia. The TZ administered in this manner did not alter
      the ADE. Blood pressure and heart rate were significantly greater during infusion
      of epinephrine than immediately prior to infusion. The administration of TZ did
      not alter blood pressure response. The ADE was also determined in 6 cats
      anesthetized with halothane preceded by administration of TZ. The ADE (mean +/-
      SD) was 0.7 +/- 0.23 micrograms/kg, a value similar to that reported for cats
      during anesthesia with halothane alone.

PMID- 2396796
TI  - Alteration in intestinal morphologic features associated with extensive large
      colon resection in horses.
AB  - Light microscopy, morphometry, and scanning electron microscopy were used to
      examine the mucosal morphologic features of 7 intestinal specimens (3 from the
      small intestine; 4 from the large intestine) from each of 8 horses 1 year after
      sham operation (group 1; n = 3) or extensive large-colon resection (group 2; n =
      5). Qualitative light microscopic examination did not reveal differences between
      groups, but morphometry revealed significantly (P less than 0.05) greater
      intercrypt area and distance in horses with colon resection and this was most
      pronounced in the cecum and remaining right ventral and dorsal colon. Crypt area
      and depth were similar for horses with colon resection and sham operation (P
      greater than 0.05). Qualitative evaluation of the scanning electron micrographs
      revealed more prominent crypt orifices in the large intestine of horses with
      colon resection. The larger intercrypt distance in the colon of horses with
      resection was not an obvious feature of the qualitative evaluation of the surface
      with scanning electron microscopy. Small intestinal morphologic features were
      variable and significant differences were not detected between horses with sham
      operation and colon resection. Horses adapted to extensive large-colon resection
      within 1 year by increasing the absorptive (intercrypt) surface area of the
      remaining large intestine.

PMID- 2396797
TI  - Histologic and immunochemical study of the pathogenesis of heartwater (Cowdria
      ruminantium infection) in goats and mice.
AB  - Eleven adult goats and 32 adult outbred mice were inoculated IV with Cowdria
      ruminantium-infected blood (Kwanyanga isolate), monitored clinically, then
      serially euthanatized. Predominant clinical signs of disease in goats were
      depression, head tremors, seizures, and dyspnea. In mice, dyspnea and depression
      were the only clinical signs of disease noticed. Tissues were examined
      histologically and immunohistochemically for C ruminantium colonies or antigen.
      In goats, C ruminantium was detected only in endothelial cells of the brain, even
      though gross and microscopic lesions were confined to the thorax. In mice, C
      ruminantium was detected only in endothelial cells of the heart and lungs.

PMID- 2396798
TI  - Failure of subtotal arytenoidectomy to improve upper airway flow mechanics in
      exercising standardbreds with induced laryngeal hemiplegia.
AB  - Upper airway flow mechanics and arterial blood gas measurements were used to
      assess the efficacy of subtotal arytenoidectomy for treatment of induced left
      laryngeal hemiplegia in horses. Measurements were collected with the horses at
      rest, and trotting or pacing on a treadmill (6.38 degrees incline) at speeds of
      4.2 and 7.0 m/s. Experimental protocols were performed after right common carotid
      artery exteriorization (baseline), after left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy
      (LRLN), and after left subtotal arytenoidectomy. At baseline, increasing
      treadmill speed progressively increased peak inspiratory and expiratory flow
      (VImax and VEmax, respectively), peak inspiratory and expiratory transupper
      airway pressure (PuI and PuE, respectively), respiratory frequency (f), tidal
      volume (VT), minute volume (VE), and heart rate. Inspiratory and expiratory times
      (TI and TE, respectively) and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) decreased with
      increased treadmill speed; inspiratory and expiratory impedance (ZI and ZE,
      respectively) did not change. After LRLN, VImax, f, and PaO2 significantly (P
      less than 0.05) decreased at exercise, whereas PuI, TI, and ZI significantly
      increased. Minute volume decreased at exercise after LRLN, but the changes were
      not significant; LRLN had no effect on VEmax, PuE, ZE, heart rate, arterial
      carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2), or VT. Subtotal arytenoidectomy did not improve
      upper airway flow mechanics or blood gas measurements impaired by laryngeal
      hemiplegia.

PMID- 2396800
TI  - Fetal membranes and ancillary structures of llamas (Lama glama).
AB  - The placenta of llamas is epitheliochorial, with patchy areas of dense folded
      papillation serving as the placentome. The amnion of the full-term placenta is
      closely adhered to either the allantois or the chorion and remains with these
      structures at the time of parturition. Llamas and alpacas, like dromedaries, have
      an extra fetal membrane that is derived from the epidermis of the fetus. In
      association with the watery amniotic fluid of llamas, the epidermal membrane is
      slippery, facilitating delivery of the fetus.

PMID- 2396799
TI  - Effect of antimicrobial solution lavage on the palmar digital tendon sheath in
      horses.
AB  - Sixteen horses were allotted to 4 groups of 4 horses each to evaluate the effect
      of tendon sheath lavage with 4 solutions (balanced electrolyte solution, 0.1%
      povidone-iodine, 0.5% povidone-iodine, and 0.5% chlorhexidine). The synovitis
      caused by 0.1% povidone-iodine lavage was not appreciably worse than that caused
      by balanced electrolyte solution lavage, but the 0.5% povidone-iodine and
      chlorhexidine lavages caused severe synovitis, and, therefore, should not be used
      for tendon sheath lavage.

PMID- 2396801
TI  - Heritability of susceptibility to scrotal herniation in swine.
AB  - Data on 5,711 Duroc-sired, 2,227 Landrace-sired, and 2,494 Yorkshire-sired male
      pigs born over a 9-year period were used to evaluate the genetic influence on
      scrotal herniation. Differences in frequency of this defect among boar breeds
      (Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire) were significant (P less than 0.01). Differences
      among sires within the Duroc and Landrace boar groups were significant (P less
      than 0.001 and P less than 0.05, respectively), but differences within the
      Yorkshire group were not significant. Frequency of scrotal hernia among male full
      siblings of affected males was consistently higher than the overall frequency of
      the defect among progeny in each of their respective breed of boar groups.
      Percentage of affected pigs among male full siblings of affected males for Duroc,
      Landrace, and Yorkshire groups, respectively, was 3.0, 3.0, and 2.7 times greater
      than the overall percentage affected in their respective breed groups.
      Heritability of susceptibility to scrotal hernia development was estimated to be
      0.29 +/- 0.17, 0.34 +/- 0.23, and 0.34 +/- 0.19 in Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire
      sired pig groups, respectively.

PMID- 2396802
TI  - Questions experimental design in study on effects of furosemide on racing times
      of Thoroughbreds.

PMID- 2396803
TI  - Phospholipid composition of bovine erythrocytes.

PMID- 2396805
TI  - Management of sharp and penetrating foreign bodies of the upper aerodigestive
      tract.
AB  - The aspiration or ingestion of a foreign body into the upper aerodigestive tract
      is a common accident that befalls children and adults alike. Sharp and pointed
      objects pose special problems. The basic principles of their extraction were
      meticulously developed by Chevalier Jackson, whose concepts of the mechanical
      problems encountered and demonstrations of their solutions are responsible for
      keeping morbidity and mortality figures at a minimum. The principles of
      evaluation and management of sharp and penetrating foreign bodies of the upper
      digestive tract are described.

PMID- 2396804
TI  - Sulcus vocalis: functional aspects.
AB  - The vocal function of 126 patients with sulcus vocalis was evaluated with the use
      of a test battery of multidimensional evaluation items. Of the 126 patients, 31
      had a unilateral sulcus and 95, bilateral lesions. The results were as follows.
      1) The majority of the patients had a mild degree of hoarseness with a breathy
      quality. 2) An incomplete glottic closure, a small vibratory amplitude, and a
      small mucosal wave were frequently observed in the stroboscopic examination. 3)
      The maximum phonation time, fundamental frequency range, and sound pressure level
      range of phonation were decreased, whereas the airflow during phonation was
      increased. 4) The pitch perturbation quotient, amplitude perturbation quotient,
      and normalized noise energy were increased. 5) Abnormal test results were more
      frequent and more marked for bilateral lesions than for unilateral lesions.

PMID- 2396806
TI  - Epiglottic laryngoplasty for repair of blunt laryngopharyngeal trauma.
AB  - Two unique cases of blunt laryngopharyngeal trauma are presented in which
      identical injuries were sustained to the supraglottic larynx and hypopharynx.
      Examination of the patients included the use of magnetic resonance imaging to
      help define the extent of injury. A successful outcome was achieved in each
      instance by employing the reconstructive technique of epiglottic laryngoplasty to
      repair the mucosal defects.

PMID- 2396807
TI  - Staging proposal for external auditory meatus carcinoma based on preoperative
      clinical examination and computed tomography findings.
AB  - An accepted staging system for squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory
      meatus is currently lacking and would permit accurate comparison of treatment
      strategies and results for patients with this unusual neoplasm. In order to
      develop such a staging system we reviewed the prognostic variables and the
      accuracy of radiographic diagnosis in 39 patients undergoing temporal bone
      resection for squamous carcinoma of the external auditory meatus. Predictors of
      poor survival were extensive tumor involvement, facial nerve paralysis, middle
      ear involvement, and cervical or periparotid lymphadenopathy. In a comparison of
      12 specific anatomic sites, computed tomography was found to be an accurate
      indicator of histopathologically proven tumor invasion. On the basis of this
      clinical radiographic-histopathologic analysis, we propose a TNM staging system
      for external auditory meatus carcinoma utilizing preoperative computed tomography
      and physical examination. This system fulfills the requirements of the American
      Joint Committee on Cancer that a staging system should provide a sound basis for
      therapeutic planning for cancer patients by describing the survival and resultant
      treatment of different patient groups in comparable form.

PMID- 2396808
TI  - Ventilation tube duration versus design.
AB  - Two ventilation tube designs were simultaneously compared in children in order to
      determine their relative rates of extrusion. The results show a twofold
      difference between the extrusion of the Shepard compared to the "Sheehy" or
      collar-button pattern of tube. Subjected to statistical analysis, these findings
      are highly significant.

PMID- 2396809
TI  - Results of microvascular decompression of the eighth nerve as treatment for
      disabling positional vertigo.
AB  - A total of 41 patients who underwent microvascular decompression to relieve
      disabling positional vertigo in one 12-month period were studied. At follow-up
      examinations 2 1/2 to 3 1/2 years after the operation, 30 patients had total
      relief of their symptoms or were considerably improved, to the point that they
      could resume normal work or other activities in which they were not able to
      engage before the operation. Two of the 41 patients had mild improvement, and the
      final 9 patients had no change in their symptoms. One patient, who had had a
      previous vestibular nerve section without improvement, underwent microvascular
      decompression of the stump as well as decompression of the opposite side with no
      relief: 3 of these 9 patients had clear signs of bilateral vestibular nerve
      compression, but elected not to undergo a second procedure at that time. One
      patient lost hearing as a result of the operation, and 1 who had a second
      operation suffered a hearing loss and subsequently underwent vestibular nerve
      section with improvement of the symptoms. Two patients had transient deficits
      related to cranial nerves IV and X. The remaining patients had no complications
      from the operation.

PMID- 2396810
TI  - Experience with the Wilkie procedure for sialorrhea.
AB  - Sialorrhea (drooling) is most commonly seen in children with cerebral palsy or
      mental retardation. Surgical procedures for the control of sialorrhea include
      salivary gland excision, parasympathetic nerve section, and salivary duct
      ligation and/or rerouting. Eighteen children between the ages of 5 and 17 years
      underwent bilateral submandibular gland excision and rerouting of Stensen's duct
      (Wilkie procedure). All children had severe drooling associated with cerebral
      palsy or mental retardation. Follow-up at 7 years showed satisfactory control of
      sialorrhea in 16 of 18 patients (89%). There was one major complication:
      xerostomia. Our results indicate that submandibular gland excision together with
      parotid duct retropositioning provides effective control of sialorrhea in most
      cases. Unfavorable head and mandibular posturing seemed to cause persistent
      sialorrhea in one case.

PMID- 2396811
TI  - Inner ear decompression sickness combined with a fistula of the round window.
      Case report.
AB  - Inner ear barotrauma with rupture of the round or oval window secondary to diving
      and decompression sickness (DCS) of the inner ear can be a difficult diagnosis to
      differentiate. The dive profile or associated elements of DCS will often confirm
      the diagnosis. Occasionally, diagnosis is made during recompression or during
      operation. The differential diagnosis is important, since immediate recompression
      is indicated for inner ear DCS, while it is contraindicated in cases of inner ear
      barotrauma. We have found no cases reported in the world literature in which both
      diseases have been diagnosed and proven simultaneously. We present a case of a
      diver who developed DCS with inner ear manifestations complicated by a round
      window fistula. Treatment and clinical outcome are discussed along with a brief
      review of the suspected cause.

PMID- 2396812
TI  - Exercise in paleo-otolaryngology: head and neck examination of two Egyptian
      mummies.
AB  - Two Ptolemaic period mummies underwent head and neck examination including high
      resolution tomography and endoscopic rhinoscopy and cranioscopy. The anatomy
      demonstrated characteristic laryngeal calcification and sexual dimorphism.
      Pathologic findings consisted of severe dental disease and possible chronic ear
      disease. Postmortem changes revealed the entrance of the embalmers into the
      cranial cavity, but raised interesting speculation regarding the method of brain
      removal.

PMID- 2396813
TI  - Interpreting the sounds of swallowing: fluid flow through the cricopharyngeus.
AB  - The sounds of swallowing in normal subjects were recorded by means of a miniature
      accelerometer on the throat, simultaneously with videofluoroscopy of a modified
      barium swallow. Consistent correspondence was found between a rapid change in the
      acoustic spectrum of the accelerometer signal (the appearance of a region of
      energy prominence above 1,000 Hz) and bolus flow through the cricopharyngeus.

PMID- 2396814
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish tumor persistence from delayed fibrosis
      in carcinoma of the tongue and floor of the mouth.

PMID- 2396815
TI  - Sialadenoma papilliferum.
AB  - Sialadenoma papilliferum is a tumor of salivary tissues that has considerable
      histologic and biologic similarities to analogous tumors of the eccrine apparatus
      of the skin. Thus far found only at intraoral and parotid gland sites,
      sialadenoma papilliferum usually has the clinical course of a benign, locally
      significant lesion.

PMID- 2396816
TI  - Jadassohn's nevus sebaceous of the head and face.
AB  - The nevus sebaceous is a congenital skin lesion that usually appears in the head
      and face area. The lesions often cause aesthetic problems for patients and have a
      high incidence of malignant degeneration. The nevus sebaceous is rarely discussed
      in plastic surgery literature, however. This article describes 62 cases with a
      review of the literature.

PMID- 2396817
TI  - Tissue expansion in the correction of burn alopecia: classification and methods
      of correction.
AB  - Correction of burn alopecia using tissue expansion has recently gained
      acceptance. Yet, the technical approach to correction of this problem remains one
      of trial and error. Between January 1985 and December 1988, 102 children
      underwent placement of tissue expanders for correction of burn alopecia. Two
      hundred twenty-two expanders were placed during the 178 operative settings. Mean
      age was 9.1 +/- 4.3 years (range, 3-17 years). Forty-two patients previously
      underwent partial excisions or rotation of flaps to reduce or camouflage the
      initial burn alopecia. A review of our experience has dictated that proper
      classification of burn alopecia can influence operative planning and is essential
      for establishing guidelines for the correction of this problem. We have developed
      a classification scheme that addresses this problem. Patients are classified as
      type I, uniform alopecia; type II, segmental alopecia; type III, patchy alopecia;
      and type IV, total alopecia. The role of tissue expansion is reviewed in each
      group.

PMID- 2396818
TI  - Axial flaps for treatment of penis lesions due to granulomas.
AB  - Granulomas can result from subcutaneous injection of ointment into the penis to
      augment its bulk. Rigid, infiltrated granulomatous and scar tissue prevents
      coitus, often ulcerates, and must be excised. Large segmental or circumferential
      defects of the penile integument must be covered with soft, pliable skin. We
      describe our experience with axial skin-fat flaps taken for this purpose from the
      groin region. There are two well-known vascular bundles, the arteria circumflexa
      ilium superficialis (ACIS) and arteria epigastrica superficialis (AES). Both were
      used successfully (the ACIS in 3 patients and the AES in 1) to provide island
      skin territories sufficient for resurfacing even a completely degloved penis (1
      patient) with primary donor wound closure and rapid healing. In addition, a new
      flap, based on the arteria pudenda externa, was designed and implemented in 1
      patient. The donor potential of the groin and lower abdominal region amply meets
      the requirements for penis reconstruction. Therefore, it is surprising that axial
      flaps have not yet become broadly accepted.

PMID- 2396819
TI  - The role of mammography in detecting breast cancer in augmented breasts.
AB  - Recent reports suggest that mammographic findings may be compromised in patients
      who have undergone augmentation mammoplasty. Therefore, early detection of breast
      cancer by mammography may be obscured. We reviewed records for our patients with
      breast cancer after augmentation mammoplasty to define further the role and
      accuracy of mammography. Six patients aged 34 to 52 years (mean, 42 years) had a
      diagnosis of breast carcinoma 4 to 14 years (mean, 7.2 years) after augmentation
      mammoplasty. Five patients had preoperative mammographic examinations. Suspicious
      lesions were seen in 4 patients, and microcalcifications were identified in the
      fifth. The sixth patient had a normal xeromammogram. Pathological diagnosis was
      infiltrating ductal carcinoma in 5 patients and intraductal carcinoma in 1.
      Findings for lymph nodes were negative in 3 patients; 2 others had positive
      findings in one lymph node, and 1 had positive results in four lymph nodes. Five
      patients had a suspicious mass that was palpated on self-examination or by the
      patient's plastic surgeon, and the sixth patient had a routine screening
      mammogram. Two of 3 patients with positive lymph nodes received adjuvant
      chemotherapy. This report confirms the role of mammography as a screening tool in
      making the diagnosis of breast cancer in women who have undergone augmentation
      mammoplasty. The importance of self-examination and follow-up by the plastic
      surgeon is stressed. The data suggest that mammography remains an accurate method
      for detecting breast lesions.

PMID- 2396820
TI  - Sheet of scar causes trapdoor deformity: a hypothesis.
AB  - The trapdoor deformity has been thought to be the result of contraction of the
      semicircular scar of the skin surface. The hypothesis is presented that a sheet
      of internal scar is primarily responsible for raising the skin inside the
      semicircle.

PMID- 2396821
TI  - Nevus pigmentovascularis.
AB  - We describe a rare case of nevus pigmentovascularis, consisting of disseminated
      nevus spilus, mongolian-spot-like maculae, port-wine stains, bilateral nevus of
      Ota, and cavernous hemangioma. Although nevus pigmentovascularis is generally
      recognized as a congenital disease in Japan, we were unable to find a similar
      presentation of it in English textbooks on dermatology and plastic surgery.

PMID- 2396822
TI  - Heterotopic gastrointestinal cyst of the oral cavity.
AB  - We report a heterotopic gastrointestinal cyst of the oral cavity. Heterotopic
      islands of gastrointestinal mucosa have been found in the esophagus, the small
      bowel, and particularly in Meckel's diverticulum. However, their occurrence in
      the head and neck is extremely rare. Previously reported cases and the theories
      of embryogenesis are reviewed.

PMID- 2396823
TI  - Outpatient or short-stay skin grafting with early ambulation for lower-extremity
      burns.
AB  - Lower-extremity burns and skin grafts to these wounds have traditionally required
      extended hospitalization. We have used early tangential excision of the burn
      wounds and application of an Unna boot to fresh skin grafts in an attempt to
      shorten the hospitalization for such patients. Over a six-month period, 9
      patients were treated with Unna boots to fresh skin grafts on the lower
      extremity. The average hospital stay was 0.9 days (range, 0 to 3 days). Graft
      take was 85% to 100%; no regrafting was required. Ambulation was begun 24 hours
      postoperatively. The technique described is a safe, effective, and inexpensive
      alternative to prolonged immobilization and hospitalization in patients with
      lower-extremity skin grafts.

PMID- 2396824
TI  - An irrigation system for large-wound toileting.
AB  - A simple system for irrigating large wounds can be made for use in any operating
      theater or ward. This versatile system allows the surgeon to change the force,
      volume, and speed of different solutions with an economy of movement and a
      minimum of manipulation. The same bottles of solutions can be applied in more
      than one patient, minimizing fluid waste.

PMID- 2396825
TI  - A new suction cannula.
AB  - A new cannula has been designed that facilitates liposuction procedures by
      increasing the amount of fat tissue breakdown before aspiration. The cannula
      allows for greater application and opens up new horizons in aspirative surgery.

PMID- 2396826
TI  - Re: Rigid endotracheal tube stabilization during craniomaxillofacial surgery.

PMID- 2396827
TI  - Pinocchio's secondary nose.
AB  - The correction of the Pinocchio's nose, either in primary or secondary
      deformities, poses a difficult problem for plastic surgeons. We propose an
      original technique with which we obtain excellent results. This technique is
      based on the elimination of the domes of the alar cartilages and on the placement
      of a shield graft at the desired height.

PMID- 2396828
TI  - Analysis of complications in 168 pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps used for
      head and neck reconstruction.
AB  - One hundred sixty-eight pectoralis major muscular and myocutaneous flaps
      performed at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center during the past
      five years were reviewed retrospectively to determine complication rates
      following operation and to evaluate the effect of risk factors such as smoking,
      obesity, sex, previous radiotherapy, and tumor stage on the incidence of such
      complications. The overall rate of complications was 63%; however, most of these
      complications were self-limited, and the rate of total flap loss was only 2.4%.
      The risk of a complication developing was increased slightly in patients who
      smoked cigarettes and in patients with larger tumors. Obesity and previous
      radiotherapy had no effect on complication rates. Women who underwent pectoralis
      major myocutaneous flaps had a higher rate of flap necrosis than did men,
      presumably because of the interposition of breast tissue between the muscle and
      the skin paddle. In patients who had muscle flaps (without skin paddles), sex had
      no influence on complication rates. In all groups of patients, flaps consisting
      of muscle alone had fewer complications than did flaps with a cutaneous
      component.

PMID- 2396829
TI  - Anterior nasal stenosis secondary to accessory nasal bones.
AB  - Choanal atresia may result from a posterior or anterior obstruction of the
      airway. Treatment is predicated on an accurate identification of the underlying
      pathological condition by means of physical examination, fluoroscopy, and
      computed tomographic scan. Expeditious surgical management after appropriate
      diagnosis appears to result in effective relief of the obstruction.

PMID- 2396830
TI  - Antiviral activity of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors against plant
      viruses.
AB  - Three SAH hydrolase inhibitors, (RS)-3-adenin-9-yl-2-hydroxypropanoic acid
      (isobutyl ester) [(RS)-AHPA]; (RS)-9-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine [(RS)-DHPA] and
      the carbocyclic analog of 3-deazaadenosine (C-c3Ado) were evaluated for their
      inhibitory activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and potato virus X (PVX).
      Using the local lesion assay and ELISA, we demonstrated that all three compounds
      inhibit the replication of TMV and PVX. Whereas the three compounds proved about
      equally active against PVX, (RS)-AHPA was the most effective against TMV. (RS)
      AHPA and C-c3Ado induced chlorosis in Nicotiana tabacum leaf discs. They also
      caused a substantial reduction in the growth of the main root of Phaseolus
      vulgaris. (RS)-DHPA was less phytotoxic than its two congeners.

PMID- 2396831
TI  - Recurrent genital herpes in the guinea pig augmented by ultraviolet irradiation:
      effects of treatment with acyclovir.
AB  - The guinea pig model of genital herpes simplex virus infection has proven useful
      in the evaluation of antiviral drugs. We have recently demonstrated that
      recurrent herpetic infections can be induced in latently infected guinea pigs by
      ultraviolet irradiation. In this report we have examined the effect of acyclovir
      on ultraviolet radiation-induced recurrent genital herpes. Prophylactic topical
      acyclovir decreased the severity but not the incidence of ultraviolet radiation
      induced recurrences while intraperitoneal acyclovir initiated before ultraviolet
      irradiation reduced both the incidence and severity of induced recurrences. When
      treatment was begun after ultraviolet exposure, neither topical nor
      intraperitoneal acyclovir were effective in reducing the incidence or severity of
      induced recurrent disease. The effectiveness of acyclovir in the control of
      induced recurrent genital infections in the guinea pig is similar to what has
      been observed in human trials. This model of ultraviolet radiation-induced
      recurrent herpes simplex virus infection should prove useful in the evaluation on
      new putative antiviral drugs.

PMID- 2396832
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip involving a large cutaneous surface.
      Photodynamic therapy as an alternative therapy.

PMID- 2396833
TI  - Chaos: to see a world in a grain of sand and a heaven in a wild flower.

PMID- 2396834
TI  - Contact sensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene is impaired in atopic subjects.
      Controversy revisited.
AB  - If there is a primary dysfunction of the immune system in atopic eczema it might
      be reflected in altered capacity to generate delayed-type hypersensitivity.
      Therefore, the dose-response relationships for contact sensitization were
      determined for 22 patients (10 men) with minimal atopic eczema and compared with
      those from 27 nonatopic, healthy control subjects (12 men). Sensitization was
      induced with 30 micrograms of dinitrochlorobenzene applied to the thigh. Four
      weeks later the subjects were challenged with three doses of dinitrochlorobenzene
      (8.8, 12.5, and 17.7 micrograms), and responses were quantified with calipers as
      change in skinfold thickness at 48 hours. Atopic patients were significantly less
      responsive with smaller reactions at all challenge doses and a flatter challenge
      dose-response curve than that for control subjects. Thus, proper quantitative
      comparisons have shown that subjects with minimal atopic eczema do not mount a
      normal contact hypersensitivity response. However, it is not clear whether this
      is a consequence of the atopic state per se or is related to the presence of even
      a minor degree of eczema.

PMID- 2396835
TI  - 19-DEJ-1, a monoclonal antibody to the hemidesmosome-anchoring filament complex,
      is the only reliable immunohistochemical probe for all major forms of junctional
      epidermolysis bullosa.
AB  - Recently, a monoclonal antibody, 19-DEJ-1, has been described with binding
      specificity for an epitope present within the mid-lamina lucida of the
      dermoepidermal junction directly underneath hemidesmosomes, suggesting
      recognition of a portion of the anchoring filaments. In an initial survey of
      specimens from patients with inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB), it was noted
      that 9 of 9 specimens of Herlitz junctional EB and approximately 50% of specimens
      of recessive dystrophic EB lacked staining of the dermoepidermal junction with
      this antibody. To better define the sensitivity of binding by 19-DEJ-1 in
      junctional EB skin, 40 consecutive specimens representing the three major
      subtypes (Herlitz, 14; non-Herlitz, 15; and indeterminate, 11) were examined. No
      staining was noted along the dermoepidermal junction in any specimen, regardless
      of junctional EB subtype. Considering the recently discovered variability of
      binding by GB3 monoclonal antibody in some junctional EB subtypes, based on the
      present data it appears that the 19-DEJ-1 monoclonal antibody is the only
      immunohistochemical probe that can be used reliably for diagnosis of all major
      forms of junctional EB. Furthermore, these data suggest the possible utility of
      this particular antibody as a probe for identification, at the molecular level,
      of a basement membrane defect shared among all major forms of junctional EB.

PMID- 2396836
TI  - Eosinophilic infiltrates in epidermolysis bullosa.
AB  - Inherited epidermolysis bullosa encompasses many subsets of diseases,
      distinguished by skin fragility and blister formation after minor trauma.
      Histologically, epidermolysis bullosa usually presents as bullae without
      inflammatory cells. We present four cases of epidermolysis bullosa, including
      examples of epidermolytic, junctional, and dermolytic types that have
      eosinophilic infiltrates. These cases do not represent subtypes of epidermolysis
      bullosa, but simply the influx of eosinophils in neonatally manifested disease.
      Several hypotheses for the presence of these eosinophils are presented.

PMID- 2396837
TI  - Penile verrucous carcinoma.
AB  - A 71-year-old man with a penile verrucous carcinoma presenting as a large
      cutaneous horn is described. Both verrucous carcinoma and penile cutaneous horn
      are relatively uncommon entities and have not been previously reported to occur
      concomitantly. A brief review of the relevant medical literature and methods of
      therapy is included.

PMID- 2396838
TI  - Treatment of actinic prurigo with intermittent short-course topical 0.05%
      clobetasol 17-propionate. A preliminary report.
AB  - Actinic prurigo is a chronic familial photodermatosis that occurs mostly in
      Amerindians. Eight patients with actinic prurigo were given intermittent 3- to 14
      day courses of topical 0.05% clobetasol 17-propionate cream or ointment in 1988
      and 1989. Seven out of eight patients cleared or markedly improved. All of the
      patients had been resistant previously to milder topical corticosteroids. There
      have been no side effects. This therapy offers an effective alternative to
      systemic corticosteroids, oral psoralen with long-wave UV radiation in the A
      range, or thalidomide.

PMID- 2396839
TI  - Unilateral cutaneous emboli of Aspergillus.
AB  - A 40-year-old white woman with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, which relapsed
      despite bone marrow transplantation and various chemotherapeutic regimens,
      developed fever and neutropenia. Her fever was unresponsive to broad-spectrum
      antibiotics, and on hospital day 53 she developed purpuric macules with necrotic
      centers on her left hand and forearm. Frozen sections of lesional skin were
      stained with Grocott's methenamine-silver and showed hyphae consistent with a
      species of Aspergillus; culture of the skin biopsy specimen yielded a pure
      culture of Aspergillus flavus. Localization of the emboli to the left upper
      extremity was subsequently explained by magnetic resonance imaging scan of the
      chest demonstrating invasion of the left subclavian artery by a pulmonary
      aspergilloma.

PMID- 2396841
TI  - Conjunctival lesion in a patient with a history of glaucoma. Filtering
      conjunctival blebs.

PMID- 2396840
TI  - Augmentation mammoplasty and scleroderma. Is there an association?

PMID- 2396842
TI  - Scalp ulcerations in an elderly woman. Temporal arteritis.

PMID- 2396843
TI  - Erythematous auricular papules. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia.

PMID- 2396844
TI  - Progressive asymptomatic annular facial skin lesions. Cutaneous tuberculosis
      (lupus vulgaris).

PMID- 2396845
TI  - Granulomatous perioral dermatitis or sarcoid?

PMID- 2396846
TI  - Pemphigus: an alternative approach to treatment.

PMID- 2396847
TI  - Chronic urticaria associated with exogenous thyroid use.

PMID- 2396848
TI  - Eruptive nevi in Addison's disease.

PMID- 2396849
TI  - Adult-onset leukoderma and malignant melanoma.

PMID- 2396850
TI  - Erythema nodosum and diverticulitis.

PMID- 2396851
TI  - Onycholysis in doxorubicin-treated patients.

PMID- 2396852
TI  - Who is monitoring quality of care for the ESRD patient?

PMID- 2396853
TI  - Cognitive changes in chronic renal patients during hemodialysis.
AB  - The Number Connection Test (NCT) was used to assess cognitive functioning in 29
      chronic renal patients receiving hemodialysis. The patients required an average
      of 81 seconds to complete the test before hemodialysis compared to 98 seconds
      during hemodialysis (difference = 17 seconds) (t = 3.29; p = .0027). These
      findings cannot be explained by test order, sex, age, number of years on
      dialysis, or duration of each dialysis treatment. This study suggests that renal
      patients may have decreased cognitive functioning during the hemodialysis
      treatment. The dialysis period, though a convenient and popular time for patient
      education, may not be the best time to teach patients. Additional research is
      needed to confirm these findings and to identify the best and worst times for
      patient education for hemodialysis patients.

PMID- 2396854
TI  - Immunoadsorption: a novel treatment for sensitized kidney transplant candidates.
AB  - Sensitized patients frequently have a positive crossmatch against kidneys
      available for transplant. A positive crossmatch precludes transplantation in most
      cases because it is usually predictive of rejection after transplant.
      Immunoadsorption is an extracorporeal treatment combined with immunosuppression
      to decrease sensitization in patients and thereby enable transplantation. This
      article discusses sensitization, its detection, and the benefits of
      immunoadsorption.

PMID- 2396855
TI  - Reach for Excellence--a clinical ladder promotion system.
AB  - The clinical ladder at Lutheran Hospital-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin,
      exemplifies the decentralized management of the department. The four-tiered
      promotion system rewards the nurse who uses clinical expertise to promote high
      quality nursing practice by functioning as role model, resource, teacher for
      colleagues, and change agent. Specific criteria comprise the Performance
      Description/Appraisal and build through each level of the ladder. Applicants
      submit a portfolio to peer review committees. Salary increases accompany
      promotion.

PMID- 2396856
TI  - Games: a way to give laboratory values meaning.
AB  - Through the use of gaming techniques patients may acquire a better understanding
      of the significance of serum laboratory values and their relationships to the
      disease process and treatment regimen. Games provide practitioners with an
      alternative teaching strategy that may be used to reinforce learning and
      positively change health beliefs and behaviors that will ultimately promote
      compliance with the treatment regimen.

PMID- 2396857
TI  - Epoetin alfa: patient management issues and development through recombinant DNA
      technology. Part 1: Focus on Epoetin alfa patient management and recombinant DNA
      technology.
AB  - The emergence of the Epoetin alfa as an effective therapy in the treatment of the
      anemia of chronic renal failure has reemphasized the importance of nursing
      monitoring and intervention in the treatment of these patients. This article
      examines the role of nurses in monitoring and managing patients receiving Epoetin
      alfa and the development of medications, such as Epoetin alfa, with recombinant
      DNA technology.

PMID- 2396858
TI  - Epoetin alfa: patient management issues and development through recombinant DNA
      technology. Part 2: Answers to questions about Epoetin alfa.

PMID- 2396859
TI  - Case management of the anemic patient. Epoetin alfa: focus on kinetic dosing.
AB  - Epoetin alfa (EPOGEN, recombinant human erythropoietin) has proven to be a major
      therapeutic advance in treating the chronic refractory anemia associated with end
      stage renal disease (ESRD). As with many medications, the dose of Epoetin alfa
      must be individualized for each patient. In order to elicit a consistent
      production of red cells from the bone marrow, it is desirable that dose
      modifications be made as infrequently as possible. Gotch and Uehlinger have
      developed a kinetic model that can limit dose modifications by predicting the
      optimal dose of Epoetin alfa for each patient. Termed the Erythrokinetic Model,
      it compares individual patient response to Epoetin alfa to the life cycle of a
      red blood cell. This article describes the Gotch/Uehlinger Erythrokinetic Model
      and uses it to gauge the clinical response of 2 patients to Epoetin alfa.

PMID- 2396860
TI  - Lyme disease in chronic renal failure: CAPD therapy.

PMID- 2396861
TI  - Associations between HLA and antibodies to collagen in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Associations between HLA types and serum antibodies to native and denatured type
      II collagen were sought in 105 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
      Antibodies were measured using a solid phase radioimmunoassay. There were no
      significant associations between any HLA antigen (A, B, or DR) and a high
      antibody titre to native collagen. There were significant associations, however,
      between HLA antigens and high antibody titres to denatured collagen. Although DR4
      did not show an association, the phenotype A2+DR4+ did; this was not related to
      A2 as A2+DR- was not associated with a high antibody titre. No single B locus
      antigen showed an association, but several B locus antigens, B12, B15, and B40,
      were included in phenotypes with A2 and DR4 which were associated with a high
      antibody titre to denatured collagen. These HLA associations with anticollagen
      type II are best explained by a gene other than DR4 (but in linkage with it)
      which may regulate the antibody response to denatured collagen. If so, this would
      represent an HLA gene in addition to DR4 that is active in RA.

PMID- 2396862
TI  - Polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex extended haplotypes bearing HLA
      DR3 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with gold induced thrombocytopenia or
      proteinuria.
AB  - The distribution of DR3 and of extended haplotypes bearing DR3 was studied in
      three groups of subjects: 35 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with gold
      induced thrombocytopenia or proteinuria, 185 patients with RA without these side
      effects, and 300 normal healthy controls. The extended haplotypes bearing DR3
      were analysed with cDNA probes for DR alpha, DR beta, DQ alpha, and DQ beta
      genes. The data showed that the prevalence of DR3 was significantly higher in
      patients who developed gold induced thrombocytopenia or proteinuria than in
      normal controls or patients with RA without these side effects. Distribution of
      three extended haplotypes bearing DR3 (B8, DR3; B18,DR3; non-B8,non-B18,DR3) in
      patients with RA with thrombocytopenia or proteinuria was significantly different
      from that in normal controls, but not from that in patients with RA without these
      toxic reactions. Southern blot analysis of DR, DQ genes with cDNA probes showed
      that the extended haplotype bearing B8,DR3, which carries DQA2.1 and DQB2.1
      genes, was present in a significantly higher proportion of patients with RA with
      gold induced thrombocytopenia or proteinuria (22/24, 92%) than in patients with
      RA without these side effects (32/45, 71%) or normal subjects (40/61, 66%). The
      data suggest that the genomic region on chromosome 6 involved in susceptibility
      to gold induced thrombocytopenia or proteinuria should be extended to the DQA2,
      DQB2 gene loci.

PMID- 2396864
TI  - Cytidine deaminase activity in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis: relation to lactoferrin, acidosis, and cartilage proteoglycan release.
AB  - It is claimed that cytidine deaminase activity reflects local granulocyte
      turnover or activity in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis,
      but cytidine deaminase is not a granulocyte specific enzyme. Lactoferrin is a
      granulocyte specific protein that is released from the secondary granulae during
      activation. We measured cytidine deaminase activity and lactoferrin
      concentrations in 33 rheumatic synovial fluid samples. Cytidine deaminase
      activity and lactoferrin concentrations correlated closely, indicating that both
      analyses reflect similar events in the joint-that is, result in their release
      from granulocytes. Cytidine deaminase activity and granulocyte concentrations
      correlated less closely, suggesting that there are additional factors besides the
      cell number which contribute to this release. Joint acidosis may be one such
      factor, as pH and cytidine deaminase activity correlated inversely. There was no
      association with synovial fluid proteoglycan concentrations, a marker of
      cartilage degradation.

PMID- 2396863
TI  - Liver histology in patients receiving low dose pulse methotrexate for the
      treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - The liver histology of 52 patients treated with intermittent low dose pulse
      methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis was evaluated using a modification of the
      Roenigk grading system. Patients studied had had an average of 3.2 years of
      treatment or had received 1.7 g methotrexate. No patient had cirrhosis; 15 (29%)
      patients had evidence of mild fibrosis. Histological abnormalities were not
      predicted by liver function test changes, with the exception that
      hypoalbuminaemia occurred in 60% of those with grade IV (modified criteria)
      findings. The need for liver biopsy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated
      with methotrexate before two years or 1500 mg of treatment has not been
      established. Whether serial liver biopsies will be needed beyond this time has
      yet to be determined.

PMID- 2396865
TI  - Cyclosporin A in psoriatic arthritis: an open study.
AB  - Eight patients with psoriatic arthritis entered an open study to determine the
      efficacy of oral cyclosporin A for their treatment. The starting dose was 3.5
      mg/kg daily. Findings after the first six months are reported. One patient
      withdrew from the study after five months because of tremors, general malaise,
      and lack of improvement. Seven patients continued through the study, and marked
      improvement was found after two months in all clinical indices. The skin lesions
      improved in a parallel fashion. The cyclosporin A dose had to be reduced
      temporarily by 25% in three patients because of an increase in serum creatinine
      of more than 50%. A rise in diastolic blood pressure in three patients responded
      to treatment. The study suggests that cyclosporin A effectively treats arthritic
      manifestations of psoriasis as well as psoriatic skin lesions.

PMID- 2396866
TI  - Specific accumulation of cholesterol-rich liposomes in the inflammatory tissue of
      rats with adjuvant arthritis.
AB  - High performance liquid chromatography has shown that after intravenous injection
      cholesterol-poor liposomes (100 nm) are unstable and their phospholipid is
      redistributed. Under identical conditions cholesterol-rich liposomes remain
      structurally intact within the circulation. When injected intravenously
      cholesterol-rich liposomes accumulate within the inflamed paws of rats with
      adjuvant induced arthritis to the same extent as cholesterol-poor liposomes.
      Uptake in inflamed tissue of three cholesterol-rich liposome preparations was
      always significantly greater than the uptake noted in normal tissue. The degree
      of accumulation in inflamed tissue was found to depend on the size of the
      liposome, with the greatest uptake, 7% of the injected dose, achieved by the
      smallest vesicle (100 nm). These results indicate that intact liposomes
      accumulate at inflamed joint tissue sites. Therefore the passive targeting of
      anti-inflammatory drugs encapsulated within these liposomes could be
      contemplated.

PMID- 2396867
TI  - Chemotaxis and chemiluminescence responses of synovial fluid polymorphonuclear
      leucocytes during acute reactive arthritis.
AB  - The chemotaxis and chemiluminescence responses of polymorphonuclear leucocytes
      (PMN) of synovial fluid and peripheral blood from patients with acute reactive
      arthritis were studied. Rates of chemotactic and chemokinetic migration of
      synovial fluid PMN were significantly decreased. In addition, chemiluminescence
      responses tended to be depressed, suggesting that the cells were deactivated for
      both chemotaxis and production of oxygen derived free radicals. Such deactivation
      has been described previously as a characteristic of synovial fluid PMN in
      rheumatoid arthritis. Compared with those with a mild disease, patients with
      severe acute reactive arthritis had higher chemiluminescence responses of
      synovial fluid PMN to phorbol myristate acetate during acute disease and
      developed increased migration of peripheral blood PMN towards zymosan treated
      serum after recovery from the disease. This supports the view that hyperreactive
      PMN contribute to the development of severe inflammatory symptoms in acute
      reactive arthritis.

PMID- 2396868
TI  - Middle ear function in patients with juvenile chronic arthritis.
AB  - The conductive hearing of 18 patients with juvenile chronic arthritis was
      studied. Tympanometry was therefore undertaken for the assessment of functional
      state of the tympanic membrane, the ossicular chain with its ligaments and
      muscles, and the air cushion of the tympanic cavity. Acoustic reflex was present
      in all patients but an abnormal tympanometric pattern (type As) was found
      bilaterally or unilaterally in 10 (mostly severe cases) patients. These findings
      indicate that juvenile chronic arthritis changes middle ear function, probably as
      a result of inflammation of the synovial ossicular joints, which is followed by
      stiffness of the tympanic membrane and ossicular chain.

PMID- 2396869
TI  - Assessment of the effect of oral corticosteroids on bone mineral density in
      systemic lupus erythematosus: a preliminary study with dual energy x ray
      absorptiometry.
AB  - Dual energy x ray absorptiometry and a wide range of blood and urine tests were
      used to assess the propensity of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus to
      develop an impairment of bone mineral density. Surprisingly, in this preliminary
      study no significant differences in bone mineral density were found when patients
      taking 10 mg or more of prednisolone for six months or longer were compared with
      those who had never taken prednisolone.

PMID- 2396870
TI  - Possible association between anti-Ro antibodies and myocarditis or cardiac
      conduction defects in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - In view of the association of congenital heart block with maternal antibody to
      cellular antigen Ro (SSA), and one report linking anti-Ro with myocarditis in a
      patient with myositis an association between anti-Ro antibodies and cardiac
      disease was sought in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Among 67
      patients with SLE, of whom 36 were anti-Ro positive, a significantly higher
      prevalence of myocarditis and conduction defects was found in the anti-Ro
      positive group (eight of 36) than in those who were anti-Ro negative (one of 31)
      and healthy controls (one of 50). Of the 36 anti-Ro positive patients with SLE,
      three had symptoms diagnostic of myocarditis, and an electrocardiogram showed
      first degree atrioventricular block and unifascicular block in three cases
      (including one with myocarditis), right bundle branch block alone (two cases),
      and first degree atrioventricular block alone (one case). Complete
      atrioventricular block was not seen. In the anti-Ro negative group there was no
      myocarditis and only one case of conduction defect (right bundle branch block).
      Among healthy controls only one of 50 had first degree atrioventricular block. It
      is concluded that myocarditis and conduction defects are reasonably common in
      adults with SLE and are associated with anti-Ro antibodies.

PMID- 2396871
TI  - Primary meningococcal arthritis associated with adult respiratory distress
      syndrome.
AB  - A previously fit and well 20 year old man with primary meningococcal arthritis of
      the left knee is described. Despite intensive search there was no evidence of
      extra-articular meningococcal infection. He subsequently developed adult
      respiratory distress syndrome as a rare and previously undescribed complication.

PMID- 2396872
TI  - Selective IgA deficiency and spondyloarthropathy: a distinct disease?
AB  - A woman with selective IgA deficiency and severe ankylosing spondylitis (AS),
      complicated by intractable peripheral arthritis, is described. Three previous
      cases of selective IgA deficiency and AS have been reported, all of whom had
      severe AS. It is suggested that selective IgA deficiency is a poor prognostic
      factor in AS and therefore warrants further investigation to determine the
      clinical course of such patients.

PMID- 2396873
TI  - Bone pain as the presenting manifestation of secondary syphilis.
AB  - A 31 year old fireman presented with acute pain and tenderness in both shins and
      forearms. Radiographs were normal but bone scintigraphy showed widespread
      increased isotope uptake. Serology was consistent with a diagnosis of secondary
      syphilis, and the patient's symptoms resolved completely six weeks after a course
      of penicillin.

PMID- 2396874
TI  - An unusual case of pustulotic arthro-osteitis affecting the leg, and erosive
      polyarthritis.
AB  - Pustulotic arthro-osteitis is a syndrome, originally described in Japan, in which
      a sterile inflammatory osteitis of the sternoclavicular region occurs in
      combination with a non-erosive arthritis, sacroiliitis, and a pustulotic rash on
      the palms and soles. Although the disease has been reported in white populations,
      it is rarely seen by rheumatologists in the United Kingdom. The case of a
      Scottish woman is described in whom the diagnosis of pustulotic arthro-osteitis
      was overlooked because of an atypical site of the disease--the fibula, an erosive
      arthritis, and absence of a pustular rash at the time of her presentation with
      musculoskeletal symptoms. This case shows that the syndrome may easily by missed
      unless clinical suspicion is high and should be considered in any patient with
      culture negative osteitis, even outside the sternoclavicular region.

PMID- 2396875
TI  - Hodgkin's disease occurring in primary Sjogren's syndrome.
AB  - A 57 year old woman with a 13 year history of mouth dryness, keratoconjunctivitis
      sicca, and recurrent bronchial infections presented with multiple
      lymphadenopathies. Histological diagnosis was Hodgkin's disease. B and T cell
      lymphomas are well known complications of Sjogren's syndrome. This case provides
      evidence that Hodgkin's disease may also be associated with this syndrome.

PMID- 2396876
TI  - Palindromic rheumatism: a case history.

PMID- 2396877
TI  - Haematogenous clavicular osteomyelitis caused by Bacteroides fragilis.

PMID- 2396878
TI  - Infectious arthritis caused by Propionibacterium acnes: a new case.

PMID- 2396879
TI  - Who killed general surgery?

PMID- 2396880
TI  - A personal experience with 100 consecutive total colectomies and straight
      ileoanal endorectal pull-throughs for benign disease of the colon and rectum in
      children and adults.
AB  - In 1974 total colectomy and ileoanal straight endorectal pull-through (ERPT) were
      first used at our institution for the definitive management of total colonic
      Hirschsprung's disease in infants and children. Early success with this operation
      encouraged us to use this procedure in children and adults with ulcerative
      colitis and familial polyposis in 1977. Since 1974 we have performed total
      colectomy and straight ileoanal ERPT on 100 consecutive patients with ulcerative
      colitis (79), familial polyposis (19), and total colonic Hirschsprung's disease
      (10). Patients who have undergone a colectomy and ERPT but have not had their
      temporary ileostomy closed have been excluded from this report. This group of
      patients represents the only large series of straight ERPTs available for
      comparison with the various reservoir modifications that have been reported. All
      operations were performed under the direction of the author. The mean age at
      surgery was 20.6 +/- 9.8 years, with a range of 1 to 48 years. Forty-six patients
      were younger than 18 years at the time of operation. All patients with ulcerative
      colitis and familial polyposis underwent a temporary loop ileostomy with total
      abdominal colectomy with ERPT; the 10 infants and children with Hirschsprung's
      disease underwent the total colectomy and ERPT without a back-up ileostomy. There
      were two deaths in this series, one from fulminate hepatic failure in the late
      postoperative period and the other from multiple bowel fistulas and sepsis in a
      teenager with Crohn's disease, in whom the initial diagnosis was ulcerative
      colitis. Follow-up has ranged from 3 months to 15 years. There were 13 cases of
      adhesive bowel obstruction, seven of which required an enterolysis. Pelvic sepsis
      occurred in three patients, two of whom required operative drainage. Two women
      developed rectovaginal fistulas, which healed with temporary diversion. Minor
      wound infections occurred in five patients. There were no anastomotic leaks, nor
      were any cases of pouchitis encountered. In five patients permanent conversion to
      a Brooke ileostomy was required. Mean stool frequency 3 years after surgery was
      7.7 per 24 hours. Daytime continence was achieved in all patients. Occasional
      nocturnal soiling occurred in 11.1% of patients at 1 year and was absent by 3
      years. Neither age nor diagnosis (ulcerative colitis versus familial polyposis)
      affected stool frequency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2396881
TI  - Evaluation of APACHE II for cost containment and quality assurance.
AB  - APACHE II (an acronym formed from acute physiology score and chronic health
      evaluation) has been proposed to limit intensive care unit (ICU) admissions
      ('cost containment') and to judge outcome ('quality assurance') of surgical
      patients. To judge its performance, a 6-month study of 372 surgical ICU patients
      was performed. When patients were divided by mean duration of stay, mortality
      rates rose from 1% (short stay) to 19% (long stay) (p less than 0.001) for
      patients with APACHE II scores less than 10, but decreased from 94% (short stay)
      to 60% (long stay) (p less than 0.01) for patients with APACHE II scores more
      than 24. Exclusion of patients by high or low APACHE scores would 'save' 6% of
      ICU days but risk increasing morbidity, hospital costs, and deaths. Grouped
      APACHE II scores did not correlate with total hospital charges (r = 0.05, p =
      0.89) or ICU days used (r = 0.42, p = 0.17). Grouping by APACHE II score and
      duration of ICU stay showed neither symmetry nor uniformity of mortality rates.
      Surgical patients would not be well served by APACHE II for quality assurance or
      cost containment.

PMID- 2396882
TI  - Tracheobronchial obstructions in infants and children. Experience with 45 cases.
AB  - Forty-five infants and children with intrathoracic tracheobronchial obstructions
      requiring surgical treatment are reported. Segmental stenosis of the trachea is
      defined as involvement of less than one half the length of the airway, which
      affected six infants. Elongated stenosis involving more than one half the length
      of the trachea was seen in 12 infants, and complete annular cartilage rings,
      along the entire length of the trachea, were present in 11. Severe tracheomalacia
      occurred in six infants associated with aortic arch anomalies and in nine infants
      with esophageal atresia. Segmental tracheal resection was performed in 17 cases
      (two after failure of a rib cartilage graft), and anastomotic stricture developed
      in three. These three anastomotic strictures were resected, resulting in an
      excellent airway in two and restricture in one. Rib cartilage grafts were used in
      five patients: two of three with elongated stenosis with complete tracheal rings
      required subsequent resection, and one of two infants with tracheomalacia had
      excellent outcome. Approximately 50% of an infant's trachea can be resected, but
      rib cartilage grafts should be used for elongated stenosis. Resection of
      bronchial stenosis in two patients resulted in a widely patent bronchus. From
      this experience primary segmental tracheobronchial resection and re-resection of
      recurrent stenosis are highly successful. Anastomotic stricture is due to tension
      at the suture line and suture material inciting a fibrotic reaction. Rib
      cartilage grafts amounting to 25% or less of the circumference of the airway
      readily resurfaces with adjacent epithelium, but when 30% or more of the
      circumference is rib graft, epithelialization may be impaired.

PMID- 2396883
TI  - Partial ileal bypass for hypercholesterolemia. 20- to 26-year follow-up of the
      first 57 consecutive cases.
AB  - Between 1963 and 1968, 57 patients underwent partial ileal bypass (PIB) at the
      University of Minnesota for primary hypercholesterolemia. Preoperative total
      plasma cholesterol (TC) was 363.3 +/- 136.8 mg/dL (mean +/- SD) in these
      patients. Baseline and follow-up TC results demonstrated highly significant (p
      less than or equal to 0.001) TC reduction, 34% (n = 48), 28% (n = 49), 35% (n =
      26), 35% (n = 11), and 30% (n = 25) at 1, 2 to 5, 6 to 10, 11 to 15, and more
      than 20 years, respectively, after PIB. In 21 patients with baseline, 1-year, and
      more than 20-year results TC decreased 33% by 1 year and remained 29% less than
      baseline more than 20 years after surgery (p = NS versus 1 year). Plasma
      triglyceride results were available in fewer patients, and no statistically
      significant changes developed after PIB. Two patients (3.5%) underwent PIB
      reversal, one for intractable diarrhea and one for recurrent nephrolithiasis. In
      the 25 nonreversed, long-term survivors, no statistically significant weight
      change was noted. Twenty-four per cent had 0 to 2, 52% had 3 to 5, and 24% had
      more than 5 bowel movements per day. Subsequent cholecystectomy was required in
      eight patients, and nephrolithiasis developed in 10 (40%). During 20 to 26 years,
      most survivors developed clinically apparent atherosclerosis: angina (60%),
      myocardial infarction (16%), or coronary artery bypass (28%). Coronary heart
      disease was the predominant cause of death among nonsurvivors (80%). Overall
      survival rates were 95% 88%, 75%, 59%, 53%, and 41% at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25
      years, respectively, after PIB. Partial ileal bypass leads to highly significant
      TC reduction, which is sustained, essentially unchanged, more than 20 years after
      operation. In comparison to available epidemiologic and clinical trial data,
      these results support the hypothesis that TC reduction has a beneficial effect in
      patients with hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2396884
TI  - Effects of aging on duodenal bicarbonate secretion.
AB  - The incidence of duodenal ulcer increases with age, but acid secretion does not.
      We have investigated the effects of aging on a mechanism of duodenal mucosal
      defense. Basal and acid-stimulated bicarbonate secretions were measured in the
      proximal duodenum in anesthetized rats of three different age groups (3 months, 1
      year, and 2 years). The proximal duodenum was cannulated in situ between two
      plastic tubes that extend downward from a titrating chamber, and bicarbonate
      secretion was measured by the method of Flemstrom et al. Although there was no
      significant difference in basal secretion among three groups, bicarbonate
      secretion in response to luminal acid (100 mmol/L [millimolar] HCl) was
      diminished in 1-year-old and 2-year-old rats (1-hour integrated bicarbonate
      secretions; 3 months = 5.8 +/- 0.7; 1 year = 3.1 +/- 1.0*; 2 years = 2.0 +/-
      0.7*). We also studied the effects of two mediators for acid-stimulated duodenal
      bicarbonate secretion, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and prostaglandin
      E2 (PGE2). Intravenous infusion of VIP (0.4, 4, 40 nmol/kg/hr) and intraluminal
      administration of PGE2 (10(-5) mol/L [molar] and 10(-4) mol/L) induced duodenal
      bicarbonate secretion in a dose-dependent manner in all three groups, without
      significant difference between groups. These findings suggest that the release of
      mediator(s) in response to acid is decreased in the duodenum of the aging rats.
      The progressive breakdown in mucosal defense mechanisms with increasing age may
      explain, at least in part, the age-related increase of incidence of duodenal
      ulcer disease.

PMID- 2396885
TI  - An electric artificial heart for clinical use.
AB  - Advances in microelectronics, high-strength magnets, and control system design
      now make replacement of the heart using an implantable, electrically powered pump
      feasible. The device described herein is a compact, dual pusher plate unit with
      valved polyurethane sac-type ventricles positioned at either end. The power unit
      consists of a small, brushless direct current motor and a motion translator. A
      microprocessor control system is used to regulate heart beat rate and provide
      left-right output balance. Bench studies lasting for as long as 1 year have been
      performed. Heart replacement with the electric heart has been performed in 18
      calves since 1984. The longest survivor lived for more than 7 months. Among the
      causes of termination were component failure, thromboembolic complications, and
      bleeding. No major problem has been identified that precludes prolonged use of
      the electric heart. In the future the patient with end-stage heart disease will
      have an electric artificial heart as one therapeutic option.

PMID- 2396886
TI  - Skeletal muscle ventricles for total heart replacement.
AB  - Skeletal muscle ventricles (SMV) were constructed from canine left latissimus
      dorsi muscle. The animals were divided into three groups: group A (n = 5), SMVs
      rested 4 weeks without electrical conditioning; group B (n = 6), SMVs rested 4
      weeks and then electrically conditioned for 6 weeks; group C (n = 5), SMVs rested
      18 weeks without electrical conditioning. At the end of each protocol, the SMVs
      were acutely tested by connecting them to a mock-circulation device. The SMVs in
      group C developed stroke work at physiologic preloads superior to any previously
      reported, as high as 194% of left ventricular stroke work at afterloads of 80
      mmHg. The SMVs in group B developed work outputs equivalent to 53% of the left
      ventricle, which is still more than four times that of the right ventricle. The
      results show that it is possible to harvest sufficient work from skeletal muscle
      ventricles to fully replace cardiac function at physiologic preloads.

PMID- 2396887
TI  - Renal transplantation in infants.
AB  - The timing of renal transplantation in infants is controversial. Between 1965 and
      1989, 79 transplants in 75 infants less than 2 years old were performed: 23 who
      were 12 months or younger, 52 who were older than 12 months; 63 donors were
      living related, 1 was living unrelated, and 15 were cadaver donors; 75 were
      primary transplants and 4 were retransplants. Infants were considered for
      transplantation when they were on, or about to begin, dialysis. All had intra
      abdominal transplants with arterial anastomosis to the distal aorta. Sixty-four
      per cent are alive with functioning grafts. The most frequent etiologies of renal
      failure were hypoplasia (32%) and obstructive uropathy (20%); oxalosis was the
      etiology in 11%. Since 1983 patient survival has been 95% and 91% at 1 and 5
      years; graft survival has been 86% and 73% at 1 and 5 years. For cyclosporine
      immunosuppressed patients, patient survival is 100% at 1 and 5 years; graft
      survival is 96% and 82% at 1 and 5 years. There was no difference in outcome
      between infants who were 12 months or younger versus those who were aged 12 to 24
      months; similarly there was no difference between infants and older children.
      Sixteen (21%) patients died: 5 after operation from coagulopathy (1) and
      infection (4); and 11 late from postsplenectomy sepsis (4), recurrent oxalosis
      (3), infection (2), and other causes (2). Routine splenectomy is no longer done.
      There has not been a death from infection in patients transplanted since 1983.
      Rejection was the most common cause of graft loss (in 15 patients); other causes
      included death (with function) (7), recurrent oxalosis (3), and technical
      complications (3). Overall 52% of patients have not had a rejection episode; mean
      creatinine level in patients with functioning grafts is 0.8 +/- 0.2 mg/dL. Common
      postoperative problems include fever, atelectasis, and ileus. At the time of
      their transplants, the infants were small for age; but with a successful
      transplant, their growth, head circumference, and development have improved.
      Transplantation in infants requires an intensive multidisciplinary approach but
      yields excellent short- and long-term survival rates that are no different from
      those seen in older children or adults. Living donors should be used whenever
      possible. Patients with a successful transplantation experience improved growth
      and development, with excellent rehabilitation.

PMID- 2396888
TI  - Application of reduced-size liver transplants as split grafts, auxiliary
      orthotopic grafts, and living related segmental transplants.
AB  - The University of Chicago program in pediatric liver transplantation continues
      actively to seek innovative surgical solutions to problems related to the
      management of children with end-stage liver disease. Among the most important
      problems facing these children is a shortage of donor organs, which results from
      three factors in addition to the actual supply of pediatric donors: the
      concentration of pediatric liver disease in the population younger than 2 years;
      the necessity for a graft that is small enough; and the epidemiology of accidents
      and other events that lead to organ donation. Transplantation using a liver lobe
      as a graft overcomes size disparity and shifts the available supply of organs
      from older donors to younger recipients. This work describes the technical
      aspects of recent innovations in the use of liver lobes in pediatric
      transplantation, simple reduced-size liver transplantation (RLT), split-liver
      transplantation (SLT), orthotopic auxiliary liver grafting (ALT), and
      transplantation using a living related donor (LRLT), and compares their results.
      Since November 1986 a total of 61 procedures have been performed in which a liver
      lobe was used as a graft: 26 RLT; 30 SLT, 25 in children and 5 in adults; 5 LRLT;
      and 1 ALT. Overall 62% of transplants performed in children have involved using a
      liver lobe as a graft. The rates of complications are somewhat higher than with
      whole-liver transplantation, but this may not be entirely the result of the
      complex procedures. Split liver transplantation is associated with the highest
      mortality and complication rates. Living related liver transplantation has been
      associated with complications in donors and recipients, but to date survival is
      100%. Orthotopic auxiliary liver transplantation effectively corrected the
      metabolic defect in one patient with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.
      Overall the various modalities of using graft reduction have resulted in
      postoperative results similar to those achieved with full-size grafts, while
      pretransplantation mortality has been limited to less than 2%. Thus the use of
      grafts as liver lobes accomplishes the goal of reducing global mortality among
      children with end-stage liver disease, but at the cost of increased surgical
      complexity and more postoperative complications.

PMID- 2396889
TI  - Reoperation for coronary atherosclerosis. Changing practice in 2509 consecutive
      patients.
AB  - We analyzed trends in clinical, angiographic, and operative variables and
      documented long-term survival in 2509 consecutive patients who underwent
      reoperation for myocardial revascularization at The Cleveland Clinic during a 20
      year period (1967 to 1987). The patients were grouped into four cohorts by year
      of surgery. This analysis showed that vein graft atherosclerosis has become the
      leading indication for reoperation, and patient age and interval between
      operations continue to increase. Mortality rates ranged from 2% to 5% and,
      despite increasing comorbidity, more extensive coronary atherosclerosis, and
      worse left ventricular function, the hospital mortality rate was 2.9% from 1985
      to 1987. Perioperative new Q-wave myocardial infarction occurred in 7% to 8% of
      patients from 1967 to 1984 but decreased to 4% in the 1985 to 1987 period (p =
      0.04). Internal thoracic artery graft usage in reoperations increased from 27% in
      the 1967 to 1978 period to 67% in the 1985 to 1987 period. Advanced age and
      presence of left main coronary artery disease adversely influenced late survival
      more consistently than other factors. Patients operated on in 1967 to 1978 had
      fewer risk factors, which explains their higher survival rate compared with more
      recent cohorts. Factors associated with improved 10-year actuarial survival
      included age younger than 65 years, mild angina, no major comorbidity, no left
      main coronary artery disease, good left ventricular performance, and an internal
      thoracic artery graft.

PMID- 2396890
TI  - Penicillin-induced changes in the cell wall composition of Staphylococcus aureus
      before the onset of bacteriolysis.
AB  - To analyze if chemical cell wall alterations contribute to penicillin-induced
      bacteriolysis, changes in the amount, stability, and chemical composition of
      staphylococcal cell walls were investigated. All analyses were performed before
      onset of bacteriolysis i.e. during the first 60 min following addition of
      different penicillin G doses. Only a slight reduction of the amount of cell wall
      material incorporated after penicillin addition at the optimal lytic
      concentration was observed as compared to control cells. However, the presence of
      higher penicillin G concentrations reduced the incorporation of wall material
      progressively without bacteriolysis. Losses of wall material during isolation of
      dodecylsulfate insoluble cell walls were monitored to assess the stability of the
      wall material following penicillin addition. Wall material grown at the lytic
      penicillin concentration was least stable but about 30% of the newly incorporated
      wall material withstood even the harsh conditions of mechanical breakage and
      dodecylsulfate treatment. Dodecylsulfate insoluble cell walls were used for
      chemical analyses. While peptidoglycan chain length was unaffected in the
      presence of penicillin, other wall parameters were considerably altered: peptide
      cross-linking was reduced in the wall material synthesized after addition of
      penicillin; reductions from approx. 85% in controls to about 60% were similar for
      lytic and also for very high penicillin concentrations leading to nonlytic death.
      O-acetylation was also reduced after treatment with penicillin; this effect
      paralleled the occurrence of subsequent bacteriolysis at different drug
      concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2396891
TI  - Detection and determination of factor C--a regulatory protein--in Streptomyces
      strains by antiserum and monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Rabbit antisera and monoclonal antibodies were raised against factor C, a
      regulatory protein of Streptomyces griseus. ELISA and immunoblotting techniques
      suitable to determine and characterize factor C antigen was detected in all the
      23 Streptomyces strains and variants examined thus far and in one Bacillus
      subtilis too. Depending on the strain analysed it has a molecular mass of 34,000
      or 70,000 in mycelial homogenates. Most of factor C was found excreted into the
      cultivation medium. The quantity of factor C antigen in different Streptomyces
      strains showed great variation. Amy+ strains were usually good producers of
      factor C while Amy- were not. This was consistent with our assumption that factor
      C was an inducer of reproductive phase in Streptomyces.

PMID- 2396892
TI  - Synthesis of vinca alkaloids and related compounds, XLIV: Synthesis of trifluoro
      apovincaminic acid ester.
AB  - Via the intermediate iminium salt 8 the 21,21,21-trifluoro-apovincaminic acid
      ethyl ester (2), a derivative of CAVINTONR (1) was synthesized. The
      pharmacological effect of 2 changed dramatically compared with the parent
      compound.

PMID- 2396893
TI  - Syntheses, antiinflammatory, and analgesic activities of arylbiurets.
AB  - A number of arylbiurets were prepared and evaluated as antiinflammatory and
      analgesic agents by using the carrageenan paw edema and acetic acid stretching
      tests. Among them, the antiinflammatory activity of 1,3-dimethyl-5-phenylbiuret
      (7), 1-ethyl-3-methyl-5-phenylbiuret (11), and 1,1,3-trimethyl-5-phenylbiuret
      (13) were found to be more potent than phenylbutazone. The analgesic activity of
      7 and of 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,3-trimethylphenylbiuret (16) is higher than that
      of aminopyrine.

PMID- 2396894
TI  - [Synthesis of the isocamphene series. 33. The synthesis of fungicidal norbornane
      derivatives].
AB  - Starting from the corresponding amines the syntheses of various norbornyl ureas
      with potential fungicidal activity are described. These new compounds possess a
      tricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]decane, or an isocamphenilane, a camphenilane, an exo- and
      endo- dimethylnorbornane or a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane carbon skeleton. With the
      exception of the first class all other derivatives bear a geminal dimethyl group-
      important because of its shielding effect--at C-3 of the bicyclus. Some ureas,
      especially 6 and the acetamide 5, are active against phytopathogenic fungi.

PMID- 2396895
TI  - Collagen and elastin in the liver of rats intoxicated with mercuric chloride.
AB  - Intoxication of rats with mercuric chloride (0.5 mg Hg/kg of body weight, daily
      for 10 weeks) increased the hepatic contents of soluble and insoluble collagen
      and elastin. The increase was associated with elevated serum aminotransferase and
      alkaline phosphatase activities, and decreased total protein level in serum.
      Inflammatory changes were found in the liver. An increase in the fibrous protein
      content suggests that inflammatory reaction to mercuric chloride can result in
      hepatic fibrosis.

PMID- 2396896
TI  - The effect of pyridostigmine and physostigmine on acute toxicity of diisopropyl
      fluorophosphate in rats.
AB  - Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) given to rats in lethal concentration (100
      mg/m3, by inhalation for 40 min) significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase
      activity in the blood, lung, liver and brain, and induced hyperglycaemia and
      glycogen mobilization in the liver, diaphragm and brain. Pretreatment (maximum
      sign-free dose) with carbamates, pyridostigmine (0.075 mg/kg, i.m.) or
      physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg, i.m.) 15 min before exposure to DFP, modified the
      inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity only in peripheral tissues. However, the
      hyperglycaemia and glycogen depletion induced by DFP inhalation were not modified
      by carbamate pretreatment. The time of survival of DFP exposed animals increased
      after pretreatment with carbamates, more after physostigmine (81 min) than after
      pyridostigmine (59 min). The animals exposed to DFP exhibited severe tremors and
      convulsions as compared to the animals pretreated with carbamates.

PMID- 2396897
TI  - [The importance of work conditions in the textile industry to worker
      absenteeism].
AB  - A study was performed in the "Belgrade Wool Co." as a retrospective
      epidemiological investigation, for a three-year period (1985-1987), on a sample
      of 134 blue-collar female workers. The following statistically significant facts
      were established: in favourable working conditions (sewing department) the older
      workers (above the age of 35 years) were absent from work because of illness
      longer than the younger workers; the number of the younger workers (age 35 years
      or under) with sick absences increased as working conditions worsened (wool-mills
      compared to sewing departments). Respiratory diseases made the most frequent
      cause of absence from work. Harder working conditions influenced the morbidity
      structure as cause of absenteeism resulting in the rise of prevalence of mental
      disorders among the younger workers, and of locomotor and circulatory diseases
      among the older ones. The younger workers showed a rising trend in the severity
      and frequency of injuries as causes of absence from work, which correlated with
      the degree of deterioration of working conditions. Finally, under extremely hard
      working conditions (wool-mills) the rate of occupationally induced injuries among
      the younger workers was as much as three times higher than among the older ones,
      and the duration of sick absences was longer.

PMID- 2396898
TI  - [Characteristics of the ventilatory status of the lungs in workers in the
      electronics industry].
AB  - To establish the effects of occupational respiratory noxae on the state of the
      bronchopulmonary system a study of the working environment and examinations of
      workers from the electronics industry whose workplaces were near tin baths and in
      conductor soldering shops were carried out. The following chemical noxae were
      found to be present in the working environment: lead, tin, calophonium and ethyl
      alcohol, all in permitted concentrations. Comparison of the state of lung
      ventilation in workers from the electronics industry (n = 120) and control
      workers (n = 129) pointed to a major increase in total air flow resistance during
      calm breathing in the exposed workers. The obstructive changes were mainly
      localized in the small airways.

PMID- 2396899
TI  - [Immunologic status, respiratory symptoms and ventilatory function in soybean
      processing workers].
AB  - Immunological and respiratory findings were studied in a group of 19 male soy
      bean workers. A group of 31 control workers were examined for the prevalence of
      respiratory symptoms and 20 control workers were included in the immunological
      study. All soy-bean workers had positive immediate skin reaction to soy-bean
      dust, 18 to soy antigen after separation from oil, three to lecithin antigen and
      only one to soy oil. Only three soy-bean workers had increased levels of specific
      IgE. Among 20 control workers, 19 reacted to soy-bean dust, 20 to soy after
      separation of oil and none to soy oil. One demonstrated increased specific IgE.
      The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms was considerably higher in exposed
      than in control workers, being statistically different for dyspnea (P less than
      0.01). The statistically significant acute reductions in ventilatory capacity
      were particularly pronounced for FEF50 (-4.7%) and FEF25 (-9.4%). The mean
      ventilatory capacity values before shift on Monday were significantly lower than
      those on the following Friday for FVC, FEF50 and FEF25. There was no difference
      in ventilatory capacity between soy-bean workers with positive and those with
      negative skin tests to house dust or between those with increased and those with
      normal IgE serum levels. A water soluble extract of soy-bean dust was also
      assayed in organ bath containing guinea pig trachea. This model showed the
      extract to be highly reactive causing a dose-related constriction of airway
      smooth muscle. Our data suggest that immunologic sensitization to soy-bean
      products is very frequent. In addition to possible humoral contribution to
      respiratory disorders, soy dust seems to directly affect airway smooth muscle.

PMID- 2396900
TI  - Effects of polysulfated glycosaminoglycans obtained from bovine lung tissue on
      hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
AB  - Sixteen rabbits were fed a 1% cholesterol diet with an intraperitoneal injection
      of saline (n = 8) (cholesterol-diet group), or 50 mg glycosaminoglycans
      polysulfate (GAG-PS) (n = 8) (GAG-PS group). After 10 weeks all rabbits were
      sacrificed and studied. Eight rabbits on a standard diet with an intraperitoneal
      injection of saline (n = 8) (standard-diet group) were processed in the same
      manner. After 10-weeks of feeding, the plasma total cholesterol of the GAG-PS
      group was significantly lower than that of lower than that of the control group
      (P less than 0.02). The VLDL cholesterol of the GAG-PS group was also
      significantly lower than that of the cholesterol-diet group. There were no
      differences in LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol or plasma triglycerides between
      the groups. Total lipoprotein lipase activity (T-LPL) (LPL + HTGL) of the GAG-PS
      group at 10 weeks was higher than that of the cholesterol-diet group. These
      elevated T-LPL levels were mainly due to an increase in the LPL from peripheral
      tissues. ADP-induced platelet aggregability of the GAG-PS group significantly
      decreased at 10 weeks when compared to the cholesterol-diet group, and
      antithrombin-III activity of the GAG-PS group was inversely increased when
      compared to the cholesterol-diet group. Although there were no differences in
      aortic levels of total cholesterol and uronic acid between the GAG-PS group and
      the cholesterol-diet group, the surface involvement of the aorta in the GAG-PS
      group was significantly lower than that in the cholesterol-diet group. The aortic
      levels of free cholesterol, hydroxyproline and calcium of the GAG-PS group were
      significantly decreased when compared to the cholesterol-diet group. These
      findings suggest that GAG-PS has antiatherosclerotic effects.

PMID- 2396901
TI  - Cardiac function of WHHL rabbit, an animal model of familial
      hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - To investigate the cardiac function of WHHL rabbit (WHHL), an animal model of
      familial hypercholesterolemia, electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography
      (UCG) were taken from this species of homozygous type and normolipidemic Japanese
      White rabbits (controls). In WHHL, two of four had intraventricular conduction
      disturbances (IVCD) in ECG. UCG study showed that the ejection fraction
      significantly increased (p less than 0.05) and deceleration time was shortened (p
      less than 0.01) in WHHL compared to normal controls.

PMID- 2396902
TI  - Comparison of hypocholesterolemic activities of the bile acid sequestrants
      cholestyramine and colestipol hydrochloride in cholesterol fed SEA quail.
AB  - The pharmacopolymer bile acid sequestrants cholestyramine and colestipol
      hydrochloride were mixed with a diet supplemented with 0.5% cholesterol at levels
      of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0% for cholestyramine and 0.5% and 1.0% for colestipol and
      fed to young, male, SEA (Susceptible to Experimental Atherosclerosis) Japanese
      quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) for a period of seven days. After treatment
      blood was obtained by venipuncture from non-fasted animals and analyzed for serum
      total cholesterol concentration. Cholestyramine significantly reduced total
      cholesterol concentrations at all doses in a dose dependent manner. Colestipol
      significantly reduced total cholesterol only at the 1.0% dose. Based on these
      observations, cholestyramine is significantly more potent for reducing serum
      cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic male SEA quail than is colestipol
      hydrochloride.

PMID- 2396903
TI  - [Changes in neural conductors and their end organs in the muscles and skin after
      major procedures of one-stage lengthening of the extremity by the G.A. Ilizarov
      method].
AB  - The state of the tibial nerve, intramuscular nervous fasciculi and terminals in
      muscles and skin has been studied in the canine extremities at large one-stage
      elongations after G. A. Ilizarov. By means of neuromorphological methods it has
      been proved that during the distraction in the tibial nerve microscopical areas
      of overstrain of the nervous fibers are formed. This results in appearance of
      degenerative alterations both in the nerve itself and in the tissues, which it
      innervates. Together with the destructive processes, during all stages of
      distraction in the extremity, regeneration of nervous apparatuses took place.
      However, reparative processes were poorly manifested during those stages. Only
      after distraction is stopped (in 6 months--period of the extremity fixation) the
      regenerative processes predominate. It is possible to suppose that the
      manifestation degree of degenerative and reparative changes depends immediately
      on duration of distraction.

PMID- 2396904
TI  - [Catecholamines in adrenergic nerve fibers of the lymph nodes after
      sympathectomy].
AB  - Using Falck method in combination with microfluorimetry, catecholamine level in
      adrenergic nervous fibers has been measured in the canine popliteal lymph nodes,
      normal and in 12 h, 7, 30, and 90 days after unilateral lumbar sympathectomy.
      During first 24 h after the operation the level of catecholamines is for certain
      increased in the nervous fibers of the lymph node of the sympathectomized
      extremity. In 30 days after the sympathectomy their content drops at the side of
      the operation and increases in the contralateral extremity. By 3 months the
      equilibrium of the catecholamine content is restored in the nervous fibers of the
      lymph nodes in the homo- and contralateral extremities at the level higher than
      in the control. A conclusion is made that under conditions of unilateral
      sympathectomy only a partial sympathectomy of the popliteal lymph node is
      reached. All luminiscent adrenergic nervous fibers of the sympathectomized lymph
      node are processes of neurons, situating in the contralateral sympathetic trunk,
      or neurites of cells in sacral nodes, getting their preganglionic fibers from the
      contralateral trunk. The changes in catecholamine concentrations mentioned are
      considered as a compensatory reaction, directed to maintenance of general
      homeostatic equilibrium under conditions, when the nervous system transfers to a
      new level, ensuring the partly desympathized tissue by mediators.

PMID- 2396905
TI  - [Myoneural contacts in the frog bladder wall].
AB  - Ultrastructural interrelations of myocytes with efferent axons have been studied
      in the wall of the frog urinary bladder. Structural peculiarities of axons making
      contacts and of those not making contacts with smooth myocytes have been
      revealed. Two forms of the myoaxonal contacts have been discovered: without axon
      plunging into cytoplasm of the myocyte and with plunging into it. Both forms are
      organized either by a fasciculus of axons, or by single axons, and they innervate
      either single myocytes, or their group. Not more than 10% of myocytes get
      efferent innervation, others are not innervated. In composition of the myoneural
      contact certain active zones are found, however, they do not possess any specific
      signs of the synapse. A morphological type of axons has been determined; they are
      supposed to be processes of local (vesical) neurons and innervate myocytes of a
      peculiar processive form.

PMID- 2396906
TI  - [Innervation opf the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC) of the kidney in vertebrates].
AB  - On the base of electron microscopic investigations of kidneys, performed on some
      representatives of vertebrata (fishes, amphibia, reptiles, birds, mammalia) the
      data on their JGC innervation are presented. In the course of evolution the
      structure of nervous-muscular, nervous-endocrine and nervous-epithelial contacts
      becomes more complex. The role of the nervous factor in regulation of the
      systemic blood flow and water-salt metabolism acquires a greater significance in
      the process of development.

PMID- 2396907
TI  - [Age-related characteristics of intraorganic vascular structures of the cerebral
      cortex, heart, kidneys and spleen in rats in the normal state and in arterial
      hypertension].
AB  - The work has been performed on 40 normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive
      rats at the age of 6 months-1 year. In all the organs studied a direct dependence
      between the degree of changes in the intraorganic arterial walls and a relative
      content of the arterial vessels in the organ tissues has been revealed. The
      functional changes of the arterial bed of the organs mentioned in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats during hypertensive phase at the stage of stable hypertension,
      as a result of a prolonged adaptation transform into organic ones.

PMID- 2396909
TI  - [Types of muscle fibers in skeletal muscles of persons not engaging in physical
      work or sports].
AB  - Composition of muscle fibers (MF) has been analysed in the m. externus lateralis
      femoris in 52 volunteers (34 men and 18 women), who do not go in for sports and
      do not work physically. The following average amount of MF contents has been
      revealed: the type I--50%, the type II-A--20%, the type II-B--30%. In men amount
      of the type I MF is somewhat less and that of the type II-A--more than in women.

PMID- 2396908
TI  - [Endocrine and lymphoid interrelations in rats with hereditary arterial
      hypertension].
AB  - Functional state of the adrenals and structural organization of the thymus and
      lymph nodes in the rats with hereditary stress-induced arterial hypertension
      (HSIAH) have been investigated in the control and against the background of a
      prolonged staying under conditions of a moderate cold. In comparison with the
      initial population of Wistar rats, the test animals demonstrate an elevated level
      of corticosterone, decreased mass and size of the thymus, the size of the
      popliteal lymph nodes is increased at the expense of the structural components of
      the medulla. In 7 weeks of living in cold secretion of adrenal steroids in Wistar
      rats increases greatly and it is noticeably less in the HSIAH rats. Structural
      changes in the thymus are also insignificant, but reaction of the lymph nodes is
      important. Their size sharply diminishes at the expense of certain structural
      components of the medulla. A shift towards mature forms of the plasmocytic line
      cells takes place.

PMID- 2396910
TI  - [Degree of mineralization of pulmonary, tracheal and bronchial tissues in healthy
      persons of different age].
AB  - In persons died an accidental or sudden death tissues of the lungs, bronchi of
      various caliber and trachea have been investigated by means of light microscopy
      and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The IR spectra of the bronchial and tracheal
      tissue are identical and differ from the IR spectra of the pulmonary tissues. The
      mineralization degree (ratio of inorganic to organic components of the tissue) of
      the pulmonary tissue increases with age, in bronchi and trachea this dependence
      is expressed not so distinctly. The absolute mineralization degree in the
      bronchial tissue is 1.3-1.8 times higher than in the lungs. A suggestion is made
      that mineralization level of the tissue increases with aggravation of sclerosis
      processes.

PMID- 2396911
TI  - [Structural and functional changes in the mitochondrial apparatus of cortical
      tubules of the solitary kidney in chronic blockade of cholinergic mediation].
AB  - In 15, 30 and 90 days the effect of continuous atropine pharmacological blockade
      of parasympathetic innervation on morphometrical characteristics of epithelial
      mitochondria in the cortical segments of the canaliculi has been studied in a
      single kidney of Wistar rats. The maximal degree of the alternative changes has
      been determined in the proximal canaliculi. In the distal canaliculi epithelium a
      compensatory increase of the main quantitative parameters in mitochondria has
      been registered. The plasticity of the mitochondrial apparatus, specific for the
      collecting tubules under compensatory hypertrophy, is inhibited under conditions
      of deparasympathization.

PMID- 2396912
TI  - [The morphogenesis of chronic failure of the lymph outflow from the heart in
      dyslipoproteinemia and recurrent myocardial ischemia].
AB  - Morphogenesis of the chronic disturbance of lymph effluence from the heart was
      studied in the course of experimental alimentary atherosclerosis and in
      combination of atherosclerotic dyslipoproteinemia with recurrent coronary
      failure. Stereoangioscopic analysis, semithin sections and electron microscopy of
      different areas of the heart lymphatic network injected with fine corpuscular
      substances were used. Type and dynamics of the development of main pathologic and
      adaptive changes in the heart lymphatic bed are established. Systemically
      repeating coronary crises aggravate the pathologic restructuring of the lymphatic
      bed limiting the efficiency of the compensatory adaptive processes. The results
      indicate that the chronic lymphostasis and lymphogenic cardiosclerosis stimulated
      by atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia and coronary failure represent an essential
      factor in the progression of a chronic ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 2396913
TI  - [The anatomical criteria of the origin of the aorta and pulmonary artery from the
      right ventricle].
AB  - New anatomical criteria of the above malformation are created on the basis of the
      study of 63 hearts with the origin of aorta and lung artery from the right
      ventricle: the presence of the bulboventricular fold separating the mitral and
      semilunar valves; complete or partial delay of the subaortal cone movement to the
      left ventricle; the presence of the completely or partially formed proximal cone;
      underdevelopment of the left ventricle due to the complete or partial absence of
      its cone region; the only issue from the left ventricle is the proximal cone
      apertures or a part of the primary bulboventricular orifice; when the primary
      bulboventricular orifice is obturated the left ventricle is either deprived of
      the opening or has it in the form of noncommitted defect in the sinusal part of
      the interventricular septum; the anterior margins of the bulboventricular fold
      and cone septum are open and supraventricular comb is not formed; the
      interventricular septum defect formed due to failure of fusion between
      bulboventricular fold and cone septum connects the aorta with the right
      ventricle; aorta and lung artery start completely or partially from the right
      ventricle.

PMID- 2396914
TI  - [Intracranial cavernous angiomas].
AB  - Clinico-anatomical characteristics of 9 intracranial cavernous haemangiomas (CH)
      are given, 7 of them being found in the brain and 2 in the arachnoid membrane.
      The average age of patients with clinical manifestations of CH was 23.5 years.
      The emphasis is made on the appearance of the first CH symptoms in the females
      during the gestation, delivery or on the oestrogen treatment. The blood supply of
      CH is shown to be brought about from the small vessels on their periphery. The
      role of concomitant intracerebral cysts as an additional symptom is underlined. 6
      clinical variants and 2 histologic types (typical and atypical) are
      distinguished. The suggestion about general embryogenetic roots of all
      intracranial angiomatous vascular malformations is put forward. CH, in spite of
      difficulties in their clinical diagnosis, are, as distinct from other vascular
      malformations, favourable object for the radical surgical treatment.

PMID- 2396916
TI  - [Morphological changes in the hypertrophied palatal tonsils of children
      undergoing different methods of conservative treatment].
AB  - Morphological and immunological data on the efficiency of the conservative
      treatment of hypertrophic tonsils in 59 children are presented. Biopsies of
      tonsils were examined before and after treatment. Tonsils reduced in size as a
      result of treatment, their changes indicated activation of the morphological
      manifestations of cellular and humoral immunity. Intramuscular treatment with
      thymalin resulted in normalization of the peripheral blood immunological indexes.
      The lacuna lavage with thymalin led to the normalization of the disturbed
      epithelial barrier structure.

PMID- 2396915
TI  - [The morphological characteristics of psoriatic nephropathy].
AB  - Three variants of psoriatic nephropathy are distinguished on the basis of light
      microscopical and immunohistochemical study of 23 cases/20 kidney biopsies and 3
      autopsy cases/: glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis and minimal kidney alterations.
      Chronic glomerulonephritis is mainly of a mesangioproliferative type with
      fixation of IgA and C3 on the mesangium and basal membranes of glomerular
      capillaries. Psoriatic amyloidosis has morphologically, all the features of
      acquired amyloidosis/AA-amyloidosis/. Thus psoriatic nephropathy is a reflection
      of a disturbed homeostasis.

PMID- 2396917
TI  - [The morphological characteristics of the changes in the gastrointestinal tract
      in Sjogren's disease and Sjogren's syndrome].
AB  - Biopsies from 60 patients with Sjogren's disease and syndrome are studied.
      Alterations in the stomach, duodenum and colon were of the immune
      gastroduodenosigmoiditis type with morphological manifestations of cytolysis.
      Antibodies seem to take part in the mechanism of the exocrine gland lesions
      particularly in subacute course of the disease. The differences are detected in
      the degree of the digestion organs involvement as well as in the cell composition
      of inflammatory infiltrate in the subacute and chronic Sjogren disease. The lack
      of the connective tissue changes typical for the rheumatic diseases prevents the
      inclusion of Sjogren's syndrome into this group of diseases.

PMID- 2396918
TI  - [The potentiating action of artificial immunodeficiency on the development of
      amyloidosis in plague in great gerbils].
AB  - Cyclophosphamide injection causes amyloidosis development in the spleen of great
      gerbils both intact and plague-infected after immunization. The amyloid deposits
      are observed irrespective of acquired antiplague resistance level. Alterations
      observed may be considered as acquired (secondary) AA-amyloidosis. Results
      indicate the significance of immunodepression in amyloidogenesis and a
      possibility to use the cyclophosphamide-treated great gerbils as a convenient
      experimental model of amyloidosis.

PMID- 2396920
TI  - [Clear-cell chondrosarcoma of bone].
AB  - Clinico-roentgeno-morphological characteristics of clear-cell chondrosarcoma are
      presented. Tumour cells had an abundant clear cytoplasm limited by a well
      discernible membrane; there were few giant multinuclear cells of the osteoclast
      type, zones of secondary osteogenesis and calcification. The lobulation of the
      structure was much less pronounced and the lobules were smaller and no so
      distinct as compared to an ordinary chondrosarcoma. All patients survived without
      recurrences and metastases after the operation.

PMID- 2396919
TI  - [The pathomorphological changes in the brain and internal organs in experimental
      influenza infection in mice].
AB  - The possibility of long persistence of influenza virus A in the brain and other
      organs of mice was established on the basis of complex virological, histological
      and electron microscopic studies. It was shown that the perivascular oedema of
      choroid plexus reaches the maximum during late stages of infection, after the
      clinical recovery. Sharp increase of the permeability of cerebral vessels causing
      the perivascular oedema, especially in choroid plexus of lateral brain
      ventricles, proposed to be one of possible mechanisms of pathogenic action of the
      virus.

PMID- 2396922
TI  - Artificial kidney research, is it really not necessary?

PMID- 2396921
TI  - [Arterial pressure and the risk factors in the 20- to 59-year-old male population
      (an epidemiological autopsy study in Riga)].
AB  - 1447 autopsies (87% of all deaths in the region) of males at the age from 20 to
      59 years were analysed regardless of the cause of death. The first place among
      the causes of death belongs to the coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular
      pathology--31.7%. The prevalence of the arterial hypertension in the population
      was 14.2%, hypercholesterolemia --17.6%, smoking--82.7%, excess of body weight-
      8.6%, increased thickness of subcutaneous fat--39.4%, low physical activity--40%,
      diabetes mellitus--3%. The death from cardiovascular diseases among persons with
      hypertension was considerably more frequent that among persons with normal
      pressure. Systolic and diastolic arterial pressure was significantly higher in
      persons with the excess of weight, increase of fat thickness,
      hypercholesterolemia as well as in the group with coronary disease and
      cerebrovascular pathology as compared to the mean values in whole population.

PMID- 2396923
TI  - Artificial heart valves: improved blood compatibility by PECVD a-SiC:H coating.
AB  - Implants are steadily increasing in importance as substitutions for body
      functions. With the present state of the art, the limitations of the application
      of cardiovascular implants are due to insufficient performance of biomaterials.
      Present research in this field is being concentrated on efforts to improve the
      thrombus resistance of conventional materials by coating with semiconducting
      materials to actively influence the electrochemical interaction between the
      condensed matter and blood proteins. Based on an electrochemical model of the
      interaction of fibrinogen with an artificial surface and the resulting
      requirements for improving hemocompatibility, a coating of amorphous hydrogenated
      silicon carbide deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is
      presently under evaluation as a special coating material for cardiovascular
      prostheses and is herein described. In particular, first results are published
      concerning the optimum deposition parameters in the PECVD process and cell
      culture tests. Experimental results of comparative partial thromboplastin time
      studies serve the purpose of proving the validity of the electrochemical reaction
      model referring the hemocompatibility of implantable materials to their
      semiconducting surface properties. The aim of this article is to demonstrate a
      feasible method for an antithrombogenic surface modification based on doped
      amorphous silicon carbide films that is in full conformance to the above
      mentioned model.

PMID- 2396924
TI  - A two-phase fluid volume compensation chamber for an electric ventricular assist
      device.
AB  - A volume compensation chamber is a device used to reduce large pressure
      fluctuations created in electric ventricular assist devices during the emptying
      and filling of the blood sac. In this study, the effect of motor casing pressure
      variation (pressure swing) on the performance of the Penn State electric
      ventricular assist device (EVAD) was investigated. Design criteria were
      established for the maximum pressure swing tolerated by the EVAD and the optimal
      mean chamber pressure at which to operate. At the chosen mean chamber pressure of
      -15 mm Hg, it was found that pressure swing should be maintained below 45 mm Hg.
      A two-phase fluid volume compensation chamber was developed that reduced the
      pressure swing enough to ensure adequate pump performance. The device consists of
      a metal chamber with a high-heat-flux porous coating applied to the inside
      surface. The chamber uses Freon as the working fluid and is isolated from the
      EVAD by a metal bellows. It was found that the high-flux coating significantly
      reduces the pressure swing, in some cases by as much as 50% when compared with an
      identical chamber with no coating. In the coated chamber the pressure swing was
      maintained between 22 and 30 mm Hg at a beat rate of 60 beats/min, for a wide
      range of Freon volumes (4-38 ml). Even at 100 beats/min the pressure swings
      obtained with the coated chamber are well within an acceptable range.

PMID- 2396925
TI  - In-vitro assessment of centrifugal pumps for ventricular assist.
AB  - Currently two major types of centrifugal pumps are commercially available for
      ventricular assist: the Biomedicus-cone (Group I) and the Centrimed-impeller pump
      (now Sarns 3M) (Group II). To compare them for blood trauma and hemolysis, an in
      vitro experiment was designed with a Stockert roller pump as a standard control
      (Group III). The in-vitro circuit was constructed consisting of a pump head,
      electromagnetic flow probe, polyvinyl chloride tubing and a reservoir, identical
      for all groups. Human ACD blood was used for priming and was circulated with a
      flow rate of 2 L/min for 24 h. Blood samples were taken at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24
      h and zero control values were subtracted from the resulting data per time
      interval. Among the 16 parameters studied, a highly significant difference in
      favor of Group I was found for glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (GOT) and
      lactate dehydrogenase (p less than 0.0001) and for the free plasma hemoglobin (p
      less than 0.0001) after 12 and 24 h, respectively. The hemolytic index (Allen)
      again was lowest for group I in contrast to Groups II and III (0.012 versus 0.060
      and 1.70) after 24 h. All other parameters studied did not render significant
      differences between the systems tested. The authors conclude that the Biomedicus
      pump currently is the least traumatic centrifugal pump for ventricular assist.

PMID- 2396926
TI  - A new total implantable artificial heart.
AB  - A new kind of total implantable artificial heart (TIAH), developed by the author,
      offers miniaturization with good hemodynamic and physiologic properties. The
      heart has two units of function, and each has two blood sacs, compressed and
      expanded by twos, that are filled from one circulation and push out the blood in
      the other circulation, one after the other. Therefore, the blood flow is
      continuous and modulated, regulated by pneumatic controlled membrane valves.
      Shaped plates mechanically synchronized by a pushing rod control compression and
      expansion of the blood sacs. Starling, atrium, Windkessel, and Anrep effects are
      guaranteed by construction. The heart can be used for bridging toward
      transplantation, for definitive substitution of the heart, and for a new kind of
      therapy--"extracorporeal regeneration of organs."

PMID- 2396927
TI  - Artificial heart: induced immunological events?

PMID- 2396928
TI  - Neurologic disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected drug abusers.
AB  - Previous studies of human immuno-deficiency virus-related neurologic disease have
      been either retrospective or have included mostly homosexual patients. We sought
      to determine (1) the true prevalence of neurologic abnormalities in patients with
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or lymphadenopathy acquired immunodeficiency
      related complex, and (2) whether differences in prevalence or type of
      neurological abnormality exist between parenteral drug abusers and non-parenteral
      drug abusers. We prospectively evaluated 190 adult inpatients with either
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (129) or lymphadenopathy acquired
      immunodeficiency-related complex (61); 151 (80%) were parenteral drug abusers,
      and 172 patients (91%) had neurologic symptoms or signs. There was no significant
      difference in prevalence of neurologic disease between parenteral drug abusers
      and non-parenteral drug abusers, or between patients with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome and those with lymphadenopathy acquired
      immunodeficiency-related complex. The prevalence of neurologic symptoms in these
      patients with lymphadenopathy acquired immunodeficiency-related complex and
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is the highest reported to date and appears to
      reflect the prospective nature of the study.

PMID- 2396929
TI  - Neurologic and evoked potential abnormalities in subtle cobalamin deficiency
      states, including deficiency without anemia and with normal absorption of free
      cobalamin.
AB  - The meaning of a low serum cobalamin level when the classic findings of
      pernicious anemia are lacking is undergoing reevaluation. We therefore studied
      the neurologic status of 11 patients who had low cobalamin levels without
      definite hematologic evidence of deficiency. Neurologic evaluation included
      pattern-shift visual and median and posterior tibial nerve somatosensory evoked
      potentials. None of the patients had megaloblastic changes in the blood or bone
      marrow, although 7 of the 11 had subtle cellular cobalamin disturbances
      demonstrated by an abnormal deoxyuridine suppression test result. Seven patients
      had normal Schilling test results and 2 had borderline results; however, 2 of the
      5 patients tested further had food-cobalamin malabsorption, while a third had
      prepernicious anemia. The patients displayed a variety of neurologic problems,
      including dementia, depression, myelopathy, neuropathy, and seizure disorder; 1
      patient was neurologically normal by clinical criteria. Evoked potential
      abnormalities were demonstrable in 8 of the 9 patients with subtle cobalamin
      deficiency, and in at least 5 cases the disturbance was central. In contrast,
      both patients whose low serum cobalamin levels were found on evaluation to be
      spurious had normal evoked potentials. Evoked potential abnormalities improved in
      the one patient retested after cobalamin therapy. These findings demonstrate that
      neurologic deficits occur not only in classic cobalamin deficiency but also in
      subtle or atypical cobalamin deficiency states in which anemia is absent and
      Schilling test results are normal. Electrophysiologic evidence of neurologic
      impairment is often present, even in patients without obvious clinical neurologic
      abnormalities.

PMID- 2396930
TI  - Progressive myopathy in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis.
AB  - A progressive degenerative myopathy has been well described in hypokalemic
      periodic paralysis but is not as widely recognized in hyperkalemic periodic
      paralysis. We studied four families with the latter disease in which some members
      developed a progressive myopathy. Episodes of paralysis were prolonged, lasting
      for months in some cases, and in one case paralysis was sufficiently severe to
      require ventilatory support. The progressive myopathy tended to develop at a time
      when attacks of paralysis were decreasing in frequency. Muscle biopsy specimens
      showed variability in fiber size, internal nuclei, and fibers with vacuoles.
      Electron microscopy showed myofibrillary degeneration and tubular aggregates. An
      abnormal biopsy specimen was more common in older patients. Our experience
      suggests that a progressive myopathy is as common in hyperkalemic periodic
      paralysis as it is in the hypokalemic disorder.

PMID- 2396931
TI  - Patterns of acquiring parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam. 1944 through 1985.
AB  - For 1944 through 1985, documented clinical descriptions compatible with a
      diagnosis of parkinsonism-dementia complex were found in 363 Chamorros (including
      mixed Chamorros) and three Filipino immigrants who had lived on Guam before
      onset. Downward trends in age-adjusted incidence rates and upward trends in age
      at onset were seen for Chamorros of both sexes. Since 1980, new cases have
      occurred only among persons over 50 years of age, whereas a younger age at onset
      had been noted in the past. Evidence suggests that the length of the latent
      period varied widely (up to decades) and increased with time, the risk of
      acquiring parkinsonism-dementia complex had declined since the late 1950s, and
      the critical age of exposure to an unknown factor in the environment on Guam
      appears to have been during adolescence or adulthood.

PMID- 2396932
TI  - Extensive brain calcification and progressive dysarthria and dysphagia associated
      with chronic hypoparathyroidism.
AB  - An 81-year-old woman with a 13-year history of hypoparathyroidism developed
      dysarthria and dysphagia. Cranial computed tomography demonstrated extensive
      calcification involving the basal ganglia, corona radiata, and deep cerebellar
      structures. The cerebral small-vessel calcification that occurs in chronic
      hypoparathyroidism may produce the syndrome of progressive dysarthria and
      dysphagia.

PMID- 2396933
TI  - Does spasm precede development of cerebroarterial aneurysms?

PMID- 2396934
TI  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy manifesting carriers.

PMID- 2396935
TI  - Small deep cerebral infarcts associated with occlusive internal carotid artery
      disease. A hemodynamic phenomenon?
AB  - Small deep cerebral infarcts, often referred to as lacunes, have been
      traditionally associated with small-vessel disease affecting the deep penetrating
      arterial system. We describe 10 cases where these infarcts were associated with
      severe, ipsilateral internal carotid artery occlusive disease. Seven of these
      patients also had severe occlusive disease of the contralateral internal carotid
      artery. The clinical and radiologic features, in combination with studies of
      cerebral blood flow, were consistent with hemodynamically mediated cerebral
      ischemia. Occlusive internal carotid artery disease may be more commonly
      associated with hemodynamic cerebral ischemia than previously believed, and small
      cerebral infarcts in the deep arterial border zone areas are likely to be an
      important manifestation of this process.

PMID- 2396936
TI  - Clinical significance of carotid plaque hemorrhage.
AB  - We correlated the clinical and pathologic findings in 77 consecutive carotid
      plaques removed at endarterectomy to determine the clinical role of intraplaque
      hemorrhage. Intraplaque hemorrhages of various severity were seen in 86% of
      plaques. They were, for the most part, deeply located (63%) and infrequently
      connected with the lumen. They related closely to the severity of carotid
      stenosis, but bore no relationship to the timing of symptoms. Luminal thrombus
      was infrequently seen, and was always microscopic. Hemorrhage into carotid plaque
      appears to represent an index of the severity of the stenosis and plaque
      instability rather than to play a direct role in the pathogenesis of transient
      ischemic attacks or stroke.

PMID- 2396937
TI  - Dementia in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis-Dutch type.
AB  - Sixteen patients with hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis-Dutch type
      were examined neuropsychologically. Abnormalities were found in all patients, and
      dementia was present in 12 of them. Three patients were tested twice at an
      interval of some years. All three exhibited a progressive intellectual
      deterioration and memory disturbance; in two of them there was no evidence of
      intercurrent strokes. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy can lead to dementia because it
      produces multiple focal cerebral lesions, but a chronic ischemic or metabolic
      effect on brain parenchyma may play a contributing role.

PMID- 2396938
TI  - Family with dominantly inherited ataxia, amyotrophy, and peripheral sensory loss.
      Spinopontine atrophy or Machado-Joseph Azorean disease in another non-Portuguese
      family?
AB  - A family of German extraction with progressive ataxia, eye movement
      abnormalities, peripheral sensory loss, and spinal muscular atrophy of adult
      onset is described. Three members came to autopsy, and neuropathologically, the
      major changes included varying degrees of atrophy of the basis pontis and
      degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, Clarke's columns, anterior horn
      neurons, and fasciculus gracilis. The dentate nucleus was spared, and there was
      slight neuron loss from the substantia nigra in one patient. Clinically and
      neuropathologically, our family resembles that reported by Boller and Segarra as
      having spinopontine atrophy. However, several kindreds with similar findings have
      recently been described as having Azorean or Machado-Joseph disease in non
      Portuguese families. Comparison of clinical and neuropathological features in
      spinopontine atrophy and Machado-Joseph disease, both in Portuguese and non
      Portuguese families, reveals clinical and pathological similarities and
      differences between the two. The major differences in our patients include only
      minor extraocular movement abnormality and absence of protuberant eyes, and
      muscular rigidity clinically, and the sparing of the substantia nigra and the
      dentate nucleus neuropathologically. These differences suggest that spinopontine
      atrophy, as manifested in our family, is distinct from Machado-Joseph disease.
      Our family showed no linkage to the HLA locus on chromosome 6.

PMID- 2396939
TI  - Immature pattern of brain activity in Rett syndrome.
AB  - Seven girls with Rett syndrome, a progressive degenerative encephalopathy
      affecting girls, were studied with single photon emission computed tomography and
      compared with an aged-matched control group of nine normal children. Global
      cerebral blood flow was significantly lower in Rett syndrome (54 vs 69 mL/100 g
      per minute), and the flows in prefrontal and temporoparietal association regions
      of the telencephalon were markedly reduced, whereas the primary sensorimotor
      regions were relatively spared. The flow distribution in Rett syndrome is very
      similar to the distribution of brain metabolic activity in infants of a few
      months of age. The abnormal regional cerebral blood flow distribution most likely
      reflects the widespread functional disturbances in the brain of patients with
      Rett syndrome, whereas computed tomographic and neuropathologic examination only
      reveal slight changes when compared with normal children.

PMID- 2396940
TI  - Multimodality evoked potentials in motor neuron disease.
AB  - We performed median and tibial nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs),
      pattern-shift visual evoked potentials (PSVEPs), and brain-stem auditory evoked
      potentials (BAEPs) on 27 patients with motor neuron disease (MND). Median and
      tibial nerve SEPs were abnormal in 8 (30%) of 27 and 3 (14%) of 21 patients
      tested, respectively. Central and peripheral abnormalities were recorded in the
      absence of spondylosis. As a group, patients with MND and no evidence of cervical
      spondylosis had normal conduction to Erb's point following median nerve
      stimulation, but conduction times beyond this point were prolonged. The PSVEPs
      and BAEPs were within normal limits in all patients, excluding abnormalities
      attributable to other disease, but the group P100 latency was significantly
      prolonged in the group with MND. The BAEPs were normal in the group with MND.
      This study provides neurophysiological evidence of sensory system involvement in
      MND.

PMID- 2396941
TI  - Neuropsychological changes in olivopontocerebellar atrophy.
AB  - We used standardized neuropsychological measures of intellectual, cognitive,
      psychomotor, and emotional functioning to compare 39 patients with
      olivopontocerebellar atrophy and 25 normal controls of similar age. The patients
      reflected greater depression, anxiety, and subjective emotional discomfort than
      did the control subjects. While 4 of the patients had below-normal IQ scores
      (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale [WAIS-R] Full-Scale IQ [FSIQ] less than 80),
      their clinical histories suggested lifelong functioning at such levels. As a
      group, the patients were not abnormal in general intellectual functioning and
      related cognitive abilities (WAIS-R FSIQ, mean [+/- SD], 93.46 +/- 13.19;
      Wechsler Memory Scale mental quotient, 108.95 +/- 17.43). These scores were lower
      than those of the normal controls (WAIS-R FSIQ, 113.72 +/- 12.68; mental
      quotient, 127.80 +/- 12.40); however, the controls were a highly educated group
      with intelligence levels that were higher than those of the average population.
      Moreover, when education and motor dysfunction were statistically covaried, no
      significant differences between the patients and the normal controls were
      apparent on the cognitive and intellectual tasks. Further analysis of specific
      memory performance in a subgroup of patients and controls matched for age, sex,
      and education yielded findings that were comparable with the overall group
      analysis. We conclude that motor dysfunction and depressed mood could leave
      patients with olivopontocerebellar atrophy appearing to be impaired in memory,
      even demented, when they are not.

PMID- 2396942
TI  - Training in surgery.

PMID- 2396943
TI  - Writing a surgical paper: why and how?

PMID- 2396944
TI  - Changing patterns in the presentation of breast cancer over 25 years.
AB  - The clinical stage at presentation of 280 women with histologically proven breast
      cancer is reviewed over a 25 year time span from 1962 to 1987. The data from 240
      unscreened patients, including 87 women from the period 1962 to 1963, 103 women
      from 1981 to 1982, and 50 women from 1986 to 1987 demonstrate a chronologically
      based improvement in the stage of disease at presentation over the 25 years.
      Specifically, over that period, there was a fall in the mean tumour diameter, a
      reduction in the proportion of patients with involved axillary nodes, and a
      greater percentage of patients with Stages I and II disease. A reduction in the
      symptomatic period was also noted over this time, and a direct relationship was
      found between the duration of symptoms and tumour size, nodal status and overall
      stage of disease. A subsequent comparison with the staging data from 40 women
      with breast cancer detected at a breast screening clinic (1985-87) shows that
      significant further advances in the earlier diagnosis of breast cancer can be
      achieved. Mammographic breast screening centres represent the best-known means of
      early breast cancer detection, and thus may hold the key to reducing breast
      cancer mortality.

PMID- 2396945
TI  - Tamoxifen use, oestrogen binding and serum lipids in postmenopausal women with
      breast cancer.
AB  - Tamoxifen is widely used in the management of breast cancer, including long-term
      use in women with early disease to reduce recurrence and mortality. Although
      remarkably side-effect free, concern has been expressed that its anti-oestrogen
      activity may extend to lipid metabolism and so result in the premature
      development of coronary heart disease. In a study of breast cancer patients,
      those taking Tamoxifen tended to have lower cholesterol concentrations
      (predominantly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and raised triglyceride
      concentrations. These changes are likely to be protective for coronary heart
      disease, suggesting Tamoxifen has an oestrogenic rather than anti-oestrogenic
      effect as regards lipid metabolism.

PMID- 2396946
TI  - One hundred operations for Crohn's disease.
AB  - One hundred operations for Crohn's disease have been reviewed. The 100 procedures
      were performed on 54 patients. Thirty-four patients had had a single operation,
      and 20 patients had had the other 66 operations. The patients were classified
      into four categories: small intestinal disease (n = 17), jejuno-ileocolic (n =
      7), colonic (n = 5) and classical ileocolic (n = 25). These categories had
      differing disease severity, symptomatology and re-operation rates. The
      distribution of the disease in Northern New Zealand seems similar to that
      elsewhere. Whereas a small number of patients may have a large number of
      complications and recurrences and a prolonged stay in hospital, the majority of
      patients can have safe and effective surgery for Crohn's disease. This is
      particularly true for patients with ileocolic disease and who have a limited
      ileocolic resection.

PMID- 2396947
TI  - Quality of life after restorative proctocolectomy.
AB  - An audit of 18 patients whom the author managed by abdominal colectomy, rectal
      mucosectomy and ileo-anal reservoir anastomosis was undertaken to assess the
      resulting quality of life. Sixteen patients had ulcerative colitis and two had
      familial adenomatous polyposis. In each case, a temporary loop ileostomy was
      performed at the time of reservoir construction. The minimum time since stoma
      closure was 12 months. The mean number of daily evacuations after stoma closure
      was eight (range: 4-15). Six patients usually had daytime soiling and eight
      overnight soiling. Nine patients always wore a perineal pad. Six patients had
      significant urgency of defecation and 15 patients took medication to reduce bowel
      frequency. Anorectal problems were noted by all but one of the 18 patients.
      However, of 14 patients who had lost time from work prior to operation, 12 have
      returned to uninterrupted employment. Of 11 patients who were unable to travel
      because of colitis symptoms, eight have no restrictions postoperatively. Twelve
      patients noted that their diets were more varied since surgery. Of fourteen
      patients who had restricted sex lives because of colitis symptoms, 11 were
      subsequently not restricted. On the other hand, during the 3 months the ileostomy
      was required, sexual activity was restricted in all but one patient. Other
      aspects of life also restricted by the stoma were sporting activity (14) and
      social life (15). Improvement followed stoma closure. Overall, the patients
      graded the success of the reservoir surgery as excellent (7), very good (3), good
      (2), satisfactory (4), poor (0), or prefer ileostomy (2). Thirteen patients
      believed their total lifestyle had improved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2396948
TI  - Upper urinary tract tumours in Hong Kong (1972-1987).
AB  - A retrospective analysis of all primary upper urinary tract tumours (300) filed
      in the pathology department of a regional hospital in Hong Kong during 1972-87
      showed that renal cell carcinoma (143) was the commonest malignant tumour.
      Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis (62) was the next most frequent.
      Fibromas, which occurred as frequently as angiomyolipomas (28) and outnumbered
      tumours such as squamous cell carcinoma (13) and nephroblastoma (12), were of
      little clinical significance since they were invariably incidental findings.
      Nephrectomies were seldom performed for kidneys involved in secondary
      malignancies. Rare tumours encountered were adenocarcinoma of the renal pelvis,
      leiomyosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, adenoma, oncocytoma, mesoblastic
      nephroma and multilocular cystic nephroma. Angiomyolipomas were responsible for
      most cases of surgical emergency.

PMID- 2396949
TI  - Abstracts from the annual meeting of the Surgical Research Society of
      Australasia. Western Australia, 1-3 February 1990.

PMID- 2396950
TI  - Operative technique for carcinoma of the oesophagus after distal subtotal
      gastrectomy: a new method using the residual stomach to reconstruct the
      alimentary tract.
AB  - The stomach is the organ most often chosen for substitution following resection
      of the oesophagus for carcinoma and this method has given good results. The mode
      of reconstruction of the alimentary tract in oesophageal cancer patients with
      previous distal gastrectomy presents a surgical problem. Usually the colon or
      jejunum is chosen as an alternative for substitution in such patients. We report
      a new technique used in our unit on 30 patients with previous distal subtotal
      gastrectomy. This involves using the residual stomach for reconstruction and
      transposing the spleen and tail of the pancreas into the left thoracic cavity in
      order to preserve the blood supply to the stomach. The entire procedure is
      performed through the left chest. We explored 35 patients originally, but five
      were found to be unresectable at operation. Of the remaining 30 patients, the
      tumour locations were: upper thoracic (1), midthoracic (24) and lower thoracic
      (5). The anastomotic sites were: above aortic arch (23), below aortic arch (5)
      and neck (2). The technical success of this procedure was good with no deaths in
      the immediate post-operative period. There were three anastomotic leakages which
      all healed after thoracic drainage and a feeding jejunostomy.

PMID- 2396951
TI  - Arthrocutaneous haemangiomatosis with destructive arthritis.
AB  - A case of synovial haemangiomatosis of the knee joint with associated severe
      destructive arthritis is reported. The patient also had widespread cutaneous port
      wine stains and a bilateral Naevus of Ota. The interesting association between
      cutaneous and synovial haemangiomatosis is discussed. A pathogenic association of
      synovial haemangiomatosis and destructive arthritis is offered. Patients
      presenting with port wine stains and joint symptoms should be considered for the
      investigation of synovial haemangiomatosis.

PMID- 2396952
TI  - Incarcerated sigmoid bottle.
AB  - A 67-year-old man presented to Casualty approximately 12 hours after the
      insertion of a bottle into his rectum. An attempt was made to deliver the bottle
      through the rectum but because of perirectal oedema and a coat-hanger wire around
      the internal end of the bottle, this proved impossible. Laparotomy was performed
      and the bottle was removed through a longitudinal colotomy.

PMID- 2396953
TI  - Psychological sequelae of induced abortion.

PMID- 2396954
TI  - Psychoanalysis: a creed in decline.

PMID- 2396955
TI  - Comprehensibility of patient education literature.

PMID- 2396956
TI  - Prejudice against ECT.

PMID- 2396957
TI  - Aqueduct stenosis and schizophrenia.

PMID- 2396958
TI  - Computers and the presentation skills of students.

PMID- 2396959
TI  - Quantum metaphors and deep psychotherapy.

PMID- 2396960
TI  - The madness of Mental Health Acts.

PMID- 2396961
TI  - The epidemiology of anorexia nervosa in South Australia.
AB  - A survey of 5,705 pupils in girls' schools in South Australia revealed that the
      one year prevalence of cases of anorexia nervosa, diagnosed according to DSM-III
      criteria, was 1.05 cases per thousand of the population studied. This study has a
      number of advantages in comparison to the majority of other school-based surveys,
      and confirms that descriptions of anorexia nervosa as a disorder of epidemic
      proportions may be premature.

PMID- 2396962
TI  - Seasonality of mania in New Zealand.
AB  - This paper examines the seasonal variation in manic admissions over a five year
      period in New Zealand. There is a significant monthly variation in admission
      rates with a spring/summer peak. Breakdown by sex, age and admission status
      suggested that there is no particular subgroup responsible, but that young first
      admissions and older female readmissions do not follow this trend. Examination of
      the monthly admission rates revealed that this peak is not constant from year to
      year. Possible mechanisms, which link fluctuating environmental variables with an
      irregular spring/summer peak for manic admissions, are discussed.

PMID- 2396963
TI  - Reliability of the parental bonding instrument and intimate bond measure scales.
AB  - The long-term reliability of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and of the
      Intimate Bond Measure (IBM) are examined in a non-clinical group, with data being
      examined over eleven and five years for the two respective measures. Such
      reliability data are compared with reliability data on a number of personality
      measures within the same cohort. Results demonstrate considerable stability in
      the PBI over an extended period and moderate stability in IBM scores.

PMID- 2396964
TI  - Screening the elderly in the community for psychiatric disorder.
AB  - The use of the 30-item GHQ as a screening instrument in a community population
      aged 70 years and older was examined. An acceptable sensitivity (70%) and
      specificity (84%) was obtained. As in the younger age groups, the GHQ was not
      good at detecting chronic, generalised anxiety disorders. The GHQ is best used in
      combination with the MMSE to screen out cases of dementia in an elderly
      population.

PMID- 2396965
TI  - A research seminar programme for doctoral candidates in psychiatry.
AB  - A worldwide trend towards fewer clinician-researchers in the medical specialties
      has been identified. The ratio of clinicians to non-clinicians in academic
      departments is declining. Possible responses to these trends are briefly surveyed
      and an innovative research seminar programme for doctoral students in psychiatry
      is described.

PMID- 2396966
TI  - One way mirror on the wall, who is freudiest of us all?
AB  - Their longer training and base in biological medicine results in psychiatrists
      having a different range of skills to psychologists. Each is better fitted to
      certain tasks. Using a marketing model, it is argued that in New Zealand both
      groups will survive and spread best by selecting, from the myriad of patient need
      options, those that most closely match their skills. The more they compete, the
      more they undermine their own professional credibility.

PMID- 2396967
TI  - On doing the "impossible": inferring that a putative causal relationship does not
      exist.
AB  - A simple heuristic is proposed for drawing a warranted inference that a causal
      relationship does not exist between two events. It is illustrated by a study of
      the putative indirect causal relationship between Autistic Disorder and the
      Fragile X syndrome. This study was designed to ensure that a failure to find such
      a relationship provided good reasons for concluding that it was unlikely there
      was a relationship between Autistic Disorder and the Fragile X syndrome.

PMID- 2396968
TI  - On letting go: the patient, haemodialysis and opting out.
AB  - The title of this article refers not only to the patient who decides to let go of
      life, the quality of which on dialysis is such that death is preferable, but also
      to the family and the renal unit staff who have to let go of the patient who
      makes this decision. One such case is described in detail since the problem is
      not one restricted to the treatment of end-stage renal failure alone, but occurs
      more and more frequently in other branches of medicine and surgery.

PMID- 2396969
TI  - Premenstrual syndrome in three generations responds to antidepressants.
AB  - The author identified the clinical picture of 11 patients with premenstrual
      complaint in a genealogical tree spanning three generations. Seven patients who
      satisfied criteria for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) were treated successfully with
      amitriptyline. The possible role of antidepressant treatment for PMS is
      discussed. The possibility is raised of genetic predisposition in some subtypes
      of PMS, particularly those in which depression is a feature.

PMID- 2396970
TI  - Folie a deux and dementia.
AB  - Folie a deux has been infrequently reported in dementia patients. A case is
      described in which both partners with folie a deux suffered from an Alzheimer
      type dementia. The development and management of folie a deux in dementia is
      discussed.

PMID- 2396971
TI  - Measurement of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase activity by gas-liquid chromatography
      with electron-capture detection.
AB  - A specific assay for 5-aminolaevulinate synthase activity is described, with a
      sensitivity comparable with that of radiochemical assays. It is based on
      measurement by g.l.c. with electron-capture detection of the pentafluorobenzyl
      ester of the ethyl acetoacetate pyrrole derivative of 5-aminolaevulinic acid, and
      of the corresponding compound from 6-amino-5-oxohexanoic acid used as internal
      standard. Enzyme activity has been measured in homogenates of rat liver, spleen,
      kidney and brain, and in human lymphocytes.

PMID- 2396972
TI  - Ca2(+)-stimulatable and protein kinase C-inhibitable accumulation of inositol
      1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate in human platelets.
AB  - Thrombin-stimulated (10 s) human platelets produce Ins(1,4,5)P3 and an additional
      inositol trisphosphate (InsP3), in approximately a 1:20 ratio. The major InsP3 co
      migrates with Ins(1,3,4)P3 on strong-anion-exchange h.p.l.c. To identify this
      species unequivocally, we treated putative Ins(1,3,4)P3 obtained from thrombin
      stimulated myo-[3H]inositol-labelled platelets with NaIO4/NaBH4 or 4
      phosphomonoesterase. The products indicate that the major InsP3 is at least 90% D
      Ins(1,3,4)P3. D-[3H]Ins(1,3,4)P3 added to saponin-permeabilized platelets is
      hydrolysed to an InsP2 (7.8%) and phosphorylated by a kinase to yield an inositol
      polyphosphate (0.9%) in 5 min. The phosphorylation product co-migrates with
      Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 on Partisphere WAX h.p.l.c. Under similar conditions, L
      [3H]Ins(1,3,4)P3 is dephosphorylated but not phosphorylated. Relative
      phosphatase:kinase ratios are 8.7:1 (Vmax. values) and 0.86:1 (Km values) with
      respect to D-Ins(1,3,4)P3. The kinase activity is predominantly cytosolic (96.8%
      of total activity) in freeze-thaw-disrupted platelets, and the accumulation of
      its product is Ca2(+)-dependent. The activity is identified as a 6-kinase on the
      basis of its product's insensitivity to 5-phosphomonoesterase, resistance to
      periodate oxidation and co-migration with standard Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 on h.p.l.c.
      Incubation of platelets with beta-phorbol dibutyrate (beta-PDBu, 76 nM), causing
      activation of protein kinase C, results in a 57.5% inhibition (reversible by the
      protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine) of Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 accumulation. alpha
      PDBu, which does not stimulate protein kinase C, has no effect. Stimulation of
      intact platelets with thrombin results in the production of Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 (1.4
      fold rise in 30 s) and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, with the latter being the major InsP4
      species. Accumulation of Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 is slightly delayed in comparison with
      Ins(1,3,4)P3 and is relatively small. We propose that the major route of
      Ins(1,3,4)P3 metabolism in stimulated human platelets is via phosphatase action.

PMID- 2396973
TI  - Alloxan inhibits ligand binding to adrenoceptors of vascular smooth muscle
      microsomes.
AB  - We have examined the effects of alloxan on the binding of [3H]prazosin and
      [125I]monoiodocyanopindolol (ICYP) to plasma-membrane-enriched microsomes
      isolated from dog aortas and dog mesenteric arteries respectively. Preincubation
      of the vascular smooth muscle membranes with alloxan reduced the number of
      binding sites of the alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in a concentration-dependent
      manner, whereas the affinity of the radioligands for the adrenoceptors was not
      affected by alloxan. Streptozotocin, which is also a diabetogenic agent like
      alloxan, had no effect on the radioligand binding to these adrenoceptors under
      similar experimental conditions. The inhibitory effects of alloxan on binding to
      beta-adrenoceptors were found to be highly pH-dependent. These results indicate
      that alloxan exerts adverse effects on cell membrane adrenoceptors in addition to
      those on the ion-transport function of vascular smooth muscle cell [Kwan (1988)
      Biochem. J. 254, 293-296], and also suggest that the primary site of action of
      alloxan is the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2396974
TI  - Purification and partial sequence analysis of plant annexins.
AB  - A fractionation procedure for annexins involving Ca2(+)-dependent binding to
      exogenous phospholipid was applied to tomato suspension culture cells. Two
      polypeptides (34 kDa and 35.5 kDa) were purified and separated from each other
      and from contaminant pectic polysaccharide by ion-exchange chromatography. After
      proteolytic digestion of SDS/PAGE-purified products, N-terminal sequencing of the
      peptide fragments revealed substantial similarity to sequences of known members
      of the annexin family characterized from a range of animal tissues. In
      particular, sequence similarity to the 70-amino acid-residue repeat region found
      in all annexins sequenced to date was present in both of the plant proteins. The
      data are discussed within the context of annexin involvement in Ca2(+)-mediated
      events in higher plants.

PMID- 2396975
TI  - The fatty acid analogue 11-(dansylamino)undecanoic acid is a fluorescent probe
      for the bilirubin-binding sites of albumin and not for the high-affinity fatty
      acid-binding sites.
AB  - 1. The fluorescent fatty acid probe 11-(dansylamino)undecanoic acid (DAUDA) binds
      with high affinity to bovine and human serum albumin (BSA and HSA) at three
      sites. 2. The Kd of the primary binding site could not be determined; however,
      the two secondary sites appeared to be equivalent, with an apparent Kd of 8 x 10(
      7) M for both BSA and HSA. 3. The spectral characteristics of DAUDA when bound to
      the primary site of the two albumins were different, with HSA producing a greater
      fluorescence enhancement and emission maximum at a shorter wavelength (480 nm)
      than for BSA (495 nm). 4. Displacement studies indicated that the DAUDA-binding
      sites were not equivalent to the primary long-chain fatty acid-binding sites on
      albumin, but corresponded to the bilirubin sites. Fatty acyl-CoAs also bind to
      the bilirubin sites, as do medium-chain fatty acids. 5. The solubility, stability
      and spectral properties of DAUDA make it an excellent probe for investigating the
      bilirubin-binding sites of albumin, particularly HSA.

PMID- 2396976
TI  - Effects of thia-substituted fatty acids on mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta
      oxidation. Studies in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - 1. The effects of 3-, 4- and 5-thia-substituted fatty acids on mitochondrial and
      peroxisomal beta-oxidation have been investigated. When the sulphur atom is in
      the 4-position, the resulting thia-substituted fatty acid becomes a powerful
      inhibitor of beta-oxidation. 2. This inhibition cannot be explained in terms of
      simple competitive inhibition, a phenomenon which characterizes the inhibitory
      effects of 3- and 5-thia-substituted fatty acids. The inhibitory sites for 4-thia
      substituted fatty acids are most likely to be the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in
      mitochondria and the acyl-CoA oxidase in peroxisomes. 3. The inhibitory effect of
      4-thia-substituted fatty acids is expressed both in vitro and in vivo. The effect
      in vitro is instantaneous, with up to 95% inhibition of palmitoylcarnitine
      oxidation. The effect in vivo, in contrast, is dose-dependent and increases with
      duration of treatment. 4. Pretreatment of rats with a 3-thia-substituted fatty
      acid rendered mitochondrial beta-oxidation less sensitive to inhibition by 4-thia
      substituted fatty acids.

PMID- 2396977
TI  - Intermediates of peroxisomal beta-oxidation. A study of the fatty acyl-CoA esters
      which accumulate during peroxisomal beta-oxidation of [U-14C]hexadecanoate.
AB  - 1. 14C-labelled fatty acyl-CoA esters resulting from beta-oxidation of [U
      14C]hexadecanoate by peroxisomal fractions isolated from rats treated with
      clofibrate showed the presence of the full range of saturated intermediates down
      to acetyl-CoA. 2. The pattern of intermediates generated was fairly constant. At
      low concentrations of [U-14C]hexadecanoate (50 microM), decanoyl-CoA was present
      in lowest amounts. At higher concentrations of [U-14C]hexadecanoate (greater than
      100 microM), all intermediates of chain length shorter than 12 carbon atoms
      (except acetyl-CoA) were present at similar low concentrations; the process of
      beta-oxidation now resembling chain-shortening of hexadecanoate by two cycles of
      beta-oxidation. 3. In the absence of an NAD(+)-regenerating system [pyruvate and
      lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.28)] 2-enoyl- and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA esters were
      generated, suggesting that re-oxidation of NADH is essential for optimal rates of
      peroxisomal beta-oxidation in vitro. 4. At high concentrations of [U
      14C]hexadecanoate (greater than 100 microM), 3-oxohexadecanoyl-CoA was produced,
      suggesting that thiolase (acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.9) can become
      rate-limiting for peroxisomal beta-oxidation.

PMID- 2396978
TI  - Localization of catalytic and regulatory subunits of cyclic AMP-dependent protein
      kinases in mitochondria from various rat tissues.
AB  - Observation and quantification of the catalytic subunit C of cyclic AMP-dependent
      protein kinases by immuno-gold electron microscopy suggested a high concentration
      of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases in mitochondria from liver, kidney, heart
      and skeletal muscle, pancreas, parotid gland and brain cells. The position of
      gold particles pointed to a localization in the inner membrane/matrix space. A
      similar distribution was obtained by immunolocalization of the cyclic AMP
      dependent protein kinase regulatory subunits RI and RII in liver, pancreas and
      heart cells. The results indicated the presence of both the type I and the type
      II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases in mitochondria of hepatocytes, and the
      preferential occurrence of the type I protein kinase in mitochondria from
      exocrine pancreas and heart muscle. The immunocytochemical results were confirmed
      by immunochemical determination of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase subunits
      in fractionated tissues. Determinations by e.l.i.s.a. of the C-subunit in parotid
      gland cell fractions indicated about a 4-fold higher concentration of C-subunit
      in the mitochondria than in a crude 1200 g supernatant. Immunoblot analysis of
      subfractions from liver mitochondria supported the localization in situ of cyclic
      AMP-dependent protein kinases in the inner membrane/matrix space and suggested
      that the type I enzyme is anchored by its regulatory subunit to the inner
      membrane. In accordance with the immunoblot data, the specific activity of cyclic
      AMP-dependent protein kinase measured in the matrix fraction was about twice that
      measured in whole mitochondria. These findings indicate the importance of cyclic
      AMP-dependent protein kinases in the regulation of mitochondrial functions.

PMID- 2396979
TI  - Expression of rat liver Na+/L-alanine co-transport in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
      Effect of glucagon in vivo.
AB  - Poly(A)+ RNA (mRNA) isolated from rat liver was injected into Xenopus laevis
      oocytes, and expression of Na+/L-alanine transport was assayed by measuring Na(+)
      dependent uptake of L-[3H]alanine. Expression of Na+/L-alanine transport was
      detected 3-7 days after mRNA injection, and was due to an increment of the Na(+)
      dependent component. After injection of 40 ng of total mRNA, Na(+)-dependent
      uptake of L-alanine was 2.5-fold higher than in water-injected oocytes. In
      contrast with Na+/L-alanine transport by water-injected oocytes, expressed Na+/L
      alanine transport was inhibited by N-methylaminoisobutyric acid, was inhibited by
      an extracellular pH of 6.5 and was saturated at approx. 1 mM-L-alanine. After
      sucrose-density-gradient fractionation, highest expression of Na+/L-alanine
      uptake was observed with mRNA of 1.9-2.5 kb in length. Compared with mRNA
      isolated from control rats, mRNA isolated from glucagon-treated rats showed a
      approx. 2-fold higher expression of Na+/L-alanine transport. The results
      demonstrate that both liver Na+/L-alanine transport systems (A and ASC) can be
      expressed in X. laevis oocytes. Furthermore, the data obtained with mRNA isolated
      from glucagon-treated rats suggest that glucagon regulates liver Na+/L-alanine
      transport (at least in part) via the availability of the corresponding mRNA.

PMID- 2396980
TI  - Receptor-mediated endocytosis of ovalbumin by two carbohydrate-specific receptors
      in rat liver cells. The intracellular transport of ovalbumin to lysosomes is
      faster in liver endothelial cells than in parenchymal cells.
AB  - 1. The uptake of ovalbumin (OVA) in rat liver parenchymal cells (PC) and non
      parenchymal cells was studied in vivo and in vitro in order to compare the
      cellular expression of glycoprotein receptors and the kinetics of intracellular
      transport of ligand endocytosed by these receptors. 2. Ovalbumin was labelled
      with 125I or with 125I-tyramine-cellobiose (125I-TC). By using 125I-TC-OVA the
      labelled degradation products were trapped in the cells. 3. 125I-TC-OVA was
      rapidly cleared from blood mainly by receptor-mediated uptake in the liver. At 30
      min after injection, 50% of the ligand was recovered in the liver. The
      endothelial cells (EC) and the PC were the predominant cell types responsible for
      uptake. 4. The uptake in PC was strongly inhibited by asialo-orosomucoid (AOM),
      but not by mannan, indicating that the uptake in these cells was mediated by the
      galactose receptor and not by the mannose receptor. This finding is compatible
      with the observation that a proportion of the OVA contains terminal galactose
      residues in the carbohydrate moiety. 5. In vitro uptake of OVA in cultured EC was
      saturable and inhibited by mannan, mannose, fructose, N-acetylglucosamine, EDTA
      or monensin, but not by galactose or AOM. The uptake of OVA in these cells was
      therefore mediated by the mannose receptor. 6. To label the organelles involved
      in endocytosis in PC and EC, 125I-TC-OVA was injected intravenously together with
      an excess of either AOM or mannan. In this way the labelled ligand could be
      directed selectively to EC or PC respectively. Subcellular fractionation of total
      liver in sucrose and Nycodenz gradients revealed that in EC the intracellular
      transport of OVA is so fast that endocytosed ligand accumulates and thus
      increases the density of the lysosomes. Conversely, in PC transfer of ligand is
      slower, with the result that accumulation of undegraded ligand in the lysosomes
      does not occur. These findings are interpreted to mean that in EC the rate
      limiting step of handling of endocytosed ligand is intralysosomal degradation,
      whereas in PC the rate-limiting step is transport of ligand to the lysosomes. 7.
      Altogether, these findings suggest that endocytosis of OVA by the liver EC and PC
      is mediated by mannose and galactose receptors respectively, and that the
      kinetics of intracellular transport of OVA differ in the two cell types.

PMID- 2396982
TI  - Measurement of the rates of acetyl-CoA hydrolysis and synthesis from acetate in
      rat hepatocytes and the role of these fluxes in substrate cycling.
AB  - 1. Acetyl-CoA hydrolysis, acetyl-CoA synthesis from acetate and several related
      fluxes were measured in rat hepatocytes. 2. In contrast with acetyl-CoA
      hydrolysis, most of the acetyl-CoA synthesis from acetate occurred in the
      mitochondria. 3. Acetyl-CoA hydrolysis was not significantly affected by 24 h
      starvation or (-)-hydroxycitrate. 4. In the cytoplasm there was a net flux of
      acetyl-CoA to acetate, and substrate cycling between acetate and acetyl-CoA in
      this compartment was very low, accounting for less than 0.1% of the total heat
      production by the animal. 5. A larger cycle, involving mitochondrial and
      cytoplasmic acetate and acetyl-CoA, may operate in fed animals, but would account
      for only approx 1% of total heat production. 6. It is proposed that the opposing
      fluxes of mitochondrial acetate utilization and cytoplasmic net acetate
      production may provide sensitivity, feedback and buffering, even when these
      fluxes are not linked to form a conventional substrate cycle.

PMID- 2396981
TI  - Intracellular transport of endocytosed proteins in rat liver endothelial cells.
AB  - 1. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of mannose-terminated glycoproteins in rat liver
      endothelial cells has been followed by means of subcellular fractionation and by
      immunocytochemical labelling of ultrathin cryosections after intravenous
      injection of ovalbumin. For subcellular-fractionation studies the ligand was
      labelled with 125-tyramine-cellobiose adduct, which leads to labelled degradation
      products being trapped intracellularly in the organelle where the degradation
      takes place. 2. Isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose gradients of a whole liver
      homogenate showed that the ligand is sequentially associated with three
      organelles with increasing buoyant densities. The ligand was, 1 min after
      injection, recovered in a light, slowly sedimenting vesicle and subsequently (6
      min) in larger endosomes. After 24 min the ligand was recovered in dense
      organelles, where also acid-soluble degradation products accumulated. 3.
      Immunocytochemical labelling of ultrathin cryosections showed that the ligand
      appeared rapidly after internalization in coated vesicles and subsequently in two
      larger types of endosomes. In the 'early' endosomes (1 min after injection) the
      labelling was seen closely associated with the membrane of the vesicle; after 6
      min the ligand was evenly distributed in the lumen. At 24 min after injection the
      ligand was found in the lysosomes. 4. A bimodal distribution of endothelial cell
      lysosomes with different buoyant densities was revealed by centrifugation in iso
      osmotic Nycodenz gradients, suggesting that two types of lysosomes are involved
      in the degradation of mannose-terminated glycoproteins in liver endothelial
      cells. Two populations of lysosomes were also revealed by sucrose-density
      gradient centrifugation after injection of large amounts of yeast invertase. 5.
      In conclusion, ovalbumin is transferred rapidly through three endosomal
      compartments before delivering to the lysosomes. The degradation seems to take
      place in two populations of lysosomes.

PMID- 2396983
TI  - Menadione increases hepatic tight-junctional permeability. Its effect can be
      decreased by butylated hydroxytoluene and verapamil.
AB  - Infusion of menadione at two different doses [2.7 mg and 5.5 mg in 100
      microliters of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)] into perfused rat livers for 30 min
      caused no or a 6-fold increase respectively in junctional permeability to
      horseradish peroxidase as compared with controls receiving 100 microliters of
      DMSO alone. The total glutathione (GSH) contents in these livers measured at the
      end of the experiments were 115% and 53%, compared with the controls. The free
      radical scavenger butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (final concn. 5 microM)
      protected against the GSH depletion caused by the higher dose of menadione and
      partially decreased the menadione-induced increase in junctional permeability.
      Verapamil, a Ca2(+)-channel blocker which was added into the perfusion medium
      (final concn. 40 microM) 10 min before the infusion of 5.5 mg of menadione,
      completely abolished the effect of menadione on junctional permeability.
      Menadione exposure therefore increases tight-junctional permeability in the
      liver; this may involve a depletion of GSH and a subsequent increase in
      intracellular Ca2+.

PMID- 2396984
TI  - Glucose utilization in heart, diaphragm and skeletal muscle during the fed-to
      starved transition.
AB  - The progressive effects of starvation on muscle glucose utilization were studied
      in the conscious resting rat. High rates of glucose uptake and phosphorylation in
      constantly working cardiothoracic (heart, diaphragm) and postural skeletal
      muscles (soleus, adductor longus) were maintained for at least 9 h of starvation.
      A rapid decline in cardiac glucose utilization was observed during the period 9
      24 h of starvation, but for the other muscles the decline was more gradual.
      Consequently, even after 24 h, rates of glucose utilization in these muscles
      remained quantitatively significant. In both cardiothoracic and working
      (postural) skeletal muscle, glucose uptake and phosphorylation and activity of
      the active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase exhibited differential sensitivities to
      starvation and also to acute elevation of fatty acid concentrations during acute
      (4-9 h) starvation, such that pyruvate oxidation was more rapidly suppressed than
      glucose uptake and phosphorylation. The results are discussed in relation to the
      role of the glucose/fatty acid cycle in glucose conservation during the fed-to
      starved transition.

PMID- 2396985
TI  - Studies of the cellulolytic system of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei
      QM 9414. Substrate specificity and transfer activity of endoglucanase I.
AB  - Endoglucanase I from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei catalyses
      hydrolysis and glycosyl-transfer reactions of cello-oligosaccharides. Initial
      bond-cleaving frequencies determined with 1-3H-labelled cello-oligosaccharides
      proved to be substrate-concentration-dependent. Using chromophoric glycosides and
      analysing the reaction products by h.p.l.c., kinetic data are obtained and, as
      typical for an endo-type depolymerase, apparent hydrolytic parameters (kcat.,
      kcat./Km) increase steadily as a function of the number of glucose residues. At
      high substrate concentrations, and for both free cellodextrins and their aromatic
      glycosides, complex patterns (transfer reactions) are, however, evident. In
      contrast with the corresponding lactosides and 1-thiocellobiosides, and in
      conflict with the expected specificity, aromatic 1-O-beta-cellobiosides are
      apparently hydrolysed at both scissile bonds, yielding the glucoside as one of
      the main reaction products. Its formation rate is clearly non-hyperbolically
      related to the substrate concentration and, since the rate of D-glucose formation
      is substantially lower, strong indications for dismutation reactions (self
      transfer) are again obtained. Evidence for transfer reactions catalysed by
      endoglucanase I further results from experiments using different acceptor and
      donor substrates. A main transfer product accumulating in a digest containing a
      chromophoric 1-thioxyloside was isolated and its structure elucidated by proton
      n.m.r. spectrometry (500 MHz). The beta 1-4 configuration of the newly formed
      bond was proved.

PMID- 2396986
TI  - Alternative splicing of glucokinase mRNA in rat liver.
AB  - The sequences of two near full-length cDNAs encoding rat liver glucokinase are
      reported. One of the cDNAs is essentially identical to the cDNA cloned by
      Andreone, Printz, Pilkis, Magnuson & Granner. [(1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 363
      369]. The other cDNA contains a 151 bp insertion and a downstream 52 bp deletion.
      The inserted block of bases has been shown to originate from an optional cassette
      exon, termed 2A, between the previously described exons 1 and 2. The conceptual
      translation product from the variant mRNA is identical to the original
      glucokinase protein for the first 15 amino acids. Next there is a novel
      polypeptide sequence of 87 residues, comprising 50 residues encoded by the
      cassette exon and 37 residues specified by an altered reading frame in exon 2.
      Due to the 52 bp deletion, 17 amino acids of the reference sequence are then
      missing, after which the sequence reverts to the original. Northern blot analysis
      with oligonucleotide probes has shown that alternatively spliced mRNA represents
      about 5% of total glucokinase mRNA. Alternative splicing of glucokinase mRNA in
      liver may explain earlier findings of minor isoforms of hepatic glucokinase.

PMID- 2396987
TI  - Reactions of reduced cellobiose oxidase with oxygen. Is cellobiose oxidase
      primarily an oxidase?
AB  - We report rapid-mixing experiments in which cellobiose oxidase, fully reduced
      with cellobiose, is allowed to react with excess molecular O2. Analysis of the
      progress curves and their comparison with computer simulations suggests that O2
      reacts only with the cytochrome b-type haem and with a rate constant of approx.
      0.5 s-1. In steady state the cytochrome b is partially oxidized, whereas the
      flavin remains largely reduced. This situation may be contrasted with that when
      dichloroindophenol is substituted for O2. Under these conditions the reactions
      are rapid (millisecond time range), and the redox centres in the enzyme appear to
      be oxidized simultaneously.

PMID- 2396988
TI  - Transforming growth factor beta 2 differentially modulates interleukin-1 beta-
      and tumour-necrosis-factor-alpha-stimulated phospholipase A2 and prostaglandin E2
      synthesis in rat renal mesangial cells.
AB  - Treatment of rat glomerular mesangial cells with transforming growth factor beta
      2 (TGF beta 2) stimulates prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis. Actinomycin D,
      cycloheximide and diclofenac attenuate the TGF beta 2-induced PGE2 formation. As
      shown previously, two proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta)
      and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), are potent stimuli for PGE2 and
      phospholipase A2 secretion from mesangial cells. We report here that, whereas TGF
      beta 2 potentiates the IL-1 beta- and TNF alpha-evoked PGE2 production, it
      strongly inhibits the phospholipase A2 secretion induced by both cytokines. In
      addition, the inhibitory effect of TGF beta 2 on phospholipase A2 secretion is
      not due to the augmented PGE2 formation.

PMID- 2396989
TI  - Glucose transporter expression in rat mammary gland.
AB  - The expression of different glucose transporter isoforms was measured during the
      development and differentiation of the rat mammary gland. Before conception, when
      the mammary gland is mainly composed of adipocytes, Glut 4 and Glut 1 mRNAs and
      proteins were present. During pregnancy, the expression of Glut 4 decreased
      progressively, whereas that of Glut 1 increased. In the lactating mammary gland
      only Glut 1 was present, and was expressed at a high level. The absence of Glut 4
      suggests that glucose transport is not regulated by insulin in the lactating rat
      mammary gland.

PMID- 2396990
TI  - Unfolding transitions of fibronectin and its domains. Stabilization and
      structural alteration of the N-terminal domain by heparin.
AB  - Changes in the conformational state of human plasma fibronectin and several of
      its fragments were studied by fluorescence emission, intrinsic fluorescence
      polarization and c.d. spectroscopy under conditions of guanidinium chloride-and
      temperature-induced unfolding. Fragments were chosen to represent all three types
      of internal structural homology in the protein. Low concentration (less than 2 M)
      of guanidinium chloride induced a gradual transition in the intact protein that
      was not characteristic of any of the isolated domains, suggesting the presence of
      interdomain interactions within the protein. Intermediate concentrations of
      guanidinium chloride (2-3 M) and moderately elevated temperatures (55-60 degrees
      C) induced a highly co-operative structural transition in intact fibronectin that
      was attributable to the central 110 kDa cell-binding domain. High temperatures
      (greater than 60 degrees C) produced a gradual unfolding in the intact protein
      attributable to the 29 kDa N-terminal heparin-binding and 40 kDa collagen-binding
      domains. Binding of heparin to intact fibronectin and to its N-terminal fragment
      stabilized the proteins against thermal unfolding. This was reflected in
      increased delta H for the unfolding transitions of the heparin-bound N-terminal
      fragment, as well as decreased accessibility to solvent perturbants of internal
      chromophores in this fragment when bound to heparin. These results help to
      account for the biological efficacy of the interaction between the fibronectin N
      terminal domain and heparin, despite its relatively low affinity.

PMID- 2396991
TI  - Stimulation of release of prostaglandin D2 and thromboxane B2 from perfused rat
      liver by extracellular adenosine.
AB  - In isolated perfused rat liver, adenosine infusion (50 microM) led to increases
      in glucose output and portal pressure and a net K+ release of 3.7 +/- 0.21
      mumol/g, which was followed by an equivalent net K+ uptake after cessation of the
      nucleoside infusion. These effects were accompanied by a transient stimulation of
      hepatic prostaglandin D2 and thromboxane B2 release. The Ca2+ release observed
      upon adenosine infusion (50 microM) was 23.5 +/- 5.2 nmol/g, i.e. 10-20% of the
      Ca2+ release observed with extracellular ATP (50 microM). Indomethacin (10
      microM) prevented the adenosine-induced stimulation of glucose output and the
      increase in portal pressure by 79 and 63% respectively, and completely abolished
      the stimulation of prostaglandin D2 release. The thromboxane A2 receptor
      antagonist BM 13.177 (20 microM), the phospholipase A2 inhibitor 4-bromophenacyl
      bromide (20 microM) and the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen (50 microM) also
      decreased the glycogenolytic and vasoconstrictive responses of the perfused rat
      liver upon adenosine infusion by 50-80%. When the indomethacin inhibition of
      adenosine-induced prostaglandin D2 release was titrated, a close correlation
      between prostaglandin D2 release and the metabolic and vascular responses to
      adenosine was observed. These findings suggest an important role for eicosanoids
      in mediating the nucleoside responses in the perfused rat liver. Since
      eicosanoids are known to be formed by non-parenchymal cells in rat liver [Decker
      (1985) Semin. Liver Dis. 5, 175-190], the present study gives further evidence
      for an important role of eicosanoids as signal molecules between the different
      liver cell populations.

PMID- 2396992
TI  - Alkaline serine proteinase from Thermomonospora fusca YX. Stability to heat and
      denaturants.
AB  - The serine proteinase isolated from Thermomonospora fusca YX shows considerable
      thermal stability up to 80 degrees C, and progressive inactivation occurs at
      higher temperatures. Lyotropic salts affected the thermal stability of the enzyme
      at 85 degrees C, suggesting that disruption of hydrophobic interactions play an
      important role in the decreased thermal stability of the enzyme above 80 degrees
      C. Thermal stability is highly pH-dependent; above pH 6.0-6.5 there is a sharp
      decrease in the stability of the enzyme, reflecting increased autolysis. Although
      some stabilization occurs upon increasing ionic strength, Ca2+ binding does not
      appear to play a role in thermal stability. Denaturants, i.e. 8 M-urea, 6 M
      guanidinium chloride or 1% SDS, had no significant effect on the activity of the
      enzyme after 24 h at 25 degrees C.

PMID- 2396993
TI  - Identification and characterization of glycoproteins after extraction of bovine
      chromaffin-granule membranes with lithium di-iodosalicylate. Purification of
      glycoprotein II from the soluble fraction.
AB  - Chromaffin-granule membranes were separated into insoluble and soluble fractions
      after extraction with lithium di-iodosalicylate (LDIS). These fractions were
      characterized by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and glycoproteins
      were detected after electroblotting with peroxidase-labelled concanavalin A and
      wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA). The LDIS-insoluble fraction contained components
      identified as glycoproteins III, H, J and K (carboxypeptidase H). Microsequence
      analysis indicated that component J is an N-terminally extended form of
      glycoprotein K. A major glycoprotein, GpII (Mr 80,000-100,000), present in the
      LDIS-soluble fraction was purified by affinity chromatography on WGA-Sepharose.
      This was characterized by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with
      Coomassie Blue staining, by amino acid analysis and automated N-terminal sequence
      analysis. Extraction of chromaffin-granule membranes with LDIS is a simple and
      rapid procedure that facilitates studies concerned with the structure and
      function of membrane glycoproteins from these and other secretory granules.

PMID- 2396994
TI  - Amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis in lactating rats fed on a liquid
      diet.
AB  - 1. Amino acid metabolism was studied in control virgin rats, lactating rats and
      virgin rats protein-pair-fed with the lactating rats (high-protein virgin rats).
      2. Urinary excretion of nitrogen and urea was higher in lactating than in control
      virgin rats, and in high-protein virgin rats it was higher than in lactating
      rats. 3. The activities of urea-cycle enzymes (units/g) were higher in high
      protein virgin than in lactating rats, except for arginase. In lactating rats the
      activities of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase, ornithine carbamoyltransferase and
      argininosuccinate synthase were lower than in control virgin rats. When the liver
      size is considered, the activities in lactating rats were similar to those in
      high-protein virgin rats, except for arginase. 4. N-Acetylglutamate content was
      higher in high-protein virgin rats than in the other two groups. 5. The rate of
      urea synthesis from precursors by isolated hepatocytes was higher in high-protein
      virgin rats than in the other two groups. 6. The flooding-dose method (L-[4
      3H]phenylalanine) for measuring protein synthesis was used. The absolute
      synthesis rates of mammary gland, liver and small-intestinal mucosa were higher
      in lactating rats than in the other two groups, and in high-protein virgin rats
      than in control virgin rats 7. These results show that the increased needs for
      amino acids during lactation are met by hyperphagia and by a nitrogen-sparing
      mechanism.

PMID- 2396996
TI  - Essential carboxy groups in xylanase A.
AB  - An endo-1,4-beta-xylanase of Schizophyllum commune was purified to homogeneity
      through a modified procedure employing DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and gel-filtration
      chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The role of carboxy groups in the catalytic
      mechanism was delineated through chemical modification studies. The water-soluble
      carbodi-imide 1-(4-azonia-4,4-dimethylpentyl)-3-ethylcarbodi-imide iodide (EAC)
      inactivated the xylanase rapidly and completely in a pseudo-first-order process.
      Other carbodi-imides and Woodward's Reagent K were less effective in decreasing
      enzymic activity. Significant protection of the enzyme against EAC inactivation
      was provided by a mixture of neutral xylo-oligomers. The pH-dependence of the EAC
      inactivation revealed the presence of a critical ionizable group with a pKa value
      of 6.6 in the active site of the xylanase. Treatment of the enzyme with diethyl
      pyrocarbonate resulted in modification of all three histidine residues in the
      enzyme with 100% retention of original enzymic activity. Titration of the enzyme
      with 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and treatment with iodoacetimide and p
      chloromercuribenzoate indicated the absence of free/reactive thiol groups.
      Reaction of the xylanase with tetranitromethane did not result in a significant
      activity loss as a result of modification of tyrosine residues.

PMID- 2396995
TI  - Kinetics of inhibition of platelet calpain II by human kininogens.
AB  - The plasma kininogens, high-molecular-mass and low-molecular-mass kininogens, are
      the most potent plasma inhibitors of platelet calpain. We explored the kinetic
      mechanisms for kininogen inhibition of calpain by comparing calpain inactivation
      by human high-molecular-mass kininogen (HK) and human low-molecular-mass
      kininogen (LK). With a [14C]methylated alpha-casein substrate, the inhibition of
      calpain by HK did not follow classic Michaelis-Menten kinetics. With the use of a
      fluorogenic assay with the dipeptide substrate for calpain, 3-carboxypropionyl
      leucyltyrosine 7-(4-methyl)coumarylamide, the inhibition by HK and LK fitted a
      kinetic model of tight-binding inhibition. LK was found to be a non-competitive
      inhibitor of platelet calpain with a Ki of 2.7 nM. HK showed mixed non
      competitive inhibition of calpain with a Ki of 2.3 nM in the absence of substrate
      and Ki of 0.71 nM in the presence of saturating substrate, almost 4-fold tighter
      than LK. Proteolysis of HK by plasma and tissue kallikreins did not influence its
      ability to inhibit calpain. Digestion of the HK light chain by Factor XIa also
      did not alter its calpain-inhibitory function. These studies indicate that the
      kininogens are tight-binding non-competitive inhibitors of platelet calpain, the
      inhibitory domain in each case being mainly on the heavy chain. The light chain
      of HK appears to influence its kinetic behaviour.

PMID- 2396997
TI  - Effect of vinpocetine on oxygen release of hemoglobin and erythrocyte organic
      polyphosphate concentrations in patients with vascular dementia of the Binswanger
      type.
AB  - Oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) and
      adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations were compared before and after oral
      administration of vinpocetine (TCV-3B) (15 mg/d), a primarily vasodilating agent,
      for three weeks in eight patients with vascular dementia of the Biswanger type
      which is characterized by diffuse myelin pallor and multiple lacunes in the
      cerebral white matter. After vinpocetine administration, oxygen affinity of
      hemoglobin (P50) was significantly increased (26.5 +/- 0.55 to 27.6 +/- 0.62
      mmHg; mean and standard deviation, p less than 0.05), red blood cell (RBC) ATP
      concentrations were significantly increased (846 +/- 168 to 1,158 +/- 130 mumol/l
      RBC, p less than 0.05), while DPG concentrations were unaltered (4.46 +/- 0.48 to
      4.59 +/- 0.57 mmol/l RBC). There was a significant positive correlation between
      the increase of P50 and the increase of erythrocyte ATP concentrations (r = 0.67,
      p less than 0.05). The effect of vinpocetine of enhancing oxygen release of
      hemoglobin may offer an additional benefit to its primary vasodilating action in
      the treatment of vascular dementia of the Binswanger type due to chronic
      ischemia.

PMID- 2396998
TI  - Pupillometry and radioreceptor binding. Semeiologic suggestions in the evaluation
      of the treatment with anticholinergic drugs.
AB  - In this study, a dynamic TV pupillometric system has been used to record the
      effects of the anticholinergic drug biperidene (Akineton) on pupil responsiveness
      to various types of stimuli. Plasma levels of the drug were evaluated by means of
      the radioreceptor binding technique at the same times of pupillometric
      monitoring. An excellent correlation was found between the effects of biperidene
      on pupil diameter after light and dark adaptation, light reflex and near vision
      reaction and the plasma levels of the drug. Radioreceptor binding and dynamic TV
      pupillometry represent useful tools to evaluate the possible alterations induced
      by drug therapy on the cholinergic system in man.

PMID- 2396999
TI  - Effects of corticoadrenal extract on haemorrhagic shock-induced perturbation of
      systemic haemodynamics and general metabolism in anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The effects of intravenous administration of corticoadrenal extract on
      anesthetized dogs subjected to repeated haemorrhagic shock were studied by
      measuring 10 variables of respiration, general metabolism and systemic
      haemodynamics. Haemorrhagic shock induced a slowing down of respiratory rate and
      a decrease in the ventilatory output, stimulated the general metabolism,
      depressed cardiac performance and provoked a decrease in the total peripheral
      resistance and elastic resistance of arteries. In the group of animals treated
      with corticoadrenal extract (10 U/kg/min), the slowing down of respiratory rate
      was completely abolished as well as the depression of the total peripheral and
      elastic resistance of arteries. Meanwhile general metabolism was stimulated.
      These results suggest that corticoadrenal extract protect anesthetized dogs
      against the hypotension induced by a sudden fall of blood volume.

PMID- 2397000
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of prenylamine racemate and enantiomers in man.
AB  - Pharmacokinetics of racemic prenylamine were investigated in 6 healthy
      volunteers. Plasma levels were determined by gas chromatography/mass
      spectrometry. Concentration-time profiles were analyzed both by compartment
      dependent and compartment-independent pharmacokinetic models. Terminal
      elimination half-life was 14.1 h (SD: 6.9 h). The apparent total clearance was
      5.8 l/min. Mean residence time of racemic prenylamine was found to be 14.7 h (SD:
      3.8 h). The relative bioavailability of prenylamine (Segontin 100) was 82.2% (SD:
      9.9%) determined in six healthy volunteers. The volunteers received
      simultaneously the film tablet and 100 mg racemic dideuteroprenylamine as an
      aqueous solution of the lactate. This procedure is known to exclude
      intraindividual changes in absorption, first-pass metabolism or volume of
      distribution that might occur on sequential administration. The absolute
      bioavailability was estimated to be in the order of 15%. In a pilot study the
      pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers were investigated in 2 healthy volunteers. S
      (+)-prenylamine was eliminated considerably faster from plasma than R-(-)
      prenylamine suggesting a stereoselective metabolism. The AUC of the (+)
      enantiomer was 20% of that of the R-(-)-prenylamine.

PMID- 2397001
TI  - Onset of cardiovascular action after oral ibopamine. Early hemodynamic effects of
      single and repeated doses in patients with idiopathic dilated myocardiopathy.
AB  - The acute effects of ibopamine (active ingredient of Inopamil), an orally active
      dopaminergic agent, were invasively evaluated in 16 consecutive patients with
      idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (New York Heart Association Functional Class II
      and III) Single doses of 100 and 200 mg were administered to 7 and 9 patients,
      respectively, and two repeated doses of 100 mg were studied in 6 patients. In
      order to assess the onset of cardiovascular effect, control hemodynamic
      measurements were repeated 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after
      ibopamine 200 mg. Both the tested doses of ibopamine increased the mean pulmonary
      arterial pressure and the mean pulmonary wedge pressure, with a maximal effect 15
      min after drug ingestion (+ 47.0 and + 65.4% in the 200 mg group, p less than
      0.002). Pulmonary pressures returned to baseline or lower values beyond 60 min.
      Systemic arterial pressure showed a small transient increase (+ 7.9% in the 200
      mg group at 15 min), but fell significantly below baseline after 120 min, a
      larger decrease occurring in the 100 mg group (p less than 0.05). Ibopamine had a
      slower but more prolonged effect on cardiac output (increase of up to 32.1% at 60
      min) and systemic vascular resistances. Repeated doses (100 mg after an 8-h
      interval) elicited comparable cardiovascular effects. Oral ibopamine caused a
      significant increase in mean pulmonary arterial and capillary pressures as early
      as 5 min after drug ingestion, before cardiac output and peripheral vascular
      resistances were affected. A biphasic hemodynamic response was also observed
      after single and repeated low (100 mg) doses of ibopamine.

PMID- 2397002
TI  - [Central hemodynamics of a new positive inotropic substance, adibendan. Data from
      a dose-finding study].
AB  - Central Hemodynamics from the New Positive-inotrope Substance Adibendan/An open
      dose-finding study We investigated the influence of Adibendan which is a new
      phophodiesterase inhibitor on central hemodynamics in an open dose-finding study.
      10 patients with chronic heart failure NYHA II-IV (mean age 67 +/- 5 years) got
      Adibendan i.v. A maximum increase in cardiac index from 2.3 +/- 0.5 to 3.2 +/-
      0.5 l/min.m2 (p less than 0.001) was seen after a cumulative dosage of 0.916 +/-
      0.571 mg at a time interval of 107 +/- 43 min after injection of the first dosage
      of 0.125 mg. There was a pronounced increase in stroke volume index from 30 +/- 6
      to 40 +/- 8 ml/m2 (p less than 0.01). Heart rate raised by 5% which was not
      significant. Systemic vascular resistance dropped by 30% from 1693 +/- 720 to
      1177 +/- 292 dyn.s.cm-5 (p less than 0.05), pulmonary vascular resistance by 39%
      from 755 +/- 273 to 463 +/- 199 dyn.s.cm-5 (p less than 0.001). Blood pressure
      and right atrial pressure did not alter. Mean pulmonary artery pressure dropped
      by 14% from 37 +/- 7 to 32 +/- 11 mmHg. We conclude that Adibendan improves
      cardiac index markedly and causes a modest decrease in mean pulmonary artery
      pressure.

PMID- 2397003
TI  - [Biological availability of different oral cimetidine preparations in the dog].
AB  - Bioavailability of Different Oral Dosage Forms of Cimetidine in Dogs. The
      bioavailability of cimetidine (200 mg) after oral administration to awake dogs
      was increased significantly by using tablets containing alginate. In addition the
      timespan was prolonged during which therapeutic plasma concentrations were
      maintained. Release and absorption of cimetidine were retarded from tablets
      containing methacrylic acid-copolymers, but the bioavailability was decreased
      from this dosage form and therapeutic plasma concentrations were not reached.

PMID- 2397004
TI  - Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of rectally administered metoclopramide.
AB  - The absolute and relative bioavailability of metoclopramide following the
      administration of a single suppository--test (Gastrosil) and reference
      preparations--containing 20 mg of the pure drug or after i.v. injection of 17.8
      mg was compared in 12 sex matched healthy volunteers according to an open, three
      way cross-over, intra-individual design. The metoclopramide plasma levels were
      determined up to 32 h following rectal administration and 24 h following
      intravenous application using a modified and specific HPLC-assay. The areas under
      the concentration-time curves were either calculated to the last time-interval
      measured (AUC-1) by using the trapezoidal rule or by extrapolating to infinity
      (AUC(0-infinity] in a model-dependent manner. Pair-differences and ratios were
      taken for the individual AUC-values and for the maximum plasma levels (cmax
      values) at the corresponding time values (tmax-values) for test and reference
      formulations and tested for statistical significance. The results showed the mean
      AUC-1 and AUC (0-infinity)-values respectively to be 10.7% and 9.5% lower for the
      test suppository. The mean tmax-values were found to be 21% and 11.6% lower and
      the mean cmax-values were found to be about 4.3% larger than the corresponding
      parameters for the reference formulation. The 95% Wilcoxon confidence limits for
      both test and reference preparation were found to range from 80.2-108.9% for all
      AUC-values and to lie in the region 83.5-120.3% and 57.8-100% for the cmax- and
      tmax-values, respectively. Thus, with respect to the pharmacokinetic target
      parameters, little difference can be found between the two suppository forms each
      containing 20 mg metoclopramide-base and under trial in this study.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397005
TI  - Influence of substances affecting cell sulfhydryl/disulfide status on adherence
      of human monocytes.
AB  - An in-vitro model is described for investigating the adherence of human
      monocytes. Mononuclear cells (MNC) isolated from peripheral blood were incubated
      in plastic multiwell cell culture plates. The adherence of monocytes was
      quantified on the basis of their DNA content. The cell adherence proceeds
      rapidly; after 30 min of incubation about 85% of maximum adherent cells were
      attached to the plastic surface. On testing the effects of various sulfhydryl
      affecting substances on monocyte adherence we found that the thiol-oxidizing
      compound diamide (0.1-1 mmol/l) inhibited the adherence by about 60%. Incubation
      with an extract of the plant feverfew, which contains materials that neutralize
      cellular sulfhydryl groups, also diminished monocyte adherence. The soluble thiol
      2-mercaptopropionylglycine, in a concentration range of 0.5 to 10 mmol/l, had no
      effect on adherence in this system. The results suggest that cellular sulfhydryl
      groups play an important role in the adherence of monocytes.

PMID- 2397006
TI  - Assessment of the anti-inflammatory action of calcium dobesilate. Effect on
      macrophages attaching to subcutaneously implanted coverslips in guinea pigs.
AB  - Calcium dobesilate (Doxium) has been shown to significantly reduce the attachment
      of activated and quiescent macrophages to subcutaneously implanted coverslips in
      guinea pigs. Since the implanted coverslips represent an inflammatory stimulus
      and macrophages have a dominant role in inflammation it suggests that calcium
      dobesilate may have a pronounced anti-inflammatory action. It is speculated that
      calcium dobesilate may do this by reducing the number of circulating monocytes,
      by blocking the action of macrophage activating factors or more likely by
      stimulating a more rapid production of host macrophage deactivating factors such
      as Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) beta 1 and 2.

PMID- 2397007
TI  - Synthesis and platelet aggregation inhibitory effects of N-[(1H-pyrazol-1
      yl)alkyl]benzoylamides.
AB  - A series of N-[(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)alkyl]benzoylamides was synthesized and tested in
      vitro for their inhibitory effects on adenosine diphosphate-, collagen-,
      arachidonic acid- and thrombin-induced aggregation of human platelets. Among
      them, N-[(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)butyl]benzoylamide (Ve) was found to have the most
      potent inhibitory activity. The structure-activity relationships are reported.
      The biological activity of the title compounds is reported in parallel with that
      of a known inhibitor of thromboxane A2 synthetase.

PMID- 2397008
TI  - Effects of naftidrofuryl on the indocyanine green clearance and cardiovascular
      function of rats with liver cirrhosis.
AB  - The influence of intrahepatically infused naftidrofuryl (Dusodril) on indocyanine
      green (ICG) clearance was measured in healthy rats and rats with liver cirrhosis.
      In control rats naftidrofuryl reduced the ICG clearance from 0.043 to 0.029
      mumol/min/g liver. Plasma half-life of ICG was prolonged significantly from 3.07
      to 4.25 min. This was probably due to a depression of the cardiovascular function
      (blood pressure, heart-rate). In cirrhotic rats, the removal rate of ICG (0.050
      mumol/min/g liver) was significantly lower and its half-life (7.61 min) longer
      than in normal rats. Probably the extraction rate for ICG was so low that
      naftidrofuryl did not further impair the reduced ICG clearance and half-life
      inspite of reduced diastolic blood pressure and heart rate.

PMID- 2397010
TI  - Cardiovascular risk reduction and achievement of the Year 2000 Health Objectives.

PMID- 2397009
TI  - Disposition and effect of the new thromboxane synthetase inhibitor 6-(1
      imidazolylmethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid in man.
AB  - The disposition of a new thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, 6-(1-imidazolylmethyl)
      5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (DP-1904) upon administration of
      a single 200-mg oral dose to normal Japanese volunteers was studied. DP-1904
      proved to be rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and converted to
      its ester glucuronide, which appeared in plasma within 30 min after dosing. The
      AUCs of DP-1904 and its ester glucuronide were 7.23 +/- 0.54 and 7.93 +/- 0.86
      micrograms.h/ml (mean +/- S.E., n = 5), respectively. Both compounds were also
      eliminated very rapidly from the body (half-lives greater than 60 min). The
      primary route of elimination was renal, with 52.1 +/- 2.2 and 37.6 +/- 1.6% of
      the dose being excreted in the urine as the unchanged form and the glucuronide
      conjugate within 48 h, respectively. The cumulative fecal excretion rates of DP
      1904 up to 48 h after dosing were approximately 0.5%. The main metabolite of DP
      1904 in humans was DP-1904 glucuronide. Serum thromboxane (TX) B2 levels were
      reduced more than 98% within 1 h after dosing. There was still more than 75%
      suppression of serum TXB2 levels at 12 h after dosing. At 72 h TXB2
      concentrations returned to control levels. These data indicate that DP-1904 is a
      potent and long-acting thromboxane synthetase inhibitor.

PMID- 2397011
TI  - Baseline assessment. Report of a company wide risk factor survey.
AB  - CVD accounts for the highest rates of morbidity and mortality among the general
      population. Unhealthy lifestyle practices are largely responsible for this
      occurrence. Risk factor prevalence of smoking, uncontrolled high blood pressure,
      and high serum cholesterol levels contribute to the likelihood of developing CVD.
      Two or more of these risk factors can place individuals at higher risk of
      developing CVD. Completing a heart health survey of risk factor prevalence among
      a working population will give occupational health professionals a basis on which
      to set goals and objectives for effective CVD intervention programs.

PMID- 2397012
TI  - Marketing cardiovascular disease risk reduction programs at the workplace. The
      Pawtucket Heart Health Program experience.
AB  - The workplace offers a unique setting in which to offer CVD risk reduction
      programs. Marketing these programs involves at least two distinct processes.
      First, a corporation must agree to accept and support workplace health
      programming. Second, workplace programs must be effectively marketed to eligible
      employees, dependents, and retirees. After identifying critical barriers to the
      effective marketing of workplace programs, a stepwise approach used by the
      Pawtucket Heart Health Program to successfully overcome these obstacles is used.
      Using real world examples and practical tips, a discussion of implications for
      marketing future programs to the corporate and employee audience is shared.

PMID- 2397013
TI  - Enhancing CVD related behavioral changes in the workplace. Corporate comparisons
      and cultural issues.
AB  - It is difficult to compare the results of corporate health promotion programs
      without knowing the level of intervention. Levels of intervention can be defined
      according to five intervention strategies: Awareness, Motivation, Behavior
      Change, Maintenance, and Culture Change. Many companies have extensive awareness,
      motivation, and behavior change strategies, but could improve their maintenance
      and culture change strategies. Corporate health promotion programs could benefit
      by more integration with HRD, better relapse prevention technology, more
      management support, and innovative reward systems. In order to be more effective,
      there needs to be a fair distribution of responsibility between the organization
      and the individual employee.

PMID- 2397014
TI  - Cardiac rehabilitation in the workplace. Current concepts and methodology.
AB  - Identification and modification of risk factors for cardiovascular disease can be
      carried out effectively in the workplace. Coronary artery disease is
      multifactorial. A cardiac exercise program conducted by the occupational health
      nurse should serve as a catalyst for modification of all coronary risk factors.
      Employers have begun to value and support worksite cardiac rehabilitation
      programs because of the benefits of health care cost avoidance, increased
      attendance and productivity at work, and improved employee relations. It is the
      responsibility of the occupational health nurse and other health care providers
      to see that this continues.

PMID- 2397015
TI  - Evaluating worksite CVD risk reduction programs.
AB  - If a program is worth doing, it is worth evaluating. Before evaluating, specify
      program objectives, and keep the evaluation focused on those objectives. If the
      objective is to reduce risks, then count the number of risks reduced, and divide
      by the total number of risks. Use evaluation procedures that will be of use to
      program staff in making improvements. CVD risk reduction programs are ongoing.
      Today's lowered risk is tomorrow's relapse.

PMID- 2397016
TI  - Written communication. A key management skill.

PMID- 2397017
TI  - Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in mice. Induction by a single eliciting
      event and dependence on quantitative parameters of immunization.
AB  - Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) in the mouse is a recently developed
      model of ocular autoimmunity. Dependence of disease induction on qualitative and
      quantitative parameters of immunization was studied in B10.A mice immunized with
      interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). It was found that use of
      Bordetella pertussis adjuvant as well as its mode of preparation was of critical
      importance for disease induction; no disease was induced if pertussis adjuvant
      was omitted. The minimal effective protocol for EAU induction when the vaccine
      form of B. pertussis adjuvant was used consisted of pretreatment with
      cyclophosphamide, two divided doses of IRBP in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA),
      and two divided doses of B. pertussis vaccine. Any reduction in the immunization
      schedule resulted in reduced incidence of disease. In contrast, substituting
      purified B. pertussis toxin (PTX) for the vaccine allowed reduction of the
      immunization schedule to a single dose of IRBP in CFA and omission of the
      cyclophosphamide pretreatment. Severity and incidence of disease could be
      quantitatively controlled by varying the respective doses of IRBP and PTX. In
      addition, a chronic or an acute clinical course of EAU could be obtained by using
      either a low-dose or a high-dose immunization, respectively. Establishment of a
      single dose induction protocol and the quantitation of the immunopathogenic
      response as a function of the variables of immunization lay the foundation for
      the further development and utilization of this promising model of ocular
      autoimmunity.

PMID- 2397018
TI  - Pathology of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in mice.
AB  - The histopathology and immunopathology of murine experimental autoimmune
      uveoretinitis (EAU) following active immunization with the interphotoreceptor
      retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) were studied. The methods used included
      conventional light microscopy and immunoperoxidase staining. Lesions were located
      mainly in the uvea and the retina and were characteristically focal. The
      prominent histopathologic findings in the retina were vasculitis, granuloma,
      retinal fold, focal serous detachment, and loss of photoreceptors. Granulomas,
      formation of Dalen-Fuchs nodules, inflammatory cellular infiltration and increase
      in the thickness of the choroid and ciliary body were frequent findings.
      Subretinal neovascularization occurred in 10% of the experimental animals. Mild
      to moderate inflammation was also noted in the vitreous. The predominant
      infiltrating cells in the retinal and uveal granuloma and the Dalen-Fuchs nodules
      were macrophages. In contrast, the predominant infiltrating cell types in the
      vitreous were T helper/inducer lymphocytes. T suppressor/cytotoxic cells were
      rarely seen. Expression of Ia antigens on the ocular cells was confined to the
      immediate area of the inflammatory sites. The kinetics of histopathology showed
      two peaks at the 5th and 10th week after immunization, suggesting a relapsing
      course of the disease.

PMID- 2397019
TI  - Estrogen induced suppression of collagen arthritis. V: Physiological level of
      estrogen in DBA/1 mice is therapeutic on established arthritis, suppresses anti
      type II collagen T-cell dependent immunity and stimulates polyclonal B-cell
      activity.
AB  - Immunization of castrated female DBA/1 mice with rat type II collagen (CII)
      induces severe polyarthritis with an onset 3-5 weeks after immunization and with
      80-100% incidence. Estrogen treatment, inducing physiological 17 beta-estradiol
      (E2) levels, during a limited period before and after the immunization, or during
      another period before the expected onset of arthritis, delayed the arthritic
      onset by approximately 10 days but did not affect the incidence of severity of
      arthritis. Treatment with physiological doses of E2 after onset of arthritis
      decreased severity and duration of disease. The T-cell dependent anti-CII
      autoantibody response was suppressed if the E2 treatment was given immediately
      before and after CII immunization and was not significantly affected if E2
      treatment was given after CII immunization. Neither the total anti-CII Ig levels
      nor the anti-CII IgG2a levels correlated with development of arthritis. We also
      titrated the serum levels of estrogen and recorded the vaginal smear response
      after injections of various doses of E2. This enabled us to work in a
      physiological range of estrogen levels, spanning the levels found at the end of
      pregnancy and those found during the normal estrous cycle. These levels were
      found to suppress antigen-specific T-cell functions but enhance certain B-cell
      activities since the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction against CII was
      suppressed while the total number of splenic Ig-secreting cells increased. These
      findings suggest that estrogen in physiological doses is therapeutic for the
      development of collagen-induced arthritis and that estrogen exerts dualistic
      effects on the immune system by suppressing T-cell functions and stimulating
      certain B-cell activities. The suppressive effect on arthritis could not be
      explained by suppression of anti-CII autoantibody response and must therefore
      depend on other T-cell-mediated functions.

PMID- 2397020
TI  - Immunoglobulin allotypes in myasthenia gravis patients with a thymoma.
AB  - Gm and Km allotypes were examined in 29 myasthenia gravis patients with a thymoma
      and non-receptor skeletal muscle antibodies. The frequency of the phenotype
      Gm1,2,3;23;5,21 was significantly higher in the patients than in 292 healthy
      controls (P less than 0.01). Km allotype frequencies did not differ in patients
      and controls.

PMID- 2397021
TI  - Autoantibodies to colonic cells and subcellular fractions in inflammatory bowel
      disease: do they exist?
AB  - Previous observations have purported to demonstrate circulating antibodies which
      bind to colon epithelial cells. However, the significance and reproducibility of
      such observations has been difficult and the data often phenomenological. To
      further our understanding of such autoreactivity, we studied sera and purified
      serum immunoglobulins from patients with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's colitis and
      other inflammatory diseases, as well as normal volunteers using as a target, well
      defined epithelial cell preparations from normal and diseased colon and small
      bowel including crude suspensions of homogenized cells, purified and
      characterized brush border membranes, basolateral membranes and a DEAE cellulose
      column purified protein fraction. Homogenates of normal liver, lung, kidney,
      thymus, pancreas, stomach and small and large intestine, obtained at surgery,
      were also included. The purified preparations were characterized by enzyme
      activity and were electrophoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels for immunoblotting.
      Additional studies were carried out comparing these findings with those of a
      previously published and described 'positive' colon target preparation and
      polyclonal antibody. There was no convincing demonstration of circulating
      autoantibodies in patients with ulcerative colitis. Our data, using well-defined
      and characterized tissue preparations, raises doubts regarding the presumptive
      demonstration of autoantibodies in ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2397022
TI  - Influences of photoperiod on sexual behaviour, neuroendocrine steroid receptors
      and adenohypophysial hormone secretion and gene expression in female golden
      hamsters.
AB  - Exposure to short daylengths arrests the oestrous cycle, provokes daily
      gonadotrophin surges and reduces the ability of exogenous oestradiol to trigger
      behavioural receptivity in golden hamsters. In order to examine neuroendocrine
      effects of photoperiod which might underlie these responses, ovariectomized
      hamsters were maintained under long or short photoperiods for 54 days before
      treatment with cholesterol or various doses of oestradiol-17 beta. Short days
      reduced the ability of low doses of oestrogen to prime hamsters for the induction
      of oestrus by progesterone. Upon repetition of oestrogen priming 2 weeks later,
      photoperiod was without significant influence on the concentrations of nuclear
      oestrogen receptors or cytosolic progestin receptors in a block of tissue
      containing the hypothalamus and preoptic area. Oestradiol treatment provoked
      significant increases in serum concentrations of LH and prolactin in the
      afternoon, but photoperiod did not alter the positive-feedback efficacy of this
      gonadal steroid hormone. Adenohypophysial LH-beta subunit and prolactin mRNAs
      were suppressed by short days in ovariectomized hamsters not treated with
      oestradiol. Oestradiol decreased expression of the LH-beta subunit gene in both
      stimulatory and inhibitory photoperiods, but increased prolactin mRNA abundance
      in both long and short days. Photoperiod therefore exerts pronounced steroid
      independent effects on phasic LH and prolactin secretion, but regulation of
      adenohypophysial abundance of LH-beta subunit and prolactin mRNAs by oestradiol
      is not markedly influenced by daylength. Photoperiodic regulation of the priming
      effects of oestradiol on behavioural receptivity may result from modulation of
      events occurring subsequent to steroid-receptor interactions, or involve changes
      in receptor populations not detectable by the present methods.

PMID- 2397023
TI  - Molecular cloning and DNA sequence analysis of preproinsulin genes in the NON
      mouse, an animal model of human non-obese, non-insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - Two insulin genes of the NON mouse, an animal model of human non-obese, non
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, were isolated and characterized to examine
      the hypothesis that these genes are structurally different from those of normal
      mice. The NON mouse was found to have two non-allelic insulin genes, as does the
      normal mouse, and no structural differences were found between the normal and NON
      mouse in the nucleotide sequence of the insulin gene, including that of the 5'
      transcriptional regulatory region, and in the deduced amino acid sequence. There
      was, however, an additional 113 bp sequence and seven point mutations in a
      further 5'-flanking region, and three point mutations in the 3'-flanking region
      of the insulin II gene. We conclude that reduced expression of insulin genes in
      the NON mouse is not due to the structural change in the known transcriptional
      regulatory region, although the effect on insulin II gene expression of an
      additional sequence upstream of the 5'-flanking region, as the negative
      regulatory factor, remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2397024
TI  - Adenosine and its analogue (-)-N6-R-phenyl-isopropyladenosine modulate anterior
      pituitary adenylate cyclase activity and prolactin secretion in the rat.
AB  - The effect of adenosine and its analogue (-)-N6-R-phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA)
      on both anterior pituitary adenylate cyclase activity and prolactin secretion was
      examined in the rat. Adenosine inhibited basal adenylate cyclase activity in a
      dose-dependent manner and also reduced the stimulation of the enzyme by
      vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Likewise, in primary cultures of anterior
      pituitary cells, adenosine decreased prolactin secretion in both basal and VIP
      stimulated conditions. In perifusion experiments, adenosine also inhibited
      prolactin release in both basal and TRH-stimulated conditions. PIA produced a
      biphasic pattern of response of basal adenylate cyclase activity, being
      inhibitory at low and stimulatory at high concentrations. In VIP-stimulated
      conditions, low concentrations of PIA inhibited both adenylate cyclase activity
      and prolactin release from primary cultures of pituitary cells, while no additive
      stimulatory effect was seen at high concentrations. Similarly, low concentrations
      of PIA reduced both basal and TRH-stimulated prolactin release from perifused
      pituitaries, while increasing PIA concentrations restored prolactin release.
      These data show that adenosine affects basal and stimulated prolactin secretion
      from anterior pituitary cells. Adenosine receptors seem to be coupled to the
      adenylate cyclase system in the anterior pituitary gland, suggesting a possible
      relationship between the effect of adenosine on adenylate cyclase activity and
      prolactin secretion.

PMID- 2397026
TI  - The crystallographic structure of the photooxidized product of hypocrellin A and
      the study of the photodynamic action mechanism.
AB  - In attempting to study the phototherapeutic action and the photosensitized
      oxygenation mechanism, we have determined the crystal structure of the main
      oxidized product of hypocrellin A (HA). It was crystallized in monoclinic system
      with space group P2(1). The cell data are: a = 10.030(3), b = 8.877(3), c =
      15.764(5)A, beta = 104.50(2) degrees, Z = 2. The crystal structure has been
      determined by direct method and refined to a final R of 0.055 based on the 1408
      observed reflections with I greater than 2.5 sigma (I). The photooxidized product
      is composed of a heptacyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon connecting with two alpha
      naphthoquinone derivatives as its skeletal molecule. No peroxidic linkage has
      been found. On the basis of the crystal structure determined, we have deduced
      part of the process of formation of the oxide, i. e. firstly, the peroxide was
      formed by photocycloaddition of oxygen molecule to Hypocrellin A, then
      thermodissociation took place to form a stable oxide.

PMID- 2397025
TI  - Trypsin stimulation of aldosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone production by rat
      adrenal zona glomerulosa tissue is mediated by activation of protein kinase C.
AB  - When rat adrenal whole capsules, containing the zona glomerulosa, were incubated,
      addition of the protein kinase C inhibitors TMB-8 (10 mumol/l), W7, H7, polymyxin
      B and sphingosine (all 1 mumol/l) was found to inhibit the steroidogenic response
      to trypsin. Aldosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone were strongly, and
      corticosterone moderately, affected, while the production of 18-hydroxydeoxy
      corticosterone was neither stimulated by trypsin nor inhibited by the protein
      kinase C inhibitors. Addition of neomycin, which prevents substrate interaction
      with phospholipase C, also inhibited the response to trypsin, while addition of
      phospholipase C itself stimulated aldosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone and
      corticosterone production with the same tissue sensitivity as trypsin. Addition
      of phospholipase A2 had no effect. Direct assay of protein kinase C activity
      showed that trypsin stimulation effected the translocation of Ca2+/phospholipid
      activated protein kinase C from the cytosolic to the membrane fraction. When
      glomerulosa tissue was incubated with [32P]ATP, and cytosolic proteins were
      subjected to isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels, autoradiography showed
      that incorporation of 32P into several protein components was increased by
      trypsin stimulation. It was concluded that trypsin exerts its stimulatory effects
      on steroidogenesis by activating protein kinase C; not, however, by generating
      the Ca2+/phospholipid-independent fragment, but possibly by enhancing the
      activity of phospholipase C.

PMID- 2397028
TI  - [Cell multiplication, differentiation, and transformation. 15th meeting of the
      INRA Development Group. Paris 24-26 May 1989. Proceedings].

PMID- 2397027
TI  - Studies on response characteristics of drug ISE's (VII)--performance and
      theoretical treatment of microcells connected in series.
AB  - A new type of MCCS (microcells connected in series) has been constructed and its
      performances investigated. It has been applied to the determination of
      streptomycin. The sensitivity and accuracy have been increased significantly. A
      theoretical model for the error of determination using the MCCS has been
      suggested and proved experimentally using the Monte Carlo method, and the error
      model proposed in Ref. [1] revised.

PMID- 2397029
TI  - N-glycosylation modification of proteins is an early marker of the enterocytic
      differentiation process of HT-29 cells.
AB  - The human colon cancer cell line HT-29 remains totally undifferentiated when
      glucose is present in the culture medium (HT-29 Glc+), while the same cells may
      undergo typical enterocytic differentiation after reaching confluence when grown
      in glucose-deprived medium (HT-29 Glc-). Recently, we demonstrated a deficiency
      in the overall N-glycan processing in confluent undifferentiated cells, whereas
      differentiated cells follow a classical pattern of N-glycosylation. The main
      changes in N-glycosylation observed in confluent undifferentiated cells may be
      summarised as follows: 1) the conversion of high mannose into complex
      glycopeptides is greatly decreased; 2) this decreased conversion could be a
      consequence of an accumulation of Man9-8-GlcNAc2-Asn high mannose species.
      Whether these changes in N-glycan processing appear progressively during cell
      culture or are already present from the beginning of the culture was investigated
      in this study by comparing the actual status of N-glycan processing in
      exponentially growing HT-29 Glc- and HT-29 Glc+ cells. Under these conditions, HT
      29 Glc- cells do not exhibit any characteristics of differentiation. The
      conversion of high mannose into complex glycoproteins is severely reduced in HT
      29 Glc+ cells, regardless of the growth phase studied. In contrast, HT-29 Glc-
      cells display a normal pattern of N-glycan processing in both growth phases. We
      therefore conclude that N-glycan processing may be used as an early biochemical
      marker of the enterocytic differentiation process of HT-29 cells.

PMID- 2397030
TI  - [Protamine precursors in human spermatozoa].
AB  - Basic proteins isolated from human sperm nuclei are highly heterogeneous. Three
      groups of nuclear basic proteins have been characterized: somatic-type as well as
      testis-specific histones, protamines and basic proteins with an electrophoretic
      mobility which is intermediate between that of histones and that of protamines.
      Human protamines can be separated into 2 protein families with different amino
      acid composition and amino-acid sequence. Protamines HP1 differ in their degree
      of phosphorylation. Protamines HP2, 3 and 4 differ by their amino-terminal
      sequence. Intermediate basic proteins (HPI1, HPI2, HPS1, HPS2) share a common C
      terminal sequence of 54 residues identical to the amino-acid sequence of
      protamine HP3; only their N-terminal regions are different. Taking into account
      these structural homologies, the intermediate basic protein HPI1 appears as a
      precursor of protamines HP2 and HP3.

PMID- 2397031
TI  - [Basic nuclear proteins of transition during spermiogenesis in Scylliorhinus
      caniculus].
AB  - During dog-fish spermiogenesis, 2 basic nuclear protein transitions occur: the
      first from histones to spermatid-specific proteins S1 and S2, the second leading
      to protamines. S1, the most abundant transition protein, is a polypeptide
      containing 87 residues (Mr = 11,179 Da) whereas S2, the minor transition protein,
      contains 80 residues (Mr = 9,726 Da). The 2 proteins are mainly characterized by
      an asymmetry of the molecule, a very high content of basic residues, a relatively
      high level of hydrophobic residues and a cluster of acidic residues in the
      carboxy-terminal quarter of the molecule. The 2 proteins are phosphorylated on
      serine residues and the degree of phosphorylation is relatively important in
      protein S1. The 2 transition proteins are structurally unrelated to testis
      histones or sperm protamines and cannot be considered either as their proteolytic
      degradation products or as their precursors.

PMID- 2397032
TI  - [Effects of anabolics on the thermostimulated current spectrum in calf muscles].
AB  - The effects of growth substances (zeranol, trenbolone) on calf muscle (pectoralis
      transversus) have been studied with a recent physical method (thermostimulated
      current spectroscopy). This method appears promising for detecting meat from
      calves treated with such hormonal substances. The authors have hypothesized that
      the observed differences are related to protein modification, the nature of which
      is yet unknown. A complementary work is now in progress.

PMID- 2397033
TI  - Cell spreading on laminin substrate involves Con A-binding proteins.
AB  - Concanavalin A (Con A), a tetravalent lectin, was shown to impair 8 chick embryo
      fibroblast (8 d CEF) spreading on a laminin (LM) substrate but not on a
      fibronectin substrate (FN), suggesting that cell surface Con A binding proteins
      could be involved in 8 d CEF spreading on a LM substrate. The interaction of Con
      A-binding proteins with Con A is dependent upon the carbohydrate moieties of the
      isolated glycoproteins; since they interact strongly with Con A-Sepharose and are
      eluted with 0.3 Mol/l alpha-methylmannopyranoside, the isolated Con A binding
      proteins inhibit 8 d CEF adhesion to a Con A substrate to the same extent as
      alpha-methylmannopyranoside. Furthermore, the isolated Con A binding proteins
      specifically inhibit in a dose-dependent manner 8 d CEF spreading on LM but not
      on FN.

PMID- 2397034
TI  - [Respective roles of high and low molecular weight serum growth factors in the
      metabolism of proteoglycans and other cartilage macromolecules].
AB  - 35S radiolabeling allowed an evaluation to be made of neosynthesized
      macromolecules in chick embryo cartilage cultures. Activities for growth factors
      of high (serum retentate) or low (ultrafiltrate below 1,000) molecular weight
      (MW) were assessed in pelvic cartilage explants and in corresponding incubation
      media. In the absence of growth factor, 35S was mostly incorporated in
      glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) as regards the medium and for cartilage, in guanidinium
      chloride unextractable material. In retentate-enriched medium, 35S incorporation
      was enhanced in all cartilage GAGs while in the medium, stimulation essentially
      occurred in macromolecules other than GAGs. Low MW growth factors exclusively
      enhanced cartilage levels of macromolecules which were insoluble in guanidinium
      chloride. In the medium, these factors did not display any significant effect.
      These results indicate that human serum growth factors with high and low MW
      possess different metabolic targets at the cellular level.

PMID- 2397035
TI  - Evidence for a modulatory role of protein kinase C on glycosaminoglycan
      biosynthesis during the spontaneous differentiation of Caco-2 cells.
AB  - The role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the regulation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)
      sulfation was investigated during the spontaneous differentiation of Caco-2
      cells. The total cellular activity of PKC as well as its subcellular distribution
      was examined from d 5 (non-differentiated cells) to d 15 (enterocytic
      differentiated cells): during this period, PKC was redistributed from the
      membrane to the cytosol, but the amount of PKC activity was not modified. This
      redistribution of PKC was concomitant with an increase in 35S-sulfate
      incorporation in GAG. 4-beta phorbol 12 beta-myristate, 13-alpha acetate (PMA)
      and 1-2 dioctanoyl-glycerol (DIC8), 2 PKC activators, decreased 35S-sulfate
      incorporation in GAG; by contrast, 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13 didecanoate (4 alpha
      PDD), an inactive phorbol ester, proved to be ineffective. These results suggest
      that membrane-bound PKC which is the active form of the enzyme, may exert on GAG
      sulfation a modulatory role, which is gradually attenuated as Caco-2 cell
      differentiation progresses.

PMID- 2397036
TI  - The possible involvement of tubulin in transduction of the prolactin signal.
AB  - Prolactin has many different biological functions. It stimulates Nb2 cell
      multiplication through the kinase C transduction mechanism, casein secretion
      through the phospholipase A2-arachidonic acid-leukotrienes cascade and milk
      protein gene expression through an unknown mechanism. Colchicine and other
      tubulin binding drugs inhibit casein gene expression and DNA synthesis stimulated
      by prolactin whereas chemical compound which alter microtubule without binding
      tubulin exert no inhibitory effect. Myo-inositol which suppresses some of the
      colchicine actions in several biological systems does not restore prolactin
      action after an inhibition by the drug. These data suggest that a tubulin
      molecule in the vicinity of the prolactin receptor, rather than actual
      microtubules, is involved in the transduction of the prolactin message from its
      receptor to milk protein genes.

PMID- 2397037
TI  - [Effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin d3 on the morphology and alkaline phosphatase
      activity of ROS 17/2,8 osteoblastic cells: influence of time and dose].
AB  - Osteosarcoma-derived osteoblastic cells were exposed to 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3
      (1,25(OH)2D3) either to 0.001-1,000 nmol.l-1 for 4 days or to 10 nmol.-1 for 1-21
      days. Between 0.01 and 10 nmol.l-1, a dose-dependent increase in alkaline
      phosphatase (AP) activity was found, which rose to a maximum level at 10 nmol.l-1
      (+55%). At higher doses (100 and 1,000 nmol.l-1), 1,25(OH)2D3 induced a decrease
      in AP activity of 40%. After 1 day at 10 nmol.l-1 a slight increase in AP
      activity was noted (+20%) which augmented with the duration of exposure. This
      stimulatory effect was highest after 8 days (+130%). In contrast, after 15 and 21
      days, AP activity decreased by 30%. Under 1,25(OH)2D3, microtubules were observed
      mainly in the perinuclear region.

PMID- 2397038
TI  - Granulated metrial gland cells--interesting cells found in the pregnant uterus.

PMID- 2397039
TI  - Toward regulation of gonadal function by a synthetic hybrid molecule composed of
      gonadotropin and Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G.
AB  - A conjugate of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and Fc fragment of
      immunoglobulin G was prepared by covalent cross-linking using the
      heterobifunctional reagent, N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate. Mouse
      Leydig tumor cells expressing receptors for luteinizing hormone were specifically
      lysed in vitro as a consequence of complement fixation via the Fc component of
      the hybrid molecule. Furthermore, administration of HCG-Fc to rams caused an
      acute depression in circulatory testosterone. This novel concept of targeted
      inhibition of gonadal function could prove to have future applications in control
      of reproductive processes.

PMID- 2397040
TI  - Lymphocyte-derived progesterone-induced blocking factor corrects resorption in a
      murine abortion system.
AB  - An anti-abortive effect of a progesterone-induced blocking factor has been shown
      in the CBA/J x DBA/2 abortion system. I.p. injections of pregnant mice on days
      7.5, 9.5, and 11.5 of gestation with dialyzed supernatants from progesterone
      treated murine pregnancy spleen cells (but not from control ones) significantly
      (P less than 0.01) reduced the resorption rate from 47.7% in the untreated
      animals to 20.7%.

PMID- 2397041
TI  - Altered humoral immunoregulation during human pregnancy.
AB  - The in vitro production of immunoglobulins in response to stimulation with
      pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and fixed/killed Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 (SAC) was
      measured in conjunction with in vivo assays of plasma immunoglobulin levels to
      examine the quality and quantity of humoral immunity during human pregnancy and
      at parturition. Following stimulation with PWM, there is a significant
      enhancement of in vitro immunoglobulin-G (IgG) production during pregnancy.
      Following stimulation with PWM and SAC, there was a significant reduction in in
      vitro immunoglobulin-M (IgM) production immediately following parturition. There
      was a significant decrease in the plasma levels of IgG during pregnancy, although
      no change in the plasma levels of IgM were observed. The decrease in plasma
      immunoglobulin levels during pregnancy cannot be explained as the result of
      hemodilution and transplacental transfer. Altered humoral immunoregulation is the
      most likely means whereby an increase in immunoglobulin production during human
      pregnancy could occur. The possible effects of this on the outcome of pregnancy
      are discussed.

PMID- 2397042
TI  - Metastatic disease of the spine.

PMID- 2397043
TI  - Familial intracranial aneurysms: report of five families.
AB  - Five families are reported in which 13 members suffered aneurysmal subarachnoid
      haemorrhage. The presentation of five of these patients in a 12-month period
      suggests that familial aneurysms may be more common than previously reported. The
      clinico-pathological features of these patients are reviewed with reference to
      previously reported families. The putative roles of dietary factors, Type III
      collagen deficiency, smoking, oral contraceptive ingestion and hypertension in
      the aetiology of familial aneurysms are discussed.

PMID- 2397044
TI  - Pre- and postoperative motor conduction times, measured using magnetic
      stimulation, in patients with cervical spondylosis.
AB  - Motor conduction time (MCT) between head and neck in pathways to abductor digiti
      minimi was measured pre- and postoperatively in 15 patients. There was a
      significant improvement in MCTs in patients with myelopathy who improved
      clinically, but preoperative MCTs provided no clear, predictive information.
      Magnetic stimulation may be of value in quantifying motor function before and
      after surgery in patients with cervical spondylosis.

PMID- 2397045
TI  - Emergency surgery for haematoma-forming aneurysmal haemorrhage.
AB  - Patients with intracerebral haematomas (ICH) secondary to aneurysmal bleeds
      usually have a poor prognosis or die if treated conservatively. Younger patients
      with rupture of a middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm and temporal haematomas
      have the potential to return to useful life. They should be assessed separately
      from other subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) patients and considered for emergency
      surgery. Seven such cases are presented, five made an acceptable recovery. The
      experience of other units as represented in the literature is considered.

PMID- 2397046
TI  - Prognosis for recovery of bladder function following lumbar central disc
      prolapse.
AB  - From a retrospective review of 932 patients undergoing surgery for prolapsed
      lumbar intervertebral disc a group of 33 cases with acute urinary retention was
      studied. There was no identifiable factor which predisposed this subgroup of
      patients to cauda equina compression. The mean duration of bladder paralysis
      prior to operation was 3.6 days. Ultimately almost 79% of patients claimed full
      recovery of bladder function, but only 22% were left without sensory deficit in
      the limbs or perineum. There was no correlation between recovery and the duration
      of bladder paralysis before surgery, except in three patients in whom there was
      no sciatica and where the correct diagnosis was delayed for many days. Retention
      developing less than 48 h after an acute prolapse was associated with a poorer
      prognosis. Despite claims that bladder paralysis should be treated with the same
      urgency as an extradural haematoma, there is no evidence in this study or in the
      literature to support the view that emergency surgery has any bearing upon the
      degree of clinical recovery. The exception may be if decompression can be
      undertaken within 6 h, the time estimated for axonal ischaemia to become
      irreversible. This should not however engender complacency in the management of
      this condition, which still requires prompt treatment. Whilst any apparent delay
      to surgery may have medicolegal implications should the patient fail to recover
      completely, in the majority of cases the die is cast at the time the prolapse
      occurs.

PMID- 2397047
TI  - Intracranial epidermoid tumours: thirty-seven years of diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - The clinical, operative and pathological characteristics of 102 consecutive cases
      of intracranial epidermoid tumours are reported. These cases constituted 1.1% of
      all intracranial tumours and 13.5% of congenital neoplasma admitted to our
      service in the period 1951-88. Of 91 (89.2%) intradural tumours, 74 (72.5%) were
      in the subarachnoid cisterns, especially in the cerebellopontine angle cistern
      (31 cases). The tumours were solid in 69 cases (67.6%) and cystic in 26 (25.5%);
      the remaining 7 cases were not recorded. There were no specific clinical features
      with which to identify the nature and extent of the tumour. Diagnosis and
      treatment are described, with an evaluation of CT and MRI. Before 1981, total
      removal rate of tumour was 29.3%; after that date it was 72.7% with the aid of
      microsurgery. The overall surgical mortality rate was 4.9% (5 cases), but there
      were no deaths in the microsurgical group. Follow-up for a period of 0.5-37 years
      (mean 13 years) was carried out in 68 patients (70.1%). Among 24 patients with
      incomplete removal, recurrence of tumour was verified in 4 cases; 3 underwent
      reoperation with excellent or good results. One patient refused operation and
      died. All the remaining 20 cases, save 3 who died of other diseases, returned to
      their normal activities without recurrent manifestations. The results suggest
      that the primary treatment of epidermoid tumours should be surgical removal
      including the contents and capsule of a tumour. With the aid of microsurgical
      technique, complete removal is possible. Patients with incomplete removal can
      also obtain a long-term favourable result.

PMID- 2397048
TI  - Serpentine aneurysm of the posterior circulation: report of two cases.
AB  - Giant serpentine aneurysms form a subgroup of giant intracranial aneurysms with
      specific radiological and surgical features. Previous reports have stressed the
      predilection of these lesions for the carotid circulation, particularly the
      middle cerebral artery. Two cases of serpentine aneurysm affecting the posterior
      circulation are reported and the problems of diagnosis and treatment of this
      lesion are discussed.

PMID- 2397049
TI  - Pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging in Lhermitte-Duclos disease.
AB  - A 30-year-old woman presented with a 2.5 year history of symptoms and signs of
      raised intracranial pressure and unsteadiness of gait. CT showed a non-enhancing
      hypodense mass lesion in the left cerebellar hemisphere with compression and
      displacement of the fourth ventricle to the right and hydrocephalus of the third
      and lateral ventricles. Magnetic resonance imaging showed increased signal
      intensity in the mass lesion with the preservation of the gyral pattern on T2
      weighted sequence. Imaging after gadolinium-DTPA injection showed non-enhancement
      and slight hypointensity of the lesion on T1 weighted sequence. These MRI
      findings are helpful in the preoperative diagnosis of Lhermitte-Duclos disease
      and allow the planning of an appropriate line of treatment for this rare
      condition.

PMID- 2397050
TI  - Spontaneous haemorrhage in a cerebellar abscess: a unique complication.
AB  - A case of spontaneous haemorrhage in a cerebellar abscess is reported. Only two
      reports of this complication have been found in the literature. An incidental
      acoustic schwannoma was also found close to the abscess.

PMID- 2397051
TI  - Pasteurella multocida: a rare case of shunt infection.
AB  - Pasteurella multocida, the major pathogen following an animal bite, is a rare
      cause of intracranial infection. This report documents the first case of
      ventriculo-peritoneal shunt infection with Pasteurella multocida.

PMID- 2397052
TI  - Primary germinoma of the posterior fossa with CSF and extracranial metastases.
AB  - We describe the case of a 1-year-old boy presenting clinically and radiologically
      with a haematoma occurring in the cerebellum. Histological examination revealed a
      germ cell tumour with a pure germinomatous component. The patient subsequently
      succumbed with extensive tumour metastases in the spinal cord and the
      subcutaneous tissues of the scalp. This represents the first comprehensive
      documented report of a germinoma arising in the posterior fossa.

PMID- 2397053
TI  - Detection of vasopressin mRNA in cells of the medial amygdala but not the locus
      coeruleus by in situ hybridization.
AB  - Vasopressin (AVP)-immunoreactive cells have been previously reported in the
      medial amygdala (AME) and in the locus coeruleus (LC). The present study was
      designed to verify the presence of AVP-synthesizing neurons in these areas using
      in situ hybridization histochemistry. A 35S-labelled oligonucleotide probe,
      complementary to the glycopeptide portion of the vasopressin-encoding mRNA, was
      used to label cells expressing the AVP gene in brain sections from male Wistar
      rats. AVP mRNA-positive cells were identified in the AME and were located
      throughout the anterodorsal and posterodorsal aspect of the nucleus. Cells in the
      LC, however, did not exhibit labelling for the glycopeptide portion of the AVP
      gene. The highest density of labelled cells in the medial amygdala occurred 2.30
      to 2.80 mm caudal to bregma. The labelling intensity of the cells averaged 53.8
      +/- 3.9 grains/cells and was constant throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the
      AME. These data demonstrate the presence of AVP-synthesizing cells in the AME and
      provide a method for quantifying their activity. In addition, these data suggest
      that the cells in the LC may not synthesize vasopressin.

PMID- 2397054
TI  - Experimental infection of macaques with HIV-2ben, a novel HIV-2 isolate.
AB  - Ten rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and six fascicularis (Macaca fascicularis) macaques
      were inoculated with HIV-2ben using three different virus preparations and two
      routes of inoculation. Thirteen of the 16 inoculated macaques seroconverted 2-6
      weeks after infection. Three M. mulatta remained seronegative. The seroconverted
      animals developed antibody titres from 80 to 40,000. Their antibodies reacted
      with gp160 and gp130 and, in varying degrees, with gp32 and core proteins. Virus
      could be re-isolated from 11 of the 16 macaques. M. mulatta were transiently
      viraemic 6-14 weeks after infection whereas all M. fascicularis were persistently
      viraemic 2-7 weeks after infection onwards. In the 6-18 months after infection
      one M. mulatta lost 20% of its body weight and two M. fascicularis showed
      transient lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly; the other animals remained clinically
      normal. A re-isolated virus from a M. mulatta was indistinguishable from the
      inoculated HIV-2ben by genomic restriction enzyme analysis. M. mulatta and M.
      fascicularis are infectable by a single intravenous injection of cell-free HIV
      2ben. Persistent viraemia in M. fascicularis represents a valuable and reliable
      parameter for studies on antivirals and vaccines.

PMID- 2397055
TI  - Murine immunoglobulin G anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies bind to primary human
      monocytes and macrophages through Fc receptors as well as authentic CD4.
AB  - Using Western blot and fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, we
      demonstrated that primary human monocytes and culture-derived macrophages express
      low levels of authentic CD4 antigen. The plasma membrane Fc receptor (FcR) on
      mononuclear phagocytes plays a major role in the binding of murine immunoglobulin
      G2 alpha anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (MAb), and contributes to binding of other
      subclasses. The FcR detected shows an increase in apparent molecular weight from
      60 to 70 kD over 2 weeks in culture. U937 cells resemble T lymphocytes, rather
      than primary monocytes/macrophages, in expressing relatively high levels of CD4;
      FcR contributes little to the signal. The potential bivalent interactions between
      immunoglobulin G and receptors such as CD4 and FcR could influence the binding
      and fate of HIV in primary monocytes/macrophages.

PMID- 2397056
TI  - DNA amplification of HIV-1 in seropositive individuals and in seronegative at
      risk individuals.
AB  - We assessed the HIV-1 status of seropositive and seronegative at-risk individuals
      by the polymerase chain reaction. Fifty-four out of 55 HIV-1-seropositive samples
      scored positive. However, HIV-1 proviral DNA was not detected in 16 seronegative
      homosexuals, 20 seronegative polytransfused haemophiliacs and 20 seronegative
      thalassaemic children, 20 individuals with isolated and persistent anti-core
      antibodies and 74 seronegative blood donors. These data indicate that positive
      HIV-1 DNA is likely to be an exceptional phenomenon in HIV-seronegative people.

PMID- 2397057
TI  - The Edinburgh cohort of HIV-positive drug users: current intellectual function is
      impaired, but not due to early AIDS dementia complex.
AB  - Eighty people, all infected by HIV-contaminated drug injection equipment between
      1983 and 1984, completed the National Adult Reading Test (NART) and selected
      revised Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R) subtests. Demographic
      variables (age, sex, years of education, and social class) were recorded as
      additional indices of premorbid functioning. Cross-sectional comparison of NART
      and WAIS-R scores showed that cognitive function was not more impaired with
      increasing severity of HIV illness, as defined by clinical staging. Nor were HIV
      positive patients more impaired than a control group of seronegative drug users.
      Mean NART scores did not differ significantly from that predicted by a regression
      model, indicating that the NART can be reliably used to estimate premorbid
      intelligence for this population. However, current performance on WAIS-R subtests
      was below that expected from population models of cognitive function that combine
      measures of premorbid IQ and demographic factors, providing evidence of impaired
      intellectual function. Currently observed cognitive deficits are probably more
      due to drug use than to the insidious onset of AIDS dementia complex.

PMID- 2397058
TI  - Behavioural changes in intravenous drug users in Geneva: rise and fall of HIV
      infection, 1980-1989.
AB  - In the early 1980s, more than 90% of intravenous drug users (IVDUs) shared
      needles and syringes in Geneva. The prevalence of antibodies to HIV in the sera
      of outpatient IVDUs increased from 6% in 1981 to 38% in 1983; it was, however,
      still only 37% in 1988. IVDUs starting methadone maintenance in 1987-1989 had a
      seroprevalence rate of 22%. In 1989 the percentage of IVDUs exchanging syringes
      and needles fell to only 5% of seropositive addicts. Only one seroconversion was
      observed in 1094 patient-months of observation in 1988-1989, which was probably
      due to sexual contact. The evidence suggests that, in the IDVUs studied,
      transmission of HIV has diminished since the early 1980s.

PMID- 2397059
TI  - HIV and infant feeding practices: epidemiological implications for sub-Saharan
      African countries.
AB  - In industrialized countries HIV-1-seropositive mothers who are nursing infants
      are advised to use artificial feeds, whilst HIV-infected women in the developing
      world are recommended to breast-feed. Current evidence is insufficient even to
      estimate the attributable risk associated with breast-feeding. There is a
      possibility that the policy promoted in industrialized societies will eventually
      become established in urban and peri-urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa. This may
      be defensible for some elite urban mothers providing safe artificial feeding.
      However, calculations of the consequence of any population-level change to bottle
      feeding indicate that it would result in more deaths from infectious causes,
      substantially adding to the child deaths directly attributable to HIV-1
      infection. These data demonstrate that there is a clear need for policy-makers
      and health care workers to undertake further promotion of breast-feeding despite
      the AIDS epidemic.

PMID- 2397060
TI  - The impact of HIV-1 infection on child survival in the developing world.
AB  - In this study we have used a mathematical projections model and HIV-1
      seroprevalence data from samples of pregnant women to estimate infant HIV-1
      infection prevalence and HIV-1-attributable mortality among children. This paper
      presents the results of samples from six developing country capitals and
      Martinique. The estimated impact of HIV-1 infection on overall infant mortality
      is low in regions where maternal HIV-1 seroprevalence is low and overall infant
      mortality is high, but substantial in locations where either maternal HIV-1
      seroprevalence is high, or where maternal HIV-1 seroprevalence is moderate and
      overall infant mortality is low. The estimates for child (ages 1-4 years) and
      under-5 mortality suggest that the impact of HIV-1 infection on overall mortality
      in children may exceed the impact on infant mortality. The recent gains made in
      ensuring child survival are likely to be increasingly reversed in regions where
      HIV-1 infection is being transmitted in a substantial proportion of pregnancies
      and births.

PMID- 2397061
TI  - The HIV epidemic and changes in the use of contraception among Norwegian
      adolescents.
AB  - In order to describe the use of contraception and changes due to HIV/AIDS, a
      population-based survey of 3000 Norwegian adolescents aged 17-19 years old was
      conducted, with a response rate of 60.9%. At first intercourse, 29.2% of the
      girls and 33.3% of the boys reported using no contraception, while 44.4% of the
      girls and 39.7% of the boys reported using a condom. We observed an increase in
      the use of condoms in the years 1985-1988, which was reflected by 34.4% of the 19
      year-olds having used a condom at their first intercourse, compared with 43.3 and
      47.5% among the 18- and 17-year-olds, respectively. A logistic model showed that
      non-use of contraception was particularly associated with a low age at first
      experience of intercourse and consumption of alcohol immediately beforehand,
      while an increase in age at first intercourse and not having consumed alcohol
      before that occasion increased the likelihood of condom use.

PMID- 2397062
TI  - Gallium-67 scan for distinguishing follicular hyperplasia from other AIDS
      associated diseases in lymph nodes.
AB  - We have studied gallium-67 citrate scan (Ga-67) in the diagnosis of
      lymphadenopathy in patients with HIV-associated symptoms. Thirty HIV-infected
      patients with lymphadenopathy, fever and/or weight loss were evaluated with Ga
      67. Lymph-node biopsy and/or needle aspirations were done in all patients. Twelve
      of 17 patients with grade 2 or 3 Ga-67 (uptake equal to or greater than that in
      the liver) had mycobacteriosis, three had lymphoma, one had Kaposi's sarcoma plus
      Castleman's disease and one had follicular hyperplasia. The three patients with
      grade 1 Ga-67 (uptake greater than that in soft tissue but less than that in the
      liver) had follicular hyperplasia. Of the 10 patients with grade 0 Ga-67 (less
      than or equal to that in soft tissue), nine had follicular hyperplasia and one
      had Kaposi's sarcoma. Sixteen of 17 patients with grade 2 or 3 Ga-67 versus one
      of 13 with Ga-67 grade 1 or 0 had diseases other than follicular hyperplasia (P
      less than 0.0001). Ga-67 may be a practical diagnostic tool in HIV-infected
      patients with lymphadenopathy and constitutional symptoms. A grade 1 or 0 Ga-67
      suggests the presence of follicular hyperplasia, and lymph-node biopsy may be
      avoided unless Kaposi's sarcoma is suspected.

PMID- 2397063
TI  - The value of barium enema and colonoscopy in patients infected with HIV.
AB  - Double contrast barium enema (DCBE) and colonoscopy were prospectively compared
      with rigid sigmoidoscopy, rectal biopsy and microbiological examination in the
      analysis of stool specimens in 58 HIV-1-infected patients with diarrhoea (more
      than three liquid motions/day for greater than 1 month). In 26 patients no cause
      for the diarrhoea was found. In 17 patients the cause of diarrhoea was
      microbiological, and in 19 rectal histology provided a specific diagnosis. In all
      these patients sigmoidoscopic appearances were abnormal except in those with
      Cryptosporidium alone. Colonoscopy provided additional information in only one
      individual, with cytomegalovirus ulcers of the transverse colon. DCBE was
      abnormal in only seven cases (cytomegalovirus in three, Kaposi's sarcoma in two,
      Giardia lamblia in two) and in no case provided additional information. A
      combination of stool microbiology and rectal histology gave a sensitivity of 97%
      with a positive predictive value of 100%. The sensitivities of DCBE and
      colonoscopy with histology were low (16 and 62%, respectively) although the
      specificity for each test was high, with high positive predictive values. We
      conclude that neither barium enema nor colonoscopy add usefully to rigid
      sigmoidoscopic biopsy and stool microscopy in HIV-positive patients with
      diarrhoea.

PMID- 2397064
TI  - Seronegative disseminated coccidioidomycosis in patients with HIV infection.
AB  - Serologic testing for complement-fixing antibodies to Coccidioides immitis is
      commonly employed to assist in the diagnosis and management of this infection,
      but its usefulness in an HIV-coinfected population is unknown. In this study we
      reviewed all the mycologically or histologically proven cases of disseminated C.
      immitis infection after 1982. Disseminated C. immitis and proven HIV infection
      were present in eight patients. We performed serum complement-fixing antibody
      titers on all eight patients, six of whom gave positive tests, while two patients
      (25%) gave repeatedly negative results despite widely disseminated disease. We
      conclude that histopathology and culture remain the most reliable methods for the
      diagnosis of disseminated coccidioidomycosis in the HIV-infected host.

PMID- 2397065
TI  - The bright spot about AIDS: it is very tough to catch.

PMID- 2397066
TI  - HIV infection, race, and drug-treatment history.

PMID- 2397067
TI  - Age preference in sexual choice and HIV transmission.

PMID- 2397068
TI  - Subdural haematoma--a complication of myelography in a patient with AIDS.

PMID- 2397069
TI  - Diclazuril in the treatment of severe cryptosporidial diarrhoea in AIDS patients.

PMID- 2397070
TI  - Island of hope.

PMID- 2397071
TI  - An improved urinary sheath.

PMID- 2397072
TI  - The working week.

PMID- 2397073
TI  - Achieving continence.

PMID- 2397075
TI  - Home sweet home.

PMID- 2397074
TI  - Accounting for change.

PMID- 2397076
TI  - Trouble in mind.

PMID- 2397077
TI  - Practice makes perfect.

PMID- 2397078
TI  - A gift of time.

PMID- 2397080
TI  - Teenager wins award. Interview by Maura McNally.

PMID- 2397079
TI  - Freedom fighters.

PMID- 2397081
TI  - The ageing process.

PMID- 2397082
TI  - In our house.

PMID- 2397083
TI  - Private eyes move in.

PMID- 2397084
TI  - Changes in pituitary-adrenal activity affect the apomorphine- and cholecystokinin
      8-induced changes in striatal dopamine release using microdialysis.
AB  - The effects of apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg, i.p.) and cholecystokinin-8 (sulphated;
      CCK-8) were analyzed on the levels of dopamine and its metabolites using
      intrastriatal microdialysis in the adrenalectomized rat with or without
      corticosterone replacement treatment (5 mg/kg, twice daily for 7 days, last dose
      given 2 h before killing). Adrenalectomy did not affect the basal release of
      dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) or homovanillic acid (HVA).
      However, the apomorphine-induced decrease in dopamine release was attenuated
      following adrenalectomy. Furthermore, there was an enhancement of the apomorphine
      induced decrease in DOPAC levels without any modulation of the apomorphine
      induced effects on HVA levels. In contrast, the CCK-8-induced increase in
      dopamine levels was potentiated following adrenalectomy. This potentiation was
      fully counteracted by replacement treatment with corticosterone. These results
      indicate that corticosterone may be involved in the regulation of dopamine
      release, perhaps through glucocorticoid receptors in nigral dopamine cells
      controlling inter alia the synthesis of G-proteins involved in the regulation of
      dopamine autoreceptors and CCK-8 receptors located on dopamine nerve terminals or
      of the receptor proteins themselves.

PMID- 2397085
TI  - Biosynthesis of salsolinol, a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid, in healthy
      subjects.
AB  - The R enantiomer of salsolinol was detected in the urine of two out of six
      healthy subjects, whereas 1,2-dehydrosalsolinol was present in the urine of all
      the subjects. (S)-salsolinol was never detected. Administration of Madopar for 7
      days resulted in the presence of large amounts of (R)- and (S)-salsolinol in the
      urine of five out of the six subjects, the urinary excretion of 1,2
      dehydrosalsolinol being generally not markedly increased. The presence of 1,2
      dehydrosalsolinol in urine suggests that the biosynthesis of salsolinol in
      healthy volunteers should occur by condensation of dopamine with pyruvic acid, in
      keeping with Hahn's hypothesis. The absence of salsolinol in the urine of one
      subject after Madopar administration seems to indicate that the biological
      system(s) involved in the reduction of the C = N bond in 1,2-dehydrosalsolinol
      can be missing or not, or poorly, functional in some individuals, and suggests
      that there is no alternative pathway for the formation of salsolinol in healthy
      volunteers.

PMID- 2397087
TI  - [The Fifth Conference on Mitral Valve Prolapse. Tokushima, July 15-16, 1989].

PMID- 2397086
TI  - Plasma and CSF tryptophan in cancer anorexia.
AB  - Eighteen untreated cancer patients and ten sex- and age-matched healthy
      volunteers were studied. In all patients eating behavior was investigated by
      means of a specific questionnaire from which the presence of anorexia and
      anorexia-related symptoms was assessed. To investigate the role of tryptophan in
      cancer anorexia, fasting plasma and CSF levels of tryptophan and other neutral
      amino acids were assayed in patients and controls. Cancer patients showed
      abnormally high plasma free tryptophan levels. In case of patients with cancer
      anorexia a significant rise of the ratio in plasma between free and
      tryptophan/large neutral amino acids, competing with tryptophan for its brain
      entry, was observed. This increase was correlated to a consistent rise of CSF
      tryptophan levels suggesting a specific role of the serotoninergic system in the
      pathogenesis of cancer anorexia.

PMID- 2397088
TI  - [A case of mitral valve prolapse associated with unusual posterior wall motion of
      the left ventricle: where has the myocardial theory gone?].
AB  - A case with mitral valve prolapse was reported in which unusual movement of the
      posterior left ventricular wall was observed. The patient was a 45-year-old
      woman. Physical examination revealed loud multiple clicks at the apex. An
      electrocardiogram revealed T wave inversion in leads 2, 3 and aVF. Two
      dimensional and M-mode echocardiography disclosed mid-systolic buckling of the
      mitral valve and late systolic 'dip' in the posterior wall of the left ventricle.
      An exaggerated excursion of the posterior wall during early diastole was also
      recorded by M-mode echocardiography. Pulsed and M-mode color Doppler
      echocardiography detected unusual anterograde flow near the mitral valve. This
      flow coincided well in timing with the early diastolic exaggerated excursion of
      the posterior wall. A discussion was made on the relation between abnormal left
      ventricular wall motion and mitral valve prolapse.

PMID- 2397089
TI  - [Mitral valve prolapse as an initial clinical feature of dilated cardiomyopathy:
      report of two cases].
AB  - Two cases with mitral valve prolapse (MVP), without any other cardiac
      abnormalities at the initial evaluation, developed the clinical features mimic to
      dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) during follow-up period. Case 1. A 40-year-old man
      visited our hospital in May 1982 to evaluate a heart murmur. A standard 12-lead
      electrocardiogram (ECG) showed an abnormal Q wave in lead III. Echocardiography
      revealed MVP, but neither dilatation nor wall motion abnormality of the left
      ventricle (LV) were observed. Thallium-201 scintigraphy revealed an abnormal
      thallium uptake at the apex and inferior wall. He had no episode of acute
      myocardial infarction or myocarditis, but complete right bundle branch block
      developed, thus, he was hospitalized in October 1984. He had no coronary artery
      lesions, and had only mild mitral regurgitation on left ventriculography. The
      motion of the interventricular septum and apex was reduced on echocardiogram and
      a persistent perfusion defect was observed at the inferior wall and the
      interventricular septum on Tl-201 scintigrams. In December 1985, he experienced
      an Adams-Stokes attack due to complete atrioventricular block.
      Echocardiographically, the left ventricle enlarged, and the wall motion
      abnormalities and a perfusion defect on Tl-201 scintigrams were relatively
      severe. Case 2. A 46-year-old woman occasionally experienced palpitation of short
      duration and chest oppression since 1977. She was admitted to our hospital
      because of cardiac symptoms in 1982. A heart murmur of Levine II was heard and a
      standard 12-lead ECG showed single supraventricular extrasystole and T wave
      inversion in lead III and aVF. Echocardiography revealed MVP and mild mitral
      regurgitation, but neither dilatation nor wall motion abnormality of the LV was
      observed. During 6-year follow-up period, permanent atrial fibrillation developed
      and LV developed dilatation and wall motion abnormalities progressed. Thus,
      during follow-up periods, DCM-like features developed in two cases who had had
      MVP as a sole echocardiographic abnormality with systolic murmur and non-specific
      ECG changes. We consider that these two may be important cases who may show a
      relation between cardiomyopathic process and MVP.

PMID- 2397090
TI  - [Morphological observation of the mitral annulus fibrosus in patients with mitral
      valve prolapse].
AB  - Sixteen cases of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) with mitral regurgitation (MR) in
      the aged (mainly in their eighth and ninth decades) with both clinical and
      pathological evidences were investigated. One hundred autopsy cases served as the
      control. The longitudinally-sectioned mitral annulus fibrosus was pathologically
      studied in all with special reference to the atrium-valve disjunction reported by
      Hutchins. Morphologically, the mitral annulus fibrosus was classified either as
      type A (the mitral valve attaches to the left ventricle), type B (the mitral
      valve attaches to the left atrium: Hutchins' disjunction), type C (the atrialis
      continues to the left atrium and the fibrosa to the left ventricle), or type D
      (mitral annulus calcification). Type B was observed in only 31% of the MVP cases,
      whereas it was seen in 43% of the control cases. It was concluded that Hutchins'
      observation could not be regarded as the characteristic pathological finding of
      MVP.

PMID- 2397091
TI  - [On the mechanisms of mitral regurgitation in rheumatic mitral valve disease:
      with special reference to the role of mitral valve prolapse].
AB  - To assess the role of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) in the pathogenesis of mitral
      regurgitation (MR) in rheumatic mitral valve disease (RMD), we performed
      phonocardiography (PCG), transthoracic and transesophageal two-dimensional and
      color Doppler (CD) echocardiography in 22 patients with RMD including three with
      pure mitral stenosis (MS), 11 with predominant MS, six with predominant MR and
      two with pure MR. Results were as follows: 1. Prolapse of the mitral valve (MV)
      was differentiated from systolic ballooning of the whole MV by the findings that
      the anterior leaflet's tip (rough zone) protruded into the left atrium with an
      acute angle between the body (clear zone) and rough zones of the anterior MV and
      that the posterior leaflet protruded markedly above the level of the mitral ring.
      2. MR was detected in six patients (slight MR) by only the CD method and in 13
      (mild, moderate or greater MR) by both the PCG and CD methods. 3. MR was absent
      or slight in five patients (three of pure MS and two of predominant MS) without
      valve thickening and with systolic ballooning of the whole valve due to
      commissural fusion. 4. Mitral valve abnormalities related to significant (mild,
      moderate or severe) MR were dependent on valve thickening (five patients),
      prolapse of the leaflet's tip toward the left atrium (four), or both (four). 5.
      An apical systolic click was found in only one of the nine patients with systolic
      ballooning, but in four of 11 with MVP. 6. The MR murmur in six of the nine
      patients with valve thickening showed the decrescendo or flat contour, but that
      in four of the eight patients with MVP showed a crescendo contour. From these
      results, we concluded that mitral valve prolapse should be considered as one of
      the important causes of mitral regurgitation in rheumatic mitral valve disease.

PMID- 2397092
TI  - [Mental stress echocardiography for patients with mitral valve prolapse].
AB  - Our clinical experience suggests that anxiety may provoke the augmentation of the
      degree of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and change the mitral inflow velocity
      pattern in patients with MVP. To evaluate this systematically, we recorded 2
      dimensional (2-D) and pulsed wave Doppler echocardiograms during acute mental
      stress in eight patients with MVP and eight age-matched normal subjects. Acute
      mental stress was administered by applying arithmetical task or reminding each
      patient of their most uncomfortable memories. Heart rate and blood pressure were
      significantly increased during mental stress and returned to the control level
      within a few minutes after its release in both groups. 2-D and Doppler
      echocardiograms were constantly recorded before, during and after acute mental
      stress. MVP was prominently augmented during mental stress in three of the eight
      patients. During mental stress, the mitral inflow velocity decreased in the rapid
      filling phase (R) and increased in the atrial filling phase (A), resulting in
      significant increase of the A/R in seven of the eight patients with MVP,
      especially in the patients associated with an increase of MVP. In normal
      subjects, mitral valve prolapse did not develop and the A/R was minimally
      increased or remained almost the same during mental stress. In conclusion, mental
      stress echocardiography seems to be a useful provocation test for the assessment
      of MVP and it is further expected to propose a lot of potential applications as a
      new method of stress echocardiography.

PMID- 2397093
TI  - [Progression of idiopathic mitral valve prolapse estimated by echocardiography].
AB  - To evaluate the progression of idiopathic mitral valve prolapse (MVP), a long
      time follow-up study (mean 7.1 years) was performed using echocardiography in 27
      cases (11 males, 16 females, mean age: 50.4 years). Morphological changes, the
      degree of prolapse of the mitral valve, left atrial dimension (LAD) and left
      ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVDd) were estimated at the first and last
      examinations. The degree of prolapse was assessed by measuring the distance of
      the dislocation between the anterior and posterior leaflets at the area of
      coaptation (degree I:5 mm or less, degree II: 6 to 10 mm, degree III: 11 mm or
      greater). The results were as follows: 1. The degree of prolapse did not progress
      in all 27 cases. 2. LAD increased with an advance of age. A remarkable increase
      of LAD was recorded in cases older than 45 years with atrial fibrillation or
      prolapse of degree II and III or with ruptured chordae tendineae. 3. The mitral
      ring was enlarged over 5 mm in six of 15 cases with prolapse of degree II and
      III. 4. Mitral regurgitation evaluated by Doppler echocardiography in patients
      with posterior leaflet prolapse was more severe than that in patients with
      anterior leaflet prolapse in the last examination. 5. LVDd increased gradually.
      In the present study, LAD was increased in most cases of MVP and it seemed to
      depend on complications (atrial fibrillation and ruptured chordae tendineae) or
      severity of regurgitation rather than the degree of prolapse.

PMID- 2397094
TI  - [Prognosis of elderly patients with mitral valve prolapse: the difference between
      Japanese and English patients].
AB  - Clinical pictures and prognosis in 24 patients (nine males, 15 females) with
      mitral valve prolapse (MVP) aged 60 years and older were examined at our
      institution. Valvular redundancy was noted in seven (29%) of the 24 patients.
      During a follow-up period of 38 +/- 18 months, four patients had mitral valve
      replacement and one died of congestive heart failure due to severe mitral
      regurgitation (MR). There was no episode of embolism or sudden death. Among 80
      patients (47 males, 33 females) with MVP aged 60 years and older at St. George's
      Hospital in England, on the other hand, valvular redundancy was noted in 49 (61%)
      of 80 patients. During the same follow-up period of 39 +/- 28 months, 18 patients
      underwent surgery and seven patients died of heart failure (31%). There were 11
      patients who had embolism (14%), but no sudden death. Although there was no
      significant difference in the incidence of severe MR in these two groups,
      valvular redundancy and embolism were less frequent in Japanese patients at our
      institution than the English patients in St. George's Hospital. These differences
      should be taken into consideration when one evaluates clinical profiles and
      prognosis of elderly MVP patients.

PMID- 2397095
TI  - [Valve reconstruction for mitral regurgitation secondary to mitral valve
      prolapse].
AB  - This study was performed to evaluate the late results of mitral valve replacement
      for isolated mitral regurgitation and the early results of mitral valve
      reconstruction for mitral regurgitation secondary to mitral valve prolapse.
      Between January 1974 and March 1989, 106 patients underwent isolated mitral valve
      replacement for mitral regurgitation. There were 54 male and 52 female patients
      ranging in age at operation from 22 to 76 years (average: 50.2 years). Mitral
      valve replacement with the Carpentier-Edwards bioprosthesis was performed in 55
      patients and with the Bjork-Shiley disc valve in 51 patients. The follow-up
      period ranged from four to 182 months with a mean of 64 months. There were three
      hospital deaths (2.8%). The actuarial survival including hospital deaths were
      94.0% at five years and 89.3% at 10 years. The event-free rate was 75.5% at five
      years and 51.8% at 10 years. There was no significant differences in these
      results between two prosthetic valve groups. Because of high incidence of
      prosthetic valve-related events, mitral valve reconstruction for mitral
      regurgitation was performed in recent two years. Twenty patients had mitral
      reconstructive surgery. There were 11 male and nine female patients ranging in
      age at operation from 22 to 70 years (average: 54.4 years). Two had elongated
      chordae and 18 had torn chordae (anterior leaflet; four cases, posterior leaflet;
      14 cases). There was no hospital and late death. One had reoperation because of
      severe hemolysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397096
TI  - Mechanism and localization of cardiolipin biosynthesis revisited: evidence for
      the identical mechanism and different localization in mitochondrial and
      submitochondrial membranes isolated from guinea pig and rat liver.
AB  - The mechanism of cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) biosynthesis was examined
      in mitochondria and outer and inner mitochondrial membranes prepared from guinea
      pig and rat livers to determine whether this formation from phosphatidylglycerol
      was absolutely dependent on cytidinediphosphodiglyceride, as previously reported
      for intact mitochondria. Experimental results confirmed that the biosynthesis of
      cardiolipin, from the membrane-bound radioactive phosphatidylglycerol in intact
      mitochondria isolated from guinea pig and rat liver, was absolutely dependent on
      CDP-diglycerides and required the addition of divalent cations. Furthermore, the
      same mechanism for the biosynthesis of cardiolipin was operational in the outer
      and inner mitochondrial membranes. This biosynthesis was associated with both the
      outer and inner mitochondrial membranes prepared from guinea pig liver, but only
      with the inner mitochondrial membranes prepared from rat liver. The release of
      radioactive glycerol was also measured, but the amount obtained did not satisfy
      the stoichiometric requirement for CDP-diglyceride-independent biosynthesis of
      cardiolipin from 2 mol of phosphatidylglycerol with the liberation of 1 mol of
      glycerol. Therefore, it was concluded that this mechanism is not involved in the
      biosynthesis of cardiolipin in mitochondrial and submitochondrial membranes
      prepared from guinea pig and rat liver.

PMID- 2397097
TI  - The oligomeric state of spectrin in the rat erythrocyte membrane skeleton.
AB  - The oligomeric state of spectrin in the erythrocyte membrane skeleton of the rat
      was investigated following extraction in a low ionic strength buffer for 24 and
      96 h. All analyses were quantitatively compared with preparations from human
      erythrocyte membranes. After nondenaturing agarose-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, the human samples revealed their characteristic spectrin
      oligomer pattern; there were high molecular weight complexes near the origin of
      the gel, followed by several high order oligomers, tetramers, and dimers. The
      pattern in the rat membrane skeleton also included tetramers and a high molecular
      weight complex band, but had only one oligomer and no dimers. With time the high
      molecular weight complex diminished and oligomers accumulated in both the rat and
      human, while dimers accumulated only in the human and tetramers accumulated only
      in the rat. Tetramers decreased with time in the human. Extraction of spectrin
      increased with time and was greater from rat than the human red cell membrane at
      both time points. The percentage of spectrin and actin in the low ionic strength
      extract was similar between species, as analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide
      electrophoresis, staining, and densitometry. Proteins 4.1 and 4.9 were present in
      greater percentages in the human. The only temporal effect on monomeric protein
      composition was an increase of protein A in the rat. There was no species
      difference in protein A percentage at 24 h, but at 96 h the rat was greater than
      the human. The results suggest that there are significant differences in the
      structural arrangement of the rat and human erythrocyte membrane skeleton.

PMID- 2397098
TI  - Characterization of a mammalian ribosomal protein gene promoter.
AB  - The presence of specific promoter elements, notably the TATA and GC boxes, has
      been useful for categorizing genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II. The gene for
      the murine ribosomal protein (r-protein) L32 lacks both of these elements,
      although it has GC-rich regions. The conditions required for its optimal
      synthesis in vitro, however, resemble the properties of promoters containing TATA
      (adenovirus major late promoter) rather than GC boxes (dihydrofolate reductase).
      To further investigate the relationship of the r-protein gene to different
      promoter elements, transcription competition analyses were used to distinguish
      the presence of common protein-binding sequences. The low levels of competition
      observed by either the adenovirus major late promoter or dihydrofolate reductase
      promoter with the r-protein gene promoter resulted from general transcription
      factors present in each initiation complex. Competition by factors binding to
      common sequence elements was not observed, indicating the r-protein L32 gene
      possesses elements distinct from those present in the other genes examined.

PMID- 2397099
TI  - Distribution of rDNA and 28S, 18S, and 5S rRNA in micronuclei containing a single
      chromosome.
AB  - Investigating genes and their transcription products in nuclear compartments
      corresponding to one mammalian chromosome, the ribosomal genes 18S-28S and 5S
      were localized in PtK1 micronucleated cells and rRNA was characterized in sorted
      micronuclei containing single identified chromosomes. In situ hybridization
      revealed the presence of 18S-28S rRNA genes in two micronuclei per cell and 5S
      rRNA genes in four micronuclei per cell. Flow cytometry histograms of isolated
      micronuclei stained with Hoechst 33342 exhibited five peaks (a-e) in which peaks
      b and c, respectively, corresponded to chromosomes 4 and X. Restricted genomic
      DNA from sorted peak c micronuclei showed the presence of 28S gene sequences.
      Direct sorting of the micronuclei from each peak on nitrocellulose and their
      hybridization with the 18S-28S rDNA probe revealed that the rRNA genes were
      exclusively located in micronuclei containing X chromosomes. Northern blotting
      showed the presence of 18S-28S and 5S rRNAs in peak c micronuclei and their
      absence from peak b micronuclei. Consequently, these procedures allowed us to
      show the presence of ribosomal genes and the corresponding rRNA in micronuclei
      containing single X chromosomes, and the absence of rRNA from micronuclei that do
      not contain the ribosomal genes. In regards to the transcription of these genes,
      the micronuclei from peak c can be considered as functional interphase X
      chromosomes.

PMID- 2397100
TI  - Rapid quantitation of uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue mitochondria by
      a dot immunobinding ("dot blot") procedure: application to the measurement of
      uncoupling protein in Richardson's ground squirrel, rats, and mice.
AB  - A dot immunobinding ("dot blot") method for measuring uncoupling protein in brown
      adipose tissue mitochondria is described. Mitochondrial proteins were solubilized
      in sodium dodecyl sulfate and applied directly to a nitrocellulose membrane
      housed in a 96-well microfiltration manifold. Spare binding sites on the
      nitrocellulose membrane were blocked with bovine serum albumin and then anti
      (uncoupling protein) serum was applied. The antigen-antibody complex was detected
      by the addition of 125I-labelled protein A. Each nitrocellulose "dot" was cut out
      and its radioactivity was counted. A calibration curve was constructed from
      purified uncoupling protein standards, taken through the entire procedure. The
      dot immunobinding method is sensitive (nanogram quantities of uncoupling
      protein), and in contrast to conventional radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay procedures, it is also rapid and appears to be very robust.
      The method has been successfully applied to the measurement of uncoupling protein
      in brown adipose tissue mitochondria of Richardson's ground squirrel, rats, and
      mice.

PMID- 2397101
TI  - Purification of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase from rat brain.
AB  - D-beta-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH), a lipid-requiring enzyme, has been
      purified to homogeneity from rat brain using a new improved method. The purified
      rat brain BDH has a subunit molecular mass of 31 kilodaltons on sodium dodecyl
      sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The apoenzyme, i.e., the enzyme
      devoid of phospholipid, has no activity, but can be activated by phospholipid to
      a specific activity of 125 mumol/(min.mg). This is 625-fold greater than the
      activity in the mitochondrial fraction. The new purification procedure involves
      chromatography using a quaternary amine Sepharose resin followed by a sulphonate
      Sepharose resin, and eliminates the need for glass bead adsorption
      chromatography.

PMID- 2397102
TI  - [Evaluation of skull vault asymmetry using methods of analytical morphometry].
AB  - Some vertical frontal C.A.T. sections of 8 skull vaults were studied in
      evaluating shape asymmetry between left and right curves. Every profile was
      normalized by subdividing in 120 points and standardized by positioning the
      sagittal line of skull vault profile parallel to the ordinate axis of a Cartesian
      system. After these procedures, we tried to detect the asymmetry. In order to
      achieve these results we used a procedure that we named "Janus", a subset of
      S.A.M. (Shape Analytical Morphometry) software system, giving an artificial close
      curve by the mirror composition of left and right cranial vault profiles to match
      each other. This match was performed by a parabolic fitting for a standard
      positioning. The procedure was able to split the whole asymmetry information into
      the isometric and allometric components. We tried to detect allometry in terms of
      direction and versus with a numerical evaluator of its magnitude; this
      description was properly a vector. In this pilot study by using 24 sections, we
      found 20 left and 4 right predominance, expressed time by time by isometry,
      allometry or both.

PMID- 2397103
TI  - [Micronuclei induced by ultraviolet radiations or X rays in mammal cells in
      vitro].
AB  - The effects of UV light or X rays in cultured Chinese hamster cells have been
      initially analyzed in terms of cell growth and colony survival. On the basis of
      these preliminary observations the induction of micronuclei has been studied on
      the same in vitro system. The increase in micronuclei yield appears to be dose
      dependent, but also to vary according to the protocol used for micronuclei
      preparation. In general, the results confirm the hypothesis that micronucleus
      production is a dynamic phenomenon.

PMID- 2397104
TI  - Osteoblast-osteoclast interaction in bone resorption. Preliminary results.
AB  - Osteoclastic bone resorption has been evaluated in vitro by release of tritiated
      collagen fragments from 3H-proline prelabeled bone particles incubated for 48
      hours in presence of avian isolated osteoclasts. Cells were co-incubated with
      periosteum-free chick calvarial fragments by interposition of 0.4 micron
      millipore membrane transwells, in presence or absence of 10(-8) M 1.34 bovine
      parathyroid hormone (PTH). Results demonstrated that i) calvaria exert a
      stimulating effect over osteoclastic bone resorption which was 1.8 fold enhanced
      with respect to controls (p less than 0.001). ii) the stimulating effect is
      exerted by calvarium-derived soluble molecules capable of crossing the 0.4 micron
      millipore membrane interposed between calvarial fragments and osteoclasts, iii)
      in this experimental system no further enhancement of calvarial stimulating
      effect is operated by PTH treatment.

PMID- 2397105
TI  - [Optical and scanning electron microscopy observation of the mucosa of human
      fetal tongue].
AB  - The structural features of the human foetal tongue have been studied in foetuses
      from 8th to 20th week of pregnancy. The characteristics of the developing
      papillae as well as of epithelial and mesenchymal layers have been pointed out.
      An early differentiation of the mesenchymal tissue has been observed, concerning
      phenomena of cellular condensation and reticular fibers organization both in
      superficial and deep layers. The hypothesis of the existence of straight
      interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme also in the developing human
      tongue mucosa has been suggested. Also the observations at SEM demonstrate that
      from the 8th to the 20th week the epithelial surface of the tongue reaches a
      stable structural pattern. From 11th week a characteristic cellular polymorphism
      occurs: cells with microvilli that diminish progressively, ciliated cells that
      disappear almost completely at the 20th week and cells whose free surface show
      microplicae, definitive stage of the tongue cell evolution.

PMID- 2397106
TI  - [Ontogenesis of the human fetal nails. I. Observations using the scanning
      electron microscope].
AB  - The development of the nail apparatus of the human foetuses from 6th to 18th
      weeks of pregnancy, was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The main results
      can be summarized as follows: 1) first structure to appear is nail field defined
      by continuous shallow grooves; 2) the shape of the nail field is firstly ovoidal
      and it extends beyond the tip of the finger; later it becomes flat as in the
      adult nail plate; 3) the globular blebs of periderm cells accumulate mostly in
      the tip of the finger; 4) the surface of the nail field is first uniform, then it
      becomes irregular for the increasing of the process of keratinization.

PMID- 2397107
TI  - [Behavior of the enzymes of the salvage pathway of purine bases in leukemia
      lymphocytes].
AB  - The Authors present a procedure for the determination of adenine
      phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase
      (HPRT) in lymphocytes which exhibits high sensitivity and requires low quantities
      of lymphocytes. 5 normal subjects and 4 patients affected by chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia (CLL) were considered. Human lymphocytes were prepared and treated as
      previously reported. To the incubation mixtures buffered with 50 mM TRIS-HCl pH
      7.4 either 14C-adenine or 14C-hypoxanthine was added: after deproteinization and
      neutralization we followed the formation of either 14C-adenylic acid (AMP) or 14C
      inosinic acid (IMP) by HPLC. A Supelcosil C18 5 microns (250 X 4.5 mm) column was
      used: IMP was eluted with 20 mM KH2PO4 pH 5.5 while AMP with a linear gradient to
      40% B in 20 min., where A was 20 mM KH2PO4 pH 5.5 and B methanol/water 60:40.
      Evaluation of AMP and IMP formed was carried out by determination of the
      radioactivity of the collected peaks. The values of APRT in leukemic patients
      were enhanced when referred to the proteins and those of HGPRT decreased: the
      Authors propose to complete the study evaluating the intracellular content of
      adenine and hypoxanthine.

PMID- 2397108
TI  - [Oxygen affinity of mouflon blood].
AB  - Hemoglobin phenotypes of European mouflon and sheep were analyzed by isoelectric
      focusing; the results show that the sheep HbA migrated faster than that of other
      animals, while the mouflon HbA was more anodic than the sheep HbB. The oxygen
      dissociation curve of blood from mouflon is similar to that of sheep with HbA.
      The authors suggest that the mouflon should not be considered a direct ancestor
      of the Sardinian breed of sheep.

PMID- 2397109
TI  - [A model of venous thrombosis induced by stasis and Feiba in rabbits].
AB  - A model of venous thrombosis, induced by injection of Feiba(R) (Factor Eighth
      Inhibitor Bypassing Activity) plus stasis, was studied in the jugular veins of
      anaesthetized rabbits. Right and left jugular vein segments were isolated by
      surgical technique for a 3 cm length, which included the bifurcation of the
      vessel, and left "in situ". Feiba(R) was injected through a marginal ear vein at
      the dose of 5 U/Kg/0.2 ml; 20 and 25 sec later the contralateral and the
      homolateral jugular vein segments were ligated respectively. Complete stasis
      lasted 10 or 20 min, then the vessels were removed, placed in a saline filled
      Petri dish and visually graded for red thrombus formation on a scale of 0 to 10.
      A correlation was found between severity of thrombosis and duration of stasis.
      This model appears to be suitable for testing heparin or heparin-like substances,
      in fact a linear correlation was found between log dose of the drug (injected
      i.v. 5 min before Feiba(R] and its antithrombotic effect for each duration of
      stasis tested. In particular the DE50 value calculated for 10 min stasis was 20.5
      mcg/Kg i.v. The reproducibility of the model was good even with a small number of
      animals (n = 6) for each treatment group.

PMID- 2397110
TI  - [Technical note on the isolation of HIV from peripheral lymphomonocytes: use of
      PHA].
AB  - As a part of ongoing study about the role that different technical factors may
      play in influencing the sensibility of HIV isolation procedures, the authors have
      evaluated the effects of PHA stimulation of infected cells on HIV replication in
      cell cultures. Data presented demonstrate that the use of PHA in cell cultures
      for HIV isolation causes a slower viral replication and, in some cases, inhibits
      HIV growth.

PMID- 2397111
TI  - Toxicity of, and histological lesions caused by, ribosome-inactivating proteins,
      their IgG-conjugates, and their homopolymers.
AB  - The toxicity of, and the lesions brought about by, several ribosome-inactivating
      proteins (bryodin, gelonin, momordin, pokeweed antiviral protein from seeds,
      saporin 6, trichokirin and momorcochin-S), either native, or conjugated to bovine
      IgG, or polymerized, were studied in the mouse. Severe necrotic liver damage was
      the main lesion present in animals receiving lethal doses of the proteins. The
      toxicity of ribosome-inactivating proteins increased after conjugation to IgG or
      homopolymerization. The toxicity of conjugates to mouse was not predictable from
      the inhibitory activity on cell-free protein synthesis.

PMID- 2397112
TI  - Influence of whole human milk, and fractions thereof, on inclusion-formation of
      Chlamydia trachomatis in McCoy cells.
AB  - A study of the effect of human breast milk, and components thereof, on the
      capacity of Chlamydia trachomatis to form inclusions in cycloheximide-treated
      McCoy cells, was undertaken. Pooled whole milk collected during the first week of
      breast feeding caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of the chlamydial
      inclusion-formation. The activity resided in the fat and fat globule membrane
      (FGM) components of the milk. The active principle in the FGM fraction is heat
      stable and pronase-sensitive, but resistant to both neuraminidase and periodate.
      Immunoglobulins was not responsible for the inhibition. Whey and casein fractions
      of milk increased the chlamydial inclusion-formation. The activity of the whey
      was heat-stable, dose-related, and had a mol. wt. of greater than or equal to
      12,000. The casein fraction was still active after heat treatment. Whey samples
      collected up to 28 days after delivery varied slightly in their stimulatory
      activity, with an optimum between the 7th and 14th days. The present study
      demonstrated a multieffect of breast milk on chlamydial inclusion-formation: an
      inhibitory activity due to a protein compound as well as another factor in the
      fat fraction and an enhancing effect due to a heat-stable factor(s).

PMID- 2397113
TI  - Fibronectin: a discrimination marker between small invasive carcinomas and benign
      proliferative lesions of the breast.
AB  - The connective tissue glycoprotein, fibronectin (FN) is known to be increased in
      the stromal desmoplastic response associated with invasive breast carcinoma
      (IBC). In a previous study of 77 IBCs we found that all tumours, irrespective of
      desmoplasia, displayed an intense stromal immunoreactivity for FN, although those
      with a high metastatic potential tended to lack this in foci along their
      infiltrating border (Christensen et al. 1988). In order to test the diagnostic
      value of this observation, FN immunoreactivity was estimated semiquantitatively
      in 131 small primary IBCs, 23 in situ carcinomas, 20 borderline lesions, 142
      benign proliferative breast lesions and 35 samples of normal breast tissue. All
      IBCs, including those without apparent desmoplasia, were accompanied by an
      intense stromal staining for FN forming a diffuse or pericellular pattern around
      the tumour cells (FN positive reaction). This was not seen in the benign lesions
      (FN negative reaction) with the exception of an FN positive, linear staining
      around some cysts and ectatic ducts and a diffuse staining of the connective
      tissue core of some intraductal papillomas. Intraductal carcinomas, multiple
      papillomas and radial scars could display a substantial staining for FN,
      sometimes enclosing small islands or tubules of epithelial cells. However, the
      fact that all IBCs of this study produced an overall reliable and consistent FN
      positive stromal reaction, which was only interrupted in minute foci along the
      infiltrating border in a few of the largest tumours (11/131), makes
      immunohistochemical staining for FN an excellent adjunct to morphology in tracing
      small, primary IBCs.

PMID- 2397114
TI  - Comparison between Bactec Nr. 660 and a conventional 12-tube blood culture
      system.
AB  - The detection power of the automated blood culture system Bactec NR 660, based on
      infrared detection of carbon dioxide in an agitated aerobic medium and a non
      agitated anaerobic medium, was compared with that of our conventional 12-tube
      blood culture system. Of 1685 paired blood cultures, 258 (15.3%) were positive in
      one or both systems. Clinically relevant isolates were found in 11.5%. The
      dominating species were Escherichia coli(41%), followed by Staphylococcus
      aureus(14%) and Klebsiella spp.(8%). The Bactec system detected 178 (10.6%) and
      the 12-tube system 157 (9.3%) clinically relevant microorganisms after seven
      days' incubation. Significantly more clinically relevant isolates were detected
      by the Bactec system alone as compared with the conventional system alone (40
      versus 19, p less than 0.01). The detection time was significantly shorter in the
      Bactec system for all isolates and for E. coli and S. aureus separately (p less
      than 0.01). 1.8% of the isolates in the Bactec system and 2.1% in the 12-tube
      system were considered clinically non-relevant contaminants.

PMID- 2397115
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea using a latex
      agglutination test.
AB  - A rapid latex agglutination test, Culturette Brand CDT from Marion Laboratories,
      was evaluated and compared to a tissue culture assay (TCA) and isolation of
      Clostridium difficile in 380 faecal specimens from 226 patients with clinically
      suspected Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. The sensitivity and
      specificity of the latex test compared with the TCA were 83% and 80%
      respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values were 55% and 94%
      respectively. In patients with repeated sampling the sensitivity increased to
      95%. The latex test may be useful as a screening test for negative specimens in
      laboratories where TCA is not available, but positive specimens have to be
      confirmed by TCA.

PMID- 2397116
TI  - Plasmid profile analysis and restriction enzyme fingerprinting of Salmonella DO
      group strains.
AB  - In Sweden Salmonella dublin is the most common serotype within the DO-group
      isolated from animals. In recent years also salmonella strains belonging to the
      DO-group but lacking H-antigen have been isolated from cattle in different areas.
      It was not possible to further differentiate the latter strains by serological
      methods. However, all Salmonella dublin strains and those strains lacking H
      antigen carried a 50 Mdal plasmid exhibiting the same EcoRI and Hind III
      restriction enzyme digestion pattern. Two of the 26 strains contained an
      additional 5 Mdal plasmid. Other serotypes within the DO-group investigated,
      namely Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella panama, carried plasmids smaller
      than 50 Mdal. The plasmid profiles and restriction enzyme digestion patterns
      indicated that the salmonella strains lacking H-antigen were variants of
      Salmonella dublin. Thus, analysis of plasmid profile and restriction enzyme
      fingerprinting are useful complements to serological methods in the
      differentiation of salmonella DO-group strains.

PMID- 2397117
TI  - [Screening of functional malformations of the TMJ headaches and facial pain. A
      part of the OCR-registration].

PMID- 2397118
TI  - [Treatment of anterior tooth loss by autotransplantation of premolars].

PMID- 2397119
TI  - [Health care and dental health in young children in play schools].

PMID- 2397120
TI  - [Carries treatment of children under general anesthesia].

PMID- 2397121
TI  - [Sugar and sugaralcohols role in caries prophylaxis].

PMID- 2397122
TI  - [Sugar and sweets].

PMID- 2397123
TI  - [Role of sugar in regulation of the diet].

PMID- 2397124
TI  - [Fat and sugar].

PMID- 2397125
TI  - [Sugar consumption and diet information].

PMID- 2397126
TI  - Successful surgical treatment of tracheal compression following right
      pneumonectomy in infancy. Long-term follow-up.
AB  - Two patients (aged 10 and 16 months) underwent right pneumonectomy: one for an
      oesophageal bronchus, the other for a hypoplastic right lung with sequestration.
      Both patients subsequently developed severe stridor. The heart rotated to the
      right and the aortic arch compressed the trachea. This unusual vascular
      compression was treated by a bypass graft between the ascending and descending
      aorta and division of the aortic arch between the left carotid and left
      subclavian artery at the age of 5 years and 4 months, and 20 months respectively.
      The postoperative recovery was uneventful in the first patient. The second
      patient required 7 weeks of ventilatory support. Both patients are well (14 and 7
      years after surgery). Cardiac catheterisation and angiography in the first
      patient and Doppler echocardiography in the second demonstrated unrestricted flow
      through the graft into the descending aorta. Pulmonary function studies showed a
      restrictive defect with some obstruction in both children. Despite this finding,
      both patients enjoy a normal life with some sporting activities. The long-term
      results suggest the effectiveness of this procedure in the treatment of this rare
      but severe complication of pneumonectomy in infancy.

PMID- 2397127
TI  - Surgery of atrioventricular septal defects. Review of the first 100 cases.
AB  - From 1972 to 1985, the first 100 children suffering from some form of atrio
      ventricular septal defect underwent surgical correction. In all cases, corrective
      surgery was carried out primarily except in 3 children who presented with a total
      defect and first underwent palliative surgery. In 48 children, a complete form
      was present, in 5 an intermediate form, and in 47 a partial form. There were 43
      males and 57 females. Thirty-eight percent of patients suffered from Down's
      syndrome. The mean age at operation was 42 (range 2-143) months. A prosthesis was
      implanted in the left atrio-ventricular valve at primary correction in 9
      patients. Up to 1980, the overall mortality was 20% and from 1981 to 1985 it was
      3.3%. There was late mortality in 3 children (2 with a complete form and 1
      partial). In 32 cases, postoperative cardiac catheterization was performed. Nine
      patients were reoperated upon (9%), 2 due to a residual shunt, 4 due to serious
      mitral incompetence (in all cases a prosthesis was used), and 3 due to valvular
      thrombosis. In this series, only 2 patients remained in complete atrio
      ventricular block (1 affected by the complete form and the other partial). Long
      term survival is related to the severity of left valvular insufficiency. In this
      series with a mean follow-up of 3.83 +/- 2.78 years, we had an a cumulative
      survival of 86.7% +/- 3.43%. At the last control, most of the survivors had a
      good quality of life: 91% were in class I and 9% in class II according to the
      NYHA scale.

PMID- 2397128
TI  - Primary definitive repair of interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal
      defect.
AB  - The optimal surgical management (primary or staged repair) of interrupted aortic
      arch (IAA) with ventricular septal defect (VSD) remains to be determined. A
      consecutive series of 14 neonates, aged 3-18 days (mean: 10 +/- 6 days) underwent
      primary complete repair. Mean weight was 3.3 +/- 0.4 kg. Eleven patients had IAA
      type B, 2 had type A and 1 had type C. Six infants had the Di George syndrome.
      Preoperative management (mean: 5 +/- 4 days) included prostaglandin E1 (14/14),
      intubation and ventilation (13/14), and inotropic support (11/14). Surgery was
      performed under deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest and involved resection of
      all ductal tissue, direct end-to-side aortic arch anastomosis and patch closure
      of the VSD. There were 2 early deaths (14%, 70% CL: 5%-31%): low cardiac output
      (1), residual VSD (1). Four patients (33%, 70% CL: 13%-52%) underwent reoperation
      for recurrent aortic obstruction (3 patients, 1 death) or left ventricular
      outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) (1 patient). The results improved with time: no
      death and no recurrent aortic obstruction in the last 8 patients. At last follow
      up (11 patient, mean follow-up = 24 +/- 9 months), all patients were free of
      cardiac symptoms; none had persistent aortic obstruction; 4 had LVOTO (gradient
      greater than 20 mm Hg) and 1 (with the Di George syndrome) had severe mental
      disorders. Primary complete repair provides satisfactory results in most infants
      born with IAA and VSD. An adequate direct aortic arch anastomosis should entail a
      low risk of recurrent obstruction. LVOTO develops in many cases and may require
      further surgery.

PMID- 2397129
TI  - Early and late results after repair of tetralogy of Fallot.
AB  - Between January 1, 1975, and December 31, 1988, 233 patients were operated on for
      correction of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Mean follow-up was 13.9 years (median
      7.65 years) and was 99.6% complete. Actuarial survival was 84 +/- 3%. The risk of
      death decreased gradually to a constant rate of 0.00034 deaths/month by the 6th
      postoperative month. There were 22 early deaths, due mostly to Low Output
      Syndrome. The principal incremental risk factor was the postrepair ventricular
      pressure ratio (PRV/LV) (P less than 0.0001). Other factors were: patent ductus
      arteriosus (PDA; P = 0.02), other associated anomalies (P = 0.005), higher
      preoperative hemoglobin levels (P = 0.06) and use of transannular patches (P =
      0.02). The operative risk was significantly reduced by a recent operative date (P
      = 0.01) and by an older age at operation (P = 0.12). Among 8 late deaths, 2 were
      unrelated to the cardiac condition, 2 occurred suddenly, 3 were due to congestive
      heart failure and the last was due to reoperation for patch endocarditis. The
      risk of late death was significantly higher in patients operated on at an older
      age (P = 0.04). There were 10 open heart reoperations: 5 for patch dehiscence, 4
      for residual pulmonary stenosis and 1 for residual atrial septal defect. The
      reoperation-free actuarial survival was 82 +/- 3%. With the present operative
      standards, the parametric operative risk of an average patient with simple TOF
      (hemoglobin = 12 g, PRV/LV = 0.5) is 0.7%. Where the TOF is severely cyanotic
      (hemoglobin = 25 g) and the pulmonary arteries are severely restricted, the
      average mortality is 30%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397130
TI  - Extensive endocardial resection for recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
AB  - Twenty-two consecutive patients underwent elective map-guided extensive
      endocardial resection (EER) for recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT) of
      whom 20 were male. The ages ranged from 43 to 74 years (mean 57). All arrhythmias
      were ischaemic in origin. The mean ejection fraction was 29%. The presenting
      arrhythmias were ventricular tachycardia in 14, ventricular fibrillation (VF)
      alone in 1 and ventricular tachycardia and VF in 7. Useful additional
      intraoperative mapping was obtained in 19 patients. Under cardioplegic arrest,
      the scarred left (22) and where indicated right (4) ventricular endocardium was
      extensively resected. Resection of scarred papillary muscles was avoided and
      where indicated, localised cryoablation was performed: 21/22 had concomitant
      aneurysmectomy and/or coronary artery bypass grafting. There was 1 (4.5%)
      operative death. All survivors (95.5%) underwent postoperative
      electrophysiological studies at around 1 week. None had inducible arrhythmias.
      There were 3 (13.5%) late cardiac deaths, all due to primary cardiac failure
      without recurrence of arrhythmia. Of 17 (77%) long-term survivors, 16 (94%) are
      VT-free on no anti-arrhythmic medication at a mean follow-up of 37.2 months. One
      developed a new arrhythmia at 1 year which is controlled on medication. EER
      offers a high rate of success in ablating VT in association with a low operative
      mortality and good prospect of VT-free long-term survival.

PMID- 2397131
TI  - Superior hemodynamics in left heart bypass without systemic heparinization.
AB  - Open-chest left heart bypass was performed in 10 canine experiments (30 +/- 9 kg)
      by a servo controlled roller pump for 6 h at a pump flow of 50 ml/min per kg
      bodyweight. The surfaces of the tubing sets were either standard (with systemic
      heparinization) or with end-point attached heparin (no systemic heparin). Besides
      continuous monitoring of hemodynamics, a standard battery of blood samples was
      taken before bypass, after 10 min and every hour thereafter. There is no evidence
      of increased fibrin production in the group with end-point attached heparin
      surfaces perfused without systemic heparinization. Superior hemodynamics in left
      heart bypass performed without systemic heparinization appear to be due to
      improved hemostasis, reduced blood loss and therefore reduced transfusion
      requirements. Left heart bypass with heparin-coated equipment has been
      successfully used for resection of a thoracoabdominal aneurysm in six patients.

PMID- 2397133
TI  - Are there indications for reconstructive surgery in severe mitral regurgitation
      after acute myocardial infarction?
AB  - From 1972 to 1988, early surgery were performed in 26 patients with acute mitral
      regurgitation (MR) unresponsive to medical management complicating a recent acute
      myocardial infarction (AMI). The indication was acute pulmonary oedema (11),
      major left ventricular insufficiency (5), cardiogenic shock (10). Surgery was
      performed within 3 weeks following AMI. Mitral lesions were as follows: rupture
      of chordae tendinae (9) of papillary muscle (6), haemorrhagic necrosis of one
      (17) or two (9) papillary muscles. The mitral annulus was never found to be
      enlarged. The LV posterior wall was necrotic in 23, with a septal rupture in 3
      and a giant aneurysm in 5. Valve replacement was performed in all but one
      patient. The 30-day mortality included 8 patients (31%). The cause of death was
      myocardial insufficiency in 5, early thrombosis of a disk valve in 1 and
      unrelated complications in 2. One patient deteriorated rapidly and had a Jarvik
      device implanted. Late results (1 month-15 years) showed 4 cardiac related deaths
      within the first year. One patient had to be transplanted after 1 year. Two
      patients died of non-cardiac problems at 3 months and 5 years. The probability of
      survival at 5 years is 43% and at 10 years 22%. In conclusion, there are still
      indications for early surgery in MR post AMI. Anatomical lesions of both
      papillary muscles and ventricular wall do not allow conservative surgery and new
      non-invasive technics provide a more promising strategy in such desperately ill
      patients.

PMID- 2397132
TI  - Accidental deep hypothermia with cardiopulmonary arrest: extracorporeal blood
      rewarming in 11 patients.
AB  - Sixteen patients (age 13-53 years) with accidental deep hypothermia have been
      rewarmed in our clinic during the last 10 years, 14 by femoro-femoral
      cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) of whom 11 had a cardiopulmonary arrest (asystole in
      5 and ventricular fibrillation in 6). On admission, the latter were clinically
      dead showing wide non-reactive pupils and being supported by ventilation and
      external heart massage. In the survivors, the mean length of cold exposure was
      4.4 h (2-5.5 h) and mean arrest interval until initiation of CPB was 2.5 h (1.4
      3.7 h). Rectal temperature on admission ranged from 17.5 degrees C to 26 degrees
      C (mean 22.5 degrees C). The causes for hypothermia were fall into a crevasse
      (5), avalanche (1), drowning (2) and cold exposure (3) including 2 suicide
      attempts. Results are summarized in the following table: [table: see text] Eight
      of the 11 patients with deep hypothermia and cardiac arrest were rewarmed and
      resuscitated successfully with CPB. Three patients, including 2 cases of asphyxia
      (avalanche and drowning), could not be weaned from CPB despite adequate
      rewarming. The other drowned patient (53 years) died on the 3rd postoperative day
      (POD) from ARDS. The main complication was pulmonary edema (57%) and transient
      neurological deficits. All survivors became conscious during the first POD and
      resumed, their professional activity. We conclude that patients with accidental
      deep hypothermia and even prolonged cardiopulmonary arrest should be rewarmed and
      resuscitated rapidly by cardiopulmonary bypass. These measures are very promising
      particularly if the cause of accident and the circumstances suggest that
      cardiopulmonary arrest was induced by hypothermia alone without other
      asphyxiating mechanisms.

PMID- 2397134
TI  - Coronary artery spasm during mitral valve replacement.
AB  - Coronary artery spasm has been reported as a cause of myocardial ischaemia and
      necrosis during and after coronary revascularisation [1-4, 9, 11, 13, 14], but
      not after valve replacement. We report a case in which profound myocardial
      ischaemia after mitral valve replacement leading to difficulty in terminating
      cardiopulmonary bypass was caused by coronary vasospasm. It is suggested that
      coronary vasospasm has to be considered among the causes of myocardial
      insufficiency after cardiopulmonary bypass, even in the absence of coronary
      artery disease, and effective treatment may be obtained by coronary vasodilating
      drugs.

PMID- 2397135
TI  - Screening mammography for women 50 years of age and older: practices and trends,
      1987.
AB  - Recently, public and private efforts have been mounted to promote screening
      mammography. To assess recent trends in the percentage of women 50 years of age
      and older who have had a screening mammogram, we analyzed data from interviews
      from women from 33 states who participated in the 1987 Behavioral Risk Factor
      Surveillance System. Our study group included 8,402 women 50 years of age and
      older who had visited a physician for a routine checkup in the last year; among
      these 8,402 women, only 29% reported having had a screening mammogram in the past
      year. However, of the women in the study group, the percentage who had a
      screening mammogram in the last year showed a relative increase of 38% during
      1987, from 24% for women interviewed in the first quarter of 1987 to 33% for
      women interviewed in the fourth quarter. However, not all groups of patients
      benefited equally from the observed trend--the absolute and relative increases in
      the percentage of women screened were lowest for women who were older, less
      educated, in low-income groups, and who had poor personal health practices.
      Although the percentage of women 50 years of age and older who reported being
      screened increased dramatically during 1987, special efforts are needed to reach
      the patient groups that are being left behind in the trend toward increased use
      of screening mammograms.

PMID- 2397136
TI  - Cancer screening in women: a study of house staff behavior.
AB  - To explore physician, patient, and provider factors associated with house staff
      performance of cancer screening in women, we reviewed 565 randomly selected
      charts of 58 medical residents in two San Francisco teaching hospitals, H1 and
      H2. We assessed performance of Pap smear, breast exam, mammography, rectal exam,
      and stool occult blood testing, and administered questionnaires to all residents
      to ascertain screening beliefs and attitudes and individual screening criteria.
      The main finding was a significant difference in screening between the two
      hospitals. Four of five tests (Pap smear, breast exam, mammography, rectal exam)
      were performed more frequently at H2. Neither provider nor patient factors could
      explain this. Organizational differences between the sites included more frequent
      flow sheet recommendations for mammography and rectal exams at H2. Increased
      gynecological referral at H2 was also associated with more frequent Pap smears,
      breast exams, and rectal exams. White women did receive more frequent rectal
      exams, and mammography was increased among those who agreed with American Cancer
      Society screening recommendations, but no other provider or patient
      characteristics were associated with difference in screening. Results of further
      study of the effect of the learning environment and referral strategies on cancer
      screening, including assessment of patient acceptability and cost, can be used to
      improve cancer screening behaviors of medical house staff.

PMID- 2397137
TI  - Is cardiovascular risk factor knowledge sufficient to influence behavior?
AB  - This paper examines the level of cardiovascular risk knowledge in the general
      population and the relationship between such knowledge and behavior. The
      following questions are addressed: (1) How informed is the general population
      about what persons can do to reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease? (2) How
      do sociodemographic factors, self-perceptions of health, and cardiovascular risk
      factors relate to knowledge? (3) Is there a relationship between knowledge and
      behavior? (4) What might explain apparent inconsistencies between knowledge and
      behavior? The data used in this paper derive from a random sample of 732 men and
      women form the greater Boston area. We assessed cardiovascular risk factor
      knowledge by asking respondents what specific steps a person could take to make a
      heart attack or stroke less likely. Risk factors (including physiological
      measures), sociodemographic factors, and self-perceptions of health also were
      measured. Results showed that respondents were most knowledgeable about the
      relationships of exercise and cholesterol to heart disease. Knowledge was related
      positively to education, being female, and exercising. When we compared knowledge
      with behavior, results showed that for smokers and those who were overweight,
      risk was related to awareness, thus suggesting that knowledge does not lead
      necessarily to risk-reducing behavior. Implications of these results in terms of
      education and prevention are discussed.

PMID- 2397138
TI  - Prompting physicians for preventive procedures: a five-year study of manual and
      computer reminders.
AB  - Prompting physicians increases performance of preventive procedures, but the long
      term effects of prompting, and of different types of prompting (manual versus
      computer), on various procedures is unclear. Nor has the effect of the optional
      enrollment of patients by physicians into a prompting system been studied. We
      examined performance of eight preventive procedures in a university-based general
      medical practice during three successive periods over five years: no prompting,
      nurse-initiated prompting, and computerized prompting. Performance of seven
      prompted procedures for all patients (regardless of whether they had been
      enrolled) was significantly increased over the five-year period from 38% (no
      prompting) to 43% (nurse prompting) to 53% (computer prompting). Among the
      procedures, influenza vaccination (12% to 59%) and mammography (4% to 33%) showed
      the greatest increases in performance, while fecal occult blood testing and Pap
      smears showed no increase or slight declines. Enrollment of patients in the
      optional prompting system was strongly related to performance. Overall
      performance of procedures for the enrolled group increased to 68%, while that of
      the unenrolled group remained at 37%. However, after we adjusted for differences
      in the percentage of patients enrolled, overall performance for the nurse system
      (49%) differed little from that for the computer system (55%). Manual and
      computer prompts had similar effects, but the computer system prompted for more
      patients. Though prompting remained effective five years after initiation,
      performance did not increase for unenrolled patients or for some procedures.
      Understanding these patient- and procedure-specific barriers not addressed by
      prompting is necessary to increase further physician performance of preventive
      procedures.

PMID- 2397139
TI  - Selected predictors of health promotion counseling by three groups of allied
      health professionals.
AB  - Three groups of allied health professionals, including dental hygienists,
      dietitians, and certified nurse-midwives, were surveyed to determine current
      practice, beliefs, and attitudes regarding health promotion and disease
      prevention. The study aimed to explore the power of selected variables drawn from
      social learning theory in predicting self-reported level of counseling. We
      conducted separate analyses for 10 areas of health promotion and disease
      prevention: high blood pressure, smoking, lack of exercise, overweight, high-fat
      diet, alcohol abuse, illicit drug use, stress, isolation and loneliness, and
      nonuse of safety belts. The predictor variables were respondents' professional
      group membership, confidence that they possess appropriate skills and knowledge
      to counsel patients (self-efficacy), belief that patients will follow through on
      recommendations (adherence expectation), and belief that reduction of risk will
      improve patients' health status (expectation of health impact). The level of
      counseling activity varied markedly across the risk areas, with blood pressure
      and weight receiving the most emphasis on average and isolation and loneliness
      and nonuse of safety belts receiving markedly less attention. There also was
      variation across the professional groups. Certified nurse-midwives had higher
      mean counseling scores in all topics except those related to diet, where the
      dietitians' mean scores were approximately the same. Of all the areas about which
      counseling might be increased, use of safety belts stands out as having the
      lowest reported prevalence, the least complexity in terms of implementation, and
      the most relevance to at least two of the professional groups. These findings
      suggest the importance of skills training, including the provision of actual or
      simulated counseling experience and modeling by others in the same professional
      group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397140
TI  - Cigarette smoking and risk of clinical relapse in patients with Crohn's disease.
AB  - Risk of clinical relapse among cigarette smokers and nonsmokers was examined in a
      cohort of 74 adult Crohn's disease (CD) patients who were identified and followed
      at monthly intervals for six months. We measured clinical activity by a weighted
      symptom index used previously. Relapse at any point during the study was defined
      by the index score exceeding 150. Approximately 50% of nonsmokers experienced
      clinical relapse during the study period. Current smokers experienced a relapse
      risk 1.6 times that of nonsmokers (P less than .01). The risk estimates
      correspond to mean overall clinical activity scores of 142 +/- 34 for smokers
      compared to 119 +/- 26 for nonsmokers. Adjustment for confounding effects did not
      substantially alter the association shown between cigarette use and clinical
      relapse. We observed no increase in the likelihood of relapse among former
      smokers. The statistically significant finding that current smoking increases the
      risk of relapse for CD patients is of clinical importance, given the high
      prevalence of smoking (42%) among CD patients in this sample.

PMID- 2397141
TI  - Ethics of preventive medicine from around the world.

PMID- 2397142
TI  - Mitochondria-cytoskeleton interactions in the sperm midpiece.
AB  - The mitochondrial sheath of mammalian spermatozoa is adherent to an underlying
      organized network of electron-dense material termed the submitochondrial
      reticulum (SMR). In this manuscript we further characterize the substructure of
      the SMR and the outer mitochondrial membrane and provide new information on their
      structural interaction. The SMR resists solubilization by detergent and once
      partially released from the midpiece of extracted spermatozoa, it appears in
      negatively stained preparations as a network of longitudinally oriented ribons of
      fibrillar material which are laterally interconnected. In detergent-extracted
      specimens the SMR remains attached to the outer mitochondrial membrane thereby
      suggesting a firm structural interaction. Negatively stained specimens also
      demonstrate that the outer mitochondrial membrane possesses a paracrystalline
      substructure and it is suggested that ordered arrays of membrane-associated
      proteins are involved in the structural interaction with the SMR. The potential
      roles of this cytoskeletal complex during spermiogenesis and in mature sperm are
      discussed.

PMID- 2397143
TI  - Effect of aluminum and other multivalent cations on neurofilaments in vitro: an
      electron microscopic study.
AB  - Using electron microscopy (EM) of negatively stained samples, we have
      systematically explored the effect of aluminum and other multivalent cations on
      neurofilaments (NFs) in vitro. Interactions of these cations were investigated
      with bovine, rabbit, and rat spinal cord native NFs, and with 10-nm filaments
      reconstituted from the 68-kDa subunit (NF-L) isolated from bovine spinal cord.
      Our results indicated that, as has been observed with other classes of
      intermediate filaments (IFs), all multivalent cations caused significant
      aggregation of native NFs, suggesting that this phenomenon is a rather general
      one and not limited to aluminum. In addition, all cations tried caused
      significant lateral aggregation of filaments reconstituted from NF-L. Aluminum
      lactate had an identical effect on bovine, rabbit, and rat NFs. Because aluminum
      causes strong aggregation of NFs in vitro, a similar phenomenon may occur in vivo
      leading to the observed accumulation of NFs in neuronal perikarya of rabbits
      after intoxication with aluminum. These in vitro observations support the concept
      that some human neurological diseases characterized by the accumulation of NFs
      may be related to abnormal levels of multivalent cations.

PMID- 2397144
TI  - Organization of intermediate filaments and their association with collagen
      containing phagosomes in mouse decidual cells.
AB  - We have analyzed the distribution of intermediate filaments (IF) in the cytoplasm
      of mature decidual cells of mice. IF were scattered throughout the cytoplasm of
      these cells although there was a preferential accumulation around the nuclei. In
      many cells a large area of the cytoplasm was occupied by a rich network of IF
      that extended from the perinuclear region toward the cell surface. Thin bundles
      of IF crossed the cytoplasm without a preferential orientation. IF were also seen
      in close association with nuclear pore complexes, gap junctions, mitochondria,
      and lysosomes. A very developed network of IF surrounded phagosomes that
      contained collagen fibrils. Longitudinal and cross sections of these phagosomes
      showed a very close association of IF with the phagosome membrane.

PMID- 2397145
TI  - Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy.

PMID- 2397146
TI  - The immunotherapy and cellular biology of renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - It is clear from the work presented at this symposium that immunotherapy has
      joined surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation as the next generation of treatment
      for at least some human malignancies. Several problems remain to be addressed
      before the use of immunotherapy is optimized, including: (1) understanding the
      genetic and cellular growth control mechanisms gone awry in the development and
      progression of RCC; (2) defining the mechanisms by which antitumor lymphocytes
      are cytotoxic; (3) establishing an inexpensive and less labor-intensive way of
      identifying and isolating the most active antitumor lymphocytes from LAK cells
      and TILs; (4) designing methods to optimize delivery of effector cells to tumor
      beds; and (5) exploiting combinations of immune effectors and other therapies for
      improved killing of cells and lower toxicity. Answers to these problems will no
      doubt form the basis for future symposia.

PMID- 2397147
TI  - Evaluation and evolution of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 2397148
TI  - Bacteriological examinations of chilled, cured canned pork hams and shoulders
      using a conventional microbiological technique and the DEFT method.
AB  - 106 samples of chilled, cured canned hams and shoulders have been examined with a
      traditional plate count technique and with the Direct Epifluorescent Filter
      Technique (DEFT). The results have shown that the traditional bacteriological
      technique for enumeration of viable bacteria and DEFT do not correlate and
      further that DEFT, better than the traditional bacteriological technique, can
      predict microbiological problems for sliced products produced from chilled canned
      cured meat products.

PMID- 2397149
TI  - Inactivation of staphylococcal enterotoxins by heat and reactivation by high pH
      treatment.
AB  - Inactivation of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) added to different media upon
      heat treatment (80 degrees C or 100 degrees C for 10 min) and reactivation of
      inactivated SE was studied. In gelatin (pH 4.0), lettuce extract, peas and beans
      extracts and ovalbumin (pH 5.0) the immunological activity of SE was lost almost
      completely upon heating. The loss of immunological activity of SEA was
      accompanied by a concomitant loss of biological activity of this toxin (monkey
      feeding test). A high pH treatment (pH 11) of the different preparations restored
      both the immunological and biological activity in most samples tested. Heating at
      80 degrees C or 100 degrees C for 10 min of SE containing gelatin (pH 7.0),
      cauliflower extract (pH 4.0 or pH 7.0), milk (pH 4.0), casein (pH 6.0), rice
      extract (pH 7.0), noodles extract (pH 4.0) and oat-flakes extract (pH 7.0) had a
      much lower effect on the immunological activity of the SE (activity greater than
      or equal to 25%).

PMID- 2397150
TI  - In-home pasteurization of raw goat's milk by microwave treatment.
AB  - Raw milk has been implicated as an important source of infection with the common
      bacterial agents associated with gastroenteritis. While established methods of
      home pasteurization can be cumbersome and tedious, we have demonstrated that a
      domestic microwave oven can be used effectively to reduce aerobic plate counts in
      raw goat's milk by up to 6 log cycles without impairing the organoleptic quality.
      Good keeping quality of the irradiated product was demonstrated by the 7-day
      holding standard plate count. Petrifilm SM and Petrifilm VRB were used
      successfully under field conditions. Further investigation must be undertaken to
      demonstrate that this method is equivalent to the legally accepted pasteurization
      procedures for the inactivation of such pathogenic bacteria as Salmonella spp.,
      Listeria monocytogenes and the pasteurization standard Coxiella burnetti.

PMID- 2397151
TI  - A comparison of different enrichment media for the isolation of Salmonella dublin
      from livers, kidneys and muscles of Salmonella-positive veal calves.
AB  - Amongst a herd of 250, approximately 22 weeks old, Dutch Friesian veal calves, 84
      were condemned on meat inspection because of typical pathology of salmonellosis,
      confirmed by isolation of Salmonella dublin from spleens. From the condemned
      animals 15 carcasses were randomly selected for further investigation. Their
      livers, kidneys and samples of their longissimus dorsi muscles were examined for
      Salmonella using Rappaport-Vassiliadis' and Muller-Kauffmann's enrichment media.
      In addition, livers were macroscopically scanned for necrotic foci. Signs of
      (multiple) miliary liver necrosis were not consistently related to isolation of
      Salmonella from the three tissues examined. Although all spleens had been found
      positive for Salmonella, from only 53% of the livers, 33% of the kidneys and 27%
      of the muscles could salmonellae be isolated by one or both enrichment
      procedures. The Rappaport-Vassiliadis enrichment medium was found to be slightly
      superior for the isolation of salmonellae. All Salmonella-isolates were serotyped
      as Salmonella dublin. Their antibiograms showed the expected resistance to
      chloramphenicol and tetracyclines but, surprisingly, sensitivity to ampicillin,
      kanamycin, neomycin and streptomycin.

PMID- 2397152
TI  - Inhibitory effects of anethole and eugenol on the growth and toxin production of
      Aspergillus parasiticus.
AB  - The antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activity of anethole and eugenol which are
      active components of commonly used spices was studied against two strains of
      Aspergillus parasiticus. Anethole, up to concentration of 400 micrograms/ml where
      complete inhibition was observed, delayed growth and reduced mycelial weight but
      it showed a stimulative effect on the toxin production of both strains. At a
      concentration of 300 micrograms/ml, eugenol inhibited the growth of both strains;
      levels of eugenol below 200 micrograms/ml enhanced production of aflatoxin
      particularly by A. parasiticus NRRL 299.

PMID- 2397153
TI  - Distribution of microorganisms with particular reference to encapsulated bacteria
      in kefir grains.
AB  - Propagable and non-propagable kefir grains in a form resembling cauliflower
      florets were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy.
      In propagable grains short and long rod-shaped bacteria and yeasts formed
      separate colonies on the outside surface and inside. Internally, filaments which
      derived from capsules around the cells extended radially from a population of
      long rod-shaped bacteria. In non-propagable grains long rod-shaped bacteria with
      filamentous appendages were not observed, but only short rod-shaped bacteria and
      yeasts. Indian ink preparations showed presence of encapsulated bacteria in
      propagable grains and absence of these in non-propagable ones. The above results
      suggest that encapsulated bacteria are responsible for propagation of kefir
      grains.

PMID- 2397154
TI  - Production of enterotoxin A and thermonuclease by Staphylococcus aureus in
      legumes.
AB  - Growth, enterotoxin A (SEA) and thermonuclease (TNase) production of S. aureus
      (Strains CP 7 and FRI 722) was determined in media produced from the following
      heat or irradiation sterilized legumes: peas, black beans, mung beans, adzuki
      beans and soybeans. Media containing the five legumes alone or in combination
      with Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI) were tested. With the exception of heat
      sterilized black beans and adzuki beans, S. aureus growth was excellent in all
      media with cell counts after 48 h (25 degrees C) exceeding 10(8) cfu/ml. In black
      beans and adzuki beans cell counts were 1-2 log-cycles lower. Enterotoxin A was
      produced in amounts of 33 to 72 ng/ml in BHI after 48 h. Almost no toxin was
      produced in the four different beans following heat or irradiation treatment; in
      peas the toxin concentration reached 14 to 15 ng/ml. In the medium prepared from
      irradiated soybeans and BHI the final toxin concentration was about the same as
      in BHI alone. In all the other media consisting of a combination of legumes with
      BHI toxin concentrations were three to four times higher than in BHI alone.
      Production of thermonuclease showed variation and did not always correlate with
      enterotoxin production.

PMID- 2397155
TI  - Growth characteristics of motile Aeromonas spp. isolated from different
      environments.
AB  - The growth of 80 strains of motile Aeromonas spp. derived from environments with
      temperatures above 25 degrees C and below 15 degrees C, respectively, were
      examined at five temperatures (5 degrees C, 10 degrees C, 25 degrees C, 37
      degrees C and 44 degrees C) and four salt levels (0.05%, 2%, 4% and 6% NaCl).
      Sixty-one strains were further examined at two pH levels (pH 7.3 and pH 5.3). All
      strains grew at 25 degrees C and 10 degrees C with the majority of the isolates
      proliferating from approx. 10(2) to approx. 10(7) cfu/ml within 1 and 3 days,
      respectively. In contrast, there were significant differences in the proportion
      of isolates able to grow at 5 degrees C and 37 degrees C depending on the
      temperature of their source of isolation. The ecological background of the
      organisms thus influences their thermal growth range and their ability to
      proliferate at body temperature, a highly significant factor in infective
      disease. At 25 degrees C and pH 7.3, all strains grew in 0.05% NaCl, 96% grew in
      2% NaCl, 96% grew in 2% NaCl while few grew in broth containing 4% or 6% NaCl.
      Lowering the pH to 5.3 with lactic acid caused a marked increase in the lag phase
      at 25 degrees C and prevented growth of a large number of isolates at suboptimal
      conditions. Thus, none of the isolates from warm environments and only 8% of the
      isolates from cold environments grew at this pH at 5 degrees C. The observed
      differences in growth optima between strains from different environments are
      discussed in relation to food- or waterborne infection.

PMID- 2397156
TI  - Lactic acid and pH as indicators of spoilage for vacuum-packed cooked ring
      sausages.
AB  - Lactic acid production and pH changes of 206 vacuum-packed cooked ring sausages
      stored at 2, 4 and 12 degrees C from 21 different production runs were monitored
      as a function of time and of microbial growth. The total lactic acid
      concentrations and pH values were first at a constant level, starting to increase
      sharply after the lactobacilli count reached about 5 x 10(7) or 6 x 10(7) cfu/g,
      respectively. The lactic acid and pH changes as a function of the lactobacilli
      count were similar at 4 and 12 degrees C. The sharp increase at high lactobacilli
      counts was observed in both L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid. The variation was
      lesser and the increase greater in D-lactic acid formation than in L-lactic acid.
      Above a level of 3-4 mg lactic acid/g most of the samples were deemed unfit. The
      pH started to decrease from a level of approx. 6.3; below 5.8-5.9 the samples
      were deemed unfit. The lowest pH value observed was 4.58. Both a high lactic acid
      content and a low pH indicated that the sausage was spoiled. These changes,
      however, took place at later stages of storage, and do not give information about
      the early phase of spoilage.

PMID- 2397157
TI  - The bacteriology of fresh and spoiling Lake Victorian Nile perch (Lates
      niloticus).
AB  - A total of 177 bacterial cultures isolated from Lake Victorian Nile Perch (Lates
      niloticus) were investigated. The flora on newly caught Nile perch consisted of
      organisms belonging to the genera Moraxella, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter,
      Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Micrococcus and other Gram-positive organisms. 39% were
      identified as Gram-positive species and 61% were negative in the Gram-reaction.
      Three cultures out of 53 investigated caused weak rotten off-odours in sterile
      fish broth and one culture, an Aeromonas spp. produced strong rotten, fishy,
      hydrogen sulphide off-odours. From Nile perch spoiled at ambient temperature, 15
      of the 42 strains isolated caused rotten, fishy, hydrogen sulphide off-odours.
      These specific spoilage bacteria were all identified as Aeromonas and all reduced
      trimethylamine oxide to trimethylamine and produced hydrogen sulphide. From
      spoiled iced Nile perch, 74 out of 82 (90%) of the bacteria isolated were
      identified as Pseudomonas. A small proportion of these (13 out of 74) produced
      off-odours in sterile fish broth resembling the spoiling fish. These specific
      spoilers could not be separated from the non-spoilers based on biochemical
      activities used in classical taxonomy. While the Pseudomonas spp. isolated did
      not produce trimethylamine or H2S, a few of the remaining isolates (two
      Shewanella putrefaciens and five Aeromonas spp.) did produce these compounds. The
      role of Shewanella putrefaciens in the iced spoilage of Nile perch was, however,
      insignificant, since they only very late in the storage reached numbers where
      their spoilage could be detected.

PMID- 2397158
TI  - Distribution and characteristics of Aeromonas in food and drinking water in
      Denmark.
AB  - A total of 970 Danish commercial foods and drinking water samples were examined
      for the presence of motile Aeromonas spp. With a detection limit of 10(2)/g the
      frequent prevalence in raw foods was confirmed. Aeromonas occurred in 7% of 779
      samples of prepared foods; most frequently in whipped cream from ice cream
      parlors (28%) and mayonnaise salads (10%) with numbers occasionally exceeding
      10(5)/g. The prevalence in drinking water was 28% with a detection limit of 1/100
      ml. A hydrophila was the dominating species in both food and water. Hemolysin
      production was demonstrated in 37% of the 51 isolates tested with 10% having high
      titers.

PMID- 2397159
TI  - Heme-dependent and heme-independent nitrite reduction by lactic acid bacteria
      results in different N-containing products.
AB  - Seventy strains of lactic acid bacteria were investigated for nitrite reductase
      activity. Two types of this activity were detected. Type I was found in
      Lactobacillus plantarum, L. pentosus and Pediococcus pentosaceus. This activity
      is heme-dependent with ammonia as the sole product. Type II mechanism is heme
      independent and reduces nitrite to NO and N2O.

PMID- 2397160
TI  - Inability of a bacteriophage pool to control beef spoilage.
AB  - The biological control of beef spoilage, with a bacteriophage (phage) pool, was
      evaluated under simulated retail conditions. A pool of seven phages was selected
      with the potential to lyse 78% of 86 Pseudomonas test strains. Subsequent host
      range studies with 1023 pseudomonads from three meat species (beef, pork, lamb)
      and five abattoirs showed that 585 (57.2%) isolates were susceptible to the phage
      pool. Depending on bacterial origin, bacterial sensitivity to lysis by the phage
      pool varied from 25 to 72%. When added to ribeye steaks, the phage pool produced
      a significant reduction in Pseudomonas growth but this was not sufficient to
      produce any significant effect upon the retail shelf life of beef. The inability
      of phages to control beef spoilage was not attributed to a loss of phage
      virulence since sufficient densities (log pfu/cm2 = 5 to 6) of virulent phage
      could be re-isolated from beef, 14 days after treatment. It was concluded that
      the efficacy of the current phage pool was limited by a narrow range of
      specificity.

PMID- 2397161
TI  - The occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in fermented milk products (fura and
      manshanu) in Nigeria.
AB  - Ninety-three samples of fermented milk cereal (Fura) and 79 of local butter
      (Manshanu) were collected from four different markets around Zaria. For Fura the
      mean content of Staphylococci for each of the four markets ranged from 4.5 x
      10(3) to 4.3 x 10(4) cfu/ml and the mean aerobic mesophilic plate count from 5.6
      x 10(5) to 2.7 x 10(6) cfu/ml. For Manshanu the mean staphylococcal count and
      aerobic mesophilic plate count ranged from 3.4 x 10(2) to 2.2 x 10(3) cfu/ml and
      6.7 x 10(4) to 1.1 x 10(6) cfu/ml respectively. Significant differences were seen
      between the different markets.

PMID- 2397162
TI  - Technologically important characteristics of Enterococcus isolates from milk and
      dairy products.
AB  - Enterococcus faecium (54 strains), E. faecalis (40 strains), and E. durans (14)
      were isolated from various dairy products (raw milk, cream, butter and fermented
      milk products) during a previous study (Wessels et al., 1988). In this article
      various characteristics of these isolates, which may have a bearing on their
      significance in dairy products, have been studied. A large percentage of the
      identified strains of all three species were able to grow at 7 degrees C. Seventy
      six percent of the E. faecium strains, 62% E. faecalis and 50% E. durans strains
      also showed proteolytic activity at psychrotrophic temperatures. The fact that
      proteolytic activity could be detected within 2 days at 7 degrees C is
      significant, since bulk cooled milk is normally held for 3 to 4 days at
      temperatures between 4 and 7 degrees C at farms or factories prior to processing.
      This examination confirmed that enterococci are proteolytic rather than
      lipolytic.

PMID- 2397163
TI  - Ultrastructural effects of magnesium on human amniotic epithelial cells.
AB  - The ultrastructure of the human amniotic epithelial cells from normal
      pregnancies, at term, was studied using scanning and transmission electron
      microscopy. The results were analysed by a stereological method which indicates
      the ratio between the volume of the intercellular space (R1), the microvilli
      (R2), and the podocytes (R3) versus the cell volume. An increase in this ratio
      indicates a higher structure and a facilitation of ion transport through the
      membrane. At low concentration (2 mM), MgSO4 increased R1 and R2 but decreased
      R3, whereas MgCl2 decreased R1 and R3 and had no significant effect on R2. At
      high concentration (10 mM), MgCl2 decreased R1 and increased R2 and R3, while
      MgSO4 had no significant effect on R1, increased R2, and decreased R3. The
      results are in part consistent with the results obtained after
      electrophysiological studies.

PMID- 2397164
TI  - Magnesium: a competitive inhibitor of lead and cadmium. Ultrastructural studies
      of the human amniotic epithelial cell.
AB  - The measure of the ratio between the volume of intercellular space (R1), the
      microvilli (R2), and the podocytes (R3) versus the cell volume indicates the
      effect of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) on the ultrastructure of the human amniotic
      epithelial cell. Cd decreased R1 significantly, increased R2 and had no effect on
      R3. Pb had no effect on R1 or R3 but decreased R2 significantly. The addition of
      Mg chloride to the bathing medium antagonized the effect of Cd on the
      intercellular spaces and podocytes. The antagonistic effect of Mg on Pb was
      observed only on microvilli. These results are consistent with the data obtained
      with electrophysiological studies which show that Mg is a competitive inhibitor
      of Pb and Cd.

PMID- 2397165
TI  - Abstracts of the 3rd European Congress on Magnesium. Geneva, 12-15 March, 1990.

PMID- 2397166
TI  - Possible role of water structure in biological magnesium systems.
AB  - Magnesium chloride-water solutions have been studied by Fourier Transform
      Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) in the near infrared region, 5000-10,000 cm-1. The
      effect of the concentration of magnesium chloride and temperature on the
      solutions has been studied from the spectra and it is concluded that magnesium
      chloride modifies the structure of the bulk water. The important absorption bands
      of water at 5200 and 7020 cm-1 may be assigned to combination vibrations and
      overtones. They are shifted either by increasing the magnesium chloride
      concentration or the temperature. The hydrated magnesium ions, [Mg(H2O)6]2+, will
      most probably break important hydrogen bonds in the clusters of water (H2O)n,
      where n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.../forming new hydrogen bonds in the presence of hexa
      aquated magnesium cations. FAB mass spectra also suggest the formation of
      hydrated magnesium cations, Mg (H2O)6(2+).

PMID- 2397167
TI  - Autologous bone marrow rescue as part of a curative approach for pediatric solid
      tumors: the case of neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2397168
TI  - Therapeutic drug monitoring in oncology.

PMID- 2397169
TI  - Fever in children with acute leukemia: cause and role of febrile episode at
      initial diagnosis.

PMID- 2397170
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma methotrexate levels following high-dose regimen
      given as a 3-hour intravenous infusion in children with nonHodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - In the French nonHodgkin's lymphoma protocols, central nervous system prophylaxis
      is provided by high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX), given as a 3-hour IV infusion of
      3 g/m2 MTX along with intrathecal MTX injection. The incidence of CNS relapse is
      less than 3%. We designed a study to evaluate the MTX transfer across the blood
      brain barrier in terms of cytotoxic concentrations, during these short-term
      infusions. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma MTX levels were measured during 61
      courses in 29 children with nonHodgkin's lymphoma; none of them had central
      nervous system disease. Samples were obtained either 4, 12, 18, or 24 hours after
      the start of HD-MTX IV infusion. A potentially cytotoxic MTX level (10(-6)M) was
      reached in all courses at 4 hours (median: 2.3 X 10(-6)M) and remained available
      in 8/16 courses at 12 hours (median: 1.0 X 10(-6)M) and in only 2/17 courses at
      18 hours (median: 0.29 X 10(-6)M). Twenty-four hours after the start of HD-MTX IV
      infusion, CSF MTX level was always less than 10(-6)M. The plasma MTX levels were
      260, 1.3, 1.0, and 1.7 X 10(-6)M at 4, 12, 18, and 24 hours, respectively. There
      was no correlation between plasma and CSF MTX levels. These data show that
      potentially cytotoxic MTX concentrations can be reached in CSF after a 3-hour IV
      infusion of 3 g/m2 in every patient and remain available for at least 8 hours in
      half of them.

PMID- 2397171
TI  - Cyclosporine A in five children with severe aplastic anemia.
AB  - Five children with aplastic anemia (AA) were treated with Cyclosporine A (CyA)
      after failure or poor response to other immunosuppressive agents. A complete
      remission was achieved in 3 patients, a good partial response in 1, and a poor
      partial response in another. In 1 patient in whom a complete remission was
      obtained, a relapse occurred 4 months after CyA was stopped. The treatment was
      resumed and a complete remission was again observed. Four patients were still on
      treatment, and side effects were mild. CyA appeared to be an effective treatment
      in AA.

PMID- 2397172
TI  - Acute chest syndrome in children with sickle cell anemia.
AB  - Vaso-occlusive crisis is the most common cause of morbidity in patients with
      sickle cell anemia (SCA). Those patients are frequently admitted with chest signs
      and symptoms suggesting an infective process. The term acute chest syndrome (ACS)
      is used to describe those chest episodes in SCA patients, and it is postulated
      that a primary bone vaso-occlusive crisis may be the cause of the acute chest
      syndrome in SCA patients. In this study we report 52 episodes of ACS in a group
      of 22 children with SCA. Chest pain, fever, and leukocytosis were a constant
      clinical finding. The hematological, radiological, and bacteriological studies
      are reported. There is a constant and significant fall in hemoglobin levels from
      88 +/- 10 g/L (8.8 +/- 1.0 g/dl) to 68 +/- 15 g/L (6.8 +/- 5 g/dl). Unilateral or
      bilateral pulmonary basal infiltrations were found in 50 episodes. Pleural
      effusion was noticed in 60 episodes, and it was bilateral in three. No
      significant bacteriological findings were present.

PMID- 2397173
TI  - Excretion of epidermal growth factor-like material in acute Henoch-Schonlein
      purpura nephritis.
AB  - In Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis (HSPN), glomeruli may develop cellular
      "crescents" composed of infiltrating monocytes and proliferating renal epithelia.
      In this study, we demonstrate that peripheral human monocytes can release an
      epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like substance detectable by a radioreceptor assay,
      which recognizes both EGF and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), but
      not with a radioimmunoassay, which recognizes only EGF. Furthermore, we report
      that urine from pediatric patients during the acute phase of HSPN contains a
      similar EGF-like species in addition to the endogenous EGF which is normally
      present. The EGF-like material was not present in urine from nine healthy
      children or from six children with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
      The extent of crescent formation in our patients is uncertain, since renal biopsy
      was performed in only one case. However, we speculate that the urinary material
      resembling TGF-alpha which appears during the acute phase of HSPN may derive from
      monocytes infiltrating the kidney.

PMID- 2397174
TI  - Transtubular potassium concentration gradient: a useful test to estimate renal
      aldosterone bio-activity in infants and children.
AB  - The present investigation was designed to validate the usefulness of transtubular
      potassium (K) concentration gradient (TTKG) as an indicator of aldosterone bio
      activity in infants and children. TTKG was calculated by the formula: [K]urine:
      (urine/plasma)osmolality/[K]venous blood. We compared this index with fractional
      K excretion (FEK) and urine K concentration to urine sodium (Na) concentration
      ratio (UK/UNa) in 473 normal children aged 1 month-15 years. Values of TTKG
      followed a non-gaussian distribution (median, 6.3; 3rd centile, 4.1; 97th
      centile, 13.4). TTKG in infants (n = 108; median, 7.8) was significantly higher
      than in children (n = 365; median, 6.0). TTKG correlated directly with FEK and
      UK/UNa. Indices of K excretion were also assessed in 13 patients with hypo- and
      pseudohypoaldosteronism. TTKG values varied between 1.6 and 4.1 and were all
      below the 3rd percentile established for the age of the subject. We conclude that
      calculation of TTKG is an easy and sensitive method for the evaluation of
      mineralocorticoid action in distal and collecting tubules.

PMID- 2397175
TI  - Transplacental induction of membranous nephropathy in a neonate.
AB  - We report a case of renal failure in a newborn infant due to membranous
      glomerulonephritis. The patient was anuric in the first 3 weeks of life, after
      which renal function recovered. The serum of the mother contained IgG antibodies
      which reacted with tubular brush borders and glomeruli of adult and fetal human
      kidneys. Reactivity with renal epithelium from human kidneys was detected. We
      suggest that a transplacental, passive Heymann nephritis-like mechanism was the
      pathogenesis of the neonate's symptoms, although the antigen(s) involved was
      shown not to be gp 330 or any of the renal antigens known to be involved in
      experimental nephropathies.

PMID- 2397176
TI  - Association of spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia with nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - The association of a spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia and growth failure with the
      nephrotic syndrome was found in three boys. Renal biopsy performed on two
      revealed focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. The nephrotic syndrome occurred
      at the age of 3-7 years, leading to end-stage renal failure in all patients.
      Growth failure persisted after successful renal transplantation. This association
      may represent a distinct disease entity.

PMID- 2397177
TI  - Long-term follow-up of a paediatric case of lipoprotein glomerulopathy.
AB  - A paediatric case of lipoprotein glomerulopathy, a new kidney disease
      characterized by glomerular lipoprotein thrombi, is reported. The patient had
      massive proteinuria from the age of 8 years, when the nephrotic syndrome was
      first detected. This was resistant to conventional treatment for more than 10
      years. During the course of the disease, the hyperlipidaemia characteristic of
      hyper-pre-beta-lipoproteinaemia and elevation of apoprotein E persisted, and
      renal function gradually deteriorated. The renal histopathological findings from
      four biopsies were essentially the same, with storage of beta-lipoprotein in
      dilated, balloon-like glomerular capillary lumina. However, the number of
      glomeruli showing global sclerosis increased and tubulo-interstitial changes
      progressed in parallel with the gradual clinical deterioration. As in other cases
      reported in Japan some familial involvement has been noted.

PMID- 2397178
TI  - Predicted reciprocal serum creatinine at age 10 years as a measure of renal
      function in children with nephropathic cystinosis treated with oral cysteamine.
AB  - The predicted reciprocal creatinine at age 10 years (PRC10), a parameter of renal
      function based upon the linear relationship between reciprocal serum creatinine
      and age, incorporates age, serum creatinine, and rate of renal deterioration into
      a single term. PRC10 measurements were employed to assess renal function in
      children with nephropathic cystinosis treated with oral cysteamine, a cystine
      depleting agent. In 71 children receiving oral cysteamine for at least 1 year,
      PRC10 decreased linearly with initial serum creatinine concentration. This
      indicated that, although established renal damage in cystinosis was irreversible,
      early intervention with cysteamine therapy could favorably alter the rate of
      glomerular deterioration. In other analyses, mean PRC10 was shown to increase
      with duration of cysteamine therapy and extent of leukocyte cystine depletion.
      The predicted reciprocal creatinine value at a certain age can be useful in
      analyzing the effects of therapeutic intervention in a disease with a relatively
      uniform rate of renal deterioration.

PMID- 2397179
TI  - Evaluation of variability of proteinuria indices.
AB  - We compared several indices of proteinuria, namely protein concentration, hourly
      protein excretion rate (Up/h) and protein/creatinine ratio (Up/Ucr) in single
      voided urine samples as well as 24 h-urinary protein excretion (24 h-Up), in 44
      children, aged 4-16 years, with varying degrees of urinary protein excretion. We
      found an excellent correlation between Up/h and Up/Ucr in early morning samples.
      These two indices in early morning samples had excellent correlation with 24 h
      Up, comparable to those in any other urine sample of the day. Among daytime
      samples, Up/h varied widely, in contrast to Up/Ucr, which had significantly less
      variability. We analysed six early morning and six bedtime samples from 39 of
      these subjects, and found smaller coefficients of variation for individual
      patient's indices in morning samples. Up/h was more variable than Up/Ucr,
      especially in bedtime samples. Urinary protein concentration had a poorer
      correlation with 24 h-Up and was more variable than any other index. We conclude
      that the Up/Ucr in early morning samples, which has the advantages both of
      simplicity and low day-to-day variability in a given patient, is a superior index
      of proteinuria.

PMID- 2397180
TI  - Electrocardiographic monitoring in children with chronic renal failure.
AB  - Continuous electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring was performed over 24 h in 44
      children at various stages of chronic renal failure in order to determine the
      incidence and nature of cardiac dysrhythmias. In addition the ECG was followed
      during haemodialysis sessions and during dialysate exchanges in continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. In contrast to adult patients on
      haemodialysis life-threatening dysrhythmias were not observed. The proportion of
      children with premature ventricular complexes (41%) was at the upper limit of
      that in healthy children. A relatively high heart rate was found in children on
      CAPD, which varied during the exchange procedure. In 57% of all patients a
      transient marked prolongation of the QT interval up to 40% greater than normal
      was observed without obvious changes in the serum electrolyte levels. Continuous
      ECG monitoring is a useful tool for detecting alterations of cardiac rhythm and
      conduction in at-risk children with renal failure.

PMID- 2397182
TI  - Microsurgical creation and follow-up of arteriovenous fistulae for chronic
      haemodialysis in children.
AB  - Three hundred and eighty children underwent 434 angioaccesses. Of these
      angioaccesses, 113 were constructed in 74 children weighing under 10 kg. Most
      accesses (n = 340) were distal arteriovenous fistulae (AVF). After microsurgery
      there was a 96% immediate patency. Seventy percent of AVF, excluding distal
      ulnarbasilic AVF, were functional, sometimes after secondary superficialization
      of the vein. Eighty-five per cent of the distal radial-cephalic AVF are still
      patent after 2 years, 60% are still patent after 4 years. These radial-cephalic
      AVF required 65 repeat anastomoses, and 12 ligations of the proximal-radial
      artery in order to reduce to 50% the high blood flow (pre-reduction average index
      = 900 ml/min per m2. The patency rate of arteriovenous-bridge grafts was not
      encouraging. The severity of stenoses in the proximal-venous trunks, sometimes
      related to previous catheterization, is emphasized. Advantages of the radial
      cephalic wrist AVF in children are highlighted.

PMID- 2397181
TI  - Coagulation abnormalities in chronic peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - To determine whether children treated with chronic peritoneal dialysis have a
      hypercoagulable state, various coagulation and fibrinolytic factor concentrations
      or activities were measured in 17 children undergoing chronic peritoneal
      dialysis. The patients had significantly increased activities of factors VII and
      VIII, and increased concentrations of von Willebrand factor (vWF), fibrinogen,
      factor XIIIA and factor XIIIS compared to reference values (P less than 0.001 in
      each case). The activated partial thromboplastin time was prolonged (P less than
      0.001) and the thrombin clotting time was decreased (P less than 0.05) in these
      children. The prothrombin time and activities of factors XII, XI, IX, X, V and II
      were not significantly different from control values. Protein C concentrations
      were similar to normal, but antithrombin III concentrations were increased (P
      less than 0.05). Within the fibrinolytic pathway, decreased concentrations of
      plasminogen were found (P less than 0.001) and the concentrations of alpha-2
      antiplasmin were increased (P less than 0.001). The plasma albumin concentration
      was below 33 g/l in 13 of the 17 children. The duration of treatment with
      peritoneal dialysis was directly correlated with vWF concentrations (P less than
      0.001) and inversely correlated with factor VII concentrations (P less than
      0.01). Of these patients 2 have since had clinical thrombotic episodes. The
      coagulation abnormalities found may have a role in the occurrence of thrombosis
      complicating renal transplantation.

PMID- 2397183
TI  - Oxandrolone for delayed puberty in boys taking long-term steroid therapy for
      renal disease.
AB  - Eleven boys, mean age 15.3 years (range 13.2-17.5), with pubertal delay in
      association with steroid therapy for steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome and
      following renal transplantation were treated with oxandrolone 2.5 mg daily for a
      mean of 0.50 years (range 0.34-0.61). Mean growth velocity increased from 3.9
      cm/year (range 1.1-6.3) to 6.1 cm/year (range 2.0-14.4) and was maintained at 6.1
      cm/year (range 0.4-10.2) (P less than 0.05). However, there was no significant
      difference in growth between the treated boys and age- and puberty-matched
      controls. Elevation of blood cyclosporin A and creatinine levels occurred in the
      transplant patients. Oxandrolone may initiate a pubertal growth spurt in patients
      taking steroid therapy for renal disease, but should be used with extreme caution
      because of potential side-effects.

PMID- 2397184
TI  - Restoration of kidney function after prolonged renal artery occlusion.
AB  - An 11-month-old child developed renal artery occlusion (RAO) and anuric renal
      failure following an unsuccessful transluminal renal artery angioplasty of a
      solitary kidney. Despite the prolonged period of anuria, kidney viability was
      suspected based upon preservation of kidney length and the absence of
      glomerulosclerosis. At 19 months of age, revascularization of the kidney was
      performed. During the 7 months following revascularization, renal function
      gradually improved so that dialysis was no longer necessary. This improvement
      occurred in spite of significant tubular atrophy. Kidney viability may have been
      preserved, despite prolonged ischemia, as a result of the decreased renal oxygen
      consumption that existed during subfiltration glomerular perfusion pressures. The
      low normal blood erythropoietin level may have reflected the lack of renal
      hypoxia. The ability of the kidney to adapt to chronic ischemia underscores the
      importance of considering vascular reconstruction in all patients with RAO
      despite a long period of non-function.

PMID- 2397185
TI  - Serum interleukin-2 levels in a patient with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
      Relationship to clinical course and cyclosporin A therapy.
AB  - We describe a patient with steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
      (FSGS) whose serum interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels were markedly elevated in
      association with disease activity. With cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment, the
      patient entered remission and serum IL-2 fell to undetectable levels. After
      cessation of CsA, the patient relapsed and the serum IL-2 levels were elevated
      again. Reinstitution of CsA therapy was followed by a partial remission and
      disappearance of detectable serum IL-2 levels.

PMID- 2397186
TI  - Renovascular hypertension presenting with hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis.
AB  - This report describes two adolescents with severe hypertension secondary to renal
      artery stenosis who had evidence of a hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis in their
      initial laboratory evaluation. Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis is known to occur
      in approximately 16% of adults with renal artery stenosis but has not been well
      described in the pediatric literature. It is the result of excess aldosterone
      secretion stimulated by renal artery stenosis-mediated activation of the renin
      angiotension system and by an increase in natriuresis from the contralateral, non
      stenotic kidney. Although primary hyperaldosteronism must be considered in
      children with hypertension and hypokalemia, it is a rare disease in children.
      This report supports current recommendations that the initial focus of medical
      investigation in the severely hypertensive child should remain on the kidney.

PMID- 2397187
TI  - Acute torsion of a renal transplant: cause of organ loss.
AB  - Acute torsion of a renal allograft has not been previously described as a cause
      of organ loss. We present a case of acute torsion of a transplanted kidney in a
      patient with prune-belly syndrome which led to renal necrosis, necessitating
      organ removal.

PMID- 2397188
TI  - Psychosocial issues in children on hospital haemodialysis: nurses' views.
AB  - In a sample of 21 children and adolescents on hospital haemodialysis, nurses
      identified a substantial percentage of the children (about half) as having marked
      problems in psychological adjustment. Nearly half of the children were also
      regarded as showing poor compliance with aspects of treatment other than
      dialysis. More children were rated as disturbed by nursing than by research
      psychiatric assessments; there was limited congruence between nurses' and
      parent/child ratings of problems in physical well-being or in treatment
      compliance. The reasons for these discrepancies are explored. Our results
      highlight the importance that psychological aspects in the nursing of children
      with chronic renal failure on hospital haemodialysis are recognised.

PMID- 2397189
TI  - The management of end-stage renal disease in underdeveloped countries: a moral
      and an economic problem.
AB  - There are major problems in providing care for children with end-stage renal
      failure in underdeveloped countries. It is difficult to employ key workers such
      as dietitians and social workers because of low pay and other demands for their
      services. The poor pay of physicians is also a problem and few can afford to
      devote the time necessary to care adequately for chronically disabled children.
      In Chile it has not been possible to develop comprehensive kidney failure centres
      for children. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis has not been encouraged
      due to the socio-economic and hygienic conditions of the population but isolated
      intermittent dialysis has been provided. Transplantation has been restricted due
      to the shortage of cadaver kidneys but a number of children maintained on
      hospital intermittent chronic peritoneal dialysis have been transplanted
      successfully. We believe that underdeveloped countries should develop clear
      programmes for the treatment of chronic renal failure and in addition initiate
      screening for renal diseases in the population so that early detection of renal
      disease, for instance in relation to urinary tract infection, can prevent
      progression to renal failure.

PMID- 2397190
TI  - Renal dysfunction in children.

PMID- 2397191
TI  - DNA relatedness among strains of Leptospira biflexa.
AB  - The slot blot method of DNA hybridization was used to study 38 strains of
      Leptospira biflexa belonging to 38 serovars. Fifteen of these serovars were
      placed into six groups. The remaining 23 serovars were generally too diverse to
      show significant DNA relatedness either to these groups or to one another.
      Serovar thracia was related to Group 5, but it was not included in this group
      because its percent relatedness was too low. We found that genetically related
      organisms were antigenically dissimilar. The absence of any significant genetic
      relationship between Leptonema illini and the Leptospira biflexa serovars tested
      supports the placement of the former species in a separate genus.

PMID- 2397192
TI  - Bacillus thiaminolyticus sp. nov., nom. rev.
AB  - The name "Bacillus thiaminolyticus" Kuno 1951 was not included on the Approved
      Lists of Bacterial Names and has lost standing in bacteriological nomenclature.
      The genetic homogeneity of "Bacillus thiaminolyticus" was assessed by determining
      guanine-plus-cytosine contents by the buoyant density method and by measuring DNA
      relatedness by using spectrophotometric reassociation procedures. Of the 26
      strains which I studied, 24 had guanine-plus-cytosine contents in the range from
      52 to 54 mol%. The consistently high DNA relatedness values of 60 to 100% of
      these 24 strains to the type strain indicated that the "B. thiaminolyticus" group
      is genetically homogeneous. Low DNA relatedness values of 20 to 31% showed that
      "B. thiaminolyticus" is genetically unrelated to Bacillus alvei, "Bacillus
      aneurinolyticus," "Bacillus apiarius," Bacillus larvae, Bacillus laterosporus,
      Bacillus macerans, and Bacillus stearothermophilus. In general, the "B.
      thiaminolyticus" group was highly homogeneous for 49 phenotypic characteristics
      and clearly distinguishable from B. alvei, with which it was allegedly
      synonymous. On the basis of these findings, revival of the name Bacillus
      thiaminolyticus is proposed.

PMID- 2397193
TI  - Numerical taxonomy of mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria, emended description of
      Mycobacterium avium, and description of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium subsp.
      nov., Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis subsp. nov., and Mycobacterium
      avium subsp. silvaticum subsp. nov.
AB  - We performed a numerical taxonomy analysis of 38 Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
      and related mycobacterial strains, including wood pigeon mycobacteria; this
      analysis was based on 22 tests, which were selected for their potential
      discriminative value from a total of 51 tests studied and produced four well
      defined clusters. Cluster 1 contained the M. paratuberculosis strains, including
      two strains isolated from Crohn's disease patients; cluster 2 contained
      Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare reference strains; cluster 3
      consisted of the wood pigeon mycobacteria; and the only strain in cluster 4 was
      M. paratuberculosis 316F, which is used for antigen and vaccine production.
      Strains in cluster 1 were mycobactin dependent even when they were subcultured,
      whereas strains in cluster 3 were unable to grow on egg medium and their growth
      was stimulated by pH 5.5. Growth stimulation by pyruvate, resistance to D
      cycloserine (50 micrograms/ml), and alkaline phosphatase activity also were
      characteristics that were useful for discriminating between clusters 1 and 3. The
      results of previous DNA-DNA hybridization studies have demonstrated that M. avium
      Chester 1901, M. paratuberculosis Bergey et al. 1923, and the wood pigeon
      mycobacteria belong to a single genomic species, and we propose that the name of
      this species should be M. avium. On the basis of the results of previous genomic
      analyses based on restriction fragment length, the results of polymorphism
      studies, and DNA patterns determined by field inversion gel electrophoresis as
      well as the results of our phenotypic study, we propose that the species should
      be divided into subspecies which correspond to pathogenicity and host range
      characteristics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397194
TI  - Clostridium aldrichii sp. nov., a cellulolytic mesophile inhabiting a wood
      fermenting anaerobic digester.
AB  - An anaerobic, mesophilic, spore-forming, cellulolytic bacterium was repeatedly
      isolated from a wood-fermenting anaerobic digester. Cells of this organism were
      gram-positive rods, motile with a bundle of polar flagella, and formed
      subterminal oblong spores. The colonies in agar had an irregular shape with many
      platelike structures and were greyish white. Cellulose, xylan, and cellobiose
      served as substrates for growth. Acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate,
      isovalerate, lactate, succinate, H2, and CO2 were products of cellobiose
      fermentation. The optimal temperature and pH for growth were 35 degrees C and 7,
      respectively. The DNA composition was 40 mol% G + C. The name Clostridium
      aldrichii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P-1 (= OGI 112, = ATCC 49358).

PMID- 2397195
TI  - Actinomyces georgiae sp. nov., Actinomyces gerencseriae sp. nov., designation of
      two genospecies of Actinomyces naeslundii, and inclusion of A. naeslundii
      serotypes II and III and Actinomyces viscosus serotype II in A. naeslundii
      genospecies 2.
AB  - DNAs of type strains and representative members of Actinomyces groups from the
      human periodontal flora and from other habitats were compared by using the S1
      nuclease procedure to determine their genetic relatedness. One rather common
      group from the human periodontal flora, previously called "Actinomyces D08," is
      phenotypically distinct from, and genetically unrelated to, previously described
      species. We propose the name of Actinomyces georgiae for this organism; the type
      strain is strain ATCC 49285. Another common group from the human periodontal
      flora is Actinomyces israelii serotype II, which was found genetically distinct
      from the type strain of A. israelii (serotype I) and from other previously
      described species of Actinomyces. We propose the name Actinomyces gerencseriae
      for this organism; the type strain is strain ATCC 23860. A. naeslundii serotype I
      strains were distinct from the other strains studied. A separate genospecies
      which included strains of A. naeslundii serotypes II and III and A. viscosus
      serotype II was delineated. Strains of Actinomyces serotype WVA 963 constitute an
      additional distinct genospecies. Because there are no reliable phenotypic tests,
      other than serological analyses, to differentiate Actinomyces serotype WVA 963
      and the two genospecies of A. naeslundii, no taxonomic changes are proposed for
      these three genospecies.

PMID- 2397196
TI  - Paracoccus aminophilus sp. nov. and Paracoccus aminovorans sp. nov., which
      utilize N,N-dimethylformamide.
AB  - Two methylamine- and N,N-dimethylformamide-utilizing Paracoccus spp. are
      described. These bacteria are gram-negative, nonsporeforming, nonmotile, coccoid
      or short rod-shaped organisms. Their DNA base composition is 62 to 68 mol% G + C.
      Their cellular fatty acids include large amounts of C18:1 acid. Their major
      hydroxy acids are 3-OH C10:0 and 3-OH C14:0 acids. The major ubiquinone is Q-10.
      These bacteria are distinguished from Paracoccus denitrificans and Paracoccus
      alcaliphilus by physiological characteristics and by DNA-DNA-homology. Paracoccus
      aminophilus sp. nov. and Paracoccus aminovorans sp. nov. are proposed. The type
      strain of P. aminophilus is DM-15 (= JCM 7686), and the type strain of P.
      aminovorans is DM-82 (= JCM 7685). Paracoccus halodenitrificans is distinguished
      from other Paracoccus species on the basis of cellular fatty acid composition,
      hydroxy fatty acid composition, and DNA-DNA homology. It may not be a valid
      member of the genus Paracoccus.

PMID- 2397197
TI  - Paracoccus kocurii sp. nov., a tetramethylammonium-assimilating bacterium.
AB  - A new species of tetramethylammonium-assimilating bacteria was isolated from an
      activated sludge which was used for the treatment of tetramethylammonium
      hydroxide contained in the wastewater from semiconductor manufacturing processes.
      Cells of the bacteria were gram-negative, nonmotile, short rods (0.5 to 0.8
      micron by 0.7 to 1.1 microns). The major respiratory quinone component of the
      bacteria was Q-10. The G + C content was 71 mol%. Isolates are mesophilic and
      assimilate methylated amines such as tetramethylammonium, trimethylamine,
      dimethylamine, and methylamine under neutral conditions. The isolates resemble
      Paracoccus species with respect to morphology but were distinguishable from the
      known species of the genus. We propose Paracoccus kocurii sp. nov. The type
      strain is strain B (= JCM 7684).

PMID- 2397198
TI  - Lactobacillus intestinalis (ex Hemme 1974) sp. nov., nom. rev., isolated from the
      intestines of mice and rats.
AB  - The genetic and phenotypic properties of 10 strains identified as Lactobacillus
      intestinalis sp. nov. were examined. These strains constitute a distinct species
      which can be differentiated from all of the previously described homofermentative
      species in the genus Lactobacillus by their carbohydrate fermentation pattern.
      The guanine-plus-cytosine contents of their DNAs are 33 to 35 mol%. DNAs from 10
      other Lactobacillus species did not exhibit significant levels of relatedness to
      representative strains of the new species. The name Lactobacillus intestinalis
      (ex Hemme) sp. nov., nom. rev. is proposed for these isolates, and strain Th4 (=
      ATCC 49335 = JCM 7548) is the type strain.

PMID- 2397199
TI  - Peptostreptococcus hydrogenalis sp. nov. from human fecal and vaginal flora.
AB  - We describe Peptostreptococcus hydrogenalis sp. nov., which is found in human
      feces and vaginal discharge. This new species was established on the basis of the
      results of DNA-DNA hybridization among anaerobic cocci. The results of different
      biochemical reactions also are given. The type strain of this species is strain
      GIFU 7662 (= JCM 7635).

PMID- 2397200
TI  - Fatty acid composition of Propionibacterium propionicum (Arachnia propionica).
AB  - The cellular fatty acids of Arachnia propionica are largely 13
      methyltetradecanoic acid (Ci15:0) and 12-methyltetradecanoic acid (Ca15:0); thus,
      the fatty acid pattern of this organism resembles the pattern found in
      propionibacteria. This finding supports the transfer of members of the genus
      Arachnia to the genus Propionibacterium.

PMID- 2397201
TI  - Structural analysis of d(GCAATTGC)2 and its complex with berenil by nuclear
      magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - The structures of d(GCAATTGC)2 and its complex with berenil in solution were
      analyzed by two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy. Intra- and internucleotide
      nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) connectivities demonstrate that the
      octanucleotide duplex is primarily in the B conformation. Binding with berenil
      stabilizes the duplex with respect to thermal denaturation by about 10 degrees C,
      based on the appearance of the imino proton signals. The berenil-d(GCAATTGC)2
      system is in fast exchange on the NMR time scale. The two-dimensional NMR data
      reveal that berenil binds in the minor groove of d(GCAATTGC)2. The aromatic drug
      protons are placed within 5 A of the H2 proton of both adenines, the H1', H5',
      and H5" of both thymidines, and the H4', H5', and H5" of the internal guanosine.
      The amidine protons on berenil are also close to the H2 proton of both adenines.
      The duplex retains an overall B conformation in the complex with berenil. At 18
      degrees C, NOE contacts at longer mixing times indicate the presence of end-to
      end association both in the duplex alone and also in its complex with berenil.
      These intermolecular contacts either vanished or diminished substantially at 45
      degrees C. Two molecular models are proposed for the berenil-(GCAATTGC)2 complex;
      one has hydrogen bonds between the berenil amidine protons and the carbonyl
      oxygen, O2, of the external thymines, and the other has hydrogen bonds between
      the drug amidine protons and the purine nitrogen, N3, of the internal adenines.
      Quantitative analysis of the NOE data favors the second model.

PMID- 2397202
TI  - Quaternary interactions in eye lens beta-crystallins: basic and acidic subunits
      of beta-crystallins favor heterologous association.
AB  - beta-Crystallins are complex eye lens proteins made up of several related basic
      and acidic subunits that combine to form differently sized oligomers each
      displaying extensive polydispersity. As the sequences are homologous to the X-ray
      determined bilobal structure of gamma-crystallin, beta-subunits are visualized as
      having a similar structure with additional N- and C-terminal extensions. Two
      basic (beta B2 and beta B3) and two acidic (beta A3 and beta A4) subunits have
      been isolated in deaggregating media, refolded, and reassociated in various
      combinations to determine which components favor dimers or higher oligomers.
      Homopolymers were compared with beta B2 homodimer in terms of charge, using Mono
      Q fast protein liquid chromatography, and size, using Superose 12 chromatography.
      Heterooligomeric formations were monitored by their intermediate charge
      properties compared with homooligomers. beta B2 associates with either beta B3-
      or beta A4-forming heterodimers whereas a larger oligomer is formed with beta A3.
      Naturally occurring beta-crystallin oligomers were analyzed by Mono Q
      chromatography and PhastGel electrophoresis. Whereas beta B2, beta B3, and beta
      A4 can each be reassociated to homodimers, beta A4 dimers are not found in native
      beta-crystallins. beta B2-beta A3 is a major component of intermediate-sized beta
      L1-crystallin and is absent from dimeric beta L2-crystallin. It is suggested that
      the pH dependence of the size of beta L1-crystallin is due to a dimer to tetramer
      equilibrium. By following dimer interactions using Superose 12 chromatography,
      beta B2-beta A4 was shown to interact with beta B2-beta A3. A model of beta
      crystallin structure is proposed based on beta-subunits forming dimers with the
      next level of organization requiring an acidic subunit, beta A3, with a long N
      terminal extension.

PMID- 2397203
TI  - Conformational changes of Robinia pseudoacacia lectin related to modifications of
      the environment: FTIR investigation.
AB  - The secondary structural characteristics of one of the Robinia pseudoacacia
      lectins (RPA3) have been investigated by FTIR spectroscopy and have been
      established from absorption measurements in the amide I,I' frequency range and
      from the quantitative estimation of the rate of NH----N2H exchange. In an
      anhydrous state the protein structure consists mainly of antiparallel and
      parallel beta-structures, which represent 60% of the overall secondary structure
      of RPA3. Data obtained in different polar media (KBr, 2-chloroethanol, 2H2O, NaCl
      2H2O and/or DPPC) reveal that RPA3 is a highly flexible protein. In pure 2H2O a
      rapid solvation of free peptide units and weak peripheral hydrogen bonds occurs,
      followed by the solvation of more internal parts of the lectin. The protein
      precipitates before total unfolding is reached. Increasing the ionic strength
      modifies the rate of NH----N2H exchange. NaCl concentrations of less than or
      equal to 0.15 M stabilize RPA3 in a structure close to that of the lyophilized
      lectin and diminish the rate of exchange, whereas higher NaCl concentrations
      partially disrupt the original secondary structure and increase the rate of
      exchange. Furthermore RPA3 was shown to interact with DPPC through polar
      interactions between the polar heads of the phospholipid and specific peptide
      units. These interactions appear to favor the NH----N2H exchange.

PMID- 2397204
TI  - Kinetic characterization of two active mutants of placental ribonuclease
      inhibitor that lack internal repeats.
AB  - Human placental ribonuclease inhibitor (PRI), a 50-kDa tight-binding inhibitor of
      angiogenin and pancreatic ribonuclease, consists predominantly of 7 internal
      repeats, each 57 residues long. Repeats 3 plus 4 (residues 144-257) or repeat 6
      (residues 315-371) can be deleted to give mutant proteins, PRI delta 3-4 and PRI
      delta 6, respectively, that retain inhibitory activity [Lee, F. S., & Vallee, B.
      L. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 1879-1883]. We describe here the
      isolation and characterization of these two active mutant proteins. Both inhibit
      the enzymatic activities of either angiogenin or bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A
      (RNase A) with a 1:1 stoichiometry, and the mode of inhibition of RNase A by
      either is competitive. PRI delta 3-4 binds to angiogenin and RNase A with Ki
      values of 0.72 and 170 pM, respectively The corresponding values for PRI delta 6
      are 22 and 43 pM, respectively. Since recombinant PRI to angiogenin and RNase A
      with Ki values of 0.29 and 68 fM, respectively, deletion of repeats 3 plus 4
      weakens both interactions 2500-fold while deletion of repeat 6 weakens them
      76,000- and 630-fold, respectively. Therefore, either the deletion of these
      repeats has altered the conformation of the angiogenin/RNase binding site in PRI
      or the deleted repeats contribute directly to the binding site, or both. In
      addition, the tighter binding to angiogenin versus RNase A seen with native PRI
      has been preserved in PRI delta 3-4 but has been almost completely abolished in
      PRI delta 6.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397205
TI  - Effects of magnesium on the dynamic instability of individual microtubules.
AB  - We investigated the effect of magnesium ion (Mg) on the parameters of dynamic
      instability of individual porcine brain microtubules. Rates of elongation and
      rapid shortening were measured by using video-enhanced DIC light microscopy and
      evaluated by using computer-generated plots of microtubule length vs time.
      Increasing [Mg] from 0.25 to 6 mM increased the second-order association rate
      constant for elongation about 25% at each end. At plus ends, this resulted in a
      1.5-2-fold increase in elongation rates over the tubulin concentrations explored.
      Rapid shortening rates were more dramatically affected by Mg. As [Mg] was
      increased from 0.25 to 6 mM, the average rate of rapid shortening increased about
      3-fold at plus ends and 4-5-fold at minus ends. The ends had roughly equivalent
      average rates at low [Mg], of 30-45 microns/min. At any Mg concentration, rates
      of disassembly varied from one microtubule to another, and often an individual
      microtubule would exhibit more than one rate during a single shortening phase.
      Individual rates at 6 mM Mg varied from 12 to 250 microns/min. Over the
      concentration range explored, Mg affected the frequencies of transition from
      elongation to shortening and back only at minus ends. Minus ends were relatively
      stable at low [Mg], having 4 times the frequency of rescue than at high [Mg], and
      a lower frequency of catastrophe (particularly evident at low tubulin
      concentrations). Plus ends, surprisingly, were highly unstable at all Mg
      concentrations investigated, having about the same transition frequencies as did
      the least stable (high Mg) minus ends. Our results have implications for models
      of the GTP cap, again emphasizing that GTP caps cannot build up in proportion to
      elongation rate, and must be constrained to the tips of growing microtubules.

PMID- 2397206
TI  - Phosphatidylserine affects specificity of protein kinase C substrate
      phosphorylation and autophosphorylation.
AB  - Protein kinase C substrate phosphorylation and autophosphorylation are
      differentially modulated by the phosphatidylserine concentration in model
      membranes. Both substrate phosphorylation and auto-phosphorylation display a
      cooperative dependence on phosphatidylserine in sonicated vesicles composed of
      diacylglycerol and either phosphatidylcholine or a mixture of cell lipids
      (cholesterol, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine).
      However, the concentration of phosphatidylserine required to support
      phosphorylation varies with individual substrates. In general,
      autophosphorylation is favored at intermediate phosphatidylserine concentrations,
      while substrate phosphorylation dominates at high phosphatidylserine
      concentrations. These different phosphatidylserine dependencies may reflect
      different affinities of particular substrates for negatively charged membranes.
      Increasing the negative surface charge of sonicated vesicles increases the rate
      of substrate phosphorylation. In contrast to the modulation exerted by
      phosphatidylserine, diacylglycerol activates protein kinase C equally toward
      substrate phosphorylation and autophosphorylation. These results indicate that
      both diacylglycerol and phosphatidylserine regulate protein kinase C activity in
      the membrane: diacylglycerol turns the enzyme on, while phosphatidylserine
      affects the specificity toward different substrates.

PMID- 2397207
TI  - Vanadate dimer and tetramer both inhibit glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from
      Leuconostoc mesenteroides.
AB  - Vanadate dimer and tetramer inhibit glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from
      Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The inhibition by a vanadate mixture containing
      vanadate monomer, dimer, tetramer, and pentamer was determined by measuring the
      rates of glucose 6-phosphate oxidation and reduction of NAD (or NADP) catalyzed
      by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The inhibition by vanadate is competitive
      with respect to NAD or NADP and noncompetitive (a mixed type) with respect to
      glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) when NAD or NADP are cofactors. This inhibition pattern
      varies from that observed with phosphate and thus suggests vanadate interacts
      differently than a phosphate analogue with the enzyme. 51V NMR spectroscopy was
      used to directly correlate the inhibition of vanadate solutions to the vanadate
      dimer and/or tetramer, respectively. The activity of the vanadate oligomer varied
      depending on the cofactor and which substrate was being varied. The vanadate
      dimer was the major inhibiting species with respect to NADP. This is in contrast
      to the vanadate tetramer, which was the major inhibiting species with respect to
      G6P and with respect to NAD. The inhibition by vanadate when G6P was varied was
      weak. The competitive inhibition pattern with respect to NAD and NADP suggests
      the possibility that vanadate oligomers may also inhibit catalysis of other NAD-
      or NADP-requiring dehydrogenases. Significant concentrations of vanadate dimer
      and tetramer are only found at fairly high vanadate concentrations, so these
      species are not likely to represent vanadium species present under normal
      physiological conditions. It is however possible the vanadate dimer and/or
      tetramer represent toxic vanadate species.

PMID- 2397208
TI  - A protein engineering study of the role of aspartate 158 in the catalytic
      mechanism of papain.
AB  - The controversy concerning the various suggested roles for the side chain of
      Asp158 in the active site of papain has been clarified by using site-directed
      mutagenesis. Both wild-type papain and an Asp158 Asn variant were produced in a
      baculovirus-insect cell expression system, purified to homogeneity from the
      culture, and characterized kinetically. With CBZ-Phe-Arg-MCA as substrate, the
      kcat/KM and kcat values obtained for the Asp158Asn papain are 20,000 M-1.s-1 and
      34 s-1, respectively, as compared with values of 120,000 M-1.s-1 and 51 s-1
      obtained for the wild-type papain. In addition, the pH-(kcat/KM) profile for the
      Asp158Asn enzyme is shifted relative to that for the wild-type enzyme to lower
      values by approximately 0.3 pH unit. This shows clearly that Asp158 is not, as
      previously postulated, an essential catalytic residue. In addition, the pH
      dependency data are interpreted to indicate that, contrary to earlier
      suggestions, the negatively charged side chain of Asp158 does not significantly
      stabilize the active-site thiolate-imidazolium ion pair. However, its presence
      does influence the pKa's associated with ion-pair formation in a manner
      compatible with electrostatic considerations.

PMID- 2397209
TI  - Surfactant protein SP-B induces ordering at the surface of model membrane
      bilayers.
AB  - The effects of bovine pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B (SP-B) on
      molecular packing of model membrane lipids (7:1 DPPC/DPPG) were studied by
      fluorescence anisotropy. The bilayer surface was markedly ordered by SP-B below
      the gel to fluid phase transition temperature (Tc) while it was only slightly
      ordered above this temperature as indicated by surface-sensitive probes 6-NBD-PC
      and 6-NBD-PG. The effects of SP-B on fluorescence anisotropy were concentration
      dependent, reaching maximal activity at 1-2% protein to phospholipid by weight.
      Anisotropy measurements of interior-selective fluorescent probes (cis-parinaric
      acid and DPH) imply that addition of SP-B into the phospholipid shifted the Tc of
      the model membrane but did not alter lipid order at the membrane interior. Since
      fluorescence anisotropy studies with trans-parinaric acid, an interior-sensitive
      probe with high affinity for gel-phase lipids, did not detect any changes in
      lipid packing or Tc, it is likely that SP-B resides primarily in fluid-phase
      domains. Fluorescence lifetime measurements indicated that two conformers of the
      NBD-PC probe exist in this DPPC/DPPG model membrane system. Fluorescence
      intensity measurements generated with NBD-PC and NBD-PG, in conjunction with
      information from lifetime measurements, support the concept that SP-B increases
      the distribution of the short-lifetime conformer in the gel phase. In addition,
      the anisotropy and intensity profiles of NBD-PG in the model membrane indicate
      that bovine SP-B interacts selectively with phosphatidylglycerol.

PMID- 2397210
TI  - Evaluation of membrane phase behavior as a tool to detect extrinsic protein
      induced domain formation: binding of prothrombin to
      phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine vesicles.
AB  - The temperature-composition phase diagram of mixed dimyristoylphosphatidylserine
      (DMPS) and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) small unilamellar vesicles was
      determined in the presence and absence of bound bovine prothrombin by monitoring
      the phospholipid order-disorder phase separation using diphenylhexatriene (DPH)
      fluorescence anisotropy. The shape of the membrane temperature-composition
      diagram was essentially unaltered by the binding of prothrombin in the presence
      of Ca2+ although the two-phase (gel/fluid) region was slightly narrowed and
      shifted by 1-10 degrees C to higher temperatures. This result does not support
      the popular idea that extensive domains rich in negatively charged phospholipid
      are induced in response to prothrombin binding. Instead of implying domain
      formation, our results demonstrate that the observed increase in melting
      temperature associated with binding of prothrombin to acidic phospholipid
      membranes can be accounted for by the observed altered membrane order both in the
      fluid and in the solid lamellar phases. The membrane order in the liquid
      crystalline phase increased with increased acidic lipid content, and much more so
      for DMPS than for dipentadecanoylphosphatidylglycerol (DC15PG). These results
      demonstrate that simple shifts in membrane phase behavior cannot be properly
      interpreted to prove the existence of charged lipid domains. In addition, we
      report the unexpected observation that prothrombin increased the anisotropy of
      DPH in DMPS/DMPC vesicles in the liquid-crystalline phase in the absence of Ca2+
      as well as in its presence. This effect was seen to a lesser extent and only at a
      much higher charged-lipid content for DC15PG/DMPC vesicles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397211
TI  - Phosphorylation of membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor by protein kinase C:
      characterization and subunit specificity.
AB  - Acetylcholine receptor (AChR) from Torpedo electric organ in its membrane-bound
      or solubilized form is phosphorylated by the Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein
      kinase (PKC). The subunit specificity for PKC is different from that observed for
      cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Whereas PKC phosphorylates predominantly the
      delta subunit and the phosphorylation of the gamma subunit by this enzyme is very
      low, PKA phosphorylates both subunits to a similar high extent. We have extended
      our phosphorylation studies to a synthetic peptide from the gamma subunit,
      corresponding to residues 346-359, which contains a consensus PKA phosphorylation
      site. This synthetic peptide is phosphorylated by both PKA and PKC, suggesting
      that in the intact receptor both kinases may phosphorylate the gamma subunit at a
      similar site, as has been previously demonstrated by us for the delta subunit
      [Safran, A., et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 10506-10510]. The diverse pattern
      of phosphorylation of AChR by PKA and PKC may play a role in the regulation of
      its function.

PMID- 2397212
TI  - Expression and characterization of recombinant human factor V and a mutant
      lacking a major portion of the connecting region.
AB  - Human coagulation factor V is a protein cofactor that is an essential component
      of the prothrombinase complex. A full-length factor V cDNA has been subcloned
      into the mammalian expression vector pDX and used to transfect COS cells.
      Approximately 95 +/- 4% of the recombinant human factor V (rHFV) synthesized in
      COS cells is secreted into the culture medium. Forty-eight hours after
      transfection rHFV antigen levels in the conditioned medium were 70 +/- 15 ng/mL.
      Factor V activity determined by fibrometer assay increased approximately 5-fold
      from 0.027 +/- 0.012 to 0.124 +/- 0.044 unit/mL following activation by the
      factor V activating enzyme from Russell's viper venom (RVV-V). A chromogenic
      assay specific for factor Va indicated that recombinant factor V had 3.8 +/- 1.3%
      of the activity of the activated protein. The estimated specific activity of the
      recombinant factor Va was approximately 1800 +/- 500 units/mg, which is similar
      to the specific activity of purified plasma factor Va of 1700-2000 units/mg.
      Immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine-labeled rHFV revealed a single high
      molecular mass component (approximately 330 kDa). Treatment of rHFV with thrombin
      or RVV-V resulted in the formation of proteolytic products that were similar to
      those seen with plasma factor V. We have also expressed a mutant, rHFV-des-B811
      1441, that lacks a large portion of the highly glycosylated connecting region
      that is present in factor V. Immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine-labeled rHFV
      des-B811-1441 revealed a single-chain polypeptide with Mr approximately 230 kDa.
      This mutant constitutively expressed 38 +/- 7% of the activity of the RVV-V
      activated protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397213
TI  - Identification and characterization of a 43-kilodalton laminin fragment from the
      "A" chain (long arm) with high-affinity heparin binding and mammary epithelial
      cell adhesion-spreading activities.
AB  - A recently described procedure of reduction and carboxymethylation followed by
      heparin-Sepharose chromatography [Arumugham et al. (1988) Connect. Tissue Res.
      18, 135-147] was used to characterize high-affinity heparin binding fragments of
      the laminin "A" chain. Two laminin fragments of Mr 53K and 43K selectively bound
      to the heparin-Sepharose column from the chymotrypsin digest of laminin,
      indicating that these fragments originate from the "A" chain. Without reduction
      and carboxymethylation but in the presence of 2.0 M urea, the heparin-Sepharose
      bound material from the chymotrypsin laminin digest contains all the attachment
      promoting activity for normal mouse mammary epithelial cells. The reduced 200-kDa
      intact three short arm fragment, fragments of Mr 70K-160K obtained either from
      laminin or from the reduced 200-kDa three short arm fragment, and the 53-kDa
      heparin binding fragment were all inactive in promoting the adhesion of mouse
      mammary epithelial cells. The mammary epithelial cell adhesion and spreading
      properties of laminin are associated with the high-affinity heparin binding 43
      kDa fragment. The mammary epithelial cells attach to the 43-kDa fragment
      substrate and synthesize laminin, collagen type IV, and desmoplankins I and II as
      are the cells attached to laminin substrate and to the cells grown on tissue
      culture dishes. The biologically active 43-kDa fragment is generated from
      laminin, but not from the three short arm fragment. These results suggest that
      normal mouse mammary epithelial cells interact with laminin through a single site
      which is present in the 43-kDa heparin binding fragment located on the long arm
      of the "A" chain.

PMID- 2397214
TI  - The formation of cytochrome P-450 from cytochrome P-420 is promoted by spermine.
AB  - This paper is concerned with camphor-bound bacterial cytochrome P-450 and
      processes that alter its spin-state equilibrium and influence its transition to
      the nonactive form, cytochrome P-420, as well as its renaturation to the native
      camphor-bound cytochrome P-450. Spermine, a polycation carrying a charge of 4 +,
      and potassium, a monovalent cation, were shown to differently cause an increase
      of high-spin content of camphor-bound cytochrome P-450. The spermine-induced spin
      transition saturates around 75% of the high spin; a further addition of KCl to
      the spermine-containing sample shifted the spin state to 95% of the high spin.
      The volume change of these spin transitions as measured by the use of high
      pressure indicated an excess of -40 mL/mol for the sample containing potassium as
      compared to that containing spermine. These results suggest that the proposed
      privileged site for potassium has not been occupied by spermine and that pressure
      forces both the camphor and the potassium ion from its sites, allowing solvent
      movement into the protein as well as ordering of solvent by the excluded camphor
      and potassium. Cytochrome P-420 was produced from cytochrome P-450 by hydrostatic
      pressure in the presence of potassium, spermine, and cysteine. Potassium cation
      shows a bigger effect on the stability of cytochrome P-450 than spermine or
      cysteine, as revealed by a higher value of the pressure of half-inactivation,
      P1/2, and a bigger inactivation volume change. However, potassium cation did not
      promote renaturation of cytochrome P-420 to cytochrome P-450 while the presence
      of spermine did.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397215
TI  - 13C NMR relaxation times of hepatic glycogen in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - The field dependence of relaxation times of the C-1 carbon of glycogen was
      studied in vitro by natural-abundance 13C NMR. T1 is strongly field dependent,
      while T2 does not change significantly with magnetic field. T1 and T2 were also
      measured for rat hepatic glycogen enriched with [1-13C]glucose in vivo at 4.7 T,
      and similar relaxation times were observed as those obtained in vitro at the same
      field. The in vitro values of T1 were 65 +/- 5 ms at 2.1 T, 142 +/- 10 ms at 4.7
      T, and 300 +/- 10 ms at 8.4 T, while T2 values were 6.7 +/- 1 ms at 2.1 T, 9.4 +/
      1 ms at 4.7 T, and 9.5 +/- 1 ms at 8.4 T. Calculations based on the rigid-rotor
      nearest-neighbor model give qualitatively good agreement with the T1 field
      dependence with a best-fit correlation time of 6.4 X 10(-9) s, which is
      significantly smaller than tau M, the estimated overall correlation time for the
      glycogen molecule (ca. 10(-5) s). A more accurate fit of T1 data using a modified
      Lipari and Szabo approach indicates that internal fast motions dominate the T1
      relaxation in glycogen. On the other hand, the T2 relaxation is dominated by the
      overall correlation time tau M while the internal motions are almost but not
      completely unrestricted.

PMID- 2397216
TI  - Epidermal growth factor labeled beta-amanitin-poly-L-ornithine: preparation and
      evidence for specific cytotoxicity.
AB  - Poly-L-ornithine with an average molecular weight of 32K was reacted with beta
      amanitin hydroxysuccinimide ester to form an amide-linked toxin conjugate.
      Loading of the polymeric chain with amanitin was high, corresponding to up to 35%
      of the total weight. To this amatoxin vehicle we attached a targeting molecule,
      human recombinant leucine-21 epidermal growth factor (hrEGFL), via a disulfide
      containing linker moiety. A typical average stoichiometry of the hrEGFL labeled
      toxin conjugate was (L-Orn)164(beta-amanitin)19(COC2H4SSC2H4CO-hrEGFL)2. The
      affinity for EGF receptors of hrEGFL bound in this conjugate was tested by using
      A 431 cells. The affinity was eight times lower than that of unsubstituted hrEGFL
      but regarded as high enough for studying specific toxicity effects with cells
      bearing EGF receptors. We found that beta-amanitin in the labeled conjugate was
      able to inhibit the growth of A 431 cells at a concentration of 28 nM, 80 times
      lower than for native beta-amanitin and 20 times lower than for poly-L-ornithine
      bound beta-amanitin without the hrEGFL label. The approximately 20-fold
      enhancement of cytotoxicity suggests a specific internalization of the toxin
      conjugate mediated by the hormone label. This idea is supported by the fact that
      also in another transformed fibroblast cell line, with an increased though
      smaller number of EGF receptors than A 431 cells, the corresponding enhancement
      of cytotoxicity was demonstrable but less pronounced (7-fold). The hormone
      mediated increase in cytotoxicity of EGF labeled poly-L-ornithine-beta-amanitin
      conjugates, combined with their moderate toxicity in the mouse, encourages
      further examination of such compounds in tumor model systems in vivo.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397218
TI  - Active site mutant Glu-43----Asp in staphylococcal nuclease displays nonlocal
      structural changes.
AB  - The crystal structure of the Glu-43----Asp mutant of staphylococcal nuclease
      complexed with Ca2+ and the inhibitor thymidine 3',5'-bisphosphate (pdTp) has
      been determined and refined by restrained least-squares methods to a conventional
      crystallographic R value of 0.174 at a resolution of 1.74 A. Throughout most of
      the structure, the conformation of the backbone atoms of the mutant is similar to
      that of the wild-type protein; however, the seemingly conservative mutation Glu--
      -Asp has significantly perturbed the structure of a loop adjacent to the active
      site, as well as giving rise to looser binding of the essential calcium ion and
      to a less extensive network of bound water molecules in the active site. Crystal
      contacts that extend into the active site have also been altered by this amino
      acid substitution. The changes caused by this mutation are considerably more
      drastic than would have been predicted and should serve as caveats to those who
      would draw conclusions about structure-function relationships on the basis of
      site-directed mutagenesis experiments in the absence of structural data.

PMID- 2397217
TI  - The pro domain of pre-pro-transforming growth factor beta 1 when independently
      expressed is a functional binding protein for the mature growth factor.
AB  - Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) is proteolytically derived from
      the carboxyl terminus of a 390 amino acid precursor molecule termed pre-pro-TGF
      beta 1. Previous studies have suggested that the pro piece of pre-pro-TGF-beta 1
      may play an important role in the formation of an inactive, latent complex. These
      latent forms are thought to be important in the regulation of TGF-beta 1
      activity. To understand this latent complex in more detail, we have expressed the
      pro domain of pre-pro-TGF-beta 1 in tissue culture cells independent of the
      mature growth factor. A stop codon was genetically engineered into the cDNA of
      pre-pro-TGF-beta 1 by changing the Arg-278 codon from CGA to the STOP codon TGA.
      The resulting protein is truncated just prior to the amino-terminal Ala residue
      of the mature growth factor. Transient expression studies and immunoblotting
      indicate that this pro piece is readily made and secreted by the COS-1 cells; the
      major form of the expressed pro piece, when analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, behaves as a disulfide-linked dimer (Mr 80,000). Bioassays,
      using mink lung indicator cells, reveal that the pro domain forms an inactive
      complex with exogenously added mature TGF-beta 1. Treatment of this complex with
      heat or acid results in the release of active TGF-beta 1, indicating an in vitro
      structure similar to natural, latent TGF-beta 1 complexes. The pro piece from TGF
      beta 1 was also found to form latent structures with two closely related family
      members, TGF-beta 1.2 and TGF-beta 2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397219
TI  - A comparative study of the effects of procaine, lidocaine, tetracaine and
      dibucaine on the functions and ultrastructure of isolated rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - The effects of procaine, lidocaine, tetracaine and dibucaine (10(-5) - 10(-2) M)
      were tested on isolated rat liver mitochondria by measurements of the respiratory
      rates and of the membrane potential and by electron microscopy. A general
      concentration-dependent stimulation of the basal state (respiration before ADP
      addition) was observed for all local anesthetics studied. Up to the concentration
      of 10(-3) M, the order of stimulation was: procaine less than lidocaine less than
      dibucaine less than tetracaine. However, with the exception of dibucaine, which
      inhibited state-3 respiration (ADP present) in a strictly concentration-dependent
      manner, the other drugs had a biphasic effect: slight stimulation of state 3 at
      low and moderate concentrations (less than or equal to 10(-3) M) and inhibition
      at higher concentrations. Nevertheless, due to a stronger stimulation of the
      basal state, the acceptor control ratio decreases progressively (uncoupling
      effect) as the concentration of the drugs increases. The only exception to this
      observation is procaine in the range of 10(-5) - 10(-4) M, where the stimulation
      of the two respiration states (although small) is approximately equal and thus
      the uncoupling effect is absent or negligible. Membrane potential recordings
      suggested that membrane integrity and phosphorylation capacity were negatively
      affected at high drug concentrations (greater than 10(-3) M), especially in the
      case of tetracaine and dibucaine, when 5 x 10(-3) M even produced the collapse of
      the membrane potential and complete loss of the phosphorylation ability. Electron
      microscopy confirmed these effects, showing an abundance of either swollen or
      supercondensed mitochondria, with many membrane ruptures. The action mechanisms
      of the tertiary amines studied are discussed in terms of interaction of drug with
      the lipid bilayer and with the membrane proteins. It is concluded that both the
      inhibitory and the uncoupling effects are dependent, in the first place, on the
      degree of hydrophobicity of each local anesthetic.

PMID- 2397220
TI  - Mechanism of fatty acid effect on myocardial oxygen consumption. A phosphorus NMR
      study.
AB  - The calorigenic effect of fatty acids on the intact myocardium was investigated
      in isolated rat hearts perfused with a phosphate-free bicarbonate buffer. 31P-NMR
      spectra were accumulated in a Fourier transform high-field spectrometer during
      titration of the heart with varying concentrations of hexanoate. Oxygen
      consumption, coronary flow, left ventricular pressure development, heart rate and
      tissue surface fluorescence of nicotinamide-adenine nucleotides were monitored
      simultaneously. It was found that hexanoate within a range of 40 to 800 microM
      increased the reduction of NADH/NAD, increased oxygen consumption and increased
      the phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate ratio in a concentration-dependent
      manner. The results suggest that the fatty acid-induced increase in oxygen
      consumption is not due to a primary effect on the cellular energy state resulting
      from a decrease in the P/O ratio or uncoupling of the mitochondria but due to an
      increase in the thermodynamic driving force.

PMID- 2397221
TI  - The temperature dependence of human erythrocyte transport of phosphate, phosphite
      and hypophosphite.
AB  - The temperature dependence of the erythrocyte anion transport protein (Band 3 or
      AE1) mediated influx of three nonspherical substrates, the divalent anions
      phosphate and phosphite, and the monovalent hypophoshite, were determined. Phase
      transitions were found in the temperature dependence of the influxes of all three
      anions. The 95% confidence limits for the transition temperatures were: 34.6-38.1
      degrees C, 7.4-9.1 degrees C and 6.7-9.7 degrees C for phosphate, phosphite and
      hypophosphite, respectively, while the critical influx rates at the transitions
      were 29-50, 64-102 and 26-58 ions/s per carrier, respectively. That the critical
      rates rather than the transition temperatures are of similar magnitude indicates
      that the transitions are related to transport mechanisms rather than to thermal
      protein conformational changes. These critical rates are two orders of magnitude
      lower than those reported for the self-exchange of Cl- and Br- (Brahm, J. (1977)
      J. Gen. Physiol. 70, 283-306). The critical rate of monovalent hypophosphite is
      similar to that of divalent phosphate and phosphite, but not to that of Cl-
      indicating that this effect is mediated by the structure of the substrate rather
      than by its charge. The disparity in the rates rc at which phase transitions
      occur in AE1-mediated transport of spherical and nonspherical anions indicates a
      difference in the interaction between the two classes of anions and the protein.

PMID- 2397222
TI  - Regulation of calcium transport in bovine spermatozoa.
AB  - Calcium uptake into bovine epididymal spermatozoa is enhanced by introducing
      phosphate in the suspending medium (Babcock et al. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250,
      6488-6495). This effect of phosphate is found even at a low extracellular Ca2+
      concentrations (i.e., 5 microM) suggesting that phosphate is involved in calcium
      transport via the plasma membrane. Bicarbonate (2 mM) cannot substitute for
      phosphate, and a relatively high bicarbonate concentration (20 mM) causes partial
      inhibition of calcium uptake in absence of Pi. In the presence of 1-2 mM
      phosphate, 20 mM bicarbonate enhances Ca2+ uptake. The data indicate that the
      plasma membrane of bovine spermatozoa contains two carriers for Ca2+ transport: a
      phosphate-independent Ca2+ carrier that is stimulated by bicarbonate and a
      phosphate-dependent Ca2+ carrier that is inhibited by bicarbonate. Higher
      phosphate concentrations (i.e., 10 mM) inhibit Ca2+ uptake into intact cells
      (compared to 1.0 mM phosphate) and this inhibition can be relieved partially by
      20 mM bicarbonate. This effect of bicarbonate is inhibited by mersalyl. Calcium
      uptake into the cells is enhanced by adding exogenous substrates to the medium.
      There is no correlation between ATP levels in the cells and Ca2+ transport into
      the cell. ATP levels are high even without added exogenous substrate and this ATP
      level is almost completely reduced by oligomycin, suggesting that ATP can be
      synthesized in the mitochondria in the absence of exogenous substrate. Calcium
      transport into the sperm mitochondria (washed filipin-treated cells) is
      absolutely dependent upon the presence of phosphate and mitochondrial substrate.
      Bicarbonate cannot support Ca2+ transport into sperm mitochondria. There is good
      correlation between Ca2+ uptake into intact epididymal sperm and into sperm
      mitochondria with the various substrates used. This indicates that the rate of
      calcium transport into the cells is determined by the rate of mitochondrial Ca2+
      uptake and respiration with the various substrates.

PMID- 2397223
TI  - The Na(+)-dependent proline carrier, of eel intestinal brush-border membrane,
      sequentially binds proline and then Na+.
AB  - The mechanism of Na+/L-proline cotransport, present on brush-border membrane
      (BBM) vesicles of the European eel intestine, was studied. Initial cotransport
      rates, depending on increasing proline and Na+ concentrations in the
      extravesicular medium (zero-trans conditions), were measured by monitoring the
      decay of an inside-negative membrane potential, i.e. the fluorescence quenching
      of the voltage-sensitive cyanine dye 3,3'-diethylthiacarbocyanine iodide (DiS
      C2(5)). By simultaneously estimating the substrate-dependent Na(+)-influx (with
      the fluorescent dye) and the Na(+)-dependent [3H]substrate influx, it was
      concluded that proline was cotransported with 1 Na+ ion and glucose with 2 Na+
      ions. The kinetics of proline/Na+ cotransport were then investigated. Graphical
      analysis excluded a ping-pong mechanism. Under rapid equilibrium assumptions, by
      fitting model equations to rate values it was possible to exclude the random and
      the ordered Na+/proline mechanisms. Therefore, in eel intestinal BBM vesicles,
      the mechanism of proline/Na+ cotransport is ordered and prolineout binds to the
      carrier prior to Na+out.

PMID- 2397224
TI  - Effects of membrane lipid composition on the kinetics of cholesterol exchange
      between lipoproteins and different species of red blood cells.
AB  - To better understand the effects of plasma membrane structure on the kinetics of
      cellular cholesterol efflux to extracellular lipoprotein particles, the influence
      of plasma membrane sphingomyelin (SM) on the kinetics of cholesterol exchange was
      examined in both a model membrane system comprised of egg SM/egg
      phosphatidylcholine (PC) unilamellar vesicles and in various types of mammalian
      red blood cells (RBC) containing differing levels of SM. The kinetics and
      mechanism of the bidirectional flux of unesterified cholesterol (FC) between RBC
      and lipoproteins were established by using human RBC (labeled with [14C]FC)
      incubated with varying concentrations of human [3H]FC high-density lipoprotein
      (HDL3) or [3H]FC low-density lipoprotein (LDL). A maximal rate constant for FC
      efflux was obtained when the lipoprotein FC was in excess (6-fold and 15-fold,
      for HDL3 and LDL, respectively) of RBC FC; under this condition, the rate
      limiting step is desorption of cholesterol molecules from the RBC membrane into
      the extracellular aqueous phase. At 37 degrees C, the halftime (t1/2) for efflux
      was 4.6 +/- 0.6 h for HDL3 and 6.2 +/- 0.2 h for LDL; FC efflux exhibited first
      order kinetics and the RBC FC comprised a single kinetic pool. To investigate the
      effect of different membrane SM/PC ratios on the rate of FC desorption from the
      plasma membrane, the kinetics of cholesterol efflux from bovine RBC (5:1, w/w
      ratio of SM/PC), human RBC (1:1 ratio), rabbit RBC (0.6:1 ratio) and rat RBC
      (0.3:1 ratio) were compared. With excess HDL3 present, bovine, rabbit, and rat
      RBC exhibited t1/2 of 5.5 +/- 0.8, 4.0 +/- 0.2, and 3.7 +/- 0.6 h, respectively,
      for cholesterol efflux. Changing the ratio from 0.3:1 to 3:1 in egg SM/egg PC
      small unilamellar vesicles increased the t1/2 for cholesterol efflux at 45
      degrees C from 1.1 to 6.9 h. The results described in this paper suggest that
      increasing membrane SM content raises the t1/2 for cholesterol exchange in both
      the RBC plasma membrane and in simple mixed SM/PC bilayers. However, the
      influence of SM is less in the natural plasma membrane, perhaps because of
      modulating factors such as membrane proteins and the presence of a complex
      phospholipid mixture.

PMID- 2397225
TI  - Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared analysis of
      lipid-protein interactions involving the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
AB  - Lipid-protein interactions were studied using Torpedo californica acetylcholine
      receptor (AChR) as a model system by reconstituting purified AChR into
      dielaidoylphosphatidylcholine (DEPC, 18:1 trans-9,10) membranes. The structural
      and thermodynamic behavior of lipids in the vicinity of the protein were studied
      by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
      The effects of AChR on the thermodynamic parameters associated with lipid phase
      transitions were to reduce the enthalpy change, lower the transition temperature
      and reduce the cooperative behavior of the lipid molecules. A stoichiometry of
      approx. 95 lipids per AChR molecule was found by simulating the decrease in
      enthalpy in terms of a simple model in which a fixed number of lipid molecules
      are prevented from undergoing a cooperative phase transition. In parallel, the
      vibrational spectra of pure DEPC and AChR reconstituted in DEPC membranes at
      various lipid to protein ratios were examined. Profiles of the 3000-2800 cm-1 C-H
      stretching region and 1350-950 cm-1 characteristic of the headgroup region of the
      lipid exhibit little sensitivity to protein/lipid ratio reflecting weak
      interaction of AChR with DEPC. The lipid carbonyl on the other hand appear to be
      increasingly hydrogen bonded in the presence of AChR. The results provide new
      information about the size and physical state of the motionally restricted lipid
      environment that surrounds the acetylcholine receptor. The results are discussed
      in the context of lipid-mediated alterations in acetylcholine receptor function.

PMID- 2397226
TI  - Biphasic voltage relaxation pattern observed in cells of Eremosphaera viridis
      after injection of charge-pulses of short duration: detection of tip clogging of
      intracellular microelectrodes by charge-pulse technique.
AB  - Charge pulse experiments performed on the peat-bog alga Eremosphaera viridis
      revealed an unusual voltage relaxation behaviour. Injection of charge pulses of 1
      microseconds duration resulted in an immediate charging of the membranes (time
      constant of the order of 40 ns). Nevertheless, the potential-measuring
      microelectrode recorded an exponential increase in membrane voltage with a time
      constant of about 1.3 ms. The maximum voltage value was recorded after about 3
      ms, followed by an exponential decay with a time constant of about 9.6 ms. This
      biphasic time course was independent of the amplitude of the injected charge and
      of the location of the impaled microelectrodes in the vacuole. Centrifuged cells
      in which the chloroplasts and the other organelles were pelleted in one part of
      the cells showed the same electrical response. Electrical breakdown of the cell
      membranes resulted in the disappearance of the biphasic voltage response. In this
      case only the decaying relaxation process could be recorded with a time constant
      of 3 ms. After resealing of the membranes the original biphasic relaxation
      response was restored. Increasing concentrations of KCl in the bathing medium
      reduced both time constants almost correspondingly. The experimental findings
      were evaluated with an electrical equivalent circuit. Theoretical analysis with
      reference to the experimental data suggested that the delayed voltage response of
      the potential-recording electrode resulted from a membrane seal across the tip of
      this electrode. The resistance of this seal was calculated to be about 400 M
      omega. The specific resistances and capacitances of tonoplast and plasmalemma
      membranes were calculated from the decaying part of the biphasic relaxation
      curves. The average values were found to be 2.58 omega.m2 and 5 mF.m-2. The
      investigations reported here suggest that charge pulse experiments can be
      generally used for the detection of membrane and cytoplasmic material clogging of
      the tip of intracellular microelectrodes, a problem with which most
      electrophysiologists are faced when interpreting data obtained from impaled
      microelectrodes.

PMID- 2397227
TI  - Studies on peroxisomal membranes.
AB  - The phospholipid/protein ratios of rat liver peroxisomes, mitochondria and
      microsomes were determined and found to be 257 +/- 26, 232 +/- 20 and 575 +/- 20
      nmol.mg-1, respectively. After correction for the loss of soluble protein, a
      peroxisomal ratio of 153 nmol.mg-1 was calculated. Organelle fractions were
      treated with sodium carbonate, whereafter membrane fragments containing integral
      membrane proteins were pelleted. For the membrane fractions of peroxisomes,
      mitochondria and microsomes phospholipid/protein ratios of 1054 +/- 103, 1180 +/-
      90 and 1050 +/- 50 nmol.mg-1 were found, whereas 26 +/- 2, 20 +/- 2 and 49 +/- 2%
      of the organelle protein was recovered in these membrane fractions, respectively.
      The phospholipid composition of the different organelle fractions were
      determined, but no large differences were obtained, except for cardiolipin that
      was found only in the mitochondrial fraction. After sodium carbonate treatment
      virtually all enzymatic activity of the enzymes tested was lost. Therefore Triton
      X-114 phase separation was used to obtain the peroxisomal membrane components. In
      this fraction 42.9 +/- 3.5% of the protein and 90.2 +/- 3.7% of the phospholipid
      was found. Enzymatic activity of two integral membrane proteins was recovered for
      over 90% in the membrane fraction, whereas activity of two matrix proteins was
      mainly found in the soluble fraction. Urate oxidase, the peroxisomal core
      protein, behaved differently and was recovered mainly with the membrane
      components. Recoveries of enzymatic activities after the Triton X-114 phase
      separation varied from 45 to 116%, and together with the good separation that was
      obtained between soluble proteins and integral membrane proteins this method
      provides a useful alternative for the isolation of membrane components.

PMID- 2397228
TI  - Biophysical correlates of lysophosphatidylcholine- and ethanol-mediated shape
      transformation and hemolysis of human erythrocytes. Membrane viscoelasticity and
      NMR measurement.
AB  - The effects of monopalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (MPPC or lysophosphatidylcholine)
      and a series of short-chain primary alcohols (ethanol, 1-butanol and 1-hexanol)
      on cell shape, hemolysis, viscoelastic properties and membrane lipid packing of
      human red blood cells (RBCs) were studied. For MPPC, the effective membrane
      concentration to induce the formation of stage 3 echinocytes (8 x 10(6) molecules
      per cell) was one order of magnitude lower than that needed to induce 50%
      hemolysis (7 x 10(7) molecules per cell). In contrast, short-chain alcohols
      induced both shape changes and hemolysis within close concentration range (2.5 x
      10(8) to 3.5 x 10(8) molecules per cell). Viscoelastic properties of the RBCs
      were studied by micropipette aspiration and correlated with shape change. Ethanol
      treated RBCs showed a decrease in membrane elastic modulus and an increase in
      membrane viscosity in the recovery phase at the early stage of shape change. MPPC
      treated cells showed the same type of viscoelastic changes, but these were not
      observed until the formation of stage 2 echinocytes. High-resolution solid-state
      13C nuclear magnetic resonance technique was applied to study membrane lipid
      packing in the ghost membrane by following the chemical shift of hydrocarbon
      chains. Both MPPC and ethanol caused the 13C-NMR chemical shift to move upfield,
      indicating that membrane lipids were expanded due to the intercalation of these
      exogenous molecules. Using data obtained from model compounds, we convert values
      of chemical shift into a lipid packing parameter, i.e., number of gauche bonds
      for fatty acyl hydrocarbon chains. Approximately 10(8) interacting molecules per
      cell are required to induce a detectable change of lipid packing by both MPPC and
      ethanol. The results indicate that homolysis occurs at a smaller surface area for
      MPPC- than ethanol-treated RBCs. Our findings suggest that progressive changes in
      the molecular packing in the membrane lead eventually to hemolysis, but the mode
      responsible for shape transformation varies with these amphipaths.

PMID- 2397229
TI  - Potentialities of magnetoliposomes in studying symmetric and asymmetric
      phospholipid transfer processes.
AB  - Using high-gradient magnetophoresis, the non-protein-mediated transfer and
      exchange of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) molecules between sonicated phospholipid
      dispersions and magnetoliposomes is studied. The latter structures consist of
      nanometer-sized magnetite (Fe3O4) cores which are enwrapped by a phospholipid
      bilayer. Their dimensions are similar to those of small unilamellar vesicles (De
      Cuyper and Joniau (1988) Eur. J. Biophys. 15, 311-319). Using these particles,
      spontaneous lipid movements were studied in three different cases. In a first
      setup, symmetric exchange between dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG)
      magnetoliposomes, labelled with [3H]DMPG, and DMPG vesicles was followed. Within
      the time scale of the experiment (1 day) both the lipid molecules residing in the
      inner and outer leaflet of the magnetoliposomes participate in the exchange
      process, although 'flip-flop' movements have a retarding effect. In the second
      approach a unidirectional flux of DMPG from DMPG magnetoliposomes to
      distearoylphosphatidylglycerol (DSPG) acceptors is noted. In this case, the outer
      phospholipid leaflet of the magnetoliposomes (in contrast to the inner one) can
      be largely stripped off; the extent of depletion is determined by the relative
      amount of the DSPG receiving structures. Furthermore, it is found that with a 15
      fold molar excess of receptors, the whole depletion course can be described by a
      single first-order rate expression. The reluctancy of the inner shell
      phospholipids to migrate is further illustrated by the virtual lack of transfer,
      observed with monolayer-coated Fe3O4 colloids. In the third case, asymmetric
      bidirectional PG transfer is followed between equimolar amounts of DMPG
      magnetoliposomes and dipentadecanoylphosphatidylglycerol vesicles. In the initial
      stage of the incubation period, the mmol PG/g Fe3O4 ratio decreases, but
      progressively restores later on. By quantitatively measuring the transfer rate of
      each of the individual components, this complex behavior could be unravelled.

PMID- 2397230
TI  - pH dependence of protamine action on apical membrane permeability in Necturus
      gallbladder epithelium.
AB  - Protamine reversibly decreases cation permeability and alters the structure of
      Necturus gallbladder tight junctions. Conflicting results, however, have been
      published whether or not it also affects apical cell membrane permeability. We
      investigated this issue more systematically by measuring voltage (psi mc) and
      fractional resistance (fRa) of the apical membrane at varying concentrations of
      protamine, K+, and H+ in the bathing solution. At pH 7.6 and [K+] 2.5 mM, (Poler,
      M.S. and Reuss, L. (1987) Am. J. Physiol. 253, C662) 6 microM protamine caused
      psi mc to depolarize from -58 to -51 mV and fRa to decrease from 0.74 to 0.67. If
      we increased pH to 8.1 these effects were even more pronounced. At [K+] 2.5 mM,
      but not 4.5 mM, psi mc transiently hyperpolarized for about 5 min after adding
      protamine. Most importantly, if [K+] was 4.5 mM and pH was adjusted to 7.1
      (Bentzel et al. (1987) J. Membr. Biol. 95, 9) no significant changes of psi mc
      and fRa occurred. In any case, at a supramaximal concentration of 200 microM,
      protamine did not further increase the paracellular response but produced
      decreasing psi mc and fRa. We conclude that 6 microM protamine decreases K+
      conductance of the apical membrane, if it is already tuned high by high pH. At
      low control K+ conductance as observed at lower pH, protamine action is
      restricted to the paracellular pathway. Thus, conflicting results were due to
      different experimental conditions. At a solution pH of 7.1, 6 microM protamine
      fulfills criteria of a selective tool for reversibly altering structure and
      function of the tight junction in Necturus gallbladder.

PMID- 2397231
TI  - The pH dependence of the hemolytic potency of bile salts.
AB  - The membrane damaging potential of dilute solutions of bile salts was evaluated
      by monitoring continuously the hemolysis of a small sample of red blood cells
      (RBC) introduced into a defined media containing the bile salts at various pH
      values. The strength of the hemolytic bile salt was characterized by the rate of
      the induced hemolysis and by the time that elapsed between the introduction of
      the RBC sample into the bile salt containing solution and the onset of hemolysis.
      The potency of the unconjugated bile acids was extremely sensitive to pH, e.g.
      the rate of hemolysis caused by a 7.5 mM cholate was 1.5%, 20% and 64% per min
      when the pH of the solution was 7.65, 7.3 and 6.85, respectively. At low pH
      values the membrane damaging effects of deoxycholate was clearly discerned at
      micromolar concentration range. The hemolytic potency of glycodeoxycholate was
      also enhanced significantly by lowering the pH. The taurine-conjugated cholate
      and deoxycholate were only slightly sensitive to variations in pH. Taurocholate
      at concentrations that were not hemolytic greatly enhanced the injurious potency
      of deoxycholate. These results imply that in acidic solutions the presence of
      bile acids can cause damage to cell membranes. It is suggested that the acidic
      environment in the proximal duodenum and acidosis developed during hypoxia in the
      liver are two situations in which the bile salts may constitute a pathogenic
      factor.

PMID- 2397232
TI  - Cytotoxicity and effect of glycyl-D-phenylalanine-2-naphthylamide on lysosomes.
AB  - Glycyl-D-phenylalanine-2-naphthylamide (Gly-D-Phe-2-NNap) is a cytotoxic agent as
      exemplified by its effect on Vero cells in culture. This effect is inhibited to
      some extent by nigericin. On the other hand, Gly-D-Phe-2-NNap induces an increase
      of free activity of N-acetylglucosaminidase when incubated with a mitochondrial
      fraction of rat liver at pH 7.5. The phenomenon is inhibited by chloroquine,
      NH4Cl and nigericin, substances that are known to increase the intralysosomal pH.
      The latency of enzymes located in other subcellular structures - mitochondria,
      peroxisomes and endoplasmic reticulum - is not affected by Gly-D-Phe-2-NNap.
      Moreover, that compound does not cause a release of FITC-Dextran present in
      endosomes. Apparently Gly-D-Phe-2-NNap is a specific lytic agent for lysosomes.
      It is proposed that the molecule behaves like a lysosomotropic substance that is
      able to attack the lysosomal membrane from the interior of the organelle. Its
      cytotoxic properties could be explained by its effect on lysosomes.

PMID- 2397233
TI  - Uptake of the cephalosporin, cephalexin, by a dipeptide transport carrier in the
      human intestinal cell line, Caco-2.
AB  - The transport of the orally absorbed cephalosporin, cephalexin, was examined in
      the human epithelial cell line, Caco-2 that possesses intestinal enterocyte-like
      properties when cultured. In sodium-free buffer, the cells accumulated 1 mM D-[9
      14C]cephalexin against a concentration gradient and obtained a distribution ratio
      of 3.5 within 180 min. Drug uptake was maximal when the extracellular pH was 6.0.
      Uptake was reduced by metabolic inhibitors and by protonophores indicating that
      uptake was energy- and proton-dependent. Kinetic analysis of the concentration
      dependence of the rate of cephalexin uptake showed that a non-saturable component
      (Kd of 0.18 +/- 0.01 nmol/min per mg protein per mM) and a transport system with
      a Km of 7.5 +/- 2.8 mM and a Vmax of 6.5 +/- 0.9 nmol/min per mg protein were
      responsible for drug uptake. Uptake was competitively inhibited by dipeptides.
      The transport carrier exhibited stereospecificity for the L-isomer of cephalexin.
      Drug uptake was not affected by the presence of amino acids, organic anions, 4
      acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid or 4,4'-diisothiocyano
      2,2'-disulfonic stilbene. Therefore, Caco-2 cells take up cephalexin by a proton
      dependent dipeptide transport carrier that closely resembles the transporter
      present in the intestine. Caco-2 cells represent a cellular model for future
      studies of the dipeptide transporter.

PMID- 2397234
TI  - The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the bilayer structure of
      phosphatidylcholines containing omega-cyclohexyl fatty acyl chains.
AB  - The barotropic behavior of aqueous dispersions of two representative omega
      cyclohexyl phosphatidylcholines was investigated by pressure-tuning Fourier
      transform infrared spectroscopy. In the even-numbered homologue, 1,2-di-14
      cyclohexyltetradecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (14cyPC), the lipid molecules
      are orientationally disordered until the applied pressure reaches 2.1 kbar. This
      pressure marks the onset of correlation field splitting of the scissoring and
      rocking modes of the linear chain methylenes, as well as that of the cyclohexyl
      ring methylenes. It indicates immobilization of the entire acyl chains, whereby
      the zig-zag planes of the neighboring straight chain all-trans methylenes are
      oriented mainly perpendicular to each other. As judged from the magnitude of the
      correlation field splittings, the interchain interaction is weaker in 14cyPC than
      that in linear lipids (e.g., DMPC or DPPC). Upon an increase in pressure, up to
      20 kbar, the zig-zag methylene planes in 14cyPC undergo a gradual transformation
      to a parallel orientation. In the odd-numbered homologue, 1,2-di-13
      cyclohexyltridecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (13cyPC), there is no
      correlation field splitting originating from the straight chain methylenes (up to
      21 kbar). The linear, nonbranched segments of the omega-cyclohexyl chains in
      13cyPC are closely packed with the all-trans methylene zig-zag planes oriented
      parallel to each other. There is, however, correlation field splitting of the
      ring methylenes, indicating interring interactions between the bulky cyclohexyl
      rings in opposing bilayer leaflets. There are major structural differences
      between the even- and odd-numbered homologues in the interfacial region, which
      remain even at high pressures. The ester carbonyl C = O stretching band in 14cyPC
      is a composite of two discrete bands which do not change considerably in
      intensity or frequency in the pressure range 2-20 kbar. In contrast, 13cyPC
      possesses an additional, low-frequency C = O stretching component at low
      pressures. As the pressure increases, the three component bands coalesce into a
      single C = O stretching band. Our results suggest equally oriented, fully
      hydrogen-bonded carbonyl groups in 13cyPC at pressures above approx. 10 kbar.

PMID- 2397235
TI  - The effects of lipid composition on the binding of lasalocid A to small
      unilamellar vesicles.
AB  - The binding of the carboxylic ionophore lasalocid A (X537A) to small unilamellar
      phospholipid vesicles of varying composition was examined in an effort to
      determine what structural features of the phospholipid membrane influence the
      ionophore-membrane interaction. Apparent dissociation constants (Kapp) were
      calculated for both the acidic and anionic forms of the ionophore using the
      change in fluorescence intensity observed for lasalocid A upon addition of
      phospholipid vesicles. The Kapp for binding to fluid phase
      dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles is 46 microM for the anion and 14
      microM for the acid. While the phase transition of DMPC had no effect on the Kapp
      of the anion, an increase was observed in the Kapp of the acid below the phase
      transition temperature. The Kapp of the anion was not affected by the
      incorporation of 10% dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), but increased
      slightly upon incorporation of cholesterol. The pKa values of the ionophore were
      the same in DMPC and DMPC/DMPE membranes. Incorporation of the negative lipids
      phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, or phosphatidylethanolamine (at pH 9.4
      where PE carries a negative charge) decreases binding of the anion in accord with
      the increase in surface potential estimated from Gouy-Chapman theory. The CD
      spectrum of membrane-bound lasalocid A anion indicated the ionophore to be in an
      extended acyclic conformation on the membrane surface with the C-1 carboxylate
      rotated out of the plane of the salicylate ring. The out-of-plane rotation of the
      carboxylate may be the result of facial binding by the amphiphilic ionophore on
      the membrane surface or of weak ion pairing to the polar lipid head groups. These
      results suggest that the primary determinants of binding of the anionic ionophore
      on the membrane surface are packing density of the polar head groups and membrane
      surface potential. There is no evidence of strong hydrogen bond formation between
      the lipid polar head groups and the ionophore as has previously been suggested.

PMID- 2397236
TI  - Transport of benzenoid amino acids by system T and four broad scope systems in
      preimplantation mouse conceptuses.
AB  - We have studied transport of L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine as
      factors contributing to homeostasis of these amino acids in preimplantation mouse
      conceptuses. Benzenoid amino acids were transported by the Na(+)-independent
      systems L and b0,+ in 1-cell conceptuses, and by these systems plus the Na(+)
      dependent systems B0,+ and B in blastocysts. In addition, a component of Na(+)
      independent tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine transport in 1-cell and 2-cell
      conceptuses and in blastocysts resisted inhibition by L-leucine. The latter
      component of transport not only preferred benzenoid amino acids and in particular
      tryptophan as substrates, but it also was inhibited strongly and competitively by
      alpha-N-methyl-L-tryptophan. The leucine-resistant component of tryptophan
      transport also was inhibited strongly by N-ethylmaleimide and D-tryptophan, and
      it appeared to be inhibited weakly by 3-amino-endo-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-3
      carboxylic acid (BCO) but not by other amino acids tested as inhibitors. By these
      criteria, the leucine-resistant component of transport of benzenoid amino acids
      resembled system T in human red blood cells and rat hepatocytes. It is not
      entirely clear why preimplantation blastocysts have five good systems for
      transport of tryptophan. It is possible, however, that tryptophan homeostasis is
      particularly important during preimplantation development since it has been shown
      elsewhere that tryptophan availability in blood increases within one day after
      rat eggs are fertilized.

PMID- 2397237
TI  - Regulation of arachidonic acid turnover by 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 24,25-(OH)2D3 in
      growth zone and resting zone chondrocyte cultures.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that phospholipase A2 activity in rat costochondral
      chondrocyte cultures is differentially regulated by 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 24,25
      (OH)2D3. 1,25-(OH)2D3 stimulates enzyme activity in growth zone chondrocytes but
      has no effect on the resting zone chondrocyte enzyme activity. 24,25-(OH)2D3
      inhibits the resting zone enzyme but has no effect on the growth zone chondrocyte
      phospholipase A2. This study examined whether the metabolites affect arachidonic
      acid turnover in their target cell populations. Incorporation and release of
      [14C]arachidonate was measured at various times following addition of hormone to
      the cultures. Acylation and reacylation were measured independently by incubating
      half of the [14C]arachidonate-labeled cultures with p-chloromercuribenzoate. The
      results demonstrated that the distribution of [14C]arachidonate in membrane
      phospholipids differed between growth zone and resting zone chondrocytes and
      between the plasma membranes and matrix vesicles isolated from the growth zone
      chondrocyte cultures. Plasma membrane phospholipids were more susceptible to the
      release of [14C]arachidonic acid by exogenous phospholipases than were matrix
      vesicle phospholipids. The effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on growth zone chondrocytes was
      observed within 5 min. Incorporation was greatest after 60 min; release was
      greatest after 30 min. 24,25-(OH)2D3 stimulated consistently elevated
      incorporation throughout the incubation period, peaking at 15 min. Peak release
      was at 60 min. The results confirm that resting zone chondrocytes and growth zone
      chondrocytes retain a differential phenotype in culture and demonstrate that
      matrix vesicles are distinct from the plasma membrane in terms of lipid
      composition and arachidonic acid incorporation. 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 24,25-(OH)2D3
      appear to stimulate arachidonic acid turnover in their target cells by different
      mechanisms. Changes in fatty acid acylation and reacylation may be one mode of
      vitamin D-3 action in cartilage.

PMID- 2397238
TI  - Limited proteolysis of bovine muscle and heart lactate dehydrogenase is inhibited
      by phospholipid liposome interaction.
AB  - Limited proteolysis of phospholipid complexes of heart and muscle bovine lactate
      dehydrogenase by trypsin and chymotrypsin has been studied under nondenaturing
      condition at pH 7.5. Chymotrypsin cleaves the polypeptide chain of heart and
      muscle lactate dehydrogenase into two principal fragments and LDH subunits were
      protected by lipids towards the proteinase attack. Enzymatic activity of heart
      and muscle lactate dehydrogenase was abolished by limited proteolytic cleavage.
      In complexes, both isoenzymes were protected against proteinases attack by
      lipids.

PMID- 2397239
TI  - Metabolism of 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol in astrocyte primary cultures and derived
      spontaneously transformed cell lines: correlation between the esterification on C
      3 -OH by naturally occurring fatty acids and cytotoxicity.
AB  - The lethal effect of 7 beta-hydrocholesterol (7 beta-OHC) on spontaneously
      transformed cell lines, derived from neonatal rat astrocyte primary cultures and
      the extent of 7 beta-OHC esterification by naturally occurring fatty acids on C-3
      -OH (metabolite) was investigated. The extent of cellular death and metabolite
      biosynthesis matched with the 7 beta-OHC concentrations. Incubation of the cells
      with 10 microM 7 beta-OHC in the presence of either lipoproteins depleted fetal
      calf serum or with increasing serum concentrations revealed proportionality
      between the degree of cellular cytotoxicity and metabolite levels. The use of
      tetracaine or progesterone as acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT)
      inhibitors indicated that ACAT was involved in metabolite production; the
      inhibition of metabolite biosynthesis slowed down 7 beta-OHC lethal effect.
      Incubation of the cells with 1 mM db-cAMP, prior 7 beta-OHC treatment, enhanced
      both metabolite production and cellular death. These findings support the view
      that the metabolite is directly implicated in the cytotoxic action.

PMID- 2397240
TI  - Purification and properties of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase as a 3-keto
      bile acid reductase from human liver cytosol.
AB  - The NADPH-dependent 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (peaks 1, 2 and 3)
      acting on 3-keto-5 beta-cholanoic acid separated by carboxymethyl-cellulose
      chromatography from human liver cytosol were purified to homogeneous protein on
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, using Affi-Gel blue,
      phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B, TSKgel G3000 SW chromatography and chromatofocusing. The
      overall purifications of the enzymes from cytosol were 316-fold (peak 1), 232
      fold (peak 2) and 345-fold (peak 3) and the recoveries of the enzymes were 0.4%
      (peak 1), 7.1% (peak 2) and 3.7% (peak 3). The isoelectric points of the enzymes
      were found to be 7.34, 7.46 and 7.88 by chromatofocusing. The molecular weights
      of the enzymes were similar and estimated to be about 32,000 by size exclusion
      chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The
      enzymological properties were nearly identical among the three forms. The
      reaction was reversible and the optimum pH of the enzymes for oxidation was about
      8.4 and that for reduction was about 7.4. The enzymes could not reduce 7 alpha,12
      alpha-dihydroxy-3-keto-5 beta-cholanoic acid, 7 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-3
      one and 7 alpha, 12 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-3-one to the corresponding 3
      alpha-hydroxysteroids, whereas the enzymes could reduce 3,7-disubstituted 3-keto
      bile acids. Thus, the enzymes purified in this study were found to have a
      stereospecific character for some 3-ketosteroids. The enzyme activity was
      inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate; however, the inhibition was prevented by
      addition of dithiothreitol to the reaction mixture, indicating that the enzyme
      required a sulfhydryl group for activity.

PMID- 2397241
TI  - Purification and partial characterization of intestinal acid lipase.
AB  - Intestinal acid lipase is an enzyme whose greatest specific activity is localized
      to the villus tips of the proximal intestine (Rao, R.H. and Mansbach, C.M. (1990)
      Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1043, 273-280). This suggests that it plays a role in the
      processing of dietary lipids. We purified the enzyme in order to better
      characterize it. Acid lipase was isolated from intestinal mucosa of rats by a
      combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, butanol extraction and
      chromatography on DEAE Bio-Gel, CM Bio-Gel and Sephadex G-75. This resulted in a
      single protein of Mr 53,700 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The
      isolation scheme produced a 3344-fold purification resulting in an enzyme whose
      specific activity was 801 mumols/min per mg protein. The yield was 50%. The
      purified enzyme was stimulated (20-fold) by the addition of tauro- or
      glycocholate but no other conjugated bile acid. A sharp peak in activity occurred
      at pH 5.6. The pI of the enzyme was 6.2. The reaction products produced under
      prolonged incubation suggested that monoacylglycerol was not hydrolyzed since an
      overabundance of monoacylglycerol was found with respect to the amount of fatty
      acid produced. These results suggested that intestinal acid lipase is potentially
      important in the metabolism of dietary lipids. Its proportionate role awaits
      further documentation.

PMID- 2397242
TI  - Differences in phosphatidate hydrolytic activity of human alkaline phosphatase
      isozymes.
AB  - Hydrolytic activities of human alkaline phosphatase isozymes were investigated
      using phosphatidases with various fatty acyl chains (egg phosphatidate and
      dioleoyl, distearoyl, dipalmitoyl, dimyristoyl and dilauroyl phosphatidates). In
      the presence of sodium deoxycholate, purified human placental and intestinal
      alkaline phosphatases hydrolyzed all the phosphatidates examined. The hydrolytic
      activity was maximal in the presence of 10 g/l sodium deoxycholate. Of the
      phosphatidates, dilauroyl phosphatidate was the best substrate. Using the same
      unit of the enzyme, the phosphatidate hydrolytic activity of placental alkaline
      phosphatase was 2- to 3-times higher than that of the intestinal enzyme. In
      contrast, liver alkaline phosphatase did not hydrolyze phosphatidates with long
      fatty acyl chains (C16-18) even in the presence of sodium deoxycholate. The liver
      enzyme hydrolyzed dimyristoyl and dilauroyl phosphatidates very slowly. These
      results show that the phosphatidates with long fatty acyl chains were useful to
      differentiate placental and intestinal alkaline phosphatases from the liver
      enzyme, and suggest that the former enzymes play a different physiological role
      from the liver enzyme.

PMID- 2397243
TI  - Membrane topology of epoxide hydrolase.
AB  - The amino acid sequences of epoxide hydrolase from rat, rabbit and human have
      been subjected to hydropathy analysis and a novel model for the membrane topology
      of this enzyme is presented. The enzyme would appear to be retained in microsomal
      membranes by a single transmembrane segment located at the N-terminus and the
      majority (96%) of the protein is exposed at the cytosolic membrane surface. This
      model is significantly different from a scheme suggested by analysis of the rat
      enzyme alone which proposed six transmembrane domains (Porter et al. (1988) Arch.
      Biochem. Biophys. 248, 121-129). Experiments with rat microsomal membranes were
      conducted to distinguish between the two models and used proteolytic enzymes and
      non-permeant chemical probes. Epoxide hydrolase of intact and permeabilised
      membranes was resistant to digestion by a number of proteinases. However, this is
      likely to be related to a compact fold of the protein rather than membrane
      association since purified, delipidated enzyme preparations were also resistant
      to proteolysis. While the use of proteinases did not provide useful membrane
      topological information, experiments with the fluorescent probe, 3-azido-2,7
      naphthalenedisulphonate strongly support the view that the majority of the
      protein is indeed exposed at the cytosolic surface of the membranes. The analysis
      illustrates the caution which must be employed in the formulation of topological
      models based on hydropathy plots alone and the value of considering homologous
      proteins.

PMID- 2397244
TI  - The effect of monostearoylglycerol on the metabolism of chylomicron-like lipid
      emulsions injected intravenously in rats.
AB  - In rats, remnant particles derived from chylomicron-like emulsions containing 1,3
      dioleoyl-2-stearoylglycerol (OSO) are removed from plasma more slowly than
      remnants derived from triolein emulsions. The effect associated with a saturated
      acyl chain at the glycerol 2-position could be reproduced by incorporating 2
      stearoylglycerol (MS) in a triolein emulsion. When MS solubilized with rat
      albumin or in plasma was injected before the injection of a triolein emulsion,
      clearance of the triolein emulsion was unchanged. The metabolic fate of MS,
      monitored with 14C-labelled MS, was similar whether incorporated in
      triacylglycerol emulsion or injected independently. More than 95% of MS had
      disappeared from the circulation by 5 min after the injection and the
      radioactivity was found in liver, spleen, muscle and adipose tissue. Some MS
      label appeared in plasma triacylglycerol. Remnants made in vitro by incubating
      triolein or OSO emulsions with post-heparin plasma showed no differences in their
      disappearance from plasma. With OSO emulsion, the in vitro remnants were found to
      contain more MS than remnants made in vivo in hepatectomized rats. Simultaneous
      injections of mixtures containing OSO and triolein emulsions, or triolein
      emulsions with and without MS, each labelled with either [3H]cholesteryl oleate
      or [14C]cholesteryl oleate showed consistently slower remnant removal and
      decreased liver uptake of the emulsions containing OSO or MS. Affinity columns
      and immunodiffusion all indicated that there was no difference in the amounts of
      apolipoprotein E associated with OSO or triolein particles. The protein spectra
      of in vivo remnants derived from OSO and triolein emulsion were also similar when
      examined by SDS-PAGE and isoelectric focusing gels. Our results show that the
      effects due to OSO or MS are mediated by the presence of MS in the emulsion
      particle surface, while indirect effects expressed in plasma or liver are
      excluded. The precise mechanism of the effect remains to be established, but it
      does not correlate with measurable changes in the spectra of apolipoproteins
      associated with the emulsion remnants.

PMID- 2397245
TI  - Binary phase behavior of cholesteryl oleate with cholesteryl linoleate.
AB  - Because disagreement about the co-solubility of cholesteryl linoleate and
      cholesteryl oleate in the solid state is evident in the literature, the phase
      diagram for binary combinations of these two unsaturated esters is redetermined.
      X-ray data demonstrate that the two components fractionate and the phase diagram
      indicates that a peritectic relationship exists between these compounds. As
      reported previously, the two esters are fully miscible in the two mesophases.
      Evidence is also seen for metastable intermediate solids but the crystal
      polymorphism reported earlier for both lipids has not been found. It is also
      found that oleate-rich binary samples equilibrated at room temperature undergo a
      phase separation of crystalline cholesteryl oleate which may have some
      implications for the immobilization of these lipids in fatty lesions.

PMID- 2397246
TI  - Fluidity changes and chemical composition of lipoproteins in type IIa
      hyperlipoproteinemia.
AB  - The chemical composition and the physical properties of lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL
      and HDL) were studied in two groups of patients: 14 healthy normolipidemic
      subjects and 15 type IIa familial hypercholesterolemic patients. The steady-state
      fluorescence anisotropy rs was estimated in lipoproteins by the fluorescence
      depolarization of two fluorescent probes: the DPH (1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene)
      and the TMA-DPH (1,4-trimethylammonium phenyl-6-1,3,5-hexatriene). A structured
      order parameter S was calculated from the DPH fluorescence anisotropy. The flow
      activation energies were calculated for LDL and HDL from both groups from the
      Arrhenius plots (log r DPH versus 1/T). By using TNBS (trinitrobenzene sulfonic
      acid) as a distance control quencher, the two probes were located in the outer
      shell of LDL. In HDL, TMA-DPH remained at the surface of the particles, while DPH
      was more deeply embedded in the lipid core. There was no difference in the
      physico-chemical properties of VLDL between the two groups studied. DPH
      fluorescence anisotropies were significantly increased in LDL and HDL from the
      hypercholesterolemic group compared to the control particles (P less than 0.05
      and P less than 0.01, respectively). In LDL this modification of the fluorescence
      anisotropy can be related to a change in the lipid composition of particles. LDL
      from hypercholesterolemic patients contained significantly less triacylglycerol
      (P less than 0.01) and more cholesteryl ester (N.S.). Their cholesteryl ester to
      triacylglycerol ratio was significantly higher. In HDL, there was no difference
      in chemical composition between the two groups. The increase in DPH fluorescence
      anisotropy can be related to the presence of smaller particles in HDL from HC
      group. No difference was noted in the TMA-DPH fluorescence anisotropy at 37
      degrees C in the LDL from the two groups. In contrast, TMA-DPH fluorescence
      anisotropy in HDL from hypercholesterolemic group was significantly higher than
      in control HDL. The flow activation energy of DPH was also significantly higher
      in both LDL and HDL from the hypercholesterolemic group than in control group
      particles. In both LDL and HDL from the control group, DPH fluorescence
      anisotropy was negatively correlated with TG/protein and TG/PL ratios and
      positively correlated with the CE/TG ratio. No correlation was observed between
      lipid composition and DPH fluorescence anisotropy values in hypercholesterolemic
      particles. The modification in fluidity parameters, especially the increase in
      the flow activation energies in LDL and HDL from hypercholesterolemic patients,
      could lead to a restriction of cholesterol movements in these particles. From a
      physiological point of view, this could represent a loss of functional capacity.

PMID- 2397247
TI  - Kinetic evidence for phosphatidylethanolamine and triacylglycerol as preferential
      substrates for hepatic lipase in HDL subfractions: modulation by changes in the
      particle surface, or in the lipid core.
AB  - Human HDL subfractions, HDL2 (d: 1.085-1.125) and HDL3 (d: 1.125-1.19) labelled
      with 2-[14C]linoleoylphosphatidylethanolamine and tri-[3H]oleoylglycerol, were
      incubated with partially purified hepatic triacylglycerol lipase, isolated from
      human post-heparin plasma. Kinetics of hydrolysis of these two HDL-lipid
      substrates were followed and were compared to those previously obtained on
      phosphatidylcholine (G. Simard et al (1989) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1001, 225
      233). (1) The apparent Km obtained for HDL-triacylglycerol was half that for HDL
      phosphatidylethanolamine, but the estimated Vmax was higher for the latter.
      Hence, despite a lower affinity, more molecules of phosphatidylethanolamine than
      of triacylglycerol were found hydrolysed. A strong correlation was observed
      between the hepatic lipase activity added and the maximal degradation rates for
      phosphatidylethanolamine measured in HDL2 and HDL3. (2) A linear relationship was
      observed in both HDL2 and HDL3 between the respective degradations of the two
      substrates. The number of phosphatidylethanolamine molecules hydrolysed exceeded
      that of triacylglycerol by 30% in HDL2 and by 70% in HDL3. HDL2 were 2- and 4
      times more reactive than HDL3 for the hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine and
      triacylglycerol, respectively, taking the Vmax/Km ratio as an indicator of
      catalytic efficiency. In both HDL subfractions, the calculated Vmax/Km value was
      30-50-fold higher for PE and TG than for PC. (3) HDL particles were modified
      either on their surface by selective enrichment in free cholesterol or in their
      inner-core by replacement of esterified cholesterol by triacylglycerol in
      presence of a source of neutral lipid transfer activity. A mild cholesterol
      enrichment stimulated the phosphatidylethanolamine and triacylglycerol
      reactivities by 30-60% towards hepatic lipase, whereas increasing the
      triacylglycerol concentration in HDL was followed by a proportional increase in
      the amounts of triacylglycerol hydrolysed with no effect on phospholipid
      degradation.

PMID- 2397248
TI  - Effect of apoprotein cross-linking on the metabolism of human HDL3 in rat.
AB  - Apo E-free human high-density lipoprotein (HDL3) was labeled with 125I in
      apoprotein and with 3H in cholesteryl linoleyl ether (a non-hydrolyzable analogue
      of cholesteryl ester). The labeled HDL3 was modified by cross-linking of
      apoproteins with dimethylsuberimidate (DMS) to inhibit binding to HDL specific
      receptors. The control and the DMS HDL3 were characterized with respect to their
      rate of clearance from rat blood, in vivo binding to major rat organs and in
      vitro binding to purified rat liver plasma membranes. Both 125I and 3H labels
      from control HDL3 were cleared from rat blood monoexponentially, but 3H at a
      faster rate than 125I (3H t1/2 = 3.0-4.1 h; 125I t1/2 = 7.0-7.7 h). This
      difference is consistent with reports of the nonendocytotic selective uptake of
      HDL-associated cholesteryl ester. DMS modification did not affect the rate of 3H
      clearance whereas it increased the rate of 125I clearance (HDL3 t1/2 = 7.7 h; DMS
      HDL3 t1/2 = 4.1 h). Both in vivo binding to rat organs and in vitro binding to
      rat liver membranes confirmed that DMS modification inhibited the specific
      binding of HDL, but also suggested that the modification produced saturable
      binding of HDL to a separate class of sites. Thus, the present data do not rule
      out the involvement of direct HDL-cell interaction in the selective uptake of HDL
      cholesteryl ester. However, results suggest that the binding of HDL to its
      specific cell surface sites is not necessary for this uptake.

PMID- 2397249
TI  - Serotonergic responsivity and behavioral dimensions in antisocial personality
      disorder with substance abuse.
AB  - In order to assess the possibility of altered serotonergic responsivity in
      antisocial personality disorder with substance abuse (ASP), 15 men with ASP and
      12 controls were challenged with the serotonin agonist, m-chlorophenylpiperazine
      (m-CPP), and prolactin and cortisol responses were evaluated. Psychometric
      measures of hostility and aggression, impulsivity, cognitive tempo, and various
      aspects of sociopathy were also obtained. ASP subjects had a significantly
      reduced prolactin response to m-CPP compared with controls, and a significantly
      greater cortisol response. The prolactin responses showed a significant inverse
      correlation with measures of assaultive aggression, hypophoria (negative
      affects), and increased needs. There was no significant correlation found between
      cortisol responses and any of the psychometric measures. Impulsivity as
      characterized either by behavioral self-report or measurement of cognitive tempo
      did not correlate with either prolactin or cortisol responses. A discriminant
      function analysis depicted ASP subjects as displaying resentment towards others
      and having poor test-taking efficiency, heightened irritability, and diminished
      prolactin response to m-CPP. Using these four criteria, nearly 93% of subjects
      were successfully classified. These results suggest that altered serotonergic
      function is associated with assaultiveness and dysphoria but not impulsivity in
      individuals with ASP.

PMID- 2397250
TI  - Prediction of the DST results in depressives by means of urinary-free cortisol
      excretion, dexamethasone levels, and age.
AB  - This study investigates the relationships between cortisol escape from
      suppression by dexamethasone during a depressive episode, and the baseline
      activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, circulating
      dexamethasone levels, and age. To this end, we measured urinary-free cortisol
      (UFC) excretion in 24-hr urine samples and the 8 AM cortisol and dexamethasone
      levels after administration of 1 mg dexamethasone in 50 depressive patients. We
      found that up to 54% of the variance in the postdexamethasone cortisol values
      could be explained by the multiple regression on UFC, age, and dexamethasone
      levels. By utilizing these three parameters, the dexamethasone suppression test
      (DST) nonsuppressor/suppressor state was correctly identified in 92% of the
      subjects. It was shown that an important part of the variance in
      postdexamethasone cortisol is actually background variance, irrelevant to
      depression and produced by the cumulative effects of the three aforementioned
      parameters. Only a small part (less than 20%) of the variance in
      postdexamethasone cortisol is determined by the actual depressive state. It was
      concluded that (1) baseline hypersecretion of cortisol, (2) decrements in the
      bioavailability of the test substance, (3) increasing age, and (4) the depressive
      state per se--all of which are cumulative--contribute independently to cortisol
      escape from suppression by 1 mg dexamethasone.

PMID- 2397251
TI  - BIOMAT 89. Calcified tissues and biomaterials. December 13-15, 1989, Bordeaux,
      France. Proceedings.

PMID- 2397252
TI  - Calcium phosphate biomaterials and bone mineral. Differences in composition,
      structures and properties.
AB  - Most calcium phosphates used as biomaterials are well characterized high
      temperature compounds presenting both bulk and surface properties very different
      from those of bone mineral. The composition and structure of biomaterials and
      bone mineral are discussed in order to highlight the differences and determine
      their consequences on biological behaviour.

PMID- 2397253
TI  - Modulation of osteogenesis by isolated calvaria cells: a model for tissue
      interactions.
AB  - Dispersed cells from calvaria fetuses when suspended in agarose deposit a
      metachromic matrix. Anchorage independence is a requirement for these cells to
      express type II collagen. Type I collagen is preferentially expressed by cells in
      monolayer cultures. Cell separation by isopycnic percoll gradient showed that
      cells recovered from densities 1.04 g ml-1 or higher synthesized type II collagen
      when suspended in agarose. These cells cultured on a plastic surface expressed
      type I collagen. Endothelial cells isolated from rat liver or bovine aorta when
      implanted in diffusion chambers together with dispersed calvaria cells enhanced
      the formation of bone. The calcium content was 70 times higher than in chambers
      containing either endothelial or calvaria cells alone. The former cells developed
      no bone at all when implanted alone, even in the presence of demineralized bone
      matrix, but some isolated islands of cartilage could be seen.

PMID- 2397254
TI  - Preliminary studies on the in vivo morphogenetic properties of dentine matrix
      proteins.
AB  - Two fractions of isolated noncollagenous extracellular matrix proteins from
      dentine have been implanted into the base of exposed cavities in ferret canine
      teeth. After sealing the cavities, reparative dentinogenesis was assessed
      histologically after 14 and 28 days as compared to control cavities. Reparative
      dentinogenesis was enhanced in the presence of these matrix proteins with
      evidence of tubular dentine along the walls of the exposure and on the cavity
      floor demonstrating the in vivo morphogenetic properties of the dentine matrix
      proteins.

PMID- 2397255
TI  - Proteoglycan composition and biosynthesis by human osteochondrophytic spurs of
      the femoral head.
AB  - The composition and biosynthesis of sulphated proteoglycan by human osteophytes
      and cells derived from them by explanation were studied. In organ-culture, the
      newly synthesized proteoglycan aggregated poorly with hyaluronic acid but was
      roughly compared to the proteoglycan aggregates derived from osteofemoral
      cartilage. Other characteristics of adult hyaline cartilage were preserved (i.e.,
      high ratio of chondroitin-6-sulphate to chondroitin-4-sulphate, large
      hydrodynamic size and long chondroitin sulphate chains). Moderately high levels
      of keratan-sulphate (15-17% of the total glycosaminoglycans) were found and large
      keratan sulphate chains (Mr greater than 7000) confirmed by use of monoclonal
      antibody 1/20/5D4. Cells generated from the explants synthesized both
      hydrodynamically large proteoglycans and small proteoglycans. The most buoyant
      fraction of a CsCl density gradient (A4) contained considerable amounts of
      dermatan sulphate (5.2-24.4%). The Kav of the A4 fraction was 0.56 on Sepharose
      CL-2B and contained large glycosaminoglycan chains (Kav, 0.36 on Sepharose CL
      6B). The measurements were similar to those obtained separately on osteofemoral
      head cartilage. These studies showed that the cartilaginous cap of human
      osteophytes has the capacity to synthesize the entire repertoire of sulphated
      proteoglycans of mature hyaline cartilage.

PMID- 2397256
TI  - Rat incisor dentine contains a factor which alters the phenotypic expression and
      stimulates chondrogenesis in fibroblast-like cells in vitro.
AB  - A low molecular weight protein fraction isolated under dissociative conditions
      during the demineralization of rat incisor dentine has the ability to modulate,
      in culture, the expression of fibroblast-like cells explanted from neonatal rat
      muscle. The protein fraction enhances the incorporation of 35S-sulphate into a
      proteoglycan larger in weight than that produced by the uninduced cells;
      furthermore it induces the production of type II collagen. These changes take
      place in the absence of cell proliferation as measured by 3H-thymidine
      incorporation. The altered fibroblast-like cells form nodules and secrete an
      abundant extracellular matrix which stains for proteoglycan after 7-9 days in
      culture. These data show that the dentine matrix does contain a factor which can
      initiate a mitogenesis-independent alteration in the expression of the muscle
      explant outgrowth cells. Those changes are consistent with a shift to a
      chondrogenic mode.

PMID- 2397257
TI  - Fibroblast growth factor in chick osteogenesis.
AB  - In vivo effects of FGF on osteogenesis in the chick embryo were evaluated. Day-11
      embryos were injected with FGF followed by radiotracers. 3H-thymidine labelling
      of osteogenic cells was significantly higher following FGF administration; 3H
      proline labelling over bone matrix was greater in the controls. Cartilage cells
      and matrix were sparsely labelled indicating a low level of metabolic activity.
      These data provide the first in vivo evidence that FGF stimulates osteogenic cell
      proliferation, while inhibiting production of bone matrix collagen. A role for
      FGF in embryonic osteogenesis and in fracture repair is suggested.

PMID- 2397258
TI  - Effects of acidic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor on fetal
      rat calvaria cell cultures.
AB  - An inhibitory effect of alkaline phosphatase (LP) activity on short and long term
      fetal rat calvaria cell cultures was recorded with both acidic fibroblast growth
      factor (aFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) at a concentration of 30 ng ml-1.
      This inhibition was well correlated with the nodule number on long term culture,
      except for EGF treatment in subconfluent cell culture.

PMID- 2397259
TI  - In vitro systems for inducers of cartilage and bone development.
AB  - Murine condylar cartilages of perinatal mice were cultured in the form of organ
      or tissue cultures on top of collagen sponges in medium containing 10% fetal calf
      serum. Cultures were treated with increasing concentrations of recombinant human
      growth hormone, recombinant IGF-I, insulin, TGF beta-1, FGF and recombinant
      fragments of human parathyroid hormone. All the above agents [except for the
      fragments rPTH (28-48) and (53-84)] were found to be mitogenic as they
      accelerated the proliferative activity of the condylar stem cells. IGF-I and
      insulin also stimulated the synthesis of cartilage proteoglycans. Growth hormone
      also supported de novo osteogenesis in vitro.

PMID- 2397260
TI  - Deterioration mechanisms of joint prosthesis materials. Several solutions by ion
      implantation surface treatments.
AB  - Materials for orthopaedic implants can fail for several combined reasons:
      corrosion, fatigue and wear for metals, wear and creep for polymers, fracture for
      ceramics. Some typical cases are analysed and it is demonstrated that ion
      implantation improves metals and polymers used for joint prosthesis.
      Implantations of nitrogen, oxygen and argon ions modify the structure of a 2-500
      nm thick layer in the materials. The results of friction tests on the couple
      metal-polymer are correlated with the surface properties.

PMID- 2397261
TI  - Accelerated ageing of metallic biomaterials: principle and results.
AB  - Electrochemical methods such as voltammetry and chronoamperometry are very useful
      in the study of biodegradation processes. Voltammetry gives qualitative
      information on the behaviour of a biomaterial in an electrolytic medium.
      Accelerated ageing of a metallic biomaterial can be obtained using
      chronoamperometry. Quantitative information on elements released in a solution is
      also obtained.

PMID- 2397262
TI  - A prognosis for ultra high molecular weight polyethylene.
AB  - Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMPWE) is now the material of choice
      for total joint replacement prostheses, in combination with a metal surface
      against which the polymer articulates. As this material has now been in use in
      this application for approximately three decades and other limiting factors (e.g.
      loosening of the prosthesis) have been improved upon, it is appropriate to
      attempt a long-term prognosis.

PMID- 2397263
TI  - Quantitative study of the coral transformations 'in vivo' by several physical
      analytical methods.
AB  - Coral has been used for the last ten years as bone substitution in the body
      because of its mechanic and osteoconductor properties. Our primary studies have
      shown, for the first time, the quantitative behaviour of the atomic components.

PMID- 2397264
TI  - Biointegration of massive bone allografts: imaging and histological studies in
      cat.
AB  - A study was carried out in a cat model to compare three imaging methods (X-ray,
      bone scintigraphy (BS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI] in order to assess
      the healing of bone allografts. X-ray remains the first technique to proceed, for
      morphological information and control of devices. BS is very sensitive although
      unspecific and difficult to quantify in exploration of bone reconstruction. It
      may be a useful complement of X-ray methods in some pathological circumstances
      (stress fracture, infection, non union). MRI is a very sensitive exploration of
      the bone marrow, but not of the cortical bone. In its present state it is of
      little value in bone graft imaging because of its low specificity and because of
      metallic artefacts (material, micro particles).

PMID- 2397265
TI  - A new canine model to evaluate the biological effects of implant materials and
      surface coatings on intramedullary bone ingrowth.
AB  - A new animal model for examining the intramedullary bone response to various
      implant materials and surfaces is presented, utilizing an implantable chamber
      with multiple bone ingrowth channels placed through a cortical defect in the
      lateral aspect of the distal femur. Twelve adult mongrel dogs received bilateral
      implants containing channels lined by smooth-surfaced coupons of titanium,
      titanium alloy, sputter-hydroxyapatite-coated titanium alloy, and UHMW
      polyethylene. A pattern was detected for all test groups of early initial bone
      ingrowth by two weeks, which became maximal at six to twelve weeks, followed by
      remodelling to a more mature lamellar bone and later resorption by 24 weeks, with
      fibrous tissue interfaces covering the smooth test coupons of all groups at all
      times. Significantly increased bone ingrowth in the sputter-HA coated group was
      found only at six weeks.

PMID- 2397266
TI  - The interface of calcium-phosphate and glass-ceramic in bone, a structural
      analysis.
AB  - Bone bonding (BB) glass-ceramics and hydroxyapatite (HA) materials displayed
      considerable changes in their surface morphology after implantation which seem to
      be due to leaching, corrosion and active resorption by osteoclasts. Macrophages
      seem to play a central role in 'cleaning' and conditioning of the implant
      surface. Projections of the surface of BB glass-ceramics and HA serve as adhesion
      points for fibrillar structures. Thereafter, mineralization of fibres and
      interfibrillar spaces mediates and biomechanically stabilizes the interdigitation
      between surface elevations of implant and organic fibres and provides a tensile
      strength in the interface. Non-bonding (NB) glass-ceramic lacks considerable
      changes of surface morphology and displays a prolongated settlement of
      macrophages on their surfaces.

PMID- 2397267
TI  - Effect of the macroporosity for osseous substitution of calcium phosphate
      ceramics.
AB  - The main property of calcium phosphate ceramics (CaP ceramics) is to be gradually
      substituted by newly formed bone or at least to be coalescent with the host bone.
      In cortical bone in dogs three kinds of porosity were tested (from 100 to 600
      microns). The results demonstrate that the macropores up to 100 microns are
      efficient for the bone ingrowth, however during the first months of implantation
      larger macropore sizes are more suitable for bone ingrowth.

PMID- 2397268
TI  - Aluminas with dispersoids. Tribologic properties and in vivo aging.
AB  - Three base alumina ceramics with dispersoids: monoclinic zirconia alumina (A5Z),
      tetragonal zirconia alumina (A20Z) and aluminalon (Aa20) have been investigated
      because of their improved mechanical properties with reference to pure alumina
      (AI203). Bending strength and fracture toughness are twice higher than alumina
      for the most toughened. These two parameters were measured by four-points bending
      tests after 1 week, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 months of non loaded in vivo aging in wistar
      rats. They showed a little decrease for AI203 and Aa20 and a total stability for
      A5Z and A20Z even after one year. For tribologic study of the
      ceramic/polyethylene combination, cylinder against plane and pin on flat tests
      were conducted on an alternative movement with hip parameters of speed and load
      in presence of ringer solution. For the most representative test (pin on disk),
      the friction coefficients were nearly the same for all materials but UHMWPE wear
      volume was twice lower against A20Z than against AI203. A20Z/UHMWPE combination
      would be very interesting as new friction couple for total hip arthroplasty.
      Further studies are currently conducted.

PMID- 2397269
TI  - Correlations among chemical constituents, cytotoxicities and tissue responses: in
      the case of natural rubber latex materials.
AB  - Natural rubber latex films obtained from 40 different brands of rubber gloves
      were tested by quantitative chemical analyses, two cytotoxicity tests (agar
      diffusion assay using L929 cells and colony assay using V79 cells) and 7-day
      implantation test in the rabbit muscle. Multiple regression analysis of these
      data showed that dithiocarbamate accelerators caused the toxicities whereas
      antioxidants did not. Thickness of inflammatory layer was the most useful
      parameter to evaluate tissue response among 13 histological parameters
      investigated. There were good correlations between the cytotoxicity indices and
      the thickness of inflammatory layer.

PMID- 2397270
TI  - Effect of platinum(II) chemotherapeutic agents on properties of DNA liquid
      crystals.
AB  - We have investigated the X-ray and optical properties (CD spectra and
      polarization microscopy) of liquid-crystalline phases and dispersions formed on
      pretreatment of low molecular weight DNA with the platinum(II) coordination
      complexes, cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum(II) (DDP), 2,2'
      bipyridinedichloroplatinum(II) (1) and 2,2'
      bipyridineethylenediammineplatinum(II) (2). It is demonstrated that the
      platination of DNA leads to the ordering of neighbouring molecules of DNA in
      liquid-crystalline phases being diminished. The intense bands observed in the CD
      spectra of liquid-crystalline dispersions prepared from DNA pretreated with 1 or
      2 can be used to determine the orientation of the latter compounds with respect
      to the helical axis of the DNA and to detect distortions in the secondary
      structure of DNA. The possible causes of the appearance of the intense bands in
      the CD spectra of liquid-crystalline phases and alterations in the manner of
      packing of the molecules of DNA within them are discussed.

PMID- 2397271
TI  - How does cisplatin alter DNA structure? A molecular mechanics study on double
      stranded oligonucleotides.
AB  - Molecular models for two double-stranded decanucleotides, d(GCCG*G*ATCGC)
      d(GCGATCCGGC) (1) and d(GCTG*G*ATCGC)-d(GCGATCCAGC) (2), with the G* guanines
      cross-linked by a cis-Pt(NH3)2 moiety, were calculated using molecular mechanics.
      Nine models for 1 and eight models for 2 are reported; in all of them, the double
      helix is kinked by approx. 60 degrees towards the major groove and slightly
      unwound. The model building has been guided by comparison with the NMR data
      available for duplex 1. The influence of the base at the 5'-side of the
      coordinated G*G* dinucleotide is discussed.

PMID- 2397272
TI  - Bending studies of DNA site-specifically modified by cisplatin, trans
      diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and cis-[Pt(NH3)2(N3-cytosine)Cl]+.
AB  - Duplex oligonucleotides containing a single intrastrand [Pt(NH3)2]2+ cross-link
      or monofunctional adduct and either 15 or 22 bp in length were synthesized and
      chemically characterized. The platinum-modified and unmodified control DNAs were
      polymerized in the presence of DNA ligase and the products studied on 8% native
      polyacrylamide gels. The extent of DNA bending caused by the various platinum-DNA
      adducts was revealed by their gel mobility shifts relative to unplatinated
      controls. The bifunctional adducts cis-[Pt(NH3)2[d(GpG)]]+, cis
      [Pt(NH3)2[d(ApG)]]+, and cis-[Pt(NH3)2[d(G*pTpG*)]], where the asterisks denote
      the sites of platinum binding, all bend the double helix, whereas the adduct
      trans-[Pt(NH3)2[d(G*pTpG*)]] imparts a degree of flexibility to the duplex. When
      modified by the monofunctional adduct cis-[Pt(NH3)2(N3-cytosine)(dG)]Cl the helix
      remains rod-like. These results reveal important structural differences in DNAs
      modified by the antitumor drug cisplatin and its analogs that could be important
      in the biological processing of the various adducts in vivo.

PMID- 2397273
TI  - Subsidiary hydrogen bonding of intercalated anthraquinonic anticancer drugs to
      DNA phosphate.
AB  - Several anthraquinone derivatives are active against different kinds of human
      cancer. The cancerostatic activity has been mainly attributed to their ability to
      bind strongly to DNA by intercalation. Here, infrared spectroscopy was used to
      detect further, more specific DNA interactions with the prominent anticancer
      drugs daunomycin, adriamycin, aclacinomycin A and mitoxantrone as well as with
      the cytotoxic violamycin BI. The most striking result was a significant decrease
      in wave number of the band arising from antisymmetric stretching vibration of the
      PO2- groups of DNA upon complexation with adriamycin, aclacinomycin A, violamycin
      BI and mitoxantrone. This became evident after separation of the contributions
      from conformational changes of DNA to the influence on the wave number of that
      band. The drug-induced shift was interpreted in terms of the formation of a
      hydrogen bond between the intercalated drug molecules and the PO2- moiety of DNA
      via the following terminal hydroxyl groups: C14-OH for adriamycin, C4-OH for both
      aclacinomycin A and violamycin BI and, more tentatively, the external side-chain
      OH of mitoxantrone. Theoretical considerations, consisting of semi-empirical
      CNDO/2 calculations as well as normal coordinate analyses performed with
      molecular model fragments, provided results confirming and rationalising the
      experimental findings. The capacities of the anthracyclines for restriction of
      the conformational flexibility of DNA differ, presumably due to variations in the
      spatial dimensions of the sugar moieties of the drugs. The compatibility of the
      present results with data obtained from current geometrical models, especially
      those for the DNA-daunomycin and DNA-adriamycin complexes, is discussed in
      detail.

PMID- 2397274
TI  - The interaction with DNA of unfused aromatic systems containing terminal
      piperazino substituents. Intercalation and groove-binding.
AB  - A number of unfused tricyclic aromatic intercalators have shown excellent
      activity as amplifiers of the anticancer activity of the bleomycins and the 4',6
      diphenylpyrimidines, 2a and 2b, with terminal basic functions (4-methylpiperazino
      groups) have been synthesized to test the structural requirements for amplifier
      DNA interactions. The terminal piperazine rings are bulky, have limited
      flexibility, and are twisted out of the phenyl ring plane in both 2a and 2b. With
      2a the pyrimidine is unsubstituted at position 5 and the conformation predicted
      by molecular mechanics calculations has a 25-30 degrees twist between the phenyl
      and pyrimidine ring planes. With 2b the 5-position is substituted with a methyl
      group and this causes a larger twist angle (50-60 degrees) between the phenyl and
      pyrimidine planes. These conformational variations lead to markedly different DNA
      interactions for 2a and 2b. Absorption, CD and NMR spectral, viscometric, flow
      dichroism and kinetics results indicate that 2a binds strongly to DNA by
      intercalation while 2b binds more weakly in a groove complex. The general
      structure and conformation of 2a, a slightly twisted, unfused-aromatic system
      with terminal piperazino groups is more similar to groove-binding agents such as
      Hoechst 33258 than to intercalators. The fact that 2a forms a strong
      intercalation complex with DNA is unusual but in agreement with studies on other
      amplifiers of anticancer drug action. Molecular modeling studies provide a second
      unusual feature of the 2a intercalation complex. While most well-characterized
      intercalators bind with their bulky and/or cationic substitutents in the DNA
      minor groove, the cationic piperazino groups of 2a are too large to bind in the
      minor groove in an intercalation complex but can form strong interactions with
      DNA in the major groove. The tricyclic aromatic ring system of 2a stacks well
      with adjacent base-pairs in the major-groove complex and the piperazino groups
      have good electrostatic and van der Waals interactions with the DNA backbone.

PMID- 2397275
TI  - Physiochemical characterization of substituted chromeno[4,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine
      stereoisomers designed as cell membrane active antitumor agents.
AB  - As an alternative to naturally occurring pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines
      (e.g., antramycin) which possess properties of DNA alkylation, we have designed
      several antileukemic chromeno[4,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine derivatives with
      potential activity toward leukemia cell membranes and the cyclic nucleotide
      system. The cis and trans diastereoisomers were characterized by NMR. The
      absolute configurations of the enantiomers were established by X-ray diffraction
      and circular dichroism (CD) measurements. By means of absorption spectroscopy and
      determinations of fluorescence and fluorescence decay, it was found that the
      cancerostatically active compound (+)(6aR, 13aS)-3,4-dimethoxy-10,11-dimethyl
      6,6a,7,8,13, 13a-hexahydrochromeno[4,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine (ZIMET 54/79) and
      its biologically inactive (-) enantiomer (ZIMET 55/79) interact with liposomal
      membranes. At pH values of 6.0 and 7.3 the long-wave absorption bands of these
      agents showed weak bathochromic and hypochromic effects upon addition of neutral,
      and positively and negatively charged phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol liposomes. Such spectral changes are interpreted
      as resulting from the binding of both agents to phospholipid bilayers. Steady
      state determinations using the membrane probe 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonic
      acid (1,8-ANS) led to the observation of a small decrease in fluorescence
      intensity in the presence of either agent. Time-resolved measurements demonstrate
      that the mechanism of action of the agents occurs mainly through the partial
      displacement of probe molecules from regions of hydrophobic binding to areas of
      greater solvent accessibility. No significant differences in binding between the
      cancerostatically active and inactive enantiomers with liposomes (archiral
      systems) were detectable on the basis of spectrophotometric and fluorescence
      determinations. Cell membrane bound adenylate cyclase is stimulated by ZIMET
      54/79, resulting in an increase of 103% in the level of cAMP in mouse L1210
      leukemia cells. On examination of structure-activity relationships, it was found
      that the biological activity (leukemia L1210, P388, Lewis lung carcinoma,
      melanoma B16, increase in cAMP) is correlated with the particular configuration
      (6aR,13aS) and type of substituent at positions 3 and 4 of the benzo ring in the
      case of alkoxy groups and positions 10 and 11 for methyl groups. No activity was
      detected toward DNA/RNA using microbial test systems.

PMID- 2397276
TI  - Photophysical properties and photodynamic activity in vivo of some tetrapyrroles.
AB  - Some of the photophysical properties (stationary absorbance and fluorescence,
      fluorescence decay times and singlet oxygen quantum yields) of pheophorbide a,
      metal-free, ClAl-, Cu- and Mg-t-butyl-substituted phthalocyanines, metal-free,
      ClAl- and Cu-t-butyl-substituted naphthalocyanines and of a number of
      tetraphenylporphyrins (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetra(m
      hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetra(p-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin) have been
      studied in comparison with hematoporphyrin IX in order to select potent
      photosensitizers for the photodynamic treatment of cancer. The photodynamic
      activity of these compounds was investigated using Lewis lung carcinoma in mice.
      As a consequence of the photophysical parameters (relatively short singlet state
      lifetimes, and high singlet oxygen quantum yields) the photodynamic activities of
      pheophorbide a, t-butyl-substituted ClAl-phthalocyanine and ClAl-naphthalocyanine
      were selected for study in greater detail. Under the conditions employed in the
      present study, pheophorbide a was found to be the most effective sensitizer, as
      judged from its strong absorption at the excitation wavelength as compared with
      the hematoporphyrin derivative and greater singlet oxygen quantum yield relative
      to the phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines. The photodynamic activity was
      observed to be strongly dependent on the photophysical parameters of the
      compounds. The primary mechanism underlying the photodynamic activity of these
      sensitizers probably consists of energy transfer from the lowest triplet state of
      the dyes to molecular oxygen, resulting in the formation of singlet oxygen (type
      II of photosensitization).

PMID- 2397277
TI  - Primary IgA nephropathies in children.
AB  - With the worldwide use of immunofluorescence microscopy, idiopathic IgA
      nephropathy (Berger's disease) has been recognized as a distinct form of primary
      glomerular disease. IgA nephropathy is the most common form of GN in many parts
      of the world. However, since the criteria for diagnosis are exclusively based on
      the findings of predominant IgA in the mesangium, the boundaries of this "entity"
      are not well delineated and it has become clear that several different clinical
      conditions share this common immunopathology. IgA nephropathy should, therefore
      be regarded as a syndrome. Schonlein-Henoch purpura (SHP) and Berger's disease
      represent the primary form of this syndrome. The clinical features of both
      diseases in children are reviewed. Although the clinical symptoms may appear
      different there is a close relationship between SHP and IgA nephropathy. They
      share the same pathology, the same pathogenesis, and they may both recur on a
      transplanted kidney. Moreover, both diseases can occur in a single family. When
      pathologic mechanisms are more defined, SHP may prove to be 1 end of a spectrum
      of diseases associated with microvascular immune deposits in which IgA is the
      predominant immunoglobulin seen, the other end being Berger's disease.

PMID- 2397278
TI  - Comparison of creatinine and inulin clearances in multiple trauma.
AB  - Creatinine clearance (Ccr) is a good predictor of renal dysfunction. However,
      numerous analytical interferences have been observed with the classical
      measurement of creatinine by Jaffe's procedure. This prospective study was
      conducted to compare 4 methods for determining creatinine; and also endogenous
      creatinine clearance with inulin clearance (Cin) to estimate the glomerular
      filtration rate. The 4 different techniques for measuring creatinine were: 1) 2
      techniques using Jaffe's colorimetric reaction: one with rapid and the other with
      slow kinetics: 2) 2 more selective methods: enzymatic procedure and high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Measurements were performed in 13
      multiple trauma patients after stabilization and in 5 comatose patients (control
      group) over a 3-day period, with strict 24-h urine collection. On the second day,
      inulin clearance and para-aminohippuric acid clearance (Cpah) were measured.
      Measurement of creatinine by Jaffe's procedure yields significantly higher levels
      than those obtained by the other methods. Higher levels of both plasma and
      urinary creatinine were observed in the multiple trauma patients with all the
      methods used. There were no significant differences in Ccr, Cin, Cpah between the
      multiple trauma patients and the control patients. The best correlations between
      inulin clearance and creatinine clearance were observed for Jaffe's rapid
      kinetics (r = 0.90) in the control group and for the enzymatic procedure in the
      multiple trauma group (r = 0.55). Plasma creatinine is not a useful indicator in
      multiple trauma. The correlation between creatinine clearance and inulin
      clearance is not very strong in multiple trauma, indicating that the relative
      evolution (not the absolute values) of creatinine clearance is of interest.

PMID- 2397279
TI  - Drug-induced agranulocytosis: bone marrow granulocytic progenitor cells.
AB  - Bone marrow CFU-GM and cluster forming cells were studied in ten patients in
      different stages of drug-induced agranulocytosis using a methylcellulose cell
      culture technique in vitro. In the aplastic phase of the disease (A), the number
      of both CFU-GM and cluster forming cells was decreased in comparison to normal
      values. In the regenerative phase of the disease (R), the number of both
      granulocytic progenitors increased but did not reach normal values. In patients
      considered to be recovered from acute agranulocytosis (Rec), a decreased number
      of progenitors persisted indicating residual damage at this granulocytic cell
      level. It is suggested that agranulocytosis is due to isolated damage of
      granulocytic cells and predictable cascade of events within different cell
      compartments could be used as an in vivo model for investigation of the
      regulation of granulopoiesis.

PMID- 2397280
TI  - Alcohol and conscious level.
AB  - Many patients presenting to the Emergency Medical Services have recently consumed
      alcohol. This may profoundly affect their behaviour, conscious level and response
      to illness and treatment. The blood alcohol level (BAL) is of little use in the
      evaluation of these responses. Abnormal conscious level should never be ascribed
      to alcohol intoxication alone. It is only a diagnosis of exclusion. The most
      commonly associated conditions are head injury, cerebro-vascular incidents,
      hypoglycaemia and other drug intoxications.

PMID- 2397281
TI  - Results of multidisciplinary limb salvage in 240 consecutive bone sarcomas.
AB  - From 1979 to 1989, 240 bone sarcomas of limbs were treated by a multidisciplinary
      limb salvage protocol. The tumors included 112 osteosarcomas, 71 chondrosarcomas,
      3 fibrosarcomas, 10 malignant histiocytofibromas, 40 Ewing's sarcomas and 4 other
      rarer sarcomas. Patients mean age was 28.6 yr (range 4-91 yr). The average tumor
      size was 13.5 cm (3-43 cm). There were 2 grade IA, 21 IB, 1 IIA, 188 IIB, and 28
      III B according to Enneking's classification. Extratumoral en bloc resection was
      performed in all cases (large in 113, marginal in 121, intrafocal in 6) by the
      same surgeon. In poor responders to preoperative chemotherapy with Ewing's
      sarcomas or osteosarcomas, 35 Grays postoperative radiotherapy was administered.
      Ewing's sarcomas and osteosarcomas received short preoperative and long
      postoperative chemotherapy. At last follow-up (median 60 months, range 6-120
      months), 150 patients were disease-free; 4 were under treatment and had visible
      disease; 86 had died. Actuarial disease-free survival rate for patients seen with
      localized previously untreated disease was 83% at 2 yr and 77% at 3 yr. Fifteen
      local recurrences were observed (6%). Statistical analysis confirmed the poor
      prognosis factors of visible metastasis, proximal location and large tumor size,
      and pointed out the major prognostic value of therapeutic factors: the
      effectiveness of chemotherapy in Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcomas, and the
      adequacy of surgery in all cases. Limb salvage can be performed by a well
      experienced multidisciplinary team in 96% of limb sarcomas without major risk of
      local recurrence. However, amputation is safer if the surgeon lacks experience.

PMID- 2397282
TI  - Effect of urogenital infections on sperm parameters and hypofertility in man.
AB  - Urogenital infections can notably reduce the sperm's capacity of fecundation by
      affecting the spermatozoa directly. The aim of this study was to compare the main
      parameters of the spermogram of 2 groups of hypofertile subjects, the first group
      presenting negative semen cultures, the second one positive semen cultures. The
      only significantly different parameter between these 2 groups of hypofertile
      patients studied was motility. This anomaly alone could explain some states of
      hypofertility.

PMID- 2397283
TI  - Chronic anaemia in an Irish gastroenterology unit: one hundred consecutive cases.
AB  - One hundred consecutive patients presenting with anaemia of at least 4 wks'
      duration were studied. This represents 3% of all patients seen at a medical
      service with a gastroenterology subspecialty interest. Forty-three men and 57
      women were included; the mean age was 60 (SD 18) yr. Iron deficiency was the
      principal cause of anaemia in 49% of cases. Blood loss from the gastrointestinal
      tract was the most frequent cause of iron deficiency and was predominantly from
      the upper gastrointestinal tract. Patients in whom iron deficiency was the sole
      cause of anaemia all had a microcytic hypochromic blood profile; however, serum
      iron and iron binding capacity correlated poorly with the severity of anaemia.
      Chronic disease was the principal cause of anaemia in 39% of patients.

PMID- 2397284
TI  - [Atypical miniature end plate currents in neuromuscular synapses of the rat under
      normal conditions, after acetylcholinesterase inhibition and cooling].
AB  - In the end-plates of rat diaphragm among atypical miniature end-plate currents
      (MEPCs) 2.9% were giant and 5.1% were slowly rising. The frequency of the giant
      MEPCs was decreased when temperature was lowered and increased when
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was inhibited; the latter effect was reversed if d
      tubocurarine was added. Frequency of the slowly rising MEPCs changed
      insignificantly by all conditions. It is suggested that a highly temperature
      dependent presynaptic mechanism of giant MEPC generation does exist which is
      activated by acetylcholine (ACh). Data about changes in the time course of the
      slowly rising MEPCs by AChE inhibition and lowering of temperature make it
      possible to suggest that the slowly rising MEPCs may be accounted for either slow
      release of ACh quanta or release of quanta on large distances from synaptic cleft
      and postsynaptic cholinoreceptors. The latter is possible if ACh quanta are
      released from synaptic Schwann cell to periaxonial space.

PMID- 2397285
TI  - [Resistance and capacitance functions of gastric vessels under the action of
      noradrenaline].
AB  - In acute experiments on cats, the gastric vascular bed being perfused under
      constant blood flow, the actions of gastric vessels was investigated using newly
      elaborated approach to their humoral isolation. Increased doses of noradrenaline
      elicited the dose-dependent constrictive response of gastric arterial vessels.
      Perfusion pressure increase in the gastric vascular bed under action of the
      minimal dose of noradrenaline was more pronounced, than in the intestinal
      vessels. The capacity of the gastric vascular bed under action of the drug
      changed in different manner, mostly increased, but could be decreased as well. In
      contrast to the small intestine the gastric vessels are characterized by more
      pronounced action of noradrenaline on blood depoting processes.

PMID- 2397286
TI  - [Effects of acute hypoxia on the development of corazol-induced seizures].
AB  - Experiments on white random-bred rats showed that development of corazol seizures
      depend both on corazol dose and pO2 level in atmosphere. Latent period becomes
      short, the time of convulsive attack and the time of all seizures prolongs with
      increase of corazol dose. Acute hypoxia inhibits development of seizures:
      decreases the time of attack and the time of all seizures, prolongs latent
      period. The higher the hypoxia level is more massive its protective effect on
      corazol seizures. The anticonvulsant mechanisms of acute hypoxia are under
      discussion.

PMID- 2397287
TI  - [Effects of destruction and activation of limbic structures on formation of
      convulsive and emotional disorders during picrotoxin kindling].
AB  - In the experiments on rats it was shown that the picrotoxin kindling, which
      consists of the progressive increasing of convulsive reactions during daily
      systemic administration of picrotoxin in subconvulsive dosages results also in
      the development of the pathologically enhanced defensive reactions. The
      destruction of hippocampal structures by kainic acid prevented the seizure
      syndrome, while their activation due to blood injection in hippocampus promoted
      its development; under these conditions the kindling of pathologically enhanced
      defensive reactions was not significantly changed. Bilateral amygdalar
      destruction significantly attenuated the development of pathologically increased
      defensive behavior; under these conditions the seizure syndrome was not
      significantly changed. The data are discussed on the theory of generator, and
      systemic mechanisms of neuropathologic syndromes and show that picrotoxin
      kindling results in the formation of two different pathologic systems which cause
      the development of two mentioned syndromes: seizure syndrome and syndrome of
      pathologically enhanced defensive behavior.

PMID- 2397288
TI  - [Changes in the functional state of the adrenal glands in experimental
      bronchospasm in dogs].
AB  - Changes in the adrenal functional state were revealed during the development of
      bronchoconstriction induced by allergen inhalation in 7 dogs sensitized with
      ovalbumin. The decrease in V1 (expiratory flow-volume) on an average by 58% was
      noted after inhalation of 1000 microG of ovalbumin. The significant decrease in
      II-hydroxycorticosteroids (II-OCS), adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, and a
      tendency to the increase in histamine content were observed in the venous blood
      plasma. The decrease in the adrenaline content in plasma apparently contribute to
      the development of early bronchoconstrictor response, and the decrease in II-OCS
      maintain the development and the progress of late bronchoconstrictor response.

PMID- 2397289
TI  - [Changes in Ca, Mg-dependent endonuclease of DNA in isolated nuclei of human
      lymphocytes in lymphoproliferative diseases].
AB  - Ca, Mg-dependent endonuclease is one of the main DNAses of lymphocyte chromatin.
      It's activity is known to increase in the immune response and to decrease in
      spontaneous and experimental CLL. These observations became a basis for analysis
      of possible clinical meaning of it's enzymatic activity assay. Donors' peripheral
      blood lymphocytes being tested, normal level of endonucleolysis for men and
      children was defined. Except that patients with different clinical forms of
      lymphoproliferative diseases such as chronic lympholeukemia, non-Hodgkin
      lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease were observed. The results showed that Ca, Mg
      dependent endonucleolysis activity was decreased in comparison to donors' one.
      Ca, Mg-dependent endonucleolysis activity was the same in the group of patients
      with non-malignant pathology and in donors' one. Successful treatment and
      remission state of our patients was associated with alteration of the Ca, Mg
      dependent endonucleolysis activity to normal level as well as immunological
      parameters. That is why the activity of Ca, Mg-dependent endonucleolysis is
      suggested to be a new criterion of immune state and lymphocyte malignant
      transformation.

PMID- 2397290
TI  - [Membranes of subcellular organelles as the source of superoxide radicals in
      liver ischemia].
AB  - O2-generation rate (Vo2-) in microsomal, mitochondrial and nuclei liver membranes
      was measured by ESR method, by accumulation of stable nitroxide radicals. These
      Vo2- values were compared with Cu, ZnSOD and MnSOD activities after 2 hours
      ischemia and 24 hours reoxygenation. O2- radicals generated by electron transfer
      chains are concluded to damage mainly during the ischemia, but not the
      reoxygenation.

PMID- 2397291
TI  - [Ganglioside-dependent factor inhibiting lipid peroxidation in synaptosomal
      membranes].
AB  - The inhibitory effect of exogenous monosialoganglioside GM1 on lipid peroxidation
      was studied in synaptosomal membranes from rat brain. When this effect was
      studied over a wide GM1 concentration range, the biphasic kinetics was observed,
      the highest per cent of inhibition (70%) was found at GM1 concentration of 10(-9)
      10(-8) M. In liposomes made from lipids isolated from rat synaptosomal membranes
      the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by exogenous GM1 was much less pronounced
      (25% at maximum) it reached the saturation at ganglioside concentration of 10(-8)
      10(-6) M. The thermal denaturation (90 degrees C), storage at 0 degrees C,
      addition of polymyxin B result in considerable decrease of inhibitory effect of
      GM1 on lipid peroxidation in synaptosomal membranes. On the contrary phorbol-12
      myristate-13-acetate (10(-6)M) or Ca2+ (2.10(-3)M) inhibit lipid peroxidation in
      synaptosomal membranes, the presence of exogenous GM1 in incubation medium having
      additional inhibitory effect. Possible mechanisms of ganglioside participation in
      regulation of functional activity of excitatory membranes are discussed.

PMID- 2397292
TI  - [Role of aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases in changes in the rate of protein
      biosynthesis in the rabbit liver during myocardial ischemia].
AB  - Composition of high-molecular-weight aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases complexes from
      rabbit liver both in norm and after 12 h experimental myocardial ischemia (EMI)
      has been investigated. Partial redistribution of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
      activity from 1820 kD complex into 840 kD complex was observed in case of EMI
      which resulted in changes of protein biosynthesis rate in cell-free system.

PMID- 2397293
TI  - [Effects of a membrane modulator derived from 3-hydroxypyridine class on the
      development of pulmonary edema].
AB  - The experiment on white rats has revealed that water-soluble antioxidant
      emoxipin, having obvious membrane modulating effect, does not influence the rate
      of watering and congestion of the lungs, the speed of reabsorption of fluid from
      lung tissue, the permeability of the capillary-alveolar barrier both in the blood
      tissue direction and vice versa. Preliminary introduction of emoxipin increased
      the amount of edema fluid in the lungs when noradrenaline, centrogenic and
      especially vasopressin pulmonary edema developed, but in did not influence the
      development of vagotomic pulmonary edema. Stimulation of adenylcyclase or
      introduction of prostacyclin slowed down the development of centrogenic and
      vasopressin edema of the lungs. On the basis of these data it can be concluded
      that the intensification of pulmonary edema after emoxipin introduction is
      connected with its antioxidant activity.

PMID- 2397294
TI  - [Use of avidin for speedy clearance of biotinylated immunoglobulins from the
      blood flow].
AB  - The phenomenon of a hundredfold more rapid blood clearance of biotinylated
      immunoglobulins after post-injection of an equiponderate dose of avidin is
      described. The concentration of 125I-labeled biotinylated IgG in rat circulation
      slowly decreased to 20% of the initial level in 24 hours. Avidin injection at any
      moment of this period induced a 90-95% reduction of blood radioactivity in 15
      minutes. Up to 70% of the radioactivity was recovered in the liver. The technique
      of enhanced blood clearance developed in rats was checked in dogs using
      biotinylated monoclonal anti-human fibrinogen antibodies, capable of
      concentrating in dog thrombus. The results obtained offer the possibility of
      thrombus/blood contrast increase in radioimmunoimaging.

PMID- 2397295
TI  - [Benz(a)anthracene and 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo(p)dioxin modulate mitogen
      stimulated proliferation of lymphocytes].
AB  - The influence of benzo(a)anthracene (BA) and 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p
      dioxin (TCDD) on functional properties of peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      (PBC) has been investigated. Incubation of mitogen-stimulated cells in the
      presence of xenobiotics induced high activity of benzo(a) pyrene-hydroxylase (BH)
      and suppressed lymphocyte blast transformation. Preincubation of unstimulated PBC
      with BA and TCDD caused insignificant increase of BH activity. The results show
      modulated effect of xenobiotics on functional properties of PBC.

PMID- 2397296
TI  - [Assessment of the activity of tumor necrosis factor in normal state and in
      ovarian tumors].
AB  - The cytotoxic activity of tumor necrosis factor of healthy individuals and
      patients with cystadenoma and adenocarcinoma of ovaries was investigated. Tumor
      necrosis factor (TNF) spontaneous activities of healthy donors and patients with
      cystadenoma of ovaries was the same. The level of TNF spontaneous activity of
      patients with adenocarcinoma was increased. LPS-induced TNF cytotoxicity in
      patients with cystadenoma was decreased. Mononuclear cells of patients with
      adenocarcinoma did not respond to LPS stimulation by increased TNF production.

PMID- 2397297
TI  - [Detection of trophoblastic beta 1-glycoprotein in tumor tissue and blood in
      ovarian neoplasms].
AB  - Using immunochemical analysis methods (the reaction of precipitation in agar,
      immunoenzymatic method, immunofluorescence), trophoblastic beta 1-glycoprotein
      (TBG) concentration in tumour tissue and in the blood serum of patients with
      ovarian cancer was studied. By rabbits immunization with glycoprotein fraction of
      ovarian adenocarcinoma, dissolved in 0.6 M sulfosalicylic acid, the authors
      obtained antibodies to TBG. Immunoenzymatic method showed, that TBG level is
      raised during ovarian cancer (more than 3 micrograms/l): in 18% of tumour
      extracts, in 12.5% of blood sera samples and in 41.6% of cases in ascites fluid.
      Utilizing indirect immunofluorescence method morphological structures of
      trophoblastic type were identified in paraffin sections of ovarian
      adenocarcinoma. The authors suppose, that such structures may be responsible for
      TBG biosynthesis in ovarian tumours.

PMID- 2397298
TI  - [Biogenic monoamines in ovum cells and preimplantation embryos of mice].
AB  - Histofluorescence technique using glyoxylic acid revealed a specific fluorescence
      suggesting the presence of biogenic monoamines in early developmental stages of
      CBA x C57 Black mice. A yellow fluorescence observed in the blastomere surface
      from the stage of zygote up to that of four blastomere points to the presence of
      indole derivates. As development proceeds, the fluorescence increases and its
      colour becomes more and more green, which is characteristic of catecholamines.
      From the stage of eight blastomeres up to stage of blastocyst specific
      fluorescence is revealed in the cytoplasm. The inhibitors of monoamine oxidase,
      introduced into pregnant mice, markedly increased the specific fluorescence. An
      assumption is made of functional activity of biogenic monoamines in early mouse
      embryos.

PMID- 2397299
TI  - [Chemotactic function of skin fibroblasts in patients with amyloidosis].
AB  - Chemotaxis of cultivated fibroblasts, obtained from patients with amyloidosis,
      chronic glomerulonephritis and healthy volunteers, was investigated. Fibroblast
      migration toward donor serum and serum from patients with amyloidosis was
      measured using Boyden chamber's technique. As "zero" chemoattractant Hank's
      solution was used. It was shown, that chemotactic index (CI) was independent from
      cell density. Significant CI depression of fibroblasts from patients with
      amyloidosis toward donor serum in contrast to fibroblasts from patients with
      chronic glomerulonephritis and healthy volunteers was shown. The depression of
      chemotactic function was the same with fibroblasts from patients with different
      variants of amyloidosis and different stages of amyloid nephropathy and was
      stable in several cell generations. The results obtained suggest the existence of
      primary hereditary variant (variants) of chemotactic function, which may lead to
      the development of amyloidosis in certain conditions.

PMID- 2397300
TI  - [Effects of T-activin on the morphology of the thymus gland in experimental
      injury of the lower limbs in mice (anti-stress effect of T-activin)].
AB  - The effect of T-activin on thymic involution under the experimental trauma of
      femur was studied. T-activin in a dose of 1.0 micrograms/mouse was injected into
      young male (CBA X C57BL)F1 mice weighing 17.5-19.0 g before (I injection) or
      immediately after the fracture of the femur during 3 days. Morphometric analysis
      of the thymus was made 1, 5, 10 and 15 days after the trauma. It was found that T
      activin suppressed the involution of the thymus, induced by the trauma, during
      the first 5 days and accelerate the process of its regeneration. It is suggested,
      that T-activin displays protective anti-stress effect on the mouse thymic
      involution.

PMID- 2397301
TI  - [Morphological assessment of Co2-laser fusion using a flexible light guide in
      lymphovenous and venovenous anastomoses in experimental animals].
AB  - In experiments on 13 mongrel dogs with CO2 laser supplied with flexible fiber
      guide there were formed 17 lympho-venous and 4 veno-venous anastomosis. There
      were no inadequate sealing, narrowing or aneurysm of the anastomosis.
      Histopathologic investigations after 3, 6-8, 13-16 days and 1 year showed that
      vascular walls were positioned correctly. Endothelial surface has continuous
      character both along the vessel as anastomosis line.

PMID- 2397302
TI  - [Use of hepatocytes cultured in microcarriers for correction of acute hepatic
      insufficiency].
AB  - The ability of hepatocytes cultured on Biosilon microcarriers to secrete albumin
      and to conjugate bilirubin were examined for the purpose of developing an
      artificial liver support system. Cultured hepatocytes were able to synthesize 100
      120 micrograms albumin per 10(5) cells in 24 hours and to conjugate about 20
      micrograms/hr of bilirubin for at least 5 days. Rats with liver failure caused by
      i.p. injection of CCL4 or D-galactosamine were subjected to hemosorption via
      minicolumns containing 2 ml of Biosilon microcarriers with 40 X 10(6) cultured
      hepatocytes. The procedure was performed 20-24 h after hepatotoxins injection and
      lasted for 3 h at a flow rate of 60 ml/h. This reduced mortality from 100% to 20%
      after 48% and to 40% after 7 days in case of CCl4 and from 100% to 40% after 48 h
      and 7 days in case of D-galactosamine. Our results suggest that hepatocytes
      cultured on microcarriers may be efficiently applied to correction of fulminant
      hepatic failure caused by different hepatotoxins.

PMID- 2397303
TI  - [Effects of burn injury on the reactivity of spleen cells of mice of different
      genotypes during regional graft vs host reaction].
AB  - Different strains of mice CBA (H-2k) and C57BL/6 (H-2b) have been exposed to burn
      of flame of 15% skin-deep of body. Spleen cells were received 6 hours, 3 and 7
      days after burn trauma of mice in order to induce the local graft-versus-host
      reaction by subcutaneous injection of 10(7) cells in foot of hind leg of (CBA X
      C57BL/6)F1 hybrids. The enhancement of the ability of spleen cells to induce
      graft-versus host was observed in 6 hours and 3 days. The burn trauma of C57BL/6
      mice produced the suppression of reactivity of spleen cells in graft-versus-host
      reaction for all terms of research. The donors of spleen cells adrenalectomy 5
      days before the burn trauma eliminated differences of reactivity of lymphocytes
      of mice CBA and C57BL/6.

PMID- 2397304
TI  - [Method of automatic recording and analysis of leukocyte migration based on the
      image analysis system].
AB  - The method of automatic registration and of the analysis of neutrophils' mobility
      with the use of the Image Analysis System is described in this paper. The authors
      developed an algorithm of cells identification which makes it possible to carry
      out cadre-by-cadre observing the shift of each cell's centre of gravity with the
      time interval between cadres more than 15 seconds. This algorithm also allows to
      measure areas, perimeters and orientation of cells and their changes. Looking
      after the shifts of the cells' centres of gravity allows to describe the cells'
      paths in the form of the following dependences: path-by-time, shift-by-time,
      angle of vector of shift alteration. Observing a great number of cells at the
      same time allows to get true statistical picture of neutrophils' activity and
      distribution of cells' activity in population of neutrophils during only some
      minutes of registration. It is shown that each cell in the population has its own
      constant velocity.

PMID- 2397305
TI  - [H3-dopamine and H3-quinuclidinylbenzilate binding by autonomic ganglia tissue in
      rats of various age].
AB  - Binding of tritiated ligands of muscarinic and dopamine receptors was analysed in
      rats 1, 7, 14, 28, 60 days and 24-30 months old. The following ganglia were
      studied: the nodose ganglion, the lumbar ganglia of sympathetic chain, the main
      pelvic ganglion in male rats and the paracervical ganglion in female rats. The
      same level was found for binding of each of ligands for all investigated ganglia.
      Parameters of postnatal dynamics of development M-cholino- and dopamine reception
      systems prove to be quite similar, but not identical. Both of the systems reach
      matured level during first 2 postnatal weeks. In comparison with
      quinuclidinylbenzilate binding failure of dopamine binding in aged rats is to be
      more pronounced.

PMID- 2397306
TI  - [Direct action of low-intensity laser irradiation on the morphofunctional status
      of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex of white rats].
AB  - Increase of capillaries blood volume, nuclear mass and nuclear cytoplasmic
      relationship and decrease of lipid content and adrenocortical sizes were
      determined in superficial adrenocortical layers on helium-neon LAZER irradiation
      of uncovered left adrenal glands in white female rats. It was confirmed by
      corticosteroid function increase. Similar morphometric changes were identified
      all over adrenocortical bundles on arsenate-helium irradiation of covered left
      adrenal gland from the back of the animal. According to obtained results LAZER
      irradiation may be recommended to use for functional stimulation of adrenal
      cortex.

PMID- 2397307
TI  - [Pathomorphological and morphometric evaluation of a model of aortic
      insufficiency in rabbits treated with taurine].
AB  - In 45 experimental rabbits, subjected to trans-carotid aorto-valvulotomy in a
      month developed a congestive heart failure. When this group of rabbits was
      compared to the control group of 20 animals, in the course of complete
      pathomorphologic, histochemical and stereomorphologic analysis the following
      results were obtained: potassium oroticum did not show any efficacy at all; the
      efficacy of taurine in a dose of 10 mg/kg was low. Its effect was both direct and
      indirect acting through the autonomic nervous system.

PMID- 2397308
TI  - [Functional morphology of capillary bed of the uterus after administration of
      synestrol].
AB  - The capillary vessels of rats uterus were examined. The animals who received 0.2%
      solution were examined 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 days after the last injection. As
      a marker for capillary vessels the histochemical method for finding the Mg++
      adenosine triphosphatase was used. The studies have found prominent qualitative
      and quantitative changes (activity of enzyme, length and diameter of capillaries)
      not less than for two months after the last injection of the solution.
      Particularly prominent changes were found in endometrium between 10-20 days of
      the restorative period.

PMID- 2397309
TI  - [Ultrastructure of nodose ganglia of the vagus nerve in burns].
AB  - Ultrastructural changes of neurons of vagus nodal ganglia on section material of
      30 dead persons in different periods of burn disease aged from 14 to 75 have been
      studied. Examination of the state of the nodal ganglia in different periods of
      burn disease showed ultrastructural changes in neurons, glial cells, blood
      capillary endotheliocytes, mitochondria, endoplasmatic net nuclei and cell
      membranes. The most marked destructive changes were seen in patients who died in
      late term of burn disease.

PMID- 2397310
TI  - [Morphological aspects of the mineral phase of the bone].
AB  - By means of light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy structure of the
      mineral phase of human compact bone have been studied. Mechanical properties of
      deorganified bone samples have been determined. High compressive strength may be
      in connection with interactions of plate-like mineral particles at the level of
      hydrate shell of the bone mineral crystallites.

PMID- 2397311
TI  - [Morphological features of milky spots of the rat omentum in inflammation].
AB  - The omental milky sports of the rat have been examined with the light and
      electron microscope after intraperitoneal stimulation by particulate coal and
      zymosan. No positive correlation between cell level proliferation in milky spots
      and alteration of their size has been found. The increase in size of milky spots
      is due to the inflow of cells from the blood and bone marrow. The development in
      milky spots of a great number of macrophages "tubercles" and multinucleated giant
      cells in the experimental conditions may respond to inflammation. The
      administration of zymosan result in the influx of lymphocytes forming lymphatic
      follicle-like structure. Despite the absence of germinative centres, the
      appearance of a great number of lymphoblasts and plasma cells in the milky spots
      provides the evidence of the active antibody production aimed at immunological
      protection of abdominal cavity.

PMID- 2397312
TI  - [Ultrastructural detection of cholesterol in the liver in chronic alcoholic
      intoxication].
AB  - The authors studied the deposits of cholesterol in the liver of alcoholic men and
      rats by means of cytochemical method. The localization of cholesterol in
      intracellular and extracellular compartments was shown. In numerous hepatocytes
      there were focal destructions in mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum and
      plasma membranes.

PMID- 2397313
TI  - Links between drug misuse and crime.
AB  - The paper argues that there may be benefits from combining the efforts of
      criminologists and drug researchers in the study of the nature of the
      relationship between drug/alcohol use and crime. The available evidence suggests
      that the relationship is probably not a simple one. In particular, the research
      shows that social, cultural, and environmental factors may all play some part in
      explaining the relationship. It is suggested that something might be gained by
      focusing on the various situational factors which link drug/alcohol use and
      crime. Some help might be forthcoming for this endeavour from criminology which
      has in recent years developed a body of knowledge on the role of situational
      determinants of crime. Research from within this perspective has been helpful in
      informing strategies for intervention over a wide range of crimes and crime
      settings. In particular, attention is drawn to the wealth of crime prevention
      ideas that has arisen out of situational analyses of alcohol-related public
      disorder. It is proposed that further research is conducted which draws on this
      approach in an attempt to increase our understanding of the micro social
      processes involved.

PMID- 2397314
TI  - Could Britain inherit the American nightmare?
AB  - The article offers a critical review of the debate on policy towards illegal
      drugs in the United States and demonstrates how discussion of the 'drugs' issue
      there is linked to perceptions of the condition of African-American people and to
      the contentious concept of the 'underclass'. Alternatives to the Reagan-Bush
      policies include the extension of treatment options, possibly compulsorily, and
      pro-legalization arguments. The links between these perspectives and wider social
      philosophies and programmes are indicated. Ripples of the legalization debate are
      now felt in Britain and Europe. The paper concludes that understanding of the
      social problem of 'drugs' cannot be divorced from judgements about wider socio
      cultural conditions and appropriate policies. US definitions of the problem and
      views of policy are not as yet the only options for Britain. A 'third way' is
      possible between neo-conservative and free-market approaches, that of a 'new
      public health'.

PMID- 2397315
TI  - Discrimination on the grounds of diagnosis.
AB  - The study used the methodology of randomly allocating case vignettes to a sample
      of British consultant psychiatrists to assess the influence of a past diagnosis
      of alcohol dependence on present treatment attitudes. The case vignettes either
      did or did not include the previous diagnosis of alcohol dependence and the sex
      of the 'case' was also randomized. Psychiatrists receiving the vignette with the
      diagnosis of alcohol dependence were more likely to rate the patient as
      difficult, annoying, less in need of admission, uncomplaint, having a poor
      prognosis and more likely to be discharged from follow-up. There was minimal sex
      difference. Psychiatrist with a special interest in addictions regarded people
      with a past diagnosis of alcohol dependence as less difficult to manage than
      their non-specialist colleagues. The implications for education and treatment are
      discussed.

PMID- 2397316
TI  - The drug market position of cocaine among young adults in Sydney.
AB  - A study was undertaken to explore the 'market position' of cocaine among young
      adults in Sydney, Australia. The intention was to estimate how likely Australia
      is to experience an epidemic of cocaine use if the availability of the drug was
      to increase. A sample of 499 young adults in which illicit drug users were
      overrepresented were surveyed. The results suggested that there was not a large
      untapped market for cocaine. In terms of risk and attraction, cocaine was
      perceived to be more like the traditional 'hard drugs' of heroin, stimulants and
      hallucinogens than the traditional 'soft drugs' of alcohol and marijuana. Only 5%
      of the sample were prepared to try cocaine if offered it by a close friend.

PMID- 2397317
TI  - Initiation, continuation or discontinuation of cannabis use in the general
      population.
AB  - A nationally representative sample (n = 1997) of young people (17-20 years of
      age) was examined twice with an interval of two years using postal questionnaires
      supplemented by telephone interviews of non-responders. Sixty-eight per cent of
      the original sample participated in both surveys. Factors found to increase the
      probability of having ever used cannabis were sex, place of residence, divorced
      parents, earlier problems with education and employment, and mental and somatic
      health problems. However, these factors could not predict the
      persistence/cessation of cannabis use which was significantly related to the
      establishment of an adult social role with a partner/spouse and/or having
      children, and negatively correlated to long-term unemployment. Among men, high
      aspirations as to future occupational activity predicted cessation of cannabis
      use. The hypothesis that alcohol consumption would be increased amongst those
      individuals who stopped using cannabis was not supported. The results replicate
      some of the main findings of Kandel and coworkers (1984, 1986, 1989) supporting
      the role incompatibility theory of Thornton (1975) as an explanation of the
      cessation of cannabis use.

PMID- 2397318
TI  - The cognitive effects of alcohol abuse: a controlled study.
AB  - It is now well established that there is an association between excessive alcohol
      consumption and psychological impairment. However, there has been some difficulty
      in the interpretation of results as the majority of studies have relied on
      reporting correlations in large subject samples. It was felt therefore that if
      subjects were matched by variables which had been found to be confounding in
      previous research, a clearer picture of the effects of alcohol on cognitive
      functioning could be drawn. Subjects in this study were therefore divided into a
      'high' alcohol group (over 50 units per week), and a 'low' alcohol group (under
      20 units per week). No patients who had previously been reported as suffering
      from cognitive impairment were included in this study as the purpose of this
      research was to examine the effects of alcohol on those heavy drinkers with no
      obvious impairment. They were matched by age, sex, socio-economic status and
      educational background. Heavy drinkers showed significant deficits on a number of
      cognitive tests compared with their matched controls. Furthermore, the subjects
      in the lower educational group showed a greater decrease in scores on several sub
      tests than those in the higher group.

PMID- 2397319
TI  - The relationship of sex-related alcohol expectancies to alcohol consumption and
      sexual behavior.
AB  - Recent psychosocial research on alcohol expectancies--beliefs about the effects
      of alcohol on behavior, moods and emotions--has suggested that these expectancies
      mediate not only decisions about drinking but the alcohol effects displayed by
      those who have been drinking. Results of a study of drinking and sexual behavior
      showed that individuals of different gender and sexual orientation differed in
      their beliefs about the effects of alcohol on sexual responding. In addition,
      expectations of sexual enhancement and disinhibition were related to the
      initiation of sexual activity and to the proportion of sexual encounters that
      took place while drinking, and interacted with sex guilt to predict the amount
      drunk in the most recent sexual encounter. These results suggest that beliefs
      about the effects of alcohol on sex may affect the characteristics of sexual
      encounters that involve drinking.

PMID- 2397320
TI  - Influence of negative affect on smoking cessation treatment outcome: a pilot
      study.
AB  - In order to determine whether baseline depression was related to initial success
      or failure in smoking cessation, we prospectively examined mood self-ratings in a
      pilot study of 43 unselected smokers attempting to quit smoking in an outpatient
      program. Mean pretreatment POMS depression scores in the subjects who were unable
      to quit were significantly higher compared to those successful in initially
      relinquishing smoking. These preliminary results suggest that a negative-affect
      group at high risk for failure in nicotine dependence treatment might be
      identified in advance by an assessment of mood done prior to treatment.

PMID- 2397321
TI  - Hospital admissions for somatic care among young men: the role of alcohol.
AB  - The association between level of alcohol consumption and hospital admission for
      somatic care during a 15-year follow-up was studied in a cohort of 8226 Swedish
      conscripts. The relative risk for admission among high consumers of alcohol (more
      than 250 g alcohol per week) was 1.5 (95% confidence interval 1.2-1.8) compared
      with moderate consumers (1-100 g alcohol per week). After control for social
      background variables in a multivariate model the odds ratio was 1.2 (0.9-1.6).
      High consumers had a higher rate of recurring admissions; the number of
      admissions per capita increased from 1.8 among abstainers to 2.4 among high
      consumers. The association with alcohol was positive in all diagnostic categories
      studied. Earlier reports of a U-shaped curve for hospital admission was not
      confirmed; abstainers had the same rate of admission as moderate consumers.

PMID- 2397322
TI  - Drug research: a comparison of ongoing research and perceived research
      priorities.
AB  - Since drug abuse results in high costs to the community, it is vital that
      research funding be allocated in a way which ensures a maximum improvement in
      health for the money spent. This study explores the extent to which current
      research into drug and alcohol abuse in Australia reflects perceived research
      priorities. Two hundred and seventy-four ongoing research projects into drug and
      alcohol misuse were identified. Researchers currently working in this area were
      surveyed to ascertain perceived research priorities in terms of the drug studied,
      the type of data collected and the setting in which the study occurred. A
      comparison of ongoing projects with perceived research priorities indicated
      considerable discrepancies. Fewer intervention projects and more studies in
      laboratory and clinical settings were being undertaken than was perceived as
      desirable by the researchers. The findings are discussed in terms of their
      implications for strategies for distributing research funds.

PMID- 2397323
TI  - Alcohol input and creative output.
AB  - Is alcohol use a help or a hindrance for creativity? And, conversely, what effect
      does creative activity have on alcohol use? In order to answer these questions,
      relevant information was obtained from the biographies of 34 well known, heavy
      drinking, 20th century writers, artists or composers/performers. Analysis of this
      information yielded a number of interesting findings. Alcohol use proved
      detrimental to productivity in over 75% of the sample, especially in the latter
      phases of their drinking careers. However, it appeared to provide direct benefit
      for about 9% of the sample, indirect benefit for 50% and no appreciable effect
      for 40% at different times in their lives. Creative activity, conversely, can
      also affect drinking behavior, leading, for instance, to increased alcohol
      consumption in over 30% of the sample. Because of the complexities of this
      relationship, no simplistic conclusions are possible.

PMID- 2397324
TI  - UK Home Office notification statistics for 1989.

PMID- 2397325
TI  - Consequences of the remodelling process for vertebral trabecular bone structure:
      a scanning electron microscopy study (uncoupling of unloaded structures).
AB  - Cylindrical trabecular bone specimens were obtained from the central part of the
      third lumbar vertebral body from 29 normal individuals aged 26-90 years (18 men,
      11 women). The marrow was cleaned from the bone samples, but no removal of
      organic material was performed. The cylinders were freeze-dried and coated with
      gold. A Jeol JSM-840 scanning electron microscope was used for the investigation.
      The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the loss of connectivity in the
      trabecular network with age--and the remodelling process causing this. Thin
      horizontal trabeculae with osteoclastic perforations could be demonstrated. These
      trabeculae, once disconnected and therefore no longer strained, seemed removed by
      an 'aggressive' osteoclastic resorption. On vertical trabeculae, microcallus
      formation was frequently seen in elderly individuals. Furthermore, the three
      dimensional morphology of trabecular remodelling sites was also readily apparent.
      The remodelling sites covered areas of varying sizes (50 x 20-1000 x 1000 micron
      2). SEM is an easy and refined tool for analysis of the mechanisms behind age
      related changes in vertebral trabecular bone. It enables the whole remodelling
      process to be studied in the three-dimensional trabecular lattice and confirms
      and highlights the pathophysiological mechanisms suggested by normal histological
      studies.

PMID- 2397327
TI  - Intervertebral disk mineralization in progressive ankylosis mice.
AB  - The objective of this study was to quantitate the increasing mineral content of
      the intervertebral disk of progressive ankylosis mice and to identify changes in
      serum and bone mineral levels that might occur concurrent with the rapid
      mineralization of the disk. Serum calcium (8.43 +/- 1.01 mg/dl vs. 7.48 +/- 2.07)
      and phosphorus (6.66 +/- 1.32 mg/dl vs. 5.53 +/- 2.19) levels were within normal
      limits. Ankylosing mice had a 5.2% decrease in water content, a 24% increase in
      calcium content and a 29% decrease in phosphorus content of the intervertebral
      disks. The magnitude of these changes increased with age. There was no
      significant difference in mineral or water content of the vertebral bodies. The
      mineral levels per gram of tissue were much greater in ankylosing disks than in
      the vertebral bodies. No correlation was identified between ankylosing disks and
      serum or bone mineral levels.

PMID- 2397326
TI  - Expression of the cell proliferation-associated nuclear antigen reactive with the
      Ki-67 monoclonal antibody by cells of the skeletal system in humans and other
      species.
AB  - The cell proliferation-associated nuclear antigen recognized by the Ki-67
      monoclonal antibody was detected immunohistochemically in cells from skeletal
      tissues of humans, sheep and rabbits. In each case the distribution of Ki-67
      positive cells was identical and consistent with the known distribution of
      dividing cells in growing long bones. The antigen recognized by Ki-67 is
      detectable only after fixation in cold acetone. In the 5-day-old rabbit,
      labelling with tritiated thymidine [( 3H]TdR) in vivo, followed subsequently by a
      combination of Ki-67 immunohistochemistry and autoradiography for [3H]TdR,
      demonstrated that, in addition to the expression of Ki-67 by the majority of
      [3H]TdR labelled cells, other cells associated with proliferating populations
      also expressed the Ki-67 antigen. This suggests that the Ki-67 antibody
      identifies cycling cells in the skeleton in S-phase, as well as in other phases
      of the cell cycle. In Ki-67 reactive species, this method is a potentially useful
      tool for the study of cell proliferation in skeletal tissues in vivo and in
      vitro, having the advantage of not requiring prior labelling with DNA precursors.

PMID- 2397328
TI  - A deterministic model of the cell cycle.
AB  - The variability of the duration of the cell cycle is explained by the phenomenon
      of sensitive dependence upon initial conditions; as may occur in deterministic
      non-linear systems. Chaotic dynamics of a system is the result of this sensitive
      dependence. First a deterministic system is formulated that is equivalent to the
      Smith-Martin transition probability model of the cell cycle. Next the model is
      extended to a dynamic process that ranges over the cell generations. A
      deterministic non-linear relationship between the cycle time of the mother and
      daughter cell is established. It clarifies the variability of mother-daughter
      correlation for the different cell types. The model is fitted to two different
      cell cultures; it shows that the graph of the non-linear relation has the same
      shape for different cell types.

PMID- 2397330
TI  - A time to die?

PMID- 2397329
TI  - Diffusion regulated growth characteristics of a spherical prevascular carcinoma.
AB  - Recently a mathematical model of the prevascular phases of tumor growth by
      diffusion has been investigated (S.A. Maggelakis and J.A. Adam, Math. Comput.
      Modeling, in press). In this paper we examine in detail the results and
      implications of that mathematical model, particularly in the light of recent
      experimental work carried out on multicellular spheroids. The overall growth
      characteristics are determined in the present model by four parameters: Q, gamma,
      b, and delta, which depend on information about inhibitor production rates,
      oxygen consumption rates, volume loss and cell proliferation rates, and measures
      of the degree of non-uniformity of the various diffusion processes that take
      place. The integro-differential growth equation is solved for the outer spheroid
      radius R0(t) and three related inner radii subject to the solution of the
      governing time-independent diffusion equations (under conditions of diffusive
      equilibrium) and the appropriate boundary conditions. Hopefully, future
      experimental work will enable reasonable bounds to be placed on parameter values
      referred to in this model: meanwhile, specific experimentally-provided initial
      data can be used to predict subsequent growth characteristics of in vitro
      multicellular spheroids. This will be one objective of future studies.

PMID- 2397331
TI  - Pelvic congestion syndrome and ligation of ovarian veins.

PMID- 2397332
TI  - Endotoxin, antisera and adult respiratory distress syndrome.

PMID- 2397333
TI  - Increasing the ceiling of potential organ donors.

PMID- 2397334
TI  - The use of graphical life charts in psychiatry.
AB  - A graphical representation of the course of all or part of a patient's life is an
      underused and potentially valuable clinical tool in psychiatry. Such 'life
      charts' were employed by Meyer and Kraepelin at the beginning of the century but
      have received little attention since. The following article briefly reviews the
      history of life charts, describes their construction and illustrates their uses.

PMID- 2397335
TI  - How to insert a peritoneal dialysis catheter.

PMID- 2397336
TI  - Respiratory difficulty following caesarean section.

PMID- 2397337
TI  - Managing suicide risk in the general ward.
AB  - In this paper we look first at those groups and situations which denote a high
      risk for suicide. Thorough assessment, which is the first essential step in
      approaching any clinical problem, is then addressed. Finally we consider the many
      potential hazards that may complicate assessment and management of individuals at
      risk of killing themselves.

PMID- 2397338
TI  - Fatal fulminating liver failure possibly related to amiodarone treatment.

PMID- 2397339
TI  - Congenital complete heart block and maternal anti-Ro.

PMID- 2397340
TI  - Urinary dysfunction and the cauda equina syndrome.

PMID- 2397341
TI  - Psychogeriatrics.
AB  - Psychogeriatrics--the psychiatry of old age--became an official specialty in the
      NHS in 1989. Until the 1960s interest in the mental disorders of old age had been
      largely confined to research, but today special psychiatric services for old
      people are widely established, and the care of mentally ill old people is
      recognized as a major issue by professional workers, governments and the lay
      public, not only in developed countries but also in the Third World. Britain has
      led this movement.

PMID- 2397342
TI  - Early diagnosis of HIV infection.

PMID- 2397343
TI  - Altered magnetic resonance white-matter T1 values in patients with affective
      disorder.
AB  - The MRI T1 proton relaxation values were assessed in 14 patients with bipolar
      affective disorder and 10 with a unipolar disorder and a matched normal control
      group. The T1 values in the frontal white matter of patients significantly
      exceeded those of the controls. This difference was accounted for by an increase
      in T1 values in the frontal white matter of unipolar patients: the values for
      bipolar patients alone did not differ from those for controls. These preliminary
      findings support a hypothesis of frontal lobe dysfunction mediating pathological
      changes in mood.

PMID- 2397344
TI  - Philosophy and medicine: the Oxford connection.
AB  - Three aspects of the approach to philosophy advocated by the Oxford philosopher
      J. L. Austin are outlined: his conception of the nature of philosophical
      problems, essentially as a mixed bag; his method of linguistic analysis, namely,
      clarification of our concepts by active observation of the ways in which they are
      actually used rather than by passive reflection on their meanings; and his views
      on the organisation of philosophical research, that in some areas it should be
      pursued rather as a science is pursued, as a corporate rather than merely
      individual venture. It is suggested that Austin's approach provides the basis for
      a potentially fruitful two-way relationship between philosophical theory and
      medical practice.

PMID- 2397345
TI  - DSM-III: from left to right or from right to left?
AB  - DSM-III has largely been based upon essentialist notions of increasingly accurate
      and 'valid' definitions of diseases. A nominalist approach would facilitate study
      of aetiological factors and variables in the natural history of diseases.

PMID- 2397346
TI  - Diagnosis, personality and the long-term outcome of depression.
AB  - Patients diagnosed in the late 1960s as suffering from either endogenous or
      neurotic depression, or as presenting with depression but discharged with another
      neurotic diagnosis, were followed for 15 years. Diagnosis at index admission did
      not predict overall outcome, but patients with endogenous depression, an
      apparently stable diagnosis, had longer index admissions, were readmitted sooner,
      but spent less time ill than patients in either of the neurosis groups.
      Personality abnormality accounted for 20% of the variance in outcome in the
      neurotic groups and only 2% of the variance in the endogenous group. Thus there
      is evidence that endogenous and neurotic depression are two illnesses and that,
      in the neuroses particularly, prognosis will depend on the extent to which these
      personality abnormalities are modified by treatment.

PMID- 2397347
TI  - A comparative study of family-based and patient-based behavioural management in
      obsessive-compulsive disorder.
AB  - Thirty obsessive-compulsive patients were randomly allocated to two treatment
      conditions. In group A a significant family member was trained to act as
      cotherapist at home, whereas in group B, only the patient was seen and given home
      assignments. All 30 patients received a similar treatment regime of systematic
      desensitisation, exposure, and response prevention. The family-based approach
      resulted in greater improvement in anxiety, depression, obsessive symptoms, and
      in social adjustment in occupational and household responsibilities. The
      personality pattern of the family members also appeared to influence outcome.

PMID- 2397348
TI  - Interepisodic morbidity in Kleine-Levin syndrome.
AB  - Three patients with Kleine-Levin syndrome had evidence of interepisodic organic
      brain dysfunction. This is counter to earlier views that the disorder is benign.

PMID- 2397349
TI  - Koro: the genital retraction symptom after stroke.
AB  - The complete Koro complex in an elderly male Briton was associated with psychotic
      depression following a non-dominant temporoparietal stroke. As Koro lacks both
      cultural and diagnostic specificity, it would be more appropriately renamed the
      genital retraction symptom.

PMID- 2397350
TI  - Jewish depressives.

PMID- 2397351
TI  - Diagnosis of personality disorder.

PMID- 2397352
TI  - Is diazepam an antidepressant?

PMID- 2397353
TI  - Suicide in Hindu women.

PMID- 2397354
TI  - Multiple personality disorder.

PMID- 2397356
TI  - Phototherapy, winter depression and ocular pressure.

PMID- 2397355
TI  - More on double-blindness.

PMID- 2397357
TI  - Mania complicating ECT.

PMID- 2397358
TI  - Alprazolam withdrawal symptoms.

PMID- 2397359
TI  - Liaison psychiatry.

PMID- 2397360
TI  - Does personality predict long-term outcome in depression?
AB  - In 1965/66, a consecutive series of 89 in-patients with depression were
      interviewed, given two personality tests (the EPI and LOI), and were accorded a
      score on a neurotic-psychotic continuum (DI). Eighteen years later, the series
      was followed up and the predictive power of the original data was determined.
      High neuroticism scores on the EPI on recovery and particularly when ill but
      referring to the pre-morbid state were associated with poor overall outcome and
      chronicity. High obsessional interference scores on the LOI on recovery were also
      associated with poor long-term outcome, impaired social adjustment, more time
      spent in hospital, and with the subsequent development of schizophrenic or
      schizoaffective episodes. High psychotic scores on the DI were also associated
      with poor long-term outcome, a greater length of time spent in hospital, and with
      bipolar affective disorder, and this effect was independent of the personality
      measures.

PMID- 2397361
TI  - The positive:negative dichotomy in schizophrenia.
AB  - Two studies are reported. In the first, of 62 schizophrenic patients, no
      correlation between negative symptom scores (rated blindly) and any measure of
      positive symptoms was found. This independence was confirmed by factor and
      cluster analyses, which left the question of a third 'disorganisation' class of
      schizophrenic symptoms open. In the second study, of 80 patients, formal thought
      disorder separated unequivocally into 'positive formal thought disorder' and
      'alogia' syndromes on the basis of correlations with positive and negative
      symptoms. Catatonic motor disorder also showed evidence of a corresponding
      positive: negative division, although this only emerged when severity or
      chronicity of illness was controlled for. Cognitive impairment showed a broad
      range of affiliations and its particular correlation with negative symptoms was
      perhaps artefactual.

PMID- 2397362
TI  - Cognitive inflexibility and pre-frontal dysfunction in schizophrenia and mania.
AB  - The ability to shift cognitive set, which is probably subserved, at least in
      part, by the pre-frontal cortex, was determined for schizophrenic, bipolar
      (manic) and control subjects, using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The
      schizophrenic and manic subjects both demonstrated poor performance on the WCST,
      suggesting that cognitive inflexibility and/or pre-frontal dysfunction, is not
      specific to schizophrenia (although laterality differences could exist). Moderate
      levels of poor performance in the non-psychiatric control group suggest the need
      for a review of the cut-off figures in the WCST currently used for predicting
      'brain damage' and 'focal frontal involvement', especially given the trend for
      the increasing use of cognitive assessment and rehabilitation in the major
      psychoses.

PMID- 2397363
TI  - Classifying depression by mental state signs.
AB  - The possibility that separation of a categorical depressive disease
      ('melancholia') from remaining depressive disorders can be improved by assessment
      of mental state signs was examined in patients treated by representative Sydney
      psychiatrists and patients referred to a specialised mood disorders unit. A set
      of signs, principally assessing retardation, was derived within the two samples
      by principal-components and latent-class analyses. Scores were significantly
      correlated with clinical, DSM-III, and RDC diagnoses, and appeared independent of
      severity, suggesting that melancholia can be defined phenomenologically. Scores
      were also associated with several 'validating' factors. Comparative analyses of a
      refined list of melancholia symptoms suggested that ratings of defined signs are
      likely to have greater capacity than symptom ratings to differentiate melancholia
      from residual depressive disorders.

PMID- 2397364
TI  - Evidence for a general neurotic syndrome.
AB  - Neurotic syndromes are defined by characteristic patterns of symptoms, but the
      validity of the distinction between one syndrome and another depends on
      associations between the syndromes and clinical history, or treatment response
      factors that are independent of the defining phenomena. In both a group of twin
      volunteers and a group of patients with panic disorder/agoraphobia, the lifetime
      experience of more than one diagnosis of a neurotic syndrome was common but there
      was no evidence of patterns of co-occurrence of diagnoses being associated with
      particular syndromes. Receiving a diagnosis was associated with abnormal scores
      on measures of neuroticism and locus of control, the extent of the abnormality
      increasing with the number of different diagnoses satisfied. It is argued that
      the concept of a general neurotic syndrome depends in part on the presence of
      such predisposing personality factors, and that reduction in this predisposition
      to neurosis should be the focus of treatment.

PMID- 2397365
TI  - Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. I: Disorders of thought content.
AB  - In a sample of 178 subjects with Alzheimer's disease, diagnosed by clinical
      criteria (NINCDS/ADRDA), delusions had occurred in 16% of the sample since the
      onset of the illness and been present within the last 12 months in 11%. Simple
      delusions of theft and suspicion were the most common types and a greater
      proportion of men suffered delusions of theft. Subjects with other types of
      delusion had relatively well preserved lateral ventricular size and basal ganglia
      calcification. Twenty per cent of the group had experienced persecutory ideation
      short of delusions since the onset of the illness. Cognitive function at entry to
      the study and cognitive deterioration over the succeeding 12 months was not
      influenced by the presence of disorders of thought content.

PMID- 2397366
TI  - Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. II: Disorders of perception.
AB  - In a sample of 178 patients with AD, visual hallucinations had been experienced
      by 13% and auditory hallucinations by 10%. Thirty per cent had misidentification
      syndromes; these were associated with a younger age and younger age at onset of
      illness, and proportionally more men than women were affected. There was a
      reduced 30-month mortality rate in this group. Subjects with hallucinations had a
      greater deterioration in cognitive function at 12-month follow-up, which could
      not be accounted for by neuroleptic medication.

PMID- 2397367
TI  - Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. III: Disorders of mood.
AB  - Of 178 patients with AD, at least one depressive symptom was reported by 63%, 24%
      were rated as being depressed by a trained observer, and 43% were considered
      depressed by their relatives. Ten per cent had a previous history of depression.
      Elevated mood was rare, occurring in only six patients (3.5%). Subjects with
      depressive symptoms had less cognitive impairment and less ventricular
      enlargement on CT compared with those without symptoms. Widening of the
      interhemispheric fissure was associated with symptoms of mania but was inversely
      related to presence of depressive symptoms.

PMID- 2397368
TI  - Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. IV: Disorders of behaviour.
AB  - Out of a sample of 178 patients with AD, aggression was present in 20%, wandering
      in 19%, binge-eating in 10%, hyperorality in 6%, urinary incontinence in 48%, and
      sexual disinhibition in 7%. Behavioural abnormalities were greater in those with
      more severe dementia. Temporallobe atrophy correlated with aggression, and
      widening of the third ventricle with hyperorality. Features of the Kluver-Bucy
      syndrome were commonly seen, but the full syndrome occurred in only one subject.
      Patients with at least one feature of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome had greater
      temporal-lobe atropy than those without any of the features.

PMID- 2397370
TI  - Abstracts supplement. British Society for Rheumatology, seventh annual general
      meeting. London, 26-28 September 1990.

PMID- 2397369
TI  - Improving house physicians' assessments of self-poisoning.
AB  - A questionnaire was developed to help the assessment of patients who take
      overdoses. Twenty-four house physicians in Southampton university hospitals were
      randomly divided into a group who used the questionnaire and another group who
      asked whatever questions they felt appropriate. One hundred and fifty patients
      who had taken overdoses were included in the study. After the house physician's
      assessment, a research assistant interviewed all of the patients and the two
      assessments for each patient were then compared. There was greater agreement
      between the research assistant and the house physicians who used the
      questionnaire than those who interviewed patients in an unstructured way with
      respect to assessments of severity of depression, purpose of the act, suicidal
      intent, diagnosis, and future management.

PMID- 2397371
TI  - Effects of oestradiol cypionate on spontaneous and oxytocin-stimulated postpartum
      myometrial activity in the cow.
AB  - The effects of oestradiol cypionate (ECP) on spontaneous and oxytocin-induced
      postpartum myometrial activity were measured in four cows using strain gauge
      transducers (SGT). On the first day after parturition, prior to treatment with
      ECP, myometrial activity consisted mainly of single-peak contractions (mean
      frequency 9.6/h, mean duration 141.0s, the majority of the contractions being
      propagated in a tubocervical direction. Injection of ECP (5 mg i.m.) 18 h after
      parturition led to suppression of coordinated myometrial activity and the
      development of sustained low amplitude contractions of reduced frequency (mean
      2.9/h, P less than 0.01) and increased duration (mean 422.2 s, P less than 0.05),
      with multiple superimposed small peaks. In addition, all parts of the uterus
      tended to contract simultaneously. These changes were apparent by 4 h after
      treatment and persisted until day 5 after parturition. Injection of oxytocin (25
      USP units i.v.) at 24 h after parturition stimulated the reappearance of single
      peak coordinated contractions. However, pretreatment with ECP did not enhance the
      myometrial response to oxytocin.

PMID- 2397372
TI  - The development of a transport and enrichment medium for Campylobacter fetus.
AB  - A transport and enrichment medium was developed for Campylobacter fetus. From
      inocula of between 10 and 35 organisms the medium was able to support the
      multiplication of 19 of 21 strains of C. fetus if the medium was incubated
      immediately after inoculation; when incubation was delayed for 3 days after
      inoculation, only seven of the 21 strains multiplied. From inocula of 100-350
      organisms all 21 strains multiplied following immediate incubation, and 20 of 21
      when incubation was delayed for 3 days. From inocula of about 10(4) organisms all
      strains multiplied following immediate or delayed incubation. The medium
      restricted the growth of Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID- 2397373
TI  - The application of a transport and enrichment medium to the diagnosis of
      Campylobacter fetus infections in bulls.
AB  - The use of a transport and enrichment medium (TEM) in the diagnosis of
      Campylobacter fetus infections in bulls is described. The medium significantly
      improved the diagnosis rate in samples which, because of the length of time
      between collection and receipt at the laboratory, were unsuitable for processing
      by direct culture. The TEM was able to support the viability, and subsequent
      multiplication, of C. fetus in some samples for up to 7 days before the TEM was
      incubated. The submission of paired samples of TEM, one containing unfiltered
      preputial washing (PW) and the other containing PW filtered through a 0.60 micron
      cellulose acetate filter, significantly increased the accuracy of diagnosis.

PMID- 2397374
TI  - Clinical and immunological responses of ewes following vaccination with an
      experimental formalin-inactivated Chlamydia psittaci (ovis) vaccine and
      subsequent challenge with the live organism during pregnancy.
AB  - The protection afforded by an experimental, killed, adjuvanted vaccine derived
      from the A22 strain of Chlamydia psittaci (ovis) against ovine enzootic abortion
      was studied. The vaccine was used undiluted (group A), at a dilution of 10(-3)
      (group B) and at a dilution of 10(-6) (group C). A fourth control group (group D)
      was inoculated with all components of the vaccine except the chlamydial antigen.
      A group of rams (group R) was also vaccinated with the chlamydial antigen diluted
      to 10(-3). Animals were challenged 70 days after mating with the A22 strain of C.
      psittaci (ovis) and were studied throughout pregnancy and the subsequent lambing
      period. Their cell-mediated immune responses were examined using a skin test and
      their humoral immune responses were studied using an ELISA. Tests for excretion
      of chlamydiae in their faeces and genital tract during pregnancy and after
      parturition and in the faeces of their lambs were made. The reproductive
      performance of the ewes was assessed by calculating the average weight of lambs
      produced per ewe in each group. The experimental vaccine protected the ewes in
      groups A and B against challenge with C. psittaci (ovis) as none showed clinical
      signs of OEA or excreted chlamydiae. The average weight of lambs produced per ewe
      in both groups was greater than 4 kg. Both groups seroconverted after vaccination
      but not all of them were positive to the skin test. The experimental vaccine at
      10(-6) dilution of antigen did not protect the ewes as three of 10 ewes displayed
      clinical OEA and excreted chlamydiae in the products of parturition.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397376
TI  - The toxicity of Temik (aldicarb) in Nubian goats.
AB  - Single oral dosages of Temik (aldicarb 15%) given to Nubian goats at 150, 37.5
      and 5 mg/kg caused toxic manifestations and death 5-180 min after administration.
      Daily dosing of the compound at 0.5 and 0.1 mg/kg caused death of goats between
      days 5 and 40. Death was preceded by clinical illness in which signs suggesting
      nervous system dysfunction consistently occurred. Pathological, haematological
      and biochemical changes are described.

PMID- 2397375
TI  - Protection of ewes vaccinated with A22 strain Chlamydia psittaci (ovis) against
      challenge in pregnancy with homologous and heterologous strains of the organism.
AB  - Fifty ewes were randomly divided into four groups. Groups A and B were vaccinated
      with an experimental vaccine derived from the A22 isolate of Chlamydia psittaci
      (ovis), an isolate known to cause ovine enzootic abortion (OEA). Groups C and D
      were unvaccinated controls. In mid-pregnancy, animals in group A and C were
      challenged with live A22 C. psittaci (ovis) and those in B and D were challenged
      with a field isolate of the organism (BS) against which the commercially
      available A22 vaccine appeared to offer poor protection. In group A, three
      animals showed clinical signs of OEA and six excreted chlamydiae. In group B,
      five ewes showed clinical signs of OEA and excreted chlamydiae. In group C, three
      ewes had clinical signs of OEA but seven excreted chlamydiae. In group D, all 11
      ewes showed clinical signs of OEA and excreted chlamydiae in the products of
      parturition. This group produced only four live lambs with an average weight of
      viable lamb per ewe of 1.4 kg, whereas the other groups each produced 12 or 13
      lambs with an average weight of viable lamb per ewe of more than 4 kg. The BS
      isolate was much more virulent than the A22 isolate for unvaccinated, pregnant
      ewes. However, the A22 vaccine offered significant protection against the
      heterologous BS isolate although on this occasion it did not appear to alter the
      course of disease produced by the less pathogenic A22 isolate.

PMID- 2397377
TI  - Use of the IDEIA ELISA to detect Chlamydia psittaci (ovis) in material from
      aborted fetal membranes and milk from ewes affected by ovine enzootic abortion.
AB  - The IDEIA ELISA was used to detect Chlamydia psittaci (ovis) antigen in ewes'
      milk to which were added serial dilutions of chlamydiae titrated as inclusion
      forming units (ifus) in McCoy cell tissue culture. The test was able to detect as
      few as 35 ifus/ml of the organism. The ELISA was then used to detect chlamydial
      antigen in fetal membranes and milk from ewes clinically affected with ovine
      enzootic abortion (OEA). The results were compared with results of isolation of
      chlamydiae in McCoy cell tissue culture from the same material. The fetal
      membranes of 17 of 19 ewes were positive for chlamydia when tested with the ELISA
      but chlamydia could be cultured from only 15 of them. Milk samples from 26 ewes
      which had aborted between 1 and 34 days previously were tested: chlamydiae could
      not be cultured from any of them and only one was positive when tested by the
      ELISA. The results show that the IDEIA ELISA is a sensitive test for the
      detection of C. psittaci (ovis) antigens. The positive results to this test for
      the three samples from which chlamydiae could not be cultured suggest that the
      test is not as specific as culture or that it detected dead organisms. Chlamydiae
      do not appear to be excreted in the milk of ewes affected with OEA.

PMID- 2397378
TI  - Effect of chemotherapy on elevated ejaculation time and deteriorated semen
      characteristics consequent to bovine trypanosomiasis.
AB  - The effect of the trypanocidal drug Novidium on elevated ejaculation time and
      deteriorated semen characteristics was studied in Zebu cattle infected with T.
      vivax and T. congolense. Two groups, comprising six bulls per group, were
      infected with Trypanosoma vivax or Trypanosoma congolense while three bulls
      served as controls. Chemotherapy was carried out 12 weeks post-infection on three
      bulls from each group, leaving three bulls untreated while three bulls served as
      uninfected controls. Blood samples from treated bulls were all negative for
      trypanosomes 3 days post-chemotherapy. The animals also had normal body
      temperature. As the study progressed, clinical signs associated with
      trypanosomiasis, such as anaemia and cachexia, disappeared gradually in treated
      bulls. There was some improvement in semen characteristics of some of the bulls
      at 10 weeks post-chemotherapy with Novidium. However, all bulls infected with T.
      vivax or T. congolense irrespective of Novidium chemotherapy still had poor semen
      characteristics manifested by all or some of the following: decreased volume of
      semen, oligospermia, azoospermia and elevated incidence of spermatozoa
      morphological abnormalities. They were thus unsuitable for breeding.

PMID- 2397379
TI  - Treatment of chronic coxofemoral luxation in a Shetland pony by excision
      arthroplasty of the femoral head: a case report.

PMID- 2397380
TI  - Haemoglobinuria due to Clostridium perfringens type A mastitis in a ewe.
AB  - A 2-year-old Suffolk gimmer presented with clinical signs of haemoglobinuria,
      jaundice, anaemia and acute mastitis. Clinical investigation and bacteriological
      examination of milk samples revealed Clostridium perfringens type A to be the
      causal agent.

PMID- 2397381
TI  - Hemispatial neglect in a patient with callosal infarction.
AB  - Left hemispatial neglect, confined to right-hand and verbal responses, was
      exhibited by a 56-yr-old right-handed male patient with callosal lesions due to
      cerebral infarction. Various disconnection signs were also present. His CT and
      MRI scans disclosed major lesions situated in the posterior half of the genu and
      the whole trunk of the corpus callosum, as well as in the left medial frontal and
      temporo-occipital lobes. Left hemispatial neglect was invariably demonstrated in
      right-hand performance such as copying drawings, line bisection, matching
      identical figures and copying multiple digit numbers, and in verbal performance
      such as confrontation naming and reading aloud multiple digit numbers. In
      contrast, little or no right hemispatial neglect was demonstrated in tasks
      performed with the left hand. These findings support the hypothesis that the left
      hemisphere is only concerned with attending to the contralateral hemispace and
      that the right hemisphere is specialized for attending to both sides of space
      although the preponderant tendency is for attending to the contralateral
      hemispace. The neglect symptoms observed in our patient may be a disconnection
      sign which was attributable to a combination of lesions in the corpus callosum
      and in the left medial frontal lobe.

PMID- 2397382
TI  - Preserved recall versus impaired recognition. A case study.
AB  - A very pure and most unusual case of memory impairment is reported in a patient
      operated on for an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery.
      Neuropsychological investigation performed about 8 yrs after the operation
      revealed a dissociation between very poor performance on recognition tests (on
      which the patient's performance was as poor as that in classical amnesic
      patients) and normal performance (estimated by the number of correct responses)
      in recall. This pattern has not previously been reported and is the reverse of
      that observed both in normal subjects and in amnesic patients. In addition, the
      patient was able to achieve a number of difficult learning tasks, at times
      normally; the relearning of one of these tasks after a delay of 1 h was perfectly
      normal. The recognition failure is interpreted in terms of the suggestion that
      memory performance results from an interaction between knowledge and subjective
      experience of remembering.

PMID- 2397383
TI  - Evidence that the long-latency stretch responses of the human wrist extensor
      muscle involve a transcerebral pathway.
AB  - Ballistic wrist extensor movements were interrupted by a sudden perturbing force
      in two conditions, and subjects were asked either to compensate for ('oppose')
      the perturbation or to cease the extensor movement ('let-go') when the
      interruption occurred. In the first condition, the interruption occurred
      unexpectedly in some of the trials, whereas in the second it occurred on every
      trial. Responses were recorded from the flexor and extensor carpi radialis
      muscles, and from the scalp and cervical spine. Unexpected perturbing forces were
      associated with an early extensor EMG response (M1) and longer latency EMG
      responses in both flexor and extensor muscles. When the interruptions occurred in
      every trial, both the late EMG activity and the cerebral responses were markedly
      attenuated. The relation between expectation of perturbation and the occurrence
      or size of the late EMG activity indicates that this response is under
      supraspinal control. The potentials recorded over the cervical spine and scalp
      were, like the late EMG activity, influenced by the expectancy of interruption.
      These potentials persisted even when the potentials related to the mechanically
      elicited SEP were removed by subtraction of responses to anticipated
      interruptions from those to unanticipated interruptions. The earliest of these
      potentials preceded the late EMG activity by 30-50 ms. They were present when the
      late responses were present, absent when the late responses were absent, and
      became progressively smaller when the late responses became smaller, suggesting a
      tight coupling between these events and the late EMG events. These results
      indicate that cerebral activity, unrelated merely to mechanical stimulation,
      consistently precedes the late EMG activity, and thereby directly suggests that
      the long-latency response has a cerebral (possible cortical) pathway.

PMID- 2397384
TI  - Neuronal activity in the human medial temporal lobe during recognition memory.
AB  - Human medial temporal lobe neuronal activity and event-related potentials were
      recorded during the following behaviours: contextual recognition of words and
      faces, semantic discrimination of nonwords from words, and discrimination of
      stimulus classes based on perceptual attributes. Three distinct classes of
      behavioural correlates of unit activity were demonstrated by visual inspection of
      peristimulus histograms and by nonparametric statistics: (1) neuronal excitation
      during a keypress related to the subject's choice; (2) specific and nonspecific
      excitation to words; (3) excitation or inhibition to rare stimuli in a sensory
      discrimination task. Responses specifically to familiar (as opposed to
      unfamiliar) words or faces, or to tasks requiring recent memory per se were never
      seen. Keypress excitation was relatively common (32/76 units) and occurred
      regardless of whether the keypress target was a repeated or nonrepeated word, or
      the task required recent or remote semantic memory. In a more complex recognition
      task utilizing two responses and an imperative cue for the patient's response,
      units with prior keypress excitation failed to generate the response. This
      suggests that keypress excitation is not strictly tied either to response choice
      or to generation. The onset latencies and temporal relationship to event-related
      potentials of the nonspecific and specific excitation to words and the excitation
      to rare stimuli suggest that they represent contextual encoding of stimuli.
      Similar evidence suggests that the inhibition to rare stimuli represents
      inhibitory processes terminating contextual encoding. Thus human medial temporal
      lobe neurons seem to contribute information during successive stages of a
      cognitive stimulus-response task: contextual encoding, closure and response
      selection.

PMID- 2397385
TI  - Mood disorders after stroke and their relation to lesion location. A CT scan
      study.
AB  - In a community-based study of stroke survivors, we identified 73 consecutive
      patients with a stroke, the first ever in a lifetime, who had a CT scan which
      showed a neurologically appropriate single stroke lesion, and who did not have a
      psychiatric disorder in the year preceding the stroke. A detailed follow-up study
      of these patients using standardized psychiatric assessments failed to confirm a
      number of recent claims about poststroke depressive disorders. We found no
      evidence that left-sided lesions were associated with more severe or persistent
      depressive symptoms, or that right-sided lesions were associated with hypomania.
      The DSM III syndrome of major depression was much less common than has previously
      been reported, and was not specifically associated with lesions placed anteriorly
      in the left hemisphere. There was a weak correlation between mood symptom scores
      and the proximity of the stroke lesion to the frontal pole of the hemisphere, but
      no evidence of a difference between right and left hemisphere strokes in the
      nature of the relationship between lesion distribution and mood symptoms. We
      suggest that previous studies have different findings because of differences in
      the conventions applied to the definition and measurement of psychiatric
      disorders after stroke, and because other studies have concentrated on selected
      inpatient populations.

PMID- 2397386
TI  - Impaired memory for new visual forms.
AB  - A case study is presented of a female patient who has had impairment of visual
      recent memory following damage to the right cerebral hemisphere from rupture of a
      middle cerebral artery aneurysm. Her ability to remember unfamiliar faces is
      severely impaired in comparison with controls, as is her ability to identify the
      faces of celebrities who have become famous since the time of her illness in
      1985. By contrast, she performs well on tests of recognition memory for words and
      has no problem in identifying celebrities from their names. She is also good at
      identifying faces of people who became famous before her illness. On tests of
      episodic memory, she continues to perform well at remembering familiar faces and
      objects, regardless of whether the test demands memory for which face/object was
      presented or memory for which view of a face/object was presented. Her poor
      memory for visual material is confined to unfamiliar faces and objects.
      Consequently, it is evident that she can learn new visual information so long as
      it relates to a familiar visual form; it is the learning of new visual forms that
      is impaired. A final experiment revealed that she is also poor at remembering
      unfamiliar voices. This raises the possibility that the basic deficit affects
      recent nonverbal memory and is not confined to the visual modality. Overall, the
      findings have important implications for the nature of recent visual memory loss,
      and for the way in which visual information is stored in memory.

PMID- 2397387
TI  - Movement variability and bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - When making discrete aiming movements, patients with Parkinson's disease show
      greater inherent variability in the endpoints of their movements than do normal
      subjects. Endpoint variability can be reduced, by moving more slowly, by
      utilizing visual guidance, and by making small amplitude movements. The greater
      variability of patients is not a universal finding, but depends on the conditions
      of movement. For small movements the performance of patients equates to that of
      controls. For larger movements the results indicate that if sufficient time is
      available, patients can use visual guidance (if available) to reduce the
      variability of their movements to the level of normals. Patients can generate
      fast and/or large amplitude arm movements if required, but they are erratic if
      made in the dark or over a short duration. Their difficulty lies not so much in
      the magnitude of muscle force available to them, but rather in an inability to
      produce it consistently for any given movement attempted. Bradykinesia may in
      part result from this inherent variability in that parkinsonian patients, in
      order to maintain accuracy within acceptable limits, are forced to increase the
      duration of their movements to a level where they can make use of visual
      guidance. In any event, theoretical explanations for the movement disorder in
      Parkinson's disease advanced in the literature need to take some account of this
      increased variability of movement.

PMID- 2397388
TI  - Perceptual and conceptual mechanisms in neglect dyslexia. Two contrasting case
      studies.
AB  - The contribution of peripheral, data-driven effects is contrasted with
      conceptual, 'top-down' effects to the reading performance of 2 subjects with
      neglect dyslexia following a single right hemisphere lesion. Several tasks were
      administered, manipulating the physical, lexical or morphemic properties of the
      stimuli in an attempt to establish whether the attentional deficit disrupts
      reading at an early or late stage of processing. Both subjects were impaired at
      detecting elementary stimulus features on the left side of the display but were
      even more impaired at identifying conjoined features. One subject's performance
      was influenced by structural manipulations which altered the low-level
      representation of the stimulus. The other was less affected by structural changes
      of the stimuli but was influenced by the lexical and morphemic status of the
      words. This apparent double dissociation is interpreted as arising from a graded
      attentional deficit at a single locus, early in the reading process where low
      level information is detected. When the deficit is not severe sufficient
      information may be picked up and may interact with higher order lexical knowledge
      to offset partially the peripheral malfunction. For a severe attentional deficit,
      top-down knowledge is not engaged as insufficient information is processed on the
      left-hand side. This hybrid view of attention provides insight into the
      mechanisms underlying neglect dyslexia and bears on the role of attention in
      normal visual processing.

PMID- 2397389
TI  - Processing of local and global musical information by unilateral brain-damaged
      patients.
AB  - Melody processing in unilaterally brain-damaged patients was investigated by
      manipulating the availability of contour and metre for discrimination in melodies
      varying, respectively, on the pitch dimension and the temporal dimension. On the
      pitch dimension, right brain-damaged patients, in contrast to left brain-damaged
      patients and normal controls, were found to be little affected by the
      availability of contour as a discrimination cue. However, both brain-damaged
      groups were impaired on tasks requiring consideration of pitch interval
      structure. These findings are consistent with hierarchical contribution of the
      cerebral hemispheres, with the right hemisphere being primary in representing the
      melody in terms of its global contour and the left hemisphere by filling in the
      intervallic structure. On the temporal dimension, only the discrimination of
      durational values (the rhythm) was found to be impaired by a lesion in either
      hemisphere, which spared, however, the metric interpretation of the musical
      sequences. These latter results are discussed in the light of current models of
      temporal processing. Finally, evidence of double dissociation between the
      processing of the pitch dimension and the processing of rhythm was obtained,
      providing further support for the need to fractionate musical perceptual
      abilities in order to arrive at a theory as to how the two hemispheres cohere to
      produce a musical interpretation of the auditory input.

PMID- 2397390
TI  - Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls in man. Involvement of the spinoreticular
      tract.
AB  - In normal subjects, heterotopic painful stimuli induce simultaneous and parallel
      decreases in the sensation of pain and in the spinal nociceptive flexion (RIII)
      reflex evoked by electrical stimulation of the sural nerve. This inhibition of
      the RIII reflex is not seen in tetraplegic patients with clinically complete
      spinal cord transection, suggesting that supraspinal structures are involved in
      this type of inhibition, mediated through 'Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls'
      (DNIC). In the present study, the effects of heterotopic nociceptive stimuli on
      the RIII reflex were examined in 3 patients with unilateral thalamic vascular
      lesions and in 3 with Wallenberg's syndrome (WS). In the former, as in normal
      subjects, nociceptive electrical conditioning stimuli applied to the analgesic
      hand produced a profound inhibition of the RIII reflex followed by long-lasting
      after-effects. No inhibition was observed in the WS patients. The same
      conditioning procedure applied to the nonanalgesic hand of the WS patients
      resulted in inhibition and after-effects similar to those observed in normal
      subjects. The fact that noxious but nonpainful stimuli triggered DNIC in the
      patients with thalamic lesions excludes the possibility that masking of pain by a
      second painful focus is mainly due to attentional processes. It is also concluded
      that lemniscal and spinothalamic pathways are not involved in the triggering of
      DNIC in man and it is suggested that the brainstem and probably the
      spinoreticular tract are key neuronal links in the loop subserving DNIC in man.

PMID- 2397391
TI  - Release of cold-induced burning pain by block of cold-specific afferent input.
AB  - While the pure sensation of cold is evoked by activation of a specific set of
      afferent channels, an additional set is believed to be activated by noxious low
      temperature stimuli evoking cold pain. At primary afferent level, the channels
      concerned with the cold fraction of cold pain are served by myelinated A delta
      cold-specific fibres, whereas those concerned with the pain fraction are served
      by unmyelinated C nociceptors. In the present study, interaction between the two
      types of afferent input underlying cold pain was investigated by selectively
      blocking conduction in myelinated fibres. When doing so to the point of
      abolishing cold sensation, ramps of low-temperature stimuli eventually evoked a
      first sensation of burning pain. In addition to, and contemporaneous with, this
      change in quality, a significant decrease in pain threshold (reduction in
      required stimulus energy) was recorded when applying a noxious low-temperature
      stimulus. Such exaggeration in magnitude of low temperature-induced pain and the
      unmasking of its burning quality by A fibre block imply release of central
      sensory transmission due to removal of inhibitory primary afferent input.
      Myelinated fibres transmitting either tactile, cold sensations or both could
      exert this inhibition. Previous evidence of suppression of pain by low
      temperature stimuli indicates that it is the cold-specific input that normally
      exerts this central gating on nociceptor input. The present results may also
      offer an explanation for the occurrence of a syndrome of burning pain on cold
      exposure in neuropathic patients with impaired ability to perceive cold.

PMID- 2397392
TI  - Mapping of brainstem lesions by the combined use of tests of visually-induced eye
      movements.
AB  - To determine the diagnostic value of visually-induced eye movements for
      indicating the lateralization of the lesion, optokinetic nystagmus (OKN),
      fixation-suppression of caloric nystagmus and pursuit eye movements were
      investigated in 28 patients who showed discrete unilateral brainstem lesions. In
      all patients, pursuit gains decreased in parallel with the direction of the
      impairment of slow-phase OKN velocity with a significant left/right difference.
      Decreases of gains were predominantly towards the affected side in 22 patients,
      whereas they were predominantly towards the contralateral side in 2 patients with
      dorsal tegmental pontine lesions and in 4 out of 8 patients with Wallenberg's
      syndrome. The relationship of pursuit gains to percentage reduction of fixation
      suppression of caloric nystagmus (%FS) showed no correlation. The following four
      groups were classified. In group A, which was the largest, pursuit gains and %FS
      decreased predominantly towards the lesioned side. This group consisted of 5
      patients with lesions in the midbrain, 6 patients with lesions in the ventral
      pons and 4 out of 8 patients with Wallenberg's syndrome. The opposite of group A
      was group D, showing reverse electro-oculographic (EOG) patterns to those in
      group A in relation to the lesioned side. Group D consisted of 2 patients with
      lesions in the dorsal pontine tegmentum. This observation, taken together with
      the decreases of pursuit and OKN gains in relation to the lesioned side, might
      indicate that lesions of ascending fibres are responsible for pursuit and OKN
      abnormalities. Group B, consisting of 7 patients with lesions either in the
      superior or middle cerebellar peduncles, showed decreased pursuit gains
      predominantly towards the lesioned side and %FS reduced predominantly towards the
      side contralateral to the lesion. EOGs of these patients were consistent with the
      results of floccular ablation in the monkey. In group C, these two parameters
      showed patterns opposite to those in group B in relation to the lesioned side and
      this group consisted of the other 4 patients with Wallenberg's syndrome. In
      patients of this group, the inferior cerebellar peduncle might be involved. The
      combined use of these tests is thus useful for lateralizing the lesion in the
      brainstem.

PMID- 2397393
TI  - Effects of anterior corpus callosum section on cortical glucose utilization in
      baboons. A sequential positron emission tomography study.
AB  - Cortical glucose utilization was measured under light anaesthesia using positron
      emission tomography and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose before and serially after
      stereotaxic anterior corpus callosum section in 3 adult baboons (Papio papio); in
      1 animal needles were introduced but callosotomy was not performed ('sham'
      operation). Lesion efficacy was verified by x-ray computerized tomography and by
      postmortem examination which indicated effective anterior two-thirds callosal
      section in all 3 baboons, as well as a small contusional area in the medial
      frontal cortex. A two-way layout analysis of variance performed on the regional
      cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRGlc) data obtained in the frontotemporal,
      temporal and occipital areas revealed significant effects for both the time and
      the region factors (P less than 0.00001 for each); the time effects indicated a
      significant initial metabolic depression (P less than 0.01) at day 11 and 18, and
      a subsequent recovery (P less than 0.01 to 0.05) at day 98. Average CMRGlc
      changes from preoperative values at successive studies were -23%, -27%, -17%, -8%
      and +2%, and -17%, -21%, -10%, -5% and +6% in the 'surgically approached' and the
      contralateral frontotemporal area, respectively. The frontotemporal/occipital
      CMRGlc ratio was significantly depressed at days 11, 18 and 32 (P less than 0.01,
      0.01 and 0.05, respectively), indicating a transient postoperative alteration in
      the cortical metabolic pattern. In the 'sham' animal, surgery induced negligible
      metabolic effects. Our results indicate that effective anterior corpus callosum
      section induces a transient bilateral depression of cortical metabolism, which
      predominates in the anterior parts of the brain, while metabolic recovery
      suggests efficient neuronal adaptation. These functional effects in the cortex
      may underlie the transient behavioural changes that follow anterior callosotomy
      in man.

PMID- 2397394
TI  - The origin of remyelinating oligodendrocytes in antiserum-mediated demyelinative
      optic neuropathy.
AB  - The origin of the remyelinating oligodendrocyte in a focal antigalactocerebroside
      induced demyelinating lesion of the cat optic nerve was studied with detailed
      correlative electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry using a panel of
      antigenic markers. Within 10 days of the destruction of all endogenous
      oligodendrocytes and demyelination of all axons in the lesion, a new population
      of small glial cells appeared coincident with division of the residual astrocytes
      and developed a process-bearing axon-embracing morphology. The processes of these
      small glial cells (SGCs) contained intermediate filaments composed not of glial
      fibrillary acidic protein but of vimentin and over the ensuing 14 days these
      cells confirmed their oligodendrocyte destiny by differentiating to lose the
      intermediate filaments, form myelin and acquire the acquire the typical
      oligodendrocyte antigenic phenotype. It is suggested that the extensive
      remyelination of this lesion is sponsored by the new population of SGCs which in
      turn are generated either by dedifferentiated reactive astrocytes or by as yet
      unidentified precursor cells.

PMID- 2397395
TI  - Visual loss in multiple sclerosis and its relation to previous optic neuritis,
      disease duration and clinical classification.
AB  - Visual function was investigated in a group of 58 clinically classified cases of
      multiple sclerosis (MS). Psychophysical measures of luminance and chromatic
      threshold sensitivity and temporal contrast sensitivity were undertaken, together
      with visual evoked potentials and Bjerrum screen perimetry. The patient group was
      divided on the basis of optic neuritis (ON), clinical disease duration and
      clinical classification. A comparison of the results of all visual measures
      suggested a nonuniform loss of function in the patient group without ON and a
      more consistent loss of function in the group with ON. The various measures were
      equally efficient in detecting abnormal function, albeit from different areas of
      the central visual field. Clinical disease duration was not a significant
      independent factor in predicting visual dysfunction. In contrast, a comparison of
      clinical classification categories revealed significantly fewer abnormalities of
      visual function in the suspected MS category (31%) than in the ON, early probably
      and clinically definite categories (75-100%), a result which indicated the
      importance of clinical classification as a predictor of visual dysfunction.

PMID- 2397396
TI  - From covert to overt recognition of faces in a prosopagnosic patient.
AB  - Prosopagnosia is an inability to recognize known persons as a result of a failure
      to access relevant memories through the inspection of their faces. The nature of
      this disturbance, and the fate of memories related to faces, were investigated in
      a long-standing prosopagnosic woman (P.V.). An examination of P.V.'s perceptual
      capacities indicated no major impairment at matching faces, including different
      views of the same faces, and multidimensional scaling analysis showed that she
      could achieve configurational representations of faces as do normal subjects. In
      spite of her inability to evoke memories of known persons from their faces, P.V.
      displayed clear evidence that she could use pertinent memories related to these
      faces in tasks that did not explicitly call for their evocation. This covert
      recognition of faces was observed in perceptual learning and cued-recognized
      faces, attempts were made at surmounting the blocked activation of pertinent
      memories. Some of these attempts were successful in inducing P.V. into
      experiencing a sense of familiarity with the faces and identifying them, and this
      was the first occurrence of overt face recognition by P.V. since the onset of her
      illness. These findings provide clarification of the nature of the prosopagnosic
      disturbance and new information about the processes by which faces are
      recognized. They suggest that (1) prosopagnosia may result from a breakdown at
      different levels of face-recognition processes, (2) prosopagnosia may occur in
      spite of normal configurational encoding of facial representations, (3) covert
      recognition of overtly unrecognized faces requires the integrity of perceptual
      processes, and (4) failure of overt face recognition reflects a disturbance in
      the normal interactions between pertinent memories and facial representations
      which thus remain meaningless.

PMID- 2397397
TI  - AF64A depletes hippocampal high-affinity choline uptake but does not alter the
      density of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites or modify the effect of exogenous
      choline.
AB  - Sodium-dependent, high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) and the density of alpha
      bungarotoxin (BuTX) receptor-binding sites were measured in the hippocampus
      following the intraventricular infusion of ethylcholine aziridinium ion (AF64A),
      a neurotoxin that competes with choline at high-affinity choline transport sites
      and may result in the degeneration of cholinergic axons. Eight days after the
      infusion of AF64A into the lateral ventricles (2.5 nmol/side), HACU was depleted
      by 60% in the hippocampus of experimental animals in comparison with controls,
      but the density of BuTX-binding sites was not altered. The administration of 15
      mg/ml of choline chloride in the drinking water increased the density of BuTX
      binding sites, as previously reported by this laboratory. The administration of
      AF64A did not prevent the effect of exogenous choline on the density of binding
      sites, nor did choline treatment alter the effect of AF64A on HACU. These data
      indicate that the density of BuTX-binding sites in the hippocampus is not altered
      following a substantial decrease in HACU and presumed degeneration of cholinergic
      axons. Since the effect of exogenous choline was not prevented by AF64A
      treatment, the data are interpreted to support the hypothesis that the increase
      in the density of BuTX-binding sites following dietary choline supplementation is
      attributable to a direct effect of choline on receptor sites.

PMID- 2397398
TI  - Guanethidine-induced adrenergic sympathectomy augments endoneurial perfusion and
      lowers endoneurial microvascular resistance.
AB  - Chronic administration of guanethidine sulfate in the rat induces a selective
      adrenergic neuropathy. We studied the effects of guanethidine-induced adrenergic
      sympathectomy on rat sciatic nerve blood flow (NBF), microvascular resistance
      (MR), vessel caliber and norepinephrine (NE) content. A control group of animals
      was studied following chronic administration of mammalian Ringer's solution. NBF
      and MR were measured with an endoneurial microelectrode, using the technique of
      hydrogen clearance (HC). Following HC, the sciatic nerve was perfused with India
      Ink, removed, frozen and sectioned. Measurements were made of endoneurial
      microvessel numbers, diameter, circumference and area. The contralateral sciatic
      nerve was removed for measurements of NE content. In guanethidine-treated animals
      we observed elevated NBF, reduced MR and dilated microvessels. Numbers of
      microvessels and fascicular areas were similar to controls. NE content was
      markedly reduced following sympathectomy. These studies suggest that NBF, unlike
      cerebral blood flow (CBF), is regulated by its adrenergic input. Removal of
      adrenergic innervation of the vasa nervorum appears to result in a loss of tonic
      vasoconstrictive action.

PMID- 2397399
TI  - The interaction of acetylcholinergic and serotonergic neural systems on
      performance in a continuous non-matching to sample task.
AB  - The interactions of cholinergic and serotonergic neural systems were investigated
      in a working memory, continuous non-matching-to-sample task in an operant
      chamber. Each rat was injected (i.p.) with scopolamine and/or methysergide. The
      serotonergic system was destroyed by p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) injection.
      Scopolamine, but not PCA, impaired response accuracy. The effects of methysergide
      and scopolamine together were not different from scopolamine alone. Scopolamine
      had a significantly smaller effect on choice accuracy in PCA-treated than in
      untreated rats.

PMID- 2397400
TI  - Acute increases in arterial blood pressure produced by occlusion of the abdominal
      aorta induces antinociception: peripheral and central substrates.
AB  - Occlusion of the abdominal aorta proximal to the renal arteries results in an
      increase in arterial blood pressure, inhibition of forepaw and hindpaw withdrawal
      to a noxious mechanical stimulus, and inhibition of the tail-flick reflex to
      noxious heat. Occlusion of the abdominal aorta distal to the renal arteries does
      not elevate arterial blood pressure and produces no antinociceptive effects.
      Occlusion of the vena cava lowers arterial blood pressure and produces no
      antinociception. The inhibitory effects of occlusion of the abdominal aorta
      depend upon activation of high pressure baroreceptors since bilateral sinoaortic
      denervation, but not bilateral vagotomy, eliminates the inhibition with respect
      to all behavioral measures. The inhibitory effects with respect to the tail-flick
      reflex also depend upon activation of a descending inhibitory system since
      reversible cold block of the spinal cord at the level of the second thoracic
      vertebra eliminates the antinociception. This antinociception is also eliminated
      following intrathecal administration of the noradrenergic receptor antagonist
      phentolamine, but not by intrathecal administration of either methysergide or
      naloxone. These data support the view that activation of high pressure
      baroreceptors by increases in arterial blood pressure produces antinociception
      via activation of a spinopetal noradrenergic system.

PMID- 2397401
TI  - Chronic exposure to low doses of MPTP. I. Cognitive deficits in motor
      asymptomatic monkeys.
AB  - Cognitive deficits which may occur following chronic low-dose exposure to 1
      methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) were studied in monkeys who
      remained motor asymptomatic for parkinsonism throughout the study. The tasks used
      to assess cognitive functioning are those which have proved in the past to be
      sensitive to disruption of frontal cortical and or striatal integrity (delayed
      response and delayed alternation) or sensitive to inferior temporal lobe
      dysfunction (visual pattern discrimination). Since Parkinson's disease patients
      have been described as exhibiting frontal signs, we were interested to examine
      whether MPTP-treated monkeys might exhibit deficits on frontally-mediated tasks,
      without the confound of motor disturbances. We found that macaque nemistrina
      monkeys exposed to cumulative doses of 14.94-75.42 mg of MPTP over periods
      ranging from 5 to 13 months never developed parkinsonian motor signs. However,
      all 4 animals examined showed significant post-MPTP deficits in delayed response
      and delayed alternation performance, while visual pattern discrimination
      performance remained intact. These animals also developed other behavioral
      problems including irritability and decreased attentiveness. These results show
      that MPTP can cause specific cognitive deficits independent of the motor deficits
      which can be produced by this toxin.

PMID- 2397402
TI  - Patterns of immune rejection of mouse neocortex transplanted into neonatal rat
      brain, and effects of host immunosuppression.
AB  - We studied the histological and immunological characteristics of graft rejection
      in the rodent central nervous system (CNS) using embryonic mouse neocortex
      transplanted into the CNS of neonatal rats. Grafts from animals aged 8-145 days
      (n = 210) were examined using standard histological techniques for demonstrating
      cell morphology and fiber projections. Immunohistochemical techniques were used
      to identify graft projections into the host CNS. The incidence of graft rejection
      was 18% for animals between 18 and 30 days of age, but increased abruptly to 73%
      for animals older than 30 days. No graft rejection was seen in animals younger
      than 18 days. In a smaller group of xenograft recipient rats sacrificed at
      specific time points before and after one month of age, detailed
      immunohistochemical studies were performed to correlate the histological
      appearance of the graft with the level of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
      class I and II immunoreactivity, and microglial, astrocytic and lymphocytic
      staining within the graft and host brain. Evidence of mild rejection as
      manifested by the appearance of scattered lymphocytes within the graft coincided
      with the development of Class I and II immunoreactivity within the graft and at
      the graft-host interface, which was demonstrated in some animals as early as 24
      days. At 29 days of age, rejecting grafts showed diffuse MHC expression within
      the graft and at the graft-host interface; in contrast, unrejected grafts failed
      to show MHC immunoreactivity. Thirty-four day-old grafts often showed severe
      rejection with perivascular lymphocytic cuffing within the graft and in host
      parenchyma remote from the graft associated with increased MHC immunoreactivity
      within the host brain. In grafts older than 34 days there was frequently a
      violent rejection reaction with disruption of the cytoarchitecture of the graft
      and surrounding host tissues, and widespread MHC antigen expression.
      Immunosuppression with cyclosporin A was effective in avoiding rejection. The
      high incidence of rejection with neocortical xenografts is in striking contrast
      to the much lower incidence seen with retinal xenografts. This suggests that
      there are immunological features unique to neocortex which incite host
      recognition and rejection.

PMID- 2397403
TI  - Tonotopic features of speech-evoked activity in primate auditory cortex.
AB  - To further clarify the neural mechanisms underlying the cortical encoding of
      speech sounds, we have recorded multiple unit activity (MUA) in the primary
      auditory cortex (A1) and thalamocortical (TC) radiations of an awake monkey to 3
      consonant-vowel syllables, /da/, /ba/ and /ta/, that vary in their consonant
      place of articulation and voice onset time (VOT). In addition, we have examined
      the responses to the syllables' isolated formants and formant pairs. Response
      features are related to the cortical tonotopic organization, as determined by
      examining the responses to selected pure tones. MUA patterns that differentially
      reflect the spectral characteristics of the steady-state formant frequencies and
      formant transition onset frequencies underlying consonant place of articulation
      occur at sites with similarly differentiated tone responses. Whereas the detailed
      spectral characteristics of the speech sounds are reflected in low frequency
      cortical regions, both low and high frequency areas generate responses that
      reflect their temporal characteristics of fundamental frequency and VOT. Formant
      interactions modulate the responses to the whole syllables. These interactions
      may sharpen response differences that reflect consonant place of articulation.
      Response features noted in A1 also occur in TC fibers. Thus, differences in the
      encoding of speech sounds between the thalamic and cortical levels may include
      further opportunities for formant interactions within auditory cortex. One effect
      could be to heighten response contrast between complex stimuli with subtle
      acoustical differences.

PMID- 2397404
TI  - Discharge patterns of pallidal neurons with input from various cortical areas
      during movement in the monkey.
AB  - Activities of pallidal neurons were studied in awake monkeys which were implanted
      with stimulating electrodes in the various cortical areas in the frontal lobe.
      Cortical inputs to each pallidal neuron were examined by inhibitory responses to
      stimulation through these electrodes. Discharge patterns of pallidal neurons were
      observed during performance of the reaction-time, delayed go/no-go discrimination
      and self-paced movement tasks. Most of the pallidal neurons with input from the
      arm of the motor cortex changed their firing rate in close relation to the arm
      movement (movement-related activity). Many of the neurons with input from the
      supplementary motor and cingulate areas showed sustained changes in discharge
      rate during the delay period in addition to movement-related activity. Most of
      the neurons with input from prefrontal cortex responded to light stimulus.

PMID- 2397405
TI  - Neurogenesis of the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus.
AB  - Neurogenesis of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was described in
      the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) using tritiated [3H]thymidine
      autoradiography. Pregnant hamsters were given single intraperitoneal injections
      of [3H]thymidine at different times during prenatal development, and labeled
      cells were analyzed in the offspring of 4-5 weeks of age. Cells of the hamster
      SCN became postmitotic (were 'born') over two and a half days from 10.5 to 13.0
      days postfertilization (dpf) with a peak around 11.5 dpf, 4 days before birth.
      Two gradients in SCN neurogenesis were observed. Posterior cells were produced
      somewhat earlier than anterior cells and ventrolateral cells were produced before
      dorsomedial cells. An exception to the second gradient was a small population of
      ventrolateral cells produced near the end of SCN neurogenesis. The pattern of SCN
      neurogenesis in the hamster was similar to that described in the rat, including a
      predominant ventrolateral to dorsomedial gradient and the presence of ventral or
      ventrolateral cells produced relatively late, contrary to the predominant
      gradient.

PMID- 2397406
TI  - Selective axonal and terminal degeneration in the chicken brainstem and
      cerebellum following exposure to bis(1-methylethyl)phosphorofluoridate (DFP).
AB  - Utilizing a variation of the Fink-Heimer method, we examined the extent and
      location of axonal and terminal degeneration within the chicken cervical spinal
      cord, brainstem and cerebellum resulting from a single subcutaneous dose of bis(1
      methylethyl)phosphorofluoridate (DFP). The effects of DFP on the activities of
      whole-brain neuropathy target esterase (NTE) and cholinesterase (ChE) were also
      assessed as were the development and severity of clinical signs characteristic of
      organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN). Both whole brain NTE and ChE
      activities were maximally inhibited during the first 24 h post-exposure, showing
      gradual recovery over a period of 3 weeks. OPIDN clinical signs were not observed
      at 7 days post-DFP but progressed to severe ataxia by day 14 and paralysis by day
      21. There was a relative absence of degeneration at 7 days, a dramatic increase
      in degeneration density at 14 days, and high density degeneration at both 21 and
      28 days. Cervical spinal and medullary tracts containing axonal degeneration
      included the fasciculus gracilis, dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts,
      spinal lemniscus, and the intramedullary portions of the glossopharyngeal and
      vagus nerves. Brainstem nuclei containing terminal degeneration included the
      lateral cervical, gracile-cuneate, external cuneate, and inferior olivary nuclei,
      the nucleus tractus solitarius, and the lateral and paragigantocellular lateral
      reticular nuclei. Mossy fiber degeneration was also present in cerebellar folia I
      Vb. These results show that exposure to DFP causes axonal and terminal
      degeneration in ascending spinal tracts, brainstem nuclei and cerebellar folia
      associated with the transmission of somatic and visceral sensory information.

PMID- 2397407
TI  - Cholinergic but not GABAergic neuronal markers are decreased in primary neuronal
      cultures treated with choline mustard.
AB  - Nitrogen mustard analogues of choline are potent irreversible inhibitors of high
      affinity choline transport at the cholinergic presynaptic nerve terminal in
      vitro. Ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion, and to a lesser extent choline
      mustard aziridinium ion, have been used as tools to chemically lesion cholinergic
      neurons in the central nervous system. The selectivity of these compounds as
      neurotoxins for cholinergic neurons in vivo has been questioned and the mechanism
      by which they mediate neuronal death has not been elucidated. The objective of
      the present study was to investigate the selectivity of choline mustard
      aziridinium ion on embryonic rat brain neurons maintained in primary culture. The
      effect of choline mustard aziridinium ion on levels of cholinergic neuronal
      markers was compared with markers for GABAergic neurons as a measure of neuronal
      specificity. Choline mustard aziridinium ion at 10 and 30 microM irreversibly
      inhibited hemicholinium-sensitive, high-affinity choline transport into the
      cultured neurons without altering sodium-dependent, high-affinity GABA transport.
      Similarly, incubation of the neurons for 30 min in the presence of 10 microM
      choline mustard aziridinium ion led to a decrease in choline acetyltransferase
      activity of the cultures which was maintained for 72 h; glutamic acid
      decarboxylase activity was not altered under the same experimental conditions.
      Protein and DNA content and DNA-to-protein ratios of the choline mustard
      aziridinium ion-treated cultures were monitored as indicators of generalized
      cellular damage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397408
TI  - The center for controlling the near reflex in the midbrain of the monkey: a
      double labelling study.
AB  - The center for controlling the near reflex was studied in the midbrain of the
      monkey using Diamidino yellow dihydrochloride (DY) and Fast blue (FB) as
      retrograde neuronal tracers. After injection of DY into the ciliary ganglion,
      many labelled neurons were found ipsilaterally in the anteromedian nucleus, the
      Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and the nucleus of Perlia. In contrast, after injection
      of FB into the medial rectus muscle, labelled cells were found ipsilaterally only
      in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the visceral nuclei as well as in the somatic
      ipsilateral nuclei. No double labelling of cells was noted in the Edinger
      Westphal nucleus, establishing the premise that FB-labelled cells were subserving
      medial rectus muscle and pupillary/accommodative functions and DY cells were
      subserving pupillary/accommodative functions independently.

PMID- 2397409
TI  - Autoradiographic analysis of age-dependent changes in serotonin 5-HT2 receptors
      of the human brain postmortem.
AB  - Autoradiographic analysis of 5-HT2 receptors in the human brain, using
      [3H]ketanserin as a ligand, reveals region-specific changes in receptor labeling
      as a function of age. In the prefrontal cortex and hippocampal dentate gyrus of
      12 normal subjects, label density decreases sharply with age over the 2nd and 3rd
      decades, reaches a minimum around age 50 and then starts to increase again in the
      6th and 7th decades. Other brain regions studied, including frontoparietal and
      temporal cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus, did not show significant changes
      with age. Saturation binding experiments on prefrontal cortical samples from 23
      normal subjects reveal that the decrease in label density is due to changes in
      receptor density (Bmax) with no apparent change in affinity (Kd). Sex, presence
      of alcohol and postmortem delay had no effect on ketanserin binding.

PMID- 2397410
TI  - Somatosensory climbing fiber responses in the caudal posterior vermis of the cat
      cerebellum.
AB  - Tactile stimulation of the body surface elicited climbing fiber responses in 5%
      of the 839 Purkinje cells recorded in the caudal posterior vermis (lobules VII
      IX) of cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. The cells responsive to
      tactile stimulation were mainly encountered around the prepyramidal fissure
      between lobules VIIb and VIIIa. This region was characterized by responses
      representing only selective areas of the ipsilateral face, forepaw, hindlimb, or
      proximal tail-pelvic territory. Climbing fiber responses representing the face
      and forepaw were encountered more laterally and those representing the proximal
      tail-pelvic area more medially. Tactile representations of the body surface are
      located within the same cortical domain as other climbing fiber inputs, which
      suggests that the caudal posterior vermis is a multifunctional region of the
      cerebellum.

PMID- 2397411
TI  - Antinociceptive interactions between intrathecally administered alpha
      noradrenergic agonists and 5'-N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine.
AB  - Recently, it has been shown that intrathecal injection of norepinephrine and the
      mixed A1/A2 adenosine agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine (NECA) interact in
      a supra-additive manner to produce antinociception. The present studies were
      designed to determine whether alpha 1 or alpha 2 noradrenergic receptors are
      involved in producing the antinociception induced by NECA and norepinephrine. The
      results indicated that intrathecal injection of NECA (0.97-4.9 nmol), the alpha 2
      noradrenergic agonist clonidine (3.8-375 nmol), or the alpha 1 agonist
      phenylephrine (4.9-73.4 nmol) produced dose-dependent antinociception in rats.
      Furthermore, intrathecal injection of subeffective doses of NECA and clonidine
      interacted supra-additively to produce potent antinociception. In contrast, no
      supra-additive interaction was observed between NECA and phenylephrine. The supra
      additive interaction of NECA and clonidine did not appear to result from
      alterations in cardiovascular tone because changes in blood pressure and
      nociceptive thresholds were not correlated in time. These results suggest that
      the noradrenergic component of the supra-additive interaction between adenosine
      A2 receptor agonists and noradrenergic agonists is mediated by alpha 2
      noradrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2397412
TI  - Rat organum vasculosum laminae terminalis in vitro: responses to changes in
      sodium concentration.
AB  - Extracellular action potentials were recorded from the organum vasculosum laminae
      terminalis (OVLT) in rat brain slice preparations; the effect of different
      concentrations of NaCl on spontaneous firing frequency was studied. From 72
      neurons, 67 (93%) were responsive to various perfusion media, while 5 neurons
      (7%) were not responsive. The change from the standard medium (SM; 124 mM NaCl)
      to 99 mM, decreased the firing frequency in 24 (65%) and increased it in 13 (35%)
      out of 37 responsive cells. The change from the SM to 149 mM evoked an increase
      in the firing rate in 33 (73%) and a decrease in 12 (27%) of 45 responsive
      neurons; the change to 174 mM, increased the firing rate in 5 (100%) neurons
      tested. The excitatory effect of increasing [NaCl] in the perfusion medium
      persisted even in low Ca2+ and high Mg2+ medium. Mannitol (55 mM) added to the SM
      increased the firing rate of cells; no significant decrease in the firing rate
      was seen with sodium mannitol 99/55 mM. Ouabain (OUA) (0.1 x 10(-3) mM) added to
      the SM increased the firing rate in 16 (84%) and decreased it in 3 (16%) out of
      19 cells. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) (1 mM) added to the SM decreased the firing
      rate in 12 (67%) and increased it in 6 (33%) of 18 cells tested. Hypo- or
      hypertonic NaCl solutions had no consistent effect on the spontaneous activity of
      14 pyramidal cells recorded from the hippocampus (area CA3). The results
      emphasize the importance of intracellular Na content as a physiological trigger
      regulating the activity in neurons of the OVLT.

PMID- 2397413
TI  - Brain pathways of the chromatophore system in the squid Lolliguncula brevis.
AB  - Brain pathways controlling the chromatophores of the squid Lolliguncula brevis
      are described using cobalt iontophoresis. The results show several input and
      output pathways of the anterior and posterior chromatophore and lateral basal
      lobes. These connections allow coordination and modification of the chromatophore
      motor program throughout the motor pathway. Unlike other cephalopod species,
      there seems to be no direct input from the optic lobes to the lateral basal lobes
      in L. brevis. This species displays only a few simple patterns; therefore the
      underlying neural pathways for chromatophore control may be different from those
      of other cephalopods with more extensive patterning repertoires.

PMID- 2397414
TI  - Is the function of dendritic spines to concentrate calcium?
AB  - Although dendritic spines are thought to play an important role in synaptic
      transmission and plasticity, their function remains unknown. Theoretical
      investigations of spine function have focused on the large electrical resistance
      provided by the narrow constriction of the spine neck. However, this narrow
      constriction is also thought to provide a large diffusional resistance. The
      importance of this diffusional resistance was investigated theoretically with
      models. When calcium currents were activated on dendritic spines, peak spine head
      Ca2+ concentration was an order of magnitude larger in 'long-thin' spines than in
      'mushroom-shaped' or 'stubby' spines. The same currents activated on dendrites
      produced even smaller local Ca2+ concentration changes. Although the diffusional
      resistance of the spine neck was important for producing these differences in
      [Ca2+], the amplitude and duration of the Ca2+ current relative to the number of
      Ca2+ binding sites determined whether Ca2+ would be concentrated near synapses.
      Given the importance of Ca2+ for long-term potentiation, the ability of spines to
      concentrate Ca2+ may play a key role in processes leading to learning and memory
      storage.

PMID- 2397415
TI  - Cortical field potential associated with hand movement on warning-imperative
      visual stimulus and cerebellum in the monkey.
AB  - Latent time of the hand movement in response to a visual stimulus was found to be
      very short when a monkey was enough trained with a visual imperative stimulus
      preceded by a visual warning stimulus at a fixed time interval. Cerebellar
      hemispherectomy scarcely prolonged the reaction time of the warning-imperative,
      visually initiated (W-VI) movement in contrast to its marked delaying action upon
      the simple visually initiated reaction-time (S-VI) movement. Between the warning
      and imperative stimuli, sustained surface-negative, depth-positive field
      potentials were recorded in various areas of the prefrontal and premotor cortices
      and the supplementary motor area of both cerebral hemispheres, besides gradually
      increasing surface-negative, depth-positive deflections in the motor and
      somatosensory cortices contralateral to the moving hand. These observations
      suggest that the sustained activities in the prefrontal and premotor cortices
      elicited by the warning stimulus overcome deficiency of the cerebellar function
      for performing fast and stable timing movements.

PMID- 2397416
TI  - Ketamine blockade of spreading depression: rapid development of tolerance.
AB  - Persistence of the ketamine-induced blockade of spreading depression (SD) was
      studied in 15 rats, anesthetized with 200 mg/kg ketamine followed at 50- to 60
      min intervals by 3-5 injections of 100 mg/kg of the drug. Cortical or caudate SDs
      evoked 10 min after the first ketamine injection were blocked but the amplitude
      of SD waves elicited at regular 10-min intervals gradually increased while the
      blockade induced by subsequent ketamine injections weakened and became
      unrecognizable after the fifth injection. The result was not due to prolonged
      action of ketamine alone but rather to combined effect of ketamine and SD
      repetition. The development of tolerance is probably due to use-dependence of
      NMDA-gated channels which must be taken into account when assessing the
      therapeutic value of NMDA antagonists in treatment of brain ischemia.

PMID- 2397418
TI  - Quality control goes microscopic.

PMID- 2397417
TI  - Ceruletide, a cholecystokinin-related peptide, attenuates haloperidol-induced
      increase in dopamine release from the rat striatum: an in vivo microdialysis
      study.
AB  - The effects of ceruletide diethylamine (CLT), a cholecystokinin (CCK)-related
      peptide, on the spontaneous and haloperidol (HPD)-induced release of striatal
      dopamine (DA) were investigated with the in vivo microdialysis method. The
      striatum was perfused with Ringer solution containing different concentrations of
      K+. (1) When the dialysis tube was perfused with 4 mM K(+)-containing Ringer
      solution, CLT exerted no influence on the spontaneous and HPD-induced release of
      DA. (2) Increasing the K+ concentration in the perfusate from 4 to 15 mM failed
      to change the spontaneous and HPD-induced DA release. In this perfusion
      condition, the HPD-induced increase in DA release was significantly attenuated by
      CLT. (3) Perfusion of the striatum with the 20 mM K+ significantly reduced both
      the spontaneous and HPD-induced output of DA. (4) Even under the condition of
      perfusing the dialysis tube with the 4 mM K+, CLT significantly decreased the HPD
      stimulated DA release in rats given HPD alone for the first 7 days and with CLT
      for the last 3 days. (5) Sixty consecutive daily administrations of HPD alone
      markedly reduced HPD-induced DA release from the striatum perfused with the
      Ringer solution containing 4 mM K+. From these results, we suggest that CLT,
      under the appropriate depolarization, can facilitate or induce depolarization
      inactivation of the A9 DA cells and/or nigrostriatal DA terminals, and
      consequently, produce significant inhibition of HPD-induced DA release from the
      rat striatum.

PMID- 2397419
TI  - Free trade: what kind of domestic policies do we need to make it work?

PMID- 2397420
TI  - Disasters big and small.
AB  - The history, methods, problems, errors, statistics and misidentification of
      disaster management in forensic dentistry are discussed.

PMID- 2397421
TI  - No holds: barred dental assisting in prison.

PMID- 2397422
TI  - Ontario dental assistants' job satisfaction: relationship to work stress and
      intention to change jobs.
AB  - Low job satisfaction has been linked to rapid turnover of dental assistants with
      resultant loss of productivity and reduced quality of patient care. Work
      dissatisfaction has also been linked to stress related diseases. The aim of this
      mailed survey of 1,000 Ontario certified dental assistants was to test a survey
      instrument developed in the United States and to relate satisfaction to work
      stress and to the intent to change jobs. Eighty-one per cent of eligible subjects
      responded. The satisfaction sub-scales of the survey instrument were found
      generally to have acceptable construct validity and to be reliable when applied
      to an Ontario population. However, some minor modifications were necessary.
      Although over 36 per cent said they were generally very satisfied with their
      work, the intent to change jobs was significantly related to areas of
      dissatisfaction concerning recognition for work done and opportunities for
      personal and professional growth. Stress was related to dissatisfaction with work
      related fatigue, time pressure and nonpatient tasks. These findings have
      implications for dental practice management.

PMID- 2397423
TI  - Dental hygienist supply: workforce patterns and trends.

PMID- 2397424
TI  - The major epulides: clinicopathological correlations.
AB  - The word "epulis" is a clinical term used to describe a localized growth on the
      gingiva. Histologic examination of epulides indicates that the vast majority are
      focal fibrous hyperplasias, peripheral ossifying fibromas, pyogenic granulomas or
      peripheral giant cell granulomas. Data, derived from a 12-year retrospective
      study of gingival lesions submitted to the Oral Pathology Diagnostic Service at
      The University of Western Ontario, are the subject of this paper. The results
      indicate that the major epulides are common oral lesions with which dentists
      should be thoroughly familiar. The histologic features and clinical relevance of
      these lesions are examined and analyzed and their biological and clinical
      behavior are discussed.

PMID- 2397425
TI  - [Dynamic changes in serum levels of T3 and T4 in burn patients and its clinical
      significance].
AB  - From May 1985 to May 1987, dynamic changes in T3 and T4 in serum of 34 burn
      patients were measured by radio-immunodiffusion method. Among them, 10 patients
      died. The normal levels of T3 and T4 in serum of 30 healthy person are presented.
      The levels of T3 and T4 in every burn groups were lower significantly than in
      normal healthy person group (P less than 0.01). After 3 days of burn injury, the
      levels of T3 and T4 in serum were low on 3 days postburn and were lowest on 30
      days postburn. T3 in serum was markedly higher before sepsis than after sepsis (P
      less than 0.01) and T4 in serum was lower before sepsis than after sepsis. But no
      significant difference was found (P greater than 0.05). It also showed that the
      levels of T3, T4 were higher in groups of non-sepsis and survival than in those
      of sepsis and death. The results suggest that determination of T3 and T4 in serum
      are valuable to diagnose and predict the prognosis of sepsis in burn injuries.

PMID- 2397426
TI  - [Dermazin in the treatment of burns--a clinical study].

PMID- 2397427
TI  - [Clinical study of an improved method in the treatment of 1083 cases of
      torticollis].

PMID- 2397428
TI  - [Repair of cleft palate by double reverse Z-plasty of the soft palate].
AB  - Since July 1987 till January 1989, The double reverse Z-plasty of the soft palate
      has been used in 12 patients. Seven patients had complete unilateral cleft
      palates, one had incomplete cleft, two had soft cleft palates and two had
      complete bilateral cleft palates. Male 7, female 5. The eldest was 25 years of
      age, the youngest was 3 years. The technique differs from the usual method in two
      ways. Firstly, the soft palate is closed with two reverse Z-plasties. The
      transposition of two flaps can be lengthened along central limb without using the
      tissue from the hard palate. Secondly, in order to eliminate the horseshoe limp
      scar around the inner aspect of the alveolus for improving the growth potential
      of the maxilla, the hard palate is closed without lateral relaxing incisions.

PMID- 2397429
TI  - [Burns complicated by multiple organ failure--report of 41 cases].
AB  - 41 patients with extensive burns (23 male, 18 female, age 1 9/12-84 years)
      complicated by SMOF were studied. Fourteen cases with MSOF (34.1%) happened in
      shock stage and 27 cases (65.9%) in infectious stage. Among them, 37 patients
      were associated with inhalation injury. There were two organs affected in 29
      cases, three organs in 6 cases and four organs in 4 cases. Pulmonary function
      failures were found in 29 cases, cardiac failures in 21 cases, gastrointestinal
      function failures in 19 cases, renal function failures in 16 cases, liver
      function failures in 9 cases and coagulation function failures in 4 cases. Thirty
      cases died and 11 cases survived. DISCUSSION: 1. Shock was the principal cause to
      result in MSOF after burn injury. Of the 41 cases, 36 cases expressed a certain
      extent of shock in early stage. Metabolic disorder might occur in case that
      hypovolemic shock could not be corrected in two to four hours after injury. The
      destruction of the ultrastructure of the cells and the harmful effects of the
      oxygen free radical would finally result in MSOF. 2. Burn infection was the basis
      for developing MSOF. 27 cases were found that sepsis is the cause of MSOF. Injury
      of tissue cells caused by the necrotic tissue of the wound and the endotoxin
      produced by bacterial infection would lead to MSOF. 3. The pre-existing disease
      of the organs prior to burn injury could directly lead to the failure of the
      related organs. 4. The measures to prevent MSOF included: to correct hypovolemic
      shock as soon as possible, to control local and systemic infections effectively,
      to strengthen whole body supportive therapy.

PMID- 2397430
TI  - [Complication of soft tissue expander dilation and its prevention].

PMID- 2397431
TI  - [Experimental study of topical uses of para-chloro-methyl-xylenol in burns:
      therapeutic effect against Staphylococcus aureus].
AB  - The therapeutic effect of para-chloro-methyl-xylenol (PCMX), a disinfectant of
      phenol compound, against Staphylococcus aureus infection in burns is evaluated in
      the present article. The MIC of PCMX is 50 micrograms/ml. Experimental study was
      done on deep burn wounds of white rabbit. Bacterial stock of Staphylococcus
      aureus was inoculated on the wound surface 15 min after the burn. Five hours
      later, cream base, and creams of 1% silver sulfadiazine (Ag-SD) and 5% PCMX were
      topically applied followed by dressing change once a day. Biopsy was performed on
      the third postburn day. Samples of subeschar tissue were sent for bacterial count
      and pathological examination. The average bacterial count per gram of subeschar
      tissue of cream base, Ag-SD cream, and PCMX cream groups was 4.69 X 10(8), 3.05 X
      10(6), zero, respectively. Gross inspection of the wound surface showed dry and
      intact in PCMX cream group, while in the other two groups autolysis of the eschar
      were seen. Microscopic examination of the pathological sections indicated a
      generalized lesion with degeneration and necrosis of the epithelium and the
      dermis, subcutaneous edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and degeneration
      of myofascia. The lesion seen in PCMX group was mild. While those of the other
      two groups were severe with the amount distribution of Staphylococcus aureus and
      more severe in the cream base group. Results of the study demonstrated that PCMX
      is an effective antimicrobial agent against Staphylococcus aureus. Its better
      therapeutic effect might be due to a higher concentration of PCMX cream than that
      reported in the literature was used in the present study.

PMID- 2397432
TI  - [Experimental study on relieving blood stasis of skin flaps using leeches].
AB  - Isolated congested flaps in lower abdomen of rats were treated by application a
      method of sucking blood with medical leeches. The results were shown that
      survival rate of sucking blood group was 93.9%, non-sucking blood group was only
      14.3% and small incision bleeding group in which incision was rinsed by Heparin
      physiological saline was 25%. It has proved that this method has a very good
      effect on relieving blood stasis of tissue. We think that this method can be put
      to use clinically.

PMID- 2397433
TI  - [Pulmonary edema in an isolated lobe after inhalation injury].
AB  - In order to know the regularity of forming edema after thermal injury, we
      performed experiments of pulmonary edema in isolated lobes with steam and
      obtained direct continuous measurements of transudation as it occurs.
      Transvascular flux (Qf) and gain weight (Gw) of the lobe increased immediately
      and the peak value of exudation occurred within half an hour after inhalation
      injury. Studies in protein content, colloid osmotic pressure of bronchus exudate
      and water content of lung, reconfirmed increase in pulmonary capillary
      permeability. Marked hemoconcentration was revealed. Plasma leaked 145 ml
      (32.5%), plasma protein leaked 2.9 g (15%) during the experiment. According to
      pressure of artery (Pa), vein (Pv), arterial occlusion (Pao), venous occlusion
      (Pvo), double occlusion (Pdo) and blood flow through the lobe (QT), the total
      vascular (Rt) arterial (Ra), middle compartment (Rmid), and venous (Rv)
      resistances were calculated. All the resistances indicated an increase and QT
      showed a decrease after inhalation injury. The experimental results suggested
      that tissue ischemia is significant after thermal injury and resuscitation should
      be started as early as possible and should include whole blood or plasma in
      resuscitation regimes during burn shock phase.

PMID- 2397434
TI  - [Experimental study on the implantation of a vascular bundle into subcutaneous
      tissue for improving local blood supply].
AB  - This paper reports that the adjacent vascular bundle was transferred into tubed
      flap in order to investigate the course of the angiogenesis of the vascular
      bundle by method of microangiography, pathology, transparent tissue specimens and
      microvascular casts, and effect on blood supply by measuring blood flow and skin
      temperature. The studies gave us the following results: New capillaries of
      vascular bundle occurred at 2nd day after operation, and gradually increased in
      number and then formed rich bush-like vessels on the surface of vascular bundle.
      The time of the earliest anastomosis between the vessels of the implanted
      vascular bundle and the recipient site was four day postoperation. The early
      anastomosed vessels were a few capillaries and some of them were changed into
      vein-like or artery-like structure. Improving the blood circulation in tubed flap
      begins on five day postoperation. The anastomosed vessels between the vascular
      bundle and tubed flap tend to stabilize at 10 day postoperation. The higher
      pressure in small arteries of the vascular bundle may be one of the main factors
      that vascular bundle possesses potential ability in angiogenesis and improves the
      blood circulation.

PMID- 2397435
TI  - [Effect of radix Paeoniae rubrae extract on mesenteric microcirculation].
AB  - The effect of radix Paeoniae rubrae extract on mesenteric microcirculation was
      studied in 20 scalded SD rats. It was found that this drug effectively prevented
      some disturbances of mesenteric microcirculation induced by burn. It inhibited
      the contraction of arterioles, decreased the adhesion of leucocytes on the venous
      wall, reduced and delayed the aggregation of erythrocytes in microvessels.

PMID- 2397436
TI  - [Experimental research on absorption after ilium autografting].
AB  - Even though efforts were made by closely adhering to the established rules of
      bone grafting, late absorption of bone grafts occurs frequently. Sometime the
      effect of operation is jeopardized. The cause of bone absorption is complicated,
      it is necessary to carry out further research. In this study 80 autogenous grafts
      were taken from ilium of 40 rabbits. A half of the grafts were transplanted on to
      cranium, the rests were implanted into subcutaneous tissue. One month later, bone
      grafts were absorbed 20.0% (on surface of cranium bone) and 21.0% (in
      subcutaneous sites). Three months after operation absorptions increased to 67.6%
      and 69.1% respectively. Six months later, absorption reached to 76.0% and 73.6%.
      There is no statistical difference between two sites where the grafts are
      transplanted (P greater than 0.05). Absorption of bone grafts was also found in 3
      dogs. Its ilium autografts were absorbed 52.8% (over cranium) and 45.2% (in
      subcutaneous tissue) 3 months after operation, the former increased to 55.3% and
      the latter 50.1% 6 months later. Microscopic examination revealed absorption and
      melting of bone grafts, necrosis and cysts formation were also found in some
      grafts. We believe that these data may help us to recognize the absorption
      further after free bone autografting.

PMID- 2397437
TI  - [Reversed forearm island flap with dorsal interosseous artery for reconstruction
      of postburn deformities of the hand--report of 6 cases].
AB  - This paper presents six cases with severe postburn hand deformity repaired with
      the reverse forearm flap based on distal portion of posterior interosseous
      artery. All 6 flaps attained 100% survival rate. Regional anatomy of the flap is
      briefly reviewed. Design and dissection of the flap are described in detail.
      Advantages of this flap and some operative key points are discussed.

PMID- 2397438
TI  - [Repair of wounds of the limbs with free or semi-free arteriolized venous network
      flap from the forearm].
AB  - An arteriolized venous network forearm skin flap is made by taking two
      neighbouring superficial veins as the axis, anastomosing one vein with the artery
      in the recipient site for blood supply and the other vein with the vein in the
      recipient site for drainage. Eight cases with wounds on limbs were repaired with
      such methods, and all of them attained success.

PMID- 2397439
TI  - [Relation of early wound treatment and late deformity in burned children].
AB  - This article discusses the relationship between early wound treatment and late
      deformity in burned children. The writer believes the main causes of late
      deformity are as follows: to treat deep second burn wound too conservatively; to
      use pinch skin graft on functional position and too large ratio of mesh graft; to
      take skin too thick from donor area; no proper pressure dressing and
      rehabilitation after grafting. The better results can be obtained, if the early
      burn wounds are treated with some plastic surgical points of view and the
      deformities are corrected within half year postburn although the scar is still
      unstable.

PMID- 2397440
TI  - [Clinical application and experimental study of homologous-cartilage
      implantation].
AB  - On the basis of 124 cases of homologous-cartilage grafts, the changes of host's
      tissue structure and immune active cells around the homologous-cartilage were
      studied. Slices of implantation at different time were investigated by
      histologic, histochemical, immunopathologic and ultrastructural methods. The
      results show that the rejection phenomena of homologous-cartilage grafts may be
      the process of substitution of bone for cartilage, rather than the process of
      absorption and there are no influences on supporting framework of homologous
      cartilage grafts.

PMID- 2397441
TI  - [Reconstruction of the deformity resulting from resection of a retinoblastoma].

PMID- 2397442
TI  - [Re-evaluation of the improved double eyelid surgery using the suture and
      ligation method].

PMID- 2397443
TI  - [Prolongation of rejection of porcine skin using iodine tincture].
AB  - Tincture of iodine compound with strong penetrating and broad spectrum
      disinfectant properties was used locally to prolong the rejection of porcine skin
      heterograft. We believed that injury of epidermis of porcine skin and infection
      may be the important factors for accelerating rejection phenomena after porcine
      skin grafting. The possible mechanisms for prolongation of rejection of porcine
      skin by tincture of iodine compound may by due to effective control of infection
      and coagulation of protein in epidermis whose antigenic property is very high, so
      the primary trigger factor inducing early skin necrosis is diminished.

PMID- 2397445
TI  - Computers and nursing. Possibilities for transforming nursing.
AB  - The use of computers is becoming commonplace in the clinical setting. However,
      the impact of computer use and its implications for nursing have yet to be
      understood (Birckhead, 1978). The purpose of this article is to explore how
      computer technology may transform nursing. The discourse is guided by Burch's
      (1985) thesis that "the use of technology is non-neutral. It transforms
      experience, whether for better or worse, and ultimately shapes human thinking and
      being". If one values nursing as a humanizing activity, then most of the
      potential transformations can be viewed as negative. When viewed from an
      instrumental framework, however, the computer may have a positive rather than a
      negative impact because computer use promotes expediency, efficiency, and
      precision.

PMID- 2397444
TI  - Transferring out of nursing and into information services.

PMID- 2397446
TI  - Scheduling by computer.
AB  - Often our work requires us to schedule something rather complicated. Computers
      offer a solution to what may be very routine, repetitious, and time-consuming
      work. The purpose of this article is to describe a user skill for adapting a
      spreadsheet program to do scheduling.

PMID- 2397447
TI  - Shaping the future. The marriage of nursing theory and informatics.
AB  - The link between nursing theory and computerized nursing information systems is
      explored. In particular, the use of Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory in the
      development of an information processing model for use in a computerized nursing
      information system is described. This development is discussed with reference to
      the American Nurses' Association design criteria for computerized nursing
      information systems. There is some indication that the design criteria do not
      adequately address the relationships among nursing theory, nursing processes, and
      computerized nursing information systems.

PMID- 2397448
TI  - Pattern of end growth of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
AB  - The patterns of end growth of individual cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, wild
      type cells (strain 972 h-), cells exposed to 8 mM hydroxyurea, and cdc mutants
      (cdc11-123 and cdc2-33), were investigated by time-lapse photomicrography. It was
      reconfirmed that there are three patterns of end growth: cells growing at the old
      end, at the new end, and at both ends from the beginning of the cell cycle. Cells
      that initiated growth at the old (new) end increased their growth rate at the new
      (old) end and became constant in their growth rate at the old (new) end when
      cells had their growth rate higher than a critical value: 0.08, 0.09, 0.08, and
      0.11 microns/min in wild-type cells, cells exposed to hydroxyurea, cdc11-123
      cells, and cdc2-33 cells, respectively. The critical value is proportional to the
      doubling time in length.

PMID- 2397449
TI  - Trisomy 13 and myelodysplastic syndrome.
AB  - The clinical and cytogenetic data of a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome
      refractory anemia with excess blasts (MDS-RAEB) and trisomy 13 as the sole
      abnormality are presented. This appears to be only the second report of such a
      patient. The presence of trisomy 13 is confirmed by in situ hybridization using
      an alphoid repeat probe L1.26, which is specific for the centromeres of both
      chromosomes 13 and 21.

PMID- 2397450
TI  - No evidence of trisomy 12 or t(11;14) by molecular genetic techniques in chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia cells with a normal karyotype.
AB  - Chromosome analysis of B-cell mitogen-activated cells from patients with B-cell
      chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) show clonal abnormalities in approximately one
      half of the cases. Among the most frequent aberrations are trisomy 12 and
      t(11;14). In the other half, no clonal chromosomal abnormalities are found. We
      wished to determine whether these CLL clones are cytogenetically normal or
      whether the apparently normal karyotype results from an inability of the
      malignant cells to enter metaphase in vitro, leaving only the few remaining
      normal cells to be karyotypically studied. Probes that can detect restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) on chromosome 12, which makes it possible
      to determine the copy number of this chromosome, as well as bcl-1 probes that can
      detect t(11;14) were used. Of 13 CLL cases with normal karyotypes, none showed
      evidence for either trisomy 12 or t(11;14). This finding indicates that CLL cases
      with an apparently normal karyotype do not have two of the most common clonal
      chromosomal aberrations and may be karyotypically normal. The study also shows
      that Southern blot analyses, using probes that can detect RFLPs on chromosome 12,
      can be used for rapid and simple detection of trisomy 12 in CLL patients.

PMID- 2397451
TI  - A case of follicular small cleaved cell lymphoma with t(14;18) and t(8;11).
AB  - Follicular small cleaved cell lymphoma is a common B-cell lymphoma exhibiting a
      t(14;18)(q32;q21) chromosomal translocation, which has been found in most cases
      studied. In our case of follicular small cleaved cell lymphoma, the chromosome
      translocation 14;18 was observed. This case also exhibits a second consistent
      chromosomal translocation, t(8;11)(p21;q13), along with t(14;18).

PMID- 2397452
TI  - Isochromosome (8q) in four patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung.
AB  - We report an isochromosome, i(8q), in combination with many other cytogenetic
      changes in tumor cells from four patients with lung cancer. In each case, the
      tumor subtype was adenocarcinoma. This isochromosome has not been identified in
      primary tumors from patients with other histological types of lung cancer. Among
      the few previously reported cytogenetic analyses of pulmonary adenocarcinomas,
      i(8q) has been observed in four additional patients. Therefore, i(8q) represents
      a recurring change in this specific type of lung cancer. In addition to i(8q),
      tumor cells from each of our four patients had different abnormalities of 17p,
      and two patients had alterations of 3p as well.

PMID- 2397453
TI  - Complex karyotypic changes, including rearrangements of 12q13 and 14q24, in two
      leiomyosarcomas.
AB  - Cytogenetic investigation of short-term cultures from two leiomyosarcomas
      revealed complex karyotypic changes in both cases. The first tumor, a
      subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma of the knee, had the karyotype 70-80,XY, +X, +Y, +1,
      +1, +2, +2, +3, +3, +4, +4, +7, +7, +8, +8, +9, +10, +15, +15, +16, +16, +18,
      +19, +20, +21, +21, +22, +22,t(?;5)(5;21)(?;q35p11;q11),
      t(?;5)(5;21)(?;q35p11;q11),
      +del(11)(q22),der(13)t(12;13)(q13;q22),der(14)t(9;14)(p11;p11), +14p+,
      +t(20;?)(q13;?), +t(20;?)(q13;?), +2 mar. A polyploidized clone with 120-150
      chromosomes was also observed. DNA flow cytometry revealed only one abnormal
      peak, corresponding to a DNA index of 1.76. The other tumor, a uterine
      leiomyosarcoma, had the karyotype 61-67, X, -X, +1, +3, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9, +12,
      +13, +15, +t(1;1)(p32;q32), +der(1)t(1;8)(p13;q11), +del(2)(p11), +del(2)(q22),
      +del(2)(q22), +del(3)(p13), +i(5p),t(8;14)(q24;q24), +der(8)t(8;14) (q24;q24),
      +del(10)(p12),der(11)t(11;15)(p15;q11),t(16;?)(p13;?),t(16;?)(q24;?), der dic(17)
      (17pter----cen----17q25::hsr::17q25----cen----17pte r), +t(19;?)(p13;?), +der
      dic(20)(20pter----cen----20q12::hsr::20q12----cen----+ ++20pter), +mar. The DNA
      index was 1.59. The finding in these leiomyosarcomas of rearrangements of the
      same regions of chromosomes 12 and 14 that are involved in the tumor-specific
      t(12;14)(q14-15;q23-24) of uterine leiomyoma indicates that the same genes in 12q
      and 14q might be important in the pathogenesis of benign and malignant smooth
      muscle tumors.

PMID- 2397454
TI  - Parathyroid adenoma with t(1;5)(p22;q32) as the sole clonal chromosome
      abnormality.
AB  - Cytogenetic investigation of short-term cultures from a parathyroid adenoma
      revealed a t(1;5)(p22;q32) as the sole clonal chromosomal aberration. Karyotypic
      abnormalities have not previously been described in this tumor type.

PMID- 2397455
TI  - Cytogenetic study of solid ovarian tumors.
AB  - With the use of a short-term tissue culture method, 27 solid ovarian tumor
      specimens (from 22 patients) were successfully karyotyped. The majority of the
      specimens were from serous carcinoma (18 specimens, 2 of which were not
      invasive). Adenocarcinomas (two specimens), two endometrioid carcinomas, and one
      each of clear cell, mucinous, sarcoma, squamous carcinoma, and an unclassified
      sex cord carcinoma were also analyzed. The specimens showed marked cytogenetic
      heterogeneity, ranging from a normal karyotype (46,XX) to very grossly aneuploid,
      with multiple rearrangements. All chromosomes, excepting 13, 15, 19, 20, and 21
      were positively identified in at least one rearrangement. Chromosomes 1, 6, and 7
      were most commonly involved. Identified rearrangements were not limited to one
      carcinoma type. The most common deletions of 1p and 6q were identified in both
      serous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Deletion of 7q,(del(7)(q32)), was observed
      only in serous carcinoma but was limited to three patients. Correlations of modal
      chromosome count and number of marker chromosomes appeared to be associated with
      good prognosis for patients with serous carcinoma.

PMID- 2397456
TI  - t(2;14)(q23;q32.3) as the sole abnormality in a patient with acute nonlymphocytic
      leukemia (FAB-M4).
AB  - Cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow cells from a 53-year-old man with acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia (FAB-M4) revealed a t(2;14)(q23;q32.3) as the sole
      cytogenetic abnormality. This is the first report of a t(2;14)(q23;q32.3) as the
      sole abnormality in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (M-4). The findings are
      discussed in relation to the possible role of genes located at 2q23 in acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2397457
TI  - Detection by electron microscopy of a small subband 13q14.11 deletion in an
      hereditary retinoblastoma.
AB  - High-resolution banding, specific for electron microscopy, was applied to
      chromosomes of synchronized blood lymphocytes obtained from a child with
      bilateral retinoblastoma. Ultrastructural analysis of the subbands in region
      q14.1, after synchronization and immunochemical banding, showed that the deletion
      in the abnormal chromosome 13 corresponds to subband 14.11, thus evidencing that
      the retinoblastoma gene is located within subband q14.11. This first application
      to a diagnostic problem of immunochemical banding suggests that, coupled with
      electron microscopy, this banding provides a higher resolution than that obtained
      with light microscopy and should be useful to pinpoint important localizations.

PMID- 2397458
TI  - Apparent lack of telomere sequences on double minute chromosomes.

PMID- 2397459
TI  - American Burkitt lymphoma stage II with 47,XY,+20,t(8;14)(q24;q32).

PMID- 2397460
TI  - Involvement of both chromosomes 5 in a patient with leukemia secondary to
      myelodysplastic syndrome.

PMID- 2397461
TI  - New example of 6p involvement in lipoma.

PMID- 2397462
TI  - Cytogenetic study of a sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary.
AB  - We describe a sclerosing stromal tumor (SST) of the ovary with monosomy of
      chromosome 16 and pathologic features consistent with a low-grade malignancy. So
      far, all described cases of SST were considered benign.

PMID- 2397463
TI  - Chromosome instability in bladder carcinoma patients.
AB  - The relationship between the presence of a high frequency of chromosome
      aberrations and a predisposition to cancer has been well established in the so
      called chromosome instability syndromes. Chromosome instability is also present
      in a variety of patients affected by cancer, and sometimes in their healthy
      relatives. We present a cytogenetic study carried out in lymphocytes from 13
      untreated bladder carcinoma patients (only four of them had a history of
      occupational exposure to mutagens). Percentages of aberrant metaphases were
      significantly higher in cancer patients than in controls. Of the total number of
      chromosome aberrations in cancer patients, 67.16% corresponded to major
      structural chromosome abnormalities, while 25.37% were gaps or breaks. Numerical
      abnormalities represented 7.46% of the total. The bands more frequently involved
      in chromosome rearrangements were 5q31 and 1q32. Our results tentatively indicate
      that a significant proportion of patients with bladder carcinoma may have an
      underlying inherent chromosome instability. An age effect cannot be excluded, but
      we did not find significant differences between patients over 50 years of age and
      patients under 50 years of age.

PMID- 2397464
TI  - Trisomy 14q in myelodysplastic syndromes.

PMID- 2397465
TI  - Isolation of clones resistant to 6-thioguanine and G418 from HHUA endometrial
      carcinoma cells and their application to cell hybridization.
AB  - Two kinds of clones were isolated successfully from the HHUA 95 cells that were
      derived from a human well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of endometrium, with 6
      thioguanine (6-TG) selection and transfection with plasmid containing the neo
      gene (pSV2 neo). One clone was resistant to the 6-TG (6-TGr 95) and the other to
      both the 6-TG and the G418 (6-TGr-neor 95). Karyotypes of these three kinds of
      cells were normal, even though random chromosome abnormalities were observed in
      some cells. Two types of cell fusion were performed: one consisted of the
      hybridization between 6-TGr 95 cells and normal human fibroblasts (HF), and the
      other, between 6-TGr-neor 95 and human choriocarcinoma cells (CC1).
      Tumorigenicity of both hybrid cell types was completely suppressed.
      Complementation for genetic lesions given by cell hybridization was assumed to be
      responsible for the suppression of tumorigenicity. These results suggest that
      genetic losses played an essential role in the evolution of the malignant
      phenotype of endometrial carcinoma cells. The data obtained from the endometrial
      carcinoma could not be used directly for the understanding of suppression
      mechanisms of choriocarcinoma.

PMID- 2397466
TI  - del(3p)(p13p21) in renal cell adenoma and del(4p)(p14) in bilateral renal cell
      carcinoma in two unrelated patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease.
AB  - Karyotype analyses of renal cell adenoma in one patient and bilateral renal cell
      carcinomas (RCC) in another unrelated patient have been performed. Both patients
      belonged to families with von Hippel-Lindau disease (vHL). In the adenoma, we
      found a clonal del(3)(p13p21) and a small clone of two cells with an additional
      del(14)(q13). This result indicates that the same region that is often deleted in
      RCC may also be deleted in a renal cortical adenoma. This finding may facilitate
      the localization of a tentative renal cell adenoma/carcinoma tumor suppressor
      locus. In the tumors from the patient with bilateral carcinomas we found a clonal
      del(4)(p14) on one side and on the other a del(4)(p14) together with
      del(14)(q13). In this case, there was no detectable 3p defect in the tumors. This
      result raises the question whether an alternative/additional locus on chromosome
      4p may be involved in the RCC/vHL syndrome. Constitutional karyotypes were in
      both cases normal.

PMID- 2397467
TI  - Acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(4;11) in a patient previously exposed to a
      carcinogen.
AB  - A case of early B t(4;11)(q21;q23) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with low
      white blood cell (WBC) count, without splenomegaly, short survival time, in a
      patient previously exposed to benzol is presented. We discuss the relationship
      between the t(4;11)(q21;q23) and the exposure to a carcinogen.

PMID- 2397468
TI  - Chromosome analysis as an aid in differential diagnosis of erythroleukemia (M6)
      and myelodysplasia.

PMID- 2397469
TI  - Structural alterations at the putative retinoblastoma locus in some human
      leukemias and preleukemia.
AB  - Homozygous loss of alleles of the retinoblastoma susceptibility locus (RB1) has
      been implicated in the onset of many different solid tumors. Heterozygous
      deletions of chromosome 13q14, the region containing the RB1 locus, have been
      observed by us in several subvariants of leukemia and preleukemia. We examined
      four cases of leukemia and one case of preleukemia for homozygous inactivation of
      the RB1 locus; in at least one case, evidence supports the concept that
      homozygous loss of both alleles of RB1 was an important step during
      leukemogenesis.

PMID- 2397470
TI  - Cytogenetic study of a case of childhood erythroleukemia.
AB  - We report a case of childhood erythroleukemia diagnosed by French-American
      British Cooperative group (FAB) and by cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow cells.
      The following major chromosome anomalies were detected: hyperdiploidy with a
      modal number of 49, three markers consisting of translocations between
      chromosomes 3, 9, 20, and 15, deletion of the long arm of chromosome 16 (q22---
      qter), and karyotype instability. These changes were compared with others
      reported in the literature and discussed in terms of their importance for
      diagnostic confirmation.

PMID- 2397471
TI  - Cytogenetic characterization of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line and its
      subline.
AB  - Cytogenetic results of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell line NPC-TW039 and
      its subline NPC-TW039-N1, established from the nude mouse transplant, were
      reported. This is the third case of NPC presented with banded karyotype, to date,
      in the literature. A 3q + marker chromosome, with involvement of band q25 similar
      to that present in the two previously reported cases, was detected in most tumor
      cells from both cell lines. The structural chromosome abnormalities of NPC-TW039
      N1 were similar to its original cell line, NPC-TW039, except that the subline
      lost one marker chromosome and gained a new one.

PMID- 2397472
TI  - Recurrent chromosome aberrations in human lung squamous cell carcinomas.
AB  - Cytogenetic study of seven cases of previously untreated lung squamous cell
      carcinomas (SQC) is reported. Chromosome numbers vary from 38 to 538, with a
      majority of hypotriploid karyotypes with complex rearrangements. The numbers of
      recurrent imbalances were evaluated in considering the average number of
      chromosomes or chromosome segments in each analyzed metaphase and for each case.
      In decreasing order of frequency, deficiencies for 3p, 5q, 8p, Y, 5p, 10p, 13,
      and, to a lesser degree, for 8q, 9, 10q, 11pter, 14, 15, and 21 were observed;
      the excesses principally involve 1q, 3q, and 7q. In three tumors, homogeneously
      staining regions were observed at various chromosome sites. Most chromosome
      rearrangements occurred after breakage in constitutive heterochromatin, and no
      recurrent breakpoints were found in euchromatin except 11p15. The major
      consequences of these anomalies may be chromosomal imbalances, leading to
      hemizygosity and perhaps related to gene dosage, rather than to alterations of
      genes.

PMID- 2397473
TI  - Complex chromosome rearrangements involving 12q14 in two uterine leiomyomas.
AB  - Cytogenetic analysis of short-term cultures from 10 uterine leiomyomas revealed
      normal karyotypes in 8 and clonal complex chromosome rearrangements in 2 tumors.
      In both leiomyomas with clonal abnormalities, 12q14, but not 14q22-24, was
      involved in translocations with 1q43 in one tumor and with 12q24 in the other.
      Additional chromosome abnormalities were found in both cases: 1-5 rings and
      monosomy of chromosome 9 in case 1, and complex numerical and structural
      abnormalities of chromosomes 1, 6-8, 11, 13, 16, 17, and 22 in case 2. The
      consistent cytogenetic rearrangement of 12q14 in uterine leiomyomas, sometimes
      without concomitant 14q changes, indicates that a gene of critical importance for
      leiomyoma development may be found in this band.

PMID- 2397474
TI  - Cytogenetic abnormalities and leukemic transformation in hydroxyurea-treated
      patients with Philadelphia chromosome negative chronic myeloproliferative
      disease.
AB  - Eighty-one consecutive hydroxyurea-treated patients with Philadelphia (Ph)
      chromosome negative chronic myeloproliferative disease were followed
      prospectively from 1981 to 1989; 35 of them had polycythemia vera, 32 had
      essential thrombocythemia, 12 had myelofibrosis, and 2 had myeloproliferative
      syndromes. The 81 patients were treated with hydroxyurea for a total of 3,804
      months during the observation time. Only three patients had been treated with
      alkylating agents or 32P before start of hydroxyurea treatment. Four patients
      transformed into acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndromes; three of
      these patients had essential thrombocythemia, and one had a myeloproliferative
      syndrome. Two patients died of solid cancers. Five out of 53 evaluable patients
      (9%) had pretreatment clonal cytogenetic abnormalities involving chromosomes 1,
      9, 20, and 21. At follow-up, during or after hydroxyurea treatment, 15% had
      cytogenetic abnormalities, an unexpectedly low frequency compared to the
      previously reported frequency in patients with polycythemia vera treated with
      alkylating agents. None of our patients who developed cytogenetic clonal changes
      during hydroxyurea therapy had polycythemia vera. However, follow-up is too short
      to draw any conclusions about the mutagenic potential of hydroxyurea compared to
      alkylating agents.

PMID- 2397475
TI  - Translocation between chromosomes 8q24 and 14q11 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia.
AB  - Cytogenetic study was performed on a patient with T-cell acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (T-ALL). It revealed a chromosomal translocation between chromosome
      bands 8q24 and 14q11. 8q24 is known to encode the oncogene c-myc, while 14q11
      encodes the genes for T-cell receptor-alpha (TCR-alpha) and T-cell receptor-delta
      (TCR-delta). Therefore, this chromosomal translocation t(8;14) (q24;q11) seemed
      to be unique and specific to T-cell malignancy.

PMID- 2397476
TI  - No significant increase in spontaneous and ethyl methane sulfonate-induced sister
      chromatid exchanges at the Xq27.3 fragile site.
AB  - The present study was performed to determine if the fra(X)(q27.3) site is
      inherently a high sister chromatid exchange (SCE) site independent of fragility.
      Therefore, we studied baseline and ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-induced SCEs in
      peripheral blood lymphocytes from 10 retarded fragile-X male patients and eight
      retarded nonfragile-X male controls. The distributions of SCE scores per
      chromosome within each experimental condition showed significant interindividual
      variability in response to EMS treatment in the fragile-X group. Each fragile-X
      patient was therefore compared with a matched control. No significant differences
      were found in the distribution of SCE scores per chromosome. In addition, at the
      Xq27 site, whatever the degree of expressed fragility, no significant differences
      between fragile-X and control groups were evident in the spontaneous or EMS
      induced SCEs. The fra(X)(q27.3) site therefore is not a hot spot for spontaneous
      or EMS-induced SCEs. Because fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) treatment has been shown
      to induce SCE at this site, our results indicate that the Xq27.3 site must be
      structurally different from other nonfragile SCE sites.

PMID- 2397477
TI  - Simple numerical chromosome aberrations in well-differentiated malignant
      epithelial tumors.
AB  - Cytogenetic analysis of four well-differentiated malignant epithelial tumors
      revealed primary clones with only numerical abnormalities. The karyotypes were
      49,XX, +5, +5, +7, +7, -17/50,XX, +5, +5, +7, +7, -17, +r in an adenocarcinoma of
      the lung; 47,XX, +3/47,XX, +5/47,XX, +7 in a squamous cell carcinoma of the
      epiglottis; 47,XX, +5/48,XX, +5, +10 in a squamous cell carcinoma developing in
      an ovarian dermoid cyst; and 52,XX, +5, +7, +8, +14, +15, +21 in a seropapillary
      ovarian adenocarcinoma. Also, in previously published cases exclusively numerical
      aberrations were much more common in highly differentiated epithelial tumors
      (22/74) than in moderately to low-differentiated carcinomas (13/281). Our
      findings and the literature data thus agree with a developmental scheme in which
      numerical changes, possibly reflecting an early-onset genomic instability in the
      tumor cells, may precede massive structural anomalies in the gradual
      malignization of epithelial tumors.

PMID- 2397478
TI  - Inhibition of the promotional phase of azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis
      in the F344 rat by calcium lactate: effect of simulating two human nutrient
      density levels.
AB  - The effects of 2 levels of dietary calcium and 2 types of dietary fat on the
      promotional phase phase of azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in the F344 rat were
      investigated. During the initiation phase of carcinogenesis all animals were fed
      a 5% corn oil AIN-76A diet containing 0.32% Ca in the form of calcium lactate.
      Rats were then injected with azoxymethane (AOM) weekly for 8 weeks. Thereafter,
      the rats were fed 1 of 3 diet formulations: a 5% corn oil diet or a 20% corn oil
      or 20% American Blend oil fat diet, with the level of Ca set at either 0.32% of
      the diet, a nutrient density simulating a daily human intake of approximately
      1700 mg Ca/day, or at 0.04% of the diet, reflecting a human daily intake of
      approximately 200-250 mg of Ca/day, thus modeling 2 human nutrient density levels
      for calcium. Measurements of fecal pH during the experiment indicated an acidic
      adaptation of the large bowel to the lactate anion. Analysis of collected fecal
      samples showed more total fatty acids to be present in the colon when higher
      amounts of calcium were consumed. However, results of the tumorigenesis study
      indicated that calcium lactate fed at the 0.32% level significantly inhibited the
      development of colonic adenocarcinoma in all dietary groups. Taken together, this
      investigation supports the hypothesis that calcium supplementation can inhibit
      colon neoplasia in rats fed a high fat diet; however, under the conditions of
      this study, the 20% fat level did not significantly promote colon cancer as
      compared to a 5% fat level.

PMID- 2397479
TI  - Relationship between hepatic peroxisome proliferation and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine
      formation in liver DNA of rats following long-term exposure to three peroxisome
      proliferators; di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, aluminium clofibrate and simfibrate.
AB  - To elucidate the relationship between hepatic peroxisome proliferation and
      oxidative DNA damage induced by hepatocarcinogenic peroxisome proliferators, 3
      agents, namely, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP, aluminium clofibrate and
      simfibrate were fed at doses of 1.2%, aluminium clofibrate 0.5% and 0.5% in the
      diet, respectively, to male F-344 rats for up to 1 year. Evidence of hepatic
      peroxisome proliferation and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) formation in liver
      and kidney DNA were assessed at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Peroxisomal beta
      oxidation enzyme activities were increased 3- to 8-fold and catalase was elevated
      to 1.4- to 2.2-fold the control level by DEHP, aluminium clofibrate and
      simfibrate from months 1 to 12 of the treatment. 8-OH-dG levels in liver DNA of
      DEHP-, aluminium clofibrate- and simfibrate-fed rats were increased approximately
      2-fold after 1 month, the tendency for elevation also being observed in the liver
      DNA at 2, 3, 9 and 12 months. The results thus clearly demonstrate that
      persistent peroxisome proliferation in the liver leads to continued specific
      oxidative DNA damage.

PMID- 2397480
TI  - Activation of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine by liver and nasal mucosa tissue
      from intact and castrated male rats.
AB  - Methylation of liver and nasal mucosal DNA at the O6 position of guanine (O6-MeG)
      was measured in intact and castrated male rats after a dose of N-nitrosobis(2
      oxopropyl)amine (BOP) (20 mg/kg; i.p.). There were no differences in O6-MeG
      persistence in liver DNA from either group. In the nasal mucosa more O6-MeG was
      detected in DNA from intact rats than in that from castrated rats. The maximum
      values were 61 (intact) and 35 (castrated) mumols/mol guanine. T/2 were 84 h
      (intact) and 24 h (castrated). These situations corresponded with changes in O6
      MeG-DNAmethyl-transferase (MT) activity, which increased 6-fold in the nasal
      mucosa by castration resulting in less O6-MeG in the nasal mucosa. In the liver
      castration halved MT activity but did not produce a comparable change in O6-MeG
      levels. The mutagenicity of BOP in V79 cells increased almost 2-fold when a liver
      homogenate from castrated rats was used as the activating system. There was a
      comparable decline in mutagenicity when a nasal mucosa tissue homogenate from
      castrated rats was used.

PMID- 2397481
TI  - A comparison of levels of intrinsic single strand breaks/alkali labile sites
      associated with human melanoma cell invasion.
AB  - Intrinsic levels of protein-free single strand breaks/alkali-labile sites in
      human melanoma cell populations of varying in vitro invasive capacity have been
      assayed with DNA filter elution methodology. DNA from two human melanoma cell
      lines, A375P and C8161, and from a subpopulation selected from A375P, A375P-5,
      were assayed to test the hypothesis that increased levels of DNA damage may be
      associated with the phenotype of increased invasive and metastatic capacities.
      The elution profiles obtained reveal statistically significant increases in the
      level of single strand breaks and/or alkali-labile sites (SSB/ALS) which
      correlate with increasing invasive and metastatic capacities. The increased
      levels of SSB/ALS in A375P-5 observed in freshly selected cells decline as these
      cells are maintained in culture. The stability of this A375P-5 phenotype
      correlates with previously reported levels of double minute chromosomes, an
      indicator of genomic instability. Alterations in average intrinsic levels of
      cellular lesions are therefore an additional factor to be considered in the
      phenotypic characterization of invasive and metastatic tumor cells and may
      reflect or contribute to the genomic instability characteristic of tumor cell
      populations.

PMID- 2397482
TI  - Evidence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D synthesis by the rat Walker carcinosarcoma
      256.
AB  - We tested the existence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase activity in
      the Walker carcinosarcoma 256 implanted in rats. This tumour has been shown to
      induce hypercalcaemia in the host animal. We found this enzyme activity in tumour
      homogenates, which was in the same range as that in the kidney of tumour-bearing
      rats. Our results suggest that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D synthesized by the Walker
      tumour might be involved in the mechanism responsible for the hypercalcaemia in
      the host rat.

PMID- 2397483
TI  - Fibrinolytic activity of rat plasma during development of Guerin epithelioma.
AB  - Fibrinolytic activity in the blood of rats during the development of Guerin
      epithelioma was studied. It was measured by means of radiometric method, based on
      the amount of plasmin degradation products released from 125I-fibrin, as well as
      by means of amidolytic technique with the use of Chromozym PL. During the initial
      phase of epithelioma development the fibrinolytic activity of plasma, determined
      after inactivating plasma proteinase inhibitors, increases. It also increases in
      the euglobulin fraction. Simultaneously, the content of fibrin(ogen) degradation
      products (FDP) increases in the blood. During the stage of the intensive
      development of neoplastic disease fibrinolytic activity as well as plasminogen
      activator activity become inhibited, whereas the concentration of FDP retains the
      level observed in healthy animals. Inhibition of fibrinolytic activity in the
      later phase of the disease coincides with the appearance of low-molecular weight
      antifibrinolytic factor in the blood of rats loaded with epithelioma.

PMID- 2397484
TI  - Oral administration of chlordiazepoxide plus sodium nitrite investigated for
      tumor initiating activity in the rat liver.
AB  - Chlordiazepoxide (CDE) reacts with sodium nitrite at acid pH yielding the
      genotoxic derivative N-nitrosochlordiazepoxide (NO-CDE). In the present study
      oral administration of CDE plus NaNO2, previously found to produce DNA
      fragmentation in the rat liver, was examined for its ability to initiate
      hepatocarcinogenesis. The oral treatment for 6 successive weeks with CDE + NaNO2,
      added to the diet at the levels of 290 + 270 and 870 + 800 ppm, did not
      significantly increase the number or volume of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
      positive foci (putative preneoplastic lesions). These findings are in agreement
      with the negative results previously obtained in rodent carcinogenesis assays and
      indicate that NO-CDE belongs to the progressively expanding list of genotoxic non
      carcinogens.

PMID- 2397485
TI  - Is 1,4-dioxane a genotoxic carcinogen?
AB  - Female Sprague-Dawley rats were given 0, 168, 840, 2550 or 4200 mg/kg of 1,4
      dioxane 21 and 4 h before sacrifice. Hepatic DNA damage (by the alkaline elution
      technique), ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODC), reduced glutathione content,
      cytochrome P-450 content and serum alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT) were
      determined. Treatment with 1,4-dioxane increased hepatic DNA damage and
      cytochrome P-450 content at doses of 2550 and 4200 mg/kg. Large increases in the
      activity of hepatic ODC were observed at 840, 2550 and 4200 mg/kg of 1,4-dioxane.
      Thus the data suggest that 1,4-dioxane is a weak genotoxic carcinogen in addition
      to being a strong promoter of carcinogenesis (a non-genotoxic carcinogen).

PMID- 2397486
TI  - Biotransformation of carbon tetrachloride and lipid peroxidation promotion by
      liver nuclear preparations from different animal species.
AB  - Liver nuclear preparations from male Syrian Golden hamster (SG); C3H mice and
      Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were able to biotransform CCl4 to CHCl3. That ability
      was not NADPH dependent and proceeded to an equal extent under N2 or air. Studies
      in more detail with C3H mice preparations revealed that only one of the processes
      was of an enzymatic nature and that it was inhibited by 1 mM EDTA. There was a
      correlation between liver nuclear ability to biotransform CCl4 to CHCl3 in the
      species tested and their liver carcinogenic response to CCl4. That correlation
      was not observed when biotransformation was studied using liver slices instead of
      liver nuclei. Liver nuclear preparations from the 3 species were able to promote
      a lipid peroxidation (LP) process in the presence of CCl4. The process was fully
      NADPH dependent in the case of SG and SD preparations but not in C3H mice. Study
      of the process in detail in the case of C3H mice shows that in that case LP was
      heat and EDTA sensitive, particularly in the absence of NADPH. There was no
      correlation between the intensity of CCl4 promoted LP either in liver nuclear or
      liver slices preparations in the 3 species tested and their carcino genic
      response to CCl4. Results might suggest that LP does not determine or rate limit
      the process of cancer development by CCl4 but do not exclude its participation in
      a given stage of the overall process.

PMID- 2397487
TI  - Determination of aortic valve area by Doppler echocardiography using the
      continuity equation: a critical evaluation.
AB  - In 35 patients with aortic stenosis the Doppler-derived values of the aortic
      valve area (continuity equation) were compared with those determined at cardiac
      catheterization (Gorlin's formula). The comparison of three modifications of the
      continuity equation showed that the procedure generally proposed (calculating the
      area of the left ventricular outflow tract from its diameter) significantly
      underestimated the valve area (modification 1). Modification 2, which used direct
      planimetry of the left ventricular outflow tract, yielded results quite
      consistent with invasive measurements. The employment of peak velocities instead
      of velocity-time integrals (modification 3) did not significantly alter the
      results. However, the scatter was considerable in all three modifications. When
      critical aortic stenosis was defined with a valve area less than or equal to 0.70
      cm2, modifications 1, 2, and 3 accurately predicted the severity of stenosis in
      80, 86, and 80%, respectively.

PMID- 2397488
TI  - Does the extent of the zone at risk after coronary artery occlusion influence the
      percentage of the zone that evolves to infarction?
AB  - To examine whether the extent of the zone at risk for infarction after coronary
      artery occlusion influences the percentage of the zone that evolves to necrosis
      in the absence of intervention, 99mTc-labeled albumin microspheres were injected
      into the left atrium 1 min after coronary occlusion in 34 dogs. Six hours after
      occlusion, the left ventricle was cut into 3-mm-thick slices for
      triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and autoradiography. The extent of
      myocardial necrosis and hypoperfused zone was measured by planimetry and
      expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the left ventricle. The extent
      of myocardial necrosis and hypoperfused zone varied widely from 8 to 40% and 14
      to 43% of the left ventricle, respectively. However, there was a close
      correlation between infarct size (IS, percent of left ventricle) and the extent
      of hypoperfused zone (HZ, percent of left ventricle): IS = 0.89x (HZ) - 0.21 (r =
      0.909, SEE = 3.02, p less than 0.01). The ratio of infarct size to the extent of
      hypoperfused zone was 87.9 +/- 2.3%. Dogs with large hypoperfused zones (greater
      than or equal to 30% of the left ventricle) had a significantly greater ratio of
      infarct size to the extent of the hypoperfused zone (95.3 +/- 2.4%, n = 11, p
      less than 0.05) than dogs with small hypoperfused zones (less than 30% of the
      left ventricle; 84.3 +/- 3.0%, n = 23). Moreover, the ratio was greater than or
      equal to 90% in all but one dog (91%) with large hypoperfused zones, but in only
      10 of 23 dogs (43%) with small hypoperfused zones (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397489
TI  - Arm exercise training in the rehabilitation of patients with impaired ventricular
      function and heart failure.
AB  - Although exercise training is an accepted part of comprehensive coronary care
      programs in patients with coronary artery disease, it still remains to be
      demonstrated whether or not exercise training should also be applied to patients
      with impaired ventricular function. Circumstantial evidence exists that patients
      with impaired ventricular function may eventually benefit from an individually
      adapted exercise training program provided that contraindications for acceptance
      of cardiac patients to such a program are well observed. Our study is based on 22
      patients with impaired ventricular function, of which 18 were at least 6 months
      after a Q-wave myocardial infarction and the remaining 4 after coronary artery
      bypass grafting. Eleven patients with impaired left ventricular function
      performing upper extremity (arm) ergometry were followed up for 36 months. These
      patients were trained twice weekly with exercise periods of 30 min duration. The
      reason for choosing arm ergometry training was that the peak heart rate obtained
      in arm ergometry is higher when compared to leg ergometry. Rate-pressure product
      and heart rate were higher for given submaximal work tasks in arm ergometry,
      while maximal work aerobic capacity was found to be lower in comparison to leg
      work. The assessment of our patients was based on cardiopulmonary testing,
      continuous electrocardiographic monitoring (48 h), two-dimensional
      echocardiography and equilibrium multigated radionuclide ventriculography
      (99mTc). Group 1, consisting of 11 patients with left ventricular ejection
      fraction (LVEF) 30.1 +/- 9.5%, were trained by arm exercise for 3 years with a
      significant increase in work capacity and LVEF. Group 2 consisted of 11 patients
      with LVEF 25.5 +/- 6.8% who underwent a 12 months' calisthenic program. Peak work
      capacity and LVEF remained unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397490
TI  - Clinical value of the pitch of the third heart sound in ischemic heart disease.
AB  - The study investigates the genesis of the third heart sound (S3) in ischemic
      heart disease based on a mass-spring model. In such a system, the natural
      frequency of vibration, Fn, depends on the elastic constant, k, and the mass, m,
      according to the following relationship: Fn = 1/2 pi square root of k/m. To
      identify the cardiac structures representing k and m, the correlations between
      the energy of the S3 spectrum and the echocardiographic parameters were searched
      for. The results are consistent with a model in which k is represented by the
      thickness of the left ventricle and m by its blood content. The k/m ratio emerges
      as an important determining factor of the acoustic quality of S3, and yields
      information on the dysfunction of the left ventricle in ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 2397491
TI  - Doppler-echo evaluation of left ventricular diastolic filling in patient with
      mixed connective tissue disease.
AB  - Left ventricular diastolic function was assessed in 17 patients (2 males and 15
      females; mean age 44 +/- 9 years) with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and
      18 sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects (2 males and 16 females; mean
      age 44 +/- 8 years) by means of M-mode and pulsed Doppler echocardiography. None
      had clinical evidence of overt myocardial disease or abnormal left ventricular
      systolic function. Compared with the control group, patients with MCTD had a
      significantly longer isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) (59 +/- 7 versus 70 +/- 12
      ms; p less than 0.01), a lower peak early diastolic flow velocity (E) (0.79 +/-
      0.10 versus 0.70 +/- 0.07 m/s; p less than 0.005), a higher peak late diastolic
      flow velocity due to atrial contraction (A) (0.47 +/- 0.08 versus 0.54 +/- 0.08
      m/s; p less than 0.05) and a reduced E/A ratio (1.72 +/- 0.37 versus 1.33 +/-
      0.26; p less than 0.005). Although there was no significant correlation of left
      ventricular diastolic filling indexes with age, heart rate, left ventricular end
      diastolic and end-systolic dimensions, interventricular septal and left
      ventricular posterior wall thickness, and fractional shortening, the duration of
      illness was significantly related to IVRT (r = 0.62; p less than 0.01), peak A (r
      = 0.79; p less than 0.001) and velocity half-time (r = 0.54; p less than 0.05).
      The results suggest the presence of an abnormal left ventricular diastolic
      filling pattern in patients with MCTD and may represent myocardial involvement in
      this disease.

PMID- 2397492
TI  - Platelet aggregation inhibition in Trypanosoma vivax infection of sheep.
AB  - We have investigated in vitro platelet aggregation in platelet rich plasma from
      Trypanosoma vivax infected and control sheep using the dual channel Payton
      Aggregometer. Final concentrations of the following inducing agents were used:
      1.2 um ADP, 6.2 ug collagen, 1.2 ug ristocetin and 1 u thrombin. These showed
      that there was a significantly reduced aggregation of platelets from infected
      sheep (13.4 +/- 1.1 pc at week 3 post infection when compared with control sheep
      PRP 95.0 +/- 1.0pc; P less than 0.001) using ADP. Similar differences were also
      obtained with other inducing agents. Preliminary 14C-5HT uptake and release
      studies showed that there was difference in the uptake of label between platelets
      from infected (18.6pc) and control (28.4pc) sheep. However, when release was
      inducted, comparable results were obtained for both infected and control sheep
      platelets. It is concluded that the degree of aggregation inhibiting varies
      directly with the level of parasitaemia.

PMID- 2397493
TI  - Neonatal surgery in Harare Hospital.
AB  - The records of newborn babies with surgical conditions seen at Harare Hospital in
      1988 were reviewed. Survival rates for the commonest major conditions,
      oesophageal atresia with tracheo-oesophageal fistula, small bowel atresia and
      gastroschisis, were respectively 20 percent, 50 percent and 0 percent. Avoidable
      or unsatisfactory factors were encountered during the hospital course of 54
      percent of all babies and 76 percent of those who died. Suggestions are made for
      improving the outcome for babies with neonatal surgical conditions.

PMID- 2397494
TI  - Severe metabolic acidosis and "muti" (traditional herbal medicine) ingestion in
      young children.
AB  - Twenty infants and young children admitted with severe metabolic acidosis and a
      positive history of 'muti' ingestion were investigated. All had accompanying
      gastroenteritis and significant dehydration. Biochemical data was diagnostic of
      high anion/gap metabolic acidosis in the majority (70 per cent). Further
      biochemical data indicated that lactic acidosis and pre-renal azotaemia resulting
      from severe hypovolaemia were likely causes of the high anion GAP metabolic
      acidosis. There was no evidence to suggest that the ingested muti per se was
      associated directly with the acidosis or acute renal failure seen in these
      children.

PMID- 2397495
TI  - The management of empyema thoracis by thoracoscopy and irrigation.
AB  - A technique of irrigation for the management of empyema thoracis is described.
      Initial thoracoscopy using a laparoscope under general anaesthesia enabled
      adequate debridement and breakdown of loculi within the empyema cavity under
      direct vision. Following this procedure irrigation of the cavity with two tubes
      was started and continued until three consecutive cultures of drained irrigation
      fluid became sterile. The procedure was then discontinued. The results in 14
      patients are presented using this method, irrigation was required for an average
      of 14 days. Patients remained in hospital for an average of 4.8 weeks.
      Tuberculous empyema was not found to be a contra-indication to the irrigation
      technique.

PMID- 2397496
TI  - The value of fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of neuroblastoma.
AB  - A case is reported of a 3.5-year-old boy with neuroblastoma metastatic to the
      scalp. Owing to his poor clinical condition invasive surgical biopsy was
      contraindicated. However, fine needle aspiration cytology established the
      diagnosis which was confirmed at necropsy.

PMID- 2397497
TI  - Cerebral palsy in Dar Es Salaam.
AB  - Between December 1985 and July 1986 a study on cerebral palsy was undertaken
      among the inpatients and outpatients of the department of Paediatrics and Child
      Health, Muhimbili Medical Centre Centre, Dar Es Salaam. The objective of the
      study was to determine the clinical pattern of cerebral palsy and its associated
      handicaps. During this period, 100 children with cerebral palsy 56 boys and 44
      girls ranging in age between four months and 10 years were seen. The commonest
      type of cerebral palsy seen was spastic tetraplegia which occurred in 36 percent
      of the cases followed by spastic diplegia and hemiplegia seen in 20 and 15
      percent of the cases respectively. In 70 children the cerebral palsy was
      associated with other severe handicaps, the commonest being epilepsy which
      occurred in 35 percent of the children followed by deafness, speech disorders and
      blindness. Birth asphyxia, convulsions of undetermined causes, low birth weight,
      meningitis and cerebral birth trauma were found to be the leading causes of
      cerebral palsy. As these conditions are largely preventable or amendable to
      treatment, it is suggested that improvement of antenatal and perinatal care is
      important in the reduction of the incidence of cerebral palsy.

PMID- 2397498
TI  - Manifestation of allo H-2-restriction specificity by self H-2-restricted T cells.
AB  - Previous study has demonstrated that a considerable number of antigen-specific,
      allo H-2-restricted CTLPs could be recovered from normal lymphocytes. Experiments
      were conducted to examine whether antigen-specific, self H-2-restricted T cells
      could also manifest allo H-2-restriction specificity. Non-H-2-specific, self H-2
      restricted CTLs were induced in the microcultures with a limited number of
      responder spleen cells from B10(H-2b) mice that had been primed with C3H.SW(H-2b)
      spleen cells. Two hundred thirteen non-H-2-specific CTLs generated in limiting
      dilution culture condition were assayed for cross-reactivity against TNP-modified
      and unmodified allogeneic targets of 10 different H-2 haplotypes. Of these CTLs,
      29 (14%) were cross-reactive to a TNP-modified allogeneic target and seventeen
      (8%) to an unmodified allogeneic target. The quantitative analysis for cross
      reactivity of non-H-2 specific, self H-2-restricted CTLs reveals a significant
      number of CTLs that were cross-reactive with either alloantigen or antigen (TNP)
      plus allo H-2. Furthermore, CTL clones with triple specificities including self H
      2-restriction specificity, allo-reactivity, and allo H-2 restriction specificity
      were also found. These results indicate that antigen-specific, allo H-2
      restricted T cells are distinct not only from alloreactive T cells but also from
      antigen-specific, self H-2-restricted T cells. Significance of the manifestation
      of allo H-2 restriction specificity by self H-2-restricted T cells is discussed
      in regard to the generation of T cell repertoire.

PMID- 2397499
TI  - In vitro maintenance of bone marrow-resident T cell precursors in cultures
      supplemented with exogenous IL-3.
AB  - T cell precursors (pre-T cells) from adult murine bone marrow were propagated in
      vitro using a newly developed cell culture system. This system differs from
      "classical" bone marrow culture techniques in that it does not require the
      establishment of a monolayer of bone marrow stromal cells nor the presence of an
      irradiated feeder layer for the maintenance of the pre-T cell compartment, but
      rather depends on the continuous presence of exogenous interleukin-3 (IL-3) in
      the culture. Cells harvested from these cultures retain the capacity to
      repopulate the thymuses of sublethally irradiated recipient mice, following
      intrathymic transfer, for at least 2 weeks after the initiation of the cultures.
      Interestingly, pre-T cells maintained under these culture conditions rapidly lose
      their capacity for thymic repopulation following intravenous transfer, suggesting
      a potential defect in recirculation and/or homing properties. This culture system
      should prove useful in the investigation of bone marrow-resident pre-T cells.

PMID- 2397500
TI  - IL-4 acts synergistically on the IL-2 response of an autoreactive T-cell clone;
      synergism correlates with increased intracellular IL-2, but not with a modified
      IL-2 receptor expression.
AB  - TE44, an H-2b-restricted, self-reactive T-cell line, did not produce autocrine
      acting growth factors, neither after antigenic nor after mitogenic activation;
      they remained for their proliferation completely dependent on exogenously added
      IL-2. Administration of IL-4, which poorly promotes growth by itself, resulted in
      a 5- to 10-fold enhancement of the specific biological activity of IL-2 on
      antigen-activated TE44-cells. This synergism was exerted nonreciprocally and
      required the presence of both lymphokines. IL-4 did not affect the number, nor
      the affinity, nor the rate of internalization of the high-affinity receptors for
      IL-2. However, increased levels of intracellular IL-2 were observed, suggesting
      an effect of IL-4 on the turnover of IL-2. This might allow a prolonged activity
      of IL-2 or IL-2-associated molecules inside the cell. Furthermore, the lack of
      autocrine growth factor production by antigen-stimulated TE44 is discussed in
      terms of its relationship to the autoimmune specificity of these T-cells.

PMID- 2397501
TI  - Effects of interleukin 3, interleukin 4, and fibroblasts on cultures of human
      lung mast cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids.
AB  - The effects of T cell factors, including interleukin (IL)-3 and IL-4, and
      fibroblasts on the growth and differentiation of human lung mast cells (MCs)
      obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were examined. The number of MCs
      identified by alcian blue-safranin staining was twice that of the control culture
      without conditioned medium (CM) when BAL cells were cultured for 2 weeks in RPMI
      1640 containing 10% fetal calf serum and partially purified CM derived from PHA
      stimulated lymphocytes. In the presence of both recombinant (r) IL-3 and rIL-4,
      the number of MCs was twice as high as the control without increase in the per
      cell histamine content after 2 weeks' culture. In umbilical cord blood cultures,
      IL-3 plus IL-4 augmented basophilic cells about 20-fold more than the control
      when cultured for 2 weeks. In some cases, the percentage of safranin-positive MCs
      was about 2-5 fold greater, with 2-7 fold higher histamine content, when cultured
      for 10 days with CM and fibroblasts derived from human embryonic lung. However,
      in all BAL experiments, there was no increase in the total number of MCs after
      culture compared with the initial number of MCs, unlike the umbilical cord blood
      cultures. These results suggest that T cell factors, including IL-3 and IL-4, and
      fibroblasts may influence the phenotype and the survival of lung mast cells in
      BAL, whereas there was no evidence for the presence of MC precursors in BAL
      fluids.

PMID- 2397502
TI  - Increased attachment and confluence of skin epidermal cells in culture induced by
      ascorbic acid: detection by permeation of trypan blue across cultured cell
      layers.
AB  - In culture epidermal cells from the skin of newborn rats became attached to
      Millipore filters coated with type IV collagen much better than to filters coated
      with type I collagen. Ascorbic acid markedly increased the attachment and
      viability of epidermal cells seeded on type I collagen, but had no significant
      effect on cells seeded on type IV collagen. It was also found to enhance the
      synthesis of type IV collagen by the cells, which, we concluded, enabled the
      cells to become well attached to type I collagen. This conclusion was supported
      by studies on the penetration of trypan blue through the cell layers. There was a
      lag in penetration through cell layers cultured both with and without ascorbic
      acid on Millipore filters coated with either type I or IV collagen, indicating
      that the cells were confluent over the whole surface of the filters. The lag was
      much longer in the cultures with ascorbic acid, indicating greater confluence and
      tighter attachment of cells due to production of type IV collagen. The
      penetration was found to be due to destruction of the confluent cell layers by
      its cytotoxic effect. The time lag before penetration of trypan blue is a good
      index of the confluence and attachment of cultured cells to collagen layers.

PMID- 2397503
TI  - Simultaneous investigation of intracellular Ca2+ increase and morphological
      events upon fertilization in the sand dollar egg.
AB  - An increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]) and morphological were
      simultaneously observed by epifluorescence and differential interference contrast
      (DIC) microscopy during fertilization of the sand dollar, Clypeaster japonicus.
      [Ca2+], which was detected by a Ca2+ indicator, Fluo-3, initially increased just
      beneath the sperm-attached site on the egg surface 8.6 sec after attachment. The
      increase spread into the egg as a concentric sphere to the egg center and,
      thereafter, propagated in the egg cytoplasm as a planar wave rather than a
      spherical wave. It reached the site opposite the initiation site across the egg
      24.2 sec after initiation. The fertilization envelope (FE) began to elevate 10.3
      sec after the initiation of the increase in [Ca2+] and 21.2 sec after sperm
      attachment.

PMID- 2397504
TI  - [Changes in the myometrial cell structure during pregnancy and its effect on
      electrical resistance of the myometrium measured in vitro].
AB  - The authors investigated ultramicroscopically the intercellular connections in
      the myometrium of pregnant women. In a small group an increased frequency of
      these connections was observed in association with labour, but unrelated to the
      period of pregnancy. By measuring the electric resistance of the myometrium in
      vitro a lower electric resistance of the uterine musculature was recorded in
      women where uterine activity was under way. The authors assume that the increased
      presence of free connections reduces the electric resistance of tissue and makes
      more rapid spread of information in the myometrium possible. In the long run it
      is one of the factors which lead to spontaneous uterine activity.

PMID- 2397505
TI  - [Sperm agglutination antibodies studied in infertile couples at the Women's
      Clinic in Plzen 1980-1988].
AB  - The authors assessed sperm-agglutination antibodies in infertile couples in 1980
      1988, using the Kibrick test: in sera from 699 female patients, a positive result
      was found in 142 (20%) women, in sera from 352 men, in 6 (1.7%) sperm
      agglutination antibodies were detected. Using the microagglutination test, they
      examined sera of 3501 sterile women; in 273 (6.8%) they found sperm agglutination
      up to 1:16, above titre 1:32 in 12 (0.4%) of the patients. Using the same test,
      they examined sera of 2803 men and found sperm-agglutination up to 1:16 in 21
      (0.7%) and above 1:32 in 6 (0.3%). The most frequent type of sperm agglutination
      is aggregation of the heads; aggregation by tails or mixed agglutination are less
      frequent. In 3252 sterile women where no sperm-agglutination antibodies were
      found Kremer's test was negative in 1145 patients. The authors analyzed in 196
      sterile women the ovulation mucus by the microagglutination test and found a high
      anti-spermatozoidal activity in 24 (12%) women. Concurrently an indirect MAR test
      was made. Antibodies against sperm cells were found in 24 (12.2%) of specimens in
      sIgA, in 8 (4.1%) in IgG, in 2 (2%) in IgM and in one sample (0.5%) in IgE. The
      indirect MAR-test in sera of 325 sterile women revealed a predominance of anti
      spermatozoidal antibodies in IgG, in men in IgA. In seminal plasma the authors
      detected antibodies against sperm cells in sIgA. In seminal plasma the authors
      detected antibodies against sperm cells in sIgA and IgE.

PMID- 2397506
TI  - [Initial experience with the use of the Tesla tocography apparatus in the
      diagnosis of threatened abortion].

PMID- 2397507
TI  - [The effect of urinary tract infection in pregnancy on the weight of the placenta
      and fetus].

PMID- 2397508
TI  - [The effect of episiotomy on uterine involution].

PMID- 2397509
TI  - [Specific transabdominal amniocentesis in twins].

PMID- 2397510
TI  - [Prevention of postoperative complications after hysterectomy using
      metronidazole].

PMID- 2397511
TI  - [The IUD and its complications].

PMID- 2397512
TI  - [Synechiae of the labia minora].

PMID- 2397513
TI  - [Is luteal insufficiency a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis?].

PMID- 2397514
TI  - [A European first?].

PMID- 2397515
TI  - [Do our gynecologists suffer from the "burn out" syndrome?].

PMID- 2397516
TI  - [Our surgical approach in the treatment of otosclerosis over the past 10 years].
AB  - The most frequently used technique of surgery of otosclerosis used during the
      past ten years in the Central Military Hospital was Schuknecht's technique of
      wire and fat. 575 thus operated patients account for 89.4% of the total number of
      643 operations. A compensation of the bone reserve to 0-10 dB was achieved in the
      late results of 56.3% of the operated patients, in another 30% there were
      auditory gains of speech frequencies, on average above 10 dB. Favourable late
      results were thus achieved in 86.3% of the operated patients, deterioration of
      hearing was recorded in 4.8% (13 operated patients). Pistons of Schuknecht's type
      were used in 23 patients with the obliterating form of otosclerosis. As to late
      results, in 21 of the evaluated patients compensation of the bone reserve to 0-10
      dB was recorded in 28.6%. The mean auditory gains as regards speech frequencies
      higher than 10 dB were achieved in 47.6%. Favourable late results were thus
      recorded in 76.2% of operated patients with the obliterating form of
      otosclerosis. Deterioration of hearing occurred in this group in one operated
      patient (4.8%).

PMID- 2397517
TI  - [Topographic relations in the combined approach tympanoplasty technic].
AB  - In a topographic investigation the authors assessed on 20 cadaverous temporal
      bones the relationship between the size of the enlarged recessus facialis and the
      dimensions of the mastoid process as well as topographic possibilities of a lower
      medial communication between the trepanation cavity and sinus tympani. Only in
      two instances the maximal and minimal dimensions of the recessus facialis
      corresponded to the maximal and minimal dimensions of the mastoid process resp.
      The possibility to establish a lower medial communication between the trepanation
      and tympanal cavity depended on the size of the tip of the mastoid process and on
      the position of the sigmoid sinus and bulbus jugularis resp. in relation to the
      facial nerve.

PMID- 2397518
TI  - [New aspects of diagnostic criteria in BERA tests].
AB  - The purpose of the presented work was to investigate the relationship between the
      length of I-III and I-V intervals during BERA examinations on the intensity of
      the stimulus in healthy subjects. Furthermore to assess the normal range of the
      maximum length of I-III and I-V intervals. Twenty-seven subjects aged 15-57
      years, incl. 10 men, were examined. The stimuli were 100 us clicks, the repeating
      rate was 30/s, the stimulation intensity 0-85 dB nHL. The examination was made
      after administration of diazepam or rohypnol. TDH 49 earphones were used. Into
      the external auditory meatus on the examined side an electrode of the authors'
      own design in the shape of an open tube was introduced. The length of I-III and I
      V intervals depended on the intensity of stimulation. The differences of mean
      values of the length intervals at stimulation intensities of 65 dB nHL and 45 dB
      nHL were statistically significant: p less than 0.02 for interval I-III and p
      less than 0.0001 for interval I-V. We take as the upper borderline of the normal
      length of intervals I-III approximately 2.8 ms and of intervals I-V 4.7 ms, if
      the latency of wave I is smaller than 2.5 ms. When the latency of wave I is
      greater, even longer I-III and I-V intervals may be still normal.

PMID- 2397519
TI  - [Correlation of speech audiometry with the Fowler and Sabin method of hearing
      loss evaluation].
AB  - Evaluation of hearing losses for the purpose of granting pensions, for forensic
      purposes or for claims of damages is very important and it should not be based on
      a single examination method i.e., sound audiometry, which does not evaluate the
      entire auditory analyzer and does not fully appreciate the social usability of
      hearing. Statistical analysis and mutual correlations between monosyllabic
      audiometry, mixed and 3-4 syllabic audiometry and sound audiometry revealed that
      evaluation of hearing losses according to Fowler and Sabine correlates least with
      mixed verbal audiometry, although mixed verbal set-ups are typical for the Czech
      language as regards the structure and frequency of words. The authors recommended
      therefore the use of mixed verbal audiometry for the percentage evaluation of
      hearing losses. The actual proposal with a table of calculated hearing losses
      will be in a subsequent communication.

PMID- 2397520
TI  - [Supraglottic jet ventilation during direct laryngoscopy].
AB  - During 1983-1987 at the ENT Clinic, Faculty of General Medicine, Charles
      University, Prague 779 direct laryngoscopic examinations made where the technique
      of supraglottic ventilation was used. The method was introduced for the sake of
      greater safety during laser surgery of the larynx in the first 57 patients
      analysis of the blood gases in capillary blood was performed and the results were
      satisfactory. The technique which is described in detail is considered equally
      reliable and safe as ventilation by classical intubation. It provides, however, a
      better overall orientation of the larynx, better use of the laser technique, it
      saves operation time and intubation material.

PMID- 2397521
TI  - [Initial experience with a silicone T-tube of our design in stenoses of the
      larynx and trachea].
AB  - Due to research of plastics in the Research Institute of Cables and Isolates in
      Bratislava it was possible to develop a T-tube which proved useful in the
      comprehensive treatment of laryngotracheal stenoses at the ENT Clinic of the
      Faculty Hospital. The advantage of the prototype of the silicon laryngotracheal T
      tube is the ovoid shape of the horizontal arm which makes it possible to treat
      more readily the upper and lower arm. Closure of the horizontal arm permits
      normal respiration and phonation. The smoothness of the tube wall prevents
      adherence of mucus and formation of crusts in the tube. The biological inertness
      and adequate consistency of the T-tube permit epithelialization of the supported
      areas of the larynx and trachea without formations of excessive granulation
      tissue. In the submitted paper the authors describe their experience with the use
      of the silicon T-tube of their own design in three patients with laryngeal
      stenosis and stenosis of the cervical portion of the trachea.

PMID- 2397522
TI  - [Comprehensive therapy of paranasal sinus injuries].
AB  - In the introduction the authors mention some statistical aspects of cranial
      injuries and injuries of the maxillofacial area. Then they pay attention to
      injuries of the paranasal sinuses, one of the main objects of interest of ENT
      traumatology. Next the authors deal with their own experience with the diagnosis
      and treatment of these injuries. Since 1982 they hospitalized 15 patients with
      slight and 16 with serious injuries of the paranasal sinuses. They describe
      aetiological factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic and therapeutic
      procedures and .da of gunshot wounds are also described. In the conclusion the
      authors emphasize the importance of accurate and individual diagnosis and the
      predominantly surgical treatment of injuries of the paranasal sinuses. Finally
      they emphasize the advantages of interdisciplinary cooperation in these injuries.

PMID- 2397523
TI  - [Aberrant thyroid gland at the base of the tongue in children].
AB  - The authors emphasize that in case a tissue formation in detected on the root
      aberrant thyroid gland on the lingual root, without experiencing any marked
      subjective difficulties. In one of the girls it was the only thyroid tissue in
      the organism. The aberrant thyroid glands in both girls diminished markedly after
      endocrinological treatment with Thyreoidin. The authors emphasize that in case a
      tissue formation is detected on the root of the tongue, it is always essential to
      confirm or rule out an aberrant thyroid by endocrinological and gammagraphic
      examination. It would be a serious mistake to remove the formation without making
      these examinations, in particular if it were the only thyroid tissue in the
      organism as the child would develop hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2397524
TI  - Pertussis outbreak in the West Island region of Montreal.

PMID- 2397525
TI  - Comparison of measles experience in Ottawa, Ontario and Hull, Quebec.

PMID- 2397527
TI  - Cholera in 1989.

PMID- 2397526
TI  - National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) statement on influenza
      vaccination for the 1990-1991 season.

PMID- 2397528
TI  - Rabies and post-exposure rabies prophylaxis in Canada, 1987-1988.

PMID- 2397529
TI  - The new Canadian Virus Reporting System: laboratory evidence of human viral and
      selected non-viral infections in Canada--1989.

PMID- 2397530
TI  - [Correlation of pulmonary hemodynamics and electrical impedance pulmonary
      rheogram].
AB  - Pulmonary hemodynamic was taken in 16 patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH)
      and in 18 patients without pulmonary hypertension (NPH) and contrasted
      simultaneously with their electrical impedance rheogramm (IPR). The parameters of
      the pulmonary hemodynamic: PASP, PADP, PAMP, TPR, CpA had significant difference
      between PH and NPH, but there was no significant difference in SVI and CI between
      PH and NPH. The parameters in IPR: Q-B, B-Y, Q-B/B-Y, B-C, Hs, Cdz/dtmax had
      significant difference between PH and NPH. The correlation between the parameters
      in IPR and pulmonary hemodynamic were remarkable, their coefficient of
      correlation were 0.332-0.72. The regressional equation of PAMP was as follows:
      PAMP (mmHg) = 32.64-36.8Hs-110.432Q-C+31.208Q-B/B-Y. F = 15.33, S = 6.24, P less
      than 0.01. The clinical effect of the equation for the calculation of PAMP was
      satisfactory.

PMID- 2397531
TI  - [Nationwide random survey on the epidemiology of pulmonary tuberculosis in
      China].
AB  - The second nationwide random survey for the epidemiology of pulmonary
      tuberculosis was carried out in 1984/1985 in China. A total of 1,176,570 subjects
      were examined. Based on the tuberculin positive rate, the estimation of annual
      risk of infection was 0.60% in 1984, the annual decline rate of ARI was 6.3% as
      comparing between the data in 1979 and 1984. The prevalence of smear-positive
      pulmonary tuberculosis was 156/100,000, and its annual reduction rate was 3.2%
      since 1979. The prevalence of active pulmonary tuberculosis was 550/100,000, and
      its decrease rate per year was 4.7% since 1979. It is estimated, there are
      5,700,000 active pulmonary tuberculosis patients and over 1,620,000 of them being
      smear-positive cases in China.

PMID- 2397532
TI  - [An evaluation of lactic dehydrogenase and isoenzymes in the pleural fluid in
      tuberculous and malignant effusion].
AB  - In this article, we evaluated the usefulness of pleural fluid lactic
      dehydrogenase and isoenzymes in differential diagnosis of pleurisy. Lactic
      dehydrogenase activities and isoenzymes in pleural fluid were determined in
      twenty-five patients with tuberculosis and twenty-five patients with malignancy.
      The results showed that both lactic dehydrogenase level and isoenzymes in pleural
      fluid between two groups did not correlate significantly (P greater than 0.05).

PMID- 2397533
TI  - [Approach to chemotherapy of vertebral tuberculosis].
AB  - During 1979-1985, 1,074 cases of vertebral tuberculosis were studied for 2-6
      years after Treves' operation in our hospital. 690 cases received chemotherapy
      regularly. The recurrence rate within 2 and 6 years were 1.7% and 13.3%
      respectively. The recurrence rates in cases taking antituberculosis chemotherapy
      less than 6 months, for 6 months 12 months and 18 months were, 17.8%, 4.8%, 1.5%
      and 0.6% respectively. The chief drugs used in our series were INH, SM and RFP.

PMID- 2397534
TI  - [Surgical treatment of destructive pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - Total pneumonectomy combined with thoracoplasty should be applied to tuberculosis
      destructed lungs unresponsive to anti-TB treatment, of which the clinical
      symptoms are evident and both the maximum ventilation and vital capacity are 50%
      of the estimated values, and in which no organic disorders of the heart are found
      on examination. But for those below the age of 18, or with the left lung
      destructed alone, obvious left deviation of the mediastinum, relatively smaller
      residual cavity on the left side and negative sputum, simple total pneumonectomy
      should be considered. Postoperative care to improve the resistance of the
      respiratory system and to prevent recurrent infection is of significance to
      better long-term response.

PMID- 2397535
TI  - [Measurement of adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) in the pleural fluid].
AB  - ADA was examined in pleural fluid in cases of tuberculous and cancerous pleurisy.
      The level of ADA in pleural fluid in tuberculosis group (59.6 +/- 33.6 U/L) was
      significantly higher than that of cancerous group (13.3 +/- 4.0 U/L) (P less than
      0.01). The positive rates were 90.0% and 3.3% respectively.

PMID- 2397536
TI  - [Immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic observation of human lung
      carcinomas using biotinized peanut lectin (PNA)].
AB  - Ninety-three cases of various types of human primary lung carcinomas have been
      studied by immunohistochemical technique and 5 cases of human primary lung
      adenocarcinomas by immunoelectron microscopic method with biotinized peanut
      lectin (PNA). The results showed that PNA staining was weak positive or negative
      in the normal bronchial epithelial cells which are adjacent to the carcinoma
      studied but strong or moderate positive in the carcinoma proper (P less than
      0.05). The total positive rate of the lung carcinoma in this series is 81%. About
      85% of the positive adenocarcinoma the PNA receptors were distributed along the
      luminal border, which corresponded with the linear electron-dense deposits on the
      luminal surface of the adenocarcinoma cell's membrane by immunoelectron
      microscopy. Squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma and small cell
      carcinoma, large cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma were dominant in PNA
      cytoplasmic positive, while clear cell carcinoma in whole cell membrane positive.
      Some of the squamous cell carcinoma, large and small cell carcinoma showed
      microlumen by PNA staining that could not be found easily by conventional HE
      staining. It is suggested that these carcinomas mentioned above were poorly
      differentiated adenocarcinoma or other types of carcinomas combined with
      adenocarcinoma. The results also assumed that the increasing of PNA receptor may
      be proportional to the differentiation of lung carcinoma cell. Therefore PNA
      receptor may be considered as a marker of carcinoma cell differentiation. It
      could be helpful in early diagnosis of lung carcinoma and prediction of the
      prognosis.

PMID- 2397537
TI  - [Preliminary therapeutic observation in 82 cases of pulmonary infarction].
AB  - The therapeutic effects on pulmonary infarction in 82 cases were reported. The
      cases were divided into 2 groups: trial group of 60 cases treated with heparin
      and Chinese herbal medicine Qing Fei decoction (QFD) and control group with
      antibiotics, cough-remedy, expectorant and treatment for symptomatic relief. The
      results showed that the resolution rate of pulmonary infarction in the trial
      group was higher than that of the other group (P less than 0.01). The fading
      phase of the infarction appeared earlier in the trial group than that in the
      control group (P less than 0.01). Thrombophlebitis and venous thrombosis were
      cured simultaneously and the recurrence rate was lower in the trial group than
      that in the control. Evidences showed that heparin combined with QFD has a
      excellent effects on the treatment of pulmonary infarction.

PMID- 2397538
TI  - [Acute effects of smoking a single cigarette on airway dynamics].
AB  - The maximal expiratory flow-volume curve (MEFV) and airway resistance (Raw) were
      studied before and after smoking a single cigarette in 51 male and 51 female
      healthy nonsmokers. The results showed that there was a significant increase in
      Raw after smoking, but no change in MEFV. The acute airway response after smoking
      a single cigarette represents vagally mediated protective reflex. Raw is the most
      sensitive test in detecting acute airway constriction. There is no sexual
      difference in acute effects of smoking.

PMID- 2397539
TI  - [Experimental study of preventing emphysema with elastase inhibiting agents].
AB  - We have observed the influence of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae and Ligustrazini
      Hydrochloridum on the elastase activity and the protective effects of the two
      medicines on the elastic fibers. The results showed that Radix Salviae
      Miltiorrhizae and Ligustrazini Hydrochloridum can inhibit the activity of porcine
      pancreatic elastase and human sputum elastase. These two drugs can protect
      arterial and pulmonary elastic fibers from the destruction of elastase. Since
      these traditional Chinese herbs have little toxic effect and no antigenic
      character, they can be used in the preventing emphysema. The study suggest that
      it is useful Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae and Ligustrazini Hydrochloridum are as
      favourable elastase inhibiting agents, which may be used in the prevention of
      emphysema extensively.

PMID- 2397540
TI  - [Clinical and experimental study of wei-nin granules in the treatment of chronic
      superficial gastritis].
AB  - 408 cases of chronic superficial gastritis diagnosed by fibergastroscopy and
      histology were treated with Wei-Nin granules (WNG), The symptomatic effective
      rate was 90.5%, while therapeutic effect proved by gastroscopy and histology was
      81.9% and 72.8% respectively. These results compared with the control were
      statistically significant. In animal experiment, it is shown that WNG had an
      evident protective effect to the mucous membrane of rats and guinea pigs. These
      animals had suffered gastritis and gastric ulcer induced by drugs. The effect of
      WNG was similar to cimetidin. The pharmaceutical mechanism of WNG proved that it
      could inhibit the secretion of pepsin. The acute and chronic poisoning test was
      negative both in vitro and in vivo. WNG were nearly no any side effects in this
      study. Therefore it is a new type of herbs in treatment of chronic superficial
      gastritis and is different from H2-receptor inhibitor.

PMID- 2397541
TI  - [Clinical observation and experimental study of the treatment of aplastic anemia
      by warming and tonifying the spleen and kidney].
AB  - 84 cases observed were divided into 4 types according to principles of diagnosis
      and treatment based on an overall analysis of symptoms and signs, namely: Yang
      deficiency of the Spleen and Kidney (62 cases, 73.8%), Yin-deficiency leads to
      internal heat (6 cases), deficiency of both the Heart and the Spleen (7 cases),
      and prostration of Qi after loss of blood (9 cases). The patients were treated
      with the method of warming and tonifying the Spleen and Kidney by using Er-Xian
      decoction of warming the Kidney. The three other types were also treated with the
      method after being relieved with the methods of tonifying the Heart and the
      Spleen, of nourishing Yin to relieve internal heat and cooling blood, and of
      strengthening Yang to stop chronic hemorrhage respectively so that function of
      the blood and Qi would promote each other and be improved. The total effective
      rate was 84.5%, and remission rate was 47.6% among 84 cases, but 91.9% and 50.0%
      in the type of Yang-deficiency of the Spleen and Kidney alone. Among the
      effective cases there was a remarkable improvement in the hemogram after
      treatment (P less than 0.001, less than 0.01), and the long-termed curative
      effect was also exciting. The mechanism of Er-Xian decoction of warming the
      Kidney was investigated through the nourishment of the hemopoiesis stem cell. The
      experiment showed that the decoction could increase CFU-S and GM-CFU in the bone
      marrow under the lower hemopoietic function of the bone marrow, and increase GM
      CFU and CFU-E in the bone marrow of normal rats (P less than 0.001, less than
      0.01, less than 0.05). The histological findings showed that there was a
      reduction in hemorrhage and hyperemia in the bone marrow between the decoction
      group and the control group, and the recovery of hemopoietic function was better
      than the latter.

PMID- 2397542
TI  - [Early stage of gan-zheng in children treated with sheng-zhang-Ling].
AB  - The authors report here the results of prospective clinic study on 108 cases of
      the early stage of Gan-Zheng (infantile malnutrition) in children. It was proved
      that professor Zhan Qisun's tested recipe Sheng-Zhang-Ling(SZL) had an obvious
      effect in treating children with early stage of Gan-Zheng. The total effective
      rate was 90.2%, and the significantly effective rate was 60.79%. Various symptoms
      of patients using this prescription disappeared or improved. The increase of body
      weight, height and subcutaneous fat of these patients was faster than those of
      the blank control group and the group using zinc sulfate. The difference was
      statistically significant among those three groups. It was indicated that effects
      of the SZL group were not caused by children's natural growth and development.
      There was an obvious advantage over the zinc sulfate group with regard to
      clinical effects, side effects and total synthetic effects. It was concluded SZL
      is an effective prescription for curing patients with early stage of Gan-Zheng
      and stimulating children's growth and development. Hemoglobin, D-xylose in urine,
      serum gastrin, serum zinc ion were detected before and after the treatment. It
      was suggested that SZL had the effects to stimulate gastrointestinal secretion
      and absorption, to improve digestive function, to increase serum zinc ion and to
      cure anemia.

PMID- 2397543
TI  - [Preliminary study of traditional Chinese medicine treatment of minimal brain
      dysfunction: analysis of 100 cases].
AB  - This paper reports the clinical treatment of 100 patients with minimal brain
      dysfunction (MBD), their age ranged from 7-14.2 years, and the average age was
      10.5. Patients were divided into TCM and WM group randomly. The TCM group (80
      cases) were treated with the therapy of subdueing hyperactivity of the Liver and
      invigorating the function of the Spleen by using: Bupleurum chinense, Scutellaria
      baicalensis, Astragalus membranaceus, Codonopsis pilosula, Ligustrum lucidum,
      Lophatherum gracile and thread of ivory. The WM group (20 cases) were treated
      with retalin 5-15 mg twice daily. One course of treatment lasted one month, and
      effects were evaluated after 1-3 courses of treatment. The results were as
      follows: In the TCM group, 23 cases were cured (clinical symptom and sign
      disappeared, 10 IQ units were raised in their intelligence, abnormal
      electroencephalogram was recovered and there was no recurrence during the first
      six months after recovery). 46 cases were improved (clinical symptom and sign
      markedly improved, 4 IQ units raised in intelligence and electroencephalogram
      improved), and 11 cases ineffective. The effective rate was 86.25%. In the WM
      group, 6 cases were cured, 12 cases improved and 2 cases ineffective, the
      clinical effective rate being 90.0%. There was no significant difference between
      the two groups in this study, but, the side-effects of the TCM group was less
      than the WM group, and the TCM group had more beneficial effects to improve
      intelligence, enuresis and the black of orbits. The study showed that the Verbal
      Scale in Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children is one of the indications of
      diagnosis and evaluating of the curative effect of MBD.

PMID- 2397544
TI  - [Treatment of orthostatic dysregulation by the principle of bu-shen yi-qi].
AB  - Sixty cases of orthostatic dysregulation was randomly divided into treatment
      group (TG) and control group (CG), both 30 cases. Traditional Chinese medical
      herbs were used for TG under the principle of Bu-Shen Yi-Qi, and routine
      treatments such as oryzanol, vitamin B1 and B6 were applied to CG. After a
      curable stage of one month, the results showed that 16 of TG and 4 of CG were
      cured; 8 of TG and 6 of CG improved. The cure rate and the effective rate were
      significantly better in TG than in CG (P less than 0.01). 43 cases (71.7%)
      clinically expressed mild anemia. Before and after the treatment, the values of
      RBC, SI, Hb, SIBC, MCH in 20 cases of TG turned significantly better (P less than
      0.01), but 17 cases of CG remained unchanged under the principle. The authors
      purposefully selected herbs that contain rich trace elements. For example, iron
      is an important element of Hb and zinc is an element in proteotic nucleicacidase.
      The quantity of zinc in body is related to many enzyme activities. Since these
      herbs could increase chronotropic effect of blood vessels and cure anemia, they
      could be used to cure patients with orthostatic dysregulation.

PMID- 2397545
TI  - [Urine osmotic pressure and deficiency-excess syndrome of renal disease: analysis
      of 428 cases].
AB  - By means of TCM differentiation of symptom-complexes, the authors tested and
      analysed the urine osmotic pressure (UOP) and the urine and plasma osmotic ratio
      (UPOR) for 428 cases of renal disease, with the conclusion that the UOP and the
      UPOR were within the normal value range for not only the 36 cases lack of
      clinical symptoms so as to be unable to have TCM classification identified, but
      also for 24 cases of Wind edema excess syndrome mainly caused by pathogenic
      Wind's invasion to the Lung. But for 74 cases of damp-heat Kidney impairment and
      294 cases with the main symptom being Kidney deficiency [including weakness of Qi
      of Kidney, Yang deficiency of Spleen and Kidney, Yin deficiency of Liver and
      Kidney], the value of their UOP and the UPOR had the tendency of reduction (P
      less than 0.01), among which the value of the patients of Kidney Yang deficiency
      reduced most obviously. The further observation showed that, for the nocturia
      patients caused by renal disease, the value of UOP and the UPOR reduced more
      obviously than usual. Therefore the authors assert that the test on UOP and UPOR
      will offer an objective index to patients' nocturia and Kidney-Qi weakness. 60
      cases with renal disease of Kidney deficiency syndrome and 27 cases of damp-heat
      Kidney impairment syndrome under the diagnosis and treatment based on an overall
      analysis of symptoms and signs leads to the following conclusion: With the
      elimination of pathogenic factors and recovery of kidney, the damp-heat Kidney
      impairment patients' UOP will be increased. The low UOP of patients caused simply
      by Kidney deficiency, however, will recover slower.

PMID- 2397546
TI  - [Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with low doses of multi-glycosides of
      Tripterygium wilfordii].
AB  - Thirty two cases of rheumatoid arthritis were treated with multi-glycosides of
      Tripterygium wilfordii (T2) in a dosage of 30 mg daily for 12 weeks. Significant
      improvements in clinical and laboratory variables were observed. In comparison
      with the results of routine dose of T2 (60 mg per day) treatment, there was no
      significant difference to be seen between the two treatment plans. Meanwhile,
      symptom of rash and slightly alimentary canal lower incidences and milder
      manifestations of side effects of T2 were found in the patients of low dose group
      than in that of routine dose group. It is suggested that it is reasonable to
      choose the dose of 30 mg daily as the routine treatment for rheumatoid arthritis
      patients.

PMID- 2397547
TI  - [Effect of a decoction of six ingredients with rehmannia on the periodontal
      tissues of animals with kidney diseases].
AB  - In this paper, Kidney Yin and Yang deficiency animal models were made by the
      medicine (hydrocortisone, thyroxin). At the same time the occlusal trauma was
      accompanied. It was caused by means of corprophagy (microorganism) fed and
      artificial damage. The authors observed the injuries and effects of the local and
      systemic factors caused on the periodontal tissues of rats. From the experiment
      the authors found the injuries of the periodontal tissues in Kidney deficiency
      models were severer than those of the models without Kidney deficiency. The
      results showed that the function of the traditional medicine was a matter of
      protection, regeneration and repairing to the periodontal tissues of Kidney Yin
      deficiency models. In addition, the weights and activities of the experimental
      animals fed by Decoction of Six Ingredients with Rehmannia were higher than those
      without taking the traditional medicine.

PMID- 2397548
TI  - [Interactions of Western antihypertensive drugs and Chinese drugs].

PMID- 2397549
TI  - [Preliminary report on various symptoms of chronic hepatitis treated with radix
      Astragali and its regulative effect on levels of serum hormone].
AB  - 67 cases of chronic hepatitis were treated with Radix Astragali. After treatment
      (2-month course), the clinical improvement rates in 38 cases of the Gan-Yu Pi-Xu
      type and in 26 cases of the Gan-Shen Yin-Xu type were 92.1% and 88.5%
      respectively, more effective than that of the control group (P less than 0.05).
      The regulative effect to the levels of serum hormone was observed in the patients
      of Gan-Yu Pi-Xu type with this medicine. The results showed that the levels of
      serum T3, E2 (female) and T (male) were increased after treatment (1.40 +/- 1.38
      ng/dl, 129.30 +/- 1.23 pg/ml and 496.24 +/- 1.47 ng/dl respectively) than that
      before treatment (1.22 +/- 1.49 ng/dl, 104.60 +/- 1.45 pg/ml and 398.17 +/- 1.55
      ng/dl respectively, P less than 0.05); however, the level of serum PRL (2.75 +/-
      4.46 ng/ml) was lower after treatment than that (3.20 +/- 3.82 ng/ml) before
      treatment (P less than 0.05). No obvious changes were observed in the levels of
      serum FSH, LH, TSH, T4; T3U and F after treatment.

PMID- 2397550
TI  - [Erythrocyte deformability and extracorporeal thrombosis in patients with blood
      stasis syndrome].
AB  - The patients were divided into 3 groups: 127 cases of cor pulmonale, 47 cases of
      glomerulonephritis and 17 cases of coronary heart disease. Erythrocyte
      deformability indices (DI) and changes during extracorporeal thrombosis were
      investigated in all the 3 groups, in comparison with a group of 80 normal healthy
      individuals. The result showed that all the patients had notably lower DI
      (respectively 1.21 +/- 0.99, 0.73 +/- 0.93), and 0.84 +/- 0.81 for the groups in
      the given order), longer length of extracorporeal thrombi (L in mm, respectively
      45.94 +/- 38.78, 62.88 +/- 43.65 and 59.74 +/- 40.99) and larger top inclination
      angle of blood plane in silicon-lined ring tube (respectively 15.66 degrees +/-
      6.09 degrees, 13.21 degrees +/- 9.33 degrees and 12.65 degrees +/- 8.02 degrees)
      than individuals over 40 in the comparison group. In the group of cases of cor
      pulmonale, patients with abnormal pH and respiratory failure had apparent greater
      L than those with pH compensation and without respiratory failure; diminished DI
      were also observed in association with pH abnormality. In the group of nephritis,
      patients with renal failure and chronic nephritis showed evidently lower DI than
      those without renal failure but acute nephritis; increased L were also noted in
      association with renal failure. In addition, a similar comparison was done
      between individuals over 40 and individuals at or younger than the age of 40. It
      was found that people over 40 tended to have diminished DI, increased L and Wt of
      extracorporeal thrombi, and augmented initial inclination angle of blood plane
      though not as notably as what was observed in the 3 groups of victims of blood
      stasis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397551
TI  - [Pathologic morphology of the indented tongue].
AB  - This paper use the methods of light microscope, electronmicroscope to observe the
      appearance of pathology and morphology of the convex and concave parts of the
      indented tongue edge, and examine the histology of normal tongue edge as a
      contrast. The authors consider that the main pathological changes of the indented
      tongue are: Thinning of the epithelial layer; change of rough endoplastic retica;
      reducing in tonofilaments; edema of cells and tissues, and decreasing in elastic
      fibers and collagenic fibers, etc.

PMID- 2397552
TI  - [Endocrine function in stomach yin deficiency syndrome (SYDS): research on
      patients with SYDS following abdominal surgery or severe acute abdominal diseases
      (II)].
AB  - Patients with SYDS following abdominal operation or with severe acute abdominal
      diseases were observed on changes of the thyroid, adrenal function and digestive
      hormones. The results showed that the serum concentration of T3 in patients with
      SYDS decreased by about 50% with the control (P less than 0.001). The
      concentration of T4 decreased too (P less than 0.001). The rT3 content increased
      and there were no obvious changes in the content of TSH and T3RUR. The
      manifestations conformed to "low T3 syndrome" in nonthyroid diseases. The amount
      of urine 17-KS and 17-OHCS per 24 hours decreased (P less than 0.001 and P less
      than 0.05 respectively). The serum gastrin level decreased by 60.4% with the
      control (P less than 0.002) and that of VIP increased (P less than 0.05). The
      results suggested that the patients had decreased thyroid and adrenal function
      and the secretion of hormones of digestive tract decreased.

PMID- 2397553
TI  - [Curative effects of modified xiao-jin pills and chemotherapy after surgery in
      patients with mid and late phase gastric cancer].
AB  - From 1986, the authors mainly used Modified Xiao-Jin Pills (MXJP) added with
      chemical treatment to cure patients in mid and late phase of gastric cancer after
      operation. 72 patients were verified as gastric cancer by pathological section
      and phases were divided according to TNM classification which was revised by the
      national cooperative group of gastric cancer in 1978. The patients were randomly
      divided into curative and control groups. The two groups were basically similar
      in sex, age, clinic pathological phase and operation. One month after operation,
      the two groups received the same treatment except that the control group did not
      take MXJP. The indexes of observation consisted of living rate, substance of
      tongue and 5 indexes of blood coagulation (AT-III, Fn, FA, VIII R:Ag and beta
      TG). The curative effects showed that MXJP could enhance gastric cancer patients
      living rate for 1, 1.5 and 2 years among which it was obvious for phase IV's
      gastric cancer patients to enhance 1 year's living rate (P less than 0.05), and
      lower the negative rate of substance of tongue (P less than 0.001). The indexes
      of AT-III, Fn FA and VIII R:Ag and beta TG of gastric cancer patients had changed
      for the better (P less than 0.05). The results showed that MXJP can enhance the
      capacity of body to antagonize coagulation fibrinolysis, remove blood stasis and
      further enhance the living rate of patients. MXJP has better curative effects of
      short term.

PMID- 2397554
TI  - [Effects of kuo-guan granule on plasma zinc, copper and erythrocyte GSH-Px
      (glutathione peroxidase) in patients with angina pectoris].
AB  - The changes of the plasma zinc, copper and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase
      (GSH-Px) were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry and DTNB color
      development, in 31 patients suffering from coronary heart disease with angina
      Pectoris before and after taking Kuo-Guan granule one month. The results showed
      the plasma zinc was 16.83 +/- 2.60 mumol/L, copper 14.17 +/- 2.99 mumol/L, and
      erythrocyte GSH-Px 0.75 +/- 0.12 Eu/Hbmg/min in the normal control group. In
      patients with angina Pectoris, the plasma zinc was 14.39 +/- 4.44 mumol/L, copper
      17.47 +/- 4.42 mumol/L, and erythrocyte GSH-Px 0.49 +/- 0.075 Eu/Hbmg/min before
      treatment; the plasma zinc was 20.17 +/- 3.97 mumol/L, copper 15.74 +/- 3.15
      mumol/L, and erythrocyte GSH-Px 0.72 +/- 0.10 Eu/Hbmg/min after treatment. These
      results indicate that the plasma zinc and erythrocyte GSH-Px were lower and
      copper was higher in the patients than the normal control group before treatment
      (P less than 0.01), the plasma zinc and erythrocyte GSH-Px were increased and
      copper was decreased after treatment (P less than 0.01). These suggest that
      therapeutic mechanism of Kuo-Guan granule to coronary heart disease with angina
      Pectoris may be related to it's regulation on trace elements disturbance in body.

PMID- 2397555
TI  - [Immobilization of the fractured patella by an embracing ring device].
AB  - 48 cases of fractured patella treated by embracing ring device from 1976-1988
      were reported. Among the group, there were 31 males and 17 females, aged 20-80
      years. The types of fractures were transverse 28 cases, comminuted 8 cases,
      fissure or stellate 12 cases; closed 43 cases, opened 5 cases. The methods were
      adopted, namely: (1) Simple immobilization with embracing ring device. (2)
      Cylinder plaster cast combined with embracing ring device. (3) Open-reduction
      with internal fixation combined with embracing ring device. According to the
      holistic concept the authors adopted both external and topical application of
      paste to relieve local swelling and oral administration of traditional Chinese
      medicine. After bone-union the embracing ring device was removed in conjunction
      with external lotion and active exercises. The 48 cases were followed up ranging
      from 5 months to 6 years. Satisfactory results were obtained in 41 cases
      (85.42%). Finally the authors emphasized that the preservation of patella plays
      an important role in maintaining the extensor mechanism of the knee from
      physiological and biomechanic views, if the articular surface can be perfectly
      restored. The nature of embracing ring device and related problems were also
      discussed.

PMID- 2397556
TI  - [Effects of fu-zheng jie-du decoction and cyclophosphamidum on the production of
      tumor necrosis factor in mice].
AB  - Fu-Zheng Jie-Du decoction (FZJD) was an adjuvant drug of anti-tumor. In the
      present paper, the authors studied the effects of FZJD and cyclophosphamidum
      (CTX) on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production of peritoneal macrophages (PM) of
      normal and EMT6 solid tumor-bearing mice. The results showed that in vitro,
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could induce TNF production of PM of normal mice; in
      contrast; FZJD and CTX were unable to induce TNF and inhibited the LPS effect. In
      vivo, CTX could not influence the TNF production of PM of tumor-bearing mice but
      FZJD could enhance the TNF production of PM of tumor-bearing mice treated with
      CTX.

PMID- 2397557
TI  - [Influence of Rhizoma pinelliae on the occurrence of micronucleus in bone marrow
      polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) in mice and frequencies of SCE in cultured human
      lymphocytes].
AB  - Contradictory effects of Rhizoma Pinelliae have been reported in pregnant mice,
      rats and rabbits, because the decoction of Rhizoma Pinelliae has obvious
      embryotoxicity. This paper was obtain an experimental analysis of the frequencies
      of micronucleus of bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) in mice and
      sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in cultural lymphocytes of human. The results
      showed that the decoction of Rhizoma Pinelliae neither induces the occurrencies
      of micronucleus nor SCE frequencies. Therefore, it may be concluded that the
      decoction does not have toxicogenetical effects.

PMID- 2397558
TI  - [Effect of acupuncture on exercise ability in rabbits].
AB  - 7 male rabbits were chosen for the experiments. They were tired out on the P20
      type table. The blood samples were obtained from the arteria before and after
      exercise. Blood gas was tested by ABL3 acid-bases balance laboratory made by
      Denmark's Radiometer Company. The results showed that blood pH and glucose were
      reduced after exercise, compared with that before exercise (P less than 0.05).
      The blood was acid. But when they were given acupuncture on Shenshu (U.B. 23)
      point bilateral, their exercise-duration under the same intensity was prolonged
      (P less than 0.05), blood glucose restored, and blood acid-base balance was
      relatively stable. The complexity of this mechanism needs further study.

PMID- 2397559
TI  - [Effect of the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis of a mixture of
      Hawthorn and Motherworn].
AB  - Two groups of cocks were divided into controls and medications. High lipid food
      was given to both groups. The medications were given mixture of Hawthorn and
      Motherworn. The effect on prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis with the
      mixture was observed. The results showed that cholesterol, beta-lipid protein,
      triglyceride, blood sugar, whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity,
      electrophoresis of red cell and fibrinogen in the medications were statistically
      lower than that in the controls. The results confirms the effect of the mixture
      on the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis in the pathology section of
      coronary artery.

PMID- 2397560
TI  - [Pathogenesis and treatment of respiratory muscle fatigue according to the theory
      of insufficiency of spleen-yang].

PMID- 2397561
TI  - Postnatal changes of cathepsin D activity in rat liver and brain.
AB  - Total and specific activity of cathepsin D (EC. 3.4.23.5) were measured in rat
      liver and brain from 1 to 98 days of age. The activity of cathepsin D in the
      liver of adult and newborn rats was the same while in the rat brain it was higher
      in adult than in newborn rats. In the liver maximum specific activity of
      cathepsin D occurred on the 10th postnatal day and minimum on the fourth day of
      age. In the brain maximum specific activity of the enzyme occurred on the 14th
      postnatal day. Total activity of cathepsin D increased after birth in rat liver
      and brain. These results are discussed in relation to the functional role of
      cathepsin D in the rat liver and the brain.

PMID- 2397562
TI  - Influence of 4-hydroxynonenal on chemiluminescence production by unstimulated and
      opsonized zymosan-stimulated human neutrophils.
AB  - The lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2, 3-trans-nonenal (HNE) has a spectrum
      of biological effects on different cell types depending on the concentrations
      tested. In particular micromolar HNE concentrations stimulate neutrophil
      migration and polarization whereas higher doses inhibit. In our experimental
      conditions, fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP) increased CL production of both unstimulated and
      zymosan-stimulated neutrophils, whereas cell stimulation with low HNE
      concentrations as well as zymosan addition to HNE incubated cells did not enhance
      light emission. In contrast 10(-4) M HNE reduced CL emission by unstimulated
      cells nearly to background values, completely depressed CL production by zymosan
      stimulated cells and reduced phagocytosis. Cysteine was found to be able to
      counteract the HNE effect by about 70 per cent. The possibility that this
      aldehyde could exert its inhibitory effect through the alkylation of NADPH
      oxidase SH-groups is postulated. Moreover, our present data on differences
      observed between fMLP and HNE indicate a different chemotactic mechanism induced
      by these two classes of compounds and lead to the conclusion that the local
      functional features of the attracted cells may be different.

PMID- 2397563
TI  - Reduced oxidative activity of circulating neutrophils in patients after
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - Circulating neutrophils isolated from patients 3-4 h after a myocardial
      infarction produced less O2-. compared with controls, when stimulated with
      phorbol myristate acetate or formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine. Three days
      after the infarction the O2-. generation elicited by both stimuli further
      decreased markedly. Seven and 15 days after infarction the O2-. stimulated
      production was only slightly lower than or similar to the control values. The
      neutrophils of infarcted patients showed an augmented latency period before O2-.
      production compared with controls in response to exogenous stimuli, particularly
      three days after infarction. Electron microscopy revealed that the neutrophils
      isolated from the infarcted patients displayed signs of cell exhaustion with few
      alterations of the plasma membranes when stimulated with phorbol ester. In
      contrast, control neutrophils displayed alterations of the plasma membranes
      characteristic of active neutrophils. The results of this study indicate that the
      circulating neutrophils appear exhausted and functionally inhibited immediately
      after myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2397564
TI  - ATP modifications in hexokinase deficient fibroblasts exposed to nutrient shifts.
AB  - Human fibroblasts from a patient homozygous for hexokinase (HK) deficiency and
      normal controls were submitted to different nutrient shifts to investigate the
      role of glucose metabolism on ATP levels. HK-deficient cells maintained in the
      presence of both glucose and L-glutamine had 20 per cent less ATP than controls
      and an ATP/ADP ratio of 18 instead of 37-40. Glucose alone was not able to
      maintain normal ATP levels neither in the controls nor in the HK-deficient cells.
      However while in control cells the ATP/ADP ratio was not modified, it was reduced
      to 10 in HK deficiency. The effect of several hexoses on ATP levels was also
      investigated. Mannose, which is metabolized by HK phosphorylation, was the least
      efficient for ATP maintenance in HK-deficient cells. In contrast galactose, which
      is metabolized by a specific galactokinase, provided ATP values close to those
      observed in the presence of glutamine. These results suggest that glucose
      metabolism is an important determinant in the maintenance of ATP levels in
      cultured cells and that glutamine, although being a good metabolic substrate, is
      not sufficient to maintain normal ATP concentrations.

PMID- 2397565
TI  - Acid-soluble purine and pyrimidine derivatives of growing, encysting and
      encystment-inhibited amoebae.
AB  - The intracellular acid-soluble purine and pyrimidine derivatives of myxamoebae
      swarm cells of Physarum flavicomum were investigated during growth, microcyst
      formation, and during adenine-inhibition of encystment, using high performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC). We also studied the incorporation of exogenous
      radioactive adenine into the acid soluble purine derivatives and S-adenosyl
      sulphur compounds separated by HPLC. The most abundant ribonucleoside
      monophosphate was AMP in the growing and 15 h encysting cells (NC), while it was
      UMP in the 15 h adenine-inhibited cells (AIC). ADP was the nucleoside diphosphate
      present in the greatest quantity in the growing and NC cells but it was CDP in
      the AIC. The nucleoside triphosphate in highest concentration was ATP, UTP, and
      GTP in growing, NC, and AIC, respectively. Guanosine was the most abundant
      nucleoside in all cells. The nucleobase occurring in greatest concentration was
      cytosine, cytosine and guanine, and adenine in the growing, NC, and AIC,
      respectively. The AMP content in the 15 h AIC was 2.1-fold higher than that of
      adenosine. The 15 h NC had the lowest adenylate energy charge, a value of 0.54 +/
      0.02, while the values for growing cells and the AIC were 0.62 +/- 0.02 and 0.76
      +/- 0.01, respectively. [14C]-Adenine labelling studies (15 h) revealed the
      occurrence of purine nucleotide interconversion, as the label was detected not
      only in adenosine, AMP, ADP, ATP, but also in guanine, guanosine, GMP, GDP, GTP,
      as well as, in inosine monophosphate and xanthosine monophosphate. The percentage
      incorporation of the radiolabelled adenine into AMP was higher than into
      adenosine. An increased intracellular level of guanine nucleotides is associated
      with the inhibition of encystment. The extracellular adenine, rather than
      internal adenine sources, appears to be the primary precursor of nucleotide for S
      adenosylmethionine synthesis during adenine-inhibition of encystment.

PMID- 2397566
TI  - Influence of the new inotropic agent DPI 201-106 on the total capacitance
      vasculature in dogs.
AB  - Recent investigations have demonstrated that the piperazinyl-indole DPI 201-106
      (DPI) acts to increase contractility independent of increases in cAMP or
      inhibition of Na+, K(+)-ATPase. Since associated changes in the capacitance
      vasculature would also be expected to influence ventricular performance, the
      influence of DPI on total intravascular volume (IV) was examined. In eight
      anesthetized dogs undergoing prior sinoaortic baroreceptor denervation and
      bilateral cervical vagotomy, blood from the venae cavae was drained to an
      extracorporeal reservoir and returned to the right atrium at a constant rate so
      that changes in IV could be recorded as reciprocal changes in reservoir volume.
      Racemic DPI at 50 micrograms/kg/min for 20 min was associated with a 65 +/- 7 ml
      (P less than 0.0001) decrease in total IV and a decrease in mean arterial
      pressure from 80 +/- 7 to 74 +/- 5 mmHg (P less than 0.0001). DPI administration
      was associated with a 67 +/- 9 ml (P less than 0.05) decrease in IV after beta
      adrenergic blockade and a 68 +/- 11 ml (P less than 0.05) decrease in IV after
      alpha and beta adrenergic blockade. Abdominal evisceration abolished the IV
      decrement due to DPI. Radionuclide imaging studies demonstrated that decreases in
      hepatic and splenic IV contributed to the decrease in splanchnic IV. Thus, DPI
      acts to decrease total IV. The IV decrement is due entirely to a decrease in
      splanchnic IV and is not mediated by baroreceptor stimulation or by adrenergic
      receptor stimulation. In the animal with an intact circulation, the total IV
      decrement would be expected to increase venous return and thereby act to maintain
      ventricular end diastolic pressure.

PMID- 2397567
TI  - Effect of red cell transfusion on oxygen consumption following fluid
      resuscitation in septic shock.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that fluid resuscitation in septic shock improves
      oxygen consumption. Red cell transfusion during resuscitation from septic shock
      has also been shown to enhance oxygen consumption in patients with elevated
      lactate levels. This study investigates the effect of increasing oxygen delivery
      (DO2) through an isolated increase in arterial oxygen content following adequate
      fluid resuscitation from septic shock in humans. Nineteen patients receiving red
      cell transfusion (591 +/- 55 SEM ml) were monitored for changes in hemodynamic
      and oxygen utilization variables before and after transfusion. Transfusion
      resulted in a significant increase in hemoglobin (8.3 +/- 0.3 to 10.7 +/- 0.3
      g.dl-1) and DO2 (483 +/- 29 to 621 +/- 32 ml.min-1.m-2). No increase in cardiac
      output or pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) resulted from the transfusion.
      In spite of the increase in delivery, there was no increase in oxygen consumption
      (VO2) or decrease in lactate. Subset analysis revealed that a pretransfusion
      oxygen extraction ratio under 24% was associated with an increase in VO2, but the
      pretransfusion level of cardiac index, PAWP, lactate, or VO2 was not. An isolated
      increase in arterial oxygen content as a means of increasing DO2 does not improve
      VO2 in septic shock following adequate fluid resuscitation. Patients with a low
      oxygen extraction ratio (less than 24%) represent a subset of patients which did
      improve consumption with transfusion, and may represent a more severe
      microcirculatory disturbance not amenable to fluid loading.

PMID- 2397568
TI  - Biological responses to liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) are improved by a
      PAF antagonist.
AB  - Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) is an experimental oxygen-carrying blood
      substitute. Previous studies in our laboratory with hydrogenated soy lecithin
      based LEH indicated that while this solution maintained some physicochemical and
      oxygen-carrying properties of red blood cells, it evoked several transient (30
      120 min) untoward biological responses, such as hypertension, tachycardia,
      thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration, and elevation of plasma thromboxane B2
      (TXB2). Such biochemical, hematological, and hemodynamic derangements are also
      produced by platelet-activating factor (PAF). The purpose of this study was to
      test the biological responses to administration of a newly produced synthetic
      distearoyl phosphatidylcholine-based LEH (s-DSPC-LEH) in the normal conscious rat
      (n = 6-11) and to examine the role of PAF in these processes. Systemic (IV)
      administration of S-DSPC-LEH caused transient hypotension (-23 +/- 8 mmHg, P less
      than 0.05), bradycardia (-24 +/- 11 bpm, P less than 0.05) followed by
      tachycardia (+62 +/- 21 bpm, P less than 0.05), decreased cardiac index (217 +/-
      21 ml/min/kg, P less than 0.01), increased peripheral resistance (0.570 +/- 0.003
      mmHg/ml/min/kg, P less than 0.01), transient leukocytosis (+6,870 +/-
      1,801/microliters, P less than 0.05), hemoconcentration (+5.2 +/- 0.4%, P less
      than 0.01), thrombocytopenia (-160 +/- 18 X 10(3)/microliters, P less than 0.01),
      and increase in plasma TXB2 (45.0 +/- 1.9 pg/100 microliters, P less than 0.01).
      Separate infusion of the liposome vehicle or free hemoglobin, the two components
      of s-DSPC-LEH, did not evoke any consistent responses. Administration of the PAF
      antagonist BN 50739 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to LEH prevented the
      hemodynamic changes and hemoconcentration induced by s-DSPC-LEH. These data
      suggest that hemoglobin/phospholipid interactions might account for the transient
      side effects of s-DSPC-LEH, possibly through interactions with blood elements and
      the resultant production of PAF and TXA2. Furthermore, PAF antagonists
      incorporated into or co-administered with LEH might enhance its biological
      applications.

PMID- 2397569
TI  - Differential alteration of vascular reactivity in rabbit aorta with modest
      elevation of serum cholesterol.
AB  - The effect of diet-induced, moderate elevation of serum cholesterol on vascular
      reactivity in isolated rabbit abdominal aortic rings was examined by using a
      series of vasoconstrictor and vasodilator agonists. Serum cholesterol of rabbits
      that were fed a cholesterol-free, casein-rich diet for 10 weeks was elevated
      approximately 4.5-fold compared with values found in control rabbits that were
      fed standard lab chow (223 +/- 41 versus 51 +/- 5 mg/dl, respectively).
      Relaxation responses to carbamylcholine chloride and (+/-)-isoproterenol
      hydrochloride in vessels from hypercholesterolemic rabbits were markedly
      inhibited in the presence of norepinephrine, prostaglandin F2 alpha, 5
      hydroxytryptamine, and angiotensin II but not in the presence of phorbol 12,13
      dibutyrate. The depressed vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic vessels appeared
      to depend on the agonist initiating the contraction. Sodium nitroprusside-induced
      relaxations were unchanged in rings from hypercholesterolemic rabbits compared
      with rings from control rabbits for all contractile agonists except KCl. Isolated
      aortic rings from hypercholesterolemic rabbits exhibited a slight but
      significantly increased vasoconstrictor sensitivity to 5-hydroxytryptamine and
      KCl but not to norepinephrine, prostaglandin F2 alpha, angiotensin II, or phorbol
      12,13-dibutyrate compared with aortic rings from control rabbits. These results
      demonstrate that modest elevation of serum cholesterol is sufficient to depress
      vasodilator and enhance vasoconstrictor responses to certain agonists.
      Vasodilator effects are impaired to a greater extent by a small increase in serum
      cholesterol than are responses to vasoconstrictor agonists. It is postulated that
      the induction of differential alterations in vascular reactivity with moderate
      increase in serum cholesterol may represent important early events predisposing
      arteries to vasospasm.

PMID- 2397570
TI  - Insignificant bilateral convergence of preganglionic vagal fibers on
      postganglionic neurons to the canine heart.
AB  - We determined the extent of convergence of preganglionic fibers from the right
      and left vagus nerves on postganglionic neurons that supply the sinoatrial node
      in chloralose-anesthetized dogs. We administered hemicholinium-3 and stimulated
      the right vagus nerve at a high frequency to deplete acetylcholine from the
      postganglionic parasympathetic neurons supplied by that nerve. We compared the
      effects of this "depletion regimen" with the responses in two control groups: a
      stimulation control group, which was subjected to high-frequency right vagus
      stimulation only, and a drug control group, which received a hemicholinium-3
      infusion only. The effects of right vagus stimulation did not differ from those
      of left vagus stimulation in either of the control groups. In the animals
      subjected to the depletion regimen, the responses to right vagus stimulation were
      almost abolished. However, the left vagus nerve retained its ability to prolong
      cardiac cycle length in these animals. Thus, our experiments indicate that left
      vagus preganglionic fibers do not converge with right vagus preganglionic fibers
      on a substantial pool of postganglionic neurons that innervate the canine
      sinoatrial node.

PMID- 2397571
TI  - Developmental changes in cardiac myocyte calcium regulation.
AB  - Developmental changes in the contributions of transsarcolemmal Ca2+ influx and
      Ca2+ release from intracellular storage sites to myocardial contraction were
      evaluated in isolated ventricular myocytes from neonatal (aged 1-7 days) and
      adult (aged 8-10 weeks) New Zealand White rabbits. Contractions ceased in one
      beat when extracellular Ca2+ was decreased from 1mM to micromolar levels using a
      rapid perfusion technique. On reperfusion with 1 mM Ca2+, recovery of control
      contraction amplitude occurred after significantly fewer beats in neonatal
      myocytes compared with adult myocytes, and after 1 minute compared with 5 minutes
      of reduced Ca2+. After 15 minutes of perfusion with either 1 or 10 microM
      ryanodine, contraction amplitude decreased in both age groups, but the decrease
      was significantly greater in adults than in neonates. These experiments indicate
      that isolated ventricular myocytes may be used in the study of developmental
      changes in intracellular Ca2+ regulation. Results suggest that cardiac
      contraction in neonates is relatively more dependent on transsarcolemmal Ca2+
      influx. Furthermore, although Ca2+ release from intracellular storage sites is
      present in both neonates and adults, its role in cardiac contraction is more
      significant in adults.

PMID- 2397572
TI  - Differences in the electrophysiological response of canine ventricular
      subendocardium and subepicardium to acetylcholine and isoproterenol. A direct
      effect of acetylcholine in ventricular myocardium.
AB  - A prolongation of the ventricular effective refractory period in response to
      cholinergic agonists or vagal stimulation has been demonstrated in a number of in
      vivo animal models. However, exposure of isolated myocardial tissues obtained
      from these hearts to as much as 10(-4) M acetylcholine has been shown to produce
      essentially no change in action potential duration or effective refractory
      period. The discrepancy between the in vivo and in vitro findings generally has
      been explained on the basis of accentuated antagonism, whereby parasympathetic
      agonists exert their influence through antagonism of the effects of beta
      adrenergic tone in vivo. The fact that acetylcholine exerts little if any direct
      effect on the electrical activity of ventricular myocardium, although well
      accepted, is based exclusively on studies performed using endocardial
      preparations. Our recent demonstration of major electrophysiological differences
      between canine ventricular endocardium and epicardium prompted us to examine the
      effects of acetylcholine and the role of accentuated antagonism in these two
      tissue types. Using standard microelectrode techniques, we show that
      acetylcholine (10(-7)-10(-5) M) has little if any effect in canine ventricular
      endocardium but a pronounced effect to either prolong or markedly abbreviate
      action potential duration and effective refractory period in epicardium. These
      effects of acetylcholine on epicardium are attended by an accentuation of the
      spike and dome morphology of the action potential, are readily reversed with
      atropine, fail to appear when epicardium is pretreated with the transient outward
      current blocker 4-aminopyridine, are accentuated in the presence of isoproterenol
      (10(-7) to 5 x 10(-6) M), and persist in the presence of propranolol.
      Isoproterenol-induced abbreviation of action potential duration and effective
      refractory period is also shown to be more pronounced in epicardium than in
      endocardium; equimolar concentrations of acetylcholine completely antagonize the
      effects of isoproterenol in endocardium and epicardium. We conclude that
      acetylcholine exerts important direct effects on the electrical response of
      canine ventricular myocardium, which are accentuated in the presence of beta
      adrenergic agonists. Our findings suggest the differential response of epicardium
      and endocardium to acetylcholine is due to the presence of a transient outward
      current-mediated spike and dome morphology in the epicardial action potential.
      Finally, the data suggest that acetylcholine may exert antiarrhythmic as well as
      arrhythmogenic effects through its actions to alter conduction and
      refractoriness.

PMID- 2397573
TI  - Evidence against the "early protection-delayed death" hypothesis of superoxide
      dismutase therapy in experimental myocardial infarction. Polyethylene glycol
      superoxide dismutase plus catalase does not limit myocardial infarct size in
      dogs.
AB  - We previously found that superoxide dismutase (SOD) did not limit myocardial
      infarct size after 40 or 90 minutes of ischemia and 4 days of reperfusion in
      dogs. Because some other studies have shown limitation of infarct size after
      shorter periods of reperfusion, we postulated that our negative results might be
      due to late reperfusion injury mediated by superoxide anions produced after
      excretion of SOD. To test this "early protection-delayed death" hypothesis, we
      have examined whether SOD, conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG-SOD) to prolong
      its circulating half-life, limited myocardial infarct size. The circumflex artery
      was occluded for 90 minutes followed by 4 days of reperfusion. PEG-SOD (total
      dose, 10,000 units/kg) and catalase (55,000 units/kg) were given during the 30
      minutes before reperfusion. Plasma SOD levels in the treated group were 330 +/-
      20 units/ml at the onset of reperfusion and 140 +/- 10 units/ml on day 4
      (circulating half-life, 75 +/- 5 hours) versus 5 +/- 1 units/ml in controls.
      Histological infarct size was 37.1 +/- 4.2% of the area at risk in the treated
      group (n = 11) versus 44.5 +/- 6.2% in controls (n = 10) (p = NS). Infarct size
      and collateral blood flow were inversely related in controls; PEG-SOD and
      catalase did not shift this regression (p = NS by analysis of covariance). Thus,
      infarct size was not limited when measured after 4 days of reperfusion, even
      though plasma SOD exceeded 100 units/ml throughout this reperfusion
      period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397574
TI  - Correlation between transmural high energy phosphate levels and myocardial blood
      flow in the presence of graded coronary stenosis.
AB  - Spatially localized nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to
      investigate with transmural differentiation the response of myocardial high
      energy phosphate compounds and inorganic orthophosphate (Pi) to graded reductions
      in coronary blood flow caused by sustained coronary stenosis. In an open-chest
      model, localized 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra from five layers across
      the left ventricular wall were obtained simultaneously with transmural blood flow
      measurements during control conditions and during sustained graded reductions in
      intracoronary pressure. Both the blood flow, and high energy phosphate and Pi
      contents displayed transmural heterogeneity in response to decreases in
      intracoronary pressure. The subendocardial creatine phosphate (CP) level remained
      unchanged as blood flow was reduced to approximately 0.7 ml/min/g wet wt and
      decreased precipitously beyond this critical flow level. The relation between CP
      and flow in the midmyocardium and especially in the subepicardium was more
      complex. Subepicardial CP content did not correlate well with blood flow;
      however, in cases in which a coronary stenosis resulted in subendocardial
      hypoperfusion but subepicardial flow was near or above normal, a close
      correlation was present between subepicardial and subendocardial CP levels. ATP
      levels in all layers remained unaltered until blood flow was severely reduced.
      These results demonstrate that 1) the myocardial high energy phosphate and Pi
      levels at any transmural layer are not generally determined by O2 and blood flow
      limitation under basal conditions; 2) during subtotal coronary occlusion,
      increased oxygen extraction is able to meet myocardial needs until a critical
      level of stenosis is reached; 3) below a critical flow level, subendocardial CP
      and Pi contents are closely correlated with absolute subendocardial blood flow;
      and 4) in the presence of a coronary stenosis, subepicardial CP and Pi contents
      may change even in the absence of perfusion deficit secondary to loss of
      subendocardial function.

PMID- 2397575
TI  - Changes in cerebrovascular prostaglandins and thromboxane as a function of
      systemic blood pressure. Cerebral blood flow autoregulation of the newborn.
AB  - Cerebrovascular concentrations of prostaglandin E (PGE), prostaglandin F2 alpha
      (PGF2 alpha), 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha), and thromboxane
      B2 (TXB2) were determined over a blood pressure range of 17-117 mm Hg (induced by
      inflation of balloon-tipped catheters placed in the thoracic descending aorta and
      at the aortic root) in eight newborn piglets to access the role of prostanoids in
      cerebral blood flow (CBF; measured using radioactive microspheres)
      autoregulation. Basal systemic blood pressure, heart rate, blood gases, total
      CBF, and prostanoid concentrations were stable. CBF was constant between 50 and
      90 mm Hg, but beyond this range CBF varied directly with blood pressure (tau =
      0.48; p less than 0.05). Sagittal sinus concentrations of PGE, PGF2 alpha, and 6
      keto-PGF1 alpha varied with blood pressure according to a quadratic function (R2
      = 0.92 to 0.96; p less than 0.0001), exhibiting lowest values between mean blood
      pressures of 60 and 90 mm Hg. During hypotension (17-49 mm Hg), there was a
      greater relative increase in sagittal sinus concentrations of TXB2 than of PGE,
      PGF2 alpha, and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha; at the lowest blood pressures, TXB2 increased
      by 658 +/- 44%, and prostaglandins increased on the average by 331 +/- 49% (p
      less than 0.01) from their values during normotension (50-90 mm Hg). During
      hypertension (91-117 mm Hg), cerebrovascular production and concentrations of
      prostaglandins increased by 142 +/- 31% and 45 +/- 10%, respectively, but did not
      change for TXB2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397577
TI  - Sinus and atrioventricular nodal distribution of sympathetic fibers that contain
      neuropeptide Y.
AB  - Neuropeptide Y and norepinephrine are localized in sympathetic nerve terminals
      throughout the heart. We sought to determine the functional distribution of the
      neuropeptide Y-containing sympathetic fibers to the sinus and atrioventricular
      (AV) nodal regions. We recorded cycle length, AV interval, and arterial pressure
      in 14 anesthetized dogs. We assessed the release of neuropeptide Y from
      sympathetic nerve terminals by measuring the attenuation of the vagal effects on
      cycle length and AV interval that occurred after unilateral ansa subclavia
      stimulation. Three-minute trains of right or left ansa stimulation, each applied
      at frequencies of 2, 5, and 10 Hz, produced a frequency-dependent inhibition of
      the vagal effects on cycle length and AV interval. After right ansa stimulation
      (10 Hz), however, the percent inhibition of the vagal effects on cycle length was
      21 +/- 5% greater (p less than 0.001) than the percent inhibition of the vagal
      effects on AV interval. Conversely, after left ansa stimulation (10 Hz), the
      percent inhibition of the vagal effects on AV interval was 54 +/- 7% greater (p
      less than 0.001) than the percent inhibition of the vagal effects on cycle
      length. The vagal stimulus characteristics (frequency or voltage) did not
      significantly alter the percent inhibition, nor did the percent inhibition depend
      on the vagus stimulated (right or left vagus). We conclude that most of the
      neuropeptide Y-containing sympathetic fibers at the sinus node originate in right
      sided ganglia, whereas most of those at the AV node originate in left-sided
      ganglia.

PMID- 2397576
TI  - Patterns of body surface potential and ventriculograms specific to occlusion of
      subdivisions of the coronary arteries.
AB  - The thoracic activation map patterns, the distribution of occlusions, and the
      ventriculograms obtained at cardiac catheterization were examined in 166 patients
      with multivessel coronary disease without conduction defects or prior coronary
      intervention. The mean potential and ventriculographic configurations were
      determined for 15 groups, each formed on the basis of significant luminal
      occlusion (less than or equal to 90%) of an individual coronary arterial
      subdivision. We mathematically extracted distinctive map and wall motion patterns
      specific for isolated occlusion of each of the 15 major subdivisions. For these
      prototypes we found the following: 1) Definitive change in electrical pattern
      (less than 2 SD from the normal mean) occurred frequently outside the electrode
      sites of the standard electrocardiogram. 2) Focal akinesis systematically
      followed lesion site down the arterial courses; early electrical activation
      patterns corresponded to identifiable anatomic loss. 3) Certain paradoxes arose,
      for example, similar wall motion change but quite dissimilar electrical patterns
      from posterior descending artery occlusion of right coronary versus left
      circumflex origin. This technique unmasks component surface electrical patterns
      and ventriculographic deformities otherwise unrecognized in multisite,
      multivessel disease.

PMID- 2397578
TI  - Age-related decrease of calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing vasodilator
      innervation in the mesenteric resistance vessel of the spontaneously hypertensive
      rat.
AB  - We previously demonstrated that the mesenteric resistance blood vessels have
      nonadrenergic, noncholinergic vasodilator innervation in which calcitonin gene
      related peptide (CGRP) is a possible neurotransmitter. The role of CGRP
      containing vasodilator nerves in hypertension was investigated in perfused
      mesenteric vascular beds isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The
      adrenergic vasoconstrictor responses to perivascular nerve stimulation in both
      SHR (8-, 15-, and 30-week-old) and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat
      preparations increased with aging, but the response was greater in SHR than in
      WKY rats at all ages. The preparation isolated from SHR and WKY rats was
      precontracted by continuous perfusion of Krebs' solution containing 7 x 10(-6) M
      methoxamine plus 5 x 10(-6) M guanethidine. In both SHR and WKY rats,
      perivascular nerve stimulation (1-8 Hz) produced frequency-dependent
      vasodilation, which was blocked by 1 x 10(-7) M tetrodotoxin, pretreatment with 5
      x 10(-7) M capsaicin, and denervation by cold storage (4 degrees C for 72 hours).
      The vasodilation induced by perivascular nerve stimulation in SHR greatly
      decreased with age, whereas a slight decrease in the response with age was found
      in WKY rats. The neurogenic vasodilation in the young SHR preparation was similar
      in magnitude to the vasodilation in age-matched WKY rats, whereas the
      vasodilation in 15- and 30-week-old SHR was significantly smaller than that in
      age-matched WKY rats. In both SHR and WKY rats, perfusion of rat CGRP (1 x 10(
      10) to 3 x 10(-8) M) produced marked vasodilation in a concentration-dependent
      manner. The CGRP-induced vasodilation in SHR increased with age, whereas an age
      related decrease in vasodilation was found in WKY rats. Perivascular nerve
      stimulation (4 and 8 Hz) of the perfused mesenteric vascular bed evoked an
      increased release of CGRP-like immunoreactive substance in the perfusate, which
      was significantly less in 15-week-old SHR than in age-matched WKY rats.
      Immunohistochemical studies showed an age-related decrease in CGRP-like
      immunoreactive fibers in SHR but not in WKY rats. These results suggest that CGRP
      containing vasodilator innervation is greatly decreased when SHR develop and
      maintain hypertension. It is also suggested that the decreased vasodilator
      mechanism by CGRP-containing nerves contributes to the development and
      maintenance of hypertension.

PMID- 2397579
TI  - Xanthine oxidoreductase activity in perfused hearts of various species, including
      humans.
AB  - Oxygen free radicals generated by xanthine oxidase have been implicated in
      cardiac damage. The activity of xanthine oxidase/reductase in adult rat heart is
      considerable. Its assay gives controversial results for other species, for
      example, rabbits and humans. Therefore, we perfused isolated hearts of various
      species, including explanted human hearts, to measure the conversion of exogenous
      hypoxanthine to xanthine and urate. We assayed these purines with high
      performance liquid chromatography. The apparent xanthine oxidoreductase
      activities, calculated as release of xanthine plus 2x urate, were (milliunits per
      gram wet weight, mean +/- SEM) mice 33 +/- 3 (n = 5), rats 28.5 +/- 1.4 (n = 9),
      guinea pigs 14.4 +/- 1.0 (n = 5), rabbits 0.59 +/- 0.09 (n = 5), pigs less than
      0.1 (n = 6), humans 0.31 +/- 0.04 (n = 7), and cows 3.7 +/- 0.8 (n = 4). In
      rabbit heart the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine was slow, and that of
      xanthine to urate was even slower. On the other hand, guinea pig and human heart
      released little xanthine, indicating that xanthine breakdown exceeds its
      formation. We conclude that isolated perfused mouse, rat, guinea pig, and also
      bovine hearts show considerable xanthine oxidoreductase activity, contrasting
      rabbit, porcine, and diseased human hearts.

PMID- 2397581
TI  - Comments on "Quantification of myocardial infarct size after coronary reperfusion
      by serum cardiac myosin light chain II in conscious dogs".

PMID- 2397580
TI  - Swimming causes myosin adaptations in the rat cardiac isograft.
AB  - To investigate the contributions of humoral and hemodynamic factors to cardiac
      adaptations associated with chronic exercise, female Fischer 344 rats were
      subjected to chronic swimming, infrarenal cardiac transplantation, or both.
      Swimming resulted in hypertrophy (11-12%) of the in situ hearts in both the
      unoperated and operated animals compared with the matched sedentary controls. The
      cardiac isograft exhibited atrophy (32-35%), which was not attenuated by
      swimming. The cardiac isograft was also associated with a decrease in the percent
      of V1 myosin isoenzyme, which was attenuated by swimming (45 +/- 5% versus 66 +/-
      6%). Swimming also increased the percent of this isomyosin in the in situ hearts
      of operated rats. These data suggest that hemodynamic load and/or neural
      innervation are necessary for hypertrophy associated with chronic conditioning by
      swimming, whereas myosin isoenzyme control is significantly mediated by humoral
      factors.

PMID- 2397582
TI  - Abstracts from the 63rd scientific sessions. American Heart Association. Dallas,
      Texas, November 12-15, 1990.

PMID- 2397583
TI  - Marked neurotrophic effects of diffusible substances released from non-target
      cerebellar cells on thalamic neurons in culture.
AB  - A primary culture of thalamic cells from 6-day-old postnatal rats was co-cultured
      for 6 days with neocortical or cerebellar cells (neurons and astrocytes) from the
      same litter using a Transwell mesh system. The survival of thalamic neurons grown
      on the lower well, which were affected by substances released from cells grown on
      the upper wells, was remarkably promoted by both neocortical co-cultures (target
      for thalamic projection neurons) and cerebellar co-cultures (non-target). When
      the cells were seeded on mesh at lower density, the neurotrophic effects of
      neocortical co-cultures on thalamic neurons (204% of control) were significantly
      greater than those of cerebellar co-cultures (138%). When the cells were seeded
      on mesh at higher density, the effects of cerebellar co-cultures increased
      dramatically (517% of control), while the neurotrophic effects of neocortical co
      cultures did not change. Morphologically, the survival of multipolar-shaped
      thalamic neurons was remarkably improved, as compared to the survival of
      monopolar, bipolar, and tripolar-shaped thalamic neurons. Basic fibroblast growth
      factor slightly promoted thalamic neuronal survival (136%), whereas nerve growth
      factor had no effect. These results suggest that neocortical and cerebellar cells
      release diffusible factor(s) that promote the survival of specific subpopulation
      of thalamic neurons, and that at least one of the non-target cerebellar cell
      derived factor(s) might be more potent than those released from target
      neocortical cells.

PMID- 2397584
TI  - Patterns of functional innervation in the auditory nuclei of the chick brainstem
      following early unilateral removal of the otocyst.
AB  - Neurons in the third-order auditory nuclei in the brainstem of chicks (nuclei
      laminares, NL) receive functional innervation from the ipsilateral and
      contralateral second-order nuclei (nuclei magnocellulares, NM) which is
      restricted to the dorsal and ventral dendrites respectively. This pattern of
      innervation in NL is established by embryonic stage 40 (day 15 of incubation). We
      have examined the distribution of this innervation in both NL at this age or
      older in embryos from which one otocyst had been removed or damaged on day 3 of
      incubation. The distribution of functional synapses was determined by analysis of
      the changes in polarity of field potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of
      either the ipsilateral or contralateral NM. The distribution of field potential
      polarity in NL of 40% of recordings in operated embryos and in all sham-operated
      embryos was the same as that observed in unoperated embryos. However, in the
      remaining operated embryos, the time course of the field potentials and the
      changes in the polarity of the responses as the recording electrode penetrated NL
      were abnormal. The abnormal complexity of responses and the abnormal distribution
      of field potential amplitude in NL in the operated embryos suggests that loss or
      damage to the first-order auditory innervation can result in (a) the formation of
      novel, functional synapses between second-order auditory neurons, and/or (b)
      disruption of processes that produce segregated innervation of the dendrites of
      the third-order auditory neurons.

PMID- 2397585
TI  - Olfactory bulb and sensory epithelium in goldfish: morphological alterations
      accompanying growth.
AB  - Considerable growth of both the body and the brain occurs throughout the lifespan
      in goldfish. In the present study growth-related changes in the goldfish
      olfactory system were examined using quantitative morphometric techniques as well
      as [3H]thymidine autoradiography. While the two olfactory structures examined,
      the bulb and the rosette, grow in proportion to the rest of the animal, each
      structure shows evidence of differential maturation. Examination of olfactory
      bulb laminar volumes suggest that bulbs expand primarily by generating neuropil
      rather than by adding new cells. This interpretation was supported by the
      findings that olfactory bulb granule cells decrease in density and increase in
      soma size as animals grow. Additionally, virtually no [3H]thymidine-labeled cells
      were found in the granule cell zone. Olfactory rosettes grow by adding new
      lamellae to the structure's medial aspect as well as by increasing the length of
      existing lamellae. These findings were supported by examining [3H]thymidine
      labeled cells, which were differentially distributed across the rosette, with
      significantly more labeled cells found medially vs laterally. Results are
      discussed in terms of their implications for the system's functioning during
      growth.

PMID- 2397586
TI  - Transient expression of an intermediate filament-associated protein (IFAPa-400)
      during in vivo and in vitro differentiation of chick embryonic cells derived from
      neuroectoderm.
AB  - The expression of an intermediate filament (IF) associated protein (IFAPa-400)
      and IF proteins was investigated during chick neurogenesis. Using immunoblots and
      indirect immunofluorescence we have found that IFAPa-400 was strongly expressed
      during the early events of nervous tissue ontogenesis and disappeared thereafter.
      IFAPa-400 was elevated in the brain and retina until ED 10 and until hatching in
      the cerebellum. This protein was shown to be transiently expressed in the Muller
      glia of the developing retina. In the brain, IFAPa-400 decreased as development
      proceeded in a way similar to vimentin but the latter remained elevated in the
      retina and the cerebellum radial glia (Muller and Bergmann cells). In all tissues
      examined, GFAP was detected long after the disappearance of IFAPa-400. In dorsal
      root ganglion cell cultures, IFAPa-400 and vimentin were absent from mature
      neurons but were coexpressed into supportive cells. In trunk neural crest cell
      cultures, IFAPa-400 and vimentin were present in all cells after one day but
      IFAPa-400 became undetectable after a few days of culture in differentiated
      melanocytes and catecholaminergic neurons. The transient expression of this giant
      cytoskeletal protein in non-differentiated cells deriving from the neuroectoderm
      could reflect a structural change which precedes overt cytodifferentiation.

PMID- 2397587
TI  - Postnatal development of peroneal motoneurons in the kitten.
AB  - In 1- to 72-day-old kittens, motoneurons of the 3 peroneal muscle nuclei were
      labeled by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase from individual
      muscles. At birth, the locations of peroneal nuclei were similar to those of the
      adult cat. Counts of motoneurons at different ages indicated that postnatal cell
      death does not occur in peroneal motor nuclei. Primary dendrites were as numerous
      in motoneurons of newborn kittens as in adult motoneurons but they were thinner,
      shorter and poorly ramified. The number of recurrent axon collaterals was higher
      in the first postnatal week than at later stages. The growth of motoneurons
      followed similar rates in the 3 peroneal nuclei. Distributions of cell body
      diameters and volumes were unimodal at birth and became bimodal between 15 and 20
      days postnatal. The separation of peroneal motoneurons in two size subgroups,
      presumably corresponding to alpha and gamma populations, was followed by an
      increase in growth rate which became faster for alpha than for gamma motoneurons.

PMID- 2397588
TI  - Development of tonotopy in the inferior colliculus. I. Electrophysiological
      mapping in house mice.
AB  - The development of the size and tonotopy of the mouse inferior colliculus (IC)
      was studied at postnatal ages of 9-20 days. During that time, the size of the IC
      remained constant in all 3 planes (rostrocaudal, mediolateral dorsoventral). At
      day 10, the first low-frequency responses without tonotopy could be recorded from
      neurons in the rostral and central parts of the central nucleus sparing its
      caudal part, very medial portions, the medial part (M) of the central nucleus,
      the dorsal cortex and the lateral nucleus. Then, an extension of the frequency
      responsiveness occurred towards (1) the caudal pole which was reached by about
      day 14, (2) the dorsal surface reached between days 12 and 14, (3) the ventral
      border of the IC reached by about day 15. The high-frequency nucleus of the IC (M
      part of the central nucleus) remained unresponsive to tones up to day 13. Between
      days 10 and 20, there was a constant increase of highest characteristic
      frequencies (CFs) measurable of neurons in the IC. During that time, lowest
      measurable CFs remained rather constant. Neurons at a given constant collicular
      depth of more than about 400 microm showed a clear shift of CF from low to high,
      that is, they were tuned to the higher frequencies the older the animals were.
      Cochlear and collicular origins of this observed shift of tonotopy are discussed.

PMID- 2397589
TI  - Growth factor responses of enriched bipotential glial progenitors.
AB  - Responses of oligodendrocyte/type 2 astrocyte (O-2A) glial progenitors from
      neonatal rat brains to different growth factors were studied by a new, serum-free
      method. Enriched tertiary cultures of O-2A progenitors were produced after 6-7
      days in vitro using the growth-promoting factors from the B104 CNS neuronal cell
      line, heparin, and mechanical separation. These cultures contained about 75-90%
      A2B5+ cells with less than 10% type 1 astrocytes, and the yield was 4.4 x 10(5)
      cells/brain. B104 conditioned medium (CM) factors increased both O-2A progenitor
      number and [3H]thymidine-labeling indices after three days. However, type 1
      astrocyte CM was required for continued survival of enriched progenitors beyond 1
      day in tertiary culture. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and glia
      maturation factor also showed growth-promoting action, but were less effective
      than B104 CM at tested doses. PDGF-neutralizing antibodies had no effect on
      progenitor survival or response to B104 CM factors. Thus, type 1 astrocyte
      derived PDGF was not required for this response, B104 CM is not likely to contain
      PDGF, and B104 CM factors act directly on O-2A progenitors. Fibroblast growth
      factor, transforming growth factor beta, interleukin 2, epidermal growth factor,
      and triiodothyronine showed no growth-promoting activity; moreover, interleukin
      2, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor beta, and 0.5% fetal
      bovine serum inhibited B104 CM action. Enriched progenitors exhibited
      bipotentiality by slowly differentiating into oligodendrocytes in serum-free
      medium, whereas culture in 10% fetal bovine serum increased type 2 astrocytes.
      Thus, this new method selects or produces progenitors which are similar to those
      from mature brains.

PMID- 2397591
TI  - Postnatal development of the wild-type and weaver cerebellum after embryonic
      administration of propylthiouracil (PTU).
AB  - In this study we used propylthiouracil (PTU), a thyroid hormone-inhibiting
      compound, to render +/+, wv/+, and wv/wv embryos hypothyroid in order to test if
      the appearance of external granule layer (EGL) cell death in the weaver
      cerebellum is affected by alteration of granule cell development. At birth, the
      number of EGL cells in the PTU-treated cerebellum was reduced, compared to
      control animals, by 50%. Also, the amount of cell death was reduced in the PTU
      treated wv/wv cerebellum. As adults, no differences were seen between PTU-treated
      and untreated mutant or normal cerebella. If the hypothyroid treatment that
      results in a 50% decrease in EGL cell number is due to an extension of cell
      cycling time, then the expression of the weaver phenotype of cell death likely
      follows granule cell exit from the cell cycle.

PMID- 2397592
TI  - Dendritic arborization in the human fetus and infant with the trisomy 18
      syndrome.
AB  - Dendritic arborization patterns of visual cortical neurons in four cases of
      trisomy 18 syndrome were compared with those in 8 neurologically asymptomatic age
      matched controls. The trisomy cases included a 20-week-old fetus, a term infant,
      a 3-month-old infant, and 6-month-old infant. Quantitative Golgi analysis showed
      a decrease in the mean total dendritic length of apical dendrites in layer 5
      pyramidal neurons in the term infant with trisomy 18. In layer 3, an attenuated
      dendritic tree was observed in the earlier age groups with increased dendritic
      extent at 6 months. Although not conclusive, due to the small number of subjects,
      this preliminary study showed definitive dendritic abnormalities in the trisomy
      18 syndrome.

PMID- 2397590
TI  - Different ontogenetic profiles of cells expressing prepro-neurotensin/neuromedin
      N mRNA in the rat posterior cingulate cortex and the hippocampal formation.
AB  - The ontogeny of the expression of prepro-neurotensin/neuromedin N messenger RNA
      (prepro-NT/NN mRNA) in the rat posterior cingulate cortex (retrosplenial cortex)
      and the hippocampal formation was investigated using in situ hybridization
      histochemistry. In the primordium of the posterior cingulate cortex and the
      hippocampal formation, prepro-NT/NN mRNA was first expressed on embryonic day 17,
      and was found in the subiculum, layers II-III in areas 29a and 29b, and layer VI
      in the posterior cingulate cortex at birth. Expression was also observed in the
      CA1 field. In the adult rat, the expression of prepro-NT/NN mRNA was reduced in
      the posterior cingulate cortex, and only a few positive cells were seen here.
      However, the CA1 field and the subiculum still contained numerous positive cells.

PMID- 2397593
TI  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the developing mouse olfactory system.
AB  - The development of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was investigated in the
      mouse olfactory system. The peptide was not found in olfactory receptor neurons
      in embryos examined from gestational day 13 (E13) to E18 but was present in other
      brain regions and in peripheral tissues. At E18, CGRP-immunoreactive fibers,
      presumably of trigeminal, not olfactory receptor cell, origin were observed
      within the lamina propria. These data suggest that in vivo CGRP does not act
      through olfactory receptor neurons to regulate phenotypic expression in the
      olfactory bulb.

PMID- 2397594
TI  - Distribution of HDL2 and HDL3 in a random population of healthy French males and
      females--evaluation by a two-step precipitation procedure.
AB  - A rapid and reliable method for the determination of HDL2 and HDL3 cholesterol is
      described. The Apo B containing fractions (VLDL, IDL, LDL) were precipitated by
      addition of dextran sulfate (Mr 500,000) to 2 mmol/l final concentration followed
      by MgCl2 to a final concentration of 0.05 mol/l. The supernatant, was brought to
      6 mmol/l dextran sulfate and 0.250 mol/l MgCl2 to precipitate HDL2. Cholesterol
      determination on total serum and both supernatants yielded the concentrations of
      Apo B-associated cholesterol, total HDL, HDL2 and HDL3 cholesterol. The
      application of this technique to a random population of healthy French people
      gave HDL-cholesterol values of 1.35 and 1.54 mmol.l-1, respectively, in 93 males
      and 95 females (p less than 0.001). All of the difference was attributable to
      HDL2 (0.43 vs 0.65 mmol.l-1, p less than 0.001) while HDL3 were almost identical
      at 0.92 and 0.91 nmol.l-1. These values are in good agreement with previously
      reported figures for French individuals, but markedly higher in males than values
      reported from North America.

PMID- 2397595
TI  - The levels of adenine nucleotides and pyridine coenzymes in red blood cells from
      the newborn, determined simultaneously by HPLC.
AB  - The concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP; NADP and NADPH; NAD and NADH were determined
      in erythrocytes from healthy newborns and compared with those obtained in healthy
      adults. No significant differences were found for the adenine nucleotide
      concentrations, but NADH levels were reduced in newborn erythrocytes, with a
      consequent increase in the NAD/NADH ratio. Moreover, in newborn erythrocytes
      increased levels of NADP were observed, with a consequent increase in the
      NADP/NADPH ratio and a decrease in the NAD/NADP ratio. These results indicate the
      need to use reference values of the ratios NAD/NADH, NADP/NADPH and NAD/NADP from
      healthy newborns in the study of syndromes affecting the metabolism of
      erythrocytes in the newborn.

PMID- 2397596
TI  - Human liver L-alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase: characteristics and activity
      in controls and hyperoxaluria type I patients using a simple spectrophotometric
      method.
AB  - We have studied the characteristics of human liver alanine-glyoxylate
      aminotransferase, which is deficient in hyperoxaluria type I, an inherited
      disorder of glyoxylate metabolism. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 8.0
      showing apparent Km values for L-alanine and glyoxylate of 8.3 and 1.3 mmol/l,
      respectively. Activity was found to proceed linearly for up to 4 h. Measurements
      under these optimal conditions enabled the biochemical diagnosis of hyperoxaluria
      type I to be made via enzyme activity measurements in percutaneous needle biopsy
      specimens of liver tissue.

PMID- 2397597
TI  - Detection of apolipoprotein E polymorphisms using PCR/ASO probes and Southern
      transfer: application for routine use.
AB  - The detection of apolipoprotein E genotypes is of importance both for diagnostic
      and research purposes. We have previously used the polymerase chain reaction to
      amplify a specific region of the apolipoprotein E gene which, when used in
      conjunction with allele specific oligonucleotide probes, permits the detection of
      the six common apolipoprotein genotypes. In our present report we have modified
      the above procedure by immobilising the amplified DNA using Southern blotting.
      This enables the technique to be used in routine laboratories with minimal
      expenditure and little risk of cross-contamination between samples. Furthermore,
      it is inherently robust and may be rapidly performed.

PMID- 2397598
TI  - Is basic red cell ferritin a more specific indicator than serum ferritin in the
      assessment of iron stores in the elderly?
AB  - Iron status was evaluated in 103 elderly institutionalized individuals using
      haemoglobin concentration, red cell indices, serum iron, serum transferrin, serum
      ferritin and basic red cell ferritin. Inflammatory processes were identified by
      measuring concentrations of orosomucoid and C-reactive protein in serum and
      leukocyte counts. Anaemia was present in 16.5% of the individuals. No serum
      ferritin values were in the range of depleted iron stores; however 6% of the
      elderly individuals presented basic red cell ferritin less than 3 attog/cell (3 x
      10(-18) g/cell). Serum ferritin was positively correlated with markers of
      inflammation. Basic red cell ferritin measurement was not influenced by
      inflammation and may provide a reliable indicator of iron status in the elderly.

PMID- 2397599
TI  - Cutaneous interstitial fluid protein concentrations in the inflammatory syndrome:
      pharmacological consequences.
AB  - Concentrations of alpha 1 acid glycoprotein, albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin,
      immunoglobulins G, A, M and apolipoprotein B were measured in serum and suction
      blister fluid from a group of individuals presenting a biologically proven
      inflammatory syndrome, and from a control group. Protein values in suction
      blister fluid did not change from the 2nd to the 3rd h after the beginning of
      blister formation. The ratio of the concentration of proteins in blister fluid
      and serum did not differ significantly between the groups. However, a 25%
      decrease in blister fluid albumin and a 100% increase in blister fluid alpha 1
      acid glycoprotein, recorded in the inflammatory group, were worth noting, since
      they possibly influence the tissular distribution of some protein-binding drugs.
      Finally, an inverse relationship was established between the blister fluid/serum
      concentration ratio and the respective molar mass of each protein.

PMID- 2397600
TI  - Glomerular and urinary glycosaminoglycans in diabetic rats.

PMID- 2397601
TI  - Human platelet thermostable phenol sulfotransferase: assay of frozen samples and
      correlation between frozen and fresh activities.

PMID- 2397602
TI  - Plasma polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase-alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor complex
      in patients with gastric ulcer.

PMID- 2397603
TI  - Kinetic enzymatic assay for ethylene glycol.

PMID- 2397604
TI  - Studies on the clinical significance of serum alpha 2 HS-glycoprotein measurement
      in metabolic bone diseases.

PMID- 2397605
TI  - Proper handling of blood samples is crucial for the accurate ion chromatographic
      determination of oxalate.

PMID- 2397606
TI  - Inhibition by a free-radical scavenger of ascorbate-induced hemoglobin
      denaturation in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes.

PMID- 2397607
TI  - Development of a double antibody radioimmunoassay for quantitation of 1 alpha,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D.
AB  - A sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1
      alpha,25(OH)2-D] with a double antibody (DAB) separation technique to separate
      free from bound antigen has been developed. The hormone was extracted from 1 ml
      serum or plasma by Extrelut columns and normal phase high performance liquid
      chromatography and quantitated in the DAB-RIA. The detection limit of the assay
      was 3.75 ng/l. The intraassay variation coefficients were 15.9% and 10.5% for
      samples with 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 concentrations of 54 ng/l and 130 ng/l,
      respectively. The interassay variation coefficients were 18.0% and 16.7% for
      these two concentrations. Mean (and SD) values for 1,25(OH)2D in serum of 40
      healthy subjects and 38 patients with chronic renal failure who did not receive
      1,25(OH)2D3 were 62.8 ng/ml (22.2) and 12.4 ng/ml (9.8), respectively. The mean
      value for 7 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism was 66.5 ng/ml (35.8)
      before surgery. These results compared well with those of an established charcoal
      based RIA. Compared to charcoal-based RIAs, the DAB-RIA is faster and requires
      less laborious assay procedures.

PMID- 2397609
TI  - Reactive oxygen species modify human DNA, eliciting a more discriminating antigen
      for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - During the development of an ELISA to measure anti-DNA antibodies in systemic
      lupus erythematosus (SLE) sera, native dsDNA was found not to be the most
      appropriate antigen to use in ELISA assays for differentiating between SLE
      patients and those with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a disease also associated with
      circulating serum anti-DNA antibodies. By modifying the ELISA technique to
      incorporate human DNA, denatured by reactive oxygen species, to detect anti-DNA
      antibodies in SLE sera, results consistently showed an increase in antibody
      binding when compared with the native antigen; no such trend was observed in the
      comparable group of RA patients. Using this assay serum anti-dsDNA antibody
      levels were measured in a group of 20 controls, 20 RA patients (10 seropositive
      and 10 seronegative) and 30 SLE patients (15 with clinically active disease, 15
      with inactive disease). A comparison with the standard radioimmunoassay used to
      measure anti-DNA antibodies for the diagnosis of SLE showed that the ELISA assay
      using modified DNA performed better than the standard radioimmunoassay offering
      an improvement in both clinical specificity and sensitivity. The improved method
      particularly reduced the problem of false-negative results for SLE patients shown
      clinically to be either mildly active or inactive.

PMID- 2397608
TI  - Soluble interleukin-2 receptor, interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 in sera and
      supernatants from patients with progressive systemic sclerosis.
AB  - We studied the sera of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) for
      elevated levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), interleukin-2 (IL-2)
      and interleukin-4 (IL-4). We also measured IL-2, IL-4 and B cell growth factor
      (BCGF) activity in supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the
      same patients. The finding of elevated serum sIL-2R and IL-2, and the increased
      levels of IL-2, IL-4 and BCGF activity in culture supernatants indicates that T
      lymphocyte hyperactivity likely play a major role in PSS. The failure to detect
      under our experimental conditions a direct proliferative effect of recombinant IL
      2 on enriched normal B cells might suggest that IL-4 is the cytokine mainly
      responsible of the BCGF activity recovered in PSS supernatants.

PMID- 2397610
TI  - Natural thymocytotoxic autoantibodies in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice:
      characterization and fine specificity.
AB  - The NOD mouse is a model of human juvenile type I diabetes mellitus. As in humans
      and in the BB rat model, the development of diabetes in NOD mice is accompanied
      by evident manifestations of cell-mediated and humoral autoimmunity. Beside
      autoantibodies directed at putative islet cell antigens, NOD sera contain
      antibodies with specificity for lymphocyte cell-surface determinants. Here we
      demonstrate that these anti-lymphocyte antibodies have the same characteristics
      of target cell specificity, of isotype, and of temperature reactivity, as do
      natural thymocytotoxic autoantibodies (NTA) from lupic NZB mice, or from mice
      undergoing polyclonal B cell activation. We also demonstrate that the
      thymocytotoxic activity of NOD sera is not due to cross-reactive anti-insulin
      antibodies. Biochemical characterization of the determinants recognized by these
      anti-lymphocyte antibodies reveals two membrane-associated proteins of 28 and 33
      kD, partially similar to the two peptides recognized by NTA from NZB mice (30 and
      33 kD). Altogether, these results suggest that NOD mice develop manifestations of
      polyclonal B cell activation similar to those observed in lupus-prone mice. The
      relationship of these anomalies with the organ-specific pancreatic disease
      remains to be properly evaluated.

PMID- 2397611
TI  - Frequencies of interleukin-5 mRNA-producing cells in healthy individuals and in
      immunoglobulin-deficient patients, measured by in situ hybridization.
AB  - Interleukin-5 (IL-5) has previously been demonstrated to enhance immunoglobulin
      synthesis, especially IgA. Thus, it could be hypothesized that a defect
      production of IL-5 may cause immunoglobulin deficiency. We have analysed the
      frequency of IL-5 mRNA-producing cells in healthy adults and in patients with
      common variable immunodeficiency or selective IgA deficiency. Unstimulated
      lymphocytes were rarely found to synthesize IL-5 as measured by in situ
      hybridization. However, pokeweed mitogen and several other activating ligands
      induced the synthesis of IL-5 mRNA in peripheral blood and spleen lymphocyte
      cultures. After pokeweed mitogen activation, the number of IL-5 mRNA-producing
      cells most often peaked on day 3 with a maximal frequency of around 1-2% of
      mononuclear cells. In a kinetic study we were unable to detect any peak frequency
      differences between healthy controls (mean 0.44%) and 20 patients (mean 0.58%).
      Thus, although IL-5 has been reported to be an important regulator of IgA
      synthesis, a defect production does not seem to be the underlying mechanism in
      human immunoglobulin deficiency.

PMID- 2397612
TI  - Prevalence of hereditary properdin, C7 and C8 deficiencies in patients with
      meningococcal infections.
AB  - High incidence of hereditary complement (C) deficiencies was found among 101
      patients who had a meningococcal disease. This study revealed 11 non-related
      patients with complete C deficiency: five deficient in C7, three in C8, two in
      properdin and one in C2. Additional C-deficient individuals, most of them with no
      history of severe bacterial infections, were detected in family studies. The C8
      deficient patients were found to have a selective deficiency of the C8-beta
      subunit and a reduced expression of the alpha/gamma subunit. Only a few families
      with properdin deficiency have been described so far. However, it is likely that
      frequent analysis of the activity of the alternative C pathway in survivors of
      severe bacterial infections will disclose numerous properdin-deficient patients.
      All our C7-, C8- and properdin-deficient patients are Sephardic Jews whose
      families originated from Morocco, Yemen (C7 and C8 deficient) or Tunisia
      (properdin deficient). This and other findings indicate that the type of
      complement abnormality found in association with meningococcal infections varies
      with the ethnic origin of the patient.

PMID- 2397614
TI  - Kupffer cell numbers during human development.
AB  - Immunohistological assessment of Kupffer cells was made using the antibody MAC387
      and an antibody to lysozyme. Autopsy liver samples from 13 fetuses aged from 17
      weeks gestation to term, and from 10 neonates and children aged 1 day to 18
      months, were studied. For comparison, 10 normal adult autopsy liver specimens
      were included. The number of positively staining cells per unit area was counted
      for periportal sinusoids (zone 1) and centrilobular sinusoids (zone 3). No
      difference was found between zone 1 and zone 3 macrophage numbers with either
      antibody at any stage of development. Hepatic sinusoidal macrophage numbers were
      low during early gestation but increased during intra-uterine life to reach
      approximately normal adult values in the neonatal period. The numbers of cells
      staining with MAC387 or lysozyme were similar in each case except for hepatic
      sinusoidal macrophages in fetuses of less than 30 weeks gestation. Here anti
      lysozyme stained significantly fewer cells, suggesting that lysozyme production
      may be low in immature fetuses. No difference was found between infants of
      similar maturity who had died immediately or had lived for more than 48 h and
      hence been exposed to gut antigens.

PMID- 2397613
TI  - Therapeutic effect of 15-deoxyspergualin on the progression of lupus nephritis in
      MRL mice. I. Immunopathological analyses.
AB  - The effect of 15-deoxyspergualin (DSP), a newly developed immunosuppressive
      agent, on the development of spontaneously occurring lupus glomerulonephritis in
      MRL-lpr mice was examined. Administration of the drug was initiated at the age of
      13 or 17 weeks, when polyclonal B cell activation and lupus nephropathy were
      apparent or became prominent. Treatment with DSP for up to 19 weeks of age at a
      dose of 2 mg/kg twice a day or 5 mg/kg daily strongly suppressed the increment of
      IgG-producing cell numbers in the spleen and serum levels of immune complexes and
      anti-DNA antibodies. Glomerular histological score estimated by light microscopy
      and IgG and C3 deposition in renal glomeruli were improved, compared with
      untreated control mice. Thus, DSP was shown to suppress the progression of
      polyclonal B cell activation and lupus nephropathy in MRL/lpr mice. These results
      suggest that DSP may be used as a therapeutic agent for systemic lupus
      erythematosus.

PMID- 2397615
TI  - Low-dose exposure to antigen induces sub-clinical sensitization.
AB  - We examined the effects of a small initial sensitizing dose of antigen
      (dinitrochlorobenzene, DNCB) on the subsequent response to a second, defined
      sensitizing stimulus. The second stimulus was actually the regimen of four doses
      of DNCB (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 micrograms) normally used as the elicitation
      challenge. In two separate experiments 13 and 18 control subjects received an
      initial 'challenge' with the four doses to induce sensitivity, and 4 weeks later
      their responses were determined with a second, elicitation challenge. Two groups
      of 12 and 15 experimental subjects received an initial dose predicted to induce
      clinically detectable sensitivity in 50% or 25%, respectively. Four weeks later,
      their responsiveness was determined with quantitative challenge and the subjects
      who gave no response received a further challenge 4 weeks later. Their responses,
      compared with those from the control subjects, were augmented, indicating that
      sub-clinical priming of the immune system had indeed occurred.

PMID- 2397616
TI  - The generation of a 'tolerogen' after the ingestion of ovalbumin is time
      dependent and unrelated to serum levels of immunoreactive antigen.
AB  - In an attempt to investigate the molecular basis of the mechanisms underlying
      oral tolerance, we have evaluated the molecular and biological features of
      ovalbumin subjected to intestinal processing. Immunoreactive ovalbumin absorbed
      by the gut was measured by a sandwich ELISA at different times after feeding 25
      mg ovalbumin to adult mice. Ovalbumin was detected as early as 5 min after the
      feed (36.7 +/- 16 ng/ml; mean +/- 1 s.d.) and reached maximal levels at 1 h (73.3
      +/- 20 ng/ml). Pooled mouse serum, collected 5 min or 1 h after the feed, was
      transferred intraperitoneally into the naive recipients. Suppression of systemic
      delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was found in mice receiving 0.8 ml of serum
      obtained 1 h after ovalbumin feeding but not when using serum obtained 5 min
      after feeding. In order to transfer samples containing similar levels of
      ovalbumin, an increased amount (1.3 ml) of serum collected 5 min post-feed was
      used in further experiments but again failed to induce DTH tolerance. Serum
      samples obtained 5 and 60 min after ovalbumin feeding were analysed by fast
      protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) fractionation followed by ELISA. Both the
      charge characteristics and molecular weight of intestinally absorbed ovalbumin
      were indistinguishable from native ovalbumin. Although intact native ovalbumin is
      the only molecular species detected by ELISA, the results suggest that this has
      no role in the suppression of DTH responses.

PMID- 2397617
TI  - The value of transesophageal echocardiography in the investigation of acute
      prosthetic valve dysfunction.
AB  - When patients present with suspected prosthetic valve dysfunction, investigation
      is usually instituted to delineate the site and cause thereof. Precordial cross
      sectional echocardiography is often helpful in this respect, but in the patient
      with acute pulmonary edema, imaging may be impaired because of discomfort and
      respiratory distress. The information obtained may also be suboptimal as a result
      of concomitant obesity, chest wall deformity, and pulmonary disease. In addition,
      further difficulties may relate to the acoustic shadowing produced by the
      metallic portion of the valve and its sewing ring, especially with valves in the
      mitral position. In such patients, cardiac catheterization may cause further
      decompensation and is associated with a recognized increase in morbidity and
      mortality. Angiography does not accurately site regurgitant jets in relation to
      the prosthetic valve concerned and will not detect the presence of vegetations.
      Transesophageal echocardiography circumvents many of these imaging difficulties
      and we evaluated its use in five patients with prosthetic heart valves who
      presented acutely ill, in severe pulmonary edema and suspected prosthetic heart
      valve failure. In each case, the diagnosis of valve dysfunction was established,
      and precise information regarding the site and cause of the failure was obtained.
      No complications or deterioration in patient condition resulted from the
      procedure and the findings were confirmed at surgery performed within 24 hours in
      all five patients. Transesophageal echocardiography should be included in the
      assessment of acute prosthetic heart valve failure.

PMID- 2397618
TI  - Recreational swimming in CHD patients and healthy control subjects in relation to
      left heart function.
AB  - We examined the influence on heart rate, blood pressure, lactate, glucose, and
      catecholamine levels of moderate recreational swimming at a mean time of 5.2 to 9
      minutes with mean speed of 0.33 to 0.49 m/s in 25 CHD patients and 8 healthy
      control subjects. During swimming, changes in these exercise-related parameters
      were observed such as were only found in seated ergometry trials at levels above
      100 to 175 W. We consider these changes tolerable for patients with mild left
      heart damage (n = 13; ejection fraction 54 +/- 7%; exercise capacity 2.1 +/- 0.4
      W/kg). They may indicate overexertion in patients with marked damage to the left
      heart (n = 12; ejection fraction 44 +/- 5%; exercise capacity 1.3 +/- 0.4 W/kg).
      Six of the 12 patients with marked left heart damage stopped swimming before the
      planned time had elapsed for subjective (overexertion) or objective (arrhythmia)
      reasons.

PMID- 2397620
TI  - Rare or unusual causes of chronic, isolated, pure aortic regurgitation.
AB  - Six patients undergoing aortic valve replacement had rare or unusual causes of
      isolated, pure aortic regurgitation. Two patients had congenitally bicuspid
      aortic valves with a false commissure (raphe) displaced to the aortic wall
      ("tethered bicuspid aortic valve"), two had floppy aortic valves, one had a
      congenital quadricuspid valve, and one had radiation-induced valve damage.

PMID- 2397619
TI  - Myocardial infarction during a football game: empiric estimation of the
      contribution of skeletal muscle damage to the serum creatine kinase activity.
AB  - A 40-year-old untrained participant of a competitive football game experienced
      chest pain after 20 minutes of playing time. An acute anterior myocardial
      infarction was diagnosed by electrocardiographic criteria and the creatine kinase
      rose to its maximum of 3900 U/l (normal range less than 125 U/l) by 24 h with a
      CK-MB fraction of 6.1%. In order to estimate the contribution of skeletal
      muscular work to CK activity, the course of CK activity was prospectively
      measured in 11 untrained participants of a competitive football game, who had
      normal electrocardiographic findings on exercise testing. Individual peak values
      of CK correlated positively (p less than 0.01) with the time spent in play. Based
      on this observation we could estimate that, at most, 14% of the total CK was
      contributed by skeletal muscle damage in our patient. When total CK was elevated
      above 125 U/l, the percentage of CK-MB activity did not exceed 6% of total CK in
      any case. 3-methylhistidine, methylhistidine, an indicator of contractile protein
      turnover and creatinine were prospectively determined in spot urine samples
      before the game and for up to 48 h after the game. 3-methylhistidine/creatinine
      ratios did not change from baseline after the game and no correlation with CK was
      found. Urine 3-methylhistidine/creatinine, measured within 48 h after a football
      game, does not contribute to the quantification of skeletal muscle damage.

PMID- 2397621
TI  - Aneurysmal coronary sinus associated with severe valvular heart disease.
AB  - We report a case of aneurysmal coronary sinus complicating severe valvular
      disease with severe tricuspid regurgitation. Injection in the left superior vena
      cava outlines the aneurysmal coronary sinus with stasis of the contrast. As this
      anomaly carries special surgical implication in patients requiring open heart
      surgery, a correct preoperative diagnosis is mandatory.

PMID- 2397622
TI  - The classification of juvenile chronic arthritis.

PMID- 2397623
TI  - The changing face of severe scleroderma in five patients.
AB  - Five cases from recent experience are reported to characterize the changing
      pattern of disease. With the introduction of potent antihypertensive agents,
      especially the angiotensin I-II converting enzyme inhibitors (CEI), the clinical
      pattern of scleroderma renal involvement has changed from an acute, oliguric,
      usually fatal renal failure to an indolent functional decline of the kidneys,
      heart and lungs together.

PMID- 2397624
TI  - Dead Sea bath salts for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Thirty patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis were randomly
      divided into two groups of fifteen patients each of similar age, sex, duration
      and severity of disease, and medical treatment. All patients were treated once a
      day with bath salts heated to 35 degrees C for twenty minutes. Group I received
      Dead Sea bath salts and Group II, the control group, received sodium chloride
      (NaCl). The study was double-blind and of two weeks' duration. All patients were
      evaluated by one rheumatologist both before treatment, and two weeks later at the
      end of the treatment period. Follow-up evaluations were made one and three months
      after conclusion of the treatments. The clinical parameters evaluated included
      duration of morning stiffness, fifteen meter walk time, hand-grip strength,
      activities of daily living, circumference of proximal interphalangeal joints,
      number of active joints, Ritchie index and the patient's own assessment of
      disease activity. The laboratory parameters evaluated included erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate and serum levels of amyloid A, rheumatoid factor, sodium,
      potassium, calcium and magnesium. A statistically significant improvement (p less
      than 0.01 or p less than 0.05) was observed in Group I only, in most of the
      clinical parameters assessed. Maximal therapeutic effect was obtained at the end
      of the treatment and lasted up to one month.

PMID- 2397625
TI  - Late thrombotic events in patients with temporal arteritis and anticardiolipin
      antibodies.
AB  - IgG and IgM isotypes of anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies were measured in a group
      of 40 patients with biopsy-proven temporal arteritis (TA), 13 of them with
      ischemic complications related to the disease. High levels of aCL antibodies were
      found in only 3 (7.5%) patients. Two had high titres of both IgG and IgM isotypes
      and the third had high titres of the IgM isotype. No relationship between aCL
      antibody positivity and the development of any of the classical early occlusive
      complications of TA was found. However, 2 out of the 3 patients with positive aCL
      antibody titres later developed ischemic phenomena on conventional corticosteroid
      treatment. This finding suggests that aCL antibodies could perhaps have a role in
      the development of the late ischemic complications that occasionally occur in
      adequately treated TA patients.

PMID- 2397626
TI  - Low-field MRI in the evaluation of rheumatoid cervical spine. Comparison with
      neurological findings and routine plain radiography.
AB  - The usefulness of a low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) instrument in the
      evaluation of cervical spine abnormalities was studied in 20 patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis and known anterior atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) (16
      patients) or other cervical spine abnormalities (4 patients). The MRI results
      were compared with routine plain radiographs and with neurological findings.
      Three patients had a clinical suspicion of cervical spinal cord compression. This
      was confirmed by MRI, which additionally detected one more patient with
      compressive myelopathy. Anterior AAS in MR images was seen in 4 patients, but
      proper flexion images were not obtained. Atlantoaxial impaction was detected by a
      recent method of Sakaguchi-Kauppi in 16 patients as compared to 9 patients by the
      McGregor method and 4 patients by MRI. Most of the clinically important
      consequences of rheumatoid cervical spine are seen with a low-field MR imager,
      but detailed bony changes and precise measurements are better evaluated with
      plain X-rays.

PMID- 2397627
TI  - Effect of nalidixic acid, pipemidic acid and cinoxacin on chondrocyte metabolism
      in explants of articular cartilage.
AB  - Explants of immature bovine articular cartilage were exposed to nalidixic acid,
      pipemidic acid and cinoxacin at one and ten times the human therapeutic plasma
      level for 7 days. Only nalidixic acid had significant effects on the chondrocyte
      metabolism. 20 micrograms/ml nalidixic acid caused an increase of 35S-sulfate
      incorporation into glycosaminoglycans at day 7. Two hundred micrograms/ml
      nalidixic acid inhibited the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA. The
      incorporation of 35S-sulfate into glycosaminoglycans was decreased at day 0,
      while at day 7 the incorporation had returned to the control value. Pipemidic
      acid and cinoxacin had no significant effects on either the 3H-thymidine or the
      35S-sulfate incorporation.

PMID- 2397628
TI  - Microproteinuria as an index of initial renal lesion in patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis.
AB  - Our investigation included 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a negative
      routine (albustix) proteinuria test, and 20 healthy controls. The albustix test
      was compared with a method based on multifractional Cellogel RS electrophoresis
      of urinary proteins. The albustix test was found to be not reliable in patients
      with RA. Microproteinuria was in fact detected by the electrophoresis method in
      12 out of 20 RA patients. Eleven patients showed glomerular type proteinuria
      (which was "selective" in 5 patients and "non-selective" in 6 patients), and 1
      patient showed mixed type proteinuria. Electrophoresis failed to show
      microproteinuria in the controls. The high sensitivity, easy handling and low
      cost of multifractioned electrophoresis (which does not involve disturbing the
      patients) suggest its introduction as a routine test for all RA patients, thus
      achieving both accurate clinical assessment of proteinuria and a rational
      therapeutic approach.

PMID- 2397629
TI  - Complications of intra-articular injections of triamcinolone hexacetonide in
      chronic arthritis in children.
AB  - Intra-articular injections of triamcinolone hexacetonide (THA) are a useful
      therapy in JRA and HLA B 27 related arthritis (B 27 RA). Published data have
      indicated good results and few side effects. We evaluate here the frequency of
      occurrence of local side effects in 35 children with JRA (115 joints treated) and
      13 children with B 27 RA (29 joints treated). With a mean follow up of 25 months
      in JRA and 18 months in B 27 RA, we observed 12 cases (8.3%) of subcutaneous
      tissue atrophy with local depigmentation (knees 5 cases, wrists 2 cases, ankles 3
      cases, metatarsophalangeal joints 2 cases) and 7 cases (4.9%) of intra-articular
      calcifications all in the JRA group (wrists 3 cases, knees 2 cases, ankles 2
      cases). Youth and joint size are possible predisposing factors for subcutaneous
      tissue atrophy and intra-articular calcification. Spontaneous improvement
      previously reported for these local side effects was not observed in our study.
      These results underline the necessity of discussing on a case by case basis
      whether intra-articular, non long-acting corticosteroid or THA are indicated. THA
      must be injected with a rigorous technique and with a dosage adapted to the
      articular volume.

PMID- 2397630
TI  - Neuropsychologic deficits and antineuronal antibodies in pediatric systemic lupus
      erythematosus.
AB  - Pediatric research has been limited regarding the neuropsychologic status in
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) despite frequent involvement of the central
      nervous system early in the disease process. SLE is a multisystem autoimmune
      disorder which often presents with significant neuropsychiatric manifestations
      including objective neurologic findings and severe psychiatric symptoms.
      Neuropsychological evaluation provides an objective method for delineating
      changes in higher cortical functions. We studied 21 pediatric patients who met
      SLE criteria (12 moderate, 9 mild disease activity) and had no history of CNS
      damage unrelated to lupus. Mean age was 15.8 years; mean SLE duration at the time
      of the neuropsychological examination was 2.4 years. Comparison of these SLE
      patients to a contrast group of 11 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
      (JRA) revealed decreased complex problem solving ability for the SLE group.
      Individual, IQ-adjusted neuropsychological profile analysis yielded a significant
      difference in the number of specific neuropsychologic deficits for the 2 groups,
      with impairment rates of 43% for SLE and 18% for JRA. Longer duration of lupus
      was associated with lower cognitive status. Neuron-reactive antibody studies for
      IgG and IgM were negative. Results suggest that the prevalence of higher cortical
      impairment may be as great for younger individuals with lupus as has been
      documented for older populations.

PMID- 2397631
TI  - HLA-DR antigens and anticardiolipin antibodies.

PMID- 2397632
TI  - Peripheral red blood cell survival invariance during piroxicam treatment in
      subjects with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.

PMID- 2397633
TI  - Behcet's disease, palmoplantar pustulosis and HLA-B27 treatment with thalidomide.

PMID- 2397634
TI  - Non-linear statistical technique applied to data from baboon articular cartilage.
AB  - Pattern recognition software was developed and applied together with statistical
      techniques to articular cartilage data from the knee joint of the baboon. The
      standard statistical method used for comparison was ANOVA which indicates linear
      discrimination. In addition a Karhunen-Loeve expansion was performed to reduce
      the dimensionality of the data and provide independent uncorrelated variables.
      Nearest neighbour analysis, a non-linear method, when combined with bionomial
      probabilities gave discrimination that was not obtained by ANOVA. Use of pattern
      recognition and related techniques can improve and extend the analysis of
      biological data to include non-linear discrimination and classification.

PMID- 2397635
TI  - Metadata-based generation and management of knowledgebases from molecular
      biological databases.
AB  - Present-day knowledge-based systems (or expert systems) and databases constitute
      'islands of computing' with little or no connection to each other. The use of
      software to provide a communication channel between the two, and to integrate
      their separate functions, is particularly attractive in certain data-rich domains
      where there are already pre-existing database systems containing the data
      required by the relevant knowledge-based system. Our evolving program, GENPRO,
      provides such a communication channel. The original methodology has been extended
      to provide interactive Prolog clause input with syntactic and semantic
      verification. This enables automatic generation of clauses from the source
      database, together with complete management of subsequent interfacing to the
      specified knowledge-based system. The particular data-rich domain used in this
      paper is protein structure, where processes which require reasoning (modelled by
      knowledge-based systems), such as the inference of protein topology, protein
      model-building and protein structure prediction, often require large amounts of
      raw data (i.e., facts about particular proteins) in the form of logic programming
      ground clauses. These are generated in the proper format by use of the concept of
      metadata.

PMID- 2397636
TI  - MULCOX: a computer program for the Cox regression analysis of multiple failure
      time variables.
AB  - MULCOX is a user-friendly FORTRAN program for the analysis of regression effects
      when individual study subjects may experience multiple events or failures. Each
      marginal distribution of the multivariate failure time variable is formulated by
      a Cox proportional hazards model. The maximum partial likelihood estimators of
      the regression parameters in these marginal models are approximately jointly
      normal. The MULCOX program estimates the marginal models as well as the joint
      covariance matrix. In addition, it implements several multivariate inference
      procedures. The program runs on both mainframe computers and microcomputers. The
      running time is quite acceptable even for large samples. A simple example is
      provided to illustrate the features of the program.

PMID- 2397637
TI  - SIMUL: an accurate method for the determination of receptor subtype proportions
      using a personal computer.
AB  - Many tissues possess two classes of binding sites for a drug. To estimate the
      proportions of each it is necessary either to use selective ligands or to perform
      competition experiments in which the binding of a radioligand is inhibited by a
      selective unlabeled ligand. However, this method will only be accurate provided
      the radioligand is non-selective. A selectivity of 2- to 3-fold for one receptor
      may produce errors of 50% or more in the estimates, depending on the
      concentration of radioligand chosen. Since most ligands are selective to some
      extent simple estimates will often provide inaccurate information. The computer
      program described here (SIMUL) determines the proportions of receptor subtypes by
      considering the relative affinities of the competing agent for the receptor
      subtypes, the selectivity of the radioligand and their associated concentrations.

PMID- 2397638
TI  - Computer-assisted preoperative planning (CAPP) in orthopaedic surgery.
AB  - Computer-assisted preoperative planning (CAPP) is a complex approach to planning
      a surgical treatment. It includes computer-assisted design (CAD) principles,
      expert knowledge utilization and facilities for decision making process support.
      The CAPP system uses actual patient data and calculates instructions in real
      dimensions for performing a particular operation on a particular patient. Our
      first CAPP application was preoperative planning of corrective osteotomy of a
      malunited fracture at the distal end of the radius. The application was based on
      the construction of three-dimensional wire models from only two orthogonal
      projections of objects (two orthogonal X-rays of affected and healthy wrists). On
      these wire models, an operation of the affected hand was simulated until the best
      fitting of the models was achieved. The use of real dimensions in computer
      calculation was crucial because the numerical output was used as a surgical
      treatment guideline. The results obtained in a group of 33 patients were
      excellent when compared with the results reported in the literature.

PMID- 2397639
TI  - Computerized Mackworth vigilance clock test.
AB  - A computerized vigilance test, the Mackworth clock test, is described. The
      program runs on IBM-compatible XT and AT computers with a graphics adapter.

PMID- 2397640
TI  - Microcomputer analysis of three-channel Lissajous' trajectory of auditory
      brainstem evoked potentials.
AB  - A software package for the IBM PC computer is presented to facilitate the
      analysis of three-channel Lissajous' trajectories (3CLT) of auditory brainstem
      potentials. The program deals with 4-channel numeric or ASCII files, including
      three orthogonal X, Y, Z channels and standard vertex-mastoid on the stimulated
      side. The 3CLT analysis program implements standard measurements of peak
      latencies, voltage amplitude and curvature plots computed from the three
      orthogonal channels, interactive three-dimensional rotations of the trajectory
      and planar segment analysis. Parameter estimates of the best-fit plane are
      computed for any part of the trajectory limited by two latency cursors. Results
      are displayed and stored in a table including segment bounds and duration, sight
      vector orientation, plane equation parameters and adjustment criteria.

PMID- 2397641
TI  - A versatile implementation of the Gauss-Newton minimization algorithm using
      MATLAB for Macintosh microcomputers.
AB  - The present report describes a weighted nonlinear least-squares minimization
      routine for fitting a wide variety of functions nonlinear in the parameters. The
      minimization routine is implemented in MacMATLAB, the Macintosh microcomputer
      version of MATLAB, an interactive program for scientific numeric calculations.
      Our algorithm makes use of a subroutine that estimates the required derivatives
      numerically, avoiding the need to differentiate the function under study
      analytically. We have also implemented two specific subroutines to integrate
      ordinary differential equations numerically. Therefore, in principle, any kind of
      nonlinear function can be fitted to a given set of data. The program only
      requires that the user writes the appropriate equation in a specific subroutine,
      thus relieving one from knowing and using any 'low-level' code. Other features of
      the program are: (a) the possibility of using weight to correct for nonuniformity
      of variance by flexible specification of the error structure; (b) the possibility
      of checking the parameter values and the residual variance at each iteration; and
      (c) by the use of the graphic capabilities of MacMATLAB, the possibility of
      following the improvement of the fitting graphically. One example of nonlinear
      functions and one example of linear differential equation together with their
      respective 'function file' and illustrative data are presented to demonstrate the
      flexibility of our approach and the power of the method used.

PMID- 2397642
TI  - 3rd European Meeting on Complement in Human Disease. September 15-17, 1990,
      Bratislava, CSFR. Abstracts.

PMID- 2397643
TI  - Alterations in biochemistry of laser-fused vascular tissue.

PMID- 2397644
TI  - Correlation of class I antigen expression with immunogenicity.

PMID- 2397645
TI  - Effects of argon G-lasing on short-term patency of venous bypass grafts.

PMID- 2397646
TI  - Accuracy and utility of pulse oximetry in the surgical intensive care unit.

PMID- 2397647
TI  - Growing small-intestinal neomucosa in serosa-lined pouches.

PMID- 2397648
TI  - Biochemical analysis of acutely ischemic skin flaps.

PMID- 2397649
TI  - Topical and systemic antibiotics in the prevention of wound infection.

PMID- 2397650
TI  - Curative resection of multiple gastrinomas aided by selective arterial secretin
      injection test and intraoperative secretin test.

PMID- 2397651
TI  - Repair of incisional hernia.

PMID- 2397652
TI  - Inguinal herniation justifies sigmoidoscopy.

PMID- 2397653
TI  - Depressive characteristics of sexually abused children.
AB  - Allen and Tarnowski (1988) identified a pattern of depressive characteristics
      that distinguished physically abused from nonabused children. The present study
      attempted to extend the generality of these findings to sexually abused children.
      Sexually abused and nonabused children were compared on measures of depression,
      hopelessness, and self-esteem. Results indicated that while sexually abused
      children self-reported more depressive symptoms in comparison to nonabused
      controls, that these differences were not statistically significant and failed to
      replicate the findings noted for physically abused children.

PMID- 2397654
TI  - Predicting substance abuse in juvenile offenders: attention deficit disorder
      versus aggressivity.
AB  - The relative predictive significance of attention deficit disorder (ADD) and
      aggressive behavior for consequent substance abuse was examined in 114 juvenile
      offenders. ADD, aggressivity, and substance abuse were assessed according to DSM
      III criteria. Results from logistic regression indicate that aggressivity, but
      not an ADD diagnosis, significantly predicts substance abuse. Therefore,
      previously reported associations between ADD and substance abuse may be
      confounded by concurrent symptoms of aggression.

PMID- 2397655
TI  - Psychiatric hospitalization of preschool children: a follow-up study.
AB  - This paper reviews the five year follow-up status of 18 patients initially
      studied while psychiatrically hospitalized during their preschool years. Only
      four are currently doing well. Outcome is correlated with patient, family and
      treatment variables. Possible clinical and research approaches are discussed.

PMID- 2397656
TI  - Jordan Left-Right Reversal Test: an analysis of visual reversals in children and
      significance for reading problems.
AB  - The Jordan Left-Right Reversal Test (JLRRT) was first published in 1974 (1) as a
      convenient measure of symbol reversals in children. A current revision of the
      test, based on 3,000 children, showed error scores to be inversely related to age
      and sex. Learning disabled children and a group of below average readers made
      significantly more errors, indicating that visual reversals are dysfunctional for
      reading skills.

PMID- 2397657
TI  - Unequal crossing over and heterochromatin exchange in the X-Y bivalents of the
      deer mouse, Peromyscus beatae.
AB  - Differences in length of the heterochromatic short arms of the X and Y
      chromosomes in individuals of Peromyscus beatae are hypothesized to result from
      unequal crossing over. To test this hypothesis, we examined patterns of synapsis,
      chiasma formation, and segregation for male P. beatae which were either
      heterozygous or homozygous for the amount of short-arm sex heterochromatin.
      Synaptonemal complex analysis demonstrated that mitotic differences in
      heterochromatic short-arm lengths between the X and Y chromosomes were reflected
      in early pachynema as corresponding differences in axial element lengths within
      the pairing region of the sex bivalent. These length differences were
      subsequently eliminated by synaptic adjustment such that by late pachynema, the
      synaptonemal complex configurations of the XY bivalent of heterozygotes were not
      differentiable from those of homozygotes. Crossing over between the
      heterochromatic short arms of the XY bivalent was documented by the routine
      appearance of a single chiasma in this region during diakinesis/metaphase I. Sex
      heterochromatin heterozygotes were characterized by the presence of asymmetrical
      chiasma between the X and Y short arms at diakinesis/metaphase I and sex
      chromosomes with unequal chromatid lengths at metaphase II. These data
      corroborate our hypothesis on the role of unequal crossing over in the production
      and propagation of X and Y heterochromatin variation and suggest that, in some
      cases, crossing over can occur during the process of synaptic adjustment.

PMID- 2397658
TI  - The chromosomal distribution of the major and minor satellite is not conserved in
      the genus Mus.
AB  - The cytological distribution of the major and minor satellite first identified in
      Mus musculus was studied in the karyotypes of three related subspecies and two
      other species of the genus Mus. Both the major and minor satellite showed species
      dependent hybridization patterns. The major satellite is confined to the
      centromere region in M. musculus and related subspecies. However, in M spretus
      and M. caroli, the chromosomal arm regions contain this sequence class. In
      contrast the minor satellite is found at the kinetochore region in M. musculus
      and related subspecies but is distributed throughout the entire centromeric
      domain in M. spretus and appears to be excluded from the chromosomes of M.
      caroli. There is an apparent correlation between the chromosomal location of
      these satellites and their phylogenetic relationship. Determination of the
      biological roles of the major and minor satellites from M. musculus must take
      into account their differential chromosomal distribution in other Mus species.

PMID- 2397659
TI  - Electron microscopic study of yeast RNA polymerase A: analysis of single
      molecular images.
AB  - The structural features of the yeast DNA-dependent RNA polymerase A (I) were
      examined by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. The enzyme was absorbed in
      its monomeric form and negatively stained prior to digital image acquisition at
      low dose. The signal to noise ratio of single particle images was improved
      through averaging of a large number of previously aligned and partitioned images.
      Six classes of images were obtained reproducibly which corresponded to different
      projections of the enzyme. The enzyme structure was characterized by its presence
      of two curved arms which defined a longitudinal cleft. By analogy with the
      Escherichia coli enzyme, these arms could correspond to the two large subunits
      A135 and A190.

PMID- 2397660
TI  - Genomic amplification in the cotyledon parenchyma of common bean.
AB  - The cotyledon parenchyma cells of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) produce
      large quantities of storage proteins during embryo maturation; throughout this
      period, these cells also accumulate nuclear DNA (nDNA). To investigate the basis
      of this nDNA accumulation, we have measured storage protein mRNA pools, nDNA
      mass, and gene copy number at specific stages of cotyledon development. RNA
      blotting and hybridization show that transcripts encoding the major embryo
      specific storage proteins are present very early in cotyledon development,
      accumulate in coordinate fashion to peak during mid-maturation, and fall in
      abundance prior to the onset of dormancy. During this same period, nDNA mass per
      parenchyma cell nucleus, as measured by Feulgen microspectrophotometry, increases
      from 2C-4C to about 64C (C being the haploid germ cell genomic complement). The
      nDNA values do not cluster around integral multiples of the diploid 2C amount.
      DNA blotting and hybridization are used to evaluate the relative representations
      of different classes of the bean genome in DNA samples isolated from vegetative
      tissues, from cotyledons beginning to accumulate storage proteins, and from
      cotyledons of late maturation embryos entering dormancy. The results demonstrate
      that the observed DNA accumulation in the cotyledon parenchyma is due to
      overlapping rounds of replication of the complete genome and not to
      disproportionate amplification of specific sequences nor to random DNA synthesis.

PMID- 2397662
TI  - [Clinical observations on the combined operation of penetrating keratoplasty,
      extracapsular cataract extraction and IOL implantation].
AB  - 26 cases of cataract complicated with corneal leukoma were performed penetrating
      keratoplasty in combination with extracapsular extraction and IOL implantation.
      In a follow-up of 6-31 months, the corneal grafts were transparent in 16
      eyes(62%), semi-transparent in 7 eyes(27%), and opaque in 3 eyes (11%). Useful
      vision was restored to 18 eyes (69%). The combined operation is believed to be
      the best choice in treatment for such cases.

PMID- 2397661
TI  - [Extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber IOL implantation].
AB  - From 1983 to 1989, 242 cataract patients (260 eyes) were performed extracapsular
      cataract extraction with posterior chamber IOL implantation. 157 patients (171
      eyes) were followed up 3-69 months, averaging 18.3 months. Visual acuities of 1.0
      1.5 were achieved in 79.4% and 0.5 or better in 95.2% of the eyes when cases of
      non-operative poor vision were excluded. Complications were few and the results
      had been stable.

PMID- 2397663
TI  - [Follow-up for posterior capsular opacification after extracapsular cataract
      extraction in 263 eyes].
AB  - 263 eyes (252 patients) were followed up after extracapsular cataract extraction
      for posterior capsular opacifications. It was found that the incidence of this
      complication was higher after longer periods of follow-up, and also more frequent
      in younger patients. The etiology is due to migration and fibrosis of
      hyperplastic epithelial cells. Postoperative uveitis may be a contribution
      factor. Nd: YAG laser is the best means to perforate the posterior capsular
      opacification.

PMID- 2397664
TI  - [Changes in refraction after cataract extraction and IOL implantation].
AB  - The refraction changes were followed up in 61 eyes 1 week to 3 years after
      extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber IOL implantation. The
      variation in spherical power during follow-up was not significant, while the
      changes in astigmatism were very significant at end of the first week, when the
      mean value of cylinder power was 4.21 D and the axis in 82% of the eyes was with
      the-rule. After 3 months, the astigmatism became reduced and relatively stable,
      when the mean power was 1.90 D and the axis in 65.6% of the eyes against-the
      rule. The astigmatism continued to change afterwards, especially in the position
      of axis.

PMID- 2397665
TI  - [Vitreous loss and the incidence of cystoid macular edema].
AB  - 81 patients (81 eyes) with senile cataract were performed intracapsular cataract
      extraction, and fluorescein angiography 1 to 6 months postoperative revealed the
      incidence of cystoid macular edema to be 68% (21/31 eyes) in cataract extractions
      with vitreous loss and 14% (7/50 eyes) in those without, the difference between
      the 2 groups was very significant (P less than 0.01).

PMID- 2397666
TI  - [Analysis of trace elements in cataractous lenses and environmental samples in
      Tibet].
AB  - Trace elements of Cu, Fe, Zn, Mg, and Se in Tibetan cataractous lenses and also
      in local samples of earth, drinking water, and staple foods were analyzed to
      estimate the possible relationship between environmental factors and primary
      cataract formation in Tibet. The Fe, Mg and Se contents in Tibetan cataracts were
      significantly lower in comparison with levels in those of Chengdu area,
      particularly the Se contents were low in both cataracts and local environment,
      suggesting a probable correlation between cataract formation and low Se contents
      in food and water.

PMID- 2397668
TI  - [ERG study of high degree myopia with retinal detachment].
AB  - The authors studied the ERG of 51 cases of bilateral high degree myopia with
      unilateral retinal detachment and 50 cases of normal eyes. It was found that ERG
      in the former were characterized by a marked drop in the amplitude of the a-wave,
      particularly in the eye of retinal detachment, for which the ERG further
      diminished or failed to appear depending on the duration and extent of the
      lesion. Since a-waves originate from the sensory visual cells, the result was
      consistent with the pathology of high degree myopia and retinal detachment. The
      authors hold that periodic ERG examinations for dynamic surveillance is useful in
      monitoring the development of retinal detachment in high degree myopia.

PMID- 2397667
TI  - [The causes of blindness by corneal diseases in 3,499 cases].
AB  - The chief causes of corneal blindness was found to be corneal inflammatory
      diseases and injury in 83.4% of the 3,499 cases (3,993 eyes) of corneal blindness
      that presented themselves during 1983-1985 at the authors' hospital. The
      important diseases in order of frequency were herpes simplex keratitis (42.8%),
      bacterial keratitis (17.4%), corneal injuries (15.7%), keratomalacia (10.0%), and
      trachoma (3.8%). Patients of the latter two diseases were mostly old cases. The
      authors discussed the incidence of corneal diseases and their prevention and
      treatment.

PMID- 2397669
TI  - [Gradation of visual field loss in glaucoma].
AB  - In order to unify assessment of visual field damage, the visual field charts of
      77 glaucoma patients were given "educated estimation" by 3 ophthalmologists in 5
      grades of early, mild, moderate, severe and late stages. Then the Esterman Grid
      Scoring was adopted to evaluate each chart. With regard to defects of the early
      and late stages, there were no difference between these two methods which,
      however, disagreed for the mild, moderate and severe stages. For the sake of
      accuracy, criteria for each stage were postulated in writing and 10 selected
      charts of glaucomatous visual field defects were given evaluation accordingly by
      6 ophthalmologists, followed by assessment with the Esterman Grid; the results
      were similar. The authors, therefore, recommend that the Esterman Grid be adopted
      for unification and dependability, the standards being visual field loss of 10
      units as the early stage, 20 units as the mild stage, 30-50 units as the moderate
      stage, 50-80 units as the severe stage, and over 80 units as the late stage.
      Gradation of visual field loss by numerals also facilitates computer storage of
      the records.

PMID- 2397670
TI  - [Antibodies against alpha, beta, and gamma crystallins in human serum].
AB  - Serum antibodies against alpha, beta, and gamma crystallins in 79 normal subjects
      and 38 patients with senile cataract were determined by ELISA, with the result
      that the presence of the antibodies was related to age, not to sex, and the rate
      of presence in patients with senile cataract did not differ from that of
      controls. The relationship between the presence of the antibodies and senile
      cataract was discussed.

PMID- 2397671
TI  - [Ultrastructures of the capsule and subcapsular epithelium of the senile
      cataractous lens].
AB  - The capsule and subcapsular epithelium of 18 senile cataractous lenses and 2
      normal lenses were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The
      structures of the capsule and subcapsular epithelium in most senile cataractous
      lenses were similar to those in the normal lenses. Low electron density bands
      composed of tiny granular or fibrillar material deep in the posterior capsule
      were observed in 4 of the senile cataractous lenses. Degeneration was more marked
      in the subcapsular epithelial cells in some of the senile cataractous lenses.

PMID- 2397672
TI  - [A topographical survey of the insertions of horizontal recti in strabismus].
AB  - The distance to the limbus and breadth of the insertions of the horizontal recti
      were measured in 857 strabismic patients during operation. The average distance
      and breadth of MR were 4.99 mm and 10.02 mm, and those of the LR were 6.48 mm and
      9.47 mm respectively. The insertion of MR in esotropia (4.87 mm) was nearer to
      the limbus than that in exotropia (5.39 mm) (P less than 0.01). The insertion of
      LR in esotropia (6.66 mm) was further from the limbus than that in exotropia
      (6.43 mm) (P less than 0.01). The relationships between the horizontal recti
      insertion and the degree of deviation and the refraction of the deviating eye
      were discussed. It was inferred that the position of the insertion could play a
      role in the etiology of strabismus.

PMID- 2397673
TI  - Paediatric clinical pharmacology and the health of the world's children.

PMID- 2397674
TI  - Hyperbilirubinemia following exposure to pancuronium bromide in newborns.
AB  - We investigated the risk of hyperbilirubinemia in relation to the administration
      of pancuronium bromide among newborn infants requiring mechanical ventilation.
      One hundred and twenty-nine infants treated with pancuronium were compared to 129
      infants who were never exposed, matched on ventilatory status, hospital,
      birthweight, initial total serum bilirubin, and date of hospital discharge.
      Overall, the adjusted summary relative risk (RR) for hyperbilirubinemia among
      pancuronium-exposed infants compared to nonexposed infants was 1.2 (95%
      confidence interval 1.1-1.4). The risk was greatest among exposed infants during
      the 4 days following the last dose of pancuronium (RR = 1.4; 1.0-1.8). These data
      suggest that the use of pancuronium in sick newborns may be associated with an
      increased risk of clinically important hyperbilirubinemia.

PMID- 2397675
TI  - Heme catabolism in rhesus neonates inhibited by zinc protoporphyrin.
AB  - The effect of zinc (II) protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) administration (40 mumol/kg,
      i.v.) on neonatal heme catabolism and the associated bilirubin production was
      investigated in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) neonates. Carbon monoxide excretion rates
      (VECO), tissue heme oxygenase activity, and plasma bilirubin concentrations were
      measured during a 26-hour postnatal period. In ZnPP-treated neonates (n = 4),
      VECO values were significantly (p = 0.002) diminished by 24% within 24 h. When
      compared to controls (n = 3), tissue heme oxygenase activity in ZnPP-treated
      neonates was greatly reduced in both liver (94% inhibition, p = 0.047) and spleen
      (48% inhibition, p = 0.077), but essentially unaffected in the kidney and brain.
      Although not statistically significant, peak (24-hour) neonatal plasma bilirubin
      concentrations tended to be lower (23%). These results suggest ZnPP may be
      efficacious in reducing heme catabolism associated with neonatal jaundice.

PMID- 2397676
TI  - Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of five beta-lactam antibiotics between
      neonatal and adult rats.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in adult and neonatal rats were
      compared after their intravenous or oral administration. The distribution volumes
      of cefazolin, cefamandole and cefmetazole were larger for the neonatal than the
      adult rats, whereas the distribution volumes of cephradine and cephalexin were
      smaller for the neonates. Neonatal rats showed lower clearances than adults for
      all antibiotics tested. The maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) after oral
      administration of cefazolin, cefamandole and cefmetazole were significantly
      higher (3-15 times) for neonatal than for adult rats. However, in the case of
      cephradine and cephalexin, the increase of Cmax for neonatal rats was small. The
      absolute bioavailabilities for cefazolin, cefamandole and cefmetazole were
      significantly larger in the neonates. Thus, cefazolin, cefamandole and
      cefmetazole, which were poorly absorbed by adults, were found to be easily
      absorbed by the intestines of neonatal rats.

PMID- 2397677
TI  - Chlorpromazine attenuates the pulmonary vascular response to isocapneic alveolar
      hypoxia in piglets.
AB  - We investigated the cardiovascular effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) during
      normoxia and during alveolar hypoxia (HYP) in 9 chronically instrumented piglets
      aged 10-14 days. Each animal was instrumented for measurements of pulmonary and
      systemic arterial and left atrial pressures and pulmonary blood flow. Each piglet
      was studied three times: once during normoxia following infusions of normal
      saline (NS) and CPZ (1 mg/kg), once during established HYP (10% O2-2.5% CO2)
      following the infusion of NS and a third time during established HYP following
      the infusion of CPZ (1 mg/kg). CPZ did not alter any of the cardiovascular
      variables during normoxia but decreased the pulmonary arterial pressure and
      pulmonary vascular resistance during HYP. Thus, CPZ is a vasodilator in the
      pulmonary vascular bed of piglets, preconstricted by HYP.

PMID- 2397678
TI  - Developmental characteristics in the daily rhythm of serotonin concentration
      within rabbit brainstem regions.
AB  - To examine the development of daily rhythms in serotonin levels, we measured
      serotonin concentration within five distinct brainstem regions in 3-day-old, 21
      day-old and adult rabbits at 09.30, 15.30, 21.30 and 03.30. Serotonin was
      measured by radioenzymatic assay in the superior and inferior colliculi, rostral
      pons, caudal pons and medulla, and serotonin concentration was expressed relative
      to wet tissue weight. In addition to defining the presence of a daily rhythm in
      serotonin concentration in whole brainstem, we were interested in identifying
      brainstem region-specific differences in this rhythm. Our data suggest that daily
      rhythms for serotonin are established by 3 days of life. Analysis of gross
      brainstem rhythm data suggests a nocturnal peak in serotonin concentration in 3
      day-old and adult animals in contrast to a diurnal peak for 21-day-old animals.
      These gross rhythms reflect the net sum of distinct region-specific patterns in
      serotonin concentration. Analysis by region reflects a region-specific ontogeny
      in the development of daily rhythms in serotonin concentration. Serotonin is
      involved in the initiation of sleep. The observed developmental patterns may
      relate to the maturation and integration of sleep/wake states.

PMID- 2397679
TI  - Organ transplantation: a crisis in supply, not demand.

PMID- 2397680
TI  - An algorithm for ventricular assist devices.
AB  - The use of ventricular assist devices (VADs) is becoming more common in cardiac
      surgery centers as the indications for application of these devices are
      expanding. Nurses caring for cardiovascular patients need to become familiar with
      the current clinical criteria used in VAD application. This author has developed
      an algorithm that is helpful in teaching VAD nursing care and evaluating cases in
      practice.

PMID- 2397681
TI  - Assessing for pericarditis in the end-stage renal disease patient.
AB  - Pericarditis in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patient can be a life
      threatening emergency. Careful assessment of these patients helps the critical
      care nurse plan for impending complications and ensure the best possible patient
      outcomes.

PMID- 2397682
TI  - Liver transplantation: key nursing diagnoses.
AB  - The last decade has seen the growth of liver transplantation as a recognized
      treatment modality for forms of end-stage hepatic disease. This innovative
      advancement in health care has challenged the critical care nurse to formulate
      nursing diagnoses to recognize actual problems, prevent potential problems, and
      manage this complex patient.

PMID- 2397683
TI  - Assessment of the patient with malignant hypertension.
AB  - The key role of the critical care nurse in caring for the patient with malignant
      hypertension involves careful assessment of the blood pressure and identification
      of progressive organ damage.

PMID- 2397684
TI  - Which patient gets the critical care bed?
AB  - Census fluctuations and the failure to develop appropriate guidelines for
      admitting and transferring patients have made the staffing of critical care units
      extremely difficult, sometimes with serious ethical and physical consequences to
      patients. In this report, a case is analyzed to explore some of the ramifications
      of the use of beds in the critical care unit.

PMID- 2397685
TI  - Trauma research nurse: a career option.
AB  - The critical care nurse has tremendous opportunities in clinical research
      projects. Until now, position descriptions that incorporated research into
      practice were scarce. This manuscript describes how to develop a trauma research
      nurse (TRN) position at your institution.

PMID- 2397686
TI  - Psychosocial care of the cardiac transplant patient: a nursing diagnosis
      approach.
AB  - Cardiac transplant patients are cared for using the latest advances in medicine
      and technology, yet many patients have difficulties that modern technology alone
      cannot resolve. During the initial hospitalization these patients depend on
      nurses to diagnose and intervene in the psychosocial realm and to teach them how
      to cope with this unpredictable experience.

PMID- 2397687
TI  - [Hemodynamic effects of nifedipine on pulmonary hypertension secondary to
      congenital heart disease with shunts].
AB  - Ten patients (pts) with pulmonary hypertension (PAH) secondary to congenital
      heart diseases (CHD) with left to right and bidirectional shunts were studied by
      right heart catheterization. After getting the control hemodynamic data, pts were
      given nifedipine (NIF) capsule 10-20 mg sublingually and their pulmonary artery
      pressure (PAP), systemic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR) were monitored for
      60 minutes and the hemodynamic data were redetermined. The results showed that
      the PAP as well as SBP was decreased and the quantity index of left to right
      shunt (L-R QI) was also reduced by NIF in L-R shunt group (3/10). In
      bidirectional shunts group (7/10), 4/7 cases showed total pulmonary artery
      resistance index (TPRI), pulmonary artery resistance index (PARI) were decreased
      by 29% (P less than 0.01) and 30% (P less than 0.05) respectively without
      seriously increased R-L shunts. The other 3/7 pts' TPRI, PARI were increased
      while systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) was lowered by 41% (P less than
      0.05). The quantity index of pulmonary blood flow (Qlp) was decreased by 30 (P
      less than 0.05) quantity index of right to left shunt R-L QI was increased
      sharply by 138% (P less than 0.05) while L-R QI decreased by 76% (P less than
      0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397688
TI  - [Magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (preliminary
      experience of 6 cases)].
AB  - Preliminary experience of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 6 cases of
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is described in this article. MRI can provided
      pertinent pathoanatomic information of this entity and it is of definite value in
      the diagnostic evaluation of HCM. The relative value of different imaging
      techniques (such as echocardiography, CT and angiography, etc) in the diagnosis
      of HCM are also briefly discussed.

PMID- 2397689
TI  - [Evaluation of prosthetic valvular regurgitation by color Doppler
      echocardiography].
AB  - Prosthetic valvular regurgitation was evaluated by color Doppler echocardiography
      in 107 patients with prostheses. Regurgitant jets were detected in 37 (35%)
      prostheses, 76% of them were transvalvular and 24% of them were perivalvular. The
      ratio of bioprostheses with increased intensity and transvalvular regurgitant
      jets increased parallel to the duration after replacement. Of those bioprostheses
      replaced more than 6 years, 23% developed regurgitation with a higher degree.
      Transvalvular regurgitation was detected in 25% of St. Jude Medical prostheses
      recently replaced, but the degree was low.

PMID- 2397690
TI  - [Cardiac tumors: clinical and echocardiographic diagnosis of 65 cases].
AB  - 65 cases of cardiac tumors were diagnosed and studied by echocardiography. Among
      them 49 were primary tumors including 43 cases of myxoma, one case each of
      hamartoma, lipomatous infiltration, fibroma, hemangioma, rhabdomyosarcoma,
      pericardial mesothelioma, and 16 cases of secondary cardiac tumors. It was found
      that the nature of primary cardiac tumors could be speculated by two-dimensional
      echocardiography based on their pathological features. Most patients with large
      left atrial myxoma had obstructive symptoms of mitral valves, abnormal ECG and
      enlarged left atrium, whereas patients with small atrial myxoma, embolic
      phenomenon was liable to occur. Echocardiography of secondary cardiac tumors
      showed that the tumors usually invaded most frequently both the myocardium and
      pericardium as single or multiple nodular echoes in the myocardium under
      pericardium or within the pericardial cavity, with profuse pericardial effusion.
      Occasionally, the secondary tumor appeared as a large mobile intracavitary mass
      or an extracardiac one compressing the heart or large vessels. It was noticed
      that cardiac symptoms might be the clinical clue in certain patients with
      extracardiac primary malignancy.

PMID- 2397691
TI  - [Diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus by 2-d echocardiography].

PMID- 2397692
TI  - [The effect of nicardipine on left ventricular diastolic function in hypertension
      estimated with pulsed Doppler echocardiography].

PMID- 2397694
TI  - [Diagnosing old posterior myocardial infarct by surface potential mapping].

PMID- 2397693
TI  - [Rupture of splanchnic artery aneurysms (a report of 19 cases)].
AB  - During the past 30 years, 19 patients were admitted in our hospital with acute
      rupture of splanchnic artery aneurysms. There were 12 hepatic artery, 5
      gastroduodenal-pancreaticoduodenal and 2 superior mesenteric artery aneurysms.
      The aneurysms ruptured into the biliary tract in 13 patients, and 3 into the
      abdominal cavity, and 3 into the upper gastrointestinal tract. Twelve aneurysms
      resulted from choledochitis or pancreatitis, 5 from atherosclerosis and 2 from
      trauma. It is difficult to make a correct diagnosis preoperatively. The most
      valuable examination is selective angiography of the celiac and superior
      mesenteric arteries. Nine of our patients were correctly diagnosed preoperatively
      by arteriography. Thirteen patients were treated by surgery and 7 died. Prognosis
      depended on anatomic relations of the aneurysms and the primary underlying
      disease.

PMID- 2397695
TI  - [The role of magnesium in treating congestive heart failure].

PMID- 2397696
TI  - [Echocardiography of Marfan's syndrome].

PMID- 2397697
TI  - [Serum fatty acid and blood pressure (an analysis of five groups of the
      population in China)].

PMID- 2397698
TI  - [Optimal potassium concentration in cardioplegic solutions].
AB  - A model of perfused cardiac papillary muscle from guinea pig was set up in our
      lab. The procaine-free St. Thomas' Hospital solution was used as the basic
      cardioplegic solution. The potassium concentration of the solution was designed
      by optimization (14.6, 22.8, 28.5, 32.6, 57.8 mmol/L). The papillary muscle was
      undergone anoxic arrest for 60 min in 32 degrees C. The effect of myocardium
      preservation was assessed with cardiac action potential, contractility and
      quantitative analysis of ultrastructure. We concluded that; (1) in this research
      the proper potassium concentration is at the range of 20.7-26.0 mmol/L and the
      optimal one is 22.8 mmol/L; (2) despite any deviation from the range, phases II
      and III of the action potential changes first. [K+] greater than or equal to 32.6
      mmol/L slows conductivity, weakens contractility and damages the subcellular
      structure severely; (3) if [K+] is 57.8 mmol/L, anoxic arrest for 60 minutes in
      32 degrees C damages of both structure and function of myocardium is
      irreversible; (4) following the hyperkalemic cardioplegia, there is a secondary
      change of cardiac action potential in reperfusion period, which shows longer
      phase II and shorter phase III, smaller Vmax and APA; (5) reperfusion arrhythmia
      after anoxic hyperkalemic asystole is likely caused by all kinds of conductive
      disorders resulting from the secondary changes of action potential; (6) arrest
      time, AT (Y, s) has the negative relativity to the potassium concentration (X,
      mmol/L) of cardioplegic solution, which can regress to curve 1/Y = 0.10
      1.38/X(14.6 less than or equal to X less than or equal to 57.8). The minimum
      potassium concentration which can guarantee AT within 30 seconds is 20.7 mmol/L.

PMID- 2397699
TI  - [A study on the photosensitivity of atherosclerotic plaque induced by
      tetracycline].

PMID- 2397700
TI  - [The protective effect of coenzyme Q10 on acute myocardial ischemia reperfusion
      in dogs].

PMID- 2397701
TI  - [Electrophysiologic study in 42 cases of unexplained syncope].
AB  - Forty two patients with unexplained syncope underwent intracardiac
      electrophysiologic study to identify the cause of syncope and to select
      appropriate therapy. Electrophysiologic abnormalities were demonstrated in 26
      patients (62%): sustained ventricular tachycardia in 7 patients (27%) of the
      abnormal group. His-Purkinje system dysfunction in 4 (15.4%), atrioventricular
      nodal dysfunction in 4 (15.4%), atrioventricular nodal reentrant supraventricular
      tachycardia in 2 (7.7%), atrial flutter in 1 (3.8%), sinoatrial nodal dysfunction
      in 2 (7.7%), carotid sinus hypersensitivity in 3 (11.5%) and hypervagotonia in 3
      (11.5%). The results of this study suggest that electrophysiologic study should
      be considered in patients with unexplained syncope. Electrophysiologic study in
      an effective method for approaching the diagnosis and improving management of
      unexplained syncope.

PMID- 2397702
TI  - [Experimental study of a CO2 laser-induced myocardial canal].

PMID- 2397703
TI  - [The use of digoxin and diltiazem in controlling ventricular rate in chronic
      atrial fibrillation].

PMID- 2397704
TI  - [Treatment by an independently acting assistant physician (surgery by an
      intern)].

PMID- 2397705
TI  - [The mitochondrial genome and its deletions].

PMID- 2397706
TI  - Otolaryngic examination of the sport scuba diver.
AB  - Diving is a sport presenting unique environmental and physiological hazards to
      its participants. Despite this, scuba diving is an enjoyable and safe hobby, with
      an estimated rate of 250,000 new divers certified each year. The ears, nose, and
      paranasal sinuses are the source of the most common problems in divers. Proper
      otorhinolaryngic medical examination is vital in the certifying of diving
      candidates and in routine examinations of active scuba divers. Most authorities
      agree on major guidelines applicable in ENT examination, although some points are
      a matter of controversy. Based on the major sources on the subject and our own
      experience, we have listed disqualifying disorders and relative or temporary
      contraindications for sport scuba diving. Although there are no regulations
      specifying medical standards for sport divers in the United States, we have tried
      to provide guidelines for the general practitioner and ENT specialist engaging in
      an otolaryngic medical examination of a sport scuba diver.

PMID- 2397707
TI  - Clinical and surgical aspects of cholesteatomas in children.
AB  - A review of 101 charts of pediatric patients who underwent surgery for
      cholesteatoma in the Hospital das Clinicas, Sao Paulo, Brazil, showed that the
      peak incidence was in the 10- to 15-year-old age group (mean age, 10.7 years). A
      high incidence of complications (45.5%) and a significant functional impairment
      (air-bone gap greater than 40 dB in 49% of patients) were some of the particular
      features of our patients. Radical or modified radical mastoidectomies were
      performed in 75 cases (74.3% of cases). The open technique was chosen primarily
      to eradicate cholesteomatous disease, but the satisfactory functional results
      also achieved support our preference for this technique.

PMID- 2397708
TI  - Hearing loss after head injury.
AB  - Sixty head injury patients were evaluated for hearing loss; ten underwent ABER
      testing. Forty percent of the cases had hearing loss of different degrees. The
      audiometric pattern was variable in the different types of injuries, although the
      incidence of conductive deafness was quite low (5%). In most of the cases of
      sensorineural hearing loss, the end organ was implicated. Recruitment was
      demonstrated in the ABERs, as well as in the retrocochlear lesions, by studying
      the IPLs present.

PMID- 2397709
TI  - Sudden onset of velopharyngeal insufficiency in Klippel-Feil syndrome.
AB  - A 17-year-old girl with Klippel-Feil vertebral anomalies presented with sudden
      onset of VPI and hoarseness after a minor neck torsion injury. Her symptoms were
      felt to be due to compression of the brain stem by the odontoid process (through
      basilar invagination). The VPI and hoarseness responded to conservative
      management with oral steroids.

PMID- 2397711
TI  - Use of a hemostat/stimulator probe and dedicated nerve locator/monitor for
      parotid surgery.
AB  - Traditionally, parotidectomy is performed by the surgical routine of locating the
      main trunk of the extratemporal facial nerve followed by lateral lobectomy or
      total parotidectomy. The use of a dissecting/stimulating hemostat and of a
      continuous electromyography (EMG) locator/monitor was studied in terms of its
      effectiveness on the technique and outcome of parotid surgery.

PMID- 2397710
TI  - Smokeless electrocautery tonsillectomy.

PMID- 2397712
TI  - Airway obstruction and pulmonary edema.

PMID- 2397713
TI  - The vasopressin response to severe birth asphyxia.
AB  - Serial measurements of urinary arginine vasopressin (AVP) were made in six
      severely birth asphyxiated newborn infants. In five infants serial plasma
      concentrations were also evaluated. There was a strong negative correlation
      between plasma AVP and plasma osmolality in these infants (r = -0.52, P =
      0.0012). In neither the individual babies nor the group as a whole was there a
      significant correlation between plasma AVP and the urinary excretion of AVP even
      if the latter was standardised for creatinine content. Normal development at
      follow up was only observed in two asphyxiated infants who had consistently low
      urinary arginine vasopressin levels in the first days of life. Infants with
      consistently high urinary vasopressin concentrations either died or were severely
      abnormal in their subsequent development.

PMID- 2397714
TI  - The relative contribution of birth weight and gestational age to physical traits
      of newborn infants.
AB  - The present study establishes anthropometric standards for newborn infants, born
      between 26-41 weeks of gestational age. The measurement of 10 standard
      anthropometric traits was made within the first 72 hours of life in 224 preterm
      (26-36 weeks) and 190 term (37-41 weeks) infants. Multiple regression analysis
      was carried out for each of these anthropometric traits (dependent variables) on
      gestational age, birth weight and sex (independent variables). It was found that
      the prediction of several traits, namely, body length, body mass index, body
      surface area, interocular diameter, ear length and palm length, can be done
      solely via the information on birth weight; cephalic index is better predicted on
      the basis of gestational age, while for the prediction of such cranial traits as
      the circumference, length and breadth of head, both birth weight and gestational
      age are desirable.

PMID- 2397716
TI  - Abstracts of papers presented at the Neonatal Society Meeting. March 1990.

PMID- 2397715
TI  - Perinatal risk for infants of unmarried mothers over a period of 20 years.
AB  - The perinatal events of the infants of 444 unmarried mothers, 3.7% of the total
      Northern Finland birth cohort from 1966, were compared with those of infants of
      11,525 married mothers (95.5%), and a similar comparison was made between 395
      (4.2%) unmarried mothers and 7516 (80.3%) married mothers in a second Northern
      Finland birth cohort in 1985-86. 1336 mothers, 14.3% of the mothers in this later
      cohort, were cohabiting. Divorced and widowed mothers were excluded from both
      cohorts. The infants of the unmarried mothers had a significantly lower mean
      birth weight, were more likely to be small for their gestational age (SGA), of
      low birth weight (LBW) (below 2500 g) and had a higher incidence of pre-term
      births than those of the married mothers in both cohorts. Perinatal mortality was
      significantly higher among the unmarried mothers only in the former cohort. These
      differences in perinatal events diminished markedly after adjustment for maternal
      age, parity, height, years of schooling and smoking habits, but did not totally
      disappear. The difference in the incidence of pre-term births diminished, but
      remained significant in both cohorts. The difference in mean birth weight, in the
      incidence of LBW infants and in perinatal mortality remained significantly less
      favourable to the unmarried mothers only in the 1966 cohort. It seems that the
      gap between the married and unmarried mothers had diminished. The incidence of
      SGA infants did not differ significantly between the married and unmarried
      mothers in either cohort after adjustment for the background variables. The
      cohabiting mothers formed an intermediate group between the married and single
      unmarried mothers in respect of perinatal events, but were close to the married
      mothers. In raw figures, the mean birth weight in this group was significantly
      lower and the incidence of SGA infants higher than among the married mothers, but
      these differences also disappeared after adjustment of the background variables.

PMID- 2397717
TI  - [Cytochemical localization of concanavalin A binding sites in the peripheral
      nerve axons of old rats].
AB  - Distribution of alpha-D-mannose and alpha-D-glucose residues of glycoconjugates
      in axons of sciatic nerves of 24-month old rats of Wistar strains was studied by
      concanavalin-A-ferritin conjugate. In some of axons there were cumulations of
      ferritin molecules in agglomerates of various size with polarization of the
      phenomenon at preserved integrity of myelin sheath. In other cases the
      concentration of a large number of lectin binding sites was established in the
      region of the degenerating part of myelin sheath, engrossed in the axon cylinder.
      The changes in the distribution of carbohydrate residues in the axoplasm of some
      of the fibers are discussed in connection with the occurring axonal atrophy in
      fibers of peripheral nerves of old rats.

PMID- 2397718
TI  - [Changes in the articular and growth cartilage of young rats after the intra
      articular injection of hydrocortisone].
AB  - Changes in the cells and matrix of the joint cartilage (JC) and growing cartilage
      (GC) of tibias of young rats after five-fold administration of hydrocortisone in
      a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight were studied by routine histological and
      histochemical methods. Fissures occurred in JC, but its superficial layer
      thickened. The cells of this layer acquired the form of fibroblasts, but the
      reaction for proteoglycans gradually weakened and became negative. The cells in
      the proliferative and hypertrophic zones were involved mainly in GC. The amount
      of granulated endoplasmic reticulum diminished. The number of myelin-like figures
      was increased. Pilings of thick collagenous fibers occurred in the matrix.

PMID- 2397719
TI  - [The pathomorphological changes in the pleura of rabbits with artificial
      pneumothorax and uropolin pleurography].
AB  - The results from artificial pneumothorax in 25 rabbits with intrapleural
      administration of Uropolin (10 rabbits) as well as of 10% solution of NACl (7
      rabbits) were described. Thoracotomy was made on 7th, 14th and 12 21st day and
      the parietal, diaphragmatic and visceral pleura with underlaying tissues were
      examined. Proliferation of the mesothelium [correction of mesother] and growth of
      the connective tissue, which were more manifested in rabbits treated with
      Uropolin, were established histologically. The authors think that
      pathohistological examinations confirm the clinical observed favourable effect of
      intrapleural administration of Uropolin for obliteration of the pleural cavity.

PMID- 2397720
TI  - [The composition and structure of isolectins from Arum maculatum].
AB  - The delipidized saline extract of Arum maculatum (AM) contains two selectively
      agglutinating human spermatozoa isolectinesphytospermoagglutinins (FSA1 and
      FSA2), which bind to various receptors of spermatozoon plasmalemma. It is
      established by means of disc polyacrilamide electrophoresis amino acid analysis
      and isoelectric focusing that FSA1 is tetrameter, but FSA2-octameter, which have
      similar amino-acid content and do not contain carbohydrates. The established
      structural differences probably cause also the capability of FSA1 and FSA2 to
      bind various receptors of spermatozoon plasmalemma. It is proven that FSA2
      possesses antigenic properties.

PMID- 2397721
TI  - [The effects on the learning process of 4 pyrrolidine derivatives and of
      cyticholine (experiments on rats in a water maze)].
AB  - The experiments were carried out on 104 male white rats and the effects of
      pyracetamat, aniracetamat and 2 newly synthesized pirolidine derivatives P-CL, P
      p as well as of cytidin-diphosphat choline (cyticholine) were examined on
      training in a water maze. All investigated substances were administered
      immediately after morning training orally in a dose of 100 mg/kg for a period of
      5 days. Ten trainings were undertaken each day twice. Two parameters were
      determined: time of stay of the rat in the water maze (in seconds) and the number
      of mistakes (entrance of blind canals). Pyracetamat and cyticholine improved
      training of rats while the other examined substances showed insignificant effect.
      A conclusion is made that chemically close nootropic drugs could be
      differentiated substantially in respect to spatial memory as well.

PMID- 2397722
TI  - [Experimental research on the effect of bioshik (tinidazole) on reproduction
      indices].
AB  - Studies were carried out on the influence of bioshik (tinidazol), synthesised and
      produced by NPSK of Pharmacy at the Medical Academy on reproduction of male and
      female rats. The experiments were undertaken after oral administration of bioshik
      in two doses of 100 mg and 300 mg/kg of body mass (1/20 and 1/10 of LD50) at
      several stages: I stage during natal application, respectively: 1. during sexual
      maturation and 2. during the period of sexual maturity and II stage during
      prenatal administration of bioshik. The studies of the second stage were
      performed on 3-months old male and female rats, a generation of animals, treated
      with bioshik during pregnancy. The following parameters were determined: sexual
      receptivity, reproduction, percentage of early resorptions and mean number of
      normally implanted fetuses. The described data showed that there was inhibition
      of sexual receptivity as well as of reproduction after usage of higher doses of
      300 mg/kg of body mass only natally and more manifested after application during
      sexual maturation. There were no data on impairement of the examined parameters
      for reproduction in offsprings after treatment of pregnant rats with bioshik.

PMID- 2397723
TI  - Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - To evaluate the usefulness of the paramagnetic contrast agent Gadolinium-DTPA
      (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) in Magnetic Resonance Imaging of acute
      myocardial infarction, we studied a total of 45 patients with a first acute
      myocardial infarction by ECG-gated magnetic resonance imaging before and after
      intravenous administration of 0.1 mmol/kg Gadolinium-DTPA. All patients received
      thrombolytic treatment by intravenous streptokinase. The magnetic resonance
      imaging studies were performed after a mean of 88 h (range 15-241) after the
      acute onset of acute myocardial infarction. Five patients without evidence of
      cardiac disease served as controls. Spin-echo measurements (TE 30 ms) were made
      using a Philips Gyroscan (0.5 Tesla) or a Teslacon II (0.6 Tesla). The 45
      patients were divided into four groups of patients. In Group I (5 patients)
      Gadolinium-DTPA improved the detection of myocardial infarction by Gadolinium
      DTPA. In Group II (20 patients) the magnetic resonance imaging procedure was
      repeated every 10 min for up to 40 min following administration of Gadolinium
      DTPA. Optimal contrast enhancement was obtained 20-25 min after Gadolinium-DTPA.
      In Group III (27 patients) signal intensities were significantly higher in the
      patients who underwent the magnetic resonance imaging study more than 72 h (mean
      120) after the acute event, suggesting increased accumulation of Gadolinium-DTPA
      in a more advanced stage of the infarction process. In Group IV (45 patients)
      Gadolinium-DTPA was administered in an attempt to distinguish between reperfused
      and nonreperfused myocardial areas after thrombolytic treatment for acute
      myocardial infarction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397724
TI  - Radiographic examination of the acute shoulder.
AB  - Since 1988 the routine shoulder examination at our department has consisted of
      the anteroposterior projection (AP), the transthoracic projection (TT) and the
      apical oblique projection (AO). To save discomfort to the patients - including
      unnecessary X-rays - as well as time and money, we wanted to see, whether one of
      the projections could be omitted from the primary examination without losing
      diagnostic information. Retrospectively, 125 acute shoulder examinations were
      reevaluated - each projection separately - and the findings from the three
      radiographs of each shoulder compared. In 47 patients the examinations were
      normal. The remaining 78 patients had a total of 112 lesions. The AO alone showed
      17 of 112 lesions (15%) of which eight were isolated lesions. The AO together
      with the AP presented 111 of 112 lesions, and with a supplementary TT obtained in
      case of fracture, no lesions were overlooked. Based on this present material and
      the literature, we recommend that the routine radiographic examination of the
      acute shoulder includes the AO and the AP, to be supplemented with the TT - or
      another lateral projection - in case of humeral fracture.

PMID- 2397725
TI  - Arthrography of the plica syndrome and its significance.
AB  - The plica is a synovial fold inside the knee joint that may become symptomatic if
      for any reason the fold is converted into a bowstring. In 42 patients with
      chronic knee problems, arthrograms of the knee were obtained with evidence of the
      plica syndrome. Twenty-four were asymptomatic, 18 symptomatic, and of these 16
      were excised. After a mean follow-up period of 3 years, 10 of the symptomatic
      patients were free of symptoms, while eight were unchanged or worse. The plica
      syndrome is not common, and careful assessment must be made by exclusion with
      clinical examination, double-contrast arthrography, and arthroscopy.

PMID- 2397726
TI  - The height of the patella: an anatomical study.
AB  - The anterior region of the left knee joint of fifty fresh human cadavers (37
      males, 13 females) was dissected and the following measurements were carried out:
      length of the patella (LP), width of the patella (WP), length of the patellar
      tendon (LT), and width of the patellar tendon (WT). The ratio LT/LP for
      assessment of the vertical position of the patella was 1.00 (range 0.72-1.38; SD
      0.14) and found to be in full agreement with radiographic studies carried out
      first by Insall and Salvati in 1971 and later by other authors. There was no
      significant statistical difference between the Insall-Salvati index in males and
      females. The length and width of the patella as well as the length of the
      patellar tendon were found to be significantly larger in males than in females (P
      less than 0.001).

PMID- 2397727
TI  - CT diagnosis and differential diagnosis of otodystrophic lesions of the temporal
      bone.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic and differential value of
      high-resolution computed tomography in the evaluation of temporal-bone
      dystrophies. The study group included 55 patients with osseous abnormalities of
      the temporal bone in general, and the labyrinthine capsule in particular. In 27
      patients the CT scan revealed evidence of otodystrophic lesions. The CT findings
      in patients with otosclerosis (21 patients), osteogenesis imperfecta (two
      patients), fibrous dysplasia (one patient), Paget's disease (one patient) and
      osteopetrosis (two patients) are described. The CT scans of 17 patients revealed
      secondary osseous lesions due to metastasis (five patients), post-inflammatory
      changes (10 patients) or labyrinthitis ossificans (two patients). Normal variants
      and congenital mineralization defects were diagnosed in nine patients, Down's
      syndrome in two. Our results indicate the importance of high-resolution computed
      tomography as the primary imaging modality in evaluating osseous lesions of the
      temporal bone and labyrinth.

PMID- 2397728
TI  - Computed tomographic localization of pelvic hydatid disease.
AB  - Nine patients with history of hydatid disease have been examined by CT.
      Localization of the hydatid cysts in the pelvis was established by anatomical
      criteria. Occasionally, the transverse plane can be confusing for the precise
      localization of a lesion. A central location, close to the boundaries of the
      bladder and rectum, can define peritoneal location. Further posterolateral
      retrovesical location can be considered retroperitoneal. Using these criteria, 8
      cysts were situated within the peritoneum and 1 within the retroperitoneum.

PMID- 2397729
TI  - Predictability of esophagus- and cardiatumor resectability by preoperative
      computed tomography.
AB  - Prior to operation, 32 patients with a tumor in the esophagus or in the cardia
      region were examined with computed tomography (CT), to evaluate the
      predictability of tumor resectability by CT. Twenty patients had the tumor
      operatively resected, in 2 patients the bulk of tumor could only be partly
      resected, and 10 patients were non-resectable due to invasion into the
      surrounding structures. The tumor resectability evaluated by preoperative CT
      resulted in positive/negative predictive values of 91 and 90%, respectively. This
      indicates that CT is a valuable method in planning the therapeutic strategy in
      cases of carcinoma of the oesophagus and the cardia region. The predictability of
      lymph-node involvement in the mediastinum and abdomen was less convincing.

PMID- 2397730
TI  - A dynamic phantom for generation of contrast bolus curves for the evaluation of
      digital subtraction angiography systems.
AB  - A solid dynamic phantom has been constructed, which allows quantitative
      measurements of the signal-to-noise ratios in processed images from digital
      subtraction angiography (DSA) units. Profiles of silicone rubber placed in
      concentric circles on a plate which is rotated in the image plane generates bolus
      curves with five different transit times in each examination. The phantom is
      suited for measurement on DSA units working with matched or recursive filtering.

PMID- 2397731
TI  - Malrotation of the midgut: a rare complication in an adult patient.
AB  - Complications caused by a congenital anomaly of the midgut usually occur in the
      first 4 weeks of life; later such complications are rare. We present an adult
      patient with extrinsic duodenal compression caused by malrotation. The
      embryology, symptoms and complications in the adult and the radiological
      diagnosis are discussed. The literature on this subject is reviewed.

PMID- 2397732
TI  - 'Dysplasia' rehabilitated.

PMID- 2397733
TI  - Associated coronary and cardiac anomalies in the tetralogy of Fallot. An
      angiographic study.
AB  - Numerous studies have pointed out the frequent association of tetralogy of Fallot
      (TF) with other cardiovascular defects and coronary tree anomalies. We found
      cardiac defects in 181 (68%) out of 265 patients with TF investigated by
      catheterization and selective coronary angiography. These anomalies were isolated
      in 88 cases (49%) and associated with others in 93 patients. In the case of an
      isolated anomaly associated with TF, the coronary tree was involved in 37.5% and
      the cardiovascular system in the remaining 62.5%; in the case of two anomalies,
      the coronary system was involved in 66% of the patients and the cardiovascular
      apparatus in 34%; in the case of three or more anomalies, the coronary arteries
      were involved in 71% and the cardiovascular system in 29%. Anomalies in the
      course and/or distribution of coronary arteries were present in 96 patients
      (36%): 10 had a single coronary ostium, 13 a left anterior descending artery
      arising from the right coronary artery, one a circumflex artery arising from the
      right coronary artery. Small fistulas between coronary arteries and the pulmonary
      artery were found in 20 cases; anastomoses between coronary and bronchial
      arteries or right atrium in 42. In 39 patients we observed a large conus artery
      or large anterior ventricular branches crossing the right ventricle. A right
      aortic arch was found in 56 patients (21%), a stenosis of the trunk and/or the
      peripheral pulmonary artery in 35 (13%) and pulmonary artery atresia in five.
      Four patients showed a complete atrioventricular canal, three an atrial septal
      defect (primum type) with cleft of the mitral valve, 61 (23%) an atrial septal
      defect (ostium secundum). Eleven patients had anomalies of the systemic venous
      return, 26 (10%) a patent ductus arteriosus. Four patients had valvular
      abnormalities. In our series, a large proportion of cardiac defects associated
      with TF consists of anomalies of coronary arteries. Our data confirm the
      usefulness of performing preoperatively routine coronary angiography in patients
      with complex congenital heart disease.

PMID- 2397734
TI  - Thallium-201 scintigraphy after dipyridamole infusion with low-level exercise.
      III. Clinical significance and additional diagnostic value of ST segment
      depression and angina pectoris during the test.
AB  - Intravenous dipyridamole thallium testing is a useful alternative procedure for
      assessing coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients who are unable to perform
      maximal exercise tests. Ischaemic ST segment depression and angina pectoris are
      frequently observed during the test, in particular when exercise is added to
      dipyridamole infusion. To establish the clinical significance and additional
      diagnostic value of these markers of ischaemia during dipyridamole low-level
      exercise testing (DXT) 57 patients with CAD (group A), 21 patients with normal or
      near-normal coronary arteries at coronary arteriography (group B), and 20 healthy
      subjects with low likelihood of CAD (group C) were studied. During DXT ischaemic
      ST segment depression was observed in 28 patients (47%) of group A and in two
      patients (10%) of group B. Angina pectoris was experienced by 35 patients (61%)
      of group A and by five patients (24%) of group B. The positive predictive value
      of both ST depression and angina pectoris was high (88 and 93%, respectively),
      but the negative predictive values were low (42 and 40%, respectively). Combining
      ST segment analysis with the findings of thallium imaging significantly increased
      the diagnostic accuracy of the test. ST segment depression, angina pectoris, and
      thallium abnormalities were highly specific findings if the study population
      consisted of asymptomatic subjects with a low likelihood of CAD (group C).
      Sensitivity for the detection of the presence of CAD increased with the extent of
      CAD for all parameters studied. Thus, ST depression and angina pectoris, alone or
      in combination, during DXT have little diagnostic significance, although
      sensitivity is increased in patients with triple-vessel CAD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397735
TI  - Changes in plasma lipoproteins after cardiac rehabilitation in patients not on
      lipid-lowering drugs.
AB  - The extent to which a conventional cardiac rehabilitation programme can influence
      plasma lipoproteins was investigated in a prospective study. The relationship
      between changes in plasma lipoproteins and baseline characteristics, as well as
      variables related to the physical training and to dietary habits were assessed in
      77 cardiac patients. All patients participated in a physical training programme,
      including general dietary advice. Patients who received lipid-lowering drugs were
      excluded from this study. Total plasma cholesterol decreased from 7.1 +/- 1.6 to
      6.8 +/- 1.2 mmol l-1 (P less than 0.05), but it remained high in many patients,
      61% having a level above 6.5 mmol l-1. The high- and low-density lipoprotein
      fractions (HDL- and LDL-cholesterol), and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL
      cholesterol, did not change significantly. The change in total plasma cholesterol
      was greatest (P less than 0.05) in patients who changed their diet in the
      recommended direction, and was poorly related to the change in maximal workload.
      It is concluded that a combination of general dietary advice and moderate
      physical exercise training is followed by a small reduction in total plasma
      cholesterol levels without changing HDL-cholesterol, and that cardiac
      rehabilitation should include strict programmes for the reduction of elevated
      plasma cholesterol.

PMID- 2397736
TI  - Left ventricular hyperkinesis in acute myocardial infarction and at control
      angiography after 1 month.
AB  - One-hundred-and-fifty-four consecutive patients were treated with intravenous and
      intracoronary streptokinase within 3 h of the onset of acute myocardial
      infarction. Left ventricular function was determined from contrast
      ventriculograms obtained in the acute phase and at follow-up at 28 (15-37) days
      in 123 patients with matched ventriculograms. Regional wall motion analysis was
      performed with a radial axis system and asynergy determined by comparing
      percentage radial shortening with findings in ten normal controls. Reperfusion
      was achieved in 79% of patients. However, there was no significant difference in
      global ejection fraction between the acute phase (60.6%) and follow-up (60.4%)
      ventriculograms, although a significant reduction of hypokinetic areas was seen.
      An increase in regional ejection fraction in anterior (+10%) and inferior (+9%)
      hypokinesis was counterbalanced by a reduction of incidence (-11%) of
      hyperkinesis and regional ejection fraction (-10%) in the contralateral wall. In
      patients with a patent infarct-related vessel at follow-up, no difference in
      global or regional parameters was found in the acute phase, but at follow-up
      these patients showed improved regional wall motion with an increase in global
      ejection fraction (1.6%, n.s.). In patients with occluded vessels at follow-up
      global ejection fraction decreased (-5.4%, P less than 0.05). The decrease of
      frequency and extent of hyperkinesis in the clinical course of acute myocardial
      infarction tends to counterbalance recovery of wall motion in the infarcted
      region, resulting in little change in global ejection fraction.

PMID- 2397737
TI  - Enzyme release after elective cardioversion.
AB  - Electrical cardioversion is reported to be associated with some degree of
      skeletal muscle and myocardial damage. In the present study, total creatine
      kinase (S-CK) and the activity of the subunit S-CK-B activity have been measured
      in serum after elective cardioversion in 30 patients. The enzyme activity peaked
      during a 28-h observation period. S-CK increased from 72 +/- 6 (mean +/- SEM) Ul
      1 (1.2 +/- 0.1 ukat l-1) to a maximal value of 990 +/- 258 u l-1 (16.5 +/- 4.3
      ukat l-1) and S-CK-B (analysed as a measure of S-CK-MB) increased from 3.0 +/-
      0.6 U l-1 (0.05 +/- 0.01 ukat l-1) to a maximum of 10.2 +/- 1.8 U l-1 (0.17 +/-
      0.03 ukat l-1), with seven patients reaching a S-CK-B value above the
      discrimination limit for myocardial infarction. The relationship between S-CK and
      S-CK-B values, however, indicated a skeletal muscle origin of the enzyme release.
      The maximal activity of both S-CK (r = 0.79; P less than 0.001) and S-CK-B (r =
      0.70; P less than 0.001) correlated positively to the cumulative delivered
      energy. Thus, the release of S-CK and S-CK-B after elective cardioversion is
      correlated to the cumulative energy delivered, indicating increased skeletal
      muscle damage with greater energy. If the S-CK activity curve is interpreted
      without access to the S-CK-B activity this might interfere with the diagnosis of
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2397738
TI  - Choosing the pacemaker; a rational approach to the use of modern pacemaker
      technology.
AB  - Sophisticated pacemakers now afford greater benefit than only relief of syncope
      for patients with symptomatic bradyarrhythmia. For clinical reasons it is
      inappropriate to implant ventricular demand (VVI) pacemakers in every patient,
      but for both clinical and economic reasons it is also undesirable to use dual
      lead or rate-responsive systems indiscriminately. However, the published
      guidelines for pacemaker choice and investigation are inadequate. We have
      analysed the clinical assessment and the investigations required in a series of
      150 patients with various electrophysiological disorders, considered
      consecutively for pacemaker implantation using an algorithm to assist decisions.
      Holter electrocardiography in 77.3%, exercise testing--formal (in 9.3%) or
      informal (during Holter electrocardiography), electrophysiology study (EPS)--full
      in 15.3% and partial in 29.3%, and trial of pacing (10.7%) were all used to
      characterize dysfunction and to define appropriate pacing mode. 142 patients were
      paced--57.0% with single lead modes (12.7%) AAI, 44.3% VVI) and 43.0% dual-lead
      (2.8% DVI, 23.9% VDD or VAT, 16.2% DDD). Three patients received rate-responsive
      systems (VVIR) which, if available, would have been used in nine; four would have
      been suitable for AAIR and four for dual-lead responsive pacing (DVIR, DDIR or
      DDDR). We offer a rational approach based on published data for investigation and
      pacemaker choice in the management of patients with bradyarrhythmia.

PMID- 2397739
TI  - XIIth Congress of the European Society of Cardiology. 16-20 September 1990,
      Stockholm, Sweden. Abstracts.

PMID- 2397740
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of dopamine autoreceptor antagonists, (+)-AJ 76 and
      (+)-UH 232.
AB  - The weak aminotetralin stimulants, (+)-AJ 76, cis-(+)-5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(n
      propylamino)tetralin and (+)-UH 232, cis-(+)-5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(di-n
      propylamino)tetralin, were tested for their effects on firing rates of
      dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNPC). (+)-AJ 76
      and (+)-UH 232 antagonized the depression of DA neuron firing rates following
      autoreceptor stimulation by apomorphine. Thus, just as they antagonize DA
      autoreceptors on presynaptic terminals, these aminotetralins also antagonize the
      somatodendritic DA autoreceptor. However, in contrast to terminal autoreceptors
      where (+)-AJ 76 is the most potent antagonist, (+)-UH 232 is the most potent on
      cell body autoreceptors. (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 also reversed the depression of
      DA neurons arising from activation of negative feedback pathways by amphetamine
      induced DA release in postynaptic areas. Based on potencies to reverse
      amphetamine and apomorphine, respectively, the postsynaptic/presynaptic potency
      ratios for (+)-AJ 76, (+)-UH 232, and haloperidol were all near unity. It is
      concluded that (+)-AJ 76 and (+)-UH 232 antagonize both postsynaptic and
      somatodendritic sites with equal potencies, and that their weak stimulant
      properties may be due to a preferential antagonism of nerve terminal
      autoreceptors.

PMID- 2397741
TI  - The effects of the phencyclidine analogs BTCP and TCP on nigrostriatal dopamine
      neuronal activity.
AB  - Extracellular single unit recording techniques were used to evaluate the effects
      of two phencyclidine (PCP) derivatives. N-[1-(2
      benzo(b)thiophenyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine (BTCP) and N-[1-(2
      thiophenyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine (TCP) on the electrophysiological activity of
      antidromically identified nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons in chloral hydrate
      anesthetized rats. I.v. BTCP produced a dose-dependent decrease in the firing
      rate of identified nigrostriatal DA neurons whereas TCP elicited a dose-dependent
      biphasic effect which was characterized by an activation of cell firing at low
      doses followed by a reversal of the response with larger doses. A hemitransection
      of the brain anterior to the substantia nigra significantly reduced the
      inhibitory effect of BTCP while this surgical procedure did not affect the
      response to TCP. However, iontophoretic application of BTCP induced a current
      dependent inhibition of the spontaneous activity of cells while local application
      of TCP had no effect on the firing rate of these cells. These data indicate that
      PCP analogs are able to interact with the nigrostriatal DAergic pathway through
      distinct and opposing mechanisms. The results are discussed in light of recent
      observations that BTCP is selective for the DA uptake site while TCP is selective
      for the high affinity PCP binding site.

PMID- 2397742
TI  - Development of tolerance to the CNS effects of aminoglutethimide in mice.
AB  - Initially, there is a high incidence of CNS-depressant side-effects when the
      aromatase inhibitor, aminoglutethimide, is used in the treatment of patients with
      advanced breast cancer. Tolerance to these effects develops with continued
      dosing. This study examines the development of tolerance to various indices of
      CNS depression with the drug in mice. Single doses of aminoglutethimide induced a
      dose-dependent depression of spontaneous locomotor activity, rotarod performance,
      righting reflex and body temperature and a dose-related antileptazol activity. On
      repeated dosing with the drug, tolerance to these various activities occurred.
      The tolerance was found to be dose-dependent in the rotarod and righting reflex
      tests and time-dependent in the locomotor and body temperature tests. Although
      the results do not allow a determination of whether this clearly demonstrated
      phenomenon in the mouse is primarily functional or dispositional, the slow onset
      (14 days) for complete tolerance may be indicative of a functional mechanism.

PMID- 2397743
TI  - The role of bicuculline, aminooxyacetic acid and gabaculine in the modulation of
      ethanol-induced motor impairment.
AB  - Ethanol's intoxicating effects may result from ethanol-induced changes in central
      gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) mechanisms. To further test this hypothesis, mice
      were pretreated with bicuculline (1 mg/kg s.c.), aminooxyacetic acid (15, 20, 25
      or 30 mg/kg i.p.) or gabaculine (20 or 40 mg/kg i.p.). Following pretreatment,
      20% ethanol (2.25 g/kg i.p.) was administered and rolling roller performance
      evaluated. All ethanol-treated control animals showed lack of rolling roller
      performance at 5 min post ethanol but regained rolling roller performance by 35
      min. Only 42% of the bicuculline pretreated mice demonstrated lack of rolling
      roller performance at 5 min post ethanol and all regained rolling roller
      performance by 15 min. Impairment of rolling roller performance by ethanol was
      potentiated by aminooxyacetic acid in a dose-dependent manner. Aminooxyacetic
      acid (25 and 30 mg/kg doses) slowed blood ethanol disappearance although analysis
      of blood ethanol disappearance and motor impairment curves indicated that
      aminooxyacetic acid potentiation of ethanol-induced rolling roller performance
      impairment cannot be attributed solely to aminooxyacetic acid's effect on blood
      ethanol levels. Gabaculine also potentiated ethanol's impairment of rolling
      roller performance but was more effective than aminooxyacetic acid in slowing
      ethanol disappearance, suggesting that in comparison to aminooxyacetic acid,
      alteration of ethanol metabolism plays a greater role in gabaculine's
      potentiation of ethanol-induced motor impairment.

PMID- 2397744
TI  - The inhibition of [3H]leukotriene D4 binding to guinea-pig lung membranes. The
      correlation of binding affinity with activity on the guinea-pig ileum.
AB  - Guinea-pig lung membranes contain high affinity (KD = 0.8 nM) binding sites for
      [3H]leukotriene D4 [( 3H]LTD4). The binding is inhibited by leukotriene
      antagonists, such as ICI 198615 and SK&F 104353, in a manner consistent with the
      Law of Mass Action at a single site. It is also inhibited by a range of
      leukotriene analogues in a dose-related manner. Inhibition by some of these e.g.
      LTC4 suggests that the [3H]LTD4 binding sites are heterogeneous. The binding
      affinity of the leukotriene analogues is significantly correlated (P less than
      0.001) to their spasmogenic activity on guinea-pig ileum but not on guinea-pig
      lung strip. The binding affinity of the leukotriene antagonists is also
      correlated to their antagonist activity on guinea-pig ileum (P less than 0.05)
      but not on guinea-pig lung. These results indicate that the [3H]LTD4 binding site
      in guinea-pig lung is similar to the leukotriene receptor activated by LTD4 and
      LTE4 on guinea-pig ileum. The contractile response of guinea-pig lung strips to
      leukotrienes, in the presence of indomethacin, is mediated by a distinct type of
      leukotriene receptor.

PMID- 2397746
TI  - Pituitary-adrenal and vagus modulation of sauvagine- and CRF-induced inhibition
      of gastric emptying in rats.
AB  - Sauvagine and CRF significantly delayed gastric emptying in rats: sauvagine was
      21 times more potent than CRF in inhibiting gastric emptying when injected
      subcutaneously and 59 times more potent when injected intracerebroventricularly.
      The inhibitory effect of intracerebroventricular and subcutaneous injections of
      sauvagine and CRF was always reversed by vagotomy. Hypophysectomy significantly
      reduced the inhibitory effect of subcutaneously injected sauvagine and CRF, but
      not that of intracerebroventricularly injected peptides. Adrenalectomy completely
      prevented the inhibition of gastric emptying only if it was performed 7 days
      before peptide administration, whereas the central and peripheral inhibitory
      effect of sauvagine and CRF was retained after acute (1 h) adrenalectomy. In
      animals adrenalectomized 7 days previously, chronic administration or a single
      dose of corticosterone at different intervals (1, 24 and 72 h) before the test
      caused the peptides to recover their inhibitory activity. These results
      demonstrate that the inhibitory action of sauvagine and CRF clearly depends on
      the integrity of the parasympathetic nervous system (vagus), and on
      corticosterone secretion by the adrenal gland.

PMID- 2397745
TI  - On the interaction of gallamine with muscarinic receptor subtypes.
AB  - The interaction of gallamine with muscarinic receptor subtypes was examined using
      radioligand binding studies. In competition studies using [3H]N-methylscopolamine
      [( 3H]NMS), gallamine displayed high affinity for the rat cardiac and guinea-pig
      uterine M2 muscarinic receptors and for the atypical muscarinic receptor present
      in chicken heart. Gallamine displayed low affinity for rat glandular and human
      1321 N1 astrocytoma cell M3 receptors and also for the M4 receptors of NG108-15
      and PC12 cells. The compound displayed intermediate affinity for M1 receptors of
      rat cortex labeled using [3H]pirenzepine. The interaction of gallamine with the
      M1 and M2 receptors appeared to be competitive at the low concentrations required
      to determine affinity estimates. Thus, gallamine inhibited the binding of
      [3H]pirenzepine to M1 receptors and [3H]NMS to M2 receptors at concentrations
      that were 263- and 23-fold lower, respectively, than those required to decrease
      radioligand dissociation kinetics. Furthermore, gallamine, at a concentration
      that inhibited between 63 and 71% of specific radioligand binding, had no effect
      on the observed rate of association of the radioligand with either the M1 or the
      M2 receptor. At the M3 glandular receptor, there was little separation between
      the concentrations of gallamine that produced inhibition of binding and those
      that decreased the association and dissociation rates of [3H]NMS. It is therefore
      difficult to determine if the inhibition of binding seen in competition studies
      on the M3 receptor was produced through a competitive or an allosteric mechanism.
      Despite its possible allosteric properties at the M3 receptor, gallamine can be
      used to detect heterogeneity of muscarinic receptor subtypes in several tissues
      and therefore represents a useful tool for defining muscarinic receptor subtypes.

PMID- 2397747
TI  - Reduction of infarct size by local angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition is
      abolished by a bradykinin antagonist.

PMID- 2397748
TI  - In vitro cytotoxicity of VP-16-213 and nitrogen mustard: agonistic on tumor cells
      but not on normal human bone marrow progenitors.
AB  - The possible presence of tumor cells in remission bone marrow (BM) is one of the
      major problems for the success of autologous BM transplantation (ABMT), because
      the reinfusion of viable malignant cells may result in relapse. In this study we
      attempted the purging of the malignant cells by the use of VP-16-213 (VP-16) and
      nitrogen mustard (NM) either alone or in combination. Four cell lines from
      various hematological malignancies were utilized: SK-DHL-2 was established from a
      B-cell diffuse histiocytic lymphoma; RAJI was from an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
      infected B-cell lymphoma cell line; K-562 were from a chronic myelogenous
      leukemia (CML) blastic crisis; and HL-60, derived from a human promyelocytic
      leukemia, were used in exponential growth phase. Four logs of tumor cell
      elimination were observed after 1-h incubation of RAJI cells with 25
      micrograms/ml of VP-16. K-562 and SK-DHL-2 cells showed a greater than 4 logs
      reduction after 1-h exposure to 75 micrograms/ml of VP-16, and HL-60 cell line
      growth was inhibited by 3.2 logs. Under the same conditions (i.e., the treatment
      with 75 micrograms/ml), we observed a mean recovery of 2.7% of BM granulocyte
      macrophage colonies (granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units, CFU-GM), 3.2%
      of erythroid (erythroid burst-forming units, BFU-E), and 2.5% of pluripotent
      (granulocyte erythrocyte macrophage megakaryocyte colony-forming units, CFU-GEMM)
      progenitors, respectively. More than 3 logs reduction of leukemia and lymphoma
      cell lines were reached following 1-h treatment with 1 micrograms/ml of NM. After
      exposure to the same concentration of the drug we obtained 2.5% CFU-GM, 1.2% BFU
      E, and 2% CFU-GEMM recovery. A drug mixture containing constant doses of VP-16
      (10 and 20 micrograms/ml) and NM (1 micrograms/ml) reduced HL-60 and SK-DHL-2
      cell growth to undetectable levels (i.e., 4 and 5 logs elimination) in the
      presence of an excess of irradiated BM cells, whereas it did not further affect
      the recovery of the BM precursors as compared to the single drugs used alone.
      These results suggest that the combination of these two drugs at the selected
      dose level could provide a better therapeutic index (i.e., higher tumor cell
      killing coupled with no additional cytotoxic effect on normal BM cells) than the
      same chemotherapeutic agent used alone and that this mixture may be useful for
      the "ex vivo" treatment of BM grafts.

PMID- 2397749
TI  - Immunophenotypic analyses of cultured hemopoietic mast cells.
AB  - Immunophenotypic analyses of immature stage (day 19-23), intermediate stage (day
      28-32), mature stage (day 34-37), and older stage (day 42-44) human hemopoietic
      mast cells from colonies grown in semi-solid agar cultures were performed to
      study the ontogeny and identity of this cell type and its relationship to other
      leukocytes. Intermediate to mature stage mast cells were positive with the YB5.B8
      mouse monoclonal antibody, (McAb) specific for human mast cells, whereas the
      reactivity of immature mast cells with this McAb was inconsistent and older cells
      were generally negative. Mast cells at all stages of maturation were strongly
      positive for IgE receptor sites and negative with the Bsp-1 McAb, specific for
      human basophils. Mast cells at all stages of maturation were also strongly
      positive with the monocyte McAbs RPA-M1 (CD11), positive with the monocyte McAb
      OKM5 and the monocyte/granulocyte McAbs BMA-210 and MY7 (CD13), strongly positive
      with the B-cell markers J5 (CD10) and anti-IgM, and positive with the plasma cell
      marker PCA-1 and to a lesser extent with the activated B-cell marker CD23. The
      mast cells were also strongly positive with anti-CD45 to the common leukocyte
      antigen and positive with an antibody to HLA-DR and an antibody to FVIIIC. They
      were negative for specific T-cell markers. The diversity of this phenotype
      supports the current concept that mast cells originate from the pluripotential
      progenitor cells in the bone marrow.

PMID- 2397750
TI  - In vivo effects of human recombinant interleukin 6 on hemopoietic stem and
      progenitor cells and circulating blood cells in normal mice.
AB  - Recombinant human interleukin 6 (rhIL-6) was administered s.c. every 12 h at a
      daily dose of 10 micrograms/kg body weight to normal healthy mice. After 4 days
      the numbers of progenitor cells (erythroid burst-forming units, BFU-E and
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells, GM-CFC) were significantly increased
      (p less than 0.01) in the bone marrows and spleens of treated animals. There was
      no significant change in spleen colony forming unit (CFU-S) number, whereas mixed
      lineage colony-forming cell (Mix-CFC) number was elevated only in bone marrow.
      The number of nucleated cells in peripheral blood was increased in rhIL-6-treated
      mice, resulting from a significant (p less than 0.01) increase in neutrophil
      numbers and a decrease in lymphocyte numbers. The number of platelets in these
      animals was also higher than in controls (p less than 0.05). These results
      suggest that rhIL-6 is an effective stimulator of unipotent hemopoietic cells of
      myeloid, erythroid, and thrombocytic lineages when administered in vivo to mice
      and indicate a possible therapeutic potential of IL-6 in clinical situations.

PMID- 2397751
TI  - Effect of serum on hyperthermic killing of cells in vitro.

PMID- 2397752
TI  - Maintenance of normal platelet mass in anemic Belgrade rats and their response to
      iron.
AB  - The Belgrade (b/b) rat has severe hypochromic, microcytic anemia accompanied by
      mild thrombocytopenia and a 49% reduction in megakaryocytes (MKs). The platelet
      counts are decreased only 34%, but relative platelet size measured by two
      independent methods averages 50% greater than controls. Thus, the platelet mass
      of the b/b rat is within the normal range. The marrow MK progenitors (MK colony
      forming units, CFU-MK) respond linearly to increased colony-stimulating activity
      in vitro, but they are reduced 68% and form smaller colonies than normal. Flow
      cytometric analysis of MK ploidy indicates that significantly more MKs are
      distributed into the low and high ploidy classes compared with the normal, and
      the mean ploidy is similar. The b/b rat maintains effective thrombocytopoiesis in
      spite of a severe reduction in MK progenitors, primarily by an increased rate of
      maturation of the endomitotic compartment. Iron treatment partially arrests the
      b/b anemia and is associated with a significant increase in CFU-MK, a normalized
      MK ploidy distribution, and a significant decrease in platelet size. The
      favorable response to iron therapy suggests that the megakaryocytopenia is
      secondary to the severe anemia and results from stem cell commitment to the
      erythroid lineage.

PMID- 2397753
TI  - The relationship between megakaryocyte ploidy and platelet volume in normal and
      thrombocytopenic C3H mice.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that platelet volume may be primarily regulated
      by the ploidy distribution of mature bone marrow megakaryocytes. However, earlier
      investigations from this laboratory using C57/BL mice have shown that in response
      to acute, severe, or moderate thrombocytopenia, platelet volume is regulated
      independently of megakaryocyte ploidy. Murine strains, including C57/BL, usually
      have a modal bone marrow megakaryocyte ploidy class of 16N. In contrast, the C3H
      mouse has a 32N modal bone marrow megakaryocyte ploidy class. We have examined
      the platelet count, platelet volume distribution, and bone marrow megakaryocyte
      ploidy distribution of C3H mice during steady-state thrombopoiesis and after
      depletion of platelets by antiplatelet serum. The platelet count and volume of
      normal C3H mice were not substantially different from those of C57/BL mice, but
      megakaryocyte frequency was marginally greater (p less than 0.05), and the ploidy
      distribution exhibited a a marked reduction in the proportion of 16N cells (p
      less than 0.001) and increased relative frequencies of 32N (p less than 0.001)
      and 64N (p less than 0.01) megakaryocytes. In response to acute severe
      thrombocytopenia, C3H mice demonstrated an increase in platelet volume equivalent
      to that previously reported for C57/BL mice, without a subsequent shift in the
      modal megakaryocyte ploidy class. The relative frequencies of 64N and 128N
      megakaryocytes increased significantly (p less than 0.005) compared to normal C3H
      mice, without a change in the frequency of 32N megakaryocytes. These studies
      indicate that during steady-state thrombopoiesis, a greater proportion of higher
      ploidy megakaryocytes (32N plus 64N) does not necessarily alter peripheral
      platelet count or platelet volume. Therefore, it appears that neither platelet
      volume nor count are primarily regulated by bone marrow megakaryocyte ploidy and
      that the magnitude of upward regulation of megakaryocyte ploidy is limited.

PMID- 2397754
TI  - Long-term culture of canine marrow: cytogenetic evaluation of purging of lymphoma
      and leukemia.
AB  - We established and maintained long-term cultures of marrow from normal dogs and
      dogs with lymphoma or leukemia by single inoculations of mononuclear cell
      suspensions. Media containing only horse sera (as opposed to horse and fetal calf
      sera) and catalase (for antioxidative effect) supported improved culture
      viability, as indicated by increased recovery of progenitor cells (granulocyte
      macrophage colony-forming units, CFU-GM) and the release of abundant erythroid
      cells in the cultures for up to 3 weeks. CFU-GM were maintained for at least 3-4
      weeks of culture. Culture appearance, cell counts, and assays of CFU-GM were used
      to compare the culture kinetics of tumor-involved marrow to normal marrow
      specimens. Cultures of marrow with extensive tumor involvement tended to be less
      viable, apparently due to a relative lack of competent progenitors. To
      investigate whether canine long-term marrow culture provided a purging effect
      similar to the loss of tumor cells noted in human long-term cultures of marrow
      from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) or acute myelogenous
      leukemia (AML), we established long-term marrow cultures from 28 dogs with
      histologically confirmed untreated lymphoma or leukemia. Eleven of these dogs had
      cytogenetically marked tumor cells in the marrow at the initiation of culture. In
      six dogs with lymphoma and one dog with acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL) French
      American-British classification (FAB) M4 leukemia, we could detect no cytogenetic
      evidence for persistence of the tumor clones in individually plucked or pooled
      CFU-GM grown from 3-week-old long-term cultures. In one case of AML (FAB M2), 80%
      of CFU-GM recovered from long-term cultures at 4 weeks still contained an extra
      metacentric marker chromosome associated with the continued presence of the
      leukemic clone in the cultures. Our documentation of a purging effect for some
      tumors supports the use of this canine model system in the investigation of
      autologous marrow transplantation with long-term cultured cells for humans with
      lymphoma and leukemia.

PMID- 2397756
TI  - Emulation of seizure induced brain damage in neural tissue transplants to the
      anterior chamber of the eye.
AB  - We have developed a model system in which the mechanisms of neuronal damage due
      to hyperexcitation can be studied in isolation and where extended observation
      periods can be used. Substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNPR) develops a
      hypermetabolic necrosis following status epilepticus (Nevander et al. 1985; Auer
      et al. 1986). We transplanted rat fetal nigral area alone or together with fetal
      frontal neocortex to the anterior chamber of the eye in adult rats. Following 3
      months of transplant maturation the hosts were subjected to status epilepticus
      for 60 min. In single nigral transplants no sign of structural damage was found.
      In the double transplants of frontal cortex and the substantia nigra a tissue
      necrosis had developed in the nigral part. This was demonstrated by a total loss
      of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA) immunoreactivity within a circumscribed
      necrotic region in the nigral part of the double transplant. Such a loss of GFA
      immunofluorescence had also developed in the host SNPR, as we have earlier shown
      (Eriksdotter-Nilsson et al. 1987). Thus, intraocular brain tissue transplants
      provide a unique model for studies on the development of neuronal damage and
      functional dependence between different neuronal structures for the development
      of such damage.

PMID- 2397755
TI  - Optical recording of epileptiform voltage changes in the neocortical slice.
AB  - Voltage sensitive probes were used to monitor the development, distribution, and
      spread of epileptiform potentials with a photodiode array in neocortical slices
      of guinea pigs. Epileptiform activity was induced by bath application of
      bicuculline-methiodide or 3,4-diaminopyridine and electrical stimulation of white
      matter or cortical layer I. Stimulation evoked a primary or early potential which
      was followed by a delayed epileptiform potential with a larger spatial extent.
      Shape, duration and amplitude of the delayed epileptiform potential varied
      strongly among slices and across the recording area and could reach largest
      amplitudes at a distance from the stimulation point. At a specific recording
      site, however, with repeated stimulation, potentials were generated in a
      stereotyped way. Intracellularly recorded delayed epileptiform potentials
      corresponded very closely at least to the early part of the optical response.
      Epileptiform activity appeared in layer III as soon as the primary potential
      reached sufficient amplitude there. Apart from this relationship, the
      distribution and spread of maximal amplitudes of delayed epileptiform potentials
      were segregated from those of early potentials. Early potentials reached maximal
      amplitudes close to the stimulation site. In contrast, the largest amplitudes of
      delayed epileptiform potentials were always found in layer III. A second maximum
      occasionally occurred in layer V. The horizontal amplitude distribution of
      epileptiform potentials was asymmetric, i.e. amplitudes increased to one side and
      decreased to the other. Early potential maxima spread from deeper to upper layers
      when initiated by white matter stimulation and from upper to deeper layers when
      initiated by layer I stimulation. In contrast, delayed epileptiform potentials
      always spread from layer III to lower layers and to the sides. Velocity of spread
      of early potentials and delayed epileptiform potentials differed systematically
      along the vertical and horizontal axis. The distribution of maximal amplitudes,
      shape, and pattern, of spread of epileptiform potentials was the same whether
      white matter or layer I was stimulated. The independence of delayed epileptiform
      potential characteristics from the point of stimulation and from early potential
      characteristics suggests that epileptiform activity is determined by intrinsic
      properties of the cortex and not by afferent activation.

PMID- 2397757
TI  - In vitro assay to test differential substrate affinities of growing axons and
      migratory cells.
AB  - An in vitro assay is presented in which different soluble substrates are arranged
      in narrow alternating stripes which forces growing axons and migratory cells to
      choose between them. The usefulness of this assay is exemplified by offering
      goldfish retinal axons and glial cells of the optic nerve a variety of substrates
      in stripes. Given a choice between substrates of unequal growth supporting
      activities axons and migratory cells grow in stripes, thus expressing their
      preference for one of the substrates. Growth in stripes was observed 1. when a
      substrate with growth promoting properties was next to one which did not possess
      these properties, 2. when the growth promoting activity of a substrate applied to
      both stripes was in one stripe blocked by an antibody, 3. when two different
      growth promoting substrates were offered.

PMID- 2397758
TI  - Adjustments of fast goal-directed movements in response to an unexpected inertial
      load.
AB  - Subjects made fast goal-directed elbow flexion movements against an inertial
      load. Target distance was 8 or 16 cm, randomly chosen. To exert a force in the
      direction of the movement subjects had to activate flexors of both shoulder and
      elbow, but shoulder flexors did not change appreciably in length during the
      movement. In 20% of the trials the inertial load was increased or decreased
      without knowledge of the subjects. Until 90-110 ms after the onset of the agonist
      muscle activity (about 65-85 ms after the start of movement) EMG activity was
      very similar in all conditions tested. The changes that occurred in the EMG from
      that moment on were effectively a later cessation of the agonist activity and a
      later start of the antagonist activity if the load was increased unexpectedly. If
      the load was reduced unexpectedly, the agonist activity ceased earlier and the
      antagonist activity began earlier. The latency at which EMGs started to change
      was the same for muscles around shoulder and elbow, for agonists and antagonists
      and for both distances. All adjustments had the same latency (37 ms) relative to
      the point where the angular velocity of the elbow in the unexpectedly loaded
      movements differed by 0.6 rad/s from the expected value. We discuss why simple
      reflex- or servo-mechanisms cannot account for the measured EMG changes. We
      conclude that appropriate adjustments of motor programmes for fast goal-directed
      arm movements start within 40 ms of the detection of misjudgment of load.

PMID- 2397759
TI  - Effects of reappearance of fixated and attended stimuli upon saccadic reaction
      time.
AB  - The effects of visual attention and fixation upon the distribution of saccadic
      latencies: express (E-), fast regular (FR-), and slow regular (SR-) saccades were
      investigated. Extinguishing a fixation or an attention point 200-300 ms before
      target onset increases the incidence of E-saccades while concurrently decreasing
      the proportion of SR-saccades. Since this extinction forces a disengaging of
      attention, these changes in relative proportions of saccades reflect the
      elimination of one of the steps involved in programming saccades. It is shown
      that a previously attended stimulus has a favored status relative to other
      stimuli in the visual field. If, after being turned off, the previously attended
      fixation point or a peripheral attention stimulus is turned on near the time of
      the target's appearance, the occurrence of the E-saccades is greatly reduced.
      However, the appearance of any other stimulus in the visual field at or near the
      time of the target onset does not inhibit E-saccades. Contrary to the conclusions
      reached by Posner and Cohen (1984), a stimulus presented at the formerly attended
      location can attract attention more efficiently than a stimulus presented at
      another, new location.

PMID- 2397760
TI  - Component stretching in fast and slow oblique saccades in the human.
AB  - We have studied the dynamics of human saccades along various cardinal (horizontal
      and vertical) and oblique directions in two different experimental paradigms
      yielding fast and slow saccades, respectively. We found that the saturation of
      vectorial peak velocity with amplitude, which is already well known from earlier
      studies on fast saccades, was equally pronounced in slow saccades. In both
      paradigms, the saturation level had a quite similar strong dependence on saccade
      direction. We found that the peak-velocity/amplitude relationships (main
      sequences) of fast saccades in different directions were not simply scaled
      versions of one another. Whereas peak velocity in small saccades showed less
      anisotropy, different rates of saturation with amplitude in different directions
      (expressed in the angular constant parameter) caused the bundle of main-sequence
      curves to fan out at larger amplitudes. This property is reflected in a straight
      line relationship between the angular constant and the asymptotic peak velocity
      parameters of the main-sequence. The possible contribution of neural control
      signals and plant properties is discussed. We also studied the main-sequences of
      oblique saccade components and found clear evidence for component stretching in
      both paradigms which increased as the saccade vector turned away from the
      cardinal direction under study. We conclude that the factors determining
      component stretching probably reside in the final pathway common for both saccade
      types. These experimental findings, revealing several common features in fast and
      slow saccades, were compared with quantitative predictions for the dynamics of
      oblique saccades, made from two existing two-dimensional models, predicting that
      the dynamic properties of components depend upon the direction of the saccade
      vector.

PMID- 2397761
TI  - An analysis of curvature in fast and slow human saccades.
AB  - In order to study the cooperation of peripheral motor subsystems, the degree of
      curvature of human saccades along cardinal (right, up, left, down) and oblique
      directions was computed from an extensive set of experimental data. Our curvature
      measure allows comparison of fast and slow saccade trajectories elicited in
      different experimental conditions, independent of the speed of execution.
      Although we found clear and consistent subject-specific differences, the most
      common pattern in oblique visually-guided (i.e., fast) saccades reflected early
      dominance of the horizontal velocity signal as expressed in saccade trajectories
      curving away from the horizontal axis. Plots of curvature against direction
      yielded consistent idiosyncratic patterns with periodical increases and decreases
      in saccade curvature which were largely independent of saccade amplitude. At the
      cardinal axes, mean saccade curvature was generally less, but rarely entirely
      absent, and fitted smoothly into the curvature pattern of neighbouring quadrants.
      Memory-guided saccades, which have been shown earlier to be considerably slower
      than visually-guided saccades and to be more variable in their dynamic
      properties, showed a strikingly similar dependence of curvature on saccade
      direction, although some small but consistent differences were noticed. This
      finding suggests that saccade curvature is determined by mechanisms residing in
      the final common pathway for both saccade types. The curvature data were compared
      with quantitative predictions from three different models for the generation of
      oblique saccades. By quantifying the curvature of human saccades and thereby
      revealing the shortcomings of these models, the present paper documents new
      constraints with which future models of the saccadic system must comply and
      allows certain suggestions on how these might be developed.

PMID- 2397763
TI  - Organization of the auditory area in the posterior cerebellar vermis of the cat.
AB  - We mapped the topographic distribution of auditory responses in the posterior
      cerebellar vermis of the cat under barbiturate anesthesia. Auditory neurons in
      the granule cell layer of lobules VI and VII appeared to be arranged in columns
      perpendicular to the surface of the cerebellar cell layers. Mapping the surface
      of the cerebellum, auditory responses were found as separated patches of the
      order of a square millimeter. Neurons on these patches responded to auditory
      stimuli but neurons between patches did not respond to sound. In decerebrated
      cats, the entire granule cell layer within the cerebellar auditory area responded
      to acoustic stimulation without a patchy pattern. Responses to tonal stimuli from
      single neurons in the granule cell layer were studied before and after the
      induction of barbiturate anesthesia. Some neurons showed no change in their
      responses to sound before and under barbiturate. But other neurons showed
      dramatically attenuated responses or essentially stopped responding as a result
      of barbiturate anesthesia. These results suggest that there may be two types of
      granule cells distinguishable in their auditory responses and therefore possibly
      in function.

PMID- 2397762
TI  - Somatotopic organization and columnar structure of vibrissae representation in
      the rat ventrobasal complex.
AB  - The region of vibrissae representation in the ventrobasal complex (VB) of the rat
      was systematically mapped, based on receptive fields of many single neurons.
      Results showed that the ventralmost row of vibrissae projected to the rostral
      part of VB, that the dorsal-most row projected to the caudal part, and that the
      caudalmost vibrissae of each row projected to the most dorsolateral part of VB
      and more rostral vibrissae to the more ventromedial part. Further, it was
      revealed that the clusters of neurons receiving projections from any individual
      vibrissae formed corresponding columns extending from the anterodorsomedial to
      the posteroventrolateral direction, and that these columns piled up
      dorsoventrally and anteroposteriorly, with ventral ones shifted progressively
      medially. When cross sections of these columns were viewed on an oblique
      horizontal section of VB, a group of columns corresponding to each row lined up
      from the dorsolateral to the ventromedial direction with a rostral convexity,
      which means that the third or fourth vibrissa in each row projected most
      rostrally in that row. These results confirmed previous physiological mapping
      studies of vibrissal representation and are in good agreement with anatomical
      studies on barreloid structure in VB.

PMID- 2397764
TI  - Visually-induced tilt during parabolic flights.
AB  - A helmet-mounted visual display system was used to study visually induced
      sensations of self-motion (vection) about the roll, pitch and yaw axes under
      normal gravity condition (1g) and during the microgravity and hypergravity phases
      of parabolic flights aboard the NASA KC-135 aircraft. Under each gravity
      condition, the following parameters were investigated: (1) the subject's
      perceived body vertical with eyes closed and with eyes open gazing at a
      stationary random dot display; (2) the magnitude of sensations of body tilt with
      respect to the subjective vertical, while the subject viewed displays rotating
      about the roll, pitch and yaw axes; (3) the magnitude of vection; (4) latency of
      vection. All eleven subjects perceived a definite "up and down" orientation
      throughout the course of the flight. During the microgravity phase, the average
      magnitudes of perceived body tilt and self-motion increased significantly, and
      there was no significant difference in vection latency. These results show that
      there is a rapid onset of increased dependence on visual inputs for perception of
      self-orientation and self-motion in weightlessness, and a decreased dependence on
      otolithic and somatosensory graviceptive information. Anti-motion sickness drugs
      appear not to affect the parameters measured.

PMID- 2397765
TI  - Dynamic transitions in stance support accompanying leg flexion movements in man.
AB  - The control processes underlying dynamic transitions in stance support during
      single leg flexion movements were investigated in human subjects as a function of
      the intended speed of movement, by examining the vertical and lateral horizontal
      components of the ground reaction forces, the frontal plane trajectory of the
      body center of mass (CM) recorded via motion analysis, and the electromyographic
      (EMG) recordings of selected lower limb muscles. For the slowest movements, the
      measured vertical force beneath the flexing and single stance limbs closely
      matched the vertical force-time history predicted by a quasi-static mechanical
      model, whereas, the more rapid natural and fast speeds showed progressively
      larger discrepancies between measured and predicted forces. The initial resultant
      horizontal force component was exerted in the flexing to stance limb direction
      but was proportionately greater (4:1) beneath the flexing versus the stance limb
      during fast and natural speeds, and became equivalent for slow movements. Speed
      related EMG differences included an early phasic recruitment of the lateral hip
      muscle of the flexing limb which always preceded the ground reaction force
      changes for fast and natural but not slow movements, and a considerably earlier
      onset of the stance leg knee extensor relative to the flexing limb knee flexor
      for slow versus fast and natural speeds. Overall, the findings suggested two
      different speed related strategies for linking the postural and intentional
      movement components, where the choice of the strategy selected appeared to
      reflect the mechanical requirements needed to overcome the inertial force of the
      body mass during transitions from bipedal to single limb stance support.

PMID- 2397766
TI  - Proprioceptive sensation in rotation of the trunk.
AB  - Proprioceptive sensation in rotation of the trunk about a vertical axis was
      investigated in normal human subjects. Subjects pointed at the big toe with the
      nose to test the accuracy of positioning of the trunk. Active rotation of the
      head and shoulders on the stationary hips and legs to align the nose and toe, was
      not significantly more accurate than moving the hips, legs and toe under the
      fixed head and shoulders. Passive displacements were imposed on the head and
      shoulders, or on the hips and legs. Thresholds for the detection of these
      displacements were unchanged by the exclusion of vestibular stimulation.
      Thresholds were highest (still less than 1 degree) at the slowest angular
      velocity (0.1 degree/s) and became lower as the angular velocity was increased.

PMID- 2397767
TI  - Directionality of cat striate cortical neurones: contribution of suppression.
AB  - Direction-selective or direction-biased striate cortical neurones were assessed
      for absence or incidence of suppression of firing, maximal at 90 degrees or 180
      degrees ("null" suppression) to the optimal direction, in 327 neurones recorded
      from the striate cortex of cats anaesthetized with N2O/O2/halothane. Stimuli were
      light or dark bars moving over uniform or stationary textured backgrounds; or
      square-wave gratings of optimal spatial frequency and velocity. Five identified
      directionality groups were correlated with neuronal class and a range of other
      receptive field properties. Suppression maximal at 90 degrees to optimum was
      common amongst direction-biased neurones, rare amongst direction-selective
      neurones. In the latter group, null suppression (maximal at 180 degrees to
      optimum) was more prevalent than at 90 degrees. Standard complex cells
      constituted the majority of complex neurones. They were more commonly direction
      biased and less commonly showed suppression than special complex cells. The
      latter comprised the majority of direction-selective neurones with 180 degrees
      suppression. Endstopping was seen more frequently in special complex cells, but
      for each functional class was similarly distributed between the different
      directionality groups. Based on the mean and mode of partially overlapping
      distributions, for all neuronal classes direction-selective neurones were more
      broadly tuned than direction-biased neurones. Special complex neurones were
      appreciably more broadly tuned than standard complex neurones; those with
      suppression at 180 degrees were the most broadly tuned neurones in the cortex.
      Direction-biased neurones with suppression at 90 degrees to optimum were more
      sharply tuned than those lacking such suppression. Direction-selective neurones
      had larger receptive fields than direction-biased neurones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397769
TI  - In vivo recording of postsynaptic potentials and low threshold spikes in W cells
      of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus.
AB  - We obtained good intracellular recording from 5 W cells in the C-laminae of the
      cat's lateral geniculate nucleus. The recordings were made from an anesthetized
      and paralyzed in vivo preparation. We found a consistent pattern for the
      postsynaptic potentials evoked from activation of the optic chiasm: first was an
      IPSP followed by an EPSP. This is very different from the pattern seen in X and Y
      cells, for which an EPSP always appears first and is then followed by an IPSP. We
      interpret the pattern for W cells as follows. The initial IPSP is disynaptic;
      this involves retinogeniculate conduction over very fast Y axons and a relay
      through an interneuron. The EPSP is monosynaptic, reflecting retinogeniculate
      conduction over very slow W axons. A possible implication for this is that
      activity over the Y pathway may generally inhibit geniculate W cells before these
      W cells can be excited by their retinal afferents. Finally, we elicited from each
      of these W cells voltage-dependent, low threshold spikes, which are very similar
      to those displayed by X and Y cells. These spikes can interrupt normal
      retinogeniculate transmission, and they are prevented by maintaining relatively
      depolarized membrane potentials.

PMID- 2397770
TI  - Abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery--by whom?

PMID- 2397768
TI  - Intracortical grafts of embryonic basal forebrain tissue restore low voltage fast
      activity in rats with basal forebrain lesions.
AB  - Unilateral injections of kainic acid into the basal forebrain in a series of rats
      resulted in an increase in large amplitude slow waves, a correlated burst
      suppression pattern of multi-unit activity, and a decrease in
      acetylcholinesterase staining in the neocortex ipsilateral to the kainic acid
      injection. Subsequently, a cell suspension, prepared from rat embryonic basal
      forebrain tissue, was injected adjacent to the recording electrodes ipsilateral
      to the kainic acid injection. This produced a gradual recovery of low voltage
      fast activity (LVFA) and a correlated continuous discharge pattern of multi-unit
      activity in the neocortex ipsilateral to the kainic acid injection. LVFA
      recovered more slowly at neocortical recording sites that received an injection
      of a cell suspension of hippocampal primordial cells or no injection at all.
      Acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers from the basal forebrain tissue invaded host
      cortex; no comparable outrgrowths were demonstrable in the hippocampal primordium
      tissue grafts. Restoration of cholinergic electrocortical activation may play an
      important role in the improvements in behavioral performance produced by basal
      forebrain grafts in the cortex in animals with basal forebrain lesions.

PMID- 2397771
TI  - Pathological-anatomical study concerning the geometry and atherosclerosis of the
      carotid bifurcation.
AB  - Besides metabolic factors haemodynamic elements are important in the development
      of obliterating athero-sclerosis. Since the geometry of a bifurcation influences
      the local bloodflow, we hypothesise that non-optimal geometry of a bifurcation
      leads to flow-disturbances, which can be a factor in atherogenesis. To verify our
      hypothesis that there is a correlation between non-optimal geometry of a
      bifurcation and the presence of atherosclerotic lesions, we studied as a
      parameter for the geometry of a bifurcation the area ratio defined as: the sum of
      the cross-sectional areas of the distal arteries divided by the cross-sectional
      area of the proximal artery. In this study the area ratios of 100 carotid
      bifurcations were studied by post-mortem examination. The mean value calculated
      for 60 normal carotid bifurcations was 1.47, and the mean for 40 diseased
      bifurcations was 0.99. The last value is significantly less than the theoretical
      optimal area ratio of 1.16, which was found by Womersley and Hunt as the value at
      which a minimum reflexion of pressure waves and a minimum of blood-flow energy
      loss occurs at a bifurcation. We conclude that a non-optimal area ratio of a
      carotid bifurcation seems to be a factor in atherogenesis.

PMID- 2397772
TI  - Autotransfusion during aorto-iliac surgery.
AB  - Red blood cell (RBC) quality and function during autotransfusion with the
      Solcotrans system were studied. Up to 64% (mean 999.5 +/- 310 ml) of the total
      volume of blood lost (mean 1895 +/- 707 ml) during operation in 10 patients
      undergoing elective abdominal aortic surgery was salvaged. No patient received
      homologous blood during surgery. Haemoglobin (Hb) and Haematocrit (PCV) values
      decreased but within acceptable limits. No evidence of DIC was found and renal
      function was unaffected. Mechanical and functional damage to the RBC was minimal
      and erythrocyte oxygen-carrying capacity was excellent. 2,3-DPGRBC concentration
      and RBC reduced glutathion were normal. The device was easy to handle and
      technical problems were not encountered. It was accurate in salvaging blood
      although the need for homologous blood was not entirely eliminated since four
      patients received homologous blood products in the postoperative period. No
      adverse clinical events occurred.

PMID- 2397774
TI  - The influence of central haemodynamics on transcutaneous oxygen (TcpO2)
      measurements.
AB  - Transcutaneous oxygen measurements (TcpO2) have been shown to be an index of
      tissue perfusion and it has been suggested that the main haemodynamic variable
      influencing tissue perfusion is cardiac output, assuming that inspired oxygen
      remains constant. To investigate this hypothesis we studied 23 consecutive
      patients in order to identify if changes in cardiac output correlated with
      similar changes in TcpO2 measurements. No correlation was found to suggest that
      cardiac output was the main haemodynamic determinant of TcpO2 measurements.

PMID- 2397773
TI  - Flow waveform analysis and long-term results of autogenous saphenous vein and
      polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in 140 arterial reconstructions of the lower
      limbs.
AB  - In previous work we have found that the outcome of grafts in the lower limbs
      correlated with the flow waveform pattern of the artery. We have retrospectively
      reviewed 140 femoro-popliteal bypass operations involving the use of 75 saphenous
      vein grafts and 65 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts. For grafts with type 0
      or I flow waveform pattern the patency at 4 years (56%) was superior to grafts
      with the type II, III or IV flow waveform (35%) patterns (P less than 0.05). For
      saphenous vein grafts with type 0 or I flow, the patency rate was 78% at 3 years
      and 69% at 5 and 8 years. In contrast with type II, III or IV flow the patency
      rate was 52% at 3 years, 48% at 5 years and 34% at 8 years, with a statistical
      significance at 4 years (P less than 0.05). PTFE grafts with type 0 or I flow
      showed a tendency toward an increased patency which was not significant in
      comparison with the grafts with type II, III or IV flow (P = 0.12). Saphenous
      vein grafts with type II flow patterns had an increased occlusive rate in the
      first year whereas PTFE grafts had the same tendency within 2 years. In both
      types of graft, early occlusions within a month of operation were encountered in
      grafts with a type III or IV flow waveform pattern. These results indicate that
      the fate of the reconstructed arteries of the lower limb could be predicted by
      flow waveform analysis, and a careful and serial postoperative evaluation of the
      graft should be made, particularly those with type II, III or IV flow waveform
      patterns.

PMID- 2397775
TI  - An external carotid artery shunt to prevent cerebral ischaemia during carotid
      surgery.
AB  - The contribution of the external carotid artery to cerebral blood flow in the
      presence of an internal carotid occlusion or severe stenosis is well documented.
      This study was undertaken in order to try and exploit the external carotid artery
      as a collateral pathway to avoid cerebral ischaemia during carotid surgery. The
      main problem is to ascertain when the external carotid artery is relevant to
      cerebral perfusion, and to assess if the insertion of a shunt from the common to
      the external carotid artery is a useful way of ensuring adequate cerebral
      perfusion in patients with cerebral ischaemia during carotid clamping. In order
      to do this, it was necessary to assay the haemodynamic role of the external
      carotid artery by means of a technique which monitors cerebral function in a
      reliable way. We tried to evaluate this possibility by an intra-operative
      haemodynamic study during carotid surgery in 35 patients operated on under local
      anaesthesia. The insertion of a shunt between the common and external carotid
      artery was able to reverse brain ischaemia during clamping in four of eight
      patients with a neurological deficit during temporary carotid occlusion. In
      selected cases therefore cerebral protection with an external carotid shunt might
      be a valuable adjunct in the performance of carotid surgery.

PMID- 2397776
TI  - Whole blood intra-operative salvage and reinfusion in patients undergoing venous
      thrombectomy.
AB  - Concern regarding the risk of disease transmission via blood transfusion together
      with periodic shortages of homologous blood has stimulated an interest in and the
      usage of autologous blood. Forty-nine patients had shed blood salvaged during
      venous thrombectomy. Between 200-3800 ml of blood were salvaged and reinfused
      using Solcotrans. No patient in this study required an homologous blood
      transfusion. The haematological parameters studied showed figures within the
      normal, acceptable range post-reinfusion. No patient experienced a clinical
      coagulopathy or showed evidence of renal dysfunction. The device is simple to
      use, safe and effective.

PMID- 2397777
TI  - Which deaths in vascular surgery are avoidable? A review of 150 consecutive
      deaths occurring on the Oxford regional vascular service.
AB  - One hundred and fifty consecutive deaths occurring on the Oxford regional
      vascular service were reviewed using data collected prospectively by weekly audit
      to determine which deaths were avoidable. During the period of study there were
      2449 admissions to the vascular service and 1796 operations were performed. Of
      those who died 71 (47%) had aneurysmal disease and 76 (51%) occlusive disease.
      Most were elderly (89% were over 65 years) and died from their presenting
      disorder or associated conditions. Thirty-four deaths were considered to have
      been avoidable and were caused or hastened by errors in management. Twenty-one of
      these occurred in patients with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. In eleven
      cases delayed diagnosis (7) or inter hospital transfer (4) were implicated.
      Eighteen deaths were associated with surgical and three with anaesthetic errors
      which would have been undetected but for the weekly audit. Our experience
      suggests that while early diagnosis of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm and
      rapid transportation to a specialist vascular service would save some lives,
      technical management errors remain the major cause of avoidable deaths in
      vascular surgery.

PMID- 2397778
TI  - Cardiac output in patients with acute lower limb ischaemia of presumed embolic
      origin--a predictor of severity and outcome?
AB  - Cardiodynamic studies using a non-invasive computerised thoracic electrical
      bioimpedance (TEB) equipment were performed in 35 patients presenting with acute
      lower limb ischaemia of presumed embolic origin, and in 36 age-matched control
      patients without emboli. Patients who presented with imminent gangrene were
      promptly operated upon, whereas those who had less severe ischaemia were treated
      initially with heparin only. In the former group, cardiac output and myocardial
      contractility were very low on admission, while systemic vascular resistance was
      high. Cardiac output was further decreased when measured immediately after
      revascularisation, whereas it had become normal 2 days later. In patients with
      less severe acute ischaemia, cardiac output and myocardial contractility values
      on admission were similar to those of control patients, and no changes were
      observed after 2 days of conservative treatment. Overall, cardiac output on
      admission was significantly related to the simultaneously observed severity of
      the limb ischaemia. A low cardiac output (less than 1.7 l/min m2) on admission
      was found to predict severe cardiac complications (60% mortality within 10 days),
      whereas clinical assessment of cardiac failure on admission was poorly related to
      outcome. We conclude that patients with acute lower limb ischaemia of presumed
      embolic origin often have unrecognised poor cardiac function, which is related to
      the severity of the limb ischaemia and to outcome. By routine non-invasive TEB
      cardiodynamic measurements, high risk patients can rapidly be identified and
      proper treatment regimes be instituted in each individual patient.

PMID- 2397779
TI  - Assessment of intermittent claudication by means of the transcutaneous oxygen
      tension exercise profile.
AB  - Transcutaneous oxygen tension was measured simultaneously on both feet during
      exercise (TcpO2 exercise profile) in patients with claudication. The following
      groups were studied: 1) 21 control subjects; 2) 25 patients with bilateral
      claudication of whom eight had unilateral predominance; 3) 40 patients with
      unilateral claudication. The control group showed no significant decrease in
      TcpO2 during exercise. Patients with bilateral claudication and unilateral
      predominance showed a significant decrease in the TcpO2 exercise profile of both
      feet (P less than 0.05), the decrease in the more affected leg being
      significantly greater than that of the less affected leg (P less than 0.05). In
      patients without unilateral predominance of claudication there was a slight, yet
      significant decrease in TcpO2 of both legs. Patients with unilateral claudication
      were classified into three groups based on a constant work load of 50 W, which
      provoked typical leg pain during exercise (group I: 0-2 min; group II: 2-4 min;
      group III: greater than 4 min). The decrease in the TcpO2 exercise profile was
      always significant on the symptomatic leg. In the asymptomatic leg TcpO2 did not
      decrease. The changes in TcpO2 relative to values at rest of the symptomatic leg
      showed significant differences after 1 min in groups I, II, and III (P less than
      0.05). In conclusion, the TcpO2 exercise profile appears to be a suitable
      objective method by which the peripheral arterial insufficiency during exercise
      in patients with intermittent claudication can be quantified.

PMID- 2397780
TI  - Spontaneous rupture of the external iliac artery in a patient with Ehlers Danlos
      syndrome type IV.
AB  - A report is presented of a patient who died of a spontaneous rupture of the
      external iliac artery. She had had a complicated abdominal hysterectomy two years
      before. Light microscopy disclosed the evidence of EDS type IV, which was proven
      afterwards by culturing skin fibroblasts from her youngest son. The trait was
      autosomal dominant.

PMID- 2397781
TI  - Traumatic aneurysm of the extracranial internal carotid artery due to
      hyperextension of the neck.
AB  - Aneurysms of the extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) are rare. The
      majority arise iatrogenically after surgery, but a few follow trauma. Traumatic
      aneurysms of the ICA may follow penetrating injury, direct "blunt trauma" injury
      or hyperextension of the neck. We report a case of traumatic ICA aneurysm which
      probably followed a hyperextension injury to the cervical spine in a young woman.

PMID- 2397782
TI  - Recurrent aorto-duodenal fistula: a final solution?
AB  - This paper describes a case of recurrent aorto-duodenal fistula treated
      successfully by re-sitting the duodenum in an ante-colic position. Secondary
      aorto-duodenal fistula affects less than 1% of patients who have received a
      prosthetic abdominal aortic graft. However following correction of such a fistula
      the incidence of recurrent fistulation or aortic stump blow-out is reported as
      high as 47%. we describe an alternative approach to management of this difficult
      problem.

PMID- 2397784
TI  - Medical treatment of venous thrombosis.

PMID- 2397783
TI  - Spontaneous rupture of suprarenal aneurysms: a late sequel to infrarenal aortic
      aneurysms repair.

PMID- 2397785
TI  - At first blush.

PMID- 2397786
TI  - Falloposcopy: a microendoscopic technique for visual exploration of the human
      fallopian tube from the uterotubal ostium to the fimbria using a transvaginal
      approach.
AB  - A transvaginal microendoscopic technique has been developed for safely exploring
      the human fallopian tube from the utero tubal ostium to the fimbria and adjacent
      peritoneal cavity. Falloposcopy was performed without complication or evidence of
      endotubal damage in 44 women, 38 of whom also underwent a concurrent laparoscopy.
      Eight women with normal tubes served as controls and 36 women with tubal damage
      underwent falloposcopy in an attempt to document endotubal defects. Previous
      salpingectomy in 13 women and ostial obstruction in 4 cases left 71 tubes
      available for falloposcopy. Technical failures, defined as an inability to
      negotiate the tubal lumen in the absence of obstructive disease occurred in 8 of
      71 (11%) procedures. In 63 successful procedures, the tubal lumen was considered
      to be falloposcopically normal in 28 cases (44%) and contained defects ranging
      from partial to total obstruction secondary to intraluminal fibrosis within the
      intramural, isthmic, and ampullary segments in the remaining 35 tubes (56%).
      Falloposcopy provides a nonincisional modality for defining the normal and
      abnormal surface anatomy of the tubal epithelium.

PMID- 2397787
TI  - Asymptomatic cervicovaginal leukocytosis in infertile women.
AB  - Cervicovaginal cells were obtained from 114 women undergoing intrauterine
      insemination and 21 women undergoing donor insemination. Monoclonal antibodies
      were used to identify leukocyte subpopulations in women with nonepithelial cell
      counts greater than 2 X 10(5) (termed asymptomatic cervicovaginal leukocytosis).
      Leukocyte counts exceeding this number were not found in any of the women
      undergoing donor insemination; however, greater than 2 X 10(5) leukocytes were
      detected in 22% of the infertile women. Granulocytes predominated; lymphocytes
      and macrophages were detected in only 8 of 114 samples. Women with cervical
      factor infertility had a significantly higher incidence of asymptomatic
      cervicovaginal leukocytosis than women with either male factor or unexplained
      infertility. These data suggest that cervicovaginal leukocytes may play a role in
      cervical factor infertility since soluble products of activated leukocytes are
      known to adversely affect reproduction.

PMID- 2397788
TI  - Subtle variations in tubal anatomy in infertile women.
AB  - The frequency of tubal variations was recorded in 100 infertile and 100 fertile
      women at cesarean section. The infertile women had significantly more
      tubal/pelvic anatomical variation than did their fertile counterparts. Fimbrial
      agglutinations (25%), accessory tubes (13%), accessory ostia (10%), phimoses
      (13%), and sacculations (7%) were found more commonly in the infertile women.
      Paratubal cysts were found with equal numbers in both groups. There was no
      statistical difference in history of sexually transmitted disease/pelvic
      inflammatory disease (PID) or endometriosis. No significant relationship between
      a positive PID history and fimbrial agglutination was found; the majority of
      agglutinations were present with no associated adhesions.

PMID- 2397789
TI  - Calcium metabolism in postpartum lactation: the effect of estrogen status.
AB  - Postpartum lactation represents a unique state of increased calcium demand in
      which women are also hyperprolactinemic and hypoestrogenic. This is associated
      with increased calcium mobilization from bone and bone loss. To better understand
      the effect of estrogen (E) status on calcium metabolism during lactation, we
      studied 10 long-term lactating women at 12 weeks postpartum when they were
      hypoestrogenic and again at 37.4 +/- 3.4 (+/- SD) weeks during the midfollicular
      phase of their second ovulatory cycle. Urinary and serum markers of calcium
      metabolism were measured at these intervals. The results revealed that when E was
      low, osteocalcin and hydroxyproline were increased with a lower circulating
      parathyroid hormone (PTH) level, whereas reciprocal changes were noted when E was
      increased. The findings suggest that E status can modulate PTH's ability to
      mobilize one's stores of calcium.

PMID- 2397791
TI  - Zygote intrafallopian transfer as a treatment for nontubal infertility: a 2-year
      study.
AB  - Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) was used as a treatment for long-standing
      nontubal infertility for a 2-year period. The overall clinical pregnancy rate for
      114 tubal transfers was 40.4% with a delivery/ongoing rate of 34.2%. Concurrent
      use of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) for tubal factor
      infertility gave significantly lower clinical pregnancy and delivery/ongoing
      rates (21.1% and 15.8%, respectively). The use of gamete intrafallopian transfer
      (GIFT) for nontubal infertility yielded a 32% clinical pregnancy rate and a 26%
      delivery rate for 53 transfers. Zygote intrafallopian transfer resulted in an
      implantation rate per zygote of 17% overall compared with 8.1% per embryo for IVF
      ET and 11.2% per oocyte for GIFT. The transfer of three zygotes per patient gave
      the same clinical pregnancy rate as the transfer of four while reducing the
      incidence of multiple gestation from 19% to 7.8% per transfer. No significant
      decline in the clinical pregnancy or delivery rate was seen with ZIFT in women
      aged 25 through 39.

PMID- 2397790
TI  - Are factors that influence oocyte fertilization also predictive? An assessment of
      148 cycles of in vitro fertilization without gonadotropin stimulation.
AB  - Fertilization characteristics of 152 consecutively obtained oocytes in an in
      vitro fertilization (IVF) program employing only natural and clomiphene citrate
      induced cycles were retrospectively analyzed. Fertilization occurred
      significantly more often (1) in women with tubal infertility, (2) in spontaneous
      cycles, and (3) in cases of secondary infertility. Grade I sperm motility from
      the original semen sample and the duration of infertility were also significant
      influencing factors. A similar sperm correlate was not identified on samples
      after sperm migration. Preovulatory follicular fluid steroids, progesterone (P),
      estradiol (E2), E2:P ratio, and luteinizing hormone (LH), as well as baseline
      plasma LH and the magnitude of the LH surge did not correlate with fertilization.
      However, when the identified factors were used to predict fertilization
      (discriminant analysis), only 58.3% of oocytes were correctly classified. This
      data supports the concept of performing IVF as a test in its own right.

PMID- 2397792
TI  - Hemizona assay and teratozoospermia: increasing sperm insemination concentrations
      to enhance zona pellucida binding.
AB  - This study aimed: (1) to evaluate the zona-binding capacity of patients with
      abnormal sperm morphology, using standard hemizona assay (HZA) conditions and
      increasing sperm insemination concentration during the assay and (2) to determine
      the insemination concentration needed to obtain equality in the number of tightly
      bound sperm to matching hemizonae, using sperm from teratozoospermic patients
      versus proven fertile controls. The minimum concentration of motile sperm from
      fertile controls necessary to validate HZA results was 250,000/mL (35.4 +/- 5.6
      tightly bound sperm; mean +/- SE). The "effective number of sperm"
      (morphologically normal with high motility) was 60,750/mL. Each teratozoospermic
      patient had a unique, (higher) sperm insemination concentration (range: 0.5 X
      10(6) to 2.0 X 10(6) motile sperm/mL) necessary to equal the number of tightly
      bound sperm representing the lower 95% confidence interval for the control sample
      (at 0.5 X 10(6) motile sperm/mL) with the matching hemizona. These results
      suggest that the HZA may be used as an indicator of the sperm insemination
      concentration during in vitro fertilization in patients with teratozoospermia.

PMID- 2397793
TI  - The significance of the zona-free hamster oocyte test for the evaluation of male
      fertility.
AB  - Results of the zona-free hamster oocyte test were compared with pregnancy rates
      after coitus and after artificial insemination with donor semen (AID) in 322
      primary infertile couples. Artificial donor insemination was offered if in the
      test the percentage of hamster oocytes with at least one decondensed sperm head
      (oocyte-sperm interaction rate) was less than 20. If the rate was less than 5,
      the pregnancy rate after coitus was significantly lower than in the group with a
      rate of greater than or equal to 5 to less than 20. In the former group, the
      pregnancy rate by AID was significantly higher than the pregnancy rate by coitus.
      We conclude that the zona-free hamster oocyte test is useful to predict the
      chance to achieve pregnancy in couples with unexplained infertility and to
      determine whether AID can increase this chance.

PMID- 2397794
TI  - Mechanisms of filtration of morphologically abnormal human sperm by cervical
      mucus.
AB  - It is well known that cervical mucus restricts penetration of morphologically
      abnormal human sperm, both in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanisms of such
      restriction are not well understood. Using videomicrography to simultaneously
      analyze the motions and morphology of individual human sperm, we analyzed
      differential penetration of normal and abnormal sperm into fresh human cervical
      mucus. Abnormal sperm swam slower in mucus than the normal sperm, but their
      flagellar beat parameters were not commensurately different. Multivariate
      statistical analysis of the relationship between individual sperm velocity and
      flagellar beat parameters indicated that the heads of the abnormal sperm
      experienced greater resistance from the mucus than did normal heads. Differential
      mucus resistance, more than altered motile vigor, appears to be responsible for
      the restriction of abnormal sperm during migration through mucus.

PMID- 2397795
TI  - Optimum testicular aspiration technique for deoxyribonucleic acid flow cytometric
      analysis of spermatogenesis in primates (Papio anubis).
AB  - Deoxyribonucleic acid flow cytometry on testicular tissue is an established
      method to evaluate spermatogenesis. Needle aspiration is less invasive and
      permits sequential sampling as compared with open testis biopsy. Using seven
      primates, we examined the needle aspiration technique. There was no significant
      difference among locations aspirated; the Westcott needle (Bard Urological,
      Covington, GA) provided the most rapid analysis, and both the Biopty gun (Bard
      Urological) and Westcott needle were easy to use. Baseline means +/- SD for
      ploidy distributions were 1N: 65.73% +/- 7.1; 2N: 18.95% +/- 5.5; 4N: 11.4% +/-
      2, Experimental data generated from primate models using testis aspiration and
      flow cytometry may elucidate human infertile conditions.

PMID- 2397796
TI  - Rabbit endosalpinx suppresses ectopic implantation.
AB  - This study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanism underlying the absence of
      oviductal ectopic pregnancies in infraprimates. Endosalpingeal circumferential
      grafts were substituted for endometrium in a group of rabbits. The endosalpingeal
      grafts interfered with implantation as evidenced by four observations: (1) The
      nidation indices were lowered, (2) no implantations occurred on the grafted
      endosalpinx, (3) unattached blastocysts were found in animals grafted with
      endosalpinx, and (4) the implantation sites were significantly smaller in uterine
      horns containing endosalpingeal grafts. These findings suggest the presence of a
      factor in rabbit endosalpinx that actively suppresses ectopic implantation in the
      oviduct.

PMID- 2397797
TI  - Sperm-oolemmal interaction: role of the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) adhesion peptide.
AB  - The Arg-Gly-Asp tripeptide (RGD) plays a widespread role in cell-to-cell and cell
      to-matrix recognition. We demonstrated that an RGD-containing peptide (Arg-Gly
      Asp-Val, RGDV) inhibits both oolemmal binding and penetration of zona-free
      hamster eggs by human spermatozoa in vitro when added to the incubation medium.
      These results suggest that RGD-containing proteins may play a role in sperm
      oolemmal interactions required for fertilization.

PMID- 2397799
TI  - Nonsurgical diagnosis and treatment of tubal pregnancy.
AB  - These data suggest that EP can be diagnosed and safely treated medically with MTX
      using the scheme outlined with no laparoscopy. Laparoscopic removal can be
      reserved for those patients with large unruptured EP (greater than 3.0 cm;
      cardiac activity) or the individual who requires laparoscopy for diagnosis.

PMID- 2397798
TI  - Late anaphylactic shock after hysterosalpingography.
AB  - We observed a patient who had a severe anaphylactic reaction 1 hour after HSG.
      Allergic symptoms recurred several hours after antiallergic therapy was stopped.
      The initial complaints of pain and vomiting could have been due to peritoneal
      irritation or alternatively to an early anaphylactic reaction. Patients who are
      at risk should be carefully evaluated before performing HSG. These patients and
      those with complaints after HSG should stay under observation for 1 or 2 hours
      after HSG.

PMID- 2397800
TI  - Double fertilization in vitro and the origin of human chimerism.
AB  - A human embryo consisting of two cells, each containing two pronuclei, was found
      in the IVF laboratory. The most likely explanation for this phenomenon is a
      parthenogenetic activation of an oocyte leading to immediate cleavage and
      followed by double fertilization. Human chimerism may originate in this way.

PMID- 2397801
TI  - Effect of clomiphene citrate on endometrial receptivity.

PMID- 2397802
TI  - Autoantibodies in endometriosis--epiphenomenon?

PMID- 2397803
TI  - Preovulatory progesterone supplementation.

PMID- 2397805
TI  - Nonclassical citations.

PMID- 2397804
TI  - A successful term pregnancy in a 49-year-old woman using donated oocytes.

PMID- 2397806
TI  - [Role of the serotonergic nervous system in hemodynamic and vasopressin responses
      to centrally administrated angiotensin-II in spontaneously hypertensive rats].
AB  - The purpose of the study is to investigate the role of the serotonergic nervous
      system in centrally administrated angiotensin II (A-II) mediated hemodynamic as
      well as vasopressin (AVP) responses. Eight-week-old male SHR and age-matched
      Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were used and the experiment was performed in the
      conscious state. In protocol 1, after resting observation of 30 minutes 10ng of A
      II was given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.). This was followed by i.c.v.
      injection of 1 microgram of 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, xylamidine, 50 minutes
      later; then 10ng of i.c.v. A-II was repeated after 10 minutes (SHR: n = 7, WKY: n
      = 10). In protocol 2, plasma vasopressin (AVP) was measured in the following
      groups. In one group, 1.3ml of blood was sampled from the carotid cannula after
      resting observation, and the same amount of blood from an age-matched donor rat
      of the same strain was transfused immediately. Two hours later, 10ng of A-II was
      given i.c.v., and blood was sampled again after 1 minute (SHR: n = 7, WKY: n =
      12). In another group, 1 microgram of xylamidine was given i.c.v. and was
      followed by 10ng of A-II 10 minutes later; then blood was collected after 1
      minute (SHR: n = 8, WKY: n = 13). In protocol 1, resting MAP were 144 +/- 6mmHg
      in SHR and 99 +/- 2mmHg in WKY. I.c.v. A-II elicited a consistent pressor
      response in both SHR and WKY, but the response was significantly larger in SHR
      than that in WKY, +45 +/- 3 and +37 +/- 1mmHg, respectively. Xylamidine had no
      effect on MAP, and repeated A-II produced significant pressor responses. However,
      the responses were significantly smaller in both SHR (+36 +/- 3mmHg) and WKY (+25
      +/- 1mmHg) as compared with those to initial A-II injection. In protocol 2,
      resting AVP were similar in SHR (1.5 +/- 0.2pg/ml) and in WKY (1.6 +/- 0.1pg/ml).
      However, after i.c.v. A-II injection, AVP became higher in SHR (131 +/- 14pg/ml)
      than in WKY (64 +/- 6pg/ml). AVP after A-II injection with xylamidine
      pretreatment were similar in SHR (48 +/- 6pg/ml) and in WKY (45 +/- 4pg/ml).
      Since the responses of both MAP and AVP to i.c.v. A-II were larger in SHR, and
      the responses were effectively suppressed by S2 receptor antagonists, the central
      serotonergic nervous system may play an important role in the hemodynamic as well
      as AVP responses to i.c.v. A-II administration.

PMID- 2397807
TI  - [Studies on insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I, -II) and there binding proteins
      in normal human pregnancy].
AB  - In order to elucidate the roles of Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF-I, -II) in
      human pregnancy, the levels of IGF-I and IGF-II, the distribution of binding
      proteins for IGF-I or IGF-II and profiles of unsaturated somatomedin binding
      proteins (USBP) were estimated in maternal and cord plasma. IGF-I levels in
      maternal plasma gradually elevated in late gestation, reaching 304.4 +/-
      130.1ng/ml at term, and were significantly higher than those in nonpregnant women
      (188 +/- 58). IGF-II levels, which were 414.9 +/- 75.4ng/ml in women in the third
      trimester of gestation, did not produce any remarkable changes in the levels in
      nonpregnant women (395.9 +/- 72.6). On the other hand, IGF-I in cord plasma also
      increased according to gestational age, reaching 37.3 +/- 14.6ng/ml at term, but
      it was significantly lower than that in maternal weight (r = 0.50, p less than
      0.005) and relative birth weight (r = 0.41, p less than 0.005). IGF-II in cord
      plasma showed no significant changes during gestation, however, IGF-II levels in
      AFD (appropriate for date) newborns delivered at term (203.8 +/- 59.4) were
      significantly lower than those in maternal plasma. And they had no positive
      correlations with birth weight and relative birth weight. On Sephadex G150 gel
      chromatography of cord plasma from AFD newborns at term, more than 70% of
      immunoreactive IGF-I in plasma was eluted at 150K region, and 150K USBP could be
      detected as observed in adult plasma. On the other hand, most of the
      immunoreactive IGF-II was eluted at 40K region, and 150K USBP was not detected in
      AFD newborns at term. In adult plasma, most of the immunoreactive IGF-II was
      eluted at 150K region, but 150K USBP could not be detected. From these results,
      it is supposed that IGF-I plays an essential role in fetal growth rather than IGF
      II.

PMID- 2397808
TI  - Post-polio syndrome--a model for understanding aging with pediatric onset
      disability.

PMID- 2397809
TI  - Health in Kathmandu--spring 1989.

PMID- 2397810
TI  - "...Let us do it now, for we shall not pass this way again...".

PMID- 2397811
TI  - Medical care for the un(der)insured.

PMID- 2397813
TI  - Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia.

PMID- 2397812
TI  - The future of nuclear medicine.

PMID- 2397814
TI  - Teaching medical residents critical analysis of pharmaceutical promotional
      material.

PMID- 2397815
TI  - Access to health care in America.

PMID- 2397816
TI  - Adolescent contraceptive method choices.
AB  - This article analyzes determinants of contraceptive method choices among
      adolescent women in the United States. By using data from the 1982 National
      Survey of Family Growth, we examined factors that differentiate users of various
      methods early in the sexual careers of teenaged women. We find that patterns of
      method choice not only vary by race and region within the United States but also
      change over the teenager's life course. In addition, among teenagers who did not
      use a method at first sex, the likelihood of adopting a method soon thereafter
      was low for both whites and blacks and was unaffected by social structural
      characteristics.

PMID- 2397817
TI  - Work and retirement among a cohort of older men in the United States, 1966-1983.
AB  - Multivariate increment-decrement working life tables are estimated for a cohort
      of older men in the United States for the period 1966-1983. The approach taken
      allows multiple processes to be simultaneously incorporated into a single model,
      resulting in a more realistic portrayal of a cohort's late-life labor force
      behavior. In addition, because the life table model is developed from
      multivariate hazard equations, we identify the effects of sociodemographic
      characteristics on the potentially complex process by which the labor force
      career is ended. In contrast to the assumed homogeneity of previous working life
      table analyses, the present study shows marked differences in labor force
      mobility and working and nonworking life expectancy according to occupation,
      class of worker, education, race, and marital status. We briefly discuss the
      implications of these findings for inequities of access to retirement, private
      and public pension consumption, and future changes in the retirement process.

PMID- 2397818
TI  - The origins of the Chinese fertility decline.
AB  - Education and urbanization are shown to have been negatively correlated to
      marital fertility in both urban and rural China prior to the initiation of the
      substantial family planning programs. We maintain that early use of contraception
      by better educated and urban strata is a plausible cause of the observed
      fertility differentials because other proximate variables are unlikely. Coale's
      m, a presumed indicator of controlled fertility, suggests early fertility control
      in urban and better educated strata. The apparent preprogram beginnings of
      fertility control among educational and urban elites does not, however, minimize
      the awesome effects on fertility of the powerful Chinese family planning
      programs, once begun.

PMID- 2397819
TI  - Multilevel models of fertility determination in four Southeast Asian countries:
      1970 and 1980.
AB  - Using microdata from the 1970 and 1980 censuses, we specify and test multilevel
      models of fertility determination for four Southeast Asian societies--Indonesia,
      Peninsular Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. Social context is indexed by
      provincial characteristics representing women's status, the roles of children,
      and infant mortality. These contextual variables are hypothesized to have direct
      and indirect (through individual socioeconomic characteristics) effects on
      current fertility. The contextual variables account for a modest but significant
      share of individual variation in fertility and about one-half of the total
      between area variation in fertility. The women's status contextual variables,
      particularly modern sector employment, have the largest and most consistent
      effect on lowered fertility. The results based on the other contextual variables
      provide mixed support for the initial hypotheses.

PMID- 2397821
TI  - The effect of marital disruption on children's health.
AB  - This study uses retrospective illness histories to investigate whether children's
      health deteriorates after parental separation. Separation is associated with
      illness in a multivariate cross-sectional analysis as well as in an analysis of a
      sample of disrupted children only, in which illness rates before and after
      separation are compared. Three explanations are hypothesized: (1) divorce reduces
      the resources available to children, (2) the stress of divorce depletes
      children's health, and (3) frailer children are selected into divorce. The first
      hypothesis has stronger support than the second, but the data are too poor for a
      rigorous test of either. The selection hypothesis is not supported.

PMID- 2397820
TI  - Infant mortality by cause of death: main and interaction effects.
AB  - We examine infant mortality among the 1980-1982 live birth cohorts in the state
      of Florida, specific to five categories of underlying cause of death: infections,
      perinatal conditions, delivery complications, congenital malformations, and
      sudden infant death syndrome. The gross and net effects of eight categorical and
      continuous independent variables, along with 11 first-order interactions, are
      examined with microlevel data through the use of multinomial logit regression.
      Findings suggest the complexity of variable effects by cause of death and
      indicate the simultaneous importance of biological and social factors. It is
      important that the pattern of interactions suggests an overall dependence of
      infant life chances on social circumstances. It also suggests that these effects
      are attenuated for some variables and causes of death at lower birth weights,
      probably due to advances in health care organization, access, and technology.

PMID- 2397822
TI  - Maternal education and child immunization.
AB  - This article explores the hypothesis that formal education of women results in
      increased child survival because of greater knowledge of the protective function
      of the major childhood immunizations. Education is also associated with greater
      awareness of proper immunization schedules. Irrespective of mother's formal
      education level, specific immunization knowledge is associated with an increased
      likelihood of using immunization. The Indonesian analysis is important as a model
      for preventive health campaigns among other populations with low education levels
      among women.

PMID- 2397823
TI  - Black/white differences in women's reproductive-related health status: evidence
      from vital statistics.
AB  - Maternal-age-specific neonatal mortality risk differs by race, with the mid-20s
      risk low for whites but not blacks. This may be partially due to worsening health
      for black relative to white women. We analyzed deaths to young women in the
      aggregate and classified by causes that are also pregnancy risk factors. Over the
      predominant child-bearing ages, mortality increases for blacks exceeded those for
      whites, usually by at least 25%. These indicators that black/white health
      differences widen as women progress through young adulthood suggest that such
      discrepancies may play a role in the black/white infant mortality differential,
      which merits further research.

PMID- 2397824
TI  - Remarriage patterns of black and white women: reassessing the role of educational
      attainment.
AB  - Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households, this article
      illustrates the role of educational attainment in the remarriage patterns of
      black and white women. For whites, remarriage propensities do not differ
      significantly by schooling level. For blacks, on the other hand, remarriage and
      education are positively associated, net of the effects of other variables such
      as age at separation and the number of children. Very few black high school
      dropouts in the sample had remarried 10 years after separation. The results
      suggest that for blacks, those with the worst socioeconomic prospects are least
      likely to remarry.

PMID- 2397825
TI  - The changing influence of religion on U.S. fertility: evidence from Rhode Island.

PMID- 2397826
TI  - [Osseointegrated implants. Theoretical basis and clinical aspects].

PMID- 2397827
TI  - [Fixed prosthetic reconstruction. Restoration of upper incisors 1].

PMID- 2397828
TI  - [TMJ lesions. Dysfunction and occlusion. Radiographic study].
AB  - A tomographic investigation was performed on 51 randomly selected patients with
      Rheumatoid Arthritis in order to identify the prevalence of the temporo
      mandibular joint involvement and the relationship with the clinical dysfunction
      and occlusal state. The relation between the condyle and the fossa in intercuspal
      position and during opening were measured: protrusive condylar path often got
      reduced. Articular shape and structural changes were also evaluated: only 4% of
      total joints resulted uninjured. The survey showed a significant incidence of
      structural as well as functional involvement of the tmj. Instead subjective
      symptoms and dental support seemed to be relatively independent, to confirm the
      heterogeneity of factors in masticatory dysfunction.

PMID- 2397829
TI  - [Training and professional profile of dentistry in the EEC. 4].

PMID- 2397830
TI  - [Adhesion of liners to dentin. In vivo experiments].
AB  - Research was performed in vivo on 42 vital teeth. Cavities of I and V Class where
      made, than restored with glass ionomer liners and composites. The teeth were
      extracted, stained and sectioned. Optic microscope did not show any stain under
      the ionomer liner, even in cases where composites were infiltrated. Electron
      microscope did not show any gap between ionomer liner and dentin.

PMID- 2397831
TI  - [Removal of impacted teeth. Indications and contraindications].
AB  - After reporting the classification and the etiopathogenesis of the dental
      inclusions, the Authors discuss the advisabilities and the drawbacks for their
      removal, on the basis of a personal study.

PMID- 2397832
TI  - [Ofloxacin in prophylactic therapy of oral infections].
AB  - 86 patients (46 females, 40 males; mean age 37 years) were divided into 2 groups:
      one group of 40 patients with acute infectious odontostomatitis, and another
      group of 46 patients going to have their oral cavity surgically operated. The
      first group was treated with 300 mg oral tablets of ofloxacin 12 hourly for 5
      days, the second group with the same posology for 3 days, for prophylactic
      purposes. 54 cases (24 in the first group and 30 in the second one) had Fans
      drugs integrating antibiotic therapy. At the end of the antibiotic treatment the
      first group showed a complete abatement of symptoms in 16 cases, a significant
      improvement in 19 cases, and better clinical conditions in 5 cases. The second
      group, examined again 4 and 7 days after surgical intervention, showed the
      prophylactic antibiotic treatment beneficial in 30 cases after 4 days, and in 14
      cases after 7 days; for 2 cases it was necessary to replace the antibiotic drug
      by other. Side effects in both groups (14 cases) were slight and did not cause
      any treatment interruption. Given these results and the good tolerability of the
      drug, we conclude that orally administered ofloxacin is a valid alternative to
      the parenteral drug for the treatment of infectious odontostomatitis and for
      prophylaxis after oral surgery.

PMID- 2397833
TI  - [Epulis. Histo- and anatomo-pathologic aspects of 100 cases].
AB  - The Authors present some cases for different istologic features of epulis and
      draw some considerations.

PMID- 2397834
TI  - [Training and professional profile of dentistry in the EEC. 1].

PMID- 2397836
TI  - [Dental photograph. When and why. 4].

PMID- 2397835
TI  - [Laugier-Hunzicker syndrome. Description of 3 clinical cases].

PMID- 2397837
TI  - [Conscious sedation in dentistry. Nitrous oxide 1].

PMID- 2397838
TI  - [Amoxicillin associated with clavulanic acid. Clinical efficacy and tolerance].
AB  - The Authors, after having analysed the problems involving the choice of an
      antibiotical therapy in the odontostomatological field, present a study
      concerning the evaluation of the clinical efficacy and tolerability of
      Amoxycillin associated with clavulanic acid. This drug has been orally
      administered to 154 ambulatorial patients. The results thus obtained in this
      clinical sperimentation show that Stacillin is a good and efficacious antibiotic
      in odontostomatologic affections, and that it is also well tolerated. These
      characteristics make it a first choice antibiotic in the odontostomatologic
      sphere.

PMID- 2397839
TI  - [Epidemiology of caries and periodontal disease. Survey of 5,000 recruits].
AB  - An epidemiological survey about the prevalence of caries and periodontal disease
      has been carried out by the Authors on 5000 subjects chosen among recruits coming
      from different regions of Italy. The results has been particularly evaluated in
      reference to social and cultural status, geographic origin and immigration and
      previous dentistry therapies.

PMID- 2397841
TI  - [Dental photograph. When and why. 5].

PMID- 2397840
TI  - [Odontoma. A clinical case. Principles of diagnosis and therapy].
AB  - Odontoma is a typical tumor without eclatant symptoms and the case described from
      the Authors do not exception. This case is particular because the first time it
      is found in an adult age and in an unusual sit.

PMID- 2397843
TI  - [Dental photograph. When and why. 6].

PMID- 2397842
TI  - [Training and professional profile of dentistry in the EEC--2].

PMID- 2397844
TI  - [Conscious sedation in dentistry. 2. Nitrous oxide].

PMID- 2397845
TI  - [Diaphanization. Testing method for endodontic technics].
AB  - It's a study about the principal clearing techniques, with a selection of
      materials and phases of execution. The purpose was to obtain transparency of
      mineralized structure together with preservation of pulpal contents. From this
      research a technique has been extracted and positively tested, with great
      results: a) tridimensional control of alterations pointed out in anatomy after
      canal preparation; b) measurement of pulpal debris size after instrumentation; c)
      identification of instruments dark zone; d) measurement of the empty-cleansing
      capacity of root canal system and the defence from eventual self-made errors, as
      a result of particular operating techniques, whose comparison is accessible by
      methodology.

PMID- 2397846
TI  - [Stomatofacial morphogenesis. Some specifications].
AB  - The initial phases of the embryogenetic process are evaluated in order to define
      its mesenchymal matrix. The influence of cephalic neural crests on mesenchymal
      derivatives is also underlined. Finally paraxial and lateral mesodermal function
      on cranial development and brachial arches composition are described. A
      correlation is established between head and neck, neural crests, mixed and
      sensorial cranial nerves. Tongue and orbital cavity muscles are identified as
      paraxial matrix derivative organs.

PMID- 2397847
TI  - [TMJ diseases. Current status. Clinico-epidemiological study].
AB  - The Author examines every complex mechanism which regulates the masticatory
      function. He calls the attention to the strict connection which exists between
      neuromuscular system and organic occlusion of determining a dysfunctional
      pathology. After examinating a group of 100 patients suffering from Tmj
      disfunction he shows every therapeutic possibility and the limits of the
      treatment only with the bite plane.

PMID- 2397848
TI  - [Training and professional profile of dentistry in the EEC. 3].

PMID- 2397849
TI  - [New cement filled with hydroxyapatite. Preliminary clinical results].
AB  - After histological, scanning-electromicroscope, stereomicroscope and
      transillumination controls, the clearing technique definitively demonstrated that
      it's really impossible to empty and entirely fill the endodontic apical extremity
      inside the correct limit, without running the risk to cause iatrogenesis
      interferences against periodontal reparation processes. Then also the
      "tridimensional fill" conception, as a simple "seal by physical push", must be
      integrated with the conception of root canal sealer materials biocompatibility
      toward the periodontal tissues. "Bioseal" root canal sealer which is the subject
      of this research is certainly an example of progress about this objective.

PMID- 2397850
TI  - [Training and professional profile of dentistry in the EEC. 4].

PMID- 2397851
TI  - [CO2 laser in dentistry. Chemico-physical and clinical aspects. 1].

PMID- 2397852
TI  - [Prosthetic therapy for the aged. 2].
AB  - The Author points out that various methods can be utilized for aged patient's
      mouth reconstructure. Several clinical reports are presented.

PMID- 2397853
TI  - [Ergonomic quality and security (EQS) in professional practice].
AB  - The basic chapters, regarding ergonomic quality and dental practice, are
      discussed. The Author believes that stress is a primary factor in the reduction
      of ergonomic quality and operative security. These opinions are defended on the
      basis of literature and personal experience.

PMID- 2397854
TI  - [CO2 laser in dentistry. Chemico-physical and clinical aspects. 2].

PMID- 2397855
TI  - [Optec-HSP system in prosthetic reconstruction].
AB  - The Authors report the results of a clinical study on the value of fixed
      reconstructive therapy with Optec-HSP ceramic performed on 48 elements of both
      dental arches. The material, thanks to its strength, precision, biocompatibility
      and esthetics, offers the prothesis-maker an additional valuable therapeutic tool
      for single crown restoration or for application of small bridges.

PMID- 2397856
TI  - [Retained canine. Surgical exposure and guided traction].
AB  - The Authors, after making a distinction between retained and included canine,
      examine the local and general causes of retention; moreover they illustrate
      clinical and radiological methods to reach the correct diagnosis; finally they
      highlight the importance of parodontal tissues during surgical treatment and
      particularly they describe a clinical case of surgical exposure and subsequent
      "under mucosal traction" on an intermediate retained canine.

PMID- 2397858
TI  - [Periodontal disease and insulin-dependent diabetes. Clinical study].
AB  - The Authors present the results of a clinical study concerning 30 IDDM patients
      and 24 healthy subjects to evaluate periodontal disease. The results show a
      higher incidence of PI, PD and BTI in diabetic patients.

PMID- 2397857
TI  - [Effects of vasoconstrictors during local anesthesia].
AB  - In this study, the effects of epinephrine in the local anesthesia were valued. No
      significant differences were revealed to cardiovascular response when a group of
      patients under generic stress were given an anesthetic without epinephrine and a
      second group of patients underwent an anesthetic with epinephrine. In patients in
      which epinephrine was injected, a significant fall in diastolic blood pressure
      was recorded two minutes after the injection and it remained as such for ten
      minutes. The cardiovascular response during dental extraction has a significant
      result dissimilar in the two groups of patients. No significant correlation was
      revealed between the blood pressure and the heart rate in basic conditions and
      the same parameters during an extraction. There exists a significant correlation
      between pressure response during generic stress and pressure response during an
      extraction. These findings suggest that cardiovascular response during dental
      stress is not in relation with the use of epinephrine with an anesthetic, but
      rather depends on each individual reaction.

PMID- 2397859
TI  - [Dental photograph. When and why. 7].

PMID- 2397860
TI  - [National Congress on Pediatric Cardiology. 20th national congress of the Italian
      Society of Pediatric Cardiology. Abstracts. Taormina, 13-16 September 1990].

PMID- 2397861
TI  - [Vaccination for viral hepatitis A and B in 1990].

PMID- 2397862
TI  - [Hepatic amyloidosis].

PMID- 2397863
TI  - [Treatment of Crohn's disease with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine.
      Retrospective study of 126 cases].
AB  - Over the past 15 years (1974-1989), 126 patients with Crohn's disease received
      azathioprine (n = 123) or 6-mercaptopurine (n = 3). Seven patients were lost of
      follow-up during the first month and were not analyzed. Among the 119 patients
      analyzed (52 men, 67 women, mean age 31.6 years), the median duration of
      treatment was 9.1 months (range: 8 days to 15 years). Most of the 109 patients
      with active disease at the beginning of the immunosuppressive therapy were either
      steroid-dependent (n = 63) or steroid-resistant (n = 23); 19 had frequent
      relapses and/or extensive involvement of the gastrointestinal tract; 4 had severe
      perianal disease. Among these 109 patients, 25.4, 51, 60.4 and 64.4 percent were
      in clinical remission at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months (life-table analysis)
      respectively. There was no difference in outcome of patients with colonic,
      ileocolonic or small intestinal involvement. Steroid-resistant patients fared
      better than steroid-dependent patients (81 percent vs 59 percent of remission
      within the first year; p less than 0.001). In the 62 patients with quiescent
      disease treated with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine, previous remission had
      been achieved with immunosuppressive therapy in 52, 8 were treated after a bowel
      resection which was assumed to be curative; 2 had achieved remission after total
      parenteral nutrition. In these patients, the percentages of relapse were 15.3 at
      the end of the first year and 20.3 at the end of the second year. Among the 8
      patients treated with azathioprine after bowel resection, only one relapse
      occurred 1.5 months after surgery. Nineteen percent of the patients had adverse
      reactions that required discontinuation of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2397864
TI  - [Effect of alcohol and cirrhosis on the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the
      gastric mucosa].
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine whether there was any relationship between
      alcohol consumption, cirrhosis and Helicobacter pylori associated antral
      gastritis. One hundred and forty-four patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal
      endoscopy were prospectively included and classified in four groups. The first
      group of 23 patients had cirrhosis and an alcohol consumption below 80 g per day.
      The second group of 31 patients had cirrhosis and an alcohol consumption over 80
      g per day. The third group of 34 patients had an alcohol consumption over 80 g
      per day without cirrhosis. The fourth group of 56 patients had an alcohol
      consumption below 80 g per day without any preexisting liver disease and
      underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for non specific digestive symptoms.
      The diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori was made at histological examination using
      the hematoxylin and eosin stain and the Whartin-Starry stain in each case.
      Histopathological results were confirmed by a bacteriological study in 15 cases.
      One hundred and twelve of 144 patients (78 percent) had gastritis. Gastritis was
      more frequent (p less than 0.01) when Helicobacter pylori was present than when
      it was not (90 percent vs 68 percent). Gastritis was more frequent when alcohol
      consumption was high (86 percent vs 72 percent). Helicobacter pylori was found in
      26 percent of the first group, 48 percent of the second group, 65 percent of the
      third group and 45 percent of the fourth group. These differences were
      significantly different (p less than 0.05). A statistically significant
      relationship between high alcohol consumption and the presence of Helicobacter
      pylori was noted, even in the presence of cirrhosis (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2397865
TI  - [Lactulose].

PMID- 2397866
TI  - [Obstructive intramural hematoma of the esophagus. A rare complication of
      endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal varices].
AB  - Obstructive intramural hematoma of the esophagus is an unusual complication of
      endoscopic sclerotherapy. We report three patients with liver cirrhosis who
      experienced such a complication. In our series, the frequency was 1.6 percent. A
      few hours after sclerotherapy, all three patients complained of low retrosternal
      pain, dysphagia and hypersialorrhea. Endoscopy was performed in two patients and
      showed a typical bluish submucosal mass occupying the esophageal lumen. Outcome
      was favorable in all patients within one week of conservative treatment. We
      hypothesized that hematoma could be ascribed to variceal puncture. The extension
      of the hematoma with dissection of the esophageal wall which had been fragilized
      by previous sclerotherapy sessions could have been facilitated by impaired
      coagulation.

PMID- 2397867
TI  - [Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome with predominant digestive manifestations
      or eosinophilic gastroenteritis? Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - We report two cases of hypereosinophilic syndrome with predominant
      gastrointestinal signs, which could have been mistaken for eosinophilic
      gastroenteritis. In the first case, the patient presented with eosinophilic
      ascites; documentation of pulmonary involvement allowed to easily establish the
      diagnosis. In the second case, the patient presented with diarrhea and
      malabsorption; gastrointestinal and pancreatic involvement seemed isolated. Cases
      reported as eosinophilic gastroenteritis in the literature with polyvisceral
      involvement raise the possibility of hypereosinophilic syndrome. We suggest that
      diffuse eosinophilic gastroenteritis could in fact be an isolated manifestation
      of the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome.

PMID- 2397868
TI  - [Gastroduodenal invagination. Radio-endoscopic aspects].
AB  - Gastroduodenal intussusception is a very rare entity and is generally associated
      with benign tumor of the stomach. We report a new case of central gastroduodenal
      intussusception related to schwannoma. We emphasize the radiologic features which
      can be misinterpreted as well as the endoscopic aspect hitherto unreported.

PMID- 2397869
TI  - [Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. 3 cases treated with a Nd:YAG laser and bipolar
      electrocoagulation].
AB  - This report concerns three patients with "blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome"
      presenting with recurrent digestive tract hemorrhage. Tuberous angiomas of the
      digestive tract associated with typical skin lesions as described by Bean led to
      diagnosis. Endoscopic coagulation with Nd:YAG laser and bipolar
      electrocoagulation "Bicap" of gastric and colonic angiomas was performed
      successfully without complication but did not avoid hemorrhagic recurrence
      originating from lesions located in the small bowel, as demonstrated during
      laparotomy in one case.

PMID- 2397870
TI  - [D-lactic acidosis and encephalopathy in short-bowel syndrome occurring during
      antibiotic treatment].
AB  - A 24 year-old patient with a short-bowel syndrome receiving home parenteral
      nutrition in addition to oral feeding for 32 months was treated by oral
      trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for urinary tract infection. Three days later, he
      developed neurologic disorders associated with severe hyperchloremic acidosis and
      high plasma level of D-lactate. This is a rare complication of intestinal
      malabsorption due to small bowel by-pass or extensive resection due to transient
      alteration of intestinal microflora induced by the oral antibiotic treatment.
      Diagnosis requires a high indice of suspicion.

PMID- 2397871
TI  - [Assurance, certainty and statistics].

PMID- 2397872
TI  - [Modesty, uncertainty and pragmatism].

PMID- 2397873
TI  - [Hepatic cholestasis probably due to the combination of amoxicillin and
      clavulanic acid].

PMID- 2397874
TI  - [Portal hypertension and acute brucellosis].

PMID- 2397875
TI  - [A case of AIDS manifested by alithiasic cholecystitis].

PMID- 2397876
TI  - [Cholestatic jaundice disclosing lymphoma involving the pancreas].

PMID- 2397877
TI  - [Does the syndrome of the feeble gastric mucosa barrier define a subgroup of
      dyspeptic patients?].

PMID- 2397878
TI  - Use of a cloned gene involved in candicidin production to discover new polyene
      producer Streptomyces strains.
AB  - A p-aminobenzoic synthase gene (pabS) from Streptomyces griseus IMRU 3570
      involved in candicidin production was used as probe to find new aromatic polyene
      producing Streptomyces strains. The pab gene hybridizes with 6 out of 16
      Streptomyces strains, and those strains which hybridize turned out to be polyene
      producers. Such strains were never before described as polyene producers.

PMID- 2397879
TI  - Polyphosphate production by strains of Acinetobacter.
AB  - Of four strains of Acinetobacter isolated from a pilot plant exhibiting enhanced
      biological phosphate removal from sewage, two strains (RA3116 and RA3117)
      accumulated more than 10 times the amount of polyphosphate accumulated by the
      other two strains (RA3114 and RA3123). Variants isolated from RA3116 and RA3117
      showed polyphosphate levels similar to RA3114 and RA3123. No correlation was
      found between the polyphosphate content of the strains and levels of several
      enzymes that have been implicated in polyphosphate formation.

PMID- 2397880
TI  - Separation of Pneumocystis carinii from the lung of the steroid-suppressed rat.
AB  - Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was induced in rats by chronic corticosteroid
      immunosuppression. The parasite was separated from virtually all contaminating
      host cells using the technique of unit gravity sedimentation. Cellular
      contamination was routinely below 0.02%. The same technique allowed partial
      separation of the cyst from the trophozoite stage.

PMID- 2397881
TI  - L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid decarboxylase activity responsible for the formation of
      1,3-diaminopropane in Enterobacter aerogenes.
AB  - High content of 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP), a normally minor derivative of
      polyamine metabolism, have been observed in cells of Enterobacter aerogenes.
      Supplementation of the growth medium with L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (L-DABA)
      resulted in increased production of DAP, but not if supplemented with spermidine.
      On the basis of these observations, the biosynthetic route for DAP was evaluated.
      It has appeared that this bacterium possesses a novel enzyme activity catalysing
      the formation of DAP from L-DABA. Lack of the activity for oxidative cleavage of
      spermidine yielding DAP suggests that the enzyme termed DABA decarboxylase is
      responsible for the formation of DAP in this bacterium. The enzyme was partially
      purified 360-fold and some properties were examined. The pH optimum for the
      activity was 7.75-8.0, and the enzyme showed an absolute requirement for
      pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with the Km value of 41 microM. The Km value for L-DABA
      was 0.32 mM, and neither L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid, L-ornithine nor L-lysine
      showed detectable substrate activity towards the partially purified enzyme. Mg2+
      and dithiothreitol greatly activated the enzyme.

PMID- 2397882
TI  - The patterns of extracellular protein formation by spontaneously-occurring
      rifampicin-resistant mutants of Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Spontaneously-occurring rifampicin-resistant mutants of Staphylococcus aureus
      were isolated on 4% (w/v) Tryptone Soya Agar containing 4 and 40 times the m.i.c.
      for rifampicin. A number of colonies were selected at each rifampicin
      concentration and were grown aerobically in 3% (w/v) Tryptone Soya Broth for 24 h
      at 37 degrees C. In the case of S. aureus RN4220 all the mutants grew to
      bacterial densities up to approximately 1.7 times more than the parent organism.
      The corresponding levels of extracellular protein secretion varied over a 5-fold
      range, all the mutants being less productive than the parent. By contrast,
      mutants of the wild-type Wood 46 strain achieved bacterial densities of only 45
      83% that of the parent whilst exoprotein secretion showed a smaller 1.7-fold
      variation. However, widely-differing patterns of exoproteins were revealed by SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the parent and mutant organisms of both
      strains.

PMID- 2397883
TI  - Genetic and molecular analysis of a long-lived strain of Podospora anserina.
AB  - A genetic and molecular analysis of a long-lived strain of Podospora anserina,
      Mn19, was undertaken to detect mutations in genes responsible for senescence. In
      crosses between Mn19 and wild type about 15% of the progeny were long-lived,
      regardless of the female parent. Molecular analysis of the long-lived progeny
      showed that none of the strains inherited a mtDNA rearrangement characteristic of
      the Mn19 parent. Instead, all long-lived strains initially inherited wild-type
      mtDNA. Over time the mtDNA of most long-lived strains underwent rearrangements,
      deletions and amplifications. The change over time in the presence of two
      previously characterized plasmids associated with either senescence or longevity
      was monitored. Crosses between Mn19 and its long-lived progeny also yielded only
      a small percent of individuals recovering from senescence. Analysis of mtDNA from
      crosses suggests that wild-type mtDNA from the paternal parent can be selected
      over mtDNA from the maternal parent. The life span phenotypes of progeny were not
      consistent with the hypothesis that mutations in a few nuclear genes were
      responsible for longevity.

PMID- 2397884
TI  - mus308 mutants of Drosophila exhibit hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents
      and are defective in a deoxyribonuclease.
AB  - Mutagen-sensitive strains that identify 16 different Drosophila genes have been
      screened for alterations in DNA metabolic enzymes. A characteristic defect in an
      acid-active deoxyribonuclease was observed in strains carrying the six available
      mutant alleles of the mus308 gene. Since that enzyme is detected at normal levels
      in a mutant strain that is deficient in the previously identified enzymes DNase 1
      and DNase 2, it represents a new Drosophila nuclease that is designated Nuclease
      3. The mus308 mutants were originally distinguished from all other mutagen
      sensitive mutants of Drosophila because they exhibit hypersensitivity to the DNA
      cross-linking agent nitrogen mustard without expressing a concurrent sensitivity
      to the monofunctional agent methyl methanesulfonate. Further observations of
      hypersensitivity to the mutagens trimethylpsoralen, diepoxybutane and cis
      platinum now establish a more general sensitivity of these mutants to agents
      capable of generating DNA cross-links. In spite of the hypersensitivity of the
      mus308 mutants to DNA cross-linking agents, the initial incision step of DNA
      cross-link repair is normal in mus308 cells as assayed by the alkaline elution
      procedure. The Drosophila mus308 mutants show promise of providing a useful model
      for analogous defects in other organisms including man.

PMID- 2397885
TI  - [Phenotype and "critical segments" of chromosomes during partial aneuploidy for
      chromosome 4 in man].
AB  - Computerized analysis of sparse matrix, based on the list of involved organs,
      body parts, extremities, function etc. (total item number about 600) was
      performed for different cytogenetically identified anomalies of human chromosome
      4 (35 cases of 4p-, 32 cases of 4p+, 39 cases of 4q-, 39 cases of 4q+; both
      published and original data were used). For each of the four types of partial
      aneusomy, 4 specific enough groups of traits were revealed which had been found
      in 50% of respective patients, at least. Such "nuclei" of traits were highly
      similar to those given in comprehensive modern manuals. However, 4p- and 4q-
      could only be classified as strictly enough delineated chromosomal syndromes. The
      4(p14-pter) region was found to be the most likely crucial segment for the Wolf
      Hirschhorn syndrome.

PMID- 2397886
TI  - [Gene geography of human population: computer-generated regional genogeographic
      atlas].
AB  - Gene geography is considered in this work as the instrument for analysis of
      population's gene pool. To be effective in this analysis, gene geography should
      move from mapping of gene frequencies for each gene (and phenes) to construction
      of genogeographical atlas, as a collection of maps generated by computer,
      following some strongly defined principles and methods, and joined together,
      according to general task and the programme of investigation. Brief version of
      regional genogeographical atlas of Mongolians and the other peoples of Central
      Asia is presented in the article. This atlas includes computer-generated maps of
      AB0, Hp, Gc, G'3, Tf, GLO, EstD and PGM1 gene frequencies as well as computer
      generalized maps of Mongolian gene pool.

PMID- 2397887
TI  - [Statistical estimate of parameters k, m, lambda, mu of population genetics
      models taking into account geographical dispersion of experimental data on
      mutation frequency].

PMID- 2397888
TI  - [The results of international comparative testing of reagents to swine serum
      protein allotypes conducted in 1987-1988].
AB  - Antisera to 15 allotypes of pig serum protein were raised and compared with those
      prepared elsewhere, within the framework of International Comparison Test of pig
      blood groups and polymorphic proteins and enzymes in 1987-1988. Of 15 allotypes
      tested 8 were found to coincide with the known GpB, GpD, GpA, Gpa, IGH3 C1, Lpb3,
      Lpb12, Lbr1. For 7 allotypes left, no analogues were found out. They seem very
      likely to be new allotypes of pig serum proteins.

PMID- 2397889
TI  - Getting Congress's act together on health issues.

PMID- 2397890
TI  - Futurist technology improves care of the elderly.

PMID- 2397891
TI  - The 'special competency' exam revisited--and rebuked.

PMID- 2397892
TI  - C difficile diarrhea: a common--and overlooked--nursing home infection.

PMID- 2397894
TI  - [Value of biochemical and immunological indicators in differential diagnosis of
      dust-induced diseases of the respiratory organs].
AB  - It was determined that immunological parameters are of highest diagnostic
      significance: levels of lymphocytes subpopulation (T- and O-lymphocytes) and
      content of IgA and IgG. A new coefficient is suggested characterizing the ratio
      of albumin fractions to the sum of alpha 2- and nu-globulins fractions. A
      diagnostic complex consisting of most informative and accessible for the
      practical public health indicators is suggested.

PMID- 2397893
TI  - [Hygienic standardization of p-chlorobenzylchloride in reservoir water].

PMID- 2397895
TI  - [Sanitary-hygienic evaluation of working conditions of female telephone operators
      working with video display terminals].

PMID- 2397896
TI  - [Ultrastructure of particles in the atmosphere of mines during the operation of
      mining equipment with Diesel engines].

PMID- 2397897
TI  - [Toxicological characteristics and substantiation of MPEL for lithium aerosols in
      the air of the work area].

PMID- 2397898
TI  - [Study of the effect of carbathione on embryogenesis in albino rats].

PMID- 2397899
TI  - [Health status of adolescents-students of technical schools in relation to the
      intensity of studies].

PMID- 2397900
TI  - [Characteristics of adaptation of adolescents to different conditions of
      occupational training in coal mines].
AB  - The pattern of forming of the adaptational process to occupational-industrial
      factors of working in a coal mine depending on the conditions of carrying out
      practical work was determined. It was found out that the adaptation of young boys
      to the working activity in deep horizons was accompanied by a more marked tension
      of the functional status and regulation mechanisms compared to working in less
      deep horizons.

PMID- 2397901
TI  - [Creating optimal hygienic conditions for students' activities].
AB  - Optimization of the preparation of school-children for the working activity may
      be presented as a model consisting of 4 blocks. Socially significant functions
      are system-forming factors of this model, i.e. the functions of an organism with
      which successful implementation of the major types of activities is associated.
      System approach to the management of schoolchildren's activities based on the
      dynamic control of socially significant functions and on selective influence on
      external and internal factors with the help of prophylactic and corrective
      activities make it possible to maintain its hygienic optimization.

PMID- 2397903
TI  - [Protection of health of children and adolescents in relation to the use of
      pesticides in national economy (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2397904
TI  - [Evaluation of functional status of younger schoolchildren in the 5-day school
      week program].

PMID- 2397902
TI  - [Hygienic evaluation of basic elements of preparation of the texts for printed
      publications].
AB  - The influence of the main elements of the composed matter (set and print size,
      line length, inter-lines space) on the legibility of mass periodicals was
      evaluated in experimental studies on volunteers. A complex of composed matter
      parameters increasing the legibility of the printed issues texts for the adults
      was established. The developed recommendations are important for the protection
      of readers' eye sight.

PMID- 2397905
TI  - [Significance of the achieved level of child's somatic development for his
      functional abilities].

PMID- 2397906
TI  - [Socio-hygienic evaluation of time expenditure of Soviet and foreign students].

PMID- 2397907
TI  - [Cytogenetic effect of pesticides in relation to their hygienic standardization].
AB  - Cytogenetic activity of 7 pesticides from various chemical classes was studied on
      mice bone marrow cells. 6 substances produced a mutagenic effect of different
      degrees of severity. The dependence of cytogenetic activity on the path, duration
      of administration into the organism and terms of cell fixation was stated.
      Hygienic standards and regulations for the production and use of the studied
      pesticides were developed with regard for the data obtained. The mutagenic effect
      appeared to be a limiting criterion of harmfulness for 2 substances in the
      substantiation of their MACs in the air of occupational area.

PMID- 2397908
TI  - [Significance of diurnal fluctuations of transaminase activity in the organs of
      rats].

PMID- 2397909
TI  - [Hair levels of lead, antimony, chromium, cadmium, titanium, nickel and strontium
      in alcoholism].

PMID- 2397910
TI  - [Composition of polyarenes in GHF tars].

PMID- 2397911
TI  - [Algorithms for establishing safe levels of toxic substances in the air of
      populated areas].

PMID- 2397912
TI  - [Analysis of uric acid in cereals and grain products by the method of liquid
      chromatography].

PMID- 2397913
TI  - [Medico-biological significance of mercury levels in biological media].

PMID- 2397914
TI  - [Hygienic standardization of polyvinyl alcohol 18/11 in reservoir water].

PMID- 2397915
TI  - [Gas-chromatographic analysis of phenol and formaldehyde in the water, water
      extracts and air].

PMID- 2397916
TI  - [Hygienic evaluation of pollution of reservoir water by dyes from dye-processing
      plants of the textile industry].

PMID- 2397917
TI  - [Principles and methods of modeling of electromagnetic fields in medico
      biological experiments in hygienic standardization].

PMID- 2397918
TI  - [Sanitary and hygienic aspects of ecology].

PMID- 2397919
TI  - 43rd annual scientific meeting. "Generations: continuities, conflicts,
      reciprocities". The Gerontological Society of America. November 16-20, 1990.
      Boston, Massachusetts. Abstracts.

PMID- 2397920
TI  - Oxygen radical injury and loss of high-energy compounds in anoxic and reperfused
      rat heart: prevention by exogenous fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
AB  - Isolated Langendorff-perfused rat hearts after 10 minutes preperfusion, were
      subjected to a substrate-free anoxic perfusion (20 minutes) followed by 20
      minutes reperfusion with a glucose-containing oxygen-balanced medium. Under the
      same perfusion conditions, the effect of exogenous 5mM fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
      has been investigated. The xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase ratio,
      concentrations of high-energy phosphates and of TBA-reactive material (TBARS)
      were determined at the end of each perfusion period in both control and fructose
      1,6-bisphosphate-treated hearts. Results indicate that anoxia induces the
      irreversible transformation of xanthine dehydrogenase into oxidase as a
      consequence of the sharp decrease of the myocardial energy metabolism. This
      finding is supported by the protective effect exerted by exogenous fructose-1,6
      bisphosphate which is able to maintain the correct xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase
      ratio by preventing the depletion of phosphorylated compounds during anoxia.
      Moreover, in control hearts, the release of lactate dehydrogenase during
      reperfusion, is paralleled by a 50% increase in the concentration of tissue
      TBARS. On the contrary, in fructose-1,6-bisphosphate-treated hearts this
      concentration does not significantly change after reoxygenation, while a slight
      but significant increase of lactate dehydrogenase activity in the perfusates is
      observed. On the whole these data indicate a direct contribution of oxygen
      derived free radicals to the worsening of post-anoxic hearts. A hypothesis on the
      mechanism of action of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in anoxic and reperfused rat
      heart and its possible application in the clinical therapy of myocardial
      infarction are presented.

PMID- 2397921
TI  - Inactivation of lysozyme by alkylperoxyl radicals.
AB  - Thermolysis of 2,2'-azo-bis-(2-amidinopropane) under air in the presence of
      lysozyme leads to extensive inactivation of the enzyme. The number of inactivated
      enzyme molecules per radical produced increases with the enzyme concentration up
      to values considerably larger than one. Enzyme inactivation is accompanied by
      extensive tryptophan modification. Over the enzyme concentration range considered
      (1.7 to 130 microM) nearly 4 tryptophan groups are modified per enzyme molecule
      inactivated. Both the inactivation and tryptophan modification are prevented by
      micromolar concentrations of propyl gallate. The results are interpreted in terms
      of an efficient inactivation of the enzyme by the alkylperoxyl radicals generated
      by thermolysis of the azocompound.

PMID- 2397922
TI  - Reduction potentials of imine-substituted, biologically active pyridines:
      possible relation to activity.
AB  - Cyclic voltammetry data were obtained for a number of biologically active
      compounds which incorporate imine substitution on the pyridine nucleus. The
      reductions in acid (iminium ion formation) were for the most part reversible, and
      in the range of -0.5 to -0.7V. The toxic effect of these drugs is thought to be
      caused by the generation of reactive oxygen radicals that arise via charge
      transfer, or by disruption of electron transport chains.

PMID- 2397923
TI  - Surface phenotype and immunoglobulin levels in B-cell chronic lymphocytic
      leukaemia.
AB  - The aim of the present study is to analyze the relationship between serum
      immunoglobulin (Ig) levels and the immunological phenotype and the
      clinicohaematological features of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) in
      a series of 126 patients. Eighty-eight of the cases (70%) had a decreased
      concentration of at least one Ig. IgM and IgA were the most frequently decreased
      (60% and 49% respectively). A serum monoclonal gammapathy was found in 4
      patients, Ig M/k in two cases and IgM/l and IgG/k in one case. Patients with
      hypogammaglobulinaemia had a similar surface phenotype as patients with normal Ig
      levels (MRFC+, sIg+, CD20+, HLA/DR+, FMC7-, CD5+, CD9+). On the other hand the
      cases with hypogammaglobulinaemia displayed the features of a more advanced
      disease, a higher incidence of organomegalies (p less than 0.05), anaemia and/or
      thrombopenia (p less than 0.05), a diffuse bone marrow pattern (p less than
      0.05), advanced clinical stages (p less than 0.05) as well as higher levels of
      both peripherial blood (p less than 0.02) and bone marrow lymphocytosis (p less
      than 0.02). These findings suggest that the presence of hypogammaglobulinaemia in
      B-cell patients is probably more related to a higher tumor burden than to either
      certain stages of B-cell differentiation or a particular cellular phenotype.

PMID- 2397924
TI  - Whole blood suspension culture method for chromosome examination of a patient
      with Ph-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia.

PMID- 2397925
TI  - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces normal mononuclear blood cells to differentiate
      in the direction of monocyte-macrophages.
AB  - Normal blood mononuclear cells incubated in the presence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin
      D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] in suspension culture showed increased differentiation to
      adherent macrophages. The effect was specific to 1,25-(OH)2D3 as the closely
      related metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 did not increase macrophage numbers.
      Giant multinuclear cells were observed in increased numbers in 1,25-(OH)2D3
      treated cultures. However this effect was not specific to 1,25-(OH)2D3 but due to
      cell crowding as these cells were also plentiful when cultures without 1,25
      (OH)2D3 were incubated at high cell densities. Increased numbers of macrophages
      were seen after six days of incubation; this effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 occurred also
      if the mononuclear cells were depleted of T-cells or exposed to X-irradiation at
      doses up to 25Gy. Addition of 1,25-(OH)2D3 to cultures in semi-solid media did
      not, however, increase the numbers of monocyte-macrophage colonies. These results
      suggest that the target cell for 1,25-(OH)2D3 is of the monocyte-macrophage
      lineage and is at a relatively late stage of maturation.

PMID- 2397926
TI  - [Personal experiences with naturopathy. Spices as medicine. 2: Mustard oil
      drugs].

PMID- 2397928
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy in neurology. Cervical syndrome--shoulder-neck pain. 1:
      Clinical picture and diagnosis].

PMID- 2397927
TI  - [Effect of the weather on acute hospital admissions. Observations at a neurologic
      clinic].
AB  - In 1,286 acute admissions to a neurological department in 1987/88, the
      relationship between admission rate and the continuously recorded meteorological
      parameters air pressure, temperature, and humidity, together with their
      differences over 24 hours (previous day and next day), as well as subjective
      weather effects, were submitted to factor analysis. No correlation was found
      between admission rate and absolute meterological parameters, but there was a
      relationship between admission rate and 24-hour differences, which was age
      dependent and decreased from younger to older patients. This was considered to
      show that in the elderly, the usual course of their disease is more decisive than
      any influences of the weather. This contrasts with the results of demoscopic
      polls that show an increase in weather-dependent complaints with age.

PMID- 2397929
TI  - [Non-Q-wave infarct: no reason for reassurance].

PMID- 2397930
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy in neurology. Cervical syndrome--shoulder-neck pain. 2:
      Therapy].

PMID- 2397931
TI  - In vitro effect of human recombinant tumor necrosis factor on Entamoeba
      histolytica trophozoites.
AB  - The effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on E. histolytica trophozoites was
      examined by using three virulent (IP: 0682:1, HM-1: IMSS, 200: NIH) and one
      nonvirulent (DKB) strain of E. histolytica. Various concentrations of recombinant
      TNF were added to E. histolytica trophozoites and the total parasite numbers and
      their viability were periodically assessed by microscopic observation and trypan
      blue staining after incubation at 37 degrees C in a nonhumidified chamber. In
      this study, concentrations of 10(1)-10(6) units of TNF were used. Over a
      concentration range of 10(4)-10(6) units, the number of trophozoites was
      significantly lowered in the amoebic cultures containing TNF as compared to
      untreated controls. It was also found that the effect of TNF was dependent on the
      densities of both virulent and non-virulent strains of E. histolytica
      trophozoites in axenic conditions. TNF has no significant affect on the growth of
      amoebae at the lower starting number of amoebae. The amoebae cultured at the
      higher density were growth-inhibited significantly in comparison with the control
      groups. When the growth of the virulent and nonvirulent strains of amoebae was
      compared in TNF treated culture, it was found that TNF has an inhibitory effect
      on both the virulent and nonvirulent strans of E. histolytica.

PMID- 2397932
TI  - Hypervariability of intronic simple (gt)n(ga)m repeats in HLA-DRB genes.
AB  - We have investigated the extent of DNA variability in intronic simple (gt)n(ga)m
      repeat sequences and correlated this to sequence polymorphisms in the flanking
      exon 2 of HLA-DRB genes. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify
      a DNA fragment containing exon 2 and the repeat region of intron 2. The PCR
      products were separated on sequencing gels in order to demonstrate length
      hypervariability of the (gt)n(ga)m repeats. In a parallel experiment, the PCR
      products were cloned and sequenced (each exon 2 plus adjacent simple repeats) to
      characterize the simple repeats in relation to the HLA-DRB sequences. In a panel
      of 25 DRB1, DRB4, and DRB5 alleles new sequences were not detected. Restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) subtyping of serologically defined haplotypes
      corresponds to translated DNA sequences in 85% of the cases, the exceptions
      involving unusual DR/DQ combinations. Many identical DRB1 alleles can be
      distinguished on the basis of their adjacent simple repeats. We found group
      specific organization of the repeats: the DRw52 supergroup repeats differ from
      those of DRB1*0101, DRB4*0101, and DRB5*0101 alleles and from those of
      pseudogenes. Finally, we amplified baboon DNA and found a DRB allele with
      extensive similarity to DRB1 sequences of the DRw52 supergroup. The simple repeat
      of the baboon gene, however, resembles that of human pseudogenes. In addition to
      further subtyping, the parallel study of polymorphic protein and hypervariable
      DNA alleles may allow conclusions to be drawn on the relationships between the
      DRB genes and perhaps also on the theory of trans-species evolution.

PMID- 2397933
TI  - Analysis of novel residues of class I involved in recognition by alloreactive T
      cells.

PMID- 2397934
TI  - Seven new MHC recombinant strains defining new H-2 haplotypes.

PMID- 2397936
TI  - Aeromonas species in human septicaemia & diarrhoea.
AB  - An increase was observed in the isolation of Aeromonas sp. from clinical
      specimens, especially faeces, from patients with diarrhoeal disease and blood
      cultures from patients with suspected septicaemias. The isolation rate from
      diarrhoeal patients was 0.2 per cent in 1978-79 and this increased to 5.0 per
      cent in 1986-87. It is noteworthy that 13 patients of septicaemia due to
      Aeromonas species were encountered, predominantly in adults with lowered
      resistance due to underlying disease states including chronic diseases of the
      liver and kidney.

PMID- 2397935
TI  - Class I major histocompatibility complex cDNA clones from sheep thymus:
      alternative splicing could make a long cytoplasmic tail.
AB  - To investigate the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes expressed
      in the young sheep thymus, a cDNA library was screened with a human HLA-B7 cDNA
      probe under conditions of relaxed stringency. Thirteen clones were isolated and
      found by partial sequences to fall into five classes, requiring the expression of
      at least three loci. One sequence was found six times, almost half of the total,
      and may thus represent the major message expressed in the young sheep thymus. One
      of the clones was found to have failed to excise the intron between cytoplasmic
      exons 7 and 8, leading to the predicted synthesis of a cytoplasmic domain 23
      amino acids longer than the other sheep sequences, and 15 amino acids longer than
      any cytoplasmic domain previously described. The sequences of all the clones were
      found to be most similar to bovine, and least similar to mouse class I MHC
      sequences.

PMID- 2397937
TI  - Phospholipase A production by isolates of Salmonella species.
AB  - The incidence of intra- and extra-cellular phospholipase-A production by
      Salmonella isolates from human, poultry and environmental material was
      investigated. Nearly 17 per cent (15/90) of the strains tested produced
      phospholipase A. Phospholipase production was encountered in S. typhi, S.
      paratyphi A, S. typhimurium, S. seftenberg, S. bareilly, S. weltevredeen, S.
      newport, S. adelaide, S. alachua and S. gallinarum. Maximum (10/15) phospholipase
      producers were isolated from the human material. Phospholipase positive human
      isolates exhibited a high incidence of simultaneous multiple drug resistance,
      enterotoxigenicity and cell surface hydrophobicity.

PMID- 2397938
TI  - Susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates to lomefloxacin.
AB  - The in vitro susceptibility pattern with respect to lomefloxacin was determined
      in case of 1009 bacterial isolates from clinical specimens with varying
      susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobial agents. The MIC50 and MIC90 values
      of lomefloxacin for the Gram negative bacilli showed susceptibility value ranging
      between 0.12 to 4.0 micrograms/ml, while 90 per cent of the streptococci tested
      were inhibited only at 16 micrograms/ml. Lomefloxacin was comparable in activity
      to enoxacin and ciprofloxacin but it was more active than norfloxacin and
      nalidixic acid.

PMID- 2397939
TI  - Antibiotic resistance of coliforms in drinking water in rural areas.
AB  - The antibiotic sensitivity of 197 coliform sp. isolated from drinking water in
      five rural areas was studied. Twelve strains (6.1%) showed multiple antibiotic
      resistance, three (1.5%) of which were able to transfer the resistances to an
      Escherichia coli K-12 recipient. It seems unlikely that the occurrence of
      transmissible multiple antibiotic resistance among coliforms in drinking water in
      the areas studied poses a significant public health risk.

PMID- 2397940
TI  - Lymphocyte arginase activity in leprosy--a preliminary report.
AB  - Arginase activity was estimated in serum and lymphocytes of 22 healthy controls
      and 50 untreated leprosy patients across the spectrum. The patients included 21
      lepromatous/borderline lepromatous (LL/BL); 20 borderline borderline/borderline
      tuberculoid (BB/BT) and 9 tuberculoid (TT) cases. Mean serum arginase levels were
      1.51 +/- 0.43, 1.41 +/- 0.43, 1.24 +/- 0.43 and 1.10 +/- 0.026 mu moles/min/ml in
      LL/BL, BB/BT and TT patients and healthy controls respectively. The lymphocyte
      arginase activity showed a similar increasing trend from TT to LL/BL. The mean
      lymphocyte arginase levels were 0.87 +/- 0.31 mu moles/min/10(6) cells in healthy
      controls and 1.81 +/- 0.40, 2.54 +/- 0.60 and 5.48 +/- 0.56 mu moles/min/10(6)
      cells in TT, BB/BT and LL/BL patients respectively. The increasing trend
      specially in lymphocyte arginase levels across the spectrum of leprosy correlated
      with the degree of impairment in the protective cell mediated immune response and
      also the extent of disease. The role of these pathophysiological alterations in
      relation to defect in immune response calls for investigation.

PMID- 2397941
TI  - Causal prophylactic activity of a new 8-aminoquinoline derivative against
      Plasmodium cynomolgi B in rhesus monkeys.
AB  - A new 8-aminoquinoline derivative, N1-(3-acetyl-4-5-dihydro-2 furanyl)-N4-(6
      methoxy-8-quinolinyl)1,4-pentanediamine, synthesized at CDRI, Lucknow, showed
      causal prophylactic activity at 3.16 mg/kg x 3 doses (on day -1, 0 and +1)
      against sporozoite induced P. cynomolgi B infection in rhesus monkeys. Single
      dose of 10 mg/kg of this compound on day 0 also prevented establishment of
      patient infection. Activity of the compound was comparable to that of primaquine
      (with causal prophylactic activity at 1.78 mg/kg in three day test and at 10.0
      mg/kg in single dose test).

PMID- 2397942
TI  - Clinical manifestations in malayan filariasis infection with special reference to
      lymphoedema grading.
AB  - In a door-to-door survey in Shertallai area of Kerala state in southern India,
      7,766 persons were examined for clinical manifestations of filariasis. The
      prevalence of disease was 9.85 per cent and chronic persistent oedema (grade-II)
      was the predominant clinical presentation in both sexes. There was no significant
      difference in the age prevalence of disease between the sexes. Incidence of
      episodic filarial fever was higher (4.73/1000) compared to other manifestations
      (2.49/1000) in children aged 5-15 yr and hence this may be an useful indicator of
      the degree of occurrence of fresh cases of clinical filariasis. Classification of
      patients with lymphoedema into three grades showed that 1.65 per cent of those
      examined had developed lymphoedema within 6 months. Persistence of oedema (grade
      II) for prolonged period (13.64 +/- 1.17 yr) without skin changes indicated that
      the development of elephantiasis is a slow process. The clinical picture of
      malayan filariasis is similar to that reported elsewhere in the world except for
      the rarity of abscess formation is inguinal area.

PMID- 2397943
TI  - Effect of ureastibamine on Leishmania donovani amastigote.
AB  - Ureastibamine, a pentavalent antimonial, reduced the parasitic load in the 60-day
      model of infection of L. donovani in hamsters. It also inhibited the in vivo
      multiplication of I donovani amastigotes in hamster peritoneal macrophages. No
      inhibition in either promastigote multiplication or amastigotes transformation
      was noted with filtrate obtained after incubation of the drugs for 72 h in the
      macrophage culture. Incubation of macrophages with ureastibamine revealed an
      impairment in the uptake of deoxyglucose. The effect of ureastibamine was
      compared with that of another pentavalent antimonial, sodium stibogluconate. It
      is suggested that impairment of macrophage membrane may contribute towards the
      adverse effect of these drugs against the intracellular parasite.

PMID- 2397944
TI  - Evaluation of human cellular immune function in echinococcosis.
AB  - Forty nine individuals (11 patients with surgically proved hydatid disease, 23
      individuals with non hydatid disease and 15 normal healthy adults) were
      investigated for specific and nonspecific cellular immune status using in vitro
      blast transformation assay. Patients with hydatid disease had suppressed cellular
      immune function to a nonspecific T-cell mitogen (PHA) when compared to the
      relevant controls. Hydatid antigen directly inhibited in vitro blast
      transformation from a concentration of 0.1 microgram protein/ml onwards in all
      the three groups of subjects, irrespective of whether they had hydatidosis or
      not. However, hydatid antigen did not act as a T-cell mitogen in our study.

PMID- 2397945
TI  - Ampicillin pharmacokinetics in Indian geriatric subjects.
AB  - Ampicillin elimination was studied in geriatric and younger subjects, 10 in each
      group. The geriatric subjects had higher serum concentration and elimination half
      life of the drug. The plasma clearance and urinary excretion of the drug were
      significantly reduced in them when compared to younger subjects. Urinary
      excretion of the drug had significant correlation with creatinine clearance of
      the subjects.

PMID- 2397946
TI  - Congenital absence of vas deferens (a case report).

PMID- 2397947
TI  - Antitoxoplasma antibody in clinically suspected cases of human toxoplasmosis.
AB  - (1) Seventy sera from a variety of patients suffering from different diseases
      suspected to be caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection and forty from non
      toxoplasmic hospital cases and laboratory and hospital staff were collected. (2)
      Antitoxoplasma antibody was detected in those sera by Indirect Haemagglutination
      test (IHA test) and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). (3) Twenty one
      (30%) sera out of 70 test samples and 2 (5%) out of 40 control samples were
      positive by ELISA test. With IHA test only 17 (24.3%) of test samples and same 2
      (5%) of control samples were positive. (4) Sera collected from Paediatric
      Department showed the highest positivity (40%) followed by Opthalmological group
      (35.7%) and obstetrics and Gynaecological group (13.6%). (5) No significant co
      relation was found between the seropositivity with sex, diet and history of cat
      contact of the patients.

PMID- 2397948
TI  - Height-weight relationship in young healthy Indian males.
AB  - Height-weight relationship in young healthy Indian males (19-22 yrs.) has been
      established. It is concluded that the relationship of the form: log w = 1.18 +
      0.35 h fits well to the data on height h (in metres) and weight w (in kilograms)
      for this group of subjects, the logarithm is taken to the base 10. The results of
      the present study show that Ehrenberg's equation of the form: log w = 0.8 h + 0.4
      cannot be extended beyond the age of 18 years in young healthy Indian males.

PMID- 2397949
TI  - Study of systemic fungal infections in autopsy material.
AB  - A retrospective study of 2526 autopsy cases was done in order to find out the
      pattern of systemic fungal infections. The autopsy records were reviewed for case
      histories, gross and histological findings. The histological sections from cases
      showing evidence of fungalo infections were reviewed. The fungal infections were
      found in 28 cases. Of these 11 (93.29 percent) were aspergillosis, 8 (28.27
      percent) were mucormyosis, 6 (21.43 percent) were monilial infections and 3
      (10.71 percent) were monilial infections and 3 (10.71 percent) were
      cryptococcosis. The incidence of systemic fungal infection was 1.11 percent. The
      most common type of fungal infection was aspergillosis. The maximum number of
      fungal infection was seen in the respiratory system. The fungal infections
      presented as opportunistic infections in all but one case. The metabolic
      disturbance was the most frequent predisposing condition for systemic fungal
      infections.

PMID- 2397950
TI  - Short notes on intrauterine devices.
AB  - The DATTA panelists emphasized the critical importance of patient selection when
      considering IUDs for contraception The IUD is an acceptable method of
      contraceptives, in a stable monogamous relationship, and not at risk for sexually
      transmittel diseases. Within these constraints, the panelists gave overwhelming
      support to the IUD as a safe and effective method of contraception. The minority
      opinion (two panelists) that these devices were not established for safety or
      effectiveness was based on concerns over possible infectious complications.

PMID- 2397951
TI  - The merit of the practice-profile-time study.
AB  - The practice-profile-time study is a method developed by Joint FDI/WHO Working
      Group 9 on the study of 'Economic factors related to the delivery of oral
      services and oral health' to record the time spent by general dental
      practitioners on different practice activities. The method was developed to
      support the policies of National Dental Associations, but can also be used by
      general dental practitioners themselves. This method was tested in nine
      countries. The method has proved to be reliable and valid, and produces a vast
      amount of useful information for Dental Associations and for individual
      practitioners.

PMID- 2397952
TI  - Oral health habits of schoolchildren in 11 European countries.
AB  - This study is part of the Cross-National Survey on Health Behaviour in
      Schoolchildren--A WHO Collaborative Study, which started in 1982. The aim of the
      study was to describe the oral health habits (oral hygiene habits, use of sugar
      snacks and use of fluorides) in schoolchildren in 11 countries. The data were
      gathered during the 1985-86 school year, and the age groups studied were 11-, 13-
      and 15-year olds from Austria, Belgium, Finland, Hungary, Israel, Norway,
      Scotland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Wales. The data are nationally
      representative for the age groups concerned. Exact results are presented for
      toothbrushing frequency and use of dental floss, toothpicks, sweets, soft drinks,
      fluoride toothpaste, fluoride rinses and fluoride tablets. Toothbrushing was
      consistently less frequent among boys than among girls. Use of dental floss is
      still very rare. Efforts must be continued to reduce the consumption of sweets
      and soft drinks. These findings should be taken into consideration when attempts
      are made to improve oral health education.

PMID- 2397953
TI  - Staining of residual caries under freshly-packed amalgam restorations exposed to
      tea/chlorhexidine in vitro.
AB  - Discoloration around restorations may lead practitioners to suspect recurrent
      caries. Dentists, using conventional optical and tactile criteria, often fail to
      render the enamel-dentine junction completely caries-free during cavity
      preparation. The aim of the present laboratory study was to test the hypothesis
      that such residual caries could take up stain from tea and hence affect clinical
      judgement on the presence of recurrent disease. Cavities were prepared in freshly
      extracted carious teeth and restored with amalgam. Specimens were then
      temperature cycled in tea and chlorhexidine or in tea alone to encourage leakage.
      Subsequent removal of restorations showed staining of parts of the enamel-dentine
      junctions and histological examination showed these stained areas to correspond
      to areas of demineralization. Similarly prepared caries-free teeth showed no such
      staining. Thus residual caries in teeth with leaking restorations can, in the
      laboratory, take up stain. If this were to happen in vivo, stained residual
      caries could subsequently be misdiagnosed as recurrent caries.

PMID- 2397954
TI  - Has the decline in dental caries been halted? Changes in caries prevalence
      amongst 6- and 12-year-old children in Friesland, 1973-1988.
AB  - In 1973, 1976, 1979, 1982 and 1988 caries investigations were carried out amongst
      6- and 12-year-old primary schoolchildren to study the effectiveness of a dental
      health campaign begun in 1973. This campaign and the school dental health
      services were stopped in 1985. In all the years, except 1988, radiographs formed
      part of the caries examination. The percentage of 6-year olds with a caries-free
      dentition increased from 4 per cent in 1973 to 47 per cent in 1988, and for 12
      year olds from 0 per cent in 1973 to 45 per cent in 1988. The mean dmfs score
      decreased steeply from 14.4 in 1973 to 3.8 in 1982 and rose slightly to 4.0 in
      1988. This latter score was 4.6 if a correction for the X-ray effect were
      applied. The mean DMFS score in 12-year olds showed a constant decline, from 13.7
      in 1973 to 2.0 in 1988. The half in the decline of caries in the deciduous
      dentition of these 6-year-old cohorts is regarded as a warning that caries may be
      on the increase again in this part of The Netherlands. Regular monitoring is
      therefore required. Explanations for this halt in the decline of caries are
      discussed.

PMID- 2397955
TI  - Self-assessment of gingival bleeding.
AB  - The benefit obtained from the use of a manual for self-assessment of gingival
      bleeding was evaluated among a group of Finnish army conscripts. After the
      baseline examination, performed by a dentist, three test groups self-assessed
      bleeding from their gums during toothbrushing and when cleaning between their
      teeth with a toothpick. The dentist re-examined the first test group 1 month, the
      second group 3 months and the third group 6 months after the self-assessment.
      Gingival bleeding among the test group subjects was compared with that of control
      group subjects who had been matched for number of bleeding sites at baseline. The
      self-assessed gingival bleeding was found to correlate with the clinical findings
      of bleeding. One and 3 months after the self-assessment the test groups had
      better gingival health than their respective control groups. Six months after the
      self-assessment, no difference in gingival health was found between the test and
      control groups. Observed gingival bleeding during the original self-assessment
      was found to be a positive predictive factor for the subsequent improvement in
      gingival health.

PMID- 2397956
TI  - Freedom of movement in the European Community.
AB  - The regulations which operate with regard to the freedom of movement of dentists
      working within the European Community (EC) are described. The actual effects of
      these directives on dental manpower and planning are discussed, together with
      other aspects of EC policy and effects which they may have on the dental
      profession both currently and in the near future. Governmental controls over the
      dental profession are also discussed in relation to oral and general health with
      consideration being given to the 'consumer led' developments of health policies.

PMID- 2397957
TI  - A social anthropology model to evaluate curricula of dental schools.
AB  - The purpose of the research project was to construct a model to evaluate
      curricula of schools of dentistry following the social anthropology paradigm. The
      point of departure for the project was practical experience gained in looking for
      information which could aid better decisions about how to conduct and change a
      dental curriculum. Information was obtained from the different people involved in
      the educational project: teachers, students and patients. Qualitative as well as
      quantitative curriculum information was included. The general questions posed
      were not only about 'how much', but also 'what, why, who, where and when?' The
      model used in the project seems to have been of value. It gave a base for
      considering why things were happening in the way they were, and facilitated a
      general explanation about how the main purposes of the school were accomplished.

PMID- 2397958
TI  - Influence of dental school experience on sealant use by British dentists.
AB  - Dental schools can play an important role in promoting the appropriate use of
      sealants. The purpose of this study was to examine the dental school experience
      with sealants of British dentists and its effect on the use of sealants in
      practice. A postal survey of a representative sample of British dentists (n =
      1000) was conducted. The response rate was 73.7 per cent. Approximately 39 per
      cent of the respondents reported that they had received sealant training in
      dental school. Both classroom and clinical sealant training received favourable
      adequacy ratings. Adequacy ratings were found to increase with graduation year
      group. In general, the dentists' perceptions of the value of sealants in the eyes
      of former classmates and faculty were positive. Although not statistically
      significant, there was a trend toward greater sealant use among those respondents
      who had received sealant training in dental school.

PMID- 2397959
TI  - Good manufacturing practices, including quality assurance for dental materials.
      Report to General Assembly, Federation Dentaire Internationale.

PMID- 2397960
TI  - Wives, husbands, and daughters caring for institutionalized and
      noninstitutionalized dementia patients: toward a model of caregiver burden.
AB  - The primary purposes of this article are to clarify some of the inconsistencies
      in the previous research studies done on factors associated with caregiver
      burden; to identify specific sets of variables that best explain the differential
      burden levels among caregivers; and to provide a substantial foundation for
      developing a model of caregiver burden useful for both research and clinical
      interventions. The caregiver's gender, relationship to the patient, and the
      residential location of the patient (same house, community, or institution) are
      major considerations in our analyses. This study is also unique, because it uses
      a relatively large national sample of caregivers, which is necessary to
      accomplish the study's objectives. Mailed questionnaires were completed by 409
      caregivers identified by fifty local support groups in sixteen different states
      in the United States. Generally, the primary correlates of burden were factors
      related to the levels and types of impairment in patient functioning, caregiver
      life satisfaction, and social support. Each category of caregiver circumstances
      had a unique set of three to five correlates with the total amount of variance
      explained in burden ranging from 25 percent (husbands living with the patients)
      to 68 percent (husbands with spouses in nursing homes). Implications for future
      research and interventions are discussed.

PMID- 2397961
TI  - The XVIIth annual congress of the European Society for Artificial Organs.
      Bologna, 19 to 22 September 1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 2397962
TI  - A fresh look at the management of skin diseases in the tropics.

PMID- 2397963
TI  - Tailor-made training. The International Medical Scholars Program.

PMID- 2397964
TI  - The role of cutaneous sensory nerves in the maintenance of psoriasis.
AB  - This is a case report of two patients with chronic plaque psoriasis in whom
      cutaneous nerve damage resulted in clearance of the disease at that site. In both
      patients reappearance of the psoriasis occurred with recovery of cutaneous
      sensation. The role of cutaneous sensation in the maintenance of skin disorders
      and, in particular, the role of neuropeptides in the pathogenesis of psoriasis
      are discussed.

PMID- 2397965
TI  - Balanitis of Zoon.
AB  - A patient with an eruption of clinical and histologic features typical of plasma
      cell orificial mucositis of the glans penis is reported. Immunohistologically,
      IgE and IgG are found to be major immunoglobulin classes in the plasma cellular
      infiltrate. Although specific allergen has not been identified yet, the present
      findings suggest that this condition is not a nonspecific inflammatory response
      but is related to immediate hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2397966
TI  - Leg ulcer in a patient with beta-thalassemia and glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase deficiency.

PMID- 2397967
TI  - Adult staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.

PMID- 2397968
TI  - Linear bowenoid papulosis of the genitalia. A possible Koebner phenomenon.

PMID- 2397969
TI  - Leptosphaeria tompkinsii mycetoma.

PMID- 2397970
TI  - Black grain mycetoma caused by Madurella grisea in Saudi Arabia.

PMID- 2397971
TI  - UV treatment of generalized prurigo nodularis.

PMID- 2397972
TI  - A comparison between two different regimens of monthly application with
      bifonazole spray 1% in pityriasis versicolor.

PMID- 2397973
TI  - Once-daily naftifine cream 1% in the treatment of tinea cruris and tinea
      corporis.
AB  - Seventy patients with tinea cruris or tinea corporis were treated with naftifine
      cream 1% or vehicle once daily for 4 weeks in this double-blind, randomized
      study. After two weeks, the patients using naftifine had a significantly higher
      mycologic cure rate than the vehicle-treated patients (79% vs. 31%, p less than
      0.001), and they showed significantly better resolution of signs and symptoms.
      Statistically significantly differences favoring naftifine over its vehicle were
      found throughout the treatment period and 2 weeks posttreatment.

PMID- 2397974
TI  - Molluscum contagiosum treated with iodine solution and salicylic acid plaster.
AB  - Twenty cases of molluscum have been evaluated for the clinical effectiveness of
      10% PVP-iodine solution and 50% salicylic acid plaster therapy. The treatment
      works well, and the shorter duration of treatment necessary for healing is
      statistically significant as compared with the duration of treatment for controls
      who lacked either one of the applications. Although the working mechanism for the
      effectiveness is not known, the treatment is characterized as a less expensive
      and less painful procedure. All patients were completely healed after a mean
      treatment of 26 days; there were no adverse effects. This therapy is recommended
      for the office patient, young children, diabetic patients, and those with
      multiple lesions.

PMID- 2397975
TI  - The biological effects of a pulsed electrostatic field with specific reference to
      hair. Electrotrichogenesis.
AB  - This comparative, controlled study demonstrates the positive biologic effect on
      hair regrowth of a pulsed electrical field administered according to a
      regularized treatment schedule over 36 weeks. Mean hair count comparisons within
      the groups significantly favor the treatment group, which exhibited a 66.1% hair
      count increase over baseline. The control group increase over baseline was 25.6%.
      It is notable also that 29 of the 30 treatment subjects (96.7%) exhibited
      regrowth or no further hair loss. The process is without side effects and
      untoward reactions. The rationale of this phenomenon is unclear but is considered
      to be due to an electrophysiologic effect on the quiescent hair follicle, similar
      to that documented with respect to bone fracture and soft tissue repair
      enhancement. The electrical pulse may cause increased cell mitosis through
      calcium influx, involving both the hair follicle sheath and dermal papilla cells.

PMID- 2397976
TI  - A case of early syphilis.

PMID- 2397977
TI  - Perforating granuloma annulare and diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2397978
TI  - Neurologic complications of AIDS.
AB  - AIDS patients are at risk for a wide variety of neurologic disorders. Diagnostic
      and treatment considerations are discussed.

PMID- 2397979
TI  - Neurology advancing at 'breakneck' speed.

PMID- 2397980
TI  - Cerebral sinus thrombosis reconsidered.

PMID- 2397981
TI  - IFMC case notes. Outlier review.

PMID- 2397982
TI  - Clinical and histopathologic findings in adults with the nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - The clinical and histopathologic findings in 225 Irish adults with nephrotic
      syndrome were reviewed. Membranous nephropathy was the most common lesion found
      (28%), followed by proliferative glomerulonephritis (17%), and focal sclerosing
      glomerulonephritis (16%). Minimal change disease was the least frequent cause for
      idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (12%). The major secondary cause of nephrotic
      syndrome was amyloidosis (13%). The patients were analysed for the predictive
      value of the level of renal function, presence or absence of hypertension, and
      the degree of proteinuria. It was not possible to determine the nature of the
      underlying lesion giving rise to the nephrotic syndrome using any of these
      variables. There was also no significant difference between primary and secondary
      glomerular disease with regard to these factors. It is concluded that renal
      biopsy remains the only definitive method of establishing the underlying lesion
      causing idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2397983
TI  - Risk behaviour for HIV transmission in attenders on methadone maintenance.
AB  - Sixty-nine opiate addicts on methadone maintenance programmes at the Drug
      Treatment Centre were interviewed, all meet DSM. 3 criteria for opioid
      dependency. Most were young, poorly educated, unemployed and had involvement with
      both police and prison. Drug abuse started at a young age, all had injected
      drugs, heroin being the most widely abused opiate. Forty-eight (70%) were HIV
      (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) positive. Since diagnosis these individuals had
      made significant changes in their injecting practices and sexual behaviour.
      However, despite this positive change, there remained a high level of at risk
      behaviour for further HIV transmission.

PMID- 2397984
TI  - Subungal melanoma.
AB  - Subungal melanoma is a rare condition accounting for 1-3% of all melanomas. It
      has been associated with a poor prognosis, with a 10-30% 5 year survival usually
      attributed to the delay in diagnosis. Early biopsy of suspicious lesions followed
      by amputation of the digit in those proving positive is the treatment of choice.

PMID- 2397985
TI  - Talc lung in a drug abuser.
AB  - We report a case of intravenous talcosis in a 36 year old woman. Although she
      initially denied drug abuse clinical suspicion was aroused by the finding of
      obliterated peripheral veins, a pleural rub and a peripheral nodular lesion on
      chest x-ray. Diagnosis of intravenous talcosis was confirmed by finding
      birefringent particles on transbronchial biopsy. Confronted with this evidence
      the patient admitted long-standing drug abuse, including intravenous injection of
      crushed methadone tablets which contain talc filler.

PMID- 2397986
TI  - Small bowel complications of metastatic lung carcinoma.
AB  - A case of small bowel perforation and a case of small bowel obstruction as a
      result of metastatic lung carcinoma are presented. The surgical management of
      each is discussed. The patient who presented with small bowel perforation died in
      the immediate post-operative period, while the patient who presented with small
      bowel obstruction is alive and well six months later. Patients with primary lung
      carcinoma who present with an acute abdomen should be treated by standard
      surgical principles irrespective of their primary pathology.

PMID- 2397987
TI  - Radiation therapy for carcinoma of the prostate gland: experience at a community
      hospital.
AB  - Over an 18-year period, 453 men with carcinoma of the prostate gland were treated
      with curative intent using radiation therapy alone at one large community
      hospital in Hawaii. A retrospective analysis of the survival of these men was
      undertaken in order to compare this experience with that of other investigators.
      Clinical stage was found to be a less reliable prognostic factor than the
      histologic grade of the tumor. Patients with poorly differentiated tumors had the
      worst prognosis with a 5-year survival probability of 48.4%. Patients who were
      otherwise eligible for prostatectomy (stage B1) had the best prognosis, 88.1% at
      5 years. Inability to clearly demarcate stages A2, B2 and C was reflected in
      similarity of survival probability for all of these patients, 69.3% to 70.5% at 5
      years. Finally, a selected group of patients with metastatic disease confined to
      the pelvis who were treated with curative intent is presented herewith and
      compared to a much larger group of patients with metastatic disease who were
      treated palliatively. Survival was equally dismal in both groups. X-ray treatment
      alone can be applied with curative intent to all patients who have no evidence of
      metastasis, with substantial hope for local tumor control and significant
      survival.

PMID- 2397988
TI  - The Hawaii State Department of Corrections substance abuse strategy.

PMID- 2397989
TI  - Eosinophilic pleural effusions.
AB  - We present 2 cases of eosinophilic pleural effusion (EPE) seen recently at Straub
      Hospital. One occurred in a patient with pneumococcal empyema; the 2nd patient
      had 2 episodes of EPE secondary to malignant histiocytic lymphoma. Eosinophilic
      pleural effusion (EPE) is defined as having eosinophils exceeding 10% of the
      pleural fluid WBC differential. EPE is usually exudative, typically accounting
      for 1% to 8% of all pleural effusions. Up to 30% to 35% of EPE are idiopathic,
      while other frequent causes include air in the pleural space (30%), and pulmonary
      infections (10%). Collagen vascular diseases, tuberculosis and malignancies are
      common causes of EPE. Although spontaneous resolution and a favorable prognosis
      predominates in this entity, prudent clinical follow-up is advised. Since the
      first documented case of eosinophilic pleural effusion in 1984 by Harmsen,
      clinicians have attempted to determine its significance. This condition is
      defined as pleural effusion with greater than 10% of the WBC differential
      eosinophils. We saw 2 cases of EPE at Straub Hospital during 1988.

PMID- 2397990
TI  - Use of erythropoietin in Jehovah's Witness patients.

PMID- 2397991
TI  - AIDS.

PMID- 2397992
TI  - More on AIDS.

PMID- 2397993
TI  - Mandatory testing.

PMID- 2397994
TI  - Life Foundation responds.

PMID- 2397996
TI  - Summary of Hawaii law relating to HIV.

PMID- 2397995
TI  - Hawaii and the AIDS epidemic.
AB  - Hawaii has enacted legislation pertaining to the AIDS epidemic. This legislation
      pertains to such areas as HIV testing, informed consent for testing,
      confidentiality of HIV-related data, quality assurance standards for HIV testing,
      and requirements pertaining to insurance availability. Physicians in the State
      should be aware of these legal requirements, particularly as they may affect
      medical practice in the state.

PMID- 2397997
TI  - An update on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (principles of prevention,
      intervention, retardation, and regression).
AB  - The major life-threatening ischemic events in heart and brain are precipitated by
      the plaque. Thrombosis in the muscular arteries and rupture of the large elastic
      arteries usually follows fracture or ulceration of the plaque's fibrous cap. The
      smooth muscle cell (SMC) participates in many aspects of the atherosclerotic
      process: lipid uptake, synthesis of plaque components, and cell proliferation.
      The latter is a particularly significant aspect of the disease. High serum
      cholesterol levels stimulate proliferation of arterial medical cells; lower
      density lipoproteins (LDL and B-VLDL) induce ingress and storage of cholesteryl
      ester in the arterial intima. These effects are inhibited by high-density
      lipoproteins (HDL). Endothelial injury may be an important part of the
      pathogenesis of some atherosclerotic plaques because powerful growth factors
      liberated from circulating monocytes, injured endothelial cells, and platelets,
      actively stimulate SMC proliferation, even when other risk factors are absent.

PMID- 2397998
TI  - Atherosclerosis in Japanese in Japan and in Hawaii: a summary review of pathology
      studies in Honolulu and Hiroshima.
AB  - The mortality rate from heart disease is much higher among the Japanese of Hawaii
      than those of Japan. A comparison of autopsy specimens from men who died in
      Honolulu and Hiroshima indicated that this difference can be explained by more
      frequent myocardial infarcts in the Hawaii population. The basis for this
      difference can, in turn, be explained by the presence of more severe degrees of
      coronary atherosclerosis among the Hawaii men. The mortality rates for stroke, on
      the other hand, are higher among the indigenous Japanese than among Hawaii
      Japanese men. The basis for this difference cannot be explained on the basis of
      atherosclerosis of the aorta or of the circle of Willis. This report summarizes
      the comparative anatomic studies of coronary arteries, aorta and circle of Willis
      that form the basis for these conclusions.

PMID- 2397999
TI  - The evaluation of the patient with hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - In 1985, the National Institutes of Health convened a Consensus Conference of
      experts in the field of atherosclerosis. This group developed recommendations for
      the treatment of hypercholesterolemia as a risk factor for coronary
      atherosclerosis. Their report noted that physician and patient education had been
      responsible for success in treating other important coronary disease risk factors
      such as hypertension and smoking. They concluded that a similar educational
      approach would facilitate the discovery and treatment of elevated serum
      cholesterol. Such a program would have a major impact on morbidity and mortality
      from atherosclerosis related to hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2398000
TI  - Gastrin.

PMID- 2398001
TI  - The valuation of a medical practice.
AB  - The valuation of a medical practice is important to the practice owners,
      employees, bankers, and others for many reasons. These reasons include taxation,
      transaction pricing, financing, litigation, and management planning. This article
      presents the three most common approaches to practice valuation: discounted net
      cash flow, market data comparable, and asset accumulation. Comprehensive
      illustrative examples of all three approaches are presented.

PMID- 2398002
TI  - Physician satisfaction in a major chain of investor-owned walk-in centers.
AB  - This article describes physicians at a major chain of investor-owned free
      standing walk-in centers and reports on their job satisfaction. They derived
      satisfaction from a sense of autonomy and the corporation's reliable provision of
      staff and supplies. Their job dissatisfaction results from the corporate emphasis
      on generating revenue and the lack of opportunity for professional interaction
      with colleagues.

PMID- 2398003
TI  - The labor relations of substance abuse.
AB  - Substance abuse imposes enormous social, political, and economic burdens on
      America and American society. This article explores employer use of substance
      abuse screening and its legal implications.

PMID- 2398004
TI  - The role of birthing centers in hospital marketing.
AB  - The research reported here investigated the repeat purchase intentions, key
      decision-making roles, and decision criteria related to hospital birthing
      centers. The results suggest that a marketing program with an emphasis on quality
      of care and high comfort standards directed to expectant mothers offers a
      realistic opportunity for hospital marketers.

PMID- 2398005
TI  - The work attitudes of full-time and part-time registered nurses.
AB  - As the use of part-time nurses increases, so does concern about their work
      related attitudes. This empirical study finds minor differences between part-time
      and full-time nurses' attitudes and concludes that part-time nursing employment
      should not adversely affect health care goals.

PMID- 2398006
TI  - Health care systems: predictions for the future.
AB  - What current forms of systems will ultimately lead health care in the direction
      of a high-quality, comprehensive, efficient, and more caring system of services
      for the future?

PMID- 2398007
TI  - Adsorption and desorption of noble gases on activated charcoal: I. 133Xe studies
      in a monolayer and packed bed.
AB  - Detailed desorption studies using petroleum-based activated charcoals were
      conducted in monolayers and packed beds. Less extensive studies were conducted on
      several other types of charcoal. Kinetic studies, using 133Xe, demonstrated the
      existence of a micropore volume with entrance capillaries that together
      determined the response characteristics of charcoal to external concentration
      gradients of tracer gases. This new two-phase model, composed of micropores and
      entrance capillaries, describes the desorption dynamics of an adsorbed gas in the
      presence of water vapor. Condensed water vapor in the entrance capillaries of the
      charcoal reduced the effective pore radius and increased the diffusion half-time.
      Water could also adversely affect the integrating capability of the charcoal
      dramatically if the adsorbed water completely blocked the entrance capillaries.
      The amount of adsorbed water required to block the capillaries varied with the
      charcoal type and was termed here as the "break-point." The desorption parameters
      measured in this work can be used to design an improved passive Rn monitor to
      effectively integrate during a 3-7 d exposure period by eliminating the adverse
      effects of water vapor. The improved canister design would provide more accurate
      and reproducible measurements of indoor Rn concentrations than are currently
      available.

PMID- 2398008
TI  - Adsorption and desorption of noble gases on activated charcoal: II. 222Rn studies
      in a monolayer and packed bed.
AB  - The adsorptive and desorptive characteristics of canisters containing a petroleum
      based charcoal were investigated under controlled conditions of temperature,
      relative humidity, and Rn concentration. Charcoals exposed in a monolayer and
      packed bed during exposure intervals of 1-7 d demonstrate that Rn adsorption and
      desorption are dependent on bed depth and the amount of water adsorbed. Changes
      in the adsorptive and desorptive properties of the charcoal occurred near the
      break-point where the pores became occluded by water vapor that condenses in the
      entrance capillaries. Radon-222 adsorption is decreased by an order of magnitude
      as the amount of adsorbed water exceeds the break-point of the charcoal. The
      reduction in pore surface due to adsorbed water results in a marked increase in
      the rate of Rn loss from exposed canisters, accounting for reduced adsorption.
      The apparent desorption time-constant for a 2-cm bed of loose Witco 6 x 10 mesh
      charcoal containing 0.220-0.365 kg H2O kg-1 is typically between 2-8 h. The
      apparent desorption time-constant for an equivalent packed bed containing a water
      vapor content of 0.026-0.060 kg H2O kg-1, which is below the break-point of the
      charcoal, is about 15-30 h. Conventional charcoal canisters, if exposed in the
      fully-opened configuration, can achieve the break-point in less than 4 d at 70%
      humidity. The use of a diffusion barrier would allow for longer exposure times
      until the break-point of the charcoal is achieved.

PMID- 2398009
TI  - Developing soil gas and 222Rn entry potentials for substructure surfaces and
      assessing 222Rn control diagnostic techniques.
AB  - Research-based procedures for characterizing the causes of elevated indoor 222Rn
      levels and guiding the selection of an appropriate control technique were
      evaluated at seven New Jersey houses. Procedures such as thorough visual
      inspections, blower door air leakage tests, pressure field mapping, subsurface
      vacuum extension tests, sampling of 222Rn concentrations throughout the
      substructure, and measurements of the additional depressurization caused by
      various appliances all were found to furnish important information to the
      mitigation contractor or researcher. An analysis of data from these and other
      diagnostic techniques performed at the seven houses also indicated: (1) regions
      of very high permeability existed directly adjacent to the exterior of
      substructure walls and floors; (2) the additional substructure depressurization
      caused by operation of forced-air furnaces and attic exhaust fans could exceed 1
      Pascal; (3) 222Rn concentrations below basement slabs and slabs-on-grade
      adjoining below grade basement walls were approximately seven times higher than
      those within block wall cavities; and (4) air leakage areas of crawlspace and
      basement ceilings were quite large, ranging up to 0.15 m2. The pressure field
      mapping tests identified the areas surrounding the substructure that were well
      coupled to the indoors. Using flow, pressure difference, and 222Rn concentration
      data, indices of soil gas entry potential and 222Rn entry potential were
      developed to indicate the areas of the substructure that may have high entry
      rates of soil gas and 222Rn, respectively. These indices could be helpful for
      quantifying the relative resistance to soil gas movement of substructure surfaces
      and surrounding soils and for determining the placement of 222Rn control systems.

PMID- 2398010
TI  - Design of a positionally sensitive laser-heated thermoluminescent detector
      system.
AB  - The design and performance of a positionally sensitive system for the laser read
      out of dosimetric information contained in LiF chips and a specially designed
      composite detector having a thin LiF layer is reported. A 2 cm X 3 cm X 0.254 mm
      LiF layer was successfully manufactured with a glass backing; however, this was
      subject to thermal cracking at high temperatures encountered with laser heating.
      Multiple spot heating of this plate resulted in dosimetric images having a
      spatial resolution of approximately 2.5 mm, limited primarily by the laser beam
      radius, a homogeneity of better than 10%, a reproducibility of less than 7%, and
      a minimum detectable dose of approximately 3.12 X 10(-4) C kg-1 (1.21 R).
      Observed glow curves were consistent with those predicted theoretically using a
      first-order kinetic model and assuming rapid heating conditions. Several images
      of positional radiation dose produced using an x-ray machine are presented.

PMID- 2398011
TI  - Metabolism of Ca and Sr in late adult life.
AB  - Data are presented on the metabolism of Ca and Sr in a healthy male volunteer
      who, in a series of investigations conducted between the ages of 53 and 82 y,
      received controlled intakes of 45Ca, 47Ca, or 85Sr. No age-related trends were
      established, either in factors affecting the skeletal deposition of the tracers
      or in their subsequent retention studied for up to 462 d after intake. The data
      thus lend support to an important working postulate in the ICRP's model of
      alkaline earth metabolism.

PMID- 2398012
TI  - Modeling transfer of 137Cs fallout in a large Finnish watercourse.
AB  - In the Finnish environment, lakes provide very important transfer pathways for
      various pollutants. In this study, a large watercourse was modeled using the
      dynamic compartment model DETRA. The model includes a fish model for roach,
      nonpredatory and predatory perches, and pike. Transfer of 137Cs fallout deposited
      onto the Kymijoki drainage area after the Chernobyl accident was calculated using
      the model. In the model, fallout was assumed to consist of a soluble and
      insoluble component, behaving differently in the environment. Model predictions
      were compared with measured concentrations. Lake Paijanne, the largest lake of
      the watercourse, was studied most extensively. Calculated concentrations in lake
      water were consistent with measured concentrations. However, calculated
      concentrations in fish were lower than measured concentrations. To test the model
      by using additional experimental data, transfer of nuclear weapons testing
      fallout was also calculated. The processes that cause the rather rapid removal of
      137Cs from lake water need to be studied further using more detailed data. In the
      long term, runoff and resuspension of sedimentary material were considered to be
      important in causing concentrations in lake water.

PMID- 2398013
TI  - Measurements of radiocesium transfer to milk and calculation of resulting dose in
      Brescia, Italy, following the Chernobyl accident.
AB  - Results are presented of several measurements on components of the cows' milk
      chain performed at our Medical Physics Service after the Chernobyl accident.
      Values were obtained for Cs isotope transfer coefficients, namely, for cows' diet
      milk and diet-feces transfers. Other measured parameters were the effective half
      life of Cs in milk and the 134Cs:137Cs ratio. In addition, an evaluation of Cs
      contribution to the absorbed dose to population from milk is performed.

PMID- 2398014
TI  - "Biodegradable" liquid scintillation counting cocktails.

PMID- 2398015
TI  - Default soil solid/liquid partition coefficients, Kds, for four major soil types:
      a compendium.

PMID- 2398016
TI  - Failing to prove danger is no proof of safety.

PMID- 2398017
TI  - Query to 'Activation of Co ...' by Ocken.

PMID- 2398018
TI  - Alarm lockup on ZMI PD 1200 defibrillator/monitors.

PMID- 2398019
TI  - Erroneous breathing waveform on a bear cub ventilator.

PMID- 2398020
TI  - More on L-tryptophan.

PMID- 2398022
TI  - The Sixth International Conference on AIDS.

PMID- 2398021
TI  - Additional psychiatric insight into chronically ill adolescents.

PMID- 2398023
TI  - Protecting the nation's most valuable resource.

PMID- 2398024
TI  - Time to reemphasize OMT as stress reliever.

PMID- 2398025
TI  - Scott Memorial lecture: the challenge of change.

PMID- 2398026
TI  - An experimental study of muscle function in the lower limb.

PMID- 2398027
TI  - Proceedings of the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, 32nd
      annual meeting. October 15-19, 1990, Miami Beach, Florida. Abstracts.

PMID- 2398028
TI  - Factors affecting production and activity of phospholipase C by Yersinia
      enterocolitica.
AB  - The production of phospholipase C by Yersinia enterocolitica strain SG was
      optimum at 37 degrees C at pH 6.5. No enzyme activity could be detected when the
      organism was grown at extreme pH values (pH greater than 8.5 or less than 5.0).
      The enzyme production was maximum when the organism was grown under static
      conditions in TSB medium. All solvents and salts inhibited the enzyme activity,
      whereas loss of activity was 95% in presence of methanol (20%) and 99% in
      presence of sodium azide (0.2 mol/l). The enzyme activity was increased twofold
      in the presence of cysteine and decreased by 98% in the presence of sodium
      perchlorate (0.2 mol/l).

PMID- 2398029
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of alpha-keto acids produced
      from amino acid metabolism in oral Bacteroides.
AB  - Profiles of metabolic alpha-keto acids were determined by a high-performance
      liquid chromatographic method and applied to characterization of oral black
      pigmented Bacteroides. Each bacterial strain was incubated with amino acids in a
      chemically defined medium. After production alpha-keto acids were purified by
      hydrazide gel column treatment and converted to u.v.-absorbing derivatives. They
      were analysed by reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography. Black-pigmented
      Bacteroides species were differentiated into two groups according to production
      of aromatic alpha-keto acids. Bacteroides gingivalis, B. endodontalis and B.
      loescheii produced both p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic and phenylpyruvic acids. However,
      no such alpha-keto acids were produced by B. levii, B. intermedius and B.
      denticola. In addition, production profiles of several aliphatic alpha-keto acids
      (alpha-ketoglutaric, pyruvic, alpha-ketobutyric, alpha-ketoisovaleric, alpha
      ketoisocaproic, and alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric acids) separated each
      individual species in such groups. The present study offers useful chemotaxonomic
      information on amino acid metabolic activity of oral black-pigmented Bacteroides
      species.

PMID- 2398030
TI  - The incidence of Bdellovibrio spp. in man-made water systems: coexistence with
      legionellas.
AB  - Bdellovibrios have been isolated from surface waters but there are no reports of
      its occurrence in mains water supplies. One hundred and thirty five water samples
      from 81 sources were examined for the presence of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and
      Legionella spp. Bdellovibrios were isolated by a double-layer agar technique with
      two strains of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 as the host organisms.
      Bdellovibrio spp. were isolated from 57.8% and Legionella spp. from 9.5% of the
      samples. The two species occurred together in 4.4% of samples. The incidence of
      Bdellovibrio spp. and its occurrence with legionellas in man-made water systems
      is discussed.

PMID- 2398031
TI  - Iron complexation as a tool to direct mixed clostridia-lactobacilli
      fermentations.
AB  - Iron complexation was investigated as a possible tool to give lactobacilli a
      competitive advantage over clostridia. The iron complexing substance tested, i.e.
      2,2'-dipyridyl, was not toxic itself for clostridia, but its addition to a mixed
      culture of lactobacilli and clostridia resulted in a strong ecological advantage
      of the lactobacilli.

PMID- 2398032
TI  - Calcium-dependent binding of phosphorylated human pre interleukin 1 alpha to
      phospholipids.
AB  - The effect of phosphorylation of pre interleukin 1 alpha (IL 1 alpha) on its
      association with various phospholipids was investigated. We prepared genetically
      engineered truncated human pre IL 1 alpha (residues 64 to 271) and phosphorylated
      this pre IL 1 alpha in vitro by using the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent
      protein kinase. Phosphorylated truncated pre IL 1 alpha selectively binds to
      acidic phospholipids including phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine, and
      phosphatidylinositol, but not to other phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylethanolamine). This binding required divalent cations: Ca2+ or Mn2+,
      but not Mg2+. In order to obtain half-maximal binding of pre IL 1 alpha to
      phosphatidic acid or phosphatidylserine, Ca2+ between 5 and 100 microM was
      required. Unphosphorylated pre IL 1 alpha did not bind to phosphatidylserine,
      indicating that phosphorylation is required for this binding. Phosphorylated pre
      IL 1 alpha did not bind to intact peripheral blood mononuclear cells irrespective
      of lipopolysaccharide stimulation, but did bind to membrane vesicles prepared
      from these cells in the presence of calcium. Furthermore, phosphorylated pre IL 1
      alpha bound only to inside-out ghosts, but not right-side-out ghosts, prepared
      from human red blood cells. Taken together, these data suggest that
      phosphorylated pre IL 1 alpha binds to the inner surface of plasma membrane in a
      Ca2(+)- and phospholipid-dependent manner.

PMID- 2398033
TI  - New approach for characterization of lysosulfatide by TLC, fast atom bombardment
      mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - Thin layer chromatography of lysosulfatide showed anomalous Rf-values in contrast
      with such lysosphingolipids as glucopsychosine and galactopsychosine with
      neutral, acidic, and alkaline developing solvents. This was thought to be due to
      the presence of oppositely charged sulfate and amino groups in the lysosulfatide.
      In the negative mode of fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, the
      lysosulfatide showed the pseudo molecular ion (M-H)- peak at m/z 540 and sulfate
      ion peak at m/z 97, whereas in the positive mode, it showed not only the pseudo
      molecular ion (M+H)+ peak at m/z 542, but also the major peaks of protonated
      psychosine at m/z 462 and fragment ions of dehydrated sphingosine at m/z 282 and
      264, 13C-NMR signals of all carbons of lysosulfatide were determined by using
      distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer. The difference in chemical
      shifts of ring carbons of galactose residue between lysosulfatide and
      galactopsychosine was largest at C-3 (downfield shift), thereby indicating the
      location of the sulfate group to be at C-3 of galactose. This conclusion is
      supported by the 1H-NMR spectra of the lysosulfatide and galactopsychosine. Thus,
      the chemical structure of lysosulfatide was confirmed by fast atom bombardment
      mass spectrometry and 13C- and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, 13C-NMR signals
      of C-1 to C-5 of the sphingosine moiety showed significantly different chemical
      shifts between the lysosulfatide and galactopsychosine. These differences
      suggested that C-1 to C-5 of sphingosine might be influenced by intramolecular or
      intermolecular interaction between the sulfate group of the galactose residue and
      the amino group of sphingosine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398034
TI  - Blood group A-active glycosphingolipids analysis by the combination of TLC
      immunostaining assay and TLC/SIMS mass spectrometry.
AB  - Blood group A-active glycosphingolipids from human erythrocyte membranes were
      identified by the combination of thin-layer chromatography and matrix-assisted
      secondary ion mass spectrometry (TLC/SIMS). Partially purified lipid extracts
      were chromatographed by TLC and then blood group A-active glycolipids were
      detected by TLC-immunostaining assay using anti-A antibody. The parts of the
      plates which contained the same Rf area as anti-A positive spots were cut out and
      subjected to direct SIMS analysis. The TLC/SIMS spectra were quite similar to
      those obtained by ordinary SIMS. Detailed information, such as molecular weight,
      molecular species, ceramide portion, and oligosaccharide sequence, was obtained.
      Also, peracetylated blood group A-active glycolipids were analyzed in a similar
      manner. After the position of A-active glycolipids on a TLC plate was confirmed
      by in situ deacetylation and TLC-immunostaining, acetylated A-active glycolipids
      were also analyzed by the TLC/SIMS. Enhanced sensitivity was obtained with
      peracetylated glycolipids. Consequently, small amounts of unpurified bioactive
      glycolipids can be readily analyzed by TLC/SIMS.

PMID- 2398035
TI  - Phospholipid hydroperoxide accumulation in liver of rats intoxicated with carbon
      tetrachloride and its inhibition by dietary alpha-tocopherol.
AB  - The formation and accumulation of phospholipid hydroperoxides, especially of
      phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide (PCOOH), a primary peroxidation product of
      phosphatidylcholine (PC), in livers of carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated rats was
      investigated. PCOOH in liver and blood plasma was measured by a chemiluminescence
      high-performance liquid chromatography procedure originally developed by Miyazawa
      et al. (Anal. Lett. 20, 915, 1987; Free Radical Biol. Med. 7, 209, 1989). Male
      Sprague-Dawley rats (120 g body wt., 5 weeks of age) were used in the
      experiments. The amount of PCOOH in the liver of control rats (CCl4-untreated)
      was 160 +/- 20 pmol/100 mg protein (mean +/- SD) and the PCOOH/PC molar ratio was
      1.1 +/- 0.1 X 10(-5). In CCl4 (0.1 ml/100 g body wt.)-dosed rats, the liver PCOOH
      was 289 +/- 65 pmol/100 mg protein (PCOOH/PC = 2.4 +/- 0.4 X 10(-5], 764 +/- 271
      pmol/100 mg protein (PCOOH/PC = 5.2 +/- 1.7 X 10(-5], and 856 +/- 165 pmol/100 mg
      protien (PCOOH/PC = 6.0 +/- 0.8 X 10(-5] at 6 h, 24 h, and 1 week after the dose,
      respectively. Under such conditions, the liver phosphatidylethanolamine
      hydroperoxide (PEOOH) level was not altered and the concentration was less than
      100 pmol/100 mg protein even after the dose. The increments of liver PCOOH were
      suppressed 56% by the oral supplementation of DL-alpha-tocopherol (5 mg/100 g
      body wt./day) for a week before CCl4 administration. A relatively larger amount
      of PEOOH was found after stimulation of PC hydroperoxidation in the liver of rats
      with a large amount of CCl4 (0.25 ml/100 g body wt.) rather than with the small
      amount of CCl4 (0.1 ml/100 g body wt.).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398036
TI  - Fatty acyl-CoAs are potent inhibitors of the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor in
      vitro.
AB  - We report that long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs are potent inhibitors of the thyroid
      hormone (T3) receptor isolated from rat liver nuclei. Both saturated and
      unsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs were similarly potent. Fifty per cent inhibition of
      T3 binding by the receptor was observed at an oleoyl-CoA concentration as low as
      1.3 microM, and the affinity of oleoyl-CoA for the receptor (Ki) was estimated to
      be 0.45 microM. Fatty acyl-CoAs also promoted dissociation of the hormone bound
      to the receptor. The action of fatty acyl-CoAs was competitive for the hormone
      binding site, resulting in a reduction in the receptor's affinity for T3. These
      observations suggest that fatty acyl-CoAs modulate the binding of the thyroid
      hormone to its nuclear receptor, in vitro. Whether or not such events occur in
      vivo remains to be determined.

PMID- 2398037
TI  - cDNA cloning and characterization of Geotrichum candidum lipase II.
AB  - Geotrichum candidum produces two extracellular lipases, I and II. A lipase II
      cDNA clone was isolated from a cDNA library by colony hybridization using the 32P
      labeled fragment of lipase I cDNA isolated previously. The nucleotide sequence of
      lipase II cDNA determined by the dideoxy chain terminating method includes the N-
      and C-terminal amino acid sequences of lipase II, and the overall amino acid
      composition deduced from the cDNA coincides with that deduced on amino acid
      analysis of this protein. The cloned lipase II cDNA codes a protein of 544 amino
      acids and a part of the signal sequence of 13 amino acids. The peptide chain
      lengths of lipases I and II are the same, their overall identity being 84%.
      Furthermore, four Cys residues are completely conserved, which may participate in
      the formation of disulfide bridges. A homology search indicated that the G.
      candidum lipases and Candida cyclindracea lipase are homologous enzymes and that
      they are members of the cholinesterase family.

PMID- 2398038
TI  - Purification and characterization of four catalytically active testosterone 6
      beta-hydroxylase P-450s from rat liver microsomes: comparison of a novel form
      with three structurally and functionally related forms.
AB  - Four microsomal cytochrome P-450s (P-450), all of which are active testosterone 6
      beta-hydroxylases, were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from livers of
      phenobarbital-treated (P-4506 beta-1 and P-4506 beta-3) or dexamethasone-treated
      adult male rats (P-4506 beta-2 and P-4506 beta-4). Purified P-4506 beta-1, P-4506
      beta-2, P-4506 beta-3, and P-4506 beta-4 had apparent molecular weights of
      52,000, 51,000, 52,000, and 52,500 as assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Absolute spectra revealed that all four P-450
      forms had characteristic low-spin spectral patterns in their fully oxidized
      states. P-4506 beta-1 and P-4506 beta-3 displayed spectra of the reduced carbonyl
      complex with lambda max at 447 nm. P-4506 beta-2 and P-4506 beta-4 showed lambda
      max at 446 and 448 nm, respectively. Antibodies raised against each P-450
      recognized all forms, although differences were observed with respect to the
      extents of cross-reactivities on Western blots. Form-specific peptide fragments
      were also detected among the four P-450 proteins after partial protease
      digestion. P-4506 beta-1 was identical to P-4506 beta-3 in the first 26 residues
      of the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence, but differed by 13 residues from P-4506
      beta-2. The amino-terminal sequence of P-4506 beta-2 was unique and was not
      identical with those of any rat P-450 previously reported. This P-450 form was
      detected in the livers of untreated male rats and was induced by treatment with
      dexamethasone, but not with phenobarbital.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398039
TI  - Physiological role of vitamin A in growth cartilage cells: low concentrations of
      retinoic acid strongly promote the proliferation of rabbit costal growth
      cartilage cells in culture.
AB  - We have demonstrated that high concentrations of retinoic acid (RA) inhibit
      expression of the differentiated phenotypes of rabbit costal chondrocytes in
      culture [M. Takigawa et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 77, 1481-1485]. In
      this study we examined the effects of low concentrations of RA on rabbit costal
      chondrocytes cultured in medium containing vitamin A-deficient serum. In vitamin
      A-deficient medium, chondrocytes isolated from growth cartilage (GC) proliferated
      only very slowly, and RA strongly stimulated their proliferation. This
      stimulatory effect was observable at a concentration of 10(-10) M RA and maximal
      at a concentration of 10(-8) M. RA at 10(-8) M did not change GC cells from a
      typical polygonal shape to fibroblast-like cells or inhibit their synthesis of
      type II collagen. Moreover, RA-treated cells did not synthesize type I collagen.
      RA inhibited glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis by the cells dose-dependently, but
      did not change the distribution profile of proteoglycan monomers as determined by
      glycerol gradient centrifugation. The inhibitory action of RA on GAG synthesis
      was reversible: after removal of RA from the culture, the rate of GAG synthesis
      increased within 2 days. In contrast, resting cartilage (RC) cells proliferated
      well in vitamin A-deficient medium without addition of RA, and RA (10(-8) M)
      stimulated their proliferation only slightly. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect
      of RA on GAG synthesis in RC cells was much weaker than that in GC cells. These
      observations suggest a physiological role of RA in cartilage in stimulating the
      proliferation of GC cells without causing drastic change in their differentiated
      phenotypes.

PMID- 2398040
TI  - Hepatic uptake of bilirubin diglucuronide: analysis by using sinusoidal plasma
      membrane vesicles.
AB  - In order to characterize the mechanism for bilirubin transport in the liver, the
      uptake of bilirubin diglucuronide (BDG) into purified sinusoidal plasma membrane
      vesicles was investigated. BDG uptake was saturable, and was inhibited by
      sulfobromophthalein and unconjugated bilirubin, but was not affected by sodium
      taurocholate. BDG uptake was sodium-independent and was stimulated by
      intravesicular bilirubin or BDG (trans-stimulation). BDG transport showed strong
      potential sensitivity; vesicle inside-negative membrane potential created by
      different anion gradients inhibited BDG uptake whereas vesicle inside-positive
      membrane potential generated by potassium gradients and valinomycin markedly
      stimulated BDG transport. These data suggest that BDG, sulfobromophthalein, and
      probably unconjugated bilirubin share a common transporter in liver cells which
      is sodium independent, membrane-potential-dependent and capable of exchange. The
      direction of transport in vivo may be governed by the intracellular concentration
      of BDG and of other yet unidentified organic anions sharing this transporter.

PMID- 2398041
TI  - Characterization of calpain I-binding proteins in human erythrocyte plasma
      membrane.
AB  - The calpain-binding components on the plasma membrane were characterized using
      calpain I. 125I-labeled calpain was bound to inside-out membrane vesicles from
      human erythrocyte in a Ca2(+)-dependent manner, but not to right-side-out
      membrane vesicles. The maximum binding was observed at more than 5 microM Ca2+.
      The binding amount of calpain to the inside-out membrane vesicles was decreased
      when the vesicles were pretreated with 100 micrograms/ml of trypsin,
      chymotrypsin, elastase, or pronase P for 30 min at 37 degrees C, although the
      binding to the vesicles pretreated with 200 micrograms/ml of phospholipase A2 or
      C was not affected. Calpain-binding proteins in the membrane were analyzed by
      using a modified immunoblotting for calpain. Immunostained bands of 240, 220, 89,
      72, 52, and 36 kDa were detected as the calpain-binding proteins in the native
      membrane. All of these bands had disappeared in trypsin-treated membrane. The
      disappearance of bands was dose-dependent with respect to trypsin and paralleled
      the reduction of binding amount of calpain to the trypsinized membrane. In
      calpain-treated membrane, the 240 and 36 kDa bands were retained in the blotting,
      though the other bands disappeared dose-dependently with respect to calpain.
      These results suggested that the significant component in the inner surface of
      plasma membrane for binding of calpain was proteinaceous and the calpain-binding
      proteins could be classified into two species, i.e. substrates of calpain (220,
      89, 72, and 52 kDa protein) and non-substrates (240 and 36 kDa protein).

PMID- 2398042
TI  - Biochemical and immunological studies on two distinct ganglioside-hydrolyzing
      sialidases from the particulate fraction of rat brain.
AB  - Ganglioside-hydrolyzing sialidase activity was solubilized from rat brain
      particulate fraction by using Triton X-100 plus sodium deoxycholate. When
      chromatographed on AH-Sepharose 4B, the solubilized activity was resolved into
      two peaks, which were designated sialidases I and II in order of elution. The two
      sialidases were purified by using sequential chromatographies on Octyl-Sepharose
      CL-4B, Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B, and Sephadex G-200. Sialidase II was purified
      further by Mono Q-FPLC. Overall purification was 450- and 2,150-fold, for
      sialidases I and II, respectively. Purified sialidases I and II were maximally
      active at near pH 5.0 and exhibited M = 70,000 by gel filtration. Sialidase I
      hydrolyzed gangliosides but scarcely other substrates including 4
      methylumbelliferyl-NeuAc (4MU-NeuAc). Sialidase II hydrolyzed oligosaccharides,
      glycoproteins, and 4MU-NeuAc although gangliosides appeared to be preferential
      substrates. Sialidase II cleaved GM2 much faster than sialidase I. An antibody
      raised in rabbits against sialidase I reacted with only sialidase I and an
      antibody against sialidase II reacted with only sialidase II. A subcellular
      distribution study suggested sialidase I in the synaptosomal membrane and
      sialidase II in the synaptosomal and lysosomal membranes, and this was verified
      by using the above antibodies.

PMID- 2398043
TI  - Immunological discrimination of intralysosomal, cytosolic, and two membrane
      sialidases present in rat tissues.
AB  - Cytosolic sialidase was purified from rat skeletal muscle, and the purified
      enzyme migrated as a single band of Mr 43,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A polyclonal antibody raised against the
      enzyme inhibited and immunoprecipitated rat liver cytosolic sialidase as well as
      the muscle enzyme but failed to cross-react with the intralysosomal sialidase of
      rat liver and membrane sialidases I (synaptosomal) and II (lysosomal) of rat
      brain. The antibody against brain membrane sialidase I (anti-I) and that against
      sialidase II (anti-II), which could be useful to discriminate the two enzymes,
      did not cross-react with the intralysosomal and cytosolic sialidases of liver.
      Although more than 90% of liver plasma membrane sialidase was immunoprecipitated
      with anti-I, only 60% of liver lysosomal membrane sialidase was
      immunoprecipitated with anti-II, the remainder being immunoprecipitated with anti
      I. In confirmation of these data, liver lysosomal membrane exhibited two peaks of
      ganglioside sialidase corresponding to the membrane sialidases I and II on
      Aminohexyl-Sepharose chromatography while only one peak of ganglioside sialidase
      corresponding to sialidase I was observed for liver plasma membrane. These
      results indicate that the four types of rat sialidase are proteins distinct from
      one another and that the three kinds of antisera described above are useful for
      discriminating these sialidases qualitatively and probably quantitatively.

PMID- 2398045
TI  - A monoclonal antibody recognizing the FAD-binding site of 4-aminobenzoate
      hydroxylase from Agaricus bisporus.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody against 4-aminobenzoate hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.27) from
      Agaricus bisporus, a common edible mushroom, has been produced by the fusion of
      BALB/c mouse spleen cells immunized with the denatured enzyme and P3x63Ag8U1
      myeloma cells in order to locate and characterize the catalytic site of the
      enzyme. The monoclonal antibody immunoblotted the enzyme and immunoprecipitated
      its apoenzyme. The immunoprecipitation was inhibited in the presence of FAD, and
      the monoclonal antibody competitively inhibited the binding of FAD to the
      apoenzyme. The monoclonal antibody, therefore, recognizes the FAD-binding site of
      4-aminobenzoate hydroxylase. Interestingly, it was shown that the monoclonal
      antibody was cross-reactive with FAD-dependent enzymes such as salicylate
      hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.1) and D-amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3), and that it was
      specific for the FAD-binding sites of these enzymes. This fact suggests that
      these FAD-dependent enzymes have immunologically similar structures on their FAD
      binding sites.

PMID- 2398044
TI  - Hemoglobins of the Lucina pectinata/bacteria symbiosis. I. Molecular properties,
      kinetics and equilibria of reactions with ligands.
AB  - Three hemoglobins have been isolated from the symbiont-harboring gill of the
      bivalve mollusc Lucina pectinata. Oxyhemoglobin I (Hb I), which may be called
      sulfide-reactive hemoglobin, reacts with hydrogen sulfide to form ferric
      hemoglobin sulfide in a reaction that may proceed by nucleophilic displacement of
      bound superoxide anion by hydrosulfide anion. Hemoglobins II and II, called
      oxygen-reactive hemoglobins, remain oxygenated in the presence of hydrogen
      sulfide. Hemoglobin I is monomeric; Hb II and Hb III self-associate in a
      concentration-dependent manner and form a tetramer when mixed. Oxygen binding is
      not cooperative. Oxygen affinities are all nearly the same, P50 = 0.1 to 0.2
      Torr, and are independent of pH. Combination of Hb I with oxygen is fast; k'on =
      (estimated) 100-200 x 10(6) M-1 s-1. Combination of Hb II and Hb III with oxygen
      is slow: k'on = 0.4 and 0.3 x 10(6) M-1 s-1, respectively. Dissociation of oxygen
      from Hb I is fast relative to myoglobin: koff = 61 s-1. Dissociation from Hb II
      and Hb III is slow: koff = 0.11 and 0.08 s-1, respectively. These large
      differences in rates of reaction together with differences in the reactions of
      carbon monoxide suggest differences in configuration of the distal heme pocket.
      The fast reactions of Hb I are comparable to those of hemoglobins that lack
      distal histidine residues. Slow dissociation of oxygen from Hb II and Hb III
      suggest that a distal residue may interact strongly with the bound ligand. We
      infer that Hb I may facilitate delivery of hydrogen sulfide to the
      chemoautotrophic bacterial symbiont and Hb II and Hb III may facilitate delivery
      of oxygen. The midpoint oxidation-reduction potential of the ferrous/ferric
      couple of Hb I, 103 +/- 8 mV, was independent of pH. Potentials of Hb II and Hb
      III were pH-dependent. At neutral pH all three hemoglobins have similar midpoint
      potentials. The rate constant for combination of ferric Hb I with hydrogen
      sulfide increases 3000-fold from pH 10.5 to 5.5, with apparent pK 7.0, suggesting
      that undissociated hydrogen sulfide is the attacking ligand. At the acid limit
      combination of ferric Hb I with hydrogen sulfide, k'on = 2.3 x 10(5) M-1 s-1, is
      40-fold faster than combination with ferric Hb II or myoglobin.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2398046
TI  - The complete amino acid sequence of the high molecular mass hemorrhagic protein
      HR1B isolated from the venom of Trimeresurus flavoviridis.
AB  - Hemorrhage is a common occurrence in a victim bitten by crotalid and viperid
      snakes, and hemorrhagic components in these various venoms have been isolated and
      characterized. Previously, we have shown that a low molecular weight hemorrhagic
      protein (HR2a, 202 amino acid residues) isolated from the venom of Trimeresurus
      flavoviridis is a member of a new subfamily of metalloproteinases. We now report
      the complete amino acid sequence of a high molecular mass hemorrhagic protein
      isolated from the same venom. This protein, HR1B, is a mosaic protein composed of
      416 residues containing four asparagine-linked oligosaccharide chains. The amino
      terminal half (residues 1-203) of HR1B contains a metalloproteinase domain, the
      sequence of which is 62% identical to that of HR2a and 52% identical to that of
      hemorrhagic toxin d isolated from Crotalus atrox venom. The most interesting
      finding is that the middle region (residues 204-300) of HR1B shows a striking
      similarity to disintegrins, Arg-Gly-Asp-containing platelet aggregation
      inhibitors, recently found in several viper venoms. Interestingly, however, this
      region of HR1B does not contain the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence which is known to be a
      putative binding site in the disintegrins for the platelet fibrinogen receptor,
      the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex. We also found that the carboxyl-terminal
      region (residues 213-336) of the middle part of HR1B shows 30% identity to
      residues 1543-1656 of von Willebrand factor and that the remaining region at the
      carboxyl-terminal end is unique and has a cysteine-rich sequence. These results
      suggest that the middle portion of HR1B, which shows structural similarities to
      the disintegrins and von Willebrand factor, may be important in synergistically
      stimulating hemorrhagic activity in the NH2-terminal metalloproteinase domain.

PMID- 2398048
TI  - Crystal structure of low humidity tetragonal lysozyme at 2.1-A resolution.
      Variability in hydration shell and its structural consequences.
AB  - Tetragonal crystals of hen egg white lysozyme undergo a reversible
      transformation, accompanied by loss of water, when the relative humidity of the
      environment is reduced to about 90%. The structure of the low humidity form has
      been analyzed, using x-ray data collected at 88% relative humidity, in order to
      explore the variability in protein hydration caused by a change in the amount of
      water surrounding the protein molecule and the consequent conformational
      perturbations in the molecule. The structure has been refined by the restrained
      least-squares method to an R value of 0.162 for 6269 observed reflections in the
      10-2.1-A resolution shell. The refined structure provides interesting examples
      for the variability in helical parameters, the role of interactions involving
      side chains and water in the stabilization of secondary structural features, and
      favorable specific hydration sites. The protein molecule as a whole moves
      slightly in the low humidity form from its position in the native crystals. The
      hydration shell tends to move along with the protein. Significant changes,
      however, occur in the hydration shell. These changes cause structural
      perturbations in the enzyme molecule, which are most pronounced in regions
      involved in substrate binding.

PMID- 2398047
TI  - Purification and characterization of a calcium-unresponsive, phorbol
      ester/phospholipid-activated protein kinase from porcine spleen.
AB  - A calcium-unresponsive, phorbol ester/phospholipid-activated protein kinase was
      purified to apparent homogeneity from a Triton X-100 extract of an EGTA/EDTA
      preextracted particulate fraction of porcine spleen by chromatography on S
      Sepharose Fast Flow, phenyl-Sepharose Fast Flow, protamine-agarose, and Superdex
      200. The enzyme had a Mr of 76,000, as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (p76-kinase). A similar value (78,000) was
      obtained by gel filtration. The purified p76-kinase proved to be much more stable
      than the enzyme in crude preparations. Storage in a buffer containing 50 mM
      mercaptoethanol and 20% glycerol at -20 degrees C for at least 4 months caused
      less than 20% loss in enzyme activity. The enzyme exhibited a pH optimum of 8.3.
      The affinity of the novel enzyme for substrates and cofactors differed to some
      extent from that of conventional alpha, beta, gamma protein kinase C (PKC). p76
      kinase did not respond to calcium, had a lower requirement for magnesium, and a
      higher affinity for histone III-S than PKC. Both the p76-kinase-catalyzed
      phosphorylation of histone III-S and the autophosphorylation of the enzyme could
      be activated by the phorbol ester TPA (or diacylglycerol) plus phosphatidyl
      serine, but not by calcium plus phosphatidyl serine. The stoichiometry of
      autophosphorylation suggested that fully phosphorylated p76-kinase contained two
      phosphoserine residues and one phosphothreonine residue. Like PKC, p76-kinase
      bound TPA with high affinity (KD = 9.6 nM). In the absence of TPA, various
      unsaturated fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid, were more potent as
      activators of the enzyme than phosphatidyl serine. The p76-kinase was recognized
      by an antiserum raised against a delta PKC-specific peptide, but not by an alpha,
      beta, gamma PKC-specific antiserum. The previously described p82-kinase of mouse
      epidermis and spleen exhibiting the same properties as the p76-kinase did also
      react with the p76-kinase-specific antiserum.

PMID- 2398049
TI  - DNA primase. Processivity and the primase to polymerase alpha activity switch.
AB  - Calf thymus DNA primase was examined to determine the kinetic parameters that
      define its unusual processivity. At 37 degrees C, the major products were 8-9 and
      2-3 nucleotides long. The 2-mer was the predominant product when considered on a
      molar basis. At each polymerization cycle en route to synthesis of a unit length
      primer (7-10 nucleotides), processivity was defined by competition of enzyme
      dissociation with ATP binding as well as an ATP independent step(s). Reducing the
      temperature to 25 degrees C had relatively little effect on the production of
      primers less than or equal to 6 nucleotides long, but greatly enhanced production
      of primers twice (16-18 nucleotides) the normal unit length. Kinetic analysis
      revealed that synthesis of these longer primers largely involves dissociation of
      the primase after completion of the unit length primer. After synthesis of a
      primer, the primase-polymerase complex normally switches to polymerase activity.
      Only primers greater than or equal to 7 nucleotides long were utilized by the
      polymerase regardless of the dNTP concentration, indicating that the signal for
      the primase to polymerase activity switch is primer completion. During the
      switch, either the primer-template does not dissociate from the complex or the
      complex has extraordinarily high affinity for the primers. At 25 degrees C and
      physiological dNTP concentrations the activity switch is very efficient, greater
      than 90% of the primers are elongated. However, at 37 degrees C the switch is
      much less efficient, likely due to primer-template denaturation.

PMID- 2398050
TI  - Hormonal regulation of transcription of rDNA. Purification and characterization
      of the hormone-regulated transcription factor IC.
AB  - Glucocorticoids reversibly inhibit transcription of ribosomal RNA genes in murine
      lymphosarcoma P1798 cells in culture. Inhibition of rDNA transcription is due to
      reduction in the amount or activity of an RNA polymerase I transcription factor
      called transcription factor IC (TFIC). TFIC has been purified over 100,000-fold.
      The highly purified preparation contains neither RNA polymerase I activity nor
      any of the conventional RNA polymerase I subunits. TFIC activity co-purifies with
      three polypeptides of approximately 55, 50, and 42 kDa molecular mass. These
      polypeptides are present in a stoichiometric ration of 1:1:1.

PMID- 2398051
TI  - Hormonal regulation of transcription of rDNA. Formation of initiated complexes by
      RNA polymerase I in vitro.
AB  - This paper describes studies of initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase I
      in vitro. The protocols take advantage of the observation that active
      transcription complexes precipitate when incubated with S100 extracts. The
      pellets contain less than 5% of the protein present in unfractionated extracts
      and are stable to centrifugal washing. This permits rapid manipulation of the
      reaction conditions and facilitates kinetic studies of aspects of the initiation
      reaction. An initiated complex has been defined which forms rapidly at 30 degrees
      C and is associated with formation of the first phosphodiester bond of nascent
      rRNA. Once formed, initiated complexes are capable of elongation in the presence
      of heparin or KCl in concentrations sufficient to preclude subsequent initiation.
      One can therefore estimate the number of initiated complexes formed in a given
      reaction by measuring the number of full length transcripts recovered in a KCl or
      heparin-start reaction. The number of such complexes formed correlates well with
      the formation of a presumptive initiator trinucleotide ApCpU.

PMID- 2398052
TI  - Hormonal regulation of transcription of rDNA. The role of TFIC in formation of
      initiation complexes.
AB  - Glucocorticoids inhibit transcription of rDNA in P1798 lymphoma cells. This
      observation can be recapitulated in vitro in that extracts from hormone-treated
      cells are virtually incapable of transcribing from the cloned mouse rRNA
      promoter. However, such extracts can be reconstituted by addition of a RNA
      polymerase I transcription factor, called TFIC. TFIC has been purified to
      homogeneity. Assays have been developed which facilitate analysis of various
      aspects of initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase I in vitro. This paper
      describes a series of experiments designed to test two related hypotheses. It is
      proposed that TFIC is a bona fide initiation factor and that the inability of
      hormone-treated cells to synthesize rRNA is due to failure to form initiation
      complexes on rDNA. The data indicate that extracts from hormone-treated cells
      cannot form KCl or heparin-resistant initiated complexes upon the rRNA promoter.
      The ability to form such complexes is dependent upon the addition of TFIC. The
      lack of TFIC precludes formation of the first phosphodiester bond. At low
      concentrations of TFIC there is a more or less direct relationship between the
      amount of the factor and the number of initiated complexes formed. At higher
      concentrations, the system saturates and addition of TFIC beyond 80
      pg/microliters (approximately 0.5 nM) has no effect upon initiation. Addition of
      TFIC to control extracts does not influence the formation of initiated complexes.
      This is consistent with the conclusion that control extracts contain excess TFIC,
      whereas hormone-treated extracts are depleted in this respect. The kinetics of
      reconstitution have been examined, and the results suggest that association of
      highly purified TFIC with the transcriptional apparatus is a relatively slow
      process, with a t1/2 of about 2 min. The data are consistent with the hypothesis
      that TFIC is an initiation factor and suggest that the active form of RNA
      polymerase I is associated with TFIC. It is proposed that in the absence of this
      association, initiation of transcription of rDNA does not occur.

PMID- 2398053
TI  - Identification of a C-terminal protein carboxyl methyltransferase in rat liver
      membranes utilizing a synthetic farnesyl cysteine-containing peptide substrate.
AB  - Polypeptides synthesized in eucaryotic cells with a C-terminal -Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa (
      CXXX) sequence are candidates for post-translational modifications that include
      the removal of the last 3 amino acids and the lipidation and methyl
      esterification of the cysteinyl residue. To characterize the methylation reaction
      in vitro, the peptide Leu-Ala-Arg-Tyr-Lys-Cys (LARYKC) and its S-isoprenylated
      and S-alkylated derivatives were synthesized and assayed as methyl-accepting
      substrates with subcellular fractions of rat tissues including liver microsomal
      membranes. While little or no peptide-specific methyltransferase activity was
      detected in the latter preparation using the unmodified hexapeptide, the C10,
      C15, and C20 isoprenylated derivatives were substrates with Km values of 389
      microM for S-geranyl-LARYKC, 2.2 microM for S-farnesyl-LARYKC, and approximately
      10.9 microM for S-geranylgeranyl-LARYKC. The methyl-acceptor activities of a
      variety of n-alkyl S-derivatives of LARYKC (C8, C10, C13, C15) were also tested;
      all of these compounds were poorer substrates than the S-geranyl derivative. This
      enzyme activity uses S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the methyl donor (Km = 2.1
      microM) and can be inhibited by S-adenosylhomocysteine (Ki = 9.2 microM), a
      product of the methylation reaction. The S-farnesyl-LARYKC peptide can inhibit
      the carboxyl methylation of bovine retinal rod outer segment membrane proteins
      that was previously shown to occur at the alpha-carboxyl group of C-terminal
      cysteine residues, demonstrating that the same enzyme can methylate both peptides
      and proteins. These results suggest that the methyl esterification of proteins
      containing a C-terminal -CXXX sequence requires not only the removal of the 3
      terminal amino acids, but the isoprenylation of the sulfhydryl group as well.

PMID- 2398054
TI  - Cardiac fatty acid-binding proteins. Isolation and characterization of the
      mitochondrial fatty acid-binding protein and its structural relationship with the
      cytosolic isoforms.
AB  - In the course of our studies on the structural diversity of the isoforms of
      cardiac fatty acid-binding proteins (cFABPs), a cardiac-type FABP from the matrix
      of bovine heart mitochondria was purified to homogeneity and obtained as a single
      15-kDa protein with an isoelectric point of 4.9. The primary structures of this
      protein and of the two isoforms isolated from the cytosol (pI4.9-cFABP and pI 5.1
      cFABP) were investigated by means of plasma desorption mass spectrometry and
      sequencing of peptides. All three proteins are amino-terminally blocked with an
      acetyl group and shown to be colinear with the sequence deduced from a cDNA clone
      for bovine heart fatty acid-binding protein (Billich, S., Wissel, T., Kratzin,
      H., Hahn, U., Hagenhoff, B., Lezius, A. G., and Spener, F. (1988) Eur. J.
      Biochem. 175, 549-556) except for the residue at position 98. This residue is
      demonstrated to be the molecular origin of bovine cFABP isoforms since pI 5.1
      cFABP contains Asn98 in accordance with the sequence derived from the cDNA,
      whereas in pI 4.9-cFABP, this position is occupied by Asp98. Moreover,
      mitochondrial FABP is identical to pI 4.9-cFABP. Molecular masses of pI 4.9-cFABP
      (14,679 +/- 10 Da) and pI 5.1-cFABP (14,678 +/- 20 Da) determined by plasma
      desorption mass spectrometry coincide with that calculated from the cDNA (14,673
      Da). Hence, residues linked to these proteins by posttranslational modification
      are not present, and the Asn-Asp exchange is the sole origin of heterogeneity of
      mitochondrial and cytosolic fatty acid-binding proteins from bovine heart.

PMID- 2398055
TI  - Expression and kinetic characterization of variants of human beta 1 beta 1
      alcohol dehydrogenase containing substitutions at amino acid 47.
AB  - Arg-47 of human beta 1 beta 1 alcohol dehydrogenase has been replaced with Lys,
      His, Gln, and Gly by site-directed mutagenesis. The mutated enzymes were
      expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The recombinant
      enzymes with Arg and His at position 47 exhibit kinetic constants and stability
      which are similar to beta 1 beta 1 and beta 2 beta 2, respectively. The
      substitution of Lys, His, or Gln for Arg-47 resulted in active enzymes with lower
      affinity for coenzyme and higher Vmax values than beta 1 beta 1. The substitution
      of Gln at position 47 resulted in an enzyme with the highest Vmax for ethanol
      oxidation of any mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase. In this series of enzymes, the
      affinity for coenzyme decreases with decreasing pKa of the substituted amino acid
      side chains. The substitution of Gly at position 47 resulted in an enzyme with a
      Vmax that was one-half that of the low activity beta 1 beta 1 and coenzyme
      affinities that are lower than beta 1 beta 1, but are equal to or greater than
      the affinities exhibited by the His-47 or Gln-47 enzymes. Product inhibition
      studies indicated a change in mechanism from ordered Bi Bi for beta 1 beta 1 to
      rapid equilibrium random Bi Bi for the Gly-47 enzyme. The kinetic properties of
      the Gly-47 enzyme are substantially different from human liver alpha alpha which
      also has Gly at position 47.

PMID- 2398056
TI  - Tissue kallikrein-binding protein is a serpin. I. Purification, characterization,
      and distribution in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Kallikrein-binding protein was purified to apparent homogeneity from rat serum by
      Affi-Gel Blue, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, Sephacryl S-200 chromatography, and
      preparative gel electrophoresis or high performance liquid chromatography. The
      purified protein migrates as a single band of 60 kDa in a sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel under reducing conditions. It is an acidic protein with
      isoelectric points ranging from 4.2 to 4.6. The amino terminus of the binding
      protein is an Asp residue as determined by sequence analysis. It forms a 92-kDa
      sodium dodecyl sulfatestable complex with kallikrein with a t1/2 of 18 min.
      Western blot and radioimmunoassay showed a distribution of the kallikrein-binding
      protein in serum, urine, and various tissues with a 5-10-fold lower amount in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) than in Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). A full
      length cDNA clone encoding the kallikrein-binding protein was isolated from a rat
      liver cDNA library by immunoscreening and the translated amino acid sequence
      matches the amino-terminal 29-amino acid sequence of the binding protein. The
      cDNA sequence shares 68.8% identity with human alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and is
      identical to that of a rat hepatic protein. Dot blot analysis shows that
      kallikrein-binding protein is expressed at high levels in the liver and at low
      levels in the lung, salivary gland, and kidney. Its mRNA level in the liver
      decreases by 2-fold after acute phase inflammation and is higher in male than in
      female rats. Genomic Southern blot analyses reveal restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms between SHR and WKY rats in the binding protein locus. The results
      indicate that rat kallikrein-binding protein belongs to the serpin superfamily
      and its level is significantly reduced in the spontaneously hypertensive rats.

PMID- 2398058
TI  - Deacylation of structurally diverse lipopolysaccharides by human acyloxyacyl
      hydrolase.
AB  - Acyloxyacyl hydrolase, a leukocyte enzyme previously has been shown to catalyze
      the hydrolysis of secondary (acyloxyacyl-linked) fatty acyl chains from the
      nonreducing glucosamine of the lipid A region of rough Salmonella typhimurium
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We describe here the activity of this enzyme toward
      smooth S. typhimurium LPS and LPS from Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
      Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
      Acyloxyacyl hydrolase released the secondary acyl chains from all of these
      lipopolysaccharides, regardless of the location of the acyloxyacyl linkage on the
      diglucosamine backbone or the structure of the acyl chains. The two acyloxyacyl
      linkages present in each LPS molecule apparently were hydrolyzed separately, so
      that free fatty acids released from the different sites accumulated at different
      rates. The purified enzyme also removed greater than 90% of the secondary acyl
      chains in each LPS, indicating that the enzyme acts not only on intact LPS but
      also on LPS molecules that have only one secondary acyl chain. The enzyme did not
      release the glucosamine-linked 3-hydroxyacyl chains. The specificity and
      versatility of the enzyme for cleaving acyloxyacyl linkages suggest that it may
      be a useful reagent for studying the structure and bioactivities of
      lipopolysaccharides with diverse carbohydrate and lipid A structures.

PMID- 2398057
TI  - Cytochrome b561 is fatty acylated and oriented in the chromaffin granule membrane
      with its carboxyl terminus cytoplasmically exposed.
AB  - Two polyclonal antibodies were raised to synthetic peptides corresponding to
      amino acids Ser21-Tyr35 and Lys247-Phe261 of cytochrome b561. These antibodies
      were used to test the native orientation of the amino and carboxyl termini of
      this transmembrane electron transport protein. Carboxyl-terminal epitopes were
      lost when intact chromaffin granules were treated with Pronase. This result
      indicates that the carboxyl terminus is cytoplasmically exposed and confirms a
      theoretical prediction obtained from hydropathy plots. Epitopes that were
      recognized by an amino-terminal antipeptide antibody were not removed under the
      same conditions. This finding implied that the amino terminus was not
      proteolytically accessible on the exterior of the granule. The abundance of
      threonine and serine residues in the amino-terminal region suggested that the
      amino terminus could be held in the membrane by covalent fatty acylation.
      Treatment of purified delipidated cytochrome b561 with hydroxylamine resulted in
      the release of a fatty acid hydroxamate. Sulfhydryl analysis of purified
      cytochrome b561 showed that all 3 cysteine residues were in the free sulfhydryl
      form. These observations indicate that cytochrome b561 is covalently fatty
      acylated and that the lipid is bound through ester linkages of serine or
      threonine residues.

PMID- 2398059
TI  - The isolation by ligand affinity chromatography of a novel form of alpha-L
      fucosidase from almond.
AB  - An alpha-fucosidase has been extracted from almond meal and purified 163,000-fold
      to apparent homogeneity using a novel affinity ligand, N-(5-carboxy-1-pentyl)-1,5
      dideoxy-1,5-imino-L-fucitol, coupled to Affi-Gel 102. Substrate specificity
      studies demonstrate that the enzyme hydrolyzes the alpha-fucosidic linkages in
      Gal(beta 1----3)(Fuc(alpha 1----4]GlcNAc(beta 1----3)Gal(beta 1----4)Glc and
      Gal(beta 1----4)(Fuc(alpha 1----3]GlcNAc(beta 1----3)Gal(beta 1----4)Glc at
      similar rates but is unable to hydrolyze Fuc(alpha 1----2)Gal, Fuc(alpha 1---
      6)GlcNAc, or the synthetic substrate, p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-fucopyranoside.
      Hence, the enzyme closely resembles an alpha-fucosidase I isolated previously
      from a commercial preparation of partially purified almond beta-glucosidase
      (Ogata-Arakawa, M., Muramatsu, T., and Kobata, A. (1977) Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
      181, 353-358). However, native and subunit relative molecular masses of 106,000
      and 54,000 respectively, different charge and hydrophobicity properties, and the
      absence of stimulation by NaCl clearly distinguish this enzyme, designated alpha
      fucosidase III, from other almond alpha-fucosidases reported previously.

PMID- 2398060
TI  - Respiratory chain-linked NADH dehydrogenase. Mechanisms of assembly.
AB  - The assembly of mitochondrially and cytoplasmically translated subunits of NADH
      dehydrogenase in the inner mitochondrial membrane was studied in rat hepatoma
      cultures. A polyclonal antibody to the purified bovine heart holoenzyme, which
      reacted with comigrating proteins of both rat liver and hepatoma mitochondria on
      immunoblots, precipitated 25-30 [35S]methionine-labeled proteins from hepatoma
      cell lysates. Six of these were sensitive to an inhibitor of mitochondrial
      translation (chloramphenicol), resistant to an inhibitor of cytosolic translation
      (cycloheximide), and were not present in cytochrome oxidase. By these criteria,
      six NADH dehydrogenase subunits are identified as being translated on
      mitochondrial ribosomes. The metabolic properties of the three most prominent of
      these at 51, 43, and 11 kDa were studied in more detail. Mitochondrial and
      nuclear-coded polypeptides assemble into NADH dehydrogenase at different rates as
      measured by incorporation of pulse-labeled proteins into immunoprecipitable
      enzyme. Nuclear-coded, imported polypeptides appear immediately after a pulse
      with [35S]methionine and retain constant stoichiometry. Mitochondrially coded
      proteins, although rapidly translated, appear at peak levels at different times
      between 0 and 12 h of chase in the immunoprecipitated enzyme. Ongoing synthesis
      and import of nuclear-coded proteins is necessary for mitochondrially coded
      proteins to be assembled. Excess, unassembled mitochondrially translated subunits
      are degraded in an oligomycin-sensitive manner. These data are consistent with a
      model in which a scaffold of imported proteins forms the inner core of the
      enzyme, and later arriving mitochondrially translated proteins attach to the
      scaffold in a time-dependent manner.

PMID- 2398061
TI  - A protein recognized by antibodies to Asp-Asp-Asp-Glu-Asp shows specific binding
      activity to heterogeneous nuclear transport signals.
AB  - Nuclear proteins contain a signal, termed the nuclear transport signal, that
      specifies their selective transport into the nucleus. Previously we reported that
      antibodies to Asp-Asp-Asp-Glu-Asp (DDDED) inhibited nuclear transport of nuclear
      proteins in vivo. We therefore tried to detect a cellular receptor of nuclear
      transport signals as a protein that reacted with both anti-DDDED antibody and
      nuclear transport signal sequences. Using two steps of affinity chromatography,
      anti-DDDED-Sepharose and nucleoplasmin-Sepharose, we obtained a protein of 69 kDa
      (p69) from the nuclear pore fraction that showed these characters. This p69
      recognized by anti-DDDED antibody interacted specifically with SV40 large T
      antigen and nucleoplasmin transport signals.

PMID- 2398062
TI  - Isolation and characterization of the hamster gadd153 gene. Activation of
      promoter activity by agents that damage DNA.
AB  - A group of five cDNA clones, representing the gadd genes, were recently isolated
      from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as genes induced upon growth arrest and
      after DNA damage (Fornace, A. J., Jr., Nebert, D. W., Hollander, M. C., Luethy,
      J. D., Papathanasiou, M., Fargnoli, J., and Holbrook, N. J. (1989) Mol. Cell.
      Biol. 9, 4196-4203). We have isolated and characterized one of these genes,
      gadd153. The gene spans five kilobases and contains four exons. The 5'-flanking
      region of the gene, within 420 base pairs of the transcription initiation site,
      contains a number of cis elements associated with transcriptional regulation in
      other genes. These include a Hogness box, ATAAAA, an inverted GCCAAT box; seven
      SP1 transcription factor binding sites, and an AP-1 site. This region is rich in
      G + C content (greater than 70%) and contains an unusually long stretch of
      alternating CpG residues. The 800-base pair region immediately upstream of the
      transcription start site can drive expression of the bacterial chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, but only in its endogenous orientation, in three
      different cell lines: HeLa, CHO, and Jurkat. The gadd153 promoter is strongly
      activated by methyl methanesulfonate, hydrogen peroxide, and UV irradiation, but
      not by growth arrest signals. This suggests that separate and very different
      regulatory pathways are involved in the induction of the gadd153 gene by growth
      cessation and DNA damage.

PMID- 2398063
TI  - Hormonal regulation and identification of chicken progesterone receptor
      phosphorylation sites.
AB  - The present studies examine the effects of in vivo and in situ progesterone
      treatment in the regulation of site-specific phosphorylation of the chicken
      oviduct progesterone receptor (PR). By gas-phase protein sequencing we have
      identified three hormonally regulated phosphorylation sites: Ser-211, Ser-260,
      and Ser-530. We determined phosphorylation stoichiometries by analyzing the
      amounts of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated serine at each site.
      Stoichiometries of sites 211 and 260 were about 20% under basal conditions and
      increased 1.5-2-fold by in situ progesterone treatment. Site 530 was virtually
      absent under basal conditions and induced to greater than 33% by in situ
      progesterone treatment. We tested several protein kinases for phosphorylation of
      the PR in vitro on these sites or peptides containing these sites. We found that
      the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase mimicked the in vivo,
      hormone-induced altered mobility of PRs in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis. Both the in vivo and in vitro alterations were reversed by
      alkaline phosphatase. Finally, we showed that cAMP-dependent protein kinase
      phosphorylated Ser-528.

PMID- 2398064
TI  - The epidermal growth factor precursor isolated from murine kidney membranes.
      Chemical characterization and biological properties.
AB  - To understand the biology and the biochemistry of the epidermal growth factor
      (EGF) precursor in normal tissues we partially purified the EGF precursor from
      mouse kidney. The precursor was purified by affinity chromatography, using wheat
      germ lectin and antibodies to murine EGF. The EGF precursor is a glycosylated
      integral membrane protein of apparent molecular mass of 140-150 kDa. The
      solubilized EGF precursor is biologically active as evidenced by its ability to
      compete with 125I-labeled EGF for binding to the EGF receptor in intact
      fibroblasts and its ability to stimulate the growth of cells dependent on EGF for
      growth. The EGF precursor from mouse kidney can be proteolytically processed by
      the EGF-associated arginine esterase into a smaller fragment (97 kDa) that
      retains both immunologic sensitivity to EGF antiserum and biological activity.
      Extensive digestion of the EGF precursor with pepsin liberates a biologically and
      immunologically active protein of approximately the size of mature EGF.

PMID- 2398065
TI  - Acidic residues comprise part of the myosin light chain-binding site on skeletal
      muscle myosin light chain kinase.
AB  - Myosin light chain kinase is a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase which
      exhibits a very high degree of protein substrate specificity. The regulatory
      light chain of myosin is the only known physiological substrate of the enzyme.
      Based upon epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies which inhibit kinase activity
      competitively with respect to the light chain substrate, residues 235-319 of the
      rabbit skeletal muscle kinase have been proposed to contain a light chain-binding
      site (Herring, B. P., Stull, J. T., and Gallagher, P. J. (1990) J. Biol. Chem.
      265, 1724-1730). With the expression of a truncated kinase, we have further
      localized this putative binding site to residues 235-294. Mutation of acidic
      residues at positions 269 and 270 of the kinase resulted in a 10-fold increase in
      the Km value for the myosin light chain, with no significant change in the Vmax
      value. In contrast, altering a cluster of acidic amino acids at positions 261-263
      had little effect on the Km value for the myosin light chain. These results
      suggest that residues 269 and 270 may be involved in protein-substrate binding.
      Interestingly, these residues, located amino-terminal of the homologous catalytic
      core (positions 302-539), are in a region which is highly conserved among myosin
      light chain kinases, but not other protein kinases. It is probable that the
      homologous catalytic core contains structural elements required for
      phosphotransferase activity. The catalytic domain of myosin light chain kinase
      would therefore include these conserved elements together with additional
      specific substrate-binding residues.

PMID- 2398066
TI  - Inhibition of the receptor-mediated endocytosis of diferric transferrin is
      associated with the covalent modification of the transferrin receptor with
      palmitic acid.
AB  - The human transferrin receptor is post-translationally modified by the covalent
      attachment of palmitic acid to Cys62 and Cys67 via a thio-ester bond. To
      investigate the role of the acylation of the transferrin receptor, Cys62 and
      Cys67 were substituted with serine and alanine residues. The properties of the
      mutant receptors were compared with wild-type receptors after expression in
      Chinese hamster ovary cells that lack endogenous transferrin receptors. Rapid
      incorporation of [3H]palmitate into the wild-type transferrin receptor was
      observed, but the mutant receptors were found to be palmitoylation-defective. The
      kinetics of endocytosis and recycling of the wild-type and mutant receptors were
      compared. It was observed that the rate of endocytosis of the palmitoylation
      defective transferrin receptors was significantly greater than the rate measured
      for the wild-type transferrin receptor. In contrast, the mutation of Cys62 and
      Cys67 was found to have no significant effect on the rate of transferrin receptor
      recycling. Consistent with these observations, it was found that cells expressing
      palmitoylation-defective transferrin receptors exhibited an increased rate of
      accumulation of [59Fe]diferric transferrin. Together, these data indicate that
      the palmitoylation of the transferrin receptor is associated with an inhibition
      of the rate of transferrin receptor endocytosis. Addition of insulin to cultured
      cells causes an increase in the palmitoylation of cell surface transferrin
      receptors and a decrease in the rate of transferrin receptor internalization. It
      was observed that the effect of insulin to inhibit the endocytosis of the
      acylation-defective [Ala62 Ala67]transferrin receptor was attenuated in
      comparison with the wild-type receptor. The decreased effectiveness of insulin to
      inhibit the internalization of the acylation-defective transferrin receptor is
      consistent with the hypothesis that palmitoylation represents a potential
      mechanism for the regulation of transferrin receptor endocytosis.

PMID- 2398067
TI  - Effect of 5-bromo- and 5-methyldeoxycytosine on duplex stability and
      discrimination of the NotI octadeoxynucleotide. Quantitative measurements using
      thin-layer chromatography.
AB  - Octadeoxynucleotides based on the recognition sequence of the restriction
      endonuclease NotI were synthesized containing unmodified nucleotides and
      nucleotides with methyl and bromide additions at the C5 position of the
      pyrimidine ring of deoxycytosine. On annealing to single-stranded DNA bearing one
      NotI site, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of the different oligonucleotides was
      used quantitatively to determine differences in dissociation temperature (Td) and
      binding equilibrium. Buffers used in filter hybridization experiments could be
      used in this TLC system. In addition, actual hybridizations were carried out to
      filter-bound DNA with and without a NotI site. The incorporation of 5
      methyldeoxycytosine and 5-bromodeoxycytosine led to a significant increase in
      stability of homoduplex formation during hybridization, due to a shift in the
      binding equilibrium and an increase of the Td, thereby improving discrimination
      considerably. Some implications of the results for several techniques involving
      oligomer hybridization are discussed.

PMID- 2398068
TI  - The 5'-flanking region of the mouse vascular smooth muscle alpha-actin gene
      contains evolutionarily conserved sequence motifs within a functional promoter.
AB  - The 5'-flanking, 5'-untranslated, and amino-terminal protein coding regions of
      the single-copy 13-kilobase mouse vascular smooth muscle (VSM) alpha-actin gene
      have been cloned and sequenced. Respectively, there is 73 and 89% homology from
      the start of transcription (+1) to a point 206 base pairs upstream when comparing
      mouse to chicken and mouse to human VSM alpha-actin 5'-flanking region sequences.
      Two proximal 16-base pair motifs containing putative cis-acting regulatory
      elements having the configuration CC(A/T)6GG were found to be 100% conserved and
      present in the same position upstream from the transcription start site in all
      three species. A third more distal CC(A/T)6GG-like motif was 100% conserved
      between only the mouse and human genes whereas a fourth motif was unique to the
      mouse gene. The two upstream motifs may be important in controlling VSM alpha
      actin gene transcription in mammals. Cell transfection assays using hGH reporter
      gene fusion plasmids showed that all four CC(A/T)6GG elements were required for
      tissue-specific, core promoter activity and were able to direct hGH expression in
      both mouse BC3H1 myogenic cells and early-passage rabbit aortic smooth muscle
      cells. The core promoter was not active in mouse fibroblasts suggesting that the
      region between -372 and -143 may mediate tissue-restrictive expression of the VSM
      alpha-actin gene. A putative "cell density responsive element" may be located
      between -1074 and -372 since fusion plasmids containing this portion of the VSM
      alpha-actin 5'-flanking region were significantly more active in promoting hGH
      expression in inducible, density-activated BC3H1 myoblasts compared to aortic
      smooth muscle cells which are largely constitutive for VSM alpha-actin
      expression.

PMID- 2398069
TI  - Myosin light chain kinase phosphorylation in tracheal smooth muscle.
AB  - Purified myosin light chain kinase from smooth muscle is phosphorylated by cyclic
      AMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, and the multifunctional
      calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Because phosphorylation in a specific
      site (site A) by any one of these kinases desensitizes myosin light chain kinase
      to activation by Ca2+/calmodulin, kinase phosphorylation could play an important
      role in regulating smooth muscle contractility. This possibility was investigated
      in 32P-labeled bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Treatment of tissues with
      carbachol, KCl, isoproterenol, or phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate increased the extent
      of kinase phosphorylation. Six primary phosphopeptides (A-F) of myosin light
      chain kinase were identified. Site A was phosphorylated to an appreciable extent
      only with carbachol or KCl, agents which contract tracheal smooth muscle. The
      extent of site A phosphorylation correlated to increases in the concentration of
      Ca2+/calmodulin required for activation. These results show that cyclic AMP
      dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C do not affect smooth muscle
      contractility by phosphorylating site A in myosin light chain kinase. It is
      proposed that phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase in site A in
      contracting tracheal smooth muscle may play a role in the reported
      desensitization of contractile elements to activation by Ca2+.

PMID- 2398071
TI  - A ribosomal protein is encoded in the chloroplast DNA in a lower plant but in the
      nucleus in angiosperms. Isolation of the spinach L21 protein and cDNA clone with
      transit and an unusual repeat sequence.
AB  - The distribution of chloroplast ribosomal protein genes between the organelle DNA
      and the nuclear DNA is highly conserved in land plants, but a notable exception
      is rpl21. This gene has been found in the completely sequenced chloroplast genome
      of a lower plant but not in that of two higher plants. We describe the
      purification and characterization of the spinach chloroplast ribosomal protein
      L21 and the isolation and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone that encodes its
      cytoplasmic precursor. The mature protein, identified by NH2-terminal sequencing,
      has 201 residues (Mr 22,766) and is thus substantially larger than either its
      Escherichia coli (103 residues) or the lower plant homologue (116 residues). The
      extra length is in peptide extensions at both amino and carboxyl termini. The
      COOH-terminal extension is unusual in that it comprises seven Ala-Glu repeats, a
      feature not found in any other ribosomal proteins described so far. The cDNA
      clone also encodes a 55-residue long transit peptide (with a high proportion of
      the polar residues, threonine and serine), to target the L21 protein into
      chloroplasts. The identification of rpl21 as a nuclear gene in a higher plant
      (spinach) and chloroplast gene in a lower plant (liverwort) suggests an organelle
      to-nucleus gene relocation during the evolution of the former.

PMID- 2398070
TI  - Characterization of the mouse thrombospondin gene and evaluation of the role of
      the first intron in human gene expression.
AB  - We have isolated the mouse thrombospondin (TS) gene and determined the DNA
      sequence of the first nine exons and eight introns. Comparison with the human
      cDNA sequence reveals a high degree of conservation in coding sequences. Exon 3
      of the mouse gene, which encodes the heparin-binding domain of TS, has a higher
      degree of nucleotide substitution than the other exons, but the distribution of
      charged and hydrophobic amino acids found in the human protein is generally
      conserved. DNA and protein sequences in exons 6-9, which encode a procollagen
      homology and motifs very similar to those found in at least two malarial parasite
      proteins, are highly conserved. The first two of the three malarial homologies in
      TS, which are also found in properdin and in components C6-9 of the lytic
      complement complex, are each encoded by a separate exon (8 and 9) in the mouse
      gene. Since the sequence data did not reveal substantial similarity in sequence
      between intron I in the human and mouse genes, we have reexamined the role of the
      first intron in the transcriptional regulation of the human TS gene. In accord
      with published studies (Laherty, C.D., Gierman, T.M., and Dixit, V.M. (1989) J.
      Biol. Chem. 264, 11222-11227), we find that deletion of some intronic segments
      from TS-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) constructs reduces CAT activity
      in NIH 3T3 cells. However, deletion of the same sequences from TS-bovine growth
      hormone constructs does not affect the expression of bovine growth hormone in
      these cells. We conclude that differences in the activity of TS-CAT constructs
      reflect post-transcriptional differences that are peculiar to the resulting
      chimeric transcripts and that there is currently no evidence for a
      transcriptional enhancer in the first intron of the human TS gene.

PMID- 2398072
TI  - Preliminary characterization of bioresorbable and nonresorbable synthetic fibers
      for the repair of soft tissue injuries.
AB  - Preliminary characterizations of two new synthetic fibers were performed to
      determine their potentials for use in soft tissue scaffolding devices. A slowly
      bioresorbing random copolymer of dimethyltrimethylene carbonate (DMTMC) and
      trimethylene carbonate (TMC) was the first fiber evaluated. The second was a
      nonresorbable high-strength synthetic fiber of highly oriented polyethylene.
      Their in vitro mechanical behavior was evaluated by loading fibers in uniaxial
      tension to determine mechanical properties in dry and wet (saline) environments.
      The polyethylene fiber had a dry strength of approximately 2.0 GPa, an ultimate
      strain of 3 to 4%, a tangent modulus of 57 GPa, and was not affected by the
      saline environment. The bioresorbable fiber had a dry strength of approximately
      500 MPa, an ultimate strain of 35%, and tangent modulus of 5.4 GPa. The in vitro
      resorption of the bioresorbable fibers produced a 15% loss in strength over a 10
      week period. In vitro cell-fiber compatibility studies were conducted to assay
      material biocompatibility and fiber substrate efficacy. Fibroblasts proliferated
      and migrated on both the polyethylene and bioresorbable fibers at rates similar
      to those previously found for other compatible fibers, thus demonstrating the new
      materials to be similar in their in vitro biocompatibility profiles.
      Morphological assessment with SEM also confirmed that these materials were
      suitable substrates for cell attachment. A rabbit Achilles tendon repair model
      using oriented polyethylene or bioresorbable fiber tows was evaluated after 12
      and 26 weeks of implantation. The mechanical performances of both types of tendon
      repairs were similar to those found in previous studies using carbon or PET
      fibers. The polyethylene fibers elicited a low-grade chronic inflammatory tissue
      response. The bioresorbable fibers were still intact at 26 weeks and remained
      relatively inert in the host tissue, eliciting a minimal foreign body response.

PMID- 2398073
TI  - The behavior of alloplastic tympanic membranes in Staphylococcus aureus-induced
      middle ear infection. II. Morphological study of epithelial reactions.
AB  - Epithelial reactions to Silastic, Estane polyether urethane, polypropylene oxide,
      and a poly(ethylene oxide hydantoin) and poly(tetramethylene terephthalate)
      segmented polyether polyester copolymer were investigated after implantation in
      tympanic membranes and submucosa of noninfected and Staphylococcus aureus
      infected rat middle ears. Porous implants made of Estane and polypropylene oxide
      were completely covered by tympanic-membrane connective tissue, epidermis, and
      epithelium in 2 weeks and those made of copolymer in between 2 and 4 weeks
      postoperatively. Silastic implants, which were dense, were not enveloped by
      tympanic-membrane tissue but rejected. Starting in the 6th postoperative month
      the proliferative activity and structure of both the tympanic membrane epithelium
      and epidermis became normal except for the presence of iron-containing secretory
      epithelium near polypropylene oxide. After initial swelling caused by the
      surgical trauma, neither the proliferative activity nor the composition of the
      epithelium covering submucosal implants was affected by the presence of any of
      the biomaterials. Infection of middle ears bearing implants induced epithelial
      reactions similar to those associated with infected middle ears without an
      implant.

PMID- 2398074
TI  - Histological and ultrastructural appearance of the hydroxyapatite-bone interface.
AB  - This article describes the histological and ultrastructural appearance of the
      interface created in the implantation bed, between bone tissue and implants made
      of dense sintered hydroxyapatite (HA). Biopsies from dog subjects included: a)
      loaded permucosal dental implants for tooth substitution, b) subperiosteally
      placed implants for alveolar bone correction, c) endosseously placed dental root
      implants to retain ridge form following extraction. The light and electron
      microscopical results show extensive bone apposition on the osseous sides of the
      implant surfaces. There is an intimate, direct bone contact without any visible
      interruption. The bone is of normal lamellar type and continuously connected with
      the trabecular bone. Bone has grown into the finest surface irregularities of the
      implant. Collagen fibers of the calcified bone matrix are observed within a
      distance less than 500 A from the implant surface. The thin (20-100 A) electron
      dense layer at the bone-implant interface resembled the lamina limitans of
      organic bone matrix, also seen at the inner walls of the osteocytes lacunes.
      Deposition of bone gives rise to a biologically stable bone-implant interface,
      without disturbance of the physiological bone turnover. This is seen as very
      favorable for desired long term fixation of implant to bone.

PMID- 2398075
TI  - Study of the effect of the surface state on the cytocompatibility of a Co-Cr
      alloy using human osteoblasts and fibroblasts.
AB  - Cobalt-chromium-based alloys are widely used in oral and orthopedic implantology.
      Although they are relatively well tolerated, biological complications could occur
      which sometimes are due to the insufficient biocompatibility of the alloy. This
      study shows the effects of an alloy (Co (base), 28% Cr, 5.5% Mo, 1% Ni, 0.95% Si,
      0.7% Fe, 0.65% Mn, 0.25% C), on differentiated human cells derived from an oral
      implantation site, specifically alveolar bone osteoblasts and gingival
      fibroblasts. The cytocompatibility of the alloy is determined by the study of
      cell proliferation, determination of total cell protein and intracellular
      alkaline phosphatase contents, cytoskeleton, and cell morphology. The alloy is
      presented to the cells in four different surface states: rough cast, specular
      polished, microbead blasted, and RF sputtered. The results demonstrate that the
      same material has different effects on the basal and specific cellular functions,
      according to its surface state. For this alloy we can classify its
      cytocompatibility according to its surface state in such an order: Microbead
      blasted much greater than specular polished greater than RF sputtered greater
      than rough cast.

PMID- 2398076
TI  - Stiffness and strength tailoring of a hip prosthesis made of advanced composite
      materials.
AB  - This work is concerned with the design of hip prostheses using advanced fiber
      reinforced composite materials. The major focus of the study is to evaluate how
      the stiffness and strength of composite hip prostheses can be affected by
      variations in ply orientation and stacking sequence for a selected manufacturing
      method. This investigation involved both analytical and experimental work. An
      analytical model was developed which consists of a stress analysis and a failure
      analysis. A finite element program was developed during the course of the
      investigation for analyzing stresses, strains, and deformations of composite
      stems with a simplified configuration. Failure and mode of failure were predicted
      by appropriately selected failure criteria. Experiments were also performed on
      T300/976 graphite/epoxy composites to verify the analysis and the computer
      calculations. Both testing and analysis accounted for the various combinations of
      in-plane and out-of-plane (torsion) loading that can act on the prosthetic hip.
      Simplified composite stems with a 120 layer thickness were fabricated and tested.
      An excellent agreement was found between the measured strain data and the
      numerical calculations. Using the program, parametric studies were performed. It
      was found that an optimal design of hip stems can be achieved by using advanced
      fiber-reinforced composite materials, but great care must be taken when selecting
      the appropriate ply orientation and stacking sequence for a chosen fabrication
      method.

PMID- 2398077
TI  - Ectopic induction of cartilage and bone by water-soluble proteins from bovine
      bone using a polyanhydride delivery vehicle.
AB  - Controlled release delivery vehicles for water-soluble osteogenic proteins from
      demineralized bovine bone matrix were constructed using polyanhydride polymers.
      The water-soluble proteins were isolated from a 4 M guanidine hydrochloride
      extract of bone matrix. The water-soluble proteins possessed Chondrogenic
      Stimulating Activity (CSA) when tested in stage 24 chick limb bud cell cultures,
      but were incapable of inducing cartilage or bone in vivo when implanted
      intramuscularly into mice by themselves. The polyanhydride polymers alone were
      also incapable of inducing ectopic cartilage or bone. However, when the water
      soluble proteins were incorporated into the polymeric delivery vehicle, the
      combination was capable of inducing cartilage and bone up to 50% of the time.
      These results demonstrate that it is possible to use polyanhydride polymers as
      controlled-release delivery vehicles for soluble bioactive factors that interact
      with a local cell population.

PMID- 2398078
TI  - Suspension polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate in the presence of
      polymeric diluents: a novel route to spherical highly porous beads for biomedical
      applications.
AB  - Spherical, highly porous beads of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) cross
      linked with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM) were prepared by suspension
      polymerization of HEMA in concentrated NaCl solutions in presence of toluene,
      poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in toluene, and poly(tetramethylene glycol)
      (PTMG). Magnesium hydroxide prepared in situ in the dispersion medium gave the
      best stabilization effect for the monomer droplets. In the presence of PTMG,
      beads having nearly 1.0 mm in diameter could be prepared, while toluene alone as
      the diluent produced beads of very small size. Removal of PMMA or PTMG from the
      beads after polymerization using suitable solvents gave rise to highly porous
      PHEMA microspsheres. Polymerization in the presence of PTMG produced
      microspsheres with better spherical geometry as compared to those generated in
      the presence of PMMA. The effect of various factors such as NaCl concentration,
      concentration of Mg(OH)2, and the concentration of PMMA or PTMG in the monomer
      phase on the stability of the suspension and the particle size distribution was
      investigated.

PMID- 2398079
TI  - In vitro and in vivo studies of heparinized-collageno-elastic tubes.
AB  - Heparin was covalently coupled to collageno-elastic grafts (CET) derived from
      lamb carotid arteries, by using the crosslinking agent 1-ethyl-3 (3-dimethyl
      aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC). The collagenous grafts were pretreated with
      various aminating agents in order to enhance the number of available binding
      sites on the collagen surface. By varying the EDC/heparin weight ratio, the pH of
      the immobilization media, and the pretreatment agent, a global search pattern
      maximized heparin loading at 3.90 +/- 0.36 USP heparin/cm2 collagenous graft
      surface when the EDC/heparin ratio was 2:1 at a pH of 1.5 with 1 M hydroxylamine
      sulfate as the pretreatment agent. Heparinized CETs were superior to
      nonheparinized CETs by exhibiting both enhanced antiplatelet activity in using an
      in vitro differential recirculation reactor with chromium-51 tagged platelets and
      enhanced patency when interposed in canine carotid arteries. Both antiplatelet
      activity and patency duration for heparinized CETs were independent of heparin
      loading.

PMID- 2398080
TI  - Study of soft tissue ingrowth into canine porous coated femoral implants designed
      for osteosarcomas management.
AB  - The objective of this project was to characterize soft tissue bonding to porous
      coated implants such as those that would be used for resection-reconstruction of
      osteosarcoma cases. We were interested in determining conditions which would
      provide both mechanical attachment of the implant to the surrounding tissue and
      produce a vascularized interface. In a bilateral canine implant model, both
      femoral mid-shafts were replaced with a porous coated cobalt-chrome segmental
      implant fabricated with average pore sizes of 300 microns or 900 microns. Twelve
      implants, six of each pore size, were used in six dogs. Two dogs were sacrificed
      at 2, 4, and 6 months after implantation. The soft tissue-implant interface was
      characterized mechanically with peel tests and histologically using light
      microscopy and immunohistochemistry. At all periods, a nonvascularized fibrous
      membrane surrounded the smaller pore size implants, without ingrowth or
      mechanical bonding. In contrast, a vascularized membrane developed within and
      around the larger pore size implants; the attachment strength increasing with
      implantation time. The vascularity increased in size and quantity with time. This
      study demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining vascularized soft tissue
      attachment to tumor replacement implants with appropriate porous coated implant
      design.

PMID- 2398081
TI  - On leadership.

PMID- 2398082
TI  - Bone-patellar ligament-bone and fascia lata allografts for reconstruction of the
      anterior cruciate ligament.
AB  - A prospective study was performed of the first forty-seven consecutive patients
      who had repair of a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament and replacement with an
      allograft. Patients who had a rupture of another ligament were excluded, to
      provide a homogeneous group. Twenty-two patients received a fascia lata allograft
      and twenty-five patients received a bone-patellar ligament-bone allograft. All
      patients were enrolled in an exercise program to facilitate motion of the knee
      immediately after the operation, and all patients returned for postoperative
      evaluation (mean, forty months; range, twenty-five to sixty-seven months). The
      results were based on a comprehensive subjective and objective rating system,
      which assessed twenty factors. On testing with the KT-1000 arthrometer, 69 per
      cent of the patients had less than three millimeters of increased anterior
      posterior displacement of the knee that had been operated on compared with the
      contralateral knee, 26 per cent had three to five millimeters, and 5 per cent had
      more than five millimeters. The knees that had a bone-patellar ligament-bone
      allograft had significantly lower values for anterior-posterior displacement than
      did those that had a fascia lata allograft (p less than 0.05). Just one patient,
      the only one in whom the fascia lata graft failed, had giving-way. There were no
      infections, and there was no evidence of rejection of the allograft or documented
      transmission of disease at the time of writing. A strict rating system was used.
      Eighteen patients (38 per cent) had an excellent result, twenty-four (51 per
      cent) had a good result, and five (11 per cent) had a fair or poor result. Motion
      of the knee immediately postoperatively was not deleterious to the allograft,
      and, because limitations of motion were identified and treated in the early
      postoperative period, full motion (0 to 135 degrees) was restored in all knees.

PMID- 2398083
TI  - Frozen musculoskeletal allografts. A study of the clinical incidence and causes
      of infection associated with their use.
AB  - A retrospective study was performed to determine the clinical incidence and
      causes of infection related to the use of frozen musculoskeletal allografts. The
      results of this study of 324 grafts, prepared and supplied by our hospital bone
      bank, showed that the patients in whom femoral head grafts and other small bone
      and soft-tissue allografts were used had a negligible clinical incidence of
      infection. The incidence of infection related to the use of large allografts,
      such as osteoarticular or diaphyseal grafts, was approximately 5 per cent in
      patients who had treatment for a bone tumor and 4 per cent in those who had
      revision of a hip arthroplasty. These rates of infection were not substantially
      different from those that have been reported in similar series in which large
      allografts or sterilized prosthetic devices were used. The causes of the
      infections were difficult to determine, but contamination of the allograft was
      probably not a factor in most patients.

PMID- 2398084
TI  - Evidence for a humoral mechanism for enhanced osteogenesis after head injury.
AB  - The rate of fracture-healing is accelerated and abundant callus develops in
      patients who have a head injury and fractures. The mechanism underlying this is
      unclear. We studied the possibility that increased circulating growth factors or
      circulating factors that stimulate local release of growth factors mediate the
      increased osteogenesis. Samples of serum were obtained from thirty-two subjects:
      patients who had a head injury alone, those who had a head injury and fractures
      of the lower extremities, those who had only fractures, and control subjects who
      had neither a head injury nor a fracture. Severe head injury was defined as that
      producing coma of at least three days' duration. Growth-factor activity was
      determined by assessing the effect of serum on the incorporation of [3H]thymidine
      and on cell counts in primary cultures of osteoblastic cells from the calvaria of
      fetal rats. Samples of serum from the two groups of patients who had a head
      injury had higher mitogenic activity and produced a greater increase in the
      number of cells than did the samples from the other two groups. The mean levels
      of activity were not statistically different between the first two groups or
      between the patients who had fractures only and the control subjects. Dilution
      studies showed that increased mitogenic activity in the serum from the patients
      who had a head injury was dose-dependent. In three patients in whom it was
      studied, the mitogenic activity peaked approximately thirty-seven days after the
      head injury was sustained.

PMID- 2398085
TI  - Sequelae and reconstruction after septic arthritis of the hip in infants.
AB  - We evaluated the residual deformity and late treatment of thirty-four hips of
      thirty-one children who had had septic arthritis when they were less than one
      year old. The hips were classified into four groups on the basis of radiographic
      changes. Type-I deformity (five hips) involved transient ischemia of the
      epiphysis, with or without mild coxa magna, and these hips did not need
      reconstruction. Type-II deformity (eleven hips) included deformity of the
      epiphysis, physis, and metaphysis, and these hips needed an operation to prevent
      subluxation; the goals of the operation included improvement in acetabular
      coverage, improvement in abductor efficiency by epiphyseodesis or transfer of the
      greater trochanter, and equalization of limb-length discrepancy by epiphyseodesis
      of the contralateral limb. Type-III deformity (five hips) involved malalignment
      of the femoral neck, with extreme anteversion or retroversion or with a
      pseudarthrosis of the femoral neck that necessitated a realignment osteotomy of
      the proximal part of the femur or bone-grafting of the pseudarthrosis. Type-IV
      deformity (thirteen hips) included destruction of the femoral head and neck, with
      persistence of only a remnant of the medial base of the femoral neck. In the hips
      that had a Type-IV deformity, the complex clinical problems, which included
      severe limb-length discrepancy and incompetent articulation of the hip,
      necessitated operations such as Pemberton osteotomy, trochanteric arthroplasty,
      arthrodesis, epiphyseodesis of the contralateral limb, and lengthening of the
      ipsilateral tibia. The functional result was satisfactory in all five hips that
      had a Type-I deformity, in seven of eleven that had a Type-II deformity, in three
      of four that had a Type-III deformity, and in only four of thirteen that had a
      Type-IV deformity.

PMID- 2398086
TI  - Occipitocervical arthrodesis in children.
AB  - A technique for occipitocervical arthrodesis was used in seven patients whose
      ages ranged from three to thirteen years. The indication for the arthrodesis was
      occipitocervical instability secondary to various forms of dysplasia. There were
      no non-unions, and internal fixation was used in only one patient. Six patients
      were immobilized postoperatively with halo fixation. There was only slight
      limitation of cervical motion after fusion; we believe that the limitation was
      due to increased motion in the vertebral segments caudad to the level of fusion.
      Six patients had full flexion, and only three patients had decreased rotation. We
      found that, in young patients, occipitocervical arthrodesis by means of the
      described procedure was both safe and effective.

PMID- 2398087
TI  - Pseudarthrosis of the cervical spine after anterior arthrodesis. Treatment by
      posterior nerve-root decompression, stabilization, and arthrodesis.
AB  - Nineteen consecutive patients who had a symptomatic pseudarthrosis after a failed
      anterior cervical arthrodesis were treated by a posterior nerve-root
      decompression and arthrodesis. The indications for the operation were
      radiculopathy in the absence of myelopathy and evidence of a pseudarthrosis on
      lateral flexion and extension radiographs. The average duration of follow-up was
      forty-four months (range, twenty-four to fifty-four months). A solid fusion was
      achieved in all patients, and the radiculopathy was relieved in all but one. The
      motor weakness that had been present in four patients preoperatively resolved
      completely.

PMID- 2398088
TI  - Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects.
      A prospective investigation.
AB  - Previous investigations with plain radiography, myelography, and computed
      tomography have shown that degenerative disease of the cervical spine frequently
      occurs in the absence of clinical symptoms. We studied the magnetic resonance
      imaging scans of sixty-three volunteers who had no history of symptoms indicative
      of cervical disease. The scans were mixed randomly with thirty-seven scans of
      patients who had a symptomatic lesion of the cervical spine, and all of the scans
      were interpreted independently by three neuroradiologists. The scans were
      interpreted as demonstrating an abnormality in 19 per cent of the asymptomatic
      subjects: 14 per cent of those who were less than forty years old and 28 per cent
      of those who were older than forty. Of the subjects who were less than forty, 10
      per cent had a herniated nucleus pulposus and 4 per cent had foraminal stenosis.
      Of the subjects who were older than forty, 5 per cent had a herniated nucleus
      pulposus; 3 per cent, bulging of the disc; and 20 per cent, foraminal stenosis.
      Narrowing of a disc space, degeneration of a disc, spurs, or compression of the
      cord were also recorded. The disc was degenerated or narrowed at one level or
      more in 25 per cent of the subjects who were less than forty years old and in
      almost 60 per cent of those who were older than forty. The prevalence of abnormal
      magnetic-resonance images of the cervical spine as related to age in asymptomatic
      individuals emphasizes the dangers of predicating operative decisions on
      diagnostic tests without precisely matching those findings with clinical signs
      and symptoms.

PMID- 2398089
TI  - Nerve-roots of the cauda equina. The effect of hypotension and acute graded
      compression on function.
AB  - The influence of hypotension on the function of nerve-roots of the cauda equina
      under acute graded compression was studied with use of an established porcine
      model. In twenty adult miniature pigs, the nerve-roots of the cauda equina were
      compressed at pressures of zero (sham), fifty, 100, or 200 millimeters of
      mercury, and hypotension was induced with sodium nitroprusside. Compression was
      maintained for two hours, and a ninety-minute period of recovery followed. The
      nerve-roots were monitored electrophysiologically throughout the experiment. To
      assess the effect of compression and hypotension on the function of the nerve
      roots, values of afferent and efferent amplitude and nerve-conduction velocity
      were compared with values in twenty adult miniature pigs that had similar graded
      compression without hypotension. Hypotension significantly affected efferent and
      afferent amplitudes at the end of the compression period; the effect remained
      significant at the end of the recovery period. The most profound effect of
      hypotension occurred during compression at fifty millimeters of mercury--a
      pressure that had no effect on the function of the nerves in normotensive
      animals.

PMID- 2398090
TI  - Arthroscopic acromioplasty. Technique and results.
AB  - Of forty-four patients who were treated by arthroscopic acromioplasty from July
      1984 through August 1986, forty were available for analysis. The average age was
      43.2 years, and 86 per cent of them had participated regularly in sports but were
      disabled due to symptoms of impingement. All patients had had a minimum of six
      months of non-operative therapy. The final diagnoses, which were based on the
      findings at arthroscopy and on clinical examination, plain radiographs, and
      arthrograms, were Stage-II impingement in twenty-four patients, a partial
      thickness tear of the rotator cuff in six, and a full-thickness tear of the
      rotator cuff in ten. The shoulders were scored before the operation and again at
      follow-up. Preoperatively, thirty-six shoulders were rated as poor and four, as
      fair. After a minimum follow-up of twelve months (average, seventeen months), the
      scores had increased in all but one patient. The result was rated good or
      excellent in twenty-nine (73 per cent) of the forty patients: twenty of the
      twenty-four who had Stage-II impingement, four of the six who had a partial
      thickness tear, and six of the ten who had a full-thickness tear. The over-all
      average time to return to work was nine days, and the average time to return to
      sports was 2.4 months. Of the thirty-three patients who had participated in
      sports, twenty-five (76 per cent) had returned to sports activity at the time of
      the most recent follow-up. The average time until full recovery was 3.8 months.
      There were no complications, and, over-all, thirty-eight (92 per cent) of the
      forty patients were satisfied with the result. In four patients, the result was a
      failure, and three of the four had a reoperation that relieved the symptoms.

PMID- 2398091
TI  - Management of fractures of the humerus in patients who have an injury of the
      ipsilateral brachial plexus.
AB  - Twenty-one adults who had a fracture of the middle of the humeral shaft and an
      injury of the ipsilateral brachial plexus were followed for an average of twenty
      eight months. Only two of these patients showed evidence of neurological
      improvement. Of the eleven patients who had an associated traumatic injury to the
      brain, eight were treated non-operatively and three, operatively. The presence of
      a fracture of the humerus in a flail extremity has been found to delay
      rehabilitation markedly and to result in prolonged hospitalization. Eleven
      fractures were treated non-operatively with a brace or cast, and there were five
      non-unions, two delayed unions, and two malunions. Of the ten fractures that were
      treated operatively, three that were treated by compression-plating all united.
      Two fractures were treated by external fixation; one had a delayed union and one,
      a malunion. In the remaining five patients, who were treated with an
      intramedullary rod, there were two non-unions, one delayed union, and one
      malunion.

PMID- 2398092
TI  - Neural injuries associated with supracondylar fractures of the humerus in
      children.
AB  - A retrospective review of displaced extension-type supracondylar fractures of the
      humerus in 101 children who were seen consecutively revealed eighteen associated
      neural injuries in thirteen children. Nine of the neural injuries in eight
      patients spontaneously resolved at a mean of 2.5 months (range, 1.5 to five
      months) after injury. The remaining nine lesions in five patients were explored
      at a mean of 7.5 months (range, five to fourteen months) after injury, because
      clinical and electromyographic studies showed no return of function. Neurolysis
      was performed on eight of the nerves that were explored (in five patients), and
      the remaining radial nerve was found to be completely lacerated and needed nerve
      grafting. The length of follow-up after neurolysis averaged twenty-five months
      (range, thirteen to forty-four months). All five patients had functional
      recovery, as documented by range-of-motion, grip-strength and lateral pinch
      strength, and von Frey and two-point-discrimination sensory testing. The patient
      who had had nerve-grafting never recovered neural function, and tendon transfers
      were needed. We concluded that observation and supportive therapy is the
      preferred initial approach for children who have a neural injury associated with
      a closed, displaced supracondylar fracture of the humerus. However, if there is
      no clinical or electromyographic evidence of return of neural function at five
      months after injury, exploration and neurolysis should be performed. If the nerve
      is in continuity, the prognosis after neurolysis is excellent.

PMID- 2398093
TI  - Histomorphological studies of the long-term skeletal responses to well fixed
      cemented femoral components.
AB  - Thirteen femora that were obtained at autopsy from patients in whom a cemented
      total hip replacement had been implanted from forty months to 17.5 years earlier
      were evaluated radiographically and morphologically. All of the patients had been
      functioning well, and only one of the prostheses showed radiographic evidence of
      loosening. Serial sections of the proximal portion of the femur that enclosed the
      femoral component of the prosthesis showed that the host bone was intimately and
      directly apposed to the cement, and fibrous tissue intervened only rarely. The
      bone-remodeling processes had created a dense shell of substantial new bone
      around the cement-mantle that resembled a new cortex, attached to the outer
      cortex by new trabecular struts. Evidence of ingrowth of bone from this dense
      shell of bone into the undulating surface of the cement was found in many areas.
      In the adjacent femoral cortex, there was substantial osteoporosis and cortical
      thinning. The cement-bone interface was intact and excellent throughout, despite
      the presence of fractures within the cement-mantle and de-bonding at the cement
      prosthesis interface in some specimens. The cemented femoral components were well
      tolerated by the skeleton over a long period of use, and fibrous tissue had
      rarely formed at the femoral cement-bone interface of these well fixed and
      clinically successful prostheses. The cement-mantle was well supported by
      extensive medullary bone-remodeling and formation of a dense shell of new bone.
      The internal bone-remodeling helped to maintain the cemented femoral components
      over time and did not cause loosening of the prosthesis.

PMID- 2398094
TI  - Pyomyositis in a temperate climate. Presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
AB  - The cases of eighteen patients who were treated for pyomyositis between 1970 and
      1988 were evaluated. The diagnosis was often delayed because other primary
      diagnoses were considered, including muscle strain, synovitis, thrombophlebitis,
      and neoplasm, and because the symptoms were vague and prolonged (maximum
      duration, one year). The muscles around the hip and thigh were most commonly
      involved (twelve patients), and Staphylococcus aureus most commonly grew on
      culture (twelve patients). Computed tomography aided in the accurate diagnosis of
      the infection and of the extent of involvement. Incision, drainage, and
      antibiotic therapy eradicated the infection in all patients, and they had no
      residual functional limitations and minimum residual symptoms.

PMID- 2398095
TI  - Resection of a thoracic vertebra for hemangioma--operation under deep hypothermia
      and circulatory arrest. A case report.

PMID- 2398096
TI  - Near-fatal necrobacillosis presenting as septic arthritis of the knee. A case
      report.

PMID- 2398097
TI  - Fibrous dysplasia of the cervical spine: a fatal complication of treatment. A
      case report.

PMID- 2398098
TI  - Acute renal obstruction after combined anterior and posterior arthrodeses on the
      convex side of the spine. A case report.

PMID- 2398099
TI  - Recalcitrant chronic adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder.

PMID- 2398100
TI  - 39th congress of the European Society for Cardiovascular Surgery. September 9-12,
      1990, Budapest, Hungary. Abstracts.

PMID- 2398101
TI  - Clustering of sequential enzymes in the glycolytic pathway and the citric acid
      cycle.
AB  - In recent years, evidence has been accumulating that metabolic pathways are
      organized in vivo as multienzyme clusters. Affinity electrophoresis proves to be
      an attractive in vitro method to further evidence specific associations between
      purified consecutive enzymes from the glycolytic pathway on the one hand, and
      from the citric acid cycle on the other hand. Our results support the hypothesis
      of cluster formation between the glycolytic enzymes aldolase,
      glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase, and triosephosphate isomerase, and between
      the cycle enzymes fumarase, malate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase. A model
      is presented to explain the possibility of regulation of the citric acid cycle by
      varying enzyme-enzyme associations between the latter three enzymes, in response
      to changing local intramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratios.

PMID- 2398102
TI  - Exposure of perfused liver to hypotonic conditions modifies cellular nitrogen
      metabolism.
AB  - Isolated livers were exposed to hypotonic perfusates. As shown previously, this
      hypotonic challenge leads to initial cell swelling, followed by volume regulatory
      ion fluxes, largely restoring cell volume within approximately 6 min. However,
      the hepatocyte is left in an altered metabolic state, which is characterized by
      marked stimulation of hepatic glutamine uptake and degradation and transient
      release of glutamate from the liver. Urea formation from glutamine and alanine is
      stimulated, whereas hepatic ammonia uptake and utilization for urea and glutamine
      synthesis decreases. These observations reveal a hitherto unrecognized factor
      modulating hepatic function during intestinal absorption.

PMID- 2398103
TI  - The paradox of self-regulation and management of chronic illness.

PMID- 2398104
TI  - A nurse responds.

PMID- 2398105
TI  - Developmental and systems perspectives on chronic illness.

PMID- 2398106
TI  - Chronic illness and nursing's ethical challenge.

PMID- 2398107
TI  - Developing self-regulation in adolescents with chronic conditions.

PMID- 2398108
TI  - Demands of chronic illness: reliability and validity assessment of a demands-of
      illness inventory.

PMID- 2398109
TI  - Application of self-regulation theory to the year of denouement for an insulin
      dependent diabetic.

PMID- 2398110
TI  - The management of stigma: redefinition and representation.

PMID- 2398111
TI  - Shared caregiving responsibilities for chronically ill elders.

PMID- 2398112
TI  - Constructive noncompliance in chronic illness.

PMID- 2398113
TI  - Empathy: the art of emotional knowing in holistic nursing care.

PMID- 2398114
TI  - The social environmental correlates of reading ability.
AB  - The influences of social and family characteristics on individual differences in
      reading and spelling ability and IQ were investigated for 550 twin children aged
      13 yrs. Measures of family social circumstances, parental background, the
      emotional atmosphere at home and the family's reading behaviour were used as
      predictor variables in multiple regression analyses with reading, spelling and IQ
      as dependent variables. There were consistent relationships between many of these
      measures and the dependent variables. The findings are compared to a previous
      biometrical genetic analysis of the same data set. It is concluded that the
      results are within the limits predicted by the genetic analysis. Most of the
      effect of these environmental influences on children are general, i.e. related to
      IQ, and not specifically related to reading. After controlling for the effects of
      IQ on reading, only family size and some aspects of parent-child relationships
      were significant predictors of reading ability.

PMID- 2398115
TI  - Antisocial behaviour and postnatal environment: a French adoption study.
AB  - The higher rate of antisocial behaviour in children from lower class environments
      has been hypothesized as arising from (a) genetic social class differences and/or
      (b) cultural/environmental disadvantages. The present study aims to evaluate the
      strength of the incidence of social class on adolescent antisocial behaviour. To
      separate genetic factors and the prenatal environment from postnatal rearing
      conditions, 77 children relinquished at birth and adopted before the age of 3
      were studied. Using the Rutter "Children's Behaviour Questionnaire for Completion
      by Teachers", eight antisocial behaviours were assessed when subjects were in
      late adolescence. With the exception of theft and bullying, results indicate that
      the higher the adoptive parental social class, the lower the antisocial behaviour
      rates in the adoptees. It is shown that the relationship between the total score
      of adoptees' antisocial behaviour and social class cannot be attributed
      exclusively to a concentration of these behaviours in the lowest class. No
      significant selective placement was observed. Concordances and discrepancies with
      previous studies are discussed.

PMID- 2398116
TI  - Congenital hypothyroidism: physiological and psychological factors in early
      development.
AB  - Children diagnosed as congenitally hypothyroid and treated from a very early age
      were followed up at 1 and 3 years. At 1 year they seemed to be developing
      normally, unless they were undertreated or had an additional disorder. There were
      no significant correlations between biochemical or social factors and
      psychological outcome at 1 year. At 3 years, however, those children whose T4
      and/or T3 had been very low initially had significantly lower IQ scores than both
      other hypothyroid children and matched controls. Children with only moderately
      low initial T4 and/or T3, however, were doing just as well as their matched
      controls. Initial levels of TSH, the number of symptoms at first clinical
      interview and the age at the start of treatment were not good indicators of
      ability at 3 years. Undertreatment was rare but did appear to affect ability.
      Psychological outcome at 3 years was also correlated with social class (for both
      cases and controls). Multiple regression analyses indicated that both low initial
      T4 (less than 20 nmol/l) and social class contributed significantly to outcome.

PMID- 2398117
TI  - Relationships between support and adjustment among children of divorce.
AB  - In a sample of 102 4th-6th grade urban children of divorce, low to moderate
      relationships were found between perceived support and child adjustment. This
      relationship held for several sources of support and across several types of
      adjustment measures. It was strongest when adjustment was assessed through child
      self-ratings. Thus, children of divorce who perceived themselves as having more
      overall support had lower scores on measures of post-divorce difficulties,
      anxiety, and worry, and higher scores on measures of openness about the divorce
      and positive resources. The relationships found between support and adjustment
      among children of divorce suggest a potentially useful role for support in
      developing preventive interventions for such youngsters.

PMID- 2398119
TI  - Sensorimotor and action development in autistic children from infancy to early
      childhood.
AB  - Home movies of eight normal children and eight children later diagnosed as
      autistic were analysed according to development in sensorimotor and action
      competencies. The age range covered was from 4 to 42 months of age. From the
      beginning of the second year of life, the timing and sequence of developmental
      gains in normal and autistic children show striking differences. One year later
      the development of the autistic children seems to be not only delayed, but
      qualitatively different with respect to the more challenging kinds of action
      outcomes. This is particularly noticeable for action outcomes involving mental
      representations of the intended outcome.

PMID- 2398118
TI  - Inpatient social-cognitive skills training groups with conduct disordered and
      attention deficit disordered children.
AB  - The impact of group treatment programs on the social skills and peer relations of
      psychiatrically hospitalized children with disruptive behavior disorders was
      evaluated. Children assigned to a social-cognitive skills training group (SCST; n
      = 36) were matched to children who participated in a social activity group (SA; n
      = 20). The results indicated significantly greater pre-post improvements for the
      SCST than the SA group in child-reported loneliness, staff sociometric ratings,
      role-play performances, and in vivo behavioral observations of individual social
      skills. Child diagnoses did not differentially effect treatment outcomes. The
      findings are discussed in the context of training, clinical, and methodological
      issues.

PMID- 2398120
TI  - Life changes and protective capacities in enuretic and non-enuretic children.
AB  - Life changes and protective factors of 156 enuretic and 170 non-enuretic 7-yr-old
      children were analysed using the multi-item Life Change Unit method and
      psychological examination. Of the single life events, divorce or separation were
      seen to increase the risk of enuresis. The weighted life change scores were
      significantly higher for the enuretics than for the controls at age levels of 3,
      5 and 6 yrs. Secondary night-wetting was precipitated by increased life stress,
      but this was not the case with secondary day-wetting. Repression showed a
      predominance in enuretics. A strong ego was found to serve as a protective factor
      against enuresis under changing life conditions.

PMID- 2398121
TI  - The children's behaviour questionnaire for completion by parents and teachers in
      a Chinese sample.
AB  - Children's behaviour questionnaires were completed by parents and teachers for
      248 and 266 12-year old children in Beijing, China, respectively. Compared with
      studies in other countries, the present study showed that (1) mothers rated
      children as showing higher frequencies of all behavioural items than did
      teachers; (2) the ratio of antisocial to neurotic behaviour was higher than the
      other relevant studies; (3) some items showed sex differences, and these were
      more marked for teachers than mothers; (4) Chinese boys scored lowest on
      aggression, but high on psychosomatic symptoms; and (5) difficulties in reading,
      writing and concentration were positively correlated with teachers' hyperactive
      aggressive factor dimension and antisocial subscore.

PMID- 2398122
TI  - The effects of reinforcement and response-cost on a delayed response task in
      children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a research note.
AB  - Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are more inattentive,
      active, and impulsive than normal children. Some researchers have postulated that
      these symptoms can all be explained as a result of reduced sensitivity to
      reinforcement. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, we tested 20 ADD-H children
      and 18 matched normal controls, 4 1/2-11 years of age, on a delayed response
      task, a measure of impulsiveness, under conditions of positive reinforcement, and
      punishment in the form of response-cost. The contingencies each improved
      performance compared to baseline but did not differ significantly from each
      other. Neither contingency affected the groups differentially, thus failing to
      provide support for the reinforcement hypothesis.

PMID- 2398123
TI  - Technical note: are perinatal complications causes or consequences of autism?

PMID- 2398124
TI  - Reduced optimality in the pre-, peri-, and neonatal periods is not equivalent to
      severe peri- or neonatal risk: a rejoinder to Goodman's technical note.

PMID- 2398126
TI  - Investigation of the stability of 5-aminosalicylic acid in tablets and
      suppositories by high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2398125
TI  - Use of polymeric sorbents for the off-line preconcentration of priority pollutant
      phenols from water for high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis.
AB  - The use of porous polymeric minicolumns for the determination of phenols from the
      U.S. Environmental Priority Pollutant List was studied. For the off-line
      preconcentration of priority pollutant phenols from water by solid-phase
      extraction, minicolumns packed with 1,4-di(methacryloyloxymethyl)naphthalene
      divinylbenzene copolymer and Amberlite XAD-4 were used. In order to compare the
      sorption properties of these polymeric sorbents, the recoveries and breakthrough
      volumes of phenol, p-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, o-chlorophenol, o
      nitrophenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 4-chloro-m-cresol, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol, 2,4
      dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol were studied.

PMID- 2398127
TI  - Simultaneous determination of insecticides, acaricides and fungicides by thin
      layer chromatography.
AB  - A method is described for the determination of residual amounts of some
      insecticides, acaricides and fungicides in fresh and processed fruits. Optimum
      conditions were established for the extraction of eighteen pesticides,
      purification of the extracts by column chromatography and subsequent two
      dimensional thin-layer chromatography on silica gel GF254 with cyclohexane
      acetone (10:1) and light petroleum-benzene-ethanol (65:30:5) as solvents and with
      detection under UV light at 254 and 366 nm followed by a 0.1% solution of
      bromophenol blue.

PMID- 2398128
TI  - Utilization of capillary isotachophoresis in the determination of organic acids
      in food.

PMID- 2398129
TI  - The composition of gingival inflammatory cell infiltrates in children studied by
      enzyme histochemistry.
AB  - Gingival biopsies were obtained from 23 children, aged 5-11 years (8.6 +/- 1.8
      years). Specimens were taken from areas of the gingiva adjacent to the teeth
      which were to be extracted because of caries or its sequelae and which clinically
      had a gingival index score of at least 1. Staining for alpha-naphthyl acetate
      esterase with unspecific esterase at pH 5.8 (ANAE) permitted identification of T
      lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, plasma cells and non-reactive (ANAE-negative)
      cells. Cells which tentatively were identified as "natural killer" (NK) cells
      were also observed. Differential cell counting was performed for 10 specimens,
      selected on the basis of the presence of a well-defined inflammatory infiltrate,
      clear morphology throughout and good ANAE staining. Cell counts confirmed earlier
      studies showing that lymphocytes predominate in the inflammatory infiltrates in
      childrens' gingivitis. T lymphocytes dominated particularly in the periphery of
      the most densely infiltrated areas. Relatively few plasma cells were seen. It was
      concluded that T lymphocytes dominate in the inflammatory infiltrate in
      childrens' gingivitis.

PMID- 2398130
TI  - Effect of non-eugenol- and eugenol-containing periodontal dressings on the
      incidence and severity of pain after periodontal soft tissue surgery.
AB  - This study examines the incidence and severity of postoperative pain after
      gingivectomy using one non-eugenol-containing periodontal dressing, Coe-pak (n =
      76) and 2 eugenol-containing periodontal dressings, Wondrpak (n = 64) and Nobetec
      (n = 86). All patients were subjected to gingivectomy using 1 type of local
      anaesthesia (lidocaine + adrenalin) only and covering the surgical areas with
      either of the 3 different dressings in a randomized study. Postoperative pain was
      assessed on 100 mm visual analogue scales over 5 days starting immediately after
      surgery. No pain was reported by 22.0% of the patients after Coe-pak, 23.4% after
      Wondrpak and 30.2% after Nobetec. 13.2% of the patients took analgesics after Coe
      pak treatment, 3.1% after Wondrpak and 1.2% after Nobetec. Mean pain score after
      Coe-pak was higher (P less than 0.05) than after Nobetec 2 h after operation
      until the morning on the 3rd postoperative day. Mean pain score after Coe-pak was
      higher (P less than 0.05) than after Wondrpak 3 h to 9 h after operation. No
      statistically significant difference was found between Wondrpak and Nobetec
      regarding mean pain score.

PMID- 2398131
TI  - On the inability of root debridement and periodontal surgery to eliminate
      Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans from periodontal pockets.
AB  - In a previous study, we observed that root debridement was inefficient in
      eliminating Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans from adult periodontitis
      lesions. The present report describes the effects on A. actinomycetemcomitans of
      subsequent treatments of 6 patients that had at least 2 separate sites still
      harboring A. actinomycetemcomitans 6 months following debridement. 1 site or more
      in each individual was treated with renewed root debridement and at least 1 other
      site was treated by surgical excision of the gingival tissue. The results
      indicated that retreatment with either repeated root debridement or with surgical
      excision of the gingival tissue was not more effective in eliminating A.
      actinomycetemcomitans than initial debridement. The possible reasons for this
      limited therapeutic effect on the subgingival presence of A.
      actinomycetemcomitans are discussed.

PMID- 2398132
TI  - 5-year follow up of periodontal intraosseous defects treated by root planing or
      flap surgery.
AB  - Intraosseous, periodontal defects in 12 subjects initially treated by root
      planing alone (21 defects) or by flap surgery (21 defects) were monitored during
      a 5-year postoperative interval. Maintenance therapy during this interval was
      limited to reinforcement of oral hygiene and tooth polishing every 6 months. No
      subgingival instrumentation was performed at the defect sites. Longitudinal
      clinical measurements demonstrated that surgically-treated lesions responded with
      somewhat more reduction of probing depth and more gain of probing bone level than
      root-planed lesions. Mean gains of probing attachment level were similar for the
      2 treatments. Some relapse of the clinical conditions could be observed towards
      the end of the 5-year observation interval compared to the results at year 1 and
      year 2. However, the majority of defects subjected to either treatment showed 60
      month recordings of probing attachment and probing bone levels equal to or
      slightly improved compared to those at baseline. Counts from cultures of
      subgingival, microbial samples were obtained at 42, 48 and 60 months. No
      significant difference between the 2 therapies was observed for the investigated
      groups of micro-organisms.

PMID- 2398133
TI  - Darkground microscopy of subgingival plaque from the top to the bottom of the
      periodontal pocket.
AB  - Part of the results of a study of subgingival plaque by darkground microscopy was
      used to investigate morphotype distribution at different levels within the
      periodontal pocket. Subgingival plaque was sampled at coronal, middle and apical
      levels from each of 28 approximal surfaces on 28 teeth extracted from 28 adults
      with untreated moderate to advanced periodontitis. Sample preparation and
      darkground microscopy were as described previously. The data recorded only the
      subgingival level at which the maximum count occurred for a given morphotype and
      subject. It was found that the maximum count of spirochaetes occurred most
      frequently at the apical level (p less than 0.05) and the maximum count of
      'others' at the coronal level (p less than 0.05). Also, coccal counts showed a
      trend to increase the more apical the sample. Standardised darkground microscopy
      was able to show that the sampled subgingival level had a significant influence
      on plaque bacterial morphotype distribution, indicating the importance of
      accurate sampling of subgingival plaque at the most apical level.

PMID- 2398134
TI  - Ultrastructural evidence of large granular lymphocyte (LGL) activity in lesions
      of chronic adult periodontitis.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine, on the basis of
      ultrastructural evidence, whether large granular lymphocyte (LGL)-mediated
      cytotoxic activity could be identified in lesions of chronic adult periodontitis.
      18 gingival papilla biopsies were obtained from 8 adult patients, each satisfying
      the clinical criteria for chronic adult periodontitis. One-half of each biopsy
      was processed for examination by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). B
      lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte, and NK-cell contributions to the inflammatory cell
      infiltrate were determined by subjecting the remaining one-half to the 3-layer
      avidin-biotin affinity immunoperoxidase technique. Immunohistochemistry using the
      anti-human leu-11b monoclonal antibody (representative of NK-cells which are
      known to comprise approximately 80% of the LGL population) showed that the Leu
      11b+ population comprised 3-7% of the total monocytic infiltrate. The Leu-11b+
      cells tended to occur as single cells or in small clusters of 3-12 cells.
      Generally, the Leu-11b+ cells exhibited perivascular locations situated subjacent
      to the epithelial basal lamina. TEM observations showed LGLs in intimate contact
      with fibroblasts that exhibited morphologic changes consistent with cellular
      damage or degeneration. In addition, LGLs were observed to exhibit apparent non
      cytotoxic contacts with plasma cells, macrophages and other monocytic cells.

PMID- 2398135
TI  - The significance of alveolar bone in periodontal disease. A long-term observation
      in patients with cleft lip, alveolus and palate.
AB  - The periodontal conditions in 19 patients with unilateral cleft lip, alveolus and
      palate (CLAP) and in 6 patients with bilateral CLAP, were evaluated in 1979 and
      re-examined in 1987. During these 8 years, these patients were not subjected to
      any professionally supervised maintenance care program. Pronounced plaque
      accumulation and high frequency of gingival units exhibiting bleeding on probing
      were noted in the majority of the patients both in 1979 and 1987, documenting
      inadequate oral hygiene standards with resulting inflammatory reactions of the
      periodontal tissues. Progression of periodontal disease over time was assessed as
      loss of clinical attachment and loss of alveolar bone height. The periodontal
      destruction was not found to be more severe at cleft sites with a long connective
      tissue attachment than at control sites not affected by cleft defects. It was
      concluded that sites with a long supracrestal connective tissue attachment do not
      seem to be more prone to periodontal destruction, induced by bacterial infection,
      than sites with a normal length of the supraalveolar fibrous attachment. The
      results also show that the alveolar bone height, as visualized in radiographs at
      sites with alveolar defects, is of limited value for the diagnosis of the degree
      of periodontal destruction at such sites.

PMID- 2398136
TI  - Fate of pocket epithelium in an apically positioned flap.
AB  - The fate of periodontal pocket epithelium when sulcular incisions are used in
      apically positioned flap surgery was investigated by serial histology. Human
      subjects received apically positioned flap segments on the facial aspect of
      anterior teeth timed to give 1, 3, 5, 7, 21 and 35 days of healing on the day of
      extraction. Companion surgeries for comparison consisted of similar flaps, but
      utilized an inverse bevel primary incision. Assessment of the sulcular incision
      specimens revealed that epithelial degeneration and dissolution occurred within 7
      days and resulted in a collagen-to-collagen attachment of the periodontal flap to
      the alveolar bone. The inverse bevel incision was consistently effective in
      removing the pocket epithelium and resulted in healing by a connective tissue
      union of the flap to the alveolar bone. By 21 days of healing, the 2 surgical
      methods were indistinguishable histologically. On the basis of this
      investigation, it is suggested that the inverse bevel primary incision
      traditionally advocated for apically positioned flap surgeries may be replaced by
      the more rapid and simple sulcular incision as the preferred technique.

PMID- 2398137
TI  - Occurrence of Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides intermedius and Actinobacillus
      actinomycetemcomitans in severe periodontitis in relation to age and treatment
      history.
AB  - A total of 242 subjects including 138 untreated severe periodontitis patients and
      104 patients with refractory periodontal disease, previously treated for severe
      periodontitis, were examined for the occurrence of Actinobacillus
      actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius. Pooled
      subgingival samples of representative periodontal lesions were used for anaerobic
      cultivation on blood agar and for the enumeration of A. actinomycetemcomitans on
      selective TSBV medium. 97% of the untreated patients were infected with one or
      more of the test micro-organisms. In this patient group, the occurrence of A.
      actinomycetemcomitans, B. gingivalis and B. intermedius was 54%, 48% and 63%,
      respectively. The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans positive patients
      appeared to be age related and decreased with increasing age. Likewise, the
      number of patients solely infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans decreased with
      increasing age. The prevalence of B. gingivalis infected patients appeared to
      increase with increasing age. These phenomena were not observed in the refractory
      periodontitis patients. The occurrence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, B. gingivalis
      and B. intermedius in the refractory periodontitis group was 55%, 27% and 59%,
      respectively. A statistical significant difference in the prevalence of B.
      gingivalis was found between the untreated and the refractory periodontitis
      patients. In both patient groups, the relative proportion of A.
      actinomycetemcomitans was significantly higher in subjects with this bacterium as
      the sole indicator micro-organism than in patients who, besides being infected
      with A. actinomycetemcomitans, were also infected with black-pigmented
      Bacteroides species. Furthermore, in comparison with untreated patients,
      unsuccessfully treated patients solely infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans had
      on average a lower number but also a higher mean % of this bacterium.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398138
TI  - Effect of temperature on long-term survival of anucleate giant axons in crayfish
      and goldfish.
AB  - The effect of temperature on the electrophysiology and morphology of anucleate
      axons was examined following severance of crayfish medial giant axons and
      goldfish Mauthner axons from their respective cell bodies. Although anucleate
      segments of each giant axon exhibited long-term survival for weeks to months at 5
      25 degrees C in crayfish and 10-30 degrees C in goldfish, the two axons differed
      in their survival characteristics. All measures of long-term survival in crayfish
      medial giant axons were independent of animal holding temperature, whereas all
      measures in Mauthner axons were dependent on holding temperature. Medial giant
      axons survived for at least 90 days in crayfish maintained at 5-25 degrees C in
      this and previous studies. Mauthner axons survived for over 5 months in goldfish
      maintained at 10 degrees C but survived for 1 month at 30 degrees C.
      Postoperative time had different effects on many single measures of long-term
      survival (axonal diameter, amplitude of action or resting potentials) in medial
      giant axons compared to Mauthner axons. For example, resting and action
      potentials in crayfish medial giant axons remained remarkably constant at all
      holding temperatures for 0-90 postoperative days. In contrast, resting and action
      potentials in goldfish Mauthner axons declined abruptly in the first 10-20
      postoperative days followed by a slower decline at each holding temperature. We
      suggest that the mechanism of long-term survival is not necessarily the same in
      all anucleate axons.

PMID- 2398139
TI  - Structural homology of identified motoneurones in larval and adult stages of hemi
      and holometabolous insects.
AB  - The set of neurones innervating the dorsal longitudinal muscles was studied with
      cobalt and nickel backfills in: (1) larval and adult locusts (Schistocerca
      gregaria and Locusta migratoria), (2) the larval and adult beetle (Zophobas
      morio), and (3) various segments of these insect species. In all specimens 11
      neurones were encountered, which can be subdivided into a group of 7 motoneurones
      that stem from the next anterior ganglion and 4 neurones located in the ganglion
      of the segment containing the muscles. The latter group comprises 2 contralateral
      and 2 medial somata, of which one is a dorsal unpaired median neurone. The
      results were analysed under different aspects. This neural set and the basic
      structure of the dendritic fields is similar in: (1) different segments (serial
      homology), (2) the larval stage and imago of the same species with or without a
      pronounced metamorphosis (ontogeny), and (3) the studied hemi- and holometabolous
      insects (phylogeny). Our results support the notion that the structure of these
      neurones is conserved irrespectively of changes in the periphery and strategy of
      postembryonic development.

PMID- 2398140
TI  - Paraventricular organ of the lungfish Protopterus dolloi: morphology and
      projections of CSF-contacting neurons.
AB  - The morphology and projections of neurons in the paraventricular organ (PVO) were
      studied by means of silver impregnation after intraocular application of
      cobaltous lysine in the lungfish Protopterus dolloi. Cobalt-labeled neurons were
      found exclusively in the PVO in the dorsal and infundibular hypothalamus. These
      bipolar neurons possess one CSF-contacting process that protrudes into the
      ventricular lumen with a club-shape ending and a thick, ramifying process
      directed into the hypothalamic neuropil; the ependymofugal processes form intra-
      and extrahypothalamic projections. Impregnated fibers from paraventricular
      neurons cross in infundibular and hypothalamic commissures, the commissure of the
      posterior tuberculum, the postoptic, the habenular, and the anterior commissures.
      Projections to the infundibulum and the median eminence are relatively sparse; no
      fibers are labeled in the pituitary gland. Ascending projections to the forebrain
      are extensive. Major targets include the dorsal hypothalamus, the periventricular
      preoptic nuclei, the habenula, the subhabenular region, the anterodorsal
      thalamus, and the medial telencephalic hemisphere (septum). Most ascending fibers
      follow the medial forebrain bundle; others course in the fasciculus retroflexus
      and terminate in rostral parts of the ipsilateral habenula. Descending fibers run
      caudally along the ventral floor of the brainstem. They terminate in the neuropil
      of the mesencephalic tegmentum, ventral tectum, isthmic region, ventral portions
      of the reticular formation throughout the rhombencephalon, and extend into the
      spinal cord. Intraocular application of cobaltous lysine results in selective
      impregnation of neurons in the PVO and their ascending and descending
      projections, presumably via uptake of tracer from vascular circulation. These
      projections do not represent retinofugal or retinopetal projections. We provide
      conclusive evidence for the existence of a PVO in Protopterus. On the basis of
      PVO location and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, we propose subdivisions of
      the infundibular hypothalamus corresponding to those in amphibians. Ascending PVO
      projections appear to be particularly well developed in lungfish compared with
      other species and may be related to specialized endocrine mechanisms in this
      group of vertebrates.

PMID- 2398141
TI  - Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) in Purkinje cell dendrites: evidence that
      factors other than binding to microtubules are involved in determining its
      cytoplasmic distribution.
AB  - We have studied the distribution of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) in
      the Purkinje cell dendrites of rats whose cerebella were exposed to X-irradiation
      during the second postnatal week. The Purkinje cells of such animals have
      abnormally elongated apical primary processes that branch in the other molecular
      layer rather than close to the cell body as in normal tissue. The results show
      that in these distorted dendrites the MAP2 distribution is "shifted" distally
      relative to the normal pattern, in which MAP2 is distributed evenly throughout
      the dendritic tree. Tubulin and other microtubule-associated proteins, such as
      MAP1, are not affected and remain evenly distributed throughout the dendritic
      tree despite the anatomical distortion. We conclude that the distribution of MAP2
      in Purkinje cells is not determined solely by its binding to tubulin. Other
      factors must be involved and these appear to be related to dendritic morphology
      and possibly to branching.

PMID- 2398142
TI  - Developmental history of the transient subplate zone in the visual and
      somatosensory cortex of the macaque monkey and human brain.
AB  - The cytological organization and the timetable of emergence and dissolution of
      the transient subplate zone subjacent to the developing visual and somatosensory
      cortex were studied in a series of human and monkey fetal brains. Cerebral walls
      processed with Nissl, Golgi, electron-microscopic, and histochemical methods show
      that this zone consists of migratory and postmigratory neurons, growth cones,
      loosely arranged axons, dendrites, synapses, and glial cells. In both species the
      subplate zone becomes visible at the beginning of the mid-third of gestation as a
      cell-poor/fiber-rich layer situated between the intermediate zone and the
      developing cortical plate. The subplate zone appears earlier in the somatosensory
      than in the visual area and reaches maximal width at the beginning of the last
      third of gestation in both regions. At the peak of its size the ratio between the
      width of the subplate zone and cortical plate in the somatosensory cortex is 2:1
      in monkey and 4:1 in man while in the occipital lobe these structures have about
      equal width in both species. The dissolution of the subplate zone begins during
      the last third of gestation with degeneration of some subplate neurons and the
      relocation of fiber terminals into the cortex. The subplate zone disappears
      faster in the visual than in the somatosensory area. The present results together
      with our previous findings support the hypothesis that the subplate zone may
      serve as a "waiting" compartment for transient cellular interactions and a
      substrate for competition, segregation, and growth of afferents originated
      sequentially from the brain stem, basal forebrain, thalamus, and from the ipsi-
      and contralateral cerebral hemisphere. After a variable and partially overlapping
      time period, these fibers enter the cortical plate while the subplate zone
      disappears leaving only a vestige of cells scattered throughout the subcortical
      white matter. A comparison between species indicates that the size and duration
      of the subplate zone increases during mammalian evolution and culminates in human
      fetuses concomitantly with an enlargement of cortico-cortical fiber systems. The
      regional difference in the size, pattern, and resolution of the subplate zone
      correlates also with the pattern of cerebral convolutions. Our findings indicate
      that, contrary to prevailing notions, the subplate may not be a vestige of the
      phylogenetically old network but a transient embryonic structure that expanded
      during evolution to subserve the increasing number of its connections.

PMID- 2398143
TI  - Myelin disorders of childhood: correlation of MR findings and severity of
      neurological impairment.
AB  - Twenty-five children and young adults with myelin disorders were studied to
      determine how magnetic resonance (MR) findings correlated with the clinical
      severity of their disease. The MR images were evaluated using both subjective and
      objective criteria and graded for extent of white matter involvement. Patients
      were also graded for severity of their neurological and psychological impairment.
      The assessment of MR severity of white matter involvement using subjective and
      objective methods showed moderate to good correlation (r2 = 0.473). There was
      poor correlation between clinical severity of disease and extent of MR
      involvement for the overall group of children, however (subjective r2 = 0.038,
      objective r2 = 0.072). Moderate correlation was seen when clinical severity and
      MR subjective assessment were compared for the specific diseases metachromatic
      leukodystrophy and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

PMID- 2398144
TI  - Brain CT and MR findings in hyperphenylalaninemia due to dihydropteridine
      reductase deficiency (variant of phenylketonuria).
AB  - Two siblings with malignant hyperphenylalaninemia were examined by magnetic
      resonance (MR) imaging and CT of the brain. Both techniques demonstrated diffuse
      cerebral atrophy and cystic loss of parenchyma with surrounding white matter
      changes. T2-weighted MR images demonstrated the white matter changes better than
      CT. However, MR images gave no definite indication of the presence of
      calcification, and CT demonstrated the characteristic calcifications in the basal
      ganglia and subcortical region bilaterally. Both MR and CT are complementary in
      the evaluation of this disease.

PMID- 2398145
TI  - Neurosarcoidosis: gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging.
AB  - Two cases of neurosarcoidosis studied by Gd-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid
      enhanced magnetic resonance imaging are reported. Both patients demonstrated
      multifocal white matter abnormalities that were clustered near regions of intense
      meningeal enhancement. Presumed spread of neurosarcoidosis along Virchow-Robin
      spaces was demonstrated, as evidenced by contrast enhancement along the course of
      vessels supplying some of the white matter abnormalities.

PMID- 2398146
TI  - Cysticercosis mimicking brain neoplasm: MR and CT appearance.
AB  - The clinical and radiologic manifestation of neurocysticercosis are varied. Since
      the introduction of anticysticercal drugs, surgery is only rarely needed in
      treatment. During the last 2 years, we have encountered two patients with minimal
      symptomatology whose cerebral CT and magnetic resonance studies demonstrated
      single lesions consisting of an enhancing nodule surrounded by edema. There was
      ring enhancement of the nodule in one case and homogeneous enhancement in the
      other. Surgery was performed in both cases, because the primary consideration was
      brain tumor.

PMID- 2398147
TI  - MR findings in childhood gangliogliomas.
AB  - Gangliogliomas are uncommon primary brain tumors composed of atypical glial and
      neuronal cells. These tumors usually occur in children and young adults. They are
      slow-growing tumors that present with seizures. We have reviewed four cases from
      our institution and have correlated the magnetic resonance (MR) findings with CT
      and histology. Two distinct patterns were observed with MR. In three of four
      patients, ranging in age from 7 to 14 years, MR showed a mass with decreased
      signal on T1-weighted images (WI) and increased signal on T2WI. The most common
      CT finding was a hypodense enhancing mass with focal calcifications. The
      histologic features of these tumors comprised microcysts and hypervascularity. In
      one of four patients, an infant. MR showed increased signal on T1WI and decreased
      signal on T2WI. Computed tomography showed a hyperdense nonenhancing mass.
      Histology demonstrated an increase of hypercellularity with both atypical glial
      and neuronal components.

PMID- 2398148
TI  - Role of slice thickness in MR imaging of the internal auditory canal.
AB  - The relative efficacy of post-Gd-DTPA 5 and 3 mm axial T1-weighted images was
      compared in the detection of lesions in the internal auditory canal and
      cerebellopontine angle. One hundred twenty consecutive patients were
      prospectively evaluated with 5 mm axial T1-weighted slices. If these were
      negative or questionable. 3 mm axial slices were immediately obtained as the next
      sequence. Eighteen percent of cases were positive and in none of these was the 5
      mm study normal. However, in 22 negative cases and two positive cases, a 3 mm
      study was necessary for confirmation. Five millimeter axial scanning post Gd-DTPA
      is recommended as the initial study for detection of masses in the internal
      auditory canal and cerebellopontine angle. Because this study requires fewer
      acquisitions than 3 mm sections and can be done satisfactorily on low and
      midfield systems, there are potential time- and cost-saving benefits to this
      approach.

PMID- 2398150
TI  - Intradural spinal metastases in pediatric patients with primary intracranial
      neoplasms: Gd-DTPA enhanced MR vs CT myelography.
AB  - Recently, the application of intravenous gadolinium-diethylenetriamine
      pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) has been shown to improve the detection of intradural
      extramedullary spinal disease in adults. The ability of Gd-DTPA enhanced magnetic
      resonance (MR) to detect intradural extramedullary spinal metastases was studied
      in pediatric brain tumor patients. Spinal MR images before and after intravenous
      injection of Gd-DTPA were analyzed retrospectively in eight pediatric patients
      with known intracranial neoplasms and clinically suspected subarachnoid tumor
      seedings. Contrast enhanced spinal MR was compared with CT myelography in four of
      these patients. In our pediatric population Gd-DTPA enhanced images revealed
      tumor seeding not appreciable on noncontrast images. Although CT myelography has
      been the accepted standard investigation in the evaluation of suspected spinal
      metastases in children, we found that contrast enhanced MR is equal or superior
      in sensitivity to CT myelography. Spinal MR also provided information not
      obtainable via CT myelography. In the future, Gd-DTPA enhanced spinal MR should
      be considered in the initial evaluation of suspected subarachnoid spinal
      metastases in pediatric patients with known primary brain tumors.

PMID- 2398149
TI  - Gadolinium-enhanced MR in spinal infection.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine what advantages the use of
      paramagnetic contrast material might have in evaluating patients clinically
      suspected of having spinal infection. To determine this we prospectively examined
      with noncontrast and contrast magnetic resonance (MR) 33 such patients and
      correlated the MR diagnoses with clinical and pathologic data. Our results showed
      the following advantages of gadolinium-enhanced MR: it (a) provided excellent
      anatomical delineation of all epidural abscesses, routinely differentiating them
      from the adjacent compressed thecal sac even when this was not possible by
      noncontrast MR; (b) increased observer confidence in the diagnosis of disk space
      infection and osteomyelitis in patients with equivocal noncontrast MR; (c)
      localized those portions of paraspinal masses most likely to yield a positive
      percutaneous biopsy; and (d) identified active infections from those that had
      responded adequately to antibiotic therapy. We conclude that contrast MR is a
      valuable adjunct to noncontrast MR when diagnosis, anatomical clarity, and/or
      lesion activity requires further elucidation.

PMID- 2398152
TI  - Identification of calcified intracardiac lesions using gradient echo MR imaging.
AB  - Gradient echo signal imaging (GEI) has expanded the clinical role of magnetic
      resonance (MR) imaging of the heart. The role of GEI to evaluate intracardiac
      calcified lesions was studied. All patients were imaged with both conventional
      spin echo (SE) techniques and GEI. The GEI demonstrated that calcific cardiac
      lesions exhibit magnetic susceptibility differences and produce marked
      hypointensity throughout the calcified area. All patients had echocardiographic
      and fluoroscopic evidence of cardiac calcification and surgical confirmation of
      calcified lesions. The SE MR was unable to define the intracardiac calcification.
      Gradient echo imaging may be a helpful adjunct in the complete definition of
      intracardiac calcific lesions. When profound signal void areas are detected on
      cardiac GEI studies, calcification should be suspected.

PMID- 2398151
TI  - CT and MR findings in parameningeal leukaemic masses.
AB  - This study presents the clinical and imaging findings in seven patients with
      parameningeal leukaemic masses: four adults with granulocytic sarcoma and three
      children with soft tissue masses from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Computed
      tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were helpful in detecting these masses
      and in showing their extent. Magnetic resonance was particularly valuable in
      demonstrating abnormal bone marrow in the adult patients with granulocytic
      sarcoma. Computed tomography was valuable in demonstrating leukaemic relapse in
      the children when examination of CSF or bone marrow showed no evidence of
      leukaemia.

PMID- 2398153
TI  - MR imaging of age-related dimensional changes of thoracic aorta.
AB  - Changes in the dimensions of the thoracic aorta with age were studied in 70
      healthy volunteers between the ages of 10 and 83 years. Spin echo images were
      acquired at end-diastole in three oblique planes through the ascending aorta,
      aortic arch, and descending aorta. A double oblique image through the whole of
      the thoracic aorta was also acquired. Measurements of aortic cross-sectional area
      and length were corrected for body surface area, and normal magnetic resonance
      standards were established. The direct correlation that aortic dimensions have
      with age is likely to be due to loss of elasticity. The ratio between areas of
      the ascending aorta and the aortic arch is directly related to age whereas the
      ratio between the aortic arch and the descending aorta is inversely related to
      age.

PMID- 2398154
TI  - "Pseudocoarctation" of the aorta: pitfall on cine MR imaging.
AB  - The diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta on cine magnetic resonance imaging is
      based upon observation of localized narrowing in the region of the aortic isthmus
      with jet-like signal void areas extending distally. We observed similar findings
      in 8 of 20 (40%) normal volunteers examined in the sagittal oblique view. These
      artifactual findings relate primarily to out-of-plane motion of the thoracic
      aorta during a portion of the cardiac cycle, leading to partial volume averaging
      with pulmonary air. Awareness of this pitfall will prevent misdiagnosis of aortic
      coarctation in normal subjects and allow for more accurate assessment of severity
      of true coarctation.

PMID- 2398155
TI  - Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: CT and HRCT observations.
AB  - We examined the chest radiography, CT, and high resolution CT (HRCT) of 14
      patients with proven Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. We compared the radiographic
      and HRCT patterns of abnormal lung parenchyma with histologic sections obtained
      in those 11 patients who had had transbronchial lung biopsies. Diffuse bilateral
      perihilar airspace disease was the most common radiographic pattern. Both CT and
      HRCT showed "ground glass" opacity in the lungs, through which the vessels
      remained visible in all patients. No enlarged lymph nodes or pleural effusions
      were seen in patients without associated lymphoproliferative disorders.

PMID- 2398157
TI  - CT and MR imaging of mediastinal hemangiomas.
AB  - We describe the CT findings in two cases of mediastinal hemangioma. In one,
      contrast enhanced CT demonstrated peripheral puddles of contrast medium within
      the mass, similar to the findings seen in cavernous hemangiomas of the liver. In
      the other case magnetic resonance (MR) was performed; the mass had an intraspinal
      component and was hypointense on T1-weighted sequences and hyperintense on T2
      weighted sequences; imaging features were similar to those of neurogenic tumors.
      Although they have a nonspecific appearance on MR, these tumors may demonstrate
      characteristic contrast enhancement features on CT. Hence, hemangiomas of the
      mediastinum, although rare, should be included in the differential diagnosis of
      enhancing mediastinal masses.

PMID- 2398156
TI  - CT-pathology correlation of amiodarone lung.
AB  - Eleven isolated lungs from patients who had received amiodarone therapy and 22
      other lungs from age-race-sex-matched controls autopsied at The Johns Hopkins
      Hospital were inflation fixed, air dried, and examined by high resolution CT
      (HRCT). The HRCT findings were directly correlated with gross and histologic
      changes in these lungs. Intralobular septal thickening and visceral pleural
      thickening on postmortem HRCT were significantly more severe in the lungs from
      patients who had received amiodarone than in the controls (p less than 0.05).
      These HRCT findings were directly associated with the presence of mural foam
      cells and intraalveolar foam cells. These results suggest that amiodarone therapy
      may lead to the accumulation of mural and intraalveolar foam cells, and the
      accumulation of these foam cells may account for the changes seen on HRCT.

PMID- 2398158
TI  - MR imaging of hepatosplenic candidiasis superimposed on hemochromatosis.

PMID- 2398159
TI  - Evaluation of Spigelian hernia by CT.
AB  - Spigelian hernias are uncommon abdominal wall hernias with subtle clinical
      findings. The CT studies of three cases are reported. All our patients presented
      with abdominal mass and vague symptoms. The CT evaluation allowed preoperative
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2398160
TI  - Two- and three-dimensional phase contrast MR angiography of the abdomen.
AB  - Protocols for two- and three-dimensional phase contrast magnetic resonance
      angiography of the major vessels in the abdomen were developed and demonstrated
      in healthy volunteers. Phase contrast imaging provides excellent suppression of
      stationary tissue signal and can be used to quantify the speed and direction of
      flow in a given vessel. The two-dimensional protocols provide rapid breath-held
      images, which proved useful for anatomical localization. The three-dimensional
      studies required longer acquisition times but provided superior image quality.
      Artifacts from bowel and respiratory motion were not significant with either
      protocol. Vasculature detected includes the renal, splenic, hepatic, and
      mesenteric systems as well as the aorta and inferior vena cava.

PMID- 2398161
TI  - The magnetic resonance hypointense spine of AIDS.
AB  - The T1-weighted magnetic resonance examinations in 11 acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome patients showed substantial reduction in signal intensity of vertebral
      bodies. Review of bone marrow aspirates and biopsies that were available in eight
      patients suggested that the abnormality resulted from markedly increased amounts
      of storage iron within the bone marrow, probably secondary to the anemia of
      chronic disease.

PMID- 2398162
TI  - MR recognition of posterior lumbar vertebral ring fracture.
AB  - Four cases of lumbar vertebral ring fracture, in which magnetic resonance (MR)
      was used, were reviewed. The MR features included (a) discontinuity and
      truncation of the posteroinferior vertebral body, (b) displacement of the avulsed
      low signal fragment, and (c) disk prolapse subjacent to the fragment. Recognition
      of these findings may eliminate the need for other diagnostic studies.

PMID- 2398163
TI  - CT recognition of spinal epidural air after pelvic trauma.
AB  - We report two cases of spinal epidural air resulting from extensive pelvic
      injury. Although a number of etiologies for this finding have been identified,
      review of the literature shows no prior description of epidural air secondary to
      pelvic trauma.

PMID- 2398164
TI  - MR and CT appearance of iliopsoas bursal distention secondary to diseased hips.
AB  - Occasionally hip joint disease may extend into surrounding structures, including
      the retroperitoneum, via the iliopsoas bursa. The enlargement of this bursa may
      present as an inguinal or pelvic mass that may affect other surrounding
      structures and can result in a multitude of clinical presentations. The two cases
      presented herein of iliopsoas bursa distention secondary to hip disease
      demonstrate the excellent specificity of CT and magnetic resonance in
      differentiating this clinical entity from other causes of groin masses.

PMID- 2398165
TI  - Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus and knee: prospective comparison of MR and
      arthroscopic classifications.
AB  - The primary objective of this study was to determine if magnetic resonance (MR)
      could accurately predict the arthroscopic stage of osteochondritis dissecans
      lesions of the knee and ankle. Twelve patients, who were indicated for
      arthroscopy on either clinical or radiographic findings, underwent an MR
      examination prior to arthroscopy. All scans were performed on a 0.35 T magnet
      using the same spin echo sequence: repetition time 1,000 ms and echo time 40 ms.
      Magnetic resonance scans were interpreted prospectively (D.W.N.) and
      retrospectively (J.S.) by the radiologists without knowledge of the arthroscopic
      findings. Both radiologists predicted the exact grade in 11 of 12 patients. A
      single Grade 2 lesion was called Grade 3 by both radiologists. An MR staging
      classification has been developed that allows accurate preoperative staging of
      osteochondritis dissecans lesions of the talus and knee.

PMID- 2398166
TI  - Toxoplasmic myelitis in AIDS: gadolinium-enhanced MR.
AB  - An acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patient developed acute symptoms
      suggestive of a lower spinal cord lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging was
      performed and demonstrated an enhancing lesion of the conus medullaris. Surgical
      biopsy revealed Toxoplasma gondii. Disease processes involving the spinal cord in
      AIDS patients are reviewed and differential diagnosis for the lesion in this
      patient is discussed.

PMID- 2398167
TI  - Primary spinal cord lymphoma: MR appearance.
AB  - The magnetic resonance appearance without and with Gd-diethylenetriamine
      pentaacetic acid of a primary cervical cord lymphoma is presented. The
      differential diagnosis for this rare lesion is discussed.

PMID- 2398168
TI  - Mottled MR appearance of a hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage at 0.5 T.
AB  - A hypertensive patient was examined by CT and magnetic resonance (0.5 T) within 3
      h from stroke onset. Computed tomography revealed a thalamocapsular hemorrhage.
      Hematoma was isointense to the white matter on T1-weighted and hyperintense on T2
      weighted spin echo images. The T2-weighted gradient echo images showed a mixture
      of hypointense and hyperintense signal. This latter aspect has not previously
      been reported and is probably related to abundant intracellular deoxyhemoglobin
      in clotted areas rich in red blood cells.

PMID- 2398169
TI  - Brain perfusion SPECT in a cerebellar infarction.
AB  - Brain perfusion single photon emission CT (SPECT) has been used effectively in
      the evaluation of neurological diseases including stroke. Recently the
      introduction of annular special purpose systems has resulted in substantially
      improved spatial resolution. High resolution SPECT allows us to look accurately
      at the functional abnormalities resulting from small structural defects. We
      present a case of infarction in the territory of the posterior inferior
      cerebellar artery which illustrates the utility of this method.

PMID- 2398170
TI  - Potential role of MR imaging in the diagnostic management of Ebstein anomaly in a
      newborn.
AB  - A case of Ebstein anomaly in a 2-day-old newborn is presented. The complementary
      roles of two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging
      in managing this cardiac malformation are emphasized.

PMID- 2398171
TI  - Chronic arsenic poisoning as a cause of increased hepatic density with CT.
AB  - Increased hepatic density on CT has been described in several clinical entities.
      We present a case of arsenic poisoning demonstrating both increased hepatic and
      splenic attenuation.

PMID- 2398172
TI  - Meigs syndrome and ovarian fibroma: CT findings.
AB  - We present a case of ovarian fibroma with associated Meigs syndrome, Even though
      the CT findings of ovarian fibroma have been reported previously, our case, with
      associated meigs syndrome, demonstrated a broader spectrum of CT findings.

PMID- 2398173
TI  - Post-traumatic osteolysis of the clavicle: MR features.
AB  - We present the magnetic resonance findings in a pathologically proven case of
      post-traumatic osteolysis of the distal clavicle. High signal intensity tissue
      centered on the acromioclavicular joint was seen on T2-weighted images,
      consistent with synovial proliferation.

PMID- 2398174
TI  - Anorectal actinomycosis: CT evaluation.

PMID- 2398175
TI  - Splenosis mimicking neoplasm in the perirenal space: CT characteristics.

PMID- 2398176
TI  - Simulation of syringomyelia by ventral median fissure.

PMID- 2398177
TI  - Integrated 3D display of brain anatomy and intracranial vasculature in MR
      imaging.
AB  - In many clinical situations neuroradiologists and neurosurgeons are keenly
      interested in images displaying both brain structures and intracranial vessels in
      an integrative manner. In this paper an approach to three-dimensional
      visualization of brain and vascular structures from magnetic resonance (MR)
      volume data is reported. It has been designed with the aim of providing a robust
      and reliable image processing tool for routine clinical applications. The method
      has been made possible by recent developments in MR image acquisition, especially
      MR angiography and rapid gradient-echo sequences (Turbo-fast low angle shot). On
      the basis of the ray-tracing principle, integration of brain and vessel anatomy
      into a single 3D image is achieved. Image data are acquired with flow-compensated
      gradient-echo pulse sequences. Even slow flow in venous structures may be
      demonstrated using a two-dimensional sequential-slice scanning method. Finally,
      if incorporated into an interactive image processing system, this technique may
      be used as a planning tool allowing a surgical "rehearsal" prior to actual
      operative exposure and resection of a lesion.

PMID- 2398179
TI  - Textural properties of food used in studies of mastication.
AB  - Foods are known to influence jaw elevator muscle activity in chewing. With the
      long-range goal of gaining insight into force control and modeling muscle
      recruitment, these initial experiments were performed to determine the textural
      properties of commonly used test food. Experiments were carried out by means of a
      standard Instron instrument, equipped with a compression cell. A stylus with 45
      degree cuspal angulation and an opposing copper-plated lower arch was used for
      approximation of the natural situation. The breakage force characteristics of a
      single peanut, a carrot cube, beefstick, and monkey chow were determined. The
      peanut demonstrated the steepest and beefstick the least steep force build-up,
      with breaking forces of 104 N (Newtons) for monkey chow, 66 N for the carrot, and
      52 N for the peanut. No clear breakage point was found with beefstick; the force
      build-up showed an initial plateau at 25 N, which was followed by a significantly
      steeper force increase to peak. We conclude that each of the test foods commonly
      used in studies of mastication had particular breakage characteristics in terms
      of its force-time curve.

PMID- 2398178
TI  - Evaluation of a PACS workstation for assessment of body CT studies.
AB  - Conventional hardcopy images from 266 body CT studies were compared with those
      provided at a commercially available picture archiving communication system
      (PACS) workstation. Unprocessed PACS images were larger but otherwise precisely
      duplicated hardcopy images. The PACS images were evaluated before and after
      application of various image processing/display features. Approximately three
      quarters of the cases were depicted equally well with PACS and hardcopy, but in
      one quarter of the cases, diagnostic features were judged to be shown more
      clearly at the PACS workstation. When PACS images were viewed first, change in
      diagnosis after subsequent hardcopy inspection was infrequent (confidence change:
      4%; different findings: 2%). Conversely, when hardcopy images were viewed first,
      change in diagnosis after subsequent PACS inspection was more frequent
      (confidence change: 19%; different findings: 8%). Specialized image manipulation
      available on PACS was critical for its performance. Review of cases with new
      findings discovered during the second inspection showed the majority of them to
      be clinically significant, true-positives discovered by PACS. We conclude that
      PACS is a useful modality for interpretation of body CT images.

PMID- 2398180
TI  - Periostomy and growth of the mandibular condyle in the rat.
AB  - It has been shown that a release of periosteal tension may augment the growth of
      a long bone; however, similar experiments in the mandible have produced equivocal
      results. For further definition of the role of periosteal tension in the growth
      of the mandibular condyle, 80 young female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly
      assigned to four equal groups: (1) sham, (2) condylotomy, (3) narrow periostomy,
      and (4) wide periostomy. All procedures were performed unilaterally. Lateral
      cephalograms, transcranial condylar radiographs, and metallic implants made
      possible the measurement of the actual increment of condylar growth over three
      post-operative periods: 0 to 14 days, 14 to 28 days, and 0 to 28 days. Analysis
      of covariance was performed (weight gain as the covariate) and, where overall
      significance was found, Turkey's HSD test was used for determination of
      individual group differences. Conservative, circumferential periostomy of the
      condylar neck as well as condylotomy failed to alter the condylar growth rate,
      whereas removal of a wide band of periosteum led to a small decrease. These
      findings suggest that, at least in the rat, periosteal tension plays only a minor
      role-if any-in the control of condylar/mandibular growth. Furthermore, a
      subsequent increase or decrease in condylar growth, in experiments that use a
      condylotomy model, cannot be attributed solely to a disturbance in periosteal
      integrity caused by the condylotomy.

PMID- 2398181
TI  - Chondrocyte-like colony formation of mesenchymal cells by dentin extracts in
      agarose gel culture.
AB  - In this study, the effects of guanidine extracts from demineralized bovine dentin
      matrix on rat mesenchymal cells were investigated by use of an agarose gel
      culture. The dentin extracts were divided into water-soluble and -insoluble
      fractions. Rat mesenchymal cells obtained from the cultivation of skeletal muscle
      tissue and embedded in agarose gel were treated with these two fractions. After
      three weeks of cultivation, the treated cells formed colonies that were stained
      metachromatically with toluidine blue in a dose-dependent manner. The activity
      necessary to form chondrocyte-like colonies by the water-insoluble fraction was
      significantly higher than that by the water-soluble fraction. Each
      chromatographic fraction of the water-insoluble part of dentin extracts on tandem
      Sephacryl S-200 High-resolution columns was also investigated. Chondrocyte-like
      colony-forming activity was concentrated in a single fraction. However, the
      electrophoretic pattern of this fraction revealed that there were still some
      bands of molecular weight between 18 and 30 kDa. According to the Western blot
      analysis of this fraction, there was a band corresponding to purified
      transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) under the non-reducing condition.
      After reduction, this band disappeared and we found a band corresponding to a
      component of 13 kDa as well as TGF-beta. These findings suggest that TGF-beta is
      present not only in bone but also in the dentin matrix.

PMID- 2398182
TI  - Stimulation of proteoglycan and DNA syntheses in chondrocytes by centrifugation.
AB  - So that the effects of biomechanical forces on the proliferation of chondrocytes
      and their proteoglycan synthesis could be studied, growth-plate and articular
      chondrocytes were maintained separately as packed masses in centrifuge tubes in
      the presence of 10% serum. In these conditions, the cells became re-organized
      into cartilaginous tissue in seven days. After ten days, they were centrifuged at
      gravities (g) of 1.3-27 for 24 h in a CO2 incubator. Control cells were
      maintained in the CO2 incubator without centrifugation. Centrifugation of growth
      plate chondrocytes at 3 g resulted in a two-fold increase in incorporation of
      [35S]sulfate into proteoglycans, but had little effect on their [3H]thymidine
      incorporation into DNA. On the other hand, centrifugation of articular
      chondrocytes at 3 g for 24 h caused 1.5-fold increases in both [35S]sulfate
      incorporation into proteoglycans and [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. These
      results suggest that biomechanical forces have different effects on the growth
      and differentiation of articular and growth-plate chondrocytes.

PMID- 2398183
TI  - The effect of nutritional status on the age distribution of dental caries in the
      primary teeth.
AB  - A cross-sectional study of dental caries in the primary teeth as a function of
      nutritional status was conducted on 1481 children one to 13 years old in Lima,
      Peru. Forty-one percent of the children were found to be chronically malnourished
      (stunted), 3% were acutely malnourished (wasted), and 5% were both stunted and
      wasted. A plot of decayed, extracted, and filled teeth (deft) vs. age resulted in
      a bell-shaped curve that was shifted to the right by 2.5 years for malnourished
      groups, compared with normal children (p less than 0.01). The shift to the right
      of the age distribution of caries was associated with a delay in both the
      eruption and exfoliation of the primary teeth in malnourished children. Peak
      caries activity was significantly higher in wasted and in stunted and wasted
      children, when compared with normal controls. It is concluded that malnutrition
      delayed tooth development, affected the age distribution of dental caries, and
      resulted in increased caries experience in the primary teeth.

PMID- 2398184
TI  - Onset of elasticity in setting elastomers.
AB  - A controlled stress-rheometer used in creep/recovery mode was used for detection
      of the onset of elasticity in setting elastomers. The time for the materials to
      develop 5-20% elastic recovery corresponded with the time to reach a phase angle
      of 60 degrees in an oscillatory test.

PMID- 2398185
TI  - In vitro evaluation of a fluoride-releasing orthodontic resin.
AB  - Decalcification around brackets is sometimes observed following orthodontic
      treatment. Fluoride-releasing orthodontic adhesives have been developed and used
      for reduction of the frequency and severity of decalcification. This study
      evaluated a light-activated, fluoride-releasing resin composite adhesive,
      FluorEver OBA. Our findings indicate that FluorEver OBA released small
      concentrations of fluoride ions over time. However, the adhesive had
      significantly lower tensile bond strengths than a conventional composite cement.
      Microhardness testing indicated that the resin underneath metal orthodontic
      brackets was not thoroughly polymerized, which may have contributed to cohesive
      failures of the resin composite. Despite its lower tensile bond strength,
      FluorEver OBA may be indicated for cases where decalcification is expected.

PMID- 2398186
TI  - Microtrauma to rat superficial masseter muscles following lengthening
      contractions.
AB  - Repetitive lengthening contractions have been predicted as a mechanism causing
      injury, pain, and delayed soreness in the hyperactive masticatory muscle. This
      mechanism was examined by the mechanical lengthening of the contracted
      superficial masseter (SM) muscle in anesthetized rats. Repetitive stimulation of
      the left SM to tetanic tension was followed by mechanical lengthening, which
      stressed contracted muscle. The contralateral muscle was passively lengthened
      repetitively. Contractile tension in response to a varying frequency of
      stimulation was measured in pre- and post-lengthened SM muscles. A selective loss
      of force at all frequencies up to 100 Hz occurred in the muscles subjected to
      lengthening contractions. Low-frequency fatigue did not occur in SM muscles
      passively lengthened. All animals recovered without loss of weight or
      dehydration. They were killed at 24 or 72 h post-lengthening. The SM muscles were
      collected, and no significant differences were found in mean weight, length, or
      cross-sectional area when the right and left SM muscles were compared at 24 or 72
      h. Two observers independently examined histological secretions of SM muscles and
      graded the localized inflammatory sites on a scale of 1-4. A non-parametric
      statistical test was used so that the inflammatory scale for each muscle could be
      ranked. There were significantly more injured sites in SM muscles subjected to
      lengthening contractions, compared with the lengthened (but relaxed) SM muscles.
      The SM muscles of anesthetized rats were internally injured by repetitive
      lengthening contractions, and they exhibited low-frequency fatigue. These
      findings support the hypothesis that repetitive lengthening contractions in the
      masticatory muscle could be a mechanism for the pain and dysfunction of
      masticatory muscles in humans with certain parafunctional habits.

PMID- 2398187
TI  - Relationship of restoration width, tooth position, and alloy to fracture at the
      margins of 13- to 14-year-old amalgams.
AB  - The effect of width of the restoration, tooth position, and amalgam type on the
      fracture of the margins of 13- to 14-year-old, high-copper, amalgam restorations
      was evaluated. The evaluation assessed 193 photographs of restorations by use of
      ridit analysis and a rank-ordering test. The results indicated that the width of
      the restoration was the predominant factor and that tooth position and the
      different high-copper alloys were less significant. Interactions between tooth
      position and width indicated that lower premolars with conservative restorations
      exhibited the least fracture at the margins, and upper premolars with a wide
      preparation exhibited the most. It is postulated that tooth deflection under
      mastication may play a role in long-term fracture at the margins of amalgams.

PMID- 2398188
TI  - Effect of placement of amalgam restorations on urinary mercury concentration.
AB  - Dental amalgam emits mercury, especially during setting. In addition, the
      preparation of the amalgam and its compaction into the cavity involve unbound
      metallic mercury or create a waste product with free metallic mercury. The
      present study was performed to explore whether emission of mercury in these
      situations would measurably influence the individual urinary mercury
      concentration of dental patients as a result of a single-session treatment with
      dental amalgam restorations. Informed consent was obtained from the patients of
      nine children about to be treated with amalgam restorations as part of their
      regular dental care. The children delivered a total of five morning urine samples
      before, during, and after the treatment period. No effect on the urine mercury
      concentration was found during the treatment period. Conclusively, one single
      session of amalgam treatment did not per se represent a mercury exposure of
      sufficient quantity to be detectable in a longitudinal, individual study.

PMID- 2398189
TI  - Statistical models for evaluating the penetrating ability of endodontic
      instruments.
AB  - An in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the penetrating ability of hand
      instruments (No. 10 K-file and "Pathfinder") and an automated device with a No.
      08 (Canal Finder System) file in 270 extracted curved and narrow molar roots. The
      roots were randomly allocated to six groups, each one corresponding to a
      different permutation of the three instruments. The experiment was performed in
      three sequential stages, and Stages II and III were undertaken only in roots
      where no apical penetration was achieved in the previous stage(s). Statistical
      models were designed to fit the resulting clinical data. The No. 08 Canal Finder
      System and No. 10 K-file proved to be similar in their penetrating ability in
      Stage I (with estimated probabilities of 71.1% and 68.8%, respectively). The No.
      08 Canal Finder was found to be the most efficient in Stage II and especially in
      Stage III, with a probability of penetration of 20.7%, compared with 9.8% for the
      "Pathfinder" and 7.4% for the No. 10 K-file.

PMID- 2398190
TI  - A new method to cut the pie at the NIH--a plan to replace "let them eat cake".

PMID- 2398191
TI  - Responding to educational challenges with problem-based learning and information
      technology.

PMID- 2398192
TI  - Implementing problem based learning.

PMID- 2398193
TI  - Problem-based learning: does it make a difference?

PMID- 2398194
TI  - A view from the field: substantial curriculum reform.

PMID- 2398195
TI  - On the brink--will dental education be ready for the future?

PMID- 2398196
TI  - The changing role of prevention in dental education.

PMID- 2398197
TI  - Microcomputer elective for senior dental students.

PMID- 2398198
TI  - Curriculum guidelines for preclinical dental assisting.

PMID- 2398199
TI  - Incidence of side effects in the treatment of telangiectasias by compression
      sclerotherapy: hypertonic saline vs. polidocanol.
AB  - Two of the most common side effects of sclerotherapy of leg veins are
      telangiectatic matting (TM), and postsclerosis hyperpigmentation. A random sample
      of 113 female patients with similar treatment sites of telangiectasias (less than
      1 mm in diameter) and venulectasias of 1-2 mm diameter on the legs were treated
      by sclerotherapy and assessed at 1 and 6 months later for the presence of TM and
      hyperpigmentation. Patients received treatment with either 23.4% hypertonic
      saline (HS) alone (N = 74), 1% polidocanol (POL) alone (N = 21), or a comparison
      treatment with both HS and 1% POL (N = 18). A subgroup of patients received both
      1% POL and 0.5% POL (N = 10). The incidence of hyperpigmentation was related both
      to vessel size and to sclerosing solution; only one patient showed
      hyperpigmentation in a vessel less than 1 mm, while in 1-2 mm vessels the
      incidence was 10.9% for HS and 30.7% for 1% POL (p less than .004) at 1 month. At
      6 months postsclerotherapy, the incidence of pigmentation was 2% for HS and 7.5%
      for 1% POL. Both the type and concentration of sclerosing solution affected the
      incidence of TM; the incidence of TM was 33% for 1% POL, compared to only 13% for
      HS (p less than .004). At 6 months follow-up, the incidence of TM decreased to 2%
      for HS and 9% for 1% POL. Ten patients who developed TM with 1% POL were treated
      subsequently with 0.5% POL and demonstrated no matting. These data indicate that
      the incidence of side effects was affected by both the concentration and type of
      sclerosant.

PMID- 2398200
TI  - Can varicectomy be performed if deep veins are occluded?
AB  - The problem of varicectomy in the setting of deep venous occlusion is discussed.
      A new and simple test is applied to determine if the resulting varicosity is
      necessary to contribute to venous circulation in the limb and if subfascial
      collateral pathways are sufficient to maintain it. The test is a modification of
      the Perthes test. Instead of a rubber-strip tourniquet, a tensiometer cuff is
      used with 110 mmHg for 5 minutes on a walking patient. In negative cases the
      superficial varicosity can be removed radically, in spite of deep venous
      occlusion, to decrease the venous blood loading and ameliorate the venous
      drainage without risk to the blood circulation.

PMID- 2398201
TI  - Know your anatomy: perineural involvement of basal and squamous cell carcinoma on
      the face.
AB  - Knowledge of facial anatomy, particularly innervation, is basic to performing
      dermatologic surgery. There are clinical implications for cutaneous oncology
      (tumor spread), anesthesia, and postoperative complications, such as motor or
      sensory deficits. Perineural invasion of the facial nerves by squamous and basal
      cell carcinomas (SCCs and BCCs) occurs occasionally. We present three
      representative cases of both sensory and motor nerve involvement by SCC and BCC.
      The anatomy of the nerve supply of the face is summarized and the literature on
      perineural invasion by SCC and BCC is reviewed.

PMID- 2398202
TI  - Infiltrating lipomas of the upper extremities.
AB  - The typical lipoma is an encapsulated subdermal tumor, usually easily removed if
      necessary. We recently encountered two lipomas that infiltrated muscles of the
      forearm. Excision of infiltrating lipomas may be complicated by their deep
      location and potential involvement of vascular and neural structures. This paper
      should increase dermatologists' awareness of this uncommon variant and facilitate
      appropriate referral for definitive treatment. We believe that this is the first
      report in the dermatologic literature of infiltrating lipoma of the upper
      extremity.

PMID- 2398203
TI  - Enhancement of the clinical margins of Bowen's disease by acetowhitening.
AB  - Acetic acid was applied preoperatively to 12 lesions of Bowen's disease to
      determine if acetowhitening could more clearly define clinical margins.
      Acetowhitening disclosed the true margins better than unenhanced direct
      visualization, and subclinical extension of Bowen's disease was revealed by
      acetowhitening in three lesions. Acetowhitening can be a useful adjunct in the
      surgical management of Bowen's disease.

PMID- 2398204
TI  - Foam-rubber stents for skin grafts.
AB  - A variety of stents are used to immobilize skin grafts and to hold them firmly to
      the recipient site. Tie-down stents, the most common type, are constructed from
      bulky, sterile dressing and are overtied with suture material. These stents are
      often cumbersome to apply. As an alternative, stents made from foam-rubber pads
      (Reston, 3M Company, St. Paul, MN) were stapled over skin grafts. These stents
      could be applied quickly, and they maintain continuous, uniform pressure on the
      immobilized grafts.

PMID- 2398205
TI  - Liposuction reduction of the suprapubic area.

PMID- 2398206
TI  - Collagen sheeting implants in cosmetic and reconstructive surgery.
AB  - In this study, collagen sheeting is used for correction of various contour
      deformities of the face. This material, which was used in 16 patients, is easily
      implanted, does not lead to infection, and has an average resorption rate of 21%
      at 6 months. It provides excellent cosmetic results.

PMID- 2398207
TI  - Extensive keloids following hair transplantation.
AB  - Hair transplant surgery is a highly successful procedure for improving alopecia.
      However, this procedure is not without its potential risks and complications. A
      case of a large keloidal scar following hair transplantation is presented. Those
      performing hair transplant surgery should be aware of this significant potential
      complication, especially in Black and Oriental individuals, who are more prone to
      keloid formation.

PMID- 2398208
TI  - Age and melanoma prognosis.

PMID- 2398209
TI  - A technique for blepharoplasty without incising or "puncturing" orbital septum.

PMID- 2398210
TI  - Inadvertent intracutaneous injection with hypertonic saline (23.45%) in two
      patients without complication.

PMID- 2398212
TI  - The impact of future foods on nutrition and health.

PMID- 2398211
TI  - Anthropometric standards: different growth curves for different races?

PMID- 2398213
TI  - The effects of energy content and sweet taste on food consumption in restrained
      and non-restrained eaters.
AB  - To characterize restrained eating behavior, we fed pudding mixtures (preloads)
      varying in energy content and sweet taste to subjects before measuring their
      intake of a variety of appetizing foods in a laboratory setting. Twenty-four
      female subjects were divided into three groups: normal-weight restrained eaters
      (no. = 8), normal-weight non-restrained eaters (no. = 7), and over-weight
      restrained eaters (no. = 9). Classification of subjects was based on body mass
      and restrained eating score. Five preloads varying in energy content (393 or 67
      kcal) and type of sweeteners (sucrose or cyclamate) were served 1/2 hour before
      test meals of assorted hors d'oeuvres. Subjects were not informed of the specific
      aim of the study, and were instructed to eat until full. Multivariate analysis of
      variance of repeated measures showed that food intake of all subjects was higher
      after eating low-energy preloads than after eating high-energy preloads, although
      subjects did not recognize the effect in self-reports (p less than .01). The
      energy intake of restrained normal-weight eaters was significantly (p less than
      .05) lower after eating sweet preloads than after eating non-sweet preloads.
      Findings suggest that a food-intake control mechanism responds to short-term
      energy deficits among subjects of varied body mass and restrained eating indexes.
      J Am Diet Assoc 90:1223-1228, 1990.

PMID- 2398214
TI  - Patterns of food use and nutrient intake of obese and non-obese Hualapai Indian
      women of Arizona.
AB  - To document patterns of food use and nutrient intake associated with obesity in
      Native American women, a sample of 14 obese and 14 non-obese free-living Hualapai
      Indian women living in northwest Arizona was studied. Patterns of food use were
      determined through long-term observation, dietary histories, and 24-hour dietary
      recalls. Dietary intake was determined through 24-hour dietary recalls over 7
      consecutive days. Patterns of food acquisition, selection, and preparation were
      similar for obese and non-obese Hualapai women. The diets of both groups were
      dominated by nonalcoholic beverages, potatoes, beans, white wheat flour, and
      canned goods. Wild and locally cultivated foods were not eaten on a regular
      basis. The diets of both the obese and non-obese women were high in energy
      (pooled mean +/- standard deviation [SD] = 2,602 +/- 766 kcal/day) and
      carbohydrates (pooled mean +/- SD = 333.4 +/- 95.6 gm/day), moderate in protein
      (pooled mean +/- SD = 77.8 +/- 20.9 gm/day) and fat (pooled mean +/- SD = 101.1
      +/- 25.4 gm/day), and low in crude fiber (pooled mean +/- SD = 4.7 +/- 2.0
      gm/day). The study indicates that significantly (p less than .001) higher energy
      intakes of the obese women can be attributed to their greater consumption of
      nonalcoholic and alcoholic beverages.

PMID- 2398215
TI  - Influence techniques and activities clinical dietitians use when interacting with
      physicians.
AB  - A national survey was conducted to identify and differentiate influence
      techniques clinical dietitians use when interacting with physicians, to ascertain
      which of selected demographic variables explain variations in influence
      techniques used, and to identify and differentiate activities clinical dietitians
      perform. A three-part (influence, demographic, activity) questionnaire was
      developed and mailed to 600 randomly selected members of the Nutrition Support
      dietetic practice group. Usable responses were received from 458 dietitians,
      yielding a response rate of 77%. Factor analysis revealed that respondents
      assumed five of six possible postures of influence techniques (block/threaten,
      ingratiation, coalition, assertiveness, and transitional rationality) and three
      of four possible postures of activity (diet oriented, physician oriented, and
      case oriented). Multivariate analysis showed use of ingratiation techniques
      related inversely to age and education of practitioners, use of assertiveness
      techniques related inversely to age, and use of transitional rationality
      techniques related positively to age and education combined. The survey indicates
      that somewhat of a paradox exists among clinical dietitians; i.e., even though
      the percentage of selected practitioners performing high-level case-oriented
      activities has apparently declined since 1982, a critical number perceive
      themselves to be acculturating toward the sixth and highest influence (convincing
      rationality) and the highest activity (diagnosis and research orientation unique
      to dietetics) postures to be attained.

PMID- 2398216
TI  - Inactivity, diet, and the fattening of America.
AB  - Recent studies have documented an increasing prevalence of childhood and
      adolescent obesity in the United States. These increases will likely result in
      increased adult obesity because of the tracking of fatness from adolescence into
      adulthood and the tendency for adults in the United States to become obese as
      they age. We have identified television viewing as a strong risk factor for
      childhood and adolescent obesity. Television viewing is associated with both the
      onset of obesity and a decrease in the remission of obesity and acts by
      decreasing activity levels and possibly influencing diet. Logistic regressions
      also document associations between television viewing and obesity among adults.
      These relationships are greater than those estimated between measures of vigorous
      physical activity and obesity and indicate the importance of inactivity, to which
      television viewing contributes substantially. Population dietary intake data
      indicated no statistically significant change and perhaps some decrease in mean
      energy intake among children and youth during the same period that obesity was
      increasing. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that decreases in
      activity reduce lean body mass and lower energy requirements. We conclude that
      multiple intervention approaches involving diet, exercise, and restriction of
      television viewing and other sedentary activities all appear necessary to halt
      the fattening of America.

PMID- 2398217
TI  - Weight loss maintenance 1 year after individual counseling.
AB  - Many individual and group weight loss programs can boast short-term success.
      There has been little documentation on the long-term success of any particular
      program. A study was conducted to examine total weight loss for individually
      counseled patients seen in a hospital outpatient nutrition clinic February to
      October 1986. All patients who lost weight were contacted via telephone 1 year
      later to ascertain weight loss maintenance. During this period, 157 patients were
      seen. In an average of five visits, 119 (75%) lost an average of 9 lb. One year
      later, 73 (61%) of these patients were contacted, 54 of whom (74%) reported that
      they had either maintained or lost additional weight during the year. Sixteen
      (30%) of these 54 individuals lost additional weight during the year--an average
      of 13 additional lb. Results were similar for men and women. Although based on a
      small sample size, the results suggest that weight loss counseling can be
      successful in maintaining as well as losing weight. Such results should encourage
      dietetic practitioners to track their own patients for long-term results and to
      share the results with physicians, administrators, and insurers who are concerned
      about whether their money has been well spent.

PMID- 2398218
TI  - Factors related to the completion of a weight reduction program.

PMID- 2398219
TI  - The importance of family support in a behavior modification weight loss program.

PMID- 2398220
TI  - Instructional model for building qualitative management skills.

PMID- 2398221
TI  - Animals in research: a volatile controversy.

PMID- 2398222
TI  - Female physicians in the 1980s: personal and family attitudes and values.
AB  - A lengthy questionnaire asking about family background (parents, grandparents,
      and siblings), training and career, marriage, children, and gender discrimination
      was completed by 283 female physicians from the Commonwealth of Kentucky.
      Demographic information gathered indicated that these physicians were similar to
      other female physicians in the United States. Information about values and
      attitudes of the physicians, their parents and husbands added depth to the
      demographic numbers. Differences between results for older (born before 1950) and
      younger physicians were rare. A high degree of gender discrimination pervaded the
      results. Results are discussed in terms of efforts to eliminate gender
      discrimination in the personal and professional lives of female physicians.

PMID- 2398223
TI  - Implications of pregnancy for residents and their training programs.
AB  - This study investigated the implications of pregnancy on residents and their
      training programs and how programs have planned for pregnancy disruptions
      compared to other employers. We received questionnaires from 236 male and female
      residents and their families who had experienced at least one pregnancy during
      their training. Results for female residents were compared with working spouses
      of male residents. Approximately half of the female residents reported that their
      programs had formal leave policies compared to 70% of the working spouses. The
      average amount of leave taken by residents was considerably less than that taken
      by the spouse group. For both groups, 35% of all pregnancies were unplanned; 19%
      of these without benefit of birth control. Approximately 30% of both groups said
      they should have timed their pregnancies differently. Female residents were more
      likely to perceive their pregnancies as a stressful time. Despite this greater
      stress, female residents were equally as unlikely as spouses of male residents to
      miss work for pregnancy-related causes. This study supports the need for better
      planning for pregnancy during residency training.

PMID- 2398224
TI  - Perimenopausal bleeding patterns and pathologic findings.
AB  - The charts of 500 sequential perimenopausal patients were reviewed and their
      alterations in menstrual flow were characterized as fitting one of three
      patterns. Sixty-two patients (12%) had sudden amenorrhea, 347 (70%) had
      oligomenorrhea and/or hypomenorrhea, and 91 (18%) had menorrhagia, metrorrhagia,
      and/or hypermenorrhea. All of the patients in the menorrhagia/metrorrhagia and/or
      hypermenorrhea group had histologic evaluations to rule out the presence of
      premalignant or malignant disease; 17 women (19%) in this group had premalignant
      or malignant findings. In addition, 4 of the 5 women with malignancies had
      intermenstrual bleeding. Of the 9 women in the study with intermenstrual
      bleeding, 4 had invasive cancer and 2 had endometrial hyperplasia. This study
      documents and highlights the high incidence of premalignant and malignant
      findings in perimenopausal patients with bleeding patterns other than amenorrhea
      or oligomenorrhea/hypomenorrhea, and underscores the need for perimenopausal
      women with menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, and/or hypermenorrhea to undergo thorough
      evaluation.

PMID- 2398225
TI  - Meta-analysis for the refinement of gerontological nursing research and theory.
AB  - A meta-analysis review of literature addresses concerns such as inclusion and
      exclusion criteria for articles in the meta-analysis and seeks potentially
      biasing effects of sample size and characteristics, measurement of variables,
      type of design, and analytic techniques. Whereas the narrative review of
      literature provides direction by identifying potential variables and
      relationships of concern, meta-analysis quantifies those relationships by
      integrating findings and providing explicit direction for research, practice, and
      theory development. Despite its strengths for quantitatively integrating study
      results, meta-analysis is time consuming, labor intensive, and may omit other
      sources such as case studies, historical and qualitative research, and clinical
      decision making.

PMID- 2398226
TI  - Meta-analysis techniques.
AB  - The three elements of meta-analysis include exact specification of sources from
      which primary studies are identified; transformation of primary study findings to
      a common metric; and statistical analysis of primary study findings. Meta
      analysis has several drawbacks, such as dependence on the quality of the
      reporting of primary analysis findings; dependence on sufficient numbers of
      eligible studies to justify statistical analysis; a lack of a universal common
      metric; and a lack of expert agreement about the best form of statistical
      analysis. As researchers become more familiar with meta-analysis, two effects
      will be seen: an increased use of meta-analysis elements in all review of
      literature, and increased attention to reporting important details of research in
      scientific journals.

PMID- 2398227
TI  - Causal modeling as a relevant approach to gerontological nursing.
AB  - Causal modeling involves the development of causal hypotheses to explain a
      particular phenomenon and the testing of causal assertions through systematic
      data collection and analysis procedures. Although more research is being
      conducted gerontological nurse scientists have generally failed to logically
      develop and systematically test theories that unify, organize, and consolidate
      knowledge into schemes that explain, describe, and predict. Causal modeling
      combines theory and research, and because the interpretation of data is possible
      only within the context of the proposed theory, it offers an important method for
      advancing the science while maintaining the specificity of the practice.

PMID- 2398228
TI  - Research approaches to development of gerontological nursing theory.

PMID- 2398229
TI  - The ethnographic approach: characteristics and uses in gerontological nursing.
AB  - Ethnography presents the researcher with a methodology for studying meaning
      carefully; a process for going beyond what is seen or heard to infer what people
      know by careful listening and observation of behavior, environment, and context.
      Ethnography describes and explains both regularities and variations in human
      behavior; the method accommodates the careful description of irregularities in a
      complex society that may not be or cannot be explained in traditional theory.
      Ethnography can strengthen traditional methods of theory development generally
      and gerontological nursing specifically. The descriptive value of ethnography as
      a qualitative research method to generate concepts, theories, and hypotheses in
      substantive knowledge areas within gerontological nursing is recognized.

PMID- 2398230
TI  - Assessing the mental status of the cognitively impaired elderly.
AB  - Changes in mental status are often the first indication of changes in
      psychophysiological functioning of the older person. A brief and accurate mental
      status assessment is an essential part of a complete geriatric assessment. The
      MMSE, SPMSQ, CCSE, or NCSE may be used to aid in assessing the mental status of
      the cognitively impaired older person. Further testing and the reporting of
      results of mental status assessments among varying older populations is needed to
      build on the current level of knowledge of mental status assessment of the
      cognitively impaired older person.

PMID- 2398231
TI  - When a family member has Alzheimer's disease: a phenomenological description of
      caregiving.
AB  - Caretakers are at risk both physically and emotionally, and in the case of
      dementia, it is not the characteristics of the illness but rather the caregiving
      context that predicts caregiving function. An understanding of the caregiver's
      subjective perceptions are necessary for caregiver well-being. The core themes
      expressed include the unending attempt to put the patient in touch with the
      surroundings; trying to stay ahead of the patient; a decline in the reciprocal
      relationship; narrowing of the caregiver's horizons; and a search for personal
      connectedness. The personal history of the caregivers is essential to
      understanding the quality of the relationship because it influences the
      creativity of the caregivers in coping with the illness.

PMID- 2398232
TI  - Juvenile Pearson syndrome.
AB  - The clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings of a 14-year-old boy with
      Pearson syndrome are presented. The patient represents the oldest living survivor
      of the original four patients described by Pearson and associates. This syndrome
      has recently been found to be associated with an mtDNA deletion. The patient
      reported here has a deletion similar but not identical to that reported in the
      literature. Several mitochondrial myopathies have been associated with mtDNA
      deletions, with considerable overlap between and among the phenotypes and
      underlying mtDNA deletions. The same may well prove to be true for Pearson
      syndrome.

PMID- 2398233
TI  - Visual symptoms in childhood migraine.

PMID- 2398234
TI  - Photo-evoked eyelid microvibration in neonates with hyperosmolality.
AB  - We studied neonates with hyperosmolar syndrome using photo-evoked eyelid
      microvibration, a blink reflex elicited by photic stimuli. Patients with
      hyperosmolality showed disturbance of consciousness, convulsive seizures,
      hyperexcitability, and tachypnea. The latency of photo-evoked eyelid
      microvibration tended to be prolonged with an elevation of the plasma osmolality.
      Photo-evoked eyelid microvibration is believed to be a suitable method for
      monitoring brain disturbance due to hyperosmolality.

PMID- 2398235
TI  - Reaction time, impulsivity, and attention in hyperactive children and controls: a
      video game technique.
AB  - Maturation of sustained attention was studied in a group of 52 hyperactive
      elementary school children and 152 controls using a microcomputer-based test
      formatted to resemble a video game. In nonhyperactive children, both simple and
      complex reaction time decreased with age, as did variability of response time.
      Omission errors were extremely infrequent on simple reaction time and decreased
      with age on the more complex tasks. Commission errors had an inconsistent
      relationship with age. Hyperactive children were slower, more variable, and made
      more errors on all segments of the game than did controls. Both motor speed and
      calculated mental speed were slower in hyperactive children, with greater
      discrepancy for responses directed to the nondominant hand, suggesting that a
      selective right hemisphere deficit may be present in hyperactives. A summary
      score (number of individual game scores above the 95th percentile) of 4 or more
      detected 60% of hyperactive subjects with a false positive rate of 5%. Agreement
      with the Matching Familiar Figures Test was 75% in the hyperactive group.

PMID- 2398236
TI  - Neuropathologic observations in congenital phrenic nerve palsy.
AB  - A right phrenic nerve palsy with severe respiratory and feeding difficulties
      throughout the patient's 2 1/2 years of survival was found at autopsy to relate
      to grossly complete atrophy of the muscle of the right diaphragm. An oblique
      fibrotic scar transected the right phrenic nerve at the level of the brachial
      plexus. There was marked reduction of the number of anterior motor neurons in the
      right central portion of cervical segments 2, 3, and 4. The lesion in the phrenic
      nerve is what would be expected following stretching during delivery.

PMID- 2398237
TI  - Thymectomy in juvenile myasthenia gravis.
AB  - The long-term results of thymectomy in 24 children with generalized myasthenia
      gravis are reviewed. Sixteen had complete remission and another seven were
      improved. This compares favorably with reported spontaneous remission rates of
      30%. Because of the low morbidity in recent reports and the possibility that
      early thymectomy is more beneficial, we recommend thymectomy at the onset of
      juvenile generalized myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 2398238
TI  - Cerebral infarcts and seizures in the neonate.
AB  - A retrospective analysis was performed on 54 infants who suffered perinatal
      hypoxic-ischemic insults and came to autopsy, in an attempt to assess the
      association of cerebral infarcts with seizures. Fifty infants had several types
      of cerebrovascular lesions, including intraventricular hemorrhage (32 cases),
      periventricular leukomalacia (24), ischemic neuronal necrosis (18),
      pontosubicular necrosis (12), cerebral infarct (9), and cerebellar hemorrhage
      (7). Of these infants, nine had electroencephalographic seizures. Among a variety
      of cerebrovascular lesions, cerebral infarcts represented the single lesion most
      highly correlated with seizures. The incidence of seizures in infants with
      cerebral infarcts (44%) was significantly higher than with other types of
      vascular lesions.

PMID- 2398239
TI  - Rhythmic coma in children.
AB  - We describe a syndrome of rhythmic coma in children that consists of an
      invariant, nonreactive, diffuse cortical activity of a specific frequency, such
      as alpha, beta, spindle, or theta, recorded from a comatose child. We report 11
      cases of children who were found to be in rhythmic coma during their acute
      illnesses. Their ages ranged from 2 to 15 years, and their diagnoses included
      encephalitis, head trauma, seizures, near drowning, brain tumors, stroke, and
      metabolic derangements. The specific frequency of the electroencephalographic
      pattern, ie, alpha, beta, spindle, or theta, did not influence the outcome. The
      clinical outcome appeared to depend on the primary disease process rather than
      the electroencephalographic finding. The prognosis of alpha-frequency rhythmic
      coma as well as of rhythmic coma in general was better in children than in
      adults. The pathophysiology in children may be similar, ie, the interruption of
      reticulothalamocortical pathways by metabolic or structural abnormalities, but
      the expression of this deafferentation may be more varied in the developing
      brain. Thus, we propose the term rhythmic coma as a unified concept for alpha,
      beta, spindle, and theta coma in children.

PMID- 2398240
TI  - Comparative neuroimaging with pathologic correlates in Alexander's disease.
AB  - We describe a case of pathologically confirmed Alexander's disease in which
      serial cranial ultrasound studies demonstrated unique findings of enlarging
      subependymal cysts with evolving periventricular hyperechogenicity. Computed
      tomographic scan of the head showed low attenuation of the periventricular white
      matter and centrum semiovale. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated
      diffuse, confluent high signal predominantly in frontal white matter. These
      imaging modalities, particularly cranial ultrasound and MRI, may be useful tools
      in the diagnostic evaluation of children with degenerative neurologic disease,
      megalencephaly, and suspected Alexander's disease.

PMID- 2398241
TI  - Neuroimaging findings in Alexander's disease.
AB  - We present the findings from magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomographic
      scan, and single photon emission computed tomography of the brain in a 2-year-old
      girl with Alexander's disease. Computed tomographic scans showed prominent low
      density white matter throughout the cerebral hemispheres. Magnetic resonance
      imaging showed increased T2 signal from the cerebral white matter but not the
      cerebellum or brain stem. Single photon emission computed tomography revealed
      diminished cerebral metabolism, particularly in the frontal regions, as compared
      with the cerebellum.

PMID- 2398242
TI  - Rosenthal fibers in Alexander's disease.

PMID- 2398243
TI  - Medullary nuclear dysplasia or necrosis.

PMID- 2398244
TI  - Studies in sclerotherapy: I. Comparison of sodium tetradecyl sulphate (STS) with
      absolute alcohol (AA) as sclerosants in the treatment of esophageal varices.
AB  - To compare the efficacy of 3% sodium tetradecyl sulphate (STS) with absolute
      alcohol (AA), we randomly assigned 52 patients with portal hypertension to one of
      the two sclerosants. Obliteration of esophageal varices was seen with an almost
      similar number of sessions (5.2 +/- 1.8 with STS and 4.7 +/- 1.5 with AA).
      Esophageal ulceration was more common with STS, while severe retrosternal pain
      was seen only with absolute alcohol. However, there was no statistical
      significance to these differences. The study suggests that absolute alcohol might
      be a suitable alternative to STS.

PMID- 2398245
TI  - Studies in sclerotherapy: II. Two types of esophageal strictures following
      endoscopic sclerotherapy.
AB  - Esophageal stricture is an uncommon complication after fiberoptic endoscopic
      sclerotherapy, occurring in 10 (3.7%) of 265 patients. Eight patients improved
      and became asymptomatic after 4 weeks of treatment with antacids and antireflux
      measures, while another two patients required one dilatation each. We thus
      divided esophageal strictures after sclerotherapy into two types: one that
      responds to antireflux measures, and one that requires esophageal dilatation.

PMID- 2398246
TI  - Risk factors for pneumonia after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.
AB  - Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is currently a popular method of
      administering enteral feeding. Most of these patients are elderly, debilitated,
      and chronically ill. They are on a number of medications and have multiple
      diseases. With impaired consciousness and swallowing disability, these patients
      are prone to develop pneumonia. In order to identify possible risk factors, we
      followed 24 men who underwent PEG for the occurrence of pneumonia or until they
      died. We then analyzed the medical records of these patients for potential risk
      factors for pneumonia. The presence of esophagitis during PEG placement endoscopy
      and history of pneumonia prior to PEG were significant risk factors. Advanced age
      and cerebrovascular accident (CVA) tended to indicate a higher risk of pneumonia.
      Taking these risk factors into consideration may be beneficial in the management
      of such patients.

PMID- 2398247
TI  - Fecal occult blood test--the importance of proper evaluation.
AB  - Fecal occult blood testing is used worldwide to screen for early detection of
      colorectal neoplasia. Because processing Hemoccult II cards is not difficult, it
      is very easy for inexperienced personnel to perform, and opens a way to
      overdiagnose positive tests. This could be followed by unnecessary, expensive
      diagnostic procedures and a significant decline in the test specificity. In a
      prospective study of two similar populations (two kibbutzim of the Upper Galilee
      in northern Israel), I compared the impact of processing the Hemoccult II cards
      on their positive predictive value for colonic cancer and adenomatous polyps. The
      inexperienced processor increased overall screening positivity fourfold (25
      versus 6%, p less than 0.01). This was accompanied by a sharp decrease in the
      predictive value for adenomas greater than 1 cm (6 versus 25%, p less than 0.05)
      with no change in the final screening yield: 1.58 versus 1.53% of the
      participants had adenomas in kibbutz A and kibbutz B, respectively. I recommend
      that the Hemoccult II cards be processed by experienced personnel only.

PMID- 2398249
TI  - "Isolated" elevation of alkaline phosphatase: significance in hospitalized
      patients.
AB  - The significance of alkaline phosphatase (AP) elevation with otherwise normal
      transaminase and bilirubin values remains unclear. We evaluated the clinical
      outcome of hospitalized patients with an "isolated" AP elevation. Eighty-seven
      inpatients with isolated AP elevation were identified during February 1984 and
      followed for 1 year. Forty-five of 87 patients had normalization of AP during the
      follow-up period, usually within 1-3 months. The most common diagnoses in this
      group were congestive heart failure in nine, benign bone disease in six, and
      treatable malignancy in three patients. Twelve patients had no apparent
      explanation for the transient rise of AP. Persistent AP elevations were noted in
      42 patients--14 of whom had terminal malignancies. Clinically obvious life
      threatening diagnoses were made in 24 of the patients with persistent AP
      elevation. The etiology of AP elevation remained enigmatic in seven patients: two
      died, four are stable during 1 1/2-3 years of follow-up, and one patient was
      found to have metastatic carcinoma 17 months later. If the initial AP was greater
      than 1 1/2 times normal, there was a higher likelihood of persistent elevation
      (68% vs. 41%, p less than 0.05). Isolated elevations of AP in inpatients may be
      associated with a variety of medical illnesses and often normalize within months.
      If the AP elevation is persistent, there is usually a clinically obvious
      diagnosis. A reasonable approach to such patients is a careful history, physical
      exam, and routine lab studies to detect obvious diagnoses, followed by repeat
      enzyme determination at 1-3 months.

PMID- 2398248
TI  - The circadian rhythm of biliary colic.
AB  - We evaluated 50 consecutive patients with symptomatic gallstones for the clinical
      features of biliary pain with particular reference to the timing of their painful
      episodes. Thirty-eight of the 50 patients were able to provide the time of onset
      of biliary pain in the 24-h cycle. The time of onset of biliary pain displays
      significant circadian periodicity (p = 0.0032), with its peak at 00:25 h. Forty
      five patients had more than 1 episode of pain. Of these 84% had either all or
      over half of their attacks of biliary pain at the same clock time. Twenty-two
      patients with renal colic (a close parallel to biliary pain) and 31 patients with
      episodic abdominal pain from miscellaneous causes showed no circadian or other
      periodicity in the time of onset of pain. In only 1 of these patients did the
      abdominal pain recur consistently at the same clock time. "Typical" biliary pain
      has its onset at night and tends to recur at the same clock time. It is steady
      and relatively mild, lasting 1-5 h, it is felt in the right upper quadrant or the
      epigastrium, may radiate to a variety of sites, is associated with some
      additional symptoms, and is not usually related to meals. The chronobiological
      and other features of biliary pain reported here should be useful in the
      diagnostic evaluation of abdominal pain.

PMID- 2398250
TI  - Primary choledochoduodenostomy for benign obstructive biliary tract disease.
AB  - Repeated surgical interventions on the biliary ductal system increase morbidity
      and mortality, particularly in the geriatric patient. In an attempt to prevent
      these complications, side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy was performed as the
      primary operative procedure in 54 patients, age 72 +/- 13 years. This was the
      patients' first surgical intervention for benign obstructive lesions of the
      biliary tract system. Indications for choledochoduodenostomy were: multiple or
      irremovable common or hepatic duct stones, doubtfulness of complete clearing of
      the duct, primary common bile duct stones or mud and sludge, a grossly dilated
      biliary duct system, and ampullary stenosis. We encountered no operative or
      hospital mortality among this group of 54 patients. The mean postoperative
      hospital stay for this aged and relatively sick group of patients was 12.3 +/-
      6.2 days. Twenty-three minor postoperative complications occurred in 18 patients,
      none of them requiring reoperation. The patients were followed for 2-16 years.
      Thirteen patients (24%) were lost to follow-up. Of the 41 patients available for
      follow-up, 14 died, none from biliary tract associated causes--mostly from
      cerebrocardiovascular disease. Twenty-seven patients still alive were found to be
      free of biliary tract associated abdominal complaints or recurrent cholangitis
      for a mean period of 7.8 +/- 3.7 years. The data indicate a zero reoperation rate
      during long-term follow-up, zero mortality rate, and low morbidity in a group of
      elderly, mostly poor risk patients. This leads us to conclude that a side-to-side
      choledochoduodenostomy is both the best therapy as well as prophylaxis against
      common duct stones. This, even in this era of endoscopic papillotomy and biliary
      lithotripsy.

PMID- 2398251
TI  - Effect of lactitol and lactulose administration on the fecal flora in cirrhotic
      patients.
AB  - We compared the effect of lactulose or lactitol on the fecal flora of 21
      cirrhotic patients without hepatic encephalopathy. All were treated with an
      individualized disaccharide dose to achieve and maintain two semiliquid bowel
      movements per day. Stool pH and fecal flora were determined before and 10 days
      after stabilizing the cathartic effect. Increased counts of lactobacilli were
      obtained with both treatments. This increase, which was related to the decreased
      stool pH, was more constant with lactulose. In addition, lactitol decreased
      certain proteolytic bacteria such as enterococci and enterobacteria. Both total
      aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts showed little quantitative variations with
      either treatment.

PMID- 2398252
TI  - Esophageal involvement in secondary amyloidosis mimicking achalasia.
AB  - Amyloidosis is usually considered as a cause of motor disorders of the esophagus,
      including achalasia. However, most patients with amyloid in the esophagus are AL
      type amyloid. We report what we believe is the fourth case of secondary
      amyloidosis (AA-type) resulting from rheumatoid arthritis. Clinically and
      radiologically the picture was that of achalasia.

PMID- 2398253
TI  - Gallstones in the pancreatic duct: endoscopic retrograde pancreatographic
      demonstration.
AB  - A gallstone blocking the ampulla of Vater or the common bile duct is the usual
      cause of gallstone pancreatitis. A gallstone in the pancreatic duct itself,
      leading to pancreatitis, has rarely been documented. We describe such a case and
      show what seems to have been the obstructing stone by endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

PMID- 2398254
TI  - Smoking habits in carcinoma of the stomach: a prospective study.

PMID- 2398255
TI  - Corticosteroids in ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2398256
TI  - Diversion colitis.

PMID- 2398257
TI  - Emergency versus delayed endoscopic injection sclerotherapy.

PMID- 2398258
TI  - Giant hydatid cyst of gastro-splenic ligament simulating massive ascites.

PMID- 2398259
TI  - Massive gastrointestinal bleeding from "varix" of the jejunum.

PMID- 2398260
TI  - Salmonellosis: a cause of toxic megacolon.

PMID- 2398261
TI  - Serum hepatitis delta virus RNA in patients with delta hepatitis and in liver
      graft recipients.
AB  - We have investigated the usefulness of serum hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA
      detection using a slot hybridization analysis of serum samples from ten patients
      with acute hepatitis and delta markers (group I), from 28 patients with chronic
      delta hepatitis (group II) and from seven liver graft recipients with hepatitis B
      virus (HBV) and HDV related cirrhosis or fulminant hepatitis (group III). The
      slot-blots were hybridized with both HDV-complementary DNA and single-stranded
      RNA probes. With the single-stranded RNA probe, HDV RNA was detected in the first
      serum sample available in 9/10 of the patients with acute hepatitis (group I). In
      addition, HDV RNA was detected in 8/9 and 7/8 of the samples obtained within and
      after 1 month of the onset of hepatitis. Five of the ten patients scored positive
      for HDV RNA and negative for hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) while one was
      negative for HDV RNA and positive for HDAg. The same RNA probe enabled the
      detection of serum HDV RNA in 21/28 chronic hepatitis patients (liver HDAg and/or
      IgM anti-HD positive) (group II). Among the liver graft recipients (group III),
      7/7 had a recurrent delta infection. Serum HDAg, liver HDAg and anti-HD IgM were
      identified in 3/7, 6/7 and 5/7 of the patients, respectively. HDV RNA was
      detected in the seven patients with either persistent (4/7) or transient (3/7)
      positivity. In addition, HBsAg and HBV RNA were persistently shown in 4/7
      patients with continuous HDV replication. In the remaining three patients, HDV
      RNA was detectable despite the absence of HBsAg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398262
TI  - Metabolism and effects on biliary lipid secretion of murocholic acid in the
      hamster.
AB  - The metabolism of murocholic acid (MC), a 6 beta-hydroxylated bile acid, was
      investigated after intravenous (i.v.), intraduodenal (i.d.) or intragastric
      (i.g.) administration to bile fistula hamsters. The effects on biliary
      cholesterol and phospholipid secretion were measured during intravenous infusions
      of increasing doses of [3H]MC. At an infusion rate of 0.1 or 1 mumol.min-1.kg-1,
      the hepatic uptake was effective. More than 90% of the dose was recovered in bile
      within 4 h. A bolus injection of 500 micrograms of [3H]MC in the duodenum led to
      a rapid and efficient biliary secretion of radioactivity. Increasing i.v. infused
      doses of MC had no effect on bile flow or biliary cholesterol output compared to
      the controls. Phospholipid secretion was significantly reduced (0.113 mumol.min
      1.kg-1 versus 0.238 mumol.min-1.kg-1 in in controls per mumol.min-1.kg-1 of
      excreted bile acids) as MC progressively replaced the endogenous bile acid pool
      in bile. After i.v. and i.d. administration, MC was secreted in bile as glyco and
      tauro conjugates without additional hepatic hydroxylation, sulfation or
      glucuronidation. The i.g. ingestion of MC followed by the faecal analysis of
      metabolites showed the formation of hyodeoxycholic acid and 3 alpha-OH-6-oxo-5
      beta-cholan-24-oic acid. An equivalent experiment with hyodeoxycholic acid gave
      MC and the same oxo bile acid. We concluded that MC is metabolized by the hamster
      liver as an endogenous bile acid, which undergoes intestinal bacterial
      transformation into a 6-oxo derivative and is then reduced into hyodeoxycholic
      acid. This process is completely reversible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398263
TI  - The histological picture of graft rejection following liver transplantation
      [corrected].

PMID- 2398264
TI  - Chronic persistent hepatitis type B can be a progressive disease when associated
      with sustained virus replication.
AB  - In 44 hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers with chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH),
      serial liver biopsies were available. At presentation 38 patients had HBV-DNA in
      their serum including 31 HBeAg positive and seven anti-HBe positive cases. The
      remaining six patients were anti-HBe positive and HBV-DNA negative. During a mean
      histologic follow-up of 4.2 years, 12 (32%) of the 38 HBV-DNA positive patients
      progressed to chronic active hepatitis (six cases) or to active cirrhosis (six
      cases), while 26 patients showed either unchanged features of CPH (21 cases), or
      histologic improvement to normal liver (five cases). Persistence of HBV-DNA in
      serum, independently of HBeAg/anti-HBe events, was significantly (p less than
      0.01) associated with deterioration of liver disease, while termination of HBV
      replication correlated significantly (p less than 0.05) with spontaneous
      biochemical remission and with unchanged or improved histology. None of the six
      anti-HBe positive patients without serologic markers of hepatitis B virus
      replication showed histologic deterioration. These findings indicate that
      continuing HBV replication is a marker which predicts unfavourable evolution of
      chronic persistent hepatitis and frequent transition to chronic active hepatitis
      or cirrhosis.

PMID- 2398265
TI  - Drug metabolism in end-stage liver disease. In vitro activities of some phase I
      and phase II enzymes.
AB  - The activities of a number of drug metabolising enzymes were measured in liver
      samples obtained from three groups of subjects: normal donors, patients with
      primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and patients with other types of liver disease.
      In the latter group, all the enzyme activities determined were impaired relative
      to the normal group. In the PBC group, however, enzyme activities were altered
      more selectively. (a) Activities of the methyl cholanthrene-inducible forms of
      cytochrome P-450 were decreased compared to normal controls, whereas the
      activities of the phenobarbitone-inducible isozymes were relatively unaffected.
      (b) Sulfotransferase activities were decreased significantly compared to the
      normal group, whereas sulfatase activities remained unaltered.

PMID- 2398266
TI  - Experimental colorectal liver metastases. Influence of sex, immunological status
      and liver regeneration.
AB  - The liver is the most frequent site of metastases from colon cancer. To improve
      our knowledge of liver metastases and to develop new adjuvant therapies, a good
      animal model is necessary. The aims of this study were to obtain a model of liver
      metastases with intraportal injection of colon adrenocarcinoma cell aggregates
      (DHDK12 cell line) and to study the effect of various factors, i.e., sex, liver
      regeneration and immunosuppression, on the development of liver metastasis. Cell
      aggregates were injected into the portal vein of 59 syngenic male and female BD
      IX rats following randomization into three groups. Group 1, (control 12 males and
      10 females) received only cell aggregates; group 2 (12 males and 10 females)
      underwent a 70% hepatectomy before cell injection; group 3 (15 males and 10
      females) received cyclosporin A injections at a dose of 10 mg/kg per day for 28
      days following cell injection. Autopsy was performed at 10 weeks. Liver
      metastases were more frequent in the male rats in group 3 than in those in group
      1 (80% vs. 30%, p less than 0.04). The rate of liver metastases in females was
      not increased by immunosuppression (22.2% vs. 12.5%, N.S.). Liver resection
      (group 2) did not significantly modify the incidence of liver metastasis. No
      female had liver metastases in this group. This relatively simple model rapidly
      produces liver metastasis with a high yield, but only in male rats. Besides
      sexual factors, immunosuppression also increased the rate of experimental liver
      metastasis, while liver regeneration failed to do so.

PMID- 2398267
TI  - Gastric mucosal prostaglandin E2 levels in cirrhosis and portal hypertension.
AB  - Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) tissue levels were measured, using radioimmunoassay, in
      specimens from the gastric antral mucosa in (a) healthy subjects, (b) patients
      without liver diseases in the absence or presence of gastric ulcers, and (c)
      patients with alcoholic cirrhosis in the absence or presence of gastric ulcers.
      These groups were divided further into subgroups with or without portal
      hypertension. PGE2 tissue levels in subjects without liver diseases were not
      significantly different from those of cirrhotic patients without portal
      hypertension. However, in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension, the PGE2
      content was significantly lower, especially in the presence of congestion in the
      mucosa (about 70-80%). When a gastric antral ulcer was present, a further
      statistically significant decrease of the PGE2 levels was observed. It was
      concluded that a decrease in the PGE2 tissue levels in the gastric mucosa of
      cirrhotic patients is related to the presence of portal hypertension. Congestion
      in the mucosa, as a pathogenetically relevant factor for mucosal PGE2 deficiency,
      may play a role.

PMID- 2398268
TI  - Detection of malotilate toxicity in vitro with peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      as targets. A preliminary report.
AB  - An in vitro assessment of susceptibility to malotilate was made with peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as targets. PBMCs were incubated with malotilate
      in the presence or absence of the NADPH generating system and hepatic microsomes.
      Malotilate cytotoxicity to PBMCs, assessed by trypan blue dye exclusion and
      lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into the culture media, was found to be
      markedly increased by the addition of the NADPH generating system, indicating
      that metabolites play a significant role in toxicity. Once the significant role
      of malotilate metabolites in cytotoxicity was established, we applied this system
      to patients with suspected malotilate-induced liver injury. It was demonstrated
      that cytotoxicity was greater in PBMCs which were obtained from patients with
      chronic active hepatitis with a parallel malotilate-induced liver injury than in
      those from two different control groups; normal volunteers and patients with
      chronic active hepatitis who had had long-term malotilate treatment without any
      adverse reactions. This in vitro system seems to be of value in predicting
      potential malotilate toxicity in subjects who might be susceptible to this drug.

PMID- 2398269
TI  - Systemic hypotension and pressor responsiveness in cholestasis. A study in
      conscious 3-day bile duct ligated rats.
AB  - It has been postulated that the physiological basis for systemic hypotension in
      cholestatic liver disease is the attenuated responsiveness of the cardiovascular
      system to sympathetic stimulation. Using conscious 3-day bile duct ligated rats,
      we tested this hypothesis by measuring the vasopressor and vasodilator responses
      following intravenous infusions of norepinephrine, tyramine, angiotensin II,
      angiotensin I and isoproterenol, in conjunction with the pressor responses to a
      head-up vertical tilt and a controlled hemorrhage. The results were compared to
      those obtained in conscious sham-operated rats. Bile duct ligation reduced the
      mean arterial blood pressure without a significant increase in heart rate. The
      pressor responses to the aforementioned drugs obtained in the bile-duct ligated
      rats were significantly attenuated from those the sham-operated rats. In
      contrast, bile duct ligation had no effect on the pressor responses to tilting
      and hemorrhage when compared to the responses obtained in the sham-operated rats.
      Despite the presence of systemic hypotension and attenuation of pressor response
      to vasoactive drugs, the ability of the cardiovascular system to respond to
      physiological stimuli appears to be intact in this model. Therefore, we conclude
      that blunted pressor responsiveness of the cardiovascular system is probably not
      an important physiological determinant of systemic hypotension in cholestatic
      liver disease.

PMID- 2398270
TI  - Arsenic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. A report of eight cases.
AB  - It was discovered that eight patients with complications of non-cirrhotic portal
      hypertension had received an arsenical preparation for psoriasis as Fowler's
      solution some years age. Seven of them were admitted for bleeding oesophageal
      varices. Upon admission, splenomegaly and hypersplenism were present. Liver tests
      were normal and palmar skin keratosis and melanosis were noted. Liver biopsy of
      six patients showed features of incomplete septal cirrhosis. Malignant skin
      lesions were present in half of the patients. One patient died from lung
      carcinoma and another from an ovarium neoplasm. Chronic arsenic intake should be
      actively looked for in all patients with psoriasis and non-cirrhotic portal
      hypertension. They should be followed up for many years for development of
      malignant lesions in skin, lung and liver. Liver abnormalities present in the
      biopsies are often minor and may escape detection.

PMID- 2398271
TI  - Transformed fat storing cells inhibit the proliferation of cultured hepatocytes
      by secretion of transforming growth factor beta.
AB  - Conditioned medium from secondary cultures of fat storing cells (transformed fat
      storing cells) inhibits replicative (hydroxyurea-sensitive) DNA synthesis dose
      dependently in primary cultures of hepatocytes stimulated in vitro by
      transforming growth factor (TGF) alpha. Similarly, [3H]thymidine incorporation
      into the DNA of hepatocytes from the regenerating rat liver is reduced by about
      70% by fat storing, cell conditioned medium. Medium which had been transiently
      acidified was more potent than native medium. It displaced [125I]TGF-beta from
      binding sites on the hepatocyte surface and the inhibitory activity was
      completely blocked by anti-TGF-beta antibodies. From binding studies, a TGF-beta
      concentration of 1.8 +/- 0.4 ng/ml conditioned medium produced by 2 X 10(5) cells
      per 24 h was estimated. Transformed, but not primary, cultures of fat storing
      cells at an early state produce and secrete TGF-beta, which reduces
      hepatocellular proliferation significantly.

PMID- 2398272
TI  - Internalization of Ia molecules by antigen-presenting B cells is limited.
AB  - Our data demonstrate that the uptake of surface Ia into an intracellular
      compartment of B lymphoma or normal spleen cells is limited to about 20% after 2
      to 3 h. The extent of internalization does not vary with several types of
      stimulation, including LPS, phorbol esters, anti-Ig-plus phorbol ester-stimulated
      EL-4 T cell supernatant, and Con A supernatant. Resting and activated B cells had
      similar rates of internalization. The rate and extent of uptake of surface Ia
      molecules into an intracellular compartment was monitored quantitatively through
      the use of a mAb radiolabeled with 125I. The internalization of Ia molecules was
      compared to that of transferrin receptor, a receptor that undergoes rapid
      internalization and recycling and accumulates in a intracellular pool that can be
      trapped by monensin. The internalization of Ia was not affected by monensin,
      although its synthetic pathway is disturbed by this drug. The potential use of
      internalized Ia for formation of T cell-triggering complexes of Ia and Ag
      fragments is not ruled out by these data, but it appears unlikely that
      internalization provides the major mechanism permitting Ia interaction with Ag.

PMID- 2398273
TI  - Early biochemical events after MHC class II-mediated signaling on human B
      lymphocytes.
AB  - These studies examined the role of the MHC class II Ag in signal transduction
      using human B lymphocytes. Early events in signal transduction were considered
      including the intracellular calcium [Ca2+)i) flux, the activation of
      phospholipase C, and induction of protein phosphorylation. The (Ca2+)i was
      enhanced after incubation of B lymphocytes with several mAb anti-HLA class II and
      cross-linking with rabbit anti-mouse-F(ab')2. We have also demonstrated an
      enhancement of the (Ca2+)i in response to a suboptimal concentration of a
      monoclonal anti-IgM either in the presence of or after preincubation with a mAb
      anti-HLA class II. The activation of phospholipase C was assessed by measuring
      the generation of inositol phosphates in permeabilized B lymphocytes. mAb anti
      HLA-class II of two different epitopes were used to demonstrate both the (Ca2+)i
      flux and the generation of inositol phosphates. Two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis was used to investigate the phosphorylation pattern of resting B
      lymphocytes and the changes in the pattern after stimulation with soluble mAb
      anti-HLA-DR, immobilized mAb anti-HLA-DR, and PMA. In addition to the
      augmentation of phosphorylation observed with regard to phosphoproteins already
      present in resting B lymphocytes, new phosphorylations were observed after
      stimulation by any one of the reagents. Furthermore, stimulation by PMA did not
      result in an identical pattern to that observed after stimulation by mAb anti-HLA
      class II. An inhibition of the proliferative response to PMA was demonstrated
      after prestimulation of cells with immobilized mAb anti-HLA-DR, supporting the
      notion of a shared pathway of activation. In summary, these data demonstrate
      signal transduction via MHC class II Ag as assessed by three different measures
      of early events in human B lymphocyte activation and suggest that a protein
      kinase C pathway is at least partly involved.

PMID- 2398274
TI  - Demonstration of neutralizing autoantibodies against IL-1 alpha in sera from
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - We have recently reported the presence of IgG which has a potent inhibitory
      activity against IL-1 alpha in some sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
      The mechanism of this inhibition by IgG against IL-1 alpha is now elucidated. IgG
      with IL-1 alpha-inhibitory activity inhibited the binding of 125I-IL-1 alpha to
      receptors on rheumatoid synovial cells. In addition, preincubation of synovial
      cells with the inhibitory IgG did not block the binding of 125I-IL-1 alpha to
      receptors, suggesting a direct interaction between IgG and IL-1 alpha. To examine
      which region of the IgG, namely Fab or Fc region, has the inhibitory activity,
      the IgG was digested with papain, and Fab and Fc fragments were purified. Fab
      fragments, but not Fc fragments, inhibited both IL-1 alpha-induced thymocyte
      proliferation and the binding of 125I-IL-1 alpha to receptors. We further
      demonstrated that the inhibitory IgG which was bound to protein A Sepharose could
      bind a significant amount of 125I-IL-1 alpha, whereas only a negligible binding
      of the radiolabeled ligand was detected when IgG without the inhibitory activity
      was used as control. Moreover, the binding of 125I-IL-1 alpha to IgG with the
      inhibitory activity was clearly blocked by Fab fragments of IgG having the
      inhibitory activity. Finally, affinity-purified IgG over an IL-alpha affinity
      column showed approximately 100-fold more potent inhibitory activity on IL-1
      alpha-induced thymocyte proliferation compared with untreated IgG. From these
      results, we conclude that IgG molecules with IL-1-alpha-inhibitory activity are
      neutralizing autoantibodies against IL-1 alpha.

PMID- 2398275
TI  - Characterization of the heterodimeric complex of human IL-2 receptor alpha.beta
      chains reconstituted in a mouse fibroblast cell line, L929.
AB  - The receptor for IL-2 has been known to exist in three forms on the basis of
      their affinities to IL-2: high, intermediate, and low affinity forms. Two IL-2R
      components have been identified as IL-2R alpha (p55, Tac Ag) and IL-2R beta (p70
      75) chains, both bind IL-2 with low and intermediate affinities, respectively.
      Recently, we cloned human IL-2R beta chain cDNA and demonstrated that the cDNA
      product binds IL-2 with intermediate affinity and forms high affinity IL-2R with
      coexpressed IL-2R alpha chain in a human T cell line, Jurkat. In this study, we
      report the establishment of the mouse fibroblast transformants expressing either
      the IL-2R beta chain alone or both the IL-2R alpha and IL-2R beta chains. In
      contrast to lymphoid cells, significant IL-2 binding was not detected in the
      transformants expressing the IL-2R beta chain alone at IL-2 concentrations (50 pM
      to 10 nM) generally utilized. Nonetheless, the transformants expressing both IL
      2R alpha and IL-2R beta chains displayed two forms of the IL-2R with high and low
      affinities to IL-2. However, neither IL-2 internalization nor signal transduction
      via the high affinity IL-2R complex were observed in the L929 transformants.
      Those findings suggest that the interaction of the IL-2R beta chain with the IL
      2R alpha chain occurs in the absence of additional lymphoid specific component(s)
      to form high affinity IL-2R, but that this interaction is insufficient for IL-2
      internalization and signal transduction just as observed in lymphoid cells. The
      experimental approach described here may allow further dissection of the
      molecular architecture of the IL-2R complex in the ligand binding,
      internalization, and signal transduction.

PMID- 2398276
TI  - Monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody mimicking the principal neutralization site in
      HIV-1 GP120 induces HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in rabbits.
AB  - A murine mAb BAT123 (Ab1) directing to the principal neutralization site of human
      T cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-IIIB gp120 (amino acid residue 308-322) was used to
      generate syngeneic anti-Id mAb (Ab2). Among the Ab2, a mAb AB19-4 was
      characterized by both serologic and biologic methods to be paratope-specific (Ab2
      beta), bearing the internal image of the neutralization site. AB19-4 was found to
      bind specifically to BAT123 and also to its mouse-human chimeric form in ELISA.
      The binding of AB19-4 to BAT123 was specifically inhibited by HTLV-IIIB gp120 and
      the synthetic epitope peptides of HTLV-IIIB and HTLV-IIIMN defined by BAT123.
      AB19-4 also inhibited the binding of BAT123 to HTLV-IIIB-infected H9 cells in
      flow cytometric studies. Polyclonal goat and sheep antisera against HTLV-IIIB
      gp120 reacted specifically with AB19-4, suggesting that AB19-4 may recognize
      cross-species idiotopes. Rabbits immunized with purified AB19-4 generated anti
      anti-Id antibodies (Ab3) that reacted specifically with HTLV-IIIB gp120 and the
      BAT123-binding epitope peptides of HTLV-IIIB and HTLV-IIIMN. The Ab3 bound to H9
      cells infected by HTLV-IIIB or HTLV-IIIMN and inhibited the infection of CEM
      cells by HTLV-IIIB or HTLV-IIIMN, whereas BAT123 also bound H9 cells infected by
      HTLV-IIIB or HTLV-IIIMN but neutralized only HTLV-IIIB. Our data suggest that
      AB19-4 mimics the neutralization site on HIV-1 gp120 defined by BAT123. The
      induction of immunity to HIV using internal-image Ab2 to HIV-neutralizing
      antibodies may provide a viable approach for developing effective vaccines for
      AIDS.

PMID- 2398277
TI  - TAPA-1, the target of an antiproliferative antibody, is associated on the cell
      surface with the Leu-13 antigen.
AB  - A murine mAb, 5A6 (IgG1), has been isolated by immunization with a human B
      lymphoma cell line and screening for growth inhibition. The antibody
      immunoprecipitated a single chain protein of 26 kDa from cell lysates made with
      Triton X-100 but additional proteins were precipitated when cell lysates were
      made with the milder detergent CHAPS (3-[3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio)-1
      propane sulfate). We have identified one of these coprecipitated molecules as the
      16-kDa Leu-13 Ag. 5A6 and anti-Leu-13 showed similar, although not identical,
      reactivity, growth inhibition and temperature-dependent aggregation effects among
      hematolymphoid cell lines. The aggregation induced by 5A6 and anti-Leu-13 was not
      dependent on LFA-1 (lymphocyte function-associated Ag-1). The cell-surface
      expression of both TAPA-1 (target of an antiproliferative antibody-1) and Leu-13
      could be down-modulated by binding to their respective antibodies and they could
      be reciprocally comodulated. These results suggest that TAPA-1 and Leu-13 form a
      complex on the cell surface and play a role in growth control through a common
      pathway.

PMID- 2398278
TI  - Molecular signals for phosphatidylinositol modification of the Qa-2 antigen.
AB  - Most cell surface proteins are anchored to the cell bilayer by hydrophobic
      membrane-spanning domains. Recently it has been shown that a small class of
      molecules are attached to cell surfaces via a phosphatidylinositol moiety
      covalently linked to the C-terminus of the mature processed polypeptide. The
      molecular signals that identify a polypeptide for phosphatidylinositol (PI)
      attachment have not been well defined in any system, but are thought to reside in
      the C-terminus of the primary translation product. We report that all the signals
      responsible for PI anchoring of Qa-2 Ag are confined to the 36 C-terminal
      residues of the precursor proteins. To investigate further the features that
      signal cleavage and PI addition, we have studied mutants of two closely related
      murine class I MHC molecules: the PI-linked Ag, Q9b, from the Qa-2 Ag family, and
      the integral membrane transplantation antigen, H-2Ld. The addition of 15 amino
      acids to the three residue long cytoplasmic domain of Q9b or the mutation of
      Asp295 found in its C-terminal hydrophobic domain to Val converts this molecule
      into an integral membrane protein. However, the introduction of a short three
      residue cytoplasmic tail and Asp295 into the transmembrane domain of H-2Ld does
      not convert this molecule to a PI-linked one. The results of these analyses
      suggest that the PI-processing signals may depend on overall conformation,
      hydrophobicity, and length of the C-terminal domain of the precursor protein. In
      addition these data indicate that PI anchoring of class I Ag requires more than
      two mutational steps and may have been selected during the evolution.

PMID- 2398279
TI  - Protective efficacy of a cloned Brugia malayi antigen in a mouse model of
      microfilaremia.
AB  - Immunization of mice with irradiated Brugia larvae or parasite extracts has been
      shown to induce partial resistance to microfilaremia and enhance clearance of
      infective larvae. We recently reported the cloning of a 548 amino acid 62-kDa
      Brugia malayi Ag identified on the basis of reactivity with antisera to a subset
      of protective microfilarial Ag. Our study describes the protective efficacy
      against microfilaremia in mice, immunogenicity, and parasite stage-specificity of
      this candidate vaccine molecule. Immunization of Swiss or BALB/c mice with 1 to 3
      micrograms of a 92-kDa trpE fusion protein encoding amino acids 1-479 reduced the
      intensity of microfilaremia by 40 to 60% compared to control animals given buffer
      or bacterial trpE (p less than 0.01 to 0.001). Mice immunized with the 92-kDa
      fusion protein developed delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity to B. malayi as
      assessed by enhanced footpad swelling 24 and 48 h after intradermal injection of
      adult worm extract and in vitro lymph node mononuclear cell proliferation (3H
      thymidine uptake) in response to the fusion protein (mean +/- SD stimulation
      index 4.7 +/- 0.8 vs 2.0 +/- 1.4 for trpE, p less than 0.05). Proliferative
      responses of lymph node cells coincubated with three other fusion proteins
      corresponding to the filarial protein truncated from its carboxyl-terminus
      suggest that dominant T cell epitopes of the 62-kDa Ag are encompassed by amino
      acids 437-479. Rabbit antibody to the 92-kDa trpE fusion protein
      immunoprecipitated a 62-kDa polypeptide from [35S] methionine biosynthetically
      labeled B. malayi microfilariae, adult female, and adult male worms. These data
      indicate that a recombinant Ag expressed in several developmental stages of B.
      malayi is capable of inducing partial resistance against microfilariae and Ag
      specific T cell responses in mice.

PMID- 2398281
TI  - Fatty acid and enzymatic compositional changes in the pancreas of rats fed
      dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
AB  - The influence of n-3 and n-6 PUFA on the fatty acid composition and the enzyme
      content of zymogen granules of the normal exocrine pancreas was tested on rats.
      The animals were fed on different diets comprising 5% fish oil (FO), safflower
      oil (SFO), and evening primrose oil (EPO) used singly or in combination as
      dietary fats. The results were compared with those from animals fed 5%
      hydrogenated beef tallow (HBT). The fatty acid composition and digestive enzyme
      content were analyzed after a 6-wk feeding period. Differences in the pancreatic
      fatty acid profiles were related to the fatty acid composition of the ingested
      fats. Equivalent levels of n-3 fatty acids and 20:3n-6 were obtained with either
      EPO or FO fed singly or in combination. Similar results were observed with
      SFO/FO. Higher C20:3n-6/C20:4n-6 ratios were obtained with the oil mixtures. An
      increase in amylase levels, but a decrease in serine protease (Band 21 kdalton)
      levels, was associated with EPO. An elevation in procarboxypeptidase levels
      paralleled an increase in 18:0 levels, whereas the proportion of lipase (Band 49
      kdalton) varied inversely with the proportion of C20:3n-6. The SFO/FO mixture
      elevated the proportions of protease II and proelastase. These results suggest
      that specific fatty acids influence the proportion of specific digestive enzymes
      in the zymogen granules.

PMID- 2398280
TI  - The BALB/c secondary response to the Sb site of influenza virus hemagglutinin.
      Nonrandom silent mutation and unequal numbers of VH and Vk mutations.
AB  - We have determined the nucleotide sequences of the expressed VH and Vk genes from
      13 secondary (2 degrees) hemagglutinin (HA) (Sb) specific hybridomas derived from
      a single mouse. These antibodies share an Id, H37-68 (68Id) that dominates the 2
      degrees HA(Sb) response in this mouse, but is rare or absent from 2 degrees
      responses of other mice. We find that these antibodies derive from five clones.
      The H chains of these antibodies are encoded by a single VH gene joined to a
      variety of DH and JH genes. The length of complementarity-determining region
      (CDR) 3 and sequence of the D-J junction are restricted, suggesting selection on
      CDR3 of the H chain. The L chains are more diverse. In the presented examples,
      they are encoded by the Vk21C and Vk21E genes and a Vk9 gene, and are joined to
      Jk1, 2, or 4. Each antibody is extensively mutated. The nature and distribution
      of the mutations suggests that 68Id-producing cells have been selected by Ag,
      although there are differences regarding the domain (VH, Vk, or both) in which
      mutations were selected. The implications of these findings on the idiosyncratic
      nature of the 68Id antibody response to HA(Sb) are discussed. There are two
      unusual characteristics regarding somatic mutation in these hybridomas. Whereas
      the expressed VH and Vk21 genes appear to have accumulated mutations at a high
      rate (1 to 1.5 x 10(-3)/base pairs/division, the expressed Vk9 genes appear to
      have accumulated mutations at a 5 to 15-fold lower rate than the expressed VH
      genes in the same cells. There is also a surprisingly high number of parallel
      silent somatic mutations in the VH genes, of which all but one are clustered to a
      28-bp region in framework region 2 and CDR 2-encoding segments. The probability
      that this could have occurred by a random mutational process is essentially zero.

PMID- 2398282
TI  - Decreased survival rate of pancreatic acinar cells isolated from rats with acute
      pancreatitis.
AB  - Viable acinar cells were isolated from normal rat pancreas as well as from
      pancreata pretreated in situ by a short-term ischemia without and with
      reperfusion, induction of a pancreatic juice edema, and acute pancreatitis (AP),
      respectively. The isolated cells were incubated at 37 degrees C in an oxygenated
      Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer lacking any nutrient. As an analog to in vivo
      acinar cell necrosis, the decline of the isolated cells was followed up in vitro.
      During the first 5-6 h of incubation, the percentage of damaged cells increased
      only slightly. A second phase of about 30 min followed, during which nearly all
      residual cells died. The mean half-life (t50) of the cells in all experimental
      groups ran to about 330 min, with the exception of the AP group (t50 = 132 min).
      The importance of an intact energy metabolism to prevent premature cell killing
      was underlined indirectly by the diminished t50 (about 120 min in all groups) of
      the cells exposed to excess 2,4-dinitrophenol, an uncoupler of oxidative
      phosphorylation. The results suggest that experimental AP induced by a
      combination of biliary-pancreatic duct obstruction, stimulation of pancreatic
      secretion, and short-term pancreatic ischemia with subsequent reperfusion finds a
      reflection within the acinar cells themselves and that these effects are not
      clouded by the isolation procedure. Thus, the application of acinar cells
      isolated from pancreatic glands pretreated in situ may offer a new tool for
      pathophysiological research into AP at the cellular level.

PMID- 2398283
TI  - [Key grafts in emergency aortocoronary bypass surgery].
AB  - We evaluated relations with operative results of emergency aortocoronary bypass
      grafting to severity of residual stenotic lesion after surgery in patients with
      impending myocardial infarction or acute myocardial infarction. Mortality in
      patients with residual stenotic lesion whose score more than 15 is 66%. Mortality
      in patients with residual stenotic lesion whose score less than 15 is 5%,
      excluding patients died with noncardiac cause. Four of 6 patients (66%) with
      residual stenotic lesion whose score more than 5 have residual angina after the
      operation. None of fourteen patients with residual stenotic lesion whose score
      less than 5 has residual angina after the operation. In theory, we could save
      their lives with only one graft in 76% patients and cure their angina with less
      than 2 grafts in 72% patients. These grafts are key grafts.

PMID- 2398284
TI  - [Surgical problems in d-TGA with VSD and PS associated with insertion of
      tricuspid valve chordae to the infundibular septum--the Rastelli operation by
      translocation of the infundibular septum].
AB  - Twelve (37.5%) out of 32 patients who underwent surgical repair of complete
      transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) with ventricular septal defect (VSD)
      and pulmonary stenosis (PS) from 1978 to 1987 had insertion of tricuspid valve
      (TV) chordae to the infundibular septum, i.e. superior margin of the VSD, which
      precluded the ordinary Rastelli type operation. Of these 12 patients early 5
      patients (ages: 2-11 mean 7 years) underwent atrial switch operations with VSD
      closure and pulmonary valvotomy with or without fibromyotomy, and recent 6
      patients (age: 4-8, mean 6 years) underwent the Rastelli operation (3 cases) or
      REV (3) by translocating the infundibular septum with TV chordae to the right
      ventricular side of the internal conduit. None died in hospital in the former
      group and 1 in the latter. Pulmonary/systemic ventricular peak pressure ration
      (Ppv/sv) was 0.75 +/- 0.22 (mean +/- standard deviation) in the atrial switch
      group v. 0.49 +/- 0.08 in the Rastelli/REV group 1 month postoperatively. The
      higher Ppv/rv in the atrial switch group was attributed to the pressure gradient
      across the pulmonary outflow tract, which was 37.8 +/- 16.6 mmHg in the atrial
      switch v. 16.7 +/- 4.2 mmHg in the Rastelli/REV (p less than 0.05). No pressure
      gradient was demonstrated between left ventricle (LV) and aorta in the both
      groups. Pulmonary wedge pressure was higher in the atrial switch group (13.8 +/-
      1.9 mmHg) than in the Rastelli/REV (10.0 +/- 2.7 mmHg) (p less than 0.05).
      Systemic atrioventricular (AV) valve regurgitation was noted in 2 of the atrial
      switch group but none in the Rastelli/REV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398285
TI  - [Operative results of distal aortic arch aneurysms--approaching methods, bypass
      techniques and complications].
AB  - Ten patients underwent repair of aneurysms of the distal aortic arch from 1985 to
      1989. There were 8 men and 2 women: aged 58 to 77 (average age 67 years). Seven
      patients had sacciform aneurysms which were closed by graft patch aortoplasty,
      and three patients had fusiform aneurysms which were corrected by inserting tube
      grafts. Seven aneurysms operated since 1988 were approached through median
      sternotomy continued with left anterior thoracotomy, so called door open method.
      This approach presented good view of the diseased aorta, and effective for
      preventing recurrent and phrenic nerve palsy. We used temporary bypass for 4
      patients, cardiopulmonary bypass for 4 patients (separate carotid artery
      perfusion for 2 patients) and centrifugal pump for 2 patients during aortic cross
      clamping. One patient died intraoperatively from intractable bleeding and two
      patients died postoperatively from brain damage due to embolic episodes during
      the operations. These patients showed the severely irregular intima in the aortic
      arch and were complicated with rupture of the aneurysm or dissections arising
      from the aneurysms. It should be noticed that careless manipulation of the aortic
      arch and the brachiocephalic vessels cause cerebral complications in such cases.

PMID- 2398286
TI  - [Radical correction of paracardiac type IIb of total anomalous pulmonary venous
      connection using pedicled flaps of right atrium and atrial septum].
AB  - Surgical results of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) has been
      improved in recent years, however, late development of pulmonary venous
      obstruction was our concern in its total correction in early infancy. In the
      cardiac type of TAPVC, in which the pulmonary veins were connected to the right
      lateral wall, prosthetic patch is conventionally used in diversion of pulmonary
      venous flow into left atrium. It seemed favorable to repair this subset without
      using prosthesis. A 3-month-old female with TAPVCIIb according to Darling's
      classification underwent total correction on September 22th, 1988. Two pedicled
      flaps were developed using the right atrial wall and the atrial septum to create
      a pulmonary venous channel to divert arterial blood into left atrium and
      absorbable sutures were used throughout. Right atrium was entered through a
      vertical incision in its body and all the pulmonary veins were found in a recess
      in the lateral wall of the right atrium. Atrial septal defect in the cranial
      aspect of the fossa ovalis was enlarged by cutting the primum tissue along the
      right limbus and its caudal margin so as to form a pedicled flap attached to the
      left limbic tissue. Then the flap was sutured along the limbus to create a roof
      of the fossa ovalis. The second flap was made in the middle of the lateral atrial
      wall and was used to create a tunnel from the recess to the atrial septal defect.
      The defect in the right atrial wall was closed directly and no prosthetic patch
      was used. Postoperative course was uneventful and echocardiogram showed wide
      pulmonary venous channel draining into the left atrium.

PMID- 2398287
TI  - [A study of tricuspid-tailoring annular constriction in autopsy cases--cases
      which appear to embody limitation of tricuspid-tailoring annular constriction].
AB  - We our department have performed tricuspid-tailoring annular constriction (T-TAC)
      as salvage operation for secondary tricuspid regurgitation (TR) with gratifying
      results. Of those cases undergoing MVR and T-TAC for mitral valve regurgitation
      (MR) and secondary TR with an associated severe cardiac cachexia, 2 autopsy cases
      in which an associated severe cardiac cachexia, 2 autopsy cases in which residual
      tricuspid regurgitation culminated in patient's death long after operation were
      investigated. In Case 1, the patient was discharged asymptomatic 2 months after
      operation, but later developed severe left heart failure and marked tricuspid
      regurgitation as precipitated by upper respiratory tract infection and died from
      exacerbation of LOS before undergoing a scheduled reoperation. T-TAC was found
      successful on autopsy. In Case 2, the patient died of long-persisting left heart
      failure and severe residual tricuspid regurgitation after following a similar
      postoperative course to that in Case 1. On autopsy stitches made through the
      tricuspid anterior leaflet, septum and posterior leaflet were found untied and
      loosened and the tricuspid annulus diameter increased. In severe valvular heart
      disease, even if T-TAC has proven successful, aggravation of cardiac failure may
      lead to the development of TR. Because of the fragility of myocardial tissue due
      to severe myocardial damage in such compromised patients, sophisticated operative
      techniques need to be devised. Cases illustrative of a limited long-term success
      of T-TAC used alone are presented.

PMID- 2398288
TI  - [A case of thymoma with an increased sensitivity to pancuronium].
AB  - It is well-known that anesthesia and surgery may precipitate muscle weakness in
      the patients with myasthenia gravis and some patient were not recognized as
      myasthenia until such episodes. A 74-year-old woman with increased sensitivity to
      pancuronium who, in spite of the very high titer of anti-acetylcholine receptor
      antibodies, showed no clinical manifestation of myasthenia gravis before
      operation. And computed tomographies revealed the presence of a thymoma in her
      anterior mediastinum. Although we have performed extended thymectomy, ptosis
      appeared 4 month after the operation. This patient might be called as
      "premyasthenic state" or "subclinical MG".

PMID- 2398289
TI  - [A case of "chronic expanding hematoma", with an intrapulmonary fresh hemorrhage
      resected 25 years after thoracic injury].
AB  - A case of a 60-year-old man who had a chronic expanding hematoma with an
      intrapulmonary fresh hemorrhage in the right thorax is reported. He suffered
      blunt trauma of his right thorax in a traffic accident 25 years ago. He has no
      symptoms and signs after the accident. But he had hemoptysis twice and he was
      taken to our hospital. He underwent the resection of the chronic expanding
      hematoma and right lower lobe of the lung. The surgical specimen consisted of the
      hematoma measuring 17 x 13 x 6 cm. The chronic expanding hematoma contained
      aseptic brownish muddy substances. The patient recovered without complications
      and hemoptysis. Chronic expanding hematomas occur in many locations, often
      simulating neoplasms. Although the mechanism of chronic expanding hematoma is
      unclear, the self-perpetuating expanding nature of the lesion may appear to be
      due to the irritant effects of blood and its breakdown products, causing repeated
      exudation or bleeding from capillaries in the granulation tissue.

PMID- 2398290
TI  - [A study on surgical cases of pulmonary aneurysm].
AB  - We performed 830 cases of open heart surgery in the past 12 years and two of
      those cases were complicated by pulmonary aneurysm. The first case was a 21-year
      old female with annuloaortic ectasia and treated by partial resection and
      plication of the pulmonary aneurysm associating of partial resection and
      plication of the pulmonary aneurysm associating of Bentall's procedure.
      Pathological examination revealed the findings of Aortitis syndrome, i.e.,
      inflammatory granuloma with round cells infiltration and fragmentation of elastic
      fibers in the medial as well as adventitial layers. The second case, a
      reoperation case, was a 44-year-old female with valvular disease, MSR, TSR, Pr
      and treated by partial resection of the pulmonary aneurysm associating with MVR,
      TVR, and PA valve plasty. Pathological examination revealed hyalin and
      necrobiotic degeneration of the media. Both cases involved had pulmonary
      hypertension suggesting a role for pulmonary hypertension along with organic
      changes of the vessel in the pathogenesis of the aneurysm.

PMID- 2398291
TI  - [Doppler echocardiographic measurement of flow velocity in cases with a Bjork
      Shiley aortic prosthesis and diagnosis of prosthetic valve dysfunction].
AB  - 115 patients with a Bjork-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis were studied by means of
      the ultrasonic Doppler method. The maximum flow velocity at the prosthetic valve
      was measured by the continuous wave Doppler method, and the velocity at the left
      ventricular outflow tract was measured by the pulsed wave Doppler method. In
      addition, flow velocity measured by Doppler method was compared to the valve
      opening angle obtained by cinefluoroscopy. 1) The maximum velocities at the
      prosthetic valve in the patients with normally functioning prosthesis were 3.1 +/
      0.4, 2.7 +/- 0.5, 2.2 +/- 0.4, 1.9 +/- 0.3, 1.7 +/- 0.3 m/sec for valve sizes of
      21, 23, 25, 27, and 29 mm, respectively. Statistical differences were recognized
      between the valve size groups. In a case with a thrombosed valve, the maximum
      velocity was faster than in cases with normally functioning valves and it reached
      4.5 m/sec. 2) Flow velocities at the left ventricular outflow tract in patients
      with normally functioning valves were 0.86 +/- 0.15, 0.86 +/- 0.16, 0.79 +/-
      0.14, 0.82 +/- 0.16, 0.75 +/- 0.18 m/sec for valve sizes of 21, 23, 25, 27, 29
      mm, respectively. No statistical difference was recognized. In the patients with
      perivalvular leakage, velocity was faster than in the patients with normally
      functioning valves. But, in the case with thrombosed valve, it remained within
      the normal range. 3) No significant correlation was observed between flow
      velocities and valve opening angles in the cases with normally functioning
      valves. But, in the cases with malfunctioning valves, flow velocities were faster
      than normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398292
TI  - [The evaluation of intracordal silicone injection in patients with postoperative
      recurrent nerve paralysis].
AB  - This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness and efficacy of intracordal silicone
      injection in the treatment of cordal paralysis after thoracic surgery or due to
      tumor invasion of the recurrent nerve. A total of twenty two patients with cordal
      paralysis was treated with this procedure. The cause of the cordal paralysis was
      injury to the recurrent nerve incurred during operation for oesophageal or lung
      cancer in nineteen patients, and direct invasion of malignant neoplasm to the
      recurrent nerve in the other three patients. Among the nineteen postoperative
      patients, fifteen underwent silicone injection 15 to 75 days after thoracic
      operations during hospitalization. The other four patients were treated after
      discharge from the hospital. The complaints of the fifteen patients who were
      treated during hospitalization were dysphonia, aspiration and inability to remove
      sputum. After treatment, dysphonia had improved in all of these fifteen patients,
      and aspiration had disappeared in thirteen patients. In four patients who were
      treated with this procedure 7 months following thoracic operation and three who
      had cordal paralysis due to invasion of malignant tumors, in all of whom
      aspiration had not been noted, dysphonia disappeared completely after the
      silicone injection. To evaluate the effect of silicone injection on the patients'
      cough force, the intratracheal pressure during cough was measured in patients
      before and immediately after the treatment. The maximum intrathecal pressure was
      25 (+/- 16.57) mmHg before silicone injection. After the procedure, the maximum
      pressure rose to 95 (+/- 18.13) mmHg. Following the procedure, the patients who
      had suffered severe debilitating aspiration could remove sputum easily.

PMID- 2398293
TI  - [A clinical study on brain perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum cerebral perfusion flow
      rate and pressure of the selective cerebral perfusion. Blood flows of the
      brachiocephalic and left common carotid artery in 34 patients were continuously
      monitored by means of electromagnetic flow meter during cardiac operations.
      Radial and common carotid arterial pressure were monitored simultaneously.
      Arterial and internal jugular venous blood were sampled and cerebral oxygen
      consumption was calculated. During steady state hypothermic cardiopulmonary
      bypass (CPB), mean cerebral perfusion flow was about 600 ml/min at CPB flow of
      2.4 L/min/m2. Cerebral oxygen consumption was decreased to 50% of the prebypass
      level during steady state hypothermic CPB and then it returned to prebypass level
      after CPB. Common carotid arterial pressure was about 10 mmHg lower than radial
      arterial pressure during CPB. When CPB flow was remained at 2.4 L/min/m2, left
      common carotid arterial flow was not affected by common carotid arterial pressure
      within the range of 40 to 80 mmHg. Cerebral autoregulation might be preserved at
      this pressure level of the common carotid artery. When CPB flow was reduced from
      2.4 L/min/m2, cerebral oxygen consumption was remained constant level until the
      flow reached to 1.6 L/min/m2, at which cerebral perfusion flow was about 400
      ml/min. Data suggest that optimum cerebral perfusion flow during the selective
      cerebral perfusion may be about 600 ml/min although cerebral oxygen consumption
      was maintained when cerebral perfusion flow was reduced to 400 ml/min. Optimum
      cerebral perfusion pressure was 40-80 mmHg of carotid arterial pressure and when
      monitored in radial artery, more than 10 mmHg higher pressure should be required.

PMID- 2398294
TI  - [Experimental study on myocardial preservation by perfluorochemical "comparison
      of myocardial preservation effect between continuous perfusion and intermittent
      perfusion"].
AB  - The effect of myocardial preservation with perfluorochemical as cardioplegic
      solution was studied with isolated canine hearts which was compared between
      intermittent coronary perfusion and continuous coronary perfusion. Intermittent
      perfusion group (group I) was infused every 30 minutes during 5 hours ischemia
      with oxygenated perfluorochemical at the amount of 10 ml/kg. Continuous perfusion
      group (group II) was infused continuously at the amount of 10 ml/kg/30 minutes.
      After 5 hours of ischemic time, total perfusion volume of both group were same
      100 ml/kg. The comparison of myocardial preservation effect between group I and
      group II was examined with biochemical study, hemodynamic study and histological
      study. As a result, biochemical study such as GOT, CPK, and Lactate showed higher
      in group II than in group I, and value of catecholamine and adenylate levels in
      myocardial tissue showed higher in group I than in group II. In hemodynamic
      study, LVSW and LVEDP showed excellent value in group I, but never showed
      adequate function in group II at late working phase. On the other hand, LVmax
      dp/dt was recovered excellently in group I but in group II was not recovered at
      early working phase. In histological findings with electronic microscopy, there
      were some limited ischemic lesion in group II, which was suggested disturbance of
      micro circulation. It may be attributable to low perfusion pressure of continuous
      perfusion method. Finally, with regard to SOD (Super oxide dismutase)
      consumption, group I took higher than group II, and also oxygen consumption. It
      shows that in group I there is an effective activity of aerobic metabolism during
      ischemia, which explain not only the improved functional recovery but also
      generation of free radical, caused by super oxide etc. It is concluded from these
      results that intermittent perfusion has provided excellent preservation against
      myocardial ischemia, and also has possibility of danger to set up reperfusion
      injury.

PMID- 2398295
TI  - [Experimental study of pumpless ECMO during 24 hours using extracapillary blood
      flow type polypropylene membrane oxygenator].
AB  - To remove carbon dioxide in acute respiratory failure, pumpless ECMO (extra
      corporeal membrane oxygenation) experiment was carried out using extracapillary
      blood flow type membrane oxygenator, which was developed by our department and
      which has many advantages, compact, small priming volume and low pressure drop.
      The oxygenator is consisted with 17 cm in length, 200 microns in inner diameter,
      made of polypropylene with micropores. And it has 0.7 m2 of surface area and 60
      ml of priming volume. In 14 canines, acute respiratory failure were made by
      hypoventilation (T.V. = 10 ml/kg, R.R. = 5 times/min). We compared with
      hypoventilation group (group 1, n = 5) and pumpless ECMO group (group 2, n = 9).
      Pumpless ECMO circuit is A-V bypass between femoral artery and femoral vein. The
      following results were obtained. 1. In group 1 severe hypoxia and hypercapnea
      were observed, and all 5 canines were dead within 4 hours. 2. In group 2 hypoxia
      and hypercapnea were improved by pumpless ECMO, and 4 in 9 lived for 24 hours. 3.
      Function in CO2 transfer with the P.H.O. is maintained in satisfactory condition
      for 24 hours. 4. The oxygenator seems to be available for long-term pumpless
      ECMO. 5. Degeneration of mitochondria in the acute respiratory failure was
      observed by electron microscopic examination. 6. Further examinations about the
      intracellular respiration and metabolism in pumpless ECMO should be needed.

PMID- 2398296
TI  - [Recurrence of endometrial cancer and its pathological factors].
AB  - The number of patients with uterine endometrial cancer has increased in recent
      years in Japan. The studies on the prognostic factors of endometrial cancer,
      however, have not been made in detail as compared with those on the prognostic
      factors of cervical cancers. We have therefore investigated retrospectively the
      prognoses of 94 cases with endometrial cancer treated in our clinic from 1973 to
      1984. Out of 31 cases (32.9%) with recurrence, 13 cases were at the Stage I and
      II, and the recurrence ratios were 11.4% for Stage Ia, 18.2% for Stage Ib and
      31.3% for Stage II. The prognosis of endometrial carcinoma appears to depend on
      the endocervical involvement of the cancer. Five prognostic factors for Stage I
      and II endometrial cancers analyzed here are as follows; (1) histologic
      differentiation (grade), (2) size (diameter) of the primary tumor, (3) myometrial
      invasion, (4) vascular invasion, (5) lymphnode metastasis. (1) The recurrence
      ratio was 15.0% in the well differentiated (Grade 1) group, 25.0% in the
      moderately differentiated (Grade 2) group, 27.3% in the poorly differentiated
      (Grade 3) group, and 12.5% in adenoacanthoma. (2) The ratio of recurrence was
      2.9% with less than 3 cm diameter, 24% with 3-6 cm diameter, and 30% with greater
      than 6 cm diameter in tumor size. (3) The ratio of recurrence was 2.9% with less
      than 1/3, 24% with 1/3-2/3, and 30% with greater than 2/3 myometrial invasion.
      (4) The ratio of recurrence was 43.8% with vascular invasion, and 5.6% without
      it. (5) The ratio of recurrence was 75% with lymphnode metastasis, and 8.8%
      without it.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398297
TI  - [The effect of IL-2 injection around the metastatic cervical lymphnode].
AB  - Six patients with squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck were treated with
      injection of interleukin-2 (IL-2) around the metastatic cervical lymphnodes.
      Lymphokine activated killer (LAK) activity in peripheral blood in administration
      of IL-2 showed a significant high of 13.2% at effector/target (E/T) ratio 13
      compared with non-administration of IL-2 showed 4.3%. LAK activity in cervical
      non-metastatic lymphnodes in 6 cases of administration of IL-2 showed a
      significant high of 23.0% at E/T ratio 50 compared with 3 cases of non
      administration of IL-2 which showed 3.7%. In the 2 evaluable courses given in
      patients a partial response was obtained in one case.

PMID- 2398298
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of sodium alginate on oral mucositis associated with
      radiotherapy].
AB  - We evaluated the effect of sodium alginate on 39 patients with oral mucositis
      associated with radiotherapy. Sodium alginate was administered during
      radiotherapy to 17 patients with head and neck cancer. Compared with 22 patients
      without administration, sodium alginate reduced the pain and the erosion of oral
      mucosa significantly. Consequently the interval of radiotherapy was shortened. It
      is, therefore, expected that the effect of radiotherapy improves by the
      administration of sodium alginate.

PMID- 2398299
TI  - [Alleviation of cisplatin toxicity by high-dose bismuth subnitrate and
      pharmacokinetics of bismuth subnitrate and cisplatin].
AB  - Twelve patients with several malignant neoplasms, including lung and
      gastrointestinal carcinoma were treated with high-dose Cisplatin and high-dose
      Bismuth Subnitrate. Therapeutic efficacy and protective effect of high-dose
      Bismuth Subnitrate on toxicity of Cisplatin were evaluated in twenty-five courses
      of treatment. The Pharmacokinetics of Bismuth Subnitrate and Cisplatin were also
      studied in several courses. Bismuth Subnitrate was administered orally at a dose
      of 150 mg/kg/day for 10 days and a dose of 80-150 (Mean 108) mg/m2 of Cisplatin
      was administered intravenously on the day six of Bismuth Subnitrate
      administration. Toxicities of high-dose Cisplatin were minimal under
      administration of high-dose Bismuth Subnitrate and therapeutic efficacy was
      observed in several patients. The pharmacokinetics of Bismuth Subnitrate in
      plasma and urine demonstrated that 10 days administration of high-dose Bismuth
      Subnitrate was appropriate to maintain adequate concentration of Bismuth for
      preinduction of Metallothionein in organs. The pharmacokinetics of Cisplatin in
      plasma and urine demonstrated that deposition of total and ultrafilterable (free)
      platinum in blood were well described by a biphasic manner with a very rapid
      first phase and a very prolonged second phase, and that urine excretion of
      platinum was similar to the conventional manner. This study demonstrated that
      concurrent administration of high-dose Bismuth Subnitrate can permit the
      administration of high-dose Cisplatin with minimal toxicity and appropriate
      antitumor effect.

PMID- 2398300
TI  - [Evaluation of cardiotoxicity by radionuclide angiocardiography in the
      chemotherapy of gynecologic malignancies].
AB  - Cardiotoxicity was evaluated by multigated radionuclide angiocardiography using
      in vivo 99mTc labeling of red blood cells in the multiagent chemotherapies of
      gynecologic malignancies. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was
      determined by computer-assisted analysis of left ventricle time activity curves
      (TAC) of the angiocardiograms. The mean age of fifteen patients was 52.3 (38-66)
      years. Ovarian carcinoma (13 patients), the endometrial carcinoma (one) and
      uterine leiomyosarcoma (one) were treated with a total of 69 combination
      chemotherapy of CAP every 4 weeks. Fifteen patients underwent a total of 76
      quantitative radionuclide angiocardiograms (three to seven studies per patient).
      The values of LVEF before treatment were 57.5 +/- 8.3 (mean +/- SD) (48.7-75.4),
      which were greater than those of normal persons (45). The values of LVEF during
      treatment were 44.9 +/- 6.2 (mean +/- SD) (37.6-58.5), which were significantly
      (p less than 0.001) lower than the pretreatment values. The decrease rates of
      LVEF in fifteen patients were 21.0 +/- 10.4% (mean +/- SD). Over 20% decrease of
      LVEF was observed in eight patients (53.3%) following chemotherapies. The
      patients showing a decrease of the values of LVEF were treated with lower dosage
      of chemotherapeutic agents in three, changed in seven and discontinued in six the
      agents. Nine patients who changed the chemotherapeutic regimens showed
      improvement of the values of LVEF in six (66.7%), no change in two (22.2%) and
      deterioration in one (11.1%). The values of LVEF were decreased in four patients
      (44.4%) at 6.7 (3-11) months following chemotherapies. It is suggested from these
      findings that the determination of left ventricular ejection fraction using
      multigated radionuclide angiocardiography may prevent development of
      cardiotoxicity before, during and after the chemotherapies of gynecologic
      malignancies and allow a clinically important assessment of the cardiotoxicity of
      the chemotherapeutic agents.

PMID- 2398301
TI  - [Therapeutic factors related to irradiation in primary and metastatic liver
      cancer using multivariate analysis].
AB  - Between December 1973 and August 1987, 21 patients with primary liver cancer and
      41 patients with metastatic liver cancer were treated with external irradiation,
      intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy and/or trans-arterial embolization (TAE) at
      the National Medical Center Hospital, the National South Kyushu Central Hospital
      and the National Kure Hospital. They were all inoperable cases. We diagnosed the
      tumor site and the involved area with many imagings and we decided the target
      volume. 1. Primary liver cancer: the average survival period was 10.9 months, the
      1-year survival rate was 28.6%, the 2-year survival rate was 14.3% and the 3-year
      survival rate was 4.7%. Using multivariate analysis, stage, cancer reduction
      rate, Child classification and field size were valuable factors of the prognosis
      in the arterial infusion group. In the TAE group, cancer reduction rate was the
      most valuable factor. 2. Metastatic liver cancer: The average survival period was
      8.0 months, the 1-year survival rate was 19.5%, the 5-year survival rate was
      2.4%. Using multivariate analysis, pre-treatment K.P.S, distant metastasis, H,
      Child classification were valuable factors and pre-treatment K.P.S. was most
      valuable factor. Although the indication of hepatic irradiation were generally
      thought to limit those cases which were Child A or B, H1 or H2 and the cases
      which have no distant metastasis, the case which have their main portal tumor
      thrombus were also the indication of this therapy.

PMID- 2398302
TI  - [Therapeutic efficacy of pre-operative radiotherapy on breast carcinoma: in
      special reference to its abscopal effect on metastatic lymph-nodes].
AB  - The abscopal effect is the radiation response in tissue at a distance from the
      irradiated site invoked by local irradiation. It is reported that the abscopal
      effect is observed occasionally in the cases of radiotherapy for malignant
      lymphoma, malignant melanoma and seminoma. However, pathophysiology and mechanism
      of the abscopal effect have not been well defined. An aim of this study was to
      investigate the pathophysiology and mechanism of the abscopal effect in patients
      with breast carcinoma. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixty two patients entered this
      study. Age distribution was from 29 to 84 years old (mean 54.0 years old) and all
      cases were females. Their stages were as follows: stage II 12 cases, stage IIIa
      16 cases, stage IIIb 22 cases and stage IV 12 cases. They were irradiated pre
      operatively using less fractionated large dose irradiation. Then, they underwent
      mastectomy or tumor resection. RESULTS: The abscopal effect on metastatic lymph
      nodes was observed in 15 out of 42 cases (35.7%) by palpation. The
      histopathological abscopal effect was noted in 22 out of 42 cases (52.4%).
      Incidence of the abscopal effect was significantly higher in patients under 55
      years old as compared with that in patients over 56 years old (p less than 0.05).
      The abscopal effect was highly observed in the cases who had the infiltrating
      lymphocytes around the degenerated cancer cells in the irradiated primary tumor
      nests (p less than 0.01). The subsets of the infiltrative lymphocytes were
      analyzed immunohistologically using monoclonal antibodies. It disclosed that the
      infiltrative lymphocytes were CD8 and CD4 positive lymphocytes. Those findings
      suggest that abscopal effect was caused by activated cellular immunity in hosts.
      The five and ten years survival rates of stage IIIa were 71.4% and 71.4%
      respectively. Stage IIIb showed 62.5% in 5 years survival rate and 54.7% in 10
      years survival rate. The survival rate of the cases with the abscopal effect was
      higher than that of the cases without the abscopal effect, however it was not
      statistically significant. No complications such as pneumonia was observed.

PMID- 2398303
TI  - [Therapeutic efficacy of postoperative irradiation on carcinoma of the breast].
AB  - From July 1973 to October 1983, 77 patients received mastectomy followed by
      postoperative irradiation at National Medical Center Hospital. The patients were
      classified as follows: 9 cases as stage I, 30 cases as stage II, 28 cases as
      stage IIIa, 7 cases as stage IIIb and 2 cases as stage IV. Irradiation fields
      were the parasternal and supraclavicular region. The axis of the irradiation
      fields to parasternal and supraclavicular regions were set up at 3.5 cm from the
      surface of the body and they were irradiated separately. The irradiation fields
      were about 0.5 cm apart from each other. Parasternal region contained bilateral
      parasternal lymphnodes. In some cases, the centersplit was used to prevent the
      radiation myelopathy. Prophylactic irradiation to axilla was performed by
      electron beam from October 1974 to September 1977. Prophylactic irradiation to
      chest wall has not been done since 1973. The five and ten years survival rates of
      stage II were 93.2% and 86.3%, stage IIIa were 61.9% and 55. 7%, Stage IIIb were
      71.4% and 35.7%. The rate of the local recurrence at the supraclavicular region
      was 0% as stage I, 6.7% as stage II, 0% as stage IIIa and 14.3% as stage IIIb.
      Among the cases with regional lymphnode involvement at the time of mastectomy,
      the rate of local recurrence at the supraclavicular region was 6.7% in
      prophylactic irradiation group and it was significantly lower than in non
      prophylactic irradiation group (11.5%) (p less than 0.05). The rate of local
      recurrence to chest wall was 0% as stage I, 6.7% as stage II, 8.0% as stage IIIa
      and 42.9% as stage IIIb.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398304
TI  - Anorectal abscesses.

PMID- 2398305
TI  - Synovial chondromatosis.
AB  - A rare case of synovial chondromatosis of the knee occurring in a 65-year-old man
      is reported. Electron microscopy of the lesion suggests that the cartilaginous
      nodules develop through a process of metaplasia from the stromal fibroblasts.

PMID- 2398306
TI  - An unusual occurrence of amniotic fluid embolism.
AB  - Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare cause of intrapartum maternal death. Some cases
      do not fit the typical picture of a multipara in her thirties at or near term.
      The case presented in this paper involves a 25-year-old gravida 3, para 0,
      abortion 2, who developed amniotic fluid embolism much earlier in gestation than
      is usually described.

PMID- 2398307
TI  - ECG of the month. Against the rule. Second-degree AV block.

PMID- 2398308
TI  - Reflections on the 1990 KBA conventions.

PMID- 2398309
TI  - Brucellosis: an unusual cause of fever in Kentucky.
AB  - Human infection with brucellosis appears to be very uncommon in Kentucky. Only
      three cases have been reported to the Kentucky Department of Health, Frankfort,
      in the last 4 years. It is suspected, however, that brucellosis is severely
      underdiagnosed and under-reported in the United States. A patient recently
      diagnosed with acute systemic brucellosis reminds us that this illness may still
      be seen in the Commonwealth.

PMID- 2398310
TI  - Disorder of excessive daytime somnolence: a case series of 1,000 patients.
AB  - Symptoms of excessive daytime somnolence range from mild to severe. In mild
      cases, there may be minimal interference with normal daytime function. The
      hypersomnia can be disabling. When severe the patient finds it difficult to
      remain awake at times when physically inactive. Excessive daytime somnolence is
      the chief complaint of the majority of our adult patients. In this paper, we
      present the findings for 1,000 consecutive patients (755 males and 245 females)
      who were seen at the Humana Hospital Audubon Sleep Disorders Center. Patients
      ranged in age from 15 to 83. All patients had a sleep history, medical history
      and physical, psychological evaluation, polysomnographic evaluation, and other
      laboratory tests as indicated. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was the most
      prevalent diagnosis for males (84.2%) and females (59.6%). It accounted for over
      three-fourths of all diagnoses. Hypersomnia secondary to a psychiatric disorder
      was the next most frequent diagnosis overall (6.1%). A psychiatric disorder was
      second for females and third for males. Narcolepsy was diagnosed for 5.8% of all
      patients. This was the second most prevalent diagnosis for males and third for
      females. Eighteen males (47.4% of all males with a diagnosis of narcolepsy) and 9
      females (45.0%) had cataplexy. Nocturnal myoclonus was the primary diagnosis in
      2.5% of all patients with excessive daytime somnolence. An additional 49 patients
      with sleep apnea syndrome and 18 patients with narcolepsy also had periodic leg
      movements during sleep. A diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea and narcolepsy was
      made for 1.3% of patients. The narcolepsy component of this diagnosis was
      typically made only after the obstructive sleep apnea had been resolved (eg,
      nasal CPAP, tracheostomy).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398311
TI  - A conceptual overview of the regression discrepancy model for evaluating severe
      discrepancy between IQ and achievement scores.
AB  - A conceptual overview of the Regression Discrepancy Model (RDM) for determining
      severe discrepancy between IQ and achievement scores is presented in order to
      enhance understanding of the model without the use of the complex mathematical
      equations that constitute the model. The six specific goals of the RDM are
      identified, and figures illustrate the manner in which the model accomplishes
      each goal. Figures are also provided from a RDM computer output showing the basic
      outcomes of the model. Advantages and disadvantages of the RDM are discussed to
      further promote understanding of the model.

PMID- 2398312
TI  - Social validation of psychoeducational assessment reports.
AB  - The present study obtained written feedback concerning psychoeducational reports
      about youngsters referred to a pediatric hospital for known or suspected learning
      difficulties. A total of 269 questionnaires, with reference to 80 reports, were
      sent to parents and professionals. The results indicated that the reports were
      rated favorably in terms of understandability, explanatory value, and usefulness.
      There was a trend for parents and physicians to rate the report as less
      understandable than did school professionals. Parents rated the recommendations
      as more useful and reported implementing more of the recommendations than did
      teachers. These results are discussed with reference to service delivery.

PMID- 2398313
TI  - Visual discrimination of letter-like forms and its relationship to achievement
      over time in children with learning disabilities.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to better understand whether visual discrimination
      abilities are related to reading intelligence and other achievement areas in
      children with learning disabilities and normally achieving children. Children
      with visual discrimination problems were identified using the Gibson letter-like
      visual discrimination task. This task was given to a large sample of children
      with learning disabilities as well as a sample of normally achieving children.
      All children were followed throughout elementary school. Results indicated that
      children with learning disabilities who had visual discrimination problems at 6
      or 7 years of age performed more poorly in reading and general achievement over
      the elementary school years in comparison to the other children with learning
      disabilities and compared to normally achieving children. Discussion centers
      around the importance of this skill for reading.

PMID- 2398314
TI  - Competencies of postsecondary education personnel serving students with learning
      disabilities.
AB  - This paper presents the results of a survey designed to identify the needed
      competencies of both administrative and direct service personnel in directing and
      implementing postsecondary support programs for students with learning
      disabilities. Data were collected from a national sample of 299 practitioners. In
      addition to information about respondent characteristics, results include ratings
      for all items on the survey. Competency areas perceived as most desired by
      learning specialists were assessment skills, cognitive interventions, and
      instructional skills, while administrative personnel rated management/leadership
      skills as most desired. Implications for professional development activities are
      addressed. The need for strengthening linkages between secondary and
      postsecondary personnel to foster effective transition planning for students with
      learning disabilities is also explored.

PMID- 2398315
TI  - Hemisphere-specific treatment of dyslexia subtypes: a field experiment.
AB  - Evidence is discussed to show that so-called L- and P-type dyslexia result from
      deviations in the development of hemispheric subservience in learning to read.
      Investigations into the validity of the L/P classification are reviewed, as are
      laboratory experiments on the effects of so-called hemisphere-specific
      stimulation (HSS). In the present field experiment, 28 L-dyslexic children (mean
      chronological and reading age 10.6 and 7.5 years, respectively) received HSS of
      the right hemisphere by the presentation of words to the fingers of the left
      hand, and 26 P-dyslexic children (mean chronological and reading age 9.4 and 7.2
      years, respectively) received HSS of the left hemisphere by the presentation of
      words to the fingers of the right hand. Control L and P subjects were treated
      according to the discretion of the remedial teacher. The results underscore the
      findings of previous laboratory experiments in that (a) HSS-treated L-dyslexics,
      relative to controls, tended to show larger improvement of accuracy in text
      reading; and (b) HSS-treated P-dyslexics, relative to controls, showed larger
      improvement of fluency in word reading.

PMID- 2398316
TI  - Social effects of integrated classrooms and resource room/regular class
      placements on elementary students with learning disabilities.
AB  - The social status of elementary students with learning disabilities (LD) served
      by the Integrated Classroom Model (ICM) was compared to the social status of
      elementary students with learning disabilities served in a regular class with
      resource room support. The ICM serves elementary special education and non
      special-education students (1:2) together as one class. The comparison group was
      composed of students with learning disabilities who received special education
      services outside of their regular classroom for a portion of their school day.
      Social status was determined by assessing interpersonal relationships among
      students, using a peer rating method. The results of analyses of various
      dimensions suggest that while special education students in both programs have
      significantly lower social status on average than their non-special-education
      peers, the children in the ICM have a better opportunity to blend successfully
      into the classroom than the children who go out to a resource room.

PMID- 2398317
TI  - Psychological adjustment and family functioning of boys with learning
      disabilities.
AB  - This study examined parent reports of behavioral and family functioning for 59
      boys with learning disabilities (LD) and 65 nondisabled boys (NLD) of ages 6 to
      12 years. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Family
      Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES III). Boys with LD were
      reported as having significantly more behavior problems of both the Internalizing
      and Externalizing types than NLD boys. Individual scales yielded group
      differences indicating higher scores (more problems) for the group with LD on the
      Hyperactive, Schizoid or Anxious, Depressed, and Obsessive Compulsive scales, but
      no differences on the Aggressive or Social Withdrawal scales. Furthermore,
      families of boys with LD tended to score more frequently in the extreme
      (disturbed) range of family functioning. However, boys of families in the extreme
      range did not have more behavior problems than the boys of other families. The
      findings suggest that a greater than average proportion of boys with LD are at
      risk for developing psychological adjustment problems.

PMID- 2398318
TI  - The effects of direct feedback and practice on metaphor performance in children
      with learning disabilities.
AB  - Children with learning disabilities may have a problem in interpreting metaphor
      and need specific guidance and practice. This study found that direct feedback
      and practice could significantly increase metaphor performance of these children.
      Further descriptive analyses indicated that grade and reading levels of the
      subjects correlated with their metaphor performance.

PMID- 2398319
TI  - Collateral circulation in skeletal muscles: effect of pentoxifylline and
      torbafylline.
AB  - Vascular casts were prepared using Batson Anatomical corrosion compound, from
      maximally dilated rat tibialis anterior (TA), extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and
      soleus (SOL) with normal and limited blood supply (unilateral ligation of the
      common iliac artery). The weight of casts was expressed as a percentage of muscle
      wet weight. This value was considered representative for the size of the vascular
      bed. The value was 2.9 +/- 0.12% (mean +/- SEM) in normal TA, 3.37 +/- 0.15% in
      EDL and 4.8 +/- 0.43% in SOL. The weight of vascular casts decreased in all
      muscles to 40% of the values found in the contralateral muscles one week after
      ligation. Five weeks after ligation, it was about 60% of the control values in TA
      and EDL, and 80% in SOL. Treatment with torbafylline for one week did not change
      the weight of the vascular casts. After five weeks the size of the vascular bed
      was back to control values in EDL and SOL, and only 20% lower than control
      muscles in TA. This could be attributed to improved development of collateral
      circulation. Treatment with pentoxifylline improved collateral circulation only
      in SOL.

PMID- 2398320
TI  - Histopathology of veins and venous valves of patients with venous insufficiency
      syndrome: ultrastructure.
AB  - Vein and vein valve biopsies were obtained from venous insufficiency syndrome
      (VIS) patients undergoing venous valve transplants. Normal control biopsies were
      obtained from other non-VIS procedures. The specimens were examined using light
      and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Biopsies from VIS patients showed a
      variety of changes from what was considered normal structure. Most
      histopathologic changes were noted in the endothelium and subendothelial layer of
      the vein valve and wall, and in the media of the vein wall. These changes
      included 1) erosion of the endothelium with consequent adherence of blood
      elements, 2) intact endothelium with a thickened subendothelial zone which was
      populated with migrated smooth muscle and perhaps other cell types, 3) occurrence
      of abnormal or over-abundant collagen, and 4) thickening of the media with
      changes in the smooth muscle population therein.

PMID- 2398321
TI  - Flunarizine in long-term migraine prophylaxis: clinical evidence.
AB  - The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of long-term migraine
      prophylaxis with flunarizine. The efficacy of the drug was evaluated on the basis
      of the frequency, pain severity and duration of migraine attacks. Frequency, the
      most modified parameter, was reduced to about half of the pre-treatment level in
      one to three months time. The condition remained more or less stable from the
      third treatment month onwards. The results showed remarkable efficacy of long
      term prophylaxis with flunarizine, and the response was better in younger
      patients with a short history of migraine.

PMID- 2398322
TI  - A comparison of the binding of angiotensin II to human placenta between normal
      and severe pre-eclamptic pregnancy.
AB  - We compared the binding of angiotensin II (A-II) to human placenta between normal
      and severe pre-eclamptic pregnancy. Our data did not show any statistically
      significant difference between normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancy in both the
      equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) and the total number of placental A-II
      receptors. Therefore, changes in the binding of A-II to placenta might not be
      involved in the possible cause of activation of the renin-angiotensin system in
      the feto-placental unit in severe preeclampsia.

PMID- 2398323
TI  - Effects of ethanol on reinforced variations and repetitions by rats under a
      multiple schedule.
AB  - Response sequences emitted by five Long-Evans rats were reinforced under a two
      component multiple schedule. In the REPEAT component, food pellets were
      contingent upon completion of a left-left-right-right (LLRR) sequence on two
      levers. In the VARY component, pellets were contingent upon variable sequences
      (i.e., a sequence was reinforced only if it differed from each of the previous
      five sequences). The rats learned to emit LLRR sequences in the REPEAT component
      and variable sequences in VARY. Intraperitoneal injections of ethanol (1.25,
      1.75, and 2.25 g/kg) significantly increased sequence variability in REPEAT,
      thereby lowering reinforcement probability, but had little effect on sequence
      variability in the VARY component. These results extend previous findings that
      alcohol impairs the performance of reinforced repetitions but not of reinforced
      variations in response sequences.

PMID- 2398324
TI  - Tacting and manding in correspondence training: effects of child selection of
      verbalization.
AB  - We investigated correspondence between verbal and nonverbal behavior in preschool
      children in a play setting. Four children (4 years old) participated in a
      multiple baseline across subjects design. Children were asked what toy(s) they
      were going to play with during an immediately upcoming play period. When no
      contingencies were placed on either verbal or nonverbal behavior, children showed
      high rates of correspondence. When children were required to verbalize about a
      toy from a restricted range of infrequently used toys, but no contingencies were
      placed on correspondence, low rates of correspondence were observed. High rates
      of correspondence were noted when reinforcement was contingent on it. Results are
      discussed in terms of tacting and manding.

PMID- 2398325
TI  - Simultaneous auditory discrimination.
AB  - Stimuli in many visual stimulus control studies typically are presented
      simultaneously; in contrast the stimuli in auditory discrimination studies are
      presented successively. Many everyday auditory stimuli that control responding
      occur simultaneously. This suggests that simultaneous auditory discriminations
      should be readily acquired. The purpose of the present experiment was to train
      rats in a simultaneous auditory discrimination. The apparatus consisted of a cage
      with two response levers mounted on one wall and a speaker mounted adjacent to
      each lever. A feeder was mounted on the opposite wall. In a go-right/go-left
      procedure, two stimuli were presented on each trial, a wide-band noise burst
      through one speaker and a 2-kHz complex signal through the other. The stimuli
      alternated randomly from side to side across trials, and the stimulus correlated
      with reinforcement for presses varied across subjects. The rats acquired the
      discrimination in 400 to 700 trials, and no response position preference
      developed during acquisition. The ease with which the simultaneous discrimination
      was acquired suggests that procedures, such as matching to sample, that require
      simultaneous presentation of stimuli can be used with auditory stimuli in animals
      having poor vision.

PMID- 2398326
TI  - Matching, delay-reduction, and maximizing models for choice in concurrent-chains
      schedules.
AB  - Models of choice in concurrent-chains schedules are derived from melioration,
      generalized matching, and optimization. The resulting models are compared with
      those based on Fantino's (1969, 1981) delay-reduction hypothesis. It is found
      that all models involve the delay reduction factors (T - t2L) and (T - t2R),
      where T is the expected time to primary reinforcement and t2L, t2R are the
      durations of the terminal links. In particular, in the case of equal initial
      links, the model derived from melioration coincides with Fantino's original model
      for full (reliable) reinforcement and with the model proposed by Spetch and Dunn
      (1987) for percentage (unreliable) reinforcement. In the general case of unequal
      initial links, the model derived from melioration differs from the revised model
      advanced by Squires and Fantino (1971) only in the factors affecting the delay
      reduction terms (T - t2L) and (T - t2R). The models of choice obtained by
      minimizing the expected time to reinforcement depend on the type of feedback
      functions used. In particular, if power feedback functions are used, the
      optimization model coincides with that obtained from melioration.

PMID- 2398327
TI  - Developmental differences in visual processing: strategy versus structure.
AB  - The present study was an examination of two contrasting explanations for the
      finding that young children tend to classify objects according to similarity
      relations whereas adults emphasize dimensional structure. Subjects from three
      different age groups were given tasks that tapped different aspects of the visual
      process: Feature search, Conjunction search, and Restricted Classification tasks.
      In addition, three different stimulus objects (a highly separable, a highly
      integral, and an intermediate dimensional combination) were studied to explore
      the contribution of stimulus structure in dictating the nature of the processing
      mode. The results provided evidence against the view that children perceive
      objects according to a more primitive holistic structure. Rather, the results can
      be taken with past research to suggest that less efficient visual processing may
      lead the younger subjects to adopt a classification strategy that emphasizes
      similarity relations. In addition, the current research supported Garner's (1974,
      The processing of information and structure, Potomac, MD: Erlbaum) suggestion
      that the nature of the processing mode is stimulus-driven.

PMID- 2398328
TI  - Timing and accuracy of visually directed movements in children: control of
      direction and amplitude components.
AB  - The reaction times (RTs), movement times (MTs), and final accuracy of hand
      movements directed towards visual goals were measured in 6-, 8-, and 10-year-old
      children, using tasks in which direction and amplitude components of movement
      were distinctly required. The tasks were performed with and without visual
      feedback of the limb. RTs decreased with age, and were shorter in directional
      than in amplitude task, in all ages. MTs were the longest at age 8 in both tasks,
      equally short at ages 6 and 10 in the directional task, the shortest at age 10,
      and intermediate at age 6, when amplitude had to be regulated. In the amplitude
      task, the target distance generally affected MTs under both visual conditions,
      but to a lower degree at age 10 than in the two younger groups. Movement
      accuracy, which was in all cases higher with visual feedback, showed different
      developmental trends among the two spatial components: directional accuracy was
      not different among the three groups of age, whereas amplitude accuracy showed a
      nonmonotonic development in the nonvisual condition, with an increase between age
      6 and age 10, and the lowest level at age 8. In the visual condition, amplitude
      accuracy did not change with age. The specification of direction seems therefore
      to predominantly load the preparatory stage of the response. Amplitude
      specification seems to be more dependent on on-going regulations and to undergo a
      longer and more complex development, with a critical period around age 8 when a
      greater propensity for a feedback-based control appears on the two components.
      With increasing age, amplitude tends to be specific to a greater extent by a
      feedforward process.

PMID- 2398329
TI  - The development of spatial relation representations: evidence from studies of
      cerebral lateralization.
AB  - Twenty-four-5-year-olds and 24 7-year-olds completed two divided-visual-field
      tasks; one task required subjects to categorize a dot as above or below a line,
      whereas the other required subjects to determine whether the dot was within 3 mm
      of the line. There was a relative left-hemisphere advantage for the above/below
      task and a relative right-hemisphere advantage for the distance task. The results
      indicate that distinct processing subsystems compute different kinds of visuo
      spatial relations as early as 5 years of age.

PMID- 2398330
TI  - Infant categorization: memory for category-level and specific item information.
AB  - In an attempt to determine whether it is necessary to postulate abstraction
      processes in infant categorization, three experiments assessed retention of
      category-level information and information specific to category members. Using a
      visual recognition memory procedure, 10- and 13-month-old infants were
      familiarized with category instances containing both shared dimensional
      information and idiosyncratic features. The addition of idiosyncratic features to
      members of the familiarization category enhanced specific item memory for 13
      month-old infants. However, this was not the case for the younger infants. The
      results of within-category test comparisons indicated that 10-month-old infants
      regarded information common to all members of the category as more familiar than
      information specific to individual exemplars. This occurred despite evidence that
      specific item information was retained in memory and available for retrieval
      during recognition tests. The findings are discussed in relation to exemplar and
      abstraction models of categorization.

PMID- 2398331
TI  - Phonological awareness and spelling in normal children and dyslexics: the case of
      initial consonant clusters.
AB  - We investigated phonological awareness and spelling skills among normal readers
      and spellers in Grades 1 and 2 and among dyslexics who scored at the same level
      as the normals on a standardized spelling test. Both normal children and
      dyslexics had difficulty with consonants in word-initial clusters in a phoneme
      recognition task and a phoneme deletion task. Also, both groups of children had
      trouble producing legal spellings of syllables with initial clusters, sometimes
      failing to represent the second consonants of the clusters. The dyslexics'
      phonological awareness and spelling skills were poorer than those of the younger
      normal children, but the two groups showed similar patterns of performance.

PMID- 2398333
TI  - The rule learning behavior of reading disabled and normal children as a function
      of task characteristics and instruction.
AB  - The purpose of this research was to investigate rule learning in reading disabled
      (RD) and normal children (chronological age and reading age (RA) match) when
      required to (a) abstract rules independently, and (b) use rules after
      instruction. Study 1 required the children to solve problems using shapes and
      letters. Although there was no difference between groups in the rate of problem
      solving when children were asked to abstract rules independently, the pattern of
      errors was different. The RD children made a greater proportion of errors on the
      negative instance for the more complex problems. In particular, this occurred on
      the letter task which involved psycholinguistic categorization. After
      instruction, the RA controls made more errors than the other groups. Study 2 was
      an analogous pseudoword reading task. Even with statistical adjustment for
      differences in prior grapheme-phoneme (g-p) rule knowledge, the RD children
      performed less accurately than the RA controls when they had to abstract rules,
      although this was restricted to the most difficult rule (rule of e). There was no
      difference after instruction in rule application, although the pattern of errors
      and post-test results indicated that the RD children continued to experience
      decoding difficulty. These results suggest a phonologically based productive
      deficit which interferes with the learning of g-p rules. This may be part of a
      more general language deficit which includes psycholinguistic categorization.
      Despite the severity of this handicap, RD children seem responsive to
      instruction.

PMID- 2398332
TI  - Children's memory for new songs: integration or independent storage of words and
      tunes?
AB  - The present study investigated how young children encode a song in memory,
      specifically, whether they integrate or store independently in memory the text
      and the tune of a song. Preschool children and, for purposes of comparison,
      adults, each participated in two test sessions: in one they were presented three
      novel tunes each with rhyming text and in the other they heard the same three
      tunes but with nonrhyming text. Following this familiarization phase they
      received a recognition test. On each trial, they heard one of five types of
      songs; the original song, a completely new song (new words, new tune), a mismatch
      of the tune of one song with the words of another, old words with a new tune, and
      new words with an old tune. The subject's task was to decide if each test song
      was "exactly the same," "somewhat the same," or "not at all the same" as any one
      of the three original songs. At both ages the proportion of "same" responses was
      significantly greater for the original than mismatch songs, indicating that
      listeners were more likely to remember the exact pairing of text and tune than to
      retain the components independently. However, integration was significantly
      greater for adults than children. At both ages, for songs judged as similar to
      the original songs, the words more often than the tune proved to be the most
      salient feature, particularly for children. There were no significant effects of
      rhyme on performance at either age. The results are discussed in terms of
      Serafine, Crowder, and Repp's (1984) hypothesis that one integrates the tune and
      text of a song in memory, rather than storing components separately.

PMID- 2398334
TI  - The emergence of strategic knowledge activation in categorical clustering during
      retrieval.
AB  - Elementary school children's free recall clustering has recently been explained
      as an automatic by-product of their developing knowledge base. In contrast, it is
      claimed that as children get older they become aware of the usefulness of
      category organization as a memory strategy that enables them to strategically
      activate category knowledge even during retrieval. To test this hypothesis an
      experimental procedure was developed where Ss first had to learn items in a
      noncategorical order to the criterion of two perfect serial recall trials. After
      a 12- to 15-min retention interval Ss unexpectedly received either serial or free
      recall (or--in Experiment 1--cued recall) instructions. In three experiments with
      second and fourth graders it was shown that (1) fourth graders' recall exceeded
      that of second graders only in the free, but not in the serial (or cued), recall
      condition, (2) higher levels of clustering were observed for fourth graders in
      the free recall condition, and (3) the grade effect on free recall data was
      eliminated when the influence of metamemory and categorical clustering
      statistically was partialled out (Experiments 1 and 3). This pattern of results
      proved robust against variants in which a metamemory question was asked or
      omitted prior to recall (Experiment 2) and manipulations in which age differences
      in categorical knowledge were minimized (Experiment 3). The results were
      interpreted as demonstrating fourth graders' strategic competence in activating
      category knowledge during retrieval and second graders' automatic knowledge
      activation.

PMID- 2398335
TI  - When do children overestimate their knowledge of unfamiliar targets?
AB  - We report four investigations in which 5 to 7 year olds judged whether or not
      they knew familiar- and unfamiliar-named targets. Under some conditions judgments
      were made in relation to performance on a relevant task, e.g., children judged
      whether they knew the picture they had picked from a set was the target. Under
      other conditions, children judged their state of knowledge not in relation to
      performance, e.g., they answered "Do you know who (target) is?" Under both types
      of condition, children nearly always made correct "know" judgments when targets
      were familiar. Correct "don't know" judgments about unfamiliar targets were
      relatively common when judgments were not made in relation to performance on a
      task (average scores 80-90% correct), but were less frequent when knowledge was
      judged in relation to performance on a task (average scores 40-70% correct).
      Knowledge judged in relation to performance was overestimated even when children
      did not choose the picture they thought might be the target before making their
      judgment, when the pictures were face-down, and when children predicted
      performance on a task not yet present. It seems that although children can make
      relatively accurate judgments of their own knowledge states, they tend to
      overestimate their competence when assessing their knowledge in relation to
      performance on a task. We discuss why this might be.

PMID- 2398336
TI  - Configural associations in discrimination learning.
AB  - In 4 experiments, Sprague-Dawley rats and homing pigeons received training with
      an A+ AB0 BC+ discrimination, in which food (+) accompanied trials with A and BC.
      Food was not presented (0) on trials with the compound AB. Subsequent test trials
      revealed that responding during C by itself, or the compound ABC, was slower than
      during either A or BC. Responding during the ABC compound was also found to be
      slower after training with the A+ AB0 BC+ than an A0 AB+ BC+ discrimination. We
      argue that these findings demonstrate the importance of configural associations
      in discrimination learning. Two accounts for the way in which these associations
      exert their influence are considered.

PMID- 2398337
TI  - The role of information about the response-outcome relation in instrumental
      discrimination learning.
AB  - In 4 instrumental learning experiments, the hierarchical organization among
      responses (R), outcomes (O), and stimuli (S) was examined. Each experiment
      explored the possibility that S becomes associated with the R-O relation by
      providing information about that relation. In each case, an analogy was developed
      to a paradigm that has been important for concluding that informational relations
      affect Pavlovian conditioning. Experiments 1 and 2 found an effect of the
      information that S provides about the R-O relation, using paradigms analogous to
      blocking and contingency experiments. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated a similar
      result, using a paradigm like that of relative validity. In each case, the
      experiments pointed to the importance of the information that S gives about the R
      O relation, rather than about the individual R and O elements.

PMID- 2398338
TI  - Context-specific conditioning in the conditioned-emotional-response procedure.
AB  - In 3 experiments, rats were used to investigate the conditions that influence the
      transfer of a conditioned emotional response from 1 context to another. The
      subjects experienced training in 2 contexts on each day. In Experiment 1,
      subjects received a single conditioning trial with a different target stimulus in
      each of the 2 contexts. Conditioned responding was found to be more vigorous when
      the target was presented subsequently in the context in which conditioning had
      taken place than when it was presented in the other context. Experiments 2 and 3
      confirmed these results and also showed that neither the unconditioned response
      evoked by the target stimulus nor the conditioned response acquired after
      multiple training trials showed evidence of context specificity. Possible reasons
      for the difference in outcome between single-trial and multitrial conditioning
      procedures are discussed.

PMID- 2398339
TI  - Potentiation of the acoustic startle response by a conditioned stimulus paired
      with acoustic startle stimulus in rats.
AB  - The hypothesis that the standard acoustic startle habituation paradigm contains
      the elements of Pavlovian fear conditioning was tested. In a potentiated startle
      response paradigm, a startle stimulus and a light conditioned stimulus (CS) were
      paired. A startle stimulus then was tested alone or following the CS. Freezing
      behavior was measured to index conditioned fear. The startle response was
      potentiated on CS trials, and rats froze more in CS than in non-CS periods. In
      Experiment 1, response to a previously habituated, weak startle stimulus was
      potentiated. In Experiment 2, response to the same stimulus used as the
      unconditioned stimulus (US) in training was potentiated. This CS-potentiated
      response retarded the course of response decrements over training sessions as
      compared with an explictly unpaired control group. Conditioned fear is a standard
      feature of this habituation paradigm, serves to potentiate the startle response,
      and provides an associative dimension lacking in the habituation process per se.

PMID- 2398340
TI  - Preference as a function of absolute response durations.
AB  - The durations of 2 responses, 2 categories of reinforced nondiscriminated
      interresponse times, were varied while their relative durations were held
      approximately constant, with the longer about 2 1/2 times longer than the
      shorter. Three pigeons pecked for food. Reinforcers for the shorter and longer
      responses were arranged by a concurrent variable-interval, variable-interval
      schedule. Preference for the shorter response increased when both were
      lengthened. These results, taken together with previous results for discriminated
      interresponse times, show that preference for the shorter of 2 responses depends
      on their absolute durations, whether they are discriminated or not and regardless
      of autoshaped key pecks that may occur in the discriminated case. Time-allocation
      matching was not generally obtained. The results qualitatively agree with an
      associative learner, a computational processing model derived from a molecular
      analysis of behavior.

PMID- 2398341
TI  - Solid-phase cation exchange extraction of basic drugs from the urine of racing
      greyhounds.
AB  - The extraction of basic drugs from the urine of racing greyhounds has been
      carried out for many years using solvent extraction. This paper describes an
      extraction method that utilises a cation exchange column. Fourteen basic drugs
      were introduced onto the column in their ionised form, washed with organic and
      aqueous solvents and eluted with basic methanol. Three drugs, cyclizine, procaine
      and quinine were determined in authentic samples from racing greyhounds. A
      comparison of the solid-phase method with liquid-liquid extraction showed an
      increase in the efficiency of extraction and a reduction in both the time and
      cost incurred. The method requires a minimal volume of sample and solvent, little
      glassware and is easily automated.

PMID- 2398342
TI  - Marital rape in Scots law: a further case of interest.
AB  - In a short period of time, the law in Scotland has developed in two ways.
      Firstly, the law changed recently to allow the prosecution of a husband where a
      couple were in fact separated at the time of the rape. Secondly, the law moved
      forward again to the present position where a charge of rape is competent even if
      the couple are living together at the time of the incident complained of.

PMID- 2398343
TI  - Relative indices of efficiency.

PMID- 2398344
TI  - Molecular cloning and expression of a novel catechol 2,3-dioxygenase gene from
      the benzoate meta-cleavage pathway in Azotobacter vinelandii.
AB  - Azotobacter vinelandii strain 206 degrades benzoate via the meta-cleavage
      pathway. In a genomic library derived from this organism a clone was obtained
      which carried and expressed the gene for the third enzyme in this pathway,
      catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.2), on a 5.9 kb SalI restriction fragment.
      The structural gene was more precisely mapped on an internal 1.6 kb EcoRI
      fragment which, after insertion into expression vectors, directed the synthesis
      of a 33 kDa polypeptide. The gene showed very little or no homology with
      isofunctional genes derived from Pseudomonas. Comprehensive substrate specificity
      analysis showed significant differences between the specific activities obtained
      from the cloned gene product and extracts derived from Azotobacter itself.

PMID- 2398345
TI  - Plasmid transformation of Streptomyces venezuelae: modified procedures used to
      introduce the gene(s) for p-aminobenzoate synthase.
AB  - Sucrose was unsuitable as an osmotic stabilizer in buffer solutions and media
      used for transformation of Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230. Its replacement with
      NaCl, together with other modifications in the procedure, allowed efficient
      formation and regeneration of protoplasts but did not support transformation of
      S. venezuelae ISP5230 by vectors pIJ41 and pIJ941. With pIJ702, transformants
      with a low plasmid-copy-number and altered growth characteristics were obtained.
      Both pIJ702 and pIJ941, but not pIJ41, transformed S. venezuelae 13s; when pIJ941
      was used, the plasmid in 18 of 20 transformants contained a deletion in the
      region reported to code for replication and transfer. The modified plasmid
      transformed S. venezuelae ISP5230 efficiently and was used to introduce a
      fragment of DNA from the pab locus of the wild-type into a Cml-1 mutant of
      ISP5230 blocked in chloramphenicol formation. Transformants that overproduced p
      aminobenzoic acid were obtained but they remained blocked in chloramphenicol
      production; thus, the cloned pab fragment did not contain genes able to
      complement the cml-1 mutation. The results also suggest that the Cml-1 phenotype
      is not due to a defective reaction common to the biosynthesis of p-aminobenzoic
      acid and chloramphenicol.

PMID- 2398346
TI  - Comparison of the chitinolytic properties of Clostridium sp. strain 9.1 and a
      chitin-degrading bacterium from the intestinal tract of the plaice, Pleuronectes
      platessa (L.).
AB  - The chitinolytic properties of a facultatively anaerobic bacterium isolated from
      the hindgut of plaice were compared with those of Clostridium sp. strain 9.1, a
      bacterium isolated from anoxic estuarine sediment. The chitinolytic enzyme
      systems of the gut isolate and strain 9.1 both released N,N'-diacetylchitobiose
      (NAG2) as the major hydrolysis end-product. During the hydrolysis of chitin,
      there was transient accumulation of a non-sedimentary chitin fraction which was
      not detectable by high-performance liquid chromatography. Growth on NAG2
      repressed chitinase synthesis in the gut isolate but not in the Clostridium
      species. Thiol reagents were strongly inhibitory to the chitinase of the strict
      anaerobe but did not affect the hydrolytic enzymes of the gut isolate. When the
      two bacteria were cocultured with chitin as the sole carbon and energy source,
      Clostridium sp. strain 9.1 was always outcompeted. Experiments with batch and
      phauxostat cultures showed that the competitiveness of strain 9.1 could be
      improved dramatically by the inclusion in the cocultures of a non-chitinolytic
      bacterium capable of fermenting chitin oligomers. The cooperation between the
      oligomer-fermenting species and the Clostridium sp. is discussed in relation to
      the regulation of chitinolytic activity in the latter organism.

PMID- 2398348
TI  - Numerical taxonomic analysis of imperfect yeast species in Candida and Torulopsis
      shows no basis for generic separation.
AB  - A numerical taxonomic analysis was performed on 79 phenotypic characters of 147
      imperfect yeast species currently assigned to the genus Candida. The characters
      used were drawn from two monographs on yeast taxonomy. The analysis revealed 10
      clusters of three or more species that were similar at the level of 75% or more,
      and seven clusters containing only one or two species. None of the 10 major
      clusters contained exclusively species that were traditionally assigned to the
      genus Torulopsis, while the 12 Candida species of basidiomycetous affinity fell
      into three clusters with only one species of ascomycetous affinity included.
      Statistical determination of the five most important differential characters for
      each cluster failed to show the property of pseudomycelium/mycelium formation as
      significant for any cluster. The study provides no evidence to support a
      distinction between taxa that were formerly divided between the genera Candida
      and Torulopsis and supports previous proposals that these genera should be fused.

PMID- 2398347
TI  - Cellular events during sexual development from amoeba to plasmodium in the slime
      mould Physarum polycephalum.
AB  - Time-lapse cinematography and immunofluorescence microscopy were used to study
      cellular events during amoebal fusions and sexual plasmodium development in
      Physarum polycephalum. Amoebal fusions occurred frequently in mixtures of strains
      heteroallelic or homoallelic for the mating-type locus matA, but plasmodia
      developed only in the matA-heteroallelic cultures. These observations confirmed
      that matA controls development of fusion cells rather than cell fusion. Analysis
      of cell pedigrees showed that, in both types of culture, amoebae fused at any
      stage of the cell cycle except mitosis. In matA-heteroallelic fusion cells,
      nuclear fusion occurred in interphase about 2 h after cell fusion; interphase
      nuclear fusion did not occur in matA-homoallelic fusion cells. The diploid
      zygote, formed by nuclear fusion in matA-heteroallelic fusion cells, entered an
      extended period of cell growth which ended in the formation of a binucleate
      plasmodium by mitosis without cytokinesis. In contrast, no extension to the cell
      cycle was observed in matA-homoallelic fusion cells and mitosis was always
      accompanied by cytokinesis. In matA-homoallelic cultures, many of the binucleate
      fusion cells split apart without mitosis, regenerating pairs of uninucleate
      amoebae; in the remaining fusion cells, the nuclei entered mitosis synchronously
      and spindle fusion sometimes occurred, giving rise to a variety of products.
      Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that matA-heteroallelic fusion cells
      possessed two amoebal microtubule organizing centres, and that most zygotes
      possessed only one; amoebal microtubule organization was lost gradually over
      several cell cycles. In matA-homoallelic cultures, all the cells retained amoebal
      microtubule organization.

PMID- 2398349
TI  - Phi SC623, a temperate actinophage of Streptomyces coelicolor Muller, and its
      relatives phi SC347 and phi SC681.
AB  - Three species-specific, temperate actinophages of Streptomyces coelicolor Muller,
      phi SC623, phi SC347 and phi SC681, were compared with respect to host range,
      virion structure, antiserum cross-inactivation, DNA-restriction pattern, DNA
      hybridization, and DNA base composition. The restriction map of phi SC623 (57 kb)
      was established with eight restriction enzymes; the homologies of this phage with
      phi SC347 and phi SC681 suggested that it might be a hybrid phage composed of
      approximately equal parts homologous to one of the other two phages. No homology
      was detected between phi SC623 and R4, a temperate, wide-host-range phage which
      can also lysogenize S. coelicolor Muller.

PMID- 2398350
TI  - Intra- and interchain disulfide bond generation in S100b protein.
AB  - Disulfide-bridged S100b protein formation, aircatalyzed and induced by
      thiol/disulfide exchange, was studied under various ionic conditions. As native,
      physiological disulfide-bridged proteins are obtained easily from their reduced
      counterparts under appropriate redox conditions, this work was performed to
      determine whether this was the case for disulfide-bridged S100b proteins,
      reported to have neurite extension activity. In nondenaturating native medium, no
      disulfide-bridged species could be generated from reduced proteins in any of the
      ion-induced conformations tested (no ions, Ca2+, Zn2+, or K+) under widely
      different redox conditions. Only mixed disulfides accumulated, in certain cases.
      In contrast, intrasubunit monomeric and intersubunit dimeric disulfide-bridged
      species were readily and efficiently generated under denaturating conditions. A
      brief characterization of these oxidized species suggested that they differed
      widely in structure from their reduced counterparts and that they probably did
      not bind Ca2+. Taken together, these data question the physiological relevance of
      these disulfide-bridged S100b protein species.

PMID- 2398351
TI  - Effects of hypoxia on the catecholamine release, Ca2+ uptake, and cytosolic free
      Ca2+ concentration in cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.
AB  - The purpose of the present study is to clarify the effects of hypoxia on
      catecholamine release and its mechanism of action. For this purpose, using
      cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, we examined the effects of hypoxia on
      high (55 mM) K(+)-induced increases in catecholamine release, in cytosolic free
      Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), and in 45Ca2+ uptake. Experiments were carried out
      in media preequilibrated with a gas mixture of either 21% O2/79% N2 (control) or
      100% N2 (hypoxia). High K(+)-induced catecholamine release was inhibited by
      hypoxia to approximately 40% of the control value, but on reoxygenation the
      release returned to control levels. Hypoxia had little effect on ATP
      concentrations in the cells. In the hypoxic medium, [Ca2+]i (measured using fura
      2) gradually increased and reached a plateau of approximately 1.0 microM at 30
      min, whereas the level was constant in the control medium (approximately 200 nM).
      High K(+)-induced increases in [Ca2+]i were inhibited by hypoxia to approximately
      30% of the control value. In the cells permeabilized by digitonin, catecholamine
      release induced by Ca2+ was unaffected by hypoxia. Hypoxia had little effect on
      basal 45Ca2+ uptake into the cells, but high K(+)-induced 45Ca2+ uptake was
      inhibited by hypoxia. These results suggest that hypoxia inhibits high K(+)
      induced catecholamine release and that this inhibition is mainly the result of
      the inhibition of high K(+)-induced increases in [Ca2+]i subsequent to the
      inhibition of Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels.

PMID- 2398352
TI  - Tissue distribution of human monoamine oxidase A and B mRNA.
AB  - Monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B play important roles in the metabolism of
      biogenic amines. Northern analysis using 32P-labeled subfragments of human liver
      MAO A and B cDNA clones detected a 5- and a 3-kb transcript, respectively, in
      most human tissues examined. However, fetal heart and thymus express minute
      amounts of MAO A transcript, whereas fetal brain, muscle, thymus, spleen,
      meninges, and placenta express minute amounts of MAO B transcript. Small
      intestine and placenta express, in addition to the MAO A 5-kb transcript, a 2-kb
      transcript, which may arise from an alternative polyadenylation site. MAO A and B
      transcripts are expressed in similar regions of adult human brain. The highest
      concentrations of these transcripts were located in frontal cortex and locus
      coeruleus. This study demonstrates the tissue-specific distribution of the MAO
      genes and will provide insight into the physiological functions of MAO A and B.

PMID- 2398353
TI  - Cell-specific expression of the mouse glial fibrillary acidic protein gene:
      identification of the cis- and trans-acting promoter elements for astrocyte
      specific expression.
AB  - We have determined the whole promoter sequence and the transcriptional startpoint
      of the mouse glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene and characterized the
      promoter function. We found that the cis elements for astrocyte specific
      expression are located within 256 bp from the transcription startpoint. We
      defined by DNase I footprinting assay three trans-acting factor binding sites
      (GFI, GFII, and GFIII) using brain or C6 astrocytoma nuclear extracts. GFI, GFII,
      and GFIII have AP-2, NFI, and cyclic AMP-responsive element motifs, respectively.
      Mutations in GFII drastically decreased the promoter activity. Base substitution
      in GFI and GFIII abolished the cell-specific expression, resulting in the GFAP
      promoter expression even in some non-GFAP-producing cells.

PMID- 2398354
TI  - Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on the phospholipid molecular species of
      monkey brain.
AB  - We examined the changes in the molecular species of brain ethanolamine
      glycerophospholipids of monkeys fed diets containing widely ranging amounts of n
      3 fatty acids. Two groups of rhesus monkeys were fed pre- and postnatally either
      a control diet (soy oil; containing 8% of fatty acids as 18:3n-3) or a deficient
      diet (safflower oil; containing less than 0.3% 18:3n-3). The brains of these
      animals were analyzed at 22 months of age. A third group of monkeys was fed the
      safflower oil diet to 22 months of age and then switched to a fish oil diet (28%
      long-chain n-3 fatty acids) for 1-2 years before autopsy. The molecular species
      of the diacyl, alkylacyl, and alkenylacyl ethanolamine glycerophospholipids from
      frontal cortex were separated by HPLC. A total of 24 molecular species were
      identified. Fatty acids in the sn-2 position differed markedly among the diet
      groups, but the sn-1 position always contained only 16:0, 18:0, or 18:1. In the
      diacyl subclass of the control brain, the n-3 molecular species represented 41%
      of total and the n-6 species 45%, whereas in the deficient brain the n-3
      molecular species decreased to 9% and n-6 molecular species increased to 77%. The
      fatty acid 22:5n-6 did not replace 22:6n-3 in a symmetrical fashion in the
      molecular species of the deficient brain. In the brains of the fish oil-fed
      monkeys, the n-3 molecular species amounted to 61% and n-6 molecular species were
      reduced to 25%. The species 18:1-22:6, 16:0-22:6, and 18:0-22:6 generally changed
      proportionally in response to diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398355
TI  - Differential effects of forced locomotion, tail-pinch, immobilization, and methyl
      beta-carboline carboxylate on extracellular 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels
      in the rat striatum, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex: an in vivo
      voltammetric study.
AB  - In vivo voltammetry with carbon fiber electrodes was used to assess extracellular
      3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels in striatum, nucleus accumbens, and
      anteromedial prefrontal cortex of freely moving rats subjected to altered motor
      activity or anxiogenic stimuli. Forced locomotion on a rotarod for 40 min caused
      an increase in extracellular DOPAC levels in the striatum and to a lesser extent
      in the nucleus accumbens but not in the prefrontal cortex. Subcutaneous injection
      of the anxiogenic agent methyl-beta-carboline carboxylate (10 mg/kg) increased
      extracellular DOPAC levels to a similar extent in prefrontal cortex and nucleus
      accumbens. Immobilization for 4 min augmented dopamine (DA) metabolism
      preferentially in the nucleus accumbens and to a lesser extent in the prefrontal
      cortex. Tail-pinch caused a selective activation of DA metabolism in the nucleus
      accumbens. None of these stimuli altered extracellular striatal DOPAC levels.
      These results confirm the involvement of dopaminergic systems projecting to the
      striatum and nucleus accumbens in motor function and suggest that mesolimbic and
      mesocortical dopaminergic systems can be specifically activated by certain kinds
      of anxiogenic stimuli; the relative activation of either of these latter systems
      could depend primarily on the nature (sensory modality, intensity) of the acute
      stressor.

PMID- 2398356
TI  - Permeability of the blood-brain barrier to the immunosuppressive cyclic peptide
      cyclosporin A.
AB  - Uptake of the immunosuppressive lipophilic peptide cyclosporin A has been
      measured by a number of techniques. The brain uptake index (BUI) technique in the
      rat yields only a small BUI value that is not significantly different from that
      of sucrose and mannitol and is comparable to other published BUI values for this
      compound. Brain perfusion studies in the guinea pig produce a unidirectional
      cerebrovascular permeability constant (Kin) of 1.2 +/- 0.28 microliter g-1 min-1
      for the hippocampus. Intravenous bolus injection techniques also in the guinea
      pig characteristically produce a larger Kin value of 2.53 +/- 0.38 microliter g-1
      min-1 for the same brain region, even after a correction for the inulin space of
      the tissue has been made. Apparent penetration of cyclosporin A into the
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) determined with the intravenous bolus injection
      technique is small with a Kin of 0.79 +/- 0.07 microliter g-1 min-1. However it
      is suggested that the radioactivity present in CSF is largely tritiated water.
      Studies with cultured cerebral endothelial cells from the rat have also been
      carried out and show that the cultured cells take up and accumulate cyclosporin A
      in vitro, achieving a tissue-to-medium ratio of 20 after 25 min of incubation. It
      is suggested that cyclosporin A is primarily taken up from lipoprotein at the
      blood-brain interface but, because of tight junctions at the blood-brain and
      blood-CSF barriers, becomes effectively trapped in the cerebral endothelial cells
      and the choroid plexus.

PMID- 2398357
TI  - Small rises in plasma choline reverse the negative arteriovenous difference of
      brain choline.
AB  - The concentrations of free choline in blood plasma from a peripheral artery and
      from the transverse sinus, in the CSF, and in total brain homogenate, have been
      measured in untreated rats and in rats after acute intraperitoneal administration
      of choline chloride. In untreated rats, the arteriovenous difference of brain
      choline was related to the arterial choline level. At low arterial blood levels
      (less than 10 microM) as observed under fasting conditions, the arteriovenous
      difference was negative (about -2 microM), indicating a net release of choline
      from the brain of about 1.6 nmol/g/min. In rats with spontaneously high arterial
      blood levels (greater than 15 microM), the arteriovenous difference was positive,
      implying a marked net uptake of choline by the brain (3.1 nmol/g/min). The CSF
      choline concentration, which reflects changes in the extracellular choline
      concentration, also increased with increasing plasma levels and closely
      paralleled the gradually rising net uptake. Acute administration of 6, 20, or 60
      mg of choline chloride/kg caused, in a dose-dependent manner, a sharp rise of the
      arterial blood levels and the CSF choline, and reversed the arteriovenous
      difference of choline to markedly positive values. The total free choline in the
      brain rose only initially and to a quantitatively negligible extent. Thus, the
      amount of choline taken up by the brain within 30 min was stored almost
      completely in a metabolized form and was sufficient to sustain the release of
      choline from the brain as long as the plasma level remained low. We conclude that
      the extracellular choline concentration of the brain closely parallels
      fluctuations in the plasma level of choline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398358
TI  - Soluble and particulate forms of the organophosphorus neuropathy target esterase
      in hen sciatic nerve.
AB  - Neuropathy target esterase (NTE) is the suggested "target" molecule involved in
      the initiation of organophosphorus-induced delayed polyneuropathy. Sciatic nerve
      NTE was separated into particulate (P-NTE) and soluble (S-NTE) fractions by
      ultracentrifugation at 100,000 g for 1 h in 0.32 M sucrose and compared with the
      corresponding brain extract. Total sciatic NTE activity was 80-100 nmol/min/g
      tissue from which 50-60% was recovered in the soluble supernatant fraction and
      the remaining 40-50% in the pellet fraction. About 90% of brain tissue activity
      (approximately 1,800 nmol/min/g tissue) was recovered as P-NTE. A similar
      distribution was obtained when more drastic centrifugation without sucrose was
      performed. P-NTE and S-NTE were distributed with the membrane and cytosolic
      markers assayed, respectively, glucose-6-phosphatase, Na+,K(+)-ATPase, 5'
      nucleotidase, phospholipids, and lactate dehydrogenase. When the pH during the
      centrifugation was increased from 6.4 to 11, recovered P-NTE activity decreased
      from 1,750 to 118 nmol/min/g tissue for brain and from 31 to 12 nmol/min/g for
      sciatic nerve. However, S-NTE activity and total nonfractionated control activity
      were only slightly affected by the same pH treatment. The distribution pattern
      encountered may be better understood as representing two different proteins than
      an equilibrium between soluble and membrane-bound portions of a single protein,
      with P-NTE activity depending on a membrane factor from which it is separated
      through fractionation at high pH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398359
TI  - Recycled synaptic vesicles contain vesicle but not plasma membrane marker, newly
      synthesized acetylcholine, and a sample of extracellular medium.
AB  - To monitor the fate of the synaptic vesicle membrane compartment, synaptic
      vesicles were isolated under varying experimental conditions from blocks of
      perfused Torpedo electric organ. In accordance with previous results, after low
      frequency stimulation (0.1 Hz, 1,800 pulses) of perfused blocks of electric
      organ, a population of vesicles (VP2 type) can be separated by density gradient
      centrifugation and chromatography on porous glass beads that is denser and
      smaller than resting vesicles (VP1 type). By simultaneous application of
      fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran as extracellular volume marker and [3H]acetate
      as precursor of vesicular acetylcholine, and by identifying the vesicular
      membrane compartment with an antibody against the synaptic vesicle transmembrane
      glycoprotein SV2, we can show that the membrane compartment of part of the
      synaptic vesicles becomes recycled during the stimulation period. It then
      contains both newly synthesized acetylcholine and a sample of extracellular
      medium. Recycled vesicles have not incorporated the presynaptic plasma membrane
      marker acetylcholinesterase. Cisternae or vacuoles are presumably not involved in
      vesicle recycling. After a subsequent period of recovery (18 h), all vesicular
      membrane compartments behave like VP1 vesicles on subcellular fractionation and
      still retain both volume markers. Our results imply that on low-frequency
      stimulation, synaptic vesicles are directly recycled, equilibrating their luminal
      contents with the extracellular medium and retaining their membrane identity and
      capability to accumulate acetylcholine.

PMID- 2398360
TI  - Characterization of A-2 receptors in postmortem human pineal gland.
AB  - We have examined the binding of the adenosine agonist radioligands [3N]N6
      cyclohexyladenosine ([3H]CHA) and [3H]5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine ([3H]NECA)
      to membranes prepared from postmortem human pineal glands. The results showed
      that the A-1-specific ligand CHA did not bind to membranes. By contrast,
      [3H]NECA, a nonselective A-1/A-2 ligand, gave 68% specific binding of the total
      binding. This specific binding was nearly insensitive to the N-ethyl-maleimide
      pretreatment method. To characterize this binding, we used cyclopentyladenosine
      (50 nM). Under those conditions [3H]NECA binding at 30 degrees C was rapid and
      reversible; the KD determined from the kinetic studies was 141 nM. In postmortem
      human pineal gland, the rank order of potency of adenosine analogues and drugs
      competing with [3H]NECA showed the specificity for an A-2 receptor: NECA greater
      than 2-chloroadenosine greater than L-N6(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine greater than
      8-phenyltheophylline greater than 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine greater than
      caffeine. Guanylylimidodiphosphate (100 microM) induced a decrease in the
      affinity of [3H]NECA, a result suggesting the involvement of a G protein
      mechanism in the coupling of the adenosine receptor to other components of the
      receptor complex. Scatchard analysis revealed one class of binding sites for
      [3H]NECA with KD and Bmax ranging from 175 to 268 nM and 11.0 to 14.1 pmol/mg
      protein, respectively. The binding of [3H]NECA was not affected by age, sex, or
      postmortem delay. [3H]NECA should be a useful tool to assess brain A-2 receptor
      density in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders.

PMID- 2398361
TI  - Determination of gangliosides in six human primary medulloblastomas.
AB  - The ganglioside composition of six human medulloblastomas was analyzed. The
      characterization was performed by thin-layer chromatography, sialidase
      hydrolysis, and immunological staining with a panel of characterized
      antiganglioside monoclonal antibodies. The total ganglioside content ranged from
      60 to 1,130 nmol of ganglioside sialic acid/g wet weight. Neuronal gangliosides
      (gangliotetraose series) were found in varying amounts in all medulloblastomas.
      Gangliosides of the neolactotetraose series (3'-LM1 and LD1) were present in all
      specimens, and the lactotetraose series ganglioside 3'-isoLM1 was found in all
      cases showing astrocytic differentiation. This supports our previous findings
      that 3'-isoLM1 is a marker for proliferating astroglial cells.

PMID- 2398362
TI  - Cholinergic regulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide content and release in
      rat frontal cortex and hippocampus.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether the cholinergic system might
      have a regulatory role on vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) synthesis and
      release in the rat hippocampus and frontal cortex. Incubation of hippocampal or
      frontal cortical slices with the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine or antagonist
      atropine did not significantly alter VIP release. The nicotinic agonist
      methylcarbamylcholine (MCC) and the nicotinic antagonist dihydro-beta
      erythroidine were also ineffective in altering VIP release. Chronic atropine (20
      mg/kg, s.c., b.i.d., 10 days) and nicotine (0.59 mg/kg, s.c., b.i.d., 10 days)
      treatment significantly decreased the VIP content of the frontal cortex, by 42%
      and 26%, respectively. In contrast, neither treatment significantly altered the
      VIP content of the hippocampus. Both drug treatments decreased the amount of VIP
      released from tissue slices depolarized with veratridine in both cerebral cortex
      and hippocampus. Therefore, long-term treatment with atropine and nicotine
      results in changes in the synthesis and release of VIP in the cerebral cortex,
      whereas in the hippocampus the effect is limited to an alteration of VIP release.
      These results suggest that the acetylcholine regulates VIP neurotransmission in
      the rat frontal cortex and hippocampus by an action on muscarinic and nicotinic
      receptors.

PMID- 2398363
TI  - Immunity of fetal mice to prenatal administration of the dopaminergic neurotoxin
      1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.
AB  - Subcutaneous injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) HCl
      (25 mg/kg) in pregnant female mice at the 17th day of gestation markedly depleted
      striatal dopamine (DA) concentrations in the mothers 24 h later and at 24 h and
      28 days after delivery. By contrast, in the offspring of the female mice exposed
      to MPTP during pregnancy, fetal brain DA concentrations at 24 h after injection
      and at 24 h after birth and striatal DA levels at 14 and 28 days postnatally were
      unaffected and identical to those in age-matched controls. The postnatal
      ontogenesis of striatal DA levels was identical in offspring of control vehicle-
      and MPTP-treated pregnant mice. Also, prenatal challenge with MPTP did not make
      nigrostriatal DA neurons more vulnerable to a second postnatal treatment with the
      toxin. Striatal DA depletions were identical in 6-week-old mice given MPTP,
      whether they were exposed to MPTP or to vehicle in utero. Monoamine oxidase (EC
      1.4.3.4; MAO) type B activity was extremely low in the fetal brain and,
      relatively, much lower than that of MAO-A. Prenatal MPTP administration reduced
      maternal striatal and also embryonal brain MAO-B activity at 24 h post treatment
      but did not alter the normal postnatal development of striatal MAO-A and -B
      activities in the offspring. Study suggests that resistance of fetal DA neurons
      to the DA-depleting effect of MPTP may be due, at least in part, to an absence in
      the embryonal brain of adequately developed MAO-B activity required for the
      conversion of MPTP to its toxic metabolite, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion.

PMID- 2398364
TI  - Agonists and antagonists recognize different but overlapping populations of A1
      adenosine receptors: modulation of receptor number by MgCl2, solubilization, and
      guanine nucleotides.
AB  - A1 selective agonist and antagonist radioligands bind to the same A1 adenosine
      receptor binding subunit, as documented by photoaffinity labelling and partial
      peptide maps. In this study we document that although these radioligands
      recognize the same A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR), they recognize different numbers
      of A1ARs in bovine brain membranes, with agonist number being greater than
      antagonist number. Neither addition of guanine nucleotides nor removal of Mg2+
      ions enhanced antagonist binding in membranes. On solubilization, agonists still
      recognized a greater number of A1ARs but addition of guanine nucleotides or
      removal of Mg2+ substantially increased the number of receptors detected with
      antagonist radioligands. The effects of Mg2+ and guanine nucleotides were not
      additive, suggesting that formation of a "low agonist-receptor-G protein state"
      by either modulating agent was sufficient to alter the receptor conformation such
      that it could be recognized by antagonist. These studies suggest that a
      proportion of the "precoupled A1AR-G protein complex" in membranes are in a
      conformation that cannot be recognized by antagonists and that membrane
      constraints are such that ions or guanine nucleotides cannot sufficiently
      modulate the conformation to allow it to recognize antagonists. On removal of
      membrane structure by solubilization, these constraints are removed.

PMID- 2398365
TI  - Bilateral alterations in local cerebral glucose utilization following intranigral
      application of the GABAergic agonist muscimol.
AB  - Rates of cerebral glucose utilization were measured by means of the
      autoradiographic 2-deoxy-D-[1-14C] glucose technique in 70 anatomically discrete
      central nervous structures in conscious awake rats following unilateral
      intranigral application of the GABAergic agonist muscimol. Intranigral injection
      of 1.3 microliters 1 microM muscimol (0.15 ng) induced increases in glucose
      consumption locally in the substantia nigra reticulata (by 87%), distally in the
      contralateral reticulata, red nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex,
      and bilaterally in the pyriform cortex, as compared to values in control animals.
      Intranigral injection of 1.3 microliters 1 mM muscimol (150 ng) effected a local
      metabolic activation in the substantia nigra reticulata (by 111% compared to the
      control group) and in compacta (by 18%), as well as a distal activation in the
      contralateral reticulata (by 39%) and contralateral compacta (by 29%). Beyond the
      structures affected by the lower dose, the higher dose of muscimol elicited
      widespread bilateral increases in glucose metabolism in the rat brain. Among the
      principal nigral reticulata efferent projections, the deep superior colliculi
      displayed ipsilateral metabolic activation (by 30%), whereas the parafascicular,
      mediodorsal, and ventromedial thalamic projecting areas, as well as the
      pedunculopontine nucleus, displayed bilateral activations compared to the control
      animals. The ventromedial and ventrolateral thalamic nuclei contralateral to the
      injected substantia nigra reticulata were 20% activated compared to the
      ipsilateral homologous structures and 30% activated compared to the control rats.
      The areas that send afferent projections to the reticulata (globus pallidus,
      entopeduncular and subthalamic nuclei) were mainly activated contralateral to the
      injected reticulata compared to values for control animals. In general, following
      intranigral muscimol (1 mM) injection, glucose metabolism was activated to a
      larger extent on the side contralateral to the injection than on the ipsilateral
      side. It is suggested that the present findings are due to a presynaptic nigral
      effect of muscimol on the GABAergic autoreceptors of the striatonigral terminals
      and to a consequent disinhibition of the reticulata GABAergic output.

PMID- 2398366
TI  - Laminar organization and age-related loss of cholinergic receptors in temporal
      neocortex of rhesus monkey.
AB  - Using in vitro receptor autoradiography, the distributions of cholinergic
      muscarinic [3H-N-methyl scopolamine (NMS), 3H-pirenzepine (PZ), and 3H
      oxotremorine-M (OXO-M)] and nicotinic [3H-acetylcholine (ACh)] receptors were
      mapped in the temporal cortices of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) ranging from 2
      22 years of age. Although high-affinity 3H-PZ, low-affinity 3H-NMS binding (M1
      sites) and high-affinity 3H-OXO-M, high-affinity 3H-NMS binding (M2 sites)
      occurred across all layers of the temporal neocortex, the laminar distribution of
      M1 and M2 receptor binding sites was different. M1 muscarinic receptor binding
      was concentrated in layers II and III, whereas M2 muscarinic receptor binding was
      greatest in layers IV and V. The concentration of both muscarinic (M1 and M2) and
      nicotinic receptor binding sites declined with increasing age, and decrements
      were uniform across all cortical layers. This investigation provides evidence for
      a decrease in cholinergic receptor binding with age in temporal cortices of
      rhesus monkeys. Moreover, these changes appear to precede previously reported age
      associated memory deficits and neuropathological changes that occur in this
      species.

PMID- 2398367
TI  - Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged glucocorticoid exposure in primates.
AB  - In the laboratory rat and guinea pig, glucocorticoids (GCs), the adrenal steroids
      that are secreted during stress, can damage the hippocampus and exacerbate the
      hippocampal damage induced by various neurological insults. An open question is
      whether GCs have similar deleterious effects in the primate hippocampus. In fact,
      we showed that sustained and fatal stress was associated with preferential
      hippocampal damage in the vervet monkey; however, it was not possible to
      determine whether the excessive GC secretion that accompanied such stress was the
      damaging agent. The present study examines this possibility. Pellets of cortisol
      (the principal GC of primates) were stereotaxically implanted into hippocampi of
      4 vervet monkeys; contralateral hippocampi were implanted with cholesterol
      pellets as a control. One year later at postmortem, preferential damage occurred
      in the cortisol-implanted side. In the cholesterol side, mild cell layer
      irregularity was noted in 2 of 4 cases. By contrast in the cortisol-exposed
      hippocampi, all cases had at least 2 of the following neuropathologic markers:
      cell layer irregularity, dendritic atrophy, soma shrinkage and condensation, or
      nuclear pyknosis. Damage was severe in some cases, and was restricted to the
      CA3/CA2 cellfield. This anatomical distribution of damage, and the cellular
      features of the damage agree with that observed in instances of GC-induced
      toxicity in the rodent hippocampus, and of stress-induced toxicity in the primate
      hippocampus. These observations suggest that sustained GC exposure (whether due
      to stress, Cushings syndrome or exogenous administration) might damage the human
      hippocampus.

PMID- 2398369
TI  - Effects of patterned electrical activity on neurite outgrowth from mouse sensory
      neurons.
AB  - A noninvasive method of electric stimulation was used in cell culture
      preparations to determine the effects of patterned electrical activity on the
      morphology and motility of mammalian central nervous system growth cones.
      Neurites from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of fetal mice were allowed to
      grow under the barrier of an insert placed in culture dishes. The insert confined
      the cell bodies within separate experimental and control compartments, and
      provided a means of exciting action potentials in the growing neurites by
      extracellular current pulses delivered across the barrier. A phasic pattern of
      stimulation caused immediate retraction of the filopodia and lamellipodium.
      Further outgrowth was halted and in many cases retraction of the neurite ensued.
      No changes in morphology or growth cone motility were evoked by electric
      stimulation when action potentials were blocked with 1 microM tetrodotoxin (TTX).
      These effects depended on the rate, pattern, and duration of stimulation. Phasic
      stimulation was more effective than stimulation with the same number of impulses
      delivered at a constant frequency. An important new observation was that cultures
      exposed to phasic stimulation for several hours contained actively growing
      neurites with normal growth cones which were insensitive to the stimulus. This
      apparent accommodation in neurites exposed to chronic stimulation may involve
      processes that regulate calcium conductance or buffering. Cessation of neurite
      outgrowth by action potentials could represent one mechanism linking
      morphological and functional characteristics in the developing CNS of mammals, by
      stabilizing the outgrowth of neurites forming appropriate synaptic contacts and
      leading to the retraction of growth cones from collaterals that have not formed
      appropriate contacts at the time the neuron enters into a functionally active
      circuit.

PMID- 2398368
TI  - Neuromedin B and gastrin-releasing peptide mRNAs are differentially distributed
      in the rat nervous system.
AB  - The bombesin-like peptides are a family of structurally related amidated peptide
      ligands that are known to have a variety of potent pharmacological actions on
      various cells, including neurons in the rat brain. Two mammalian representatives
      of the bombesin family of peptides have been identified, gastrin-releasing
      peptide (GRP) and neuromedin B (NMB). Previously, we cloned the rat preproGRP
      gene and determined the locations of neurons expressing this gene using in situ
      hybridization. In this study, we describe the structure and sequence of the rat
      preproNMB gene, and the first detailed cellular localization of preproNMB mRNA in
      rat brain using in situ hybridization. Nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNA and
      genomic clones reveals a 117 amino acid precursor whose overall structure is
      similar to that described for human preproNMB. Sequence similarity between the
      rat NMB and GRP genes is observed only over a limited 10 amino acid sequence
      encoding the carboxy termini of the GRP and NMB peptides, the region shown to be
      necessary and sufficient for high-affinity receptor binding. In situ
      hybridization studies performed with cRNA probes specific for NMB or GRP mRNA
      show that the distribution of cells expressing either mRNA in brain is very
      distinct. NMB mRNA is found most prominently in the olfactory bulb, dentate
      gyrus, and dorsal root ganglion. In contrast, the highest levels of GRP mRNA are
      observed in the forebrain (isocortex and hippocampal formation). This
      heterogeneity of mRNA distribution for these peptides suggests that these 2
      structurally related peptides may have very distinct functions as neuropeptides
      in the rat nervous system.

PMID- 2398370
TI  - Localization of immunoreactive cholecystokinin precursor to amacrine cells and
      bipolar cells of the macaque monkey retina.
AB  - We used antisera that recognized precursors of the neuropeptide cholecystokinin
      extended at the carboxyl terminus in an immunocytochemical study of the macaque
      retina. A subpopulation of bipolar cells with long, obliquely oriented dendrites
      was labeled. Their axons terminated exclusively in the fifth stratum of the inner
      plexiform layer, where they contacted processes of amacrine and ganglion cells.
      Based on their morphology, these cells appeared to be the type that contacts
      short-wavelength cones selectively. Two types of amacrine cells were also
      labeled, and processes from both types formed dense plexuses in the second and
      fourth strata of the inner plexiform layer. The majority of their synaptic
      connections were with other amacrine cells, but they had more contacts with
      bipolar cell axons and retinal ganglion cell dendrites than any other peptidergic
      cells in the macaque retina. We studied extracts of macaque retina with gel
      filtration chromatography and radioimmunoassays to confirm our
      immunohistochemical results. We found cholecystokinin octapeptide and other
      immunoreactive forms that were amidated at their carboxyl termini and were
      therefore likely to be biologically active. Unlike most other regions of the CNS,
      however, the retina had relatively low concentrations of amidated forms, and
      forms with extended carboxyl termini that are presumably their precursors were
      far more abundant. These findings suggest that the rate of cholecystokinin
      synthesis in the retina is quite high, as we would expect if the peptide were
      found in tonically active neurons.

PMID- 2398372
TI  - The role of directionally selective neurons in the perception of global motion.
AB  - Dynamic random dot targets consisting of many localized motion vectors have been
      used to study the pooling of local motion signals into a global motion percept
      (Williams and Sekuler, 1984). In such displays, the dots are displaced with a
      constant step size and the direction of motion for each dot is chosen at random
      from a specified distribution. When the distribution extends over 360 deg, the
      display consists only of local random motion of individual dots and no coherent
      motion is reported. However, when the distribution is less than 360 deg (biased),
      the stimulus appears to flow in a single direction. We examined the effects of
      reducing the number of directionally selective (DS) cortical neurons on this
      integration process. Normal cats and cats with severely reduced proportions of DS
      neurons were trained on 2 direction discrimination tasks. The discrimination of
      opposite directions was examined while varying either the range of directions of
      local motion, or the proportion of dots moving with biased distribution. When all
      dots in the display were directionally biased, cats with reduced numbers of DS
      neurons performed the task as well as normal cats and humans (threshold range:
      280-320 deg). However, when the proportion of biased dots decreased, these
      animals had severe deficits. Thus, in the absence of noise, even a very small
      number of DS neurons can perform spatial pooling of local directional signals,
      and support normal discrimination of opposite directions. However, a full
      complement of directional detectors appears necessary when the motion signal is
      masked by noise. The discrimination of small differences in direction revealed
      far more severe deficits, even when all the dots in the display were
      directionally biased (no noise).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398371
TI  - Effects of aging on nicotinic and muscarinic autoreceptor function in the rat
      brain: relationship to presynaptic cholinergic markers and binding sites.
AB  - The main objective of the present work was to determine whether the regulation of
      ACh release by nicotinic and muscarinic autoreceptors is compromised in the aged
      rat brain. For this, the effects of the nicotinic agonist N-methylcarbamylcholine
      (MCC) and the muscarinic-M2 antagonist AF-DX 116 on ACh release from brain slices
      of young (3-month-old), adult (9-month-old), and aged (27-month-old) rats were
      tested. The ability of MCC to enhance spontaneous ACh release in hippocampal,
      cerebral cortical, and cerebellar slices was only modestly altered with age. In
      contrast, the sensitivity of muscarinic autoreceptors in the aged hippocampus and
      cerebral cortex, but not the striatum, to blockade by the muscarinic-M2
      antagonist AF-DX 116 was severely attenuated. To assess whether the age-related
      changes in cholinergic autoreceptor function may be due to deficits in
      presynaptic cholinergic markers, we tested whether choline acetyltransferase
      (ChAT) activity, basal and evoked ACh release, and nicotinic and muscarinic
      binding sites are altered in the aged rats. ChAT activity in forebrain regions
      was decreased in the aged compared to the young and mature adult rats.
      Furthermore, the potassium-evoked, but not the spontaneous, release of ACh was
      markedly depressed in striatal, hippocampal, and cortical slices of aged rats.
      The densities of nicotinic and muscarinic-M2 binding sites, assessed using 3H-MCC
      and 3H-AF-DX 116 as selective ligands, respectively, were markedly reduced in
      homogenates of the striatum, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and thalamus of aged
      rats. In contrast, muscarinic-M1 sites, selectively labeled with 3H-pirenzepine,
      were not affected. Therefore, it appears that age-related decrements in ChAT
      activity and in muscarinic-M2, but not nicotinic, binding sites in the rat brain
      are reflected in a decreased function of muscarinic-M2 autoreceptors. However,
      the positive correlation between loss of ChAT activity, decreased muscarinic-M2
      binding sites, and impaired muscarinic autoreceptor function is clearly tissue
      dependent.

PMID- 2398374
TI  - Firing properties of hippocampal neurons in a visually symmetrical environment:
      contributions of multiple sensory cues and mnemonic processes.
AB  - The location-specific firing of hippocampal place cells can easily be brought
      under the control of experimenter-defined cues. Nevertheless, there is evidence
      that these firing fields are not determined just by immediate sensory input, but
      also by earlier states of the nervous system (O'Keefe and Speakman, 1987). Here,
      we report further on the roles of multiple visual cues and mnemonic processes in
      determining the firing of place cells. Rats were trained to chase food pellets in
      a cylinder with homogeneous gray walls and 1 white cue card. After a cell's field
      was recorded in this "standard" condition, probe sessions were conducted in which
      a second card was placed 180 degrees away from the first. This configuration
      created a diametrically symmetrical environment in which pairs of locations 180
      degrees apart were identical with respect to views of the wall and cards. If
      place cells are strongly controlled by these immediately available views, firing
      in the 2-card configuration should be diametrically symmetrical. Alternatively,
      because the rat moves freely in the cylinder, information is available that pairs
      of visually identical places are not truly the same. If some mnemonic process
      stores and updates information about the rat's paths during the session, it is
      possible that the firing pattern will be different in 2 such places, especially
      because the original training was conducted in the 1-card, asymmetrical
      environment. Thirteen of 18 cells had a single, asymmetric firing pattern after
      the second card was introduced; the field was the same size and shape as in the 1
      card configuration and in the same spatial relation to 1 of the 2 cards. The
      field position during 2-card sessions could be rotated 180 degrees by starting
      the rat by one card or the other. In further probe sessions in which the cue
      cards, entry location, and background cues were, in various combinations, rotated
      in relation to each other, these cells always showed a single field, similar in
      size and shape to that in the standard, and in the same relationship as in the
      standard to as many cues as possible. The remaining 5 cells showed complex
      changes over repeated 2-card sessions, and 3 of these showed paired fields, 180
      degrees apart for at least some of the sessions. In one case, the second field
      disappeared with repeated exposures to 2 cards; in another, the second field
      persisted when only 1 card was used. We conclude that place cells are influenced
      both by the immediate sensory configuration and by internal neural states related
      to earlier experience in the environment.

PMID- 2398373
TI  - Nerve growth factor infusion into the denervated adult rat hippocampal formation
      promotes its cholinergic reinnervation.
AB  - The well-documented but little-understood failure of lengthy axonal regeneration
      after injury of the adult mammalian CNS may be caused by an insufficient
      availability of local growth-promoting factors. If so, identifying and supplying
      the missing factors may result in better central axonal regeneration. This
      hypothesis was tested in an adult rat CNS model in which peripheral nerve grafts
      were placed into a lesion cavity between the septum and hippocampal formation.
      Continuous infusion of nerve growth factor (NGF) into the dorsal hippocampal
      tissue dramatically enhanced and accelerated the regrowth and penetration of
      cholinergic axons into the hippocampal formation. Thus, NGF can overcome the
      apparent resistance of the hippocampal CNS tissue to cholinergic reinnervation.

PMID- 2398375
TI  - Convergence in mammalian nucleus of solitary tract during development and
      functional differentiation of salt taste circuits.
AB  - To determine the type and extent of neural rearrangements that are made during
      functional differentiation of circuits for salt taste processing, we determined
      receptive field size and salt response characteristics of second-order taste
      cells in 3 age groups of sheep. Neurophysiological recordings were made from
      single cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) in fetal, perinatal, and
      postnatal sheep. Responses to NH4Cl, NaCl, and KCl were measured, and location
      and number of fungiform papillae in the receptive field were determined by
      stimulating individual papillae with anodal electrical current. The data are
      compared with previous, parallel measures from chorda tympani nerve afferent
      taste fibers to permit conclusions about convergence or divergence onto second
      order cells. Receptive field size of second-order taste neurons increases during
      development, in contrast to the decrease in field size observed previously for
      chorda tympani nerve fibers during the same period. Furthermore, receptive fields
      of second-order cells are significantly larger than those of first-order fibers
      at perinatal and lamb ages, but not fetal. Thus, there is convergence of first
      order taste afferents onto brain-stem neurons, and the convergence increases
      remarkably between fetal and perinatal periods. Associated with the increase in
      convergence are increased salt response frequencies relative to afferent fibers
      for NaCl in perinatal animals and lambs, and for KCl in lambs. The increase in
      frequencies occurs before NST neurons are functionally mature, as indicated by
      the rapid response adaptation of many cells in young animals. Convergence in NST
      during development apparently functions to maximize gain for processing neural
      responses to NaCl. In the periphery, response frequencies to NaCl are very low in
      fetuses, and increase progressively during development. In the NST, NaCl response
      frequencies are high even in fetuses, and remain high. The process of convergence
      onto second-order cells is accomplished with maintenance of order in afferent
      projections because receptive fields of NST neurons are composed of fungiform
      papillae that are clustered together, not dispersed over the tongue. Our
      quantification of taste receptive field size at 2 neural levels provides strong
      evidence for increasing convergence in the NST during development. Altering
      patterns of afferent neural input and geometry of second-order neurons may have a
      role in establishing convergence. The convergence has an apparently special
      function: to increase gain for NaCl taste sensation. Therefore, neural
      rearrangements during differentiation of salt taste pathways result in specific
      functional outcomes.

PMID- 2398376
TI  - Growth cones of chick sympathetic preganglionic neurons in vitro interact with
      other neurons in a cell-specific manner.
AB  - The ability of the growth cones of sympathetic preganglionic neurons to recognize
      the neurons they encounter during their outgrowth and to react to them in a cell
      type-specific manner may play a role in guiding them to appropriate targets
      during development in vivo. In this study, we examined the in vitro growth of
      sympathetic preganglionic neurons as they interacted with motor neurons, dorsal
      root ganglion neurons, and sympathetic ganglion neurons. All of these cell types
      might potentially be encountered by a growing preganglionic axon. The interaction
      of sympathetic preganglionic growth cones with each cell type was distinct.
      Sympathetic preganglionic growth cones fasciculated on motor-neuron neurites,
      collapsed after contact with the cell bodies and neurites of dorsal root ganglion
      neurons, and grew across the cell bodies and neurites of sympathetic ganglion
      neurons. These cell-type-specific responses stand in contrast to the collapse and
      retraction reported to be the most common growth-cone behaviors that result from
      contact between central and peripheral neurons in vitro and suggest that contact
      mediated recognition might be sufficient for growth to and interaction with
      appropriate targets.

PMID- 2398377
TI  - Relationships between physiological and morphological properties of
      retinocollicular axons in the hamster.
AB  - Intracellular recording and HRP injection were used to characterize
      retinocollicular axons in the hamster. Eighteen retinotectal axons were filled
      with HRP. The type of axon recovered most often (N = 10) had a receptive field
      with center-surround organization, gave sustained responses to flashed spots, had
      linear spatial summation, and responded only to more slowly moving stimuli. These
      fibers had a mean axonal diameter of 0.58 microns (SD = 0.21) and an average
      conduction latency of 3.4 msec (SD = 1.2) to optic chiasm (OX) stimulation. They
      gave rise to circular or vertically elongated arbors with an average cross
      sectional area of 33,238 microns2 (SD = 12,763) and were almost completely
      restricted to the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS). We recovered 6 fibers with
      very different structural and functional properties. The receptive fields of
      these axons also had center-surround organization, but gave phasic responses to
      flashed stimuli, had nonlinear spatial summation, and responded to rapidly moving
      stimuli. These axons had an average diameter of 0.84 micron (SD = 0.09) and an
      average latency of 2.1 msec (SD = 0.40) to OX stimulation. They had elongated
      arbors with an average cross-sectional area of 78,045 microns2 (SD = 14,252) and
      innervated the SGS, the stratum opticum (SO), and upper stratum griseum
      intermediale (SGI). We also recovered 2 fibers that had thin (0.3 and 0.6 micron)
      axons and latencies of 4.2 and 3.6 msec to OX stimulation. They both gave rise to
      horizontally oriented arbors in the stratum zonale (SZ) and upper SGS.

PMID- 2398378
TI  - Neurosurgery in the decade of the brain. The 1990 AANS presidential address.
AB  - The decade of the 1990's has provided neurosurgery with multiple challenges and
      opportunities. Numerous developments hold a promise for making the 1990's the
      most rewarding decade of the 20th century for neurosurgery. The "Decade of the
      Brain" resolution, adopted by the United States House and Senate and signed into
      law by President Bush in 1989, has provided the specialty with staggering
      opportunities. Neurosurgery and the basic and clinical neurosciences would be
      strengthened by the development of a major new philanthropic organization called
      the "American Brain Association" that would carry the activities of the Decade of
      the Brain into the 21st century. Major efforts are being made to improve
      organized neurosurgery's responsiveness to member needs. These include the
      strategic planning project undertaken by the Board of Directors of the American
      Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and efforts to strengthen the Joint
      Council of State Neurosurgical Societies. The AANS has been extremely active in
      representing the specialty in legislative matters in Washington and in multiple
      other forums. This Association has joined The American Board of Neurological
      Surgery and the Residency Review Committee in responding to orthopedic surgery's
      proposal for spine fellowships. It is proposed that the logo of the state,
      regional, and national neurosurgical societies be changed to depict our
      involvement in spinal surgery (as well as brain surgery) because spinal surgery
      represents more than half of the total effort of this specialty. The standards of
      worth and value that provide the driving force behind our work emphasize the need
      to grow in compassion as manifested by our kindness, sincerity, and concern as we
      grow in professional competence as reflected by our training, knowledge, and
      skill.

PMID- 2398379
TI  - Petrous carotid-to-intradural carotid saphenous vein graft for intracavernous
      giant aneurysm, tumor, and occlusive cerebrovascular disease.
AB  - In the management of cavernous sinus aneurysms, cavernous sinus tumor, and
      cavernous internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis, a direct arterial bypass around
      the pathology may be required. A series of 18 patients is presented in whom a
      petrous ICA to subarachnoid ICA saphenous vein bypass procedure was performed.
      The advantages of a short large-caliber venous graft entirely within the skull
      account for the high patency rate (17 of 18 patients) in this series. This
      vascular bypass can be recommended in the management of patients whose
      intracavernous ICA must be sacrificed.

PMID- 2398380
TI  - Transsphenoidal approach to infrasellar tumors involving the cavernous sinus.
AB  - The authors review their 2-year experience with a rhinoseptal transsphenoidal
      approach to skull-base tumors of various pathologies involving both the sphenoid
      and cavernous sinuses. Eight patients with cranial nerve palsies attributable to
      compression of the contents of the cavernous sinus and/or optic canal are
      included in this report. Among these patients, a total of 17 cranial nerves were
      affected. Postoperative normalization was achieved in eight nerves, significant
      improvement in seven nerves, and no improvement in two nerves. There were no
      operative complications of aggravation of cranial nerve palsies in this series.
      In spite of the limited operating field, the results demonstrate the
      effectiveness and safety of this approach. The authors recommend that this
      approach be considered before more aggressive surgery is undertaken.

PMID- 2398381
TI  - Indications for surgical treatment of putaminal hemorrhage. Comparative study
      based on serial CT and time-course analysis.
AB  - Serial computerized tomography (CT) scans were correlated with a precise time
      course analysis of the neurological condition of 180 patients with hypertensive
      putaminal hemorrhage. All patients entered the study within 3 hours of the ictus.
      In this series, 111 patients were treated conservatively and 69 surgically. The
      neurological condition of each patient was measured by means of a newly proposed
      grading system for intracerebral hemorrhage-intracranial hemorrhage (ICH grade)
      which is a modification of the Glasgow Coma Scale. Serial CT scans revealed that
      most hemorrhages were completed within 6 hours after ictus. Based on the ICH
      grade at 6 hours postictus, a clinical classification of the severity of
      putaminal hemorrhage was defined: fulminant, rapidly progressive, slowly
      progressive, and nonprogressive. According to this classification, precise time
      courses of the ICH grade were compared between the conservative and surgical
      treatment groups in a 7-day postictal period. Activities of daily living at 6
      months after ictus were also compared. Surgical treatment for a rapidly
      progressive hemorrhage appears to be beneficial if undertaken in patients under
      65 years of age. Surgery in a slowly progressive hemorrhage should be considered
      only in a small number of patients who deteriorate neurologically with
      conservative treatment. In this series of patients, surgical treatment of
      fulminant and nonprogressive hemorrhage was not likely to improve the quality of
      life or functional recovery. Regardless of treatment modality, CT provided
      evidence that patients with anterior capsular hemorrhage (16% in this series)
      showed good recovery of motor and speech function.

PMID- 2398382
TI  - Intraoperative digital subtraction angiography and the surgical treatment of
      intracranial aneurysms and vascular malformations.
AB  - Intraoperative digital subtraction angiography using commercially available
      equipment was employed to confirm the precision of the surgical result in 105
      procedures for intracranial aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations (AVM's).
      Transfemoral selective arterial catheterization was performed in most of these
      cases. A radiolucent operating table was used in all cases, and a radiolucent
      head-holder in most. In five of the 57 aneurysm procedures, clip repositioning
      was required after intraoperative angiography demonstrated an inadequate result.
      In five of the 48 AVM procedures, intraoperative angiography demonstrated
      residual AVM nidus which was then located and resected. In two cases
      intraoperative angiography failed to identify residual filling of an aneurysm
      which was seen later on postoperative angiography, and in one case the
      intraoperative study failed to demonstrate a tiny residual fragment of AVM which
      was seen on conventional postoperative angiography. Two complications resulted
      from intraoperative angiography: one patient developed aphasia from cerebral
      embolization and one patient developed leg ischemia from femoral artery
      thrombosis. This technique appears to be of particular value in the treatment of
      complex intracranial aneurysms and vascular malformations.

PMID- 2398383
TI  - Craniopharyngiomas in children. Long-term effects of conservative surgical
      procedures combined with radiation therapy.
AB  - Thirty-seven patients with craniopharyngioma were treated at Children's Hospital,
      Boston, between 1972 and 1981, the mean follow-up period now being 10.5 years.
      Twenty of these patients are old enough to have finished high school and have
      been queried about their college or job activity. None of the four patients who
      had undergone radical excision of their tumor and who had reached the age of
      finishing high school was able to work independently. Among the 16 patients who
      reached this age and who were treated by more conservative operations and
      irradiation or irradiation alone, job performance or college attendance varied
      considerably, indicating that psychosocial impairment occurred in this group, but
      suggesting that the risk was less. The rate of tumor recurrence or of failure to
      respond to treatment was 57% (four of a total of seven survivors) following
      radical surgery and 7% (two of 27 survivors) after conservative operations and
      irradiation. The overall mortality rate was 8%; the causes of the three deaths
      were: "hypothalamic crisis" 1 year after radical resection; progressive tumor
      growth despite two attempts at resection and irradiation; and a brain-stem glioma
      in the field of irradiation 8 years after treatment.

PMID- 2398384
TI  - Early postoperative seizures after posterior fossa surgery.
AB  - A review is reported of the seizure incidence in 726 patients who underwent 740
      posterior fossa operations via a suboccipital craniectomy without prophylactic
      anticonvulsant agents. Thirteen patients (1.8%) experienced seizures within 2
      weeks postoperatively. Five of these patients (0.7% of the series) had seizures
      within 24 hours after operation. The incidence was highest for patients with
      medulloblastoma (7.2%) followed by those with astrocytoma (2.3%). Also, a higher
      percentage was found in patients with preoperative ventriculoperitoneal shunt or
      intraoperative ventriculostomy (2.7%) than in those without (1%), but the
      difference was not statistically significant. Metabolic acidosis (80%) and
      hyponatremia (20%) were the major causes of the seizures that developed within 24
      hours after operation. Follow-up computerized tomography showed no definite
      lesion in these patients. Hydrocephalus (75%) and supratentorial hemorrhage
      remote from the operative site (25%) were detected in the patients who developed
      seizures between the 2nd and 14th postoperative day. Two of these patients also
      had postoperative bacterial meningitis. This review suggests that seizures are a
      possible complication in the early postoperative period after suboccipital
      craniectomy for posterior fossa lesions.

PMID- 2398385
TI  - Growth rate of incidental meningiomas.
AB  - A meningioma was incidentally identified with computerized tomography (CT) in 17
      patients without relevant clinical signs. The tumor was not removed, but biopsy
      confirming a meningioma was obtained from one patient. Tumor growth rate was
      calculated from repeat CT scans or follow-up magnetic resonance imaging. The
      annual growth rate ranged from less than 1% to 21%. It is concluded that in
      nonsymptomatic meningiomas with a low growth rate a nonsurgical approach may be
      warranted.

PMID- 2398386
TI  - Treatment of spinal metastases from kidney cancer by presurgical embolization and
      resection.
AB  - Surgical treatment of bone metastases from kidney cancer is often complicated by
      profuse blood loss. The authors report the results of a retrospective review of
      30 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for spinal metastases from kidney
      cancer. Seventeen patients (57%) were operated on after failing radiation
      therapy. Prior to operation, selective spinal angiography and embolization were
      performed in 17 patients with no permanent neurological deficits resulting. Gross
      total resection of the tumor and stabilization of the spine were then
      accomplished with acceptable blood loss. Twenty-seven (90%) of the 30 patients
      improved neurologically following surgery. There was a median survival time of 16
      months, a 2-year survival rate of 33%, and a 5-year survival rate of 15%. Major
      surgical complications in this series were related to excessive blood loss in
      patients without embolization. These data suggest that patients with spinal
      metastases from kidney cancer should undergo spinal angiography and embolization
      prior to resection of the tumor. To improve upon current results, such treatment
      should be carried out prior to external radiation therapy.

PMID- 2398387
TI  - Vascular pressures and cortical blood flow in cavernous angioma of the brain.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the hemodynamic characteristics of
      cavernous angiomas of the brain. Five adult patients with a cavernous angioma
      underwent local cortical blood flow studies and vascular pressure measurements
      during surgery for the excision of the cavernous angioma. Clinical presentation
      included headache in four patients, seizures in four patients, and recurring
      diplopia in one patient. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated the cavernous
      angiomas in all patients and revealed an associated small hematoma in two. Four
      patients with a cerebral cavernous angioma were operated on in the supine
      position and the remaining patient, whose lesion involved the brain stem, was
      operated on in the sitting position. Mean local cortical blood flow (+/- standard
      error of the mean) in the cerebral cortex adjacent to the lesion was 60.5 +/- 8.3
      ml/100 gm/min at a mean PaCO2 of 35.0 +/- 0.6 torr. Mean CO2 reactivity was 1.1
      +/- 0.2 ml/100 gm/min/torr. The local cortical blood flow results were similar to
      established normal control findings. Mean pressure within the lesion in the
      patients undergoing surgery while supine was 38.2 +/- 0.5 mm Hg; a slight decline
      in cavernous angioma pressure occurred with a drop in mean systemic arterial
      blood pressure and PaCO2. Mean pressure in the cavernous angioma in the patient
      operated on in the sitting position was 7 mm Hg. Jugular compression resulted in
      a 9-mm Hg rise in cavernous angioma pressure in one supine patient but no change
      in the patient in the sitting position. Direct microscopic observation revealed
      slow circulation within the lesions. The hemodynamic features demonstrated in
      this study indicate that cavernous angiomas are relatively passive vascular
      anomalies that are unlikely to produce ischemia in adjacent brain. Frank
      hemorrhage would be expected to be self-limiting because of relatively low
      driving pressures.

PMID- 2398388
TI  - Cerebral venous malformations.
AB  - Although cerebral venous malformations have been reported to cause epilepsy,
      progressive neurological deficits, and hemorrhage, their clinical significance
      remains controversial. In an attempt to clarify the natural history of the lesion
      and suggest an appropriate management strategy, the authors review their
      experience with 30 patients. In four patients with cerebellar venous angioma, an
      acute episode of ataxia was documented. The coexistence of a cavernous
      malformation was pathologically confirmed in the two patients who underwent
      surgery for bleeding presumed caused by the venous angioma. Infarction was shown
      in two patients and a tumor in two others. Follow-up periods ranged between 18
      and 104 months, with only five patients symptomatic at the time of this report.
      Rebleeding had not occurred, nor had acute episodes of neurological dysfunction
      been documented. This clinical experience suggests that a venous malformation is
      frequently associated with other, more symptomatic conditions and is often
      erroneously identified as the source of the symptoms. Because the nature of the
      relationship between the venous malformation and the allied conditions remains
      ambiguous, it is recommended that patients harboring a "symptomatic" venous
      malformation undergo high-field magnetic resonance imaging to rule out underlying
      pathology, and that any such pathology be treated independently of the venous
      malformation.

PMID- 2398389
TI  - Brain damage from 125I brachytherapy evaluated by MR imaging, a blood-brain
      barrier tracer, and light and electron microscopy in a rat model.
AB  - Changes in normal rat brain were studied acutely, and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months
      following interstitial brachytherapy with high-activity 125I seeds. An 80-Gy
      radiation dose was administered to an area with a 5.5-mm radius. Effects were
      measured with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (with and without gadolinium
      enhancement), leakage of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), electron microscopy, and
      light microscopy. Significant histological damage was seen at radiation doses
      above 295 Gy, and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier was observed only in
      tissue receiving a dose of 165 Gy or greater. Blood-brain barrier breakdown
      increased up to the 6-month time point, and thereafter appeared to stabilize or
      decrease. The area of blood-brain barrier disruption indicated by gadolinium
      enhanced MR imaging was greater than that indicated by leakage of HRP.

PMID- 2398391
TI  - A new 1.9-mu wavelength laser for neurosurgery.
AB  - The 1.9-mu wavelength component of a 1.9/1.06-mu two-wavelength laser with near
      continuous wave properties was tested for its potential use in neurosurgery. The
      1.9-mu wavelength has tissue-ablative capabilities, while the 1.06-mu wavelength
      (Nd:YAG) is suitable for achieving hemostasis. The advantages of the 1.9-mu
      wavelength over the CO2 laser include its ability to transmit through silica
      fiberoptic delivery systems and its deeper penetration in water (approximately
      100 mu, a depth 10 times greater than for the CO2 laser), which is compatible
      with irrigation during ablation. To test the effectiveness of the laser,
      bilateral craniotomies were performed in anesthetized rats immobilized in a
      stereotactic frame. Under an operating microscope, lesions were made on the
      cortex by delivering the 1.9-mu laser beam through a 400-mu fiber at an average
      power of 1 W over a range of fluences. Subjective intraoperative observations
      were notable for minimal bleeding, absence of charring when the tissue was
      irrigated with a thin stream of saline, and uniform lesion formation. For
      comparison, lesions were generated with a commercially available continuous-wave
      CO2 laser at equivalent power and fluences. Histological specimens were divided
      into three groups based on the study after laser application: acute (30 minutes),
      subacute (48 hours), and chronic (14 days). The extent of thermal injury for the
      1.9-mu laser in the acute lesions was quantitatively and histologically similar
      to that generated by the CO2 laser. Regions of injury extended approximately from
      the apex of the lesion, and crater depths generated by both lasers were similar
      (250 to 750 mu) in the range of fluences investigated (1.25 to 10 kJ/sq cm).
      Subacute and chronic histological specimens demonstrated inflammatory and repair
      responses that correlated with the acute injury regions in both the 1.9-mu and
      CO2 laser-treated specimens. This study demonstrates a neurosurgical potential
      for a new two-wavelength laser that ablates tissue effectively with limited
      thermal injury. The 1.9-mu laser is comparable to the widely used CO2 laser but
      offers several unique advantages, including the ability for delivery through a
      fiberoptic system and to irrigate tissue during use.

PMID- 2398390
TI  - Inhibition of growth of established human glioma cell lines by modulators of the
      protein kinase-C system.
AB  - The protein kinase-C (PKC) second messenger system contributes to regulation of
      cell growth and differentiation. This study was undertaken to examine the effects
      of modulators of the PKC enzyme system on the state of differentiation and
      proliferation rates of human gliomas in vitro. The administration of the PKC
      activating phorbol esters 4-beta-phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDB) and phorbol-12
      myristate-13-acetate (PMA) resulted in a dose-related inhibition of growth of
      human glioma cell lines in vitro as measured by 3H-thymidine uptake. The
      synthetic nonphorbol PKC activator (SC-9) produced an even more pronounced
      decrease of 3H-thymidine uptake. Diacylglycerol, an endogenous activator of the
      system, applied externally, transiently decreased the proliferation, in
      concordance with its short-lived existence in vivo. Conversely, the
      administration of 4-alpha-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate (alpha-PDD), a phorbol ester
      that binds but does not activate the enzyme, had no effect on the proliferation
      rate. At the dosages that maximally decreased proliferation, there was no
      evidence of direct glioma cell lysis induced by these agents as measured by a
      chromium-release assay. Immunocytochemical analysis and cytofluorometric
      measurement of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining in the treated
      cultures revealed an increase in GFAP staining over control cultures. In contrast
      to the response of glioma cells, nonmalignant human adult astrocytes treated with
      the PKC activators responded by increasing their proliferation rate. The authors
      postulate that the diametrically opposed effects of PKC activators on
      nonmalignant astrocytes versus glioma growth may be due to a high intrinsic PKC
      activity in glioma cells, with resultant down-regulation of enzyme activity
      following the administration of the pharmacological activators.

PMID- 2398392
TI  - Functional PET scanning in the assessment of cerebral arteriovenous
      malformations. Case report.
AB  - A case is presented which represents the first instance of the use of functional
      positron emission tomography (PET) scanning to precisely localize a structural
      brain lesion to the precentral gyrus, and the first validation of functional PET
      scanning by intraoperative cortical mapping. The lesion was a 3-cm arteriovenous
      malformation (AVM) that had produced a generalized seizure in an otherwise
      asymptomatic young woman. A first, resting H2(15)O PET scan identified the AVM. A
      second PET scan, performed during vibrotactile stimulation of the contralateral
      hand, identified the somatosensory area of the hand region and localized the AVM
      to that part of the precentral gyrus immediately in front of it. This
      relationship and localization were confirmed by cortical mapping at the time of
      craniotomy under local anesthesia. Functional PET scanning may prove to be useful
      to localize cortical lesions precisely and to help in determining preoperatively
      the best form of treatment for lesions, especially AVM's, in functionally
      important cortex.

PMID- 2398393
TI  - Cavernous angiomas of the cranial nerves. Report of two cases.
AB  - Two cavernous hemangiomas arising in the third and eighth cranial nerves,
      respectively, and presenting as space-occupying lesions are reported. The tumors
      posed problems in the preoperative differential diagnosis. The main
      clinicopathological features of these tumors are discussed.

PMID- 2398394
TI  - Meningioma with hypergammaglobulinemia. Case report.
AB  - The case of a 14-year-old boy presenting with hypergammaglobulinemia
      (immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA) and a cerebellopontine angle tumor is reported.
      The tumor was histologically confirmed as meningioma infiltrated with plasma
      cells, lymphocytes, and histiocytes. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the
      infiltrating plasma cells were stained by antibodies to IgG and IgA. After total
      tumor removal, the hypergammaglobulinemia immediately resolved. A plausible
      interpretation of this sequence of events is that the inflammatory cell reaction
      to the meningioma caused the immunological response followed by an unusual
      hypergammaglobulinemia.

PMID- 2398395
TI  - Cerebral metastasis from angiosarcoma of the heart. Case report.
AB  - A case of secondary cerebral angiosarcoma in a 30-year-old man is presented. The
      patient had previously undergone heart transplantation for treatment of the
      primary tumor. Only a few cases of cerebral metastasis from angiosarcoma have
      been recorded in the literature; the present case is the first reported case
      diagnosed after heart transplantation.

PMID- 2398396
TI  - Reconstruction of the temporalis muscle for the pterional craniotomy. Technical
      note.
AB  - Several techniques have been employed to incise the temporalis muscle for the
      pterional craniotomy. The authors describe a method which provides the advantage
      of a free bone flap, yet allows anatomical reapproximation of the temporalis
      muscle to its bone attachment.

PMID- 2398397
TI  - A new intracranial Silastic encircling clip for hemostasis. Technical note.
AB  - A new encircling clip made of a silicone tube has been designed for treating
      accidentally injured cerebral vessels. No special holders are necessary. This
      clip can be tailored depending on the shape of the injured vessel. The clip is a
      simple and effective tool for achieving complete hemostasis.

PMID- 2398398
TI  - Fiberoptic pressure monitors.

PMID- 2398399
TI  - Optic atrophy: theoretical neurosurgical aspects.

PMID- 2398400
TI  - Atlanto-occipital joint.

PMID- 2398401
TI  - Anesthesia and cerebral coupling.

PMID- 2398402
TI  - Acute subdural hematoma in infants.

PMID- 2398403
TI  - Syringomyelia extending to basal ganglia.

PMID- 2398404
TI  - "Real" midwifery.

PMID- 2398405
TI  - Trends in nurse-midwifery. Results of the 1988 ACNM Division of Research Mini
      Survey.
AB  - The purpose of the 1988 Mini-Survey was the collection of up-to-date data from
      the ACNM membership, focusing on nurse-midwifery income. These were the last data
      collected about CNMs for the 1980 decade. The final survey sample included 1,735
      CNMs and 67 SNMs; 70.6% of the CNMs were in clinical practice. The demographic,
      employment, and income findings are presented for all CNM respondents by ACNM
      region of residence and for CNMs in full-scope clinical nurse-midwifery practice.
      Additional income findings for CNMs working full time and part time are also
      presented by ACNM region of residence, as well as by selected individual states.
      Nurse-midwifery income is compared with nursing income during the same time
      period. Demographic and/or employment characteristics are presented for CNMs
      doing home births, for student nurse-midwives, for nurse-midwifery faculty, and
      for nurse-midwives with doctorates. In surveys done from 1984 to 1988, the mean
      full-time CNM annual income increased by +10,000. The 1988 Survey data are now
      approximately two years old and the impact of the recent nursing shortage on both
      nursing and nurse-midwifery salaries was not necessarily reflected in these data.

PMID- 2398407
TI  - Midwifery in America. A profession reaffirmed.

PMID- 2398408
TI  - Stressful events related to childbearing in African-American women. A pilot
      study.
AB  - This pilot study replicated the Arizmendi and Affonso study that identified the
      frequency and intensity of stressors related to childbearing. The original study
      (n = 221) targeted chiefly middle-class white women. To date, there is no
      literature on stressful events as reported by African-American childbearing
      women. It was hypothesized that African-American women would identify
      differential patterns of stressful events in childbearing. A convenience sample
      of 50 African-American childbearing women were interviewed. Demographics were
      presented and compared with the original study. The frequency and intensity of
      stressors were analyzed and compared. It was proposed that the differential
      stressors between the chiefly white middle-class sample and the African-American
      sample relates to both the life experiences and the differential birth outcomes
      of African-American childbearing women. Areas for future research are targeted.

PMID- 2398406
TI  - Lay midwife to nurse-midwife. Perceived learning needs and attitudes toward the
      learning experience.
AB  - This descriptive study was designed to identify the perceived learning needs of
      students with midwifery experience who enter nurse-midwifery education programs.
      Instruments were developed to gather data from nurse-midwifery educators and CNMs
      who had been experienced lay midwives (LM/CNMs). Results indicate that LM/CNMs
      and educators recognize the importance of identification of knowledge and skills
      gained before entering the educational program, but a variety of factors inhibit
      the implementation of creative, individualized curriculums. Issues related to
      nurse-midwifery education, including identification of valid knowledge and the
      need for a midwifery rather than obstetric model of teaching, are discussed.

PMID- 2398409
TI  - Job satisfaction of CNMs. Luxury or necessity?
AB  - Employees with high job satisfaction demonstrate a low job turnover rate.
      Identifying specific factors related to CNM job satisfaction and restructuring
      job designs accordingly may reduce CNM job turnover. This approach may also aid
      in recruiting nurses into the profession and CNMs into open positions. General
      theories of job satisfaction and the results of research in industry and general
      nursing are discussed. The results of a preliminary study of CNM job satisfaction
      indicate that CNMs are mostly satisfied with their jobs. In addition, CNMs in
      different types of practice show differences in the rank order of job
      satisfaction factors. Recommendations are made for future research.

PMID- 2398410
TI  - Telephone triage in the office setting.
AB  - During a six-month period in 1988, two nurse-midwives documented the telephone
      calls they received in an OB/GYN/CNM practice. Calls were then tallied and
      categorized for analysis. A discussion of the numbers and types of calls is
      presented as well as a review of the literature on telephone triage/management.

PMID- 2398411
TI  - Urinary orotic acid excretion in sheep: effects of nitrogen, glucose and
      arginine.
AB  - The urinary excretion of orotic acid was investigated in four sheep. Nitrogen and
      energy intake were varied by infusions of urea and glucose. The effect of
      arginine infusion was also investigated. Nitrogen intake of 10.4 g/d led to a
      urinary excretion of orotic acid of 357 +/- 61 micrograms/d. Increasing N intake
      to 21.4 g/d significantly increased urinary orotic acid excretion to 747 +/- 46
      micrograms/d. Glucose infusion (300 g/d) significantly decreased orotic acid
      excretion when N intake was 10.4 g/d, whereas arginine infusion (2.3 g/d) did not
      alter the excretion of orotic acid under these conditions. When arginine was
      infused at higher N intake (21.4 g/d), orotic acid excretion decreased from 822
      +/- 74 to 624 +/- 46 micrograms/d. It is concluded that increasing N intake is
      accompanied by an enhanced urinary excretion of orotic acid. This excretion of
      orotic acid is significantly modified by glucose or arginine.

PMID- 2398412
TI  - Methionine flux and tissue protein synthesis in lactating and dry goats.
AB  - Whole-body methionine flux (rate of irreversible loss from plasma) and tissue
      protein synthesis were estimated in dry and early lactating goats (10-14 d
      postpartum) by intravenous infusion of L-[35S]methionine. Tissue protein mass was
      significantly (p less than 0.05) higher for mammary gland and liver but lower for
      carcass in lactating animals. The plasma methionine flux was higher during
      lactation (8.5 vs. 5.1 g/d). The fractional synthesis rates of tissue proteins
      (Ksp: %/d) were lower during lactation for some muscles, especially the masseter
      muscle (1.46 vs. 2.15), and for skin (0.59 vs. 1.22) and the pooled head plus
      feet fraction (1.64 vs. 2.31), but the rates were greatly increased in mammary
      gland (42 vs. 3). The non-mammary methionine flux (plasma flux minus the flux
      corresponding to milk methionine output and methionine utilization for mammary
      protein synthesis) was significantly (p less than 0.05) lower for the lactating
      goats than for the dry group (93 vs. 131 mg.d-1.kg empty body weight-1). This is
      in agreement with the lower rates of protein synthesis in carcass (542 vs. 948
      mg.d-1.kg empty body weight-1) and skin (93 vs. 189) for lactating compared to
      dry goats. It can be inferred from these data that in early lactation, when
      nutrient requirements of animals are not adequately met, an adaptative mechanism
      occurs that allows amino acids to be available for the mammary gland by a
      decrease of their utilization in some extramammary tissues.

PMID- 2398413
TI  - Evidence for a critical period during late gestation when maternal dietary
      carbohydrate is essential for survival of newborn rats.
AB  - Two experiments were designed to test the hypotheses that 1) maternal dietary
      carbohydrate is required on d 20-21 of gestation (gd 20-21), when fetal liver
      glycogen is accumulating, to ensure the postnatal survival of the newborn rat pup
      and that 2) the lack of maternal dietary carbohydrate during this critical 2-d
      period will cause high neonatal mortality. Pregnant dams were fed one of two
      lipid-based, carbohydrate-restricted experimental diets. In experiment 1, the
      primary energy source was soybean oil; the diets contained no added glucose but
      contained 4% glucose-equivalents as lipid-glycerol. In experiment 2, the major
      lipid component was food-grade oleic acid; this diet was supplemented with 4%
      glucose. A crossover design was used. For gd 0-19, dams were fed either the high
      carbohydrate diet (62% glucose) or one of the carbohydrate-restricted diets (4%
      glucose or 4% lipid-glycerol); beginning on gd 19 and through neonatal d 7 (nd
      7), the opposite diet was fed. For controls in each experiment, a high
      carbohydrate diet (62% glucose) and the respective carbohydrate-restricted diets
      were fed throughout pregnancy. The results showed that restriction to 4% glucose
      equivalents beginning on gd 20 resulted in high first-day neonatal mortality that
      was comparable in magnitude to nd-1 mortality rates in dams fed the carbohydrate
      restricted diets throughout pregnancy. Repletion with the high carbohydrate,
      control diet after gd 19 significantly reduced mortality. These experiments
      demonstrate that maternal dietary carbohydrate beginning in late gestation is
      essential for the postnatal survival of rat pups.

PMID- 2398414
TI  - Altered lactational performance in rats fed low carbohydrate diets and its effect
      on growth of neonatal rat pups.
AB  - The possibility that low carbohydrate diets fed to nursing rat dams altered milk
      composition and impaired neonatal growth and development was explored. Pregnant
      control dams fed a 62% glucose diet were paired at parturition with experimental
      dams fed diets with either severe (0% glucose) or moderate (6% glucose)
      carbohydrate restriction. At birth half of the littermates of each pair were
      cross-fostered so that each dam nursed a litter consisting of one-half deficient
      and one-half control pups. All pups born to dams fed the 0% glucose diet died
      within 24 h of birth whether they were nursed by control or deficient dams.
      Control pups cross-fostered to these deficient dams died by the second day; the
      0% glucose diet failed to support milk production. In contrast, the dams fed the
      6% glucose diet produced milk, but its composition was significantly lower in
      carbohydrate and lipid than was milk of control dams. This altered milk
      composition was associated with retarded postnatal growth and development.
      Control pups cross-fostered to 6% glucose dams showed decreased survival (83% vs.
      97%) and significantly reduced body weight (10 g vs. 12 g) at d 7. Conversely, 6%
      glucose pups cross-fostered to control dams showed improved survival (54% vs.
      29%) and significantly increased body weight (9 g vs. 7 g) at d 7. These data
      showed that carbohydrate-restricted diets altered milk production and/or
      composition, which, in turn, reduced growth and increased mortality in the pups
      nursed by dams fed these diets. The results demonstrate that an adequate source
      of dietary carbohydrate is important for optimal lactational performance.

PMID- 2398415
TI  - Impaired hemostasis and platelet function in rats fed low zinc diets based on egg
      white protein.
AB  - Zinc-deficient rats exhibit impaired hemostasis, a pathological sign related to
      defective platelet function. The original observation was made in rats fed a low
      zinc diet based on soy protein. The present study was designed to test the effect
      of feeding a low zinc, egg white-based diet on bleeding time and platelet
      aggregation. The reversibility of the defect and the response of washed platelets
      from rats fed low zinc (less than 1 mg/kg) and control (100 mg/kg) diets were
      also assessed. Immature male rats were fed the respective diets for 11 d, the
      controls being both ad libitum- and pair-fed. To test reversibility, rats
      depleted for 11 d were then fed the control diet for an additional 7 d. Saline
      bleeding time was increased, and aggregation of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from
      rats of low zinc status was impaired. The rate of the secondary phase of
      aggregation was significantly less than that of controls, but it was not
      different from that of controls after 7 d of zinc repletion. Aggregation of
      washed platelets was also impaired by low zinc status, showing that the defect is
      associated with the platelet, not the plasma. Egg white as a source of protein in
      the low zinc diet resulted in abnormal hemostasis and platelet aggregation,
      including a defective response of washed platelets.

PMID- 2398416
TI  - Hepatic glutathione, metallothionein and zinc in the rat on gestational day 19
      during chronic ethanol administration.
AB  - Ethanol, under certain conditions, alters the metabolism of sulfur amino acids,
      metallothionein (MT) and zinc. If chronic ethanol administration during pregnancy
      decreases the availability of sulfur amino acids or Zn, this deficiency could
      contribute to growth retardation of the fetuses, one of the features of fetal
      alcohol syndrome. The purpose of this study was to discern whether chronic
      ethanol administration to pregnant rats alters glutathione (GSH), MT or Zn
      content of selected tissues of the dams and fetuses. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed
      from gestational days 5 to 19 either the control diet ad libitum (AF), the
      ethanol diet ad libitum (EF) or the control diet using the pair-feeding technique
      (PF). On the 19th day of gestation, total hepatic GSH was significantly lower for
      the EF and PF dams than for the AF dams. Hepatic MT contents were similar for the
      AF and EF dams, and hepatic MT content was significantly greater for the PF dams
      than the AF and EF dams. The three groups did not differ regarding hepatic Zn
      content of dams or fetuses. In summary, on the 19th day of gestation, chronic
      ethanol feeding of pregnant rats did not lower the maternal hepatic GSH level
      below that of PF dams, did not induce hepatic MT in the dams and did not prevent
      fetuses from achieving body weights and hepatic Zn concentrations equal to those
      of controls.

PMID- 2398417
TI  - Use of exogenous glutathione for metabolism of peroxidized methyl linoleate in
      rat small intestine.
AB  - The potential effects of dietary glutathione on the metabolism of peroxidized
      lipid ingested in the diet were studied using everted sacs of rat small intestine
      and peroxidized methyl linoleate. Peroxidized methyl linoleate was added to the
      luminal side, and the appearance of thiobarbituric acid-reactive (TBA-reactive)
      material on the contraluminal side was measured. Incubation with N,N,bis(2
      chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea (BCNU) under conditions in which it inhibits the
      glutathione disulfide reductase/glutathione peroxidase system increased the
      appearance of TBA-reactive material, indicating that at least a portion of the
      TBA-reactive material passing through the epithelium is peroxide in nature.
      Adding glutathione (GSH) to the luminal side substantially decreased the
      appearance of TBA-reactive material on the contraluminal side, either without or
      with BCNU treatment. Inhibition of GSH transport and control experiments with
      GSH, peroxidized methyl linoleate and purified brush border membranes showed that
      this decrease was due primarily to uptake of luminal GSH and its use to support
      intracellular GSH-dependent reactions. Thus, the results indicate that exogenous
      GSH, which can exist in certain diets, can be taken up by the small intestine and
      used to protect against absorption of lipid peroxidation products.

PMID- 2398418
TI  - Effects of medium-chain triglycerides on brush border membrane-bound enzyme
      activity in rat small intestine.
AB  - The effects of various types of dietary fat on brush border membrane-bound
      enzymes in rat intestinal mucosa were examined. Four groups of five rats were
      pair-fed defined diets for 10 d. The control group was fed a diet containing 57%
      sucrose and 2% corn oil as a fixed carbohydrate reference; the three experimental
      groups received diets containing 57% sucrose and 2% corn oil plus 13% fat in the
      form of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) or long-chain triglycerides (LCT)
      (either lard as a highly saturated fat or corn oil as a highly unsaturated fat).
      Feeding LCT compared to the control diet, decreased sucrase activity in mucosal
      brush borders of the duodenum and jejunum. In these segments of MCT-fed rats,
      sucrase activity was similar to that in the control animals. In another
      experiment, measuring immunoreactive sucrase-isomaltase in jejunal brush border
      membranes revealed that feeding a high corn oil diet, but not a high MCT diet,
      led to a reduction in the sucrase catalytic activity per unit weight of enzyme
      protein, suggesting that the degradation status of sucrase-isomaltase might be
      altered by the different types of dietary fats. With MCT feeding, jejunal
      alkaline phosphatase activity was enhanced to a large extent compared to the
      activity in other groups. Feeding MCT, compared to lard or corn oil, also
      increased microvillus phospholipids of the jejunal mucosa. These results suggest
      that MCT, unlike LCT, do not suppress the activity of mucosal microvillus
      membrane enzymes in rat small intestine.

PMID- 2398419
TI  - Cholesterol-lowering activity of various undigested fractions of soybean protein
      in rats.
AB  - The undigested high-molecular-weight fraction (HMF) of soybean protein prepared
      after exhaustive digestion by microbial proteases significantly decreased serum
      cholesterol levels to approximately 45% (p less than 0.05) of those observed with
      the parent protein in rats fed diets containing cholesterol (0.5%) and sodium
      cholate (0.125%). HMF bound conjugated bile salts in vitro and significantly
      increased fecal excretion of both neutral and acidic steroids by 65-95% and 80
      170% more, respectively (p less than 0.05), than did the intact protein.
      Extraction of HMF with methanol slightly decreased the activity, but the methanol
      soluble fraction was not regarded as a principal determinant. Soybean saponin at
      the dietary level equivalent to that contained in HMF did not effectively lower
      serum cholesterol. The activity was not necessarily duplicated even when methanol
      treated fractions were recombined. Further degradation of the methanol-extracted
      HMF by various proteases resulted in loss of activity. HMF obtained after pepsin
      digestion exerted a potential similar to that of HMF prepared after digestion by
      microbial proteases.

PMID- 2398420
TI  - Effect of dietary olive oil, corn oil and medium-chain triglycerides on the lipid
      composition of rat red blood cell membranes.
AB  - The effects of dietary olive oil, corn oil and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT)
      on factors that characterized erythrocyte membrane lipid fluidity were studied.
      Weanling rats were fed for 3 or 5 wk high fat diets (10%) containing olive oil,
      corn oil or a mixture of MCT with olive oil or corn oil. Total phospholipids and
      phosphatidylcholine of erythrocyte ghosts obtained from olive oil-fed animals, as
      compared to those fed corn oil, showed an increase in long-chain polyunsaturated
      fatty acids (PUFA) of the (n-6) and (n-3) series and a decrease in saturated
      fatty acids. The addition of MCT to the olive oil diet induced an increase in
      palmitic, palmitoleic and delta-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acids and a decrease in
      long-chain PUFA of the (n-6) series in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids.
      Conversely, rats fed a mixture of MCT and corn oil, as compared to those fed
      exclusively corn oil, showed increase in long-chain PUFA of the (n-6) and (n-3)
      series, with no changes in saturated fatty acid levels. The
      cholesterol/phosphorus molar ratio showed only a slight increase with MCT
      supplementation. Olive oil feeding induced important changes in fatty acid
      composition of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids as compared to corn oil feeding
      without modifying the cholesterol/phosphorus ratio and MCT feeding slightly
      affected red blood cell membrane lipid composition.

PMID- 2398421
TI  - Mitochondrial membrane fluidity changes in renal ischemia.
AB  - The fluorescence polarization technique with 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as a
      probe, was used to determine the lipid rotational mobility (LRM) measured by
      fluorescence anisotropy of isolated whole mitochondria of the rat kidney
      following normothermic ischemia of 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes and upon reperfusion
      for 24 hours. The LRM of mitochondrial membrane lipids of the ischemic kidney
      decreased steadily with increasing ischemic times (0.1590 vs. 0.1705, 0.01 less
      than P less than 0.001 at 60 minutes). Following 24 hours reflow, there were no
      significant differences in the LRM of mitochondria between ischemic and control
      groups up to 45 minutes of ischemia, (0.1688 vs. 0.1705, 0.5 less than P less
      than 0.6). However, when kidney was subjected to ischemic periods longer than 60
      minutes, the decreased LRM remained fixed even after reperfusion (0.1783 vs.
      0.1738, 0.5 less than P less than 0.6). This suggests that 60 minutes of ischemia
      probably produces irreversible damage to the mitochondrial membrane whereas
      lesser degrees of ischemic injury is reversible upon reperfusion.

PMID- 2398422
TI  - The effect of cyclophosphamide on the Peyer's patches in MRL1/1 and NZB/WF1 mice.
AB  - MRL1/1 & NZB/WF1 female mice were treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide (20
      mg/kg/week), and the distribution of T cells in the Peyer's patches was examined
      in treated and untreated mice. A multiple layering technique was used for
      immunohistochemical detection of the lymphocyte surface antigens of T cells
      (Thy1.2, L3T4, Lyt2). High-dose cyclophosphamide inhibited the increase of the T
      cell population of MRL1/1 female mice with age, but little change was observed
      NZB/WF1 female mice.

PMID- 2398423
TI  - Response of rat myocardial mast cells to experimental ischemia.
AB  - The effects of ischemia on mast cells in the rat heart were studied. After 5
      hours morphological signs of mediator release: granule dissolution, were
      observed. After 4 weeks the number of mast cells was significantly increased in
      comparison with nonischemic. Furthermore, 4 weeks after ischemia there was an
      increased number of regenerating mast cells. An increase in the number of mast
      cells and morphological signs of granule synthesis in the ventricular or septal
      muscle of the sham operated controls indicates that the surgical procedure itself
      can affect the mast cells of the heart generally. Morphological signs of granule
      synthesis were observed within mast cells of all experimental groups, and the
      figure was highly increased after 4 weeks of ischemia.

PMID- 2398424
TI  - The Registry of the International Society for Heart Transplantation: seventh
      official report--1990.
AB  - During the past decade we have witnessed a continuing evolution in intrathoracic
      transplantation. The role of heart transplantation in end-stage heart disease has
      been well established; and combined heart-lung and lung transplantation
      techniques developed during the past 10 years have been applied to an expanding
      array of diseases associated with end-stage pulmonary failure. Recently a plateau
      in number of transplants per year has become evident. Although the areas of
      pediatric heart and single lung transplantation continue to expand, it appears
      that further overall growth in heart and lung transplantation is now limited by
      donor availability. Although operative mortality has shown gradual improvement,
      organ preservation and other intraoperative complications remain major factors
      associated with early death, especially in combined heart-lung and lung
      transplantation. Infection and rejection are the most common causes of late
      deaths for all types of intrathoracic transplantation. Although long-term
      survival has shown improvement over the past 10 years, an increasing number of
      patients now require retransplantation because of chronic rejection. Results with
      heart, combined heart-lung, and lung retransplantation, in operative mortality
      and in long-term survival, have not been as encouraging as with the primary
      transplant procedure. We await further developments in heart and lung
      transplantation during the new decade.

PMID- 2398426
TI  - Pathologic features in long-term cardiac allografts.
AB  - Pathologic conditions of six long-term orthotopic heart transplant survivors (11
      to 17 years) was compared with a group of six similar heart transplant recipients
      surviving only 2 years. The two groups were matched as far as possible for age
      and sex of both recipients and donors and for immunosuppressive therapy
      (azathioprine and prednisone). Ischemic time, HLA-A, -B typing, acute rejection
      episodes, lipid profiles, and coronary angiograms were investigated in both
      groups. None of these parameters correlated with survival or disease of the
      graft. Graft coronary disease was present in 10 of 12 cases and caused graft
      failure in 8 of 12. All six long-surviving grafts and four of six surviving only
      2 years showed occlusive coronary disease. The major difference in the two groups
      was in the pathologic condition of the coronary arteries in the long-term
      survivors, which more resembled that of naturally occurring atherosclerosis than
      the characteristic concentric graft coronary disease present in grafts surviving
      2 years. Although the histopathologic features were different in the two groups,
      no investigated factor was useful in predicting graft disease and survival.

PMID- 2398425
TI  - Anatomic characteristics and valvular function of the transplanted heart:
      transthoracic versus transesophageal echocardiographic findings.
AB  - In orthotopic heart transplantation atrial size and geometry are altered, whereas
      ventricles and atrioventricular valves remain structurally unchanged. To analyze
      the anatomy and function of the transplanted heart, 20 heart transplant
      recipients, with a mean age of 46.0 +/- 11.8 years, were examined with
      transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).
      Both methods showed atrial enlargement and abnormal configurations of the atria.
      Although valve leaflet structure appeared normal, TEE showed mitral regurgitation
      in 13 patients (TTE, 11), mitral prolapse in three patients (TTE, two), tricuspid
      regurgitation in 17 patients (TTE, 17), and tricuspid prolapse in two patients
      (TTE, one). Only by TEE, "pseudoaneurysms" of the donor part of the interatrial
      septum were found in six patients and of the receiver part in one patient,
      possibly as consequence of unequal thickness, asynchronous contraction, and
      cyclic torsion of both atrial components during the cardiac cycle. Spontaneous
      atrial echo contrast--again visualized only by TEE--was seen in five patients and
      a left atrial thrombus in three patients. Spontaneous echo contrast and thrombus
      formation were associated. One patient with a thrombus had had peripheral
      arterial embolism. We conclude that, compared with TTE, TEE offers superior
      imaging of cardiac anatomy, intraatrial abnormalities, and function of the
      atrioventricular valves. Mitral and tricuspid incompetence are frequent after
      orthotopic heart transplantation and may be related to abnormal atrial size and
      function, leading to impaired functional integrity of the valvular apparatus. The
      high incidence of atrial spontaneous echo contrast and thrombi suggests that
      antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy may be advisable in heart transplant
      recipients with these findings.

PMID- 2398427
TI  - Successful intermediate-term outcome for patients with cardiac amyloidosis
      undergoing heart transplantation: results of a multicenter survey.
AB  - Amyloid heart disease has been considered a contraindication for heart transplant
      on the basis of the hypothesis that it is a systemic disease and that amyloid
      deposition would occur in the cardiac allograft. Despite these concerns, several
      centers have performed heart transplantation for amyloidosis in a limited number
      of cases. A survey was sent to all of the U.S. centers and a limited number of
      European centers listed with the Registry of the International Society for Heart
      Transplantation. Nineteen centers responded, and data were provided for a total
      of seven patients (three men and four women, with a mean age of 46 years, range,
      30 to 60 years) who had transplants for cardiac amyloid. The diagnosis of cardiac
      amyloidosis was made histologically on endomyocardial biopsy and/or examination
      of the explanted heart. Additional organ involvement included liver (two cases),
      rectal (two cases), renal (one case), gingiva (one case), and tongue (one case).
      A specific amyloid protein was identified in five patients (four lambda, one
      kappa Ig light chain). Two patients developed recurrent amyloid in their
      allograft seen by electron microscopy at 3 1/2 and 4 months, respectively. One
      patient developed progressive diastolic dysfunction, but systolic function was
      preserved. This patient died 13 months after transplantation as a result of
      progressive liver infiltration with amyloid. One patient died immediately after
      operation. Five patients are alive and fully rehabilitated 32 +/- 12 months after
      transplant. On the basis of this small series, some patients with cardiac
      amyloidosis can undergo heart transplantation with good intermediate-term
      results.

PMID- 2398428
TI  - Results of heart transplantation for active lymphocytic myocarditis.
AB  - To determine whether the heart-specific immunoreactivity associated with active
      myocarditis affects outcome after heart transplantation, we retrospectively
      analyzed the outcome of 12 patients with active lymphocytic myocarditis in their
      explanted native hearts identified by the Registry of the International Society
      for Heart Transplantation. The patients were 38 +/- 10 years of age and
      predominantly female (75%). In nine patients (75%), endomyocardial biopsy showed
      active myocarditis before transplant; eight of these patients also received
      immunosuppression before transplant. Recipient hemodynamic study before
      transplantation demonstrated an ejection fraction of 0.18 +/- 0.06, cardiac index
      of 1.7 +/- 0.4 L/min/m2, pulmonary artery pressure of 41 +/- 6/23 +/- 6 mm Hg,
      and mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 30 +/- 5 mm Hg. Left ventricular
      end-diastolic dimension by echocardiography was 6.0 +/- 1.4 cm. Four of the
      patients were dependent on intravenous inotropes, and six required mechanical
      assistance. Over a 36-month follow-up period, 2.9 +/- 2.4 episodes of rejection
      occurred per patient. Sixty percent of the first episodes occurred within 2 weeks
      of transplantation. These patients experienced a 2.2 +/- 1.1-fold increase in
      rejection compared with institutional average rejection rates. Survival was
      significantly shorter than that of age-matched or female control subjects. This
      study is limited by its retrospective nature and the unusual pretransplant
      characteristics of the subjects. It indicates that active myocarditis may
      predispose patients to early severe rejection and a high mortality rate after
      heart transplantation.

PMID- 2398429
TI  - Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in heart transplant recipients: a
      seventeen-year experience.
AB  - A retrospective review was undertaken to determine the clinical features,
      outcome, and impact on survival of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in 14
      (of 502) heart transplant recipients. The prevalence of these infections was
      significantly higher (p less than 0.05) during the precyclosporine than during
      the cyclosporine era. The mean interval from transplantation to diagnosis was 3.5
      +/- 0.7 years (+/- SEM). The 14 patients had a higher (p less than 0.05)
      linearized rejection rate than did other transplant patients during postoperative
      years 1, 2, and 4 to 6, and had received 7.3 +/- 2 gm of methylprednisolone as
      bolus treatment of rejection before diagnosis. Eight patients were initially seen
      with disseminated disease, four had localized pulmonary infection, one had
      subcutaneous infection in the previous site of a left ventricular assist device,
      and in one the organism was cultured from a fluid collection adjacent to a hip
      prosthesis. Twelve patients were first given 3 +/- 1 antimycobacterial drugs; the
      infections were usually controlled, but in 75% of patients the therapeutic
      regimen was prematurely stopped or altered because of drug toxicity.
      Mycobacterial infection was a contributory cause of death in only one patient.
      Actuarial survival in the 14 patients was not significantly different from the
      entire transplant population at 4 to 7 years. We conclude that nontuberculous
      mycobacterial infections occur late after heart transplantation, that drug
      treatment is usually successful (although difficult), and that long-term survival
      is not adversely affected if the infection is successfully controlled.

PMID- 2398430
TI  - Posttransplant obesity and hyperlipidemia: major predictors of severity of
      coronary arteriopathy in failed human heart allografts.
AB  - The contribution of specific risk factors to the development of coronary
      arteriopathy in human heart allografts remains unclear. Allografts from 15
      patients, 11 males and 4 females, aged 15 to 58 years (mean, 40 years), with
      patient survival from 0.5 to 24 months (mean, 8.6 months) with "triple drug
      therapy," had the entire coronary artery trees removed, with 184 4-mm arterial
      segments studied. Luminal narrowing was measured by means of digitization on a
      video image analysis system, and extent of luminal narrowing (cross-sectional
      area reduction: [Intimal area/Intimal area + Luminal area] X 100 = %) was related
      to 40 individual risk factors, including demographic, hemodynamic, immune,
      environmental, and therapeutic factors. Mean luminal narrowing, considering all
      coronary segments, was significantly greater in patients with higher versus lower
      mean cholesterol levels (246 vs 163 mg/dl), triglyceride levels (328 vs 145
      mg/dl), and body mass indices (31 vs 22 kg/m2) at 62% versus 38%, 59% versus 42%
      and 61% versus 44% luminal narrowing, respectively. Considering all coronary
      segments from all heart allografts, mean luminal narrowing steadily progressed
      with duration of implant, reaching greater than 60% within 6 months. Mean luminal
      narrowing was identical in proximal and distal halves of coronary trees at 51%
      and 50%, respectively. Rejection episodes, considering all degrees of rejection,
      were strongly related to percent luminal narrowing (p = 0.01). Multivariate
      analysis indicated the single most predictive risk factor to be posttransplant
      body mass index (r = 0.77; p = 0.0009).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398431
TI  - Analysis of risk factors for acute allograft rejection after heart
      transplantation.
AB  - The diagnosis of cardiac allograft rejection is currently based on endomyocardial
      biopsy and histologic evaluation. Since the introduction of cyclosporine, cardiac
      biopsy has been recognized as the only reliable method of diagnosis. From July
      1985 to June 1986, 22 transplant patients were studied during the early
      posttransplant period to evaluate other characteristics of allograft rejection.
      The immunosuppressive protocol included cyclosporine, azathioprine, prednisone,
      and prophylactic rabbit antithymocyte globulin. Acute rejection was established
      by standard histologic criteria. Twenty-four positive and 123 negative biopsy
      findings were obtained. Clinical variables (age, sex, immunosuppressive regimen,
      cyclosporine dosage, ECG voltage), biologic variables (level of cyclosporine,
      white blood cells, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, bilirubin, prolactin, urinary
      polyamines, blood type, HLA typing), and immunologic variables (T-cell subsets)
      were analyzed in regard to the histologic diagnosis of acute rejection. Four
      variables (WBC, prolactin, total urinary polyamines, N-acetyl putrescine) were
      found to have a significant univariate association with acute rejection. These
      variables were studied by multivariate discriminant analysis. The only factors
      found to have independent predictive value for acute rejection were prolactin and
      N-acetyl putrescine peaks occurring before acute rejection. When we used these
      factors, a discriminant function correctly predicted acute rejection episodes, as
      well as negative biopsy results, in 74% of the cases in this group of patients.

PMID- 2398433
TI  - Amelioration of weight gain after heart transplantation by corticosteroid-free
      maintenance immunosuppression. UTAH Cardiac Transplant Program.
AB  - After heart transplantation, recipients frequently become obese. Although the
      cause is undoubtedly multifactorial, administration of corticosteroids may
      contribute to posttransplant obesity. To test this hypothesis, we retrospectively
      reviewed the change in body weight with respect to corticosteroid use after
      transplantation in all 110 recipients surviving 1 year in the UTAH Cardiac
      Transplant Program. Fifty-two recipients (47%, group 1) were unable to be
      withdrawn from maintenance corticosteroids, and 58 recipients (53%, group 2) were
      successfully withdrawn, the latter group requiring only cyclosporine and
      azathioprine long-term maintenance immunosuppression. The change in weight from
      the time of transplantation to 1 year after transplantation in group 1 was 8.7 +/
      1.1 kg; group 2 patients gained only 4.9 +/- 0.9 kg (p = 0.009). In conclusion,
      successful withdrawal of maintenance corticosteroids after heart transplantation
      decreased posttransplant weight gain, suggesting that posttransplant obesity is
      in part related to use of corticosteroids.

PMID- 2398432
TI  - Clinical survey of heart transplantation between ABO blood group-incompatible
      recipients and donors.
AB  - A clinical survey of 4895 heart transplants performed at 66 centers worldwide
      revealed that eight patients (0.16%) had received ABO-incompatible donor hearts.
      Of these eight transplants, five hearts (63%) were hyperacutely rejected
      (vascular or humoral rejection), four within 24 hours and one (after treatment by
      plasmapheresis) at 13 days. Two patients died at the time of rejection; the
      remaining three underwent retransplantation. Two patients died (at retransplant
      and at 7 weeks, respectively), and one is alive 8 months later. Three ABO
      incompatible hearts (37%) were not hyperacutely rejected; two of these patients
      remain alive 12 and 26 months later, and the third died at 11 months in an
      automobile accident. There was, therefore, an early mortality of four of eight
      patients (50%). Care should be taken to ensure ABO compatibility of the donor
      whenever heart transplantation is undertaken.

PMID- 2398434
TI  - Patients who refuse heart transplantation.
AB  - Some terminally ill patients refuse proposed heart transplantation. Forty
      patients were offered this surgery; six (15%) declined. Candidates refusing
      surgery were likely to have a psychiatric diagnosis and heart disease longer than
      1 year. Factors thought to influence the decision to refuse surgery included (1)
      depression, (2) ambivalence about surgery or survival, (3) previous negative
      experiences with surgery, (4) acceptance of the inevitability of death, (5)
      concerns about postoperative quality of life, (6) organic brain syndrome, and (7)
      denial of the severity of heart disease. Patient refusal of a heart transplant is
      often disconcerting for members of the transplant team.

PMID- 2398435
TI  - Sexual concerns after heart transplantation.
AB  - Sexual concerns after heart transplantation are commonly experienced yet seldom
      voiced. Forty-five patients approved for this procedure were surveyed regarding
      sexual issues. Twenty-one (47%) persons responded, of whom 16 had undergone heart
      transplantation, and five were waiting for a donor. Sexual dysfunction included
      impotence, ejaculation problems, altered libido, and avoidance of sexual
      opportunities. Contributing factors to these sexual difficulties were fear of
      death during coitus, effects of medication on interest and ability to function,
      body-image concerns, depression, uncertainty about the sexuality of the donor,
      and altered roles and responsibilities within the family. Recommendations for
      members of heart transplant teams include (1) obtaining a routine sexual history
      during the evaluation of candidates, (2) heightening awareness of the sexual
      concerns of these persons, (3) aggressively treating clinical depression, (4)
      establishing peer support groups for spouses of transplant patients, (5)
      presenting didactic material on sexual issues after transplant, (6) adjusting
      medications when sexual problems arise, and (7) addressing one's own level of
      comfort in discussing sex-related topics with transplant patients.

PMID- 2398436
TI  - Increased incidence of cholelithiasis in heart transplant recipients receiving
      cyclosporine therapy.
AB  - The introduction of cyclosporine to immunosuppressive therapy greatly improved
      the results of organ transplantation. The clinical use of cyclosporine, however,
      is associated with several serious side effects. Because the drug is primarily
      eliminated via biliary secretion and thus probably alters bile composition, we
      investigated the incidence of gallstones in 29 heart transplant recipients
      receiving immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine. Two of three female
      patients and none of the male patients had gallstones before heart
      transplantation. After operation, in nine of the 26 male patients cholelithiasis
      developed during cyclosporine therapy; seven cases of gallstones occurred within
      the first postoperative year. High cyclosporine blood levels, obesity, and
      diabetes mellitus in the early postoperative period appeared to be predisposing
      factors for formation of gallstones. Prevention of biliary calculous disease in
      heart transplant recipients is especially important because immunosuppressive
      therapy poses an additional risk on potential complications of cholelithiasis. An
      immunosuppressive regimen aimed at lower cyclosporine blood levels may help to
      avoid hepatobiliary complications.

PMID- 2398437
TI  - Treatment of cardiac allograft failure by use of an intraaortic axial flow pump.
AB  - Since April 1988 we have used the Hemopump device, a new means of circulatory
      support, to successfully treat three orthotopic heart transplant recipients with
      biventricular failure refractory to conventional therapy. The Hemopump device is
      a 21F catheter-mounted, transvalvular, intraaortic axial flow pump. Power to the
      pump is percutaneously transmitted from an external electromechanical drive
      console by a flexible drive cable. We first used the pump in a 61-year-old man in
      whom severe steroid-resistant rejection developed 28 days after heart transplant,
      resulting in cardiogenic shock (cardiac index less than 2.0 L/min/m2) despite
      maximal inotropic support. In the second case a 49-year-old man with no evidence
      of pulmonary hypertension sustained cardiac arrest 2 hours after heart
      transplant, necessitating open chest massage and emergency cardiopulmonary
      bypass. The third patient was a 9-year-old boy in whom rejection developed 5
      months after heart transplant, resulting in congestive heart failure that was
      unresponsive to maximal medical therapy. The device was implanted by way of the
      femoral artery approach in the first case, the ascending aorta in the second, and
      the distal abdominal aorta in the third. Duration of support was 46 hours, 65
      hours, and 6 days, respectively. Increased blood flow provided by the pump ranged
      from 2 to 4 L/min. No device-related complications, such as hemolysis, infection,
      or thromboembolic events, occurred. All patients recovered normal heart function
      and were weaned from the device. The first patient is well after 12 months. The
      second patient died of metastatic lymphoma at 2 months, and the third died of
      Pseudomonas pneumonia after 2 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398438
TI  - Thoratec VAD system as a bridge to heart transplantation.
AB  - As of October 1988 the Thoratec ventricular assist device system was used in 72
      heart transplant candidates at 20 medical centers in five countries. All patients
      were in imminent risk of dying before donor heart procurement, with a mean
      cardiac index of 1.6 +/- 0.5 L/min/m2 and a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of
      27 +/- 8 mm Hg, in spite of maximal medical therapy. The ventricular assist
      device system consists of a prosthetic ventricle (Pierce-Donachy design) with a
      65 ml pumping chamber, made of Thoratec's BPS-215M polyurethane, appropriate
      cannulae for atrial or ventricular inflow and for arterial outflow connections,
      and a pneumatic drive console. The devices can be used for partial or complete
      support of the pulmonary and systemic circulations. Fifty-eight (81%) of the 72
      patients received biventricular devices and 14 received support only on the left
      side of the heart. Average flow rate was 5.0 +/- 0.7 L/min on the left side and
      4.3 +/- 0.7 on the right. Fifty-four patients (75%) recovered sufficiently to
      undergo heart transplantation after a median of 4.4 days (mean, 14.3 days; range,
      8 hours to 81 days), and 45 of them have been discharged from the hospital (83%
      early posttransplant survival and 63% overall survival from implant to
      discharge). Of 14 patients supported for more than 30 days, 11 underwent heart
      transplantation, and nine were discharged alive. The actuarial 1- and 2-year
      posttransplant survival rates are 78% and 75%. We conclude that these heterotopic
      prosthetic devices provide an effective method of maintaining blood flow to vital
      organs until a donor heart can be procured.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398439
TI  - Single-lung allotransplantation in pigs: effects of two preservation methods on
      pulmonary gas exchange.
AB  - Single left lung allotransplantation was performed in 16 pigs to determine an
      optimal solution for lung preservation. Modified Euro-Collins and oxygenated
      fluorocarbon solutions (FC-43) were used as the lung preservative. Donors in both
      groups were pretreated with intravenous prostaglandin E1 infusions. The effects
      of the two different preservatives on ventilation and oxygenation were
      noninvasively monitored with capnometry and pulse oximetry. The functional
      results were further compared with morphologic findings. After implantation the
      right pulmonary artery was clamped, and the transplanted lung supported pulmonary
      circulation and ventilation. Arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) and arterial
      oxygen tension (PaO2) were measured from the arterial blood samples. The Euro
      Collins group experienced hypercarbia (PaCO2, 54 to 72 mm Hg) and low end-tidal
      carbon dioxide (EtCO2) values (3.3% to 3.9%) when the donor lung was reimplanted
      and reperfused. The pigs in the Euro-Collins group were also hypoxemic after
      reimplantation of the left lung. The saturation (SpO2) values were 85% to 89%,
      and the PaO2 values were between 61 and 66 mm Hg. The oxygenated fluorocarbon
      group had normal ventilatory parameters and arterial oxygen saturation after
      reimplantation of the left lung; no significant gradient between EtCO2 and PaCO2
      was detected. Scanning and transmission electron-microscopic studies of the
      transplanted lungs showed good to moderate preservation after reperfusion in the
      oxygenated fluorocarbon group, whereas preservation was judged to be moderate in
      the Euro-Collins group. Oxygenated fluorocarbon (FC-43) donor lung preservation
      thus resulted in superior functional recovery in pulmonary gas exchange during
      reperfusion compared with Euro-Collins solution. Electron-microscopic findings
      supported functional results obtained.

PMID- 2398440
TI  - Comparison of cold flush perfusion with modified blood versus modified Euro
      Collins solution for lung preservation.
AB  - Single flush perfusion of the lung represents one concept of pulmonary
      preservation that has provided satisfactory results in both experimental and
      clinical situations. The technique has allowed successful distant organ
      procurement, with consequent enlargement of the available donor pool. Both cold
      modified blood (CMB) and modified Euro-Collins solution (ECS) are currently used
      as perfusates, although the volumes of each used clinically are different. CMB is
      administered at 20 ml/kg and ECS at 60 ml/kg. Both techniques combine the use of
      a prostaglandin to enhance preservation. In this study these two perfusion
      techniques were compared in a canine model of unilateral left lung
      allotransplantation after 6 hours of storage, with subsequent ligation of the
      recipient's contralateral pulmonary artery and bronchus. Equal volumes of both
      solutions were used (20 ml/kg) to determine whether the blood vehicle was
      necessary to provide good preservation at this volume. Assessment of pulmonary
      preservation was determined by animal survival, blood gas analyses, hemodynamic
      values, and measurement of lung water content. All animals survived the 24-hour
      experimental period in stable condition. Postoperative oxygenation was well
      maintained at control values throughout this period with no significant
      difference between groups. The pulmonary vascular resistance index was
      significantly higher in the CMB group at 1 hour (p less than 0.05). Lung
      compliance, assessed by peak-inspiratory pressure, was impaired to a greater
      extent in the CMB group than in the ECS animals (p less than 0.01 at 12 and 24
      hours).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398441
TI  - Neonatal autoperfused working heart-lung preparation: assessment of factors
      determining survival.
AB  - The function and survival of the autoperfused working heart-lung preparation in
      the newborn period was studied in six newborn pigs (3 to 5 days old).
      Normothermic autoperfusion was maintained by a closed blood-primed circuit. Left
      ventricular afterload was determined by positioning the blood reservoir, and the
      venous return was adjusted to maintain a right atrial pressure of 6 to 8 mm Hg.
      Left ventricular function was assessed by a conductance catheter in the left
      ventricle and was determined by the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume
      relationship. Left ventricular diastolic compliance was measured from the end
      diastolic pressure-volume relationship. Serial measurements at 60, 120, 180, and
      240 minutes showed no change in the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship,
      whereas there was a significant leftward shift of the end-diastolic pressure
      volume relationship after 240 minutes (0.42 +/- 0.02 ml-1 to 0.66 +/- 0.04 ml-1,
      p less than 0.05). Cessation of effective cardiac function occurred at 268 +/- 10
      minutes (+/- SEM). This followed progressive deterioration in pulmonary function
      based on measurement of arterial blood gases and peak airway resistance. This
      study shows the feasibility of maintaining systolic cardiac function in a newborn
      autoperfused working heart-lung preparation. Extended survival beyond 4 hours
      will require improved methods to preserve left ventricular diastolic function and
      especially pulmonary function.

PMID- 2398442
TI  - Implantation of an external biventricular assist device: role of transesophageal
      two-dimensional echocardiography.
AB  - A patient with end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy underwent implantation of a
      pulsatile external biventricular assist device as a bridge to heart
      transplantation. The device insertion was guided by transesophageal two
      dimensional echocardiography that proved extremely helpful in allowing
      expeditious and precise positioning of both right and left atrial withdrawal
      cannulas.

PMID- 2398443
TI  - Acute humoral rejection: a new entity in the histopathology of heart
      transplantation.

PMID- 2398444
TI  - Low-dose aspirin and accelerated coronary disease in heart transplant recipients.

PMID- 2398445
TI  - Do Gabor functions provide appropriate descriptions of visual cortical receptive
      fields?
AB  - Several recent theoretical models for human spatial vision posit that cortical
      receptive fields act to minimize simultaneously the product of the standard
      deviation of the sensitivities to position (delta chi) and to spatial frequency
      (delta omega) in accord with the uncertainty principle from Fourier analysis. The
      receptive-field functions resulting from this approach--one-dimensional or two
      dimensional Gabor elementary functions--have been shown by others to fit measured
      receptive fields adequately in some species. However, only complex-valued Gabor
      functions minimize this product, and these cannot be fitted to single-cell
      receptive fields. We point out that the derivations of others have an implied
      metric or measure of positional and spatial-frequency uncertainties and that
      there is an infinitely large class of such metrics, many of which yield other
      receptive-field functions that are quite plausible biologically. We review
      neurophysiological measurements of others and analyze psychophysical masking data
      and find that in many cases receptive-field functions other than Gabor functions
      fit better. We conclude that there are insufficient theoretical demonstrations
      and experimental data to favor Gabor functions over any of a number of other
      plausible receptive-field functions.

PMID- 2398446
TI  - Calculations of two-dimensional foveal retinal images in real eyes.
AB  - Foveal point-spread functions are computed from experimental wave-aberration data
      for individual emmetropic subjects. The effects of pupil size and image focus are
      considered in the calculations. Foveal images of extended test objects are
      generated from the point-spread functions corresponding to different image
      quality situations. Wiener-filtered test objects are also computed to obtain a
      partial compensation of the spatial degradation introduced by the eye's optical
      system in the visual process.

PMID- 2398447
TI  - The assessment of parent-led prevention programs: a national descriptive study.
AB  - This article reports on the first, large-scale, systematic, descriptive study of
      parent-led prevention programs. The study explored the history of parent groups,
      their structure and activities, the roles of participants in the groups and the
      perceptions of parents, youth, and community leaders of the groups. Robust small
      sample analysis techniques were used to evaluate the process data collected in
      this study. The results indicate that parent-led prevention is an active,
      although relatively small-scale grass-roots movement. Broad support for the
      movement exists within the communities where groups arise, and the presence of
      parent-led programs leads to greater support for community agencies. This support
      is a major mechanism by which parent groups alter the community climate, allowing
      agencies to implement policies that might otherwise be considered too
      controversial to be accepted.

PMID- 2398448
TI  - A short-term outcome evaluation of the "I'm Special" drug abuse prevention
      program: a revisit using SCAT inventory.
AB  - In the previous evaluation of "I'm Special" (ISP) drug abuse prevention/education
      program, the long-term impact was reported. The current study examines the short
      term outcome of the ISP to establish a conceptual link between what has been
      observed longitudinally to the short-term outcome. The evaluation instrument used
      is children's Self-Concept Attitudinal (SCAT) Inventory. Subjects are the third
      grade students in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg public schools located in Charlotte,
      North Carolina. The evaluation design employed is before and after-measurement
      without a control group. In the absence of a control group, the treatment effect
      of the ISP is estimated on the basis of individual growth curve models. Through
      the study, it has been learned that the ISP was able to generate positive changes
      along six attitudinal dimensions included in the SCAT Inventory. The six scales
      have shown close relationships to student performance at school: student-teacher
      relationship; self-esteem, attitude toward school, basic social values, advanced
      social values, and the perception of family cohesiveness. Of these, the first
      four scales have shown statistical significance at the .05 level. It is estimated
      that the ISP is capable of generating a significant amount of positive
      attitudinal changes on a short-term basis with a time span of about four months
      between pre- and posttests. These findings are consistent with the conclusions
      obtained from the longitudinal study where student alcohol and other drug using
      behavior and other related student problem behaviors were significantly lower
      among the ISP recipients than non-recipients of the program.

PMID- 2398449
TI  - Drugs, delinquency and "nerds": are loners deviant?
AB  - Many studies have focused on the influence of peers on delinquency and drug use.
      But what about adolescents who are not part of the peer culture--the loners, or
      nerds? This study focuses on drug use, delinquency and lifestyle correlates of
      LONERS and SOCIALS. Data for a nine-year period (1976 through 1984) from the
      Monitoring the Future data set of high school seniors across the United States
      are analyzed. The lack of peer influence on the LONERS seems to contribute to
      less delinquency and drug use and more conventional lifestyle activities than is
      found among SOCIALS.

PMID- 2398450
TI  - Secondary school teachers' knowledge and views about drug abuse in Ogun State,
      Nigeria--a pilot survey.
AB  - The views and knowledge level of 135 randomly selected secondary school teachers
      in the Abeokuta Local Government Area of Ogun State in Nigeria on drug abuse were
      sought through a self-report anonymous questionnaire. The respondents were mostly
      male (59.3%) under the age of thirty years (89.6%). The majority (59.3%) were
      never exposed to drug education as students while less than 20 percent have been
      exposed since qualifying as teachers. Although the majority had a good concept of
      the definition of drug abuse, their views on the potential drugs of abuse and the
      concept of "drug dependence" were inadequate. Eighty-five and nine-tenths percent
      chose "guidance counselling" as the approach to the management of student drug
      abusers despite the death of this professional cadre in the schools. The authors
      gave suggestions on the pattern and content of teacher-targeted formal drug
      education program in light of the findings.

PMID- 2398451
TI  - Professional vs. personal factors related to physicians' attitudes toward drug
      testing.
AB  - Questionnaires concerning attitudes toward alcohol and drug testing in the
      workplace, personal experiences with these substances, professional experiences
      in treating abuses, religious and political ideology and other personal and
      professional characteristics were completed by 303 internists, family physicians,
      gastroenterologists and psychiatrists. Drug testing was most favored by those who
      more strongly believed in the efficacy of treatment for abusers, the seriousness
      of the drug problem, the illegality of drug abuse and that marijuana use should
      not be permissible. Many other personal but almost no professional
      characteristics were correlated with attitudes toward drug testing. Physicians'
      opinions about drug testing strongly reflected personal ideologies rather than
      medical training or clinical experience.

PMID- 2398452
TI  - The association of genital ulcer disease and HIV infection at a dermatology-STD
      clinic in Uganda.
AB  - At Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda, 270 consecutive patients at the
      dermatology and sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic were enrolled in a
      study to evaluate the association of clinical STD syndromes and human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Female patients became sexually active
      earlier than male patients and were younger at marriage. Persons with a history
      of an STD during the preceding 5 years were more likely to be HIV infected (43%)
      than those without such a history (26%; OR 2.08, 95% C.I. 1.17, 3.73).
      Examination at the time of the visit demonstrated an association between genital
      ulcers and HIV infection in male and female patients (OR 2.21, 95% C.I. 1.08,
      4.53, and OR 8.54, 95% C.I. 1.45, 87.55, respectively) but no association between
      HIV and urethritis or vaginal discharge. The etiologic fraction for HIV infection
      of genital ulcers was 0.218. Men with a history of contact with prostitutes were
      more likely to be HIV infected than those without contact (50% versus 28%, p less
      than 0.05), but once controlled for STDs, this relationship was no longer
      significant. This study confirms other studies from East Africa that have shown a
      relationship between genital ulcers and HIV infection. This finding, in the
      presence of no association between other STD syndromes and HIV infection,
      suggests that genital ulcers may be truly associated with HIV infection rather
      than a marker of high-risk activities.

PMID- 2398454
TI  - A mathematical model to describe the risk of infection from sharing injection
      equipment.
AB  - A mathematical model is presented that describes the probability of a subject
      becoming infected as a result of sharing equipment used for percutaneous
      injections. This risk is a function of (a) the number of syringes shared by the
      subject, (b) the probability of a syringe becoming contaminated after being used
      once by an infective person, (c) the probability of a person becoming infected
      after using a contaminated syringe once, (d) the number of persons who have
      previously used each syringe shared by the subject, (e) the prevalence of
      infectivity in the group from which these previous users are drawn, (f) the
      number of times each syringe has been used by each previous user, and (g) the
      number of times the subject uses it. Simulations with the model suggest mainly
      that (i) when each shared syringe has been used previously by only one person,
      the number of persons with whom syringes are shared is more important than the
      number of syringes; (ii) the reverse is true when each shared syringe has
      previously been used by many persons; and (iii) for an equal number of
      injections, the "shooting gallery" type of sharing can be much more risky than
      other kinds of sharing, but this difference decreases as the infections becomes
      more prevalent.

PMID- 2398453
TI  - Suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity to PPD and PHA in elderly HTLV-I
      carriers.
AB  - In a previous study on immune responsiveness among asymptomatic human T-cell
      leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) carriers, we found that carriers had significantly
      reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to purified protein
      derivative (PPD) skin testing. The association was strongest among persons at
      least 60 years of age. In order to evaluate this finding further, we evaluated
      the response to both PPD and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in an elderly population.
      Fifty-six consecutive hospitalized patients with nonimmunosuppressive diseases
      were examined. None had a history of tuberculosis nor evidence of the known HTLV
      I-associated diseases. The subjects' ages ranged from 62-93 years (median = 75
      years); 43 were women and 13 were men. Twenty-two of the subjects were HTLV-I
      antibody positive. Among the carriers, there was an increased level of
      nonreactivity to PPD, the relative risk adjusted for age (RR) being 1.9 (95%
      confidence interval, 0.62-5.8), as well as to PHA of RR = 2.3 (0.60-9.0). When
      subjects were cross-classified for response to both skin tests, 15 of 17 carriers
      were nonreactive to either or both antigens compared to 15 of 25 noncarriers [RR
      = 5.1 (0.99-25.9) (p value, one-sided = 0.026)]. The decline in reactivity to
      both antigens increased with age, but was consistently lower among the carriers.
      Among subjects with positive reactions to PPD, the degree of reaction as measured
      by the size of erythema was reduced among the carriers; however, for PHA
      responders, the response in carriers appeared to be normal. Among the HTLV-I
      antibody negative subjects, the size of erythema for both antigens was strongly
      correlated (p = 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398455
TI  - Alopecia universalis in a homosexual man seropositive for the human
      immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2398456
TI  - HIV transmission in simulated conditions of sharing of hypodermic equipment.

PMID- 2398457
TI  - The importance of confounding factors in the evaluation of neuropsychological
      changes in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - There are conflicting reports on the early effects of human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) infection on the nervous system. Some studies have suggested that
      there may be early cognitive impairment, while others have refuted this. We
      describe the results of extensive neuropsychological testing in a group of 40
      infected subjects. These indicate that the degree of impairment is closely
      related to confounding factors other than the infection itself. Our conclusion is
      that the early stages of HIV disease are not associated with a high frequency of
      cognitive impairment if these confounding variables are taken into consideration.

PMID- 2398458
TI  - Hyponatremia in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
AB  - We performed prospective and retrospective studies of 96 consecutive patients
      with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC) to
      determine the incidence, pathogenesis, and clinical significance of hyponatremia,
      defined as serum sodium levels less than or equal to 130 mmol/L on more than one
      occasion. Thirty (31.3%), six with ARC and 24 with AIDS, had hyponatremia, and it
      developed in 20 as outpatients. Age, gender, duration of illness, and weight loss
      did not differ between groups. The hyponatremic patient had more opportunistic
      illnesses, including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and cytomegalovirus
      infections, and had a mortality of 70% as compared to 36.4% of the patients
      without hyponatremia. The probability of 50% survival after diagnosis of human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the hyponatremic group was 11.5 months,
      as compared to 39 months for those without hyponatremia, p less than 0.001. The
      probability of 50% survival after development of hyponatremia was 4.5 months and
      the median length of time to development of hyponatremia was 12.5 months after
      diagnosis of HIV infection. Eighty-eight percent had hypovolemia and 12%
      normovolemia. Seventeen of 21 with hypovolemia had no evident source of fluid
      loss. Two had Addison's disease, and 15 had unexpectedly high urine sodium
      concentration without evidence of renal or adrenal insufficiency. Hyponatremia
      occurs commonly in ambulatory patients with ARC or AIDS, appears in patients with
      higher mortality and morbidity, and does not represent a terminal event. Most
      patients had hypovolemia and unexpectedly high urine sodium concentration,
      suggesting defective renal sodium conservation.

PMID- 2398459
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine (azidothymidine). I. Transplacental transfer.
AB  - Administration of zidovudine (ZDV) to pregnant women with human immunodeficiency
      virus infection may be of benefit to both the mother and the unborn child. Before
      testing this hypothesis, however, it is necessary to determine the transplacental
      transfer, fetal toxicity, and fetal accumulation of ZDV (if any) in a
      representative animal model. Therefore, the transplacental transfer and the fetal
      accumulation of ZDV were determined at steady state in near-term pregnant
      macaques (Macaca nemestrina). ZDV was administered to five dams at a rate
      predicted to produce a steady-state plasma concentration of about 1 microgram/ml.
      When steady state was predicted to have been achieved, a cesarean section was
      performed on each dam. At this time, blood samples from the dam (peripheral vein)
      and the fetus (umbilical vein) were obtained simultaneously. The plasma
      concentration of ZDV and its major metabolite, zidovudine glucuronide (ZDVG),
      were determined by a specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
      method. The ratio of steady-state plasma concentration (Crss) of ZDV in the fetus
      (Cssf) to that in the dam (Cssd) (Crss = Cssf/Cssd) was found to be close to
      unity (0.826 +/- 0.067). Similar results were obtained for the ratio of steady
      state unbound ZDV plasma concentration (0.852 +/- 0.083). We conclude that ZDV
      readily crosses the placenta, probably by passive diffusion, and that ZDV does
      not accumulate in the fetus when administered to near-term pregnant macaques.

PMID- 2398460
TI  - HIV: early virus-cell interactions.
AB  - Two entry mechanisms of HIV occur in both lymphocytes and macrophages incubated
      with purified virus suspensions: (a) direct fusion of the viral envelope with the
      cell membrane and (b) receptor-mediated endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits and
      vesicles. Both mechanisms are shown in detail in a time-interval series of
      electron micrographs. The two lipid bilayers of the viral envelope and of the
      cellular membrane usually fuse seamlessly within 1-3 min at 37 degrees C, but
      occasionally membrane ruptures occur, leading to rapid cytopathic effects, i.e.,
      vacuolization and cytolysis only a few minutes later. In the course of virus-cell
      fusion, gp 120 is integrated into the cell membrane; subsequent syncytia
      formation was observed after 1 h of incubation. The core disintegrates and
      releases the viral ribonucleoprotein through the opening at the fusion site into
      the cytoplasm.

PMID- 2398461
TI  - Differences in PCR reactivity between HIV proviruses from individuals in Ethiopia
      and Sweden.
AB  - The polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using primer pairs in the gag, pol, and env
      regions, was used in a comparative study of HIV-1 DNA in peripheral mononuclear
      blood cells from HIV-1-seropositive individuals in Ethiopia and Sweden. Although
      all Swedish samples were positive by PCR, the reactivity was more pronounced in
      samples from late stages than in those from early stages of infection. Six of
      nine Ethiopian samples from HIV-1-seropositive patients were positive by PCR, but
      the reactions were much weaker than those observed for Swedish samples, and in
      most cases seen with one primer pair only. These results suggest that the burden
      of HIV-1 DNA in peripheral mononuclear blood cells increases with advancing
      disease. PCR using primer pairs designed to detect HIV-1 infection in Europe and
      North America is not always suitable for the detection of HIV-1 infection in
      Ethiopia. The differences in PCR reactivity could possibly be a consequence of
      differences regarding host responses to the virus in the two countries, but more
      likely due to genomic differences between HIV-1 strains prevalent in Ethiopia and
      Sweden.

PMID- 2398462
TI  - Adherence to Universal (barrier) Precautions during interventions on critically
      ill and injured emergency department patients.
AB  - In a study undertaken to determine compliance with Universal Precautions, we
      observed 129 personnel performing 1,274 interventions on 151 consecutive
      critically ill and injured patients in an emergency department setting in July
      1988. Barrier precautions were fully adhered to 44.0% of the time. During
      interventions in patients with profuse bleeding, adherence was only 19.5% in
      contrast to 44.7% for those who were not bleeding. Adherence was 56.4% during
      minor interventions but only 16.7% during major procedures. Adherence rates
      varied among health care providers: residents, 58%; emergency staff physicians,
      38%; consultant physicians, 43%; emergency nursing staff, 44%; paramedics, 8%;
      radiology technicians, 14%; and housekeeping, 91%. In a follow up questionnaire
      that ascertained reasons for lack of compliance, 47% of providers indicated that
      there was not always sufficient time to put on protective material, 33% felt that
      precautions interfered with skillful performance of procedures, and 23% stated
      that materials were uncomfortable. Only 2.7% felt that Universal Precautions did
      not work. Since there is no proven postexposure prophylaxis for human
      immunodeficiency virus, Universal Precautions must be rigorously followed until
      such time as they are shown not to be effective or an alternate approach is
      developed. Strategies to improve compliance and improvements in barrier
      technology need to be developed.

PMID- 2398464
TI  - Percutaneous absorption of physostigmine: optimization of delivery from a binary
      solvent by thermodynamic control.
AB  - A series of binary vehicles was used to deliver physostigmine across dermatomed
      human skin. The vehicles consisted of isopropyl myristate (IPM) and isopropyl
      alcohol (IPA) mixed in various volume fractions. The kinetics of penetration is
      conveniently considered as the sum total of two contributing effects: a "push"
      process resulting from the excess free energy (delta EG) of the penetrant in the
      donor vehicle, and a "pull" process resulting from the effect of IPA and IPM on
      the skin barrier. The inverse ratio of the solubility of the drug in a given
      vehicle to that in pure IPA was used to estimate the relative delta EG, hence the
      relative "push" effect. The solubility of physostigmine was highest in pure IPA
      (delta = 11.5), lowest in pure IPM (delta = 8.5), and intermediate in their
      various mixtures. But the permeability coefficient (Kp) of physostigmine was
      highest when delivered from a 1:9 (v/v) solution of IPA:IPM and a calculated
      delta y = 8.8. A further increase in the volume fraction of IPA caused an
      opposite decrease in the Kp values of physostigmine. The "steady-state" flux
      (Jss) of IPA from the same vehicle was lowest at a volume fraction of 1:9 and
      highest at one of 1:1 IPA:IPM. Thus, the maximal physostigmine penetration
      enhancing effect of IPA occurs at the lowest flux of IPA found in the present
      series. This indicates that the "pull" process ascribed to the presence of IPA in
      the barrier membrane is not important enough to outweigh the decrease in delta EG
      of physostigmine following an increase in the volume fraction of IPA in the donor
      vehicle, or that an excess of IPA in the barrier is not conducive to further
      enhancement of physostigmine diffusivity across the barrier. Optimized
      percutaneous delivery of physostigmine is possible by thermodynamic control of
      the penetration process.

PMID- 2398463
TI  - Prevalence of HIV infection and high-risk activities in Haiti.
AB  - The prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was determined
      in the relatives, friends, and sex partners of AIDS patients in Haiti and in
      other unrelated Haitian population groups. Among contacts of AIDS patients, HIV
      seroprevalence was highest among sex partners of the opposite sex (55%) and
      lowest among female relatives and friends (9%) of female AIDS patients. Male
      relatives and friends of male AIDS patients had a seroprevalence rate of 19% and
      also had a history of multiple heterosexual partners and frequent contact with
      prostitutes. The HIV seroprevalence rate among unrelated groups of Haitian adults
      ranged from 2% in rural healthy adults to 22% among tuberculosis patients to a
      high of 49% among Haitian prostitutes. This seroprevalence pattern suggests that
      HIV infection is widespread in Haiti and that heterosexual activity plays a major
      role in transmission.

PMID- 2398466
TI  - Cytotoxic effects of food additives and pharmaceuticals on cells in culture as
      determined with the neutral red assay.
AB  - The acute cytotoxicity of butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole
      to cultured human dermal fibroblasts, keratinocytes, melanocytes, and melanoma
      tumor cells was determined with the neutral red assay. For all cell types,
      butylated hydroxytoluene proved to be more cytotoxic than butylated
      hydroxyanisole. The neutral red assay is a rapid, economical, semiautomated assay
      that can be used with a variety of cell types in culture to provide quantitated
      data that can be used to rank test agents according to their potencies.

PMID- 2398465
TI  - Bioavailability of propranolol following oral and transdermal administration in
      rabbits.
AB  - The systemic bioavailability of propranolol was evaluated following oral and
      transdermal administration in rabbits. Using a four-way crossover study, the
      bioavailability of propranolol following oral administration was determined to be
      12.3 +/- 5.9%, indicating that propranolol is subject to extensive hepatic first
      pass metabolism in rabbits. Transdermal delivery of propranolol, via an adhesive
      delivery device, resulted in a bioavailability of 74.8 +/- 10.1%, indicating that
      the transdermal delivery of propranolol can significantly increase systemic
      bioavailability over oral administration. Skin irritation studies indicated that
      neither propranolol nor the adhesive used in the device caused any appreciable
      skin irritation.

PMID- 2398467
TI  - In vitro release profile of estradiol transdermal therapeutic systems.
AB  - The in vitro release profiles of two sizes of estradiol patches were determined
      by the paddle method, where the patch was held in position at the bottom of the
      dissolution vessel by sandwiching it between a watch glass and an aluminum wire
      mesh or Teflon screen, and also by the manufacturer's paddle-over-disk method.
      The estradiol content of test aliquots of the dissolution medium was determined
      by HPLC. The release profiles by both procedures were comparable and showed that
      approximately 10% of the labeled drug was released in 4 days.

PMID- 2398468
TI  - Quantitative structure-antimicrobial activity relationship in 5 beta-cholanyl-24
      benzylamine derivatives.
AB  - Some representative physicochemical properties of benzylamido and amino
      derivatives of common bile acids have been determined and correlated with their
      antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacterial strains. Steroid hydroxyls
      do not affect the basicity of amino derivatives; they promote solubility in a
      parallel way to unconjugated bile acids and mainly control hydrophobicity of this
      class of compounds as measured by log P values. Activity was correlated to
      hydrophobicity; that is, the nature of the side chain modulated activity,
      affected basicity, and facilitated changes in partition ability. Benzylamino
      derivatives proved to be even more active than the corresponding amides when
      ionization is taken into account. Trihydroxy derivatives possess the lowest log P
      values and were practically inactive. Decreased activity was also observed in
      those cases where, due to the orientation of the hydroxy group in the 6 or 7
      position, the back beta face of the molecule had a reduced hydrophobic surface
      area. Antimicrobial activity, in terms of -log MIC (minimal inhibitory
      concentration), was found to correlate linearly with log P values of uncharged
      species. This linear relationship is discussed with respect to the structure of
      the steroid moiety and the ability of these molecules to cross cellular
      membranes.

PMID- 2398469
TI  - Biopharmaceutical evaluation of ketoprofen following intravenous, oral, and
      rectal administration in dogs.
AB  - The influence of the hydrophilicity of three suppository bases on the rectal
      absorption of ketoprofen was studied. Absorption characteristics of ketoprofen
      were compared after intravenous, oral, and rectal administrations of 100 mg of
      drug given in a crossover design to five dogs. Rectal formulations included an
      aqueous solution and three suppository formulations. After oral dosing,
      ketoprofen was rapidly absorbed (time of maximum concentration, tmax: 0.83 +/-
      0.61 h), and a comparison with the intravenous solution indicated a complete
      bioavailability of 0.90 +/- 0.10. After rectal administration, the rate of
      absorption, as evaluated with tmax and mean absorption time, was always slower
      than after oral dosing. A high variability was observed in the plasma
      concentrations obtained with suppository formulations; bioavailability values
      were approximately 20% lower than those from the oral solutions. No statistical
      difference in bioavailability and peak concentrations between the three
      suppository formulations was observed. Time of peak concentrations, mean
      absorption times, and fractions of the dose absorbed 6 h post administration did
      not show a difference in rate of ketoprofen absorption from the three suppository
      formulations. This study did not reveal a relationship between rate and extent of
      ketoprofen rectal absorption and the hydrophilicity of the suppository bases
      tested.

PMID- 2398471
TI  - Nondestructive near-infrared analysis of intact tablets for determination of
      degradation products.
AB  - Near-infrared spectrometry was used in this study to examine intact aspirin
      tablets in order to demonstrate the usefulness of the technique as a
      nondestructive method of quality control. Unique sampling optics were used to
      simultaneously illuminate the entire surface of the tablets, including the top,
      bottom, and side. Changes in individual tablet spectra were correlated to (a) the
      time that the tablets spent in a hydrator, (b) the mass of water absorbed by the
      tablets, and (c) the mass of salicylic acid formed by base-catalyzed hydrolysis
      of acetylsalicylic acid. A prediction equation for each of these three parameters
      was constructed using near-infrared spectral reflectance values obtained from
      intact tablets. Prediction errors were low for (a) the time that tablets spent in
      the hydrator (+/- 19 h over a period of 168 h), (b) the mass of water absorbed
      (+/- 0.04% of tablet mass), and (c) the mass of salicylic acid formed (+/- 0.04%
      of tablet mass).

PMID- 2398472
TI  - Degradation kinetics of tolrestat.
AB  - Under stressed conditions, hydrolysis of the trifluoromethyl moiety of tolrestat
      (1) to the dicarboxylic acid analogue (2) is the major degradation pathway in
      solution; greater than C = S bond hydrolysis of the thioamide moiety with
      formation of the oxo analogue (3) is the major solid-state degradation pathway.
      Rotamerization and degradation reactions in solution occur simultaneously and
      follow pseudo first-order kinetics. No appreciable buffer effect on the
      degradation of tolrestat is observed. The pH-rate profile exhibits specific acid
      catalysis (kH) and neutral water catalysis (ko). When tolrestat in solution and
      solid state is exposed to fluorescent and UV light, degradation reactions
      generate similar products to those found in the thermal reaction. No oxygen
      effect on the degradation reaction is observed.

PMID- 2398470
TI  - New potent topical anti-inflammatory steroids with reduced side effects:
      derivatives of steroid-16-carboxy esters.
AB  - Therapeutic use of anti-inflammatory steroids is limited due to their potential
      suppressive effects on pituitary-adrenal function and the immune system. Based on
      the antedrug concept, a new class of potent locally active compounds with reduced
      risk of side effects has been synthesized from prednisolone by introducing a
      metabolically labile methoxycarbonyl substituent at C-16. Results of topical
      application of the lead compound, methyl 11 beta,17 alpha,21-trihydroxy-3,20
      dioxo-pregna-1,4-diene-16 alpha-carboxylate (P16CM;1), showed that it was 14
      times more potent than prednisolone and that it had a greatly reduced tendency to
      cause systemic side effects. In the present investigations, we have demonstrated
      that chemical modifications such as 17- and/or 21-esterifications and 17,21
      acetonidation of 1 further enhance topical activity in the croton oil ear edema
      model in rats. Following multiple topical ID50 applications of 1 or its
      derivatives, no thymolysis was noted. In the carrageenan-soaked sponge model of
      acute inflammation, all derivatives were potent inhibitors of leukocyte
      migration, generation of PGE2, and release of elastase. Taken together, these
      results indicate that esterification or acetonidation of hydroxyl groups at the
      17 and/or 21 position, in combination with a labile C-16 methoxycarbonyl group,
      increases topical activity without concomitantly increasing the risk of side
      effects.

PMID- 2398473
TI  - Application of regression analysis in the evaluation of tumor response following
      the administration of adriamycin either as a solution or via albumin microspheres
      to the rat.
AB  - Regression analysis has been applied to compare the tumor response following the
      administration of free and microsphere-loaded adriamycin to the rats. A
      nonmetastasizing sarcoma was induced in male A.S. inbred rats. When the sarcoma
      was in its fourth passage and 12 days old, four groups of animals received
      intratumoral injections of 2 or 8 mg/kg of adriamycin as a solution or via
      albumin microspheres. The animals in each group were monitored over a period of
      three weeks for changes in body weight and tumor size and their survival, and the
      results were statistically compared with the data obtained from an untreated
      group of animals (control). The use of regression analysis in conjunction with
      partial F-test revealed that the microsphere-delivered drug exhibited a meager
      but significantly greater response than the free drug. The implications of
      intratumoral administration of microsphere-loaded drug in the treatment of
      sarcomas is discussed.

PMID- 2398474
TI  - Glutathione conjugation of methazolamide and subsequent reactions in the ciliary
      body in vitro.
AB  - Conjugation reaction of methazolamide with glutathione and its subsequent
      reactions were studied in vitro. Glutathione, cysteinylglycine, and cysteine
      conjugates of methazolamide were chemically synthesized. All of the three
      compounds showed absorbance below 330 nm, with maximal absorbance at
      approximately 300 nm. At the wavelengths below 220 nm, absorbance was
      proportional to the number of the amino acids each compound had. Amino acid
      analysis of the glutathione conjugate showed that the conjugation reaction
      involved the cysteine residue of glutathione. In order to identify the chemical
      structure of the reaction product, cysteine conjugate was subjected to infrared,
      proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral analyses. These studies
      indicated that the cysteine conjugate was S-(5-acetylimino-4-methyl-delta 2-1,3,4
      thiadiazolinyl)cysteine. The reaction with glutathione was not catalyzed by
      glutathione S-transferases, but proceeded in the absence of the enzyme. The
      glutathione conjugate was degraded by bovine ciliary body homogenate to the
      cysteinylglycine conjugate and then to the cysteine conjugate.

PMID- 2398475
TI  - High-field nuclear magnetic resonance techniques for the investigation of a beta
      cyclodextrin:indomethacin inclusion complex.
AB  - The inclusion complex of indomethacin sodium salt in beta-cyclodextrin has been
      studied by proton NMR at high magnetic field. The continuous variation technique
      was used to evidence the formation of a soluble 1:1 complex in aqueous solution
      at physiological pH. The effective association constant was determined by the
      Benesi-Hildebrand procedure to be 760 M-1 at 303 K. This technique requires NMR
      measurements in the presence of a very large excess of one of the complex
      components and, since both beta-cyclodextrin and the sodium salt of indomethacin
      are sparingly soluble in water, NMR spectrometers operating at very high magnetic
      fields were used. Besides the effective association constant, the Benesi
      Hildebrand approach allows a precise determination of all NMR parameters of the
      pure inclusion complex which may be used for a complete analysis of the geometry
      of this complex in solution.

PMID- 2398477
TI  - Rearrangement of O-acylsalicylamides via intramolecular O-to-N transacylation:
      rate enhancement by an adjacent carboxylic acid group.

PMID- 2398476
TI  - Effect of ephedrine and hydrocortisone on theophylline-induced seizures in rats.

PMID- 2398478
TI  - Unique pharmacokinetic characteristics of the one-compartment first-order
      absorption model with equal absorption and elimination rate constants.

PMID- 2398479
TI  - Lack of diurnal effect on vancomycin disposition in infected patients.

PMID- 2398480
TI  - How do they see themselves? Self-perception and functioning for people with
      chronic schizophrenia.
AB  - In a supervised living situation, 15 individuals whose physical health was
      considered stable and who had diagnoses of chronic schizophrenia expressed
      varying perceptions of their mental health. Most perceived themselves as mentally
      well. This is in opposition to findings reported by Estroff (1981) and Dzurec
      (1986) that suggested that clients with schizophrenia tended to have negative
      self-perceptions. The author posits that this positive self-perception might be a
      function of respondents' expressed satisfaction with their housing situation.
      This is an area in which ongoing research is being conducted (Bininger, 1989;
      Dzurec, 1989). Housing satisfaction is thought by some researchers to precede
      successful community adaptation for the severely mentally disabled (Blanch,
      1988). Respondents' perceptions of their mental health, as expressed in response
      to the interview protocol, appeared to be couched within primarily mundane, day
      to day issues. This finding is consistent with Estroff's conclusion that clients
      "seemed to have less control of their time, space, resources, and information
      than did outside and inside normals" (Estroff, 1981). The respondents gave
      themselves higher than average scores (ie, 3 or above on a five-point scale)
      overall on the PES, an instrument that measured aspects of their daily
      functioning. Their caretakers gave them somewhat lower overall scores on the PES.
      There was a moderate association between individual pairs of respondent-caretaker
      scores on the PES. Personal mental health perception did not appear to influence
      daily functioning.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398481
TI  - Interview: David Shore.

PMID- 2398482
TI  - Interview: Mary Moller and JoAnn Wer.

PMID- 2398483
TI  - The right to refuse: informed consent and the psychosocial nurse.

PMID- 2398484
TI  - Fixing splits.

PMID- 2398485
TI  - Colour Doppler flow mapping: providing an insight into cardiac hydrodynamics.
AB  - Colour Doppler flow mapping can now provide spatial velocity information in
      relation to surrounding structural detail as imaged by conventional
      echocardiography and, as such, represents a major advance in non-invasive cardiac
      imaging. This article describes the basic principles of colour Doppler flow
      mapping, details how the Doppler information is processed and displayed to arrive
      at the real-time two-dimensional flow-enhanced image. Since colour Doppler flow
      mapping is really the first available technique which allows detailed real-time
      velocity information to be displayed in vivo and in relation to intracardiac
      structures, it can allow important insight into the haemodynamics of intracardiac
      flow. With the application of digital computer analysis techniques it may also be
      possible to extract valuable quantitative information from colour Doppler flow
      mapping.

PMID- 2398486
TI  - An electric wheelchair mounted robotic arm--a survey of potential users.
AB  - This paper describes the results of a survey which investigated and evaluated the
      needs and abilities of electric wheelchair users. The results of this survey will
      be used to develop a low-cost electric wheelchair-mounted robotic arm for use by
      physically disabled people to facilitate rehabilitation. The survey was
      undertaken by the author together with staff and students from occupational
      therapist training colleges, using a four-page questionnaire containing over 110
      questions. The questionnaire was developed by the author together with Dr Robin
      Platts (Director of Orthotics), Mr Ian Bayley (Director of the London Spinal
      Unit) and senior occupational therapists at the Royal National Orthopaedic
      Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex. After a successful trial the questionnaire was
      used with 50 severely disabled people from various backgrounds and social
      circumstances. The results of this survey show that the average electric
      wheelchair user is 40 years old, single (68%), living at home (58%) with family
      support (69%) and without any paid employment (79%). The most prevalent
      disability is spinal cord injury (24%) followed by multiple sclerosis (16%). The
      survey has identified several tasks which electric wheelchair users find
      impossible to do, and some of these will form part of the design specification.
      Finally 84% of the survey subjects would consider buying such a robotic aid.

PMID- 2398487
TI  - A diathermy suppression filter for external pacemakers.
AB  - Some patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery require cardiac pacing. Surgical
      diathermy interferes with the operation of external pacemakers, and can cause a
      loss of cardiac output. The addition of a simple two-stage LC filter to the front
      end of the pacemaker enables cardiac output to be maintained during the use of
      surgical diathermy. (Although this article refers specifically to the Devices
      E4160 series pacemakers, the filter can, in principle, be used with any external
      pacemaker.

PMID- 2398488
TI  - Social cognition and impaired social interaction in people with severe learning
      difficulties.
AB  - Social skills training has focused on 'performance' or overt behaviour, rather
      than on the other components of successful social functioning: motivation and
      goals, analysis of social information, and performance feedback, Some basic
      aspects of this 'analysis' or 'social cognition' component were compared in a
      preliminary study of 25 teenagers and young adults with severe learning
      difficulties, whose social interaction was categorized as either 'impaired' or
      'appropriate'. As predicted from the literature on autistic children, there were
      no differences between the groups on tasks involving recognition of the visual
      aspects of the concept of self or perceptual role-taking. It is suggested that
      social impairments do not reflect social cognitive abilities which are 'lower
      level' (i.e. can be solved on the basis of information available to the senses).
      Contrary to expectations, on the four individual tasks of affective role-taking,
      which is 'higher level', since it requires inferences to be made about the inner
      emotional state of another person, the differences between the groups were not
      significant. However, the results were in the predicted direction, and when
      scores on the tasks were combined, the overall performance of the socially
      impaired group was significantly poorer (P less than 0.05). It is suggested that
      the results from this aspect of social cognition might be attributed either to
      methodological difficulties or to differences between autistic children and the
      present sample. The clinical implications of the findings of the study are
      discussed.

PMID- 2398489
TI  - Rating management difficulty: a study into the prevalence and severity of
      difficult behaviour displayed by residents in a large residential hospital for
      the mentally handicapped.
AB  - This survey assessed the prevalence and severity of difficult behaviour displayed
      by residents in a residential hospital for the mentally handicapped as reported
      by the direct-care staff. Of the hospital residents, 30.2% were reported as
      having at least one problematic behaviour. The men were generally more difficult
      than the women and those on the disturbed wards more difficult than those on
      residential wards. Men and women exhibited the same types of behaviours in both
      disturbed and residential wards. However, withdrawn/uncooperative behaviour,
      stealing and inappropriate sexual behaviour were more prevalent on disturbed
      wards; withdrawn and inappropriate sexual behaviour being exhibited by more men
      than women on disturbed wards. The factors most likely associated with being on a
      disturbed ward were sex and age; young men presenting with most management
      difficulty. Approximately 12% of the hospital population were defined as
      presenting with a 'severe' management difficulty. Difficult behaviour is the main
      reason for admission to and remaining in hospital. The concept of management
      difficulty and the implications on service provision are discussed.

PMID- 2398490
TI  - The family system of moderately mentally retarded children.
AB  - Families of 39 moderately mentally retarded children (behaviourally disordered
      and non-behaviourally disordered) were classified according to the Reiss Card
      Sort procedure. Thirty-four out of the 39 families were found to have a faulty
      family system according to Reiss' typology, distant sensitive or consensus
      sensitive. Though behaviour disorders in the moderately mentally retarded child
      were not found to be related to the type of faulty family, parental perceptions
      of their child's behavioural disorder were different in the distant sensitive and
      consensus sensitive types. Results are discussed in the context of the interface
      between the family system and the adaptation of the mentally retarded child.

PMID- 2398491
TI  - Antiepileptic polypharmacy, psychosocial behaviour and locus of control
      orientation among mentally handicapped adults living in the community.
AB  - The relationship between psychosocial behaviour, antiepileptic regime
      (polytherapy compared to monotherapy) and seizure frequency was explored in a
      sample of mentally handicapped adults living in the community. Locus of control
      perceptions were studied in relation to seizure frequency. Antiepileptic
      polypharmacy was found to have a detrimental effect upon psychosocial functioning
      independent of seizure frequency, which is itself a risk factor for social
      disturbance; and external perceptions of locus of control predominated. The
      distribution of drugs used is reported. These results are discussed in the
      context of implications for future research in the areas of coping, mental
      handicap and antiepileptic pharmacotherapy.

PMID- 2398492
TI  - Clinical trial of 'off diet' older phenylketonurics with a new phenylalanine-free
      product.
AB  - Ten PKU subjects were treated with Product 196 for one year. Product 196 is a
      special phenylalanine-free dietary supplement consisting primarily of essential
      amino acids, carbohydrate, Vitamin C and some minerals, made by Scientific
      Hospital Supplies Limited, Liverpool, England. It is intended for persons with
      phenylketonuria who are not consuming a phenylalanine-restricted diet. During the
      year that the 10 subjects were on the product, they remained asymptomatic,
      maintained their weight and appeared healthy. Subjective behavioural improvement
      was noted in six but no significant changes in intelligence were noted.

PMID- 2398493
TI  - Frequency and type of incidents occurring in urban-based group homes.
AB  - A total of 770 persons with mental retardation were evaluated to determine the
      frequency and types of incidents occurring in urban-based group homes. All
      persons resided in group homes located in a large city. Over an 18-month period,
      a total of 3075 incidents in 14 categories, were documented. Two categories,
      behavioural incidents and medication errors, comprised 61% of all incidents
      recorded. Further, a small number of clients accounted for a disproportionately
      high number of behavioural incidents. Results point to the need to apportion
      resources based on frequency and types of incidents occurring in group homes.

PMID- 2398494
TI  - Crystallization of the reovirus type 3 Dearing core. Crystal packing is
      determined by the lambda 2 protein.
AB  - Core particles of reovirus type 3 Dearing (T3D) crystallized in the face-centered
      cubic space group F432 with dimensions of 1270 A along each edge of the unit
      cell. Core particles of reovirus type 1 Lang (T1L) did not crystallize.
      Experiments with core particles derived from 27 different T1L x T3D reassortant
      viruses indicated that the L2 genome segment determined the capacity of cores to
      crystallize. This finding indicates important differences in the surface
      topography of the L2-translation product, the lambda 2 protein, of these two
      isolates, and suggests that important crystal contacts are mediated by this
      protein. These data are used to generate a model of the packing of reovirus core
      particles within the unit cell.

PMID- 2398495
TI  - Effect of mutations in domain 2 on the structural organization of oocyte 5 S rRNA
      from Xenopus laevis.
AB  - In order to test and refine the molecular model of Xenopus laevis 5 S rRNA
      proposed in a previous work, we have synthesized, by site-directed mutagenesis
      and in vitro transcription, four mutants in the internal loop B and in the
      hairpin loop C of domain 2. The conformations of these mutant 5 S rRNAs have been
      tested using a variety of enzymatic and chemical structure-specific probes and
      computer modeling. The mutations induce conformational changes restricted to the
      mutated regions. Our results demonstrate unambiguously that the three helical
      domains of the Y-shaped structure are independent and that loop C possesses an
      intrinsic conformation, which is not involved in any tertiary long-range
      interaction. They point to the crucial role of invariant nucleotides in
      maintaining the intrinsic conformation of the loop and to the effect of sequence
      on the stability of loop regions.

PMID- 2398496
TI  - High-resolution spot-scan electron microscopy of microcrystals of an alpha
      helical coiled-coil protein.
AB  - We describe the electron microscopy of a crystalline assembly of an alpha-helical
      coiled-coil protein extracted from the ootheca of the praying mantis. Electron
      diffraction patterns of unstained crystals show crystal lattice sampling of the
      coiled-coil molecular transform to a resolution beyond 1.5 A. Using a "spot-scan"
      method of electron imaging, micrographs of unstained crystals have been obtained
      that visibly diffract laser light from crystal spacings as small as 4.3 A. A
      projection map was calculated to 4 A using electron diffraction amplitudes and
      phases from computer-processed images. The projection map clearly shows
      modulations in density arising from the 5.1 A alpha-helical repeat, the first
      time this type of modulation has been revealed by electron microscopy. The
      crystals have p2 plane group symmetry with a = 92.4 A, b = 150.7 A, y = 92.4
      degrees. Examination of tilted specimens shows that c is approximately 18 A,
      indicating that the unit cell is only one molecule thick. A preliminary
      interpretation shows tightly packed molecules some 400 A long lying with their
      long axes in the plane of the projection. The molecules have a coiled-coil
      configuration for most of their length. The possible modes of packing of the
      molecules in three dimensions are discussed.

PMID- 2398497
TI  - Dynamic Monte Carlo simulations of globular protein folding. Model studies of in
      vivo assembly of four helix bundles and four member beta-barrels.
AB  - As part of an ongoing series of dynamic Monte Carlo simulations of globular
      protein folding, the nature of the folding pathway, of model four-member beta
      barrels and four-helix bundles, under highly idealized conditions in vivo, has
      been examined. The ribosome is crudely modeled as an inert hard wall on to which
      the model protein chain is attached. Three cases are considered in detail. The
      first corresponds to post-translational assembly in which the fully synthesized
      chain is tethered to the wall and starts out under strongly denaturing
      conditions. The system is cooled down, and the chain is allowed to fold.
      Interestingly, the helical motif prefers to assemble parallel to the wall,
      whereas the beta-barrel, predominantly assembles with its principal axis
      perpendicular to the wall. In the former case, the dominant intermediate, the
      helical hairpin, is different from that in free solution, a three-helix bundle.
      The wall acts to reduce the expanse of configuration space that must be searched
      and aids in folding. Two situations that might lead to co-translational folding
      are also simulated. In the first case, to eliminate wall effects, the chain is
      slowly synthesized in free solution, and in the second case, it is slowly
      synthesized from the wall. In all cases, the chains are observed to fold post
      translationally. While partially folded intermediates are observed during
      synthesis, they lack the stability to survive until chain synthesis is complete.
      The implications of these results for the folding in vivo of real protein chains
      is discussed, and a model of multiple domain protein folding is proposed.

PMID- 2398498
TI  - Genetic and molecular analysis of eight tRNA(Trp) amber suppressors in
      Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - Over 100 revertants of five different amber mutants were analyzed by Southern
      blot hybridization using synthetic oligomers as probes to detect a single base
      change at the anticodon, CCA to CTA (amber), of tRNA(Trp) genes of Caenohrabditis
      elegans. Of the 12 members of the tRNA(Trp) gene family, a total of eight were
      converted to amber suppressor alleles. All eight encode identical tRNAs; three of
      these are new tRNA(Trp) suppressors, sup-21, sup-33 and sup-34. Previous results
      had suggested that individual suppressor tRNA genes were expressed differentially
      in a cell-type- or developmental stage-specific manner. To extend these
      observations to the new genes and to test the specificity of expression against
      additional genes, cross suppression tests of these eight amber suppressors were
      carried out against amber mutations in several different genes including genes
      likely to be expressed in the same cell-type: three nervous system-affecting
      genes, two muscle structure-affecting genes and two genes presumed to be
      expressed in hypodermis. Seven out of eight suppressors could be distinguished
      one from another by the spectrum of their suppression efficiencies. These results
      also provide further evidence of cell-type-specific patterns of expression in the
      nervous system, muscle and hypodermis. The suppression pattern of the suppressor
      against the two muscle-affecting genes, unc-15 and unc-52, suggested that either
      the suppressors are expressed in a developmental stage-specific manner or that
      the unc-52 products are expressed in cell-types other than muscle, possibly
      hypodermis.

PMID- 2398499
TI  - Higher order structure of Balbiani ring premessenger RNP particles depends on
      certain RNase A sensitive sites.
AB  - Specific premessenger ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles, the Balbiani ring (BR)
      granules from Chironomus tentans salivary glands, were treated with RNase A to
      study the effect of RNA strand breaks on the higher order structure of the
      particles. Isolated, radioactively labeled BR granules, known to sediment at 300
      S, were digested with RNase A and centrifuged in sucrose gradients. The
      fractionated particles were subsequently analyzed using electron microscopy and
      caesium chloride centrifugation. At a low RNase concentration, most of the 300 S
      particles disintegrated completely, and no metastable degradation products were
      observed. At intermediate RNase concentrations, no 300 S particles were left, but
      a minor fraction of the BR granules had unfolded and sedimented at 160 S. These
      granules could represent particles modified during the RNase treatment or
      represent a more slowly degrading subfraction of the particles. At a high RNase
      concentration, no RNP particles at all remained in the gradient. The rapid
      disintegration of the majority of the BR granules was investigated further by
      electrophoretic analysis of RNA in the remaining particles. During the RNase
      treatment BR granules, still sedimenting at 300 S, accumulated strand breaks; in
      fact, as many as 50 to 100 nicks in the 37 kb RNA could be tolerated. It was
      concluded from RNA analyses that the disintegration of the BR granules was not
      dependent on any single nick in the RNA, nor on the accumulation of a certain
      number of nicks, but rather on one or a few critical strand breaks. We propose
      that there are organizing sequences essential for particle integrity; once these
      sequences are nicked, the premessenger RNP particles are rapidly and completely
      degraded.

PMID- 2398500
TI  - Systematic evaluation of sexual functioning in eunuch-transvestites: a study of
      12 cases.
AB  - A semi-structured interview has been used to evaluate sexual functioning in
      transvestite-eunuchs known as Hijaras of India. Hijaras can be castrated males or
      male children with ambiguous external genitalia. Attitudes, experiences, behavior
      and frequency of sexual practices of the Hijara are described.

PMID- 2398501
TI  - Sex and couples therapy: a method of treatment to enhance physical and emotional
      intimacy.
AB  - It has been well documented that couples presenting for sex therapy frequently
      have difficulties in resolving conflict and in expressing emotional as well as
      physical intimacy. Recent studies have shown that intimacy is an important
      variable in determining the health or pathology in the dyadic system.
      Furthermore, the level of intimacy is influenced by a capacity for self
      disclosure and an ability to consider the partner's opinion. This paper describes
      a method of treatment that combines well-known strategies to treat sexual
      problems with a new approach to couples therapy, which encourages self-disclosure
      to facilitate mutual understanding, decrease conflict, and increase intimacy.

PMID- 2398502
TI  - Sexuality and psychophysiological functioning in women with diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Subjective and objective psychophysiological responses to erotic visual
      stimulation were recorded for 24 women with diabetes mellitus type I and 10
      control women. There were no significant differences in subjective responses
      (general sexual arousal and genital arousal) between the two groups. The
      objective response, a rise in the temperature of the labium minus, varied with
      the height of the initial temperature. Since this temperature was significantly
      higher in diabetic women, the subsequent rise during erotic visual stimulation
      was less in diabetic women than in controls. When samples from the two groups
      were matched for initial temperature, the difference in the increase in labial
      temperature was no longer statistically different. In both groups of women there
      was a significant correlation between the degree of subjective arousal and the
      rise in labial temperature when women with a high temperature (greater than 37
      degrees C) at the start of the visual erotic stimulation were not included. The
      absence of a statistically significant effect of diabetes mellitus on the
      parameters studied may be due to a lack of serious neuropathy and angiopathy in
      the present sample of diabetic women. Future psychophysiological studies should
      include women with serious neuropathy with or without diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2398503
TI  - Evaluation of sexual satisfaction in partners of men experiencing erectile
      failure.
AB  - The present study was designed to examine the impact of erectile failure on the
      partners of impotent men. Partners were sent detailed questionnaires to assess
      the impact of the erectile dysfunction on their relationship. Many women felt
      that their partners were withdrawing as a result of the sexual difficulties, and
      41% felt that they were to blame for this. Personal reasons were given by many
      women as to why they felt responsible for the problems. This study lends support
      to a need for the treatment of the emotional and psychological problems which
      frequently occur in the dyadic relationship, regardless of the etiology of the
      erectile difficulties.

PMID- 2398504
TI  - Men's expectations of physicians in sexual health concerns.
AB  - This study assessed 62 men for their expectations of primary care physicians in
      attending to sexual health concerns. The physician was the professional most
      preferred for consultation regarding sexual concerns, and men look for qualities
      of professionalism, empathy, trust, and comfort in their physician. While 97% of
      the men reported prior sexual concerns, only 19% had discussed these issues with
      their doctor. Most were hesitant, but wanted to deal with sex problems. They
      preferred that the physician initiate the discussion. These findings suggest an
      under-utilization of sexual health care by men and support the role of the
      primary care physician as an important sexual health provider.

PMID- 2398505
TI  - Essay on the diagnosis and nature of paraphilia.
AB  - Increasing clinical experience has allowed the formulation of three psychodynamic
      viewpoints about the nature of the paraphilic disorder. Paraphilia is a disorder
      of sexual identity development, often solely of the intention component, that has
      three characteristics: a long-standing, highly arousing, unusual erotic
      preoccupation; a pressure to act upon the erotic fantasy; sexual dysfunction with
      a partner during conventional sexual behavior. Paraphilia is also a disorder of
      self-regulation characterized by a considerable gap between personal aspirations
      and behaviors. Finally, paraphilia is a dramatic impairment in the capacity to
      love. Two rarely recognized issues complicate the nosology of paraphilia: Many
      related sexual problems are often confused with paraphilia, and some paraphilias
      manifest themselves as variations in gender identity and object choice. The
      defensive functions of paraphilia are discussed and common terms used in
      conjunction with paraphilia are redefined.

PMID- 2398506
TI  - Boarder babies: children with special health needs.

PMID- 2398507
TI  - Lung biopsies and patient care at university-affiliated hospitals: a 20-year
      experience.
AB  - Lung biopsies have been performed since 1967 at the University of California at
      Los Angeles and its affiliated institutions. In the span of 20 years, the author
      performed 4285 cases and developed several procedures. This article discusses the
      importance of risk management and patient care and presents statistics on
      malignancies, complications, and contraindications.

PMID- 2398508
TI  - Myopericarditis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome diagnosed by gallium
      scintigraphy.
AB  - Myocarditis is among the cardiac complications of acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome and, yet, is often not discovered until autopsy. Gallium scintigraphy
      has been employed in diagnosing this entity, but few data are available about its
      diagnostic accuracy and value. Here, the authors report two cases of
      myopericarditis as diagnosed by gallium scan.

PMID- 2398509
TI  - Quality care issues in home care services for the minority elderly.
AB  - Equitable quality assurance protocols must consider the differences and special
      needs of the minority elderly. Differences including language, cultural
      background, and legal status will present barriers to access. Innovation is
      required to provide home care to minorities who reside in economically depressed,
      crime-ridden, and drug-infested sections of cities. Many minority elderly will
      require attention because they lack the education and skills to coordinate their
      own care. More formal and informal support services and resources are needed.
      Education of home health agency staff to minority needs and differences are also
      critical. Education of the minority patient, family, and caregivers in the use of
      health services is vital. To avoid institutionalization, discharge planning must
      provide for alternative home care. Minority representation on the home health
      agency staff should reflect minority representation in the population served.

PMID- 2398510
TI  - Neural influences on synovial mast cell density in rat.
AB  - The mast cell, an immunocompetent cell that contributes to neurogenic
      inflammation in a variety of tissues, including synovium, is found in close
      proximity to peripheral terminals of unmyelinated primary afferents and
      sympathetic postganglionic nerve terminals. In this study we evaluated the
      hypothesis that the density of mast cells in synovial tissue is dependent on the
      neural innervation. In normal rats, we found that the density of mast cells in
      the ankle joint capsule, which is heavily innervated, is greater than in the
      capsule of the knee, which is less densely innervated. Selective lesions of
      unmyelinated primary afferents with capsaicin, or of sympathetic postganglionic
      neurons with guanethidine, produced a significant decrease in mast cells;
      surgical removal of the parasympathetic ganglia did not significantly affect mast
      cell density. Finally, the number of mast cells in the synovial joint of
      spontaneously hypertensive rats, which have increased sympathetic activity, was
      significantly greater than in normotensive control rats. These observations
      support the hypothesis that the innervation in the synovial joint of the rat, by
      unmyelinated afferents and sympathetic efferents, exerts a trophic effect on mast
      cell density.

PMID- 2398511
TI  - Morphological changes in cultures of hippocampus following prenatal irradiation
      in the rat.
AB  - The effect of prenatal irradiation was studied in organotypic cultures of
      hippocampus, prepared from newborn rats that had been exposed to whole-body
      irradiation of 1 Gy from a 60Co-source at day 13 of pregnancy. Light and electron
      microscopic observations showed remarkable damage to neuronal mitochondria
      accompanied by extensive swelling, vacuolation of the Golgi complex, and
      formation of multilamellar bodies and vesicles of the lysosomal type. In contrast
      to neuronal alterations, no delay in synaptogenesis or onset of myelination was
      observed based upon the absence of significant morphological changes in synapses
      and myelin sheaths. Using this tissue culture model it could be confirmed that
      prenatal exposure to irradiation, even at low doses, induces specific
      morphological changes in the brain.

PMID- 2398512
TI  - Structural changes in astrocytes induced by seizures in a mode of temporal lobe
      epilepsy.
AB  - Injection of iron-chloride solution unilaterally into the hippocampus of albino
      rats induced transient seizure activity which lasted approximately 2 weeks.
      Frontal and parietal cortices of experimental rats, control rats which received
      NaCl injections, and unoperated normal rats were compared by means of a Golgi
      stain which demonstrated astrocytes and their processes in their entirety.
      Morphometric analysis showed that cortical astrocytes of rats having intermittent
      seizure activity over a prolonged period were significantly larger than cortical
      astrocytes of control rats. These findings indicate that seizure activity causes
      structural brain changes at anatomical sites distant from the hippocampal seizure
      focus. Similar phenomena may contribute to the development of psychiatric and
      neurological changes in the epileptic patient.

PMID- 2398513
TI  - Reversibility of ganglioside effects on astrocyte morphology.
AB  - The B-subunit of cholera toxin (BCT) induces a morphological change in cultured
      rat cerebral astrocytes from flat (epithelioid) to stellate (process-bearing).
      This stellation is reversed by the gangliosides GM1 and GD1a at concentrations of
      10 microM or higher. Upon changing to a ganglioside-free medium, the flat
      astrocytes reacquire the stellate morphology within 3 hr, indicating that the
      antistellation effect of gangliosides is reversible. The possibility that this
      reversibility was due to a loss of exogenously acquired gangliosides from the
      cell membrane can be ruled out since pretreatment with GM1, but not GD1a, which
      does not bind BCT, results in an increased responsiveness to BCT, which was
      identical whether measured immediately after withdrawal of the ganglioside or 3
      hr later. Asialo-GM1, which neither binds BCT nor reverses BCT-induced stellation
      by itself, prevents the return to stellation after withdrawal of the
      gangliosides. These data suggest that while gangliosides remain associated with
      the cell, their effect on astrocytes can change from opposing to permitting the
      stellate morphology.

PMID- 2398514
TI  - Cerebral energy metabolism and intracellular pH during severe hypoxia and
      recovery: a study using 1H, 31P, and 1H [13C] nuclear magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy in the guinea pig cerebral cortex in vitro.
AB  - 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to study
      intracellular pH (pHi), high-energy phosphates, lactate, and amino acids in
      cortical brain slices superfused in Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer during and
      after severe hypoxia at 0, 10, and 50 mM glucose. An extensive drop in
      phosphocreatine (PCr) and a rapid build-up of intracellular lactate and H+ were
      the first signs of hypoxia. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was significantly more
      resistant to hypoxia provided that glucose was present. In the preparations that
      had been exposed to hypoxia in the presence of glucose, PCr became detectable
      within 2 min of reoxygenation, and both PCr and ATP concentrations were restored
      to 72-80% of normoxic levels within 30 min. Lactate was washed out, and pHi
      returned to normal within 4-8 min. Using 1-[13C]glucose as a tracer, we
      demonstrated that the rate of lactate production in the immediate posthypoxic
      period was at the prehypoxic level, indicating that the elevated lactate during
      this period was due solely to that produced during hypoxia. During reoxygenation
      of the preparations that were denied glucose during hypoxia, only 30% of total
      creatine + PCr and 18% of PCr were restored, and ATP was not detectable. The
      lactate concentration rose twofold in this period, and pHi became significantly
      more alkaline than before the hypoxic insult. Thus acute metabolic damage was
      considerably greater if glucose was absent during the insult, suggesting that
      either anaerobic ATP production or low pH may exert some protective effect
      against acute cell damage.

PMID- 2398515
TI  - Gene transfer into brain tumor cell lines: reporter gene expression using various
      cellular and viral promoters.
AB  - In the present study we determined the optimal conditions for transferring DNA
      into rat and human brain tumor cell lines of glial and neuronal origin using
      electroporation as the transfection method. Gene transfer efficiency was measured
      in terms of transient chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity and stable
      neomycin expression. Moreover, the activity of a variety of cellular and viral
      promoters in brain tumor cell lines of distinct origin was characterized. The
      results revealed various expression patterns, including glial as well as neuronal
      specific promoter activity.

PMID- 2398516
TI  - Microcomputer-assisted telephone identification of plants in response to poison
      control calls.
AB  - Plant identification in response to poison control inquiries poses problems for
      medical staff and botanists alike. Lack of a specimen for verification combined
      with a limited description by an untrained lay person hinders confident
      identification of the plant. In view of these problems a computer identification
      system has been developed for use in answering poison control calls. A database
      has been compiled for 103 common houseplants described in lay terms, with respect
      to 56 features each possessing a number of possible states. The database is used
      with the MS-DOS polyclave program ONLIN6. Identifications are made by entering
      data for available features, so as to eliminate taxa until a single taxon
      remains. This system has been used in 112 mock calls in which the resulting
      identification could be checked. These trials resulted in correct identifications
      65% of the time. Errors were attributed primarily to problems related to
      translation of character states into lay terminology. Revision of the database is
      planned that will eliminate these problems. Use of the system by hospital
      personnel is recommended only after graphics screens have been added to the
      database, and where staff have been specially trained in botanical terminology
      and in use of the ONLIN6 program.

PMID- 2398517
TI  - Mushroom toxicology resources utilized by certified regional poison centers in
      the United States.
AB  - A survey of certified regional poison centers in the United States was performed
      to determine sources of treatment information for mushroom intoxications, and
      extent of reporting of mushroom epidemiological data to a national mushroom case
      registry.

PMID- 2398518
TI  - Philodendron--an infant death.
AB  - An 11 month old child chewed the leaves of a philodendrum plant (Araceae) and
      developed oropharyngeal erosions and dysphagia. Esophageal erosions of the mid
      third of the esophagus and on esophageal stricture at the level of the cricoid
      were diagnosed 16 days post ingestion. Unexpected sudden death on day 17 was
      attributed to vagotonia secondary to the esophageal lesions caused by
      philodendron leaves.

PMID- 2398519
TI  - Toxicity of nightshade berries (Solanum dulcamara) in mice.
AB  - Ripened nightshade berries (Solanum dulcamara) are among the most commonly
      reported plant ingestions in Minnesota. Because of the lack of adequate
      information regarding the toxic qualities of S. dulcamara berries, the ingestion
      of even small quantities by children is usually treated conservatively with syrup
      of ipecac. The toxicity of S. dulcamara berries was studied by gavaging mice with
      a preparation of lyophilized berries, ripened and unripened, collected at various
      times of the year. Mice receiving unripened fruit from early in the season had
      gastrointestinal tissue changes consistent with solanine toxicity. Animals dosed
      with unripened fruit from the latter part of the year showed behavioral signs
      suggestive of solanine toxicity, however gastrointestinal lesions were not
      observed. In no case did the ripened fruit produce behavioral or histologic
      toxicity. Aggressive treatment of children ingesting limited amounts of ripened
      S. dulcamara berries appears to be unnecessary.

PMID- 2398520
TI  - An estimation of the annual incidence of poisoning using automated telephone
      polling.
AB  - An automated telephone poll was conducted in Bernalillo County NM during
      February, 1988. The equipment made 33,458 telephone calls and 2,703 households
      responded to the eight items included in the poll. The results included a minimum
      of 810 poisoning incidents in these households in the previous year, giving an
      annual incidence of poisoning in this population of 108 per 1,000. This rate is
      considerably higher than previous estimates. Other results included a trend
      toward delaying poisoning therapy until symptoms developed or taking the poisoned
      patient directly to an emergency department. If these results are confirmed by
      conventional polling, poisoning is a major public health problem. Furthermore,
      confirmation would establish automated telephone polling as a valuable tool for
      rapidly and inexpensively surveying large populations.

PMID- 2398521
TI  - Sensory and cognitive event related potentials in workers chronically exposed to
      solvents.
AB  - To obtain objective measures of possible impairment due to organic solvents,
      auditory, visual and somatosensory evoked potentials and cognitive event related
      potentials were recorded in a group of 13 workers occupationally exposed to a
      mixture of various solvents. The patients were compared to healthy subjects and
      to chronic alcoholics seen during post-alcohol withdrawal. Auditory and visual
      evoked potentials were almost normal but somatosensory evoked potentials showed a
      slight decrease of peripheral conduction velocities and an increase of central
      conduction times more marked in the solvent exposed workers who were also
      alcoholics. The late "cognitive" components reflecting attention processes (N2
      and P3) were normal. Solvent-exposed workers and alcoholics were both
      characterized by some difficulty in modulating their attentional resources
      according to task demands, as reflected by a tendency to responses (N1, N2 and
      P3) of similar amplitudes whether the stimulus was or was not the target. These
      findings support the presence, in solvent exposed workers, of minor dysfunction
      of the nervous system at both peripheral and cortical levels potentiated by
      alcohol as well as of mild cognitive impairments concerning attention processes.

PMID- 2398522
TI  - Evaluation of the Abbott ADx total serum tricyclic immunoassay.
AB  - The ADx total serum tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) fluorescence polarization
      immunoassay (Abbott Diagnostics) for the semi-quantitation of imipramine or
      amitriptyline and their respective N-demethylated metabolites in cases of TCA
      overdose was evaluated. The assay is linear from 75-1000 ng/mL total TCA in
      serum, and flaggs as "HI" all results exceeding 300 ng/mL. The within and between
      run precision of the assay for patient serum containing imipramine or
      amitriptyline and their metabolites gave CV's of less than 5.5% and 8.9%,
      respectively. A good correlation between the results of patient serum containing
      imipramine and desipramine simultaneously analyzed by ADx and gas liquid
      chromatography (GC) was observed, r2 = 0.964, n = 32. Results of patient serum
      containing amitriptyline and nortriptyline or doxepin and desmethyldoxepin
      analyzed by ADx and GC or GC-mass spectrometry were not well correlated; r2 =
      0.738, n = 44 and r2 = 0.695, n = 21, respectively. The assay consistently
      flagged as "HI" serum with total imipramine and desipramine concentrations above
      300 ng/mL by GC, and serum with greater than 360 ng/mL of amitriptyline and
      nortriptyline by GC/MS. No significant cross-reactivity was observed for drugs
      other than the TCA.

PMID- 2398523
TI  - Central anticholinergic syndrome after ofloxacin overdose and therapeutic doses
      of diphenhydramine and chlormezanone.
AB  - A 14-year-old female with no history of psychiatric disease ingested an unknown
      amount of ofloxacin, diphenhydramine and chlormezanone after an argument with her
      patients. Approximately 12 hours after ingestion, the patient was admitted to the
      hospital in a delirious state with extreme mydriasis and warm and dry skin.
      Analytical data on admission were consistent with ofloxacin overdose and
      ingestion of therapeutic doses of diphenhydramine and chlormezanone. The patient
      received activated charcoal and forced diuresis was instituted. Psychosis and
      anticholinergic symptoms lasted in the next 2 days. On day 3, the psychotic and
      anticholinergic symptoms were nearly completely reversed by 2 mg physostigmine
      salicylate, given IV x 2. Since anticholinergic symptoms have not been observed
      after ofloxacin overdose or after therapeutic doses of diphenhydramine or
      chlormezanone, this case suggests a potentiation of the anticholinergic effects
      of diphenhydramine and chlormezanone by ofloxacin overdose.

PMID- 2398524
TI  - The effect of hashish-smoking on serum levels of pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3)
      in man.

PMID- 2398525
TI  - Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA for a novel phorbol-12-myristate
      13-acetate-responsive gene that is highly expressed in an adult T-cell leukemia
      cell line.
AB  - To identify gene products that might be involved in leukemogenesis of adult T
      cell leukemia (ATL), we constructed a cDNA library from an ATL tumor cell line
      named IKD. By differential plaque hybridization using [32P]cDNAs of poly(A)+ RNA
      from IKD cells and a human T-lymphotropic virus type I-infected T-cell line
      (C91/PL) as probes and RNA blot analysis, we obtained a single cDNA clone of a
      gene that is highly expressed in IKD cells. Expression of this gene was also
      detected in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells of several ATL patients but
      not in those of healthy donors. Sequence analysis showed that the cDNA was that
      of a previously undescribed gene. On structural analysis of the cDNA (1,897 base
      pairs), a short open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 54 amino acid
      residues was found. Exposure of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, a T
      cell lymphoma cell line (Jurkat), and quiescent human embryonic lung cells to
      phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate resulted in rapid, transient expression of 2.0
      kilobase mRNA of this gene. This induction of the gene was not inhibited by an
      inhibitor of protein synthesis, cycloheximide. From these findings, we suggest
      that this gene, named APR, is a member of the cellular immediate-early-response
      genes.

PMID- 2398526
TI  - Phylogenetic distribution of the novel avian endogenous provirus family EAV-0.
AB  - A new family of related endogenous proviruses, existing at 50 to 100 copies per
      haploid genome and distinguishable by remarkably short long terminal repeats, has
      been described for domestic chickens (Gallus gallus subsp domesticus). In this
      communication, by using Southern blot analysis and probes derived from both
      internal viral sequences and locus-specific, cellular flanking sequences, we
      studied the genetic distribution of this family of moderately repetitive avian
      endogenous retroviruses within the genomes of four Gallus species. Eight inbred
      lines of domestic chickens, the evolutionary progenitor to the domestic chicken
      (red jungle fowl), and two more distantly related species (grey and green jungle
      fowl) were studied. All Gallus species harbored this class of elements, although
      the different lines of domestic chickens and different species of jungle fowl
      bore distinguishable complements of the proviral loci. Jungle fowl appeared to
      have fewer copies than domestic chickens. For three randomly isolated proviral
      loci, domestic chickens (G. gallus subsp. domesticus) and red jungle fowl (G.
      gallus subsp. gallus) showed only a proviral state, whereas the most primitive
      and divergent of the jungle fowl, the green jungle fowl (G. varius), consistently
      demonstrated only preintegration states or disparate alleles. The presence of
      this family in all Gallus species and of related sequences in other genera
      suggests that a primordial founding integration event occurred prior to the
      evolutionary separation of Gallus species and possibly related genera.
      Additionally, at least one proviral locus has been acquired subsequent to
      speciation, indicating that this family was actively infectious after the primary
      founding event. This conserved, repetitive proviral family appears to represent
      the vestigial remnant of an avian retrovirus class related to and evolutionarily
      more ancient than the Rous-associated virus-0 family of avian endogenous
      retroviruses.

PMID- 2398527
TI  - Oligomers of the cytoplasmic domain of the p62/E2 membrane protein of Semliki
      Forest virus bind to the nucleocapsid in vitro.
AB  - We analyzed the interaction between the nucleocapsid and synthetic peptides
      corresponding to the complete or truncated cytoplasmic protein domain of the
      Semliki Forest virus p62/E2 glycoprotein. We found that the peptide corresponding
      to the full-length domain efficiently bound nucleocapsids when coupled to a solid
      matrix via specific antibodies, whereas the shorter one did not. In solution, a
      substantial fraction of the full-length peptide associated into oligomers.
      Binding studies showed that it was mostly these oligomers, rather than the
      monomeric form of the peptide, which were able to interact with the nucleocapsid.
      Thus, our findings demonstrate a direct interaction between the spike proteins
      and the viral nucleocapsid. Furthermore, they suggest that this interaction is
      directed through formation of complexes containing several p62 or E2 subunits.

PMID- 2398528
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 T-cell tropism is determined by events prior
      to provirus formation.
AB  - Different strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vary in the
      ability to replicate in cells that bear the HIV-1 receptor, CD4. The mechanism
      responsible for these cell tropism differences is unknown. We examined different
      isolates of HIV-1 with regard to replication in specific tumor-derived CD4
      positive T-cell lines and normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. To investigate
      early events in the virus life cycle at low multiplicities of infection, we used
      a modification of the polymerase chain reaction method. Use of a molecularly
      cloned primary HIV-1 isolate, HIV-1 JR-CSF, restricted for replication in T-cell
      lines, demonstrated that little or no viral DNA or RNA was synthesized in
      nonpermissive cells after infection. However, transfection of proviral DNA
      resulted in efficient transient virus production from these cells. Therefore, we
      conclude that at least one block to infection for HIV-1 strains in nonpermissive
      T cells occurs at a point in entry or uncoating before provirus formation.

PMID- 2398529
TI  - Accumulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA in T cells: results of
      multiple infection events.
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA synthesis was followed in a CD4+ line of
      T cells (C8166) grown in the presence or absence of a monoclonal antibody to CD4
      that blocks infection By 48 h after infection, cultures grown in the presence of
      the antibody contained approximately 4 copies of human immunodeficiency virus
      type 1 DNA per cell, whereas those grown in the absence of the antibody contained
      approximately 80 copies of viral DNA per cell. Most of the viral DNA in cultures
      grown in the absence of the antibody was present in a broad smear of apparently
      incomplete viral sequences. In cultures grown in the presence or absence of the
      antibody, the 9.6-kilobase linear duplex of viral DNA appeared to undergo
      integration within 24 h of its appearance. These results demonstrate that T cells
      accumulate unintegrated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA as a result of
      multiple virions entering cells.

PMID- 2398531
TI  - Fusion of intra- and extracellular forms of vaccinia virus with the cell
      membrane.
AB  - The membrane fusion activities of the isolated single-envelope intracellular form
      of vaccinia virus (INV) and the double-envelope extracellular (EEV) form were
      studied by using a lipid-mixing assay based on the dilution of a fluorescent
      probe. Fluorescently labeled INV and EEV from both the IHD-J and WR strains of
      vaccinia virus fused with HeLa cells at neutral pH, suggesting that fusion occurs
      with the plasma membrane during virus entry. EEV fused more efficiently and with
      faster kinetics than INV: approximately 50% of bound EEV particles fused over the
      course of 1 h, compared with only 25% of the INV particles. Fusion of INV and EEV
      was strongly temperature dependent, being decreased by 50% at 34 degrees C and by
      90% at 28 degrees C. A monoclonal antibody to a 14-kilodalton envelope protein of
      INV that has been implicated in the fusion reaction (J. F. Rodriguez, E. Paez,
      and M. Esteban, J. Virol. 61:395-404, 1987) completely suppressed the initial
      rate of fusion of INV but had no effect on the fusion activity of EEV, suggesting
      that vaccinia virus encodes two or more membrane fusion proteins. Finally, cells
      infected with the WR strain of vaccinia virus formed syncytia when briefly
      incubated at pH 6.4 or below, indicating that an acid-activated viral fusion
      protein is expressed on the cell surface. However, WR INV and EEV did not display
      increased fusion activity at acid pH, suggesting that the acid-dependent fusion
      factor is not incorporated into virions or that its activity there is masked.

PMID- 2398530
TI  - Sequence diversity in S1 genes and S1 translation products of 11 serotype 3
      reovirus strains.
AB  - The S1 gene nucleotide sequences of 10 type 3 (T3) reovirus strains were
      determined and compared with the T3 prototype Dearing strain in order to study
      sequence diversity in strains of a single reovirus serotype and to learn more
      about structure-function relationships of the two S1 translation products, sigma
      1 and sigma 1s. Analysis of phylogenetic trees constructed from variation in the
      sigma 1-encoding S1 nucleotide sequences indicated that there is no pattern of S1
      gene relatedness in these strains based on host species, geographic site, or date
      of isolation. This suggests that reovirus strains are transmitted rapidly between
      host species and that T3 strains with markedly different S1 sequences circulate
      simultaneously. Comparison of the deduced sigma 1 amino acid sequences of the 11
      T3 strains was notable for the identification of conserved and variable regions
      of sequence that correlate with the proposed domain organization of sigma 1 (M.L.
      Nibert, T.S. Dermody, and B. N. Fields, J. Virol. 64:2976-2989, 1990). Repeat
      patterns of apolar residues thought to be important for sigma 1 structure were
      conserved in all strains examined. The deduced sigma 1s amino acid sequences of
      the strains were more heterogeneous than the sigma 1 sequences; however, a
      cluster of basic residues near the amino terminus of sigma 1s was conserved. This
      analysis has allowed us to investigate molecular epidemiology of T3 reovirus
      strains and to identify conserved and variable sequence motifs in the S1
      translation products, sigma 1 or sigma 1s.

PMID- 2398532
TI  - Evolution of influenza A virus PB2 genes: implications for evolution of the
      ribonucleoprotein complex and origin of human influenza A virus.
AB  - Phylogenetic analysis of 20 influenza A virus PB2 genes showed that PB2 genes
      have evolved into the following four major lineages: (i) equine/Prague/56
      (EQPR56); (ii and iii) two distinct avian PB2 lineages, one containing FPV/34 and
      H13 gull virus strains and the other containing North American avian and recent
      equine strains; and (iv) human virus strains joined with classic swine virus
      strains (i.e., H1N1 swine virus strains related to swine/Iowa/15/30). The human
      virus lineage showed the greatest divergence from its root relative to other
      lineages. The estimated nucleotide evolutionary rate for the human PB2 lineage
      was 1.82 x 10(-3) changes per nucleotide per year, which is within the range of
      published estimates for NP and NS genes of human influenza A viruses. At the
      amino acid level, PB2s of human viruses have accumulated 34 amino acid changes
      over the past 55 years. In contrast, the avian PB2 lineages showed much less
      evolution, e.g., recent avian PB2s showed as few as three amino acid changes
      relative to the avian root. The completion of evolutionary analyses of the PB1,
      PB2, PA and NP genes of the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex permits comparison of
      evolutionary pathways. Different patterns of evolution among the RNP genes
      indicate that the genes of the complex are not coevolving as a unit. Evolution of
      the PB1 and PB2 genes is less correlated with host-specific factors, and their
      proteins appear to be evolving more slowly than NP and PA. This suggests that
      protein functional constraints are limiting the evolutionary divergence of PB1
      and PB2 genes. The parallel host-specific evolutionary pathways of the NP and PA
      genes suggest that these proteins are coevolving in response to host-specific
      factors. PB2s of human influenza A viruses share a common ancestor with classic
      swine virus PB2s, and the pattern of evolution suggests that the ancestor was an
      avian virus PB2. This same pattern of evolution appears in the other genes of the
      RNP complex. Antigenic studies of HA and NA proteins and sequence comparisons of
      NS and M genes also suggest a close ancestry for these genes in human and classic
      swine viruses. From our review of the evolutionary patterns of influenza A virus
      genes, we propose the following hypothesis: the common ancestor to current
      strains of human and classic swine influenza viruses predated the 1918 human
      pandemic virus and was recently derived from the avian host reservoir.

PMID- 2398533
TI  - The internal methionine codons of human T-cell leukemia virus type II rex gene
      are not required for p24rex production or virus replication and transformation.
AB  - Human T-cell leukemia virus types I (HTLV-I) and II (HTLV-II) have two
      nonstructural trans-acting regulatory genes, tax and rex, located in the 3'
      region of the viral genome. The tax gene product (HTLV-I p40tax and HTLV-II
      p37tax) is the transcriptional activator of the viral long terminal repeat. The
      rex gene encodes two protein products, p27rex/p21rex and p26rex/p24rex in HTLV-I
      and HTLV-II, respectively. Rex acts posttranscriptionally to facilitate
      accumulation of full-length gag/pol and singly spliced env mRNA in the cytoplasm
      of HTLV-infected cells. Previous studies showed that the first ATG of the rex
      gene is critical for Rex production and function. The importance of the internal
      ATGs to Rex function is not known. However, in vitro mutagenesis of the HTLV-I
      rex gene has provided indirect evidence which suggests that p21rex, and by
      analogy HTLV-II p24rex, results from initiation at an internal AUG of the tax/rex
      mRNA. By using an infectious molecular clone of HTLV-II, we investigated the
      importance of the internal ATGs of the rex gene on Rex protein production and
      function. Our results indicate that p24rex of HTLV-II is not initiated at an
      internal AUG and that the internal methionine codons are not crucial to the
      function of the rex gene and, ultimately, the transforming properties of the
      virus.

PMID- 2398534
TI  - Mutational analysis of the resolution sequence of vaccinia virus DNA: essential
      sequence consists of two separate AT-rich regions highly conserved among
      poxviruses.
AB  - In replicative forms of vaccinia virus DNA, the unit genomes are connected by
      palindromic junction fragments that are resolved into mature viral genomes with
      hairpin termini. Bacterial plasmids containing the junction fragment for vaccinia
      virus or Shope fibroma virus were converted into linear minichromosomes of vector
      sequence flanked by poxvirus hairpin loops after transfection into infected
      cells. Analysis of a series of symmetrical deletion mutations demonstrated that
      in vaccinia virus the presence of the DNA sequence ATTTAGTGTCTAGAAAAAAA on both
      sides of the apical segment of the concatemer junction is crucial for resolution.
      To determine the precise architecture of the resolution site, a series of site
      directed mutations within this tract of nucleotides were made and the relative
      contribution of each nucleotide to the efficaciousness of resolution was
      determined. The nucleotide sequence necessary for the resolution of the vaccinia
      virus concatemer junction, (A/T)TTT(A/G)N7-9AAAAAAA, is highly conserved among
      poxviruses and found proximal to the hairpin loop in the genomes of members of
      the Leporipoxvirus, Avipoxvirus, and Capripoxvirus genera.

PMID- 2398535
TI  - Role of two forms of hepatitis delta virus antigen: evidence for a mechanism of
      self-limiting genome replication.
AB  - The replication of the RNA genome of hepatitis delta virus is greatly facilitated
      by the presence of the only known virus-coded protein, the delta antigen. Most,
      if not all, infections are characterized by the presence of two electrophoretic
      forms of the delta antigen. These forms correspond to polypeptide lengths of 195
      and 214 amino acids which are encoded by genomes with different nucleotide
      sequences. We used cDNA transfections to investigate the functions of these two
      forms of the delta antigen. We found that only the small form of delta antigen
      supported hepatitis delta virus genome replication and that the large form acted
      as a dominant negative repressor of such replication. This inhibition was potent.
      For example, the amount of genome replication was reduced eightfold when as
      little as 10% of the delta antigen was present as the large form. One
      interpretation of our results is that the delta antigen normally functions as
      part of a multimeric structure. In addition, our data suggest that synthesis of
      the large form, either during genome replication in cultured cells or even during
      infection in animals, may suppress delta replication, possibly leading to a self
      limiting infection.

PMID- 2398537
TI  - Temperate bacteriophages of Streptococcus pneumoniae that contain protein
      covalently linked to the 5' ends of their DNA.
AB  - We have characterized three temperate bacteriophages of pneumococcus (HB-3, HB
      623, and HB-746). Although all the phages belong to the same family, the
      polypeptide composition of the virions and the DNA restriction endonuclease
      analysis of their DNAs revealed differences among the three phages. The genomes
      of these bacteriophages have been isolated as DNA-protein complexes. The protein
      is specifically associated with the two 5' termini of the DNA as shown by
      experiments carried out with exonucleases. The protein bound to the DNA in the
      three phages studied, iodinated in vitro with 125I, has a molecular weight of
      23,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. Treatment of the complexes with chaotropic agents suggested that
      the protein is covalently bound to the 5' termini of the DNA. Comparative pulsed
      field gel electrophoresis analysis and Southern hybridization of the SmaI
      restriction fragments of DNAs from one lysogenic bacteria and its parental strain
      revealed that the prophage genome was integrated in the host chromosome.

PMID- 2398536
TI  - Karyophilic properties of Semliki Forest virus nucleocapsid protein.
AB  - Semliki Forest virus capsid (C) protein molecules (Mr, 33,000) can be introduced
      efficiently into the cytoplasm of various target cells by electroporation,
      liposome, and erythrocyte ghost-mediated delivery (M. Elgizoli, Y. Dai, C. Kempf,
      H. Koblet, and M.R. Michel, J. Virol. 63:2921-2928, 1989). Here, we show that the
      transferred C protein molecules partition rapidly from the cytosolic compartment
      into the nucleus. Transport of the C protein molecules into the nucleus was
      reversibly arrested by metabolic inhibitors, indicating that the transfer process
      is energy dependent. Fractionation of isolated nuclei revealed that the delivered
      C protein preferentially associates with the nucleoli. This finding was confirmed
      by morphological studies, showing that in an in vitro system containing ATP
      isolated nuclei rapidly accumulated rhodamine-labeled C protein in their
      nucleoli. Furthermore, in this assay system, the lectin wheat germ agglutinin
      prevented transfer of C protein through nuclear pores. These results are in
      agreement with our observation that nucleoli contain measurable amounts of newly
      synthesized C protein as early as 5 h after infection of cells with SFV.
      Thereafter, nucleolar-associated C protein increased progressively during the
      course of infection.

PMID- 2398538
TI  - A single amino acid substitution in envelope protein E of tick-borne encephalitis
      virus leads to attenuation in the mouse model.
AB  - We have determined the virulence characteristics of seven monoclonal antibody
      escape mutants of tick-borne encephalitis virus in the mouse model. One of the
      mutants with an amino acid substitution from tyrosine to histidine at residue 384
      revealed strongly reduced pathogenicity after peripheral inoculation of adult
      mice but retained its capacity to replicate in the mice and to induce a high
      titered antibody response. Infection with the attenuated mutant resulted in
      resistance to challenge with virulent virus. Assessment of nonconservative amino
      acid substitutions in other attenuated flaviviruses suggests that a structural
      element including residue 384 may represent an important determinant of
      flavivirus virulence in general.

PMID- 2398539
TI  - Contribution of measles virus fusion protein in protective immunity: anti-F
      monoclonal antibodies neutralize virus infectivity and protect mice against
      challenge.
AB  - To study the contribution of the measles virus fusion (F) protein in the immune
      response, anti-F monoclonal antibodies were prepared by using a vaccinia-measles
      virus F recombinant. In contrast to previously described anti-F monoclonal
      antibodies, these antibodies not only neutralized virus infectivity and inhibited
      fusion but also passively protected mice. Since these monoclonal antibodies
      recognize a configurational epitope, presentation of the antigen during infection
      may play an important role in the immune response. These factors are discussed in
      relation to vaccination.

PMID- 2398540
TI  - A sigma 1 region important for hemagglutination by serotype 3 reovirus strains.
AB  - Hemagglutination (HA) by the mammalian reoviruses is mediated by interactions
      between the viral sigma 1 protein and sialoglycoproteins on the erythrocyte
      surface. Three serotype 3 (T3) reovirus strains were identified that do not
      agglutinate either bovine or type O human erythrocytes (HA negative): T3 clone 43
      (T3C43), T3 clone 44 (T3C44), and T3 clone 84 (T3C84). These three strains also
      showed a diminished capacity to bind the major erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein,
      glycophorin, in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To determine the molecular
      basis for these findings, we examined the deduced sigma 1 amino acid sequences of
      the three HA-negative T3 strains and four HA-positive T3 strains. The limited
      number of sequence differences in the sigma 1 proteins of these seven strains
      allowed us to identify single unique amino acid residues in each of the HA
      negative strains (aspartate 198 in T3C43, leucine 204 in T3C44, and tryptophan
      202 in T3C84) that cluster within a discrete region of the sigma 1 tail. The
      identification of sigma 1 residues important for HA and glycophorin binding
      suggests that tail-forming sequences are exposed on the virion surface, where
      they interact with carbohydrate residues on the surface of cells.

PMID- 2398541
TI  - Effect of antiviral antibody on maintenance of long-term rubella virus persistent
      infection in Vero cells.
AB  - A Vero cell line with a long-term rubella virus persistent infection was
      maintained for 45 weeks in the presence of anti-rubella virus antibody of
      sufficient titer to completely neutralize the virus in the culture fluid to
      determine the effect of the presence of antibody on the maintenance of the
      persistent infection. Prior to antibody treatment, virus was continuously
      detected as plaque-forming units in the persistently infected culture fluid.
      Virus clones that were plaque purified from the persistently infected culture
      fluid were temperature sensitive and exhibited a reduced efficiency of
      replication and ability to induce cytopathic effects in Vero cells at the
      persistently infected culture temperature compared with the standard virus used
      to initiate the persistently infected culture. Defective interfering RNAs were
      the major intracellular virus-specific RNA species present in the persistently
      infected cells. Treatment with antibody failed to cure the persistently infected
      culture of virus, and the cells retained the ability to release virus after
      antibody treatment was discontinued. Interestingly, the presence of antibody led
      to the selection of a population of virus which was markedly less cytopathic for
      Vero cells than the virus population which was selected during persistent
      infection in the absence of antibody.

PMID- 2398542
TI  - CD4 immunoadhesin, but not recombinant soluble CD4, blocks syncytium formation by
      human immunodeficiency virus type 2-infected lymphoid cells.
AB  - Recombinant soluble CD4 (rCD4) has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of
      human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 infection of lymphoid cells
      in vitro. In this report, we characterized the effects of rCD4, the V1V2 fragment
      of CD4, and the immunoadhesin CD4-immunoglobulin G on syncytium formation between
      lymphoid cells infected by HIV-1 or HIV-2 and uninfected cells. All three
      molecules blocked HIV-1-mediated syncytium formation, but only CD4-immunoglobulin
      G blocked HIV-2-mediated syncytium formation. rCD4 and the V1V2 fragment of CD4
      enhanced HIV-2-mediated syncytium formation. These results suggest that the
      process of cell fusion is significantly different between HIV-1- and HIV-2
      infected cells.

PMID- 2398543
TI  - Spike protein oligomerization control of Semliki Forest virus fusion.
AB  - We have recently shown, using cleavage-deficient mutants of the p62-E1 membrane
      protein complex of Semliki Forest virus that p62 cleavage to E2 is necessary for
      the activation of the fusion function of the complex at pH 5.8 (a pH optimal for
      virus fusion) (M. Lobigs and H. Garoff, J. Virol. 64:1233-1240, 1990). In this
      study, we show that the mutant precursor complexes can be induced to activate
      membrane fusion when treated with more acidic buffers (pH 5.0 and 4.5), which
      also appear to dissociate most of the p62-E1 complexes and change the
      conformation of the E1 subunit (the supposed fusion protein of Semliki Forest
      virus into a form which is resistant to trypsin digestion. These data suggest
      that p62 cleavage is not essential for membrane fusion per se but that the
      crucial event activating this process seems to be the apparent dissociation of
      the heterodimer, which in turn is facilitated by the spike precursor cleavage.

PMID- 2398544
TI  - Integration of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 DNA in vitro by
      cytoplasmic extracts of Moloney murine leukemia virus-infected mouse NIH 3T3
      cells.
AB  - An essential step in the life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is
      integration of a DNA copy of the viral RNA into the genome of the infected cell.
      We show here that this step can be faithfully accomplished in vitro by the
      enzymatic machinery of another retrovirus, Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV).
      Mini-HIV substrates, which are linearized plasmids with long terminal repeat
      sequences at their ends, were incubated with cytoplasmic extracts of MoMLV
      infected NIH 3T3 cells and target DNA. The MoMLV integration apparatus carried
      out integration of the mini-HIV substrates correctly; the terminal nucleotides of
      the viral substrate were removed, and a 4-base-pair duplication of the target DNA
      flanked the inserted viral DNA (C. Shoemaker, S. P. Goff, E. Gilboa, M. Paskind,
      S. W. Mitra, and D. Baltimore, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:3932-3936, 1980).
      Our experiments show that the substrate sequence requirements for integration in
      vitro were limited to a few nucleotides, as the similarity between HIV and MoMLV
      long terminal repeat ends is minimal.

PMID- 2398546
TI  - Laser assisted urethral closure in the rat: comparison of CO2 and Neodymium-YAG
      laser techniques.
AB  - In 65 male rats a comparative study was undertaken to investigate a Neodymium-YAG
      and CO2 laser system for the microsurgical repair of longitudinal incisions of
      the rat urethra. Postoperative investigations included patency tests, necropsy
      and light microscopy. Use of the laser systems did not reduce operation time. The
      highest rate of postoperative strictures (90%), urethral fistulas (30%), urinomas
      (20%) and postoperative deaths (70%) was seen in the Neodymium-YAG laser group.
      CO2 laser repair was almost as efficacious as microsuture repair, except for a
      higher rate of urethral fistulas resulting from the initially weak laser weld.
      Based on these findings, the Neodymium-YAG laser seems unsuitable for urethral
      repair. Further studies in larger animals are warranted using a CO2 laser in
      combination with postoperative cystostomy for urinary diversion in order to avoid
      fistulas in the early postoperative period.

PMID- 2398545
TI  - Identification of cis-acting repressive sequences within the negative regulatory
      element of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
AB  - The negative regulatory element of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is a 260
      nucleotide-long sequence that decreases the rate of RNA transcription initiation
      specified by the long terminal repeat. This region has the potential to bind
      several cellular transcription factors. Here it is shown that sequences which
      recognize the NFAT-1 and USF cellular transcription factors contribute to this
      negative regulatory effect. The sequences within the negative regulatory element
      which resemble the AP-1 site and the URS do not negatively regulate human
      immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat transcription initiation.

PMID- 2398547
TI  - Dipyridamole-cisplatin potentiation: enhanced in vivo cytotoxicity in xenograft
      models of human testicular and bladder cancers.
AB  - The antitumor efficacy and host toxicity of dipyridamole (DP), methotrexate (MTX)
      and cisplatin (CDDP) alone and combined were evaluated in a nude mouse supported
      human bladder cancer model. Single agent post treatment tumor volume growth ratio
      [TGR] values of DP, MTX and CDDP were 97%, 65% and 49% of control. While the
      MTX/DP combination produced only mild cytotoxic enhancement, CDDP/DP and
      CDDP/MTX/DP reduced TGR to 20% and 17%, respectively. A second multi-dose
      evaluation of CDDP/DP using human testicular carcinoma in this model also showed
      a CDDP dose-dependent response with achievable complete tumor regression. Host
      toxicity was not substantially increased by DP. DP would appear to be effective
      in vivo as a chemosensitizer of CDDP; it may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of
      CDDP in a variety of tumors.

PMID- 2398548
TI  - The characterization of soluble matrix proteins in selected human renal calculi
      using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
AB  - In the current study a novel method of matrix extraction was utilized to permit
      the analysis of soluble matrix proteins of different types of kidney stones by
      two-dimensional electrophoresis. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed on each soluble matrix protein sample
      resulting in a characteristic "map" of spots for each stone. The soluble matrix
      protein "map" was complex yet reproducible for each sample studied. The soluble
      matrix protein maps resembled urinary protein maps and stones of different
      crystalline content had significantly different matrix protein maps. The two
      dimensional electrophoretic maps of matrix proteins extracted from calcium
      oxalate and uric acid calculi were similar to previously published two
      dimensional electrophoretic maps of urinary proteins recovered from calcium
      oxalate and uric acid crystals. The majority of the protein maps were noteworthy
      for the presence of a low molecular weight pattern (MW less than 17,500 dalton)
      not seen in association with normal urinary protein maps. The significance of
      this pattern is not known but could be the result of degradation of larger
      proteins, evidence of renal tubular disease, or evidence of selective
      incorporation of low molecular weight proteins during stone formation.

PMID- 2398549
TI  - Endothelium dependent relaxation of human corpus cavernosum by bradykinin.
AB  - The release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) from human corpus
      cavernosum (CC) tissue was confirmed by demonstrating that bradykinin produces
      endothelium dependent relaxation of human CC tissue. Human CC strips were set in
      a tissue bath and isometric tension changes were recorded. All strips showed
      spontaneous contractions and produced tonic contractions by both high potassium
      solution and noradrenaline (NA) (10(-9) to 10(-4) M) in a dose dependent manner.
      In preparations precontracted with NA, relaxation was produced by bradykinin (10(
      7) to 2 x 10(-6) M). Strips lacking endothelium were contracted by NA but no
      relaxation was observed with the addition of bradykinin. More direct evidence of
      the release of EDRF from human CC was demonstrated by a "sandwich" mount. We
      conclude that bradykinin relaxes human CC by releasing EDRF and that this EDRF
      may be a factor in erectile function.

PMID- 2398550
TI  - Testicular blood flow in peripubertal and older rats with unilateral experimental
      varicocele and investigation into the mechanism of the bilateral response to the
      unilateral lesion.
AB  - Testicular and reference organ blood flows and testicular temperatures were
      determined in peripubertal and mature rats with and without experimental left
      varicocele (ELV). Testicular blood flow and temperature were significantly
      increased bilaterally 30 days after surgery to induce unilateral varicocele, and
      this was the case in both the younger and older animals. It has not previously
      been known that the pathophysiological effects of ELV extended to the
      peripubertal testis. Previous experiments have demonstrated that the left testis
      is not necessary for the right testicular response to varicocele. In the present
      paper, animals were subjected to left orchiectomy simultaneously with the surgery
      to induce ELV. Thirty days later, the animals were divided into those with and
      those without the left spermatic vein varicosity. Testicular blood flow was
      determined in all these animals as well as in a separate group of control and
      experimental varicocele animals. The group of ELV animals with left spermatic
      varicosity demonstrated a significant increase in contralateral testicular blood
      flow while the ELV group without left spermatic varicosity did not. We speculate
      that left venous distention is involved in the mechanism for the contralateral
      response to unilateral varicocele.

PMID- 2398551
TI  - Characterization of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in human penile corpus
      cavernosum: studies on whole tissue and cultured endothelium.
AB  - The binding characteristics of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist,
      [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, to isolated membranes of human corpus cavernosum and
      endothelial cells, cultured from this tissue, were investigated.
      [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate bound to membranes of human corpus cavernosum and
      endothelial cells with high affinity and limited capacity. Analysis of the
      binding data by Scatchard plot revealed the presence of one class of binding
      sites. The ligand binding specificity was determined by competitive binding
      assay. The data obtained show that [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate was displaced by
      unlabeled competitors in the following order of efficacy in both membrane
      preparations: quinuclidinyl benzilate greater than scopolamine greater than
      atropine greater than 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methyl-piperidine methiodide, M3
      antagonist greater than pirenzepine, M1 antagonist greater than oxotremorine
      greater than (4-hydroxy-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride m-chlorocarbanilate,
      M1 agonist greater than carbachol greater than hexamethonium. Solubilization of
      the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors from human corpus cavernosum and
      endothelial cells, with 1% digitonin and 0.02% cholate and subsequent analysis on
      sucrose density gradients, demonstrated the presence of a macromolecule
      specifically bound to [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate sedimenting at the 6.2 S region
      of the gradient. These results demonstrate the presence of muscarinic
      acetylcholine receptors in human corpus cavernosum and in endothelial cells
      cultured from this tissue.

PMID- 2398552
TI  - Nonrefluxing ileal ureteral replacement using the intussuscepted ileal nipple:
      laboratory studies.
AB  - A new technique for nonrefluxing ureteral replacement using ileum has been
      developed. Five adult mongrel dogs were operated using this nonrefluxing ileal
      ureteral technique. Subsequent reoperation showed in every case the preservation
      of renal function, a nonrefluxing system and no evidence of pyelonephritis or
      hydronephrosis. Based on the intussuscepted ileal nipple used in the Kock
      continent ileostomy, this technique has application in candidates for urinary
      undiversion, situations of ureteral loss due to trauma and fibrosis, and in
      patients with tuberculous strictured ureters.

PMID- 2398553
TI  - Structural changes in the aging submucosa: new morphologic criteria for the
      evaluation of the unstable human bladder.
AB  - Biopsies from continent human bladders, ranging in age from six weeks to 95
      years, were examined ultrastructurally to establish the organization of the
      submucosa. The submucosa was found to have a distinct organizational pattern.
      Collagen fibers are bound into fascicles with arborizing intercollagenous
      channels. These channels form an intricate network throughout the submucosa. With
      age, the fascicles separate into individual fibers and there is a commensurate
      widening of the intercollagenous channels. This process is accelerated in
      obstruction. As aging occurs, the channels progressively fill with an electron
      dense fine particulate matter of unknown origin. The collagen reorganization and
      accumulation of extracellular matrix particles is thought to alter the
      permeability and compliance of the submucosa and to encroach upon the
      neurovascular bundle. A baseline set of morphologic criteria describing the
      natural history of the continent aged bladder is offered as a framework for
      future group identification in the incontinent patient.

PMID- 2398554
TI  - Urology: 1990 perspectives.

PMID- 2398555
TI  - On the necessity of adrenal extirpation combined with radical nephrectomy.
AB  - Adrenal metastasis of renal cell carcinoma usually is an autopsy finding and
      seldom a clinical diagnosis. The incidence of ipsilateral suprarenal gland
      involvement also can be identified by histological examination of the organ with
      radical nephrectomy. The necessity of adrenalectomy performed in combination with
      nephrectomy is discussed. After a retrospective examination of our patients we
      discovered 8 adrenal metastases among 138 radical nephrectomies. Five patients
      who also had metastases in the lymph nodes (stages pN1 to pN2) died after an
      average of 26.4 months. Three patients without lymph node involvement are free of
      tumor. In these cases routine adrenalectomy must be regarded as a possible
      curative treatment.

PMID- 2398556
TI  - Selection criteria for the evaluation of living related renal donors.
AB  - The documented long-term health of the living related renal donor is a tribute to
      careful preoperative selection and surgical technique. At our medical center 187
      prospective donors were evaluated during a 6-year period and 91 underwent donor
      nephrectomy. Hypertension, renal artery anomalies and donor indecision were the
      most common reasons for donor rejection. Recipient health and/or death, or a
      positive crossmatch after pre-transplant donor specific transfusion were other
      post-arteriogram reasons not to proceed with transplantation. Women were more
      likely to undergo nephrectomy than men, and older or heavier donors were more
      likely to be rejected. Using the transcostal, extrapleural surgical approach for
      nephrectomy there were no deaths or major complications, and the mean
      postoperative length of stay was 6.4 days. The average postoperative increase in
      serum creatinine was 0.33 mg./dl. with an average creatinine at discharge of the
      patient from the hospital of 1.2 mg./dl. The latter creatinine values varied
      concordantly with donor age. Only 56% of fully evaluated donors (91 of 159)
      actually underwent donor nephrectomy. The minimal morbidity sustained by these
      patients re-emphasizes the importance of careful donor selection.

PMID- 2398558
TI  - Progression and survival after renal-conserving surgery for renal cell carcinoma:
      experience in 104 patients and extended followup.
AB  - Of 104 patients who underwent a conservative operation for renal cell carcinoma
      42 underwent partial nephrectomy, 60 underwent enucleation and 2 underwent a
      combination of these procedures. A total of 14 patients required an
      extracorporeal operation with autotransplantation. Forty patients had bilateral
      renal cell carcinoma (20 were synchronous and 20 were asynchronous) and 39 had
      either a solitary kidney or a poorly functioning contralateral renal unit. An
      operation was performed in the presence of a normal contralateral unit in 20
      patients. The maximal duration of followup was 20 years (mean 4.9 years): 43, 17
      and 7 patients were followed for 5 or more, 10 or more and 15 or more years,
      respectively. The 5-year cause-specific survival rates were 88.6 +/- 5.6, 91.6 +/
      4.7 and 88.9 +/- 3.8%, respectively, for the enucleation group, partial
      nephrectomy group and all patients combined. The percentages of patients free of
      local recurrence at 5 years for the enucleation and partial nephrectomy groups
      were 94.6 +/- 3.9 and 93.3 +/- 4.7%, respectively. The 14 patients who required
      an ex vivo approach had larger, higher stage and higher grade tumors, and a
      poorer outcome (5-year cause-specific survival rate and local rate free of
      recurrence were 54.9 +/- 17.2 and 85.7 +/- 13.2%, respectively). None of the 20
      patients with a normal contralateral unit had progression. The local survival
      rate free of disease and cause-specific survival rate were not significantly
      different for the simple enucleation and partial nephrectomy groups. Even longer
      followup is needed to assess more clearly the definitive role of simple
      enucleation in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and the clinical relevance
      of possible positive margins in a patient population that usually is older.

PMID- 2398557
TI  - Familial renal cell carcinoma: hereditary or coincidental?
AB  - The familial clustering of some cancers may be related to genetic factors, shared
      carcinogenic exposure among relatives or chance association. In cases of familial
      renal cell carcinoma identifying those persons at risk for renal tumors is
      difficult. There have been 28 family aggregates of renal carcinoma reported since
      1961 but an abnormality in the constitutional karyotype has been demonstrated in
      the members of only 1 of these families. Since 1980 we have identified 5 more
      families in which a total of 12 relatives had renal cell carcinoma. However,
      peripheral blood karyotypes obtained from the 7 patients and 5 unaffected
      relatives whom we studied showed no significant abnormalities. With current
      laboratory techniques it is not possible to differentiate reliably familial renal
      tumors occurring by chance from those hereditary tumors posing a threat to
      remaining relatives. Therefore, in families with multiple cases of renal cell
      carcinoma we recommend that screening be conducted as has been suggested for
      families with von Hippel-Lindau's disease, with an initial renal ultrasound for
      family members at age 30 years and repeat examinations every 2 to 3 years.

PMID- 2398559
TI  - Prognostic factors in patients with primary transitional cell carcinoma of the
      upper urinary tract.
AB  - A total of 50 patients with primary transitional cell carcinoma of the upper
      urinary tract underwent deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy characterization by flow
      cytometric analysis of paraffin embedded specimens. The primary tumor was diploid
      in 29 patients (58%) and aneuploid in 21 (42%). Aneuploidy was identified more
      frequently in grade 3 than in grades 1 and 2 neoplasms (p = 0.001). Additionally,
      grade 3 neoplasms occurred more often with invasive (stages T2 to T3) compared to
      superficial (stages TA, TIS and T1) tumors (p = 0.002). However, deoxyribonucleic
      acid ploidy was not significantly associated with tumor stage. Among the 49
      patients treated by a definitive operation the median survival free of disease
      and median over-all survival were 33.7 and more than 120 months, respectively.
      Variables examined included deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy, tumor grade, tumor
      stage, primary tumor site and type of operation. In the univariate analysis
      deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy was the only significant predictor of survival free
      of disease (p = 0.04). Aneuploid tumors had a median survival free of disease of
      19 versus 59 months for diploid tumors. However, in the multivariate analysis of
      factors affecting survival free of disease, the type of operation performed was
      the only significant variable. Patients undergoing nephroureterectomy with en
      bloc bladder cuff excision had a favorable survival free of disease (p = 0.04).
      Tumor stage was the only significant factor associated with over-all survival in
      univariate and multivariate analyses (p = 0.02 and 0.005, respectively). Patients
      with superficial tumors had a median survival of more than 120 versus 72 months
      for patients with invasive tumors. The data suggest that deoxyribonucleic acid
      ploidy may be a useful parameter to identify risk groups and plan the management
      of patients with primary transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.

PMID- 2398560
TI  - A continent colonic urinary reservoir: the Florida pouch.
AB  - A total of 92 patients underwent continent urinary diversion with an extended,
      detubularized right colonic segment as the urinary reservoir and the distal ileum
      as a continent catheterizable efferent system. In this series 65 patients were
      followed for 6 to 46 months (average 17 months). Our reservoir allows the
      accommodation of a large volume of urine; urodynamic studies in 28 patients
      demonstrated a maximum reservoir capacity varying between 550 and 1,200 cc
      (average 747 cc). Maximal reservoir pressures ranged from 10 to 58 cm. water
      (average 35 cm. water). Of the 127 ureterocolonic reimplantations 4 ureters were
      initially reimplanted with a modified Le Duc procedure, 26 ureters were managed
      subsequently with the Goodwin transcolonic approach and 91 reimplantations were
      done with a direct (nontunneled) mucosa-to-mucosa anastomosis. The overall
      success rates with each of the 3 techniques (absence of reflux and obstruction)
      were 75, 88.6 and 90.1%, respectively. Six megaureters underwent imbrication and
      direct reimplantation, and 3 of these (50%) became obstructed. Two converted
      ileal conduits were opened at the antimesenteric edge and were patched to the
      reservoir while the ureteroileal anastomosis was left undisturbed. One patient
      (1.5%) died of pulmonary embolism. Medical and surgical complications occurred
      only in the group who underwent simultaneous cystectomy and the over-all rate of
      complication was comparable to previous series with ileal conduits. The double
      row plication of the distal ileum and ileocecal valve allows for easy
      catheterization every 4 to 6 hours and 63 patients (97%) remain continent between
      catheterization. Four patients (6%) required reoperation for correction of
      incontinence or other complications. Our satisfactory experience with these
      patients makes this technique an excellent approach to achieving continent
      urinary diversion.

PMID- 2398561
TI  - Small urothelial carcinoma: diagnosis and treatment by cold forceps biopsy.
AB  - From 1987 to 1988 we used cold biopsy forceps to remove completely 92 urothelial
      neoplasms ranging from 0.3 to 3 mm. Rigid biopsy forceps were used. The urologist
      usually treats these bladder neoplasms by diathermy coagulation, which obviously
      makes histological study impossible. On the other hand, due to the small size of
      these lesions even removal with the cutting loop inevitably causes deep
      regressive modifications that prevent accurate morphological evaluation.
      Histological examination of the neoplasms removed revealed the presence of low to
      medium grade (stage Ta, grades 1 to 2) noninfiltrating papillary carcinoma in 75
      cases, high grade (stage Ta, grade 3) noninfiltrating papillary carcinoma in 9
      and medium to high grade (stage T1, grades 2 to 3) infiltrating papillary
      carcinoma in 8, 1 of which had areas of squamous cell carcinoma. This method
      enabled us to study the morphology of the urothelial lesions in the initial
      phase. In our study population the number of high grade lesions and/or lesions
      with early signs of infiltration (17 of 92) appears to be noteworthy despite the
      small size of the tumors.

PMID- 2398562
TI  - Characterization of squamous cell bladder tumors by flow cytometric
      deoxyribonucleic acid analysis: a report of 100 cases.
AB  - We studied 100 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder by flow cytometry
      after cystectomy. Tumors were classified according to the deoxyribonucleic acid
      profile into diploid or aneuploid. Proliferation of the tumors was assessed from
      the proportions of S-phase cells. The flow cytometric data were correlated to the
      histopathological stage and grade. Grade 1 tumors could be subdivided into
      diploid and aneuploid in 60 and 40% of the cases, respectively, while 95% of the
      grade 2 and all grade 3 tumors were aneuploid. Diploid tumors had low
      proliferation rates, while aneuploid tumors had significantly higher values. A
      high frequency of muscle invasive diploid squamous cell tumors was noted. Tumor
      heterogeneity was studied by comparing cell material from superficial and deep
      tumor areas, which were in agreement in 77% of the cases. By comparing biopsy
      material with that obtained by bladder washings, biopsy material yielded better
      information regarding deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy in half of the aneuploid
      tumors. These results indicate that flow cytometry offers an additional objective
      method to characterize squamous cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2398563
TI  - Prediction of lymph node metastases in bladder carcinoma with deoxyribonucleic
      acid flow cytometry.
AB  - The deoxyribonucleic acid patterns in lymph node metastases in relation to the
      degree of ploidy and proliferation in the primary bladder tumor were evaluated in
      162 patients who underwent cystectomy for muscle invasive bladder carcinoma. The
      34 diploid tumors had given rise to lymph node metastases in only 2 cases (6%),
      whereas 34% of the aneuploid tumors had metastasized. The frequency of lymph node
      metastases increased with the proportions of S-phase cells. In transitional cell
      carcinoma all tumors with a proportion of S-phase cells exceeding 20% had
      metastasized, while tumors with a proportion of S-phase cells between 10 and 20%,
      and less than 10% had metastases in 50 and 33%, respectively. The degree of
      ploidy of aneuploid tumors seems to be of importance for the potential to give
      rise to metastases, since the majority of metastatic tumors were in the triploid
      tetraploid and hyperdiploid but not hypertetraploid regions. The degree of ploidy
      of lymph node metastases was in good agreement with that of the primary tumors.

PMID- 2398564
TI  - Cigarettes, alcohol and marijuana are related to pyospermia in infertile men.
AB  - The relationship of current use of cigarettes, marijuana and alcohol to the
      parameters of seminal fluid analysis, sperm penetration assay and sperm
      autoimmunity was studied in 164 men from infertile couples. Current cigarette
      smokers, marijuana users and heavy alcohol users showed greater numbers of
      leukocytes in the seminal fluid than did nonusers (p less than 0.02, less than
      0.007 and less than 0.01, respectively). In addition, cigarette smokers had lower
      sperm penetration assay scores than nonsmokers (median 2.5 versus 8.0, p = 0.05).
      Users of cigarettes, marijuana or alcohol showed no decrease in sperm count,
      motility or percentage of oval sperm, and no difference in prevalence of
      antisperm antibodies compared to nonusers. After controlling for past sexually
      transmitted diseases and multiple substance exposures in a multivariate model,
      use of cigarettes (p = 0.006), marijuana (p = 0.12) or alcohol (p = 0.098)
      continued to be associated with a trend toward increased number of seminal fluid
      leukocytes. Cigarette smoking continued to show a significant decrease in sperm
      penetration assay score (p = 0.03).

PMID- 2398565
TI  - Reduction in human bladder wall compliance following decentralization.
AB  - The urodynamic records of patients who presented with voiding symptoms and/or
      incontinence, and who had areflexia after conal-cauda equina injury (33) or a
      radical pelvic operation (31) were examined. In contrast to reported experimental
      and clinical evidence, we found a higher prevalence of decreased compliance in
      the patients who had undergone a radical pelvic operation than in those who had
      sustained conal-cauda equina injury.

PMID- 2398566
TI  - A new technique for assessing the efferent innervation of the human striated
      urethral sphincter.
AB  - A technique is described for recording the electromyographic response of the
      striated urethral sphincter to transcutaneous magnetic stimulation of the brain
      and spinal cord. A series of 11 control patients have been studied and 3 examples
      of patients with neurological disease also are reported. The most reliable
      response was recorded after facilitated transcranial stimulation of the cerebral
      cortex, with the mean latency of the electromyographic response in the striated
      sphincter being 26.4 msec. (standard deviation 2.21). It is concluded that
      assessment of the latency of the striated urethral sphincter electromyographic
      response to transcranial magnetic stimulation may be a useful technique in the
      investigation of patients with disorders of micturition.

PMID- 2398567
TI  - Augmentation cystoplasty complicated by postoperative ventriculoperitoneal shunt
      infection.

PMID- 2398568
TI  - Rapidly progressive bilateral ureteral obstruction.
AB  - This is an unusual case of bilateral ureteral obstruction secondary to metastatic
      adenocarcinoma of an unknown primary. Knowledge of this condition and evaluation
      directed towards tissue confirmation of the process are important because recent
      reports suggest that chemotherapy may be helpful for some patients.

PMID- 2398569
TI  - An intrarenal opacity resisting extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
AB  - Milk of calcium renal stone refers to an entity described in connection to a
      similar condition in gallbladder disease. The intrarenal accumulation of calcium
      carbonate imitates a calcific density and frequently is located within a caliceal
      diverticulum or a pyelogenic cyst. Symptomatology, if present, mainly refers to a
      continuous flank distress but colicky pain complaints are rare. The diagnosis is
      radiological. The typical impression of a shifting fluid level is apparent when
      comparing x-rays with the patient in the supine position, and in the upright and
      lateral projections. When extracorporeal shock waves are applied on this target
      no fragmentation is achieved. Although the calcium content will account for a
      difference in acoustical impedance, neither a cleavage nor a fracture plane can
      be generated within the fluid calcium salt deposits.

PMID- 2398570
TI  - Massive intratubular hemorrhage with herniations into renal veins: report of a
      case.
AB  - A 24-year-old man had unilateral gross hematuria that required nephrectomy.
      Pathological examination revealed massive intratubular hemorrhage and frequent
      deposition of an amorphous and homogeneous material positive for periodic acid,
      Schiff stain in the corticomedullary junction. This substance had the
      characteristics of Tamm-Horsfall protein and frequently herniated into the lumen
      of thin-walled veins of arcuate size. There was no apparent cause for the
      bleeding. To the best of our knowledge this is the third reported case with these
      peculiar findings and no apparent cause. We discuss some hypotheses as to the
      etiopathogenesis of this rare and intriguing condition.

PMID- 2398571
TI  - Percutaneous nephrectomy in nonfunctioning kidneys: a preliminary report.
AB  - Nephrectomy is indicated for the removal of highly damaged kidneys. Several times
      patients are asymptomatic, and although the operation has a low morbidity rate
      they will refuse it. The development of new endourological techniques of
      percutaneous access to the kidney in experimental studies on liquefaction and
      aspiration of tissues, and the idea taken from the old resectoscope models using
      nonelectrical aids served to inspire our technique of percutaneous nephrectomy.
      Our patient presented with a nonfunctioning kidney due to ureteral obstruction
      and ultrasound demonstrated a severe decrease in renal parenchyma. Percutaneous
      access to the kidney was performed through the conventional manner and the
      remaining parenchyma was removed with biopsy and Lowsley forceps. Bleeding was
      minimum and a 22F nephrostomy Foley catheter was kept in place for 72 hours. As
      far as new instruments are developed, percutaneous nephrectomy represents a
      surgical option to remove nonfunctioning kidneys in highly selected patients.

PMID- 2398572
TI  - Portal venous drainage for cadaveric renal transplantation.
AB  - The iliac vessels are the standard site for vascular connections for kidney
      transplantation. Unusual circumstances may render the iliac vessels unusable. We
      report a case in which a cadaveric renal allograft was successfully transplanted
      despite an absence of normal venous anatomy, using the inferior mesenteric vein
      for revascularization.

PMID- 2398573
TI  - Endoscopic extraction of eroded Marlex mesh in a Kock pouch.
AB  - We report a case of recurrent calculi in a Kock pouch continent urinary
      diversion. An open operation was avoided by successfully excising the Marlex mesh
      and removing it with the associated calculi in an endoscopic fashion.

PMID- 2398574
TI  - Adenocarcinoma development in the trigone 34 years after trigonocolonic urinary
      diversion for exstrophy of the bladder.
AB  - A case of adenocarcinoma development in the trigone 34 years after
      trigonosigmoidostomy for exstrophy of the bladder is presented. The need for
      lifelong surveillance is emphasized and endoscopy is recommended annually in
      patients with urinary diversion to a colonic segment.

PMID- 2398575
TI  - Skin necrosis caused by use of negative pressure device for erectile impotence.
AB  - We report a case of skin necrosis as a result of the use of a negative pressure
      device for erectile dysfunction. To our knowledge this is the first report of
      such a complication. The patient was paraplegic with hypesthesia and analgesia of
      the genital area.

PMID- 2398576
TI  - Pyoderma gangrenosum presenting as Fournier's gangrene.
AB  - We report a case of pyoderma gangrenosum presenting as Fournier's gangrene.
      Although both processes have a similar presentation effective management is
      markedly different. Whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics and aggressive surgical
      debridement are necessary to control Fournier's gangrene, immediate institution
      of corticosteroids and local wound care are indicated for pyoderma gangrenosum.

PMID- 2398577
TI  - Traumatic rupture of the corpus cavernosum: evaluation and management.
AB  - Rupture of the corpus cavernosum is a rare but probably under-reported entity. It
      truly represents a urological emergency and current recommendations are for early
      surgical intervention. We review 5 cases with evaluation, treatment and followup.
      Delays in treatment lead to long-term complications, such as erectile dysfunction
      and penile curvature.

PMID- 2398578
TI  - Artificial spermatocele persisting for 14 years.
AB  - In a patient with azoospermia secondary to bilateral agenesis of the vas deferens
      an artificial spermatocele was constructed from the tunica vaginalis testis. The
      sperm reservoir has been in place for 14 years with its size and the quality of
      the aspirated semen unchanged. A total of 70 aspirations performed during this
      period yielded mean volumes of 0.7 +/- 0.24 ml. with a sperm density of 60 +/-
      14.7 million per ml. Sperm morphology was normal and sperm motility, although
      markedly decreased, responded well to stimulation by a motility enhancer. The
      patient did not have antisperm antibodies.

PMID- 2398579
TI  - Spontaneous breakage of self-retaining intraprostatic stent.
AB  - An unexpected late complication was observed in a patient in whom the self
      retaining intraprostatic stent was inserted. Among our 32 patients in whom the
      device was used, instead of a long-term indwelling catheter in high operative
      risk patients or in those awaiting a definitive operation, the success rate was
      80%, with a 20% immediate failure rate. Spontaneous breakage of the device
      occurred 96 days after its insertion. This device was removed endoscopically and
      a new unit was inserted under sonographic guidance. After 6 months the device
      still functioned satisfactorily.

PMID- 2398580
TI  - The fourteenth annual meeting of the Southern Association for Vascular Surgery.
      Acapulco, Mexico, Jan. 24-27, 1990. Proceedings.

PMID- 2398581
TI  - The Syme amputation: success in elderly diabetic patients with palpable ankle
      pulses.
AB  - The Syme amputation is an old operation that has been used during this century
      primarily as a means of treating traumatic injuries to the forefoot in military
      patients. In 1984 we made a deliberate attempt to perform the operation in a
      highly selective group of dysvascular patients with forefoot necrosis who
      happened to have a palpable posterior tibial pulse. We reviewed the charts of 26
      patients who underwent a one-stage (3 patients) or two-stage (23 patients) Syme
      amputation. The mean age was 60 years, (range 32 to 74 years). There were 17
      insulin-dependent diabetic patients, and 3 diet-controlled diabetic patients.
      Twenty-two patients (85%) had a palpable posterior tibial pulse before surgery.
      Fourteen patients (54%) underwent a preliminary Ray (4) or transmetatarsal (10)
      amputation to rid the forefoot of an active infection. Overall, 20 patients (77%)
      had successful Syme amputations. Nineteen of 22 patients (85%) with a palpable
      posterior tibial pulse had a successful amputation in contrast to one out of four
      patients (25%) who did not have a palpable pulse before surgery (p = 0.04). The
      mean follow-up of all patients was 23 months. The durability of the operation was
      demonstrated in finding that only one patient in 20 initially successful Syme
      amputations required revision to the below-knee level. The two-stage Syme
      amputation can be a very gratifying operation with success rates approaching 85%,
      even if offered to elderly diabetic patients. The single most important feature
      for success is to limit the operation to those patients with a palpable posterior
      tibial pulse before operation.

PMID- 2398582
TI  - Combined coronary artery bypass grafting and bilateral renal revascularization
      for unstable angina and impeding renal failure.
AB  - The purpose of our article is to describe a patient with severe hypertension and
      moderate renal insufficiency, unstable angina, and a 6 cm abdominal aortic
      aneurysm. A previous aortogram had demonstrated severe bilateral renal artery
      stenoses. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated severe coronary disease. After
      cardiac catheterization acute renal failure and pulmonary edema requiring
      dialysis developed in the patient. In addition, evidence of impending myocardial
      necrosis developed. Because of the critical nature of the myocardial and renal
      ischemia it was necessary to perform combined myocardial and renal
      revascularization rather than staged procedures. At the time of coronary artery
      bypass grafting, a vein graft was anastomosed to the right coronary artery vein
      graft and tunneled through the diaphragm into the abdomen to revascularize both
      renal arteries. After surgery renal function gradually improved, and no further
      dialysis was required. The abdominal aortic aneurysm was repaired at a subsequent
      operation. At 2-year follow-up all grafts remained patent. The serum creatinine
      is 1.2 mg/dl. Although most patients with combined coronary artery disease and
      renal artery disease can be treated with staged operations, our procedure may be
      of value in patients in whom staged procedure are not feasible and in whom the
      infrarenal aorta is severely diseased or aneurysmal.

PMID- 2398583
TI  - Aneurysm formation in experimental atherosclerosis: relationship to plaque
      evolution.
AB  - To determine whether aneurysms form in experimental diet-induced atherosclerosis,
      we reviewed our experience with cynomolgus monkeys (n = 268) and rhesus monkeys
      (n = 175) fed an atherogenic diet for various lengths of time. Many animals in
      long-term experiments were fed "regression" diets and cholestyramine to lower
      cholesterol levels after lesions were established. No aneurysms were found in
      animals on normal diet. There were no aneurysms in 252 animals fed an atherogenic
      diet with or without regression for 12 months or less. However, aneurysms formed
      in 13% of cynomolgus monkeys (4 of 31) and 1% (1 of 107) rhesus monkeys on an
      atherogenic regimen for 16 to 24 months. Four of the five animals with aneurysms
      were on a regression diet and cholestyramine for 4 to 12 months. The fifth was
      fed the atherogenic diet for 20 months without subsequent regression. Aneurysms
      were prominent and involved the thoracic and abdominal aorta, innominate artery,
      carotid arteries, iliac and femoral arteries, and formed in areas most involved
      with plaque formation in both species. Histologic evidence was found of thinning
      of the media and atrophy with loss of normal architecture. The higher incidence
      of aneurysms in cynomolgus monkeys was associated with greater media destruction
      than was noted in the rhesus. These data support the thesis that aneurysm
      formation is a manifestation of atherosclerosis. In primate atherosclerosis,
      aneurysms form only after prolonged exposure to the atherogenic regimen, even in
      the presence of declining serum cholesterol levels. Matrix fibers in plaques may
      provide structural support to the aortic wall where there is underlying atrophy
      of the media. With time or declining serum cholesterol levels or both, plaques
      may atrophy leaving an aortic wall too thin to support increasing mural tension,
      leading to aneurysmal enlargement.

PMID- 2398585
TI  - Radical treatment of mal perforans in diabetic patients with arterial
      insufficiency.
AB  - Forty patients with diabetes mellitus and severe mal perforans underwent dorsal
      excision of the involved metatarsal head with primary closure of the plantar
      ulcer. Patients were screened before operation with noninvasive studies
      documenting pulse examination, ankle pressure index, and toe blood pressures.
      Fifteen of 40 patients (38%) had no palpable pedal pulses. Three patients had
      vascular reconstruction before metatarsal head resection. Mean toe pressure of
      the entire group was 135 +/- 35 mm Hg (range, 60 to 190), with six patients
      having a pressure less than 100 mm Hg. All patients had primary healing of the
      plantar wound and secondary healing of the dorsal incision with no amputations or
      readmissions for forefoot sepsis in the mean follow-up of 38.5 months (range, 2
      to 54 months). In seven patients with recurrent ulcers, no relationship was found
      between measured indexes of forefoot perfusion and recurrence. However, all
      patients with recurrence were noncompliant in returning for follow-up orthotic
      care. This technique provides a means to ensure rapid healing of severe mal
      perforans while decreasing hospitalization, wound care, and periods of
      immobilization and is applicable in diabetic patients with arterial insufficiency
      and toe pressure of at least 60 mm Hg.

PMID- 2398584
TI  - The use of composite grafts in femorocrural bypasses performed for limb salvage:
      a review of 108 consecutive cases and comparison with 57 in situ saphenous vein
      bypasses.
AB  - We retrospectively reviewed the results of 108 consecutive femorocrural bypasses
      performed with prosthetic/autogenous composite graft material and compared these
      with the results of 57 crural bypasses using greater saphenous vein by the in
      situ technique. Indication for operation in all cases was the salvage of an
      otherwise imminently threatened limb. Polytetrafluoroethylene-composite grafts (n
      = 87) and human umbilical vein-composite grafts (n = 21) were placed only in
      patients lacking suitable autogenous material for in-line reconstruction. Patient
      groups were similar with respect to mean age, prevalence of arterial disease risk
      factors, quality of the distal runoff, and location of the distal anastomosis.
      Cumulative patency rates at 1 year by life-table analysis were 81.9%, 34.6%, and
      12.1% for the in situ, polytetrafluoroethylene-composite and human umbilical vein
      composite groups, respectively. At 2 years these were 63.9%, 29.9%, and 6.0%,
      respectively (p less than 0.025). Cumulative limb salvage at 1 year was 70.6%,
      62.3%, and 32.7%, respectively. Wound-related complications occurred in 52.4% of
      human umbilical vein-composite, 38.6% of in situ, and 18.3% of
      polytetrafluoroethylene-composite bypasses (p less than 0.05). On the basis of
      these results, we conclude that femorocrural bypass with polytetrafluoroethylene
      composite graft is an acceptable form of distal reconstruction for limb salvage
      in patients lacking sufficient lengths of autogenous vein. We no longer use human
      umbilical vein for composite construction.

PMID- 2398586
TI  - Significance and management of inflow gradients unexpectedly generated after
      femorofemoral, femoropopliteal, and femoroinfrapopliteal bypass grafting.
AB  - With multilevel arteriosclerosis, some patients undergoing infrainguinal bypass
      grafting will develop femoral/brachial pressure gradients only after the bypass
      is performed. We therefore evaluated arteriographically alternate inflow sites
      and measured the femoral/brachial pressure gradients before and after placement
      of 87 femorofemoral and 510 femoropopliteal/infrapopliteal bypasses. No prebypass
      femoral/brachial pressure gradients were present with and without intraarterial
      papaverine. However, femoral/branchial pressure gradients greater than or equal
      to 15 mm Hg were observed after the bypass placement in 16 femorofemoral patients
      and 43 femoropopliteal/infrapopliteal patients. Gradients averaged 28 +/- 8 (SD)
      (range, 15 to 50) mm Hg. The post femorofemoral bypass gradients were treated by
      immediate supplementary inflow extension to the aorta (three patients) or an
      axillary artery (three patients); by postoperative iliac percutaneous
      transluminal angioplasty (four patients) or by no treatment (six patients with
      femoral/brachial pressure gradients of 15 to 35 [23 +/- 5] mm Hg). The 43
      postfemoropopliteal/infrapopliteal bypass gradients were treated by immediate
      supplementary inflow extension to the contralateral femoral artery (15 patients),
      the aorta (8 patients), or an axillary artery (3 patients); by postoperative
      iliac percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (5 patients) or by no treatment (12
      patients with femoral/brachial pressure gradients of 15 to 30 [21 +/- 4] mm Hg).
      No thrombosis occurred in the 10 femorofemoral bypasses with postbypass
      femoral/brachial pressure gradients that were treated. One of the six
      femorofemoral patients with untreated gradients required a subsequent aortic
      extension, and one thrombosed after 2 years. Of the 12 untreated patients with
      femoropopliteal/infrapopliteal bypasses one graft occluded early, and two late
      failures occurred 12 and 18 months later.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398587
TI  - Complex upper extremity vascular trauma in an urban population.
AB  - Eighty patients with upper extremity vascular trauma were treated during a 4-year
      period. Of 123 vascular injuries, 95 were arterial, 1 was primary venous, and 27
      were associated venous injuries. Causes included penetrating (64%), blunt (27%),
      and iatrogenic injuries (9%). Arteries injured were ulnar (34), radial (28),
      brachial (22), subclavian (6), and axillary (5). Numbers of patients with
      associated injuries were nerve (53), vein (27), bone (23), and soft tissue
      injuries (60). The most common techniques of arterial repair were end-to-end
      anastomosis (50), followed by interposition saphenous vein grafting (40).
      Fasciotomy was used in 36 patients. Two arterial repairs failed during surgery
      and required revision (1) or thrombectomy (1). One radial artery repair
      thrombosed during late follow-up, with maintenance of normal extremity perfusion
      via the ulnar artery. No amputations were required, and 83% of all patients
      treated for nerve injuries resolved or improved their neurologic deficits. Two or
      more operations for surgical debridement and subsequent wound closure were
      required in 35 patients. This study supports an aggressive approach to diagnosis
      and treatment of complex upper extremity vascular trauma emphasizing meticulous
      surgical technique, liberal use of fasciotomy, and aggressive intraoperative
      debridement and repair of associated injuries.

PMID- 2398588
TI  - Postcatheterization vascular complications associated with percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty.
AB  - The threat of a vascular complication exists in association with any percutaneous
      arterial catheterization, but is greater in the more complex interventional
      techniques. During a 3 1/2-year period from January 1985 through June 1988, 4988
      percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty procedures were performed at Emory
      University Hospital. All patients were given heparin during the cardiac
      intervention, and all had a catheter introducer left in place for several hours
      after completion of the procedure. Fifty-five iatrogenic vascular complications
      developed in 52 patients (1%), resulting in 54 corrective operations.
      Pseudoaneurysm, the most frequent complication, was seen in 35 patients (64%).
      This was followed by arteriovenous fistula in eight (15%), uncontrolled
      hemorrhage in six (11%), arterial thrombosis in three (6%), peripheral
      embolization in two (4%), and bowel ischemia in one patient. The outcome of
      surgical therapy in the entire group was quite acceptable with no operative
      mortality, no extremity amputation, and a 7.4% complication rate. Variables that
      correlated with an increased risk of peripheral vascular problems after
      percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty included advanced age, female
      gender, thrombolytic therapy, and postprocedural anticoagulation. Variables that
      did not appear to correlate were hypertension, diabetes, prior percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty, antiplatelet therapy, or the size of the
      guiding catheter used.

PMID- 2398589
TI  - Primary popliteal venous aneurysm with recurrent pulmonary emboli.
AB  - Primary venous aneurysms are infrequently noted and rarely have clinical
      significance. An important exception, however, is an aneurysm of the popliteal
      vein that is known to be a source for pulmonary emboli. We present the case of a
      previously healthy 57-year-old man with recurrent episodes of occult pulmonary
      embolism. Initial diagnostic investigations were compatible with multiple
      pulmonary emboli, but no source was identified. Subsequently, an indium 111
      labeled platelet scan confirmed a site of active thrombus formation in the right
      lower extremity above the knee. Magnetic resonance imaging defined a saccular
      aneurysm of the popliteal vein, which was confirmed by contrast venography.
      Thereafter, the patient had resection of the venous aneurysm and tangential
      venorrhaphy. After operation duplex scanning confirmed patency of the venous
      repair. This is the eleventh report in the English-language literature of
      pulmonary emboli suspected of having originated from a popliteal venous aneurysm.

PMID- 2398590
TI  - Distal internal carotid exposure: a simplified technique for temporary mandibular
      subluxation.
AB  - Distal internal carotid artery exposure can be technically demanding even for
      experienced vascular surgeons. Although a variety of techniques have been
      described to facilitate such exposure, temporary mandibular subluxation has
      emerged as the simplest and least debilitating approach. Current techniques for
      maintaining temporary mandibular subluxation during distal internal carotid
      artery procedures, including maxillomandibular arch bar fixation and
      circummandibular/transnasal wiring, have been time consuming and associated with
      complications. Over the last 4 years a new simplified technique of temporary
      mandibular subluxation fixation has been used in 14 patients requiring distal
      internal carotid exposure. Indications for operation included extended carotid
      endarterectomy (8), carotid body tumor excision (2), repair of distal internal
      carotid artery trauma (2), and repair of postendarterectomy pseudoaneurysm (2).
      Among patients with healthy teeth, unilateral temporary mandibular subluxation
      was maintained by interdental wiring from the ipsilateral mandibular bicuspids to
      the contralateral maxillary bicuspids. In edentulous patients or those with
      chronic periodontal disease, temporary mandibular subluxation was maintained with
      diagonal wiring between maxillary and mandibular Steinmann pins. No instances of
      malocclusion, dental injury, or local infection were observed. Transient
      postoperative cranial nerve dysfunction was observed in three patients. Transient
      ipsilateral temporomandibular joint pain occurred in three patients. Two patients
      developed permanent cranial nerve injuries unrelated to temporary mandibular
      subluxation. These data suggest that temporary mandibular subluxation by diagonal
      interdental/Steinmann pin wiring is safe, expeditious, and effective in
      facilitating exposure of the distal internal carotid artery.

PMID- 2398591
TI  - Unilateral sudden hearing loss as a result of anomalous carotid anatomy.
AB  - The term sudden hearing loss refers to hearing losses of sensorineural origin
      that evolve over a short period of time and are often of unknown origin. Common
      causes include damage to the cochleovestibular nerve by viral infection,
      autoimmune disease, vascular insult, and labyrinthine membrane rupture. A 70-year
      old man had a history of recent diplopia, dysarthria, syncopal episodes,
      dysequilibrium, and the sudden onset of deafness in his right ear. Angiography
      demonstrated severe ulcerative stenosis of the right internal carotid origin and
      an anomalous vessel (probable remnant of hypoglossal artery) originating from the
      distal right internal carotid artery that perfused the entire distal vertebral
      and basilar artery circulation. Arch angiograms confirmed the absence of a
      proximal right vertebral artery and revealed a small left vertebral artery that
      ended in the cervical region without reaching the posterior fossa. Standard right
      carotid endarterectomy with patch angioplasty resolved all neurologic symptoms
      except for persistent unilateral deafness at 9 months' follow-up. Presumed
      embolization through this anomalous vessel to the internal auditory artery and
      subsequent cochlear and vestibular branches represents the first reported case of
      sudden hearing loss as a result of anterior circulatory ulcerative disease.

PMID- 2398592
TI  - Evolution of hook design for fixation of the titanium Greenfield filter.
AB  - The titanium Greenfield filter was developed to facilitate operative and
      percutaneous insertion by a carrier (12F) smaller than that required for the
      standard stainless steel filter (24F). In preliminary clinical studies however,
      it proved to have an unacceptable rate of distal slippage and caval wall
      penetration. Therefore four modifications in hook design and base diameter have
      been tested in 20 sheep by implantation above and below the renal veins. In
      comparison to control titanium Greenfield filters (n = 8), neither changes in
      hook angle with smaller diameter base (type I, n = 4), elimination of limb flare
      (type II, n = 4), or 80 degree hook angle (type IV, n = 10) prevented migration
      and entry into venous tributaries or penetration. Penetration scores on the basis
      of autopsy findings did not correlate with antemortem predictions based on
      cavograms and showed 1.5 +/- 2.0/filter for controls, 1.0 +/- 1.15/filter for
      type I, 1.75 +/- 0.96/filter for type II and 1.67 +/- 1.37/filter for type IV. It
      was necessary to change the configuration of the hook completely to a recurved
      hook design providing a base pad for the 80 degree hook (type VI, n = 6) to limit
      migration and penetration with a score of 0.33 +/- 0.82/filter. Effects of
      experimental embolism were studied in six sheep (two acute, four chronic) and
      showed effective trapping by both type IV and type VI filters with no evidence of
      filter migration or damage to the caval wall. Persistent thrombus appeared to be
      caused by the remnants of oxidized cellulose used to induce thrombi, but there
      was no evidence of propagation proximal to the filter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2398593
TI  - Foot salvage and improvement of microvascular blood flow as a result of epidural
      spinal cord electrical stimulation.
AB  - Epidural spinal cord electrical stimulation has been suggested as an alternative
      treatment in patients with limb-threatening ischemia in whom vascular
      reconstructive surgery is not possible anymore. We studied the effects of
      epidural spinal cord electrical stimulation on microcirculatory blood flow in 20
      patients with ischemic rest pain and ulcers. Angiography showed occluded crural
      arteries technically unsuitable for reconstructive surgery. Intravital capillary
      microscopy was used to assess capillary density and diameter and red blood cell
      velocity before and after a 1-minute period of arterial occlusion. After epidural
      spinal cord electrical stimulation 18 patients claimed immediate pain relief,
      which was confirmed by intravital capillary microscopy. Capillary density
      increased from 10 to 19/mm2 (p less than 0.001), red blood cell velocity
      increased from 0.088 to 0.496 mm/sec (p less than 0.001), and peak red blood cell
      velocity after arterial occlusion increased from 0.092 to 0.548 mm/sec (p less
      than 0.001). Two patients had no immediate pain relief; they did not show
      improvement of microcirculatory perfusion, and amputation was necessary. During
      the follow-up period (3 months to 3 years, mean 27 months), six other patients
      had recurrent ischemic pain, and amputation was necessary. In 12 patients pain
      relief continued, and ischemic ulcers healed; capillary microscopy confirmed
      improved microcirculatory blood flow. Microcirculatory parameters were
      significantly higher in respondents than in nonrespondents (p less than 0.001).
      Life-table analysis revealed a cumulative foot salvage of 80% and 56% after 1 and
      2 years, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398595
TI  - Atherosclerosis and aneurysm disease.

PMID- 2398594
TI  - Factors affecting patency of venous allografts in miniature swine.
AB  - In immunologically defined National Institutes of Health miniswine, a segment of
      internal jugular vein was anastomosed to the carotid artery as an interposition
      graft. Patency of swine major histocompatibility complex matched, one haplotype
      mismatched, and complete mismatched veins was 9.8, 6.3, and 3.0 weeks
      respectively (p = 0.009). More than 90% of mismatched and 20% of matched
      allografts developed a positive crossmatch before occlusion (p = 0.006). The
      mixed lymphocyte response did not predict graft occlusion. Treatment of 10 swine
      with cyclosporine (10 mg/kg/day) did not significantly improve patency for one
      haplotype mismatched grafts. In haplotype mismatched veins, cryopreserved grafts
      occluded more rapidly than noncryopreserved grafts: mean 2.4 versus 6.3 weeks,
      respectively (p = 0.002). In all cryopreserved vein grafts, alloantibody appeared
      at or after graft occlusion rather than before occlusion as seen with fresh
      allografts (p = 0.046). The mean patency of cryopreserved versus fresh autografts
      was 3.3 and greater than 32 weeks, respectively (p = 0.004). In summary, these
      results indicate that (1) allograft patency is related to the degree of swine
      major histocompatibility complex match and development of cytotoxic
      alloantibodies; (2) moderate-dose cyclosporine does not prolong allograft patency
      nor suppress development of antibody; (3) cryopreservation may accelerate graft
      occlusion through nonimmunologic mechanisms.

PMID- 2398596
TI  - Blunting 'steroid epidemic' requires alternatives, innovative education.

PMID- 2398597
TI  - Marfan syndrome gene search intensifies following identification of basic defect.

PMID- 2398598
TI  - Researchers seek sources of sturm und drang that buffet youngsters during
      adolescence.

PMID- 2398599
TI  - From the National Institutes of Health.

PMID- 2398600
TI  - From the Health Care Financing Administration.

PMID- 2398601
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated
      with ingestion of L-tryptophan--United States, through August 24, 1990.

PMID- 2398602
TI  - Abuse of medical students.

PMID- 2398603
TI  - The abuse of erythropoietin to enhance athletic performance.

PMID- 2398604
TI  - Nifedipine-alcohol interaction.

PMID- 2398605
TI  - Board eligible? Unreal!

PMID- 2398606
TI  - CPR: the P stands for plumber's helper.

PMID- 2398607
TI  - Changing patterns of asthma mortality. Identifying target populations at high
      risk.
AB  - Studies have suggested increases in hospitalization for asthma and in asthma
      mortality during the early 1980s. Using US Vital Records, we examined asthma
      mortality from 1968 through 1987 to describe the rates of change among children
      and young adults (aged 5 to 34 years) with time and in small geographic areas.
      During the 1970s, US asthma mortality declined by 7.8% per annum (+/- 1.0%),
      declining faster among women and nonwhites. During the 1980s, mortality increased
      by 6.2% per annum (+/- 1.2%), increasing faster among those aged 5 to 14 years
      than among those aged 15 to 34 years. Small-area geographic analysis revealed
      four areas with persistently high asthma mortality. Neither changes in
      International Classification of Diseases coding nor improved recognition of
      asthma, as demonstrated by trends in autopsy rates or rates of in-hospital
      deaths, seems to explain the increasing mortality of the 1980s.

PMID- 2398608
TI  - Changing patterns of asthma hospitalization among children: 1979 to 1987.
AB  - The National Hospital Discharge Survey was used to evaluate the trends in asthma
      hospitalizations among children under International Classification of Diseases,
      Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM): 1979 to 1987. During this
      period, asthma hospitalizations among children aged 0 to 17 years increased 4.5%
      per annum (95% confidence interval [Cl], 2% to 7.1%). The increase was largest
      among 0 to 4 year olds, 5.0% per annum (95% Cl, 3.4% to 6.7%), vs 2.9% per annum
      (95% Cl, -0.3% to 6.2%) observed among 5 to 17 year olds. Among children aged 0
      to 4 years, blacks had approximately 1.8 times the increase of whites. During
      this time, total hospitalizations decreased -4.6% (95% Cl, -6.6% to -2.5%), while
      admissions for lower respiratory tract disease had a statistically insignificant
      decrease: -1.3%. Acute and chronic/unspecified bronchitis hospitalizations
      decreased -6.1% (95% Cl, -9.4% to -2.7%), but this decrease did not begin until
      1983. Thus, a shift in coding from bronchitis to asthma does not seem to fully
      explain the increase.

PMID- 2398609
TI  - Attitudes of internal medicine faculty and residents toward professional
      interaction with pharmaceutical sales representatives.
AB  - We surveyed faculty and residents from seven hospitals affiliated with three
      academic internal medicine training programs about their perceptions of the
      informational and service benefits vs the risks of ethical compromise involved in
      interactions with pharmaceutical sales representatives. Questionnaires were
      returned by 467 (81%) of 575 physicians surveyed. Residents and faculty generally
      had somewhat negative attitudes toward the educational and informational value of
      detailing activities at their institutions but indicated that representatives
      supported important conferences and speakers. Residents were more likely than
      faculty to perceive contacts with sales representatives as potentially
      influencing physician decision making. Sixty-seven percent of faculty and 77% of
      residents indicated that physicians could be compromised by accepting gifts. More
      than half of the physicians who suggested that such compromise was possible
      indicated that acceptance of gifts worth more than +100 from drug companies would
      be likely to compromise a physician's independence and objectivity. A majority of
      both faculty and house staff favored eliminating presentations by pharmaceutical
      representatives at their hospitals. Only 10% thought they had had sufficient
      training during medical school and residency regarding professional interaction
      with sales representatives.

PMID- 2398610
TI  - Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Results of national surveillance.
AB  - Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, a newly recognized disorder that occurred in
      epidemic proportions during 1989, is associated with ingestion of manufactured
      tryptophan. A case is defined by debilitating myalgias and absolute eosinophilia
      greater than or equal to 1.0 x 10(9) cells/L. As of July 10, 1990, a total of
      1531 cases had been reported nationwide, including 27 deaths. The highest rates
      of reported illness are concentrated in the western states, 68% are non-Hispanic
      white women aged 35 years and older, and data on associated clinical findings
      suggest a multisystemic disorder. The most frequent features include arthralgia
      (73%), rash (60%), cough or dyspnea (59%), peripheral edema (59%), elevated
      aldolase level (46%), and elevations in the results of liver function tests
      (43%). Neuropathy or neuritis, resulting in paralysis and death in some patients,
      was seen in 27%, and chest roentgenogram abnormalities were noted in 21% of those
      tested. Ninety-one percent reported onset of symptoms during or after May 1989,
      and 97% reported having taken tryptophan before the onset of symptoms. Since the
      recall of over-the-counter preparations of tryptophan in November 1989, the
      number of new cases of this potentially fatal disorder has fallen dramatically.

PMID- 2398611
TI  - Pemphigus. Skin failure mediated by autoantibodies.
AB  - Pemphigus is a group of diseases in which autoantibodies mediate a loss of cell
      to-cell adhesion, resulting in blister formation and ultimate failure of the
      barrier function of the skin. These autoantibodies are directed against complexes
      that contain polypeptides found in adhering junctions. Exactly how these
      antibodies mediate loss of cell adhesion, whether through secondary mechanisms
      such as release of proteases, direct interference of junction formation, or both,
      remains an area of active and exciting investigation.

PMID- 2398612
TI  - Patient-initiated laboratory testing: applauding the inevitable.

PMID- 2398614
TI  - Aspirin prophylaxis for migraine.

PMID- 2398613
TI  - Reflections on the rise in asthma morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2398615
TI  - Clinical decision making: from theory to practice. Connecting value and costs.
      Whom do we ask, and what do we ask them?

PMID- 2398616
TI  - Persistent elevation of cardiac enzymes in a patient with hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy--with special reference to electrocardiographic, echocardiographic
      and 201-thallium myocardial scintigraphic findings.
AB  - A 17-year-old female patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy whose serum cardiac
      enzymes (creatine phosphokinase = CPK, lactic dehydrogenase = LDH) showed
      persistent elevation was presented. Percent of CPK-MB and LDH1 in 6-year-follow
      up period ranged from 3.2% to 8.5%, and 58.0% to 63.2%, respectively. This
      finding strongly suggests the existence of a small amount of continuous
      myocardial necrosis for a long time. The influence of cardiac enzyme release on
      the heart was assessed by serial checks of electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and
      201-thallium myocardial scintigram. In serial checks of electrocardiograms,
      markedly decreased R wave amplitude ranging between 31% and 47% was observed in
      II, III, aVF and V3-6. On echocardiograms, asymmetric septal hypertrophy and a
      narrow left ventricular cavity were observed in all echocardiograms through the
      follow-up period. But, in most recent apical two-dimensional echocardiograms,
      hourglass appearance of the left ventricle due to a distinct cavity-formation at
      the apex was observed. In 201-thallium single photon emission computed tomogram,
      hypoperfusion area markedly extended in anterior and lateral parts. These changes
      in electrocardiograms, echocardiograms and 201-thallium myocardial scintigrams
      seemed to reflect myocardial necrosis. Our case points to a mechanism for
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to change, over time, to dilated cardiomyopathy-like
      features.

PMID- 2398617
TI  - Increased dependence on slow filling for left ventricular diastolic filling in
      patients with coronary artery disease and a depressed systolic function-
      assessment with radionuclide ventriculography.
AB  - Contributions of rapid filling, slow filling and atrial systole to the left
      ventricular (LV) filling volume were analyzed with the use of radionuclide
      ventriculography at rest, both globally and regionally, in 34 patients with
      isolated disease of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The patients
      included 17 with a normal ejection fraction (EF greater than or equal to 50%;
      group 1) and 17 with a depressed EF (less than 50%; group 2), and the data were
      compared with those obtained from 13 normal subjects. A computer program
      subdivided the LV image into 4 regions, and time-activity curves were constructed
      globally and regionally by reverse-gating from the R wave. In both groups the
      contribution of rapid filling to the LV filling volume was decreased
      significantly in the affected septal and apical regions, and in the global left
      ventricle compared with that in normal subjects. In group 1, the contribution of
      atrial systole showed an increase in these affected regions and in the global
      left ventricle. In contrast, in group 2, the atrial contribution was not
      increased globally or regionally as much as was expected. However, the
      contribution of slow filling was either increased significantly or tended to
      increase in the affected regions and in the global left ventricle. There were
      negative correlations between the contribution of rapid filling and that of slow
      filling in the global left ventricle (r = -0.73, p less than 0.001) and in each
      of the septal, apical and lateral regions (r greater than or equal to -0.60, p
      less than 0.001), which suggested that the contribution of slow filling as well
      as of atrial systole undergoes an increase as rapid filling is impaired. Thus, in
      patients with coronary artery disease, the left ventricle relies on slow filling
      as well as atrial systole to affect diastolic LV filling in the affected regions
      and in the global left ventricle in the presence of LV systolic dysfunction.

PMID- 2398618
TI  - Platelet noradrenaline content as an integrated measure of variations in plasma
      noradrenaline.
AB  - To determine whether or not platelet noradrenaline (NA) content reflects a long
      term variation of plasma NA concentration, the following experiments were carried
      out. During a 2-hour intravenous infusion of NA in rabbits, plasma NA
      concentration increased rapidly to an almost consistent level 1 h later, but
      platelet NA content increased linearly. One hour after the infusion, the plasma
      NA concentration returned to normal level, while platelet NA content decreased
      little and only returned to the original level about 80 h later. By the 24-hour
      cold exposure stimulation (4 +/- 0.5 degrees C), platelet NA content and urinary
      NA excretion increased significantly in rats. There was a significant correlation
      between the urinary NA excretion and platelet NA content. In a patient with
      pheochromocytoma, the high plasma NA concentration returned to nearly normal
      levels a few hours after removal of the tumor, platelet NA content returned to
      normal levels 4 days after surgery. These results indicate that the measurement
      of platelet NA content serves as a better index for obtaining an average
      variation of NA concentration and sympathetic nerve activity. The measurement of
      platelet NA content also provides a reliable means of diagnosing
      pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2398619
TI  - Histopathological criteria of myocarditis--a study based on normal heart,
      chagasic heart and dilated cardiomyopathy.
AB  - This work is a detailed study of the relevance of three sets of criteria to
      define myocarditis: Dallas meeting criterion, Edwards criterion and Dallas
      meeting criterion modified by the authors. Two groups were evaluated: normal
      autopsied hearts and endomyocardial biopsy from chronic chagasic patients at high
      risk of having myocarditis. Furthermore, endomyocardial biopsies from patients
      with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were also evaluated. Applying the Edwards
      criterion, incidences of myocarditis in normal and chagasic hearts were 0% and
      67% while with Dallas meeting criterion they were 0% and 42% and using our
      criterion the incidences were 0% and 92% respectively. In endomyocardial biopsies
      from DCM patients, the incidence of myocarditis was 7% with Edwards criterion,
      22% with Dallas meeting and 33% with the authors own criterion. The authors
      concluded that their criterion, which defines myocarditis as the presence of
      inflammatory mononuclear cells enclosing more than 2 lymphocytes/400X aggregated
      to the cardiac fiber sarcolemma, is the most appropriate criterion of the three.
      Myocarditis was found in 33% of the 27 endomyocardial biopsy specimens from
      patients with DCM.

PMID- 2398620
TI  - A survey of sudden death among school children in Osaka Prefecture.
AB  - For 2 years, from January 1985 to December 1986, we carried out a thorough
      investigation of sudden death or apparent sudden death in a population between 5
      and 19 years of age in Osaka Prefecture. Sudden death (unexpected death caused by
      intrinsic factors within 24 h after the onset of symptoms) occurred in 62 boys
      and 30 girls, with an annual sudden death rate of 3.0 per 100,000 for boys and
      1.5 per 100,000 for girls. Of these 92 deaths, 64 occurred among school children
      (elementary or high school students), and it was these that were subjected to
      further analyses. Of the school children deaths, 29.7% seemed to be apparent
      sudden cardiac death (based on circumstances immediately before death, although
      there was no definite evidence for sudden cardiac death), and 29.7% were sudden
      death clearly attributable to underlying heart diseases (hence, sudden cardiac
      death in the usual meaning of this term accounted for about 60% of the 64 sudden
      deaths). In addition, 17.2% of the 64 cases were sudden death from bronchial
      asthma. Analysis of seasonal variation in the incidence of sudden death showed
      that apparent sudden cardiac death frequently occurred in summer, while sudden
      death clearly attributable to underlying cardiac diseases often took place in
      winter, sudden death from bronchial asthma occurred chiefly in summer and fall.
      Of the total number of sudden deaths, death occurred during exercise in 29.7%,
      and during sleep in 18.8% of individuals. The percentage of sudden deaths
      occurring during school hours was as low as 23.4% (15/64). Analysis of the
      physical condition of the 64 sudden death cases immediately before death
      disclosed the presence of respiratory infection in 10.9%, fatigue in 21.9%, lack
      of sleep in 4.7% and other conditions in 4.7%. Thus, the percentage of sudden
      deaths which occurred under ordinary physical conditions was 57.8% (37/64), of
      which 14 deaths (21.9% of the total) were associated with exercise.

PMID- 2398621
TI  - Trend of coronary heart disease and its relationship to risk factors in a
      Japanese population: a 26-year follow-up, Hiroshima/Nagasaki study.
AB  - The incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) was determined from a 26-year
      follow-up study of a fixed population of 19,961 subjects. The study also examined
      secular trends and relationship to risk factors. The age-adjusted incidence of
      myocardial infarction was found to have remained almost constant during this 26
      year follow-up period, averaging 2.1/1,000 person-years in men and 0.79/1,000
      person-years in women. An accurate trend of angina pectoris was difficult to
      evaluate in this study. Both age and elevated systolic blood pressure were
      confirmed to be important and independent risk factors. The risk of developing
      CHD was found to increase linearly with respect to systolic blood pressure. An
      increased risk was also observed in subjects with diastolic blood pressure of 110
      mmHg or higher. Serum cholesterol and cigarette smoking were additional
      independent risk factors, indicating that the so-called three major risk factors
      for CHD were all confirmed in this Japanese population of both men and women.

PMID- 2398622
TI  - Out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death following myocardial infarction in urban
      population.
AB  - Samples of out patient sudden cardiac deaths in Kanagawa Urban prefecture from
      1972-1987 and coronary risk factors were studied to determine the increase and/or
      decrease of myocardial infaction deaths. On the whole death from myocardial
      infarction increased chronologically, and the rate for females tended to be
      increased further. The age adjusted myocardial infarction deaths doubled over 10
      years, while non-ischemic acute cardiac failure decreased with each generation.
      Other cardiac diseases tended to be reduced. Cigarette smoking was the highest in
      advanced countries in male. These findings suggest that deaths from myocard
      infarction approximately doubled in 10 years in all out-of hospital sudden
      cardiac deaths. Cigarette smoking from a young age was as great risk as future
      ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 2398623
TI  - Trends for coronary heart disease and its risk factors in Japan: epidemiologic
      and pathologic studies.
AB  - Epidemiologic and pathologic studies were conducted between 1965 and 1986 to
      investigate trends for the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and its risk
      factors in urban and rural populations and to relate the risk factor changes to
      trends for CHD incidence and pathologic findings. The epidemiologic study
      included men aged 40-59 years who urban residents of Osaka, clerical and manual
      workers in Osaka, and rural residents of Akita prefecture. The pathologic study
      subjects were autopsied men aged 30 and over, admitted to a local hospital in
      Akita, whose autopsy rate was 88%. From a cohort of 8,835 urban employees between
      1975 and 1987, risk factors for myocardial infarction were identified: blood
      pressure, total serum cholesterol, blood glucose and cigarette smoking all which
      were compatible with findings in the US and European countries. For rural
      residents, serum cholesterol was less likely to be associated with the CHD
      incidence. Little contribution of serum cholesterol to development of coronary
      heart disease in rural men was supported by the pathologic study showing no
      significant association between serum cholesterol and the coronary
      atherosclerosis. Myocardial infarction from urban patients was characterized as
      massive necrosis in the myocardium with coronary artery stenosis and minimum
      atherosclerosis of basal cerebral arteries while that from rural men was small
      scattered necrosis in myocardium with atherosclerosis in both coronary and basal
      cerebral arteries. There was an increasing trend in the incidence of myocardial
      infarction in urban men but no change in rural men. The difference in the
      incidence trend can be attributed in part to differences in pathologic etiology
      and in blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels. Systematic surveillance is
      underway in both urban and rural population to clarify future trends for coronary
      heart disease and its risk factors.

PMID- 2398624
TI  - The risk factors for ischemic heart disease in young adults.
AB  - We reviewed the histories and laboratory data of 67 young patients with ischemic
      heart disease under the age of 40 years. Twenty-three cases were associated with
      hypercholesterolemia. Of these, 10 were of the familial type. Twenty patients had
      hypertension, while 14 were diabetics and 13 were heavy smokers. It is noteworthy
      that 13 of 17 patients with multi-vessel disease and hypercholesterolemia.
      Significant atherosclerotic coronary stenosis was demonstrated in 51 cases. The
      incidences of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus in these
      51 patients were not only significantly higher than those in age-matched normal
      health subjects and young patients with non-ischemic heart disease, but also
      higher than those in patients with ischemic heart disease over the age of 40
      years. The results indicated that hypercholesterolemia is the most important risk
      factor for ischemic heart disease in young patients, although the three
      previously accepted risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cigarette
      smoking) were all associated with the development of the disease. We could not
      find any obvious risk factor in 18 young patients with ischemic heart disease,
      including 12 cases of myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction in the absence
      of any obvious risk factor occurred during strenuous physical exercise in 5
      patients and following excessive alcohol consumption in 4.

PMID- 2398625
TI  - Relationship between coronary risk factor and arteriographic feature of coronary
      atherosclerosis.
AB  - Coronary arteriography was performed in 1,029 consecutive patients with ischemic
      heart disease and the relationship between the arteriographic features of
      coronary atherosclerosis and coronary risk factors was analyzed by case control
      studies. Patients were divided into four groups according to coronary
      arteriographic findings. Patients with normal or near normal coronary
      arteriograms (Group I) showed a high prevalence of smoking habit and a higher
      value of serum uric acid compared with the control group, so smoking and
      hyperuricemia were considered to be the risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis
      in patients of group. Four selected variables: smoking, hyperuricemia,
      hypertension and hyperlipidemia, were identified to be risk factors for the
      patients with minor plaques in the coronary arteries (Group II). As in Group I,
      smoking and hyperuricemia had a close relationship to solitary tight plaque in a
      branch of the coronary artery (Group III). Multiple tight stenoses in the
      coronary arteries (Group IV) correlated closely with smoking, hyperuricemia,
      hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus. Thus, there were many strong
      risk factors for patients with diffuse, extended coronary atherosclerosis (Group
      II and Group IV), while only two factors, smoking and hyperuricemia, were
      considered to be risk factors for the patients with near normal coronary arteries
      ies or a solitary plaque in a branch of the coronary artery. These findings
      suggest that the role of the coronary risk factors on the pathogenesis of
      coronary atherosclerosis is not uniform but variable depending on the morphologic
      variability of the coronary atherosclerosis and on the pathophysiology of the
      ischemic heart disease.

PMID- 2398626
TI  - Hyperlipoproteinemia as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease.
AB  - We analyzed serum lipoproteins and apolipoprotein E (apo E) from 199 patients in
      CCU, having ischemic heart disease, and from 211 healthy subjects. It was
      suggested that serum lipoprotein abnormalities, especially elevated low density
      lipoprotein (LDL) levels, are closely related to atherogenesis in relatively
      young patients and subjects with severe coronary lesions. The frequency of apo E
      4 was higher and that of E-2 was lower in the CCU group than in the control
      group. Apo E mutants, E-7 (Glu244----Lys, Glu245----Lys) and E-5 (Glu3 (Glu3---
      Lys), were also frequent in the CCU group. Apo E isoproteins have higher pI in
      the order E-2, E-3, E-4, and we observed that LDL-cholesterol levels increased in
      the same order. The apo E mutants, E-5 and E-7, are also more basic than E-4.
      These findings suggest that basic apo Es were associated with the development of
      atherosclerosis. The prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in the CCU
      group was more than 10 times higher than the reported frequency of FH
      heterozygotes in normal population. The persistence of marked
      hypercholesterolemia from infancy probably makes FH patients susceptible to
      atherosclerosis. Based on the analysis of LDL-receptor protein synthesis, various
      types of mutations were observed even in phenotypically homozygous FH patients.
      FH homozygotes were divided into 2 groups, a receptor-negative group and a
      receptor-defective group. We found a great difference in the frequency of
      coronary heart disease depending on whether even a small number of receptors were
      present or not.

PMID- 2398627
TI  - Type A behavior pattern as a risk factor for coronary heart diseases.
AB  - This is a study of type A behavior pattern in patients with coronary heart
      diseases (CHD). Type A behavior pattern (coronary-prone behavior pattern) has
      been recognized as a risk factor for CHD in western countries. Three hundred
      patients with new onset of CHD (243 cases of acute myocardial infarction and 57
      cases of unstable angina pectoris) between 1981 and 1987 were analysed from the
      standpoint of behavior pattern. Type A behavior pattern assessed by Jenkins
      Activity Survey (JAS) was found in 64.6% of subjects and in 43.0% of healthy
      controls (p less than 0.05). Concerning occupational position, the majority of
      patients in the administrative class showed type A behavior pattern. Type A
      behavior pattern was not related with other traditional risk factors
      (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and smoking) and was related with
      angiographically documented severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Emotional
      stress load by mirror drawing test (MDT) evoked more elevation of blood pressure
      and plasma catecholamine level in type A patients than in type B patients. A
      follow-up of post CHD patients, whose occupational position belonged to the
      administrative class and/or whose work load did not decrease after CHD,
      modification of type A behavior pattern seemed to be difficult. In conclusion, we
      consider that type A behavior pattern exists also in Japanese CHD patients, and
      plays an important role in the development of CHD.

PMID- 2398628
TI  - The relevance of psychosocial factors in acute ischemic heart disease. A case
      control study of a Japanese population.
AB  - We investigated, by case-control study, the relevance of psychosocial factors on
      the prevalence of acute ischemic heart disease (IHD) in middle aged Japanese men.
      We questioned 109 acute IHD patients and 80 individuals in an age-adjusted
      sampled control group. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed the following
      statistically significant factors: hypertension (odds ratio 4.01, p less than
      0.001), Type A behavior pattern (2.25, p less than 0.05) and high job demand
      (2.23, p less than 0.02). No direct influence of family function or social
      support to the prevalence of acute IHD was apparent. These results suggest that,
      among men in Japan, Type A behavior pattern and high job demand represent
      psychosocial risk factors of IHD. Due to the case-control protocol, causal
      relationships cannot be decided. The limitation of the study design is discussed
      within that context.

PMID- 2398629
TI  - Assignment of the vascular smooth muscle actin gene ACTSA to human chromosome 10.
AB  - Human vascular smooth muscle actin gene (ACTSA) was cloned and its unique
      sequence was used as the hybridization probe for Southern blot analysis of DNAs
      from 18 rodent-human somatic cell hybrids; the gene was assigned to human
      chromosome 10. Regional mapping by in situ hybridization showed that the gene is
      located on the long arm (q22-q24) of the chromosome. Thus, the gene is on a
      different chromosome from the other four actin genes so far examined.

PMID- 2398630
TI  - Direct sequencing of a HLA-DRB gene by polymerase chain reaction: sequence
      variation in DRw8 specificity.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of a HLA-DRB gene with a predominant subtype of DRw8
      specificity in Japanese (DR8.1) was determined with single-stranded DNA
      enzymatically amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The sequence differs
      at a single amino acid from both of the published DRw8/Dw8.1 and DRw8/Dw8.2
      sequences: isoleucine67(AUC) instead of phenylalanine67(TTC) in DRw8/Dw8.1 and
      serine57(AGC) instead of aspartic acid57(GAT) in DRw8/Dw8.2. On the other hand
      the DR8.1 and DRw8/Dw8.3 have the same amino acid sequence although one silent
      nucleotide substitution has occurred between the two sequences. These results
      indicate that Japanese DR8.1 specificity corresponds to DRw8/Dw8.3. Furthermore,
      an oligonucleotide probe specific for this sequence was synthesized and
      hybridized with 33 HLA-typed controls. This probe clearly distinguished the
      particular subtype from other DRw8 subtypes and specificities.

PMID- 2398631
TI  - Gene deletions in Japanese patients with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Thirty-eight unrelated Japanese patients with Duchenne and Becker muscular
      dystrophy (DMD and BMD) have been investigated with the DMD cDNA probes. The 14
      kb DMD cDNA was subdivided into 6 subclones and HindIII-digested DNAs were
      analyzed by Southern blotting. Out of 38 unrelated patients, 14 showed a deletion
      of one or several of the exon-containing HindIII fragments (36.8%). These
      corresponded to 50% (9/18) of BMD patients and 25% (5/20) of DMD patients, and
      the position and extent of deletions were mapped and proved to be more
      heterogeneous in DMD than in BMD. Both ends of deletions detected in probe 1-2a
      were common to all six BMD patients without the maintenance of reading frame of
      messenger RNA, and 5' ends of deletions in probe 5b-7 were also common but
      maintained in frame in three BMD patients. The phenotypic-specific deletion in
      Japanese BMD patients has existed in the 5' end of the DMD gene, although its
      apparently similar deletion produced a wide range of clinical courses (BMD
      phenotype). There was no tight correlation between clinical severity and presence
      or absence of deletion in DMD or BMD.

PMID- 2398632
TI  - A BF subtype "Fb1" is a marker gene of some Mongoloid populations.
AB  - A factor B subtype, BF*Fb1, was first detected in Japanese by using isoelectric
      focusing or agarose gel electrophoresis in Tris/glycine/Veronal buffer. Our
      previous studies suggested that BF*Fb1 may be characteristic of some of Mongoloid
      populations. To investigate further distribution of BF*Fb1, samples randomly
      collected from Japanese in Yonaguni island of Japan and Cambodian were tested.
      BF*Fb1 was not observed in a Cambodian population whereas in a Japanese
      population of Yonaguni island, BF*Fb1 occurred at a frequency five times as high
      as those in main islands of Japan. In paternity cases, a Korean family with three
      offsprings was shown to transmit BF*Fb1 from the accused man to one of the
      offsprings. These data strongly indicate that BF*Fb1 is a marker gene for some of
      Mongoloid populations.

PMID- 2398633
TI  - Hypervariable polymorphic VNTR loci for parentage testing and individual
      identification.
AB  - Three kinds of variable number of tandem repeat DNA probes (VNTR: pYNZ22, pYNH24,
      and pYNZ2) showing hypervariable polymorphisms were studied. Allelic frequencies
      and their confidence intervals among Japanese individuals were obtained. Co
      dominant segregation of the polymorphism was confirmed in family studies. Two a
      priori probabilities were calculated for each VNTR locus: exclusion probabilities
      for an alleged father/mother/child trio and for an alleged parent/child duo, and
      probabilities of matching of genotyped two unrelated individuals or two siblings.
      Availability as well as highly discriminating polymorphic pattern of VNTR loci
      makes it potentially very useful for forensic and human genetic purposes.

PMID- 2398634
TI  - A reliable method for obtaining high-resolution banded chromosome preparations
      from chorionic villus samples.
AB  - A reliable method for obtaining high-resolution banded chromosome preparations
      from chorionic villus samples (CVS) is described, in which a synchronization cell
      culture technique with the use of thymidine is introduced. After culturing a
      suspension of chorionic villus cells in a medium supplemented with 0.3 mg/ml
      thymidine for 13-17 hr, cells were washed twice, and recultured for further 8 hr.
      The cells were then treated with 10 micrograms/ml ethidium bromide or 1
      microgram/ml actinomycin D for 1 hr and subsequently with 0.01 microgram/ml
      Colcemid for 30 min. The average mitotic index obtained was more than 60
      mitoses/mg CVS, and more than 60% of mitoses proceeded to the prometaphase stage,
      the later prophase stage, or in between. The application of this method for
      prenatal diagnoses in five CVS in the first trimester pregnancies proved that it
      is a simple, practical and efficient prenatal diagnostic method.

PMID- 2398635
TI  - Synchronization culture of amniotic fluid cells using excess thymidine block
      followed by deoxycytidine release and its application to high-resolution banding
      analysis of chromosomes.
AB  - We describe a simple synchronization culture technique of amniotic fluid (AF)
      cells to yield many earlier mitotic divisions with extended chromosomes. AF cell
      samples obtained by amniocentesis were cultured in the usual manner. Thirty hours
      after the first subculture, they were exposed to excess thymidine (0.5 mM). This
      cell cycle block was released by adding deoxycytidine (10 microM) 18 hr after
      synchronization. At exactly 7.5 hr after the release, the cultures were treated
      with Colcemid (0.02 microgram/ml) for 20 min then harvested. The mitotic index
      and the ratio of cells in the earlier mitotic stages were much higher in the
      synchronized cultures than in the control cultures. The same favorable effects
      were obtained also in AF cell cultures by combining this technique with ethidium
      bromide or actinomycin D treatment. The technique was less toxic to the cells,
      and was simple and reproducible. It was successfully applied to prenatal
      cytogenetic diagnosis of 2 families with a subtle inherited chromosome
      abnormality, so it is recommended for high-resolution banding analysis of AF
      cells and possibly chorionic villus samples.

PMID- 2398637
TI  - Implications of the National Practitioner Data Bank.

PMID- 2398636
TI  - Calcified ligamenta flava in a patient with Coffin-Lowry syndrome: biochemical
      analysis of glycosaminoglycans.
AB  - Glycosaminoglycans in calcified cervical ligamenta flava from a male patient with
      Coffin-Lowry syndrome were analyzed biochemically. Hexuronate content based on
      the tissue dry weight was 8-fold and 5-fold concentrated in the calcified center
      as compared with the peripheral area and with age-matched, normal ligamenta
      flava, respectively. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of glycosaminoglycan
      preparations on cellulose acetate film revealed that, although dermatan sulfate
      was the major glycosaminoglycan in the normal ligamenta flava, chondroitin
      sulfate was the predominant glycosaminoglycan in the pathological tissue.
      Relative amounts of chondroitin sulfate disaccharide units were determined after
      digestion of glycosaminoglycans with chondroitinase, and the ratio of chondroitin
      6-sulfate to chondroitin 4-sulfate tended to decrease with the distance from the
      calcified center to the peripheral area. These observations suggest that an
      alteration in glycosaminoglycan metabolism may be a contributing factor in
      calcification of ligamenta flava in Coffin-Lowry syndrome.

PMID- 2398638
TI  - Myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 2398639
TI  - [Duplication of the stomach and intestine in children].
AB  - The authors observed 25 children at the age of from 2 mos to 14 years with the
      different forms of gastric and intestinal duplication. Cystic forms of
      duplication (16 cases) were manifested mainly by the symptoms of obstruction of
      the alimentary canal, diverticular duplication (3) was complicated by profuse
      bleeding, tubular duplication (6) was more often revealed in the rectum (4).
      Correct diagnosis before the operation was established in 5 patients. Choice of a
      method for operation is individual. The results of treatment are favourable.

PMID- 2398640
TI  - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of common bile duct cysts in children].
AB  - The authors treated 11 children at the age of from 2 mos to 14 yrs with the
      common bile duct cysts. The common bile duct cyst extirpation with the hepatico
      jejunoanastomosis formation is considered an operation of choice.

PMID- 2398641
TI  - [Perforation of hepatic hydatid cysts into the abdominal cavity in children].
AB  - Perforation of echinococcal cysts of the liver into the free abdominal cavity was
      observed in 10 patients. The operative intervention was performed after
      overcoming the shock in patients, correction of homeostasis. The performance of
      wide laparotomy, through revision of the abdominal cavity and its sanitation by
      means of the abundant washing by the furacin solution are important. No lethal
      outcomes, disease recurrences were noted.

PMID- 2398643
TI  - [Clinico-immunological indices, lipid peroxidation and contents of middle mass
      molecules in young children with different course of suppurative diseases of the
      lungs and pleura].
AB  - The results of examination of 83 children with purulent diseases of the lungs and
      pleura at the age under 6 yrs are presented. The indices of activity of the
      immunity, intensity of the processes of peroxide oxidation of the lipids, and
      level of the middle mass molecules were studied. The correlative relationship
      between them depending on the severity of the course of the disease was revealed.

PMID- 2398642
TI  - [Surgical treatment of diseases of the genitalia and disorders of sexual
      development].
AB  - The experience with the treatment of more than 5140 children at the age of from 2
      days to 16 years, and 76 patients at the age of from 15 to 42 years with
      different diseases of the genital organs and disorders in the sex formation is
      presented. The indications for surgical treatment are defined. The results of the
      masculinizing operations, including the phalloplasty and testicular
      endoprosthesis, and the feminizing ones, including the vaginoplasty with the use
      of a colonic segment are presented.

PMID- 2398644
TI  - [Assessment of the degree and control of the dynamics of endogenous intoxication
      in purulent-septic states in children].
AB  - The problems of the assessment of the pronouncement and control of the dynamics
      of endogenous intoxication caused by the middle molecular mass peptides are
      considered. The criteria for assessment of the degree of endotoxemia by the
      quantity of the middle molecular mass peptides, toxicity of the serum, state of
      the insulin-depositing function of erythrocytes are given. The timely use of
      extracorporeal detoxication contributes to rapid cupping of the endogenous
      intoxication, favourable outcome of the disease.

PMID- 2398645
TI  - [Complications of hematogenous osteomyelitis of the long bones].
AB  - On the basis of clinical observations and statistical processing of the case
      records of 1549 children who were treated for acute and chronic forms of
      hematogenous osteomyelitis, the authors revealed the causes of transition of the
      acute process to the chronic form in the different long bones and orthopedic
      complications.

PMID- 2398646
TI  - [Rectal myectomy in the treatment of chronic constipation in children].
AB  - Rectal myectomy was used with the positive result in 22 children. In patients
      with the supra-anal form of the Hirschsprung's disease, rectal myectomy was
      performed as an independent intervention. In patients with the residual zone of
      agangliosis after radical intervention, idiopathic constipation after radical
      myectomy, the pressure in the anal canal reduced, rectal emptying improved.

PMID- 2398647
TI  - [Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the abdominal cavity and small pelvis in children].
AB  - At the department, 138 children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the abdominal
      cavity and small pelvis were examined. Resulting from the combined and complex
      treatment, in stage II of the disease, the complete remission was noted in 9
      patients; in stage III, the partial remission--in 14, complete remission--39; in
      stage IV--in 17 and 9, respectively. Sixteen (11.6%) patients died. In non
      organic lymphosarcoma spread, the intensive polychemotherapy, with subsequent
      irradiation of the abdominal cavity at the total dosage of 20 Gr and all the
      revealed foci of lesion--up to 35--40 Gr is effective. In involvement of the
      alimentary canal, the extended resection of the affected area with administration
      after the operation of polychemotherapy and irradiation of the zones of
      metastatic spreading is indicated.

PMID- 2398649
TI  - [Commissural intestinal obstruction caused by Meckel's diverticulum in children].
AB  - The analysis of the diagnosis and treatment of commissural ileus caused by
      Meckel's diverticulum in 15 children is presented. The final diagnosis was
      established at operation.

PMID- 2398648
TI  - [Treatment of external intestinal fistulas in children].
AB  - The experience with the treatment of 132 children with the external intestinal
      fistulas is summarized. In 28, the fistulas closed under the influence of
      conservative therapy. Operated on were 44 children. The postoperative lethality
      was 9%, total lethality-- 44.7%.

PMID- 2398650
TI  - [Creation of terminal ileostomy in intestinal obstruction and peritonitis in
      newborn infants].
AB  - The creation of terminal ileostomy in 4 newborns with its subsequent closure at
      the early postoperative period permitted to reduce the extent of operative
      intervention at the period of their extremely severe state, to form intestinal
      anastomosis under the favourable conditions.

PMID- 2398651
TI  - [Use of pharmacological sympathetic blockade in the treatment of dynamic ileus in
      children].

PMID- 2398652
TI  - [Ways of improving results of the treatment of appendicular peritonitis in
      children].
AB  - The analysis of the results of treating 849 children with appendicular
      peritonitis for 1975-1989 was carried out. In 1975-1982, the reoperations for
      early intraabdominal complications were performed in 28 (5.4%) patients, the
      lethality was 1.7%. Use in the clinic of the common classification of peritonitis
      permitted to enhance the effectiveness of preoperative diagnosis, and improve the
      results of its treatment. The incidence of relaparotomy reduced to 0.8%, and
      lethality--to 0.3%.

PMID- 2398653
TI  - [Decompression of the intestine in peritonitis in children].
AB  - On the basis of the experience with the use of different methods of intestinal
      decompression in 56 children with severe peritonitis of appendicular genesis, the
      authors came to conclusion that intubation of the small intestine via a cecostomy
      is safe, technically simple, convenient for the care, provides reliable
      intestinal decompression, do not require the reoperation.

PMID- 2398654
TI  - [Antibacterial activity of nitazole and its use in combined treatment of
      appendicular peritonitis in children].
AB  - The experimental-clinical investigations have demonstrated the high effectiveness
      of the native preparation Nitazole against the Gram-negative non-spore-forming
      anaerobic bacteria, Gram-positive anaerobic cocci, spore-forming Clostridium,
      certain facultative anaerobes. This permits to recommend it for the use as an
      antibacterial preparation for the treatment of peritonitis in children.

PMID- 2398655
TI  - [Tactics in the treatment of fractures at the region of the elbow joint in
      children].
AB  - The experience with treatment of 157 children with injuries at the region of the
      elbow joint is summarized. Depending on the age peculiarities of such fractures,
      their incidence, effectiveness of the most common methods of treatment are
      presented. The possible complications are analysed.

PMID- 2398657
TI  - [Is impaired blood circulation in the portal system a counterindication to
      embolization of the hepatic artery in liver tumors?].

PMID- 2398656
TI  - [Characteristics of clinical manifestations and diagnosis in Hirschsprung disease
      in newborn infants and young children].
AB  - Twenty two newborns and 10 young children with acute form of the Hirschsprung's
      disease were observed. In 1/3 of the patients, the Hirschsprung's disease was
      associated with congenital anomalies. The patients were treated by means of the
      performance of histochemical (15 cases), histologic (23) investigations and
      irrigography (19). A complex of the diagnostic measures used permitted to
      establish a reliable diagnosis.

PMID- 2398658
TI  - [Organization of the work of the district gastric surgery medical control
      commission].

PMID- 2398659
TI  - [A rare form of intestinal invagination].

PMID- 2398660
TI  - [Cystic lymphangioma of the retroperitoneal space simulating ovarian tumor].

PMID- 2398662
TI  - [Isolated avulsion of the gallbladder in a child].

PMID- 2398661
TI  - [Surgical treatment of common bile duct cyst].

PMID- 2398663
TI  - [Successful treatment of gangrenous cholecystitis in a child].

PMID- 2398664
TI  - [Cystic lymphangioma in a 4-year-old child].

PMID- 2398665
TI  - [Massive reinfusion of blood in multiple gunshot injury of the abdominal organs].

PMID- 2398666
TI  - [Multiple complications of closed injury of the pancreas].

PMID- 2398667
TI  - [A case of hepatic echinococcosis in a child].

PMID- 2398668
TI  - [Acute appendicitis in a patient with lymphangioma of the mesentery].

PMID- 2398670
TI  - [Early postoperative mechanical ileus in children].

PMID- 2398669
TI  - [Torsion of the greater omentum in a child].

PMID- 2398671
TI  - [Rare complications of Meckel's diverticulum ulcer].

PMID- 2398672
TI  - [Incarceration of the Meckel's diverticulum in a hernial sac in children
      (Littre's hernia)].

PMID- 2398673
TI  - [Surgical treatment of low fistulous forms of anal atresia using postero-sagittal
      approach in children].
AB  - The problems of surgical treatment of the low fistulous forms of anal atresia in
      children with the use of postero-sagittal approach are considered. A modification
      of this method is described. The postoperative results are presented, and the
      possible complications as well. A conclusion about the advantages of the
      operative approach described is made.

PMID- 2398674
TI  - [Embryonal fibroma of the ileum complicated by hemorrhage].

PMID- 2398675
TI  - [Subhepatic abscess as a late complication of appendicitis].

PMID- 2398676
TI  - [Surgical removal of foreign bodies of the bronchi in children].

PMID- 2398677
TI  - [Use of antibiotics in combination with hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment
      of diffuse peritonitis in children].

PMID- 2398678
TI  - [Intramural hernias in children with inguinal ectopy of the testis].

PMID- 2398679
TI  - [Right-side suppurative salpingitis and secondary acute phlegmonous appendicitis
      in an 11-year-old girl].

PMID- 2398680
TI  - [Osteoid osteoma in a child].

PMID- 2398681
TI  - [Surgical treatment of ganglion in children].

PMID- 2398682
TI  - [Teratoma of the testis].

PMID- 2398683
TI  - [Method of treatment of portal hypertension in children by formation of side-to
      side arcuate-caval anastomosis].

PMID- 2398684
TI  - [Transrectal removal of polyps of the sigmoid colon in children].

PMID- 2398685
TI  - [Method of correction of spinal deformity in children during the growth period].

PMID- 2398686
TI  - [Complications and outcome of conservative and surgical treatment of intestinal
      invagination in children].
AB  - The authors treated for intestinal invagination 726 children: conservatively-
      528, surgically--198. In conservative treatment, 0.96% of the patients developed
      complications, there were no lethal outcomes. After the operation, the
      complications were noted in 19.69% of the children, who were mainly operated 2
      days after onset of the disease and later.

PMID- 2398687
TI  - [Meckel's diverticulum in childhood].
AB  - For a period of 12 years (1977-1988) 64 children with Meckel's diverticulum (32
      boys and 32 girls) have been operated. In early childhood (younger than 3 years)
      were 14.1 per cent; most of the others (59.4 per cent) were in school age.
      Complicated Meckel's diverticulum had 31.2 per cent of the children, the most
      common complication being intestinal obstruction--65 per cent (intussusception 25
      per cent, strangulation 25 per cent and volvulus 15 per cent). Acute
      diverticulitis was found in 25 per cent of the complicated cases. In the clinical
      picture of these complications lacked cause-pathognomonic symptoms. The Meckel's
      diverticulum was removed in 60 children (93.8 per cent) the operation was
      cuneiform resection of the diverticulum in 96.6 per cent of the operated
      children. Only one child (1.7 per cent) had postoperative complication. All
      others were discharged from the clinic in full surgical repair. Practical
      inferences were made, based on analysis of the clinical case material.

PMID- 2398688
TI  - [The treatment of the burned hand in massive trauma in a glove with an ointment
      with a water-soluble base].
AB  - A new for Bulgaria method of treatment of hand burns by use of glove filled with
      ointment on water-soluble base is reported. The method is no alternative to the
      conventional method of treatment with dressings, but its advantages are that the
      patients are attended for a shorter time with less dressing material and may be
      self-served. This makes the method particularly useful for treatment of mass
      thermic injuries. Ointments on water-soluble base, which have such qualities as
      high osmotic activity, necrolytic action and high antiseptic effect, are used.

PMID- 2398689
TI  - [Splenic cysts in childhood].
AB  - One of the rare surgical diseases of the organs in the abdominal cavity in
      children are the splenic cysts. For a period of 20 years (1968-1988) 3 children
      have been observed and treated at the Clinic of Pediatric Surgery in Sofia. The
      use of modern diagnostic methods--echography, computer axial tomography,
      scintigraphy and laparoscopy furnished an opportunity for precise preoperative
      organ localization of the disease in the patients observed by the authors.
      Partial resection of the spleen in this pathology with good postoperative
      results, performed for the first time in Bulgaria, encouraged the authors to
      recommend organ-preserving operation as the method of choice in nonparasitic
      cysts of the spleen.

PMID- 2398690
TI  - [Estrogen receptors in breast cancer in women].
AB  - The estrogenic receptors in the cytoplasm of tumor cells obtained from
      histologically verified breast cancer in 377 women, 24 to 86 years of age, who
      had been operated and treated, were investigated. Of 200 women with positive
      estrogenic receptors in the tumor cells, 120 (60 per cent) were in postmenopause
      age and 80 (40 per cent) in premenopause age. Of 177 patients with negative
      estrogenic receptors, 95 (53.7 per cent) were in premenopause and 82 (46.3 per
      cent) in postmenopause age. The mean arithmetical value of the positive
      estrogenic receptors in patients in premenopause age was 69 +/- 6.04 fmol/mg
      protein and in those in postmenopause age--110.52 +/- 7.37 fmol/mg protein. Of
      111 patients with positive estrogenic receptors in second clinical stage of
      cancer, 94 patients (84.7 per cent) survived and 17 (15.3 per cent) died. Of 73
      patients in third clinical stage 59 (82.2 per cent) survived and 14 (17.8 per
      cent) died. Survival of patients with negative estrogenic receptors was lower: of
      89 patients in second clinical stage 58 (65.2 per cent) survived and 31 (34.8 per
      cent) died; of 44 patients in third clinical stage 13 (34.1 per cent) survived
      and 31 (65.9 per cent) died.

PMID- 2398691
TI  - [The diagnosis and surgical treatment of cancer of the major duodenal papilla].
AB  - Eighteen patients with cancer of the large duodenal papilla have been operated
      for a period of 9 years (1980-1988). The clinical manifestations of the disease
      and the methods used for diagnosis are described. Eight radical and 9 palliative
      operations and 1 explorative laparotomy were performed. The case fatality rate in
      radically operated patients was 25 per cent; none of those undergone palliative
      operation died. Total case fatality rate was 11.1 per cent. Survival was much
      higher in radically operated patients. Inference is made that the prognosis of
      cancer of the large duodenal papilla was much better than in ductal
      adenocarcinoma of the exocrine pancreas.

PMID- 2398692
TI  - [Changes in the thromboxane B2 level of the blood plasma following partial
      resection of the pancreas].
AB  - The present study was devoted to the still poorly exploited aspect of pancreas
      surgery, from a standpoint of postoperative divergences in the plasma
      prostaglandin level. Experiments were carried out with dogs. The authors apply
      proximal (right) resection of pancreas and eliminate the exocrine function of the
      remaining part by occlusion of the pancreatic canal. Radioimmunologic
      investigations were carried out by extraction method for determining the plasma
      thromboxane B2 level. Postoperative rise in TxB2 level was found. The authors
      apply modern drugs, proceeding from recent report in the literature about
      correction of this abnormality aimed at optimal re-establishment of the functions
      of the remaining pancreas after the operative intervention.

PMID- 2398693
TI  - [Peritoneovenous shunt in ascites].
AB  - For a two-year period (1987-1988) 14 peritoneal-venous shunts with Le Veen's
      valve were performed in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and ascites.
      Immediate effect, manifested by decrease in the abdominal circumference and
      diminution or even complete disappearance of ascites with increased diuresis, was
      observed in 12 patients. Two patients died during the early postoperative period.
      The indications, postoperative preparation, operative technique, complications
      and postoperative care in this type of operative intervention are discussed.
      Inference is made that the good postoperative results depend on the need patients
      with refractory ascites to report early enough for operative treatment.

PMID- 2398694
TI  - [Suppurative-septic complications following operations for acute cholecystitis].

PMID- 2398695
TI  - [Retroperitoneal and mesenteric cysts].
AB  - Experience is recorded with the diagnosis and successful surgical treatment of 5
      patients with retroperitoneal and mesenterial cysts. According to available data
      in the literature, one patients with retroperitoneal or mesenteric cyst falls
      among an average of 34,000-105,000 in-lying patients. Basic symptom on physical
      examination was a palpable tumor mass in the abdomen. In recent years correct
      preoperative diagnosis of these diseases has been established in 85-95 per cent
      of the cases with the help of echography and computer tomography. The surgical
      approach was determined from the possibility for total or partial removal of the
      cyst, which was sometimes accompanied by partial or total removal of abdominal
      organs involved in the pathologic process.

PMID- 2398696
TI  - [A case of Crohn's disease of the large intestine with complications].

PMID- 2398697
TI  - [A case of a giant ovarian cyst].

PMID- 2398698
TI  - [Cancer of the pancreas. VI. The characteristics of the localization and
      metastasis of tumors of the gland in both sexes].
AB  - Particular attention is called to the localization and metastasizing of the tumor
      in different organs and systems of the body of males and females. To this end, a
      rather ample postmortem case material was used. Included in the study were 25,589
      autopsies performed over a period of 25 years (1963-1987). Pancreas cancer was
      detected in 419 autopsies--274 males (65.4 per cent) and 145 females (34.6 per
      cent). The neoplastic process was analyzed by sex in two directions:
      metastasizing in near and remote organs and study of the connection between
      cancer localization in the pancreas and metastasizing in the body. Difficulties
      are pointed out, encountered with cancers in advanced biological development,
      when metastases in the gall bladder from primary cancer of the pancreas and from
      primary cancer of the bile ducts are to be differentiated. It follows from this
      analysis that metastases of pancreas cancer were most frequent in the regional
      lymph nodes, with metastases in the liver and lungs ranking next in both sexes.
      Metastases in other organs were relatively seldom encountered.

PMID- 2398699
TI  - [A rare case of a metal foreign body in the bladder].

PMID- 2398700
TI  - [A case of anthrax as a surgical problem].

PMID- 2398701
TI  - [Polyps of the small intestine].

PMID- 2398702
TI  - [Injury to the heart].

PMID- 2398703
TI  - [Postoperative gas gangrene].

PMID- 2398704
TI  - [Tuberculosis of the breast].

PMID- 2398705
TI  - [Tumors arising from soft tissues with a case of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma].

PMID- 2398706
TI  - [An evaluation of endogenous lectins in the intrapulmonary metastases of
      osteogenic sarcoma].
AB  - Assessment is made of the presence or absence of specific sugar receptors
      (lectins) in patients operated for intrapulmonary metastases of osteogenic
      sarcoma. Investigations were carried out on histochemically stained paraffin
      sections for the separate types of sugars. Highest was the presence of specific
      receptors for sialic acid and for N-acetylglucosamine, followed by those for
      ramnose and heparin and least for mannose and maltose. Lectin determination is a
      new branch in morphological science, assisting clinical practice, special
      surgical activity by the attempt for quantitative grading of cell populations in
      norm and in their neoplastic development.

PMID- 2398707
TI  - [Our experience with liposuction].
AB  - Liposuction in this country became a feasible procedure after a personally
      modified adapter was created. Five patients have been operated by this method,
      aimed at improving the body contours. Four patients had trochanter lipodystrophy
      and one diffuse lipoma of the neck in a woman. Encouraging results of application
      of the method are reported.

PMID- 2398708
TI  - [Radiotherapy in the complex treatment of destructive forms of pancreatitis].

PMID- 2398709
TI  - [Possibilities of the treatment of biliary dyskinesia by laser irradiation].
AB  - The examination of 68 patients with biliary dysfunction determined hypokinesia of
      the gallbladder in 40, sphincter of Oddi spasm in 15 and combination of the two
      conditions in 13 patients. Blood biochemical indices showed no differences in
      patients with biliary dyskinesia compared to normal subjects except for alkaline
      phosphatase levels elevated in 35.3% of patients. This suggests the development
      of biliary hypertension and cholestasis. All the patients demonstrated disturbed
      colloid stability of the bile, in those with combined dyskinesia it became
      lithogenic. Helium-neon and semiconductor laser radiation of biologically active
      points and the hepatic region, respectively, improved the patients' performance
      status. The pain and dyspepsia discontinued. The function of the gallbladder and
      sphincter of Oddi recovered. Positive changes occurred in the blood and bile
      biochemistry. Laser therapy promoted bilirubin and bile cholesterol decrease.
      Cholic acid concentration grew, lithogenic characteristics of the bile returned
      to normal. It is inferred that laser therapy of biliary dyskinesia proved
      effective.

PMID- 2398710
TI  - [Disorders of fibrinogen metabolism in thoracic and abdominal injuries].

PMID- 2398711
TI  - [Blood levels of middle molecule peptides in cardiovascular diseases].

PMID- 2398712
TI  - [Acute poisoning with ethylene glycol esters].
AB  - The study was performed of 13 acute oral poisonings with ethylene glycol ethers
      characterized as moderate or severe and resulting in poor outcome in 3 cases.
      Ethyl ether was responsible for 3 poisonings, methyl ether for 10 ones. It was
      found, that the intoxication had four stages or periods (initial, latent,
      clinical, recovery) and presented with CNS impairment, gastrointestinal, hepatic,
      renal disorders, decompensated metabolic acidosis, etc. The paper describes two
      clinical cases and experimental toxicity of cellosolves as well as the effect of
      the inhibitor of isovaleric acid amide alcohol dehydrogenase on animal lethality.
      The results obtained support the suggestion of ADH-participated metabolic
      activation of cellosolves in the body. The prospects of further studies into
      intoxication pathogenesis and new opportunities for relevant poisoning management
      are outlined.

PMID- 2398713
TI  - [Diffuse pulmonary amyloidosis with bilateral pleurisy diagnosed by biopsy of the
      lungs].

PMID- 2398714
TI  - [A case of group atmospheric electric injuries].

PMID- 2398715
TI  - [2 cases of idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis].

PMID- 2398717
TI  - [Various aspects of violation of medical ethics in the practice of an internist].
AB  - The attention is drawn to the most frequent deontological errors of general
      practitioners as to their official interpersonal relations and proper attitude to
      the patients. Ethic problems caused by current tendencies to medicine
      specialization are under consideration.

PMID- 2398716
TI  - [Cure of a patient with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis].

PMID- 2398718
TI  - [Variants of pneumonia-like pulmonary lesions in ornithosis].
AB  - The paper presents clinical examples evidencing complicated diagnosis and course
      characteristics for the pulmonary variant of ornithosis infection. There is a
      table of the leading diagnostic signs promoting more rapid and precise
      determination of the ornithosis origin of the pulmonary inflammation.

PMID- 2398719
TI  - [Diagnosis of sleep apnea syndrome in ambulatory practice of a therapist].

PMID- 2398720
TI  - [Croupous pneumonia in the 1980s of this century].

PMID- 2398721
TI  - [Value of bronchoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies of the
      trachea and bronchi].
AB  - 10-year experience gained at the Moscow Endoscopic Center attached to S. P.
      Botkin City Hospital with bronchoscopic investigations for tracheobronchial
      pathology verification covers 14542 procedures. Foreign bodies were detected in
      38 patients, of these 12 patients had aspirated the bodies long before the
      investigation. There were 18 males and 20 females aged from 15 to 85 years. To
      remove the foreign bodies, a bronchofibroscope was used in 34, a rigid
      bronchoscope in 4 patients. Sharp bodies and dentures were extracted with a metal
      loop, those of complex configuration were pulled out by a forked forceps. The
      removal was followed by toilet bronchoscopy. Complications due to the diagnostic
      or therapeutic bronchoscopy in patients with foreign bodies were not recorded.

PMID- 2398722
TI  - [A method of thoracoscopic electrosurgical biopsy in the diagnosis of diffuse
      lung diseases].
AB  - A new method of thoracoscopic electrosurgical biopsy proposed by the authors
      implies usage of a standard set of thoracoscopic appliances and a diathermic
      loop. The method warrants obtaining biopsy specimens of an adequate size from any
      site under visual control, provides reliable aero- and hemostasis.

PMID- 2398723
TI  - [Expectoration disorders in patients with chronic obstructive lung diseases].
AB  - The paper is concerned with an analysis of the original data and the conception
      regarding the pathogenesis of expectoration alterations and correction in
      patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). Expectoration
      defects in COPD are suggested to be classified according to duration of
      respiratory tract clearing from sputum. The disorders of the first and second
      degree amenable to correction by oral and inhalation expectorants are referred to
      compensation stage, those of the third degree resistant to the correction to
      decompensation stage. Efficiency of current expectorants is comparatively
      assessed as well as mechanisms of their actions. An approach to expectorants
      administration should be differential basing on the severity of relevant
      impairment and aimed at adequate maintenance or recovery of the sputum discharge
      in COPD patients.

PMID- 2398725
TI  - [Risk of death in status asthmaticus in patients with bronchial asthma].
AB  - A retrospective comparative analysis of clinical aspects and prehospital
      treatment considering the outcome of the status has been performed for asthma
      patients admitted to the resuscitation department. Late hospitalization,
      inadequate hormonotherapy, nosocomial bronchopulmonary infection are suggested to
      be significant and independent risk factors for death in status asthmaticus.

PMID- 2398724
TI  - [Diagnostic difficulties in chronic obstruction of the trachea and main bronchi
      simulating bronchial asthma].
AB  - The authors present clinical evidence further illustrating difficulties when
      diagnosing bronchial obstructive syndrome, consider variants of clinical course
      of various tracheal and main bronchi diseases associated with status asthmaticus,
      emphasize the necessity of thorough examination of the patients who must undergo
      bronchoscopic and x-ray investigations.

PMID- 2398726
TI  - [Incidence and severity of pulmonary hypertension in patients with diseases of
      the lungs and heart].

PMID- 2398727
TI  - [Combined lesions of the lungs and heart in legionnaires' disease].

PMID- 2398728
TI  - [The first experience with using autologous macrophages in the complex treatment
      of patients with destructive pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - To correct local immunity, a suspension of autologous macrophages (AM) produced
      by culturing peripheral blood monocytes has been introduced in combined treatment
      of 15 patients with infiltrative, local disseminated, cavernous, fibrocavernous
      tuberculosis and tuberculoma (8, 1, 1, 4 and 1 case, respectively). AM treatment
      was added to the standard antibacterial and pathogenetic therapy. AM were
      introduced into the subsegmental bronchus at fibrobronchoscopy via a catheter
      inserted into the cavern-draining bronchus. The trial showed AM-promoted
      resolution of pulmonary tissue infiltrates and more intensive repair processes.
      The best results were obtained in 11 new-onset cases of pulmonary tuberculosis.

PMID- 2398729
TI  - [Fungal infection of the esophagus and stomach after chemical burns].
AB  - Endoscopic signs of esophageal fungal lesions were established in 7.5% of
      patients with chemical impairment of the gastrointestinal tract on day 10-15
      since the burn. Endoscopically, there were two forms of the esophageal lesion. To
      make the diagnosis more reliable, specific evidence at endoscopy and
      bacterioscopy should be used while the differential diagnosis should be based on
      biopotentialometry. Early diagnosis of fungal involvement may provide better
      response in the treatment of patients with chemical burns.

PMID- 2398730
TI  - [General variable immunologic deficiency with malabsorption syndrome].
AB  - Twenty-two patients with general variable immunodeficiency (GVI) and
      malabsorption syndrome (MS) were followed up for 2-12 years. III degree MS was
      found in 17 cases. Serum immunoglobulins concentration and T-lymphocyte count
      were reduced, the latter at the expense of theophylline-resistant and active E
      RFC. With casein and milk albumin as the antigens, lymphokine-producing capacity
      of the mononuclear cells appeared elevated. MS treatment with adjuvant gamma
      globulin produced a positive trend in clinical manifestations of the disease,
      content of T lymphocytes and relevant subpopulations. Long-term results were less
      favourable: partial compensation with recurrences persisted in 15 patients only.
      Seven patients died: two of pneumonia, five of cardiac failure and visceral
      dystrophy. All MS patients are recommended to undergo serum immunoglobulins
      diagnosis of GVI and in case of its verification to receive life-time gamma
      globulin replacement therapy.

PMID- 2398731
TI  - [Study of disorders of the exocrine function of the pancreas in various
      pancreatic diseases based on complex examination].

PMID- 2398732
TI  - Interventional treatment for ventricular arrhythmias: the initial South Carolina
      case.

PMID- 2398733
TI  - Improving survival in the burned patient.
AB  - Improving survival of burned patients has been reported by the majority of burn
      units over the past decade. Although many sophisticated studies have attempted to
      delineate the major factors responsible for this improvement, no single factor
      has emerged as being clearly dominant. On the MUSC burn service, increased
      survival has been particularly apparent in patients with burns involving 50-90%
      of the BSA. Little improvement in survival has yet been noted in patients with
      burns involving more than 90% of the BSA. We are convinced that general
      improvements in topical antimicrobials, antibiotics, techniques of critical care,
      improved wound care techniques and, very importantly, maintenance of the
      patient's nutritional status are all critical factors in improving survival in
      the burned patient. Attributing the increased survival of burned patients to any
      one of these factors alone currently does not seem to be clearly supported by
      data reported in the literature nor by our own experience. It is to be hoped that
      as the quality of skin substitutes and techniques of culturing skin improve,
      inroads into the extremely high mortality of burns involving more than 90% of the
      BSA can be made. The MUSC burn service is currently investigating the place of
      aggressive early burn wound excision and grafting with cultured epithelial
      autografts in achieving this goal.

PMID- 2398734
TI  - Hypothyroidism as a cause of enzyme elevations.
AB  - Three cases are reported in which elevated serum enzyme levels--CPK, SGOT, LDH,
      and/or alkaline phosphatase--provided an important diagnostic clue to previously
      unrecognized hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2398735
TI  - Electrophysiology comes of age. New therapies for ventricular fibrillation.

PMID- 2398736
TI  - Electroconvulsive therapy in South Carolina.

PMID- 2398737
TI  - More about circumcision.

PMID- 2398738
TI  - The patient/physician relationship in the management of diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Patients with Type I diabetes mellitus are most concerned about the possibility
      of developing complications or disability related to their disease and really
      have very little concern regarding the pain of insulin injections or blood sugar
      monitoring. Just understanding patients' primary concerns may enable physicians
      to devise a more effective therapeutic program as well as enhance the patient
      physician relationship.

PMID- 2398739
TI  - You and the PRO.

PMID- 2398740
TI  - Testing for inhalant allergy.

PMID- 2398741
TI  - Synthetic macrophages: liposomes bearing antigen, class II MHC and membrane-IL-1.
AB  - Liposomes containing membrane-IL-1, Iak, and the antigen conalbumin were
      evaluated as "synthetic macrophages." The role of these three molecules in
      macrophage-T cell interaction was studied by testing the ability of such
      synthetic macrophages to induce the proliferation of a T cell clone specific to
      conalbumin (the D10 cell line) or immune spleen cells sensitized three times in
      vivo with conalbumin. In the latter case, splenic macrophages were eliminated by
      adherence and a lysomotropic agent. The antigen conalbumin was presented on the
      surface of the liposomes in two forms: as native undigested protein or as a
      complex of Iak and naturally processed peptides isolated from peritoneal
      macrophages incubated with conalbumin. When the liposomes presented the Ia
      antigen associated with conalbumin-peptides and membrane-IL-1, the proliferation
      of both the D10 and the immune spleen cells was high and maximal. The
      proliferation response of both cell types was completely dependent on the
      presence of membrane-IL-1, since no proliferation occurred when liposomes were
      prepared with only conalbumin-peptides bound to Iak. Therefore, it could be
      concluded that processed antigen associated with class II MHC antigen and
      membrane-IL-1 were required for T cell activation. When the liposomes presented
      native conalbumin, Iak, and membrane-IL-1, significant proliferation occurred,
      but if the liposomes lacked membrane-IL-1, the proliferation of the T cell clone
      and the spleen cells decreased to only 40-50% of the previous signal. In this
      case native conalbumin and class II antigen alone were required for T cell
      activation, while membrane-IL-1 alone amplified the response. When the liposomes
      were made with only Iak and membrane-IL-1, lacking either form of conalbumin,
      there was no proliferation of antigen-specific target cells. These results
      indicated that in this synthetic system, membrane-IL-1 is essential for the
      proliferative response of antigen-specific T cells when conalbumin is presented
      as processed peptides in association with Iak.

PMID- 2398742
TI  - Metabolic behavior and distribution of the synthetic nonapeptide fragment 163-171
      of human IL-1 beta.
AB  - The pharmacokinetic parameters and distribution of the adjuvant synthetic
      nonapeptide VQGEESNDK, corresponding to the fragment in position 163-171 in human
      IL-1, were analyzed after administration to rabbit through different routes. The
      radiolabeled peptide did not bind to plasma proteins and, when inoculated i.v.,
      it disappeared very rapidly from the circulation, with a t1/2 alpha of 1 min and
      a t 1/2 beta of 166 min. Upon administration through i.m., s.c. and oral route,
      the Cmax was reached between 30 and 90 min after inoculum and ranged between 7
      and 4% of the administered dose. Organ distribution showed that most of the
      radioactivity was concentrated in kidneys and excreted in urine. From Sephadex G
      10 chromatography, about 60% of the peptide recovered in the urine 4h after i.v.
      inoculum was intact, whereas it was more than 85% degraded when administered by
      other routes. The amount of intact peptide recovered in the urine correlated with
      the biological effectiveness through different routes, suggesting that the
      adjuvant effect in vivo is exerted by the intact peptide, rather than by its
      metabolites.

PMID- 2398743
TI  - Expression of interleukin-1 beta in a human keratinocyte cell line.
AB  - The human keratinocyte cell line COLO-16 expresses mRNA homologous to human IL-1
      alpha and IL-beta (transcript sizes 2.3 and 1.6 kb, respectively). A 1.2 kbp cDNA
      was selected with a human IL-1 beta probe from a lambda gt11 library constructed
      using poly A+ RNA from COLO-16 cells. Sequence analysis revealed that this cDNA
      was nearly identical to the 3' 1.2 kb of human monocyte IL-1 beta. When this cDNA
      was expressed in COS cells using a mammalian expression vector, IL-1 activity was
      detected in the cell conditioned supernatants using assays for D10-T-cell,
      thymocyte and fibroblast proliferation. Western analysis of lysates from COS
      cells transfected with this clone revealed the presence of a -17 kDa protein
      which reacted with antisera to human IL-1 beta. This protein was the same size as
      the processed form of IL-1 beta present in COLO-16 cells suggesting that this
      cDNA encodes the mature form of IL-1 beta. COLO-16 cells contain proteins of -30
      kDa and 17 kDa which are immunoreactive with specific antisera for human IL-1
      alpha and human IL-1 beta. Despite the presence of four-fold greater amounts of
      immunoreactive IL-1 beta protein than IL-1 alpha in cell lysates, all the IL-1
      activity in the lysate could be neutralized by antisera to IL-1 alpha. IL-1 beta
      comprised only 25% of the IL-1 activity in the cell-conditioned media, all
      remaining activity was neutralized by antisera to IL-1 alpha. Whereas IL-1 alpha
      protein in both cell lysates and conditioned supernatants was predominantly in
      the processed -17 kDa form, IL-1 beta proteins were primarily of the processed
      and inactive 30kDa species. This apparent inability of keratinocytes to process
      IL-1 beta may explain our observations that the IL-1 activity secreted by COLO-16
      cells is principally due to IL-1 alpha.

PMID- 2398745
TI  - [Problem-oriented dermatology teaching--transformed medical education].

PMID- 2398746
TI  - [Physicians and smoking 1989: fewer smoke but sniffing is increasing. The
      majority is positive to more restrictions].

PMID- 2398744
TI  - Development and characterization of a lyophilized dosage form of IL-1 beta.
AB  - The development and characterization of a lyophilized dosage form for recombinant
      Interleukin-1 beta is described. Included in the evaluation of the drug product
      are accelerated and long-term stability studies utilizing a number of biophysical
      techniques (reverse-phase HPLC, SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing and ELISA). Data
      collected with these methods were examined for correlations with biological
      activity assessments provided by an in-vitro cell culture system (mouse thymocyte
      proliferation). Results of these studies demonstrate that a lyophilized dosage
      form of Interleukin-1 beta can be prepared which retains its potency for at least
      1 year when stored at ambient temperature. The analytical methodology used to
      assess the physicochemical integrity of the protein provided a sensitive and
      reproducible means of predicting changes in biological activity.

PMID- 2398747
TI  - [Repeal compulsory care ordered by the law for protection against communicable
      diseases. A threat against legal security].

PMID- 2398748
TI  - [Progress in refractive surgery--myopia and astigmatism are treated by a new
      laser technic].

PMID- 2398749
TI  - [More reliable blood pressure measurement by elimination of error sources].

PMID- 2398750
TI  - [Human therapy research must be approved by the ethical committee].

PMID- 2398751
TI  - [Organ donation consent statement on drivers licence--something for Sweden?].

PMID- 2398752
TI  - [Phenol oil injections--a safe therapeutic measure in hemorrhoids].

PMID- 2398754
TI  - [Acupuncture and scientific point of view--there are no short cuts to health].

PMID- 2398753
TI  - [Perfect health and total absence of disease is not the same thing].

PMID- 2398755
TI  - [Pharyngoplasty under local anesthesia against disabling snoring].

PMID- 2398756
TI  - [Wood dust as an occupational problem among woodwork teachers].

PMID- 2398757
TI  - [A project in Uppsala. Improved care of cancer patients under treatment with
      antineoplastic agents].

PMID- 2398758
TI  - [Diet and health. Food and health in focus between the ideal and everyday
      realities].

PMID- 2398759
TI  - [The National Board of Health and Welfare's warning: antibiotics containing
      pivalin acid cause carnitine deficiency].

PMID- 2398760
TI  - [Medical education at the Health University in Ostergotland: contact with
      patients, the holistic view and the art of conversation].

PMID- 2398761
TI  - [What do psychiatrists consider significant in psychiatry?].

PMID- 2398763
TI  - [Diet and loperamide are better than norfloxacin in tourist diarrhea].

PMID- 2398762
TI  - [Do new studies justify a re-evaluation of the risks of low-dose radiation?].

PMID- 2398764
TI  - [The emergency department--for whom?].

PMID- 2398765
TI  - [New statistics from the SBL: many persons are infected with sexually transmitted
      diseases during travel abroad in spite of information].

PMID- 2398766
TI  - [Surgery cures numbness of the hand. Long-term follow-up of carpal tunnel
      decompression].
AB  - One hundred and ninety-one hands with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) were
      treated with surgical decompression of the median nerve. In a retrospective
      analysis 2.5-3 years later, an inquiry was carried out by questionnaire and the
      patients' records were examined to evaluate the final outcome. The questionnaire
      was answered by all 158 still living patients (ie, 175 hands), of whom 91 per
      cent reported numbness in the hand to have been completely relieved after
      surgery, while 23 per cent had had a recurrence of numbness, or other hand
      problems not clearly related to CTS, though just under half of this 23 per cent
      reported their symptoms to be milder than prior to operation. Thus, 2.5-3 years
      after surgical intervention, 85 per cent of the patients had recovered completely
      or improved; and 96 per cent were satisfied with the outcome. To conclude,
      surgical treatment of CTS is a technically simple operation with good final
      results.

PMID- 2398768
TI  - [Obese individuals can achieve permanent weight reduction by means of a behavior
      modification program].

PMID- 2398767
TI  - [An international case-control study. Aplastic anemia is an unusual disease
      previously overdiagnosed].

PMID- 2398769
TI  - [Firearm assaults occur on a relatively small scale in Sweden].

PMID- 2398770
TI  - [Psychogenic contagious diseases--some examples and in interpretation model].

PMID- 2398771
TI  - [Sacroiliitis as a complication of isoretinoid therapy].

PMID- 2398772
TI  - [How healthy are Germans?].

PMID- 2398773
TI  - [Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection].
AB  - The endemic behaviour of Helicobacter pylori (H.p., formerly known as
      Campylobacter pylori) among the population of the town (57,000 inhabitants) and
      rural district (116,000 inhabitants) of Landshut was investigated with
      consideration being given to nationality, socio-economic status, housing and the
      local supply of drinking water. The study involved 894 patients, whose
      consecutive gastric biopsies were sent to the pathological institute of the
      Municipal Hospital in Landshut. The overall H.p. incidence was 51.1%, the average
      age of those infected being 56.9 years. No difference was found in the rate of
      infection between the municipal and rural populations (54.5%, average age 57.4
      years/48.3%, average age 56.4 years). The population of foreigners revealed a
      significantly higher H.p.-positive rate (72.3%, average age 41.7 years) as
      compared with the native population (49.9%, average age 57.7 years). In the case
      of parts of the town whose inhabitants generally lived in smaller apartments with
      a lower standard of hygiene a considerable greater incidence of H.p. (up to
      73.6%, average age 54.2 years) was observed as compared with areas with a low
      population density and detached houses (38.5%, average age 59.2 years).
      Considerable differences in rates of infection were established in the individual
      small towns and marketplaces of the rural district (between 40 and 71.4%, average
      age 58.6-59.1 years). No correlation was found to the supply of drinking water.
      Overall, the results of this study indicate a person-to-person transmission of
      H.p., possibly favoured by more frequent physical contact under more cramped
      living conditions in socio-economically disadvantaged strata of the population
      and by ethnological factors.

PMID- 2398774
TI  - [Epidemiology of gallbladder calculi in young females].
AB  - In a population sample of nearly 900 women aged less than 25 years, prevalence of
      gallbladder stones (GS) was estimated by ultrasound and some risk factors were
      analyzed. GS were found in 4.8 percent. The prevalence of GS is significantly
      higher in females with GS in the family history as compared to persons without
      known GS in the family (11.8 vs. 2.6 percent); in women who have born as compared
      to nulliparae (10 vs. 3 percent); in obese women (BMI 26 or higher) as compared
      to lean women (15.1 vs. 4.2 percent). There was no significant correlation
      between intake of oral contraceptive and prevalence of GS.

PMID- 2398775
TI  - [Mucinous cystadenoma of the pancreas--exact endoscopic assessment with
      pancreoscopy].
AB  - Mucinous cystadenomas of the pancreas are rare tumors of the exocrine pancreas
      with a well-documented risk for malignant degeneration. We present 2 patients
      with this cystic pancreatic neoplasia who were admitted with signs of obstructive
      pancreatitis. The exact diagnosis was found preoperatively by a new endoscopic
      technique: mother-baby duodenoscopy. The small-caliber endoscopy allows the
      precise description of intraductal tumors. Histological resp. cytological
      specimens obtained under direct optical control, allow for an exact
      pathoanatomical classification. This modern endoscopic system is an important
      addition for diagnosing intraluminal tumors of the hepato-biliary system.

PMID- 2398776
TI  - [The clinical spectrum of rickettsiosis in the area of Zadar].
AB  - The clinical spectrum of rickettsioses in patients admitted to our hospital
      (Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Zadar) from 1983 to 1988
      has been analysed. This spectrum consisted of the following diseases: murine
      typhus, Q-fever, boutonneuse fever and Brill-Zinsser disease. The low number of
      hospitalized patients with rickettsioses was in disproportion with the prevalence
      of antibodies to these rickettsiae in general population of the Zadar area. Our
      results indicate that the main reason for this disproportion are misdiagnosed and
      undiagnosed diseases.

PMID- 2398777
TI  - [The present status of treatment of splenic injuries in children].
AB  - Small but very dangerous risk of postsplenectomic sepses gave rise to the
      examination of surgical attitudes of medical treatment of damaged and ruptured
      spleen. Some new ideas of immunology revealed the importance of the spleen in the
      protection of the host and serious defect of immunologic system if the spleen is
      removed. According to those ideas, ruptured spleen is to be retained by all
      means. Some minor lesions and hemorrhages that are easily controlled by
      conservative measures, are not to be operated. In case of serious ruptures and
      massive hemorrhages necessitating more than 20 ml/kg of fresh blood to replace
      lost volume, penetrated abdominal injuries and with polytraumatic patients,
      laparotomy, surgical hemostasis and preservation of the spleen are indicated if
      possible. In the period of the last eight years, 90 children were treated because
      of the possibility they had injured spleen. Thirty-eight patients (42%) were
      under observation. Hemodynamic indicators were normal, so we did not make any
      aggressive diagnostic examinations. Other 47 patients had splenic scintigraphy,
      computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen or ultrasound examination. The findings
      were positive with 32 (69%) patients. Of those patients, 14 (44%) were
      immediately operated since serious rupture of the spleen was diagnosed and
      clinical signs suggested the presence of severe abdominal bleeding. To this
      number of operated patients, four polytraumatic patients and one suffering from
      penetrated injury are to be added. They were indicated the exploration of the
      abdomen without previous diagnostics. There were 19 surgical treatments of
      ruptured spleen; three of them included splenectomy while the other patients
      underwent splenic preservation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398778
TI  - [The status and goals of scientific research in the health sciences in
      Yugoslavia].

PMID- 2398779
TI  - [Inhibition of growth of B16 melanoma caused by liver regeneration].
AB  - Phenomenon of spontaneous regression of cancer indicates that recovery from
      malignant disease can happen without the application of any so far known
      therapeutic treatment. The most of the self-cured patients have undergone
      surgical operation which did not eliminate entire tumor or did not affect
      malignant tissue at all. Furthermore, regression or reversion of tumors
      (transformation of tumor cells into normal, nonmalignant cells) can be achieved
      in plants or amphibia after exposure of tumor cells to the influence of normal,
      regenerating tissue. Thus, it seems that during tissue regeneration certain local
      changes in tissue happen (synthesis of some regulatory growth factors) which
      induce dying of tumor cells or modify main features of malignant cells.
      Previously we have studied growth of murine malignant tumors in regenerating
      tissue of liver and skin. Obtained results indicated that under the influence of
      regenerating tissue anaplasia of fibrosarcoma decreases, as well as do
      pigmentation and the incidence of live cells in melanoma B16 tissue. Thus, it is
      obvious that mechanism of regenerating tissue growth control, which can also
      change characteristics of tumor cells, exists in mammalia, too. In order to
      analyse whether the same homeostatic mechanism is responsible for the phenomenon
      of spontaneous regression of human cancer, we have analysed the growth of
      melanoma B16 in back limb of nonoperated and sham or partially hepatectomized
      mice. Regeneration of skin and abdominal wall tissue in sham hepatectomized
      animals slowed down tumor growth, while liver regeneration completely inhibited
      tumor progression. Tumor growth inhibition was result of tumor tissue necrosis
      which developed around blood vessels. However, the structure and integrity of
      blood vessels themselves was normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398780
TI  - [Pubertal dynamics of growth and spinal scoliosis].
AB  - By means of longitudinal observation of growth of 698 pupils in the period of
      predicted puberty, the dynamics of changes in spine status was observed in
      relation to accelerated growth. At the beginning of observation, when the
      majority of pupils were in the period prior to puberty, the prevalence of
      scolioses with side curve being higher than 10 degrees, according to Cobb, was
      1.57%. In those three years that were observed, the majority of pupils developed
      secondary sexual characteristics followed by adolescent impetus of growth. At the
      same time of the development of puberty, the spine status started to change in
      the way that the incidence of scoliosis was tripled with the same children and
      amounted to 4.87%. At the same time even the number of children having
      asymmetrical bodies of scoliotic posture increased from 20.9% to 28.8%. Children
      having regular posture of their bodies before the puberty, almost in three
      quarters of cases retained the same status. When the status of spine was changed
      the regular posture also changed to scoliotic one, and vice versa. Such a
      scoliotic posture was interpreted as a physiological variation of normal
      appearance of body and not as an important factor of risk in the development of
      scoliosis. Only 8.9% of children having scoliotic posture in puberty, developed
      scoliosis. Those children that developed scoliosis in puberty although they had
      normal postures started to grow at one moment faster and more intensively than
      their healthy colleagues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2398782
TI  - [Tuberculosis of the throat].
AB  - The study included 8 patients with tuberculosis of larynx, in whom the diagnosis
      was made by an otolaryngologist. The disease was commonly attended by hoarseness.
      The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was established by clinical observations
      in all the patients. But, based on the results of indirect microlaryngoscopy and
      pathohistologic examination, all the patients were found to have tuberculosis of
      larynx. They were admitted to special hospitals for adequate treatment of
      tuberculosis.

PMID- 2398781
TI  - [The time interval from the onset of myocardial infarct to arrival in the
      coronary unit in the area of Split].
AB  - The time interval from the initial symptoms of myocardial infarction to the
      coronary care unit admission in patients treated at the Department of Internal
      Medicine, University Hospital "Firule", Split, and Military Hospital, Split,
      between 1 January 1981 and 31 December 1987, vas analysed. The average duration
      of this delay was 14.8 +/- 11.6 hours (range 2-72 hours). It is concluded that
      this interval should be substantially reduced in order to decrease the actual
      coronary heart disease death rate.

PMID- 2398783
TI  - Functional and cosmetic surgery of nose and ear deformities in children and
      adolescents.
AB  - Congenital and traumatic disorders of the nose and ear in children and
      adolescents must be dealt with on an individual basis. The indications for
      surgical correction must be guided by functional, psychologic, and aesthetic
      considerations.

PMID- 2398784
TI  - Immediate reconstruction after mastectomy: team approach.
AB  - A review of 198 cases of breast reconstruction done at the time of mastectomy for
      carcinoma of the breast shows an extremely low morbidity. The technique of using
      a tissue-expander prosthesis enables immediate breast reconstruction without any
      fear of impairing prognosis, of spreading disease, or of impeding adjuvant
      therapy.

PMID- 2398785
TI  - Liposuction: blood loss and autotransfusion.
AB  - Blood loss usually is not clinically significant during liposuction, but the need
      for transfusion increases with the amount of tissue removed. Autologous blood
      donations in preparation for significant blood loss are widely accepted by
      patients and physicians.

PMID- 2398786
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of the anal canal.
AB  - A review of the literature shows adenocarcinoma of the anal canal to have a poor
      outcome. Radical surgery is the treatment of choice for this disease.

PMID- 2398787
TI  - Results of cholecystectomy in a community general hospital.

PMID- 2398788
TI  - Diabetes and impotence.

PMID- 2398789
TI  - Cholesterol testing.

PMID- 2398791
TI  - Safety in forensic science and pathology.

PMID- 2398790
TI  - Lyme disease.

PMID- 2398792
TI  - Quaestiones medico-legales. The Douglas Kerr memorial lecture.

PMID- 2398793
TI  - Inaugural Bleasdale memorial FINA lecture: some legal aspects in regard to doping
      controls.

PMID- 2398794
TI  - The effect of respiratory aerosol inhalers and nasal sprays on breath alcohol
      testing devices used in Great Britain.
AB  - Subjects suffering from respiratory diseases occasionally experience difficulty
      when attempting to provide breath samples to satisfy the requirements of breath
      alcohol testing devices. In order to assist ventilation, such subjects may resort
      to the use of an aerosol inhaler. Twenty aerosol inhalers containing drugs which
      exhibit an effect on the respiratory system and five nasal sprays used to relieve
      the symptoms of hay fever, have been tested for interference on the range of
      breath alcohol measuring devices used by the police in Great Britain. No
      interference attributable to the contents of any of the aerosol inhalers or nasal
      sprays tested was observed on any of the instruments in police use.

PMID- 2398795
TI  - A new trend in solvent abuse deaths?

PMID- 2398796
TI  - High and low offenders compared.
AB  - Prisoners with extensive criminal histories were compared with those having a
      relatively minor history of crime in respect of a large number of variables, in
      order to evaluate factors associated with recidivism and hence of predictive use.
      It was found that most of the generally regarded concomitants of delinquency were
      more prevalent in the high offenders, some much more so. Of special significance
      were a history of mental illness and prolonged absence from the parental home in
      childhood.

PMID- 2398797
TI  - Correlates of suicidal history in male prisoners.
AB  - The relationship between suicide and previous attempt thereto is generally
      recognized. In this study of adult male prisoners, those with a history of
      attempted suicide were compared with age-matched controls in order to evaluate
      factors associated with suicidal behaviour. As well as confirming its
      relationship with certain other factors (notably mental illness and addiction) it
      was found that prisoners with many previous convictions were much more likely to
      have attempted suicide. It is suggested that conviction rate might be a useful
      addition to the measures already employed in assessing suicidal risk.

PMID- 2398798
TI  - Suicide by electrocution.
AB  - Electrocution is a rare mode of suicide. In Sri Lanka, where the suicide rate is
      extremely high, ingestion of liquid pesticides is the commonest method used. The
      case of a 34-year-old labourer of the Electricity Board, who committed suicide
      using 220-240 volt domestic electricity supply is described. He had been
      suffering from a depressive illness for some time. Suicide by electrocution has
      not been documented in Sri Lanka before.

PMID- 2398799
TI  - Suicidal strangulation by ligature: three case reports.
AB  - Self-strangulation by ligature is distinctly uncommon. It is distinct from self
      suspension in cases of hanging, the latter being a far more common form of
      suicide. Self-strangulation must be separated from homicidal strangulation and
      from accidental sexual asphyxia. The ligature in suicidal strangulation may be
      knotted or tightened like a tourniquet. As the ligature is tightened the face and
      neck may become congested due to slow venous compression. Laryngeal fractures are
      rare and injuries are mild and often confined to the single ligature mark around
      the neck. The three cases discussed here were initially treated by the police as
      suspicious. Detailed examination of the scene and of the deceased person, along
      with investigation of the circumstances leading to the death, produced clear
      verdicts of suicide in all three cases.

PMID- 2398800
TI  - Suicide and parasuicide in Singapore (1986).
AB  - Suicide and parasuicide rates have increased in Singapore since 1980 and in 1986
      were estimated to be 13.1 per 100,000 and 92 per 100,000 respectively. Those most
      prone to suicidal behaviour are the Indians and the aged above 70 years. Jumping
      from a height is still the commonest method of suicide and self-poisoning is the
      most popular method of parasuicide.

PMID- 2398801
TI  - Homicide patterns in the West Midlands.
AB  - In order to determine the incidence of various types of homicide, a retrospective
      review of 140 homicide post-mortems was carried out. Four major causes of death-
      stabbing, asphyxia, blunt head injury and shooting--accounted, alone or in
      combination, for 89% of the deaths. Within each of these major groups an analysis
      was carried out of the pattern of injuries sustained by homicide victims. In
      particular the changes seen at post-mortem in the cases of asphyxial death were
      analysed. Ligature strangulation was twice as common as manual, and fracture of
      the bones of the neck occurred in 50% of the cases of ligature strangulations
      compared to 33% of manual strangulations. Petechial haemorrhages were found with
      equal frequency in the facial skin and eyes above the level of neck constriction
      and in the thoracic organs below the level of constriction. Of the victims, 54%
      were male and 46% were female, whereas 90% of the assailants were male and 8%
      were female. A 'close' family relationship existed between the victim and the
      assailant in 43% of cases and in only 4% of the cases was there a proven sexual
      motive for the homicide. In 4% of the cases natural pre-existing disease in the
      victim contributed to the death by homicide.

PMID- 2398802
TI  - Homicide by electrocution.
AB  - Two cases of homicidal electrocutions are reported. A woman and her young son
      were killed in 1980 by her ex-husband. The criminal used electrical force as a
      method of killing. He wound flexible conducting wires around the limbs of the
      victims and switched on the current. He deliberately deceived his ex-wife by
      telling her that the circuits were incomplete and hence harmless. Thus, he
      persuaded her to be part of the circuits, so that a bulb could be lit when placed
      on her bare skin. The circumstances associated with these cases are given and the
      scene of the crime is described. Some important pathological aspects of
      electrical injuries are reviewed. The significance of pathological findings in
      the forensic investigations of electrocution is discussed.

PMID- 2398803
TI  - Patients may not recall disclosure of risk of death: implications for informed
      consent.
AB  - This study examined the issue of rational decision-making involved in the
      'patient need' standard of informed consent. A majority of elective
      cholecystectomy patients (90% of 144) correctly identified their risk of death on
      a multiple choice questionnaire after preoperative counselling, but before
      surgery. However, many of those patients who answered correctly (54%) reported
      that they were not informed about the risk of death when questioned again after
      discharge. An attempt to discriminate patients who reported being informed from
      those who did not using measures of preoperative pain, emotional distress and
      medication was not successful. Faced with an inability to obtain informed consent
      from some patients, coupled with legal liability for failing to do so, surgeons
      are advised to obtain consent in writing, to provide comprehensive, multi-media
      counselling, and to be particularly conscientious with confused patients and
      those with complications.

PMID- 2398804
TI  - Drug use, crime and the attitudes of magistrates.
AB  - In a study concerned with the views of magistrates' on crime related to drug use,
      a 27-item attitudinal questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 154 subjects
      drawn from all magistrates in the London area. The response rate was 72%. There
      was broad agreement on the seriousness of crime related to drug use but there
      were also interesting differences of opinion. A principal components analysis
      revealed three factors which accounted for 67% of the variance. Factor 1,
      labelled 'seriousness' relates to the attitude that the extent of drug use and
      drug-related crimes such as possession, are serious offences. Factor 2, labelled
      'intervention', reflects the view that sentencing and treatment are valuable in
      dealing with drug-related crime. Factor 3, labelled 'responsibility' describes
      the attitude that drug users are responsible for their offences and for the
      contents of statements made when withdrawing from drugs. There were differences
      between the magistrates on items concerning cannabis, personal responsibility for
      drug-related crime and the value of sentencing options. Magistrates tended to
      value psychiatric court-reports but some found them unclearly worded and partial
      to the defendant. Implications for the legal and medical response to drug use and
      crime are discussed.

PMID- 2398805
TI  - Series of jail suicides in Dade County, Florida.

PMID- 2398806
TI  - The pitfalls which may be encountered during an examination for signs of sexual
      abuse.

PMID- 2398807
TI  - [The effect of benzene on the activity of the hepatic mono-oxygenase system of
      female rats as a function of age].
AB  - The aim of the work was an attempt to estimate the changes taking place in the
      hepatic microsomes of a rat, in the early phase of newborn life, maturation and
      growing old after peritoneal benzene administration. The observations were led on
      a smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum fractions. The object of experiment were
      P-450-dependent monooxygenases cytochrome. In the experiment the female Wistar
      rats at age: 5-, 10-, 15-, 30-, 60 days old and 18 months old were used. 6 hours
      before decapitation the rats were given benzene in peritoneal way, in dose 250 mg
      per kg of the body weight. In a smooth and rough microsomes were indicated:
      protein contents, cytochromes P-450 and b5 contents and also the activity of
      NADPH-cytochrome c and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductases, aniline hydroxylase and 4
      aminopyrine demethylase. Benzene revealed a changing influence on protein
      contents. In the rough fraction the negative influence was observed, but in the
      smooth fraction a clear stimulation was observed in certain age intervals. The
      influence of the discussed hydrocarbon on the cytochrome P-450 contents was
      similar in both subfractions. In animals entering puberty benzene was found to
      reduce P-450 contents. The activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, 4
      aminopyrine demethylase, and aniline hydroxylase was modified to different
      degrees depending on age of the animals, the inhibitory effect being prevailing.
      The contents of cytochrome b5 in SER and RER didn't change in extreme age groups
      but it was remarkably reduced during puberty. A significantly changing influence
      of benzene on the activity of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase was observed both in
      smooth and rough fractions.

PMID- 2398808
TI  - [Sister chromatid exchange in lymphocytes of drivers].
AB  - The frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in the group of 18 drivers
      were studied. The habit of cigarette smoking was considered. Mean values of
      SCE/metaphase between the group of drivers and the reference group and in the
      comparison with nonsmoking and smoking drivers did not show significant
      differences. Several cells with extremely high values of SCE (19-25) were
      observed in the group of smoking drivers.

PMID- 2398809
TI  - [Effect of electric fields on the living organism. III. Activity of fructose-1,6
      diphosphate aldolase and malate dehydrogenase in whole liver homogenate and in
      subcellular liver fractions in guinea pigs].
AB  - Guinea pigs were exposed to electric field of 50 Hz in different times of day.
      Activity of aldolase and malate dehydrogenase in whole liver homogenate as well
      as in nuclear, mitochondrial and supernatant liver fractions of guinea pigs was
      examined. A remarkable increase in enzyme activity in all studied groups was
      observed which may prove that a relevant electric stimulus can result in certain
      disorders in carbohydrate changes in liver cells.

PMID- 2398810
TI  - [Mortality analysis in studies of industrial cohorts. III. Testing the trends of
      standardized relative risks].
AB  - The present paper covers the third part of a larger work concerning mortality
      measures applied in the studies on industrial cohorts. The aim of this paper is
      to discuss the problems of testing the trends of standardized relative risks
      (SRR). In spite of its advantages the standardized relative risk (SRR) is not
      often used in empirical works to assess mortality. If it is used at all, it is
      usually based on the chi-square test. The authors of this paper must state that,
      as it results from their own experience, a non-parametric test is more useful in
      evaluating mortality than chi-square or F test.

PMID- 2398811
TI  - [Functional disorders of the nervous system in those occupationally exposed to
      mixtures of chloro-organic solvents and vinyl chloride].
AB  - A group of 334 males, workers of the Nitrogen Plant in Wloclawek were examined:
      172 subjects were employed in the department of solvents and vinyl chloride
      synthesis, 90 subjects in polyvinyl chloride processing department, and the rest
      of subjects formed a control group. Detailed neurological examinations made it
      possible to see that in the group occupationally exposed to solvents functional
      disorders of the nervous system of different intensities were observed (25.6%).
      The frequency of these changes in workers employed in particular departments
      characterized by different work conditions was compared, using statistical
      methods, with the results obtained in the control group. Functional disorders of
      the nervous system were found to be remarkably more frequent in the employees of
      the solvents production department where the greatest exposure to carbon
      tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene were observed.

PMID- 2398812
TI  - [Characteristics of coke plants. Health and ergonomic conditions].
AB  - 1300 workers were employed in that plant; 632 in production out of which 308,
      most exposed, worked in the baking ovens department. The hygienic examinations
      revealed a very high concentration of benzo(a)piren and crude tar in the air of
      in the baking ovens department the MAC from several to 600 times. Other harmful
      substances and dust, as well as the industrial noise exceeded the MAC only
      incidentally. The ergonomic examinations revealed the exceeding of the energetic
      expenditory only in the door operators of cooking ovens. The results of medical
      examination will be presented in subsequent papers.

PMID- 2398813
TI  - [Studies of immune system parameters in coke plant workers].
AB  - Studies on such parameters of immunological system as lymphocyte subpopulations
      percentage, immunoglobulins concentration and NBT reduction test were performed
      in peripheral blood obtained from 232 coke plant workers. All the subjects were
      divided into groups according to the degree of exposure to BaP. Lymphocyte T and
      B percentage, immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA concentration and NBT reduction
      test in the examined groups were not significantly different from those in the
      control group. However, in subjects exposed to the highest concentrations of BaP
      the low percentages of lymphocytes T (OKT-3) and lymphocytes TH--helper (OKT-4)
      were revealed when the lymphocytes T subpopulations were examined (using
      monoclonal antibodies in indirect immunofluorescent technique). Presumably, the
      alterations the percentage of lymphocytes T subpopulations depend on high BaP
      concentration affecting the exposed workers.

PMID- 2398814
TI  - [Methods of preventing atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease in vocational
      school students].
AB  - The authors suggest that identification of high-risk individuals, modification of
      nutritional habit, preventing the smoking habit, increased physical activity, low
      salt intake, and early diagnosis and treatment of hypertension should be the most
      important methods used for atherosclerosis and IHD prevention in youths.

PMID- 2398815
TI  - Prediction of probability of carcinogenicity for a set of ongoing NTP bioassays.
AB  - Forty-four compounds currently undergoing carcinogenesis bioassay by the National
      Toxicology Program were submitted to the TOPKAT program for prediction of their
      potential carcinogenicity. Sixteen compounds could not be handled by TOPKAT. Of
      the 28 for which predictions were made, 26 (93%) had a confidence level in the
      estimate of at least moderate. Seventeen were predicted to be carcinogens and 11
      non-carcinogens. These results will be compared with the assay results as the
      assays are completed.

PMID- 2398816
TI  - The induction of aneuploidy in cultured Chinese hamster cells by propionaldehyde
      and chloral hydrate.
AB  - The induction of aneuploidy in cultured Chinese hamster cells by propionaldehyde
      (PA) and chloral hydrate (CH) has been studied. Chinese hamster embryonic diploid
      (CHED) cells were grown as a monolayer in cover glasses. Treatments were
      performed with doses of 5 x 10(-4), 1 x 10(-3) and 2 x 10(-3)% of PA for 3 h and
      doses of 1 x 10(-3), 2 x 10(-3) and 3 x 10(-3)% of CH for 1.5 h. Treatments with
      2 x 10(-3)% of acetaldehyde (AA) for the same PA and CH treatments were used as
      positive controls. Untreated cultures were used as negative controls. PA induced
      chromosomal aberrations with the three doses employed although in a lesser degree
      than the positive control. CH induced chromosomal damage only with the two higher
      doses. No correlation was found between the amount of chromosomal damage induced
      and the doses of PA or CH employed. Both compounds increased the frequency of
      aneuploid cells in relation to untreated controls but not in relation to the
      positive control. However, neither PA nor CH significantly increased the
      frequencies of polyploid cells. These results indicate that aldehydes and
      chlorine-replaced aldehydes are strong inducers of aneuploidy despite some
      differences between PA or CH and AA regarding cytotoxicity and polyploidy
      induction.

PMID- 2398817
TI  - Structural alerts to genotoxicity: the interaction of human and artificial
      intelligence.
AB  - The assignments of 'structural alerts' by Ashby and associates as predictors of
      genotoxic carcinogenicity were used as the entries for CASE, an artificial
      intelligence-based structure-activity relational method. CASE, using this human
      intelligence-based information, was able to derive structural determinants that
      duplicate the informational content of the structural alerts (sensitivity, 0.974;
      specificity, 0.948). The CASE-predicted alerts performed as well as the results
      of the Salmonella mutagenicity assay or the direct application of structural
      alerts in predicting carcinogens.

PMID- 2398818
TI  - Clastogenic effects of known and suspect spindle poisons studied by chromosome
      analysis in mouse bone marrow cells.
AB  - The present study was performed within the project 'Genomic Mutations' (sponsored
      by the Commission of the European Communities) in order to gather all possible
      experimental information on 10 chemicals selected on the basis of their possible
      capacity to induce aneuploidy. An analysis of chromosomal aberrations was carried
      out in bone marrow cells of mice with the first five chemicals: colchicine (COL),
      econazole (EZ), chloralhydrate (CH), hydroquinone (HQ) and diazepam (DIAZ). The
      experiments were performed in parallel to micronucleus tests with the objective
      to distinguish a positive micronucleus response due to chromosomal breakage from
      that obtained by lagging chromosomes. The results of the micronucleus tests will
      be reported elsewhere. COL, CH, EZ and DIAZ showed no clastogenic effects in
      mouse bone marrow cells after single intraperitoneal injection. Polyploid cells
      were significantly more frequent after COL treatment. HQ showed a dose-dependent
      induction of chromosomal aberrations at 6 and 24 h after treatment. After 24 h,
      cells with multiple aberrations up to complete chromosome fragmentation were
      frequently observed. They indicate that a small fraction of the cell population,
      probably related to a specific stage of the cell cycle, was particularly
      sensitive to HQ. A sex difference in clastogenic response to HQ was not observed.
      It is concluded that of the five chemicals tested only HQ was clastogenic in
      mouse bone marrow cells under the present experimental conditions.

PMID- 2398819
TI  - Involvement of different pathways in the genotoxicity of nitropropanes in
      cultured mammalian cells.
AB  - The metabolic pathways leading to genotoxicity of nitropropanes in mammalian
      cells were investigated by measuring the effects of 2-nitropropane (2-NP) and 1
      nitropropane (1-NP) on various cell lines characterized for their expression of
      cytochrome P450-dependent mono-oxygenases. Cells used were the rat hepatoma cell
      lines 2sFou, H4IIEC3/G- and C2Rev7, which express various forms of cytochrome
      P450-dependent mono-oxygenases, and V79 Chinese hamster cells which lack these
      enzyme activities. Induction of DNA repair synthesis, micronuclei and, where
      assessable, mutations to 6-thioguanine (TG) resistance served as indicators of
      genotoxic effects. 2-NP elicited a positive response at all endpoints measured in
      the hepatoma lines after pretreatment of the cells with dexamethasone, an inducer
      of various liver-specific cytochrome P450 forms. Genotoxicity was much weaker or
      not detectable in cells not pretreated with the inducer. 1-NP was not genotoxic
      in the hepatoma cells irrespective of whether the cells were pretreated or not.
      Neither isomer elicited DNA repair synthesis in V79 cells, but both isomers
      caused mutations to TG resistance, and 1-NP increased the number of
      micronucleated and multinucleated cells. The findings show that there are
      different pathways in mammalian cells by which nitropropanes can be converted to
      genotoxic products. Presumably the induction of liver tumours by 2-NP is linked
      to the metabolic pathway which is characterized by the formation of genotoxic
      metabolites from 2-NP but not 1-NP. This pathway appears to depend on the
      presence of liver-specific, dexamethasone-inducible, cytochrome P450 forms. The
      relevance of the genotoxic effects of the nitropropanes observed in V79 cells for
      the situation in vivo is open to question.

PMID- 2398820
TI  - Molecular dosimetry of DNA adducts in Chinese hamster ovary cells and C3H10T1/2
      mouse embryo fibroblast cells treated with benzo[a]pyrene.
AB  - Chromatographic profiles of DNA adducts formed following treatment of Chinese
      hamster ovary (CHO) cells or C3H10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblast cells with
      benzo[a]pyrene (BP), in the presence or absence of rat liver S9 fraction, have
      been obtained by both direct labelling ([3H]BP) and 32P-post-labelling methods.
      The principal adduct formed in both cell lines was (+)-N2-(7R,8S,9R-trihydroxy
      7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene- 10S-yl) 2'-deoxyguanosine (detected as its
      3',5'-bisphosphate by 32P-post-labelling). In both cell lines significantly
      higher levels of adducts were observed in the presence of S9 fraction. The
      results of these studies provide useful reference data on the genotoxic
      metabolism of BP in these widely used cell culture systems and allow comparisons
      with data obtained in other experimental mammalian systems. Valid comparisons of
      metabolism in experimental systems used as extrapolative models for man are
      particularly important where multiple bioactivation pathways are possible, such
      as in the case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

PMID- 2398821
TI  - Mutagenic activity in the wine-making process: correlations with rutin and
      quercetin levels.
AB  - Mutagenic activity was monitored during the time course of the vinification
      process of a Portuguese red wine using the Ames assay. Dependence upon faecalase
      treatment for detection of mutagenicity was evaluated concurrently with HPLC
      analysis of the flavonoids rutin and quercetin. Rutin (quercetin-o-3-rutinoside)
      is liberated from the grapes during the first 10 days of the process and is
      hydrolysed as the vinification process proceeds. This explains the levels of the
      free quercetin in the wine and mutagenicity in the absence of faecalase
      treatment. Mutagenicity in the presence of faecalase during the first 26 days of
      the process correlates with the levels of rutin, and in the absence of faecalase
      the highest mutagenic activity detected (160th day) coincides with the highest
      level of free quercetin. Our results do not rule out the possibility that other
      mutagens are present in wines, in particular oxidative-type mutagens.

PMID- 2398822
TI  - Sister chromatid exchange in lymphocytes of agricultural workers exposed to
      pesticides.
AB  - Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was studied in the lymphocytes of 27 agricultural
      workers occupationally exposed to several pesticides and 28 matched controls from
      el Maresme, an agricultural area near Barcelona. Comparison between both groups
      with the t-test did not reveal significant differences. These negative findings
      suggest that, possibly, the exposure level is too low to increase SCE in human
      lymphocytes in vivo. Our results indicate that smokers, both the workers and the
      controls, had a higher SCE frequency than non-smokers, in agreement with previous
      data reported by different authors.

PMID- 2398823
TI  - Similar kinetics of chromatid aberrations in X-irradiated xrs 5 and wild-type
      Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - We have studied the kinetics of chromatid aberrations in cells of the Chinese
      hamster ovary (CHO-K1) derived, X-ray sensitive cell line xrs 5 irradiated in the
      G2 phase at 37 degrees C, as well as during a cell cycle extended by transient
      hypothermia at 33 degrees C. While a given X-ray dose was estimated to produce
      about 4 times as many chromatid break and twice the frequency of exchanges in xrs
      5 cells as in the parent line, there was no difference between the lines in the
      rates of disappearance of chromatid breaks during G2 at either temperature; and
      similar patterns of chromatid exchange kinetics were observed in the two lines.
      Both the frequencies and distributions of chromatid breaks at different times
      after irradiation are consistent with the view that the disappearance of these
      during incubation represents a repair process. These results imply that the G2
      chromosomal radiosensitivity of the xrs 5 mutant residues at the level of initial
      chromatid damage.

PMID- 2398824
TI  - The Industrial Genetic Toxicology Discussion Group Meeting on in vitro and in
      vivo micronucleus tests.

PMID- 2398825
TI  - Leukocyte flow dynamics in the rat liver microcirculation.
AB  - The flow dynamics of leukocytes in the rat liver microcirculation was studied in
      the sinusoids in the three zones of the liver acinus (zone 1, periportal; zone 2,
      mid; and zone 3, pericentral) by means of in vivo fluorescence microscopy.
      Leukocytes were labeled in vivo with acridine orange. The microscopic image was
      videotaped and on playback of the videotapes, leukocyte velocity, leukocyte flux,
      erythrocyte velocity, sinusoid diameter, and sinusoid tortuosity were measured.
      Blood flow and flow resistance were calculated from these data. The leukocyte
      velocity, erythrocyte velocity, sinusoid diameter, and blood flow in the liver
      sinusoids in zone 3 were significantly greater than those in zone 2, which in
      turn were also significantly greater than those in zone 1. There were significant
      positive correlations between leukocyte and erythrocyte velocity, between
      leukocyte velocity and sinusoid diameter, and between leukocyte velocity and
      blood flow. Sinusoid tortuosity in zone 1 was significantly larger than that in
      zone 2 and zone 3. Flow resistance in zone 1 was significantly greater than that
      in zone 2, which was also significantly greater than that in zone 3. These
      results provide evidence for a "zonal gradient" of leukocyte velocity in the
      liver sinusoids, with increasing velocity from zone 1 to zone 3. The
      morphological (narrow diameter and tortuous path) and resistance factors appear
      to contribute to the slow velocity in zone 1.

PMID- 2398826
TI  - The effects of leukocytes on blood flow in a model skeletal muscle capillary
      network.
AB  - A model of blood flow in a skeletal muscle microvascular network, typical of a
      rat spinotrapezius muscle, was used to analyze the effects of white blood cells
      (WBCs) on network resistance and on the pathways followed by WBCs as they transit
      the network. This model incorporated plugging of vessel entrances by WBCs and the
      effects of vessel hematocrit, shear rate, and WBCs on blood apparent viscosity.
      Blood flow and HCT in each vessel and WBC positions were computed at discrete
      time steps. WBC introduction increased the network resistance 2.98% under normal
      conditions, and 14.4% above that of plasma alone when WBCs were considered to be
      suspended in plasma. This resistance increase was predominantly due to WBC
      plugging at vessel entrances. Comparison of resistance increases to the number of
      WBC plugs showed an exponential relationship once a threshold value of plugging
      was reached. Increased WBC plugging resulted from increases in either the feeding
      concentration of WBCs or the duration of individual plugs. Increased plug
      duration was the direct result of using alternate WBC deformation models and
      increasing WBC viscosity. A WBC viscosity range of 45 to 2400 P was used in the
      model, corresponding to the viscosities reported by various in vivo and in vitro
      studies. WBC plugging also significantly affected the pathways taken by WBCs.
      Under normal conditions, WBCs tended to flow through preferred pathways in the
      distal portions of the network. With increased plugging, WBC flow became more
      homogeneous. For significant increases in the network resistance to occur, it is
      essential that the WBC pathways be distributed throughout the network.

PMID- 2398827
TI  - Changes in capillary perfusion induced by different patterns of activity in rat
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - The proportion of "perfused" capillaries was evaluated in rat tibialis anterior
      at rest and during two different types of contraction after timed injection of
      thioflavine S. Capillary/fibre (C/F) ratio was estimated for "perfused"
      capillaries--those filled with fluorochrome--(Cp) from photomicrographs. Sections
      were subsequently stained for alkaline phosphatase and C/F ratio was estimated
      for all capillaries (Ct). At 7.5 sec after injection of fluorochrome, Cp:Ct at
      rest was 0.32 +/- 0.092 in the oxidative core and 0.43 +/- 0.058 in the
      glycolytic cortex (means +/- SEM). This increased to 0.83 +/- 0.045 and 0.88 +/-
      0.026, respectively, during selective activation of glycolytic fibres. Activation
      of all fibres led to a modest further increase (0.92 +/- 0.040 in the core and
      0.91 +/- 0.035 in the cortex). Blood flow (measured by radiolabelled microspheres
      increased to a similar extent (fivefold) in both regions of the muscle during
      activation of glycolytic fibres; the further increase during maximal activation
      was much smaller in the cortex (from 4 to 41 ml/100 g/min) than in the core (from
      7 to 196 ml/100 g/min). Increased capillary perfusion during muscle contractions
      was thus independent of the type of activity, while muscle blood flow increased
      more in oxidative than in glycolytic regions during maximal activation. Thus the
      increase in muscle blood flow with maximal activation cannot be accounted for by
      further recruitment of "unperfused" capillaries and must result from a
      significant increase in the velocity of capillary blood flow.

PMID- 2398829
TI  - Capillary blood cell velocity in finger nailfold: characteristics and
      reproducibility of the local cold response.
AB  - The characteristics and reproducibility of nailfold capillary blood cell velocity
      (CBV) of the local cold response was evaluated in 30 cases by video-microscopy
      using a flying-spot technique. CBV, as well as flow stop duration during cooling,
      from a first and second test was significantly (P less than 0.05) reproducible,
      whether or not the test was repeated after 60 min or after an interval of 12
      weeks. Because of interindividual variations in rest CBV, and a better
      reproducibility of the flow stop duration, this last parameter is more useful in
      clinical practice for follow-up evaluations of the local cold response test. The
      usefulness of the flying-spot generator for rapid and accurate measurement of CBV
      in finger nailfold capillaries is demonstrated in normal subjects and patients
      with primary Raynaud syndrome during a local cooling test.

PMID- 2398828
TI  - A preparation for in vivo study of the diaphragmatic microcirculation in the rat.
AB  - A new preparation is described for the study of the microcirculation of the rat
      diaphragm by in vivo microscopy. After midline laparotomy, the abdominal site of
      the diaphragm muscle was exposed. The rat was mechanically ventilated and placed
      in the Trendelenburg position, thus allowing a microscope placed on a three
      dimensional articulated system to be set up perpendicular to the diaphragm. The
      diaphragm was then transilluminated by inserting fiberoptic microprobes into the
      thorax cavity by thoracotomy in the fifth intercostal space. This preparation
      allowed us to describe the morphological characteristics of the arteriolar
      network in vivo. As regards the venular network, two parts were distinguished:
      one part collects the blood of the external half of the diaphragm, runs roughly
      parallel to the arterioles, and converges toward the internal mammary and
      intercostal veins; the other part collects the blood of the central half of the
      diaphragm and converges on the central venous arcade along its central tendon.
      Anastomotic channels between these two parts were observed, as well as
      spontaneous inversion of the direction of the blood flow, indicating the presence
      of unsteady pressure gradients in some branches of the venular network. Capillary
      density was also studied by measuring intercapillary distance, whose mean value
      was 21.43 +/- 0.67 microns. No differences in intercapillary distance were found
      between the external and central parts of the diaphragm. In conclusion, we
      describe a preparation which allowed us to study the diaphragmatic
      microcirculation for at least 2 hr under good hemodynamic conditions. The study
      of this specific microcirculation is important because the diaphragm's metabolism
      and functions are specific and because it is essential to life that its perfusion
      should be adapted to its specific metabolic requirements.

PMID- 2398830
TI  - Effect of sarcomere length on total capillary length in skeletal muscle: in vivo
      evidence for longitudinal stretching of capillaries.
AB  - It is generally assumed that when a muscle is shortened or extended the total
      length of capillaries does not change, implying that capillaries are
      nondistensible, longitudinally. On the basis of stereological estimates of
      capillary anisotropy versus sarcomere length, we propose that as long as
      capillaries are in a tortuous configuration muscle extension will merely decrease
      the tortuosity, leaving vessel length unaltered. Once capillaries have been
      pulled into a straight configuration, further extension of the muscle will cause
      the vessels to stretch. By means of intravital videomicroscopy we have
      demonstrated that stretching of individual capillaries does indeed occur over a
      sarcomere length range of 2.1 to 2.9 microns in rat extensor digitorum longus
      muscle. In vivo measurements of the lengths of six capillaries together with the
      sarcomere lengths of adjacent fibers were made in muscles positioned at various
      degrees of extension. Normalized data indicated that four capillaries stretched
      to the same degree as the muscle, one stretched more and another less. This may
      reflect differences in distensibility or tortuosity of capillaries in series with
      one another. The elastic stretching of capillaries during muscle activity may
      have important consequences in terms of shifts in permeability and increases in
      capillary surface area.

PMID- 2398831
TI  - The effects of burn injury on vasoactivity in hamster peripheral
      microcirculation.
AB  - The effects of mild thermal shock on the vasoactivity of microvessels were
      studied in the hamster skin flap window preparations. Diameter fluctuations in
      arterioles and venules, varying in size from 10 to 50 microns and at different
      branching order sites, were measured prior and subsequent to a local surface skin
      burn. The experimental vasomotion data were characterized in terms of mean,
      standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis, and by the Prony spectral line
      estimator (PSLE), fast Fourier transform (FFT), and auto regression (AR) methods
      of spectral analysis. Following a mild burn the A1 (37-50 microns), A2 (30-50
      microns), and A3 (25-41 microns) arterioles relaxed to a larger diameter by an
      average of 58, 20, and 13%, respectively. Dispersion statistics postburn showed a
      skewness close to normal while the kurtosis became more negative, indicating that
      the transient diameter curves were flatter. Both FFT and PSLE analyses indicate
      less energy in the signals postburn accompanied by a shift toward lower
      frequencies with decreased amplitude. In addition, there was a loss of certain
      frequencies from the spectrum and an increase in the interval for rhythmic
      activity. FFT analysis gave an idea of the trend while PSLE analysis was found to
      be highly unstable and dependent on the window size. AR results indicate that the
      process is stable and definite trends exist in the data, however, the data are
      not purely periodic.

PMID- 2398832
TI  - An analysis of microcirculatory flow heterogeneity using measurements of transit
      time.
AB  - Heterogeneity of blood flow distribution was measured in capillary networks in
      cremaster muscles of anesthetized Golden hamsters (nembutal, 70 mg/kg, ip). The
      relative dispersion of Q/PS, where Q is blood flow, P is permeability, and S is
      exchange surface area, was estimated; in microvascular terms (and assuming
      uniform permeability) this ratio reduces to vr/l, where v is plasma velocity, r
      is vessel radius, and l is vessel length, and where v/l = 1/T, where T is transit
      time. Distributions of 1/T across complete capillary networks significantly
      increased in relative dispersion from 68.2 to 97.8% during hyperemia, suggesting
      an increase in flow heterogeneity with increased inflow. In contrast, relative
      dispersion of 1/T did not change significantly from rest (72.0%) to hyperemia
      (66.1%) in capillary segments sampled randomly across the tissue. Other
      microvascular indices of flow (velocity, cell content) did not reflect the
      changes in relative flow dispersion shown by the changes in 1/T. The analysis
      demonstrates that estimates of flow heterogeneity are sensitive both to the
      selection of an appropriate flow variable and to the manner in which this
      variable is sampled in the capillary bed.

PMID- 2398833
TI  - Interactions of leukocytes with vessel walls and with other blood cells, studied
      by high-resolution intravital videomicroscopy of spleen.
AB  - Visualization of circulating leukocytes in vivo is difficult because their
      optical density differs so little from that of plasma. We have obtained
      intravital microscopic images of leukocytes at high resolution in spleens of rats
      and mice by means of an inverted microscope with a 100 x oil-immersion lens;
      oblique lighting gave improved contrast. Photographic evidence and quantitative
      data describing the behaviour of lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      (PMNs), and macrophages within the microvasculature are presented. Mean numbers
      of marginated lymphocytes in venous vessels ranged from 0.1 to 4.5 per 1000
      microns 2 of wall surface, and speeds of rolling from 11 to 20 microns/sec.
      Adherence times of leukocytes to vessel walls were log normally distributed,
      median values being 30, 130, and 560 sec, for lymphocytes, PMNs, and macrophages,
      respectively. Mean speeds of migration along luminal surfaces were similar (7-19
      microns/min) for all three types of cells. Lymphocyte migration outward through
      the venular wall, observed on two occasions, took 1-2 min. Median values for
      duration of adherence of RBCs and lymphocytes to macrophages were 1 and 42 sec,
      respectively. Phagocytosis of a lymphocyte was observed and took 3 min.
      Macrophages often underwent dramatic changes in shape, including formation of a
      pseudopod up to 155 microns in length. High-resolution intravital videomicroscopy
      of spleen has great potential for studying leukocyte behaviour, e.g., homing and
      migration of lymphocytes, and immunologically related macrophage-lymphocyte
      interactions in vivo.

PMID- 2398834
TI  - Separate hemoglobin standards for blacks and whites: a critical review of the
      case for separate and unequal hemoglobin standards.
AB  - There have been a number of reports that suggest mean differences between the
      hemoglobin (Hgb) levels of black and white Americans. Many of those reports have
      had as their basis various national US nutrition surveys. Early reports indicated
      that blacks had a 1.0 g/dl lower mean Hgb than whites. Later reports put the mean
      Hgb difference between 0.5 and 0.73 g/dl. Recent reports, in which either iron
      intake or iron status have been measured and controlled, indicate a mean Hgb
      difference of between 0.2 and 0.3 g/dl. Despite the variability in these mean Hgb
      differences, some reports call for the establishment of separate Hgb standards
      for black Americans. The need for separate Hgb standards is critically reviewed
      in light of alternative interpretations of early data and newer knowledge about
      the development, detection, and significance of iron deficiency. The suitability
      of national cross-sectional survey data to answer questions about Hgb standards
      without adequate experimental studies in questioned, especially since no genetic
      studies have been performed to indicate genetic differences in Hgb levels. Policy
      implications of a change from current standards are also discussed.

PMID- 2398835
TI  - Bronchial blood flow and microvascular permeability in the pathophysiology of
      asthma.
AB  - Bronchial smooth muscle contraction is not the only causative factor of airway
      narrowing in asthma. Other components, such as mucosal and submucosal oedema and
      mucosal inflammation, also intervene in the processes leading to bronchial
      obstruction. Re-analyzing the role of the tracheo-bronchial circulation is
      therefore necessary, since participation of the latter, through modification of
      bronchial blood flow and/or alteration of microvascular permeability, very likely
      modifies mucosal thickness of the bronchial wall and/or clearance of
      bronchoactive substances from the airways. This also implies that more attention
      should be paid on the vascular actions of compounds which are either currently
      prescribed or under development for future treatment of asthma.

PMID- 2398836
TI  - Cardio-vascular events at defecation: are they unavoidable?
AB  - Cardio-vascular events at defecation are to a considerable degree the consequence
      of an unnatural (for a human being) seating defecation posture on a common toilet
      bowl or bed pan. The excessive straining expressed in intensively repeated
      Valsalva Maneuvers is needed for emptying the bowels in sitting position. The
      Valsalva Maneuver adversely affecting the cardio-vascular system is the causative
      factor of defecation syncope and death. The cardio-vascular system of a healthy
      man withstands the intensive and repeated straining at defecation, while the
      compromised cardio-vascular system may fail resulting in syncope or even death.
      The squatting defecation posture is associated with reduced amounts of straining
      and may prevent many of these tragic cases.

PMID- 2398837
TI  - Pharyngeal ambivalence, chronic obstructive bowel disease and the congenetics of
      contractile organs.
AB  - Every therapy has some theoretical basis which must be constantly re-evaluated
      according to results, remembering that recovery does not necessarily validate the
      original assumption. An elementary theoretical concept is what I have called the
      "Basis Principle" which states that "the body is composed of similar organs which
      are subject to similar disorders." In this paper, ills of the pharynx are
      reviewed as examples of common diseases characteristic of contractile organs.

PMID- 2398838
TI  - [Criticizing the criticism].

PMID- 2398839
TI  - [Using therapeutic drugs. Drug storage and administration. Drugs used on the
      eye].

PMID- 2398840
TI  - A national director of sound mind. Interview by Lee H. Beecher.

PMID- 2398841
TI  - Autonomy lost.

PMID- 2398842
TI  - Rural America. Surmounting the obstacles to mental health care.

PMID- 2398843
TI  - Heat illness.
AB  - A 17-year-old girl collapsed during a field hockey practice on a hot August
      afternoon, apparently suffering from heat illness, which is responsible for about
      5,000 deaths annually. A panel of experts explores this girl's case, discusses
      heat illness in general, and makes recommendations about diagnosis, prevention,
      and treatment.

PMID- 2398844
TI  - Prescribing issues grant report to the Board of Medical Examiners. II. Minnesota
      Medical Association.
AB  - The Prescribing Issues Grant Advisory Committee believes that the survey results
      indicate diversity and overall appropriate prescribing practices by Minnesota
      physicians. The committee's recommendations are intended to promote continued
      appropriate prescribing practices. In general, controlled substances are not
      indicated for the treatment of chronic conditions. Situations may occur, however,
      in which a physician may elect to use controlled substances to treat patients for
      chronic conditions. In these infrequent instances, documentation in the patient
      record is paramount. While diversity in prescribing practices is recognized,
      physicians have a responsibility to be aware of the problems of potential
      prescription drug diversion and abuse when they prescribe a controlled substance.
      Physicians should guard against abuse while assuring that these medications are
      available to patients who truly need them for clearly documented medical reasons.

PMID- 2398846
TI  - Preserving lives, maintaining dignity.

PMID- 2398845
TI  - Medical practice management as a profitable investment.
AB  - As the 1990s unfold, the challenges facing medical group practices are not likely
      to lessen. Traditional territorial boundaries will be blurred, and significant
      power shifts between physicians, hospitals, and other health care providers will
      likely occur. The well-managed group will be positioned to anticipate and react
      to abrupt changes in the rules and to take advantage of opportunities that
      typically accompany a dynamic market.

PMID- 2398847
TI  - AIDS vaccine.

PMID- 2398848
TI  - Omitted AIDS care, precautions.

PMID- 2398849
TI  - Improved health care access.

PMID- 2398850
TI  - Vaccine death or injury.

PMID- 2398851
TI  - [A SEM evaluation of the surface color of Dicor crowns].
AB  - With multiple measurements on Dicor crowns cast on extracted teeth and observed
      under SEM, we determined that the thickness of the external layer of shading
      porcelain has a mean value of 55 +/- 12 microns (for 4 applications). This datum
      must be considered so that a dimensional error is not introduced in the
      construction of these types of crowns.

PMID- 2398852
TI  - [The identification of esterase D isoenzyme (EsD) phenotypes in the dental pulp
      by isoelectric focusing].
AB  - An identification method based on the isoelectrofocusing (IEF) assay of the EsD
      phenotypes in dental cavity pulp is reported. The IEF has been carried out on
      polyacrylamide gel (T = 5% and C = 3%), using ampholines ranging pH 4.5-5.4. A
      pre-focusing of 20 min at 2,000 V, 100 mA and 8 W was used; focusing conditions
      were: 2,000 V, unlimited current and W, for 75 min at 4 degrees C.
      Electropherograms were read under UV at 366 nm after reaction with 4
      methylumbelliferyl acetate giving a fluorescent product. The content of a single
      dental cavity has been found to be the smallest amount of sample needed for the
      assay in alive subjects, excluding dental pathology which could interfered with
      the results. In bodies, excluding interferences from abnormal preservation
      conditions, a clear decrease in the reliability of the assay has been observed
      after the 6th day since the death. In any case, on the basis of the authors'
      experience, the dental pulp, as compared to blood, seems a preferable sample for
      identification purposes.

PMID- 2398853
TI  - [A mucoepidermoid tumor of an ectopic salivary gland. A case report].

PMID- 2398854
TI  - [Carcinoma of the tonsil. Case contributions].
AB  - The authors study a group of 25 patients treated for tonsillar carcinomas mainly
      in stage IV at the Istituto di Oncologia di Torino. The most part of the deaths
      are in the first 2 years after treatment, mainly due to distant metastases; a
      good stabilization of survival follows, obtained by radiation therapy alone or
      associated with surgery and/or chemotherapy.

PMID- 2398855
TI  - [334 cases of salivary gland neoplasms seen at the Dentistry and
      Otorhinolaryngology Clinics of the University of Turin. II].
AB  - Three hundred and thirty-four cases of salivary gland neoplasms are reported
      which were diagnosed by the Departments of Dentistry and Otolaryngology of the
      University of Turin. Data referring to patients under observation during the same
      period are compared. It is stressed that in order to obtain a statistically valid
      comparison of salivary gland neoplasms, the source of and chronological period
      relating to the sample group must be taken into consideration given the different
      statistical clinical methods adopted over the years by the two departments in
      question. The present study completes earlier research carried out by the same
      authors using this data.

PMID- 2398856
TI  - [The psychological aspects of craniocervicomandibular pain dysfunction
      pathology].
AB  - The authors emphasized the role of the psychological factors in the onset and the
      maintenance of the algetic and dysfunctional pathology of the cranio-cervical
      mandibular syndrome. The evaluation of anxiety and depression was made by
      psychological tests consisting in questionnaires given to the patients. The
      results of the questionnaires were not statistically valid due to the limited
      number of subjects, but a clinical and a psychological analysis was possible. The
      deep relationship between the patient and the therapist was analyzed from the
      psychological point of view.

PMID- 2398857
TI  - [A study of growth and malignancy grading of stomach and colorectal cancers by
      serial serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels analysis].
AB  - Changes in serum CEA levels were analyzed on a time-course basis in 33 patients
      with stomach cancer and 20 patients with colorectal cancer. A linear relationship
      between log CEA and time could be evaluated and individual CEA doubling time (CEA
      D.T.) was calculated. The results obtained are as follows. 1) The CEA D.T. was
      not constant from the onset of the disease to death in stomach cancer and
      colorectal cancer. 2) The CEA D.T. was distributed widely with 5 to 140 days in
      stomach cancer and 8 to 134 days in colorectal cancer. It tended to be shortened
      at the terminal stage in both tumors. 3) In terms of age, sex and histology, the
      CEA D.T. tended to be short in the young, female and poorly differentiated
      cancer. These background appeared to have an influence on the growth of tumor. 4)
      The CEA D.T. was well correlated with the period of survival of the patients with
      gastric cancer (r = 0.636, p less than 0.001). The analysis of serial CEA levels
      on a time-course basis is considered useful in studying the relationship between
      tumor-bearing hosts and malignancy of the tumor.

PMID- 2398858
TI  - [Histology and immunopathology of colonic carcinoma].
AB  - The correlation among lymphoid cell infiltration (LI), cell-mediated immunity and
      immunoglobulin-containing cells distribution in the colon cancer was studied in
      resected materials of 136 patients with colonic cancer. The results were as
      follows: 1) LI of the colon cancer tended to be found more commonly in patients
      with colonic cancer in clinical early stage than advanced stage. 2) The
      cumulative 5-year survival rate in patients with positive LI was longer than that
      in the patients with negative or normal LI. 3) In colonic cancer patients with
      the better prognosis, IgA-containing cells were distributed around the tumor
      tissues more abundantly than that in the poor ones. 4) These results suggest that
      the IgA system somewhat participates in cancer immunity.

PMID- 2398860
TI  - [Experimental studies on extension of resectability of the liver in dogs with
      special reference to an extended hepatectomy in two stages after ligation of the
      portal vein branch].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to clarify the limit of extended hepatectomy, such
      as 84% hepatectomy for normal liver and 70% hepatectomy for Dimethylnitrosamine
      induced cirrhotic liver in dogs, using ligation of the portal vein branch (PBL)
      in advance. Portal vein branch could be ligated up to 84% area in normal liver
      and 70% area in cirrhotic liver, for survival. Four weeks after PBL the non
      ligated area of the liver was obviously enlarged, and the hepatic function was
      almost equal to that before PBL. Four weeks after PBL of 84% area in normal liver
      and 70% area in cirrhotic liver, the ligated area was resected by two staged
      procedure. Although the four-week survival rates after one staged 84% hepatectomy
      in normal liver and 70% hepatectomy in cirrhotic liver were 22.2% and 0%
      respectively, they markedly improved such as 66.7% and 50.0% after two staged
      hepatectomy respectively, and they were 42.1% and 30.0% respectively even if the
      death of PBL was count in. ICG Rmax prior to hepatectomy after PBL indicated
      clearly the functional resectability of the liver. The remnant liver function
      after two staged hepatectomy was significantly better than that after one staged
      hepatectomy, due to sufficient hepatic blood flow.

PMID- 2398859
TI  - [Metastasis and its relation to cell kinetics in human colorectal cancers].
AB  - The difference of the cell kinetics between primary tumor and its metastasis was
      studied on six cases of human colorectal cancers (four cases at synchronous liver
      metastases and two metachronous) with migration chase method using flow cytometry
      in vivo. The bromodeoxyuridine labeling indices (LI), DNA synthesis time (Ts),
      and generation time (Tg) were measured in normal colonic mucosae, primary tumors,
      lymph node metastases, and liver metastases. The LI, Ts, and Tg were 4.9 +/-
      2.2%, 11.6 +/- 1.4 hours, and 11.3 +/- 3.7 days, respectively, in normal mucosa.
      In cancer, they were 13.9 +/- 7.1%, 16.9 +/- 4.8 hours, and 6.0 +/- 2.5 days,
      respectively. LI was higher and Ts was longer in cancer than in normal mucosa. Tg
      was shorter in cancer than in normal mucosa. In lymph node metastases, LI, Ts,
      and Tg were 12.0 +/- 4.5%, 14.4 +/- 6.0 hours and 5.0 +/- 0.5 days, respectively.
      Ts was faster in lymph node metastases than in primary tumors. In liver
      metastases, they were 30.1 +/- 18.1%, 28.0 +/- 10.2 hours, and 4.8 +/- 2.1 days,
      respectively. LI was higher and Ts was longer in liver metastases than in primary
      tumors. In both metastatic lesions, Tg was shorter than in primary tumors. The
      proliferation rate correlated with LI/DNA index significantly (r = 0.7868, p less
      than 0.00001). From the results, it was revealed that the proliferation rate was
      higher in metastatic lesions than primary tumors in vivo. The application of this
      method for clinical and experimental use would be expected.

PMID- 2398861
TI  - [Transcatheter arterial embolization for massive abdominal bleeding in post
      pancreatoduodenectomy--first report].
AB  - Transcatheter arteria embolization (TAE) was carried out for 10 cases (14 times)
      with massive intra-abdominal bleeding after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). The
      results obtained were as follows: 1. The ten patients (carcinoma of the pancreas
      head 4, carcinoma of the papilla Vater: 3, carcinoma of the bile duct: 2.
      leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum: 1) included eight men and two women aged 45 to
      75, with an average age of 63.7. The time span before TAE was instituted averaged
      20.8 days. 2. Infection due to leakage noted in all cases. 3. A good course was
      noted when manifestation of symptoms related to poor sutures or the onset of
      intra-abdominal bleeding after PD was delayed and the time from the onset of
      intra-abdominal bleeding to TAE was short. 4. Bleeding sites could be determined
      in all cases. Pseudoaneurysm accounted for five and extravasation accounted for
      nine of the total of 14 bleeding sites. The prognosis was apparently good in
      cases of pseudoaneurysm as compared with that in cases of extravasation. 5.
      Bleeding was controlled in all cases. 6. No complication due to TAE occurred.
      These results indicate the TAE is a safe and effective procedure for the control
      of massive intra-abdominal bleeding after PD.

PMID- 2398862
TI  - [The Sistrunk median cervical cyst operation using a cecal foramen pointer].
AB  - The cecal foramen pointer was invented for a Sistrunk median cervical cyst
      operation. The instrument consists of three elements, namely: The cecal foramen
      holder, the giraffe shaped connector and the pointer needle. First of all, the
      cecal foramen is held by the holder which is reconstructed from hemostatic
      forceps. The one end of the connector is joined to the holder's handle. Then the
      other end of the connector comes along the patient's chin, in front of the neck.
      The cyst and mid-portion of the hyoid bone are dissected, followed by coring out
      of the thyroglossal duct toward the cecal foramen. In the coring out process, the
      pointer needle is pierced through the tunnel of the connector's opposite end, so
      that the needle top reaches to the bottom of operative wound. Then the needle
      shows exactly the direction to the cecal foramen and the distance from the bottom
      of the wound to the cecal foramen. By using this instrument the operation was
      successfully performed for a case of a recurrent median cervical cyst with a
      complete fistula to the cecal foramen.

PMID- 2398863
TI  - [Human breast cancer cells under serum-free culture. Its hormone-dependency and
      application to the primary culture].
AB  - Assessment of hormone-dependency of breast cancer cells in human to estradiol
      (E2) and progesterone (Pg) has been made by making serum-free culture of the
      cells, and primary culture of breast cancer cells is made by this method. The
      results are as follows: 1. E2 promotes proliferation of estrogen receptor (ER)
      positive cells in low concentrations but rather inhibits it in high
      concentrations. This inhibitory effect is also observed in ER-negative cells. If
      the mode of this inhibitory effect is compared with the cellular dynamics of
      Tamoxifen (TAM) which binds predominantly to ER, the cellular dynamics of E2 in
      high concentrations resembles that of TAM, from which some influence being
      exerted on the binding site of TAM by high concentrations of E2 is presumed. 2.
      At binding of E2 to ER, S phase fraction increases significantly for 24 hours of
      culture if analyzed from the cellular dynamics, proving that the binding occurs
      comparatively in a short period. 3. Inhibition of cellular proliferation by PgR
      depends on the concentration. PgR is not induced with only E2, and interference
      of other factors is suggested in the induction. 4. Proliferation of the initially
      cultured cells is promoted by E2 although ER is present or not.

PMID- 2398864
TI  - [Development of Tc-99m labeled activated carbon microspheres and clinical
      application].
AB  - We have developed Tc-99m labeled activated carbon microspheres (99mTc-CH44) for
      use in mammary lymphoscintigraphy and detailed analysis of mammary lymph flow.
      99mTc-CH44 was prepared according to the EDTA complex method. The labeling rate
      immediately after preparation was 97.7 +/- 2.6% at 37 degrees C and was 94.9 +/-
      2.6% after 24-hour continuous shaking. The release of 99mTcO4- from 99mTc-CH44
      was determined in vitro, using a simulation model. In this assay, the 99mTcO4-
      release rate in one hour was 6.6% and that in 6 hours was 38%. When 2ml (2mCi,
      74MBq) of 99mTc-CH44 was injected into the mammary glands of 12 patients with
      breast tumors, the axillary, subclavian and parasternal lymph nodes of 10
      patients were visualized 60 minutes later. In analysis of lymph flow in 25 rats
      using 99mTc-CH44 the lymph flow from the foot pad through the popliteal to the
      intraperitoneal lymph nodes was known to have only one route when examined by
      gross finding and histology. However, the examination using RI-technique
      indicated two routes. The examination in 9 patients with breast cancer indicated
      that the use of 99mTc-CH44 allowed detailed analysis of lymph flow. These results
      suggest that 99mTc-CH44 is useful for the preoperative mammary lymphoscintigraphy
      and detailed analysis of mammary lymph flow.

PMID- 2398865
TI  - [Role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in experimental lung injury--chemotaxis and
      active oxygen metabolite production].
AB  - To clarify the role of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) in acute lung injury,
      acute experimental lung injury was produced by intravenous injection of endotoxin
      to male Hartley guinea pigs. White blood cell (WBC) counts in the peripheral
      blood, total nucleated cell counts and PMNs' population in the lung lavage fluid,
      chemotaxis and chemiluminescence of the PMNs in the blood and in the lung lavage
      fluid were studied. Results were as following 1. WBC counts in the blood
      decreased after injection of endotoxin. In the lung lavage fluid, total nucleated
      cell counts and the differential counts of PMNs increased with time. 2. The
      chemotaxis of PMNs in the blood decreased significantly (647 +/- 118 cells/5 high
      power-fields (5HPF) in no treatment group (NT group), vs 256 +/- 120 cells/5HPF
      in 6 hours after endotoxin injection group (6h group), p less than 0.01), but
      that in the lung lavage fluid increased significantly (93 +/- 63 cells/5HPF in NT
      group, vs 334 +/- 24 cells/5HPF in 6h group p less than 0.01). 3. The
      chemiluminescence of the PMNs in the blood increased (3.64 +/- 2.41 counts/cell
      in NT group, vs 51.2 +/- 32.9 counts/cell in 6h group, p less than 0.01), and
      that in the lung lavage fluid increased (1.89 +/- 0.94 counts/cell NT group, vs
      59.2 +/- 49.1 counts/cell in 6h group, p less than 0.01). We concluded that
      increased chemotaxis of PMNs contributed to the influx of PMNs into the alveolar
      spaces after endotoxin injection. As the pMNs in the alveolar spaces had
      increased ability to produce active oxygen metabolite, they might be involved in
      the progression of endotoxin-induced acute lung injury.

PMID- 2398866
TI  - [Experimental studies on the pathogenesis of adult respiratory distress syndrome
      using 111In-labeled polymorphonuclear leukocytes].
AB  - This study was undertaken to clarify the mechanism of the development of ARDS and
      to improve its treatment by studying the role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      (PMNs) in an endotoxin shock model of rats. PMNs from a rat were labeled with
      111In by the use of tropolone and were injected into rats pretreated with
      endotoxin. Then the biodistribution of PMNs was studied by either counting the
      radioactivity of excised organs or using a gamma scintillation camera on the
      anesthetized rats. The two methods facilitated to observe the distribution of
      PMNs fairly a short time after the injection of endotoxin. There was a
      significantly higher radioactivity in the lungs of the endotoxin group than in
      the control group. The accumulation of PMNs into the lungs occurred immediately
      after endotoxin injection. In rats depleted of the complement by cobra venom
      factor (CVF), an increase in radioactivity in the lung was not observed. These
      results indicate that the complement system is involved in the pathogenesis of
      ARDS. When rats were injected with methylprednisolone, the pulmonary accumulation
      of 111In-PMNs by endotoxin were suppressed. This is an experimental support of
      possible beneficial effects of corticosteroids in the treatment of ARDS.

PMID- 2398867
TI  - [Assessment of primary varicose veins with plethysmographic techniques].
AB  - Venous hemodynamics were evaluated by simultaneous strain gauge- and photo
      plethysmographic techniques in 40 normal limbs (normal group), 74 limbs with
      primary varicose veins (varicosis group) and 28 limbs with postthrombotic
      syndrome (thrombosis group). Furthermore, the venous function of 52 limbs with
      primary varicose veins was assessed before and after surgical treatment of
      varicose veins. The mean 1/2-refilling time in varicosis and thrombosis group was
      significantly shorter than that in normal group. With application of tourniquets,
      limbs in varicosis group showed improvement in 1/2-refilling time. Varicosis
      group showed a significantly higher value in expelled volume during exercise than
      thrombosis group, and no significant difference compared with normal group. With
      tourniquets, the value in varicosis group was higher than that in normal group.
      From these results, the pathogenesis of primary varicose veins might be
      characterized as a high degree of venous congestion of the leg and valvular
      incompetence of the superficial vein system. Postoperative recording showed the
      improvement in venous function. However, in early stage after the operation, all
      parameters were lower than those in normal group. These values normalized 3
      months after surgery.

PMID- 2398868
TI  - [Gastrectomy for a patient with congenital factor VII deficiency--a case report].
AB  - A 76-year-old man with congenital factor VII deficiency was admitted to our
      hospital for the treatment of gastric cancer. On admission, the hepaplastin test
      was prolonged reaching to 21% and factor VII activity was reduced to 8%. After
      preoperative heat-treated prothrombin complex concentrates loading test, factor
      VII levels had been maintained above 20% by every four-hour infusion of
      concentrates during operation and the first post operative day. Bleeding tendency
      didn't occur, but thrombosis occurred at the left femoral vein. Pre and
      postoperative replacement therapy is essential to the patient with congenital
      factor VII deficiency for the safety of operation.

PMID- 2398869
TI  - [Arterial thrombosis associated with Crohn's disease: a case report].
AB  - In the English literature, only 27 cases of arterial thrombosis associated with
      Crohn's disease have been described. The present case appears to be the first
      reported case in the Japanese literature. A 43-year-old man was treated for
      intestinal obstruction caused by Crohn's disease and complicated by superior
      mesenteric vein thrombosis by surgical resection of 150cm of small bowel in June
      1981. In March 1983, the right external iliac artery had become occluded and part
      of the left external iliac artery had assumed an irregular shape and the right
      ilio-femoral bypass surgery using PTFE was carried out. Three months later
      occlusive ileus reoccurred and angiograms showed that the superior mesenteric and
      right hepatic arteries had 30% and 20% stenosis respectively. Small bowel in 50cm
      in length was resected with subsequent administration of salicylazosulfapyridine
      at a dose of 3g per day. There was no reappearance of bowel symptoms. The patient
      again complained of numbness in the right leg in February 1988 and a left
      external iliac-right common femoral crossover bypass operation was carried out
      using a ringed 8mm Dacron graft. Intraoperatively, it was found that the left
      external iliac and the right common femoral arteries had intimal thickening but
      no atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2398870
TI  - [A case of perianeurysmal fibrosis treated by the thrombo-exclusion technique].
AB  - A very rare case of perianeurysmal fibrosis was presented. A 65-year old man was
      admitted with the complaint of abdominal pulsatile mass and intermittent
      claudication of right lower limb. Aortography revealed fusiform, calcified
      aneurysm of the infrarenal abdominal aorta and severe stenosis of right common
      iliac artery. CT scan demonstrated a soft tissue density structure around the
      aortic aneurysm which was enhanced after contrast medium injection. At surgery,
      the aneurysm had a thick, firm, smooth wall which was shiny white in appearance
      and adherent perianeurysmal fibrosis was marked. In order to avoid injury to
      surrounding tissue such as the duodenum or vena cava, thrombo-exclusion method
      was chosen. Histological examination of the aneurysmal wall showed fibrous tissue
      infiltrated with mononuclear cells such as lymphocytes and plasma cells. The
      postcontrast enhancement of aortic wall and perianeurysmal sheet disappeared on
      CT on the post-operative 57th day and no recurrence has been observed.

PMID- 2398871
TI  - [A case report of abdominal aortic aneurysm complicated by left-sided inferior
      vena cava].
AB  - Left-sided inferior vena cava (IVC) was identified preoperatively in the case of
      abdominal aortic aneurysm. At operation, the left-sided IVC and bilateral common
      iliac veins were severely pressed by the huge aneurysm, and the walls of these
      vessels were thin and fragile at the site adhered to the aneurysm. Careful
      dissection around the common iliac arteries resulted in a successful operation.
      Without an awareness of such anomaly, accidental injury of IVC and the common
      iliac veins may occur. Preoperative diagnosis and accurate information from
      echography, CT scan, and venography of the vena cava are recommended in such rare
      cases.

PMID- 2398872
TI  - [Expression of malignant potential of human colon cancer in nude mice:
      preliminary report].

PMID- 2398873
TI  - [Effect of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3 on LAK cells generated from TIL of
      colorectal cancer: preliminary report].

PMID- 2398874
TI  - [Diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in esophageal carcinoma: detecting with
      coronal magnetic resonance imaging].
AB  - To assess the utility of MR imaging in diagnosis of lymph node metastasis, the
      author studied 70 patients with histologically proved esophageal squamous cell
      carcinoma. Coronal spin echo imaging (SE400/40) was the most available method in
      the mediastinum and using this method, lymph nodes were clearly imaged along
      trachea and vessels of the mediastinum in its long axis. The 250 lymph nodes from
      44 patients who underwent laparotomy, thoracotomy and cervical dissection, were
      reviewed for findings by coronal MRI. Detectability of lymph nodes was 141/250
      (56%) in total. Cervical and paraesophageal nodes were unable to detect well, but
      paratracheal, subcarinal, hilar nodes, supraclavicular nodes which are clinically
      important region for lymph node dissection of esophageal surgery were well
      detected. Distinction between metastatic and non-metastatic nodes was studied on
      its size and its location. The supraclavicular and paratracheal nodes larger than
      1.5 cm in diameter were involved in cancer invasion for the most part.

PMID- 2398875
TI  - [The lymphatics of the esophagus--evaluation of endoscopic RI-lymphoscintigraphy
      with SPECT].
AB  - For the studies of the esophageal lymphatics, endoscopic RI-lymphoscintigraphy
      was performed in 23 cases of esophageal cancer, 3 cases of lung cancer and 5
      cases of gastric cancer. 99mTc-Rhenium colloid was endoscopically injected into
      the submucosal layer of the esophagus near the tumor and the images of the lymph
      flow were obtained after about 3 hours. Single photon emission computerized
      tomography (SPECT) was used to acquire the three-dimensional images of the
      esophageal lymph flow on 19 patients. RI-uptake of all dissected lymph nodes was
      also counted after the operation. The results were shown as follows. 1. Whole
      neck, thoracic and abdominal lymph nodes could be imaged in any cases injected at
      any parts of the thoracic esophagus. But the lymph flow in the upper third of the
      esophagus tended to move mainly upward, and the lymph flow in the lower third
      tended to move mainly downward. 2. The block of intra-mural lymph vessels by the
      tumor had very important roles upon the esophageal lymph flow. 3. The removal of
      upper mediastinal lymph nodes and intraabdominal lymph nodes as well as
      paraesophageal lymph nodes seemed to be very important for curative resection of
      carcinoma of the esophagus.

PMID- 2398876
TI  - [The influence of reflux of bile and pancreatic juice on gastric carcinogenesis
      in rats].
AB  - The effect of reflux of the duodenal contents on the development of gastric stump
      carcinoma without carcinogen in rats was studied. At the first experiment,
      seventy male Wistar rats were subjected to gastrojejunostomy for the diversion of
      duodenal contents into the resected stomach through the afferent and the efferent
      loops. The incidence of adenocarcinoma in the afferent anastomosis were 0/8 (0%)
      at the 10th week, 3/16 (18.8%) at the 20th week and 7/20 (35%) at the 40th week,
      so the incidence was apt to rise in parallel to the time. In the second
      experiment, ninety rats were divided into 4 groups: Group I received the same
      operation as the first experiment, group II received the operation with Braun's
      anastomosis, group III received the operation for reflux of bile alone to the
      remnant stomach, and group IV received the operation for reflux of pancreatic
      juice alone. Animals surviving after surgery were sacrificed at the 40th week.
      The incidence were 33.3% in group I, 0% in group II, 0% in group III, and 8.3% in
      group IV, respectively. These findings suggest that reflux of duodenal contents
      (both bile and pancreatic juice) is an important factor in the gastric stump
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2398877
TI  - [Mitotic activity of cancer in the colorectum: correlation with histopathologic
      variables and survival].
AB  - An in vivo stathmokinetic method was used to analyze the mitotic activity (MA) of
      cancer cells from 43 colorectal cancer patients in order to examine the
      correlation between MA, and histopathologic variables and survival of patients.
      Significant relationship was not found between MA and 7 variables of cancer
      lesions consisting of tumor size, macroscopic type, depth of invasion, venous and
      lymphatic invasion, node metastasis and stage. However, tumor differentiation was
      significantly related to MA: mitotic indices (MI, mean +/- S.D.) were 20.7 +/-
      8.8% in 37 differentiated adenocarcinomas and 38.2 +/- 8.4% in 6 undifferentiated
      adenocarcinomas. The latter was significantly (p less than 0.001) higher than the
      former. The survival curve of 23 patients with low MA (MI less than 20.0%) was
      significantly (generalized Wilcoxon test, Z = 2.17, p less than 0.05) better than
      that of 17 patients with high MA (MI greater than 20.0%), though difference in 2
      (lymphatic invasion and tumor differentiation) out of 12 variables of background
      was found between them. The survival curve of 17 patients with differentiated
      adenocarcinoma of low MA also was significantly (Z = 1.98, p less than 0.05)
      better than that of 17 patients with differentiated adenocarcinoma of high MA,
      even though no significant difference of 12 variables in background was found
      between them. These results suggest that MA of cancer cells may be independent of
      prognostic variables of cancer lesions and may be utilized as a new prognostic
      variable of colo-rectal cancer.

PMID- 2398878
TI  - [A clinical study of 76 cases in carcinoma of the colon and rectum with
      metastasis to the peri-aortic lymph nodes. With particular reference to the skip
      metastasis in carcinoma of the sigmoid colon to the peri-aortic lymph nodes].
AB  - The therapeutic result by tumorous site were evaluated in 76 cases of carcinoma
      of the colon and rectum with the confirmed presence of metastasis to the peri
      aortic lymph nodes. The results revealed that significant good out-comes were
      noted in the relatively non-curative cases of carcinoma of the sigmoid colon,
      with particularly good prognosis being found in six cases with skip metastasis.
      There was a 26.1% (6/23) incidence of the skip metastasis in carcinoma of the
      sigmoid colon with the peri-aortic lymph nodes metastasis. We confirmed two
      lymphatic routes of the skip metastasis; one route was from the lymph nodes near
      the tumor to the para-aortic lymph nodes directly, and the other was from the
      lymph nodes near the tumor to the lymph nodes at the aortic diffract directly and
      finally to the para-aortic lymph nodes. In the all six cases, the peri-aortic
      lymph nodes metastasis occurred only in inferior site of the inferior mesenteric
      artery. The average number of the peri-aortic lymph nodes metastasis were as few
      as 1.7 in these cases. The prognosis was favorable with three of the six cases
      scoring a three-year survival and included a five-year survival case.

PMID- 2398879
TI  - [MNNG-carcinogenesis in the interposed ileum into the colon of rats].
AB  - To clarify the organo-specificity of small intestinal cancer, Wistar strain male
      rats were operated on as follows: Interposition of ileal loop in distal colon for
      group I and simple laparotomy for group II. MNNG was given via the rectum at the
      dose of 2.5 mg/day for 2 weeks from the second postoperative week. After
      intravenous injection of BrdU 50 mg/kg 40 weeks thereafter, these rats were
      sacrificed. Tumor incidence was almost the same (77% and 78% for group I and II,
      respectively), but with an obvious difference in site of occurrence, and the
      number of tumors per unit area was 0.153 in large intestine and 0.015 in
      interposed ileum for group I and 0.119 in large intestine for group II. Labeling
      indices of BrdU in the interposed ileal mucosa and control ileal mucosa were 8.2
      and 9.7%, respectively without a great difference there between, but were
      significantly higher compared with 5.1% in colonic mucosa. The above results
      suggested possible resistance of the interposed ileal mucosa to the provocation
      of tumor by MNNG compared with the colonic mucosa because of quick cell turnover
      of the epithelium in the small intestinal mucosa.

PMID- 2398880
TI  - [Sex hormone-binding globulin in breast cancer].
AB  - Serum level of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was measured by
      immunoradiometric assay in fifty two breast cancer patients and twenty nine
      healthy female volunteers. The results are as follows: 1) Although the serum SHBG
      concentration showed no significant difference between the breast cancer group
      and the healthy control group, the serum SHBG concentration in postmenopause was
      significantly higher in the breast cancer group (63.8 +/- 31.2nmol/ml/ml; mean +/
      S.D.) than in the healthy control group (40.1 +/- 15.4nmol/ml). 2) Subsequently
      in the postmenopausal breast cancer group, the serum SHBG concentration was
      significantly higher in the estrogen receptor (ER)-negative cancer group (97.8 +/
      12.7nmol/ml) than in the ER-positive cancer group (55.8 +/- 32.1nol/ml). 3) No
      significant relationships were showed between the serum SHBG concentration and
      obesity or serum estradiol concentration in postmenopausal patients. 4) The serum
      SHBG concentration showed significant decrease 3 months after radical operation
      for breast cancer in postmenopausal patients. These results suggest the
      possibility of the SHBG synthesis in breast cancer tissue.

PMID- 2398881
TI  - [A multivariate analysis of en bloc extended radical mastectomy versus
      conventional radical mastectomy in operable breast cancer].
AB  - We made clinical trials of en bloc extended radical mastectomy (EXT) of a new
      type in 118 patients from 1980 through 1985. Conventional radical mastectomies
      (RDL) were also performed in 105 patients from 1973 through 1985. A multivariate
      analysis was performed to compare the results of EXT and RDL. As the result, the
      5-year survival rates of 91 +/- 2.6% and 83 +/- 3.7% were achieved for the EXT
      and RDL groups, respectively (Cox P value for comparison of survival curves =
      0.16). Adjusted Cox regression analysis revealed a significantly favorable result
      of EXT (P = 0.03). This difference was most remarkable in patients with one to
      three metastatic axillary lymph nodes, although it was not statistically
      significant because of too small number of patients available (P = 0.18). The
      results are thus not definite, but suggest that EXT may be advantageous over RDL
      especially in patients with a few metastatic axillary lymph nodes.

PMID- 2398882
TI  - [The internal mammary artery as a graft material for coronary artery bypass
      surgery. Histopathologic and biochemical studies of its atherosclerotic changes].
AB  - To evaluate the usefulness of the internal mammary artery (IMA) as a graft
      material for coronary artery bypass surgery, 1) the whole length of 26 bilateral
      IMAs and 13 left anterior descending coronary arteries (LADs) harvested at
      autopsies were comparatively examined on atherosclerosis from the histological
      point of view, and 2) the lipid (total cholesterol, triglyceride and
      phospholipid) contents of 12 IMA segments and 11 LAD segments excised at other
      autopsies were also comparatively examined from the biochemical standpoint. 1)
      The histologic index of atherosclerotic involvement was expressed as intima-to
      media ratio (R) representing the severity of the intimal thickening. The severity
      of atherosclerosis was graded from I to IV according to the R value. Of all 274
      IMA sections grade IV (R greater than or equal to 3.0) atherosclerosis was found
      in only one section (1/26 IMAs, 3.8%). The mean R value of all IMAs (0.30 +/-
      0.36) was approximately one tenth of that of all LADs (3.01 +/- 2.05) (p less
      than 0.01). The histologic examination for whole segments of the IMAs revealed
      that atherosclerosis of the IMA was equally slight in every part of the IMA with
      no laterality. On the other hand, atherosclerosis of the LAD was
      characteristically severer in the proximal segment of the artery than the distal
      segment. 2) The contents of total cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid of
      the IMA and the LAD were 5.5 +/- 1.8 (IMA) vs 17.8 +/- 13.6 (LAD) micro g/mg wet
      wt. (p less than 0.05), 90.4 +/- 90.3 (IMA) vs 114.4 +/- 117.2 (LAD) micro g/mg
      wet wt. and 7.4 +/- 3.9 (IMA) vs 11.2 +/- 3.9 (LAD) micro g/mg wet wt. (p less
      than 0.05) respectively. The lipid content of the IMA was significantly smaller
      than that of the LAD. 3) The low incidence of atherosclerosis of the IMA in
      contrast to frequent atherosclerosis of the LAD was proven histologically as well
      as biochemically in the present study. This is the first report to describe the
      histologic examination of atherosclerosis on the whole length of the IMA and the
      biochemical analysis for the lipid content of the IMA in Japanese population.

PMID- 2398883
TI  - [Thyroid cancer metastasis to the lumbar spine successfully treated by
      embolization and radioiodine. A case report].
AB  - A 82-year-old woman suffered from a metastatic lesion of follicular carcinoma of
      the thyroid to the fourth lumbar spine, which compressed the spinal nerves and
      caused lumbar pain and paresthesis of the lower limb. External irradiation, 5200
      RAD, was carried out. Total thyroidectomy was done for the preparation of
      radioiodine(131I) therapy. Two weeks later, embolization of lumbar arteries was
      performed to prevent the progression of the spinal cord damage during a period
      waiting for 131I administration. The size of the lumbar lesion decreased, and
      lumbal pain and spinal cord symptoms disappeared. After administration of 131I,
      the metastatic lesion became further smaller.

PMID- 2398884
TI  - [A case report of mitral valve regurgitation due to the infective endocarditis
      associated with the straight back syndrome].
AB  - A 54 year-old man was admitted to our hospital with a compliant of high fever
      following the dental treatment. He had the straight thoracic spine with absence
      of physiological kyphosis. Blood culture was positive for Streptococcus sanguis
      I. Echocardiography revealed the mitral valve regurgitation with some vegetation
      at the ruptured chordae tendinae of the posterior leaflet. The operation was
      performed after the sign of the inflammation was disappeared. We performed the
      mitral valve reconstruction following the Carpentier's technique. The half of the
      posterior leaflet was excised, and the annuloplasty and valvuloplasty was done
      with ease.

PMID- 2398885
TI  - Exon as well as intron sequences are cis-regulating elements for the mutually
      exclusive alternative splicing of the beta tropomyosin gene.
AB  - The beta tropomyosin gene contains two internal exons which are spliced in a
      mutually exclusive manner. Exon 6B is specifically included in the mature
      transcripts expressed in skeletal muscle or cultured myotubes, while exon 6A is a
      myoblast- or smooth muscle-specific exon. The intron between them, which is never
      spliced in normal conditions, contains two characteristic features: first, the
      unusual location of the branch point at position -105 from the acceptor, and
      second, the presence of a very long pyrimidine stretch upstream of the skeletal
      muscle exon. In this study we designed a number of sequence modifications to
      investigate the role of these two elements and of a computer-predicted secondary
      structure in the mutually exclusive splicing of the two exons. We found that
      mutations in the skeletal exon as well as in the upstream intron could change in
      vivo the tissue-specific pattern as well as the mutually exclusive character of
      the two exons. Our results suggest that the unusual position of the branch point
      does not prevent the utilization of exon 6B in myoblasts and that the region
      around the acceptor site of exon 6B and the polypyrimidine tract have an
      important role in this control. Last, we discuss the possible implications of
      secondary structures.

PMID- 2398886
TI  - Functional analysis of the transcriptional promoter for the CYP1A1 gene.
AB  - In mouse hepatoma cells, the environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo
      p-dioxin (TCDD) increases the transcription rate of the CYP1A1 gene, which
      encodes a cytochrome P-450 enzyme. In this study, we analyzed the DNA region
      immediately upstream of the CYP1A1 gene. A domain that extends upstream to
      nucleotide--166 was found to function as a transcriptional promoter. The promoter
      was silent when uncoupled from the dioxin-responsive enhancer located farther
      upstream. DNase footprinting experiments indicated that nuclear proteins interact
      with distinct domains of the promoter in a TCDD-independent fashion. Mutational
      analyses indicated that the CYP1A1 promoter contains at least three functional
      domains, including a TATAAA sequence, a CCAAT box transcription factor/nuclear
      factor I-like recognition motif, and a guanine-rich G box.

PMID- 2398887
TI  - Additional intragenic promoter elements of the Xenopus 5S RNA genes upstream from
      the TFIIIA-binding site.
AB  - The major promoter element of the Xenopus laevis 5S RNA gene is located within
      the transcribed region of the gene and forms the binding site for the
      transcription initiation factor TFIIIA. We report an analysis of deletion and
      substitution mutations within the coding region of the major oocyte-type 5S gene
      of X. laevis. Our results differ from those of previous mutagenesis studies
      conducted on the somatic-type genes of Xenopus borealis and X. laevis.
      Transcription assays in whole oocyte S-150 extracts, with both oocyte- and
      somatic-type mutants, revealed additional promoter elements between the start
      site for transcription and the binding site for TFIIIA. These sequences regulate
      the efficiency of binding TFIIIC, a transcription factor required by the genes
      transcribed by RNA polymerase III containing intragenic promoters. Under TFIIIC
      limiting conditions, the somatic-type gene had a 10-fold-higher affinity for
      TFIIIC than did the major oocyte-type 5S gene. One mutation in the oocyte-type
      gene (nucleotides +33 to +39) reduced TFIIIC affinity and transcriptional
      activity four- to fivefold. Differences in TFIIIC affinity between oocyte- and
      somatic-type genes may contribute to the differential transcription of these
      genes observed during Xenopus embryogenesis.

PMID- 2398888
TI  - Purification and characterization of a novel factor which stimulates rat
      ribosomal gene transcription in vitro by interacting with enhancer and core
      promoter elements.
AB  - Previous studies in our laboratory have characterized a 174-base-pair (bp)
      enhancer sequence in the rat ribosomal DNA spacer region that exhibits all of the
      characteristics of a polymerase (Pol) II enhancer. Further studies showed that at
      least half of the enhancer activity resides in a 37-bp motif (E1) within the 174
      bp spacer sequence that is located between positions -2.183 and -2.219 kilobase
      pairs upstream of the initiation site. To identify the factor(s) that binds
      specifically to the 37-bp enhancer domain, we fractionated whole-cell extract
      from rat adenocarcinoma ascites cells by chromatography on a series of columns,
      including an oligodeoxynucleotide affinity column. The final preparation
      contained two polypeptides of molecular weights 79,400 and 89,100 and was
      completely devoid of RNA Pol I activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis
      showed that the polypeptides in the purified preparation (designated E1BF)
      interacted with both the enhancer element and the core promoter. To determine
      whether each polypeptide can separately bind to the core promoter and the
      enhancer, the individual components were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, renatured, and subjected to gel retardation
      analysis. This experiment demonstrated that both polypeptides interacted with the
      two cis-acting sequences. The specificity of the binding was demonstrated by
      competition with unlabeled 37-bp and core promoter fragments and lack of
      competition with nonspecific DNAs in the mobility shift assay. The 37-bp enhancer
      as well as the downstream sequence of the core promoter were protected by E1BF in
      the DNase I footprinting assay. Addition of E1BF to limiting amounts of fraction
      DE-B, which contains all factors essential for Pol I-directed transcription,
      resulted in three- to fourfold stimulation of ribosomal DNA transcription.
      Comparison of molecular weights and footprinting profiles did not reveal any
      relationship between E1BF and other Pol I trans-acting factors.

PMID- 2398889
TI  - Translation to near the distal end of the penultimate exon is required for normal
      levels of spliced triosephosphate isomerase mRNA.
AB  - The translation of human triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) mRNA normally terminates
      at codon 249 within exon 7, the final exon. Frameshift and nonsense mutations
      within the TPI gene that cause translation to terminate prematurely at or
      upstream of codon 189, within exon 6, result in a decreased level of TPI mRNA
      (I.O. Daar and L.E. Maquat, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:802-813, 1988). For all mutations
      in this group, the decrease is to the same extent, i.e., to approximately 20% of
      the normal level. We show here that a second group of nonsense mutations that
      cause translation to terminate prematurely at or downstream of codon 208, in exon
      6, did not affect TPI mRNA abundance. Deletion analysis demonstrated that the
      abundance of translationally active TPI mRNA is a function of both the distance
      and the polarity of the nonsense codon relative to the final intron in TPI pre
      mRNA. Our results indicate that if translating ribosomes are unable to progress
      to at least a certain position within the penultimate exon relative to the final
      intron, then the level of the corresponding mRNA will be abnormally low. Studies
      inhibiting RNA synthesis with dactinomycin demonstrated that a block in
      translation does not affect the half-life of mature TPI mRNA. The simplest
      interpretation of our data is that the translation of TPI mRNA in the cytoplasm
      facilitates the splicing of TPI pre-mRNA or the transport of TPI mRNA across the
      nuclear envelope or both.

PMID- 2398890
TI  - Sequence conservation and structural organization of the glycerol-3-phosphate
      dehydrogenase promoter in mice and humans.
AB  - Cloned segments of the mouse glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) gene, Gdc
      1, were used to screen a human library. Human clones obtained spanned 25
      kilobases of genomic DNA containing the human GPDH gene, GPD1. The 4 kb of
      sequence obtained from the 5'-flanking region and first exon of GPD1 was compared
      with the corresponding mouse sequence. Both sequences share a HindIII site
      located in what has proven to be the highly conserved 3' untranslated region of
      an upstream gene of unknown function, D15Kzl. The 3.6-kilobase segment of mouse
      DNA located between D15Kzl and Gdc-1 was provisionally termed the GPDH promoter.
      Alignment of the mouse promoter with the corresponding human sequence revealed
      two conserved domains. An upstream distal promoter region is approximately 900
      base pairs in length. A downstream or proximal promoter region consists of
      approximately 300 base pairs immediately upstream of a TATA-like box and contains
      the fat-specific elements 1 and 2. Analysis of the chromatin structure of the Gdc
      1 promoter revealed four DNase I-hypersensitive sites. They were present in DNA
      of liver and brown fat, in which GPDH expression is high, but were absent in DNA
      of spleen, in which GPDH expression is low. Methylation studies of the promoter
      showed it to be heavily methylated in sperm. However, the DNA from each adult
      somatic tissue had a unique distribution of nonmethylated sites and could easily
      be identified by its methylation pattern. These data suggest a structural model
      of the promoter that explains how Gdc-1 expression is differentially regulated in
      many types of cells.

PMID- 2398891
TI  - A novel pathway for alternative splicing: identification of an RNA intermediate
      that generates an alternative 5' splice donor site not present in the primary
      transcript of AMPD1.
AB  - AMP deaminase (AMPD) is a central enzyme in eucaryotic energy metabolism, and
      tissue-specific as well as stage-specific isoforms are found in many vertebrates.
      This study demonstrates the AMPD1 gene product in rat is alternatively spliced.
      The second exon, a 12-base miniexon, was found to be excluded or included in a
      tissue-specific and stage-specific pattern. This example of cassette splicing
      utilizes a unique pathway through an RNA intermediate that generates an
      alternative 5' splice donor site at the point where exon 2 is ligated to exon 1.
      In the analogous intermediate of human AMPD1, the potential 5' splice donor site
      created at the boundary of exon 1 and exon 2 was a poor substrate for splicing
      because of differences in exon 2 sequences, and human AMPD1 was not alternatively
      spliced. These results demonstrate that in some cases alternative splicing may
      proceed through an RNA intermediate that generates an alternative splice donor
      site not present in the primary transcript. Discrimination between alternative 5'
      splice donor sites in the RNA intermediate of AMPD1 is apparently controlled by
      tissue-specific and stage-specific signals.

PMID- 2398892
TI  - DNA-binding protein activated by gamma radiation in human cells.
AB  - DNA damage-inducible responses in mammalian cells tend to lack specificity and
      can be activated by any one of a number of damaging agents. Although a number of
      different induced proteins have been described, their involvement in DNA
      processing and transcriptional control remains unresolved. We describe the
      appearance of a previously unreported, specific DNA-binding protein in nuclei
      from human cells exposed to ionizing radiation, which was not detected in nuclear
      extracts from unperturbed cells. The distal part of the simian virus 40 enhancer
      (without the AP-1 site) and oligonucleotide sequences derived from that sequence
      were used in binding studies. The appearance of this activity was dose dependent
      and transient, reaching a maximum at 1 h postirradiation and disappearing from
      nuclei by 9 h. This protein was induced in cells by a mechanism not requiring de
      novo protein synthesis, and the response was specific for ionizing radiation and
      radiomimetic agents; neither UV nor heat shock invoked a response. The DNA
      binding protein was present in the cytoplasm of untreated cells, apparently being
      translocated to the nucleus only after radiation exposure. Southwestern (DNA
      protein) analysis demonstrated that the nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins were
      approximately the same size, 43,000 daltons. The protected DNA-binding motif,
      using the distal fragment of the simian virus 40 enhancer as the substrate, was
      shown by DNase I footprint analysis to be pTGTCAGTTAGGGTACAGTCAATCCCAp. This was
      confirmed by dimethyl sulfate footprinting.

PMID- 2398893
TI  - Mapping of structural and transcription-related matrix attachment sites in the
      alpha-globin gene domain of avian erythroblasts and erythrocytes.
AB  - The positions of preferential DNA interaction with the nuclear matrix were mapped
      within the domain of the chicken alpha-globin genes in transcriptionally active
      erythroblast nuclei and inactive nuclei of mature erythrocytes. In the latter,
      only two major distinct attachment sites were observed, close to the A + T-rich
      sequences previously found at the boundaries of the domain. Sequencing of these
      structural matrix attachment points revealed several known DNA motifs; some of
      them were present on both sides of the domain. In actively transcribing
      erythroblast nuclei of adult animals, a large fraction of the transcribed area
      was represented in nuclear matrix DNA, including upstream and downstream
      elements. In particular, adult alpha A- and alpha D-globin genes were found in
      matrix DNA, while the transcribed but translationally unexpressed embryonic pi
      gene was underrepresented. The data are discussed in terms of the existence of
      stable or structural and expression-related matrix attachment sites; correlations
      to the origin of replication and the units of transcription of the domain are
      shown.

PMID- 2398894
TI  - Transformation of mouse BALB 3T3 cells by enterobacterial plasmid misrepair gene
      mucAB.
AB  - The enterobacterial plasmid misrepair gene mucAB, ligated to the metal-inducible
      mammalian MT-1 promoter, was introduced into the genome of mouse BALB 3T3 cells.
      In the presence of zinc ions, MucA but not MucB protein was produced, and the
      whole-cell population of each mucAB+ clone started to show the transformation
      phenotype in a few days. Foci appeared in the transformed cell population after 4
      weeks, and cells from the foci produced tumors in nude mice, indicating malignant
      transformation by the mucA product. Growth of mucAB+ cells was stimulated by zinc
      induced expression of mucA. The transformation phenotype was reversed by removing
      zinc ions from the culture, indicating that the transformation was due not to
      MucA-mediated mutation in the mouse genome but to the direct transforming
      activity of MucA protein.

PMID- 2398895
TI  - Z-DNA formation in the rat growth hormone gene promoter region.
AB  - The complete DNA sequence of the 1.7 kilobase pairs (kbp) 5' of the rat growth
      hormone gene (rGH) has been determined and analyzed for Z-DNA-forming potential.
      Regions of alternating purine-pyrimidine (APP) sequences located between -1047
      and -986 [(GT)31], between -445 and -433 bp, and between -426 and -403 bp
      relative to the rGH RNA transcription initiation site were identified and shown
      to form Z-DNA in negatively supercoiled plasmids by two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis. Free-energy calculations indicated that Z-DNA forms most readily
      in the proximal Z-DNA regions. Diethyl pyrocarbonate footprinting of
      physiologically supercoiled plasmid DNA confirmed the presence of Z-DNA from -444
      to -404 bp spanning the two most proximal APP sequences and a short non-APP
      sequence in between. DNA sequence analysis also predicted a region of DNA
      curvature near this proximal Z-DNA region. Formation of Z-DNA in the distal Z-DNA
      region consisting of a (GT)31 repeat was constrained at physiological plasmid
      superhelical densities. This may be related to the presence of DNA sequences (
      1584 to -1559) 512 bp upstream of (GT)31 that undergo cruciform formation and
      thereby utilize the available free energy. Removal of 580 bp containing the
      cruciform region resulted in Z-DNA formation within (GT)31, thus demonstrating
      that deletion mutations can exert topological changes at a distance within the
      rGH 5'-flanking region. Methylation of two specific cytosines in the rGH 5'
      flanking DNA that have been associated with inhibition of rGH promoter activity
      had no effect on Z-DNA formation. No evidence for DNA secondary structure
      formation within the rGH second exon-intron or 3'-flanking region was observed.
      We conclude that the rGH 5'-flanking region undergoes secondary-structure
      formation at physiological superhelical densities, thus providing a potential
      mechanism(s) for modulating rGH activity.

PMID- 2398898
TI  - Retrovirus-mediated transfer of an adenovirus gene encoding an integral membrane
      protein is sufficient to down regulate the receptor for epidermal growth factor.
AB  - We have used retrovirus-mediated gene transfer to introduce sequences encoding a
      10,400-molecular-weight (10.4K) adenovirus protein previously shown to down
      regulate the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) into two murine cell
      lines that possess human EGF receptors (EGF-Rs). Assays for receptor expression
      showed that acute infection resulted in rapid, constitutive down regulation of
      the EGF-R via a pathway that appears to be endosome mediated. This represents the
      first demonstration that 10.4K expression in the absence of other virus-encoded
      proteins is sufficient to elicit this response. The usefulness of this approach
      for the study of 10.4K-mediated signal transduction in cells with a
      nontransformed phenotype is discussed.

PMID- 2398896
TI  - Characterization of the 47-kilodalton autosomal chronic granulomatous disease
      protein: tissue-specific expression and transcriptional control by retinoic acid.
AB  - A full-length cDNA clone was isolated for the 47-kilodalton (kDa) subunit of the
      NADPH oxidase system, whose absence is responsible for the most common form of
      autosomally inherited chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). It encodes a 44.7-kDa
      polypeptide, which contains two src homology (SH3) domains and several possible
      sites for phosphorylation by protein kinase C. We speculate that the SH3 domains
      may interact with the Rap1 protein associated with cytochrome b-245 (M.T. Quinn,
      C.A. Parkes, L. Walker, S. Orkin, M. Dinauer, and A. Jesaitis, Nature [London]
      342:198-200, 1989). An antiserum raised to the predicted C terminus of the
      protein detects a polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of 47 kDa in normal
      neutrophil granulocytes but not in those from patients with autosomal CGD. The
      antibody has been used to show that the protein associates with the vacuolar
      membrane and is phosphorylated in response to phorbol ester treatment. Analysis
      of a number of tissue types and cell lines shows that expression of the gene is
      confined to phagocytic cells and B lymphocytes. This observation suggests that
      patients with CGD may also have a defect in lymphocyte function. p47 protein and
      mRNA levels increase during retinoic acid-induced neutrophil differentiation of
      HL60 cells. Nuclear run-on transcription assays show that the gene for p47 is
      induced at the transcriptional level in a cycloheximide-insensitive manner. These
      data indicate that this gene is a primary target for regulation by retinoic acid.

PMID- 2398897
TI  - Identification of rpo30, a vaccinia virus RNA polymerase gene with structural
      similarity to a eucaryotic transcription elongation factor.
AB  - Eucaryotic transcription factors that stimulate RNA polymerase II by increasing
      the efficiency of elongation of specifically or randomly initiated RNA chains
      have been isolated and characterized. We have identified a 30-kilodalton (kDa)
      vaccinia virus-encoded protein with apparent homology to SII, a 34-kDa mammalian
      transcriptional elongation factor. In addition to amino acid sequence
      similarities, both proteins contain C-terminal putative zinc finger domains.
      Identification of the gene, rpo30, encoding the vaccinia virus protein was
      achieved by using antibody to the purified viral RNA polymerase for
      immunoprecipitation of the in vitro translation products of in vivo-synthesized
      early mRNA selected by hybridization to cloned DNA fragments of the viral genome.
      Western immunoblot analysis using antiserum made to the vaccinia rpo30 protein
      expressed in bacteria indicated that the 30-kDa protein remains associated with
      highly purified viral RNA polymerase. Thus, the vaccinia virus protein, unlike
      its eucaryotic homolog, is an integral RNA polymerase subunit rather than a
      readily separable transcription factor. Further studies showed that the
      expression of rpo30 is regulated by dual early and later promoters.

PMID- 2398899
TI  - A 22-amino-acid peptide restores DNA-binding activity to dimerization-defective
      mutants of the estrogen receptor.
AB  - We have identified residues within the estrogen receptor that are required for
      dimerization and high-affinity DNA binding. A 22-amino-acid peptide encompassing
      these residues was sufficient to restore DNA-binding activity to a mutant
      receptor lacking most of the hormone-binding domain. Point mutagenesis of the
      fusion protein confirmed that this sequence continued to mediate dimerization in
      a manner similar to that within the native receptor, although its position
      relative to the DNA-binding domain was appreciably altered.

PMID- 2398901
TI  - Transcription initiation complexes and upstream activation with RNA polymerase II
      lacking the C-terminal domain of the largest subunit.
AB  - RNA polymerase II assembles with other factors on the adenovirus type 2 major
      late promoter to generate pairs of transcription initiation complexes resolvable
      by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis. The pairing of the complexes is caused by
      the presence or absence of the C-terminal domain of the largest subunit. This
      domain is not required for transcription stimulation by the major late
      transcription factor in vitro.

PMID- 2398900
TI  - Evolutionary origin of the U6 small nuclear RNA intron.
AB  - U6 is the most conserved of the five small nuclear RNAs known to participate in
      pre-mRNA splicing. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the single
      copy gene encoding this RNA is itself interrupted by an intron (T. Tani and Y.
      Ohshima, Nature (London) 337:87-90, 1989). Here we report analysis of the U6
      genes from all four Schizosaccharomyces species, revealing that each is
      interrupted at an identical position by a homologous intron; in other groups,
      including ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi, as well as more distantly related
      organisms, the U6 gene is colinear with the RNA. The most parsimonious
      interpretation of our data is that the ancestral U6 gene did not contain an
      intron, but rather, it was acquired via a single relatively recent insertional
      event.

PMID- 2398902
TI  - Localization of a phytochrome-responsive element within the upstream region of
      pea rbcS-3A.
AB  - The pea rbcS-3A promoter with a 5' deletion to -166 (-166 rbcS-3A) contains two
      GT-1-binding sites. Mutational analyses demonstrated that a decrease in affinity
      for GT-1 correlates with reduced promoter activity. Transcription of -166 rbcS-3A
      in transgenic etiolated seedlings is induced by red light and suppressed by far
      red light, indicating that it contains a phytochrome-responsive element.

PMID- 2398903
TI  - RNA conformational requirements of self-cleavage of hepatitis delta virus RNA.
AB  - Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA subfragments undergo self-cleavage at varying
      efficiencies. We have developed a procedure of using repeated cycles of heat
      denaturation and renaturation of RNA to achieve a high efficiency of cleavage.
      This effect can also be achieved by gradual denaturation of RNA with heat or
      formamide. These results suggest that only a subpopulation of the catalytic RNA
      molecules assumes the active conformation required for self-cleavage. This
      procedure could be of general use for detecting catalytic RNA activities.

PMID- 2398904
TI  - The promoter and first, untranslated exon of the human glucocorticoid receptor
      gene are GC rich but lack consensus glucocorticoid receptor element sites.
AB  - Glucocorticoid receptor mRNA is regulated by glucocorticoids. We found no
      consensus glucocorticoid response element, TATA box, or CAAT box but many GC
      boxes in approximately 3 kilobases of the 5'-flanking sequence of the human
      glucocorticoid receptor gene. We identified several transcription start sites, an
      untranslated exon 1, and the coding content of exon 2.

PMID- 2398907
TI  - [IgG subclass level in healthy children].
AB  - In 159 healthy German children aged 3 months to 16 years IgG subclass
      concentrations were measured by radial immunodiffusion using polyclonal antisera.
      IgG-4 levels were also determined by a monoclonal ELISA kit (Binding Site). Both
      methods for IgG-4 determination showed a significant correlation (r = 0.91); the
      WHO reference serum 67/97 was used for calibration. The mean range and
      percentiles for age are given. IgG subclass levels were correlated with the age
      of the children in the order IgG-2 greater than IgG-1 greater than IgG-4, but
      this was not the case for IgG-3. The normal ranges of IgG subclasses were in good
      agreement with those of previous studies. No IgG-4 was detected by RID in only
      8.8% of all the children, but in all aged 7 years and above.

PMID- 2398906
TI  - Ordered splicing of thymidine kinase pre-mRNA during the S phase of the cell
      cycle.
AB  - Concomitant with the onset of S phase, a series of thymidine kinase (TK) splicing
      intermediates as well as mature TK mRNA accumulates in the nucleus of BALB/c 3T3
      cells. Most of the TK splicing intermediates are retained by oligo(dT)-cellulose
      chromatography, and, therefore, 3' end formation and polyadenylation probably
      precede the splicing of TK pre-mRNAs. We have further characterized the TK pre
      mRNAs that are present in the nuclei of S-phase cells by using specific probes
      derived from each of the six TK intervening sequences. Based on the sizes of the
      pre-mRNAs and their patterns of hybridization with these intron probes, we
      propose a pathway for intron removal from nascent TK transcripts. Intron excision
      occurred by a preferred, but not necessarily obligatory, order which appears to
      have been conserved in mouse and Chinese hamster cells.

PMID- 2398905
TI  - Double-stranded RNA unwinding and modifying activity is detected ubiquitously in
      primary tissues and cell lines.
AB  - A double-stranded RNA unwinding and modifying activity was found to be present in
      a wide range of tissues and cell types. The level of activity did not vary
      significantly with respect to the state of cell differentiation, cell cycle, or
      transformation. Thus, the unwinding and modifying activity, localized in the
      nucleus in somatic cells and capable of converting many adenosine residues to
      inosine, appears to be one of the housekeeping genes.

PMID- 2398908
TI  - [Bronchial reactivity in clinically symptom-free adolescent patients with
      asthma].
AB  - More than half of the pediatric asthma population will become symptomfree during
      adolescence. We evaluated non-specific airway reactivity by cold air challenge in
      42 symptomfree asthma patients, age 8 to 18 years, one year after termination of
      their anti-asthmatic medication. Twenty-one patients showed a normalized
      bronchial reactivity, 16 were found to be hyperreactive, and 5 presented with a
      borderline response. When compared to the normoreactive group, the hyperreactive
      subjects showed the following statistically significant differences: 1) more
      allergy by RAST and history (16/16 vs 14/21, p less than 0.05); 2) a significant
      reduction of mid- and endexpiratory flowrates in baseline lung-function
      measurements (% pred); maximum expiratory flow at 50% vital capacity: 75% vs 96%,
      p less than 0.01; maximum expiratory flow at 25% of vital capacity: 71% vs 102%,
      p less than 0.005). In conclusion, more than one third of our clinically symptom
      free patients showed persisting bronchial hyperreactivity; 50% presented with a
      normalised bronchial response.

PMID- 2398909
TI  - [Status of plasmapheresis and cyclosporin A in the treatment of systemic lupus
      erythematosus].
AB  - We report the history of 2 teenagers suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus
      for more than 5 years. Both of them were treated with total plasma exchange (TPE)
      and Ciclosporin A. They responded well to this therapy and achieved remissions.
      Especially the 2nd patient showed a dramatic clinical improvement after a relapse
      caused by sun exposure. Both treatment modalities are discussed and the following
      conclusions are drawn: TPE is an important therapeutic element in treating
      patients with SLE, whereas Ciclosporin A is not recommended for therapy of first
      choice. Further prospective and controlled studies have to show, if there is a
      benefit of this therapy, especially in childhood.

PMID- 2398910
TI  - [Fatal pneumococcal meningitis in a 1-year-old child with homozygous C2
      deficiency].
AB  - The 1-year old girl died of recurrent bacterial meningitis. Streptococcus
      pneumoniae was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid. The analysis of the immune
      system revealed only a defect of the complement system. The following results
      were obtained: 1. No function of the classical complement pathway. 2. Reduced
      function of the alternative complement pathway. 3. No functional C2 activity. 4.
      No C2 protein. The parents had half normal C2 titers. HLA typing was only
      possible for the parents with the following results: A1, A32(w19), B18, DR2,
      DRw11(5) (father) and A3, A10, B18, B7, DR2 (mother). These data are compatible
      with a B18, DR2 haplotype of the child which is found in most cases of homozygous
      C2 deficiency. Our patient list another example for the high risk of recurrent
      severe infectious diseases in persons with a total complement defect.

PMID- 2398911
TI  - [Sudden death caused by a heart tumor].
AB  - Primary cardiac tumors in infancy and childhood are extremely rare. In the young
      age group the clinical symptoms often are variable and can make diagnosis
      difficult. Depending on the histological character and especially the
      localisation of the mass the clinical appearance may lead to the first diagnosis
      or at least to further investigation. While myocardial tumors (rhabdomyomas and
      fibromas) mainly cause rhythmic disturbances, the intracavitary tumors (like
      myxomas) frequently disturb hemodynamics. Echo-cardiography is the main
      diagnostic technique, followed by angiocardiography, computertomography and
      nuclearmagneticresonance imaging.

PMID- 2398912
TI  - [Breast feeding instructions for mothers].

PMID- 2398913
TI  - The enzymology of DNA repair.

PMID- 2398914
TI  - Mismatch binding proteins and tolerance to alkylating agents in human cells.
AB  - The Mex- (Mer-) phenotype of human cells is characterised by a sensitivity to
      agents such as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and N-methyl-N
      nitrosourea (MNU). The hypersensitivity of Mex- cells is a consequence of their
      failure to express the DNA-repair enzyme m6-Gua-DNA methyltransferase. Resistance
      to MNNG and MNU may be acquired by Mex- cells either by reexpression of a
      methyltransferase function or by an ill-defined process of tolerance in which the
      cytotoxic potential of m6-Gua is circumvented without the altered base being
      removed from DNA. It has been suggested that tolerance might involve an altered
      mismatch correcting function. We have investigated proteins which recognise and
      bind specifically to DNA fragments containing single-base mismatches. Cell-free
      extracts of a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line (Raji) contain two such mismatch
      binding activities. Neither protein appears to have a high affinity for m6-Gua
      containing base pairs. The data indicate that m6-Gua-containing base pairs might
      be poor substrates for mismatch repair processes in human cells.

PMID- 2398915
TI  - Biophysical transport properties of the cuticle of Ascaris suum.
AB  - The transport properties of isolated cuticle from Ascaris suum were studied using
      standard two-chamber diffusion cells and a number of radiolabeled permeants which
      varied in molecular size, lipophilicity and electrical charge. The permeability
      coefficient of the collagen matrix (lipid-extracted cuticle) vs. molecular radius
      relationship showed the interdependence of molecular size and electrical charge
      of the permeants with respect to the aqueous pores of the negatively charged
      matrix. The permeability of neutral solutes decreased monotonically with size.
      Protonated amines permeated the aqueous pores faster than neutral solutes of
      comparable size, while the permeation of anions was slower. The average pore size
      was estimated to be 1.5 nm in radius. A biophysical model which accounted for
      diffusion of molecules within a fixed electrostatic field of force and for
      molecular sieving by the pore channels was used in the mechanistic interpretation
      of the data. The effective permeability coefficient of the non-lipid-extracted
      cuticle was delineated into the permeability coefficients of the water-filled
      collagen matrix and the lipoidal component of the cuticle to determine which
      layer was the rate-controlling barrier. While each solute was capable of
      penetrating the water-filled collagen matrix, the rate-determining step for the
      majority of compounds was passive diffusion across the lipid component, which
      controlled 75-99% of transport. The exception was water, for which transport
      kinetics was 75% matrix-controlled. In general, permeation across the lipid
      filled tissue was more favorable for small lipophilic compounds because of
      molecular restriction not only in the aqueous pores, but also in the lipid-filled
      pores.

PMID- 2398916
TI  - Partial characterization of two antigens secreted by L1 larvae of Trichinella
      spiralis.
AB  - Two protein antigens were isolated from excretory-secretory products of
      Trichinella spiralis by biochemical methods and characterized with respect to
      their chemical and immunological properties. One antigen, of apparent Mr 43,000,
      is an abundant secreted protein of infective L1 larvae, while the other, of 45-50
      kDa, is present in smaller amounts. Yields, extinction coefficients, isoelectric
      points, amino acid compositions, and partial N-terminal amino acid sequences for
      each are reported. Partial amino acid sequences of peptides derived from the 43
      kDa protein by cyanogen bromide cleavage have been determined. Treating a reduced
      pyridylethylated derivative of the 43-kDa protein with glycopeptidase F (N
      glycanase) resulted in formation of a transient product of 37 kDa followed by a
      stable polypeptide of 32 kDa (by SDS-PAGE), suggesting the presence of two N
      linked carbohydrate groups. A similar result was obtained with the 45-50-kDa
      protein, which gave a transient doublet of 38 and 40 kDa and a final, stable
      product of 33 kDa, with a minor component of 35 kDa. Two glycosylation sites of
      the 43-kDa protein and one site of the 45-50-kDa protein can be identified in the
      amino acid sequences. Polyclonal antibodies prepared against the two proteins
      cross-reacted extensively, but failed to react with the doubly deglycosylated
      polypeptides in Western blots. The dominant epitopes present in the reduced
      pyridylethylated polypeptides are, therefore, N-linked carbohydrate, although the
      presence of peptide epitopes in the native proteins cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2398917
TI  - Evidence for segmental gene conversion between a cognate hsp 70 gene and the
      temperature-sensitively transcribed hsp70 genes of Trypanosoma brucei.
AB  - The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei expresses several heat shock proteins
      of 70 kDa (hsp70). We show that, from 5' to 3', a diverged cognate hsp70 gene
      (gene 1) is separated by about 6 kb of DNA from a cluster of five identical hsp70
      genes (genes 2-6). The hsp70 cognate gene has a predicted open reading frame of
      676 amino-acids. The steady-state mRNA levels of gene 1 are unaffected by
      temperature shifts up to 42 degrees C. Hsps of diverse organisms share several
      fully conserved amino acid domains in the N-terminal region of the hsp70
      proteins. These conserved amino acid domains are also observed in the T. brucei
      hsp70 genes 1-6. However they are, in contrast to the heat shock genes of other
      eukaryotes, encoded by nucleotide sequence blocks that are identical in all six
      hsp70 genes. These conserved domains, located in the 5' coding region, range in
      size from several to hundreds of nucleotides and are separated by highly diverged
      nucleotide sequences. The nucleotide sequence conservation between hsp70 gene 1
      and hsp70 genes 2-6 indicates that selective sequence homogenization, presumably
      through gene conversion, maintained the amino acid sequence conservation.

PMID- 2398919
TI  - Some considerations with regard to the first results about volatile nitrosamine
      contents in some Cuban foods.
AB  - The volatile nitrosamine contents in some samples of Cuban beer and canned meat
      products are reported. Only dimethylnitrosamine in very low concentrations was
      detected. The significance of these results and the relative necessity to extend
      research works in this field are discussed.

PMID- 2398918
TI  - A second region recognized by the protective monoclonal antibody 5C10/66 in the
      precursor to the major merozoite surface antigen of Plasmodium chabaudi adami.

PMID- 2398920
TI  - [The effect of energy-rich and energy-reduced rations with n-alkane yeast
      portions on the fatty acid composition of selected organ lipids in swine].
AB  - In 3 test groups (11 pigs in each group) rations with identical fatty acid
      patterns (except C 17 acids) at high, medium and low-energy levels of the rations
      were fed. The fatty acid composition of the lipids of liver, heart and brain was
      analyzed at the end of the experiments. A correlation was found to exist between
      energy and fatty acid intake and the fatty acid spectrum of the organ lipids.
      With identical intake of odd-numbered fatty acids, an energy-rich diet leads to a
      reduction of odd-numbered fatty acids in the heart and liver lipids. A reduced
      energy concentration causes an increase of odd-numbered fatty acids in liver and
      heart. Under energy-rich and energy-reduced feeding, C 15 and C 19 acids can be
      traced in the hepatic lipids. In liver, heart and brain, an energy-rich diet
      results in increased contents of eicosapentaene and eicosahexaene acid. Under low
      energy diet, a reduction of these fatty acids can be found in the brain.

PMID- 2398921
TI  - What is gluten-free--levels and tolerances in the gluten-free diet.

PMID- 2398922
TI  - The war on cancer--are we winning or losing?

PMID- 2398923
TI  - What is an MRO?

PMID- 2398924
TI  - Therapy of giant intracranial aneurysms in the elderly.
AB  - A series of 13 elderly patients (eight female, five male) with giant intracranial
      aneurysms is presented. The mean age was 67.8 years, with a range of 57-81 years.
      The paper presents the significant medical problems associated with operating on
      elderly individuals. Surgical intervention was attempted in all cases. Following
      surgical treatment, eight patients (62%) are alive and functional. Three patients
      (23%) are alive but partially disabled. Two patients (15%) died during the
      perioperative period. This compares favorably with other series which include
      younger patients indicating surgery for giant intracranial aneurysms can be
      carried out in elderly patients with an acceptable morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2398925
TI  - Diagnosis and management of esophageal metastases.

PMID- 2398926
TI  - Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma).

PMID- 2398927
TI  - [Changes in the neuronal activity of the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus and in
      the motor components of an instrumental reaction in cats following the systemic
      administration of N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)].
AB  - Activity of ventrolateral thalamic neurons during performance of instrumental
      reaction was studied in four cats before (81 neurons) and after (70 neurons) five
      injections of MPTP (5 mg/kg every day). It was found that MPTP administration was
      followed by a clear increase of the discharge frequency of the studied neurons
      correlated with forelimb movements. The duration of their excitation connected
      with movement initiation, flexion or extension of limb increased as well.
      Movement disorders that evidenced for the development of bradykinesia were
      observed simultaneously with an increase of the neuronal activity. Dophamine
      microinjection into the caudate nucleus led to recovery of movements and neuronal
      discharge frequency. A conclusion was made that in intact cats activity of
      ventrolateral thalamic neurons related to forelimb movements was under inhibitory
      influences coming from the nigrostriatal system.

PMID- 2398928
TI  - [The restructuring of the efferent activity of the generator of scratching during
      the electrical activation of the descending systems].
AB  - Rearrangement of the scratching generator activity evoked by phasic electrical
      stimulation of different descending systems has been investigated on decerebrated
      immobilized cats. This rearrangement heavily depends on the stimulation phase.
      Maximal increase of the scratching cycle duration by electrical stimulation of
      Deiters' nucleus, red nucleus and pyramidal tract takes place in the first half
      of an aiming phase. The electrical stimulation of structures mentioned above does
      not practically change duration of the scratching cycle in the second half of the
      aiming phase and at the beginning of the scratching phase. A maximal increase of
      the scratching cycle duration by electrical stimulation of reticular
      gigantocellular nucleus occurs in the second half of the aiming phase. The
      electrical activation of descending pathways during the aiming phase increases
      intensity of this phase and decreases intensity of the scratching phase. The
      electrical activation of descending pathways during the scratching phase
      increases its intensity and does not change practically the intensity of the
      aiming phase. Possible principles of the suprasegmental correction of the
      scratching generator activity are discussed.

PMID- 2398929
TI  - [The effect of serotonin on the neuronal reactions of the sensorimotor cortex
      evoked by tactile and conditional acoustic stimulation].
AB  - Responses of the sensorimotor cortex neurons to tactile and conditional sound
      stimuli have been investigated before and after serotonin and lysergoamide
      iontophoretic application. Three functional neuronal groups were distinguished
      according to their responses to unconditional and conditional stimuli. It was
      shown that serotonin application facilitated early and late impulse responses to
      tactile stimuli, facilitated and modulated impulse responses of many cortical
      neurons to conditional stimuli. Changes in responses to conditioning occurred
      during initial phase of the placing reaction and just after initiation of the
      conditional movement. Serotonin application promoted involving new neurons in
      response to sound. All these changes in the reactions developed with
      unsignificant background activity fluctuation. It is supposed that facilitation
      of neuronal responses caused by serotonin was linked with activation of
      excitatory receptors (S2). An increase of the background and evoked impulse
      activity following application of lysergoamide may depend on inhibitory serotonin
      receptors (S1B).

PMID- 2398930
TI  - [The content of catecholamines in the adrenergic plexuses of the spleen and
      intestines during cold and emotional stresses].
AB  - The content of catecholamines in adrenergic plexuses of the spleen and small
      intestine of rats has been studied histochemically using a computer analysis. It
      is shown that the content increases both during the short-term cold and emotional
      stress. Intraperitoneally administered guanethidine (10 mg/kg) does not prevent
      cold-induced accumulation of catecholamines in these adrenergic plexuses, but the
      emotional-induced one remains. Putative mechanisms of the catecholamine
      accumulation in the splenic and small intestinal adrenergic plexuses during
      different stresses are discussed. It is suggested that the cold stress induces an
      increase of the catecholamine synthesis in adrenergic terminals of prevertebral
      ganglion neurons, whereas emotional stress leads to the catecholamine uptake by
      adrenergic terminals from the blood.

PMID- 2398931
TI  - [The effect of arginine vasopressin and its derivatives on the brain neurons of
      the edible snail].
AB  - Neuronal responses induced by application or perfusion of solutions with arginine
      vasopressin and its derivatives (VPS) have been examined on identified Helix
      pomatia neurons. No differences between VPS-induced effects were obtained.
      Depolarizing, hyperpolarizing and modulatory neuronal responses were found. De-
      and hyperpolarizing responses were due to an increase and a decrease in
      permeability of the surface neuronal membrane, respectively. The reversal
      potential of both responses was near the chloride equilibrium potential and was
      inhibited by furosemide. It is supposed that VPS-induced responses are associated
      with an increase and a decrease in permeability of chloride ions of the surface
      neuronal membrane. A modulatory VPS response is an increase of the current
      amplitude induced by intracellular cAMP injection by VPS perfusion. It is
      supposed that some Helix pomatia neurons have different receptors to VPS which,
      probably, are associated with the system of cyclic nucleotides.

PMID- 2398932
TI  - [The effect of stimulation of the central gray substance on the neuronal activity
      of the trigeminal nerve nucleus].
AB  - Stimulation of different central gray matter areas (CGM) has been estimated
      comparatively for its study on the neuronal activity of the trigeminal nucleus
      during nociceptive stimulation prior to and after the section of the medial brain
      stem structures between the CGM caudal part and the dorsal raphe nucleus. The
      possible role of the opiate and nonopiate systems in the mechanism of inhibition
      of the nociceptive afferentation has been also considered. Experimental data show
      that in the regulation of the nociceptive afferentation the CGM is a functionally
      nonuniform structure: in addition to the pain-suppressing system, there is also
      the pain-relieving system there: inhibitory influence of different CGM areas is
      accomplished by both the opiate and nonopiate system; the opiate inhibition is
      mediated by activation of neurons of the raphe nucleus, while the nonopiate one
      by recruitment of the lateral pathways or activation of the rostral structures of
      the brain.

PMID- 2398933
TI  - [The transformation of the receptor potential of mechanosensitive neurons in the
      crayfish with the intracellular injection of solutions under pressure].
AB  - Intracellular pressure injection of potassium salt solution has been studied for
      its effect on the receptor potential of the slowly adapting stretch receptor of
      crayfish. It was found that the injection caused an increase in the static phase
      of the receptor potential. The results suggest that the intracellular hydrostatic
      pressure may be involved in generation of primary receptor responses of
      mechanoreceptors.

PMID- 2398934
TI  - [The use of a chlortetracycline fluorescent probe for recording the dynamic
      content of intracellular calcium in neurons (a reply to the editorial commentary
      on the article by V. P. Nikitin and M. O. Samoilov The participation of the
      calcium-binding membrane components in the neurophysiological mechanisms of
      habituation in the edible snail)].

PMID- 2398935
TI  - The cerebral circulation in cases of carotid cavernous fistula. Findings of
      single photon emission computed tomography.
AB  - Ten patients with carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) were reviewed. Single photon
      emission computed tomography (SPECT) for regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
      study was performed in six patients with fast flow shunt. Five of these six
      patients with fast flow shunt angiographically demonstrated cortical venous
      drainage, and two of these patients suffered intracerebral hemorrhage. The rCBF
      decreased in the region demonstrating the cortical venous drainage in five
      patients, and in one patient the angiography demonstrated arterial steal and the
      rCBF decreased in a part of the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. SPECT proved to
      be useful in assessing the cerebral circulation in cases of CCF.

PMID- 2398936
TI  - Angiography in the investigation of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula. A
      protocol with application of the venous phase.
AB  - The authors present their protocol for spinal angiography in their investigation
      of dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF). The protocol has been used in
      approximately 120 patients from 1983 to the present at Bicetre Hospital. The
      approach is based on the fact that venous congestion is responsible for the
      myelopathy of DAVF. If the venous phase of the spinal circulation is normal, this
      alone rules out DAVF as the cause of the patient's symptoms. If there is stasis
      in the spinal circulation, this is consistent with DAVF, and thus complete spinal
      angiography is necessary. Complete angiography includes the selective intercostal
      arteries, including the lateral sacrals, as well as the supply to the cervical
      cord and posterior fossa.

PMID- 2398938
TI  - Nontraumatic temporal subcortical hemorrhage. Clinical-computed tomographic
      analysis.
AB  - Thirty patients with temporal hematomas were analyzed. Four with frontal
      extension survived. Of 6 with ganglionic extension, three had residual deficit.
      Of 8 with parietal extension, 4 had delayed deterioration and died, two patients
      recovered, and two with peritumoral hemorrhage due to glioblastoma multiforme
      died. Five patients with posterior temporal hematomas recovered. In 7 patients
      with basal-inferior temporal hematomas, angiography showed aneurysms in 3 cases,
      angiomas in 2 cases and no vascular lesion in 2 cases. Of 23 cases with negative
      angiography and no systemic cause for temporal hematoma, 12 patients were
      hypertensive and 11 were normotensive. Ten hypertensive patients without evidence
      of chronic vascular disease had the largest hematomas, extending into the
      parietal or ganglionic regions. Seven of these patients died; 3 had residual
      deficit. Eleven normotensive and two hypertensive patients with evidence of
      chronic vascular change had smaller hematomas. They survived with good functional
      recovery.

PMID- 2398937
TI  - Central spinal cord lesions in stenosis of the cervical canal.
AB  - 34 patients suffering from cervical spondylotic myelopathy confirmed by
      myelography were examined by delayed CT 6-10 h after myelography. Twelve patients
      showed bilateral intramedullary collections of contrast medium, predominantly
      cranial to the stenosis. In these patients males predominated, the duration of
      clinical symptoms lasted longer although their age was lower. There was no
      correlation to the degree and the extension of the narrowing of the cervical
      spinal canal. Half of 20 patients undergoing consecutive decompressive surgery
      showed intramedullary contrast enhancement, and this was shown again by
      postoperative MRI in eight. The postoperative clinical and neurophysiological
      results revealed no change in the majority of patients, but three patients
      showing intramedullary contrast medium deteriorated in neurophysiological
      outcome, while only one of the patients in whom intramedullary contrast medium
      was not noticed got worse.

PMID- 2398939
TI  - Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis--Dutch type. Tc-99m HM-PAO single
      photon emission computed tomography.
AB  - We performed single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and cerebral CT
      scans in nine patients with hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy. CT-scans
      showed 23 focal hypodense lesions, 13 of which were visible on SPECT as a CBF
      defect. One patient showed a CBF-defect on SPECT without CT-scan lesion and had a
      cerebral hemorrhage three months later in that particular region. In two
      additional patients, who were 50% at risk for this autosomal dominant disease,
      CBF-defects on SPECT, but no cortical lesions on CT-scan were found. CT-scans may
      be more sensitive than SPECT to detect chronic lesions caused by cerebral
      hemorrhages, but another possibility is that hemorrhages do not always lead to
      persistent CBF-defects. SPECT can show the effect of amyloid deposits on CBF
      before the angiopathy causes clinical symptoms.

PMID- 2398940
TI  - Symptomatic cerebrospinal fluid dissemination of cerebral glioblastoma. Computed
      tomographic findings in 11 cases.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) findings in eleven patients with symptomatic
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dissemination from cerebral glioblastoma were analyzed
      and, in seven cases subsequently autopsied, they were compared with histological
      observations. Each patient had multiple CT abnormalities including
      periventricular enhancement (5/11), subarachnoid enhancement (10/11) and
      progressive hydrocephalus (7/9) by cranial CT, and small filling defects with or
      without block (5/5) by CT myelography. The areas that showed periventricular or
      subarachnoid enhancement on CT were confirmed to have macroscopically detectable
      seeding at autopsy. On the other hand, microscopic deposits were more widely
      distributed than the enhancement suggested, and were hardly visualized on CT. In
      association with subarachnoid seeding, we found low-density lesions on CT which
      had resulted from ischemia or reinvasion of adjacent structures by disseminated
      glioblastoma and resulting parenchymal edema. By cranial CT, subarachnoid
      enhancement seems to be a very reliable sign of CSF seeding, whereas
      periventricular enhancement due to CSF metastases should be carefully
      distinguished from that due to periventricular tumor infiltration. CT myelography
      is capable of revealing minute metastatic spinal deposits and may be helpful for
      ruling out spinal seeding as well as its precise evaluation.

PMID- 2398941
TI  - The diagnosis of infections associated with acrylic cranioplasties.
AB  - Fifty-two methylmethacrylate cranioplasties were performed on forty-seven
      patients over a five year period. Two cranioplasties became infected and required
      removal. The overall infection rate for methylmethacrylate cranioplasty was thus
      2/52 or 3.8%. Both of these patients had bifrontal cranioplasties involving both
      orbital rims and the frontal sinus. The infection rate for those cranioplasties
      involving the frontal sinus was 2 of 9 or 22%. None of the 43 cranioplasties not
      involving the frontal sinus became infected. Ten patients in this series had
      postoperative CT scans. Gas within the non-infected methylmethacrylate could
      simulate infection, making it difficult to diagnose cranioplasty infections by
      CT. Although certain CT changes, such as epidural air and soft tissue swelling,
      may be observed only with infected cranioplasties, the clinical picture is the
      only truly reliable indicator of infection.

PMID- 2398942
TI  - Tuberculous brain infection located in an old cerebral infarct: CT changes with
      successful conservative therapy.
AB  - A case of tuberculous brain infection following tuberculous meningitis in a 67
      year-old man is presented. It was located in an old cerebral infarct associated
      with left internal carotid artery occlusion. CT demonstrated capsule enhancement
      in the left temporal area after iodinated contrast medium. Chemotherapy with INH,
      RFP and SM diminished the lesion and the capsule disappeared thirteen months
      later. It is suggested that a relatively long clinical history together with the
      appearance of a thick-walled abscess-like lesion on the CT scan is consistent
      with the diagnosis of tuberculous brain infection, perhaps an abscess.

PMID- 2398943
TI  - Orbital hydatid cyst: assessment of two cases.
AB  - Two cases of unilateral proptosis due to orbital hydatid disease are reported. In
      both cases CT scans showed well-defined, thin-walled cystic masses whose
      densitometric values were similar to that of the globe.

PMID- 2398944
TI  - A gemistocytic astrocytoma demonstrated high intensity on MR images. Protein
      hydration layer.
AB  - A gemistocytic astrocytoma demonstrating high intensity on both T1W and T2W MR
      images is reported. Astrocytoma usually shows low density in T1WI. This peculiar
      astrocytoma showed no hemorrhage, hemosiderin deposits, melanin or iron.
      Shortening of T1 relaxation time may be caused by protein hydration layer due to
      protein rich tumor cells.

PMID- 2398945
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in MELAS syndrome.
AB  - MELAS syndrome is a distinct clinical entity belonging to a group of
      mitochondrial encephalomyopathies characterized by the tetrad of myopathy,
      encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes. Computed tomography
      (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) findings are reviewed in a patient with MELAS.
      Serial CT studies demonstrated multiple "migrating" infarcts in various stages of
      evolution involving primarily the posterior temporal and occipital regions. MR
      was more sensitive than CT in demonstrating the number and extent of cortical
      lesions in this disease entity.

PMID- 2398946
TI  - Cerebral venous angiomas. MR imaging at 1.5 tesla.
AB  - Sixteen cases of cerebral venous angiomas, seven cerebellar and nine
      supratentorial were imaged by magnetic resonance, using a T1 sequence and a
      motion compensated T2 sequence. The transcerebral draining vein of the lesion
      could be identified in thirteen out of sixteen patients. On T1-weighted images
      all the lesions were hypointense. On T2-weighted images, five lesions were
      hypointense, and eleven were hyperintense consistent with slow flow. In three
      cases the lesion was hemorrhagic. Three lesions with hypointense aspect on T1 and
      hyperintense aspect on T2-weighted images were only seen in retrospect, due to
      partial volume averaging in two and concomitant chronic hemorrhage in one. Before
      contrast, the peripheral dilated medullary veins could only be identified in five
      cases. On T2-weighted images, in three of these lesions the signal was higher
      than in the draining veins, pointing to a slower flow. After intravenous
      administration of Gadolinium, performed in twelve patients, the main
      transcerebral draining vein as well as the peripheral medullary veins could be
      well identified in all patients.

PMID- 2398947
TI  - Computed tomography and angiography do not reliably discriminate malignant
      meningiomas from benign ones.
AB  - Histological anaplasia, found in up to 10% of meningiomas, is an important
      prognostic sign as it is associated with increased recurrence rate and volume
      growth rate. We studied in retrospect a series of 230 primary intracranial
      meningiomas to discover whether histological anaplasia can be reliably foreseen
      in CT scans and angiograms. 205 meningiomas were histologically benign, and 25
      meningiomas were classified as malignant (atypical or anaplastic), with either
      incipient (20) or overt (5) signs of anaplasia. Of ten CT parameters tested,
      three were associated significantly more often with malignant meningiomas:
      nodular contour (58.3% vs 26.7%), cysts (20.0% vs 4.4%) and absence of
      calcifications (92% vs 65.3%); none of these parameters was an absolute sign of
      anaplasia. 'Mushrooming', previously regarded as a definite sign of malignancy,
      was seen in 9% of benign meningiomas and in 21% of malignant ones. In
      angiography, no apparent differences between benign and malignant meningiomas
      were seen. The conclusion is that it is not possible to distinguish malignant
      meningiomas from benign ones with CT or angiography.

PMID- 2398948
TI  - The "dense artery sign"--major cerebral artery thromboembolism demonstrated by
      computed tomography.
AB  - A 4 years review of high resolution thin slice (3-5 mm) computed tomography
      performed within 24 h after cerebral infarction revealed increased density in a
      major cerebral artery segment in 28 patients. Arteries affected were the
      vertebral and basilar artery in 6 and 8 patients, the sphenoid course of the
      middle cerebral artery in 13 cases and the extracranial internal carotid artery
      in 1 patient. In 35.7% of cases the so called "dense artery sign" provided
      earliest evidence of the ensuing infarction documented by CT controls in most
      patients. Angiography carried out in 8 patients, density calculations in the
      course of the affected vessel and resolution of the increased density on
      subsequent CT examinations suggest thrombembolism as the most likely etiology. In
      the clinical setting of acute stroke increased artery density encompassing the
      entire vessel diameter may serve as an early indicator of major cerebral artery
      occlusion and prompt angiographic investigation of a lesion potentially amenable
      to lysis.

PMID- 2398949
TI  - Spinal cord monitoring during intraspinal extramedullary tumor operations
      (peroneal nerve evoked responses).
AB  - Longterm scalp recording of early SEP components triggered by peroneal or tibial
      nerve stimulation detects functional disturbances of spinal cord transmission due
      to mechanical trauma. We confirm previous observations that preoperative SEP
      patterns reflect neurological deficits and clearly show functional disturbances
      even on the side where they are not manifest. Peroneal nerve SEP have a well
      known P40-peak corresponding to activities of neurons at the postcentral cortical
      layers. The P40-peak was identified in only 55% of our recordings. We therefore,
      tried to use the P50-peak that could be identified in 100% of the recordings
      under the difficult recording circumstances in the operating room. Other authors
      demonstrate that the P40 component varies spontaneously about 7 ms during
      operations; we found variation of P50-latencies of 9 ms. We found the P50
      component to be a valid and reproducable SEP event for intraoperative monitoring.
      Decline of SEP amplitudes during the operation occurred especially during
      dissection of the tumor. We once found intermittent loss of the P50 component
      with complete recovery after several minutes. This study shows that peroneal
      nerve SEP monitoring during intraspinal tumor operations is a feasible and valid
      measure. It provides the surgeon with a new alarm parameter for spinal cord
      lesions.

PMID- 2398950
TI  - Clinical follow-up after surgery of lumbar disc prolapses. A critical analysis.
AB  - A retrospective clinical study was made on 987 patients with lumbar disc disease
      treated by discectomy. All patients had been operated on in the Department of
      Neurosurgery (University-Hospital Mainz). 545 patients were males, and 442
      females (1.2:1). Patients in the 4th decade of life were affected most often
      (33.5%). Perioperative complications occurred in 5.4%, with discitis as the
      single major complication (1.9%). 83% of all patients who underwent discectomy
      could return to their normal occupation.

PMID- 2398951
TI  - Neurosurgical management of cerebellar hemorrhage.
AB  - Controversy remains concerning the management of patients with cerebellar
      hemorrhage. In this study the records of 42 patients were reviewed. In 60% of
      them the signs of brainstem compression and upward transtentorial herniation were
      found. The level of consciousness was found to be consistent with the radiologic
      finding of the ambient cistern on the CT scan. Complete compression of the
      ambient cistern was always associated with coma, a partially compressed ambient
      cistern with stupor or drowsiness, while a normally shaped ambient cistern was
      associated with a normal level of consciousness. Immediate surgical decompression
      of the posterior fossa was life-saving for patients with brainstem compression
      and upward transtentorial herniation. Mortality was 57% for comatose patients and
      9% for drowsy or stuporous patients. Ventriculostomy alone is the treatment of
      choice in cases with only hydrocephalus without brainstem compression or
      transtentorial herniation.

PMID- 2398952
TI  - DNA in chordomas of the clivus Blumenbachi.
AB  - Chordomas of the clivus are frequently denoted as malignant, mainly because of
      their propensity to recur, their crucial location and the fatal clinical course.
      Although microscopical examination commonly reveals pleomorphism, particularly of
      cells and nuclei, the histological assessment of malignancy is not always
      appropriate. The measurement of DNA could provide important information for a
      classification of their biological behavior (grading). Our examination of a
      chondroid chordoma revealed a typical diploid DNA curve within a "benign" 4C
      range concordant to the favorable course of this variant. Our second examination
      of a "typical" chordoma showed a wide pleomorphism of cell nuclei and moderate
      proliferation activity within a "low grade" scale. This pointed to a coming
      (fatal) recurrence 3.5 years after the first surgery. The third chordoma we
      examined presented an extraordinary 4C aneuploidy with hypertetraploid
      subpopulations and an increased number of bi- or poly-nucleated tumor cells with
      prominent nucleoli and some more mitotic figures. In 5 recurrences the DNA
      pattern remained principally unchanged.

PMID- 2398953
TI  - Ultrastructure of human cerebral macroglia and microglia: maturing and
      hydrocephalic frontal cortex.
AB  - Fifteen human cerebral cortical biopsies from children treated for hycrocephalus
      by shunt operation and one non-hydrocephalic "control" biopsy specimen were
      studied by electron microscopy. Marked differences between the ultrastructural
      features of oligodendrocytes and microgliacytes in the maturing and hydrocephalic
      material and the ultrastructure of control and adult specimens were seen.
      Proliferation of oligodendrocytes was commonly discernible. Microgliacytes
      exhibiting plesomorphic vacuoles and bundles of microfilaments were often
      observed.

PMID- 2398954
TI  - Acute bleeding into a filum terminale ependymoma.
AB  - We present a case of a 63-year-old male patient who was admitted to our hospital
      due to an acute compression syndrome of the cauda equina. He had complained about
      a sciatica for at least one year. CT-diagnosis appeared to be negative, whereas a
      lumbar myelogram revealed a complete block at L2/3. Emergency surgery was
      performed, and an ependymoma of the filum terminale was removed into which it had
      bled massively. The case is compared to the literature findings. These relate
      ependymomas in the described region with acute onset more often to symptoms
      caused by subarachnoid bleeding. Mechanical and/or histopathological factors are
      discussed as the cause of acute bleeding. Spinal ependymomas represent a rare
      event compared to other neurosurgical diseases. Even more seldom are tumors of
      this kind causing an acute cauda equina compression syndrome.

PMID- 2398955
TI  - [Surgical therapy of liver metastases secondary to colorectal neoplasms].
AB  - Of the therapeutic aids currently available for the treatment of liver
      metastases, surgical treatment, when possible, has acquired an irreplaceable
      role. The exact criteria needed to establish a correct indication still have to
      be established. Various factors have been examined so far: number, site,
      dimensions of the metastases and features of the primary tumour whose prognostic
      importance does not lend itself to unequivocable interpretation. Personal
      experience of a series of 11 surgically treated cases seems to confirm that of
      the parameters analysed, the tumour-host relationship remains the most important
      prognostic factor.

PMID- 2398956
TI  - [Surgical treatment of liver metastases of colorectal carcinoma. Our experience
      and review of the literature].
AB  - The authors describe their personal experience of the surgical treatment of
      hepatic MTS caused by colon-rectum ca. Following a review of the literature,
      including therapeutic protocols which do not always agreed, the problems inherent
      to the number, site, size and appearance of MTS themselves are discussed.
      Different approaches are compared in an attempt to clarify this pathology about
      which still very little is known. There is often uncertainty regarding the cases
      which should be treated surgically, and there is certainly a need for a greater
      number of case studies so as to avoid relying on the sensitivity and experience
      of the individual surgeon.

PMID- 2398957
TI  - [Mechanical endarterectomy using an original device. Preliminary experimental
      results].
AB  - A prototype for the performance of mechanical thromboendarterectomy was
      constructed following various experimental designs and applications. The study
      was carried out on 25 aortobifemoral segments presenting typical obliterating
      arteriosclerotic lesions. The equipment consists of a flexible probe whose distal
      end was represented by a screened helical cutter and whose proximal end by an
      inlet and washing chamber. At the centre of these chambers and of the probe, a
      steel tube sets the cutter rotating at an adjustable speed. Good recanalisation
      was achieved in all vasal segments treated without damaging the vessel's wall.
      Although encouraging, results thus far are preliminary and require verification.

PMID- 2398958
TI  - [Surgery of thoraco-abdominal aneurysms. Personal experience in 35 cases].
AB  - The paper describes the authors personal experience of the surgical treatment of
      thoracoabdominal aneurysms. Thirty-five patients underwent surgery during the
      period from 1972 to the present. Operative mortality is compared according to the
      different surgical approaches used. Special attention is paid to the techniques
      of protecting the spinal cord, and in particular to liquor drainage.

PMID- 2398960
TI  - [Primary malignant tumors of the small intestine. A clinical report].
AB  - The clinical records and pathologic patterns of all the cases of primary small
      bowel malignancies, treated in the last 15 years, were reviewed. There were 12
      patients: 8 men and 4 women ranged from 41 to 86 years old. Carcinoma was the
      most common (82%) followed by carcinoid and lymphoma (9%). The distribution of
      the malignancies showed preponderance in the proximal jejunum and duodenum.
      Multiple primary malignancies were found in 17% of enteric cancers. The most
      common presentation was pain (75%) followed by weight loss (58%), palpable mass,
      anemia and gastrointestinal bleeding (25%), obstruction (17%). Barium studies of
      the duodenum and of the small bowel, duodenal endoscopy were the most useful
      diagnostic tools but a correct preoperative diagnosis was made in only 42% of the
      patients. Curative resection was attempted in 67% of the cases. The prognosis is
      poor.

PMID- 2398961
TI  - [Mediastinal goiters. A clinical case series].
AB  - The paper described the treatment of a series of 47 mediastinal goitres. The
      importance of a thorough preoperative assessment of the lesion and of careful
      planning of the operative technique are underlined. Cervical collar incision
      provided adequate exposure in most patients. The Authors conclude that surgical
      treatment should be recommended in all cases.

PMID- 2398959
TI  - [Our experience with recurrent biliary calculosis after cholecystectomy].
AB  - Recurrent calculi of the main bile way may be recurrent or residual. Recurrent
      stones are yellow-brown, crumbly and earthy and contain high quantities of
      calcium palmitate; residual stones, on the other hand, are firmer, round or berry
      like, usually faceted and contain cholesterol, bilirubinate and carbonate of
      calcium (aragonite, vaterite, etc.) but never palmitate. Residual stones at times
      also present a peripheral "shell" presenting palmitate and this shows that a new
      component determined by bile changes is added to the cholesterol stone, which
      represents the central core, because of stasis and biliary infection. The
      distinction of calculi into residual and recurrent is also made on the basis of
      the classic morphologic and clinical criteria described in the literature, also
      and above all on the basis of specific, objective scientific criteria deriving
      from in-depth clinical study of the patient, the chemical study of the bile,
      morphological, mineralogical and structural study of the stone. The following are
      considered in particular: instrumental examinations made during hospitalisation
      and operation; pH, enzymatic activity (phospholipase, trypsin and amylase) and
      examination of bile cultures; morphological, microscopic examination (electronic
      scan microscopy) and mineralogical examination (X-ray diffractometry and infrared
      spectroscopy) of the calculus. A personal series of recurrent calculosis of the
      main biliary way is considered, special attention being paid to a case that was
      particularly interesting in relation to the fact lithiasic recurrence occurred
      just 10 months after the previous operation and the fact that biliary stasis was
      not determined by stenosis of the papilla which proved fully patent.

PMID- 2398962
TI  - Achievements.

PMID- 2398963
TI  - Timely but disagrees.

PMID- 2398964
TI  - Qualitative research. Instructional strategies and curricular considerations.

PMID- 2398965
TI  - Two views on accreditation. Accreditation: quality for all to see.

PMID- 2398966
TI  - Two views on accreditation. How to prepare for an NLN self study.
AB  - Preparing for NLN accreditation need not be an arduous and time-consuming task
      that is merely survived. The self study can be an ongoing and integral process of
      review and evaluation instead of a flurry of activity surrounding the months
      prior to an onsite visit. When the criteria serve as ongoing program standards, a
      program is more easily and readily prepared for the NLN accreditation process.

PMID- 2398967
TI  - Research on nurses: the cost.

PMID- 2398968
TI  - Evaluating elderly patients: a critique of comprehensive functional assessment
      tools.
AB  - The need for long-term planning and efficient usage of resources in the health
      care field necessitates approaching the elderly patient from a biopsychosocial
      point of view, facilitating a more complete approach to patient care. This
      article critiques tools available for the comprehensive functional evaluation of
      older patients, and identifies their effectiveness in improving specific aspects
      of patient outcomes. The Comprehensive Older Persons' Evaluation tool is
      described and compared with two other tools that evaluate a patient's functional
      and instrumental activities of daily living, as well as the medical, social and
      psychological aspects of the patient.

PMID- 2398969
TI  - Anticoagulation therapy: patient management and evaluation of an outpatient
      clinic.
AB  - Health practitioners in the primary care setting often assess and manage patients
      on warfarin therapy. This article discusses new trends in oral anticoagulation
      and the latest indications for warfarin use. Patient management and education
      guidelines to improve patient care and compliance with warfarin therapy are
      reviewed. Results of a 19-month evaluative, retrospective, descriptive study of a
      nurse practitioner-run clinic are summarized. The results support that
      anticoagulation clinics managed by nurse practitioners are safe and effective.

PMID- 2398970
TI  - Physician denigration' questioned in smoking-cessation article.

PMID- 2398971
TI  - Nursing children. Pre-admission visiting.

PMID- 2398972
TI  - Children with diabetes.

PMID- 2398973
TI  - Nursing children. Development and chronic illness.

PMID- 2398974
TI  - The future of paediatric nursing.

PMID- 2398976
TI  - Caring for carers' needs.

PMID- 2398975
TI  - Are you listening, Mr. Clarke?

PMID- 2398977
TI  - A concept of caring.

PMID- 2398978
TI  - London faces manpower crisis as back to nursing courses flounder.

PMID- 2398979
TI  - The RCN replies...

PMID- 2398980
TI  - A new way to prevent diabetes.

PMID- 2398982
TI  - I'm only a nurse....

PMID- 2398981
TI  - HIV incubation periods can be over 10 years.

PMID- 2398983
TI  - Nursing children. How to deal with head lice.

PMID- 2398984
TI  - Cyanotic maternal heart disease in pregnancy.
AB  - Cyanotic heart disease has major implications for maternal and fetal well-being
      during pregnancy. This article reports six patients with cyanotic congenital
      heart disease recently managed at our institutions. Although the maternal
      condition deteriorated to some extent during each pregnancy, it was the fetal
      condition that ultimately dictated delivery in each case.

PMID- 2398985
TI  - Mixed emotions about RBRVS.

PMID- 2398986
TI  - Third World medicine: Dominican Republic.

PMID- 2398987
TI  - Can you avoid PRO sanctions? Documentation may be the key....

PMID- 2398988
TI  - No secrets: National Practitioner Data Bank.

PMID- 2398989
TI  - Who can determine death?

PMID- 2398990
TI  - Reviewing office procedures helps staff lessen risk of professional liability
      claims.

PMID- 2398992
TI  - Complications of acute appendicitis.
AB  - Acute appendicitis is best managed by early diagnosis and expeditious surgical
      intervention. The mortality and morbidity (primarily wound infection and abscess)
      rise rapidly when perforation ensues. One should ask not "Is this appendicitis?"
      If the answer is yes, then proceed with early operation.

PMID- 2398991
TI  - The incidence of bacteremia associated with emergent intubation: relevance to
      prophylaxis against bacterial endocarditis.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the incidence of bacteremia associated with emergent
      nasotracheal intubation. STUDY DESIGN: Non-randomized, controlled cohort trial
      during 30 minutes post-intubation with limited in-hospital follow-up. SETTING:
      Emergency care unit and inpatient setting of a tertiary care facility. PATIENTS:
      Emergency care unit patients with acute respiratory distress necessitating non
      elective emergency airway placement. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We studied 84
      blood cultures obtained from 21 patients intubated emergently. Fourteen patients
      were intubated by the nasotracheal (NT) route and seven patients were intubated
      orotracheally (OT) for comparison. Pre-intubation and post-intubation blood
      cultures were obtained at two to five, 10 to 15 and 30 minutes after intubation.
      Patients were excluded if they had strong clinical evidence of pre-existing
      bacterial infection, had received antibiotics within 48 hours of presentation or
      were less than 16 years of age. Of the patients that were NT intubated, 29%
      (4/14) of patients became bacteremic after intubation. All had negative pre
      intubation cultures. Organisms isolated were nasopharyngeal florae and included:
      Streptococcus viridans, Veillonellae sp., aerobic diphtheroids, and other mouth
      florae. Of the seven patients with OT intubation, six were culture negative. One
      was excluded because of positive preintubation cultures secondary to urosepsis.
      No patients in our study developed complications that could be directly
      attributed to these organisms or to intubation alone. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of
      bacteremia associated with emergency nasotracheal intubation is substantial and
      is accompanied by organisms that may produce serious morbidity in the patient
      with valvular heart disease or compromised immunity. Our findings suggest that,
      whenever possible, the nasotracheal route should be avoided for emergency
      intubation in patients with valvular heart disease and if used, prophylactic
      antibiotics should be strongly considered.

PMID- 2398993
TI  - Leukemia mortality rates along the Ohio River compared with the rest of Ohio.
AB  - A sample of 18 Ohio municipalities indicates statistically significant difference
      in leukemia mortality rates between communities on the Ohio River and communities
      not located along the river. Rates are higher along the Ohio River in comparison
      to the state rate. Ohio River community rates are also generally higher than
      those in communities located away from the river. Some possible reasons are
      proposed.

PMID- 2398994
TI  - Dietary fluoride supplements for Ohio children--the role of the physician.
AB  - 1. All children should receive one form of systemic fluoride and appropriate
      forms of topical fluoride. 2. If a child is not receiving optimally fluoridated
      water, the physician or dentist should prescribe dietary fluoride supplements
      (tablets or drops). 3. The correct dosage must be determined based on patient age
      and fluoride content of the patient's main water source(s). 4. Special attention
      is necessary concerning fluoride intake for children breast-feeding or consuming
      infant formula. 5. To determine the correct fluoride dose, these steps should be
      followed: A. Always have a sample of the main drinking water source (usually home
      water) analyzed for the fluoride content before prescribing a fluoride
      supplement, if you do not have other specific knowledge of water fluoride
      content. The Ohio Department of Health, Division of Laboratories can provide
      water fluoride-testing services. B. When the fluoride content of the water has
      been determined, the fluoride level and the child's age should be compared to the
      Supplemental Fluoride Dosage Schedule to identify the correct supplement dose. 6.
      The Division of Dental Health, Ohio Department of Health can provide a list of
      communities that are optimally fluoridated. Please contact: Ohio Department of
      Health Division of Dental Health 246 N. High Street Columbus, Ohio 43266-0588
      (614) 466-4180

PMID- 2398995
TI  - "Preferred practice patterns:" a wolf in sheep's clothing?

PMID- 2398996
TI  - Prospective topographic analysis in peripheral arcuate keratotomy for
      astigmatism.
AB  - Delimited peripheral arcuate keratotomy was performed on five eyes of four
      patients with naturally-occurring astigmatism. Refraction, keratometry, and
      computer-assisted corneal topographic analysis were performed before and after
      the procedure. In some eyes, preoperative topographic analysis revealed
      steepening distributed symmetrically about the corneal apex; in three eyes the
      steepening was asymmetrically distributed about the corneal apex. In one eye,
      surgery in a single, steep hemi-meridian superior to the corneal apex flattened
      that steep hemi-meridian but did not appear to alter the topography of the
      inferior steep hemi-meridian. Refractive and keratometric astigmatism decreased
      in all eyes (mean reductions of 3.25 and 2.30 diopters, respectively), and all
      incisions healed without incident. Surgery extended beyond the zone of steepening
      in one eye, shifting the axis of astigmatism. A large, multicenter, randomized
      trial will be necessary to determine whether detailed preoperative topographic
      analysis can be used to improve the results of surgery for astigmatism.

PMID- 2398997
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy of corneal incisions using steel, diamond, and
      sapphire blades.
AB  - In order to compare the wound morphology they produce, we used steel (Myocure),
      diamond (CILCO DK 121), and sapphire (Katena K2-6500) blades, to make parallel
      linear incisions, 500 microns deep, in 12 fresh enucleated porcine eyes. There
      was no discernible difference among the blades in terms of either the morphology
      of the collagen lamellae of the sides or the depth of the incisions produced. The
      major differences in the cuts produced were attributable primarily to the
      differences in the footplates.

PMID- 2398998
TI  - A new glaucoma filter implant.
AB  - A new glaucoma filtration procedure was performed in nine rabbits in a
      preliminary trial. A silastic tube with an internal diameter of 0.35 mm was
      passed across the anterior chamber through two limbal openings, and the free ends
      were buried postequatorially in sub-Tenon's space. At a later date, using an
      Nd:YAG laser in the thermal mode, holes 0.05 to 0.30 mm in diameter were burned
      in the tube in the anterior chamber. This procedure significantly lowered
      intraocular pressure in four rabbits on two successive tries; however, a third
      treatment given in two cases did not further decrease the pressure.

PMID- 2398999
TI  - Transscleral contact retinal photocoagulation with an 810-nm semiconductor diode
      laser.
AB  - Since the 810-nm wavelength has marked transmissibility through the sclera and
      absorption by melanin, it would be ideal for transscleral photocoagulation. We
      performed experiments to determine if consistent transscleral chorioretinal
      lesions could be produced in Dutch belted pigmented rabbits using the 810-nm
      laser, and if this modality caused less blood-retinal barrier disruption than
      retinal cryopexy of clinically equivalent treatment areas. The laser applications
      produced whitish to grayish-white retinal lesions when the surgeon, under direct
      visualization, used low powers and long durations (5 to 10 seconds), and
      controlled the treatment duration. Histopathologic evaluation of a lesion
      demonstrated an intact sclera overlying the chorioretinal lesion. Vitreous
      protein concentration, which was measured to assess blood-retinal barrier
      disruption, was significantly less in eyes treated with transscleral
      photocoagulation than in eyes treated with cryopexy of clinically equivalent
      treatment areas. We conclude that transscleral 810-nm laser treatment may be a
      viable clinical alternative to retinal cryopexy.

PMID- 2399000
TI  - Acute angle-closure glaucoma in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      successfully treated with argon laser peripheral iridoplasty.
AB  - Laser iridectomy relieves pupillary block and is the procedure of choice for
      angle-closure glaucoma. Since not all cases of angle closure glaucoma are due to
      this mechanism, iridectomy is not always curative. Argon laser peripheral
      iridoplasty causes a contraction of peripheral iris away from the trabecular
      meshwork, and is useful in these circumstances. We successfully treated bilateral
      acute angle-closure glaucoma in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      with this procedure.

PMID- 2399001
TI  - The effect of external ocular compression on intraocular pressure following
      retrobulbar anesthesia.
AB  - Thirty consecutive patients scheduled for cataract surgery were randomized to
      external compression with the Honan intraocular pressure (IOP) reducer or digital
      pressure. The average increase in IOP after retrobulbar injection of 4 ml of
      anesthetic was 6.20 mm Hg. This increase was followed by a rapid decline in IOP
      within the first 2 1/2 minutes, averaging 1.20 mm Hg +/- 0.70 below baseline
      level for the Honan group and 1.00 mm Hg +/- 0.96 below baseline level for the
      digital group. From 5 to 10 minutes after injection there was a more gradual
      decline in IOP that averaged 0.35 mm Hg/min in the Honan group and 0.36 mm Hg/min
      in the digital group. After 10 minutes of external compression the IOP was 5.73
      mm Hg +/- 0.96 below baseline level in the Honan group and 4.67 mm Hg +/- 0.64
      below baseline level in the digital group. No statistical difference between the
      IOP measurements of the two groups was observed at 2 1/2 minutes at 5 minutes, or
      at 10 minutes.

PMID- 2399002
TI  - Reduced mydriasis from repeated doses of tropicamide and cyclopentolate.
AB  - Pupils are often dilated for examination the day before surgery and again on the
      day of surgery. The following experiment was performed to determine the effect of
      serial doses of two commonly used mydriatic agents: on two consecutive days the
      pupil of one of the eyes of 28 subjects was dilated with tropicamide 1%, and the
      pupil of one of the eyes of 30 subjects was dilated with cyclopentolate
      hydrochloride 1%. The other eyes in both groups were dilated only on the second
      day, and thus served as controls. Pupil sizes were measured from photographs
      before and after dilation. The pupils of the eyes treated twice with either drug
      did not dilate as well after the second dose as those of the control eyes (P less
      than .005 for tropicamide, P less than .001 for cyclopentolate). The pupils of
      the eyes twice-treated with tropicamide were an average of 0.15 mm smaller than
      the control pupils; those twice-treated with cyclopentolate were 0.36 mm smaller.
      For subjects treated with cyclopentolate, this decreased mydriasis was related to
      age (P less than .05) and to eye color (P less than .025): the younger and blue
      eyed subjects dilated less on the second day than the older and brown-eyed
      subjects. If full mydriasis is required at surgery, pupils should probably not be
      dilated with either tropicamide or cyclopentolate the day before surgery.

PMID- 2399003
TI  - Artificial orbit system for experimental surgery with enucleated globes.
AB  - A portable system for holding, accurately positioning, and restoring the
      physiologic integrity of enucleated globes during experimental anterior segment
      procedures and pars plana vitrectomy is described. A 0 to 500-mm Hg vacuum
      fixation ring and positioning apparatus mechanically locks globes into known
      spatial position while they are supported in a 2 to 6-mm Hg pressurized, pliable
      socket designed to match the size and pressure of a natural orbit. A gravity
      infusion system and an implantable piezoelectric pressure sensor in conjunction
      with a syringe and stopcock assembly allow for controlled inflation of globes to
      intraocular pressure (IOP) levels from 0 to 70 mm Hg, and to over 300 mm Hg. The
      fixation vacuum level, and intraocular and extraocular pressures are
      simultaneously monitored on 3-digit LED displays, and permanent records of each
      can be generated by routing data to storage devices. The anterior segment remains
      accessible at all times for surgical procedures and diagnostic measurements. The
      entire system is portable, allowing globes to be transported to multiple
      experimental stations, while all pressure settings and the position of the globe
      are maintained. To demonstrate applications of the artificial orbit system, we
      describe experiments using it to calibrate applanation tonometers, and to study
      the relationship between IOP and corneal curvature as well as the effect of
      trephination procedures and limbal vacuum fixation on IOP.

PMID- 2399004
TI  - Peripheral corneal thinning.

PMID- 2399005
TI  - American Academy of Ophthalmology, annual meeting. Atlanta, Georgia, October 28
      November 1, 1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 2399006
TI  - [Clinical picture of anterior instability of the shoulder joint].
AB  - The authors have studied the clinical picture of 360 patients with primary
      traumatic dislocations and the long-term results have been observed in 286
      patients. The analysis of 50 arthrotomies of the shoulder performed in cases of
      anterior instability has been made. A direct relationship between the clinical
      course of instability and the severity of the intra-articular lesions appearing
      during the first traumatic dislocation has been established. Such lesions include
      ruptures or avulsions of the anterior portion of the cartilage wall, ruptures of
      the joint capsule, avulsion of the capsule from the neck of the scapula,
      fractures of the anterior border of the glenoid cavity, compression fracture of
      the posterior lateral portion of the head of the humerus, etc, Inadequate
      treatment of traumatic dislocation leads to instability in the form of frequent
      dislocations or subluxations in the shoulder joint. The surgical treatment of the
      instability should be directed at the reconstruction of the injured structures of
      the shoulder joint.

PMID- 2399007
TI  - [Conduction blocks in the complex treatment of humeroscapular periarthritis].
AB  - The authors propose a method of treatment of humeroscapular periarthritis by high
      conduction blocks of the brachial plexus by supraclavicular approach. The
      influence of high conduction blocks of the brachial plexus on the peripheral
      circulation in the upper extremities has been studied. The results of the
      treatment of 192 patients with humeroscapular periarthritis (mostly) with
      neglected forms of the disease) are presented.

PMID- 2399009
TI  - [Roentgenological manifestations of metatuberculous coxarthrosis in adults].
AB  - The author has studied the clinical and roentgenologic findings of 68 patients
      (33 males and 35 females) aged 19 to 60 who had tuberculosis of the hip joint or
      of the greater trochanter and were cured by conservative means or with palliative
      and late surgical interventions. The disturbances in the trophics and in the
      formation of the joint acquired during the process of inflammation as well as the
      anatomic losses of destructive character became the basis for the development of
      metatuberculous coxarthroses at stages II and III in these patients, which
      occurred under the influence of statodynamic loads in pathologic conditions. The
      roentgenologic picture of metatuberculous coxarthroses is polymorphic; it depends
      to a certain extent on the age of the beginning of the tuberculous process and is
      accompanied by pronounced productive reactions of the bone tissue. In essence it
      corresponds to the manifestations of coxarthroses of other origins, but it also
      has some peculiarities consisting mainly in the presence of traces of trophic
      changes in the bone tissue and in the residual signs of the destruction that had
      taken place which are characteristic of tuberculosis of bones and joints.

PMID- 2399008
TI  - [Topographical and anatomic substantiation of sheath block of the brachial
      plexus].
AB  - The authors have studied the anatomic peculiarities of the fascial case of the
      plexus in an experiment on 60 preparations of the brachial plexus as well as the
      ways of diffusion of the solution along the case making use of various methods of
      block. It has been shown that the fascial case forms a closed space determining
      the diffusion of the solution on a considerable way along the plexus. The main
      way of diffusion of the anaesthetic solution are the paravasal loose connective
      tissue structures. On the basis of the clinical application of this method in 85
      patients the authors believe that the punction of the plexus case provides for a
      reliable and effective block and is characterized by safety and technical
      simplicity, which allows to recommend the case method for wide clinical use.

PMID- 2399010
TI  - [Changes in the synovial medium in deforming gonarthrosis].
AB  - The authors have determined the changes in the synovial medium of the joint
      characteristic of various stages of severity of the disease in 248 patients with
      deforming gonarthrosis on the basis of arthroscopic and thermographic studies and
      investigation of the permeability of the synovial membrane in the complex with
      clinical and roentgenologic examinations. At the initial stages the signs of
      local reactive inflammation of the synovial membrane near the foci of
      degeneration of the articular cartilage prevail. For the late stages a trend to
      spreading of the reactive inflammation of the synovial membrane with the
      development of sclerotic changes in the previously affected areas is
      characteristic. A comparison of the results of arthroscopy, infra-red
      thermography and the permeability of the synovial membrane point at parallel
      changes in the synovial medium and in the microcirculatory and regional
      circulation of the knee joint. These findings may be used for working out the
      rational tactics of treatment of the patients with deforming gonarthrosis.

PMID- 2399011
TI  - [Rehabilitation treatment of children with rheumatoid arthritis after operations
      on the hip joint].
AB  - The authors present their experience in the recovery treatment of 37 children
      suffering from rheumatoid arthritis after 40 treatment-and-prophylactic and
      reconstructive operations on the hip joint. The peculiarities++ of drug therapy
      and hormonal protection during the postoperative period are reflected. The terms
      of starting the performance of passive and active movements in the operated joint
      are given, as well as the terms of partial and complete loading of the extremity
      with regard to the state of the muscle function, the bone structure and the
      function of the operated and other affected joints. The sequence of using the
      methods of physiotherapy and therapeutic physical training is pointed out. The
      necessity of complex use of these means of treatment is stressed.

PMID- 2399012
TI  - [Spectrophotometric study of synovial exudate in differential diagnosis of
      pigmented villonodular synovitis].
AB  - The authors have studied the spectrophotometric characteristics of the synovial
      exudates in the patients with diseases of the knee joint of various etiology. The
      presence of two main maximums of the absorption spectra has been revealed in the
      wave frequencies of 280 and 460-465 nm. It has been determined that with regard
      to the optical densitys in the protein component (280 nm) and the pigments (460
      nm) absorption area it is possible to differentiate very precisely pigmented
      villondular synovitis and other pathologies.

PMID- 2399013
TI  - [Results of ceramoplasty of the supra-acetabular area in dysplasia of the hip
      joint].
AB  - The authors present their results of using ceramic implants for the
      reconstruction of the supraacetabular area in 43 patients of various age groups.
      On the basis of a biomechanical investigation the results of positive effect of
      the acetabular vault reconstruction with ceramic implants on the statics and
      kinematics of the hip joint are acknowledge.

PMID- 2399014
TI  - [Value of electroroentgenography in the diagnosis of skeletal degenerative and
      dystrophic changes and lesions].
AB  - The authors have carried out an electroroentgenographic study of degenerative and
      dystrophic changes of various portions of the skeleton in 635 patients, 30 of
      whom had had surgical interventions on the hip joints. The findings concerning
      the frequency of the occurrence and the peculiarities of the representation of
      some manifestations of the degenerative and dystrophic changes of the skeleton
      using electroroentgenography and film roentgenography have been compared. It has
      been established that electroroentgenography is characterized by a high degree of
      informativity in the diagnosis of this kind of pathology and the evaluation of
      the results of its treatment, with its efficacy being, on the whole, not lower
      than that of film reontgenography.

PMID- 2399015
TI  - [A simple and effective method of the treatment of habitual shoulder
      dislocation].
AB  - The authors propose a method of surgical treatment of habitual dislocation of the
      shoulder which consists in partial section of the subscapular muscle tendon in
      1/2 of its diameter and inserting the long head tendon of the musculus biceps
      brachii inke is fixed to the humerus by trans-osseous+ sutures. The operation was
      performed in 207 patients. The observation terms in 181 patients exceed 2 years,
      and in 26 patients they are less than 2 years. The relapses of the dislocation
      have been observed in 3 (1.6%) patients, in 2 of them they occurred 5 and 8 years
      after severe injuries.

PMID- 2399017
TI  - [The Bristow-Latarjet operation in the treatment of habitual dislocation of the
      shoulder].

PMID- 2399016
TI  - [Biomechanical substantiation of osteosynthesis of the distal tibiofibular
      syndesmosis with wire].
AB  - On the basis of their biomechanical experimental investigations on 10 metal
      models and 20 anatomic preparations of the ankle joint the authors have
      determined the quantitative parameters of the strength of tightening intertibial
      syndesmosis with a wire loop going round the transversal canals through the
      fibula and of the tibia. The reliability and the biomechanical validity of the
      method proposed by the authors have been confirmed by 39 clinical observations.
      The surgical technique is described.

PMID- 2399018
TI  - [Problem of correction of varus deformity of the elbow joint in children].

PMID- 2399019
TI  - [Surgical treatment of inveterate dislocations of the hip joint].

PMID- 2399020
TI  - [Problem of the etiology of congenital dislocation of the patella].

PMID- 2399021
TI  - [A splint for the treatment of congenital hip dislocation].

PMID- 2399022
TI  - [A device for measuring the degree of displacement of bone fragments after
      roentgenography].

PMID- 2399023
TI  - [Treatment of a chronic form of juvenile epiphysiolysis of the femur head].

PMID- 2399024
TI  - [Treatment of fractures].

PMID- 2399025
TI  - [A method of graphic image of the amplitude of hand movements].

PMID- 2399026
TI  - [Economic aspects of early treatment of congenital hip dislocation].

PMID- 2399027
TI  - [Carpal tunnel syndrome].

PMID- 2399028
TI  - [Idiopathic scoliosis in adults].
AB  - Author's opinion is that the disease will very slightly progrediate after
      adolescent age. Greater progression can be observed only in scoliosis cases
      higher than 50 degrees. The grown up patient get used to this physical state and
      it doesn't mean cosmetical handicap. Side effects of adult scoliosis can be pain
      and less frequently cardio-respiratoric problems. This latter can result in
      patient's being unable to continue working. Side effects are related to the
      degree of curving but mainly they come about in cases with more than 50-60
      degrees of scoliosis. Consequently much effort should be made by the traditional
      way or by surgical treatment to stop children patients developing serious curve.
      Moderate scoliosis can be no handicap for grown ups.

PMID- 2399030
TI  - [Alternative medicine].

PMID- 2399029
TI  - [Protothecosis. A new, or rarely recognized disease?].
AB  - Two cases of infection caused by Prototheca, belonging to the colourless algae,
      are discussed. In one of the patients colpitis, in the other one disease of the
      cubital bursa developed due to Prototheca. In the first case recovery was
      attained with tetracyclin, in the second case with surgical treatment.
      Microbiology, epidemiology, pathology and clinical aspects of the insufficiently
      known in Hungary protothecosis are outlined.

PMID- 2399031
TI  - [The role of group-A10 dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area in
      analgesia evoked by electrocutaneous pain stimulation and morphine].
AB  - The activity of antinociceptive mechanisms induced by footshock (FS) and morphine
      injection was studied in experiments on rats with bilateral destruction of group
      A10 neurones of the ventral tegmental area. The latent periods of the hot plate
      and tail flick pain reactions to FS and morphine increased significantly in the
      experimental and control groups as compared to the initial values. In morphine
      injection these indices were the same in the experimental and control groups. In
      FS the latent periods of the reaction were significantly greater in the
      experimental group. Thus, destruction of dopaminergic neurons of A10 nuclei
      intensifies the antinociceptive effects in FS but has no effect on the pain
      relieving action of systemic morphine injection.

PMID- 2399032
TI  - [The effect of adaptation to the periodic action of hypoxia on the indices of the
      immunity system and on the course of allergic diseases].
AB  - The authors studied the effect of adaptation to periodical exposure to hypoxia on
      the organism's immune status and the values of neurohumoral regulation in
      children with bronchial asthma and adults suffering from allergic dermatoses and
      autoimmune thyroiditis. It was found that adaptation facilitated normalization of
      humoral values of immunity in allergic and autoimmune disorders (the content of
      serum immunoglobulins increased while the level of circulating immune complexes
      reduced) and was attended by a stable therapeutic effect. The revealed changes of
      the immune values occurred in increase of the reserve potency of the hypothalamo
      hypophyseal-adrenal and sympathoadrenal systems and reduction of the blood
      histamine level.

PMID- 2399033
TI  - [The blood flow and catecholamine content in different layers of the myocardium
      in acute left-ventricular failure].
AB  - Four series of acute experiments were conducted on 28 male and female mongrel
      dogs under general anesthesia and artificial lung ventilation. Each dog weighed
      12.5 kg. The catecholamine (CA) concentration and regional blood flow in
      myocardial layers (RBFML) of the left ventricle of the heart (LV) and in the
      transmural layer of the right ventricular anterior wall, the values of central
      hemodynamics, and the general coronary blood flow were determined. During a
      volume load the RBFML increased by more than twice, the CA content also grew, and
      there was mainly an increase in the concentration and seizure of adrenaline (A)
      in the intramyocardial and subendocardial layers of the LV anterior and posterior
      walls. The noradrenaline (NA) concentration reduced 3 times as compared to the
      control values. In acute left-ventricular insufficiency (ALI) the RBFML increased
      significantly in the left-ventricular subepi- and subendocardial layers. The NA
      and CA concentration reduced significantly in the LV anterior wall and increased
      significantly in the posterior wall as compared to the control values. The A
      concentration practically did not change in the LV anterior wall but increased
      significantly in the posterior wall as compared to the control values. Dosed
      volume load in ALI led to significant increase of the RBFML in the LV anterior
      and posterior walls as compared to the values during ALI in the controls. The CA
      concentration was increased significantly in the myocardial layers of the LV
      anterior and posterior walls, but it was much higher in the myocardium of the
      posterior wall than in the myocardium of the anterior wall.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399035
TI  - [An assessment of the reserve potentials of the heart by using volume loading
      with the exclusion of a portion of the left ventricular myocardium from
      contraction].
AB  - The reserve possibilities of the heart in dosed exclusion of part of the
      contractile myocardium of the left ventricle were determined by the initial
      functional condition of the "intact" myocardium. Overexertion by volume in
      exclusion of part of the myocardium from contraction is dangerous due to
      exhaustion of the myocardial contractility reserve, relative diminution of
      coronary circulation with the gradual increase of exertion and overloading of the
      lesser circulation, which are a secondary cause of the reduction of the reserve
      possibilities of the heart.

PMID- 2399034
TI  - [Oxidative metabolism and myocardial function in rats with different
      sensitivities to oxygen deficiency in hypoxia].
AB  - In exposure to mild hypoxia, the electron-transport function of the myocardial
      respiratory chain in the NAD-cytochrome b area is limited in a different manner
      in animals highly resistant (HR) and those poorly resistant (PR) to hypoxia. In
      PR animals this process develops very rapidly, leads to diminution of the
      oxidative capacity of the respiratory chain and of ATP production, and, as a
      consequence, to suppression of the energy-dependent contractile function of the
      myocardium. In HR animals this process is less manifest and develops very slowly,
      which confirms the lesser role of NAD-dependent oxidation of substrates in the
      metabolism of the myocardium of these animals. The ability of the HR animals to
      maintain in mild hypoxia a higher ATP level than that in PR animals suggests that
      ATP synthesis in them occurs through oxidation of endogenous substrates which
      enter the respiratory chain by bypassing the NAD-dependent area. Compounds of the
      group of quinones, which facilitate removal of the block of the electron
      transport function of the respiratory chain on the level of the first enzyme
      complex, normalize processes of ATP production and myocardial contractility and
      may be used as antihypoxic agents.

PMID- 2399036
TI  - [The phospholipid metabolism of adipocyte plasma membranes in hemorrhagic shock
      in cats].
AB  - The mechanisms of functional disorders in adipocytes were studied on models of
      hemorrhagic shock. Injection of heparin as an anticoagulant caused regional
      differences in animals in phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism in the plasma
      membranes of adipocytes of the subcutaneous fat and those of the abdominal fat
      (omentum). The disorders of phospholipid metabolism in the plasma membranes of
      adipocytes of the subcutaneous and abdominal fat in hemorrhagic shock were
      unidirectional and associated with intensified breakdown of phosphatidylinositol.

PMID- 2399038
TI  - [The catecholamine level in the brain of rats with hereditary stress-induced
      arterial hypertension].
AB  - The level of catecholamines in the brain of rats with inherited stress-induced
      arterial hypertension (ISTAH) was studied. Significant differences were revealed
      in the level of noradrenalin and dopamine in brain areas participating in
      arterial pressure regulation in ISTAH rats and in rats of initial Wistar line. It
      is concluded that the catecholamine-forming neurons of the brain are involved in
      the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension in ISTAH rats.

PMID- 2399037
TI  - [The relation of uric acid metabolism to transferase activity in patients with
      ischemic heart disease and hypertension].
AB  - Blood plasma uric acid and urea content and aspartate aminotransferase activity
      were studied in 177 patients with ischemic heart disease and essential
      hypertension. It was established that the blood uric acid level did not depend
      essentially on the transamination processes in patients with ischemic heart
      disease but was closely connected with transamination processes and amino acid
      metabolism in patients with essential hypertension.

PMID- 2399039
TI  - [Circulating blood plasma proteins during the infusion therapy of blood loss].
AB  - Experiments were conducted on 60 dogs to study the total protein level in
      circulation after acute and prolonged blood loss and infusion of salt and colloid
      solutions. It was found that the amount of circulating blood in the restorative
      period depends mainly on the individual initial values and to a lesser degree on
      the protein loss. A low protein level persists in infusion therapy. Infusion of
      colloid solutions inhibits mobilization of plasma protein reserve into the
      vascular channel as compared to that in infusion of salt solutions. The authors
      revealed two types of reactive changes in circulating protein in the restorative
      period after blood loss and infusion therapy.

PMID- 2399040
TI  - [The detoxifying function of the liver in acute experimental intestinal
      obstruction].
AB  - The detoxifying function of the liver was studied in experiments on male rats
      with acute obstructive and strangulation ileus. Irrespective of its type, acute
      ileus was attended by marked diminution of hepatic detoxifying function the
      underlying factor of which was inhibited activity of the main microsomal enzymes
      and reduced content of cytochromes p50 and b5 in the liver. Intoxication of the
      organism and hypoxia developing in the liver were among the causes of inhibited
      activity of the microsomal enzymes. The detoxifying function is not normalized in
      the early periods after relief of acute intestinal obstruction.

PMID- 2399041
TI  - [The characteristics of the modulation of afferent reactions by adrenergic and
      cholinergic preparations and by the electrostimulation of the skin under
      conditions of changing atmospheric pressure].
AB  - The authors studied the organism's afferent reactions in changing conditions of
      atmospheric pressure in electrostimulation of skin zones during application of
      adren- and cholinergic agents. All of the studied adren- and cholinolytic agents
      facilitated the inhibition of afferent reactions, in contrast to mediation
      intensifying agents. The results of the experiments suggest that the nociceptive
      thresholds at atmospheric pressure of 550 mm Hg reduce, which may be linked with
      intensification of the catecholamine reactions of the organism of untrained
      animals. This is confirmed by the results of experiments with inderal injection,
      in which the effect of inhibition of the induced afferentation is most marked at
      pressure of 550 and 360 mm Hg. Besides, the analgesic activity of benactyzine
      diminished under similar conditions. Inderal and benactyzine potentiate the
      analgesic effect of percutaneous electroneurostimulation.

PMID- 2399042
TI  - [A device for the digital marking of time on film in macro- and
      microphotography].

PMID- 2399043
TI  - [The theory of image recognition as an instrument for analyzing the action of
      psychotropic agents].

PMID- 2399045
TI  - Tracheal agenesis: an exceptional cause of neonatal respiratory distress.
AB  - The absence of the trachea is a rare and always lethal congenital malformation.
      Temporary survival depends on ventilation through the esophagus. We report our
      experience with a newborn who presented this unusual tracheal abnormality in
      association with cardiac malformation.

PMID- 2399044
TI  - Use of a touch sensitive screen and computer assisted image analysis for
      quantitation of developmental changes in pulmonary structure.
AB  - The extensive changes in pulmonary function occurring during early development
      may reflect variations in the anatomic structure of the respiratory apparatus
      during this period. Accurate definition of these alterations could yield
      important information concerning the structure-function correlations of the
      respiratory system. To facilitate the acquisition of morphometric data from
      histologic sections of pulmonary tissues, we propose the use of a computer
      assisted image analysis system with a touch sensitive screen as an interactive
      peripheral. This allows planimetric measurements and computation of the
      dimensions of areas of selected light intensities within an image. We present the
      description, design, and applications of such an image analysis system and report
      representative results regarding developmental changes in pulmonary structure. In
      addition, we correlate these results with previously published information
      regarding pulmonary mechanics during early development to help clarify the
      maturational changes in pulmonary structure-function relationships.

PMID- 2399046
TI  - Management of unilateral pulmonary cystic emphysema with selective bronchial
      intubation and high frequency jet ventilation in two infants.

PMID- 2399047
TI  - Respiratory papillomas: presentation before six months.
AB  - The prognosis of respiratory papillomatosis (RP) in newborns appears to be less
      favorable than in infants and older children. In this series of four patients who
      developed symptoms of the disease within the first 6 months of life, the
      mortality was 100%. In these premature and term newborn infants, endoscopic laser
      surgery and medical and immunologic therapy were unable to control the growth of
      RP. Meticulous local removal of the airway lesions is the most reliable form of
      management.

PMID- 2399048
TI  - Using a curette to collect ciliated nasal epithelium for evaluation in patients
      with suspected primary ciliary dyskinesia.

PMID- 2399049
TI  - Longitudinal designs and their statistical analysis in pediatric pulmonary
      research.

PMID- 2399050
TI  - Dynamic responses to tube breathing during the first 10 days of life.
AB  - To assess whether there is a maturation of the response to tube breathing during
      the first 10 days of life, we have measured the dynamic ventilatory responses of
      nine term infants (34 studies) to added tubes equivalent to two anatomical dead
      spaces. Such a method allows an assessment of the baby's ability to increase dead
      space ventilation in response to an added stress. There was a significant
      improvement with age over the first 10 days in the babies' ability to reach
      "expected" values of minute ventilation when the tubes were added (P = 0.003).
      The rates at which 63% and maximum adaptation were achieved also increased
      significantly with age (P less than 0.005). The rate to 63% adaptation appeared
      to be faster in active compared with quiet sleep (P less than 0.05). The dynamic
      responses to tube breathing improve over the first 10 days of life. This is
      likely to be due to a maturation of peripheral chemoreceptor control, although
      improving lung mechanics may also be important.

PMID- 2399051
TI  - Longitudinal response of pulmonary function to bronchodilators in cystic
      fibrosis.
AB  - Previous studies have found that between 0 and 95% of patients with cystic
      fibrosis (CF) have a significant response to bronchodilators. These studies have
      been limited by small numbers and the measurement of response at one point in
      time. We analyzed the response to bronchodilators of patients with CF in a
      longitudinal and cross-sectional manner using pulmonary function data from 1980
      to 1988. Overall, the proportion of patients with a positive response to
      bronchodilators was relatively large but not consistent over time. Of 573 tests
      in 127 persons, a positive response occurred in 68 tests of 51 patients. A
      negative response occurred in 19 tests of 17 patients. Only nine patients had a
      positive response in more than one third of their tests. The cross-sectional
      analysis showed variability similar to previous cross-sectional studies. Although
      a large proportion of patients with CF had a response to bronchodilators, the
      response was not consistent and may have been related to the number of tests
      performed. Continued longitudinal testing is necessary for valid decisions for
      bronchodilator use and for documenting the length, variability, and clinical
      significance of these responses.

PMID- 2399052
TI  - Infants with upper respiratory illnesses have significant reductions in maximal
      expiratory flow.
AB  - We studied maximal expiratory flows at functional residual capacity (VmaxFRC)
      obtained by use of the chest compression technique in 9 infants who had signs of
      upper respiratory illness (URI) at the time of testing, and in 9 infants who were
      symptom-free but whose parents reported they had a URI in the previous month.
      When compared to 109 infants with no URI, infants with current URI had 40% lower
      VmaxFRC (mean +/- SD: 125.7 +/- 54.5 mL/s vs. 73.6 +/- 53.6 mL/s; P less than
      0.01). Infants with a past URI had mean values for VmaxFRC (120.2 +/- 50.2 mL/s)
      that were not significantly different from those of infants with no URI. Changes
      in the shape of the flow-volume loop analogous to those reported in infants with
      lower airway obstruction were also noticed in infants with current URI. These
      findings suggest that, as in older children and adults, clinically unapparent
      alterations in lower airway function occur during URI in infants.

PMID- 2399053
TI  - Neonatal pulmonary oxygen toxicity in the rat and lung changes with aging.
AB  - The aims of this study were to determine if neonatal hyperoxia exposure causes
      permanent lung damage and to define the relationship between neonatal lung oxygen
      toxicity and aging. Sprague-Dawley newborn rats (n = 85) breathed 100% oxygen
      (O2) or room air (RA) during the first 8 days of life, and then RA. At 2 and 22
      months of age we assessed right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure (RVSP), RV
      weight, saline and air pressure-volume curves, volume density of lung parenchyma
      and nonparenchyma, parenchymal air space (PAS), mean linear intercept (Lm),
      number of small arteries/mm2 and the extent of their medial muscularization.
      Aging in RA did not affect the RVSP, RV weight, the number of small arteries/mm2,
      or their muscularization. The maximal lung volume/g of dry lung and the elastic
      recoil pressure between 40 and 90% maximal lung volume decreased. The volume
      density of lung parenchyma increased but the fraction of the lung parenchyma that
      was PAS decreased and that of the alveolar septa and Lm increased. The O2-treated
      rats at 60 days of age had increased RVSP and RV weights with a decrease in the
      small arteries/mm2. The lung parenchymal volume density and PAS increased and the
      density of alveolar septa decreased. The Lm increased and the alveoli/mm2 and
      elastic recoil pressure decreased. The lung damage seen in the O2-treated rats at
      60 days persisted and in addition underwent the changes seen in the aging
      controls. However, the extent of muscularization of the arteries decreased. We
      conclude that neonatal hyperoxia causes permanent functional and structural
      changes of the lung but these do not interact with aging; that is, the effects of
      O2 toxicity and aging are additive but not synergistic.

PMID- 2399054
TI  - [Effect of air pollution on the incidence and course of allergic diseases in
      children].
AB  - Allergic diseases occupy the leading position in the structure of childhood
      pathology. The rates of the growth of the allergic disease incidence among
      children are considerably higher than those among adults. It has been revealed
      that the prevalence and the course of allergic diseases in children are
      influenced by atmospheric air and house air medium pollution with chemical
      agents.

PMID- 2399055
TI  - [Our judgment regarding the wide use of alpha-tocopherol in the treatment of
      premature newborn infants].

PMID- 2399056
TI  - [Analysis of the tactics in the management of patients with acute respiratory
      infections in an outpatient clinic].

PMID- 2399057
TI  - [Value of cytological examination of bronchial and nasal contents in the
      diagnosis and evaluation of the effectiveness of antibacterial therapy of
      recurrent bronchitis in children].

PMID- 2399058
TI  - [Adaptive reactions of the nervous and immune systems of children with atopic
      bronchial asthma].

PMID- 2399059
TI  - [Effect of various methods of immunocorrective therapy in children with allergic
      dermatoses and dermato-respiratory syndrome on the incidence of intercurrent
      viral infections].

PMID- 2399060
TI  - [Clinico-functional characteristics of atopic bronchial asthma in children].
AB  - The relationships were studied between the clinico-anamnestic manifestations of
      atopic bronchial asthma and external respiration in 61 children aged 7 to 14
      years. The significant correlation coefficients were established, pointing to the
      dependence of the external respiration parameters that mark the degree of
      bronchial obstruction on the disease frequency, standing and gravity as well as
      on the patient's clinical status at the moment of examination.

PMID- 2399061
TI  - [Status of the hepatobiliary system in children with cutaneous and cutaneo
      respiratory manifestations of allergy].
AB  - Children with atopic dermatitis and the dermato-respiratory++ syndrome were
      examined for the status of the hepatobiliary system and efficacy of the bile
      expelling therapy. The patients mainly demonstrated abnormalities of the gall
      bladder, dyskinesias of the biliary tract, occurring by the hyperkinetic+ type,
      chronic cholecystitis and chronic persistent hepatitis. More pronounced
      deviations were discovered in children with the dermato-respiratory syndrome. The
      use of the multimodality therapy including the hepatotropic agents turned out
      fairly effective, primarily in children with dyskinesias of the biliary tract.

PMID- 2399062
TI  - [Various problems of small-intestinal pathology in children with food allergy].
AB  - Altogether 54 children with food allergy characterized clinically by concomitant
      lesion of the skin and alimentary tract were examined. The results obtained
      attest to the involvement into the pathological process of the small intestine,
      to the combination of cow's milk protein and lactose intolerance as well as to
      the advisability of correcting intestinal dysbiocenosis in order to reduce the
      disease progress.

PMID- 2399063
TI  - [Effect of exercise therapy on clinico-functional and immunological indicators in
      children with respiratory allergy].
AB  - Children with allergic bronchitis and bronchial asthma underwent exercise therapy
      and training carried out on a regular basis for 9 to 15 months, which resulted in
      the disease relief, raised exercise tolerance, and promoted normalization of the
      local defence factors of the respiratory mucosa.

PMID- 2399064
TI  - [Clinico-immunomorphological characteristics of the mucosa of the distal segments
      of the large intestine in children with gastroduodenitis].
AB  - The clinical, x-ray, endoscopic and morphological studies performed in 156
      children afflicted with gastroduodenitis have shown that concomitant lesions of
      the colon are of paramount importance in the genesis of this illness. The
      immunomorphological assay is the most informative one in the assessment of the
      pattern of structural alterations in the colonic mucosa. Examination of 71
      colonic biopsy specimens has disclosed that 38 patients had minimal alterations
      in the mucosa characteristic of colodyskinesias and 22 had the signs of chronic
      inflammation, which plays an important part in goal-oriented therapy and
      prediction of the disease under consideration.

PMID- 2399066
TI  - [Clinico-immunological parallels in children with periodic disease].
AB  - Children aged 3 to 15 years afflicted with periodic disease were subjected to
      clinical and immunological examinations. The role played by derangements of
      certain components of the immune system in the development and course of periodic
      disease was outlined. Assay of T lymphocytes and immunoglobulins of the main
      classes in the blood serum and saliva of children with periodic disease was found
      to be of the diagnostic and prognostic value. To assess the gravity of periodic
      disease and to predict it, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive
      estimation of the clinical findings and of the data pertaining to humoral,
      cellular and local immunity.

PMID- 2399067
TI  - [Diagnostic possibilities of a crystallographic method in pyelonephritis in
      children].
AB  - Diagnostic potentialities of the crystallo-optic++ analysis of cupric chloride
      crystallographs++ were studied in 76 children with pyelonephritis and in 50
      children with glomerulonephritis. The structural and morphological
      characteristics of cupric chloride crystallization under the influence of the
      urine from children with pyelo- and glomerulonephritis may serve as the
      additional differential-diagnostic signs of the diseases. The use of raster
      electron microscopy widens the diagnostic potentialities of the crystallographic
      method. Different dimensions of the little crystals formed as a result of
      isomorphic replacement of copper atoms by potassium ions (and, possibly, by
      sodium ions) and in the presence of urea and creatinine underlie the differences
      in cupric chloride crystallographs.

PMID- 2399065
TI  - [Secretory humoral immunity in children with chronic viral diseases of the
      liver].
AB  - The content of IgE, IgG, IgM and secretory IgA was measured in the
      stomatopharyngeal secretion (saliva) and in the intestinal secretion
      (coprofiltrates) of 58 patients aged 3 to 15 years suffering from chronic viral
      hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. It has been established that in addition to
      hyperimmunoglobulinemia, children with chronic viral diseases of the liver
      manifested elevated synthesis of immunoglobulins in the system of local immunity,
      including a high content of IgE in the alimentary secretions, thus pointing to
      enhanced antigenic stimulation occurring in this pathology.

PMID- 2399068
TI  - [Current demographic processes and the problems of childhood].

PMID- 2399070
TI  - [Health status of frequently ill young children].

PMID- 2399069
TI  - [Development of children born to mothers treated by normobaric hypoxia].

PMID- 2399071
TI  - [The system of regulation of blood coagulation in girls with juvenile uterine
      hemorrhage].

PMID- 2399072
TI  - [Status and objectives of postgraduate training in pediatrics and
      gastroenterology].

PMID- 2399073
TI  - [Medical workers determine the course of perestroika (discussion initiated by
      V.Iu. Al'bitskii's article)].

PMID- 2399074
TI  - [The "loud respiration syndrome" in children in the first few months of life].

PMID- 2399075
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of complicated acute pneumonia in children].

PMID- 2399076
TI  - [Use of dimexide in the complex treatment of acute stenosing
      laryngotracheobronchitis in children].

PMID- 2399077
TI  - [Risk of HIV infection in children with hemophilia].

PMID- 2399078
TI  - [Mallory-Weiss syndrome in children].

PMID- 2399079
TI  - Eye movements and reversal rates of ambiguous patterns.
AB  - To study the influence of eye movements on the time course of perceptual
      alternation of ambiguous patterns, we recorded the reversal signals and eye
      movements of four subjects, during prolonged observations of a Necker cube, under
      three experimental conditions: unrestricted normal viewing, instruction
      restricted normal viewing, and imperfectly stabilized viewing. An important
      decrease in the frequency of saccadic eye movements and a significant increase in
      the reversal rates were shown by all subjects under imperfectly stabilized
      viewing over the normal unrestricted viewing. Moreover, three out of four
      subjects showed a significant decrease in their reversal rates when changing from
      the normal to instruction-restricted viewing. Results are discussed in terms of
      the role and time cost of scanning eye movements in perceptual processes.

PMID- 2399080
TI  - Simultaneous achromatic contrast as viewed in a bidimensional system: an
      examination of the binocular matching method.

PMID- 2399081
TI  - Perceived use of health education services in a school-based clinic.
AB  - This study assessed 1087 adolescents attending public school in Grades 10, 11,
      12, and perceived use of health education services in a school-based clinic.
      Adolescents reported the most frequent health services they would use were
      nutrition/body weight, sex education, and mental health services. In addition,
      sex differences were found for perceived health education services as more girls
      than boys reported they would more likely use services for nutrition/overweight
      and underweight, information on unwanted pregnancy, counseling, and clinics to
      treat the blues.

PMID- 2399083
TI  - Depth reversals with an equiluminant Necker cube.

PMID- 2399084
TI  - Performance of field-dependent and field-independent subjects on a rod and frame
      discrimination task.
AB  - This study assessed the relative ability of 7 field-independent and 8 field
      dependent persons to detect changes in rod and frame positions. Each subject
      received 90 discrimination trials. Each trial consisted of the standard stimulus
      (both rod and frame tilted 15 degrees to the subject's left) followed by a
      comparison stimulus (rod or frame differing from the standard by 3 degrees, 6
      degrees, 9 degrees, or 12 degrees). Results supported the hypothesized
      superiority of field-independent persons in detecting frame changes; however,
      detections of rod changes did not differentiate field-dependent from field
      independent persons.

PMID- 2399082
TI  - Field dependence/independence and performance in school: an argument against
      neutrality of cognitive style.
AB  - To ascertain whether there is any relationship between field
      dependence/independence and performance in school, the Children's Embedded
      Figures Test and Embedded Figures Test were applied to 103 10- to 14-yr.-olds (55
      boys and 48 girls) in Grades 5 to 8 of primary education and Grade 1 of secondary
      education in Santiago de Compostela (Spain), and the scores were compared with
      their school marks in Mathematics, Spanish, Natural Sciences, and Social
      Sciences, and with their over-all mark. Field-independent children performed
      better in all subjects, especially boys. This finding appears unsupportive of the
      supposed neutrality of field dependence/independence and suggests that this
      dimension of cognitive style should be taken into account in education.

PMID- 2399085
TI  - Addiction time and value of Z indicators in Rorschachs of heroin users.
AB  - Rorschach test scores for short-term (1 to 3 yr.) and long-term (5 or more yr.)
      heroin users (ns = 25 each) were compared, to ascertain whether the use of heroin
      influences the organizational activity, namely, the form level of each response
      (as measured by Zf and Zd indices). Zd values were significantly lower in long
      term than in short-term users, while Zf values approached significance. These
      findings support the hypothesis that cognitive functioning is impaired along with
      addiction time.

PMID- 2399086
TI  - Ascending-descending threshold differences and internal subjective judgment in
      CFF measurements.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to measure, using the method of limits, the
      ascending-descending threshold difference (delta = fa-fd) in normal subjects and
      its variation with repetition of the task two weeks after the first session.
      Sample mean values scored in the two sessions were close to zero and positively
      correlated. The ascending-descending difference was suggested to be likely
      related to the internal judgement of the subject.

PMID- 2399087
TI  - Use of subjective information in scientific psychology: VI. The inability to
      speak a foreign language experienced as a disability.
AB  - The author discusses his adaptation to language stress while living and working
      several months in a foreign country, specifically the ways in which the author
      coped with language stress; his thoughts and feelings about being unable to
      communicate verbally, and the insights he gained into the world of the disabled
      because he was unable to communicate.

PMID- 2399088
TI  - Verbal aggression among Japanese and American students.

PMID- 2399089
TI  - Vision, kinesthesis, and control of hand movement by young and old adults.
AB  - This study examined the accuracy with which 20 young (18 to 24 yr.) and 32 old
      (55 to 85 yr.) adults were able to move their hands when not allowed to guide
      them visually. They tried to touch a target spot given either visually or
      kinesthetically, under conditions in which the target either remained present
      during the response or was discontinued prior to the response. They also tried to
      touch points on the face with eyes closed and wrote their names and common words
      with and without visual input. While there was slight evidence of age-related
      decline in accuracy of moving the hand to a target location in some conditions,
      older adults appear to use kinesthetic cues to the target location as effectively
      as visual cues. The absence of age effects on touching the face or writing with
      the eyes closed suggests that the kinesthetic and motor control systems are
      relatively well preserved in healthy older adults.

PMID- 2399090
TI  - Adolescent gambling: an observational pilot study.

PMID- 2399091
TI  - Effect of auditory presentation of words on color naming: the intermodal Stroop
      effect.
AB  - To verify two hypotheses (the automatic parallel-processing model vs the feature
      integration theory) using the Stroop effect, an intermodal presentation method
      was introduced. The intermodal presentation (auditory presentation of the
      distractor word and visual presentation of color patch) separates completely the
      color and word information. Subjects were required to name the color patch on the
      CRT and to ignore the auditory color-word in the present experiment. A 5
      (stimulus onset asynchronies) x 4 (levels of congruency) analysis of variance
      with repeated measures was performed on the response times. Two main effects and
      an interactive effect were significant. The findings indicate that without the
      presentation of color and word component in the same spatial location the Stroop
      effect occurs. These results suggest that the feature-integration theory cannot
      explain the mechanisms underlying the Stroop effect.

PMID- 2399092
TI  - Effects of verbal and visual cues on performance of a complex ballistic task.
AB  - An ecological approach to the study of feedback for learning sport tasks involves
      understanding how both augmented and inherent feedback interact. Literature on
      sport psychology suggests that athletes differ from nonathletes in
      characteristics that relate to learning styles and use of feedback. The purpose
      of this study was to examine differences in learning style between college female
      athletes and non-athletes on a complex ballistic task (dart throwing)
      differentiated by verbal and visual cues. 19 college women athletes and 19
      nonathletes participated under four different conditions: visual cued/verbal
      cued, visual cued/verbal noncued, visual noncued/verbal cued, visual
      noncued/verbal noncued. Analysis of variance indicated that athletes were
      superior to nonathletes under the visual cued/verbal noncued condition. Both
      groups showed a linear trend for improvement but athletes were significantly
      better on the last trial.

PMID- 2399093
TI  - The function of self-touchings, posture shifts, and motor discharges in children
      from 3 to 6 years of age.
AB  - The function of self-touchings, posture shifts, and discharges was studied by
      comparing videotapes of 48 normal children aged 3 to 6 yr. performing on two
      tasks, watching cartoons and telling about these cartoons. We scored the
      occurrence of self-touchings, posture shifts and discharges by 5-sec. intervals
      on both tasks. We could not find developmental changes between 3 and 6 yr. of
      age, but significant differences in the numbers of movements between watching and
      telling appeared. Children moved much more during telling than during watching
      cartoons. This was interpreted as a reflection of task-specific attention in
      watching and telling. The attention-regulating function of the behavior was
      further shown by an outburst of movements during the first 10 sec. after the
      start of watching each cartoon. Self-touchings, posture shifts, and discharges
      seem to be part of the 'orienting reflex'.

PMID- 2399094
TI  - Cardiac self-perception in obese and normal persons.
AB  - Cardiac self-perception was measured in obese and normal weight subjects.
      Subjects had to judge whether a tone was coincident with their own heartbeat or
      slightly mismatched. A signal-detection analysis was used to measure sensory
      sensitivity to the heartbeat separate from nonsensory, response-bias factors.
      Subjects were able to perform the heartbeat-detection task, with an average
      sensory sensitivity d' of .58. No significant differences in sensory sensitivity
      were found between obese and normal-weight subjects, nor were any sex differences
      noted. Measurement of response bias (Ln beta) indicated that obese subjects had a
      significantly more lax response criterion than normal-weight subjects. Results
      are discussed in terms of Schachter's (1971) internality-externality theory of
      obesity and ramifications for weight control are discussed.

PMID- 2399095
TI  - Asymmetrical processing of tachistoscopic inputs in undergraduates across sex,
      handedness, field-side, and fixation instructions.
AB  - Past studies have indicated that men as well as right-handers show a right-visual
      field (RVF) advantage for letter recall and a left-visual field (LVF) advantage
      for letter position recall, suggesting asymmetrical brain organization for these
      groups. To examine these laterality effects more closely, 96 undergraduates were
      tested in a tachistoscopic task; they were equally divided by sex and hand
      dominance. On each of the 48 trials, subjects were required to recall either the
      letters or respective letter positions within 4 x 4 matrices flashed to the right
      or left visual field for 100 msec. Subjects further received instructions prior
      to each trial cueing them as to the field in which the matrix would be positioned
      (i.e., left, right or neither). Analyses indicated that right-handed men showed
      the predicted RVF advantage for letters while only right-handed subjects
      evidenced a LVF advantage for letter positions. Instructions might have
      contributed to the observed sex difference with letters; this would imply that
      right-handers exclusively possessed this asymmetrical organization.

PMID- 2399096
TI  - Use of a pictorial scale of perceived competence and acceptance with learning
      disabled boys.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the
      Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Acceptance for use with young
      handicapped children (M age = 8.2 yr.) with severe reading problems. Subjects
      were 30 learning disabled boys from four private schools located in the
      Dallas/Ft. Worth metroplex. Data were collected through test-retest
      administration of the scale and individual interviews with each child. Validity
      of the physical subscale was established by showing that subjects' reasons for
      their feelings of physical competence could be classified into one of five
      categories 89.2% of the time. For the four subscales, alpha coefficients ranged
      from .56 to .82, and test-retest reliability ranged from .76 to .92.

PMID- 2399097
TI  - Body cathexis and clothed body cathexis: is there a difference?
AB  - To investigate the difference between perceptions of the nude body and of the
      clothed body 29 women were administered the Body Cathexis Scale and a Clothed
      Body Cathexis Scale. Paired t tests indicated that these working women were
      significantly more satisfied with their clothed bodies than with their nude
      bodies.

PMID- 2399098
TI  - A classification of acts of attempted suicide.

PMID- 2399099
TI  - Image-formation time is not related to recall of bizarre and plausible images.
AB  - Past studies of bizarre imagery in which image-formation time is reported have
      not directly investigated the potential relation of that measure to recall. In
      the present study, 50 subjects spontaneously formed images from pairs of words to
      test the idea that quickly formed images are recalled more often. There was no
      relationship between image-formation time and recall. Image bizarreness and image
      interaction did not facilitate recall, and there were no differences in the times
      required to form bizarre and plausible images. The latter findings, which are
      inconsistent with much of the past research, may be the result of allowing
      subjects to form images spontaneously, rather than specifying the image to be
      formed.

PMID- 2399101
TI  - Auditory search using vowel sounds.
AB  - Using an auditory memory search task and 8 vowels as stimuli, latencies and
      accuracy (number correct) for 6 subjects were measured. Accuracy during the first
      session was above chance but evidence of automatic processing was tenuous and was
      not achieved for RT. Auditory search seems more difficult than visual search.

PMID- 2399100
TI  - Evaluation of the Craig Lipreading Inventory.
AB  - Responses to the Craig Lipreading Inventory have not been subjected to rigorous
      statistical analysis. No normative data currently exist. The purposes of this
      study were to evaluate the internal validity and interest reliability and to
      obtain normative data. The inventory was administered to 150 children, ages 3 to
      8 yr. The internal consistency was very high for each subtest. Significant
      correlations were obtained among the subtests. Significant differences in scores
      were noted for the three age groups, indicating the need for standards at each
      age group. Preliminary Z-scores and percentile ranks were computed for each age
      group. It was concluded that the inventory is a valuable, reliable tool of
      lipreading evaluation in children.

PMID- 2399102
TI  - Association of scores on McCarthy Scales with field dependence/independence for
      seven-year-old Spanish children.
AB  - The McCarthy Scales and the Children's Embedded Figures Test, as a measure of
      field dependence-independence, were administered to 32 girls and 18 boys, aged 7
      yr. and in their second year of primary education. No significant correlations
      between the number of correct embedded figures and the total raw scores on the
      McCarthy Scales were observed, but the embedded figures scores were significantly
      related to scores on the Perceptual-Performance and Quantitative subscales. Boys
      and girls show different score patterns. The Verbal, Memory and Motor scales were
      independent of scores on field dependence-independence for these 7-yr.-olds.

PMID- 2399103
TI  - Effects of schematic organization on scientific contents learned by eight-year
      old children.
AB  - This study is an extension of schematic theory on the acquisition of scientific
      contents by children. The variable, "importance of actions," considered
      functionally intensive in schematic organization, was categorized and scaled. Two
      retention intervals were also introduced to extend this research to the study of
      cognitive change over. A simple physics demonstration (changes of phase of water:
      solid to liquid and liquid to gas) was carried out in front of 65 children ages
      7.4 to 8.4 yr. Then, they were asked to write and explain what they had seen. The
      sentences were classified and scaled, and a script was built from them.
      Statistically significant comparisons between actions lead us to accept that
      categorization and schematic organization techniques could explain some aspects
      of the process by which children acquire scientific knowledge.

PMID- 2399104
TI  - Study of WAIS-R, Quick Test and PPVT IQS for neuropsychiatric patients.
AB  - As expected, the PPVT and various forms of the Quick Test, all tests of receptive
      vocabulary, overestimated the three IQs of the WAIS-R, often by more than half a
      standard deviation for a small sample (N = 30) of psychiatric in-patients. A
      restricted range of scores may have contributed to spuriously high correlations
      among the various measures of IQ.

PMID- 2399105
TI  - Self-concepts of Costa Rican elementary school children.
AB  - The Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale was administered to 797 Costa Rican
      children in Grades 1 to 6. A three-way analysis of variance and Scheffe tests,
      used in conjunction with a 7 x 6 x 2 factorial design, showed significant
      differences between school types based on enrollment, grades, and sex. The
      highest self-concepts were found in the first grade and girls. Children in
      schools with enrollments under 50 scored significantly lower than those in larger
      schools. Findings were discussed in relation to literature for children in the
      USA.

PMID- 2399106
TI  - Physical fitness in relation to amount of physical exercise, body image, and
      locus of control among college men and women.
AB  - The relations of amount of exercise, body image, and locus of control to physical
      fitness were investigated. The Hall Physical Fitness Test Profile, the Winstead
      and Cash Body Self-relations Questionnaire, and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of
      Control Scale were administered to 243 freshmen. Students estimated the amount of
      time spent exercising on a 9-point scale ranging from no regular exercise to 10
      or more hours per week for the preceding three months. Exercise included brisk
      walking, jogging, aerobics, and sports activities like soccer, tennis, and
      swimming. Increased fitness was associated with increased amounts of exercise,
      internal locus of control, and good body image. There was a statistically
      significant interaction between sex and amount of exercise. For students who
      exercised 2-4.9 hours per week, men were more fit than women. Fitness was
      comparable for men and women exercising less than two hours or at least five
      hours per week. Women had to exercise 5 or more hours weekly to achieve the
      fitness level of men who exercised 2 to 4.9 hours per week.

PMID- 2399107
TI  - Perceived risk of occupational injury: control over pace of work and blue-collar
      versus white-collar work.
AB  - Factors influencing the perception of risk of work-related accidental injury were
      investigated for 244 full-time employed men and women. Autonomy and freedom in
      one's work were the strongest predictors of perceived risk, with those
      respondents exercising the greatest control over their work perceiving the least
      risk of accidental injury. Two other dimensions of control over work-task
      repetitiveness and speed of pace-had weaker effects. Respondents using primarily
      blue collar kinds of equipment felt more at risk than those using white collar
      equipment or no equipment. This result is interpreted in terms of the impact of
      'sudden harm' on perceptions. Present working conditions, represented by the
      number of hazards identified in the workplace, predicted perceived risk more
      strongly than previous accident history.

PMID- 2399108
TI  - Perception of risk and curb standing at street corners by older pedestrians.
AB  - The distances stood from passing traffic of 696 pedestrians waiting to cross
      signal-controlled intersections were observed. Previous research on elderly
      pedestrians suggested that the elderly are less perceptive of dangers in the
      traffic environment because of diminished cognitive abilities. In fact,
      observations established that older pedestrians were the safest age group,
      standing the farthest away from traffic. This was especially the case for the
      most at-risk group, older women. In addition, older pedestrians were the most
      able to discern greater risks of accidental injury under nighttime crossing
      conditions and to take appropriate safety precautions.

PMID- 2399109
TI  - Outcome for preschoolers of very low birthweight: sociocultural and environmental
      influences.
AB  - The impact of the environment on the outcome of children of very low birthweight
      at preschool age was assessed. Embracing an ecologic perspective, the study
      incorporated several family and sociocultural variables. The role of the
      environment was significant in explaining the cognitive, language, and
      temperamental status of these children at age 3 years. Although the high-risk
      cohort performed less well than a matched comparison group, maternal IQ and
      family sociocultural status essentially obscured differences on two of the three
      outcome measures. In addition, all three high-risk groups--children of very low
      birthweight with and without concomitant medical complications, and full-term
      children with perinatal asphyxia--obtained scores on all outcome measures within
      one standard deviation of the mean of the scores of the comparison group.
      Favorable early environmental circumstances appear to compensate frequently for
      difficult prenatal and perinatal insults. Biologic and environmental factors
      interact and appear differentially to influence emerging cognitive, language, and
      behavioral functions.

PMID- 2399110
TI  - Vocational neuropsychological requirements of U.S. occupations.
AB  - Aptitude levels required to perform occupations listed in the U.S. Department of
      Labor Dictionary of Occupational Titles are indicated. Numbers and percentages of
      jobs requiring each level of each aptitude are presented in a tabular format.
      These data can be useful in assisting vocational neuropsychologists in evaluating
      brain-injury disability cases.

PMID- 2399111
TI  - Parents' attitudes and the reading performance of their children.
AB  - A group of 60 children were given tests in reading performance, intelligence and
      personality while their parents were tested on personality, attitudes towards
      reading, and the frequency and duration of listening to their children reading.
      Factor analysis yielded two factors related to parental attitudes towards reading
      and their activities with their children as measured overtly and covertly, but
      these were not linked to the reading performance of the children. Instead,
      reading performance was linked to a morality variable in both the children and
      their parents. This suggested that there was a tendency for the poor readers and
      their parents to "fake good." This might account for the lack of association
      between reading performance and parental attitudes and activity in reading.

PMID- 2399112
TI  - Changes in cytosolic CA2+ and contraction induced by various stimulants and
      relaxants in canine tracheal smooth muscle.
AB  - Effects of stimulants and relaxants on the cytosolic Ca2+ level [(Ca2+]cyt) and
      contraction were examined in isolated canine tracheal smooth muscle. High K+ and
      carbachol induced a sustained increase in [Ca2+]cyt and muscle tension.
      Cumulative addition of KCl induced a graded increase in [Ca2+]cyt and muscle
      tension. Cumulative addition of carbachol induced greater contraction than high
      K+ at a given [Ca2+]cyt 12-Deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate (DPB) (50 nmol/l) induced
      a small sustained contraction with little effect on [Ca2+]cyt. A higher
      concentration (1 mumol/l) of DPB induced a larger sustained contraction with a
      decrease in [Ca2+]cyt. DPB (50 nmol/l) potentiated the KCl-induced contraction
      without or with only a small additional increase in [Ca2+]cyt. By contrast, 1
      mumol/l DPB potentiated the high-K(+)-induced contraction with a decrease in
      [Ca2+]cyt. Addition of 50 nmol/l or 1 mumol/l DPB in the presence of carbachol
      inhibited both [Ca2+]cyt and muscle tension. Verapamil, isoprenaline and
      forskolin did not change or slightly decreased [Ca2+]cyt and muscle tension in
      resting trachea. Verapamil inhibited the contraction and [Ca2+]cyt stimulated by
      high K+ and carbachol. Isoprenaline and forskolin inhibited the high-K(+)-induced
      contraction without changing [Ca2+]cyt, whereas these inhibitors inhibited
      carbachol-induced contraction with a relatively small decrease in [Ca2+]cyt.
      These results suggest that (a) sustained contractions induced by high K+ and
      carbachol are due to the sustained increase in [Ca2+]cyt, (b) carbachol increases
      the sensitivity of contractile elements to Ca2+, and (c) isoprenaline and
      forskolin inhibit the contraction by the decrease in [Ca2+]cyt and also by the
      decrease in the sensitivity of contractile elements to Ca2+.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399113
TI  - Selective actions of anesthetic agents on membrane potential trajectory in bulbar
      respiratory neurons of cats.
AB  - The effects of two anesthetic agents, halothane and thiopental, on the membrane
      potential trajectory of respiratory-related neurons in the ventral respiratory
      group were investigated in decerebrate cats, of which the carotid sinus and vagal
      afferents were denervated. Infusion of halothane (2% for 90 s) depolarized the
      membrane in nearly half of the inspiratory (12/21), post-inspiratory (10/26) and
      expiratory (4/6) neurons and caused hyperpolarization in the rest of the
      population. Thiopental (2.5 mg/kg i.v.) produced depolarization in 11 inspiratory
      and 10 post-inspiratory neurons and hyperpolarization in 1 expiratory, 4
      inspiratory and 7 post-inspiratory neurons. In both hyperpolarized and
      depolarized neurons, reduction of the respiratory membrane potential fluctuations
      and an increase of input resistance were commonly observed. Both drugs depressed
      spontaneous firing in most of the neurons studied. An increase of firing was
      observed in 9 out of 47 depolarized cells. These two contrasting effects on the
      membrane potential trajectory occurred similarly in the known groups of
      respiratory neurons, but the response of a given cell was consistent for the two
      anesthetic agents. The present results demonstrate that the anesthetic drugs
      exert various influences on the ventral respiratory group neuron population in
      maintaining the membrane potential trajectory and discharge activity. This may
      reflect a functional heterogeneity in the bulbar respiratory network of neurons.

PMID- 2399114
TI  - The effect of increasing extracellular potassium concentration on the resting
      heart rate of the isolated rat papillary muscle.
AB  - The effect of elevating extracellular K+ concentration on the basal metabolism of
      the isolated rat left ventricular papillary muscle has been investigated. The
      preparation was mounted on a thermopile and connected to a force transducer, to
      allow simultaneous measurement of muscle heat production and force. The resting
      heat rate (RHR) of the quiescent preparation was measured as an index of basal
      metabolism. Throughout all of the experiments, the muscles were maintained under
      a resting force of 10 mN and all measurements of RHR were made at times when
      there was no active force present above this passive level. Elevating the
      extracellular K+ concentration from 5.9 to 20, 40, then 80 mM produced graded
      increases in the RHR. The increase in RHR produced by 40 mM K+ was observed to be
      time-dependent, its effect being significantly greater at 5-7 h than at 2-4 h
      after cardiectomy. Averaged over all times, the percentage increases in RHR
      produced by 20, 40, and 80 mM K+ in the presence of 2 mM Ca2+ were 6.4 +/- 2.0%,
      28.7 +/- 2.3%, and 51.3 +/- 8.9% (mean +/- SEM) respectively. The high K(+)
      induced increase in basal metabolism was also shown to be Ca2(+)-dependent, the
      increase in RHR produced by 40 mM K+ being greater the higher the extracellular
      Ca2+ concentration (0.5-8.0 mM). The addition of verapamil was found to partially
      inhibit the K(+)-induced increase in resting metabolism. These results show that
      elevation of the extracellular K+ concentration produces a graded increase in the
      RHR that is Ca2(+)-dependent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399115
TI  - Calcium-activated potassium channels in the luminal membrane of Amphiuma diluting
      segment: voltage-dependent block by intracellular Na+ upon depolarisation.
AB  - Calcium-activated potassium channels in the luminal membrane of Amphiuma diluting
      segment were studied using the patch-clamp technique in both the cell-attached
      and inside-out configurations. The open probability (Po) of the channel is
      sensitive to both membrane potential and cytoplasmic calcium activity;
      depolarizing potentials and high calcium concentrations leading to an increased
      Po. In the cell-attached condition, channel openings were observed between
      pipette potentials of -100 and -240 mV. As the driving force for potassium exit
      from the cell into the pipette is increased the single channel currents show a
      biphasic response. First, the currents increase as expected; however, the single
      channel currents diminish in magnitude at pipette potentials more negative than 
      120 mV. We propose that this reduction is due to rapid blockade of the potassium
      channel by intracellular sodium. This proposal is supported by two facts: (a)
      using inside-out patches it was possible to reduce the single channel currents in
      a concentration- and voltage-dependent manner, similar to that observed in the
      cell-attached condition, by raising the sodium concentration of the fluid bathing
      the cytoplasmic face of the patch; (b) pretreatment of tubules with the loop
      acting diuretic furosemide (10(-5) M), an agent known to decrease the
      intracellular sodium activity, caused an attenuation of the reduction in single
      channel current seen under control conditions. Given the very low Po of the
      channels at the resting membrane potential and the sensitivity of the channels to
      intracellular sodium, it is unlikely that blockade of these channels by
      intracellular sodium would lead to a physiological regulation of the apical K
      conductance.

PMID- 2399116
TI  - Relations between the energy state of the myocardium and release of some products
      of anaerobic metabolism during underperfusion.
AB  - The relations between parameters of cellular energy and the release of succinate,
      alanine and creatine from isolated, isovolumic guinea pig hearts were studied
      during underperfusion (0.2 ml/min) with glucose or acetate. The heart work index
      (the product of the left ventricular pressure and the heart rate), tissue ATP and
      phosphocreatine contents did not depend upon the nature of the substrate when
      coronary flow was 19 ml/min. However, 50 min underperfusion with acetate resulted
      in a twofold increase in diastolic pressure, while glucose prevented the
      development of contracture. A more rapid ATP depletion accompanied by an
      increased succinate and creatine release was observed during underperfusion with
      acetate as compared with glucose. Succinate and alanine accumulation in
      myocardial effluent was related to a decrease in tissue ATP, while creatine
      release showed a close, inverse correlation with the tissue
      phosphocreatine/creatine ratio. Hyperbolic and linear relations were found
      between these indices for glucose- and acetate-perfused hearts, respectively. The
      results suggest that the determination of succinate, creatine and alanine in
      myocardial effluent may be used for assessment of the energy status of the
      ischemic heart.

PMID- 2399117
TI  - Autoregulation by the right coronary artery in dogs with open chests; comparison
      with the left coronary artery.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to study autoregulatory responses of the right and
      left coronary arteries in dogs with open chests. The right and left circumflex
      coronary artery were cannulated and perfused with blood from the femoral artery
      via a pressurized reservoir. The perfusion pressure was varied in steps over a
      wide range and coronary blood flow rates were measured. Both the right and left
      coronary arteries exhibited autoregulation but the pressure at the end of the
      autoregulatory range was lower in the right (39.8 +/- 9.1 mm Hg) than in the left
      circumflex coronary artery (57.6 +/- 14.5 mm Hg). The slope of the pressure-flow
      relationship in the autoregulatory range was less steep in the right than the
      left circumflex coronary artery. The closed-loop gain when the perfusion pressure
      was less than 100 mm Hg was greater in the right than in the left circumflex
      coronary artery. Increases in the right ventricular afterload produced by
      pulmonary artery constriction decreased the closed-loop gain, shifted the auto
      regulatory range upward and to the right, and made the slope steeper. These
      results indicate that more effective autoregulation is carried out by the right
      than the left circumflex coronary artery.

PMID- 2399118
TI  - Features of a calcium independent, caffeine sensitive outward current in single
      smooth muscle cells from guinea pig protal vein.
AB  - Using the single electrode voltage-clamp technique, vascular smooth muscle cells
      from the guinea pig portal vein showed an initial inward (Ca2+) current followed
      by an outward current which peaked within 100 ms and then declined to a steady
      level in a few seconds. Caffeine (1 mmol/l) selectively blocked the transient
      component of the outward current (ITO) and allowed differentiation of the outward
      current into two components: ITO and a caffeine resistant background current. The
      potassium channel blockers TEA (10 mmol/l) and 4-AP (5 mmol/l) produced about 90%
      suppression of ITO. ITO was identified as a calcium independent potassium
      current. Analysis of the inactivation and recovery from inactivation of ITO
      revealed similarities to the A-current first described for molluscan neurones
      (11) and later for crista terminalis of rabbit heart (4). Being much slower than
      this current it also bears similarities in its inactivation kinetics to a
      transient outward current identified in rabbit portal vein (2, 6).

PMID- 2399119
TI  - Co-existence of myosin heavy chain I and IIa isoforms in human skeletal muscle
      fibres with endurance training.
AB  - The myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition of single fibres from m. vastus
      lateralis was analysed by one-dimensional electrophoresis and immunoblotting in
      three groups of young men with distinct difference in physical activity patterns.
      No major co-existence of MHC isoforms was found in the group with some daily
      physical activity. In the very sedentary group, however, 19 +/- 5% (P less than
      0.05) of the fibres exhibited coexistence of MHC type IIa and IIb. Further, in
      the endurance trained group co-existence of MHC type I and IIa was manifested in
      36 +/- 4% (P less than 0.05) of the fibres. Disuse and extreme usage of muscle
      both give rise to an elevation in co-expression of MHC isoforms in single muscle
      fibres but of markedly different combination of isoforms.

PMID- 2399120
TI  - [Xylitol, mechanisms of action and uses].
AB  - Xylitol is recommended as a sugar substitute and is claimed not only to be non
      cariogenic, but also to exhibit an anti-caries effect. An interesting aspect of
      xylitol is that it has a certain bacteriostatic effect. Xylitol is taken up by
      many strains of Strep mutans and Strep sanguis even if these organisms are unable
      to metabolize xylitol. It enters the bacteria by the phospho-transferase system.
      Xylitol-phosphate inhibits the glycolysis probably at the phosphofructokinase
      level, and is also de-phosphorylated and expelled through a "futile cycle". The
      combination xylitol and sorbitol is particularly interesting, since xylitol
      inhibits the metabolization of sorbitol by Strep mutans and sorbitol also appears
      to potentiate the bacteriostatic effect of xylitol. Furthermore the combination
      is favourable from an economical point of view since sorbitol is less expensive
      than xylitol. Xylitol induces diarrhea if consumed in considerable amounts and is
      thus only suitable in products like chewing gum and tablets.

PMID- 2399121
TI  - [Increasing effectiveness of dental health care service. Could funds be saved by
      increased delegation to dental hygienists?].
AB  - The size and composition of the oral health team is in a changing process, and in
      Norway we find striking regional differences in the role of hygienists. The main
      differences are found between the regions delegating more of the
      screening/diagnosis and fissure sealing to the hygienists and those who do not.
      The present study examines cost-benefit aspects related to extension of the
      functions of dental hygienists. Treatment needs and actual functions of
      hygienists were studied in the Tromso municipality, limited to the public sector
      and to the care of 3-16 year olds. Reduced need for dentists and net reduction in
      cost was calculated for a "moderate" alternative (hygienists do all diagnostic
      work and fissure sealings) and a "radical" alternative (hygienists do diagnostic
      work, fissure sealings and occlusal fillings). Findings revealed that the
      "moderate" alternative would release up to 15 per cent of the number of dentists
      occupied in the dental health care of children and adolescents. The additional
      effect by applying the "radical" alternative was found to be moderate. Although
      more dental hygienists must be employed to take over this work, about 40 mill NOK
      pr year could be saved in Norway by this delegation reform. This amount is about
      6% of the total expenses of the Public Dental Health Service. To delegate more
      tasks to dental hygienists might provide the dentists with a more challenging and
      varied workday. Dentists will be able to carry out more of the complex operations
      demanding their special skills and training.

PMID- 2399122
TI  - [Secondary caries].

PMID- 2399123
TI  - [Endodontic treatment and extractions--extent and reasons].
AB  - To give input to the ongoing discussion on length of intervals between recalls
      for reexamination, a comparison of number of extracted teeth etc per 1000
      patients per year has been done in Hordaland. Treatment carried out on 22,324
      patients aged 0-18 years during a period of 6 months was registered. In 1989 only
      1.5 permanent teeth per 1000 patients were extracted because of caries-damage.
      This is about 2 per cent of the number of the extractions in a similar group in
      1967. The number of permanent teeth that needed rootfilling was twice as large 15
      years ago. The number of deciduous teeth extracted per 1000 patients is reduced
      to one fifth in 15 years. Only 10 per cent of extracted permanent teeth were lost
      because of caries. Out of 44 rootfillings less than one half was performed
      because of caries. The author doubts that increased intervals between recalls for
      reexamination will lead to more extractions and/or rootfillings.

PMID- 2399124
TI  - [Tragedy in Romania].

PMID- 2399126
TI  - [Green AIDS-telephone].

PMID- 2399125
TI  - [AIDS in Norway and Europe in the early 1990's].

PMID- 2399127
TI  - [Porcelain facial veneers--a 10-year evaluation].

PMID- 2399128
TI  - [Self-reported dental experience and dental anxiety among school children in a
      rural district of Norway].
AB  - The article deals with the relationships between previous dental experience (STE
      in text and table) and self-reported dental anxiety (CDAS) and clinical anxiety
      (KAB). 155 children aged 10-13 from a rural district in Norway participated in
      the investigation. Previous dental experience was decided on the basis of three
      questions related to extraction, fillings, and toothache. With No/Yes as
      alternative answers the STE scale scores 3-6. There was a weak, but significant
      correlation between experience and self-reported dental anxiety. No significant
      correlation was found between experience and clinical anxiety. However, as a
      group, children with the broader experience (STE = 5-6) demonstrated a
      significantly higher level of clinical anxiety than children with lesser
      experience (STE = 3-4).

PMID- 2399129
TI  - [Dental health habits of 40-year old patients in Aust-Agder county. Dental status
      of non-recall patients].
AB  - A questionnaire was sent to all persons 40 years of age (born in 1947) living in
      the county of Aust-Agder (n = 1547). The questionnaire included questions
      concerning dental office visiting habits, stability of relationship dentist
      patient, and socio-economic status. 84% answered the questionnaire. Persons who
      answered that they did not have a recall agreement with any dentist were offered
      a free dental examination (324 of 1517). 83% had visited the dentist annually the
      last three years, thus considered to be stable patients. Regular patients were
      also very stable in relation to their dentist: 89% had visited same dentist for
      the last 5 years. Dental health data of persons without a recall agreement were
      examined clinically. Of 324 persons, 137 met for clinical examination. The data
      from these persons were classified according to socio-economic level and
      regularity of visiting habits. The DMFT number was almost independent of those
      variables. The DMFT-index's single components differed between the groups. The
      regular patients from higher socio-economic levels had more fillings. More
      missing teeth were found among irregular patients from lower socio-economic
      levels. This indicates that the latter group have chosen the least expensive
      alternative, i.e. extraction, when in need of acute treatment, and that they have
      a greater accumulated need of treatment. This tendency also applied to the need
      of periodontal therapy. More than 59% of persons with CPITN maximum score 3 or 4
      belonged to irregular patients from lower socio-economic groups.

PMID- 2399130
TI  - A Spanish language version of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile.
AB  - The development and initial psychometric evaluation of a Spanish language version
      of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP) is described. The 48-item
      instrument was translated into Spanish and found to be culturally relevant and
      reliable in a pilot study. The Spanish version was then administered to a diverse
      but predominantly Mexican-American group of 485 Hispanics residing in
      metropolitan and surrounding rural areas. In a principal components factor
      analysis, all but one item loaded significantly on six factors similar to those
      isolated previously during psychometric assessment of the English language
      version. Those six dimensions comprise the HPLP subscales of self-actualization,
      health responsibility, exercise, nutrition, interpersonal support, and stress
      management. The six factors explained 45.9% of the variance in the measure.
      Second-order factor analysis yielded a single factor, interpreted as health
      promoting lifestyle. The alpha reliability coefficient for the total scale was
      .93 and 2-week test-retest reliability was .86; alpha coefficients for the
      subscales ranged from .70 to .87.

PMID- 2399131
TI  - Validation of tardive dyskinesia as measured on the Dyskinesia Identification
      System--Coldwater.
AB  - Identification and description of tardive dyskinesia have been hampered by the
      absence of systematic studies assessing the psychometric properties of existing
      instruments. The purpose of this study was to establish construct validation of
      one of these instruments, the Dyskinesia Identification System--Coldwater. Cross
      sectional prevalence assessment data of 519 institutionalized mentally retarded
      persons were used. The 34 items of this instrument were subjected to exploratory
      factor analysis. A six-factor orthogonal solution was selected. Multiple
      regression analyses supported the established relationships of demographic
      variables, such as age and sex, with the tardive dyskinesia scores generated by
      the instrument.

PMID- 2399132
TI  - Effects of extremity wraps to control drug-induced shivering: a pilot study.
AB  - Efficacy of a nursing intervention to control amphotericin B-induced, febrile
      shivering was tested in 40 hospitalized adult patients with cancer. Extremity
      wraps were used to modify the rate of heat loss from skin to prevent shivering
      stimulus. Duration of shivering and amount of meperidine required for shivering
      suppression were compared between treatment and control groups. Total shivering
      duration was shorter in the treatment group than in the control, p less than
      .005. Less meperidine was administered to the treatment group than to controls
      but differences were not statistically significant. The fact that nurses differ
      in their propensity to use a narcotic to treat shivering may make use of
      meperidine a poor measure of the intervention's efficacy. Shivering was found to
      significantly affect myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) among subjects who
      shivered. MVO2, as reflected in the rate pressure product, was found to be
      significantly higher during shivering (p less than .0001) than at pre- or
      postshivering periods.

PMID- 2399133
TI  - Direct and indirect blood pressure in critical care patients.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between direct
      intraarterial blood pressure readings and indirect auscultated blood pressure
      readings by using different listening pieces and auscultation sites. The two
      listening pieces used for correlation and comparison were the bell and the
      diaphragm of the stethoscope. The two sites for auscultation were the antecubital
      fossa and the upper arm immediately superior to the internal medial condyle and
      medial to the biceps tendon. Simultaneous direct and indirect blood pressure
      readings were obtained from 50 critical care patients with indwelling radial
      arterial lines. The averages for three blood pressure readings obtained from each
      site and for each listening piece were correlated and compared with the averages
      of three simultaneous direct blood pressure readings. Statistical testing was
      done separately for systolic and diastolic readings. Auscultation techniques
      using both listening pieces and sites were found to be accurate, r greater than
      .8 for all correlations; p less than .0001 for all comparisons, but auscultation
      using the diaphragm of the stethoscope over the brachial artery in the upper arm
      provided the most accurate readings.

PMID- 2399134
TI  - Sugar and spice: similarities and sensory attributes.
AB  - Spices were selected for study that were believed to exhibit properties related
      to the sweetness commonly found in foods and beverages. Seventy healthy, normal
      weight adults first smelled and then tasted 10 spices. Subjects responded to two
      questionnaires, judging similarity of the spices and indicating the sensory
      attributes important in their decision making. Intensity of odor, compatibility
      with sweetness, and degree of bitter taste were three major attributes used to
      arrive at similarity judgments. Overall, vanilla was found to be most similar to
      sugar. When examined further for compatibility with sweetness, cinnamon, vanilla,
      spearmint, and anise were generally found to be more comparable to sugar than
      nutmeg, ginger, cloves, bay, and salt. Nonwhite subjects, as opposed to white
      subjects, attributed greater sweetness to nutmeg and less sweetness to anise. The
      data suggest that certain spices exhibit sweet properties and may provide a
      healthful strategy for reducing sugar intake.

PMID- 2399135
TI  - Re: 'Effects of waterbed flotation on indicators of energy expenditure in preterm
      infants'.

PMID- 2399136
TI  - Re: 'Use of Q-sort methodology in cross-cultural nutrition and health research'.

PMID- 2399137
TI  - Responses to chronic illness: analysis of psychological and physiological
      adaptation.
AB  - The Adaptation Nursing Model provided the theoretical framework for the
      comparative analysis of psychological and physiologic adaptation of 211 adults
      representing three diagnostic groups (rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension, and
      multiple sclerosis). Data were collected through interviews and completion of the
      Mental Health Index, Health-Related Hardiness Scale, and Margin in Life.
      Psychological adaptation was found to be independent of diagnosis. Four predictor
      variables (health promotion activities, psychological distress, physiologic
      adaptation, and dependence on medications) significantly discriminated among the
      three groups and correctly classified 73.08% of the total sample. Presence of the
      hardiness characteristic was significantly related to psychological and
      physiologic adaptation, involvement in health promotion activities, and
      participation in patient education programs. It can be concluded that a diagnosis
      specific view of psychological status is not tenable or clinically meaningful.

PMID- 2399138
TI  - Spontaneous causal searching and adjustment to abnormal Papanicolaou test
      results.
AB  - A search for the cause of unexpected negative events has been proposed to occur
      commonly and to promote adjustment. The purpose of this descriptive study was to
      determine the frequency of spontaneous causal searching about abnormal
      Papanicolaou test (Pap) results and the relationship between searching and
      adjustment to these results. Participants (N = 118) had abnormal Pap results
      indicating a need for follow-up with colposcopy. The questions asked on hearing
      these results were coded for content reflecting spontaneous causal searching.
      Measures of adjustment (type of expectations about follow-up, negative emotions,
      and prompt attendance) were obtained at follow-up. Only 34% of participants
      spontaneously asked causal questions. Causal searching was not associated with
      expectations, emotions, or attendance.

PMID- 2399139
TI  - Population or sample: design decision.

PMID- 2399140
TI  - Needed: a national repository of nursing research data.

PMID- 2399141
TI  - Assessment of the reliability and validity of biochemical measures.

PMID- 2399142
TI  - On the front line.

PMID- 2399144
TI  - State of emergency.

PMID- 2399143
TI  - Protecting the public?

PMID- 2399145
TI  - Good nights.

PMID- 2399147
TI  - Who needs agency nurses?

PMID- 2399146
TI  - Lessening the dread.

PMID- 2399148
TI  - AIDS. Grieving alone.

PMID- 2399150
TI  - Group discussion.

PMID- 2399149
TI  - AIDS. Taking the education initiative.

PMID- 2399151
TI  - As others see us. One of the family.

PMID- 2399152
TI  - A confusion of sound.

PMID- 2399153
TI  - Wake up to reform fatigue.

PMID- 2399155
TI  - Conceptions of the nursing process.

PMID- 2399154
TI  - Mental handicap. What cost quality of life?

PMID- 2399156
TI  - Greece: knowledge of breast self-examination.

PMID- 2399157
TI  - The journal of infection control nursing. Universal precautions. How they can
      work in practice.

PMID- 2399158
TI  - Universal precautions.

PMID- 2399159
TI  - Seeking a rationale for glove use.

PMID- 2399160
TI  - First encounter.

PMID- 2399161
TI  - Articles praised.

PMID- 2399162
TI  - The twenty-first century and the control of cancer?
AB  - In order to look ahead at what may be accomplished in cancer control by the year
      2010, one must look at where we have been and where we are today. Because of the
      accelerated pace of life and the information and technological explosion, it is
      necessary to rethink and adopt different attitudes in much the same manner that
      we have different attitudes now than we had in the 1950s. The past 40 years have
      brought a 50% cure rate in cancer, higher cancer incidence rates, a population
      that will now become older and older, and a zero growth rate by 2050. There is a
      real possibility of being able to control 85%-90% of cancers by 2010. This will
      result from the marriage of the biotechnology and molecular genetic fields, the
      death of the tobacco industry, discoveries in prevention, and improvements in
      therapy and early detection. The key to these advances will be the oncology
      nurse. The nurse will be the healthcare change agent of the twenty-first century
      using the expertise developed as the deliverer to the patient while the physician
      will become the advisor to patients, business, and the community.

PMID- 2399163
TI  - Rehabilitation: making the most of time.

PMID- 2399164
TI  - The enduring seasons in survival.

PMID- 2399166
TI  - Delirium in patients with cancer: nursing assessment and intervention.
AB  - Delirium has been found to occur in 25% to 40% of patients with cancer at some
      time during their illness and has been reported to be as high as 85% in patients
      with advanced disease. The cognitive and behavioral changes associated with
      delirium cause emotional distress to the patient and family. More seriously,
      delirium can lead to dementia or death if untreated. The initial stages of
      delirium are frequently confused with anxiety. The nurse plays a crucial role in
      the identification of delirium. Effective intervention requires early assessment
      of the etiology of delirium and its associated cognitive impairments. Some of the
      physiological sources are: vascular, metabolic, infectious, respiratory, and
      cerebral disorders. Analgesics, chemotherapeutic agents, and other medications
      can also cause delirium. Additionally, recent clinical reports identify
      monoclonal antibodies, interleukin 2, and ifosfamide as contributing to delirium.
      In order to adequately differentiate anxiety from delirium, the nurse assesses
      cognitive functioning which includes attention-concentration, recent memory,
      orientation to immediate environment, and sensory-perceptual functions. Nursing
      interventions are directed toward organizing the patient's environment and
      providing reassurance to the patient and family. Collaboration with the medical
      team is essential in treatment of the underlying organic causes. Patient outcomes
      serve as the evaluation criteria for the effectiveness of nursing interventions.
      This presentation offers a standard of care which describes the nursing diagnoses
      associated with delirium, specific assessment criteria, interventions, and
      expected patient outcomes. Delirium represents a quality of life issue. This
      standard of practice provides the means for the nurse to have an impact on the
      patient's and family's quality of life.

PMID- 2399165
TI  - Control of febrile shivering during amphotericin B therapy.
AB  - "Rigors" of febrile shivering often complicate therapy with amphotericin B (AmB)
      in immunosuppressed patients with cancer. Violent muscle contractions cause
      physical and emotional distress as well as dread of future therapy. This
      experimental study tested the effectiveness of a nursing measure in 20
      hospitalized adult patients with cancer. In addition, the effects of shivering on
      myocardial oxygen consumption were studied. Based on Abbey's Model of Nursing
      Action, wraps of terry cloth toweling were applied to extremities to protect
      dominant skin sensors against heat loss. Patients with wrapped extremities had
      shorter, less severe shivering episodes than controls (p = 0.04) and required
      less meperidine for shivering suppression (p = 0.04). Shivering significantly
      elevated myocardial oxygen consumption, reflected in the rate pressure product
      (RPP), above pre- or post-shivering levels (p less than 0.0001). The study
      reflects first-year findings of a federally funded project.

PMID- 2399167
TI  - Tunneled catheter thrombosis: factors related to incidence.
AB  - Quasi-experimental and descriptive methods were used to investigate thrombosis
      incidence in 294 tunneled central venous catheters inserted in adult clients with
      cancer. Thrombosis incidence was measured in relation to heparin flush regimen,
      internal catheter tip location, and chemotherapy infusate volume. Data were
      collected for two cohorts: 1) 145 tunneled catheters using 5 ml daily of 10 U/ml
      heparin flush, and 2) 51 catheters using 10 cc daily of 100 U/ml heparin flush.
      Data were also collected for an additional 98 catheters (transitional) utilizing
      a combination of flush #1 and #2 from adjacent time periods. Chi square analysis
      of the cohorts revealed no difference in thrombosis incidence by flush regimen or
      chemotherapy infusate volume. Suboptimal internal catheter tip location and
      catheters placed on the left side were related to higher thrombosis incidence.
      Practice implications include: the need for staff and patient education regarding
      signs and symptoms of catheter-related thrombosis, additional systematic data
      collection and evaluation, and support for empirical research to establish
      optimal vascular access device care.

PMID- 2399168
TI  - An outpatient approach to the delivery of intensive consolidation chemotherapy to
      adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - Consolidation chemotherapy (CT) is important in the curative treatment of acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This therapy is intensive and toxic. Usually, more
      than 50% of the treatment period is spent in the hospital. To determine if CT
      could be given safely as outpatient (OP) treatment, this demonstration project
      included strict patient selection criteria, a multidisciplinary team, and
      protocols for teaching, symptom management, and transfusion support. Patients
      were hospitalized for the first course of CT. A right atrial catheter was placed,
      and patients were taught use of an ambulatory infusion pump and CT
      administration. Two patients treated on Southwest Oncology Group protocol 8417/19
      have completed CT. No infections occurred, and patients had minimal CT side
      effects. Both patients experienced neutropenia, an expected complication, for 80
      and 56 days. With careful patient selection and expert nursing support, intensive
      outpatient CT is possible with decreased hospitalizations and morbidity, and
      possible increased quality of life.

PMID- 2399170
TI  - Financial needs of support groups.

PMID- 2399169
TI  - Oncology Nursing Society Position Paper on Cancer Pain. Part I.

PMID- 2399171
TI  - The Kid's Connection.

PMID- 2399172
TI  - Exposing patients to the media.

PMID- 2399173
TI  - Ingredients for success.

PMID- 2399174
TI  - A guide to fund-raising.

PMID- 2399175
TI  - Bringing support groups to the community.

PMID- 2399176
TI  - Marketing a support group.

PMID- 2399178
TI  - Assessment of marginal leakage around Class II composite restorations in
      retrieved primary molars.
AB  - The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate, by means of dye
      penetration, the microleakage around Class II composite restorations, in
      retrieved primary molars that functioned in the mouth for at least one year. The
      experimental material consisted of 13 exfoliated primary molars that had been
      restored with Herculite (Kerr Corporation, Romulus, Michigan 48174 USA) at least
      one year previously, utilizing an incremental or a bulk filling technique. The
      retrieved teeth were insulated with utility wax and nail polish, immersed in 2%
      basic fuchsin, embedded in acrylic resin, and ground off to various depths. The
      marginal leakage was assessed according the degree of dye penetration at the
      occlusal and cervical margins. No difference was observed between the two filling
      techniques. In most teeth, no leakage at the occlusal margins was observed;
      minimal leakage, limited to the enamel, was observed at the occlusal margins of
      two teeth, one of each filling technique. Severe penetration was evident at the
      cervical margin of three restorations, two of them filled incrementally and the
      third using the bulk technique. Mild to moderate penetration was observed at the
      cervical margin in the majority of the other restorations. It was concluded that
      an incremental filling technique could not eliminate microleakage at the cervical
      margins of Class II composite restorations.

PMID- 2399177
TI  - Involving clinicians in nursing research.
AB  - Collaborative relationships between researchers and clinicians are important in
      developing the research base for nursing practice. Clinicians contribute to the
      research process by identifying practice problems, reformulating practice
      problems into research questions, critiquing the conceptualization and design of
      the study, evaluating the clinical feasibility of the research protocol,
      assisting in implementing the research protocol, raising clinical questions
      relevant to data analyses, and interpreting the results of the study from a
      clinical perspective. Collaboration between clinicians and researchers on
      clinical nursing research has the potential to improve patient care by increasing
      the number of studies completed, enhancing the clinical relevance of oncology
      nursing research, and strengthening the conceptualization and design of the
      studies.

PMID- 2399179
TI  - A study of facially expressed emotions as a function of age, exposure time, and
      sex in children.
AB  - Facial expressions and body language constitute a major component of
      communication in the human population. There are no studies in the dental
      literature that have examined children's ability to recognize facial expressions.
      The purpose of this study was to determine children's accuracy and latency to
      respond to facial expressions (photographs) as a function of age and sex. Sixty
      children were recruited randomly and placed into three groups according to their
      age (3, 6, and 9 years) with 20 children per group. They were shown photographs
      of three different emotions (happiness, anger, and sadness) expressed by actors
      at three different exposure times (0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 sec), tachistoscopically.
      The children's responses (accuracy and latency) were recorded. The results
      indicated that three year olds were significantly less accurate and took longer
      to respond than the older children. Factors that may have influenced the results
      and clinical implications are discussed.

PMID- 2399180
TI  - A comparison of chloral hydrate and diazepam sedation in young children.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare a high and low dose of diazepam with
      chloral hydrate in the sedation of young children. Thirty healthy children
      between the ages of 20 and 48 months, with a mean age of 33.5 months,
      participated in the study. All children exhibited negative behavior during a
      screening visit and required at least two restorative appointments with the use
      of sedation. A dose of either 0.3 mg/kg or 0.6 mg/kg of diazepam at one visit and
      50 mg/kg of chloral hydrate at another visit was administered in a double-blind
      manner. All children were restrained in a Papoose Board with auxiliary head
      restraint and received 50% nitrous oxide/oxygen during treatment. The degree of
      sleep, body movement, crying, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood oxygen
      saturation were monitored before and during the operative procedures. Vital signs
      remained essentially unchanged during treatment, except for transitory elevations
      of the pulse during periods of stimulation. There were no statistically
      significant differences among the three drug regimens with regard to movement and
      crying. Significantly more patients who received chloral hydrate were asleep than
      when either dose of diazepam was given during the first 60 min of treatment. The
      only side effect found was vomiting in one patient with both chloral hydrate and
      diazepam. It is concluded that the sedative effects of chloral hydrate and
      diazepam are similar when young children are sedated for dental treatment. The
      use of diazepam might be more advantageous because chloral hydrate produces more
      sleep during the first hour of treatment.

PMID- 2399181
TI  - Evaluation of a fluoride-containing sealant by SEM, microleakage, and fluoride
      release.
AB  - A fluoride-containing sealant (FluroShield) was evaluated in vitro and compared
      to a sealant without fluoride (Helio-Seal). Both materials were applied to the
      occlusal surface of extracted teeth and microscopically evaluated for their
      ability to penetrate pits and fissures. Additional specimens were subjected to
      dye immersion and evaluated for resistance to microleakage. Disc-shaped samples
      of the fluoride-containing sealant were immersed in distilled water and analyzed
      daily for seven days for fluoride release. All specimens of FluroShield released
      fluoride during the evaluation period, but there were differences between the
      materials in resistance to microleakage.

PMID- 2399182
TI  - Unusual nasal foreign body detected by panoramic dental radiography: case report.
AB  - This report describes an undetected nasal foreign object in a child discovered in
      a dental radiograph and the subsequent removal of the object. A metal tack was
      lodged in the patient's right nostril. The case is presented to inform other
      dentists of this phenomenon.

PMID- 2399183
TI  - [Late ventricular potentials--a new risk factor for cardiac arrhythmias in recent
      myocardial infarction].
AB  - The study involved 150 patients with recent myocardial infarction. Ventricular
      lat potentials were registered in these patients during the first 48 hours and
      repeated in the third week. Ventricular late potentials were found in 31 patients
      (21%) in the first 48 hours, and in 27 out of 134 patients (20%) before the
      release from the hospital. Comparing potentials registration in the acute and
      late phase of the myocardial infarction it was found that ventricular late
      potentials occurred in 6 and disappeared in 4 patients. Stable ventricular
      tachycardia was significantly more frequent (p less than 0.001) within the first
      48 hours in patients with ventricular late potentials than those without them
      (19% vs 3%). Ventricular late tachycardia (over 48 hours) was more frequent (p
      less than less than 0.001) in patients with ventricular late potentials (21% vs
      1%). Premature ventricular excitations of Lown class 2-5 were also more frequent
      (p less than 0.001) in the group of patients with ventricular late potentials
      than those without these potential (81% vs 24%) when registered with a 24-hour
      Holter ECG in the third week following myocardial infarction. Antiarrhythmic
      drugs did not produce the regression of ventricular late potentials. Non-invasive
      registration of ventricular late potentials helps to select patients with life
      threatening ventricular arrhythmias following the acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2399184
TI  - [Cardiac arrhythmias in myocardial infarction as an extension of lesions to the
      myocardium and the state of circulatory efficiency].
AB  - The study involved 55 patients with the acute myocardial infarction aged between
      34 and 69 years (mean 53 years) in whom the relation of cardiac arrhythmias
      incidence to the extension of myocardial involvement and circulatory efficiency
      was assessed. All patients were examined clinically, a 24-hour ECG with Holter
      technique (in the first day, 21st day and 6th months after myocardial infarction)
      and echocardiographic (Echo-2D) tests were registered. Echocardiography was
      performed during hospital phase and 6 months after myocardial infarction. Cardiac
      arrhythmias were evaluated with classification into classes described by Lown.
      Close relation of serious cardiac arrhythmias with extension of myocardial
      involvement was noted especially in the acute phase of myocardial infarction.
      High risk arrhythmias--class IVA, IVB and V were noted in nearly 100% of patients
      in this phase with cardiac aneurysm, extensive akinesis of apex and anterior wall
      of the heart. Mean value of the ejection fraction was 31% in this group.
      Incidence of cardiac arrhythmias did not exceed 40%, ejection fraction was 56% in
      the group of patients with limited lesions to the heart, e.g. akinesis of the
      lower wall. Incidence of late cardiac arrhythmias (6 months) did not differ
      significantly in particular groups of patients. The value of ejection fraction
      remained, however, on the same level as in the hospital phase of the myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2399185
TI  - [Indications for and results of treatment of carotid artery stenosis].
AB  - The authors discuss own experience with the treatment of carotid artery stenosis.
      Diagnostic principles and indications to surgical treatment, technique of block
      anesthesia, an operation and obtained results are also discussed. Internal
      carotid artery stenosis was treated surgically in 90 patients within 1985-1988.
      Block anesthesia enabling intraoperational control of patients' consciousness was
      used in 72 cases. Satisfactory early results were noted in 92.9% of patients. Two
      patients died after surgery whereas 5 patients suffered from neurological
      complications. Favourable late results (follow-up period ranged from 6 to 48
      months) were noted in 64 out of 70 patients which reported to clinical
      examination (91.4%).

PMID- 2399186
TI  - [13-year experience with surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer].

PMID- 2399187
TI  - [Monotherapy with acebutolol in hypertensive diabetic patients].
AB  - Monotherapy of hypertension with acebutolol in diabetics in daily dose of 200-400
      mg for 6 weeks induced only non-significant and practically not acceptable
      hypotensive effect in groups of patients with hypertension and diabetes type I or
      type II without nephropathy. No therapeutical effect was observed in hypertension
      in diabetics type I with nephropathy. Administration of acebutolol to
      hypertensive diabetic patients with nephropathy resulted in tendency to increase
      in albuminuria. Values of creatinine clearance did not change at the same time.
      Also no effect of acebutolol on glycemic or lipid indices was observed. The lack
      of clear hypotensive effect under studied conditions of acebutolol in diabetic
      patients contrasted with its significant action in comparative group of
      hypertensive non-diabetic subjects.

PMID- 2399188
TI  - [Mortality rate in the capital city of Warsaw in the eighties].
AB  - Percentage of the elderly is higher in the Warsaw metropolitan area than that in
      other parts of Poland. This difference became more pronounced in the eighties. An
      analysis has shown that considering changes in the population age structure
      overall mortality rate in the Warsaw metropolitan area tended to decrease. It
      resulted from the decrease in mortality rate in the youngest (under 30 years) and
      the oldest population groups (over 74 years). An increase in mortality rate was
      noted in some subgroups of middle age and an advanced age (up to 74 years). It
      did not change the general trend, i.e. decrease in overall mortality rate.
      Mortality rate of males inhabiting Warsaw metropolitan area was lower in nearly
      all age groups in comparison with indices for the whole country. The same was
      seen in the groups of the youngest and oldest women. It may be assumed that
      health conditions favor men over women inhabiting Warsaw metropolitan area in
      comparison with the values for the whole country.

PMID- 2399189
TI  - Tissue-specific decline in cytosolic casein kinase II of the ventral prostate in
      aging rats.
AB  - An age-associated decline in the activity of cytosolic casein kinase II in the
      rat ventral prostate was observed. The decrease in specific and total activity of
      casein kinase II of prostatic cytosol obtained from 12-month old rats compared
      with that from 3-month old rats was 50% and 70%, respectively. This decrease was
      tissue specific since no such alteration in enzymic activity was found in liver,
      lung, or heart. The decline in activity was not due to an increase in the
      concentration of a casein kinase inhibitor or to altered androgenic status with
      aging. Rather, the reduction in the activity of the enzyme was commensurate with
      the decrease in the total concentration of the enzyme protein as determined by an
      ELISA using anti-casein kinase II antibodies. The activity of casein kinase II in
      the nuclear fraction of the rat prostate was not altered in aging animals. It may
      be concluded that the cytosolic form of casein kinase II in the prostate of older
      animals is regulated at the transcriptional level (but not via the androgen
      receptor complex mechanism). An alternative explanation for this observation may
      relate to altered stability of the enzyme in the prostate of older animals.

PMID- 2399190
TI  - Anti-androgenic effects of Win 49,596 on development of the neonatal mouse
      bulbourethral gland in culture.
AB  - The effects of the anti-androgen Win 49,596, a steroidal androgen receptor
      antagonist, on the testosterone (T) dependent development of neonatal mouse
      bulbourethral glands (BUGs) were examined in vitro. Day of birth (day 0) BUGs
      were grown in organ culture for 6 days in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's
      medium:Ham's F-12 media (1:1, volume/volume) with 10% fetal calf serum. Cultures
      were grown with or without T (10 nM) and various concentrations of Win 49,596 (0
      57.6 microns). The DNA content of BUGs grown with T alone increased 4-fold over
      the culture period and the epithelium grew and branched extensively; without T
      only minimal growth and epithelial morphogenesis occurred. In the presence of T,
      Win 49,596 inhibited development in a dose-dependent manner, with an ED50 of 0.8
      microM; concentrations at or above 3.6 microM produced maximal inhibition of
      development. Win 49,596 alone at 14.4 microM did not stimulate BUG growth,
      demonstrating a lack of agonist activity. BUGs grown for 3 days with Win 49,596
      and T, then an additional 6 days with only T, did not resume development. In
      summary, Win 49,596 produced a dose-dependent suppression of BUG development in
      vitro, and was not androgenic. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of Win 49,596
      persist for at least 6 days following cessation of treatment.

PMID- 2399191
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate: the use of
      archival DNA analysis in conjunction with pathological grading to predict
      clinical outcome following radical retropubic prostatectomy.
AB  - Fifty-four specimens from patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for
      clinically confined prostate cancer between 1983 and 1987 were reviewed to
      determine the potential for flow cytometric (FCM) analysis of DNA ploidy and
      replication rate to predict disease recurrence. Each specimen was deparaffinized
      for FCM analysis and the pathology slides were reviewed by a single pathologist.
      FCM characteristics were correlated with pathological grade and stage, and both
      were correlated with disease status. In this series of patients, routine FCM
      analysis of DNA ploidy and replication rate failed to significantly enhance the
      ability of standard histopathological grading to predict disease recurrence in
      patients having clinically localized prostate cancer. Aneuploid tumors
      pathologically confined to the prostate did not appear to negatively affect
      prognosis.

PMID- 2399192
TI  - Morphologic and biochemical alterations in rat prostatic tumors induced by fetal
      urogenital sinus mesenchyme.
AB  - Because fetal urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGM) has been found to be highly
      inductive when recombined with normal adult prostate tissues or normal and
      neoplastic bladder epithelium, we investigated whether fetal UGM also interacts
      with established hormone-responsive and unresponsive rat Dunning and Nb prostate
      tumors. Our results indicate that: 1) fetal UGM acts directly on selected rat
      prostatic tumors by inducing histomorphologic changes (e.g., inducing acinar
      ductal structures and secretory activity) in the tumors toward more
      differentiated forms resembling that of the adult prostate gland; 2) fetal UGM
      either increased the growth rate of or maintained the sizes of three of the four
      interacting rat prostatic tumors; and 3) fetal UGM markedly reduced the lactate
      dehydrogenase activity of Nb-autonomous tumor toward a level comparable to that
      of the normal rat prostate gland. Our data suggest that fetal UGM can directly
      affect the growth and differentiative functions of selected rat prostatic tumors.

PMID- 2399193
TI  - Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the prostate gland: our experience concerning
      101 cases with histological follow-up.
AB  - Our experience concerning 605 fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies performed
      between 1985 and 1988 is reported. FNA specimens of the prostate gland were
      compared to histological material in 101 cases: 37 patients underwent suprapubic
      prostatectomy, 15 radical prostatectomy, 28 transurethral resection, and 21 core
      needle biopsies. Adenocarcinoma was correctly diagnosed by using cytology in 39
      out of 40 cases; benign prostatic hypertrophy was confirmed by histology in 54
      out of 57 cytologically benign cases. The absolute sensitivity of the FNA biopsy
      was 98.2%; specificity was 98.1%; efficiency was 96%; and false negative rate was
      6.6%. Our data support the value of transrectal aspiration biopsy as a precise
      and easy method for diagnosing prostatic cancer; the low false negative rate and
      the high number of correct diagnoses underline the great accuracy of the method.

PMID- 2399194
TI  - Treatment of hormone-refractory stage D carcinoma of prostate with coumarin (1,2
      benzopyrone) and cimetidine: a pilot study.
AB  - The combination of coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) and cimetidine has been reported to
      render objective tumor regressions among patients with metastatic renal cell
      carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Subsequently, a pilot trial was conducted to
      evaluate this regimen for the treatment of stage D hormone-refractory carcinoma
      of the prostate. Patients received coumarin 100 mg orally as a single daily dose
      for 14 days; on day 15 cimetidine 300 mg four times daily was added, and both
      drugs were continued until progression of disease. Fourteen patients with
      advanced prostate cancer were treated. Nine patients had evaluable disease only,
      whereas five patients had both measurable and evaluable disease. All patients had
      bone metastases. Although there was no objective evidence of tumor regression,
      three patients (with evaluable disease only) experienced significant improvement
      in bone pain with decreased analgesic use that persisted until disease
      progression at 3, 5.5+, and 9 months. Although coumarin caused no symptomatic or
      organ dysfunction toxicity, one elderly patient experienced reversible mental
      confusion from cimetidine. Coumarin and cimetidine, at the dose and schedule
      described, are not effective for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
      However, the results of laboratory investigations suggest that further clinical
      trials of coumarin, at higher doses, may be warranted for the treatment of this
      disease.

PMID- 2399196
TI  - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy. When is it most beneficial?
AB  - When fine-needle aspiration biopsy is done skillfully, it is an accurate,
      efficient, and cost-effective method for diagnosing many diseases in selected
      patients. This article describes its uses for palpable masses of the thyroid,
      breast, and peripheral lymph nodes and some nonpalpable lesions. The authors also
      discuss its advantages and disadvantages and technical considerations that affect
      accuracy.

PMID- 2399195
TI  - Sudden onset of weakness in a 24-year-old.
AB  - Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is characterized by episodic weakness, the
      presence of precipitating factors, and the tendency to resolve spontaneously.
      Physical examination of the patient between attacks often shows no abnormalities.
      Potassium replacement therapy may be needed for severe episodes.

PMID- 2399197
TI  - What are you going to do about tail coverage.

PMID- 2399198
TI  - A simple way to manage menopause.
AB  - Menopausal women require early therapy to prevent or ameliorate signs and
      symptoms as well as pathologic consequences of menopause. Estrogen replacement
      therapy combined with adequate calcium supplementation and exercise is the only
      well-established prophylactic regimen. Medroxy-progesterone acetate (Curretab,
      Cycrin, Provera) is added to the treatment regimen to prevent endometrial
      hyperplasia in women who have not undergone hysterectomy. When estrogen therapy
      is medically contraindicated, medroxy-progesterone acetate or salmon calcitonin
      (Calcimar, Miacalcin) combined with calcium supplementation may be offered.
      Sodium fluoride (Luride) cannot be recommended for routine use at this time.
      Considering the lipoprotein effects of various estrogen-delivery systems and the
      potential side effects of other drugs, much research on the risks and benefits of
      various therapeutic methods remains to be done.

PMID- 2399199
TI  - Curing acute leukemias in the 1990s.
AB  - Recent advances have raised hope that all acute leukemias may be curable by the
      end of this decade. More specific and thus more effective and less toxic
      chemotherapy is now possible, and bone marrow transplantation has resulted in
      long-term survival of many patients. The authors discuss current management of
      acute leukemias and explain the implications of the latest research.

PMID- 2399200
TI  - Operating on HIV-positive patients. What are the risks to healthcare workers? To
      patients?
AB  - Is the degree of risk involved in providing health care to people infected with
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acceptable? Every health care worker, even if
      only for a few anxious minutes, has certainly worried about this risk. Drs
      Wilson, Williams, and Robinson discuss these concerns and summarize the
      indications and prognoses for surgery to treat some common AIDS-related
      syndromes.

PMID- 2399201
TI  - When patients consider suicide. Risk factors to watch for.
AB  - While every patient who talks about suicide should be taken seriously, some
      patients are more likely than others to commit suicide. The author discusses the
      personal, social, medical, and psychiatric factors associated with high suicide
      risk and suggests strategies for intervention+.

PMID- 2399202
TI  - Elevated cholesterol levels. How to individualize treatment.
AB  - Each of the three case studies represents a common presentation of a patient with
      elevated lipid levels. By categorizing patients using the guidelines of the
      National Cholesterol Education Program and considering the high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol level, clinicians can more reliably assess response to
      treatment. An elevated total cholesterol level is only one of several important
      risk factors for coronary artery disease that must be confronted.

PMID- 2399203
TI  - Personal physicians.

PMID- 2399204
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse and esophageal motility disorders.

PMID- 2399205
TI  - Pulmonary hemorrhage in an immunocompromised, thrombocytopenic patient. How to
      make a difficult diagnosis.
AB  - Bilateral, diffuse infiltrates visible on chest radiographs of an
      immunocompromised patient suggest the possibility of infection, but occasionally
      other interesting conditions are responsible for the clinical picture. In this
      article, the authors describe a case in which special procedures were necessary
      to make the correct diagnosis.

PMID- 2399206
TI  - My living will is done! How about yours?

PMID- 2399207
TI  - Don't let placebos fool you.

PMID- 2399208
TI  - Praise for problem-based learning.

PMID- 2399209
TI  - Fluconazole update.

PMID- 2399211
TI  - A painful lesson.

PMID- 2399210
TI  - Healthcare crisis. As I see it. What would you do to close the checkbook on
      runaway healthcare costs?

PMID- 2399212
TI  - [Relation of individual and collective searches for identity].
AB  - The idea is, that searching for personal identity is a process which is localised
      in the nucleus of the individuum and the common culture. The personal growth is
      not separable from the changing conditions in the community. Here is given a
      contribution to the questions: How appears the mutual challenge and promotion in
      this process between the individuum and the society. How can we understand the
      specific acquired ability to communicate between the individual evolutional
      patterns and the institutions which mediate the collective feelings of identity.
      Are there special possibilities to understand or even to influence this process
      for psychotherapists?

PMID- 2399213
TI  - [Encounters with strangers].
AB  - Beginning with three episodes about the encounter with the alien (from a working
      group, a therapeutic group and from the actual public discussion about aliens) it
      is pointed out, why the encounter with the alien is both, fascinating and
      frightening. From the psychoanalytic point of view this is explained with the
      concept of the representation of the alien, especially under the genetic,
      adaptive and topic aspects. Finally from the initial examples conclusions for
      counseling and psychotherapy are drawn.

PMID- 2399214
TI  - [Ego identity in children and adolescents].
AB  - Based upon Erik H. Erikson's theory, the development of ego identity during
      childhood and adolescence is shown. In three main parts (the ages of babyhood,
      preschool childhood, school age and adolescence), relevant stages of this
      development are characterized. Case studies taken from the three stages focus on
      the problems of identity formation and on the therapeutic process.

PMID- 2399215
TI  - [Retrospective analysis of 1,064 rapid biopsy studies for quality control].

PMID- 2399216
TI  - [Possibilities for the use of administrative electronic data processing in
      clinical pathology].

PMID- 2399217
TI  - [Metastatic "plexosarcoma" of the jejunum].

PMID- 2399218
TI  - [Generalization of Crohn disease].

PMID- 2399219
TI  - [Serous, papillary cystadenocarcinoma (borderline type) of the retroperitoneum].

PMID- 2399220
TI  - Inner-city women at risk for cervical cancer: behavioral and utilization factors
      related to inadequate screening.
AB  - This study investigated the relationships between health care utilization,
      knowledge, attitudes, sociodemographic characteristics, and adequacy of cervical
      cancer screening among a random sample of women from inner-city neighborhoods
      with high rates of cervical cancer mortality. Of 416 women interviewed, 30.3%
      reported hysterectomies; women with intact uteri (N = 290) are the subjects of
      this analysis. Over two-fifths (44.1%) reported not receiving adequate Pap
      testing during the previous 4 years. Compared with adequately screened women,
      they were more likely to be 45 years or older, have no medical insurance, report
      never having been to an obstetrician-gynecologist, recall never having been told
      by a medical provider how often to get a Pap test, rely on providers for adequate
      screening, report not seeking care as often as they think they should, have less
      knowledge of risk factors for cervical cancer, and believe that women should get
      Pap tests less than yearly. Separate models for younger and older women showed
      that these factors vary by age, demonstrating the need for interventions to be
      sensitive to age subgroups. These findings suggest that cancer control activities
      should place more emphasis on motivating women as well as influencing the health
      care delivery system to maximize reductions in cervical cancer.

PMID- 2399221
TI  - Demonstration of replicable dimensions of health behaviors.
AB  - Health behaviors are known to be multidimensional, but the precise number of
      dimensions involved and their behavioral content have not been clearly
      established. Using convergence of factor analyses of 40 health behaviors across
      two samples as the criterion for identifying both the number and content of
      health behavior dimensions, the present study showed that individual differences
      in health behavior can be conceptualized in terms of a hierarchical model. At the
      most general level, health behaviors formed two broad categories or dimensions,
      preventive behavior and risk taking behavior. Preventive behavior included two
      empirically distinct subsets of behaviors, wellness maintenance behaviors and
      accident control behaviors. Risk taking behavior included subsets comprised of
      traffic-related risk taking and risk taking through exposure to hazardous
      substances. This hierarchical model is consistent with important theoretical
      distinctions in health behavior research, can accommodate the findings of prior
      studies, and should provide a useful framework for formulating research questions
      regarding antecedents and consequences of individual differences in health
      behaviors. Brief scales are proposed for use as reference measures in future
      studies of health behaviors.

PMID- 2399222
TI  - Worksite health promotion survey: smoking control activities.
AB  - As part of the National Worksite Health Promotion Survey, a representative sample
      of worksites across the United States with 50 or more employees was asked about
      the presence and types of activities they sponsor to promote smoking control.
      Smoking control activities were reported at 35.6% (CI 32.6-38.6) of all
      worksites. Among worksites with any smoking control activity 76.5% (CI 71.7-81.3)
      had a formal policy restricting smoking, 54.3% (CI 48.7-59.9) provided
      information about the harmful effects of smoking, and 49.6% (CI 44.4-54.8) made
      self-help materials available. Individual counseling, group classes, workshops,
      follow-up support and reinforcement, or special events were available at 38.3%
      (CI 32.9-43.7) of worksites with any smoking control activities. Frequency
      increased as worksite size increased, with large frequency differences between
      the smallest and largest worksites. Smoking policies were most often put into
      effect to protect the health of nonsmokers (39.1%, CI 32.1-46.1) or to comply
      with regulations or laws (38.2%, CI 32.2-44.2). The most frequently reported
      benefit to the worksite of smoking control activities was improved employee
      health (35%, CI 26.2-43.8). Benefits were considered to outweigh the cost of
      activities at 36% (CI 29.6-42.4) of worksites, although 41.7% (CI 34.7-48.7) said
      it was too soon to gauge the relative size of costs and benefits.

PMID- 2399223
TI  - Cessation and relapse in a year-long workplace quit-smoking contest.
AB  - In an attempt to increase the impact of smoking cessation activities, some recent
      studies have examined the use of contests and competitions. The study reported
      here evaluates a year-long multiple-lottery quit-smoking contest at Volvo
      Flygmotor, the Volvo aircraft engine manufacturing company in Trollhattan,
      Sweden. Lotteries were held at 1, 6, and 12 months after the contest began. By
      quitting for at least 1 month, enrollees were eligible to win cash prizes.
      Maintaining nonsmoking status from a previous lottery automatically qualified
      enrollees for the next one. Smoking status was established by self-report,
      expired carbon monoxide, and saliva cotinine. Seventy-three employees,
      representing approximately 10% of the company's smokers, entered the contest
      during the initial 2-week enrollment period. Point prevalence 1-month and 6-month
      cessation rates were 64.4 and 49.3%, respectively. Continuous abstinence 6-month
      and 1-year rates were 45.2 and 32.8% respectively. Psychological, home, work and
      smoking history variables generally were not related to cessation or relapse.

PMID- 2399224
TI  - Smokers' preferences for assistance with cessation.
AB  - An important issue for public health approaches to smoking control is determining
      smokers' preferences for the different types of services available to assist with
      smoking cessation. In a population survey in the state of South Australia,
      smokers were asked to nominate the forms of assistance that they thought would
      help them to stop: a stop-smoking group; a lecture; a telephone counseling
      service; a book, a pamphlet, or a quit kit; a television program or a video
      program conducted through the mail; a program through their doctor; a program
      through another health professional; or none of these options. Forty-six percent
      of current smokers stated that they were interested in none of the options. Among
      the preferences that were expressed for the different forms of assistance, 67%
      were for services from a medical practitioner or other health professional; 12.4%
      for a stop-smoking group; 23.1% for a book, a pamphlet, or a quit kit; and 2.9%
      for mail or telephone services. The strong preferences for indirect methods that
      an earlier study and recent commentators have identified did not emerge in this
      survey. Preferences for personalized, as opposed to indirect forms of assistance,
      were more likely to be expressed by heavy smokers, those with less confidence of
      success at stopping, those with greater perceived difficulty of stopping, and
      those who had reported shorter periods of previous abstinence from smoking.

PMID- 2399225
TI  - Dietary patterns of U.S. children: implications for disease prevention.
AB  - Nutritional data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
      (NHANES II) were analyzed to assess dietary patterns of a representative sample
      of U.S. children and youth ages 1-17 years. The data show that the average U.S.
      child's diet is relatively high in total and saturated fat and low in the ratio
      of polyunsaturated to saturated fat. These dietary patterns deviate from current
      dietary recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The
      percentage contributions of specific macronutrients to total energy intake (in
      kilocalories) were total fat, 35-36%; total carbohydrates, 49-51%; and protein,
      15-16%. This is in contrast to current expert recommendations for children of 30%
      of kilocalories as total fat, 55% as carbohydrates, and 15% as protein. The
      observed intake of saturated fat in U.S. children was 13% of kilocalories vs a
      recommended level of 10% of kilocalories. The observed ratio of polyunsaturated
      to saturated fat intake was 0.4 vs a recommended ratio of 1.0. There were
      important racial differences in fat intakes, with blacks generally having higher
      cholesterol and total fat intakes. White children generally consumed more of
      their calories as carbohydrates than did black children, but there were no
      differences in protein intakes between the two groups. In summary, these data
      suggest that the average U.S. child's diet deviates from recommended dietary
      guidelines for fat and cholesterol intakes. Black children's dietary patterns
      appear less favorable for cardiovascular health than those of white children.
      However, the data also show that achieving recommended dietary intake patterns
      probably will not require drastic changes in the U.S. child's diet.

PMID- 2399226
TI  - Systolic blood pressure and cardiovascular mortality among 13,740 Dutch women.
AB  - Prospective data of cardiovascular mortality in relation to the systolic blood
      pressure of women are scarce, especially when combined with other risk factors.
      The association between systolic blood pressure and cardiovascular mortality was
      therefore studied in a 10-year follow-up of a population of 13,740 Dutch women,
      born between 1911 and 1925 who participated in a population-based breast cancer
      screening project (the DOM Project). Age-adjusted mortality rates over the 10
      year follow-up period suggest a J-shaped pattern of cardiovascular mortality
      according to level of systolic blood pressure. Age-adjusted total cardiovascular,
      coronary, and cerebrovascular mortality rate ratios were significantly greater
      than 1.0 among women with elevated systolic blood pressure. Within categories of
      other risk factors (obesity index, diabetes mellitus, current smoking, and use of
      antihypertensive medicines) the age-adjusted cardiovascular rate ratios did not
      show confounding by any of these variables. A very high increase in
      cardiovascular mortality was observed among hypertensive diabetic women. This
      study shows that elevated systolic blood pressure is associated with increased
      rates of cardiovascular mortality for women in this age group.

PMID- 2399227
TI  - Knowledge, attitudes, treatment practices, and health behaviors of nurses
      regarding blood cholesterol and cardiovascular disease.
AB  - Knowledge, attitudes, and practice patterns concerning cholesterol and heart
      disease were evaluated in a stratified, random sample of 206 registered nurses at
      a major academic medical center in New York City. Virtually all nurses were
      convinced of the importance of diet in reducing heart disease risk, and most
      (78%) agreed that nutrition counseling should be their responsibility. Although
      only 19% reported that they were currently counseling, many more felt prepared to
      counsel about diet or drug therapy (43%). Nurses who were likely to counsel were
      those working in general medicine, those who were certified nurse practitioners,
      those who knew their own blood cholesterol level, and those with higher knowledge
      scores. Level of overall knowledge was associated with the practice of
      counseling, an attitude that counseling should be a nurse's responsibility, and
      personal health behavior (knew own level), regardless of age or occupational or
      degree status. Despite their enthusiasm for heart disease prevention through diet
      modification, many nurses had substantial knowledge gaps, suggesting that nurses
      are currently not adequately prepared to counsel about diet and/or drug treatment
      for high blood cholesterol. Educational strategies and considerations in
      integrating an expanded role for nurses with those of physicians and dietitians
      are discussed.

PMID- 2399228
TI  - The need for frequent and better dietary assessment of children.

PMID- 2399229
TI  - [Occupational and non-occupational effects of asbestos].
AB  - Forty-eight cases of mesothelioma from the National Cancer Register, and 19 cases
      of pleural plaques were investigated for non-occupational exposure to asbestos,
      and compared with results obtained in earlier studies on occupational asbestos
      induced lesions. The results of the investigation confirmed reports in the
      literature indicating that even in the non-occupational area, asbestos represents
      a non-negligible risk, in particular for diseases of the lungs. Individual causes
      proved to be the cleaning by members of the family of working clothes
      contaminated with asbestos in 46% of the cases, followed by the use of asbestos
      containing materials in the household (20.9%) or in connection with leisure
      activities (14.9%). In addition, exposure to asbestos fibre emissions of people
      living close to an asbestos-processing plant were observed. Recognition of the
      condition as an occupation-related disease is not possible. The consequence to be
      drawn from these data is that, in accordance with present regulations, the use of
      asbestos-free materials in the home and in the area of leisure activities must be
      promoted. In this way, such lesions can be avoided in the future.

PMID- 2399231
TI  - [Criteria for excluding toxicopy diagnosis].
AB  - Toxicopy is an exclusion diagnosis, which means that all other possible
      explanations or triggering mechanisms must be reliably shown not to be
      responsible for the condition presenting. The following causes in particular must
      be excluded before toxicopy is diagnosed: exposure to one or more substances at
      concentrations known to be noxious to health, cumulative and synergistic effects
      of several substances, sensitisation of the patient involved, hormesis, measuring
      errors or inappropriate methods of analysis that are not capable of identifying
      substance concentrations that might be noxious to health.

PMID- 2399230
TI  - [Hard metal-induced lung changes. Hard metal asthma--interstitial hard metal
      pneumopathy].
AB  - Hard metal pneumopathy and hard metal asthma are two separate forms of hard metal
      lung disease. Cobalt is the probable causal agent involved. Bronchial provocation
      with hard metal powder induces obstruction within 2 hours of the challenge.
      Suspected hard metal pneumopathy, however, should be confirmed or excluded by a
      period of non-exposure followed by re-exposure, since the long-term exposure in
      patients suffering from hard-metal pneumopathy leads to pulmonary fibrosis.

PMID- 2399232
TI  - [Concepts of a preventive environmental policy].
AB  - To date, environmental policy has been primarily reactive and curative. For the
      most part, it concentrated on repairing damage already done--and this restricted
      to only certain sections of the overall complex environment/society
      interrelationship. Such an approach has numerous defects: for example, problems
      are usually solved only in restricted areas, only to appear again in a different
      form in a different area, space and time. It is thus becoming ever more apparent
      that environmental policy requires a completely new approach, the direction of
      which appears clear: on the one hand greater involvement of the population, on
      the other a shift to damage containment to damage prevention. From the point of
      view of this new preventive environmental policy, the question is investigated as
      to whether and to what extent ecological requirements can be integrated into such
      traditional areas of farming, technology and energy, and how ecological thinkcan
      be generally integrated within policy areas with environmental relevance.

PMID- 2399233
TI  - [Bronchopulmonary diseases and the environment: a generation problem. The
      environment and pneumology: recognizing damage--damage containment].
AB  - The bronchopulmonary system is at particular risk from environmental pollution.
      At the same time, numerous natural and personal confounding variables are also
      effective, and investigations need to give then careful consideration. In
      particular such diseases as pulmonary emphysema, bronchitis, obstructive airways
      diseases and carcinoma of the lung may be due to environmental factors. Highly
      reliable methods of detecting such diseases are presented. The use of these
      methods by specially trained staff with the requisite skills and knowledge, is a
      precondition for reliable results. Numerous uncertainties associated with these
      requirements led to a certain unreliability of the results obtained in earlier
      studies. Provided that the above requirements are met, the present state of the
      technological art makes it possible to identify even more subtle damage that can
      be caused by environmental factors.

PMID- 2399234
TI  - [Biological monitoring at the work site].
AB  - To evaluate the standard of industrial hygiene whilst dealing with pathogenic
      substances, threshold limit values, (TL-Values) have to be observed. This
      strategically important preventive concept is being supplemented by a secondary
      preventive measure. This is legally based on Section 8. Workers' Protection Act
      (physical aptitude of workers), Federal Ordinance Nr. 39/1974 regarding the
      physical aptitude of workers for specified jobs. The determination of pathogenic
      substances or their metabolites in body fluids, therefore, constitutes a
      possibility to evaluate the individual health hazard. In addition, the problems
      of the test concept to evaluate the effects of exposure to polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons by means of determining DNA-PAH adducts are discussed.

PMID- 2399235
TI  - [Social problems associated with chronic bronchitis].
AB  - The relationships between schooling, occupation, symptoms of chronic bronchitis
      and smoking habits were investigated in 5,000 people. This study was done in
      conjunction with a mass X-ray screening effort in a district of Budapest. The
      number of smokers among those with an academic education was 6-7% lower than in
      the group with primary school education. Symptoms of bronchitis are less common
      among the smokers in the former group (7%) than among those in the latter group
      (18%). The incidence of bronchitis was also lower among intellectuals. It is
      assumed that higher education or a higher cultural level is associated with a
      healthier and more modern life style, cigarette smoking being only one, albeit
      the most important, factor involved.

PMID- 2399236
TI  - [Dynamics of the loss of pulmonary function in patients with silicosis--a
      retrospective analysis by experts].
AB  - In a longitudinal study involving 109 patients suffering from silicosis, the
      development of lung function impairment was investigated. As a rule, functional
      disorders were found to develop only after the age of 50. Obstructive ventilation
      disturbances are by far the most common and are followed by restrictive
      disorders. Residual volume and arterial PO2 on physical exercise showed the
      highest rates of functional impairment and deterioration. The changeover to the
      more severely impaired groups occurred most quickly in the case of PO2--within a
      period of 4.3 +/- 2.2 years.

PMID- 2399237
TI  - [Occupational disability evaluation: comparison of subjective assessment with an
      objective point system].
AB  - Our assessments of working disability in 83 expertize on silicosis suffers were
      subsequently compared with a computer-aided scoring system. In 57% of the cases,
      full agreement was found; in 14% our estimates were higher and in 20% lower than
      the computer-aided scores. We investigated the reasons for the discrepancies, and
      attempted an assessment of computer-aided establishment of medical expertize.

PMID- 2399238
TI  - [Sleep apnea and the work site].
AB  - The sleep apnoea syndrome (SAS) is characterised by somatic, in particular
      cardiopulmonary and psychosocial, symptoms, the latter severely impairing the
      patient's social life. Excessive daytime somnolence and the resulting problems
      severely stress patients with SAS. Among 24 patients with SAS, 79.2% stated that
      they fell asleep during the day, frequently in 41.8% and occasionally in 37.4%.
      In addition, 70.8% of the patients with SA did not feel adequately rested on
      waking in the morning. Of the 24 patients, 17 had a job, and 11 of these
      experienced difficulty staying awake at the workplace. Suitable timely treatment
      (for example, with n-CPAP) improves not only the somatic, but also the
      neuropsychological symptoms.

PMID- 2399239
TI  - [Results of preventive screening of chimney sweeps].
AB  - In a prospective study, 18 chimney sweeps aged between 21 and 57 years were
      examined with the aim of detecting the presence of heavy metals in the blood and
      urine, and identifying cardiopulmonary diseases. Elevated concentrations of
      cadmium were found in three cases, and of lead in two cases, the concentrations
      being such that damage to health could not be excluded. None of the chimney
      sweeps showed any signs of bronchial hyper-reactivity or coronary heart disease.
      With respect to risk factors for coronary heart disease, elevated cholesterol
      and/or triglyceride levels were observed in 7/16 patients. These figures are
      compatible with the average figures for the Austrian population at large.

PMID- 2399240
TI  - [Mold allergies--a challenge in diagnosis and therapy].
AB  - Problems in the diagnosis of mould allergies arise from a large number of mould
      species, different expression of allergens and limited supply of allergens in
      test systems. Only the use of many different and special diagnostic methods
      enables an accurate clearing up of diseases. Not until all diagnostic problems
      are resolved, an adequate therapy is possible and should use new ways.

PMID- 2399241
TI  - [Preventive vocational measures for adolescents with asthma and allergies--a
      model project].
AB  - The difficulties encountered by asthmatic and allergic youngsters faced with
      choosing a career represent a problem that is gaining in relevance. The general
      prohibition of certain trades is, for many of those involved, both unsatisfactory
      and lacing in future prospects. In a model project supported by the Federal
      Institute of Labour is intended to help young people with asthma and allergies.
      By means of an interdisciplinary programme involving psychologists, teachers,
      instructors and physicians, the youngsters are given advice on how to chose a
      career/profession on the basis of their personal interests, abilities, job
      suitability and health situation. Between September 1987 and March 1989, 50
      persons, including 43 asthmatics participated in this programme. In contrast to
      the poor level of schooling, the intelligence test revealed a normal
      distribution. The psychological stress tolerance was reduced in two-thirds of the
      subjects. In 7 cases, workplace-associated changes in pulmonary function were
      established; in 11 cases workplace-related dermatological problems were seen.
      Only one-third of the youngsters were considered suitable for careers in
      industry; the majority were advised to take advantage of the training or
      rehabilitation possibilities offered by the Federal Institute of Labour.

PMID- 2399242
TI  - [Toxicopy--an overview].

PMID- 2399243
TI  - [Allergic alveolitis or intrinsic asthma? (A case report)].
AB  - We report on a 37-year old patient with a simple viral infection who presented
      with acute bronchitis with bronchospasm, a productive cough and severe dyspnoea.
      Because of his specific occupational history--the patient is a forester and was
      exposed to wood dust and fungi--he was at high risk for extrinsic allergic
      alveolitis with mucoid impaction, so that the cause of hypoxemia and cyanosis was
      obvious. Repeated immunological parameters including gel-precipitations were
      negative: The lung function pattern (reduced vital capacity, a reduced FEV1,
      reduced flow values at low vital capacity and with the characteristic shape of
      the flow volume-curve but normal airway-resistance) suggested the diagnosis of
      intrinsic asthma limited to the small airways - "bronchiolar asthma" - severe
      small airway disease.

PMID- 2399244
TI  - [Long-term follow-up of pulmonary hypertension of unknown etiology].
AB  - Since 1967, 166 patients with primary pulmonary hypertension of unknown etiology
      have been followed-up at the Department of Cardiology at the University of
      Vienna. Although an exact etiopathogenetic differentiation was not possible,
      three groups of patients were identified clinically: patients with so-called
      primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH)--group 1; patients with pulmonary
      hypertension induced by anorexipens (aminorex fumarate)--group 2; and patients
      with pulmonary hypertension due to emboli in the large pulmonary vessels--group
      3. In addition to non-invasive echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary
      pressures, regular cardiac catheterizations were carried out, which revealed
      right atrial mean pressure, cardiac output, and mixed venous saturation to be
      prognostic predictive factors. Patients with anorexigen-induced pulmonary
      hypertension have a clearly better life expectancy than those with PPH. Owing to
      the temporally limited effect of the pulmonary hypertension-inducing agent,
      aminorex fumarate (Menocil), patients with anorexigen-induced pulmonary
      hypertension may be considered a model group for drug-induced vascular pathology.

PMID- 2399245
TI  - The Hamilton scales.

PMID- 2399246
TI  - The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale in a WHO collaborative program.

PMID- 2399247
TI  - The different versions of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.

PMID- 2399248
TI  - Structured interview guides for the Hamilton Rating Scales.

PMID- 2399249
TI  - The Hamilton Depression Scale and the numerical description of the symptoms of
      depression.

PMID- 2399250
TI  - The relationship of conceptus number and fetal sex to maternal serum testosterone
      concentration in the rat.
AB  - On Day 8 of pregnancy, the number of implantation sites in pregnant rats was
      adjusted to 1, 2, 4, 6, or greater than 10. Blood was collected on Days 11, 12,
      15, 18, and 20 for the determination of serum testosterone, progesterone, and
      androstenedione. Serum testosterone levels exhibited a direct linear relationship
      with implantation number, increasing from 1 through greater than 10 implants.
      This linear relationship was particularly evident at Days 12, 15, and 18 of
      pregnancy. Serum progesterone levels increased from one to four conceptuses and
      plateaued above this number. There was no apparent relationship between the
      number of conceptuses and serum androstenedione levels, which may reflect the
      multiple origins of this steroid in the pregnant rat. In a separate group of rats
      in which the number of conceptuses was adjusted to three on Day 8 of pregnancy,
      blood was collected on Days 11, 12, 15, 18, and 20. Fetal sex was determined
      between the last bleeding and the day of parturition. Serum testosterone was
      determined and results were examined with regard to the number of male/female
      fetuses in the litter of three. There was no relationship between maternal serum
      testosterone levels and the number of male fetuses, indicating that the fetal
      testis does not make a significant contribution to circulating maternal
      testosterone levels.

PMID- 2399251
TI  - A double isotope technique to determine regional albumin permeability: effects of
      anesthesia.
AB  - The transvascular leakage of albumin in various organs and tissues was studied
      with a double isotope technique in rats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital,
      given intraperitoneally or intravenously, and in unanesthetized (conscious) rats.
      125I-labeled albumin and 131I-labeled albumin were injected into the tail vein 1
      hr apart. The albumin permeability index in tissues and organs is indicated by
      the local ratio (Xa/Ya)/(Xb/Yb), where (Xa/Ya) is the ratio of 125I/131I-albumin
      activities per g of tissue and (Xb/Yb) is the ratio of 125I/131I-albumin
      activities per g of blood. If there is no passage of albumin across the capillary
      membrane over the 1-hr period of study, the permeability index will be equal to
      one. In unanesthetized rats, the liver, lung, kidney, femoral muscle, and femoral
      skin were regions with a high albumin permeability index (above 2). In these
      organs, intraperitoneal and intravenous anesthesia caused a decrease or no
      significant change of the albumin permeability index. There was no significant
      albumin leakage over 1-hr period (index not significantly different from 1) in
      the mesentery, abdominal muscle, abdominal skin, cremaster, heart, and brain of
      unanesthetized rats. Intraperitoneal anesthesia caused the albumin permeability
      index to increase to approximately 4 in the mesentery, abdominal muscle, and the
      abdominal skin, but not in the cremaster, heart, or brain. These results
      demonstrate that pentobarbital anesthesia when given into the peritoneal cavity
      causes a significant increase in albumin leakage in the abdominal region.

PMID- 2399252
TI  - Depressed prolactin cell activity in long-term blind-pinealectomized female
      hamsters is due to loss of estrous cyclicity.
AB  - Pinealectomy in the female golden Syrian hamster is not always completely
      effective in preventing the suppressive effects of long-term light deprivation
      due to blinding on pituitary prolactin (PRL) cell activity. We examined this
      curious phenomenon by measuring pituitary PRL mRNA levels, PRL synthesis, and
      radioimmunoassayable PRL, and correlating these changes with the status of
      estrous cyclicity. As expected, 12 weeks of light deprivation resulted in loss of
      estrous cyclicity and a greater than 90% decline in all indices of pituitary PRL
      cell activity, compared with intact cycling controls. Pinealectomy prevented only
      40-50% of this decline. However, if noncycling light-deprived pinealectomized
      animals were excluded, pinealectomy was completely effective, i.e., cycling
      intact control animals were no different than cycling blind-pinealectomized. We
      conclude that the inability of pinealectomy to completely prevent the decline in
      prolactin cell activity seen after blinding is due to the loss of estrous
      cyclicity in some blind-pinealectomized females, with the attendant loss of the
      prolactin-stimulating hormone estrogen.

PMID- 2399253
TI  - Effects of dietary tin and copper on rat hepatocellular antioxidant protection.
AB  - The effects of dietary tin on copper status and on enzymes and metabolites
      involved in hepatocellular antioxidant protection were measured in rats fed
      copper-adequate or copper-deficient diets with glucose or fructose. Rats became
      copper-depleted after 4 weeks on diets containing less than 0.5 micrograms of
      copper/g as evidenced by significant decreases in liver copper and serum
      ceruloplasmin. Signs of copper deficiency occurred in copper-depleted rats fed
      diets containing 100 micrograms of tin/g. Significant effects of tin on liver
      glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities and on liver iron and
      total glutathione concentrations were observed. Interactions between copper and
      tin on liver copper and iron and on liver superoxide dismutase and
      malondialdehyde production are reported. Adverse effects of feeding diets
      containing 100 micrograms of tin/g include (i) copper depletion in rats fed
      copper-adequate diets, (ii) accelerated development of copper deficiency in rats
      fed copper-deficient diets, and (iii) reduction in hepatocellular antioxidant
      protection.

PMID- 2399254
TI  - Exercise stress and murine natural killer cell function.
AB  - Male C3He mice were trained to run on a treadmill (final speed, slope, and
      duration of 30 m/min, 8 degrees, 30 min/day, 5 days/week, respectively) for 10
      weeks or they remained sedentary. At the end of the training program, half of the
      mice were sacrificed and half were given a single bout of exercise to exhaustion
      (50% stepwise increases in final running speed for 2-min intervals). Splenic
      catecholamine concentrations, splenic natural killer cell cytolytic activity
      against YAC-1 tumor targets, and frequency of asialo GM1 (a murine natural killer
      cell surface glycolipid)-positive splenocytes were assessed. Exhaustive exercise
      in both trained and untrained mice reduced the in vitro killing of tumor targets
      by splenic natural killer cells relative to killing by splenocytes from mice
      which did not undergo the acute exercise bout (P less than 0.05). The frequency
      of asialo GM1-positive splenocytes was also reduced in the exhaustively exercised
      animals (P less than 0.05). Training alone, without the additional stress of
      exhaustive exercise, reduced the frequency of asialo GM1-positive splenocytes
      relative to a sedentary condition (P less than 0.05), but did not compromise
      natural killer cell cytolytic activity against the tumor targets. Splenic
      epinephrine concentrations in the exhaustively exercised animals were elevated 3-
      to 5-fold above the concentrations observed in trained and sedentary mice. These
      results suggest that a single, acute exercise bout reduces the capacity of
      splenic natural killer cells to kill tumor targets in vitro and that training
      enhances splenic natural killer cell cytolytic activity, on a per cell basis,
      against tumor targets.

PMID- 2399255
TI  - The influence of 24,25(OH)2D3 on the calcemic effect of 1,25(OH)2D in rats with
      chronic renal failure is parathyroid hormone dependent.
AB  - Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that 24,25(OH)2D3 attenuates the
      calcemic effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 in rats with reduced renal mass. This study was
      undertaken to clarify the role of parathyroid hormone in this response. Adult
      rats (n = 27) with reduced renal mass after parathyroidectomy with an initial
      plasma calcium of 3.7 +/- 0.1 mEq/liter were divided into four groups: (i)
      control rats and rats treated with (ii) 24,25(OH)2D3, (iii) 1,25(OH)2D3, and (iv)
      both 1,25 and 24,25(OH)2D3. After 4 days significant hypercalcemia was seen in
      PTX animals receiving 1,25(OH)2D3 alone or in combination with 24,25(OH)2D3.
      Plasma calcium in the combined therapy rats (7.42 +/- 0.22 mEq/liter) was
      significantly higher than in those treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 alone (6.68 +/- 0.22
      mEq/liter, P less than 0.05). After 8 days, plasma calcium was higher in the rats
      treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 but was of same magnitude in those treated with
      1,25(OH)2D3 alone or in combination with 24,25(OH)2D3. In contrast, in a subset
      of rats (n = 35) with reduced renal mass but intact parathyroid glands similarly
      treated with the vitamin D metabolites, a blunted calcemic response was seen
      after the combination of 1,25(OH)2D3 with 25,25(OH)2D3 administration alone.
      These results show that in rats with reduced renal mass, 24,25(OH)2D3 attenuates
      the calcemic effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 only in the presence of intact parathyroid
      glands. The different calcemic responses to 1,25 or combined 1,25 and
      24,25(OH)2D3 in intact or parathyroidectomized rats with chronic renal
      insufficiency may result from different interaction between the vitamin D
      metabolites and the parathyroid hormone, presumably at the level of bone.

PMID- 2399256
TI  - Stress modulates cholesterol-induced changes in plasma and liver fatty acid
      composition in rats fed n-6 fatty acid-rich oils.
AB  - The effects of dietary cholesterol (CH) and isolation stress on fatty acid
      compositions of plasma and liver cholesteryl ester and phospholipids were
      compared in growing rats fed an 18:2n-6 or an 18:3n-6 enriched semisynthetic diet
      for 2 weeks. Stress, CH-feeding, and dietary fats had no significant effects on
      plasma CH level, but CH-feeding alone elevated the liver CH concentrations. CH
      feeding also modulated the liver polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions, i.e.,
      increasing 18:2n-6 levels, and reducing 20:4n-6 levels, indicating an inhibition
      of the enzymes, delta-6 and delta-5-desaturases. The extent of these changes was
      less in rats fed 18:3n-6 than in those fed 18:2n-6. Stress, which alone had no
      significant effects on plasma and liver fatty acid compositions, attenuated the
      CH-induced changes of fatty acid levels.

PMID- 2399257
TI  - Digitalis attenuates arterial hypertrophy in experimental hypertension.
AB  - Several investigators have reported that digitalis administration reduces cardiac
      hypertrophy in rats with experimental hypertension. To determine whether
      digitalis similarly affects growth of arteries, we studied young (5- to 14-week
      old), male, one-kidney, one-clip hypertensive rats (1K1C; n = 14) and one-kidney
      normotensive control rats (1K; n = 26). Half of the rats received digoxin (150
      mg/kg body wt/day) in chow starting 1-2 weeks before clipping (1K1C-D; 1K-D); the
      other half were pair-fed (1K1C-C; 1K-C). Serum digoxin levels averaging 488 ng/ml
      were documented in rats receiving digoxin. After 3-5 weeks of hypertension
      (conscious tail blood pressures), and at a similar time period in normotensive
      control rats, we measured direct femoral arterial pressure and weighed
      standardized segments of the thoracic aorta. At sacrifice body weights of the
      four groups did not differ. In the one-kidney control rats, mean +/- SE femoral
      arterial pressure (1K-D, 108 +/- 3; 1K-C, 111 +/- 4, mm Hg), thoracic aortic dry
      weight (1K-D, 36.6 +/- 0.6; 1K-C, 36.2 +/- 1.1. mg/kg body wt), and aortic water
      content (1K-D, 62.7 +/- 0.4; 1K-C, 62.4 +/- 0.4, % wet weight) did not differ
      between rats receiving or not receiving digoxin, respectively. As compared with
      pooled normotensive control rats, femoral arterial pressure (1K1C-D, 165 +/- 8;
      1K1C-C, 153 +/- 5), aortic water content (1K1C-D, 64.8 +/- 0.4; 1K1C-C, 64.9 +/-
      0.5), and aortic weight (1K1C-D, 44.8 +/- 2.1; 1K1C-C, 50.1 +/- 1.6) were
      increased (P less than 0.001) in the one-kidney, one-clip rats, on or off
      digoxin. Comparison of hypertensive rats receiving to those not receiving digoxin
      revealed no differences in arterial pressure or aortic water content, but aortic
      growth was significantly attenuated (-41%, P = 0.02) in the hypertensive rats
      receiving digoxin. These results provide evidence that digoxin reduces
      hypertensive arterial growth by a mechanism that does not affect normal growth.

PMID- 2399258
TI  - Luteinizing hormone secretion as a response to a second naltrexone
      administration.
AB  - Previous studies with naltrexone (Nalt), a "long-lasting" opioid antagonist,
      demonstrated a rapid increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion which
      gradually declined, reaching baseline values after 1 hr. A second Nalt challenge,
      120 min later, caused only a blunted response. This poor reaction has been shown
      in this study not to be due to lack of pituitary responsiveness, because LH
      releasing hormone treatment revealed a normal response. A time-response study was
      carried out in order to establish the refractory period length, by administering
      a second Nalt injection at 0 hr (immediately after the first injection) and at 2,
      4, 8, 16, and 24 hr after the first bolus. Partial responsiveness could be
      achieved 2 and 4 hr after the first challenge. However, only after 8 hr was a
      full response recorded. The diurnal changes in serum LH (nadir at 18.00 hr) did
      not affect the response to Nalt challenge. It is suggested that in the presence
      of a Nalt blockade, nonopioid systems are able to "normalize" LH blood levels.
      However, when Nalt blood levels have fallen sufficiently to allow the endogenous
      opioid system to take primary control again, then a second Nalt injection will
      provoke a renewed response.

PMID- 2399259
TI  - Propionate inhibits hepatocyte lipid synthesis.
AB  - Oat bran lowers serum cholesterol in animals and humans. Propionate, a short
      chain fatty acid produced by colonic bacterial fermentation of soluble fiber, is
      a potential mediator of this action. We tested the effect of propionate on
      hepatocyte lipid synthesis in rats using [1-14C]acetate, 3H2O, and [2
      14C]mevalonate as precursors. Propionate produced a statistically significant
      inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis from [1-14C]acetate at a concentration of
      1.0 mM and from 3H2O and [2-14C]mevalonate at concentrations of 2.5 mM.
      Propionate also produced a significant inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis at
      concentrations of 2.5 mM using [1-14C]acetate as a precursor. The demonstration
      of propionate-mediated inhibition of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis at
      these concentrations suggests that propionate may inhibit cholesterol and fatty
      acid biosynthesis in vivo and may mediate in part the hypolipidemic effects of
      soluble dietary fiber. Further studies are needed to clarify this action of
      propionate and to establish the exact mechanisms by which the inhibition occurs.

PMID- 2399260
TI  - Ethane production in copper-deficient rats.
AB  - Evidence is accumulating which indicates that copper-deficient animals are prone
      to oxidative damage. To investigate this possibility further, we measured the
      production of breath ethane, a hydrocarbon by-product of lipid peroxidation, in
      copper-deficient rats. Male, weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a
      purified diet which was deficient in copper (CuD) or the same diet made
      sufficient with 5 ppm of copper (CuS). After 33 to 34 days the rats were placed
      individually in gastight metabolic cages through which ethane-free air or 100% O2
      was passed. Expired ethane was absorbed onto cold, activated charcoal, liberated
      by heating, and measured by gas chromatography. Ethane production rates
      (pmoles/min/100 g +/- SD) were 3.3 +/- 0.8 (CuS-air), 4.3 +/- 1.4 (CuD-air), 8.3
      +/- 2.5 (CuS-O2), and 12.2 +/- 4.3 (CuD-O2). Repeated measures analysis of
      variance indicated that both copper deficiency (P less than 0.01) and breathing
      100% O2 (P less than 0.0001) enhanced ethane production, with no interaction
      between treatments. This finding complements previous evidence that increased
      lipid peroxidation occurs in copper-deficient rats.

PMID- 2399261
TI  - Abnormal growth and clonal proliferation of fibroblasts derived from kidneys with
      interstitial fibrosis.
AB  - Renal fibroblasts from normal kidneys (NKF cells) and from kidneys with
      interstitial fibrosis (FKIF cells) were established from biopsy material. In
      primary and passage 1 cell cultures, the amount of fibroblasts was increased by a
      factor of 5-10 in cultures derived from kidneys with interstitial fibrosis as
      compared with cultures of normal origin. As tested by clonal growth and growth
      kinetic experiments, FKIF cells showed significant alterations in the
      proliferation capacity and generation time resulting in a hyperproliferative
      growth in primary and secondary fibroblast cultures in vitro. Two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis experiments of [35S]methionine-labeled intracellular polypeptides
      revealed that FKIF cells express two proteins, p53/6.1 and p48/7.5, that are not
      present in normal kidney and skin fibroblasts. In addition, as analyzed by two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis of medium supernatants of FKIF cells, two
      secreted proteins specific for FKIF cells could be demonstrated. Cross-feeding
      experiments using conditioned medium of FKIF cells on cultures of normal human
      skin fibroblasts (NSF cells) revealed that FKIF cells may secrete proteins into
      the medium or may modify preexisting serum factors that can induce
      hyperproliferation in normal dermal fibroblasts. As tested by serial
      subcultivation and clonal analysis, FKIF cells exert significant changes in the
      differentiation pattern of potentially mitotic fibroblasts populations.

PMID- 2399262
TI  - Enzymatic removal of bilirubin toxicity by bilirubin oxidase in vitro and
      excretion of degradation products in vivo.
AB  - The toxic effects of the degradation products of bilirubin that were formed by
      reaction with bilirubin oxidase were investigated with the C 1300 mouse
      neuroblastoma cell line by examining the following parameters: growth inhibition,
      morphologic characteristics, membrane transport, DNA synthesis, and protein
      synthesis. The addition of bilirubin to the cells resulted in definite cytotoxic
      effects on all of these parameters in a dose-dependent fashion; the addition of
      bilirubin oxidase reversed the toxic effects on the C 1300 cells in vitro.
      Furthermore, we found that most of these enzymatic degradation products of
      bilirubin were excreted by the kidney into the urine in a few hours after
      intravenous injection of the degradation products; in contrast, no intact
      bilirubin was excreted. Thus, these findings suggest that hyperbilirubinemia in
      newborn infants (kernicterus) may be prevented by administering polyethylene
      glycol-conjugated bilirubin oxidase, with a longer plasma half-life which has
      been reported previously to oxidize bilirubin to its nontoxic components in the
      bloodstream.

PMID- 2399263
TI  - Proliferation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive multinucleate cells
      in ovariectomized animals.
AB  - In order to explore why ovarian hormone deficiency causes excessive osteoclastic
      bone resorption that results in osteoporosis in a large number of postmenopausal
      women, bone marrow cells from ovariectomized and sham-operated female mice were
      cultured for 8 days. The cells gave rise in culture to tartrate-resistant acid
      phosphatase-positive multinucleate cells. The formation of these osteoclast-like
      cells was enhanced by parathyroid hormone and 1,25(OH)2vitamin D3, with the
      latter being more effective. Cultures of cells from ovariectomized animals formed
      significantly more tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleate
      cells than those from sham-operated controls. These findings support the
      hypothesis that ovarian hormone deficiency promotes the expansion of a pool of
      marrow-derived progenitor cells that differentiate into bone-resorbing
      osteoclasts under the influence of osteotropic hormones.

PMID- 2399264
TI  - Impaired phagocytosis by the mononuclear phagocytic system in sapphire mink
      affected with Aleutian disease.
AB  - The phagocytic function of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) in normal
      sapphire mink and in sapphire mink affected with experimental Aleutian disease
      was compared. Clearance from blood of carbon particles or 125I-labeled
      microaggregated human serum albumin, and subsequent measurement of radioactivity
      in phagocytic organs indicated profound MPS blockade in mink affected with
      advanced Aleutian disease. In contrast, MPS activity in mink in the early stage
      of the disease was comparable to that of normal mink. It is suggested that the
      MPS blockade may be responsible for some pathologic changes in Aleutian disease.

PMID- 2399265
TI  - Enflurane depresses activity of the medullary inspiratory neurons in the cat.
AB  - The effect of enflurane on the firing activity (spikes/sec) of the inspiratory
      neurons of the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) of the medulla oblongata was
      studied in decerebrate, paralyzed, mechanically ventilated cats before and after
      bilateral cervical vagotomy. Inspiratory neuronal activity, phrenic neurogram,
      arterial blood pressure, tracheal pressure, and end tidal CO2 concentration were
      recorded. Cells whose firing activity was in phase with that of the phrenic nerve
      were considered inspiratory neurons. Administration of 1 and 2% enflurane in
      oxygen produced gradual, significant, and dose-dependent depression of the cell
      activity with cervical vagi either intact or severed. Recovery of the cell
      activity occurred after termination of enflurane administration. In cats with
      intact vagi, 10 min after introduction of 1 and 2% enflurane, the cell activity
      (mean +/- SE) expressed as percentage of the control was 70 +/- 6% (P less than
      0.05) and 48 +/- 5% (P less than 0.01), respectively. Bilateral cervical vagotomy
      did not affect the degree of cell depression due to enflurane. Hypercarbia
      induced by inhalation of 5% CO2 increased cell activity, but it did not block
      enflurane-induced cell depression, although it reduced it. It may be concluded
      that enflurane depresses the activity of the inspiratory neurons of the DRG. The
      results also suggest that the respiratory depressant effect of enflurane has a
      central component and that the DRG region may serve as a site to mediate the
      enflurane-induced respiratory depression.

PMID- 2399266
TI  - Comparative hematopoietic toxicity of doxorubicin and 4'-epirubicin.
AB  - 4'-Epirubicin is an anthracycline analog of doxorubicin which has been shown to
      be similar to doxorubicin in its anti-tumor activity but significantly lower in
      its cardiotoxicity. Therefore, it has been proposed as a potential clinical
      substitute for doxorubicin. Using the hematopoietic colony-forming unit, spleen
      (CFU-S) assay technique, direct comparison was made of the hematopoietic toxicity
      of the two drugs in vivo in a mouse model, and 4'-epirubicin was found to be
      significantly (P less than 0.01) less toxic than doxorubicin. On a milligram per
      kilogram basis, the dose of 4'-epirubicin required to achieve a given level of
      hematopoietic progenitor cell kill was approximately 50% larger than that
      required for doxorubicin. Early CFU-S recovery following 4'-epirubicin exposure
      was also stronger than that achieved following doxorubicin, as was short-term
      peripheral white blood cell recovery. These findings confirm previous clinical
      suggestions that the acute toxicity of 4'-epirubicin toward hematopoietic
      progenitor cells might be less than that of doxorubicin. At the same time,
      however, when given in doses near their lethal limit, both drugs were shown to
      induce a chronic hematopoietic suppression. This was evident in the depressed
      long-term CFU-S levels following high doses of either drug, as well as in
      chronically depressed white blood cell levels following high-dose 4'-epirubicin.

PMID- 2399267
TI  - Blood pressure and serum lipids from SHR after diets supplemented with evening
      primrose, sunflowerseed or fish oil.
AB  - Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at 4 weeks of age were fed a diet
      supplemented with sunflowerseed oil (SO), evening primrose oil (EPO), fish oil
      (FO) or EPO + FO for 22 weeks. A diet with commercially available pellets served
      as control. Systolic blood pressure was significantly lower during and after FO,
      EPO and EPO + FO, whereas the lower level after SO was not significant when
      compared with the controls. Serum triglycerides and total cholesterol were lowest
      after EPO followed FO. The combination of both EPO and FO resulted in unexpected
      high values of triglycerides and cholesterol. HDL-cholesterol was likewise
      highest after EPO + FO. The results indicate a quantitatively different
      depression of blood pressure and serum lipids from SHR by individual
      polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).

PMID- 2399268
TI  - Prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha in mid-pregnant rat uterus and at parturition.
AB  - Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) produced by 15 days pregnant
      rat myometrium, by parturient rat myometrium and myometrium plus endometrium were
      measured in vitro. The results showed that the PGs produced by parturient
      myometrium were higher than these obtained during mid-pregnancy. Myometrium with
      endometrium released more PGs than myometrium alone, and the addition of
      arachidonic acid (AA) at 10 DM did not show any significant effect. Exogenous
      progesterone or estradiol-17b at a concentration of 1 Dmol had no effect on
      parturient uterine PG secretions.

PMID- 2399269
TI  - Modulation of TXA2 generation of platelets by human lipoproteins.
AB  - The lipoprotein (LP) fractions VLDL, LDL, HDL2 and HDL3 were prepared by
      ultracentrifugation of plasma from healthy volunteers and from patients with
      coronary heart disease (CHD). We investigated the capacity of platelets from
      healthy volunteers and patients with atherosclerosis to generate thromboxane A2
      (TXA2) during spontaneous clotting of whole blood under the influence of the
      lipoprotein fractions. In our experiments the serum concentration of TXB2,
      reflecting the capacity of platelets to generate TXA2 during clotting, depends on
      several factors: the type of LP fraction used, the blood used for generation of
      TXA2, and for the same LP fraction whether it was taken from plasma of healthy
      volunteers or patients with CHD. VLDL prepared from plasma of healthy volunteers
      inhibited but VLDL prepared from plasma of patients with CHD enhanced the TXA2
      formation of platelets from healthy volunteers (p less than 0.05, resp.). LDL
      from CHD patients inhibited the TXA2 formation of platelets from atherosclerotic
      patients (p less than 0.01). The HDL subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 from healthy
      volunteers inhibited TXA2 formation by platelets from healthy volunteers as well
      as those from atherosclerotic patients (p less than 0.05; p less than 0.01,
      respectively). HDL2 from patients with CHD inhibited only the TXA2 formation of
      platelets from healthy volunteers (p less than 0.01), whereas HDL3 from CHD
      patients inhibited only the TXA2 formation of platelets from atherosclerotic
      patients (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 2399271
TI  - Moon madness: folklore and fact.

PMID- 2399270
TI  - A novel enhancing effect of platelet activating factor (PAF) on glucose oxidation
      in uteri from pregnant rats. Participation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
AB  - The effects of platelet activating factor (PAF) on glucose oxidation in uterine
      strips isolated from rats in the 4 th and 5 th day of pregnancy, were explored.
      PAF, at a concentration of 10(-10) and 10(-8) M, augmented significantly the
      generation of 14CO2 from labelled glucose in uteri from pregnant rats in the 4 th
      day of pregnancy. When the tissue was obtained from 5 days pregnant rats, the
      addition of PAF at 10(-8) increased significantly more than PAF at 10(-10) M the
      metabolism of glucose. On the other hand, PAF at 10(-8) M failed to alter the
      uterine basal production of 14CO2 from labelled glucose in animals at estrus.
      BN52021, a specific PAF antagonist employed at 10(-5) M, blocked completely the
      action of PAF in the pregnant rat uterus. PGE1, PGE2 and PGF2 alpha enhanced
      significantly the formation of 14CO2 from labelled glucose in uteri from 5 days
      pregnant rats. Indomethacin, a well known inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis,
      did not alter the basal glucose metabolism in uteri from 5 days pregnant rats,
      but antagonized completely the stimulating action of PAF on 14CO2 production from
      labelled glucose an effect that was partially reverted by the addition of PGE1,
      PGE2 or PGF2 alpha (10(-7) M). Furthermore, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDHGA), a
      specific inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase at 10(-5) M, as well as FPL-55712, an
      antagonist of leukotrienes (LTs), at the same concentration, blocked the action
      of PAF on the metabolism of glucose. The action of NDHGA was partially
      counteracted by the addition of LTC4 at 10(-7) M.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2399272
TI  - Archives, data bases, and interactive computer programs: are these a library?

PMID- 2399273
TI  - Jewish medical ethics and the care of the elderly.

PMID- 2399274
TI  - Taboos, Hopis, and the power of words: forbidden words in medical writing.

PMID- 2399275
TI  - Student-physician to physician-student: the continuous quest for learning.

PMID- 2399276
TI  - Ghosts who appear by degrees; or, the strange case of the phantom authors.

PMID- 2399277
TI  - Joint authorship in the physician-patient interaction.

PMID- 2399278
TI  - Taking liberties with words.

PMID- 2399279
TI  - Combined internal medicine/pediatric residencies.

PMID- 2399280
TI  - Student volunteering.

PMID- 2399281
TI  - Fetal and maternal rights.

PMID- 2399282
TI  - Canadian vs United States medicine.

PMID- 2399283
TI  - Photomorphogenesis in plants. European Symposium Photomorphogenesis in Plants. 24
      29 September, 1989. Proceedings.

PMID- 2399284
TI  - Photoreceptors controlling transcription of rbcS genes in green leaf tissue of
      Pisum sativum.
AB  - We have investigated the photoreceptors controlling transcription of genes
      encoding the small subunit (rbcS) of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase
      oxygenase in green leaf tissue of pea (Pisum sativum). RbcS transcription was
      measured by hybridising labelled transcripts of isolated nuclei to rbcS cDNA
      clones. Transfer of green Pisum leaf tissue to darkness for 5 h causes a
      substantial decrease in the rate of rbcS transcription and the rate is restored
      rapidly when the plants are returned to white light. Low fluence rates of red
      light are ineffective in restoring the rate of rbcS transcription, suggesting
      that phytochrome alone does not fully mediate the response. Blue light is
      similarly effective to white light of an equal fluence rate (120 mumol m-2 s-1)
      in restoring the rate of rbcS transcription in the dark-treated plants,
      indicating that a blue light photoreceptor is involved. However, red light at the
      same fluence rate produces about 65% of the effect of blue or white light,
      showing that the blue light photoreceptor is not the only photoreceptor
      controlling rbcS transcription in the green leaf tissue. The identity of the
      photoreceptor responsible for the red light effect is discussed. Similar effects
      of blue and red light are observed at the level of transcript abundance in dark
      grown pea leaf tissue given a brief illumination with red light, which
      potentiates the tissue for rapid transcript accumulation in white light.

PMID- 2399285
TI  - Minimal sequence requirements for the regulated expression of rbcS-3A from Pisum
      sativum in transgenic tobacco plants.
AB  - RbcS-3A, the most highly expressed member of the pea multigene family encoding
      the small subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, is expressed in a
      light-dependent and organ-specific manner. In order to further delineate the
      sequences which mediate this complex pattern of regulation, putative regulatory
      sequences were assayed for function in transgenic tobacco plants in the context
      of an inactive 5' deleted rbcS-3A test gene. We have identified a minimal
      functional unit of 58 bp which is able to confer organ-specific transcriptional
      activity. It contains two sequences conserved among the pea rbcS family members,
      namely box II (-151 to -138; GTGTGGTTAATATG) and box III (-125 to -114;
      ATCATTTTCACT). These sequences bind the nuclear factor termed GT-1 in vitro.
      Substitution mutations within this 58 bp element have demonstrated that sequences
      upstream of, or located between, boxes II and III are not required for the
      transcriptional activity conferred by this element. Distance and orientation of
      these sequences from the gene are not critical for activity within the limits
      tested. DNA fragments upstream of nucleotide -170 of rbcS-3A that contain other
      GT-1 binding sites can also confer regulated expression upon the rbcS-3A promoter
      deleted to -50. Multimers of individual motifs, namely four tandem copies of
      boxes II and III, are unable to drive expression of the deleted promoter. These
      observations suggest that while GT-1 binding is necessary for promoter activity
      it is by itself not sufficient.

PMID- 2399286
TI  - The future of psychoanalysis: the past, present, and future of psychoanalytic
      theory.

PMID- 2399287
TI  - Character in fiction and fiction in character.
AB  - This paper examines the concept of fictional character from a psychoanalytic
      point of view, including its synthesis and the role of reader response. A second
      section takes up the role of fiction in the development of character.

PMID- 2399288
TI  - Addiction, helplessness, and narcissistic rage.
AB  - In many cases addictive behavior serves to ward off a sense of helplessness or
      powerlessness via controlling and regulating one's affective state. Addicts have
      a vulnerability to feelings of powerlessness, which reflects a specific
      narcissistic impairment. The drive in addiction to re-establish a sense of power
      is, correspondingly, impelled by narcissistic rage. This rage gives to addiction
      some of its distinctive clinical properties. The narcissistic vulnerability in
      addicts is discussed. Several brief clinical cases are provided, and the view
      proposed is correlated with other psychoanalytic perspectives.

PMID- 2399289
TI  - Free association as a method of self-observation in relation to other
      methodological principles of psychoanalysis.
AB  - The method of free association, especially in its self-observative aspect, may be
      seen as a useful criterion for differentiating among various clinical approaches
      to psychoanalysis, not only as they evolved in the course of its history but also
      as they are being practiced today. It is suggested that it may be of some
      relevance to view the existing variants of clinical psychoanalysis as being based
      upon differing emphases on one or another of the basic operational concepts, such
      as free association, interpretation, and the mental disposition of the analyst.

PMID- 2399290
TI  - Lacan's words.

PMID- 2399291
TI  - Centennial of an overlooked Freud paper on psychosomatics.

PMID- 2399292
TI  - Venous plasma epinephrine levels and the symptoms of stress.
AB  - It is widely believed that increases in circulating epinephrine (adrenaline)
      levels contribute substantially to the physical sensations (symptoms) associated
      with stress. Using a drug discrimination choice procedure, it was demonstrated
      that the plasma epinephrine levels at which healthy human subjects reliably
      discriminate between infusions of epinephrine and saline are higher than the
      levels typically observed in situations of mental stress. Choice of epinephrine
      versus saline was strongly associated with a subjective perception of a change in
      the action of the heart, but only moderately associated with the venous plasma
      epinephrine levels attained and only weakly associated with actual changes in
      heart rate and peripheral blood pressure. These results imply that epinephrine
      release from the adrenal gland plays at most a small role in the production of
      the somatic symptoms of mental stress.

PMID- 2399293
TI  - Similarities within young and middle-aged spouse pairs in behavioral and
      cardiovascular response to two experimental stressors.
AB  - The similarities of 30 young (X = 26 years) and 30 middle-aged (X = 52 years)
      spouse pairs in behavioral and cardiovascular response to two experimental
      stressors were compared to assess the importance of shared home experiences in
      determining cardiovascular responsivity to stress. Familial environmental
      influences on reactivity should produce increasing similarity among family
      members with number of years lived together. Although pair members exhibited a
      number of behavioral similarities, some of which appeared to increase with number
      of years lived together, there were few similarities in heart rate and blood
      pressure response to stress. However, both young and middle-aged pairs exhibited
      significant similarities in systolic blood pressure response to isometric
      handgrip. The fact that similarities were observed in young as well as middle
      aged spouse pairs suggests that assortative mating in regards to cardiovascular
      reactivity to stress may occur in some instances. As a result, some previous
      estimates of the heritability of cardiovascular reactivity to environmental
      stress may have been artificially low.

PMID- 2399294
TI  - A quantitative technique for characterizing tasks in psychophysiology studies.
AB  - A model was designed to specify the components of blood pressure (BP) in a
      reactivity study. The model considered six components for BP in response to
      tasks: the average resting BP across all subjects, a given subject's deviation
      from that average, the average task effect for a specific task, a given subject's
      deviation from the average task effect, the average effect of repeated
      assessments of BP within a given task, and an error term. The model and data from
      71 adult men were used to estimate the components represented by averages. The
      variances and covariances of the components were represented by deviations from
      this average. Utilizing the likelihood ratio statistic with the bootstrap null
      distribution, the model gives a reasonable representation of the data.
      Alternative models were also tested; however, they fell short of representing the
      data well. The fitting and testing of components in models like ours may offer
      some guidance in the design of future reactivity studies.

PMID- 2399295
TI  - Psychiatric comorbidity in primary care somatization disorder.
AB  - Lifetime prevalence rates were calculated for comorbid psychiatric disorders in
      119 patients who were referred from primary care physicians for unexplained
      somatic complaints and who met DSM III-R criteria for somatization disorder.
      Comparisons were made with general population norms from the ECA study.
      Prevalence of nine comorbid conditions was significantly higher than in the
      general populations. The most prevalent comorbid diagnoses were major depression
      (54.6%), generalized anxiety disorder (33.6%), and phobic disorders (31.1%). The
      least common comorbid disorders were mania (4.2%) and drug abuse (4.9%); drug
      abuse prevalence rates did not significantly exceed general population estimates.
      Risk ratios were highest for panic disorder (16.25), major depression (9.41),
      schizophrenia (7.77), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (7.04).

PMID- 2399296
TI  - Anxiety and food intake in men.
AB  - The effects of acute anxiety on food intake and preferences were investigated in
      12 men awaiting surgery for hernia. Their lunch intake was measured on the day
      prior to surgery and again after recovery, one month later. Their anxiety was
      rated on both test days as well as the palatability of the foods they selected
      and ingested ad libitum. Anxiety was significantly higher on the day before
      surgery than on control day. However, no hyperphagia appeared and food selection
      was not systematically disturbed. Protein, lipid, and carbohydrate ratios in the
      test meals were not affected by the level of stress. The present results are at
      variance with some, but not all, studies of food intake under stress in animals
      and humans. Among other factors (nature of stressor, intensity of anxiety, sex of
      the subjects), culturally determined eating habits could contribute to the
      discrepancies observed.

PMID- 2399297
TI  - The issue of the core syndrome of endogenous depression.
AB  - The psychopathological findings in 339 patients treated for depressive disorder
      were investigated. The classification was made according to ICD 9 and DSM III.
      The classification and diagnosis of depressive disorders are based on the
      symptoms, etiology and the course of the disease. Therefore we aim at a three
      dimensional scheme of classification that takes into account all these variables.
      We do not want to follow the basic problems of classification and all dimensions
      of depressive disorders. We just want to analyze our psychopathological findings
      in depressive patients, who have been classified according to ICD 9 and DSM III,
      and we want to turn our attention to the core syndrome of endogenous depression.

PMID- 2399298
TI  - A typology of psychiatric reactions to motor vehicle accidents.
AB  - Perhaps owing to their commonness, nonserious motor vehicle accidents, i.e. those
      not resulting in death or major bodily injury, have received scant systematic
      study in the psychiatric literature. However, patients presenting with lingering
      psychiatric distress following such accidents are seen commonly in practice. The
      authors reviewed the patterns of presentation and background circumstances in a
      series of 55 such cases, presenting at varying periods of time after the
      incident. They found such patients to cluster into four distinct groups. The most
      common presentation was that of a depressive syndrome, outnumbering those with
      features of posttraumatic stress disorder by 3:1.

PMID- 2399299
TI  - Discriminating borderline from neurotic patients. A study with the Holtzman
      Inkblot Technique.
AB  - The present study tried to separate 30 hospitalized borderline and 30
      hospitalized neurotic patients by indicators of deviant thinking. Kolb and
      Gunderson's diagnostic interview for borderlines and the Holtzman Inkblot
      Technique (HIT) were applied as diagnostic instruments. It was possible to
      separate the two groups by the more severe degrees of deviant thinking with
      relatively high values for sensitivity and specificity (83 and 93%). If these
      results can be corroborated in cross-validations with independent samples, the
      HIT would be a very useful instrument for the discrimination of the two
      diagnostic groups.

PMID- 2399301
TI  - Munchhausen syndrome: psychopathology and management.
AB  - A case report on a patient with Munchhausen syndrome is presented and the
      psychopathological features are compared to other reports in the literature.
      Diagnosis and differential diagnosis are discussed with regard to other
      somatoform disorders such as conversion disorder and somatization disorder as
      well as to malingering and cenesthesic schizophrenia. The management of
      Munchhausen syndrome is aggravated by the low compliance in these patients, who
      expose themselves to serious complications of unnecessary medical and surgical
      procedures. Early diagnosis could to a considerable extent exclude these
      iatrogenic risks. We recommend that patients presenting the psychopathological
      features of a Munchhausen syndrome should be conservatively observed and an
      attempt to clarify both the medical and the psychiatric diagnosis should be made
      before any invasive procedure is undertaken.

PMID- 2399300
TI  - A classification system for misidentification syndromes.
AB  - Misidentification syndromes have traditionally relied upon the patient's
      delusional explanation for their classification. Using 2 cases for illustration,
      a more systematic classification is proposed for misidentification syndromes. The
      revised nomenclature has potential use in future research of misidentification
      syndromes.

PMID- 2399302
TI  - The Dolittle phenomenon: hallucinatory voices from animals.
AB  - Individuals with severe psychotic illnesses may experience hallucinatory voices
      from animals. Six cases are described, and the significance of such
      hallucinations is discussed. The term 'Dolittle phenomenon' is proposed.

PMID- 2399303
TI  - Latent class analysis of deluded patients.
AB  - The internal and external construct validity of 4 severe prognostic
      psychopathological items is studied in deluded patients. A two-class model of
      latent structure analysis fits fairly well. One latent class seems to reflect a
      schizophrenic spectrum while the other class does not include characteristics
      which are known from one single nosologic entity. Thought disorder is most
      predictive for schizophrenic class membership, while blunted affect has the least
      predictive value. This 'schizophrenic' latent class has a fairly high and similar
      sensitivity to various definitions of schizophrenic disorder. The frequency of
      the types of delusions differs between the classes.

PMID- 2399304
TI  - Reexamination of the relationship between birth order and obsessive-compulsive
      disorder.
AB  - In order to examine the hypothesis that being a firstborn or only child is
      specifically associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder, the birth order
      positions and sibship sizes of 62 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
      were compared with those of 60 agoraphobic and 92 depressed patients. No
      significant group differences were found for men, women, or both sexes combined.
      Results conflict with earlier findings which supported the hypothesized
      relationship between birth order status and development of obsessive-compulsive
      patterns in men. In addition to possible differences in methodology,
      discrepancies between the present findings and those of earlier studies may
      reflect a decline over the past 20 years in the percentage of male obsessive
      compulsives that were either firstborn or only children.

PMID- 2399305
TI  - A dimensional approach to severe delusional psychoses.
AB  - By use of latent trait models a 7-item rating scale of severe delusional
      psychoses was established based on the PSE interview. Data from 88 first-admitted
      patients with delusional psychoses were analysed. These data assigned good
      internal validity of the scale and revealed a dimensional rather than a
      categorical distribution of severe delusional psychoses. Using schizophrenia as a
      reference, the scale with a cut-off point greater than or equal to 1 established
      the diagnosis with a sensitivity of 0.84 and a specificity of 0.95. In a study to
      come a latent class analysis among deluded patients will be performed.

PMID- 2399306
TI  - Granulomatous spinal infections: MR imaging.
AB  - The value of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in evaluating granulomatous spinal
      infection was retrospectively assessed in 81 patients with proved disease; 27
      were reexamined after administration of gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic
      acid, and 25 underwent follow-up studies. Blinded interpretations were correlated
      with clinical, microbiologic, and surgical findings. MR imaging enabled
      prediction of the presence of neurologic complications in 93% of patients and
      diagnosis of the type of infection in 94%, and correlated well with surgical
      findings in 24 of 27 patients. Vertebral intraosseous abscesses, meningeal
      involvement, subligamentous spread, and paraspinal abscess location were best
      identified on contrast-enhanced studies and were seen most frequently in
      tuberculous spondylitis. High signal intensity on T1-weighted images of
      previously affected vertebrae suggested healing and correlated well with
      symptoms. The authors conclude that MR imaging may be useful as the method of
      first choice for the initial assessment and posttherapy follow-up of patients
      with granulomatous spinal infection.

PMID- 2399307
TI  - Storage phosphor versus screen-film radiography: effect of varying exposure
      parameters and unsharp mask filtering on the detectability of cortical bone
      defects.
AB  - Diagnostic performance with storage phosphor radiography is influenced by
      exposure parameters and digital filtering algorithms. The authors compared the
      detectability of cortical lesions in excised human femoral shafts on state-of-the
      art screen-film radiographs and storage phosphor digital radiographs. For the
      digital system, the effect of varying exposure parameters (photon flux and tube
      voltage) and unsharp mask filtering (kernel size and enhancement factor) was
      tested. Analysis of receiver operating characteristics was performed for 10,560
      observations made by eight radiologists. Under identical exposure conditions,
      storage phosphor imaging yielded no significant advantages over conventional
      screen-film radiography. Although large variations in exposure dose are possible
      with storage phosphors, the potential for dose reduction was limited even by
      means of an increase in tube voltage. The performance with unsharp masked images
      declined with decreasing kernel size and pronounced enhancement.

PMID- 2399308
TI  - Wizardry and radiography: a clinical case.
AB  - The author encountered a patient who had undergone various sorcery and wizardry
      practices. At radiography performed because of lower back pain, 100 sharp metal
      foreign bodies (such as needles and sharpened paper clips) were found scattered
      between his neck and pelvis. The patient evidently swallowed some of the objects
      to gain protection against aggression from humans or spiritual beings. However,
      the means of introduction of some of the objects (eg, the needles in the neck)
      cannot be determined.

PMID- 2399309
TI  - Breast cancers in women 35 years of age and younger: mammographic findings.
AB  - During an 8-year period, 74 breast cancers were diagnosed in 66 patients 35 years
      of age and younger who underwent preoperative mammography. Mammograms and
      clinical data in these women were reviewed retrospectively to evaluate the
      mammographic findings and the efficacy of mammography. In 58 cases the cancer was
      detected by means of both clinical examination and mammography; in eight cases,
      mammography alone enabled readers to find the lesion; in seven cases, the lesion
      was found by means of clinical examination, but mammograms were negative; and in
      one case a cancer was found by means of incidental biopsy of the contralateral
      breast. Although 34 patients (52%) had dense breasts, mammography demonstrated
      the lesion in 66 cases (89%); the most common mammographic finding was
      microcalcifications, with or without associated masses (n = 28 [38%]). The
      authors do not suggest that screening of women younger than 35 years be performed
      routinely, but they believe that mammography can be valuable in screening young
      women at high risk for breast cancer or in confirming and suggesting prompt
      biopsy of a suspicious lesion.

PMID- 2399310
TI  - Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity: CT findings in symptomatic patients.
AB  - The computed tomographic (CT) chest scans of 11 patients who developed
      respiratory or constitutional symptoms while receiving amiodarone therapy were
      reviewed. CT findings indicative of significant amiodarone exposure included (a)
      high-attenuation parenchymal-pleural lesions in eight of the 11 patients (73%),
      and (b) increased liver and/or spleen attenuation in 10 of the 11 patients (91%).
      Nonspecific pulmonary infiltrates were identified in nine of the 11 patients
      (82%). Four patients had interstitial infiltrates, four had mixed alveolar and
      interstitial disease, and one had a conglomerate mass. CT findings of high
      attenuation parenchymal-pleural abnormalities are thought to be related to the
      iodinated chemistry of the drug and its prolonged half-life within the lung.
      These unique properties of the drug and the use of CT to discriminate attenuation
      levels provide a means of identifying patients with significant pulmonary
      accumulation of amiodarone.

PMID- 2399311
TI  - Interleukin-2 therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma: radiographic evaluation
      of response and complications.
AB  - To evaluate the radiographic manifestations of the response of intrathoracic
      metastases to and the toxicity of interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy, the chest
      radiographs and computed tomographic scans of 43 patients receiving 103 cycles of
      IL-2 treatment and lymphokine-activated killer cells for advanced renal cell
      carcinoma were reviewed. Among these 43 patients, 31 could be assessed for
      response of metastatic disease: Complete response was seen in one (3%), partial
      response in 11 (36%), mixed response in nine (29%), progressive disease in five
      (16%), and stable disease in five (16%). In 103 treatment cycles radiographic
      evidence of toxicity included pleural effusions (45.6%), pulmonary edema (21.4%),
      increased cardiothoracic ratio (16.5%), increased azygos vein diameter (9.7%),
      pericardial effusion (5.8%), and hilar lymphadenopathy (1.0%). These toxic
      effects could be distinguished from metastatic disease by a temporal relationship
      to treatment cycles. A favorable response to IL-2 therapy was significantly
      correlated (P less than .001) with the presence of pleural effusions.

PMID- 2399312
TI  - Subpleural micronodules in diffuse infiltrative lung diseases: evaluation with
      thin-section CT scans.
AB  - Thin-section computed tomography (CT) was performed in 244 patients with
      infiltrative lung diseases and 29 healthy control subjects to evaluate the
      frequency, profusion, and diagnostic value of subpleural parenchymal
      micronodules. These areas of increased attenuation (less than 7 mm in diameter)
      were analyzed in four groups: coal miners with chest radiographic findings of
      coal worker's pneumoconiosis (n = 61), coal miners with no radiographic evidence
      of pneumoconiosis (n = 73), patients with nonoccupational chronic infiltrative
      lung disease (n = 110), and healthy adults (n = 29). Subpleural parenchymal
      micronodules were observed with high frequency in pulmonary lymphangitic
      carcinomatosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, and sarcoidosis but were also seen
      in 14% of control subjects. Predominant sites of lesions were the posterior
      subpleural areas in the upper lobes. Subpleural parenchymal micronodules have no
      diagnostic value when observed as an isolated CT finding but may suggest that
      diagnosis of pneumoconiosis, sarcoidosis, or pulmonary lymphangitic
      carcinomatosis when observed in association with mild parenchymal lesions.

PMID- 2399313
TI  - Internal hemorrhoids: diagnosis with double-contrast barium enema examinations.
AB  - The authors retrospectively studied 43 patients suspected of having internal
      hemorrhoids at double-contrast barium enema examination. At endoscopy, 24
      patients (56%) had internal hemorrhoids, four (9%) had other pathologic lesions
      in the rectum without evidence of hemorrhoids, and 15 (35%) had no reported
      abnormalities in the rectum. Internal hemorrhoids were found at endoscopy in 10
      of 20 patients (50%) with lobulated folds extending 3 cm or less from the
      anorectal junction and 10 of 13 patients (77%) with multiple submucosal nodules.
      However, no patients with these characteristic radiographic findings were found
      to have other pathologic lesions in the rectum that had been mistaken for
      hemorrhoids at barium enema examination. Conversely, three of four patients with
      lobulated folds extending more than 3 cm from the anorectal junction and one of
      six patients with solitary nodules had proctitis or rectal neoplasms. Thus,
      specific criteria are suggested for the diagnosis of internal hemorrhoids on
      double-contrast barium enema examinations. Suspected hemorrhoids that do not
      fulfill these criteria should be evaluated endoscopically to rule out other more
      serious pathologic lesions in the rectum.

PMID- 2399314
TI  - Gallstone composition in relation to buoyancy at oral cholecystography.
AB  - Although it is recognized that some gallstones float at oral cholecystography,
      the reasons for this are not known. To determine how stone type and composition
      are related to stone buoyancy, the authors analyzed gallstones from 90 patients
      in the National Cooperative Gallstone Study. Seventeen patients had floating and
      73 had nonfloating radiolucent stones at oral cholecystography. Stone analysis
      showed that all 17 floating stones were cholesterol stones; 64 of the nonfloating
      stones were cholesterol stones, while nine were pigment stones. The cholesterol
      contents of floating and nonfloating cholesterol stones were similar, 90.4% +/-
      1.7 and 87.0% +/- 1.2 of stone weight, respectively. The calcium salt content of
      the nonfloating cholesterol stones was 3.2% +/- 0.6, while that of the floating
      cholesterol stones was only 1.1% +/- 0.4 (P = .02). The results indicate that
      floating gallstones are cholesterol stones with a significantly lower calcium
      salt content than that of nonfloating cholesterol stones.

PMID- 2399315
TI  - Measurement of hepatocellular function with deconvolutional analysis: application
      in the differential diagnosis of acute jaundice.
AB  - A direct, noninvasive technique was developed to quantitate hepatocyte function
      with computer assessment of scintiscans obtained after administration of
      technetium-99m disofenin in 53 patients with acute jaundice: 32 patients with
      normal livers, 10 patients with acute biliary obstruction, and 11 patients with
      acute hepatocellular dysfunction. In all patients a final clinical diagnosis was
      obtained with follow-up for a minimum of 4 months and, in most patients with
      obstruction or dysfunction, with surgery, intraoperative cholangiography,
      ultrasound, and/or computed tomography. Heart (blood pool) and liver time
      activity curves were generated for 32 minutes after intravenous injection of 5-15
      mCi (185-555 MBq) of Tc-99m disofenin and were subjected to deconvolutional
      analysis to determine the first-pass hepatocyte extraction fraction (HEF) of the
      tracer. The difference in HEF between patients with obstruction and those with
      dysfunction was highly significant (P = 3.3 X 10(-19)). Deconvolutional analysis
      eliminates the effects of tracer recirculation, thus permitting direct
      measurement of hepatic disofenin extraction, and appears to provide functional
      information useful in evaluation of the patient with acute jaundice.

PMID- 2399316
TI  - Denominators of spinal cord injury.

PMID- 2399317
TI  - Usefulness of a short femur in the in utero detection of skeletal dysplasias.
AB  - In 28 fetuses studied during a 4 1/2-year period, the initial femur was below 2
      standard deviations (SDs) of the mean when compared with the biparietal diameter.
      These fetuses were considered at risk for skeletal dysplasias and were followed
      up. Studies were performed at a mean gestational age of 26.7 weeks (range, 15.3
      41.0 weeks). Group 1 had a femur length 1-4 mm below the 2-SDs line (range, -2.0
      to -4.0 SDs); no other abnormalities were detected. Interval examination of 12
      femurs showed that 10 either remained shortened to the same degree or had a
      growth spurt. At birth, all subjects were healthy except one with mild growth
      retardation and one with a chromosomal abnormality. Of the two subjects that
      failed to continue normal growth, one was healthy and the other was a
      heterozygous achondroplastic dwarf. Group 2 had greater femoral shortness; all
      measurements were more than 5 mm below the 2-SD line (range, -4.3 to -31.0 SDs).
      All had fetal abnormalities and significant skeletal dysplasias. The authors
      conclude that the number of millimeters below the 2-SDs line is an accurate, easy
      criterion for evaluation of femoral length.

PMID- 2399318
TI  - Lymphomas: MR imaging contrast characteristics with clinical-pathologic
      correlations.
AB  - Mean pixel intensity ratios, contrast parameters, and T1-T2 cross products
      relative to fat and muscle were derived from T1-weighted and T2-weighted images
      obtained at 1.5 T in 32 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas and 20 with Hodgkin
      disease. Lymphomas were relatively homogeneous: Only 6% of the lesions had broad,
      bimodal, or skewed distributions of pixel intensities that could be attributed to
      intrinsic heterogeneity. On average, lymphomas were hypointense to fat and
      slightly hyperintense to muscle in T1-weighted images but isointense to fat and
      hyperintense to muscle in T2-weighted images. Low-, intermediate-, and high-grade
      non-Hodgkin lymphomas had identical imaging characteristics. The most striking
      and significant result was the greater brightness of lymphomas with dense
      fibrosis in T2-weighted images, which explains the trend toward greater
      brightness of Hodgkin disease than that of non-Hodgkin lymphomas and greater
      brightness of lymphomas in the mediastinum than of lymphomas in other locations.
      Neither a contrast parameter nor the T1-T2 cross product added information not
      evident with the use of simple mean pixel intensity ratios.

PMID- 2399319
TI  - Controversy in the MR imaging appearance of fibrosis.

PMID- 2399320
TI  - Adaptive technique for three-dimensional MR imaging of moving structures.
AB  - The authors describe an adaptive motion correction method for three-dimensional
      magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Three-dimensional imaging offers many advantages
      over two-dimensional multisection imaging but is susceptible to image corruption
      due to motion. Thus, it has been of limited use in the imaging of mobile
      structures, and the relatively long imaging times required have hindered its use
      in patients who tend to move during imaging. The authors' technique uses
      interleaved "navigator" echoes to provide a measure of displacement for each
      image echo in the acquisition and then uses this information to allow correction
      of the image data. The theory for signal corruption due to motion and the
      correction scheme that follows from it are presented. This method can produce
      excellent results when the motion is correctly modeled.

PMID- 2399321
TI  - Thoracic aortic dissection: pitfalls and artifacts in MR imaging.
AB  - Results of 53 thoracic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging examinations were reviewed
      to determine the prevalence and severity of artifacts and pitfalls that may occur
      in the evaluation of acute aortic dissection. Grade 1 artifacts and pitfalls were
      mimics of aortic dissection on individual images but could be demonstrated not to
      represent a dissection when other images from the same sequence were evaluated.
      Grade 2 artifacts and pitfalls required the use of images from other planes or
      sequences to distinguish them from a dissection. Grade 3 artifacts and pitfalls
      could not be distinguished from a dissection without the use of other imaging
      modalities. Of the 53 cases examined, 34 (64%) had artifacts or pitfalls of grade
      1 or higher, 10 (19%) had artifacts or pitfalls of grade 2 or higher, and one
      case (2%) had grade 3 artifacts or pitfalls. Sixteen cases had more than one
      artifact or pitfall. Pitfalls and artifacts that mimic aortic dissection occur in
      a significant percentage of thoracic MR imaging examinations. An awareness of
      their existence, knowledge of normal anatomy, the use of axial images in all
      cases with the addition of images in other planes as needed, rotation of phase
      and frequency gradients as needed, and clinical correlation may avert
      misinterpretation in nearly all cases.

PMID- 2399322
TI  - Direct catheterization of the mesenteric vein: combined surgical and radiologic
      approach to the treatment of variceal hemorrhage.
AB  - Minilaparotomy and direct catheterization of the mesenteric vein for variceal
      embolization was attempted in 15 patients in whom medical and endoscopic
      treatment of variceal hemorrhage had failed. Hemorrhage was controlled
      immediately after the procedure in 11 patients. The 30-day survival rate was 60%
      (n = 9). The cause of death in six patients was variceal bleeding (n = 2), liver
      failure (n = 3), and respiratory failure (n = 1). The 6-month survival rate was
      33% (n = 5), and the 1-year survival rate was 27% (n = 4). Bleeding recurred in
      67% of surviving patients; however, fatal variceal bleeding occurred in only 22%
      (n = 2). Direct mesenteric vein catheterization allows simplified entry into the
      portal vein for embolization of bleeding esophageal or gastric varices. Early
      experience suggests that the results are similar to those of percutaneous
      transhepatic embolization, without the complications and technical demands of a
      transhepatic approach.

PMID- 2399323
TI  - MR imaging of bone marrow: a map could help.

PMID- 2399324
TI  - Deep venous thrombosis: experience with gradient-echo MR imaging in 66 patients.
AB  - The medical records of 66 patients who underwent evaluation for possible deep
      venous thrombosis (DVT) by means of gradient-echo (GRE) magnetic resonance (MR)
      imaging were reviewed. Confirmatory venograms were obtained in 26 patients; in
      the other 40, the accuracy of GRE MR imaging was assessed by means of clinical
      follow-up, which ranged from 1 to 23 months (mean, 7.7 months). Findings in GRE
      MR images were negative in 42 patients (64%) and positive in 24 patients (36%).
      In patients who underwent confirmatory venography, the sensitivity of GRE MR
      imaging was 100% and the specificity was 92.9%. No patient with a negative GRE MR
      study developed DVT or pulmonary emboli during the follow-up period. Although
      seven patients in this group died, the single autopsy showed no evidence of
      pulmonary embolism, and no clinical evidence existed to suggest that pulmonary
      embolism was the cause of death in any of the other six patients. It is concluded
      that GRE MR imaging is an accurate, noninvasive means of detecting DVT.

PMID- 2399325
TI  - Massive arterial hemorrhage from the stomach and lower esophagus: impact of
      embolotherapy on survival.
AB  - The authors retrospectively reviewed the clinical courses in 36 patients referred
      for angiographic evaluation of massive arterial hemorrhage from the stomach,
      gastroesophageal junction, and lower esophagus. Twenty-four patients underwent
      embolotherapy, and 12 were treated with nontranscatheter therapy such as surgery,
      Sengstaken-Blakemore tube placement, endoscopic submucosal injection of
      epinephrine, or supportive medical therapy. Bleeding was controlled completely in
      15 (62%) and partially in three (13%) of the patients who underwent
      embolotherapy. In nine of the patients treated with nontranscatheter therapy
      (75%), bleeding control was complete. Sixteen patients died, including seven of
      28 in whom bleeding was controlled. There was no significant difference in the
      mortality rates of patients treated with nontranscatheter therapy (46% and 42%,
      respectively). Survival correlated with the clinical condition at the time of
      intervention. All patients with multiorgan failure died, while 87% of the other
      patients, even those with serious cardiovascular compromise, survived. The
      results imply that massive gastric hemorrhage should be treated aggressively,
      before it results in multiorgan failure.

PMID- 2399326
TI  - Acute cervical spine trauma: correlation of MR imaging findings with degree of
      neurologic deficit.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies of 78
      patients with acute cervical spinal cord injuries was undertaken to determine
      which observations related directly to the neurologic injury. All MR imaging
      studies were performed on a 1.5-T unit and assessed with respect to 14 parameters
      related to the bony spine, ligaments, prevertebral soft tissues, intervertebral
      disks, and spinal cord. Forty-eight patients also underwent non-contrast material
      enhanced thin-section computed tomography (CT) of the cervical spine. MR imaging
      was the definitive modality in the assessment of soft-tissue injury, especially
      in the evaluation of the spinal cord and intervertebral disks. All patients with
      a neurologic deficit had abnormal spinal cords at MR imaging. Intramedullary
      hemorrhage was predictive of a complete lesion. The degree of associated bone and
      soft-tissue injury had no bearing on the extent of spinal cord injury or
      neurologic deficit. Patients with residual cord compression following reduction
      demonstrated greater neurologic compromise than those without compression.

PMID- 2399327
TI  - Expandable metallic biliary endoprostheses: preliminary clinical evaluation.
AB  - A biliary endoprosthesis constructed of self-expanding metallic "Z" stents was
      placed in 23 patients with obstructive jaundice. The biliary obstruction was due
      to a malignant neoplasm in 21 patients and a postoperative biliary stricture in
      two patients. The lesions affected the intrahepatic biliary ducts in 13 patients.
      Twelve patients had undergone radiation therapy before stent placement. The
      endoprostheses consisted of 196 expandable metallic biliary stents placed singly
      (n = 10) or in tandem (n = 186). As many as 18 stents were used to relieve an
      obstruction in one patient. A transhepatic approach was employed in all patients
      except one in whom stents were placed through a T-tube tract. Within 1 week after
      placement, all stents expanded to at least 90% of their original diameter. Three
      misplaced, two deformed, and two dislodged stents caused no obvious clinical
      problems. At follow-up, which ranged from 2 to 59 weeks, five patients
      experienced recurrent jaundice. Two patients with recurrent jaundice due to
      obstruction of the bile duct containing the stent were treated with external
      catheter drainage. The expandable biliary endoprosthesis is suggested as an
      effective treatment for benign and malignant biliary obstruction.

PMID- 2399328
TI  - Hilar biliary strictures after liver transplantation: cholangiography and
      percutaneous treatment.
AB  - Nonanastomotic hilar bile duct strictures developed in 16 of 152 patients who
      underwent liver transplantation. The type of pretransplantation liver disease did
      not significantly affect the likelihood of hilar stricture formation. Possible
      causes of hilar biliary strictures include hepatic artery occlusion, ductopenic
      arteriopathic rejection, and cytomegalovirus infection; however, five of the 16
      patients had hilar strictures without these complications. Hilar strictures
      developed within 3 months after transplantation in 11 of the 16 patients.
      Strictures began as a slight common hepatic duct irregularity and progressed to
      mucosal cast formation and later to firm strictures. Fifteen of the 16 patients
      underwent percutaneous stricture dilation. Of 12 patients who no longer have
      stents, four have had no stricture recurrence for 12-30 months. Eight patients
      have had to undergo retransplantation or have died. Percutaneous dilations were
      most likely to result in patient bile ducts if strictures developed within 3
      months after transplantation and in the absence of pretransplantation primary
      sclerosing cholangitis, ductopenic arteriopathic rejection, cytomegalovirus
      infection, or hepatic artery thrombosis.

PMID- 2399329
TI  - Recurrent pituitary adenomas after surgical resection: the role of radiation
      therapy.
AB  - Postoperative radiation therapy for pituitary adenomas is usually reserved for
      extensive lesions or those that are incompletely resected. Nineteen patients who
      received external beam radiation as a salvage procedure after recurrence
      following surgery alone for pituitary adenomas were studied. At recurrence, nine
      patients underwent reexcision. All 19 patients underwent external beam
      irradiation for salvage. Within a median follow-up time of 11.8 years from the
      time of surgical failure, two patients have died of progressive adenoma, two are
      alive with disease progression, eight are alive without disease progression, and
      seven have died of intercurrent disease. The 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-year overall
      actuarial (and progression-free) survival rates were 79% (90%), 62% (90%), 44%
      (80%), and 44% (53%), respectively. Dose of radiation, suprasellar extension at
      the time of surgical failure, and histologic findings had no bearing on
      prognosis. One patient developed a radiation-induced brain necrosis that was
      successfully resected. Radiation therapy can be an effective salvage modality for
      recurrent pituitary adenomas after surgical failure.

PMID- 2399330
TI  - Transosseous approach for thoracic needle biopsy.
AB  - This description of procedures in two patients illustrates successful thoracic
      needle biopsy, despite the fact that the lesion was obscured by overlapping bones
      in each instance. The technique of screwing a 20-gauge needle through the
      overlapping bone is suggested as an innovative method when more traditional
      approaches to the lesion are not feasible.

PMID- 2399331
TI  - Thrombogenic potential of nonionic contrast media?

PMID- 2399332
TI  - Academic radiology and research.

PMID- 2399333
TI  - Reactions to contrast materials during gastrointestinal studies.

PMID- 2399334
TI  - Musculoskeletal neoplasms: dynamic Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging.

PMID- 2399335
TI  - Pituitary adenomas and normal pituitary tissue: enhancement patterns on
      gadopentetate-enhanced MR imaging.
AB  - A dynamic study of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to obtain successive
      heavily T1-weighted coronal images (spin-echo [SE] 100/15 [repetition time
      msec/echo time msec]) of normal pituitary glands and pituitary adenoma
      immediately after patients were given an intravenous bolus injection of
      gadopentetate dimeglumine. The images were obtained every minute for 5-8 minutes
      at 1.5 T. Usual T1-weighted images (SE 600/15) were also obtained before and
      after the dynamic study was performed. The study group consisted of 18 patients,
      10 with normal pituitary glands, and eight with pituitary adenoma. Normal
      pituitary glands showed maximum enhancement on the first or second image
      following the administration of gadopentetate dimeglumine, followed by gradual
      signal reduction through the later images, whereas pituitary adenomas reached a
      peak of enhancement later and showed slower signal reduction than normal
      pituitaries. The difference of enhancement patterns between the normal pituitary
      gland and the pituitary adenoma produced prominent image contrast on the first or
      second image after administration of gadopentetate dimeglumine, which improved
      the visualization of one microadenoma and four normal pituitary glands that had
      been displaced by large adenomas. Dynamic MR imaging is a useful diagnostic
      procedure not only for detection of microadenomas, but also for visualization of
      pituitary glands that have been displaced by large pituitary adenomas.

PMID- 2399336
TI  - Pituitary microadenomas: a PET study.
AB  - Twenty cases of surgically verified pituitary microadenoma (17 with Cushing
      disease and three with acromegaly) were studied with positron emission tomography
      (PET) with use of fluorine-18-2-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). The diagnostic results
      were compared with those of other modalities, namely, computed tomography (CT),
      magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and, in the cases of Cushing disease,
      simultaneous bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (SIPS). The PET results
      showed 12 positive readings and one questionable reading, compared with seven
      positive readings and one questionable reading for CT (18 cases studied) and 13
      positive and two questionable MR imaging readings. PET complemented MR imaging,
      in the sense that five of the positive PET readings were negative or questionable
      at MR imaging. PET studies of 20 healthy control subjects showed no false
      positive cases, whereas other studies of healthy subjects with contrast material
      enhanced CT and MR imaging have yielded, respectively, 20% and 15% positive
      readings, with findings suggestive of silent or occult adenomas.

PMID- 2399337
TI  - Extracranial carotid arteries: evaluation with "black blood" MR angiography.
AB  - The authors evaluated the accuracy of "black blood" magnetic resonance (MR)
      angiography for depicting disease involving the extracranial carotid arteries.
      Two- and three-dimensional flow-compensated gradient-echo sequences were employed
      to create "bright blood" images. A thin-section spin-echo sequence with flow
      presaturation allowed the creation of black blood images. Projection angiograms
      were made from bright and black blood images with application of a maximum- or
      minimum-intensity projection algorithm, respectively. These methods were used in
      13 healthy volunteers and 17 patients, and a prospective blinded comparison of MR
      angiography and conventional angiography was performed. Normal carotid arteries
      were well shown with both bright and black blood methods; in patients, both
      methods were sensitive for detecting carotid disease. However, bright blood
      angiography exaggerated the severity of carotid lesions in 13 of 33 arteries,
      mostly in severe disease; this problem was not encountered with black blood
      angiography. The authors conclude that bright blood angiography is a sensitive
      method for screening carotid disease; when a significant abnormality is found,
      black blood angiography should be performed for more precise delineation of the
      lesion.

PMID- 2399338
TI  - Arteriovenous malformations of the brain: recent results of endovascular therapy.
AB  - Results of embolization and subsequent surgical resection were reviewed in 38
      patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain during the past 3
      years. Advanced techniques were used for embolization, including real-time
      digital subtraction angiofluoroscopy; directable microcatheters; and a mixture of
      microfibrillar collagen, polyvinyl alcohol sponge microparticles, and ethanol, in
      addition to acrylic glue. Embolization caused a permanent deficit in four
      patients (10.5%) (quadrantanopia [n = 3], cerebellar ataxia [n = 1]). Thirty-two
      patients (84%) underwent surgery after embolization, and 28 (74%) were completely
      cured, as assessed with postsurgical angiography. Twenty-five patients (66%) had
      either no deficit or no change in deficit after treatment. Two patients had
      worsening of a previous deficit after postembolization resection, two patients
      had mild weakness not previously present, and five patients had visual field
      defects. One patient developed Gerstmann syndrome after resection, and one
      patient with ataxia after embolization also had ataxia after surgical resection.
      Two patients died of complications due to surgical resection. Most of the AVMs in
      this series were large and complex. Embolization used predominantly as a
      preoperative procedure enabled complete resection, as achieved in the majority of
      these cases.

PMID- 2399339
TI  - Role of iron and ferritin in MR imaging of the brain: a study in primates at
      different field strengths.
AB  - The authors measured in vivo signal intensity on magnetic resonance (MR) images
      and postmortem iron concentrations in the brains of three young and two old
      rhesus monkeys. T2-weighted MR imaging was done at 0.5, 1.5, 2.0, and 4.7 T.
      Relative assessment of iron concentration was made from the optical density of
      brain sections stained with the Perls' method intensified with diaminobenzidine.
      MR imaging and optical density measurements were made in the centrum semiovale
      (white matter) and in four gray matter areas: the insular cortex, caudate
      nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus, the latter three of which accumulate
      significant iron deposits with age. High optical density and decreased signal
      intensity were found in these areas, and the inverse correlation between gray
      matter/white matter signal ratio and optical density was in good agreement with
      the theory of T2 shortening caused by diffusion of water through magnetic
      inhomogeneities. However, the dependence of T2 shortening on field strength was
      not quadratic, as expected for paramagnetic iron, but instead showed a marked
      leveling off at higher field strengths. This magnetic "saturation" is explainable
      by antiferromagnetism and superparamagnetism of the ferritin core and has been
      observed in ferritin solutions at low temperatures. Similar observations at body
      temperature are needed before the iron-ferritin explanation for T2 shortening can
      be considered proved.

PMID- 2399340
TI  - Defining the normal temporomandibular joint: closed-, partially open-, and open
      mouth MR imaging of asymptomatic subjects.
AB  - Fifty temporomandibular joints (TMJs) in 30 asymptomatic volunteers were imaged
      with a 1.5-T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging system to determine (a) the normal
      range of meniscus position, (b) the best definition of a normal TMJ and criteria
      to distinguish it from a TMJ with significant internal derangements, (c) the
      significance of certain findings such as joint effusion and disk distortion, and
      (d) the optimum mouth position(s) to be used for imaging. A method was devised to
      quantify meniscus displacement in terms of the number of degrees from a 12
      o'clock or vertical position (relative to the condyle). The distribution of
      meniscus positions defined two groups in this asymptomatic study group. A strong
      correlation between abnormal joints and a history of orthodontics led to the
      exclusion of subjects with a history of orthodontics, and those with mouth trauma
      were also excluded, leaving a better "normal control" group. The junction of the
      posterior band of the meniscus and the bilaminar zone should fall within 10
      degrees of vertical to be within the 95th percentile of normal.

PMID- 2399341
TI  - TMJ meniscus and bilaminar zone: MR imaging of the substructure--diagnostic
      landmarks and pitfalls of interpretation.
AB  - Identification of the junction of the posterior band with the bilaminar zone is
      important to detect anterior displacements of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
      meniscus on magnetic resonance (MR) images. However, significant differences in
      tissue characteristics within the meniscus itself may cause a confusing
      appearance that is not easily reconciled with available anatomic references. Six
      cadaveric TMJ specimens were imaged sagittally at 1.5 T with various combinations
      of repetition time and echo time and with use of both standard surface coils and
      a specially developed solenoidal specimen coil. Corresponding histologic sections
      were correlated with the in vitro MR images to identify the anatomic structure
      and tissue characteristics. Comparison of these in vitro images with in vivo
      images of 100 joints identified a vertical, linear, low-signal-intensity band as
      an important landmark of the junction of the posterior band and bilaminar zone.
      Recognition of the signal-intensity characteristics of the center and the
      surfaces of the posterior band as well as the appearance of the insertion of the
      bilaminar zone also increased confidence of visualization and helped avoid
      possible false-positive diagnoses.

PMID- 2399342
TI  - Osteolytic lesions and bacillary angiomatosis in HIV infection: radiologic
      differentiation from AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma.
AB  - Bacillary angiomatosis is a newly recognized multisystem bacterial infectious
      disease seen in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The
      disease is marked by cutaneous vascular lesions that contain a bacterium similar
      to the cat scratch disease bacillus. Antibiotic therapy leads to the resolution
      of both cutaneous and systemic manifestations. Of 17 HIV-infected patients with
      cutaneous lesions of bacillary angiomatosis, six (35%) had symptomatic osteolytic
      bone lesions that improved following antibiotic therapy. The authors describe the
      appearance of the bone lesions on radiographs, computed tomographic (CT) scans,
      magnetic resonance (MR) images, and radionuclide studies. Osteolytic lesions are
      a relatively common feature of bacillary angiomatosis in patients with HIV
      infection. The presence of bone lesions aids in differentiation of bacillary
      angiomatosis from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi sarcoma,
      which has similar cutaneous abnormalities but no associated bone lesions.

PMID- 2399343
TI  - Normal age-related patterns of cellular and fatty bone marrow distribution in the
      axial skeleton: MR imaging study.
AB  - Knowledge of age-related distribution patterns of cellular and fatty marrow is
      critical to the interpretation of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies. To
      determine such patterns, the authors retrospectively evaluated 70 examinations
      each of the skull, cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, pelvis, and
      proximal femur (420 examinations) in patients without known bone marrow
      abnormality who ranged in age from 6 months to older than 70 years. Two to four
      distinct patterns were identified in each anatomic area on spin-echo images
      obtained with a short repetition time and a short echo time. The relative
      frequency of the patterns for different age groups is consistent with the known
      physiologic conversion from cellular to fatty marrow with advancing age.
      Knowledge of these patterns should help in the interpretation of MR images of the
      axial skeleton.

PMID- 2399344
TI  - Radiologic assessment of bones after Ilizarov procedures.
AB  - Ilizarov procedures, introduced recently in the United States, were performed in
      163 patients aged 2-53 years who underwent pure limb lengthening for inherited
      conditions such as achondroplasia (37 procedures), correction of angular
      deformity secondary to nonunion or malunion of fractures (62 procedures), or
      correction of congenital/developmental angular deformities of the limbs (64
      procedures). Before surgery, every patient was evaluated with plain radiography;
      after surgery, every patient was evaluated at weekly or biweekly intervals with
      standard plain anteroposterior and lateral radiography, with acquisition of
      additional radiographs centered over the distraction site. Every patient had
      complete bone healing, which took 3-14 months. In all patients, new bone
      formation was evident within 15 weeks after surgery. Complications associated
      with the Ilizarov technique were minimal (delayed formation in two cases and cyst
      formation within the distraction site in two cases), but success relies heavily
      on radiographic evaluation. Radiographs of the whole bone or joint must be
      obtained for overall assessment of bone alignment; specific views of the
      distraction site, with the x-ray beam centered over this site, may be required.

PMID- 2399345
TI  - The application of sensory change to reduce stereotyped behavior.
AB  - A combined reversal and multiple baseline design was utilized to assess reduction
      of repetitive hand movements for three severely mentally retarded children.
      Stereotypy was assessed during baseline (reinforcement for on task behavior) and
      sensory change (rings and reinforcement, rings, and faded rings) conditions. The
      results indicated sensory change effectively reduced the target responses. These
      results were durable up to 4 hours. We conclude that the procedure used in this
      study is a non-intrusive intervention that is an extension of the current
      literature pertaining to sensory extinction.

PMID- 2399346
TI  - Independent travel for developmentally disabled persons: a comprehensive model of
      instruction.
AB  - Independence and self-determination are long established goals for
      developmentally disabled persons. Some aspects of independence depend upon the
      ability to to gain access to resources in the local community. As a result, the
      acquisition of independent travel skills has received much attention over the
      years. However, most attempts to teach travel skills to this population have been
      limited in scope. This paper advocates a more comprehensive approach based upon
      the principles used to teach orientation and mobility to blind and visually
      impaired people.

PMID- 2399347
TI  - The effects of distributed feedback and videotape self-monitoring on the
      productivity of a janitorial trainee with mental retardation.
AB  - The participant, an adult worker with moderate mental retardation, had received
      prior training in cleaning bathroom, hall, and office sites in a community-based
      competitive work setting, but demonstrated substandard productivity. An
      intervention program was designed, consisting of (a) videotape-based self
      monitoring, and (b) distributed verbal feedback and breaks which were
      systematically reduced over time. Sequential application of the intervention to
      the three cleaning sites resulted in the person's increased productivity in each
      site. Results are discussed in terms of the components of the training package.

PMID- 2399349
TI  - [The campaign against tobacco].

PMID- 2399348
TI  - [Should medical doctors be interested in the campaign against smoking?].

PMID- 2399350
TI  - [Methods of stopping smoking].
AB  - The majority of smokers who stop smoking do it alone. The methods of stopping are
      aimed at helping those who cannot achieve this. The different methods used
      include psycho-therapy (individual-group), medication, and in the first place is
      nicotine chewing-gum (but also clonidine which opens a new perspective), aversive
      behaviour and reinforcement methods, hypnosis and acupuncture. The inadequacy of
      validated controlled trials by biological measurements makes it difficult to
      compare different methods. The levels of cessation evaluated varies as a function
      of recruitment, the relationship between the patient and the therapist, and
      between the association of the different methods. An important factor in the
      success resides in the motivation of the subjects explaining that the bias of
      recruitment readily lead to differences in the results which are superior to the
      action of the therapy itself. Associated to psychotherapy is the use of nicotine
      chewing-gum in pharmacologically dependent smokers, and seems to give good enough
      results. Behavioural methods have an important early success level but these are
      somewhat deceiving in the long-term and are not totally without risk.
      Acupuncture, hypnosis and the progressive reduction in nicotine levels (nicotine
      fading) requires controlled studies to judge their own efficacy. The frequency of
      failure in the first year remains the major current problem in the methods of
      stopping. It is convenient not only to develop maintenance strategies but also at
      the sociological level to diminish the environmental pressures inciting people to
      smoke.

PMID- 2399351
TI  - [The risks of bronchoscopy in coronary patients].
AB  - In order to study the electrical changes that may occur during bronchoscopy in
      coronary patients we have carried out continuous electrocardiographic recordings
      during the course of endoscopy in 36 patients. We have been able to compare two
      groups: Group 1 consisting of 18 patients with coronary disease, and Group 2 with
      18 non-coronary patients. There was no difference for sex, age or blood gases at
      the time of the examination in either group. Continuous electrocardiographic
      recording was started one hour before the examination and went on until two hours
      after, and was analysed as a function of the different durations of the endoscopy
      and any possible incidents. The blood potassium and the lidocaine blood levels at
      the end of the examination did not differ between the two groups. We observed no
      disorders of rhythm or of conduction. The only common change in the two groups
      was a frequent elevation of heart rate. There was no difference between the two
      groups. We have on the other hand been able to show in 3 coronary patients
      problems of repolarisation, which looked like current ischaemia occurring during
      the bronchoscopy and disappearing after the examination. We had no clinical
      upsets and do not have to regret having done any of the examinations, but these
      observations suggest we should be particularly careful in considering the
      indications for bronchoscopy, and the surveillance of patients during
      bronchoscopy where there is coronary disease.

PMID- 2399352
TI  - [Thoracic sympathectomy by thoracoscopy. Apropos of 15 cases].
AB  - Thoracic sympathectomy is achieved using the trans-axillary route during the
      course of a thoracotomy. The indications are Raynaud's phenomenon, digital
      arteriopathy, and hyperhidrosis. Alongside the surgical approach in theory it is
      possible to use a thoracoscopic approach for a thoracic sympathectomy, to achieve
      a physico-chemical destruction, we have studied this possibility using this
      technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thoracoscopy is achieved under local anaesthetic
      after creating a pneumothorax. The approach is through the 2nd intercostal space
      in the mid-clavicular line. Anaesthesia of the 2nd sympathetic ganglion is
      achieved, the ganglion is destroyed by injection of 8 c.c's of Phenol. 15
      patients were treated (15 to 7). The presented with palmar hyperhidrosis (7),
      digital arteriopathy (6) or Raynaud's syndrome (2). RESULTS: The first 5 patients
      were failures which led to a more precise technique. Overall we observed 8
      favourable results. If we exclude the first 5 cases we achieved 8 favourable
      results and 2 failures. The approach to the 2nd sympathetic ganglion using the
      thoracoscope is not always possible: the vision may be obscured. When it is
      possible phenolization may yield excellent results comparable to those of
      surgical sympathectomy. CONCLUSION: Palmar hyperhidrosis for which we have
      obtained the best results seems to us to be an extra indication of this technique
      which enables a cure at the price of a relatively simple procedure and a brief
      period of hospital stay.

PMID- 2399354
TI  - [Surgery of inflammatory and neoplastic tracheal stenosis. Apropos of 38 cases].
AB  - This is a retrospective study of 38 patients who were operated on for
      inflammatory (31) or tumoral tracheal stenosis. A cervical approach was possible
      in 20 cases; a sternotomy was required in 8 cases and a thoracotomy in 5 cases.
      Per-operative ventilation was satisfactory for all patients. There were 2 deaths
      in patients suffering from chronic airflow obstruction. There were 2 immediate
      and 13 late post-operative stenosis; 9 of these were symptomatic and required
      treatment which was successful in 7 cases. 25 of the 30 patients (among 33
      survivors) who were followed-up were symptomless; 4 patients who had operations
      for a tumour had a larger than 3 years survival.

PMID- 2399353
TI  - [Subpleural air cysts. A complication of barotrauma during mechanical
      ventilation].
AB  - The presence of air in the interstitial pulmonary tissues is shown as
      interstitial emphysema and is often the first sign of barotrauma. It results from
      hyper-pressure in the airways occurring for the greater part of the time on some
      underlying pulmonary pathology. This extra alveolar air may diffuse into the
      interstitium and collect under the visceral pleura, appearing on radiographs as
      air cysts from 3 to 10 centimeters in diameter. We described 7 cases of air cysts
      occurring in adults on mechanical ventilation. The lesions seem to us to
      represent a radiological entity and evidence of barotrauma due to mechanical
      ventilation and possessing its own potential outcome, namely rupture leading to
      pneumothorax, infection, persistence, or disappearance. The early occurrence in
      its history of a particular disease should be noted, enabling one to minimise the
      factors contributing to the barotrauma.

PMID- 2399355
TI  - [Evaluation of the mean annual risk of tuberculosis infection in the town of
      Conakry].
AB  - A study of tuberculous disease was carried out in children aged 5 to 13 years old
      who were first year pupils in primary schools in the town of Conakry (Republic of
      Guinae) with a view to determining the annual risk of tuberculous infection. In
      total 4,198 children distributed throughout 15 schools were tested after first
      looking for BCG vaccination scars. In the sample tested 1,444 children (34.4%)
      had vaccination scars and 2,754 (65.6%) did not. Amongst the 1,444 children with
      BCG scars, 1,367 (94.7%) were reviewed 72 hours after one unit of tuberculin RT
      23 to have the skin reaction RDI read. Amongst these 210 (15.4%) had an area of
      induration greater than 6 m.m. diameter. Amongst 2,754 children who did not have
      BCG scars 2,655 (96.4%) were reviewed for the reading of the IDR: 330 children
      (12.8%) had an area of induration greater than 6 m.m. diameter. The percentage of
      children with an IDR greater than 6 m.m. as well as the mean diameter of
      induration was significantly greater in the group with a vaccination scar. The
      age of the children influenced the size of the induration. A factorial analysis
      revealed at the same time an age factor and a significant scar factor.
      Calculations from the prevalence of areas of induration with diameter greater
      than 6 m.m. in non-vaccinated children revealed an annual risk of infection of
      1.52. A number of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis with positive microscopy in
      Conakry town is estimated at 90 per 100,000 inhabitants.

PMID- 2399356
TI  - [Alveolar proteinosis. Prolonged favorable course after total pulmonary lavage].
AB  - We report the outcome in a case of alveolar proteinosis diagnosed histologically
      in a 43 year old female. The increase in dyspnoea and the deterioration in the
      pulmonary function tests have lead to the realisation that a total pulmonary
      lavage was required under general anaesthesia. This was performed in two stages.
      A biochemical analysis of the lavage liquid showed an accumulation of
      phospholipids, proteins, and LDH. A subjective improvement was obtained in a few
      weeks followed by a slow radiological improvement as well as on CT scanning, and
      in respiratory function. Radiological and blood gas improvement was noted 19
      months after total bilateral pulmonary lavage. Broncho-alveolar lavage is thus
      able to induce long-term improvement in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.

PMID- 2399357
TI  - Psychosocial adjustment in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - The findings of this study suggested that length of prediagnosis period,
      employment or school attendance status, and duration of multiple sclerosis did
      not significantly influence psychosocial adjustment. Significant differences were
      found between adjustment scores of clients in remission and scores of those who
      were not.

PMID- 2399358
TI  - Behavioral management of the agitated head trauma client.
AB  - This article identifies practical application of behavior management for the
      agitated head-injured client (Rancho levels III-V). In addition to the
      suggestions offered in the article, family counseling and education modalities
      can be used to meet the unique needs of the agitated head-injured individual.

PMID- 2399359
TI  - Dealing with substance abuse among people with disabilities.
AB  - Many persons with physical disability have a hidden disability: substance abuse
      involving alcohol and/or psychotropic drugs. Patterns of substance abuse behavior
      vary according to use before disability, following the onset of disability, or
      both before and following the onset of disability. Substance abuse has a negative
      impact on a person's vocation, academic performance, family life, and social
      life, as well as on physical health. Rehabilitation nurses need assessment skills
      and interventions specifically aimed at dealing with substance abuse.

PMID- 2399360
TI  - Roy's adaptation model: a guide for rehabilitation nursing practice.
AB  - Roy's Adaptation Model provides a framework for holistic rehabilitation nursing
      practice. In this article, the model is applied to a rehabilitation patient with
      a spinal cord injury for the assessment of behaviors and stimuli influencing the
      behaviors and also for planning and evaluating nursing care.

PMID- 2399361
TI  - Potential for altered nutritional status in the stroke patient.
AB  - Metabolic events combined with neurological deficits place some stroke patients
      at risk for malnutrition. Nutritional support in the poststroke patient is an
      important part of recovery. Basic knowledge of nutritional assessment and
      interventions for altered nutritional status can help the nurse plan appropriate
      care.

PMID- 2399363
TI  - The dilemma of using physical restraints.

PMID- 2399362
TI  - The AHCPR effectiveness initiatives: opportunities for rehabilitation nursing.
AB  - The creation of AHCPR and its effectiveness initiative is one factor moving
      nursing into a new decade of data-based decision making. The resources available
      from this agency can facilitate one of nursing's major goals: the delivery of
      quality care. It also can be an avenue for the Association of Rehabilitation
      Nurses and the Rehabilitation Nursing Foundation to play a major role in defining
      the research priorities for our field of practice.

PMID- 2399364
TI  - Six months as a brain injury patient.

PMID- 2399365
TI  - Comparison of mattresses not complete?

PMID- 2399366
TI  - Characterization of 22 Vibrio species by gas chromatography analysis of their
      cellular fatty acids.
AB  - The cellular fatty acid compositions of 51 Vibrio strains belonging to 22 species
      as well as five Aeromonas strains were determined by using capillary gas-liquid
      chromatography (GLC). The major fatty acids were most often hexadecenoic,
      hexadecanoic and octadecenoic acids. Heptadecenoic acid was present in
      significant amounts in V. alginolyticus, V. natriegens, V. parahaemolyticus and
      "Vibrio navarrensis". Twenty fatty acids including branched and hydroxy acids
      were detected in the genus Vibrio. Quantitative results were treated by principal
      component analysis to display groups of strains. The first three components
      (accounting for 69% of the variance) showed the type strains of V. fischeri, V.
      ordalii, V. damsela, V. mediterranei, V. tubiashii, V. campbellii, V. pelagius,
      V. gazogenes, and V. nereis to be unclustered. V. alginolyticus (4 strains) and
      V. parahaemolyticus (4 strains) showed some overlap and the type strain of V.
      natriegens was in their neighborhood. V. harveyi (4 strains) formed a cluster and
      V. vulnificus was in its vicinity. V. cholerae (5 strains) overlapped with V.
      diazotrophicus (3 strains) and was close to the type strain of V. mimicus and V.
      anguillarum. V. metschnikovii (3 strains) clustered with the type strain of V.
      cincinnatiensis. A decision tree was devised for the identification of Vibrio
      species based on qualitative characteristics of fatty acid patterns. However, the
      following three groups, V. alginolyticus-V. parahaemolyticus-V. natriegens, V.
      metschnikovii-V. cincinnatiensis and V. cholerae-V. mimicus could not be split
      into such a decision tree.

PMID- 2399368
TI  - Two genomic species in Borrelia burgdorferi.
AB  - A total of 13 Borrelia burgdorferi strains (responsible for Lyme borreliosis) and
      representatives of 3 other Borrelia species (B. hermsii, B. parkeri, B.
      turicatae) associated with relapsing fever were studied by DNA/DNA hybridization
      and rRNA gene-restriction patterns. Two genomic DNA hybridization groups were
      observed which could be differentiated by rRNA gene-restriction patterns.
      Moreover, the number and size of restriction fragments suggest the existence of a
      single set of 16 and 23 S rRNA genes in Borrelia.

PMID- 2399367
TI  - Legionella sainthelensi serogroup 2 isolated from patients with pneumonia.
AB  - Three Legionella-like organisms isolated from patients with pneumonia are shown
      to belong to the species Legionella sainthelensi by DNA hybridization studies and
      to a new serogroup, serogroup 2, by serological studies (ATCC 49322). L.
      sainthelensi serogroup 2 and L. santicrucis are indistinguishable by slide
      agglutination, but are separable on the basis of their cell wall fatty acid
      profiles.

PMID- 2399369
TI  - Cell surface hydrophobicity of 88 clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii.
AB  - We studied the surface hydrophobicity of 88 Acinetobacter baumannii strains of
      clinical origin, using both salt aggregation and adherence to paraxylene tests.
      Strains were divided into 2 groups: the first included 65 strains isolated from
      various clinical samples (infected catheters, tracheal and bladder devices); the
      second included 23 strains isolated from skin obtained from healthy controls.
      High surface hydrophobicity was observed in 92% of the first group of strains and
      in only 5% of the second.

PMID- 2399370
TI  - Gynecologic cancers.

PMID- 2399372
TI  - [Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Contribution of nuclear magnetic
      resonance imaging].
AB  - Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy is a white matter infection caused by
      a papovavirus. Immunocompromised patients are predominantly affected. We report
      the case of a 74-year old woman with abdominal lymphoma resistant to
      chemotherapy. The diagnosis was suggested by cerebral CT and NMR images and was
      confirmed at postmortem pathological examination. The contribution of
      complementary examinations to the diagnosis is discussed in the light of recently
      published studies.

PMID- 2399371
TI  - [Value of liver biopsy in internal medicine. Apropos of a series of 300 puncture
      biopsies].
AB  - Between April 1976 and March 1987, in an Internal Medicine department some 300
      unguided percutaneous liver biopsies were performed, using the Tru-Cut excision
      needle. The procedure contributed to the diagnosis in 76.2% of the cases. In
      alcoholism-related pathology with its specific lesions, liver biopsy is
      particularly useful in diagnosing incipient fatty degeneration and hepatitis and
      helps in the prognosis of cirrhosis. In chronic hepatitis, it asserts the
      diagnosis and provides aetiological and prognostic data. The finding of
      granulomas at histology sometimes clinches a hitherto undecided diagnosis :
      sarcoidosis or tuberculosis? The diagnosis of drug-induced hepatitis rests on
      convergent clinical, biochemical and histological elements. In blood diseases,
      liver biopsy is of interest on three scores: it shows whether or not the liver is
      involved, detects intercurrent complications and evaluates the extent of the
      lesions before treatment. When performed after ultrasonography, it enables
      intrahepatic cholestasis to be recognized and extrahepatic cholestasis,
      unidentified by ultrasounds, to be suspected. In primary biliary cirrhosis, it
      confirms the diagnosis and informs on the severity and progressiveness of the
      disease. In hepatic cancers, liver biopsy has recently been superseded by
      computerized tomography and ultrasonography. Finally, it largely contributes to
      the diagnosis of overload disease and evaluates their activity and their impact
      on the liver.

PMID- 2399373
TI  - [Pyoderma gangrenosum and paraneoplastic chronic polyarthritis disclosing
      Hodgkin's lymphoma].
AB  - Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare skin disease of unknown pathogenesis associated,
      in almost 8 out of 10 cases, with a systemic disease, notably enterocolitis or
      hemopathy. We report the case of a 57-year old man who had been presenting with
      pyoderma gangrenosum for 5 years when he developed a rheumatoid-like seronegative
      chronic polyarthritis. The occurrence, some time later, of a supraclavicular
      adenopathy led to the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease. To our knowledge, the
      pyoderma-chronic polyarthritis-Hodgkin's lymphoma association has never been
      reported. Treatment of the lymphoma resulted in complete disappearance of
      cutaneous and articular symptoms. The fact that neither the skin disease nor the
      polyarthritis recurred during a 3-year follow-up after treatment was
      discontinued, incites us to discuss the possibility that the pyoderma and the
      polyarthritis observed in this patient were neoplastic diseases.

PMID- 2399374
TI  - [Antiprothrombinase and myocardial infarction. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - Among the thrombotic events associated with a circulating anticoagulant of the
      antiprothrombinase type, myocardial infarction is exceptionally reported, which
      justifies the presentation of two cases. In both patients, myocardial necrosis
      occurred some time after the antiprothrombinase was discovered, and there was
      nothing special in its clinical features. No obvious atherosclerotic lesion and
      no image suggestive of vasculitis were found at coronary arteriography, which
      suggested that the antiprothrombinase played a predominant role in the genesis of
      infarction. Relationships between antiprothrombinase, arterial thrombosis
      (particularly of the coronary arteries) and the presence or absence of systemic
      lupus erythematosus (SLE) are discussed. As observed in thrombosis of other
      arteries, it is not certain that the presence of SLE constitutes an additional
      risk factor, except in cases with unquestionable vasculitis or if the treatment
      of SLE requires prolonged corticosteroid therapy. On the other hand, the
      appearance of an antibody directed against phospholipids is not necessarily
      related to the presence of SLE; in fact, this antibody itself might be a risk
      factor of myocardial infarction, as has recently been suggested.

PMID- 2399375
TI  - [Sarcoidosis and sarcoid reaction associated with Hodgkin's disease].
AB  - The authors report a case of Hodgkin's disease associated with pulmonary and
      mediastinal sarcoidosis, and they recall the frequency of sarcoid reactions in
      lymphoma, notably in Hodgkin's disease. The Hodgkin's disease-sarcoidosis
      association is much less common and sometimes raises difficult diagnostic
      problems. The physiopathological mechanisms that are possibly involved are
      analyzed.

PMID- 2399376
TI  - [Unusual hemolytic-uremic syndrome in an adult].
AB  - A 44-year old woman presented with haemolytic-uraemic syndrome due to
      predominantly arteriolar microangiopathy, with anuria lasting 48 days. The
      semeiology in this case was unusual: there was no anaemia and only rare
      schizocytes on admission, blood pressure was normal and anuria was prolonged. The
      severity of arteriolar thrombosis observed at renal biopsy stood in sharp
      contrast with the lack of arterial hypertension and the almost total recovery of
      renal function within three months.

PMID- 2399377
TI  - [A diagnosis to consider: insufficiency fracture of the sacrum].
AB  - The authors report a case of insufficiency fracture of the sacrum in an 81-year
      old woman. The fracture was related to disjunction of the pubic symphysis
      consecutive to curettage of the pubic bones for septic osteitis developed after
      vulvectomy for cancer. The diagnosis was suspected on the results of bone
      scintigraphy and was confirmed by computerized tomography with frontal sections
      and contrast inversion, showing the characteristic H-shaped fracture.

PMID- 2399378
TI  - [Hypothyroid myopathy: apropos of a case with a great increase of creatine
      phosphokinase, myoglobinemia and transient kidney failure].
AB  - Clinical, usually moderate myopathy, frequently develops in patients with
      hypothyroidism and may reveal the thyroid dysfunction. Biological signs of
      myolysis, essentially a, usually moderate, rise in creatine phosphokinase plasma
      levels, are often found. On the other hand, rhabdomyolysis seems to be
      exceptional in this context. We report a case where an extremely severe clinical
      and biological myopathy associated with transient renal failure revealed
      hypothyroidism due to prolonged intake of amiodarone.

PMID- 2399380
TI  - [Specific cutaneous lesions in Waldenstrom's disease].

PMID- 2399379
TI  - [Pneumorenal syndrome induced by d-penicillamine: Goodpasture's syndrome or
      microscopic polyarteritis?].
AB  - Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage associated with glomerulonephritis is a rare but
      serious complication of d-penicillamine therapy. A case is reported which
      illustrates the usefulness of bronchoalveolar lavage and kidney needle biopsy for
      the early diagnosis of this condition. A search for antiglomerular basement
      membrane antibodies in serum was negative, whereas antigranulocyte cytoplasmic
      antibodies were present. These immunological results differentiated the disease
      from Goodpasture's syndrome to which it is clinically related and placed it in
      the same category as microscopic polyarteritis. After treatment with
      corticosteroids, cytostatic drugs and plasmapheresis, the outcome was favourable
      in contrast with the usually poor prognosis.

PMID- 2399381
TI  - [Systemic B.C.G. infection after intravesical B.C.G. therapy of in situ carcinoma
      of the bladder].

PMID- 2399382
TI  - [Acute kidney failure in typhoid fever].

PMID- 2399383
TI  - [Reversible retroperitoneal fibrosis after prolonged treatment with
      bromocriptine: apropos of 2 cases].

PMID- 2399385
TI  - Advances in urologic oncology.

PMID- 2399384
TI  - [Neurologic toxicity with low-dose methotrexate treatment].

PMID- 2399386
TI  - Combined surgery and immediate adjuvant hormonal treatment for stage D1
      adenocarcinoma of the prostate: Mayo Clinic experience.

PMID- 2399387
TI  - Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer: the MSKCC experience.

PMID- 2399388
TI  - [Long-term antithrombotic treatment].

PMID- 2399389
TI  - [Conservative treatment of classical radius fractures].
AB  - In Colles' fractures of the radius the distal fragment is slanted dorsally and
      radially, dislocated dorsally and radially and supinated. The radius is
      shortened. Furthermore a comminution-zone of the dorsal cortex is found. In
      closed reduction the fracture is unwedged and reduced by recreating the mechanism
      of trauma in neutral position, rather a light dorsiflection is maintained to
      check secondary dislocation of the distal fragment and shortening of the radius.
      The cast should push the carpus slightly palmwards and hold the hand in light
      ulnar-duction. Immobilization is retained for four to six weeks. Radiologic
      review is performed 4, 8, 12 and 16 days post reduction so that timely change to
      a different form of fixation is possible in case of secondary dislocation.

PMID- 2399390
TI  - [Which distal radius fractures can be treated conservatively?].
AB  - Roughly 80% of distal radial fractures can be treated conservatively. To decide
      which fractures should be treated surgically and which can be treated
      conservatively we divide them into four categories; metaphyseal bending
      fractures, epiphyseal buckle-fractures, avulsion-fractures of the articular rim
      and fractures of the growing skeleton. Metaphyseal bending-fractures with dorsal
      inclination of the distal fragment (Colles' fracture) can generally be treated
      conservatively, those with palmar slanting of the distal fragment (Smith's
      fracture) must be stabilized surgically. The intraarticular fractures (avulsion
      fractures and epiphyseal buckle-fractures) must be reduced anatomically and
      stabilized by osteosynthesis. In the growing skeleton Aitken 0 and I respectively
      Salter I and II fractures can be treated conservatively.

PMID- 2399391
TI  - [Aseptic osteonecrosis of the internal sesamoid bone of the large toe, apropos of
      3 case reports in adults].
AB  - Idiopathic aseptic necrosis of the sesamoid bone of the big toe in teenagers and
      young adults has been described by Renander (1952). We reported three incidents
      of this condition in adults. The first case was secondary to trauma, whereas
      repeated trauma could have been responsible for the second. The third case was
      associated with gout and a multifocal osteo-necrosis. We favor the opinion that
      idiopathic aseptic necrosis of the sesamoid one of the big toe in adults is
      seldom a primary condition and that other predisposing factors should be taken
      into consideration.

PMID- 2399392
TI  - [A case from practice (186). Monostotic Paget's disease of the left tibia].

PMID- 2399393
TI  - [Teeth in patients with celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis].

PMID- 2399394
TI  - [Celiac disease].

PMID- 2399395
TI  - [Dermatitis herpetiformis--celiac disease with skin afflictions].

PMID- 2399396
TI  - [Patients with dystonia in the dental office].

PMID- 2399397
TI  - [Diet and medications].

PMID- 2399398
TI  - [Perio implants--two case reports].

PMID- 2399399
TI  - [Dental treatment of elderly patients].

PMID- 2399400
TI  - [Maintaining the dentition in the elderly population].

PMID- 2399401
TI  - [Influence and effect of the aging process on the development of periodontal
      diseases and concerned treatment and prognosis].

PMID- 2399402
TI  - [Osteoporosis].

PMID- 2399403
TI  - [ENAP--excisioned new attachment procedure--a periodontal surgical method used in
      a modified manner].

PMID- 2399404
TI  - [Bilateral, symmetrical and simultaneous putamino-capsulo-caudal infarction].
AB  - The first case, to our knowledge, of bilateral, symmetric and simultaneous
      infarction in the basal territory of the middle cerebral arteries is reported.
      The patient presented with a pseudo-rostral brainstem syndrome, including loss of
      oculo-vestibular reflexes, severe tetraparesia and akinetic mutism-like
      disturbance of consciousness. The lesions were due to embolism, caused by atrial
      fibrillation, occluding the ostium of the lenticulostriate arteries. It involved
      only the putamino-capsulo-caudal regions, concerning the whole anterior and
      posterior dorsal capsules. The term tetraparetic mutism is proposed to describe
      this new clinico-pathological syndrome, which is the sum of a capsular
      tetraparesia, due to the lesion of the geniculate and cortico-spinal fibres at
      the level of the genu and posterior limbs, and of a capsular akinetic mutism, due
      to the lesion of the reticular thalamo-cortical tracts at the level of the
      anterior limbs. These total capsular infarcts moreover involved all the
      oculomotor cortico-reticular tracts, which could explain the absence of oculo
      vestibular reflexes.

PMID- 2399405
TI  - [4 cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome with axonal lesions].
AB  - We report the neurological features observed in 4 patients who developed a
      clinically typical Guillain-Barre syndrome. Electrophysiological and histological
      data displayed an unusual number of axonal lesions, although these were always
      associated with demyelination. These cases must be distinguished from the rare
      cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome with pure axonal lesions. Three patients had a
      poor functional recovery. This confirms the more severe prognosis of Guillain
      Barre syndrome with major axonal degenerative changes.

PMID- 2399406
TI  - [Magnetic resonance imaging after a one-month interval of lesions of multiple
      sclerosis in 2 populations, one during an acute attack treated with
      methylprednisolone, the other stable with no treatment].
AB  - Changes in clinical symptoms and MRI lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) were
      evaluated on two occasions, one month apart, in 30 patients. Seventeen patients
      (group 1) with acute exacerbation were treated with methylprednisolone in high,
      then decreasing doses during a total of 30 days. MRI examinations were performed
      before and at the end of treatment. The remaining 13 patients (group 2) had been
      clinically stable for more than 6 months and received no treatment; here again,
      MRI was performed at 30 days' interval. All patients in group 1 showed functional
      improvement. The MRI lesions remained stable in 7 of group 1 patients and in 4 of
      group 2 patients. In the remaining 19 patients (10 in group 1 and 9 in group 2),
      the number, size and location of MRI lesions were found to have changed over 1
      month. There was no correlation between clinical changes and the modification
      observed at MRI. This study confirms that high-dose corticosteroids are
      effective, at least clinically, in acute exacerbations, but the main results are
      that MS is a continually evolving disease, that changes rapidly occur in the
      lesions observed at MRI and that corticosteroids do not seem to influence the
      course of MRI lesions. Our study also suggests that MRI is inadequate to evaluate
      the effectiveness of short-time treatments of MS.

PMID- 2399407
TI  - [Lateral inferior pontine infarction: 2 clinical aspects].
AB  - Cases of lateral inferior pontine infarction are rare in the literature. We
      report two cases with MRI correlations. One involved the whole territory, the
      other the tegmental area only. Both also involved the middle cerebellar peduncle
      and one of them the adjacent lobules of the cerebellum. The first case emphasizes
      the classical alternate syndrome. The second case shows that acute vertigo
      mimicking a labyrinthine lesion can occur when involving the territory of the
      anterior inferior cerebellar artery.

PMID- 2399408
TI  - [Acetazolamide: an alternative to shunting in normal pressure hydrocephalus?
      Preliminary results].
AB  - From a series of 15 consecutive patients with a normal-pressure hydrocephalus
      examined over 2 years. 10 showed frank improvement with oral acetazolamide. The
      drug was a first-choice treatment in 5 cases and was given up after a spinal tap
      in 5 cases. Clinical response occurred even in the most severe cases, although it
      was slightly less impressive for intellectual impairment than for gait or bladder
      disturbances. Tolerance was excellent with a daily dose of 250 to 500 mg. The
      benefit remained stable on a more than 1 year follow-up in 8 cases. We suggest
      that acetazolamide should be tried in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus
      prior to considering shunting.

PMID- 2399409
TI  - [Treatment of spasmodic torticollis by local injections of botulinum toxin].
AB  - Injections of botulinum toxin into the main cervical muscles responsible for
      abnormal posture and movements in spasmodic torticollis reduced pain and
      attenuated dystonia for a period of 2 months on average. After several sessions 9
      out of 36 patients (25 p. 100) felt they had improved by at least 50 percent, 16
      (44 p.100) by 50 to 75 percent, and 6 (17 p. 100) by more than 75 percent. There
      were six failures.

PMID- 2399410
TI  - [Chronic encephalitis with mesencephalic predominance. A clinico-pathologic
      case].
AB  - A 70 year-old woman presented with a progressive supranuclear ophthalmoplegia,
      with "apraxia" of eyelid opening, axial akinesia and dementia. CT scan showed a
      mild cortico-subcortical atrophy and there was a high level of immunoglobulins,
      with an oligoclonal pattern, without cell reaction in the CSF. The patient died
      two years after the onset. Post-mortem examination, limited to CNS, showed
      subacute encephalitis confined to the tectal, pretectal, subthalamic areas and to
      Ammon's horns. These changes and their location were strongly suggestive of
      polioencephalomyelitis with or without cancer, in which such a prevalent midbrain
      involvement has been exceptionally described.

PMID- 2399411
TI  - Chronic toxicity studies with vigabatrin, a GABA-transaminase inhibitor.
AB  - The GABA-transaminase inhibitor, vigabatrin, has been shown to have a rather low
      degree of acute toxicity in several animal species. Oral administration of the
      drug at 1,000 mg/kg/day for 2-4 weeks caused decreased food consumption and
      weight loss with resultant prostration and death in both rats and dogs. Dosages
      of 200 mg/kg/day were tolerated for a year without clinical signs in dogs,
      although rats suffered reduced weight gains and convulsions after 3-4 months when
      given the drug in the diet. The convulsions continued to occur frequently
      throughout the one-yr study, but abated 3-4 months after cessation of treatment.
      The only consistent histopathologic evidence of toxicity in rats and dogs has
      been the finding of intramyelinic edema (microvacuolation) in the brain, most
      notably in certain areas of white matter (cerebellum, reticular formation and
      optic tract in rats and columns of fornix and optic tract in dogs). No lesions
      were found in the spinal cord or peripheral nervous system. It took several weeks
      for the microvacuolation to develop, even at high dosages, but it did not
      continue to progress thereafter, even though a slight effect was noted at dosages
      as low as 30-50 mg/kg/day after one yr of treatment. The intramyelinic edemia
      disappeared within a few weeks after treatment was withdrawn. No residual effects
      were observed in dogs, whereas rats exhibited swollen axons and microscopic
      mineralized bodies in the cerebellum. Monkeys exhibited no adverse clinical
      effects except for occasional loose stools at 300 mg/kg/day. After 16 months of
      oral treatment at 300 mg/kg/day any suggestion of intramyelinic edema was
      considered to be equivocal, and there was no evidence of any effect in the 50 or
      100 mg/kg/day monkeys after 6 yr of treatment. Higher doses caused chronic
      diarrhea, thus limiting the dosage in this species. Vigabatrin was shown to be
      well absorbed in rat, dog and man, whereas dose-limited absorption occurred in
      the monkey. Metabolism is practically nil in all 4 species and the primary
      elimination pathway is by glomerular filtration. Because vigabatrin is an
      irreversible inhibitor of GABA-transaminase and the enzyme has a slow turnover
      rate, plasma levels of the drug are not indicative of its pharmacologic activity.
      For this reason cerebrospinal fluid levels of GABA and vigabatrin were evaluated,
      with considerable species differences being noted. The significance of these
      differences in relation to the differences in toxic response is discussed.

PMID- 2399412
TI  - The histopathological and biochemical response of the stomach of male F344/N rats
      following two weeks of oral dosing with ethyl acrylate.
AB  - Male F344/N rats were dosed with ethyl acrylate (EA) either by daily gavage or in
      the drinking water for 2 weeks. The gavage dose levels were 0, 2, 10, 20, 50,
      100, and 200 mg/kg; the drinking water dose concentrations were 0, 200, 1,000,
      2,000, and 4,000 ppm (corresponding to 0, 23, 99, 197, and 369 mg/kg/day,
      respectively). In those animals dosed by gavage, irritation of the forestomach
      increased in incidence and severity over the 20-200 mg/kg dose range. In those
      animals dosed with EA in the drinking water, a much lower incidence of
      forestomach irritation and less severe lesions were observed at corresponding
      dose levels. No lesions were observed in the glandular stomach from either of the
      2 modes of oral administration. Following 2 weeks of gavage dosing with EA, the
      total non-protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) content of the forestomach and glandular
      stomach, and the NPSH concentration of the liver were determined 2-24 hr after
      the last gavage dose. Animals dosed at 200 mg/kg reached approximately 11% of the
      initial NPSH content in the forestomach at 6 hr after dosing. NPSH depletion of
      this magnitude has been associated with cytotoxicity of other tissues in other
      studies. By contrast, either the glandular stomach nor liver were depleted of
      NPSH to levels generally associated with toxicity. These observations are
      consistent with the conclusion that bolus dosing of EA induces severe depletion
      of critical cellular thiols in the forestomach with toxic consequences, but not
      in the glandular stomach or liver. Changing the mode of oral administration for
      EA to continued small doses in the drinking water allowed efficient
      detoxification and did not induce sulfhydryl depletion or comparable forestomach
      toxicity at the same daily body burden.

PMID- 2399413
TI  - Comparative cardiovascular toxicity in dogs given inotropic agents by continuous
      intravenous infusion.
AB  - A comparative study of the toxicity of the inotropic amines isoproterenol
      hydrochloride (IP), 1-norepinephrine bitartrate (NE), dopamine hydrochloride
      (DP), and dobutamine hydrochloride (DB) was conducted in beagle dogs (2/sex/dose
      group). All drugs were administered at doses that produced maximal contractile
      tension in dog myocardium. Doses, continuously infused for 96 hr, were 0.625,
      1.25, and 2.5 micrograms/kg/min IP, 2.5 and 5 micrograms/kg/min NE, and 25, 50,
      and 100 micrograms/kg/min DP and DB. Three of 4 dogs that received 5
      micrograms/kg/min NE and one of 4 given 100 micrograms/kg/min DP died. Pronounced
      tachycardia (mean peak rate increases from baseline of 88-104 beats/min) was
      observed at all doses of IP. DB produced a transient moderate tachycardia (mean
      peak rate increases from baseline of 25-27 beats/min) at 25 and 50
      micrograms/kg/min and pronounced tachycardia (mean peak rate increases from
      baseline of 74 beats/min) at 100 micrograms/kg/min. Moderate bradycardia occurred
      at both doses of NE and at 25 and 50 micrograms/kg/min DP (mean peak rate
      decreases from baseline of 42-46 and 22-38 beats/min, respectively). At high
      doses the 4 inotropes produced focal to multifocal myocardial necrosis located
      mainly in left ventricle and segmental medial necrosis of the coronary arteries,
      mainly in small intramural muscular branches. Segmental medial hemorrhage was
      also seen following administration of high doses of NE and DP. An additional
      intramural coronary arterial lesion produced by all of the inotropes consisted of
      a mild periadventitial cellular infiltrate and fibroplasia. The results indicated
      that NE and DP produced the most severe cardiovascular lesions, followed by IP
      which produced lesions of more moderate severity. DB produced only slight lesions
      in comparison to the other 3 inotropic amines.

PMID- 2399414
TI  - Effect of glycerol on cell kinetics and tumorigenesis in mouse lung following
      urethan administration.
AB  - Extending previous studies, we hypothesized that glycerol modulates pulmonary
      tumorigenesis in mice through metabolic activation in bronchiolar cells. To test
      this, we examined the effects of glycerol on pulmonary cell kinetics and
      tumorigenesis induced by urethan. Male ddY mice were given 1 mg/g urethan and/or
      5% glycerol solution for a fixed period. [3H]Thymidine autoradiography revealed
      that glycerol administration significantly suppressed the urethan-induced
      facilitation of cell kinetics of the bronchiolar cells (p less than 0.05), but
      not that of the alveolar wall cells. Furthermore, glycerol did not affect urethan
      induced pulmonary tumorigenesis. These findings suggest that glycerol modifies
      the metabolism of carcinogens in the bronchiolar epithelium.

PMID- 2399415
TI  - Hepatopathology of diethylnitrosamine in the medaka (Oryzias latipes) following
      short-term exposure.
AB  - The effect of short-term exposure (48 hr) of 14-day-old medaka (Oryzias latipes)
      to diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was tested on 4 groups of fish at 0, 100, 200, and
      400 mg/L, with interim sacrifices of up to 6 months post exposure. Many of the
      lesions seen were similar to those seen in other fish DEN carcinogenicity studies
      using longer term, adult exposures, including a cytotoxic phase with cystic
      degeneration of the hepatic parenchyma, cellular vacuolation, globular
      acidophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, spongiosis hepatis, foci of cellular
      alteration, adenomas, and cholangiomas. There were also several proliferative
      lesions of uncertain origin which occurred throughout the study. There appeared
      to be a direct relationship between exposure level and the incidence and severity
      of the lesions seen, including aggressiveness and invasiveness of the neoplasms
      seen. However, there was a possible difference from other studies in the types of
      neoplasms seen with this protocol, which may be related to age at exposure,
      exposure level, duration of exposure, or a combination of these factors.
      Similarities in lesions seen in this study and in rodent and other fish studies
      is an indication of promise for the use of this model in carcinogenicity testing.
      Differences indicate the variety of ways the fish liver can respond to toxic
      injury, and lend flexibility to the model.

PMID- 2399416
TI  - [Simulated stenosis of the common femoral artery in intravenous digital
      subtraction angiography by palacos following hip joint endoprosthesis implant--a
      possible source of error in videodensitometry determination of the degree of
      stenosis].
AB  - Radiation absorbing foreign material in the patient's body, such as palacos, may
      mimic significant vascular stenoses in DSA. The potential pitfalls of geometric
      and videodensitometric quantification of stenosis are discussed.

PMID- 2399418
TI  - [Tuberous sclerosis: family manifestations].
AB  - The authors report on 6 sisters and brothers with Bourneville's disease (tuberous
      sclerosis). The article describes the different morphologic manifestations of the
      illness in the patients and places them in relation with the generally assumed
      principal signs with special reference to the new imaging techniques such as
      cranial computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. These methods reveal
      pathognomonic patterns already very early, in association with specific clinical
      changes. Tuberous sclerosis must be excluded even in apparently healthy relatives
      by an exact diagnosis. Computed tomography is an absolutely indispensable
      indicator in this regard, since it is a highly sensitive method.

PMID- 2399417
TI  - [Contrast medium assisted nuclear magnetic resonance tomography. Signal intensity
      of gliomatous tumors].
AB  - In 124 patients with different types of gliomas signal intensity was studied with
      and without contrast material using T1-weighted sequences. The diagnostic
      possibilities equal those of computed tomography scans. Except grade II and III
      astrocytomas, the extent of the observed disorders of the blood-brain-barrier
      corresponds to the malignancy of the tumour. A distinction between glioblastomas,
      anaplastic astrocytomas and mixed gliomas is not possible. The differences on
      examination with and without contrast medium in grade I and II astrocytomas and
      grade I oligodendro-gliomas can be important for differential diagnosis. In
      addition the T1-weighted sequences require less time for investigation than other
      sequences which demonstrate disorders of the blood-brain-barrier without contrast
      material.

PMID- 2399419
TI  - [Use of imaging procedures in gallstone ileus].
AB  - Gallstone ileus is a rare complication of cholecystolithiasis with a high
      mortality and a high rate of postoperative complications caused by the advanced
      age of the patients and the often delayed diagnosis. The article shows that the
      consistent use of conventional radiological methods helps to reduce the high
      incidence of undetected gallstone ileus. A plain film of the abdomen is mandatory
      because it yields important information on the presence of an ileus and allows to
      diagnose gallstone ileus if air in the biliary tree and an aberrantly located
      gallstone is visible. Signs of an ileus are a frequent finding on abdominal scout
      films (9 of 9 cases) while the additional signs are often absent (5 of 9 cases).
      Contrast x-ray studies of the intestine, especially the upper gastrointestinal
      series with water-soluble contrast media, are of importance because they can help
      in detecting biliary enteric fistulas or gallstones located in the intestine.
      Hence, the consistent use of this roentgenologic routine methods can promote the
      accuracy of correct preoperative diagnosis (4 of 7 cases).

PMID- 2399420
TI  - [MR study of bone marrow changes of the spine following radiotherapy].
AB  - MR examinations of bone marrow variations in the spine after radiotherapy were
      performed on 24 patients in the thoracic and lumbar vertebral column. The
      actinically affected bone marrow showed a characteristic increase of signal
      intensity in T1-weighted sequences in the sagittal plane, due to conversion of
      red marrow to fatty marrow. The dose in the well-defined radiation areas was
      between 28 and 70 Gray (Gy). The lowest dose, applied to the bone-marrow
      bordering on the defined radiation areas, where we still could find an increase
      of signal intensity, was below 2.6 to 5 Gy. MR imaging was performed between 6
      and 9 month after radiotherapy.

PMID- 2399421
TI  - [Osteoid osteoma recurrence/persistence of the hamate bone. A case report].
AB  - Diagnostic difficulties in the assessment of osteoid-osteoma of os hamatum (its
      recidive or persistence) are outlined by means of a case report. Even by great
      expenditure in diagnostic (esp. by large-scaled diagnostic apparatus) a 100% safe
      diagnosis is not achieved in any case.

PMID- 2399422
TI  - Root complex and root canal system: a correlation analysis using one-rooted
      mandibular second molars.
AB  - The principal aim of this investigation was to verify an expected, probable
      correlation between certain variables, which are initially represented in the
      macrostructure of the root complex corresponding to the cemento-dentin junction,
      and certain variables that subsequently manifest themselves in the root canal
      system. A material consisting of 76 one-rooted, permanent mandibular second
      molars (M2 inf) was used. The specimens were cut at the mid-root level and all
      observations were made on the coronal root segment using a stereomicroscope.
      Relevant variables of the root complex were observed. The total macromorphologic
      variation of the root complex could be subdivided and classified in well-defined,
      distinguishable types. In accordance with the single root complex type an
      expected, logically deduced configuration of the root canal system was
      established. The relevant variables of the canal system were then recorded.
      Finally, the root complex morphology, as well as the expected and actually
      observed canal configuration, were compared type by type. In 76.3% of the teeth a
      good concordance could be shown between the expected and the actual canal
      configuration, whereas in 23.7% of the specimens there was a divergence. In 42.1%
      of the investigated teeth, 1 centrally localized main canal with varying cross
      section images, among them a C-shaped image, was found. In 30.3%, 2 main canals
      were found, which were often localized mesially and distally. In 23.7%, 3 main
      canals were observed: 1 mesiofacial, 1 mesiolingual and 1 distal. In the
      remaining 3.9%, 1 non-independent supernumerary canal was seen in a distolingual
      position.

PMID- 2399423
TI  - Presence of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase enzymes in dental and oral epithelium
      of guinea pig embryos.
AB  - This study examines the distribution of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase enzymes
      in reduced enamel epithelium, i.e., post secretory ameloblasts (PSA) and external
      cells of reduced enamel epithelium (ERE) of continuously growing incisor and
      molar tooth germs and in the covering oral epithelium (OE). Jaws of guinea pig
      embryos, 25-50 days of gestation age, were pretreated, frozen, serially cut, and
      incubated with alpha-naphthyl acetate as substrate and hexazotized pararosaniline
      as capture agent for demonstration of enzyme activity. In addition, sections were
      preincubated with various inhibitors of enzyme activity. A strong enzyme
      reaction, essentially unaffected by pretreatment procedures, was demonstrated in
      all cells of PSA and ERE, and in suprabasal cells of OE. Preliminary
      characterization of the alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase enzymes by means of
      inhibitors suggests a prevailing presence of B-esterase enzymes in both oral and
      dental epithelia. PSA were selectively stained when 2 x 10(-3) M arsanilic acid
      was used as inhibitor, ERE were selectively inhibited by 10(-5) M eserine, and
      cells of OE were selectively stained when 2 x 10(-3) M HgCl2 was used as
      inhibitor. We therefore conclude that the alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase enzymes
      in combination with inhibitors may serve as histochemical markers for
      discrimination of dental and oral epithelium in the guinea pig prior to eruption
      of teeth.

PMID- 2399424
TI  - Mineralization of and cementoblast attachment to original and reparative
      cementum.
AB  - Cementoblast attachment to original and reparative cementum as well as the
      mineralization pattern of the two tissues were studied ultrastructurally.
      Although differences were found in the mineralization pattern between the two
      types of cementum, cementoblasts attached to both with focal contacts, indicating
      a non-motile synthesizing state of the cells. It was concluded that the
      differences in morphology between the two types of cementum are only reflections
      of the rate with which they are formed.

PMID- 2399425
TI  - Six-month study of the effect of a dentifrice containing zinc citrate and
      triclosan on plaque, gingival health, and calculus.
AB  - In two previous studies gingival health was maintained for at least 12 months by
      a dentifrice containing zinc citrate and triclosan. The aims of the present study
      were to determine if a zinc/triclosan dentifrice would stabilize gingival health
      if a lower concentration of zinc was used and to investigate its effect on the
      formation of calculus. 101 men and women were given oral hygiene instruction and
      their teeth were professionally cleaned. Two balanced groups were then formed,
      based on the prestudy levels of gingival bleeding and calculus. One group used
      the zinc/triclosan dentifrice for 6 months, while the other used a control.
      Results were assessed after 3 months and 6 months. Following the oral hygiene
      instruction, plaque and gingival bleeding were assessed at the end of the 4-wk
      period preceding the experimental phase, and both had been reduced. This
      improvement was not maintained by the control group, whereas the test group
      exhibited significantly lower plaque levels and a higher standard of gingival
      health throughout the 6 months. After 3 months, levels of calculus in the control
      group had returned to prestudy levels. At both the 3- and 6-month assessments,
      significantly less calculus was observed in the test group. The improved plaque
      control, stabilized gingival health, and reduced calculus formation support the
      conclusion that a dentifrice containing 0.5% zinc citrate and 0.2% triclosan can
      contribute to oral care.

PMID- 2399426
TI  - Comparative study on mineralization-related intraoral parameters in periodontitis
      affected and periodontitis-free adults.
AB  - The parameters related to an intraoral mineralization tendency in periodontitis
      affected (P+) and periodontitis-free (P-) study subjects (16 adults, 46-74 yr,
      matched for sex and age) were compared. For this purpose the calcium (Ca) and
      phosphate (P) concentration of both plaque and saliva, resting pH and the
      acidogenic response of interdental plaque, plaque wet weight, salivary flow rate,
      buffering capacity and sucrase activity, interdental plaque, plaque S. mutans
      levels as well as salivary lactobacilli and yeast levels were estimated. Plaque
      Ca (micrograms/mg protein, P less than 0.025) and P (micrograms/mg protein, P
      less than 0.05), saliva Ca (micrograms/ml, P less than 0.005) and the saliva Ca:P
      ratio (P less than 0.005) were higher in the P+ than in the P- group. The resting
      pH values were higher (P less than 0.025) and the acidogenic response of the
      interdental plaque was lower (P less than 0.025) in the P+ group than in the P-
      group. The P+ group had lower S. mutans levels in saliva and interdental plaque.
      No differences were found in the wet weight of plaque and in the flow rate,
      buffering capacity or sucrase activity of saliva between the groups. The findings
      of the mineralization-related parameters in the two "extreme" groups of
      periodontal status suggest a higher intraoral mineralization tendency in
      periodontitis-affected persons than in periodontitis-free subjects. Ca and P
      accumulation of supragingival plaque seem to be connected with low acidogenicity
      of plaque and high salivary Ca concentration.

PMID- 2399427
TI  - Relationship between dental and skeletal maturation in Danish schoolchildren.
AB  - Spearman correlation coefficients between the number of emerged permanent teeth
      and RUS (TW2 method) skeletal maturity scores were calculated among 1412 boys and
      1332 girls, aged 7-14 yr, divided into 3-month age groups. "Moving averages" are
      presented of the correlation coefficients for every four 3-month age groups at a
      time. The pattern of the correlations differed between the sexes. However, in
      general, weak associations were found (mean r = 0.15-0.16), but correlations were
      significant at the 1% level in 8.5-9.5-yr-old girls and around 12 yr in both
      sexes. It is argued that skeletal, rather than dental, maturity should be
      assessed in adopted non-European children of unknown chronologic age.

PMID- 2399428
TI  - Localization of lysozyme mRNA in the labial salivary glands by in situ
      hybridization in Sjogren's syndrome.
AB  - In this study, lysozyme mRNA in labial salivary glands has been localized with in
      situ hybridization technique using 35S-labeled hen lysozyme cDNA (cDNALZM) as a
      hybridization probe in normals and in patients with Sjogren's syndrome, 35S
      DNALZM:mRNA hybrids were detected only in acinar serous cells, although lysozyme
      was identified in ductal cells using immunohistochemical techniques. Our results
      suggest that the serous acinar cells are the only site of lysozyme synthesis in
      small salivary glands. The presence of lysozyme in ductal cells may be a result
      of reabsorption from the saliva or concentration from the blood or surrounding
      tissues.

PMID- 2399429
TI  - Marginal microhardness of corroded amalgams: a comparative in vitro study.
AB  - One conventional and two high-Cu amalgams were tested for marginal microhardness
      after 2 months' corrosion in an 85 mM NaCl solution. Amalgams immersed in 200 mM
      phosphate buffer solution were used as controls. The microhardness tests were
      conducted on cross-sections of the amalgams 50 microns from the surface edges.
      The microstructure of the amalgams was studied in SEM and the amounts of Sn, Cu,
      Zn, Ag, and Hg dissolved in the solutions were analyzed with an atomic absorption
      spectrophotometer. For the amalgams immersed in the NaCl solution the depth of
      corrosion after 2 months was between 50 and 400 microns. The specimens immersed
      in the phosphate solution showed no signs of subsurface corrosion. The marginal
      microhardness of all the amalgams was reduced after corrosion in the NaCl
      solution. The greatest microhardness in both the uncorroded and corroded states
      was shown in the two high-Cu amalgams. The reduction in marginal microhardness
      after corrosion can probably be attributed mainly to degradation of the gamma-2
      phase for the conventional amalgam and to degradation of the eta' phase for the
      two high-Cu amalgams.

PMID- 2399430
TI  - Oral electrochemical action after soft drink rinsing and consumption of sweets.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of pH changes in dental
      plaque and saliva on the magnitude of the galvanic current created when amalgam
      restorations make contact in the oral cavity. Ten persons with 46 contacts
      between amalgam fillings in all participated in the experiments. Potential,
      polarization, and pH measurements were performed before and after Coca-Cola and
      orange juice rinsing and intake of sweets, which were used as test products.
      Distilled water was used as a control. The measurements were performed 2, 5, 10,
      20, and 30 min after the rinsing or intake. There was no statistically
      significant difference in the current magnitude after any test product or between
      the time intervals after the different products. The results indicated that
      changes of the plaque and saliva pH for a short time after food and soft drink
      intake do not influence the magnitude of the galvanic current flowing between
      amalgam restorations in contact.

PMID- 2399431
TI  - Guinea pig maximization test with a polyether impression material.
AB  - Adverse reactions to a polyether rubber impression material introduced in the mid
      sixties have been reported in the literature. Most of the reports are
      inconclusive regarding the distinction between allergic and toxic responses. The
      aim of this study was to assess the allergenic potential of this material using a
      guinea pig maximization test. Ten guinea pigs in the experimental group were
      sensitized in two steps. First, an extract of the material was injected
      intradermally, and 7 days later, the material mixed in petrolatum was applied
      topically. After another 2 wk test solutions were applied, and the skin response
      was evaluated by visual inspection. Ten nonsensitized animals served as controls.
      From the challenge test it was evident that the catalyst as well as the freshly
      mixed material elicited positive skin reactions interpreted as being delayed
      hypersensitivity reactions. The findings indicate that the material contained
      substances which could be classified as strong to extreme sensitizers. Some of
      the adverse reactions seen in connection with the use of this material might well
      be related to delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

PMID- 2399432
TI  - Hemolysis. Which laboratory investigations and when?
AB  - The Scandinavian Society for Clinical Chemistry and NORDKEM have had a number of
      joint efforts to facilitate the optimal performance and use of clinical
      laboratory investigations. A new committee (DOOKK or Diagnosis and Organ Oriented
      Committee for Clinical Chemistry) was established (in 1984) in order to improve
      collaboration between clinicians and laboratory physicians. In particular, the
      approach has been to work out recommendations for different clinical working
      hypotheses concerning restricted diagnoses or organ-specific problems. The aim of
      our project ("Hemolysis") was to create a rational scheme for the use of clinical
      chemical and hematological laboratory investigations in suspected or known cases
      of hemolysis.

PMID- 2399433
TI  - Use of biochemical tests for myocardial infarction in the county of
      Vasternorrland, a clinical chemistry routine for the diagnosis of myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - A study of 116 patients admitted on the suspicion of myocardial infarction is
      presented. Twenty three of the patients were found to have infarction. For the
      diagnosis of infarct the most reliable biochemical analyses at present appear to
      be serum creatine kinase (S-CK, E.C.2.7.3.2.) with its isoenzyme S-CKMB and serum
      lactate dehydrogenase (S-LD, E.C.1.1.1.27.) with its isoenzyme S-LD-1. If an
      organization with blood samples at fixed intervals after the appearance of
      symptoms could be arranged, this would be most recommendable. In many hospitals
      this is, however, difficult and the blood samples have to be drawn at specified
      hours. In the four hospitals in the county of Vasternorrland, Sweden, this latter
      procedure has been introduced. Blood is drawn at the arrival of the patient, at 8
      am and 8 pm the first day, and at 8 am the next two days of the stay in hospital.
      In the first two samples S-CK and S-LD are determined, in the third S-CK, in the
      fourth S-CK and S-LD and in the fifth S-CK. If the values are elevated, S-CKMB
      and S-LD-1 are determined. S-Myoglobin has been found valuable in the early
      exclusion of the diagnosis of infarction.

PMID- 2399434
TI  - Basic urinalysis and urine culture: Finnish recommendations from the working
      group on clean midstream specimens.
AB  - A recommendation for basic urinalysis and urine culture is published as an
      attempt to improve the clinical value of urinary tests and to create a system
      that utilizes laboratory work as sensibly as possible. More clinical background
      information is needed when basic urinalysis and urine culture is performed in
      stages. Collection and storage of urine specimens are standardized in addition to
      used equipment and bacterial culture. Cytological supravital stain improves
      qualitative and quantitative findings of urine sediment cytology. A close
      cooperation between central hospital district is necessary and stressed for
      further bacterial cultures in more complicated microbiological findings.

PMID- 2399435
TI  - Finnish recommendation for methods used in urinalysis: results for five-year
      period.
AB  - A recommendation concerning basic urine examinations and bacteriological cultures
      was published in 1983 in Finland including three clinical indication groups with
      different screening strategies. Close cooperation between laboratory experts and
      clinicians as well as much training in urine sediment cytology were essential
      before the new principle became widely accepted. Decreased workload in
      laboratories in clinically less significant cases was shown with the use of the
      full capacity and qualities of complete urinalysis when needed. Standardized test
      procedures combined with sediment staining improved the clinical efficiency of
      urine microscopy.

PMID- 2399436
TI  - Anemia in general practice.
AB  - Among 4928 consecutive consultations in urban general practice in Mid-Norway
      anemia was found in 106 patients. Eighty-nine patients had their anemia worked
      out and treated by their general practitioner, 11 patients were referred to
      hospital or specialist, and in 6 patients no clear-cut reason for the anemia
      could be found. The patients could be broadly divided into four groups: iron
      deficiency in pregnancy (48%), iron deficiency secondary to bleeding (21%) anemia
      of chronic diseases (17%) and miscellaneous (7%).

PMID- 2399438
TI  - Diagnosis and organ oriented clinical chemistry. Report from a project group
      initiated by the Nordic Clinical Chemistry Project (NORDKEM).

PMID- 2399437
TI  - Anemia in general practice. Which laboratory tests are requested--how are the
      results interpreted and what are the consequences to patient care.
AB  - Laboratory tests requested in patients with anemia by general practitioners were
      recorded together with the diagnostic problem, the practitioners' interpretation
      of the test results and the consequences to the further work-up and treatment of
      the patients. There is broad agreement as to selection of tests to diagnose
      fairly well-established clinical entities. With more composite or complex disease
      patterns, the request patterns differ, not only with the diagnostic problem, but
      more so with the physicians. Some tests are requested with results very seldom
      outside the reference range (e.g. cobalamins and folate) and some on indications
      notoriously prone to give false positive results (e.g. serum iron in patients
      with anemia of chronic diseases). As part of future quality control programs
      proper use of laboratory tests should be important topics as joint projects
      between clinical chemists, general practitioners and clinicians.

PMID- 2399439
TI  - A laboratory approach to patients with iron deficiency in general practice.

PMID- 2399440
TI  - The role of thyroid tests in handling of patients in general practice. A
      phenomenologic study.
AB  - During a period of 2 months thyroid function tests, performed on out-patients
      referred to the laboratory from general practitioners, were studied. The relative
      informative value of the tests was estimated in relation to the reasons given for
      requesting the tests. In 86% of the samples from patients with no history of
      earlier thyroid disease the conventional thyroid tests were found within the
      reference intervals. 3% showed a definite abnormal pattern of values. In 11% the
      results were in some way abnormal. In the group of patients with earlier history
      of thyroid disease 50% of the tests were abnormal. The relative merits of adding
      a sensitive TSH assay test were analyzed, and it was estimated whether using the
      sensitive TSH as a first-line discrimination test would add or subtract
      information compared to the conventional thyroid function tests. It was concluded
      that in the situation where the general practitioner wants laboratory information
      of thyroid parameters on patients in order to make decisions on the further
      handling of the patient, the sensitive TSH test is of limited value as a first
      line discrimination test and should be supplemented by other tests.

PMID- 2399441
TI  - Abstracts. XXIII Scandinavian Congress of Rheumatology. Tampere, Finland, June 13
      16, 1990.

PMID- 2399442
TI  - [Caries prevention with fluorides in difficulty?].

PMID- 2399443
TI  - [The Cerec system. Interview by Michel Perrier].

PMID- 2399445
TI  - ["Amalgam, quo vadis?"].

PMID- 2399444
TI  - [School dental care--minimal or maximal support].

PMID- 2399446
TI  - [The development of the costs of school dental care in the Canton of Zurich from
      1967 to 1986].
AB  - The costs of the school dental services in the Canton of Zurich between 1967 and
      1986 were assessed. The data were compiled from the annually submitted requests
      for financial support which are made by each community to the Cantonal Health
      Department. The total costs decreased slowly because of the diminishing number of
      schoolchildren since 1975 and the continually decreasing caries prevalence.
      Nevertheless, the individual costs per child increased slightly even after
      correction of the inflation. No clearcut reason explains the unexpectedly slow
      cost-reduction of the school dental service in the canton. The costs per child
      were higher in the City of Zurich than in the other communities with a school
      dental clinic. The costs of dental treatment was lowest in communities with
      dentists under contract for the school dental service. The reasons for this fact
      and the advantages of the school dental clinics are discussed. A more transparent
      structuring of the school dental services in the different communities is
      necessary and would allow a better analysis.

PMID- 2399447
TI  - [An in vitro test procedure for evaluating dental restoration systems. 1. A
      computer-controlled mastication simulator].
AB  - This article describes the development and testing of a computer-controlled
      chewing simulator which is able to simulate the wear mechanisms and temperature
      changes that can occur in the mouth. It was further evaluated if the opposing
      cusps used in this chewing simulator should be metallic or if natural enamel was
      preferential. The results indicated that the machine fulfilled the parameters
      concerning chewing motion and thermal changes reported in the literature.
      Furthermore it was shown that natural enamel cusps must be used as the opposing
      dentition. The chewing simulator will form a part of an in-vitro test, which will
      allow the evaluation of dental restorative systems under clinically relevant
      conditions.

PMID- 2399448
TI  - [What is happening with the amalgam wastes coming from dental offices?. Interview
      by K. Venner].

PMID- 2399449
TI  - [Diseases and culling of Swiss dairy cows. 2. Culling and relation between
      diseases and milk production parameters].
AB  - During three years (1982 to 1984) data were collected concerning diseases and
      reasons for culling in 612 dairy farms with Brown Swiss, Simmental and Black and
      White cattle. The frequency of culling increases in all three breeds with
      increasing age, from 20% at the first lactation up to 33% from the 4th lactation
      on. The main reasons for disposal are insufficient production, reproductive
      problems or udder diseases. After treatment for reproductive problems, mastitis
      or acetonemia, the risk for culling within the same lactation period is
      increased. Reproductive problems (no heat symptoms, repeat breeder, ovarian
      cysts) and acetonemia increase with increasing milk production in all three
      breeds. In cows with high 100-day-performance they are also more frequent. The
      occurrence of acute mastitis shows no general trend with increasing milk
      production or with high 100-day-performance. No systematic relationship is found
      between reproductive disorders or acute mastitis and persistency of milk
      production. On the other hand, acetonemia is somewhat more frequent in cows
      showing higher persistency.

PMID- 2399450
TI  - [Rates of resistance of mastitis pathogens from cows in Switzerland].
AB  - 1215 strains of bacteria isolated from cows suffering from acute or chronic
      clinic mastitis were tested in the antibiogram according to the Kirby-Bauer
      method. The germ spectrum included: 304 DNase-positive strains of Staphylococci
      304 DNase-negative strains of Staphylococci 304 CAMP-negative strains of
      Streptococci 303 Strains of Enterobacteriaceae The antibiotics selected were
      Penicillin, Cloxacillin, Neomycin und Gentamicin, then the combinations
      Penicillin/Neomycin, Cloxacillin/Gentamicin and
      Nafcillin/Penicillin/Dihydrostreptomycin. Gentamicin showed excellent action
      against Staphylococci and Enterobacteriaceae. Further on, the present
      investigations show, that the combination Cloxacillin/Gentamicin is fully
      effective in the gram-positive spectrum (against Streptococci and Staphylococci),
      as in the gram-negative spectrum (against E. coli).

PMID- 2399451
TI  - [Which diagnosis do you suggest?].

PMID- 2399452
TI  - Another word about AIDS.

PMID- 2399453
TI  - OBRA--its effect on the mentally ill in South Dakota nursing homes.
AB  - Mental illness is quite prevalent in the nursing home population. The Omnibus
      Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA), as it relates to nursing homes, has
      many facets including preadmission screening, periodic assessment, formalized
      patient rights, and gives reviewers a broader list of sanctions for offending
      facilities. OBRA does away with the designation of skilled and intermediate
      levels of care. It provides for evaluation of special needs of the mentally
      retarded and developmentally disabled and expects relocation of residents in need
      of specialized treatments. Similarly, it requires evaluation of the mentally ill
      in nursing homes for appropriateness of placement and discourages admission of
      potential nursing home residents with mental illness. This last aspect of OBRA
      and its potential effect of the long term care system, the mental health system,
      and the budget of the state of South Dakota are the subject of this paper.

PMID- 2399455
TI  - Beneficence in medicine.

PMID- 2399454
TI  - Acute theophylline overdose treated with whole bowel irrigation.
AB  - Case report of massive overdose of TheoDur treated with Whole Bowel Irrigation
      (WBI) with Colite. Theophylline levels and clinical symptoms decreased as soon as
      WBI was completed. Colite is inexpensive, safe to administer and easy to store.
      It may be lifesaving if administered promptly during transport to a secondary
      treatment facility.

PMID- 2399456
TI  - Increased incidence of renal failure associated with type II diabetes in blacks.

PMID- 2399457
TI  - Decreasing numbers of patients for vaginal hysterectomy and plasty.
AB  - Among 2904 patients who needed hysterectomy, the numbers of patients who needed
      vaginal hysterectomy and plasty have decreased steadily during the 40 years, 1948
      88, although indications have remained constant. There has been a steady
      reduction in the severity and numbers of patients with uterine sagging. Likewise,
      there has been a notable decrease in the severity of, and numbers of, patients
      with old perineal lacerations. The major reason for these changes is the steady
      improvement in prior obstetric delivery techniques. Both graphic and statistical
      evidence is presented.

PMID- 2399458
TI  - NIH Office of Scientific Integrity: policies and procedures.

PMID- 2399459
TI  - Conflict of interest: PHS readies new rules.

PMID- 2399460
TI  - Chronic fatigue as chameleon.

PMID- 2399461
TI  - Does a retrovirus explain fatigue syndrome puzzle?

PMID- 2399462
TI  - Laskers back for 1991.

PMID- 2399463
TI  - Template supercoiling by a chimera of yeast GAL4 protein and phage T7 RNA
      polymerase.
AB  - Fusion of the DNA-binding domain of yeast GAL4 protein to the amino terminus of
      bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase yields a chimera that retains the characteristics
      of its components. The presence of the GAL4 peptide allows the chimeric enzyme to
      anchor itself on the DNA template, and this anchoring in turn drives the
      formation of a supercoiled DNA loop, in linear or circular templates, when RNA
      synthesis at the polymerase site forces a translocation of the DNA relative to
      the site. Nonspecific interaction between the chimeric enzyme and DNA appears to
      be sufficient to effect supercoiling during transcription. Transcription by the
      chimeric polymerase is strictly dependent on the presence of a T7 promoter; thus
      it provides a tool in vitro and in vivo for specifically supercoiling DNA
      segments containing T7 promoter sequences.

PMID- 2399464
TI  - NKR-P1, a signal transduction molecule on natural killer cells.
AB  - Natural killer (NK) cells are a subpopulation of large granular lymphocytes
      characterized by densely staining azurophilic granules. NK cells are able to
      recognize and lyse various virally infected or neoplastic target cells without
      previous sensitization or major histocompatibility complex restriction. A 60-kD
      disulfide-linked dimer, highly expressed on NK cells, was found capable of
      mediating transmembrane signaling. The gene encoding this signal transduction
      molecule was cloned and its nucleotide sequence determined. The encoded protein
      showed significant homology with a number of lectin-related membrane proteins
      that share receptor characteristics. This protein may function as a receptor able
      to selectively trigger NK cell activity.

PMID- 2399466
TI  - Comparing patients' and nurses' views of interstitial cystitis: a pilot study.

PMID- 2399465
TI  - Refinement of Eco RI endonuclease crystal structure: a revised protein chain
      tracing.

PMID- 2399467
TI  - Genitourinary embryology and congenital malformations. Part 1. The kidneys and
      ureters.

PMID- 2399468
TI  - Carcinoma of the prostate.

PMID- 2399469
TI  - Using research: the key to excellence in practice.

PMID- 2399470
TI  - A plan of action for the AUAA. American Urological Association Allied, Inc.

PMID- 2399471
TI  - A disinfectant guide.

PMID- 2399472
TI  - Mental illness in Northern Ireland. A comparison with Scotland and England.
AB  - First and all admissions to psychiatric hospitals and units during 1981 were
      obtained from the DHSS in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Age and sex
      standardized rates were calculated for each country. Possible reasons for
      observed rate differences are discussed. Whilst overall high rates of admissions
      in Northern Ireland are most likely attributable to provision and use of beds,
      these factors may not entirely account for high rates of admissions for neurotic
      disorder, particularly among males.

PMID- 2399473
TI  - A reappraisal of the Malaise Inventory.
AB  - In recent years Rutter's Malaise Inventory has been used increasingly to measure
      levels of stress among those who care for people with dependency needs. Although
      there has been an element of dispute in the literature about the unidimensional
      nature of the scale, later work (Bebbington and Quine 1987) tends to suggest that
      Malaise Inventory scores can be used as a single internally consistent measure of
      stress. In this study consideration is given to the results of a national sample
      survey of 527 members of the Association of Carers (now Carers: National
      Association) which suggests the existence of two valid dimensions to the Malaise
      Inventory across a wider range of carer groups. Implications for future
      development and administration of the scale as a measure of stress are discussed.

PMID- 2399474
TI  - The DISSA: an abridged self-administered version of the DIS. Approach by episode.
AB  - The Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) program is a major step in psychiatric
      epidemiology because it uses a structured interview: the Diagnostic Interview
      Schedule (DIS). This gives psychiatric diagnoses in different diagnostic systems
      and can be administered by lay interviewers. However many surveys on health
      related topics cannot give the time needed to administer the DIS and train the
      personnel to use such a complex schedule as the DIS. The DISSA is a self
      administered abridged form of the DIS and represents an effort to produce a short
      and simple instrument for three types of diagnoses: major depressive disorder,
      all anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety, phobias, panic) and alcohol
      disorders. In this paper we describe the DISSA and give preliminary evidence
      about its efficiency. This will be done by comparing DISSA results with
      clinicians judgments, the DIS and a checklist derived from HSC. The DISSA
      functions in a manner similar to its parent instrument but achieves this in a
      shorter and less costly mode. Actually the approach by episode used for assessing
      depression seems to work better than the DIS. Comparisons with the checklist show
      a clear superiority of the DISSA for depression, alcohol and anxiety disorders
      but not for generalized anxiety.

PMID- 2399475
TI  - The prevalence of PSE-CATEGO disorders in a Finnish adult population cohort.
AB  - A normal Finnish population cohort, originally aged 15-64 years, has been
      followed psychiatrically for 16 years. In the 16-year follow-up, 742 of the
      original sample of 1000 persons could be contacted and personally examined i.a.
      by means of the full 140-item version of the PSE. The age-adjusted prevalence of
      mental disorders in the population aged 30-80 years was 9.9% (6.9% in men and
      12.4% in women). The prevalence of psychotic conditions was exceptionally high in
      comparison to other studies, 2.7%. The occurrence of mental disorders was
      associated with marital status and social class in men but not in women. Other
      factors examined, namely age, education, occupational category and experience of
      unemployment during the follow-up period, were not associated with the occurrence
      of mental disorders. The results are compared with the results from other studies
      using the same case finding method.

PMID- 2399476
TI  - An epidemiologic investigation of potential risk factors for suicide attempts.
AB  - This is a report of new research on suicide attempts, based on an analysis of
      data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys in the United States. Risk of
      making a suicide attempt during a 1-2 year observation interval in the early
      1980s was estimated in relation to selected personal and behavioral attributes of
      13,673 study participants who completed baseline and follow-up interviews for
      these surveys. Being an active case of Major Depression was associated with
      increased risk of suicide attempt (estimated relative odds, RO = 41; 95% CL =
      6.46-262), as was active alcoholism (RO = 18; 95% CL = 2.75-118) and being
      separated or divorced (RO = 11; 95% CL = 1.64-77). Being a user of cocaine was
      associated with increased risk of making a suicide attempt (RO = 62; 95% CL =
      2.51-1528), but illicit use of marijuana, sedative-hypnotics, or sympathomimetic
      stimulants was not (P greater than 0.30). Educational achievement was inversely
      associated with risk of suicide attempt at a marginal level of statistical
      significance (P = 0.068). These multivariable conditional logistic regression
      results were obtained by applying a conventional epidemiologic strategy with post
      stratification of subjects into homogeneous risk sets. Limitations of the study
      data and the analytic strategy are discussed in relation to directions for future
      epidemiologic field surveys.

PMID- 2399477
TI  - Self-esteem and depression. 1. Measurement issues and prediction of onset.
AB  - Research on the efficacy of measures of self-esteem to predict onset of
      depression has produced highly variable results. Longitudinal population studies
      in London and Edinburgh have produced positive findings, but there are a number
      of studies with negative results. This paper examines in more detail than
      hitherto the results of the London, Islington, longitudinal study and discusses
      issues of measurement which might explain the variable success of such
      predictions.

PMID- 2399478
TI  - The incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia in the Republic of Ireland.
AB  - For the last century scientists have attempted to demonstrate high rates of
      insanity among the Irish. Recent prevalence studies of schizophrenia claim that
      there is indeed a greater number of cases in the west of Ireland than in other
      parts of the world. Cultural and genetic hypotheses have been advanced to explain
      these figures without a critical examination of the studies at the basis of this
      claim. The relevant underlying research and the resulting hypotheses are reviewed
      to show that their conclusions are equivocal and ungeneralizable. This is most
      often due to the method of case collection and inconclusive cross-cultural
      comparisons. It is hoped that Ireland will not henceforth be considered a high
      prevalence area for schizophrenia without more reliable research in this topic.

PMID- 2399479
TI  - Educating relatives of schizophrenic patients.
AB  - An education programme given to relatives of schizophrenic patients in the
      context of other social interventions is described. The findings show that
      although relatives remember relatively little one month after receiving the
      education, it is an important intervention. Several reasons are suggested, one of
      which is that education is a somewhat neutral but engaging beginning to the
      therapeutic relationship. At the later nine months follow up several positive
      changes in relatives' attitude were shown.

PMID- 2399481
TI  - Social Security in Portugal: harmonizing for Europe 1992.

PMID- 2399480
TI  - Life events and relapse in schizophrenia. A one year prospective study.
AB  - Results from a one year prospective study of a relationship between major and
      minor life events (all other events), and relapse in twenty-two schizophrenic
      (DSM III-R) patients are reported. Seven (33%) patients relapsed during the one
      year of follow-up. Relapsed patients had experienced significantly more
      independent major and minor life events during the one year compared to non
      relapsed patients. The independent events experienced by the relapsed patients
      occurred twice as often in the three month period prior to the relapse as
      compared to any other period among the relapsed, or the non-relapsed patients.
      These findings are discussed in the context of the prospective design of this
      study and the inclusion of minor as well as major events.

PMID- 2399482
TI  - Jugular foramen neuromas: a review of 14 cases.
AB  - We present 14 patients with jugular foramen neuromas treated in the professorial
      unit at the National Hospital, Queen Square, in the 20-year period from 1969 to
      1989. The growth characteristics and associated symptomatology of these tumors
      are variable, and often they do not give rise to a typical jugular foramen
      syndrome, making differentiation from other low cerebellopontine angle tumors
      difficult and occasionally impossible. One tumor presented mainly in the neck,
      but the remaining 13 were predominantly intracranial and their anatomical
      relationships as defined radiologically determined the surgical approach used.
      Nine tumors were resected using a posterior fossa approach, three required a
      combined posterior fossa and neck dissection, and one a combined supratentorial
      and infratentorial craniotomy. The aim of operation was total excision of the
      tumor, which was achieved in 10 patients; the remaining three all suffered
      recurrence. There was no operative mortality and little long-term disability.

PMID- 2399483
TI  - Selective electroencephalograph-guided microsurgical callosotomy for refractory
      generalized epilepsy.
AB  - Between 1978 and 1985, 35 patients with medically refractory multiform seizures
      were submitted for sections of variable portions of the corpus callosum. Guided
      by intraoperative electroencephalographic and electrocorticographic monitoring,
      the section was carried out only in the portion of callosum that was involved in
      the maintenance of the bilaterally synchronous slow spike and wave discharge (as
      documented by intraoperative electrocorticography). In our patients, only part of
      the frontal corpus callosum needed to be sectioned to interrupt the bilateral
      synchrony of epileptic discharge. Of the 35 patients, operated on, 28 have had an
      adequate long-term follow up and are presented herein. All had significant
      improvement in seizure frequency and psychosocial functioning.

PMID- 2399484
TI  - Modifications of temporal lobectomy according to the extent of epileptic foci and
      speech-related areas.
AB  - The authors applied combined depth and subdural electrodes in patients with
      intractable complex partial seizures to detect the precise extent of epileptic
      foci and functionally map speech-related areas. The medial temporal structures
      were explored with depth electrodes and the lateral temporal cortex with subdural
      electrodes. On the speech-dominant side, electrical stimulation was given to
      demarcate the speech-related areas in the lateral temporal cortex. Based on these
      data, the extent of surgical resections was tailored to include as much of the
      epileptogenic areas as possible while preserving the functionally essential zones
      of the lateral cortex. According to the range of resection, three different
      approaches were employed for en bloc ablation of the lateral cortex and opening
      of the inferior ventricle. The results thus acquired have been satisfactory in
      terms of seizure control and the preservation of speech function.

PMID- 2399485
TI  - Intracerebral malignant lymphoma with fluctuating regression and spatial
      evolution.
AB  - Seven patients with histologically proven primary intracerebral malignant
      lymphoma, characterized by a fluctuating nature with both transient regression
      and spatial evolution of the tumors without contiguity to the initial lesion, are
      presented. Although the overall outcome was unfavorable, two cases had a long
      term survival of 3 years or more and one of them showed a good quality of life.
      Correlation among characteristic clinical presentations, computed tomography
      scans, and prognostic factors after management with surgery, radiation, and
      chemotherapy, including steroids, is discussed.

PMID- 2399487
TI  - Direct surgery for carotid bifurcation artery aneurysms.
AB  - Eighteen patients with bifurcation of internal carotid artery aneurysms were
      treated with direct surgery. In all cases the pterional approach was used. The
      strategy used in dissecting the aneurysm depends on the size of the aneurysm and
      the length of the intracranial internal carotid artery. When the aneurysm is
      small, the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery can be exposed by
      dissecting along the internal carotid artery from a proximal-to-distal direction.
      The aneurysm and the perforating vessels adjacent to it are identified before the
      aneurysm is clipped. When the aneurysm is not small or if the intracranial
      segment of the internal carotid artery is long, the sylvian fissure has to be
      dissected open before dissection of the aneurysm and perforators is undertaken.
      Using this dissection strategy, 18 bifurcations of internal carotid artery
      aneurysms were clipped with 16 excellent, one good, and one fair result. There
      was no mortality.

PMID- 2399486
TI  - Cavernous angioma with encapsulated intracerebral hematoma: report of two cases.
AB  - Two cases of a cavernous angioma with an encapsulated intracerebral hematoma are
      presented. In both instances, computed tomography scan showed a ringlike
      appearance with a nodular lesion. Cerebral angiograms of the two cases, however,
      were normal. The preoperative diagnosis for both cases was a brain neoplasm. The
      diagnostic problems that this type of vascular malformation presents and its role
      in the development of the encapsulated hematoma are discussed.

PMID- 2399489
TI  - Harry Hoffman's annotation in Surgical Neurology.

PMID- 2399488
TI  - Intraoperative angiography and temporary balloon occlusion facilitating surgical
      obliteration of a traumatic carotid cavernous fistula: a case report.
AB  - A patient with a traumatic carotid cavernous fistula was successfully treated by
      a direct surgical approach after failed endovascular balloon occlusion. Surgical
      identification of the fistula and confirmation of its obliteration were achieved
      with intraoperative angiography. Dissection, control of bleeding, and carotid
      blood flow were facilitated by temporary balloon occlusion of the cavernous
      carotid artery. The combination of surgery, intraoperative angiography, and
      interventional radiologic techniques may improve the management of intracavernous
      vascular lesions.

PMID- 2399490
TI  - Serotonergic innervation of the lateral cervical nucleus: an immunohistochemical
      study in cats and monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus).
AB  - A serotonergic input to the lateral cervical nucleus of cats and monkeys (Aotus
      trivirgatus) was demonstrated with immunohistochemical methods. In both species,
      the lateral cervical nucleus was found to contain a network of serotonin
      immunoreactive fibers. However, the density of labeled fibers was greater in the
      monkeys than in the cats. Most labeled fibers were thin and had irregularly
      spaced varicosities. Electron microscopic examination showed that labeled
      varicosities were in apposition with dendrites, neuronal somata and unlabeled
      terminals, but synapses were rare. The results demonstrate that the lateral
      cervical nucleus receives a serotonergic innervation, as is the case with other
      somatosensory relay structures such as the spinal dorsal horn and the dorsal
      column nuclei. The presence of a serotonergic innervation suggests that the
      transmission of somatosensory information through the lateral cervical nucleus is
      modulated by a descending pathway. However, its effect on the response properties
      of neurons in the lateral cervical nucleus is unknown.

PMID- 2399492
TI  - Headache and malocclusion.

PMID- 2399491
TI  - Investigation of behavioral and electrophysiological responses induced by
      selective stimulation of CCKB receptors by using a new highly potent CCK analog,
      BC 264.
AB  - The new CCKB analog, Boc-Tyr (SO3H)-gNle-mGly-Trp-(NMe)-Nle-Asp-PheNH2 (BC 264)
      exhibited a high affinity (KI = 0.39 +/- 0.15 nM) and selectivity for central (B)
      versus peripheral (A) receptors (KI CCKA/KI CCKB = 910) in the rat. In agreement
      with these binding studies, BC 264 was at least 50 times more potent than CCK8 in
      stimulating the firing of rat CA hippocampal neurones. Furthermore stereotaxic
      injection of BC 264 or CCK8 in the VTA of rats resulted in potentiation of the
      dopamine-induced hypolocomotion. These two types of CCK8 responses have been
      previously shown in involve CCKB receptors. In contrast, after administration
      into the postero-median nucleus accumbens, the hypoexploration, the increase of
      emotionality of rats, or the potentiation of dopamine-induced hyperlocomotion
      were obtained after injection of CCK8 but not of BC 264, supporting the
      involvement of peripheral CCKA receptors in these CCK8 responses. Owing to its
      resistance to peptidases, BC 264 appears to be of great interest in the
      investigation of the still uncertain functional roles of CCK in the central
      nervous system.

PMID- 2399493
TI  - [Patients' acceptance of poly-soft and paper-pack X-ray film packets].
AB  - Two types of Kodak dental x-ray film packets are manufactured, paper-pack (PP)
      from paper, and poly-soft (PS) from vinyl. They differ in dimensions as PP
      measures 31.4 X 42.1 mm compared to PS measuring 33.0 x 44.3 mm. The edges of PP
      are rounded, while those of PS have welded, thin and sharp edges. Patients
      acceptance of the two types was tested among 25 adult patients during exposures
      for full mouth surveys. For each patient half PP and PS were used in a random
      sequence. The patients were asked to rate any feeling of discomfort or pain and
      to compare the feeling after each pair of film packets. The scores were compared
      by Wilcoxon's matched-pairs signed-ranks test. The results revealed with a
      statistical significance at the 1% level, that the patients felt more discomfort
      when the poly-soft packet was used. No affections of image quality were noticed.
      In spite of the higher level of discomfort resulting from the use of PS it seems
      justified to recommend this type due to its superior hygienic qualities.

PMID- 2399494
TI  - [Ghost images in rotational panoramic radiography].
AB  - Ghost images are defined as images representing structures in the object located
      between the x-ray source and the rotation center. Their origin may be anatomic
      structures as well as foreign objects. A survey is given of the principles for
      the appearance of ghost images, their possible combinations with real and double
      images, and factors governing their position and occurrence.

PMID- 2399495
TI  - [Microbial picture in mixed subgingival plaque samples from young adults with
      rapidly progressive marginal periodontitis].

PMID- 2399497
TI  - [Reevaluation of guidelines for orthodontic treatment].

PMID- 2399496
TI  - [Carcinoma in situ of soft palate].
AB  - A case of carcinoma in situ in the soft palate in a 46-year-old man, heavy
      smoker, is presented. Six month's previously the patients own dentist discovered
      a rash in the soft palate, but no biopsy was taken until 6 months later when the
      patient was referred to the Dental Department, University Hospital, Copenhagen.
      The patient was referred to an oncologic department for evaluation. As radiation
      therapy was not indicated, surgery was performed. This included removal of the
      soft palate, tonsil and tonsil fossae. The patient had a palate plate done to
      relieve problems with swallowing. Patients with a long history of heavy smoking
      and oral lesions with suspicion for malignancy should always immediately after
      recognition of the lesion have more intensive examination and this should include
      a biopsy to establish a reliable diagnosis.

PMID- 2399499
TI  - [Nerve tissue damage in the oral cavity from surgical procedures].

PMID- 2399498
TI  - [Intravenous sedation in oral surgery practice].

PMID- 2399500
TI  - [Alternative final examination for new dentists].

PMID- 2399501
TI  - [Hypodontia among hearing impaired children].

PMID- 2399502
TI  - [Fluoride self medication--possibilities and shortcomings].

PMID- 2399503
TI  - [Use of lasers in oral surgery].

PMID- 2399504
TI  - [Campaign in the dental clinics in Gotland to inform the public about health
      hazards of smoking tobacco].

PMID- 2399505
TI  - Prenatal laboratory screening.

PMID- 2399507
TI  - Going the distance: rural health care in Texas.
AB  - Many doctors and hospitals are being squeezed out of rural and small-town Texas,
      and some of the population is beginning to suffer a lack of medical care
      comparable to that of underdeveloped countries. These articles consider the
      problem and present some options for improving health care delivery to rural
      Texans.

PMID- 2399506
TI  - Hospital risk management programs.

PMID- 2399508
TI  - Neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in Texas.
AB  - Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been a successful treatment (80%
      survival) in over 3,000 neonates with severe respiratory failure (80% predicted
      mortality without ECMO). ECMO is prolonged extracorporeal cardiopulmonary bypass
      achieved by extrathoracic vascular cannulation using a modified heart-lung
      machine. ECMO as treatment for severe respiratory failure in neonates is
      currently available in Texas in San Antonio, Galveston, Lubbock, and Dallas. Of
      116 Texas neonates treated with ECMO, 74% survived. Because of the distances
      between ECMO programs in Texas, early communication with the nearest center is
      highly recommended.

PMID- 2399509
TI  - Current treatment of chylothorax: a case series and literature review.
AB  - All cases of chylothorax occurring over a 15-year period in the teaching
      hospitals of a large Texas medical school were reviewed. This series of 12
      patients indicated that chylothorax is a rare event that can be successfully
      approached with nonoperative therapy for several weeks provided the nutritional
      and metabolic status of the patients are not adversely affected. Thoracostomy
      with tetracycline pleurodesis was used in several patients but did not appear to
      be superior to thoracostomy alone. The surgical experience in this series was
      limited, but the occasional need for surgical intervention is reviewed. This
      series suggested that aggressive nonoperative therapy including nutritional
      manipulation can result in a low mortality when it is followed by surgical
      intervention if no evidence of resolution of chylothorax occurs.

PMID- 2399510
TI  - Incidence of gestational diabetes: effects of race.
AB  - A total of 2,435 pregnant women underwent glucose screening during the late
      second trimester or early third trimester. Of those screens, 548 (22.5%) were
      abnormal; from these, 154 abnormal glucose tolerance tests were recorded. This
      gave an overall 6.3% incidence of gestational diabetes at our institution. Eighty
      two of the abnormal glucose tolerance tests were in Hispanic females, but this
      was not significantly higher than in other racial groups. Patients with a
      negative glucose tolerance test after a positive diabetic screen and obese
      gravidas had an 11.3% incidence of macrosomia. Of all the macrosomic infants
      (greater than 4,000 g) 38% of mothers weighed 200 lb (90 kg) or more.

PMID- 2399511
TI  - Multiple attractors in the response to a vaccination program.
AB  - Though it is well known that multiple attractors may co-exist in the SEIR
      (susceptible/exposed/infective/recovered) epidemic model with vital dynamics and
      seasonally forced oscillations in transmission, the epidemiological significance
      of multiple attractors has been a subject of debate. I show that the co-existence
      of attractors is relevant in using the model to study the dynamics of the
      introduction of a vaccination program into a stable epidemic cycle. Responses to
      the program may include more than one attractor. The exact timing of the
      introduction of the program relative to the original epidemic cycle is critical
      in determining which attractor appears in the response. Analysis of this simple
      model suggests that the role of multiple attractors in the response to
      vaccination should be examined in more realistic epidemiological models.

PMID- 2399512
TI  - [Study of gastric elimination of ornidazole after intravenous administration in
      patients undergoing digestive surgery].
AB  - In a previous study, performed in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery
      receiving antibiotics intravenously we pointed out that the gastric aspiration
      was an additional route of elimination for some drugs. In order to estimate the
      extra-dose required to replace losses in patients receiving ornidazole, a study
      was set up. 8 patients entered the trial; the patients were infused 500 mg of
      ornidazole for 3 days every 12 hours. Blood was sampled at 0-2-4-8-24 h after the
      last infusion. Urines and gastric aspirate were collected. The results indicate
      that the amount aspirated through the tubings is 69.1 +/- 37.5 mg per 24 hours
      (24.8 - 116.8) with a very high variability; the half-life was not different of
      what is known for ornidazole: 10.5 +/- 1.7 h. The results confirm that for the
      molecules weakly bound to protein which "concentrate" in the gastric secretion,
      the aspiration is an important route of elimination.

PMID- 2399513
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone administered orally in obese patients].
AB  - Dexamethasone pharmacokinetics was studied after oral administration of two
      Decadron tablets in six healthy controls and in eight obese patients whose weight
      was at least 20% above that of the ideal body weight. The absorption (0.30 +/-
      0.09 h and 0.29 +/- 0.08 h) and elimination (4.52 +/- 0.57 h and 3.71 +/- 1.05 h)
      half-lives were not significantly different. Maximum plasma concentrations were
      similar (11.95 +/- 1.00 micrograms/l and 10.93 +/- 0.94 micrograms/l) but the lag
      time was significantly higher in the obese patients (0.49 +/- 0.12 h and 0.13 +/-
      0.04 h). A positive correlation was observed between the AUC and the total body
      weight (r = 0.738, p less than 0.01). Mean predexamethasone cortisol level was
      significantly lower in the obese patients (189.20 +/- 52.7 micrograms/l and
      256.90 +/- 58 micrograms/l). The pharmacokinetics modifications were not
      sufficient to explain the increased false positive frequency in the dexamethasone
      suppression test of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in obesity.

PMID- 2399515
TI  - [Drug consumption in a retired population].
AB  - Drug consumption has been studied in a population of 187 retired people, the
      average age being 66.5 years. The retired subjects are great drug consumers: 89%
      regularly take one (or several) drug(s). The central nervous system drugs are the
      most used (52%). Those of cardiovascular system are used by 46% of subjects.
      Females take more anxiolytic drugs and paracetamol than males who use more
      calcium channel blockers. Polymedication is usual and in opposition to working
      population, retired people are less addicted to self medication.

PMID- 2399514
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of chlormezanone in healthy volunteers].
AB  - The kinetics of chlormezanone were determined after oral administration of single
      (400 mg) and multiple doses (400 mg/day during 8 days) in eight young healthy
      male subjects. Plasma levels determination had been carried out by HPLC. After
      single dose administration, Cmax concentrations 4.62 +/- 0.75 mg/l were obtained
      (Tmax) 2.18 +/- 1.49 h after drug intake. Area under plasma concentrations time
      curve was 224.93 +/- 27.79 mg.h/l and terminal half-life 40.50 +/- 4.19 h. On
      chronic regimen, chlormezanone accumulates in the body: trough plasma
      concentrations are significantly increased from Day 7 (2.97 +/- 0.45 mg/l) to Day
      9 (5.41 +/- 0.90 mg/l) and reach the steady state faster than it can be expected
      from half-life (40 hours) and dosing interval (24 hours). Elimination is faster
      (T1/2 beta = 37.14 +/- 3.18 h) after chronic regimen. Area under curve during
      dosing interval at steady state (164.19 +/- 21.70 mg.h/l) is significantly lower
      than the area under curve between zero and infinity in the single dose sequence
      (224.93 +/- 27.79 mg.h/l). These results agree with probable induction effect of
      chlormezanone on its own metabolism.

PMID- 2399516
TI  - [A survey of self medication. Comparison of results obtained at two centers].
AB  - Authors report results of an investigation led in 2 separate departments
      concerning 200 subjects: --blood donors: they are by definition healthy subjects
      who regularly are in touch with a medical structure; --patients with acute
      traumatic pathology leading to bone surgery consultation. The aim of this
      investigation was to analyse the different parameters involved in self-medication
      and to compare their distribution. Self-medication has an overall incidence of
      87.5% in these studied groups and has generally been lasting from 2 to 9 years.
      The main reason for it is the lack of gravity to go and see a physician; although
      52% of the patients tested take the advise of another person. The clinical signs
      leading to self-medication are looked for; 468 different drugs are listed
      essentially antalogics and drugs for ear, nose and throat as well as respiratory
      tract diseases. Self prescribed drugs usually come from the familial stock. Blood
      donors have some specific characteristics. In this population self-medication is
      more frequent and has been lasting longer. They more often feel able to take
      themselves in charge, but in contrast ask for the chemist's or the doctor's
      advise more frequently.

PMID- 2399518
TI  - [Regulation of animal experimentation].
AB  - Marketing authorization of numerous products: human and veterinary drugs,
      chemicals, agrochemicals and cosmetic products implies a minimum of animal
      testing. These trials are performed according to the Good Laboratory Practices
      (GLP) compulsory in France for drug registration. These guide lines are gradually
      extended to other products and tend to limit the number of animals to the strict
      necessity of providing a reliable information on the tolerance and possible
      toxicity of new products. The october 19-1987 decree of the Ministry of
      Agriculture as well as related decrees, complete and reinforce the previous
      legislation on animal experimental use in France. These texts comply with the EEC
      requirements and directives.

PMID- 2399517
TI  - [Adverse or toxic effects of drugs in medical practice: a one-year follow-up].
AB  - In order to analyse the response of pharmaceutical companies to adverse drug
      reaction reports, 37 suspected side effects were sent by mail to the 30 companies
      concerned. The time period involved was 1 year and corresponded to a total of
      3341 consultations in general practice. Companies answered in 29 cases (78.3%),
      sent 21 reply forms and returned 3 evaluations of adverse drugs reactions to the
      reporting doctor. The high percentage of adverse drug reactions (1.07 per one
      hundred consultations), the doctor's work-load and poor feed-back lead one to
      reflect on the usefulness of systematic adverse drug reaction reporting by
      general practitioners.

PMID- 2399520
TI  - [Alternative methods, the present and future].
AB  - Alternative methods are already widely used in fundamental biological research.
      Among 6,649 papers given at the FASEB 1989 meeting, nearly 60 p. 100 deal with
      experimental data obtained without the use of live animals. Alternative methods
      are less frequently utilized in industrial Toxicology. The reason of this
      discrepancy is discussed as well as the efforts made to reduce the numbers of
      animals for acute toxicity studies (LD 50) and cutaneous and eye tolerance.
      Present scientific developments as well as the possible agreement by regulatory
      agencies of the newly developed tests are presented. In spite of the increasing
      acceptance of alternative methods, large numbers of animals are still used. The
      reasons for this state of affairs are analysed, as well as the efforts which are
      made to encourage research for the replacement of animals in programs
      traditionally based on animal experimentation.

PMID- 2399519
TI  - [Role of animal experimentation in pharmacology and toxicology].
AB  - Animal experiments are scientifically justified to establish kinetic parameters
      of xenobiotics in vivo (absorption, diffusion, biotransformation, elimination of
      pesticides, food additives and drugs). They are indispensable for evaluating
      toxic effects which appear with delay (carcinogenesis, drug dependence), and for
      exploring reactions which involve complex regulating systems in the whole
      organism. In this field, methods are in progress, leading to use less and less
      animals and to obtain more accurate data. Some problems still exist concerning
      painful experiments and controls of local tolerance. In vitro assays must not be
      opposed against those performed in vivo, since both are complementary and must be
      coordinated in order to make fruitful progresses for the benefit of men but also
      of animals.

PMID- 2399521
TI  - [Incidence of restrictive measures in biological research].
AB  - Regulations on the use of laboratory animals are being in process, with regard to
      the very different aspects of animal experimentation. The generalization of
      feelings of respect for animals is highly positive. Research workers should apply
      themselves to avoiding this progress in human behavior to be associated with the
      development of "anti-science" reactions, leading to guilty feelings about the
      mainspring of their activity.

PMID- 2399522
TI  - [Theophylline overdose and hepatic test abnormalities associated with josamycin
      administration].

PMID- 2399523
TI  - [Convulsions in a patient treated with pefloxacin and theophylline].

PMID- 2399524
TI  - [Probable interaction of psyllium and lithium].

PMID- 2399525
TI  - [Toxic myopathy due to hypolipemic agents].

PMID- 2399527
TI  - Tissue factor antigen and activity are not expressed on the surface of intact
      cells isolated from an acute promyelocytic leukemia patient.
AB  - Tissue factor activity and antigen were measured in promyelocytes freshly
      isolated from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), FAB M3.
      Determination of functional activity revealed that physically disrupted cells
      expressed considerable tissue factor of which less than two percent was available
      prior to physical disruption of the cells. No tissue factor antigen was
      detectable on the cell surface by fluorescence flow cytometry. In contrast,
      endotoxin-stimulated peripheral blood monocytes and monoblastic cells isolated
      from a patient with monoblastic leukemia had notable populations of tissue factor
      positive cells by flow cytometry, and expressed higher proportions of total
      tissue factor activity without disruption. While some cell types may express both
      tissue factor antigen and activity when intact, others, which can be extremely
      rich in tissue factor, may express neither antigen nor activity without a
      triggering event such as cell damage.

PMID- 2399526
TI  - Adenosine potentiates the inhibitory effects of calcium channel antagonists on
      human platelet aggregation induced by thromboxane A2 or U46619.
AB  - Calcium channel antagonists inhibit platelet function in vitro and ex vivo, but
      the mechanism responsible has not been clearly defined. The concentrations of
      these agents required to inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro are several fold
      higher than those attained in vivo. Adenosine, a known inhibitor of platelet
      function, is produced in large quantities in ischemic myocardium. In order to
      test the hypothesis that adenosine may potentiate the platelet-inhibitory effects
      of calcium channel antagonists, we studied the effect of adenosine plus
      nifedipine, verapamil or diltiazem on human platelet aggregation induced by
      thromboxane A2 or the stable endoperoxide/thromboxane A2 mimic, U46619 +/-
      epinephrine. Adenosine, in concentrations achieved in the plasma during
      myocardial ischemia (0.01-0.1 microM), enhanced the inhibitory effects of
      nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem on platelet aggregation 5-100 fold. The same
      concentrations of adenosine alone did not inhibit platelet aggregation. In the
      presence of non-inhibitory concentrations of adenosine, nifedipine, in
      concentrations approaching those attained in vivo following standard therapeutic
      doses (as low as 0.29 microM), significantly inhibited thromboxane A2-induced
      platelet aggregation. Therefore, adenosine potentiates the in vitro inhibitory
      effects of calcium channel antagonists on platelet aggregation induced by
      thromboxane A2 or thromboxane A2 plus epinephrine. These results suggest that
      adenosine production by ischemic myocardium may augment the inhibitory effect of
      calcium channel antagonists on platelets.

PMID- 2399528
TI  - Calculation of plasma fibrin fiber mass-length ratios utilizing platelet
      aggregometers.
AB  - We report a technique for measuring plasma gel fiber size utilizing optical
      platelet aggregometers. Three aggregometers were used to measure gelation
      kinetics and final gel turbidity: Sienco Model DP247E, Bio-Data Model PAP-2A, and
      Chrono-log Model 500-VS aggregometer. Each aggregometer was calibrated using
      dilutions of latex microspheres. Optical densities of microsphere solutions were
      measured at 626, 670 and 945 nm. Calibration curves were plots of aggregometer
      readings versus absorbance. Gels of various fiber size were prepared by varying
      thrombin concentrations and ionic strength. Fiber mass-length ratios were
      calculated from the wavelength dependence of gel turbidity. Gel optical densities
      at 640 nm and 945 nm were shown to be linear functions of fiber mass-length
      ratio. Aggregometer study gels were formed directly in aggregometer cuvettes. Gel
      formation kinetics were easily measured in the Sienco and Chrono-log instruments.
      Gelation kinetics in the Bio-Data instrument did not allow measurement of maximum
      turbidity. The latter value could be measured, however, once gelation was
      complete. Final aggregometer readings were made one hour after thrombin addition,
      and were converted to absorbance values using calibration curves. Absorbencies
      were then converted to mass-length ratios using the optical density versus mass
      length ratio plots. Fiber mass-length ratios measured with aggregometers were in
      good agreement with those measured spectrophotometrically. This technique may
      allow routine quantification of plasma clot structure utilizing equipment
      ordinarily available in clinical laboratories.

PMID- 2399529
TI  - Relationship between classical FDP test and D-dimer assayed both by latex
      agglutination and ELISA.

PMID- 2399530
TI  - Blood group, von Willebrand's factor and heart disease.

PMID- 2399531
TI  - Malondialdehyde formation by blood platelets: a diagnostic test to assess
      acetylsalicylic acid induced thrombocytopathy?
AB  - We investigated whether the measurement of N-ethylmaleimide stimulated
      malondialdehyde (MDA) formation by blood platelets from normal subjects is
      equally sensitive to acetylsalicylic acid intake as are platelet aggregation
      studies. MDA production and platelet aggregation by collagen and arachidonate
      were assayed in ten healthy volunteers before and up to ten days after a single
      oral dose of 500 mg aspirin. Discordant results of the two tests were seen in
      several subjects 4 to 6 days after aspirin intake. In three cases with still
      suppressed MDA values on day 4, collagen or arachidonate induced aggregation was
      normalized. However, on day 6, when MDA was normalized in all subjects, the
      aggregation response to arachidonate was still pathologic in 5 of the ten
      volunteers. In case of a patient with abnormal aggregation response to
      arachidonate and/or collagen, therefore, a normal MDA value does not permit to
      exclude aspirin as the cause of the platelet dysfunction.

PMID- 2399532
TI  - Primary haemostasis, plasmatic coagulation and fibrinolysis in renal
      transplantation.
AB  - The disturbed coagulation state seen in patients with uremia has been suggested
      to contribute to thrombotic events in kidney grafts following transplantation.
      Primary haemostasis, plasmatic coagulation and fibrinolysis were investigated in
      eight patients before and during four weeks after kidney transplantation. In
      spite of an improved renal function there was postoperatively still a depressed
      platelet aggregation and the prostacyclin concentrations in plasma were low. The
      plasma coagulation seemed to be activated according to short activated partial
      thromboplastin time, high levels of FVIII:C and prothrombin complex. The
      fibrinolysis was increased and the PAI-1 levels were decreased. It is concluded
      that the overall haemostatic balance is characterized by a high degree of
      activation in uremic patients and that this activation persisted four weeks after
      transplantation.

PMID- 2399533
TI  - Hemorrhagic toxicity of d-alpha-tocopherol in the rat.
AB  - When male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered d-alpha-tocopherol and butylated
      hydroxytoluene in the diet or intraperitoneally for 7 days, prolongations of
      prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were observed in those given
      both chemicals by both routes in a dose-dependent manner. However,
      intraperitoneal d-alpha-tocopherol was less toxic and the prothrombin and partial
      thromboplastin time indices were approx. 70% and approx. 60% in rats given 2.91
      mmol/kg body weight daily. Rats given d-alpha-tocopherol in the diet at a daily
      dose of 2.31 mmol/kg body weight were approx. 13% and approx. 16% of the control,
      and in those dietary groups severe hemorrhages in epididymis and other organs
      were also observed. Plasma concentrations of total tocopherols were more
      increased by the dietary than the intraperitoneal route. These results suggest
      that the great difference in the hemorrhagic effect of d-alpha-tocopherol between
      dietary and intraperitoneal route administration may largely be due to the
      differing absorption rates of the drug by these two means.

PMID- 2399534
TI  - Hepatotoxicity of mitoxantrone and doxorubicin.
AB  - Doxorubicin and mitoxantrone were given to mice in a single dose of 15 mg/kg body
      wt (i.p.) and lipid peroxidation assays were carried out 3, 4 and 5 days after
      injection. Four days after injection, mitoxantrone induced an increase of 155% in
      liver spontaneous chemiluminescence and increases of 73% and 52% in malonaldehyde
      levels and hydroperoxide-initiated chemiluminescence of liver homogenates. Three
      days after injection, administration of doxorubicin produced increases of 51% and
      53% in liver spontaneous chemiluminescence and malonaldehyde formation
      respectively, but no changes in hydroperoxide-initiated chemiluminescence of
      liver homogenates were observed. The hepatic levels of antioxidant enzymes were
      measured in mice treated with doxorubicin or mitoxantrone. Administration of
      mitoxantrone caused decreases of 50%, 27% and 42% in Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase,
      catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, respectively. Doxorubicin also
      induced decreases in antioxidant enzyme levels but the effect was less marked.
      Our studies suggest that mitoxantrone might be more hepatotoxic than doxorubicin
      and that the mechanism of its toxicity would involve a reduction in antioxidant
      defenses.

PMID- 2399535
TI  - Long-term effects of peroxisome proliferators on the balance between hydrogen
      peroxide-generating and scavenging capacities in the liver of Fischer-344 rats.
AB  - In order to clarify whether peroxisomal hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays an
      important role in peroxisome proliferator-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, we
      examined the change in metabolism of peroxisomal H2O2 in vivo and in vitro using
      male Fischer-344 rats fed clofibrate, bezafibrate and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
      (DEHP) for up to 78 weeks. Hepatic peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity
      increased 12-20-fold after 2 or 4 weeks treatment; later this level gradually
      decreased toward controls, and at 78 weeks activity was 3-10-times of control.
      Although hepatic H2O2 levels were increased slightly by clofibrate, bezafibrate
      and DEHP, the changes did not correlate with the changes in peroxisomal fatty
      acyl-CoA oxidase activity. In isolated hepatocytes, the rate of leakage of
      peroxisomal H2O2 from peroxisomes into the cytosol and the hepatocellular H2O2
      content was measured. The rate of leakage of peroxisomal H2O2 into cytosol
      increased 2.5-4-fold when peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity was induced by
      peroxisome proliferators, and the increases in this rate corresponded with
      changes in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity. In contrast, the
      hepatocellular H2O2 contents were not affected by induced peroxisomal beta
      oxidation. These data show that H2O2 leaking from peroxisome into cytosol would
      be quickly decomposed, and thus peroxisomal H2O2 does not appear to play an
      important role in hepatocarcinogenesis by such an oxidative stress mechanism
      after the long-term treatment with peroxisome proliferators.

PMID- 2399536
TI  - Acute nephrotoxicity induced by isomeric dichloroanilines in Fischer 344 rats.
AB  - Chlorinated anilines are widely used as chemical intermediates in the manufacture
      of numerous dyes, pesticides, drugs and industrial compounds. The purpose of this
      study was to examine the nephrotoxic potential of the six dichloroaniline (DCA)
      isomers in vivo and in vitro. In the in vivo studies, male Fischer 344 rats (4-8
      rats/group) were administered a single, intraperitoneal injection of a DCA isomer
      (0.4, 0.8 or 1.0 mmol/kg) as the hydrochloride salt or given vehicle (0.9%
      saline, 2.5 ml/kg), and renal function monitored at 24 and 48 h. Renal effects
      induced by DCA were characterized by decreased urine volume, increased
      proteinuria, hematuria, modest elevations in blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
      concentrations, decreased accumulation of p-aminohippurate (PAH) by renal
      cortical slices, and no change or a slight decrease in kidney weight. Renal
      morphological changes were observed as proximal tubular necrosis with lesser
      effects on distal tubular cells and collecting ducts. Based on the overall
      effects on renal function and morphology, the decreasing order of nephrotoxic
      potential was found to be 3,5-DCA greater than 2,5-DCA greater than 2,4-, 2,6-
      and 3,4-DCA greater than 2,3-DCA. The ability for the DCA to induce
      nephrotoxicity correlated well with the lipophilic properties of the DCA isomers
      and Hammett constants (sigma) for the various chloro substitutions. In the in
      vitro studies, renal cortical slices from naive male Fischer 344 rats were co
      incubated with a DCA isomer (0-10(-3) M) and PAH or tetraethylammonium (TEA). All
      DCA isomers decreased PAH and TEA accumulation at 10(-3) M DCA concentration in
      the media with 3,5-DCA inducing the largest decrease at this concentration. These
      results indicate that DCA are capable of altering renal function in vivo and in
      vitro and that 3,5-DCA possesses the greatest nephrotoxic potential in vivo and
      in vitro.

PMID- 2399537
TI  - Six month oral toxicity study of trinitrotoluene in beagle dogs.
AB  - This study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of the munitions compound 2,4,6
      trinitrotoluene (TNT; CAS Reg. No. 118-96-7) in beagle dogs when administered
      daily for 26 weeks by capsule. Groups of six dogs per sex received TNT at doses
      of 0 (vehicle controls), 0.5, 2, 8, or 32 mg/kg/day. Toxicologic endpoints
      included clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, clinical biochemistry,
      hematology, urinalyses, organ weights, and gross and tissue morphology. The major
      toxic effects following the oral administration of TNT to dogs included hemolytic
      anemia, methemoglobinemia, liver injury, splenomegaly with accompanying
      histologic lesions, and death. Only the highest dose given proved to be lethal.
      Hepatocytic cloudy swelling and hepatocytomegaly were apparent at all doses
      tested. Thus, a no observable effect level was not established in this
      investigation.

PMID- 2399538
TI  - Association between rat serum cholinesterase and some phospholipid components of
      lipoproteins in thioacetamide-induced hepatic injury.
AB  - Rat serum lipoprotein phospholipids and serum cholinesterase activity in control
      and thioacetamide-treated rats (50 mg/kg/day for 30 days) were studied. Analyses
      were done after 1, 3, 8 and 30 intraperitoneal doses of thioacetamide or 0.15
      mol/l NaCl. Cholinesterase activity significantly increased with thioacetamide
      treatment. Only two phospholipids: LDL-phosphatidylcholine and HDL
      lysophosphatidylcholine appeared associated with cholinesterase activity. LDL
      phosphatidylcholine increased through the action of hepatotoxic thioacetamide
      while HDL-lysophosphatidylcholine significantly decreased. Because of the high
      statistically significant association between changes in these lipoprotein
      phospholipids and in cholinesterase in this model of hepatic injury, we conclude
      that cholinesterase could be involved in the regulation of these phospholipid
      levels.

PMID- 2399540
TI  - Methodologic issues in stoke outcome research. Proceedings of a national
      symposium. Buffalo, New York, July 10-12, 1989.

PMID- 2399539
TI  - Past achievements and new directions in stroke outcome research.

PMID- 2399541
TI  - Affective disorders after stroke.

PMID- 2399542
TI  - Neuropsychological assessment and treatment of stroke patients. An overview.

PMID- 2399543
TI  - Communication deficits in stroke survivors. An overview of classification and
      treatment.

PMID- 2399544
TI  - Staging motor impairment after stroke.

PMID- 2399545
TI  - The call for action.

PMID- 2399546
TI  - Status of measurement in stroke rehabilitation outcomes.

PMID- 2399547
TI  - Problems of methodological heterogeneity in studies predicting disability after
      stroke.
AB  - Comparison among studies is hindered by methodological heterogeneity. Differences
      among patient samples mean that predictor variables identified with one sample
      will not necessarily be accurate for other samples. Studies conducted across
      treatment centers would help ensure that the sample is representative of the
      population to which the predictor measure is to be applied in the future. The
      criterion by which functional outcome has been measured has varied. Many studies
      have measured function on discharge, while others have measured improvement in
      function. If interest lies with improvement in function, it is important to
      identify factors that predict which patients have greater (or less) than
      predicted recovery. If interest lies with the prediction of function at a
      particular point after the stroke, function should not be measured at discharge
      (since length of hospital stay varies enormously) but at a set time poststroke.
      Future studies should use scales whose reliability and validity is well
      established.

PMID- 2399548
TI  - A model stroke classification scheme and its use in outcome research.

PMID- 2399549
TI  - Patterns of care for stroke survivors.

PMID- 2399550
TI  - An overview of the epidemiology of stroke.

PMID- 2399551
TI  - An overview of stroke rehabilitation.

PMID- 2399553
TI  - Psychosocial outcomes in stroke survivors. Implications for research.

PMID- 2399552
TI  - Studies up to 1980 on stroke rehabilitation outcomes.
AB  - Although rehabilitation potentials are meant to be used in prognosis, they differ
      from the usual prognostic signs in the morbidity sense because they relate to
      behavioral outcomes rather than cure of neurologic deficits. Survival studies
      have shown that stroke patients who live through the acute phase after onset
      survive long enough to warrant rehabilitation. The most important overall
      conclusion from scientific studies of predictors of stroke rehabilitation outcome
      is that the identified predictors were not accurate enough to predict gains in
      the rehabilitation process or the disposition of the individuals at discharge.
      Instead, these predictors can only be used in a statistical sample to describe
      the general criteria of those patients who would do better versus those who would
      do worse in rehabilitation. Some of these general indicators include those that
      seem to have no effect on rehabilitation outcomes--age, sex, amount of paralysis,
      side of brain involved, and place of residence at the time of the stroke. Those
      factors for which the effects are still unknown are race and prolonged
      specialized training period in either proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
      or percent-concept organization and motor output training. Factors that
      positively affect rehabilitation outcomes are good family support and financial
      status, higher socioeconomic and educational levels, early referral to
      rehabilitation, and the type of rehabilitation center (comprehensive
      rehabilitation center versus nursing home).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399554
TI  - Outcome measures in stroke. A British view.

PMID- 2399556
TI  - Current use of functional assessment to measure stroke outcome in Canada.

PMID- 2399555
TI  - Outcome studies in stroke rehabilitation. The South Australian Stroke Study.
AB  - Like most longitudinal studies, this review has posed more questions than
      answers. It has, however, enabled us to make the following important statements
      about stroke rehabilitation outcome: 1. The determinants of outcome depend to a
      great extent on factors other than the nature and extent of the impairment. It
      seems that the patient's subjective perception of himself as either well or ill
      may be a major determinant of subsequent behavior in terms of functional
      dependence (disability). 2. What people are able to do at 6 months or more after
      the completion of formal rehabilitation is the real measure of its effectiveness.
      3. An index of "quality of life" based on, for example, the concepts of the
      Frenchay index is needed to evaluate the role and function of people in community
      living.

PMID- 2399557
TI  - Efficacy of Barthel index in evaluating activities of daily living in Japan, the
      United States, and United Kingdom.

PMID- 2399558
TI  - Classification of stroke by neuroimaging technique.

PMID- 2399559
TI  - Overview of available data on diet and cancer mortality in France.
AB  - We are reasonably sure today that diet plays an important role in the etiology of
      many common types of cancer, although the mechanisms and the relevant components
      of the diet have not yet been clearly identified. Data on the temporal and
      geographical variations of diet, and of cancer mortality, are presented here for
      France. There were important modifications in the dietary habits of the French
      population between 1950 and 1985. The consumption of bread and potatoes went down
      by a factor 2, and alcohol consumption decreased by 20%. Simultaneously,
      increases varying between 50% and 100% were observed for butter, fish, fruits and
      vegetables; the consumptions of pork meat, oil, and margarine were more than
      doubled; and lastly the consumption of poultry went up by a factor 3.5, and
      cheese or yogurt by a factor 4.5. The variations between regions for France are
      also very large. The largest increases in cancer mortality between 1950 and 1985
      were observed for mouth and pharynx, both in males and females, and for lung
      cancer in males. The largest geographical variations were observed for mouth and
      pharynx, for esophagus, and for stomach. For these sites, the highest rates were
      observed in Brittany. In our present state of knowledge on the relation between
      diet and the risk of cancer, we cannot reliably attribute the variations in
      cancer mortality to specific dietary habits.

PMID- 2399560
TI  - Diet and cancer risk in northern Italy: an overview from various case-control
      studies.
AB  - A critical overview is presented of selected findings from a series of case
      control studies conducted in the greater Milan area on cancers of the digestive
      tract, breast, female genital tract, prostate and bladder. Even using very simple
      data collection instruments (based on the frequency of use of a restricted number
      of food items), a number of consistent and strong associations emerged. In
      particular, frequent green vegetable consumption appeared to exert substantial
      protection against most of the cancer sites considered, which could not be
      explained in terms of information, selection or confounding bias. Other
      interesting clues, such as a moderately positive relation between fats and breast
      cancer, and a positive association between maize and esophageal or gastric cancer
      are discussed in order to illustrate the potential scope of studies of diet and
      cancer risk based on populations with considerable heterogeneity and
      modifications in dietary patterns, and recent changes in mortality from various
      common cancers.

PMID- 2399561
TI  - Alcohol-related cancers in Mediterranean countries.
AB  - In most countries bordering the Mediterranean, alcohol ranks second to tobacco as
      a risk factor for cancer. It is directly implicated in cancer of the mouth,
      larynx, hypopharynx and esophagus. For all these cancers a dose-response
      relationship has been demonstrated as well as a combination with the effect of
      tobacco, the two effects being multiplicative. Alcohol is also responsible for
      liver cancer developing on alcoholic cirrhosis. In addition, it has been
      suggested that alcohol consumption may be related to an increased risk of breast
      cancer.

PMID- 2399562
TI  - The role of diet history and biologic assays in the study of "diet and breast
      cancer".
AB  - Nutritional factors related to breast cancer were investigated by means of a
      hospital-based case-control study in Milan (Italy) and Montpellier (France).
      Liposoluble vitamins, cholesterol and triglycerides were measured in blood
      samples taken from interviewed subjects (319 cases and 344 controls). In addition
      serum zinc and copper was assessed in the Italian samples and serum fatty acids
      and malonyl-di-aldehyde in the French samples. A significant difference was found
      between cases and controls in total fat and cholesterol intake in both
      populations, and in saturated fatty acid and mono-unsaturated fatty acid
      consumption in the French samples. No difference emerged in liposoluble vitamin
      consumption in both populations nor in zinc and copper consumption in the Italian
      samples. A statistically significant higher serum level of cholesterol and plasma
      level of vitamin E was observed in cases compared to controls in both
      populations. The difference in plasma vitamin E was confirmed after adjustment on
      total cholesterol and triglycerides. Similarly, zinc serum level was higher in
      Italian cases than in Italian controls, while malonyl-di-aldehyde was lower in
      French cases than French controls. A multivariate analysis was performed after
      classification of cases and controls according to quantile distribution of
      controls. Nutrient consumption and relevant blood markers were directly or
      partially correlated in both populations. All known risk factors plus age, serum
      total cholesterol and triglycerides were used as covariates. The odds ratio
      values for the highest quantiles are: Dietary cholesterol, OR = 1.9 (1.1-3.4);
      total dietary lipids, OR = 1.9 (1.0-3.4); plasma vitamin E, OR = 4.2 (1.9-9.0);
      serum zinc, OR = 12.2 (5.4-27.7); serum malonyl-di-aldehyde, OR = 0.56 (0.33
      0.97).

PMID- 2399563
TI  - Characterization of a new murine tumor variant with different in vivo behavior
      selected by its adhesive properties.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to determine whether the selection by adhesion to
      fibronectin (FN) also selects for cells with different tumorigenic and metastatic
      abilities. M3 murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells with moderate metastatic
      potential were seeded on FN-coated plastic substrates. Non-adherent cells were
      removed at 30 min, and the adherent ones were expanded in monolayer culture.
      Selected tumor cells were then harvested and inoculated sc into syngeneic mice.
      The selection procedure was repeated three times. After the third cycle, tumors
      were further maintained by sc trocar transplantation, and the variant obtained
      was called M3Ad. Although the in vitro selection was adhesion to FN substrate,
      the in vitro adhesion behavior of the variant M3Ad was identical to that of the
      parental tumor M3. However, the cytogenetic profile and the in vivo behavior
      indicated that M3Ad differed from M3. The distribution of the chromosome number
      of M3Ad cells revealed a lower mode and mean than of M3 cells. Moreover, the M3Ad
      variant exhibited a shorter latency, a higher growth rate and a lower incidence
      of spontaneous lung metastases. However, it produced significantly more and
      larger lung colonies than M3 after iv injection.

PMID- 2399564
TI  - Cytogenetics and occupational exposure to solvents: a pilot study on leukemias
      and myelodysplastic disorders.
AB  - In a pilot study, 57 patients affected by leukemias or myelodysplastic syndromes
      were interviewed to identify potential exposure to organic solvents. Cytogenetic
      analyses were performed in 40 of the 57 patients. Unlike previous investigations,
      no association was found between the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities and
      exposure to organic solvents. An original finding was a strong association
      between solvent exposure and myelodysplastic disorders (4 certainly exposed and 1
      possibly exposed out of 11 patients). Such an observation warrants confirmation
      from case-control studies.

PMID- 2399566
TI  - Rome women's screening study: knowledge, attitudes and practices of women
      regarding screening for breast and cervical cancer.
AB  - A survey on knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding breast and cervical
      cancer screening was conducted in Rome on a sample of women aged 18-64 years. Of
      the 793 interviewees, 31.9% had undergone at least one breast imaging
      examination; examinations were more frequent in women over 35 and in those
      familiar with breast self-examination and female pathophysiology. Seventy percent
      of the women had had at least one Pap smear. Women were classified as Pap smear
      underusers (26.0%), appropriate users (28.8%), and overusers (45.2%) as compared
      to standard screening recommendations, according to their age and their lifetime
      number of smears. Age over 35 was associated with both underuse and overuse. Such
      inappropriate screening patterns could be related in part to the fact that the
      women reported that their physicians recommendations for Pap smear frequency were
      once a year or more in 62%, and once every two or three years in only 2%.

PMID- 2399565
TI  - Is tissue polypeptide antigen still a useful tumor marker in breast carcinoma?
      Comparison with CA15.3 and MCA.
AB  - Serum levels of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) are related to the proliferative
      activity and to the mass of the malignancy, differently from any other available
      tumor marker. We therefore evaluated TPA in comparison with CA15.3 and MCA
      (mucinous-like carcinoma-associated antigen) in patients with primary breast
      cancer. TPA was measured in tumor cytosol and in serum. Cytosol and serum TPA
      levels were not significantly correlated. Serum TPA was higher in patients with
      locally more advanced disease and in receptor-negative cases. The relation
      between TPA and disease spread was not directly dependent on tumor bulk, whereas
      CA15.3 and MCA were highly correlated to the number of positive lymph nodes and
      tumor size. No correlations were found between TPA and CA15.3 or MCA, and the
      positivity concordance rate between TPA and CA15.3 or MCA was very low. Patients
      with higher TPA serum levels showed a worse prognosis in cases with and in those
      without axillary metastases. From our data we conclude that TPA provides
      information different from that obtained with breast-specific tumor markers and
      could therefore be useful in association with CA15.3 and/or MCA in the management
      of patients with breast cancer.

PMID- 2399567
TI  - Prognostic impact of early detection of contralateral primary breast cancer.
AB  - The authors report on a consecutive series of 175 contralateral metachronous
      breast cancers. Eighty-six cases detected in women self referring for cancer
      related subjective symptoms were compared to 89 cases detected as asymptomatic at
      routine examination. Detection in the asymptomatic phase was associated with a
      more favorable stage, but no differences in survival rates were observed between
      asymptomatic or symptomatic cancers when survival was measured from the date of
      first cancer diagnosis, in order to adjust for lead time bias. The nodal status
      of the first or of the second cancer was the only variable of prognostic value on
      univariate analysis, whereas a significant association to prognosis was evidenced
      only for nodal status of the first cancer. The study suggests that routine
      clinico-mammographic check-up may achieve early detection of contralateral
      metachronous breast cancer in the asymptomatic phase, but this does not seem to
      have a relevant impact on prognosis. The occurrence of a second primary breast
      cancer seems to be an indicator rather than a determinant of a worse prognosis.

PMID- 2399568
TI  - Histopathologic and immunohistochemical features of neuroblastoma: a tool for
      evaluating prognosis.
AB  - To investigate the relationship of morphologic appearance with other parameters
      such as age at diagnosis, primary site and clinical stage in regard to the
      prognosis, we examined a total of 20 neuroblastomas of various sites from
      children undergoing treatment at the Catholic University of Rome and Regina Elena
      Cancer Institute of Rome. We used a histopathologic classification, developed by
      Shimada et al. (JNCI, 1984), based on the presence of Schwann cells and ganglio
      neuromatous component, neuroblastic maturation and transition to ganglionic
      forms, and number of mitotic and karyorrhetic nuclei. We observed a 100% 2-year
      survival for patients in the favorable groups (13 patients) and 0% 2-year
      survival for children (7 patients) in the group with unfavorable histology.
      Furthermore, immunohistochemical evaluation of neural markers such as NSE, S-100
      protein and neurofilaments offered additional important information. Our results
      confirm that the combination of pathologic, immunohistochemical and clinical
      criteria can be usefully employed to predict the outcome of neuroblastomas.

PMID- 2399569
TI  - Primary non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract: analysis of 41
      cases.
AB  - Forty-one patients suffering from primary non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the digestive
      tract have been observed over a period of 15 years. The primary sites were: the
      stomach in 27 cases, the small bowel in 8, the ileocecal region in 5, and the
      mesentery in 1. Patients were staged according to the modified Ann Arbor staging
      system proposed by Mushoff (20). Four kinds of management were employed: 1)
      surgery alone; 2) surgery and radiotherapy; 3) surgery, radiotherapy and
      chemotherapy; 4) surgery and chemotherapy. One patient was treated by
      chemotherapy alone. Radiotherapy was administered postoperatively and
      chemotherapy after or during radiotherapy. Generally, 2 opposed fields largely
      encompassing the tumor area and lomboaortic nodes if necessary, up to 25-30 Gy to
      the midline, were employed, with a booster dose up to 40-45 Gy to the involved
      area. Total abdominal irradiation was never employed. No clear difference emerged
      in survival rate nor in relapse-free survival among the four subgroups, but
      patients who underwent complete resection fared better than incompletely resected
      patients. However, these two subgroups were not homogeneous. A clear difference
      in survival rate did not emerge between patients treated or not with
      postoperative chemotherapy, whereas patients who relapsed after complete
      remission or those who never had complete remission had a poor prognosis.

PMID- 2399570
TI  - Severe hypotension in disseminated colon cancer due to a possible decreased
      dopamine brain content: a case report.
AB  - The case of a patient with advanced colon carcinoma is reported. She was
      hospitalized for severe hypotension, which was probably due to systemic
      vasodilatation. The patient was responsive only to continuous intravenous
      infusion of dopamine and was then successfully treated with an oral combination,
      consisting of L-dopa plus benserazide. Since benserazide blocks the peripheral
      production of dopamine, the effectiveness of this schedule in the treatment of
      severe hypotension would suggest the existence of a dopaminergic deficiency of
      the central nervous system rather than the peripheral vascular system. The
      present case report might represent a useful model to better understand the
      biochemical basis of hemodynamic dysfunction, which may occur in disseminated
      neoplasms or during immunotherapy of cancer with cytokines.

PMID- 2399571
TI  - Cutaneous presentation of acute myeloid leukemia in a "classical" Kaposi's
      sarcoma patient.
AB  - A case of early cutaneous involvement by an acute myeloid leukemia in a Caucasian
      man, previously affected by a "classical" Kaposi's sarcoma is reported. The
      diagnoses were based upon histologic examinations and appropriate hematologic
      investigations. After reviewing extensively the literature about the association
      of lymphoreticular system malignancies and Kaposi's sarcoma, possible
      implications and hypothetical etiopathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.

PMID- 2399573
TI  - Cutaneous metastases from carcinoma of the cervix.
AB  - Skin metastases from internal malignancies are rare, particularly those
      originating from carcinoma of the cervix: only 11 cases have been reported in the
      medical literature since 1940. We describe the case of a cutaneous metastases
      from a squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix that was solitary, unusual for its
      location, and with the longest survival reported so far.

PMID- 2399572
TI  - Recurrent solitary metastasis of renal cell carcinoma in skeletal muscles.
AB  - Metastatic carcinoma to skeletal muscle is uncommon and may originate from
      breast, colon, lung, pancreas and other sources. Recurrent solitary metastases of
      renal cell carcinoma in the biceps femori and gluteus muscles are described in a
      69 year-old man. The tendency of metastases to occur merely in muscles could not
      be explained in our case. The relative immunity of muscle to the metastatic
      process should be further investigated.

PMID- 2399574
TI  - [Cell adhesion--during morphogenesis and in the immune system].

PMID- 2399577
TI  - [Referral of elderly patients with cerebral apoplexy to nursing homes].
AB  - A retrospective investigation was undertaken to investigate which factors are of
      significance in recommendation of patients with cerebral apoplexy in geriatric
      departments to nursing homes. The investigation includes 116 patients admitted
      during a period of two years. Thirty-five (30%) were recommended for nursing
      homes. Sixty-seven (58%) remained severely handicapped (corresponding to Rankin's
      groups IV and V). Logistic regression analysis revealed that marital status,
      dementia, lack of motivation and inability to walk were associated with
      recommendation for nursing homes whereas sex, degree of paresis, aphasia, focal
      cognitive disturbances, incontinence of urine and hemianopsia did not show any
      association. Sex was, similarly, of no significance for the functional result of
      rehabilitation. On the basis of the regression analysis, the probability of
      recommendation to a nursing home may be calculated with knowledge of the
      predisposing factors in any given patient.

PMID- 2399576
TI  - [Consumption of alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy by health advisors. An
      investigation of nurses, nurses' aides, physicians and school teachers].
AB  - Health staff and elementary school teachers are key persons in prophylactic
      activity which is based on personal contact between the advisor and recipient. It
      is conceivable that their own habits play a part in how prophylactic information
      is distributed. This investigation describes how groups such as these consume
      alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy. As part of a local community experiment in
      which pregnant women in Odense participated in an information campaign from April
      1985 to April 1987, information was collected concerning the habits of pregnant
      women until the 36th week of pregnancy. This information was collected in self
      completed questionnaires which were sent anonymously to the Department of Social
      Medicine in Odense University. 87% out of the 13,815 pregnant women who attended
      midwives' clinics from April 1984 to April 1987 in Odense and Aalborg were
      included in the investigation. The following groups were selected for further
      analysis: nurses (627 women), nursing aides (492 women), doctors (85 women) and
      school teachers (468 women) and the group of office workers (1,136 women) was
      employed for comparison. The investigation revealed that school teachers, doctors
      and nurses had higher average consumption of alcohol during pregnancy than office
      workers. On the other hand, these groups has fewer episodes with consumption of
      eight or more drinks on a single occasion. Similarly, elementary school teachers,
      and the health groups (with the exception of nursing aides) smoked less. This
      investigation provided no evidence that these selected groups altered their
      habits on account of the informative campaigns which were directed to all
      pregnant women in the Odense region.

PMID- 2399575
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of women with urinary incontinence at Danish gynecologic
      departments].
AB  - The routine practice in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence was
      investigated by means of a questionnaire to which all 32 departments replied.
      Miction charts were employed routinely in 17 departments and for selected
      patients in eight departments. Weighing of diapers was employed in 13 departments
      for all patients investigated for incontinence, but only for selected patients in
      ten departments. Cystometry was employed in cases of stress-incontinence in 23
      departments and in cases of urge-incontinence in 30 departments. As regards the
      choice of operative treatment, 22 departments stated that they would employ
      abdominal intervention in cases of anterior suspension defect and vaginal
      operation in posterior suspension defects. Other departments perferred an
      abdominal or vaginal approach without employment of guiding miction cysto
      urethrography. It is concluded that there are great differences in the routine
      practices in Danish gynaecological departments in the diagnosis and treatment of
      utinary incontinence. This appears to be a suitable field for so called reference
      programmes.

PMID- 2399578
TI  - [Continuous monitoring of wound infections and other postoperative complications
      using MIKRO-ORT].
AB  - Registration of 883 operations, performed on the Orthopedic Department, Roskilde
      County Hospital, from 06.20.1988 to 12.31.1988, is presented. 95.9% of all
      operations were registrated primarily. 2.6% superficial wound infections and 1.2%
      deep were registered. Other infections constituted 2.3%, other complications
      4.5%. A significant increase in the incidence of deep wound infections in
      contaminated wounds was observed. We also found an increase in incidence in
      prolonged operations (NS). Where types of infections and complications were
      concerned pronounced extension of the hospitalization occurred. The 4.1% of
      operations not registered primarily, were more often performed in the evening and
      night time, were more often contaminated operations and were more often patients
      with more than one operation during the registration period. No significant loss
      of information could be found. It is concluded, that establishing a continuous
      surveillance of wound infections has benefited to the department's control of its
      infection rate. We were satisfied with the program MIKRO-ORT, which we have used
      for the registration.

PMID- 2399579
TI  - [Sociomedical aspects of primary Sjogren's syndrome].
AB  - Forty patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome were interviewed. Poor social
      conditions during adolescence were not predisposing factors. A significantly
      higher number of patients grew up in urban than in rural districts, but this
      difference may be because most of these patients were from Zealand. Patients over
      the age of 35 years had left school later than the normal population. The
      matrimonial status did not differ from the normal population, except that the
      patients had significantly fewer children. The first symptoms of disease were
      recorded at an age of 20-50 years by 73%. More than half of the patients employed
      at commencement of the disease had to give up, and received disability pensions
      or retired early. A number of patients found less demanding jobs. The reasons
      were extreme fatigue (54%), arthralgia (42%), ocular- (17%) or oral dryness (8%).
      Social isolation was a problem for many patients and about 50% reported
      psychological problems. Drug expenses were moderate, whereas dental treatment was
      often considered to be a major economic problem.

PMID- 2399580
TI  - [A piece of fabric as the cause of monoarthritis].
AB  - A case of synovitis in the knee of a man aged 20 years is reported. The fragment
      measured 1 X 1 cm and proved to be material from a pair of jeans. The diagnosis
      was established by arthroscopy. After transarthroscopic removal of the fragment,
      the patient recovered.

PMID- 2399582
TI  - [Enuresis nocturna and imipramine].

PMID- 2399581
TI  - [Preventive use of antibiotics in people exposed to patients with meningitis].

PMID- 2399583
TI  - [A diet plan for cancer patients].

PMID- 2399584
TI  - [L-tryptophan and eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome].

PMID- 2399585
TI  - [Arteriovenous shunts used in hemodialysis. A retrospective study of the results
      in 86 patients treated during a 5-year period].
AB  - During a period of five years, 104 arterio-venous fistulas and 14 PTFE-grafts
      were used in the construction of vascular access for long term hemodialysis in 86
      patients with end-stage renal disease. The overall cumulative patency rate is 71%
      at one year, 64% at two years and 47% at five years. Sex and age cannot be shown
      to influence the patency rates. The vascular access sites in patients with
      chronic glomerulonephritis have significantly higher patency rates than the
      vascular access sites in patients with chronic pyelonephritis. We are unable to
      show any difference in the patency rates of vascular access sites salvaged by
      revision compared with patency rate of the remaining access sites. The following
      conclusions are drawn: 1) In the majority of patients undergoing the first
      vascular access operations, an arterio-venous fistula is the procedure of choice.
      2) Advanced age does not itself contraindicate the construction of an arterio
      venous fistula. 3) Reoperation should be considered, if dialysis is no longer
      possible.

PMID- 2399586
TI  - [The incidence of gonorrhea as an indicator for prevention of AIDS in Greenland].
AB  - The first case of HIV infection in Greenland was demonstrated towards the end of
      1985 and, since then, a general informative campaign was instituted and teaching
      material about AIDS and HIV infection were prepared for use in schools. This
      activity was particularly great in 1987 and 1988. The main messages were 1) use
      of condoms and 2) reduction in the number of sexual partners. The incidence of
      gonorrhoea has been very high for many years in Greenland and the incidence of
      gonorrhoea was employed as indicator for the effect of the prophylactic campaign.
      Investigation revealed a decrease of 67% during the period 1985-1988. The
      decrease was particularly great in 1988 (58%). There appears to be a direct
      connection between this observation and the two main messages of the campaign as
      the employment of condoms increased tenfold during the period 1986-1988 end
      contact investigations revealed a decrease in the number of unknown sexual
      partners. On the other hand, no definite decrease in the total number of sexual
      partners was reported by patients attending the clinic for Venereal Diseases in
      Godthab. It is emphasized that the incidence of gonorrhoea has decreased markedly
      but it is still considerably higher than the incidence in Denmark. Continued and
      active prophylactic efforts are still required.

PMID- 2399587
TI  - [Social and economic consequences for families with preschool children related to
      emergency hospitalization of children under 7 years of age. A questionnaire
      study].
AB  - Parents of 164 children who had been hospitalized as emergencies were asked to
      complete a questionnaire containing questions about the social and economical
      sequelae of hospitalization. The parents had, on an average, 0.36 days off work
      per day of hospitalization and mothers had the majority of days off work.
      Families with two occupationally active or a single occupationally active parent
      had 0.63 days off work per day of hospitalization. The most prolonged periods of
      hospitalization were associated with fewest days off work per day of
      hospitalization. The most important forms of absence from work were holidays and
      absence without pay, while the right which Danish parents have of absence on the
      first day of the child's illness formed the basis for 15% of the days off work.
      The majority of days off work did not result in decrease in pay but parents used
      their holidays or free days to which they were entitled to a great extent. Three
      mothers lost their jobs in connection with days off work on account of illness in
      the child. In addition to employment problems, there were also problems in
      connection with transport and in caring for the siblings. In many families
      negative reactions were observed in the siblings.

PMID- 2399588
TI  - [Salmonella infections in the county of Frederiksborg during the period 1983
      1988].
AB  - During the years 1983 to 1988, a marked increase in the number of Salmonella
      infections notified to the Medical Officer of health in Frederiksborg was
      observed. The epidemiology of Salmonella infections has altered decisively during
      the past 5-10 years. The number has increased drastically and this increase is
      due particularly to increase in the number of isolated sporadic cases. The
      primary cause of the increasing number of infections is increasing contamination
      of foodstuffs with Salmonella. Improved hygiene in the food industry is essential
      if the number of infections is to be reduced. Children are frequently infected by
      direct or indirect contact. Salmonella infections are, therefore, a problem in
      day institutions and in day care homes. Contact infection may be prevented by
      improved hygiene and quarantine for children with infectious diarrhoea. Symptom
      free excretors, on the other hand, do not present any particular risk for
      infection and should not be excluded from institutions. Children may excrete
      bacteria for several months and quarantine based on positive faeces cultures may
      have considerable social consequences.

PMID- 2399589
TI  - [Factitious purpura].
AB  - Three identical case histories consisting of circular delimited petechial purpura
      around the mouth and chin in children aged 13-15 years are presented. This form
      of purpura was undoubtedly due to self-mutilation by establishing of a vacuum
      over the skin produced by a tumbler from which the air had been partially
      aspirated. This is regarded as a symptom of hysterical conversion on account of
      stressing conditions at home or in school. Strategies for making the patient and
      the parents aware of the causal connection and the possibilities for intervention
      are mentioned.

PMID- 2399590
TI  - [Basic research and aimed research, merits and research policy].

PMID- 2399591
TI  - [Maternal hemodynamic monitoring in severe pre-eclampsia].

PMID- 2399592
TI  - [Amalgam poisoning--a medical reality].

PMID- 2399593
TI  - [Vinyl and dioxin--PVC].

PMID- 2399594
TI  - [Extragonadal germinal tumors].

PMID- 2399595
TI  - [Primary retroperitoneal seminoma].
AB  - A case of primary retroperitoneal seminoma is presented and 73 cases from the
      literature are reviewed. The mean age was 41 years. The presenting symptoms were
      abdominal pain in 53% of the cases, low back pain in 43% and in 7% the only
      symptom was a palpable mass. It is concluded that seminomata exist as primary
      tumors in the retroperitoneum, but thorough examinations of the patients is
      necessary in order to arrange correct treatment and to exclude a primary
      testicular focus or CIS. Ultrasound sonography to discover non-palpable
      testicular tumors is recommended as well as surgical biopsies of the testis to
      reveal CIS. In patients treated with combined surgical resection and
      radiotherapy, the success rate was 92%. The overall success rate was 68%. It is
      expected that the curability for all patients is significantly improved with the
      introduction of combination of radiation and chemotherapy, as it has been seen in
      advanced testicular cancers.

PMID- 2399596
TI  - [Transport time and early treatment--important factors in knife injuries].
AB  - A forensic material of 71 victims killed by knife has been reviewed. The
      investigation covers all such cases in the eastern part of Denmark in the period
      from 1970 to 1984. Each case has been analysed based on timetables in the police
      reports, information from medical case reports, the results of the forensic
      autopsy and local conditions such as distance of ambulance transportation and the
      facilities in the hospital to which the victim was brought. Fifteen cases with a
      possible other exitus than death are finally discussed. It is concluded that the
      ambulance service with its "scoop and run" technique and the preparedness of
      hospitals receiving patients of this type are satisfactory. However, treatment of
      some of the victims with isolated lesions of the lung indicates that a more
      aggressive attitude to these lesions might have improved the possibility of
      survival.

PMID- 2399597
TI  - [Sudden death in children with gastrointestinal diseases. 24 forensic cases].
AB  - During the period 1963-1986, 24 fatal cases of gastrointestinal disease in
      children aged 0-14 years were referred to the Institute of Forensic Medicine,
      Aarhus, Denmark, for autopsy. We have retrospectively, reviewed the cases and
      asked the medical officers of health, whether complaints against doctors or
      hospitals for negligence had been raised. The material consists of 19 boys and 5
      girls with 9 different gastrointestinal diagnoses, predominantly small intestinal
      obstructive diseases such as intussuception, volvolus and adhesions. Five
      children with gastroenteritis were included who were treated and died at home.
      Reported prodromal symptoms were present in 23 of 24 cases. Nineteen had
      contacted a doctor in the week preceding death. The number of consultations
      ranged from 1 to 3 and involved general practitioners predominantly. Among 14 of
      19 cases where death occurred at home, a doctor had been called prior to the
      death of the child. In 12 cases the clinical diagnoses were different from the
      autopsy results. The most frequent wrong clinical diagnosis was gastroenteritis.
      After the autopsies, five cases were reported to the National Board of Health for
      further consideration. In four cases the National Board of Health stated that
      negligence had existed. From our investigations and research from elsewhere it
      appeared that the National Board of Health defines negligence as considerable
      error of judgement, or where examination or history raking, had been
      insufficient. The main purpose is to prevent these gastrointestinal deaths.
      Attention has been drawn, in particular, to the small intestinal obstructive
      diseases and dehydration following gastroenteritis.

PMID- 2399598
TI  - [Increased use of resources at psychiatric departments after the introduction of
      legislation on limitation of liberty and other forms of restriction in
      psychiatry. A prospective 3-month study].
AB  - The Danish legislation on restriction of liberty and other forms of compulsion in
      psychiatry was introduced on 1.10.1989. This legislation has involved an
      increased workload for psychiatric departments. A prospective investigation
      during a period of three months in an acute closed admission department in
      Frederiksberg Hospital revealed, as minimum figures, increased weekly working
      time for the caring staff of 28 1/2 hours, for doctors 6 1/4 hours and one hour
      for secretaries. In addition, the department registered an increased bed-day
      employment resulting from the new legislation. As the department has not received
      any new resources of note, this time must be taken from the time available for
      therapeutic work for all of the patients. Unless new resources are awarded to
      psychiatry, it is to be feared that the general psychiatric service will
      deteriorate.

PMID- 2399600
TI  - [Reoperation because of mechanical heart valve prosthesis dysfunction].
AB  - Thromboembolism, haemolysis, prosthetic endocarditis and paravalvular leakage are
      the commonest complications of introduction of mechanical heart valve prosthesis.
      Malfunction of the cusps inside the sewing ring is a rare but serious condition,
      which is due to partial or total prevention of the free movements of the cusps or
      valves resulting in symptoms of valvular stenosis or incompetence. Twenty-six
      valvular prosthesis (2.3%) were replaced on account of malfunction. Fifteen out
      of the 26 patients were submitted to emergency operation and 11 to elective
      intervention. Four out of the 26 patients died preoperatively or during the
      postoperative course, corresponding to a lethality of 15%. The operative
      lethality was associated with emergency operations exclusively. The authors
      conclude that patients with previously well functioning valvular prosthesis who
      develop symptoms of cardiac failure should be referred to the cardiological
      centre where the operation was carried out as rapidly as possible instead of
      institution of traditional medical treatment.

PMID- 2399599
TI  - [Lengthening of the femur and tibia using Wagner's method].
AB  - Thirty-nine patients (19 girls and 20 boys with an average age of 14 years) were
      submitted to 41 lengthening osteotomies by Wagner's method. The average
      preoperative shortening was 6.4 cm (3.5-25) and the average lengthening achieved
      in the femur was 6.4 cm (2.0-10.3) while the lengthening achieved in the tibia
      was 5.5-5.6 cm. In five patients, residual anisomelia varied between 3.5 to 10 cm
      and two of these patients have subsequently been submitted to supplementary
      lengthening. Complications occurred in 12 patients and, in particular, the
      postoperative course was complicated in two patients over the age of 20 years. It
      is concluded that lengthening of the femur and tibia by Wagner's method, and
      undertaken before growth has ceased, is a safe method of correction of
      considerable anisomelia.

PMID- 2399601
TI  - [Urinary incontinence. Experiences with the artificial urethral sphincter AS
      800].
AB  - Since 1983, 62 patients with incontinence of urine (43 men and 19 women) were
      treated with an artificial sphincter model AS 800. During the period of
      observation, the artificial sphincters were removed in five patients on account
      of complications and six patients had died. In 22 patients, a total of 34
      operations were required on account of complications. Out of 51 patients with
      artificial sphincters at the time of this review, 43 (84%) had experienced
      improvement: 15 (29%) were completely continent and 18 (35%) had only slight
      stress incotinence. It is concluded that the technical improvement which has
      taken place has improved the therapeutic results and approximately halved the
      number of complications requiring treatment.

PMID- 2399602
TI  - [Runner's diarrhea].
AB  - Two cases of diarrhoea occurring during running training are presented. It is
      suggested that relative ischaemia of the gut may be responsible for the condition
      during prolonged strenuous exercise.

PMID- 2399604
TI  - [Free jejunal autograft for reconstruction of the pharynx and cervical
      esophagus].
AB  - Reconstruction of the pharynx and cervical oesophagus by transplantation and
      revascularisation of a free jejunal graft is reported in a 47-year old male with
      cancer of the pharynx. The time interval from operation to oral intake was 12
      days.

PMID- 2399603
TI  - [Delayed diagnosis of bronchial foreign body].
AB  - An open safety pin was found in the middle lobe bronchus in a 3-year old girl
      with pneumonia. The point was directed downwards, and the pin could be removed
      during bronchoscopy. The lock was found to be partly corroded following months in
      the bronchial tree. The safety pin had thus most probably been closed when
      aspirated, and had thereafter remained silent until its spontaneous opening.

PMID- 2399605
TI  - [Dissecting aortic aneurysm in suspected myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2399606
TI  - [Myxedema psychosis. Primary myxedema in a patient with psychosis].
AB  - The case history of a patient with psychosis is presented. Primary myxoedema was
      demonstrated to be the etiological cause. The importance of rapid initiation of
      treatment is demonstrated.

PMID- 2399607
TI  - [Is routine radiography of the skull after light head injuries necessary?].

PMID- 2399608
TI  - [Aortic aneurysm and postoperative renal insufficiency].

PMID- 2399609
TI  - [Acute aortic dissection].

PMID- 2399611
TI  - [Health problems in the garment industry].

PMID- 2399610
TI  - [Cervix cytology--follow-up of positive or unsuitable cervix cytology smears].

PMID- 2399612
TI  - [Psychiatric education of general practitioners and prescription of
      psychopharmaceuticals].

PMID- 2399613
TI  - [General practitioners' training in psychiatry and prescription of psychotropic
      drugs. 1. Education, attitudes and extent of prescribing].
AB  - The object of this investigation was to describe prescription of psychotropic
      drugs by general practitioners in relation to their training and attitudes to
      employment of psychotropic drugs in the treatment of psychosocial conflicts. The
      investigation was carried out as a multicentre questionnaire investigation in the
      County of Aarhus in which 192 (89%) out of 215 general practitioners who were
      invited participated. In brief and prolonged psychosocial conflicts, 58 (31%) and
      149 (81%), respectively, considered that prescription of psychotropic drugs
      constituted poor treatment. More than half of the general practitioners found
      that the amounts of psychotropic drugs prescribed by themselves and other general
      practitioners were excessive and that they were, themselves, responsible for
      this. The majority of the general practitioners found that their attitudes were
      of great significance for their prescriptions of psychotropic drugs and 71 out of
      191 practitioners (37%) found that the pressure of work usually or frequently
      influenced this. A total of 107 (56%) had had appointments in psychiatric
      departments (average duration six months) prior to establishment as general
      practitioners. A total of 117 (61%) had received some form of postgraduate
      psychiatric training after establishment as general practitioners while 29 (20%)
      had not received any form of psychiatric training or postgraduate psychiatric
      education. No connection could be demonstrated between psychiatric training and
      the extent of prescription of psychotropic drugs.

PMID- 2399614
TI  - [Injuries on inflated trampolines].
AB  - The pattern of injury sustained on inflated trampolines is described. The
      mechanism of trauma is the unstable substrate so that sprains in the lower limbs
      are the commonest type of injury. Prophylactic advice is given.

PMID- 2399615
TI  - [Patient advisors and coercion in psychiatry. The situation 3 months after the
      introduction of the Act on restriction of liberty and other coercive measures in
      psychiatry].
AB  - In a retrospective investigation, we attempted to estimate the effect of
      introduction of a new law about coercive measures and loss of liberty in
      psychiatric wards during the first three months after enforcement of the law. By
      examination of case reports we found that 69 patients, i.e. 14%, were exposed to
      one or several types of coercive measures. Restraint was the most frequent form
      of coercive measures. Eight patients lodged complaints about the coercive
      measures. The decisions of the psychiatrists were all sanctioned. Replies to
      complaints about treatment with coersion were available within five to 14 days.
      In an investigation by questionnaire, we found that there was satisfaction with
      the patient advisors introduced in the wards by the new law. Collaboration with
      the patient advisors took considerable time for the staff members. Both staff
      members, doctors and patient advisors suggest that the patient advisors should
      receive more education in psychiatry. We suggest changes in the law when this is
      revised.

PMID- 2399616
TI  - [Skateboard accidents. 168 skateboard accidents treated at the Odense Hospital
      Emergency Department during the period 1 January 1980 to 12 December 1988].
AB  - During recent years, an increasing number of skateboard accidents have been
      registered in Odense Hospital. Typically, boys aged 10-14 years are involved and
      these had fallen on outstretched arms. No injuries endangering life were
      registered but 36% had fractures and half of these were localized to the wrist.
      Approximately 8% of the injuries resulted in hospitalization. Despite prohibition
      in the traffic legislation, 65% of the injuries occurred in trafficated regions
      and only 15% occurred in specially made skateboard rinks. The real risk involved
      in board skating are unknown but, in this selected group of board skaters, no
      significant connection could be demonstrated between routine experience in board
      skating, employment of protective equipment and frequency of fractures.
      Employment of protective equipment was commonest among persons who were members
      of a club and among those injured on skateboard ramps. The frequency of fractures
      was significantly higher among persons injured on ramps than among the remainder.
      Possible prophylactic measures are discussed and simple rules are recommended.

PMID- 2399617
TI  - [Breaking the smoking habit in general practice].
AB  - A total of 1,022 adult smokers were questioned about smoking habits and were
      submitted to pulmonary function tests with spirometry. These patients were
      subdivided into two groups depending on whether investigation of pulmonary
      function showed obstruction or normal findings. All of the patients were given
      the pamphlet: "Important information about smoking" published by the Danish
      Anticancer League and they were given standardized warnings about smoking and
      information about the result of the pulmonary function tests. Twelve months
      later, the patients were questioned about their current smoking habits. 9% with
      obstruction and 11% without obstruction, respectively, had stopped smoking.

PMID- 2399618
TI  - [Applications for permission for induced abortion after the 12th week of
      pregnancy in the Municipality of Copenhagen 1986-1988].
AB  - In 1986-88, in the Municipality of Copenhagen, an average of 121 applications for
      termination of pregnancy in the second trimester of pregnancy were submitted
      annually, a 24% decrease since 1980-82. The applicants were more frequently below
      20 years or above 34 years of age compared to women, who completed pregnancy or
      had an abortion in first trimester. They were more infrequently married, and
      their connections with the labour market were weaker than women who completed
      pregnancy. Compared to 1980-1982, an increasing number of women were permitted to
      abortion because of suspected disease of the foetus, usually after the 18th week
      of pregnancy. These women were generally older and socially more established than
      the other applicants. The indications for abortion were increasingly determined
      on social grounds. The percentage of refusals decreased from 14% in 1980-82 to 8%
      in 1986-88.

PMID- 2399619
TI  - [Reasons for choosing legal abortion].
AB  - During a period of one year (1988-1989), a questionnaire was distributed to women
      applying for legal abortion at Frederikssund Hospital in Denmark. Two hundred and
      ninety-one answered the questions on the reasons for their wanting an abortion
      (91%). 75% were younger than 20 years old, older than 34 years old, had already
      two children or did not cohabit with a man. Among the reasons given by the women,
      consideration for their employment or education was the most frequent. Housing
      conditions and financial circumstances were given as the second most frequent
      reason. There was some variation in the answers the women gave. The older women
      did not want more children, and the younger women did not feel that they were
      mature enough for motherhood. Women with children stated frequently that they
      wanted an abortion for the sake of the family. Only 19% stated lack of or
      unstable cohabitation with a man as the reason. In comparison with the findings
      of previous studies, more women stated that they could not afford a child at
      present.

PMID- 2399620
TI  - [Pulse oximetry during fiberoptic bronchoscopy under local anesthesia].
AB  - Pulse oximetry during fiberoptic bronchoscopy in local anaesthesia was performed
      in 81 patients (52 male, 29 female), median age 60 years (range 25-80); 18 had
      impaired lung function with FEV1 less than 50%. Premedication consisted of
      atropine, diazepam and midazolam. The arterial haemoglobin oxygenation (SaO2) was
      registered continuously. Supplementary oxygen in doses of 2 1/min was
      administered to 41 patients (group 1), while 40 patients were examined without
      oxygen (group 2). The two groups were comparable as regards sex, age and lung
      function. Mean values of SaO2 during bronchoscopy were higher in group 1 (median
      96%) than in group 2 (92%) (p less than 0.001). Minimum values of SaO2 were
      similarly higher in group 1 (median 93%) than in group 2 (87%) (p less than
      0.001). The percentage numbers of patients experiencing hypoxaemic episodes with
      SaO2 less than or equal to 90% and SaO2 less than or equal to 85% were 34% and 5%
      in group 1 compared to 80% and 35% in group 2, respectively (p less than 0.01).
      The decrease in SaO2 and the frequency of hypoxaemic episodes were highest in
      patients with impaired lung function. Supplementary oxygen in doses of 2-3 1/min
      and pulse oximetry are recommended as routine procedures during fiberoptic
      bronchoscopy in local anaesthesia.

PMID- 2399621
TI  - [Epidermoid cyst of the testis].
AB  - We report a case of epidermoid cyst of the testis. The condition is rare and
      benign. Conservative surgical treatment is advocated when the diagnosis is
      confirmed by histological frozen sections.

PMID- 2399622
TI  - [Deep thrombophlebitis in polycythemia and uterine fibromyoma].
AB  - A case of thrombophlebitis in the lower extremity caused by a large uterine
      fibromyoma which produced secondary polycytaemia is described. It is concluded
      that control of Hb and erythrocyte volume fraction is necessary in patients with
      uterine fibromyoma. In cases of polycytaemia, hysterectomy is recommended after
      treatment of the polycytaemia. Examination of patients with a secondary
      polycytaemia includes gynaecological examination.

PMID- 2399623
TI  - [Swimming pool injuries].

PMID- 2399624
TI  - [Disorders of bladder function in Parkinson syndrome].
AB  - Urodynamic evaluation was performed in 18 patients with clinically manifest
      Parkinson syndrome and symptomatic bladder dysfunction. Detrusor hyperreflexia
      was diagnosed in 10 patients (56%), 9 of whom were incontinent. A bladder outlet
      obstruction was found in 5 of these 9 incontinent patients. In 8 out of the 18
      Parkinson patients (44%), urodynamic assessment revealed a significant bladder
      outlet obstruction due to a non-contractile detrusor, with large volumes of
      residual urine. On the basis of our results, we conclude that bladder outlet
      obstruction, particularly in male patients, should be relieved early, even in
      patients with a small prostate adenoma or sphincter sclerosis, before secondary
      bladder dysfunction occurs.

PMID- 2399625
TI  - [Clinical use of neurostimulation].
AB  - Our experience is broad-based and covers a number of difficult conditions that
      urologists deal with regularly. In patients who have been followed for several
      years, consistency of stimulation response has been observed. Even after use of
      the stimulator for several months or years, symptoms often return as soon as the
      stimulation ceases in cases of a malfunction or electrode movement.
      Neurostimulation, however, is no panacea. Patients with specific muscular
      dysfunction, determined urodynamically, must be carefully selected. They must
      also be willing to cooperate actively in their care. Test stimulation of the
      sacral nerves has provided invaluable insight into the neuromuscular responses
      mediated by the S2-4 nerves and has thus helped identify dysfunction that is
      specifically associated with each of these nerves. It has also helped discern
      differences between the integrity of pelvic muscles and the capability of the
      patient to use these muscles. This information allows the urologist to focus on a
      specific muscular dysfunction and to re-educate the patient to use the pelvic
      musculature properly or, failing this, to use neurostimulation via an implant to
      modulate the dysfunction. There must be a strong commitment on the part of the
      physician. No two patients are alike. Attention to patients' symptoms, the
      pattern of muscle dysfunction found in the pelvis, the responses to test
      stimulation, the urodynamic findings with and without stimulation, and the
      underlying anxieties of patients, which can contribute to symptoms, are all
      important considerations. Neurostimulation is an exciting and fascinating
      addition to the urologist's armamentarium. Most important, urologists are now
      able to test the functional integrity of the pelvic musculature and specifically
      identify weakness and dysfunction. Therapy can now be based on an assessment of
      the functional capabilities of the nervous system involved in micturition
      control.

PMID- 2399627
TI  - [Prolapsed ureterocele--a case report].
AB  - A case of a 24-year old female patient with prolabated ureterocele and duplex
      kidney on the left side is demonstrated. The ureterocele was resected
      transvesically and the duplex ureters were reimplanted into the bladder by the
      Politano-Leadbetter technique. Nine months later the excretory urography showed
      normal kidney function on both sides. Symptoms, diagnostic investigations and
      therapy of ureteroceles are discussed.

PMID- 2399626
TI  - [Surgical treatment of spastic bladder paralysis in paraplegic patients. Sacral
      deafferentation with implantation of a sacral anterior root stimulator].
AB  - Because of incalculable incontinence, recurrent urinary infections and
      morphological and functional damage of the urinary tract, treatment of the
      spastic bladder is frequently problematic in patients with spinal cord lesions.
      The operative method presented is designed to stop the spastic detrusor action
      and to achieve controlled low-resistance voiding. Using either an intradural or
      an extradural approach, the afferent and efferent nerves of the parasympathetic
      spinal center are identified. The posterior roots S2 to S5 are cut. Electrodes
      are implanted at the anterior roots, and these allow transmitter-controlled
      stimulation. From September 1986 to September 1989, 45 patients were treated by
      this method. Sacral deafferentation (SDAF) at S2 to S5 helped and the spasticity
      of the bladder disappeared. The patients achieved continence and a bladder volume
      of more than 500 ml. The frequency of infection was reduced and renal
      insufficiency was corrected. The use of a special stimulation technique (sacral
      anterior root stimulation; SARS) allowed low-resistance voiding and avoided the
      problem of dyssynergia. Patient acceptance of this operation is high because of
      the resulting improvement in the quality of life.

PMID- 2399628
TI  - [42d meeting of the German Society of Urology. Hamburg, 26-29 September 1990.
      Abstracts].

PMID- 2399629
TI  - [Morbidity of the drug addict].
AB  - Exact inquiries about cross-sectional dates and the pursuit of trends within the
      spectrum of morbidity under correct scientific conditions are essential for
      characterization of the epidemiological situation of the abuse of narcotics. At
      the moment we only have limited possibilities. In the Federal Republic of Germany
      we observe a remarkable increase of drug abuse, an increase of criminality
      connected with drug abuse, death caused by drugs and a shift to elder age-groups.
      The intravenous drug-addicts are considerably and increasingly burdened by
      hepatotropic virus infections. They show a high risk relating to the
      virustransfer into the younger population because of the rapidly increasing HIV
      prevalence. From the insurance-medical point of view we have to consider a
      toxicological investigation of the current abuse of narcotics besides a clinical
      diagnostic including a virological status.

PMID- 2399630
TI  - [Criteria and diagnosis of brain death].
AB  - "Brain death" ist the irreversible loss of function of the whole brain. The
      syndrome is identical with individual death. The correct determination of brain
      death is important as further treatment makes no sense and as tissue donation now
      can be taken into account. The recommendations of the scientific advisory board
      of the German General Medical Council for determination of brain death from 1986
      as well as the own experiences with the "brain death syndrome" and the
      preparations for tissue donation are discussed.

PMID- 2399631
TI  - [Death in an epileptic seizure].
AB  - In this report we present of the last 11 years the forensic postmortem
      examinations with the diagnosis "death caused by epileptic seizures". Particular
      attention was paid to cases in which the epileptic seizure lead to an injury and
      those in which the seizure was the base for a following accident and for death.
      The diagnosis problem will be discussed.

PMID- 2399632
TI  - [Experiences of forensic medicine with death in foreign travel].
AB  - In cases of death which occur in a foreign country, the official post mortem
      diagnosis does often not correspond with our findings at obduction. Therefore an
      obduction should be performed in dubious cases at arrival in the native country.
      Even in a state of embalming and/or putrefaction the findings at obduction are
      still reliable.

PMID- 2399633
TI  - [Autopsy results and malpractice expert assessment].
AB  - 39 deaths, in which medical malpractice was suspected and forensic autopsy
      therefore was carried through, were examinated. Among 22 cases with manifest
      malpractice not sufficient diagnosis, not adequate anamnesis and mistakes related
      with surgical treatment are dominant. If any deciding factors refer to medical
      malpractice, a specialists opinion of the respective discipline should be taken
      together with medicolegal opinion. In such cases it proved to be useful, when
      medicolegal expert has a coordinating function.

PMID- 2399634
TI  - [Causalgia in neurologic expert assessment].
AB  - Rendering an expert opinion on causalgia, after having clear determined it as the
      disease, poses many problems to the examiner. One ought to make this diagnosis
      with its serious consequences only under the following conditions: --when it is a
      case of a mostly partial trauma of a nerve with considerable intermingling of
      sympathetic fibres; --when the pains have a burning and primarily superficial
      character; --when the pain appear soon (hours, mostly days or weeks, more rarely
      months afterward) after the trauma; --when the pains are accompanied by
      considerable vasovegetative symptoms (cold sweats, cyanosis, hyperhidrosis and
      others). Secondary algodystrophic changes (muscle, joints, bones, and skin) are
      to be considered. In quantitatively judging the effects, an over-evaluation, as
      well as an underevaluation, is to be avoided by all means. Therapeutic effects
      and spontaneous remission after six to twelve months are to be considered. An
      exemplary case, in which a deterioriation of the capacity to work from 20 to 100%
      (!) was assumed, showed the need for taking the personality structure of patient
      into consideration.

PMID- 2399636
TI  - Commons committee 'satisfied' with MAFF's handling of the BSE issue.

PMID- 2399635
TI  - [Morbidity and mortality in polyarthritic changes of the upper spine].
AB  - More than generally assumed rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.) is involved not only in
      peripheral arthritic manifestations, but also in the cervical spine. The more the
      stage of this disease is advanced, the more likely the cervical spine shows R.A.
      specific changes, ranging up to almost 100% in severe cases with destructive
      mutilations. 78% of our patients with R.A. had radiographic signs of cervical
      manifestations. Cervical dislocations and instabilities are of special clinical
      relevance, jeopardizing the patient by a life threatening compression of the
      myelon in advanced cases. There are no representative investigations about the
      rate of cervically induced deaths in patients with R. A.

PMID- 2399637
TI  - Peripheral detachment of the medial meniscus with injury to the medial collateral
      ligament in 50 cattle.
AB  - In 50 cattle the periphery of the medial meniscus had separated from the joint
      capsule and medial collateral ligament. The meniscus was hypermobile when varus
      and valgus stress were applied to the stifle joint, and concurrent injury to the
      collateral ligament allowed the medial side of the stifle joint to gape.
      Separation of the medial collateral ligament from the joint capsule and medial
      meniscus was seen at arthrotomy in 34 animals. In addition to signs of stifle
      injury, the affected cattle tended to abduct the leg and bear weight on the
      medial claw.

PMID- 2399638
TI  - Mycoplasmas and acholeplasmas isolated from ducks and their possible association
      with pasteurellas.
AB  - Two hundred and sixty-three cases of clinically diseased ducks of all ages were
      examined for the presence of mycoplasmas. Mycoplasmas and acholeplasmas belonging
      to more than eight serogroups were cultured from 68 of them, and comprised 12 M
      anatis, one M columbinasale, two M gallinaceum, two M gallinarum, nine M
      synoviae, three unidentified Mycoplasma species, 37 Acholeplasma laidlawii and
      one unclassified acholeplasma belonging to each of serogroups 7 and 8. They were
      identified by biochemical characterisation, disc growth inhibition and agar gel
      diffusion tests. Fifty-three (78 per cent) of the isolates occurred with species
      of Pasteurella: 33.8 per cent with Pasteurella anatipestifer, 32.4 per cent with
      P multocida and 11.8 per cent with both P anatipestifer and P multocida. Nine of
      the isolates (13.2 per cent) were in pure culture and six (8.8 per cent) with
      other agents. Of the ducks negative for mycoplasmas 33.3 per cent were infected
      with P anatipestifer, 25.1 per cent with P multocida and 14.4 per cent with both
      P anatipestifer and P multocida. There was no correlation between the infections
      with mycoplasmas and P anatipestifer but there was a weak association between the
      infections with mycoplasmas, especially M anatis and P multocida.

PMID- 2399639
TI  - Use of a sustained release bolus for enhancing selenium status in cattle.

PMID- 2399640
TI  - Streptococcus suis meningitis in a horse.

PMID- 2399641
TI  - Sale of medicines.

PMID- 2399642
TI  - Use of ear drops.

PMID- 2399643
TI  - Uses and abuses of statistical methods in research in parasitology.
AB  - Among misuses of statistical procedures, perhaps most common is abuse of methods
      for multiple comparisons of means. Ranking close behind is misunderstanding of
      various aspects of analysis of non-random repeated measurements of animals. Those
      topics are the chief focus of this effort to do more than point an accusing
      finger at the statistical naivety of a few parasitologists; one hopes for
      positive response to tutorial advice as well. In addition to the two major
      topics, comments are given about regression analysis for dose-response studies
      and analysis of related multiple variables.

PMID- 2399644
TI  - Experimental Haemonchus contortus infection in three breeds of sheep.
AB  - Nine- to 10-month-old Florida Native, St. Croix and Dorset/Rambouillet sheep were
      infected with Haemonchus contortus. The primary infection was terminated by
      anthelmintic treatment 9 weeks later and animals were then reinfected with H.
      contortus. Dorset/Rambouillet sheep showed higher fecal egg counts and decreased
      packed cell volumes and plasma protein levels compared with the other two breeds
      during the primary infection. However, no breed differences were found in total
      worm burdens in either primary or secondary infection. Differences between breeds
      were also not detected in lymphocyte responsiveness to parasite antigen, H.
      contortus specific mucosal antibody levels, numbers of abomasal mast cells and
      globule leukocytes or abomasal histamine levels.

PMID- 2399645
TI  - Genetic and environmental factors associated with nematode infection of dairy
      goats in northwestern France.
AB  - The helminth parasitism (strongyles and Muellerius) of dairy goats was
      investigated in commercial farms of northwestern France. The study was undertaken
      in spring (n = 263 goats) and autumn (n = 165); the breed, age, polledness,
      absence or presence of wattles, and reproductive status were recorded for each
      goat. The faecal output of strongyle eggs was significantly related to breed,
      polledness, presence of wattles and age. The faecal output of first stage larvae
      of Muellerius was correlated with breed, age and pregnancy.

PMID- 2399646
TI  - Seasonally inhibited development of cyathostomine nematodes in Shetland ponies in
      The Netherlands.
AB  - Two groups of three yearling Shetland ponies were used in 1988 to study the
      epidemiological significance of inhibited development of the Cyathostomine
      nematodes. In Group 1, acquisition of infections was prevented throughout the
      grazing season whereas in Group 2 strongylid infections were acquired from the
      beginning of July until the end of September. Worm counts showed that the
      Cyathostomine nematode populations of Group 1 ponies mainly consisted of adult
      worms and those of Group 2 ponies of inhibited early third stage larvae (L3).
      These results indicate that a large proportion of Cyathostomine larvae which
      establish between the beginning of July and the end of September inhibit their
      development. The results also suggest that the pool of inhibited larvae which has
      overwintered in young ponies will be depleted in autumn.

PMID- 2399647
TI  - Effects of separate and mixed grazing on trichostrongylosis in first- and second
      season grazing calves.
AB  - This study on natural trichostrongylosis in calves on permanent pasture was
      designed to evaluate whether susceptible first-season calves would benefit from
      mixed grazing with second-season calves that were more resistant. The
      experimental plan allowed a comparison of the effect of mixed grazing with that
      of separate grazing for each age category. The results showed that the first
      season calves already grazing with the older animals at the beginning of the
      grazing season had lower parasite burdens and less clinical symptoms than first
      season calves grazing alone. This effect, experienced in 1987 and characterized
      by a rather high overwintered parasite population on herbage, could not at this
      early stage be explained by a parasite "diluting" effect exerted by the older
      animals, but might perhaps be explained by different grazing behaviour of the two
      age categories. Later in the summer, the first-season calves continued to benefit
      from the mixed grazing, most likely because the pasture was less contaminated per
      unit area due to the very low egg deposition of the older animals. The effect of
      mixed grazing was most clearly reflected in the differences between worm burdens
      in tracer calves grazing the respective plots at the end of the season.
      Apparently, the second-season calves did not suffer parasitologically from
      grazing together with the younger animals. The paper discusses possible long-term
      implications with combinations of different age categories of cattle.

PMID- 2399648
TI  - Infection rates with Cowdria ruminantium of nymphs and adults of the bont tick
      Amblyomma hebraeum collected in the field in Zimbabwe.
AB  - Cowdria ruminantium (heatwater) infection rates of field populations of the bont
      tick, Amblyomma hebraeum, were determined at two locations in the southern
      lowveld of Zimbabwe. At Mbizi Quarantine Station, unfed adult males and females,
      and nymphs were collected at intervals over a 2-year period using traps. At Lemco
      Ranch, engorged nymphs were collected on three occasions from weaner calves and
      allowed to moult to adults. The unfed ticks were fed in small pools on heartwater
      susceptible sheep, some of which became infected. The infection rates of the
      ticks were then estimated statistically. Depending on the date of collection and
      locality, these rates were in the range 0.0-44.9% for males, 20.0-36.1% for
      females and 0.0-13.4% for nymphs. Most of these rates are considerably higher
      than those previously believed to occur.

PMID- 2399649
TI  - Serum proteins in guinea-pigs and horses infected with Trypanosoma evansi (Steel,
      1885).
AB  - The serum protein pattern in guinea-pigs infected with T. evansi was analysed and
      compared with those found in horses with either a natural or experimental
      infection. In both species, a highly significant decrease in albumin levels and
      an increase in gamma-globulins were seen, leading to a very low albumin/globulin
      ratio. No significant differences in total protein levels between healthy and
      infected animals were registered. Likewise, alpha-globulins were not
      significantly affected. A decrease in beta-globulins was observed in one horse
      and in guinea-pigs with experimental infection, while in horses with natural
      infections this decrease was not constant. The serum protein patterns in guinea
      pigs infected with T. evansi appeared similar to those occurring in horses
      infected with this parasite. Guinea-pigs, therefore may be useful laboratory
      models for the study of equine trypanosomosis caused by T. evansi.

PMID- 2399650
TI  - Association of infectivity, parasitaemia and virulence in a serodeme of
      Trypanosoma congolense.
AB  - Quantitative methods were adopted to study the course of Trypanosoma congolense
      infection in mice and goats. The ease of initiating infection with a single
      organism (clone) was found to show a smooth correlation with the virulence of 24
      isolates. Virulence of T. congolense was found to be directly related to the
      degree of viability of the parasite but inversely proportional to the capacity of
      the host to limit parasitaemia. Isolates obtained from the goat in the early
      stage of the infection were found to be highly infective but moderately virulent;
      subsequent isolates were of low infectivity and low virulence. Organisms obtained
      at the terminal stage of the infection were highly virulent. Generally, the
      highly virulent clones produced rapidly high parasitaemia and mortality in the
      host. The low virulence clones were characterised by low parasitaemia but very
      pronounced remission of trypanosomaemia.

PMID- 2399651
TI  - Effect of anthelmintic treatment of second-year cattle on growth performance
      during winter housing and first lactation yield.
AB  - The effect of nematode infections on growth performance during winter housing and
      on first lactation yield was investigated in heifers on 69 farms. Half of each
      herd was treated with albendazole after housing, which resulted in significantly
      reduced egg output, antibody titres against Ostertagia and Cooperia, and
      pepsinogen values compared with the untreated control groups. Albendazole-treated
      groups gained on average 0.007 cm day-1 heart girth (i.e. 0.05 kg day-1) more
      than control groups during the housing period (P less than or equal to 0.10),
      varying from -0.060 to +0.137 cm day-1 among herds. Albendazole-treated heifers
      produced 195.4 kg milk per 305-day lactation more than untreated heifers (P less
      than 0.01). Per herd, the mean milk yield response to treatment was +313.8 kg
      milk (P less than 0.01), varying from -876 to +1950 kg. Milk production of
      untreated heifers increased by 10.5 kg milk kg-1 extra body weight, adjusted for
      age, measured after the second grazing season (P less than 0.05). This suggests
      that nematode infections occurring in the first 2 years of life negatively
      influence milk production by reducing weight gains and hence body weight at
      calving.

PMID- 2399653
TI  - Survival and infectivity of Trypanosoma brucei in refrigerated pig blood.
AB  - Trypanosoma brucei parasites survived for 72 h or longer in refrigerated pig
      blood. The survival period was directly proportional to the initial parasite
      concentration of the sample. Infectivity of the parasites declined faster than
      survival, being less than 1 per 10(5) motile organisms at 72 h. The stage of
      infection in the pig (early vs. late) did not appear to influence subsequent
      survival periods or infectivity of the parasites in vitro.

PMID- 2399652
TI  - Distribution of microfilariae of Onchocerca lienalis and Onchocerca gutturosa in
      the skin of cattle in Germany and their development in Simulium ornatum and
      Culicoides nubeculosus following artificial infestation.
AB  - Onchocerca microfilariae were isolated form the umbilicus and neck of 438 cow
      hides at the abattoir in Tubingen, F.R.G. The overall Onchocerca infection rate
      was 40.4%. The presence of Onchocerca lienalis and O. gutturosa microfilariae,
      which are difficult to distinguish by morphological criteria, was retrospectively
      demonstrated after artifically infesting Simulium ornatum and Culicoides
      nubeculosus and identifying the infective larvae recovered. Nine of 16 samples of
      umbilical microfilariae fed to C. nubeculosus through a latex membrane developed
      to O. gutturosa third stage larvae (L3). Six of seven umbilical samples injected
      into the thorax of S. ornatum yielded O. lienalis L3. In six infestation trials
      in which microfilariae were introduced both into S. ornatum and C. nubeculosus,
      O. lienalis L3 were recovered exclusively from simuliids, while O. gutturosa L3
      developed only in midges. Of six umbilical skins tested by cross-infestation, one
      contained exclusively O. gutturosa microfilariae, four only O. lienalis
      microfilariae and one was infected with both species. Developmental success of O.
      lienalis microfilariae to L3 in S. ornatum following intrathoracic injection was
      22% of the mean inoculum. O. gutturosa microfilariae, ingested by C. nubeculosus
      through a latex membrane, developed to L3 at a rate of 2.3% of the mean
      microfilarial uptake.

PMID- 2399654
TI  - Effect of lasalocid on the development of Eimeria tenella in chicken embryos.
AB  - Sporozoites of Eimeria tenella were treated with lasalocid in vitro and their
      viability tested by inoculating them into the allantoic cavity of 11-day-old
      chicken embryos. Concentrations of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 micrograms ml-1 reduced
      sporozoite viability, as judged by oocyst production. Injections into the embryos
      of 5, 50 or 500 micrograms of lasalocid 92-93 h after infection also reduced
      oocyst production, indicating activity against the later stages of the life
      cycle.

PMID- 2399655
TI  - Haemonchus contortus with low inhibited development in sheep from the highveld of
      Zimbabwe.
AB  - The abomasa of sheep grazing on natural pastures in the highveld of Zimbabwe were
      examined for Haemonchus contortus. Of 304 abomasa, 213 (70%) harboured H.
      contortus. The worm burden increased during the rains to reach the peak in
      February-March. This was followed by a decline with low worm loads throughout the
      dry season. The fourth stage larvae (L4) accounted for 1-7% of the total H.
      contortus population, except during July and August when they comprised 22 and
      54% of the worm burden, respectively. It appears that the inhibition of H.
      contortus is not common in the commercial farming sector where sheep are treated
      very frequently.

PMID- 2399656
TI  - Coenurus in the muscles of a gemsbok (Oryx gazella).
AB  - Several swellings in the muscles of a gemsbok were found to be caused by
      coenurus. The finding is discussed and the relevant literature reviewed with
      regard to the occurrence of this tapeworm larva in domestic and wild animals.

PMID- 2399657
TI  - [The methodology of an experimental study of the carcinogenicity of jointly
      acting chemical agents].

PMID- 2399658
TI  - [The malignant neoplasm morbidity of the population of Moscow (1987-1988)].

PMID- 2399659
TI  - [Prognostic factors in parosteal sarcoma].
AB  - Principles of evaluating prognosis in parosteal sarcoma were developed with
      respect to clinical and morphological pattern of disease and type of treatment. A
      mathematical model for making prognosis and a procedure for its multifactorial
      analysis were suggested.

PMID- 2399660
TI  - [The membrane sialoglycolipids of tumor cells and the metastasis of bone tumors].
AB  - Level and profile of gangliosides were studied in osteogenic and chondrosarcoma
      cells. Level of lipid-binding sialic acids in bone- and cartilage-producing
      tumors proved different. Most osteogenic sarcoma samples showed higher level of
      lipid-binding sialic acids as compared to chondrosarcoma. In the latter tumor,
      level of lipid-binding sialic acids was related to grade of tumor cell
      differentiation, peak levels being observed in undifferentiated neoplasms as
      compared to those showing grade I-II cell anaplasia. Chondro- and osteogenic
      sarcoma revealed different profiles of sialoglycolipids, particularly, due to
      markedly reduced set of gangliosides and nearly complete loss of
      polysialogangliosides in the latter tumor.

PMID- 2399661
TI  - [The hormonal status indices and the risk of breast cancer].
AB  - A case control study was carried out to assess relationship between certain
      hormonal indexes and risk of breast cancer. In premenopausal patients, blood
      plasma level of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was significantly higher
      while those of albumin-binding (bioavailable) and free estradiol were lower than
      in controls. No statistically significant difference in hormonal status
      parameters was established between menopausal patients and menopausal controls.
      However, concentrations of total, free and albumin-binding estradiol tended to be
      higher in breast cancer supporting the relationship between exposure of breast
      tissue to plasma free estradiol and risk of breast cancer. Unlike healthy
      females, menopausal breast cancer patients showed a decrease in SHBG level and a
      rise in free and albumin-binding estradiol concentration with age. SHBG level was
      inversely related to weight and Quetelet's index; however, the tendency reached
      statistical significance in the reproductive age group only.

PMID- 2399662
TI  - [Multiple primary cancer of the large intestine in patients with diffuse
      polyposis].
AB  - Primary multiple cancer of the colon was diagnosed in 116 out of 636 (18.2%)
      cases of diffuse polyposis of the organ. Cancer was more likely to develop in
      patients with proliferative forms of diffuse colonic polyposis (97.4%). Surgical
      procedure was determined by tumor site and extent of polyposis.

PMID- 2399663
TI  - [Hyperprolactinemia as a marker of the progression of cervical cancer].
AB  - Elevated blood prolactin level was identified in 80% of untreated patients with
      advanced (stage II-IV) cervical cancer whereas it was normal at the earlier
      (preinvasive) stage. Patients with stage I-A, II tumors revealed either increased
      or normal blood prolactin level. Patients with advanced cancer who had undergone
      irradiation and surgery, either alone or in combination, showed
      hyperprolactinemia as often as 94% of the time. Studies on pathogenesis of
      hyperprolactinemia and its role in tumor progression are currently conducted by
      the authors.

PMID- 2399664
TI  - [The characteristics of the recurrence and metastasis of vulvar cancer].

PMID- 2399665
TI  - [The phosphatidylinositol content of the blood in cancer patients].
AB  - Phosphatidyl inosite level was measured in the whole blood, plasma, erythrocytes
      and platelets of patients with cancer of various sites (270), benign tumors (50),
      and hemoblastoses and anemia (60 cases). Phosphatidyl inosite levels in all the
      substrates in cancer patients, on the average, proved half the normal one while,
      in the benign tumor group, they only tended to decrease. The levels did not
      depend upon blood count.

PMID- 2399667
TI  - [Preoperative enterosorption as a method for preventing postoperative
      complications in mechanical jaundice in cancer patients].
AB  - Enterosorption as component of preoperative preparation of patients with cancer
      induced mechanical jaundice assured subsidence of intoxication, improvement in
      hepatic and renal functions, better postoperative course, lower rates of purulent
      and other postoperative complications and lower postoperative lethality.

PMID- 2399666
TI  - [The clinical characteristics of treatment-resistant forms of
      lymphogranulomatosis in children].
AB  - Results of treatment of 406 primary cases of Hodgkin's disease aged 2-15 years
      were retrospectively analysed. Complete remission was registered in 349 (86.0%)
      patients whereas in 57 (14.0%) partial or no response was observed (resistant
      forms). The characteristic features of the latter group were: age 10-14 years,
      short history of disease, primary involvement of the mediastinum, lymphocyte
      depletion histologic subtype, stage IV, presence of B-symptoms and biologic signs
      of activity, involvement of mediastinal and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes, 7-9
      pathologic sites and bulky (larger than 5 cm in diameter) lesions. Six or more of
      the above features were observed in 89.5% of resistant patients and as few as
      2.6% of complete responders.

PMID- 2399668
TI  - [The induction of cancer of the large intestine in Macaca fascicularis monkeys
      with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine].
AB  - Continuous subcutaneous administration of 16 mg/kg body weight 1,2
      dimethylhydrazine three times a month (total dose--1080-3696 mg) to Macaca
      fascicularis monkeys induced cancer invariably confined to the colon within 34-47
      weeks. Biologic, clinical, histologic features and natural course of the tumor
      proved similar to those of its human counterpart.

PMID- 2399669
TI  - [The possibility of performing an incisional biopsy in skin melanomas during
      pulsed laser radiation treatment].
AB  - A procedure for stage I skin melanoma treatment using pulsed laser radiation was
      developed and employed in 94 patients. At first, a delimiting barrier around
      tumor was formed with laser beam. It was followed by incision biopsy of melanoma
      under local anesthesia to morphologically assess level of invasion (after Clark)
      and thickness of tumor (according to Breslow). Finally, tumor was destroyed with
      laser beam. The observed rates of metastasis development and 5-year survival and
      duration of metastasis-free period suggest that the treatment did not provoke
      tumor dissemination. Moreover, the procedure offered certain advantages over
      other therapeutic modalities for skin melanoma employing pulsed laser radiation.

PMID- 2399670
TI  - [Polychemotherapy with platidiam and prospidin in disseminated squamous-cell lung
      cancer].
AB  - The effectiveness of combination chemotherapy with platidiam and prospidin was
      assessed in 58 patients with squamous-cell lung cancer. Complete or partial
      remissions were achieved in 48.3% of cases. Toxicity was moderate. The addition
      of gamma-ray teletherapy after chemotherapy in the total focal dose of 60-70 Gy
      was followed by an increase in the remission rate (88.9%) and mean survival (from
      8.5 +/- 1.3 to 16.0 +/- 3.5 months).

PMID- 2399671
TI  - [The quantitative determination of peripheral blood natural killers in stomach
      cancer patients].
AB  - Quantitative parameters of natural killer cells (morphologically defined as large
      granule-containing lymphocytes/LGL/) were monitored. Gastric cancer patients
      revealed a decrease in LGL level and absolute count. In patients with stage III
      tumor, LGL and A-LGL levels were half those in controls. The lowest LGL level was
      observed in stage IV cancer, particularly, following chemotherapy. LGL level is
      easy to measure. The test is instrumental in assessing non-specific reactivity of
      the body.

PMID- 2399672
TI  - [Venous thromboses of the lower extremities in stomach cancer patients].
AB  - The preoperative incidence of lower limb venous thrombosis was studied in 108
      gastric cancer patients. Thrombosis was established in 37% of cases. The disease
      lacked clinically apparent symptoms. Radionuclide phlebography proved to be of
      the highest diagnostic value as compared to radionuclide procedures using MAA
      99mTc or fibrinogen-125I.

PMID- 2399673
TI  - [Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with primary splenomegaly (2 cases)].

PMID- 2399674
TI  - [The potentials for the dietetic therapy of alcoholic liver lesions].
AB  - Most frequent and typical changes of the food status in patients with alcoholic
      diseases of the liver have been considered by the author. Typical concomitant
      gastroenterologic disorders in this category of patients have been described. The
      changes detected have required an adequate dietetic correction to eliminate the
      imbalance in nutrition and to stimulate the resources of the affected liver. The
      dietetic correction has proved to be sufficiently effective in most patients. The
      investigations conducted have shown the necessity of dietotherapy as an important
      component of the combined treatment of alcoholic affections of the liver.

PMID- 2399675
TI  - [The vitamin B6 allowance of hypertension patients and the effect of
      dietotherapy].
AB  - A total of 111 patients with essential hypertension (the II stage) and obesity
      (the II degree) were investigated for providing with vitamin B6. The functional
      methods used for the vitamin assay (ACT activity of red blood cells and
      pyrodoxale-5-phosphate effect) have revealed significant vitamin B6 deficiency in
      81.1% of the patients. Vitamin B6 deficiency was intensified in the course of the
      dietotherapy. Correction of vitamin B6 deficiency with a therapeutic dose of
      pyridoxine (20 mg/day) during 20-22 days, in the presence of the diet, has
      promoted optimization of providing with vitamin B6: normalization of pyrodoxale-5
      phosphate effect. The hypotensive effect and decrease of excessive body mass in
      patients who received dietotherapy and pyridoxine (20 mg/day) were more
      pronounced than in those who received the same diet and the multivitamin
      "Undevitum".

PMID- 2399676
TI  - [The nutritional status characteristics and the protein metabolic indices of
      children with acute leukemia].
AB  - The nutritive status features and the main parameters of nitrogen metabolism were
      investigated in 212 children with acute leukemia at varying stages of the
      disease. A study was made of the patients' body mass, nitrogen balance, excretion
      of nitrogenous compounds with urine and feces, total protein and albumin content
      in the blood, as well as blood content of urea, creatinine, amino nitrogen and
      uric acid. The results of the study have shown a negative influence of both
      leukemia and its therapy on the nutritive status of the patients, that was
      manifested in protein-energy deficiency and in protein assimilation disorders. A
      relationship has been revealed between infectious complications, preventing the
      successful treatment, and the nutritive status of the patients. Clarification of
      these pathogenetic mechanisms of the negative action of the disease itself and
      antileukemic therapy will help in the realization of the purposeful correction.

PMID- 2399677
TI  - [A clinical and experimental study of the food and biological value of dietetic
      canned chicken meat for children].
AB  - The results are presented of clinico-experimental investigations of 4 different
      variants of dietetic canned chicken meat for children. The products were enriched
      with blood stimulants. Certain clinical and hematological parameters were used
      for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the canned chicken meat. The results
      obtained have evidenced that the products studied are tolerated well and produce
      a pronounced antianemic effect.

PMID- 2399678
TI  - [The immunological reactivity indices (the humoral component) in persons in
      contact with mycotoxin-contaminated food products].
AB  - Blood serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE), concentration of
      complement components (C1-inhibitor, C3, C4, C5, C9) as well as the content of
      some protein fractions (transferrin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, orosomucoid,
      alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, albumin and prealbumin) in the plasma
      were assayed in subjects exposed (due to their occupational necessity) to food
      raw materials (wheat, corn, barley, combined fodder) contaminated with
      mycotoxins. A total of 50 subjects, who have been working from 1 to 15 years at
      grain-treating factories, were investigated. It has been shown that a long-term
      exposure to food and fodder products containing mycotoxins induces a growth of
      IgE level attended by a drop in IgG content, and a decrease in the concentration
      of the complement components C3 and C9, transferrin and orosomucoid.

PMID- 2399679
TI  - [A comparative experimental evaluation of the potential allergenicity of milk
      proteins and their hydrolysates obtained by different technological means].
AB  - Some samples of cow milk proteins and enzymatic hydrolysates prepared on their
      basis were investigated in experiments on male guinea pigs to elucidate their
      sensitizing properties and influence on sensitivity to histamine LD50. The data
      obtained are discussed with respect to a possible modulation of allergic
      reactions by the products of incomplete enzymatic proteolysis.

PMID- 2399680
TI  - [The hygienic evaluation of modified Alaska pollack protein based on
      pathomorphological research].
AB  - It has been established that daily inclusion of modified Alaska pollack protein
      into the rat ration as a 10% substitute of casein does not induce any changes in
      the body. A long term (during 12 months) feeding of rats with the rations
      containing 50 and 100% of Alaska pollack protein, as casein substitute, results
      in significant changes in the histological structure of the kidneys and liver.
      The data of electron microscopy enabled the authors to make a conclusion on the
      presence of a toxic factor in the protein product studied.

PMID- 2399681
TI  - [The effect of food products on the endogenous formation of N-nitrosamines in
      rats].
AB  - Data have been presented on carcinogenic N-nitrosoamines (NA) synthesis from
      precursors in the gastric juice and in the stomach of rats. It is shown that
      vegetable juices and milk produce an inhibitory effect with respect to NA
      synthesis in vitro and in vivo, however, food products with high content of fat
      intensify amine nitrosation.

PMID- 2399682
TI  - [The influence on tumor growth and the function of the thiol-dependent systems of
      the liver of excess cooking fat and vitamin E in the diet. The effects of
      carminomycin].
AB  - A study was made of the influence of excessive culinary fat in the diet
      containing 30% of trans-isomers and tocopherol on tumor growth, parameters of
      antitumor and toxic action of carminomycin, and the state of thiol-dependent
      defensive systems of the liver. The data obtained have evidenced a negative
      influence of the experimental ration on the survival of the tumor-carriers and on
      the condition of the normal animals. Activation of the glutathion S-transferase
      system attended by the exhaustion of the thiol pool in the liver was recorded.
      Carminomycin toxic action was not modified by the experimental diet.

PMID- 2399683
TI  - [The vitamin E allowance of rats on different combinations of sunflower and
      soybean oils in their diets].
AB  - Soybean oil and its combinations with sunflower oil, as 1:1 and 1:3, were used in
      the rations intended for rats. As it is evidenced by the data on the content of
      tocopherol in the tissues, malonic dialdehide in the liver, diene conjugates in
      the liver and red blood cells, and red blood cell resistance, the fatty products
      used in the rations sufficiently provided the animals with antioxidants. The role
      of tocopherol isomers and phosphatides, as synergists of antioxidants in varying
      combinations of soybean and sunflower oils, formed for simultaneous intake of
      linoleic and linolenic acids with the ration, has been analyzed.

PMID- 2399684
TI  - [The nutritive value of wheat germ floc].
AB  - The experimental investigation of the food value of wheat germ floc included the
      study of their chemical composition, biological value, and assimilability of the
      protein. Basing on the results obtained the authors have made a conclusion on the
      high food value of wheat germ floc and on their promising use as enriching
      additives to varying foodstuffs.

PMID- 2399685
TI  - [Research on xenobiotic metabolism for assessing the quality of protein
      containing products from plant raw material produced through biotechnology
      methods].
AB  - Activity of microsomal hydroxylation and conjugation enzymes was studied in the
      liver of rats that received food concentrate of protein from sunflower groats
      (SPC) produced in the USSR, and soya protein isolate (SPI) produced by Ralston
      Purina, USA. SPC consumption during 3 months was attended by elevation of
      cytochrome-450 content, and activity of microsomal hydroxylation and
      uridinephosphate-glucuroniltransferase (UDP-GT) in hepatic microsomes, that may
      evidence the presence in SPC of chemical compounds of natural origin, or chemical
      modification of the own amino-acid products. SPI did not influence activity of
      microsomal hydroxylation enzymes, but it raised UDP-GT activity. Both protein
      products produced no effect on activity of enzymes associated with glutathione
      metabolism--glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione-reductase in hepatic
      cytosol. However, SPC and SPI induced a manifold rise in glutathione-peroxidase
      activity in cytosol of the liver and blood that indicates the presence of the
      trace element selenium in the products studied.

PMID- 2399686
TI  - [The health status and nature of the nutrition of workers in the coke chemical
      industry].

PMID- 2399687
TI  - [The nutritive value of the caviar of whitefish from Siberian reservoirs].

PMID- 2399688
TI  - [The effect of kvartazin on the liver microsomal systems of rats].

PMID- 2399689
TI  - [Hypotrophy and dyspepsia].

PMID- 2399690
TI  - [Actual nutrition, metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in sailors].

PMID- 2399691
TI  - [The influence of postgraduate instruction on the level of knowledge and on the
      practical activities of physicians in nutritional hygiene].

PMID- 2399692
TI  - Correlation of monocyte-monolayer assay results, number of erythrocyte-bound IgG
      molecules, and IgG subclass composition in the study of red cell alloantibodies
      other than D.
AB  - Comparisons have been made between the serological and immunological
      characteristics of 42 blood group alloantibodies (other than D) covering twelve
      systems using a monocyte-monolayer assay (MMA), a radiometric antiglobulin test
      for antibody binding and IgG subclass determinations. The results of the MMA
      correlated well with the level of IgG molecules bound on incompatible cells, and
      the highest levels in both cases were associated with the presence of the IgG3
      subclass. However, limited clinical data shows that, while in general the MMA
      clearly identifies the clinically significant antibodies, the correlation with
      the degree of clinical outcome is less well defined, and in some instances other
      factors may be operating to ameliorate the in vivo effect of the antibody.

PMID- 2399693
TI  - Donath-Landsteiner autoimmune hemolytic anemia in children. A study of 22 cases.
AB  - During the last 4 years, we have studied a total of 531 adults and 68 children
      with clinically and serologically well-defined forms of immune hemolytic anemias.
      Among these, Donath-Landsteiner (DL) hemolysis was the underlying disease in 22
      of the 68 children (32.4%), but was not observed in adults. All children with DL
      hemolysis suffered from acute infections presumably of viral origin. In none of
      the cases was the DL hemolysis suspected clinically. Boys were more often
      affected than girls. The hemolytic episodes were severe, but resolved within few
      weeks. Serologically, all patients had a strongly positive direct antiglobulin
      test (DAT) using anti-C3d reagents, but a weak (n = 6) or negative (n = 16) IgG
      DAT. DL hemolysins were always weak and transient, detectable with enzyme-treated
      red blood cells (RBC) in all, with untreated RBC in 12 of 22 sera. To explore the
      reason why these weak antibodies can cause extensive hemolysis in vivo, we
      compared the action of DL antibodies and of cold agglutinins (anti-I) on RBC by
      several reincubations at 4 and at 37 degrees C. The data obtained from this
      experiment demonstrate a stronger aggravation of hemolysis by DL than by anti-I
      antibodies, presumably due to low-affinity interaction between the cells and DL
      antibodies.

PMID- 2399694
TI  - Serological and immunochemical specificity of a human autoanti-Gerbich-like
      antibody.
AB  - An 85-year-old male with cardiac failure secondary to anaemia had an apparent
      anti-Ge2 (Ge = Gerbich) in his serum which did not agglutinate his own red cells
      even though they were Ge-positive in tests with alloanti-Ge. The direct
      antiglobulin test was negative; however, an antibody with apparent anti-Ge2
      specificity was eluted from his red cells. The patient's autoantibody was shown
      in immunoblotting experiments to react with an antigenic determinant on beta
      sialoglycoprotein. This case illustrates that an autoanti-Ge can masquerade as an
      alloantibody, thereby complicating antibody identification, and implies that the
      immunochemical specificity of autoanti-Ge2 is different from that of alloanti
      Ge2.

PMID- 2399695
TI  - Electron microscopy of red blood cells altered by auto-immunity-inducing drugs.
AB  - The fact that levodopa, a drug used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease
      induces a direct Coombs-positive reaction in about 15% of treated patients,
      indicating the presence of auto-antibodies against the patient's red blood cells
      (RBCs), is well known. Another known fact is that only 1% of those patients do
      actually develop auto-immune haemolytic anaemia. In this paper, we describe our
      findings utilizing the direct ELISA, a method for measuring the presence of IgM
      and IgG auto-antibodies on the patients' red blood cells (RBCs), as well as an
      indirect ELISA, testing the presence of antibodies in their serum. The tests were
      performed on 8 patients, 7 of whom had been receiving the drug for long periods
      of time. Our results show that the serum antibodies precede the bound antibodies
      in a significant fashion and that the severity of the anaemia is directly related
      to the amount of auto-antibodies. Since auto-antibodies do not seem to be
      directed against the drug itself, some modification of the RBC must occur. For
      this reason, we attempted to determine whether patients receiving the drug show
      any morphological changes of their RBCs which could be determined by scanning
      electron microscopy (SEM) and whether these changes could be related to direct
      and indirect ELISA. In most levodopa-treated patients, a small number of
      echinocytes could be observed by SEM, while in 1 patient who suffered a severe
      anaemic phase, a very high percentage of the RBCs were echinocytes and
      spherocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399696
TI  - New method for the elution of platelet antibodies.

PMID- 2399698
TI  - Adult respiratory distress syndrome due to an acute breach in the intestinal
      barrier: should high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy be tested?

PMID- 2399697
TI  - New method of detecting the lectin activity of Momordica charantia.

PMID- 2399699
TI  - [The use of the orthostatic test for determining the work capacity of
      convalescents].
AB  - The course of responses to the orthostatic test is analyzed in convalescents with
      a history of different diseases. Diagnostic factors were singled out
      characteristic of different groups of diseases including values of the
      cardiovascular, neuromuscular systems of the body. On the basis of obtained data
      a decimal classification of the working capacity of convalescents was worked out
      by their reaction to orthostatic effects.

PMID- 2399700
TI  - [Vibration disease morbidity in the workers of the iron ore industry in the
      Ukrainian SSR].

PMID- 2399701
TI  - [The structure of neuropsychic disorders in the workers of a large industrial
      enterprise].
AB  - The structure of neuropsychic and psychosomatic disorders was examined in workers
      of a large electrotechnical enterprise. Screening methods were used in the form
      of two questionnaires: screening of patients of the ambulatory Department of the
      Leningrad Research Institute of Neurology and Psychiatry as well as a
      multipurpose questionnaire for screening worked out at the Chair of Psychiatry,
      medical Psychology and Narcology of the Donetsk Medical Institute. Results of the
      study are described.

PMID- 2399702
TI  - [The functional activity of the natural killers in patients with infectious
      mononucleosis and other viral infections].
AB  - The natural killer activity (NKA) and content of large granule-containing
      lymphocytes (LGL) were determined in 50 patients with infectious mononucleosis
      and in 36 patients with other viral infections. Results indicate that in 27 of 50
      patients with infectious mononucleosis the number of LGL was less than 5% or
      equalled O. In 12 patients with infectious mononucleosis the number of LGL was 5%
      and in 11 children it was 5-20%. In children with different viral infections not
      related to the Epstein-Barr virus the number of LGL was below normal values. The
      NKA corresponded to the quantitative indices of LGL as well as the severity of
      the clinical condition.

PMID- 2399703
TI  - [A protracted course of pneumococcal meningoencephalitis].

PMID- 2399705
TI  - [The information value of immunological tests in predicting recurrences of
      erysipelas].

PMID- 2399706
TI  - [Magneto-, electro- and echocardiography in assessing postinfarct myocardial
      changes].

PMID- 2399704
TI  - [The diagnostic and prognostic significance of the level of circulating immune
      complexes in patients with recurrent erysipelas].
AB  - The authors analyzed data of 856 case histories of patients suffering of
      erysipelas. Methods of discriminative analysis were used. It was established that
      an increase of circulating immune complexes to 6.0 g/l and more and maintaining
      of this index at such level by the moment of discharge of the patient and in the
      inter-recurrence period proved prognostically unfavourable and evidenced high
      probability of recurrence. The presence was established of a correlation between
      the level of circulating immune complexes, number of T-lymphocytes, level of
      sulfhydryl groups of blood deproteinate, reaction of antibody activity
      inhibition.

PMID- 2399707
TI  - [A method for delivering a comprehensive lecture on systemic lupus erythematosus
      in a lecture series for physician specialization and postgraduate training in
      rheumatology].

PMID- 2399709
TI  - [The effectiveness of laser puncture in hypertension patients].
AB  - A study is presented of the results of laser puncture in combination with drug
      treatment of patients with hypertensive disease using an association of different
      acupuncture points. The values of hemodynamics were evaluated by routine
      techniques of tetrapolar chest rheo- and kinetocardiography. The use of laser
      puncture allowed to reduce the dose of hypotensive drugs.

PMID- 2399708
TI  - [The role of neuroendocrine factors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular
      disorders in chronic tonsillitis].
AB  - The leading pathogenetic factor in tonsillogenic cardiovascular disorders are
      changes on the hypothalamo-pituitary level consisting of a decrease of the blood
      serum corticotropin level, the prolactin values remaining within normal limits as
      confirmed by EEG data. Changes of cortisol, testosterone and thyroid hormones are
      related to pituitary alterations and to metabolic and immunological findings in
      this disease.

PMID- 2399710
TI  - [Arterial hypertension in glomerulonephritis].
AB  - A study is presented of the humoral mechanisms of arterial hypertension, clinical
      course and morphological changes of the renal tissue as evidenced by kidney
      biopsy data in 203 patients with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN)
      depending on the presence of arterial hypertension and time of its development.
      The development of arterial hypertension is caused by genetic factors and is
      similar to hypertensive disease by its humoral indices. The mechanisms of
      initiation of arterial hypertension are also similar at the onset and final stage
      of GN. The morphological reflexion of arterial hypertension is sclerosis of the
      medullar layer of the kidneys. The hypertensive syndrome in GN should be
      considered from the viewpoint of its appearance as it determines the course of
      nephropathy.

PMID- 2399711
TI  - [The results of the surgical treatment of patients with vasorenal hypertension
      complicated by chronic kidney failure].
AB  - Treatment results were studied in 45 patients with vasorenal hypertension
      complicated by chronic renal in failure after surgical treatment. Transarterial
      endarterectomy, roentgen endovascular dilatation of the renal arteries,
      splenorenal arterial anastomosis, renal autotransplantation were used. A
      hypotensive effect followed in 21 (46.7%), function improvement in 29 (64.4%).
      Causes of failures: nephrosclerosis due to prolonged hypertension, concomitant
      diseases of the upper urinary tract, technical complications of the operation.

PMID- 2399712
TI  - [The work capacity of patients operated on for congenital heart defects].
AB  - A study is presented of the results of surgical treatment and the status of
      working capacity in 8,072 patients operated on for congenital heart disease. The
      results were good in 62%, fair in 30%, poor in 4% of these patients. There was a
      significant discrepancy between the state of invalidity as it was established by
      the medical expert commission and results of surgical treatment related to
      overestimation of the fact of surgical intervention and inadequate approach of
      evaluation of the health condition of the patients undergoing surgery based on
      the nosological form and initial severity of the disorders of cardiodynamics.

PMID- 2399714
TI  - [The effect of hemosorption on the lipid and lipoprotein composition of the blood
      plasma].
AB  - Fredrichson phenotyping of hyperlipidemia was carried out in 55 patients with
      obliterative atherosclerosis of the lower extremity blood vessels. The average
      values of lipid metabolism evidence moderate disorders of the lipid metabolism.
      The second type of hyperlipoproteinemia prevailed. The dynamics of changes of the
      indices of lipid metabolism in the postsorption period depends on the initial
      level. In cases with a high initial level the content of cholesterol and
      triglycerids reduces significantly while in case of normal initial values or
      slightly elevated values the content of cholesterol and triglycerids changes
      insignificantly.

PMID- 2399713
TI  - [The structure of isolated infundibular stenosis of the pulmonary artery].

PMID- 2399715
TI  - [Hyperbaric oxygenation in neutralizing lipid peroxidation reactions and
      stabilizing cell membranes].
AB  - A study of the cardiac ejection, peripheral tissue oxygen utilization, changes of
      lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, radical and antioxidant activity of blood
      plasma under the effect of hyperbaric oxygenation revealed that hyperbaric
      oxygenation stabilizes the cell membranes increasing the functional capacities of
      cells and organs manifested in an enhancement of the oxidation-reduction
      processes in the tissues, increase of the cardiac ejection and initially reduced
      concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

PMID- 2399716
TI  - [The side effects of antibiotics in chronic bronchitis].
AB  - The author investigated the frequency and character of side-effects to
      penicillin, levomycetin, tetracycline in the treatment of 92 patients with
      different forms of chronic bronchitis. Clinically all side-effects were
      subdivided in dysbacteriosis, allergic, toxic and mixed. It was established that
      the high incidence of side-effects furthers allergization of the body and
      potentiation of bronchial spasm. That is why the employment of antibiotics in
      these cases is not indicated. The low incidence of side-effect of antibiotics in
      purulent bronchitis requires their use under thorough medical surveillance.

PMID- 2399717
TI  - [The importance of spiroergometry in the early detection of lung failure in
      patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis].

PMID- 2399718
TI  - [The results of the combined treatment of patients with dust-induced bronchitis].
AB  - A study in 84 patients with dust-induced bronchitis receiving combined drug
      treatment, hyperbaric oxygenation, hypobarotherapy and artificial speleotherapy
      indicates that the first place by its efficacy is occupied by artificial
      speleotherapy resulting in an improvement of the functional indices of the
      cardiopulmonary system. The second place is occupied by hypobaric regimen.
      Hyperbaric oxygenation was of low efficacy.

PMID- 2399719
TI  - [The interrelationship of allergy and respiratory organ diseases].
AB  - It was established that chronic pathology of the system of respiratory organs and
      allergic diseases show certain relationships due to the microbial
      sensibilization, repeated employment of medicinal agents immunological disorders
      and other factors. Association of allergic diseases and pathology of the
      respiratory organs should be recognized in time during prophylactic screenings
      and treatment of these patients.

PMID- 2399720
TI  - [Complications after BCG-M vaccination].

PMID- 2399721
TI  - [Disorders of the motor and evacuatory functions of the stomach and duodenum in
      peptic ulcer patients].
AB  - Complex examination of 73 patients with ulcer disease (bulbus duodeni location)
      revealed regularities of evacuation of a test breakfast from the stomach
      depending on the phase of the disease. Significant disorders of the motor
      emptying gastric and duodenal function were found that are to be considered in
      the treatment of this category of patients.

PMID- 2399722
TI  - [Predicting the efficacy of antianginal therapy].

PMID- 2399723
TI  - [Local and general humoral immunity in peptic ulcer patients].
AB  - The content of immunoglobulins (IgM, G, A) and secretory IgA in the saliva,
      gastric juice and blood serum was studied in 83 patients with duodenal ulcer. The
      secretory IgA in the saliva, gastric juice and blood serum was found to be
      reduced in patients with a protracted course of ulcer disease. Healing of ulcers
      was not accompanied by normalization of indices of general and local immunity in
      the gastric juice and saliva.

PMID- 2399724
TI  - [The types of mucus and electrolyte secretion in chronic gastritis and peptic
      ulcer].

PMID- 2399725
TI  - [The importance of esophagoscintigraphy for assessing esophageal function in
      patients with digestive organ diseases].
AB  - Dynamic esophagoscintigraphy is a physiological method of diagnosis of esophageal
      functional disorders but also for detection of gastroesophageal reflux.
      Esophagoscintigraphy allows to reveal functional disorders of the esophagus and
      inferior esophageal sphincter not only of diseases of the esophagus but also in
      different gastroenterological pathology and is also useful in detecting early
      motor disorders of the esophagus. Quantitative characteristics of the functional
      state of the esophagus and grade of gastroesophageal reflux permit to evaluate
      the efficacy and predict results of operative treatment.

PMID- 2399726
TI  - [The metabolic and phagocytic activities of the neutrophilic granulocytes in
      patients with nonspecific ulcerative colitis nd Crohn's disease].
AB  - Immune homeostasis is of importance in the pathogenesis of unspecific
      inflammatory diseases of the colon. The authors studied the state of unspecific
      resistance of patients with unspecific ulcerative colitis (UUC) and Crohn's
      disease (KD); 27 with UUC and 21 KD patients with chronic relapsing forms of the
      disease were examined. Patients in the acute form of the disease showed an
      activation of the metabolic processes in the neutrophil granulocytes that was
      more pronounced in UUC and a reduction of the phagocytic activity in KD. During
      the period of early remission these values were practically normal evidencing the
      prognostic value of factors of unspecific defense in unspecific inflammatory
      diseases of the intestine.

PMID- 2399727
TI  - [The use of physical exercises in the combined treatment of atherosclerosis
      patients].
AB  - The authors discuss the role of diagnostic biochemical and immunological
      approaches to evaluation of the curative efficacy of physical training, in
      particular, its anti-atherosclerotic effects. On the example of the
      etiopathogenesis of atherosclerosis an analysis is presented of the diagnostic
      and prognostic value of several tests characterizing the state of metabolism of
      lipids and lipoproteins, connective tissue, autoimmune processes in curative
      training.

PMID- 2399728
TI  - [The importance of the pyruvate test for the early detection of diabetes mellitus
      in a mass examination of the population].
AB  - The levels of carbohydrate metabolism were examined in 329 inhabitants of Lvov
      (age: from 6 to 68 years). Determination of the pyruvate level, pyruvate
      dehydrogenase activity of the blood on the 120 minute after carbohydrate meal
      allowed to establish in healthy persons four-modal levels of distribution of the
      content of pyruvate in the capillary blood. These levels correspond to normal
      tolerance to glucose, increased glucose tolerance (hyperinsulinism), potential
      glucose tolerance disorders (diabetic type). The authors propose a chart of
      prophylactic evaluation of glucose tolerance.

PMID- 2399729
TI  - [The treatment results in patients with gouty nephropathy].
AB  - The efficacy of isolated and combined treatment of renal lesions sallopurionol
      (milurit), potassium orotate, azathioprin (6-mercaptopurin) was studied in 207
      inpatients with primary podagra. Citrate mixtures, urinary antiseptic and
      hypotensive agents were used when indicated. Follow-up results from 1 to 12 years
      are analyzed. Prolonged systematic complex treatment of podagric nephropathy is
      medically and economically effective.

PMID- 2399730
TI  - [The morphological changes in the seminal vesicles in prostatic sclerosis].
AB  - A study is presented of morphological changes of the seminal vesicles removed
      during prostatectomy in 51 patients with sclerosis of the prostate and
      histological findings of the seminal vesicles were compared with roentgenological
      signs on the vesiculograms and clinical manifestations of the disease. Results
      indicate that the seminal vesicles undergo significant pathological changes in
      the development of sclerosis of the seminal vesicles requiring in some cases
      their surgical removal for restoration of the urodynamics in cystic-urethral
      segment.

PMID- 2399732
TI  - [The clinical manifestations of epidural hematomas in the anterior cranial
      fossa].
AB  - Epidural hematomas of the anterior cranial fossa are a relatively rare
      localization of intracranial hemorrhage. Hematomas of this localization show a
      peculiar course and clinical manifestation. By the character of clinical
      manifestations, course of the injury, results of surgical treatment two groups of
      patients were distinguished: patients with isolated hematomas of the frontal
      region characterized by a paucity of clinical manifestations and patients with
      epidural hematomas of the frontal region associated with other intracranial
      lesions and are characterized by a grave course and high lethality.

PMID- 2399731
TI  - [Risk factors for the development of infertility in men].
AB  - The age and health condition at the time birth were evaluated in fathers of males
      suffering of sterility. Of 500 of them 4% presented no complaints while the rest
      suffered different diseases. Of 160 fathers of the second group referred for
      sterile marriage with normozoospermia 90% were healthy while the remaining showed
      diseases of circulatory and nervous systems. Of 40 patients whose fathers were 18
      25 years during birth of their sterile sons, azoospermia was revealed in 12.5%,
      oligozoospermia of grade III--in 42.4% and correspondingly 25-40 years--in 5.1%
      and 12%; 40-50 years--in 13.1% and 45.3%; over 50 years--in 27.9% and 64.5%.
      Consequently, the age and health conditions of the fathers during their birth may
      be risk factors of sterility of their sons.

PMID- 2399733
TI  - [The use of hypothermia in the combined treatment of patients with facial
      neuritis in the acute period].
AB  - Local-dosed hypothermia is a pathogenetically substantiated method of treatment
      of facial neuritis as it produces a marked anti-inflammatory effect due to
      development of a persistent reflex vasospasm. The method is effective in the
      acute stage of the disease, has no contraindications and reduces significantly
      the chemotherapy load.

PMID- 2399734
TI  - [A case of gastrogenic senestopathy].

PMID- 2399735
TI  - [A case of a congenital organic anomaly of the urogenital system in a woman].

PMID- 2399736
TI  - [An adamantinoma located in the pelvic bones].

PMID- 2399737
TI  - [The importance of antioxidants in the combined treatment of patients with dust
      induced bronchitis].
AB  - A study of 119 patients with dust-induced bronchitis revealed an activation of
      lipid peroxidation depending on the stage of the disease (I, II, III) manifested
      by an increase of blood serum diene conjugates, hydroperoxides and/or malonic
      aldehyde. Use of antioxidants--vitamin E and prednisolone as well as heparine
      resulted in complete or partial correction of lipid peroxidation and favourable
      clinical effect.

PMID- 2399738
TI  - Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
AB  - This article discusses a patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome who recently
      underwent surgical ablation of her accessory pathway at West Virginia University
      Health Sciences Center. Surgical cure of this arrhythmia is possible in a high
      percentage of cases and should be strongly considered for those with life
      threatening arrhythmias or poorly controlled symptoms.

PMID- 2399740
TI  - Central nervous mechanisms of host defense responses. Federation of American
      Societies for Experimental Biology. New Orleans, Louisiana, March 1989.
      Proceedings.

PMID- 2399742
TI  - [The specificity of so-called "smoker cells" in lung tissue].
AB  - A simple test for demonstration of smoker cells was verified on bronchoalveolar
      lavage (BAL) and cytological smears of lung tissue. Alveolar macrophages exhibit
      in 81% (BAL) respectively 86% (surgical material) of the smokers with Fettrot 7B
      a red colouring of the cytoplasm. Only few non-smokers show a positive reaction
      for smoker cells. In ex-smokers this positive reaction disappears after 7 month.
      We conclude, that this method is very sensitive but not absolutely specific for
      detecting smokers with a simple cytological test.

PMID- 2399739
TI  - Neural responses to antigenic challenges and immunomodulatory factors.
AB  - In studies designed to examine the effects of the immune system, recordings of
      multi-unit electrical activity (MUA) in the central nervous system were made in
      the preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (POA/AH) and paraventricular nucleus
      (PVN) of rats, following sheep red blood cell (SRBC) immunization. Peak increases
      in POA/AH MUA were observed on the fifth day following SRBC sensitization, the
      day on which serum antibodies were first detected. A significant increase in
      paraventricular nucleus (PVN) MUA was also observed on the sixth day. These
      changes in POA/AH and PVN MUA were found to be associated with increased plasma
      corticosterone levels on day 8. Induction of a second immune response to SRBC
      evoked a POA/AH MUA increase of extended duration but reduced amplitude, while
      administration of the immunosuppressive drug, cyclophosphamide, prevented both
      antibody generation and any increases in POA/AH MUA. These data suggest that
      activation of the immune system may provide signals, in the form of chemical
      messengers, which are able to alter neural activity in some regions of the brain
      that are important in neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms. Accordingly,
      intracerebroventricular injections of thymic humoral factor or alpha-interferon
      decreased POA/AH MUA, increased EEG synchronization, and decreased plasma levels
      of corticosterone. Histamine and interleukin 1 did not alter POA/AH MUA but
      decreased EEG synchronization and increased plasma levels of corticosterone.

PMID- 2399743
TI  - Hyperactivation of platelets in asthma and introduction of platelet apheresis as
      treatment procedure.
AB  - Functional characteristics of platelets (Pts) were estimated in patients with
      different asthma forms (atopic and aspirin-sensitive). It was shown that Pts of
      asthmatics notwithstanding disease form are more sensitive to stimulating action
      of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in aggregation response and intracellular
      Ca2+ influx induction than Pts of healthy donors. Intracellular Ca2+ influx was
      measured using fluorescent zond Fura-2. Antiallergic drugs--ketotifen and sodium
      chromoglycate--caused 30-40% inhibition of PAF-induced aggregation of asthmatics'
      Pts. Platelet apheresis (PtA) was applicated attempting to normalize
      "hyperactivated" state of asthmatics' Pts. PtA treatment was performed using on
      line cell separator Fenwal CS-3000 in 27 patients without any considerable side
      effect. Mean Pt yield was 400-600 X 10(9) cells; blood Pt count restored
      immediately after treatment. Positive clinical effect (complete reduction of
      asthmatic attacks for at least 2 months, improvement in respiratory function
      parameters) was observed in 19 out of 27 patients (70%). The clinical effect
      correlated well with the normalization of in vitro Pt response to PAF. It may be
      concluded that platelet apheresis has to be introduced as the treatment method
      for bronchial asthma, particularly in the patients with PAF-induced
      "hyperactivation" of Pts in vitro.

PMID- 2399741
TI  - Antigen presentation by liposomes bearing class II MHC and membrane IL-1.
AB  - Liposomes containing membrane IL-1, Iak, and the antigen conalbumin were
      evaluated as "synthetic antigen presenting cells." The role of these three
      molecules in macrophage-T cell interaction was studied by testing their ability
      to induce the proliferation of a T-cell clone specific to conalbumin (the D10
      cell line) or immune spleen cells sensitized three times in vivo with conalbumin.
      In the latter case, splenic macrophages were eliminated by adherence and a
      lysomotropic agent. The antigen conalbumin was presented on the surface of the
      liposomes as native undigested protein. When the liposomes presented native
      conalbumin, Iak, and membrane IL-1, significant proliferation occurred, but if
      the liposomes lacked membrane IL-1, the proliferation of the T-cell clone and the
      spleen cells reached only about 60 percent of the previous signal. Native
      conalbumin and class II antigen alone were required for T-cell activation, while
      membrane IL-1 only amplified the response. When the liposomes were made with only
      Iak and membrane IL-1, lacking conalbumin, there was no proliferation of antigen
      specific target cells. These results indicated that in this synthetic system,
      membrane IL-1 increases the magnitude of the response but is not essential for
      the proliferative response of antigen-specific T cells.

PMID- 2399744
TI  - [Effect of moderate pollutant concentrations in the air and incidence of
      respiratory diseases in children].
AB  - In an industrial region respiratory morbidity of children was studied in 3
      localities with different levels of air pollution within maximal permissible
      concentrations (average monthly SO2 0.35 mg/m3, 0.25 mg/m3 and less than 0.15
      mg/m3 and correlating concentrations of CO, NO2 and particles). It was shown that
      acute respiratory morbidity and prevalence of recurrent bronchitis did not
      correlate with SO2 level and was highest in a big city. There was however a
      correlation with SO2 level of bronchial asthma prevalence (3.0, 2.7 and 2.1), as
      well as morbidity with acute bronchitis (45.1, 23.3 and 10.6) and acute
      obstructive bronchitis (15.0, 5.4 and 2.4)--all figures per 1,000 children. Daily
      acute respiratory morbidity also did not correlate with peaks of SO2 during 3
      preceding days, but acute bronchitis correlated with such peaks 2 days before (r
      = +0.5). Passive smoking and stove heating were significantly more frequent in
      families of children with respiratory complaints as compared to those without
      such complaints. Since these differences were more pronounced in industrial towns
      than in rural areas, it well may be that industrial pollutants potentiate or
      aggravate the effect of indoor air pollution.

PMID- 2399745
TI  - [Mass chest x-ray of at-risk probands].
AB  - In the GDR annually repeated indiscriminate mass miniature radiographies (MMR) of
      all persons in the age of 16 years and over were performed during 3 decades. The
      aim was, beside finding cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, the early detection of
      bronchogenic carcinoma. The decrease of tuberculosis incidence and the shift of
      nearly all new cases to higher age groups lead to a change of this policy. The
      new regulation, in force since 1986, provides mass X-ray examinations of all
      persons in the age of 40 years and over with 2 years interval, and X-ray
      examinations of the lung of persons in several risk groups with shorter, mainly
      annual intervals. The latter became a task of the chest clinics. The experience
      of 2 chest clinics with the organization of these examinations and the yield of
      new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchogenic carcinoma are reported. It
      is necessary to improve the organization and to reduce the number of risk-groups
      to those with an acceptable balance of input and result. Otherwise, the staff of
      the chest clinics is impeded to fulfill more rewarding tasks in the care of
      patients. The results of the attempts of early detection of bronchogenic
      carcinoma and improvement of life expectancy by X-ray examination of risk groups
      and early resection were disappointing. Thus, other ways must be found. A
      revision of the regulation of 1986, concerning risk groups, is proposed with the
      aim to rationalize their surveillance.

PMID- 2399746
TI  - [Aspergilloma as a rare cause of hemoptysis].
AB  - Reported are 48 cases of aspergilloma underwent surgical treatment. Cardinal
      symptom was hemoptysis in 26 patients. Because of massive bleeding one patient
      had to treat by thoracotomy without delay. Specific metabolic properties of the
      fungus, the situation of the wall and the content of the cavum as well as the
      genesis of the development of the cavum are discussed in connection with the
      tendency to hemoptysis.

PMID- 2399747
TI  - [Effect of physical stress on airway resistance determined by oscillometry].
AB  - For evaluation of reference values of airway resistance measured by forced
      oscillation technique (Ros) in connection with physical exercise, 193 healthy
      persons were examined. In this study could be shown that reference values
      measured at rest are also valid under exercise conditions to find out functional
      disorders.

PMID- 2399748
TI  - [Comment) on the position paper, "Procedures for completion of a
      subspecialization"].

PMID- 2399749
TI  - [Incidence and geographical distribution of acute pancreatitis in Nottingham 1969
      to 1983].
AB  - During the fifteen year period 1969-1983, 493 patients with primary acute
      pancreatitis were admitted to Nottingham hospitals. The incidence of this disease
      increased from 75.1 per million per year for 1969-1976 admissions to 116.9 per
      million per year for 1977-1983 admissions. For both cohorts there were large
      statistically significant variations in the distribution of pancreatitis within
      the study area. The spatial distribution for both cohorts revealed that the
      highest incidence rates clustered in an area east of the city centre which is
      supplied by particularly "hard" water. The chemical composition of the domestic
      water supply may play a role in the manifestation of acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 2399750
TI  - [Mirizzi syndrome and its variants].
AB  - Between 1981 and 1987 5434 patients were studied by ERCP in Allgemeines
      Krankenhaus Hamburg-Barmbeck. 26 (i.e. 0.43%) suffered from Mirizze syndrome with
      the triad of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis and obstructive biliary disease. They
      were classified in four different types according to the variable localisation
      and origin of the biliary obstruction. 16 patients corresponded to the classical
      type (I and II) with compression, penetration, and obturation by the concrement,
      five patients matched borderline with infiltration (III) and five patients were
      classified as variants of this syndrome. A mild elevation of serum bilirubine and
      alkaline phosphatase indicated more likely the benign etiology of type I to III,
      however, a marked elevation of alkaline phosphatase in the variants suggested
      more likely a malignant underlying disease. The diagnosis was ascertained in all
      cases by ERC and sonography preoperatively and was verified by laparotomy (n =
      18) and follow-up (n = 6).

PMID- 2399751
TI  - Obstructive ileus and acute pancreatitis.
AB  - A 48-year-old patient presented with a 24 hour history of diffuse abdominal pain
      and diarrhea. Based on elevated serum amylase and lipase levels, a CT-scan, and a
      history of chronic alcohol intake, acute alcoholic pancreatitis was diagnosed.
      The patient clinically improved under conservative therapy, but after restarting
      enteral nutrition on the fourth day, he developed full blown mechanical ileus.
      Intraoperatively, an adhesive band and acute edematous pancreatitis and fat
      necrosis was found. Retrospectively, the initial clinical symptoms and plain
      abdominal x-ray findings suggest coincidence of obstructive ileus and acute
      pancreatitis. We hypothesize that obstructive ileus had triggered pancreatitis.

PMID- 2399752
TI  - [Ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis--does proctocolectomy have
      a therapeutic effect?].

PMID- 2399753
TI  - ["Depressed adenoma" of the stomach].
AB  - Depressed adenoma of the stomach, whose gross appearance is similar to that of
      type IIc early gastric carcinoma, was detected in 40/357, or 11%, of gastric
      resection preparations. Depressed adenoma is primarily found in the two distal
      thirds and the lesser curvature of the stomach. It presents as a flat brownish
      depression and measures between 2 and 39 mm across (mean 13 mm). Histology
      typically reveals tubular adenoma with closely spaced atypical columnar
      epithelial cells of the intestinal type. Depressed adenoma probably arises from
      pre-existing depressed lesions (erosions, ulcer scars, atrophic zones) rather
      than from conventional protuberant adenoma. Depressed adenoma appears to show a
      greater tendency for malignant differentiation than do conventional adenomas.

PMID- 2399754
TI  - [HIV--AIDS--what is expected from the dermatologist and venereologist?].

PMID- 2399755
TI  - [Comment on the article: Hyposensitization therapy--quo vadis?].

PMID- 2399756
TI  - [Public health measures in AIDS].

PMID- 2399757
TI  - [AIDS and blood transfusion].
AB  - In May, 1985, the Red Cross Blood Donation Center of Vienna, Lower Austria, and
      Burgenland started routine screening for HIV 1 antibodies; by summer 1989, about
      750,000 blood donors and donations had been examined. During this period, 59
      donors have been proved positive for HIV 1; they have been interviewed and the
      origin of the infection was explored. Since there were donors within this group,
      who had repeatedly given blood for many years, we carried out a follow-up study
      in order to find out whether the recipients had been infected by these donors
      before May, 1985. In addition, we give the test results of about 200,000 donors
      screened for HIV 1 antigen and discuss the value of such tests. Recently, 80,000
      donors were screened for anti-HIV 1 and 2 antibodies; there has been no donor
      positive for HIV 2, so far. A much higher number of donors than those marked for
      confirmed western blot had to be regarded as questionable positive. In such
      cases, details of western blot results are listed; we discuss the problem of the
      evaluation of such results as well as the question of informing these donors.

PMID- 2399758
TI  - [Pathogenesis of HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma--the Koebner phenomenon as a
      possible pathogenetic mechanism].
AB  - The pathogenesis of the HIV associated Kaposi's sarcoma is still unclear, but it
      appears to be a multifactorial process. Different investigations have shown, that
      cytokines and growth factors influence the development of KS. Several cases with
      tumor manifestation after irritation of the skin are demonstrated. Therefore a
      mechanism of development comparable with the Koebner Phenomenon can be
      postulated.

PMID- 2399759
TI  - [Relevance of routine diagnosis of Chlamydia and HIV infections in Vienna
      prostitutes].
AB  - At the Control Center for Veneral Diseases of the Vienna Health Office, 5000
      examinations for Chlamydia infection were performed on registered and non
      registered prostitutes between 1980 and 1988. During this period, we observed a
      continuous decrease of the rate of infections from 20.4% to 4% among registered
      prostitutes and from 31.4% to 12.4% among non-registered prostitutes. Between
      1985 and 1988, the cumulative number of HIV infections only rose from 7 to 8
      cases among registered prostitutes and from 2 to 3 cases among non-registered
      prostitutes. All these HIV carriers were associated with i.v. drug abuse. The
      correlations between these two infections as well as the implications regarding
      health politics are discussed.

PMID- 2399760
TI  - [Estimated relation of Doppler echocardiography parameters of diastolic
      ventricular function and pulmonary capillary pressure in acute ischemia].
AB  - A close relation between the Doppler-echocardiographic transmitral flow signal
      (TMF) and the left ventricular filling pressure in patients with coronary heart
      disease (CHD) was described in several reports. The present study investigated
      the validity of this relation during an episode of acute ischemia induced by
      coronary angioplasty (PTCA) by simultaneous recording of TMF and mean pulmonary
      capillary wedge pressure (PCm). Thirty-nine patients were examined at rest, and
      33 of them were further studied during a subsequent PTCA of the left anterior
      descending artery (n = 22) or the right coronary artery (n = 11). The onset of
      ischemia was evaluated by electrocardiography. The Doppler-echocardiographic
      parameters of diastolic ventricular function were correlated with PCm; the
      closest correlation was obtained for the relation between PCm and the ratio of
      the early/atrial velocity integral (Ei/Ai: r = 0.59; p less than 0.0001), and
      between PCm and the relative share of the early diastolic velocity integral (Ei%:
      r = 0.58; p less than 0.0001). A wide confidence interval of individual values
      did not allow a calculation of PCm from Ei/Ai. By a semiquantitative approach an
      elevated PCm could be estimated from Ei/Ai greater than 1.5 with a high
      sensitivity (86%) and specificity (81%). During PTCA an increase of PCm was
      observed (start: 10.2 +/- 4.8; end: 15.0 +/- 6.5; p less than 0.0001), while
      Ei/Ai decreased slightly (start: 1.37 +/- 0.41; end: 1.27 +/- 0.51; p = 0.32).
      With increasing duration of inflation, the correlation between PCm and Doppler
      echocardiographic parameters was attenuated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399761
TI  - [Doppler echocardiography description of diastolic function disorder in terminal
      renal failure--new characterization of uremic cardiomyopathy].
AB  - In order to characterize left ventricular diastolic filling abnormalities in
      uremic cardiomyopathy in 50 patients on hemodialysis, the ratio VE/VA of peak
      early (VE) and late (VA) filling velocity was calculated using CW-Doppler
      echocardiography. Compared with normal subjects of identical age, VE/VA was found
      to be significantly lower in patients younger than 40 years, but without,
      however, significant differences in patients aged 40-60 years and older than 60.
      Thus, the incidence of diminished VE/VA-ratios fell from 64% in patients younger
      than 40 years to 5% in patients older than 60. Whereas duration of dialysis,
      extent of renal anemia and interdialytic volumeload showed no influence,
      diastolic malfunction was correlated to renal hypertension. Therefore, an
      actualized characterization of uremic cardiomyopathy can be achieved by CW
      Doppler echocardiography, describing diastolic malfunction in most patients with
      terminal renal failure. In elderly patients, however, a distinction from
      physiologic alteration of diastolic filling is not possible. Clinical
      significance of diastolic malfunction is characterized by reduced tolerance of
      interdialytic volume-expansion, as well as intradialytic volume-depletion.

PMID- 2399762
TI  - [Hemodynamic and clinical results following percutaneous aortic valve
      valvuloplasty in adults].
AB  - We analyzed the results and the follow-up in our first 80 patients after
      percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) since November 1986. Mean age was
      74 +/- 10 years, 78 patients were in the NYHA functional classes III or IV.
      Initially we used relatively small balloons (15-18 mm), later balloons of 20 mm
      and, with increasing frequency, of 23 mm diameter were utilized, providing very
      strong inflations at the end of the procedure. The average valve area after BAV
      increased from initially 0.75 +/- 0.18 to 0.87 +/- 0.28 cm2 after July 1987.
      Using the 23-mm balloon a mean valve area of 1.05 +/- 0.19 cm2 was obtained. The
      procedure-related mortality was 2.5%, the total early mortality (30 days) was
      6.25%. Other non-fatal complications included two cases of severe valve
      incompetence requiring valve replacement, one dissection in the aortic root, one
      cerebrovascular accident, and eight cases of arterial damage (surgical repair).
      Twenty-six patients with initially successful dilation were restudied
      hemodynamically, 12 of whom had a restenosis (46%) after 5 months; 13 patients
      had a second dilatation. The clinical improvement was remarkable (at least 1 NYHA
      functional class) in 79% of the patients. 33% were improved 1 year and 20% 18
      months after the first or eventually the second BAV. Eighteen of the discharged
      patients died in the follow-up period (two after valve replacement); 20 patients
      had aortic valve replacement due to restenosis. Our results show a correlation of
      the maximal balloon size to the valve area after BAV. However, even a perfect
      technique cannot prevent the restenosis that occurs mostly during the first year.
      Therefore, BAV may be useful and appropriate for selected patients with
      inoperable aortic stenosis, but it is no alternative to valve replacement.

PMID- 2399763
TI  - [Transfemoral, transatrial double-balloon valvuloplasty of rheumatic mitral
      stenosis].
AB  - A percutaneous transfemoral, transatrial double-balloon valvuloplasty was
      performed on 21 patients (53 +/- 14 years) with rheumatic mitral stenosis. An
      open commissurotomy was performed in six patients, 20 +/- 9 years previously; in
      three patients an arterial embolism had occurred previously. Balloon
      valvuloplasty resulted in a reduction of the mean diastolic gradient from 16 +/-
      7 to 8 +/- 3 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), and the mitral valve orifice area
      increased from 1.1 +/- 0.3 to 2.2 +/- 0.8 cm2 (p less than 0.001). Mitral
      insufficiency increased in three patients and was first observed after
      valvuloplasty in four patients. Complications were seen in three patients: a left
      ventricular perforation resulting in pericardial tamponade occurred in two
      patients, which required cardiothoracic intervention. In one patient a pulmonary
      embolism occurred five days after the invasive procedure. The study shows that
      percutaneous transfemoral balloon valvuloplasty can successfully be performed in
      patients with severe or even calcified mitral valve stenosis. The risk of severe
      complications is, however, not negligible.

PMID- 2399764
TI  - [Percutaneous coronary Excimer laser angioplasty in patients with coronary heart
      disease].
AB  - To verify the efficacy and safety of percutaneous coronary excimer laser
      angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease a prospective study was
      conducted in 60 patients. The application of laser light was possible in 55 of
      the 60 patients. A novel 1.4-mm diameter catheter with 20 quartz fibers of 100
      microns diameter, each arranged concentrically around a central lumen suitable
      for an 0.014-inch flexible guide wire was used. The light source was a commercial
      excimer laser emitting energy at a wavelength of 308 nm, with a pulse duration of
      60 ns. The laser was operated at 20 Hz; mean energy transmission was 30 +/- 5
      mJ/mm2. In 23 of the 55 patients treated with excimer laser energy the
      qualitative angiographic results were sufficient. In 32 patients additional
      balloon angioplasty was necessary, either because of an insufficient result or
      due to vessel closure after laser ablation. In 47 of the 55 patients control
      angiography was performed within the 6-month follow-up period. Rate of restenosis
      was higher in patients treated with laser ablation and subsequent balloon
      angioplasty (16 of 28) than in patients treated with laser ablation alone (6 of
      19). Results of the 6-month observation period suggest that 1) coronary excimer
      laser angioplasty in combination with subsequent balloon angioplasty results in a
      considerable increase of the restenosis rate; 2) the exclusive use of laser
      ablation also results in a restenosis rate comparable to balloon angioplasty
      alone; and 3) the impact of this new method using improved application systems
      and higher energy transmission has to be determined in further studies.

PMID- 2399765
TI  - [Long-term clinical follow-up after coronary dilatation].
AB  - To determine the long-term clinical course after percutaneous transluminal
      coronary angioplasty (PTCA), 841 patients, 615 with successful PTCA and 226
      without, were restudied by questionnaire 2-9 years after the intervention. After
      successful PTCA a lasting symptomatic improvement was seen in 78% of patients vs
      55% of patients without successful PTCA (p less than 0.0001). The probability of
      myocardial infarction 8 years after successful PTCA was 6% vs 24% after
      unsuccessful PTCA (p less than 0.0005). The 8-year survival probability (non
      cardiac deaths excluded) was 95.7% in patients with demonstrable PTCA success,
      and 92.0% in patients without (p less than 0.05). Similar significant differences
      in favor of patients with successful PTCA were seen in the long-term prognosis of
      patients with single-vessel disease (n = 580). It is concluded that a long-term
      improvement of the cardiac prognosis by successful PTCA is probable.

PMID- 2399767
TI  - [Child rearing without callousness and physical punishment?].

PMID- 2399766
TI  - [Short- and long-term problems in dilatation of untreated aortic isthmus stenosis
      in children].
AB  - We examined problems and complications during and after balloon dilation of
      native coarctation of the aorta in 31 children with a mean age at first dilation
      of 5.77 +/- 5.4 years (0.08-16 years), who had a total of 37 balloon dilations.
      Twenty-six patients were restudied 3 to 24 months after the first procedure. In
      six patients, because of recoarctation, further dilations were performed. In two
      patients the second procedure was not successful and they required surgery. In
      14/37 (37.8%) dilations the routine sedation was insufficient. The retrograde
      catheter could be introduced percutaneously in all but one patient. Because of
      small femoral arteries the introduction of the balloon catheter was not possible
      in three cases (8.1%). In three more patients (8.1%) the adequate catheters were
      not in stock. Complications included: transfusion because of blood loss in six
      patients (16.2%), chest pain in three (8.1%), rupture of balloon in three (8.1%),
      thrombectomy in three (8.1%), and partial reopening of ductus arteriosus in one
      patient. Duration of hospital stay was a mean of 1.81 days +/- 1.65 (range 1-9
      days). Ninety percent of the patients were discharged within 2 days. On follow-up
      (range: 3-50 months), eight patients (21.6%) had a weak femoral pulse, of whom
      only one had an absent pulse, eight patients (21.6%) had paradoxical hypertension
      despite good dilation and no significant gradients, and only one patient showed a
      small aneurysm. We conclude that balloon angioplasty of native coarctation is a
      successful and relatively safe method of treatment of native coarctation. The
      most serious complication is arterial occlusion of the affected leg.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399768
TI  - [Psychological effects of military low altitude flight practice on children].
AB  - In a 2-step epidemiological study child psychiatric disorders,
      psychophysiological reactions and psychosocial stressors of 376 children aged 4
      to 16 were recorded in two regions of Westphalia (West-Germany) with different
      frequencies of military low-level flights. No essential impairment of the
      children's health was found. However, below a clinical level we noticed
      significantly higher anxiety syndromescores (and to some extent of depression
      syndromescores) and a tendency towards higher psychophysiological arousal in the
      high-noise area along with no differences in psychosocial stressors. Implications
      of these results and aspects of child-psychiatric assessment instruments' use are
      discussed.

PMID- 2399769
TI  - [Psychiatric manifestations in children with speech disorders with and without
      minimal brain dysfunction].
AB  - Several studies have shown not only that children with psychiatric problems are
      having more speech and language disorders than control groups. Moreover it has
      been shown that other developmental disorders are more common in groups with
      speech and language disorders. In a study in Munich including all children with
      diagnosis of specific developmental disorders of speech and language seen in our
      outpatient department from 1981 to 1986 we found significantly more psychiatric
      diagnoses in a subgroup of children with MBD. This was proved for the boys only
      however not for the smaller group of girls. The results are compared to studies
      reported in the literature and further research is suggested.

PMID- 2399770
TI  - [Reliability of child and adolescent psychiatry diagnoses in ICD-10].
AB  - In the following, the findings from a field study on the reliability of ICD-10
      for classifying psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents are presented.
      In the main study there were 33 raters from 9 different facilities; each rater
      assessed 29 case studies independently. The evaluations of the 29 case studies
      independently. The evaluations of the 29 case histories yielded 957 ratings. When
      4-digit ICD-10 codes were used, the most common main diagnosis was coded by an
      average of 50.3% (ICD-9: 47.3%). When 3-digit ICD-10 codes were used, the figure
      was 60.6% (ICD-9: 66.5%), that is, as expected, agreement was clearly better.
      When alternative diagnoses were considered, agreement was substantially better;
      the same was true for intensive schooling of the raters (additional study). Some
      diagnoses were rather difficult to differentiate from each other. Among these
      were the mixed disorders of conduct and emotions (F92). The main problem was
      differentiating between this disorder and the categories conduct disorder (F91),
      emotional disorder (F93), affective disorders (F30-F39), and neurotic disorders
      (F40-F49). There were also problems classifying age-related depressive disorders
      which in ICD-9 could be coded under 313.1, probably in part because this category
      does no longer exist in ICD-10. These disorders have now to be coded as
      depressive disorders (F31.1, F33.1 or F34.1). The diagnostic descriptions of
      these categories are based mainly on the symptoms typical in adults. No facility
      related tendencies to code in a particular way are evident.

PMID- 2399771
TI  - [Causes and prevention of violence. Report on the work of the "Violence
      Commission" of the federal government].

PMID- 2399772
TI  - [The refining of liquid swine manure as a substrate for biotechnologic
      transformation processes].
AB  - Pure and mixed cultures of Clostridium Spec. were tested in sterile and
      nonsterile batch fermentations in order to increase the content of short chain
      fatty acid in different liquid swine manure substrates. Fatty acid concentrations
      of 15 g/l were reached by a thermochemical pretreatment of the substrates and the
      application of a mixed culture of Cl. acetobutylicum, Cl. butyricum and Cl.
      paraputrificum. The distributions of C2-C5 fatty acids were determined. The
      results represent the basis to intensify the process of the biotechnological
      conversion of liquid swine manure.

PMID- 2399773
TI  - [Effects of fentanyl peridural analgesia in labor on fetal heart rate, uterine
      contraction and postnatal adaptation].
AB  - The opioid Fentanyl was used in a dosage of 0.15 mg via a peridural catheter for
      birth analgesia (PDA) in a high risk collective of 40 female patients. A
      prolonged analgesia with good acceptance could be achieved with low dosage. The
      advantages of the mobilisation could be fully used because of telemetric
      monitoring and missing influence of the sympathetic nerve and undisturbed motoric
      activity. If a caesarean section was necessary we continued the peridural
      analgesia using 0.5 percent Marcain. Postnatal assessment of the condition of the
      newborn was not disturbed. Short-term irregularities in CTG--a decrease of the
      rate of acceleration, a silent oscillation pattern--are interpreted in the sense
      of a sleeping pattern, without harmful influence on the fetus. At present PDA is
      the most effective method in birth analgesia. It represents a valuable
      contribution to the care in the field of psychomotoric preparation of patients to
      birth. Considering the contraindications PDA with Fentanyl can be recommended in
      obstetrics.

PMID- 2399774
TI  - [Adjuvant chemotherapy in radical surgery of cervix cancer].
AB  - Invasive cervical cancer can be treated by surgery, radiotherapy, and cytostatic
      chemotherapy. For decades, surgery alone or in combination with radiotherapy has
      been the treatment of choice. Radiotherapy only was reserved for patients with
      advanced disease. Antineoplastic agents, especially combinations including
      cisplatin, achieved good results in patients with advanced disease of after other
      therapeutic modalities had been exhausted. This led us to use postoperative
      chemotherapy for high-risk patients with positive pelvic or parametrial nodes or
      vascular invasion. Radiotherapy had not improved the survival of such patients. A
      combination of bleomycin, vincristine, mitomycin-C and cisplatin and later a
      combination of carboplatin and bleomycin was used. The results were compared to
      those of patients with radical abdominal surgery only (N = 118) or with surgery
      and postoperative radiotherapy (N = 108). The 32 patients who underwent surgery
      and chemotherapy had statistically higher incidence of all risk factors.
      Nonetheless, after 4-year follow-up they had less recurrences and deaths than the
      other patients.

PMID- 2399776
TI  - Are you prepared for a malignant hyperpyrexia crisis?

PMID- 2399775
TI  - [Tumor markers and creatine kinase in the differential diagnosis of tubal
      pregnancy].
AB  - In the present study we tried to evaluate the cancer marker CA 19-9, CA 12-5, CA
      15-3 as well as the enzyme creatine-kinase (CK) whether they are of any
      diagnostic value in cases of tubal pregnancies. 15 patients with laporoscopically
      verified tubal pregnancy were compared with 15 patients with normal intrauterine
      pregnancies of the same age. Except one case of elevated CK in a patient with
      tubal pregnancy all other values were within the normal range. We concluded, that
      tumor markers and CK are inefficient for preoperative differential diagnosis in
      cases of tubal pregnancies.

PMID- 2399777
TI  - Federal drug laws and CRNAs.

PMID- 2399778
TI  - Endotracheal tube cuff ignited by electrocautery during tracheostomy.
AB  - A 64-year old female requiring prolonged ventilatory support was scheduled for an
      elective tracheostomy. Anesthesia consisted of surgical infiltration of 1%
      lidocaine and supplemental isoflurane. The patient was mechanically ventilated
      with an FIO2 of 1.0. An incision was made over the third and fourth tracheal
      rings. Opening the trachea with electrocautery resulted in a large leak around
      the endotracheal tube. The cuff was visualized through the tracheal incision and
      noted to be deflated. A small bleeder was coagulated on the tracheal ring. At
      this point, a flash fire occurred rising about one-inch high through the tracheal
      incision. The surgeon immediately covered the site with his hand. The anesthetist
      promptly disconnected the anesthesia circuit and removed the endotracheal tube.
      The surgeon inserted the tracheostomy tube and ventilation resumed. The fire
      lasted approximately 1-2 seconds. Dexamethasone 10 mg was administered
      intravenously. End-tidal CO2 and oxygen saturation levels were unchanged. The
      endotracheal tube was inspected. Approximately one-third to one-half of the cuff
      was charred. Proper management of an endotracheal tube fire includes stopping
      ventilation, disconnecting the oxygen source, removing the endotracheal tube,
      diagnosing injury, administering short-term steroids, administering antibiotics
      if indicated, providing ventilation and medical support as necessary and
      monitoring the patient for at least 24 hours. Extreme caution is necessary when
      using electrocautery in close proximity to an endotracheal tube. If
      electrocautery is used in close proximity to an endotracheal tube, an FIO2 of 0.3
      or less with helium should be used.

PMID- 2399779
TI  - Monitoring airway pressure: a new standard.
AB  - This article is the fifth of a series designed to help nurse anesthetists
      appreciate the clinical applications of equipment and monitoring systems. In this
      issue, the author describes the most recent American Society for Testing and
      Materials (ASTM) standard requirements for airway pressure monitoring and
      outlines the most important reasons for monitoring high, sustained and
      subatmospheric airway pressure.

PMID- 2399780
TI  - A comparison of the hemodynamic effects of labetalol and sodium nitroprusside in
      patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of labetalol and sodium nitroprusside were compared in 19
      subjects who became hypertensive at the conclusion of elective carotid
      endarterectomy. Following randomization and standard anesthetic protocol,
      treatment was administered when blood pressure exceeded 160 mmHg systolic or 90
      mmHg diastolic at the conclusion of surgery. Group 1 subjects (n = 9) received
      0.25 mg/kg labetalol in divided doses, followed by repeat doses of 0.50 mg/kg
      until blood pressure was less than 160/90 mmHg or until they had received 300 mg
      total dose. Group 2 subjects (n = 10) were started on a nitroprusside infusion at
      0.5 micrograms/kg/min, titrated to achieve blood pressure less than 160/90 mmHg,
      or up to a rate of 6.0 micrograms/kg/min. Data were collected at 15-minute
      intervals for 12 hours. Analysis with repeated measures analysis of covariance (p
      less than 0.05) found no significant differences between groups in any measured
      parameter. A significant time effect was found for both groups. The results
      suggest that labetalol is an effective alternative to nitroprusside for the
      management of postoperative hypertension in this patient population. For the
      majority of such patients, labetalol may be the drug of choice for
      postendarterectomy hemodynamic control.

PMID- 2399781
TI  - The use of combination cervical plexus block and general anesthesia for radical
      neck dissection in a patient with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - Patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who receive a
      general anesthetic are at increased risk for postoperative pulmonary
      complications; therefore, it is desirable to avoid or to limit the dose of
      general anesthesia in these patients. Regional anesthesia, or a combination of
      regional and light general anesthesia, is an ideal choice for achieving this
      goal. This case report demonstrates how we used cervical plexus blocks in
      combination with light levels of general anesthesia for radical neck dissection
      in a patient with severe COPD.

PMID- 2399782
TI  - Auditory evoked responses in awake rabbits after exposure to high intensity noise
      impulses.
AB  - Impulse noise effects were tested in chronic experiments on 8 awake rabbits.
      Alterations of cochlear potentials and evoked responses from the inferior
      collinulus and the medial geniculate body were studied. The rabbits were
      subsequently exposed to 10 noise impulses of 144 dB SPL, then (after recovery) to
      10 impulses of 153 and 164 dB SPL. After exposure the amplitudes of all
      potentials were reduced. Time of restitution depended on the intensity of the
      noise, the restitution failed after exposure to 164 dB SPL impulses. Time lapses
      of the amplitude-reduction and restitution process were comparable for both
      structures of the auditory pathway. The peak latencies were prolonged
      significantly in only two of the rabbits after this impulse intensity. Impulses
      of 164 dB SPL were followed by irreversible changes of all evoked responses.

PMID- 2399784
TI  - Horizontal text magnification induces illusory increase in vertical size.

PMID- 2399783
TI  - Stress-induced changes in brain level of biogenic amines modified by an
      indigenous drug.

PMID- 2399785
TI  - Is the foveopetal preference of motion related to a latency or a displacement?

PMID- 2399786
TI  - Changes in EEG slow potentials during one-dimensional tracking task.

PMID- 2399787
TI  - Timing of reversible figures' reversal (Schroder staircase).

PMID- 2399788
TI  - Specific aggressivity of the sea fish Serranus scriba measured by a mirror test.

PMID- 2399790
TI  - Intertone interval and ERP to infrequent auditory stimulus pairs.

PMID- 2399789
TI  - Auditory reversal timing.

PMID- 2399791
TI  - Genetically based animal model of depression: circadian rhythm of motor activity.

PMID- 2399792
TI  - Timing of rhythmic tapping and lateralization.

PMID- 2399793
TI  - Stimulus anticipation and the 30 ms basic timing unit during rhythmic tapping.

PMID- 2399794
TI  - Auditory motor synchronization: timing in incremental and decremental rhythmic
      tapping.

PMID- 2399795
TI  - Cooperation during the following of rhythmic acoustical sequences.

PMID- 2399797
TI  - Clomipramine and clomipramine-analgesic combinations in rats: antinociceptive
      activity, behavioral changes, brain serotonin and noradrenaline.

PMID- 2399796
TI  - Oculomotor and electrophysiological signs of distractibility in schizophrenics.

PMID- 2399798
TI  - Protective effect of nifedipine, cinnarizine and dilthiazem against stress
      elevation of nonesterified fatty acids in brain.

PMID- 2399799
TI  - Defence behaviour induced by hypochondriacal threat.

PMID- 2399800
TI  - Neurological findings in adolescents showing MBD signs in preschool age.

PMID- 2399801
TI  - Psychosomatic aspects of cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 2399802
TI  - Effect of body and foot positions on the somatosensory evoked potentials.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials in response to stimulation of the posterior
      tibial nerve at the ankle were recorded during sitting and standing with variable
      foot positions. During standing a decrease in the amplitude of the early positive
      component was observed. The deviation of the foot from a horizontal position was
      associated with an increase in the amplitude of the early negative component. The
      combined influence of body and foot positions showed a decrease in the amplitude
      of both early and late components. The standing position induced changes in more
      components than the varied foot positions. This suggests that maintenance of the
      standing posture is a more complex task than the maintenance of the foot position
      itself.

PMID- 2399803
TI  - Spontaneous behaviour, habituation, and sniffing responsiveness of aged female
      rats.
AB  - Wistar female rats of two age groups were tested with the aim to investigate
      whether changes in spontaneous behaviour, habituation and sniffing responsiveness
      can be considered to be a function of age. Compared with young animals (2
      months), aged animals (24 months) had lower locomotor and exploratory as well as
      investigatory scores but higher grooming and relaxation scores when exposed to a
      novel environment. Further, aged animals were inferior in habituation as
      characterized by decreased retention scores in investigatory and grooming
      patterns when exposed to the same environment for the second time. Finally, they
      exhibited both lower sniffing behaviour in the scent-free box and lower sniffing
      responsiveness to scent stimuli coming from the adult male rats. Thus, age
      related behavioural changes repeatedly reported in learning and memory function
      were sufficiently complemented by the changes in natural behavioural repertoire.
      These behavioural patterns may serve as a model for the study of functional
      aspects of brain ageing as well as for search for geriatric drugs.

PMID- 2399804
TI  - Effect of Kapalabhati on blood urea, creatinine and tyrosine.
AB  - The present study conducted on twelve normal healthy male subjects showed
      decrease in blood urea, increase in creatinine and tyrosine after one minute of
      Kapalabhati, a fast-breathing technique of Hatha Yoga (120 respiratory strokes
      (min.). From biochemical point of view the practice of Kapalabhati seems to
      promote decarboxylation and oxidation mechanisms due to which quieting of
      respiratory centres is achieved, which is also the prerequisite for the practice
      of Pranayama, another important technique of Yoga.

PMID- 2399806
TI  - Proceedings of the Northern European Epilepsy Symposium. Aalborg, Denmark,
      September 5-8, 1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 2399805
TI  - Hathayogic exercise jalandharabandha in its effect on cardiovascular response to
      apnoea.
AB  - Jalandharabandha (JB) is the important constituent of apnoea (kumbhaka) in
      hathayogic breathing exercises. It is performed by pressing the chin into the
      jugular notch and creating thus the positive pressure on the neck region. The
      influence of JB on the heart rate and vasomotor response was studied in
      relationship to different lung volumes. The course of R-R intervals is highly
      significantly different according to the type of apnoea. JB leads to the
      diminution of bradycardia, but does not change the position of the maximum and
      minimum in comparison to the apnoea without JB. Application of JB increases the
      number of vasodilatations and shortens the latencies of vasodilatations, duration
      and amplitude of reactions. JB during breath holding decreases the vagal reflex
      changes and may thus work as a stabilizing component in yogic breathing
      exercises.

PMID- 2399807
TI  - Histological, ultrastructural and chromatographical discrimination of
      phospholipids in meningiomas.
AB  - Phospholipids in meningiomas were studied by light and electron microscopy, and
      by high-performance liquid chromatography. They were microscopically demonstrated
      in six of the ten cases by Sudan III staining after the fixation with potassium
      dichromate. However, the conventional ultrastructural fixation with
      glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide failed to confirm phospholipids, as most of
      them were dissolved during dehydration. In contrast, the specimens pretreated
      with tannic acid before osmication ultrastructurally retained phospholipids which
      were represented by multilamellar bodies or ribbon-like rings. Both were found in
      23 of the 30 cases within the cytoplasm, among the plasma membranes and in the
      extracellular matrices. The outermost lamella or ribbon showed a direct
      continuity from the neighbouring plasma membranes of the cytoplasm or the
      mitochondria. The multilamellar bodies showed an overall distribution, while the
      ribbon-like rings were predominantly distributed around the psammoma bodies.
      Precipitation of hydroxyapatite crystals within the ribbon-like rings resulted in
      matrix minerals of psammoma bodies. Chromatographical analyses of meningiomas
      disclosed phospholipids including phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl
      choline, phosphatidyl serine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidyl inositol in that
      order. Psammomatous meningiomas contained a higher percentage of phosphatidyl
      serine than non-psammomatous tumors. Ultrastructural study of synthetic
      phospholipids adequately treated with tannic acid showed that the multilamellar
      bodies were similar to phosphatidyl choline, while the ribbon-like rings were
      similar to phosphatidyl serine. The role of phospholipids in meningiomas is
      discussed.

PMID- 2399808
TI  - Phagocytosis in the rat optic nerve following Wallerian degeneration.
AB  - Unilateral enucleation of the eye in adult male rats was performed in an attempt
      to resolve the longstanding controversy as to the nature of the phagocytic cells
      during Wallerian degeneration in the central nervous system. Previously both
      resident microglia and circulating monocytes, as well as oligodendrocytes, have
      all been considered to be the phagocytic cells. In these present experiments
      macrophages and microglia were studied using lectin histochemistry for Griffonia
      simplicifolia agglutinin and the monoclonal antibody ED1 at light microscopic
      level. Oligodendrocytes were demonstrated ultrastructurally using
      immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte
      glycoprotein (MOG). Ultrastructural examination of the degeneration optic nerves
      confirmed longstanding reports of the slow nature of breakdown in the adult
      central nervous system. During the early periods of breakdown, starting at 1 week
      and continuing to 1 or 2 months, it was difficult to type, on ultrastructural
      examination alone, the nature of all the cells undergoing phagocytosis, but many
      of them resembled microglia/macrophages. Myelin debris cleared very slowly and
      could still be recognised prominently in the nerve up to 22 months post
      enucleation. Lectin and immunochemical examination showed that the early major
      phagocytic component of phagocytosis was carried out by macrophages, probably
      both circulating and resident. In addition, however, myelin and axonal debris was
      taken up or retracted into oligodendrocyte processes, which were stained with
      antibodies to MOG. This oligodendrocyte component appeared to be small in
      relationship to the overall degree of debris.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399809
TI  - Lectin histochemistry in brains with juvenile form of neuronal ceroid
      lipofuscinosis (Batten disease).
AB  - Defective utilization of dolichols in the synthesis of glycoprotein leads to an
      accumulation of the storage, pigment "ceroid" lipofuscin, containing high-mannose
      type glycoconjugates, in brains affected by neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL).
      We have employed lectin histochemistry to study the distribution of such
      compounds and the composition of other glycoconjugates in brains of patients with
      a juvenile form of the disease (JNCL). Concanavalin A detected the high-mannose
      glycoconjugates in all neurons of brains with JNCL, in lipofuscin-containing
      neurons of aging brains and in some neurons of age-matched control brains. Three
      other lectins (soybean agglutinin, Peanut agglutinin and Ulex europaeus
      agglutinin-I) recognized sugar moieties in neurons containing lipofuscin in
      patients only with JNCL and not in age-matched or aging brains. The results led
      to the conclusion, that the binding pattern of these three lectins may
      differentiate between storage materials of NCL and aging brains.

PMID- 2399810
TI  - Monocyte subpopulations in human gliomas: expression of Fc and complement
      receptors and correlation with tumor proliferation.
AB  - Cryostat sections of 12 gliomas and of 3 peritumoral brain tissue samples were
      investigated for mononuclear cell infiltration by immunohistochemistry,
      concentrating on cells expressing monocyte/macrophage markers. Only low numbers
      of T cells were detected in the tumors, whereas in average 20%-30% of all cells
      present in the samples were recognized by various macrophage markers. These cells
      carried surface epitopes with known function, like Fc-gamma (Fcg) and complement
      receptors. Microglial cells, in comparison to typical debris laden macrophages,
      were only recognized by a restricted panel of macrophages markers (anti-Fcg
      receptors 1, 2, 3, complement receptor CR3, HLA DR, common leucocyte antigen CD45
      and the monocyte marker RM3/1). In peritumoral tissue mainly dendritic, microglia
      like cells were present, which revealed decreased expression of antigens CD4,
      RM3/1 and Fcg receptors in comparison to those in gliomas. A significant positive
      correlation was found between the number of RM3/1 or CR3 (CD11b)-positive cells
      and the proliferation rate of the tumors as documented by the number of
      bromodeoxyuridine-positive or Ki-67+ cells.

PMID- 2399812
TI  - Intrasellar hamartoma associated with pituitary adenoma.
AB  - The histological, ultrastructural and immunocytochemical features are reported of
      an intrasellar neuronal and lipomatous hamartoma associated with pituitary growth
      hormone (GH) cell adenoma and acromegaly. Electron microscopy demonstrated a
      close contact between neurons and adenomatous GH cells. By immunohistochemistry
      the adenoma cells revealed a positive staining for GH and prolactin. The neurons
      of hamartoma showed neurosecretory activity which might have induced the
      development of pituitary GH cell adenoma.

PMID- 2399811
TI  - Bromodeoxyuridine labeling study of intracranial meningiomas: proliferative
      potential and recurrence.
AB  - Ninety-six patients with intracranial meningiomas and two with hemangiopericytic
      variants received a 30-min intravenous infusion of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd),
      200 mg/m2, before tumor removal. Excised tumor specimens were stained by the
      indirect immunoperoxidase method to determine the BrdUrd labeling index (LI), or
      percentage of cells in DNA synthesis. The BrdUrd LI was less than 1% in 63
      (86.3%) of 73 nonmalignant meningiomas and less than 1% in 20 (87%) of 23
      malignant meningiomas. Of 23 malignant meningiomas 11 were recurrent tumors; 8
      patients had recurrence 3 to 33 months after the study. The recurrence rate was
      100% (five of five) in patients whose tumors had a BrdUrd LI greater than 5%, 44%
      (11 of 25) in those with a BrdUrd LI 1% to 5%, and 6.1% (4 of 66) in those with
      an LI less than 1%. Thus, meningiomas with a BrdUrd LI greater than 1% may grow
      faster and recur more frequently. Among patients with malignant meningiomas, the
      mean time to recurrence after the study was 7.5 months in those with a BrdUrd LI
      greater than 5% and 20.2 months for those with an LI 1% to 5%. The mean time to
      recurrence was 97.8 months in patients with nonmalignant meningiomas. Both
      hemangiopericytic variants were recurrent and showed LIs of 0.5% and 4.1%; the
      former tumor recurred 8 years after complete resection, while the latter recurred
      three times in 3.5 years. Thus, the proliferative potential of intracranial
      meningiomas as reflected by the BrdUrd LI appears to be a prognostic variable
      that can help to elucidate the biological behavior of individual meningiomas.

PMID- 2399813
TI  - Primary spinal leptomeningeal astrocytoma.
AB  - This autopsy case report describes a clinically aggressive, histologically well
      differentiated, diffuse, primary leptomeningeal astrocytoma. This rare tumour
      produced a meningitic clinical picture associated with hydrocephalus, focal
      spinal cord necrosis, and signs of spinal and cranial nerve root irritation.
      Despite the microscopic features, death occurred approximately 7 weeks after the
      first meningeal symptoms.

PMID- 2399814
TI  - Urinary phenylacetic acid in panic disorder with and without depression.
AB  - Phenylacetic acid (PAA) excretion was measured in 39 patients who met criteria
      for panic disorder; 9 of these also had major depression, and 30 did not.
      Patients with panic and depression excreted 66 +/- 23 mg/day of PAA, an amount
      significantly lower than in normal controls; patients with panic disorder but
      without depression excreted 104 +/- 23 mg/day of PAA (not significantly lower
      than controls). The results support previous studies indicating that PAA
      excretion is a marker for depressive disorder.

PMID- 2399815
TI  - Behavioral and cerebrovascular effects of caffeine in patients with anxiety
      disorders.
AB  - Caffeine is believed to induce anxiety in normal people and anxiety disorder
      patients and panic attacks in panic disorder patients. The drug is also known to
      reduce cerebral blood flow (CBF). Findings suggesting an anxiety-related cerebral
      vasoconstrictive factor have been reported. We examined the relationship between
      changes in anxiety and CBF induced by intravenously injecting 250 mg of caffeine
      (comparable to 2 cups of coffee) in 8 patients with generalized anxiety disorder,
      9 patients with panic disorder and 9 normal controls. CBF measurements were also
      obtained before and after an injection of normal saline in another group of 9
      normal volunteers. The anxiety disorder patients did not show any evidence of
      increase in anxiety and panic after caffeine. Both patients and controls who
      received caffeine but not normal controls who received saline showed significant
      CBF decrease. The CBF changes were unrelated to changes in mood, autonomic
      activity and carbon dioxide levels.

PMID- 2399816
TI  - Predictive value of the four good prognostic features in DSM-III-R
      schizophreniform disorder.
AB  - DSM-III-R divides schizophreniform disorder into 2 subtypes with and without good
      prognostic features. The 4 prognostic features have been selected based on the
      literature, and the presence of at least 2 should indicate a good prognosis. The
      predictive value of the good prognostic features was tested in a sample of 16
      untreated patients with DSM-III-R schizophreniform disorder with known long-term
      outcome based on personal follow-up examination. No correlation between the
      presence of 2 or more features and favorable outcome was observed. Confusion,
      disorientation or perplexity at the height of the psychotic episode was the only
      feature consistently associated with a favorable outcome in this sample. The
      introduction of good prognostic features of schizophreniform disorder by DSM-III
      R has been done without due consideration of the methodological problems of
      prediction research.

PMID- 2399817
TI  - Hallucinations in schizophrenia.
AB  - The prevalence of different types of hallucinations and their clinical correlates
      were examined in 117 DSM-III-R schizophrenic or schizoaffective disorder
      patients. Auditory hallucinations were by far the most common, followed by visual
      hallucinations, and then by tactile and olfactory or gustatory hallucinations.
      Auditory hallucinations were associated with an earlier age of first
      hospitalization among the schizophrenics. Global severity of the illness for
      schizophrenics was related to the presence of visual hallucinations, but not
      other types of hallucinations. Tactile and olfactory or gustatory hallucinations
      were strongly correlated with each other and with the severity of delusions for
      both schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. The results suggest that
      important clinical differences exist between patients with different types of
      hallucinations, and that these clinical variables need to be controlled for in
      cross-cultural studies of hallucinations.

PMID- 2399818
TI  - Violent and nonviolent suicide attempts--a controlled Rorschach study.
AB  - Rorschach records from 20 patients who had made active, violent suicide attempts
      were compared with records from 20 patients who had taken drug overdoses and 20
      psychiatric control patients who had not made a suicide attempt. Ego function
      ratings showed that violent attempters were more paranoid than both other groups
      and less able to cope with conflict situations, to handle dysphoric affect and to
      differentiate between reality and imagination. Violent attempters had lower level
      of cognitive maturity than controls and tended to produce fabulized combination
      responses, suggesting cognitive slippage, and distorted human content responses,
      indicating pathological object relationships. Nonviolent attempters did not
      differ from controls. Six patients, all from the violent attempt group, completed
      suicide within a follow-up period of 4 years. Compared with the survivors, they
      were less tolerant of dysphoric affect and showed more pronounced decline of
      developmental level within cards. Completers could be identified on the Rorschach
      at 55% sensitivity and 93% specificity.

PMID- 2399819
TI  - Who commits patricide?
AB  - The authors studied 10 men charged with patricide, including 2 men charged with
      both patricide and matricide and compared them with 10 schizophrenic patients who
      did not commit any crime. Eight patients who committed patricide were diagnosed
      as suffering from schizophrenic illness and 2 patients received a diagnosis of
      personality-disorder. Seven schizophrenics who committed patricide and both
      personality-disordered patients had a cruel and unusual relationship with their
      father. All were single at the time of patricide. The EMBU inventory revealed
      fathers to be more punitive than mothers and fathers favoured siblings more than
      the patients. Mothers were more overprotective and tolerant than fathers.
      Patricide patients' fathers were more punitive and shaming than control patients'
      fathers, and control patients' fathers were more stimulating and depriving than
      patricide patients' fathers. Patricide patients' mothers were more overinvolved
      and tolerant than control patients' mothers. A sense of relief was felt following
      the patricide rather than remorse. In contrast, the majority of patients in the
      control group described their father and mother as kind and affectionate. The
      EMBU inventory did not reveal any significant difference between father and
      mother.

PMID- 2399820
TI  - The epidemiology of demoralization in a kibbutz.
AB  - This article reports a true prevalence study of demoralization conducted in a
      kibbutz. This commune, which assures its members all their instrumental needs
      throughout the individual life span, is probably one of the few of its kind in
      the world. All adult members (n = 353) of a kibbutz affiliated with the most
      orthodox of the federations replied to a self-administered interview containing
      the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research interview 27-item Demoralization Scale. The
      response rate approached 95%. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted
      using demoralization rates and mean scores as dependent variables. The overall
      prevalence of demoralization was 25%. Women exhibited higher rates and mean
      scores. There was a clear association between occupational prestige scores and
      demoralization in both sexes. Discussion is based on the comparison between the
      study findings and those published in the literature, both in terms of the
      overall results and their pattern of association with key sociodemographic
      variables.

PMID- 2399821
TI  - Primary and secondary erotomania: clinical characteristics and follow-up.
AB  - A survey within a defined area of the north-east of England (population of
      approximately 1.25 million) generated a number of patients with current or past
      erotomanic phenomenology. A casenote study was carried out on the 11 patients
      identified. Cases were classified in accordance with DSM-111-R criteria and an
      assessment was made of the extent to which each case fulfilled specific criteria
      for primary and secondary erotomania, as defined by previous authors. The
      response to treatment of both psychiatric syndrome and erotomanic phenomenology
      is described for each case. The findings are discussed in relation to the current
      debate regarding the status of de Clerabault's syndrome and delusional disorder
      (erotomanic type) as nosological entities.

PMID- 2399822
TI  - Hypochondriacal fears and beliefs in pregnancy.
AB  - Illness attitudes were evaluated in 26 pregnant women and 26 control subjects
      matched for sociodemographic variables, by means of a self-rating scale, on 3
      different occasions. For each trimester of pregnancy, women displayed more
      hypochondriacal fears and beliefs and conviction of disease (disease phobia) than
      normal controls. In the third trimester, they also reported more fear of dying
      and bodily preoccupations. The findings should alert physicians to ask their
      pregnant patients whether they are preoccupied with fear of dying, or are
      concerned that they suffer from an undiagnosed physical illness, or dread a
      specific illness such as cancer or heart disease. Hypochondriacal fears and
      beliefs are liable to affect well-being and the health attitudes of pregnant
      women. If properly recognized, they may effectively be treated.

PMID- 2399823
TI  - Annual rhythms of violence in hospitalized affective patients: correlation with
      changes in the duration of the daily photoperiod.
AB  - We extensively reviewed the medical records of violent patients restrained in a
      locked psychiatric ward of a university-based hospital for 6 years (1980-1985). A
      total of 551 patients were restrained at least once during hospitalization, of
      which 186 patients had affective disorders and 365 had nonaffective psychiatric
      illnesses. While the number of restrained nonaffective patients was constant
      throughout the year, the number of restrained affective patients showed a
      circannual rhythm with nadirs in May and November and peaks in June and December.
      This pattern of restraints correlated to changes in the length of daily sunlight
      (photoperiod). These results suggest that the aggressiveness of patients with
      affective disorders correlates with photoperiod duration and that the
      aggressiveness of patients with nonaffective disorders does not correlate with
      photoperiod.

PMID- 2399824
TI  - The List of Threatening Experiences: the reliability and validity of a brief life
      events questionnaire.
AB  - During the 23 years since the original work of Holmes & Rahe, research into
      stressful life events on human subjects has tended towards the development of
      longer and more complex inventories. The List of Threatening Experiences (LTE) of
      Brugha et al., by virtue of its brevity, overcomes difficulties of clinical
      application. In a study of 50 psychiatric patients and informants, the
      questionnaire version of the list (LTE-Q) was shown to have high test-retest
      reliability, and good agreement with informant information. Concurrent validity,
      based on the criterion of independently rated adversity derived from a
      semistructured life events interview, making use of the Life Events and
      Difficulties Scales (LEDS) method developed by Brown & Harris, showed both high
      specificity and sensitivity. The LTE-Q is particularly recommended for use in
      psychiatric, psychological and social studies in which other intervening
      variables such as social support, coping, and cognitive variables are of
      interest, and resources do not allow for the use of extensive interview measures
      of stress.

PMID- 2399825
TI  - The influence of gender on the classification of psychotic disorders--a
      multidiagnostic approach.
AB  - A multidiagnostic approach was used prospectively to classify a sample of 176
      psychotic patients. An excess of males was found with only one out of 11 systems
      of schizophrenia, the World Health Organization "flexible" system of
      schizophrenia, with an excess of females noted in 2 of 5 systems of
      schizoaffective disorder, the Kasanin schizoaffective system and the Feighner
      schizoaffective depressed category. Correlation matrices of the diagnostic
      categories were generated for men and women and multidimensional scaling was used
      to plot the distribution of diagnostic categories. In the male sample, patients
      appeared to cluster according to affective symptoms and the mood-congruence of
      psychotic symptoms. Four clusters were apparent, but were less evident in the
      female sample. This gender difference was given partial support by quantitative
      measures of concordance. It is suggested that women manifested a greater
      admixture of symptoms, especially mixed affective and psychotic symptoms, than
      men.

PMID- 2399826
TI  - Mental disorders among primary health care patients in Nicaragua.
AB  - The objective of this study was to validate the Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ
      20) as a screening instrument to identify probable psychiatric cases in the
      general population in Nicaragua and to study the prevalence and identification of
      mental disorders in primary health care. In the general population 576 people
      were screened using SRQ-20. A subsample was further interviewed using the Present
      State Examination (PSE). In primary health care centers 781 patients were
      screened according to SRQ-20 and staff indicated whether a mental disorder was
      identified or not. In the general population study, 9/10 turned out an adequate
      cut-off for SRQ-20, identifying 23% as probable cases. Using the same cut-off,
      47% of the primary health care patients were identified as probable cases. Among
      male probable cases only 7% were identified as cases by health care staff, and
      among female probable cases health care staff identified 13% as cases. When the
      results are compared with previous studies, it becomes evident that the general
      level of psycho-emotional complaints and accordingly the cut-off for caseness
      differ in different parts of the world. SRQ must be calibrated for each cultural
      setting. Among primary health care patients, mental disorders were
      overrepresented and frequently overlooked by the physicians. Educational programs
      with training in psychiatry should be implemented for primary health care staff.

PMID- 2399827
TI  - Differential drug response of panic and agoraphobic avoidance in a case of panic
      disorder.
AB  - A case is presented of a patient with severe panic disorder and agoraphobia in
      whom initial treatment with clomipramine resulted in complete elimination of
      panic attacks, with no improvement in agoraphobic avoidance. The addition of
      phenelzine to the pre-existing clomipramine treatment resulted in rapid and
      complete disappearance of the agoraphobic avoidance. The possible implications of
      this case for our understanding of the neurobiological relationship between panic
      attacks and agoraphobia are discussed.

PMID- 2399828
TI  - Platelet 5-HT uptake in post-stroke depression.
AB  - Serotonin (5-HT) uptake into platelets is reduced in functionally depressed
      patients. Depression following stroke (cerebrovascular accident; CVA) is common
      and severe. Sixteen patients who had suffered a CVA within 6 to 12 months and who
      were medication-free had blood taken for measurement of platelet 5-HT uptake.
      Seven of these patients were depressed. These were compared with age- and sex
      matched hospital controls. No difference in platelet 5-HT uptake was found across
      these groups.

PMID- 2399829
TI  - Treatment of lethal catatonia with electroconvulsive therapy and dantrolene
      sodium: a case report.
AB  - According to the literature, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most
      effective treatment for lethal catatonia. This article describes a patient with
      lethal catatonia: treatment by ECT alone was ineffective, whereas continued
      treatment with ECT in combination with dantrolene sodium led to improvement.

PMID- 2399830
TI  - Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in psychotic and nonpsychotic major
      depression: the importance of distinguishing between unipolar and bipolar
      disorder.

PMID- 2399831
TI  - Rapid development of resistance to tumor necrosis factor alpha on Ishikawa human
      endometrial carcinoma cells.
AB  - The human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells IK were found to be highly susceptible
      for TNF but rapidly developed a resistance to this cytokine. Inhibitors of RNA
      transcription or protein biosynthesis could not overcome this resistance.
      Moreover TNF resistance was not associated with increased resistance to hydrogen
      peroxide. The resistant phenotype remained stable and was not communicated to
      neighbouring cells in a paracrine manner. The TNF treatment did not induce a
      multidrug resistance on IK cells. Nude mice bearing xenotransplanted endometrial
      carcinoma cells did not benefit from TNF treatment.

PMID- 2399832
TI  - Membrane interactions involved in the induction of acid labile interferon alpha.
AB  - Human normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) produce acid-labile
      interferon (IFN) alpha when stimulated in vitro with HIV-infected cells fixed
      with glutaraldehyde. The cells responsible for IFN production are mainly B
      lymphocytes. The present study was aimed to further elucidate the cellular source
      of this IFN and to analyze the membrane interactions involved in the induction
      process. To this purpose PBMC were stimulated with inducers of acid labile IFN
      alpha in the presence or absence of a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs)
      against antigens of the lymphocyte membrane, namely HLA Class I and II and CD4.
      The results indicate that both HLA Class II and CD4 antigens are involved in the
      induction process. Conversely B cell lines seem capable of producing conventional
      alpha IFN but they fail to produce acid labile IFN alpha even in the presence of
      cooperating CD4 positive T cell lines. Furthermore PBMC cultured for more than 20
      hours prior to stimulation lose the ability to produce acid labile IFN alpha,
      while remaining fully capable of producing conventional IFN alpha and gamma. It
      remains to be established whether this phenomenon reflects the disappearance of
      some membrane structure necessary for acid labile IFN alpha induction, or whether
      it is due to some early appearing functional alteration of B cells.

PMID- 2399833
TI  - The lymphatic route. VII. Distribution of recombinant human interleukin-2 in
      rabbit plasma and lymph.
AB  - Human recombinant (R) interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been administered through
      intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes and its
      distribution in lymph and plasma has been evaluated in rabbits. It has been shown
      that after i.m. administration of RIL-2 in saline, the lymphokine is
      preferentially absorbed via lymphatics. A similar result has been obtained after
      s.c. administration when RIL-2 was injected with a high concentration (12.5%) of
      human albumin, which acts as a retarder and a promoter of lymphatic absorption.
      These routes may be valid alternatives to i.v. administration.

PMID- 2399834
TI  - Phytohemagglutin-stimulated human T cell: prothymosin alpha as an accessory
      signal.
AB  - Thymic peptide factors are known to modulate proliferation of normal human
      lymphocytes. In this work, we studied the effect of Prothymosin alpha (Pro alpha)
      on PHA-stimulated PBMC and PBLC. The observed effects of Pro alpha and thymosin
      alpha 1 (alpha 1) on PBMC were found to depend on the degree of cell stimulation,
      dose, and preincubation-time. Thymosin beta 4 (beta 4) had no effect on either
      cell type, regardless of the degree of stimulation, which shows that beta 4 may
      be used as a control peptide to work in this area. Induction of
      lymphoproliferation also depended on the presence of macrophages. Addition of
      monocytes or a cell-free monocyte culture supernatant (not containing IL-2) to
      the PHA-stimulated PBLC cultures resulted in T cell proliferation. Although IL-1
      could not restore the PHA-induced proliferative response of isolated T cells by
      itself, it would enhance the helper effect of Pro alpha. Moreover, a polyclonal
      goat anti-human IL-2R (Tac Ag) did block the proliferative response induced by
      combined rIL-1 and Pro alpha, suggesting that an IL-2-dependent pathway of T cell
      proliferation was involved.

PMID- 2399835
TI  - Long-term results of surgical treatment of cerebello-pontine angle epidermoids.
AB  - The long term surgical results in a series of 17 epidermoids of the cerebello
      pontine angle are reported. In 11 cases the capsule was removed subtotally and in
      6 totally. The absence of mortality among the patients who underwent subtotal
      removal and the onset of recurrences, if any, only long after the first
      operation, justify subtotal removal when tight capsular adhesions are present.

PMID- 2399836
TI  - Head injuries complicated by chest trauma. A review of 50 consecutive patients.
AB  - The authors analysed the results of treatment of 50 head-injured patients who had
      concomitant chest injuries. The study revealed a high mortality rate (80%) in
      cases of severe brain injury and acute intracranial haematoma in combination with
      contusion of lung parenchyma. The prognosis worsens with the severity of the
      pulmonary injury and is especially bad in cases with a need for ventilatory
      support. We conclude that new and more effective treatment modalities are
      necessary to reduce the mortality in these patients.

PMID- 2399837
TI  - Chronological evaluation of acute traumatic intracerebral haematoma.
AB  - Serial computed tomographic (CT) studies were performed in 48 patients with brain
      contusion. Traumatic intracerebral haematoma (TIH) had developed within 6 hours
      in 56% of the cases, within 12 hours in 81% and 100% within 24 hours from the
      onset. TIH reached its maximal size in 84% of the cases within 12 hours. The
      incidence of the appearance of TIH from brain contusion was 52%. The performance
      of frequent CT examination within 24 hours following head injury would help to
      lower the mortality rate of such trauma.

PMID- 2399839
TI  - Long-term outcome after surgery for spasmodic torticollis.
AB  - Twenty three patients underwent surgery for spasmodic torticollis. In 11 of the
      patients myotomy of the sternocleidomastoid muscle was done, and in the remaining
      12 patients cervical rhizotomy according to Foerster and Dandy was performed.
      After a mean follow-up time of 4 years the long term effects of surgery were
      assessed. Only 2 of the patients (9%) had a good overall outcome in contrast to
      the poor or very poor results in 13 of the patients (56%). Both of these methods
      therefore seem to be only rarely indicated for surgical treatment of spasmodic
      torticollis.

PMID- 2399838
TI  - Assessment of risk of carotid occlusion with balloon Matas testing and dynamic
      computed tomography.
AB  - Temporary occlusion of the internal carotid artery with a balloon catheter
      (balloon Matas test) and simultaneous dynamic computerized tomography scanning
      (DCT) were performed to determine the tolerance of permanent carotid occlusion in
      eight cerebral aneurysm and two carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) cases, in whom
      internal carotid occlusion might be necessary during operation or as a choice of
      treatment. All patients were evaluated by mean transit time (MTT), especially %
      transit time (MTT of the occluded side x 100/MTT of the control side). In six
      patients, % transit time (%TT) was less than 155 and no neurological signs
      appeared after permanent internal carotid occlusion. Neurological deficit
      appeared when mean arterial blood pressure was 80, and disappeared when mean
      arterial blood pressure was 100 during the balloon Matas test in a case whose %TT
      was 200. Neurological deficit appeared several seconds after the balloon Matas
      test in a case whose %TT was 250. The critical %TT value to cause symptomatic
      ischaemia was 200 from our results. Therefore, it is necessary to undertake
      treatment such as bypass surgery for the patients whose %TT is near 200, even if
      the balloon Matas test was negative.

PMID- 2399840
TI  - Utility of surgery in the treatment of epidural vertebral metastases.
AB  - Treatment of vertebral epidural metastases has been in the past and still remains
      the object of special attention in an attempt to improve the quality of life of
      these patients. To assess the effects of and indications for surgery, the
      clinical histories of 53 patients with this malignant disease who had undergone
      decompressive laminectomy have been reviewed retrospectively. The importance of
      the presence of complete or partial spinal cord compression in correlation with
      the presence of complete or partial myelographic block is dealt with. The results
      concerning pain, gait disturbances and sphincter disorders are studied with
      respect to the clinical and myelographic picture for the purpose of establishing
      the indications for decompressive laminectomy. Pain is not an indication for
      operative decompression, and complete paraplegia always never improves, thus
      being a contraindication. But in incomplete spinal cord involvement a
      decompression operation may be followed by an improvement of neurological deficit
      and quality of life.

PMID- 2399841
TI  - Regional cerebral blood flow in pigs estimated by microspheres.
AB  - Regional cerebral blood flow in anaesthetized pigs is determined with the
      microsphere method. Five regions of cortical grey matter and three white
      subcortical areas in each hemisphere are examined together with anatomically
      classic structures. The validity of the biopsies was confirmed by freeze drying
      of the tissue. Three flow measurements in a group of six animals showed large
      interindividual variations whereas regions with the same structure in the
      particular animal showed a high degree of uniformity. Symmetrical regions in the
      two hemispheres were similar with a coefficient of variation between sides of
      less than 5%. The coefficient of variation of the particular flow measurements
      were 15%. The different brain structures have four discernible flow levels. White
      subcortical matter has three different flow values and forms together with
      medulla oblongata and hippocampus the low flow area. Flow in grey cortical matter
      is of the same magnitude as in unanaesthetized animals and constitutes together
      with thalamus, mesencephalon, pons and cerebellar hemispheres the intermediate
      flow level. The high flow areas are nucleus caudatus and lentiformis together
      with the cerebellar vermis. The choroid plexus, pituitary gland and pineal gland
      all have very high flow values and seem, in contrast to the rest of the brain,
      insensitive to the CO2-tension in arterial blood and global cerebral metabolism.
      Microsphere estimation of regional blood flow seems to be an appropriate
      technique for evaluating regional cerebral blood with a high degree of spatial
      resolution in repeated flow measurements.

PMID- 2399842
TI  - Cerebral blood flow during experimental epidural bleeding in swine.
AB  - Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was studied during an aggressive epidural
      bleed, using a ventilated swine model. rCBF, regional organ blood flow and
      cardiac output were measured using the radioactive microsphere technique. Blood
      flows were measured prior to the start of bleeding (Stage 1), when intracranial
      pressures had reached a plateau and supratentorial perfusion pressure was reduced
      by about 50% (Stage 2), and at isoelectric EEG (Stage 3). Supratentorial rCBF did
      not change significantly between stages 1 and 2 while rCVR decreased, implying
      autoregulatory activity. Cerebral ischaemia developed between stages 2 and 3 when
      rCBF values fell to levels between 20 and 50% of control values. Infratentorial
      rCBF changes were similar but less marked, so that adequate brain stem perfusion
      was maintained below the upper mesencephalon. The left temporal and left parietal
      cortex and upper mesencephalon suffered a greater reduction in rCBF than other
      regions, due to proximity to the haematoma and tentorial herniation. The
      supratentorial perfusion pressure at stage 2 was 60 mm Hg associated with a
      haematoma volume of 6% of the intracranial volume (ICV). The infratentorial
      perfusion pressure never fell below 60 mm Hg. The Cushing response was absent
      when the EEG became isoelectric. This is tentatively ascribed to the absence of
      hypoxia, because mechanical ventilation was used. Instead systemic arterial
      hypotension accompanied bleeding in this ventilated model. This hypotension was
      due to falling cardiac output and peripheral vasodilation.

PMID- 2399843
TI  - 31 phosphorous nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of rat brain with
      temporary global cerebral ischemia--methodology.
AB  - 31 P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy offers a technique for measuring
      intracellular pH and the high energy phosphates Phosphocreatine (PCr) and ATP in
      vivo. The 2-vessel occlusion model of temporary global cerebral ischaemia in the
      rat was adopted in this technique. This approach gave reliable results for
      intracellular pH and valuable information about PCr and ATP with an accurate time
      resolution for the changes during ischaemia and early reperfusion. The method may
      be a useful tool to evaluate possible benefits from different kinds of pre- and
      post ischaemic drug intervention.

PMID- 2399844
TI  - Superoxide dismutase does not prevent delayed hypoperfusion after incomplete
      cerebral ischaemia in the rat.
AB  - Local cerebral blood flow (1CBF) was measured autoradiographically 60 minutes
      after 15 minutes of forebrain ischaemia in rats treated with superoxide dismutase
      (SOD) before (50 mg.kg-1 body weight) or at the end of the ischaemia period (4
      mg.kg-1 body weight). Incomplete forebrain ischaemia was produced by a
      combination of common carotid artery occlusion and bleeding to a mean arterial
      blood pressure of 50 mmHg. During ischaemia the 1CBF values in cortical areas
      were less than 3% of the preischaemic values and treatment with SOD prior to
      ischaemia did not influence 1CBF during ischaemia. Sixty minutes after
      termination of cerebral ischaemia the 1CBF values were decreased to between 40
      and 60% of values found in control animals. Neither form of treatment improved
      the postischaemic cerebral blood flows. The results imply that postischaemic flow
      disturbances in the brain may not be due to extracellular superoxide production.

PMID- 2399845
TI  - Invasion of the cavernous sinus by medial sphenoid meningioma--"radical" surgery
      and recurrence.
AB  - We have reviewed the cases of 57 patients with medial sphenoid meningioma who
      were operated on in our department during the period 1976 to 1988. The patients
      were grouped according to location, and their pertinent clinical features are
      presented. Given the frequency of invasion of the cavernous sinus by such
      tumours, the following question must be considered in each individual case: the
      potential benefit of the most radical surgery possible, to minimize the
      recurrence rate, must be weighed against the cost to the patient in diminished
      quality of life of iatrogenic neurological impairment. We currently advocate the
      following strategy: radical removal of tumour tissue lying within the cavernous
      sinus is unwarranted for the first operation if it would entail iatrogenic
      neurological damage. Only if subsequent follow-up reveals either fast growth of
      this tissue, or neurological signs and symptoms attributable to it, do we then
      attempt uncompromising radicality at a second operation.

PMID- 2399847
TI  - Rhytidoplasty in the "pseudo-obese" patient: a group with specific
      characteristics and management.
AB  - Among candidates for rhytidoplasty there is a group with special features. These
      patients are called "pseudo-obese" because they look obese since they have
      flaccid faces. They present deep nasolabial sulcus, a prominent nasogenian
      region, and large cervicofacial flaccidity, all of which contribute to a look of
      anxiety or depression. These problems are not resolved by a classic rhytidoplasty
      alone. The author has applied standard procedures to this group of patients,
      including: (1) extensive undermining up to the nasogenian sulcus and across the
      cervical midline; (2) facial liposuction associated with fat injection under the
      nasogenian and laterobucal sulcus; (3) submentonian and cervical lypectomy
      performed without visual aid by curettage below the undermined skin; (4) traction
      on the border of the platisma muscle. Associated procedures were also used, such
      as treatment of micrognatism, rhinoplasty, perioral chemical peeling, and
      thickening of the upper lip. Special emphasis is placed on a surgical maneuver of
      introducing both hands beneath the undermined skin and crossing the fingers over
      the cervical midline in order to eliminate residual adherences, to verify the
      symmetry of the undermining on both sides, and to provide rapid trans-surgical
      skin expansion. Among the 159 patients who underwent rhytidoplasty by the author
      in 1987 and 1988), 74 (47%) presented "pseudo-obese" features. The author
      concluded that this group would not present good results if the associated
      procedures were not applied. This article presents anatomic and technical
      details, statistical data, and final results of these procedures.

PMID- 2399848
TI  - Blood and fluid replacement in major liposuction procedures.
AB  - Major liposuction procedures require considerable fluid resuscitation to make
      them safe. A simple fluid replacement formula is presented that will estimate
      crystalloid and blood losses. It takes into account the daily fluid requirement,
      volume extracted, and the multiplicity of areas treated. Removal of 1500 mL
      required single-unit autotransfusion while amounts greater than 2500 mL
      necessitated a two-unit autotransfusion. These figures must be tempered by the
      surgeon's clinical assessment of each patient. The keys to successful and safe
      management of the liposuction patient are proper preoperative preparation and
      adequate fluid replacement.

PMID- 2399846
TI  - Enlarged adenomectomy for enclosed prolactinomas: a preliminary study of 26
      cases.
AB  - Preliminary results obtained from 26 cases of prolactinomas less than 20 mm in
      diameter after treatment by enlarged adenomectomy are described. The operation
      consisted in removal of the adenoma, a layer of normal pituitary at the outer
      edge of the tumour and the pituitary capsule in contact with the sellar meninges.
      24 women and 2 men were involved whose prolactin levels (PRL) were less than 200
      ng/ml. All presented abnormal PRL responses to Thyrotropin releasing hormone
      (TRH) and Metoclopramide (MCP) tests and an absence of a nocturnal rise in the
      sleep cycle study. Postoperatively, three patients developed transitory diabetes
      insipidus and five transitory adrenal insufficiency. Gonadotropin reserve was
      always found normal. All 24 women resumed normal menstrual cycles and two became
      pregnant within one year. From a serological viewpoint, after surgery 100% of
      patients were found to be normal for levels of prolactin but only 85% turned to
      normal dynamic tests. The results of this small series of enlarged adenomectomies
      seem better than those obtained using selective adenomectomy, but must be
      confirmed with time.

PMID- 2399849
TI  - Suction-assisted lipectomy in the older patient.
AB  - A retrospective study of 158 suction-assisted lipectomy patients ranging in age
      from 50 to 81 years was completed in order to determine the success of the
      technique in this subset of older patients. These were primarily cosmetic
      procedures of the trunk and extremities. The patients presented with a typical
      wide spectrum of systemic medical disorders as one would expect in this age
      group. The study revealed no mortalities and limited suboptimal aesthetic results
      consisting of insufficient fat removal, requiring secondary suctioning, and
      waviness or asymmetry. We feel that with adequate preoperative explanation and
      planning suction-assisted lipectomy can be a rewarding procedure in patients of
      all ages.

PMID- 2399850
TI  - Site selection for fat autotransplantation: some observations.
AB  - The use of autologous fat for implantation has recently received renewed
      attention in the plastic surgery literature. Autologous fat reportedly has been
      used for the treatment of wrinkles and Romberg's disease, and for buttock and
      breast augmentation. While some measure of success has been achieved, many
      surgeons report that substantial resorption of fat tissue occurs at the site of
      implantation. There is lack of unanimity regarding the ideal site for extraction
      or injection in order to minimize fat resorption. Adipose tissue samples were
      taken from women undergoing surgical procedures on the abdomen, gluteal-femoral
      region, and breast. Facial adipose tissue samples from men and women were also
      analyzed. Adipocytes were isolated chemically and sized microscopically. Activity
      of the lipogenic enzyme adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (ATLPL) was measured in
      frozen samples. Results suggest that femoral site samples are somewhat larger
      (NS) and have greater lipogenic activity (p less than 0.03) than other sites. In
      our study, small facial samples had very low or unmeasurable levels of ATLPL
      activity. Perhaps cell size and lipogenic activity should be considered when
      selecting tissues for autotransplantation.

PMID- 2399852
TI  - Cleft lip-nose repair technique: sequential repair.
AB  - The results of repairing cleft lip by aesthetic plastic surgery are now
      excellent. However, the cleft lip-nose deformity is still very difficult to
      repair with the present techniques. A technique that can repair the cleft lip
      nose deformity with good results is presented. The technique is divided into
      three parts: Part I consists of nasal repair of the primary cleft lip. Part II is
      nasal reconstruction as a secondary operation with or without lip repair. For
      example, nasal reconstruction may be secondary to repair of deformities of the
      sill, rim, limen nasi, septum, or nasal bones. Part III is an aesthetic nasal
      operation such as rhinoplasty, mentoplasty, or zygomaplasty.

PMID- 2399851
TI  - A critical comparison of osteoplastic and alloplastic augmentation genioplasty.
AB  - This retrospective study was undertaken in order to compare the objective and
      subjective outcomes of the osteoplastic and alloplastic genioplasties. Of the 76
      patients that underwent augmentation or advancement genioplasty, 34 were subjects
      of osteoplastic genioplasty and 42 received implants. Twenty seven of 34 patients
      who underwent osteotomy and 32 of 42 patients whose chins were augmented with an
      implant responded to the questionnaires. The results revealed that both groups
      were highly satisfied, with a slightly higher satisfaction rate for those who
      underwent osteotomy. The morbidity was the same for both procedures. However, the
      soft tissue response was more predictable for the osteoplastic genioplasty. The
      cervicomental angle improved more with the osteoplastic genioplasty. Based on our
      experience and conclusions from this study, we recommend the osteoplastic
      genioplasty for every patient. However, for patients in the older age group,
      particularly those with a small degree of microgenia, alloplastic genioplastic
      can be justified.

PMID- 2399854
TI  - Clinical use of Zyplast in correction of age- and disease-related contour
      deficiencies of the face.
AB  - The authors present their experience with the use of Zyplast (glutaraldehyde
      crosslinked collagen) for the treatment of skin creases in the aging face, lip
      augmentation, scars, and facial atrophy. One hundred female patients were studied
      over a nine-month period. The results were found to be superior in some aspects
      compared with Zyderm II collagen, but there is loss of correction after six
      months and repeated "top-up" injections are needed every four to six months to
      maintain a satisfactory cosmetic correction. Zyplast collagen has not reduced the
      number of patient visits nor the cost of treatment.

PMID- 2399853
TI  - Reconstruction of middle-third auricular defect based on aesthetic perception
      theory.
AB  - The perception theory has been recently used in aesthetic reconstructive surgery.
      Using on the principles of the theory, we have successfully reconstructed an ear
      with a middle-third defect utilizing local flap and secondary revision
      procedures.

PMID- 2399855
TI  - [A clinical study on transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter].
AB  - Thirty-three patients in which transitional cell carcinoma was histologically
      diagnosed in the upper urinary tracts were statistically analyzed. Clinical
      analysis was done according to a new TNM system proposed by Akaza. Tumor grade
      and stage well correlated with survival. TS and TE group showed 89.5 and 17.1% 3
      year survival, respectively. The survival rates showed significant difference
      between grade, 1, 2 and 3. T category and grade were also significantly
      correlated. Furthermore, histology and cytology were well correlated. Finally,
      prognosis in our series was significantly influenced by stage and grade of the
      tumor. Prognosis is considered to be good for 1) grade 1, 2) grade 2, superficial
      tumors with negative cytology, and 3) No and M0 cases. We emphasize that the new
      classification proposed by Akaza correlates well to survival and adapts well to
      the definition of regional lymph nodes.

PMID- 2399857
TI  - [Clinical studies on chronic prostatitis and prostatitis-like syndrome. (3).
      Clinical re-examination of chronic bacterial prostatitis using the criteria for
      clinical evaluation].
AB  - In accordance with the criteria for clinical evaluation, established by the UTI
      research group, 43 cases of chronic bacterial prostatitis were retrospectively
      analyzed. The subjective symptoms were "resolved" in 18.5%, "improved" in 46.5%,
      and "persisted" in 34.9%. The white blood cells were "cleared" in 34.9%,
      "decreased" in 37.2%, and "unchanged" in 27.9%. The bacteria were "eliminated" in
      51.2%, "decreased" in 16.2%, "replaced" in 11.6%, and "unchanged" in 21.0%.
      Overall clinical efficacy was "excellent" in 51.2%, "moderate" in 39.5%, and
      "poor" in 27.9%, with an overall effectiveness rate of 72.1%. Bacteria (isolated
      bacteria: 8 species, 52 strains) were "eradicated" in 69.2% (GNR 71.4%, GPC
      66.7%), and "persisted" in 30.8%. The bacterial eradication rate was 87.5% for E.
      coli, 58.3% for S. epidermidis, and 75.0% for E. faecalis. The analytical results
      of the clinical effects, classified by characteristic factor, showed
      significantly better results, in the excellence rate (p less than 0.05) and the
      overall effectiveness rate (p less than 0.01) of primary cases as compared with
      relapse cases. Among the isolated bacterial species, GNR showed more favorable
      results in comparison with GPC but without any significant difference. Further,
      the results of 81.3% for E. coli, 66.7% for S. epidermidis, and 62.5% for E.
      faecalis, indicates no significant difference between respective bacterial
      species. The new quinolones showed a favorable rate of 92%, followed by 80% of ST
      (sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim), and 78% of tetracyclines, with a significant
      difference (p less than 0.01) in comparison with the mean overall effectiveness
      rates of cephems, penicillins, and old quinolones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2399856
TI  - [5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) concentration in prostatic tissue of rats and in prostatic
      cancer patients after oral administration of 5-FU].
AB  - 5-FU has been widely used in the treatment of urogenital cancers. The
      concentration of orally administered 5-FU was investigated in both the serum and
      prostate of rats and prostatic cancer patients. In the experimental studies rats
      were divided into two groups. In rats in group 1 (single administration group),
      after oral administration of 20 mg/kg/day 5-FU, the 5-FU concentration in serum
      was 0 at 0 min., 0.916 +/- 0.694 at 10 min., 2.000 +/- 1.159 at 20 min., 1.029 +/
      0.570 at 30 min., 0.119 +/- 0.033 at 60 min., 0.020 +/- 0.020 at 2 hr., 0 at 4
      hr. and 0 micrograms/ml at 24 hr.; the 5-FU concentration in prostatic tissue as
      0 at 0 min., 0.324 +/- 0.190 at 10 min., 0.843 +/- 0.544 at 20 min., 0.469 +/-
      0.252 at 30 min., 0.132 +/- 0.027 at 60 min., 0.094 +/- 0.024 at 2 hr., 0.057 +/-
      0.020 at 4 hr. and 0 micrograms/g at 24 hr. In rats in group 2 (daily
      administration group), 20 mg/kg/day 5-FU was orally administered for seven days.
      On the seventh day, the 5-FU concentration in serum was 0 at 0 min., 1.877 +/-
      0.957 at 10 min., 4.091 +/- 2.184 at 20 min., 1.692 +/- 1.033 at 30 min., 0.345
      +/- 0.084 at 60 min., 0.036 +/- 0.019 at 2 hr., 0.005 +/- 0.011 at 4 hr. and 0
      micrograms/ml at 24 hr.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399858
TI  - [Detection of beta-lactamase-producing strains isolated from urinary tract and
      their drug susceptibility].
AB  - A total of 518 bacterial strains isolated from the urine of patients with various
      urological diseases in our Urological Department between November, 1987 and
      February, 1989 were studied for their beta-lactamase production and
      susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents was determined. beta-lactamase
      activity was determined by the acidometry disc method. There were 241 gram
      positive cocci, 276 of gram-negative rods and 1 Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Thirty
      four percent of the gram positive and 76.3% of gram negative rods produced beta
      lactamase. S. aureus (81.3%), S. epidermidis (65.1%) in gram-positive cocci, E.
      cloacae (100%), S. marcescens (100%), C. freundii (100%), P. aeruginosa (97.2%),
      P. Rettgeri (88.9%), E. gergoviae (85.7%), K. oxytoca (84.6%), M. morganii
      (81.8%) and E. coli (69.0%) in gram-negative rods produced beta-lactamase at a
      higher rate. beta-lactamase produced by gram-positive cocci was entirely
      penicillinase, and that produced by gram-negative rods only penicillinase in
      4.0%, only cephalosporinase in 44.2% and both in 25.4%. In S. aureus and S.
      epidermidis, the isolated rate of strains resistant to ampicillin (p less than
      0.01) and piperacillin (p less than 0.05) in the beta-lactamase producing strains
      was significantly higher than that in the beta-lactamase non-producing strains.
      In E. coli, the isolation rate of strains resistant to ampicillin and
      piperacillin in the penicillinase-producing strains was significantly higher than
      in the penicillinase non-producing strains (p less than 0.01). But both
      cephalosporinase-producing strains and beta-lactamase non-producing strains
      showed high susceptibility to cephalothin. These results suggest that the
      penicillinase might present a clinical problem in the treatment of urinary tract
      infections by S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. coli.

PMID- 2399859
TI  - [A case of erythropoietin-producing renal cancer].
AB  - A case of renal cell carcinoma with erythrocytosis is reported. A 58-year-old
      male had a right renal tumor with retroperitoneal lymph node and lung metastases.
      Preoperative laboratory data revealed a red blood cell count of 6.31 million/mm3,
      a hemoglobin concentration of 17.2 g/dl, a hematocrit of 52.1, and an
      erythropoietin (EPO) level of 47.3 mU/ml, which was determined by RIA method
      (normal range: 8-30). The patient underwent radical nephrectomy and
      retroperitoneal lymph node dissection without any blood transfusion because blood
      loss was only 300 g. The removed kidney weighed 400 g. Pathological examination
      showed a renal cell carcinoma not invading the fibrous capsule with lymph node
      metastasis. The EPO activities of extracts from the normal kidney and cancer
      tissues were less than 18 and 50.8 mU/g, respectively. At present, 3 months
      postoperatively, he receives daily UFT and HLBI every other day for the lung
      disease left, which does not change in size, and all laboratory data mentioned
      above have returned to normal ranges. These results enabled us to diagnose the
      present case as EPO-producing renal cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2399861
TI  - [Two cases of megaureter in children].
AB  - We reported 2 cases of megaureter in children. The courses of renal function and
      ureteral dilatation in these patients were observed by urography and
      renoscintigraphy to determine the timing of surgery. These two patients with
      unilateral megaureter were treated by reconstructive operation involving excision
      of the stenotic portion of the ureter, tapering of the dilated ureter and re
      implantation. The courses after reconstruction were excellent after 5 years.
      Recently, active surgery has been recommended for megaureter together with
      identification of the cause. Urograms and diuretic renoscintigrams were useful
      for determining the timing of surgery in our cases.

PMID- 2399860
TI  - [Treatment with extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), endourology and
      dissolution for staghorn calculi composed of cystine: report of two cases].
AB  - Two cases of complete staghorn calculi composed of cystine that were treated with
      ESWL, endourology and dissolution are reported. After successful dissolution in
      vitro using tromethamine (pH 8-10), the same solution was used to irrigate the
      renal collecting system via nephrostomy tube for residual fragments after ESWL
      and/or endourology. One patient was treated with dissolution for 60 days, the
      other patient for 6 days. After this therapy, these patients became almost stone
      free. Our experience demonstrates that the residual fragments after ESWL and/or
      endourology with staghorn calculi composed of cystine can be dissolved by
      tromethamine.

PMID- 2399862
TI  - [Vesicorectal fistula associated with Crohn's disease: a case report].
AB  - A 41-year-old man was hospitalized, complaining of fecaluria and right lower
      abdominal pain. He was diagnosed to have vesicorectal fistula. Wedge resection of
      bladder and rectum, and partial resection of ileocecal legion were performed.
      Pathological diagnosis was Crohn's disease. Postoperative course was uneventful
      and no recurrence was observed. Including our case, 32 cases of enterovesical
      fistula due to Crohn's disease have been reported in the Japanese literature.

PMID- 2399863
TI  - [Fournier's gangrene: a case report].
AB  - A 40-year-old male was admitted complaining of high grade fever, pain, redness
      and swelling of the right scrotum, right perineum and right flank region. He had
      no apparent history of previous infection or diabetes mellitus. At the time of
      admission, the scrotum was partly necrotic with repulsive feculent pus discharge
      and there was crepitus on palpation of involved areas. Culture of purulent
      discharge yielded the growth of anaerobic organisms. Surgical drainage was
      performed immediately and debridement of necrotic tissue in the involved areas
      was often repeated. At the same time, the patient received antibiotic therapy
      that included agents effective against anaerobic bacteria. However, the scrotal
      skin developed gangrene and the right testis hung suspended with cord exposed.
      This testis was intact. The scrotal skin defect was cured using a skin graft,
      after the infection had been brought under control.

PMID- 2399864
TI  - [A case of condyloma accuminatum around the anus in a married man].
AB  - A 34-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with warts around the anus
      persisting for the past four months as the chief complaint. There was no history
      of anal intercourse. All laboratory examinations of syphilis, hepatitis,
      chlamydia trachomatis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and other sexually
      transmitted diseases (STD) were negative. After application of amantadine, the
      warts disappeared completely in about two weeks. With diversification of sexual
      encounters, such a case of anal warts as a type of STD may increase in the domain
      of urology as well.

PMID- 2399866
TI  - The effect of late pregnancy feed allowance on the milk composition of the sow's
      colostrum and milk.
AB  - The composition of colostrum and milk and of sows fed either 3.4 kg or 1.0 kg
      daily of a conventional sow diet during the last 14 days of gestation was
      investigated. The fat content of colostrum of the very restrictedly fed sows was
      higher compared with the standard fed sows. There was a significantly decrease in
      the crude protein and immunoglobulin contents of colostrum during the first 4 h
      post farrowing. The milk composition 14 days after farrowing was not affected by
      the late pregnancy feeding level. The composition of milk was significantly
      correlated with the 3 week litter weight. The colostrum IgG content was not
      correlated to the mortality of piglets during the first week post favouring. The
      content of crude protein and immunoglobulins in the milk was not correlated with
      the frequency of post weaning diarrhoea.

PMID- 2399867
TI  - The effect of protein source in late pregnancy feed on the occurrence of
      agalactia post partum in the sow.
AB  - The effect of an all vegetable protein diet on the occurrence of agalacatia was
      studied. The experiment was performed in a commercial one thousand sow unit with
      an average frequency of agalactia of 50%. The all vegetable diet significantly
      reduced the rectal temperature 48 h post partum and the number of medical
      treatments required. The litter size at weaning was larger (p greater than 0.05)
      in the group on the all vegetable protein diet.

PMID- 2399865
TI  - [Clinical effect of LM-001, prostaglandin synthetic inhibitor, on pain from
      urinary tract stone and vesical urgency after operation of the bladder or
      prostate].
AB  - Clinical effect of LM-001, a prostaglandin synthetic inhibitor developed from a
      drug delivery system, was evaluated in 54 patients with pain from urinary tract
      stones (stone pain) and 32 with vesical urgency after an operation on bladder or
      prostate. LM-001, felbinac ethyl incorporated in lipid microsphere, wes
      intravenously administered at the onset of stone pain or vesical urgency. Of 54
      with stones and 32 with urgency, 53 and 29 were eligible for response,
      respectively. The symptoms improved or disappeared in some cases just after the
      administration and in the majority of patients within 15 minutes, in 49 of 53
      patients with stone pain. Further, the effectiveness lasted over 24 hours in 26
      of the 49 responding to this agent. On one hand, improvement or disappearance of
      vesical urgency was recognized in 25 of 29 patients, and the effectiveness was
      observed shortly after injection in 16 and lasted over 24 hours in 13 cases.
      Toxicities of this drug were investigated in 54 patients with stone pain and 32
      with urinary urgency. Side effects consisted of pain at the injection site in 4,
      a slight fall of blood pressure in 1, slight visual disturbance in 1, body heat
      sensation in 1, leukocytosis in 3 and elevation of alkaline phosphatase in 1.
      These symptoms were transient and disappeared without use of any agent. LM-001 is
      concluded to be a useful drug for controlling stone pain and vesical urgency
      since an immediate effect, long durability and high response rates were obtained
      without severe side

PMID- 2399868
TI  - Possible effect of vaccination against Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in a
      Swedish fox farm.

PMID- 2399869
TI  - The effect of fractionated weaning on reproductive performance in primiparous
      sows on a commercial farm.

PMID- 2399870
TI  - The prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica 0:3 in Finnish pigs and pork.
AB  - One hundred and forty seven samples of pig faeces collected from 14 herds located
      in different parts of Finland were examined for Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 4
      serotype 0:3. Twenty six (17.7%) animals and 5 herds (35.7%) were positive. The
      tonsils of 350 animals from 35 herds with high condemnation figures at meat
      inspection and the tonsils of 131 animals from 13 herds with low condemnation
      figures collected from 2 abattoirs in southwest Finland were also examined. The
      prevalence raes of Y.e. in animals were 38.3% and 31.3% and in herds 74.3% and
      61.5%, respectively. The prevalence of Y.e. in herds with the high and low
      partial condemnation percentages did not differ significantly. No isolation of
      Y.e. was made from 104 samples of pork and minced pork collected from retail
      markets in Helsinki and from exporting slaughterhouses.

PMID- 2399871
TI  - Plasma progesterone in reindeer in relation to ovariectomy and hysterectomy.
AB  - Four semi-domesticated reindeer were ovariectomized and 3 both ovariectomized and
      hysterectomized, 30-70 days before expected parturition. Anaesthesia with
      etorphine/propyonylphenthiazine was followed by an increase in the plasma
      concentration of progesterone of peripheral blood. The concentration of
      progesterone returned to pre-anaesthetic values before ovariectomy. Ovariectomy
      did not result in any substantial change in the plasma progesterone concentration
      within an observation period of 35-120 min. Hysterectomy was followed by a marked
      decrease in peripheral plasma progesterone within 60 min. The progesterone
      concentration in ovarian venous blood was slightly higher than the jugular venous
      blood in 1 animal and 150 and 400 times higher in the 2 other animals examined.
      Thus, despite lack of marked changes of progesterone in jugular venous blood upon
      ovariectomy, it is concluded that the ovaries are a major production site of
      progesterone in pregnant reindeer. The progesterone in uterine venous blood was
      close to that in the jugular vein in 1 animal, and slightly higher in 2 others.
      This observation, and the maintenance of pregnancy in spite of ovariectomy in 2
      out of 4 animals, point to the foeto-placental unit as an additional source of
      progesterone production.

PMID- 2399872
TI  - Ovine white-liver disease (OWLD) in Norway: clinical symptoms and preventive
      measures.
AB  - During 6 years, altogether 458 twin lambs of the Dala and Rygia breeds with their
      dams were put on ovine white-liver disease (OWLD) pastures which were moderately,
      heavily or not cobalt fertilized, or on control pastures 15 km apart. Groups of
      lambs were untreated, regularly dosed with Co sulphate or vitamin B12, dosed with
      Co pellets, copper oxide needles (CuO), selenium pellets or Co-Se-Cu glass boli,
      or had access to Co enriched salt lick. Clinical symptoms in untreated lambs
      included varying degree of reduced weight gain or loss of weight appearing after
      6-12 weeks on pasture, at an age of 10-15 weeks. Additional symptoms were seen 2
      4 weeks later, including inappetence, listlessness, and often serous eye
      discharge and crusty ears. Of the untreated lambs on OWLD pastures 18% died or
      were eutanized because of OWLD. The condition was preventable by Co or B12
      administration, which yielded an average increase of mid Sept. live weights of
      between 8 and 17 kg. Co fertilization of pastures, use of Co enriched salt lick,
      or dosing with Co pellets are recommended under practical circumstances. The
      lambs grazing control pastures were on average 17 kg heavier by mid Sept. than
      the OWLD lambs. They showed some weight increase on extra Co supply.

PMID- 2399873
TI  - Hepatic lipofuscinosis in healthy Norwegian sheep.
AB  - Sheep livers with environmental pigmentation were examined histochemically and by
      electron microscopy. The pigment granules in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells had
      abundant lipid droplets; they were interpreted as being a variant of lipofuscins.
      It is concluded that the presently used descriptive term for the condition,
      "perilobular liver melanosis" should be replaced by the expression "liver
      lipofuscinosis".

PMID- 2399874
TI  - Chemiluminescence and chemotaxis assay of canine granulocytes: a methodological
      study.
AB  - Chemiluminescence (CL) of isolated granulocytes and of whole blood from dogs was
      evaluated. Chemiluminescence of whole blood samples created an undesired
      quenching effect by the red blood cells which makes the assay difficult to apply
      in pathological cases with low formation of oxygen metabolites. This problem was
      avoided when chemiluminescence was determined, using isolated granulocytes. A
      cell concentration of 5 x 10(9)/l was needed to create optimal conditions. The
      Boyden chamber technique was used for study of random migration and chemotaxis.
      Casein (0.1%), zymosan activated serum with and without epsilon-amino-n-caproic
      acid and homologous serum were effective chemoattractants for canine
      granulocytes, while FMLP (formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanin) did not attract
      canine granulocytes.

PMID- 2399875
TI  - The nature of things.

PMID- 2399876
TI  - Malignant melanoma of the anus.

PMID- 2399877
TI  - Doctors and 18-wheelers.

PMID- 2399878
TI  - Legal department.

PMID- 2399879
TI  - Early clinical results of long coronary arteriotomy, endarterectomy and
      reconstruction combined with multiple bypass grafting for severe coronary artery
      disease.
AB  - Within a 2.5-year period between 1985 and 1988, long coronary arteriotomy,
      endarterectomy and reconstruction (principally left anterior descending artery)
      and multiple bypass grafting (mean graft rate was 9) were performed in 130 of 329
      patients (40%) with severe diffuse coronary artery disease to ensure complete
      myocardial revascularization. Ninety-two percent of the patients who underwent
      exercise testing had abnormal (greater than 1 mm ST) depression and/or positive
      results on scintigraphy. Long coronary arteriotomy (5 to 12 cm), endarterectomy
      and reconstruction of the left anterior descending artery and its branches, were
      performed in 121 patients; of the left circumflex artery and its branches in 13
      patients; and of the right coronary artery and its branches beyond the crux in 18
      patients. Single endarterectomy and reconstruction was performed in 109 patients,
      double in 20 and triple in 1. The operative mortality was 2.3% and the
      perioperative infarction was 1.5%. Twenty-four patients (among them 38% who had
      undergone greater than 1 previous bypass operation) were randomly selected and
      studied within 20 days after surgery. This group comprised a total of 69 coronary
      conduits of which 68 (99%) were patent, and a total of 206 coronary anastomoses
      of which 202 (98%) were patent. Thirty-two of 33 conduits (97%) to
      endarterectomized and reconstructed arteries were patent. One hundred and twenty
      six of 127 patients were followed up for a mean of 20 months; 120 of the 121
      patients (99%) were in angina class I by Canadian Cardiovascular Society
      classification, and 63 of 71 patients (89%) had a normal treadmill exercise
      stress test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399880
TI  - Long-term results of successful and failed angioplasty for chronic total coronary
      arterial occlusion.
AB  - The results over a mean period of 2 years of successful percutaneous transluminal
      coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in 100 consecutive patients with chronic total
      coronary occlusion were compared with those in 100 consecutive patients whose
      PTCA was unsuccessful. The groups were comparable in terms of gender, age and
      arteries attempted. A control angiography in the group with successful PTCA was
      performed in 62 patients and showed a restenosis in 28 (45%). Repeat PTCA was
      performed in 21 versus 1 patient with failed PTCA (p less than 0.0001). At follow
      up, in the group with successful PTCA, there were 57 symptom-free patients versus
      26 patients in the group with failed PTCA (p less than 0.0001). Coronary artery
      bypass surgery was performed in 7 versus 37 patients (p less than 0.0001), and
      there were 5 versus 3 deaths (difference not significant), respectively. In the
      group with successful PTCA, 27 of 82 patients (33%) had positive stress test
      results, compared with 49 of 85 patients (58%) in the group with unsuccessful
      PTCA (p less than 0.001). The double product (beats/min x mm Hg/100) in patients
      with successful PTCA improved from 247 +/- 57 before PTCA to 277 +/- 61 (p less
      than 0.001) at follow-up, whereas it did not significantly change in patients
      with failed PTCA. The work load (W) in patients with successful PTCA improved
      from 95 +/- 34 before PTCA to 124 +/- 40 at follow-up (p less than 0.001). In
      patients with failed PTCA, work load improved less significantly, from 98 +/- 37
      before PTCA to 108 +/- 34 at follow-up (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399881
TI  - Emergency percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial
      infarction in patients 70 years of age and older.
AB  - Direct percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was performed as the
      primary means of establishing reperfusion during acute myocardial infarction in
      105 elderly patients (mean age +/- standard deviation 75 +/- 4 years) at a mean
      of 5.5 +/- 4.0 hours from symptom onset. Fifty-two patients (50%) had anterior
      infarctions, 70 (67%) had significant narrowing in greater than 1 vessel, and 12
      (11%) were in cardiogenic shock. Primary success was achieved in 91% of the
      infarct-related arteries. Four patients with failed PTCA underwent emergency
      bypass surgery; 10 had early symptomatic reocclusion of the dilated vessel. There
      was 1 death acutely in the catheterization laboratory. The overall in-hospital
      mortality was 18%. Three-vessel coronary artery disease and cardiogenic shock on
      presentation were the strongest predictors of in-hospital death. Global ejection
      fraction improved from 54 +/- 13 to 61 +/- 15% (p less than 0.001). The 1- and 5
      year survival rates, including in-hospital deaths, were 73 and 67%, respectively.
      It is concluded that direct PTCA is an effective means of salvaging ischemic
      myocardium during acute myocardial infarction in the elderly patient. It is
      associated with a high success rate and low complication rate. The short- and
      long-term survival in this high-risk group of patients are improved compared with
      survival rates in historical controls.

PMID- 2399882
TI  - Circadian distribution of the characteristics of ischemic episodes in patients
      with stable coronary artery disease.
AB  - To determine the circadian distribution of episodes of myocardial ischemia,
      studies were performed in 111 patients with chronic stable angina pectoris,
      positive exercise test results and angiographically proven coronary artery
      disease. During 24 hours of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring, 101
      symptomatic and 298 asymptomatic ischemic episodes (ST-segment depression greater
      than 1 mm, duration greater than 1 minute) were observed. The number of ischemic
      episodes and the cumulative duration of ischemia showed a circadian variation
      with the highest values between 8 and 10 A.M. and between 4 and 5 P.M. associated
      with a similar circadian variation of heart rate. Mean duration of ischemic
      episodes, maximal amplitude of ST-segment depression during ischemic episodes and
      increase in heart rate before the onset of ischemic episodes showed no
      significant circadian variation. Heart rate at the onset of ischemic episodes and
      maximal heart rate during ischemic episodes were lower between midnight and A.M.
      than during other times of the day. The morning and afternoon increase in
      ischemic activity is not paralleled by changes reflecting a decrease in
      myocardial oxygen supply during these periods (heart rate at onset of ischemia,
      heart rate increase before onset of ischemia), but is paralleled by a similar
      circadian variation of heart rate. The circadian variation in ischemic activity
      is predominantly based on a comparable variation in myocardial oxygen
      requirements.

PMID- 2399883
TI  - Long-term follow-up of postmyocardial infarction patients with ventricular
      tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation treated with amiodarone.
AB  - Amiodarone in a low dose (200 mg/day) was administered alone or in combination
      with other type I antiarrhythmic drugs as a first-line agent in 33 patients with
      ventricular tachycardia (VT) (n = 24) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) (n = 9)
      secondary to coronary artery disease with healed myocardial infarction. There
      were 30 men and 3 women (mean age 69 +/- 9 years). Left ventricular ejection
      fraction ranged from 16 to 45% (mean 29 +/- 8). Therapy was guided by the results
      of electrophysiologic studies without the use of a control study (without drugs).
      Predischarge electrophysiologic studies revealed inducible sustained VT in 8
      patients (24%), nonsustained VT in 7 and noninducible VT in 18 patients. Mean
      follow-up time was 27 +/- 7 months. Eleven patients (33%) died, 5 suddenly (15%)
      and 6 from nonarrhythmic causes. Five patients (15%) had nonfatal recurrences of
      VT. Life-table analysis showed that arrhythmic recurrences or fatalities (VT or
      sudden death) were related to the results of the predischarge electrophysiologic
      studies and not to the baseline arrhythmia (VT or VF). Toxicity from amiodarone
      was uncommon and no patient discontinued taking the drug.

PMID- 2399884
TI  - Significance of dipyridamole-induced transient dilation of the left ventricle
      during thallium-201 scintigraphy in suspected coronary artery disease.
AB  - The occurrence and significance of transient dilation of the left ventricle
      during dipyridamole stress-redistribution thallium-201 scintigraphy was studied
      in 73 patients who underwent both dipyridamole thallium-201 study and coronary
      angiography. Transient dilation ratio was calculated from planar anterior images
      by dividing the computer-derived left ventricular area on the initial image by
      that of the 4-hour image. In 11 patients with normal coronary arteriograms or
      less than 50% coronary stenosis, the transient dilation ratio was 0.98 +/- 0.046.
      An abnormal transient dilation ratio was defined as greater than or equal to
      1.12, representing greater than or equal to 3 standard deviations above the mean
      normal value. When the 15 patients with an abnormal ratio were compared with the
      58 with a normal ratio, the former group had a significantly higher frequency of
      3 critical (greater than or equal to 90%) coronary stenoses (33 vs 5%), higher
      prevalence of collaterals (67 vs 24%), more extensive myocardial reversible
      defects by planar (71 vs 10%) or by single-photon emission computed tomography
      (87.5 vs 35%) imaging and a higher incidence of dipyridamole-induced anginal
      chest pain (53 vs 22%). No significant difference between the 2 groups was noted
      with respect to age, gender, prior myocardial infarction, single or double
      critical coronary stenosis, dipyridamole-induced ischemic electrocardiographic
      response and increased lung uptake. An abnormal transient dilation ratio of
      greater than or equal to 1.12 was a specific marker of multivessel (87%) or 3
      vessel (85%) critical coronary artery disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399885
TI  - Coronary sinus lysophosphatidylcholine accumulation during rapid atrial pacing.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)
      release from the myocardium could be detected in patients with pacing-induced
      ischemia. We measured LPC levels in plasma obtained from the coronary sinus in 20
      patients undergoing diagnostic atrial pacing stress tests. In 14 patients with
      pacing-induced ischemia, coronary sinus LPC concentration rose from 69.1 +/- 5.3
      microM at baseline to 101.7 +/- 9.0 microM at 4 minutes and to 178.0 +/- 18.0
      microM at peak pacing (p less than 0.01). LPC did not increase significantly in 6
      nonischemic patients (from 60.8 +/- 7.8 microM at baseline to 70.2 +/- 7.6 microM
      at peak pacing, difference not significant). LPC did not increase in mixed venous
      or arterial blood from ischemic patients. Thus, coronary sinus LPC accumulation
      may be an early marker of ischemia.

PMID- 2399886
TI  - Clinical and pathophysiologic correlates of ST-T-wave abnormalities in coronary
      artery disease.
AB  - Clinical, hemodynamic and coronary angiographic data from 9,801 patients were
      evaluated to determine the correlates of ST-segment depression, with or without T
      wave inversion, on the resting routine electrocardiogram. The relative risk (RR)
      of having a measured clinical or angiographic variable was computed whether or
      not ST-T-wave abnormalities were observed. ST-segment depression was seen
      significantly more often in subjects greater than 55 years of age (RR = 1.4) who
      were women (RR = 1.3) or nonwhite (RR = 1.5), were hypertensive (RR = 1.8), had
      diabetes mellitus (RR = 1.6) or who smoked cigarettes (RR = 1.5). Angiographic
      findings related to presence of ST-T-wave abnormalities included severe coronary
      obstruction (less than 70%), higher number of diseased vessels, and the presence
      of obstruction in the left anterior descending coronary artery. In a multivariate
      model, the most significant correlates of ST-T-wave abnormalities were presence
      of left ventricular contraction abnormality, followed by age, gender, presence of
      left anterior descending coronary artery disease, elevated end-systolic volume
      index, and a diagnosis of hypertension. Thus, electrocardiographic ST-T
      abnormalities has specific and significant clinical and pathophysiologic
      correlates.

PMID- 2399887
TI  - Cycle-length response of ventricular tachycardia associated with coronary artery
      disease to procainamide and amiodarone.
AB  - We undertook this study to determine if the cycle-length response of ventricular
      tachycardia (VT) to procainamide and amiodarone is similar in the individual
      patient. We enrolled 40 patients with uniform, monomorphic VT at a baseline, drug
      free electrophysiologic study, after procainamide infusion and during oral
      amiodarone therapy. We found a significant correlation (p less than 0.01) between
      VT cycle-lengths on the 2 agents as well as the percent change in cycle length
      from baseline. Only 60% of the patients exhibited VT rates within 10% between the
      2 agents. Importantly, less than 20% of patients had further slowing of the VT
      rate (greater than 10% slowing) during amiodarone therapy as compared to
      procainamide. Thus, although the cycle-length response of VT to procainamide
      correlates with the cycle-length response to amiodarone, 40% of patients have a
      disparate response (greater than 10% difference in cycle length) to the 2 agents;
      additional slowing of VT rates in response to amiodarone beyond that seen with
      procainamide is unlikely. These results have important implications regarding the
      institution of amiodarone therapy and the need for repeat electrophysiologic
      testing during amiodarone therapy.

PMID- 2399888
TI  - Atrial endocardial mapping in the rare form of atrial flutter.
AB  - Endocardial atrial activation mapping was performed in 7 patients with rare
      atrial flutter (AF), inscribing predominantly positive deflections on leads II,
      III and aVF. In 2 cases both a rare and a common AF were mapped on different
      occasions. Every case displayed circular right atrial activation. In 5 of the 7
      cases rare AF direction was clockwise (craniocaudal in the septum and posterior
      wall and caudocranial on the lateral and anterior walls). In 2 cases rare AF
      direction was counterclockwise (caudocranial in the septum and posterior wall and
      craniocaudal in the lateral and anterior walls). Both common AF rotated
      counterclockwise. A "line" of conduction delay or block was present in both
      clockwise and counterclockwise circuits between the posterior and lateral walls,
      in the probable location of the crista terminalis. This line of block extended
      the central obstacle made by the inferior vena cava toward, but perhaps not all
      the way to, the superior vena cava, making activation rotate roughly around the
      tricuspid ring. The ridge between the inferior vena cava and the tricuspid ring
      was a critical anatomic "closing" point in all clockwise and counterclockwise
      circuits. Right atrial macroreentry underlies rare AF. Direction of activation
      tends to be opposite to that in common AF. The cause of the positive deflection
      is unclear.

PMID- 2399889
TI  - Clinical, echocardiographic and Doppler correlates of clinical instability with
      onset of atrial fibrillation.
AB  - To identify clinical and Doppler echocardiographic correlates of instability with
      the onset of atrial fibrillation (AF), 87 consecutive patients with new-onset AF
      who had echocardiograms recorded during that hospital admission while in sinus
      rhythm were studied. Reviewers who were blinded to echocardiographic and Doppler
      data classified 51 patients (59%) as unstable because of the development of
      angina, congestive heart failure, syncope or hypotension with the onset of AF.
      Echocardiographic and Doppler data on transmitral blood flow velocity were
      analyzed by a single reviewer who was blinded to other clinical data. Multiple
      logistic regression analysis identified 3 variables as independent predictors of
      clinical instability with the onset of AF: (1) history of prior myocardial
      infarction (p less than 0.02); (2) echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular
      dysfunction (p less than 0.03); and (3) Doppler evidence of increased atrial
      filling fraction (p less than 0.0001). An atrial filling fraction threshold of
      0.40 had a sensitivity for predicting clinical instability of 80% and a
      specificity of 72%. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that patients
      who are more dependent on the atrial contribution to ventricular filling are at
      increased risk of instability with AF due to the loss of atrial systole.

PMID- 2399890
TI  - Day-to-day reproducibility of antiarrhythmic drug trials using programmed
      extrastimulus techniques for ventricular tachyarrhythmias associated with
      coronary artery disease.
AB  - Forty-nine patients with coronary artery disease and documented clinical
      sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) were
      studied twice in the drug-free state and twice during treatment with an identical
      antiarrhythmic medication at therapeutic plasma concentrations using an identical
      programmed electrical stimulation protocol. Tested drugs included procainamide,
      quinidine, disopyramide and phenytoin. During their 2 paired tests, 11 patients
      had nearly identical therapeutic plasma concentrations of antiarrhythmic agents
      (group I) and 38 patients had therapeutic plasma concentrations, but with more
      variation in drug levels between otherwise identical paired drug tests (group
      II). Overall, 71% of patients had inducible sustained VT or VF during drug
      testing. Induced ventricular arrhythmias were not reproducible in 45% of group I
      patients, despite restudy at nearly identical therapeutic plasma concentrations
      of an identical antiarrhythmic agent. Induced arrhythmias were also not
      reproducible in 16% of group II patients. This variability could not be
      attributed to the electrophysiologic characteristics of the patients studied.
      Drug trials directed by programmed stimulation should be cautiously interpreted
      because time-associated changes can mimic a change attributed to a beneficial or
      deleterious drug effect.

PMID- 2399892
TI  - Factors influencing progression of mitral regurgitation after transarterial
      balloon valvuloplasty for mitral stenosis.
AB  - This study analyzes the clinical, echocardiographic and hemodynamic factors
      affecting progression of mitral regurgitation (MR) after transarterial balloon
      valvuloplasty in 200 consecutive patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. After
      valvuloplasty, the mitral valve area increased in all patients, from 1.03 +/-
      0.36 to 2.06 +/- 0.71 cm2 (p less than 0.0001). With regard to the basal stage,
      the mitral valve was competent in 139 patients and there was mild MR in 61 (grade
      I in 53, and grade II in 8). Three patients had progression of MR induced by a
      technical deficiency and they were excluded from analysis. Patients were
      classified into 2 groups on the basis of the degree of MR before and after
      valvuloplasty: group A--no progression of MR (n = 167; 85%) when the degree of MR
      did not change, disappeared after valvuloplasty, or increased from grade 0 to I;
      group B--progression of MR (n = 30; 15%) when the degree of MR increased to
      greater than or equal to grade II. Progression of MR was observed more frequently
      in older patients with presence of chronic atrial fibrillation, larger left
      atrial size and left ventricular volumes, baseline MR, more severe stenosis and a
      lower ejection fraction. Multivariate analysis selected age, left ventricular
      volumes and ejection fraction as independent predictors of progression of MR. All
      these factors suggest that progression of MR after balloon valvuloplasty could be
      related to a more advanced degree of disease.

PMID- 2399891
TI  - Exaggerated pressure response to exercise in men at risk for systemic
      hypertension.
AB  - Normotensive persons at high risk of developing systemic hypertension have
      greater cardiovascular reactivity to mental and physical stressors. This study
      compared cardiovascular responses to exercise in normotensive men (aged 28 +/-
      0.8 years [mean +/- standard error of the mean]) at high risk (positive parental
      history and high normal resting blood pressure [BP], n = 20) and at low risk
      (negative history, low normal BP, n = 15) of hypertension. All men had normal
      body weight and exercise tolerance. During graded supine bicycle exercise, 35% (7
      of 20) of high-risk men had exaggerated BP responses (greater than or equal to
      230/100 mm Hg) versus 0% of low-risk men, thus forming 3 groups (low risk, high
      risk normal BP response, high-risk exaggerated response). Cardiac function was
      measured by nuclear cardiography. Cardiac index, peripheral resistance index,
      left ventricular ejection fraction and contractility index were measured at rest
      and during each exercise work load. High-risk exaggerated responders could not be
      distinguished from their high-risk normal-responding counterparts using resting
      BP or other cardiovascular variables. During exercise all 3 groups had equivalent
      increases in cardiac output. However, the high-risk exaggerated responders had
      blunting in peripheral resistance decline, resulting in excessive BP increases.
      This finding suggests an impaired capacity for exercise-induced vasodilation,
      indicating that the exaggerated response group may be at highest risk for future
      hypertension in these 3 groups.

PMID- 2399894
TI  - Effect of preload change on resting and exercise cardiac performance in
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the hemodynamic responses, at rest
      and on exercise, of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to changes in
      circulating volume. After Swan-Ganz and radial arterial cannulation, 13 patients
      with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy performed maximal exercise tests after diuretic
      (frusemide 20 mg intravenously) and after fluid loading (0.9% saline at 10 ml/kg
      body weight intravenously) on different days. At rest, right atrial and pulmonary
      capillary wedge pressures increased with volume loading and decreased with a
      diuretic. There were no significant changes in the resting, supine cardiac or
      stroke indexes but in the upright position, the cardiac index and stroke index
      were higher after volume loading (2.5 +/- 0.7 vs 2.2 +/- 0.5 liters/min/m2, p
      less than 0.05; 33 +/- 11 vs 27 +/- 9 ml/m2, p less than 0.005, respectively).
      Although the right atrial, pulmonary arterial and pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressures were higher during exercise after volume loading, there were no
      significant differences in exercise heart rate, systemic blood pressure, cardiac
      index, stroke index, systemic vascular resistance index or overall exercise
      capacity compared to exercise after diuresis. The data show that the cardiac
      index and stroke index, at supine rest and during upright exercise, were not
      influenced by the preload changes induced in these patients with hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy. The results suggest that these patients are operating on the
      plateau of left ventricular Frank-Starling function (filling pressure/output)
      curve.

PMID- 2399893
TI  - Diagnostic accuracy of right ventriculography in arrhythmogenic right ventricular
      cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of cineangiography were evaluated by
      multivariate logistic discriminant analysis in 32 patients with arrhythmogenic
      right ventricular (RV) cardiomyopathy, 27 patients with biventricular dilated
      cardiomyopathy, 28 patients with atrial septal defect and 18 normal subjects. In
      patients with arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy and biventricular dilated
      cardiomyopathy, the diagnosis was confirmed by endomyocardial biopsy. All RV
      values overlapped for the diagnosis of atrial septal defect and arrhythmogenic RV
      cardiomyopathy; overlapping extended to dilated cardiomyopathy for end-diastolic
      volume and infundibular dimensions. RV ejection fraction appeared reduced in all
      the diseases; in particular, mean values in dilated cardiomyopathy and
      arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy were 38 and 53%, respectively (p less than
      0.05). Left ventricular quantitative studies showed a significant difference
      between dilated and arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy, both in terms of pumping
      indexes (mean end-diastolic volumes 180 vs 91 ml/m2 and mean ejection fraction 33
      vs 60%), and indexes of contractility (stress/end-diastolic volume 3.7 vs 6.7).
      Multivariate analysis disclosed that transversally arranged hypertrophic
      trabeculae, separated by deep fissures, were associated with the highest
      probability of arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy (p less than 0.001). Posterior
      subtricuspid and anterior infundibular wall bulgings were the only other
      independently significant variables. Coexistence of these signs was associated
      with 96% specificity and 87.5% sensitivity. Thus, arrhythmogenic RV
      cardiomyopathy presents quantitative volumetric and hemodynamic as well as
      qualitative features that clearly distinguish it from dilated cardiomyopathy and
      confirm its nosographic autonomy among the primary diseases of the myocardium.

PMID- 2399895
TI  - Spontaneous beat-to-beat variation of PR interval in normal children.

PMID- 2399896
TI  - Atrial flutter in patients treated for atrial fibrillation with propafenone.

PMID- 2399897
TI  - Transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of prosthetic and native
      aortic valves.

PMID- 2399898
TI  - A possible mechanism for neurologic ischemic events in patients with atrial
      septal aneurysm.

PMID- 2399899
TI  - Argon laser ablation or modification of the atrioventricular conduction system in
      refractory supraventricular tachycardia.

PMID- 2399900
TI  - More questions on Kussmaul's sign.

PMID- 2399901
TI  - Hypertonic cryohemolysis: a diagnostic test for hereditary spherocytosis.
AB  - Red blood cells of subjects with hereditary spherocytosis are specifically
      susceptible to temperature changes while suspended in hypertonic solutions. Based
      on this property, a new diagnostic test for hereditary spherocytosis is
      presented. The suggested method is 100% sensitive in the diagnosis of all
      patients, including asymptomatic obligate carriers with hereditary spherocytosis,
      and is very specific in different control groups. Unlike other methods designed
      for the diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis, this test does not depend on the
      cells' surface- area-to-volume ratio. Normal red blood cells that were induced to
      become spherocytes by different means (i.e., vinblastine, lysophosphatidyl
      choline, and heat) and showed increased osmotic fragility did not become
      susceptible to the hypertonic cryohemolysis conditions.

PMID- 2399902
TI  - Transformation of polycythemia vera to Ph-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - A patient with polycythemia vera (PV) developed chronic myelogenous leukemia
      (CML) 8 years after his initial presentation with erythrocytosis. The patient
      received a total of 3.5-7 g of chlorambucil over an approximate period of 5
      years. Transformation of PV to CML is very unusual; only three substantiated
      cases had been reported in literature until 1975, and none has been described
      since then. All patients received either 32P or chemotherapy for PV treatment,
      suggesting that irradiation and alkylating agents may have played a role in the
      transformation to CML.

PMID- 2399903
TI  - Th polyagglutination with fatal outcome in a patient with massive intravascular
      hemolysis and perforated tumor of colon.
AB  - Polyagglutination is a rare disorder which has been associated with intravascular
      hemolysis (Levene et al.: Transfus Med Rev 2:176-185, 1988). In this condition
      cryptantigens exposed on the red blood cell membrane agglutinate with compatible
      sera and with lectins. A 76 year-old man with an acute abdomen due to a
      perforated tumor of the colon and severe fatal intravascular hemolysis is
      described. Th polyagglutination of the red blood cells was found.

PMID- 2399904
TI  - Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: a test of a proposed staging system.
AB  - In an attempt to characterize the prognostic significance of the main clinical
      and hematological features of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), 30 such
      patients were allocated the "modified Bournemouth score". The most significant
      separation of groups predictive of poorer survival was obtained by setting a
      cutoff at the median score value for the whole series (score,2). On this basis
      patients could be divided into two different groups whose survival probability as
      well as risk of acute transformation significantly differ each other (P less than
      0.05). In our opinion, this score could be of interest in treatment planning of
      CMML patients when the possibility of conservative or aggressive approach in
      envisaged.

PMID- 2399905
TI  - Polymerase chain reaction amplification applied to the direct detection of a 4 bp
      deletion in the promoter region of the A gamma gene.
AB  - We report here the identification of a 4 bp deletion in the A gamma T globin gene
      promoter by means of Fnu4HI digestion of DNA amplified by polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR). This deletion has been previously associated with haplotype II
      beta-thalassemia in Sardinia. This simple, non-radioactive procedure should
      facilitate the screening of various populations of normal and beta-thalassemic
      subjects for this specific genetic alteration.

PMID- 2399906
TI  - Thrombocytopenic purpura in HIV-seronegative users of intravenous cocaine.
AB  - Severe thrombocytopenic purpura occurred in seven patients who had histories of
      recent or current intravenous cocaine use. All of the patients denied heroin use
      and all were seronegative for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV). The seven patients had normal or increased numbers of megakaryocytes in
      their bone marrows. While receiving corticosteroid therapy their platelet counts
      rose to 10(11)/L over periods ranging from 5 to 11 days. In view of the
      widespread use of cocaine, severe thrombocytopenia in the HIV-seronegative
      patient should suggest the possibility of current or recent intravenous use of
      cocaine.

PMID- 2399907
TI  - Serum and red blood cell magnesium, copper, and zinc content in G6PD deficiency.
AB  - Sixty-nine G6PD-deficient and 67 normal non-deficient Chinese adult males were
      investigated for blood hemoglobin concentration and for serum and red cell
      content of magnesium, copper, and zinc. There was no significant difference in
      blood hemoglobin content. Both the serum magnesium and copper content were found
      to be significantly lower in the G6PD-deficient subjects compared to that in the
      non-deficient control. Serum zinc content and red cell content of all the three
      metals were not significantly altered in G6PD deficiency.

PMID- 2399908
TI  - Polycythemia vera terminating in chronic neutrophilic leukemia: report of a case.

PMID- 2399909
TI  - Treatment of relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia with diaziquone and
      mitoxantrone: a CALGB phase I study.
AB  - Twenty-one patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were
      treated with mitoxantrone (12 mg/m2/day, days 1-3) and diaziquone (continuous
      infusion days 1-5). The dosage of diaziquone was increased for sequential cohorts
      of seven patients from 20 mg/m2/day to 24 mg/m2/day, and finally to 28 mg/m2/day
      to determine the maximum tolerated dose for this chemotherapy combination.
      Myelosuppression was the dose-limiting toxicity. The median time to recovery of
      blood counts was greater at the highest dose of diaziquone (48 days) than at the
      lower two doses (31 and 28 days). Other toxic effects were minimal. Overall, 9/21
      (43%, 95% confidence interval, 0.22 to 0.66) patients achieved complete
      remission. We conclude that this combination of drugs shows sufficient
      antileukemic activity with acceptable toxicity to warrant further trials.

PMID- 2399910
TI  - Cytogenetic findings in 21 cases of peripheral T-cell lymphoma.
AB  - Although numerous publications have described the chromosome abnormalities in B
      cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and their significance, sparse literature exists
      pertaining to the chromosome abnormalities in T-cell lymphoma. We did cytogenetic
      analyses in 21 cases of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). Chromosomally abnormal
      clones were identified in 15 (71%) of the cases, including 7 of the 10 cases in
      which the histologic distinction between a malignant and benign process was
      difficult. Abnormalities of chromosome 1 were observed in 10 cases; a breakpoint
      at 1p36 was demonstrated in 5 of these cases. Chromosome abnormalities previously
      attributed to B-cell malignancies were infrequent. These results suggest an
      association between 1p36 breakpoints and PTCL and emphasize the utility of
      cytogenetic analysis for documenting clonality among the histologically diverse
      groupings of PTCL.

PMID- 2399911
TI  - Hemoglobin Dhonburi alpha 2 beta 2 126 (H4) Val----Gly: a new unstable beta
      variant producing a beta-thalassemia intermedia phenotype in association with
      beta zero-thalassemia.
AB  - While investigating the mechanism of a beta-thalassemia intermedia phenotype in a
      34 year old Thai male, a new Hb variant beta 126 Val----Gly named Hb Dhonburi was
      discovered. Genetic and structural studies revealed the existence of a beta zero
      thalassemia genotype in association with the beta variant. The new variant is
      unstable but exhibits normal oxygen binding properties. Hb Dhonburi was also
      discovered in the mother of the propositus in association with Hb E.

PMID- 2399912
TI  - Systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with end-stage renal disease: long-term
      follow-up on the prognosis of patients and the evolution of lupus activity.
AB  - We studied the clinical course of 59 lupus patients with end-stage renal disease
      (ESRD) to determine their long-term prognosis and delineate the evolution of
      their lupus activity. The study population was predominantly female (86%) and
      young (mean age, 27.4 years), and they were observed for a mean of 6.5 years from
      the inception of dialysis. At the time dialysis was initiated, only 21 patients
      (35.6%) had clinically active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The remaining
      patients progressed to ESRD despite the absence of clinical lupus activity. Lupus
      activity was clinically apparent in 55.4% of patients in the first year, 6.5% in
      the fifth, and none in the tenth year. In 45% of patients, lupus activity was
      clinically inactive at entry to ESRD and remained inactive throughout the
      observation period. Serological activity declined proportionally, but to a lesser
      extent than clinical activity. Cumulative patient survival was 81.1% and 74.6% at
      the fifth and tenth year, respectively, from the inception of dialysis treatment;
      similarly it was 78% at the fifth and tenth year after the transplantation. Graft
      survival was 60.4% at the fifth and 45.5% at the tenth year. No one had
      recurrence of clinical lupus nephritis in the graft for up to 16 years of follow
      up. Fourteen patients died from either infectious or cardiovascular
      complications, but none from SLE per se. This long-term study with a large number
      of lupus patients confirms our previous findings that the progression of renal
      disease to ESRD may be mediated by nonimmunologic mechanisms, as well as
      immunologic insults.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399913
TI  - The effect of IgA immune complexes on the proliferation of cultured human
      mesangial cells.
AB  - To investigate the role of IgA-containing circulating immune complexes (IgA-CIC)
      in mesangial cell proliferation, human mesangial cells were cultured with sera or
      IgA isolates from IgA-CIC-positive IgA nephropathy patients and negative
      controls. A solid phase anti-C3d enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was
      used for the detection of IgA-CIC. Sera stimulated the proliferation of the
      mesangial cells at both 24 and 72 hours' incubation. However, there was no
      difference in the proliferation of cells incubated with sera from IgA-CIC
      positive patients and negative controls. IgA-CIC-positive and negative IgA
      isolates both stimulated proliferation of mesangial cells at 24 hours'
      incubation. Our data do not support the hypothesis that IgA-CIC are directly
      responsible for mesangial cell proliferation.

PMID- 2399914
TI  - The role of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in end-stage renal failure
      due to multiple myeloma.
AB  - A study in 10 patients (eight male, two female; mean age 61.9 +/- 10.7 years)
      suffering from multiple myeloma (MM) and end-stage renal failure (ESRF) is
      detailed. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was the preferred mode
      of chronic dialysis in all the patients. Survival after diagnosis was 32.2 +/-
      23.9 months. Survival after starting dialysis was 24.6 +/- 20.6 months. All
      patients on CAPD were adequately dialyzed and in good fluid control. Peritonitis
      was the main problem on CAPD (one episode per 5.6 patient-months). The majority
      of peritonitis episodes responded to intraperitoneal antibiotic therapy. One
      patient with Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis, septicemia, and neutropenia
      secondary to chemotherapy, died. Recommendations for prophylaxis and treatment of
      peritonitis are given. Three patients were transferred to hemodialysis. The use
      of subclavian vein catheters during hemodialysis was associated with a high
      incidence of gram-positive septicemia. Alkylating agent-based chemotherapy
      resulted in hematological responses in five patients. Survival after diagnosis in
      those responders was 47.4 +/- 25.6 months, compared with 17.0 +/- 7.2 months in
      the nonresponders (P less than 0.05). All responders subsequently relapsed. Four
      patients died with progressive myeloma. Bone marrow suppression resulted in a
      high blood transfusion requirement, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia associated
      with bleeding into the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. Uremic
      myeloma patients can be adequately dialyzed using CAPD. Those patients who do not
      have an initial hematological response have a poor prognosis.

PMID- 2399915
TI  - Use of the serum creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate in health and
      early diabetic nephropathy. Collaborative Study Group of Angiotensin Converting
      Enzyme Inhibition in Diabetic Nephropathy.
AB  - We evaluated 100/serum creatinine, 24-hour creatinine clearance, and
      simultaneously measured creatinine clearance or creatinine clearance estimated by
      the formula devised by Cockcroft and Gault in comparison with measurements of
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using iothalamate among 136 patients with
      diabetic nephropathy. We also evaluated 100/serum creatinine, simultaneously
      measured creatinine clearance or creatinine clearance estimated by the Cockcroft
      and Gault formula in comparison with measurements of GFR using inulin among 88
      healthy adults, 21 hypercalciuric kidney stone formers and their hypercalciuric
      relatives, and one man with chronic nephritis. Creatinine clearances measured
      simultaneously were closely correlated to GFR (r = 0.93) as were creatinine
      clearances, estimated by the Cockcroft and Gault formula (r = 0.84) when GFR
      ranged from 16 to 175 mL/min (0.27 to 2.92 mL/s). These observations confirm the
      clinical use of either creatinine clearances during water diuresis or estimates
      of creatinine clearance by the Cockcroft and Gault formula in the assessment of
      kidney function.

PMID- 2399917
TI  - Percutaneous cyst puncture in the treatment of cyst infection in autosomal
      dominant polycystic kidney disease.
AB  - Cyst infection in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) poses a
      difficult diagnostic and therapeutic problem. We describe a serious indolent cyst
      infection due to Staphylococcus aureus, which was successfully diagnosed and
      treated with repeated percutaneous cyst drainage and intravenous (IV) antibiotic
      therapy. Cyst aspiration also permitted monitoring of cyst antibiotic levels and
      evidence of active infection.

PMID- 2399916
TI  - High linoleic acid diets ameliorate diabetic nephropathy in rats.
AB  - The value of high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) diets in preventing diabetic
      nephropathy in rats was studied. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of
      streptozotocin (SZ), 65 mg/kg. Rats were divided in four groups fed diets
      containing 11% fat for 38 weeks. Dietary fat derived from four sources: beef
      tallow (BT; rich in saturated fatty acids), evening primrose oil (EPO; rich in
      gamma linolenic [GLA] and linoleic acids [LA]), safflower oil (SO; rich in LA),
      and fish oil (FO; rich in eicosapentaenoic [EPA] and docosahexaenoic [DHA]
      acids). Ultralente insulin was administered every other day to maintain the blood
      glucose levels between 11.1 and 22.2 mmol/L (200 and 400 mg/dL). The diets
      prepared with EPO and SO had a clear beneficial effect on proteinuria, glomerular
      sclerosis, and tubular abnormalities, as compared with BT. Both diets also
      increased the ratio of renal cortical production of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha to
      thromboxane B2 (TXB2), the stable metabolites of PGI2 and TXA2, respectively.
      They did not induce significant changes in plasma lipid composition. The FO diet
      did not have an effect on renal disease, but decreased plasma lipids and
      inhibited eicosanoid synthesis by platelets and kidney cortex. FO feeding was
      associated with a lowered 6-keto-PGF1 alpha/TXB2 ratio. It is concluded that high
      LA diets are protective in this model of diabetic nephropathy. The effect may be
      secondary to modifications of the eicosanoid balance. Diets containing FO have a
      beneficial effect on plasma lipids in this model.

PMID- 2399918
TI  - Peritoneal dialysis catheter outflow obstruction due to oviductal fimbriae: a
      case report.
AB  - Outflow obstruction is a common cause of peritoneal dialysis catheter
      malfunction. We report an unusual case of outflow obstruction caused by oviductal
      fimbriae. Mini-laparatomy and repositioning of the catheter without excising the
      fallopian tube resulted in good outcome.

PMID- 2399919
TI  - Acute interstitial nephritis associated with cefotetan therapy.
AB  - We report a case of acute interstitial nephritis associated with cefotetan
      therapy. Cefotetan should be considered a potential cause of acute renal failure
      in patients who develop rash, eosinophilia, and fever in association with an
      acute deterioration of renal function.

PMID- 2399920
TI  - Diagnosis and characterization of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a patient with acute
      renal failure.
AB  - This case illustrates the relatively rare occurrence of malignant lymphoma
      presenting as acute renal failure due to renal parenchymal infiltration. To our
      knowledge, it is the first report in which the phenotype of a non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma was established using renal biopsy tissue. The dangers of treatment of
      renal lymphoma in the patient whose disease has not been adequately characterized
      have been noted by Coggins.

PMID- 2399921
TI  - Basophiluria in acute renal failure: an electron microscopy study of urinary
      sediment.

PMID- 2399923
TI  - The Level I fieldwork process.
AB  - This paper reports the results of a nationwide study in which the factors that
      relate to the overall Level I fieldwork implementation were compared across a
      variety of occupational therapy fieldwork settings. Two questionnaires were used
      to collect data: One was completed by 395 Level I fieldwork site supervisors, and
      the other by faculty representatives from 40 professional-level academic
      occupational therapy programs. The data showed that there were more similarities
      than differences among the fieldwork sites, thus suggesting that a common process
      is used in most fieldwork placements. The primary factors that differentiated
      among the various fieldwork settings were variables that tended to describe the
      settings demographically (e.g., type of employment setting, funding sources).
      Interesting differences were found among the various fieldwork settings between
      the amount of supervision given to Level I students and the amount of
      independent, treatment-oriented performance by the students.

PMID- 2399922
TI  - Evaluating a Level I fieldwork model for independent living skills.
AB  - A model for Level I fieldwork in which students co-led independent living skills
      (ILS) groups in clinical settings and observed occupational therapy evaluation
      and treatment was implemented in a curriculum and evaluated for its
      effectiveness. The evaluation surveys from this study suggest that the model is
      most effective in courses and clinical settings that deal with adult and young
      adult client populations. All clinicians in these settings believed that the
      students provided a service to the clients by co-leading ILS groups, and nearly
      all believed that student-led groups would be valuable for their clients in the
      future. The students reported learning about group leadership skills and
      developing creative activity adaptations to meet different clients' needs.
      Faculty members want to continue using this model because they think it
      facilitates students' integration of clinical and classroom experiences.

PMID- 2399924
TI  - An assessment of measures to predict the outcome of driving evaluations in
      patients with cerebral damage.
AB  - The evaluation of the ability of patients to return to driving after cerebral
      damage stands out as one of the most important tasks confronted by rehabilitation
      professionals. The present study was designed to critically assess evaluations
      that were developed at one facility to determine fitness to drive: an offroad,
      predriver evaluation of skills regarded as important in driving and an on-road,
      behind-the-wheel evaluation of abilities needed to drive in actual traffic
      situations. The evaluation results of 3-patients with cerebral damage due to
      traumatic head injury or cerebrovascular accident were studied retrospectively.
      Only 4 out of 21 items on the predriver evaluation significantly predicted the
      outcome of the predriver evaluation and none of the predriver evaluation items
      predicted the outcome of the behind-the-wheel evaluation. Only 6 of the 26 tasks
      on the behind-the-wheel evaluation significantly predicted the outcome of the
      behind-the-wheel evaluation. None of the items on the predriver evaluation or the
      behind-the-wheel evaluation explained a significant portion of variance related
      to outcome. The lack of internal and predictive validity of driver evaluations is
      discussed in light of these findings, and recommendations are given for improving
      the predictive power of driving evaluations.

PMID- 2399925
TI  - Adding purpose to the repetitive exercise of elderly women through imagery.
AB  - Many studies have documented the effectiveness of verbally elicited imagery in
      the enhancement of motor skills in young, nondisabled populations. The present
      study examined the effects of verbally elicited imagery in the encouragement of
      two exercises (i.e., reaching up to pick apples and reaching down to pick up
      coins) in elderly women. The subjects were 27 women between 62 and 96 years of
      age who were selected from a nursing home, a residential retirement home, and a
      foster care home. All of the subjects received imagery as well as control
      conditions, but in a counterbalanced fashion. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed
      rank tests indicated that the imagery condition elicited significantly more
      repetitions of the reaching-up exercise than did the control condition (z = 2.25,
      p [one-tailed] = .012). The results in the reaching-down exercise were generally
      in the same direction but difficult to interpret statistically. The results are
      discussed in terms of other recent research investigating ways to add purpose to
      therapeutic exercise through occupation. Clinicians are urged to explore the
      advantages and disadvantages of imagery-based occupations in treatment.

PMID- 2399927
TI  - Self-esteem in children: considerations for measurement and intervention.
AB  - A differentiated model of self-esteem, based on William James's (1890), C. H.
      Cooley's (1902/1968), and G. H. Mead's (1925/1968) works and developed by Dr.
      Susan Harter (1983), is presented as a valuable tool for the occupational
      therapist to use in evaluation and intervention. Competence and social support
      are considered important components, and discounting is presented as a mechanism
      for the maintenance or improvement of self-esteem. Social comparison, social
      desirability, and defensiveness are discussed as important considerations,
      particularly regarding children with disabilities.

PMID- 2399926
TI  - Environmental support and the development of grasp in infants.
AB  - This study examines the acquisition of internal stability as it relates to the
      development of prehension in normal infants. Thirty-two subjects, 7 to 14 months
      of age, were observed grasping Cheerios from styrene surfaces that provided
      different amounts of support to the infants' hands. The subjects were scored on
      the grasp patterns they used and on their success in securing a Cherrio without
      dislodging the styrene surface from a platform. Success increased with age, thus
      demonstrating a developmental progression in the acquisition of upper extremity
      internal stability. Consistency of grasp also increased with age. Whereas the
      youngest infants (7 to 8 months old) reverted to immature grasp patterns on the
      less stable surfaces, the oldest infants (13 to 14 months old) used mature pincer
      grasp patterns consistently. Infants 10 to 11 months old seemed to be in a
      transitional stage between the variability of grasp seen in the youngest infants
      and the consistency achieved by the oldest group.

PMID- 2399928
TI  - Incidence of atypical pencil grasps among nondysfunctional adults.
AB  - Three groups of nondysfunctional adults were observed for atypical pencil grasps
      (i.e., nondynamic tripod grasps) used during functional writing situations: 58
      occupational therapy students signing out equipment, 314 voters signing for their
      ballots, and 113 medical students taking a written examination. Among the total
      right-handed population, the most frequently used grasp was the dynamic tripod
      grasp (86%). The second most frequently used grasp was the lateral tripod grasp
      (10%). Other grasps were observed less often (less than 2% of the time). The
      surprisingly high incidence of the lateral tripod grasp suggests that this grasp
      may be considered a functional alternative to the traditionally accepted dynamic
      tripod grasp. Only 1% of the total sample showed immature grasp patterns (i.e.,
      cross-thumb and static tripod grasps), thus indicating that most adults develop a
      mature grasp for functional handwriting.

PMID- 2399929
TI  - Recruitment standards and practices in occupational therapy, 1900-1930.
AB  - Debate regarding recruitment standards and practices exemplifies various visions
      of practice that exist within a profession. In occupational therapy, early
      recruitment criteria provide an example of how the field's founders envisioned
      the professional practitioner. As occupational therapy grew in membership
      throughout the 1920s, that vision was challenged. This paper identifies and
      describes the recruitment ideas expressed by both the founders of occupational
      therapy and their challengers from 1900 to 1930 and suggests the influence of
      their ideas on recruitment standards.

PMID- 2399930
TI  - Incorporating continuous passive motion in the rehabilitation of a patient with
      Guillain-Barre syndrome.

PMID- 2399931
TI  - Progressive career patterns versus mandated entry-level education.

PMID- 2399932
TI  - Pulmonary reaction to long and short asbestos fibers is independent of fibroblast
      growth factor production by alveolar macrophages.
AB  - The role of alveolar macrophage (AM)-derived secretory products in fibroblast
      stimulation after the instillation of long and short asbestos to rat lungs is now
      investigated. A pure sample of 1 mg long crocidolite (greater than 2.5 mu)
      induced pulmonary fibrosis in 8 weeks, but secretions of lavaged AM from these
      lungs did not enhance growth or collagen synthesis in cultured rat lung
      fibroblasts. In contrast, the same dose of short fibers did not produce pulmonary
      fibrosis, although AM lavaged from these lungs were increased in number, had more
      phagocytized fibers, and when incubated, secreted factors that stimulated
      fibroblasts in culture. When normal AM were exposed to these fiber samples for 24
      hours in vitro, greater phagocytosis of particles occurred and each asbestos
      fiber sample induced secretion of an AM-derived growth factor for cultured
      fibroblasts. The results indicate that both long and short fibers are capable of
      inducing AM to secrete fibrogenic factors in vitro, but in vivo, cytokine
      secretion by AM into the alveolar spaces in response to short fibers is not
      associated with stimulation of the interstitial fibroblast. In contrast,
      pulmonary fibrosis after long fiber administration appears unrelated to an AM
      secretion and is probably caused by fiber penetration into the peribronchiolar
      tissue, where interstitial macrophage activation may occur over several weeks.

PMID- 2399933
TI  - Lipid accumulation in prosthetic vascular grafts. Experimental study.
AB  - The present study demonstrates that the endoprosthetic tissue, developed at the
      contact of Dacron and Gore-Tex vascular prostheses replacing the infrarenal
      aortae of healthy dogs, presents a particular lipidic pattern as compared with
      the adjacent intimal arterial layer. The modified lipidic pattern is
      characterized by a significant increase in the total amounts of cholesterol,
      phospholipids, and triglycerides, despite a normal lipidic plasma profile.
      Histochemical studies showed that lipid droplets are accumulated in the cytoplasm
      of deeply situated cells and in the extracellular matrix. These findings support
      the idea that lipids may be trapped within the pseudo-intima of synthetic
      vascular grafts, even in the absence of a major plasma lipid disorder, and
      contribute to the prosthesis failure.

PMID- 2399934
TI  - Glomerular lesions in mice transgenic for growth hormone and insulinlike growth
      factor-I. I. Relationship between increased glomerular size and mesangial
      sclerosis.
AB  - The glomeruli of mice transgenic for bovine growth hormone (GH mice) were
      disproportionately enlarged as a function of either kidney or body weight.
      Glomerular size correlated with mesangial sclerosis and the urine
      albumin/creatinine ratio. The glomerular lesions consisted of mesangial
      proliferation (4 to 5 weeks) followed by progressive mesangial sclerosis (19
      weeks), resulting in complete glomerulosclerosis at 30 to 37 weeks. Albuminuria
      paralleled the glomerulosclerosis. In contrast, mice transgenic for insulinlike
      growth factor-I (IGF-I mice) did not develop glomerulosclerosis, even though
      glomerular size significantly increased. Glomerular hypertrophy, however, did not
      reach that in GH mice. These data suggest that high levels of circulating GH lead
      to a disproportionate increase in glomerular cellularity and volume, as well as
      glomerulosclerosis. This does not appear to be the result of high levels of
      circulating IGF-I stimulated by GH, as the serum IGF-I level in GH mice was lower
      than that in IGF-I mice.

PMID- 2399936
TI  - Evolution of hepatitis B virus liver disease after hepatic replacement. Practical
      and theoretical considerations.
AB  - The morphologic evolution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) liver disease in 45 hepatic
      allograft recipients who were HBV surface-antigen positive (HBs-Ag+) at the time
      of liver replacement and who survived for more than 60 days was studied by
      routine histologic and immunocytochemical analysis of serial pathology specimens.
      The findings in these patients were compared to a control group of 30 individuals
      who were immune to the HBV (anti-HBs antibody positive), but required hepatic
      replacement for other reasons. Eight of the forty-five (18%) HBsAg-positive
      patients have no serologic evidence of HBV reinfection after transplantation. All
      37 remaining patients are reinfected; 21 (47%) developed chronic active hepatitis
      and/or cirrhosis, 3 (7%) developed submassive necrosis, and 6 (14%) developed
      chronic lobular hepatitis. One patient lost her graft to chronic rejection,
      despite reinfection with the B virus. Four other patients (9%) developed a
      chronic carrier state. No long-term follow-up biopsies were available in the
      remaining two patients. The histologic features associated with dysfunction
      related to recurrent HBV infection evolved from an acute to chronic phase and
      were similar to hepatitis B seen in nonallografted livers. Furthermore HBV
      related lesions could be separated from rejection using routine histology alone.
      The only exception to this conclusion was the occurrence of a peculiar HBV
      related lesion in two recipients, described herein. Immunohistochemical analysis
      demonstrated the presence of viral antigens in almost all cases. Hepatic
      inflammation also was commonly present during HBV disease and consisted mostly of
      accessory cells and T lymphocytes. Analysis of the effect of major
      histocompatibility complex matching revealed no clear association between the
      number of class I or II matches or mismatches and the development, or pattern, of
      active hepatitis in the allograft. Peculiar pathologic alterations in several of
      the biopsies and failed allografts after HBV reinfection suggests that, under
      special circumstances, the B virus may be cytopathic.

PMID- 2399935
TI  - Characterization of high endothelial-like properties of peritubular capillary
      endothelium during acute renal allograft rejection.
AB  - Acute allograft rejection is characterized by leukocyte infiltration. Previously
      we suggested that the site of entry of lymphocytes into rejecting kidney
      allografts is the peritubular but not other capillary endothelium. Here we
      confirm this observation in a frozen section ex vivo binding assay and further
      characterize the peritubular capillary endothelium during acute kidney allograft
      rejection. The increase in lymphocyte binding to peritubular capillaries precede
      the peak of inflammation (leukocyte accumulation) in the graft. Pretreatment of
      lymphocytes with antibodies against CD 11a and CD 18 (LFA-1 alpha and beta chain,
      respectively) could decrease the lymphocyte binding, whereas ICAM-1 pretreatment
      of tissue sections was ineffective. Light- and electromicroscopy revealed a
      marked activation of peritubular capillary endothelial cells in allografts,
      whereas these alterations were less severe or absent in syngeneic controls and
      normal kidneys. Finally our data suggest that the ligand responsible for the
      binding of lymphocytes to kidney peritubular areas is organ specific. Only
      mannose-1 phosphate, but not mannose-6 phosphate, could decrease the lymphocyte
      binding. Y-1, an antibody staining rat lymph node high endothelial venules (HEV),
      did not react with allograft peritubular capillaries having functional and
      morphologic similarities to HEV.

PMID- 2399938
TI  - Oxodipine-induced gingival hyperplasia in beagle dogs.

PMID- 2399939
TI  - Before the sun sets.

PMID- 2399937
TI  - Histologic analysis of an immune response in the lung parenchyma of mice.
      Angiopathy accompanies inflammatory cell influx.
AB  - To determine the histologic changes occurring during a pulmonary immune response,
      the lungs of antigen-primed C57BL/6 mice were examined on various days after
      intratracheal challenge with 10(8) sheep erythrocytes. The response was
      characterized by 1) dense perivascular aggregates composed largely of mononuclear
      cells; 2) endothelial cell hypertrophy and subendothelial inflammatory cell
      collections in vessels of a variety of sizes; 3) variable degrees of focal,
      reversible vascular injury (angiopathy) of both muscular arteries and small
      veins; and 4) increased cellularity of alveolar walls. Inflammatory cells
      appeared to emanate from small veins and venules and from minute thin-walled
      vessels adjacent to large arteries. The reaction peaked at 3 to 4 days and then
      gradually declined over a period of 6 weeks, never quite reaching baseline. We
      believe that this experimental model will be an important means of further
      defining both the mechanisms of lymphocyte entry to the lungs in response to
      antigen and the factors controlling the pathogenesis of related angiopathies.

PMID- 2399940
TI  - Sex hormone receptors in acoustic neuromas.
AB  - We performed quantitative assays for estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
      receptors in 19 acoustic neuroma specimens from ten men and nine women. No
      patient received preoperative or intraoperative glucocorticoids,
      mineralocorticoids, or sex hormones. All tumors were unilateral and removed by
      the translabyrinthine approach. No tumor specimen was positive for estrogen or
      testosterone receptors. Three of ten men and seven of nine women had tumors
      positive for progesterone receptors (10 fmol/mg cytosol protein or greater). This
      between-sex difference was of borderline significance by the Mann-Whitney U test
      (p = 0.08). This finding indicates the need for further investigations of
      endocrinologic therapy as a possible treatment of acoustic neuromas.

PMID- 2399941
TI  - Grading facial nerve function: House-Brackmann versus Burres-Fisch methods.
AB  - Many systems for reporting results of facial function tests have been proposed,
      but after five International Facial Nerve Symposia, a perfect system for
      reporting has yet to be developed. In 1985 the American Academy of Otolaryngology
      Head and Neck Surgery adopted the House-Brackmann (H-B) six-point subjective
      grading scale as a universal standard. This decision was based on the
      recommendation of the Facial Nerve Disorders Committee. The next year, 1986,
      Burres and Fisch proposed the Linear Measurement Index (B-F LMI) as an
      alternative, objective grading system. To determine the ability of each system to
      grade the facial function of patients with facial palsy, and the relative merits
      of each system, 41 patients with facial weakness and one normal patient were
      studied. The H-B grading system is easy to use and provides simple, concise
      criteria for each separate grade of facial function. The B-F LMI grading system
      is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and requires a complex calculation to
      derive a percentage value that represents facial function. The most important
      finding of this study was the high degree of correlation between the two systems,
      in spite of the fact that the H-B system is subjective and qualitative while the
      B-F LMI system is objective and quantitative. Until the perfect grading system is
      developed, the authors favor combining the H-B and B-F LMI systems as the best
      method available at the moment to evaluate facial function.

PMID- 2399942
TI  - Surgical treatment of cholesteatoma: a comparison of three techniques.
AB  - The debate regarding the surgical technique for the management of cholesteatoma
      still continues. The resolution of this issue will only come with the study of
      the long term results of well controlled series. In this paper long term follow
      up on three groups of patients is reported. The groups underwent combined
      approach tympanoplasty (CAT), mastoid tympanoplasty with obliteration (MOT), and
      modified radical mastoidectomy (MRM) respectively for cholesteatoma. The factors
      studied included frequency of required review, condition of the external
      canal/cavity, and hearing status. The meatal cross-sectional areas and cavity
      volumes were also measured for the MRM and MOT groups. Analysis of the data
      showed no significant difference between the groups in either frequency of review
      or cavity status. The hearing results showed an initial improvement in all
      groups, however, over the prolonged follow-up period the air conduction threshold
      gradually increased. In conclusion this data supports the view that a one-stage
      canal wall down procedure provides maximum long term patient benefit.

PMID- 2399943
TI  - Present status and outlook of the implantable hearing aid.
AB  - An implantable hearing aid (IHA), in which the direct driving of the stapes by a
      ceramic vibrator is a fundamental mechanism, was applied to 24 patients with
      mixed hearing loss of varying degree due to chronic otitis media. The instrument
      used in the present study was a partial IHA, in which only the vibrator and
      secondary coil were implanted and the remaining components were packed in a unit
      to be located behind the auricle. All the patients reported that quality of sound
      provided by the IHA was natural, clear, and intelligible without causing fatigue
      with long use. Speech discrimination tests conducted under conditions with
      background noise demonstrated that speech perception with the partial IHA was
      superior to that with a conventional hearing aid. These advantages may be
      ascribed to the direct oscillation of the stapes by the piezoelectric element.

PMID- 2399944
TI  - Control of bleeding in extended skull base surgery.
AB  - The resection of skull base neoplasms requires an intimate knowledge of
      basicranial vascular anatomy. Tumor distortion of surgical landmarks may increase
      the potential for inadvertent vascular injury with life-threatening
      intraoperative bleeding or delayed neurologic sequelae. Moreover, massive
      transfusion therapy may significantly alter the hemostatic mechanism in the
      perioperative period. On the basis of a review of hemorrhagic complications
      encountered in 154 consecutive skull base procedures, we describe techniques that
      are designed to avoid or efficiently control venous and arterial bleeding in
      extended skull base surgery. The management of complications resulting from blood
      replacement are reviewed.

PMID- 2399945
TI  - A simplified technique for transtympanic electrocochleography.
AB  - Recently, electrocochleography (ECochG) has enjoyed a resurgence in clinical use,
      particularly in the preoperative and intraoperative evaluation of Meniere's
      disease patients. With a transtympanic electrode, large amplitude, repeatable
      waveforms can be easily recorded. Despite this fact, transtympanic ECochG has not
      been widely adopted in the United States, primarily because of the technical
      difficulties in securing the electrode and then delivering a stimulus. We have
      developed a simplified transtympanic electrode placement, using a standard
      subdermal needle held in place by a foam plug earphone. The foam plug earphone
      not only secures the electrode, but also delivers the stimulus. We have used this
      technique in a series of cases, both intraoperatively as well as in the
      outpatient clinic. The advantages of this approach are discussed and illustrated
      with individual and group data.

PMID- 2399946
TI  - Analysis of blood flow in the tympanic membrane: the use of intravital
      fluorescence microscopy.
AB  - The successful healing of the tympanic membrane (TM) following myringotomy or
      tympanoplasty is dependent upon the maintenance of the blood supply to the
      injured area of the TM. The blood supply of the TM is derived from the manubrial
      plexus and the peripheral plexus of vessels. This study concentrated on measuring
      blood flow derived from the manubrial vessels. The TM of the guinea pig was used
      as an in vivo model. Ten Outbred Hartley guinea pigs were anesthetized with
      Inactin 100 mg/kg, the common carotid artery cannulated, and FITC-dextran 150
      injected intra-arterially. Blood pressures (mean 66.0 mmHg +/- 5.0 mmHg) and
      heart rates (330 bpm +/- 12.0 bpm) remained relatively constant throughout the
      experiment. Following injection of FITC-dextran 150, the TM was visualized under
      fluorescence microscopy and images recorded by video recorder; measurements of
      vessel diameter, blood velocity, and blood flow were made. Analysis of the in
      vivo studies revealed blood flow in the tympanic membrane to travel in two
      directions: down the manubrial artery towards the periphery and up the manubrial
      veins from vessels in the periphery. The manubrial artery divides and branches
      into a series of arcading vessels that extend towards the periphery of the TM.
      Manubrial artery diameter was measured (mean 0.0521 mm +/- 0.0004 mm) and blood
      flow calculated (mean 0.0439 mm3/min +/- 0.0007 mm3/min). Blood flow from the
      manubrial artery supplying the superior quadrants (0.18 mm3/min +/- 0.01) was
      statistically greater when compared to the blood flow in the inferior quadrants
      (0.08 mm3/min +/- 0.007) (p less than .001).

PMID- 2399947
TI  - Myringotomy and tube for relief of patulous eustachian tube symptoms.
AB  - Reports on the effectiveness of myringotomy and tube for treatment of symptoms of
      the patulous eustachian tube are discouraging, even though there are no large
      series substantiating its ineffectiveness. To further investigate this problem,
      we have reviewed the charts of all patients at the Otologic Medical Group (OMG)
      from 1974 to 1981 with the diagnosis of patulous eustachian tube who underwent
      myringotomy and tube for their symptoms. We identified 60 ears of 46 patients
      with complaints consistent with patulous eustachian tube symptoms. The treatment
      either eliminated or substantially reduced symptoms in 32 ears (53%). For the
      other 28 ears, myringotomy and tube were of no benefit. Nine of 13 (70%) ears
      with a definitive diagnosis based on movement of the tympanic membrane with
      respiration or tympanometry showed relief of symptoms with myringotomy and tube.
      Myringotomy and tube will remain part of the treatment regimen because it is
      relatively simple to perform, reversible, and effective in the majority of
      patients.

PMID- 2399948
TI  - A scanning electron-microscopic study of different tympanic grafts.
AB  - The surface architecture of dried temporalis fascia autografts and preserved
      tympanic allografts was investigated by scanning electronmicroscopy. During the
      storage in formaldehyde-cialit solutions the outer epithelial as well as the
      inner mucosal layer of tympanic allografts are progressively detached, and
      finally the lamina propria with outer radial and inner circular fiber arrangement
      remains. Due to dehydration phenomena irregular "crater-like" defects, surrounded
      by an amorphous structure, appear in dried fascia autografts. While a real lamina
      propria graft may induce migration and differentiation of the host's canal wall
      epithelium into a specific tympanic epithelium, one may imagine epithelial
      spreading toward the middle ear along the observed defects in dried fascia
      grafts. This latter observation gives new evidence for the immigration
      cholesteatoma theory.

PMID- 2399949
TI  - Vascular relationships of the vestibulocochlear nerve on magnetic resonance
      imaging.
AB  - Vascular compression of the vestibulocochlear (VIIIth) nerve may cause constant
      or recurrent positional vertigo, tinnitus, and/or hearing loss. At present the
      diagnosis is based upon history, physical findings, audiologic assessment,
      vestibular function testing, and auditory brainstem evoked responses. Delineation
      of the vascular and neural anatomy within the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) has
      not been part of the preoperative assessment. We recently treated a patient
      demonstrating the clinical features of this syndrome. A magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) study revealed a vascular loop of the anterior inferior cerebellar
      artery intimately associated with the VIIIth nerve at the porus acusticus. To
      better define the significance of this finding, we retrospectively reviewed the
      CPA neurovascular anatomy of 100 (200 sides) otherwise normal MRI scans performed
      for unrelated disorders. Vessels were identified on 59.9 percent of sides while
      nerves were seen on 40 percent of sides. Contact between vessel and nerve
      occurred on 12.5 percent of sides and when both nerve and vessels were seen
      concurrently, they were in contact 50 percent of the time. These findings may
      preclude the use of MRI as the definitive diagnostic test in the preoperative
      assessment of vascular VIIIth nerve compression.

PMID- 2399950
TI  - Advantages and disadvantages reported by some of the better cochlear-implant
      patients.
AB  - An open-ended questionnaire was administered to 53 of some of the better patients
      using five different kinds of cochlear implants. The subjects listed the
      advantages and disadvantages of their cochlear implant. Patients were asked about
      the time from implantation until maximum benefit and effect of the cochlear
      implant on tinnitus. Advantages were reported in (1) speech perception when
      speechreading can be used (85%); (2) environmental sound perception (75%); (3)
      psychologic effects (70%); (4) speech perception when speechreading cannot be
      used (64%); (5) lifestyle and social effects (42%); and (6) speech production
      (32%). Disadvantages were reported in (1) use of equipment (79%); (2)
      environmental-sound perception (47%); (3) speech perception when speechreading
      may be used (17%); (4) psychologic effects (11%); (5) speech perception when
      speechreading is not used (9%); (6) lifestyle and social effects (3.8%); and (7)
      speech production (1.9%). Ninety-one percent of the subjects indicated that they
      achieved maximum benefit in the first 7 months of cochlear-implant use. Eighty
      one percent of the subjects with tinnitus indicated that the cochlear implant had
      a positive effect on their tinnitus. In 17 percent of the cases the cochlear
      implant had no effect on their tinnitus and in 2 percent of the cases it made the
      tinnitus worse.

PMID- 2399951
TI  - Reconstruction of the ossicular chain using a multistrand wire spring prosthesis.
AB  - A multistrand wire spring prosthesis is presented for ossicular reconstruction.
      This device offers a workable solution not only to the ossiculoplasty problems
      associated with lateralization of the tympanic graft and displacement of the
      prosthesis, but also to other problems such as fixation to middle ear wall,
      tissue reaction, resorption, degeneration, biodegradation, or poor sound
      conduction, which are obviated using a stainless steel wire for the ossicular
      prosthesis. The spring also protects the inner ear from external trauma. Long
      term reconstruction results of 14 cases using first generation coil spring
      prosthesis are presented. A freely mobile prosthesis head composed of cartilage
      with perichondrium on a wire-mesh platform distributes pressure evenly to the
      undersurface of the tympanic membrane and further ensures the prevention of
      pressure necrosis and extrusion. When the handle of the malleus is present, the
      head-loop assembly of the spring prosthesis is designed to securely capture the
      handle. There is no practical loss of sound energy passing through the spring.
      Over a period of 14 years none of the wire prosthesis was found to have eroded
      through the stapedial footplate.

PMID- 2399952
TI  - Nonsurgical management of Frey's syndrome.

PMID- 2399953
TI  - Facial paralysis associated with cholesteatoma unresponsive to surgical therapy.

PMID- 2399954
TI  - Facial reanimation for longstanding facial paralysis with loss of fifth cranial
      nerve function as well.

PMID- 2399955
TI  - The effects of population structure on the spread of the HIV infection.
AB  - A model for the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a population of
      male homosexuals is presented. The population is divided into five groups on the
      basis of degree of sexual activity. Within each group, the individuals are
      classified as 1) susceptible; 2) infective; or 3) removed because of a lack of
      sexual activity associated with advanced acquired immunodeficiency disease
      (AIDS). The infective individuals are further subdivided into four stages of
      infection. Analyses of the model address two questions with regard to the spread
      of HIV: (1) What is the effect of level of sexual activity on an individual's
      risk for infection, and (2) What is the effect that assumptions about mixing
      between groups have on both individual risk and transmission throughout a
      population? Results from analyses using a number of different parameter estimates
      show that increased levels of sexual activity increase the likelihood that an
      individual will become infected. In addition, the initial spread of the disease
      is markedly affected by variation in the amount of contact among individuals from
      different subpopulations. The steady-state incidence of the disease is not
      markedly affected by variation in the contact patterns, but the size of the
      steady-state population and therefore the proportion of infected individuals in
      the population does vary significantly with changes in the degree of mixing among
      subpopulations. These results show clearly the sensitivity of model outcomes to
      variation in the patterns of contact among individuals and the need for better
      data on such interactions to aid in understanding and predicting the spread of
      HIV.

PMID- 2399956
TI  - The capitular joint of the first rib in primates: a re-evaluation of the proposed
      link to locomotion.
AB  - Evidence exists that in Australopithecus afarensis the head of the first rib
      articulated with the body of the first thoracic vertebra but not with the body of
      the seventh cervical vertebra (Ohman, 1983, 1986). Thus, the Hadar hominid would
      have differed from most primates, in which both these vertebrae are involved in
      formation of the first costal capitular joint. Indeed, Ohman (1986) has claimed
      that a univertebral pattern is unique to modern and fossil hominids among
      primates. He offered various theories on the adaptive significance of this trait,
      chief among which was a link to freeing the upper limb from any role in
      locomotion. Believing that Ohman's statement about the distribution of the
      univertebral pattern in living forms was based on inadequate samples, we have
      compiled data on the first costal capitular joint in a wider range of primate
      genera. Our observations demonstrate that the univertebral pattern, rather than
      being unique to hominids, is common among siamangs, occurs in an occasional
      gibbon, and is typical of the larger indriids. Consequently, one can no longer
      accept any contention that the univertebral first costal capitular joint of A.
      afarensis implies that it did not use its upper limbs for locomotion. Rather, the
      formation of this joint is correlated with orthogrady and body size. We discuss a
      possible explanation of this correlation in terms of movement of the first rib
      during breathing in an orthograde primate, be it one that stands on two legs,
      swings by two arms, or clings to trunks using all four appendages.

PMID- 2399957
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis "in the buff": erosive arthritis in defleshed bones.
AB  - Examination of isolated bones from patients with unequivocal rheumatoid arthritis
      provides only a glimpse of the disease but has been the only "gold standard" for
      recognition of osseous lesions as compatible with the diagnosis of rheumatoid
      arthritis. Documentation of skeletal pathologic changes in confidently diagnosed
      individuals has been a major missing link in the transition from clinical to
      skeletal analysis. Availability of appropriate skeletal material from two
      patients with long-standing, well-documented rheumatoid arthritis provided the
      opportunity for acquiring such information. The osseous appearance, skeletal
      distribution, and distinguishing features of rheumatoid arthritis "in the buff"
      were delineated in two contemporary patients and in a skeletal population of
      2,906 individuals. The preconceived notion of anticipated severity of disease has
      hereby been tested and found wanting. Severe lesions are not recognizable or
      distinguishable from artifact in relatively fragile rheumatoid arthritis-affected
      bones, whether freshly prepared or remotely sampled. Characterization of the
      nature and epidemiology of osseous alterations in two contemporary skeletal
      populations permitted the development of a standard for recognition of the
      disease in skeletal populations.

PMID- 2399960
TI  - Comparison of muscle weight and force ratios in New and Old World monkeys.
AB  - Thin mandibles and small incisors found in New World monkeys as compared with Old
      World monkeys suggest that there may be differences in craniofacial loading
      patterns between these two groups, particularly in levels of mandibular corpus
      twisting (Hylander, 1975, 1979a; Eaglen, 1984; Bouvier, 1986a,b). This study
      examined the hypothesis that changes in the relative force contributions of the
      masticatory muscles were responsible for lowering torsion on the mandibular
      corpus in New World monkeys. Muscle weight and physiological cross-sections were
      compared using data from the literature (Schumacher, 1960: Turnbull, 1970;
      Cachel, 1979) as well as new data on adult male Cebus apella and Macaca mulatta.
      Both age and sex had an effect on muscle ratios. Mixed samples such as those used
      by Schumacher and Turnbull probably are not appropriate for drawing conclusions
      concerning species or group differences in muscle ratios. In addition,
      biomechanical conclusions based on muscle weight ratios alone to estimate muscle
      force may be misleading because fiber length inversely affects the amount of
      force a muscle can exert. A comparison of ratios based on physiological cross
      section as an estimator of muscle force in New and Old World monkeys does not
      support the hypothesis that alterations in force contribution by individual
      masticatory muscles are responsible for minimizing mandibular corpus twisting in
      New World monkeys. Therefore, if twisting has been minimized in New World monkeys
      as suggested by their thin corpora, other changes in the craniofacial
      musculoskeletal complex, such as different muscle recruitment or pinnation
      patterns, may be responsible.

PMID- 2399959
TI  - Positional behavior in Saimiri boliviensis and Ateles geoffroyi.
AB  - Positional behavior, associated context, and substrate use in Ateles geoffroyi
      and Saimiri boliviensis were quantified using instantaneous focal animal sampling
      and a hierarchically organized nomenclature to describe posture and locomotion.
      This paper then examines behavioral predictions derived from pseudo-behavioral
      locomotor classifications, multivariate morphometric studies, and studies of the
      behavioral consequences of body size. The principal interspecific contrasts
      include (1) the superiority of Ateles with respect to locomotor and postural use
      of the forelimbs in tension, brachiation, arm swinging, dropping, quadrupedal
      climbing, forelimb dominated leaping/dropping take-offs and landings, suspensory
      posture, forelimb suspension, and use of larger and more complex supports; and
      (2) the superiority of Saimiri with respect to most forms of quadrupedal
      cursorial locomotion and leaping, quadrupedal leaping/dropping take-off and
      landing patterns, locomotor and postural use of the limbs under compression,
      nonsuspensory posture, sitting, quadrupedal standing, and the use of twigs and
      single supports. In both animals, however, nonsuspensory postures and quadrupedal
      locomotion prevailed. Although behavioral findings were generally consistent with
      predictions derived from morphological accounts, the fit was loose. Discrepancies
      arose, especially concerning climbing and leaping. These were attributed to
      inadequacies in current nomenclature descriptive of positional behavior arising
      from the indiscriminate use of overinclusive vernacular and pseudo-behavioral
      terms.

PMID- 2399958
TI  - Continuing periosteal apposition. II: The significance of peak bone mass, strain
      equilibrium, and age-related activity differentials for mechanical compensation
      in human tubular bones.
AB  - It is generally presumed that compensation for the reduction of bone strength by
      progressive endosteal bone loss in adults is provided by continuing periosteal
      apposition (CPA) of new lamellar bone. However, the appropriate magnitude of
      compensatory bone growth, and the parameters that operate to determine that
      magnitude, are unknown. This paper examines the mechanical compensation
      hypothesis in a series of right-circular tubular bone analogues. Under this
      hypothesis, the stated objective of CPA is maintenance of the cross-sectional
      geometric properties of the element. These include the second and polar moments
      of area, as well as the cortical area of the section (I, J, and CA,
      respectively). This study assumes that, as resorption and apposition proceed,
      geometric change is isometric (shape preserving). The analysis suggests that for
      a given rate of endosteal bone loss (the stimulus), the magnitude of periosteal
      growth (the response) required to maintain geometric strength is determined by
      the maximum ratio (CT0) of the radial distances from the section centroid to the
      endosteal and periosteal surfaces (i.e., cortical thickness prior to the onset of
      progressive endosteal bone loss, or peak bone mass). The analysis also indicates
      that, for any given individual, the amount of compensatory periosteal gain
      required may be very small. This is particularly true for individuals having a
      large CT0 and for whom the magnitude of dynamic loading imparted to the skeleton
      declines with advancing age. This finding is illustrated in a model that relates
      concepts of bone surface remodeling equilibria and age-related activity
      differentials.

PMID- 2399961
TI  - Morphology of the pubis and preauricular area in relation to parity and age at
      death in Macaca mulatta.
AB  - Some adult human females show bone resorption (pitting) at the dorsal aspect of
      the pubis and preauricular area of the ilium. The etiology of pelvic bone
      resorption is attributed alternatively to reproduction and to pelvic anatomy.
      While most researchers infer that pelvic pitting is related to reproduction, only
      a few studies are based on women of known parity. Degree of pubic resorption is
      directly associated with both parity (Suchey et al.: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.
      51:517-539, 1979; Bergfelder and Hermann: J. Hum. Evol. 9:611-613, 1980) and age
      (Suchey et al.: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 51:517-539, 1979). The relationship
      between parity and degree of resorption of the preauricular area is equivocal,
      found to be significant by Dunlap (A Study of the Preauricular Sulcus in a
      Cadaver Population, Ph.D. dissertation, East Lansing, Michigan State University,
      1981) but not by Spring et al. (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 79:247-252, 1989); both
      studies report that age is not associated with resorption of the preauricular
      area. Other mammals evidence public resorption, but the morphology of the
      preauricular area is less well known. This study addresses the issue on the
      etiology of pelvic bone resorption using a sample of Macaca mulatta (the free
      ranging population from Cayo Santiago) for which parity and age at death are
      known for all specimens. The following results are reported. Resorption of the
      pubis is common among females but infrequent among males. Contrary to Rawlins
      (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 42:477-488, 1975), the degree of pubic resorption in
      female macaques is significantly related to both parity and age at
      death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399962
TI  - Uptake of biotin by native Xenopus laevis oocytes.
AB  - The present study examined biotin uptake by Xenopus laevis oocytes in vitro.
      Uptake of low (0.03 microM) and high (10 microM) concentrations of biotin was
      linear with time for up to 4 h of incubation and occurred with little initial
      binding to oocytes. Uptake of biotin was dependent on extracellular Na+
      concentration [Na+]o and was severely inhibited when Na+ was replaced by other
      monovalent cations [choline, tetraethylammonia, Li+, and
      tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane]. The initial rate of biotin uptake was saturable
      as a function of concentration with an apparent Michaelis constant of 3.9 +/- 0.5
      microM and maximum velocity of 1,559 +/- 70 fmol.oocyte-1.h-1. Addition to the
      incubation medium of biotin structural analogues desthiobiotin and thioctic acid
      caused significant and concentration-dependent inhibition in the uptake of
      [3H]biotin. This inhibition was found to be competitive in nature with inhibition
      constant values of 9 and 17.5 microM. In contrast, neither the structural
      analogue biocytin nor biotin methyl ester (compounds in which the carboxyl group
      of the valeric acid moiety is blocked) showed any effect on the uptake of
      [3H]biotin. Biotin uptake was significantly blocked by the metabolic inhibitors
      dinitrophenol, cyanide, and azide and by incubation at 4 degrees C. Also, the
      sulfhydryl group blocker p-(chloromercuri)phenylsulfonate caused significant
      inhibition in biotin uptake. These results demonstrate that Xenopus oocytes
      possess an uptake system for biotin in its cell membrane that is Na+, energy, and
      temperature dependent. These characteristics of biotin uptake are similar to
      those reported in mammalian cells. It is suggested that Xenopus oocytes might be
      a useful in vitro model system to study the details of the mechanisms and
      regulation of biotin movement across biological membranes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399963
TI  - Influence of ATP turnover and metabolite changes on IMP formation and glycolysis
      in rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - Deamination of AMP to inosine monophosphate (IMP) and NH3 is thought to be
      regulated by the observed increases in ADP, AMP, and H+. We have examined this
      hypothesis by comparing the rate of IMP accumulation in contracting and
      noncontracting rat skeletal muscle. The rate of IMP formation was high during
      ischemic contraction, and consistent with previous studies, formation of IMP was
      associated with high levels of muscle lactate, depletion of phosphocreatine
      (PCr), and increased levels of ADP and AMP. When the contraction period was
      followed by 5-min anoxic recovery, the metabolic changes were maintained, but no
      further IMP or lactate was formed. During long-term (2-4 h) anoxia, the rate of
      IMP formation was less than 4% of that during contraction, despite similar
      changes in PCr, lactate, ADP, and AMP. It is concluded that the observed changes
      in the intracellular chemical environment are not sufficient to explain the high
      rate of IMP formation during contraction but that a combination of metabolic
      stress and a high ATP turnover rate is required. It is suggested that a high ATP
      turnover rate during conditions of metabolic stress results in transient
      increases in ADP and AMP at the site of ATP hydrolysis and that these activate
      AMP deaminase and glycolysis. An alternative hypothesis is that these processes
      are regulated by the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ in a contracting muscle.

PMID- 2399964
TI  - Chloride transport across the membrane of parotid secretory granules.
AB  - The Cl- transport pathways in secretory granules isolated from the parotid glands
      of rats were characterized by the technique of ionophore-induced lysis in defined
      salt solutions. The granules were shown to possess a Cl- conductance that
      exhibited a distinct anion selectivity with a sequence I- greater than Br-
      greater than Cl- greater than F- greater than SO4(2-) much greater than gluconate
      . This conductance could be reduced approximately 40% by the stilbene 4-acetamido
      4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) from the cytoplasmic side;
      the half-maximal concentration for inhibition was 50 microM. Furthermore, the
      apparent Cl- conductance was reduced by outwardly directed granule H+ gradients
      and stimulated by inwardly directed gradients. An outwardly directed H+ gradient
      mimics the in vivo environment and may serve in a regulatory capacity, providing
      for a tonic inhibition of transport until the granule fuses with the luminal
      membrane. The granules also possessed a Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange based on
      electroneutrality of Cl- uptake and stimulation of this uptake by HCO3-. This
      pathway displayed a different anion selectivity, I- greater than Br- greater than
      F- greater than Cl- much greater than SO4(2-) much greater than gluconate-, and
      was not inhibited by SITS on the cytoplasmic side. The presence of these
      electrolyte transport pathways in the granule membrane is consistent with the
      production of primary fluid by parotid acinar cells after fusion of granules with
      the luminal plasma membrane.

PMID- 2399965
TI  - Role of protein kinase C in renal vasoconstriction caused by angiotensin II.
AB  - In this study we have examined the subcellar pathways along which angiotensin II
      (ANG II) causes renal vasoconstriction. Using the isolated perfused rat kidney
      model, we found that renal vasoconstriction produced by ANG II (100 pM) was not
      altered by the calmodulin antagonists calmidazolium (1 microM) and N-(6
      aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalensulfonamide (W-7, 10 microM) but was blunted by
      staurosporine (100 nM) and 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methyl-piperazine (H-7,
      50 microM), two structurally distinct putative protein kinase C inhibitors. The
      phorbol ester 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (1-100 nM) did not alter renal
      vascular resistance, whereas phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 1-100 nM)
      caused potent and dose-dependent vasoconstriction that was prevented by
      staurosporine (100 nM) and H-7 (50 microM). The vasoconstrictory effects of ANG
      II and PMA were attenuated by the calcium channel blockers verapamil (5 microM)
      and nifedipine (5 microM) and were reversibly inhibited when cobaltous chloride
      (2 mM) was added to the perfusate. Taken together, our findings support the
      concept that the renal vasoconstrictory effect of ANG II is essentially mediated
      by protein kinase C activation, which either requires or enhances the entrance of
      extracellular calcium.

PMID- 2399966
TI  - Effect of temperature on myosin phosphorylation in mouse skeletal muscle.
AB  - The effect of muscle contraction on phosphorylatable myosin light chain (P-light
      chain) phosphate content and isometric twitch tension was examined at 25, 30, and
      35 degrees C in intact mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle. Peak tetanic
      tension was unaffected by temperature, whereas peak unpotentiated isometric
      twitch tension was inversely proportional to muscle incubation temperature. The
      extent of phosphate incorporation into P-light chain elicited by a 20-s train of
      twitches (5/s) was inversely proportional to muscle incubation temperature,
      whereas the fractional increase in twitch tension (twitch potentiation) elicited
      by repetitive stimulation was directly proportional to muscle incubation
      temperature. After the twitch train, the rate of decline of potentiated twitch
      tension and of P-light chain dephosphorylation was directly proportional to
      muscle incubation temperature. The net result was that a significant and unique
      relationship between P-light chain phosphate content and contraction-induced
      tension potentiation existed at each temperature examined. The slope of the P
      light chain phosphate vs. isometric twitch potentiation relationship varied
      directly as a function of muscle incubation temperature. The observations that
      the slope of this relationship increases and that unpotentiated twitch tension
      decreases when muscle incubation temperature is increased support the hypothesis
      that contraction-induced tension potentiation in intact mammalian skeletal muscle
      is the result of a sensitization of the contractile element to activation by Ca2+
      that is brought about by P-light chain phosphorylation.

PMID- 2399967
TI  - Fluorescent stilbene (BADS) binding proteins in anion-transporting epithelia.
AB  - Chloride transport occurs at the interface between the internal and external
      environments of a cell where chloride uptake or efflux is regulated through a
      variety of mechanisms that involve cotransport of cations, exchange mechanism
      with anions, or movement through channels. One of these mechanisms, a chloride
      bicarbonate exchange found in the human red blood cell, is well characterized and
      is mediated by a protein commonly known as band 3. To ascertain the presence of
      this or other mechanisms in epithelia, the sensitivity of epithelial membranes
      toward stilbenes was examined. Structure function activities of stilbene
      derivatives with red cell ghosts show that stilbene molecules block anion
      transport sites. One of these stilbenes, 4-benzamido-4'-aminostilbene-2-2'
      disulfonic acid (BADS), chosen for its property of enhanced fluorescence on
      binding to hydrophobic sites, was used as a probe to examine the presence or
      absence of similar sites on epithelial membranes. With the use of nonlinear curve
      fitting, a single class of sites was found for BADS in the rat kidney cortex (1.6
      microM), rat kidney medulla (2.1 microM), rat small intestine (2.2 microM), rat
      pancreatic islets (5.8 microM), frog cornea (4.3 microM), and shark rectal gland
      (1.5 microM). In the presence of chloride, the affinity for BADS decreased in all
      tissues except the frog corneal epithelium where it remained unchanged. The
      binding of BADS could be displaced by loop diuretics (furosemide, bumetanide, and
      piretanide) and thiocyanate anion in the kidney, intestine, and shark rectal
      gland; 50% displacement occurred at approximately 40 microM concentrations for
      furosemide with an order of magnitude less for bumetanide. The near-millimolar
      concentrations required for the displacement of BADS by loop diuretics indicate
      that this effect is nonspecific. However, the effect of chloride, thiocyanate,
      and loop diuretics on the binding of BADS indicates that BADS possibly interacts
      with an anion site.

PMID- 2399968
TI  - Relationship between proliferation and glucose metabolism in primary cultures of
      rabbit proximal tubules.
AB  - Primary cultures of rabbit proximal tubules, which revert to a glycolytic profile
      as reflected by increased activity of pyruvate kinase (PK) paralleled by
      increased glucose consumption and lactate formation, were utilized to explore the
      relationship between glycolytic metabolism and proliferation. Tubules placed in
      serum-free, hormonally defined Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 5 mM
      glucose exhibited logarithmic growth beginning on day 3 in culture. The increase
      in PK activity lagged approximately 1 day behind, suggesting that the reversion
      to glycolysis is a consequence of rather than a prerequisite for cellular
      proliferation. Tubules cultured in 0.5 mM as contrasted with 25 mM glucose
      exhibited heightened proliferation reflected by an increase in protein content
      and cell number on day 5 in culture. The heightened proliferation was accompanied
      by increased PK activity. On day 9, after confluency had been achieved, no
      differences in protein content or PK activity were detected between tubules
      cultured in different glucose concentrations. These findings indicate that a low
      glucose concentration is mitogenic for renal proximal tubules and that the
      proliferative process in some fashion up-regulates the activity of the glycolytic
      enzyme PK. Furthermore, because accelerated growth proceeds in the presence of
      glucose restriction, the energy from glycolysis is not required for the
      proliferative process.

PMID- 2399969
TI  - Protein content and myosin light chain phosphorylation in uterine arteries during
      pregnancy.
AB  - During pregnancy, the ovine uterine artery changes from a low- to a high-stress
      artery. We investigated the hypotheses that the increased stress reflects
      alterations in vessel wall cellularity, smooth muscle cell contractile protein
      contents, or activation properties. Uterine artery diameter increased during
      pregnancy, whereas the fractional cellular composition and thickness of the
      muscularis were unchanged. Results of morphometry suggest that vessel growth is
      associated with cell elongation. Uterine arteries from pregnant ewes had greater
      protein contents than those from nonpregnant ewes (104 vs. 69 mg/g,
      respectively); there were corresponding increases in the absolute cellular
      contents of actin and myosin. While the fraction of light chain phosphorylated in
      response to phenylephrine was unaltered, the total amount of myosin light chain
      phosphorylated per gram wet weight increased significantly during pregnancy. In
      addition, the distribution of myosin heavy chain isoforms was also altered during
      pregnancy. The increased stress observed in the uterine artery during ovine
      pregnancy reflects, in part, increases in cellular contractile protein
      concentrations associated with hypertrophy.

PMID- 2399970
TI  - Alterations in the functional properties of skinned fibers from denervated rabbit
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - Isometric tension was recorded in vitro from chemically skinned fibers obtained
      from normal and 14-day-denervated extensor digitorum longus muscles of the
      rabbit. Denervation potentiated the tensions elicited by pCa 6.0 but did not
      modify the pCa value (5.6) required for maximum tension. Ca2+ transport across
      the membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was markedly affected by
      denervation. Thus the rate of ATP-dependent net Ca2+ uptake increased
      significantly, and the spontaneous release ("leakage") of the Ca2+ stored in the
      SR was significantly reduced in denervated fibers. These effects lead to
      increased accumulation of Ca2+ in the lumen of the SR. The dose-response curve
      for the halothane-induced contractures of Ca2(+)-loaded skinned fibers was
      displaced to the left after denervation. Thus 0.7 mM halothane, a concentration
      that elicited no tension in 10 control fibers, induced contractures in the 10
      denervated fibers tested. The potentiation of the halothane-induced tensions is
      attributed mainly to the larger stores of Ca2+ in the SR of denervated fibers.
      The possibility that denervation may also affect the interaction of halothane
      with the SR membranes is discussed.

PMID- 2399971
TI  - Presence of a novel influx pathway for Mg2+ in MDCK cells.
AB  - Basal free Mg2+ concentration was 0.49 +/- 0.03 mM in normal single Madin-Darby
      canine kidney (MDCK) cells as measured by fluorescence with the aid of mag-fura
      2. Accordingly, Mg2+ may enter the cell down a transmembrane electrical gradient.
      The present study describes some aspects of Mg2+ entry into the established MDCK
      cell line. MDCK cells were Mg2(+)-depleted (0.26 +/- 0.01 mM) by culturing in
      Mg2(+)-free media for 16-20 h. Cells were subsequently exposed to 5 mM MgCl2, and
      intracellular Mg2+ concentration ([Mg2+]i) was monitored with fluorescence.
      [Mg2+]i returned to normal basal levels, 0.56 +/- 0.05 mM, with a refill rate of
      272 +/- 39 nM/s, n = 4. Mg2+ entry was not changed by 5.0 mM external Ca2+ but
      was completely inhibited with 5.0 mM La3+. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration was
      not altered by Mg2+ depletion or during Mg2+ repletion. Mg2+ uptake was inhibited
      by verapamil (0 +/- 27 nM/s, n = 3), was inhibited less so by diltiazem (141 +/-
      34 nM/s, n = 3), and was not affected by nifedipine (300 +/- 53 nM/s, n = 6).
      These inhibitors were fully reversible on removal, and [Mg2+]i returned to normal
      levels. These data indicate the presence of a unique Mg2+ entry pathway in MDCK
      cells that may be important in Mg2+ homeostasis. The model of Mg2+ refill into
      Mg2(+)-depleted cells may be useful in other cell types.

PMID- 2399972
TI  - Role of prostaglandins in protein turnover in tumor-bearing rats.

PMID- 2399973
TI  - 1,25(OH)2D response to combined zinc and phosphorus depletion in rats.
AB  - To investigate the role of zinc depletion in the response of calcitriol to a
      single provocative stimulus, we studied vitamin D metabolites, parathyroid
      hormone (PTH), and mineral balance during phosphorus depletion in animals with
      different zinc nutritional status. Male Lewis rats (66) were pair fed normal
      phosphorus (NP), zinc-replete (+) or -deplete (-) diets for 2 wk. Thereafter, one
      half of each paired group underwent 1 wk of phosphorus depletion (LP). Zinc
      deplete animals had lower plasma zinc, and phosphorus-deplete animals had lower
      plasma phosphorus concentrations than respective nutritionally replete controls.
      Plasma calcium, PTH, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations were similar in
      all four groups at end of experiment. Mean plasma 1,25(OH)2D concentration
      increased 80% from 35 +/- 3 to 63 +/- 9 pg/ml (P less than 0.007) when values
      were compared before and after phosphorus restriction in zinc-replete animals (LP
      + group). The 7.9% increase from 35 +/- 4 to 38 +/- 4 pg/ml in 1,25(OH)2D
      concentration in animals with combined zinc and phosphorus depletion (LP-) was
      not significant. External calcium balance, however, was maintained in the
      combined zinc and phosphorus-deplete group. We conclude that zinc depletion
      limits the increase in plasma 1,25(OH)2D concentration associated with phosphorus
      depletion. The mechanism is unknown but may involve an effect of zinc on renal
      25(OH)D 1-alpha-hydroxylase synthetic activity.

PMID- 2399974
TI  - Operating behavior of dual or multiple endocrine pulse generators.
AB  - We describe an endocrine model of dual or multiple stochastic generators of
      episodic pulse signals, provide a sensitivity analysis of output responses, and
      illustrate the statistical effects of a plurality of independent pulse generators
      on peak detector performance (sensitivity, specificity, positive accuracy, and
      negative accuracy). We define the probability distribution of random summation or
      interference events and evaluate physiological implications of two or more
      interacting pulse-generator systems. Such observations offer a basis for
      quantitative examination of the operating characteristics of two or more
      interacting endocrine pulse generators in specified physiological contexts.

PMID- 2399975
TI  - Regulation of plasma calcium and phosphate in calcitonin-infused rats.
AB  - The effects of long-term constant infusion of moderate doses (2-32 ng/h) of
      salmon calcitonin (sCT) on plasma Ca (and its radionuclide 45Ca), Pi, Mg, and on
      endogenous rat CT (rCT) metabolism were investigated in the rat. Daily variations
      were included. 1) The plasma concentrations of Ca and Pi fell and that of Mg
      increased transiently during infusion, with the duration of responses (1-3 days)
      depending on the sCT dose. Rats infused with 8 ng/h sCT remained sensitive to CT
      after 7 and 14 days, as indicated by the effects of minipump removal and of a
      bolus injection of exogenous sCT on plasma mineral concentrations. 2) In contrast
      to control rats, the well-established daily variations in plasma Ca and Pi levels
      were no longer observed after 7 and 14 days of sCT infusion (8 ng/h), but normal
      variations persisted for plasma Mg, circulating rCT, rCT mRNA, and rCT thyroid
      content. 3) Statistical analysis of plasma mineral data, collected at five
      sequential times during days 7 and 14, showed that the means were not
      significantly different and that the daily variations were essentially identical
      on days 7 and 14 in control rats. In contrast, the variability of measurements
      for plasma Ca and Pi, but not for Mg, increased significantly between days 7 and
      14 in infused rats, and the mean differences were significantly lower in infused
      rats on day 7 than in control rats. These results are consistent with a
      transitory loss of the daily variations for Ca and Pi (day 7) and the later (day
      14) spontaneous recovery of some variations in these parameters, although the
      individuals remain unsynchronized.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399976
TI  - Adrenal steroid receptor binding in spleen and thymus after stress or
      dexamethasone.
AB  - Type I and II adrenal steroid receptor binding was measured in spleen and thymus
      of adrenalectomized (ADX) rats and intact rats at basal levels of corticosterone
      after 1 h of restraint stress or after exogenous administration of dexamethasone
      (DEX). Concurrent receptor determinations were made in the hippocampus and
      pituitary. Receptor binding measures in immune tissues and pituitary were less
      responsive to varying levels of endogenous hormones than binding measures in
      hippocampus. Compared with ADX rats, type I binding in spleen and pituitary of
      intact rats at basal levels of corticosterone was unchanged, whereas type I
      binding in the hippocampus was significantly decreased. Furthermore, despite peak
      levels of corticosterone, type II binding in spleen, thymus, and pituitary of
      stressed rats was also unchanged, whereas type II binding in the hippocampus of
      stressed animals was significantly lower. In contrast, DEX, a well-known
      immunosuppressant, reduced type II binding in immune tissues more than in the
      hippocampus. Because a decrease in receptor binding measured in vitro may reflect
      receptor activation in vivo, these results suggest that there may be considerable
      heterogeneity in the degree of activation of adrenal steroid receptor subtypes in
      immune, pituitary, and hippocampal tissue by endogenous and exogenous
      glucocorticoids.

PMID- 2399978
TI  - Effects of amylin on glucose metabolism and glycogenolysis in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - The effects of amylin on glucose metabolism and glycogenolysis were examined in
      vivo and in vitro. Eighteen-hour-fasted rats were infused with 5 nmol.kg-1.min-1
      amylin and [3-3H]glucose for 120 min. Blood glucose levels increased an average
      of 45% during the infusion. Glucose turnover measurements indicated that the
      overall rate of glucose appearance (Ra) did not change, but the metabolic
      clearance rate of glucose was decreased by 42%. Samples of liver, gastrocnemius,
      and soleus muscles were freeze-clamped at the end of the infusion period and
      analyzed for glycogen and glucose 6-phosphate levels. Glycogen levels were
      decreased in all tissue samples, whereas glucose 6-phosphate was elevated in
      gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Isolated soleus muscles were incubated in vitro
      with 200 microU/ml of insulin and 1, 10, or 100 nM amylin. Amylin treatment had
      no effect on 3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport; however, 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake
      was inhibited by 33 or 48% at 10 or 100 nM amylin, respectively. Glycogen levels
      were also decreased after treatment with 10 and 100 nM amylin. Glucose 6
      phosphate levels were not affected by amylin treatment in the presence of insulin
      but were increased nearly twofold in its absence. The data suggest that amylin
      stimulates glycogenolysis and inhibits glucose uptake both in vivo and in vitro
      and that the inhibition of glucose uptake is due to inhibition of glucose
      phosphorylation (i.e., hexokinase).

PMID- 2399977
TI  - Effect of bathocuproine disulfonate, a copper chelator, on cyst(e)ine metabolism
      by freshly isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - The metabolism of L-cysteine was studied in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes.
      Because cysteine is rapidly oxidized in oxygenated incubation medium at neutral
      pH, the effect of bathocuproine disulfonate, a copper-specific chelator, was
      investigated. Addition of bathocuproine disulfonate resulted in a higher
      extracellular cysteine-to-half-cystine ratio in incubations of hepatocytes with
      cysteine. Bathocuproine disulfonate also increased the total uptake and
      metabolism of cysteine plus cystine [cyst(e)ine] by hepatocytes, which is
      consistent with the more efficient transport of cysteine than of cystine by
      freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. The partitioning of cysteine between
      cysteinesulfinate-dependent and cysteinesulfinate-independent pathways of
      catabolism was also altered by the addition of bathocuproine disulfonate; the
      percentage of total catabolic flux that resulted in taurine plus hypotaurine
      formation was greater, and the percentage of total catabolic flux that occurred
      by the beta-cleavage of cystine in a reaction catalyzed by gamma-cystathionase
      was less in incubations that contained bathocuproine disulfonate. Thus addition
      of bathocuproine disulfonate to maintain a higher extracellular thiol-to
      disulfide ratio favored cysteinesulfinate-dependent catabolism of cysteine in rat
      hepatocytes.

PMID- 2399979
TI  - Investigations of the migrating motor complex in domestic turkeys.
AB  - The motor correlate of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) was characterized
      in domestic turkeys, and feeding state, age, sex, and time of day were examined
      as possible factors influencing the motor activity observed. Strain gauge
      transducers, and in a few birds Ag-AgCl bipolar electrodes, were implanted on the
      caudoventral thin muscle of the muscular stomach, the duodenum, ileum, cecum, and
      colon. Contractility was recorded for 8-10 h per bird on alternating days for 2-3
      wk, except in birds involved in four 24-h recording sessions during a 2-wk
      period. Intense motor activity characteristic of phase III of the MMC occurred
      only in the ileum; other phases could not be identified. The duration,
      propagation velocity, and percent of cyclic motor patterns propagating from one
      site to another were similar to those reported in other galliform species. The
      occurrence of cyclic motor activity appeared to be related to food consumption;
      the number of motor patterns occurring during an intense feeding session was less
      than the number observed 1.5-2 h after feeding. In addition, more motor patterns
      were recorded in fasted poults during the light period than in the dark; however,
      the reverse was observed in juveniles fed ad libitum. Cyclic motor activity
      recorded in fasted 18-wk-old birds was of longer duration than that in fasted 8
      wk-old birds. No statistically significant differences were noted in the cyclic
      motor patterns of male vs. female poults.

PMID- 2399980
TI  - Gastrointestinal motor effects of erythromycin.
AB  - We studied the small intestinal motor effects of oral and intravenous (iv)
      erythromycin in 10 conscious dogs. After control recordings with placebo, oral or
      iv erythromycin was given at 40% of the migrating motor complex (MMC) cycle.
      Recordings were made after administration until normal contractile activity had
      returned or 12 h postdrug administration. Low doses initiated a premature MMC.
      High doses, however, prolonged the MMC cycle length. Erythromycin reduced the MMC
      propagation velocity at all doses. Both oral and iv erythromycin induced
      amyogenesia. During this pattern, electrical control activity was obliterated in
      the proximal and destabilized in the distal small intestine. Erythromycin also
      increased the incidence of retrograde giant contractions (RGCs) and vomiting.
      These effects occurred within the first 2 h after oral and within the first 30
      min after iv administration. The incidence of giant migrating contractions (GMCs)
      increased significantly from 5 to 12 h but not from 0 to 5 h after
      administration. The distance of origination of GMCs from the ileocolonic junction
      was significantly increased from 5 to 12 h. The amplitude ratio, duration, and
      velocity of migration of GMCs induced after erythromycin were similar to control
      values. Clusters of coordinated antral and duodenal contractions also occurred
      early after administration. Our findings suggest that erythromycin has multiple
      motor effects on the stomach and small intestine. Diarrhea, abdominal cramping,
      and vomiting associated with erythromycin may be related to increased incidence
      of GMCs and RGCs. Erythromycin has a biphasic effect on MMC cycle length,
      initiating premature MMCs at low doses and prolonging their cycle length at
      higher doses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399981
TI  - Molecular forms of cholecystokinin in rat intestine.
AB  - The predominant immunoreactive cholecystokinin (CCK) forms in acid extracts of
      rat intestine eluted from reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
      columns in the positions of CCK-8, CCK-33/39, and CCK-58. Control experiments
      indicated that smaller CCK forms did not arise from artifactual degradation of
      large CCK forms. Less than 10% of CCK-8 added to and extracted from intestine was
      recovered in acid; CCK-8 could not be recovered by subsequent alkaline
      extraction, but subsequent urea extraction yielded approximately 25% of the added
      peptide. This suggests that CCK binds to proteins during acid extraction and that
      the preponderance of large CCK forms in acid extracts is not due to inhibition of
      CCK degradation but results from poor extraction of small CCK forms. No evidence
      for a CCK-22-like peptide was found in acid or subsequent urea extracts of rat
      intestine, suggesting CCK posttranslational processing in adult rats is like that
      in humans and dogs.

PMID- 2399982
TI  - Response of canine lower esophageal sphincter to gastric distension.
AB  - The aim of this study was to localize the region of the stomach responsible for
      triggering distension-induced transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation
      (TLESR). The canine stomach was partitioned into subsegments by a row of
      buttressed sutures. This separated either the fundus from the lesser curve or the
      proximal stomach from the antrum. After 1 mo each region was progressively
      distended while gastroesophageal pressures were monitored. At the time of the
      first TLESR, gastric wall tension was estimated from the bag pressure and volume.
      Distension of the intact stomach, lesser curve, or proximal stomach in 12 dogs
      produced a progressive increase in lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure,
      which was interrupted at low gastric wall tension (29, 35, and 40 mmHg.cm,
      respectively) by a superimposed TLESR. Background LES pressure fell progressively
      with distension of the antrum but was unchanged by distension of the fundus
      alone. Both the fundus and antrum had significantly higher thresholds for
      triggering TLESR (96 and 105 mmHg.cm). In another two dogs truncal vagotomy
      performed at the time of gastric partitioning prevented both the change in
      background LES pressure, and the triggering of TLESR, associated with proximal
      gastric and antral distension. We conclude that the subcardiac region of the
      stomach is primarily responsible for triggering TLESR induced by distension and
      that the effect on background LES pressure depends on the region distended.

PMID- 2399983
TI  - Identification of taurocholate binding sites in ileal plasma membrane.
AB  - Intestinal absorption of bile salts occurs by passive processes throughout the
      length of the small intestine, whereas active carrier-mediated uptake is
      localized to the ileum. Although previous studies have extensively characterized
      brush-border transport of bile acids, their extrusion across the basolateral
      membrane is less well understood. Because previous reports had failed to show
      specific bile acid binding sites except with the use of photolabeled bile salt
      derivatives, we sought to identify and characterize the binding parameters of the
      physiological bile salt taurocholate in ileal and jejunal plasma membrane
      subfractions. Brush-border membrane (BBM) and basolateral membrane (BLM)
      fractions were rapidly and simultaneously isolated from the small intestinal
      mucosa. BBM fractions were isolated with enrichments of 50- to 54-fold for
      leucine aminopeptidase, whereas the basolateral membrane enrichment of Na(+)-K(+)
      ATPase, its specific marker enzyme, was 22- to 25-fold. Contamination from
      intracellular organelles was minimal. Binding of [14C]taurocholate was
      demonstrated in both jejunal as well as ileal plasma membrane fractions. However,
      only ileal binding demonstrated saturation, reversibility, and susceptibility to
      proteolytic enzymes. [14C]taurocholate binding to BBM fractions also showed
      competition with bile acids but was not altered by pH or alkylating agents. In
      contrast, binding of taurocholate to the basolateral membrane showed optimal pH
      between 6.5 and 7.5 and was inhibited by thiol and alkylating agents. Kinetic
      analysis of specific ileal BBM and BLM binding showed the parameters for BBM as
      288 +/- 70 microM and 2.4 +/- 0.6 nmol/mg protein and for BLM as 6.6 +/- 0.7
      microM and 0.56 +/- 0.01 nmol/mg protein for dissociation constant and maximum
      binding capacity, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399984
TI  - Meal-stimulated absorption of water and electrolytes in canine jejunum.
AB  - After a meal, the absorption of water and electrolytes from the jejunal lumen
      increases. This meal-induced jejunal absorption occurs in jejunal segments out of
      normal gastrointestinal continuity. The experimental model used 25-cm proximal
      jejunal Thiry-Vella loops in awake dogs (n = 72 observations) to evaluate the
      mechanisms involved in meal-induced jejunal absorption, seeking to define the
      source or sources of the proabsorptive signal. Specifically, we evaluated the
      jejunal absorptive response to a standard meal, a standard meal plus cholinergic
      blockage using atropine, a sham-fed meal, a gavage-fed meal, and gastric
      distension with balloon and gavage water. Both the standard meal and the gavage
      fed meal induced a prompt, sustained, and significant (P less than 0.0001)
      increase in the absorption of H2O, Na+, and Cl-. Atropine significantly reduced
      the magnitude of the postmeal absorptive response (P less than 0.05) compared
      with the standard meal alone. The sham-fed meal, gastric balloon distension, and
      gavage water did not alter jejunal absorption. Vagal nerve integrity after
      cervical esophageal manipulation was verified by gastric acid output and gastrin
      response to stimuli. These data support a role for cholinergic modulation of meal
      stimulated jejunal absorption via a cephalic-phase-independent and gastric
      distension-independent mechanism.

PMID- 2399985
TI  - Relation between small intestinal motor activity and transit in secretory
      diarrhea.
AB  - Our objective in this study was to correlate small intestinal motor activity with
      transit time in the fed state under normal conditions and in the secretory state
      induced by cholera toxin. In the control state, transit time was strongly and
      inversely correlated with the mean distance of propagation and to a lesser degree
      with frequency and total duration of all contractions. By contrast, transit time
      was not correlated with total amplitude and area of all contractions. When
      contractions were separated into propagating and nonpropagating contractions,
      there was a highly significant inverse correlation between transit time and all
      parameters of propagating contractions but no relation with any parameter of
      nonpropagating contractions. Similar results were obtained during the secretory
      state induced by cholera toxin. The control data were used to develop a
      mathematical model to predict transit time from contractile parameters and was
      validated using the data obtained in the secretory state. Our findings
      demonstrate that transit through the small intestine in the normal and secretory
      states is strongly related to the parameters of propagating contractions but not
      to parameters of nonpropagating contractions.

PMID- 2399986
TI  - Thromboxane plays a role in postprandial jejunal oxygen uptake and capillary
      exchange.
AB  - The effects of a thromboxane A2 (TxA2)-endoperoxide receptor antagonist, SQ
      29548, on jejunal blood flow, oxygen uptake, and capillary filtration coefficient
      (Kfc) were determined in anesthetized dogs under resting conditions and during
      the presence of predigested food in the jejunal lumen in three series of
      experiments. In series 1, 2.0 micrograms intra-arterial administration of SQ
      29548 was found to abolish completely the vasoconstrictor action of graded doses
      (0.05-2.0 micrograms) of intra-arterial injection of a TxA2-endoperoxide
      analogue, U44069. SQ 29548 (2.0 micrograms ia) per se did not significantly alter
      resting jejunal blood flow, oxygen uptake, capillary pressure, or Kfc. Before SQ
      29548, placement of food plus bile into the jejunal lumen increased blood flow
      +42 +/- 9%, oxygen uptake +28 +/- 7%, and Kfc +24 +/- 6%. After SQ 29548, the
      food placement increased blood flow +37 +/- 8%, oxygen uptake +52 +/- 11%, and
      Kfc +63 +/- 20%. The food-induced increases in oxygen uptake and Kfc after SQ
      29548 were significantly greater than those induced before the blocking of TxA2
      endoperoxide receptors by SQ 29548. Our study indicates that endogenous
      thromboxane does not play a role in regulating jejunal blood flow, capillary
      filtration, and oxygen uptake under resting conditions. However, it plays a role
      in limiting the food-induced increases in jejunal oxygen uptake and capillary
      exchange capacity without influencing the food-induced hyperemia.

PMID- 2399987
TI  - Absorption of beta-casomorphins from autoperfused lamb and piglet small
      intestine.
AB  - beta-Casomorphins (beta-CMs) derived from milk beta-casein may exert various
      opiate activities in milk-fed infants. To assess the physiological significance
      of beta-CMs as a source of circulating opioids in infants, we measured absorption
      rates of several beta-CMs under near-physiological conditions using in situ
      autoperfused lamb intestine. The naturally occurring beta-CMs, beta-CM-7 and beta
      CM-4-amide, were absorbed readily into blood with no transfer into lymph. Uptake
      peaked within several minutes of the luminal infusion of peptide but then
      declined sharply and stopped within a further 10-15 min. The recovery in blood,
      intestinal contents, and tissue at the end of the 30-min experiment was less than
      1% of the infused dose. The low recovery was due to rapid proteolysis based on in
      vitro studies that demonstrated half-lives of less than 5 min in lamb blood,
      luminal contents, and lymph. The synthetic dipeptidyl peptidase IV-resistant
      analogue beta-[D-Ala2]CM- 4-amide was stable during incubation in blood, lymph,
      or luminal contents and was absorbed into blood at rates that were maximal within
      several minutes and remained steady for the 30-min period. We conclude that
      although natural beta-CMs are transferred across the lamb small intestine, rapid
      degradation within the intestinal lumen, gut epithelium, and blood would prevent
      entry into the circulation under normal conditions. Val-beta-CM-7, a putative
      stable precursor, had similar stability and kinetics of absorption to beta-CM-7,
      results that exclude Val-beta-CM-7 as a stable precursor for delivery of beta-CMs
      to the circulation. Essentially identical results to those in lambs were obtained
      in 7-day-old piglets.

PMID- 2399989
TI  - Effect of denervation of the myenteric plexus on gastroduodenal motility in
      turkeys.
AB  - The effect of denervation of portions of the myenteric plexus on initiation and
      coordination of gastric and duodenal contractions was examined in domestic
      turkeys. Three areas of the muscular stomach (MS), the isthmus between the
      glandular stomach (GS) and MS, and the pylorus were denervated by application of
      1% benzalkonium chloride. Motor activity of the gastroduodenal organs was
      monitored for 1 h every other day for 13 days using strain gauge transducers
      implanted at selected sites. Denervation of the isthmus reduced the frequency of
      MS and duodenal contractions by 50% and abolished GS contractions. Pyloric
      denervation did not affect the frequency of GS or MS contractions but abolished
      duodenal contractions. These results suggest that 1) a driving pacemaker for the
      gastroduodenal cycle is located in the isthmus, and 2) the myenteric plexus is
      essential for conduction from the pacemaker to the GS and to the duodenum.
      Denervation of the medial commissure of the myenteric plexus of the MS
      significantly impaired the function of the ventral half of the MS. It caused
      atrophy of the underlying medial thick muscle and significantly decreased
      contraction amplitude. Denervation at this site also caused an enlargement and
      impaction of the adjacent caudal thin muscle with food and a significant decrease
      in contraction amplitude. In contrast, denervation of the lateral commissure
      enlarged the underlying lateral thick muscle and significantly increased its
      contraction amplitude. Denervation of the cranial thin muscle delayed
      contractions of that muscle, causing an asynchronization of thin muscle
      pair.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2399988
TI  - Effect of age on the secretory capacity of pig small intestine in vivo and in
      vitro.
AB  - The effect of age on the secretory response of pig small intestine to in vivo
      challenge by cholera toxin (CT) was investigated. The small intestine of 14-day
      old pigs was more sensitive to CT challenge than that of 14-wk-old animals. In
      the 14-day jejunum CT-induced fluid secretion was five times that observed in the
      14-wk tissue. Similarly, the 14-day ileum produced a fourfold higher secretion
      than the 14-wk ileum, although the magnitude of ileal secretion was markedly
      lower than that observed in the jejunum at the same CT dose. This reduced
      response to CT with age was not due to a reduced secretory capacity of the
      tissue, since supramaximal doses of prostaglandin E2 and theophylline induced a
      similar response in tissue from both age groups in vitro. We conclude that these
      results are consistent with the hypothesis that an antisecretory factor, which
      naturally inhibits fluid losses in enterotoxigenic diarrhea, is produced in older
      animals.

PMID- 2399990
TI  - Na restriction blunts expansion of plasma volume and ameliorates hyperdynamic
      circulation in portal hypertension.
AB  - Expansion of plasma volume may be necessary for the development of the
      hyperdynamic circulation in portal hypertension. In experiment 1, sham portal
      vein-constricted (sham PVL) rats were divided into normal diet (NL diet sham) and
      low-sodium diet (low-Na sham) groups. Data obtained from the NL diet sham group
      was used as control data in studying portal hypertensive rats, which were also
      divided into normal diet (NL diet PVL) and sodium-restricted (low-Na PVL) groups
      on the day of portal vein constriction. There were no hemodynamic differences at
      3 wk between sham PVL rats on the two diets. In contrast, sodium restriction in
      PVL rats resulted in a significant amelioration of the hyperdynamic circulation.
      In experiment 2, PVL rats were fed a normal diet for 10 days, followed by
      allocation to NL diet PVL and low-Na PVL groups. The hemodynamic effects of
      sodium restriction in these animals (studied at 22 and 28 days after PVL) were
      similar to those observed in experiment 1. A time course for amelioration of the
      hyperdynamic circulation in PVL rats by sodium restriction is described. Sodium
      restriction prevents the expansion of the plasma volume in PVL rats. Interference
      with plasma volume expansion blunts the development of (and can ameliorate) the
      hyperdynamic syndrome. Plasma volume expansion seems necessary for the
      development of the hyperdynamic circulation in portal hypertension.

PMID- 2399992
TI  - Time-series analysis of myoelectric cycling of sphincter of Oddi: evidence of
      cycling during fed state.
AB  - The sphincter of Oddi (SO) in the fasted opossum exhibits spontaneous cyclic
      spikeburst activity that is temporally related to the interdigestive migrating
      myoelectric complex (MMC) of the small intestine. After feeding, the cyclic
      activity is apparently disrupted. Our aim was to use time-series analysis to
      mathematically describe the periodic behavior of the fasted state and to
      determine whether this periodicity is present after feeding. Five opossums were
      chronically prepared with bipolar electrodes secured to the SO. With the animals
      fasted and conscious, myoelectric activity was recorded for at least two MMC
      cycles after which they were fed 170 kcal of cream. Spikeburst frequency data
      were analyzed by fast Fourier transform (FFT) and by digital band-pass filtering.
      Results from FFT analysis showed an intense low-frequency peak during the fasted
      state which persisted but was markedly depressed during the fed state. Analysis
      of the data after filtering also showed persistent sinusoidal activity at the MMC
      frequency after feeding, although the waveform was significantly depressed by
      both peak-to-peak amplitude and root mean square amplitude analysis. Recovery to
      normal fasting cyclic behavior with recovery of both FFT and filtered data was
      observed. We conclude that in the opossum the cyclic nature of the SO myoelectric
      activity observed during the fasted state persists after feeding, but is
      inhibited and masked by an increase in overall spikeburst activity.

PMID- 2399991
TI  - Sodium-adenosine cotransport in brush-border membranes from rabbit ileum.
AB  - To determine the mechanism(s) of transcellular adenosine transport in epithelial
      tissues that possess an adenosine receptor response, we studied [3H]adenosine
      uptake using vesicles prepared from isolated brush-border and basolateral
      membranes of the rabbit ileum. In the presence of the adenosine deaminase
      inhibitor deoxycoformycin uptake of [3H]adenosine into brush-border membrane
      vesicles is stimulated fivefold by an inwardly directed Na gradient. Na-dependent
      [3H]adenosine uptake is enhanced and concentrative under conditions that increase
      inside negativity of vesicles, thus providing evidence for an electrogenic
      carrier. Na-dependent adenosine uptake is a saturable function of adenosine
      concentration with a Michaelis-Menten constant of 17.3 +/- 7.1 microM and maximum
      transport rate of 216.9 +/- 20.2 pmol.min-1.mg protein-1. Both uridine and
      inosine inhibit [3H]adenosine uptake, suggesting that the Na-dependent
      transporter has broad substrate specificity for both purine and pyrimidine
      ribonucleosides. Na-dependent adenosine uptake is inhibited by dipyridamole but
      is insensitive to 6-(4-nitrobenzyl)thio-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. We conclude
      that adenosine is transported across ileal brush-border membranes by a Na
      ribonucleoside cotransport system. In contrast, adenosine uptake in basolateral
      membranes is not stimulated by a Na gradient. These studies show asymmetry in the
      distribution of transport systems for adenosine in polarized intestinal
      epithelia.

PMID- 2399993
TI  - Is locked seclusion necessary for children under the age of 14?
AB  - A retrospective study of the effect of the implementation of an unlocked
      seclusion policy was conducted on three child psychiatric inpatient units in a
      state hospital in Pennsylvania. Unlocked seclusion was associated with 1)
      increased use of tranquilizing medications administered as needed on all three
      units, 2) increased clustering of medications, administered as needed, in the
      units that used seclusion most, 3) diverse changes in the three units regarding
      frequency and clustering of unlocked seclusion, and 4) increased correlations
      between medications administered as needed and seclusion, particularly in the
      more behaviorally disturbed children. These findings suggest that locked
      seclusion may be a necessary therapeutic intervention, particularly with severely
      disturbed children with serious conduct and impulsive disorders.

PMID- 2399994
TI  - Childhood antecedents of antisocial behavior: parental alcoholism and physical
      abusiveness.
AB  - Hierarchical logistic regression was used to assess the independent and
      interactive effects of paternal alcoholism and physical child abuse on antisocial
      behavior in young adult men. Men with alcoholic fathers (N = 131) did not report
      or exhibit more antisocial behavior than comparison subjects (N = 70). Men with
      physical abuse histories, however, reported more aggressive and antisocial
      behaviors during a clinical interview and were rated by a clinical interviewer as
      more likely to act out aggression. Arrest records did not distinguish the groups.
      There was no evidence that paternal alcoholism and childhood victimization
      interacted to increase the risk of antisocial behavior.

PMID- 2399995
TI  - CSF gamma-aminobutyric acid in alcoholics and control subjects.
AB  - Alcohol has widespread effects on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in
      the brain. This system in the brain is also postulated to have a role in anxiety,
      and alcoholics have been reported to have more anxiety disorders. Therefore, the
      authors undertook a study to compare CSF levels of GABA in abstinent alcoholic
      patients and normal control subjects. There was no significant difference between
      groups in CSF levels of GABA. Also, there was no significant difference in GABA
      level between alcoholic patients with histories of withdrawal seizures and those
      without such a history.

PMID- 2399996
TI  - Cognitive effects of corticosteroids.
AB  - In three independent studies with different designs and groups of subjects, the
      authors found that 1) depressed patients who did not suppress cortisol when given
      dexamethasone (compared to suppressors and normal control subjects), 2) healthy
      volunteers given a single 1-mg dose of dexamethasone (compared to those given
      placebo), and 3) healthy volunteers given 80 mg/day of prednisone for 5 days
      (compared to those given placebo) all made significantly more errors of
      commission in verbal memory tasks, with no significant change in their rates of
      errors of omission. These findings raise the possibility of specific
      corticosteroid-related cognitive impairments.

PMID- 2399997
TI  - The clinical presentation of command hallucinations in a forensic population.
AB  - In a forensic population, patients with command hallucinations (N = 25) were
      compared to two groups of psychotic patients: those with noncommand
      hallucinations (N = 24) and those without hallucinations (N = 16). The three
      groups did not differ in overall impairment as measured by the Global Assessment
      Scale and the Social Behavior Rating Schedule. However, the group with command
      hallucinations differed in the content of their hallucinations (more aggression,
      dependency, and self-punishment themes), and nearly one-half did not report or
      denied their command hallucinations to the assessment team. Many patients (N =
      11, 44%) reported that they frequently responded to hallucinatory commands with
      unquestioning obedience.

PMID- 2399998
TI  - Physiological evidence of exaggerated startle response in a subgroup of Vietnam
      veterans with combat-related PTSD.
AB  - One of the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an
      exaggerated startle response; however, this phenomenon has not been verified
      empirically. The authors compared 20 Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD and 18
      combat veterans without PTSD on the eyeblink reflex electromyographic response of
      the startle reaction. Subjects in both groups who failed to show an eyeblink
      response to the startle stimuli were eliminated from further analyses. Among the
      remaining subjects, the 13 with PTSD had a significantly greater startle response
      amplitude than the 12 control subjects at intermediate intensities of acoustic
      stimuli. The relationship between startle responsivity and both negative and
      positive symptoms was also investigated.

PMID- 2399999
TI  - Left prefrontal glucose hypometabolism in the depressed state: a confirmation.
AB  - The resting-state cerebral metabolic rates for glucose of 10 severely depressed
      patients (seven bipolar and three unipolar) were compared, before and after
      treatment with tricyclic antidepressants, to those of 10 control subjects of
      similar age by means of positron emission tomography and the fluorodeoxyglucose
      method. Significant left-right prefrontal asymmetry was present in the patients
      before but not after successful treatment, suggesting that medication can reduce
      this asymmetry. Also, significant hypofrontality and whole-cortex hypometabolism
      were found in the patients in the depressed state and persisted in the treated
      state, despite clinical improvement, suggesting that these abnormalities are not
      state dependent.

PMID- 2400000
TI  - Maintenance of hope in HIV-spectrum homosexual men.
AB  - The struggle to maintain hope has been described as a central theme faced by
      clinicians who work with HIV-spectrum people. The authors investigated
      psychiatric and psychosocial variables thought to be related to level of hope in
      a community sample of 208 HIV-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men, with the
      goal of identifying possible risk and protective factors in the progression of
      HIV infection. Overall, they found high levels of hope and low levels of current
      syndromal disorder or depressive symptoms. While the sample was a selected group
      of successful and well-educated homosexual men, it nevertheless remains
      noteworthy that they were able to preserve a sense of faith in their future
      despite HIV infection.

PMID- 2400001
TI  - The role of gender in studies of ventricle enlargement in schizophrenia: a
      predominantly male effect.
AB  - Two previously reported neuroimaging studies from the authors' laboratory
      demonstrated larger lateral ventricles in schizophrenic patients than in normal
      control subjects. This diagnostic effect was accounted for almost entirely by the
      male subjects. In this report the role of gender is further explored through
      reexamining these data sets and those of two earlier studies. Although Gender by
      Diagnosis effects were not demonstrated, in three of the four studies male
      schizophrenic subjects had significantly larger ventricles than their control
      counterparts; there were no differences among the female subjects. One study
      suggested the opposite effect, but this may be attributable to a non
      representative control group.

PMID- 2400002
TI  - Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, psychological distress, and readiness to utilize
      a mental health facility.
AB  - The effects of minority status versus ethnic culture on Mexican-Americans'
      underutilization of mental health services were reassessed through development
      and testing of an analytic path model that proposes a sequence of factors,
      including Mexican-American ethnicity, socioeconomic status, degree of social and
      institutional support, and depression, which culminate in a person's decision to
      utilize mental health facilities. The model also predicts that life stress will
      affect utilization through its influence on depression. Data from 783 subjects
      generally supported the model's predictions. A multifactorial approach to the
      causes of mental health problems and utilization behavior in the Mexican-American
      population is suggested.

PMID- 2400003
TI  - Effect of time-limited psychotherapy on patient dropout rates.
AB  - The authors conducted an archival study of 149 new clinic patients at a large
      community mental health center. The dropout rate for patients in brief
      psychotherapy in which the length of therapy was specified at the outset of
      treatment (time-limited psychotherapy) (32%) was about one-half the dropout rate
      for patients in brief (67%) and long-term (61%) individual psychotherapy. The
      difference in dropout rates could not be explained by patient demographic or
      diagnostic variables or by therapist characteristics measured in the study. The
      results suggest that setting a specific time limit on individual psychotherapy at
      the outset of treatment can reduce the patient dropout rate in a public mental
      health clinic.

PMID- 2400004
TI  - Parents' awareness of children's suicide attempts.
AB  - In independent psychiatric interviews with 175 children and their mothers, either
      the mother or the child reported that 13 (7%) of the children had made a suicide
      attempt. Eight of the 13 children reported attempts that were not reported by
      their mothers.

PMID- 2400005
TI  - Ritualistic use of fluoxetine by a former substance abuser.

PMID- 2400006
TI  - A case of amitriptyline abuse.

PMID- 2400007
TI  - Perphenazine in breast milk and serum.

PMID- 2400008
TI  - A residency training clinic in a county jail.

PMID- 2400009
TI  - Desipramine and its 2-hydroxy metabolite in patients taking or not taking
      methadone.

PMID- 2400010
TI  - Suicidal preoccupation during fluoxetine treatment.

PMID- 2400011
TI  - Right versus left unilateral ECT.

PMID- 2400012
TI  - Late-onset and early-onset schizophrenia.

PMID- 2400013
TI  - Psychotherapy for depression.

PMID- 2400014
TI  - Diagnosis of Tourette's disorder.

PMID- 2400015
TI  - Multiple personality disorder and borderline personality disorder.

PMID- 2400016
TI  - Psychotherapy training for psychiatrists.

PMID- 2400017
TI  - The idiot savant: a reconsideration of the syndrome.

PMID- 2400018
TI  - Diagnosis and classification of erotomania.

PMID- 2400019
TI  - Accuracy of adults' reports of abuse in childhood.

PMID- 2400020
TI  - The power of religion.

PMID- 2400021
TI  - Utilization of partial hospitalization programs.

PMID- 2400022
TI  - Perspectives on psychiatry from Asian cultures.

PMID- 2400023
TI  - On looking risk in the eye.

PMID- 2400024
TI  - The sick building syndrome: where is the epidemiologic basis?

PMID- 2400025
TI  - The attitude/behavior discrepancy as a methodological artifact: comment on
      'sexually active adolescents and condoms'.
AB  - A recent questionnaire-based study published in the American Journal of Public
      Health found that although sexually active adolescents both believe that the use
      of condoms offers protection against sexually transmitted diseases and value such
      protection, they do not intend to use (or have their partners use) condoms. This
      attitude/behavior discrepancy is more apparent than real. Six methodological
      problems in the study are discussed in detail in order to demonstrate how the
      overly simplified treatment of a complex behavior can lead to invalid
      conclusions.

PMID- 2400026
TI  - The utility of multiple strategies for understanding complex behaviors.
AB  - Nickerson's critique of our brief report on changes in knowledge, attitudes and
      use of condoms among adolescents over a year's time mistakenly interprets the
      paper as examining an attitude/behavior discrepancy. A number of her criticisms
      follow from this mistaken interpretation. We agree with some of her general
      points but identify several errors in her analysis and note areas of disagreement
      about strategies for studying complex behaviors.

PMID- 2400027
TI  - Blaming the victim: the negative consequence of preventive medicine.

PMID- 2400028
TI  - Global health, national development, and the role of government.
AB  - In spite of extreme differences in health status between the more developed and
      less developed countries, trends of infant mortality and life expectancy show
      substantial improvements in both types of country between 1950 and 1980. These
      improvements may be attributed to three types of change: 1) socio-economic
      development with decolonization, increased industrialization, growth of gross
      domestic product, urbanization, the gains of women, and enhanced education; 2)
      cross-national influences due to greater international trade, the spread of
      technology, and widespread affirmation of human rights; and 3) national health
      system development through expanded governmental health programs. Further
      improvements will depend on greater strength in public sector health services
      rather than private sector services which aggravate inequities.

PMID- 2400029
TI  - Consistent pattern of elevated symptoms in air-conditioned office buildings: a
      reanalysis of epidemiologic studies.
AB  - Published studies of the relation between type of building ventilation system and
      work-related symptom prevalence in office workers have been contradictory. A
      reanalysis was performed of six studies meeting specific eligibility criteria,
      combining published data with unpublished information obtained from study
      authors. Five eligible studies were from the United Kingdom, and one was from
      Denmark. Standardized categories of building ventilation type were created to
      allow comparison of effects across studies. Within each study, prevalence odds
      ratios (PORs) were calculated for symptoms in each ventilation category relative
      to a baseline category of naturally ventilated buildings. Air-conditioned
      buildings were consistently associated with increased prevalence of work-related
      headache (POR = 1.3-3.1), lethargy (POR = 1.4-5.1), and upper respiratory/mucus
      membrane symptoms (POR = 1.3-4.8). Humidification was not a necessary factor for
      the higher symptom prevalence associated with air-conditioning. Mechanical
      ventilation without air-conditioning was not associated with higher symptom
      prevalence. The consistent associations found between type of building
      ventilation and reported symptom prevalence have potentially important public
      health and economic implications.

PMID- 2400030
TI  - The association of corneal arcus with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular
      disease mortality in the Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study.
AB  - The relationship between corneal arcus (arcus senilis) and mortality from
      coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is examined in a
      prospective study of White men (n = 3,930) and women non-hormone users (n =
      2,139), ages 30-69, followed for an average of 8.4 years as part of the Lipid
      Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study. After excluding those with clinically
      manifest CHD at baseline, corneal arcus was strongly associated with CHD and CVD
      mortality only in hyperlipidemic men ages 30-49 years, for whom the relative risk
      for CHD and CVD death was 3.7 and 4.0, respectively, after adjusting for age,
      total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and smoking status using a Cox proportional
      hazards model. Among 30-49 year old males, corneal arcus appears to be a
      prognostic factor for CHD, independent of its association with hyperlipidemia in
      this age-group, of about the same magnitude as other common risk factors,
      underscoring the usefulness of corneal arcus as a prognostic factor to the
      practicing clinician.

PMID- 2400031
TI  - Environmental tobacco smoke exposure during infancy.
AB  - We collected information about household smoking habits from 518 mothers when
      they made their first well child visit with a 6 to 8-week old infant. A urine
      sample was also collected from the infant, the cotinine concentration measured,
      and the measurement correlated with data provided by the mother. Eight percent of
      the infant urine cotinine values fell at or above 10 micrograms/L in the 305
      households where no smoking was reported. Corresponding rates were 44 percent in
      the 96 households where a member other than the mother smoked, 91 percent in the
      43 households where only the mother smoked, and 96 percent in the 74 households
      where both the mother and another household member smoked. In households where
      the mother smoked, infant urine cotinine levels were lower in the summer, and
      higher when the infant was breast-fed. A screening question about family smoking
      habits in conjunction with well child care could effectively define a group of
      infants exposed to environmental tobacco smoke and thus be at greater risk for
      respiratory diseases.

PMID- 2400032
TI  - Drinking water contamination and the incidence of leukemia: an ecologic study.
AB  - An ecologic study was performed to examine the relation between the incidence of
      leukemias and the occurrence of volatile organic chemical (VOC) contamination of
      drinking water supplies within a study area comprised of subpopulations
      differentially exposed to drinking water VOCs (trichloroethylene and related
      solvents). Populations served by community water supplies were classified into
      exposure categories according to VOC contamination status based on 1984-85
      sampling data. Leukemia incidence data (1979-84) were collected from a population
      based cancer registry. For females, the standardized incidence ratio was elevated
      only in towns in the highest of three exposure categories. No association was
      observed in males in any of the exposure categories. A Poisson regression
      analysis of the data, using finer exposure strata, indicated an increase in risk
      among females with increasing level of contamination which appeared to be
      distributed evenly across all age strata. The rate ratio for females at the
      highest exposure stratum for total non-THM VOCs compared to the least exposed
      stratum was 1.68. The observed association appears to suggest that drinking water
      contaminated with VOCs may increase the incidence of leukemia among exposed
      females, but caution is advised in the interpretation of these results because of
      the uncertainties inherent in ecologic studies.

PMID- 2400033
TI  - Paternal military service in Vietnam and the risk of late adverse pregnancy
      outcomes.
AB  - To investigate the relationship between paternal military service in Vietnam and
      the risk of late adverse pregnancy outcomes, we conducted a case-control study of
      women who delivered infants from August 1977 until March 1980 at Boston Hospital
      for Women. Paternal military service history among 857 congenital anomaly cases,
      61 stillbirth cases, and 48 neonatal death cases were compared with that of 998
      normal controls. Military service veterans were identified by crossmatching
      identifying information from obstetric records with state and national military
      records. After controlling for confounding variables, we found that the Vietnam
      veterans' relative risk of fathering an infant with one or more major
      malformations was 1.7 (95% CI = 0.8, 3.5) compared to non-Vietnam veterans. The
      increased risk was present in several organ systems and did not seem to be
      related to a particular type of defect. No associations or highly unstable
      associations were found between paternal military service in Vietnam and the
      occurrence of congenital anomalies overall, minor malformations, normal variants,
      stillbirths, and neonatal deaths. These findings should be viewed with caution
      since maternal and delivery characteristics appear to have contributed to the
      etiology of several of the major malformations among the Vietnam veterans'
      children.

PMID- 2400034
TI  - Lyme disease in New Jersey outdoor workers: a statewide survey of seroprevalence
      and tick exposure.
AB  - To evaluate the spread of Lyme disease in New Jersey, we conducted a statewide
      cross-sectional study of Lyme disease seroprevalence in a high-risk occupational
      group of outdoor employees. Of the 689 employees who participated in the study,
      39 (5.7 percent) were positive for antibody to B. burgdorferi, the causative
      agent of Lyme disease. Seroprevalence varied markedly by county; unexpectedly
      high seroprevalence rates were found in several northern counties (Sussex,
      Hudson, and Hunterdon). Furthermore, some southern counties (Atlantic, Cape May,
      and Ocean) with large tick populations (as measured by self-reported exposure to
      ticks) had low seroprevalence rates which were inversely correlated with self
      reported preventive practices. These data suggest that lyme disease, as measured
      by seroprevalence of antibody to B. burgdorferi, may be spreading beyond the
      southern portion of the state where it had been previously well documented and
      that preventive behaviors may play an important role in minimizing the risk of
      the disease.

PMID- 2400035
TI  - Evaluating the impact of municipal water fluoridation on the aquatic environment.
AB  - Although highly beneficial for dental health, low concentrations of fluoride in
      environmental waters may be toxic to several organisms. In an era of heightened
      public awareness about the environment, this may lead city officials to withhold
      implementing water fluoridation for environmental reasons. This paper presents a
      mass balance approach to evaluate this perceived risk. Generally speaking,
      fluoridated water loss during use, dilution of sewage by rain and ground water
      infiltrate, fluoride removal during secondary sewage treatment, and diffusion
      dynamics at effluent outfall combine to eliminate fluoridation-related
      environmental effects. In Montreal, water fluoridation would raise average
      aquatic fluoride levels in the waste water plume immediately below effluent
      outfall by only 0.05-0.09 mg/l. Downstream, these changes would be only 0.02-0.05
      mg/l at 1 km, and 0.01-0.03 mg/l at 2 km below outfall. Overall river fluoride
      concentrations theoretically would be raised by 0.001-0.002 mg/l, a value not
      measurable by current analytical techniques. All resulting concentrations would
      be well below those recommended for environmental safety and would not exceed
      natural levels found elsewhere in Quebec. A literature review did not reveal any
      examples of municipal water fluoridation causing recommended environmental
      concentrations to be exceeded, although excesses occurred in several cases of
      severe industrial water pollution.

PMID- 2400036
TI  - Crop duster aviation mechanics: high risk for pesticide poisoning.
AB  - A cross-sectional medical survey was conducted among 63 Nicaraguan aviation
      mechanics exposed to organophosphate and other toxic pesticides. Thirty-one (49
      percent) reported having been acutely poisoned on the job. Also, seven of 14
      novice mechanics, with less than one year on the job, reported that they had been
      poisoned. Thirty-eight (61 percent) had cholinesterase levels below the lower
      limit of normal, including three workers with levels less than 20 percent of the
      lower limit of normal. Risk factors for low cholinesterase included recent hire
      and recent poisoning. Workers did not use protective equipment, nor were there
      facilities for bathing on site. As a result of this survey, the government has
      prohibited the mixing and loading of pesticides at this airport and requires the
      washing of planes prior to maintenance work; coveralls and thin, pesticide
      impermeable gloves are to be issued to mechanics handling pesticide-contaminated
      parts. Closed system mixing and loading systems have been installed at satellite
      airstrips.

PMID- 2400037
TI  - Placing patients in the queue for coronary revascularization: evidence for
      practice variations from an expert panel process.
AB  - A panel of 16 cardiologists and cardiac surgeons rated 438 case scenarios for the
      maximum acceptable delay prior to revascularization, using a scale with seven
      interventional time frames and two nodes for designating dubious or inappropriate
      cases. If consensus was defined as agreement by 12 or more panelists, only 1.4
      percent of the case scenarios showed consensus on a single rating. Dividing the
      scale into three broad clinical categories (revascularize promptly, place on a
      waiting list, or no intervention), 11.4 percent of scenarios showed all 16
      panelists agreeing on a single category, rising to 59.4 percent of scenarios if
      agreement by 12 panelists was accepted as a consensus. The mean difference
      between the panelists' highest and lowest urgency ratings yielded waiting time
      differences of two weeks for scenarios of very unstable angina, and more than
      three months for those with stable angina. However, in a regression model,
      individual panelist factors on average had less effect than clinical features
      such as severity and stability of angina, or stenosis of major coronary arteries.
      These findings strongly support the need for consensus criteria to ensure that
      triage practices are consistent and fair, and also suggest that widespread
      adoption of a standardized approach to revascularization priorities may be
      feasible.

PMID- 2400039
TI  - Surveillance of occupational lung disease: comparison of hospital discharge data
      to physician reporting.
AB  - A survey of 762 New Jersey physicians showed that 35% reported seeing patients
      with either asbestosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, occupational asthma or
      silicosis. Three to four times as many patients with these diagnoses were seen as
      outpatients as were hospitalized. The implications of these results in using
      hospital discharge data for occupational disease surveillance are discussed.

PMID- 2400038
TI  - Patient, provider and hospital characteristics associated with inappropriate
      hospitalization.
AB  - To determine the relation between patient and provider characteristics and
      inappropriate hospital use, we examined adult nonpregnancy hospitalizations from
      a randomized trial of health insurance conducted in six sites in the United
      States. Appropriateness of inpatient treatment was based on medical record
      review; patient characteristics on sociodemographic, economic, and health status;
      and provider characteristics on descriptors of physician practice and hospital
      facilities. Twenty-seven percent of admissions attended by physicians licensed
      for more than 15 years were judged inappropriate, compared to 20 percent for
      younger physicians. Admissions were more likely to be inappropriate if the
      patient was female (27 percent compared with 18 percent). Controlling for patient
      and provider characteristics reduces but does not eliminate the differences in
      the appropriateness of inpatient care across the study's six sites. Differences
      in available provider and patient characteristics do not account for geographic
      differences in inappropriate hospitalization in this study.

PMID- 2400040
TI  - Food-borne outbreak of Giardia lamblia.
AB  - An outbreak of giardiasis occurred following a family party for 25 persons. Nine
      who had eaten fruit salad became ill, compared with one who had not eaten the
      salad (Relative Risk = 7.4, 95% CI = 1.4, 169.3). The fruit salad preparer had a
      diapered child and a pet rabbit at home who were both positive for Giardia
      lamblia. This outbreak emphasizes the importance of good hygienic practices in
      food preparation and the possibility of domestic-animal-to-person transmission in
      Giardia outbreaks.

PMID- 2400041
TI  - Leukemia incidence and radioactivity in drinking water in 59 Iowa towns.
AB  - Fifty-nine towns in Iowa with single source drinking water supplies were
      stratified on the basis of radium content in finished non-softened water to test
      the hypothesis of an association with total or acute myeloid leukemia. Fourteen
      towns had radium concentrations in drinking water exceeding the EPA safety limit
      of 5 picocuries per liter (pCi/L). A small increasing trend existed for total
      leukemia with increased radium content in drinking water that is in accordance
      with either the hypothesis of no effect or of a small effect.

PMID- 2400042
TI  - Survey of occupational exposure of waste industry workers to infectious waste in
      Washington State.
AB  - We surveyed 940 Washington state waste industry workers to evaluate occupational
      exposure to potentially infectious materials (response rate 47 percent). Only 26
      percent were trained specifically to deal with safety hazards associated with
      medical waste. For the year preceding the survey, 50 percent of respondents
      reported having received cuts and scratches on the job, 22 percent reported
      direct contact with waste blood on their clothing or shoes, 8 percent had blood
      exposure on their skin, 3 percent blood exposure on their face or eyes, and 6
      percent occupational hypodermic needlestick injuries (10 percent among waste
      collectors.

PMID- 2400043
TI  - Fear of AIDS and attrition among medical technologists.
AB  - Attitudes toward AIDS were measured by a survey of 212 attendees at the annual
      meeting of the New Jersey Society for Medical Technology. Twenty five percent of
      the respondents were considering leaving the profession because of a fear of
      AIDS. In addition, almost half would not have chosen the field knowing they would
      be handling HIV-positive samples. This high degree of concern may be an important
      factor contributing to the shortage of medical technologists.

PMID- 2400046
TI  - Increasing hospital staff compliance with influenza immunization recommendations.

PMID- 2400045
TI  - Estimating the mortality cost of AIDS: do estimates of earnings differ?
AB  - The future earnings of male Texans dying of AIDS in 1987 were estimated using:
      national earnings profiles; earnings derived from occupations listed on death
      certificates; and earnings reported by persons with AIDS who responded to a
      survey. Mortality cost estimates using the two sources of actual earnings
      differed by a modest amount in comparison to the estimate using national earnings
      profiles.

PMID- 2400044
TI  - Are women using postmenopausal estrogens? A community survey.
AB  - Self-reported estrogen and progestin use in a California community was determined
      in 1986-87 from a telephone survey of postmenopausal women (n = 954) ages 50-65
      years. Current use of hormones was reported by 32 percent; 26 percent took
      estrogens alone while 6 percent used estrogen + progestin. Comparisons pointed to
      significant social network and medical care utilization differences. Women who
      used estrogen therapy were younger, thinner, lived in smaller household units,
      and were less likely to be widowed.

PMID- 2400047
TI  - The Los Angeles connection: a follow-up report.

PMID- 2400048
TI  - Asbestos and other toxins.

PMID- 2400049
TI  - Passive smoking results: new risk for active smokers.

PMID- 2400050
TI  - Hospital policy, practice re HIV testing for pregnant women and newborns.

PMID- 2400051
TI  - Commitment to quality care.

PMID- 2400053
TI  - [Immune responses in women with pre-eclampsia].
AB  - Studies were carried out on 26 pregnant women. Sixteen of those women suffered
      from moderately manifested form of pre-eclampsia, but the remaining ten women had
      a normal course of pregnancy. The age of women with pre-eclampsia was between 22
      to 30 years, but that of the control group--from 30 to 37 years. The women with
      pre-eclampsia were investigated between 28 to 35 weeks' gestation and the women
      with normal pregnancy--between 30 to 37 weeks' gestation. Immunoglobulin A, M, G
      were determined as well as transferrin and T and B lymphocytes. Immunoglobulin A
      was increased in sera of women with pre-eclampsia, but there were no changes in
      other examined parameters. It is possible that similar increase could be due to a
      reduced elimination of immunoglobulin A through the hepatobiliary tract, which
      cause its elevation in its serum level. The proposed explanation could be
      accepted as plausible, because there is impairment of liver function in women
      with preeclampsia. Future studies are needed to prove this fact.

PMID- 2400052
TI  - [The treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism in puerperae with pelvic
      thrombophlebitis].
AB  - The possibilities of current conservative treatment were studied on parturients
      with pelvic thrombophlebitis and lung thromboembolism. It was established that
      performance of total hysterectomy or usage of vena cava filter in parturients
      with pelvic thrombophlebitis and lung thromboembolism should be made after
      careful evaluation and after trials of current conservative treatment (venous
      application of antibiotics from the sixth generation, metronidazol preparations
      and heparin).

PMID- 2400054
TI  - [Fetal shoulder girdle dystocia during labor].
AB  - Shoulder dystocia occurred in 98 women (0.9%) among 10,695 deliveries during the
      period of 1986-1988. The most frequent cause was overweight and strangulated
      umbilical cord. The following maneuvers were used: pressure on the uterine
      fundus, strong flexion of legs (maneuver of Knebel-Macroberts-Korokawa) and in 12
      cases--extraction of the posterior hand. The head should be rotated to the
      opposite thigh of the parturient in cases with incorrect rotation of the head-
      the most frequent cause for low shoulder dystocia. Prophylactic measures are of
      special significance: cesarean section in women with large fetus, estimated by
      ultrasound, or with fetus with thoracic diameter larger than biparietal diameter
      with 1.5 sm. The delivery should be managed by the most experienced obstetricians
      and should not be protracted or precipitate without indications.

PMID- 2400055
TI  - [The effect of maternal age on the incidence of and indications for cesarean
      section in primiparae].
AB  - The authors aim to evaluate the effect of the maternal age on the frequency and
      indications for cesarean section in primiparas. Indications for abdominal
      deliveries of 1020 women are analyzed. Three age groups are formed: first group-
      up to 29 years of age, second group--up to 30-34 years of age, and third group-
      up to 35 and more years of age the so called aged primiparas (AP). The causes for
      operation are divided into ten basic groups. The indicated increased frequency
      with advancement of age is due mainly to: fetal distress, grave obstetric
      history, extragenital pathology, broad and combined indications. Their relative
      part in AP is respectively; 23.21%, 37.50%, 16.96%, 15.17% and 33.03%. A critical
      attitude is expressed to the unjustified increased frequency of the operation
      especially after 35 years of age (during 1987 up to 85.71%). The authors take a
      firm stand on their concept that the age of primiparas irrespective of years
      could not be a single cause for cesarean section.

PMID- 2400056
TI  - [The importance of x-ray pelvimetry for the prognosis of pelvic dystocia].
AB  - The frequency of roentgenological pelvimetry at the Research Institute of
      Obstetric and Gynecology during 1988 is 4.79%. Thirty-five pelvimetries out of
      276 (12.68%) were urgent, but the remaining 241 (87.32%) were planned.
      Pelvimetries showed normal measurements in 113 of pregnant women (40.94%), but
      there was shortening in one or more diameters of the single planes of the pelvis
      in 163 women (59.06%). The measures of the diameters of the pelvic cavity were
      shortened most frequently, more rarely at the pelvic inlet and most rarely at the
      pelvic outlet. Changes in the bony pelvis were indicated after secondary
      traumatic deformity of the pelvis. The role of roentgenological pelvimetry in
      taking decision for delivery of breech presentation of the fetus was analyzed. It
      is pointed out that the roentgenological pelvimetry is the single, easy,
      convenient, safe and available method for determination of pelvic diameters,
      respectively for prognosis of pelvic dystocia.

PMID- 2400057
TI  - [The dynamics and structure of abortions in 1981-1988].
AB  - The authors describe the question about dynamics of the structure of abortions
      and go through the clinical material of the Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology in
      the town of Plovdiv for a period of 8 years. The total number of abortions and
      deliveries are indicated for the same period as the abortions are presented in
      accordance with the type and refer to the number of nonmarried and married women
      and their parity. In the inferences the authors make suggestions for
      liberalization of the legal status, regulating the right of women for abortion,
      as well as for search of other means mainly social-civic for improvement of the
      index of birth rate.

PMID- 2400058
TI  - [The importance of paraclinical indices, therapeutic and other factors for the
      late treatment results and prognosis in stage-Ib cervical cancer].
AB  - The study was carried out on 106 women with carcinoma of the uterine cervix at
      the first clinical stage, treated with the operation according to Wertheim (as
      single treatment and combined with gamma teletherapy of the whole pelvis-
      preoperative and postoperative). Survival and prognostic value of the examined
      factors were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier. The five-year survival of the whole
      population was 85.80%. The prognostic significance of tumourous volume was
      established: 95.78% of women with initial tumourous lesion survived five years,
      but 75.30% of women with advanced lesion survived. Pretherapeutic values of
      erythrocyte sedimentation rate had also prognostic significance--accelerates
      sedimentation rate was connected with lower survival. However, it was established
      that accelerated sedimentation rate was connected with larger tumourous volume,
      therefore its prognostic significance was indirect. Prognostic value with
      borderline statistical significance showed pretherapeutic value of hemoglobin and
      the season of operation. Low hemoglobin and spring-summer season of the operation
      indicated a tendency to a lower survival. Leucocytosis, blood grouping of the
      patients, time duration of the operation, etc. had no significant effect on the
      five-year survival.

PMID- 2400059
TI  - [A comparative study of the efficacy, tolerance and side effects in using IUDs-
      the Copper T and Nova T--over a 3-year period].
AB  - The author examined 153 women, using the intrauterine contraceptive device Copper
      T, and 120 women, using the intrauterine contraceptive device Nova T. 10.3% of
      all observed women are nonparous, the mean number of born children is 1.1% and
      the relative number of abortions is 2.9 in the group of parous women. The
      occurrence of side effects are registered by dispensary observation twice during
      the first year and once during the following period. The degree of conception in
      both groups is low below the accepted ranges. The same is also referred for the
      monthly risk of expulsion of the loop. The intramenstrual inflammatory and
      painful parameters are increased 1.5-2.1 times in comparison with women, using
      the intrauterine device Nova T. Menstrual bleedings in both groups of women is
      prolonged with 1.3 days on the average. There are no pathological complications
      during the whole period of observation.

PMID- 2400060
TI  - [The pregnancy outcome and changes in the blood volume in relation to the time of
      the appearance of late toxicosis symptoms].
AB  - The author studied plasma volume and mass plasma proteins on pregnant women with
      late toxicosis, occurring before and after 37 weeks' gestation, as well as
      respective groups of healthy pregnant women--113 in all. In comparison with
      control groups of healthy pregnant women, the women with late toxicosis, occurred
      before 37 weeks' gestation, had a considerable reduction in plasma volume and in
      the mass plasma proteins and an increase in hematocrit, but women with symptoms
      of late toxicosis, occurred after 37 weeks' gestation, had an increase in plasma
      volume and mass plasma proteins and a reduction in the hematocrit. Delivery
      occurred on the average during 38.6 weeks' gestation and the newborns had weight
      lower with 10.8% than the respective children in the country at the same period
      in the group of women with toxicosis, occurred early. In women with symptoms of
      late toxicosis the delivery occurred during 40.4 weeks' gestation larger children
      than normal were born and the pregnant women gained weight considerably more. The
      results from the study give foundation to assume that there is no late toxicosis
      when the symptoms of late toxicosis occur after 37 weeks' gestation, because of
      which the time of occurrence of the disease should be taken into consideration in
      establishing the diagnosis of late toxicosis of pregnancy.

PMID- 2400061
TI  - [Premature sexual activity among girls and an attempt at sex education].
AB  - In connection with early sexual activity among juveniles the authors interview
      292 girls at the age of 15-18 years in three towns (Sofia, Pleven, Cherven
      Bryag). Sexual activity is studied in girls as well as their initial information
      level in taking decision for sexual participation. 38 (13.01) of the girls were
      sexually experienced as 12 (13.57%) of them had sexual activity more than 2
      years. Girls, aged 16 and 17 years, had the highest sexual activity (44.75%). 10
      (26.31%) of the sexually active girls had more than 2 partners. 11 (28.95%) of
      the girls were informed very well, but 4 (10.53%) of them had almost no
      information. 4 (10.53%) of sexually experienced girls used contraceptives and
      those were mainly condoms and pills. The necessity of timely sexual education is
      stressed, taking into consideration that pregnancy is a consequence of early
      sexual activity at adolescent age.

PMID- 2400062
TI  - [Immunological studies of patients with chronic nonspecific prostatitis and
      infertility].
AB  - The authors studied carried out immunological studies on 20 men with chronic
      nonspecific prostatitis at reproductive age as well as on 10 healthy men included
      into the control group. Correlative investigations were made on the morphology of
      the ejaculate as well as on immunological parameters of seminal plasma aiming to
      establish the degree of the disturbed fertility. The immunological investigations
      included determination of albumin, transferrin and immunoglobulins in the seminal
      plasma. In men with chronic prostatitis there was a reduction in the number of
      spermatozoa up to 39 mln/cm3 combined with lower motility and an increased
      percentage of teratoforms. The immunological studies showed statistically
      significant nonincreased values in all men with chronic prostatitis in comparison
      with healthy men of the control group. These results show that increased
      permeability of barriers of blood serum proteins participates in the pathogenesis
      of the disturbed fertility. It is apparent that the cause for sterility in the
      married couples is due to autoimmune process occurring in men with chronic
      nonspecific prostatitis.

PMID- 2400063
TI  - [The use of the Medusa-type intrauterine contraceptive device in treating uterine
      synechiae in a woman with a bicornuate uterus. A case report].

PMID- 2400064
TI  - [Term pregnancy in uterine fibroelastosis and cystic degeneration of the
      ovaries].

PMID- 2400065
TI  - [The treatment of bacterial colpitis with the preparation Palin].

PMID- 2400066
TI  - [Our experience in using the Hungarian biphasic systemic contraceptive anteovin].

PMID- 2400067
TI  - [The HLA system in normal and pathological pregnancies].
AB  - The authors investigated 205 women, 50 of whom were nonpregnant, 32 with normally
      progressing pregnancy, 30 parturients, 30 with abortions, 30 with prolonged
      pregnancy and 35 with pre-eclampsia. There were no statistically significant
      changes between the percentage of cases with positive lymphocytotoxic test,
      presence of leucoagglutinins and thrombocytic antibodies among the single groups.
      There were HLA-antibodies, which were not titrated due to the low titre in 4 of
      the women with pre-eclampsia.

PMID- 2400068
TI  - Quality assurance, standards and accreditation.

PMID- 2400069
TI  - Variables of patient-controlled analgesia 4: the relevance of bolus dose size to
      supplement a background infusion.
AB  - A range of self-administered demand doses of morphine (0.4, 0.7 and 1.0 mg) were
      prescribed to supplement a fixed-rate infusion (1.5 mg/hour) for pain control
      after gynaecological surgery. The number of demand doses administered during the
      first 25 hours after surgery was not significantly influenced by size of demand
      dose. There was a significant linear trend to increasing amount of demanded
      morphine with increasing bolus size. These results cast doubt on the usefulness
      of the concept of a minimum effective analgesic concentration of morphine.

PMID- 2400070
TI  - Comparison of propofol and thiopentone as anaesthetic agents for
      electroconvulsive therapy.
AB  - Propofol and thiopentone were compared as anaesthetic agents for
      electroconvulsive therapy in 31 patients on four occasions in a repeated measure
      crossover study. Discomfort on injection was significantly more common with
      propofol (51.6% of anaesthetics) compared to thiopentone (1.6% of anaesthetics).
      The duration of seizure was shorter with propofol in both treatments but there
      was significant drug-time interaction. Propofol gave a milder tonus and clonus
      during seizure when both treatments were considered together. The increase in
      systolic and diastolic arterial pressures and heart rate after treatment were
      significantly higher with thiopentone. Apnoea was significantly longer with
      propofol. The times to sitting up unaided and opening the eyes on command were
      the same for both drugs. The ability to walk 10 m 20 minutes after anaesthesia
      was significantly better with propofol (p less than 0.0001).

PMID- 2400071
TI  - Cardiovascular response to insertion of Brain's laryngeal mask.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the cardiovascular effects related to
      insertion of the Brain laryngeal mask airway and to compare these effects with
      those after insertion of a Guedel oral airway. Arterial pressure and heart rate
      in 100 patients were measured using an Ohmeda 2300 Finapres arterial pressure
      monitor. Arterial pressure decreased significantly (p less than 0.001) and heart
      rate increased significantly (p less than 0.001) after induction of anaesthesia
      with 2.5 mg/kg of propofol. A significant increase in arterial pressure (p less
      than 0.02) and in heart rate (p less than 0.001) followed insertion of the
      laryngeal mask and the Guedel airway, with no difference between the two groups
      at any time. The changes in arterial pressure and heart rate returned to 'at
      insertion' levels within 60 seconds of the stimulus.

PMID- 2400072
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of glycopyrronium in parturients.
AB  - A sensitive radioreceptor assay was used to determine the pharmacokinetics of
      glycopyrronium 6 micrograms/kg after intramuscular (deltoid muscle)
      administration in eight Caesarean section patients. A fast absorption rate was
      found with a mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 6.3 (SD 1.5) ng/ml, a
      mean time to Cmax (Tmax) of 10.0 (3.8) minutes and the elimination half-life (t1)
      of 33.4 (1.92). The respective AUC0-8 h value was 5.61 (1.27) hours ng/ml. This
      dose produced a significant increase in the maternal heart rate after 10 minutes
      (p less than 0.05) and an antisialogogue effect after 30 minutes (p less than
      0.05) of the drug injection. Almost half of drug (48.3%) was excreted into the
      urine within 3 hours. There were no measurable levels of glycopyrronium in the
      lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after 60 minutes of drug injection. The
      concentrations of glycopyrronium in the umbilical venous (0.28 (0.25) ng/ml) and
      in the umbilical arterial (0.18 (0.11) ng/ml) plasma after 86 minutes of drug
      injection were low and clinically insignificant, as was the case in the amniotic
      fluid (0.15 (0.08) ng/ml).

PMID- 2400073
TI  - Intra-operative pulmonary embolism after intravesical instillation of formalin.
AB  - Intra-operative pulmonary embolism is a rare and severe complication which is
      difficult to diagnose. A case is reported in which this condition occurred after
      intravesical instillation of formalin during radical cystectomy under general
      anaesthesia. Formalin may be related to formation of intravascular thrombi and
      result in pulmonary embolism.

PMID- 2400075
TI  - Postpartum thrombosis of the great vein of Galen.
AB  - Severe fits occurred in a patient 52 hours after placental abruption. Early use
      of computerised tomography scanning enabled a definitive diagnosis of thrombosis
      of the great vein of Galen to be made. The case illustrates the point that not
      all fits in the early postpartum period should be attributed to eclamptic
      toxaemia.

PMID- 2400074
TI  - Intrathecal diamorphine during laparotomy in a patient with advanced multiple
      sclerosis.
AB  - A patient with advanced multiple sclerosis was successfully managed for a sigmoid
      colectomy using spinal anaesthesia. Effective postoperative analgesia was
      achieved with intrathecal diamorphine administered through an indwelling
      intrathecal catheter, and wound infiltration with 0.25% bupivacaine.

PMID- 2400076
TI  - Cholinesterase deficiency and the Churg-Strauss syndrome.
AB  - We report two patients with the Churg-Strauss syndrome who were found to have
      decreased cholinesterase activity despite normal phenotypes. Suspicion of
      abnormal sensitivity to suxamethonium in the first case was raised after
      prolonged paralysis under anaesthesia. The findings in the second were incidental
      during the course of intensive care treatment. Both patients received
      immunosuppressive therapy. Differentiation between the effects of this and the
      disease process itself cannot be established.

PMID- 2400077
TI  - Sprotte needle for intrathecal anaesthesia for caesarean section: incidence of
      postdural puncture headache.
AB  - Caesarean section was performed under spinal anaesthesia in 55 women using a 25
      gauge diamond-tipped needle and in a further 55 mothers with a 24-gauge Sprotte
      needle. Eight patients (14.5%) developed a headache in the former group, five of
      whom required a blood patch. There were no headaches reported in the Sprotte
      group.

PMID- 2400078
TI  - Blood pressure measurement during transport. A comparison of direct and
      oscillotonometric readings in critically ill patients.
AB  - This study assessed the accuracy of oscillotonometric blood pressure measurement
      in critically ill patients during transfer. Direct intra-arterial pressure
      measurements were taken in 44 transported patients as a 'gold standard' and
      compared with readings from four portable automatic oscillotonometers--the
      Dinamap 8100, Lifestat 100, Propaq 102 and Takeda UA711. All under-read systolic
      pressure (by 13%, 21%, 19% and 13% respectively) and over-read diastolic pressure
      (by 15%, 5%, 27% and 15% respectively) in comparison to direct pressure
      measurement. The limits of agreement for 95% of comparisons were broad. The
      systematic difference between direct and oscillotonometric measurements and the
      variability between and within patients show that direct oscillotonometric
      measurements are not interchangeable in these patients. Portable automatic
      oscillotonometers should not be substituted for direct monitoring in such
      circumstances.

PMID- 2400079
TI  - A disposable blood pressure cuff. An assessment of its accuracy.
AB  - An empty 500-ml infusion bag was used as the cuff for a Lifestat 100
      oscillotonometer. The systolic and mean blood pressures obtained in 40 subjects
      were not significantly different from those measured with a standard cuff. The
      diastolic pressure was unrelated between the two cuffs. The empty bag is a cheap
      and hygienic option in patients who present a high infection risk.

PMID- 2400080
TI  - Management of donors for heart and heart-lung transplantation.
AB  - The quality of donor organs will determine the quality of life for the recipient
      and the importance of optimal management of the multi-organ donor is that the
      organs may benefit up to five, critically ill, patients. The basic principle is
      to maintain sufficient preload to minimise the need for inotropic support and it
      is recommended that all multiple organ donors should have central venous and
      arterial pressure monitoring in addition to adequate venous access. The
      importance of the choice of fluid for volume expansion and the management of the
      hormonal disturbances which follow brain death are considered.

PMID- 2400081
TI  - Tracheal intubation under fluoroscopic control. X ray-guided orotracheal
      intubation in three cases of impossible direct laryngoscopy.
AB  - Three patients are described in whom it was impossible to visualise the larynx at
      direct laryngoscopy. Tracheal intubation was successfully and rapidly achieved
      with the aid of continuous fluoroscopy.

PMID- 2400082
TI  - Needlestick injuries in anaesthetists.
AB  - A survey of needlestick injuries among 42 anaesthetists at this university
      hospital was carried out over a 3-month period to ascertain the rate of
      occurrence and the extent to which a revised protocol for the management of such
      injuries was followed. There were nine reported incidents, of which six were with
      contaminated needles. Three were reported. Eight anaesthetists had not taken up
      immunisation against hepatitis B. The rationale behind the revised protocol, and
      possible reasons for poor compliance are discussed.

PMID- 2400083
TI  - A postoperative analysis of the patient's view of anaesthesia in a Netherlands'
      teaching hospital.
AB  - A postoperative questionnaire was used in 129 patients who had undergone a wide
      range of surgical procedures in order to investigate their personal experience of
      anaesthesia. The most frequent complaints were of feeling cold on waking up, sore
      throat, vomiting and muscle pains, all of which are capable of reduction by a
      change in anaesthetic technique. The total number of patients who had one or more
      complaints was 107 (82.9%). More than a third of the patients were afraid of the
      anaesthetic, as distinct from the operation. Most had received a pre-operative
      visit from the anaesthetist which was greatly appreciated. A few patients
      believed they could have been better informed of possible sequelae. More than 30%
      were not visited by the surgeon before the operation. A routine postoperative
      interview, using a preformulated questionnaire, is a good way to assess and
      maintain a high quality of anaesthesia.

PMID- 2400084
TI  - Bradypnoea during patient-controlled analgesia.

PMID- 2400085
TI  - Admission blood pressure and anaesthesia.

PMID- 2400086
TI  - Severe bradycardia and cardiac arrest.

PMID- 2400087
TI  - Oropharyngeal volumes.

PMID- 2400088
TI  - Isolated forearm technique.

PMID- 2400089
TI  - The laryngeal mask in failed intubation.

PMID- 2400090
TI  - The laryngeal mask for radiotherapy in children.

PMID- 2400092
TI  - A portable computerised infusion system for propofol.

PMID- 2400091
TI  - Coughing and bronchospasm with propofol.

PMID- 2400093
TI  - A difficult nasal intubation.

PMID- 2400094
TI  - Unmasking of a cerebral tumour?

PMID- 2400096
TI  - A broken laryngoscope.

PMID- 2400095
TI  - Local anaesthesia and the eye.

PMID- 2400097
TI  - Breakage of disposable needles.

PMID- 2400098
TI  - Ohmeda Excel 410/OAV 7750.

PMID- 2400100
TI  - Conversion of pH to H+ concentration in nmol/litre.

PMID- 2400099
TI  - Breakage of a vessel dilator.

PMID- 2400101
TI  - Computer simulation (based on a linear-elution-strength approximation) as an aid
      for optimizing separations by programmed-temperature gas chromatography.
AB  - If the dependence of retention on temperature is specified for the various
      components of a sample in isothermal gas chromatography (GC), it is possible to
      predict retention, bandwidth, and resolution for programmed-temperature GC
      separations as a function of experimental conditions. The use of a linear-elution
      strength (LES) approximation for isothermal retention allows these predictions to
      be carried out more easily and conveniently, in turn facilitating rapid
      simulations with a personal computer. This approach to GC method development
      appears promising, especially if segmented-temperature programs are used. The LES
      approximation also provides added insight into how different factors affect
      separation in programmed-temperature GC.

PMID- 2400102
TI  - Quantitative amino acid analysis of individual snail neurons by open tubular
      liquid chromatography.
AB  - A method is described for the determination of amino acids in individual cells.
      The amino acids are derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde and then
      analyzed by open tubular liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. The
      total volume present after derivatization is approximately 25 nL. It was possible
      to quantitatively determine 17 amino acids in three different neurons of the land
      snail Helix aspersa. Quantitation was accomplished through the use of two
      internal standards and a calibration curve. Alanine was found to be the most
      abundant amino acid by about a factor of 2 over glutamine in all three types of
      neurons. This method has the advantages of sensitivity in the attomole range (5 X
      10(-9) M) and selectivity for a specific class of compounds and is at least as
      reliable as other methods used for single-cell analysis.

PMID- 2400103
TI  - Quantitative amino acid analysis of subnanogram levels of protein by open tubular
      liquid chromatography.
AB  - A method is described for the hydrolysis and quantitative amino acid analysis of
      as little as 0.1 ng (4 fmol) of protein. Hydrolysis is performed by using a gas
      phase method. The resulting amino acids are derivatized with naphthalene-2,3
      dicarboxaldehyde and then analyzed by open tubular liquid chromatography with
      amperometric detection. The total volume present after derivatization is
      approximately 25 nL. To our knowledge this is currently the lowest level of
      protein to be quantitatively analyzed, as well as the smallest volume in which
      derivatization has been accomplished. It was possible to quantitatively determine
      14 amino acids with an error of 5.0% for known protein and 8.5% for a protein
      whose identity was unknown to the researcher.

PMID- 2400104
TI  - Orientation effects on the electrophoretic mobility of rod-shaped molecules in
      free solution.
AB  - The effect of molecular orientation on the electrophoretic mobility of rod-shaped
      polylons as measured by free solution capillary electrophoresis is studied by
      using the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as a model solute. This orientational
      dependence of molecular mobility is measured by observing the influence of
      electrical field strength (up to 400 V/cm) on the electrophoretic mobility of
      TMV. The electrophoretic mobility of TMV increases with increasing field
      strength. This increase can be quantitatively correlated with the decrease in the
      translational frictional coefficient (f) due to the increasing alignment of TMV
      with the electric field. A model is developed relating the decrease in f to the
      alignment of TMV with the electric field through its polarizability and aspect
      ratio. To confirm the observed orientational affects on mobility, control
      experiments were performed with 0.364 micron diameter Latex spheres. Due to their
      spherical symmetry, no orientational effects would be expected. Indeed, no
      increase in mobility was observed for these spherical particles. Calculations are
      presented to demonstrate that the increase in mobility is unlikely to be caused
      by either the Wien effect or any temperature variation resulting from Joule
      heating of the electrophoresis buffer.

PMID- 2400105
TI  - Microring electrode/optical waveguide: electrochemical characterization and
      application to electrogenerated chemiluminescence.
AB  - A novel optoelectrochemical microprobe has been developed that allows the
      combination of optical and electrochemical methods in a very small system. The
      key element is a gold-coated optical fiber polished to a flat surface, such that
      the gold forms a microring electrode surrounding the optical fiber. The
      electrochemistry of the microring has been characterized; cyclic voltammetric and
      chronoamperometric limiting currents agree well with published theoretical
      treatments. The probe has also been used for electrogenerated chemiluminescence
      with tris(2,2'-bypyridine)ruthenium(II) with persulfate in 50:50 MeCN:H2O.
      Detection limits of 4.3 X 10(-8) M Ru(bpy)3(2+) have been obtained.

PMID- 2400106
TI  - Determination of platinum in blood by adsorptive voltammetry.
AB  - This work describes a sensitive method for the determination of platinum in
      blood, which can be used for determining the natural levels of platinum in human
      blood, for monitoring patients treated with platinum cytotoxic drugs, and for
      monitoring occupational exposure to these drugs and other platinum compounds. The
      method involves dry ashing of blood samples in a muffle furnace and determination
      of platinum by adsorptive voltammetric (AV) measurement of the catalytic
      reduction of protons by the platinum-formazone complex. The detection limit for a
      100-microL sample of blood is 0.017 micrograms/L, with a recovery of 94% and a
      relative standard deviation of 7% at a platinum level of 1 microgram/L. By using
      this method, the natural levels of platinum in human blood were found to be in
      the range 0.1-2.8 micrograms/L (median = 0.6 micrograms/L). These results were
      verified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with blood
      prepared by wet ashing and using gold as an internal standard.

PMID- 2400107
TI  - Elastic effects of polymer coatings on surface acoustic waves.
AB  - Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are presently receiving careful scrutiny for
      applications in chemical sensing as well as in polymer characterization. Gas
      monitors based on SAW sensors have the potential for miniaturization and high
      sensitivity to a wide variety of substances. Polymer characterization is
      applicable to such diverse fields as protective coating design and
      decontamination of polymers. To better understand the physical mechanisms behind
      SAW response, the effects of the elastic properties in comparison to the mass
      loading of polymer coatings on SAW substrates were investigated. A theoretical
      basis for the effects of vapor-induced swelling or of thermal expansion was
      established. Compressive tension and its effect on SAW frequencies were found to
      be simple to describe, if there is no film slippage or polymer flow. The response
      of quartz substrate SAW crystals coated with polycarbonate and polyimide (glassy
      polymers) upon exposure to toluene and methanol was measured. Practical problems
      as to film uniformity, thickness measurement, and environmental control necessary
      in such measurements are described. Contrary to recent reports in the literature,
      no significant elastic tightening effect was observed with these vapor/polymer
      pairs.

PMID- 2400108
TI  - Differentiation of hydroxyproline isomers and isobars in peptides by tandem mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - The isomeric 3- and 4-hydroxyprolines are isobaric with the isomers leucine and
      isoleucine, and all four have, therefore, the same "residue mass" of 113.
      Secondary fragmentation processes were found that differentiate the
      hydroxyproline isomers from each other and from the leucines. Variants of
      synthetic bradykinin containing one or two hydroxyproline moieties were prepared
      by using manual Edman degradation and/or enzymatic methods. The tandem mass
      spectra of these peptides were recorded. The C-terminal wn fragment ions allow
      the differentiation of 4-hydroxyproline from the 3-isomer and isoleucine, while
      the N-terminal an ions containing 4-hydroxyproline undergo H2O elimination to
      differentiate this amino acid from the 3-isomer and leucine. Lys-C digestion of a
      mussel adhesive protein produced a set of decapeptides varying in the degree of
      hydroxylation of proline and tyrosine. Heterogeneity with respect to 3
      hydroxyproline and 4-hydroxyproline at a certain position in these peptides was
      assessed by tandem mass spectrometry based on the wn ion series in the CID
      spectra of these Lys-C peptides. Some N-terminal ions further allow for the
      differentiation of these two isomeric species.

PMID- 2400109
TI  - Effects of peptide hydrophobicity and charge state on molecular ion yields in
      plasma desorption mass spectrometry.
AB  - Plasma desorption mass spectra were obtained for a series of peptides, grouped in
      four mass ranges having approximately 9, 20, 30, and 40 amino acid residues.
      Within each group, the individual peptides differed in hydrophobicity, charge
      state, and retention time, as measured on a reversed-phase HPLC column.
      Comparison of the molecular ion intensities in the positive ion mass spectra of
      peptides from each group showed a strong dependence upon hydrophobicity and no
      correlation with charge state. Plasma desorption mass spectra of mixtures of all
      the peptides within each mass range generally resulted in the desorption of a
      single residue and suppression of the ion signal from other components. In most
      cases, this could be correlated with hydrophobicity, as calculated from the Bull
      and Breese index; however, a better correlation existed when the results were
      compared with reversed-phase retention times. In general the spectra of mixtures
      were not influenced by charge state (except in the absence of hydrophobic
      peptides), as the same component in each peptide mixture produced the most
      abundant ions in both positive and negative ion spectra.

PMID- 2400110
TI  - [The orientation of prisms in the dental enamel of human permanent teeth].
AB  - Enamel of human permanent teeth was sectioned and ground with 2 planes
      perpendicular to each other extending centrifugally from the dentino-enamel
      junction to the crown surface. Prisms were made visible by acid etching before
      evaluation under the SEM. In the vicinity of the dentino-enamel-junction more
      prisms were found to be cut longitudinally, while close to the crown surface more
      prisms were cut transversely. In the perpendicularly ground plane the
      corresponding prisms were seen to deviate the more from the centrifugal
      orientation the more close they came to the crown surface. In a geometric model
      the angle under which the prisms deviate from the centrifugal orientation was
      calculated in dependence from the distance to the dentino-enamel-junction. The
      results correspond with the SEM-findings. We conclude that--since the prism
      diameter is today known to be constant--the form of the enamel mantle is created
      by a specific orientation of the prisms: They stand perpendicular at the dentino
      enamel-junction, and the farther away they run towards the periphery the more
      they deviate from the perpendicular path. By this increasingly oblique
      orientation of the prisms the volume increment of the enamel mantle is created.
      The maximal angle of deviation is found morphologically and mathematically
      between 60 degrees-70 degrees at the crown surface. This arrangement of the
      prisms demonstrated by us is now seen to be the reason for erroneous assumptions
      about an increase of the prism diameter when ground sections were used. Because
      the prisms are oriented more and more oblique towards the periphery,
      correspondingly larger effective diameters must be produced while making ground
      sections tangential to the crown surface.

PMID- 2400112
TI  - [Organogenesis of the limb skeleton and the limb joints in the human embryo].
AB  - The development of the skeleton and limbs joints of embryo and fetus of 5.5-9
      weeks has been studied. The organogenesis of the anlages of bones is completed by
      the end of the embryonal period, when every of them can be identified clearly
      according to there characteristic features of anatomic structure. The linear size
      of the anlages of bones are changed in fetus period. The structures are proximal
      grow quicker. In connection this the qualitative ratio between the elements
      stylopodium, zeugopodium, autopodium is changed gradually while growing. In the
      embryonal period the cartilaginous anlages of bones separated each other densely
      cellular avascular interzones. Since the beginning of fetus period the synovial
      cavity is formed. The synovial cavity formation in time coincides with
      morphofunctional differentiation muscles of limbs and there innervation.

PMID- 2400111
TI  - The carotid body of the mini-pig.
AB  - The bilateral distribution of carotid body type 1 and 11 cells was investigated
      in 3 mini-pigs by serially sectioning the carotid bifurcation regions. The
      majority of type 1 and 11 cells occurred bilaterally in close proximity to the
      wall of the occipital artery or one of its small proximal branches, the internal
      carotid artery and the common arterial trunk. A division of connective tissue
      surrounded the type 1 and 11 cells with defineable but very irregular borders and
      this combination of connective tissue and cells constituted the principal mass of
      the carotid body. In the majority of specimens the cells were diffusely arranged
      giving a fragmented appearance to the organ but in 2 specimens part of the
      carotid body was discrete, adopting an ovoid or crescent-shaped appearance over a
      limited rostral-caudal part of its extent. Arteries to the carotid body
      originated from the occipital arterial tree in the vicinity of the division of
      the common arterial trunk and less commonly from the common arterial trunk
      itself. A supplementary blood supply came from unidentified connective tissue
      arterioles. In 2 out of 6 specimens type 1 and 11 cells were associated with
      cervical nerve trunks. Periadvential type 1 and 11 cells were observed in one out
      of 6 specimens lying dorsal to the common arterial trunk. From our data on 6
      specimens, three dimensional reconstructions were made of ventral views of the
      distribution of carotid body type 1 and 11 cells. On account of the diffuse
      arrangement of the mini-pig carotid body, morphometric analysis of the organ
      volume was not feasible.

PMID- 2400113
TI  - About the arterial blood vessels pelvic opossum's (Didelphis albiventris)
      behaviour.
AB  - The work consists of the study of 20 opossums (Didelphis albiventris); 7 females
      and 13 males, adults, natives of Jaboticabal county proceeding to a cannulation
      and injection of the arterial system with neoprene latex-650 in the aorta artery
      (full-blooded). Right away the preparations were fixed by a 10% formaldehyde
      aqueous solution and afterwards dissected and formed a scheme. The analysis of
      the pieces showed that in the opossum, the end of the aorta always divides in the
      common iliac artery, right and left sides, both originating the external and
      internal iliac artery, on the right and left sides. The medium sacral artery
      results, medianly, from the aorta division's angle in 2 common iliac arteries in
      8 cases (40%-6 males and 2 females); this vessel comes from the left common iliac
      artery in 7 animals (35%-5 males and 2 females) or comes from the right common
      iliac artery, in 5 preparations (25%-3 females and 2 males). The deep iliac
      circumflex artery is born by the common iliac artery from the right side in 10
      preparations (50%-6 males and 4 females); can appear as well, concomitantly with
      the external and internal iliac artery, from the right side in 9 pieces (45%-6
      males and 3 females) and further from the right this vessels can emerge from the
      external iliac artery, in 1 case only (5%-1 male).

PMID- 2400114
TI  - Inhibition of sympathetic neural outflow during thiopental anesthesia in humans.
AB  - The effects of sodium thiopental on postganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve
      activity (MSNA) and the reflex augmentation in MSNA produced by hypotension were
      examined in seven ASA physical status I and II patients, 34-65 yr old. Direct
      recordings of MSNA were obtained from a 5-micron-tipped, epoxy-coated needle
      percutaneously placed into the common peroneal nerve. Induction of anesthesia
      with sodium thiopental (4 mg/kg) significantly decreased R-R interval duration an
      average of 157 +/- 44 ms (mean +/- SEM) decreased systolic pressure (radial
      artery) an average of 11 +/- 4 mm Hg, and reduced tonic MSNA from 38 +/- 11 to 18
      +/- 5 bursts/100 cardiac cycles (P less than 0.01). Baroreceptor reflex
      regulation of cardiac intervals and MSNA were determined by sequential boluses of
      nipride (100 micrograms) and phenylephrine (150 micrograms). Awake baroreceptor
      slopes relating R-R interval to systolic pressure were 9.5 +/- 2.9 ms/mm Hg and
      decreased 61% to 2.4 +/- 0.5 ms/mm Hg (P less than 0.01) during sodium thiopental
      infusions (0.25 mg.kg-1.min-1). Moreover baroreceptor slopes relating MSNA to
      diastolic pressure in awake patients were -4.0 +/- 0.9 bursts/mm Hg and were
      reduced by 95% to -0.3 +/- 0.18 bursts/mm Hg (P less than 0.01). Despite the fact
      that hypotension did not elicit increases in MSNA in anesthetized patients,
      laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation produced profound augmentations in MSNA.
      Thus, sodium thiopental reduces tonic levels of MSNA and markedly attenuates
      baroreceptor reflex control mechanisms. However, profound augmentations in
      sympathetic activity occurred in response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation
      during thiopental anesthesia.

PMID- 2400115
TI  - Regional myocardial function in the presence of coronary artery stenosis and
      inotropic intervention: a case for myocardial hibernation?
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine the effect of an inotropic intervention on
      regional myocardial function in the presence of a significant stenosis in a
      coronary artery. During 0.5% halothane anesthesia, intravenous dobutamine (2.5
      and 5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) was administered to eight pigs. A critical
      constriction was applied to the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery
      and regional myocardial function was determined with the end-systolic pressure
      length relationship in the area of distribution of the LAD and left circumflex
      coronary artery. Infusion of dobutamine was associated with an increase in the
      end-systolic pressure-length relationship in the left circumflex coronary artery
      region from 31.81 +/- 7.87 to 81.03 +/- 21.43 mm Hg.mm-1 (X +/- SEM, P = 0.005),
      whereas function in the LAD coronary artery region did not change significantly
      (21.78 +/- 3.97 to 21.97 +/- 6.91 mm Hg.mm-1, P = 0.124). Regional stroke work in
      the left circumflex coronary artery distribution area increased from 124.38 +/-
      24.04 to 222.00 +/- 37.83 mm Hg.mm during the administration of 5 micrograms.kg
      1.min-1 dobutamine (P = 0.0125). In the LAD coronary artery area, regional stroke
      work remained at baseline values. Once the constriction was released, the end
      systolic pressure-length relationship in the LAD artery segment increased from
      21.97 +/- 2.45 to 35.36 +/- 4.55 mm Hg.mm-1 (P = 0.121). These results suggest
      that hibernation develops in the myocardial segment supplied by a stenotic
      coronary artery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2400116
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, and halothane in pigs.
AB  - We tested the prediction that the alveolar washin and washout, tissue time
      constants, and pulmonary recovery (volume of agent recovered during washout
      relative to the volume taken up during washin) of desflurane, sevoflurane,
      isoflurane, and halothane would be defined primarily by their respective
      solubilities in blood, by their solubilities in tissues, and by their metabolism.
      We concurrently administered approximately one-third the MAC of each of these
      anesthetics to five young female swine and determined (separately) their
      solubilities in pig blood and tissues. The blood/gas partition coefficient of
      desflurane (0.35 +/- 0.02) was significantly smaller (P less than 0.01) than that
      of sevoflurane (0.45 +/- 0.02), isoflurane (0.94 +/- 0.05), and halothane (2.54
      +/- 0.21). Tissue/blood partition coefficients of desflurane and halothane were
      smaller than those for the other two anesthetics (P less than 0.05) for all
      tissue groups. As predicted from their blood solubilities, the order of washin
      and washout was desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, and halothane (most to least
      rapid). As predicted from tissue solubilities, the tissue time constants for
      desflurane were smaller than those for sevoflurane, isoflurane, and halothane.
      Recovery (normalized to that of isoflurane) of the volume of anesthetic taken up
      was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) for desflurane (93% +/- 7% [mean +/-
      SD]) than for halothane (77% +/- 6%), was not different from that of isoflurane
      (100%), but was less than that for sevoflurane (111% +/- 17%). The lower value
      for halothane is consistent with its known metabolism, but the lower (than
      sevoflurane) value for desflurane is at variance with other presently available
      data for their respective biodegradations.

PMID- 2400117
TI  - Hepatic blood flow in humans during isoflurane-N2O and halothane-N2O anesthesia.
AB  - Hepatic blood flow (HBF) (assessed by plasma clearance and hepatic extraction of
      indocyanine green), cardiac index, and hepatic venous oxygen saturation were
      measured in patients before and after induction of anesthesia with thiopental,
      fentanyl, and N2O, and again during halothane (1 MAC)-N2O (n = 5) or isoflurane
      (1 MAC)-N2O (n = 6) anesthesia before the start of surgery. Induction of
      anesthesia decreased HBF and cardiac index. Before administration of volatile
      anesthetics, both groups had similar values of HBF, cardiac index, and hepatic
      venous oxygen saturation. During anesthesia cardiac index remained stable in both
      groups, whereas HBF increased significantly with isoflurane but did not change
      significantly with halothane. Hepatic venous oxygen saturation was also
      significantly greater during isoflurane than during halothane anesthesia. We
      conclude that isoflurane increases HBF in anesthetized patients and is associated
      with a higher hepatic venous oxygen saturation than is halothane.

PMID- 2400118
TI  - Measuring the workload of the anesthesiologist.
AB  - Workload is an important determinant of human performance during complex dynamic
      tasks. We indirectly measured the mental workload of nine anesthesia residents
      during 19 cases using a secondary (subsidiary) task paradigm in which performance
      on an extra task (problems in mathematical addition occurring approximately every
      45 s) was used as a probe of a subject's "spare capacity." Excess response time
      (above baseline) correlated with activities like "manual task" and "speaking with
      the attending anesthesiologist." The addition problem was either skipped or had a
      high excess response time (greater than 30 s) in 40% of presentations. The
      complexity of a case and the experience level of the resident interacted in
      determining the workload. Subjective workload ratings confirmed that induction of
      and emergence from anesthesia were periods of highest workload, with "attention"
      as the dominant cognitive requirement. The anesthesiologist's spare capacity may
      often be limited during anesthesia. These types of workload measurement
      techniques should be applied in controlled studies to better define the factors
      that increase workload.

PMID- 2400119
TI  - Effects of prolonged nitrous oxide exposure on hemopoietic stem cells in
      splenectomized mice.
AB  - We have demonstrated in previous papers that prolonged nitrous oxide exposure
      suppresses murine hemopoiesis more in the spleen than in the bone marrow and that
      this is caused by the suppression of the hemopoietic supportive activity of the
      microenvironment. In the present study, we used splenectomized mice as an
      experimental model to investigate the direct effect on bone marrow function of
      prolonged nitrous oxide inhalation. All of the experimental mice were
      splenectomized at the age of 4 wk. Half of the experimental mice were
      continuously exposed to 50% nitrous oxide, and the remainder were continuously
      exposed to air as controls, starting 3 wk after splenectomy and lasting 14 days,
      and the numbers of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) and granulocyte
      macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFC) in bone marrow were counted. The numbers of
      pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells in
      the bone marrow of mice exposed to air showed no significant change. The numbers
      of these two types of cells found in nitrous oxide-exposed mice were
      approximately 60% of control levels. These data are almost the same as our
      previously reported bone marrow data obtained in nonsplenectomized mice exposed
      to nitrous oxide for 14 days. The present results suggest that the marked
      decrease in the number of splenic hemopoietic stem cells in our previous data is
      not a result of migration of the cells to bone marrow, and that nitrous oxide
      directly affects murine bone marrow hemopoiesis.

PMID- 2400120
TI  - Low concentrations of procaine and diethylaminoethanol reduce the excitability
      but not the action potential amplitude of hippocampal pyramidal cells.
AB  - To determine whether concentrations of diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) and procaine
      below those that reduce the amplitude of action potentials might alter the
      excitability of brain cells, a single microelectrode intracellular recording
      technique was used to measure firing threshold and action potential amplitude of
      pyramidal cells in rat hippocampal slices. At low concentrations of both DEAE
      (less than or equal to 5 mM) and procaine (less than or equal to 0.5 mM), firing
      threshold was significantly increased (P less than 0.01), whereas action
      potential spike amplitude was minimally altered. At higher concentrations, both
      drugs significantly decreased action potential spike amplitude (P less than
      0.025) as well as increased firing threshold (P less than 0.001).
      Diethylaminoethanol tended to increase threshold relatively more than procaine,
      when drug concentrations that similarly reduced action potential amplitude were
      compared. All actions of DEAE and procaine were reversible. Inhibition of action
      potentials by DEAE and procaine was clearly concentration-dependent (P less than
      or equal to 0.015). Diethylaminoethanol effects on threshold were marginally
      concentration-dependent (P = 0.08); procaine did not demonstrate clear
      concentration-dependent effects (P = 0.33) over the concentrations tested in this
      study. These similar actions of procaine and DEAE on brain cells suggest a
      mechanism by which intravenous local anesthetics may contribute to the general
      anesthetic state. Moreover, it appears possible that procaine metabolism and DEAE
      accumulation may underlie the prolonged effects sometimes seen after intravenous
      procaine administration.

PMID- 2400121
TI  - Efficiency of airway heat and moisture exchangers in anesthetized humans.
AB  - The efficiencies of airway heat and moisture exchanging filters in reducing
      respiratory water losses and increasing airway temperatures during general
      anesthesia were studied in five tracheally intubated patients given isoflurane,
      nitrous oxide, and oxygen anesthesia during controlled ventilation. Filters
      (Humid-Vent Filter, Humid-Vent 1, Pall Conserve, Siemens 150, and ThermoVent 600)
      were placed between the Y-piece of the anesthesia circle system and the
      endotracheal tube for 40 min each. Airway temperature, esophageal temperature,
      and water loss (determined by weighing expired water collected in CaSO4) were
      measured every 10 min. All of the filters reached near-maximum efficiency in
      reducing water losses within 10 min. The Humid-Vent Filter and Siemens 150
      filters were most efficient, the Pall Conserve and ThermoVent 600 less efficient.
      Airway temperature rapidly increased 2 degrees-8 degrees C during each trial. The
      more efficient the filter in conserving water, the greater the airway
      temperature. The respiratory heat conserved by these filters represents 5.5%-7.2%
      of the estimated total metabolic heat production during anesthesia in adults.

PMID- 2400122
TI  - Intraoperative anaphylactic shock after bacitracin irrigation.

PMID- 2400123
TI  - Extending the indications for cerebral protection.

PMID- 2400124
TI  - Atracurium in a patient with acute intermittent porphyria.

PMID- 2400125
TI  - Cholinesterase inhibitors and central activity.

PMID- 2400126
TI  - Use of pulmonary artery catheterization in parturients with Eisenmenger's
      syndrome.

PMID- 2400127
TI  - Securing epidural catheters: a further modification.

PMID- 2400128
TI  - Sound attenuation of the Simpulse orthopedic irrigation system with a Pall blood
      filter.

PMID- 2400129
TI  - [Study of peripheral blood circulation during continuous and pulsatile perfusion
      based on the data of transcutaneous pO2 and pCO2 monitoring].
AB  - The study was performed on 22 patients with congenital heart valve defects after
      hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Transcutaneous and arterial pO2 and
      pCO2 have been measured at different stages of investigation. Nonpulsatile flow
      was applied to 10 patients and pulsatile flow--to 12 patients. Pulsatile pressure
      was maintained at about 30 mmHg. Transcutaneous index, carbon dioxide gradient
      and transcutaneous oxygen shunt have been calculated. Perfusion caused a decrease
      in transcutaneous pO2 and transcutaneous index, as well as an increase in
      transcutaneous O2 shunt. The use of non-pulsatile flow caused the most marked
      peripheral vasoconstriction. Transcutaneous index demonstrates that peripheral
      circulation decrease in pulsatile flow is 3 times lower than in non-pulsatile
      flow. Calculation of transcutaneous index and O2 shunt based on transcutaneous
      pO2 and pCO2 values can characterize peripheral circulation prior to, during and
      following perfusion.

PMID- 2400130
TI  - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of general anesthesia with kalipsol in
      congenital heart defects based on indicators of contraction, relaxation and pump
      function of the myocardium and systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics].
AB  - Calipsol has no significant effect on the preload, cardiac pump function and
      systemic arterial pressure. Patients with congenital heart valve defects under
      calipsol anesthesia reveal different hemodynamic changes in systemic and
      pulmonary circulation; left ventricular afterload is increased, which leads to an
      enhancement in left ventricular work. The type of general anesthesia under study
      decreases right ventricular afterload and right ventricular work. The
      deterioration in myocardial relaxation in patients with congenital heart valve
      defects is accompanied by the improvement of myocardial contractility, which
      necessitates different approaches to calipsol administration in patients with
      cyanotic and acyanotic heart valve defects.

PMID- 2400131
TI  - [Comparative study of the effects of combined neuroleptanalgesia and epidural
      anesthesia on lipid peroxidation].
AB  - A comparative study of the impact of neuroleptanalgesia (NLA) and epidural
      anesthesia on lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the blood plasma and erythrocyte
      membranes has demonstrated that NLA has a more marked inhibitory effect on LPO.
      This type of anesthesia is characterized by effective protection of erythrocyte
      membranes, with intraoperative hemodynamic effects less expressed.

PMID- 2400132
TI  - [Hemodynamics and rheologic properties of the blood in meningococcemia associated
      with meningitis and complicated by septic shock and intracranial hypertension].
AB  - Central hemodynamic parameters characterizing cardiac contractility and
      peripheral resistive vascular tone, as well as blood aggregation ability, its
      structural and dynamic viscosity have been assessed by dynamic (disease duration
      up to 15 days) and complex studies in 28 patients with septic shock of
      meningococcal etiology accompanied by signs of meningitis. All the patients
      revealed signs of intracranial hypertension caused by the onset of acute
      hydrocephaly or brain edema. It has been demonstrated that on entry all the
      patients were characterized by the combination of low cardiac output syndrome and
      second degree high or low blood viscosity. In addition to endotoxemia, acute
      intracranial hypertension that enhances the afterload and blood viscosity
      abnormalities are involved in the development of hemodynamic disturbances. Over
      the whole observation period elevated intracranial pressure had a certain effect
      on central hemodynamics, changing according to the mechanism similar to that
      observed in Cushing's syndrome. In addition, central hemodynamics and blood
      viscosity are directly or indirectly (via affected CNS) influenced by Herpes
      infection developing on days 2 to 5 of the disease.

PMID- 2400133
TI  - [Reaction of the blood system in extra- and intracorporeal detoxication].
AB  - The experiments on intact dogs and animals with experimentally induced acute exo-
      and endotoxemias have established certain (specific for each method of artificial
      detoxication under study) changes in blood morphology, biochemistry,
      physicochemical properties, clotting activity. The data obtained give a
      comprehensive description of blood system response to any kind of intervention.

PMID- 2400134
TI  - [Dynamics of the indicators of external respiration during programmed
      hemodialysis].

PMID- 2400135
TI  - [Spectrum analysis of ECG of patients with terminal conditions].
AB  - Spectral ECG analysis has been performed in 68 patients (126 tests) to assess
      predictive value of the amplitude-frequency analysis for the prognosis of
      severity and potential outcome of the disease. ECG was registered in 3 orthogenic
      leads according to the method of Frank. Spectral analysis was performed using
      spectrobiograph. Two time periods of the cardiac cycle--the QRS complex and the T
      wave have been analysed. The results have demonstrated characteristic changes in
      the amplitude values of high and low-frequency constituents of the ECG spectrum
      signal in the group of patients under study. The changes observed help elucidate
      the impaired functional myocardial activity and predict the natural history of
      the disease.

PMID- 2400137
TI  - [Hazards and complications of combined use of anti-arrhythmia drugs in ambulatory
      conditions].
AB  - To prevent paroxysms of atrial fibrillation many patients resort to long-term use
      of various antiarrhythmic agents. In this case a question arises: how to recover
      a sinus rhythm if the agent's effect is not over. Two clinical cases have been
      described when the patients themselves tried to arrest arrhythmia by increasing
      the dose of the main drug and using additionally other antiarrhythmics, which led
      to severe complications.

PMID- 2400136
TI  - [Drug dosage during balanced anesthesia in children with urinary tract diseases].
AB  - To determine principles of choosing individual fentanyl and ketamin doses the
      data on the course of general anesthesia in 120 children were processed by
      regression analysis. It has been established that individual anesthetic dose
      titration should take into consideration the child's age, efficacy of
      premedication, renal function and circulatory pattern The infusion rate is
      determined with regard to anesthesia-induced circulatory changes. Regression
      analysis made it possible to work out formulas which enable individual dose
      titration and determination of the infusion rate.

PMID- 2400138
TI  - [Factors of nonspecific resistance in patients with cancer under various types of
      general anesthesia].
AB  - The study of changes in the factors of natural resistance (blood serum
      bactericidal activity, lysozyme, B-lysines) and immunogenesis (T- and B
      lymphocytes, immunoglobulins A, M, G) observed in cancer patients subject to 4
      distinct types of anesthesia (ketamine anesthesia, hallothane anesthesia, ester
      anesthesia, neuroleptanalgesia + N2O) has demonstrated differences in the effect
      of various anesthesia techniques on the above homeostasis parameters. The changes
      in natural resistance factors proved to be more informative for predicting the
      course of the postoperative period. Heterogeneity of changes caused by various
      types of anesthesia and corresponding clinical and experimental results confirm
      the effect of anesthesia on the course of the postoperative period. It has been
      established that ketamine anesthesia affects the T-system (causing its
      significant inhibition), with ester anesthesia attenuating humoral immunity.
      Neuroleptanalgesia combined with N2O proved to be the most avequate technique of
      anesthesia in cancer patients, sparing their body resistance factors. Our results
      correlate with the data on postoperative complications.

PMID- 2400139
TI  - [Mechanisms of compensation of hemodynamic disorders in cardiogenic shock and
      hyperbaric oxygenation].

PMID- 2400140
TI  - [Effect of nitrous oxide on myocardial activity and blood supply in patients with
      ischemic heart disease].
AB  - The effect of N2O at a concentration of 66 vol.% on hemodynamic parameters and
      myocardial oxygen supply has been studied in 46 patients with ischemic heart
      disease, functional class III-IV. A marked disbalance between heart work and
      myocardial O2 consumption manifested in a drop of blood pressure, stroke index,
      left ventricular stroke index, coronary perfusion pressure with retention of
      baseline global coronary flow, which may be indicative of the onset of "steal
      syndrome" in ischemic zones. Therefore, it is recommended not to use N2O in
      patients with severe coronary pathology.

PMID- 2400141
TI  - [Methodologic approach to the discontinuation of long-term artificial ventilation
      in cardiosurgical patients with postoperative cardiac insufficiency].
AB  - Correction of postoperative heart failure by continuous dopamine infusion makes
      it possible to avoid a decrease in cardiac performance and development of
      inadequate oxygen tissue supply in the course of discontinuation of controlled
      lung ventilation. It has been demonstrated that in a number of cases it is
      necessary to increase the drug dose to prevent inadequate oxygen supply of organs
      and tissues in patients with exhausted tissue reserves.

PMID- 2400143
TI  - [The laryngeal mask].
AB  - A new type of airway has been widely used for two years, throughout hospitals in
      the United Kingdom. Designed and created since 1983 by Dr AIJ Brain, the
      Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) is a compromise between the endotracheal tube and the
      face-mask. Blindly inserted in an anaesthetized patient, without either a
      laryngoscope or neuromuscular blockade, it provides a good airway in almost all
      cases. It is often able to offer an effective alternative to difficult
      intubation. The LMA can be used with either spontaneous or positive pressure
      ventilation. Because it doesn't provide a reliable protection of the airway from
      aspiration, it should never be used in the patient with a full stomach. The
      spontaneously breathing patient, undergoing elective surgery for 15 to 60
      minutes, in supine position, who would ordinarily be managed with a face-mask is
      the more likely candidate for the LMA. But, longer procedures, in lateral or
      prone position, with controlled ventilation can usually be carried out using the
      Brain's device. More effective and less demanding than the facial-mask, much less
      hurtful than the endotracheal tube, the Laryngeal Mask is potentially an
      important and valuable addition to anaesthetic care.

PMID- 2400142
TI  - [Continuous block of the femoral nerve after surgery of the knee:
      pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine].
AB  - Ten ASA Class 1 and 2 patients, aged from 16 to 56 years (mean +/- SD: 37 +/- 17
      years), scheduled for knee surgery were studied. At the end of the surgical
      procedure under general anesthesia, an epidural catheter was inserted in the
      femoral space. After X-ray opacification, a bolus of 2.5 mg.kg-1 of 0.5%
      bupivacaine with epinephrine was injected. A maintenance infusion was performed
      during 48 hours with 0.25 mg.kg-1.h-1 of 0.125% bupivacaine without epinephrine.
      Pain score recorded with an visual analogue scale was 5.0 +/- 1.9 before femoral
      block. Pain score decreased significantly from 6 to 48 hours. Plasma bupivacaine
      levels at 24, 36 and 48 hours were significantly higher than the levels obtained
      at 30 min, 1, 6 and 12 hours. Mean plasma bupivacaine level at steady state was
      1.78 +/- 0.59 micrograms.ml-1. Clearance of bupivacaine was 2.59 +/- 0.91 ml.min
      1.kg-1. No neurologic complications have been recorded.

PMID- 2400144
TI  - [Locoregional anesthesia in ambulatory patients].
AB  - The use of regional anaesthesia in ambulatory patients is discussed. Five
      criteria for discharge are described: the four 'A's (Awake, Ambulation,
      Alimentation, Analgesia) and micturition. Recommended agents for additional
      sedation with the regional block, if required, are midazolam and fentanyl. These
      should be titrated in order to administer the minimal efficient dosage. The main
      techniques for regional anaesthesia of upper limb are intravenous regional
      anaesthesia, axillary and interscalenic brachial plexus blocks and for the lower
      limbs epidural and spinal blocks. However, urinary retention and orthostatic
      hypotension can occur. The risk of headache is not a contraindication for day
      case surgery if some guidelines are followed. Penile blocks and caudal blocks are
      widely used in pediatric surgery.

PMID- 2400145
TI  - [Should blood coagulation tests be performed before locoregional anesthesia in
      class 1 ASA patients?].
AB  - Coagulation testing is warranted before regional anaesthesia to avoid bleeding
      complications. The most feared is spinal epidural hematoma causing neurologic
      deficits if epidural or spinal anaesthesia is performed in patients with
      hemostatic defects. These concepts are submitted to critical appraisal in the
      special setting of ASA class 1 patients. If patients are correctly assessed by
      questionnaire and physical examination as having negative history, asymptomatic
      coagulopathies are very scarce, mainly represented by hemophilia in men and von
      Willebrand's disease in women. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) is
      the main test to assess coagulation defects. APTT is not sufficiently sensitive
      to identify all patients with coagulopathies, especially mild ones and von
      Willebrand's disease. Medium specificity combined with low prevalence of the
      disease to be screened incur false positive results and poor predictive value of
      positive tests as well for diagnostic purpose as for prognostic evaluation of
      haemorrhagic risk. Neurologic deficits secondary to compression by haematoma are
      rare and their frequency presently unknown. Epidural or spinal anaesthesia has
      been shown to be quite safe when performed in patients with various hemostatic
      abnormalities. Consequently, routine coagulation testing in ASA class 1 patients
      seems to provide more drawback than benefit. Lack of coagulation testing prior to
      regional anaesthesia is probably not a factor of increased risk if patients are
      correctly assessed.

PMID- 2400146
TI  - [Hemostasis and regional anesthesia].

PMID- 2400147
TI  - [Anesthesia at the "Coltzea" Clinical Hospital, a first line hospital during the
      revolution of the Romanian people].
AB  - Anaesthesia and postoperative course of the wounded victims of the romanian
      revolution in December 1989 at Bucarest are described. The author, a romanian
      anaesthetist, was an eyewitness of these events. During this four day period,
      between 21st and 25th December, 97 live wounded were admitted, 75 of them with
      very serious wounds, and hypovolaemic shock. The remaining 22 had superficial
      limb wounds. Twenty-one dead wounded were also admitted to hospital. The wounds
      involved: the head (3), the neck (4), the chest with an opened pleura (3), with
      closed pleura (8), the abdomen, including the intra-abdominal and retroperitoneal
      organs, and the pelvis (14), the upper (16) and lower (39) limbs, and minor skin
      and soft tissue lesions (10). Seventy-five patients were given a general
      anaesthetic with endotracheal intubation, 12 an intravenous general anaesthetic
      without intubation; for the remaining 10, a local anaesthetic technique was used.
      Four patients died during surgery because of extremely serious wounds,
      incompatible with life, and overwhelming haemorrhage for which surgical
      haemostasis was impossible. Two other patients died, one 72 h and the other 5
      days later, because of severe infection and gangrene. Twenty days after these
      events, 91 patients still either recovered or were convalescing.

PMID- 2400148
TI  - [Potassium cyanide poisoning treated with hydroxocobalamin].
AB  - A fifteen-year-old girl, with a clean medical history, was admitted to the
      intensive care unit 90 minutes after ingestion of 2.5 g potassium cyanide. She
      had typical signs of severe cyanide poisoning including deep coma, circulatory
      failure, and major metabolic acidosis. Gastric lavage and antidotal treatment
      with 4 g hydroxocobalamin and 8 g sodium hyposulfite was administered without
      delay together with supportive treatment consisting of mechanical ventilation
      with FIO2, blood alkalinisation and administration of beta-stimulants. These
      measures led to a rapid clinical improvement. The ventilatory support was
      discontinued after 24 hours and the patient left the intensive care unit on the
      fourth day with only slightly impaired mental status. She survived despite a very
      high blood cyanide concentration (494 mumol.l-1 on admission) probably because of
      the rapid symptomatic and antidotal treatment.

PMID- 2400149
TI  - [Postoperative pulmonary leukostasis responsible for fatal respiratory distress].
AB  - A case is reported of a 78-year-old woman with a history of chronic leukemia and
      who developed after emergency appendicectomy a fatal respiratory distress
      syndrome related to pulmonary leukostasis. Clinically, the patient had fever,
      dyspnea and severe hypoxaemia. Chest x-ray showed diffuse pulmonary infiltrates.
      The patient died from progressive respiratory failure despite ventilatory
      support. Post mortem lung biopsies were taken for pathologic examination. They
      showed thrombi composed of leukaemic blast cells which obstructed and distended
      the lumens of pulmonary arterioles and capillaries. The respiratory distress is
      attributed to pulmonary leukostasis. Toxic substances released from the
      leukostatic leukaemic cell or local hypoxia due to vascular occlusion produce
      this endothelial cell and basement membrane damage. An infectious origin or
      endogenous pyrogen substances released from leukaemic monocytes may explain the
      fever. The frequent occurrence of pulmonary leukostasis in patients with
      leukocyte count greater than 100,000/mm3 point out the need for prevention or
      therapy of pulmonary leukostasis in these high-risk patients. They need
      chemotherapy and, if rapid reduction is not observed, leukopheresis which may
      favourably influence the outcome of patients.

PMID- 2400150
TI  - [Thrombocytopenia induced by heparin and cardiac surgery with extracorporeal
      circulation].
AB  - A case of mitral and aortic valvular replacement combined with double coronary
      artery bypass grafting is reported in a 64-year-old woman who presented with a
      history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. The use of a conventional dose of
      heparin did not induce the formation of a plasma platelet-aggregation factor. The
      necessity of postoperative anticoagulation was ensured by the prescription of
      antivitamin K, started on the morning of the operative day.

PMID- 2400151
TI  - [Allergy to ketamine].
AB  - A case is reported of allergy to ketamine substantiated 2 years after the
      accident. The female patient had ketamine for the removal of a mole. During this
      procedure, she developed a generalized rash and laryngospasm; the use of
      adrenaline was required. Since that time, although no confirmatory investigations
      had been carried out, she had been given a paper identifying Ketalar as being the
      involved drug. Investigations were carried out after she had been given a further
      anaesthetic (without using ketamine) 2 years after the accident. These confirmed
      an allergic reaction to ketamine, and not to the solvent, chlorobutanol.

PMID- 2400152
TI  - [Neurologic complication after epidural anesthesia in a 15-year-old boy].

PMID- 2400153
TI  - [Oculocardiac reflex and propofol anesthesia in surgery of strabismus in
      children].

PMID- 2400154
TI  - [An outbreak of neonatal meningitis caused by enterovirus].
AB  - Six newborn infants affected by acute aseptic neonatal meningitis were attended
      during the months of June and July 1987. Fever, good general physical appearance
      and no associate focal symptomatology was the onset in five cases, whereas one of
      them had apnea spells. An increase in total cell count was present in CSF with
      polymorphonuclears predominance in two cases, being lymphocites more prevalent in
      the others. Enterovirus were demonstrated as a cause in three of them. After
      describing clinical facts and evolution, some epidemiological aspects are
      commented.

PMID- 2400155
TI  - [Spinal cord compression in children with cancer].
AB  - Metastatic cord compression is a rare complication of malignant diseases in
      childhood. The most common causes are bone and soft tissue sarcomas,
      neuroblastoma, lymphoma and leukemia. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis,
      treatment and evolution of eight children with metastatic cord compression are
      presented. Diagnosis was based on computerized tomography that was pathological
      in all the cases, and confirmed by myelography in four patients. The cytological
      analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid was made in three patients being negative for
      tumoral cells in all of them. Treatment consisted on radiotherapy, chemotherapy
      and/or surgery depending on the tumor histology. Decompressive laminectomy was
      made in patients who did not show previous evidence of cancer. Functional
      prognosis was related with the degree of disablement at diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 2400156
TI  - [Feeding and growth during the first year of life].
AB  - 345 infants (179 boys and 166 girls) have been studied during the first year of
      life. The social, economic and education characteristics correspond with III
      category of Graffar. Breast-feeding in 80 per 100% of the cases was the initial
      feeding. Beikost was introduced in the 5th month +/- 8 days. The increasing
      weight is higher in the children fed with adapted formula that those who had made
      it through breast-feeding, with statistical differences (p less than 0.01) in
      boys and girls between the third and fifth month. Girls also showed gaining in
      weight with significant differences between the fifth and seventh month (p less
      than 0.05). According to the comparative study carried out in the twelfth month
      those boys fed with adapted formula show higher values of the sum of the skinfold
      thickness and fat percentage (p less than 0.05), than those who were breast-fed
      for a period of live months or more; the rest of analyzed parameters (weight,
      length, body mass, Roher or K index) do not show any significant differences in
      the study carried out in both groups of infants in the first year of life.

PMID- 2400157
TI  - [Meckel's diverticulum in children. A series of cases over 16 years].
AB  - The authors review 45 cases of patients with Meckel's Diverticulum, 28 were
      symtomatics and 17 asymtomatics. DM symtomatics were more frequent in males 3:1
      and usually the diagnosis was made between 0 and 4 years of age. 85% apared with
      rectal bleeding, diverticulitis and intestinal obstruction. Near all cases with
      rectal bleeding and diverticulitis were associated with heterotopic mucosa (90%).
      The best method of diagnosis is the Tc-99 pertechnetate scan although it has been
      used in small number of cases because of the emergency. The results have been
      goods except one death, two intestinal obstructions and two wound infections.

PMID- 2400158
TI  - [Familial retinoblastoma: cytogenetic study of the tumor].
AB  - We report a case of familiar retinoblastoma, in which both mother and daughter
      show bilateral retinoblastoma. The cytogenetic study, in both peripheral blood
      lymphocytes and tumoral tissue did not show alterations on the 13 chromosome,
      although we found a complex kariotype in tumoral tissue defined by three celular
      lines. In all of them appears a marker in which the 6 chromosome is involved (der
      6). The derivated of 6 chromosome are markers highly characteristic of the
      retinoblastoma cases, and can be related with the aggressivity of tumor and the
      appearance of the second tumors.

PMID- 2400159
TI  - [Alcohol consumption of the juvenile population of Cadiz].

PMID- 2400160
TI  - [Cardiac tamponade in children as a complication of central venous
      catheterization. Report of four cases].
AB  - Very few cases of children with cardiac tamponade from central venous
      catheterization have been reported. Four cases are described. In 3 patients the
      diagnosis was suspected, a pericardiocentesis was performed and they survived.
      The other patient died and, at autopsy, diagnosis was made. The available
      literature on cardiac tamponade from central venous catheters in children is
      reviewed, preventive measures are considered in detail and the need for a high
      index of suspicion is highlighted.

PMID- 2400161
TI  - [Ellis van Creveld syndrome].
AB  - The last two cases of Ellis van Creveld syndrome diagnosed in the Neonatology
      Service of our department are presented and the clinical and radiological
      features described. One of the children, the boy, was suffering from ocular
      malformations which are not common in this syndrome. Both have heart
      malformations which are frequent in this syndrome. Paradoxically the boy, who was
      quite below the third percentile in height, has less alterations in the long
      bones than did the baby girl, who was within the normal height range. Attention
      is called to the lack of adipose panniculus in the boy, but the girl's weight is
      within the normal limits. Both died because of the heart anomalities with
      accompanying respiratory distress.

PMID- 2400162
TI  - [Caustic burns of the stomach secondary to ingestion of acid in infants:
      importance of fibro-endoscopy].
AB  - Two cases of corrosive burns of the stomach after the ingestion of acid by
      children are presented. Both patients were the same sex and of a similar age (19
      and 20 months). The chemical nature of the caustic substance ingested
      (hydrochloric acid) and the lack of initial symptoms were also similar. The
      clinical diagnosis however, was completely different due to the endoscopic
      finding of serious gastric lesions in one of the patients which were then treated
      accordingly. In children, the accidental ingestion of caustic acids is often
      accompanied by few clinical symptoms initially. This can lead to failure to
      diagnose correctly when symptoms are correlated with the existence and severity
      of digestive lesions. When a caustic substance has been ingested, in addition to
      symptoms, consideration of the acidity or alkalinity of the ingested product is
      also an important parametre in evaluating endoscopic findings.

PMID- 2400164
TI  - [Congenital myotonic dystrophy].

PMID- 2400163
TI  - [Analysis of the metacarpophalangeal pattern profile in a male with cerebral
      gigantism (Sotos syndrome)].

PMID- 2400165
TI  - [Benign intracranial hypertension caused by DTP and polio immunization].

PMID- 2400166
TI  - Prognosis in medically stabilized unstable angina: early Holter ST-segment
      monitoring compared with predischarge exercise thallium tomography.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the relative value of invasive and noninvasive predictors of
      outcome in patients after unstable angina. DESIGN: Cohort of 54 patients with
      unstable angina who had 6-month follow-up after stabilization on medical therapy.
      SETTING: University-based hospital, tertiary referral center. PATIENTS:
      Consecutive patients with unstable angina whose symptoms resolved while receiving
      medical therapy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We prospectively compared 24-hour
      Holter ST-segment monitoring at admission, quantitative exercise thallium
      tomography, and cardiac catheterization 5 +/- 2 days after admission and analyzed
      their value for predicting a cardiac event in patients with unstable angina
      within 6 months. When patients with a favorable outcome (n = 40) were compared
      with patients with an unfavorable outcome (n = 11) no statistical difference was
      found in duration of ST shift of 1 mm or more on Holter monitoring (51 +/- 119
      min compared with 37 +/- 43 min), exercise duration by the standard Bruce
      protocol (8.0 +/- 3.6 min compared with 7.9 +/- 3.1 min), exercise-induced ST
      depression (0.6 +/- 0.9 mm compared with 1.0 +/- 1.0 mm), and contrast left
      ventricular ejection fraction (70% +/- 10% compared with 69% +/- 15%). Patients
      with a favorable outcome were distinguished from those with an unfavorable
      outcome by a higher maximum rate-pressure product (24 x 10(3) +/- 6 x 10(3)
      compared with 18 x 10(3) +/- 7 x 10(3), P = 0.0025), smaller size of the
      reversible scintigraphic perfusion defect expressed as a percentage of total
      myocardium imaged (6% +/- 11% compared with 17% +/- 18%, P = 0.05) and a smaller
      number of vessels with stenosis of 50% or more (1.1 +/- 1.2 compared with 2.1 +/-
      1.0, P = 0.01). On multiple logistic regression analysis, a history of previous
      myocardial infarction was the most powerful predictor of outcome. In patients
      without myocardial infarction, reversible exercise thallium perfusion defect size
      was the only predictor. CONCLUSION: After stabilization of an episode of unstable
      angina, quantitative tomographic exercise thallium scintigraphy has greater value
      for risk stratification than Holter ST-segment monitoring, particularly in
      patients who have not had a previous infarction.

PMID- 2400167
TI  - Increased osmolal gap in alcoholic ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether an elevated osmolal gap is specific for toxic
      alcohol ingestion. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Emergency room and medical
      and surgical inpatient wards at a university-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS:
      Twenty-three patients with lactic acidosis, 19 with alcoholic ketoacidosis, and
      10 randomly selected controls. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Calculated and
      measured serum osmolality was determined in all study participants. The osmolal
      gap was increased in patients with lactic acidosis (17.4 +/- 5.4 mmol/kg) and
      alcoholic ketoacidosis (26.9 +/- 7.6 mmol/kg) when compared with controls (-1.7
      +/- 1.7 mmol/kg, P less than 0.05 for both comparisons). When ethanol was
      included in the calculation, the osmolal gap remained elevated in the lactic
      acidosis (10.3 +/- 2.0 mmol/kg) and alcoholic ketoacidosis (11.1 +/- 3.2 mmol/kg)
      groups (P less than 0.05 for both comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: The osmolal gap is
      often used as a screen for toxic alcohol ingestion. When calculating the osmolal
      gap, the contribution of ethanol should be considered. An elevated osmolal gap is
      not specific for toxic alcohol ingestion, as the osmolal gap was elevated in
      patients with lactic acidosis and alcoholic ketoacidosis. These two conditions
      should be considered when using the osmolal gap to design therapy (for example,
      hemodialysis) in the setting of anion gap metabolic acidosis and suspected toxic
      alcohol ingestion.

PMID- 2400169
TI  - Medical schools and immunization policies: missed opportunities for disease
      prevention.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe current immunization requirements and policies in North
      American medical schools both at matriculation and before students begin clinical
      clerkships. DESIGN: Survey of all allopathic medical schools in the United States
      and Canada. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and fifteen medical schools. MEASUREMENTS
      AND MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-eight percent of medical schools had no immunization
      requirements for matriculating medical students. Thirty-one percent of the
      schools had no rubella immunity requirement, 40% had no measles immunity
      requirement, and 44% had no polio immunity requirement for matriculating
      students. For students beginning clinical clerkships, 18%, 35%, and 40% of
      schools did not require rubella, measles, and polio immunity, respectively. Only
      19% and 4% of schools required hepatitis B and influenza immunizations,
      respectively, at any time during training. Between 20% and 30% of schools
      accepted student self-report as evidence of rubella and measles immunity.
      CONCLUSIONS: Despite expert guidelines, current medical school immunization
      policies for matriculating medical students are inadequate. Methods to assess,
      monitor compliance with, and facilitate student immunization are needed. Medical
      schools should review their immunization policies to comply with published
      guidelines.

PMID- 2400168
TI  - Bronchoalveolar lavage for rapid diagnosis of the fat embolism syndrome in trauma
      patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of bronchoalveolar lavage in establishing
      the diagnosis of the fat embolism syndrome in trauma patients with long-bone
      fractures. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Referral hospital. PATIENTS: Eighteen
      trauma patients with long-bone fractures, including 5 with definite fat embolism
      syndrome, 5 in whom the diagnosis had been clinically suspected but was
      impossible to confirm or exclude before bronchoscopy, and 8 with no clinical
      evidence of the syndrome. Control groups included 9 patients without previous
      trauma who developed the adult respiratory distress syndrome for various reasons
      and 15 normal volunteers. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Each patient had fiber
      optic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage, and the percentage of lavage
      cells containing intracellular fat droplets stained with oil red 0 were
      determined. In the five patients with definite fat embolism syndrome, light
      microscopic study of bronchoalveolar cells stained with oil red 0 showed many
      large intracellular fat droplets (mean percentage of cells containing fat
      droplets, 63%; range, 31% to 82%), whereas less than 2% of cells recovered by
      lavage from trauma patients with no clinical evidence of the syndrome, from
      patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome, or from normal volunteers
      contained such inclusions. Use of the same technique in the five patients with
      possible fat embolism syndrome permitted the immediate identification of three
      patients in whom this diagnosis was later confirmed by subsequent autopsy or
      clinical follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of fat droplets within cells
      recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage in trauma patients may be a rapid and
      specific method for establishing the diagnosis of the fat embolism syndrome.

PMID- 2400170
TI  - Endoscopy to evaluate gastrointestinal bleeding in marathon runners.

PMID- 2400171
TI  - Perineal reflex sympathetic dystrophy treated with bilateral lumbar
      sympathectomy.

PMID- 2400172
TI  - Treatment of mildly symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

PMID- 2400173
TI  - Intoxication after an isopropyl alcohol enema.

PMID- 2400174
TI  - Comprehensive health care reform.

PMID- 2400175
TI  - Therapeutic substitution and formulary systems.

PMID- 2400176
TI  - State of the art in heat stress evaluation and its future in the context of the
      European directives.
AB  - This address is divided in two parts. The first reviews the problems of heat
      stress evaluation: it describes the comprehensive approach adopted by ISO
      standards and in particular the rationale of the Required Sweat Rate index, and
      presents the work done during the ECSC interlaboratory study, which extends the
      application of this index to intermittent or fluctuating conditions of exposure.
      The second part presents a rapid overview of the European economic and social
      Directives proposed in anticipation of 1993. It suggests that occupational
      hygienists, occupational physicians, safety specialists, toxicologists and
      ergonomists should adopt a common view about the practical implications of these
      new Directives and contribute to their incorporation into national regulations.

PMID- 2400177
TI  - Dynamics of pulmonary surfactant system and its role in alveolar cleansing.
AB  - Qualitative descriptions of the surfactant film behaviour and the concept of
      hydrodynamical clearance in the alveoli are presented, and the possibilities of
      modelling of dynamics of this system mathematically are discussed. Using the
      model formulated it is shown that under dynamic conditions physiochemical surface
      phenomena may lead to net flow of the liquid layer (together with the dust
      particles) out of the alveoli. The effects of some parameters (surfactant
      activity and its production, viscosity of the liquid layer, size and geometry of
      the bronchoalveolar system, shape of respiratory curve) on the clearance rate are
      demonstrated. The results obtained are discussed critically.

PMID- 2400178
TI  - An organized approach to the control of hazards to health at work.
AB  - Shell U.K. has an approach which facilitates the implementation of its
      occupational hygiene programme in its many locations. The main elements of the
      system are Company Policy, Standards, Methods and Management. The Policy sets the
      scene and is rigorous in its aims. The new COSHH legislation has emphasized
      particular duties which have influenced the approach. The Company Occupational
      Health Guidelines [Guidelines on Health at Work for Shell in the U.K. Shell U.K.
      Ltd, London (1989)] set the standards for control of exposure, among other
      things, and the Company adopts appropriate methods to achieve them. Of particular
      note is the Company's COSHH Programme [Implementation of the Shell U.K. Policy on
      the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health. Shell U.K. Ltd, London (1989)]
      which applies to all hazards to health (including physical and biological agents)
      in the workplace. Its introduction has been given full corporate support and is
      in the process of implementation. Appropriate procedures have been introduced for
      assessments of risk and for work histories. Guidance has been given on
      competence, reflecting a philosphy based on a team approach using local resources
      to the full, supported by corporate resources as required. The awards of the
      British Examining and Registration Board in Occupational Hygiene (1987) are used
      as the professional standard. Because of difficulties in obtaining basic hazard
      data, an internal core hazard data system (CHADS) [Core Hazard Data System. Shell
      U.K Ltd, London (1989)] has been introduced. The whole programme is managed
      through Occupational Hygiene Focal Points (OHFP) which represent local activities
      but also participate in corporate strategy. Through them the multidisciplinary
      approach is promoted, working in conjunction with local and sector Medical
      Advisers. Work done by the central Occupational Hygiene Unit is recorded and the
      reports are used for time management and recovery of costs. In its entirety, the
      approach is being used successfully to implement a comprehensive occupational
      hygiene programme in a diversified and dispersed industrial organization.

PMID- 2400179
TI  - Reducing the risk of Legionnaires' disease.
AB  - Many common aquatic bacteria like Legionella pneumophila are able to colonize man
      made water systems. Poorly maintained systems or those that are seldom used
      provide ideal sites for growth and often also provide the means for aerosolizing
      the organism. Compounds leached from construction materials and the by-products
      of other organisms can be used as food by the Legionellaceae and can thus aid
      their growth. Keeping water systems clean and well serviced, keeping hot water at
      or above, and cold water below, recommended temperatures and additionally in
      cooling towers maintaining the required levels of biocide, will reduce or prevent
      the growth of legionellas. To be certain that the control measures are successful
      microbiological and chemical monitoring should be done. The results of this and
      the maintenance work undertaken should be kept in a log so that failures in
      treatment can be quickly seen and remedial action taken before any risk of
      infection arises. Adhering to these simple guidelines will go a long way to
      removing the risk of infection and will also provide systems that are more
      efficient and thus cheaper to run.

PMID- 2400180
TI  - Mercury in the Swedish chloralkali industry--an evaluation of the exposure and
      preventive measures over 40 years.
AB  - The monitoring of exposure to mercury in the Swedish chloralkali industry started
      in 1946 and became common in the 1960s. During the 1970s both urinary and blood
      mercury (U-Hg, B-Hg) concentrations decreased substantially. The mean (geometric)
      U-Hg was 500-700 nmol l.-1 in the 1960s as compared with 150 nmol l.-1 today.
      During the 1970s the mean (geometric) B-Hg declined from about 100 to 40 nmol l.
      1. Nowadays high values, U-Hg greater than 1500 nmol l.-1 or B-Hg greater than
      600 nmol l.-1, are very rare whereas in the 1950s and the 1960s such peak values
      were found among 30% of the workers. The most effective measures taken were the
      reduction of the hydrogen discharges from the process and the replacement of
      graphite anodes by dimensionally stable anodes which require less frequent
      maintenance. Today efficient cleaning and continuous monitoring make it possible
      to keep the exposure levels low. The use of respiratory protection equipment is,
      however, still necessary during certain maintenance operations.

PMID- 2400181
TI  - Dust from carpeted and smooth floors--III. Trials on denaturation of allergenic
      proteins by household cleaning solutions and chemical detergents.
AB  - The effects of detergents on antigens and allergens of birch and timothy grass
      pollen extracts, codfish, hen egg-white, cat dander and house dust mite were
      investigated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed radio
      immunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), radio-allergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition and
      quantitative precipitation test using laser nephelometry. Nine household cleaning
      solutions and five chemical detergents were tested. Higher concentrations than
      recommended for regular cleaning purposes were used as no influence on the
      antigenic and allergenic activities could be detected using the usual
      concentrations. Soft soap, guanidine hydrochloride and sodium lauryl sulphate
      induced most modifications of the antigens and allergens tested. None of the
      detergents totally destroyed the antigenic and allergenic activities of the
      selected material, even when used in concentrations up to 10 times that
      recommended. The materials used for carpet cleaning would not be able to impose
      any denaturing effects on allergens left on carpets after cleaning.

PMID- 2400182
TI  - [Behavior on de-epidermized human skin of unspecified reconstituted collagen
      tissue].
AB  - The aim of our study was to assess the behaviour of a despecified collagen tissue
      laid on desepidermized human skin (taking area of skin graft). The collagen
      tissue was prepared according to Bell's method. The collagen was latticed,
      contracted by fibroblasts, chemically treated (formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde) to
      stabilize the fibrils and then despecified by cialit treatment. This tissue laid
      on superficial, non infected wounds very rapidly took a necrotic appearance and
      was totally lysed after 10 to 12 days without any modification of the healing
      course. No bacterial infection was observed. Histological and ultrastructural
      studies showed desorganization of collagen fibre bundles and tissue invasion by
      inflammatory cells. Circulating antibodies to collagen were absent at day 30.
      This model lacks interest as a substitute for superficial tissue replacement, but
      a healing function could be assigned to its high chemotactic power for
      polynuclears and macrophages and should allow its use in cases of deep tissue
      loss.

PMID- 2400183
TI  - [Photo-onycholysis caused by 5-MOP (Psoraderm) and the application of the
      imputation method of drug effects].

PMID- 2400184
TI  - [Ulcerative and pseudotumoral perforating elastoma of the perineum. Diagnostic
      discussion].

PMID- 2400185
TI  - [Absence of bipolarity in Blaschko's lines].

PMID- 2400186
TI  - [Immediate water cooling. Emergency treatment of burns].

PMID- 2400187
TI  - [Pediatric pneumology: introduction].

PMID- 2400188
TI  - [Is there a consensus among specialists concerning asthma?].
AB  - A list of 30 questions--of which 25 were literal translations of the questions
      asked by R.L. Henry and A.D. Milner (British Medical Journal 1983, 287, 260-261)
      and 5 were new questions--was presented to 118 specialists of asthma selected
      among the members of the European Academy of Allergology. A consensus (more than
      75% identical answers) was observed for 17 questions. Surprisingly, only 50% of
      French specialists perform lung function testing on one occasion, since
      concomitantly the importance of periodic evaluation of "breathing" was
      underscored. Comparison with answers given by British practitioners raises the
      question of why a chronic disease such as asthma is managed differently despite
      comparable severity. The urgent need for a definition of "good diagnostic and
      therapeutic practices in asthma" is pointed out.

PMID- 2400189
TI  - [Pneumopleurocutaneous fistula after inhalation of an ear of barley (Hordeum
      murinum)].
AB  - A 16-month-old boy developed a cutaneous swelling at the base of the right
      hemithorax with fever. The chest film showed evidence of a very slight pleural
      effusion and the xerography disclosed subcutaneous emphysema opposite the
      swelling. Three weeks earlier, the child had been found in a field with an ear of
      grain in his hand and apparently exhibited a transient episode of choking. An
      article published several years ago by an anglo saxon author, T.R. Cavens, on
      pneumocutaneous fistulas secondary to the inhalation of grasses suggested that
      our patient had a similar condition. The abscess was opened and an ear of barley
      (Hordeum murinum) was found. Less than ten comparable observations have been
      published in the literature. We recall a number of botanical facts explaining why
      an ear of Hordeum murinum can migrate only in the forward direction.

PMID- 2400190
TI  - [Primary interstitial pancreatitis or dyschylic pancreatitis in children. Apropos
      of 13 cases].
AB  - During a retrospective review of more than 1,000 pediatric pancreas specimens
      obtained by autopsy or biopsy, 13 cases of primitive interstitial pancreatitis
      (PIP) were identified. The morphologic diagnosis of PIP is based on the following
      histological features: presence of abundant, inspissated, PAS-negative
      intraductal secretions, overdistension and focal rupture of the intrapancreatic
      ducts, and presence of a focal, extensive inflammatory infiltrate. PIP should be
      distinguished from cystic fibrosis, necrotizing pancreatitis, and passive
      secondary interstitial infiltrates associated with extensive retroperitoneal
      cellulitis caused by septicemia or abdominal surgery. Clinical diagnosis is
      difficult and was not considered in the ten children under four years of age. In
      the three children over five, the presence of recurrent abdominal pain with mild
      ascitis and jaundice led to the correct diagnosis. Pathological findings suggest
      two possible pathophysiologic hypotheses: lesions may develop proximal to a
      mechanical malformative obstruction that is, however, only very rarely found,
      according to a more likely alternative, quantitative and qualitative
      modifications of pancreatic secretions may occur as a result of severe
      dehydration or use of drugs (corticosteroids, diuretics), justifying the term
      "dyschylic pancreatitis" coined by G. Seifert.

PMID- 2400192
TI  - [Cryptosporidiosis in children: epidemics and sporadic cases].
AB  - From April 16 1987 through May 16 1987, during an outbreak of gastroenteritis,
      stool specimens were obtained from 53 children aged 18 to 36 months among the 90
      children attending an on-site day-care center for the staff of a large teaching
      hospital in the Paris urban area (59%). Oocysts of Cryptosporidium were found in
      11 specimens (21%) using an auramine staining technique. Children with diarrhea
      were more likely to have stools containing Cryptosporidium (p less than 0.01).
      Subsequently, a prospective study was carried out in the same day care center
      from July 1987 through January 1988. Among the 103 episodes of diarrhea observed
      during the study period, there were five cases of cryptosporidiosis (5%). In all
      these cases, diarrhea was moderate and resolved within ten days. Furthermore,
      among 148 hospitalized children aged 2 months to 10 years, 2 (1.4%) had positive
      stool specimens for Cryptosporidium and significant failure to thrive. Thus,
      Cryptosporidium is a common cause of diarrhea in immunocompetent children,
      especially in child group settings. Further studies are needed to determine the
      prevalence and spectrum of the clinical patterns of this parasitic disease.

PMID- 2400191
TI  - [Selenium and vitamin E in patients with progressive muscular dystrophy].
AB  - Serum levels of selenium and vitamin E were prospectively studied in children
      with Duchenne de Boulogne muscular dystrophy of variable age and muscular status.
      In contrast with previous studies, we found no differences with controls.
      However, we believe that selenium and vitamin E, two natural antioxydants, may
      contribute to the pathophysiology of pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy. A
      study of the effects of supplementation is on-going.

PMID- 2400193
TI  - [Hemopigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - We report two cases of hemopigmented villonodular synovitis in two girls aged 5
      years 9 months and 13 years respectively. This condition is a clinicopathologic
      entity of unknown pathogenesis and is exceedingly rare in childhood. Patients of
      both sexes can be affected, with no particular predominance. The clinical picture
      in our two patients consisted only in chronic hemarthrosis of the knee with
      occasionally tumor-like features. Arthrographic changes were not specific.
      Diagnosis was established upon arthrography and results of pathologic studies of
      biopsy specimens. Therapy of this condition is surgical and recurrences are
      infrequent.

PMID- 2400194
TI  - [Familial syndrome combining short stature, microcephaly, mental deficiency,
      seizures, hearing loss, and skin lesions. A new syndrome].
AB  - We report the observations of three sisters with the same autosomal recessive
      syndrome characterized by growth retardation, microcephaly, mental deficiency,
      seizures, sensorineural hearing loss, and skin lesions. The congenital nature of
      these symptoms was confirmed by their high prevalence among other family members.
      This syndrome is one of the many neurocutaneous syndromes and does not seem to
      fit any of the previously published descriptions.

PMID- 2400195
TI  - [Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome. Apropos of a case].
AB  - We report a new case of Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome in a child and describe
      this condition on the basis of a review of the literature. Affected individuals
      exhibit both hypothyroidism and pseudohypertrophic myopathy and consequently have
      an athletic appearance that contrasts with physical and psychological
      sluggishness.

PMID- 2400196
TI  - [Physical and biophysical aspects of high-energy intracardiac electric
      discharges. I. The discharge bubble].
AB  - Endocavitary discharge produces an electrical spark at the end of the probe. This
      in turn produces a plume of steam which lasts for about ten milliseconds and
      which subsequently acts like a cavitation bubble. This phenomenon is well known
      in the branch of physics dealing with dynamics and fluids, and should be
      subjected to rapid kinetic recording. It may make it possible to explain various
      barotraumas which are observed during the discharge. However, the plumes of steam
      produced by the discharge have some highly specific features which are due to the
      fact that the discharge is usually produced using a monopole in an electrolyte.
      In addition, the shape of the electrode also affects the formation of the bubble.
      This results in a description of the cavitation bubble produced by the discharge
      as the "discharge bubble".

PMID- 2400197
TI  - [Arterial thromboses and essential thrombocythemia in young patients].
AB  - The authors report two cases of essential thrombocythemia (ET) which occurred in
      young subjects (25 and 33 years) and revealed by arterial thromboses. The first
      case was one of myocardial infarction: in the second case, ischemic signs in the
      left leg led to cutaneous necrosis. Thrombotic signs are commonplace in ET and
      are generally considered to be attributable to an impaired underlying vascular
      territory. The cases reported by the authors conflict with these data and it
      would seem, therefore, that the onset of thrombosis in the absence of any
      associated cardiovascular risk can be envisaged. With regard to therapy, if
      thrombotic signs occur, myelosuppressive treatment must be undertaken; in
      asymptomatic patients, due to the potential and unpredictable risk of thrombosis,
      this treatment should be initiated if the platelet count rises above 800 x
      10(9)/l. Hydroxyurea is generally prescribed (particularly in young patients)
      since it is generally considered to be devoid of any leukemogenic potential.

PMID- 2400199
TI  - Increased myocardial and hepatic iron concentration in pigs with microangiopathy
      (mulberry heart disease) as a risk factor of oxidative damage.
AB  - The role of iron was evaluated in pigs that died suddenly of microangiopathy
      (mulberry heart disease) characterized by myocardial and endothelial cell damage
      and capillary microthrombosis. Myocardial iron concentration (mean +/- SD) in
      pigs with microangiopathy (416 +/- 87 micrograms/g, dry weight) was significantly
      (p less than 0.001) higher than in pigs with other diseases (294 +/- 93
      micrograms/g) and in healthy slaughter pigs (231 +/- 43 micrograms/g). Similarly,
      hepatic iron concentration in pigs with microangiopathy (1,211 +/- 254
      micrograms/g) was significantly (p less than 0.001) higher than in pigs with
      other diseases (873 +/- 296 micrograms/g) and in healthy slaughter pigs (831 +/-
      284 micrograms/g). The results indicate that myocardial and hepatic iron
      concentration was increased in pigs with microangiopathy. Increased myocardial
      and hepatic iron concentration might have promoted oxidative stress in selenium
      vitamin E-deficient pigs and thus contributed to the development of oxidative
      damage.

PMID- 2400198
TI  - [Effect on atrioventricular conduction of a new calcium antagonist: lacidipine.
      Evaluation by the Holter method].
AB  - The modification of AV conduction induced by 4 mg b.i.d. of lacidipine (L), a new
      calcium antagonist, was assessed by studying the changes in ventricular rhythm in
      10 patients with stable chronic atrial fibrillation (mean age 71 +/- 15) by daily
      Holter recordings. The study was single blind versus placebo (P), nifedipine (N)
      10 mg b.i.d. and for five patients diltiazem (D) 120 mg b.i.d. Five or seven
      consecutive 24 hours Holter were recorded in the following order: P, P, N or L,
      P, N or L, D, D. For each hour, an RR histogram was drawn and the 10 per cent and
      90 per cent values of the cumulative cycle length curve were computed, as were
      the total number of QRS, and the mean value of RR intervals. The correlation
      coefficient between the number of QRS from the same hour on different days, the
      Student t test between the mean hourly RR interval values and the comparison
      between the histograms did not demonstrate a significant difference between the
      placebo, the nifedipine and the lacidipine periods. The only significant changes
      were induced by diltiazem (p less than 0.01), with a significant prolongation of
      the RR intervals. This suggests that lacidipine, like nifedipine, has no effect
      on AV conduction.

PMID- 2400200
TI  - Plasma and tissue-free amino acids in the developing chick.
AB  - The free amino acids of the plasma and pectoral muscle, liver and brain cytosolic
      S105 supernatant obtained from 2- and 3-week-old fasted chicks, were analyzed by
      HPLC after deproteinization by ultrafiltration. Protein-bound amino acids were
      analyzed in parallel studies. A clear relationship between the free and bound
      tissue amino acids was apparent. Only for the gluconeogenic amino acids a close
      correlation was evident between the plasma and the muscle free amino acids. A
      relatively steady composition of the free amino acids is established early in the
      tissues, but in the plasma it changes significantly with age.

PMID- 2400201
TI  - Prevalence of obesity, leanness and anorexia nervosa in Japanese boys and girls
      aged 12-14 years.
AB  - Body weight and height of Japanese boys and girls aged 12-14 years were measured
      to calculate the prevalence of obesity, leanness and anorexia nervosa. In boys,
      the prevalence of obesity as well as leanness was significantly higher in the
      areas where population density was lower and among the boys who attended schools
      with smaller numbers of pupils. In the girls, these findings were similar to the
      boys. On the other hand, anorexia nervosa was found in girls only more commonly
      in the areas with higher population density and in the larger schools. These
      results suggest that higher prevalence of obesity in certain subjects may be
      associated with increased numbers of leanness but not with anorexia nervosa.

PMID- 2400202
TI  - Non-linear relationship between reduced energy intake and rate of weight loss in
      rats.
AB  - When adult rats are given diets high in carbohydrate and which contain
      insufficient energy, the rate of weight loss is not linearly related to energy
      intake. This non-linear relationship is seen when energy intake reduction is not
      severe.

PMID- 2400203
TI  - Vitamin D status of ambulatory and nonambulatory mentally retarded children with
      and without carbamazepine treatment.
AB  - The subjects consisted of four groups: group 1 nonambulatory patients receiving
      carbamazepine; group 2 ambulatory patients receiving carbamazepine; group 3
      nonambulatory patients receiving no drug, and group 4 ambulatory patients
      receiving no drugs. The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) concentration was
      significantly lower in group 1 than in all other groups. There was no difference
      between the groups as regards the serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or 24,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D concentration. Carbamazepine treatment lowers the serum 25-OH
      D concentration, and inactivity which leads to a lower degree of time spent out
      of-doors and thus a low exposure to sunlight still decreases the concentration.
      In this study a low dietary vitamin D intake probably was an aggravating factor.

PMID- 2400204
TI  - Influence of dietary thermally oxidized soybean oil on the oxidative status of
      rats of different ages.
AB  - Young and aging rats were fed for different periods (10, 90, 180 and 365 days)
      diets containing 15% of fresh or heated soybean oil. Thiobarbituric reactive
      substances (TBA-RS), lipofuscin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), vitamin A, vitamin E
      and microsomal and mitochondrial fatty acids in liver, brain and serum were
      measured. Heated oil diets induced significant increase of TBA-RS levels in
      liver, with earlier effects in aging rats and affected SOD activity in aging rats
      only after a long period of feeding. Circulating and stored vitamin A were
      reduced in both young and aging rats, with earlier effects in young animals.
      Serum and liver vitamin E was significantly reduced in all test groups. The
      results indicate that heated unsaturated oil produces reduction in the
      antioxidative defense system and that vitamin E status is the earliest indicator
      of the oxidative effect regardless of age.

PMID- 2400205
TI  - Iron deficiency in growing male rats: a cause of development of cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Weanling male rats were fed a purified iron-adequate, a purified iron-deficient
      or a commercial diet for 12 weeks. At that time the rats were sacrificed, their
      hearts and livers were excised, and blood samples were taken. Heart and liver
      weights were recorded; organ tissue and serum samples were analyzed for Zn, Cu
      and Fe. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values were also obtained. The iron-deficient
      rats grew much more slowly than controls on the iron-adequate or commercial
      diets. The iron-deficient rats were severely anemic and had enlarged hearts
      (cardiomegaly). A histopathologic examination of the hearts of all animals showed
      that each heart of the iron-deficient rats had lesions characteristic of
      cardiomyopathy by dilatation, whereas none of the hearts of the iron-adequate
      group or the chow controls showed any lesions at all. The iron-deficient animals
      had only about 25% of the hepatic iron found in the iron-adequate animals but
      about 5 times the hepatic copper of the latter group or the chow controls. Heart
      iron of the iron-deficient group was 27% of the concentration found in hearts of
      the iron-adequate rats; heart copper was similar in all groups. Animals on the
      commercial stock diet accumulated significantly more iron in their hearts than
      did those on the purified iron-adequate diet but not in the livers. There was
      also a direct correlation of heart iron or heart zinc with log concentrations of
      dietary iron and consequently a direct correlation between heart iron and zinc
      concentrations.

PMID- 2400206
TI  - Recovery study in Mg-deficient rats given an organic source of Mg.
AB  - Recovery from Mg deficiency was studied in rats given an organic source of Mg
      derived from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cultured in an Mg gluconate
      enriched medium, as the only source of Mg. Magnesium was given either at a rate
      above the RDA or as a supplement to the regular laboratory diet at the rate of 70
      mg Mg/100 g food, of which 40 mg Mg was in the form of MgCO3 and the remaining 30
      mg Mg was in the form of the organic product under study. The results showed a
      good degree of digestive and metabolic utilization of the organic compound, which
      led to the recovery of normal Mg levels in blood and bone by the end of the 1st
      week of treatment, and in muscle by the 3rd week of treatment. Muscle Mg content
      appears to be a good indicator of deficiency. Supplementation above the RDA
      failed to improve recovery rates in deficient animals.

PMID- 2400207
TI  - Nurses' knowledge and attitudes and AIDS patients' perception of confirmation: a
      pilot study.
AB  - The purpose of this pilot study was to describe registered nurses' knowledge of
      and attitudes toward the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and people
      with AIDS and the AIDS patients' perceptions of confirmation in interpersonal
      relationships with nurses. Convenience sampling was used to obtain 11 patient and
      registered nurse subject pairs in a large midwestern university hospital. Nurse
      subjects completed the AIDS Questionnaire: Beliefs and Information, and patient
      subjects completed the Perceived Confirmation Scale. It was found that patients
      perceived a high level of confirmation in relationships with nurses and that the
      nurses had an average knowledge of AIDS and fairly tolerant attitudes toward
      people with AIDS. No significant correlations were found among nurses' knowledge,
      nurses' attitudes, and patients' perception of confirmation in relationships with
      nurses.

PMID- 2400208
TI  - Urinary incontinence in nursing home residents with dementia: the mobility
      cognition paradigm.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to evaluate patient factors associated with urinary
      incontinence in nursing homes to identify the relative importance of these
      factors in predicting urinary incontinence. Cognitive ability and patient
      mobility were measured for 61 patients residing in a nursing home. Twenty-nine of
      the patients were incontinent and 32 continent. Cognitive ability and mobility
      were found to differ significantly between continent and incontinent patients.
      When the variables were examined together, mobility emerged as the best predictor
      of the patient's urine control, followed by cognitive impairment. The findings
      highlight the importance of addressing patient mobility issues when dealing with
      urinary incontinence in nursing homes.

PMID- 2400209
TI  - Content validity of a pediatric functional independence measure.

PMID- 2400210
TI  - Screening for newly elevated blood pressure in an emergency unit setting.
AB  - We found a prevalence rate of elevated blood pressure readings in our sample of
      86 nonacute EU patients without history of hypertension that was similar to that
      reported by the author of a previous study (Franklin, 1987) done in the same
      setting and continue to advocate the use of the EU as a site for hypertension
      screening. However, the noted prevalence rate in this and other samples may not
      accurately reflect the true prevalence of elevated readings or true hypertension
      in this population. Most of the elevated readings in our study were in the
      borderline or mild categories, and many of the readings on subsequent visits were
      normal. Although patients with a newly elevated blood pressure during an EU visit
      should certainly be advised to have their blood pressure followed, further
      controlled study is needed to determine the true prevalence of previously
      undetected hypertension in nonacute EU patients.

PMID- 2400211
TI  - Content validity of the quality of life index.

PMID- 2400212
TI  - The clinical assessment of confusion-A.

PMID- 2400213
TI  - Developing collaborative research between clinical agencies: a consortium
      approach.
AB  - Collaborative research is receiving increased attention because it maximizes
      scarce resources and can increase research productivity. One form of
      collaboration, the consortium approach, was used by six hospitals in northern
      California and Nevada to increase research activity among the agencies. Our
      experience with this consortium approach is described. Advantages and
      disadvantages of this approach to facilitate collaborative research are
      presented. This approach is recommended for clinical agencies in geographic
      proximity with similar clinical concerns and administrators supportive of
      research activity.

PMID- 2400214
TI  - Attaining self-care in infertility treatment.
AB  - This grounded theory study explored 25 couples' perceptions as they underwent
      infertility assessment and treatment. Constant comparative analysis was used to
      develop a substantive theory of attaining self-care in infertility treatment.
      This theory describes infertile patients' movement from a passive to an active
      role. The process consists of four sequential phases: (a) perceiving that
      physicians lack a complete picture; (b) actively acquiring knowledge; (c) taking
      control; and (d) being satisfied with treatment. These findings offer a self-care
      model that nurses can initiate on behalf of infertile and similar patients
      responding to long-term, highly technological treatment.

PMID- 2400215
TI  - Terminology in community child health--an urgent need for consensus.

PMID- 2400216
TI  - Trends in the incidence of Reye's syndrome and the use of aspirin.
AB  - In 1986 there was a public warning in the United Kingdom about a link between the
      consumption of aspirin and Reye's syndrome. To find out if the use of aspirin and
      paracetamol in children had altered, and whether the incidence of Reye's syndrome
      had changed since a previous study, parents were interviewed in Belfast and
      London, and the British Reye's Syndrome Surveillance System data were reviewed.
      Children with febrile illnesses were 17 times more likely to have received
      aspirin before admission to hospital in 1985/6 compared with 1988/9. Only 21
      Belfast parents (40%) and 13 London parents (27%) had heard of Reye's syndrome
      and only 12 in Belfast (23%) and seven in London (15%) knew of its association
      with aspirin, suggesting a continuing need for public education. Cases of Reye's
      syndrome declined both in numbers (from a peak of 79 in 1983/4 to 19 in 1988/9)
      and in median age. Of the 418 reported cases, the diagnosis was subsequently
      revised in 89, most often (in 31 of 89, 36%) to 'inborn errors of metabolism'.

PMID- 2400217
TI  - Ethnic differences in incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in Birmingham.
AB  - Among the 45,204 live births in Birmingham in the three calendar years 1981-3,
      there were 218 postneonatal deaths, giving a postneonatal mortality rate of 4.82
      per 1000 live births. Postneonatal mortality rates were 4.22 for whites, 5.91 for
      Asians (relative risk 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04 to 1.53) and 8.20
      for Afro-Caribbeans (relative risk 1.78, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.55). Among Asians
      malformations were common (3.36) and sudden infant death syndrome rare (1.18), in
      contrast to Afro-Caribbeans among whom the rates were 0.66 and 5.25,
      respectively. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significantly lower
      risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in Asians and significantly raised
      risks of SIDS in very low birthweight babies and those with unemployed parent(s).
      Ethnic differences persisted after controlling for maternal age, social class,
      and birth weight. Studies of sociocultural differences in child rearing practices
      are needed and may uncover important aetiological factors of sudden infant death
      syndrome.

PMID- 2400218
TI  - Respiratory rate and severity of illness in babies under 6 months old.
AB  - This paper defines the normal range of respiratory rate in babies under 6 months
      of age. It was counted by two observers in 1007 babies of whom 709 were seen when
      presenting to hospital for assessment of an acute illness, and 298 on a random
      basis at home. Whether they were asleep, content, or crying was recorded and the
      severity of their illness graded. The diagnosis was also recorded. The mean (SD)
      for the respiratory rate in babies seen awake was 61 (18) breaths/minute at
      hospital and 61 (14) breaths/minute at home. The respiratory rate when awake did
      not correlate with the severity of a baby's illness or the presence of serious
      lower respiratory tract infections. Sleeping babies had a significantly lower
      mean rate than awake babies at 42 (12) breaths/minute. Crying babies had a
      significantly lower mean rate than awake and content babies: 51 (14)
      breaths/minute compared with 61 (18) breaths/minute.

PMID- 2400219
TI  - Adrenal function in asthma.
AB  - A dose dependent suppression of daily cortisol excretion was shown in 25 children
      with asthma being treated with beclomethasone dipropionate. Cortisol metabolites
      tended to occur below the normal range when doses of beclomethasone of more than
      400 micrograms/m2/day were given. Androgen excretion below the normal range was
      apparent in asthmatic children aged 8-13 years regardless of whether they were
      receiving inhaled steroids. This may be the reason for growth delay often seen in
      asthmatic children. These side effects of beclomethasone are not enough reason to
      discourage its prescription for the treatment of asthma, but endocrine assessment
      is desirable when the dose exceeds 400 micrograms/m2/day.

PMID- 2400220
TI  - Screening for sensorineural deafness by health visitors. The Steering Committee,
      Oxford Region Child Development Project.
AB  - Screening for hearing loss in the first year of life, using the distraction test,
      remains the responsibility of health visitors in most health districts in the
      United Kingdom. We have evaluated the screening procedure used routinely in one
      health region in a population of infants at increased risk of sensorineural
      deafness. They were infants who weighed less than 2000 g at birth or infants who
      weighed 2000 g or more at birth and who spent more than 24 hours in a special
      care nursery. The infants' responses to a distraction test were recorded by
      health visitors and sent to the project office. The results were compared with
      information from a regional register of early childhood impairment that included
      children in whom sensorineural deafness had been diagnosed before the age of 3
      years. The register had been compiled using information from a wide range of
      sources. When used in this high risk population the distraction test was
      sensitive (91%), but nonspecific (82%). The effectiveness of the screening
      programme was limited, however, because there was an increased risk of deafness
      among infants who missed being screened by health visitors. In addition, 71% of
      the deaf infants on the register were not in the high risk population.

PMID- 2400221
TI  - Parental suspicion and identification of hearing impairment.
AB  - The contribution of parental suspicion in the original identification of a 16
      year cohort of 171 children with varying degrees of hearing impairment who were
      screened and identified in childhood was studied. Only a quarter of the children
      with permanent hearing loss were identified as a result of parental concern. The
      presence of parental suspicion preceding the audiological diagnosis was also
      measured. Of the children with severe or profound deafness, the parents only
      suspected the presence of hearing loss in 44%. Parental suspicion was even lower
      for those with a mild or moderate permanent hearing loss, and for those with an
      otherwise symptomless conductive hearing loss caused by otitis media with
      effusion. Some parents did identify hearing impairment in their children, and
      parental suspicion should never be professionally disregarded. Most parents,
      however, experienced initial difficulty in recognising their children's hearing
      loss, even when the children were comparatively old. The study confirms the need
      to continue to identify deafness early by both parental vigilance and sensitive
      hearing screening programmes.

PMID- 2400222
TI  - Treatment of short stature in renal disease with recombinant human growth
      hormone.
AB  - Six prepubertal children with chronic renal failure (group 1), six prepubertal
      children with renal transplants (group 2), and six pubertal children with renal
      transplants (group 3) who were short (mean height SD score, -3.2, range -4.5 to 
      1.6) and growing poorly (mean (range) growth velocity (cm/year) over the year
      before treatment: group 1, 4.8 (3.5-5.8), group 2, 2.3 (0.9-4.7), and group 3,
      3.2 (0.5-6.5] were treated with recombinant human growth hormone 30 units/m2/week
      in daily doses for a median of 0.98 years (range 0.25-0.99). Mean (range) growth
      velocity over the treatment period increased significantly in all groups (group
      1, 10.7 (8.8-12.3), group 2, 6.1 (2.7-10.8), and group 3, 6.0 (4.6-6.8]. There
      was, however, no improvement in height SD score for bone age in any group. The
      renal function of two children deteriorated after starting treatment with growth
      hormone, but it was not possible to say whether the growth hormone was
      responsible for this. The long term effects of treatment and its influence on
      final height are not yet known.

PMID- 2400223
TI  - Exercise ability after Mustard's operation.
AB  - Twenty children who were well six to 12 years after undergoing Mustard's
      operation for transposition of the great arteries were studied. Each child
      performed a graded maximal treadmill test with measurements of gas exchange and
      oxygen saturation, and had electrocardiography carried out. Nineteen were also
      catheterised, and oxygen consumption was measured so that pulmonary and systemic
      flow could be calculated. Compared with 20 age and size matched controls, seven
      of the patients had normal exercise tolerance (as judged by a maximal oxygen
      consumption of greater than 40 ml/kg/min), 10 showed a moderate reduction (30-39
      ml/kg/min), and three were more seriously limited. None of the patients with
      normal exercise tolerance had obstruction of venous return but six of those with
      mild impairment of exercise ability had partial or complete obstruction of one or
      both of the vena cavas. More severe limitation was associated with pulmonary
      vascular disease and fixed ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Formal exercise
      testing of apparently well children who have undergone Mustard's operation
      identifies those with haemodynamic abnormalities that may require intervention.

PMID- 2400224
TI  - Intussusception: factors related to treatment.
AB  - To provide guidelines for the choice of treatment of intussusception, 10 factors
      that are known to be related to the outcome of treatment were studied in a series
      of 146 children with intussusception. The length of history, vomiting, rectal
      bleeding, small bowel obstruction, ileoileocolic intussusception, and the
      presence of a leading point were all significantly related to failure of
      hydrostatic reduction. Only 'rectal bleeding' and 'duration of symptoms of more
      than 48 hours' contributed significantly to the prediction of failure of
      hydrostatic reduction by logistic regression analysis. We believe that as well as
      the generally accepted contraindications--signs of peritonitis or bowel
      perforation--the presence of rectal bleeding when symptoms have lasted more than
      48 hours is a contraindication to hydrostatic reduction.

PMID- 2400225
TI  - Pseudomonas cepacia: a new pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis referred to
      a large centre in the United Kingdom.
AB  - Pseudomonas cepacia infection has become increasingly common among patients with
      cystic fibrosis in North America. In a large cystic fibrosis centre in the United
      Kingdom 11 cases have been identified during the last six years, with a maximum
      prevalence of 7% in 1988. Three patients have died, two of whom deteriorated
      rapidly shortly after acquisition of the organism despite intensive treatment
      with appropriate antibiotics. Analysis of possible causes of the increase in P
      cepacia infection suggested that neither patient to patient transmission nor the
      use of nebulised antibiotics was associated with an increased risk of infection.

PMID- 2400226
TI  - Chronic respiratory morbidity after prolonged and premature rupture of the
      membranes.
AB  - Twenty one surviving infants of pregnancies complicated by rupture of the
      membranes during the second trimester that lasted at least one week have been
      followed up for a median of 15 months. Five infants (24%) had recurrent
      respiratory problems (episodes of wheezing and coughing occurring at least once a
      week) which related significantly to the use of neonatal ventilation and to very
      preterm delivery. Five of the 18 infants who were born preterm and with birth
      weights of less than 2500 g had recurrent respiratory symptoms (28%). This
      compares favourably with an incidence of symptoms of 67% among surviving low
      birthweight infants born at this hospital after pregnancies not complicated by
      premature rupture of the membranes. Neither recurrent respiratory symptoms nor
      admission to hospital for chest related disorders were associated with the timing
      of onset or duration of rupture of the membranes. We conclude that, among
      survivors of premature rupture of the membranes, chronic respiratory morbidity
      would best be prevented by avoiding very preterm delivery, regardless of the
      duration of the rupture.

PMID- 2400227
TI  - Fetal and infantile hypertension caused by unilateral renal arterial disease.
AB  - Three children who presented with heart failure in infancy caused by severe
      hypertension as a result of unilateral renal arterial disease are described. One
      presented at 3 days of age with persistent fetal circulation and heart failure.
      He had abnormal great vessels that indicated that the hypertension was of long
      standing and therefore fetal; this has not been described previously. The other
      two children failed to thrive because of unrecognised hypertension and
      subsequently presented with heart failure. All three underwent unilateral
      nephrectomy which cured their hypertension, and all were thriving at the time of
      writing. The benefits of nephrectomy outweighed the operative risks and loss of
      renal function. Blood pressure should be measured in children who are failing to
      thrive as part of routine clinical practice.

PMID- 2400228
TI  - Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and intracerebral calcification.
AB  - Three children who presented with two rare conditions, nephrogenic diabetes
      insipidus and intracerebral calcification, were studied. The lack of evidence for
      the presence of a metabolic defect other than nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
      suggests that it can lead to the development of intracerebral calcification.
      Perhaps the main risk factor is inadequate fluid intake during early infancy.

PMID- 2400229
TI  - XO/XY mosaicism in phenotypic males.
AB  - Eight cases of 45 XO/46 XY mosaicism are described: four were phenotypic males.
      Karyotyping should be performed more frequently in short boys as growth hormone
      treatment and testicular biopsy, to screen for carcinoma in situ, are likely to
      be beneficial.

PMID- 2400230
TI  - Discovering anaemia at child health clinics.
AB  - Children at three inner city child health clinics were offered haemoglobin
      estimation by fingerprick blood test when attending for immunisation against
      measles. Of the 98 immunised, 92 (94%) participated in the study, together with
      58 other children. Anaemia (haemoglobin concentration less than 110 g/l) was
      found in 33 of 130 overall (25%), and in 17 of 44 Asian children (39%). The
      method of testing was acceptable to parents and staff.

PMID- 2400231
TI  - Continuous vasopressin replacement in diabetes insipidus.
AB  - Five children who developed diabetes insipidus as a manifestation of severe brain
      injury received continuous intravenous treatment with a solution containing both
      aqueous vasopressin and appropriate crystalloid replacement. Polyuria,
      hypernatraemia, and decreased urine osmolalities were safely corrected in all
      patients within eight to 28 hours.

PMID- 2400232
TI  - Dubin-Johnson syndrome presenting with neonatal cholestasis.
AB  - We report a case of Dubin-Johnson syndrome presenting with neonatal cholestasis.
      Liver histology was studied during the neonatal period and at 6 years of age.
      Distinct brownish pigment granules in hepatocytes were noted. This case confirms
      that Dubin-Johnson syndrome is a cause of neonatal cholestasis.

PMID- 2400233
TI  - The Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital: 'hospital of the year 1989'.

PMID- 2400234
TI  - The five year school medical--time for a change.

PMID- 2400235
TI  - Clinical monitoring of steatorrhoea in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2400236
TI  - Monitoring and sudden infant death syndrome.

PMID- 2400237
TI  - Access for peritoneal dialysis in neonates and infants.

PMID- 2400238
TI  - Complication of a central venous line in the newborn.

PMID- 2400239
TI  - Increasing incidence of retinoblastoma?

PMID- 2400240
TI  - European countries discuss environmental health.

PMID- 2400241
TI  - European Charter on Environment and Health (First European Conference on
      Environment and Health, Frankfurt, 7-8 December 1989).

PMID- 2400242
TI  - Hydrogeologic assessment of exposure to solvent-contaminated drinking water:
      pregnancy outcomes in relation to exposure.
AB  - We recently concluded that exposure to solvent-contaminated drinking water was an
      unlikely explanation for observed excesses of adverse pregnancy outcomes during
      1980-1981 in the Los Paseos neighborhood of Santa Clara County, California,
      because these excesses were not observed in an adjacent exposed area. The
      validity of this conclusion depends on the assumption that the two areas had
      comparable exposure. Using quantitative methods to model movement of the solvent
      leak plume and water flow within the distribution system, we estimated that women
      with adverse outcomes were no more likely to have received contaminated water
      than women with normal live births. These results strengthen the conclusion that
      exposures to water from the contaminated well were not responsible for the excess
      of adverse outcomes observed in the Los Paseos area.

PMID- 2400243
TI  - Immune activation and autoantibodies in humans with long-term inhalation exposure
      to formaldehyde.
AB  - Four groups of patients with long-term inhalation exposure to formaldehyde (HCHO)
      were compared with controls who had short-term periodic exposure to HCHO. The
      following were determined for all groups: total white cell, lymphocyte, and T
      cell counts; T helper/suppressor ratios; total Ta1+, IL2+, and B cell counts;
      antibodies to formaldehyde-human serum albumin (HCHO-HSA) conjugate and
      autoantibodies. When compared with the controls, the patients had significantly
      higher antibody titers to HCHO-HSA. In addition, significant increases in Ta1+,
      IL2+, and B cells and autoantibodies were observed. Immune activation,
      autoantibodies, and anti-HCHO-HSA antibodies are associated with long-term
      formaldehyde inhalation.

PMID- 2400244
TI  - Hematological and hemorheological effects of air pollution.
AB  - Selected hematological parameters and erythrocyte deformability indexes for 16
      young male military students were compared before and after a period of exposure
      to heavy pollution. These students lived in Ankara, which has a serious air
      pollution problem. The mean sulfur dioxide levels measured at a station proximal
      to the campus where the students lived were 188 micrograms/m3 and 201
      micrograms/m3 during first and second measurements, respectively. During the
      period between the two measurements, the mean sulfur dioxide level was 292
      micrograms/m3. Significant erythropoiesis was indicated by increased erythrocyte
      counts and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Methemoglobin percentage was
      increased to 2.37 +/- 0.49% (mean +/- standard error) from 0.51 +/- 0.23%.
      Sulfhemoglobinemia was present in six subjects after the period of pollution, but
      it was not present in any student prior to this period. Significant increases in
      erythrocyte deformability indexes were observed after the period of pollution,
      i.e., from 1.13 +/- 0.01 to 1.21 +/0 0.02, implying that erythrocytes were less
      flexible, which might impair tissue perfusion.

PMID- 2400245
TI  - Pesticide food poisoning from contaminated watermelons in California, 1985.
AB  - Aldicarb, a carbamate pesticide, is the most potent pesticide in the market and
      has a LD50 of 1 mg/kg. In the United States it is illegal to use aldicarb on
      certain crops, e.g., watermelons, because it is incorporated into the flesh of
      the fruit. Once an accidental or illegal use of such a potent pesticide occurs,
      there is no easy way for the agricultural or public health system to protect the
      populace. This paper describes the impact of one such event upon the health of
      individuals and the institutions of California. On July 4, 1985, California and
      other western states experienced the largest known outbreak of food-borne
      pesticide illness ever to occur in North America. This was attributed to
      watermelons contaminated through the illegal or accidental use of aldicarb by a
      few farmers in one part of the state. Within California, a total of 1,376
      illnesses resulting from consumption of watermelons was reported to the
      California Department of Health Services (CDHS). Of the 1,376 illnesses, 77% were
      classified as being probable or possible carbamate illnesses. Many of the case
      reports involved multiple illnesses associated with the same melon among
      unrelated individuals. Seventeen individuals required hospitalization. There were
      47 reports of illness involving pregnant women, two of whom reported having
      subsequent stillbirths. Thirty-five of the remaining pregnant women were followed
      up 9 mo after the epidemic; no additional stillbirths were found.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2400246
TI  - A study on the mutagenicity of tobacco smoke from low-tar cigarettes.
AB  - A series of 16 low-tar cigarettes, yielding from 1 to 10 mg of tar, were smoked
      on a modified cigarette smoking machine that collected both mainstream (MS,
      inhaled) smoke and sidestream (SS, between puffs) smoke. The SS smoke is the
      major contributor to environmental tobacco smoke. The collected MS and SS smoke
      condensates were evaluated for mutagenicity by the Ames test and compared with MS
      and SS smoke condensates from a high-tar cigarette. Both MS and SS condensates of
      low-tar cigarettes (LTCs) were tested with the Salmonella strains TA1538 and
      TA100. Except for three cigarettes, the MS smoke mutagenicities of the LTC smoke
      condensates were significantly reduced (about 30%) when compared with a control,
      high-tar (23-mg) cigarette. Opposite results were obtained for the SS smoke
      condensates, which were more mutagenic (about 20%) than the SS smoke condensate
      of the high-tar cigarette. Thus, LTC mainstream smoke may be less hazardous to
      the LTC smoker, whereas LTC sidestream may emit more mutagenic compounds into
      environmental tobacco smoke, which, through passive inhalation, could affect both
      smokers and nonsmokers.

PMID- 2400247
TI  - Thr.

PMID- 2400248
TI  - Biological monitoring of dichloropropene: air concentrations, urinary metabolite,
      and renal enzyme excretion.

PMID- 2400249
TI  - People living in crowded industrial areas are exposed to lead.

PMID- 2400250
TI  - Empyema thoracis.

PMID- 2400251
TI  - Aspirin, blood loss, and transfusion.

PMID- 2400252
TI  - The Medtronic-Hall valve: frequently used, seldom reported.

PMID- 2400253
TI  - Cardioplegia for transplantation: failure of extracellular solution compared with
      Stanford or UW solution.
AB  - Crystalloid cardioplegia with an extracellular fluid formulation is widely used
      for donor heart protection. A survey of 109 transplant programs yielded 62
      replies with 42% of respondents using variations of extracellular solution and
      45% using the dextrose and mannitol-based Stanford solution. These two commonly
      used clinical solutions and University of Wisconsin (UW) solution, which has had
      success in clinical hepatic and renal transplantation, were compared in a canine
      model of cardiac transplantation. After antegrade hypothermic cardioplegic
      arrest, the experimental hearts were excised and stored at 4 degrees C for 6
      hours (n = 29). An oxygenated, blood-primed isolated heart preparation was used
      for reperfusion. After a rest of 45 minutes, cardiac output was increased against
      constant afterload until a left atrial pressure of 15 mm Hg was reached. The
      maximum cardiac performance measured by cardiac index, minute work, and stroke
      work was highly significantly better with Stanford or UW solution protection than
      with the extracellular solutions (p less than 0.0001). Assuming a cardiac index
      of 50 mL.kg-1.min-1 is necessary for successful separation from cardiopulmonary
      bypass, only 1 of 14 extracellular and 15 of 15 Stanford and UW animals would
      have survived (p less than 0.0001). This study strongly suggests that
      extracellular cardioplegia is inferior for cardiac transplantation and that
      programs using this solution should reevaluate their method of myocardial
      protection for donor hearts.

PMID- 2400254
TI  - Management of empyema thoracis.
AB  - Over a 5-year period, 65 adult patients with empyema thoracis were treated. The
      cause of the empyema was postpneumonic in 52%, postresectional in 24%, a
      complication of minor surgical procedures in 14%, posttraumatic in 5%, and the
      result of miscellaneous causes in 5%. In the postpneumonic group, infection
      resulted from a single aerobic organism in 41%, multiple aerobic organisms in 9%,
      single anaerobic organisms in 12%, and mixed aerobic-anaerobic organisms in 18%.
      Peptostreptococcus, Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus epidermidis,
      Peptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and diphtheroids were the most common
      organisms, accounting for 55% of bacterial isolates. All 34 patients with
      postpneumonic empyema were initially treated with drainage, which was successful
      in two thirds. The remainder, 12 patients, ultimately required thoracotomy.
      Decortication was combined with intrathoracic transposition of extrathoracic
      skeletal muscles in 9 patients. There was no reoperation or recurrence of
      infection, and thoracoplasty was avoided; residual spaces were filled by the
      transposed muscle.

PMID- 2400255
TI  - Flow capacity of the human retrograde internal mammary artery: surgical
      considerations.
AB  - The diastolic flow of the retrograde internal mammary artery (IMA) was calculated
      in 30 patients and compared with the expected coronary flow of the left ventricle
      and that of specific branches. Arterial pressure and free flow were measured in
      the proximal and distal IMA as well as in the superior epigastric and
      musculophrenic arteries. Systolic and mean arterial pressure were significantly
      higher in the proximal IMA than in any other site, but diastolic pressure was
      comparable. Overall and diastolic antegrade IMA flows (77 +/- 6 and 44 +/- 3
      mL/min) were significantly greater than the retrograde flows through the distal
      IMA (18.5 +/- 2 and 11.5 +/- 1 mL/min), musculophrenic artery (13.3 +/- 1 and 7.9
      +/- 1 mL/min), and superior epigastric artery (5.3 +/- 0.4 and 3.1 +/- 0.2
      mL/min). Only patient-size-related variables correlated significantly with
      retrograde IMA flow. Diastolic retrograde IMA flow represented 8.5% +/- 0.6% of
      the expected left ventricle coronary flow and in 12 patients (40%) was greater
      than the expected flow of at least one posteroinferior coronary artery. Based on
      these data, the retrograde IMA may adequately perfuse the posterior descending or
      other posterolateral coronary branches in select patients. Previous measuring of
      the retrograde flow is mandatory.

PMID- 2400256
TI  - Artificial mitral valve chordae: experimental and clinical experience.
AB  - Failure of mitral valve reconstructive procedures often may be ascribed to severe
      or progressive alterations of subvalvar apparatus. Expanded
      polytetrafluoroethylene sutures were used to replace anterior leaflet mitral
      valve chordae in 8 animals (hypertensive dogs and growing sheep). After the
      positive results obtained during a 13-month follow-up, 5-0 sutures of the same
      material were introduced in clinical practice to replace mitral valve chordae.
      Twelve patients had two to six anterior leaflet chordae replaced for degenerative
      or rheumatic disease. In 3 patients, the intraoperative result was not acceptable
      and a prosthetic valve was inserted during the same operation. One case of late
      failure has been recorded so far (18 months after the procedure), owing to
      rupture of a natural chorda shortened at operation. Since that event, we have
      implanted supportive artificial chordae in case of diffuse alteration of natural
      chordae. The remaining patients show satisfactory hemodynamic results, and no
      valve-related events have been recognized up to 30 months after operation. We
      suggest use of 5-0 polytetrafluoroethylene sutures in replacing anterior leaflet
      chordae in degenerative, rheumatic, and congenital mitral valve diseases.

PMID- 2400257
TI  - Effects of left ventricular assist for cardiogenic shock on cardiac function and
      organ blood flow distribution.
AB  - Organ blood flow distribution was studied in dogs subjected to a left ventricular
      assist device (LVAD). In normal hearts (group 1), left ventricular work was
      reduced by 25% when 35% of cardiac output was performed by the LVAD. Organ
      perfusion, measured with tracer microspheres, remained normal or slightly
      increased. After induction of cardiogenic shock (group 2), perfusion deteriorated
      in all organs, but first in the brain, kidney, and intestinum. All animals died
      within 1 hour. When maximal inotropic support was administered after shock (group
      3), hemodynamics improved but perfusion to most organs decreased progressively
      and 83% of animals died within 2 hours. When the LVAD was inserted after shock
      but without inotropic support (group 4), perfusion of all organs became normal
      during LVAD except for kidney flow, which remained severely depressed (56% of
      preshock value). After LVAD insertion, hemodynamics did not recover completely,
      and 33% of the animals died within 3 hours. When use of the LVAD was combined
      with 5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 of dopamine after shock (group 5), organ blood flow
      distribution became normal during and after LVAD use except for renal flow, which
      was significantly impaired (83% of preshock value). Hemodynamics recovered after
      LVAD use, and all animals survived in this group. We conclude that use of the
      LVAD combined with low-dose positive inotropic support can prevent deterioration
      of organ perfusion after cardiogenic shock except for kidney.

PMID- 2400258
TI  - Pharmacological response of internal mammary artery and gastroepiploic artery.
AB  - Pharmacological response of coronary artery bypass conduit is of great
      importance. This study was designed to clarify the contractile properties of
      internal mammary artery and gastroepiploic artery obtained from coronary
      revascularization. The response to ergonovine, serotonin, and phenylephrine was
      examined by isometric contraction recording apparatus. The concentration-response
      relation of both internal mammary artery and gastroepiploic artery to ergonovine,
      serotonin, and phenylephrine showed similar sigmoid curves. There were no
      significant differences in developed tension between internal mammary artery and
      gastroepiploic artery at any concentration for any agent. There were no
      significant differences in the 50% effective dose value for any agent between
      internal mammary artery and gastroepiploic artery. Internal mammary artery and
      gastroepiploic artery are reported to be similar in terms of size, flow capacity,
      and freedom from atherosclerosis. This study shows their equivalence from a
      pharmacological viewpoint.

PMID- 2400259
TI  - Long-term prosthesis-related and sudden cardiac-related complications after valve
      replacement for aortic stenosis.
AB  - Predictability of prosthesis-related and sudden cardiac-related complications was
      examined in 630 patients who were alive 30 days after valve replacement (1965 to
      1986) for aortic stenosis. Follow-up totaled 4,072 patient-years. A variety of
      prosthetic valves, mainly mechanical, were used. The Cox regression model was
      used to identify independent risk factors and to estimate predicted event
      freedoms relative to combinations of these risk factors. There were no risk
      factors for endocarditis (0.5 +/- 0.1 [number of events per 100 patient-years +/-
      the standard error]). Except for "other" prosthesis-related complications (0.4 +/
      0.1), adversely influenced by porcine bioprostheses (n = 15) and by the Lillehei
      Kaster prosthesis (n = 25), only factors underlying diseased preoperative
      patient/cardiac status had predictive influence. Predicted 10-year event-freedoms
      for low-risk versus high-risk estimate were 86% versus 73% for thromboembolism
      (1.7 +/- 0.2), 95% versus 32% for anticoagulant-related hemorrhage (2.4 +/- 0.2),
      69% versus 36% for all prosthesis-related complications (5.0 +/- 0.4), 93% versus
      0% for sudden cardiac-related events (myocardial infarction and arrhythmia) (1.8
      +/- 0.2), and 66% versus 0.5% for combined prosthesis-related and sudden cardiac
      related morbidity and mortality (6.8 +/- 0.4). In 193 patients with coronary
      arteriography, coronary artery disease was a significant risk factor for each of
      the complication modalities examined except other prosthesis-related
      complications, prosthesis replacement, and endocarditis. Deciding to operate
      early in the course of aortic stenosis might "actively" reduce the rate of these
      complications.

PMID- 2400260
TI  - Repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect with tetralogy of Fallot.
AB  - Repair of complete atrioventricular canal with tetralogy of Fallot was performed
      in 9 patients. Ventricular septal defect was closed through the right atrium
      using a single polytetrafluoroethylene patch with ample anterior extension to
      avoid subaortic obstruction. The atrial septal defect was closed with a separate
      patch. Undivided atrioventricular valve leaflets were sandwiched between the two
      patches. Right ventricular outflow tract stenosis was relieved by pulmonary
      valvotomy and an infundibular patch in 7, a supravalvar patch (none transannular)
      in 6, and right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit in 2. There was one
      hospital death (1/9, 11%) in a patient with persistent clinically significant
      postoperative pulmonary stenosis and low cardiac output requiring reoperation and
      right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit insertion. There was no late
      mortality. All patients are asymptomatic 0.3 to 5.6 years after operation. Follow
      up right ventricular outflow tract gradient ranged from 11 to 43 mm Hg and was 70
      mm Hg in 1 patient who later had successful relief of obstruction. Three patients
      had mitral valve insufficiency; 1 needed reoperation. Aggressive relief of right
      ventricular outflow tract stenosis with maintenance of pulmonary valve competence
      and use of two separate patches for closure of the septal defects contribute to
      optimum immediate and long-term results after repair of this lesion.

PMID- 2400261
TI  - Arteriosclerosis of the gastroepiploic and internal thoracic arteries.
AB  - Arteriosclerosis of the right gastroepiploic artery (GEA) and the internal
      thoracic artery (ITA) were compared by pathological observation. Specimens were
      obtained from 35 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with
      simultaneous use of these two kinds of arterial grafts. Degree of
      arteriosclerosis was classified in five categories: 0, normal; 1, luminal
      narrowing less than 25%; 2, luminal narrowing between 25% and 50%; 3, luminal
      narrowing greater than 50%; and 4, overt atherosclerosis with ulceration or
      calcification. The number of arteries with degree 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 16 (46%),
      15 (43%), 3 (9%), 0, and 1 (3%) in GEA and 27 (77%), 8 (23%), 0, 0, and 0 in ITA,
      respectively. Incidence of degree 0 was higher in ITA, but differences were not
      significant. The mean wall thickness was 0.30 +/- 0.13 mm in GEA and 0.21 +/-
      0.07 mm in ITA (p less than 0.05). In 23 patients who underwent postoperative
      angiography, all 46 arterial grafts were patent without focal stenosis. We
      conclude that GEA has slightly more intimal thickening than ITA, but significant
      luminal narrowing caused by arteriosclerosis is rare. Gastroepiploic artery can
      be expected to be a suitable conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting.

PMID- 2400262
TI  - Superior vena caval reconstruction using autologous pericardium.
AB  - Tumor involvement of the superior vena cava can occur either by direct extension
      of the primary tumor or by invasion of superior mediastinal lymph nodes. Removal
      of a portion of the caval wall may be required to allow adequate margins of
      resection. The technique described involves placement of an intraluminal shunt
      and resection of the involved caval wall with reconstruction using autologous
      pericardium.

PMID- 2400263
TI  - Use of pedicled omental flap in treatment of empyema.
AB  - Omental pedicle flaps were used in the treatment of patients with acute and
      chronic empyema with bronchopleural fistula. In 5 patients (group 1) with
      postoperative acute empyema owing to bronchial stump fistula, an omental covering
      was applied as a reinforcement to close the fistula. Six patients in group 2 with
      chronic tuberculous or Aspergillus empyema with multiple fistulas initially
      underwent open-window thoracostomy or cavernostomy and secondarily had omental
      transposition. In all patients, the right gastroepiploic vessels were used to
      provide the blood supply for the flap. Successful closure of the bronchial stump
      was obtained in all patients in group 1, but 2 of them died of recurrence of
      their underlying lung carcinoma within 1 year. Five of the 7 patients in group 2
      had a favorable outcome, but 2 patients had partial recurrence after omental
      plombage. From our experience with these patients, we believe that the omental
      flap is effective for closing fistulas due to postoperative or chronic empyema
      but has only limited success in patients whose lungs are severely damaged by
      persistent infection.

PMID- 2400264
TI  - Low-dose preoperative aspirin therapy, postoperative blood loss, and transfusion
      requirements.
AB  - The effects of three low-dose regimens of preoperative aspirin therapy on
      postoperative blood loss, transfusion requirements, and length of hospital stay
      were recorded in a prospective cohort study of 202 patients undergoing elective
      coronary artery bypass grafting. One hundred one patients had been prescribed
      daily aspirin by the referring cardiologist (44 at 75 mg, 28 at 150 mg, and 29 at
      300 mg); the remaining 101 patients who had not been prescribed aspirin acted as
      a control group. A median postoperative blood loss of 870 mL in the control group
      was increased by 280 mL in the 75-mg aspirin group (p less than 0.001), by 490 mL
      in the 150-mg aspirin group (p less than 0.001), and by 230 mL in the 300-mg
      aspirin group (p = 0.03). The median requirement for blood transfusion of 2 U red
      blood cell concentrates in the control group was increased by 2 U in the 75-mg
      aspirin group (p less than 0.001), 2 U in the 150-mg aspirin group (p less than
      0.001), and 1 U in the 300-mg aspirin group (p = 0.05). Hemostatic "packs" (fresh
      frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate) were required in 20 patients in
      the aspirin groups as compared with 5 in the control group (p less than 0.01 by
      chi 2 test). The mean postoperative hospital stay was 8 days for all groups.
      Regular daily low-dose aspirin therapy produces significant increases in
      postoperative blood loss, resulting in a substantial increase in blood
      transfusion and hemostatic pack requirements, but does not prolong postoperative
      hospital stay.

PMID- 2400265
TI  - Eight years' experience with the Medtronic-Hall valve prosthesis.
AB  - During the period January 1981 to September 1986, 444 Medtronic-Hall heart valve
      prostheses were implanted in 351 patients (mean age, 45 +/- 10 years) mainly for
      rheumatic valve disease (63.2%). Most of the patients were in New York Heart
      Association functional class III. Concomitant surgical procedures, mainly
      conservative tricuspid or mitral procedures or coronary artery bypass grafting,
      were performed in 101 patients (28.7%). Single-valve replacement was performed in
      262 patients (74.6%) (aortic in 117 patients, mitral in 143, and tricuspid in 2),
      double-valve replacement in 85 (24.2%) (mitral and aortic in 83 and mitral and
      tricuspid in 2), and triple-valve replacement in 4 (1.1%). Hospital mortality was
      6.2%. Follow-up was 97.7% complete. The overall actuarial 8-year survival rate
      was 77.2%. The linearized incidence of valve-related complications was as
      follows: thromboembolism, 1.5%/patient-year; reoperation, 1.5%/patient-year;
      endocarditis, 1.25%/patient-year; hemolysis, 0.52%/patient-year; anticoagulant
      related hemorrhage, 0.39%/patient-year; and noninfection-related paraprosthetic
      leak, 0.33%/patient-year. There were no instances of structural failure. We
      conclude that after 8 years of follow-up, the Medtronic-Hall valve prosthesis has
      an excellent clinical performance and a low range of valve-related complications.

PMID- 2400266
TI  - Clinical experience with portable cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac arrest
      patients.
AB  - To evaluate the use of portable cardiopulmonary bypass as a resuscitative tool
      and its impact on long-term survival of patients in cardiac arrest, we reviewed
      the results of 32 consecutive patients resuscitated by cardiopulmonary bypass for
      cardiac arrest or severe hemodynamic compromise at Northwestern Memorial Hospital
      over a 2-year period. Overall survival was 12.5%. Only 1 (3.4%) of the 29
      patients who had cardiac arrest survived and left the hospital. All 3 patients
      who had severe hemodynamic compromise but not cardiac arrest were long-term
      survivors. Our study suggests that portable cardiopulmonary support systems used
      as a resuscitative tool do not prolong the survival of most cardiac arrest
      patients but may be useful for patients with shock due to mechanical causes and
      for those with profound hemodynamic compromise due to ischemia or myocardial
      infarction. Portable heart-lung machines can provide patients with excellent
      hemodynamic support; however, neurological or cardiac recovery is unlikely once
      cardiac arrest occurs.

PMID- 2400267
TI  - Iatrogenic paraesophageal hiatus hernia.
AB  - Between January 1970 and January 1990, 101 patients with paraesophageal hiatus
      hernias were operated on at the Lahey Clinic Medical Center. Thirteen patients
      had hernias that were identified as being iatrogenic in origin, a prevalence of
      13%. Ten hernias were secondary to antireflux procedures, and esophagomyotomy,
      esophagogastrectomy, and placement of an Angelchik prosthesis accounted for one
      case each. Symptoms did not differ substantially from those of patients with
      primary hernias. Incarceration occurred in 2 patients, but neither sustained
      strangulation. The pathogenesis was most frequently disruption of a previous
      hiatal closure. Other etiological factors included disruption of the phreno
      esophageal membrane by operative dissection, postoperative gastric dilatation,
      and failure to recognize esophageal shortening or an existing hiatal defect.
      Abdominal repair was usually possible, but 3 patients required thoracotomy for
      reduction. There has been one known recurrence during a median follow-up of 41
      months.

PMID- 2400268
TI  - Variations within the fibrous skeleton and ventricular outflow tracts in
      tetralogy of Fallot.
AB  - We studied 20 hearts with tetralogy of Fallot with particular reference to the
      morphology of the fibrous continuity between the aortic and atrioventricular
      valves and of the ventricular outflow tracts. The extent of valvar fibrous
      continuity varied with the degree of aortic override, with the extent of the
      perimembranous ventricular septal defect opening between the ventricular inlets,
      and with the development of the ventriculoinfundibular fold. This, when fused
      with the septomarginal trabeculation, produced discontinuity between the leaflets
      of the tricuspid valve and the continuous leaflets of the aortic and mitral
      valves, as well as a muscular posteroinferior rim to the defect. Rotation of the
      aortic root ranged through 119 degrees. Aortic override varied from 33% to 94%,
      with 35% of these hearts having more than half of the aortic circumference
      connected to the right ventricle. The pulmonary valves had three leaflets in 50%,
      two leaflets in 45%, and four leaflets in one (5%). All hearts had two main
      coronary arterial orifices, 45% of which were atypical in location. One heart
      displayed a transmural course of the left coronary artery arising from the
      nonfacing sinus. By measurement, the subpulmonary length was, on average, roughly
      50% greater than the subaortic length, and, when the selected hearts were
      sectioned, much of the subpulmonary infundibulum was found to be composed of free
      standing musculature rather than true outlet septum. The proportion of total
      right ventricular length represented by the infundibulum was 0.31 +/- 0.07,
      confirming that, compared with that of normal hearts, the narrowed infundibulum
      in tetralogy is longer rather than shorter.

PMID- 2400269
TI  - Steal phenomenon caused by a parallel branch of the internal mammary artery.
AB  - We report on a patient with postoperative mammary artery steal resulting from a
      parallel branch of the vessel as well as from a patent first left intercostal
      artery, both of which had not been divided. The patient was cured of angina
      pectoris after embolization of both vessels.

PMID- 2400270
TI  - Silastic prosthesis plombage for right postpneumonectomy syndrome.
AB  - In rare instances, right pneumonectomy can produce progressive exertional dyspnea
      and reduce ventilatory reserve because of extreme mediastinal shift (right
      postpneumonectomy syndrome). The diagnosis can be made by bronchoscopy and
      computed tomography. We report a case of a 43-year-old patient in whom plombage
      with two Silastic breast implants produced mediastinal derotation and symptomatic
      relief of this syndrome.

PMID- 2400271
TI  - Fatal ectopic thymoma.
AB  - We present the case of a patient who died of thymoma-induced immunological
      dysfunction. The neoplasm was unsuspected antemortem because of its location
      adjacent to the right hemidiaphragm. This appears to be the most caudad ectopic
      position yet encountered for a thymoma.

PMID- 2400272
TI  - Intramural ventricular fibroma in infancy: survival after partial excision in 2
      patients.
AB  - Two infants with ventricular fibromas survived partial resection and have had
      satisfactory clinical results for more than 4 years. Partial excision is
      warranted when an unresectable tumor produces hemodynamic compromise. Long-term
      survival can be expected without complete resection.

PMID- 2400273
TI  - Bronchoesophageal fistula with an esophageal web.
AB  - Congenital bronchoesophageal fistulas in the adult age group are rare, with only
      approximately 20 cases having been recognized. All of these cases have been an
      isolated esophageal anomaly without other associated esophageal pathology. We
      present an interesting case of an adult with both symptomatic congenital
      bronchoesophageal fistula and proximal esophageal web.

PMID- 2400274
TI  - Successful surgical treatment of incessant automatic atrial tachycardia with
      atrial aneurysm.
AB  - A 9-year-old boy with heart failure and long-term incessant atrial tachycardia
      mimicking dilated cardiomyopathy was treated surgically. Intraoperatively he was
      found to have atrial aneurysm, and the ectopic automatic focus was located at the
      base of it. Excision of the aneurysm including the focus without using
      cardiopulmonary bypass cured the tachycardia and heart failure.

PMID- 2400275
TI  - Surgical repair of type II truncus arteriosus without a conduit.
AB  - A technique for reconstructing the right ventricular outflow tract in an infant
      with type II truncus arteriosus without using a prosthetic conduit is described.
      The truncal root is transected, and the confluence of branch pulmonary arteries
      is brought anterior to the aorta by using Lecompte's maneuver. The aorta is then
      reconstructed directly with an end-to-end anastomosis. The right ventricular
      outflow tract is reconstructed by anastomosing the posterior wall of the
      confluence directly to the apex of the vertical right ventriculotomy. A
      glutaraldehyde-preserved pericardial patch is then placed anteriorly to complete
      reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract.

PMID- 2400276
TI  - Diuresis in hemodynamically compromised patients: continuous furosemide infusion.
AB  - We have used continuous infusion of furosemide to achieve diuresis in patients
      who are stable but hemodynamically compromised after heart operations. With a
      loading dose of 20 mg and a continuous infusion of 4 to 10 mg of furosemide per
      hour, mean 24-hour urine output was 5.7 L (238 +/- 65 mL/h). Potassium
      replacement was 115 +/- 20 mmol [115 +/- 20 mEq/L]. Cardiac index, central venous
      pressure, and diastolic pulmonary artery pressure did not change significantly,
      even though hemodynamic support was decreased in each patient. Continuous
      furosemide infusion is a simple, effective, and reliable method to achieve
      diuresis in select patients.

PMID- 2400277
TI  - Platysma musculocutaneous flap for reconstruction of trachea in esophageal
      cancer.
AB  - In 2 patients with advanced cervical esophageal cancer invading the trachea,
      total laryngoesophagectomy with resection of the posterior portion of the trachea
      and lymph node dissection of the bilateral neck and superior mediastinum was
      carried out. The partial defect in the trachea was repaired with a platysma
      musculocutaneous flap. A permanent tracheostoma, composed of the tracheal remnant
      anteriorly and the platysma musculocutaneous flap posteriorly, was made just over
      the manubrium sterni.

PMID- 2400278
TI  - Infant ECMO cannulation technique allowing preservation of carotid and jugular
      vessels.
AB  - A technique is presented for cannulation of the cervical vessels for
      extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Reconstruction of the vessels can be
      accomplished after decannulation. Doppler ultrasound confirms patency after
      decannulation in most cases.

PMID- 2400279
TI  - Symposium on thoracic surgical oncology.

PMID- 2400280
TI  - Efficacy and benefit of mediastinal computed tomography.

PMID- 2400281
TI  - Double-barrel suction device.

PMID- 2400282
TI  - Anomalous left coronary artery surgery.

PMID- 2400283
TI  - Beware centrifugal pumps: not a one-way street, but a potentially dangerous
      "siphon".

PMID- 2400284
TI  - Membranotomy for Budd-Chiari syndrome.

PMID- 2400285
TI  - Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2400286
TI  - [Effect of salvin on the synthesis of macromolecules in Staphylococcus aureus
      209P].
AB  - The effect of salvin and its active component, carnazolic acid, on the synthesis
      of macromolecular compounds in the cells of S. aureus 209P was studied. It was
      shown that the inhibitory action of salvin on the synthesis of peptidoglycane in
      the culture was defined by the presence of carnazolic acid in its composition. In
      the bactericidal concentration, carnazolic acid was twice as less active as
      salvin and inhibited incorporation of labeled precursors into RNA and protein.
      The findings grounded the conclusion that some nonidentified components of salvin
      with low antimicrobial activity contained in it in insignificant quantities had
      an additional inhibitory effect on the process. Comparative study of salvin and
      antibiotics with the known mechanisms of action such as benzyl penicillin or
      chloramphenicol revealed a certain similarity in the action of salvin and benzyl
      penicillin on incorporation of labeled precursors into the macromolecular
      compounds of S. aureus 209P.

PMID- 2400287
TI  - [Antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella from coastal waters of the Caspian and Baltic
      seas].
AB  - Antibiotic resistant Klebsiella spp. were found to be widely distributed in
      coastal waters of seas to which sewage was discharged: 69.9 and 85.9%, in the
      waters of the Baltic and Caspian seas, respectively, the number of the strains
      with multiple resistance was 18.1 and 19.9%, respectively. Among the Klebsiella
      spp. with multiple resistance, 40% from the Baltic sea and 58.1% from the Caspian
      sea had conjugative R plasmids. Statistically significant regional differences in
      the content of antibiotic resistant Klebsiella spp. and the pattern of their
      antibiotic resistance were shown.

PMID- 2400288
TI  - [Activity of antibacterial preparations against the causative agent of
      pseudotuberculosis in vitro].
AB  - Antibacterial activity of 32 chemotherapeutics against 15 strains of Yersinia
      ++pseudotuberculosis was studied in vitro. The majority of the strains or 80%
      were sensitive to penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, aminoglycosides,
      tetracyclins , anzamycins, fluorine derivatives of quinolonecarboxylic acid,
      levomycetin and a combination of trimethoprim and ++sulfamethoxazole. It was
      shown that with respect to the Y. pseudotuberculosis strains with multiple
      antibiotic resistance, the fluorine derivatives of quinolonecarboxylic acid
      (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and enoxacin), tetracyclines, netilmicin, amikacin,
      cefotaxime and cefazolin were promising for in vivo studies.

PMID- 2400289
TI  - [Preparation and characteristics of protoplasts of Streptomyces kanamyceticus].
AB  - To prepare actively regenerating protoplasts of S. kanamyceticus, the influence
      of the conditions of the mycelium cultivation, the culture age, lytic conditions,
      composition of the regeneration medium, the procedure of the culture inoculation
      to the regeneration medium and other parameters were studied. The study resulted
      in development of optimal conditions for preparation of S. kanamyceticus
      protoplasts in a number of 1.10(9) protoplasts per ml. The cultivation on the ST
      medium with 10 to 15% sucrose and addition of glycine up to 1% for 30 hours (the
      stationary growth phase) followed by treatment of the culture with lysozyme in an
      amount of 2 mg/ml for 1 hour at 32 degrees C provided preparation of up to 100%
      of actively regenerating protoplasts free of mycelium fragments. The size of the
      protoplasts increased up to 1.5 micron against the usually observed size of 0.7
      to 1.0 micron with using modified lyzing buffer with 20% of sucrose according to
      the method recommended for S. erythreus. However, 50 to 70% of the protoplasts
      had point of linear regions in the cell walls, which suggested that spheroplasts
      were mainly forming and the phenomenon was associated with the characteristic
      properties of the strain cell wall structure.

PMID- 2400290
TI  - [Immunomodulating mechanism of the antitumor effect of asterin].
AB  - It was shown that asterin therapy performed on a model of spontaneous metastasis
      markedly changed the content of the thymus serum factor in mice and normalized
      its level. The inducing mechanism of the drug's antitumor action was realized
      both at the stage of the metastatic postinvasion phase and during its terminal
      period which was probably due to an increase in the influence of the thymus on
      the immune system and evident from an increase in the therapeutic action of the
      drug.

PMID- 2400291
TI  - [Increasing the effectiveness of ampicillin in combination with lysozyme].
AB  - The effect of lysozyme (2 mg/kg) on pharmacokinetics of ampicillin (60 mg/kg) and
      the lymph nodes was studied in a model of experimental diffuse peritonitis in 52
      dogs. The drugs were administered intramuscularly in single doses simultaneously
      with simulation of the pathological process. Under such conditions, lysozyme
      promoted an increase in the ampicillin concentration in the lymphatic system,
      blood and tissues and prolonged the antibacterial activity to 18 hours of the
      experiment. This resulted in retarding lympho- and hematogenic dissemination of
      the infection from the primary focus and lowered the infectious and toxic
      affection of the regional lymph nodes, thus securing their barrier and
      immunological function. With lysozyme used in combination with the antibiotic the
      immunomorphological zones of the lymph nodes appeared to be preserved and the
      volumetric proportion of macrophages increased. Then the volumetric proportion of
      the blast cells and the frequency of macrophagal and lymphocytic interactions
      also increased. The most pronounced cell interactions were observed in the distal
      (tracheobronchial) lymph nodes whose functions before the infection
      generalization were mainly immunological.

PMID- 2400292
TI  - [Evaluation of liposomal forms of rifampicin and prodigiozan in the treatment of
      experimental chronic tonsillitis].
AB  - Therapeutic effect of liposomal dosages of rifampicin and prodigiozan was studied
      on rabbits with simulated chronic tonsillitis in comparison to that of commercial
      ones of the drugs. The treatment schemes included daily intra-tonsillar++
      injections of the dosage forms for 5 days. A high efficacy of their liposomal
      dosage forms in treatment of experimental chronic tonsillitis was confirmed
      microbiologically and immunologically. Approval of the liposomal dosage forms
      used in the therapy of patients with chronic tonsillitis requires clinical
      trials.

PMID- 2400293
TI  - [UV-irradiation in the technology of purification of sewage waters from
      antibiotic production plants].
AB  - Methods used in purification of sewage from organic pollution with UV
      irradiation, oxidants (O2, O3, H2O2, NaClO-, KMnO4, ClO- and HOCl) and
      photosensitizers are discussed on the basis of the literature data analysis.
      Certain trends in promising studies on sewage treatment in manufacture of
      antibiotics were defined.

PMID- 2400294
TI  - [A case of successful antibiotic therapy of legionnaires' disease with lesions of
      the lungs and heart].
AB  - Pulmonary affections in patients with legionellosis are the main ones. The
      affections of the heart, gastrointestinal tract and other organs and systems are
      less frequent. Some characteristic features of the legionellosis clinical process
      in the case described are indicated. The torpid process of chronic bronchitis,
      the two-phase pattern of the disease, dyspnea at 3-4 month intervals,
      intermissions, edema and failure of complex therapy with antibiotics and cardiac
      glycosides provided a tentative diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia with affection
      of the myocardium. The importance of early serological diagnosis (enzyme
      immunoassay) was shown. A new approach to the treatment of legionellosis with
      cefuroxime was of interest.

PMID- 2400295
TI  - [Characteristics of isoniazid pharmacokinetics in the blood of patients with
      pulmonary tuberculosis with concomitant chronic Trematode infections].
AB  - Isoniazid pharmacokinetics was studied in 93 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis
      including 47 patients with concomitant chronicTrematode infection. After enteral
      administration of the drug its blood concentrations were shown to be low due to
      the decreased absorption function of the small intestine and impaired absorption
      and excretion functions of the hepatobiliary system. It was concluded that in
      such patients intramuscular administration of isoniazid was advisable.

PMID- 2400297
TI  - Return of sexual functioning following penile replant surgery.
AB  - The penis, scrotum, and testicles of a 31-year-old man were cut off in a fight.
      Fourteen hours later the penis and one testicle were reattached, but the testicle
      later had to be removed. By 3 weeks normal urinary function returned but the
      penis was misshapen. The patient had suicidal intentions. His partner was
      sexually supportive but afraid to touch the penis. By 10 weeks penile swelling
      occurred in response to a movie with frank sexual content. By 12 weeks the penile
      swelling was sufficient for entry but the partner was acutely afraid that her
      vaginal contractions would tear the scars. The man was concerned because he
      experienced only mild sexual tensions. Physical examination reassured both, and
      they gained hope for recovery. At 16 weeks erections were still not full but
      active intercourse was attempted and he experienced seminal seepage and mild
      orgasmic sensations; she was relaxed enough to have orgasm. Testosterone was
      administered at regular intervals from the 19th week on, with immediate
      improvement of erection. By 32 weeks full erection, ejaculation, and orgasmic
      functions returned and the couple resumed their normal sexual practices.

PMID- 2400296
TI  - The incidence and correlates of erectile problems in patients with Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - Loss of erection was reported in 53% of 55 male Alzheimer's disease patients with
      a mean age of 70.25. Loss of erection is not related to degree of cognitive
      impairment, age, or depression. Modal time of onset of erectile problems is
      concurrent with onset of Alzheimer's symptoms. Patients with erectile problems
      were not taking more medications overall than those without problems and had no
      greater overall incidence of concurrent physical problems. Thus, the evidence
      suggests that there may be an elevated incidence of erectile failure in patients
      with Alzheimer's disease as a primary problem not attributable to other age
      related factors.

PMID- 2400298
TI  - The relationship of male transsexual typology to psychosocial adjustment.
AB  - In a search to uncover variables predictive of psychosocial adjustment of male
      transsexuals, this study examined features which have been empirically linked to
      characteristics of male transsexual typology. Data from 25 male transsexual
      volunteers were examined by means of multiple regression analysis to determine
      whether symptoms of introversion, depression, or tension, as well as adjustment
      to work and gender reorientation could be linked to the typological variables of
      androphilia, gynephilia, cross-gender fetishism, feminine gender identity in
      childhood, and age of onset of transsexualism. Valid and reliable scales
      measuring the typological variables of erotic partner preference (androphilia and
      gynephilia), cross-gender fantasy in association with sexual arousal (cross
      gender fetishism), and degree of feminine gender identity in childhood were used.
      Results indicate a significant relationship between social gender reorientation
      and the feature of androphilia and between work adjustment and gynephilia. This
      differential adaptation is explained in terms of the different course that
      transsexualism takes within each typological subgroup. These findings offer
      evidence as to why some transsexuals may more readily adopt a female gender
      identity than others. There was no relationship found between the typological
      features and those variables measuring psychological disturbance.

PMID- 2400299
TI  - Confusing the actor with the act: muddled notions about homosexuality.

PMID- 2400300
TI  - Evolution of the healing room.

PMID- 2400301
TI  - Who should be responsible for care of the critically ill surgical patient?

PMID- 2400302
TI  - The intensive care unit--who's in charge? The private practice view.
AB  - In the past 10 years, a number of authors have expressed concern that surgeons
      are abdicating their traditional role of providing preoperative and postoperative
      care in surgical intensive care units. To study today's private practice
      environment, we took a survey. Questionnaires were sent to the chiefs of surgery
      and the nurse managers of the surgical intensive care units at 188 non-university
      affiliated hospitals throughout the United States. Results show that surgeons do
      not have the principal managing role in the intensive care unit for surgical
      patients in 70% to 75% of the hospitals. Results also indicated that surgeons are
      relinquishing their responsibilities in the direct care of the preoperative and
      postoperative critically ill patients. Three main reasons are given for this: (1)
      an ever-increasing body of critical care knowledge plus complex technology, (2) a
      lack of economic incentive, and (3) professional liability. To reverse this
      trend, these three areas must be addressed.

PMID- 2400303
TI  - Percutaneous cholecystolithotomy. A minimally invasive alternative to
      cholecystectomy and to shock wave lithotripsy.
AB  - Recently introduced treatment alternatives for gallstones include peroral
      pharmacological chemolysis plus shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous
      cholecystolithotomy. Herein we report on the treatment preferences of 23 patients
      with symptomatic gallstones and our initial experience with percutaneous
      cholecystolithotomy in 6 of these patients. All patients were rendered stone free
      after one procedure. Percutaneous cholecystolithotomy, which is applicable to all
      types of gallstones, is a safe, practical, low-morbidity alternative to
      cholecystectomy in selected patients.

PMID- 2400304
TI  - Abdominal pain in neutropenic patients.
AB  - The records of 50 patients with abdominal pain and severe neutropenia were
      retrospectively reviewed to identify factors that may have influenced survival
      and surgical decisions. Ninety-two percent of these patients had hematologic
      malignant neoplasms. The patients were divided into four groups: 23 treated
      nonsurgically who died in the hospital, 10 treated nonsurgically who survived, 10
      treated surgically who survived, and 7 treated surgically who died. Abdominal
      distention was the only symptom or sign found to be associated with mortality.
      Ninety-five percent of survivors recovered their white blood cell count above 1.0
      x 10(9)/L, while 70% of nonsurvivors did not. No symptom or sign was found to be
      pivotal in the decision for or against surgical intervention. Overall, 60% of the
      patients in this series died. Thirty-four percent of patients underwent a
      surgical procedure, the majority of whom survived. We designed an algorithm for
      the evaluation and treatment of neutropenic patients with abdominal pain.

PMID- 2400305
TI  - Pediatric Trauma Score. Predictor of hospital resource use?
AB  - The Pediatric Trauma Score has been recommended to triage children with scores of
      8 or less to a level 1 pediatric trauma center. The Injury Severity Score
      correlates well with the Pediatric Trauma Score. During a 36-month period ending
      December 31, 1985, paramedics saw 983 pediatric trauma patients (aged 17 years
      and younger) and intervened with advanced life support procedures in 196 (20%).
      One hundred forty-four patients receiving advanced life support were transported
      to either a level 1 adult trauma center or a pediatric community hospital. Our
      data confirm the correlation between Pediatric Trauma Score and Injury Severity
      Score and support recommendations to transport patients with Pediatric Trauma
      Scores of 8 or less to trauma facilities. We also conclude that Pediatric Trauma
      Scores may be useful in predicting hospital resource use.

PMID- 2400306
TI  - Peritoneal lavage in abdominal sepsis. A controlled clinical study.
AB  - The value of intraoperative peritoneal lavage (IOPL) with saline solution, with
      or without antibiotics, in the treatment of peritoneal contamination, continues
      to be controversial. A prospective trial was carried out in 87 patients who
      underwent emergency laparotomies for peritonitis. They were randomized to be
      treated in one of three ways: group 1 (mean acute physiologic and chronic health
      evaluation [APACHE] II score, 8) received no IOPL; group 2 (mean APACHE II score,
      10) received IOPL with saline solution; and group 3 (mean APACHE II score, 8)
      received IOPL with saline solution and 2 g of chloramphenicol succinate. In
      groups 1, 2, and 3, the mortality was 21%, 21%, and 10%, respectively (not
      significant), and correlated well with the preoperative APACHE II scores. In
      groups 1, 2, and 3, the mean hospital stay was 13, 13, and 10 days, respectively
      (not significant), and the incidence of wound infections was 20%, 17%, and 17%,
      respectively; the incidence of surgical complications was 10%, 24% and 7%,
      respectively (not significant), and of medical complications, 24%, 31%, and 17%,
      respectively. We concluded that IOPL with saline solution or antibiotics did not
      influence the outcome following laparotomies for peritonitis.

PMID- 2400308
TI  - The potential contribution of cardiac replacement to the control of
      cardiovascular diseases. A population-based estimate.
AB  - The potential number of individuals who might benefit from a cardiac replacement
      procedure (either cardiac transplantation or insertion of a total artificial
      heart) was retrospectively estimated from medical records for residents of
      Olmsted County, Minnesota, who had died during a 5-year period. Residents were
      divided into two age groups: those younger than 15 years (pediatric) and those 15
      to 69 years (adult). During the 5-year period of observation, cardiac disease led
      to death in 17 of the 8342 live births in Olmsted County. Cardiac disease also
      caused the deaths of 248 adults meeting the age criteria. Five children and 35
      adults met all criteria for cardiac replacement. Extrapolation to the total
      population of the United States suggests that 2167 children (a 95% confidence
      interval of 361 to 3972) and 16,500 adults (a 95% confidence interval of 11,456
      to 22,959) per year could potentially benefit from cardiac replacement.

PMID- 2400307
TI  - Level I and II axillary dissection in the treatment of early-stage breast cancer.
      An analysis of 259 consecutive patients.
AB  - Level I and II axillary dissection involves anatomic dissection of levels I and
      II of the axilla without clearance of the axillary vein or placement of drains.
      The results of level I and II axillary dissection with breast conservation in a
      consecutive series of 259 patients treated from 1981 through 1988, with a mean
      follow-up of 22.5 months (median, 27.1 months) were reviewed. The number of nodes
      removed ranged from two to 24, with a mean of nine. Axillary seroma was the most
      frequent complication (11 patients [4.2%]). Lymphedema was observed in seven
      patients (2.7%). Axillary recurrences occurred in two patients. These results
      indicate that a level I and II axillary dissection defined anatomically allows
      prognostic evaluation while limiting morbidity and recurrence. In addition, this
      procedure can be done safely without drains on an outpatient basis, with further
      psychological and economic benefits.

PMID- 2400309
TI  - Differential production of interleukin 1 on the surface of biomaterials.
AB  - The production of cytokines on the surface of surgical biomaterials plays a major
      role in their biocompatibility. Membrane-associated interleukin 1 (mIL-1) is a
      cytokine found on the surface of macrophages activated by biomaterials. To better
      understand the host-foreign body interaction, we quantitated the production of
      mIL-1 on the surface of two materials commonly used in surgery, expanded polytef
      (ePTFE) and silicon elastomer (SE). The mean (+/- SD) level of mIL-1 produced by
      adherent cells to ePTFE significantly decreased from day 2 (13,746 +/- 3630 cpm
      per disk) compared with day 7 (2828 +/- 1304 cpm per disk). However, the level of
      mIL-1 produced by ePTFE-adherent cells was still markedly greater than the level
      of mIL-1 produced by cells adherent to SE (1877 +/- 1028 vs 1595 +/- 822 cpm per
      disk). These results indicate that ePTFE and SE elicit a differential host
      response in terms of cytokine production. This study may enhance our
      understanding of the cellular events on the surface of biomaterials that underlie
      clinical observations.

PMID- 2400310
TI  - Primary colorectal sarcoma. A retrospective review and prognostic factor study of
      50 consecutive patients.
AB  - Fifty patients were admitted to Memorial Hospital, Memorial Sloan-Kettering
      Cancer Center, New York, NY, with primary colorectal sarcoma between 1948 and
      1987. Thirty-one patients (62%) presented with a high-grade tumor, 37 patients
      (74%) with a tumor larger than 5 cm, and 12 patients (24%) with metastasis. The
      median survival of the whole group was 33 months, and the median survival of
      patients who underwent curative operation was 174 months. Nineteen of 32 patients
      who underwent curative operation were observed to develop distant metastasis
      after 3 to 209 months. The dominant sites of metastatic disease were the liver
      and peritoneal cavity. In a multivariable analysis, noncurative treatment and
      high-grade tumor were the only prognostic factors unfavorably affecting tumor
      related mortality. If the type of treatment received was not considered,
      presentation with metastatic disease and a high-grade tumor were the two
      unfavorable characteristics that had independent prognostic value. Patients with
      a tumor that was larger than 5 cm or that was located in the colon had a greater
      likelihood of having a palliative procedure or high-grade tumor.

PMID- 2400311
TI  - The effect of venous obstruction in infected pedicle flap.
AB  - A new model of soft-tissue infection is used to investigate the effect of the
      local wound environment on the septic focus. Island pedicle flaps were raised on
      the buttock of 24 adult ewes and multiply inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus.
      Flaps with bacterial inoculation, without compromise of venous outflow, showed
      distal necrosis (mean +/- SEM percent of surface area, 25.8% +/- 8.6%) and
      developed septic foci with bacterial counts one log less than the amount
      injected. Flaps with inoculation and venous outflow obstruction underwent
      subtotal necrosis (mean percent of surface area, 73.3% +/- 11.2%) and had counts
      two logs higher than the nonobstructed flaps but without discrete septic foci.
      Flaps without inoculation, with or without venous obstruction, survived
      completely. Venous outflow obstruction is shown herein to potentiate tissue
      necrosis by raising bacterial counts in a septic focus and preventing defensive
      abscess formation by the host.

PMID- 2400312
TI  - Pneumopericardium following penetrating chest injuries.
AB  - The presence of pneumopericardium following penetrating injuries of the chest is
      highly suggestive of a cardiac injury. For this reason, it is generally
      considered that its presence should be an indication for surgery. In the present
      study 20 patients with pneumopericardium were selected for conservative
      treatment. All patients were closely observed by means of clinical examination,
      serial chest roentgenography, electrocardiography, and Doppler echocardiography.
      In five patients the electrocardiogram showed pericarditis, and in three patients
      the echocardiogram demonstrated small pericardial effusions. One patient
      developed tension pneumopericardium 36 hours after admission and required
      surgical intervention. The remaining 19 patients had an uneventful recovery. We
      suggest that the presence of a pneumopericardium following penetrating chest
      trauma is not an absolute indication for surgery. Electrocardiographic and
      echographic studies may help in the selection of patients for conservative
      treatment; but the final decision should be made on the basis of clinical signs
      and symptoms.

PMID- 2400313
TI  - Nitrogen embolus as a complication of hepatic cryosurgery.
AB  - A case of near-fatal nitrogen embolism during hepatic cryosurgery is presented.
      Modifications of liquid nitrogen probes, which prevent direct contact of liquid
      nitrogen with the tissue being frozen, can prevent this type of injury.

PMID- 2400314
TI  - Primary hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the adult.
AB  - Analysis of 100 consecutive patients with pyloric outlet obstruction revealed
      that 37% of the obstructions were secondary to peptic ulcer disease and 42% were
      caused by malignant neoplasm. Only a single patient with primary hypertrophic
      pyloric stenosis was identified, and whether this lesion is a cause or effect of
      peptic ulcer disease remains unclear. Similarly, the association of this entity
      with congenital pyloric stenosis is unknown.

PMID- 2400315
TI  - Transatrial interruption of the inferior vena cava.
AB  - Transatrial placement of a Greenfield filter at the time of cardiac surgery was
      performed on three patients with recent femoral venous thrombosis and unstable
      angina, and at the time of pulmonary embolectomy on four others. The filter
      carrier was passed through the right atrial cannulation site under fluoroscopic
      guidance into the inferior vena cava. A preliminary venacavogram was performed
      through the carrier or a previously placed angiographic catheter. Two
      complications were encountered: the first was misplacement of a filter in the
      right renal vein before routine venacavography was employed; the second was
      caudal displacement of a filter by a right atrial venous drainage cannula that
      projected into the inferior vena cava. The latter complication can be prevented
      by the use of a right atrial "sump" drain that does not protrude into the
      inferior vena cava.

PMID- 2400316
TI  - A plea for role models.

PMID- 2400317
TI  - The value of splenic autotransplantation.

PMID- 2400318
TI  - [Energy requirements of pregnant and lactating sows].
AB  - The energy requirement of pregnant and lactating sows is derived on the basis of
      extensive experimental studies of the energy metabolism (indirect calorimetry,
      slaughtering) according to the factorial method. For the first reproduction cycle
      (RC) 0.41 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) or 0.29 MJ net energy fat, pig (NEFpig)
      resp. were necessary for energy maintenance requirement for pregnant and
      lactating sows and, depending on age, 0.44 MJ ME or 0.31 MJNEFpig in the second
      or third RC and 0.47 MJ ME/kg LW0.75.d or 0.33 MJ NEFpig/kg LW0.75.d in the 4th
      8th RC. A linear increase of up to 6% of the energy requirement caused by
      pregnancy between the 85th and 115th day of pregnancy is taken into
      consideration. Energy requirement per 1 MJ retention both in pregnancy and
      lactation is 1.45 MJ ME or 1.03 MJ NEFpig, per 1 MJ milk yield it is 1.33 MJ ME
      or 0.91 MJ NEFpig. 1 MJ body energy for milk yield corresponds to 1.20 MJ ME or
      0.82 MJ NEFpig. Equations describing energy retention in the products of
      conception, uterus and udder are established as well as equations characterizing
      the connections between live weight gain or loss and energy content of the gain
      or loss.

PMID- 2400319
TI  - Study on effects of feeding laying hens on separate mycotoxins (aflatoxins,
      patulin, or citrinin)-contaminated diets on the egg quality and tissue
      constituents.
AB  - Four groups (each of 8 laying hens plus one cock) were offered commercial laying
      mash contaminated with 100 ppb of aflatoxins, citrinin, patulin or uncontaminated
      (control) for 6 weeks. The mycotoxin-contaminated diets led to some significant
      changes in egg characteristics and composition such as ash and calcium contents
      of the egg shell. The noticeable changes including also the relative weights of
      adrenal glands. Blood profile reflected too alterations (P greater than 0.05) in
      urea content and activity of both glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and alkaline
      phosphatase as well. The mycotoxins affected significantly moisture and fat
      contents of the red muscle and protein content, texture and percentage of lean
      meat in both types of muscles (red and white). Patulin toxicosis was responsible
      for the strongest alterations in moisture, fat and vitamin A contents of the
      laying hen's liver and for the lowest calcium content of egg shell besides the
      shape alteration of the eggs. Laying hens fed on aflatoxin-contaminated diet
      produced hatched chicks with higher weight (P less than or equal to 0.05) than
      those from the controls. Citrinin residues were 10 ppb in the fresh muscles and
      egg yolk and 6 ppb in egg white.

PMID- 2400320
TI  - Incorporation of soya oil hydrolysate in the diet of defaunated or refaunated
      sheep: effect on rumen fermentation in vitro.
AB  - The effects of incorporation in the diet of 7% soya oil hydrolysate (SOH) on in
      vitro incubations of cellobiose + maltose, maize starch and casein by rumen
      microbes were studied using defaunated and refaunated sheep as rumen fluid
      donors. Feeding refaunated sheep the SOH supplemented diet lowered the protozoal
      numbers in the rumen from 1.61 10(6)/ml to 6.1 10(5)/ml. SOH addition reduced in
      vitro methane production, rather by a depletion of methanogens is than by a
      simple inhibition of their activity. This reduction seemed to be independent of
      protozoa depletion. With cellobiose-maltose and maize starch incubations, SOH
      supplementation increased molar proportion of propionate while acetate decreased.
      Both variations could be linked to the inhibition of methanogenesis. Volatile
      fatty acid production from casein was strongly reduced by SOH supplementation
      with or without protozoa in the rumen of the donors animals.

PMID- 2400321
TI  - [The effect of a monensin-containing bolus on the live weight increase and
      characteristics of rumen fermentation of growing cattle].
AB  - Eight feeding experiments (4 on pasture and indoors each) with 401 growing cattle
      were carried out in order to measure the influence of a monensin device on daily
      weight gain. The monensin device effected on the average 7 g (1.4%) and 37 g
      (4.3%) higher daily weight gain on pasture and indoors resp. (P greater than
      0.05). The weight gain of animals varied between 92.5 and 112.5% compared with
      the unsupplemented groups. The monensin device caused a higher weight gain of
      easier cattle than of heavier ones (greater than 300 kg body weight). The device
      has had no significant effect on figures of rumen fermentation. Probably the
      monensin level delivered from the device (100 +/- 50 mg per animal and day) is to
      low for heavier cattle.

PMID- 2400322
TI  - [The energy requirements of Holstein-Friesian heifers during rearing and
      pregnancy under the tropical conditions of Cuba. 1. Determination of dry matter
      and energy assimilation and of the live weight development and energy
      expenditure].
AB  - In an individual feeding experiment with 48 Holstein-Friesian heifers divided
      into 3 groups, the effect of various energy levels on live weight development and
      energy expenditure in the age bracket of 97 days (78 kg live weight) to
      conception (350 kg LW) and from conception to calving (500 kg LW) was
      investigated. Rations with differing concentrate--roughage ratios were used. The
      differentiation of energy intake per day between groups 1 and 2 and group 3
      amounted to 7.5% in the 1st development period and to 20% between group 1 and
      groups 2 and 3 in the 2nd development period. There were significant differences
      in the live weight gain of 95 g/animal and day in the first development period
      (up to conception) and of 81 g/animal and day in the second period of development
      (from conception to calving). Under the tropical climatic conditions the energy
      expenditure in these studies was approximately 10% under the energy expenditure
      recommended by the NRC (1978). While there was a clear reciprocal relation
      between energy expenditure and live weight gain in the first period of
      development, this relation was less distinct in the second period of development.

PMID- 2400323
TI  - [The energy requirements of Holstein-Friesian heifers during rearing and
      pregnancy under the tropical conditions of Cuba. 2. Generalization of the results
      and derivation of the energy requirements].
AB  - Experimental results of an individual feeding experiment with 48 Holstein-Frisian
      heifers were generalized with regard to live weight development and energy intake
      by means of the Janoschek function and the extended e-function resp. The
      requirement of metabolizable energy was derived from the results of energy intake
      on dependance on live weight and live weight gain. In comparison with the data of
      the NRC (1978) a requirement by 10% lower was the result. Due to adding a 10%
      deficiency supplement at present required under Cuban conditions of production
      the use of the NRC recommendations (1978) is still justified. Without the
      addition of the deficiency supplement the results showed good agreement with
      requirement data of INRA 1978.

PMID- 2400324
TI  - [Ergosterol as a measure for fungal growth in feed. 2. Ergosterol content of
      mixed feed components and mixed feed].
AB  - Ergosterol was determined as a chemical indicator of fungal biomass in
      commodities which were used for the production of mixed feeds. It was found in
      all samples of each of the following components (content in mg/kg DM): Wheat (2.6
      +/- 1.0), low grade wheat flour (fibre less than or equal to 3.5%) (17.3 +/-
      9.1), wheat semolina bran (fibre less than or equal to 10%) (29.4 +/- 16.8),
      wheat bran (35.2 +/- 9.4), grain corn (1.0 +/- 0.6), corn gluten feed (7.8 +/-
      3.0), corn gluten (10.3 +/- 5.0), maize germ meal (8.0 +/- 2.0), barley (3.1 +/-
      1.1), malt sprouts (40.6 +/- 15.9), broad beans (0.6 +/- 0.3), peas (summer
      varieties, white flowering) (2.2 +/- 1.0), soya flakes (2.2 +/- 0.9), soya meal
      (1.1 +/- 0.7), sunflower meal (5.0 +/- 2.4), copra meal/expeller (9.1 +/- 1.6),
      palm kernel meal (12.6 +/- 11.0), rapeseed meal (2.6 +/- 0.8), linseed meal (3.2
      +/- 1.6), manioc meal (8.3 +/- 2.7), beet pulp, dried (1.6 +/- 0.3), beet pulp
      with molasses (2.2 +/- 0.9), alfalfa meal (37.8 +/- 10.4), grass meal (62.4 +/-
      37.0). Ergosterol was not found in molasses, citrus pulp, carcass meal, meat-and
      bone-meal, skim milk powder, whey powder, fish meal (2 of 3 samples), mineral
      components, vitamin mixtures and other additives. Differences in ergosterol
      contents are discussed. With four mixed feeds it was demonstrated that the
      ergosterol content determined chemically in the mixture is in good accordance
      with the value calculated from the ergosterol content of the components and their
      percentage in the mixture.

PMID- 2400325
TI  - [Occurrence of Fusarium species and their mycotoxins in corn silage. 5. Fusarium
      infestation in corn silage].
AB  - The internal mycoflora of silage maize plants was examined in several years.
      Average Fusarium infection of the maize plants was 10.4% and leaf sheaths and
      stalks were preferably colonized by the fungi. During the growing season an
      increase in total colonization of the maize plant by field fungi as well as by
      species of the genus Fusarium was observed 17 different Fusarium species were
      isolated from silage maize plants. Most frequently occurring species (more than
      85%) in descending order were F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F.
      sporotrichioides, F. crookwellense, F. oxysporum, F. sambucinum var. coeruleum.

PMID- 2400326
TI  - [Morpho-functional changes in the muscles of the limbs and their microcirculatory
      bed in acute ischemia].
AB  - On 26 mature dogs in a chronic experiment the character of compensatory-adaptive
      changes in muscles and their blood capillaries have been studied in dynamics of
      an acute ischemia of the extremity and at some stages of recirculation. After
      strangulation for two hours, thanks to joining in the compensatory-adaptive
      mechanisms, certain morphofunctional changes in the extremity tissues are
      revealed. As the duration of hypoxia increases (6-9 h), the destructive changes
      in the tissues become more severe. They are inherent in an acute hypoxia and
      accompanied with disaggregation and hydratation of cell membranes of
      endotheliocytes, with formation of vesicles and spherules, with increasing
      microclasmatosis, formation of myelin-like bodies, with destructive changes of
      organelles, with destruction of sarcoplasmic reticulum, with focal discoid
      necrosis, myocytolysis and sequestration of autolysis altered groups of muscle
      fibers. The data obtained serves as a base for elaboration of a pathogenically
      adequate surgical treatment of severe forms of an acute ischemia of extremities.

PMID- 2400327
TI  - [Anatomo-surgical bases of the sphincteroplasty technic using a musculus adductor
      magnus femoris flap on a nutritive pedicle].
AB  - In 100 preparations it has been stated that with reference to the operation of
      sphincteroplasty, the main vascular-nervous fasciculus should be considered the
      one, which composition includes posterior branches of the obturative arteries,
      veins and nerve. The intramuscular course of the arterial and nervous branches
      coincides. For sphincteroplasty it is possible to use one type of transplants cut
      out of the posterior part of the muscle.

PMID- 2400328
TI  - [Ultrastructure of the serotoninergic system of the motor area of the cerebral
      cortex].
AB  - Owing to the microscopical investigation, using selective neurotoxin 5,7
      dihydroxytryptamine, it has been possible to reveal the serotoninergic system and
      targets of its innervation in the rat cerebral cortex motor area. The
      serotoninergic axonal varicosities and synaptic boutons are present in all layers
      of the neocortex. Their large amount is revealed in the I and II layers. The
      terminals form contacts with dendrites of small size, sometimes they terminate on
      the head of the spines, as well as on bodies of neurons in different layers.
      According to their position and ultrastructural organization these neurons are,
      perhaps, pyramidal, that is glutamatergic, and those less in their size--refer to
      interneurons and can be GABAergic ones. Basing on own data and those of the
      literature, concerning the existence of nonsynaptic link for transmission of
      serotoninergic effects, a conclusion is made that a coordinating functioning of
      the synaptic and non-synaptic intercellular integrative mechanisms ensure a wide
      range of functions of the serotoninergic system in the cerebral cortex.

PMID- 2400329
TI  - [Formation of S-100 containing cells of the hypothalamus and adenohypophysis in
      normal ontogenesis and in protein deficiency].
AB  - By means of the indirect immunohistochemical method distribution of S-100
      containing cells has been studied in sections of the mediobasal hypothalamus
      (astrocytes) and adenohypophysis (follicular-stellate cells) in newborn, 10- and
      21-day-old rats under normal development and under protein insufficiency. For
      this the animals are given the diet containing 6% of protein (control--25% of
      protein). S-100 containing cells are revealed in the hypothalamus and
      adenohypophysis in 10- and 21-day-old animals. In the brain of the newborn rats S
      100 immunoreactive cells are not revealed. At the ultrastructural level the
      diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction products in the immunoreactive cells are revealed
      diffusely along the whole cytoplasm of the cells, in nuclei the DAB reaction
      products are absent. Part of S-100 containing cells is essentially lowered,
      comparing with the control. In the rat adenohypophysis part of S-100 containing
      cells from the 10th up to the 21st day also decreases. Unlike the hypothalamus,
      however, content of cells, immunopositive to S-100 exceeds the analogous index in
      the control rats of the corresponding age groups.

PMID- 2400330
TI  - [Adaptive structures of the venous bed of the heart in normal state and in
      congenital defects].
AB  - By means of a complex of anatomical, morphometrical and histological methods in
      45 normally formed and in 179 abnormally developed hearts from persons of both
      sex died at various age, various links of the venous blood outflow from the
      myocardium have been investigated. Various parts, differing in a number of
      morphological signs, have been distinguished: coronary sinus, subepicardial
      veins, paired sinusoid veins, sinusoids of the myocardium and endocardial
      eversions. Regulation of their blood stream is performed by a system of simple
      muscular and infundibular valves, by intimal and muscular cushions, by connective
      tissue and muscular bridges. These adaptive structures occur in the normal heart
      also, but at congenital heart diseases, however, they reach an essentially
      greater development. Their localization is predominantly in the area of venular,
      vein, sinusoid bifurcations and endocardial eversions. Regular functioning of
      some parts of them is performed not by nonstriated, but by the cardiac muscular
      tissue. The coordinating work of the formation in question is one of the factors,
      that ensures the state of compensation in the defectively formed heart.

PMID- 2400331
TI  - [Development of the ascending lumbar and azygos veins in human embryogenesis].
AB  - The ascending lumbar and azygos veins make a single magistral, but with different
      topography in the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The former runs more
      dorsolateral than the sympathetic trunk, and the latter--more ventromedial. These
      vessels are of different origin in human embryogenesis. The ascending lumbar vein
      develops from supracardinal veins of the abdominal cavity, that unite the
      dorsomedial tributaries of the postcardinal vein. The supramesonephral (thoracic)
      part of the latter makes the azygos vein trunk. Its beginning in the form of a
      plexus is determined by anastomosing supracardinal, postcardinal and mesocardinal
      veins. The mesocardinal vein serves as a longitudinal anastomosis for veins,
      connecting medial tributaries of the postcardinal vein. Differential
      peculiarities of its basin over the whole length and topographic peculiarities of
      the ascending lumbar and azygos veins depend on growth specificity of kidneys and
      adrenals, as well as on other organs in human embryogenesis.

PMID- 2400332
TI  - [Immunocytochemical analysis of apoprotein E distribution in human tissues].
AB  - Localization of apoprotein E (apo E) has been studied in different human tissues.
      For this aim the immunoperoxidase method and peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex,
      polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, to apo E have been used. In every human
      tissue analysed apo E-containing cells have been revealed. To the latter the
      following cell types belong: hepatocytes and hepatic sinusoidal cells,
      macrophages of the spleen, lymph nodes and pulmonary tissues, glial cells and
      cells in all layers of the adrenals, skin keratinocytes, cells of the glomerular
      capsule and convoluted tubules of the kidney, spermatocytes and smooth muscle
      cells of the testis. Besides, apo E is revealed in endothelium of some vessels.
      As demonstrate the results obtained, apo E is found practically in all human
      tissues. A suggestion is made that besides its participation in reverse
      cholesterol transport, this protein performs a number of additional functions,
      such as regulation of local hormonal homeostasis of an organ.

PMID- 2400333
TI  - [Structure of the interstitial space and ground substance of the human articular
      cartilage].
AB  - By means of transmissive and scanning electron microscopy (investigation of ultra
      replicas) three-dimensional organization of the interstitial (interfibrillar)
      space of the articular cartilage has been demonstrated; it repeats, to some
      extent, construction of the fibrous base. By means of mercury porometry
      quantitative characteristics of various parameters of the interfibrillar space
      are obtained. Their specific volume is 0.96 cm3/g of the dehydrated cartilage,
      space with equivalent diameters from 300 up to 5 nm makes 94%. By means of the
      gas adsorption method it has been stated that the specific internal surface is
      23.8 m2 per 1 g of the dehydrated articular cartilage. Transmissive and scanning
      electron histochemistry has revealed several various forms of structured
      proteoglycans, demonstrated their spatial organization and interconnection with
      collagenous fibrils. The methodical complex applied can be used for investigating
      the connective tissue interstitial spaces in other parts of the human locomotor
      apparatus.

PMID- 2400334
TI  - [Factors of morphological evolution of Hominidae].

PMID- 2400335
TI  - [Data of computed tomography in teaching of surgery and topographic anatomy].

PMID- 2400336
TI  - Aminoglycoside macular toxicity after subconjunctival injection.

PMID- 2400337
TI  - Semiconductor diode laser peripheral iridotomy.

PMID- 2400338
TI  - Methods of clinical cataract grading: two systems compared.

PMID- 2400339
TI  - Subconjunctival 5-fluorouracil-induced transient striate melanokeratosis.

PMID- 2400340
TI  - Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii choroidopathy.

PMID- 2400341
TI  - Anterior internal lenticonus.

PMID- 2400342
TI  - Patient with AIDS presents with keratoconjunctivitis.

PMID- 2400343
TI  - Scotopic sensitivity syndrome.

PMID- 2400344
TI  - The use of the Markov process in describing the natural course of diabetic
      retinopathy.
AB  - The natural course of early diabetic retinopathy in young subjects with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus was evaluated during 693 patient visits for 259
      subjects during a mean of 2.4 years. Diabetic retinopathy is considered a
      progressive disease among people with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type
      I). Improvement of early retinopathy has not been recognized as a part of the
      natural course. In our experience, 25% of observations in subjects with early
      diabetic retinopathy (grades 2 and 3) showed improvement. Thus, 28 of 174
      observations of diabetic retinopathy improved from grade 2 to grade 1, and 34 of
      79 observations improved from grade 3 to grades 2 or 1. Markov chains indicate
      that 25% of observations of diabetic retinopathy will change from grade 1 to
      grade 5 or 6 in 17.0 years and 25% will change from grade 2 to grade 5 or 6 in
      16.0 years. Future studies of diabetic retinopathy should consider a matrix of
      estimated transition probabilities, depending on the population, to judge
      probabilities of transition between states of retinopathy.

PMID- 2400345
TI  - Excessive loss of hyperopia. A presenting sign of juvenile aphakic glaucoma.
AB  - We present the cases of four patients in whom juvenile aphakic glaucoma
      developed. An excessive loss of hyperopia was the initial clinical sign that
      alerted us to the diagnosis of glaucoma. At the time of diagnosis, the mean
      refractive error of the six glaucomatous eyes in the four patients was +4.75
      diopters (D) (range, -0.25 to +6.75 D). The mean change in refraction from time
      of cataract extraction to diagnosis of juvenile aphakic glaucoma was 17.00 D
      (range, 9.25 to 21.00 D). All aphakic patients in the private practice of one of
      us (B.J.K.) with a spherical equivalent of less than +8.00 D in either eye have
      glaucoma. The only exception are those patients with a coexisting condition
      predisposing them to myopia. We have found an excessive loss of hyperopia to be a
      useful sign in alerting the ophthalmologist to the diagnosis of juvenile aphakic
      glaucoma.

PMID- 2400346
TI  - Topical timolol decreases plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level.
AB  - beta-Adrenergic antagonists taken orally adversely alter plasma lipid profiles.
      This study was designed to determine whether 0.5% topical timolol maleate has a
      similar effect. Forty volunteers who were not using medications known to alter
      plasma lipid levels were recruited for an unmasked study in which each subject
      served as his or her own control. Twelve subjects did not complete the study
      because of ocular and systemic side effects or extraneous factors. Twenty-eight
      subjects used topical timolol for an average of 76 days, with two 12-hour fasting
      plasma specimens obtained at the beginning and end of the period. Mean total
      cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels did not change
      significantly with treatment. Triglyceride values increased 12%; high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased 9%; and the total cholesterol-high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio increased 8%. Higher baseline high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol levels were associated with larger reductions in high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Changes in high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol levels of this magnitude have been estimated to increase the risk of
      coronary artery disease by 21%.

PMID- 2400347
TI  - Host factors, UV radiation, and risk of uveal melanoma. A case-control study.
AB  - Uveal melanoma threatens life, as well as sight. To evaluate the effect of
      constitutional factors and UV radiation on the risk of uveal melanoma, 197 cases
      in New England were compared with 385 matched population controls, identified by
      random-digit dialing, and 337 cases residing within the United States were
      compared with 800 sibling controls. In the population-based comparison, estimated
      relative risks (RRs) of uveal melanoma, after adjustment for other factors, were
      elevated for the following: ancestry from more northern latitudes with a
      substantially elevated risk for Northern European ancestry (RR, 6.5; 95%
      confidence interval [CI], 1.9 to 22.4) and more than a twofold risk for British
      ancestry (RR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 5.1), as compared with Southern European or
      other Mediterranean heritage; light skin color as compared with dark (RR, 3.8;
      95% CI, 1.1 to 12.6); and 10 or more cutaneous nevi as compared with none (RR,
      2.7; 95% CI, 1.5 to 4.9). There was a statistically significant trend for
      increasing risk with more northern heritage and more moles. Southern residence
      (below latitude 40 degrees N) for more than 5 years also increased risk (RR, 2.8;
      95% CI, 1.1 to 6.9), as compared with none. In both comparisons, use of sunlamps
      was a risk determinant (RR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 10.3 with random-digit dialed
      controls and RR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.3 with sibling controls, comparing
      occasional or frequent use to never use), as was intense sun exposure (RR, 1.7;
      95% CI, 0.9 to 3.0 and RR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.2, respectively). However,
      birthplace below latitude 40 degrees N and outdoor work were associated with a
      lower risk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2400348
TI  - Iris melanoma seeding through a trabeculectomy site.
AB  - A 59-year-old man who had previously undergone a trabeculectomy in his right eye
      was examined because of an enlarging pigmented lesion of the inferior portion of
      the iris. A fine-needle aspiration biopsy of aqueous fluid revealed spindle cells
      and epithelioid malignant melanoma cells. The eye was enucleated, and subsequent
      histopathologic examination demonstrated a mixed spindle cell and epithelioid
      cell melanoma of the inferior portion of the iris with seeding of melanoma cells
      into the conjunctival filtering bleb via the trabeculectomy site. This case
      illustrates the usefulness of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of
      pigmented iris lesions and illustrates that iris melanoma can seed through a
      trabeculectomy site.

PMID- 2400349
TI  - Refractive predictability of myopic hydrogel intracorneal lenses in nonhuman
      primate eyes.
AB  - The refractive predictability of myopic hydrogel intracorneal lenses made of
      lidofilcon A was evaluated in 24 monkey eyes following a microkeratome
      dissection. All eyes were examined monthly for refractive alteration and clinical
      appearance during a follow-up period of 7 to 33 months. The refractive yield was
      measured by retinoscopy and found to be a function of the implant depth. The mean
      +/- SD percent of the desired correction achieved averaged 70% +/- 24% at a 36%
      to 60% depth (n = 8), 54% +/- 22% at a 61% to 79% depth (n = 7), and 12% +/- 14%
      in implants deeper than at a 79% depth (n = 9). For eyes with implants at a 36%
      to 60% depth, the predicted vs achieved refractive alteration yielded a
      correlation coefficient of .97 (88% within +/- 3 diopters of the correlation).
      The refractive outcome remained stable throughout 7 months of follow-up, whereas
      deeply placed lenses (greater than or equal to 80%) exhibited significant
      regression in power during this time.

PMID- 2400350
TI  - A model for the mechanism of optic nerve sheath fenestration.
AB  - The mechanism by which optic nerve sheath fenestration relieves papilledema
      associated with increased intracranial pressure has not been clearly defined. A
      model was constructed to determine if the induction of fluid flow along the nerve
      sheath and through the fenestration could account for a reduction in pressure
      around the optic nerve, as might be expected according to Bernoulli's equation of
      fluid dynamics. The model states that as the velocity of a fluid increases, the
      pressure it exerts decreases. The model simulated fluid spaces corresponding to
      the intracranial vault, chiasm, and optic nerves. The unfenestrated model showed
      direct transmission of elevated intracranial pressure to the nerves, consistent
      with the production of papilledema. When one nerve was fenestrated, fluid flow
      along the nerve was initiated and pressure in that nerve sheath dropped
      substantially. In addition, pressure in the unfenestrated sheath dropped due to
      fluid communication across the chiasm. These lower intrasheath pressures were
      consistent with the bilateral resolution of papilledema after unilateral
      fenestration. The reduced intrasheath pressures persisted even when the
      intracranial pressure was again elevated to pathologic levels as long as active
      fluid flow continued along the nerve sheaths. Thus, induction of cerebrospinal
      fluid flow along the optic nerve sheath by fenestration appears to locally reduce
      the pressure around the optic nerve, in spite of persistently elevated
      intracranial pressure. This is in accordance with what would be predicted by
      Bernoulli's equation.

PMID- 2400351
TI  - Management of lower-lid retraction with hard-palate mucosa grafting.
AB  - Lower eyelid retraction is frequently managed by recession of the lower-lid
      retractors and interposition of a "spacer graft." We have used hard-palate mucosa
      as our spacer material in 25 eyelids of 18 patients. A graft twice the height of
      the measured amount of lid retraction was used and resulted in predictable,
      satisfactory results. The hard-palate mucosa was easily obtained and the donor
      site healed well in all patients, with minimal care.

PMID- 2400352
TI  - A review of placenta accreta at Aberdeen Maternity Hospital, Scotland.
AB  - There were 7 cases of placenta accreta (a frequency of 1 per 12,700 deliveries)
      at the Aberdeen Maternity Hospital where emergency postpartum hysterectomies were
      performed on account of uncontrollable postpartum haemorrhage from January, 1977
      to May, 1989. There was no maternal death. The presentation and risk factors are
      discussed.

PMID- 2400353
TI  - Long-term neurological sequelae following vacuum extractor delivery.
AB  - Two hundred and ninety-five children delivered by vacuum extractor (VE) 10 years
      ago were studied to determine if they had an increased incidence of neurological
      abnormality; 302 children delivered spontaneously in the same hospital looked
      after by the same doctors in the same year matched for maternal age, gestational
      age and birthweight were used as controls. Fine- and gross-motor control,
      perceptual integration and behavioural maturity were screened by 4 tasks selected
      from the Quick Neurological Screening Test. Intelligence assessment was based on
      scholastic performance, speech ability and ability of self-care as commented by
      teachers and parents. Similar scorings were found between the 2 groups. Mental
      subnormality or severe neurological abnormality was found in 3 children delivered
      by VE and in 3 children delivered spontaneously and there was no evidence that it
      was birth-related.

PMID- 2400354
TI  - Contraction stress fetal heart rate monitoring at preterm gestational ages.
AB  - The evaluation of fetal well-being by fetal heart rate monitoring at preterm
      gestational ages remains a difficult and important area for investigation. While
      the nonstress test has achieved widespread usage, a role for the contraction
      stress test remains uncertain. This study describes the outcome of 113
      contraction stress tests which were performed for persistent fetal heart rate
      nonreactivity in 78 pregnancies of less than 37 completed weeks' gestation. There
      were no fetal deaths and no obstetric complications which could be attributed to
      these tests. The finding of a negative contraction stress test provided
      reassurance which facilitated significant prolongation of pregnancy. Contraction
      stress test appear to be a safe and effective method of investigating further the
      clinical dilemma of persistent fetal heart rate nonreactivity in high risk
      pregnancies at preterm gestational ages.

PMID- 2400355
TI  - Pulmonary thromboembolism complicating recurrent placental abruption at 29 weeks'
      gestation.
AB  - A patient with major pulmonary thromboembolism associated with recurrent
      placental abruption is described. Delivery by Caesarean section was necessary,
      followed by full heparinization. The use of peripartum heparinization and
      Caesarean section is reviewed.

PMID- 2400356
TI  - Pregnancy after liver transplantation: effects of immunosuppressive therapy and
      abnormal hepatic function.

PMID- 2400357
TI  - Rupture of a splenic artery aneurysm in pregnancy.

PMID- 2400358
TI  - Major gynaecological surgery in patients with severe coronary artery disease--the
      combined approach.
AB  - The gynaecologist today is likely to encounter elderly patients with severe
      coronary heart disease requiring major gynaecological surgery. The successful
      outcome in 2 such patients with compromised coronary circulation and impaired
      left ventricular function emphasized the importance of combined care with the
      cardiologist and the anaesthetist. The insertion of a Swan-Ganz catheter for
      close perioperative monitoring is vital. The intra-and postoperative problems are
      discussed.

PMID- 2400359
TI  - Office hysteroscopy and curettage--a safe diagnostic procedure.
AB  - In a series of 50 patients investigated by office hysteroscopy and curettage,
      satisfactory direct inspection of the cervical canal and uterine cavity was
      possible in all patients. In addition satisfactory endometrial specimens suitable
      for reliable histological evaluation were obtained in 98% of patients. No
      endometrium was obtained in 1 postmenopausal patient. Patients chosen for this
      form of investigation are those with an indication for diagnostic curettage who
      have no serious cardiovascular disease, are not bleeding or have light bleeding,
      and are willing to have an office procedure. Currently office curettage is done
      with a 5mm Karman catheter with an attached 10ml syringe for suction. Local
      analgesia is rarely used.

PMID- 2400360
TI  - Hirsutism in a gynaecological context.
AB  - Investigation of patients presenting with hirsutism to a gynaecological endocrine
      clinic revealed a high incidence of anovulation, obesity and elevated androgen
      levels. The underlying abnormality was polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in the
      majority of patients. Low levels of sex hormone binding globulin were common;
      these increased with oestrogen treatment. Treatment with a combined oral
      contraceptive pill and low dose spironolactone was often effective in reducing
      symptoms.

PMID- 2400361
TI  - Vaginal cones for the treatment of genuine stress incontinence.
AB  - The value of vaginal cones for genuine stress incontinence was assessed in 34
      women with this condition. Subjective and objective assessments were made before
      and after 6 weeks of treatment using urinary diaries, perineometry, 'home' pad
      test and cone weights with and without voluntary pelvic floor contraction. There
      was a subjective improvement in 23 of the 34 women (68%) after 6 weeks of cone
      use with 16 (47%) deciding that no additional treatment other than cone therapy
      was required at this time. Statistical analyses showed that there were
      significant improvements in the objective indices. There were no side-effects
      observed with cone use. When followed up 12-24 (mean 15.8) months from the start
      of the study, 14 women (41%) were still improved with either cone or pelvic floor
      exercises. Vaginal cones would seem to be a simple and practical means of
      improving both pelvic floor strength and genuine stress incontinence.

PMID- 2400362
TI  - Urodynamic evaluation of lower urinary tract function in relation to total
      hysterectomy.
AB  - Although many women relate the onset of urinary symptoms to the operation of
      simple hysterectomy, many also have symptoms prior to surgery. Prospective study
      is therefore the most valid method of objective analysis of the effects of this
      operation upon micturition. To determine whether total hysterectomy is associated
      with increased postoperative vesicourethral abnormality, the incidences of
      urinary symptoms and urodynamic abnormality were assessed pre and postoperatively
      in 36 women undergoing hysterectomy. Preoperative symptoms were present in 58.3%,
      although urodynamically proven dysfunction was found in only 38.9%. After
      hysterectomy, 75% of women were symptomatic with a further 30.6% developing a
      urodynamic abnormality. The operation of total (simple) hysterectomy is
      associated with a significant increase in the subjective and objective incidence
      of vesicourethral dysfunction.

PMID- 2400363
TI  - The role of bowel surgery in the primary treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer.
AB  - Between January 1, 1979 and May 1, 1988, 24 of 192 patients treated for
      epithelial ovarian cancer underwent bowel surgery during primary therapy. It was
      found that survival was independent of this variable and depended largely upon
      the amount of residual disease following laparotomy. There was a major
      complication rate of 8% after primary bowel surgery, and this did not protect
      against the subsequent development of bowel obstruction. In conclusion, it is
      felt that bowel resection and anastomosis should only be undertaken if the
      patient is to be left with minimal or no macroscopic disease at completion of
      surgery.

PMID- 2400364
TI  - Povidone-iodine in the treatment of metronidazole-resistant trichomonas
      vaginalis.

PMID- 2400365
TI  - Unusual gynaecological presentations of donovanosis as pseudo-elephantiasis and
      carcinoma of the cervix.
AB  - We report 2 unusual gynaecological manifestations of Donovanosis in young tribal
      aborigines. The first patient presented for medical attention after haemorrhaging
      from a large pedunculated lesion arising from the left labium minus and majus.
      This lesion was subsequently confirmed as pseudo-elephantiasis resulting from
      long-standing Donovanosis of the vulva. The second patient, with initial findings
      consistent with a diagnosis of advanced cervical malignancy, was referred to the
      oncology service of a tertiary referral centre. Because of her age and race a
      differential diagnosis of Donovanosis was considered and subsequently confirmed
      on special staining (Warthin-Starry) of biopsy specimens. No evidence of
      malignancy was found in these specimens.

PMID- 2400366
TI  - Conception in the resistant ovary syndrome occurring during hormone replacement
      therapy: a report of 2 cases.
AB  - Two patients with resistant ovary syndrome are described. Both patients conceived
      while on hormone replacement therapy. Both women were taking the phasic
      preparation containing mestranol and norethisterone known as 'Menophase' (Syntex
      Pharmaceuticals Ltd). The possible mechanism of action of this type of hormone
      preparation in the induction of ovulation in patients with resistant ovary
      syndrome is discussed.

PMID- 2400367
TI  - A rare case of intersex: 46XY gonadal dysgenesis.

PMID- 2400368
TI  - Hydatid disease of the female genital viscera--a report of 3 cases.

PMID- 2400369
TI  - Recurrent urinary tract infections in the presence of intravesical suture
      material after vaginal hysterectomy and anterior colporrhaphy.

PMID- 2400370
TI  - Threshold altitude resulting in decompression sickness.
AB  - A review of case reports, hypobaric chamber training data, and experimental
      evidence indicated that the threshold for incidence of Altitude Decompression
      Sickness (DCS) was influenced by various factors such as prior denitrogenation,
      exercise or rest and period of exposure, in addition to individual
      susceptibility. Fitting these data with appropriate statistical models has the
      potential for estimating the frequency of occurrence of DCS at various altitudes
      under different experimental conditions and allows us to examine the influence of
      various factors on the threshold for DCS. This approach was illustrated by
      logistic regression analysis on the incidence of DCS below 9,144 m (30,000 ft).
      Estimations using these regressions showed that under a noprebreathe, 6-h
      exposure, simulated extravehicular activity profile, the threshold for symptoms
      occurred at approximately 3,353 m (11,000 ft); while under a no-prebreathe, 2-h
      exposure profile with knee-bends exercise, the threshold occurred at 7,925 m
      (26,000 ft). These examples showed that definition of threshold altitude should
      be qualified by the particular combination of experimental variables under which
      it was observed.

PMID- 2400371
TI  - Sustained peripheral vasoconstriction while working in continuous intense noise.
AB  - The study examined the effects of exposure to continuous noise on pulse volume
      (vasoconstriction) and rate, as well as four-choice serial reaction time. There
      were 2 separate groups of 12 subjects that performed the 20-min task during
      simultaneous monitoring of their physiological response to continuous 93 dBA
      white noise or 70 dBA quiet control conditions. Pulse volume showed marked
      reduction, implying increased arousal, in the first 3-min exposure to noise.
      Although some habituation of the vasoconstriction response then occurred, pulse
      volume continued to remain significantly higher than in quiet throughout the work
      period. Serial choice performance was unaffected by noise. The results confirm
      that there is a physiological cost incurred when working in noise and one may be
      concerned for long-term effects on noise-exposed people.

PMID- 2400372
TI  - The effects of acoustic orientation cues on instrument flight performance in a
      flight simulator.
AB  - An initial version of an acoustic orientation instrument (AOI), in which airspeed
      was displayed as sound frequency, vertical velocity as amplitude modulation rate,
      and bank angle as right-left lateralization, was evaluated in a T-40 (Link GAT-3)
      motion-based simulator. In this study, 15 pilots and 3 non-pilots were taught to
      use the AOI and flew simulated flight profiles under conditions of neither visual
      nor auditory instrumentation (NO INPUT), AOI signals only (AOI), T-40 simulator
      instrumentation only (VISUAL), and T-40 simulator instrumentation with AOI
      signals (BOTH). Bank control under AOI conditions was significantly better than
      under the NO INPUT condition for all flying tasks. Bank control under VISUAL
      conditions was significantly better than under the AOI condition only during
      turning and when performing certain complex secondary tasks. The pilots' ability
      to use the AOI to control vertical velocity and airspeed was less apparent.
      However, during straight-and-level flight, turns, and descents the AOI provided
      the pilots with sufficient information to maintain controlled flight. Factors of
      potential importance in using sound to convey aircraft attitude and motion
      information are discussed.

PMID- 2400373
TI  - Generalization of tolerance to motion environments.
AB  - The aim of the present investigation was to determine to what extent training
      tolerance to one motion stimulus would generalize other motion experiences.
      Twenty subjects prone to motion sickness were selected and assigned to one of
      four groups after pretesting in a Dichgans and Brandt drum to determine their
      susceptibility to visually-induced apparent motion. They were also pretested with
      a VDT display of an expanding surface, and on a revolving/tilting chair. Subjects
      were assigned to one of the four groups by matching their mean tolerance to
      visually-induced motion. Subjects in the first group served as controls and
      received only cognitive counseling regarding their ability to tolerate motion
      environments. Subjects in the other groups received the same counseling coupled
      with incremental exposures to the drum, chair, or VDT, respectively. Posttests on
      each apparatus revealed that the treatments involving the chair and the drum
      provided specific increases in tolerance to the device used during treatment, and
      that the treatment involving the chair provided a generalized tolerance to
      visually-induced motion. These results support the notion that there are both
      specific and general components in learning to tolerate motion environments.

PMID- 2400374
TI  - The effects of fixation and restricted visual field on vection-induced motion
      sickness.
AB  - Approximately 60% of healthy human subjects experience motion sickness when
      exposed to a rotating optokinetic drum. The purpose of the present study was to
      determine the effects of certain visual factors on susceptibility to motion
      sickness. Vection data (illusory self-motion), horizontal eye movement
      recordings, subjective motion sickness report, and a measure of gastric
      myoelectric activity (electrogastrogram, EGG) were obtained from 45 subjects, who
      were randomly divided into the following three groups: a control group that
      observed the entire visual field with no fixation, a group that fixated on a
      central target, and a third group that had a visual field restricted to 15
      degrees. The experimental session was divided into the following three 12-min
      periods: baseline, drum rotation, and recovery. The results showed that fixation
      greatly reduced nystagmus and slightly reduced vection. The restricted visual
      field slightly reduced nystagmus and greatly reduced vection. Both of these
      manipulations significantly reduced symptoms of motion sickness and
      tachyarrhythmia, the abnormal gastric myoelectric activity that usually
      accompanies nausea.

PMID- 2400375
TI  - The electrocardiographic response to high +Gz centrifuge training.
AB  - The electrocardiographic (ECG) responses of 59 asymptomatic, healthy flight
      surgeons to the acceleration profiles included in current U.S. Air Force and U.S.
      Navy high-G centrifuge training programs are documented. ECG dysrhythmias were
      frequently observed during exposure to both gradual and rapid onset training
      profiles. Short self-limited episodes of ventricular tachycardia occurred in 5
      subjects. Advanced Lown grade ventricular ectopy occurred in 13 subjects. The
      type of cardiac ectopy and the frequency of occurrence for each of the training
      profiles is described. The results suggest that significant ectopy frequently
      occurs during exposure of healthy, asymptomatic individuals to centrifuge
      training profiles. Since aircrew are expected to undergo high +Gz as part of
      their usual flying duties, ECG monitoring during high-G centrifuge training has
      not universally been a required part of the training exposures. Aircrew have not
      always accepted ECG monitoring during centrifuge training, fearing detection of
      certain cardiac dysrhythmias, which current aeromedical standards consider
      disqualifying for continued flying duties without clinical aeromedical
      evaluation. Based on the results of this study, and previous documentation of the
      occurrence of significant +Gz-induced cardiac dysrhythmias (both in flight and on
      the centrifuge), ECG monitoring might be considered appropriate to ensure optimum
      medical safety during high-G centrifuge training. The current inconsistency
      between 1) not monitoring ECG because of the aeromedical standards for flying
      qualification relating to the ECG response to +Gz stress, and 2) the need to
      monitor ECG to assure optimum safety during centrifuge training, deserves
      resolution.

PMID- 2400376
TI  - The effect of hyperdynamic fields on the oxidative metabolism of the
      paraventricular nucleus.
AB  - An important issue in space biology and medicine is understanding the effect of
      gravitational changes on the mechanisms that regulate fluid homeostasis. The
      results of this study show that following 7 d exposure to a 2 G or 3 G
      hyperdynamic field, rats exhibited a linear increase in the cytochrome oxidase
      staining of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The elevated oxidative
      metabolism in the PVN suggests that there was an increase in the manufacturing
      and release of vasopressin into the plasma in response to a perceived hypovolemic
      condition caused by increased hydrostatic pressure and redistribution of fluid to
      the periphery. Since vasopressin also has widespread cardiovascular effects, it
      will be important to understand the relationship between vasopressin and altered
      gravitational fields.

PMID- 2400377
TI  - Medicinal protection with Chinese herb-compound against radiation damage.
AB  - Experiments were carried out on mice and the subjects irradiated for cancer
      therapy to evaluate the protective efficacy of a Chinese medicinal herb-compound
      (CMHC). The lethality and the degree of leucopenia caused by radiation in mice
      medicated with CMHC were significantly less in comparison with control mice (p
      less than 0.01 and p less than 0.001, respectively). CMHC significantly improved
      the WBC and the thrombocytes in irradiated workers (p less than 0.01 and p less
      than 0.001, respectively). The WBC count of 40 patients under radiotherapy while
      treated with CMHC recovered from 3450 +/- 77/c.mm to 5425 +/- 264/c.mm (p less
      than 0.001); whereas, in the control group, without any medication, the WBC count
      dropped significantly (p less than 0.001). Our results revealed the
      applicabilities of CMHC in protection against radiation damage in spaceflight and
      in other fields.

PMID- 2400378
TI  - Present status of radial keratotomy myopia surgery: aerospace considerations.
AB  - Radial keratotomy (RK) is one of several corneal surgery operations recently
      developed to change the refraction of the eye. RK consists of four to eight deep
      radial incisions extending from the corneal edge to a small central optical zone,
      which flattens when the corneal scars heal. This decreases the myopia, or excess
      corneal dioptric power by 2.00 to 6.00 diopters. The draw-backs of RK for
      aviators consists of the following problems and side effects: 1) several ocular
      surgical complications, which may cause loss of vision; 2) glare and dazzle
      inflight effects; 3) imprecise and unpredictable results; 4) diurnal change of
      refraction and vision; 5) residual regular and irregular astigmatism; 6) a
      decrease of best corrected vision; 7) late progressive hyperopia; and 8) greater
      susceptibility to aggravated ocular trauma. Radial keratotomy presently appears
      to be fraught with intrinsic hazards and is imprudent and inadvisable for pilots
      or aircrew, in whom long-term stable, non-fluctuating, asymptomatic, keen vision
      is required in both bright and dim light.

PMID- 2400379
TI  - Fitness of civil aviation passengers to fly after ear surgery.
AB  - Movements of the tympanic membrane caused by changes in air pressure are
      conducted to the ossicles of the middle ear. The gliding mechanism of the malleus
      incus articulation converts in-and-out movements of the eardrum into up-and-down
      movements of the stapes, thereby protecting the inner ear from static pressures.
      In certain ear operations, the replacement of a middle ear ossicle by a
      prosthesis disjoints the malleus-incus articulation or makes it rigid. Pressure
      is then transmitted in unattenuated form from the eardrum through the oval window
      to the inner ear. Impairment of pressure equilibration, for example due to
      obstructed eustachian tubes, can lead to prosthesis displacement with severe
      injury to the vestibulocochlear apparatus. Thus, patients should be advised to
      begin equilibration of pressure at the beginning of descent of commercial
      airlines or civil aviation flights, and to repeat it a brief intervals.

PMID- 2400380
TI  - Renal calculi in army aviators.
AB  - A study of U.S. Army active duty aviators was done using the Aeromedical
      Epidemiology Data Repository (AEDR) for the period of January 1984 through
      December 1987 to determine the incidence of renal calculi in this population. Age
      specific rates were found to be highest in the 30-54 year age group. The overall
      annual incidence was determined to be 4.7/1000 population of white male aviators.
      After standardization to the 1960 U.S. white population, the incidence in
      aviators was found to be 2.2/1000, almost double that of a Rochester, MN male
      population (1.2/1000). The aviation environment may predispose Army aviators to
      dehydration and play an etiologic role in the genesis of renal calculi. Medical
      evaluation, treatment, and administrative disposition of Army aviators with renal
      calculi are also briefly discussed.

PMID- 2400381
TI  - High G training and superficial phlebitis: a case report.
AB  - This is a report of bilateral phlebitis in an otherwise healthy 37-year-old male,
      occurring approximately 96 h post G-tolerance training. Of interest is an episode
      of significant physical activity occurring between the G-tolerance training and
      the onset of symptoms of phlebitis. Health care professionals seeing patients
      post G training need to be aware of unusual possible sequelae, especially
      vascular in origin. Further information is needed before a causal relationship
      between G-tolerance training and superficial phlebitis can be demonstrated.

PMID- 2400382
TI  - A comparison of emergency medical helicopter accident rates in the United States
      and the Federal Republic of Germany.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare accident rates of helicopter emergency
      medical services (USA-HEMS) to domestic air taxi service (USA-Taxi) and
      helicopter emergency medical services in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG
      HEMS). Contingency tables compared the total hours flown to the number of fatal
      and non-fatal accidents for USA-HEMS (1982-7) vs. USA-Taxi (1980-5) and USA-HEMS
      (1982-7) vs. FRG-HEMS (1982-7). The overall accident rate for USA-HEMS was
      11.7/100,000 h, with the fatal accident rate being 4.7/100,000 h. This was
      significantly different from the USA-Taxi overall accident rate of 6.7/100,000 h
      and the fatal accident rate of 1.6/100,000 h (chi 2 = 20.441, p = 0.0001). The
      USA-HEMS overall and fatal accident rates were not significantly different than
      the FRG-HEMS overall (10.9/100,000 h) and fatal (4.1/100,000 h) accident rate
      (chi 2 = 0.061, p = 0.97). These data suggest that emergency air transport is
      inherently more risky than routine air taxi services.

PMID- 2400383
TI  - Effectiveness of the Space Shuttle anti-exposure system in a cold water
      environment.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the National Aeronautics and Space
      Administration (NASA) Space Shuttle Launch Entry Suit (LES) and raft for 24 h of
      protection against cold water immersion. Two configurations, the LES and the LES
      with raft (Navy LRU-18/U with NASA spray shield) were evaluated for anti-exposure
      protection. Conditions were selected to simulate worst case water and air
      temperatures along projected Space Shuttle ground tracks; i.e., water
      temperatures = 4.4 degrees C (40 degrees F), air temperature = 5.6 degrees C (42
      degrees F), 1 foot waves (chop), and constant spray. Four males, 31-44 years of
      age, and one 32-year-old female, were studied once in each configuration. Trials
      with and without a raft were scheduled for up to 24 and 6 h, respectively. Mean
      LES trial durations were 150 +/- 9 min and final rectal temperature (Tre, f) =
      36.5 +/- 0.3 degrees C. Mean LES with raft (LES/r) trial durations were 398 +/-
      126 min and final rectal temperature (Tre, f) = 35.6 +/- 0.4 degrees C. LES and
      LES/r trials were terminated for reaching Tre = 35.0 degrees C or subject
      requested termination due to discomfort. The longest LES and LES/r trials were
      terminated due to subject discomfort. Although not achieving the desired
      durations, the LES and LES/r did prove capable of protecting individuals,
      respectively, for up to 3 and 13.5 h. Since the longest LES and LES/r runs were
      terminated due to subjective tolerance and not physical incapacitation, actual
      survival times greater than 3 and 13.5 h, respectively, could be expected for
      individuals in these ensembles.

PMID- 2400384
TI  - In search of an inherent ordering of vowel phonemes, or do pilots hear like
      engineers do?
AB  - To test the hypothesis that formant frequencies might provide an inherent
      ordering scheme for vowel sounds, two groups of subjects were asked to place six
      Italian vowel phonemes (A, O, U, AE, E, and I) into the most musically pleasing
      order. A subsequent chi 2 analysis of selections of the first group (21 music
      students and engineers) indicated a reliable consistency in vowel order
      supporting the hypothesis. Analysis of the second group (12 pilots) did not
      indicate any consistent ordering. The results are discussed in terms of hearing
      damage associated with exposure to high frequency aircraft noise.

PMID- 2400385
TI  - The use of tympanometry in predicting otic barotrauma.

PMID- 2400386
TI  - Synopsis of the many phases of H.I.V. infection.

PMID- 2400387
TI  - You're the flight surgeon. Isocyanates are the most common cause of occupational
      asthma.
AB  - Isocyanates are the most common cause of occupational asthma. They are used to
      produce polyurethanes for the manufacture of plastics, adhesives, surface
      coatings, and both flexible and rigid foams. Of the several types of isocyanates
      commonly used, toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is the most significant commercially
      and toxicologically. Asthma develops in approximately 5 to 10% of workers
      regularly exposed to TDI. Once sensitized, asthma can develop after exposure to
      extremely low concentrations of TDI. Although suggestive, an immunologic
      mechanism remains unclear since studies vary in their findings of positive skin
      tests and specific IgE. Once developed, isocyanate asthma persists with continued
      exposure and in some even after removal from exposure.

PMID- 2400388
TI  - Site predilection of oral cancer and its correlation with chewing and smoking
      habit--a study of 103 cases.
AB  - Like many other countries in South East Asia, oral cancer is one of the common
      cancers in Bangladesh. This report is based on one hundred and three cases of
      biopsy proven squamous Cell Carcinoma of the oral cavity collected from different
      Medical Institutions in Dhaka. The aim was to find out relationship between
      chewing and smoking habit and anatomic site of the cancer in oral cavity. It has
      been observed that oral cancers are common in older age groups and the proportion
      is higher in males as compared to females. Buccal mucosa has been the commonest
      site, the next being the anterior two-thirds of tongue. A high percentage of
      patients revealed tobacco habits in the form of chewing with betel quid and or
      smoking. Both smoking and chewing were found to be important in males in all the
      anatomical sites and chewing of tobacco with betel quid appeared to play a
      dominant role in the females. Duration of betelquid chewing and smoking seem
      important. Site of origin of the majority of the lesions corresponded with site
      maximally exposed to betelquid with or without incorporation of tobacco. In
      majority of the cases the cancer was well differentiated.

PMID- 2400389
TI  - Ewing's sarcoma of maxilla--a case report.
AB  - This paper reports the case of an adolescent girl who was admitted in the ENT
      ward, IPGMR in February '88 with the complaints of nasal obstruction, nasal
      discharge associated with progressive swelling of the right side of her face for
      1 year. She had an operation at Chittagong Medical College Hospital 1 year back
      for some problem in the right side of the nose. No history of pain, nasal
      bleeding or visual disturbance were present. The nasal mass was mobile,
      insensitive and did not bleed on touch, but the facial swelling was red, soft and
      cystic. Clinically diagnosed as an Antral growth with Ethmoidal involvement.
      Radiologically revealed soft tissue swelling, obliteration of nasal fossa and
      opacification of sinuses. After surgical resection the facial mass was diagnosed
      as Ewing's sarcoma histopathologically. The patient needed radiotherapy but did
      not follow it.

PMID- 2400390
TI  - Detergent solubilization of phospholipid vesicle. Effect of electric charge.
AB  - In order to explore the effect of electric charge on detergent solubilization of
      phospholipid bilayers, the interaction of nine electrically charged surfactants
      with neutral or electrically charged liposomes has been examined. The detergents
      belonged to the alkyl pyridinium, alkyl trimethylammonium or alkyl sulphate
      families. Large unilamellar liposomes formed by egg phosphatidylcholine plus or
      minus stearylamine or dicetyl phosphate were used. Solubilization was assessed as
      a decrease in light-scattering of the liposome suspensions. The results suggest
      that electrostatic forces do not play a significant role in the formation of
      mixed micelles and that hydrophobic interactions are by far the main forces
      involved in solubilization. In addition, from the study of thirty different
      liposome-surfactant systems, we have derived a series of empirical rules that may
      be useful in predicting the behaviour of untested surfactants: (i) the detergent
      concentration producing the onset of solubilization (Don) decreases as the alkyl
      chain length increases; the decrease follows a semi-logarithmic pattern in the
      case of alkyl pyridinium compounds; (ii) for surfactants with critical micellar
      concentrations (cmc) less than 6 x 10(-3) M, Don. is independent of the nature of
      the detergent and the bilayer composition; for detergents having cmc greater than
      6 x 10(-3) M, Don. increases linearly with the cmc; and (iii) Don. varies
      linearly with the surfactant concentration that produces maximum solubilization.

PMID- 2400391
TI  - Recombinant aequorin and recombinant semi-synthetic aequorins. Cellular Ca2+ ion
      indicators.
AB  - Properties of a recombinant aequorin were investigated in comparison with those
      of natural aequorin. In chromatographic behaviour the recombinant aequorin did
      not match any of ten isoaequorins tested, although it was very similar to
      aequorin J. Its sensitivity to Ca2+ was found to be higher than that of any
      isoaequorin except aequorin D. The recombinant aequorin exhibited no toxicity
      when tested in various kinds of cells, even where samples of natural aequorin had
      been found to be toxic. Properties of four recombinant semi-synthetic aequorins
      (fch-, hcp-, e- and n-types), prepared from the recombinant apo-aequorin and
      synthetic analogues of coelenterazine, were approximately parallel with those of
      corresponding semi-synthetic aequorins prepared from natural apo-aequorin. Both
      recombinant e-aequorin and natural e-aequorin J luminesced with high values of
      the luminescence intensity ratio I400/I465, although the ratios were not pCa
      dependent. The recombinant aequorin and recombinant semi-synthetic aequorins are
      highly suited for monitoring cellular Ca2+.

PMID- 2400392
TI  - Conformational studies of peptides corresponding to the coeliac-activating
      regions of wheat alpha-gliadin.
AB  - The structures of four peptides corresponding to parts of the coeliac-activating
      protein A-gliadin were studied by structure prediction and c.d. spectroscopy.
      Three of the peptides corresponded to parts of the coeliac-activating N-terminal
      region (residues 3-55, 3-19 and 39-45) and contained two tetrapeptide motifs
      common to all coeliac-active regions (Pro-Ser-Gln-Gln and Gln-Gln-Gln-Pro). The
      Pro-Ser-Gln-Gln sequence was also present in the fourth peptide, on the basis of
      the C-terminal part of the molecule (211-217). These studies showed that beta
      reverse turns were the predominant structural feature in all peptides and were
      predominantly of type I/III in two of the N-terminal peptides and type II in the
      C-terminal peptide. These turns form when the peptide is dissolved in solvents of
      low dielectric constant (trifluoroethanol) and high dielectric constant (water
      and iso-osmotic saline), although their presence in the N-terminal peptides may
      be masked in the latter solvents due to equilibrium with a poly-L-proline II
      structure favoured at lower temperatures.

PMID- 2400393
TI  - Modulation of muscarinic-receptor expression in human embryonic lung fibroblasts
      by platelet-derived growth factor.
AB  - Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is known to have regulatory control of a
      large number of cellular components, including various receptors. We show that
      muscarinic acetylcholine receptors of the m2 subtype on CCL 137 human fibroblasts
      in culture are affected by PDGF treatment. A time-dependent down-regulation is
      observed in steady-state RNA levels, followed by a decrease in ligand-binding
      capacity. Minimum RNA levels are attained at 11 h; minimum binding capacity is
      observed after 24 h of treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first example of
      negative gene control by PDGF.

PMID- 2400394
TI  - The effect of various concentrations of nucleobases, nucleosides or glutamine on
      the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA in rat mesenteric-lymph-node
      lymphocytes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin.
AB  - 1. The rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA was measured in
      phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymph-node lymphocytes of the rat. 2. Addition of
      nucleobases or nucleosides to culture medium that already contained 0.2 mM
      glutamine had a small stimulatory effect on incorporation. At lower
      concentrations of glutamine, adenosine (even at 1 microM) caused a marked
      increase in the rate of incorporation. 3. In the absence of added glutamine,
      addition of nucleosides or nucleobases markedly increased the rate of
      incorporation: nucleosides were more effective than nucleobases; and the rate of
      proliferation in the presence of 10 microM-adenosine plus 10 microM-uridine was
      similar to that in the presence of optimal concentrations of glutamine. 4. The
      rate of incorporation was dramatically decreased by an inhibitor of the pathway
      of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis de novo. Addition of the pyrimidine
      nucleosides completely overcame the inhibition; addition of the pyrimidine
      nucleobases was much less effective. 5. These results indicate that, for
      proliferation of lymphocytes, glutamine is not essential and can be partially or
      totally replaced by nucleosides and, to some extent, by nucleobases.

PMID- 2400395
TI  - High-density lipoprotein subpopulations as substrates for the transfer of
      cholesteryl esters to very-low-density lipoproteins.
AB  - 1. Human total HDL (high-density lipoprotein), HDL2 and HDL3 were labelled in
      vitro by incubation with lipoprotein-deficient serum (LPDS) which contained
      either [3H]cholesteryl oleate or [14C]cholesterol under different conditions. The
      lipoproteins were then subfractionated by heparin-Sepharose column
      chromatography, and three subfractions (A, B and C) were successively eluted from
      each preparation of HDL, HDL2 and HDL3. When the labelling was done at 37 degrees
      C for 17 h, the subfractions were homogeneously labelled with [3H]cholesteryl
      oleate. However, when it was performed for only 30 min at 4 degrees C, the
      subfractions showed marked differences in the 3H specific radioactivity, which
      was much higher in the C fractions than in the others. 2. 3H-labelled HDL2 and
      HDL3 subfractions behaved differently under the precipitant action of heparin
      Mn2+; fraction C (the richest in apolipoprotein E) produced the largest amount of
      radioactive and chemical precipitate. More 3H radioactivity, but not the
      cholesterol, was precipitated from HDL2 or HDL3 by the reagent, demonstrating
      that 3H-labelled HDL2 and HDL3 behave like their fraction C, which becomes
      labelled to the highest specific radioactivity despite having the smallest mass.
      3. The incubation of 3H-labelled HDL subfractions with human LPDS and very-low
      density lipoprotein (VLDL) at 37 degrees C increased the quantity of 3H
      radioactivity that was precipitated, in proportion to the amount of VLDL present
      in the media. These changes were attributable to the action of cholesterol ester
      transfer protein, since they did not occur at 4 degrees C or when human LPDS was
      replaced with rat LPDS. 4. Kinetics of the transfer of HDL [3H]cholesteryl oleate
      to VLDL showed a greater apparent Vmax for fractions A than for fractions B from
      either HDL2 or HDL3, whereas the apparent Km values were very similar, which
      suggest that this transfer process is influenced by the apoprotein composition of
      the donor lipoprotein.

PMID- 2400396
TI  - Modulation of transferrin-receptor activity and recycling after induced
      differentiation of BeWo choriocarcinoma cells.
AB  - BeWo human choriocarcinoma cells normally grow as cytotrophoblast cells. However,
      in the presence of 100 microM-forskolin or 5 mM-theophylline, these cells form
      syncytia similar to morphologically well differentiated syncytiotrophoblasts. We
      have examined the effect of syncytia formation on transferrin-receptor activity
      and recycling. Although cellular proliferation stops upon growth in the presence
      of forskolin or theophylline, the number of cell-surface transferrin-receptors
      unexpectedly increased 2-fold, whereas the total cellular number increased at
      most 15%. The rate of biosynthesis of the transferrin receptor as well as class I
      MHC glycoprotein did not change measurably during syncytium formation. The
      biosynthesis of human chorionic gonadotropin increased 35-fold after 30 h of
      growth in the presence of theophylline. The redistribution of the transferrin
      receptor in syncytia is maintained by a decreased rate constant of endocytosis
      (0.141 min-1 compared with 0.231 min-1 for control cells) and an increased rate
      constant of externalization (0.122 min-1 compared with 0.060 min-1 for control
      cells). These altered rates of endocytosis and externalization resulted in an
      increased rate of iron accumulation in the syncytia. Furthermore, the recycling
      time of the transferrin receptor decreased in cells grown in the presence of
      theophylline (14.6 min compared with 21.2 min in control cells).

PMID- 2400398
TI  - Chromogenic depsipeptide substrates for beta-lactamases and penicillin-sensitive
      DD-peptidases.
AB  - Various ester and thioester derivatives of hippuric acid have been prepared which
      were substrates of both beta-lactamases and DD-peptidases. The thioesters were
      more rapidly hydrolysed by nearly all the enzymes. Surprisingly, the enzymes
      acted rather efficiently on substrates which did not contain any chiral centre.

PMID- 2400397
TI  - Characterization of methylation of rat liver cytosolic glutathione S-transferases
      by using reverse-phase h.p.l.c. and chromatofocusing.
AB  - Glutathione S-transferase (GST) subunits in rat liver cytosol were separated by
      reverse-phase h.p.l.c.; five major proteins were isolated and identified as
      subunits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8. F.p.l.c. chromatofocusing resolved the affinity
      purified GST pool into nine different isoenzymes. The five basic (Alpha class)
      dimeric peaks of GST activity were 1-1, 1-2a, 1-2b, 2-2a and 2-2b. Reverse-phase
      h.p.l.c. analysis revealed that subunit 8 was also present in the protein peaks
      designated 1-1, 1-2a and 1-2b. The four neutral (Mu class) isoenzymes were 3-3, 3
      4, 3-6 and 4-4. The GST pool was methylated in vitro before reverse-phase
      h.p.l.c. or f.p.l.c. chromatofocusing. Chromatofocusing indicated that the Mu
      class isoforms (3-3, 3-4 and 4-4) were the primary GSTs methylated, and h.p.l.c.
      analysis confirmed that subunits 3 and 4 were the major methyl-accepting GST
      subunits. The addition of calmodulin stimulated the methylation in vitro of GST
      isoenzymes 3-3, 3-4 and 4-4 by 3.0-, 7.5- and 9.9-fold respectively. Reverse
      phase h.p.l.c. also indicated that only the methylation of GST subunits 3 and 4
      was stimulated by calmodulin. Basic GST isoenzymes were minimally methylated and
      the methylation was not enhanced by calmodulin. Investigation of the time course
      of methylation of GST subunits 3 and 4 indicated that at incubation times less
      than 4 h the methylation of both Mu class subunits was stimulated by calmodulin,
      and that under such conditions subunit 4 was the preferred substrate. In
      contrast, there was essentially no calmodulin-stimulated methylation at
      incubation times of 4 or 6 h, and the methylation of subunit 3 was predominant.
      Kinetic parameters at 2 h of incubation were determined in the presence and in
      the absence of calmodulin. The addition of calmodulin doubled the Vmax. for
      methylation of both subunits 3 and 4 and decreased the Km of subunit 4 for S
      adenosyl-L-methionine 3.6-fold. Finally, methylation was substoichiometric and
      after 6 h of incubation ranged from 2.8 to 7.6% on a mole-to-mole basis for
      subunits 4 and 3 respectively.

PMID- 2400399
TI  - Effect of N-methylation on the modulation by synthetic peptides of the activity
      of the complement-factor-B-derived serine proteinase CVFBb.
AB  - Although they share the active-site catalytic triad of less-specific enzymes such
      as trypsin and chymotrypsin, the serine proteinases of the complement and
      coagulation cascades each cleave a highly restricted set of substrates. Peptides
      with sequences similar to that at which C3 is cleaved by the alternative-pathway
      complement proteinase CVFBb were synthesized by solid-phase methodology and
      examined for their effects on the activity of this enzyme as measured by three
      different types of assays. It was found that a peptide methylated at the scissile
      bond was a far more effective inhibitor of the cleavage of the protein substrate
      C5 and of the lysis of guinea-pig erythrocytes by the alternative pathway than
      was the equivalent unmethylated peptide. Whereas the unmethylated peptide
      inhibited cleavage of the peptide substrate, the methylated peptide actually
      stimulated cleavage in this assay. This stimulation was found to be due to a 2.8
      fold increase in kcat; the dissociation constant for the substrate was not
      altered significantly. One model consistent with this behaviour is that the
      binding of the activator peptide in the extended substrate-recognition region
      stabilizes a catalytically more active conformation of the active site. A small
      peptide substrate may have access to such an activated active site, whereas the
      larger substrate, C5, may be excluded from the site. These results demonstrate
      that the observed effect of a given compound on activity of an enzyme with an
      extended substrate-recognition region may depend upon the substrate.

PMID- 2400401
TI  - The major phosphorylation site of nucleophosmin (B23) is phosphorylated by a
      nuclear kinase II.
AB  - Nucleophosmin (B23) was phosphorylated in vitro with [gamma-32P]ATP and a nuclear
      kinase (type II) purified from HeLa cells. The phosphorylation was inhibited by
      heparin and by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Peptide mapping analysis indicated that
      the phosphorylation site in vitro was identical to that in vivo. Purified
      nucleoli have a similar kinase that phosphorylated nucleophosmin at the same
      site. These results indicated that nucleophosmin is phosphorylated in vivo by a
      nucleolar kinase (type II).

PMID- 2400400
TI  - Sequence similarity of calreticulin with a Ca2(+)-binding protein that co
      purifies with an Ins(1,4,5)P3-sensitive Ca2+ store in HL-60 cells.
AB  - HL-60 cells possess a 60 kDa Ca2(+)-binding protein that is contained in a
      discrete subcellular compartment, referred to as calciosomes. Subcellular
      fractionation studies have suggested that, in HL-60 cells, this intracellular
      compartment is an Ins(1,4,5)P3-sensitive Ca2+ store. In order to investigate the
      structural relationship of the 60 kDa Ca2(+)-binding protein of HL-60 cells to
      other Ca2(+)-binding proteins, we have purified the protein by ammonium sulphate
      extraction, acid precipitation, and DEAE-cellulose and phenyl-Sepharose column
      chromatography. The N-terminal sequence of the protein shows 93% identity with
      rabbit muscle calreticulin, a recently cloned sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2(+)
      binding protein. No amino acid sequence similarity with calsequestrin was found,
      although the purified protein cross-reacted with anti-calsequestrin antibodies.
      The calreticulin-related protein of HL-60 cells might play a role as an
      intravesicular Ca2(+)-binding protein of an Ins(1,4,5)P3-sensitive Ca2+ store.

PMID- 2400402
TI  - Rat serum amyloid P component. Analysis of cDNA sequence and gene expression.
AB  - cDNA clones for rat serum amyloid P component (SAP) were isolated, and the
      derived amino acid sequence for pre-SAP was determined from the complete
      nucleotide sequence. Rat SAP is encoded by approximately 1 kb of mRNA, and the
      mature SAP protein is predicted to be 208 amino acids long. An increase in
      hepatic mRNA levels for rat SAP was found after administration of
      lipopolysaccharide, and SAP mRNA levels in livers of unstimulated male rats were
      lower than in hepatic RNA from female rats.

PMID- 2400404
TI  - Questions about the use of [3H]thymidine incorporation as a reliable method to
      estimate cell proliferation rate.

PMID- 2400403
TI  - Kinetic parameters of the acyl-enzyme mechanism and conditions for quasi
      equilibrium and for optimal catalytic characteristics.

PMID- 2400405
TI  - [Photometric method of determination of the amidase activity of proteinases using
      4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide substrates].
AB  - It was shown that 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (MC-amine), resulted from the
      enzymatic hydrolysis of 4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide (MC-amide) peptide substrates,
      may be estimated not only fluorometrically but also photometrically. A
      photometric method for estimating activity of tissue kallikrein (EC 3.4.21.35)
      and urokinase (EC 3.4.21.31) is suggested using Z-Phe-Arg-NHMC and Z-Gly-Gly-Arg
      NHMC, respectively, as substrates. Kinetic parameters of the enzymatic
      hydrolysis, as obtained by photometric and fluorometric detection of the MC-amine
      formed, were in good agreement. The differential coefficient of molar extinction
      of the substrates and MC-amine at 360 nm was found to be 10,800 M-1 cm-1.

PMID- 2400406
TI  - [Photomodification of nucleic acids by N-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenazine derivatives of
      oligonucleotides].
AB  - Photomodification of a 302-membered single-stranded DNA fragment by 5'-mono- and
      3',5'-di-N-(2-oxyethyl)phenazine (Phn) derivatives of oligonucleotides has been
      investigated. Under strong laser irradiation (lambda 532 nm; power density 2,5
      GV/cm2, irradiation dose 30 J) the DNA fragment in the presence of Phn-reagents
      was significantly destructed (up to 70-95%). The level of complementary addressed
      modification (24-51%) is a direct function of the length of oligonucleotide
      address of the photoreagent and the amount of Phn residues, stabilizing the
      complementary complex. The character of the nonaddressed modification is close to
      the statistic one, although for a number of photoreagents a rather efficient
      nonspecific modification of 5'-terminal sequence of target DNA has been detected.
      Of interest also is an unusually broad positional direction of the DNA fragment
      photomodification in the area of perfect complementary coupling of 5'-Phn
      reagents.

PMID- 2400407
TI  - [Synthesis of steroid-containing oligonucleotides and their alkylating
      derivatives].
AB  - New alkylating derivatives of oligonucleotides carrying a steroid (cholesterol,
      testosterone or ergosterol) residue have been synthesized, the residue being
      introduced via its hydroxyl group into the triester oligonucleotide block in the
      presence of triisopropylbenzenesulphonyl chloride and N-methylimidazole. Covalent
      attachment of steroids to oligonucleotides increases their hydrophobicity and
      does not influence the melting temperature of their complementary complexes. The
      data obtained showed that the oligonucleotide derivatives, bearing both an
      alkylating group of nitrogen mustard and a steroid residue, can be used as
      reagents for specific modification of nucleic acids.

PMID- 2400408
TI  - [Stepwise synthesis of oligonucleotides. XXXV. Native and immobilized
      polynucleotide phosphorylase from Thermus thermophilus in oligoribonucleotide
      synthesis].
AB  - A polynucleotide phosphorylase was isolated from the Thermus thermophilus protein
      fractions, obtained at different steps of purification of elongation factors, and
      immobilized on agarose activated with cyanogen bromide and macroporous glass
      modified with (3,3-diethoxypropyl)triethoxysilane. The preparations of the native
      and immobilized enzyme catalyzed rather efficiently the addition of adenylyl and
      guanylyl residues to oligonucleotide primers, in contrast to the E. coli and M.
      luteus polynucleotide phosphorylases. Tri-, tetra- and pentanucleotides with 3'
      terminal guanosine and adenosine were obtained including structural analogues of
      the anticodon fragment 34-37 of yeast tRNA(Phe).

PMID- 2400409
TI  - [H-phosphonate method in the synthesis of structural gene of human interleukin
      4].
AB  - A modified H-phosphonate method was used to synthesize 32
      oligodeoxyribonucleotides ranging in length from 23 to 28, which were
      enzymatically joined together to give the human interleukin 4 gene. The high
      degree of the oligonucleotide purity, achieved through the application of anion
      exchange and reverse phase HPLC, ensures the high percentage of the desired
      sequence (about 75%) in the cloned DNA.

PMID- 2400410
TI  - [Oligo(2'-methylribonucleotides) and their derivatives. I. Automated synthesis of
      oligo(2'-methylribonucleotides) via H-phosphonates].
AB  - New representatives of the [ H-phosphonate's class, N-acyl-2'-O-methyl-5'-O
      dimethoxytritylribonucleoside 3'-H-phosphonates, were synthesized via
      salicylchlorophosphine and used for the automatic synthesis of oligo(2'-O
      methylribonucleotides). The efficiency of the method was demonstrated by the
      synthesis of a number of pyrimidine oligomers with chain length from 6 to 15
      monomers.

PMID- 2400411
TI  - [Synthesis of 5'-derivatives of thymidine].

PMID- 2400412
TI  - [Analysis of tritium-labeled glycine and alanine using 3H-NMR].
AB  - A method for analysis of three-component isotopic mixtures of tritium-labelled
      glycine and alanine in D2O solutions has been developed on the basis of high
      resolution 3H NMR spectra at 266.8 MHz. Determined were composition of the
      mixtures in molar per cent, as well as geminal and vicinal coupling constants
      (2JGly3H,H = -16.4 +/- 0.2 Hz; 2JAla3H,H = -14.0 +/- 0.5 Hz; 3JAla3H,H = 7.6 +/-
      0.2 Hz) and isotopic shifts (0.21 +/- 0.001 ppm for glycine; 0.026 +/- 0.001 ppm
      for alanine).

PMID- 2400413
TI  - 54th annual meeting, American College of Rheumatology. Seattle, Washington,
      October 27-November 1, 1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 2400414
TI  - 1990 annual convention. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Seattle,
      Washington, November 16-19. Abstracts.

PMID- 2400415
TI  - Stage and localization of pelvic endometriosis and pain.
AB  - We analyzed the prevalence of dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, and dyspareunia in
      relation to the disease stage in 160 women with endometriosis but no other
      associated pelvic disease who underwent their first gynecologic surgery
      (laparoscopy or laparotomy) at the First Obstetric and Gynecology Clinic of the
      University of Milan between 1985 and 1987. Dysmenorrhea was reported by 78% of
      the patients, pelvic pain by 39%; and deep dyspareunia by 32%. No relation was
      found between severity of the pain symptoms and stage of the disease or site of
      the endometriotic lesions.

PMID- 2400416
TI  - Medical research.

PMID- 2400417
TI  - Zinc abuse--an unsuspected cause of sideroblastic anemia.

PMID- 2400418
TI  - Tight scleral flap trabeculectomy with postoperative laser suture lysis.
AB  - Thirty eyes of 30 patients underwent tight scleral flap trabeculectomy. Of these
      eyes, 22 underwent laser lysis of the scleral flap sutures, whereas eight eyes
      did not require such treatment because of low intraocular pressure and active
      filtering blebs. In the 22 eyes treated, preoperative intraocular pressure was
      32.6 +/- 8.3 mm Hg, whereas postoperative and pre-laser intraocular pressure was
      29.3 +/- 7.4 mm Hg. Immediately after laser suture lysis, intraocular pressure
      dropped by 22.7 +/- 9.4 mm Hg (P less than .01) to 6.6 +/- 7.0 mm Hg, with
      elevation of the conjunctival bleb in all eyes treated. After a mean follow-up of
      14.4 months, intraocular pressure was controlled (less than or equal to 18 mm Hg)
      in 20 of the 22 eyes treated (91%). The only major complication was a single case
      of anterior chamber flattening with intraocular lens touching the corneal
      endothelium. Combination of tight scleral flap trabeculectomy with subsequent
      postoperative laser suture lysis is a safe and effective method for low-level
      intraocular pressure control. This technique seems to combine the advantages of
      full-thickness filtration and trabeculectomy by achieving relatively low
      intraocular pressures while minimizing complications caused by excessive aqueous
      runoff.

PMID- 2400419
TI  - The tradition of toughness: a study of nonprofessional nursing care in
      psychiatric settings.
AB  - Violence is a significant problem in psychiatric settings; however, nursing
      research that identifies organizational influences related to violent patient
      behavior is rare. This paper reports on an exploratory study conducted on the
      psychiatric units of a metropolitan public hospital. The key concept generated by
      the data was the "tradition of toughness." Within this psychiatric setting,
      "control" of patient behavior was emphasized resulting in norms and roles that
      operationalized the theory. The norms were (a) "The need for physical restraint"
      and (b) "It's not you we don't trust." The nursing role was labelled "enforcing"
      and included the strategies of (a) "Policing," (b) "Supermanning," and (c)
      "Putting on a show."

PMID- 2400420
TI  - The case for universal health insurance.

PMID- 2400421
TI  - A proactive plan for health care policy.

PMID- 2400422
TI  - Assay of suntan lotions for the carcinogenic, non-volatile N-nitrosamine N
      nitrosodiethanolamine.
AB  - N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) is a carcinogenic, non-volatile nitrosamine that
      has been shown to pass readily through the skin of animals and humans. It has
      often been found as a contaminant in cosmetics. Twenty different suntan lotions,
      available in Israel, both liquids and creams, were analyzed for NDELA content.
      Most products contained undetectable or trace levels, but 3 were found to be
      contaminated with as much as 27 ppb of the nitrosamine. Continual use of such
      products, especially by small children and infants, may significantly increase
      their exposure to NDELA.

PMID- 2400423
TI  - Confidential and anonymous testing.

PMID- 2400424
TI  - Type 1 and type 2 alcoholics: Schuckit & Irwin's negative findings.

PMID- 2400425
TI  - Massive haemoptysis.

PMID- 2400426
TI  - Mycotic aneurysm.

PMID- 2400427
TI  - [21st national cardiology meeting of the National Association of Hospital
      Cardiologists. Florence, 20-23 May 1990. Abstracts].

PMID- 2400428
TI  - Tenodesis of the long head of the biceps brachii for chronic bicipital
      tendinitis. Long-term results.

PMID- 2400429
TI  - A question of credibility.

PMID- 2400431
TI  - Editorial on software safety.

PMID- 2400430
TI  - Labelling toxic plants.

PMID- 2400432
TI  - Complementary medicine.

PMID- 2400433
TI  - Routine fiberoptic bronchoscopy in intubated neonates?

PMID- 2400434
TI  - Postspinal headache.

PMID- 2400435
TI  - Occupational medicine in Canada: an end or a new beginning?

PMID- 2400436
TI  - Donor rejection.

PMID- 2400437
TI  - Scoring radiographic abnormalities in RA.

PMID- 2400438
TI  - Monitoring the course of cervical carcinoma with the squamous cell carcinoma
      serum radioimmunoassay.

PMID- 2400439
TI  - Regarding the article entitled "Massive retroperitoneal angiomyolipoma: a lesion
      that may be confused with well-differentiated liposarcoma".

PMID- 2400440
TI  - Fructosamine in gestational diabetes.

PMID- 2400441
TI  - An issue of supervision.

PMID- 2400442
TI  - The role of chemotherapy in the hospice patient.

PMID- 2400443
TI  - Effectiveness of screening for headlice.

PMID- 2400445
TI  - Universal health insurance.

PMID- 2400444
TI  - Uterine cancer--unexpected high mortality.

PMID- 2400447
TI  - Laser-assisted reconstruction of the oculomotor nerve.

PMID- 2400446
TI  - Black adolescent crack users in Oakland: no quick fix.

PMID- 2400448
TI  - Isochromosome Xq in Klinefelter syndrome.

PMID- 2400449
TI  - Electrocardiographic changes during cesarean section under regional anesthesia.

PMID- 2400450
TI  - Nursing journals read and assigned most often in doctoral programs.

PMID- 2400451
TI  - Subcutaneous morphine.

PMID- 2400452
TI  - Bleeding risk with percutaneous tracheostomy.

PMID- 2400453
TI  - Malignant tracheobronchial obstruction.

PMID- 2400454
TI  - Excessive roentgenograms and employee health.

PMID- 2400455
TI  - [Assessment of body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis: effects of
      skin resistance on impedance].
AB  - Effects of skin resistance on impedance values were studied in order to propose
      reliable determination of body composition in human. Analysis of the data
      indicated that impedance values (Z = (R2 + Xc2)0.5) varied considerably in the
      following conditions: 1) 230 +/- 97.8 ohms when electrodes were directly
      attached; 2) 490 +/- 52.5 ohms when electrodes were attached immediately after
      use of alcohol; 3) 584 +/- 44.1 ohms when electrodes were attached immediately
      after use of alcohol with electrode gel; and 4) 589 +/- 45.0 ohms when electrodes
      were attached in the order of elimination of skin resistance----use of alcohol---
      use of electrode gel. We suggest that impedance obtained by the bioelectrical
      impedance analysis should be measured immediately after elimination of skin
      resistance at least with electrode gel.

PMID- 2400456
TI  - Respiration, circulation, and energy metabolism in exercise--their regulation and
      coordination. Tokyo, Japan, October 11, 1989. Proceedings.

PMID- 2400458
TI  - Breath-by-breath gas exchange kinetics during constant-load work.
AB  - In order to study respiratory transients during exercise, we examined breath-by
      breath gas exchange kinetics during constant-load work. Five male subjects
      performed cycle ergometer tests which 6 min of constant-load work (150, 200,
      250W) followed 50W base-line work. VCO2 and VO2 measured at the mouth ((VCO2)E,
      (VO2)E) and estimated at the alveolar level ((VCO2)A, (VO2)A) were computed
      breath-by-breath. The kinetic parameter (time constant) of first- and second
      order exponential model was estimated using non-linear least-squares method. Our
      results demonstrated that a relative stability of PETO2, PETCO2, and R at their
      control values in the first phase. Independent of work intensities, breath-by
      breath variation in gas exchange measured at the mouth was larger than those in
      gas exchange estimated at the alveolar level both at a non-steady state and a
      steady state. The time constants of (VO2)A and (VO2)E were varied with increase
      of work load intensity.

PMID- 2400457
TI  - Influences of gravitational stress and total muscle mass on human cardiovascular
      adjustments during prolonged dynamic exercise.
AB  - To investigate cardiovascular adjustments to combined stress of gravity and
      exercise during dynamic exercise prolonged over 60 minutes in upright position,
      the three experiments were carried out. In Experiment I, as performing moderate
      upright bicycling (66% VO2 max) until exhaustion (average 86 minutes) in 4
      trained men, changing manners of cardiovascular adjustments were shown in three
      phases, which were (1) regulating set-point body temperature, (2) making to
      maintain suitable blood pressure, and (3) failing to control the blood pressure.
      In Experiment II, as performing moderate supine cycling (55% VO2 max) for 50
      minutes under several LBNP conditions in 5 sedentary women, there were
      correspondingly similar changing manners of the cardiovascular adjustments to
      each of the phases given in Experiment I. In Experiment III, as examining
      tolerance of orthostatic circulatory regulation, the tolerance was significantly
      correlated to VO2 max and lean body mass (LBM) (both p less than 0.05) in 8
      sedentary women. When a moderate upright exercise is performed over 60 minutes in
      upright position, the performance should be influenced by total muscle mass
      indicated by LBM as well as by VO2 max, because the muscle mass could play a
      valuable role in the tolerance of orthostatic circulatory regulation vs. gravity.

PMID- 2400459
TI  - Gas exchange responses to ramp exercise.
AB  - In the present study, the system of oxygen uptake (VO2) during ramp function
      exercise protocol can be studied to provide information about the physiological
      mechanisms underlying the process. The values of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max)
      and gas exchange threshold (GET) were reproducibly obtained using ramp test
      protocol. On the other hand, the determination of VO2/work rate should be
      restrict to below the exercise intensity of the GET. Therefore, ramp exercise
      test might be usage for determination of VO2max, GET and/or VO2/work rate (i.e.,
      work efficiency). The data obtained in this study concerning the mean response
      time (MRT) suggests that the ramp test is not a linear, first-order system.
      Therefore, the ramp exercise test protocol is recommended for the determination
      of VO2max, GET and work efficiency, but not for MRT.

PMID- 2400460
TI  - Respiratory response to sinusoidal work load in humans.
AB  - Present study was undertaken to elucidate possible distortion of phase response
      and amplitude response of various respiratory parameter such as VO2, VCO2 and VE
      to sinusoidal work load by comparing model analysis with manual analysis. Also,
      an attempt was made to determine whether there is any relationship between the
      characteristics of response of these parameters and the aerobic capacity of
      subjects. Six healthy male subjects were performed exercise on an electrically
      braked bicycle ergometer for 32 min. The work load was varied sinusoidally
      between 30 watts and 60% VO2max being under anaerobic threshold with periods from
      1 to 16 min. These parameters were determined in breath-by-breath mode with a
      computer system and mass spectrometer. In model analysis, amplitude and phase
      responses were well described by first order exponential model, and strong
      correlations were observed between magnitude of phase response or time constant
      of amplitude response and aerobic capacity. Manual analysis revealed that
      respiratory responses to sinusoidal work load are not completely sinusoidal but
      somewhat distorted forming saw-tooth waves with steeper downslopes.

PMID- 2400461
TI  - Spectral analysis of heart rate variability during constant and pseudorandom
      exercise.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the limitation for applying a linear
      model to the cardiorespiratory control system. Four subjects performed the two
      types of exercise bouts, constant (CONST) and pseudorandom (PRBS) exercise, on an
      electrically braked cycle ergometer at three different work rates. The target
      work rate of CONST were set to 80, 100, 120% of the individual anaerobic
      threshold (AT). In PRBS, the work rates were varied between +/- 10% of the
      individual AT around the respective target work rates of CONST. Although the
      spectral density of beat-to-beat heart rate fluctuations showed the conventional
      patterns for most cases, there was no obvious difference between CONST and PRBS.
      These results indicated that the variation of +/- 10% of AT did not affect the
      heart rate variation as the output response, suggesting a dilemma inevitable to
      apply a linear model based on the transfer function.

PMID- 2400462
TI  - Oxidative removal of lactate after strenuous exercise.
AB  - Metabolic fate of lactate after strenuous exercise which lasted 2-3 min was
      investigated in rats and mice. 14C-labeled lactate or glucose was injected into
      the aorta of rats through an catheter. 14C-glucose was injected intraperitoneally
      into the mice after supramaximal exercise. The mice ran twice with a 4 hr
      interval to investigate muscle 14C-lactate metabolism which was produced from
      muscle 14C-glycogen. A great deal of blood and muscle 14C-lactate was expired as
      14CO2 after the exercise. The results indicate that oxidative removal is the
      major fate of lactate metabolism after strenuous exercise and that blood glucose
      is the major substrate for muscle glycogen resynthesis. Light intensity exercise
      after strenuous exercise (active recovery) enhances oxidative removal of blood
      and muscle lactate. Gluconeogenesis from lactate to glycogen within the skeletal
      muscle is not a major pathway of muscle lactate metabolism, while high intensity
      training can activate this pathway.

PMID- 2400463
TI  - Levelling-off of calf blood flow during walking and running, and its relationship
      to anaerobic threshold.
AB  - Calf blood flow (CBF), heart rate (HR), whole-body VO2 were measured in 13 active
      women (aged 20.8 yrs) while walking or running at various speeds up to near
      exhaustion. CBF during walking increased linearly in relation to speed in the
      range 60-100 m/min, and thereafter it levelled off. CBF during running showed a
      small increase up to 180 m/min, then decreased significantly (p less than 0.01)
      from 24.51 ml/100 ml calf min to 19.62 ml/100 ml calf/min. VO2 corresponding to
      peak CBF (BFpeak-VO2) averaged 66.39% VO2-max, which was significantly lower (p
      less than 0.05) than the anaerobic threshold (AT; 74.48% VO2max) determined using
      gas exchange parameters. Significant correlation coefficients of 0.695 (p less
      than 0.01) and 0.708 (p less than 0.01) were obtained between BFpeak-VO2 and AT
      VO2, and BFpeak-%VO2max and AT-%VO2max. The magnitude of CBF was not correlated
      significantly with AT or VO2max. Levelling-off or decrease of CBF at higher
      speeds, approximately 10% below AT, suggested that an inadequate blood supply
      will possibly result in mismatching between oxygen delivery and muscle oxygen
      demand and that this would lead to switching over to anaerobic energy generation.

PMID- 2400464
TI  - Evaluation of exercise muscle energetics by NMR.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is superior to ultrasonography and X-CT
      especially in density resolution in soft tissue. 31P NMR provides information on
      metabolism, which has not been obtained in vivo by conventional methods, such as
      phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate (Pi), ATP, and intracellular pH. We
      used MRI and 31P NMR spectroscopy to study skeletal muscle metabolism of human
      and rat. These NMR results suggested that 1) estimation of muscle fiber
      composition, 2) evaluation of muscle ATP turnover and 3) imaging of local muscle
      fatigue are possible.

PMID- 2400465
TI  - Effects of far-infrared radiation on lactation.
AB  - Massage and warm compresses to the breast have been commonly used for stimulating
      and/or increasing blood flow to the breasts, and for enhancing lactation
      consequently. However, more effective and easier remedies seem to be necessary.
      The vasodilating and warming effects of ceramics far-infrared radiation were
      studied. Based on the results obtained, the effect of a ceramic disc on
      lactation, attached to the breast skin, was evaluated in 27 puerperal women who
      had had poor lactation previously and in 36 with currently poor lactation monthly
      until weaning. Approximately 3/4 of these puerperal women enhanced lactation
      significantly one month after attachment and 1/2 of the women were able to breast
      feed until weaning. Thus, we found that ceramics far-infrared radiation may be an
      effective remedy for enhancing lactation.

PMID- 2400466
TI  - Significance of exercise and bed rest in pregnancy--study on the lying postures
      of gravidas during sleep (2).
AB  - For the purpose of determining the most reasonable lying posture for pregnant
      women, we investigated the lying positions of both 247 non-pregnant women and 302
      pregnant women during sleep. As for the rate of each position during the entire
      period of observation, 33.2% of the non-pregnant women were in the supine
      position, 41.2% in the lateral position, 18.4% in Sims' position and 7.1% in the
      prone position. In the pregnant group, the rate of supine position, simple
      lateral position and Sims' position was 34.2%, 52.2% and 12.7%, respectively, but
      the rate of the prone position was limited to 0.8%. All of the gravidas assuming
      the prone position were at less than 16 weeks of gestation. Non-pregnant women
      could sleep in a variety of positions, but pregnant women could assume the prone
      position during sleep only in the stage when the abdomen is not yet prominent or
      distended. Pregnant women were restricted significantly, either consciously or
      unconsciously, with progress in gestation.

PMID- 2400467
TI  - [Working ability between air and trimix breathing gas under 8 ATA air condition].
AB  - Pneumatic caisson work in Japan has come into operation since 1924. Afterward,
      this technique of compressed air work has been widely utilized in the
      construction of foundation basements, shafts of the bottom tunnel shields for
      subway and so forth. While using this technique of compressed air work means that
      workers have to be exposed to hyperbaric environment, this technique has risks of
      not only decompression sickness (DCS) but also toxicity of poisonous gas and/or
      oxygen deficiency. However, this technique is independent of city construction
      work and the operation of compressed air work higher than 5ATA (4.0 kg/cm2G) is
      actually been planning recently. Accordingly unmanned caisson work is considered
      as a better technique for such higher pressurized work, even though workers must
      enter into hyperbaric working fields for maintenance or repair of unmanned
      operated machinery and materials. This research is to establish the safe work
      under hyperbaric air environment at 8ATA.

PMID- 2400468
TI  - [Ribonucleosides in milk: characterization and determination of the concentration
      profile of these minor components throughout a lactation period].
AB  - The ribonucleosides adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, inosine and uridine as well
      as the modified components N1-methyladenosine and N6-carbamoylthreonyladenosine
      were characterized and determined quantitatively as minor constituents in raw
      bovine milk by use of an automated high performance liquid chromatography system.
      The studies have shown that except for the colostral phase the ribonucleoside
      levels are constant throughout the whole lactation period. That means, there is a
      typical ribonucleoside pattern which is assumed to be species-specific.

PMID- 2400469
TI  - On the problem of season and cold dependence of calcium transport by skeletal
      muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - Calcium transport of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum from golden hamsters
      was studied in January and in June on animals kept at 22 degrees C under natural
      photoperiod and in January after cold-acclimation at +/- 2 degrees C in the dark
      for 55 days. Crude homogenates from psoas and soleus muscles and from mixed
      skeletal muscles were used. No differences were observed in the calcium storing
      capacity of sarcoplasmic reticulum among the three groups of animals. Kinetic
      studies on the dependence of the calcium uptake rate on the concentration of free
      calcium revealed a significant increase of the uptake rates and a decrease of the
      calcium affinity in the control animals sacrificed in winter as compared to those
      killed in June. Cold-acclimation in winter leads to a further small reduction of
      the calcium affinity. This shift of calcium uptake rate and affinity in the sense
      of that of a fast-twitch muscle may be related to the functional demands of the
      cold season and cold-acclimation respectively.

PMID- 2400470
TI  - Efficacy of different hexacyanoferrates(II) in inhibiting the intestinal
      absorption of radiocaesium in rats.
AB  - The inhibitory effect of various oral doses of different hexacyanoferrate(II)
      compounds (HCF) and the influence of the time interval of HCF-administration on
      intestinal 134Cs-absorption was studied in rats. Optimum inhibition was obtained
      by administration of HCF together with or 2 min before oral 134Cs loading. Using
      appropriate low amounts (0.1-0.5 mg) of the different HCF compounds, the
      inhibitory effect increased in the sequence KZnHCF less than KCuHCF less than
      FeHCF less than KCoHCF = KNiHCF less than NH4FeHCF = KFeHCF. Oral administration
      of 5 mg (0.5 mg) of KFeHCF, together with 134CsCl loading, reduces 134Cs
      absorption from 41% (control) to 0.8% (2.8%). Zinc-, copper-, cobalt, and nickel
      hexacyanoferrates(II), despite showing a high caesium sorption capacity in vitro,
      were less effective in rats and are not suited for in vivo application, also
      because they may produce toxic side effects. As a consequence, the orally
      administered colloidal-soluble iron(III) hexacyanoferrates(II) (NH4Fe[Fe(CN)6]
      and KFe[Fe(CN)6]) have to be considered as the most valuable countermeasure
      against radiocaesium absorption for humans and domestic animals in the case of a
      severe nuclear accident in the future. Manganese oxide, a non
      hexacyanoferrate(II) compound with known in vitro caesium binding capacity,
      showed no inhibitory effect on radiocaesium absorption in rats.

PMID- 2400471
TI  - Bioavailability of iron and cyanide from 59Fe- and 14C-labelled
      hexacyanoferrates(II) in rats.
AB  - "Soluble" (KFe(III)[Fe(II)(CN)6]) and "insoluble Prussian blue"
      (Fe(III)4[Fe(II)(CN)6]3 labelled with 59Fe either in the ferric (Fe(III)) or
      ferro (Fe(II)) position and 14C in the cyanide group were synthesized and
      administered intraperitoneally or orally to adult female rats with normal body
      iron stores. Following i.p. injection of KFe[Fe(CN)6], the colloidal complex is
      disintegrated into ferric iron and hexacyanoferrate(II) anion almost completely.
      About 96% of the ferric iron was retained in the body. Nearly 90% of both ferrous
      iron and cyanide were excreted with the urine within 7 days after i.p. injection,
      indicating that most of the undissociated hexacyanoferrate(II) anion ([Fe(CN)6]4
      ) was excreted through the kidney. Only 9% of the ferrous iron from [Fe(CN)6]4-
      was found mainly in carcass, liver and gut. As the 59Fe/14C-ratios in organs were
      found close to 1.0, the dissociation of the hexacyanoferrate(II) anion can only
      be small in vivo. No detectable 14CO2-activity (less than 0.01%) was monitored in
      the breath of rats after i.p. injection of the 14C-labelled KFe[Fe(CN)6], also
      indicating that no significant amounts of cyanide were released after parenteral
      administration. After oral administration of the soluble and insoluble Prussian
      blue, 0.3-0.7% of the ferric iron was absorbed and retained mainly in carcass,
      liver and blood. Only 0.06-0.18% of the ferrous iron was absorbed and mostly
      excreted with the urine (0.05-0.15%), so that only 0.01-0.03% of the oral ferrous
      59Fe was retained in the body after 7-10 days. Very small fractions of 14C-label
      from the 14CN-group of the soluble and insoluble hexacyanoferrate(II) were
      observed in the exhaled air (0.04-0.08% of the oral dose). From the 14CO2
      exhalation, the 14C-urine excretion and the distribution of iron in blood and
      organs it can be concluded that the hexacyanoferrate(II) moiety disintegrated
      only to a small extent in the intestinal tract after oral administration. From a
      dose of 36 mg hexacyanoferrate(II)/kg, an amount of free (non-complex bound)
      cyanide can be calculated which is in maximum two orders of magnitude below the
      LD100-level. Thus, the very low bioavailability of iron and cyanide from
      hexacyanoferrate(II) compounds after oral application is demonstrated in rats. In
      the case of a severe nuclear accident, appropriate doses of "soluble" and
      "insoluble" Prussian blue can be used as safe and effective antidote against
      radiocaesium contamination.

PMID- 2400472
TI  - New horizons for research in continuing medical education.
AB  - Research must investigate the three overlapping areas of continuing medical
      education: it must discover and document what, how, and why physicians learn and
      change; how better programs of education can be designed to fit into this
      process; and in what ways the organizations that provide CME can or should differ
      in their policies, procedures, and resources. In terms of physician learning, for
      example, the basic assumption must be that physicians are like other adults in
      the general ways they learn in voluntary settings, yet have specific differences
      from other professional groups and from their physician colleagues in other
      specialties. Making the changes necessary for informed medical practice depends
      on understanding the role of learning in changes--which in turn depends on CME
      research. But barriers hinder much-needed research: conducting CME research is
      seldom rewarded in medical centers; CME is usually not a highly valued component
      of the institution; funding sources are few and support is limited; and
      persistent debate over the relative merits of qualitative and quantitative
      methods diverts energy that should be going into productive, cooperative
      research. The urgency of needed changes in medical practice and organization may
      give the necessary impetus for interdisciplinary, collaborative CME research
      projects that will take a longer-term view of the effect of learning on physician
      change.

PMID- 2400473
TI  - New starting dates for house officers.

PMID- 2400474
TI  - Rural health care.

PMID- 2400475
TI  - Primary prevention of emotional impairment among medical trainees.
AB  - An extensive literature on medical students' and physicians' emotional impairment
      indicates the need for primary preventive programs, but few have been reported.
      This paper describes a seminar for premedical students aimed at preventing their
      later disillusionment and distress as medical trainees by fostering realistic
      expectations and emotional exploration. The seminar consists of open-ended
      discussions between premedical students and medical trainees/practitioners about
      stress and coping at various career stages, a physician preceptor for each
      student, and emotionally expressive readings and videotapes. Course-end and
      follow-up evaluations found that both the students' realism about their careers
      and their personal well-being were markedly increased.

PMID- 2400476
TI  - Psychosocial assets and mental health of minority medical students.
AB  - In this study, black, white, and Hispanic medical students are compared in terms
      of their psychosocial assets and mental health status when they entered medical
      school and after a year of medical training. The data show that the minority
      students entered medical school with some distinct advantages over the white
      students. The minority students reported greater social supports, higher self
      esteem, lower anxiety, and more internal locus of control. After one year,
      however, the blacks manifested slightly lower self-esteem and higher levels of
      hostility and external locus of control. The Hispanics continued to report higher
      self-esteem and greater social supports but showed increased external locus of
      control and higher alcohol consumption. Policy implications for improvements in
      pre-entrance enrichment programs are discussed.

PMID- 2400477
TI  - The health status and life satisfaction of first-year medical students.
AB  - The self-reported health status and life satisfaction of 286 first-year Duke
      University medical students in four consecutive classes were measured at the
      beginning and end of the school year and compared statistically with relevant
      sociodemographic and behavioral factors. Health status, quantitated in terms of
      Duke Health Profile scores, was generally lower for women than for men. Although
      there was a definite trend of worsening along all parameters of health and
      satisfaction during the year for both women and men, the most marked change was
      the increase in depressive symptoms. The students who were very satisfied with
      life had fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety; higher self-esteem, better
      physical, mental, and social health; stronger social ties; more physical
      activity; more sleep; and fewer stressful life events. Strong social ties was the
      factor most positively related to better health and life satisfaction.

PMID- 2400478
TI  - Psychiatric impairment in medical students.
AB  - This retrospective study of 217 medical students (at one school over an eight
      year period) who had sought psychiatric consultation and treatment was designed
      to verify earlier findings about medical students' psychiatric impairment and to
      investigate other, more recently highlighted issues. The authors hypothesized
      that (1) more of the women would be seen for psychiatric consultation; (2)
      overall, the problems and diagnoses of the students would differ according to
      gender and academic class; (3) the women would show more evidence of role strain;
      (4) the women would remain in treatment longer; and (5) for all students, the
      average length of treatment would be relatively brief. The results of this study
      indicate that more of the women requested psychiatric consultation; that
      differences along gender lines regarding chief complaints and psychiatric
      diagnoses were not significant; and that the women revealed more direct and
      subtle evidence of role strain but did not remain in treatment longer than the
      men. The date are discussed in terms of the development and implementation of
      educational programs that attempt to prevent some of the psychiatric impairments
      of physicians.

PMID- 2400479
TI  - Institutional resources for medical students in committed relationships.
AB  - Medical students in committed relationships must balance the demands of the
      rigorous educational process against such things as their partners' educational
      and professional priorities, childbearing decisions, domestic and family
      obligations, financial and geographic constraints, and the desire simply to do
      things together. Couples may also have to deal with the relative intimacy that
      often develops between students and their colleagues who function in close, often
      stressful settings and who tend to rely on each other for emotional and
      intellectual support. The variety of these challenges has increased as student
      bodies have become more heterogeneous in age, gender ratio, and cultural
      background. Medical schools can help couples cope with these challenges by
      developing policies and programs responsive to the needs of couples and by
      providing opportunities for partners' involvement in the institutional life of
      students.

PMID- 2400480
TI  - Marital adjustment among housestaff and new attorneys.
AB  - Previous reports have suggested that physicians' marriages may be adversely
      affected by the stresses of the profession. Some social scientists, however,
      question the view that demanding careers are the primary cause of poor marital
      adjustment and suggest instead that such careers may actually invigorate a
      marriage. This study, involving 116 housestaff physicians, 106 new attorneys, and
      the spouses of both groups, identified the factors that significantly affected
      their marital adjustments. No difference in marital adjustments was found between
      housestaff and attorneys or between the two spouse groups. In general, the
      spouses had higher marital adjustment scores than did the professionals, and the
      women professionals had higher scores than did the men professionals. The two
      most important factors associated with adjustment were the perceived level of
      emotional support received from one's spouse for one's career and the level of
      such support given to one's spouse for his or her career. The results suggest
      that housestaff and new attorneys are as satisfied with their marriages as are
      the other populations in which the same marital inventory has been used.

PMID- 2400481
TI  - How reorganizing a general medicine clinic affected residents' and patients'
      satisfaction.
AB  - The authors examined how satisfied patients and residents were before and after
      the restructuring of the general medicine clinic at a large urban teaching
      hospital in 1985; the change to a longitudinal care clinic was made to provide
      greater continuity of care, more consistent access of residents to attending
      physicians, and a more structured educational curriculum. Questionnaires to
      assess satisfaction were administered three weeks before and ten months after the
      change to all 80 of the second- and third-year residents. A convenience sample of
      310 patients seen during a two-week period before the change and another such
      sample of 267 patients seen during a two-week period ten months after the change
      comprised the patients who completed a patients' satisfaction questionnaire. The
      residents were significantly more satisfied with the quality of care,
      functioning, and educational value of the new longitudinal care clinic. Their
      average overall rating of satisfaction (on a scale where 1 = completely
      dissatisfied and 5 = completely satisfied) increased from 2.3 to 3.7 (p less than
      .001). Unexpectedly, the patients were "very satisfied" with both clinic models
      and their overall ratings changed little (4.5 before, 4.4 after). In addition,
      the patients' and residents' before-and-after perceptions of the quality of care
      delivered in the clinic differed substantially. These findings show that the
      longitudinal care clinic significantly enhanced the satisfaction of the residents
      but not of the patients. Furthermore, the data suggest that results from
      standardized patients' satisfaction surveys may not accurately assess the quality
      of care being delivered.

PMID- 2400482
TI  - Admission committee dissent as a predictor of problems in medical school.

PMID- 2400483
TI  - Research in medical education. Proceedings of the twenty-ninth annual conference
      sponsored by the Association of American Medical Colleges. October 1990, San
      Francisco, California.

PMID- 2400484
TI  - Problem-based learning: cognitive retention and cohort traits of randomly
      selected participants and decliners.

PMID- 2400485
TI  - A study of non-volunteer faculty in a problem-based curriculum.

PMID- 2400486
TI  - The effect of level of expertise on answer key development.

PMID- 2400487
TI  - Setting content-based standards for national board exams: initial research for
      the Comprehensive Part I Examination.

PMID- 2400488
TI  - Sources of observer variation in dermatologic diagnosis.

PMID- 2400489
TI  - Which medical textbook to read? Emphasizing semantic structures.

PMID- 2400490
TI  - Detecting and correcting for rater-induced differences in standardized patient
      tests of clinical competence.

PMID- 2400491
TI  - A comparison of free-response and cued-response diagnosis scores in an evaluation
      of clinical competence utilizing standardized patients.

PMID- 2400492
TI  - Generalizability of standardized patients' satisfaction ratings of their clinical
      encounter with fourth-year medical students.

PMID- 2400493
TI  - Professional identity and academic achievement--considerations for the admission
      process.

PMID- 2400494
TI  - Professional decisions and ethical values in medical and law students.

PMID- 2400495
TI  - The effects of early patient contact: the student's perspective.

PMID- 2400496
TI  - Investigation into the educational process of cancer case conferences.

PMID- 2400497
TI  - Viability of the commitment-for-change evaluation strategy in continuing medical
      education.

PMID- 2400498
TI  - The validity of an essay test of clinical judgment.

PMID- 2400499
TI  - The scoring and reproducibility of an essay test of clinical judgment.

PMID- 2400500
TI  - An assessment of an oral examination format for evaluating clinical competence in
      emergency medicine.

PMID- 2400501
TI  - Do person-oriented medical students choose person-oriented specialties? Do
      technology-oriented medical students avoid person-oriented specialties?

PMID- 2400502
TI  - Factors influencing medical students to choose primary care or non-primary care
      specialties.

PMID- 2400503
TI  - Prediction of academic achievement in family medicine.

PMID- 2400504
TI  - Order effects in standardized patient examinations.

PMID- 2400505
TI  - Student fatigue as a variable affecting performance in an objective structured
      clinical examination.

PMID- 2400506
TI  - Factors associated with the accuracy of standardized patient presentation.

PMID- 2400507
TI  - Psychological interpretation of labels used to evaluate third-year medical
      students.

PMID- 2400508
TI  - Comparison of "fact-recall" with "higher-order" questions in multiple-choice
      examinations as predictors of clinical performance of medical students.

PMID- 2400509
TI  - The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance.

PMID- 2400510
TI  - Clinical education: the legacy of Osler revisited.

PMID- 2400511
TI  - Using simulated patients to train physicians in sexual risk assessment and risk
      reduction.

PMID- 2400512
TI  - Physician practice characteristics as a context for primary care treatment
      decision making: a preliminary study.

PMID- 2400513
TI  - Researches on antiinflammatory agents. Studies on some new 3-(pyrazol-5-yl)-1,2,3
      benzotriazin-4(3H)-ones and -quinazolin-4(3H)-ones.
AB  - Following our research on analgesic and antiinflammatory active compounds
      containing the pyrazole nucleus, a number of 3-(pyrazol-5-yl)-1,2,3-benzotriazin
      4(3H)-ones and quinazolin-4(3H)-ones was synthetized and tested. The results of
      tests for analgesic, antiexudative and antioedema activities, as well as for
      induction of lesion in the gastric mucosa, are reported and discussed.

PMID- 2400514
TI  - 2H-[1]benzothiepino [5,4-b]pyran derivatives with local anesthetic and
      antiarrhythmic activities.
AB  - The synthesis of some N,N-disubstituted 4-amino-5,6-dihydro-3-phenyl-2H
      [1]benzothiepino [5,4-b]pyran-2-ones by reaction of phenylchloroketene with a
      series of N,N-disubstituted (E)-4-aminomethylene-3,4-dihydro-1-benzothiepin-5(2H)
      ones, followed by dehydrochlorination of the primary adducts with DBN, is
      described. The 4-methylphenylamino derivative showed a local anesthetic activity
      in mice superior to that of lidocaine and the 4-morpholino derivative showed an
      antiarrhythmic activity in rats comparable to that of quinidine.

PMID- 2400515
TI  - 2H,5H-[1]benzothiopyrano [4,3-b]pyran derivatives with platelet antiaggregating
      activity.
AB  - The synthesis of some N,N-disubstituted 4-amino-3-phenyl-2H,5H-[1]benzothiopyrano
      [4,3-b]pyran-2-ones by reaction of phenylchloroketene with a series of N,N
      disubstituted 3-aminomethylene-2,3-dihydro-4H-1-benzothiopyran-4-ones, followed
      by dehydrochlorination of the primary adducts with DBN, is described. Some of
      these compounds showed a strong platelet antiaggregating activity in vitro,
      superior to that of acetylsalicylic acid.

PMID- 2400516
TI  - 4-Substituted 1-phenyl-1H-indazoles with analgesic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic
      and local anesthetic activities.
AB  - The synthesis of amides 3 and 4 starting from (1-phenyl-1H-indazol-4-yl)acetic
      and [(1-phenyl-1H-indazol-4-yl)oxy]acetic acids, respectively, as well as of 2-(1
      phenyl-1H-indazol-4-yl)ethanamines 5 starting from 3, is described. Moreover, a
      number of 2-[(1-phenyl-1H-indazol-4-yl)oxy]ethanamines 7 and 3-[(1-phenyl-1H
      indazol-4-yl)oxy]propanamines 8 were prepared starting from 1-phenyl-1H-indazol-4
      ol. Some compounds 3, 4 and 7 showed an appreciable analgesic activity in mice,
      whereas compounds 4 were moderately active as antiinflammatory agents in rats.
      Some compounds 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 showed also local anesthetic and a weak
      antipyretic activity in mice and rats, respectively.

PMID- 2400517
TI  - Spectrophotometric determination of oxprenolol hydrochloride as its Fe (III)
      complex.
AB  - A spectrophotometric determination of oxprenolol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical
      preparations is described. The method is based on the reaction of oxprenolol
      hydrochloride with Fe (III) ion in the presence of ammonium thiocyanate, in acid
      media. The complex formed between oxprenolol hydrochloride and Fe (III) ion was
      extracted with chloroform and assayed spectrophometrically at 477 nm. The results
      obtained are reproducible and hence the method is suitable for the determination
      of oxprenolol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms.

PMID- 2400518
TI  - Quantitative determination of some pharmaceuticals in bulk drugs and tablets by
      proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectroscopy.
AB  - The quantitation of allopurinol, I, flucytosine, II, meclophenoxate
      hydrochloride, III, and phenylephrine hydrochloride, IV, in bulk drugs and
      tablets was achieved by simply developed, rapid and specific methods using the
      proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectroscopy. Trifluoroacetic acid and
      dimethylmalonic acid were the solvent and the internal standard respectively.

PMID- 2400519
TI  - High performance liquid chromatographic determinations of khellin, phenobarbitone
      and dipyrone combination in tablets.
AB  - High performance liquid chromatographic methods for the individual determination
      of khellin, phenobarbitone and dipyrone in tablets are presented. The methods
      specify a reverse phase column: methanol + water (68 + 32) as mobile phase at a
      flow rate of 0.7 ml/min with detection at 254 nm for khellin, visgnagin and
      dipyrone; water + ammonia + methanol (94.5 + 0.5 + 5) as a mobile phase at a flow
      rate of 0.7 ml/min with detection at 240 nm for phenobarbitone. At sensitivity of
      0.01 AUFS, linearity ranges were found to be 0.5-4 micrograms/ml for khellin, 2.5
      12.5 micrograms/ml for dipyrone and 1-7 micrograms/ml for phenobarbitone and with
      relative standard deviations less than 2%. The mean percentage recoveries +/- SD
      of khellin, dipyrone and phenobarbitone added to tablets were found to be 101.0
      +/- 0.65, 100.0 +/- 0.74 and 99.9 +/- 0.74, respectively. The system can detect
      2% w/w visnagin in khellin.

PMID- 2400520
TI  - Determination of loxiglumide in pharmaceutical preparations by using capillary
      zone electrophoresis.
AB  - Capillary zone electrophoresis was used for the determination of Loxiglumide in
      pharmaceutical preparations. Analysis was carried out with good results in six
      minutes.

PMID- 2400521
TI  - Determination of flubendazole in pharmaceutical dosage forms by differential
      pulse polarography and UV spectroscopy.
AB  - A precise and accurate differential pulse polarographic method was developed for
      the determination of flubendazole in dosage forms without any prior extraction
      procedure of interference from the other stated ingredients. A UV spectroscopic
      procedure was also described and used as reference method. Analyses were
      generally performed at the 4 micrograms ml-1 flubendazole level. Flubendazole or
      its dosage forms were dissolved in 70% perchloric acid and diluted with a pH 2.6
      sodium phosphate-citric acid buffer as polarographic supporting electrolyte or
      spectrophotometric solvent. The peak potential occurred at about -0.9 V (vs.
      Ag/AgCl reference electrode), depending on the pH of the assayed solution. The
      irreversible electrochemical reduction involved the transfer of two electrons.
      The UV absorption spectrum showed a sharp maximum at 237 nm with a specific
      extinction coefficient of 886. No advantage was found in the use of first and
      second-order derivative spectrophotometry.

PMID- 2400522
TI  - Determination of minoxidil in pharmaceutical formulations by difference
      spectrophotometry and liquid chromatography (HPLC).
AB  - A simple difference spectrophotometric method has been developed for the
      selective and rapid determination of minoxidil in pharmaceutical formulations.
      The method is based on the characteristic modifications of the minoxidil UV
      spectrum induced by pH changes; a difference spectrum can be obtained and the
      absorbance A282.8 or the absorbance difference delta A = (A282.8-A259.2) can be
      used for the selective drug quantitation. As an alternative, a derivative second
      order spectrophotometric method was also developed. The spectrophotometric
      methods were applied to the quality control of commercial minoxidil dosage forms
      and the results were comparable with those obtained by a reference HPLC
      procedure.

PMID- 2400523
TI  - HPLC determination of azidothymidine (AZT) and its metabolite in human plasma.
AB  - In order to evaluate the amount of Azidothymidine (AZT) and its metabolite (GAZT)
      in human plasma, the HPLC retention times of both compounds on a C18 column as
      well as on an anionic column by using, as eluent, the same mobile phase have been
      studied. The two chromatographic systems did not allow, separately, a
      simultaneous determination of AZT and GAZT. In fact AZT is easily revealed by a
      C18 column whereas the GAZT elution results too fast and the peak falls into
      plasmatic matrix. The opposite situation, namely the fastest AZT elution, has
      been observed by using the anionic column. In contrast by using the two columns
      linked together (max. back-pressure 21-22 MPa) both peaks were delayed
      conveniently and did not overlap with the plasmatic matrix. The total analysis
      time was about 11 min. long. The methodology reported here was further proved
      rapid and reliable as assessed by preliminary assays in plasma of an AZT treated
      patient.

PMID- 2400524
TI  - A study of possible interferences in colorimetric determination of potassium in
      pharmaceutical formulations.
AB  - A study of interferences in the colorimetric determination of potassium,
      extracted as ion-pair [K-18-crown-6]+ picrate- in the toluene-methylene chloride
      (80:20) solvent mixture, was carried out. The species examined were those likely
      to be found, together with the K ion, in typical pharmaceutical formulations,
      namely, organic bases and inorganic cations.

PMID- 2400525
TI  - Determination of 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2'-nitrosophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid
      dimethylester in nifedipine by derivative UV-spectrophotometry in bulk material
      and pharmaceutical forms.
AB  - A method for the determination of 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2'-nitrosophenyl)-3,5
      pyridinedicarboxylic acid dimethylester in nifedipine (bulk material and
      pharmaceutical formulations) by second-derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry
      is described. The procedure is simple and rapid and gives accurate and precise
      results.

PMID- 2400526
TI  - A rapid evaluation of tetracycline and its dehydration products by UV derivative
      spectrophotometry.
AB  - This paper described a rapid ultraviolet spectrophotometric assay for
      simultaneous determination of tetracyclines (TC + ETC) and their
      anhydroderivatives (ATC + EATC), by using third- or fourth-derivative spectra
      recorded on samples in ethanol or dioxane. The analytical procedures are based on
      linear relationships between specific peak-trough values and the relative
      concentrations of tetracycline and of ATC-EATC, in mixtures containing TC, ATC
      and EATC. The toxic EATC can be estimated about half of the anhydrotetracyclines
      concentration values. The determination limit of anhydroderivatives is 0.05%. A
      simple purity test of the antibiotic is also reported. Accuracy, precision and
      linearity are discussed. The method is particularly applicable to routine
      analysis of products containing TC, in bulk and in some pharmaceutical
      formulations.

PMID- 2400527
TI  - Determination of heavy metals in animal tissues.
AB  - During studies on the accumulation of heavy metals in animal organs and tissues,
      only small samples (0.5-2 g) rich in lipids and having low concentrations of
      metals are often available. This may lead to loss of metals in the various steps
      of the analytical procedure. A modified procedure of mineralization for the
      determination of Pb, Cd and Zn is described, as well as suitable analytical
      procedures used by the Authors for the determination by atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry. Results showed that the loss of metals is minimized with these
      procedures.

PMID- 2400528
TI  - Determination of methyl bromide traces in some food products by HS-GC/MS.
AB  - A simple and rapid method has been developed for fast selective determination of
      residues of methyl bromide in food products. The method is based on the use of a
      GC/MS computer-aided system equipped with a headspace. Analysis of methyl bromide
      was carried out directly on the food products without preliminary extraction of
      fumigant. An MSD quadrupole mass spectrometer with data processing allowed rapid
      identification of the separated volatile compound in the samples. The technique
      of focusing on characteristic single ion monitoring for quantification of methyl
      bromide, compared with chromatographic peak area measurement, turned out to have
      a good degree of accuracy and sensitivity. The use of known amount of added
      methyl bromide allowed better evaluation of traces of this compound. The proposed
      method was applied to the analysis of methyl bromide residues in alimentary
      pastes, white flour, rice, hazelnuts, peanuts and dried mushrooms (boletus).

PMID- 2400530
TI  - A group of indole-negative bovine strains with high deoxyribonucleic acid
      homology to Pasteurella multocida.
AB  - A group of nine bovine Pasteurella strains not producing indole were investigated
      for their taxonomic relationships with Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella
      haemolytica and Pasteurella canis. For all strains, DNA-DNA hybridization has
      revealed a high genetic relatedness at the species level to P. multocida and
      significantly lower homologies of only 18-41% towards P. haemolytica and 11-15%
      towards P. canis. Guanine plus cytosine values of 38.0 to 42.1 mol% and several
      phenotypic characters have been found to be different from the established
      pattern for P. multocida subspecies. It is suggested that the strains represent a
      new taxon, possibly another P. multocida subspecies.

PMID- 2400529
TI  - A direct assay for evaluation of polyethylene glycol in enzyme adducts used as
      drugs or biocatalysts.
AB  - A specific and direct method for the evaluation of monomethoxypolyethylene glycol
      (MPEG) in enzyme adducts has been developed. The method is based on extensive
      modification by trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS) of the MPEG-enzyme, to form an
      acid-stable TNBS adduct with the available amino groups of lysine and alpha-amino
      acid. The MPEG-modified trinitrophenylated enzyme was hydrolyzed in 6N HCl and
      amino acid composition evaluated by a standard AA analyzer in comparison with the
      analysis of a MPEG enzyme sample. The number of bound MPEG polymers was
      calculated from the difference in amino acid composition of the two samples.

PMID- 2400531
TI  - Resin versus standard blood culture media used with the new BACTEC automated
      infrared system: an evaluation in febrile granulocytopenic patients.
AB  - Resin-containing aerobic and anaerobic blood culture media (NR 16A and NR 17A)
      for use with the new BACTEC infrared blood cultures system were compared with
      standard BACTEC media (NR 6A and NR 7A) in their efficacy to detect bacteremia in
      febrile granulocytopenic patients receiving antimicrobial treatment. A total of
      1185 sets of blood cultures obtained from 341 patients during a 12-month period
      were evaluated. There were 109 positive cultures (9.2%) with 128 pathogenic
      organisms isolated from 52 patients (15.2%). Statistically significant
      differences were found between aerobic media, but not between anaerobic media.
      Aerobic resin bottles (NR 16A) were more often positive (90 versus 78, p less
      than 0.05) than standard aerobic bottles (NR 6A). They yielded a higher number of
      microorganismS (98 versus 80, p less than 0.05) per culture and per culture
      positive patient (53 versus 42, p less than 0.01). NR 16A cultures also were more
      often positive after 1-day incubation (44% versus 21%, p less than 0.01) than NR
      6A cultures and allowed earlier subcultivation. The use of NR 16A medium instead
      of resin-free aerobic NR 6A medium may enhance the detection of bacteremia in
      selected groups of patients receiving antimicrobial treatment, and can shorten
      the time until detection of bacteremia.

PMID- 2400532
TI  - Evaluation of the Titertek-Enterobac-Automated System (TTE-AS) for identification
      of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
AB  - The Titertek-Enterobac-Automated System (TTE-AS, Flow Laboratories, Meckenheim,
      FRG) was evaluated for identification of members of the family of
      Enterobacteriaceae using a total of 816 bacterial strains obtained from stock
      cultures and clinical specimens. A comparison of the results of the TTE-AS kit
      with conventional methods was conducted. Identifications were classified as
      correct, not identified (two or more taxa possible, identification score less
      than 80%, supplementary tests for final identification were not performed), and
      incorrect. Correct identification results were further subdivided according to
      the level of identification by species or biotype: (a) greater than or equal to
      98%, (b) 90% to 97%, (c) 80% to 89%. When compared with conventional
      identification results, the TTE-AS system correctly identified 95.3% (778 of 816
      strains), 90.0% (734 strains) belonging to category (a), 3.4% (28 strains)
      belonging to category (b), and 2.0% (16 strains) belonging to category (c). For
      18 (2.2%) of the remaining strains, the system generated the correct
      identification result, but with an identification level less than 80% (low
      discrimination results). 11 strains (1.3%) were misidentified and the system
      failed to generate identification results with 9 strains (1.1%). Reactions within
      TTE-AS were reproducible with an estimated probability of erroneous test results
      of 1.7%.

PMID- 2400533
TI  - Typing of Actinomyces pyogenes by its production and susceptibility to
      bacteriocin-like inhibitors.
AB  - A scheme for "fingerprinting" of Actinomyces pyogenes strains based on their
      production of (P-typing) and the sensitivity to (S-typing) bacteriocin-like
      substances has been developed. P-typing and S-typing of 42 A. pyogenes cultures
      with a set of 9 micrococcal and staphylococcal species as indicator strains and 9
      streptococcal species as bacteriocin producer strains revealed 10 P types and 7 S
      types, respectively. The bacteriocin "fingerprinting" procedure might provide a
      means for subdividing A. pyogenes and may find application in epidemiological
      studies.

PMID- 2400534
TI  - Functional similarity of Listeria ivanovii and Staphylococcus aureus in CAMP
      test.
AB  - On the basis of synergistic haemolysis of Listeria ivanovii and Rhodococcus equi,
      we suspected CAMP positiveness of R. equi and complete CAMP negativeness of L.
      ivanovii and confirmed that the latter, showing a double-zone haemolysis like
      Staphylococcus aureus, could produce the same phenomenon in the CAMP test if used
      instead of staphylococci. This functional similarity of L. ivanovii and CAMP
      Staphylococcus could be used as an additional diagnostic test for L. ivanovii.

PMID- 2400535
TI  - Type I and IV collagen and fibrinogen binding to Aeromonas species isolated from
      various infections.
AB  - Collagen binding is a common property of strains of Aeromonas species. However,
      agglutination of latex beads coated with types I and IV collagen and fibrinogen
      with Aeromonas cells varied among strains of Aeromonas species and their source
      of isolation. Culture media and growth conditions greatly influenced expression
      of Aeromonas cell surface receptors to bind collagen (types I and IV) and
      fibrinogen immobilized on the latex particles as suggested by the particle
      agglutination assay (PAA). Aeromonas cells aggregated with the differentially
      coated latex beads in a specified manner. Furthermore, the PAA method was found
      to be rapid, easy to perform and sensitive for routine screening of a large
      number of strains for serum and connective-tissue protein cell surface receptors.

PMID- 2400536
TI  - [Isolation and identification of dermatophytes].

PMID- 2400537
TI  - Structural studies on bio-active compounds. Part XIV. Molecular modelling of the
      interactions between pentamidine and DNA.
AB  - Molecular mechanics modelling was carried out on the antimicrobial aromatic
      diamidine, pentamidine, bound to the minor groove of several AT-rich DNA
      octamers. The pentamidine molecule was found to span four base pairs, with its
      highly charged amidinium groups forming hydrogen bonds to the O2 of thymine or
      the N3 of adenine, but not to the backbone phosphate groups. The mean binding
      energy of the pentamidine-DNA complexes was -52 kcal/mol, of the same order as
      that of berenil-DNA complexes. There was no significant energy difference between
      those models which contained GC base pairs and those which did not. The presence
      of bound pentamidine resulted in some distortion of helix geometry involving
      helix opening towards the minor groove in most cases and a decrease in the number
      of residues per turn.

PMID- 2400538
TI  - The non-covalent interaction of pyrrolo[2, 1-c] [1, 4]benzodiazepine-5, 11-diones
      with DNA.
AB  - A series of 15 pyrrolo[2, 1-c] [1, 4]benzodiazepine-5, 11-diones has been
      synthesized and evaluated for in vitro DNA binding by thermal denaturation and
      fluorescence quenching studies with calf thymus (CT) DNA. The results indicate
      that two compounds of the series, 7 and 8, elevate the melting point of DNA by
      2.9 +/- 0.6 and 3.3 +/- 0.8 K, respectively. Similarly, a significant quenching
      of the fluorescence of the dihydroxy analogue 8 was observed upon interaction
      with CT-DNA. As controls, the dihydroxy isomer 9 with the reverse stereochemistry
      at C2 and the non-substituted parent dilactam 12, failed to increase the DNA
      melting point or exhibit significant quenching upon interaction with DNA. In
      addition, preliminary experiments with GC- and AT-rich polymers suggest some
      sequence-dependent properties for dilactams 7 and 8. Overall, these results
      indicate a highly specific structural requirement for DNA binding. Molecular
      modelling with d(GTAGATC), d(GCAGATC) and d(GCGTAGC) duplex sequences has
      provided a model based on hydrogen bonding between the dihydroxy dilactam 8 and
      DNA, that rationalizes some of the results obtained. It is possible that the
      observed interactions represent the non-covalent (binding) component of the
      interaction of covalently-bonding anthramycin-type anti-tumour antibiotics with
      DNA.

PMID- 2400539
TI  - Anti-cancer activity of anthracycline antibiotics and DNA condensation.
AB  - Light scattering techniques were used to investigate the ability of a number of
      anthracyclines to cause compaction in double-stranded DNA and nucleosomes at
      physiological ionic strength. The structurally organized polynucleotide was
      efficiently condensed by all of the drugs examined, while no appreciable
      aggregation of free double-stranded DNA is observed under the same experimental
      conditions. A model for the process is proposed. Our results suggest the lack of
      a direct relationship between the critical concentration of free drug at which
      condensation of DNA occurs and the cytotoxic and anti-cancer properties exhibited
      by the various anthracycline derivatives.

PMID- 2400540
TI  - Free radical production and DNA cleavage by copper chelating peptide
      anthraquinones.
AB  - Two pseudopeptides incorporating a peptide metal-chelating moiety (Gly-His-Lys)
      and a polyhydroxy anthraquinone ring related to the nuclei of anti-tumor drugs
      such as mitoxantrone and ametantrone, have been synthesized. The goal was to
      conjugate the redox effects of a quinone ring with the iron-chelating properties
      of the peptide in order to generate free radical species capable of damaging DNA.
      Indeed quinone-containing drugs undergo, in vivo, one-electron reduction to the
      corresponding semiquinone radicals which, in the presence of molecular oxygen,
      produce a superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide and ultimately, in the
      presence of metal, hydroxyl radical (Fenton reaction). Hydroxyl radicals (OH.)
      are short-lived and extremely reactive with their bioenvironment. The interaction
      of both drugs with DNA has been studied by fluorescence quenching and DNA melting
      experiments. Spectroscopic and e.s.r. studies demonstrated that several types of
      Cu-complex are formed depending on the copper-drug ratio. The production of free
      radicals, as evidenced by spin-trapping, is optimum with a Cu/drug ratio of 0.1;
      in this case the metal ion is chelated by the peptide moiety. This latter complex
      is able to induce DNA breakage at a high level. Thus, it appears that the
      proposed concept works but that care must be taken in the choice of the relative
      concentration of copper.

PMID- 2400541
TI  - Publish and perish?

PMID- 2400542
TI  - Tests of one-sided versus two-sided hypotheses in placebo-controlled clinical
      trials.
AB  - The p value associated with a test of significance is supposed to represent the
      probability of observed results given that the null hypothesis is actually true.
      In evaluating the efficacy of a new drug against placebo, regulatory
      considerations focus on superiority of the new drug over placebo. The disapproval
      consequence of placebo superiority is no different from the disapproval
      consequence of equivalence between drug and placebo. It is furthermore
      inconceivable that a drug company will submit a New Drug Application claiming
      superior efficacy for placebo. Thus, the only probability of concern is the
      probability that apparent superiority of drug over placebo is a chance finding,
      and that is the probability associated with a one-tailed test. Where multiple
      studies must be evaluated with regard to the regulatory decision, meta-analytic
      considerations further support the relevance of one-sided p values.

PMID- 2400543
TI  - A comparison of the effects of caffeine, 8-cyclopentyltheophylline, and
      alloxazine on sleep in rats. Possible roles of central nervous system adenosine
      receptors.
AB  - The dose-response effects of administration of 8-cyclopentyltheophylline (CPT)
      (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally [IP]) and alloxazine (ALX) (12.5, 25, and
      50 mg/kg, IP) on sleep and wakefulness in rats were examined and compared to
      those of caffeine (12.5 mg/kg IP). Both CPT and ALX injected individually
      produced sleep suppression qualitatively similar to that produced by caffeine,
      but of a lower magnitude. However, when 20 mg/kg CPT and 50 mg/kg ALX were
      injected together, their sleep suppressant effect was of the same magnitude as
      that of 12.5 mg/kg caffeine. These results support the hypothesized involvement
      of adenosine receptor blockade in the effects of caffeine on sleep in rats. They
      further suggest that A1 adenosine receptor blockade may be more important than A2
      receptor blockade, since behavioral effects of the selective in vitro A1
      antagonist CPT were generally similar to those of nonselective in vitro adenosine
      receptor antagonists caffeine and ALX.

PMID- 2400544
TI  - Cerebral glucose metabolic differences in patients with panic disorder.
AB  - Regional glucose metabolic rates were measured in patients with panic disorder
      during the performance of auditory discrimination. Those regions examined by
      Reiman and colleagues in their blood flow study of panic disorder [Nature 310:683
      (1984)] were examined with a higher resolution positron emission tomography (PET)
      scanner and with the tracer [F-18]-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG). In contrast to
      the blood flow findings of Reiman et al., we did not find global gray metabolic
      differences between patients with panic disorder and normal controls. Consistent
      with the findings of Reiman et al. [Nature; Am J Psychiatry 143:469 (1986)], we
      found hippocampal region asymmetry. We also found metabolic decreases in the left
      inferior parietal lobule and in the anterior cingulate (trend), as well as an
      increase in the metabolic rate of the medial orbital frontal cortex (trend) of
      panic disorder patients. It is unclear whether the continuous performance task
      (CPT) enhanced or diminished findings that would have been noted in a study
      performed without task.

PMID- 2400545
TI  - Carbamazepine retards the development of cocaine-kindled seizures but not
      sensitization to cocaine-induced hyperactivity.
AB  - The effects of chronic carbamazepine on cocaine-kindled seizures and behavioral
      sensitization were examined in this study. Rats were fed a diet containing
      carbamazepine or no drug and then repeatedly administered cocaine (40 and 50
      mg/kg intraperitoneally [IP] [117.6 and 147.0 mumol/kg, respectively]).
      Carbamazepine markedly decreased the development of cocaine-kindled seizures and
      their associated lethality, but did not affect the development of sensitization
      of behavioral stereotypies. Carbamazepine consistently decreased the peak
      stereotypy ratings at the 40 mg/kg but not 50 mg/kg dose. In a 2-day
      sensitization paradigm chronic carbamazepine did not affect acute cocaine-induced
      hyperactivity (day 1; 40 mg/kg), nor did it affect sensitization to a low dose
      challenge of cocaine (day 2; 10 mg/kg [29.4 mumol/kg]). Sensitization of
      stereotypy and locomotor activity are thought to be related to the psychomotor
      stimulant properties of cocaine, while seizures may be associated with cocaine's
      local anesthetic effects. Our data suggest that carbamazepine is inhibiting
      mechanisms associated with local anesthetic kindling and only minimally affecting
      the psychomotor stimulant effects of cocaine.

PMID- 2400546
TI  - Depolarization-dependent 45Ca uptake by synaptosomes of rat cerebral cortex is
      enhanced by L-triiodothyronine.
AB  - Depolarization-induced release of neurotransmitters and other secretions from
      nerve endings is triggered by the rapid entry of Ca++ through voltage-sensitive
      channels. Calcium entry is thought to occur in two distinct phases or processes:
      a fast-phase response to an action potential, which initiates release; and a slow
      phase associated with extended stimulation of the neuron. Thyroid hormones are
      sequestered by nerve terminals and can produce changes in behaviour and mood.
      They may therefore be involved in modulating central synaptic transmission. We
      studied the effects of L-triiodothyronine (T3), L-thyroxine (T4), reverse T3
      (rT3) and D-T3 on depolarization-induced uptake of 45Ca by synaptosomes from
      euthyroid and hypothyroid rats. T3, but not T4, rT3, or D-T3 significantly
      enhanced depolarization-induced 45Ca uptake at physiologically relevant (1 to 10
      nmol/L) concentrations. The stimulatory effect of 10 nmol/L T3 on depolarization
      induced uptake after 2 seconds (21%) was greater than after 5 (10%) or 30 (8%)
      seconds, indicating that T3 enhanced primarily the fast-phase process. There was
      no effect of T3 or other hormones tested on nondepolarization-induced 45Ca
      uptake. Preincubation of synaptosomes with T3 prior to depolarization did not
      enhance the effect of T3; in fact, preincubations of 30 seconds or more resulted
      in diminished T3 effects. Preincubation of synaptosomes for 15 seconds with D-T3
      or the addition of D-T3 and T3 together reduced the effect of T3. We found no
      difference in the effect of T3 on 45Ca uptake by synaptosomes from euthyroid and
      hypothyroid rats. These results suggest a novel mechanism of action of thyroid
      hormones in the brain.

PMID- 2400548
TI  - Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie).

PMID- 2400547
TI  - Ankyloglossia--to snip or not to snip: is that the question?

PMID- 2400549
TI  - Ankyloglossia clipping and breast feeding.

PMID- 2400550
TI  - The Winfield Moody Health Center. Teaching breastfeeding.

PMID- 2400551
TI  - Choosing to work in breastfeeding support.

PMID- 2400552
TI  - Human milk storage in glass containers.

PMID- 2400553
TI  - Lactation consultants advertising.

PMID- 2400554
TI  - Review of Mead Johnson breastfeeding materials.

PMID- 2400555
TI  - The importance of the identification of ankyloglossia (short lingual frenulum) as
      a cause of breastfeeding problems.
AB  - The short lingual frenulum can be a cause of breastfeeding problems, including
      sore and damaged nipples and inadequate feedings. This article describes two
      cases, discusses the difficulty in recognizing the condition, and describes the
      role of primary care providers in the recognition, diagnosis, and surgical
      treatment of the short lingual frenulum.

PMID- 2400556
TI  - Sore nipples and slow weight gain related to a short frenulum.

PMID- 2400557
TI  - Ankyloglossia--one lactation consultant's personal experience.

PMID- 2400558
TI  - Two cases of tongue-tie and breastfeeding.

PMID- 2400560
TI  - Ankyloglossia: a cause of breastfeeding problems?

PMID- 2400559
TI  - Ankyloglossia: a case study in which clipping was not necessary.
AB  - Following the birth of a baby with a short frenulum, the mother experienced pain
      from the infant's first feeding that was severe and persistent, despite usually
      effective interventions. The pain forced the mother to pump her breastmilk and
      use a feeding bottle and rubber nipple despite her determination to breastfeed.
      Because the baby's tongue could not extend over the lower gumline, suckling
      injured all tissue the tongue touched--both the mother's nipples and areolae.
      Nevertheless, even though this baby's frenulum extended to the tip of the tongue,
      he was able to adapt his suckling movements to provide good areolar stimulation
      without persistent nipple damage. Infant growth was not compromised and no
      surgical intervention was necessary.

PMID- 2400562
TI  - Clinical uses of donor milk.

PMID- 2400561
TI  - Does rubeola (measles) vaccination in a lactating woman present a risk for the
      breastfeeding infant?

PMID- 2400563
TI  - Perceived mood and exercise behaviors of cardiac rehabilitation program
      referrals.
AB  - The objective of this study was to examine how 65 clients referred to a cardiac
      rehabilitation program perceived their current mood, severity of illness,
      exercise behaviors, and hence, quality of life. The theoretical perspective for
      this study was derived from King's (1981) theory of goal attainment. The
      individual's perceptions are a fundamental element of goal attainment. A
      telephone survey was developed to gather data on demographics, exercise intensity
      and participation, severity of illness at time of hospital discharge and time of
      interview as well as responses to a mood adjective check list (Lubin, 1981).
      Analysis indicated that exercise was a valued behavior for the majority of
      subjects. All subjects perceived that the severity of their heart condition had
      changed from more to less severe. Furthermore, those who exercised felt healthy
      and merry, while those who did not exercise felt miserable.

PMID- 2400564
TI  - Guidelines for nursing research fellowship applications.
AB  - A career in nursing research requires advanced and costly educational
      preparation. Research fellowships are financial awards which enable nurses to
      receive intensive research preparation at the master's or doctoral level.
      Potentially qualified nurses may not be awarded research fellowships however
      because of a lack of familiarity with the review process and the submission of
      inappropriate fellowship applications. In this paper, sources of research
      fellowships are identified, and a general description of the review process
      provided using the example of the Nursing Research Fellowship, Heart and Stroke
      Foundation of Canada. Guidelines for applying for research fellowships are also
      presented.

PMID- 2400565
TI  - Social support in cardiac rehabilitation.
AB  - Since support from the primary social network is vital to an individual's cardiac
      rehabilitation, comprehensive nursing care includes assisting the recuperating
      person and partner to achieve optimal recovery. A model of collaborative social
      support, based upon the work of Corbin and Strauss (1984) and Norbeck (1988) is
      offered as a guide to the nursing process of assisting the recuperating
      individual and partner to work toward optimal recovery. A definition of social
      support is integrated with nursing actions of a) assessing collaborative
      potential, b) bringing the couple into open awareness, and c) assisting the
      couple to develop collaborative strategies to enhance cardiac rehabilitation.
      Although this model has face validity, it should be tested in clinical settings
      by practitioners and researchers.

PMID- 2400566
TI  - Development of a computerized data base to evaluate pressure ulcers.
AB  - A computerized data base for collecting information on patients with pressure
      ulcers was developed following a review of selected literature including Allman
      (1986), Bergstrom (1987), Barbenel (1977), Reichert (1986), Black (1987) and
      others. The data base was piloted, revised, and used for data collection on 103
      patients admitted to two hospitals. Standardized data allowed for correlations of
      spinal cord injury (SCI) and location of pressure ulcers. Sacral ulcers were more
      prevalent with patients who had SCI at C4-T1 while ischial ulcers were more
      common with SCI at T11-L1. Some of the other correlations differ from prior
      research and warrant further investigation with a larger sample size from
      multiple institutions.

PMID- 2400567
TI  - The effect of a pressure-relieving wound dressing on the interface pressures
      applied to the trochanter.
AB  - A pressure-relieving dressing (PRD/Coloplast A/S, Denmark) was tested on 12
      healthy volunteers to determine trochanteric and peritrochanteric interface
      pressures. Use of the PRD reduced the maximum pressure applied to the apex of the
      trochanter from a mean of 64.2 mm Hg to a mean of 52.2 mm Hg. The author
      speculates that this statistically significant difference may have clinical
      relevance for 79% of pressure ulcers in England and Wales but not for the 21% of
      pressure ulcers with cavities.

PMID- 2400568
TI  - Describing the phenomenon.

PMID- 2400569
TI  - What's in a name.

PMID- 2400570
TI  - Proteinase inhibitors and biological control. 2nd international symposium. Brdo,
      Jugoslavia, June 25-28, 1989. Proceedings.

PMID- 2400572
TI  - Equilibrium and kinetic studies of the interaction of chicken cystatin with four
      cysteine proteinases.

PMID- 2400573
TI  - N-terminal variants of recombinant stefin B: effect on affinity for papain and
      cathepsin B.

PMID- 2400571
TI  - Polyethylene glycol modification of serpins improves therapeutic potential.

PMID- 2400574
TI  - Synthesis of cysteine proteinase inhibitors structurally based on the proteinase
      interacting N-terminal region of human cystatin C.
AB  - Peptides spanning the entire, or part of, the Gly4-Glu21 segment of the human
      cysteine proteinase inhibitor cystatin C have been synthesized. Peptides
      containing residues on the N-terminal side of Gly11 were rapidly cleaved by
      papain at the bond Gly11-Gly12 whereas a peptide starting at residue Gly11 was
      not, thus demonstrating 1. that the N-terminal segment of cystatin C has an amino
      acid sequence that would allow rapid interaction between this segment and the
      substrate pocket of papain and, if this interaction takes place, that 2. the
      cystatin C residue Gly11 would be in the P1 position, and 3. the major
      interaction would be between residues Arg8-Val10 and the papain substrate pocket
      subsites S4, S3 and S2, respectively. Several modified peptide derivatives
      containing either diazomethane groups or peptide bond isosters were synthesized
      based on the structure of the Leu9-Gly11 segment of cystatin C and tested for
      their cysteine proteinase inhibiting capacity. The peptidyl derivatives, t
      butyloxycarbonyl-valyl-glycyl-diazomethane and benzyloxycarbonyl-leucyl-valyl
      glycyl-diazomethane irreversible inhibited the cysteine proteinases papain,
      bovine cathepsin B and streptococcal proteinase, but did not influence the
      activity of serine, aspartic or metallo-proteinases.

PMID- 2400575
TI  - Refolding of chicken cystatin and human stefin A studied by fast protein liquid
      chromatography (FPLC).
AB  - Denaturant gradient gel-chromatography [Endo, S. et al. (1983) Anal. Biochem.
      131, 108-120] has been used to follow renaturation of chicken cystatin and human
      stefin A. Slow gradient of GuHCl was applied to the size-exclusion Superose 12
      column. The column was maintained at 5 degrees C by circulating water from a
      cryostate. When the denatured protein has been injected it started to refold on
      the column. By the simplified equation, according to [Hanai, R. et al. (1986)
      Biophys. Chem. 25, 27-36] approximate kinetics of folding was obtained. No
      intermediate species in folding could be detected from 6M to 2M GuHCl, only the
      close-to-denatured state and the close-to-native state.

PMID- 2400576
TI  - Mutations in the QVVAG region of the cysteine proteinase inhibitor stefin B.
AB  - Variants of human stefin B were constructed by cassette mutagenesis. Val47 as the
      constituent of highly conserved QVVAG sequence was substituted by hydrophobic
      amino acids of increasing size - Ala, Ile and Phe. Recombinant proteins were
      expressed in E. coli and Ki values for papain were determined. Substitutions did
      not cause a major change in Ki value and we conclude that the interaction with
      the proteinases is not the reason for the conservation of the pentapeptide.

PMID- 2400577
TI  - Rat cystatin C: the complete amino acid sequence reveals a site for N
      glycosylation.

PMID- 2400578
TI  - Low molecular mass protein inhibitor of cysteine proteinases from soybean.

PMID- 2400579
TI  - A novel member of the calcium-dependent cysteine protease family.
AB  - In the course of cDNA cloning of the large subunits of human mu- and mCANPs, a
      novel cDNA clone encoding a putative calcium-dependent cysteine protease
      homologous to but distinct from both mu- and m-types was found. The encoded
      protein, designated tentatively as p94, is composed of four domains similar to
      those found in other CANP large subunits, but includes three unique regions that
      have no homology to other CANPs. These unique sequences might be involved in
      regulating the activation and/or determining the intracellular localization of
      p94. Since the mRNA for p94 is five times more abundant than that for the CANP
      small subunit in skeletal muscle, it is possible that p94 does not associate with
      the small subunit in vivo. In contrast to the ubiquitous expression of mu- and m
      types, the mRNA for p94 is expressed only in skeletal muscle. Besides acting as a
      protease, p94 may act as a skeletal muscle specific regulatory protein like
      troponin C.

PMID- 2400580
TI  - Tissue and biological fluid distribution of cysteine proteinases inhibitor: rat
      cystatin C.

PMID- 2400582
TI  - Cysteine proteinase inhibitors in human cancerous tissues and fluids.

PMID- 2400581
TI  - Role for cathepsin B and cystatins in tumor growth and progression.

PMID- 2400583
TI  - Activities of calcium-activated neutral proteases and its endogenous inhibitor in
      skeletal muscle of dystrophic hamster.

PMID- 2400584
TI  - Cathepsin B-indicator for the release of lysosomal cysteine proteinases in severe
      trauma and inflammation.

PMID- 2400585
TI  - Mode of activation of the precursor to cathepsin L: implication for matrix
      degradation in arthritis.

PMID- 2400587
TI  - Use of experimental models for the study of collagen degradation by macrophages.

PMID- 2400586
TI  - "In vitro" digestion of intact bovine lens capsules by four human lysosomal
      cysteine-proteinases.
AB  - We have examined the biochemical degradation of an isolated basement membrane
      matrix (bovine lens capsule) by human liver cathepsins B, H and L and the
      cathepsin B-like proteinase from malignant ascitic fluid. This study was carried
      out using two different methods: The first strategy was to follow the liberation
      of soluble proteins and peptides as a function of time at different pHs. Then the
      digestion products were characterized, as collagen IV, fibronectin and laminin
      fragments, using monospecific polyclonal antibodies and a quantitative dot-blot
      analysis. From these results, the ability of the four proteinases to digest "in
      vitro" intact bovine lens capsule in the physiological pH range is demonstrated.
      Cathepsin L is the most powerful against the three membrane components studied.
      As shown by electroelution and immunochemical quantitation, the digestion would
      be a consequence of proteinases binding to the capsule. With intact basement
      membrane as a substrate a "in vitro" molecular analysis of this digestion process
      was possible by these methods. On this basis, the "in vivo" secretion of cysteine
      proteinases during malignancy would be related to the local basement membrane
      dissolution associated with tumor invasion.

PMID- 2400588
TI  - A kinetic analysis of the activation of pig pepsinogen by chemical and physical
      techniques.

PMID- 2400589
TI  - Human leukocyte elastase inhibitors: designed variants of human pancreatic
      secretory trypsin inhibitor (hPSTI).
AB  - Variants of human secretory trypsin inhibitor were constructed with the aim of
      producing inhibitors specific for human leukocyte elastase. Models of the
      hPSTI/HLE and hPSTI/chymotrypsin complexes were generated by computer aided
      protein design and used to plan better HLE inhibitors. This resulted in the
      production of the strongest and most specific inhibitors of HLE known.

PMID- 2400590
TI  - Refolding of proteinase inhibitor variants on trypsin-sepharose as a matrix with
      complementary structure.

PMID- 2400591
TI  - Inhibitors of the cell surface protease guanidinobenzoatase.

PMID- 2400592
TI  - Subcellular distribution of ribosomal proteins in Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - The distribution of ribosomal proteins in monosomes, polysomes, the postribosomal
      cytosol, and the nucleus was determined during steady-state growth in vegetative
      amoebae. A partitioning of previously reported cell-specific ribosomal proteins
      between monosomes and polysomes was observed. L18, one of the two unique proteins
      in amoeba ribosomes, was distributed equally among monosomes and polysomes.
      However S5, the other unique protein, was abundant in monosomes but barely
      visible in polysomes. Of the developmentally regulated proteins, D and S6 were
      detectable only in polysomes and S14 was more abundant in monosomes. The cytosol
      revealed no ribosomal proteins. On staining of the nuclear proteins with
      Coomassie blue, about 18, 7 from 40S subunit and 11 from 60S subunit, were
      identified as ribosomal proteins. By in vivo labeling of the proteins with
      [35S]methionine, 24 of the 34 small subunit proteins and 33 of the 42 large
      subunit proteins were localized in the nucleus. For the majority of the ribosomal
      proteins, the apparent relative stoichiometry was similar in nuclear preribosomal
      particles and in cytoplasmic ribosomes. However, in preribosomal particles the
      relative amount of four proteins (S11, S30, L7, and L10) was two- to four-fold
      higher and of eight proteins (S14, S15, S20, S34, L12, L27, L34, and L42) was two
      to four-fold lower than that of cytoplasmic ribosomes.

PMID- 2400593
TI  - Identification of a 51-kilodalton calmodulin binding protein that changes during
      estrogen-stimulated cell growth.
AB  - Calmodulin-binding proteins (CaMBPs) were analyzed during estrogen-stimulated
      growth in the human breast cancer cell line ZR-75-1. A variety of Ca2(+)
      dependent and -independent CaMBPs were observed to be present in these cells.
      Calmodulin (CaM) binding to a 51-kilodalton protein was shown to be Ca2(+)
      dependent. Moreover, binding to this protein was reduced in the estrogen-treated
      cells. This effect occurred early during estrogen-stimulated cell growth and was
      maintained during exponential growth in the presence of estrogen. 125I-labeled
      CaM overlay procedure of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels reveals that this 51
      kilodalton protein is composed of at least two distinct isoforms with different
      isoelectric points. Subcellular localization demonstrates that this protein
      resides exclusively in the microsomal fraction.

PMID- 2400594
TI  - A model to explain the osmotic pressure behavior of hemoglobin and serum albumin.
AB  - Previously published osmotic pressure data on hemoglobin and bovine serum albumin
      were used to determine the osmotically unresponsive solvent volume per unit dry
      mass of protein. A model is presented that accounts for the osmotic pressure of
      globular proteins based on a surface-associated osmotically unresponsive solvent
      volume. The model also accounts for changes in the osmotically unresponsive
      solvent volume owing to changes in pH, cosolute salt concentration, protein
      conformation, and protein aggregation.

PMID- 2400595
TI  - Probe amplifier system based on chimeric cycling oligonucleotides.
AB  - Amplification systems are required as part of DNA probe technology, since
      traditional non-amplified oligonucleotide hybridization using nonradioactive
      detection methods have detection limits of approximately 10(8) molecules. We
      present a probe amplifier technology suitable for use in large-scale automated
      clinical diagnostic systems. It is fast, sensitive and performs at a constant
      temperature. The system functions by allowing a single target molecule to act as
      a catalyst in converting a large number of probe molecules to a unique detectable
      form. We refer to this catalytic amplification process as the "cycling probe
      reaction." The basis of the system is an oligomer probe construction consisting
      of a DNA-RNA-DNA sequence.

PMID- 2400596
TI  - Preparation of synthetic tandem-repetitive probes for DNA fingerprinting.
AB  - DNA fingerprints are generated using probes that hybridize to hypervariable
      minisatellites, also known as variable number tandem repeat loci. Cloned
      minisatellites have served as the predominant source of DNA fingerprinting
      probes. A short segment within the repeat units of minisatellites, called the
      "core" sequence, is highly conserved within a family of related minisatellites,
      thereby allowing a single-cloned minisatellite to cross-hybridize to 20 to 40
      other minisatellites. In this article, we describe a method for the synthetic
      preparation of polymeric core sequence probes for DNA fingerprinting. Unlike
      "monomeric" oligonucleotide probes, the polymeric probes mimic the tandem
      repetitive structure of minisatellites, and thus each probe molecule can
      potentially form many sites of hybridization with a target minisatellite. The
      synthetic probes are cloned into plasmid DNA to provide a perpetual source of
      probe material.

PMID- 2400597
TI  - PCR dot blots: large signal differences between sense and anti-sense probes.

PMID- 2400598
TI  - Improved chemiluminescent detection of alkaline phosphatase.

PMID- 2400599
TI  - Interference of heparin with the polymerase chain reaction.

PMID- 2400600
TI  - Single copies of HIV proviral DNA detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization.
AB  - A fluorescent in situ DNA hybridization assay employing a biotinylated DNA probe
      was used to visualize single copies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      proviral DNA in the nuclei and metaphase chromosomes of infected cells. In clonal
      cell lines that contain either one or two copies of proviral DNA, the efficiency
      of detection of individual loci of proviral DNA was 57% to 78%. Only 1% of
      uninfected control cells exhibited a false-positive signal. HIV proviral DNA
      could be accurately identified in mixed populations comprised of only 5% infected
      cells. Thus, this assay could be used to identify cells that harbor HIV proviral
      DNA and to monitor the status of proviral DNA throughout the course of HIV
      infection.

PMID- 2400601
TI  - Virus penetration of examination gloves.
AB  - Examination gloves worn for protection from biohazards were sampled and evaluated
      for their ability to exclude virus particles. We found that thin gloves
      manufactured from polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride are ineffective barriers
      while gloves of thin latex are superior but not without failure. Polyethylene and
      polyvinyl chloride gloves had failure rates of 40% and 22%, respectively.
      Following exposure to the common disinfectant, 70% ethanol, these failure rates
      increased to 94% and 56% for polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride gloves,
      respectively. Latex, although permeable to ethanol, was penetrated by virus less
      than 1% of the time regardless of whether the latex had been pre-exposed to
      disinfectant or not. This study highlights the need for caution on the part of
      those who rely upon examination gloves for protection from infectious agents as
      well as the need for establishing more adequate standards and testing procedures
      for their manufacture.

PMID- 2400602
TI  - Digoxigenin-labeled probes can detect single-copy genes in human metaphase
      chromosomes.
AB  - A technique of in situ hybridization on metaphases of chromosomes by a
      digoxigenin-labeled probe is described. This technique was able to detect single
      DNA sequences of 2 and 7 kilobases. The results obtained were compared with those
      of a biotin streptavidin alkaline phosphatase-based detection system. The
      digoxigenin method was at least as efficient and sensitive as the biotin
      streptavidin method.

PMID- 2400603
TI  - A new microporous membrane for diagnostic immunoassays.
AB  - A family of new microporous composite membranes that do not require post
      immobilization blocking or quenching steps has been developed for diagnostic
      immunoassay applications. These membranes, Autobloc membranes, are shown to have
      low nonspecific binding of proteins. Immobilization of antibody or antigen to the
      membrane can be achieved either by covalent binding or by adsorption. The
      correlation between the initial immobilization capacity for IgG and the effective
      immobilization capacity of microporous membranes is discussed. The performance of
      Autobloc membranes is demonstrated by dot-enzyme-linked immunoassays in the flow
      through mode with several commonly used enzyme-substrate systems and compared to
      the performance of other membranes. The advantages of using Autobloc membranes
      are suggested.

PMID- 2400604
TI  - Intracellular recording in avian brain of a nicotinic response that is
      insensitive to K-bungarotoxin.
AB  - We examined nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the avian brain using a
      combination of autoradiographic and intracellular electrophysiological
      techniques. We found that the lateral spiriform nucleus (SPL) in the
      mesencephalon has a very high density of 3H-nicotine binding sites but no
      detectable 125I-K-bungarotoxin (125I-K-BuTx) or 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin (125I
      alpha-BuTx) bindings sites. Intracellular recordings in brain slices revealed
      that SPL neurons depolarize in response to nicotine and carbachol (in the
      presence of atropine). These depolarizations were blocked by the classic
      nicotinic antagonists d-tubocurarine and dihydro-beta-erythroidine. As predicted
      for nicotinic receptors with a high affinity for nicotine, neither K-BuTx nor
      alpha-BuTx blocked these nicotinic responses. Thus, although the existence of
      high-affinity 3H-nicotine binding sites has been known for some time, we now
      report the in situ detection of a functional nicotinic receptor that has a high
      affinity for nicotine and is K-BuTx-insensitive.

PMID- 2400605
TI  - Molecular cloning of mouse acetylcholinesterase: tissue distribution of
      alternatively spliced mRNA species.
AB  - We have isolated cDNA clones encoding acetylcholinesterase from mouse muscle and
      brain. The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify cDNA clones from C2
      myotubes encoding the entire open reading frame and large segments of the 5' and
      3' untranslated regions. The muscle cDNA clones were used to isolate clones from
      a brain library encoding the same mRNA species. The mouse clones encode a
      catalytic subunit containing a C-terminal sequence similar to that of the
      hydrophilic species of Torpedo. The mouse acetylcholinesterase sequence shares
      approximately 88% and 61% amino acid identity with bovine and Torpedo
      acetylcholinesterases, respectively, but only 52% identity with mouse
      butyrylcholinesterase, the sequence of which we have also deduced by molecular
      cloning. Northern blot and RNAase protection analyses indicate that the cDNA
      clones were derived from the acetylcholinesterase transcript that predominates in
      most expressing tissues. In contrast, erythroid cells are enriched in an mRNA
      species whose sequence diverges from that of the cDNA in the region encoding the
      C-terminus of the enzyme.

PMID- 2400607
TI  - [Epidemiology and course of craniocerebral injuries in children in Cantabria].
AB  - We present the epidemiology and the outcome of the patients younger than 15 years
      old who were admitted to our hospital during 1986 with the diagnosis of head
      injury. One hundred and fifty-five met the required inclusion criteria, this
      offers an incidence of head injury in children of 139/100,000. The boy/girl ratio
      was 2.1/1. The commonest causes were traffic accidents (45%), mainly those
      knocked down or on bicycles, and falls (41%). According to the Glasgow Coma Scale
      88.5% of the head injuries were slight, only 11.5% being moderate or severe. The
      outcome was good in 97%. There were two intrahospital deaths, that happened in
      the 8 patients with severe head injury, giving a mortality rate of 25% for this
      group; and 5 deaths out of hospital. Thus, the global mortality secondary to head
      injury for children was 6.3/100,000 and year. These data show: a) the sanitary
      importance of the head injury in children; b) the necessity of a separate study
      of the head injury in children since the precipitating causes and the clinical
      outcome are specific; and c) the shortcomings in the urgent out of hospital
      medical attention, as indicates an out of hospital mortality rate of 71% which is
      well above that of other developed countries.

PMID- 2400606
TI  - The Alzheimer amyloid precursor-related transcript lacking the beta/A4 sequence
      is specifically increased in Alzheimer's disease brain.
AB  - The deposition of cerebrovascular and plaque amyloid in the CNS is a primary
      feature of Alzheimer's disease and aged Down's syndrome pathology. The
      localization of the Alzheimer amyloid protein precursor (APP) gene on chromosome
      21, along with its overexpression in Down's syndrome brain compared with normal
      brain, suggests that alterations in APP gene expression may play a role in the
      development of the neuropathology common to the two diseases. In the present
      report, we demonstrate that a specific spliced form of mRNA that is transcribed
      from the APP gene and that lacks the beta/A4 sequence is elevated in the nucleus
      basalis, occipitotemporal cortex, and parahippocampal gyrus in Alzheimer's
      disease brain relative to controls. These results are based on combined data from
      RNA slot blot analysis, in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction
      quantification of specific mRNAs taken directly from tissue sections.

PMID- 2400608
TI  - [Pure sensory hemisyndromes caused by infarctions in the pons].
AB  - This study reports 3 cases of pure hemisensory syndrome due to lacunar infarction
      at the pons, demonstrated by magnetic resonance. In all patients somatosensory
      evoked potentials were abnormal. In two out of the 3 cases these potentials
      remained abnormal even after clinical exploration normalized. Due to the
      distribution of the sensitive pathways it may be assumed that the hemisensory
      syndrome would be caused by lesions located from the cortex to the pons. By means
      of clinico-pathological correlations the hemisensory syndrome was attributed to
      lesions exclusively located at the cerebral cortex or at the thalamus. However,
      in 1984 the first case of hemisensory syndrome due to pontine infarction was
      demonstrated by computerized tomography. After this report a series of
      approximately 10 patients have been published in the english and french
      literature. None of them had data on somatosensory potentials. In our experience
      the study of somatosensory evoked potentials has a high sensitivity. It appears
      that the distribution of the sensitive defect is independent of the location of
      the structural lesion.

PMID- 2400609
TI  - [8th National Congress on Neurology. Valencia, 30 May-2 June 1990. Abstracts].

PMID- 2400610
TI  - [Test method for pre-speech language: I. Outline of test].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to determine infants' preliminary linguistic
      ability. For this a pre-speech language test method has been developed. The test
      method is as follows. First, a definition of language is given. Then the
      development process in infancy is explained according to the definition.
      Subsequently, the test items are decided according to the above process. (1)
      Definition of language: It is difficult to define language because of its many
      aspects. Here, for the language definition, the aspects are restricted to the
      following based on the properties of natural language. Section-1 Situation of
      language i) Formation of communication ii) Understanding and grasping of
      situation circumstance Section-2 Development of symbolizing function Section-3
      Representing the function of language (generally, articulation of babbling and
      functional change) (2) Development of language: the above three aspects develop
      and change from preterm infancy to late infancy. The development process is as
      follows. Section-1 i) The formation of communication is confirmed by action
      situations between baby and mother. The actions include a steady gaze in the
      early stage and talking baby talk later. Requests for instruction assistance and
      emotional communication appear with gradual differentiation of communication.
      Section-1 ii) Understanding and grasping of the situation circumstance is
      confirmed with response to action from mother to baby in the early stage. These
      are then confirmed with the ability to understand the action and situation of
      surroundings as time and space extensity, and to give appropriate appeal to the
      surroundings. Subsequently, understanding with language only is acquired by daily
      experience, including language and understanding of the surrounding.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2400611
TI  - [Test method for pre-speech language: II. Outline of test result].
AB  - The tests as reported in the previous paper were conducted on 281 healthy babies.
      The test included 47 items. An accomplished item was accorded one point, and the
      total points were counted. RESULTS: descriptive statistics: i) Table 4 shows the
      proportion of right answers of each item by age (day). The day when the item was
      accomplished was definite and showed the properties of development. ii) Fig. 1
      and table 1 showed the relationship between the total points and the age (day).
      The total points increased linearly with age (day). Discussion of test
      properties: i) Reliability: special attention was devoted to maintain consistent
      conditions on item formation to increase reliability. Consequently, the
      confidence coefficient was 0.989 in all cases. ii) VALIDITY: predictive validity
      was tested. The changes in language ability were investigated in 90 cases for
      observation over the passage of time (including cases other than those for
      standardization). The cases were divided into three groups by age (0-200, 201
      400, 401-day) (Table 7). For an estimated value, the PPV was 0.60-0.67 and the
      NPV was 0.94-1.00 (Table 8). The NPV was higher than the PPV. iii) Test
      construction and figure of test construction: it was found that the test
      construction was composed of five factors and had stages of development as
      follows. (1) Initial call, communication (2) Positive appeal to the surrounding
      (3) Stage just before speech (4) Initial language acquirement and differentiation
      of language function (5) Speech-increasing stage The items included in each
      factor (each stage) are shown in the Fig. 1. profile in the previous
      paper.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2400612
TI  - [Single photon emission computed tomography of the brain in Sturge-Weber syndrome
      using N-isopropyl-p-[123I] iodoamphetamine--a comparative study with X-ray
      computed tomography].
AB  - Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the brain using N-isopropyl
      p-[123I] iodoamphetamine (123I-IMP) was performed in 11 children with port wine
      stain on the face or head, aged 1.0-14.2 years at investigation. Four cases
      without neurologic symptoms had no specific abnormality on SPECT and X-ray
      computed tomography (CT). In 4 cases of so-called Sturge-Weber syndrome with
      developmental quotients (DQ) or intelligence quotients (IQ) more than 80 and the
      neurologic symptoms consisting of seizures and hemiplegia, SPECT showed localized
      reduction of IMP accumulation, and CT exhibited calcification, atrophy and
      enhancement in 2 cases of 3 with contrast medium infusion in the same areas. In 3
      cases with DQ of 50-60 and severer neurologic symptoms, SPECT showed diffuse
      reduction or defect of IMP accumulation in the ipsilateral hemisphere, and CT
      exhibited remarkable atrophy, calcifications and enhancement in 2 cases with
      contrast medium infusion in the same hemisphere. In one case with severe
      neurologic symptoms, SPECT performed at an early stage showed high IMP
      accumulation in the ipsilateral hemisphere.

PMID- 2400613
TI  - [A clinical study of death in profound mental retardation with motor
      disturbance].
AB  - Among 848 cases of profound mental retardation with motor disturbance admitted to
      Metropolitan Medical Center of Severely Handicapped in the last 20 years, 98
      died. The 94 cases whose cause of death was determined were clinically
      investigated. There was no difference in sex, and 72% of the patients died before
      the age of 15 years. Half of the patients died of pneumonia; sudden death
      occurred in 9, and ileus in 8. These three were thought to be the most important
      and characteristic causes of death in severely handicapped patients. In recent
      years, deaths due to pneumonia have decreased and those due to ileus have
      disappeared, but deaths due to malignant neoplasm have begun to be recognized.
      There were also some deaths from intracranial hemorrhage in young children, and
      some deaths from tracheal bleeding in those who had tracheal tubes. These two
      were also important causes of death in the patients. Sudden death had certain
      characteristics: most cases were adolescent or young patients with mixed
      quadriplegia who were sensitive to environmental changes and often showed marked
      hypertonia by athetosis, and in addition, all of their acute changes occurred
      between 5 and 8 a.m. or between 6 and 9 p.m.

PMID- 2400614
TI  - [A case of type C Niemann-Pick disease].
AB  - We diagnosed a 3-year-old boy as type C Niemann-Pick disease by studies on
      cultured fibroblasts; sphingomyelinase activity was almost normal, but
      esterification of exogenously administered cholesterol was deficient. Also sparse
      cultures of his fibroblasts developed a relatively intense fluorescence with
      filipin that was not observed either in normal or type B Niemann-Pick
      fibroblasts. We tried to treat him with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 100 mg-120
      mg/day for a year, but it had clinically insufficient effect on our case.

PMID- 2400615
TI  - [A case of three-year-old boy with periodic apnea during waking and sleep, severe
      psychomotor retardation and hypotonia].
AB  - We presented a 3-year-old boy, a product of consanguineous parents, with periodic
      apnea during waking and sleep states, severe psychomotor retardation and
      hypotonia. According to polysomnographical recordings, he exhibited frequent
      central apneas which decreased in frequency and regularity in the stage REM. He
      showed abnormal background EEG, undifferentiated sleep stage and very short
      duration of stage REM. The initiation of breathing after apnea was often
      accompanied with generalized muscles contraction like a startle response. In the
      waking state the apnea induced generalized muscular hypotonicity and the decline
      of wakefulness. Arterial CO2 and O2 saturation was within normal limits. It was
      suggested that the malfunction of the brain stem responsible for the control of
      breathing, sleep-wakefulness cycle and determination of sleep stages was closely
      connected with the pathogenesis of abnormal breathing patterns.

PMID- 2400616
TI  - [Infantile spasms and gelastic seizure due to hypothalamic hamartoma].

PMID- 2400617
TI  - [A case of an 8-year-old girl, a symptomatic carrier of Duchenne's muscular
      dystrophy].

PMID- 2400618
TI  - [A case of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis diagnosed by muscle biopsy].

PMID- 2400619
TI  - [Usefulness of single-photon emission-computed tomography with hyperventilation
      for the diagnosis of moyamoya disease].

PMID- 2400620
TI  - Vaginal birth after cesarean: issues and implications.
AB  - Vaginal birth after cesarean is still an uncommon practice in the United States
      despite fewer contraindications to it. This article examines issues related to
      cesarean section practice patterns, malpractice, rising health care costs,
      changing childbearing patterns, and risks and benefits to mother and baby.
      Implications for nurses are discussed as they relate to nursing education,
      practice, and research.

PMID- 2400621
TI  - AIDS beliefs in young women: are they related to AIDS risk-reduction behavior?
AB  - Little is known about the relationship between AIDS beliefs and AIDS risk
      reduction behavior, especially in young heterosexual adults. This study explores
      young women's beliefs and behavior regarding AIDS. The results of this
      exploratory study indicate that college women generally see AIDS as serious, do
      not see themselves as susceptible, and are uncertain if AIDS beliefs influence
      their contraceptive behavior. Higher susceptibility scores are consistently
      correlated with AIDS risk-reduction behavior, and women who believe that AIDS
      affects their contraceptive use are more likely to use condoms. Implications for
      practice and strategies to increase susceptibility in women at risk are
      discussed.

PMID- 2400622
TI  - Survey of geriatric nurse practitioners in the West: scope of practice and
      effectiveness.
AB  - This survey research conducted during a 3-year period was designed to describe
      the scope of practice and effectiveness of the geriatric nurse practitioner (GNP)
      in providing health care to older adults in a variety of settings. The University
      of California, San Francisco, in collaboration with three other GNP programs
      surveyed graduates (n = 123). Also surveyed were administrators, directors of
      nursing, and the primary medical consultant where the GNPs were employed. A high
      degree of agreement among the professional groups was found. Some comparisons are
      made with the results of previous studies.

PMID- 2400623
TI  - Report of the National Survey of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners,
      Part III: Comparison of nurse practitioner characteristics according to
      education.
AB  - This report examines the national characteristics of nurse practitioners
      according to educational preparation. Geographic distribution, distribution by
      specialty, practice setting, and employment arrangements are included.

PMID- 2400624
TI  - Conjunctivitis versus iritis.

PMID- 2400625
TI  - How to start a practice on a shoestring.

PMID- 2400626
TI  - AMA/PPRC advisory panel: January-June, 1990.

PMID- 2400627
TI  - The valency state of absorbed iron appearing in the portal blood and
      ceruloplasmin substitution.
AB  - (1) Attempts to determine the redox-state of the absorbed iron, which appeared in
      the portal blood when the free iron-binding capacity was previously saturated,
      indicate that about 30-90% of this iron was in the ferrous state. This effect was
      particularly prominent after luminal administration of ferrous iron, but was also
      seen when iron was given in the ferric state. (2) Total iron absorption is
      significantly higher in ceruloplasmin-substituted copper-deficient animals as
      compared to copper-deficient controls. (3) The appearance rate of absorbed iron
      in the portal blood of copper-deficient animals increased several times
      immediately after the intravenous infusion of ceruloplasmin. (5) The distribution
      of absorbed iron was changed due to the ceruloplasmin substitution: it was
      increased in the reticulocytes (+66%), plasma (+400%) and the body (+112%),
      whereas in the liver it was decreased by about 78%. (5) In iron-deficient rats
      intravenously injected ceruloplasmin did not increase iron absorption. (6) The
      conclusion was drawn that, as for the entrance into the mucosa from the luminal
      side, also for the release at the contraluminal side into the portal blood, the
      ferrous state of iron is favoured and that ceruloplasmin accelerates the release
      into the portal blood by catalyzing the oxidation of ferrous iron due to its high
      Fe(II): oxygen oxidoreductase (EC 1.16.3.1) activity.

PMID- 2400628
TI  - Successful adoptive immunotherapy with OK432-inducible activated natural killer
      cells in tumor-bearing mice.
AB  - We had demonstrated that the NK cell mediated cytotoxicity of murine spleen cells
      could be augmented by in vivo priming and subsequent in vitro challenge with a
      streptococcal preparation OK432, and the cell surface phenotype of induced killer
      cells was Thy-1+, asialo GM1+, suggesting that the activated cells were of NK
      lineage (OK-NK cell). We had also clarified that IL-2 played a major role in
      inducing the OK-NK cells via the production of IFN-gamma. In this study, we
      examined the effect of adoptive transfer of OK-NK cells on syngeneic tumors in
      mice. Mice were implanted with SP2 myeloma cells intraperitoneally (i.p.), or C26
      colon adenocarcinoma cells subcutaneously to make the models of peritonitis
      carcinomatosa or solid tumor, and the OK-NK cells were transferred i.p. or
      intratumorally, adoptively. By the adoptive transfer of OK-NK cells, 92% of mice
      bearing SP2-tumor had be cured. The tumor growth of C26-solid tumor was
      inhibited, and the survival rate of mice bearing C26-tumor was significantly
      increased. The intratumoral remnants of 125I-labelled OK-NK cells were 61, 27 and
      8% at 4, 12 and 36h after intratumoral transfer, respectively. By multiple
      transfer of OK-NK cells, the antitumor effect was more effectively augmented than
      that of a single transfer. Results in this study suggested that OK-NK cells could
      be useful for the therapy of cancer patients.

PMID- 2400629
TI  - Effect of purified recombinant human erythropoietin on anemia in rats with
      experimental renal failure induced by five-sixth nephrectomy.
AB  - Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) was purified from the conditioned media
      of Chinese hamster ovary cells with a transfected human erythropoietin gene. We
      investigated the effects of the rHuEPO in rats with renal anemia induced by
      partial nephrectomy. Five-sixth nephrectomy resulted in renal failure with
      anemia. Twenty-five days after the operation plasma urea nitrogen was increased
      about 2.5 times, and the red blood cell count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin
      concentration fell to 85% of normal. The reticulocyte count and plasma
      erythropoietin level did not change such as they do in patients with anemia due
      to chronic renal failure. Both total red blood cell volume and the plasma iron
      turnover rate were depressed in five-sixth nephrectomized rats compared with
      normal rats. The five-sixth nephrectomized rats were injected with rHuEPO (60
      IU/kg) intravenously every second day for a total of six injections. After three
      injections of rHuEPO, circulation volume of total red blood cells was increased
      from 9.9 ml to 14.6 ml, and the plasma iron turnover rate was increased from 1.03
      mg/kg/day to 2.12 mg/kg/day, and the reticulocyte count was also increased. After
      six injections, a marked increase of the red blood cell count, hematocrit, and
      hemoglobin concentration were observed. Plasma urea nitrogen and the creatinine
      levels as indications for renal function did not change after rHuEPO
      administration in both normal and five-sixth nephrectomized rats. In conclusion
      rHuEPO has a potent erythropoietic action and it is possible to cure the anemia
      caused by renal failure.

PMID- 2400630
TI  - Biotherapy of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2400631
TI  - Biotherapy of AIDS.

PMID- 2400632
TI  - Inhibition of human skin fibroblast proliferation by histamine and phorbol esters
      is mediated by protein kinase C.
AB  - The proliferation of human skin fibroblasts in culture was examined using a
      [3H]thymidine incorporation assay. Histamine inhibited thymidine incorporation
      with an IC50 of about 0.2 microM. This effect was blocked by the H1 receptor
      antagonist mepyramine but not by the H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine. Protein
      kinase C activators, including several phorbol esters and mezerine, also
      inhibited thymidine incorporation. The IC50 for beta-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate
      was less than 0.1 nM. The alpha-isomer of this compound was inactive. Long-term
      treatment of cells with the beta-isomer eliminated the ability of both histamine
      and phorbol ester to inhibit thymidine incorporation, presumably due to
      downregulation of protein kinase C. Our results suggest that histamine H1
      receptors are linked to activation of protein kinase C and that activation of
      this enzyme leads to an inhibition of cell proliferation.

PMID- 2400633
TI  - Calcium involvement in the muscarinic response of the gastric parietal cell.
AB  - The influence of extracellular Ca2+ on the mediation of carbachol stimulation in
      isolated rabbit gastric parietal cells was studied. Removing Ca2+ from
      extracellular medium caused a 42% decrease of the aminopyrine accumulation due to
      carbachol with the same EC50 value (approximately 5 microM). A short time
      depletion in extracellular calcium suppressed the carbachol-dependent Ca2+ influx
      without affecting Ca2+ release from internal stores (fura-2 measurements).
      Similarly, the production of inositol phosphates under cholinergic stimulation
      was reduced by 29%. A rapid increase in Ins(1,4,5)P3 was obtained 5 s after
      carbachol stimulation, and this increase was not changed in Ca2(+)-depleted
      medium. In contrast, a 20 min incubation with carbachol caused a 50% reduction in
      both basal and carbachol-stimulated inositol phosphate accumulations. In
      conclusion, phospholipase C activation, intracellular Ca2+ release and
      aminopyrine accumulation were sequentially observed following carbachol
      stimulation of the isolated gastric parietal cell and extracellular calcium
      contributed to sustain this acid secretory response.

PMID- 2400634
TI  - Protein kinase C pseudosubstrate prototope: structure-function relationships.
AB  - A structure-function study of the protein kinase C (PK-C) pseudosubstrate
      sequence (R19FARK-GALRQKNV31) has been undertaken. The role of specific residues
      was investigated using an alanine substitution scan. Arg-22 was the most
      important determinant in the inhibitor sequence, since substitution of this
      residue by alanine gave a 600-fold increase in the IC50 value to 81 +/- 9 microM.
      Substitutions of other basic residue also increased the IC50, 5-, 11- and 24-fold
      for the Ala-19, Ala-23 and Ala-27 substitutions, respectively. The importance of
      basic residues in determining the potency of the pseudosubstrate peptide reflects
      the requirements for these residues in peptide substrate phosphorylation. The
      residues Gly-24, Leu-26 and Gln-28 were also important for pseudosubstrate
      inhibitor potency. The large difference in the IC50 value for the [A22]PK-C(19
      31) peptide makes it a valuable control in studies employing the pseudosubstrate
      peptide to explore functional roles of PK-C.

PMID- 2400635
TI  - Enhanced adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to anoxic cultured vascular
      endothelium.
AB  - This study showed that the adherence of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)
      to monolayer cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was
      increased when the latter were rendered anoxic. This adhesion was greater after 4
      5 h than after 8 h of anoxia, but even at 8 h was significantly above the level
      of adhesion to HUVEC maintained under normoxic conditions for the same period.
      The changes in adhesion were not dependent on the viability of HUVEC during
      anoxia. Anoxia-induced adhesion was prevented by addition of cycloheximide (5
      micrograms/ml) to the cultures, suggesting that it depended on HUVEC protein
      synthesis. Enhanced adhesion was also prevented by addition of a monoclonal
      antibody directed against the cytokine, interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha). These
      findings are consistent with a role of endogenous IL-1 alpha as a mediator of the
      anoxia-induced adhesion of PMN to HUVEC.

PMID- 2400636
TI  - Metabolism of halazepam by rat liver microsomes: stereoselective formation and N
      dealkylation of 3-hydroxyhalazepam.
AB  - Metabolism of halazepam [7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)
      2H-1,4-benzod iazepin- 2-one, HZ] was studied by incubation with liver microsomes
      prepared from untreated, phenobarbital (PB)-treated, and 3-methylcholanthrene
      (3MC)-treated male Sprague-Dawley rats. Metabolites of HZ were separated by
      normal-phase HPLC. Relative rates of HZ metabolism by liver microsomes prepared
      from untreated and treated rats were PB-treated much greater than untreated
      greater than 3MC-treated at low concentration of microsomal enzymes (0.25 mg
      protein per ml of incubation mixture) and PB-treated much greater than 3MC
      treated approximately untreated at high concentration of microsomal enzymes (2 mg
      protein per ml of incubation mixture). The relative amounts of major metabolites
      were found to be 3-hydroxy-HZ (3-OH-HZ) greater than N-desalkylhalazepam (NDZ,
      also known as N-desmethyldiazepam and nordiazepam) much greater than oxazepam
      (OX) for all three rat liver microsomal preparations and the distribution of
      metabolites was independent of microsomal enzyme concentrations. Enantiomers of 3
      OH-HZ were resolved by HPLC on a Chiralcel OC column (cellulose
      trisphenylcarbamate coated on silica gel, particle size 10 microns). 3-OH-HZ
      enantiomeres have racemization half-lives of approximately 150 min in pH 4, 7.5,
      and 10 aqueous solutions. 3-OH-HZ formed in the metabolism of HZ by liver
      microsomes prepared from untreated and treated rats were found to have 3R/3S
      enantiomer ratios of 37/63 (untreated), 55/45 (PB-treated), and 36/64 (3MC
      treated), respectively. N-dealkylation of 3-OH-HZ by liver microsomes from PB
      treated rats was substrate enantioselective; the 3R-enantiomer was N-dealkylated
      faster than 3S-enantiomer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2400637
TI  - The stereochemical resolution of the enantiomers of aspartame on an immobilized
      alpha-chymotrypsin HPLC chiral stationary phase: the effect of mobile-phase
      composition and enzyme activity.
AB  - The enantioselective and diastereoselective resolutions of the stereoisomers of N
      alpha-aspartyl-phenylalanine 1-methyl ester (APME) have been accomplished on an
      HPLC chiral stationary phase based upon alpha-chymotrypsin (the ACHT-CSP) with
      observed enantioselectivities (alpha 1) for the DL-/LD-enantiomer of as high as
      29.17 and for the DD-/LL-enantiomers of as high as 28.97. In addition, the effect
      on the chromatographic retention of the APME stereoisomers of the activity of the
      ACHT and the composition of the mobile phase--structure of the anionic component,
      molarity, and pH--have been studied. The results of this study suggest that the
      aspartyl moiety and/or the aspartyl-phenylalanine amide linkage play key roles in
      the observed enantioselectivity; the APME stereoisomers containing L
      phenylalanine, i.e., DL- and LL-APME, bind at a different site in the ACHT
      molecule (the L-Phe site) than the APME stereoisomers containing D-phenylalanine
      (the D-Phe site); and the observed enantioselectivity is a measure of the
      difference in the binding affinities at the two sites rather than the consequence
      of differential affinities at a single site.

PMID- 2400638
TI  - Resolution of derivatized acids and amines on JTB-X: a new urea bonded chiral
      stationary phase.
AB  - A new urea-bonded chiral stationary phase has been developed in our laboratory.
      This bonded phase has been shown to resolve N-terminal substituted amino acids
      and the carboxyl derivatized anti-inflammatory drugs. Typical alpha-value for
      dinitrobenzoyl phenylglycine was 1.7. Values for derivatized ibuprofen, naproxen,
      and fenoprofen were 2, 1.84, and 1.6, respectively. Further application of these
      studies to biologically active compounds such as peptides and drugs is in
      progress.

PMID- 2400640
TI  - Metabolic chiral inversion of ibuprofen in isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Ibuprofen was used to demonstrate that isolated rat hepatocytes offer a suitable
      in vitro model to investigate the metabolic chiral inversion of anti-inflammatory
      2-arylpropionic acids (profens). The inversion of the pharmacologically inactive
      (-)-(R)-ibuprofen to the active (+)-(S)-ibuprofen was shown to obey apparent
      first-order kinetics during 5 h and to increase linearly with increasing
      hepatocyte concentration up to 4 x 10(5) cells/ml. No elimination of (R)
      ibuprofen by routes other than inversion was seen, whereas the elimination of (S)
      ibuprofen appeared to be saturable.

PMID- 2400639
TI  - Stereoselective arylpropionyl-CoA thioester formation in vitro.
AB  - The inversion from R- to S-enantiomer that occurs for some arylpropionic acids
      may have both toxicological and therapeutic implications. To characterize some
      properties of this inversion, arylpropionyl-CoA thioester formation was studied
      in rat tissue homogenates and subcellular fractions for the enantiomers of
      fenoprofen, ibuprofen, and flurbiprofen. Thioesters were formed from (R)
      fenoprofen (64%) and (R)-ibuprofen (33%) but not from the corresponding S
      enantiomers or the enantiomers of flurbiprofen. This correlates with the
      extensive inversion of fenoprofen and ibuprofen and lack of inversion of
      flurbiprofen in vivo. Subcellular fractions from rat liver showed thioester
      formation to occur in mitochondria and microsomes but not cytosol. Once formed,
      the thioesters were readily racemized by whole rat liver homogenate,
      mitochondria, and cytosol, but only partially inverted (S:R = 0.3) in microsomes.
      Thioester formation from fenoprofen and ibuprofen was studied in tissue
      homogenate obtained from liver, diaphragm, kidney, lung, skeletal muscle, smooth
      muscle, fat, caecum, and intestines. The liver was at least 50-fold more
      efficient than the other tissues studied and would be expected to be a major
      organ of enantiomeric inversion. Our data support the hypothesis that R- to S
      enantiomeric inversion of arylpropionic acids proceeds via the stereoselective
      formation of CoA thioesters followed by enzymatic racemization and hydrolysis of
      the thioesters to regenerate free acid.

PMID- 2400641
TI  - Eudismic analysis of a series of muscarinic ligands carrying a 1,3-oxathiolane
      nucleus.
AB  - Eudismic analysis was performed on a set of 14 muscarinic ligands carrying a 1,3
      oxathiolane nucleus, in order to obtain information about both the existence of
      receptor subgroups and of agonist and competitive antagonist interaction sites.
      The results obtained were compared with those from a study of the
      enantioselectivity of the pairs of enantiomers. The two approaches do not appear
      to be completely equivalent and would seem to complement each other usefully.

PMID- 2400643
TI  - A simple nutrient-tolerance (NT) test for the characterization of the different
      types of oligocarbotolerant and oligocarbophile water bacteria from non
      carbonated mineral water.
AB  - Comparative determination of the specific growth kinetics in mineral water and
      low and higher concentrated broths at 20 degrees C of 25 selected Gram-negative
      bacteria isolated from natural non-carbonated mineral water yielded three groups:
      (1) facultative oligocarbotolerants--with faster growth in normal broth (In g l
      1: yeast extract 2.5; casein peptone 5.0; glucose 1.0); (2) obligate
      oligocarbotolerants--with equal rates of growth in normal and 1:10 diluted broth;
      and (3) oligocarbophiles--with faster growth in 1:10 diluted broth and in mineral
      water. In addition, three nutrient types, 'eu-, meso- and oligotrophic' could be
      distinguished on the basis of full, weak and no growth in brain-heart infusion
      broth. Further characterization was made between slow and very slow growth types
      in 1:10 diluted broth. All 25 isolates were psychrotrophic with a minimum growth
      temperature below 0 degree C. The optimum and maximum temperatures of growth in
      1:10 diluted broth, as determined in a temperature gradient incubator were
      between 20 and 32, and between 29 and 34 degrees C with an average of 26 and 31
      degrees C, respectively. Based on these results a very simple nutrient-tolerance
      test was proposed. After inoculation of the three media, 1:10 diluted broth,
      normal broth and brain-heart infusion, it is only necessary to check whether or
      when visible turbidity occurs during 2 weeks incubation at 20 degrees C. This
      allows additional characterization of bacteria from natural mineral water, which
      are often difficult to identify, on the basis of growth characteristics in
      various types of nutrient media.

PMID- 2400644
TI  - IUMS-ICFMH & FECS-WPFC 13th international symposium on Toxins in Foodborne
      Disease and Microbiology of Drinking Water. 5-9 October, 1987, Halkidiki, Greece.
      Proceedings.

PMID- 2400642
TI  - Chemical synthesis, absolute configuration, and stereochemistry of formation of
      10-hydroxywarfarin: a major oxidative metabolite of (+)-(R)-warfarin from hepatic
      microsomal preparations.
AB  - The synthesis of a diastereomerically pure 10-hydroxywarfarin [4-hydroxy-3-(2
      hydroxy-3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1 benzopyran-2-one] was accomplished in three
      steps from racemic warfarin. The relative configuration of the synthetic product
      was established by conversion to a cyclic derivative followed by NMR and X-ray
      diffraction analysis. Absolute stereochemistry was determined by enzymatic
      conversion of either of the pure enantiomers of warfarin to a 10-hydroxy
      metabolite of known relative configuration. Metabolic formation of 10
      hydroxywarfarin was studied using hepatic microsomal preparations from female
      rats and man. The formation of 10-hydroxywarfarin catalyzed by hepatic microsomes
      from both dexamethasone-treated rats and man was highly stereoselective [(R)/(S):
      3.4-9.0] for (R)-warfarin. In contrast, little stereoselectivity was observed in
      reactions catalyzed by untreated rat liver microsomes. The resultant
      stereochemistry at the site of oxidation was also found to be highly dependent on
      substrate stereochemistry. (R)-Warfarin gave (9R;10S)-10-hydroxywarfarin with
      only a trace of the (9R;10R) isomer irrespective of which enzyme preparation was
      used for catalysis, while (S)-warfarin gave (9S;10R)-10-hydroxywarfarin with only
      a trace of the (9S;10S) isomer, again irrespective of which enzyme preparation
      was used for catalysis.

PMID- 2400645
TI  - C4 null alleles in childhood onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Is there any
      relationship with renal disease?
AB  - C4 genotyping was performed in 38 unrelated patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE) aged 2-16 years at onset. Null alleles were found in 68% of
      patients. Ten patients had one null allele at the C4A locus and 11 others had one
      null allele at the C4B locus. One patient was homozygous for C4A*Q0, 2 homozygous
      for C4B*Q0 and 1 heterozygous C4A*Q0/B*Q0. The last patient was C4A*Q0B*Q0/B*Q0.
      Three patients, being heterozygous C2 deficient, had thus a combined C2 and C4
      deficiency. A significant increase in C4 null alleles in SLE patients has been
      reported by different authors who have suggested that the C4 null alleles confer
      susceptibility to SLE. However, when considering only the 20 patients of French
      descent, no differences in gene frequencies were found between this group and the
      French population. Disease patterns were compared in patients with or without
      null C4. Renal involvement was more frequent in the C4A*Q0 or C4A*Q0/C4A*Q0
      patients than in the patients without null C4 (9/11 vs 3/12). These data suggest
      that differences between these results and those of others might be due to
      clinical heterogeneity of the disease, as exemplified by the frequency of renal
      involvement in the different groups. In susceptible individuals the absence of
      one C4A gene product may predispose the patient to renal involvement.

PMID- 2400646
TI  - Prognostic significance of certain factors in the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome.
AB  - The prognostic significance of certain factors in the outcome of the haemolytic
      uraemic syndrome (HUS) was evaluated. Seventy-three children with HUS were
      observed; 35 recovered without residual abnormalities, 6 had normal renal
      function with hypertension (HT) and/or urinary abnormalities, 5 had chronic renal
      failure, 1 child required chronic dialysis treatment, 4 children died of end
      stage renal failure, and 22 died of acute renal failure (ARF). To identify the
      risk factors which influence prognosis, a logistic discrimination method was used
      to analyse the clinical and laboratory data. The logistic discrimination method
      established the role of independent factors which were linked together. The
      grouping of the patients in three different categories of favourable and
      unfavourable prognosis yielded conclusions concerning: (1) outcome of ARF
      survivors (2) recovery without sequelae or all other outcomes including death;
      (3) survival or death. The most important unfavourable factors for recovery of
      ARF survivors were HT and to a lesser degree cardiovascular (CV) disturbances;
      for recovery of the entire group, and for survival, the presence of CV
      disturbances was the worst prognostic factor. Among other factors were seasonal
      incidence, central nervous system disturbances, prodromal symptoms and age, which
      varied in their prognostic significance in the various groups.

PMID- 2400648
TI  - Familial glomerulopathy with proximal tubular dysfunction: a new syndrome?
AB  - Two female siblings with nephrotic syndrome and proximal tubular dysfunction are
      described. One, aged 15 months, presented with steroid-resistant nephrotic
      syndrome and was found to have partial Fanconi syndrome and hypothyroidism. At
      the age of 21 months her renal function started deteriorating rapidly and she
      died of septicaemia 5 months later. The second sibling, aged 3 years, had steroid
      resistant nephrotic syndrome with proximal renal tubular acidosis and
      hyperaminoaciduria. The renal biopsies in both showed unusual changes in
      glomerular basement membrane along with IgM and C3 deposition. It is suggested
      that these siblings may be suffering from a hitherto undescribed clinico
      pathological entity.

PMID- 2400647
TI  - Chronic renal magnesium loss, hypocalciuria and mild hypokalaemic metabolic
      alkalosis after cisplatin.
AB  - Renotubular handling of sodium, potassium (K) calcium (Ca), phosphate, hydrogen
      ions and glucose, and urinary concentrating ability were studied in three
      children (aged 8, 8.5, 11 years) with renal magnesium (Mg) loss, persisting for
      more than 2 years after discontinuation of cisplatin treatment for neuroblastoma.
      A group of healthy children served as controls. Besides renal Mg wasting, a clear
      cut tendency towards reduced calciuria associated with normal or slightly
      elevated plasma Ca was observed. Plasma K tended to be low (3.4-3.7 mmol/l), and
      plasma chloride was normal. Plasma bicarbonate (HCO3) ranged from 24.9 to 27.8
      mmol/l, and urinary pH was always less than 6.0, indicating a renal HCO3
      threshold exceeding 24 mmol/l. Plasma creatinine levels, glucosuria and
      phosphaturia, and urinary concentrating capacity were adequate. Comparable
      features were found in three children (aged 4.5, 9, 13 years) with primary
      renotubular hypomagnesaemia-hypokalaemia and hypocalciuria. This study
      complements the picture of chronic cisplatin tubulopathy in childhood
      demonstrating that, apart from Mg wasting, a reduced Ca excretion, and a tendency
      to hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis exist. Thus cisplatin may induce renal
      functional damage identical to that found in primary renotubular hypomagnesaemia-
      hypokalaemia with hypocalciuria.

PMID- 2400649
TI  - Cystic lymphangiectasia of the kidneys in an infant with nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - Cystic lymphangiectasia of kidneys is a very rare abnormality. We report a 2-year
      old boy with this disorder who also had congenital nephrotic syndrome. Unilateral
      nephrectomy abated the problems related to heavy proteinuria.

PMID- 2400650
TI  - Idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy: a case with prolonged survival.
AB  - We describe a patient with idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy and the
      following unusual features of the disease: (1) prolonged survival until age 11
      years, (2) discordance between the extent of vascular calcification and clinical
      manifestations of arterial luminal occlusion, (3) a large area of myocardial
      calcification, (4) symptoms of cerebral-vascular insufficiency, and (5)
      spontaneous resolution of hypertension.

PMID- 2400651
TI  - Continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration in the treatment of tumour lysis
      syndrome.
AB  - The management of tumour lysis syndrome remains problematic despite the rigorous
      use of preventative measures. Continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration (CAVH) is
      well suited to its use in both the prevention and treatment of metabolic
      abnormalities and renal insufficiency associated with tumour lysis. We report the
      successful use of CAVH in the treatment of a patient with tumour lysis syndrome.

PMID- 2400652
TI  - Should women who are known or potential carriers of the Alport gene be accepted
      as kidney donors?

PMID- 2400653
TI  - Children with chronic renal failure in Sweden 1978-1985.
AB  - A survey of chronic renal failure (CRF) in Swedish children was carried out for
      the period 1978-1985, using age-related cut-off levels for creatinine
      concentrations corresponding approximately to a glomerular filtration rate of 30
      ml/min per 1.73 m2. The mean annual incidence of CRF was 6.9 and of terminal
      renal failure (TRF) 4.4/million children. The prevalence increased during the
      study period, for preterminal renal failure from 14.1 (1978) to 26.1 (1985) and
      for TRF from 12.4 to 16/million children. The main groups of primary renal
      disease were malformations (42%), hereditary disorders (27%), and glomerular
      diseases (14%), while pyelonephritis with vesico-ureteral reflux only made up 5%.

PMID- 2400654
TI  - Manifestations of renal allograft rejection in small children receiving adult
      kidneys.
AB  - We were concerned that clinical manifestations of rejection (R) might be subtle
      in small children transplanted with adult kidneys. We retrospectively analyzed
      the first rejection episode (biopsy proven) in 22 children (R group) under age 4
      years [mean age, 23.7 +/- 2.2 months (+/- SEM); mean weight, 9.4 +/- 0.4 kg]
      receiving an adult-related donor kidney. We matched these patients for age, date
      of transplant, donor source and immunosuppression with 36 children without R
      (control or C group). We compared both groups at similar intervals from
      transplantation, based on the time of R (5.38 +/- 1.2 months) in the R group and
      analyzed the immediate 8-week period prior to R and the corresponding interval in
      the C group. Hypertension occurred in 82% (18/22) of the R versus 8% (3/36) of
      the C group (P less than 0.01). Fever longer than 7 days occurred in 45% (10/22)
      of the R versus 0% (0/36) of the C group (P less than 0.01). Increased creatinine
      occurred in only 45% (10/22) of the R versus 3% (1/30) of the C group (P less
      than 0.01). Cyclosporine did not influence these manifestations of R. The
      clinical manifestations did not predict the R grades on biopsy, which were
      moderate to severe in 13 and mild in 9 of the R patients. Graft survival was
      higher at 3 years in the C (95%) than in the R patients (65%), (P less than
      0.004). Thus, clinical manifestations of acute R can be subtle in small children
      with adult renal allografts. Renal biopsy should not be delayed until the
      creatinine is elevated in these patients.

PMID- 2400656
TI  - Decreasing incidence of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in Spanish
      children. Study Group of the Spanish Society of Nephrology.
AB  - Thirteen paediatric nephrology units contributed to a retrospective review of
      1447 kidney biopsies which were performed on children under 15 years of age from
      1972 to 1986 and were examined by immunofluorescence and light microscopy. The
      histological studies were grouped into three 5-year periods: (1) 1972-1976 (248
      biopsies), (2) 1977-1981 (607 biopsies), and (3) 1982-1986 (592 biopsies). The
      incidence of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) was significantly
      lower during periods 2 (6.6%) and 3 (5.4%) than in period 1 (10.9%, P less than
      0.05 and less than 0.01 respectively). The reasons for the significant decrease
      in the incidence of MPGN in Spanish children cannot be determined, but the
      observation agrees with those from French, Italian and Spanish studies involving
      adult patients.

PMID- 2400655
TI  - Early diagnosis of Bardet-Biedl syndrome.
AB  - A 3-year-old boy presented with decreased renal function, hypertension, obesity
      and developmental delay. Evaluation of his kidneys revealed blunting of the
      calyces and multiple renal cortical cysts. Ophthalmologic evaluation showed no
      abnormalities on examination but electroretinography showed reduced retinal
      function suggesting a diffuse retinal disorder. Based on the clinical
      presentation with the associated abnormalities, the diagnosis of Bardet-Biedl
      syndrome, a form of the Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome was made. This syndrome
      should be considered and specific diagnostic efforts should be made in pediatric
      patients who present with renal failure and obesity.

PMID- 2400657
TI  - Proteinuria plus positive hepatitis B surface antigen test.

PMID- 2400658
TI  - Asymptomatic hematuria.

PMID- 2400659
TI  - Feeding difficulties in end-stage renal failure.

PMID- 2400660
TI  - Recurrence of nephrotic syndrome in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis after
      transplantation.

PMID- 2400662
TI  - Acute hypotension during continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration.

PMID- 2400661
TI  - Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmatic antibodies in drug-induced Wegener-like disease.

PMID- 2400663
TI  - Clinical quiz. Severe intravascular haemolysis plus haemangiomatous polyp in the
      colon in a G-6-PD deficient subject.

PMID- 2400664
TI  - Culture: the impact on health care.
AB  - Cultural and ethnic issues are not examined in traditional health care
      professional education. Our experience in providing care for terminally ill
      cancer patients in their homes in a multicultural metropolitan area has
      demonstrated repeatedly the importance of these issues. They can help us to
      understand how illness is perceived, who provides care, how it is provided, and
      how health care professionals are accepted. In order to sensitize health
      professionals to important health/cultural values, a multicultural resource
      center in our city invites lecturers to speak on health related issues, ranging
      from nutritional attitudes to religious taboos. Workshops geared toward specific
      disciplines are available at another resource center. Inservice education on
      palliative care, offered one hour a week, is one method of highlighting cultural
      issues for the staff. General nursing rounds, presented once a month for the
      hospital, is another, as is the hospital nursing journal, which has a column for
      multicultural contributions. A complete cultural assessment is anthropologically
      oriented, but a shortened version, dealing with the family hierarchy of power, a
      cultural/medical assessment, and an awareness of general behavioural differences
      can help bridge the cultural gap. This paper will present a practical model of
      cultural assessment that can be used by health professionals. It will suggest
      simple interventions that can be incorporated in a health care plan.

PMID- 2400665
TI  - The role of the American Association for Cancer Education in pediatric oncology:
      results of a survey.
AB  - We designed a questionnaire to elucidate the reasons for decreased participation
      in activities of the American Association for Cancer Education (AACE) by 34
      members who listed pediatric oncology as their primary or secondary medical
      interest. Nineteen members from 16 institutions, 14 of them university hospitals,
      returned the form. These institutions treated an average of 89 new childhood
      cancer patients per year and educated an average of 89 trainees per year in
      aspects of pediatric oncology. All respondents believed that the AACE should meet
      in tandem with another national convocation, and most thought that the AACE
      meeting was reasonably priced but expensive of time. Many indicated that they
      would participate more actively in the AACE if they, or their institution, had an
      active R25 Cancer Education Grant from the National Cancer Institute. The
      majority believed that the AACE should be more active in educational efforts
      about childhood cancer (71%), should conduct a manpower survey to ascertain the
      need for training fellows in pediatric oncology (77%), and should prepare
      educational materials on childhood cancer (65%). However, less than one-half
      (41%) believed that the AACE has a readily identified role in pediatric oncology
      education. Greater communication between the AACE and the pediatric oncology
      community is needed, especially in coordinating and evaluating pediatric oncology
      education in the United States.

PMID- 2400666
TI  - Use of a camp setting to provide medical information to siblings of pediatric
      cancer patients.
AB  - It has been reported that siblings of children with cancer often lack information
      and understanding about their brother's or sister's disease and treatment. The
      purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to describe a camping program for siblings,
      which was designed, in part, to provide these children with age-appropriate
      medical information; and (2) to report the results of a study which examined how
      this intervention influenced siblings' knowledge and understanding of their
      brother's or sister's disease. Ninety siblings between the ages of 6 and 17 who
      completed a pre/post camp medical information questionnaire participated in this
      investigation. The results revealed that younger (6- to 11-year-old) siblings
      attending camp for at least the second time and older (12- to 17-year-old)
      siblings attending camp for the first time experienced significant (p less than
      .05) improvement in their overall knowledge and understanding of their brother's
      or sister's cancer. The results also revealed positive changes in the desired
      direction with respect to siblings' fear or their friends' fear about catching
      their brother's or sister's cancer. The results of this study provide a
      conceptual model for other pediatric cancer facilities engaged in developing
      intervention programs for siblings.

PMID- 2400667
TI  - Expectations of preschool children to protect themselves from cigarette smoke:
      results of a smoking prevention program for preschool children.
AB  - Because preschoolers and first graders show signs of readiness to try smoking and
      because they are already learning about smoking through their environment,
      smoking prevention at the preschool level is appropriate. The large numbers of
      children seen in primary care practices and day care facilities are indicative of
      the numbers that could be exposed to smoking prevention instruction through these
      settings. This study assessed the future expectations of children to protect
      themselves from sidestream smoke after participating in a preschool smoking
      prevention program offered in four primary care settings. Through this program,
      children and their parents read stories and complete activities concerning the
      human body and the health risks of smoking. Using a randomized posttest-only case
      control design, the authors found that children who were exposed to the
      curriculum were more than twice as likely as others to report the intention to
      act to protect themselves from adult sidestream smoke.

PMID- 2400668
TI  - Methods for increasing active medical student participation in their own
      learning: experience with a single 30-hour course for 111 preclinical students.
AB  - The traditional method of instruction for preclinical medical students is
      lecture, where the role of the student is passive. The practice of clinical
      medicine is a problem-solving endeavor. It requires the accumulation of
      information from diverse sources, its analysis, synthesis, and application, as
      well as the ability to work together with other health professionals to
      communicate critical information to patients. We have, therefore, adopted these
      activities in the teaching of a neoplastic diseases course. Every student is
      assigned to a four-member student team which has to organize and present to the
      entire class a succinct 10- to 15-minute minilecture on an assigned topic, along
      with a one-page typewritten synopsis. A second assignment for every student is to
      prepare a five-minute presentation on a specific question for discussion by a
      small group. Clinical correlation sessions involving analysis of patient problems
      provide a third teaching method. The course examination is short essay; half of
      the questions are given in advance. On postcourse evaluations, students have
      ranked the clinical correlation sessions as most effective, and the discussion
      groups as least effective. The entire-class presentations were information dense
      and accurate, but often unclear as to major points and too long, eliciting harsh
      criticism from colleagues. Students expressed unfounded concern that such
      presentations missed critical material, and some students felt overly stressed by
      this assignment, while others felt deprived of being taught by "experts." The
      lack of uniform answers by discussion group leaders was listed as the major
      problem with the small group method. The essay examination received high ratings.

PMID- 2400669
TI  - Evaluation of an oncology curriculum.
AB  - This report describes and presents an evaluation of the undergraduate component
      of the Cancer Education Program at The Bowman Gray School of Medicine. New
      learning objectives on cancer were introduced into the second and third year of
      the Medical School curriculum. A twenty-five question multiple choice examination
      measured the accomplishment of the new objectives. Students in the class of 1985,
      who did not receive instruction on the new objectives as part of their formal
      medical education, served as a control. Students in the classes of 1986 and 1987,
      who respectively received partial and full exposure to the new objectives, served
      as experimental groups. Despite limitations in the evaluation procedure, data
      obtained from the study suggested the possibility of a small but meaningful
      increase in overall knowledge and specific gains in both students' knowledge and
      their perceptions of being better prepared to deal with psychosocial aspects of
      cancer.

PMID- 2400670
TI  - Effects of an oncology elective on first-year medical students' knowledge and
      attitudes about cancer.
AB  - This study examined cognitive knowledge and attitudes about cancer for three
      consecutive classes of first-year medical students who were enrolled in an
      elective oncology course. Analyses of the data indicated that knowledge about
      oncologic anatomy and cancer spread patterns increased and attitudes about
      various aspects of cancer tended to be positive; however, the two parameters were
      not correlated. Our observations and findings led us to believe that although we
      did not attempt to "teach" attitudes, factors in addition to cognitive skills
      could be associated with students' attitudes about cancer. Exposure to cancer
      patients in an appropriate setting may be as important as instruction. These
      findings are discussed and placed within the context of the literature. Further
      research is suggested to compare this group to students who may have similar
      exposure to cancer patients, but no didactic presentations.

PMID- 2400671
TI  - Motivational factors for participation in breast cancer screening.
AB  - To evaluate motivational factors for participation in a breast cancer screening
      program and concurrently to examine beliefs regarding carcinoma of the breast
      held by those participants, we interviewed 135 consecutive women who took part in
      an American Cancer Society-sponsored breast screening project in an affluent
      suburb of Philadelphia. Ages were equally distributed between 30 and 69.
      Interestingly, cost was the greatest priority for patients, regardless of income.
      Even 50% of those patients reporting incomes in excess of $100,000 were concerned
      about cost. Additional motivating factors included reassurance if normal, media
      advertising, physician referral, and family history of breast cancer. Concerns
      about actually having breast cancer was least important. Additional questions
      indicated a number of fallacies regarding breast cancer, including relationships
      to smoking, caffeine, and trauma. We conclude that even in affluent, upper-middle
      class populations, problems with education regarding breast cancer exist, and
      cost remains a primary deterrent to screening. Efforts must be increased to lower
      the cost of mammography and, at the same time, to improve patient education,
      perhaps through the appropriate use of the media.

PMID- 2400672
TI  - Readability of the public education literature on cancer prevention and
      detection.
AB  - This paper presents an analysis of the readability level of the educational
      literature on cancer prevention and early detection. Cancer education brochures
      and pamphlets were obtained from the American Cancer Society, the National Cancer
      Institute, private companies, public nonprofit agencies, and state health
      departments. A total of 183 brochures and pamphlets were examined and reading
      level (SMOG) scores were computed for 159 of them. The average reading level of
      the printed cancer education materials was found to be between 10th and 11th
      grade, with little overall variation by publishing agency, topic, cancer site,
      focus, or target population. In general, the results suggest that much of the
      cancer education literature may be of limited value in providing information to
      the low-income, low-education population.

PMID- 2400673
TI  - Cancer survivors' needs reported by survivors and their families.
AB  - The Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF), Cleveland Clinic Cancer Center, Oncology
      Nursing Task Force, and the Cuyahoga County Unit of the American Cancer Society
      cosponsored "EXPO '88: Recovering from Cancer" on the first National Cancer
      Survivors' Day. The day featured educational workshops, a fashion show, and a
      celebration of cancer survivorship. The needs of cancer survivors were evaluated
      by means of a self-administered survey of cancer survivors attending the EXPO.
      The cross-section of survivors represented by 71 respondents expressed interest
      in prevention/detection programs, psychosocial issues such as family and
      physician communications, economic issues, and peer support groups. A majority of
      our respondents (51%) had been diagnosed less than three years earlier as having
      cancer, but 73% had completed active treatment. Prevention/Detection was the
      number one interest topic reported by respondents. They were almost universally
      supportive (97%) of peer group sessions to address survivor issues. The formation
      of the Northeast Ohio Cancer Survivors' Group, which meets monthly, is a direct
      result of the positive response to the survey by cancer survivors. This report
      suggests for cancer educators the interest of cancer survivors in a peer support
      group and the information and counseling needs that could be addressed in this
      setting.

PMID- 2400674
TI  - Photo-oxidative skin damage and antioxidants.

PMID- 2400675
TI  - A further characterization of acridine-photosensitized inhibition of mast cell
      degranulation.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to further characterize acridine-photosensitized
      inhibition of mast cell degranulation. Acridine plus UVA radiation (320-400 nm)
      inhibited degranulation in response to antigen in IgE-sensitized rat serosal mast
      cells and in response to concanavalin A, which acts by a mechanism similar to
      antigen-IgE challenge. Removing oxygen from the incubation medium prevented the
      acridine-photosensitized inhibition of mast cell degranulation in response to
      48/80. Acridine plus UVA radiation did not decrease mast cell ATP content, thus
      excluding inhibition of ATP production as a mechanism for photosensitized
      inhibition of mast cell degranulation. Although the viability of mast cells, as
      determined by uptake of trypan blue, was not affected 3 h after treatment with
      acridine plus UVA radiation, viability decreased by 6 h, and by 22 h 44% of the
      cells were nonviable. These results indicate that degranulation of mast cells by
      a variety of agents is inhibited by UVA plus acridine treatment, and that
      photosensitization requires oxygen and occurs before cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2400677
TI  - Ultraviolet B-induced tumors in pigmented hairless mice, with an unsuccessful
      attempt to induce cutaneous melanoma.
AB  - An animal experiment is presented in which pigmented hairless mice were exposed
      once per fortnight to high doses of ultraviolet B (UVB) to study tumorigenesis.
      The aim of the study was to confirm a causal relationship between cutaneous
      melanoma and UV radiation, and to find an animal model to study it. The
      experiment was based on the hypothesis that the risk of developing a melanoma is
      increased by a history of severe sunburns. Pigmented hairless mice, Skh-hr2, were
      exposed once every fortnight to high doses of UVB radiation from fluorescent
      sunlamps, Westinghouse FS40 T12. Heavy actinic damage was observed for several
      days after each exposure. Seventeen of the 24 animals eventually developed
      tumors. Histopathologically, 80% of the tumors were squamous cell carcinomas.
      Depositions of melanophages were observed, but no melanomas. In this mouse
      experiment no causal relationship between cutaneous melanomas and UV radiation
      could be established.

PMID- 2400676
TI  - Protective effect of topically applied conjugated hexadienes against ultraviolet
      radiation-induced chronic skin damage in the hairless mouse.
AB  - Albino hairless mice (SkH:HR-1) exposed chronically to suberythemal doses of
      ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation display visible skin wrinkling and tumors. Topical
      treatment of mice with solutions of conjugated dienes (2,4-hexadien-1-ol and
      derivatives of it) prior to each UVB radiation exposure reduces significantly the
      severity of these visible alterations. Chronic suberythemal doses of ultraviolet
      A radiation induce skin sagging, a distinctly different visible skin alteration.
      The severity of skin sagging is not reduced by topical application of the
      conjugated dienes tested here.

PMID- 2400678
TI  - Ultraviolet exposure to children from sunlight: a study using personal dosimetry.
AB  - Childhood exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight may be an important
      risk factor for later development of skin diseases. We quantified the UVB radiant
      exposure on the wrist and face of children performing mixed outdoor activities at
      a summer camp. Polysulfone film badges were attached directly to the skin for
      several hours and simultaneously were used to measure ambient UVB levels. The
      results for the ratio of site-specific exposure to ambient exposure indicate a
      high degree of intersubject variability, a parity of samples taken in right and
      left positions, and a significantly higher exposure on the wrist compared with
      the face. The technique was well accepted by the subjects but some badges could
      not be read because of loss or damage. Measurement of exposure ratios in
      additional settings as well as data on childhood activity patterns are needed for
      an overall assessment of childhood exposure.

PMID- 2400679
TI  - Griseofulvin-induced protoporphyria revisited.
AB  - In nude mice grieofulvin given by intraperitoneal injections produces a severe
      porphyric state within 1 week. Compared with peroral administration of
      griseofulvin to produce experimental porphyria, this model is much more efficient
      and can be more easily controlled.

PMID- 2400680
TI  - Rosette formation of lymphocytes in relation to blood levels after systemic
      administration of 8-methoxypsoralen.

PMID- 2400681
TI  - Effects of monochromatic ultraviolet irradiation (300-400 nm) on viability of
      human white blood cells.

PMID- 2400682
TI  - Ultraviolet irradiation and the skin antioxidant system.

PMID- 2400683
TI  - [The right to life and the right to die in neonatology].

PMID- 2400684
TI  - [Pediatric nurse and family--possibilities and limitations of part-time work].

PMID- 2400685
TI  - [Thyroid diseases in childhood. Continuing education meeting of the Work Group
      Iodine Deficiency on 17 September 1989 in Ulm].

PMID- 2400687
TI  - [How good is the reputation of German hospitals? Intramural care from the
      patients' viewpoint].

PMID- 2400686
TI  - [Congenital atresia and stenosis of the gastrointestinal tract (except
      malformations of the esophagus)].

PMID- 2400688
TI  - [Orthoptists: information about the profession of orthoptist and strabismus in
      young children].

PMID- 2400689
TI  - [Pediatric intensive medicine from the viewpoint of the intensive care nurse].

PMID- 2400690
TI  - [Ethical aspects in neonatal intensive care medicine].

PMID- 2400691
TI  - [The dying child in the intensive care unit under aspects of pastoral care].

PMID- 2400692
TI  - [Nutrition in infancy and early childhood from the viewpoint of the dietary
      assistant. 1. Gluten-induced enteropathy (celiac disease, sprue), mucoviscidosis
      (cystic fibrosis)].

PMID- 2400693
TI  - [Medical and social law. Allowance of social assistance provisions].

PMID- 2400694
TI  - [Menstruation care].

PMID- 2400695
TI  - [Child and society. Islam and life style of muslims].

PMID- 2400696
TI  - [Creative play therapy and creative schools in the pediatric hospital].

PMID- 2400697
TI  - [Visible sequelae of violence against children. 1].

PMID- 2400698
TI  - [Diseases of the hematological cell systems. 1. Diseases of the red blood cells].

PMID- 2400699
TI  - [APGAR--adieu?].

PMID- 2400700
TI  - [The educational status in pediatric nursing].

PMID- 2400701
TI  - [Nursing categories--Worms model].

PMID- 2400702
TI  - [Play--a pedagogic necessity for children].

PMID- 2400703
TI  - [Medical and social law. Guidelines for gene therapy in humans].

PMID- 2400704
TI  - [Parents in the pediatric hospital].

PMID- 2400705
TI  - [Legislation on the profession of orthoptist].

PMID- 2400706
TI  - [Professional image and past accomplishments].

PMID- 2400707
TI  - [Part-time work by pediatric nurses].

PMID- 2400708
TI  - [Immunization date in Bacolod].

PMID- 2400709
TI  - [Exanthematous childhood diseases. 2].

PMID- 2400710
TI  - [Slow virus diseases--apropos the danger by infectious bovine encephalopathy
      (BSE)].

PMID- 2400711
TI  - [Men in pediatric nursing].

PMID- 2400712
TI  - [Menstruation and menstruation experience of young girls].

PMID- 2400713
TI  - [Infant nutrition--good advice for young parents].

PMID- 2400714
TI  - [Guidelines on pediatric nursing within the European Community].

PMID- 2400715
TI  - [Contact visit in Leipzig].

PMID- 2400716
TI  - [Medical and social law. Protection of embryos. Manipulation on human embryos
      should be legally prohibited].

PMID- 2400717
TI  - [Control of infant nurseries. Challenge by the "initiative Group Nursery Care" to
      the pediatricians in the DRG].

PMID- 2400718
TI  - [Care of shock patients--as exemplified by fetal hydrops due to severe fetal
      erythroblastosis].

PMID- 2400719
TI  - Abnormal expression of hemidesmosome-like structures by junctional epidermolysis
      bullosa keratinocytes in vitro.
AB  - Hemidesmosomes are frequently rudimentary in junctional epidermolysis bullosa
      (JEB), and JEB keratinocytes display abnormal attachment to the substrate in
      culture. Our aim was to determine whether this abnormality reflects defective
      hemidesmosome synthesis in vitro. Keratinocytes from five JEB patients were
      cultured under standard conditions. Control cultures, from four healthy males,
      three patients with dystrophic EB (DEB), and one patient with the simplex variant
      (EBS), were also examined. Post-confluent cultures were processed for
      transmission electron microscopy. Hemidesmosome-like structures were counted in
      electron micrograph montages. The number of hemidesmosome-like structures in JEB
      cultures (0.97 +/- 0.57, per 10 microns of basal cell membrane) was approximately
      17% of the value for normal controls (5.81 +/- 3.08, P less than 0.02). The
      values for EBS (3.72) and DEB (3.28 +/- 1.44) were not statistically different
      from normal controls. In addition hemidesmosome-like structures in JEB cultures
      were morphologically ill-defined, compared with those from controls. This
      correlated with the loose apposition between JEB keratinocytes and the substrate,
      which appeared tight in controls. JEB keratinocytes continue to express in vitro
      a major phenotypic abnormality which characterizes the disease in vivo.
      Therefore, this model should prove useful in studies determining the pathogenesis
      and possible new treatments of JEB.

PMID- 2400720
TI  - Integrins of normal human epidermis: differential expression, synthesis and
      molecular structure.
AB  - The expression of integrin cell surface receptors in normal skin and their
      synthesis and molecular structure in keratinocyte cultures was investigated. The
      reactivity of four different polypeptides of the integrin family (alpha 2-, alpha
      3-, alpha 6- and beta 1-chains) was demonstrated in the basal cell layer of
      normal epidermis. Studies of labelled keratinocyte cell lines showed that the
      polypeptides were expressed as alpha 2 beta 1, alpha 3 beta 1 and alpha 6 beta 4
      integrins. Only the alpha 6 beta 4 integrin showed polarization towards the
      basement membrane attachment site of basal layer keratinocytes, and was
      preferentially expressed at microvillous projections. In contrast, alpha 2 beta 1
      and alpha 3 beta 1 integrins were equally expressed throughout the basal cell
      plasma membrane.

PMID- 2400721
TI  - Biochemical and trichological characterization of diffuse alopecia in women.
AB  - One hundred women who presented with diffuse alopecia, were quantitatively
      evaluated for hair variables and compared with 20 controls. Fifty were selected
      for biochemical and haematological investigations, 44 of whom also underwent
      endocrine evaluation. Compared to controls, significant changes in hair values
      were found in the frontal area of all subjects, while 84% had significant changes
      in the occipital area. A biphasic distribution of hair diameter was evident in
      subjects who had percentages of vellus hair and telogen hair less than or equal
      to 30 mm in length that were above the control ranges. No significant difference
      between the mean hormonal values of women with diffuse alopecia and controls
      could be found. No correlation between hair values and individual or combined
      hormonal levels could be established. In 18 subjects (40.9%) hormonal values were
      within the control ranges and these apparently normal findings were often
      associated with adverse hair profiles. A raised dihydrotestosterone was found in
      13 subjects (29.5%) and was the most frequently elevated androgenic finding.
      Seventeen (34.0%) had changes in iron metabolism, while in 36 (72.0%) serum
      ferritin levels were below the lowest control value. All had a decrease in the
      percentage of hair in the anagen growth phase compared to controls. The hair
      changes were similar to those observed in genetic hair loss in men, a proven
      androgen-dependent condition. We propose that diffuse androgen-dependent alopecia
      is the appropriate name to describe this condition in these women.

PMID- 2400722
TI  - Susceptibility to irritants: role of barrier function, skin dryness and history
      of atopic dermatitis.
AB  - The susceptibility of the skin to various irritants was investigated with the aim
      of determining the role of the barrier function of the stratum corneum, skin
      dryness and whether a history of atopic dermatitis (AD) was a factor. The
      transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured using an evaporimeter and skin
      hydration using a Corneometer and by visual scoring. The group with a history of
      AD (n = 20) had a lower pre-exposure barrier function and a higher TEWL value
      following irritant exposure than the group with a history of allergic contact
      dermatitis (n = 18) and a control group (n = 18). Clinically dry skin was more
      susceptible than normal skin, though no difference was noted in the pre-exposure
      barrier function. The increased susceptibility to irritants in those with a past
      history of AD was probably due to impaired barrier function and/or the presence
      of a dry skin.

PMID- 2400723
TI  - Time-dependent inhibition of growth of human keratinocytes and fibroblasts by
      cyclosporin A: effect on keratinocytes at therapeutic blood levels.
AB  - The effect of cyclosporin A (CyA) on the growth of cultured normal human
      keratinocytes and fibroblasts was studied. Tritiated thymidine incorporation per
      DNA content was used for short-term studies (1-2 days) and cell counting for
      longer term studies (up to 14 days). CyA caused a dose- and time-dependent
      inhibition of growth of both cell types. Keratinocytes (serum free, 70 microM
      Ca2+) were more sensitive to CyA than fibroblasts (10% serum). For keratinocytes,
      at 2 days growth was 61% and 6% of controls with 3 and 10 micrograms/ml CyA,
      respectively, at 4 days growth was 51% with 1 microgram/ml with complete
      inhibition at 10 micrograms/ml, and at 11 days growth was 58 and 39% with 0.1 and
      1 micrograms/ml. For fibroblasts, at 4 days growth was 72 and 58% of controls
      with 10 and 30 micrograms/ml CyA, respectively, at 10 days growth was 76, 43 and
      10% with 3, 10 and 30 micrograms/ml, and at 14 days growth was 41 and 11% with 3
      and 10 micrograms/ml with complete inhibition with 30 micrograms/ml. For
      keratinocytes the effect of 24 h of CyA on growth was reversible. Growth of
      keratinocytes was inhibited by 10% delipidized serum, and 1% serum had a small
      stimulatory effect, but the action of CyA was unaltered. We conclude that
      increasing the duration of exposure to CyA increases the concentration-dependent
      growth inhibition. At therapeutic blood levels of CyA the growth of cultured
      keratinocytes but not fibroblasts is inhibited. The benefit of CyA in reducing
      the hyperproliferation of psoriasis may include a direct effect on keratinocytes.

PMID- 2400724
TI  - Female predominance of immune response to SSA/Ro antigens and risk of neonatal
      lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Eight-hundred and twenty-five patients attending the hospital with clinical signs
      and symptoms of collagen diseases were tested for anti-SSA/Ro antibody. The
      frequency of positivity to SSA/Ro was significantly higher in females, 11.0%,
      than in males, 3.2% (P less than 0.01). Five babies born to anti-SSA/Ro positive
      mothers all had neonatal lupus erythematosus and in one there were various
      cardiac abnormalities.

PMID- 2400726
TI  - Discoid lupus erythematosus associated with hereditary angioneurotic oedema.
AB  - A female patient developed discoid lupus erythematosus 6 years after the onset of
      hereditary angioneurotic oedema. Treatment with danazol for 18 months cleared
      both conditions and was well tolerated.

PMID- 2400725
TI  - Cutaneous malignant melanomas occurring under cyclosporin A therapy: a report of
      two cases.
AB  - Two patients are reported with cutaneous malignant melanoma who had been on
      treatment with cyclosporin A. The first case was a 44-year-old man with systemic
      sclerosis and the second a 52-year-old woman who had a renal transplant. In both
      cases cyclosporin A was administered with a low dose of prednisone.

PMID- 2400727
TI  - Benign cephalic histiocytosis: a case report.
AB  - The case is reported of a child who presented with brownish macules and papules
      on the face and in whom biopsies confirmed a diagnosis of benign cephalic
      histiocytosis. The clinical and histological features of our case are typical for
      this rare self-healing non-Langerhans cell histiocytic disorder.

PMID- 2400728
TI  - Disseminated porokeratosis in an infant with craniosynostosis.
AB  - An infant with craniosynostosis and other congenital defects developed a
      progressive skin rash from the age of 1 month. Histological examination revealed
      dyskeratosis and a cornoid lamella suggestive of porokeratosis. This patient is
      remarkable for the early onset and severity of the skin disease.

PMID- 2400730
TI  - Fluconazole levels in human epidermis and blister fluid.

PMID- 2400729
TI  - PUVA therapy of chronic actinic dermatitis: a 5-year follow-up.

PMID- 2400731
TI  - Is 'venous stasis' outmoded?

PMID- 2400732
TI  - Cutaneous reactions database closure.

PMID- 2400733
TI  - A comparison of pathological changes in the mouse lung after dosing with the 3
      substituted furans, myomontanone and 3-(N-ethylcarbamoyloxymethyl)furan.
AB  - Cellular changes occurring in mouse lung following the administration of
      myomontanone (MM) were compared with those due to another 3-substituted furan
      compound, 3-(N-ethylcarbamoyloxymethyl)furan (ECMF). The i.p. administration of
      lethal doses of these furans resulted in two different forms of lung injury. ECMF
      was particularly oedemagenic; it resulted in early damage to endothelial cells
      lining the alveolar capillaries and it also damaged the Clara cells of the
      terminal bronchioli. Myomontanone was much less oedemagenic and, initially,
      resulted in minimal cell damage. These minor changes were, however, followed by a
      delayed but acute injury to the type I pneumocytes, which progressed to elicit
      the proliferation of type II cells. These two forms of injury probably reflect
      significant differences in the mechanism of toxicity of the two compounds. The
      changes following dosing with ECMF resemble those reported after the
      administration of many other furans, e.g. 4-ipomeanol. The selective injury to
      type I pneumocytes, observed after MM, has been reported after the administration
      of many, apparently unrelated, compounds. The late development of MM-induced
      injury, long after the compound has presumably been cleared from the circulation,
      may result from the release of reactive metabolites which had previously been
      bound, reversibly, to cellular macromolecules.

PMID- 2400734
TI  - Mast cells in early stages of antigen-induced arthritis in rat knee joints.
AB  - The occurrence of mast cells has been investigated in inflamed and control knee
      joints of rats suffering from antigen-induced arthritis, an animal model of
      rheumatoid arthritis in man. Rats were immunized with methylated bovine serum
      albumin (mBSA) followed by an intra-articular injection of mBSA (arthritis, right
      joints) or saline (control, left joints). Rats developed severe acute synovitis
      associated with cartilage erosion in the arthritic joints, whereas control joints
      did not show any noticeable changes. Mast cells were counted in synovial and
      adjacent tissues in cryostat sections of whole knee joints stained with Toluidine
      Blue O. The area of the synovium of each knee joint was determined using survey
      photomicrographs and a morphometer. Both total numbers of mast cells and
      frequency of mast cells in inflamed synovia were decreased after 1 day after
      induction of arthritis. The frequency of mast cells remained decreased up to 14
      days after induction of arthritis. Morphological indications for degranulation of
      mast cells were never found in inflamed joints. It is concluded, therefore, that
      mast cells do not play a significant role in the inflammatory process during the
      early phase of arthritis.

PMID- 2400735
TI  - Effect of hyperthermia and thermochemotherapy on primary and metastatic tumour
      cells of AKR lymphoma.
AB  - The cure of metastatic disease constitutes a serious problem. Recent findings
      showed cell membrane differences between slightly and highly metastasizing tumour
      cells, suggesting that since this cell organelle determines the metastatic
      phenotype, it might serve as a target for future drugs programmed against
      advanced cancer. The cell membrane has also been shown to be involved in the
      evolution of drug resistance which often accompanies tumour progression. In the
      present study, the effect of hyperthermia--an antitumoral treatment modality
      partly exerting its effect on the cell membrane--on primary and metastatic AKR
      lymphoma cells was compared. The effect of hyperthermia in conjunction with
      adriamycin (ADR) on the two cell types was also tested. Hyperthermic treatment,
      alone and in combination with ADR, was more effective in reducing the
      tumorigenicity of cells derived from metastatic tumours than of the primary
      tumour cells. Fluorescent microscopy and cytofluorometry showed that the
      increased effect of ADR by hyperthermia was due to an increased drug uptake at
      the supranormal temperature.

PMID- 2400736
TI  - The effect of passage number on the stimulation by hypoxia of growth and
      sprouting activity in cultured aortic endothelium from the rat.
AB  - Primary cultures of endothelium from aortas of rats were harvested at different
      times to obtain a series of cell lines which had been through a varying number of
      passages ranging from 3 to 30. These were plated into tissue culture flasks half
      of which were gassed with 5% CO2 and air to act as controls. The other half were
      grown in a hypoxic environment employing a gas mixture containing 5.3% O2 and 6%
      CO2. Cells in their 36th passage were also used to derive growth curves of
      hypoxic and control cells. The degree of endothelial sprouting of all cultures
      after 9 days growth was assessed by point counting. At all passage numbers
      sprouting was more extensive in hypoxic than control cultures but this difference
      was most significant in early passages. The degree of sprouting stimulated by
      hypoxia remained constant for passages 3-5 whereas the sprouting activity of
      equivalent control cultures declined steadily. In late passages the degree of
      spontaneous sprouting fell sharply to a constant low level, as did that in
      hypoxic cultures, but not to such a low value. Hypoxia did not induce any marked
      increase in growth of endothelium in its 36th passage, unlike its previously
      reported effect on early passages. It is concluded that the stimulatory influence
      of hypoxia on the growth and sprouting activity of cultured endothelium falls
      with repeated passage and this decline is probably dependent upon the number of
      population doublings through which the cells have passed.

PMID- 2400738
TI  - The effect of parenteral iron administration on the development of Staphylococcus
      aureus-induced experimental pyelonephritis in rats.
AB  - The first of the three groups of rats was taken as a control and the other two
      groups were injected with high (15 mg/kg) and low (5 mg/kg) doses of ferric
      ammonium citrate given intramuscularly twice daily for 5 days. Pyelonephritis was
      produced in all groups by intravenous inoculation with Staphylococcus aureus.
      Serum and urine of each rat was collected periodically and their iron content was
      determined. The severity of pyelonephritis was evaluated by determination of
      bacterial growth and pathological lesions in kidneys after 10 days of bacterial
      inoculation. The results showed that parenteral iron administration markedly
      aggravated pyelonephritis development in rats. But there was no significant
      difference in the severity of pyelonephritis between rats treated with high or
      low iron doses.

PMID- 2400737
TI  - Potentiation of azaserine by cholestyramine in the rat.
AB  - In the rat, when pancreatic growth is stimulated there is an increased incidence
      of spontaneous pancreatic neoplasms and marked potentiation of the pancreatic
      carcinogen azaserine. Since previous studies showed that cholestyramine caused
      pancreatic growth in this species we have now studied the effect of azaserine in
      rats fed soya flour diets containing cholestyramine. Two groups, each of eight
      rats, were fed either heated soya flour (HSF) or raw soya flour (RSF). Two
      further groups, each of 12 rats, received the same diets containing 2%
      cholestyramine (HSF + C, RSF + C). In each group, four rats received azaserine
      (30 mg/kg i.p.) and the remainder saline, weekly, for the first 5 weeks. Animals
      were killed after 24 weeks and pancreatic growth and the number and size of
      pancreatic neoplastic nodules was measured. RSF caused a significant increase in
      pancreatic weight, protein, RNA and DNA, compared with HSF and cholestyramine
      caused a further significant increase in pancreatic weight, protein and RNA but
      not DNA. Azaserine did not affect pancreatic growth. In azaserine-injected rats
      significantly more nodules were seen and the nodules were larger and the tumour
      burden greater in rats fed HSF + C than in rats fed HSF alone. However, the
      nodule count and other nodule parameters were not significantly different in RSF
      and RSF + C fed rats. It is concluded that 2% cholestyramine enhances pancreatic
      growth when added to soya flour diets and in rats fed HSF it potentiates the
      action of azaserine on the pancreas. It does not increase the potentiation of
      azaserine seen with RSF up to 24 weeks.

PMID- 2400739
TI  - Nicotine and cigarette smoking: effects on the ultrastructure of aortic
      endothelium.
AB  - The aortic endothelium from rats has been examined by scanning (SEM) and
      transmission electron microscopy (TEM) following nicotine administration or
      cigarette smoking. Nicotine was administered to rats by subcutaneous injections
      at concentrations of 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg or by continuous subcutaneous pumps
      delivering a solution of 0.54 g/ml of nicotine at the rate of 1 microliter/h for
      7 days. Animals were exposed to fresh smoke from eight cigarettes, each yielding
      19 mg tar and 1.5 mg nicotine. Twenty minutes after subcutaneous injections, no
      endothelial abnormalities were evident by SEM, apart from at the high dose where
      minimal endothelial damage was seen. Limited endothelial damage was discerned
      following nicotine infusion and this consisted of microvillus formation, platelet
      adhesion and some cell separation. TEM revealed no endothelial changes in any of
      the animals. Cigarette smoking, however, resulted in considerable endothelial
      morphological changes consisting of the formation of blebs, microvillus-like
      projections, increased numbers of plasmalemmal vesicles and an increase in the
      numbers of Weibel-Palade bodies. The results suggest that components of cigarette
      smoke other than nicotine are responsible for the endothelial cell changes
      associated with smoking.

PMID- 2400740
TI  - The nursing shortage and specialty practice.
AB  - This paper has reviewed numerous factors contributing to the nursing shortage.
      These factors include changes in medical practice and the patient population,
      professional beliefs and objectives, and economic factors. Although many articles
      reviewed focus on the reasons for and solutions to the shortage, few note
      specifics regarding how the shortage may or may not impact on the quality of
      patient care. The impact of the shortage on specialty areas of nursing practice
      and specifically the area of peripheral vascular nursing was also reviewed.
      Although no recommendations were made for alleviating the shortage,
      recommendations for the preparation of the specialty nurse were discussed. The
      author agrees with Hoeffer and Murphy who state that the future of specialization
      is at the masters degree level. Also important is that the various nursing groups
      support professional credentialing and certification as a means of regulating
      specialty practice. Only through cooperation will nursing "specialization" be
      consistent in its definition as well as be recognized by nursing, other health
      care providers and the public as a meaningful credential.

PMID- 2400741
TI  - Nursing: hope for the vascular patient.

PMID- 2400742
TI  - Mesenteric ischemia.
AB  - In all forms of mesenteric ischemia, early diagnosis and treatment is imperative.
      As this disease entity can be evident as a sole clinical event or a secondary
      event, close observation and suspicion of the diagnosis is advised in those who
      are at high risk. As the nurse caring for these patients, careful monitoring of
      the patient's fluid and electrolyte status, nutritional and gastrointestinal
      status is essential. This, along with assessing for complications and recurrence
      of ischemia, are the sine qua non of treatment for mesenteric ischemia.

PMID- 2400743
TI  - Treatment of varicose and spider veins with injection therapy.

PMID- 2400744
TI  - Long term consequences of fetal deprivation.

PMID- 2400745
TI  - Immunoscintigraphy of endometriosis.
AB  - Twenty-eight women with suspected endometriosis or infertility, or both, received
      radiolabelled monoclonal antibody OC-125 F(ab')2 fragments before surgery in a
      study to determine whether foci of pelvic endometriosis could be displayed with
      immunoscintigraphy. Immunoscintigraphy was positive in 22 women (16 with
      endometriosis, two with pelvic adhesions, one with pelvic inflammatory disease
      and one with normal pelvic findings) and negative in five women (two with
      endometriosis and three with normal pelvic findings). One woman developed a
      hypersensitivity reaction and, therefore, did not receive the radiolabelled
      fragments. The method had 89% sensitivity and 33% specificity for the diagnosis
      of endometriosis; it had 91% sensitivity and 60% specificity for the diagnosis of
      benign pelvic disease.

PMID- 2400746
TI  - Localization of anti-endometrial antibody binding in women with endometriosis
      using a double-labelling immunohistochemical method.
AB  - Anti-endometrial antibody binding was localized using a double-labelling
      immunohistochemical method on frozen sections of endometrium taken from a woman
      without pelvic disease. Serum from 40 women with endometriosis was tested and, as
      controls, serum samples from 20 adult males and 20 umbilical cords. The method
      allowed compensation for endogenous immunoglobulins in endometrium and accurate
      localization of anti-endometrial antibody binding in the cytoplasm of the
      glandular epithelium. Significantly more women with endometriosis (14/40) were
      found to have anti-endometrial antibodies than controls (1/40) (P less than
      0.001; chi 2). There was no correlation between disease severity and the presence
      of anti-endometrial antibodies or the intensity of staining.

PMID- 2400747
TI  - Aortic compression by the uterus: identification with the Finapres digital
      arterial pressure instrument.
AB  - Aortic compression by the uterus at term was diagnosed when reversible reductions
      in toe pulse pressure, measured using a Finapres digital blood pressure
      instrument, were found in the absence of systemic hypotension, monitored by a
      second instrument with the cuff on a finger. Aortic compression was found in the
      left or right pelvic tilt positions in 14 of 32 women, sometimes with up to 34
      degrees of tilt, and was relieved by increasing the amount of tilt, except in a
      twin pregnancy where compression became more severe as left pelvic tilt was
      increased from 13 degrees to 28 degrees. Compression was also found in two women
      in the semi-recumbent position. Factors associated with an increased likelihood
      of aortic compression were non-engagement of the fetal head, occipito-posterior
      position of the fetal head, and cervical dilatation less than 5 cm.

PMID- 2400748
TI  - Oestrogen and progesterone receptor content as a prognostic factor in advanced
      epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
AB  - Levels of oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) in ovarian
      cancer tissue were examined with regard to their prognostic importance for
      survival in 179 patients with primary epithelial ovarian cancer stage III or IV
      in relation to: FIGO-stage, histological type, histological grade, age, ascites,
      and postoperative residual tumour. Hormone receptor content was determined with
      the DCC-method, receptor values higher than 9 fmol/mg protein were considered
      positive. Response to postoperative chemotherapy was significantly correlated
      with PgR content (80% responders in the group with PgR positive tumours and only
      61% responders in the group with PgR negative tumours). A Cox proportional
      hazards regression model identified histological grade, residual tumour, age and
      PgR content as independent prognostic factors for survival in advanced epithelial
      ovarian carcinoma. PgR content had particularly significant prognostic relevance
      for patients with postoperative residual tumour mass less than or equal to 2 cm
      in diameter. Within this group of patients, those who are PgR positive have a 2
      years survival probability of 83% compared with only 51% in the PgR-negative
      group.

PMID- 2400749
TI  - Uterine and fetal umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms in normal first
      trimester pregnancies.
AB  - In 85 normal singleton pregnancies between 8 and 13 weeks gestation, Doppler flow
      velocity waveform recordings were attempted from the left and right uterine
      artery and fetal umbilical artery. Acceptable waveforms were obtained from the
      uterine arteries in 83 and from the fetal umbilical artery in 61 of the 85
      pregnancies. There was virtually no difference between the left and right uterine
      artery on average. The marked decrease in pulsatility (PI) and resistance (RI)
      indices from both uterine arteries reflects the ongoing process of secondary
      trophoblast invasion into the muscular part of the spiral arteries. Absent end
      diastolic velocities were observed in 59 of 61 fetal umbilical artery flow
      velocity waveform recordings. PI values from the fetal umbilical artery suggest
      unaltered umbilical placental vascular resistance during the first trimester of
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2400750
TI  - Apparent liver blood flow during pregnancy: a serial study using indocyanine
      green clearance.
AB  - Serial measurements of apparent liver blood flow and cardiac output were
      performed in 12 women at 12-14, 24-26 and 36-38 weeks of pregnancy and then at 10
      12 weeks after delivery. Apparent liver blood flow was calculated from
      indocyanine green clearance. Cardiac output was measured by Doppler and cross
      sectional echocardiography at the aortic valve. Postnatal apparent liver blood
      flow was 1.81 l/min and no significant change was demonstrated during pregnancy.
      In contrast cardiac output decreased from 7.46 l/min at 36-38 weeks gestation to
      4.90 l/min after delivery. Apparent liver blood flow accounted for 24% of cardiac
      output during pregnancy. This increased to 37% after delivery.

PMID- 2400751
TI  - C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A protein in pregnancy and labour.
AB  - Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and amyloid A protein (SAA) were
      measured prospectively using immunoradiometric assays in normal pregnant women,
      newborn infants and women with prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM), focusing on
      the peripartum period. CRP levels in 50 healthy women at 38 weeks gestation did
      not differ significantly from previously established normal values. CRP levels in
      67 healthy women sampled serially in labour from admission to 96 h postpartum
      confirm the physiological occurrence of a major acute phase response. The serial
      CRP levels of 16 women with PROM did not differ significantly from the wide range
      of CRP levels found in the normal postpartum period. This complicates the use of
      CRP as an early predictor of clinical chorio-amnionitis. Serial SAA levels in 17
      women at 38 weeks gestation, immediately postpartum and 24 h postpartum showed a
      parallel rise to CRP in the peripartum period. Significant differences between
      maternal and neonatal CRP and SAA levels were demonstrated, implying a lack of
      transplacental transfer during labour.

PMID- 2400752
TI  - Assessment of menstrual blood loss using a pictorial chart.
AB  - Objective menstrual blood loss measurements (in ml) were compared with the score
      obtained from a pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBAC) which took into
      account the degree to which each item of sanitary protection was soiled with
      blood as well as the total number of pads or tampons used. Twenty eight women
      used the chart during 55 menstrual cycles and a single observer assessed 122
      cycle collections in a similar manner. A pictorial chart score of 100 or more,
      when used as a diagnostic test for menorrhagia, was found to have a specificity
      and sensitivity of greater than 80%. Demonstration of the relation between self
      assessed pictorial chart scores and the objective measurement of blood loss
      enables us to provide a simple, cheap and reasonably accurate method of assessing
      blood loss before embarking upon treatment.

PMID- 2400753
TI  - The selection of capillary tube diameter for fetal scalp blood sampling.

PMID- 2400754
TI  - Survey of attitudes to testing for human immunodeficiency virus infection in
      antenatal clinics in West Glamorgan.

PMID- 2400755
TI  - Commentary: confidential enquiry into maternal death.

PMID- 2400756
TI  - Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, calculated free testosterone, and
      oestradiol in male vegans and omnivores.
AB  - Total testosterone (T), total oestradiol (E2) and sex hormone-binding globulin
      (SHBG) concentrations were measured in plasma samples from fifty-one male vegans
      and fifty-seven omnivores of similar age. Free T concentration was estimated by
      calculation. In comparison with the omnivores, the vegans had 7% higher total T
      (P = 0.250), 23% higher SHBG (P = 0.001), 3% lower free T (P = 0.580), and 11%
      higher E2 (P = 0.194). In a subset of eighteen vegans and twenty-two omnivores
      for whom 4 d diet records were available, there were statistically significant
      correlations between T and polyunsaturated fatty acids (r 0.37), SHBG and fat (r
      0.43 for total fat, 0.46 for saturated fatty acids and 0.33 for polyunsaturated
      fatty acids), and SHBG and alcohol (r-0.39). It is concluded that a vegan diet
      causes a substantial increase in SHBG but has little effect on total or free T or
      on E2.

PMID- 2400757
TI  - Body composition changes in goats during early lactation estimated using a two
      pool model of tritiated water kinetics.
AB  - A two-pool model of tritiated water kinetics was used to estimate the major body
      water pools, and hence body composition, in goats at days 10, 38 and 76 of
      lactation. Between days 10 and 38 of lactation goats were, on average, in
      negative calculated energy balance and were estimated to have mobilized 59 g body
      fat stores/d. Mean calculated energy balance over days 38-76 of lactation was
      slightly positive and there was little change in estimated body fat. Gut fill
      increased over the early part of lactation when goats were mobilizing body fat.
      Consequently, live weight did not differ at any stage of lactation and did not
      provide a good index of body fat status of the goats. There were also no
      significant differences in empty-body-weight, water, protein, ash or fat-free
      mass at the three stages of lactation. As average calculated energy balance and
      changes in energy stored as fat were highly correlated, it is concluded that the
      two-pool model of tritiated water kinetics is a useful means of serially
      estimating changes in body fat content in unfasted lactating goats.

PMID- 2400758
TI  - Non-esterified fatty acid and glycerol kinetics and fatty acid re-esterification
      in goats during early lactation.
AB  - Non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glycerol kinetics were studied in lactating
      goats to gain insight into the mechanisms by which animals in early lactation can
      initially mobilize and later replenish body fat reserves. Kinetic measurements
      were made at days 10, 38 and 76 post-partum in ten multiparous lactating does.
      Plasma NEFA concentrations and NEFA entry rate decreased as lactation advanced,
      being significantly higher at day 10 than at either days 38 or 76 of lactation.
      Both plasma NEFA concentrations and NEFA entry rate were negatively correlated
      with calculated energy balance. In contrast, glycerol entry rate was
      significantly higher at day 76 than at day 10 of lactation and was positively
      related to both calculated energy intake and energy balance. Apparent
      intracellular fatty acid re-esterification was lower at day 10 than at later
      stages of lactation and was positively related to calculated energy balance. It
      is suggested that during early lactation, substantial shifts in adipose tissue
      fat reserves can occur via altering rates of fatty acid re-esterification and de
      novo lipogenesis, without major changes in the rate of lipolysis.

PMID- 2400759
TI  - The effect of variation in dietary protein or mineral supply on calcium and
      phosphorus metabolism in lactating ewes.
AB  - Two experiments are described in which changes in both nitrogen and mineral
      balance were monitored in ewes during lactation. In Expt 1, two groups (n 6) of
      ewes were fed on diets that were either high (15 g crude protein (N X 6.25;
      CP)/MJ metabolizable energy (ME)) or low (10 g CP/MJ ME) in protein content, and
      concurrent N and mineral balance studies were made at intervals during lactation
      with 45Ca and 32P being used to monitor faecal endogenous calcium and phosphorus
      losses. Ewes fed on the high-protein diet maintained a positive N balance during
      early lactation, whereas those fed on the low-protein diet were in negative N
      balance. Both groups, however, showed the same degree of negative Ca and P
      balance, with the amounts lost being directly related to milk yield. This
      indicates that loss of mineral from the skeleton at this time is not secondary to
      a loss of bone matrix due to a shortfall in dietary protein supply. In Expt 2,
      two groups of ewes (n 4) were fed on diets in late pregnancy that were either
      just adequate or generous in Ca and P supply relative to requirement (TCORN,
      1990). After parturition both groups were fed on a diet which was formulated to
      meet their estimated Ca and P requirements for lactation. As in the previous
      experiment both groups were in negative Ca and P balance in early lactation and
      variation in dietary Ca and P supply during pregnancy had no effect on the extent
      of this loss. Alternative explanations for the cause of this loss of mineral from
      the skeleton are discussed.

PMID- 2400760
TI  - The effect of dietary zinc depletion and repletion on rats: Zn concentration in
      various tissues and activity of pancreatic gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (EC
      3.4.22.12) as indices of Zn status.
AB  - Unlike severe zinc deficiency, marginal Zn deficiency is difficult to identify in
      rats because no reliable indicator of suboptimal Zn status is currently
      available. We have previously observed reduced pancreatic gamma-glutamyl
      hydrolase (EC 3.4.22.12) activity and impaired pteroylpolyglutamate absorption in
      Zn-deficient rats. In the present study the effect of Zn depletion and repletion
      on the Zn concentration of various tissues and on the activity of this enzyme was
      investigated. The objective was to determine the sensitivity of these variables
      to Zn depletion and to evaluate their usefulness as indices of Zn status. Male
      Wistar rats (about 180 g), maintained from weanling on a purified Zn-adequate
      diet, were randomly allocated into twelve groups. A pretreatment control group
      was killed immediately. The remaining eleven groups were fed on a Zn-deficient
      diet and a group killed daily for 7 d (Zn-depleted groups). The remaining four
      groups were re-fed the Zn-adequate diet and a group killed daily (Zn-repleted
      groups). On analysis, pancreas and spleen Zn levels responded most rapidly to
      reduced Zn intake, followed by tibia, liver, kidney and plasma. Zn concentration
      was maintained in testes. Reduced plasma folate levels were also observed. A
      significant reduction in pancreatic gamma-glutamyl hydrolase activity before the
      depletion of many tissue Zn stores confirms the Zn sensitivity of the enzyme. It
      was concluded that future investigation into the inter-relationship between Zn
      and folate metabolism may be useful in identifying a sensitive, biochemical index
      of Zn status.

PMID- 2400761
TI  - Iron sufficiency in the population of Northern Ireland: estimates from blood
      measurements.
AB  - Estimates of iron status in a random sample (218 men, 283 women) of the Northern
      Ireland population (aged 18-64 years) were obtained from blood measurements.
      Multiple criteria were used to determine Fe deficiency and body Fe stores were
      calculated as an index of Fe sufficiency. Three distinct groups with respect to
      Fe stores were identified on the basis of sex and menstrual status. Estimates of
      body Fe stores, mean (and SD), were 13.4 (SD 5.97), 5.3 (SD 6.09) and 8.5 (SD
      6.72) mM for men, woman aged 18-44 years and women aged 45-64 years respectively.
      The prevalence of Fe-deficiency anaemia was low, ranging from 0.5% in men to 6.6%
      and 4.6% in the younger and older women respectively. The prevalence of Fe
      deficiency was low in men (1.4%) and older women (5.7%) rising to 11.0% in the
      younger group of women. The disproportionately elevated serum ferritin relative
      to transferrin saturation supported the suggestion that chronic inflammation
      might have influenced Fe status measurements in men and older women.

PMID- 2400762
TI  - Binding of zinc and calcium to inositol phosphates (phytate) in vitro.
AB  - Inositol compounds with three to five phosphate groups (IP3-IP5) were produced by
      hydrolysis of phytate (inositol hexaphosphate, IP6) and their binding affinities
      for calcium and zinc investigated at neutral pH with relative concentrations that
      had been found in a range of students' meals. Zn solubility was negligible at
      many of these concentrations, with less Zn bound to precipitates of Ca-IP6 than
      Ca-IP5. The capacity to precipitate Zn at these ratios fell between IP5 and IP3.
      Zn was partially desorbed by soluble chelators (histidine and picolinate),
      especially when it had been adsorbed to preformed Ca-IP precipitates. A lower
      proportion of Zn was accessible to soluble chelators from Ca-IP4 than the other
      compounds. IP3-IP4 were hydrolysed by phytase more readily than IP5-IP6.

PMID- 2400763
TI  - Discrepancies between energy intake and expenditure in physically active women.
AB  - Energy intake and expenditure in women runners and non-runners were assessed by
      weighed food records, evaluation of minute-by-minute activity diaries, and
      indirect calorimetry. All participants were adapted to their stated activity
      levels for at least 6 months and maintained a constant body-weight throughout
      their participation. Calculated daily energy intake equalled calculated
      expenditure in non-runners (7300 (SD 1536) v. 7476 (SD 872) kJ/d), but calculated
      energy expenditure in women running about 54 km/week was found to exceed intake
      by more than 2700 kJ/d (8259 (SD 1466) v. 10963 (SD 1367), P less than 0.01). The
      runners showed no evidence of compensating for the increased energy expenditure
      associated with running by engaging in lower-intensity activities during non
      running time. Further, runners did not decrease energy expended at various
      activities. The findings suggest that women adapted to high levels of activity
      may possess mechanisms to maintain body-weight without significantly increasing
      energy intake.

PMID- 2400764
TI  - The influence of dietary folate supplementation on the incidence of teratogenesis
      in zinc-deficient rats.
AB  - Two studies were conducted to investigate the possibility that
      pteroylmonoglutamic acid supplementation would alleviate teratogenesis in zinc
      deficient rats. Pregnant rats of the Wistar strain were fed on Zn-deficient (less
      than 0.5 mg Zn/kg) or Zn-supplemented (75 or 95 mg Zn/kg) diets from mating until
      day 18.5 of gestation. The basal level of pteroylmonoglutamic acid added to all
      diets (0.56 mg/kg) was supplemented with 30-200 mg/kg in selected diets. Dietary
      Zn deprivation resulted in fetal resorption, fetal growth retardation and reduced
      concentrations of Zn in fetuses and maternal plasma and tibia. Low maternal body
      weight at conception emerged as an important determinant of risk of resorption in
      Zn-deficient rats. Dietary Zn deficiency resulted in reduced maternal plasma
      folate concentrations and these values were inversely correlated with litter size
      or weight in Zn-deficient rats. Pteroylmonoglutamic acid supplementation
      increased maternal plasma folate concentrations, but did not reduce the high
      incidence of teratogenesis which occurred in Zn-deficient rats. Supplementation
      of Zn-deficient rats with pteroylmonoglutamic acid significantly increased the
      incidence of clubbed foot and tended to increase the incidence of brain or
      meningeal abnormalities, or both, and cleft palate, but did not reduce maternal
      or fetal Zn status. Pteroylmonoglutamic acid supplementation also increased the
      weights of Zn-supplemented control fetuses.

PMID- 2400765
TI  - Potential dental effects of infants' fruit drinks studied in vitro.
AB  - Eighteen different infants' drinks from five manufacturers were examined for
      their carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus and acid contents, and their attack on
      tooth mineral. Seven of the drinks were compared with nine varieties of adults'
      soft drinks, and demineralization was studied with and without the presence of a
      cariogenic oral streptococcus. The influence of the acids already in the drinks
      in dissolving Ca and P outstripped that of any acid generated in these studies in
      vitro by microbial fermentation of the sugars they contained, giving an
      indication of their relative erosiveness rather than their cariogenic action.
      Various other features of the drinks relevant to dental health were identified.
      Titratable acid was a better guide than pH to their dental properties. Although
      there were considerable differences between the various infants' drinks, taken as
      a group, their acidity levels and demineralizing powers were generally lower than
      those of the adults' drinks.

PMID- 2400766
TI  - Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep. 5. The inhibitory effect
      of hypertonicity in the rumen.
AB  - The site where osmotically active substances act to depress food intake was
      determined in sheep. After 5.5 h of food deprivation, solutions of sodium
      chloride or polyethylene glycol-200 (PEG-200) were added to either the reticulo
      rumen or the abomasum. The sheep were then immediately offered pelleted lucerne
      (Medicago sativa). Water was withheld during the first 60 min of feeding but was
      available from 60 to 90 min. There was a linear inhibition in food intake in the
      first 10 min after loading 2.37, 6.25, 12.5, 25.0 or 50.0 g NaCl into the rumen
      according to a 5 x 5 Latin square design (P = 0.0001). The intake reduction was
      3.49 g food/g NaCl. An osmotic load of PEG-200 equivalent to 50 g NaCl also
      significantly inhibited food intake in the first 10 min of the meal compared with
      a control treatment. The inhibition of food intake after loading 55 g NaCl into
      the rumen was not affected by injecting lidocaine hydrochloride into the
      reticulum immediately before NaCl loading. NaCl injected into the abomasum did
      not significantly affect food intake in the first 10 min of feeding even though
      the tonicity of abomasal digesta was increased to unphysiological levels. There
      was no consistent relationship between food intake and the change in the tonicity
      of jugular plasma following solute loading and drinking. The sensing site of
      hypertonicity was localized to the wall of the reticulo-rumen where neuronal
      receptors appear to be capable of detecting osmotic pressure within the
      physiological range to depress food intake. These receptors should be identified
      and characterized because of their possible significance in limiting food intake
      by ruminants.

PMID- 2400767
TI  - Thermic effect of food in man: effect of meal composition, and energy content.
AB  - The effect of meal composition and energy content on the thermic effect of food
      (TEF) was investigated in sixteen adult, non-obese female subjects. Each subject
      consumed four different test meals, each meal on a different day. Meals were of
      high-carbohydrate-low-fat (HCLF) with 0.70, 0.19 and 0.11 of the energy content
      from carbohydrate, fat and protein respectively, and low-carbohydrate-high-fat
      (LCHF) with 0.24, 0.65 and 0.11 of the energy content from carbohydrate, fat and
      protein respectively. The energy contents of the test meals for each composition
      were 2520 kJ (600 kcal) and 5040 kJ (1200 kcal). The basal metabolic rate (BMR)
      and the postprandial metabolic rate (PP-MR) were measured by open-circuit
      indirect calorimetry using the Douglas bag technique while the subjects were in
      the supine position. The mean BMR value was 3.63 (SE 0.07) kJ/min (0.87 kcal/min
      (SE 0.017)). The 5 h-TEF value for the 2520 kJ (600 kcal) HCLF meal was 228 (SE
      11.8) kJ (54 kcal (SE 2.8)) and for the LCHF meal was 228 (SE 9.6) kJ (54 kcal
      (SE 2.3)). The corresponding values for the 5040 kJ (1200 kcal) meals were 356
      (SE 20.4) kJ (85 kcal (SE 4.9)) and 340 (SE 15.8) kJ (81 kcal (SE 3.8)). There
      was no significant (P = 0.49) effect of meal composition on TEF, but the energy
      content of the meals had a significant (P less than 0.001) effect on TEF. In all
      subjects and for all meals, PP-MR had not returned to premeal level 5 h after a
      meal, indicating that the TEF values measured underestimate total TEF. The
      present study suggests that TEF is significantly influenced by the energy content
      of a meal but not by meal composition.

PMID- 2400768
TI  - Pattern of gastric emptying in the pig: relation to feeding.
AB  - The aims of the present study were to compare the gastric emptying of dry matter
      (DM) and liquids during the feeding period with that following meal consumption,
      to clarify the relationship between feeding and gastric emptying, and to
      investigate how gastric emptying changes in growing animals. The studies were
      performed in pigs fitted with a gastric cannula and fed on a normal finely ground
      solid diet mixed with water containing CrEDTA as liquid marker. Gastric emptying
      was measured using a gastric evacuation technique. It was observed that between
      0.75 and 6 h after feeding the total amounts emptied increased, but the
      proportion of the meal emptied fell, with increase in meal size; emptying of both
      DM and liquids with large and small meals followed an exponential pattern. In
      contrast, while the animals were feeding, there was linear and rapid emptying of
      both DM and liquids following a very short (approximately 2 min) lag phase before
      emptying began. The rate of emptying increased linearly with body-weight (by
      0.055 g DM/min and by 0.24 ml/min per kg body-weight over the range 58-200 kg)
      such that the emptying of digestible energy per kg metabolic body-weight (W0.75)
      was roughly maintained (between 2.9 and 3.2 kJ/min per kg W0.75). This suggests
      that the rate of emptying may be linked in some way with the metabolic
      requirements of the body. The biphasic pattern of gastric emptying observed is
      probably the intrinsic pattern of emptying of a meal which does not require
      breakdown of particles before emptying can occur.

PMID- 2400769
TI  - The histones of the insect trypanosomatid, Crithidia fasciculata.
AB  - The histone-like proteins of the monogenetic parasite Crithidia fasciculata were
      extracted with 0.2 M sulfuric acid either from purified nuclei, or from purified
      chromatin, in both cases in the presence of 1 mM tosyl lysylchloromethylketone
      and 2 mM phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride as proteinase inhibitors. The presence
      of histones in the flagellate, nonidentical with those from calf thymus used as
      controls, was shown by their electrophoretic patterns in three different
      polyacrylamide gel systems; their staining with Alkaline fast green, specific for
      basic proteins; their global amino acid composition and absorption spectrum and
      their molecular weights. The protein showing the slower mobility in SDS gels and
      the fastest mobility in the urea-acetic acid-Triton gels, seems to be an H1
      histone, because of its metachromatic staining with Coomassie brilliant blue,
      solubility characteristics, differential destaining properties and amino acid
      composition. Band 5 in Triton-urea-acetic acid gels is probably an HMG protein.
      We conclude that C. fasciculata has a complete set of histones and that the lack
      of chromosome condensation during mitosis is not due to lack of histone H1.

PMID- 2400770
TI  - Some structural aspects of vanadium bromoperoxidase from Ascophyllum nodosum.
AB  - The stability of the vanadium containing bromoperoxidase from Ascophyllum nodosum
      was studied. The enzyme was very resistant against chemical denaturation.
      Denaturation did not occur upon incubation in 4 M guanidine hydrochloride.
      Circular dichroism measurements showed that the secondary structure was not
      affected upon incubation in 4% sodium dodecyl sulphate. The sedimentation
      coefficient and the molecular mass, determined by ultracentrifugation were 6.96 S
      and 97 kDa, respectively, indicating a very compact molecule. The protein
      molecule contained 16 cysteine residues, all of which participated in the
      formation of disulfide bridges. Circular dichroism-measurements in the far
      ultraviolet region revealed that the protein consisted of a large amount of alpha
      helix (74%), and no beta-pleated sheet. The dissociation constant of the
      apoprotein vanadium-complex was 55 nM (at pH 8.5), and rapidly increased at lower
      pH. The data suggest that the protonation of a group with a pKa higher than 8.5
      prevents the binding of vanadate. Structural analogues of vanadate (phosphate and
      arsenate) were competitive inhibitors with respect to the reconstitution of the
      bromoperoxidase. The inhibition constants were 60 and 120 microM for phosphate
      and arsenate, respectively. The binding of hydrogen peroxide to the enzyme was
      visualized by optical spectroscopy. Upon addition of H2O2 the optical absorption
      spectrum showed a small, but significant, decrease in absorption in the 315 nm
      region, which was restored upon addition of bromide, or by allowing the solution
      to stand for several hours. These changes are ascribed to the formation of a
      stable enzyme-peroxo-intermediate, in line with a previous analysis of the steady
      state kinetics.

PMID- 2400771
TI  - Anatomy of acetylcholinesterase catalysis: reaction dynamics analogy for human
      erythrocyte and electric eel enzymes.
AB  - The anatomy of catalysis (i.e., reaction dynamics, thermodynamics and transition
      state structures) is compared herein for acetylcholinesterases from human
      erythrocytes and Electrophorus electricus. The two enzymes have similar relative
      activities for the substrate o-nitrochloroacetanilide and o-nitrophenyl acetate.
      In addition, with each substrate K values and solvent deuterium kinetic isotope
      effects for kES and kE are similar for the two enzymes. Solvent isotope effects
      in mixed isotopic buffers indicate that the acylation stages of o
      nitrochloroacetanilide turnover by the two enzymes are rate-limited by virtual
      transition states that are weighted averages of contributions from transition
      states of serial chemical and physical steps. Similar experiments show that the
      transition states for Vmax of o-nitrophenyl acetate turnover by the two enzymes
      are stabilized by simple general acid-base (i.e., one-proton) catalysis. These
      comparisons demonstrate that acetylcholinesterases from diverse sources display
      functional analogy in that reaction dynamics and transition state structures are
      closely similar.

PMID- 2400772
TI  - Isolation of a new actin-binding protein from human seminal plasma.
AB  - Interaction of a protein of human seminal plasma with actin was detected by agar
      gel immunoelectrophoresis. A major actin-binding protein was isolated from human
      seminal plasma using an actin-Sepharose 4B column followed by fast-performance
      liquid chromatography with an anion-exchange Mono-Q column. The protein showed a
      single band under reduced conditions on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis in a position corresponding to a molecular mass of 20 kDa. This
      20 kDa polypeptide was detected in saliva and extracts of the submandibular gland
      and seminal vesicles as well as seminal plasma by the method of immunoblotting
      using monospecific antibody against the 20 kDa antigenic component of human
      seminal plasma. The protein might be called secretory actin-binding protein
      (SABP).

PMID- 2400773
TI  - The amino acid sequence of the acidic subunit B-chain of crotoxin.
AB  - The B-chain of the acidic subunit of crotoxin proved refractory to Edman
      degradation. When subjected to sequence analysis using tandem mass spectrometry,
      pyroglutamate was found at the amino-terminal end, even though earlier attempts
      to de-block with pyroglutamate aminopeptidase were unsuccessful. The B-chain
      contained 35 amino acids and showed 91% amino acid identity with the
      corresponding segment from Mojave toxin, a homologous neurotoxin from Crotalus
      scutulatus scutulatus. The sequence of the last 24 residues of the B-chain is
      consistent with that previously published (Aird, S.D., Kaiser, I.I., Lewis, R.V.
      and Kruggel, W.G. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 7054-7058), except at position 20,
      where Edman degradation gave glycine and mass spectrometry gave glutamic acid.

PMID- 2400774
TI  - Europium(III) ion luminescence as a structural probe of parvalbumin isotypes.
AB  - The 7F0----5D0 transition of Eu3+ is used to investigate the metal ion binding
      sites of five parvalbumin isotypes. Comparisons are based on the resolution of
      the Eu3+ excitation spectrum with a computer program using the Marquardt
      nonlinear regression algorithm. The Lorentzian-Gaussian product function provides
      the most effective approximation to the shape of the peaks, the positions of
      which were found to be related to differences in the amino acid residues at the
      binding sites. Below pH 6, spectra consist of two peaks near 579 nm, but as the
      pH is raised, the two peaks gradually diminish and two new, much broader peaks
      appear at 577 and 578 nm. The lower wavelength peak, at low pH, and the peak at
      577 nm, at high pH, are assigned to the CD site. The two sites have nearly equal
      affinities for Eu3+ except in the northern pike III (pI 5.0) isotype. The
      excitation spectra are compared to that of the carp III (pI = 4.25) parvalbumin
      for which the complete crystal structure is available. This structure forms the
      basis for the molecular modeling studies of the altered binding sites.
      Preliminary results are presented regarding differences in solvent exposure of
      the CD and EF sites based on collision-induced energy transfer to [Co(NH3)6]3+.

PMID- 2400775
TI  - Comparative thermodynamic study of the interaction of some antifolates with
      dihydrofolate reductase.
AB  - The thermodynamic parameters of the binding of antifolate drugs to bovine liver
      dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3., 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate: NADP+
      oxidoreductase) have been measured with a flow microcalorimetric method. These
      parameters are greatly influenced by the structure of the inhibitor and/or by the
      presence of NADPH and above all by temperature. For all the compounds studied,
      binding at 37 degrees C is driven by favourable enthalpy variations, whereas
      entropy variations are unfavourable. At 10 degrees C, reactions are both
      enthalpically and entropically driven. These effects can be explained by a
      partial thermal denaturation of dihydrofolate reductase at 37 degrees C, which is
      restructured by NADPH and/or the antifolate. The refolding induced by the
      antifolate trimetrexate may explain its high association constant in the binary
      system (without NADPH), and the weaker cooperative effect of NADPH in the ternary
      system, as compared to methotrexate. In contrast, the poor affinity of
      trimethoprim for mammalian dihydrofolate reductase in binary and ternary systems
      at 37 degrees C is the result of a weaker stabilizing effect of this compound as
      regards temperature increase. Heat capacity variation linked to the complex
      formation reaction showed that this conformational transition is more pronounced
      between 25 and 37 degrees C than between 10 and 25 degrees C. Thus, the ability
      of the inhibitors to give to dihydrofolate reductase a more stable thermal
      behaviour at 37 degrees C is determinant in their binding.

PMID- 2400776
TI  - Resonance energy transfer between the active sites of creatine kinase from rabbit
      brain.
AB  - Resonance energy transfer was measured between the active site domains of the
      brain isozyme of creatine kinase (CK-BB). The reactive thiol near the active
      sites, one on each subunit of the dimeric protein, was derivatized using 5-[2
      [iodoacetyl)amino)ethyl]aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (AED), 2-[4'
      iodoacetamidoanilino]naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (AANS) and 5
      iodoacetamidofluorescein (AF). Suitable donor/acceptor protein conjugated hybrids
      were prepared by controlled kinetics producing CK-BB-AED/AF and CK-BB-AANS/AF.
      Transfer efficiencies, measured from the quenching of the donor lifetime and
      steady-state sensitized acceptor emission, ranged from 0.10 to 0.17. From
      determination of the donor/acceptor overlap integrals, donor quantum yields and
      attempts to delimit the orientation factor using steady-state and phase-resolved
      anisotropy measurements, it was found that a suitable estimate of the range
      between the active sites was between 45 and 57 A. This range is similar to that
      reported previously for the muscle isozyme of creatine kinase (Grossman, S.H.
      (1989) Biochemistry 28, 4894-4902) but is a significantly greater distance than
      detected for the hybrid, myocardial specific isozyme (Grossman, S.H. (1983)
      Biochemistry 22, 5369-5375).

PMID- 2400777
TI  - Spectral properties of 3-ketosteroid-delta 1-dehydrogenase from Nocardia
      corallina.
AB  - 3-Ketosteroid-delta 1-dehydrogenase from Nocardia corallina is a flavoenzyme that
      catalyzes 1,2-desaturation of 3-ketosteroid. The dehydrogenase generated
      complexes with 3-ketosteroids and phenolic steroids such as estradiol with
      remarkable perturbations of the visible spectrum. The enzyme did not make the
      adduct with sulfite ion, but could use molecular oxygen as the electron acceptor.
      The CD spectra of oxidized and steroid-bound enzymes exhibited positive
      dichroisms in the visible region which resembled those of flavoenzyme oxidases.
      The dehydrogenase led isosbestically to the stable red semiquinone species with
      large yields upon photochemical or dithionite reduction (at pH 7.4) in the
      presence of the steroid product, 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione, but in the absence
      of the steroid the yield of semiquinone was low and the fully reduced enzyme was
      obtained. Substrate titration also yielded the red flavo-semiquinone
      stoichiometrically and it was hard to generate the fully reduced form. The
      reduced enzyme was oxidized with molecular oxygen, but did not oxidize with
      ferricyanide. An EPR study of these half-reduced forms confirmed the presence of
      the radical species with the g = 2.004 signal. The dehydrogenase was rapidly
      reduced with an excess amount of 3-ketosteroid at about 80% yield at pH 7.4 under
      anaerobic conditions and the reduced species was altered to the stable red
      semiquinone species. The rate of this reaction was t1/2 = 28 min at pH 7.4, 130
      min at pH 9.0 and 34 min at pH 6.4, respectively. These results indicate that the
      semiquinone species does not act directly in turnover of the dehydrogenase
      reaction. The results were compared with the spectral properties of general acyl
      CoA dehydrogenases and acyl-CoA oxidase toward the mechanism of C1,2
      dehydrogenation.

PMID- 2400778
TI  - Isolation, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction data of human
      progastricsin.
AB  - Human progastricsin, a zymogen of one of the gastric aspartic proteinases, was
      isolated and crystallized. The crystals belong to the tetragonal space group
      P4(2)2(1)2, and have unit cell dimensions a = b = 105.5 +/- 0.1 A, c = 70.6 A.
      The native crystals of progastricsin diffract X-rays at least to 2.5 A and are
      suitable for a high-resolution X-ray analysis.

PMID- 2400779
TI  - Cobalt activates potassium conductance in the plasma membrane of cultured renal
      epithelioid (MDCK)-cells.
AB  - Cobalt has been shown to stimulate sodium transport across the distal nephron of
      the newt kidney. The mechanism of this action remained elusive. The present study
      has been performed to test for effects of cobalt on electrical properties of
      cultured subconfluent kidney (MDCK)-cells: cobalt (10 microM) leads to a rapid,
      sustained and reversible hyperpolarization of the cell membrane, paralleled by an
      increase of the potassium selectivity and a decrease of the resistance. Thus,
      cobalt increases the potassium conductance of the cell membrane. The half-maximal
      effect is elicited by approx. 1 microM. At extracellular calcium concentration
      reduced to less than 0.1 microM, cobalt (10 microM) leads to a transient
      hyperpolarization, which can be elicited only once. Thus, cobalt enhances the
      potassium conductance in a calcium dependent way. At higher concentrations (100
      microM) cobalt hyperpolarizes the cell membrane only transiently even in the
      presence of extracellular calcium. Furthermore 100 microM cobalt interferes with
      ATP-induced hyperpolarization, which is known to result from calcium mediated
      activation of K+ channels. Thus, 100 microM cobalt may inhibit ATP-stimulated
      calcium entry into the cell.

PMID- 2400780
TI  - Receptor-stimulated actin polymerization requires cytoplasmic acidification in
      human PMNs.
AB  - Cytoplasmic alkalinization has received considerable attention as a regulatory
      event In cell growth, transformation and signal transduction (Busa, W.B. (1986)
      Annu. Rev. Physiol. 48, 389-402 and Moolenar, W.H. (1986) Annu. Rev. Physiol. 48,
      363-376). In contrast the current paper presents evidence for the role of an
      early cytoplasmic acidification, during signal transduction in the
      polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN). Following PMN stimulation with a chemotactic
      peptide, there is a significant decrease in cytoplasmic pH concomitant with a
      dramatic increase in cytoskeletal actin. The data indicate that this drop in pHi
      is necessary, but not sufficient, for signal transduction leading to cytoskeletal
      reorganization in these cells.

PMID- 2400781
TI  - In vivo 133Cs-NMR a probe for studying subcellular compartmentation and ion
      uptake in maize root tissue.
AB  - Three 133Cs-NMR signals were observed in the spectra of CsCl-perfused and CsCl
      grown maize seedling root tips. Two relatively broad lower field resonances were
      assigned to the subcellular, compartmented Cs+ in the cytoplasm and vacuole,
      respectively. The rate of area increase of the broader cytoplasmic Cs resonance
      was about 9-times faster than that of the vacuolar signal during the first 300
      min of tissue perfusion with CsCl. In addition, the spin lattice relaxation time
      of the cytoplasmic Cs resonance was approx. 3-times shorter than that of the
      extracellular resonance, while the Cs+ signal associated with the metabolically
      less active vacuolar compartment exhibited a relaxation time comparable to that
      of the extracellular signal. 133Cs spectra of excised, maize root tips and
      excised top sections of the root adjacent to the kernel, each grown in 10 mM CsCl
      showed a difference in the relative areas of the Cs resonance corresponding to
      the distinct cytoplasm/vacuole volume ratio of these well differentiated sections
      of the root. The high correlation of counterion concentration with 133Cs chemical
      shifts suggested that the larger downfield shift exhibited by the cytoplasmic
      confined Cs+ was due principally to the higher ionic strength and protein content
      in this compartment. Such observations indicate that 133Cs-NMR might be employed
      for studying ionic strength, and osmotic pressure associated chemical shifts and
      the transport properties of Cs+ (perhaps as an analogue for K+) in subcellular
      compartments of plant tissues.

PMID- 2400782
TI  - Characterization of lipid composition in stimulated human lymphocytes by 1H-NMR.
AB  - Recent in vivo NMR studies have raised interest in the structural changes of
      cellular lipids during proliferative activity. We investigated the changes in
      plasma membrane lipid and total cell lipid during mitogenically-stimulated
      proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by extraction of lipids and
      assay by 500 MHz 1H-NMR. Resonances were assigned using one- and two-dimensional
      spectroscopic techniques, and signals unique to certain species of lipid were
      identified. Choline and ethanolamine-containing lipids, glycerophospholipid
      backbones, sphingolipids, cholesterol, plasmalogens and triacylglycerols were
      readily detected. Resolution of a number of lipid species was not possible,
      despite the use of high-resolution techniques. NMR values for proliferation
      induced changes in the most easily determined parameters, namely the total
      cholesterol to total phospholipid molar ratio, and phosphatidylcholine,
      phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingolipid composition, were found to agree with
      traditional methods. Differences in phospholipid and fatty acid profiles were
      found between plasma membranes and total cell lipid for resting values and for
      response to mitogen.

PMID- 2400783
TI  - The activity of protein kinases from hamster fibroblasts towards a synthetic
      peptide based on a carboxy-terminal portion of ribosomal protein S6.
AB  - A synthetic decapeptide, S6(231-240), based on a region near the C-terminus of
      eukaryotic ribosomal protein S6, was used as a substrate for protein kinases (EC
      2.7.1.37) from hamster fibroblasts stimulated with fresh medium. Consistent with
      the results of others using shorter peptides from this region, it was found that
      the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase preferentially phosphorylated the residue
      corresponding to Ser-235, whereas protein kinase C preferentially phosphorylated
      the residue corresponding to Ser-236 in this peptide. The peptide did not serve
      as a substrate for the growth-associated protein kinase from hamster fibroblasts
      that phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 in 40S ribosomal subunits, but did serve
      as a substrate for a previously undetected protein kinase activity that was
      resolved from the latter by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. This S6(231-240)
      protein kinase activity did not phosphorylate ribosomal protein S6 in 40S
      ribosomal subunits, but is possibly a proteolytic fragment of the 40S ribosomal
      subunit S6 kinase as the latter activity acquired the ability to phosphorylate
      the decapeptide after partial tryptic proteolysis. The S6(231-240) protein kinase
      activity preferentially phosphorylated the residue corresponding to Ser-236 with
      an apparent Km of 15 microM. These results suggest that specific interactions
      with the ribosome may be required to activate the growth-associated ribosomal
      protein S6 kinase.

PMID- 2400784
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of cDNA for nonmuscle tropomyosin 5 of mouse fibroblast.
AB  - A cDNA clone for mouse fibroblast tropomyosin (TM) 5 was obtained from a cDNA
      library using human TM pseudogene as a probe. Sequence analysis of the clone
      revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence is different only at the 4th
      position from the human counterpart and that both the 5' and 3' untranslated
      regions are highly conserved.

PMID- 2400785
TI  - Cloning and DNA sequence analysis of a polygalacturonase cDNA from Aspergillus
      niger RH5344.
AB  - A 1319 bp long cDNA encoding for a polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15) from
      Aspergillus niger RH5344 comprises a single open reading frame of 1089 bp which
      includes the mature protein of 362 amino acids and an NH2-terminal signal peptide
      of 27 amino acids. The directly determined peptides of the mature
      polygalacturonase confirmed the sequence information deduced from the cDNA.

PMID- 2400786
TI  - In vitro transcription of the plasma protein genes of Bombyx mori.
AB  - An efficient cell-free transcription system was developed from the extract of BmN
      cells established from an ovarian tissue of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The cloned
      genes coding for major plasma proteins of B. mori including SP 1, SP 2 and 30K
      protein, were faithfully and efficiently transcribed in the extract prepared from
      BmN cells. The S1 nuclease mapping and primer extension analyses demonstrated
      that the transcription initiation site recognized in vitro is identical to that
      which functions in vivo. The transcription assay reconstituted from the
      fractionated BmN cell extract revealed that at least four protein factors are
      required for accurate transcription of the SP 1 and adenovirus major late genes.
      The results of in vitro transcription experiments employing a series of the 5'
      deleted mutant templates of the SP 1 gene indicated that partial deletion of the
      TATA box results in considerable loss of faithful transcript, while complete
      removal of the TATA-sequence totally abolishes the transcript. These observations
      suggest that the promoter element essential for transcription in cell-free
      systems is located in a region between nucleotide positions -44 and +16 of the SP
      1 gene.

PMID- 2400787
TI  - Solution hybridization quantitation of G6PD mRNA in rat epididymal fat pads.
AB  - A solution hybridization assay is systematically characterized and used to
      quantitate glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) mRNA from epididymal fat pads
      in fasted and glucose-induced rats. G6PD mRNA and specific activity increase 9
      fold and 2-fold, respectively. The 9-fold increase in G6PD synthesis reported
      previously (Wolfe et al. (1979) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 89, 108-115) can,
      therefore, be accounted for by the increase in G6PD mRNA. This solution
      hybridization assay is sensitive enough to quantitative levels of G6PD mRNA in
      total liver RNA from a fasted rat, one of the least abundant sources of this
      mRNA. It can, therefore, be used to answer several questions about the regulation
      of G6PD synthesis in rat tissues. Preliminary results suggest that the dietary
      regulation of G6PD mRNA in rat liver is much larger than previously reported.

PMID- 2400788
TI  - Molecular cloning and characterization of a rat intestinal sucrase-isomaltase
      cDNA. Regulation of sucrase-isomaltase gene expression by sucrose feeding.
AB  - To investigate the regulation of expression of intestinal sucrase-isomaltase (SI)
      complex in response to sucrose feeding, we isolated a cDNA (RPSI1) encoding
      partially the pro-SI of rat intestinal mucosa. The clone consists of 1929 mRNA
      derived nucleotides, which covered the region including the C-terminal part of
      the isomaltase and the N-terminal part of the sucrase in the final SI complex.
      Nucleotide and amino-acid sequences of RPSI1 were compared with their
      corresponding regions in rabbit pro-SI. A greater similarity was found in sucrase
      parts than in isomaltase parts of the two species. Northern blot analysis
      revealed that the mRNA levels of SI increased rapidly after sucrose force
      feeding, while those of rats fed a carbohydrate-free diet did not. These changes
      in mRNA levels correlated with the corresponding enzyme activities. The results
      demonstrate that the induction of SI activities is directly associated with an
      increase in SI mRNA levels. Our results also suggest that circadian modulation of
      SI transcription may occur in basic SI gene expression.

PMID- 2400789
TI  - T-cell restricted and unrestricted expression of transfected human interleukin-2
      gene: phorbol ester- and calcium-inducible versus constitutive expression.
AB  - Interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene expression is tightly controlled and generally limited
      to antigenic stimulation of T cells. To study the cell-specific expression of the
      IL-2 gene, we transfected the intact human IL-2 gene, including 2.0 kb of 5' and
      0.3 kb of 3' flanking sequences, into mouse NIH-3T3 fibroblasts and BFS lymphoma
      T cells and into human epithelial HeLa cells. Stable transformants (NIH-3T3,HeLa
      and BFS cells) carried an intact transfected IL-2 gene and constitutively
      expressed cytoplasmic human IL-2 mRNA which was not detected in vector
      transfected cells. Constitutive expression of IL-2 mRNA in human IL-2 gene
      transfected NIH-3T3 and HeLa cells was associated to the secretion of bioactive
      IL-2 protein, while no IL-2 production was observed in untransfected or vector
      transfected cells. Cytoplasmic IL-2 mRNA observed in transfectants was larger
      (1.4 kb) than endogenous IL-2 mRNA of human T cells, although smaller than RNA
      containing unspliced intact introns. No alternative promoters or polyadenylation
      signals were used by these cells, but some intronic sequences were present in the
      1.4 kb mRNA. Phorbol ester and calcium ionophore did not modulate the expression
      of the transfected IL-2 gene in NIH-3T3 and HeLa cells, while these agents
      increased its expression in transfected BFS lymphoma T cells. We conclude that
      when transfected into lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells the intact human IL-2 gene
      is constitutively expressed, while its phorbol ester/calcium-mediated inducible
      expression is restricted to T cells. This suggests that the constitutive and
      inducible expression of the IL-2 gene can be dissociated and are presumably
      subjected to separate regulatory pathways.

PMID- 2400790
TI  - A trypsin-like proteinase appearing at 17 h and 17 min in the cell cycle time of
      HeLa cells correlates with the onset of DNA synthesis.
AB  - A trypsin-like proteinase appearing sharply at 17 h 17 min (17:17) in the cell
      cycle time of the synchronized and growing HeLa cells correlates with the onset
      of DNA synthesis, and the inhibition of the proteinase activity by trans-4
      guanidinomethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid 4-tert-butylphenyl ester (GMCHA-OPhBut)
      results in a 3 h retardation of the onset of the DNA synthesis. The proteinase
      activity is cell density dependent and completely inhibited by 100 microM GMCHA
      OPhBut. The proteinase was named HeLa tryptase 17:17. The fact that the DNA
      synthesis occurred after the 3 h retardation in the presence of GMCHA-OPhBut
      strongly suggests the involvement of the alternative trigger for DNA synthesis in
      HeLa cells.

PMID- 2400791
TI  - The complete nucleotide sequence of the growth-hormone gene from the common carp
      (Cyprinus carpio).
AB  - We have isolated and sequenced a phase clone from a common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
      genomic library that carries a gene encoding growth hormone (GH). This gene
      consists of five exons and four introns spanning a region of about 3 kilobase
      pairs. Its exons correspond with one of two reported cDNAs of carp GH except for
      nine differences in the nucleotide sequence, while the encoded amino-acid
      sequences are identical. The sequence upstream from the transcription start point
      contains two tandem repeats of AACTCTCATG (from -85 to -62) and the typical TATA
      box. All the introns start with a consensus GT dinucleotide and end with AG. The
      arrangement of exons and introns is very similar to that seen in mammalian GH,
      but quite different from the GH genes of rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon.

PMID- 2400792
TI  - Structure of genomic DNA for rat platelet phospholipase A2.
AB  - A genomic DNA for rat platelet phospholipase A2 was isolated by screening a rat
      genomic library with oligonucleotide probes based on its published amino acid
      sequence. The rat platelet phospholipase A2 gene had a total length of about 2.5
      kb and contained five exons and four introns. The intron-exon structure of the
      rate gene was similar to that of human non-pancreatic phospholipase A2.

PMID- 2400793
TI  - Psychophysiological responsivity on a laboratory stress task: methodological
      implications for a stress-muscle hyperactivity pain model.
AB  - A stress-muscle hyperactivity-pain (SMP) model has been proposed to explain the
      etiology of certain musculoskeletal pain disorders. According to this model,
      subjects should show physiological arousal during periods of stress relative to
      periods of rest. In a test of this prediction, 31 subjects performed a reaction
      time task that has been used in previous laboratory studies. Multiple
      psychophysiological variables were monitored during initial and final 10-minute
      baselines, during performance on nine 2-minute reaction time tasks, and during 36
      second rest intervals following each of the 2-minute tasks, Results showed small
      but statistically significant differences generally supporting the SMP model when
      masseter EMG was averaged over time periods of 12 seconds to 2 minutes, but not
      when masseter EMG was averaged over 10- to 18-minute blocks. These results
      demonstrated the importance of carefully selecting time intervals for analysis.
      Additional analyses that compared TMD with symptom-free subjects revealed small
      differences in EMG that supported the SMP model. Analyses of EMG over shorter
      time intervals also showed, however, that masseter EMG increased during the 36
      second rest interval following performance on a 2-minute stress task; this result
      suggested that a modification of the SMP model may be necessary.

PMID- 2400794
TI  - EMG biofeedback and discriminative muscle control.
AB  - The awareness model of biofeedback suggests that training teaches new skills or
      enhances performance at old skills, while the cognitive or feed-forward models
      suggest that biofeedback brings attention to the response of interest but does
      not actually increase task skill. In a test of the predictions made by these
      models, subjects were tested on one or more cross-modal matching tasks, provided
      brief training, and retested on the task(s). Thirty subjects participated in
      integer-matching tasks in which they were instructed to produce various levels of
      frontalis activity corresponding to the levels of a ratio scale. Forty-five
      subjects participated in a tone-matching task in which they tried to match their
      frontalis tension to the pitch of a tone. The results indicated that the groups
      receiving biofeedback training improved at the more difficult integer task and at
      the tone task. Subjects performed better on the integer tasks than at the tone
      task. Our findings suggest that an awareness model accounts for changes occurring
      during biofeedback training. However, an awareness model may be applicable only
      for tasks of moderate difficulty; for relatively easy tasks, a feed-forward model
      may be more appropriate. The clinical utility of cross-modal matching tasks is
      also described.

PMID- 2400795
TI  - Subjective experiences associated with thermal biofeedback treatment of
      hypertension.
AB  - Reports of subjective experiences of 73 hypertensive patients who were treated
      with thermal biofeedback for hand warming were obtained over 16 treatment
      sessions. Most of the differential responding in subjective report occurred in
      the first 5 sessions. Differences in reports of throbbing were associated with
      medication status during treatment (presence of sympatholytic antihypertensive
      agent). From 4 to 9% of patients report negative subjective experiences at any
      one session. When short-term clinical successes (either elimination of medication
      or reduction of BP) were compared with short-term failures, it was found that
      successes reported more warmth, more likelihood of falling asleep, and more
      dreamlike experiences. The latter were more likely to occur suddenly for the
      successes. Correlational analyses revealed consistent positive associations
      between reports of warmth and relaxation with highest temperature achieved in the
      session and consistent negative associations between experiencing physical
      sensations and degree of temperature change within the session.

PMID- 2400796
TI  - Integrating music in breathing training and relaxation: II. Applications.
AB  - Psychophysiological observations, especially PETCO2 and EEG, during relaxation
      training with deep-diaphragmatic breathing and mental imagery, suggest that the
      addition of certain types of music "deepens" breathing and quickens relaxation:
      PETCO2 "normalizes" with decreased respiration rate, and EEG shows decreased
      average theta and increased alpha. The combined psychophysiological indices
      suggest that music potentiates the hypometabolic counterarousal state. And
      clients unanimously report that they enjoy it.

PMID- 2400797
TI  - Evaluation of home-based thermal biofeedback treatment of pediatric migraine
      headache.
AB  - Sixteen children and adolescents with migraine headache were treated with thermal
      biofeedback. Seven were seen individually in the clinic while the other nine
      participated in a limited-contact, partly home-based regimen. Evaluation of
      headache diary data from 4-week monitoring periods before and after treatment
      showed significant (p less than .01) reduction in headaches, with no significant
      difference in efficacy between the two conditions.

PMID- 2400798
TI  - Laser-induced damage to transparent polymers: chemical effect of short-pulsed (Q
      switched) Nd:YAG laser radiation on ophthalmic acrylic biomaterials. II. Study of
      monomer release from artificial intraocular lenses.
AB  - Commercial intraocular lenses and polymer specimens, both poly(methyl
      methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) p(HEMA), were
      subjected to various levels of irradiation from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, and
      then to extraction and sample-enrichment techniques. The extracts were analysed
      by capillary gas chromatography. In PMMA samples, residual contents of 0.05-0.89%
      (wt) MMA were found and it appeared that the laser radiation did not cause a
      detectable increase of the monomer content. No residual HEMA could be found in
      p(HEMA) samples before or after laser bombardment. It is concluded that the
      accidental exposure of lenses to Nd:YAG laser cannot produce a significant
      release of monomers. Depolymerization induced by laser is a process unlikely to
      occur at the energy levels used in ophthalmic surgery.

PMID- 2400799
TI  - Galvanic couples of 316L steel with Ti and ion plated Ti and TiN coatings in
      Ringer's solutions.
AB  - Steel 316L was coated with titanium or titanium nitride by ion plating. The
      tightness of the coatings was examined electro-chemically. The galvanic effects
      for the galvanic couples steel-titanium, steel-titanium-coated steel and steel
      titanium nitride-coated steel were studied. It was found that both titanium and
      titanium nitride coatings were non-porous in Ringer's solution; titanium served
      as an anode in the couple steel-titanium; it was oxidized according to the
      logarithmic law. For the other two couples, the coatings were the cathodes. The
      rate of dissolution of steel in these couples, was however, smaller than
      expected, owing to a strong polarization of the coatings. The potential of the
      couple was similar to that of steel.

PMID- 2400800
TI  - Electrochemistry of galvanic couples between carbon and common metallic
      biomaterials in the presence of crevices.
AB  - In vitro experiments were conducted upon some common metallic biomaterials and
      carbons, both isolated or forming galvanic couples, in a cell specially designed
      for crevice corrosion studies. The alloys examined were AISI 316L stainless
      steel, Ti6AI4V and Co-Cr-Mo. The types of carbon were glassy carbon and carbon
      fibre-reinforced carbon. The surface modifications were evaluated by SEM, AES and
      ESCA-XPS analyses. AISI 316L stainless steel suffered localized corrosion in open
      circuit experiments whilst the other materials remained unattacked. Galvanic
      currents between metal-carbon couples were measured by zero resistance ammetry.
      The carbon-metal area ratio was 1:1. The results showed that 316L stainless steel
      and the Co-Cr-Mo alloy were prone to accelerated corrosion, whilst the Ti6AI4V
      alloy remained unattacked. The galvanic corrosion currents were also predicted
      using mixed potential theory from polarization curves obtained for each material.
      The experimental and theoretical values showed good agreement for the stainless
      steel and Co-Cr-Mo alloy. Long-term immersion tests with the same couples showed
      that the only metal not to suffer degradation was the Ti6AI4V alloy.

PMID- 2400802
TI  - Load deformation behaviour during a diametral test.
AB  - The deformation of a cylinder in the diametral mode proved to be a linear
      function of the applied load for silicate cements, glass ionomer cements and
      glass. Two theoretical analyses were investigated, namely, Hertzian indenter
      theory and integration of the Hondros diametral theory. Whilst both theories
      predicted the experimentally observed linear behaviour, neither were
      quantitatively correct. Furthermore, the Hondros theory contained an
      experimentally inaccessible parameter, the angle subtended by the contact width
      at the centre.

PMID- 2400801
TI  - Influence of glycosaminoglycans on the collagen sponge component of a bilayer
      artificial skin.
AB  - A bilayer artificial skin composed of a silicone membrane and a collagen sponge
      layer containing glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) was first developed by Yannas and
      Burke. They reported that GAGs contained in the collagen sponge layer contributed
      to the function of the artificial skin. In an attempt to assess the effect of
      GAGs in the collagen sponge layer, the electron microscopic structure, mechanical
      strength of collagen sponges, and cell proliferation were examined in vitro,
      using four kinds of collagen sponges containing: no GAG, chondroitin 6-sulphate
      (C6S), dermatan sulphate (DER), and hyaluronic acid (HYA). The results indicated
      that: (1) addition of GAGs scarcely affected the mechanical structure of collagen
      sponges; (2) addition of C6S and DER reinforced mechanical strength, while
      addition of HYA did not; (3) addition of C6S and DER significantly decreased cell
      proliferation.

PMID- 2400803
TI  - Expansion in vitro of retrovirally marked totipotent hematopoietic stem cells.
AB  - A large number of biologic, technological, and clinical studies await the
      development of procedures that will allow totipotent hematopoietic stem cells to
      be expanded in vitro. Previous work has suggested that hematopoiesis can be
      reconstituted using transplants of cells from long-term marrow cultures. We have
      used retrovirus mediated gene transfer to demonstrate that marked totipotent
      hematopoietic stem cells are both maintained and can be amplified in such
      cultures, and then subsequently regenerate and sustain lympho-myeloid
      hematopoiesis in irradiated recipients. Marrow cells from 5-fluorouracil-treated
      male mice were infected with a recombinant virus carrying the neomycin resistence
      gene and seeded onto irradiated adherent layers of pre-established, long-term
      marrow cultures of female origin. At 4 weeks, cells from individual cultures were
      transplanted into single or multiple female recipients. Southern blot analysis of
      hematopoietic tissue 45 days posttransplantation showed retrovirally marked
      clones common to lymphoid and myeloid tissues in 14 of 23 mice examined.
      Strikingly, for 3 of 4 long-term cultures, multiple recipients of cells from a
      single flask showed marrow and thymus repopulation with the same unique
      retrovirally marked clone. These results establish the feasibility of retroviral
      marking techniques to demonstrate the maintenance of totipotent lympho-myeloid
      stem cells for at least 4 weeks in the long-term marrow culture system and
      provide the first evidence of their proliferation in vitro. Therefore, such
      cultures may serve as a starting point for identifying factors that stimulate
      totipotent hematopoietic stem cell expansion.

PMID- 2400804
TI  - Chromosome aberrations and prognostic factors in therapy-related myelodysplasia
      and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - Cytogenetic studies of 91 consecutive patients with therapy-related
      myelodysplasia or overt acute nonlymphocytic leukemia disclosed characteristic
      defects of chromosome 7 in 48 cases and of chromosome 5 in 21 cases. The
      chromosome 5 abnormalities were consistently present in all abnormal mitoses at
      the time of diagnosis, as were the chromosome 7 abnormalities in 45 of the 48
      patients. Various abnormalities, primarily of the short arm of chromosome 17,
      were observed in 13 cases, abnormalities of the long arm of chromosome 21 were
      observed in 12 cases, and rearrangements of 11q23 were seen in nine cases.
      Thirteen patients presented a normal karyotype. Previous therapy with alkylating
      agents, the presence of an initial myelodysplastic phase, and abnormalities of
      chromosome 7 or 5 were interdependent. Patients with 11q23 rearrangement
      typically developed overt leukemia of FAB types M4 or M5a without myelodysplasia
      and with a short latent period. Evaluated by Cox regression analysis, complete
      remission of the primary malignancy and a malignant lymphoma as primary tumor
      were the two most important and independent prognostic factors indicating a
      longer survival (P = .008). In addition, the platelet count at diagnosis was a
      significant prognostic factor (P = .01). For the subgroup of 62 patients with
      myelodysplasia, the number of chromosome aberrations, the percentage of blasts in
      the bone marrow, and the hemoglobin level were other significant and independent
      prognostic factors (P = .05, .05, and .004, respectively). The most important
      predictive factor for a favorable response to intensive antileukemic chemotherapy
      in overt leukemia was the absence of a preceding myelodysplastic phase (P =
      .0014).

PMID- 2400805
TI  - Hematologic and immunologic effects of the systemic administration of recombinant
      interleukin-2 after autologous bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - T cells from allogeneic bone marrow grafts are responsible for a graft versus
      leukemia effect. Use of recombinant Interleukin-2 (rIL-2) after autologous bone
      marrow transplantation (BMT) may enhance immune function and hopefully reproduce
      the allogeneic reaction. We report here the hematologic and immunologic changes
      observed in the first 10 patients of a phase 1 trial studying the infusion of IL
      2 after autologous BMT. All patients had high-risk malignancies and received 6
      days of a constant infusion of IL-2 (Eurocetus, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) at
      dose of 3 x 10(6) Cetus Units/m2/d, 79 +/- 12 days after autologous BMT. Clinical
      toxicities involving cutaneous, cholestatic, gastrointestinal, and hemodynamic
      effects occurred during IL-2 treatment but reversed in all cases. Completion of
      treatment was 91% of the scheduled dose of IL-2. Hematologic toxicity was
      moderate and transient with no graft failure. Increases in eosinophil and
      lymphocyte counts were significant (P less than .05). Stimulation of the immune
      system was intense and prolonged, manifested by increase numbers of CD3+,
      CD3+DR+, CD3+ CD25+ lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells (all P less than
      .01), and increase of Lymphokine-activated killers (LAK) and NK activities (P
      less than .01 and P less than .05). This study establishes the feasibility of a 6
      day administration of rIL-2 after autologous BMT leading to a major immune
      activation 2.5 months after BMT.

PMID- 2400806
TI  - Hematologic manifestations of feline immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - Studies were done on 53 cats with community-acquired infection with the feline
      immunodeficiency virus (FIV) to determine if hematologic abnormalities were
      comparable with those observed in patients seropositive for the human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Nine cats were asymptomatic, 24 had clinical
      symptoms equivalent to AIDS-related complex (ARC), and 20 had AIDS-like disease.
      Hematologic abnormalities were detected in 75% (40 of 53) of FIV-seropositive
      cats, and multiple concurrent cytopenias were common. Anemia, lymphopenia,
      neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia occurred in 36%, 53%, 34%, and 8% of FIV
      seropositive cats, respectively. Cytopenias were seen only in symptomatic (ARC or
      AIDS) cats. The occurrence of cytopenias and the distribution of clinical stages
      were similar in cats with concurrent feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection and
      those with FIV alone, suggesting that these abnormalities were a direct
      consequence of FIV infection. In addition, abnormalities were noted in 72% of
      marrows from symptomatic cats and included hyperplasia of individual cell
      lineages and dysmorphic features. Our results demonstrate that the hematologic
      manifestations of FIV infection are strikingly similar to those reported in HIV
      seropositive patients. Thus, FIV infection in cats is an excellent animal model
      to study the pathogenesis of blood and marrow abnormalities in AIDS, as well as
      to evaluate the hematologic toxicities of drug therapies.

PMID- 2400807
TI  - Interferon affects nuclear proteins in cells of clinically sensitive chronic
      myelogenous leukemia patients.
AB  - Cytoplasmic protein extracts from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells
      contained an activity that altered the electrophoretic mobility of complexes
      formed between nuclear proteins and the transcriptional enhancers of interferon
      (IFN)-inducible genes. Exposure of CML cells to IFN-alpha diminished the effect
      of the CML cytoplasmic proteins on these nuclear protein-DNA complexes. The
      presence of clinical responsiveness to IFN-alpha correlated with the sensitivity
      to the IFN-induced change in the electrophoretic mobility of nuclear protein-DNA
      complexes. These data suggest that the action of IFN-alpha in CML may be linked
      to a pathway that can result in posttranslational modification of nuclear
      proteins.

PMID- 2400808
TI  - Identification of hematopoietic progenitors of macrophages and dendritic
      Langerhans cells (DL-CFU) in human bone marrow and peripheral blood.
AB  - Colonies of cells with distinctive dendritic appearance were observed in
      methylcellulose cultures of human bone marrow and peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells (PBMC). Such cells appeared alone in colonies of less than 50 cells,
      together with macrophages in mixed colonies and also within clusters of T
      lymphocytes at high culture cell numbers. The morphologic resemblance to lymphoid
      dendritic cells was confirmed by electron microscopy and the cells were
      distinguished from macrophages by immunoenzymatic and immunogold labeling with
      monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). Like macrophages they were HLA-DR+ and CD4+.
      However, they lacked nonspecific esterase and the macrophage cytoplasmic marker
      Y1/82A. Most strikingly, cells were strongly HLA-DQ+ and expressed CD1a (T6),
      which is characteristic of skin Langerhans cells. Their functional similarity to
      lymphoid dendritic cells was demonstrated by their ability to stimulate
      allogeneic mixed leukocyte reactions. Dendritic cell colony numbers were
      estimated in both bone marrow and peripheral blood of controls and in leukemia
      and lymphoma patients before and after chemotherapy. Colony numbers were low in
      control blood and in patients before treatment (less than 1.0 to 3.7/10(5)
      cells). However, during hematopoietic recovery the mean value increased to
      37.5/10(5) cells and this increase correlated closely with the observed increase
      in circulating colony forming unit-granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM) in individual
      patients. Autoradiographic studies demonstrated mitotic activity within CD1a+
      colonies and a linear relationship between cultured cells and both pure and mixed
      colonies was consistent with their derivation from a single precursor. These data
      indicate that a novel hematopoietic progenitor of dendritic/Langerhans cells (DL
      CFU) may now be identified in a clonal assay system and suggest a probable common
      progenitor for these cells and macrophages.

PMID- 2400809
TI  - Development and characterization of a cyclophosphamide-resistant subline of acute
      myeloid leukemia in the Lewis x Brown Norway hybrid rat.
AB  - Preclinical studies of resistance to alkylating agents in the Lewis x Brown
      Norway hybrid (LBN) rat model of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have hitherto been
      limited by the sensitivity of LBN AML cells to cyclophosphamide (CY). We
      developed a CY-resistant subline of LBN AML by serial intravenous (IV) passage of
      AML cells followed by in vivo exposure to CY (100 mg/kg) 14 days later. After 18
      and subsequent passages, CY-treated AML cells remained viable despite ex vivo
      incubation with 70 to 100 mumol/L 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4HC) or in vivo
      exposure to 100 to 300 mg/kg of CY. Once established, resistance to incubation
      with 4HC was stable in LBN AML cells after at least six serial in vivo passages
      without exposure to CY. Nevertheless, both control and CY-treated AML cells
      demonstrated similar dose-dependent sensitivity to 100 to 500 mumol/L
      phosphoramide mustard (PhM), the active alkylating end-product of CY activation
      in vivo. Levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which inactivates CY by
      prevention of formation of PhM, were significantly elevated in these CY-resistant
      AML cells: cytosolic and particulate ALDH fractions from these cells were 11 to
      13 times control with NAD cofactor and propanal substrate and three to four times
      control with NADP cofactor and benzaldehyde substrate. Further studies with this
      animal model of AML, in which resistance to CY is mediated by elevated ALDH
      activity, may elucidate mechanisms for effective elimination of drug-resistant
      leukemic cells ex vivo and in vivo.

PMID- 2400810
TI  - The t(1;14)(p34;q11) is nonrandom and restricted to T-cell acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group study.
AB  - We report the nonrandom occurrence, frequency, and degree of immunophenotype
      association of the t(1;14)(p34;q11) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
      (ALL). This chromosomal abnormality occurred in leukemia cells from 5 of 1,630
      (0.3%) consecutive children with newly diagnosed ALL who were entered on a single
      Pediatric Oncology Group classification study (POG 8600) between January 1986 and
      February 1989. The frequency of the t(1;14) was 3% (5 of 168 cases) in children
      with T-cell ALL. All five cases had pseudodiploid karyotypes, and in 3 cases the
      t(1;14) was accompanied by a deletion of the long arm of chromosome 6. This
      translocation is of special interest because the breakpoint on chromosome 14 in
      band q11 corresponds to the assigned locus of the T-cell receptor alpha/delta
      chain gene. All five of our patients and three cases reported previously have had
      T-cell ALL. These findings, considered together, suggest that this translocation
      is specific for T-cell ALL and that a gene in the 1p34 region may play an
      important role in malignant transformation of thymocytes.

PMID- 2400811
TI  - Activation mechanisms of adherent human neutrophils.
AB  - The mechanism by which unstimulated human neutrophils initiate a respiratory
      burst on adherence to a surface has been examined. When neutrophils adhere to a
      plastic surface, they immediately generate a sustained burst of superoxide (O2-).
      However, this respiratory burst is not initiated by adherence alone, since
      neutrophils attached to fibronectin fail to mount a response. Adhesion to plastic
      is calcium (Ca2+) independent, but O2- production requires Ca2(+)-containing
      buffer in the initiation phase, that is, during adhesion and the early phase of
      O2- production. The Ca2(+)-dependent step was shown to involve protein kinase C
      (PK-C) in that the O2- production, but not adherence, was blocked with 1-(5
      isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7), and PK-C was found to translocate
      from the cytosol to the membrane on adhesion. Furthermore, it may be inferred
      that this translocation results in the generation of a Ca2+ independent form of
      PK-C, PK-M, since leupeptin, which inhibits the generation of PK-M, also blocked
      O2- production. This finding was corroborated by showing that after 5 minutes in
      a Ca2(+)-containing buffer, enough time to initiate O2- production and PK-C
      translocation, Ca2+ is no longer required for sustained O2- release. These
      results, in aggregate, demonstrate that neutrophils are activated by adhesion to
      plastic to generate O2-, a PK-C-dependent process that appears to involve a
      Ca2(+)-independent form of the kinase, PK-M. Why adherent neutrophils generate a
      respiratory burst on plastic and not fibronectin surfaces probably reflects
      activation of distinct receptors, whose nature must still be defined. Another
      issue to address is the priming effect of adhesion, since cells adherent to
      plastic- or fibronectin-coated surfaces have an enhanced O2- response to
      formylmethionyl-leucine-phenylalanine (FMLP) compared with neutrophils stimulated
      in suspension. This may relate to increased Ca2+ mobilization, an important
      mediator of priming for FMLP responses. Thus, adhesion as a priming event does
      not necessarily initiate cell effector function, and the further elucidation of
      the plastic and fibronectin models suggests a means of characterizing the crucial
      event that control neutrophil activation.

PMID- 2400812
TI  - The influence of oxygen tension, temperature, and hemoglobin concentration on the
      rheologic properties of sickle erythrocytes.
AB  - With the use of micromanipulation techniques, the shear modulus or "rigidity" mu,
      the recovery time tc, and the unfolding time tf for individual sickle cells have
      been measured at different oxygen tensions, temperatures, and cell densities. In
      these experiments, the partial pressure of oxygen was varied from 156 to 40 mm Hg
      and the temperature was controlled at 25 degrees C or 37 degrees C. Three mean
      cellular hemoglobin concentrations were studied: 29 g/dL, 33 g/dL, and 46 g/dL.
      The lighter cells (29 and 33 g/dL) exhibited at most a threefold increase in
      rigidity as the pO2 was decreased from 156 to 40 mm Hg. At 25 degrees C, the
      densest cells (46 g/dL) also exhibited a threefold increase. However, at 37
      degrees C, the rigidity of these cells increased eightfold between 156 to 40 mm
      Hg. Compared with normal cells, this gives a rigidity that is 18 times larger. In
      contrast to the values for mu, the values for tc and tf remained essentially
      unchanged (within the accuracy of the experiments) for the lighter cells and
      could not be measured for the densest cells.

PMID- 2400813
TI  - [Cathepsin D: an independent prognostic factor in cancer of the breast].
AB  - The total amount of cathepsin-D (mature forms and pro-enzyme especially) in the
      cytosol of 88 breast cancers including 85 primary cancers and 11 axillary lymph
      node metastasis was measured by way of immuno-radiometric assay. Maximum follow
      up is 58 months. Cathepsin-D was found to be independent of clinical and
      biological parameters including axillary lymph node involvement and oestradiol
      receptors (RE). Univariate analysis has pointed out a significant linkage between
      overall survival and cathepsin-D, using a cut-off level of 30 pmol/mg protein
      which is the most discriminating value. Cathepsin-D appeared to be particularly
      useful in lymph-node-positive and RE-negative patients but it was not significant
      in the node-negative population. Multivariate analysis of the overall survival
      (Cox model) revealed that it was strongly related to oestradiol receptor, lymph
      node involvement and cathepsin-D.

PMID- 2400814
TI  - [Treatment of aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in aged patients with a
      combination of methyl-GAG, etoposide and prednimustine].
AB  - The authors report the results of a chemotherapy regimen of methyl-GAG, etoposide
      and prednimustine in 21 elderly patients (median age = 78 years) with aggressive
      non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Sixteen patients responded (11 complete remissions, 5
      partial remissions) with minor toxic side-effects. This regimen could be proposed
      for patients whose age and/or cardiovascular status prohibit treatment with usual
      anthracycline-containing chemotherapy programs.

PMID- 2400815
TI  - [Hepatic tumor promotion--role of environmental factors. A symposium. Paris,
      April 27-28, 1989. Proceedings].

PMID- 2400816
TI  - [Concept of tumor promoters in hepatocarcinogenesis].
AB  - Tumor promotion is defined as 1 step of carcinogenesis. Its intervention occurred
      when cell DNA was already damaged by a carcinogen and is the support of quiescent
      mutations. This leads to a complete malignant transformation of the cells by a
      non genotoxic mechanism. The presence of tumor promoters in our environment,
      although difficult to estimate, must be taken into account. This requires further
      research.

PMID- 2400817
TI  - Effects of the tumor promoter 2-acetylaminofluorene and of 4-acetylaminofluorene
      on rat liver growth.
AB  - 2-Acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) is a moderately cytotoxic drug which is
      nevertheless capable of promoting diethylnitrosamine-initiated rat liver
      carcinogenesis in the absence of detectable hepatotoxicity. 2-AAF does not
      stimulate net growth of the normal liver, but alters hepatocellular ploidy
      distributions (fewer binucleated and more diploid cells) in a manner indicative
      of altered growth control. The non-cytotoxic analogue 4-AAF induces a similar
      ploidy change, and also stimulates liver growth. The possibility should therefore
      be considered that both agents may specifically elicit a mononucleating growth
      response in normal liver, which in the case of 2-AAF is antagonized by a general
      (cytotoxic) growth inhibition. In the promotion of liver carcinogenesis, 2-AAF
      may act as a growth stimulant upon cytotoxicity-resistant initiated cells;
      cytotoxicity per se playing no causative role.

PMID- 2400818
TI  - Modulation of neoplastic development: concepts and examples.
AB  - Chemical carcinogenesis is classically considered as a multiphasic process within
      which one identifies an initiation phase followed by a phase of promotion and
      finally progression and/or conversion. The concept of modulation of neoplastic
      development will be proposed. That concept characterizes any treatment able to
      modify the evolution of a carcinogenic process. Such a modification is either an
      acceleration or a slowing down of carcinogenesis. It is not fully equivalent to
      promotion since it is not an obligatory phase of carcinogenesis. After an
      initiating treatment, the evolution of carcinogenesis can thus be modulated
      either positively or negatively. Modulating agents of liver carcinogenesis can be
      chemical carcinogens, non-genotoxic xenobiotics, endogenous factors, food
      ingredients, surgery, infectious agents. Their effect on the development of
      preneoplastic lesions can be both quantitatively and qualitatively different from
      their effect on the appearance of liver cancers. They could act through cellular
      or systemic metabolic perturbations linked with cell proliferation.

PMID- 2400819
TI  - [Oncogenes and tumor promotion].
AB  - We have studied the effects of 2 hepatic promoters: an exogenous
      one:phenobarbital, and an endogenous one biliverdin (a bile pigment) on the
      expression of 3 oncogenes c-Ki-ras, c-fos and c-myc involved in growth process,
      differentiation and tumorigenesis for the liver. This work was done: 1) in vitro
      using epithelial liver cell strains originated from 10-day old rats; 2) in vivo
      using regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy, as well as preneoplastic
      nodules obtained by the Solt and Farber procedure. In all cases we have shown an
      important overexpression of the oncogenes.

PMID- 2400821
TI  - [Role of junctional intercellular communication in hepatic carcinogenesis in
      rats].
AB  - Two major alterations in gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) during
      experimental carcinogenesis have been seen: a decrease of its capacity during
      tumor promotion and a selective loss of intercellular communication between
      transformed cells and surrounding normal counterparts. These data, first
      discovered in our laboratory on mouse fibroblasts (BALB/c 3T3), were partly
      confirmed in rat liver epithelial cells. In such cells, the decreased GJIC was
      related to their level of transformation. Tissue-specific effect of tumor
      promoters is also seen in the inhibition of GJIC; administration of phenobarbital
      decreased the level of GJ mRNA in the liver, but not in other organs tested.
      Phenobarbital also inhibited GJIC among adult rat hepatocytes co-cultured with
      BALB/c 3T3 cells but not among the mouse fibroblasts. Moreover, our findings on
      the diminished level of GJ mRNA in tumors of rat liver support the importance of
      acquired selective GJIC in rat liver carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2400820
TI  - [Modification of the cellular cytoskeleton and hepatic tumor promotion].
AB  - Non transformed epithelial hepatic cells (established cell line and adult rat
      hepatocytes) treated by liver tumor promoters, phenobarbital and biliverdin, for
      24 and 48 h showed a fragmentation and loss of F-actin and a depolymerisation of
      microtubules. This pattern closely resembles that of transformed cells which were
      not susceptible to the action of promoters. In liver preneoplastic nodules
      obtained from rats submitted to an initiation-promotion process, actin almost
      completely disappeared with the concomitant appearance of a characteristic
      enzymatic pattern rich in GGT and GST-P. Therefore, cytoskeleton of hepatic cells
      is a target for tumor promoters and could play a role in promotion mechanism.

PMID- 2400822
TI  - [Role of protein kinase C in cell regulation and tumor promotion].
AB  - The signaling pathways which transfer information into the cell form a tissue
      specific network. Protein kinase C (PKC) belongs to the inositol 1, 4, 5
      trisphosphate/diacylglycerol (IP3/DG) pathway and plays a key role in cell
      regulation. The enzyme controls cell growth and functions through a set of
      negative and positive regulatory mechanisms. Some tumor promoters such as phorbol
      esters activate PKC by acting at the DG binding site. Others do not compete with
      DG and either activate PKC in the absence of phospholipids, such as arachidonic
      acid and bile salts, or require the presence of phospholipids, for instance a
      number of organic solvents. However, some promoters do not directly activate the
      enzyme although some of them appear to act elsewhere in the IP3/DG signaling
      pathway. The possibility that tumor promoters impair the expression of PKC is
      discussed.

PMID- 2400823
TI  - [In vitro use of a model for studying the effects of tumor promoters in food].
AB  - Two antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole
      (BHA), which are widely used as food additives, have been proved in vivo to act
      as tumor promoters in rodent species. In order to study their mechanisms of
      action, BHT, BHA and phenobarbital (PB) were tested in vitro on liver epithelial
      cells isolated from 2-acetylaminofluorene-initiated rats. Interactions of BHT 3 x
      10(-6) to 3 x 10(-5) M, BHA 10(-5) to 10(-4) M and of PB 10(-4) to 10(-3) M with
      cell growth on plastic dishes or in agarose, and with the expression of different
      proteins (gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, cytoskeletal proteins, fibronectin) were
      followed.

PMID- 2400824
TI  - Oxidants stress induces the proto-oncogenes, C-fos and C-myc in mouse epidermal
      cells.

PMID- 2400825
TI  - Nutrition and enzyme inducers in liver tumor promotion in human and rat.
AB  - Phenobarbital and other substances that cause induction of P450 linked enzymes in
      the liver are potent tumour promoters when given to rats after a single dose of
      dimethyl or diethyl nitrosamine. The human population is known to be exposed to
      small amounts of nitrosamines and to inducers of P450 linked enzymes in the
      liver, from natural foods such as cabbage and other brassicas. Many individuals
      are exposed to induced doses of phenobarbital used as anti convulsants. Cohort
      studies have shown that there is no increased risk of liver cancer detectable in
      people taking phenobarbital who suffer from epilepsy. On investigating the dose
      response curve for tumour promotion one finds that hepatocellular carcinomas only
      appear at a high dosage of phenobarbital and it seems likely that the human
      exposure to inducers in food, and in therapy with anticonvulsants, is in the
      dosage range well below that which causes promotion of liver cancer. The
      physiological adaptation to environment must be clearly distinguished from the
      pathological events which take place in experimental overdose.

PMID- 2400826
TI  - [Modulation of mRNAs P450 and hepatocarcinogenesis promotion].
AB  - The adaptive response of the liver to phenobarbital is characterized by a strong
      cell hypertrophy and coordinate induction of specific P450 forms (IIB1, 2; IIC7,
      IIIA1). The pattern of active mRNA is significantly changed, demonstrating the
      establishment of PB phenotype. Employed as a promoting agent in experimental
      hepatocarcinogenesis, PB triggers a significantly different, uncoordinated
      response. Only P450 IIB1 is positively modulated while P450 IIC7 mRNA becomes
      repressed. Mechanisms underlying the differential P450 adaptative response to PB
      in the initiated versus non-initiated liver are discussed in the light of both
      the importance of epigenetic events and the possible role of P450 mono-oxygenases
      in hepatocarcinogenic promotion by PB.

PMID- 2400827
TI  - Multistage theory of carcinogenesis: the epidemiological evidence for liver
      cancer.
AB  - Experimentalists have developed 2 stage carcinogenesis models within which
      initiation and promotion can be phenomenologically defined. For humans, no
      comparable sequential exposure situations have been studied, and the concepts of
      initiation and promotion cannot be defined in the same way that they have been
      for animal experiments. Nevertheless, there are epidemiological studies of human
      cancer which provide information on the effect of age at exposure, cessation of
      exposure and level of exposure on cancer risk which can be used to classify
      carcinogens according to their apparent mode of action. For the recognized human
      liver carcinogens, the available epidemiological data are not yet sufficiently
      detailed to permit clear conclusions about their role in multistage
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2400828
TI  - Rapid determination of paraquat in urine with ion-pair extraction and
      spectrophotometry.

PMID- 2400829
TI  - In vitro study on the inhibitory effect of magnesium cation on paraquat removal
      by medical cation exchange resin.

PMID- 2400830
TI  - Adsorption removal of cresol by granular activated carbon for medical waste water
      treatment.

PMID- 2400831
TI  - Hair cadmium level of smoker and non-smoker human volunteers in and around
      Calcutta City.

PMID- 2400832
TI  - Detection and isolation of pentachlorophenol in oil samples associated with the
      Spanish toxic oil syndrome.

PMID- 2400833
TI  - Occupational exposure to DDT among mosquito control sprayers.

PMID- 2400834
TI  - DDT (2,2,bis(p-chlorophenyl) 1,1,1-trichloroethane) induced structural changes in
      adrenal glands of rats.

PMID- 2400835
TI  - Altered pharmacokinetics of soil-adsorbed benzene administered orally in the rat.

PMID- 2400836
TI  - Potential for agricultural pesticide runoff to a Puget Sound Estuary: Padilla
      Bay, Washington.

PMID- 2400837
TI  - Stimulation of aldrin and dieldrin loss from soils treated with carbon amendments
      and saturated-ring analogues.

PMID- 2400838
TI  - Influence of organic amendments on the mobilization of molybdenum in soils.

PMID- 2400839
TI  - Gill lesions in the perch, Anabas testudineus, subjected to sewage toxicity.

PMID- 2400840
TI  - In vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase from four marine species by
      organophosphates and carbamates.

PMID- 2400841
TI  - Mobility, distribution and persistence of metalaxyl residues in pearl millet
      (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke.).

PMID- 2400842
TI  - Behavioral changes in Gammarus pulex and its significance in the toxicity
      assessment of very low levels of environmental pollutants.

PMID- 2400843
TI  - Effects of deltamethrin and ethanol on survival, and mechanical response of
      Daphnia spinulata.

PMID- 2400844
TI  - Heavy metal contamination in the river toad, Bufo juxtasper (Inger), near a
      copper mine in East Malaysia.

PMID- 2400845
TI  - Comparative toxicity of an effluent from a chlor-alkali industry and HgCl2.

PMID- 2400846
TI  - Seasonal changes in the testes of fish Puntius ticto, and their relation to heavy
      metal toxicity.

PMID- 2400847
TI  - Bioaccumulation of mercury and its effect on protein metabolism of the water
      hyacinth weevil Neochetina eichhornae (Warner).

PMID- 2400848
TI  - Gonadal histopathology following nickel intoxication in the giant gaurami Colisa
      fasciatus (Bloch and Schneider), a freshwater tropical perch.

PMID- 2400849
TI  - Effect of cadmium on blood of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters), during
      prolonged exposure.

PMID- 2400850
TI  - Sequence determination of unknown cyclic peptide antibiotics by fast atom
      bombardment mass spectrometry.
AB  - The primary structures of unknown cyclic peptides produced by a Bacillus strain
      have been determined by fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry, which has
      established the peptides as a new family of the iturin group antibiotics. FAB
      mass spectra of the intact peptides gave the immonium ions characteristic of
      constituent amino acids which made it possible to distinguish Asn from Asp and
      Glu from Gln. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra of protonated
      molecules provided complete information on the connectivity of amino acid
      residues but did not reveal the direction of peptide bonding, while those
      obtained for fragment ions allowed us to make a discrimination between the
      correct sequence and its retro sequence. The amino acid sequences derived are
      c(Thr-Xaa-Asn-Tyr-Asn-Ser-Glu-Ser) (Xaa: C14 or C15 beta-amino acid) which are
      closely related to that of bacillomycin L. The structure is confirmed by the FAB
      mass spectra of the partial acid hydrolysate and the peptide mixture obtained
      from its single-step Edman degradation. Fragmentation processes involved in the
      CID spectra of the cyclic peptides are discussed based on the established amino
      acid sequence.

PMID- 2400851
TI  - Identification of indole alkaloids of Catharanthus roseus with liquid
      chromatography/mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation with the
      thermospray ion repeller.
AB  - Fragmentation of protonated molecular ions produced from catharanthine,
      tabersonine, ajmalicine and serpentine in a high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) thermospray ion source was studied. Collision-induced
      dissociation (CID) of the compounds was achieved by merely increasing the
      repeller potential; i.e. no discharge current was applied and filament was not
      on. Proportion of fragments to the protonated molecular ions increased with the
      potential at the 180-350 V range studied, but overall yield of detected ions
      decreased at the higher voltages in all cases. Comparison of fragments produced
      in the thermospray CID with those derived from the protonated molecular ions by
      colliding with argon in a triple-stage quadrupole instrument showed that the
      fragmentation is very similar in both cases. An analytical application for
      identifying the alkaloids from plant cell culture material by HPLC/mass
      spectrometry using the thermospray CID is described.

PMID- 2400852
TI  - Analysis of domoic acid and related compounds by mass spectrometry and gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry as N-trifluoroacetyl-O-silyl derivatives.
AB  - A method is presented for the analysis of shellfish tissue for domoic acid, a
      neurotoxic amino acid responsible for cases of amnesic shellfish poisoning.
      Tissue extracts are first taken through a two-stage solid-phase extraction clean
      up, using reversed-phase and strong cation exchange cartridges. A two-stage
      derivatization, using N-methyl-bis-trifluoroacetamide followed by either N-methyl
      tert-butyldimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide or N, O-bis
      trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide, is then used to produce an N-trifluoroacetyl-O
      silyl derivative which can be analyzed by mass spectrometry with introduction via
      direct inlet probe, moving-belt liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer interface,
      or capillary column gas chromatography. The N-trifluoroacetyl-O-tert
      butyldimethylsilyl derivative, which has good stability towards hydrolysis,
      provides a spectrum well suited to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)
      using selected ion recording. GC/MS data for two related compounds, kainic acid
      and dihydrokainic acid, are also reported. The latter is used as an internal
      standard for quantification of domoic acid, although the method reported is
      intended primarily for confirmation of the toxin and related compounds in
      shellfish tissue.

PMID- 2400853
TI  - Characterization of oxidized and glucuronidated metabolites of retinol in monkey
      plasma by thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - Eight metabolites of retinol were isolated by high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) from the plasma of the non-human primate Macaca
      fascicularis after acute exposure to 150,000 IU of vitamin A per kilogram body
      weight. After enrichment and further chromatographic purification, the
      metabolites were reinjected individually into a second HPLC system which was
      connected on-line by a thermospray interface to a mass spectrometer operated in
      the positive ionization mode. Six retinoids were identified by (i) a comparison
      of their retention times with those of appropriate reference compounds in the two
      chromatographic systems and (ii) by comparison of their mass spectra with those
      of reference compounds. These retinoids were: 13-cis-4-oxoretinoic acid, all
      trans-4-oxoretinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid, all-trans-retinoic acid, all
      trans-retinoyl beta-glucuronide and all-trans-retinyl beta-glucuronide. One
      further metabolite could be identified for the first time as all-trans-4
      oxoretinoyl beta-glucuronide by its mass spectrum and, after treatment of the
      unknown metabolite with beta-glucuronidase, by its hydrolysis product all-trans-4
      oxoretinoic acid. The molecular structure of one metabolite could not be
      elucidated. A major metabolic pathway of high-dose vitamin A in the non-human
      primate is apparently the oxidation of the primary alcohol group of retinol
      resulting in the formation of all-trans-retinoic acid. Subsequently, a broad
      spectrum of various metabolites of all-trans-retinoic acid, including beta
      glucuronides and retinoids with a 13-cis configuration, appear in the plasma.

PMID- 2400854
TI  - Characterization of the reaction products of deoxyguanosine with the anticancer
      agent BFNU and BFNU-1,1,1',1'-d4 in different buffers by high-performance liquid
      chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - The products of the reaction of the anticancer agent 1,3-bis(2-fluoroethyl)-1
      nitrosourea (BFNU) and BFNU-1,1,1',1'-d4 with the DNA base deoxyguanosine were
      characterized by applying high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/tandem
      mass spectrometry. The total effluent from the HPLC column was introduced into
      the atmospheric pressure ionization (API) source of a triple-quadrupole mass
      spectrometer via a heated nebulizer. The gasified mixture produced from the
      heated nebulizer was exposed to corona discharge ionization which led to
      generation of gas-phase chemical ionization type of ions. The LC/API mass
      spectrometry produced ions and the tandem mass spectra allowed unambiguous
      identification, and assignment of positions of the deuterium atoms, in the
      products of the reaction under a variety of experimental conditions. The
      identification and characterization of a variety of 7-(2'-haloethyl)guanine
      derivatives among the reaction products provide confirmation of a proposed
      mechanism for the action of BFNU on DNA bases.

PMID- 2400855
TI  - Poverty and health in the 1990s.

PMID- 2400856
TI  - Symptoms of low blood pressure: a population study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To establish whether an association exists between blood pressures in
      the "low normal" range and common symptoms such as tiredness, dizziness,
      headache, and palpitation, as suggested by French and German medical practice but
      not English or American medical practice. DESIGN: Cross sectional population
      based survey (the health and lifestyle survey) of blood pressure measurements and
      self reported common symptoms. Results were analysed by combined stratification
      and logistic regression. SUBJECTS: 7383 (82%) Adults aged 18 and over chosen from
      the electoral register in England, Wales, and Scotland for the health and
      lifestyle survey, in whom satisfactory physiological measurements were taken,
      from 9003 in the interviewed sample. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body mass index,
      smoking, social class, exercise, self declared physical illnesses, hours slept,
      use of drugs, and psychological illness as determined with the general health
      questionnaire assessed as potential confounders. RESULTS: True confounders were
      sex, age, taking of drugs, physical illness, exercise, and body mass index. A
      negative association was found between systolic blood pressure and self reported
      tiredness and feeling faint, which persisted after adjustment for the
      confounders. The association was strongest in women aged under 50. A negative
      association between systolic blood pressure and headache and a positive
      association between systolic blood pressure and palpitation were explained by
      confounding by age. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic hypotension is associated with
      persistent tiredness but treatment is not suggested as either possible or
      necessary. Instead, low blood pressures may be associated with opposite effects
      on mortality contrasted with morbidity.

PMID- 2400857
TI  - Problems of care in a private nursing home.
AB  - To assess problems of care in a private nursing home an observational study was
      carried out over two months, during which a research nurse worked as a member of
      the staff in a home caring for 25 patients aged 62-90. During the second month a
      consultant physician visited the home weekly to hold case conferences and assess
      each patient's functional ability and drug regimen. Various problems in medical,
      nursing, and bureaucratic matters were identified--for example, staff failed to
      understand the appropriate response to various medical symptoms; no clear policy
      existed for managing pressure sores; and one patient's anticoagulant state could
      not be assessed when industrial action meant that transport to take him to
      hospital was not available--and several changes in drug treatments were
      recommended. The problems that were identified were mainly due to poor
      communication between the home and general practitioners and hospitals and to the
      lack of guidance policy on common issues that arise in long term care. Such a
      policy could be produced by health authority staff, general practitioners, and
      representatives of nursing homes.

PMID- 2400858
TI  - Feeding aids.

PMID- 2400859
TI  - The Independent Living Fund.

PMID- 2400860
TI  - Cerebral mass lesions in patients with AIDS.

PMID- 2400861
TI  - Emergency treatment of avulsed teeth.

PMID- 2400862
TI  - Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome associated with tryptophan.

PMID- 2400863
TI  - Hyperosmolality related to propylene glycol in an infant.

PMID- 2400864
TI  - Hypothyroidism in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis.

PMID- 2400865
TI  - Consanguineous marriage.

PMID- 2400866
TI  - Genetic screening for ethnic minorities.

PMID- 2400867
TI  - Liver transplantation in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.

PMID- 2400868
TI  - Warning leak in subarachnoid haemorrhage.

PMID- 2400869
TI  - Toward a health care financing strategy for the nation.

PMID- 2400870
TI  - Beyond the words: the politics of health care reform.

PMID- 2400871
TI  - Nonprofit hospitals and the for-profit challenge.

PMID- 2400872
TI  - Magnetic resonance of diseased skeletal muscle: combined T1 measurement and
      chemical shift imaging.
AB  - Magnetic resonance examinations of skeletal muscle with differential T1
      relaxation time measurements were performed in 19 patients with muscular
      dystrophies and congenital myopathies, and in eight control subjects. A field
      echo chemical shift imaging technique was used. T1 values of muscular tissue were
      measured from the primary composite images, and differential T1 values were
      calculated separately from water and fat images. Longitudinal relaxation times of
      skeletal muscle were significantly increased in both dystrophies and myopathies.
      The results of differential relaxation time measurements suggest that
      intramuscular fat reduces the abnormal increase in T1 of diseased muscle tissue.
      When characterizing diseases of skeletal muscle by T1 relaxation time
      measurements, the contribution of secondary fatty infiltration must be
      considered.

PMID- 2400873
TI  - Linear opacities as a feature of pneumocystis pneumonia.
AB  - Linear opacities are generally regarded as uncommon in pneumocystis pneumonia.
      The authors' experience suggests this is not so, and that such opacities may have
      diagnostic value. Chest radiographs of 22 episodes of uncomplicated pneumocystis
      pneumonia were reviewed and linear opacities were present in nine episodes (41%).
      Similar opacities were present in 11 out of 121 cases of other pneumonias (9%).
      Characteristically the opacities are related to the acute illness, usually one to
      three in number, predominantly basal, 1-4 cm long and less than 2 mm thick. Other
      radiographic signs of pneumocystis pneumonia were present in all cases. The
      pathogenesis of these linear opacities is uncertain, but it is possible that they
      result from areas of sub-segmental atelectasis. The frequency of such linear
      opacities is much greater in pneumocystis pneumonia (four times) than in other
      pneumonias and they therefore have some diagnostic value.

PMID- 2400874
TI  - Percutaneous femoral artery puncture: practice and anatomy.
AB  - In a survey of the superficial landmarks used to select the site of puncture of
      the femoral artery for angiography, the inguinal skin crease was most popular,
      preferred by 39.2% of angiographers. The maximal femoral pulse irrespective of
      the position of the skin crease was the next most popular landmark (24.7%). Bony
      landmarks were least popular (13.0%). The majority (73.7%) of those using the
      skin crease punctured at the same level or distal to it. The relationship of
      these superficial landmarks to the common femoral artery (CFA) and its
      bifurcation were investigated. The inguinal skin crease was distal to the
      bifurcation of the CFA in 71.9% of limbs (mean, 0.61 cm). The maximal femoral
      pulse was over the CFA in 92.7% of limbs, and the CFA was projected over the
      medial aspect of the femoral head in 77.9% of limbs. The use of the inguinal skin
      crease is a popular though unreliable guide for puncture of the CFA. Use of the
      maximal femoral pulse will enable more constant puncture of the CFA.

PMID- 2400875
TI  - Hepatic imaging with computed tomography of chronic tyrosinaemia type 1.
AB  - Tyrosinaemia type 1 (fumaryl acetoacetase deficiency, hepato-renal tyrosinaemia)
      is a rare inborn error of metabolism which, in its chronic form, leads to
      cirrhosis in early childhood and subsequent development of hepatocellular
      carcinoma in a high proportion of cases. Imaging with computed tomography has an
      important role in assessing the progress of the liver disease and may be helpful
      in timing liver transplantation. The radiological features of seven cases are
      described and the implications discussed.

PMID- 2400876
TI  - Quantitative microfocal radiography of children with renal osteodystrophy;
      comparison with laboratory and histological findings.
AB  - High definition microfocal radiography permitted the quantitative assessment of
      the radiographic features of renal osteodystrophy in the phalanges of 11 children
      in stable chronic renal failure, treated with phosphate binders for 1 year. The
      most consistent feature was subperiosteal cortical resorption, expressed as a
      ratio total length of resorbed subperiosteal bone/total length subperiosteal bone
      x 100. It was found that the extent of resorbed bone was significantly greater in
      the middle phalanx and on the ulnar surface of the phalanges. The radiological
      findings over the duration of the disease were compared with laboratory
      assessments and bone histomorphometry. The extent of the percentage of
      subperiosteal resorption at base line and its change during the study period
      correlated significantly with the level of serum parathyroid hormone levels and
      its change over the same period. No other significant correlations were found
      between radiographic features and laboratory assessments or with bone
      histomorphometry.

PMID- 2400877
TI  - Radiological definition of a new model of portal diversion in the rat.
AB  - Diversion of portal blood away from the liver can be accomplished in the rat by
      two straightforward surgical procedures: subcutaneous transposition of the spleen
      followed later by portal vein ligation. This experimental model has great
      potential value in the study of liver cell transplants, porto-systemic shunts and
      hepatic porto-privation. Contrast medium radiology has been used to clarify and
      define the model further. Splenography, achieved by direct percutaneous puncture,
      demonstrated the developing spleno-subcutaneous vessels. Collaterals are seen as
      early as 3 days and appear extensive by 21 days after transposition. Almost all
      emanate from the convex outer surface of the spleen and course cranially and
      caudally in the subcutaneous tissues to drain into the subclavian and iliac
      veins. The appearance of these collaterals correlates well with survival after
      portal vein occlusion subsequent to splenic transposition. Direct portography
      demonstrates that, following portal vein ligation, contrast medium is diverted
      away from the liver into the splenic veins, through and around the spleen, before
      draining into the systemic circulation through spleno-subcutaneous collaterals.
      These radiological studies have demonstrated the changed circulatory pathways of
      this model of portal diversion and have confirmed that it is the splenic veins
      and the spleno-subcutaneous collaterals which are fundamental to its successful
      outcome.

PMID- 2400878
TI  - Transforming growth factor beta: a promotor of late connective tissue injury
      following radiotherapy?
AB  - Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a peptide which has a fundamental
      role in controlling proliferation of many cell types. Its main effect upon
      connective tissues in vivo is to stimulate growth. It can result in endothelial
      cell proliferation but tends to inhibit epithelial cell growth. Damage to the
      connective tissues and the vasculature are the principal findings in late
      radiotherapy damage. Following the initial cellular depletion after radiotherapy,
      an abnormal proliferation of these tissues occurs, which does not respond to
      normal feedback mechanisms. Immunocytochemical staining for TGF-beta has been
      performed upon six patients who had received pre-operative radiotherapy and three
      patients who had surgery alone for large bowel tumours. Transforming growth
      factor beta was found in relation to the pathological changes of late radiation
      damage in the non-tumour-bearing tissues of four out of six previously irradiated
      patients, but in none of the non-irradiated patients. This paper proposes that
      TGF-beta activity may modulate late post-radiation changes.

PMID- 2400880
TI  - An investigation into the performance of an automated quality assurance and
      dosimetry system in diagnostic radiology.
AB  - A system has been developed to undertake automatic quality assurance and
      dosimetry for diagnostic radiology examinations. The accuracy and reproducibility
      of the measurements and calculations made by the system have been investigated in
      a laboratory study and compared with concurrent measurements of exposure
      parameters made using standard techniques. In a later set of experiments, doses
      measured using a RANDO phantom and thermoluminescent dosimeters were compared
      with those calculated by the automated system. Assessment was carried out over a
      wide range of exposure factors and for a number of different radiological
      examinations. It is deduced from the results that exposure parameters can be
      measured with comparable accuracy to standard techniques, and that the automated
      system is suitable for performing on-line dosimetry.

PMID- 2400879
TI  - An instance of clinical radiation morbidity and cellular radiosensitivity, not
      associated with ataxia-telangiectasia.
AB  - A 14-year-old boy received standard induction chemotherapy for acute
      lymphoblastic leukaemia followed by standard dose cranial radiation prophylaxis
      (18 Gy). Severe chemosensitivity and acute radiation reactions occurred and he
      died at 8 months from late radiation damage. In vitro radiobiological studies of
      the boy's fibroblasts in culture demonstrated an enhanced radiosensitivity
      indistinguishable from ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) cells. However, unlike A-T
      cells, DNA synthesis following irradiation was inhibited in a normal manner. This
      patient represents yet another example of extreme radiosensitivity, and the
      possibility of clinical prediction in the future is discussed.

PMID- 2400881
TI  - A flat-top patient support for radiotherapy application computed tomographic
      scanning.

PMID- 2400882
TI  - Invisible pulmonary markings due to air in the pulmonary vasculature: a post
      mortem study.

PMID- 2400883
TI  - Computed tomography demonstration of portal venous gas after hepatic artery
      embolization.

PMID- 2400884
TI  - Radiation therapy in the management of giant lymph node hyperplasia.

PMID- 2400885
TI  - Strongyloidiasis of the colon.

PMID- 2400887
TI  - Macronodular hepatic tuberculosis in a child: computed tomographic appearances.

PMID- 2400886
TI  - Thin ribs, thin tubular bones, abnormal facies and intrauterine growth
      retardation: a lethal syndrome.

PMID- 2400888
TI  - Case of the month. The forgotten incident.

PMID- 2400889
TI  - A localized hypersensitivity reaction to cotrimoxazole in a previously irradiated
      field simulating a recall phenomenon.

PMID- 2400890
TI  - Complete remission of metastatic squamous carcinoma after cisplatinum
      chemotherapy without sustained control, following primary tumor control by
      californium-252 brachytherapy.

PMID- 2400891
TI  - The traceability of brachytherapy sources supplied by Amersham International.

PMID- 2400892
TI  - Testing a policy for skull radiography (and admission) following mild head
      injury.

PMID- 2400893
TI  - Vasopressin release in response to intravenously injected contrast media.

PMID- 2400894
TI  - Age and sex specific radiographic examination frequency in The Netherlands.
AB  - Age and sex specific data were obtained concerning diagnostic radiographic
      procedures performed in the Netherlands over the years 1984-1985. The average
      annual procedure frequency per caput excluding dental examinations in dentists'
      practices and mass survey examinations amounted to 0.537. Male and female
      examination frequencies were determined as 0.543 and 0.531, respectively. Trends
      in X-ray examination frequency were followed from 1967 to 1988. Until 1982, the X
      ray examination frequency was increasing by an average of 4% per year. Mainly
      because of a decrease in high dose examinations, the annual examination frequency
      per caput has been decreasing since then. As a consequence, the somatic effective
      dose equivalent to the population from diagnostic X-ray examinations is expected
      to decrease to a value of about 0.4 mSv for the year 1989.

PMID- 2400895
TI  - Radiologically visible gallbladder calcification due to schistosomiasis.
AB  - In four out of six gallbladders with schistosomal infestation, calcified
      granulomas were dense enough to be seen on abdominal radiographs. In one patient,
      faint calcification seen on a specimen of the excised gallbladder was not visible
      on the abdominal radiograph. Calcification on abdominal radiographs, especially
      serpiginous, seen in the region of the neck of gallbladder, appears to be the
      clue to the diagnosis of gallbladder schistosomiasis in people from endemic
      areas.

PMID- 2400896
TI  - Comparison of spin echo T1-weighted and FLASH 90 degrees gadolinium-enhanced
      magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of cerebral metastases.
AB  - A direct comparison of post-gadolinium FLASH 90 degrees magnetic resonance (MR)
      images against conventional post-gadolinium T1-weighted spin echo MR images
      obtained in patients with suspected cerebral metastatic disease shows the FLASH
      sequence to be inferior. False negative FLASH 90 degrees gadolinium-enhanced MR
      scans are thought to be a result of either magnetic susceptibility artefact or
      inferior contrast resolution. False positive FLASH 90 degrees gadolinium-enhanced
      MR images are a result of either difficulty in interpreting the high signal seen
      in small vessels or, again, magnetic susceptibility effects. In addition, our
      study shows small abnormalities suggestive of cerebral metastases on the FLASH 90
      degrees gadolinium-enhanced sequences which were not seen on the spin echo T1
      weighted gadolinium-enhanced sequences. We believe that spin echo T1-weighted
      gadolinium-enhanced MR sequences demonstrated 131 out of 139 (94.2%) and FLASH 90
      degrees gadolinium-enhanced MR sequences detected 122 out of 139 (87.8%) possible
      metastases. From this, we conclude that spin echo T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced
      MR sequences is a better test than FLASH 90 degrees gadolinium-enhanced MR in the
      diagnosis of brain metastases and that either sequence alone is limited as a
      screening test.

PMID- 2400897
TI  - Treatment outcome of spinal cord compression by nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
AB  - Spinal cord compression occurred in 1.6% of a cohort of 626 patients with
      nasopharyngeal carcinoma during a median follow-up period of 22 months. The
      degree of motor deficit before treatment was the most important predictor of
      subsequent motor recovery. One patient had complete reversal of motor deficit and
      returned to an ambulatory state by chemotherapy alone. The development of spinal
      cord compression was associated with a short life expectancy in nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2400898
TI  - Film cassette for quality assurance of dental X-ray tubes.

PMID- 2400899
TI  - A new positioning technique for barium enemas.

PMID- 2400900
TI  - Cholesterol granuloma of the petrous apex.

PMID- 2400901
TI  - A cranio-cerebral erosion (growing skull fracture) causing anisometropia.

PMID- 2400902
TI  - Leiomyosarcoma following therapeutic irradiation for ankylosing spondylitis.

PMID- 2400903
TI  - Biological dosimetry for iodine contrast medium and X-ray interactions by cell
      survival.

PMID- 2400904
TI  - Hippocampal protein kinase C activity is reduced in poor spatial learners.
AB  - Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) via neurotransmitter coupling processes has
      been associated with long-term potentiation (LTP) or classical conditioning, but
      whether natural variation in PKC activity affects learning performance remains to
      be determined. Inbred strains of mice differ in their ability to exhibit spatial
      reference memory as measured by the Morris water task. C57BL/6Ibg (C57) mice
      perform the task better than DBA/2Ibg (DBA) mice, which show relatively little
      spatial preference. Hippocampal PKC activity extracted from the particulate
      fraction was lower in DBA mice than in C57 mice. To examine the potential
      relationship of PKC activity with spatial learning performance, 11 C57BL/6J x
      DBA/2J recombinant inbred strains (BXD RIs) were trained in the place learning
      version of the Morris water task. Cortical and hippocampal PKC activities were
      measured. Variation in spatial learning performance and PKC activity from cortex
      and hippocampus was observed. A positive significant correlation was observed
      between measures of spatial learning accuracy and hippocampal PKC in these
      strains. No correlation was observed between spatial learning accuracy and
      cortical PKC activity. These data suggest that animals with lower hippocampal PKC
      activity may have problems performing spatial reference memory tasks with the
      same degree of accuracy as those with higher hippocampal PKC activity.

PMID- 2400905
TI  - Somatosensory neurons projecting from the superior colliculus to the intralaminar
      thalamus in the rat.
AB  - Neurons of the rat superior colliculus projecting to the intralaminar thalamus
      were tested for their responses to somatosensory stimulation. They were
      identified by antidromic stimulation of the parafascicular nucleus and central
      lateral nucleus. To establish the existence of descending as well as ascending
      axon collaterals antidromic stimulation was applied to the upper cervical spinal
      cord in some cases. Somatosensory receptive fields were delineated and their
      laminar location in the superior colliculus was noted. Units were distributed
      throughout the intermediate and deep tectal layers, none were located in the
      superficial layers. Units with somatosensory receptive fields could be classified
      as low threshold, high threshold, wide dynamic range or complex. The majority of
      the peripherally responsive units (52%) were low threshold somatosensory units
      with contralateral receptive fields. All units were distributed throughout the
      intermediate and deep layers. Their distribution reflected the typical
      somatotopic organization of the superior colliculus. These results indicate that
      the intralaminar thalamus receives some sensory information by way of the tectum.
      In turn, the basal ganglia may gain direct access to this information by way of
      the thalamoneostriatal projection.

PMID- 2400906
TI  - Hot-foot murine mutation: behavioral effects and neuroanatomical alterations.
AB  - We have studied the behavior of a new neurological mouse mutant, the hot-foot
      mutant. The most obvious phenotypic characteristic of the mutation is an
      abnormality of posture (body flattened on the ground, back limbs spread wide) and
      of locomotion (backing up and jerky movements of the hind limbs). Neuroanatomical
      analysis of the cerebellum showed abnormalities mainly related to the Purkinje
      cells, which have ectopic spines devoid of presynaptic innervations. The
      correspondence between the cerebellar alterations and the abnormalities of
      locomotion is thus clearly illustrated. However, the mild degree of the
      anatomical alterations does not seem sufficient to account for the degree of
      effect on locomotion and posture.

PMID- 2400907
TI  - Functions of a proprioceptive sense organ in freely moving insects:
      characteristics of reflexes elicited by stimulation of the locust metathoracic
      femoral chordotonal organ.
AB  - (1) The metathoracic femoral chordotonal organ is an identified joint angle
      receptor of the locust hindleg. In order to assess and quantify the functions of
      this sense organ in the control of posture, mechanical stimuli were applied to
      the main ligament of the receptor in freely standing locusts. These stimuli
      produced an afferent discharge that mimicked a sudden small (10-15 degree) change
      in the angle of the femoro-tibial joint of the hindleg. The reflex effects that
      resulted from afferent stimulation were monitored myographically in the tibial
      extensor and flexor muscles. The angle of the femoro-tibial joint at the onset of
      sensory stimulation was also recorded by still photography. (2) As previously
      reported, stimulation of the chordotonal organ in freely standing animals
      produced resistance reflexes in tibial muscles that opposed the apparent joint
      movement. However, we also found that, at certain joint angles, a different mode
      of reflex response was elicited in which motoneurons to the tibial flexor muscle
      fired in response to apparent movements in any direction. (3) In this study,
      characteristics of resistance reflexes in the tibial extensor muscle were
      analyzed quantitatively, as that muscle is innervated by only one slow excitatory
      motoneuron. The gain of the resistance reflex (ratio of the firing frequency
      during afferent stimulation versus the rate of activity prior to the stimulus)
      was quite high in all preparations, and represent a greater than two-fold
      increase in motoneuron frequency (mean 2.11 +/- 0.54 S.D.). The reflex gain was
      also highest at the lowest initial rates of motoneuron activity (circa 5 Hz) and
      declined for higher firing frequencies (maximum 35 Hz).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2400908
TI  - Electrophysiologic changes accompanying Wallerian degeneration in frog sciatic
      nerve.
AB  - The time course of the physiological changes accompanying Wallerian degeneration
      in the frog is markedly prolonged in comparison with that in mammals. Following
      transection of frog sciatic nerve, stimulation of the distal segment results in
      muscle contraction of normal amplitude through day 4, after which tension and EMG
      signals decline rapidly to levels that are undetectable by day 7. The compound
      action potential in the severed nerve continues for a much longer period of time,
      however, persisting as long as approximately 6 weeks. The amplitude remains at
      normal levels for nearly 3 weeks, after which it declines progressively,
      approaching zero at approximately 6 weeks. Conduction velocity remains normal in
      both alpha- and beta-fibers for approximately 3 weeks; thereafter, velocity in
      the alpha-fibers declines to approximately 71% of normal, and beta-fiber
      conduction is no longer detectable. Contraction could be elicited by direct
      stimulation of the muscle during the entire 6-week period of the study. The
      failure of nerve-mediated muscle activity in the face of persistent nerve
      conduction could be the result of either a defect in the most distal portions of
      the nerve fibers or a defect in neuromuscular transmission. These results suggest
      that EMG evaluation may be more sensitive than nerve conduction studies for
      clinical assessment of axonopathy at early stages.

PMID- 2400909
TI  - Patterns of changes in field potentials in the isolated hippocampal slice on
      withdrawal from chronic ethanol treatment of mice in vivo.
AB  - Extracellular recordings were made from isolated hippocampal slices, CA1 area,
      following withdrawal from chronic ethanol administration to mice of the C57
      strain. The field potentials were followed for 7 h from preparation of the
      slices, in the absence of ethanol. Paired pulse potentiation was increased, and
      paired pulse inhibition decreased, in slices from ethanol-treated mice during the
      first four hours of the recording period. Orthodromic thresholds for elicitation
      of single and multiple population spikes were decreased by the ethanol treatment,
      in the later part of the recording period. The input/output curves for population
      spike area and population excitatory postsynaptic potential slope showed a shift
      to the left for the slices from ethanol-treated animals, but no change in the
      maximal response. Antidromic stimulation also demonstrated decreases in
      thresholds for single and multiple population spikes in tissues from ethanol
      treated animals, during the later half of the recording period. The results
      indicate that there are several mechanisms by which neuronal excitability
      increases on withdrawal from chronic ethanol treatment. The changes follow
      different time courses and suggest multiple mechanisms underlying the behavioural
      signs seen during the ethanol withdrawal syndrome.

PMID- 2400910
TI  - Functional recovery of the ventilatory chemoreflexes after partial chronic
      denervation of the nucleus tractus solitarius.
AB  - In pentobarbitone-anesthetized cats breathing spontaneously, we studied whether
      excision of one petrosal ganglion would modify the reflex efficacy of the
      remaining carotid and aortic chemoafferences in ventilatory control. Resting
      ventilation was not affected shortly after the ganglionectomy, but decreased
      sensitivities and reactivities for changes in tidal volume and respiratory
      frequency were revealed by dose-response curves for ventilatory chemoreflexes
      evoked by NaCN i.v. After 2 weeks of ganglionectomy, basal tidal volume was
      increased, being slightly reduced by contralateral carotid neurotomy, but
      persisting above control after section of all buffer nerves. The ventilatory
      chemosensory drive--tested by breathing 100% O2--was unmodified with respect to
      the acute condition, but the tonic ventilatory influence exerted by the right
      carotid nerve was diminished. Dose-response curves for reflex changes in tidal
      volume exhibited increased sensitivity, while those for changes in respiratory
      frequency showed increased reactivity. Thus, partial chemosensory denervation of
      the nucleus tractus solitarius triggers a slowly developing increase in the
      reflex efficacy of the remaining chemosensory inputs. The recovery of sensitivity
      for reflex changes in tidal volume required the presence of contralateral carotid
      afferents, while the increased reactivity in respiratory frequency needed the
      integrity of aortic afferents. The results also suggest an enhanced contribution
      of central structures other than chemosensory inputs in respiratory control after
      partial deafferentation.

PMID- 2400911
TI  - Reactive microglia express class I and class II major histocompatibility complex
      antigens in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (HLA-A,B,C) and
      class II (HLA-DR) antigens was studied in postmortem brain tissue of Alzheimer's
      disease and age-matched control cases. Monoclonal antibodies to class I antigens
      stained reactive microglia weakly to moderately and vascular endothelial cells
      strongly in Alzheimer's gray and white matter. Capillaries were also stained
      strongly in control brains, but only a few positively stained microglia could be
      observed in white matter. In Alzheimer cases, HLA-DR positive reactive microglia
      were more numerous and more strongly staining than MHC class I positive reactive
      microglia but many cells appeared to express both classes of antigen. Rare large
      cells of uncertain origin also stained positively for class I. Double
      immunostaining established that MHC class I positive cells were a separate
      population from glial fibrillary acidic-protein-positive astrocytes.

PMID- 2400912
TI  - Selective hippocampal lesion following omega-conotoxin administration in rats.
AB  - Histopathological evaluation of rat brains 3 days following unilateral i.c.v.
      injections of omega-conotoxin GVIA (omega-ctx), 0.032 and 0.1 nmol/kg, was
      performed. An isolated unilateral lesion confined to the injected hemisphere was
      found in the hippocampal CA3 neurons. Morphometric analysis of these cells
      revealed a significant reduction in cell area in both dose groups compared to
      i.c.v. injected vehicle, and to the contralateral hemisphere. These data indicate
      a specific degenerative process and suggest that CA3 cells possess omega-ctx
      sensitive Ca2+ channels which are essential to their viability.

PMID- 2400913
TI  - The effect of acrylamide on the induction of ornithine decarboxylase in the
      dorsal root ganglion of the rat.
AB  - Injury of the rat sciatic nerve is accompanied by an increased activity of the
      enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in dorsal root ganglia. This increase is
      impaired in streptozotocin-induced diabetes, in which retrograde axonal transport
      of proteins is reduced. In order to confirm the relationship between altered
      axonal transport and ODC induction we treated rats with acrylamide i.p. to
      cumulative doses of 150 and 350 mg/kg. One sciatic nerve was crushed under
      anaesthesia and 24 h later dorsal root ganglia were removed and assayed for ODC
      activity by a dual-label radioenzymatic method. The ratio of activity of 2.41 +/-
      0.57 (crushed side over control side) was reduced to 1.66 +/- 0.9 and 1.7 +/-
      0.65 after acrylamide treatment at 150 and 350 mg/kg, respectively. The results
      are consistent with the postulated role of retrograde axonal transport in the
      cell body responses to nerve injury and may explain the effect of acrylamide on
      nerve regeneration.

PMID- 2400914
TI  - Axotomy decreases conduction velocity of unmyelinated sensory fibres.
AB  - We have examined the effect of axotomy on the conduction velocity of unmyelinated
      sensory fibres in the vagus nerve of the rabbit. In an in vitro preparation of
      the nodose ganglion, conduction velocity was calculated for each cell from the
      latency of the intracellularly recorded action potential evoked by vagus nerve
      stimulation. The average velocity of sensory fibres conducting at less than 1.1
      m/s, was 0.53 m/s in 287 control cells and 0.45 m/s in 269 neurones recorded 10
      days after cutting the vagus nerve. Therefore, peripheral axotomy decreases
      conduction velocity in mammalian unmyelinated sensory axons.

PMID- 2400915
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging increases the blood-brain barrier permeability to 153
      gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid in rats.
AB  - In a qualitative electron microscopy study we initially reported that exposure of
      rats to a standard clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedure
      temporarily increased the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to horseradish
      peroxidase. In this study, we quantitatively support our initial finding. Rats
      were injected intracardially with radio-labelled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic
      acid [( 153Gd]DTPA) in the middle of two sequential 23.2 min MRI exposures.
      Exposed rats (n = 21) showed significantly greater (29%, P = 0.006) retention of
      [153 Gd]DTPA than sham-exposed rats (n = 22) 1 h after the end of the last 23.2
      min exposure. These findings suggest that magnetic fields may alter BBB
      permeability.

PMID- 2400916
TI  - Reciprocal connections between nucleus tractus solitarii and rostral
      ventrolateral medulla.
AB  - Experiments were done to test the hypothesis that there are reciprocal
      connections between the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) and the rostral
      ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Spontaneous activity was recorded from units in the
      right RVLM or NTS of urethan-anesthetized and artificially ventilated rats.
      Twenty-four of 42 RVLM and 12 of 21 NTS units were classified as cardiovascular
      because they were inhibited by baroreceptor activation and displayed a cardiac
      rhythm. Electrical stimulation of depressor sites in the NTS inhibited 14 and
      excited 10 RVLM units. Stimulation of pressor sites in the RVLM excited 10 and
      inhibited 2 NTS units. None of the units in the NTS or in the EVLM could be
      activated antidromically. These results provide evidence that there are
      reciprocal excitatory and inhibitory connections between NTS and RVLM and that
      these connections are not monosynaptic.

PMID- 2400917
TI  - Regional differences in the activation of synaptosomal mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake
      by spermine in rat brain.
AB  - Several properties of Ca2+ uptake by isolated synaptosomal mitochondria were
      characterized by using a repetitive Ca2+ loading technique. Synaptosomal
      mitochondria maintained extramitochondrial Ca2+ concentration at submicromolar
      levels when challenged with successive additions of small amounts of Ca2+. Ca2+
      uptake under these conditions was markedly stimulated by the presence of
      spermine, a polyamine found in high concentrations in brain. Moreover,
      mitochondria isolated from telencephalic areas of rat brain were activated to a
      greater extent by spermine than were mitochondria from non-telencephalic brain
      regions. The present results support the idea that brain mitochondria could play
      a significant role in limiting the intraneuronal rise in Ca2+ that follows
      stimulation or injury. In addition, telencephalic mitochondria exhibit more
      flexibility in the regulation of Ca2+ uptake than do mitochondria from
      phylogenetically older non-telencephalic brain regions and this could be related
      to differences in Ca2+ influx mechanisms in these brain regions.

PMID- 2400918
TI  - Spatial memory deficits in aged rats: contributions of the cholinergic system
      assessed by ChAT.
AB  - Activity of choline acetylase (ChAT) was measured in basal forebrain cholinergic
      nuclei and in projection sites of these cells in the hippocampus and cortex of
      young rats and of aged rats who showed impaired performance on the radial arm
      maze. Decreased ChAT activity was found in the vertical diagonal band nucleus,
      the dentate gyrus and striatum of aged rats.

PMID- 2400919
TI  - Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive spinal neurons make close appositions on axons of
      primary sensory afferents.
AB  - The dorsal cells in the lamprey are primary sensory neurons located in a
      parasagittal region of the spinal cord. In the same plane neuropeptide Y (NPY)
      immunoreactivity has been described. To investigate if the dorsal cells were in
      contact with NPY-immunoreactive (ir) fibers and cell bodies, intracellular
      injections of Lucifer yellow into identified dorsal cells were combined with NPY
      immunohistochemistry. NPY-ir varicosities were found to be in close apposition to
      both the descending and the ascending axon of dorsal cells. No NPY-ir boutons
      were seen in close contact with the dorsal cell bodies.

PMID- 2400920
TI  - Effect of noxious somesthetic stimulation on the activity of neurons of the
      nucleus centralis of the amygdala.
AB  - Neurons (n = 107) were recorded, in anaesthetized rats, with extracellular
      micropipettes, in the nucleus centralis of the amygdala (Ce). The activity of a
      large majority (77%) was exclusively or preferentially affected by noxious
      stimuli applied in any area of the body. The rest of the neurons was not
      activated by any stimuli (21%) or responded only to innocuous stimuli (2%). The
      nociceptive neurons were classified into two groups: the neurons in the first
      group (34% of the whole population) were activated by mechanical and thermal
      noxious stimuli; the neurons in the second group (43% of the whole population)
      were inhibited by noxious stimuli. Neurons in two groups precisely encoded
      thermal stimuli in the noxious range. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation
      suggested that the Ce nociceptive neurons were under the influence of A delta and
      C fibers. These results demonstrate important nociceptive input to the Ce which
      according to previous studies probably relays in the pontine parabrachial
      nucleus. In addition, they are in good agreement with the involvement of the
      amygdala in emotional, autonomic and/or behavioral reactions to noxious events.

PMID- 2400921
TI  - Comparison between extracellular and tissue fluctuation of dopamine and related
      metabolites in striatum under hypoxia.
AB  - The time course of changes in both extracellular and tissue levels of dopamine
      (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the
      striatum of halothane-anesthetized rats was compared under hypoxic conditions. A
      100-fold increase in the extracellular DA was observed within 20 min of hypoxia,
      while the tissue DA showed a 1.2-fold increase at the maximum. The inhibition of
      oxygen-dependent enzymes gives no satisfactory explanation for the acute DA
      increase, the disruption of DA uptake mechanisms may also participate in this.

PMID- 2400922
TI  - Level of ischemia and brain functions in the Mongolian gerbil in vivo.
AB  - The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) provides a very useful animal model
      to study the effects of ischemia on brain functions. In this model it is possible
      to induce two levels of ischemia in the same animal. Thus, monitoring the brain
      in vivo in real-time will provide meaningful information regarding the
      development of ischemic injury as well as the follow-up during the recirculation
      period. The aims of the study were as follows: (1) To elucidate the mechanism
      behind the development of ischemic depolarization under unilateral and bilateral
      carotid artery occlusion. (2) To exclude the possibility that removal of the dura
      mater will affect the results. (3) To correlate the kinetics of the recovery
      processes to the level of ischemia. We tested the correlation between energy
      depletion level (evaluated by intramitochondrial NADH redox state) and the
      development of ischemic depolarization (ID) and vasospasm (evaluated by
      extracellular K+, DC potential and 366 nm reflectance changes, respectively)
      under partial and complete ischemia (induced by unilateral or bilateral carotid
      artery occlusion) using the multiparametric monitoring system (MPA). In 12 out of
      32 gerbils monitored by the MPA, the dura mater remained intact, while in the
      other 20, it was removed very gently before connecting the MPA to the brain. Two
      types of responses to unilateral carotid artery occlusion were recorded and the
      gerbils were divided into groups according to the development of the ID. In a
      third group of 5 gerbils we tested the effect of 1-5 min of bilateral occlusion
      on the various parameters monitored.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2400923
TI  - Specific binding of resiniferatoxin, an ultrapotent capsaicin analog, by dorsal
      root ganglion membranes.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated that resiniferatoxin (RTX), an unusual phorbol
      related diterpene, induces similar responses in rodents to those induced by
      capsaicin, the pungent constituent of hot peppers (the genus Capsicum).
      Strikingly, RTX was 3-4 orders of magnitude more potent than was capsaicin. We
      report here specific binding of [3H]RTX to particulate preparations from dorsal
      root ganglia (DRG), a target tissue of both RTX and capsaicin action. The Kd was
      0.27 nM for DRG from the rat; the Bmax was 160 fmol/mg. The respective values for
      pig DRG were 2.2 nM and 730 fmol/mg. Typical phorbol esters did not inhibit
      [3H]RTX binding. Capsaicin inhibited binding with 10(4)-fold lower affinity than
      RTX, consistent with the relative in vivo potencies. The specific [3H]RTX binding
      appears to represent the postulated capsaicin receptor.

PMID- 2400924
TI  - A polyclonal antibody to goldfish neuronal 145 kDa intermediate filament protein.
AB  - A polyclonal antibody raised to a protein from goldfish optic tectum recognises,
      immunohistochemically, axons throughout normal goldfish visual pathway. In
      goldfish with injured optic nerve, this antibody recognises degenerating neuronal
      debris as well as regenerating fibres. On immunoblot, the antibody recognises,
      primarily, a neuronal intermediate filament protein in the region of 145 kDa.
      Such an antibody should prove useful in studies pertaining to goldfish visual
      pathway.

PMID- 2400925
TI  - Localization of the mRNA for the 5-HT2 receptor by in situ hybridization
      histochemistry. Correlation with the distribution of receptor sites.
AB  - 32P-labelled oligonucleotides complementary to rat 5-HT2 receptor mRNA were used
      as probes to study the distribution of cells in rat brain containing the mRNA
      coding for this receptor by in situ hybridization histochemistry. 5-HT2 receptor
      binding sites were visualized by autoradiography using [125I]DOI as ligand. Both
      distributions were comparable, demonstrating that 5-HT2 receptors are expressed
      by cells intrinsic to the neocortex (lamina Va), claustrum, olfactory bulb and
      several nuclei of the brainstem.

PMID- 2400926
TI  - Photoinactivation of neurones in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis: estimation of
      a safety factor.
AB  - Neurones were irradiated with blue laser light (440 nm). The intensity of light
      for reliable cell killing (0.5 MW.m-2) was much greater than that used to kill
      arthropod neurones. In wild snails, there was no difference in the intensity to
      kill Lucifer yellow-filled neurones and unfilled neurones, probably because of
      the red pigments in the cell bodies. In laboratory-reared snails, which have much
      less pigmentation, only the filled cells were killed.

PMID- 2400927
TI  - Effects of denervation on the glomus cell membrane.
AB  - Trophic influences of the carotid nerve (CN) on carotid body (CB) glomus cells
      were studied by comparing the membrane potential (Em), input resistance (Ro) and
      voltage noise (Erms) of normal and 3-31-day denervated cells had more negative
      Ems. Higher Ros were recorded at 3 and 6 days. Erms sharply increased at 3 days,
      returned to normal at 6-15 days and was below normal at 31 days. A transmitter
      (ACh) and NaCN, producing histotoxic anoxia, were used for stimulation. These
      substances either depolarized or hyperpolarized innervated cells and increased or
      decreased voltage noise. Denervation selectively changed these patterns but only
      for a short time. ACh preferentially depolarized the cells, only at 3 days,
      whereas its effects on noise did not change. The Em responses to NaCN remained
      unaltered although at 3-6 days noise increases were smaller and depressions
      exaggerated. Possible reasons for these effects are discussed.

PMID- 2400928
TI  - Thalamic spindles in an isolated and perfused preparation in vitro.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were obtained from thalamic nuclei neurones in isolated
      and perfused whole brains of adult guinea pigs in vitro. Thalamic neurones
      presented the same basic membrane properties in this preparation as in slices.
      The majority of cells displayed, in addition, spontaneous spindle oscillations
      similar to those observed in the cat in vivo. This activity could be blocked by
      the cholinergic agonist carbachol perfused at 10(-4) M. Thalamic spindles could
      also be recorded in decorticated preparations, in which perfusion to the cerebral
      cortex was interrupted. Such preparations could be useful for studying in vitro
      the spindle generating mechanism in rodents as well as some aspects of
      brainstem/diencephalic interactions related to the control of sleep and arousal.

PMID- 2400929
TI  - Distribution of small-diameter primary afferents containing oligosaccharide
      residues recognized by monoclonal antibody LA4 in the dorsal horn of the cat.
AB  - Small-diameter primary afferents expressing oligosaccharide residues recognized
      by the monoclonal antibody LA4 constitute a newly described primary afferent
      population in the cat. LA4-immunoreactive primary afferents are found mainly in
      lamina II (LII) at all levels of the cat spinal cord. However, within LII
      immunoreactive fibers are most concentrated in outer LII and practically absent
      from the inner third of the lamina. In addition at sacral levels, a lateral
      bundle of immunoreactive fibers enters laminae V-VII. The distribution pattern
      and the type of oligosaccharide expressed by LA4-immunoreactive fibers suggest
      that they may be homologous to primary afferents shown in the rat to contain
      fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase activity. However, in the rat spinal cord the
      whole of inner LII is the main projection area of LA4-immunoreactive fibers
      (Alvarez et al., J. Neurocytol., 18 (1989) (611-629). This difference in the
      location of primary afferents within LII may reflect a species difference in the
      physiology of LII inner.

PMID- 2400930
TI  - Evidence for the functional compartmentalization of spike generating regions of
      rat midbrain dopamine neurons recorded in vitro.
AB  - The regulation of spike generation in rat midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons was
      investigated using in vitro intracellular recordings. DA neurons fired long
      (greater than 1.8 ms) action potentials that exhibited comparatively depolarized
      spike thresholds (approx. -35 to -45 mV). Depolarization of the DA neuron
      increased the duration and the threshold of subsequent action potentials. The
      action potential was composed of two distinct components, a fast (0.8-1.5 ms
      duration) initial segment (IS) spike which triggered a slow (1.5-3 ms duration)
      somatodendritic (SD) component. Cobalt application (2 mM) blocked the SD spike
      component and revealed fast TTX-sensitive spikes. These fast spikes were also
      observed in untreated neurons following large hyperpolarizing pulses, and showed
      consistent changes in threshold and amplitude during membrane depolarization.
      Administration of 4-aminopyridine decreased the threshold of this TTX-sensitive
      spike, whereas tetraethylammonium (TEA) had no effect. When the fast spike was
      blocked by TTX, depolarization was ineffective in triggering further spike
      activity. However, after the administration of TEA (but not 4-AP), high threshold
      cobalt-sensitive spike activity could be triggered by relatively small
      depolarizations. TEA increased the duration of the SD portion of the action
      potential without altering the action potential threshold. The effect of 4-AP on
      spike threshold and the increase in SD spike duration caused by TEA were similar
      in nature to the changes in action-potential waveforms produced by polarizing the
      DA neuron membrane. Drawing from evidence gathered here and in previous in vivo
      studies, the properties of the TTX-sensitive fast spike are consistent with those
      of the IS spike component of the action potential, whereas the SD component is
      similar in nature to the high threshold calcium spike. One hypothesis that can be
      drawn from these studies is that dendritic and axonal spiking regions may exist
      in different functional subcompartments of the DA neuron, and may be
      independently modulated by pharmacologically distinct conductances. Under these
      conditions, synaptic influences could exist to modulate dendritic excitability
      and thus regulate putative dendritic spike-dependent functions, such as neuronal
      activity state, electrical coupling, and dendritic DA synthesis and release.

PMID- 2400931
TI  - Nerve growth factor enhances neurite arborization of adult sensory neurons; a
      study in single-cell culture.
AB  - Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a well-established trophic factor of sympathetic and
      sensory neurons during development. NGF is, however, little known to be required
      for the maintenance or regulation of differentiated phenotypes of matured
      peripheral neurons. Since trophic factors, including NGF, are currently known to
      be secreted by non-neuronal cells, like Schwann cells and fibroblasts, a highly
      pure-neuron culture is required to assess the direct action of trophic factors on
      neurons. We have developed a single-neuron culture from neonatal and adult rat
      dorsal root ganglia in serum-free conditions, and estimated the primary effect of
      NGF on the morphological geometry of sensory neurons. We found that NGF promoted
      the neurite length of neonatal sensory neurons, rather than promoting
      arborization (branching of neurites), while in adult matured neurons NGF
      significantly enhanced neurite arborizations, rather than the maximal neurite
      extension, distance from the cell soma to the maximum margin of the territory of
      neurite extension. Total neurite length, the summed length of all neurites per
      neuron was significantly increased by NGF in both neonatal and adult neurons. NGF
      also increased the size of neuronal soma independent of neuronal maturation.
      Neonatal sensory neurons tended to die in 1 week despite the presence of NGF. In
      contrast, some adult sensory neurons were alive for more than 2 weeks in the
      absence of NGF. These results indicate that NGF more than simply accelerates a
      pre-existing developmental program in the matured stage, and that the promotion
      of neurite arborization by NGF in adult sensory neurons suggests that NGF may
      have some role in peripheral nerve regeneration via promotion of axonal
      sprouting.

PMID- 2400932
TI  - Biochemical and immunocytochemical changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein
      after stab wounds.
AB  - Changes of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the forebrain of rats with
      stab wounds were determined by quantitative immunoblots and by
      immunohistochemistry. Bilateral stab wounds were made stereotaxically in the
      cortex and hippocampus. In control rats, the scalp was retracted and depressions
      were etched on the intact skull. At various times up to 21 days postoperation,
      one cerebral hemisphere was homogenized, proteins were separated by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblots were quantitated by
      densitometry. The contralateral hemisphere was immunostained for GFAP. Three
      hours postoperation GFAP+ cells were detected around the wound but there was no
      increase of total GFAP. At 6 h postoperation total GFAP in the forebrain
      decreased to 80% of the sham-operated control value and the number of GFAP+ cells
      was lower, compared to the controls, in layer 1 of the cortex, corpus callosum,
      cingulum, external capsule, internal capsule, hippocampus, optic tracts and
      around blood vessels. This early relative decrease in GFAP levels was actually
      due to an increase in GFAP in the sham-operated controls, which mounted a
      stronger gliotic response during the first 24 h. In neither group of animals did
      the GFAP levels drops below those of intact unoperated animals. At 24 h total
      GFAP began to increase. The number and intensity of reactive glia in the vicinity
      of the wound increased steadily, appearing to reach a maximum at about 7 days,
      then declining significantly by 21 days. The glial reaction was most pronounced
      in the hippocampus. Total GFAP reached 180% of the control value by 7 days and
      then declined to 117% by 21 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2400934
TI  - Identification and mapping of a mouse gene influencing cerebellar folial pattern.
AB  - Little is known about the role of inheritance in the pattern of cerebral and
      cerebellar cortical folding, or the causes of individual variation. Inouye and
      Oda (J. Comp. Neurol., 190 (1980) 357-362) found that the cerebellar folial
      pattern varies markedly between inbred strains of mice and between individuals in
      a closed (non-inbred) colony, but shows little variation between individuals
      within a given inbred strain. They concluded that strain-specific variation in
      cerebellar folial pattern is under genetic control. In the present study, the
      folial pattern was examined in crosses between the C57BL/6J and DBA/2J inbred
      strains of mice, which differ in the presence or absence of a single cerebellar
      fissure, and in recombinant inbred strains derived from a cross between the same
      strains. We found that variation is discrete, that neither phenotype is dominant,
      and that the strain difference is due predominantly to allelic differences at a
      single locus (Cfp-1) on chromosome 4. Incomplete penetrance of the simpler
      pattern suggests that this genetic locus interacts in a probabilistic manner with
      epigenetic mechanisms involved in morphogenesis of the cerebellum.

PMID- 2400933
TI  - Post-training injection of the acetylcholine M2 receptor antagonist AF-DX 116
      improves memory.
AB  - The present study examined the effect of systemic post-training administration of
      the acetylcholine muscarinic M2 receptor antagonist AF-DX 116 on the acquisition
      of two 8-arm radial maze tasks. On a win-stay visual discrimination task, a light
      cue signalled the location of food in 4 randomly selected maze arms, and rats
      were required to visit each of the 4 lit arms twice within a trial. Rats were
      given one trial per day and injected immediately post-training on day 5. AF-DX
      116 (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) significantly improved win-stay acquisition relative to
      vehicle-injected controls. On a win-shift task, rats were allowed to visit 4
      randomly selected maze arms, followed by a delay period. After the delay, rats
      were returned to the maze for a retention test in which only those 4 arms not
      visited prior to the delay contained food. On the test (i.e. drug) trial, rats
      were removed from the maze after the first 4 choices and injected with AF-DX 116
      or vehicle. The retention test was given following an 18 h delay. AF-DX 116 (2.0
      mg/kg) significantly improved retention relative to vehicle controls. When the
      injections were given 2 h post-training, no effect on retention was observed in
      either task. The results demonstrate that post-training injection of the
      selective M2 receptor antagonist AF-DX 116 improves memory in a time-dependent
      manner. The findings may have implications for the cholinergic pharmacotherapy of
      Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2400935
TI  - Vagal afferent-mediated inhibition of a nociceptive reflex by intravenous
      serotonin in the rat. I. Characterization.
AB  - The effect of intravenous (i.v.) serotonin (5-HT) on nociception and blood
      pressure was examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Intravenous 5-HT produced a
      dose-dependent (6-192 micrograms/kg, i.v.) inhibition of the nociceptive tail
      flick (TF) reflex in lightly pentobarbital-anesthetized (ED50 = 40 micrograms/kg)
      and conscious rats (ED50 = 44 micrograms/kg). In the lightly pentobarbital
      anesthetized rat, the blood pressure response to i.v. 5-HT was typically a
      triphasic response with a marked Bezold-Jarisch reflex-induced decrease in
      pressure (associated with a brief period of apnea) followed by a pressor phase
      and a subsequent delayed hypotension. In the conscious rat, the response was
      typically biphasic with the late hypotensive phase absent. A variety of
      anatomical and pharmacological manipulations were performed to characterize the 5
      HT-induced inhibition of the TF reflex and associated changes in blood pressure.
      Prevention of 5-HT-induced reflex apnea by artificial ventilation did not affect
      inhibition of the TF reflex produced by 5-HT. Pharmacological manipulations were
      performed to mimic, as closely as possible, the acute increases and decreases in
      blood pressure associated with i.v. 5-HT. Nitroprusside (8 micrograms/kg, i.v.)
      produced a decrease in blood pressure of similar magnitude and rate as that
      associated with the Bezold-Jarisch reflex-induced decrease in pressure produced
      by 72 micrograms/kg 5-HT, but did not change TF latency from baseline. Similarly,
      acute increases in pressure produced by phenylephrine (8 micrograms/kg, i.v.),
      intended to mimic the secondary pressor effect of 5-HT, did not change TF
      latency. The short-acting ganglion blocker trimethaphan (5 mg/kg, i.v.) closely
      mimicked the late hypotensive phase produced by 5-HT, but again resulted in no
      change in TF latency. Pretreatment with the ganglion blocker chlorisondamine (2.5
      mg/kg) abolished all depressor responses to 72 micrograms/kg 5-HT, but did not
      significantly affect the TF reflex. These results indicate that acute changes in
      blood pressure and respiration associated with i.v. 5-HT do not contribute to
      inhibition of the TF reflex. This conclusion was confirmed in experiments in
      which bilateral vagotomy abolished approximately 70% of the 5-HT-induced
      inhibition of the TF reflex (and all depressor responses), and resulted in a
      significantly greater pressor response. Finally, low thoracic spinal cord
      transection (T9-10) abolished the inhibition of the TF reflex produced by i.v. 5
      HT. Therefore, 5-HT stimulates vagal afferents and inhibits the TF reflex by
      activating descending inhibitory systems from the brainstem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2400936
TI  - Comprehensive criteria for assessing therapy-induced toxicity.
AB  - Methods of assessing and reporting toxic reactions induced by therapy,
      particularly chemotherapy, need improvements. Accurate and reliable reporting of
      therapy-induced toxicity will be necessary for quality clinical research
      including drug development and for implementation of complex multimodality
      treatments, currently, however, the extent and quality of reporting of toxic
      reactions vary widely. Whereas standard and widely accepted criteria have been
      established for assessing and reporting therapeutic response, no such criteria
      exist for toxicity. We have developed comprehensive criteria for assessing and
      reliably reporting toxic reactions. We have reduced the degree of subjectivity in
      assigning grades by using primarily objective methods. An attempt has been made
      to standardize the "morbidity impact" of each toxicity grade irrespective of the
      organ system involved.

PMID- 2400937
TI  - Ganglioside composition of human melanoma and response to antitumor treatment.
AB  - Ganglioside composition of human melanoma was correlated with sensitivity of
      melanoma to antitumor treatment with chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. The
      cytotoxic effect of each treatment was evaluated on 16 melanoma cell lines using
      the human tumor colony-forming assay. Ganglioside fractions were extracted and
      purified from each cell line and analyzed for the four major gangliosides in
      melanoma (GM3, GM2, GD3, and GD2) by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and TLC
      scanner. GD2 content positively correlated with sensitivity to radiation (r =
      0.753, p less than 0.001) and vincristine (r = 0.779, p less than 0.001). In
      contrast, GM3 content inversely correlated with sensitivity to radiation (r = 
      0.658, p less than 0.01) and vincristine (r = -0.692, less than 0.01). The
      gangliosides GD3 and GM2 were shown to have no significant correlation with any
      of these treatments.

PMID- 2400938
TI  - Is there any mileage left in the randomized clinical trial?

PMID- 2400940
TI  - Practical advances in biodiagnosis and biomodulation for the medical oncologist.
      Abstracts from the conference of the Chemotherapy Foundation. November 9-10,
      1989, New York City, USA.

PMID- 2400939
TI  - Clinical oncology and chemical thermodynamics.
AB  - The development of oncolytic agents for cancer chemotherapy is often based on
      chance discovery and intensive structure modification. A mechanistic
      understanding of the essential biochemistry of many anticancer drugs remains
      elusive because of the biological complexity of drug-drug and drug-target
      interactions. The potential of computational science to analyze and quantify
      these interactions may provide a rational basis for drug modification and
      clinical trial design.

PMID- 2400941
TI  - DNA flow cytometry and other prognostic factors in breast cancer.

PMID- 2400942
TI  - The cell-proliferative index.

PMID- 2400943
TI  - Epidermal growth factor receptors and prognosis in breast cancer.

PMID- 2400944
TI  - Introduction to 5-fluorouracil modulation.

PMID- 2400945
TI  - Biochemical modulation of 5-fluorouracil by PALA.

PMID- 2400946
TI  - Phase I trial of PALA, methotrexate, fluorouracil, leucovorin, and uridine rescue
      in patients with advanced cancer. The use of uridine to decrease fluorouracil
      toxicity.

PMID- 2400947
TI  - The use of biomodulators to potentiate chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer.

PMID- 2400948
TI  - 5-Fluorouracil and levamisole in colorectal carcinoma.

PMID- 2400949
TI  - Recent results of cancer biotherapy.

PMID- 2400950
TI  - Specific targeting of cancer with monoclonal antibodies: diagnostic and
      therapeutic applications.

PMID- 2400951
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of non-Hodgkins lymphomas.

PMID- 2400952
TI  - An evaluation of the toxicity, immunogenicity, and tumor radioimmunodetecting
      ability of two human monoclonal antibodies in patients with metastatic colorectal
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2400953
TI  - Application of recombinant human erythropoietin in oncology.

PMID- 2400954
TI  - Intensive chemotherapy with interferon for induction of true remission in chronic
      phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia.

PMID- 2400955
TI  - Alpha interferons: 1989.

PMID- 2400956
TI  - The impact of cytogenetics and molecular genetics on the treatment of leukemia.

PMID- 2400957
TI  - Cytotoxicity and antitumor activity of 2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine (Gemcitabine).

PMID- 2400958
TI  - IL-2: efficacy in renal cell carcinoma and overall safety profile.

PMID- 2400960
TI  - Concepts in the management of congestive heart failure. A satellite symposium to
      the annual meeting of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Vancouver, British
      Columbia, October 24, 1989. Proceedings.

PMID- 2400959
TI  - Immunotherapy of human cancers with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and systemic
      infusions of interleukin-2.

PMID- 2400961
TI  - Infections in the lower extremity.

PMID- 2400962
TI  - Papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum. A review of 33 cases treated with
      platin-based chemotherapy.
AB  - Thirty-three patients were identified who had papillary serious carcinoma of the
      peritoneum (PSCP). The gross operative specimens, histopathologic condition, and
      treatment records were reviewed. The median age at presentation was 60 years (age
      range, 22 to 78 years). Abdominal pain and distention were the most common
      presenting symptoms. All patients had a total abdominal hysterectomy and
      bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and all but two had debulking surgery. All
      patients had disease involving the omentum, the abdominal and pelvic peritoneum,
      and the surface of the ovaries, but none had intrinsic disease of the ovaries.
      Eight patients had disease outside of the abdominal cavity. Seven of these
      patients had malignant pleural effusions. All patients received platin-based
      chemotherapy. Sixteen patients underwent second-look laparotomy, two had no
      evidence of disease, and one had microscopic disease only. The median survival
      time for all patients was 17 months. Three patients are alive 6 to 7 years after
      the initial diagnosis. In conclusion, long-term survival can be achieved in some
      PSCP patients by debulking surgery and platin-based chemotherapy.

PMID- 2400963
TI  - Dose-intensive use of cyclophosphamide in ablation of neuroblastoma.
AB  - A dose-intensive, cyclophosphamide (CPM)-based chemotherapy regimen was tested in
      22 children with newly diagnosed metastatic or refractory neuroblastoma. The N5
      protocol consisted of four courses of CPM (140 mg/kg over 2 days), doxorubicin
      (45 mg/m2 over 3 days), and vincristine (0.05 mg/kg/d on days 1, 2, and 9) (CAV
      regimen), followed by three courses of cisplatin (40 mg/m2/d) and VP16 (150
      mg/m2/d) for 3 days (PVP regimen). Courses started when the neutrophil count was
      500/microliters or greater and the platelet count was greater than
      100,000/microliters; most courses began by day 21. Extramedullary toxicities were
      mild. All patients had Grade 3 to 4 myelosuppression, yet bone marrow harvested
      after the N5 protocol engrafted in 11 of 11 patients whose post-N5 treatments
      required autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). Among 14 previously
      untreated patients, the N5 plus surgery achieved 9 complete remissions (CR) or
      very good partial remissions (VGPR) and 3 partial remissions (PR). An additional
      patient achieved CR with CAV, but experienced a recurrence in the bone marrow
      after PVP. The sole previously untreated patient whose bone marrow disease did
      not resolve received courses of the N5 at prolonged intervals (for nonmedical
      reasons). Among eight patients with progressive (six patients) or refractory (two
      patients) disease while on other, lower dose regimens, the N5 plus surgery
      achieved five CR/VGPR, two PR, and one minor response (MR). In conclusion, dose
      intensive use of CPM has tolerable toxicity and does not preclude autografting;
      when administered in conjunction with other cytotoxic agents, it is highly
      effective against metastatic neuroblastoma and causes regressions of disease
      resistant to less intensive regimens. This approach plus surgery reliably
      achieves a minimal disease state that may be amenable to definitive ablation with
      relatively nontoxic therapies.

PMID- 2400964
TI  - Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus
      type 1. Use of radiation therapy.
AB  - A patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome (AIDS) is presented. The patient had a localized lesion on his scalp.
      Evaluation for systemic lymphoma was negative. A biopsy specimen showed
      superficial and deep dermal infiltrates of pleomorphic lymphocytes.
      Immunohistochemistry was consistent with T-cell lymphoma. The patient was treated
      successfully with local irradiation. He remained free of further systemic and
      cutaneous recurrences of the lymphoma until he died 8 months after treatment of
      pneumonia. This case is the first to our knowledge to describe a localized CTCL
      in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).

PMID- 2400965
TI  - A prospective trial of postoperative vaginal radium/cesium for grade 1-2 less
      than 50% myometrial invasion and pelvic radiation therapy for grade 3 or deep
      myometrial invasion in surgical stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma.
AB  - A prospective trial was performed to evaluate the recurrence rate and 5-year
      disease-free survival rate in patients with surgical Stage I endometrial
      adenocarcinoma. Patients with Stage I, Grade 1 or 2 disease, less than 50%
      myometrial invasion, and no evidence of disease outside the corpus of the uterus
      were treated by hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and
      postoperative vaginal radium/cesium (Group 1). Patients with surgical Stage I,
      Grade 3 disease or deep myometrial invasion, and histologically negative
      paraaortic lymph nodes were treated with postoperative pelvic radiation therapy
      (5000-5040 cGY) (Group 2). Patients with malignant peritoneal cytologic findings
      also received progesterone therapy. Of the 92 Group 1 patients, there have been
      no recurrences and the 5-year estimated disease-free survival rate was 99%. Of
      the 41 Group 2 patients, there have been four (9.7%) recurrences but only one
      (2.4%) within the treated field (pelvis), and the 5-year estimated disease-free
      survival rate was 88%. Of the 133 patients, the 5-year estimated disease-free
      survival rate was 96%, and only one patient (0.7%) had a local pelvic recurrence.
      Of the 16 patients with malignant peritoneal cytologic findings who were treated
      with progesterone therapy, none has had a recurrence.

PMID- 2400966
TI  - An evaluation of the prognostic significance of HLA-DR expression in gastric
      carcinoma.
AB  - The prognostic value of histochemical staining for HLA-DR was assessed
      retrospectively in 52 "curative" gastrectomy specimens from patients with gastric
      carcinoma. In addition other tumor variables, including histologic type, degree
      of differentiation, extent of local spread, prominence of mononuclear infiltrate,
      tumor edge, and lymph-node metastases, were examined. Sixty-five percent of the
      tumors showed positive staining for HLA-DR, and these tumors had a higher mean
      and median survival at 5 years compared with negative tumors. However, on
      multivariate analysis the difference was not statistically significant. The
      authors conclude that, although HLA-DR staining is associated with tumors of
      better prognosis, it cannot be used as an independent prognostic factor. Of the
      other tumor variables, only lymph-node status was of prognostic significance.

PMID- 2400967
TI  - Steroid-hormone receptors in nonpalpable and more advanced stages of breast
      cancer. A contribution to the biology and natural history of carcinoma of the
      female breast.
AB  - Tumors of five groups of patients, with (1) nonpalpable primary breast cancer,
      (2) palpable operable primary breast cancer, (3) loco-regionally advanced primary
      breast cancer, (4) first and (5) late metastatic breast cancer, were studied in
      respect to their steroid receptor content. A statistically significant decrease
      of progesterone receptor positive tumors and of tumors positive for estradiol and
      progesterone receptors, was found with increasing advance of the disease. A
      reversed extrapolation of these figures supports the hypothesis that every breast
      cancer contains steroid receptors and is hormone-dependent from its inception.

PMID- 2400969
TI  - A common cytogenetic abnormality and DNA content alterations in dedifferentiated
      chondrosarcoma.
AB  - Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is an uncommon and aggressive variant of
      chondrosarcoma. The authors report the flow cytometric characteristics and
      cytogenetic findings in culture of two cases of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma.
      The first case was DNA diploid by flow cytometry but had cytogenetic
      abnormalities consisting of breaks in the short arms of both chromosomes 1,
      resulting in deletion in one homolog and recombination in the other. In addition,
      cells from this tumor showed a balanced translocation between chromosomes 4 and
      5, deletion of chromosome 9, and monosomy for chromosome 10. The second case was
      DNA aneuploid and more complex cytogenetically but had, in common with the first
      case, rearrangement and translocation at the same band on chromosome 1. These
      cytogenetic changes are compared with abnormalities previously reported for
      chondrosarcoma. Possible relationships between the nonrandom chromosomal
      abnormalities and subclassification among chondrosarcomas are discussed.

PMID- 2400968
TI  - Independent prognostic value of ploidy in colorectal cancer. A prospective study
      using image cytometry.
AB  - In a prospective study, the DNA content of Feulgen-stained nuclei obtained from
      fresh samples of 211 colorectal adenocarcinomas was evaluated by means of image
      analysis. The DNA histogram classification took into account aneuploidy and S
      phase fraction for diploid cases. No significant relationship was found between
      ploidy and sex, age, preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), size of the
      tumor, histologic differentiation, or Dukes' stage. Aneuploidy was more
      frequently encountered in distal tumors. Preoperative CEA, histologic
      differentiation, Dukes' stage, and ploidy were individually associated with
      overall survival. In Dukes' A, B, and C tumors, patients with normal and elevated
      CEA had no significant difference in overall survival. A relationship was
      apparent between disease-free survival and site, histologic differentiation,
      Dukes' stage, and ploidy. Multivariate overall survival analysis did not reveal
      independent prognostic significance of ploidy when all Dukes' stages were
      considered. In contrast, Dukes' stage, differentiation, and ploidy were good
      indicators of higher risk of colorectal cancer-related death in patients
      undergoing curative surgery. Dukes' stage and ploidy were also indicators for
      recurrence. Thus, routine histopathologic characteristics should be used in
      combination with quantitative cytologic features for the definition of a relevant
      prognostic index in colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2400970
TI  - Sequential development of peripheral T-cell lymphoma in the course of chronic
      myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - A patient is described with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and an unusual
      karyotype 46XY,t(Y;12) (q11;p12), whose clinical course was complicated by T-cell
      lymphoma 5 years later. At that time bone marrow cells showed an additional
      karyotypic abnormality 46XY,t(Y;12) (q11;p12) del(7) (pter-p21), which remained
      unchanged until blastic transformation of the CML 8 months later. The bone marrow
      biopsy specimen, which revealed the blastic transformation of the CML, also
      showed evidence for localization of T-cell lymphoma. This case, added to two
      previously reported cases of the concurrence of CML and T-cell lymphoma, suggests
      a relationship between the two diseases, which is discussed.

PMID- 2400971
TI  - Frequent occurrence of cytogenetic abnormalities in sporadic nonmedullary thyroid
      carcinoma.
AB  - Cytogenetic studies may provide important clues to the molecular pathogenesis of
      thyroid neoplasia. Thus, the authors attempted cytogenetic studies on 12 thyroid
      carcinomas: seven papillary, three follicular, and two anaplastic. Successful
      cytogenetic results were obtained on all 12 tumors; nine (75%) had one or more
      chromosomally abnormal clones. Four of the papillary carcinomas had a simple
      clonal karyotype, and three had no apparent chromosome abnormality. All four
      abnormal papillary tumors contained an anomaly of a chromosome 10q arm. In one
      instance, an inv(10)(q11.2q21.2) was observed in a Grade 2 papillary carcinoma as
      the sole acquired abnormality. In another case, an inversion or insertion
      involving 10q21.2 was found in a Grade 1 papillary tumor. The karyotype of a
      third tumor, a Grade 1 papillary carcinoma, was
      46,XX,der(5)t(5;10)(p15.3;q11),der(9)t(9;?)(q11;?). A fourth abnormal papillary
      carcinoma, a Grade 1 tumor, had a t(6;10)(q21;q26.1) as the sole abnormality.
      Each of the five follicular or anaplastic carcinomas had a complex clonal
      karyotype. The three follicular carcinomas contained an abnormality of 3p25-p21,
      along with several other chromosome abnormalities.

PMID- 2400972
TI  - Mammary ovarian metastases with stroma cell hyperplasia and postmenopausal
      virilization.
AB  - The case of a 57-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer is reported. She
      presented 10 years later with virilization. Stroma cell hyperplasia was present
      in the metastatic ovaries. The authors describe hormonal data and discuss the
      pathogenesis of the stromal activity. Mammary ovarian metastases associated with
      stroma cell hyperplasia, in the absence of pregnancy, that cause virilization are
      rare.

PMID- 2400973
TI  - Histologic differentiation, cancer volume, and pelvic lymph node metastasis in
      adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
AB  - The Gleason grading system for prostate cancer was applied quantitatively to
      analysis of entire tumors in 209 radical prostatectomy specimens from patients
      with clinical Stage A and Stage B carcinoma. Percentage of poorly differentiated
      tumor (Gleason histologic pattern 4 and/or 5) was related to quantitated cancer
      volume, cancer location within the prostate, and presence or absence of pelvic
      lymph node metastasis. A strong correlation was found between cancer volume,
      percentage of poorly differentiated cancer, and nodal metastasis. Twenty-two of
      38 patients with more than 3.2 cc of Gleason histologic pattern 4-5 cancer had
      nodes with positive results, compared with one of 171 patients with less than 3.2
      cc of pattern 4-5 cancer. Gleason histologic patterns 1 and 2 cancer was found
      mainly in a small subgroup of tumors whose site of origin was in the anatomic
      transition zone and whose volume was less than 1 cc. Gleason "cribriform"
      histologic pattern 3 cancer was thought to represent mainly intraductal
      carcinoma. Its increase in area with increasing cancer volume paralleled the
      increase in pattern 4 cancer and was counter to the decrease in other types of
      pattern 3 cancer.

PMID- 2400974
TI  - Pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferations in the urinary bladder of
      children.
AB  - Ten examples of a pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferation occurring in
      the urinary bladder of children (aged 2 to 16 years) are reported. The lesions
      appeared as polypoid nodular masses of variable size with myxoid and hemorrhagic
      areas. They consisted of compact fascicles of elongated spindle cells with
      minimal atypia. Myxoid areas of variable extension and scattered inflammatory
      cells were constant features, whereas diffuse collagen deposition was not common.
      Despite the striking cellularity of some of the lesions, most showed minimal
      mitotic activity. Ultrastructurally, the predominant cells had features of
      myofibroblasts. Six cases studied by immunocytochemical methods expressed
      vimentin and muscle-specific actin. In addition, two of these cases expressed
      desmin and two others cytokeratin. Infiltration into the muscularis propria of
      the urinary bladder was demonstrated in six cases and into the perivesical soft
      tissues in two. However, none of the eight patients for whom follow-up
      information is available has had local recurrence or metastasis develop 18 months
      to 6 years after surgical excision.

PMID- 2400975
TI  - Cellular schwannoma. A clinicopathologic study of 57 patients and 58 tumors.
AB  - The cellular schwannoma is a variety of schwannoma with a predominantly cellular
      growth but no Verocay bodies. Because doubt has been raised about the original
      assessment of this tumor as benign, the clinical and pathologic characteristics
      of 58 cellular schwannomas from 57 patients were reviewed. The patients were most
      often middle aged (63% were female), and their tumors most commonly were painless
      masses with a predilection for the paravertebral region of the retroperitoneum,
      pelvis, and mediastinum. Most tumors were solitary and encapsulated, and an
      associated nerve was identified for 43% of the cases. Electron microscopic and
      immunohistochemistry studies confirmed the tumor's Schwann cell nature. Worrisome
      features such as bone erosion, hypercellularity, foci of necrosis (four tumors),
      hyperchromasia, nuclear pleomorphism, and the presence of mitotic figures led to
      a malignant diagnosis for 28% of the cases. Treatment in all but one case was
      surgical excision. Two patients also received radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
      Follow-up of from 1 year to 24 years, 7 months (median of 6 years and mean of 7
      years) for 61% (35 cases) of the cases reveals three patients with a local
      recurrence but no cases in which the tumor metastasized or the patient died of
      the tumor. Awareness of this tumor type is important so that the surgeon will
      avoid unnecessary sacrifice of functionally important nerves attached to these
      tumors and so that needless adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy will not be
      instituted.

PMID- 2400976
TI  - Increasing incidence of primary gastric lymphoma.
AB  - Both the incidence and mortality rates of gastric cancer have been consistently
      declining over the past several decades in the United States. In contrast, the
      incidence of gastric lymphoma may have been increasing during this time. Based on
      data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program, annual
      incidence rates of gastric lymphoma from 1973 to 1986 were examined. There was a
      twofold increase in the age-adjusted incidence rates of gastric lymphoma during
      this time. This increase occurred in both men and women but was limited to people
      over 60 years of age. Although the reasons for this increase are unknown, the
      authors speculate that this may be a true increase since neither differences in
      SEER coding practices nor changes in diagnostic procedures could explain these
      observations.

PMID- 2400977
TI  - Intraoral squamous cell carcinoma. Epidemiologic patterns in Connecticut from
      1935 to 1985.
AB  - There were 6181 cases of invasive intraoral squamous cell carcinoma accessioned
      by the Connecticut State Tumor Registry from 1935 to 1985. Cases were analyzed
      for age, sex, lesion site, and histologic differentiation. Crude, age-specific,
      and age-adjusted incidence rates plus birth cohort analyses were also calculated.
      It was found that incidence rates for both men and women increased over the 51
      year period of study. For men, age-adjusted incidence rates (1970 United States
      standard) increased from 4.9/100,000 in 1935 to 1939 to 8.5/100,000 in 1980 to
      1985; for women, rates increased from 0.5/100,000 to 3.3/100,000 for the same
      period. The male-to-female ratio for intraoral squamous cell carcinoma declined
      dramatically from 9.8 to 2.6 during the 51-year study period primarily because of
      the steep rate of increased incidence in women relative to that seen in men. The
      peak age of intraoral squamous cell carcinoma was the seventh decade. Age
      specific analysis showed that the older the age group, the higher the incidence
      for both sexes. During recent years, there was evidence of slightly increased
      incidence in men younger than 40. The tongue was the most common site for
      intraoral squamous cell carcinoma, followed closely by the floor of the mouth.
      Moderately differentiated tumors were most common (54.3% of the total), followed
      by both well-differentiated cases (29.1%) and those that were poorly
      differentiated (16.6%).

PMID- 2400978
TI  - Racial differences in the early detection of breast cancer in metropolitan
      Detroit, 1978 to 1987.
AB  - This population-based study presents trends in stage at diagnosis of invasive
      female breast cancer during the decade from 1978 to 1987 in the Detroit
      metropolitan area. Its purpose is to determine whether there has been an increase
      in early breast cancers: those that are smaller than 2 cm at diagnosis and have
      no axillary lymph node involvement. Trend analyses of tumor size, node status,
      year of diagnosis, age, and race were performed for 17,216 incident cases drawn
      from the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System (MDCSS). Although trends
      toward earlier diagnosis of breast cancer are observed, less improvement is seen
      for black women than white women in the presentation of breast cancer at smaller,
      node-free stages. Implications for breast cancer screening are discussed.

PMID- 2400979
TI  - Determinants of cancer stage. A population-based study of elderly New Mexicans.
AB  - To assess the role of delay and other factors in determining stage of cancer at
      diagnosis, the authors interviewed a population-based sample of 800 elderly
      persons with newly diagnosed cancer at selected sites. Lengthening delay interval
      was associated with a declining proportion of local stage cases for breast cancer
      but not other sites. Of the other determinants of stage examined, older age,
      having a family physician, receiving medical checkups, having greater knowledge
      of cancer, and having no functional loss were most strongly predictive of local
      stage. For breast cancer, performance of breast self-examination also predicted
      local stage.

PMID- 2400981
TI  - American Cancer Society National Conference on Breast Cancer. Chicago, Illinois,
      July 19-21, 1989. Proceedings.

PMID- 2400980
TI  - Breast cancer control. Challenge or chimera.

PMID- 2400982
TI  - Detection of breast cancer.
AB  - We do not know the cause of breast cancer, nor do we have any way of preventing
      the disease. All we have is conclusive evidence, based on an 18-year follow-up of
      the HIP data, that detection of the disease at an earlier than usual stage leads
      to substantial saving of lives. Our only means for accomplishing this end is
      through complete breast examination when a woman is apparently well. The
      examination must include modern mammography with the latest techniques as well as
      a thorough, competent clinical examination. We must perform periodic mass
      screening of all women who may be subject to breast cancer--all women older than
      age 35. Such mass screening procedures will reduce the death rate from the
      disease by up to 30%. Mass screening is the only means we have to save the lives
      of many women with breast cancer.

PMID- 2400983
TI  - Opportunities in clinical trials. Adjuvant breast cancer.
AB  - Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the US, with approximately
      two-thirds of patients presenting with tumors confined to the breast alone or
      breast and ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes. Although all of these women can be
      rendered free of detectable breast cancer by local therapeutic modalities, many
      will experience recurrences regionally or at distant sites. Nearly all patients
      who have distant recurrences will subsequently die of breast cancer. Although
      metastatic breast cancer responds to a variety of hormonal and chemotherapeutic
      interventions, it is rare that such therapy is curvative. Hence, there has been
      great interest in studying adjuvant systemic therapies. There is now a long
      clinical trial experience with adjuvant therapy in breast cancer that provides an
      extensive background for implementing recent advances in molecular and cellular
      biology in the clinical setting. Predictably, these laboratory-clinical
      correlations will provide important leads for future generations of randomized
      adjuvant trials, both by helping to target new therapies for particular subsets
      of patients and by identifying prognostic groups. In this report, current efforts
      in adjuvant therapy trials and laboratory-clinical correlations being conducted
      in conjunction with those trials are described.

PMID- 2400984
TI  - Comparison of DNA aneuploidy of primary and metastatic spontaneous canine
      osteosarcomas.
AB  - Spontaneous canine osteosarcomas were analyzed for DNA aneuploidy and percentage
      of S phase cells using flow cytometry. Forty-eight dogs were studied in which
      both a primary tumor and subsequent metastases were available. The DNA index
      distributions for the primary tumors and the metastases were quite similar.
      However, when individual primary tumors and metastases derived from them were
      compared, many of the cases had different ploidy values. The tumor cells were
      also analyzed for percentage of S phase. The diploid metastases had less than 17%
      S phase cells, whereas the aneuploid metastases had up to 40% S phase cells.
      There was a direct correlation between the DNA index and the percentage of S
      phase in the metastases.

PMID- 2400985
TI  - Effect of heat treatment on tumor cells and antitumor effector cells.
AB  - We examined the effects of heat treatment on tumor cells and antitumor effector
      cells in order to investigate the combined effects of hyperthermia and
      immunotherapy including adoptive immunotherapy. Plasmacytoma MOPC104E syngeneic
      to BALB/c mice was used as the tumor cell line, while fresh spleen cells
      immunized to MOPC104E (IM-FSC) and interleukin-2-cultured lymphocytes induced in
      vitro from IM-FSC (CL) were used as the effector cells. Tumor cells or effector
      cells were heat-treated in a water bath at 42 degrees C for 30 or 60 min. Tumor
      cells heat-treated at 42 degrees C for 30 min grew temporarily and then regressed
      in the tumor transfer test, whereas untreated tumor cells showed no regression
      under any conditions. Furthermore, fresh spleen cells of mice inoculated with
      heat-treated tumor cells from regressed tumors showed marked tumor-neutralizing
      activity. The antitumor effects of CL were markedly inhibited by heat treatment
      according to the results of the tumor-neutralizing test and the 51Cr release
      assay, whereas heat treatment had little influence on the antitumor activity of
      IM-FSC. However, the neutralizing activity of effectors and the killing activity
      of CL against heat-treated tumor cells were both markedly augmented, since the
      susceptibility of the tumor cells to the antitumor effector cells was augmented
      by heat treatment. These results suggest that heat treatment of tumor cells
      augments the antitumor effects of IM-FSC and CL, hence we speculate that
      hyperthermia augments the effects of immunotherapy including adoptive
      immunotherapy.

PMID- 2400986
TI  - Dose-dependent neurotoxicity of high-dose busulfan in children: a clinical and
      pharmacological study.
AB  - Busulfan is known to be neurotoxic in animals and humans, but its acute
      neurotoxicity remains poorly characterized in children. We report here a
      retrospective study of 123 children (median age, 6.5 years) receiving high-dose
      busulfan in combined chemotherapy before bone marrow transplantation for
      malignant solid tumors, brain tumors excluded. Busulfan was given p.o., every 6
      hours for 16 doses over 4 days. Two total doses were consecutively used: 16
      mg/kg, then 600 mg/m2. The dose calculation on the basis of body surface area
      results in higher doses in young children than in older patients (16 to 28
      mg/kg). Ninety-six patients were not given anticonvulsive prophylaxis; 7 (7.5%)
      developed seizures during the 4 days of the busulfan course or within 24 h after
      the last dosing. When the total busulfan dose was taken into account, there was a
      significant difference in terms of neurotoxicity incidence among patients under
      16 mg/kg (1 of 57, 1.7%) and patients under 600 mg/m2 (6 of 39, 15.4%) (P less
      than 0.02). Twenty-seven patients were given a 600-mg/m2 busulfan total dose with
      continuous i.v. infusion of clonazepam; none had any neurological symptoms.
      Busulfan levels were measured by a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry assay in
      the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of 9 children without central nervous system
      disease under 600 mg/m2 busulfan with clonazepam:busulfan cerebrospinal
      fluid:plasma ratio was 1.39. This was significantly different (P less than 0.02)
      from the cerebrospinal fluid:plasma ratio previously defined in children
      receiving a 16-mg/kg total dose of busulfan. This study shows that busulfan
      neurotoxicity is dose-dependent in children and efficiently prevented by
      clonazepam. A busulfan dose calculated on the basis of body surface area,
      resulting in higher doses in young children, was followed by increased
      neurotoxicity, close to neurotoxicity incidence observed in adults. Since plasma
      pharmacokinetic studies showed a faster busulfan clearance in children than in
      adults, this new dose may approximate more closely the adult systemic exposure
      obtained after the usual 16-mg/kg total dose, with potential inferences in terms
      of anticancer or myeloablative effects. The busulfan dose in children and infants
      undergoing bone marrow transplantation should be reconsidered on the basis of
      pharmacokinetic studies.

PMID- 2400987
TI  - T47DCO cells, genetically unstable and containing estrogen receptor mutations,
      are a model for the progression of breast cancers to hormone resistance.
AB  - We postulate that one mechanism for the progression of breast cancers to hormone
      resistance involves the acquisition of mutant estrogen receptors (ER)4 by
      genetically unstable cell subpopulations. The T47D human breast cancer cell line
      may be a model for such progression, having sublines that are ER positive and
      estrogen responsive, ER positive and estrogen resistant, or ER negative. Also,
      T47D cells can be either hyperdiploid (HD) or hypertetraploid (HT) or
      persistently alternate between these states. T47DCO cells are a HD and ER
      positive, but estrogen-resistant, subline of T47D cells that undergoes
      spontaneous tetraploidization. Such a stable variant, designated T47Dv, is 85% HT
      (Cancer Res., 49: 3943, 1989). We now show that single-cell clones derived from
      the mixed HD/HT T47Dv can be either HD or HT, and can be either estrogen
      responsive or estrogen resistant, for growth and for progesterone receptor
      regulation. To begin the study of ER in this model system of T47DCO and their
      derivatives, we have generated complementary DNA libraries from the parental HD
      T47DCO cells and have isolated three ER complementary DNA mutants. These include
      two frame-shift/termination mutants that would encode ERs truncated in the DNA
      binding domain and in the hormone-binding domain and a third mutant with a large
      in-frame deletion spanning the hinge region and a part of the hormone-binding
      domain. If expressed, these mutant ERs would lack hormone-binding capacity and
      would be undetected by the anti-ER antibodies currently in clinical use. Genetic
      instability, when associated with mutant ERs in subpopulations of breast tumor
      cells, may provide the selective pressure leading to hormone resistance. T47DCO
      cells and their clonal derivatives provide a model for the systematic study of ER
      mutations and other mechanisms of hormone resistance in Stage IV breast cancer.

PMID- 2400988
TI  - Expression of rat microsomal epoxide hydrolase gene during liver chemical
      carcinogenesis.
AB  - A complementary DNA library was constructed from mRNA of rat liver induced by an
      initiating dose of a chemical carcinogen, diethylnitrosamine. Using a
      differential hybridization technique, a complementary DNA clone which is induced
      more than 10-fold by an acute single dose of diethylnitrosamine was identified.
      The DNA sequence of this clone was matched with rat microsomal epoxide hydrolase.
      This gene may be of great interest, since it was found to be highly expressed in
      neoplastic nodules and primary hepatocellular carcinomas induced by different
      carcinogenic regimes. The inducible high level expression of this gene becomes
      constitutive during the process of hepatocarcinogenesis. The gene was also found
      to be inducibly expressed during partial hepatectomy in a similar manner as a
      multidrug-resistant gene (mdr-I). No change in the transcriptional initiation
      site was observed in the gene expression between induced and uninduced rat
      livers. The 5' upstream region of the gene was characterized and some potential
      controlling elements for gene regulation, such as Sp-1, AP-2, and Hepatitis B
      virus enhancer, were found. Based on our own and published results, we
      hypothesize that the altered expression of this xenobiotic enzyme in nodules and
      cancer cells could be a result of constitutive internal stimuli which might be
      associated with cell growth.

PMID- 2400989
TI  - Combinations of retinoic acid with either sodium butyrate, dimethyl sulfoxide, or
      hexamethylene bisacetamide synergistically induce differentiation of the human
      myeloid leukemia cell line HL60.
AB  - All-trans-retinoic acid (RA), sodium n-butyrate (NaB), hexamethylene bisacetamide
      (HMBA), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) induce differentiation of the human acute
      myeloid leukemia cell line HL60. In the clinic, RA, NaB, or HMBA induce complete
      or partial remissions. However, the achievement and maintenance of effective
      plasma concentrations and toxicity have been problems. These difficulties led us
      to study the interaction of RA with these inducers. We found that combinations of
      RA with either NaB, HMBA, or DMSO synergistically induced terminal
      differentiation of HL60. A measure of the effectiveness of these combinations was
      that the doses of NaB, HMBA, and DMSO required alone to induce half-maximal
      differentiation were decreased about 4-fold in combination with normal plasma
      concentrations of about 30 nM RA. RA or NaB alone did not enhance the growth of
      HL60 cells. In contrast, HMBA or DMSO alone increased growth of HL60 cells even
      at concentrations that did not induce differentiation. The addition of RA reduced
      the promotion of growth and increased the extent of terminal differentiation seen
      with HMBA and DMSO alone. These data suggest that treatment of some malignancies
      with combinations of RA with HMBA or NaB may maintain differentiation-inducing
      effects and decrease the problems associated with the achievement and maintenance
      of effective plasma concentrations as single agents.

PMID- 2400990
TI  - Medical history and primary liver cancer.
AB  - The relationship between selected aspects of medical history and the risk of
      primary liver cancer was analyzed in a hospital-based case-control study
      conducted in Northern Italy on 242 patients with histologically or serologically
      confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma and 1169 controls in hospital for acute,
      nonneoplastic, or digestive diseases. Significant associations were observed for
      clinical history of hepatitis [odds ratio (OR), 3.7; 95% confidence interval
      (CI), 2.3-5.9], cirrhosis (OR, 16.8; 95% CI, 9.8-28.8), and three or more
      episodes of transfusion in the past (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4-4.1). Among other
      diseases considered, there was a significant association with diabetes (OR, 2.5;
      95% CI, 1.7-3.8), and a protection by history of drug allergies (OR, 0.5; 95% CI,
      0.2-0.9). These associations were not appreciably modified by allowance for major
      identified potential confounding factors and were observed for diseases occurring
      less than 5 or 5 or more years before liver cancer diagnosis, although for
      cirrhosis the risk was higher in the short term occurrences (OR, 50). For
      hepatitis, the association was more evident at older ages, confirming the long
      lead time between infection and cancer occurrence, while for diabetes it was
      stronger (or restricted) to cases aged less than 60, suggesting a possible
      specific role of type I diabetes. While for hepatitis, cirrhosis, and blood
      transfusion this study offers further quantitative estimates of risk in a
      European population, the possible direct association with diabetes and protection
      by drug allergy were unexpected, lacked plausible biological or previous
      epidemiological support, and should be simply regarded as working hypotheses for
      further work.

PMID- 2400991
TI  - Cathepsin B to cysteine proteinase inhibitor balance in metastatic cell
      subpopulations isolated from murine tumors.
AB  - Our laboratories have previously demonstrated that the malignancy of human and
      animal tumors is associated with increases in cathepsin B activity, due in part
      to increases in cathepsin B-specific RNA transcripts and in part to decreased
      regulation by the endogenous low molecular weight cysteine proteinase inhibitors
      (CPIs). In this study we have extended these observations to tumor cell
      subpopulations of B16 amelanotic melanoma (B16a) and Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL)
      isolated by centrifugal elutriation. B16a subpopulations exhibited a 10-fold
      differential in lung colonization potential, whereas 3LL subpopulations exhibited
      no differential. In the B16a subpopulations, cathepsin B activities, total
      cellular and plasma membrane-associated, corresponded positively (4- and 10-fold
      increase, respectively) with their lung colonization potentials. CPI activities,
      total cellular and plasma membrane-associated, corresponded inversely (2- and 5
      fold decrease, respectively) with the lung colonization potential of the B16a
      subpopulations. In the 3LL subpopulations, neither cathepsin B nor CPI activities
      changed. In the plasma membrane fractions of all 3LL subpopulations the ratio of
      cathepsin B activity to CPI activity was less than 1, whereas in the plasma
      membrane fractions of all B16a subpopulations the ratio was 1 or greater. In the
      plasma membrane fractions of the B16a subpopulations of higher lung colonization
      potential the ratios were 2.5 and 7, indicating that the levels of endogenous
      CPIs in these fractions may not be sufficient to regulate cathepsin B activity.
      Cathepsin B mRNA levels were not increased in the B16a subpopulations expressing
      increased cathepsin B activity. Thus increased cathepsin B activity in these
      subpopulations was apparently due not to increased synthesis but to decreased
      regulation by the endogenous CPIs. These results suggest that membrane-associated
      cathepsin B and CPIs may both play a role in the expression of the experimental
      metastatic phenotype.

PMID- 2400992
TI  - Evidence that high mannose glycopeptides are able to functionally interact with
      recombinant tumor necrosis factor and recombinant interleukin 1.
AB  - Both recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rTNF) and recombinant interleukin 1 (rIL
      1) are able to mediate vascular collapse and death in a previously described
      murine model, using galactosamine to enhance the toxicity of these cytokines.
      Unexpectedly, both acid-treated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and a site
      specifically mutagenized form of interleukin 1 (IL-1) (His-30----Arg-30), which
      fails to bind to the IL-1 receptor, retain full in vivo toxicity in this model of
      TNF- and IL-1-mediated shock. Previous studies have shown that rTNF and rIL-1
      exhibit two functionally distinct binding regions. Both cytokines bind to their
      respective cell surface receptors and they also express lectin like binding
      specificity (Muchmore and Decker, J. Biol. Chem., 261: 13404-13407, 1986;
      Muchmore and Decker, J. Immunol., 138: 2541-2546, 1987) for defined
      oligosaccharides. The specificity of these two types of interactions is quite
      different. Cell surface receptors for IL-1 and TNF demonstrate essentially no
      cross-reactivity, whereas, in the case of carbohydrate binding, competition
      studies reveal an almost identical carbohydrate specificity for the structure
      Man5(6)GlcNAc2-Asn. Man5(6)GlcNAc2-Asn binding is either unaffected or actually
      enhanced by either acid treatment of rTNF or mutation at His-30 for rIL-1. Both
      deoxymannojirimycin and swainsonine, inhibitors of glycoprotein processing, raise
      intracellular levels of Man5-9GlcNAc2 and enhance the in vitro biological
      activity of both rTNF and rIL-1. Conversely, castanosperimine, a glucosidase I
      inhibitor which blocks the synthesis of mature high mannose structures, inhibits
      the biological activity of IL-1. These observations support the hypothesis that
      some effects of IL-1 and TNF may involve interaction with high mannose
      substituted glycoproteins.

PMID- 2400993
TI  - Combinations of anti-transferrin receptor monoclonal antibodies inhibit human
      tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo: evidence for synergistic
      antiproliferative effects.
AB  - Thirty-two murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the external domain of the
      human transferrin (Tf) receptor have been obtained using human Tf receptor
      glycoprotein produced in a baculovirus expression system as immunogen. The MAbs
      were tested separately, and in combination, for their ability to inhibit growth
      of CCRF-CEM leukemic T-cells in tissue culture. One MAb, D65.30, an IgG1,
      inhibited growth of CCRF-CEM cells as effectively as the anti-Tf receptor MAb
      42/6, an IgA, previously found to have the highest antiproliferative activity in
      this assay. Some combinations of two or more MAbs inhibited the in vitro growth
      of CCRF-CEM much more effectively than single MAbs. Eleven IgG1 anti-Tf receptor
      MAbs, when combined individually with D65.30, increased the inhibition of CCRF
      CEM growth from approximately 65% to greater than 90% in a 7-day growth assay.
      Similarly, many IgG MAbs in combination with 42/6 also inhibited CCRF-CEM growth
      by greater than 90%. The growth-inhibitory effects of certain combinations of
      MAbs were clearly synergistic, because either one or both MAbs tested separately
      were inactive. These pairs of MAbs also inhibited the growth of HL-60 and KG-1
      leukemic cells by greater than 90% and partially inhibited the growth of K562
      erythroleukemia and M21 melanoma cells, which are resistant to MAb 42/6. However,
      not all combinations of anti-Tf receptor MAbs were more effective; eight MAbs
      markedly antagonized the antiproliferative effects of D65.30, whereas 12 others
      had little or no effect. Preincubation of HL-60 cells with three different pairs
      of MAbs, D65.30 and A27.15, B3/25 and 42/6, and B3/25 and TR3A, inhibited
      subsequent colony formation by greater than 95%, demonstrating that their action
      is cytotoxic, not cytostatic. The antiproliferative activity of these pairs of
      MAbs correlates with their ability to block Tf-mediated 59Fe uptake and perturb
      Tf receptor expression. Treatment of nude mice bearing established s.c. CCRF-CEM
      tumors with a combination of MAbs D65.30 and A27.15 inhibited tumor growth and in
      some animals led to complete tumor regression. Each MAb administered separately
      was much less effective. We conclude that combinations of two or more anti-Tf
      receptor MAbs can interact synergistically to inhibit cell growth in vitro and
      tumor growth in vivo.

PMID- 2400994
TI  - Increased lysis of melanoma by in vivo-elicited human lymphokine-activated killer
      cells after addition of antiganglioside antibodies in vitro.
AB  - Thirty-nine melanoma patients were treated with cyclophosphamide (350 mg/m2)
      followed 3 days later by 5 daily doses of interleukin 2 (3.6 million units/m2
      i.v.) weekly for 2 weeks. This cycle was repeated at least twice with a 1-week
      interval between cycles. Natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK)
      cell activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured before
      treatment and on the last day of each cycle by chromium release assays.
      Development of LAK activity of greater than 10 lytic units was correlated with a
      clinical response. There was no correlation between natural killer activity and
      clinical response. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of in vivo
      induced LAK cells after the addition of mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in
      vitro was measured in 30 cases on the last day of each interleukin 2 cycle. Anti
      GD3 MAbs MB3.6, 11C64, 6H4, and R24 increased LAK cell cytotoxicity against GD3
      positive GD2 melanoma cells while anti-GD2 MAb 14.18 increased LAK cell
      cytotoxicity against GD3-negative GD2-positive melanoma cells. MAb 9.2.27 (IgG2a)
      directed against a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and its core protein with a
      molecular weight of 250,000 (p250) on human melanoma cells did not mediate
      antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The effector cells in these
      antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The effector cells in these
      antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity reactions were Leu-19 positive. In
      preincubation experiments the MAbs showed superior binding to the melanoma target
      cells than to effector cells. Our results show that low dose interleukin 2
      preceded by low dose cyclophosphamide effectively induces LAK cells in vivo. The
      cytotoxicity of these in vivo-activated LAK cells can be augmented in vitro by
      mouse MAbs against glycolipid antigens on the tumor.

PMID- 2400995
TI  - Tumor-associated antigens common to humans and chemically induced colonic tumors
      of the rat.
AB  - The expression of human tumor-associated antigens CO17-1A, GA73-3, BR55-2, GICA
      19-9, and CA50 and of carcinoembryonic antigen was immunohistochemically studied
      in the colonic mucosa of 70 Sprague-Dawley rats. Fifty were treated with 1,2
      dimethylhydrazine (DMH) (with EDTA as a vehicle), ten were treated with EDTA
      only, and ten were untreated normal rats. The tumors were histogenetically
      divided as: (a) adenocarcinomas arising from villous adenomas; (b)
      adenocarcinomas arising from lymphoid-associated mucosa (LAM); and (c)
      adenocarcinomas arising in flat mucosa. Of 44 colonic adenocarcinomas, BR55-2 was
      expressed in 41 tumors, CO17-1A in 40 tumors, GA73-3 in 38 tumors, and GICA 19-9
      in 38 tumors. CA50 and carcinoembryonic antigen were not expressed in the tumors.
      The highest antigenic expression (number of cells) was observed in
      adenocarcinomas arising in villous adenomas and the lowest in those arising in
      flat mucosa. Adenocarcinomas arising in LAM had an intermediate expression. The
      expression of these antigens had no correlation to the localization of the tumor
      and to the differentiation. The expression of these antigens was similar in the
      non-lymphoid-associated normal colonic mucosa of the untreated, EDTA-treated, and
      DMH-treated rats. In DMH-treated rats, LAM demonstrated increased expression
      (number of cells) and increased staining intensity of these tumor-associated
      antigens. In six of the 50 DMH-treated rats, only LAM expressed carcinoembryonic
      antigen. CA50 was not expressed in the normal colon of untreated, of EDTA
      treated, and of DMH-treated rats, nor was it in DMH-induced tumors. None of the
      tumor-associated antigens (GICA 19-9 and CA50 and carcinoembryonic antigen) was
      detected in serum. It is concluded that this animal model would be of value in
      the preclinical evaluations of monoclonal antibodies for therapy in humans.

PMID- 2400996
TI  - Differential spectrum of expression of neural cell adhesion molecule isoforms and
      L1 adhesion molecules on human neuroectodermal tumors.
AB  - A series of four medulloblastomas, seven neuroblastomas (Nb), two ependymomas,
      and three gliomas, human neuroectodermal tumors, were screened for their
      expression of adhesion molecules L1, carcinoembryonic antigen, neural cell
      adhesion molecule isoforms (N-CAM) and HNK1 epitope by Western blotting and
      double immunofluorescence labeling. All seven neuroblastomas, whatever their
      differentiated state, expressed L1, a neural cell surface developmental antigen,
      whereas all other tumors tested were negative. All tumors expressed N-CAM;
      however, a large diversity was observed among the isoforms. Low sialylated N-CAM
      140 was present, with different intensity, in ependymomas and astrocytomas. High
      sialylated isoforms were detected by a monoclonal antibody (anti-MenB)
      specifically recognizing high polymers of alpha 2-8 linked neuraminic acid. They
      were expressed in all medulloblastomas studied (4 of 4), and in 4 of 7 Nbs
      examined. Negative cases corresponded to tumors having undergone chemotherapeutic
      treatment or to ganglioneuroma. The interconversion from high to low sialylated
      forms might reflect changes which are critical for the conversion of Nbs into
      benign ganglioneuromas. HNK1 epitope was expressed on a large diversity of
      molecules by nearly all tumors except two Nbs which were also negative with anti
      MenB antibody. This simultaneous loss of carbohydrate epitopes could correlate
      with higher maturation states of the tumors. None of the tumors expressed
      carcinoembryonic antigen. Therefore, anti-L1 and anti-MenB antibodies define
      differentiation-related antigens that could differentiate between Nbs and other
      tumors and may prove helpful in diagnosis and understanding of the biological
      nature of neuroectodermal tumors. An immunodot assay was set up and allowed to
      titrate the presence of polysialic acid units in cerebrospinal fluid from
      patients presenting meningeal spread of medulloblastomas. It could help to assess
      metastasis and to monitor the effects of chemotherapeutic treatment on
      polysialylated N-CAM positive tumors.

PMID- 2400997
TI  - Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of single and combined treatment with
      tumor necrosis factor alpha and/or alpha interferon on a human renal cell
      carcinoma xenotransplanted into nu/nu mice: cell kinetic studies.
AB  - A human renal cell carcinoma serially transplanted into nude mice was treated
      with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), recombinant human
      alpha interferon (IFN-alpha), and a combination of both. All treatments resulted
      in a significantly reduced tumor growth. The greatest effect was obtained with
      the combination of TNF-alpha and IFN-alpha. This latter treatment completely
      eradicated tumors which were smaller than 50 mm3 at the beginning of treatment.
      Cell kinetic analysis using the bromodeoxyuridine technique and flow cytometry
      revealed a prolongation of the transition time through S-phase from 7.9 h in the
      case of control tumors to 10.5 h for tumors treated with IFN-alpha and TNF-alpha.
      Single treatment with either TNF-alpha or IFN-alpha had only minor effects. The
      bromodeoxyuridine labeling index was unaffected by IFN-alpha (16.6%; control,
      15.2%) but was reduced to 12.1 and 11.7% when tumors were treated with TNF-alpha
      and IFN-alpha plus TNF-alpha, respectively. The calculated potential doubling
      times were 2.3 and 2.8 days, respectively, for tumors treated with TNF-alpha or
      IFN-alpha plus TNF-alpha. When treated with IFN-alpha, the potential doubling
      time (1.7 days) was similar to that of the control (1.6 days), indicating that
      the main effect of TNF-alpha was antiproliferative. Conversely, the calculated
      cell loss factors increased after IFN-alpha and combined treatment but not after
      TNF-alpha treatment. Combined treatment augmented cytotoxicity, but the cell
      kinetic characteristics of surviving cells remained similar to those of tumors
      treated with TNF-alpha alone. Histological analysis showed a distinctly reduced
      mitotic activity but no coagulative necroses after treatment with TNF-alpha. IFN
      alpha and, in particular, IFN-alpha plus TNF-alpha induced cytoplasmic
      vacuolization, nuclear pyknosis, and cell death, which resulted in tumor
      regression. These data suggest that, in this particular tumor model, TNF-alpha
      produces mainly antiproliferative effects, whereas IFN-alpha acts via cytotoxic
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2400998
TI  - 11p13-15 is a specific region of chromosomal rearrangement in gastric and
      esophageal adenocarcinomas.
AB  - In a cytogenetic analysis of 9 gastric and lower esophageal adenocarcinomas, we
      detected nonrandom rearrangements involving the region 11p13-15 in 8, thus
      identifying for the first time a specific chromosomal lesion in these tumors. In
      addition, rearrangements involving 3p21, translocations among the D group
      chromosomes, and i(5p) were each observed in more than half of the cases. The
      overall pattern of aberrations encountered in adenocarcinomas of gastric and
      lower esophageal origin was similar, suggesting that the tumors arising at these
      anatomical sites are biologically related. We also encountered cytogenetic
      evidence for gene amplification in the form of homogeneously staining regions and
      double-minute chromosomes in primary as well as metastatic lesions, which is
      consistent with amplification of a number of cellular oncogenes in these tumors
      detected by others and us at the molecular level. These cytogenetic findings are
      discussed in relation to nonrandom chromosome abnormalities and gene
      amplification reported in other types of adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 2401000
TI  - Supraventricular tachycardia.

PMID- 2400999
TI  - Gene amplification in gastric and esophageal adenocarcinomas.
AB  - In a United States series of 28 gastric/esophageal adenocarcinomas of poorly to
      moderately differentiated histopathology, we detected gene amplification in 21%
      of the tumors. Using the modified DNA in-gel renaturation assay to detect down to
      7-8 copies of amplified DNA sequences, we identified 3 gastric tumors with
      amplified DNA sequences and confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis that HER
      2/neu was amplified greater than 5-fold in these specimens. Immunohistochemical
      staining of tumor tissue sections with p185 HER-2/neu antibodies demonstrated
      that only the 3 gastric adenocarcinomas with corresponding HER-2/neu gene
      amplification displayed membrane immunoreactivity. Amplification of c-met was
      identified in 2 tumors, and this was the first study to assay for multiple copies
      of this protooncogene in fresh gastric tumor tissues. Amplification of c-erbB was
      observed in one tumor, and no evidence for amplification of int-2 was obtained in
      this series of adenocarcinomas.

PMID- 2401001
TI  - Intramural neurons in the urinary bladder of the guinea-pig.
AB  - The urinary bladder of adult female guinea-pigs was stained histochemically to
      detect the presence of intramural ganglion neurons. Counts on whole-mount
      preparations of entire bladders revealed the presence of 2000-2500 neurons per
      bladder, either as individual nerve cells or, more often, as ganglia containing
      up to 40 neurons. Both ganglia and single neurons lie along nerve trunks and are
      interconnected to form a plexus. Ganglia occur in every part of the bladder; they
      are more numerous on the dorsal than on the ventral wall, and they are especially
      abundant in an area within a radius of 800 microns from the point of entry into
      the bladder wall of ureters and urinary arteries. The ganglia are located inside
      the muscle coat and close to muscle bundles; they usually lie nearer the mucosa
      than the serosa. Ultrastructurally, each ganglion is surrounded by a capsule; in
      addition to neurons and glial cells, the ganglia contain capillaries, collagen
      fibrils and fibroblasts; ganglion neurons are individually wrapped by glial cells
      and are separated from one another by connective tissue.

PMID- 2401002
TI  - Structure of the cumulus oophorus at the time of fertilization.
AB  - Ultrastructural and morphometric techniques were employed to examine the ovulated
      cumulus oophorus of hamsters and rats. Observations on cumuli prepared in a
      variety of ways including different chemical fixation techniques and cryofixation
      freeze substitution were compared. It was concluded that the cumulus mucus is not
      arranged in lamellae or granules as has previously been suggested but is composed
      of molecules which form very fine filaments when properly fixed. Morphometric
      analysis of cumuli fixed either in situ or after being explanted into medium
      revealed that the distance between neighboring cumulus cells was greater with
      increasing distance from the oocyte. Morphometry revealed that, when placed into
      medium, the cumulus expands possibly due to hydration. Thus physiological
      experiments carried out on cumuli should be performed very shortly after cumuli
      are isolated. From their ultrastructure cumulus cells appear to be actively
      involved in protein synthesis and secretion as well as steroid production.

PMID- 2401003
TI  - Organization and disorganization of actin filaments in human epidermal
      keratinocytes: heat-shock treatment and recovery process.
AB  - We investigated alterations of actin organization due to heat shock and recovery
      from the collapse in human epidermal keratinocytes. Exposure of keratinocytes to
      elevated temperature caused the rapid disintegration of actin filaments. With a
      heat-shock treatment at 45 degrees C for 10 min, actin filaments disappeared and
      granular actin was distributed diffusely in the cytoplasm. After return to 37
      degrees C, recovery of actin organization was observed. Completely disintegrated
      granular actin assembled to form actin dots, which tended to group. The grouping
      actin dots often took a circular, semicircular or arched form. Filamentous actin
      then extended out from the actin dots. Fine short bundles of actin filaments had
      a rippled appearance or were polygonal in structure, with actin filaments
      converged at many points. On the seventh day after heat-shock treatment, actin
      organization had almost returned to the pre-heat-shock condition, with diffusely
      distributed actin filaments. In previous studies, we observed such aberrant
      structures in human malignant keratinocytes and human epidermal keratinocytes
      treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. The observations presented
      here indicate that those structures are not specific to malignancy or to the
      process of malignant transformation, but represent less mature and aberrant
      organizations of actin.

PMID- 2401004
TI  - Three-dimensional organization of a transcellular tubulocisternal endoplasmic
      reticulum in epithelial cells of Reissner's membrane in the guinea-pig.
AB  - The ultrastructure of the epithelial cells of Reissner's membrane (membrana
      vestibularis) in the guinea-pig is described following vascular perfusion with
      glutaraldehyde of live, anaesthetised and artificially respirated animals.
      Postfixation in a solution containing OsO4 and potassium ferricyanide revealed a
      well-developed tubulocisternal endoplasmic reticulum, not previously described,
      the continuity of which has been mapped by serial sectioning and reconstruction.
      Large disc-shaped subsurface cisternae lining the cell membrane, but separated
      from it by a space approximately 10 nm wide, are in continuity with the smooth
      endoplasmic reticulum, forming an elaborated transcellular canalicular pathway.
      This structure is compared to that found in solute-transporting epithelia, e.g.,
      renal proximal tubule, gall bladder, small intestine and choroid plexus. The
      fixation method used in the present study is compared to other techniques used
      for preservation of Reissner's membrane. Each epithelial cell of Reissner's
      membrane is endowed with one kinocilium, one to four multivesicular bodies, and a
      number of intercalated bodies. The functional significance of the canalicular
      pathway is discussed.

PMID- 2401005
TI  - Cellular proliferation in the anterior pituitary of the rat during the postnatal
      period.
AB  - Cellular proliferation in the anterior pituitary of 2-, 8-, 15- and 30-day-old
      rats was examined by injection of bromodeoxyuridine 1 h before autopsy.
      Bromodeoxyuridine incorporated into DNA was detected immunohistochemically by use
      of a monoclonal antibody. The highest rate of cell proliferation was found in 2
      day-old animals; it decreased thereafter during the postnatal period. Possible
      toxic effects of colchicine on cellular proliferation were examined. Colchicine
      treatment (10 mg/kg in 8- and 30-day-old animals) significantly decreased the
      number of bromodeoxyuridine-labelled cells/mm2 in 8-day-old rats. Some sections
      were doubly immunostained for bromodeoxyuridine and various pituitary hormones.
      The proportion of doubly-immunostained cells to all proliferating cells was
      generally low, ranging from 23% at 2 days to 32% at 30 days of age.

PMID- 2401006
TI  - Evidence for a transcellular cisternal route across the caecal epithelium of an
      insect.
AB  - The cells of the mesenteric caeca in the midgut of certain insects possess a
      labyrinth of transepithelial cisternae. Their existence can be seen in thin
      sections of lanthanum-incubated tissue, where the tracer enters not only the
      intercellular clefts but also membranous cisternae which are inpocketings from,
      and, in continuity with, both the lateral clefts and basal membrane. These
      infoldings, which are numerous, run from the basal or lateral surfaces into the
      perinuclear region of the cells, where they are found, laden with lanthanum, as
      smooth cisternae or vesicles in the peripheral cytoplasm near the plasma
      membrane. These can be followed in serial sections and are quite distinct from
      other sub-surface cisternae of the lateral borders which are studded with
      ribosomes on the cytoplasmic surface. Near the luminal surface, tracer-laden
      structures in the form of vesicles and granules become increasingly predominant
      over those in the form of cisternae. Freeze-fracture replicas confirm the above
      observations, in that the plasma membrane of the intercellular cleft can be
      characterized as such unequivocally, since it exhibits smooth septate junctional
      E face grooves and P face ridges. Lateral infoldings, cisternae and vesicles can
      be seen arising directly from these junction-bearing membranes. The
      transepithelial cisternae and vesicles may be the morphological basis of an
      insect transcellular transport system, comparable to the tubulo-cisternal
      endoplasmic reticulum present in the transporting secretory and absorptive
      epithelia of vertebrate tissues. However, in insect midgut caecal epithelia, the
      cisternae appear to be, albeit presumably transiently, in direct continuity with
      the extracellular space, forming a plasma membrane reticular system which seems
      not to be the case with the tubulo-cisternal endoplasmic reticulum which
      terminates in subsurface cisternae.

PMID- 2401007
TI  - Glucagon-like immunoreactivity in hypothalamic neurons of the rat.
AB  - Antisera specific for three different regions of pancreatic proglucagon were used
      to examine the distribution of such immunoreactivity in rat hypothalamus. Neurons
      in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei were immunoreactive with an
      antiserum against glucagon, but not with antisera directed towards the
      aminoterminal region of proglucagon (glicentin) or the glucagon-like peptide I
      sequence in the carboxyl-terminal region of proglucagon. These findings confirm a
      previous report of glucagon-like immunoreactivity in the supraoptic and
      paraventricular nuclei, but indicate that, while this material is
      immunochemically related to glucagon, it is not derived from a proglucagon-like
      precursor.

PMID- 2401008
TI  - An immunogold, cryoultrastructural study of sites of synthesis and storage of
      chorionic gonadotropin and placental lactogen in human syncytiotrophoblast.
AB  - The sites of intracellular synthesis and storage of human placental lactogen
      (hPL) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) are controversial. We have used one
      of the most sensitive methods, cryoultramicrotomy and immunogold labelling, to
      localise these hormones at the electron-microscopic level. In both 12-week and
      term placentas hCG and hPL are present throughout the rough endoplasmic reticulum
      cisternae, in the Golgi bodies, and in the infrequent small dense granules of the
      syncytiotrophoblast. Previous assays have shown that hCG is at a higher
      concentration in early pregnancy and hPL peaks in late pregnancy, and our results
      corroborate these findings. No significant localisation of either hormone was
      seen in the cytotrophoblast or villous stroma. The results suggest that both hCG
      and hPL are synthesised and packaged by the classical secretory pathway, although
      the level of hormone stored in granules at any one time is small.

PMID- 2401009
TI  - Uptake and intracellular routing of peroxidase-conjugated immunoglobulin-G by the
      perfused human placenta.
AB  - Selected lobules of term human placenta were extracorporeally perfused and human
      immunoglobulin-G complexed to horseradish peroxidase (IgG-HRP) was added to the
      maternal perfusate. After different durations of perfusion IgG-HRP was visualised
      by use of diamino-benzidine cytochemistry. Within the first 10 min of perfusion
      IgG-HRP was found bound to microvilli and coated pits of the syncytiotrophoblast;
      internalisation into coated vesicles and tubulo-vesicular bodies was also
      observed. Subsequently, IgG-HRP was found in multivesicular bodies and by 30 min
      appeared in basal vesicles, the frequency of the latter event increasing with
      time. No routing of IgG-HRP into Golgi regions or lysosomes could be detected. by
      60 min IgG-HRP was found in a few caveolae of fetal endothelium of both terminal
      and intermediate villi. IgG-HRP was not found in intercellular clefts of the
      endothelium. The pattern of uptake and routing observed suggests a receptor
      mediated transcytosis of IgG-HRP across the syncytiotrophoblast and a
      transcellular pathway through the endothelium.

PMID- 2401010
TI  - Cell interactions coordinate the development of the C. elegans egg-laying system.
AB  - Egg laying by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans requires the functioning of the
      vulva, the gonad, the egg-laying muscles, and the two HSN neurons, which
      innervate these muscles. By analyzing a newly isolated mutant (dig-1) that
      displaces the gonad, we discovered that cell interactions coordinate the spatial
      relationships among the different components of the egg-laying system. First, the
      gonad induces the formation of the vulva, and vulval induction by dorsal gonads
      strongly suggests that the inductive signal can act at a distance. Second, the
      gonad acts at a distance to regulate the migrations of the sex myoblasts that
      generate the egg-laying musculature. Third, the positions of the axonal branch
      and synapses of each HSN neuron are displaced correspondingly with the rest of
      the egg-laying system in dig-1 animals, which suggests that cell interactions
      also control aspects of HSN development.

PMID- 2401011
TI  - Superantigens interact with MHC class II molecules outside of the antigen groove.
AB  - Superantigens, including the staphylococcal enterotoxins and the minor lymphocyte
      stimulatory antigens, are highly potent immunostimulatory molecules, capable of
      activating virtually all T cells that express particular T cell receptor (TCR)
      variable regions. Superantigen stimulation of T lymphocytes depends on major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, so there has been some
      debate as to whether superantigens interact with the antigen binding "groove" on
      class II complexes, just like conventional peptide antigens, or whether they bind
      elsewhere and serve as TCR coligands. We compared the presentation of peptide
      antigens and superantigens by a panel of mutant-presenting cell lines, each
      displaying an A kappa alpha chain with a single alanine replacement along the
      alpha helix proposed to form one face of the groove. The negligible effect of
      these 30 mutations on superantigen presentation, versus their drastic
      consequences for peptide presentation, prompts us to conclude that superantigens
      interact with MHC class II molecules outside the groove.

PMID- 2401012
TI  - [Preparation of derivatives of 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propanic acid and a study
      of its biological activity].
AB  - From 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenic acid chloride and substituted amines and
      hydrazides, the appropriate amides and hydrazides (Table 1) were synthesized at
      60-80 degrees C in the medium of benzene or toluene. The reaction of this
      chloride with benzaldehyde hydrazone at 70-80 degrees C yielded N,N'-bis[3-(3,4
      dimethoxyphenyl)propenoyl]hydrazine (VIII). At ambient temperature the
      benzylidene hydrazide of 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenic acid (VII) and a small
      amount of compound VIII were isolated. In the reaction of 3-(3,4
      dimethoxyphenyl)propenic acid chloride with benzylidene hydrazide (VII) at 70-80
      degrees C, compound VIII was obtained (Scheme 1). Compounds I, VII, VIII and IX
      possessed higher indices of increase in fortnight tests of the first degree in
      the roosters of meat hybrides compared to the negative control, but the indices
      of conversion were unfavourable. The compounds did not reach the efficacy of the
      avoparcin standard. Derivatives II and VI possessed 67.5 and 63.5%, respectively,
      of anthelmintic activity of levamisol against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The
      prepared compounds were not antibacterially effective and they were not mutagenic
      in the tests following the method of Ames, either.

PMID- 2401013
TI  - [Vasodilating effects of etimizol in vitro and its relation to purinergic
      receptors].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the effect of the breath analeptic agent etimizole on
      the smooth muscle of vessels under in vitro conditions from the viewpoint of its
      assumed interaction with purinergic receptors. Isolated preparations of the
      coronary artery and a. dorsalis pedis of the dog served as experimental material.
      Etimizole administered in a cumulative manner in dependence on concentration
      decreases the strength of contraction of the preparations contracted with K+
      ions. This relaxant effect, similarly as the effect of adenosine, is not affected
      by a removal of the endothelium, can be inhibited with theophylline and
      potentiated with dipyridamole. Etimizole in higher concentrations inhibits the
      response of vascular preparations to electrical stimulation. In the concentration
      of 10(-4) mol.l-1 it potentiates the relaxant effect of adenosine, the
      experimental effects not differing from the theoretical curve for the addition of
      effects. The obtained results support the assumption that the vasodilating effect
      of etimizole is mediated prevalently by P1 purinergic receptors.

PMID- 2401014
TI  - [Mutagenic activity analysis of body fluids in the first phase of clinical drug
      trials].
AB  - On the example of the model drugs metronidazole and ornidazole, a possible use of
      an analysis of mutagenic activity of blood and urine in the first stage of
      clinical testing of drugs is demonstrated. Mutagenicity of blood and urine after
      metronidazole administration in the dose of 1 and 2 g was examined in 3
      experiments with 6 volunteers, the presence of mutagenic drugs in urine in the
      dose of 1 g was observed till 48 h, in the dose of 2 g till 72 h after
      administration. Besides base-substitution mutations also frameschif mutations
      were detected, but with considerable individual variability. Mutagenic activity
      in blood and urine after the administration of 1 g of ornidazole was investigated
      in the 1st experiment in 3, in further two experiments in 8 volunteers. It was
      characterized by a two-peak increase in mutagenicity in blood and urine in the
      intervals of 1-6 h and 48-72 h. Saturation of 1 g of ascorbic acid daily in the
      course of 1 week prior to the administration of ornidazole was manifested by a
      decrease in mutagenic activity in blood and increased excretion of mutagenic
      drugs in urine.

PMID- 2401015
TI  - [The micronucleus test in human peripheral lymphocytes].
AB  - A new methodology is reported determining the cytogenetic damage in stimulated
      human peripheral lymphocytes. The methodology is based on the investigation of
      the frequency of cells with micronuclei utilizing cytochalasin B. The spontaneous
      frequency of cells with micronuclei in the group of healthy volunteers (9 females
      and 3 males) of the mean age of 37.8 years was 18.42 micronuclei/1000 cells.
      Furthermore, the action of the analgesic agent paracetamol on the frequency of
      cells with micronuclei was examined; after the dose of 3 X 1000 mg of paracetamol
      administered within 8 h no increase in the occurrence of micronuclei within 1
      week was found. The advantage of the use of the test for the determination of
      micronuclei with cytochalasin B in the testing of new drugs are discussed.

PMID- 2401016
TI  - [Possibilities in the use of cell cultures in carcinogenicity tests].
AB  - The cell transformational test, consisting in morphological transformation of the
      human embryonal lung cells, is a rapid and sensitive method of identification of
      chemical carcinogens. The test is capable of revealing carcinogens undetectable
      by other methods and it makes it possible to avoid mistakes due to inter-species
      differences in the biotransformation of the drugs tested.

PMID- 2401018
TI  - [Publishing and research].

PMID- 2401017
TI  - [Health education in the work of the pharmacist].

PMID- 2401019
TI  - [Abstracts of papers presented at the 10th Congress of Pathological and Clinical
      Physiology. Prague, 20-23 June 1989].

PMID- 2401020
TI  - [Laser microsurgery in glaucoma].
AB  - Based on ten years work, the authors summarize their experience with the use of
      different types of lasers and laser methods in the treatment of glaucomas. They
      draw attention to the limits of effectiveness of laser microsurgery, to different
      modifications of hitherto used methods and their combinations. The authors try to
      define the position of lasers in the therapy of glaucomas.

PMID- 2401021
TI  - [Complications of intraocular lens implantation].
AB  - The authors analyze the causes of per- and postoperative complications of
      implantations of intraocular retropupillary lenses. In a group of 132
      extracapsular extractions of cataract with implantation of an intraocular lens no
      marked decentering was found. The most frequent postoperative complication were
      transitory striae and fibrin exudates in the pupil. Only once the "toxic lens
      syndrome" was encountered. The fine cilia of the posterior capsule, pigment
      dispersion and changes in the width of the pupil did not affect markedly the
      visual functions of the organ. The authors did not observe regenerating
      cataracts, or fibroses of the posterior capsule (mainly because of the short
      follow up period).

PMID- 2401022
TI  - [Ectopic lens in childhood].
AB  - The authors analyze a group of 34 patients with ectopy of the lens detected in
      childhood and followed up for 12 years. The ectopy of the lens was not restricted
      to the eye but was part of numerous syndromes. The authors emphasize aetiological
      diagnosis, interdisciplinary collaboration and evaluation whether surgical
      extraction of the lens is indicated. Indication for operation is incorrigible
      reduction of the visual acuity below 0.3 and the imminence of complete
      dislocation of the lens. The long-term results of 12 operated patients are
      despite some complications very satisfactory from the functional aspect.

PMID- 2401023
TI  - [Pathogenesis of disorders of transparency of the optic medium of the eye. V.
      Ultrastructure of lens in chalcosis using scanning electron microscopy].
AB  - The authors investigated ultrastructural changes of the rabbit lens after
      experimentally induced chalcosis. From the results it may be concluded that the
      toxic actions of copper are mainly in the lenticular capsule and epithelium,
      although they are also apparent in the lenticular fibres.

PMID- 2401024
TI  - [Pathogenesis of disorders of transparency of the optic media of the eye. VI.
      Transmission electron microscopy in chalcosis of the lens].
AB  - By means of transmission electron microscopy in the chalcotic lens
      ultrastructural changes were probed which can be divided into specific and non
      specific ones. Specific findings include proliferation of vacuoles in the
      cytoplasm, development of oedema of lenticular fibres and dilatation of
      intercellular spaces. For specific findings intercellular chalcosomes in the
      shape of copper crystals are typical. Copper crystals are dispersed also in the
      cytoplasm in formations lined by the membrane. Non-specific changes in the
      chalcotic lens can be classified as degenerative changes in the lenticular
      capsule, which is divided into segments.

PMID- 2401025
TI  - [Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva].
AB  - The authors analyze six cases with malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva treated
      at the Ophthalmological Clinic in Brno in 1967-1988. They evaluate contemporary
      therapeutic possibilities and results of treatment. The prognosis of the
      condition is in general more favourable than in malignant melanomas of other
      mucous membranes.

PMID- 2401026
TI  - [The spectrum and dynamics of free amino acids in the tissues of the bovine eye
      and their interaction with pilocarpine. III. The lens].
AB  - The authors revealed by chromatographic analysis that in the investigated tissues
      of the bovine eye a 3% aqueous pilocarpine solution 2.5 hours after the last
      instillations alters specifically the levels of different free amino acids. In
      the capsule and anterior coat an increase was observed and in the nucleus and
      posterior coat a decline of the total amount of these components. In the control
      and pilocarpine-treated capsule and in the lenticular nucleus glutamic acid, is
      present in the highest concentration and in the anterior and posterior coat of
      the lens aspartic acid and lysine.

PMID- 2401027
TI  - [The effectiveness of taking measures against infection in eye surgery.
      Microbiological study].
AB  - The authors investigated in a group of 100 eyes the incidence of micro-organisms
      in the conjunctival sac and on the borders of the eyelids and their sensitivity
      to antibiotics before planned operations of the eyes. In all instances
      cultivation at three time intervals was used--on admission, on the morning before
      operation after administration of antibiotic drops for at least one day, and in
      the operation theater after careful disinfection of the surgical field. The
      assembled results indicate the small effectiveness of short-term preoperative
      administration of disinfectant and antibiotic drops and confirm the high
      effectiveness of antiseptic preparation of the surgical field.

PMID- 2401028
TI  - [Comparative study of cerebral infarction treated with acupuncture at 6 acupoints
      of yang meridian and calan].
AB  - This article reports the curative effects of acupuncture on 6 acupoints of Yang
      meridian in treating 32 cases of cerebral infarction in comparison with another
      31 cases treated with calan tablets 55 out of 63 patients have been diagnosed as
      cerebral infarction by computer tomography. Diagnosis of 8 cases relied on
      history, symptoms, signs together with cerebrospinal fluid examination. Patients
      were divided randomly into two treatment groups: acupuncture group and calan
      tablet group. Therapeutic method: (1) For acupuncture group, main acupoints
      consisted of Jianyu (L.I. 15), Quchi (I. I. 11), Hegu (L. I.4) in the upper
      extremity and Huantiao (G. B. 30), Yanglingquan (G. B. 34), Guangming (G. B. 37)
      in the lower extremity. According to the syndrome differentiation, Taichong (Liv.
      3), Fengchi (G. B. 20), Tianshu (St. 25), Fenglong (St. 40), Zusanli (St. 36),
      Sanyinjiao (Sp. 6), Taixi (K. 3) were added. The lifting and thrusting was
      manipulated. The needles were retained for 30 minutes after the patient felt
      local sourness, distension and heaviness. Acupuncture was carried out every day
      for 6 weeks. (2) For calan tablet group, calan tablet 5 mg was administered 3
      times a day for the same treatment session as the former group. RESULT: The total
      effective rates were 93. 75% and 83.87% respectively. The therapeutic effect in
      the acupuncture group was much better than that in the calan tablet group (P less
      than 0.05). The majority of hemorheological indices of patients in two groups
      were obviously higher than those of the normal in the same age group.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401029
TI  - [Effect of qigong exercise on the blood level of monoamine neuro-transmitters in
      patients with chronic diseases].
AB  - In this study, the authors, by means of fluorescence spectrophotometry, observed
      the variations of blood contents of monoamine neuro-transmitters (5-hydroxytamine
      5-HT; norepinephrine NE; dopamine DA) in 68 subjects before and after adoption of
      Qigong exercises. A comparison of pre- and post-exercise showed a general
      reduction in 5-HT, varying from 0.43 +/- 0.21 to 0.21 +/- 0.13 microgram/ml (P
      less than 0.001). Variations in NE and DA tended to go up, NE being from 0.27 +/-
      0.13 to 0.35 +/- 0.27 microgram/ml, DA from 0.86 +/- 0.69 to 1.19 +/- 0.81
      micrograms/ml (P less than 0.02). Effects of Qigong exercises on different
      diseases: Subjects in each group showed reduction in blood 5-HT content after
      they had practised Qigong exercise. (1) Cardiovascular disease: 0.47 +/- 0.34 to
      0.16 +/- 0.11 microgram/ml (n = 13); (2) gastric diseases: 0.37 +/- 0.19 to 0.22
      +/- 0.13 microgram/ml (n = 20); (3) joint system diseases: 0.44 +/- 0.21 to 0.18
      +/- 0.13 microgram/ml (n = 10); (4) respiratory system diseases: 0.40 +/- 0.22 to
      0.22 +/- 0.12 microgram/ml (n = 8); (5) other diseases (neuroasthenia, neurosis,
      etc.): 0.46 +/- 0.22 to 0.25 +/- 0.14 microgram/ml (n = 13). In all these groups
      except the fourth group, variations in 5-HT content in comparison with the pre
      exercise values were respectively P less than 0.01, less than 0.01, less than
      0.05, less than 0.05. The difference was obvious. The post-exercise blood content
      of DA in various groups rose up remarkably.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401030
TI  - [15 years' observation and related research on diagnosis and treatment according
      to traditional Chinese medicine of elevated serum lipids in 54 cases of coronary
      disease].
AB  - The increasing rate of cholesterol (CH) of 54 cases with coronary heart disease
      was 33.33%. According to CH level, the authors divided them into two groups: the
      normal one (I) and the high one (II). By fifteen-year observation, CH of Group I
      kept normal, only with its triglyceride (TG) a little higher than ordinary level.
      But the CH and TG of Group II, which had been treated with anticholesteremic
      drugs, was obviously higher than Group I (P less than 0.05). In connection with
      identification according to TCM, both CH and TG of deficiency of Yang, and
      deficiency of both Yin and Yang were higher, especially TG (P less than 0.01). TG
      of the type of blood stasis was higher (P less than 0.01) except
      anticholesteremic drugs for Group II. The two groups were treated with the same
      combined treatment of TCM and WM. The long term effect of fifteen years in Group
      I was more obvious than in Group II. This showed that the treatment of high serum
      lipid of CHD was more difficult.

PMID- 2401031
TI  - [Role of "qi" in reaching affected area using acupuncture in "promoting blood
      circulation to remove blood stasis"].
AB  - In the present work, an experimental observation was carried out with the
      determination method of bioelectric impedance in 78 cases of chronic hepatitis,
      58 cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 45 of obstructive
      thromboendarteritis and 65 of coronary heart disease, who were diagnosed
      definitely and possessed the symptoms and signs of blood stasis and produced
      change in hemodynamics. Yanglingquan (G. B. 34) and Zhangmen (Liv.13) acupoints
      on right side were needled and four indices of liver blood circulation were
      determined for chronic hepatitis. Bilateral Kongzui (Lu.6) acupoints were needled
      and seven indices of lung blood circulation were detected for chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease. Acupoint along the pathway of channel were needled and six
      indices of blood circulation in the extremities were examined for obstructive
      thromboendarteritis. Bilateral Neiguan (P.6) acupoints were needled and four
      indices of the cardiovascular function were detected for coronary heart disease.
      Results showed 95 cases of the above four diseases having Qi reaching to affected
      area. 84 cases had propagated sensation along the channel. 67 cases had local
      sensation. Experimental results indicated that Qi reaching affected area produced
      obvious effects of dredging the meridian passage, and promoting blood circulation
      to remove blood stasis.

PMID- 2401032
TI  - [Clinical observation and experimental studies of ocular fundus changes induced
      by acute poisoning by the radix Aconiti brachypodi].

PMID- 2401034
TI  - [Relation of pale tongue, purple tongue and TXA2-PGI2 regulation system].
AB  - This paper analysed the relationship between pale tongue, purplish tongue and
      TXB2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha levels in plasma of 70 cases with coronary heart disease
      (CHD) and 45 normal subjects. The results showed the following characteristics:
      The pale tongue group (217.76 +/- 30.5 pg/ml) showed no significant difference in
      TXB2 level compared with the normal group (164.49 +/- 10.85 pg/ml, P greater than
      0.05), while both showed significant difference compared with the purplish tongue
      group (360.1 +/- 31.3 pg/ml) and that with purple spots (485.07 +/- 106.1 pg/ml,
      P less than 0.01). The pale tongue group (179.29 +/- 9.08 pg/ml) showed a
      significant difference in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha level compared with the normal group
      (244 +/- 19.31 pg/ml, P less than 0.01), but it showed no significant difference
      compared with the purplish tongue group (185.08 +/- 17.07 pg/ml) and that with
      purple spots (229.3 +/- 33.2 pg/ml, P greater than 0.05). The comparison between
      the groups of purplish tongue and that with purple spots and the normal group
      showed no significant difference (P greater than 0.05). The pale tongue group
      (1.33 +/- 0.18) showed a marked difference in TXB2/6-keto-PGF1 alpha ratio
      compared with the normal group (0.72 +/- 0.04, P less than 0.01), the purplish
      tongue group (2.12 +/- 0.22, P less than 0.01) and that with purple spots (2.25
      +/- 0.55, P less than 0.05). The purplish tongue group and that with purple spots
      showed significant difference compared with the normal group (P less than
      0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401033
TI  - [Glucocorticoid receptors on human peripheral mononuclear and polymorphonuclear
      leucocytes: changes in patients with yang-deficiency].
AB  - It was found that, in former works, the glucocorticoid receptors (GCR) on
      peripheral mixed leucocytes in patients with Yang-deficiency were decreased. In
      this work, the mixed leucocytes were further separated into mononuclear (MNL) and
      polymorphonuclear (PML) leucocytes, and GCR were determined in each part of
      leucocytes. GCR on MNL and PML in 6 Yang deficient patients were 3473 +/- 413 and
      4433 +/- 651 sites/cell respectively, statistically significant from the normal
      control group (4462 +/- 962 and 5622 +/- 782 sites/cell respectively, P less than
      0.05). GCR on MNL, PML and mixed leucocytes in 5 patients were determined
      simultaneously, and all lowered from the control group. The results were 3369 +/-
      370, 4986 +/- 419 and 4524 +/- 852 sites/cell respectively, with the lowest GCR
      on MNL and highest on PML.

PMID- 2401035
TI  - [Prevention and treatment of emphysema in the guinea pig with ligustrazine].
AB  - This study demonstrated that ligustrazine possesses inhibitory effect obviously
      on elastic enzyme in vitro, and it can be used to prevent and treat emphysema
      instead of serum. Using light microscope and electron microscope, the authors
      observed morphological indexes and analyzed the indexes with stereology and
      statistics in lung tissues of guinea pigs. The results showed that there was no
      obvious difference between the ligustrazine administration group and the saline
      control group as pathological changes were not found in the ligustrazine
      administration group under microscope. The shapes of elastic proteins were the
      same under electron microscope observation. Aerosol inhalational method induced
      emphysema model of elastic enzyme in guinea pig could be improved with
      ligustrazine treatment.

PMID- 2401036
TI  - [Prevention of radiation injury of the lungs by Salvia miltiorrhiza in mice].
AB  - The lungs and thymus of mice received X-ray irradiation on the right thorax were
      observed. It was found that lung injury was lighter and got recovered more
      rapidly in mice given Salvia miltiorrhiza than that in the control group.
      Microscopic thymus changes showed no difference in the two groups. The results
      indicated that Salvia miltiorrhiza could prevent radiation-induced pulmonary
      injury, but could not prevent thymus injury.

PMID- 2401037
TI  - [Factors influencing in vitro Lymphocyte transformation for screening
      immunomodulation drugs among crude herbal extracts].
AB  - When in vitro lymphocyte transformation test was used to investigate the
      immunologic effects of crude herbal extracts, false negative results of 3H-TdR
      uptake usually were obtained due to the high content of impurities, higher
      concentration of drugs or incomplete harvest of cells. Microscopic examination of
      cell growth to be additional index proved very useful because of being less
      interfered by factor mentioned above. Cell growth examination has high
      reliability, reproducibility, wider range of suitable drug concentration
      detectable (20-40 micrograms crude extract/well) and high objectivity of being
      capably examined by several observers for comparison. Therefore both 3H-TdR
      uptake and cell growth examination should be adopted for indications of this test
      to obtain accurate objective results. In case of increasing adhesion of cells
      with surfaces of plate wells by crude herbal extract it is necessary to elevate
      negative pressure (700 mmHg) and prolong the time of wash-suction (1.5-2 min)
      during cell harvesting.

PMID- 2401038
TI  - Dose-dependent effects of short-term dietary administration of the food additive
      butylated hydroxyanisole on cell kinetic parameters in rat gastro-intestinal
      tract.
AB  - Groups of ten 5-week old male Wistar rats were fed a diet containing 0, 0.25,
      0.50, 0.75, 1.0 or 2.0% butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) ad libitum for 2 weeks;
      another group of rats served as a pair-fed control (PFC) group for the 2% BHA-fed
      animals. Subsequently, rats were injected i.p. with the thymidine-analogue
      bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) which was incorporated into the DNA of cells during DNA
      synthesis. Cell kinetic parameters in gastro-intestinal tract tissues were
      determined by means of bivariate BrdU/DNA analysis applying flow-cytometry to
      randomized tissue samples or by applying immunohistology to randomized tissue
      sections. In the forestomach, glandular stomach, small intestine and
      colon/rectum, mean tissue labelling index (LI) was significantly increased in
      rats on a diet supplemented with 2% BHA, in comparison with rats fed the basal
      diet (0% BHA) ad libitum or restricted to the mean daily intake of 2% BHA-fed
      rats (PFC). In the oesophagus of rats fed 2% BHA, the LI was significantly higher
      in comparison with their PFC group, but not with the group of rats fed 0% BHA ad
      libitum. In rat forestomach, an apparent no observed effect level for ad libitum
      fed rats was found at 0.5% BHA (LI) and at 0.75% BHA (potential doubling time).
      Thus, the oesophagus, glandular stomach, small intestine and large bowel, in
      addition to the forestomach, are possible target tissues in rats for the
      proliferation enhancing effects of BHA. At the time of termination of the
      experiment, plasma BHA concentrations were dose dependently increased and were in
      the range that is easily attained in man after ingestion of a dose equal to the
      acceptable daily intake for BHA (0.5 mg/kg).

PMID- 2401040
TI  - Procarbazine carcinogenicity in methotrexate-treated or lipotrope-deficient male
      rats.
AB  - Procarbazine hydrochloride (PCZ), a chemotherapeutic agent used extensively to
      treat Hodgkins disease and other tumors, induces leukemia, lymphoma, mammary
      gland and other solid tumors in rodents and non-human primates and is strongly
      implicated as a leukemogen in humans. Lipotrope (choline and methionine)
      deficiency is a powerful potentiator of chemical carcinogenesis in liver and,
      under some conditions, in other tissues in rodents. Methotrexate (MTX), another
      commonly used chemotherapeutic agent, interferes with one-carbon metabolism and
      limits availability of lipotropes. Studies of PCZ carcinogenesis in lipotrope
      deficient or MTX-treated male rats are reported, showing that both deficiency and
      MTX increased PCZ carcinogenicity in the mammary gland. In addition, PCZ was
      found to induce abnormalities of hepatic choline metabolism. Weanling male
      Sprague-Dawley rats were fed control (C) or lipotrope-deficient (D) diet. After 3
      weeks, C and D rats were given PCZ, MTX, the two drugs together or 0.9% saline by
      i.p. injection. Doses were 0.2 or 0.5 mg MTX/kg or 25 mg PCZ/kg, given 2 or 3
      days per week for 5 or 14 weeks. After 5 weeks of drug treatment livers were
      assayed for choline, phosphatidylcholine, phosphocholine (PCho),
      glycerophosphocholine and betaine. PCZ perturbed choline metabolism, increasing
      hepatic choline and PCho in deficient or MTX-treated rats and, to a smaller
      extent, in rats fed control diet. MTX markedly enhanced the effect of PCZ on
      choline metabolism. PCZ-induced mammary tumor incidence was increased 50-70% by
      lipotrope deficiency or by MTX. In PCZ-treated rats, cumulative probability of
      bearing a mammary tumor was significantly increased by lipotrope deficiency (P =
      0.05), and was increased similarly but not significantly by MTX (P = 0.1).
      Cumulative tumor numbers per group in PCZ-treated rats were significantly greater
      in both deficient and MTX-treated rats compared to rats fed control diet (P less
      than 0.005). Incidences of leukemia, lymphoma and Zymbal's gland tumors induced
      by PCZ were not significantly altered by diet or MTX.

PMID- 2401039
TI  - Lung tumorigenicity of benzene oxide, benzene dihydrodiols and benzene
      diolepoxides in the BLU:Ha newborn mouse assay.
AB  - Metabolic activation of benzene may occur by a pathway analogous to that accepted
      for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) involving ring epoxidation,
      enzymatic hydrolysis to the dihydrodiol, and further epoxidation to the
      diolepoxide. This hypothesis was explored by testing benzene oxide (BzO) and
      enantiomers and racemates of benzene dihydrodiols and diolepoxides for their
      capacity to induce lung tumors in a newborn mouse assay. Although benzene and
      benzene diolepoxide-1 [(+/-)-BzDE-1] were inactive, BzO and racemates of benzene
      dihydrodiol [(+/-)-BzDh] and benzene diolepoxide-2 [(+/-)-BzDE-2] induced dose
      dependent increases in lung tumor incidence and multiplicity. (+/-)-BzDE-2 may be
      an ultimate tumorigenic metabolite of benzene since it was the most active
      compound tested on a molar basis with an estimated ED50 (dose inducing lung
      tumors in 50% of mice) of 12.0 mumol and an estimated TM1.0 (total dose inducing
      1.0 lung tumor/mouse) of 16.2 mumol. No stereoselectivity was apparent in the
      tumorigenic activity of dihydrodiol and diolepoxide enantiomers since at
      equimolar doses the resolved (+)-BzDh was equally tumorigenic as the (+/-)-BzDh
      racemate and the resolved (+)- and (-)-BzDE-2 were both equally active as (+/-)
      BzDE-2.

PMID- 2401041
TI  - Molecular dosimetry of DNA adducts and sister chromatid exchanges in human
      lymphocytes treated with benzo[a]pyrene.
AB  - We examined the relationship between benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts and sister
      chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in human lymphocytes. Cultures of isolated
      phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes from two normal donors were
      treated with 0.01-5.0 microM B[a]P from 24 to 72 h of culture. Using the highly
      sensitive 32P-postlabeling assay, we identified seven B[a]P-DNA adducts, one of
      which accounted for greater than 90% of the total DNA modifications. This adduct
      comigrated on polyethylenimine plates with the adduct produced by (+)-7 beta,8
      alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10- tetrahydro-benzo[a]pyrene. B[a]P
      DNA adduct levels ranged from 0.02 to 8 adducts/10(7) nucleotides. SCE
      frequencies measured in parallel cultures ranged from 8 to 46 SCEs/cell. At the
      same B[a]P concentrations, B[a]P-induced SCE frequencies and B[a]P-DNA adduct
      levels were higher in lymphocytes from donor 1 than in lymphocytes from donor 2.
      There was a linear correlation between the number of B[a]P-DNA adducts and the
      number of SCEs induced; slopes of the linear regressions of induced SCEs on B[a]P
      DNA adducts were similar for both donors. Our data suggest that SCE induction by
      B[a]P in human lymphocytes results from covalent DNA modification.

PMID- 2401042
TI  - Lonidamine: a non-mutagenic antitumor agent.
AB  - Lonidiamine is a novel indazole-carboxylic acid with antitumour properties; it
      has been studied for potential mutagenicity in a comprehensive battery of tests.
      In assays for the induction of gene mutations in prokaryotes (Ames test) and
      eukaryotes (induction of HPRT mutations in CHO cells), negative results were
      obtained. There was no evidence of the induction of chromosomal damage in
      cultured mammalian cells in vitro. No mutagenic activity was observed in tests
      for chromosomal damage in vivo, in somatic cells (micronucleus test) or in
      germinal cells (dominant lethal test). These negative results are consistent with
      observations indicating that lonidamine affects cellular energy processes, rather
      than the mechanisms of cell division. The lack of mutagenic properties suggests
      that lonidamine may present significant advantages in treatment of some tumours,
      offering a reduced risk of resistant clones, secondary cancer and heritable
      genetic damage.

PMID- 2401043
TI  - Differential mechanism for the inhibition of epidermal growth factor binding to
      its receptor on mouse keratinocytes by anthrones and phorbol esters.
AB  - 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9-anthrone (chrysarobin), a potent anthrone tumor
      promoter, reduced [125I] epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding to its receptor in
      primary epidermal cells from SENCAR mice maintained in low Ca2+ containing
      medium. The time course for this effect with chrysarobin was different from that
      of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Maximum inhibition of [125I]EGF
      binding was observed at 18 h versus 1 h respectively. Scatchard analyses revealed
      that the inhibition by chrysarobin was due to a decrease in the number of both
      high- and low-affinity classes of EGF receptors. In contrast, TPA caused a rapid
      inhibition of EGF binding, primarily due to a loss of high-affinity receptors.
      The mechanism by which chrysarobin inhibited the binding of EGF to its receptor
      involved neither direct activation nor membrane translocation of epidermal
      protein kinase C, whereas the rapid decrease in EGF binding induced by TPA was
      consistent with its ability to activate protein kinase C. Structure-activity
      relationships for EGF binding inhibition by anthrones revealed that inhibition
      was inversely proportional to chain length at the C10-position, which correlated
      closely with oxidation rate and skin tumor-promoting activity. alpha-Tocopherol
      was able to block partially the effect of chrysarobin but not TPA on EGF binding.
      These results suggest that oxidation at position C10 is at least partially
      responsible for the inhibition of EGF binding induced by chrysarobin.
      Furthermore, these studies support the hypothesis that changes in EGF receptor
      binding and/or function may play a role in skin tumor promotion by diverse
      classes of promoting agents.

PMID- 2401044
TI  - Effects of azobenzene and aniline in the rodent bone marrow micronucleus test.
AB  - Azobenzene (AZB) is non-carcinogenic in mice, but a potent rat carcinogen,
      inducing tumours in the spleen and other abdominal organs. The present paper
      shows that AZB clearly induces micronuclei in the bone marrow of rats at a dose
      of 375 mg/kg and above. In mice, however, only a marginally positive response was
      seen at much higher doses, thus reflecting the species-specific carcinogenic
      effect of the compound. The clastogenic effect of a single dose of AZB was not
      detectable in the rat 24 h after dosing, but at the 48 h sampling time and later.
      However, when a multiple-dosing regimen was used, an accumulation of
      micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PEs) was seen and the effect was
      detected 24 h after the last dose. Micronucleus induction in rats was paralleled
      by increased methaemoglobin levels followed by anaemia. This resulted in
      accelerated erythropoiesis, as indicated by both the increased percentage of PEs
      in bone marrow and the increased reticulocyte count in peripheral blood. In mice,
      anaemia and methaemoglobaemia were seen. However, there was no compensatory
      increase in the percentage of PEs or any consistent change in the reticulocyte
      count. Stimulation of erythropoiesis could therefore be a contributory factor in
      the micronucleus induction by AZB seen in rats. One of the major metabolites of
      AZB, aniline, was also found to cause micronucleus induction in rats. Aniline is
      also a rat-specific carcinogen. It may therefore be speculated that AZB acts as a
      carcinogen via the formation of aniline, which might then be metabolized in
      different ways in rats and mice.

PMID- 2401045
TI  - Self-catalyzed irreversible inactivation of rat hepatic aryl sulfotransferase IV
      by N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene.
AB  - Rat hepatic aryl sulfotransferase IV catalyzes the sulfonation of the
      hepatocarcinogen, N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. The resulting reactive N-O
      sulfate ester is believed to be the ultimate carcinogenic species responsible for
      the induction of hepatic neoplasia. Previous studies have shown that dietary
      administration of either 2-acetylaminofluorene or N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene
      to rats is accompanied by a rapid decline in hepatic aryl sulfotransferase
      activity in vivo. In the present study, preincubation of purified rat hepatic
      aryl sulfotransferase IV with N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene resulted in rapid,
      time-dependent enzyme inactivation. This in vitro inactivation was not reversed
      by dialysis or gel filtration. Inclusion of excess nucleophile, methionine,
      resulted in considerable but not complete protection from inactivation. The
      inactivation was PAPS dependent and blocked by the sulfotransferase inhibitor,
      pentachlorophenol. The above observations and the apparent pseudo first-order
      kinetics observed suggest that the inactivation was in part mechanism based.
      Mechanism-based inactivation of the aryl sulfotransferases has not been
      previously reported. Furthermore, the results of the present study indicate that
      the previously reported in vivo decline in rat hepatic aryl sulfotransferase
      activity may be attributable in part to enzyme inactivation by its own reactive
      product.

PMID- 2401046
TI  - Differences among human tumor cell lines in the expression of glutathione
      transferases and other glutathione-linked enzymes.
AB  - A large number of human tumor cell lines of various origins have been
      investigated with respect to expression of glutathione-linked enzymes in the
      cytosol fraction. The amounts of the different enzymes were estimated by use of
      activity measurements and by silver staining or immunoblot analysis after
      electrophoresis of cytosol fractions purified by affinity chromatography on S
      hexylglutathione Sepharose. Class Pi glutathione transferase was the most
      abundant enzyme in most tumor cells; the cell lines HepG2 and Raji were
      exceptions in not expressing significant amounts of this enzyme. HepG2 cells
      derive from hepatocytes, which normally do not express the class Pi enzyme,
      whereas Raji cells originate from B-lymphocytes, which normally do express a
      class Pi glutathione transferase. The highest level of the class Pi transferase,
      in terms of protein reacting with antibodies as well as enzyme activity, was
      noted in the colon carcinoma cell line LS174T. Hu549Pat cells, EBV-transformed B
      lymphocytes, also expressed high levels of a protein reacting with antibodies
      specific for class Pi glutathione transferases, but did not display any
      significant activity with ethacrynic acid, a substrate characteristic for this
      class. Class Alpha and class Mu glutathione transferases, in cell lines
      expressing these isoenzymes, were present in significantly lower concentrations
      than the class Pi enzyme. Most of the tumor cells contained a class Alpha
      transferase composed of 27.5 kd subunits, which has the physicochemical and
      immunological properties of the most basic glutathione transferase found in human
      skin. In several cell lines, a protein was detected with an apparent subunit Mr
      value of 30 kd that was tentatively identified as an additional class Alpha
      glutathione transferase not previously described. In addition, other glutathione
      linked enzyme activities, namely glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase
      and glyoxalase I, were assayed with specific substrates in the cytosolic fraction
      of the tumor cells; glyoxalase I could also be estimated semiquantitatively by
      silver staining of SDS-PAGE cells after affinity chromatography. Like the
      glutathione transferases, these enzymes displayed distinctly different levels of
      expression in the various cell lines. Thus, virtually every cell line was found
      to have a unique pattern of glutathione-linked enzymes, suggesting that the
      resistance phenotypes of the cells differ accordingly.

PMID- 2401047
TI  - Bioactivation of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine and N-nitrosomethyl-amylamine in
      oesophageal papillomas.
AB  - Oesophageal papillomas were induced in male F344 rats by continuous exposure to N
      nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBzA) and N-nitrosomethyl(2-methylbutyl)amine in the
      drinking water at concentrations of 10 and 19.5 p.p.m. respectively. After 81-141
      days animals received a single i.p. chasing dose of NMBzA (0.1 mmol/kg), [14C
      methyl]NMBzA or N-nitroso[14C-methyl]amylamine and were killed 6 h later. Induced
      papillomas (3-9 per animal) were analysed by autoradiography and by
      immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal antibody to O6-methyldeoxyguanosine. Both
      techniques revealed the presence of high levels of alkylation products in all
      papillomas investigated. Immunohistochemical staining of O6-methyldeoxyguanosine
      was largely restricted to nuclei of the basal layer and of epithelial cells with
      incipient keratinization. These findings demonstrate that NMBzA and N
      nitrosomethylamylamine and probably related methylalkylnitrosamines are
      effectively bioactivated in premalignant lesions, indicating that during chronic
      exposure papillomas can acquire additional mutations that are likely to play a
      major role in tumour progression.

PMID- 2401048
TI  - Quantitative estimates of N-nitrosotrimethylurea formation in the porcine
      stomach.
AB  - Gastric formation of N-nitrosotrimethylurea (NTMU) was quantified by repeated
      sampling of the gastric contents of full-sized fistulated pigs after the addition
      of 250 mumol trimethylurea (TMU) and 25-125 mumol nitrite. Maximum gastric
      nitrite concentration was 100-500 microM based on the gastric volume and amount
      of added nitrite, which is within the range reported in human gastric contents.
      The total amount of NTMU formed over time was quantified by estimating both the
      NTMU concentration and gastric volume using multiple additions of polyethylene
      glycol. Administration of 25 mumol of nitrite resulted in the formation of 320
      nmol of NTMU. The total amount of NTMU formed was linearly related to nitrite
      dose. Conversion of nitrite to NTMU was of the order of 1-3%. Potassium
      thiocyanate (200-2000 mumol) had no effect on NTMU formation when given
      immediately preceding 75 mumol nitrite. Ascorbic acid at 225 and 341 mumol (0.66
      and 1.0 of the recommended dietary allowance) inhibited nitrosation of TMU by an
      average of 54 and 84%. A pig with an average gastric pH of 1.9 formed 4.5-fold
      more NTMU than did a second pig at pH 4.8. These results suggest that low
      micromolar amounts of N-nitrosoureas can be formed in the normal stomach when
      nitrite is consumed in amounts to which humans are commonly exposed.

PMID- 2401049
TI  - Expression of glutathione S-transferases in normal gastric mucosa and in gastric
      tumors.
AB  - Glutathione S-transferases from both normal gastric mucosa and its matched
      gastric tumors from 10 different patients were investigated. The transferases
      were purified and subsequently the isoenzyme composition was studied. Glutathione
      S-transferase (GST)-pi was present in all specimens in large amounts. Class alpha
      GSTs were present in 9 out of 10 normal specimens and in six tumors. In malignant
      tissue, expression of GST-pi was increased at the expense of class alpha GST. In
      six patients, the ratio GST-pi/GST-alpha was higher in tumorous versus normal
      tissue. On a Western blot, using a monoclonal antibody, GST-mu was shown to be
      present in both normal and malignant tissue from four patients, the other six
      patients completely missed the enzyme in their gastric tissue. When present, GST
      mu amounts to only a few per cent of total GST protein. GST-pi was quantified by
      densitometric analysis of Western blots, treated with a monoclonal antibody
      against GST-pi. Both total GST enzyme activity as well as the absolute amounts of
      GST-pi protein were significantly higher in the tumors, as compared to its
      matched normal mucosa. The importance of this overexpression of GST-pi was
      previously unknown. However, the frequent occurrence of this phenomenon in many
      refractory tumors, and as shown now also in gastric cancers, suggests a role for
      GST-pi in the mechanism of anti-cancer drug resistance.

PMID- 2401050
TI  - Simple methods for quantifying mutagenic heterocyclic aromatic amines in food
      products.
AB  - Two solid-phase extraction methods were developed for the determination of
      mutagenic heterocyclic aromatic amines in heated meat products. The copper
      phthalocyanine (CPC) tandem extraction was performed on coupled cartridges of
      diatomaceous earth and CPC-derivatized Sephasorb HP, followed by further clean-up
      on Sephasorb HP. Parts per billion levels of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5
      f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and its homologs as well as 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5
      f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ), 2-amino-1
      methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), amino-alpha-carboline (A alpha C),
      3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1), 3-amino-1-methyl-5H
      pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2), harman (H) and norharman (NH) can then be
      simultaneously quantified by HPLC with UV detection. The propylsulfonyl silica
      gel (PRS) tandem extraction is a one-step clean-up method on coupled cartridges
      of diatomaceous earth and PRS, suitable for the determination of MeIQx, IQ and
      their homologs, as well as the glutamic acid pyrolysates 2-amino-6
      methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2']imidazole (Glu-P-1) and 2-aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'
      d]imidazole (Glu-P-2). 4,7,8-TriMeIQx or 7,8-DiMeIQx were used as internal
      standards. Four grams of sample or less are required for analysis. The recovery
      of the amines was between 46 and 83% and the detection limit was in the low
      p.p.b. range with coefficients of variation ranging between 5 and 18%. The major
      mutagenic contaminant found in meat extracts was MeIQx (from less than 1 to 44
      p.p.b.), followed by 4,8-DiMeIQx (1.3-5 p.p.b.) whereas the major contaminant in
      fried meat was PhIP (23-48 p.p.b.), followed by MeIQx (5.1-8.3 p.p.b.), A alpha C
      (3.2-8.9 p.p.b.) and 4,8-DiMeIQx (1.3-2 p.p.b.). The co-mutagens NH and H were
      found in fried meat at levels of 8.7-19 p.p.b. and 3-4.8 p.p.b. respectively.

PMID- 2401051
TI  - Covalent binding of dibenzpyrenes and benzo[a]pyrene to DNA: evidence for
      synergistic and inhibitory interactions when applied in combination to mouse
      skin.
AB  - Several well-documented examples of human exposure to carcinogens involve complex
      mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Although the biological
      properties of many pure PAHs have been investigated, less is known about their
      effects when present as components of mixtures. As the ability to form DNA
      adducts in vivo is generally indicative of carcinogenic activity of PAHs, we have
      compared the DNA binding potencies of dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (DB[a,e]P),
      dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (DB[a,h]P), dibenzo[a,i]pyrene (DB[a,i]P), dibenzo[a,l]pyrene
      (DB[a,l]P) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), when applied topically, either singly or
      in combination, to the skin of male Parkes mice. DNA isolated from the skin and
      lungs was analysed by 32P-postlabelling. The adducts formed by each PAH exhibited
      markedly different chromatographic mobilities on polyethyleneimine-cellulose TLC
      plates. The relative binding potencies of the compounds in both skin and lungs
      were: DB[a,l]P much greater than B[a]P greater than DB[a,h]P greater than
      DB[a,i]P greater than DB[a,e]P, in good agreement with their reported
      carcinogenicities in mouse skin. The majority of adducts were removed from DNA
      within 21 days of treatment, but low levels of adducts were found to persist for
      at least 3 months in both tissues. When DB[a,l]P, DB[a,e]P and B[a]P were applied
      together to mouse skin, a total binding 31% lower than expected was detected,
      while with a mixture of DB[a,e]P and B[a]P the binding to DNA in skin was 65%
      higher than expected from the binding levels of the carcinogens when applied
      singly. Other binary combinations of these three PAHs gave adduct levels similar
      to the sum of the binding levels of the individual components when applied
      singly. The results demonstrate the usefulness of 32P-post-labelling for the
      assessment of the DNA binding potencies of PAHs in mouse tissues, and for the
      detection of interactions between components of mixtures of carcinogens.

PMID- 2401052
TI  - Effects of heavy metal ions on intercellular communication in Syrian hamster
      embryo cells.
AB  - Several heavy metal salts [NiSO4, Cd(CH3COO)2, Pb(CH3COO)2, K2CrO4, CrCl3] were
      examined for their effects on intercellular communication in primary Syrian
      hamster embryo (SHE) cells and in the 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)
      sensitive SHE cell line BPNi. Two exposure regimes were used: the standard regime
      where the exposure occurred after the cells had grown to confluence; and a non
      standard regime where a high number of cells were seeded in a medium containing
      the metal salts. None of the chemicals were potent inhibitors of communication,
      i.e. effects were only found at concentrations that were non-compatible with long
      term survival of the cells. NiSO4 inhibited communication in both regimes and in
      both cell types, but the effect was more pronounced for BPNi cells in the non
      standard regime. K2CrO4 inhibited communication in the non-standard regime in
      both cell types, but significantly increased communication in the standard regime
      in BPNi cells. Similar effects were not found with CrCl3 or KCl. Thus, they were
      due to the properties of the CrO4(2-) ion. K2CrO4 upregulated communication in
      TPA-exposed BPNi cells. A high concentration of SO4(2-) did not influence the
      K2CrO4 inhibition in the non-standard regime, but it significantly inhibited the
      K2CrO4-induced increase in communication in the standard regime in BPNi cells.
      This suggests that K2CrO4 acts through two different mechanisms in the two
      exposure regimes. The CrO4(2-)-sensitive site that causes enhancement of
      communication in the standard regime is probably intracellular, while the site
      causing CrO4(2-) inhibition in the formation of gap junctional communication in
      the non-standard regime is most likely to be extracellular.

PMID- 2401053
TI  - 32P-postlabelling analysis of the DNA adducts formed by aristolochic acid I and
      II.
AB  - We report the quantitation of DNA adducts in target and nontarget organs of male
      Wistar rats treated orally with five daily doses (10 mg/kg body wt) aristolochic
      acid I (AAI) or aristolochic acid II (AAII), the major components of the herbal
      drug aristolochic acid, a forestomach carcinogen in the rat. DNA adducts were
      detected and analysed using the nuclease P1-enhanced variation of the Randerath
      32P-postlabelling assay. The highest level of DNA adducts formed was by AAI in
      the target organ, forestomach (330 +/- 30 adducts/10(8) nucleotides), but high
      levels were also observed in a non-target tissue, the glandular stomach (180 +/-
      15). Lower amounts of adducts were detected in liver, kidney and urinary bladder
      epithelium. With AAII the binding levels were generally lower than the AAI, the
      highest level of adducts being detected in kidney (80 +/- 20 adducts/10(8)
      nucleotides) and lower levels in liver, stomach and urinary bladder epithelia.
      Adduct patterns similar to those in vivo were observed in two new in vitro
      assays. Rat faecal bacteria were shown to be able to activate AAI and AAII to
      reactive species, which were trapped with exogenous calf thymus DNA and analysed
      by postlabelling. Incubation of AAI and AAII in explanted rat stomach held in
      short-term organ culture resulted in DNA adduct formation in the epithelia of
      both forestomach and glandular stomach. To assign the recently characterized in
      vitro nucleoside adducts of AAI to the bisphosphate derivatives, a new ion-pair
      HPLC procedure on a reversed-phase column was developed. By monitoring Cerenkov
      radiation on-line, a good separation of AAI adducts was observed, demonstrating
      that adducts formed in vivo were chromatographically indistinguishable with those
      formed in vitro, and previously characterized as an aristolactam I moiety bound
      covalently to the exocyclic amino groups of deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine.

PMID- 2401054
TI  - Lack of a protective effect of menhaden oil on skin tumor promotion by 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
AB  - Fish oil has been shown to have a protective effect in some cancer models. To
      determine whether fish oil alters skin tumorigenesis, a study was designed using
      the initiation-promotion mouse skin carcinogenesis model, feeding mice during the
      promotion stage a constant overall amount of dietary fat (10%) in which the
      levels of menhaden oil (MO) varied from 0 to 8.5% or corn oil (CO) at 10%. SENCAR
      mice were initiated with 10 nmol dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Two weeks later mice
      were divided into five groups and maintained on one of the following AIN-76 based
      diets consisting of: 8.5% coconut oil (CT)/1.5% CO (diet A); 1% MO/7.5% CT/1.5%
      CO (diet B); 4% MO/4.5% CT/1.5% CO (diet C); 8.5% MO/1.5% CO (diet D); or 10% CO
      (diet E). Two weeks later, promotion with twice weekly applications of 1
      micrograms 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was begun and continued for
      24 weeks. No statistically significant differences in kcal food consumed or body
      wts were observed between diet groups during the study. The final papilloma and
      carcinoma incidence was not different among the diet groups. However, differences
      were seen in the rate of papilloma appearance with the group fed diet E (10% CO)
      being the slowest and diet B being the most rapid. In a parallel study, ornithine
      decarboxylase activity, a suggested marker of promotion, was greatly elevated in
      the epidermis of all TPA-treated mice and the effect of diet tended to reflect
      the different rates of tumor formation observed among the groups. These data
      indicate that the diets containing fish oil were not protective in the final
      incidence of tumor formation and suggest that a better understanding of the
      complex interactions is warranted before recommendations are made to alter the
      human diet for cancer prevention.

PMID- 2401055
TI  - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in spontaneously aborted fetal
      tissue.
AB  - Fetal tissue and placentas from 15 human spontaneous abortions were evaluated for
      DNA adducts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), using a competitive
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with fluorescent end-point detection.
      PAH-derived adducts were found in 43% of placentas, 27% of fetal liver samples
      and 42% of fetal lung specimens, thus confirming that the human fetus is a target
      for DNA damage. As there was only 60% concordance between placenta and fetal lung
      or liver on the presence or absence of detectable PAH adducts, the placenta was
      not a good surrogate for adduct formation in other fetal organs. PAH-derived
      adducts in fetal liver and lung presumably form as a result of transplacental
      exposure to environmental stimuli. Since none of the positive fetal samples were
      from women who reported smoking during pregnancy, cigarette smoke is, in this
      case, an unlikely candidate and the adducts detected must be due to some other
      common source(s) of hydrocarbon exposure. The high frequency of positive samples
      in our small series casts some doubt on whether fetal PAH-DNA adducts identify a
      population at increased risk for transplacental carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2401056
TI  - Estimation of mean left atrial pressure from transesophageal pulsed Doppler
      echocardiography of pulmonary venous flow.
AB  - To determine whether pulmonary venous flow and mitral inflow measured by
      transesophageal pulsed Doppler echocardiography can be used to estimate mean left
      atrial pressure (LAP), we prospectively studied 47 consecutive patients
      undergoing cardiovascular surgery. We correlated Doppler variables of pulmonary
      venous flow and mitral inflow with simultaneously obtained mean LAP and changes
      in pressure measured by left atrial or pulmonary artery catheters. Among the
      pulmonary venous flow variables, the systolic fraction (i.e., the systolic
      velocity-time integral expressed as a fraction of the sum of systolic and early
      diastolic velocity-time integrals) correlated most strongly with mean LAP (r = 
      0.88). Of the mitral inflow variables, the ratio of peak early diastolic to peak
      late diastolic mitral flow velocity correlated most strongly with mean LAP (r =
      0.43), but this correlation was not as strong as that with the systolic fraction
      of pulmonary venous flow. Similarly, changes in the systolic fraction correlated
      more strongly with changes in mean LAP (r = -0.78) than did changes in the ratio
      of peak early diastolic to peak late diastolic mitral inflow velocity (r = 0.68).
      We conclude that in the surgical setting observed, pulmonary venous flow from
      transesophageal pulsed Doppler echocardiography can be used to estimate mean LAP.
      This technique may provide a rapid, simple, and relatively noninvasive means of
      gauging this variable in patients undergoing intraoperative transesophageal
      echocardiography.

PMID- 2401057
TI  - Eligibility for intravenous thrombolysis in suspected acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - Based on the registration of all the 7,157 patients admitted during a 21-month
      period to the emergency ward of a single hospital in an urban area with chest
      pain or other symptoms suggestive of acute myocardial infarction, we studied
      eligibility for intravenous thrombolysis in suspected acute myocardial
      infarction. We have limited the present analysis to those 1,715 patients with a
      strong suspicion of myocardial infarction, and for these patients, we have
      calculated the percentages eligible for thrombolysis when various
      electrocardiographic and delay time criteria are applied, but we have not
      considered contraindications to thrombolysis. We have also calculated the
      proportions of all infarctions in this group that would thereby receive the
      treatment, and the proportions of patients treated that would develop a confirmed
      infarction. Using the criteria ST elevation on the initial electrocardiogram and
      arrival in hospital within 6 hours from onset of symptoms, 18% of patients would
      have been given early intravenous thrombolysis, 37% of confirmed infarctions
      would have been treated, and 91% of all treated patients would have developed a
      confirmed infarction; with a delay time criterion of 12 hours, these percentages
      would have been 20%, 41%, and 91%, respectively; with a criterion of 24 hours,
      they would have been 22%, 45%, and 90%, respectively. By not considering the
      initial electrocardiogram and applying only the criterion of delay time, these
      percentages would have been 70%, 72%, and 45%, respectively, for a delay time of
      6 hours; 83%, 84%, and 45%, respectively, for a delay time of 12 hours; and 91%,
      92%, and 44%, respectively, for a delay time of 24 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401058
TI  - Early evidence of endothelial vasodilator dysfunction at coronary branch points.
AB  - Intracoronary acetylcholine produces endothelium-dependent dilation of normal
      coronary arteries and paradoxical constriction of atherosclerotic vessels.
      Regional differences in endothelium-dependent vasomotion, however, have not been
      studied in relation to the nonuniform development of atherosclerosis. We compared
      the vasomotor response to increasing doses of acetylcholine of angiographically
      smooth coronary artery segments prone to atherosclerosis (coronary branch points)
      with segments remote from branch points (straight segments). In patients with
      entirely smooth coronary arteries and a dilator response to acetylcholine (group
      1, n = 7), branch points and straight segments demonstrated equal and significant
      dose-dependent dilation to acetylcholine (14.7 +/- 8.9% and 12.3 +/- 12.7%,
      respectively; p identical to NS). In patients with early atherosclerosis as
      manifest by luminal coronary irregularities, the lowest dose of acetylcholine
      (10(-8) M) produced constriction at branch points and slight dilation at straight
      segments (-6.3 +/- 7.4% vs. +2.2 +/- 7.3%, p less than 0.05). At higher doses of
      acetylcholine, both branch point and straight segments constricted, but
      constriction remained more pronounced at branch points. Both branch point and
      straight segments, however, retained the ability to dilate to the non-endothelium
      dependent agent, nitroglycerin. In a third group of patients with
      angiographically entirely smooth coronary arteries but without dilation to
      acetylcholine, constriction to acetylcholine again occurred first at branch
      points. Thus, coronary branch points demonstrate increased sensitivity to
      acetylcholine-induced constriction in patients with angiographic evidence of
      early coronary atherosclerosis and in middle-aged patients with smooth coronary
      arteries. These segments, however, retain the ability to dilate to nitroglycerin.
      Whether this early evidence of defective endothelium-dependent vasodilation
      predicts the later development of occlusive atherosclerosis is not yet known.

PMID- 2401059
TI  - Top-resolution frequency analysis of electrocardiogram with adaptive frequency
      determination. Identification of late potentials in patients with coronary artery
      disease.
AB  - Frequency analysis of the electrocardiogram with Fourier transform is a sensitive
      method of detecting late potentials. However, information about localization of
      late potentials is lost, frequency resolution is poor, and window functions have
      to be applied. We therefore analyzed multiple segments (25 msec long) of the
      surface electrocardiogram ("spectrotemporal mapping") with adaptive frequency
      determination (AFD), an autoregressive algorithm that is characterized by high
      frequency resolution in very short segments without the use of window functions.
      Results were compared with those from Fourier transform and the Simson method. We
      studied 38 patients after myocardial infarction (MI) with sustained ventricular
      tachycardia (VT), 21 patients after MI without VT, and 18 healthy subjects.
      Frequency peaks could be clearly differentiated until a minimal interval of 6 Hz;
      with fast Fourier transform (Blackman Harris window) in a much longer segment (80
      msec), the spectral peaks merged into one another at an interval of about 30 Hz.
      AFD revealed high-frequency components as narrow peaks in the range of 40-160 Hz
      in 28 of 38 patients (74%) after MI with VT. Because of the short segment size,
      exact localization of late potentials was possible; in most of the patients, the
      peaks occurred in segments inside the QRS complex and ended 20 +/- 10 msec after
      termination of the QRS complex. In patients after MI without VT, only four of 21
      patients (19%) had spectral peaks in segments after the end of the QRS complex;
      however, 13 of 21 patients demonstrated microvolt potentials in segments within
      the QRS complex. These potentials did not extend beyond the end of normal
      ventricular activation. Only two of 18 healthy subjects showed abnormal AFD
      results. Patients with bundle branch block did not need to be excluded. AFD
      allowed good differentiation between late potentials and noise by a
      characteristic pattern of the spectral peaks. For the Simson method, patients
      with bundle branch block had to be excluded, and overall sensitivity was 42%. In
      five cases, the cause of failure of the Simson method could be identified as
      incorrect determination of the QRS limits due to noise. Thus, AFD is a promising
      method for detailed analysis of late potentials; it combines the advantages of
      frequency analysis (good differentiation between signal and noise and high-pass
      filters not necessary) and time domain analysis (localization of late
      potentials).

PMID- 2401060
TI  - Coronary morphologic and clinical determinants of procedural outcome with
      angioplasty for multivessel coronary disease. Implications for patient selection.
      Multivessel Angioplasty Prognosis Study Group.
AB  - To assess the likelihood of procedural success in patients with multivessel
      coronary disease undergoing percutaneous coronary angioplasty, 350 consecutive
      patients (1,100 stenoses) from four clinical sites were evaluated. Eighteen
      variables characterizing the severity and morphology of each stenosis and 18
      patient-related variables were assessed at a core angiographic laboratory and at
      the clinical sites. Most patients had Canadian Cardiovascular Society class III
      or IV angina (72%) and two-vessel coronary disease (78%). Left ventricular
      function was generally well preserved (mean ejection fraction, 58 +/- 12%; range,
      18-85%) and 1.9 +/- 1.0 stenoses per patient had attempted percutaneous coronary
      angioplasty. Procedural success (less than or equal to 50% final diameter
      stenosis in one or more stenoses and no major ischemic complications) was
      achieved in 290 patients (82.8%), and an additional nine patients (2.6%) had a
      reduction in diameter stenosis by 20% or more with a final diameter stenosis 51
      60% and were without major complications. Major ischemic complications (death,
      myocardial infarction, or emergency bypass surgery) occurred in 30 patients
      (8.6%). In-hospital mortality was 1.1%. Stepwise regression analysis determined
      that a modified American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task
      Force (ACC/AHA) classification of the primary target stenosis (with type B
      prospectively divided into type B1 [one type B characteristic] and type B2
      [greater than or equal to two type B characteristics]) and the presence of
      diabetes mellitus were the only variables independently predictive of procedural
      outcome (target stenosis modified ACC/AHA score; p less than 0.001 for both
      success and complications; diabetes mellitus: p = 0.003 for success and p = 0.016
      for complications). Analysis of success and complications on a per stenosis
      dilated basis showed, for type A stenoses, a 92% success and a 2% complication
      rate; for type B1 stenoses, an 84% success and a 4% complication rate; for type
      B2 stenoses, a 76% success and a 10% complication rate; and for type C stenoses,
      a 61% success and a 21% complication rate. The subdivision into types B1 and B2
      provided significantly more information in this clinically important intermediate
      risk group than did the standard ACC/AHA scheme. The stenosis characteristics of
      chronic total occlusion, high grade (80-99% diameter) stenosis, stenosis bend of
      more than 60 degrees, and excessive tortuosity were particularly predictive of
      adverse procedural outcome. This improved scheme may improve clinical decision
      making and provide a framework on which to base meaningful subgroup analysis in
      randomized trials assessing the efficacy of percutaneous coronary angioplasty.

PMID- 2401061
TI  - Failed elective percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty requiring coronary
      artery bypass surgery. In-hospital and late clinical outcome at 5 years.
AB  - This study was performed to define the in-hospital and late clinical outcome at 5
      years in 430 patients who had a failed elective percutaneous transluminal
      coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
      surgery during their hospitalization. This group comprised 5.9% of 7,246 patients
      undergoing elective PTCA. CABG surgery was performed in 346 patients with ongoing
      myocardial ischemia (80.5%) and in 84 patients without ischemia (19.5%). Their
      mean age was 56 +/- 9 years, and 76.3% were male. One-vessel disease was present
      in 72.3%, and the mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 59 +/- 11%.
      Overall, 1.9 +/- 0.9 bypass grafts were placed. There was increased use of the
      internal thoracic artery in the nonischemic group. A new nonfatal postprocedural
      Q wave myocardial infarction occurred in 21.2% and occurred more frequently in
      the ischemic (25.4%) than in the nonischemic (3.6%) group (p less than 0.0001).
      There were six in-hospital deaths (1.4%), an incidence that did not differ
      between the two groups. Follow-up was 99.8% complete. There were 25 deaths (93.2
      +/- 1.5%, 5-year survival), including 16 of cardiac cause (95.3 +/- 1.3%, 5-year
      cardiac survival). Q wave myocardial infarction occurred in 111 patients (91 in
      hospital), and freedom from cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction at 5
      years was 71 +/- 3%. In the group going to CABG surgery with ongoing ischemia,
      the 5-year cardiac survival was 94.9 +/- 1.6%, and in the group without ischemia,
      the corresponding survival was 96.2 +/- 2.2%. By multivariate analysis, the
      presence of preoperative myocardial ischemia, pre-PTCA diameter stenosis less
      than 90%, and the presence of multiple-vessel disease correlated with the
      occurrence of cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction at 5 years. At this
      large-volume center with extensive PTCA operator and surgical experience, the
      excellent survival and low event rates over 5 years support the concept that
      despite the failed elective PTCA procedure, there was little effect on long-term
      survival provided the patient underwent prompt successful surgical
      revascularization.

PMID- 2401062
TI  - Determinants of cardiac involvement in children and adolescents with essential
      hypertension.
AB  - Left ventricular hypertrophy is often found in association with systemic
      hypertension and may be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease
      morbidity and mortality. Few studies have investigated the determinants of left
      ventricular mass (LVM) in young patients with essential hypertension. Therefore,
      we studied 104 children and adolescents with blood pressure persistently greater
      than the 90th percentile for age and sex and with no known cause of blood
      pressure elevation. LVM was determined by echocardiography and was indexed by
      height to account for body size. The mean LVM index was 90.2 +/- 26.0 g/m. Using
      the gender-specific 95th percentile from normal children, 40 subjects (38.5%) had
      left ventricular hypertrophy. Using multiple regression analysis, the significant
      independent direct correlates of LVM index were male sex, body mass index,
      dietary sodium intake, age at diagnosis, and systolic blood pressure at maximum
      exercise. The significant independent inverse correlate of LVM index was resting
      heart rate (p less than 0.05). These variables accounted for a substantial
      portion of the LVM index variance in this population (multiple R2 = 0.56, p less
      than 0.001). The results indicate that left ventricular hypertrophy is prevalent
      in children and adolescents with essential hypertension. The direct association
      of LVM index with body mass index and dietary sodium intake suggests weight
      reduction and dietary salt restriction might be useful to prevent or treat the
      development of left ventricular hypertrophy in pediatric patients with essential
      hypertension.

PMID- 2401063
TI  - A quantitative evaluation of refractoriness within a reentrant circuit during
      ventricular tachycardia. Relation to termination.
AB  - Programmed ventricular stimuli introduced during sustained monomorphic
      ventricular tachycardia frequently reset the tachycardia, resulting in a less
      than fully compensatory pause. A resetting response curve is generated when the
      set of return cycles is evaluated as the function of the coupling intervals of
      the extrastimuli delivered during the ventricular tachycardia. If the stimulated
      wave front encounters tissue within the tachycardia circuit that is not fully
      recovered, interval-dependent conduction changes should occur producing an
      increasing resetting response pattern. We quantified the magnitude of this
      interval-dependent conduction slowing in 17 morphologically distinct ventricular
      tachycardias. The slope of the increasing limb of the resetting response curve
      was determined by linear regression analysis and ranged from -0.30 to -1.14 (mean
      +/- SD, 0.70 +/- 0.25). Seven of the 17 ventricular tachycardias (41%) terminated
      during introduction of ventricular extrastimuli. The slope of the resetting
      response pattern in those ventricular tachycardias that terminated were
      significantly steeper than in those that did not terminate (-0.85 +/- 0.15 versus
      -0.61 +/- 0.21, respectively, p = 0.025). Six of the seven ventricular
      tachycardias terminated with programmed ventricular stimuli had a slope steeper
      than -0.75, whereas only one of 10 ventricular tachycardias that did not
      terminate exceeded this value. In conclusion, the slope of the increasing portion
      of the resetting response curve correlates with ability to terminate uniform
      sustained ventricular tachycardia by timed extrastimuli. This slope is the
      quantification of the magnitude of interval-dependent conduction slowing.
      Additionally, tissue within the reentrant circuit displaying greater degrees of
      interval-dependent conduction slowing may also have relatively longer effective
      refractory periods.

PMID- 2401064
TI  - Altered myocardial perfusion in patients with angina pectoris or silent ischemia
      during exercise as assessed by quantitative thallium-201 single-photon emission
      computed tomography.
AB  - The extent of abnormally perfused myocardium was compared in patients with and
      without chest pain during treadmill exercise from a large, relatively low-risk
      consecutive patient population (n = 356) referred for quantitative thallium-201
      single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). All patients had concurrent
      coronary angiography. Patients were excluded if they had prior coronary
      angioplasty or bypass surgery. Tomographic images were assessed visually and from
      computer-generated polar maps. Chest pain during exercise was as frequent in
      patients with normal coronary arteries (12%) as in those with significant
      (greater than 50% stenosis) coronary artery disease (CAD) (14%). In the 219
      patients with significant CAD, silent ischemia was fivefold more common than
      symptomatic ischemia (83% versus 17%, p = 0.0001). However, there were no
      differences in the extent, severity, or distribution of coronary stenoses in
      patients with silent or symptomatic ischemia. Our major observation was that the
      extent of quantified SPECT perfusion defects was nearly identical in patients
      with (20.9 +/- 15.9%) and without (20.5 +/- 15.6%) exertional chest pain. The
      sensitivity for detecting the presence of CAD was significantly improved with
      quantitative SPECT compared with stress electrocardiography (87% versus 65%, p =
      0.0001). Although scintigraphic and electrocardiographic evidence of exercise
      induced ischemia were comparable in patients with chest pain (67% versus 73%,
      respectively; p = NS), SPECT was superior to stress electrocardiography for
      detecting silent myocardial ischemia (52% versus 35%, respectively; p = 0.01).
      The majority of patients in this study with CAD who developed ischemia during
      exercise testing were asymptomatic, although they exhibited an angiographic
      profile and extent of abnormally perfused myocardium similar to those of patients
      with symptomatic ischemia. The prognostic significance of quantified perfusion
      defects detected by SPECT remains to be assessed.

PMID- 2401065
TI  - Doppler assessment of right ventricular filling in a normal population.
      Comparison with left ventricular filling dynamics.
AB  - To examine whether alterations in right ventricular filling dynamics occur with
      increasing age and to compare right and left ventricular filling in normal
      subjects, pulsed Doppler echocardiographic studies were performed at the
      tricuspid and mitral anuli in 50 normal volunteers (23 males and 27 females) with
      an age range of 5-66 years. An age-related decrease in peak early filling
      velocity, increase in peak late velocity, and augmentation in the late/early
      ratio of peak velocities at the tricuspid anulus were observed (r = -0.68, 0.63,
      and 0.84, respectively). Significant correlations were also found between age and
      first third, first half, and atrial filling fractions (r = -0.60, -0.72, and
      0.69, respectively). Weaker relations were observed between heart rate and
      Doppler-derived diastolic parameters (r = 0.18-0.54). Right ventricular filling
      indexes related significantly to those of the left ventricle (r = 0.58-0.88), the
      best being for the late/early ratio of peak velocities. With inspiration, an
      increase in early and late right ventricular filling occurred, whereas a
      reduction in filling occurred in the left ventricle. Thus, careful consideration
      for age, heart rate, and respiration is necessary in examining the effect of
      disease states or therapeutics on the filling dynamics of either the right or
      left ventricle.

PMID- 2401066
TI  - Onset of altered interventricular septal motion during cardiac surgery.
      Assessment by continuous intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography.
AB  - Abnormal motion of the interventricular septum is frequently observed after
      uncomplicated cardiac surgery. We sought to elucidate the mechanism underlying
      this phenomenon by using continuous echocardiographic imaging of the heart from a
      constant transesophageal location in 21 patients undergoing their first cardiac
      operation. Quantitative global and regional functional analyses were performed in
      each patient at baseline (stage 1), after median sternotomy (stage 2), after
      sternal retraction (stage 3), after pericardiotomy (stage 4), after completion of
      cardiopulmonary bypass (stage 5), and after chest closure (stage 6). During the
      first four surgical stages, mean left ventricular fractional shortening varied
      little among regions with a fixed reference system (maximum range, 31.6-39.2%; p
      = NS) but changed dramatically after the discontinuation of cardiopulmonary
      bypass (stage 5). The apparent medial hypokinesis that was observed (4.9 +/- 4.7%
      [SD]) was accompanied by lateral hyperkinesis (65.2 +/- 4.1%, p less than
      0.0001). These regional differences were completely eliminated with a floating
      reference system (33.6 +/- 2.7% for medial, and 34.8 +/- 1.7% for lateral; p =
      NS), suggesting cardiac translation. Quantitative curvature analysis supported
      this conclusion, with preservation of baseline regional curvature seen throughout
      the procedure. The mean length of individual translational vectors (reflecting
      systolic movement of the endocardial centroid) remained minimal (less than or
      equal to 1.0 mm) through stage 4 but increased more than fourfold at stage 5,
      continuing in a medial direction after chest closure (5.2 +/- 3.0 mm and 271 +/-
      6 degrees from anterior). Thus, abnormal postoperative septal motion is not
      caused by removal of restraining forces of the pericardium or anterior
      mediastinum but rather appears to be directly related to events occurring during
      cardiopulmonary bypass.

PMID- 2401067
TI  - Determination of transmural location of onset of activation from cardiac surface
      electrograms.
AB  - Methods of estimating depth of origin of ventricular activation from cardiac
      surface electrograms were evaluated in experiments on eight dogs. The ventricles
      were paced via multielectrode needle arrays placed transmurally in from four to
      six locations in the wall of the left ventricle. A multiplexed data-recording
      system was used to simultaneously record from 64 unipolar cardiac surface
      electrodes during pacing at each multielectrode needle site. The four indexes
      evaluated were the maximum and average gradients of activation isochrones around
      the site of earliest epicardial activation, the QRS area at the site of earliest
      epicardial activation, the interval between the QRS onset computed from all 64
      epicardial surface electrograms, and the time of the minimum dV/dt in the
      electrogram displaying the earliest epicardial activation time (t(ee)-t(rmso)
      interval). Correlation coefficients between depth of stimulation and average and
      maximum gradients of isochrones, QRS area at the site of earliest epicardial
      activation, and t(ee)-t(rmso) interval were 0.985 or higher. These methods,
      particularly those involving gradients of isochrones, should be useful for
      evaluating electromaps of patients undergoing surgery for ablation of
      tachyarrhythmias.

PMID- 2401068
TI  - Fetal cardiac morphology of tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve in
      the rat.
AB  - Fetal in situ cardiovascular and bronchial morphologies were studied in rats with
      tetralogy of Fallot and absent pulmonary valve to clarify the prenatal pathology
      of this complex. There were 42 fetal rats with this complex among 300 fetuses
      treated with N,N'-bis-(dichloroacetyl)-1,8-octamethylenediamine (bis-diamine)
      (200 mg) on the 10th day of pregnancy. After undergoing rapid whole-body freezing
      on the 21st day, they were studied by means of serial cross-sectional photographs
      of the frozen thorax. Fetuses with normal heart treated with bis-diamine served
      as control. Tetralogy of Fallot and absent pulmonary valve in the fetus was
      associated with absence of the ductus arteriosus, enlargement and hypertrophy of
      both ventricles, and enlargement of the pulmonary arteries that compressed the
      bronchial trees. These abnormalities were inversely correlated with the degree of
      pulmonary stenosis. Milder stenosis (pulmonary valve ring greater than 50% of
      control, n = 28) was associated with larger pulmonary arteries (250 +/- 12% of
      control) (mean +/- SEM) and larger ventricles (volume, 200 +/- 15%; mass, 130 +/-
      4%). Severe stenosis (pulmonary valve ring less than 50% of control, n = 14) was
      associated with mildly enlarged pulmonary arteries and mild bronchial
      compression. We concluded that enlargement of the pulmonary arteries and
      bronchial compression develop in fetal life and are associated with mild
      pulmonary stenosis in tetralogy of Fallot and absent pulmonary valve.

PMID- 2401069
TI  - Myocardial stiffness derived from end-systolic wall stress and logarithm of
      reciprocal of wall thickness. Contractility index independent of ventricular
      size.
AB  - The slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation (ESPVR) is useful in
      assessing acute changes in contractile state. However, a limitation of ESPVR is
      that its slope decreases progressively as ventricular size increases without this
      change necessarily indicating a change in contractile state. In this respect, an
      index of contractile function that is independent of ventricular size would have
      an obvious advantage. The exponential constant (k) of the end-systolic relation
      between wall stress (sigma) and the natural logarithm of the reciprocal of wall
      thickness [ln(1/H)], sigma = Cekln(1/H), corresponds to the stiffness constant of
      the myocardium (kSM), a contractile index that should be independent of
      ventricular size and geometry. To examine the size independence of kSM, we
      studied left ventricular kSM during beta-blockade (to stabilize inotropic state)
      in 25 normal dogs with greatly differing ventricular sizes whose end-diastolic
      volumes ranged from 14 to 82 ml. The kSM was nearly constant (3.6 +/- 0.4) over
      this wide range of end-diastolic volumes and thus was independent of end
      diastolic volume. Conversely, ESPVR, also obtained during beta-blockade, was
      closely and negatively correlated to end-diastolic volume (r = 0.92). To test the
      ability of kSM to measure changes in contractile state, we altered contractile
      state pharmacologically. The kSM increased from 3.7 +/- 0.5 to 4.8 +/- 0.8 (p
      less than 0.01) with infusion of dobutamine (after reversal of beta-blockade) and
      decreased to 3.1 +/- 0.3 (p less than 0.05) with inhalation of isoflurane, a
      negative inotrope, during beta-blockade (p less than 0.05). We conclude that kSM
      is independent of ventricular size and is sensitive to changes in inotropic
      state. As such, it should be useful as an index of contractile function.

PMID- 2401070
TI  - Cardiac tamponade in left ventricular dysfunction.
AB  - Echocardiographic and hemodynamic data were measured in closed-chest dogs during
      graded cardiac tamponade (pericardial pressure 5, 10, and 15 mm Hg) before and
      after production of diffuse ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Left
      ventricular dysfunction was produced by intracoronary injection of nonradioactive
      microspheres (54 +/- 3.9 mm diameter). Changes in left atrial pressure with
      cardiac tamponade were influenced by coexisting left ventricular dysfunction.
      Left atrial pressure increased with tamponade and was equal to pericardial
      pressure before left ventricular dysfunction was produced. However, after left
      ventricular dysfunction was produced, left atrial pressure was significantly
      higher than pericardial pressure before tamponade, but it fell toward pericardial
      pressure when tamponade was produced. Pulsus paradoxus (greater than 10 mm Hg)
      was present in all animals with cardiac tamponade before left ventricular
      dysfunction but in only one animal afterward. During each level of tamponade, the
      inspiratory fall of aortic systolic pressure was greater before than with left
      ventricular dysfunction. The slope of the linear regression between pericardial
      pressure and millimeters of mercury of inspiratory fall in aortic systolic
      pressure was significantly greater before than with left ventricular dysfunction
      (0.74 +/- 0.12 versus 0.32 +/- 0.12, p less than 0.05). Left ventricular
      dysfunction caused a leftward and upward shift of the pericardial pressure-volume
      relation. As a result, right atrial and ventricular collapse occurred with
      significantly smaller volumes of pericardial fluid after than before left
      ventricular dysfunction. We conclude that pulsus paradoxus may be absent in
      cardiac tamponade with coexisting left ventricular dysfunction and unequal
      filling pressures. Echocardiographic signs of cardiac tamponade may occur with
      small effusions in the presence of left ventricular dysfunction.

PMID- 2401071
TI  - Noninvasive quantification of regional myocardial perfusion with rubidium-82 and
      positron emission tomography. Exploration of a mathematical model.
AB  - Positron emission tomography (PET) centers without cyclotrons use generator
      produced rubidium-82 (82Rb) for assessment of myocardial perfusion. The aim of
      the present study was to determine whether myocardial blood flow could be
      assessed quantitatively with 82Rb and PET. Because the myocardial extraction
      fraction of 82Rb varies inversely and nonlinearly with flow and cannot be
      measured conveniently with PET, we used an experimentally derived mathematical
      function defining the relation between single-pass extraction fraction of 82Rb
      and flow to obviate the necessity of measuring the extraction fraction directly.
      Myocardial blood flow in absolute terms (ml/g/min) was estimated from dynamic PET
      scans after intravenous administration of 82Rb in intact dogs and compared with
      flows measured with radiolabeled microspheres. In 36 comparisons in 13 dogs
      studied at rest, or after coronary occlusion, reperfusion, or after coronary
      hyperemia induced with intravenous dipyridamole, over the flow range from 0.2 to
      2.0 ml/g/min, estimates of perfusion with rubidium correlated well with flows
      measured concomitantly with microspheres, although there was a slight
      underestimation of flow with rubidium (flow by 82Rb = 0.92 x flow by microspheres
      0.021, r = 0.83). In general, estimates of flow in ischemic regions were less
      reliable than estimates for regions with normal flow. Thus, although the relation
      between myocardial extraction and retention of 82Rb and flow can vary under a
      variety of physiological and pathophysiological conditions, this study
      demonstrates the ability to obtain quantitative estimates of myocardial blood
      flow with 82Rb and PET under carefully defined conditions without measuring the
      extraction fraction directly.

PMID- 2401072
TI  - Fibrillar collagen and remodeling of dilated canine left ventricle.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that in the failing volume-overloaded ventricle, the
      extracellular matrix and fibrillar collagen in particular are major determinants
      of the architectural remodeling of the myocardium, this histopathological study
      of the dilated, postmortem canine left ventricle secondary to rapid ventricular
      pacing or aortocaval fistula was undertaken. Using the picrosirius-polarization
      technique to enhance collagen birefringence, we sought to examine the structural
      integrity of the collagen matrix and interstitium. In the dilated failing
      ventricle secondary to rapid pacing, we found 1) interstitial edema and a
      disruption or disappearance of collagen fibers that were apparent within 6 hours
      of pacing, persisted for weeks, and subsequently were associated with muscle
      fiber disorganization within the endomyocardium, 2) interstitial fibrosis that
      was present in the midwall and epimyocardium with chronic pacing, and 3) an early
      remodeling of intramyocardial coronary arteries that included medial swelling
      with smooth muscle degeneration followed by proliferative lesions involving
      fibroblasts and a subsequent perivascular and medial fibrosis. Many of these
      findings were still evident 48 hours after pacing had been discontinued. In
      contrast, the collagen matrix and interstitium seen with ventricular dilatation
      secondary to the circulatory overload that accompanies an aortocaval fistula were
      indistinguishable from that in sham-operated controls. Thus, we conclude that
      unlike the chamber enlargement and preserved ventricular function that accompany
      an aortocaval fistula, ventricular dilatation and failure caused by rapid pacing
      are based on an architectural remodeling of the myocardium. This structural
      dilatation involves the extracellular matrix and interstitium and appears to be
      related to altered permeability of intramyocardial coronary arteries. The
      mechanism or mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial remodeling
      with rapid ventricular pacing require further investigation.

PMID- 2401073
TI  - Time course of endothelial dysfunction and myocardial injury during myocardial
      ischemia and reperfusion in the cat.
AB  - Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion have been shown to impair coronary
      vasorelaxation to endothelium-dependent vasodilators. To examine the time course
      of this dysfunction, occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary
      artery (90 minutes) was followed by reperfusion for 0, 2.5, 5, 20, 180, or 270
      minutes. Coronary arterial rings from the ischemic LAD and control left
      circumflex (LCx) arteries were tested for responsiveness to the endothelium
      dependent receptor-mediated vasodilator, acetylcholine (ACh), and the endothelium
      dependent nonreceptor-mediated vasodilator, A23187, as well as the endothelium
      independent vasodilator, NaNO2. ACh relaxation was not impaired after 90 minutes
      of ischemia without reperfusion. However, 2.5 minutes of reperfusion resulted in
      depressed ACh responses (36 +/- 10% of control) that was further reduced to 16 +/
      6% at 20 minutes, and remained comparably depressed at every time thereafter.
      A23187 vasodilator responses were also attenuated after reperfusion, although the
      reduced response occurred later (that is, at 20 minutes). There was no
      significant decrease in response to NaNO2 in the LAD at any time or to any
      vasodilator in LCx control rings. Treatment with recombinant human superoxide
      dismutase (hSOD, 5 mg/kg/hr, that is, 15,545 SOD units/kg/hr), starting 10
      minutes before reperfusion, preserved the vasodilator response to ACh (82 +/- 6%)
      and A23187, but treatment with the hydroxyl ion scavenger N-(2-mercapto
      proprionyl)-glycine (MPG) (8 mg/kg/hr) only protected the A23187 response. No
      damage to the surface of the endothelium was observed by scanning electron
      microscopy at any time point. Myocardial cell damage increased with time of
      reperfusion as assessed by increasing plasma CK activities and amounts of
      necrotic tissue indexed to area at risk. Significant myocardial injury occurred
      at 3 hours after reperfusion. These findings suggest that endothelial dysfunction
      resulting in reduced endothelium-derived relaxing factor release occurs before
      the development of myocardial cell necrosis and may be due to oxygen-derived free
      radicals produced rapidly on reperfusion.

PMID- 2401074
TI  - Quantification of area at risk during coronary occlusion and degree of myocardial
      salvage after reperfusion with technetium-99m methoxyisobutyl isonitrile.
AB  - Serial myocardial imaging with technetium-99m methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (99mTc
      MIBI) has been proposed for evaluating myocardial salvage after reperfusion. To
      define 99mTc-MIBI uptake before and after reperfusion, 17 open-chest dogs
      underwent 3 hours of left anterior descending artery occlusion and 3 hours of
      reperfusion. 99mTc-MIBI was injected during occlusion (group 1) or after 90
      minutes of reperfusion (group 2). Myocardial 99mTc-MIBI activity was correlated
      with microsphere flow during occlusion and reperfusion. Anatomic risk area and
      infarct area were defined by postmortem vital staining and correlated with the
      perfusion defects defined by analysis of 99mTc-MIBI macroautoradiographs and
      gamma camera images of myocardial slices. The left ventricle was divided into 96
      segments for gamma well counting. Flow and 99mTc-MIBI activity were normalized to
      nonischemic values. Myocardial segments were grouped, based on occlusion flow,
      into zones: severely ischemic (less than or equal to 30% nonischemic), moderately
      ischemic (greater than 30%, less than or equal to 60% nonischemic), mildly
      ischemic (greater than 60%, less than or equal to 90% nonischemic), and
      nonischemic (greater than 90%, less than or equal to 120% nonischemic). Among
      dogs injected with 99mTc-MIBI during coronary occlusion (group 1), myocardial
      99mTc-MIBI activity correlated linearly with occlusion flow for both endocardial
      (r = 0.91) and transmural (r = 0.91) segments. The risk area defined by 99mTc
      MIBI autoradiography (group 1) correlated with the postmortem risk area (rho =
      0.94) but was 29% smaller than the anatomic risk area (p = 0.03), reflecting the
      contribution of collateral flow. Among dogs injected with 99mTc-MIBI after
      reperfusion (group 2), myocardial 99mTc-MIBI did not correlate with reperfusion
      flow in either endocardial or transmural segments. Among group 2 dogs, myocardial
      99mTc-MIBI activity was significantly less than reperfusion flow at the time of
      injection in the severely ischemic (25 +/- 5% versus 74 +/- 24% nonischemic, p =
      0.002), moderately ischemic (54 +/- 12% versus 96 +/- 15% nonischemic, p =
      0.001), and mildly ischemic (84 +/- 6% versus 93 +/- 3% nonischemic, p = 0.002)
      zones. The defect area defined by 99mTc-MIBI autoradiography (group 2) correlated
      very closely with the postmortem infarct area (rho = 0.98). Thus, the myocardial
      uptake of 99mTc-MIBI during coronary occlusion correlates with occlusion flow and
      reflects the "area at risk." When 99mTc-MIBI was given after 90 minutes of
      reperfusion following 3 hours of coronary occlusion, the myocardial activity was
      significantly reduced compared with reperfusion flow in both necrotic and
      perinecrotic regions, reflecting myocardial viability more than the degree of
      reperfusion.

PMID- 2401075
TI  - Discrepancies between Doppler and catheter gradients in aortic prosthetic valves
      in vitro. A manifestation of localized gradients and pressure recovery.
AB  - To evaluate possible causes of discrepancy between Doppler and catheter gradients
      across prosthetic valves, five sizes (19-27 mm) of St. Jude and Hancock valves
      were studied in an aortic pulsatile flow model. Catheter gradients at multiple
      sites distal to the valve were compared with simultaneously obtained Doppler
      gradients. In the St. Jude valve, significant differences between Doppler and
      catheter gradients measured 30 mm downstream from the valve were found: Doppler
      gradients exceeded peak catheter gradients of 10 mm Hg or more by 81 +/- 35% (15
      +/- 3.6 mm Hg), and mean catheter gradients by 71 +/- 11% (10.3 +/- 2.5 mm Hg).
      When the catheter was pulled back through the tunnel-like central orifice of the
      valve, high localized gradients at the valve plane and significant early pressure
      recovery were found. When the catheter was pulled back through the large side
      orifices, gradients at the same level were only 46 +/- 6% of the central orifice
      gradients (mean difference, 7.6 +/- 4.5 mm Hg). Doppler peak and mean gradients
      showed excellent agreement with the highest central orifice catheter gradients
      (mean difference, 1.0 +/- 3.1 and 0.9 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, respectively). A
      significantly better agreement between Doppler and catheter gradients at 30 mm
      was found for the Hancock valve, although Doppler peak and mean gradients were
      still slightly greater than catheter gradients. Doppler gradients exceeded
      catheter gradients by 18 +/- 10% (3.4 +/- 1.9 mm Hg) and 13 +/- 11% (2.1 +/- 0.9
      mm Hg), respectively. When the catheter was pulled back through the valve, the
      highest gradients were found approximately 20 mm distal to the valve
      ring.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401077
TI  - Induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor by products released from platelets.
AB  - Activation of platelets and augmentation of plasma plasminogen activator
      inhibitor (PAI) type I activity accompany acute myocardial infarction. To
      determine whether the two may be related, platelet compounds including epidermal
      growth factor and transforming growth factor beta as well as platelet lysates
      were studied in rabbits in vivo. After intravenous infusion of epidermal growth
      factor (1 and 5 micrograms/kg), plasma PAI activity increased sevenfold and 20
      fold, peaking at 2 hours. After infusions of transforming growth factor beta (0.2
      and 0.5 microgram/kg), plasma PAI activity increased sevenfold and 12-fold but
      peaked more slowly (at 5 hours). After infusion of platelet lysates (lysates from
      2.8 and 5.6 X 10(8) platelets/kg), the increase was 19-fold and 35-fold, with a
      peak at 4 hours. Platelet lysates induced a pronounced increase of plasma PAI
      type 1 messenger RNA (Northern blots) in aorta, liver, and myocardium. Anti
      transforming growth factor beta neutralizing antibody markedly attenuated the
      plasma PAI increase. Concentrations in plasma of fibrinogen and alpha 2
      antiplasmin were virtually unaffected under all conditions. Thus, platelet
      associated growth factors and platelet lysates, shown previously to increase
      plasma PAI type 1 messenger RNA expression and protein production in cultured
      hepatocytes and vascular endothelial cells in vitro, augment plasma PAI in vivo
      as well. Accordingly, activation of platelets and release of platelet-associated
      growth factors appear to contribute to the increased plasma PAI seen after
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2401076
TI  - Hirudin, heparin, and placebo during deep arterial injury in the pig. The in vivo
      role of thrombin in platelet-mediated thrombosis.
AB  - Three dosages (0.3, 0.7, and 1.0 mg/kg) of recombinant hirudin, a specific
      inhibitor of thrombin, were compared with heparin (50 units/kg) and placebo for
      reducing thrombus formation in the carotid arteries of 50 pigs after deep injury
      by balloon dilatation. Each drug was administered as a bolus followed immediately
      by a continuous infusion of the same dose per hour. Major end points were
      quantitative indium-111-labeled platelet and iodine-125-labeled fibrinogen
      deposition and the incidence of mural thrombosis. This study showed that heparin,
      at a dose that prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) to
      twice the control time, did not prevent mural thrombosis or significantly reduce
      platelet deposition compared with placebo but did reduce fibrinogen deposition.
      Recombinant hirudin markedly reduced platelet and fibrinogen deposition in a dose
      related manner and totally eliminated mural thrombosis at an APTT of two to three
      times that of control. Platelet deposition (x 10(6)/cm2, mean +/- SEM) in areas
      of deep arterial injury for the placebo, heparin, and 0.3, 0.7, and 1.0 mg/kg
      hirudin groups was 54 +/- 21, 33 +/- 9, 22 +/- 6, 8 +/- 1, and 7 +/- 1,
      respectively; electron microscopy showed a single layer (or less) of platelets at
      the two highest hirudin dosages. The incidence of macroscopic mural thrombosis
      was 76% with placebo, 57% with heparin, 46% with 0.3 mg/kg hirudin; there were no
      thrombi with 0.7 or 1.0 mg/kg hirudin (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401078
TI  - Noninvasive quantification of muscarinic receptors in vivo with positron emission
      tomography in the dog heart.
AB  - The in vivo quantification of myocardial muscarinic receptors has been obtained
      in six closed-chest dogs by using positron emission tomography. The dogs were
      injected with a trace amount of 11C-labeled methylquinuclidinyl benzilate (MQNB),
      a nonmetabolized antagonist of the muscarinic receptor. This was followed 30
      minutes later by an injection of an excess of unlabeled MQNB (displacement
      experiment). Two additional injections of unlabeled MQNB with [11C]MQNB
      (coinjection experiment) and without [11C]MQNB (second displacement experiment)
      were administered after 70 and 120 minutes, respectively. This protocol allowed a
      separate evaluation of the quantity of available receptors (B'max) as well as the
      association and dissociation rate constants (k+1 and k-1) in each dog. The
      parameters were calculated by using a nonlinear mathematical model in regions of
      interest over the left ventricle and the interventricular septum. The average
      value of B'max was 42 +/- 11 pmol/ml tissue, the rate constants k+1, k-1, and Kd
      were 0.6 +/- 0.1 ml.pmol-1.min-1, 0.27 +/- 0.03 ml.pmol-1.min-1, and 0.49 +/-
      0.14 pmol.ml-1, respectively, taking into account the MQNB reaction volume
      estimated to 0.15 ml/ml tissue. Although [11C]MQNB binding would appear
      irreversible, our findings indicate that the association of the antagonist is
      very rapid and that the dissociation is far from negligible. The dissociated
      ligand, however, has a high probability of rebinding to a free receptor site
      instead of escaping into the microcirculation. We deduce that the positron
      emission tomographic images obtained after injecting a trace amount of [11C]MQNB
      are more representative of blood flow than of receptor density or affinity. We
      also suggest a simplified protocol consisting of a tracer injection of [11C]MQNB
      and a second injection of an excess of cold MQNB, which is sufficient to measure
      B'max and Kd in humans.

PMID- 2401079
TI  - Old drugs with new uses. Colchicine for treatment of recurrent pericarditis.

PMID- 2401080
TI  - New trend in transesophageal echocardiographic technology. Use of biplane
      transesophageal probe.

PMID- 2401081
TI  - What does the "Dimertest" test?

PMID- 2401082
TI  - Validation of a method for estimating success and complication rates of
      multivessel angioplasty. A key to the future.

PMID- 2401083
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Complications and implications.

PMID- 2401085
TI  - Fibrosis in transplanted heart.

PMID- 2401084
TI  - Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve. Clarification of a complex
      malformation and of its therapeutic challenge.

PMID- 2401086
TI  - The developing heart in chick embryos.

PMID- 2401088
TI  - Left ventricular mass in hypertension.

PMID- 2401087
TI  - Left ventricular unloading during reperfusion.

PMID- 2401089
TI  - The clinical lipid specialist. Task Force on Cholesterol Issues, American Heart
      Association.

PMID- 2401090
TI  - The report of the American Heart Association task force on strategies to increase
      federal research funding.

PMID- 2401091
TI  - Reduced forearm bone mineral content and biochemical evidence of increased bone
      turnover in women with euthyroid goitre treated with thyroid hormone.
AB  - We used single-photon absorptiometry to assess forearm bone mineral content
      (BMC/BW) (arbitrary units normalized for bone width) at a proximal site (PBMC/BW)
      and at a more distal site (DBMC/BW) in 60 women treated with 25-50 micrograms T3
      or 50-100 micrograms T4 for euthyroid goitre, in 13 untreated goitre patients,
      and in 2 controls matched for age and menopausal state for each goitre patient.
      BMC/BW was not significantly different between untreated goitre patients and
      controls. In 36 premenopausal patients, treated for 5.8 +/- 5.4 years (mean +/-
      SD) a slight decrease in PBMC/BW of about 5% compared to controls to controls was
      observed (PBMC/BW 1.42 +/- 0.19 vs 1.49 +/- 0.13, P less than 0.05). In 24
      postmenopausal patients, treated for 10.0 +/- 5.8 year, a 20% deficit in BMC/BW
      compared to controls was found (DBMC/BW 0.80 +/- 0.18 vs 1.06 +/- 0.20, P less
      than 0.001 and PBMC/BW 1.14 +/- 0.20 vs 1.42 +/- 0.19, P less than 0.001).
      Biochemical indices of bone metabolism in 43 pre and post-menopausal patients and
      43 controls showed in the patients a higher serum alkaline phosphatase activity
      (AP) (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05 and serum osteocalcin (NS and P less
      than 0.05). AP was negatively correlated with TSH levels and, in postmenopausal
      patients, with DBMC/BW and PBMC/BW. Our results suggest that treatment of
      euthyroid women with moderate doses of thyroid hormone increases bone turnover
      with clear adverse effects on bone mineral status in postmenopausal patients.

PMID- 2401092
TI  - Return of ovarian function following spontaneous abortion.
AB  - Assays of first morning urine samples for oestrone-3-glucuronide, LH and
      pregnanediol-3-glucuronide, were used to study endocrine function and return to
      ovulation in 18 subjects following spontaneous miscarriage. On the basis of the
      endocrine data, ovulation occurred in all 18 women in the cycle prior to first
      menses at a mean of 29 days post-partum (range 13-103 days) with one subject
      conceiving in that cycle. Compared with the second cycle, the first cycle after
      spontaneous abortion had similar levels of follicular phase peak ovulatory
      oestrone excretion but lower levels during the late luteal phase (P less than
      0.02), lower levels of peak LH (50.5 IU/g creatinine (C) cf. 68.8 IU/g C; P less
      than 0.04) and lower late secretory peak pregnanediol (4.6 mg/g C cf. 6.1 mg/g C;
      P less than 0.02). The mean luteal phase length of 12.9 days in the first cycle
      was shorter than the mean of 14.4 days in the second cycle (P less than 0.02).
      These data show that, although there is some disturbance of endocrine function in
      the first cycle after spontaneous abortion, the majority of women have a rapid
      return to ovulation, making the early use of contraception necessary for those
      wishing to avoid conception.

PMID- 2401093
TI  - Decreasing incidence of thyrotoxicosis in an endemic goitre inland area of
      Sweden.
AB  - Four hundred and sixty-seven new cases of thyrotoxicosis were diagnosed during
      the period 1975-1984 in a demographically well defined Swedish inland county,
      with about 134,000 inhabitants, where goitre has been considered endemic. This
      corresponds to a mean annual incidence of all thyrotoxicosis of 34.7/100,000. The
      mean incidence of toxic diffuse goitre was 16.6/100,000 and of toxic nodular
      goitre 18.4/100,000. The mean incidence of all thyrotoxicosis fell from 39.2 to
      30.2/100,000/year between the first and the second 5-year period of the study (P
      less than 0.01); this was entirely due to a decrease in the incidence of toxic
      nodular goitre (22.6 to 14.1/100,000/year) whereas the incidence of toxic diffuse
      goitre did not change significantly. The decrease in the incidence of toxic
      nodular goitre was evenly distributed over all age groups and over rural and
      urban areas of the county.

PMID- 2401094
TI  - Bilateral testicular tumours in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

PMID- 2401095
TI  - HLA antigens in Asian Indian patients with Graves' disease.
AB  - A study of 57 Asian Indian patients with Graves' disease revealed a significant
      increase in the frequency of HLA-DQW2 (61.4%) as compared to the control
      population (22.6%) giving a relative risk of 5.4. Less prominent but
      statistically significant increase in the frequency of HLA-A10 (29.8% patients as
      opposed to 10.5% controls) and HLA-B8 (28.1% patients as opposed to 8.7%
      controls) was also observed. Further, patients carrying the phenotypes HLA-A10
      and HLA-B8 were more prone to develop the disease at a younger age. Two HLA
      haplotypes, namely A10-B8 and B8-DR3, were found in significant linkage
      disequilibrium in our patients with Graves' disease. Patients carrying these
      haplotypes also had a tendency to develop the disease at an earlier age.

PMID- 2401096
TI  - The overnight dexamethasone test is a worthwhile screening procedure.
AB  - The overnight low-dose dexamethasone test is a convenient screening procedure for
      Cushing's syndrome. Claims that the test is associated with a high incidence of
      'false positives', rendering it of little value particularly in obese and
      hospital in-patients, have been investigated in the present study. The data from
      100 consecutive subjects undergoing overnight low-dose dexamethasone tests to
      examine for the possibility of Cushing's syndrome, were reviewed. Cushing's
      syndrome was identified in four patients, normal suppression of cortisol values
      occurred in 84 patients and 12 patients exhibited false positive results.
      Differences in body weights, body mass indices or in-patient status did not
      distinguish between those subjects with normal suppression of plasma cortisol and
      those subjects who yielded false positive results. These data indicate that the
      simple overnight dexamethasone test substituted for the more cumbersome
      traditional 48-h dexamethasone test in 84 of 96 patients who did not have
      Cushing's syndrome. Thus the overnight test provides a useful screening procedure
      but a small percentage of patients, approximately 12.5%, will require additional
      procedures to exclude Cushing's syndrome.

PMID- 2401097
TI  - Urinary glycosaminoglycans in Graves' ophthalmopathy.
AB  - An increased accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in retrobulbar tissues has
      been reported in patients with thyroid eye disease. We examined the quantitative
      urinary GAG excretion in 101 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy of different
      classes, 36 patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism without ophthalmopathy, 14
      patients with toxic nodular goitre and 103 control subjects. Glycosaminoglycans
      were isolated from 24-h urine collections by precipitation with cetylpyridinium
      chloride and ethanol followed by photometrical quantification of hexuronic acids
      after reaction with carbazole. In comparison with the control group (15.8, 10.4,
      21.6 mg/24 h; median, 25th, 75th percentile) a significant (P less than 0.005)
      elevation of urinary GAG excretion was found in patients with ophthalmopathy
      (19.2, 12.2, 28.7 mg/24 h), whereas patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism and no
      ophthalmopathy (16.2, 11.9, 21.7 mg/24 h) and patients with toxic nodular goitre
      (15.8, 11.5, 21.2 mg/24 h) exhibited no markedly increased values. Especially,
      patients with active, untreated ophthalmopathy showed on average a twofold
      increase (36.7, 28.1, 48.4 mg/24 h) in urinary GAG excretion. In contrast, high
      values were not found in patients with inactive ophthalmopathy and elevated
      values decreased under treatment, which correlated with clinical findings.
      Further, relapses were also accompanied by high GAG excretion. Thus, using a
      simple laboratory method, quantitative determination of urinary GAG excretion
      appears to present an effective parameter for the activity of Graves'
      ophthalmopathy.

PMID- 2401098
TI  - Rapid escape of cortisol from suppression in response to i.v. dexamethasone in
      anorexia nervosa.
AB  - The suppressive effect of dexamethasone (Dex) on plasma cortisol and beta
      lipotrophin (beta LPH) was investigated in patients with anorexia nervosa. Dex
      was given either orally, 1 mg at 2400 h, with blood sampling at 0800 h on the
      days before and after Dex, or by i.v. infusion starting at 1100 h (1 mg/h) for 4
      h with sampling at 0800, 1100, 1500, 2000 and 2400 h and at 0800 h the following
      day. The plasma cortisol and beta LPH levels during oral or i.v. Dex
      administration were compared between patients and normally menstruating women of
      normal weight. The results showed that Dex administration depressed cortisol
      significantly (P less than 0.0001) during oral or i.v. infusion in most patients,
      without, however, suppressing it entirely as is the case in normal women.
      Moreover, during i.v. Dex infusion, the concentrations of cortisol escaped
      suppression and were higher than in normal women (less than 50 nmol/l) by 0800 h
      on the day following infusion. In the patients who were reinvestigated after re
      feeding and weight gain (n = 9), a normal suppression of cortisol in response to
      i.v. Dex infusion was observed in only five cases and a slight failure to
      suppress, although concentrations were lower than before refeeding, was still
      evident in four. We concluded that, in anorexia nervosa, cortisol concentration
      rapidly escapes suppression by Dex administration, and that this escape is not
      related to the degree of starvation.

PMID- 2401099
TI  - Analysis of HLA-DQB and HLA-DPB alleles in Graves' disease by oligonucleotide
      probing of enzymatically amplified DNA.
AB  - We have tested the possible association of HLA-DQB and HLA-DPB alleles with
      Graves' thyrotoxicosis, with or without severe ophthalmopathy, by polymerase
      chain amplification of genomic DNA and allele-specific oligonucleotide probing.
      There was no significantly abnormal distribution of DQB alleles compared to 50
      control subjects except for a reduced prevalence of DQw 3.1 in the Graves'
      patients with severe ophthalmopathy (X2 = 6.23, P less than 0.02). HLA-DPB 2.1/8
      was found in only 1 of 40 of these patients compared with 15 of the controls (X2
      = 11.49, P less than 0.001). Ten of 48 patients with Graves' disease but without
      clinically significant eye involvement were HLA-DPB 2.1/8 positive, not
      significantly different from controls, but significantly different from the
      ophthalmopathy group (X2 = 6.70, P less than 0.01). The other DPB alleles in both
      groups of Graves' disease patients were the same as controls. These results
      suggest that HLA-DPB 2.1/8 may confer a protective effect in Graves' disease with
      respect to ophthalmopathy.

PMID- 2401100
TI  - Effect of naloxone on neurohypophyseal peptide responses to breast feeding and
      breast stimulation in man.
AB  - We have investigated the role of endogenous opioid peptides in the release of
      oxytocin (OT) in response to breast feeding and breast stimulation in humans.
      Five breast feeding women were studied on two separate occasions within 4 weeks
      of delivery. Saline or naloxone, 4 mg bolus and 6 mg/h, was administered
      intravenously, in random order. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals. In
      the saline-infused group OT rose from a baseline of 1.1 +/- 0.1 pmol/l (mean +/-
      SEM) to a peak of 7.0 +/- 0.9 after 6 min, and in the naloxone-infused group from
      1.0 +/- 0.1 pmol/l to 5.8 +/- 1.3 (P less than 0.05). There were no significant
      differences between the two groups at any time point. Plasma vasopressin (AVP)
      did not change. In the second study six women in the luteal phase of the
      menstrual cycle were investigated on two occasions at least 48 h apart. They were
      similarly infused with either naloxone or saline in random sequence. A mechanical
      breast pump provided breast stimulation. In saline-infused women OT levels rose
      from a baseline of 1.0 +/- 0.1 pmol/l (mean +/- SEM) to a peak of 3.0 +/- 1.1 (P
      less than 0.05) after 6 min, and in naloxone infused women from 1.1 +/- 0.1
      pmol/l to 3.0 +/- 1.4 (NS). There were no differences in OT between the groups.
      AVP did not change. We conclude that endogenous opioid peptides do not modulate
      OT release during breast feeding or breast stimulation in women.

PMID- 2401101
TI  - Calcitonin gene related peptide: vasodilator in ovine hepatic and renal
      vasculature.
AB  - 1. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a product of alternate splicing of
      the calcitonin gene. It is found in nerves in the vasculature and is known from
      in vitro studies to be a potent vasodilator. It is found abnormally in the
      circulation of patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and has been
      proposed to be a cause of symptoms. This study was designed to determine the dose
      response effects of CGRP infusion in the intact conscious sheep on blood flow to
      liver and kidney, organs known to be richly innervated by CGRP-containing nerves.
      2. Blood flow was measured by an indicator dilution technique using [131I]
      labelled iodohippurate. CGRP infusion at both 1 and 5 pmol/kg per min produced
      significant (P less than 0.05) increases in both renal and hepatic blood flow.
      This increase in flow occurred despite a significant fall in perfusion pressure
      (P less than 0.05) at the higher infusion rate. At the highest infusion rate of
      10 pmol/kg per min, when fall in perfusion pressure was even more marked, renal
      and hepatic blood flow was maintained. 3. We conclude that CGRP is vasodilatory
      in the renal and hepatic vascular beds and propose that nerves containing CGRP in
      those vessels may have a role in maintaining blood flow to those organs.

PMID- 2401102
TI  - Density dependence of respiratory input impedance in normal subjects.
AB  - 1. The forced oscillation technique is a non-invasive and effort-independent test
      used to characterize the mechanical impedance of the respiratory system. Total
      respiratory impedance was assessed from 4 to 52 Hz in 15 normal subjects
      breathing air and a helium-oxygen mixture. 2. Breathing helium-oxygen reduced
      respiratory resistance and its frequency dependence as well as respiratory
      reactance very significantly. Resonant frequency during He-O2 breathing was 1.88
      times higher than during air breathing. 3. It is concluded that by impedance
      measurement of the respiratory system in normal subjects a density-dependent
      decrease of respiratory resistance due to decreased turbulence in the larger
      airways and a density-dependent decrease in the inductive reactance can be found
      during breathing of low density gas mixtures.

PMID- 2401103
TI  - The antinociceptive actions of kava components in mice.
AB  - 1. The antinociceptive properties of the aqueous extract of the intoxicating
      beverage kava, and of the lipid soluble extract (kava resin) were tested in mice,
      by the tail immersion and abdominal constriction methods. Both extracts showed
      analgesic effects in both tests. 2. Eight purified pyrones from the lipid soluble
      extract were also tested for activity in the tail immersion test, and kawain,
      dihydrokawain, methysticin and dihydromethysticin were found to be very effective
      in producing analgesia. Using the tail immersion test the time course of action
      of the extracts of the four effective pyrones of kava were studied. 3. Naloxone,
      in doses which inhibited morphine-induced analgesia in both tests, was completely
      ineffective in reversing the antinociceptive activities of the kava extracts,
      showing that analgesia produced by kava occurs via non-opiate pathways.

PMID- 2401105
TI  - Antenatal care.

PMID- 2401106
TI  - Information systems and audit in antenatal care.
AB  - The obstetric record as initiated at the antenatal booking clinic essentially
      identifies the degree of risk engendered in that pregnancy so that consequent
      obstetric and paediatric management is tailored appropriately. Whether carried by
      the patient or based in the hospital with a summary carried by the patient
      (shared-care card), this record should be exhaustive, the emphasis being on
      quality, not quantity, of information recorded. To obviate human error in history
      taking, patient management or record transcription, we believe on-line
      computerization of patient records with spin-off paperwork to be the only patient
      management system to fulfil the above criteria. User-friendly software can be
      designed with highly branching programmes which provide clinical action
      suggestions in high-risk cases. Various 'error traps' enhance the accuracy of
      information recorded. Such systems can be operated by medical and midwifery staff
      with minimal keyboard skills and are well accepted by patients and staff.
      Inexpensive and versatile microcomputer networks are excellent for such systems.
      The operational effects are discussed. Audit means different things to different
      people and one's view on the subject depends on which definition is selected.
      Obstetricians are quick to take credit for instituting audit in the form of local
      and national data collection exercises, such as statistics on perinatal
      mortality, birthweight, etc. While these exercises certainly constitute
      observational studies, they cannot be used to make conclusions about the quality
      of care. There is no sound inference that can be made from a review of
      information contained in amalgamated databases of hospital statistics. Audit, as
      properly defined, hinges on inference: the inference that the quality of care was
      or was not of a high standard. Descriptive statistics, therefore, can be used to
      generate hypotheses but should not be used as a form of audit, at least not in
      obstetrics. Auditing the quality of care involves a study of process. It
      therefore depends on the assumption that we know which practices maximize
      beneficial outcomes. This exercise is therefore only relevant when we have good
      evidence linking the process of care with these outcomes. In some cases the
      accepted standard against which the process of care can be compared is very
      obvious. In other cases, however, the accepted standard should itself be audited
      to ensure that it is based on sound evidence.

PMID- 2401104
TI  - Positive interaction of ethanol and kava resin in mice.
AB  - 1. The lipid soluble extract of the psychoactive beverage kava has hypnosedative
      properties which can be measured by the length of time that the righting reflex
      is lost. 2. Ethanol and the lipid soluble extract (kava resin) have been shown
      greatly to increase each others hypnotic action in mice. Ethanol also increases
      the toxicity of kava markedly. 3. This interaction of kava and alcohol has
      important clinical and social consequences since, in contrast to traditional
      usage, kava is now often taken in conjunction with alcoholic drinks.

PMID- 2401107
TI  - Identification of high risk and low risk.
AB  - Identification of high risk is only moderately successful at the booking visit;
      most risk factors only give a relative risk of around three, so that most of the
      high-risk group do not experience the adverse outcome, and most adverse outcomes
      occur in low-risk women. Risk factors are useful in planning for confinement and
      extra care, but since new problems can arise at any time and most antenatal
      admissions are for conditions arising in spite of antenatal care (Chng et al,
      1980), some care should be offered to all women. Traditional schedules of care,
      however, have no scientific justification. Identification of low risk is also
      fallible and there seems to be an irreducible minimum of unpredictable problems
      which will arise even in low-risk women. Methods need to be found to reduce the
      lack of continuity which often results from unscheduled transfers of care.

PMID- 2401108
TI  - Social and midwifery support.

PMID- 2401110
TI  - [PET study on cerebral hemodynamics in internal carotid artery occlusion--the
      pathogenesis of watershed infarction].
AB  - We studied positron emission tomography in nine patients with unilateral internal
      carotid artery occlusion, selected as having good collateral circulation through
      the anterior portion of the circle of Willis. Analyses of regional cerebral blood
      flow, cerebral oxygen metabolic rate, oxygen extraction fraction, and cerebral
      blood volume allowed quantitative evaluation of the regional hemodynamic status,
      especially in relation to watershed area. The patient group has a significantly
      (p less than 0.01) decreased regional blood flow in the middle cerebral artery
      territory and the surrounding watershed areas of the occluded hemisphere, as
      compared with eight control subjects. Values of oxygen extraction fraction became
      progressively greater farther from the circle of Willis, attaining the highest
      level in the superior parietal and posterior temporal-occipital watershed area.
      Oxygen extraction fraction gave information on the balance of energy supply and
      demand, serving as an index of the oxygen carriage reserve. A concomitant
      decrease in the ratio of cerebral blood flow to volume suggested reduction in
      mean flow velocity with possible development of "stagnation thrombus". These
      findings suggest 1) hemodynamic vulnerability of watershed areas after internal
      carotid artery occlusion and 2) importance of systemic hemodynamic factors such
      as blood pressure and circulating blood volume in the genesis of watershed
      infarctions.

PMID- 2401109
TI  - [Central motor conduction time (CMCT) in hereditary motor sensory neuropathy type
      I (HMSN type I)].
AB  - The motor system of 13 cases with hereditary motor sensory neuropathy (HMSN) type
      I were analysed by clinical neurophysiological method. The motor conduction
      velocity (MCV) and F wave latency in lower motor neurone were markedly delayed.
      The latency of the muscle evoked potential (MEP) by cortical magnetic stimulation
      were also markedly delayed. The central motor conduction times (CMCT) were
      calculated by two methods. CMCT-mag was calculated by subtraction of the MEP by
      cervical magnetic stimulation from the MEP by cortical magnetic stimulation. CMCT
      f was calculated by subtraction of the [(F wave latency -1 + distal latency)/2]
      from the MEP by cortical magnetic stimulation. There were positive correlation
      between CMCT-f and CMCT-mag. CMCT of HMSN type I were divided to two groups. CMCT
      of the first group was markedly delayed. CMCT of the second group was mildly
      delayed or normal. The former group showed marked weakness in distal muscles
      clinically. The latter group showed mild or moderate weakness in distal muscles
      clinically. All these patients did not show any pyramidal tract signs, which
      could be covered by severe lower motor neurone involvements. The classification
      of HMSN type I by gene was well known, genetical analysis might be important to
      these groups in HMSN type I.

PMID- 2401111
TI  - [Memory dysfunction of spinocerebellar degeneration].
AB  - We evaluated Rey's auditory verbal learning test (AVLT) and Wechsler adult
      intelligence scale (WAIS) in 29 patients with spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD)
      younger than 65 years old. They showed a significant impairment in the recall
      subtest of AVLT. However in the recognition subtest, there was no significant
      impairment in the recall subtest of AVLT. However in the recognition subtest,
      there was no significant difference between the patients and the control
      subjects. The patients with SCD also showed a significant decrement in both VIQ
      and PIQ. The disturbance of recall memory did not correlate with the disturbance
      of VIQ. The disturbance of recall memory without that of recognition memory is
      considered to be a characteristic of subcortical dementia. Therefore we concluded
      that the patients with SCD may develop subcortical dementia and that the
      localization of the disturbance of recall memory and that of the disturbance of
      VIQ might be different.

PMID- 2401112
TI  - [A case of cerebral gigantism with cerebellar atrophy].
AB  - A 37-year-old housewife, who had physical characteristics of cerebral gigantism,
      such as the tall stature, acromegaly, macrocephalia, high arched palate and
      antimongoloid slant, developed cerebellar ataxia and dysarthria. Her mother,
      uncle and grandmother were also reported to have slowly progressive gait
      disturbance. Her mother was also tall. Endocrinological studies failed to show
      any definite abnormality. CT and MRI revealed remarkable cerebellar atrophy.
      Though cerebral gigantism is often associated with clumsiness and incoordination,
      the etiology of the ataxia is poorly understood. This case indicates that the
      ataxia in cerebral gigantism may be, at least partly, caused by cerebellar
      atrophy.

PMID- 2401113
TI  - [Tetany as a sole manifestation in a patient with Bartter's syndrome and a
      successful treatment with indomethacin].
AB  - 37 year-old man presented to our clinic because of tetany that occurred during
      driving a car in the morning. He had no anorexia, chronic diarrhea or vomiting.
      He was normotensive and no edema was noted. On neurological examination, he was
      rather apprehensive and Trousseau sign was mildly positive. No muscle weakness
      was noted except for the moderate atrophies of bilateral anterior tibial muscles
      as a sequela of Guillain-Barre syndrome that he suffered at the age of 7. The
      results of laboratory studies included hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis,
      hyperuricemia, increased plasma renin activity, increased plasma aldosterone
      concentration, reduced pressor response to infusion of angiotensin II. Based on
      these clinical and laboratory findings, the diagnosis of Bartter's syndrome was
      made. As far as we know, it is extremely rare that Bartter's syndrome manifests
      tetany alone as in the present case. The exacerbation of preexisting alkalosis by
      hyperventilation during driving might be the cause of tetany. Tetany was easily
      provoked by hyperventilation, during which serum ionized calcium remained in
      normal level despite the exacerbation of alkalosis. The results suggest that
      alkalosis per se can cause tetany in Bartter's syndrome. Indomethacin, 75 mg
      daily, effectively prevented tetany from recurring for nearly 4 years without any
      side effect.

PMID- 2401114
TI  - [A case of reflex epilepsy with binasal visual field defects attack induced by
      family computer game].
AB  - A 12-year-old male case of reflex epilepsy with visual field defects attack
      induced by a family computer game was reported. This patient showed binasal
      visual field defects attack when he was playing a family computer game.
      Neurological findings and ophthalmological examinations were normal. EEG showed
      spike and slow wave complex distributed on right occipital region. These
      paroxysmal waves were activated by checkerboard pattern reversal stimuli.
      Stimulus intensity was closely related with these activations, but not stimulus
      ratio was. Examinations of brain CT and brain MRI were normal. This patient
      complained of discomfort without visual symptoms when he suffered checkerboard
      pattern stimuli. A family computer game needs mental concentration, recognition,
      decision, alert state of consciousness and complex finger movement. Integration
      of these factors may have induced visual field defects attack. It is interesting
      that a family computer game is the inducer of reflex epilepsy with visual
      symptoms. The number of reflex epilepsy is thought to increase because of
      prevalence of family computer games.

PMID- 2401115
TI  - [Efficacy of leukocytapheresis and low-dose prednisolone treatment in a patient
      with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM)].
AB  - The patient, a 66-year-old woman, was admitted because of a two year history of
      slowly progressive gait disturbance. A diagnosis of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy
      (HAM) was made on the basis of the clinical and serological criteria. Although
      the ordinary dose of oral prednisolone (PSL) is more than 30 mg in the treatment
      of HAM, we treated this patient by low-dose (5-10 mg) oral PSL administration. A
      series of leukocytapheresis performed before the PSL treatment halted the
      progression of symptoms transiently. Alterations in peripheral blood lymphocyte
      (PBL) subpopulations and augmented autologous proliferative response of PBLs
      improved concurrently with the resolution of neurological symptoms after the low
      dose PSL treatment. The result suggests that some cases with HAM may respond with
      PSL treatment in low doses.

PMID- 2401116
TI  - [An association of Shy-Drager syndrome with moyamoya disease--a case report].
AB  - A 58-year-old female was admitted to our hospital because of orthostatic syncope,
      and difficulty in urination and walking for 2 years. At age 35, she suffered from
      cerebral hemorrhage and was diagnosed as Moyamoya disease (MD). Neurological
      examination on admission revealed severe orthostatic syncope so that she could
      not stand. At that time, her blood pressure and heart rate were 104/74 mmHg and
      78/min in supine position and 52/48 mmHg and 52/min in 60 degrees head-up
      position. She also had severe pollakisuria, cerebellar ataxia and dysarthria.
      Cranial nerves, motor strength and deep reflexes were normal. ECG, chest X-ray,
      and EEG were normal. Aschner, Czermak, and cold pressor tests revealed no
      response. Urodynamic study revealed autonomic bladder. MRI showed only enlarged
      fourth ventricle because of atrophy of the pons. Bilateral CAG revealed
      "Moyamoya" vessels in the cerebral basal regions. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was
      measured by 133Xe inhalation method. Mean arterial blood pressure changed from
      134 mmHg to 126 mmHg in 45 degrees head-up tilting and CBF decreased from 47.5
      mg/100 g/min to 37 ml/100 g/min position. Though there was no relationship
      between SDS and MD, each one shows dysautoregulation of CBF, it is supposed that
      a severe orthostatic syncope attack was resulted from synergism of both effects.

PMID- 2401117
TI  - [Rethymectomy for intractable myasthenia gravis with thymus remnants].
AB  - Nine myasthenia gravis patients (including 6 thymomas) with partial or no
      recovery were studied from 2 to 13 years after previous thymectomy, which had
      been carried out by the transsternal simple thymectomy in three,
      transretrothoratic simple thymectomy in three and extended thymectomy in three. X
      ray CT and MRI of the mediastinum showed images compatible with residual thymic
      tissue in 8 of 9 patients. All patients underwent reoperation by extended
      thymectomy, and thymic tissue was found in 7 of 9 patients. There is no patients
      with recurrent thymoma localized to the mediastinum. After repeated thymectomy, 7
      of 9 patients improved clinical including one patient without remnant and 2
      patients were unchanged. Persistence of symptoms in patients with myasthenia
      gravis who have undergone the first surgery has been attributed to remnant thymic
      tissue. There is no correlation in the improvement and corticosteroid hormone
      therapy before the re-exploration. Therefore, it is quite reasonable to infer
      that incomplete removal of the thymus was responsible, at least partly, for
      failure of the first procedure.

PMID- 2401118
TI  - [Magnetic resonance imaging of rheumatoid pannus in cranio-vertebral synovial
      joints--report of an operated case].
AB  - MRI imaging can provide useful informations as to the status of the brain stem
      and spinal cord in patients with rheumatoid cervical spine disease. Especially
      MRI made it possible to visualize the soft tissue mass in the cranio-vertebral
      joints. However, as far as we know, there is no report describing the pathology
      of the soft tissue mass diagnosed by MRI. We would like to report an operated
      case of RA, showing that the soft tissue mass was verified as the so-called
      rheumatoid pannus in the field of pathology. A 67-year-old woman was admitted to
      our hospital because of tetraparesis and anterior limitation of neck movements.
      She had been suffering from rheumatoid arthritis for 17 years. On admission, her
      consciousness was alert. Cranial nerves were normal except for swallowing
      disturbance, hoarseness, weakness of neck and tongue muscles. Muscle weakness
      with atrophy was observed on both upper and lower extremities. Pain and touch
      sensations were involved below the C3 spinal levels. Laboratory examination
      showed mild degree of anemia, positive RA test and 40 times value of antinuclear
      antibody. Brain CT and cerebro-spinal fluid were normal. X-ray of cranio
      vertebral joints showed erosive and sclerotic changes of the atlas and odontoid
      process. Metrizamide CT myelography revealed that C1 spinal cord or medulla was
      compressed and flattened. A soft tissue mass surrounding the odontoid process was
      revealed by MRI with Toshiba 0.15 tesla apparatus, showing low signal intensity
      on T1 image, and low and partially high signal intensity in T2 image. The first
      operation was done with laminectomy and posterior fusion of occipital bone and C2
      spinal process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401119
TI  - [A case of involuntary movements probably produced by low doses of phenytoin
      intoxication].
AB  - A 49-year-old woman, who presented gait disturbance, orofacial dyskinesia,
      choreoathetosis and slightly cloudy consciousness, was admitted to our hospital
      on February 7, 1986. She had a slight fever and sore throat for the previous ten
      days. She had been treated for hypothyroidism as well as migraine with abnormal
      electroencephalogram since age 47, and was given a daily dosage of 70 mg
      phenytoin, 80 mg phenobal, and 125 mg dried thyroid. On admission, she was
      somnolent, and her speech was slurred. There were choreoathetosis of all
      extremities, orofacial dyskinesia, horizontal nystagmus, and dysdiadochokinesis
      with impaired heel-knee and finger-nose test. She could not only walk but also
      stand by herself. The plasma level of phenytoin was above 40 micrograms/ml
      (normal: 10 to 20 micrograms/ml). The plasma level of phenobal was normal. T3 was
      0.76 ng/dl (normal: 0.96-1.92). T4 was 3.3 micrograms/dl (normal: 5.1-12.8).
      Biochemical screening, liver and kidney function tests were normal. Cerebrospinal
      fluid, ECG, chest X-rays and brain CT were normal. Electroencephalogram showed 5
      to 6 Hz moderate voltage theta waves with artifacts of electromygram due to
      orofacial dyskinesia. After phenytoin was discontinued, the dyskinetic movement
      and gait disturbance disappeared, and her consciousness became alert in parall
      with reduction of plasma level of phenytoin. We suggested that acute phenytoin
      intoxication due to low dosages of phenytoin might be precipitated by upper
      respiratory infection and that involuntary movements in this case might be
      related to hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2401120
TI  - [A new quantitative test for parasympathetic nervous function by means of tear
      volume measurement--application of electronic resistance measuring device
      (Periotron)].
AB  - Because reflex secretion of tears is under the sole control of parasympathetic
      nervous system, tear volume measurement may be useful as a quantitative test for
      the parasympathetic nervous function. Recently, an electronic resistance
      measuring device (Peritron: Harco Electronics) has been applied to determine tear
      volumes. The present study was designed to known whether, or not, the tear volume
      measured by this device could be an index for the parasympathetic nervous
      function. By means of Periotron, tear volumes were determined before and after
      intravenous administration of atropine (500 micrograms) in six control subjects
      without autonomic and ophthalmologic disorders. Tear volumes were also measured
      in five patients with acute or subacute hemispheric cerebrovascular disease, in
      which the parasympathetic nervous function was known to be decreased. In the
      control subjects, reflex tear volume was 58.6 +/- 13.8 (mean +/- SD) units before
      the administration of atropine, and it was significantly reduced to 34.1 +/- 9.9
      units by atropine (p less than 0.001). In the stroke patients, it was 48.8 +/-
      16.5 units in the healthy side and 33.0 +/- 6.7 units in the hemiplegic side, and
      the value was significantly lower in the hemiplegic side than in the healthy side
      and in the controls (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.002, respectively). It was
      concluded that tear volume measurement by means of Periotron was applicable to
      quantitative assessment of the parasympathetic nervous function.

PMID- 2401121
TI  - Clinical pharmacology: where has the support gone?

PMID- 2401122
TI  - Oral morphine in cancer pain: influences on morphine and metabolite
      concentration.
AB  - One hundred fifty-one patients with chronic cancer pain were studied during
      chronic treatment with oral morphine. Plasma concentrations of morphine and
      metabolites (M3G and M6G) were measured. The ratio of plasma morphine to
      metabolites was not affected by dose. Generalized linear interactive modeling
      analysis using morphine dose, age, sex, renal and hepatic dysfunction, and
      concomitant medication as explanatory variables accounted for 70% of the variance
      in plasma concentrations of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6
      glucuronide (M6G). Increasing morphine dose was a significant factor for
      increased plasma concentrations of morphine, M3G, and M6G. Other significant
      factors were: age greater than 70 years (increased M3G and M6G plasma
      concentrations), plasma creatinine greater than 150 mumol/L (increased M3G and
      M6G plasma concentrations), male sex (decreased morphine and M6G plasma
      concentrations), raised creatinine plus coadministration of tricyclic
      antidepressants (increased M3G plasma concentrations), ranitidine (increased
      morphine plasma concentrations), and raised creatinine plus coadministration of
      ranitidine (increased M6G plasma concentrations).

PMID- 2401123
TI  - Comparison of the pharmacodynamic effects of intravenous and oral propafenone.
AB  - The effect of propafenone and its major metabolite 5-hydroxy-propafenone on ECG
      intervals was investigated in eight healthy extensive metabolizers after single
      oral (300 to 450 mg) and intravenous (35 to 50 mg) doses of propafenone in a
      single-blind randomized trial. Peak serum concentrations were 278 +/- 233 ng/ml
      (oral) and 295 +/- 131 ng/ml (intravenous). After oral administration peak 5
      hydroxy-propafenone levels were 194 +/- 65 ng/ml, whereas after intravenous
      dosing no metabolite was detected, except in one subject. Serum concentrations
      were related to effects by linear regression including a hypothetical effect-site
      compartment in a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Significant prolongations
      of ECG intervals were found in both sequences. Comparison of the two
      concentration-effect data sets (intravenous, oral) revealed an additive effect of
      5-hydroxy-propafenone in four of eight subjects for PQ interval and seven of
      eight subjects for QRS duration. We conclude that 5-hydroxy-propafenone exerts
      pharmacologic activity and could thus contribute to the antiarrhythmic effect of
      propafenone.

PMID- 2401124
TI  - Pharmacokinetic studies in humans with the oral iron chelator 1,2-dimethyl-3
      hydroxypyrid-4-one.
AB  - Pharmacokinetic studies have been carried out with the oral iron chelator 1,2
      dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one (L1). HPLC analysis of serum of a normal volunteer
      and seven transfusional iron loaded patients who ingested a 3 gm dose of L1
      revealed that L1 was most probably absorbed from the stomach and was transferred
      to the blood with a half-life of 0.7 to 32 minutes. L1 reached maximum
      concentration in the serum 12 to 120 minutes after administration with 85% to 90%
      elimination within the first 5 to 6 hours, with a half-life of 47 to 134 minutes.
      L1 and its glucuronide metabolite were identified in serum and urine but not in
      feces. In most cases hydrolysis of 24-hour urine samples with use of beta
      glucuronidase resulted in almost complete recovery of the administered dose.
      Urinary iron excretion was proportional to the iron load but not to the serum or
      urine concentration of L1. The therapeutic efficiency of L1 can therefore be
      improved by repeated administration of 2 to 3 gm doses at least every 6 hours.

PMID- 2401125
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of cefepime in subjects with renal insufficiency.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered cefepime (1000 mg over 30
      minutes) were studied in 5 healthy volunteers and 20 patients with various
      degrees of renal impairment. Cefepime concentrations in plasma, urine, and
      hemodialysate were assayed using reverse-phase HPLC with ultraviolet detection.
      Mean peak plasma concentrations of cefepime at the end of 30-minute infusion
      ranges from 63.5 to 73.9 micrograms/ml and were not affected by the degree of
      renal impairment. The half-life of cefepime was approximately 2.3 hours in
      subjects with normal kidney function; it increased proportionately as renal
      function decreased. Significant linear relationships between total body clearance
      and creatinine clearance, as well as renal clearance and creatinine clearance,
      were observed. The mean volume of distribution at steady state in healthy
      volunteers was 20.5 liters and was not significantly altered in subjects with
      renal insufficiency. The mean cumulative urinary recovery of cefepime in healthy
      volunteers was 82.9% of the administered dose and significantly decreased in
      subjects with creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min. Hemodialysis
      significantly shortened the elimination half-life from 13.5 hours during the
      predialysis period to 2.3 hours during the dialysis period. Cefepime dosage
      should be reduced in proportion to the decline in creatinine clearance.

PMID- 2401126
TI  - Dose-dependency of caffeine metabolism with repeated dosing.
AB  - Some recent epidemiologic studies have reported a nonlinear dose-response in the
      relationship between coffee consumption and health risks, such that the risks
      increase disproportionately to the increase in dose. Assuming caffeine
      contributes to the adverse health effects of coffee, a possible explanation for
      the nonlinear dose-response relationship is dose-dependent metabolism of
      caffeine. We examined the hypothesis that under chronic dosing conditions the
      metabolism of caffeine is dose-dependent. Nine healthy subjects were given, in
      randomized 5-day treatment blocks, placebo, 4.2 (low) and 12 (high) mg/kg/day
      caffeine in decaffeinated coffee, in six divided doses spaced throughout the day.
      On the third day of each dosing period, 25 mg of stable-isotope labeled caffeine
      (2-13C, 1,3-15N2) was given intravenously. Clearance of labeled caffeine fell
      from 0.118 (placebo treatment) to 0.069 (low dose; p less than 0.005) and to 0.54
      (high dose; p less than 0.001) L/hr/kg. The formation and metabolite clearances
      of paraxanthine, the major primary metabolite of caffeine, also decreased
      comparing the low and high doses (p less than 0.05). We conclude that caffeine
      metabolism is dose-dependent, resulting in nonlinear accumulation of
      methylxanthines in the body. Dose-dependent metabolism of caffeine may explain in
      part why people who drink large amounts of coffee are at greater risk for
      cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2401128
TI  - The influence of infusion rate on the hemodynamic effects of felodipine.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of the calcium entry blocker felodipine were studied
      during and after different infusion rates. Eight healthy normotensive volunteers
      had their individual pharmacokinetics of felodipine determined, and they
      subsequently entered a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Individualized
      infusions of felodipine were given by a computerized infusion pump to reach
      plasma concentrations of 6 ng/ml (15.6 nmol/L) after 20 minutes, to be sustained
      for 8 hours (fast infusion) or the same plasma concentration after 8 hours (slow
      infusion). Control infusions with saline and vehicle were given. Blood pressure,
      heart rate, ECG conduction times, and baroreceptor sensitivity by the Valsalva
      test were measured, as well as the plasma concentrations of felodipine. The
      infusion system used produced the expected plasma concentration-time profiles
      with higher plasma concentrations after the fast infusion until 8 hours. Both
      slow and fast infusion increased heart rate (p less than 0.05) and produced a
      similar decrease in diastolic blood pressure (p less than 0.05). Slow infusion
      therefore reduced blood pressure more effectively. The tachycardia after the fast
      infusion was more pronounced during the first hour of the infusion but was
      indistinguishable from the slow infusion later, when plasma concentrations were
      still significantly different. Baroreceptor responsiveness was diminished by both
      felodipine treatments. There was no obvious difference in side effects caused by
      the two infusion regimes. The initial tachycardia after felodipine can be
      diminished by a slow rate of administration of the drug with a similar effect on
      blood pressure.

PMID- 2401127
TI  - Scleroderma is associated with differences in individual routes of drug
      metabolism: a study with dapsone, debrisoquin, and mephenytoin.
AB  - Exposure to certain environmental agents may induce a scleroderma-like syndrome
      in a small proportion of individuals. Differences in susceptibility could involve
      metabolic activation of a protoxin, with affected patients having a greater
      converting ability. This possibility was investigated in 84 patients with
      scleroderma and 108 control subjects with in vivo probes of specific pathways of
      metabolism. Scleroderma was associated with reduced hydroxylating activity for
      dapsone and S-mephenytoin, whereas the ability to hydroxylate debrisoquin and N
      acetyl dapsone was similar in both groups. Logistic regression confirmed these
      associations based on the shift in frequency distribution. Individuals who were
      poor metabolizers for mephenytoin and only modest N-hydroxylators of dapsone had
      a tenfold increased risk of scleroderma (p = 0.008). Thus this combined metabolic
      impairment may be causally involved in the development of scleroderma or,
      alternatively, the disease may produce inhibition of selected metabolizing
      enzymes in a subset of patients.

PMID- 2401130
TI  - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2401129
TI  - Comparative effects of diltiazem sustained-release formulation and metoprolol on
      ambulatory blood pressure and plasma lipoproteins.
AB  - We compared the effects of diltiazem sustained-release formulation and metoprolol
      on diurnal ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and plasma lipoprotein levels. Forty
      nine patients with primary hypertension were included in a randomized, double
      blind, crossover study, and 44 completed the trial. Both diltiazem and metoprolol
      significantly lowered office (p less than 0.001) and diurnal ambulatory BP (p
      less than 0.01). After 16 weeks of therapy with diltiazem, mean ambulatory BP
      decreased 10/7 mm Hg, whereas metoprolol lowered BP by 16/10 mm Hg (p less than
      0.001 for systolic BP and p less than 0.01 for diastolic BP). Moreover,
      metoprolol seemed to induce a greater reduction in morning BP at work. Although
      diltiazem had no effect on lipid levels, treatment with metoprolol was associated
      with a significant rise in triglyceride levels (p less than 0.001 vs baseline and
      diltiazem), total cholesterol levels (p less than 0.05 vs baseline), atherogenic
      index (p less than 0.05 vs baseline and diltiazem) and very low-density
      lipoprotein and cholesterol levels (p less than 0.001 vs baseline and diltiazem)
      and a significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (p less
      than 0.01 vs baseline and p less than 0.001 vs diltiazem). These data suggest
      that both diltiazem and metoprolol provide adequate office BP control. The
      deleterious effects of metoprolol on lipid and lipoprotein levels may
      counterbalance its beneficial effects on reduction of ambulatory BP.

PMID- 2401131
TI  - Automatic detection of white matter lesions in magnetic resonance brain images.
AB  - A new approach to automating radiologic diagnosis is described and tested in a
      system that locates multiple sclerosis lesions in magnetic resonance human brain
      images. This approach uses a step-by-step procedure, where the most obvious
      features in the images are identified first, and used to calibrate the
      application of the next step, until the desired features are identified. The
      approach stresses testing on a large number of images of the same type, and
      exploiting the special characteristics of this type of images. The system was
      designed with the variations of the various image parameters in mind, to ensure
      its reliability. New low-level methods of high reliability have been developed
      for segmenting images. A new geometric modeling method which tolerates the
      variability of biological structures is used to encode anatomic knowledge. The
      system and its components have been tested on 1132 images from 17 patients, with
      very good results.

PMID- 2401132
TI  - Probabilistic belief networks for genetic counseling.
AB  - This paper describes a program, GenInfer, which uses belief networks to calculate
      risks of inheriting genetic disorders. GenInfer is based on Pearl's (J. Pearl,
      Artif. Intell. 29 (1986) 241-288) algorithm for fusion and propagation in
      probabilistic belief networks. It is written in Common Lisp. GenInfer can
      calculate genotypes for any family affected with any single-gene inherited
      disorder. Besides considering both negative and positive information in the
      pedigree. GenInfer takes into account additional information about the specific
      disorder as well as supplementary information for family members. The output
      consists of genotype probabilities for all family members and estimated genetic
      risks for prospective children of the consultands. Belief networks provide a way
      to calculate probabilities for systems of conditionally dependent variables. The
      impacts of various pieces of information are propagated and fused in such a way
      that, when equilibrium is reached, each proposition can be assigned a degree of
      belief consistent with the axioms of probability theory. In Pearl's algorithm,
      information is communicated through the network by messages sent between nodes.
      Pearl's basic algorithm cannot directly handle multiple-connected networks, which
      arise in the genetic counseling domain whenever a family pedigree includes
      consanguinity or more than one child per couple. GenInfer makes use of two cycle
      breaking methods, clustering and conditioning, to handle these situations.

PMID- 2401133
TI  - A hybrid classifier for automated radiologic diagnosis: preliminary results and
      clinical applications.
AB  - We describe the design, implementation, and preliminary evaluation of a computer
      system to aid clinicians in the interpretation of cranial magnetic-resonance (MR)
      images. The system classifies normal and pathologic tissues in a test set of MR
      scans with high accuracy. It also provides a simple, rapid means whereby an
      unassisted expert may reliably label an image with his best judgment of its
      histologic composition, yielding a gold-standard image; this step facilitates
      objective evaluation of classifier performance. This system consists of a
      preprocessing module; a semiautomatic, reliable procedure for obtaining objective
      estimates of an expert's opinion of an image's tissue composition; a
      classification module based on a combination of the maximum-likelihood (ML)
      classifier and the isodata unsupervised-clustering algorithm; and an evaluation
      module based on confusion-matrix generation. The algorithms for classifier
      evaluation and gold-standard acquisition are advances over previous methods.
      Furthermore, the combination of a clustering algorithm and a statistical
      classifier provides advantages not found in systems using either method alone.

PMID- 2401134
TI  - A connectionist approach to the recognition of trends in time-ordered medical
      parameters.
AB  - Recognition of trends that emerge over time is a capability that successful
      medical systems must possess. In this paper the network architecture introduced
      by Elman (CRL, Technical Report 9901, Center for Research in Language, University
      of California, San Diego, CA, 1988) for predicting successive elements of a
      sequence is reviewed. It is proposed that a similar architecture can be utilized
      in a medical domain. The simple example of a diabetic patient receiving a
      continuous insulin infusion, for whom only the current serum glucose and infusion
      status is known, is suggested as a test problem. Two networks are described, that
      when presented with the serum glucose and pump settings at time steps t and t +
      1, are capable of predicting the serum glucose, and suggesting a pump setting at
      time t + 2. Possible applications, and the limitations of this model are then
      discussed.

PMID- 2401135
TI  - Overcoming deficiencies of the rule-based medical expert system.
AB  - One of the current deficiencies of the rule-based expert system is its static
      nature. As these systems are applied to medicine, this shortcoming becomes
      accentuated by: the rapid speed at which new knowledge is generated, the regional
      differences associated with the expression of many diseases, and the rate at
      which patient demographics and disease incidence change over time. This research
      presents a solution to the static nature of the rule-based expert system by
      proposing a hybrid system. This system consists of an expert system and a
      statistical analysis system linked to a patient database. The additional feature
      of a rule base manager which initiates automatic database analysis to refresh the
      statistical correlation of each rule ensures a dynamic, current, statistically
      accurate rule base. The philosophical differences between data and knowledge are
      also addressed as they apply to this type of hybrid system. The system is then
      used to generate four rule bases from different knowledge sources. These rule
      bases are then compared.

PMID- 2401136
TI  - Evaluation of neural network performance by receiver operating characteristic
      (ROC) analysis: examples from the biotechnology domain.
AB  - A need exists for an unbiased measure of the accuracy of feed-forward neural
      networks used for classification. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
      analysis is suited for this measure, and has been used to assess the performance
      of several different network weights. The area under an ROC and its standard
      error were used to compare different network weight sets, and to follow the
      performance of a network during the course of training. The ROC is not sensitive
      to the prior probabilities of examples in the testing set nor to the system's
      decision bias. The area under an ROC curve is a readily understood measure, and
      should be used to evaluate neural networks and to report results of learning
      experiments. Examples are provided from experiments with data from the
      biotechnology domain.

PMID- 2401137
TI  - Using hindsight in medical decision making.
AB  - As the clinical picture of a patient evolves over time, more information becomes
      available. Certain procedure require time to perform, causing delay between the
      time when the tests are ordered and when the results are available. Furthermore,
      as the patient's condition changes over time, serial measurements can be made.
      The availability of more data allows a more accurate assessment of the patient.
      Uncertainties, guesses or errors that were made early in the clinical course of
      patient care can also be identified and resolved when more information is
      available. Reasoning with a stream of data that changes over time presents a
      challenge to the designers of expert systems. The use of hindsight in expert
      system requires that appropriate attention be paid to the temporal relations of
      the data and that care is exercised in revising decision. I present a data
      dependency system, the Temporal Control Structure (TCS), designed to support
      reasoning with data changing over time and show how it can be used to implement
      reasoning by hindsight.

PMID- 2401139
TI  - Primin standard patch testing: 5 years experience.
AB  - From 1 November 1984 to 1 November 1989. 3075 patients (1949 female and 1126
      male) were patch tested with the European standard series, including primin 0.01%
      pet. 57 positive reactions were obtained (1.8%). About 95% of the patients with
      positive patch tests were female. 60% of the patch-test-positive patients were
      above age 60 and 35% above 70 years. The test was negative in all under the age
      of 20 and rarely positive under the age of 35 years. Only 2 patients had probable
      patch test sensitization observed 8 and 14 days after application of the test
      material. 41% of the patients with positive reactions had current primula
      dermatitis at the time of patch testing. The frequency and high degree of current
      relevance justify inclusion of primin in the standard series, at least in certain
      geographical regions. The patch test concentration of 0.01% pet. seems to be
      correct.

PMID- 2401138
TI  - Ranking of surfactant skin irritancy in vivo in man using the plastic occlusion
      stress test (POST).
AB  - Irritant effects and disturbance of water-holding capacity induced by surfactants
      were investigated using the plastic occlusion stress test (POST) technique. 4
      surfactants (sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), sorbitan monolaurate, cocoamidopropyl
      betaine and benzalkonium chloride) and an amphoteric/nonionic (A/N) mix were
      investigated. 1 x daily for 3 days, test surfactants were applied to marked sites
      (open) on the volar forearm. After 24 h occlusion with a plastic chamber on the
      4th day, skin surface water loss (SSWL) (g/m2h) was recorded continuously for 25
      min with an evaporimeter. The differences between the surfactants were
      statistically significant (Friedman's test p less than 0.01). SLS and the A/N mix
      revealed significant differences compared to the other compounds (p less than
      0.05), both in decay constants and in values recorded at the beginning and at the
      end of the decay curve. The study suggests a mechanism for the high irritant
      potential of sodium lauryl sulphate compared to other surfactants: sorbitan
      monolaurate and benzalkonium chloride seem to influence (at the concentrations
      tested) to a lesser extent the water-holding capacity of the stratum corneum. The
      clinical and biological relevance of these observations requires long-term
      clinical correlations with final product use tests.

PMID- 2401140
TI  - Australian blackwood dermatitis.

PMID- 2401141
TI  - Hypersensitivity to dichromate among asymptomatic workers in a chromate pigment
      factory.

PMID- 2401142
TI  - Allergic investigations in patients with the sick building syndrome.

PMID- 2401143
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis from the essential oil of French marigold (Tagetes
      patula) in an aromatherapist.

PMID- 2401144
TI  - Cosmetic allergy from the aminoketone colour basic blue 99 (CI 56059).

PMID- 2401145
TI  - Regulation of nickel exposure in Denmark.

PMID- 2401147
TI  - Contact mycosis fungoides?

PMID- 2401146
TI  - Labilin.

PMID- 2401148
TI  - Traversing boundaries: European and North American perspectives on medical and
      psychiatric anthropology.

PMID- 2401149
TI  - Traversing boundaries: European and North American perspectives on medical and
      psychiatric anthropology. An introduction.

PMID- 2401150
TI  - Facts and meaning in psychiatry. An anthropological approach to the lifeworld of
      schizophrenics.
AB  - Dominant research paradigms in psychiatry appear broadly unequipped for
      explaining the diversity of outcome in schizophrenics. The author builds on
      anthropological approaches to meaning construction and on European psychiatric
      phenomenological descriptions of forms of "being-in-the-world" to propose
      alternative research perspectives. Data have been collected on schizophrenics
      contrasted on the base of hospitalization rate. Statistical analysis has
      evidenced recurrent structural features in the stance-toward-the-world among non
      rehospitalized patients. Qualitative analysis of patients' narratives enlightens
      the meaning of these data from the patient's perspective. It shows the centrality
      of a "positive withdrawal" position toward-the-world for schizophrenics in the
      sample and exemplifies the function of specific cultural signifiers for
      constructing one's experience. In reference to Tellenbach's idea of endo-cosmo
      genesis, the author hypothesizes that individual vulnerability associated with
      schizophrenia interacts with Western cultural values and enforces the "withdrawn"
      component of "positive withdrawal" in North American schizophrenics.

PMID- 2401151
TI  - On being ethnic: the politics of identity breaking and making in Canada, or,
      nevra on Sunday.
AB  - The creation of ethnically sensitive health care is a major federal and
      provincial government concern in Canada at present. The concept of
      multiculturalism is used to reinforce the notion of rights for minority groups
      and the Canadian mozaic is explicitly contrasted with the American melting pot.
      In this paper, the lives of Greek immigrant women in Montreal are used to
      illustrate how class and gender are as relevant to the immigrant experience as is
      ethnicity. It is shown how values which were central to female identify in Greece
      can become a liability after immigration and how the notion of Greek identity in
      Canada is a fluid category which is subject to repeated transformations. It is
      suggested that medical anthropologists who ignore the complexity of social
      categories and whose focus is limited to the cultural construction of illness and
      the expression of distress are in danger of reinforcing a notion of the "quaint
      ethnic," a stereotype to which the concept of multiculturalism is often reduced.

PMID- 2401152
TI  - Boundaries inside the body: women's sufferings in southern peasant Italy.
AB  - In a village of Southern Italy the secret world of women's emotions is
      fundamentally expressed through the body. The female body is open to events of
      the world and absorbs and feels their effect and defines a new identity, a
      minimal one. This gives rise to a symbolic anatomy, pathology, and physiology
      that serve to distinguish male and female worlds and to bridge inner and outer
      experience. These "traces" of external and extraordinary events, which in the
      past and in daily life have cut the secret and emotional world of women, are
      inscribed on the body. This body becomes a phenomenological memoir that opens a
      new way of interpreting distress and suffering and illness. This article
      represents a bridge from the interpretation of suffering and illness in Southern
      Italy via Gramsci and De Martino to a metacultural process of creating a
      polysemic and multilevel sense of self.

PMID- 2401153
TI  - Embodying illness, embodying cancer.
AB  - Individuals and societies embody illnesses in different ways, in part determined
      by the way a person knows and lives his or her diagnosis and prognosis. Based on
      research in Northern Italy, on the experiences and meanings of cancer and on the
      practice of nondisclosure of the diagnosis, we find nondisclosure reflects a
      world divided--life/death, good/bad, mind/body--with the unwanted converted to
      "other." The strong association of cancer with death, suffering, and hopelessness
      in much of Italy, coupled with the tremendous power attributed to naming and
      "sentencing" makes nondisclosure a major mechanism for keeping the "condemned" in
      this social world, and keeping death, decay, and suffering in the "other." It is
      the social reality that is dominant here, such that informing a patient of cancer
      can be tantamount to social death.

PMID- 2401154
TI  - Being affected by the other.
AB  - Against present trends towards the homogenization and the hegemony of one world
      intellectual "koine," the author underscores the richness contained in the
      plurality of intellectual styles, discursive paradigms and cultural
      configurations. He shows that all encounters encompass a tragic dimension, that
      of power and dependence, that cannot be neutralized by the most sensitive
      individual empathy. Seven rules are finally offered for guiding Western and non
      Western scholars on the road towards the transnational and transcultural
      dialogue.

PMID- 2401155
TI  - Brain graft surgery: a new treatment for Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Brain graft surgery remains controversial, and the beneficial effects, though
      promising, are mixed. For those patients who are eligible, it offers new hope for
      an alternative to early disability and family hardship. Outlined here are the
      etiology, pathophysiology, and manifestations of Parkinson's disease, plus the
      surgical procedure and postoperative nursing care.

PMID- 2401156
TI  - An epidural analgesia program: balancing risks and benefits.
AB  - An alternative to parenteral narcotic management is the administration of
      analgesics into the epidural space. The recognition and prevention of
      complications or side effects of epidural analgesia are prime concerns in
      planning nursing care for these patients.

PMID- 2401157
TI  - Impact of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic on mortality in women of
      reproductive age, United States.

PMID- 2401158
TI  - Interpretation of the cervical spine X-ray: a simplified approach.
AB  - Because many nursing interventions require mobilization of the patient, cervical
      spine film interpretation should be a necessary tool of the critical care nurse.
      This article provides the fundamentals necessary for initial interpretation of
      the cervical spine, plus a review of the common radiographic views of the
      cervical spine, abnormalities, and a systematic approach to the interpretation of
      these studies.

PMID- 2401159
TI  - Holistic care of the patient receiving pancuronium bromide.
AB  - Pancuronium bromide therapy can be devastating to patient and family alike.
      However, with an understanding of the effects of drug administration, and
      following the holistic care considerations, the critical care nurse can provide a
      successful outcome for the patient.

PMID- 2401160
TI  - Aneurysmal SAH: cerebral vasospasm and early repair.

PMID- 2401161
TI  - Cardiac complications of the Stryker frame.
AB  - In view of possible adverse consequences resulting from being turned to the prone
      position on the Stryker frame, the critical care nurse should be alert for
      evidence of brainstem ischemia and subsequent cardiac arrhythmias and should take
      steps to minimize respiratory fatigue in the spinal cord patient. In addition,
      the nurse should be cognizant of the necessity of maintaining a properly aligned
      cervical spine to prevent complications secondary to hyperextension.

PMID- 2401162
TI  - Picornaviruses.

PMID- 2401163
TI  - [Primary nephrotic syndrome associated with renal tubular dysfunctions: renal
      morphologic alteration and response to treatment].
AB  - To evaluate the importance of renal tubular dysfunctions (RTD) in the patients
      with primary nephrotic syndrome (NS), renal tubular functions tests and renal
      biopsies were taken in 25 cases with NS. They were divided into two groups: A.
      with RTD (15 cases); B. without RTD (10 cases). Four glomerular pathological
      types were found in 22 cases: 15 cases with MePGN, 2 cases with IgAN, 4 cases
      with MPGN, 1 case with SGN. Degrees of pathological alteration of renal tubules
      were as follows: 5 cases in grade 0, all from group B. 11 cases in grade I, 7
      belong to group A and 4 to group B. Each 3 cases in Grade II and grade III, all
      of them from group A. Treatment with steroids and cyclophosphane resulted in
      complete remission in 1 case and no effect in 11 cases of group A, and complete
      remission in 6 cases and no effect in 3 cases of group B. NS associated with RTD
      is common in adults, and its major clinical characteristic is resistant to
      steroid therapy. RTD is closely related to renal tubular morphological changes,
      and is not related to pathological classification of glomerular alteration.

PMID- 2401164
TI  - [Various transformations of polycythemia vera].
AB  - 90 cases of polycythemia vera (PV) were diagnosed and followed up more than 3
      years in PUMC Hospital from 1957 to 1986. 15 cases (16.7%) had various
      transformations during their courses. 4 cases had more than one kind of
      transformation. As a rare event, one case transformed to chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia. For illustration, some typical cases were presented, and the related
      fetuses discussed.

PMID- 2401165
TI  - [Cytological examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and its clinical
      significance in patients with diffuse interstitial lung diseases].
AB  - Cytological examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was carried out in
      48 patients with diffuse interstitial lung diseases based on chest
      roentgenography. 7 cases manifested with respiratory symptoms but without any
      abnormality on both chest roentgenogram and fibroptic bronchoscopy served as
      controls. The total cell counts of BALF in the study group were all higher than
      those of the control group (3.1 x 10(5)/ml) and the differential count of the
      cells showed that neutrophilic granulocytes was found in patients with fibrosing
      alveolitis, Neutrophilic granulocytes accounted for 21.3 +/- 2.4% of all the
      cells and the percentage was significantly higher than that of the control group
      (1.8 +/- 0.5% P less than 0.01). On the contrary, lymphocytosis was found in
      patients with allergic alveolitis and sarcoidosis; lymphocytes accounted for 30.8
      +/- 5.3% and 29.0 +/- 1.1% of all the cells in these two diseases respectively
      and the percentage was also higher than that of the control group (3.0 +/- 0.6% P
      less than 0.01). However, the differential cell count of BALF in alveolar
      carcinoma showed no significant difference with that of the control group (P
      greater than 0.05). The factors influencing the quality control of both BAL and
      cytological examination were evaluated and the clinical significance of these
      results was discussed.

PMID- 2401166
TI  - [Analysis of the therapeutic efficacy and prognostic factors of intensive
      chemotherapy in 91 patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia].
AB  - 91 patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) were treated with
      Homoharringtonine, Cytosine arabinnoside, Thioguanine (HAT) and/or Daunorubicin,
      (Adriamycin) Cytosine arabinnoside, Thioguanine D(A) AT protocols. The total CR
      rate was 68.1% with a median remission duration of 20.3 months, and the expectant
      survival rate in 5 years (Kaplan-Meier method) was 39%. The CR rate and the CR
      duration projected by HAT and D (A) AT protocols were very similar. After 20
      prognostic factors from both clinical and laboratory examinations prior to
      treatment had been analysed, we concluded that (1) The CR rate was improved by
      increasing the dose of induction chemotherapy; (2) The patients might have longer
      remission and survival if they obtained remission in 2 courses of treatment; (3)
      The remission durations were comparable between the individuals receiving and not
      receiving maintenance chemotherapy.

PMID- 2401167
TI  - [Clinical classification of altitude sickness: analysis of 13,403 cases].
AB  - The clinical classification and characteristics of various types of plateau
      sickness were reported after analysing 13,403 such cases in Tibet region. The
      conception of plateau sickness and the opinion of its classification in China and
      abroad were discussed and the names suggested for various types of the disease
      were also given. However, the rationality of different classifications of the
      sickness was questioned according to the present understanding of its pathology
      and clinical manifestations. It is the opinion of the authors to divide this
      sickness, first of all, into two categories of acute and chronic and then to
      subdivide each of them into several types according to clinical symptoms and the
      pathological changes of principally encroached organs. The acute category was
      subdivided into 4 types as follows: 1. high altitude acute response (HAAR); 2.
      high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE); 3. high altitude cerebral edema (HACE); 4.
      high altitude children cardiopathy (HACC). The chronic category was subdivided
      into 5 types as follows: 1. high altitude chronic response (HACR); 2. high
      altitude erythoblastosis (HAEb); 3. high altitude adult cardiopathy (HAAC); 4.
      high altitude hypertension (HAHyper); 5. high altitude hypotension (HAHypo). This
      classification is useful in clinical practice and research.

PMID- 2401168
TI  - [Long-term observation and treatment of 30 cases of intrathoracic sarcoidosis].
AB  - The results of a long-term follow up for an average of 7.3 years (ranged from 6
      months to 22 years) on 30 cases of intrathoracic sarcoidosis are reported. The
      course of the disease was more than 2 years in 90% (27/30), and less than 2 years
      in 10% (3/30). At the beginning of the observation, 53.3% (16/30) of the patients
      were in stage I, 36.7% (11/30) in stage II, and 10% (3/30) in stage III. But at
      the end of follow up, 6 cases had spontaneous remission, 9 had been cured, 6 were
      in stage II and 9 in stage III. Nor was in stage I or died. According to these
      results, the treatment of intrathoracic sarcoidosis is discussed.

PMID- 2401169
TI  - [The relation of vasoactive intestinal peptide and acute hypoxia].
AB  - In order to observe the effect of acute hypoxia on release of vasoactive
      intestinal peptide (VIP), the plasma VIP content was determined in anesthetized
      dogs by a specific radioimmunoassay technique during acute hypoxia. Blood gases
      and hemodynamics were monitored simultaneously. After inhalation of 10% oxygen.
      the plasma VIP levels elevated along with decrease in PaO2 and increase in
      pulmonary artery pressure. The plasma concentration of VIP in the portal vein
      increased significantly from 106 +/- 21 pg/ml before hypoxia to 173 +/- 36 pg/ml
      15 minutes after the onset of hypoxia (P less than 0.01). The difference of
      arterio-venous VIP content increased from -3 +/- 6 pg/ml before hypoxia to +9 +/-
      7 pg/ml after inhalation of 10% oxygen for 30 minutes. The results suggested that
      VIP was released from the gastrointestinal tract as well as from the lung in case
      of hypoxia and pulmonary hypertension. It is considered that the release of VIP
      may be an adaptive and compensatory response, promoting vasodilation and
      perfusion in vital organs.

PMID- 2401170
TI  - [Genotoxic effect of cigarette smoke condensate on human diploid cell 2BS
      strain].
AB  - A higher sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency (17.0/cell) was observed in
      2BS cells treated with cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) at 100 micrograms/ml, as
      compared with 6.9/cell of the background (P less than 0.01). Chromosomal
      aberration was significantly increased from 4% to 36% in cells treated with 10
      micrograms/ml CSC (P less than 0.001). Micronuclei rate varied with CSC from 4 to
      26%. There was a dose-effect response between SCE frequency, chromosomal
      aberration, micronuclei rate and the dose of CSC. The cell-cycle of 2BS cells was
      markedly delayed by CSC.

PMID- 2401171
TI  - [1:R matched case-control studies with fixed and varying numbers of controls].
AB  - This paper introduces the use of the Mantel-Haenszel estimator in 1:R matched
      case-control studies with fixed and varying numbers of controls matched to each
      case. The new methods of variance estimator of the Mantel-Haenszel estimator of a
      common odds ratio were provided. These methods were also summarized into the
      method of calculating table in order to present a simple, convenient and easily
      understanding method for the readers.

PMID- 2401173
TI  - [Invasion of poststyloid space and metastasis of deep upper cervical lymph node
      in nasopharyngeal carcinoma].
AB  - From March 1985 to September 1988, 38 out-patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
      (NPC), proven by pathology and examined by CT scan or MRI with involvement of
      deep upper cervical lymph nodes larger than 2 cm, were treated. The invasion of
      the poststyloid space is probably caused by metastases of the lymph nodes deep
      seated in the neck and not by direct infiltration of the primary tumor. In TNM
      staging, it should be considered as N1, but not T3. As to the design of
      radiotherapy for these cases, the upper margin of the cervical field should be
      moved up to the level of the external auditory meatus in order to encompass the
      base of the skull. If lymph nodes in the mastoid cells on the same side are
      involved, beta-beams with energy not lower than 15 Mev should be used to ensure
      enough dose in the target volume.

PMID- 2401172
TI  - [Evaluation of RPHA fecal occult blood test in screening for colorectal cancer].
AB  - Evaluation of reverse passive hemagglutination (RPHA) fecal occult blood (FOB)
      test in screening for colorectal cancer was carried out in a group of subjects
      (3034 persons) with history of rectal polyp and ulcer. All subjects were examined
      by 60 cm fiberoptic colonoscopy, RPHA and benzidine (BT) FOB tests. Among this
      high risk population, 10 cases of colorectal cancer and 1 case of rectal
      carcinoid were detected by colonoscopy and pathology. Regarding the findings
      under fiberoptic colonoscopy as a reference standard, the sensitivity of RPHA and
      BT in screening for colorectal cancer was 63.6% and 72.7%; the specificity was
      81.9% and 61.7%; the general indicator--Youden index was 0.46 and 0.34,
      respectively. In 7 cases of colorectal cancer with both FOB tests positive, 5
      (71%) had lesions in early stages (Dukes A and B). The results indicate that
      comparing with BT, RPHA has slightly lower sensitivity but higher specificity.
      RPHA fecal occult blood test could be used as preliminary screening for
      colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2401174
TI  - [Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in childhood].
AB  - From 1964 to 1983, 54304 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) had been
      diagnosed in our hospital, of which 53 (0.10%) were under 14 years old. Among the
      53 cases, 4 (7.55%) had Stage II, 36 (67.92%) Stage III, 12 (22.64%) Stage IV and
      1 (1.89%) unstaged lesions, 26.42% had presenting symptoms related to
      nasopharyngeal lesion and 73.58% to cervical mass. Involvement of the cranial
      nerves was relatively rare. There was a significant difference between the adult
      and children patients on the ratio of carcinoma to sarcoma (4.08:1 for children,
      443:1 for adult). Among the poorly differentiated carcinomas, vesicular nucleus
      carcinoma was more frequent in children than in adult. The prognosis of childhood
      NPC was poor with a 5-year survival rate of 20.75% in this series. Early
      diagnosis and treatment may improve the prognosis.

PMID- 2401175
TI  - [Primary cyst and tumor in the sphenoid sinus].
AB  - Eight cases of primary mucocele or tumor in the sphenoid sinus treated in our
      hospital from 1965 to 1988 are reported. Six were male, 2 female. The ages ranged
      from 18 to 33 years. The course of disease was 20 days to 4 years with an average
      of 16 months. The common symptoms were headache and serious visual disturbance or
      involvement of cranial nerves III, IV, V and VI. There were 4 cases of mucocele
      and 1 case of chondroma, aneurysmal bone cyst, squamous cell carcinoma and
      chondrosarcoma. All were operated and proven by pathology. The diseases of
      sphenoid sinus are very difficult to diagnose. In this series, 5 cases had been
      misdiagnosed. In the early stage, it was often misdiagnosed as retro-bulbar optic
      neuritis and in the late stage, as malignant tumor of the base of skull or
      pituitary tumor (4 cases). Sphenoid sinus cyst and benign tumor gave better
      results. Two patients with malignant tumor died 8 and 9 months of the operation.

PMID- 2401176
TI  - [Long-term results of surgery combined with or without chemotherapy in the
      treatment of stomach cancer--an analysis of 170 cases].
AB  - A prospective randomized comparative study on 5-year survival rates in 170 cases
      of stomach cancer was done. All were treated by surgery, herein, 82 received
      postoperative chemotherapy. The 5-year survival rates were 40.2% and 21.6% in
      combination group (surgery plus chemotherapy) and surgery alone group (P less
      than 0.01), 56.4% and 30.2% in patients treated by radical operation combined
      with chemotherapy and radical operation alone (P less than 0.01), 60.5% and 36.9%
      in patients with Stage II and III lesions as treated by radical operation plus
      chemotherapy and by radical operation alone (P less than 0.05). The results
      suggest that chemotherapy after surgery improve the long term survival rate in
      patients with stomach cancer.

PMID- 2401177
TI  - [99mTc-MDP bolus in the treatment of bone metastasis].
AB  - From November 1988 to March 1989, 20 patients with serious multiple bone
      metastases were treated by high dose 99mTc-MDP bolus. In the adult, 99mTc-MDP at
      a dose of 200-300 mCi was injected intravenously and repeated at 24-48 hour
      intervals as a course. The total dose was 1,200 mCi. Subjective response rate was
      100% and pain was relieved within 24 hours of the treatment in 55% of patients.
      The average and mean remission period was 60 days and 61 days, respectively. At
      least 50% of the treated patients did not require further analgesic treatment any
      more. Scintillation count rate ratio of the bone lesion to control was reduced by
      32.13% after treatment. Repair of the destroyed bone was shown by X-ray films in
      some cases. No toxicity to the liver, kidney or marrow was observed.

PMID- 2401178
TI  - [Clinical application and long-term results of stapling device in rectal
      carcinoma].
AB  - From September 1977 to December 1987, a total of 228 patients with rectal cancer
      at mid and lower segments received surgical treatment by stapling device in
      colorectostomy. All patients were followed. Two hundred and fifteen patients have
      survived for 1 - 10 years after operation. The 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 year survival rates
      were 95.8%, 69.3%, 56.3%, 46.9% and 45.7%, respectively. Surgery by stapling
      device with preservation of anus gives a survival comparable to those of Miles,
      Dixon and Bacon operation in this cancer.

PMID- 2401179
TI  - [Prognostic significance of lymph node metastasis in the neck from squamous cell
      carcinoma in the oral cavity--analysis of 122 cases].
AB  - 122 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity as treated by
      radical neck dissection in our hospital are presented. All were followed for more
      than 5 years. The results indicated that prognosis was better in patients with
      negative lymph nodes than those with positive nodes, with the former giving a 5
      year survival rate twice as high. It was most common for metastasis to develop in
      the upper deep cervical lymph nodes, the prognosis of which was relatively good
      after radical surgery. The other prognostic factor was the number of metastatic
      lymph nodes, more or less than 3. The prognosis was inversely proportional to the
      number and size of the nodes. The prognosis was poor if the node became fixed,
      matted and indurated.

PMID- 2401180
TI  - [Infundibuloma--report of 6 cases].
AB  - Six cases of rare infundibuloma are reported. Infundibuloma, implying pilocytic
      astrocytoma which stems from the neurohypophysis, often encroaches upon or
      injures the neural pathway from the nerve nucleus beneath the hypothalamus to
      pituitary adenohypophysis. Therefore, various hormones, stimulating or
      inhibitory, produced by the hypothalamic nerve nuclei could not reach the target
      cells of adenohypophysis, resulting in different clinical symptoms of
      dysendocrisiasis. The tumor is difficult to diagnose by X-ray, CT or
      histopathology because of its miniature size. Regional tomography should be done
      besides endocrine tests. Specimens should be collected as much as possible during
      the operation for pathological confirmation. Transoro-nasosphenoidal microsurgery
      could achieve a good result.

PMID- 2401181
TI  - [Flow cytometric analysis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma].
AB  - Fifty cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were analysed by flow cytometry for DNA
      index (DI) and cytokinetics in order to study their relation with histopathology
      and prognosis. The results showed that DI values ranged from 0.96 to 1.96 with an
      average of 1.58; aneuploid frequency was 94% (47/50 cases); higher %S+G2M or PI
      was found; the 5 year survival rate was 26.47%. Cross comparison of these data
      indicated that 1. vesicular nuclear cell carcinoma was different from the poorly
      differentiated squamous cell carcinoma as to DI and aneuploid frequency,
      supporting the former as an independent clinico-pathological type; 2. DI,
      aneuploid frequency, cytokinetics and prognosis were not significantly different
      in the pale even nuclear and dark granular nuclear patterns of poorly
      differentiated squamous cells carcinoma and 3. there were higher %S+G2M values in
      all the three groups (vesicular, pale even and dark granular nuclear patterns).

PMID- 2401182
TI  - [DNA content and its distribution pattern of poorly differentiated nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma measured by Feulgen cytophotometry].
AB  - Nuclear area and DNA content of the normal columnar cells and cancer cells which
      were small, fusiform, irregular, vesicular-nuclear, giant malformed-nuclear and
      giant vesicular-nuclear were measured by Leitz MPV-III microscope photometer with
      HP-85 microcomputer in 32 poorly differentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)
      and 5 chronic nasopharyngitis sections. Based on different DNA contents and
      distribution patterns, it was divided into 4 cancer cell populations: small,
      fusiform and/or irregular, vesicular-nuclear and giant tumor cell populations. It
      should be noted that the nuclear DNA pattern of vesicular-nuclear cancer cell
      population had pathognomonic characteristics. The nuclear unit DNA content ratio
      of vesicular-nuclear cancer cells to lymphocytes was under 0.4. This cancer cell
      population was sensitive to irradiation. If the biological characteristics of
      these four cancer cell populations could be clarified not only in nuclear DNA
      pattern but also in biochemistry at molecular level, it will be possible to
      design the different treatment trials on the different cancer cell populations,
      then resulting in better prognosis of NPC patients.

PMID- 2401183
TI  - [Ultrastructure of the tumor cell lines treated with tumor necrosis factor].
AB  - The cytotoxic effect of purified tumor necrosis factor (TNF) derived from rabbit
      treated with BCG-LPS on tumor cell lines was studied by electron microscopy.
      Tumor cell lines L929, CNE-2 (poorly-differentiated carcinoma of nasopharynx) and
      Pc84045 (adenocarcinoma of lung) were treated in vitro with TNF. It was found
      that the membrane of the target cells still remained intact, while the
      cytoplasmic organellae, especially the mitochondria were destroyed. The mechanism
      of TNF cytotoxic activity is discussed.

PMID- 2401184
TI  - [Quantitative study on esophageal cytology. I. Quantitative morphologic studies
      of normal, dysplastic and malignant squamous cells].
AB  - On cytosmears of esophageal epithelium of individuals from high-risk area of
      esophageal cancer squamous epithelial cells, according to standard cytologic
      diagnostic criteria, can be categorized as normal, hyperplasia, severely
      dysplastic grade I and grade II, nearly-carcinoma and early carcinoma. Cytosmears
      from 60 patients, 10 for each category, were studied with a semiautomatic image
      analysis system. Thirteen morphologic parameters so obtained were further
      analyzed by computer-based stepwise regression and linear correlation analyses.
      The results showed that the following 5 parameters could be used to judge the
      nature of the cells, i.e. a) cytoplasmic area, b) cytoplasmic mean diameter, c)
      cytoplasmic form factor, d) nuclear form factor and e) N/C ratio. Comparing with
      cells of the other categories, values of the first 4 parameters for early cancer
      cells were decreased whereas that of the fifth parameter was significantly
      increased. From normal to hyperplastic and to dysplastic cells, the nuclear area
      and mean nuclear diameter were gradually increasing. Therefore, they were the
      major parameters in judging the degree of hyperplasia and dysplasia. These
      numerical features of morphologic quantitation conformed with the cytologic
      diagnostic criteria for cancer, hyperplasia and dysplasia under light microscope.
      It indicates that visual judgement is relatively accurate and application of the
      ocular micrometer to measure the cells would make this grading more objective.

PMID- 2401185
TI  - [Comparative observation on the invasiveness of different leukemia cells in
      various organs in vivo].
AB  - Using patho-morphological method and transplantation bio-assay, the in vivo
      invasiveness of leukemia cells in three transplantable mouse T cell leukemia
      models was comparatively studied. The results showed that the invasion to the
      liver was consistent, but that to other organs was obviously different. L615 and
      L7212 leukemia cells preferred bone marrow and spleen to peritoneum but L7811
      leukemia cells were just the opposite. Transplantation bio-assay demonstrated
      that leukemia cells were present in the bone marrow of L615 mice as early as 6
      hours after leukemic cell inoculation, but no leukemia cells were detected in the
      bone marrow of L7811 mice 2 days after inoculation. In the terminal phase, L615
      mice bone marrow became filled with leukemia cells, but L7811 mice bone marrow
      contained only a few leukemia cells. The difference in invasiveness of leukemia
      cells into organs is probably related to "homing" receptor. The same type of
      leukemia cells may possess multiple "homing" receptors.

PMID- 2401186
TI  - Biological activity of the main metabolites of meloxicam.
AB  - Meloxicam (Mel) is a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which was
      selected with regard to its remarkable efficacy in adjuvant arthritis of the rat.
      Similar to the situation in man, three main metabolites were identified in rat
      urine which are rapidly excreted since they are not detectable in blood, where
      only the parent compound was found. The latter is practically not eliminated in
      urine. Since it has been proposed that the nephrotoxicity of NSAIDs is due to
      inhibition of prostaglandin E2 (PG) biosynthesis, the aim of the study was to
      determine whether the metabolites can contribute to the known effects of the
      parent compound in this pathway. For this purpose, PG-biosynthesis was measured
      in vitro using a radiochemical technique with an enzyme preparation from bull
      seminal vesicles. In an in vivo assay the effect of the compounds against kaolin
      induced oedema in the rat hind paw was determined. In the test systems described,
      the efficacy of Mel has been demonstrated. In contrast to this finding, the
      metabolites in relevant doses showed neither in vitro nor in vivo effects. From
      the results it can be concluded that the metabolites do not change renal blood
      flow and therefore have no capability for nephrotoxicity. These findings are in
      accordance with the observations in the rat kidney during subacute and chronic
      toxicity studies, where no nephrotoxic effects could be detected after
      therapeutic doses.

PMID- 2401187
TI  - The effect of concomitantly administered antacids on the bioavailability of
      lornoxicam, a novel highly potent NSAID.
AB  - Antacids are used in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal side-effects during
      therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Since pharmacokinetic
      interactions between antacids and NSAIDs have been reported, it was investigated
      whether aluminium and magnesium hydroxide (Maalox as oral suspension) or
      aluminium hydroxide and calcium carbonate (Solugastril as oral gel) influenced
      the bioavailability of Lornoxicam (rINN), a new potent NSAID from the chemical
      group of the oxicams. Eighteen male volunteers were given 4 mg of Lornoxicam as a
      film-coated tablet either alone or together with 10 ml of Maalox or 10 g of
      Solugastril in an open, randomized, three-way cross-over study. The levels of
      Lornoxicam in plasma were determined by HPLC following solid-phase extraction. It
      was found that none of the antacids changed significantly any of the following
      pharmacokinetic parameters: elimination half-life (t1/2 beta), concentration at
      peak time (Cmax), time to reach the peak (tmax) and area under the curve to
      infinity (AUCo-infinity). The results indicate that the concomitant
      administration of antacids did not influence the pharmacokinetic profile of
      Lornoxicam. Furthermore they confirm the short elimination half-life of
      Lornoxicam in man, which is markedly shorter than that of other oxicam-type
      compounds.

PMID- 2401188
TI  - Profile of activity of a new anti-inflammatory agent, ST 679 (MED 15).
AB  - ST 679 dose-dependently inhibited carrageenan-, concanavalin A-, and nystatin
      induced oedema. Studies in rats with adjuvant arthritis showed that a long dosing
      regimen inhibited primary and secondary lesions. ST 679 was significantly active
      in reducing the severity of the already established disease and, when given in a
      short course at the time of adjuvant injection, permanently prevented the
      development of secondary lesions. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in
      guinea-pigs was not affected by ST 679.

PMID- 2401189
TI  - Peptic disease in paediatric patients: a diagnostic and therapeutic contribution.
AB  - A retrospective clinical study was conducted in 267 children referred to the
      Verona University Institute of Paediatrics over the period from June 1985 to May
      1989 for peptic symptoms. The aim was to obtain data on the incidence of peptic
      disease in paediatric patients and on the efficacy of various types of
      pharmacological active principles in treatment of the acute phase and of
      relapses. All cases observed were subjected to endoscopy (also combined with
      biopsy in cases presenting signs of inflammatory ulcer disease), which revealed
      the presence of mucosal abnormalities in 125 patients (46.8%), diagnosed as
      follows: oesophagitis (44 cases), gastritis and duodenitis (73 cases) and peptic
      ulcer (8 cases). Among the drugs used, ranitidine proved highly effective,
      producing healing in all cases reporting for follow-up, and showed excellent
      tolerability.

PMID- 2401190
TI  - [Factitious disease in surgery. The problem of the self-induced disorder of wound
      healing].
AB  - Self-inflicted disorders of wound healing (lasting for 18 to 84 months and
      requiring 85 surgical interventions) were diagnosed in ten patients (8 women and
      2 men, aged 29 years) nine of whom had undergone various operations.
      Retrospectively the indications for the primary operation (appendectomy in four,
      mastectomy, cholecystectomy, adnexectomy, removal of a lipoma and incision of a
      perineal abscess in one each) had not been unequivocal. One woman was also
      anorexic, two had "psychogenic seizures", and three had marital or partner
      problems. One man who had a self-inflicted skin emphysema committed suicide two
      years later, and one woman died of septicaemia after a self-induced wound healing
      disorder. The wound healing disorders finally healed in seven patients.
      Psychotherapy was successful in two patients.

PMID- 2401192
TI  - [The collection of the physician's fee through private medical accounting
      agencies and commercial collection agencies].

PMID- 2401191
TI  - [Onchocerciasis in travelers to the tropics].
AB  - Two men, aged 54 and 31 years respectively, developed an itching skin rash 18 and
      6 months respectively after returning from a trip to Africa, the former also
      recurrent conjunctivitis. Two years and 6 months, respectively, passed from the
      time of first symptoms until the diagnosis of onchocerciasis was made. Both
      patients had an eosinophilia (10.5 and 19%) and specific antibodies against
      Onchocerca volvulus. Microfilaria were demonstrated in the skin of the younger
      man. The other one had bilateral corneal infiltrates. Both patients were treated
      with a single dose of ivermectin, 150 micrograms/kg. Within several months, the
      clinical symptoms and eosinophilia disappeared and the antibody titres decreased.

PMID- 2401194
TI  - [18th Environmental Health Seminar: Environmental and food hygiene problems of
      the freshwater fish industry].

PMID- 2401193
TI  - [Vitiligo and ultraviolet exposure].

PMID- 2401195
TI  - [The contamination of food trout and carp from Bavarian fish farms with
      radiocesium (Cs-137 + 134) 1986 to 1989 as the result of the nuclear power plant
      accident at Chernobyl].
AB  - After the nuclear power station accident of Chernobyl at 26. 4. 86 Southern
      Bavaria was contaminated with radionuclides as J-131, Cs-137 and Cs-134. After
      three months only the Cesium nuclides had bearing on food, accordingly for fish.
      The accumulation of total Cesium (137 + 134) in the muscle of trout and carp had
      reached levels of 30 and 80 Bq/kg on an average and levels for 300 and about 800
      Bq/kg were determined as maximum. The more naturally fed carps had have in the
      first two years a higher accumulation than the trout. Then the accumulation was
      equally on a low level near zero.

PMID- 2401196
TI  - [Problems with malachite green use in fish].
AB  - The arylmethane dye malachite green oxalate is used as an antimycotic and
      antiparasitic substance for treatment of fish diseases. The therapeutical use of
      malachite green is not licensed by the German drug act. A decree fixes a limit of
      tolerance of 0.01 mg malachite green/kg food produced from fish. A so-called
      standard license will be prepared for malachite green as a drug for fishes. By
      trout and carp, malachite green is eliminated slowly. Therefore a long withdrawal
      time is necessary. The toxicology of the arylmethane dye and the low tolerance to
      observe in trout and carp is to mind.

PMID- 2401197
TI  - Sex determination in loggerhead turtles: differential expression of two hnRNP
      proteins.
AB  - Sex determination in the loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, is controlled by
      incubation temperature during a critical period of embryogenesis. As heat-shock
      gene expression is temperature-dependent and has been shown to be associated with
      early developmental regulation in several organisms, we studied the constitutive
      expression of hsp70 and hsp90 in embryonic brain and urinogenital tissues to see
      if these proteins are differentially expressed during the sex-determining period
      in embryos incubated at male- (26 degrees C) and female- (32 degrees C)
      determining temperatures. The level of expression of hsp70 and hsp90, as
      determined from monoclonal antibody staining, is similar in both sexes during the
      sex-determining period. However, AC88, a monoclonal antibody that identifies
      hsp90 in several systems, recognised two additional protein bands (Mr 42 and 46 x
      10(3)), which are differentially expressed in the urinogenital tissue of
      developing male and female embryos during the sex-determining period. While the
      42K and 46K proteins appear in the urinogenital tissue of developing female (32
      degrees C) embryos until stage 25, they are not expressed in the male (26 degrees
      C) urinogenital system after stage 24. Subsequent experiments have identified
      both turtle proteins as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles
      (hnRNPs). As several hnRNP proteins have specific RNA-binding sites and are
      involved in mRNA processing reactions, the 46K protein may mediate post
      transcriptional control of specific RNA transcripts required for sexual
      differentiation in C. caretta.

PMID- 2401198
TI  - The role of the nucleocytoplasmic ratio in development regulation of the early
      mouse embryo.
AB  - The hypothesis suggesting that the blastocoele is able to form only at a definite
      nucleocytoplasmic ratio was tested. We compared the development of
      preimplantation mouse embryos under different conditions. The results
      demonstrated that the start of cavitation is not dependent on the number of cell
      divisions. Thus, a definite nucleocytoplasmic ratio is not required for
      blastocoele formation to start. Our studies on embryos with microsurgically
      altered cytoplasm content provided evidence for the following biological clock
      mechanism: a change in the cell program of morphogenesis needs definite
      concentration of the products of a previous genetic program.

PMID- 2401199
TI  - Differential growth of facial primordia in chick embryos: responses of facial
      mesenchyme to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and serum in micromass
      culture.
AB  - Differential growth of the three major facial primordia, the frontonasal mass,
      maxilla and mandible, results in a characteristic face shape. Abnormal growth of
      any of the primordia can lead to facial defects. In order to dissect out the
      factors that control growth, we developed a functional assay for cell
      proliferation using micromass culture and defined medium. Cell number was
      determined over a 4 day period and BrdU incorporation was used to determine the
      percentage of cells in S-phase. In defined medium, cell number progressively
      decreases and proliferation is very reduced in cultures of cells from all three
      primordia. When foetal calf serum was added, frontonasal mass cell number
      triples, mandible doubles and maxilla increases by half. The number of cells in S
      phase increased in every case but the final cell number reflects a balance
      between proliferation and cell loss from the culture. The addition of basic
      fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to defined medium leads to an increase in cell
      number in the frontonasal mass, while the cell number of mandibular and maxillary
      cultures is relatively unaffected. The percentage of cells in S-phase is highest
      in frontonasal mass cultures. Serum and bFGF both increase chondrogenesis in
      frontonasal mass cultures when compared to defined medium. In contrast in
      mandibular cultures, serum does not change the amount of cartilage and with bFGF
      chondrogenesis is reduced. The coordination of the changes in proliferation and
      differentiation in frontonasal mass cultures suggest that either these two
      processes are independently stimulated to the same extent or a single
      subpopulation of cells is stimulated to divide and differentiate into
      chondrocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401200
TI  - The anterior extent of dorsal development of the Xenopus embryonic axis depends
      on the quantity of organizer in the late blastula.
AB  - In amphibian gastrulae, the cell population of the organizer region of the
      marginal zone (MZ) establishes morphogenesis and patterning within itself and
      within surrounding regions of the MZ, presumptive neurectoderm, and archenteron
      roof. We have tested the effects on pattern of reducing the amount of organizer
      region by recombining halves of Xenopus laevis late blastulae cut at different
      angles from the bilateral plane. When regions within 30 degrees of the dorsal
      midline are excluded from recombinants, ventralized embryos develop lacking the
      entire anterior-posterior sequence of dorsal structures, suggesting that the
      organizer is only 60 degrees wide (centered on the dorsal midline) at the late
      blastula stage. As more and more dorsal MZ (organizer) is included in the
      recombinant, progressively more anterior dorsal structures are formed. In all
      cases, when any dorsal structures are missing they are deleted serially from the
      anterior end. Thus, we suggest that the amount (lateral width) of the organizer
      in the MZ determines the anterior extent of dorsal development.

PMID- 2401201
TI  - The mechanical basis of cell rearrangement. I. Epithelial morphogenesis during
      Fundulus epiboly.
AB  - Many morphogenetic processes are accomplished by coordinated cell rearrangements.
      These rearrangements are accompanied by substantial shifts in the neighbor
      relationships between cells. Here we propose a model for studying morphogenesis
      in epithelial sheets by directed cell neighbor change. Our model describes cell
      rearrangements by accounting for the balance of forces between neighboring cells
      within an epithelium. Cell rearrangement and cell shape changes occur when these
      forces are not in mechanical equilibrium. We will show that cell rearrangement
      within the epidermal enveloping layer (EVL) of the teleost fish Fundulus during
      epiboly can be explained solely in terms of the balance of forces generated among
      constituent epithelial cells. Within a cell, we account for circumferential
      elastic forces and the force generated by hydrostatic and osmotic pressure. The
      model treats epithelial cells as two-dimensional polygons where the mechanical
      forces are applied to the polygonal nodes. A cell node protrudes or contracts
      when the nodal forces are not in mechanical equilibrium. In an epithelial sheet,
      adjacent cells share common boundary nodes; in this way, mechanical force is
      transmitted from cell to cell, mimicking junctional coupling. These junctional
      nodes can slide, and nodes may appear or disappear, so that the number of
      polygonal sides is variable. Computer graphics allows us to compare numerical
      simulations of the model with time-lapse cinemicroscopy of cell rearrangements in
      the living embryo, and data obtained from fixed and silver stained embryos. By
      manipulating the mechanical properties of the model cells we can study the
      conditions necessary to reproduce normal cell behavior during Fundulus epiboly.
      We find that simple stress relaxation is sufficient to account for cell
      rearrangements among interior cells of the EVL when they are isotropically
      contractile. Experimental observations show that the number of EVL marginal cells
      continuously decreases throughout epiboly. In order for the simulation to
      reproduce this behavior, cells at the EVL boundary must generate protrusive
      forces rather than contractile tension forces. Therefore, the simulation results
      suggest that the mechanical properties of EVL marginal cells at their leading
      edge must be quite different from EVL interior cells.

PMID- 2401202
TI  - Fibroblast growth factor during mesoderm induction in the early chick embryo.
AB  - A chick genomic clone that reveals a high degree of homology to the mammalian and
      Xenopus bFGF gene has been isolated. The pattern of expression of bFGF has been
      examined during early chick embryogenesis. RNA blot analysis revealed that chick
      bFGF is already transcribed at pregastrula stages. Immunolabeling analysis
      indicated that bFGF protein is present at these early developmental stages and is
      distributed evenly in the epiblast, hypoblast and marginal zone of the chick
      blastula. Substances that can inhibit FGF action were applied to early chick
      blastoderms grown in vitro under defined culture conditions (DCM). Both heparin
      and suramin were capable of blocking the formation of mesodermal structures in a
      dose-dependent manner. Our results indicate that FGF-like substances may need to
      be present for axial structures to develop although they may be acting earlier
      during the induction of non-axial mesoderm.

PMID- 2401203
TI  - Target-independent regulation of a novel growth associated protein in the visual
      system of the chicken.
AB  - Using an immunosuppression technique, the monoclonal antibody 2A1 has been
      generated specific for a 140 x 10(3) Mr cytoplasmic-membrane-associated protein
      as shown by subcellular fractionation and Western blot analysis. The antigen is
      initially confined to perikarya of postmitotic migratory ganglion cells of the
      embryonic chick retina as revealed by bromodeoxyuridine labeling. During the
      subsequent period of axon outgrowth, the antigen becomes restricted to ganglion
      cell axons but disappears during the innervation of the tectum opticum,
      suggesting a tectal inhibition of antigen expression in retinal axons. To analyse
      whether the tectum suppresses 2A1-antigen expression, optic nerves of chick
      embryos were severed to prevent tectal innervation. 2A1-immunoreactivity was
      determined in deflected axons in comparison to control axons. In addition,
      retinal axons were grown in vitro on a substratum consisting of alternating
      stripes of laminin and tectal membranes, in order to investigate whether retinal
      axons become devoid of the 2A1-antigen once they cross from laminin to tectal
      membranes. However, neither prevention of target innervation by optic nerve
      transection in vivo nor exposure of retinal axons to soluble or particulate
      tectal components in vitro modify 2A1-antigen regulation in ganglion cell axons,
      suggesting a retina inherent-control of gene expression. Antigen expression is
      essentially restricted to the period of axonal outgrowth and therefore the 2A1
      protein is likely to be involved in processes essential for neurite extension,
      independent of the synaptic target.

PMID- 2401204
TI  - Developmental potential of neural crest-derived cells migrating from segments of
      developing quail bowel back-grafted into younger chick host embryos.
AB  - The technique of back-transplantation was used to investigate the developmental
      potential of neural crest-derived cells that have migrated to and colonized the
      avian bowel. Segments of quail bowel (removed at E4) were grafted between the
      somites and neural tube of younger (E2) chick host embryos. Grafts were placed at
      a truncal level, adjacent to somites 14-24. Initial experiments, done in vitro,
      confirmed that crest-derived cells are capable of migrating out of segments of
      foregut explanted at E4. The foregut, which at E4 has been colonized by cells
      derived from the vagal crest, served as the donor tissue. Comparative
      observations were made following grafts of control tissues, which included
      hindgut, lung primordia, mesonephros and limb bud. Additional experiments were
      done with chimeric bowel in which only the crest-derived cells were of quail
      origin. Targets in the host embryos colonized by crest-derived cells from the
      foregut grafts included the neural tube, spinal roots and ganglia, peripheral
      nerves, sympathetic ganglia and the adrenals, but not the gut. Donor cells in
      these target organs were immunostained by the monoclonal antibody, NC-1,
      indicating that they were crest-derived and developing along neural or glial
      lineages. Some of the crest-derived cells (NC-1-immunoreactive) that left the
      bowel and reached sympathetic ganglia, but not peripheral nerves or dorsal root
      ganglia, co-expressed tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity, a neural
      characteristic never expressed by crest-derived cells in the avian gut. None of
      the cells leaving enteric back-grafts produced pigment. Cells of mesodermal
      origin were also found to leave donor explants and aggregate in dermis and
      feather germs near the grafts. These observations indicate that crest-derived
      cells, having previously migrated to the bowel, retain the ability to migrate to
      distant sites in a younger embryo. The routes taken by these cells appear to
      reflect, not their previous migratory experience, but the level of the host
      embryo into which the graft is placed. Some of the population of crest-derived
      cells that leave the back-transplanted gut remain capable of expressing
      phenotypes that they do not express within the bowel in situ, but which are
      appropriate for the site in the host embryo to which they migrate.

PMID- 2401205
TI  - Cytoskeletal protein and mRNA accumulation during brush border formation in adult
      chicken enterocytes.
AB  - We have explored the development of the brush border in adult chicken enterocytes
      by analyzing the cytoskeletal protein and mRNA levels as enterocytes arise from
      crypt stem cells and differentiate as they move toward the villus. At the base of
      the crypt, a small population of cells contain a rudimentary terminal web and a
      few short microvilli with long rootlets. These microvilli appear to arise from
      bundles of actin filaments which nucleate on the plasma membrane. The microvilli
      apparently elongate via the addition of membrane supplied by vesicles that fuse
      with the microvillus and extend the membrane around the actin core. Actin,
      villin, myosin, tropomyosin and spectrin, but not myosin I (previously called 110
      kD; see Mooseker and Coleman, J. Cell Biol. 108, 2395-2400, 1989) are already
      concentrated in the luminal cytoplasm of crypt cells, as seen by
      immunofluorescence. Using quantitative densitometry of cDNA-hybridized RNA blots
      from cells isolated from crypts, villus middle (mid), or villus tip (tip), we
      found a 2- to 3-fold increase in villin, calmodulin and tropomyosin steady-state
      mRNA levels; an increase parallel to morphological brush border development.
      Actin, spectrin and myosin mRNA levels did not change significantly. ELISA of
      total crypt, mid and tip cell lysates show that there are no significant changes
      in actin, myosin, spectrin, tropomyosin, myosin I, villin or alpha-actinin
      protein levels as the brush border develops. The G-/F-actin ratio also did not
      change with brush border assembly. We conclude that, although the brush border is
      not fully assembled in immature enterocytes, the major cytoskeletal proteins are
      present in their full concentration and already localized within the apical
      cytoplasm. Therefore brush border formation may involve reorganization of a pool
      of existing cytoskeletal proteins mediated by the expression or regulation of an
      unidentified key protein(s).

PMID- 2401206
TI  - Fetal and adult localization of C/EBP: evidence for combinatorial action of
      transcription factors in cell-specific gene expression.
AB  - C/EBP is a positive-acting transcription factor important for hepatocyte-specific
      expression present not only in hepatocytes but also a limited number of other
      cell types in adult mice. By Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization
      experiments with mouse embryos and adult tissues, we first detected C/EBP mRNA in
      hepatocytes at the 13th gestational day, when no other cell types give detectable
      signals and thus by this test C/EBP is, at least in the embryo, a 'liver
      specific' factor. Only trace amounts of C/EBP were seen in the yolk sac and no
      mRNA was detectable in choroid plexus in either embryos or adult animals. Both
      these cell types produce some proteins (e.g. albumin, transthyretin, alpha-1
      antitrypsin and others) that are also made in the liver where C/EBP is important
      for their production; thus either fewer factors or different factors govern yolk
      sac and choroid plexus production of these proteins. C/EBP mRNA was not detected
      in fetal brain but was present in several regions of the adult mouse brain again
      emphasizing that this factor does not appear to have a very early embryologic
      role. In the adult brain, it was most concentrated in CA1 to CA4 regions of the
      hippocampus, in cerebellar Purkinje cells, and in layer II and III of the cortex.

PMID- 2401207
TI  - Developmental regulation of expression of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
      multigene family during mouse spermatogenesis.
AB  - Expression of the Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) genes during various stages of
      spermatogenesis was studied by using a combination of Northern blot analyses and
      in situ hybridization techniques. These studies have indicated that
      developmentally programmed expression of all three functional LDH genes occurs
      during differentiation of germ cells. The LDH/C (ldh-3) gene was expressed
      exclusively during meiosis and spermiogenesis, beginning in leptotene/zygotene
      spermatocytes and continuing through to the elongated spermatids. LDH/C (ldh-3)
      gene expression was accompanied by transient expression of the LDH/A (ldh-1) gene
      in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids. The LDH/B (ldh-2) gene was
      expressed mainly in Sertoli and spermatogonial cells. By using somatic cell
      hybrids, the LDH/C (ldh-3) gene has been mapped to mouse chromosome 7,
      establishing that it is syntenic with the LDH/A (ldh-1) gene locus. Experimental
      observations made in this study provide new insight into the order and sequence
      of events involved in the regulation of gene expression of the LDH gene family
      during spermatogenesis.

PMID- 2401208
TI  - The micropyle: a sperm guidance system in teleost fertilization.
AB  - The micropylar region of the Rosy barb, Barbus conchonius, egg consists of 7-10
      grooves and ridges, which drain directly into a funnel-shaped vestibule, the only
      point on the chorion through which sperm-egg contact is achieved during
      fertilization. Results of time-lapse video microscope study and computer-aided
      analysis of sperm motility pattern in the micropylar region showed that the
      fertilizing sperm, usually the first to enter the micropylar region, always
      travelled preferentially along the grooves into the micropylar pit. Subsequently,
      86% of sperm arriving the micropylar region within 30 s travelled preferentially
      along the grooves into the immediate vicinity of the micropylar pit. The sperm
      guidance role of the micropylar region was calculated to enhance chances of egg
      penetration/fertilization by as much as 99.7% once sperm were within the
      micropylar region, possibly in response to some form of chemo-attractant(s) from
      the egg. Sperm agglutination post-fertilization was also found to occur
      preferentially along the grooves. Results of our in vitro fertilization
      experiments showed association between point of sperm entry and blastodisc
      formation: the blastodisc formed directly beneath the micropyle in all
      undisturbed eggs.

PMID- 2401209
TI  - Hydrogen peroxide levels in mouse oocytes and early cleavage stage embryos
      developed in vitro or in vivo.
AB  - We describe a fluorimetric method for measuring the level of H2O2 in individual
      mouse oocytes and early embryos. Levels of H2O2 are low but detectable in
      unfertilized oocytes recovered freshly from the female reproductive tract. The
      levels in early cleaving embryos (1-cell to 8-cell stages) immediately after
      recovery from the female tract seem to be slightly higher the later the stage
      examined. However, when embryos are cultured in vitro from the 1-cell or early 2
      cell stage, H2O2 levels rise when the embryos reach the mid-2-cell stage and
      remain elevated until they enter the early 4-cell stage. No equivalent elevation
      of H2O2 is seen during the transition from 1-cell to 2-cell or from 4-cell to 8
      cell stages. Embryos that are able to develop successfully in vitro, as well as
      those that show a developmental block at the 2-cell stage on culture in vitro,
      both show this rise in H2O2 levels after in vitro culture. The relationship
      between the rise in H2O2 and the '2-cell block' to development is discussed.

PMID- 2401210
TI  - Early onset of phenotype and cell patterning in the embryonic zebrafish retina.
AB  - The regular arrangement of retinal cone cells in a mosaic pattern is a common
      feature of teleosts. In the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, the retinal cone mosaic
      comprises parallel rows consisting of a repeating motif of four cone types. In
      order to elucidate the temporal and spatial aspects of the genesis of the cone
      mosaic in the developing retina, we generated a monoclonal antibody that
      specifically binds to the double cone photoreceptor of the adult. We first saw
      staining in the developing retina with this antibody, FRet 43, at 48 hours
      postfertilization, the time at which the first photoreceptor cells undergo their
      final mitotic division. We then injected embryonic fish with the thymidine
      analog, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), confirming with a double-labeling
      experiment that the onset of FRet 43 antigenicity occurs within three hours of
      the cellular division that generates the double cone photoreceptors. Then we
      stained tangential sections of the 54-hour embryonic retina with FRet 43, further
      showing that cells devoid of staining alternate with stained pairs of cells in a
      pattern that is consistent with the arrangement of photoreceptors in the adult
      cone mosaic. These results indicate that a marker of the double cone phenotype is
      expressed at approximately the same time as cellular birthday and that the mosaic
      patterning is present within 6 hours of this expression.

PMID- 2401211
TI  - Stable lines of transgenic zebrafish exhibit reproducible patterns of transgene
      expression.
AB  - To study the frequency of germ-line transformation and to examine the
      reproducibility of tissue-specific transgene expression, we produced several
      lines of transgenic zebrafish expressing a recombinant chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. Supercoiled plasmids containing both Rous sarcoma
      virus and SV-40 promoter sequences upstream of the CAT coding region were
      injected into zebrafish embryos prior to first cleavage. CAT activity could be
      detected in batches of injected embryos as early as 8 h and up to at least 12
      days post-fertilization. Approximately 18% of injected fish raised to maturity
      exhibited CAT activity in their fins, and approximately 5% of injected fish
      became stable germ-line transformants. Breeding studies indicated that although
      transgenic founder fish were frequently germ-line mosaics, transgenic individuals
      of subsequent generations were fully hemizygous for the transgene marker. The
      transgenes present in the F1 progeny of four independent lines were relatively
      well expressed in fin and skin, while lower levels of expression were observed in
      heart, gill and muscle. Little or no CAT expression was observed in the brain,
      liver and gonad. A monoclonal antibody directed against the CAT gene product
      consistently revealed variegated patterns of CAT expression in ectodermally
      derived fin epidermal cells in three of these lines. These results show that it
      is possible to efficiently produce stable germ-line transformants of the
      zebrafish and to observe reproducible tissue-specific patterns of transgene
      expression in this organism. Possible mechanisms for the variegated expression
      observed within tissues are also considered.

PMID- 2401212
TI  - Differential expression of TGF beta isoforms in murine palatogenesis.
AB  - We have studied the expression of genes encoding transforming growth factors
      (TGFs) beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 during development of the secondary palate in
      the mouse from 11.5 to 15.5 days postcoitum using in situ hybridisation. The RNA
      detected at the earliest developmental stage is TGF beta 3, which is localised in
      the epithelial component of the vertical palatal shelf. This expression continues
      in the horizontal palatal shelf, predominantly in the medial edge epithelium, and
      is lost as the epithelial seam disrupts, soon after palatal shelf fusion. TGF
      beta 1 RNA is expressed with the same epithelial pattern as TGF beta 3, but is
      not detectable until the horizontal palatal shelf stage. TGF beta 2 RNA is
      localised to the palatal mesenchyme underlying the medial edge epithelia in the
      horizontal shelves and in the early postfusion palate. The temporal and spatial
      distribution of TGF beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 RNAs in the developing palate,
      together with a knowledge of in vitro TGF beta biological activities, suggests an
      important role for TGF beta isoforms in this developmental process.

PMID- 2401213
TI  - Protein kinase C and progesterone-induced maturation in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - Though progesterone-induced maturation has been studied extensively in Xenopus
      oocytes, the mechanism whereby the prophase block arrest is released is not well
      understood. The current hypothesis suggests that a reduction in cAMP and
      subsequent inactivation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase is responsible for
      reentry into the cell cycle. However, several lines of evidence indicate that
      maturation can be induced without a concomitant reduction in cAMP. We show that
      the mass of diacylglycerol in whole oocytes and plasma membranes decreases 29%
      and 10% respectively, within the first 15 sec after the addition of progesterone.
      Diacylglycerol in plasma membranes further decreased 59% by 5 min. We also show
      that the protein kinase C inhibitors sphingosine and staurosporine can induce
      oocyte maturation. In addition, the synthetic diglyceride, DiC8, and
      microinjected PKC can inhibit or delay progesterone-induced maturation. These
      results together suggest that a transient decrease in protein kinase C activity
      may regulate entry into the cell cycle. The mechanism whereby DAG is decreased in
      response to progesterone is unclear. Initial studies show that progesterone leads
      to a decrease in IP3 suggesting that progesterone may act by reducing the
      hydrolysis of PIP2. On the other hand, progesterone caused a decrease in the
      amount of [3H]arachidonate labelling in DAG during the same time suggesting that
      progesterone may stimulate lipase activity. The relationship between postulated
      changes in the PKC pathway and those hypothesized for the PKA pathway are
      discussed.

PMID- 2401214
TI  - Stimulatory effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on DNA synthesis in the
      human embryonic cornea.
AB  - First trimester human embryonic eye globes were micro-dissected so that a passage
      was opened between the outer environment and the anterior chamber, which rendered
      free access of tissue culture medium to the endothelial cell monolayer. The
      dissected eye globes were maintained in organ culture for 24h in the continuous
      presence of tritiated thymidine. Sections were cut through the whole eye globes
      and were subject to autoradiographic analysis in order to estimate the mitogenic
      response of human corneal endothelial cells to externally supplied growth factors
      and hormones. It was found that the corneal endothelial cells could be stimulated
      to initiate DNA synthesis by exposure to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF).
      The thymidine labelling index nearly doubled after bFGF addition. Northern blot
      analysis revealed the presence of bFGF transcripts in the embryonic eye. In
      contrast we were unable to trace any bFGF transcripts in other first trimester
      human embryonic organs. In an attempt to determine the topographical distribution
      of bFGF mRNA within the eye, we found that transcript levels were higher in the
      posterior regions of the eye globe. Immunostaining with the appropriate antibody
      showed conclusively that bFGF protein was present in both the anterior and
      posterior human eye. These results suggest that local production of bFGF may
      stimulate cell proliferation in vivo.

PMID- 2401215
TI  - The influence of cell interactions and tissue mass on differentiation of sea
      urchin mesomeres.
AB  - The developmental potential of different blastomeres of the sea urchin embryo was
      re-examined. We have employed a new method to isolate substantial numbers of
      different kinds of blastomeres from 16-cell-stage embryos, and we have used newly
      available molecular markers to analyze possible vegetal differentiation. We have
      found that, while isolated mesomere pairs behave according to the classical
      expectations and develop into ectodermal vesicles, there is a clear effect of
      reaggregating two or more mesomere pairs. They survive better in long-term
      culture and, after prolonged periods, they display an astonishing ability to
      express vegetal differentiation. We also combined mesomeres with stained
      micromeres or macromeres from the vegetal hemisphere. Although induction of guts
      and spicules was observed, there was little if any effect of varying the ratio of
      different blastomeres on the kinds of differentiation obtained.

PMID- 2401216
TI  - XY female mice resulting from a heritable mutation in the primary testis
      determining gene, Tdy.
AB  - Chimeric mice constructed with XY embryonic stem (ES) cells that had been
      multiply infected with a retroviral vector were used in a genetic screen to look
      for mutations affecting the sex determination pathway in mice. From a small
      number of chimeras screened one was identified that gave rise to a low proportion
      of XY females amongst his offspring. Analysis of the segregating patterns of
      retroviral insertions demonstrated that the mutation was found in a subset of the
      offspring derived from one originally infected ES cell. However, the mutation
      appeared to have occurred subsequent to the infection. Some of the XY females
      proved to be fertile, and the mutant phenotype was found to segregate exclusively
      with the Y chromosome. Analysis of the offspring also confirmed the absence of
      any retroviral insertion that could be correlated with the mutation. Further
      characterisation of the Y chromosome carrying the mutation by karyotypic
      analysis, and by Southern blotting with a range of Y-specific DNA probes
      suggested that there has been no gross deletion or rearrangement of the Y
      carrying the mutation. There also appeared to be no loss of Y-specific gene
      functions apart from that of testis determination. Moreover, the mutation is
      complemented by Sxr', the minimum portion of the mouse Y known to carry Tdy. From
      the phenotype and deduced location of the mutation, we conclude that it is within
      the Tdy locus. This is the first such mutation to be described in mice.

PMID- 2401217
TI  - Permissiveness to murine leukemia, virus expression during preimplantation and
      early postimplantation mouse development.
AB  - Permissiveness to Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MoMuLV) expression was examined
      during preimplantation and early postimplantation development of the mouse
      embryo. Blastocysts and 8th, 9th and 10th day postimplantation embryos were
      infected in vitro with a MoMuLV-based retroviral vector expressing the lacZ gene
      driven off an internal rat beta-actin promoter. Beta-galactosidase-positive cells
      were identified in all embryonic tissues including inner cell mass, epiblast,
      mesoderm, endoderm and definitive ectoderm. In contrast, embryos infected with a
      MoMuLV-based vector expressing the lacZ gene driven off the viral LTR showed beta
      galactosidase-positive cells only in mesoderm and definitive ectoderm. We
      conclude that permissiveness to transcriptional activity of the LTR is acquired
      immediately upon differentiation of epiblast during gastrulation of the mouse
      embryo.

PMID- 2401218
TI  - The marginal zone and its contribution to the hypoblast and primitive streak of
      the chick embryo.
AB  - The marginal zone of the chick embryo has been shown to play an important role in
      the formation of the hypoblast and of the primitive streak. In this study, time
      lapse filming, fate mapping, ablation and transplantation experiments were
      combined to study its contribution to these structures. It was found that the
      deep (endodermal) portion of the posterior marginal zone contributes to the
      hypoblast and to the junctional endoblast, while the epiblast portion of the same
      region contributes to the epiblast of the primitive streak and to the definitive
      (gut) endoderm derived from it. Within the deep part of the posterior marginal
      zone, a subpopulation of HNK-1-positive cells contributes to the hypoblast.
      Removal of the deep part of the marginal zone prevents regeneration of the
      hypoblast but not the formation of a primitive streak. Removal of both layers of
      the marginal zone leads to a primitive streak of abnormal morphology but
      mesendodermal cells nevertheless differentiate. These results show that the two
      main properties of the posterior marginal zone (contributing to the hypoblast and
      controlling the site of primitive streak formation) are separable, and reside in
      different germ layers. This conclusion does not support the idea that the
      influence of the posterior marginal zone on the development of axial structures
      is due to it being the source of secondary hypoblast cells.

PMID- 2401219
TI  - Effects of the lethal yellow (Ay) mutation in mouse aggregation chimeras.
AB  - The Ay allele is a recessive lethal mutation at the mouse agouti locus, which
      results in embryonic death around the time of implantation. In the heterozygous
      state, Ay produces several dominant pleiotropic effects, including an increase in
      weight gain and body length, a susceptibility to hepatic, pulmonary and mammary
      tumors, and a suppression of the agouti phenotype, which results in a yellow coat
      color. To investigate the cellular action of Ay with regard to its effects upon
      embryonic viability and adult-onset obesity, we generated a series of aggregation
      chimeras using embryos that differ in their agouti locus genotype. Embryos
      derived from Ay/a x Ay/a matings were aggregated with those derived from A/A x
      A/A matings, and genotypic identification of the resultant chimeras was
      accomplished using a molecular probe at the Emv-15 locus that distinguishes among
      the three different alleles, Ay, A, and a. Among 50 chimeras, 25 analyzed as
      liveborns and 25 as 9.5 day embryos, 29 were a/a in equilibrium A/A and 21 were
      Ay/a in equilibrium A/A. The absence of Ay/Ay in equilibrium A/A chimeras
      demonstrates that Ay/Ay cells cannot be rescued in a chimeric environment, and
      the relative deficiency of Ay/a in equilibrium A/A chimeras suggests that, under
      certain conditions, Ay heterozygosity may partially affect cell viability or
      proliferation. In the 25 liveborn chimeras, Ay/a in equilibrium A/A animals
      became obese as adults and a/a in equilibrium A/A animals did not. There was no
      correlation between genotypic proportions and rate of weight gain, which shows
      that, with regard to its effects on weight gain, Ay heterozygosity is cell non
      autonomous.

PMID- 2401220
TI  - Gonadal sex differentiation in the neonatal marsupial, Monodelphis domestica.
AB  - A quantitative and histological study of the gonads of newborn grey short-tailed
      opossums, Monodelphis domestica, is described. The pups were karyotyped, and
      comparisons were made within litters segregating for XX and XY sex chromosomes. A
      total of four litters including 25 pups were available. On the day of birth,
      developing testes were significantly larger than the ovaries of litter mates, and
      testes could be histologically distinguished by the formation of sex cords and a
      tunica albuginea. The data suggest that in this marsupial species gonadal
      differentiation may be initiated in utero.

PMID- 2401221
TI  - Pollen-specific gene expression in transgenic plants: coordinate regulation of
      two different tomato gene promoters during microsporogenesis.
AB  - To investigate the regulation of gene expression during male gametophyte
      development, we analyzed the promoter activity of two different genes (LAT52 and
      LAT59) from tomato, isolated on the basis of their anther-specific expression. In
      transgenic tomato, tobacco and Arabidopsis plants containing the LAT52 promoter
      region fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene, GUS activity was restricted to
      pollen. Transgenic tomato, tobacco and Arabidopsis plants containing the LAT59
      promoter region fused to GUS also showed very high levels of GUS activity in
      pollen. However, low levels of expression of the LAT59 promoter construct were
      also detected in seeds and roots. With both constructs, the appearance of GUS
      activity in developing anthers was correlated with the onset of microspore
      mitosis and increased progressively until anthesis (pollen shed). Our results
      demonstrate co-ordinate regulation of the LAT52 and LAT59 promoters in developing
      microspores and suggest that the mechanisms that regulate pollen-specific gene
      expression are evolutionarily conserved.

PMID- 2401222
TI  - Development of homogeneous fast and slow motor units in the neonatal mouse soleus
      muscle.
AB  - We studied the fiber type composition and contractile properties of mouse soleus
      motor units at 2 days, 5 days and 2 weeks of age. We used Lucifer Yellow
      injection to mark muscle fibers belonging to the same motor unit in the two
      youngest age groups, and the traditional method of glycogen depletion in the
      oldest. The age groups were chosen because 2 days is at the end of muscle fiber
      production; 5 days is at the start of synapse elimination in the muscle and 2
      weeks is at the end. Muscle fibers were classified as fast (F) or slow (S) on the
      basis of their myosin heavy chain (MHC) content, as determined by different
      monoclonal antibodies. Motor units are already dominated by either F- or S-fibers
      at 2 days, suggesting an early preferential innervation of the two types of
      fibers. A substantial part of the remaining refinement of the innervation takes
      place during the next 3 days, while the total number of terminals in the muscle
      remains constant. This is most easily explained by an exchange of aberrant for
      correct synapses during this period. A smaller part of the refinement of the
      innervation occurs during the subsequent period of synapse elimination.

PMID- 2401224
TI  - Parotid disease associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - Cystic parotid enlargement is a newly recognized manifestation of HIV infection.
      It commonly occurs early in the spectrum of HIV-related illnesses and may be part
      of LAS. Serologic confirmation of HIV infection and CT imaging usually
      establishes the diagnosis. Cytologic or histopathologic evaluation may be
      required for diagnostic confirmation and for management.

PMID- 2401223
TI  - Sinus and nasal manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - The AIDS epidemic has made previously uncommon infectious diseases and tumors
      commonplace in HIV-infected individuals. In this article we discuss specific
      cases of various infections and tumors of the sinonasal tract. Several of these
      diseases may be the presenting signs of HIV-seropositivity and AIDS. As a result,
      the clinician first to see such patients must be aware of the diagnosis of these
      diseases and tumors so that proper testing and treatment may ensue.

PMID- 2401225
TI  - The contraception/abortion issue: should we get involved?

PMID- 2401226
TI  - Possible role of transforming growth factor-beta as a mediator of luteotropic
      action of prolactin in rat luteal cell cultures.
AB  - PRL is known to be a hormone carrying luteotropic action in rats and enhances
      progesterone secretion by suppressing 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20
      alpha HSD) activity in the corpus luteum. In this study, we investigated the
      effects of PRL and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) on the 20 alpha HSD
      activity of rat luteal cells in vitro and examined whether TGF beta is involved
      in the luteotropic action of PRL. 20 alpha HSD activity of luteal cells (from
      midpseudopregnant rats), which had been suppressed by PRL in vivo, increased when
      the cells were cultured for 48 h without PRL addition. TGF beta (0.01, 0.1, 1.0,
      and 10.0 ng/ml) as well as PRL (2, 20, 200, and 2000 ng/ml) suppressed this
      increase in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the suppressive effect of PRL
      on 20 alpha HSD activity was significantly attenuated by anti-TGF beta antibody.
      Activin, having homology with TGF beta in its chemical structure, also suppressed
      the increase in enzyme activity, although the effect was much less marked than
      that of TGF beta. TGF beta or PRL did not affect total progestin (progesterone
      plus 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone) secretion, but induced reduction in 20 alpha
      dihydroprogesterone secretion during a 48-h culture period, without any
      alteration of DNA or protein content per culture dish. These results indicate
      that TGF beta, like PRL, can suppress luteal 20 alpha HSD activity without
      producing nonspecific cell damage, and that the luteotropic action of PRL is at
      least in part mediated by TGF beta or an immunoreactive TGF beta-like
      substance(s).

PMID- 2401227
TI  - Antioxidants delay the onset of thyroiditis in obese strain chickens.
AB  - Dietary iodine has been shown to be important in the induction of thyroiditis in
      susceptible chicken strains although the underlying mechanism remains unknown.
      Iodine may exert its effects through the formation of reactive oxidative radicals
      which would cause thyroidal injury and initiate infiltration. We have tested this
      hypothesis by examining the ability of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA),
      ethoxyquin, and other antioxidants to prevent thyroiditis in Obese strain (OS)
      chickens, a strain that develops severe disease by 4 weeks of age. BHA, when
      administered from hatching until death at 5 weeks of age, reduced thyroidal
      infiltration and serum levels of antibodies binding thyroglobulin, T3, T4.
      Similar effects were observed with the antioxidant ethoxyquin. Weaker
      antioxidants such as vitamins C and E and beta-carotene had only slight or
      negligible effects on these parameters. BHA reduced thyroiditis in OS chicks
      killed at 3 and 5 weeks of age, but not at 8 weeks. When BHA treatment was
      initiated after the development of severe disease, it did not reduce
      thyroglobulin antibody levels. To determine the mechanism by which BHA reduces
      thyroiditis, studies were performed to assess the effect of BHA on thyroid
      function and on the immune responses to exogenous antigens. BHA had no effect on
      thyroid function in normal strain chickens since thyroidal radioiodine uptake and
      organification and serum T3 and T4 levels were unaffected. BHA did not alter
      immune responses to exogenous antigens such as sheep red blood cells or Brucella
      abortus in OS chickens. In summary, potent antioxidant drugs delayed the onset of
      thyroiditis when treatment was initiated before the onset of disease, suggesting
      that reactive oxygen intermediates are involved in the early stages of
      pathogenesis. However, the site of action remains unknown since they had no
      detectable effects on thyroid function or general immune responses.

PMID- 2401228
TI  - The effect of iodine on lymphocytic thyroiditis in the thymectomized buffalo rat.
AB  - Excess iodine has been associated with an increased incidence of lymphocytic
      thyroiditis (LT) in the BB/W rat, obese strain chicken, and hamster. The
      spontaneous incidence of LT in the Buffalo (Buf) rat is increased by neonatal
      thymectomy. In the present study, the effect of combined thymectomy and excess
      iodine ingestion on the incidence of LT in Buf rats has been examined. Buf rats
      were thymectomized at 1 day of age and randomized at 4 weeks of age to receive
      either standard rat chow with tap water (controls), or standard rat chow with
      0.05% iodine in the drinking water (iodine group) for 12 weeks. The serum was
      assayed for TSH, antithyroglobulin antibodies, and iodine. The thyroids were
      fixed in Bouin's solution and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and the
      presence of thyroiditis was determined. Iodine increased the incidence of LT from
      31% in the control group to 73% in the iodine-treated group (P less than 0.05).
      Serum TSH concentrations and levels of thyroglobulin antibodies were
      significantly higher in the iodine-treated rats, primarily due to the increased
      incidence of LT and subsequent iodine-induced hypothyroidism. These data suggest
      that iodine enhances the effect of neonatal thymectomy on LT in Buf rats and
      support the concept that iodine may play an important role in the expression of
      LT in predisposed animals.

PMID- 2401229
TI  - Identification of 3,3'-diiodothyroacetic acid sulfate: a major metabolite of
      3,3',5-triiodothyronine in propylthiouracil-treated rats.
AB  - The sulfate conjugate 3, [3'-125I] diiodothyroacetic acid (3,3'-TA2S) was
      discovered in plasma, and occasionally in bile, of 6-propyl-2-thiouracil-treated
      rats after administration of [125I]T3. The identification of this T3 metabolite
      was based on the following evidence: 1) the compound co-eluted in two different
      HPLC systems with synthetic 3,3'-TA2S; 2) its chromatographic behavior on
      Sephadex LH-20 was characteristic for a conjugated iodothyronine derivative; and
      3) the metabolite was hydrolyzed by arylsulfatase and the liberated product
      comigrated with synthetic 3,3'-TA2 on HPLC. Marked accumulation of 3,3'-TA2S was
      observed only in rats with impaired type I deidodinase activity but not in
      controls. Furthermore, plasma and biliary 3,3'-TA2S levels varied with the
      experimental conditions such as anesthesia, i.e. both were increased in ketamine
      anesthetized over pentobarbital-anesthetized animals. It was not possible to
      indicate the exact pathway through which 3,3'-TA2S is generated from T3; neither
      is it known how much of T3 is actually metabolized via 3,3'-TA2S. However, the
      significant plasma 3,3'-TA2S levels, even in unanesthetized animals, illustrate
      the physiological relevance of this T3 metabolite.

PMID- 2401230
TI  - Contrasting modulation by transforming growth factor-beta-1 of insulin-like
      growth factor-I production in osteoblasts and chondrocytes.
AB  - The importance of locally produced insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in
      connective tissues has recently been recognized. It has been postulated that the
      action of anabolic hormones on bone may be mediated through local IGF-I release.
      However, whether IGF-I can also be modulated by other locally acting cytokines
      has not been addressed. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) is a
      polypeptide thought to be involved in the regulation of tissue growth and repair.
      Although the occurrence of TGF beta is ubiquitous, particularly high amounts are
      found in bone and cartilage. In this study the effect of TGF beta-1 on
      immunoreactive IGF-I production by osteoblasts and chondrocytes was investigated
      and compared to that of PTH on osteoblasts or basic fibroblast growth factor
      (bFGF) on chondrocytes. Both TGF beta-1 and PTH stimulated IGF-I release from
      osteoblasts, which was further enhanced when both were consecutively present.
      Contrastingly, although bFGF stimulated IGF-I release by chondrocytes, TGF beta-1
      was inhibitory and also blunted the effect of bFGF when both were present
      concurrently. These findings demonstrate that the regulation of local IGF-I
      production in bone and cartilage may differ and illustrate the complex nature of
      local cytokine interactions.

PMID- 2401231
TI  - Thyroxine, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine concentrations
      in several tissues of the rat: effects of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone on
      thyroid hormone metabolism [corrected].
AB  - The effects of amiodarone, an iodinated antiarrhythmic drug, on thyroid hormone
      metabolism are known. It is not known whether the main metabolite,
      desethylamiodarone, is responsible. We investigated the influence of both
      compounds on the intracellular rT3, T4, and T3 concentrations in tissues of the
      rat, the source of T3 (plasma-derived vs. produced locally from T4) and T3 and T4
      production by the thyroid. Special attention is paid to the heart. We found that
      both amiodarone and desethylamiodarone cause a decrease in intracellular T3 in
      all tissues (P less than 0.001), in most tissues an increase in T4 and a greater
      increase in the rT3 concentration. Both compounds inhibit both deiodination (P
      less than 0.0001) and T3 production by the thyroid (P less than 0.0001); T4
      production was enhanced (P less than 0.05). In the heart a hypothyroid-like
      state, caused by decreased plasma-derived T3 (P less than 0.0001), was found. But
      a pool of T3 produced locally from T4 was present (21% of the total T3, P less
      than 0.01), which has never been demonstrated under normal conditions. This pool
      might play a role in the mechanism of action of the drugs. Differences between
      the drugs were organ-specific, but the effects of desethylamiodarone were as
      strong as or stronger than those of amiodarone. We conclude that
      desethylamiodarone was responsible for the changes, although the possibility of a
      common metabolite, generated later, has not been excluded.

PMID- 2401232
TI  - Glucocorticoid receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in different regions of human
      adipose tissue.
AB  - The expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) messenger RNA (mRNA) was
      investigated in sc adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes from the abdominal and
      gluteal regions in men and women using a human GR complementary RNA probe. GR
      mRNA levels were 2-fold higher in female than in male abdominal tissue or
      adipocytes, whereas in gluteal tissue or adipocytes no sex differences were
      observed. GR mRNA levels in female abdominal adipocytes were 50% higher than in
      corresponding female gluteal adipocytes; the opposite was observed corresponding
      in males. Northern blot analysis of total cellular RNA isolated from abdominal
      and gluteal adipocytes showed hybridization of the human GR probe to an RNA
      species of approximately 7.1 kilobases in both regions. No sex or regional
      differences in GR mRNA stability were observed. The human metallothionein II
      (hMTII) mRNA, which is regulated by glucocorticoids at the transcriptional level,
      showed an opposite sex and regional pattern as GR mRNA. However, in gluteal
      adipose tissue no sex differences were observed in hMTII mRNA levels. The
      expression of beta-actin mRNA, which is not regulated by glucocorticoids, showed
      no sex or regional variation. By immunocytochemistry, using an anti-GR-monoclonal
      antibody, cytoplasmic as well as nuclear staining for GR was demonstrated in both
      sexes and both regions. In conclusion, variations in GR mRNA levels between sexes
      and body regions may explain the well known sex and tissue differences in effects
      of glucocorticoids on human adipose tissue.

PMID- 2401234
TI  - Effect of ovine prolactin on tubulin function in the anterior pituitary lobe of
      the lactating rat.
AB  - Ovine PRL (oPRL) was employed to investigate the role of anterior pituitary lobe
      microtubules in suckling-induced PRL secretion in the lactating rat. Groups of
      primiparous rats on days 12-14 postpartum were isolated from their pups for 4-5
      h, then suckled for 10 min, and killed, and the anterior pituitary lobes were
      dissected out. Each pituitary lobe was processed to obtain the two tubulin pools,
      viz. soluble and polymerized tubulin fractions. After 10 min of suckling the
      pituitary soluble tubulin levels were reduced by about 25% (P less than 0.05),
      and polymerized tubulin levels increased by about 40% (P less than 0.05). When 3
      mg oPRL were injected 4 h before suckling, the suckling-induced rise in the
      polymerized tubulin levels in the anterior pituitary lobe as well as plasma PRL
      levels were significantly inhibited (P less than 0.05). In the suckled rats
      injected with oPRL a 25% reduction in the total tubulin levels (soluble and
      polymerized) was observed. In a second experiment, each anterior pituitary lobe
      obtained from groups of rats suckled for 10 min was processed to obtain the total
      tubulin fraction. Suckling for 10 min stimulated the in vitro assembly of total
      tubulin fraction into microtubules by about 150% (P less than 0.05); 3 mg oPRL
      injected 4 h before suckling inhibited the suckling-induced rise in tubulin
      assembly (P less than 0.05). In a third experiment, suckling for 10 min
      stimulated GTPase activity in the total tubulin fraction by about 60% (P less
      than 0.05). Administration of oPRL 4 h before suckling caused about an 80%
      increase in GTPase activity. At a 1:2000 dilution, antitubulin antibodies
      maximally inhibited GTPase activity by about 40%, suggesting that a significant
      proportion of the enzyme activity can be due to tubulin present in the pituitary.
      These results suggest that PRL secretion is coupled to pituitary microtubules and
      that in addition to tubulin, other GTP-binding proteins might be involved in PRL
      secretion.

PMID- 2401233
TI  - Interconversion of cortisol and cortisone in baboon trophoblast and decidua cells
      in culture.
AB  - In baboons, transplacental cortisol (F)/cortisone (E) metabolism changes from
      reduction (E to F) at midgestation to oxidation (F to E) near term when estrogen
      becomes elevated. Indeed, estrogen regulates the placental microsomal 11 beta
      hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD) enzyme catalyzing F oxidation.
      However, regulation of 11 beta-HSD-reductase (E to F) is unknown, because this
      enzyme is destroyed by microsomal isolation. Therefore, we used cell culture to
      determine the role of estrogen on placental reduction of E to F and to ascertain
      whether estrogen regulation of the oxidation of F to E was specific to
      trophoblast. Placentas were obtained on day 165 (n = 6; term, day 184) and on day
      100 of gestation from baboons untreated (n = 8) or treated (n = 6) with 50-mg
      implants of androstenedione (delta 4A) inserted sc in the mother between days 70
      and 100 of gestation to increase placental estrogen production. After removal of
      fetal membranes, the decidua basalis and trophoblast were separated, rinsed
      repeatedly in medium-199, minced, and then incubated in trypsin/DNase. Dispersed
      cells were layered onto a discontinuous Percoll gradient (5-70%), and purified
      cytotrophoblast (TC; 1.048-1.062 g/ml) and decidua (DC; 1.048-1.062 g/ml) were
      harvested. After incubation in media containing 10% fetal bovine serum to permit
      attachment, cells were incubated (24 h) in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
      containing 10,100, or 500 ng [3H]F or [3H]E. F and E in medium were purified by
      HPLC and the interconversion of F/E calculated. Equilibrium was achieved by 12 h,
      and F/E metabolism was proportional to cell number and substrate (10-500 ng)
      concentration. At substrate concentrations of 500 ng/ml, the reduction of E to F
      (range, 81-195 ng F produced/24 h) in the DC (0.5 x 10(6) cells) was greater (P
      less than 0.05) than oxidation of F to E (19-28 ng E/24 h) in all groups. This
      pattern of metabolism by DC was not affected by time of gestation or treatment
      with delta 4A. In the TC (2.5 x 10(6) cells), oxidation of F to E always exceeded
      (P less than 0.05) reduction of E to F. Moreover, the conversion of F to E by TC
      of day 100 (86 +/- 26 ng E/24 h; mean +/- SE) was increased (P less than 0.05) by
      delta 4A (195 +/- 35) and greater (P less than 0.05) at day 165 (213 +/- 40). In
      contrast, TC metabolism of E (21-57 ng F/24 h) was similar in all
      groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2401235
TI  - Anabolic effect of human synthetic parathyroid hormone-(1-34) depends on growth
      hormone.
AB  - We tested whether GH is required for the anabolic effect of PTH on bone, using
      sham-operated (sham) and hypophysectomized (HX) young male rats. HX rats were
      supplemented daily with 3% sucrose water, T4, and corticosterone. Rats received
      vehicle or human PTH-(1-34) at 8 micrograms/100 g, sc, once daily, alone or in
      combination with rat or ovine GH at 0.2 mg/100 g, sc, twice daily or 12
      micrograms ovine GH/100 g.day by continuous sc infusion. After 12 days, rats were
      sedated, and blood, femurs, and tibias were removed. Femur trabecular and
      cortical bone calcium (Ca), dry weight (DW), and hydroxyproline were measured.
      PTH increased bone Ca, DW, and hydroxyproline in shams by approximately 30%, but
      consistently failed to induce an anabolic response in HX rats. GH alone
      stimulated systemic growth in HX rats and increased their bone Ca and DW by 2
      fold. The anabolic effect of PTH was restored in HX rats given both PTH and GH.
      Total bone mass in these rats was approximately 20% more (P less than 0.05) than
      the bone mass of rats given GH alone. When food was restricted in shams to limit
      systemic growth, PTH still induced an increase in bone mass. We conclude that GH
      or GH-dependent factors, such as insulin-like growth factor-I, which increases in
      PTH-treated bones in vitro, are required for the anabolic response of bone to PTH
      in vivo.

PMID- 2401236
TI  - Prolactin proteolysis by glandular kallikrein: in vitro reaction requirements and
      cleavage sites, and detection of processed prolactin in vivo.
AB  - Glandular kallikrein (GK) is a trypsin-like serine protease characterized by an
      ability to generate bioactive peptides from inactive precursors with high
      specificity. In rat pituitary lactotrophs, GK is an estrogen-induced dopamine
      repressed protein which is coregulated with PRL and is localized in organelles
      associated with precursor processing, suggesting a function to process PRL to
      novel forms with unique biological activities. To investigate this hypothesis we
      studied the ability of GK to cleave PRL in vitro and also examined rat pituitary
      extracts for processed forms of PRL using Western blot analysis. GK did not
      cleave rat PRL under routine incubation conditions. However, GK converted PRL
      from a 25K form to a 22K form (by gel electrophoresis) in the presence of thiols
      (dithiothreitol or mercaptoethanol) and Triton X-100. These reagents appear to
      elicit proteolysis by altering PRL's conformation; thiols were essential for
      proteolysis and Triton X-100 enhanced the thiol effects. Sequencing of processed
      PRL revealed 3 cleavage sites: Arg174-Arg175,Lys185-Phe186, and Arg188-Cys189.
      The cleavage sites are clustered close to the C-terminus on a 16-amino acid
      domain bracketed by cysteine residues. The cleavage sites in PRL resemble those
      of other GK substrates in their structural features and are in a highly conserved
      domain of PRL. Western blot analysis of rat pituitary extracts using antiserum
      against rat PRL revealed 22K PRL variants that were highly estrogen dependent and
      whose levels were markedly increased by in vivo administration of cysteamine, a
      biological thiol known to alter pituitary PRL conformation in vivo. The 22K PRL
      variants comigrated with PRL bands generated by sequential in vitro processing
      with GK and carboxypeptidase-B. The present findings support the hypothesis that
      GK may function to process PRL to novel forms in rat lactotrophs.

PMID- 2401237
TI  - Characterization of the corticosteroid-binding globulin messenger ribonucleic
      acid response in the pregnant hamster.
AB  - In this study we measured corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) mRNA levels in
      liver and various nonhepatic tissues of pregnant and nonpregnant hamsters. The N
      terminal amino acid sequence (37 residues) of hamster CBG was determined and
      compared with published cDNA-deduced sequence information for rat and human CBG.
      Hamster CBG showed considerable sequence homology with both rat (70%) and human
      (59%) CBG. Because of the high level of homology, we were able to use a cRNA
      prepared from a rat CBG cDNA as a probe in Northern blot and solution
      hybridization analyses. Northern blots of hamster and rat liver RNA extracts
      revealed that the rat CBG cDNA probe hybridized to RNAs that were the same size
      in rats and hamsters. Further, the Northern blot showed that pregnant hamster
      liver contained substantially more CBG mRNA than nonpregnant hamster liver. The
      relative amounts of CBG mRNA in pregnant and nonpregnant hamster livers were
      compared using a solution hybridization assay. Slope-ratio analysis of the
      hybridization data revealed that pregnant hamster liver (day 14) contained 40
      fold more CBG mRNA than nonpregnant hamster liver. When other tissues (kidney,
      spleen, small intestine, and decidual tissue) were assayed for CBG mRNA, a small
      amount of hybridization was detected by solution hybridization. However, Northern
      blot analysis of RNA extracts from nonhepatic tissues showed that the
      hybridizable sequences did not migrate at the same position as mature CBG mRNA.
      These results indicate that the observed increase in serum CBG during hamster
      pregnancy is largely attributable to an increase in hepatic CBG mRNA.

PMID- 2401238
TI  - The production of transforming growth factor-beta by chick growth plate
      chondrocytes in short term monolayer culture.
AB  - Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) is capable of regulating the
      proliferation and phenotypic expression of growth plate chondrocytes in culture.
      Chondrocytes were isolated from the growth plates from the long bones of 3- to 5
      week-old chicks. Conditioned medium was harvested from short term monolayer
      cultures for the assay of TGF beta production by these cells. A receptor
      competition assay using [125I]TGF beta was used to quantitate the amount of TGF
      beta in the conditioned medium. Acid-activated conditioned medium contained 5.0
      +/- 0.4 ng/ml TGF beta, while conditioned medium that had not been exposed to
      acid had undetectable levels of the peptide by this assay. The initial cell
      plating density was inversely related to the amount of TGF beta produced on a per
      cell basis. Growth plate chondrocytes separated by countercurrent centrifugal
      elutriation into maturationally distinct subpopulations had different rates of
      TGF beta production; hypertropic chondrocytes produced significantly more TGF
      beta (4.5 ng/10(6) cells) than the smallest chondrocytes isolated (2.3 ng/10(6)
      cells). A variety of other growth mediators were tested for their ability to
      influence TGF beta production by chondrocytes, and it was found that only basic
      fibroblast growth factor could significantly influence TGF beta production,
      producing a 6-fold increase in TGF beta recovered in the conditioned medium. The
      production of TGF beta by growth plate chondrocytes implicates it as an important
      autocrine or paracrine regulator in the process of endochondral calcification.

PMID- 2401239
TI  - Differential androgen modulation of acid phosphatase isozymes in primary cultures
      of rat ventral prostate epithelial and stromal cells.
AB  - The influence of androgen on prostate differentiated cell function was
      investigated using primary cultures of rat ventral prostate epithelial and
      stromal cells developed from sexually immature animals (21 days of age). As a
      biochemical marker of androgen action, total acid phosphatase activity, which
      comprises both the secretory and lysosomal isoforms, was measured. Testosterone
      increased total acid phosphatase activity approximately 2-fold in epithelial cell
      cultures. This increase occurred only after the cessation of cell proliferation
      (i.e. upon reaching a confluent monolayer). In contrast, stromal cells showed no
      significant change in total acid phosphatase activity in response to androgen.
      Polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing of total acid phosphatase activity from
      epithelial and stromal cell extracts revealed that secretory acid phosphatase
      activity was localized exclusively in the epithelial cells while lysosomal acid
      phosphatase activity was present in both cell types. Furthermore, the androgen
      induced increases in epithelial total acid phosphatase activity were found to
      result from increases in the secretory isoform.

PMID- 2401240
TI  - Kindled seizures elevate blood pressure and induce cardiac arrhythmias.
AB  - The effect of kindled seizures on the cardiovascular system was examined in
      amygdaloid kindled rats. The most prominent cardiovascular response during a
      generalized kindled seizure was an abrupt 50% increase in mean arterial pressure
      (MAP) lasting 20-30 s after initiation of the seizure. Superimposed on this
      change in blood pressure (BP) was a profound bradycardia characterized by a rate
      about half that recorded before stimulation. Changes in heart rate (HR) and BP
      observed during amygdaloid kindled seizures were similar to those observed during
      secondary spontaneous seizures. These effects apparently are independent of the
      kindling stimulus because stimulus-induced cardiovascular changes were not
      present at the beginning of the kindling process. These results suggest that the
      kindling seizure model is useful to study the underlying mechanisms of seizure
      induced cardiac arrhythmias and possibly the clinical phenomenon of sudden
      unexplained death in epileptic patients.

PMID- 2401241
TI  - Effects of dextromethorphan, a nonopioid antitussive, on development and
      expression of amygdaloid kindled seizures.
AB  - The effects of dextromethorphan (DM), a nonopioid antitussive and a functional N
      methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, on expression and development of amygdaloid
      kindled seizures were examined. The maximum anticonvulsant effect of DM (30
      mg/kg) on fully kindled seizures appeared within 30 min of administration and
      lasted for at least 2 h. DM decreased, in a dose-dependent manner [10-70 mg/kg,
      intraperitoneally (i.p.)], the severity of kindled seizures 30 min after
      injection, but the estimated ED50 was 3 times higher than the previously reported
      value for maximal electroshock convulsions. Furthermore, the high dose (70
      mg/kg), while suppressing kindled seizures, produced myoclonus which coincided
      with EEG spike activity in the amygdala and the cortex. When tested on the
      development of kindling, 30 mg/kg DM retarded the growth of afterdischarge in the
      amygdala and the cortex, but had no effect on the development of behavioral
      seizures. DM 60 mg/kg accelerated development of kindling and produced
      spontaneous seizures. These results indicate that DM, unlike other NMDA
      antagonists, has a narrow therapeutic window as an anticonvulsant on kindled
      seizures and that higher doses may potentiate the kindling process.

PMID- 2401242
TI  - Inhibition of N6-[3H]cyclohexyladenosine binding by carbamazepine.
AB  - The mechanism of action of carbamazepine (CBZ) (Tegretol), despite widespread use
      in the management of partial and tonic-clonic seizures in adults, is not
      completely understood. In animals, adenosine and adenosine analogues have
      anticonvulsant effects that may be due to interactions with central A1 adenosine
      receptors. CBZ (at therapeutically relevant concentrations) inhibits the binding
      of agonists and antagonists to brain A1 adenosine receptors, but whether as an
      agonist/antagonist is not clear. The adenosine agonist, N6
      [3H]cyclohexyladenosine ([3H]CHA), binds to membranes from rat cortex and
      hippocampus at two nanomolar binding sites or states. To clarify the actions of
      carbamazepine at the A1 adenosine receptor, its inhibitory actions were compared
      with those of known adenosine agonists and xanthine antagonists using 0.1
      nM[3H]CHA, in which almost all binding is to the higher affinity state, or 10 nM
      [3H]CHA, in which there is a substantial contribution of binding from both
      states. The ratios of the IC50 values (concentration that inhibits specific
      binding by 50%) at 10 nM [3H]CHA to the IC50 values at 0.1 nM [3H]CHA were 18-31
      for the agonists and 4-10 for the xanthine antagonists. CBZ had a ratio of 3. The
      inhibitory effects of GTP on [3H]CHA binding were less in the presence of the
      adenosine agonist, 2-chloroadenosine than were inhibitory effects in the presence
      of the xanthine antagonist theophylline or CBZ in both cortex and hippocampus.
      These in vitro studies indicate that CBZ is an antagonist at A1 adenosine
      receptors in cerebral cortical and hippocampal membranes from rat brain. Agonist
      activity at A1 adenosine receptors would have been compatible with the sedative
      anticonvulsant effects of CBZ, but these data do not support a role of the
      anticonvulsant action of carbamazepine on A1 adenosine receptors in cerebral
      cortex or hippocampus.

PMID- 2401244
TI  - Comfortable insertion of sphenoidal electrodes in children.

PMID- 2401243
TI  - Electrical stimulation of the human brain in epilepsy.
AB  - The concordance between the epileptogenic area as determined by intracranially
      recorded spontaneous seizure onset and that determined by electrically induced
      auras or seizures in 126 patients with medically intractable epilepsy was
      studied. Four to 11 multicontact depth electrodes were chronically implanted in
      patients as part of a preoperative investigation procedure. Localization of the
      epileptic area was obtained from the recording of three spontaneous seizures and
      from stimulation data including self-reported auras, seizures, and intracranial
      EEG afterdischarges recorded during an incremental stimulation sequence at all
      cortical pairs of contacts. Positive responses to stimulation were obtained in
      63% of patients. Concordance between spontaneous and induced auras or seizures
      was greater than 90% with single unilateral foci and less with multiple foci.
      Stimulation data reliably predicted the resection area in unilateral and
      bilateral temporal foci but not in other locations. Afterdischarge thresholds
      were not reliable predictors of the spontaneous seizure focus. The intracranial
      stimulation procedure used appears to provide useful confirmatory and
      complementary localizing information in relation to that obtained from
      spontaneous seizures.

PMID- 2401245
TI  - Methohexital (Brevital) effect on electrocorticogram may be misleading.
AB  - Intravenous (i.v.) methohexital (MTH, Brevital) was found to have an effect on
      the intraoperative electrocorticogram (ECOG) of 63 patients who had temporal
      lobectomies performed under general anesthesia for intractable complex partial
      seizures. In the preresection ECOG, MTH increased the frequency of spikes in 78%,
      the area of cortical spiking in 30% and induced seemingly "new" spike foci in
      43%. Similar although less dramatic changes occurred in the final (i.e.,
      postresection) ECOG. Whether these changes induced by MTH, specifically the new
      spike foci, are significant was assessed by correlating surgical results with the
      presence of "residual spikes" (i.e., after all resections, not spontaneously
      occurring but activated by MTH). Surprisingly, nine patients with residual "MTH
      spikes" did not have any postoperative seizures whereas two had some. This raises
      the question of whether MTH effects are significant overall. Caution is advised
      in the use of MTH in intraoperative assessment of interictal spike fields,
      especially when new spike foci are activated. Further study of the possibility of
      false activation, with a larger series, is advised.

PMID- 2401246
TI  - Nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia with short-lasting attacks: three cases with
      evidence for an epileptic frontal lobe origin of seizures.
AB  - The epileptic or nonepileptic origin of nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia (NPD) has
      been debated. We studied three patients with frequent attacks during non-REM
      sleep. During prolonged video-EEG monitoring, two patients had a convulsive
      seizure after a typical NPD episode and on these occasions EEG showed
      epileptiform discharge. In the three patients, attacks occurred repeatedly with
      different intensity, representing "fragments" of the same seizure. These
      fragments of the attack could occur periodically every 20-40 s. We postulate that
      short NPD attacks are actually epileptic seizures originating from the frontal
      lobes. The rhythmicity of the episodes may be due to rhythmic oscillation of
      cortical function during non-REM sleep.

PMID- 2401247
TI  - Trisomy 12p syndrome: a chromosomal disorder associated with generalized 3-Hz
      spike and wave discharges.
AB  - Three cases (2 boys, 1 girl) of trisomy 12p syndrome are reported. In two, the
      disorder is caused by a malsegregation of a maternal translocation, the karyotype
      being 46,XY,der(18),t(12;18)(p11;q23) (case 2) and 46,XX,-10,+
      der(10),t(10;12)(p15;p11) (case 3). Case 1 is a de novo case with a regular
      trisomy 12p in the fibroblasts: 47,XY + (12pter----12 cen. . .?) and a mosaic
      trisomy 12p in lymphocytes: 46,XY/47,XY, + (12pter----12 cen. . .?). In all
      cases, the EEG showed 3-Hz generalized spike and wave (SW) discharges.
      Generalized epilepsy with myoclonic seizures was present in two patients (cases 1
      and 2), who may be considered to have a symptomatic generalized epilepsy with a
      specific etiology. Case 3 has shown only febrile seizures. Any association
      between the excess of genetic material and the EEG trait "generalized SW" might
      not be a chance occurrence in this disorder; however, both EEG findings and
      clinical features (seizure type and frequency) in the 23 cases reported in the
      literature are too scanty to allow confirmation of such an association.

PMID- 2401248
TI  - Factors predictive of seizures among intensive care unit patients with gram
      negative infections.
AB  - From the medical records of 238 intensive care unit (ICU) patients who had
      infections with gram-negative pathogens commonly associated with serious illness,
      we developed a predictive score of clinical risk factors for seizures. To
      evaluate the predictive ability of this score, we applied it to a separate
      population of 645 seriously ill hospitalized patients with similar gram-negative
      infections who were in antibiotic clinical trials. The patients at highest risk
      were classified into one of the following three categories: (a) patients with
      major central nervous system (CNS) insults (CNS surgery, hemorrhage, infection,
      or other lesion within 1 month before hospital admission or any history of CNS
      neoplasia), (b) patients with a predisposing factor (renal impairment or a
      history of seizures) plus a precipitating factor (anoxic encephalopathy/coma or
      an acute hypotensive episode), and (c) patients with both renal impairment and a
      history of seizures. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were
      calculated in each of the two populations. The area under the ROC curve (AUC)
      represents the probability that the score would rank a randomly chosen patient
      who subsequently had a seizure as having had a greater prior level of seizure
      risk than a randomly chosen patient who did not experience a seizure. The AUC was
      0.87 (SE = 0.05) for the original population used to develop the score and 0.81
      (SE = 0.04) for the population used for the validation study. The clinical risk
      score, based on readily available information, provides a useful means to
      identify among seriously ill infectious disease service patients, those who are
      at highest risk for seizures. It also serves as a baseline for evaluating the non
      drug-related risk factors for seizures in patients treated with antibiotics.

PMID- 2401249
TI  - Absolute bioavailability of phenytoin after 3-phosphoryloxymethyl phenytoin
      disodium (ACC-9653) administration to humans.
AB  - 3-Phosphoryloxymethyl phenytoin disodium (ACC-9653) is a water-soluble
      investigational phenytoin (PHT) prodrug for parenteral administration. The
      objectives of this investigation were to determine the absolute bioavailability
      and free fraction of PHT after intravenous (i.v.) administration of ACC-9653.
      Twelve healthy male volunteers received PHT sodium (250 mg/5 ml; 229.95 mg free
      acid) and ACC-9653 (375 mg/5 ml; 232.87 mg free acid) i.v. in 30 min in a
      randomized, double-blind cross-over fashion. The conversion half-life (t 1/2) of
      ACC-9653 to PHT was 9.3 +/- 2.7 min. ACC-9653 was not detected in urine and
      greater than 99% of ACC-9653 was converted to PHT. The PHT area under the curve
      (AUC) was not statistically different between treatments; the bioavailability of
      PHT after ACC-9653 was 99 +/- 11%. The fraction of unbound converted PHT at the
      end of the prodrug infusion, in the presence of 44 micrograms/ml ACC-9653, was
      significantly higher than at 180 min, when the concentration of ACC-9653 was 0.1
      microgram/ml. ACC-9653 was shown to be a bioequivalent PHT prodrug exhibiting
      less irritation at the injection site than the current marketed PHT.

PMID- 2401250
TI  - Mortality of a cohort of workers in the styrene-butadiene polymer manufacturing
      industry (1943-1982).
AB  - A cohort of 12,110 male workers employed 1 or more years in eight styrene
      butadiene polymer (SBR) manufacturing plants in the United States and Canada has
      been followed for mortality over a 40-year period, 1943 to 1982. The all-cause
      mortality of these workers was low [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) = 0.81]
      compared to that of the general population. However, some specific sites of
      cancers had SMRs that exceeded 1.00. These sites were then examined by major work
      divisions. The sites of interest included leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in
      whites. The SMRs for cancers of the digestive tract were higher than expected,
      especially esophageal cancer in whites and stomach cancer in blacks. The SMR for
      arteriosclerotic heart disease in black workers was significantly higher than
      would be expected based on general population rates. Employees were assigned to a
      work area based on job longest held. The SMRs for specific diseases differed by
      work area. Production workers showed increased SMRs for hematologic neoplasms and
      maintenance workers, for digestive cancers. A significant excess SMR for
      arteriosclerotic heart disease occurred only in black maintenance workers,
      although excess mortality from this disease occurred in blacks regardless of
      where they worked the longest. A significant excess SMR for rheumatic heart
      disease was associated with work in the combined, all-other work areas. For many
      causes of death, there were significant deficits in the SMRs.

PMID- 2401251
TI  - Occupational exposure of workers to 1,3-butadiene.
AB  - Researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
      (NIOSH) conducted an extent-of-exposure study of the 1,3-butadiene monomer,
      polymer, and end-user industries to determine the size of the exposed workforce,
      evaluate control technologies and personal protective equipment programs, and
      assess occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene. A new analytical method was
      developed for 1,3-butadiene that increased the sensitivity and selectivity of the
      previous NIOSH method. The new method is sensitive to 0.2 microgram per 1,3
      butadiene sample. Walk-through surveys were conducted in 11 monomer, 17 polymer,
      and 2 end-user plants. In-depth industrial hygiene surveys were conducted at 4
      monomer, 5 polymer, and 2 end-user plants. Airborne exposure concentrations of
      1,3-butadiene were determined using personal sampling for each job category. A
      total of 692 full shift and short-term personnel and 259 area air samples were
      examined for the presence of 1,3-butadiene. Sample results indicated that all
      worker exposures were well below the current OSHA PEL of 1000 ppm. Exposures
      ranged from less than 0.006 ppm to 374 ppm. The average exposure for all samples
      was less than 2 ppm. The present American Conference of Governmental Industrial
      Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit value for 1,3-butadiene is 10 ppm. To reduce
      the potential for occupational exposure, it is recommended that quality control
      sampling be conducted using a closed loop system. Also all process pumps should
      be retrofitted with dual mechanical seals, magnetic gauges should be used in
      loading and unloading rail cars, and engineering controls should be designed for
      safely voiding quality control cylinders.

PMID- 2401252
TI  - An update on mortality among workers at a 1,3-butadiene facility--preliminary
      results.
AB  - This is a cohort study of 2582 male workers employed at least 6 months between
      1943 and 1979 at a 1,3-butadiene manufacturing facility. An earlier report on
      mortality through 1979 found a statistically significant deficit for all causes
      of death and lower than expected mortality for most of the leading causes of
      death. However, there was a statistically significant excess of deaths from
      lymphosarcoma. This report is a preliminary update of cohort information through
      1985 and also a reanalysis of mortality. The all-causes standardized mortality
      ratio is 84 and that for all cancers is 80. These are statistically significant
      deficits; significant deficits were also seen for all cancer of the digestive
      system and all external causes of death. One additional death from lymphosarcoma
      was observed during the extended follow-up period giving a statistically
      significant standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 229. The increase was
      concentrated in those employed less than 10 years and in those first employed
      before 1946. No increase was seen overall for leukemia (SMR = 102).

PMID- 2401253
TI  - Future directions in epidemiologic studies of 1,3-butadiene-exposed workers.
AB  - To date, epidemiologic research on 1,3-butadiene has consisted of cohort
      mortality studies of workers in the styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and butadiene
      monomer industries. These studies have been extremely useful both in defining the
      focus on human health effects to the lymphopoietic cancers and in providing a
      perspective on which to evaluate the available animal models for human risk
      assessment. The next step for epidemiologic research will involve a lymphopoietic
      cancer case control approach to enable a more precise assessment of whether there
      is a relationship between 1,3-butadiene exposure and lymphopoietic cancer. In
      addition, periodic mortality updates of the 1,3-butadiene-exposed worker cohorts
      will be important to monitor trends in lymphopoietic cancer rates and to ensure
      that other cancers with long latency do not begin to show elevated rates. This
      paper describes an industry-sponsored program of case-control and cohort
      mortality update studies along with the critical elements in research design and
      analysis for each study. Epidemiological studies will play an important role in
      testing hypotheses developed from toxicological studies about potential
      biological mechanisms of 1,3-butadiene carcinogenesis in humans.

PMID- 2401254
TI  - OSHA's approach to risk assessment for setting a revised occupational exposure
      standard for 1,3-butadiene.
AB  - In its 1980 benzene decision [Industrial Union Department, ALF-CIO v. American
      Petroleum Institute, 448 U.S. 607 (1980)], the Supreme Court ruled that "before
      he can promulgate any permanent health or safety standard, the Secretary [of
      Labor] is required to make a threshold finding that a place of employment is
      unsafe--in the sense that significant risks are present and can be lessened by a
      change in practices" (448 U.S. at 642). The Occupational Safety and Health
      Administration (OSHA) has interpreted this to mean that whenever possible, it
      must quantify the risk associated with occupational exposure to a toxic substance
      at the current permissible exposure limit (PEL). If OSHA determines that there is
      significant risk to workers' health at its current standard, then it must
      quantify the risk associated with a variety of alternative standards to determine
      at what level, if any, occupational exposure to a substance no longer poses a
      significant risk. For rulemaking on occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene, there
      are two studies that are suitable for quantitative risk assessment. One is a
      mouse inhalation bioassay conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP), and
      the other is a rat inhalation bioassay conducted by Hazelton Laboratories Europe.
      Of the four risk assessments that have been submitted to OSHA, all four have used
      the mouse and/or rat data with a variety of models to quantify the risk
      associated with occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene. In addition, OSHA has
      performed its own risk assessment using the female mouse and female rat data and
      the one-hit and multistage models.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401256
TI  - Food systems: perspectives on demographics and affluence, food supply and
      consumption.
AB  - Global population may double by 2020 but the Malthusian specter of rapid
      population growth outracing slower increases in production will continue to be a
      false alarm. A vast array of agricultural technologies have the capacity to
      increase output 10-fold, perhaps as much as 100-fold. Discovery of a sweetener
      54,000 times sweeter than sucrose (cane or beet sugar) indicates the magnitude of
      prodigious increases portended by new technologies. Productive agriculture,
      however, has become capital intense, limiting its availability in poorer nations.
      Increased production is the key to low prices and affordable supplies. In a world
      continuing to face starvation, there is no place for government policies
      purposely limiting supplies and artificially propping prices at high levels that
      place life-sustaining food beyond means of the poor. Affluence provides financial
      wherewithal to secure an adequate diet. Unfortunately, an estimated 25% of the
      world's population go hungry and face starvation. The specter of starvation may
      afflict as many as 600 million, and malnutrition, another 150 million by the year
      2020. Improving self-sufficiency in these nations will remain a top humanitarian
      concern.

PMID- 2401255
TI  - Inhalation toxicity and carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene in Sprague-Dawley rats.
AB  - A 2-year inhalation study was conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats with 1,3
      butadiene. Groups of 110 male and 110 female rats inhaled 1,3-butadiene at 0,
      1000, or 8000 ppm for 6hr/day, 5 days/week. Interim clinical pathology,
      neuromuscular, and histopathology investigations were carried out. The study
      terminated at 20 to 25% survival (105 weeks for females, 111 weeks for males).
      Following exposure to 1,3-butadiene there were no effects on hematology, blood
      chemistry, urine analysis, and neuromuscular function that definitely could be
      associated with treatment. Treatment was associated with changes in clinical
      condition, suppression of body weight gain, reduced survival, and increases in
      certain organ weights and in both common and uncommon tumor types. Although the
      biological interpretation of the significance of some of the tumor types is
      equivocal, the evidence suggests that the test article is an oncogen to the rat
      under the conditions of exposure used in this study, and the mechanism is more
      likely to be an indirect effect through the endocrine system, rather than a
      direct effect through the production of reactive metabolites.

PMID- 2401257
TI  - Agricultural production systems and environmental health.
AB  - By the turn of the century, American farmers and ranchers will be producing food
      and fiber through the application of highly sophisticated systems that involve a
      broad spectrum of relevant factors--from soil type, to options for fertilizer and
      pesticide use, to markets and other economic information. These systems will help
      farmers and ranchers better match land use to land capability, apply needed
      conservation practices, make environmentally sound production choices, and lower
      production costs. Most importantly, they will aid in selecting the best
      combinations of chemical and the biological means for producing and protecting
      plants and animals. The systems will also help complement currently available and
      new classes of chemicals with biological control mechanisms such as natural
      predators and naturally occurring protective phenomena such as allelopathy and
      other forms of resistance to insects, weeds, and disease. Additionally, they will
      incorporate the use of biodegradable, slow-release, or timed-release natural and
      synthetic pest control materials. Also, scientists will increasingly emphasize
      nutrition and food safety in the development of plant and animal germplasm and
      production and processing methods.

PMID- 2401258
TI  - Influence of food-environment interactions on health in the twenty-first century.
AB  - The quality and safety of foods are affected by the environment, and the quality
      and safety of the environment are, in turn, affected by foods and food
      processing. To explore these interrelationships, as they might exist in the
      twenty-first century, one must speculate regarding future changes in foods and
      food processing. Several trends in food processing seem likely to predominate
      into the twenty-first century, and they will be, for the most part, evolutionary
      in nature and of low consumer visibility. These trends are greater use of foods
      marketed in a refrigerated state, greater use of irradiation and combination
      processes, greater automation and optimization of processes, and greater use of
      biotechnology. It is also reasonable to assume that food products of the
      following types will increase in importance, namely, those that are convenient
      (includes eating away from home), those that are tailored to specific dietary
      needs, those containing chemically modified components such as altered proteins
      and carbohydrates, and fabricated foods. If these trends in foods and food
      processes prevail then concern must be directed to the following areas:
      Microbiological concerns--refrigerated foods; food service operations; new or
      altered procedures for processing, handling and storing foods; and new foods or
      food formulations; attention must be given both to controlling known pathogens as
      well as newly perceived pathogens. Chemical concerns--toxicants occurring
      naturally in foods; contaminants; chemicals developing in foods during
      processing, handling and storage; chemicals used in fabricated foods; and
      chemicals of newly perceived importance, especially those having adverse, covert
      effects. Several of these chemical concerns are influenced in seriousness by
      composition of the food environment.

PMID- 2401259
TI  - Food systems: the relationship between health and food science/technology.
AB  - Changes in our understanding of diet and health drive changes in the way foods
      are processed. Conversely, what is available on the shelf will have an impact on
      the choices consumers make, thereby affecting their health. Historical examples
      of industrial manipulation of the diet include fortification and enrichment of
      cereal grains with vitamins; increased production of unsaturated vegetable oils
      and margarine as substitutions for hydrogenated fat, lard, and butter; lowered
      cholesterol content foods; reduced sugar content foods; lower sodium foods;
      decreased portion sizes or caloric density in prepackaged foods for use in weight
      loss or maintenance; and increased calcium levels to prevent osteoporosis.
      However, degenerative diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, bone disease,
      arthritis, and dementia will continue to be prevalent in the future. Whether or
      not the food systems available on the shelf can influence all of these disease
      states is not clear; however, studies have indicated that nutritional factors do
      contribute to the development of some of these diseases. Patterns in food
      consumption have changed and will continue to change as recommendations such as
      decreased consumption of saturated fats, salt, and cholesterol continue to be
      made. Increased ingestion of fish and/or fish oil is one recommendation that has
      been suggested because of the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on platelet
      aggregability and circulating levels of lipids. Wildly speculating from
      preliminary studies, fish oil has also been recommended for disease states
      including arthritis, cancer, and diseases of the immune system.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401260
TI  - What should be done to mitigate groundwater contamination?
AB  - Groundwater contamination is a serious problem that is growing in the United
      States, but its true extent is not known and it is difficult to determine because
      of the complexities of contaminants, their transformation, and fate in
      groundwater systems. It is also difficult to predict their movement in
      groundwater. Since we know that the problem is serious and that our needs for
      groundwater will grow, the mitigation of groundwater contamination, despite the
      high cost, is necessary. Furthermore, it is very difficult to predict effects on
      human health because they have not been defined for many of the chemicals.
      Antagonism and synergistic effects of interacting chemicals have not been
      determined because they are complicated by many factors, for example, volatile
      organic compounds. The effects of leachates in groundwaters entering streams on
      the riverine environment and aquatic life have not been determined. Successful
      mitigation requires that we determine which microbial and chemical contaminants
      are the most serious threats to human health, develop the technology to
      biologically, chemically, and physically transform hazardous waste into
      nonhazardous materials; develop the technology to properly contain hazardous
      materials and to remediate contamination, and determine the effects of those
      hazardous materials on soils and water microorganisms and macroorganisms. Our
      challenge is how can we immobilize or destroy groundwater contaminants so that
      they will not enter groundwater, or if they enter groundwater, are confined and
      destroyed.

PMID- 2401261
TI  - Fish health and environmental health.
AB  - Surveys conducted to evaluate the health of marine-bottom fishes have been
      conducted in the eastern and western North Atlantic for the past 15 years,
      usually in conjunction with fish stock assessment cruises. The health of the fish
      sampled was evaluated using certain integumental and skeletal lesions and
      anomalies as markers to signify compromised health status. The results of these
      surveys indicate that fish health is poorer in coastal waters that have been
      anthropogenically degraded. Monitoring programs to determine the status and
      trends in levels of inorganic and organic contaminants in fish tissue and
      sediments have disclosed high levels of chemical contaminants in several coastal
      areas of the northeastern United States. Histopathological examinations of liver
      tissues of winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, from Boston Harbor,
      one of the more chemically contaminated sites, has revealed a high prevalence of
      hepatocarcinoma.

PMID- 2401262
TI  - Some public attitudes about health and the environment.
AB  - Public opinion is formed both by long-term developments and--at the other extreme
      -by single unanticipated events. This suggests that readers of opinion survey
      findings should note field interviewing dates and further determine what the news
      media have been reporting about relevant developments and events. Personal health
      and the cost of health care are high on the public's agenda; this is an important
      backdrop to a review of public attitudes and priorities related to health and the
      environment. What about the environment? Americans increasingly believe that we
      are not spending enough on environmental protection and improvement. The public
      thinks of environmentalists in a favorable light, and a very sizeable minority
      believe they have too little influence--the same number who feel it's "about
      right." Our surveys have shown that the more people perceive an environmental
      threat to their safety, well-being and health, the more they will want regulation
      or industry action to meet the threat. High on the public's anxiety list are
      hazardous wastes (especially their disposal) and the transport and use of toxic
      materials in manufacturing and processing, industrial accidents involving the
      release of pollutants, the leakage of chemical waste into the soil, and the
      pollution of water and air from industrial sources. Our data support the
      assumption that for the foreseeable future these and certain other ecological
      dangers will be seen as serious by large majorities of Americans. For example,
      even the safety of drinking water has slowly become more questionable in the
      public's mind.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401264
TI  - Shelter and indoor air.
AB  - Improvements in outdoor air quality that were achieved through the implementation
      of the Clean Air Act accentuate the quality of the indoor air as an important, if
      not dominant, factor in the determination of the total population exposure to air
      contaminants. A number of developments are adding important new determinants of
      indoor air quality. Energy conservation strategies require reductions in
      infiltration of outdoor air into buildings. New materials introduced in the
      construction and in the maintenance of buildings are contributing new air
      contaminants into the building atmosphere. Larger buildings require more and more
      complex ventilation systems that are less and less under the individual control
      of the occupants. All of these factors contribute to the current reality that
      indoor air contains more pollutants, and often at higher concentrations, than
      outdoor air. Especially in the larger buildings, it will be necessary to assure
      that an adequate quantity of fresh air of acceptable quality is provided to each
      individual space, and that no new sources of pollutants are added to a space or a
      whole building without appropriate adjustments in the supply of fresh air.

PMID- 2401263
TI  - Inhalation toxicology and carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene in B6C3F1 mice
      following 65 weeks of exposure.
AB  - 1,3-Butadiene, a large-production volume chemical used mainly in the manufacture
      of synthetic rubber, was found to induce multiple-organ carcinogenicity in male
      and female B6C3F1 mice at exposure concentrations (625 and 1250 ppm) equivalent
      to and below the OSHA standard of 1000 ppm. Since this study was terminated after
      60 weeks of exposure because of reduced survival due to fatal tumors, and because
      dose-response relationships for 1,3-butadiene-induced neoplastic and
      nonneoplastic lesions were not clearly established, a second long-term inhalation
      study of 1,3-butadiene in B6C3F1 mice was conducted at lower exposure
      concentrations, ranging from 6.25 to 625 ppm. Both the histopathological findings
      from animals dying through week 65 and the results of evaluations of animals
      exposed for 40 and 65 weeks are presented in this report. Exposure to 1,3
      butadiene caused a regenerative anemia at concentrations of 62.5 ppm and higher.
      Testicular atrophy was induced at 625 ppm, and ovarian atrophy was observed at 20
      ppm and higher. During the first 50 weeks of the study, lymphocytic lymphoma was
      the major cause of death of mice exposed to 625 ppm 1,3-butadiene. Neoplasms of
      the heart, forestomach, lung, Harderian gland, mammary gland, ovary, and liver
      were frequently observed in 1,3-butadiene-exposed mice that died between week 40
      and week 65 of the study. Studies in which exposure to 1,3-butadiene was stopped
      after limited periods were also included to assess the relationship between
      exposure levels and duration of exposures on the outcome of 1,3-butadiene-induced
      carcinogenicity. In these studies, lymphocytic lymphomas were induced in male
      mice exposed to 625 ppm 1,3-butadiene for only 13 weeks. The incidence of
      lymphocytic lymphoma in male mice exposed to 625 ppm 1,3-butadiene for 26 weeks
      was two times that in mice exposed to 625 ppm for 13 weeks. However, when the
      exposure concentration was reduced by half to 312 ppm and the exposure duration
      extended to 52 weeks, the incidence of lymphocytic lymphoma was reduced by 90%.
      Thus, the multiple of the exposure concentration times the exposure duration did
      not predict the incidence of lymphocytic lymphoma in mice. The early mortalities
      resulting from lymphocytic lymphomas in male mice exposed to 625 ppm 1,3
      butadiene limited the expression of tumors at other sites. A clearer dose
      response for 1,3-butadiene-induced neoplasia should be apparent from experiments
      in mice exposed to lower concentrations of this chemical for 2 years.

PMID- 2401265
TI  - Shelter and indoor air in the twenty-first century--radon, smoking, and lung
      cancer risks.
AB  - Recognition that radon and its daughter products may accumulate to high levels in
      homes and in the workplace has led to concern about the potential lung cancer
      risk resulting from indoor domestic exposure. While such risks can be estimated
      with current dosimetric and epidemiological models for excess relative risks, it
      must be recognized that these models are based on data from occupational exposure
      and from underground miners' mortality experience. Several assumptions are
      required to apply risk estimates from an occupational setting to the indoor
      domestic environment. Analyses of the relevant data do not lead to a conclusive
      description of the interaction between radon daughters and cigarette smoking for
      the induction of lung cancer. The evidence compels the conclusion that indoor
      radon daughter exposure in homes represents a potential life-threatening public
      health hazard, particularly in males, and in cigarette smokers. Resolution of
      complex societal interactions will require public policy decisions involving the
      governmental, scientific, financial, and industrial sectors. These decisions
      impact the home, the workplace, and the marketplace, and they extend beyond the
      constraints of science. Risk identification, assessment, and management require
      scientific and engineering approaches to guide policy decisions to protect the
      public health. Mitigation and control procedures are only beginning to receive
      attention. Full acceptance for protection against what could prove to be a
      significant public health hazard in the twenty-first century will certainly
      involve policy decisions, not by scientists, but rather by men and women of
      government and law.

PMID- 2401266
TI  - Shelter for the twenty-first century.
AB  - Housing for the twenty-first century will be shaped by the changes that are
      occurring in society. These include the demographics of the occupant, the
      products and materials used for construction and furnishing, and the basic use of
      the structure. An aging population will have different demands on design and
      function. The health concerns of an aging population encompass chronic
      degenerative diseases as well as injury. The lessons of the past must make us
      mindful that chronic, low-level exposures to substances can occur at home.
      Products and materials used in homes can release vapors that may affect
      immunologic and neurologic function. Manifestations of dysfunctions will be more
      important as our population ages and if there is a continued reliance on new
      chemical formulation for products used in homes and workplaces. The future
      portends changes in functional use of residences. Electronic communications and
      robotics will decentralize our work force. Manufacturing or office functions will
      occur at home. This will present new challenges for health and safety for both
      monitoring and prevention.

PMID- 2401267
TI  - Microelectronics, radiation, and superconductivity.
AB  - Among the costs of technology are health hazards that face employees and
      consumers. New advances in the highly competitive field of microelectronics
      involve exposure to a variety of hazards such as gallium arsenide. Small high
      technology industries appear unprepared to invest in health and safety. Although
      stray electromagnetic fields are not a new development, researchers are beginning
      to assemble data indicating that such fields pose a significant cancer risk under
      certain circumstances. Data have been obtained on fields associated with power
      lines on the one hand and consumer products on the other. Although not
      conclusive, the data are sufficient to warrant carefully designed research into
      the risks posed by electromagnetic fields. Because the scientific issues require
      research, there is a need to make basic social value decisions that will
      determine which technologies will be developed and which ones may be set aside
      because of their danger at the present time.

PMID- 2401268
TI  - Environmental and workplace contamination in the semiconductor industry:
      implications for future health of the workforce and community.
AB  - The semiconductor industry has been an enormous worldwide growth industry. At the
      heart of computer and other electronic technological advances, the environment in
      and around these manufacturing facilities has not been scrutinized to fully
      detail the health effects to the workers and the community from such exposures.
      Hazard identification in this industry leads to the conclusion that there are
      many sources of potential exposure to chemicals including arsenic, solvents,
      photoactive polymers and other materials. As the size of the semiconductor work
      force expands, the potential for adverse health effects, ranging from transient
      irritant symptoms to reproductive effects and cancer, must be determined and
      control measures instituted. Risk assessments need to be effected for areas where
      these facilities conduct manufacturing. The predominance of women in the
      manufacturing areas requires evaluating the exposures to reproductive hazards and
      outcomes. Arsenic exposures must also be evaluated and minimized, especially for
      maintenance workers; evaluation for lung and skin cancers is also appropriate.

PMID- 2401269
TI  - Cytogenetic studies in human populations exposed to gas leak at Bhopal, India.
AB  - Frequencies of chromosomal abnormalities, sister chromatid exchanges, and
      replicative index were assessed following peripheral lymphocyte culture in 129
      individuals from Bhopal, India. Of these, 83 persons (40 male and 43 female) had
      been exposed directly to the methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas after the accident at
      the Union Carbide plant on December 2 and 3, 1984. The remaining 46 samples were
      taken from age-matched unexposed persons in the same city. Chromosome aberrations
      were recorded at first cycle metaphase (M1) and sister chromatid exchanges, at
      second cycle metaphase (M2), following standard schedule. The frequency of
      chromosomal aberrations was, in general, higher in individuals from the exposed
      populations, with the females showing a higher incidence. Nondisjunction of
      chromosomes or laggard was rare. The frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges
      and depression in mitotic and replicative indices could not be related to
      exposure or sex. The persistence of chromosomal abnormalities in the form of
      replicating minutes and exchange configurations, even 1114 days after exposure to
      the gas, may indicate a residual effect on T-cell precursors.

PMID- 2401270
TI  - Suppression of alveolar macrophage membrane receptor-mediated phagocytosis by
      model and actual particle-adsorbate complexes. Initial contact with the alveolar
      macrophage membrane.
AB  - Alveolar macrophages were treated with carbon blacks and adsorbates in order to
      evaluate the biologic effect of adsorbate, adsorbent and adsorbate-adsorbent
      complexes. Their capacity to phagocytize a subsequent challenge via the Fc
      membrane receptor was quantified. Phagocytosis was suppressed in a dose-related
      manner with increasing concentrations of both carbon blacks and adsorbates.
      Carbon black N339 covered with 0.5 monolayers of the adsorbates suppressed
      phagocytosis more than N339 without the adsorbates. Increasing the adsorbate
      acrolein coverage from 0.5 to greater than 2.0 monolayers suppressed phagocytosis
      in a dose-related manner. Finally, samples of diesel particulate matter collected
      from an engine operated on a pure hydrocarbon fuel with various oxidizers, air
      (PSU #1) and an oxidizer free of nitrogen (N-free) were tested. Treatment of the
      macrophages with PSU #1 had a negligible effect on phagocytosis whereas the N
      free sample suppressed phagocytosis in a dose-related manner. The data show that
      alveolar macrophage Fc-receptor-mediated phagocytosis is affected by: carbon
      black and adsorbate identity and concentration, coverage of the carbon black with
      adsorbates, and the oxidizer used in the generation of particles emitted by a
      diesel engine.

PMID- 2401271
TI  - Morphology of neoplastic lesions induced by 1,3-butadiene in B6C3F1 mice.
AB  - 1,3-Butadiene (CAS No. 106-99-0) was studied for potential carcinogenicity and
      chronic toxicity by inhalation in B6C3F1 mice. Groups of 50 mice of each sex were
      exposed to 0, 625, or 1250 ppm 1,3-butadiene for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 60
      weeks (male) or 61 weeks (female). The study was scheduled for 104 weeks of
      exposure but was terminated early because of reduced survival related to
      induction of a variety of tumors in 1,3-butadiene-exposed mice. A second chronic
      inhalation study was conducted in which male and female mice were exposed to 0,
      6.25, 20, 62.5, 200, or 625 ppm for up to 2 years. Additional groups of 50 male
      mice were exposed to 625 ppm for 13 or 26 weeks, 312 ppm for 52 weeks, or 200 ppm
      for 40 weeks, then held without exposure until scheduled sacrifice 104 weeks
      after initial exposure. 1,3-Butadiene-exposed mice from both studies had
      increased incidences of malignant lymphomas that were observed as early as week
      20 in the first study and week 23 in the second study. The lymphomas were
      primarily lymphocytic and originated in the thymus, although generalized lymphoma
      was often present. Exposed mice in both studies developed cardiac
      hemangiosarcomas that were observed as early as week 32 in the first study and
      week 41 in the second study. Also present were foci of endothelial hyperplasia in
      the myocardium that were regarded as early evidence of developing
      hemangiosarcoma. Alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas
      and alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas represented the spectrum of proliferative
      lung lesions induced by exposure to 1,3-butadiene in both studies. Exposure
      related proliferative forestomach lesions observed in both studies included
      epithelial hyperplasia, squamous cell papillomas, and squamous cell carcinomas.
      1,3-Butadiene-exposed female mice in both studies developed mammary gland
      neoplasms at increased incidences. Most of the mammary tumors were pleomorphic
      adenocarcinomas, but several adenoacanthomas were also seen. Granulosa cell
      tumors of the ovary were exposure-related neoplasms in both studies. Occasionally
      the granulosa cell tumors were malignant as evidenced by vascular invasion or
      pulmonary metastasis. Although there was an increased incidence of hepatocellular
      neoplasms in exposed females in the first study, by week 65 of the second study
      there was not evidence of a clear response of liver neoplasms. The preliminary
      results of the second study indicate there was induction of tumors similar to
      those seen in the first study but occurring in response to lower concentrations
      of 1,3-butadiene.

PMID- 2401272
TI  - Inhalation pharmacokinetics of 1,3-butadiene and 1,2-epoxybutene-3 in rats and
      mice.
AB  - Studies were conducted on inhalation pharmacokinetics of 1,3-butadiene and of its
      primary reactive metabolic intermediate 1,2-epoxybutene-3 in rats (Sprague
      Dawley) and mice (B6C3F1). Investigations of inhalation pharmacokinetics of 1,3
      butadiene revealed saturation kinetics of 1,3-butadiene metabolism in both
      species. For rats and mice linear pharmacokinetics apply at exposure
      concentrations below 1000 ppm 1,3-butadiene; saturation of 1,3-butadiene
      metabolism is observed at atmospheric concentrations of about 2000 ppm. The
      estimated maximal metabolic elimination rates were 400 mumole/hr/kg for mice and
      200 mumole/hr/kg for rats. This shows that 1,3-butadiene is metabolized by mice
      at about twice the rate of rats. Investigations of inhalation pharmacokinetics of
      1,2-epoxybutene-3 revealed major differences in metabolism of this compound
      between both species. No indication of saturation kinetics of 1,2-epoxybutene-3
      metabolism could be observed in rats up to exposure concentrations of 5000 ppm,
      whereas in mice the saturation of epoxybutene metabolism became apparent at
      atmospheric concentrations of about 500 ppm. The estimated maximal metabolic rate
      for 1,2-epoxybutene-3 was 350 mumole/hr/kg in mice and greater than 2600
      mumole/hr/kg in rats. When the animals are exposed to high concentrations of 1,3
      butadiene, 1,2-epoxybutene-3 is exhaled by rats and mice. For rats 1,2
      epoxybutene-3 concentration in the gas phase of the system reaches a plateau at
      about 4 ppm. For mice, 1,2-epoxybutene-3 concentration increases with exposure
      time until, at about 10 ppm, signs of acute toxicity are observed. Under these
      conditions hepatic nonprotein sulfhydryl compounds are virtually depleted in mice
      but not in rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401273
TI  - Species differences in the metabolism and disposition of inhaled 1,3-butadiene
      and isoprene.
AB  - Species differences in sensitivity to carcinogenic effects from inhaled 1,3
      butadiene might stem, at least in part, from differences in uptake, metabolism,
      and distribution of 1,3-butadiene. To examine this possibility, rats, mice, and
      monkeys were exposed to stepped concentrations of 14C-labeled 1,3-butadiene and
      the chemically related compound, isoprene. Respiratory data were collected during
      exposure and were used to determine fractional uptake. Rates and routes of
      excretion of retained radioactivity were also determined and blood levels of
      potentially toxic metabolites were measured. In some cases, the concentrations of
      hemoglobin adducts were determined. For rodents, the tissue distribution of
      metabolites was examined. Some results from these continuing studies to date are:
      a) mice achieve higher blood concentrations of reactive metabolites than do rats;
      b) blood levels of toxic metabolites are lower in monkeys than in rodents; c)
      uptake and retention of 1,3-butadiene is nonlinear in the range where long-term
      toxicity studies have been conducted; d) the efficiency of production of reactive
      metabolites decreases with increased inhaled concentrations of 1,3-butadiene; e)
      repeated exposure to 1,3-butadiene does not induce the metabolism of 1,3
      butadiene in rodents; f) hemoglobin adducts of 1,3-butadiene are potential
      dosimeters of exposure; and g) rats inhaling isoprene produce reactive
      metabolites analogous to those produced during inhalation of 1,3-butadiene. The
      available data indicate that major differences in the biological fate of inhaled
      1,3-butadiene occur among species, and these differences, at least in part,
      account for those in species sensitivity to the toxicity of inhaled 1,3
      butadiene.

PMID- 2401274
TI  - Results of NTP-sponsored mouse cytogenetic studies on 1,3-butadiene, isoprene,
      and chloroprene.
AB  - Studies were conducted to determine the cytotoxic and cytogenetic effects of 1,3
      butadiene and two structural analogs, chloroprene and isoprene, in the bone
      marrow cells of B6C3F1 mice exposed to the chemicals by inhalation. In one study,
      animals were exposed to 1,3-butadiene concentrations of 6.25, 62.5, or 625 ppm 6
      hr/day on 10 exposure days and in the second study, to the same concentrations on
      weekdays for 13 weeks. Chloroprene and isoprene treatments involved 6 hr/day
      exposures on 12 exposure days at concentrations of 0, 12, 32, 80, and 200 ppm for
      chloroprene and 0, 438, 1750, and 7000 ppm for isoprene. In the 10-day study, 1,3
      butadiene induced significant increases in sister chromatid exchange (SCE) at
      6.25 ppm, micronuclei at 62.5 ppm, and chromosomal aberrations at 625 ppm. In the
      13-week study, the frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes in the
      peripheral blood was significantly elevated in all exposure groups including the
      6.25-ppm group. Isoprene induced both SCE and micronuclei, whereas chloroprene
      gave negative results for all cytogenetic end points assessed in bone marrow
      cells.

PMID- 2401275
TI  - Metabolism and mutagenicity of isoprene.
AB  - Liver microsomes of various rodents (mouse, rat, rabbit, and hamster) metabolize
      isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) to the corresponding monoepoxides 3,4-epoxy-3
      methyl-1-butene and 3,4-epoxy-2-methyl-1-butene. 3,4-Epoxy-3-methyl-1-butene
      (half-life 85 min) was found to be the main metabolite, although the stable 3,4
      epoxy-2-methyl-1-butene was also formed (about 14-25% with respect to the main
      epoxide). The kinetic constants (Km and Vmax) for the formation of the major
      epoxide metabolite of isoprene were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The
      minor epoxide was further epoxidized to the isoprene dioxide by the microsomes of
      all rodents studied. The Km and Vmax were determined and phenobarbital was found
      to be a good inducer for this epoxidation in all species. The mutagenic activity,
      using Salmonella typhimurium, and the chemical reactivity (alkylating power and
      half-life) of the epoxide metabolites of isoprene were investigated and compared
      to those of other structurally related epoxides. Isoprene and the monoepoxide
      intermediates of the isoprene biotransformation were not mutagenic in Salmonella
      typhimurium. However, the isoprene dioxide (2-methyl-1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane) was
      found to be mutagenic and have alkylating power towards nicotinamide, similar to
      the structurally corresponding 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane. In conclusion, the
      metabolism of isoprene does not lead to the formation of mutagenic monoepoxide
      (in contrast to butadiene) but the formation of mutagenic and presumably
      carcinogenic isoprene diepoxide is possible, thereby a genotoxic effect of
      isoprene in rodents or other species cannot be ruled out.

PMID- 2401277
TI  - Industrial emissions of 1,3-butadiene.
AB  - Sources of industrial emissions of 1,3-butadiene are discussed both by process
      (production, consumers) and type (equipment leaks, point sources). Quantification
      of the emissions are presented, as reported by the U.S. Environmental Protection
      Agency in 1986. The reported emissions attributed to equipment leaks (also known
      as fugitive emissions) range from about 50 to 95% of the total, depending on the
      specific production process used. The methods by which these emissions were
      estimated are discussed, with particular emphasis on the fugitive sources.
      Industry studies to better quantify the fugitive emissions are described.

PMID- 2401276
TI  - Inhalation pharmacokinetics of isoprene in rats and mice.
AB  - Studies on inhalation pharmacokinetics of isoprene were conducted in rats
      (Wistar) and mice (B6C3F1) to investigate possible species differences in
      metabolism of this compound. Pharmacokinetic analysis of isoprene inhaled by rats
      and mice revealed saturation kinetics of isoprene metabolism in both species. For
      rats and mice, linear pharmacokinetics apply at exposure concentrations below 300
      ppm isoprene. Saturation of isoprene metabolism is practically complete at
      atmospheric concentrations of about 1000 ppm in rats and about 2000 ppm in mice.
      In the lower concentration range where first-order metabolism applies, metabolic
      clearance (related to the concentration in the atmosphere) of inhaled isoprene
      per kilogram body weight was 6200 mL/hr for rats and 12,000 mL/hr for mice. The
      estimated maximal metabolic elimination rates were 130 mumole/hr/kg for rats and
      400 mumole/hr/kg for mice. This shows that the rate of isoprene metabolism in
      mice is about two or three times that in rats. When the untreated animals are
      kept in a closed all-glass exposure system, the exhalation of isoprene into the
      system can be measured. This shows that the isoprene endogenously produced by the
      animals is systemically available within the animal organism. From such
      experiments the endogenous production rate of isoprene was calculated to be 1.9
      mumole/hr/kg for rats and 0.4 mumole/hr/kg for mice. Our data indicate that the
      endogenous production of isoprene should be accounted for when discussing a
      possible carcinogenic or mutagenic risk of this compound.

PMID- 2401278
TI  - Inhalation toxicology of isoprene in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice following two-week
      exposures.
AB  - Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) was selected for toxicologic evaluations
      because of its structural similarity to 1,3-butadiene, a potent rodent
      carcinogen. Two-week inhalation toxicology studies of isoprene were conducted in
      F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice at exposure concentrations of 0, 438, 875, 1750, 3500,
      or 7000 ppm. For rats, there were no chemically related changes in survival, body
      weight gain, clinical signs, hematologic or clinical chemistry parameters, or
      gross or microscopic lesions. Exposure of mice to isoprene did not produce
      mortalities and only caused a decrease in body weight gain for male mice in the
      7000 ppm exposure group; however, hematologic changes and microscopic lesions
      including testicular atrophy, olfactory epithelial degeneration, and forestomach
      epithelial hyperplasia were observed in isoprene-exposed mice. Similar
      toxicologic effects have been previously observed in B6C3F1 mice exposed to 1,3
      butadiene. A species difference in susceptibility between rats and mice exposed
      to isoprene was evident in these short-term exposure studies.

PMID- 2401279
TI  - Rice and iron absorption in man.
AB  - Several studies suggest that iron absorption is low from rice-based meals.
      Comparisons of the effect of rice starch and wheat starch on iron absorption
      showed that rice had no effect on absorption. Observed differences in effects on
      iron absorption between different batches of rice starch could be explained by
      differences in the phytate content. Phytate is always present in rice grains. The
      content varies markedly depending on the method of milling. In polished rice, the
      content of phytate-P varied between 11.5 and 66 mg/100 g rice (data from 45 rice
      mills in Thailand). The bioavailability of iron in a meal composed of meat, a
      vegetable and rice varied about threefold (22.1-7.5 per cent) depending on the
      different phytate content of the rice (4 levels between 30 and 175 mg phytate-P
      were studied). The inhibitory effect of the phytate in rice was overcome by
      adding different amounts of an ascorbic acid-rich vegetable (green collard) to
      the meals.

PMID- 2401280
TI  - Milk tolerance and the malnourished African.
AB  - Adult (primary) lactose malabsorption is practically universal in Africans of
      Bantu and San ('Bushmen') stock. Recent environmental changes, especially in
      rural areas, have exacerbated rates of malnutrition in hospital patients
      belonging to these groups. In order to assess the advisability of using milk as a
      nutritional supplement for such patients, the tolerance and absorption of 350 ml
      boluses of whole milk (containing 17 g lactose) was measured in 110 malnourished
      hospitalized patients in Namibia and South Africa belonging to Bantu (ie, Zulus,
      Hereros, and Kavangos) and San (ie, Bushmen) populations and compared with 22
      healthy Westernized controls. Mild symptoms of intolerance were noted in about 10
      per cent of Bantus and 20 per cent of Bushmen in comparison to 33 per cent of
      lactose-malabsorbing controls consuming Westernized diets and reported rates of
      48 and 80 per cent in American population studies. The average increase in breath
      hydrogen excretion of 20 parts per million was also lower than the value of 34
      parts per million in controls. Fasting breath methane concentrations were high in
      between 60-84 per cent of the groups of patients, but the level was not
      significantly affected by milk ingestion. Despite the combination of hypolactasia
      and malnutrition, 350 ml drinks of milk were well tolerated by African patients.
      Thus, milk should form an appropriate nutritional supplement for Africans
      hospitalized in rural areas.

PMID- 2401281
TI  - Changes in food choices of recently diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetic
      patients.
AB  - Current food use and habitual food use prior to the diagnosis of diabetes were
      measured using a food frequency questionnaire in a group of recently diagnosed
      insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Patients (51 m, 29 f) were between the ages
      of 20 and 40 years and had been diagnosed as insulin-dependent diabetics less
      than 6 months prior to the study. The results show that patients after the
      diagnosis of diabetes reduce their consumption of foods and beverages with high
      sugar content, of snacks and of foods from the dairy and meat group with high fat
      content, and incorporate foods with low fat content into their pattern of food
      consumption. Some of the changes have been less favourable from a nutritional
      perspective such as the increased consumption of diabetic specialty foods, the
      reduced consumption of pulses, and the lower overall food variety. In conclusion,
      patients are able to change their food use after the diagnosis of the insulin
      dependent diabetes; however the extent to which patients will change their food
      choices on a long-term basis remains to be determined.

PMID- 2401282
TI  - Does malnutrition predispose to diarrhoea during childhood? Evidence from a
      longitudinal study in Matlab, Bangladesh.
AB  - It is posited that diarrhoeal illness during one period has influence on
      diarrhoeal illness in a subsequent period. This relationship may potentially mask
      the association between malnutrition and subsequent diarrhoea. To test this, we
      analysed data on cross-sectional anthropometry in combination with data on
      diarrhoeal morbidity collected longitudinally in a community-based study of 1262
      children (aged 6-60 months) during March-December, 1976, in Matlab, Bangladesh.
      The results confirmed the posited relationship between diarrhoeal morbidities in
      two consecutive periods and showed that the risks of diarrhoeal attack and longer
      diarrhoeal illness increased more than threefold during the 2 months following
      diarrhoeal illness during the preceding 2 months (previous diarrhoea). Children
      with no previous diarrhoea indicated a positive association between malnutrition
      and subsequent diarrhoea, but the pattern found among children with previous
      diarrhoea was not understandable. Logistic regression analyses performed
      separately for younger and older children showed that controlling for effects of
      previous diarrhoea, maternal illiteracy and household poverty, severe
      malnutrition as assessed by weight-for-age was found to be strongly associated
      with the risk of longer diarrhoeal illness in a 2-month interval in the age group
      24-60 months; in the same age group the association with the risk of diarrhoeal
      attack was significant at the 10 per cent level. No such association for
      malnutrition, however, was found in the age group 6-23 months.

PMID- 2401283
TI  - Dietary intakes and activity levels of stunted and non-stunted children in
      Kingston, Jamaica. Part 1. Dietary intakes.
AB  - The dietary intakes of stunted and non-stunted children were measured on
      enrollment to a longitudinal study of growth and development. Children aged 9-24
      months were recruited by house to house survey of several poor areas of Kingston.
      All children with height for age less than -2 SD of the NCHS standards and weight
      for height below the standard median were enrolled. Alternate stunted children
      were matched for age and sex with the non-stunted child (height for age greater
      than -1 SD) living nearest. Dietary information was obtained by two 24-h recalls.
      Mean trainer-interviewer reliability was greater than 90 per cent throughout the
      study. Correlation between energy intakes on the 2 days was 0.68 (P less than
      0.001). Stunted children had a significantly less varied diet, fewer dairy
      products and fruit than non-stunted children. Protein intakes met requirements.
      Energy intakes were similar in both groups and approximately 200 kcal below the
      recommended intake. Energy and protein intakes per kg were significantly higher
      in the stunted children than in non-stunted children (energy P less than 0.001,
      protein P less than 0.005). Greater morbidity in the stunted children could
      account for some, but not all, of this difference. Children with lower weight for
      height had lower intakes (energy P less than 0.05, protein P less than 0.01).
      Intakes were greater in children who lived in better housing, with more household
      possessions and whose mothers had more skilled occupations. Good reliability and
      the above associations indicate that the data are valid.

PMID- 2401284
TI  - Dietary and other determinants of lipoprotein levels within a population of 315
      Dutch males aged 28 and 29.
AB  - The objective of this study was to estimate the strength of the association
      between diet and serum lipids and lipoproteins within a free-living population.
      Three hundred and fifteen Dutch males aged 28 and 29 were located via the Army
      registry. Their diets were assessed through a dietary history questionnaire plus
      oral cross-check, and blood was sampled twice at a 1-week interval. Height,
      weight, skinfolds, and waist and hip circumference were measured to estimate
      amount and location of body fat. Physical activity, social status and smoking
      were estimated through questionnaires. The range of cholesterol values predicted
      from differences in dietary fatty acid and cholesterol intake as summarized by
      the Keys equation score was 5.11 to 6.29 mmol/l, while the actual levels ranged
      from 3.30 to 9.28 mmol/l. Multiple regression analysis showed a weak but
      significant association of the Keys score with total cholesterol (slope 0.83, P
      less than 0.05), LDL cholesterol (slope 0.71, P less than 0.05), and the
      HDL/total cholesterol ratio (slope -0.04, P less than 0.01). The percentage of
      energy from alcohol was strongly and independently associated with both total and
      HDL cholesterol (slopes 0.04 and 0.02, P less than 0.001). Body fat parameters
      were strongly associated with all serum lipids and lipoproteins. We conclude that
      the contribution of dietary differences to differences in serum lipids and
      lipoproteins within this population is real but small.

PMID- 2401285
TI  - Negligible effects of previous moderate physical activity and changes in
      environmental temperature on whole body electrical impedance.
AB  - Several studies have shown that the predictive power of various linear
      combinations of anthropometric data (body weight, height, sex, age, etc.) to
      estimate fat free mass is improved after inclusion of measurements of electrical
      impedance (see eg Khaled et al., 1988). Published algorithms are based on
      measurements performed under fairly standardized conditions with the subjects at
      stationary conditions of rest, of environmental temperature and of body fluids.
      Use of the method under less standardized conditions raises the question of
      possible effects of deviations from these standard conditions. Hydration and
      dehydration by 1-2 l of fluid increased or decreased, respectively, the
      electrical resistance by about 14 per cent and the effects persisted for more
      than 1 h (Khaled et al., 1988). A change in environmental temperature by 21
      degrees C from 35 degrees C to 14 degrees C (with almost constant relative
      humidity) during 90 min caused an increase in the resistance of about 9 per cent
      (Caton et al., 1988). The perturbations used in the studies quoted above are
      fairly drastic and not likely to occur under reasonably controlled field
      conditions. Therefore, we report here results of measurements of whole body
      electrical impedance before, during and after a period of 10 degrees C increased
      environmental temperature and before and after a 5-min period of light to
      moderate physical exercise.

PMID- 2401286
TI  - Characterization of matteuccin, the 2.2S storage protein of the ostrich fern.
      Evolutionary relationship to angiosperm seed storage proteins.
AB  - The 2.2S spore storage protein (matteuccin) of the ostrich fern, Matteuccia
      struthiopteris, has been isolated and characterized. It is a small basic protein
      consisting of two disulfide-linked polypeptides with approximate molecular masses
      of 3.0 kDa and 8.0 kDa. At least four different isoforms exist where two of the
      forms differ from the other by having a slightly smaller heavy chain. Amino acid
      analysis reveals that the 2.2S protein is rich in arginine. Almost complete amino
      acid sequence information was obtained for the light chain and a partial sequence
      for the heavy chain. Amino acid sequence comparison reveals that this protein
      shows a high similarity to seed storage proteins in different angiosperm species
      in spite of the fact that the common ancestor of ferns and angiosperms lived more
      than 300 million years ago.

PMID- 2401287
TI  - Structure of the genes of two homologous intracellularly heterotopic isoenzymes.
      Cytosolic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase of chicken.
AB  - The genes of mitochondrial and cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase of chicken
      were cloned and sequenced. In both genes nine exons encode the mature enzyme. The
      additional exon for the N-terminal presequence that directs mitochondrial
      aspartate aminotransferase into the mitochondria is separated by the largest
      intron from the rest of the gene. A comparison of the two genes of chicken with
      the aspartate aminotransferase genes of mouse [Tsuzuki, T., Obaru, K., Setoyama,
      C. & Shimada, K. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 198, 21-31; Obaru, K., Tsuzuki, T.,
      Setoyama, C. & Shimada, K. (1988) J. Mol. Biol. 200, 13-22] reveals closely
      similar structures: in the gene of both the mitochondrial and the cytosolic
      isoenzyme all but one intron positions are conserved in the two species and five
      introns out of nine are placed at the same positions in all four genes indicating
      that the introns were in place before the genes of the two isoenzymes diverged.
      The variant consensus sequence (T/C)11 T(C/T)AG at the 3' splice site of the
      introns of the genes for nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins, which had been
      deduced from a total of 34 introns [Juretic, N., Jaussi, R., Mattes, U. &
      Christen, P. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 10,083-10,086], was confirmed by
      including an additional 22 introns into the comparison. The position -4 at the 3'
      splice site is occupied by base T in 43% of the total 56 introns and appears to
      be subject to a special evolutionary constraint in this particular group of
      genes. The following course of evolution of the aspartate aminotransferase genes
      is proposed. Originating from a common ancestor, the genes of the two isoenzymes
      intermediarily evolved in separate lineages, i.e. the ancestor eukaryotic and
      ancestor endosymbiontic cells. When endosymbiosis was established, part of the
      endosymbiontic genome, including the aspartate aminotransferase gene, was
      transferred to the nucleus. This process probably led to the conservation of
      certain splicing factors specific for nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins. The
      presequence for the mitochondrial isoenzyme was acquired by DNA rearrangement. In
      the eukaryotic lineage, the mitochondrial isoenzyme evolved more slowly than its
      cytosolic counterpart.

PMID- 2401288
TI  - The folding and solution conformation of penicillin G acylase.
AB  - The solution conformation properties of penicillin G acylase (EC 3.5.1.11) have
      been characterised by near- and far-ultraviolet circular dichroism, steady-state
      and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and differential sedimentation
      velocity. The enzyme (86 kDa) was found to be spherical and stable unfolding over
      a narrow range of urea concentrations in an apparently cooperative fashion with a
      mid-point of 4.5 M urea. Separation of its constituent alpha and beta peptides
      (23.8 kDa and 62.2 kDa, respectively) was accompanied by loss of enzyme activity
      and unfolding, the kinetics of unfolding being highly dependent upon urea
      concentration. Urea gradient gel electrophoresis showed that the separated beta
      peptide aggregates over a wide range of urea concentrations but that the alpha
      peptide refolds reversibly to a compact state. Physical studies showed that the
      refolded alpha peptide has a compact but asymmetric structure with more alpha
      helix than the native enzyme, but is more sensitive to denaturant. The latter is
      suggested to be due to a hydrophobic patch detected by 8-anilino-1-naphthalene
      sulfonic acid binding and which is normally covered by the beta peptide in the
      native enzyme. The results of these investigations indicate that the alpha
      peptide constitutes a folding domain and suggest that it plays a key role in
      folding of the precursor for penicillin acylase.

PMID- 2401289
TI  - Pyridoxal phosphate inhibits the DNA-binding activity of the ecdysteroid
      receptor.
AB  - The effect of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate on the binding of the ecdysteroid receptor
      from a nuclear extract of Drosophila melanogaster to DNA-cellulose was studied.
      The binding of hormone-receptor complexes to DNA-cellulose was completely blocked
      after a 30-min incubation with 3 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate at 0-4 degree C. The
      effect was specific for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate since related compounds
      (pyridoxal, pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate and pyridoxamine) were not effective or
      gave only 17% inhibition (pyridoxal). Under standard conditions, none of the
      compounds tested exerted a significant effect on the stability of [3H](20R,22R)-2
      beta,3 beta, 14 alpha,20,22-pentahydroxy-5 beta-cholest-7-en-6-one
      ([3H]ponasterone A)-receptor complexes. The loss of DNA-binding activity caused
      by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is accompanied by changes in the molecular properties
      of [3H]ponasterone-A-receptor complexes. A shift of [3H]ponasterone-A binding was
      observed from the 8.0-8.5 S to the 4.5-5.0 S region, when [3H]ponasterone-A
      receptor complexes were exposed to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate during sucrose-gradient
      centrifugation. The inhibition of DNA-cellulose binding by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
      can be reversed. Probably, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate forms a Schiff base with a
      critical lysine group of the ecdysteroid receptor, presumably at its DNA-binding
      site. The hormone-receptor complexes obtained after removal of pyridoxal 5'
      phosphate had the same affinity for DNA-cellulose as 'native' complexes. DNA
      cellulose-bound [3H]ponasterone-A complexes were efficiently eluted from DNA
      cellulose with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in 0.1 M KCl resulting in a 104-fold
      purification of the ecdysteroid receptor. The results reflect possible structural
      similarities between ecdysteroid and vertebrate steroid receptors.

PMID- 2401290
TI  - Metabolic control analysis. The effects of high enzyme concentrations.
AB  - Differing views have been given in the literature as to whether the presence in a
      pathway of an enzyme at a concentration comparable to that of its substrate
      affects the values of control coefficients and the theorems of metabolic control
      analysis. Here we argue in favour of one of those views: that there is no effect
      unless the enzyme sequesters a substrate that contains a conserved moiety. In
      this particular case, we derive both a general criterion for estimating whether
      such an effect will be of a significant magnitude, and equations for determining
      the changes in the flux control coefficients. The nature of the phenomenom and
      the application of the equations are illustrated with a numerical simulation.

PMID- 2401291
TI  - Effect of Mn(II) on reactions catalyzed by lignin peroxidase from Phanerochaete
      chrysosporium.
AB  - The effect of manganese on lignin peroxidase activity was studied. The enzyme was
      produced with a new process using an air-lift-type reactor. The experiments were
      performed with veratryl alcohol and a dimeric lignin model compound. It was shown
      that when Mn(II).lactate complex was present the amount of veratraldehyde formed
      and the uptake of oxygen were significantly enhanced during the aerobic oxidation
      of veratryl alcohol. A similar effect can be obtained with superoxide dismutase.
      These results strongly suggest that the superoxide anion can occur during the
      reaction; its scavenging by Mn(II) or superoxide dismutase generates H2O2. In
      contrast, no evidence for the formation of superoxide anion was found during
      oxidation of the lignin model, compound veratrylglycerol-beta-guaiacyl ether.

PMID- 2401292
TI  - Large-scale purification of choline acetyltransferase and production of highly
      specific antisera.
AB  - Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography
      using a covalently immobilized monoclonal antibody. In a two-step procedure, 10
      kg porcine brain yielded 750 micrograms active enzyme of apparent homogeneity.
      This amount of ChAT was purified routinely. The purification factor was 18,000
      and the yield of activity 4.3%. The affinity resin was stable under the
      experimental conditions applied and was used many times. The highly purified
      enzyme was subsequently employed to obtain a specific anti-ChAT antiserum of high
      titer.

PMID- 2401293
TI  - A 1H-NMR study of electronic structure of the active site of Galeorhinus
      japonicus metmyoglobin.
AB  - The ferric high-spin form of the myoglobin from the shark Galeorhinus japonicus,
      which possesses a Gln residue at the distal site instead of the usual His
      residue, has been studied by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Using the heme meso-proton
      (C5H, C10H, C15H and C20H) resonance shift as a diagnostic probe for identifying
      the coordination system of the iron center in ferric high-spin form of
      hemoprotein, it has been shown that G. japonicus metmyoglobin (metMb) possesses
      the pentacoordinated active site. The pH-dependence study of NMR spectra of G.
      japonicus metMb revealed the appearance of the hydroxyl form of metMb at high pH,
      indicating that the protein undergoes the transition between the acidic and
      alkaline forms. The pK value and the rate for this acid-alkaline transition in G.
      japonicus metMb were found to be approximately 10 and much less than 4 x 10(2) s
      1, respectively. Since the pK value of the acid-alkaline transition for the
      pentacoordinated heme in Aplysia limacina metMb is 7.8 [Giacometti, G.M., Das
      Ros, A., Antonini, E. & Brunori, M. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 1584-1588] and that
      of the hexacoordinated heme in sperm whale metMb is 9.1 [Brunori, M., Antonini,
      E., Fasella, P., Wyman, J. & Rossi-Fanelli, A. (1968) J. Mol. Biol. 34, 497-504],
      the OH- affinity of the ferric heme iron does not appear to depend on its
      coordination system. The acid-alkaline transition rate in A. limacina metMb was
      reported to be much less than 1.5 x 10(2) s-1 [Pande, U., La Mar, G.N., Lecomte,
      J.T.J., Ascoli, F., Brunori, M., Smith, K.M., Pandey, R.K., Parish, D.W. &
      Thanabal, V. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 5638-5646] and therefore a slow transition
      rate may be unique to the pentacoordinated active site of Mb.

PMID- 2401294
TI  - The oligosaccharides of the glycoprotein pheromone of Volvox carteri f.
      nagariensis Iyengar (Chlorophyceae).
AB  - The sexuality-inducing glycoprotein of Volvox carteri f. nagariensis was purified
      from supernatants of disintegrated sperm packets of the male strain IPS-22 and
      separated by reverse-phase HPLC into several isoforms which differ in the degree
      of O-glycosylation. Total chemical deglycosylation with trifluoromethanesulphonic
      acid yields the biologically inactive core protein of 22.5 kDa. This core protein
      possesses three putative binding sites for N-glycans which are clustered in the
      middle of the polypeptide chain. The N-glycosidically bound oligosaccharides were
      obtained by glycopeptidase F digestion and were shown by a combination of
      exoglycosidase digestion, gaschromatographic sugar analysis and two-dimensional
      HPLC separation to possess the following definite structures: (A) Man beta 1
      4GlcNAc beta 1-4GlcNAc; (B) (Man alpha)3 Man beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-4GlcNAc Xyl
      beta; (C) (Man alpha)2 Man beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-4GlcNAc; (D) (Man)2Xyl(GlcNAc)2.
      Xyl beta Two of the three N-glycosidic binding sites carry one B and one D
      glycan. The A and C glycans are shared by the third N-glycosylation site. The O
      glycosidic sugars, which make up 50% of the total carbohydrate, are short (up to
      three sugar residues) chains composed of Ara, Gal and Xyl and are exclusively
      bound to Thr residues.

PMID- 2401295
TI  - The use of the Ca2(+)-sensitive intramitochondrial dehydrogenases and entrapped
      fura-2 to study Sr2+ and Ba2+ transport across the inner membrane of mammalian
      mitochondria.
AB  - In extracts of rat heart mitochondria, Sr2+ mimicked the activatory effects of
      Ca2+ on the Ca2(+)-sensitive intramitochondrial enzymes, pyruvate dehydrogenase
      phosphate phosphatase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+), and 2-oxoglutarate
      dehydrogenase, but at about tenfold higher concentrations (effective range
      approximately 1-100 muM) in each case. Ba2+ had no effect on extracted
      phosphatase, but did mimic the effect of Ca2+ on the other two enzymes with
      effective concentration ranges similar to those of Sr2+; as with Ca2+ and Sr2+,
      effective Ba2+ ranges were slightly (2-3-fold) raised by increases in ATP/ADP. In
      intact uncoupled rat heart mitochondria, the effects of Sr2+ and Ba2+ on the
      pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenases were essentially similar to their
      effects in extracts. In fully coupled rat heart or liver mitochondria, the
      effective concentration ranges of extramitochondrial Sr2+, leading to activation
      of the matrix enzymes, were always approximately tenfold higher than those for
      Ca2+ under all conditions. Ba2+ did not affect pyruvate dehydrogenase in coupled
      mitochondria, but was shown to activate 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in heart or
      liver mitochondria, and also isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) in the latter;
      effective concentration ranges for extramitochondrial Ba2+ were approximately 100
      fold greater than those for Ca2+, and like those for Ca2+ and Sr2+, were affected
      markedly by Mg2+ and spermine (which inhibit and promote mitochondrial Ca2+
      uptake, respectively) but, in contrast to Ca2+ and Sr2+, they were hardly
      affected at all by Na+ (which promotes mitochondrial Ca2+ egress). Ba2+ effects
      were also blocked by ruthenium red (an inhibitor of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake),
      but not so effectively as its blockage of the effects of Sr2+ and Ca2+. Ba2+ and
      Sr2+ both mimicked the inhibitory effects of extramitochondrial Ca2+ on the
      Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, but only Sr2+ could mimic Ca2+ in exchanging for internal
      Ca2+ by this mechanism. Both Sr2+ and Ba2+ changed the fluorescent properties of
      fura-2 or indo-1 in a similar manner to Ca2+, but with higher kd values. In fura
      2-loaded rat heart mitochondria, increases in matrix Sr2+ and Ba2+ and the
      effects of the transport effectors could be readily demonstrated.

PMID- 2401296
TI  - Complete amino-acid sequence of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the
      hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima.
AB  - 1. The complete amino-acid sequence of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
      (GAPDH) from the extreme thermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima has been
      determined by classical automated sequence analysis of peptides derived by
      chemical fragmentation with cyanogen bromide and enzymatic cleavages with
      specific proteases. 2. The protein contains 332 amino acids per subunit. Its
      sequence is as follows: (sequence; see text) 3. Comparing the given sequence with
      those of the enzymes from the moderate and extreme thermophilic bacteria Bacillus
      stearothermophilus and Thermus aquaticus, 63% and 59% identity are observed.
      Alignment of the sequences of GAPDHs from a variety of sources yields one
      deletion (one amino acid) and one insertion (two amino acids). 4. Thermal
      stability is caused by minute adjustments of the local three-dimensional
      structure. Previous 'strategies of thermal adaptation' in terms of preferred
      amino-acid exchanges are not in accordance with the present sequence data.

PMID- 2401297
TI  - Chondroitin proteoglycans from squid skin. Isolation, characterization and
      immunological studies.
AB  - Two populations of proteochondroitins were isolated from 4 M guanidine
      hydrochloride extracts of squid skin by a combination of ion exchange, gel
      chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. The proteoglycans, Mr 4.8 x
      10(5) and 2.8 x 10(5), contained four and two chondroitin chains respectively and
      unusual oligosaccharides with uronic acid and sulphate groups, and had different
      amino acid and neutral sugar composition. The chondroitin chains isolated after
      alkaline borohydride treatment contained varying amounts of glucose, galactose,
      mannose, fucose and xylose, most likely as branches. Both proteoglycans were
      antigenic to the rabbit and showed considerable cross-reactivity as assessed by
      competition experiments using the ELISA technique. The proteoglycans reacted
      neither with exogenous hyaluronic acid nor with each other to form aggregates.

PMID- 2401299
TI  - Mitosis-specific histone H3 phosphorylation in vitro in nucleosome structures.
AB  - A mechanism of mitosis-specific enhancement of histone H3 phosphorylation was
      analyzed in vitro in terms of nucleosome structure. The incorporation of
      [32P]phosphate into DNA-bound H3 was approximately 5-7 times higher than in DNA
      free H3 using the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The two
      major N-terminal serine sites, including the mitosis-specific site (Ser10) and
      Ser28, were extensively phosphorylated in the DNA-bound forms. These
      phosphorylation patterns were identical to those of nucleosomal H3. In contrast,
      the H3 in DNA-free octamers was very slightly phosphorylated. The major site of
      H3 phosphorylation in DNA-free H3 was Thr118 in the C-terminus. Results indicate
      that DNA-binding is essential for the high level of mitosis-specific H3
      phosphorylation, and that the nucleosome structure promotes H3 N-terminal
      phosphorylation in vitro. It also suggests the possibility that H1 prevents H3
      phosphorylation during interphase of the cell cycle.

PMID- 2401298
TI  - Interaction of a new photosensitive derivative of vinblastine, NAPAVIN, with
      tubulin and microtubules in vitro.
AB  - We have synthesized a new photoreactive vinblastine derivative, 3-[[2-amino(4
      azido-2-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-amino)-carbonyl)-O4-deceatyl -3-de (methoxycarbonyl)
      vincaleukoblastine (NAPAVIN), which can be photoactivated with light in the 455
      nm region as well as with ultraviolet irradiation. Previous studies had shown
      that photoactivated NAPAVIN is much more effective than vinblastine in inhibiting
      cell proliferation of multidrug resistant cell lines. The experiments reported
      here demonstrate that the unirradiated derivative is very similar to vinblastine
      in its interactions with brain tubulin and microtubules, regarding inhibition of
      in vitro assembly, binding, aggregation, and production of protofilament spirals.
      Irradiation of [3H]NAPAVIN in the presence of tubulin led to covalent binding of
      the drug to both subunits of the protein. Labeling also occurred when NAPAVIN was
      first irradiated, then incubated with tubulin in the dark, indicating the
      production of a fairly stable reactive species with a half-life of about 400 min.
      We conclude that labeling by this compound, under some conditions, occurs not by
      a nitrene but by an electrophilic photoproduct.

PMID- 2401300
TI  - First experience with the Lithoring in the management of urinary stones.
AB  - The Lithoring Multi-One is a lithotripter recently developed in Italy. Its main
      features are (1) spark gap generator with large ellipsoid, with tunable power for
      treatments with or without analgesia; (2) localization by fluoroscopy and
      ultrasounds without moving the patient; (3) isocentric variation of shock wave
      window, and (4) multifunctional table. It can treat both urinary and biliary
      stones. The first 50 patients were treated without anesthesia with an average of
      1,700 shock waves at 19.2 kV. 37 patients had stones larger than 1 cm. 13
      patients had ureteral stones. Two patients had complete staghorn stones. The
      disintegration rate was 97.9%, the overall stone-free rate at 3 months' follow-up
      was 83.3%, and the retreatment rate was 1.29 treatments for patients. No
      complication occurred.

PMID- 2401301
TI  - Clinical staging of cancer of the penis: by size? By localization? Or by depth of
      infiltration?
AB  - Two hundred and thirty-nine patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis
      were grouped into the existing different clinical classifications and staging
      systems, i.e. the UICC-TNM (1978 and 1987), Jackson's and that used in
      Heidelberg. Because of shortcomings observed in the previous systems, a new
      classification and staging system was developed. The present authors'
      classification and staging system were found applicable and all patients except 2
      with unknown tumor size were classifiable. The distribution into different stages
      was more even in the proposed staging system than in the previous ones. A good
      correlation and a gradient for survival rate according to stages were also
      obtained. We propose that the systems presented should be examined and applied
      prospectively for clinical classification and staging of carcinoma of the penis.

PMID- 2401302
TI  - Pelvic fractures and traumatic lesions of the posterior urethra.
AB  - We report on the retrospective analysis of 61 traumatic lesions of the posterior
      urethra in a fractured pelvis. In collaboration with the orthopedic surgeons, 44
      cases could be classified with regard to the nature and mechanism of the pelvic
      fracture. No direct relationship between the structural integrity of the dorsal
      ring segment and the urological pathology could be established. However, the
      mechanism of injury in 35/44 cases with pelvic girdle injuries and urethral
      pathology appears to be a predominantly lateral compression force. Ten of the 44
      patients received a surgical stabilization of the fracture and open splinting of
      the urethra at the same time. An infection in the area of surgery developed in
      only one of these patients; however, this cleared up completely under antibiotic
      therapy and closed suction irrigation. The primarily conservative treatment of
      urethral lesions (27/61) is compared with primary open splinting or reanastomosis
      (34/61), which we prefer, with regard to the number of reoperations and late
      results. The joint conclusion of urologists and orthopedic surgeons concerns a
      primary simultaneous surgical treatment both of the urethral lesion and the
      pelvic fracture.

PMID- 2401303
TI  - A new comprehensive microcomputer software programme for the urodynamics clinic.
AB  - Urodynamic investigation has undoubtedly been greatly refined and facilitated
      with the use of the modern generation of microcomputers. Manual techniques of
      data storage, analysis and interpretation are tedious, time consuming and lead to
      significant observer-dependent transcription errors. The logical solution to this
      problem is to develop a specifically designed software programme which would
      operate in conjunction with the microcomputer system integrated in most modern
      urodynamic apparatus. We describe here our experiences with the development of
      just such a system.

PMID- 2401304
TI  - Neurophysiological investigations of two hundred men with erectile dysfunction.
      Interest of bulbocavernosus reflex and pudendal evoked responses.
AB  - Two-Hundred consecutive patients complaining of impotence have had complete
      urological and neurophysiological investigations to determine a possible organic
      cause of their sexual dysfunction. All patients had urological and neurological
      history and examination: nocturnal penile plethysmography, papaverine
      intracavernosus injection, penile arterial doppler and/or arteriography,
      cavernography-cavernometry, serum hormonal levels, and bulbocavernosus reflex
      (BCR). Peripheral conduction velocities and pudendal-evoked responses (PER) were
      also performed if neurological history or examination and/or BCR were abnormal.
      Only 30 patients (15%) had an abnormal BCR. In 17 patients, a neurological
      associated disorder was found. Four patients had normal erections during
      plethysmography, despite their complaints. Nine patients with an isolated
      prolonged BCR also presented a vascular abnormality that could explain impotence.
      Abnormal PER was observed only in 6 patients, 4 of them with a prolonged BCR as
      well. These results suggest that PER is not an interesting neurophysiological
      routine test for the diagnosis of neurogenic impotence and that the relationship
      between an abnormal BCR and neurogenic impotence is doubtful.

PMID- 2401305
TI  - Surgical exclusion of the crural ending of the corpora cavernosa: late results.
AB  - Twenty-three patients with corpora cavernosa incompetence responsive to perineal
      compression were submitted to surgical exclusion of the crural ending of the
      corpora cavernosa. There were two mild complications: perineal hematoma and
      incisional pain for 10 days. At the end of the first month, 65% of the patients
      claimed better erections, and the late good results were 47.7%, with an average
      follow-up period of 18.9 months. Three of the failed cases were later submitted
      to a penile prosthesis implantation.

PMID- 2401306
TI  - Role of the bulbocavernosus muscles on the mechanism of human erection.
AB  - The role of the human bulbocavernosus muscles on the intracavernous pressure and
      on the venous return were investigated during artificial erection. Contractions
      of these muscles were voluntary or produced by dorsal nerve stimulation. During
      such contractions, elevations in intracavernous pressure and a decrease in the
      erectile flow rates to produce and to maintain the erection were observed. These
      results demonstrate involvement of the bulbocavernosus muscles in the process of
      penile rigidity and suggest that they could participate in the mechanism of
      rigidity during intercourse.

PMID- 2401307
TI  - Ambulant monitoring to assess the efficacy of oxybutynin chloride in patients
      with mixed incontinence.
AB  - Objective parameters show the efficacy of oxybutynin chloride on uninhibited
      detrusor behavior. In the 24-hour ambulant monitoring method, intravesical and
      abdominal pressure are recorded. This enables quantification of the amplitude,
      duration, and frequency of uninhibited detrusor contractions. It is even possible
      to show the efficacy of this drug objectively in patients with severe mixed
      incontinence.

PMID- 2401308
TI  - Endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteric reflux with bovine collagen.
AB  - A submucosal injection with bovine collagen (Zyplast) was performed in 45 female
      patients with 70 refluxing ureters. 4 ureters showed reflux grade IV, while the
      others had reflux grade I-III. All patients suffered from recurrent urinary tract
      infections. In 18 ureters, a second injection was given. As a result of this
      treatment, reflux was cured in 85.8% of the ureters. Only 13 patients had urinary
      tract infections during the follow-up period (6-24 months). 5 patients had
      antireflux surgery and collagen was excised. The histology of the specimen did
      not show an inflammatory reaction. Collagen injections could gain great
      importance in the management of vesicoureteral reflux.

PMID- 2401309
TI  - Genitourinary tumors and HIV1 infection.
AB  - 4 patients with solid genitourinary tumors and HIV1 infection have been treated
      in our institution over the last 2 years. Two patients had seminoma, 1 renal
      adenocarcinoma and 1 renal angiosarcoma. All had deeply impaired immunity with a
      low CD4 level. 3 had or developed a true AIDS syndrome according to the WHO and
      CDC criterias of 1988. The remaining patient was seropositive and died less than
      3 months following the diagnosis of renal angiosarcoma. He is the first reported
      case of renal sarcoma in a patient infected with HIV1. 2 patients were
      homosexuals, and the 2 others were drug addicts. Along with other reported cases,
      our cases underline the association between the depression of immunity due to HIV
      and the onset of solid genitourinary tumors.

PMID- 2401310
TI  - Protective effects of KW-3635, a novel thromboxane A2 antagonist, in murine
      traumatic shock.
AB  - Pentobarbital anesthetized rats subjected to Noble-Collip drum trauma developed a
      shock state characterized by marked hypotension, increases in plasma cathepsin D
      (9.6-fold), free amino-nitrogen (4.0-fold), and myocardial depressant factor (5.2
      fold) activities, and a survival time of 1.90 +/- 0.23 h. Following the induction
      of traumatic shock, plasma thromboxane B2 (TxB2) concentrations significantly
      increased from 3.12 +/- 0.68 to 6.78 +/- 0.27 pmol/ml. Treatment with the
      thromboxane receptor antagonist KW-3635 10 min post-trauma (2 mg/kg + 2 mg/kg per
      h, i.v.) prolonged survival time to 3.30 +/- 0.39 h (P less than 0.01) and
      attenuated the accumulation of cathepsin D compared to untreated trauma rats (6.6
      +/- 1.1 and 13.6 +/- 1.3 U/ml, P less than 0.01), free amino-nitrogen (6.4 +/-
      1.1 and 14.3 +/- 1.2 U/ml, P less than 0.01), and myocardial depressant factor
      (45 +/- 5 and 94 +/- 13 U/ml, P less than 0.02). However, KW-3635 did not prevent
      the increase in plasma TxB2 concentration, suggesting a lack of thromboxane
      synthetase inhibitory activity of this drug. The beneficial effects of
      thromboxane A2 (TxA2) antagonism in the present study are highly significant, and
      consistent with the concept that TxA2 is involved in the pathogenesis of
      traumatic shock.

PMID- 2401311
TI  - Structure-activity relationships of some Galbulimima alkaloids related to
      himbacine.
AB  - Himbacine, himbeline, N-methylhimandravine and himandravine together with their
      dihydro-derivatives were evaluated as antagonists of muscarinic receptors in
      guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle and electrically stimulated left atrium.
      Himbacine was the most potent compound and the 15-fold selectivity exhibited for
      the M2 muscarinic receptor was greater than that found with any of the other
      compounds examined. Reduction of the double bond linking the decalin ring system
      and the piperidine ring almost abolished selectivity in dihydrohimbacine. Removal
      of the N-methyl group in himbacine to form himbeline was associated with reduced
      selectivity. However the corresponding change in converting N-methylhimandravine
      to himandravine was not associated with any change in selectivity suggesting that
      orientation of the 2-methyl group in the piperidine ring may be important for
      selectivity.

PMID- 2401312
TI  - Nitric oxide release may be involved in the microcirculatory response to
      acetylcholine.
AB  - An image-splitter television microscope for measurement of microvascular
      dimension changes in the rat exteriorized mesentery was used to investigate the
      role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF)/nitric oxide (NO) in the
      microcirculation. This was done by studying the effect of NG-monomethyl-L
      arginine (L-NMMA), a specific inhibitor of NO formation, on the responses induced
      by acetylcholine (an endothelium-dependent vasodilator agent) and sodium
      nitroprusside (an endothelium-independent vasodilator agent). The effect of
      acetylcholine on mesenteric A2 arterioles was impaired by previous application of
      L- but not D-NMMA to the preparations whereas the vasodilator response to sodium
      nitroprusside was not altered. The effect of L-NMMA was slow to disappear, unless
      accelerated by a 3-fold molar excess of L- but not D-arginine. It is suggested
      that EDRF/NO might be involved in the vasodilator response to endothelium
      dependent agents such as acetylcholine at the microcirculatory level and that L
      arginine might be the physiological precursor of NO.

PMID- 2401313
TI  - Pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling is prevented by prior treatment with
      cysteamine.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated that in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindled rats,
      cysteamine causes prolonged depression of the kindled state. We now report that
      administration of cysteamine before or during the kindling process prevents
      attainment of the kindled state. This effect lasts long after cysteamine
      administration has ceased, suggesting that depletion or somatostatin may not be
      the only mechanism underlying cysteamine's effect on kindling. The results also
      support the likelihood that PTZ kindling primarily effects neocortical rather
      than limbic structures.

PMID- 2401314
TI  - Differential inhibitory potencies of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs on
      smooth muscle prostanoid synthesis.
AB  - In isolated rat aorta and urinary bladder, indomethacin inhibited the synthesis
      of the prostaglandins (PG) PGI2, PGE2, PGF2 alpha and TXA2 equipotently when PG
      synthesis was stimulated with excitatory receptor agonists (noradrenaline and
      carbachol), fluoride (a G protein activator), phorbol ester (a protein kinase C
      (PKC) activator) and calcium ionophore A23187 (a creator of artificial calcium
      channels). However, there was a marked right shift (30 fold) in the indomethacin
      concentration-inhibition curves when PG synthesis was stimulated by arachidonate
      (PG substrate) and trauma (freeze fracturing and sonication). Although less
      potent than indomethacin, the NSAIDs tiaprofenic acid and ibuprofen showed a
      similar disparity between the IC50s with the same PG stimulators. Since PG
      synthesis stimulated by receptor agonists, fluoride, phorbol ester and A23187 is
      dependent on calcium channel activation whereas trauma and arachidonate
      stimulated PG synthesis bypass calcium channel activation, these data indicate
      that NSAIDs inhibit not only cyclooxygenase but also (and more potently) the
      mobilisation of Ca2+ linked to PG synthesis in these tissues.

PMID- 2401315
TI  - [Heat resistance of Cladosporium isolated from laboratory animal facilities].
AB  - Heat resistance tests for the saprophyte, Cladosporium, isolated from laboratory
      animal facilities were carried out. In testing the effects of moderate and high
      temperature conditions, C. sphaerospermum (C. s) and C. cladosporioides (C. c)
      were found to grow on media in temperatures less than 32 degrees C, but did not
      in temperature of 35 degrees C and over. The colony diameter of Cladosporium
      became smaller as temperature increased. The death time of C. s treated with
      moist heat was within 12 min at 48 degrees C and that of C. c was within 26 min
      at 43 degrees C. Both Cladosporium species could not survive for more than 1 min
      at 55 degrees C. On the other hand, Cladosporium treated with dry heat could not
      survive more than 69-12 min (C. s) and 39-9.5 min (C. c) at 70-100 degrees C.
      From these results, it can be seen that Cladosporium was definitely sensitive to
      heat treatment, and the authors assume that heat is a means of prevention in
      laboratory animal facilities.

PMID- 2401316
TI  - [Effects of heat treated cells of intestinal lactic acid bacteria in rats fed a
      deoxycholic acid diet].
AB  - Effects of the administration of heat treated cells of intestinal lactic acid
      bacteria were examined in rats fed a deoxycholic acid (DCA) diet. Male Wistar
      rats were given a 0.25% DCA diet with or without the heat treated cells of
      Enterococcus faecalis AD 1001 (EFH-1) or Lactobacillus reuteri AD 0002 (LRH-2)
      for 4 weeks. Abnormal increases in serum GOT, GPT, UN and lipoproteins were
      observed in the rats fed the DCA diet. Furthermore, severe lesions in the kidney
      as well as in the liver were found in these rats. On the contrary, the increases
      in serum GOT, UN, VLDL and LDL were significantly suppressed, and markedly fewer
      lesions in the liver and the kidney were observed in the rats fed the DCA diet
      plus EFH-1 or LRH-2.

PMID- 2401317
TI  - Suppression of the proestrus prolactin surge in the rat estrous cycle by urethane
      anesthesia.
AB  - Urethane-anesthetized male rats have been used for the analysis of prolactin
      (PRL)-releasing substances on PRL secretion. However, there are only a few
      reports investigating the effect of urethane anesthesia on PRL secretion in
      female rats. In this study, we intended to examine the effects of urethane
      anesthesia on PRL secretion during proestrus in the rat. Proestrus PRL surge was
      completely blocked when urethane was administered to rats prior to the critical
      period of proestrus both at doses of 1.0 g/kg and 1.5 g/kg. Additionally,
      urethane, at a dose of 1.5 g/kg, was also effective in blocking spontaneous
      ovulation. An experiment examining pituitary PRL concentration at 1800 h
      confirmed that urethane (1.0 g/kg) anesthesia prevents the PRL surge from the
      pituitary. Similarly, urethane anesthesia blocked the LH surge from the
      pituitary, but LH levels in the urethane-treated group were higher than those in
      the pentobarbital-treated group.

PMID- 2401318
TI  - [Growth curves of body weight and their relationship to sexual maturity in
      laboratory-bred male African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)].
AB  - Nonlinear growth models having a three- or four-parameter family were applied to
      individual body weight data of 5 male African green monkeys for estimating their
      growth patterns. Body weight was measured from birth to six years of age and 58
      to 114 data items per monkey were collected. The average body weight at birth was
      360g with the standard deviation of +/- 25g, 4.54 +/- 0.29 kg at five years of
      age, and 4.50 +/- 0.12 kg at six years of age at which point body weight was
      judged to have reached a plateau. Five growth models (Gompertz, Logistic,
      Richards, Bertalanffy and Brody) were applied to the growth data in this study.
      As a result, two (Gompertz and Logistic) of the five models were found applicable
      to all data from the five monkeys. However, the coefficient of determination (R2)
      obtained by application of the two models were not so large (0.919 +/- 0.05 in
      Gompertz, 0.889 +/- 0.01 in Logistic). Therefore the data were divided into two
      groups according to monkey age: the first group being from monkeys between birth
      and 2 years 10 months of age and the second group was from monkeys older than 2
      years 10 months of age. The Gompertz model fitted best the data of the first
      group in four of the five animals (R2 = 0.982 +/- 0.011). The age at the
      inflexion point in the Gompertz model nearly corresponded to the age of weaning.
      The Logistic model was most suitable for the date of the second group in all five
      animals (R2 = 0.955 +/- 0.038).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401319
TI  - [Effects of chair restraint on plasma enzyme values in the rhesus monkey (Macaca
      mulatta)].
AB  - The purpose of this paper was to examine the effect of chair restraint on plasma
      enzyme values in the rhesus monkey. Six monkeys were restrained to the monkey
      chair for eight hours. Creatine phosphokinase (CK) value increased significantly
      three hours after the onset of restraint and LDH value did eight hours after the
      onset of restraint. The increase in CK, GOT and GPT values continued for 1 or 2
      days after the release from restraint. On the other hand, these plasma enzyme
      values in non-restraint monkeys showed almost no changes. These results indicate
      that it is necessary to establish a proper method for the adjustment to chair
      restraint in the rhesus monkey.

PMID- 2401320
TI  - [Effects of repeated chair restraint on physiological values in the rhesus monkey
      (Macaca mulatta)].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of repeated chair restraint
      on some physiological values in the rhesus monkey. Although heart rate and blood
      pressure increased significantly at the onset of chair restraint, these increased
      values gradually decreased with repetition of restraint as well as with the lapse
      of time after restraining. Finally, no elevation of these levels was detected
      after repetitions lasting eight hours per day for five days. Plasma cortisol, CK
      and GOT values also showed similar trends. These elevated physiological values at
      the onset of chair restraint seemed to be due to high sympathetic tone and
      muscular activity used to try to avoid the restraint. It is concluded that
      repeated chair restraint has an accommodative component in monkeys resulting in
      the return of some elevated physiological values to the normal level.

PMID- 2401321
TI  - [Heat and ozone resistance of Bacillus spores isolated from laboratory animals].
AB  - Heat resistance of free-spores of 78 Bacillus strains isolated from laboratory
      animals was examined. Spores of 41 out of 78 strains survived for 320 minutes at
      70 degrees C, 27 for 160 min, at 100 degrees C, only one for 20 min. at 110
      degrees C by autoclaving, and none for 5 min. at 120 degrees C. D-values at 100
      degrees C of 9 strains determined were between 5.03 and 30.06 min. Spores of 9
      strains from stock cultures were exposed to ozone gas at various conditions.
      Ozone resistance of spores was closely dependent upon relative humidity. D-values
      of the spores tested by treatment with 200 ppm ozone at 60% RH were over 200
      min., especially over 1,000 min. in 4 strains, indicating that exposure to ozone
      at a moderate humidity for 6 hours could not sterilize Bacillus spores. At 90%
      RH, however, treatment with 200 ppm ozone for 6 hr. might be effective for a
      routine sterilization in laboratory animal facilities.

PMID- 2401322
TI  - [Ragged--a new rexoid mutant rat with large sebaceous gland].
AB  - A new hair defected mutant rat was established. This mutant was covered with
      ragged hair since about 10 days of age, then transiently lost most of hair in the
      back at approximately 5 weeks of age and re-covered with ragged hair thereafter.
      Thickened eyerids occurred since about 3 weeks of age. Histological examination
      revealed enlarged sebaceous glands with greater number of sebaceous cells in the
      back skin. The oil stained skin samples showed normal sebaceous transformation
      and pilosebaceous canal. Genetical analysis showed that the ragged hair character
      was a single recessive trait and indicated that this single recessive gene was
      not linked with the coat color genes, non-agouti (a), albino (c) and hooded (h).
      From the present data and previous reports, we recommended this single recessive
      gene is a new rexoid mutation thereby we termed this gene "Ragged (rg)".

PMID- 2401323
TI  - Effects of environmental temperature on the population of T-cell subsets, the
      blastogenic responses of lymphocytes in blood and spleen and splenic NK cell
      activity in mice.
AB  - The population of T-cell subsets, the blastogenic responses of lymphocytes in
      blood and spleen and splenic NK cell activity were examined in mice transferred
      from 22 degrees C to 12 degrees C or 32 degrees C environments. The percentage of
      Thy-1.2 positive cells and Lyt-1.2 positive cells in the spleen decreased after
      the transfer. However the percentage of Lyt-2.2 positive cells in the spleen was
      not affected. Thy-1.2 and Lyt-1.2 positive cells in the blood also decreased. The
      percentage of Lyt-2.2 positive cells in the blood was not affected in mice
      exposed to 12 degrees C. However, Lyt-2.2 positive cells in the blood decreased
      on day 1 but increased on day 3 in mice exposed to 32 degrees C. Blastogenic
      responses of spleen lymphocytes to concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen
      (PWM) were suppressed in transferred mice, but responses to lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS) and phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) were not affected in any group.
      Blastogenic responses of blood lymphocytes to Con A, PHA-P, and PWM tended to be
      weaker in transferred mice than in mice kept in the 22 degrees C environment. In
      particular the response to PWM in mice exposed to 12 degrees C was less than 8%
      of that in the 22 degrees C mice. Splenic NK cell activity decreased in
      transferred mice, but was not suppressed as much as in mice administered 5mg of
      cortisone acetate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401324
TI  - An attempt at embryo transfer as a means of controlling Bordetella bronchiseptica
      infection in the rabbit.
AB  - Embryo transfer was attempted in order to control disease in rabbits. Embryos
      were collected by flushing of the oviducts of donor rabbits on Day 2 of
      gestation, into small tubes containing the medium, transported within the body
      warmth of the person carrying the tubes and transferred into the oviducts of SPF
      pseudopregnant recipients. The time between embryo collection and transfer was 7
      8 hours. Ten of 56 embryos derived from Bordetella bronchiseptica infected
      animals developed into newborns. As a result of bacteriological examination of
      intranasal exudate in six weanlings, no pathogens were detected. We suggest that
      embryo transfer is an effective and simple alternative to caesarean operation in
      Bordetella bronchiseptica infected rabbits.

PMID- 2401325
TI  - [Biological features of the skin of the pika, Ochotona rufescens rufescens-
      concentration of histamine in the skin].
AB  - The quantity of histamine and the number of mast cells in the skin of the pika
      were measured and compared with rabbits, guinea pigs and rats. The ranking of
      regional histamine levels in the skin of the pika was: perianal region greater
      than abdomen greater than interscapular region = back greater than lumbus greater
      than head greater than auricle, and the average value of the 7 regions was 22.6
      micrograms/g. The level of histamine in the 6 regions, except the auricle, was 2
      5 times that of rabbits and guinea pigs. In the auricle of each of the 4 kinds of
      animal (pika, rabbit, guinea pig and rat), the levels were almost identical. With
      respect to histamine levels, those in the pika resembled those in rats. The
      number of mast cells in the skin of the pika was less than in rats, and was
      greater than that in rabbits and guinea pigs. The average value was 9.9/mm2.

PMID- 2401326
TI  - Hematological changes in the mice transplanted with methylcholanthrene-induced
      fibrosarcoma.
AB  - Hematological values of the peripheral blood in the mice transplanted with
      methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma were examined. Values for red blood cells
      and platelets reduced after tumor transplantation. Values for white blood cells
      increased with the percentage of neutrophils being increased significantly.
      Phagocytic activity of neutrophils from the tumor-bearing mice was not reduced.
      The cultured fluid of the tumor used in the experiments possessed strong colony
      stimulating activity to bone marrow cells.

PMID- 2401327
TI  - [Embryo collection from miniature pigs and production of the piglets after
      transfer to common pig recipients].
AB  - Embryo collection from Gottingen miniature pigs and transfer to common pig
      recipients were performed. Embryos were collected 2 to 6 days after the onset of
      estrus. Two to 7 eggs including unfertilized ova were collected from a naturally
      ovulated donor and more eggs (7 to 15) were obtained from a superovulated donor.
      A total of 21 piglets were born after transfer of 33 miniature pig embryos to two
      common pig recipients. Among them 12 were stillbirths which seemed to have
      resulted from suffocation during the parturition. Such an embryo transfer
      technique will be utilized as an inventive method for the purposes such as
      international exchange of the particular strains of miniature pigs, establishment
      of a SPF miniature pig herd and so on.

PMID- 2401328
TI  - [Profile of hematological values in hybrid hairless dogs].
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to describe some fundamental physiological data in F
      1 hybrids bred from a Mexican hairless dog and beagle cross. These F 1 hybrids
      numbered 5 hairless dogs and 12 haired dogs. The hematological profile of these
      offspring was assessed via an automated cell counter and compared with those of
      healthy beagles. In hairless dogs, red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration
      and packed cell volume tended to be higher than in beagles. White cell
      distribution curves in hairless dogs and beagles yielded a single peak, while in
      haired dogs one or two peaks were present. Red blood cell and platelet
      distribution curves revealed few differences among the 3 kinds of dogs.

PMID- 2401329
TI  - Differences in susceptibility to peroral inoculation with Bacillus piliformis
      spores in rats and mice.
AB  - The median liver lesion producing doses of peroral inoculation with the spores of
      Tyzzer's organism RJ strain were 10(4. 3) in rats and 10(2. 7) in rats receiving
      prednisolone treatment for the provocation of Tyzzer's disease. In contrast to
      rats, liver lesions were detected in few mice inoculated perorally with 10(7)
      spores. In mice inoculated perorally with 10(7) spores, excretion of infective
      spores in the feces was detected only on day 1 postinoculation. On the other
      hand, no difference in susceptibility between rats and mice was detected upon
      intravenous inoculation with vegetative cells of the RJ strain. These results
      suggest that germination of the spores in the intestinal tract causes the
      difference in the susceptibility in rats and mice.

PMID- 2401330
TI  - Cranio-facial morphology in children with and without enlarged tonsils.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to compare the cranio-facial morphology in
      children with and without enlarged tonsils. The material consisted of 73 children
      with enlarged tonsils, and a control group of children with normal tonsils,
      matched for age, sex, and number. The mean age for the groups was 10.1 and 10.0
      years, respectively. Evaluation of anamnestic history, clinical examination, and
      lateral skull radiographs were undertaken. Compared to the control children, the
      children with enlarged tonsils had more retrognathic and posteriorly inclined
      mandibles, larger anterior total and lower facial heights, and larger mandibular
      plane angles. Regression analyses revealed that functional, postural, and
      morphological factors, such as open mouth posture, low posture of the tongue,
      large depth of oropharynx at the site of the tonsils as well as mouth-breathing
      at night, were associated with skeletal features expressing an increased open
      vertical configuration and mandibular retrognathism.

PMID- 2401331
TI  - Long-term effects of the Herbst appliance on the craniomandibular system with
      special reference to the TMJ.
AB  - The purpose of this study was: (1) to analyse the long-term clinical implications
      of Herbst treatment on the masticatory system, and (2) to analyse the
      radiographic appearance of the temporomandibular joints at the time of follow-up
      using lateral tomography of the right and left TMJ. The sample consisted of 19
      consecutive male subjects with a Class II, Division 1 malocclusion treated with
      the Herbst appliance for an average period of 7 months. The patients were
      reinvestigated at the end of the growth period (an average of 7.5 years after
      treatment). The anamnestic, clinical, and radiographic findings revealed that
      Herbst treatment did not seem to have any long-term adverse effects on the
      craniomandibular system.

PMID- 2401332
TI  - TMJ function and the effects on the masticatory system on 14-16-year-old Danish
      children in relation to orthodontic treatment.
AB  - The effect of orthodontic treatment on the functional status of the masticatory
      system was analysed in 706 children from three Danish communities. Three-hundred
      and-eighty-eight (48 per cent) of the children were treated orthodontically and
      the 295 (37 per cent) of the total population had terminated the treatment and
      were included in the analysis. Fifty-seven cases (7.1%) of the total population
      were discontinued before the orthodontic treatment was considered finished by the
      orthodontist. Discontinuation did not, however, seem to influence the functional
      status. Increasing the orthodontic treatment frequency from 38 to 51 per cent did
      not decrease the functional problems of a young population. On the contrary, the
      community with the lowest treatment frequency (38 per cent) demonstrated fewer
      functional problems among the orthodontically treated subjects than did the two
      communities with higher treatment frequencies, indicating paradoxically that it
      may be a functional risk to treat the last 13 per cent with minor discrepancies.
      Tenderness on palpation of the musculature and the TMJ capsule were generally
      more prevalent among orthodontically treated subjects. Children who had their
      treatments performed by either orthodontist or paedodontist alone demonstrated
      more muscular problems than children who had been treated by a team of
      orthodontists and paedodontists. Related to the severity of the malocclusion
      these findings stress the importance of more consideration to establish a
      functionally satisfactory occlusion after orthodontic treatment. Functional
      status was not related to the type of orthodontic treatment, including extraction
      therapy, use of either fixed or removable appliances.

PMID- 2401333
TI  - The value of the macerated skull as a model used in orthopaedic research.
AB  - In this study a method was developed to enable the measurement of initial bone
      displacement in vivo, post-mortem, and in vitro. Speckle interferometry was used
      as measuring technique. Through the construction of the centres of rotation, the
      different orthopaedic effects could easily be compared. Also the magnitude of the
      bone displacement could be calculated. The initial post-mortem displacement of
      the maxilla corresponds very well with the initial in vivo displacement. After
      maceration and drying of the skull, however, clear differences from the in vivo
      displacement were found. The orthopaedic effects on a macerated skull can be
      manipulated considerably by changing, for instance, the degree of humidity. Only
      a limited number of skulls was examined in these experiments and probably still
      other variables exert an influence on the bone displacement in the macerated
      skull. Nevertheless, it is certain now that the dry skull cannot reliably be used
      as a model to simulate the initial bone displacement in vivo. The experimental
      set-up of this study will be used in the future to evaluate the effect of
      environmental factors (humidity, temperature, etc.) in an attempt to improve the
      value of the skull as a model for orthopaedic research. Moreover, this technique
      permits investigation of the link between initial displacements in vivo and
      longitudinal changes.

PMID- 2401334
TI  - Electronic determination of centres of rotation produced by orthodontic force
      systems.
AB  - A strain gauge measurement device with low force clip gauges, for measurement of
      initial tooth displacement in two dimensions has been developed. An experimental
      model simulating a maxillary central incisor is loaded with different known and
      controlled force systems. The resulting tooth displacements are described by the
      position of the centre of rotation and the generated angle of rotation for the
      total tooth movement. The effect of a single force, a moment, and force-moment
      combinations producing different moment to force ratios were studied. From these
      results the required force system needed to produce tooth movements with
      different centres of rotation for a central incisor of average root length are
      calculated. Furthermore, the model allows us to measure the accuracy of the
      measuring device by comparing results to analytical and laser holographic data,
      obtained on similar models. Some preliminary measurements and results, using
      human autopsy material are presented.

PMID- 2401335
TI  - Periodontal findings before and after orthodontic therapy in cases of incisor
      cross-bite.
AB  - Maloccluding incisors are subject to over-loading in chewing which adversely
      affects the health of the periodontal tissues. Following orthodontic treatment
      the effect of the masticatory forces is normalized. This results in the recovery
      of these tissues as demonstrated by evaluation of clinical findings before and
      one year after treatment. The results emphasize the necessity for and
      effectiveness of orthodontic treatment.

PMID- 2401336
TI  - Nickel allergy and orthodontic treatment.
AB  - Nickel is the most common contact allergen affecting females in Europe and the
      USA. Nickel-containing metal alloys are extensively used for dental prostheses
      and orthodontic appliances. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether nickel
      sensitive persons are at greater risk of developing discomfort in the oral cavity
      during orthodontic treatment. Data from 1085 consecutive girls in active
      orthodontic treatment or in retention were collected by means of a questionnaire.
      No nickel allergic reaction on the oral mucosa was found. The majority of the
      girls with unspecific mucosal reactions and skin lesions were atopics with a
      chronic dermatitis. The findings do not indicate that nickel sensitive persons
      are at greater risk of developing discomfort in the oral cavity when wearing an
      intraoral orthodontic appliance.

PMID- 2401337
TI  - Mandibular growth prediction: mean growth increments versus mathematical models.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare growth predictions obtained by adding mean
      annual velocities with predictions derived from a polynomial model of the
      population's growth curve. Given the child's previous measures at 11, 12 and/or
      13 years of age, the cephalometric distance sella-gnathion at 15 years was
      estimated. Based on a sample of 223 boys and girls, the root mean square error
      decreased from 0.28 cm (males) and 0.18 cm (females) at 11 years, to 0.19 cm
      (males) and 0.12 cm (females) at 13 years. Root mean square errors were similar
      between methods, which was due to high correlations between measures across ages.
      Significantly, predictions based on mean increments were biased. They often over
      or underestimate growth for children who are larger and smaller than average. The
      observed bias was due to expected changes of variance associated with growth,
      which unconditional methods of prediction cannot control for. Predictions derived
      from growth models are conditional upon the child's size and are, therefore,
      unbiased.

PMID- 2401338
TI  - Micro-electronic monitoring of functional appliance wear.
AB  - Measurement of actual bionator wear has so far been confined to a few studies
      involving only small samples. In this study a micro-electronic timing device was
      used in a greater number of patients (53 children) after the system proved to be
      reliable in a pretest involving 18 subjects. The patients were 9-14 years of age
      and had a timing device fitted in their bionators over a period of 3-6 months.
      The data were read from the memory chip at the regular treatment sessions every 3
      4 weeks. There was evidence that the patients averaged 7.65 hours per day of
      wear, thus fulfilling only 50-60 per cent of the orthodontist's requirements.
      Further details and implications of the measurements are discussed.

PMID- 2401339
TI  - Investigation of premolar rotation in a group of 15-year-old Norwegian children.
AB  - The first aim of this study was to devise a meaningful, objective, and
      reproducible method of measuring premolar rotation on study casts. A new method
      of measurement was devised, using standardized arch forms as the reference line
      superimposed on the study casts. The method error of the difference in two
      determinations was calculated as +/- 2.95 degrees. Using this method, premolar
      rotations were measured on study casts at 15 years of 203 children enrolled in
      the Nittedal Growth Study. Histograms of the frequency distribution for each
      premolar were drawn and the mean rotations compared. Correlation coefficients
      were then calculated to determine if any intra-quadrant, intra-arch, or inter
      arch relationships existed. Significant correlations were found between contra
      lateral teeth in the same arch (P less than 0.001) and to a lesser degree between
      premolars in the same quadrant. Significant inter-arch correlation was found
      between left upper and lower second premolars (P less than 0.001). Surprisingly,
      some cross-arch relationships were found between the upper left second premolar
      and lower right second premolar (P less than 0.001), and between the upper right
      second premolar and lower left second premolar (P less than 0.01). It is
      suggested that aetiological factors in premolar rotation are genetic and, to a
      lesser extent, local factors. The significant correlation found between the upper
      and lower left second premolars suggests that occlusal factors may have a role to
      play.

PMID- 2401340
TI  - The use of 'Fluor Protector', a fluoride varnish, as a caries prevention method
      under orthodontic molar bands.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine whether Fluor Protector, a fluoride
      varnish, applied to molars before orthodontic banding could prevent white spot
      formation. In the in vitro study 93 human premolars were used, divided in five
      different groups, representing different clinical situations. Each tooth was
      sliced in half, one as a control and the other as a test specimen. All tooth
      halves were stored in a demineralizing solution, in an attempt to induce white
      spot formation. In the in vivo study 104 molars (52 controls and 52 tests) of 28
      orthodontic patients were involved. The 'split-mouth technique' was used. After
      evaluation of the results of both studies, it is evident that Fluor Protector is
      very effective in the prevention of white spot formation under molar bands.

PMID- 2401341
TI  - The effect of duration and magnitude of tensile mechanical forces on sutural
      tissue in vivo.
AB  - Orthodontic springs were placed across the interparietal suture in twenty 30-day
      old male Wistar rats, in order to study the effect of tensile forces on the
      initial biological response of sutural tissues. Five groups of different force
      duration and magnitude were used: a 6 hours (h), 0 mN group; 6 h and 24 h, 50 mN
      groups; and 6 h and 24 h, 100 mN groups. One group of four animals served as a
      control. The animals were injected with tritiated proline 3 hours prior to the
      end of the experiment. Undecalcified 5 microns sections were used for (enzyme)
      histology and autoradiography in order to quantify several morphometric
      variables. The data were analysed with multivariate analysis of variance and
      contrast calculations. Application of the springs led to significant sutural
      widening within 6 hours. The concentration of fibroblasts in the suture also
      increased significantly within 6 hours. The volume of the suture and the
      incorporation of 3H-proline in the fibrous part of the suture and in the osteoid
      along the sutural bony edges were significantly increased after 24 hours of
      force. In general, force duration had a greater impact on histological events
      than force magnitude.

PMID- 2401342
TI  - Effects of maxillary protraction determined by laser metrology.
AB  - In this work we studied some of the main effects of the maxillary protraction
      orthopedic device. The initial dento-craniofacial reactions induced by maxillary
      protraction similar to that commonly employed in clinical practice are reported.
      The fringe counting holographic interferometry technique is used to measure
      displacements. The experiments were performed on a dried human skull; traction
      application points were situated over the permanent lateral incisors or over the
      first permanent molars. The results fundamentally reveal an anterior rotation of
      the dentomaxillary complex, more intense when traction is applied to the lateral
      incisors, as shown by a more marked extrusion of the molars in this case.
      Moreover, major deformation patterns could be observed in inner hard structures
      of the skull base when applying orthopaedic forces.

PMID- 2401343
TI  - Optimization of arch guided tooth movement by the use of uprighting springs.
AB  - One of the most important drawbacks of arch guided tooth movement is the friction
      between bracket and arch wire. In order to reduce frictional forces the
      application of an uprighting spring is proposed. The influence of uprighting and
      derotating moments on frictional forces has been measured with a friction testing
      assembly. Applying appropriate uprighting moments results in a reduction of
      friction by 73-89 per cent. Derotating moments have only a minor effect on
      friction. For clinical purposes, the uprighting moment should be 50 per cent of
      the tipping moment.

PMID- 2401344
TI  - Limiting factors of functional adaptation to orthodontic space closure.
AB  - The closure of spaces, especially in the incisor region, has been criticized as
      causing functional alterations in the masticatory system. The study comprised 80
      patients, 30 with space closure and 50 as a control. The results showed that
      closure of incisor spaces caused marked occlusal alterations, but apparently no
      damage to the temporo-mandibular joint nor to muscle action, provided that
      treatment was completed before the age of 12 years.

PMID- 2401345
TI  - Phosphorus-31 NMR study of the effects of hydrogen peroxide on young and old rat
      lenses.
AB  - 31P-NMR spectroscopy was used to study the dynamic changes in young and old rat
      lenses under oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide. Control spectra were
      recorded for young and old rat lenses using normal media. Oxidative stress
      spectra were recorded under the same conditions, except that the normal media
      also contained hydrogen peroxide at four different concentrations. With
      increasing H2O2 concentration in the perfusion media there was a corresponding
      decrease in the observed phosphorus metabolites, phosphorylcholine and ATP. There
      was significant difference in the rate of depletion of metabolites between the
      young and old rat lenses; old rat lens showed an ATP decrease almost double that
      for young rat lenses. Also, the 31P control spectrum of the old rat lens was
      different from that of the young lens. The NMR results showed the importance of
      comparison of old and young rat lenses under oxidative stress as a model for
      senile cataractogenesis.

PMID- 2401346
TI  - Modelling cortical cataractogenesis. XI. Vitamin C reduces gamma-crystallin
      leakage from lenses in diabetic rats.
AB  - Normal and streptozotocin diabetic female Wistar rats were given vitamin C (VC)
      at 0.3% or 1.0% (w/w) in the diet: 1% dietary VC resulted, in 12-24 hr, in
      significant increases in serum ascorbate levels and lens ascorbate concentrations
      in normal rats. The increase was biphasic, with VC concentrations falling to a
      lower level which was still significantly elevated compared to controls in the
      period of 1.7-4 days for serum and 1.7-5 days for lenticular VC. At the end of 10
      weeks the rats were examined for weight gain or loss, general body condition and
      cataracts. At the time of killing, blood was collected for measurement of serum
      glucose. Alpha-crystallin levels were determined in vitreous and aqueous humours
      using a radioimmunoassay. One lens from each rat was fixed for either scanning
      electron microscopy or light microscopy; the other lens was homogenized in 8 M
      guanidinium chloride for adenosine triphosphate analysis. In normal rats, a small
      amount of gamma-crystallin was found in the vitreous humour, and an even smaller
      amount in the aqueous humour. Diabetes caused a five-fold increase in the
      vitreous humour and a 2.5-fold increase in gamma-crystallin in the aqueous
      humour. Diabetes also led to a significant worsening in general body condition,
      loss of body weight, formation of cataracts, and decrease in lens adenosine
      triphosphate levels. Addition of VC to the diet of diabetic animals resulted in
      reduction in cataracts and a decrease of gamma-crystallin leakage into the
      aqueous and vitreous humours. VC had no effect on lens adenosine triphosphate
      levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401347
TI  - Acetylcholinesterase activity as a marker for the development of the ciliary
      epithelium in the chicken embryo.
AB  - Specific histochemical staining for acetylcholinesterase was first visible in the
      presumptive ciliary epithelium on day 4 of embryonic development. The enzyme did
      not appear in the neural retina until day 6. The presence or absence of this
      enzyme activity enabled us to differentiate the presumptive ciliary epithelium
      from the adjacent presumptive neural retina early in development. In the rat
      embryo, acetylcholinesterase was not found in the ciliary epithelium at any
      stage, although its appearance in the neural retina followed a temporal pattern
      similar to that seen in chicken embryos. Weak AChE staining was seen in the
      ciliary epithelium of the rat by 15 days after birth. The function of
      acetylcholinesterase in the developing ciliary epithelium is unknown, but from
      the data currently available it is unlikely to be involved in the degradation of
      acetylcholine. Our observations suggest that some previous studies of retinal
      development may have misinterpreted events occurring in the embryonic ciliary
      epithelium as characteristics of the peripheral retina.

PMID- 2401348
TI  - Ciliary muscle choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase after ciliary
      ganglionectomy.
AB  - Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; EC 2.3.1.6) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC
      3.1.1.7) activities were measured in cynomolgus monkey ciliary muscle 1 month and
      6 or more months after ciliary ganglionectomy (CG) or post-ganglionic ciliary
      neurectomy (PCN). ChAT activity was undetectable and AChE activity was elevated 1
      month after CG or PCN, while both averaged about 30% of normal levels 6 or more
      months after denervation. Four out of six eyes reinnervated by functional
      criteria 6-12 months after CG or PCN. In one of the two remaining eyes
      permanently denervated, ChAT was absent from the ciliary muscle. In the other,
      ChAT activity was about 50% of normal, similar to the reinnervated eyes, but the
      regenerated cholinergic nerves were not approximated to the ciliary muscle
      fibers.

PMID- 2401349
TI  - Retinal accumulation of the phosducin/T beta gamma and transducin complexes in
      developing normal mice and in mice and dogs with inherited retinal degeneration.
AB  - Rod photoreceptors of mammalian retinas contain a 33-kDa phosphoprotein,
      phosducin, which complexes with the beta, gamma-subunits of transducin (T beta
      gamma). The level of phosducin phosphorylation is modulated by light, suggesting
      that the phosducin/T beta gamma complex has a pivotal role in light-regulated
      events that occur in photoreceptors. We have investigated, in developing mouse
      retinas, the age at which the complex is first detected and the subsequent
      accumulation of the phosducin/T beta gamma complex during postnatal life. Western
      blot analysis detected immunoreactivity both for phosducin and T beta in retinal
      homogenates of 3-day-old mice. Thereafter, the level of immunoreactivity for both
      proteins increased steadily, to reach adult levels in the next 2 postnatal weeks.
      Gel filtration analysis of extracts from immature mouse retina showed that
      phosducin and T beta co-eluted, like the phosducin/T beta gamma complex of adult
      retina, as a 77-kDa complex, indicating that the phosducin/T beta gamma complex
      is formed when photoreceptors first synthesize the components of the complex.
      While the levels of the phosducin/T beta gamma complex increased steadily during
      the first 2 postnatal weeks, the subunits of transducin complex, T alpha together
      with additional amounts of T beta gamma, only started to appear around the 7-9th
      postnatal day, and the level of transducin complex increased sharply at 11-14
      days to reach adult levels that are similar to those of phosducin/T beta gamma
      complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401350
TI  - Lead induced testicular hypersensitivity in stressed rats.
AB  - Rats were immobilized for 2 h and treated i.p. with lead Pb2+ (8 mg/kg/day) for
      45 d to investigate the testicular effects of lead on rats kept under
      immobilization stress. Marked alteration in SDH. G6PDH activity, cholesterol and
      ascorbic acid contents and reduced sperm counts associated with marked
      pathological changes in the testis of rats were observed after combined treatment
      with lead and immobilization stress in comparison to either alone. An increase in
      the disturbances of testicular androgen synthesis seems to be responsible for
      enhanced testicular injury in lead induced stressed rats.

PMID- 2401351
TI  - Morphology of experimental tumors of the sympathetic nervous system.
AB  - The morphology of experimental tumors of the sympathetic nervous system in
      rabbits and hamsters induced by administration of nitrose compounds and the use
      of modifying factors were studied. The tumors were localized in the mediastinum,
      retroperitoneal space, adrenals and kidneys. A predominant involvement of the
      female animals was observed. Histological, histochemical and electron microscopic
      studies of 33 tumors of the sympathetic nervous system were carried out. By their
      degree of maturity the tumors were classified as ganglioneuromas,
      ganglioneuroblastomas and neuroblastomas. By their structure the experimental
      tumors were similar to the analogous neoplasias of man.

PMID- 2401352
TI  - Ultrastructure and quantitative composition of isolated endothelial cells of rat
      liver.
AB  - Isolated endothelial cells (n 110; 350-540 microns3 in volume) of the sinusoid of
      rat liver were found to differ from in situ endothelial cells by their rounded
      shape with the nucleus usually in the centre and fenestrae of the sieve plates
      across the entire cytoplasm. Their volume density is 0.2814 (SE 0.0085). Some of
      them tend to form complex, ramified structures as well as clefts and vacuoles up
      to 1 micron in size. Dense bodies are other structures quite often seen in
      endothelial cells (Vv 0.0189, SE 0.0085). Mitochondria, on the other hand, are
      extremely rare (Vv 0.0023, SE 0.0009). Both the preservation and relocation of
      sieve structure after isolation may probably be due to the cytoskeleton which in
      vivo causes changes of size and number of endothelial cell fenestrae under
      physiological and pathological conditions.

PMID- 2401353
TI  - TPA induces repression of EGF receptor gene expression.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor receptor gene expression in response to the tumor
      promoting phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was analyzed
      in the A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line using DNA transfection. After 8 h
      of treatment a definite repression (45%) of EGF receptor gene transcription could
      be seen. Repression was maintained for up to 24 h. Little or no induction of
      transcription could be seen prior to the onset of repression for potential
      enhancer regions both upstream and downstream of the translation start site. The
      cis-element(s) responsible for repression were localized between residues -384
      and -151 of the EGF receptor gene promoter region using a deletion plasmid
      series.

PMID- 2401354
TI  - An analysis of pseudocontact shifts and their relationship to structural features
      of the redox states of cytochrome b5.
AB  - The assignment of proton resonances in both redox states of a heme protein is
      necessary for the evaluation of pseudocontact shift data. Many new assignments
      are presented here for cytochrome b5, particularly in the paramagnetic oxidised
      state, thereby allowing both the calculation of electronic g-tensor values with
      the magnetic axis orientation and a comparison of observed and calculated
      pseudocontact shifts utilising a computational procedure. The possible redox
      linked conformational changes are found to be minimal in contrast with cytochrome
      c although the procedure additionally highlights aspects of the mobility of
      certain residues in cytochrome b5. In this respect the residue Gly-42 appears
      mobile both by this method and by the observation from NMR spectra of a major and
      minor conformation in this region.

PMID- 2401355
TI  - Potassium channels in basolateral membrane vesicles from pars convoluta of rabbit
      proximal tubule.
AB  - The characteristics of 86Rb+ fluxes through conductive channels in basolateral
      membrane vesicles isolated from pars convoluta of rabbit proximal tubule were
      investigated. In KCl loaded vesicles a transient accumulation of 86Rb+ was
      observed which was inhibited by BaCl2. The accumulation was driven by an
      electrical diffusion potential, as shown in experiments using membrane vesicles
      loaded with Li2SO4 and an outwardly directed Li+ gradient established with a
      Li(+)-ionophore. The vesicles containing the channel showed a cation selectivity
      with the order K+ = Rb+ much greater than Li+ greater than or equal to Na+
      greater than choline+. The 86Rb+ flux was dependent on intravesicular Ca2+.
      Increasing concentrations of Ca2+ gradually decreased the 86Rb+ uptake.

PMID- 2401356
TI  - Isolation and functional expression of pituitary peptidylglycine alpha-amidating
      enzyme mRNA. A variant lacking the transmembrane domain.
AB  - We demonstrate that, in rat pituitary, peptidylglycine alpha-amidating enzyme was
      encoded by at least 5 distinct mRNAs. Southern blot and ribonuclease protection
      analyses revealed that the mRNAs arose through alternative splicing. A variant
      lacking the transmembrane domain-coding sequence was a major mRNA species for the
      enzyme in the pituitary. When the cDNAs were expressed in COS-7 cells, the
      variant was the most efficient in producing a secretory form (37 kDA) of the
      enzyme.

PMID- 2401357
TI  - Inhibition of cysteine proteinases by a protein inhibitor from potato.
AB  - The inhibitory specificity of a protein from potato tubers that inhibits cysteine
      proteinases (potato cysteine proteinase inhibitor, PCPI) has been compared with
      that of chicken egg-white cystatin. Most proteinases that are inhibited by
      cystatin were also inhibited by PCPI, but the potato inhibitor inhibited stem
      bromelain and fruit bromelain, which are not inhibited by cystatin, and for which
      no protein inhibitor of comparable potency has previously been described. In
      contrast, papaya proteinase IV was unaffected by PCPI as it is by the cystatins,
      and the exopeptidase, dipeptidyl peptidase I, is inhibited by cystatins, but was
      unaffected by PCPI. The differences in inhibitory specificity between these
      proteins may well reflect differences between superfamilies of cysteine
      proteinase inhibitors.

PMID- 2401358
TI  - Abnormal behavior of protein kinase C in the human myeloma cell line, RPMI 8226.
AB  - Protein kinase C activity of the human myeloma cell line, RPMI 8226, was studied
      after prepurification on DEAE-cellulose. The total protein kinase activity,
      eluted at 0.12 M NaCl, was 493 nmol/min/10(10) cells, but 38% was associated with
      membranes. The lipid dependence of cytosolic and membrane activities was only 52%
      and 21%, respectively. This activity increased with time, to as much as 200% for
      the membrane fraction after 7 days, whereas lipid dependence and the PDBu binding
      properties were lost. This modified activity was not due to the extinction of a
      copurifying endogenous inhibitor nor to classical PKC proteolysis. TPA-treatment
      of these cels is accompanied by a rapid, selective and complete loss of lipid
      dependent activity of the cytosol, thus benefiting co-migrating lipid independent
      activity, with no membrane fraction recovery or PKM formation.

PMID- 2401359
TI  - Selection of prosomes and prosomal RNA by immobilized viral RNAs.
AB  - Viral messengers were used to select and purify prosomes and prosomal RNA from
      subribosomal fractions of HeLa cells and mouse erythroblasts. Adenovirus mRNA
      immobilized on oligo(dT)-cellulose and tobacco mosaic virus RNA (TMV) sedimenting
      in sucrose gradients associated strongly with prosomes at high salt conditions
      forming intermolecular RNA-RNA hybrids between prosomal RNA and viral RNA. Hybrid
      selection of small cytoplasmic RNAs with immobilized TMV-RNA revealed a RNA
      species migrating at the same position as prosomal RNA. The possible existence of
      a box-like sequence involved in hybridization will be discussed.

PMID- 2401360
TI  - Cloning of cDNA and genomic DNA for human cytochrome P-45011 beta.
AB  - A full-length cDNA clone encoding steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase (P-45011 beta) has
      been isolated from a cDNA library derived from human adrenal tumor. The insert of
      the clone contains an open reading frame encoding a protein of 503 amino acid
      residues together with a 4 bp 5'-untranslated region and a 576 bp 3'-untranslated
      region to which a poly(A) tract is attached. The promoter region of the P-450(11)
      beta gene has also been isolated from a genomic library derived from human pre-B
      cells. It contains a TATA box, a putative cAMP-responsive element, several
      repeated sequences and two sequence elements similar to the consensus sequence
      for binding of AP-1. A transient expression assay in Y-1 adrenal tumor cells
      demonstrates that the promoter activity is remarkably enhanced by treatment of
      the cells with cAMP. In addition, analysis using deletion mutants containing
      various lengths of the 5'-flanking region of the gene suggests that several cis
      acting elements participate in transcriptional regulation of human P-450(11) beta
      gene.

PMID- 2401361
TI  - DNA methylation inhibits transcription by RNA polymerase III of a tRNA gene, but
      not of a 5S rRNA gene.
AB  - Methylation of cytosine in the DNA inhibits the transcription by RNA polymerase
      II in higher eukaryotes, but has no influence on RNA polymerase I transcription.
      The effect on RNA polymerase III was unknown, so far. Two polymerase III genes: a
      type 1 5S rRNA gene and a type 2 tRNA gene were methylated in vitro with a
      purified eukaryotic DNA methyltransferase (EC2.1.1.37) and their transcription
      was analyzed in Xenopus oocytes. The 5S rRNA gene, an oocyte 5S rRNA gene from X.
      laevis which is subject to developmental inactivation, was not affected by
      methylation. Conversely, transcription of the tRNA gene was 80% inhibited by
      methylation with the eukaryotic methyltransferase. HhaI and HpaII methylation
      left its transcription unaffected.

PMID- 2401362
TI  - Structure of syringotoxin, a bioactive metabolite of Pseudomonas syringae pv.
      syringae.
AB  - The covalent structure of syringotoxin, a bioactive metabolite of Pseudomonas
      syringae pv. syringae isolates, pathogenic on various species of citrus trees,
      has been deduced from 1D and 2D 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra combined with extensive
      FAB-MS data and results of some chemical reactions. Similarly to syringomicins
      and syringostatins, produced by other plant pathogenic strains of P. syringae pv.
      syringae, syringotoxin is a lipodepsinonapeptide. Its peptide moiety corresponds
      to Ser-Dab-Gly-Hse-Orn-aThr-Dhb-(3-OH)Asp-(4-Cl)Thr with the terminal carboxy
      group closing a macrocyclic ring on the OH group of the N-terminal Ser, which in
      turn is N-acetylated by 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid.

PMID- 2401363
TI  - Immunochemical detection of photoaffinity-labelled capsaicin-binding proteins
      from sensory neurons.
AB  - Capsaicin is a plant neurotoxin which depolarises a subset of mammalian sensory
      neurons. A photoaffinity probe (4-azidophenylpropionamide) with capsaicin-like
      agonist activity (EC50 5 microM) has been used to covalently label rat and chick
      sensory neurons in culture, as well as membrane preparations from both neurons
      and other tissues. Dorsal root ganglion cell specific capsaicin-binding proteins,
      including a major band of apparent molecular mass 58,000, have been identified by
      means of Western blotting, using a specific anti-capsaicin antiserum
      characterised by radioimmunoassay with a large range of capsaicin congeners.
      Using the same radioimmunoassay, no endogenous capsaicin-like immunoreactive
      material in normal or inflamed tissue has, however, been detected.

PMID- 2401364
TI  - Internalization of the Hm1 muscarinic cholinergic receptor involves the third
      cytoplasmic loop.
AB  - The m1 muscarinic receptor was previously shown to stimulate phosphatidyl
      inositol (PI) turnover and to internalize rapidly upon agonist activation. Three
      receptor mutants with large deletions of the third cytoplasmic loop (i3) of human
      Hm1, leaving only 11 and 8 amino acids at the amino and carboxy terminal
      junctions of i3, respectively, retained full ability to stimulate PI turnover,
      when expressed in U293 cells, but receptor internalization was greatly reduced in
      two mutants with deletions reaching close to the NH2 terminal of i3. We propose
      that a receptor domain located toward the amino terminal junction of i3 plays a
      role in Hm1 internalization.

PMID- 2401365
TI  - Action of spermidine, N1-acetylspermidine, and N8-acetylspermidine at apurinic
      sites in DNA.
AB  - The cleavage efficiency of spermidine and its acetyl derivatives (N1
      acetylspermidine and N8-acetylspermidine) at apurinic sites in DNA were examined
      by PAGE-urea analysis. The three polyamines induced different rates of cleavage
      when compared at 1 mM concentrations. The order of effectiveness were: spermidine
      greater than N8-acetylspermidine greater than N1-acetylspermidine. Thus a
      decrease in efficiency was observed when the first order amino-groups of
      spermidine were blocked. The N-8amino-group of spermidine was less effective in
      inducing cleavage at AP-sites than the N1-amino-group. Among several proposed
      models of polyamine-DNA interactions, our results can best be explained by the
      model postulated by Liquori et al.

PMID- 2401366
TI  - Pi trapping in glycogenolytic pathway can explain transient Pi disappearance
      during recovery from muscular exercise. A 31P NMR study in the human.
AB  - 31P NMR spectroscopy at 4.7 T has been used to follow changes in phosphorylated
      metabolites and pHi in the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle of 15 healthy
      volunteers subjected to a rest-exercise-recovery protocol. Phosphomonoesters
      (Pme) increased during exercise and exhibited a delayed recovery to resting
      level. During early recovery, Pi fell below resting concentration without
      correlated PCr oversynthesis while Pme level stayed above its resting value. The
      sum Pi + Pme remained constant. These observations suggest that Pi could be
      trapped into the glycogenolytic pathway during exercise leading to Pme
      production. This trapping and the slow Pme recovery could account for transient
      Pi disappearance observed during recovery.

PMID- 2401367
TI  - Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT2) from liver mitochondrial inner membrane
      becomes inhibitable by malonyl-CoA if reconstituted with outer membrane malonyl
      CoA binding protein.
AB  - A soluble extract was obtained on treatment of rat liver mitochondrial outer
      membranes with cholate which bound [14C]malonyl-CoA but was essentially free of
      carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) activity. Extraction of mitochondrial inner
      membranes with cholate readily solubilized a CPT activity which was insensitive
      to malonyl-CoA. Combination of these two extracts caused the CPT derived from
      inner membranes to become inhibitable by malonyl-CoA.

PMID- 2401368
TI  - 1H nuclear magnetic resonance study of the solution conformation of an
      antibacterial protein, sapecin.
AB  - The solution conformation of an antibacterial protein sapecin has been determined
      by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and dynamical simulated annealing
      calculations. It has been shown that the polypeptide fold consists of one
      flexible loop (residues 4-12), one helix (residues 15-23), and two extended
      strands (residues 24-31 and 34-40). It was found that the tertiary structure of
      sapecin is completely different from that of rabbit neutrophil defensin NP-5,
      which is homologous to sapecin in the amino acid sequences and also has the
      antibacterial activity. The three-dimensional structure determination has
      revealed that a basic-residue rich region and the hydrophobic surface face each
      other on the surface of sapecin.

PMID- 2401369
TI  - The C-terminal binding domain of hirullin P18. Antithrombin activity and
      comparison to hirudin peptides.
AB  - Hirullin P18 is a 61-amino acid hirudin-related protein having potent
      antithrombin activity. Similar to hirudin, it contains a highly acidic C
      terminus, but has a significantly different sequence from any other known hirudin
      variant. The present study demonstrates that the C-terminal fragment acetyl
      hirullin P18(41-62) [corrected] possesses an antithrombin potency similar to that
      of acetyl-desulfatohirudin(45-65). Additionally, like the hirudin fragment
      analog, it inhibits fibrin-clot formation by binding to a non-catalytic site on
      thrombin. Sequential shortening of the hirullin P18 C-terminal fragment
      demonstrates the critical nature of Phe51, which corresponds to the important
      Phe56 residue of hirudin. Although the sequences of hirullin P18(54-61) and
      hirudin(59-65) have substantial differences, the C-terminal functional domain
      represented by hirullin P18(50-61) appears to be comparable to hirudin(55-65) in
      terms of its functional role in antithrombin activity.

PMID- 2401370
TI  - Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA for human glycosylasparaginase. A single
      gene encodes the subunits of this lysosomal amidase.
AB  - We have isolated a full-length cDNA (HPAsn.6) for human placenta
      glycosylasparaginase using a 221-bp PCR amplified fragment containing rat liver
      asparaginase gene sequences. The deduced amino acid sequence from the human clone
      showed sequence identity to both the alpha and beta subunits of the rat enzyme.
      The human enzyme is encoded as a 34.6 kDa polypeptide that is post
      translationally processed to generate two subunits of approx. 19.5 (alpha) and 15
      (beta) kDa. A charge enriched region is present at the predicted site where
      cleavage occurs. Using polyclonal antibodies against the alpha and beta subunits
      of rat liver asparaginase, we have shown that the human enzyme is similar in
      structure to the rat enzyme.

PMID- 2401371
TI  - Transfection of DHFR- and DHFR+ mammalian cells using methotrexate-resistant
      mutants of mouse dihydrofolate reductase.
AB  - Site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate mutants of mouse dihydrofolate
      reductase more resistant to methotrexate than the wild type enzyme. The mutant
      genes were used to transfect either DHFR- or DHFR+ cell lines. These mutants, as
      well as the wild type gene, were able to confer methotrexate resistance to DHFR-
      CHO cells. The number of selected colonies decreased with increased
      concentrations of methotrexate. The number of colonies observed at 10 microM
      methotrexate is correlated with the Ki(MTX) of the enzyme: the higher the Ki, the
      higher the number of colonies for the corresponding mutant. In contrast, the
      transfection of DHFR+ cells gave a few numbers of colonies not different for the
      wild type and the mutants.

PMID- 2401372
TI  - EF-hand motifs in inositol phospholipid-specific phospholipase C.

PMID- 2401373
TI  - [Possibilities of testing the biological acceptability of composite filling
      materials, with special reference to the microscopic test for pulp vitality.
      Review of the literature].
AB  - The main problem of microscopically observing the living pulpa consists in that
      it lies embedded into hard tissue. The haemodynamics of the pulpa may be defined
      by studying the physical parameters by examining the characteristics of blood
      flow and by the factors determining them. By comparison with other tissues little
      work is dealing with regulating the blood flow. The vital microscopic model of
      the rat incisor pulpa was first employed by Gangler to testing dental filling
      materials. The results thereof well complete the findings of standardized tests.
      On basis of the foregoing the sublining in case of clinical employment of
      composite filling materials is unconditionally suggested.

PMID- 2401374
TI  - Morphological and functional studies during aging at mitochondrial level. Action
      of drugs.
AB  - 1. Mitochondria show morphological changes on aging: the volume density decreases
      and the total surface area or volume increase. 2. Biochemical studies indicated a
      decrease in the rate of oxygen consumption and ATP levels for increasing age.
      Measurements of calcium transport across the mitochondrial membrane revealed a
      decrease in accumulated calcium and an alteration in the uptake kinetics of the
      ion in older animals. 3. Theophylline and calcitonin action were also studied. In
      both age groups (young and old) theophylline shows an inhibitory effect on all
      the parameters studied (both morphological and biochemical). 4. Calcitonin showed
      no effect on morphological and respiratory parameters, although it increased
      calcium uptake into the mitochondrion to a lesser extent in the 24 month old
      animals.

PMID- 2401375
TI  - Effect of membrane moiety and magnesium ions on the inhibition of matrix-induced
      alkaline phosphatase by zinc ions.
AB  - 1. The inhibition of matrix-induced alkaline phosphatase by zinc ions is due to
      the displacement of magnesium ions from its binding site. 2. Binding of magnesium
      ions to alkaline phosphatase induces conformational changes which activate the
      enzyme. 3. Binding of zinc ions to alkaline phosphatase induces conformational
      changes which impair the catalytic action of the enzyme. 4. The inhibition of the
      enzyme by zinc ions is affected by membrane environment and magnesium ions.

PMID- 2401376
TI  - Synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate [correction of phosphoenolphosphate] from
      pyruvate in rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - 1. The activity of pyruvate kinase, malic enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate
      carbonoxykinase and pyruvate carboxylase was measured in muscle tissue. 2. The
      enzyme assays were critically evaluated. 3. Muscle tissue possesses at the most
      only residual activities of pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase. 4. The
      pyruvate kinase activity was significantly lowered after a 24 hr fast. 5. Malic
      enzyme activity was increased after the fast.

PMID- 2401377
TI  - Further evidence for direct interaction of pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme
      complex with citric acid cycle based on nonlinearity of hill plots in presence of
      C2 and C4 substrate analogues.
AB  - 1. Mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (PDC) is measured with
      two different optical assays: (i) formation of p-nitro-acetanilid with arylamine
      acetyltransferase and (ii) NAD reduction. 2. It is found that in contrast to the
      NAD assay system (ii) the coupled system (i) exhibits cooperativity with a Hill
      coefficient n = 3 over the whole range of substrate concentration. 3. The
      cooperative behaviour can be modified by presence of dichloroacetate (n = 2) and
      acetoin (n = 1----3). From additional measurements of PDC activity with toluene
      permeabilized mitochondria of fed and starved rats it is concluded that PDC
      activity in vivo is modified by changes in enzyme enzyme aggregation and
      interaction beside the known phosphorylation dephosphorylation mechanism.

PMID- 2401379
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies for therapy, prevention and in vivo diagnosis of human
      disease. Proceedings of a symposium. Utrecht, The Netherlands, May 17-19, 1989.

PMID- 2401378
TI  - Asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in acetylcholine receptor-rich membranes
      from T. marmorata electric organ.
AB  - 1. The distribution of phospholipids between the two leaflets of the lipid
      bilayer in acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-rich membranes from T. marmorata has
      been examined with two complementary techniques: chemical derivatization with the
      membrane-impermeable reagent trinitrobenzenesulphonate (TNBS) and B.cereus
      phospholipase C hydrolysis. 2. AChR-membranes were reacted with TNBS at 0-4 and
      37 degrees C and the accessibility of their aminophospholipids was compared to
      that of rod outer segment and erythrocyte membranes. The results indicate that
      more of the total ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (EGP) than of the total
      phosphatidylserine (PS) is located in the outer monolayer. 3. Nearly half the
      phospholipid content of AChR membranes is hydrolyzed by phospholipase C with a
      half-time of ca. 1.6 min at 25 degrees C. Consistent with the TNBS results, more
      of the total EGP than of the total PS is degraded. Beyond 3 min the reaction
      slows down, relatively smaller additional amounts of lipids are hydrolyzed, and
      all phospholipid classes are attacked to a similar extent, indicating that after
      half the lipid is removed all phospholipids become accessible to the enzyme. 4.
      The results indicate that the outer leaflet of the bilayer is richer in
      ethanolamine and choline glycerophospholipids, whereas phosphatidylinositol, most
      of the sphingomyelin, and ca 65% of the PS are located on the inner leaflet.

PMID- 2401380
TI  - Immunopharmacological activity of monoclonal antidigitoxin.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody specific to digitoxin was developed and Fab fragments were
      prepared using the conventional papain method. The affinity constant was
      determined as 10(9)M-1 and the cross reactivity with digoxin was 2%. The Fab
      fragments were used for the reversal of acute digitoxin poisoning in rabbits
      (100% mortality). Fab fragments were administered over a 40 or 80 minute period
      just after digitoxin infusion. Rabbits treated with specific Fab fragments were
      protected by a bistoichiometrical dose. Evaluation of plasma digitoxin confirmed
      that the specific Fab fragments were able to extract and sequestrate digitoxin.
      The digitoxin-Fab fragment complexes were removed by renal excretion. Our data
      provide evidence of the benefit of monoclonal Fab fragments specific for
      digitoxin for the reversal of acute digitoxin poisoning.

PMID- 2401381
TI  - Gene transfer by retrovirus-derived shuttle vectors in the generation of murine
      bispecific MAbs.
AB  - This report deals with the use of gene transfer by retrovirus-derived shuttle
      vectors in a novel model aimed at the generation of hybrid hybridomas secreting
      bispecific monoclonal antibodies (biMAbs). Following this approach, two genes
      conferring dominant resistance trait to the neomycine analogue geneticin (G418)
      and to methotrexate (MTX) respectively, were infected in two established
      hybridoma lines, each producing a well characterized MAb. The vectors used here
      were replication-deficient, being dependent on the complementation of helper
      virus provided by packaging lines. The infection procedure involved co
      cultivation of the hybridomas with irradiated packaging cell lines, previously
      transfected with the vectors and producing the recombinant retroviruses, not
      inclusive of helper virus in their genome. The packaging lines used were psi2
      ecotropic cells made able to produce high titers of virus. Further, the vector
      pMV7 was carrying G418 resistance while the pSDHT render the cells able to
      survive MTX. Easy and fast transfer of the dominant selection markers yielded
      lines of hybridomas to be fused according to the conventional somatic fusions.
      The resulting double hybridomas were tested for the production of hybrid
      molecules retaining parental specificity and successively underwent extensive
      cloning. The purification system featuring the most efficiently between the true
      biMAbs and the parental immunoglobulins (or other combination products) proved to
      be HPLC on hydroxylapatite column. The method described above was successful in
      producing two biMAbs targeting simultaneously molecules expressed on cytotoxic
      cells (such as CD3 on T-lymphocytes and CD16 on NK cells) and the melanoma
      associated antigen Ep2.

PMID- 2401382
TI  - Quantitation of residual mouse DNA in monoclonal antibody based products.
AB  - The identification and characterization of cell substrates and testing of bulk
      and final products is an important issue which must be addressed by
      manufacturers. In view of the fact that hundreds of applications for
      Investigational New Drugs (IND) have been submitted over the past few years,
      there is an obvious need for testing of these products. Detection of DNA by
      molecular hybridization has been used for various applications including the
      quantitation and characterization of DNA in biological products. We have
      developed a precise assay based on hybridization for the detection and
      quantitation of residual genomic DNA. In order to reduce protein interference, a
      specific pretreatment method for isolation of DNA in monoclonal antibody based
      products was implemented. We have used the assay to evaluate levels of
      contaminating DNA in prepared lots of monoclonal antibodies. Validation
      experiments demonstrated a sensitivity below 10 pg DNA using nick-translated 32P
      labelled genomic DNA probes. The assay allows accurate quantitation of residual
      DNA in biologics.

PMID- 2401383
TI  - An immunoenzymatic test designed for the detection of small amounts of
      contaminant DNA in biological preparations.

PMID- 2401384
TI  - How to deal with potential contaminations of monoclonal antibody preparations.
AB  - The message of this contribution is that simple and concrete regulatory rules can
      not yet be established. We may have added vagueness. We would welcome a dialogue
      between researchers, manufacturers and regulatory authorities. Prerequisite for a
      fruitful discussion among all parties will be the availability of information on
      several aspects of this problem.

PMID- 2401385
TI  - Regulatory issues with respect to monoclonal antibodies--an industry perspective.

PMID- 2401386
TI  - Strategies in the development of human monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - A high-efficiency, HAT-sensitive heteromyeloma fusion line CB-F7 has been
      developed from an 8-Azaguanin-treated Ig-non-secreting human X mouse
      heterohybridoma. The use of this line allowed us to produce human hybridomas more
      successfully by fusion of cell material from blood, lymph node or spleen. A
      polyspecific repertoire of IgM isotype was detected among the hybridomas obtained
      from the spleen. These IgM antibodies reacted with autoantigens as well as with
      foreign material. This naturally occurring repertoire may be of interest since it
      has anti-bacterial activity. The frequency of the occurrence of polyspecific
      antibody-producing hybridomas was high in the spleen. Apart from the detection of
      polyspecific IgM antibodies we did not find IgG-secreting hybridomas with anti
      bacterial reactivity among thousands of initial lines derived from non-immunized
      persons. We therefore tried to fuse lymphocytes from donors, who were boosted
      with Tetanus Toxoid (TTd). A short and limited optimum time period at which the
      blood should be taken from the donors after boosting, was detected. Seven days
      after in vivo immunization high yields of IgG-anti-TTd-producing lines (239 out
      of 731 IgG-producers) were found. The methods of developing more efficient
      production of human monoclonal antibodies of a pre-defined specificity were
      discussed.

PMID- 2401387
TI  - New developments in the cultivation of hybridoma cells in homogeneous continuous
      perfusion systems.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MCA) are of great value both for in vitro and in vivo
      diagnostic and for therapeutic application. For in vitro application relatively
      small amounts of antibody are required. The therapeutic application, however,
      requires larger quantities. For this reason different cultivation systems have
      been developed in the past years. In our laboratory the continuous perfusion
      system in routinely applied for the cultivation of hybridoma cells. Cell and
      product yields obtained in this homogeneous cultivation system will be described
      and data of the monitoring of environmental conditions as nutrients and
      metabolites will be presented. To obtain information on the stability of
      expression a spot-ELISA assay was developed to determine the ratio of producers
      to non producers and the incidence of switch variants. Flow cytometry was applied
      for analysis of the cell cycle and to follow the course of cytoplasmic and
      surface IgG expression. These and other test systems provide information about
      the stability of production of monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma cells in
      continuous perfusion systems.

PMID- 2401388
TI  - A purification strategy for the production of clinical grade monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - A strategy for the purification of murine IgG monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) is
      described. It consists of a combination of protein A affinity chromatography and
      ion exchange chromatography. The method was used for the purification of two
      MAbs, WT31 and MN12. After in vitro cultivation in the presence of foetal bovine
      serum, the medium components were efficiently removed from the MAbs, yielding
      clinical grade products. Automated purification under aseptic conditions was
      effectuated by employing a computer-controlled four-column system.

PMID- 2401389
TI  - Choice of culture medium and purification process applied to monoclonal
      antibodies devoted to in vivo use.

PMID- 2401390
TI  - Automatic purification of monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Purification has become the rate limiting step in the development and production
      of protein-based products, especially for monoclonal antibodies. An example of a
      fully integrated low/medium pressure chromatograph is presented. The MabLab is
      driven by expert software and it characterizes an unknown antibody in about five
      hours, and when large amounts of antibody containing fluid are available, it runs
      production cycles. The purification of the antibody proceeds unattended and with
      an increased speed, by using the data of the characterization run, and a step
      elution pattern.

PMID- 2401391
TI  - Radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies in tumour diagnosis and therapy.
AB  - Tumour associated monoclonal antibodies HMFG1, HMFG2, H17E2, AUA1, EGFR1,
      labelled with 123-Iodine or 111-Indium, were used to detect primary and
      metastatic cancer by external body scintigraphy in patients with ovarian, breast
      and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCC). Successful localisation was seen in all
      patients with primary and 80% of the metastatic NSCC, 50% of primary and 70% of
      metastatic breast cancer lesions and in 80% of patients with metastatic ovarian
      cancer. On the other hand, imaging carried with a radiolabelled non-specific
      monoclonal antibody produced positive results in 3 out of 5 cases with primary
      NSCC. Therefore non-specific imaging should be further studied in clinical
      research for the evaluation of the specificity of radioimmunodetection. In our
      therapeutic trials we have so far treated 29 patients with resistant ovarian
      cancer, with intraperitoneal 131I-labelled antibodies (HMFG1, HMFG2, AUA1,
      H17E2), 11 patients with recurrent pleural and pericardial effusions by
      intracavitary 131I-labelled antibodies, 10 patients with brain gliomas by
      intravenous or intracarotid infusion of 131I-EGFR1 and two patients with hepatic
      metastases from colon carcinoma by intrahepatic infusion of 131I-anti-CEA
      antibodies. The preliminary results from these therapeutic studies seem to be
      encouraging and are discussed in detail in this review.

PMID- 2401392
TI  - Effect of 20 weeks' ranitidine treatment on plasma gastrin levels and gastric
      enterochromaffin-like cell density in the rat.
AB  - In this study, the effect of ranitidine treatment on the activation and
      proliferation of rat gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells was investigated.
      The drug was given in a high dose in the food (1.7-1.8 g/kg/day) for 20 weeks.
      This dose corresponds to the high dose given in the ranitidine oncogenicity study
      performed by Glaxo. With this dose regimen ranitidine induced hypergastrinaemia
      for 10 h of the day. The duration and the extent of the hypergastrinaemia closely
      followed the occurrence of ranitidine in plasma, strongly suggesting that the
      hypergastrinaemia was secondary to inhibition of acid secretion. Following 20
      weeks treatment with ranitidine, both the relative weight of the stomach and that
      of the oxyntic mucosa were increased. The oxyntic histamine concentration and ECL
      cell density were also increased significantly. These results show that when
      ranitidine is given in the diet the resulting hypergastrinaemia, which had a
      duration of 10 h each day, leads to a general increase in the oxyntic mucosal
      weight and a proliferation and activation of the ECL cells, indicating that
      sustained hypergastrinaemia is not a necessary requirement for development of ECL
      cell hyperplasia.

PMID- 2401393
TI  - Enterochromaffin-like cell carcinoids in the rat gastric mucosa following long
      term administration of ranitidine.
AB  - Long-term administration of some long-acting inhibitors of gastric acid secretion
      has been associated with the development of gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL)
      cell carcinoids in the rat. It has been argued that short-acting, surmountable
      histamine H2-receptor blockers such as ranitidine do not cause carcinoids. In
      this study, female rats (n = 100) were treated for 2 years with the histamine H2
      receptor blocker ranitidine, 2 g/kg/day in the diet. Specimens from the stomachs
      of all rats, including 50 controls, were stained for argyrophil cells. Plasma
      gastrin and ranitidine levels were measured in separate groups of rats at
      different times during the study. The mean plasma level of ranitidine was 37.5
      mumol/l, measured at midnight when the maximal level after food intake was
      expected. The resulting acid inhibition was associated with an approximately 3
      fold increase in plasma gastrin which persisted throughout the whole period of
      the study. The ranitidine treatment resulted in a pronounced hyperplasia of
      gastric ECL cells. In 19 rats carcinoids were found, 4 of which were micro
      invasive. No carcinoids were found in the control animals. The results provide
      further support for the gastrin mechanism, i.e. that the development of ECL-cell
      carcinoids in the rat gastric mucosa is a consequence of prolonged
      hypergastrinaemia and is not a unique effect of any individual acid-inhibiting
      drug.

PMID- 2401394
TI  - Upper gastrointestinal porcine smooth muscle expresses M2- and M3-receptors.
AB  - The existence of 5 different mammalian subtypes of muscarinic receptors, named M1
      to M5 has been established. This study was designed to characterize the subtypes
      of muscarinic receptors occurring in smooth muscle of the upper gastrointestinal
      tract. Displacement studies of [3H]N-methylscopolamine by the highly M2-selective
      ligand methoctramine revealed the presence of M2-receptors. The remaining sites
      had characteristics of M3-receptors. The ratio of M2- to M3-receptors varied from
      a predominance of M3-receptors in antral tissue over a predominance of M2
      receptors in gastric corpus and ileal smooth muscle to the almost exclusive
      presence of M2-receptors in duodenal smooth muscle. Mucosa from all areas showed
      characteristics of M3-receptors without evidence for the occurrence of M2
      receptors.

PMID- 2401395
TI  - Role of liver and intestines in the degradation of epidermal growth factor.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is widely distributed in the gastrointestinal
      tissues and released into the gut lumen but its physiological role is
      questionable because of the postulated high uptake and degradation of this
      peptide in the liver. This study was designed to examine the action of EGF
      administered intraduodenally (i.d.), intravenously (i.v.) or intraportally (i.p.)
      on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric and pancreatic secretion and to determine the
      role of liver in the EGF uptake. In conscious dogs with gastric and pancreatic
      fistulas, EGF infused i.v. or i.p. in graded doses (0.12-1.0 microgram/kg.h)
      caused a dose-dependent inhibition of pentagastrin-induced gastric H+ secretion
      without alteration in pancreatic protein secretion. EGF infused i.v. and i.p.
      raised significantly plasma levels of the peptide but these increments were
      significantly lower with i.p. than with i.v. infusion. EGF given i.d. did not
      affect gastric or pancreatic secretion and failed to raise significantly plasma
      EGF level. In anesthetized dogs, no difference was found in the basal plasma EGF
      levels between arterial and portal or hepatic blood. during i.v. infusion of EGF,
      plasma EGF level in hepatic venous blood was about 40% lower and that in the
      portal blood was about 30% lower than that in arterial blood indicating a marked
      uptake of peptide during the passage through the liver and the intestines,
      respectively. EGF was present in negligible amounts in gastric secretion but
      appeared in nanogram concentrations in the pancreatic secretion and increased
      after pentagastrin stimulation. We conclude that (1) the liver and the intestines
      are almost equally involved in partial degradation of EGF and that the kidneys
      may also contribute to the elimination of circulating EGF; (2) the uptake of EGF
      by these organs is limited and can be overcome by increasing doses of infused
      EGF, and (3) absorption of EGF from the intestinal lumen does not contribute to
      its circulating concentrations.

PMID- 2401396
TI  - Prevalence of hypertension in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The prevalence of hypertension in a representative sample (n = 10202) of the
      Danish general population aged 16-59 years was assessed to 4.4% based on three
      blood pressure readings. In Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients of
      similar age (n = 1703) the prevalence was determined in a similar way to 14.7% (p
      less than 0.00001). The excess prevalence in Type 1 diabetic patients was due to
      hypertension in patients with incipient and clinical nephropathy as the
      prevalence of hypertension among diabetic patients with normal urinary albumin
      excretion (essential hypertension) was 3.9%, similar to that observed in the
      general population. The patients with Type 1 diabetes and essential hypertension
      had higher systolic (146 +/- 19 vs 133 +/- 18 mm Hg, p less than 0.00001) and
      diastolic blood pressure (87 +/- 12 vs 79 +/- 7 mm Hg, p less than 0.00001), but
      less changes in the eye background than patients with incipient nephropathy
      (urinary albumin excretion 30-300 mg/24 h) (p less than 0.03), indicating that
      the two groups were also different with respect to other microangiopathic
      lesions. Patients with essential hypertension were defined as having a normal
      urinary albumin excretion before and during antihypertensive treatment (if any).
      They were followed-up for a 58 (6-234) month period. We confirmed that
      hypertension is more common among Type 1 diabetic patients than in the general
      population and found the prevalence of essential hypertension similar in Type 1
      diabetic patients to the non-diabetic population. This supports our hypothesis
      that hypertension is very unlikely to be the cause of diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 2401397
TI  - Incidence of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in subjects 0-14 years
      of age in the Comunidad of Madrid, Spain.
AB  - A retrospective, population-based registry was established in the Comunidad of
      Madrid, Spain (total population: 4,780,572; under age 15: 1,105,243) to
      investigate the epidemiology of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
      Included were all cases diagnosed with diabetes between 1985 and 1988, with age
      onset less than 15 years, and using insulin at discharge from hospital. Using the
      capture-recapture method employing hospital records as the primary source and
      membership files of the Spanish Diabetic Association as the secondary source, the
      ascertainment was 90%. The overall annual incidence was estimated to be
      11.3/100,000 (Poison 95% confidence interval: 10.3-12.4). There was no temporal
      increase in incidence, nor was there a significant sex difference in incidence
      rates, either overall or by year. The seasonal onset pattern showed the highest
      incidence in winter (December-February) and lowest in summer (June-August) (r =
      7.36, p less than 0.05). The age-adjusted (world standard) incidence of
      10.9/100,000 was inconsistent with the hypothesis of a north-south gradient in
      diabetes risk.

PMID- 2401398
TI  - Excess of maternal HLA-DR3 antigens in HLA DR3,4 positive type 1 (insulin
      dependent) diabetic patients.
AB  - The susceptibility determinants of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
      are known to be associated with both HLA-DR3 and DR4. In our study we wished to
      determine if the parental origin of these antigens could influence susceptibility
      to the disease. We analysed the inheritance of DR3 and DR4 haplotypes from the
      father or mother (DR3p, DR4p, DR3m and DR4m, respectively), in the index cases
      and in the affected and non-affected siblings of 246 diabetic simplex and 41
      multiplex families without affected parents. An independent series of 80
      multiplex families (GAW 5) was also studied. Among the DR3,4 positive index cases
      and affected siblings, the paternal and maternal DR3 and DR4 antigens were not
      distributed randomly: 62% and 72%, respectively, had received DR4 from their
      father and DR3 from their mother (DR4p/DR3m), while only 38% and 28%,
      respectively, had received a paternal DR3 together with a maternal DR4
      (DR3p/DR4m). This differed significantly from the 50% expected ratio (p less than
      0.01) and was not observed in unaffected siblings. No excess of maternal DR3 in
      the absence of DR4 and no excess of paternal DR4 in the absence of DR3 were
      observed. The finding suggests that some maternal DR3 related event (presumably
      during pregnancy) might play an enhancing role in the pathogenesis of Type 1
      diabetes. It also implies that siblings with both DR4p and DR3m have a
      significantly higher risk for disease than those with DR3p and DR4m.

PMID- 2401399
TI  - Familial predisposition to renal disease in two generations of Pima Indians with
      type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
AB  - We studied the occurrence of renal disease by measuring serum creatinine and
      urine protein concentrations in the diabetic members of 316 Pima Indian families
      with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes in two successive generations to
      determine if diabetic renal disease aggregates in families. After adjustment for
      sex and other risk factors, proteinuria occurred among 14.3% of the diabetic
      offspring if neither parent had proteinuria, 22.9% if at least one diabetic
      parent had proteinuria, and 45.9% if both parents had diabetes and proteinuria.
      Among male offspring, an elevated serum creatinine concentration (greater than or
      equal to 177 mumol/l) was present in 11.7% if the parent had an elevated
      creatinine and in 1.5% if the parent did not. Thus, proteinuria and high serum
      creatinine aggregated in diabetic families, suggesting that susceptibility to
      renal disease is inherited independently of diabetes.

PMID- 2401400
TI  - Homologous transformation of Cephalosporium acremonium with the nitrate reductase
      encoding gene (niaD).
AB  - We report the development of a homologous transformation system for
      Cephalosporium acremonium using the niaD gene of the nitrate assimilation (NA)
      pathway. Mutants in the NA pathway were selected on the basis of chlorate
      resistance by conventional means. Screening procedures were developed to
      differentiate between nitrate reductase apoprotein structural gene mutants (niaD)
      and molybdenum cofactor gene mutants (cnx) as wt C. acremonium, unlike most
      filamentous fungi, fails to grow on minimal medium with hypoxanthine as a sole
      source of nitrogen. Phage clones carrying the niaD gene were isolated from a C.
      acremonium library constructed in lambda EMBL3 using the A. nidulans niaD gene as
      a heterologous probe. An 8.6-kb EcoRI fragment was subcloned into pUC18, and
      designated pSTA700. pSTA700 was able to transform stable niaD mutants to NA at a
      frequency of up to 40 transformants per microgram DNA. Transformants were easily
      visible since the background growth was low and no abortives were observed. Gene
      replacements, single copy homologous integration and complex multiple
      integrations were observed. The niaD system was used to introduce unselected
      markers for hygromycin B resistance and benomyl resistance into C. acremonium by
      cotransformation.

PMID- 2401401
TI  - Two genes specifically expressed in fruiting dikaryons of Schizophyllum commune:
      homologies with a gene not regulated by mating-type genes.
AB  - The nucleotide (nt) sequences of the Sc3 and Sc4 genes of the filamentous fungus
      Schizophyllum commune, and the deduced amino acid (aa) sequences, were
      determined; moreover, the previously published sequence for the Sc1 gene [Dons et
      al., EMBO J. 3 (1984) 2101-2106] was corrected. All three independently isolated
      genes were found to have similar structures and nt sequences of their coding
      regions. At the aa level the homology is 43-62% (63-69% in the C-terminal parts
      of the proteins), the hydrophobic aa predominate and the hydrophobicity patterns
      are similar. All three proteins contain leader sequences and eight cysteines
      among about 110 aa, conserved at the same positions. Yet these genes are
      differentially regulated: Sc1 and Sc4 are only expressed at high levels in
      fruiting dikaryons, whereas Sc3 is highly expressed in both monokaryons and
      dikaryons, independent from fruiting.

PMID- 2401402
TI  - Cloning and characterization of chloroplast ribosomal protein-encoding genes,
      rpl16 and rps3, of the marine macro-algae, Gracilaria tenuistipitata.
AB  - In Gracilaria tenuistipitata, a highly differentiated multicellular member of the
      marine red algae, Rhodophyta, chloroplast (cp) DNA can be separated as a
      satellite band from the nuclear DNA in a CsCl gradient. Using a heterologous
      probe from Chlamydomonas, the ribosomal protein-encoding gene, rpl16, was located
      on a 4.5-kb EcoRI fragment of cp DNA. The fragment was cloned and a 1365-bp
      region around rpl16 was sequenced. The gene order around rpl16, 5' rpl22-rps3
      rpl16, is identical to that detected in the chloroplast DNA of liverwort, tobacco
      and maize. Both the nucleotide sequence and the amino-acid sequence of rpl16 are
      more conserved than that of rps3. The rpl16 gene contains no intron, a feature
      which shows more similarity to the unicellular green algae, Chlamydomonas, than
      to other land plants. Sequences that may form a stable stem-loop structure were
      detected within the coding sequence of rpl16.

PMID- 2401403
TI  - The 5'-flanking sequence of the loach oocyte 5S rRNA gene contains a signal for
      effective transcription.
AB  - Deletion mutants of loach oocyte 5S rRNA genes were injected and transcribed in
      vivo in the nuclei of loach (Misgurnus fossilis) and Xenopus laevis. A control
      region was found in the 5'-flanking sequence, the elimination of which greatly
      decreases in vivo transcription of 5S rRNA genes. This cis-acting element is
      located in the region between nt-18 and the transcription start point. We propose
      that the oocyte nucleus contains (a) specific transcriptional factor(s), NTFO,
      which interacts with the cis-acting element we described. We also propose that
      NTFO is inactivated in maturing oocytes when nucleoplasm interacts with oocyte
      cytoplasm after germinal vesicle breakdown. The residual activity of this
      factor(s) may be responsible for low-level synthesis of oocyte 5S rRNA at the
      beginning of embryogenesis. We consider the disappearance of NTFO during
      gastrulation to be responsible for the total inactivation of oocyte 5S rRNA genes
      in embryonic and somatic tissue.

PMID- 2401404
TI  - The conserved dinucleotide AG of the 3' splice site may be recognized twice
      during in vitro splicing of mammalian mRNA precursors.
AB  - We have previously used site-directed mutagenesis to introduce an additional
      branch site into the first intron of the human beta-globin gene at nt -24 between
      the natural branch site (nt -37) and the normal 3' splice site (nt -1). We found
      that either the upstream or downstream branch site could be used during in vitro
      splicing, depending on which site best matched the mammalian branch site
      consensus YURAC (R = purine; Y = pyrimidine). Here we show that introduction of
      an additional AG dinucleotide at nt -20 between the downstream branch site and
      the normal 3' splice site results in alternative 3' splicing. Splicing to the new
      AG uses the upstream branch site exclusively, presumably because the downstream
      branch site is only 4 nt from this 3' splice site. We were surprised, however, to
      find that the presence of the new AG also prevents the use of the upstream branch
      site for splicing to the normal 3' splice site. Analysis of additional mutants
      confirmed earlier work [Krainer et al.: Mechanisms of human beta-globin pre-mRNA
      splicing. In Berg, P. (Ed.), The Robert A. Welch Foundation Conferences on
      Chemical Research XXIX. Genetic Chemistry: The Molecular Basis of Heredity. Welch
      Foundation, Houston, TX, 1985, pp. 353-382] that the new AG cannot function by
      itself as a complete 3' splice site; rather, it appears that alternative 3'
      splicing initiates at the normal 3' splice site but then searches, once the
      reaction is underway, for the first AG downstream from the chosen branch site.
      Taken together, our data suggest that the conserved AG dinucleotide at the 3'
      splice site may be recognized twice during mammalian mRNA splicing in vitro.

PMID- 2401405
TI  - Cloning and characterization of a third type of human alpha-amylase gene, AMY2B.
AB  - We have previously reported concerning the existence of a third type of human
      alpha-amylase gene, AMY3 [Emi et al., Gene 62 (1988) 229-235; Tomita et al., Gene
      76 (1989) 11-18], which is expressed in a lung carcinoid tissue, and differs in
      nucleotide sequence from the two previously characterized human alpha-amylase
      genes coding for salivary and pancreatic isozymes, termed AMY1 and AMY2,
      respectively. Here, we rename this gene AMY2B to coincide with the designation by
      Gumucio et al. [Mol. Cell Biol. 8 (1988) 1197-1205] and describe its genetic
      properties as revealed by sequencing studies. It consists of ten major exons
      whose sequences are highly homologous to those of AMY1 and AMY2. Not only the
      exons, but also most of the introns seem to be highly conserved, as judged from
      physical mapping data. The AMY2B gene identified from mRNA in a lung carcinoid
      tissue has at least two additional untranslated exons in its 5' region; hence the
      promoter lies far upstream relative to the other two AMY genes.

PMID- 2401406
TI  - Cloning and sequencing of the genes encoding acid-soluble spore proteins from
      Clostridium perfringens.
AB  - In Clostridium perfringens the acid-soluble spore proteins (ASSPs) of the
      alpha/beta type are encoded by two genes, sspC1 and sspC2. These genes, encoding
      ASSP C1 and C2 proteins, respectively, were cloned as parts of 3.5-kb genomic
      fragments. The genes were sequenced and polypeptides of 59 (C1) and 60 (C2) amino
      acids (aa) were deduced from the nucleotide sequence. The N-terminal Met is
      removed from the primary translation products in both cases, yielding mature
      polypeptides with Mrs of 6306 (C1) and 6553 (C2). The aa sequences of the two
      polypeptides were very similar and showed a closer relationship with C.
      bifermentans ASSPs than with ASSPs from Bacillus species.

PMID- 2401407
TI  - Cloning and sequencing of the gene (tsg56) encoding a type-specific antigen from
      Rickettsia tsutsugamushi.
AB  - A type-specific antigen (TSA) in Rickettsia tsutsugamushi is a 56-kDa protein
      located on the rickettsial surface. The gene (tsg56) encoding the TSA was
      isolated from R. tsutsugamushi Gilliam strain. Sequencing revealed an open
      reading frame of 1572 bp encoding a 524-amino acid (aa) protein with an Mr of
      56,053. The deduced aa sequence consists of a 22-aa signal sequence and the
      mature TSA sequence (502 aa; Mr 53,803), whose N-terminal portion has the aa
      sequence determined directly in our previous study [Ohashi et al., Infect. Immun.
      57 (1989) 1427-1431]. Alternate localization of hydrophobic and hydrophilic
      regions was recognized in the TSA molecule, suggesting that the TSA is a
      transmembrane protein. The codon usage in the A + T-rich (59%) tsg56 gene
      reflects a high A + T content of R. tsutsugamushi. The 5'-flanking region
      contains sequences similar to those of ribosome-binding sites and promoters of
      Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2401408
TI  - Cloning and sequencing the gene encoding 3-phosphoglycerate kinase from
      mesophilic Methanobacterium bryantii and thermophilic Methanothermus fervidus.
AB  - The nucleotide sequences of the gene (pgk) encoding 3-phosphoglycerate kinase
      (PGK) from the mesophilic archaebacterium, Methanobacterium bryantii, and from
      the closely related thermophile, Methanothermus fervidus, were determined. The
      deduced amino acid (aa) sequences show 61% identity with each other and 32-36%
      identity with the enzyme homologues from eubacteria and eukaryotes. As found for
      glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and L-malate dehydrogenase, the
      relatedness between the archaebacterial aa sequences on the one hand and the
      eubacterial or eukaryotic sequences on the other is lower than that between the
      latter ones. Comparison of the aa sequence of PGK from mesophilic and
      thermophilic archaebacteria indicates an increase of the overall hydrophobicity
      and a decrease of the chain flexibility in the thermophilic enzyme, as already
      deduced from respective comparisons between GAPDH aa sequences of the same
      organisms. In addition, glycine residues are strikingly discriminated in the
      thermophilic PGK, which was also observed for GAPDH. Contrary to GAPDH, however,
      Lys and Arg residues are preferred in the thermophilic PGK. Lys to Arg
      substitutions are the most frequent cold-to-hot changes in PGK, whereas in GAPDH
      from the same organisms these changes do not occur.

PMID- 2401409
TI  - Conserved sequences in the U2 snRNA-encoding genes of Kinetoplastida do not
      include the putative branchpoint recognition region.
AB  - The U2 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, a flagellated
      protozoon of the order Kinetoplastida, is 148 nucleotides (nt) long, and thus the
      smallest U2 snRNA identified so far. To examine the evolutionary conservation of
      this RNA among Kinetoplastida, we have cloned and sequenced the U2 genes from
      Trypanosoma congolense and Leishmania mexicana amazonensis, which are 145 and 141
      nt in length, respectively. The sequences of the Kinetoplastida U2 snRNAs are
      essentially identical in the 5' half of the molecule. Surprisingly, the putative
      branch site recognition sequence of L. m. amazonensis U2 snRNA shows two nt
      changes when compared with the other two U2 snRNAs. The sequence of the 3' half
      of the Kinetoplastida U2 snRNAs is less conserved with T. congolense and L. m.
      amazonensis RNAs showing 23 and 35 nt sequence variations, respectively, when
      compared with the corresponding sequence of the T. b. gambiense U2 snRNA.
      Alignment of the flanking regions of the U2 genes revealed several elements which
      are conserved both in sequence and in position relative to the U2 coding region
      and which may function in the biosynthesis of U2 snRNAs. One upstream element
      specifically binds protein factor(s) present in T. brucei nuclear extracts.

PMID- 2401410
TI  - Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of the nosiheptide-resistance
      gene from Streptomyces actuosus.
AB  - The nucleotide (nt) sequence of a 2326-bp BamHI-PstI DNA fragment previously
      isolated from Streptomyces actuosus ATCC25421 that confers resistance to the
      thiopeptide antibiotics, nosiheptide (Nh) and thiostrepton (Ts) upon Streptomyces
      lividans 1326 was determined. Two open reading frames (ORFs) were found in this
      2326-bp sequence; one containing 699 nt and another of 822 nt, both reading in
      the same direction. The Nh-resistance gene determinant (nsh) is encoded by
      orf822, as determined by the 74% identity of the deduced amino acid sequence of
      its gene product to that of the 23S rRNA methylase encoded by the Ts-resistance
      gene (tsr) of Streptomyces azureus. (The respective sequences had a 72%
      homology.) ORF699, encoded by a gene situated upstream from orf822, contained an
      apparent alpha-helix-beta-turn-alpha-helix configuration which is common to DNA
      binding proteins and suggests that ORF699 may be a regulatory protein. Two
      transcription start points (tsp) were found upstream from orf699 as demonstrated
      by high-resolution S1 nuclease mapping. There was also a weak tsp for the nsh
      gene at the first nt of ORF. Moreover, transcription was observed to read through
      a stem-loop structure separating the orf699 and nsh genes, as demonstrated by S1
      nuclease mapping of the 3' terminus of the orf699 gene, suggesting an
      antitermination mechanism for regulation of nsh transcription.

PMID- 2401411
TI  - MamI, a novel class-II restriction endonuclease from Microbacterium ammoniaphilum
      recognizing 5'-GATNN decreases NNATC-3'.
AB  - A new site-specific class-II restriction endonuclease, MamI, has been discovered
      in the nonsporulating Gram+ Microbacterium ammoniaphilum. MamI recognition
      sequence and cleavage positions were deduced using experimental and computer
      assisted mapping and sequencing approaches. MamI cleavage specificity corresponds
      to: [formula: see text] The novel 43-kD enzyme recognizes a palindromic
      hexanucleotide interrupted by four ambiguous nucleotides. MamI cleavage positions
      are located in the center of the recognition sequence resulting in blunt-ended
      fragments after cleavage in the presence of Mg2+ ions. MamI is inhibited by N6
      methyladenine residues. In case of overlapping sequences of MamI and Escherichia
      coli-coded DNA modification methyltransferase M.EcodamI (5'-[formula: see text]
      3'), cleavage of DNA isolated from E. coli wild-type cells will be inhibited. By
      applying incubation conditions forcing star activity, relaxing of MamI sequence
      specificity is observed (MamI*).

PMID- 2401412
TI  - Serous retinal detachment resembling central serous chorioretinopathy following
      organ transplantation.
AB  - Two patients developed unilateral serous retinal detachments of the macula
      resembling idiopathic center serous chorioretinopathy within 9 months of cardiac
      transplantation, while one renal transplant recipient developed bilateral serous
      detachments within 6 months of surgery. In two cases (three eyes), dense, yellow,
      fibrlin-like exudates were present in the subretinal fluid. At the time of
      presentation, each of the three patients had a modest elevation of blood urea
      nitrogen. Laser photocoagulation was performed in three eyes with limited
      success, although ultimately the detachments resolved leaving only mild visual
      impairment (6/9 vision). The differential diagnosis of visual loss in the
      transplant population includes serous detachment of the sensory retina as well as
      more serious chorioretinal infections related to immunosuppression.

PMID- 2401413
TI  - Effect of luminance and contrast on stereoscopic acuity.
AB  - The threshold of binocular depth perception was measured in 11 healthy
      volunteers. A three-rod arrangement was employed in which both the luminance of
      the rods and that of the adapting field could be adjusted independently. This
      allowed fixing the contrast when the effect of luminance was studied or fixing
      the luminance when the effect of contrast was investigated. The observation
      distance was 400 mm. Thresholds were expressed as angular disparities and were
      based on 75% correct responses. Points of subjective equality were also
      determined. Lowest thresholds (2.85 +/- 0.67 s of arc) were found for a moderate
      contrast of 0.5 whereas low (0.05) and high (0.95) contrast both produced
      significantly higher thresholds (luminance 250 cd/m2). Altering the field
      luminance (50, 250, 1600 cd/m2) under constant contrast conditions (0.95) did not
      measurably influence stereoscopic acuity.

PMID- 2401414
TI  - Rheological studies on patients with posterior subretinal neovascularization and
      exudative age-related macular degeneration.
AB  - To investigate the potential influence of a decreased perfusion rate of the
      choriocapillaris on the development of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)
      with subretinal neovascularization (SRNV) apparently caused by disturbed flow
      properties of blood, we compared the hemorheological parameters of blood from 35
      patients suffering from ARMD with SRNV with those from the 35 healthy patients of
      the same age. In both groups hematocrit, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte
      filtrability, aggregation, aggregating proteins, leukocyte and thrombocyte count,
      differentiation of leukocytes, thrombelastography, PTT, Quick test, and
      rheological profiles were comparable. The differences were not significant (P
      greater than 0.05). These results refute the hypothesis that changed flow
      properties of blood are the primary cause of the pathogenesis of ARMD with SRNV.

PMID- 2401415
TI  - Dark adaptation in glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous optic nerve atrophy.
AB  - Optic nerve damage is associated with impairment of psychophysical functions. We
      measured dark adaptation in 21 eyes of 14 normal subjects, 35 eyes of 19 patients
      with primary open-angle glaucoma, and 7 eyes of 4 patients with nonglaucomatous
      descending optic nerve atrophy. In the normal subjects light thresholds and time
      of the shoulder in the dark adaptation curve increased significantly with age. In
      eyes with glaucomatous or nonglaucomatous optic nerve damage light sensitivity
      was lower than in normal eyes of age-matched control groups. Rod light
      sensitivity was significantly (P less than 0.05) correlated with neuroretinal rim
      loss, parapapillary chorioretinal atrophy, and relative afferent pupillary
      defects. We conclude that velocity and degree of dark adaptation decrease with
      increasing age. Patients with glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous optic nerve
      atrophy show decreased light sensitivity especially in the rod part of dark
      adaptation worsening with advancing optic nerve damage.

PMID- 2401416
TI  - The influence of forward light scatter on the visual field indices in glaucoma.
AB  - Light scatter was induced in 15 glaucoma patients, exhibiting clear media and
      moderate field loss, using cells containing varying concentrations of 0.5 microns
      diameter latex beads in distilled water. The right eye was examined with program
      G1 on the Octopus 201, and with a 45 degrees threshold profile on the Dicon
      AP3000, with and without a given cell. Forward light scatter due to the cell was
      assessed by measuring the depression of contrast sensitivity, with the Nicolet
      CS2000, under glare conditions. Perimetric mean sensitivity decreased linearly
      and loss variance decreased curvilinearly with increase in forward scatter.
      Threshold values for 26 glaucoma patients, determined in the absence of induced
      scatter, were then corrected for the effects of naturally occurring intraocular
      light scatter. The recalculated mean defect decreased linearly while loss
      variance remained essentially unchanged. Forward light scatter therefore
      predominantly exaggerates diffuse loss; the apparent underestimation of focal
      defects caused by induced scatter is partly a computational artefact resulting
      from inapplicable age-matched normal reference data.

PMID- 2401417
TI  - Haemangioma of the optic disc.
AB  - Isolated capillary haemangiomata of the optic disc are uncommon; they may be
      associated with the von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Renal carcinoma occurs in almost
      one-third of patients with this condition, and it may go unnoticed until
      metastases occur. Early nephrectomy offers a cure. It is important, therefore,
      that all patients with optic disc capillary haemangiomata as well as their
      relatives are referred for screening for the stigmata of this disease.

PMID- 2401418
TI  - Proliferative vitreoretinopathy shows predilection for the inferior fundus.
AB  - We reviewed 112 consecutive cases of retinal detachment associated with grade C-1
      proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) to assess the initial location of the full
      thickness retinal folds. A total of 47 eyes had PVR preoperatively, and 65 eyes
      demonstrated PVR postoperatively. Of the eyes affected preoperatively, 29 (56%)
      developed PVR in the inferior retina, as did 58 (74%) of the eyes affected
      postoperatively for a total of 87 eyes (67%). Eyes treated with cryoretinopexy
      had a higher incidence of PVR in the inferior retina (87.5%) than did those
      undergoing diathermy (57.6%) or photocoagulation (80%). Our findings suggested
      that the location of PVR may be influenced clinically by gravity. This tendency
      was more apparent after surgery, especially after cryoretinopexy, than
      preoperatively.

PMID- 2401419
TI  - Factors that influence the prevalence of positive catch trials in glaucoma
      patients.
AB  - We evaluated factors that influence the catch-trial response in automated
      perimetry by consecutively examining 408 glaucoma patients (703 eyes) with either
      the program 30-2 or a 76-point screen with a quantified defect on the Humphrey
      Field Analyzer. The prevalence of positive catch trials using both programs was:
      15.9% fixation losses, 5.5% false-positives, and 17.0% false-negatives. The only
      significant difference between the two programs was a lower prevalence of false
      negatives on the program 30-2 (P less than 0.01). False-positive responses showed
      a significant positive correlation to fixation losses, and the catch trial
      response in general was correlated significantly to defect depth, test time, age,
      and visual acuity (P less than 0.05). This study suggests that the prevalence of
      positive catch trials is not an independent variable when testing glaucoma
      patients with automated perimetry and is not reduced by using a screening
      strategy over a full-threshold exam.

PMID- 2401420
TI  - Ocular toxicity of multiple intravitreal DHPG injections.
AB  - Intravitreal 9-[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethoxymethyl] guanine (DHPG) has been
      advocated as an alternative mode of therapy in cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in
      the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) because of toxic neutropenia which
      is a complication of systemic intravenous DHPG. The recommended regimen requires
      injection of 200 micrograms DHPG intravitreally twice a week for a period of
      several weeks to months to control the progression of CMV retinitis. A previous
      study performed to determine the safe dose of intravitreal DHPG was based on a
      single intravitreal dose study; it does not consider the toxicity which may arise
      from multiple intravitreal injections of DHPG as it is utilized in the treatment
      of patients with CMV retinitis. In our study, intravitreal injections of 1000,
      400, 200, 100, 50, and 25 micrograms DHPG were administered weekly for a period
      of 5 weeks in rabbit eyes. Ocular toxicity was monitored using slit-lamp
      biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography, and light and
      electron microscopy. Electroretinographic evidence of retinal toxicity was found
      with doses as low as 100 micrograms. Electron-micrographic studies of retinal
      tissue from the eyes injected with even lower doses (as low as 25 micrograms)
      also showed evidence of toxic vacuolization in the inner segments of the
      photoreceptor.

PMID- 2401421
TI  - Cellular adhesiveness on implanted lenses in monkeys.
AB  - Cells are known to adhere to implanted intraocular lenses (IOLs), but the
      mechanisms of this adhesiveness are not known. We studied cellular adhesiveness
      on four posterior chamber IOLs that had been implanted into monkey eyes. The
      animals were killed at 4 and at 7 days after lens implantation. The IOLs were
      removed and examined by transmission electron microscopy. At 4 days after IOL
      implantation, macrophages were attached to the IOL surface; at 7 days after
      implantation, multinucleated giant cells were attached to the IOL surface. These
      cells had bundles of microfilaments in the subplasmalemmal region of areas of
      close cell-IOL apposition. These microfilaments may play an important role in the
      cellular adhesiveness on the surface of implanted IOLs.

PMID- 2401422
TI  - Forces on intraocular lens haptics induced by capsular fibrosis. An experimental
      study.
AB  - Electronic dynamometry measurements, performed upon intraocular lens (IOL)
      haptics of prototype one-piece three-loop silicone lenses, accurately defined the
      relationships between elastic force and haptic displacement. Lens implantations
      in the capsular bag of dogs (loop span equal to capsular bag diameter, loops
      underformed immediately after the operation) were evaluated macrophotographically
      5-8 months postoperatively. The highly constant elastic property of silicon
      rubber permitted quantitative correlation of subsequent in vivo haptic
      displacement with the resultant force vectors responsible for tissue contraction.
      The lens optics were well centered in 17 (85%) and slightly offcenter in 3 (15%)
      of 20 implanted eyes. Of the 60 supporting loops, 28 could be visualized
      sufficiently well to permit reliable haptic measurement. Of these 28, 20 (71%)
      were clearly displaced, ranging from 0.45 mm away from to 1.4 mm towards the
      lens' optic center. These extremes represented resultant vector forces of 0.20
      and 1.23 mN respectively. Quantitative vector analysis permits better
      understanding of IOL-capsular interactions.

PMID- 2401423
TI  - Formation of "vessel-like" structures by retinal capillary endothelial cells in
      culture.
AB  - The formation of "vessel-like" structures has been previously reported in
      cultures of endothelial cells from both large and small vessels. In this study
      the formation of such tubular structures was observed in post-confluent cultures
      of bovine retinal microvascular endothelial cells. As the cells became
      postconfluent, cell dropout occurred and the remaining islands of cells were
      observed to be interconnected by cords. Electron microscopy demonstrated that
      each cord consisted of a continuous lumen surrounded by one or more endothelial
      cells. The mechanisms of in vitro "vessel formation" by retinal endothelial cells
      do not appear to relate to either those of embryonic retinal vascularisation or
      those associated with retinal neovascularisation and may be an unrelated
      phenomenon only expressed in vitro.

PMID- 2401424
TI  - Choroidal tuberculomas without evidence of extraocular tuberculosis.
AB  - A 32-year-old man developed unilateral visual loss. Disseminated large choroidal
      nodules and granulomatous optic neuropathy were observed in one eye and responded
      to antituberculous therapy with return of vision. There was no clinical evidence
      of extraocular tuberculosis. Disseminated choroiditis can be the presenting sign
      in tuberculosis and the single accessible yet non-invasive evidence for spread of
      the mycobacteria.

PMID- 2401425
TI  - RE: The influence of stimulus size on perimetric detection of small scotomata by
      Toke Bek and Henrik Lund-Andersen.

PMID- 2401426
TI  - Oculogyric crisis after the Tensilon test.

PMID- 2401427
TI  - Pathophysiological correlates of cerebral ischemia the significance of cellular
      acid base shifts.
AB  - In vivo 31-Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31PNMR) spectroscopy was used
      to study regional high energy phosphate, and phospholipid metabolism together
      with intracellular pH in patients with acute hemispheric ischemic stroke. The pH
      of ischemic brain progressed from acidosis to alkalosis. Acidosis was correlated
      with metabolic deterioration. Alkalosis was correlated with poor neurological
      outcome. Hyperglycemia worsened acidosis and metabolic breakdown. Therapeutic
      control of systemic glucose levels and cerebral acidosis should be evaluated in
      acute stroke.

PMID- 2401428
TI  - Cluster headache: a comparison of the proportions of abnormal recordings for
      several derived variables in tyramine pupillometry.
AB  - Tyramine pupillometry was performed in 27 cluster headache patients and in 45
      healthy controls. Asymmetry variables, i.e. symptomatic(S)-nonsymptomatic(NS)
      side diameter difference and the ratios (S/NS, log NS/S or S/S+NS) displayed
      higher sensitivities than variables which express the function of the symptomatic
      and the nonsymptomatic side pupil separately. Thirty percent of patients had
      abnormal S-NS values at maximal pupillary dilatation. The statistical properties
      of different ratio variables are discussed and it is concluded that the
      transformed ratio (log(NS/S], anisocoria (S-NS) and the anisocoria index (S/S+NS)
      may be superior to the conventional S/NS ratio.

PMID- 2401429
TI  - Corticomotoneuronal latencies after non-invasive stimulation of the motor cortex
      in adrenomyeloneuropathy and adrenoleukodystrophy: results in patients and their
      relatives.
AB  - Corticomotoneuronal latencies after non-invasive stimulation of the motor cortex
      were studied in two patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), in one patient
      with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), in two obligate heterozygotes, and in three
      clinically not affected sisters of the patients with AMN. Corticomotoneuronal
      latencies were prolonged in the patients as well as in obligate female carriers,
      but normal in the clinically and biochemically not affected relatives. The
      noninvasive cortex stimulation was found to be a sensitive method to detect
      clinical and subclinical deficits in patients and heterozygous carriers.

PMID- 2401430
TI  - Abdominal migraine in adults. Case reports.
AB  - The association between headache and gastrointestinal symptoms is typical of
      migraine and useful for diagnosis. Diagnosis is difficult when migraine consists
      only of gastrointestinal symptoms without headache. In such a situation
      differential diagnosis is very widespread, sometimes implying diagnostic and
      therapeutic delays with unpleasant consequences for the patient and embarrassment
      for the physician. We report on the troubled clinical history of three adults
      with abdominal equivalents.

PMID- 2401431
TI  - Ataxic hemiparesis syndrome clinical and CT study of 20 new cases.
AB  - Twenty patients suffering from ataxic hemiparesis caused by lacunar infarcts were
      studied using computerized tomography. Supratentorial lesions were found in
      nineteen patients (95%) while subtentorial lesion was found in only one patient
      (5%). In all cases the lesions were localized along the corticopontine pathways,
      making the hypothesis of injury to this pathway the most valid explanation of
      ataxia.

PMID- 2401433
TI  - Taking stock.

PMID- 2401432
TI  - Scientific expedition "Tunisia '89".

PMID- 2401434
TI  - Case management: a social work tradition.

PMID- 2401435
TI  - The challenge of change: enhancing social work services at a time of cutback.
AB  - Little systematic attention has been paid to the process of cuts in resources in
      hospital social work departments and to the implications of such events over
      time. This article describes the activities of a social work department in
      response to hospitalwide downsizing. It outlines conceptual premises for action,
      recommends a step-by-step process for analysis and implementation, reviews
      implications of cutback, and describes outcomes for department and personnel. In
      this particular case, social work administration was able to make changes in
      department organization to improve quality, efficiency, and professional control
      of practice while modeling cutback and reorganization to the larger hospital
      community.

PMID- 2401436
TI  - Computerized information systems for social workers in health care.
AB  - Social workers' contributions to preventive medicine; discharge planning; and
      effective integration of hospital, family, and community resources are becoming
      increasingly important within the changing context of health care delivery.
      Information technology can be a powerful tool for developing efficient, accurate,
      and comprehensive patient records. In spite of the potential that information
      technology offers health care social workers, the actual use of computerized
      patient data has been limited and slow to develop. This article describes the
      development of a prototype information system that supports the diverse tasks of
      health care social workers in ambulatory care, shows how a shared computerized
      database can improve coordination of patient care among multiple health care
      disciplines, and addresses emerging issues as a growing number of social workers
      in health care use computerized information systems.

PMID- 2401437
TI  - The field's evaluation of proposed clinical indicators for social work services
      in the acute care hospital.
AB  - Evolving approaches to quality assurance emphasize ongoing measurement and
      uniformity of data collection across settings. To meet new requirements, a work
      group established by the National Association of Social Workers and the Society
      for Hospital Social Work Directors of the American Hospital Association is
      developing clinical indicators for monitoring and evaluating the quality of
      social work services in the acute care medical hospital. The work group sought
      systematic feedback from practitioners in the field to evaluate and further
      refine the work to date. In a mail survey, a random sample of the Society for
      Hospital Social Work Directors' membership was asked to evaluate nine proposed
      indicators along four dimensions: (1) clarity, (2) relevance for practice, (3)
      meaningfulness in relation to quality of care, and (4) feasibility of
      implementation. Results of the survey indicated high levels of favorability for
      six of the nine indicators, suggesting their utility as a uniform data set for
      further empirical validation efforts. Uncertainty about the feasibility of
      specific indicators was widespread.

PMID- 2401438
TI  - An experimental evaluation of interdisciplinary training in intervention with
      sexually abused adolescents.
AB  - Effective intervention in cases of sexual abuse of adolescents requires both
      knowledge of medical and other indicators and interviewing skills to facilitate
      disclosure. Public health settings are one place where the knowledge and skills
      of the health and social work professions can be effectively used to identify and
      protect adolescent victims. Interdisciplinary training was found to enhance
      requisite skills in this area. The experimental evaluation of a brief, state
      wide, in-service training program found significant improvement in posttest
      knowledge of relevant indicators and interviewing skills and an increase in the
      number of cases identified and reported.

PMID- 2401439
TI  - Pediatric critical care social work: interventions with a special plane crash
      survivor.
AB  - This article reviews the areas of social work practice that were necessary in the
      author's work with the family of the survivor of the Northwest Airlines Flight
      255 plane crash in August 1987. Crisis intervention theory and family-centered
      social work practice are discussed as they relate to this unique situation. The
      areas of practice are broken into tasks for review and include tasks related to
      the institution, such as coordination with a variety of medical center
      departments, and tasks related to the family, such as identification, lodging,
      and privacy. The effects of the media on the staff and the institution and
      personal reactions to the involvement also are discussed.

PMID- 2401441
TI  - Home-focused discharge planning.

PMID- 2401440
TI  - Families as educational consumers: what do they want? What do they receive?
AB  - In this study of 100 families of patients diagnosed with psychiatric disorders,
      the authors sought to discover what kinds of help families as educational
      consumers wanted, whether the desired help was received, and where they got (or
      hoped to get) help. One-half of the families wished they had received more
      assistance. Most wanted information from psychiatrists, and their level of
      education was an important factor in determining whether they actually saw
      psychiatrists. The families felt a need for professionally run information and
      support groups, but few actually received such help. Professionals did not
      satisfy the educational needs of families of patients suffering from psychiatric
      disorders.

PMID- 2401442
TI  - [AIDS therapy. Virus fragments on the garbage dump].

PMID- 2401443
TI  - [Diagnosis of juvenile hearing disorders].
AB  - Disordered hearing in childhood has a major negative effect on the entire
      development, in particular the development of speech. Thus, early detection and
      proper assessment of a hearing impairment is of considerable importance. Only
      adequate diagnostic information makes it possible to initiate the necessary
      corrective measures without delay. The diagnostic possibilities for detecting and
      differentiating hearing impairments are discussed. The general need to perform a
      hearing test at the age of six and seven months, and the performance of hearing
      tests designed for the newborn who are at risk, are emphasized.

PMID- 2401444
TI  - [Rehabilitation in stroke syndrome].

PMID- 2401445
TI  - Properties of desensitized myosin B of chicken gizzard.
AB  - In order to explore the regulatory mechanism of smooth muscle contraction,
      properties of desensitized myosin B (natural actomyosin) prepared from chicken
      gizzard was investigated. Myosin B desensitized by the method of Ebashi (1988)
      was resensitized by the addition of the smooth muscle extract. Troponin of rabbit
      skeletal muscle did not resensitize the desensitized myosin B, but it increased
      the extent of resensitization when the desensitized myosin B was resensitized
      incompletely by the addition of small amount of the extract. Among three
      components (C, I, T) of troponin, this action in promoting the resensitization of
      desensitized myosin B was found only in troponin T. This finding suggests that
      troponin T-like factor is present in smooth muscle myosin B.

PMID- 2401446
TI  - Short-term influence of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine infusion on resting metabolic
      rate of the young pig.
AB  - The influence of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) on resting metabolic rate (RMR) has
      been examined in the young pig. A dose of 10, 20 or 40 nmol T3/kg body weight was
      infused intravenously for periods of between one and 4 h and oxygen consumption
      and activity were measured over the following 20 h. There was no change in RMR
      during the period of T3 infusion. Results 12-20 h after infusion were influenced
      neither by the time at which the animal was fed nor by the length of infusion.
      Immediately after infusion there was a marked increase in plasma T3
      concentration, followed by a rapid decline. Levels were much higher than those
      recorded previously after feeding. Only after 40 nmol T3/kg was there a
      significant 12% increase in RMR during the period 12-20 h after infusion (P less
      than 0.02). The significance of these results in relation to the source of the
      postprandial increase in plasma T3 and the action of thyroid hormones at the
      cellular level is discussed.

PMID- 2401447
TI  - Progress in practical endocrinology. The Glucosensor Unitec Ulm--a portable
      monitor for continuous blood glucose measurement.
AB  - The Glucosensor Unitec Ulm is the first portable glucose sensor for continuous
      glucose monitoring in blood. The Glucosensor weighs 850 g and has a size of 15 x
      19 x 7 cm. Over a 24 hr period 15-25 ml of blood are withdrawn for continuous
      measurement, depending on the pumping velocity. Its storing capacity for data of
      blood glucose readings amounts to 32 KB. With the Glucosensor "long-term
      glucograms" under near-normal conditions can be registered. The glucograms enable
      the physician to recognize the different deteriorations of glucose met- abolism
      eg. periods of silent hypoglycemia during the night as well as postprandial
      hyperglycemia. The degree of glycemic control of diabetic patients can be
      analyzed and the effect of blood glucose lowering therapeutics can be
      realistically assessed.

PMID- 2401448
TI  - Amiodarone-induced changes in lipid metabolism.
AB  - Hypothyroidism is a major cause of secondary hypercholesterolemia. Amiodarone
      treatment alters both the levels of serum lipids and thyroid hormones. We
      investigated whether the amiodarone-induced changes in lipid metabolism are
      related to the changes in thyroid hormone levels. Eighteen patients received
      amiodarone (31 +/- 3 g cumulative dose) for six weeks. Serum triglyceride, total
      cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and its subfractions,
      apolipoproteins B and AI, and plasma post-heparin lipoprotein lipase and hepatic
      triglyceride lipase activities were determined. Amiodarone treatment caused
      significant increases in serum total-cholesterol (baseline 4.4 +/- 0.21 (SE), 6
      weeks 5.12 +/- 0.26 mmol/l, P less than 0.01), in low density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (baseline 2.61 +/- 0.26, 6 weeks 3.36 +/- 0.21 mmol/l, P less than
      0.05) and in apolipoprotein B (baseline 1.95 +/- 0.15, 6 weeks 2.26 +/- 0.13
      mmol/l, P less than 0.01) concentrations. Serum high density lipoprotein and its
      subfractions, or apolipoprotein AI levels did not change. Plasma post-heparin
      lipoprotein lipase activity increased (baseline 137 +/- 21, 6 weeks 168 +/- 21
      U/ml, P less than 0.01) while hepatic triglyceride lipase did not change.
      Amiodarone also caused an increase in serum thyroxine (baseline 110 +/- 8, 6
      weeks 136 +/- 6 mmol/l, P less than 0.05), although values remained in euthyroid
      range. In summary, amiodarone therapy increased the concentrations of atherogenic
      lipoproteins in the serum similar to that seen in hypothyroidism. On the other
      hand the effect of amiodarone on lipoprotein lipase was opposite to that seen in
      hypothyroidism. Therefore, amiodarone-induced changes in lipid metabolism cannot
      be explained solely on the basis of the changes in circulating thyroid hormone
      levels.

PMID- 2401449
TI  - Expression of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) gene in human placenta
      and amniotic membrane.
AB  - Immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone (IR-CRH) in maternal plasma
      increases progressively during pregnancy and decreases rapidly after delivery,
      suggesting that IR-CRH is produced in the placenta. We studied the expression of
      the CRH gene in developing human chorionic tissue, the amniotic membrane, the
      uterine myometrium and a fresh surgical specimen of hydatidiform mole by Northern
      blot analysis. Our results were as follows: (1) CRH mRNA was demonstrated in the
      placenta in the third trimester and at term, but under detectable level in the
      first and second trimesters. (2) CRH mRNA expression was observed in the amniotic
      membrane, but its expression in the myometrium in normal pregnancy was under
      detectable level at term. (3) CRH mRNA was also under detectable level in
      trophoblasts of a hydatidiform mole. These results suggest that the sources of
      the increased level of IR-CRH in human plasma and amniotic fluid during pregnancy
      are the placenta and amniotic membrane, and that gene expression of placental CRH
      increases during pregnancy.

PMID- 2401450
TI  - Ketoconazole: a new type of agent in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia?

PMID- 2401451
TI  - Mitotic stimulation of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells by oxytocin.

PMID- 2401452
TI  - Renal sodium retention complicating alcoholic liver disease: relation to
      portosystemic shunting and liver function.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine whether liver function and portosystemic
      shunting are related to renal sodium retention in alcoholic liver disease. Twenty
      three studies were performed; 10 patients had ascites. Liver function was
      assessed from the plasma elimination rates of antipyrine, caffeine and stable
      isotopes of cholic acid, the latter administered both orally [2,2,4,4-2H] and
      intravenously [24-13C]. Portosystemic shunt fraction was calculated as the ratio
      of the intravenous and oral clearances of the isotopes of cholic acid.
      Portosystemic shunt fraction was similar in patients with and without ascites
      (61% +/- 16% vs. 64% +/- 11%) and unrelated to urinary sodium excretion in
      patients with ascites (r = -0.145). Patients with ascites had significantly lower
      elimination rates of all administered compounds as compared with patients without
      ascites (antipyrine = 0.012 +/- 0.007 vs. 0.031 +/- 0.016/hr, p less than 0.001;
      caffeine = 0.014 +/- 0.013 vs. 0.061 +/- 0.041/hr, p less than 0.002; intravenous
      cholic acid = 1.355 +/- 0.442 vs. 2.284 +/- 0.885/hr, p = 0.005; orally
      administered cholic acid = 2.178 +/- 0.841 vs. 4.056 +/- 1.837/hr, p = 0.007).
      However, urinary sodium excretion in patients with ascites was not related to the
      elimination constants of these compounds (r = 0.360, 0.319, 0.067, -0.073,
      respectively). Ascites complicating alcoholic liver disease is associated with
      impaired liver function but not the extent of portosystemic shunting.

PMID- 2401453
TI  - Effects of propranolol on gastric microcirculation and acid secretion in portal
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - Rats with chronic portal hypertension have an increased gastric mucosal blood
      flow and an impaired acid secretory response to pentagastrin stimulation. This
      study investigated the effects of propranolol, a drug widely used in the
      treatment of portal hypertension, on gastric mucosal blood flow and acid
      secretion in portal hypertensive rats with partial portal vein occlusion. In
      study I, gastric mucosal blood flow, measured by hydrogen gas clearance, and acid
      output were determined in basal conditions and after the administration of
      propranolol (0.3 mg/kg/min) or vehicle infusion in portal hypertensive and sham
      operated rats. Gastric mucosal blood flow was significantly higher (p less than
      0.005) in portal hypertensive rats than in sham-operated rats, and it was
      significantly reduced (p less than 0.05) after propranolol infusion in portal
      hypertensive rats (39 +/- 2 vs. 35 +/- 3 ml/min/100 gm). Basal acid output was
      not significantly modified with propranolol infusion, either in portal
      hypertensive or sham-operated animals. In study II, acid output was measured in
      portal hypertensive rats in basal conditions, during pentagastrin (20
      micrograms/kg/hr) infusion and after the combined infusion of pentagastrin and
      propranolol (or vehicle). Pentagastrin infusion significantly increased (p less
      than 0.001) acid output, but propranolol did not modify stimulated gastric acid
      secretion. In conclusion, propranolol induced a slight but significant reduction
      in gastric mucosal blood flow and did not change basal or stimulated gastric acid
      secretion.

PMID- 2401454
TI  - Ursodeoxycholate reduces hepatotoxicity of bile salts in primary human
      hepatocytes.
AB  - Primary human hepatocytes were used to study bile salt hepatotoxicity and the
      hepatoprotective potential of ursodeoxycholate in vitro. Hepatocytes were
      obtained by collagenase perfusion of healthy human liver tissue and were treated
      with glycochenodeoxycholate for 24 hr 1 day after plating. Clear signs of
      cytotoxicity were observed at concentrations of about 100 mumol/L
      glycochenodeoxycholate. Toxicity was determined by release of alkaline
      phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, AST, ALT or lactate dehydrogenase into
      the culture medium, by measuring DNA synthesis of the cultured liver cells and by
      testing the viability of the hepatocytes using trypan-blue dye exclusion.
      Addition of ursodeoxycholate, which by itself proved to be of little toxicity,
      significantly reduced the hepatotoxic effects of glycochenodeoxycholate: 72% +/-
      6% of the cells survived treatment with 500 mumol/L glycochenodeoxycholate alone,
      but addition of 100 mumol/L ursodeoxycholate increased the survival rate to 87%
      +/- 4% (p less than 0.05). Moreover, all enzymes tested were secreted at a
      significantly lower level when ursodeoxycholate was present. Similarly, the
      cellular DNA synthesis was maintained at significantly higher levels as a result
      of ursodeoxycholate treatment. We conclude that (a) primary human hepatocytes are
      a suitable model for studying hepatotoxicity of bile salts in vitro, (b)
      ursodeoxycholate reduces hepatotoxicity of other bile salts and (c)
      ursodeoxycholate can act hepatoprotectively by itself (i.e., alteration of the
      metabolism of other bile salts is not necessarily required).

PMID- 2401455
TI  - Ursodeoxycholic acid-induced changes of plasma and urinary bile acids in patients
      with primary biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis may
      lead to relief of pruritus and improvement of biochemical liver tests. The
      changes in serum and urinary bile acids induced by ursodeoxycholic acid treatment
      were studied. After 29 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis were treated with
      ursodeoxycholic acid (750 to 1,000 mg/day) for 6 to 12 mo because of an increase
      in ursodeoxycholic acid, total plasma bile acids increased from 30.5 +/- 6
      mumol/L (mean +/- S.E.M.) to 52.7 +/- 11.7 mumol/L (p less than 0.01). The
      increase in total plasma bile acids correlated significantly with concentrations
      of plasma bile acid before treatment (p less than 0.01). The concentrations of
      endogenous bile acids decreased, mainly because of a decrease of cholic acid.
      During treatment, glycine conjugation increased and taurine conjugation
      decreased, whereas sulfation and glucuronidation of bile acids were unchanged. In
      10 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis in stages III and IV, urinary
      excretion of bile acids was also studied. After treatment, ursodeoxycholic acid
      and its 3-beta isomer and C-1-hydroxylated and C-6-hydroxylated derivatives were
      also excreted. During treatment, urinary excretion of endogenous bile acids
      decreased. The increase of ursodeoxycholic acid and the decrease of endogenous
      bile acids may both be related to the improvement of biochemical liver tests in
      precirrhotic stages of the disease. In cirrhosis, endogenous bile acids in plasma
      remained high and changes in liver tests were small.

PMID- 2401456
TI  - Mechanisms of transport of nontransferrin-bound iron in basolateral and
      canalicular rat liver plasma membrane vesicles.
AB  - Although most iron in plasma is bound to transferrin, recent evidence suggests
      that the nontransferrin-bound fraction contributes to hepatic iron loading and
      toxicity seen in iron-overload disorders. Our studies of isolated perfused rat
      liver previously demonstrated saturable uptake of nontransferrin-bound iron that
      continues despite hepatic iron overload. To further characterize the mechanism of
      transport of this form of iron, we measured binding of 55Fe-labeled ferrous
      ascorbate to rat liver plasma membrane vesicles under varying conditions. Binding
      of 5 mumol/L iron by both basolateral and canalicular membranes was time
      dependent and linear for the first 5 sec. Initial rate of binding of ferrous
      ascorbate to basolateral membrane vesicles was temperature dependent and
      increased by calcium but, in contrast to the perfused rat liver, was not
      inhibited by other divalent cations. Binding velocities by basolateral membrane
      vesicles were saturable at increasing iron concentration (Km = 33 mumol/L, Vmax =
      16 pmol/mg protein/sec). Ferrous iron binding by canalicular membrane vesicles
      was also temperature dependent, but initial association rates were not saturable
      over the concentration range studied (2 to 20 mumol/L). We conclude that
      nontransferrin-bound iron associates with basolateral liver plasma membrane
      vesicles by a saturable mechanism sensitive to temperature and calcium and
      consistent with a membrane carrier. Other divalent cations do not inhibit
      membrane association but may compete for a subsequent cytosolic binding site.

PMID- 2401457
TI  - Pretranslational and posttranslational regulation of the EGF receptor during the
      prereplicative phase of liver regeneration.
AB  - We studied the regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA and the
      number of epidermal growth factor binding sites in subcellular compartments
      involved in the biosynthesis and endocytosis of the epidermal growth factor
      receptor during the prereplicative phase of liver regeneration. The epidermal
      growth factor receptor mRNA, quantified by solution hybridization, decreased
      after partial hepatectomy, with a nadir of about 35% 18 hr after hepatectomy. An
      even stronger decrease in the number of epidermal growth factor binding sites
      after partial hepatectomy was observed in a Golgi-enriched low-density membrane
      fraction, reflecting available newly synthesized epidermal growth factor
      receptors. It is suggested that this decrease in newly synthesized available
      epidermal growth factor receptors is caused primarily, but not entirely, by
      decreased epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA levels and the additional down
      regulation of epidermal growth factor binding sites may involve posttranslational
      mechanisms such as intracellular occupation by transforming growth factor-alpha.
      The observation that the number of specific epidermal growth factor binding sites
      after partial hepatectomy was only moderately reduced in prelysosomal endosomes
      and in lysosomes, compared with the newly synthesized receptors, may indicate
      that a pool of receptors targeted for lysosomes exists and these receptors are
      regulated in a different manner than the receptor pool targeted for the cell
      surface. Furthermore, at least two separable endocytic subcompartments are
      involved in the transport of the epidermal growth factor/epidermal growth factor
      receptor complex in the liver.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401458
TI  - Changes in serum and hepatic polyamine concentrations after 30%, 70% and 90%
      partial hepatectomy in rats.
AB  - Polyamines have been reported to play an important role in stimulating hepatic
      regeneration after partial hepatectomy. To determine whether changes in systemic
      or hepatic polyamine concentrations correlate with the extent of the regenerative
      stimulus, serum and tissue putrescine, spermidine and spermine concentrations
      were determined in groups of adult male rats (n = 6 to 12/group) 0, 24, 48, and
      72 hr after 30%, 70% or 90% partial hepatectomy. Serum putrescine levels were
      variably increased after partial hepatectomy and did not correlate with hepatic
      regenerative activity. Serum spermidine levels remained unaltered and spermine
      levels were undetectable both before and after partial hepatectomy. In hepatic
      tissue, only putrescine concentrations increased in proportion to the extent of
      hepatic resection. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between hepatic
      putrescine concentrations and restitution of liver mass (r = 0.778), DNA
      synthesis (r = 0.8026) and protein synthesis (r = 0.7034) (p less than 0.05). No
      significant correlations existed between hepatic spermidine or spermine
      concentrations and these parameters of hepatic regeneration. The results of this
      study support the hypothesis that hepatic putrescine plays an important role in
      stimulating hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

PMID- 2401459
TI  - Evidence for modulation of hepatic mass by estrogens and hepatic "feminization".
AB  - Animals with end-to-side portacaval shunts and sham-operated animals, wherein the
      body weight and liver weight of the animals varied spontaneously over a
      considerable range, were studied. The relationships between hepatic androgen- and
      estrogen-receptor content, serum testosterone and estradiol levels and hepatic
      mass were characterized. Animals with portacaval shunts were smaller than those
      without shunts. Moreover, they had reduced serum levels of testosterone and
      estradiol. The reduction in serum testosterone was greater than that of
      estradiol. As a result, the calculated estrogen/testosterone ratio of the two
      groups of animals was greater for the portacaval shunt animals than for the
      controls. The dissociation constant values for the androgen receptor and estrogen
      receptor in the liver did not differ between groups. The activity of the androgen
      receptor (p less than 0.01) and estrogen receptor (p less than 0.05) was reduced
      markedly in the animals with portacaval shunts compared with controls. Moreover,
      the hepatic cytosolic estrogen receptor activity--but not that of the androgen
      receptor--correlated with the measured hepatic mass in both groups of animals.
      These data suggest that hepatic feminization is either associated with or is a
      hepatic regenerative signal in the rat.

PMID- 2401460
TI  - A hypercoagulable state follows orthotopic liver transplantation.
AB  - Orthotopic liver transplantation may be associated during the postoperative
      period with hepatic artery thrombosis, a catastrophic occurrence generally
      necessitating emergency retransplantation. To assess the contribution of the
      coagulation mechanism to this complication, the levels of procoagulant and
      anticoagulant proteins were followed in 41 liver transplant patients during the
      first 10 postoperative days. The mean activities of all procoagulant factors
      reach normal values on day 1 except for factors V and VII, which achieve normal
      activity by day 3. Supernormal levels of factor VIII activity and antigen are
      noted (peak values on day 5 of 334% +/- 113% and 481% +/- 260%, respectively).
      The anticoagulant proteins show delayed recovery, with deficient antithrombin III
      levels seen in 81% of patients on day 3 and 57% on day 5. Similarly, proteins C
      and S are subnormal in 24% and 21%, respectively on day 3, and 20% and 10%,
      respectively, on day 5. During this period, elevated levels of
      thrombin/antithrombin complexes are encountered, reflecting in vivo activation of
      the coagulation mechanism. Activated thrombin is, therefore, being generated at a
      time when a decrease in the major regulatory anticoagulant proteins exists. These
      data suggest an imbalance between the hemostatic and thrombotic mechanisms and
      indicate a sustained prothrombotic state that may contribute to the risk for
      hepatic artery thrombosis. Using a regimen of low-dose heparin and fresh frozen
      plasma infusion, no thromboses have been seen in 65 consecutive liver
      transplants.

PMID- 2401461
TI  - Assessment of lidocaine metabolite formation as a quantitative liver function
      test in children.
AB  - Lidocaine, an aminoethylamide, undergoes deethylation in the liver after
      intravenous injection, resulting in the formation of monoethylglycinexylidide.
      Serum monoethylglycinexylidide concentration can be measured by a simple, rapid
      fluorescent polarization immunoassay. We sought to determine whether lidocaine
      metabolism, as indicated by monoethylglycinexylidide formation, could be used as
      a quantitative index of hepatic function. Therefore we measured
      monoethylglycinexylidide formation in 10 healthy children and in 28 children with
      chronic liver disease. Patients with chronic liver disease were divided by
      disease severity as being at low, moderate or high risk for deterioration based
      on a clinical scoring system for liver transplant candidates. In healthy
      controls, the peak monoethylglycinexylidide concentration 15 min after injection
      of lidocaine (1 mg/kg) was 97 +/- 12 micrograms/L (mean +/- S.E.). However,
      monoethylglycinexylidide concentration was decreased in 28 children with chronic
      liver disease (32 +/- 5 micrograms/L, p less than 0.001). Furthermore, this value
      was inversely proportional to the severity of liver disease. The mean difference
      in monoethylglycinexylidide concentration between the low-risk and high-risk
      groups was statistically significant (42 +/- 6 vs. 11 +/- 4 micrograms/L,
      respectively, p less than 0.01). We conclude that the rate of formation of the
      lidocaine metabolite monoethylglycinexylidide is decreased in patients with
      chronic liver disease and is inversely related to disease severity. Therefore
      measurement of monoethylglycinexylidide concentration after lidocaine injection
      may be used as a quantitative assessment of liver function in children. We
      speculate that monoethylglycinexylidide formation may be a useful prognostic
      index in children with liver disease.

PMID- 2401463
TI  - What does "reduced central blood volume in cirrhosis" really mean?

PMID- 2401462
TI  - Clinical course of spontaneous reactivation of hepatitis B virus infection in
      patients with chronic hepatitis B.
AB  - The purposes of this study were (a) to describe the clinical and biochemical
      manifestations associated with spontaneous reactivation of hepatitis B virus as
      defined by the reappearance of hepatitis B virus DNA in serum using dot-blot
      hybridization and (b) to determine whether the clinical and biochemical
      manifestations associated with hepatitis B virus reactivation were different in
      patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. During 1 yr,
      110 French patients were admitted to Hopital Beaujon for chronic hepatitis B.
      Fourteen were found to have hepatitis B virus reactivation; of these, three were
      anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1-positive. These 14 patients were HBsAg
      positive for 60 mo (range = 6 to 180 mo). Clinical manifestations related to
      reappearance of hepatitis B virus DNA were present in 11 patients. HBeAg/anti-HBe
      status did not change in nine patients in whom hepatitis B virus reactivation
      would not have been recognized without hepatitis B virus DNA testing. Cirrhosis
      was present in nine patients. Four patients, of whom two were anti-human
      immunodeficiency virus-1-positive, had fulminant liver failure. Two patients
      died; one was anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1-positive. One patient was given
      an emergency transplant.

PMID- 2401464
TI  - Alveolar echinococcosis of the liver: a parasitic disease in search of a
      treatment.

PMID- 2401465
TI  - Biliary tract disease in AIDS: AIDS vs. nonAIDS.

PMID- 2401466
TI  - Experimental autoimmune hepatitis in the mouse: a promising model.

PMID- 2401467
TI  - Family-based palliative care.

PMID- 2401468
TI  - A conceptual framework for caring for families of hospice patients.
AB  - Hospice caregivers are usually family-focused in their practice with individual
      clients. Less often is the entire family as a unit considered the client. The
      authors present a conceptual framework for working with hospice families as
      clients. Their perspective incorporates concepts of the family as a system, the
      family life cycle, and the components of professional practice. Clinical examples
      illustrate the application of the framework in practice.

PMID- 2401470
TI  - The work of patients and spouses in managing advanced cancer at home.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of a descriptive study which
      identified the resources used by patients with advanced cancer and their spouses
      to manage at home. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with a
      sample of seven couples identified through two ambulatory clinics at a regional
      cancer institute. Participants were patients with advanced cancer, between the
      ages of 45 and 66, and their spouses. Interviews, conducted with each individual
      and with each couple, were audiotaped, transcribed, and subjected to qualitative
      analysis. Content analysis showed that patients and spouses utilized internal and
      external resources, and that external resources were either physical or
      interpersonal in nature. Conceptual analysis indicated that both patients and
      spouses dealt with facing either inevitable or uncertain death by engaging in
      various types of "work." Understanding the dimensions of such work has
      implications for health care professionals caring for patients and families in
      palliative care.

PMID- 2401469
TI  - Sources of stress for hospice caregiving families.
AB  - The purpose of this qualitative study was to generate a detailed description of
      the concerns and stresses families encountered as they cared for their dying
      relative in an oncology hospice home care program. Semi-structured interviews and
      participant observation were used to follow 14 family members from 10 different
      families throughout their caregiving experiences. The constant comparative method
      of data analysis was used to discover emergent themes. Families identified three
      general sources of stress; patient symptoms, interactions with others, and
      concerns for self. Findings were examined from within the larger body of
      caregiving literature. Changes in their relatives' mental status seemed most
      stressful over time, and is an area that may benefit from increased support from
      health professionals.

PMID- 2401471
TI  - Social support: the experience of hospice family caregivers.
AB  - The concepts of social support, reciprocity, cost, and conflict were examined
      through a methodological study that assessed the reliability and validity of
      Tilden's (1986) Cost and Reciprocity Index (CRI). The CRI was modified for the
      face-to-face interviews with 70 family members who were caring for a terminally
      ill relative enrolled in a hospice program. Item analyses was undertaken with the
      four subscales because of qualitative comments, a desire to streamline
      administration of the measure and an overall drop in the alpha coefficients
      compared with those previously reported. Based on this work 25 items were
      retained in the four subscales, 13 were eliminated. Cronbach's alpha coefficients
      and the average inter-item correlation for the revised subscales are reported.
      Correlation analysis of the revised subscales was also undertaken in order to
      explore the relationship among the subscales and with time since the care
      receiver's diagnosis.

PMID- 2401472
TI  - A marital crisis: for better or worse.
AB  - This case study explores the relationship between Hospice of Marin's initial
      psychosocial assessment and interdisciplinary team communications with overall
      treatment outcomes. A brief review of literature is followed by presentation of
      methods and results. A final critical discussion suggests directions for further
      research.

PMID- 2401473
TI  - Clozapine.

PMID- 2401474
TI  - Notes from a state mental health directors' meeting on clozapine.

PMID- 2401475
TI  - FDA's position on the clozaril patient management system.

PMID- 2401476
TI  - Ethical and clinical considerations in selecting patients who will receive
      clozapine.
AB  - In a large state hospital population, more treatment-resistant schizophrenic
      patients may be clinically eligible to receive clozapine than the hospital can
      afford to pay for, given the costs of the medication and its mandatory monitoring
      system. The authors review clinical criteria for selecting patients and discuss
      two ethical principles that might be useful: select patients on the principle of
      providing the greatest good for the greatest number of patients (based on
      expected outcomes such as likelihood of discharge and benefit to the milieu) and
      give priority to patients for whom the fewest treatment alternatives are
      available. Issues such as family pressures for administration of clozapine to a
      relative must also be dealt with.

PMID- 2401478
TI  - A two-year clinical and economic follow-up of patients on clozapine.
AB  - The long-term efficacy of clozapine therapy and its effect on health care costs
      were examined over a two-year period. Patients on clozapine showed marked
      clinical improvement as measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. They also
      had significantly lower rates of rehospitalization and hospitalization costs than
      a comparison group of schizophrenic patients who received standard neuroleptic
      treatment and who were considerably less psychotic at hospital admission. By the
      second year of the study, savings on mental health care costs averaged $20,000
      for each patient on clozapine therapy. The savings were due largely to the
      patients' change in residence from costly inpatient facilities to less expensive
      settings in the community.

PMID- 2401477
TI  - Ethical issues in selecting patients for treatment with clozapine: a commentary.
AB  - Three ethical constructs of distributive justice--utilitarianism, Marxism, and
      the theories of John Rawls--are applied to selection of patients for treatment
      with clozapine. Elements of an ethical selection process include a means of
      monitoring the clinical effectiveness of the drug so that it is not wasted and
      procedures for ensuring that patients' rights to advocacy and due process are
      met. The authors suggest that a disproportionate number of patients with tardive
      dyskinesia may receive clozapine because clinicians and hospitals risk litigation
      if these patients continue to receive standard neuroleptics and experience
      worsening side effects.

PMID- 2401479
TI  - Clinical notes on clozapine.

PMID- 2401480
TI  - Effects of six months of clozapine treatment on the quality of life of chronic
      schizophrenic patients.
AB  - The effect of approximately six months of treatment with clozapine on the quality
      of life of 38 treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients was prospectively
      studied in an open trial. The Quality of Life Scale was used to provide an
      objective measure of changes in patients' psychosocial functioning. Significant
      improvement was noted on all four factors of the scale. The ratings tended to be
      negatively correlated with ratings on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale at
      baseline and at six months. At 12 months, patients' rehospitalization rate was
      reduced by 83 percent and was independent of the six-month quality-of-life
      ratings.

PMID- 2401481
TI  - Family response to improvement by a relative with schizophrenia.
AB  - The sudden improvement in long-term schizophrenic patients after treatment with
      clozapine is frequently disconcerting to their families. In many cases the
      patients appear to have increased hostility toward their families because of the
      alleviation of negative symptoms such as apathy and blunted affect. The authors
      believe that psychoeducational intervention can help families adjust to the
      change in their family members and describe such intervention with three
      families. They emphasize the importance of recognizing that a patient's
      improvement can be a stressor in the family relationship and the need for
      devising appropriate interventions.

PMID- 2401482
TI  - Psychogeriatric assessment and treatment in urban public housing.
AB  - A psychogeriatric outreach team provides in-home evaluation and treatment for
      elderly persons living in high-rise public housing in Baltimore. During the first
      ten months of the team's operation, housing staff referred 9.5 percent of the
      elderly residents of four public housing sites for evaluation. Evaluations were
      completed for 85 residents, 25 percent of whom were age 80 or older. Twenty-one
      percent of the residents evaluated were unable to perform at least one basic
      activity of daily living such as eating, bathing, or dressing without assistance,
      and 54 percent needed help with cooking, cleaning, and other instrumental
      activities of daily living. Eighty-nine percent of the residents who were
      evaluated by the team met criteria for at least one DSM-III-R diagnosis; 63
      percent of the disorders had not been previously diagnosed. The most prevalent
      diagnoses were dementia, depressive syndromes, schizophrenic and delusional
      disorders, and alcohol abuse or dependence.

PMID- 2401483
TI  - Suicide among adolescents with mentally ill parents.

PMID- 2401484
TI  - Inpatient suicide epidemics and suggestions for prevention.

PMID- 2401485
TI  - A supported independent living program for youth.

PMID- 2401486
TI  - Intensive case management.

PMID- 2401488
TI  - The drug dilemma.

PMID- 2401487
TI  - Treatment dropout rates.

PMID- 2401490
TI  - What consumers want in a family practitioner.

PMID- 2401489
TI  - AIDS risk increases for some, National Research Council finds in ten-year review
      of epidemic.

PMID- 2401491
TI  - Can research change the way MDs practice medicine?
AB  - Health care clinicians are inundated with data from health services research, and
      many providers are pioneering local applications of the research findings. But
      are the fruits of this data revolution finding practical application at the
      patient's bedside? In many cases, yes. A significant number of health care
      executives and physicians are pioneering programs that bring the lofty goals and
      methods of national health services research down to "real world" applications
      appropriate for their hospitals. Lack of applicability is the main reason
      community hospitals have been slow to use health services research generated at
      teaching hospitals, say experts. Now, that is changing. Executives are finding
      that the exacting work required to design tailored clinical appropriateness
      studies for their institution results in improved physician relations and better
      patient care. "Almost consistently we find that physicians who practice at the
      high end respond [to this feedback] by altering their practice patterns and
      cutting the rate at which they perform a particular service or procedure," says
      Robert Keller, M.D., executive director of the Maine Medical Assessment
      Foundation.

PMID- 2401492
TI  - Outcomes in action: the JCAHO's clinical indicators.

PMID- 2401493
TI  - Hospital advertising budgets rebound in first half of 1990.

PMID- 2401494
TI  - Contract language can ensure satisfaction.
AB  - A significant number of hospitals are in legal wrangles with computer vendors
      because they are unsatisfied with the computer systems they've purchased. Many of
      these disputes arise because the hospitals signed contracts that were not in
      their favor.

PMID- 2401495
TI  - CEOs: mortality data no help to consumers.

PMID- 2401497
TI  - Fired CEOs: how to tackle the job interview.

PMID- 2401496
TI  - HBE offers economical building alternatives.

PMID- 2401498
TI  - Eliminate employer-based health insurance.

PMID- 2401499
TI  - Personal values, integrity and intellect: traits that will lead nursing into the
      1990s.

PMID- 2401500
TI  - "A speedy recovery for the nursing shortage".

PMID- 2401501
TI  - The importance of support groups in nursing.

PMID- 2401502
TI  - Touch me, talk to me.

PMID- 2401503
TI  - A life insurance policy loan--the way to borrow.

PMID- 2401504
TI  - Anencephalic infants and organ procurement.

PMID- 2401505
TI  - The influence of technology on holistic nursing.

PMID- 2401506
TI  - The nurse writer.

PMID- 2401507
TI  - An overview of holistic nursing.

PMID- 2401508
TI  - Holistic nursing: a new paradigm for practice.

PMID- 2401509
TI  - Energy fields: implications for the science of human caring.

PMID- 2401510
TI  - Therapeutic touch: two decades of research, teaching and clinical practice.

PMID- 2401511
TI  - Gaining control of multiple-choice exams.
AB  - Gaining control of multiple-choice exams will eliminate feelings of frustration
      as students learn more about causes of testing dilemmas and begin to do something
      about the problem. Rather than constant failure after each exam, students will be
      able to claim victory over exams when they change negative behaviors, study
      smart, and test right.

PMID- 2401512
TI  - Tips on resume writing.

PMID- 2401513
TI  - Myth and image of the female in nursing.

PMID- 2401514
TI  - Differential amplification and expression of c-myb oncogene in Zajdela ascitic
      hepatoma.
AB  - Organisation and expression of c-myb protooncogene have been studied in a
      heterogeneous tumour the Zajdela ascitic hepatoma (ZAH). The myb gene is
      selectively amplified in the more tumorigenic subpopulation of the tumour while
      the non-lethal subpopulation does not show any change. Analysis of transcripts of
      the myb gene in tumorigenic versus nontumorigenic cells shows that the level of
      amplification of the gene does not correspond to the level of its transcription.
      Results have been discussed in the light of existing evidence regarding the role
      of c-myb gene expression during cell cycle.

PMID- 2401515
TI  - Effect of testosterone on testes, body weight and plumage regeneration in
      photorefractory male redheaded bunting Emberiza bruniceps.
AB  - Various doses of testosterone propionate (TP) were administered for 10 days to
      refractory male redheaded buntings exposed to 15L:9D in last week of June,
      shortly before the onset of molt, to determine the effect of exogenous male
      hormone on the testes, body weight and plumage regeneration in photorefractory
      birds. While 5-, 10-, or 25 micrograms of TP bird-1 day-1 did not affect the
      testes, body weight or feather regeneration, testicular growth was stimulated but
      body weight declined and plumage regeneration prevented in birds that received
      150- or 250 micrograms of TP bird-1 day-1. In contrast, a 50 micrograms
      treatment, although unable to induce the growth of the testes, caused loss in
      body weight and feather regeneration. Also, a 25 micrograms dose of TP
      administered to photostimulated birds induced complete testicular atrophy. These
      results suggests that testosterone exerts dose-dependent effects on the testes,
      body weight and plumage regeneration in buntings. A positive correlation is found
      between the amount of hormone and the testes growth, while the increasing amount
      of hormone has negative effect on the body weight and regeneration of feathers.

PMID- 2401516
TI  - Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male albino rat.
AB  - Dry leaf powder of A. paniculata, when fed orally to male albino rats, at a dose
      level of 20 mg powder per day for 60 days, resulted in cessation of
      spermatogenesis, degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules, regression of
      Leydig cells and regressive and/or degenerative changes in the epididymis,
      seminal vesicle, ventral prostate and coagulating gland. There was reduction in
      the weight and fluid content of the accessory glands. The treatment also resulted
      in accumulation of glycogen and cholesterol in the testis, and increased
      activities of lactate dehydrogenase in testis and alkaline phosphatase in testis
      and ventral prostate. The results suggest antispermatogenic and/or antiandrogenic
      effect of the plant.

PMID- 2401517
TI  - Long term effect of lithium on brain regional catecholamine metabolism.
AB  - Administration of LiCl (2-4 mmol/kg/day, po) to adult male albino rats for 7
      consecutive days increased the catabolism of dopamine (DA) in striatum (ST) and
      noradrenaline (NA) in hypothalamus (H). Extension of the period of treatment with
      LiCl (2-4 mmol/kg/day, po) to 14 consecutive days increased catabolism of DA in
      CX (cerebral cortex) and PM (pons-medulla) and NA in H, and decreased metabolism
      of DA in ST and NA in PM. Further prolongation of treatment with LiCl (2 or 4
      mmol/kg/day, po) for 21 consecutive days greatly affected DA and NA metabolism in
      the respective brain regions. These results, thus suggest that LiCl produces
      region specific differential action depending on its dosage and duration of
      treatment in catecholaminergic activity in rat brain.

PMID- 2401518
TI  - Isolation and purification of a lethal scorpion toxin with neuromuscular blocking
      activity.
AB  - Toxin-L a lethal neuromuscular blocking agent was isolated from the venom of the
      scorpion, Lychas laevifrons (Pocock), by the CM-cellulose ion-exchange
      chromatography. It was a homogenous, thermolabile and low molecular weight
      protein. The toxin produced irreversible blockade of indirect stimulation induced
      twitch responses on innervated rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm and chick biventer
      cervicis preparation. The toxin did not produce any contractile response on toad
      rectus abdominis muscle preparation. On chronically denervated rat diaphragm, the
      toxin failed to alter the responses induced by direct stimulation, exogenous
      acetylcholine, potassium chloride and caffeine. Acetylcholine and carbachol
      induced contractions on isolated chick biventer cervicis remained unaltered by
      the toxin. Neostigmine failed to alter toxin induced neuromuscular blockade on
      innervated rat diaphragm. The toxin released a significant amount of
      acetylcholine from innervated rat diaphragm. It may be concluded that the toxin
      acts presynaptically through the release of acetylcholine, thereby producing
      neuromuscular blockade.

PMID- 2401519
TI  - Effect of cadmium on contractile response to spasmogens in vascular and
      nonvascular tissues.
AB  - In rat isolated aorta low concentration of CdCl2 (4.8 x 10(-8) M) produced a
      significant increase in pD2 value of KCl and noradrenaline (NA) with an increase
      in the maxima, while higher concentration of CdCl2 (1.44 x 10(-5) M) produced a
      significant rightward shift of the dose-response curve with a depression of
      maxima. In rat isolated portal vein 4.8 x 10(-7) M CdCl2 produced a significant
      increase in the pD2 value of KCl with an increase in the maxima, while higher
      concentration of CdCl2 (4.8 x 10(-5) M) produced a significant rightward shift of
      the dose-response curve of KCl and NA with a depression of maxima. In rat
      isolated vas deferens and anococcygeus muscle 4.8 x 10(-8) M CdCl2 produced a
      significant increase in pD2 value of KCl with an increase in the maxima, while
      higher concentrations of CdCl2 (4.8 x 10(-6) M and 1.44 x 10(-5) M) produced a
      significant rightward shift of the dose-response curve of KCl and NA. It is
      suggested that enhancement and reduction of response to KCl and NA, in presence
      of different concentrations of CdCl2 might be due to the alteration in the fluxes
      of calcium ion since these spasmogens produce their action by increasing the
      availability of calcium ions for the contractile machinery.

PMID- 2401520
TI  - Effect of maternal iron deficiency on GABA shunt pathway of developing rat brain.
AB  - Iron deficiency during pregnancy and lactation (35 mg iron/kg diet) produced a
      significant reduction in liver nonheme iron in dams as well as in fetus and young
      ones. The body, liver and brain weights of fetus, new-born, and developing pups
      remained unaffected. However, the body weight and PCV were reduced only in 21-day
      old pups. The enzyme activities of GDH, GAD, GABA-transaminase, and NAD(+)-linked
      ICDH were reduced in 14 and 21-day-old pups. The enzyme activities of NADP(+)
      linked ICDH activities remained unaffected in the fetus and developing pups
      brain. Maternal rehabilitation on iron sufficient diet for 1 week from day 14 to
      21 of lactation period did not reverse these changes. The maternal iron
      deficiency during lactation period alone did not cause any alteration in all
      parameters assayed, however, there was a reduction in liver non-heme iron of pups
      on days 14 and 21.

PMID- 2401521
TI  - Effect of temperature and host-parasite ratio on sex differentiation of
      Romanomermis iyengari (Welch), a mermithid parasite of mosquitoes.
AB  - The effect of temperature and host-parasite ratio on the percentage infection and
      sex differentiation of R. iyengari was studied. Significant differences were
      observed in the percentage infection due to different host-parasite ratios and
      temperatures. At 25 degrees and 30 degrees C, the host parasite ratio of 1:3
      resulted in 86-92% infection of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. At 20 degrees and
      35 degrees C, a higher host-parasite ratio was required to get this level of
      infection. More number of post-parasites per mosquito larva emerged at 20 degrees
      (1.5-5.8) and 25 degrees C (1.9-6.3) than at 30 degrees (1.5-3.9) and 35 degrees
      C (1.6-3.6). More than 50% of the post-parasites were females at 20 degrees and
      25 degrees, 30 degrees and 35 degrees C at 1:1-1:10, 1:1-1:4 and 1:1-1:3 host
      parasite ratios, respectively.

PMID- 2401522
TI  - Anthelmintic profile of methyl 5(6)-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)
      carbonylbenzimidazole-2-carbamate in experimental helminthiases.
AB  - Biological evaluation of methyl 5(6)-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)
      carbonylbenzimidazole-2-carbamate against Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Nippostrongylus
      brasiliensis, Syphacia obvelata, Hymenolepis nana, H. diminuta and Cysticercus
      fasciolaris in experimental animals is reported. The compound (mg/kg) causes 100%
      elimination of A. ceylanicum (25 x 1), N. brasiliensis (100 x 1), S. obvelata (50
      x 1), H. nana (250 x 3) and C. fasciolaris (50 x 10). It was also effective
      against the developing larvae (L3, L4 and L5) of A. ceylanicum at a single oral
      dose of 100 mg/kg. Another study indicated that the compound elicits 100%
      response within 32 hr of drug administration. The drug is well tolerated and LD50
      is greater than 4500 mg/kg.

PMID- 2401523
TI  - Protective action of aspirin in experimental myocardial infarction induced by
      isoproterenol in rats and its effect on lipid peroxidation.
AB  - The protective action of aspirin in experimental myocardial infraction induced by
      isoproterenol was studied in rats. Aspirin treated rats showed lower mortality
      rate and smaller changes in the myocardium on histopathological examination when
      compared to corresponding animals given isoproterenol alone. Changes were also
      observed in the different lipid fractions studied. The ratio of cholesterol to
      phospholipids decreased in the heart in aspirin treated animals when compared to
      control rats given isoproterenol alone. The levels of lipid peroxide also showed
      a decrease while the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase
      registered an increase in the aspirin treated animals given isoproterenol when
      compared to corresponding animals given isoproterenol alone.

PMID- 2401524
TI  - Effect of piperine on pentobarbitone induced hypnosis in rats.
AB  - Piperine (1-peperoyl piperidine), a major alkaloid isolated from Piper nigrum
      Linn, potentiated pentobarbitone sleeping time in dose dependant manner, with
      peak effect at 30 min. Blood and brain pentobarbitone levels were higher in
      piperine treated animals. Piperine treatment in rats, treated chronically with
      phenobarbitone, significantly potentiated pentobarbitone sleeping time, as
      compared to the controls. There was no alteration in barbital sodium sleeping
      time. It is possible that, piperine inhibits liver microsomal enzyme system and
      thereby potentiates the pentobarbitone sleeping time.

PMID- 2401525
TI  - Oral infectivity of street and fixed rabies virus strains in laboratory animals.
AB  - Oral transmission of rabies could be produced in laboratory animals like mice,
      guinea pigs and hamsters using challenge virus strain (CVS) and 2 strains of
      street virus. Study of virus pathway following ingestion suggested predominant
      neural spread to brain and centrifugal spread to non neural organs like heart and
      kidneys. However it was found that virus dose required for oral infection was
      relatively very high. The role of such a transmission in nature needs to be
      further evaluated, keeping in view the high dose of virus required for oral
      infectivity and the frequency of consumption of brain by carnivorous animals.

PMID- 2401526
TI  - Characteristics of monoclonal antibodies reactive with human sperm and seminal
      plasma.
AB  - The characteristics of monoclonal antibodies developed against human spermatozoa
      are described. Out of 10 monoclonal antibodies 9 did not react in ELISA with
      human RBC, WBC, platelets, Raji cells nor mouse sperm. Four monoclonal antibodies
      reacted with monkey sperm and all 10 reacted with human seminal plasma.
      Monoclonal antibodies showed differential reactivity with pre- and post
      capacitated sperm. Four monoclonal antibodies were able to agglutinate sperm
      whereas none of these were positive in sperm-immobilization assay. Interestingly,
      two monoclonal antibodies (MA-46 and MA-50) were able to block the attachment of
      pre-capacitated sperm to zona denuded hamster oocytes. MA-46 and MA-50 recognized
      in immunoblot spermatozoa antigens having apparent molecular weights of 14 and 20
      K Da and greater than 200 K Da respectively. The monoclonal antibodies reported
      in this study will be useful in further delineating the spermatozoa antigens
      involved in regulation of fertility.

PMID- 2401527
TI  - Cell population growth in chick blastoderms cultured in vitro.
AB  - Primitive streak stage chick blastoderms were cultured in vitro up to 30 hr by
      New's technique. Chick blastoderms reaching stages 4 to 12 in vitro cultures and
      in ovo were harvested and homogenized to release cell nuclei. Fluorescent
      ethidium bromide-stained nuclei in homogenates were counted in Neubauer's chamber
      and the size of total blastoderm cell population was determined. Linear
      regression analysis revealed that both in ovo and in vitro chick blastoderm cell
      population grows in a biphasic manner with comparable cell population doubling
      times and the morphogenesis is not affected in vitro during the culture period.

PMID- 2401528
TI  - Effect of retinoic acid on adenosine diphosphate and collagen-induced alterations
      in enzymes of GSH-linked antioxidant defence system of human blood platelets in
      vitro.
AB  - Collagen stimulation of blood platelets resulted in significant increases in
      malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
      (G6PDH) and a decrease in catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Retinoic
      acid (RA) pretreatment did not show any appreciable changes except for a decrease
      in G6PDH activity as compared with collagen alone. RA pretreatment of human blood
      platelets resulted in an increase in the activities of catalase and GPx, two
      important radical scavenging enzymes, with significant decrease in MDA formation
      when compared with ADP alone. It is suggested that RA has a significant effect on
      the antioxidant defence system in ADP stimulated platelets but not in the
      collagen stimulated platelets.

PMID- 2401529
TI  - Isolation, partial purification and pharmacodynamics of a slow contractile
      substance in the venom sac extract of the wasp Vespa cincta Fabr.
AB  - The venom of V. cincta contains acetylcholine (ACh), histamine and 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Blockers of these agonists did not block completely the
      hypotensive and smooth muscle contractile activity of venom. On smooth muscle,
      there was a residual slow contraction. The active substance which produced this
      slow contraction was separated by solvent extraction, gel filtration and TLC. The
      purified material (which has been provisionally designated "Vecikinin") lowered
      cat, rat and guinea pig blood pressure, increased amplitude of cardiac
      contraction, and increased capillary permeability. Vecikinin contracted several
      smooth muscle preparations (rat uterus, rat ascending colon, guinea pig ileum,
      guinea pig colon and rat ileum), while relaxing rat duodenum. Its contractile
      activity was not lost on boiling, but acid or alkali-boiling reduced its
      contractile activity. It was inactivated on incubation with chymotrypsin and
      carboxypeptidase but not with trypsin, pepsin or leucine aminopeptidase. It is a
      peptide, appears to be of low molecular weight, and could be distinguished from
      substance P, angiotensin, bradykinin and hornet or wasp kinin.

PMID- 2401530
TI  - Ancylostoma ceylanicum: ATP production and effect of anthelmintics.
AB  - Dicarboxylic acids and a few amino acids were found to support mitochondrial
      phosphorylation in A. ceylanicum. Anaerobiasis markedly reduced this activity.
      Maximum effect was observed on succinate supported phosphorylation which in
      anaerobic atmosphere yielded only 2% ATP compared to that in the presence of air.
      Known as well as candidate anthelmintics significantly inhibited ATP formation.
      Mebendazole, amongst them, registered greatest effect. Oxygen consumption by the
      mitochondria exhibited poor response to the action of anthelmintics other than
      praziquantel.

PMID- 2401531
TI  - Immunoprophylaxis against filarial parasite, Dipetalonema viteae in multimammate
      rat Mastomys natalensis: immunisation with adult worm antigens.

PMID- 2401532
TI  - Toxicity of capillin, the insecticidal principle of Artemisia nilagirica Clarke.

PMID- 2401533
TI  - Induction of lactation in infertile cattle using synthetic steroid compounds.

PMID- 2401534
TI  - Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus & their
      household contacts.
AB  - Twenty patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and their 51 household
      contacts were screened for the presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies. A high
      prevalence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCTAB) was observed in the patients
      (80% against T cells and 100% against B cells). The antibodies carried
      specificity for HLA-B5/35 and HLA-DR2/DR3. A high prevalence of LCTAB was also
      observed in contacts (55% LCTAB-T cells, 88% LCTAB-B cells) with no difference
      being seen between consanguineous and non-consanguineous male or female
      relatives.

PMID- 2401535
TI  - Naturally occurring anti-native DNA antibodies in SLE binding Z-DNA.
AB  - A high degree of specificity of circulating anti-DNA antibody for double stranded
      DNA in the sera of SLE patients was found, as compared to single stranded
      polymer. The antibody recognized brominated DNA, a polymer that appears to attain
      Z-conformation as indicated on the basis of UV absorption characteristics. The
      existence in native DNA of regions undergoing B----Z transition has been
      detected.

PMID- 2401536
TI  - Circulating cortisol & related steroids following ketoconazole challenge in
      Cushing's disease.
AB  - Circulating levels of cortisol, 17 alpha hydroxy progesterone and delta 4
      androstenedione were analysed by specific radioimmunoassays in 11 patients with
      Cushing's disease before and at 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24# h following an oral dose of
      400 mg ketoconazole. A significant fall in cortisol (26 - 79.6%, 59.8 +/- 18.7
      SEM), delta 4 androstenedione (21.5 - 63.3%, 47.8 +/- 4.87) with a concomitant
      rise in 17 alpha hydroxy progesterone (113 - 218%, 116 +/- 11.43) were noted,
      suggesting inhibition of 17, 20 desmolase and 11 beta-hydroxylase enzymes in
      cortisol biosynthetic pathway.

PMID- 2401537
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy in the assessment of sperm morphology.
AB  - The advantages of using scanning electron microscope (SEM) vis-a-vis light
      microscope (LM) to assess sperm morphology was studied. The semen samples
      obtained from 15 fertile (group I) and 25 infertile (group II) men were processed
      by routine procedures for LM and SEM. The usually described sperm abnormalities
      were identifiable with greater resolution. Sperm abnormalities were significantly
      more in group II, as compared with group I (P less than 0.001) by both methods.
      Abnormalities of different regions, like thinning of midpiece, were scored higher
      in SEM than in LM. The abnormality of aggregation or retraction of mitochondrial
      sheath was clearly visible under SEM and missed by LM. Apart from detection of
      certain subtle abnormalities, SEM has advantages of rapid screening, accurate
      quantitation directly from the screen, zooming to higher magnification and
      automation.

PMID- 2401538
TI  - Effect of decreased cerebrospinal fluid proteins on the spread of local
      anaesthetic drugs in pregnancy.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma protein concentrations were determined in 60
      ASA-I female patients, 30 non-pregnant women, who were to undergo lower abdominal
      or lower limb surgery (group I, controls) and 30 pregnant women at term, who were
      posted for lower segment caesarean section (group II). All patients received
      spinal analgesia. Time of onset of analgesia and level of analgesia achieved were
      compared in two groups. A significant fall (16.6%) was noted in the plasma
      proteins in pregnant (6.10 +/- 0.6 g/dl) women as compared to non-pregnant
      patients (7.30 +/- 0.44 g/dl; P less than 0.01). CSF proteins also showed a
      significant fall (43.2%) in pregnant (25.80 +/- 5.52 mg/dl), as compared to non
      pregnant women (45.43 +/- 7.66 mg/dl; P less than 0.001). Dose of local
      anaesthetic drug required was significantly less (44%) in pregnant (3.21 +/- 0.29
      mg/segment) as compared to non-pregnant women (5.73 +/- 0.74 mg/segment; P less
      than 0.01). Time of onset of block was significantly less in pregnant than in non
      pregnant patients after the injection of drug (2.86 +/- 0.42 sec and 3.41 +/-
      0.43 sec respectively; P less than 0.01). No correlation was found between plasma
      proteins and CSF proteins. CSF protein concentration also did not correlate with
      dose of local anaesthetic drug, or with time of onset of block. It is suggested
      that fall in CSF protein concentration may be another contributory factor in the
      reduced dose requirement of local anaesthetic drug for subarachnoid block during
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2401539
TI  - In vitro radiation responses of human intracranial meningiomas & their
      modifications by 2-deoxy-D-glucose.
AB  - Radiation responses of 16 human intracranial meningiomas [hemangiopericyte, 4;
      fibrous, 4; transitional, 4; vascular, 3; and meningiothelial, 1] and their
      modifications by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) have been studied in vitro using organ
      cultures derived from post-operative tumour specimens. Treatment induced
      cytogenetic damage viz., micronuclei formation and DNA content dispersion, were
      analysed as indices of the radiation damage. Results showed that the 60Co gamma
      ray induced micronuclei frequencies in meningiomas varied over a large range (0.7
      6.2%). Presence of 2-DG (at equimolar concentration with glucose) for 4 h after
      irradiation, increased the radiation damage by a factor of up to 2.8 in nearly 70
      per cent of the cases, although a decrease was observed in 20 per cent cases.
      These observations can be explained on the basis of the energy linked modulations
      of the competitive processes of repair and fixation of radiation induced DNA
      lesions. The results of the study suggest that the therapy of meningiomas could
      be improved by combining radiotherapy with administration of 2-DG.

PMID- 2401540
TI  - Prospective study of changes in serum calcium after diethyl-ether anaesthesia.
AB  - Changes in serum calcium after diethyl-ether anaesthesia given for various
      routine surgical operations, were studied in 30 patients. Mean (+/- SD)
      concentration (mg%) of serum calcium before induction of anaesthesia was 10.37 +/
      0.77. Serum calcium decreased by 0.05 per cent after 10 min of induction and by
      3.33 per cent at the end of anaesthesia which was highly significant (P less than
      0.001). There was a correlation (r = 0.63; P less than 0.01) between decline in
      serum calcium and duration of ether anaesthesia. Serum calcium returned to near
      normal levels after 24 h of ether anaesthesia. In view of the fall in serum
      calcium, it is emphasized that ether should be either avoided in patients with
      known or suspected hypocalcaemia or be used for as short a time as possible with
      due precaution and calcium supplementation.

PMID- 2401541
TI  - Hepatoprotective activity of picroliv against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver
      damage in rats.
AB  - Administration of carbon tetrachloride to normal rats increased activities of
      hepatic 5(1)-nucleotidase, acid phosphatase, acid ribonuclease while the
      activities of succinate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphatase, superoxide
      dismutase and cytochrome P450 were decreased. Levels of lipid peroxides, total
      lipids and cholesterol of liver were also increased. The activities of serum
      glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase and alkaline
      phosphatase were increased. Other serum parameters showing changes after carbon
      tetrachloride were: bilirubin, proteins, cholesterol, triglycerides and
      lipoprotein-X. Picroliv (from the plant Picrorhiza kurroa) in doses of 6 and 12
      mg/kg provided a significant protection against most of the biochemical
      alterations produced by carbon tetrachloride. The degree of protection afforded
      by picroliv, when administered simultaneously or as a pretreatment was almost
      equal.

PMID- 2401542
TI  - Comparative evaluation of tolmetin & tolmetin-zinc on wound-repair &
      inflammation.
AB  - In view of the reported healing-suppressant activity of some NSAIDs and absence
      of this adverse effect in their zinc-complexes, tolmetin (Tol), a recently
      introduced NSAID and its zinc-complex (Tol-Zn) were compared for their wound
      healing and antiinflammatory profiles in male albino rats. Tolmetin-zinc (Tol-Zn)
      significantly reversed (P less than 0.01) the suppressant effect of Tol on gain
      in breaking strength of skin incisions and dead space wounds (breaking strength,
      g: for control, Tol and Tol-Zn were: 313 +/- 7, 250 +/- 11, 294 +/- 16 in skin
      wounds; 244 +/- 7, 137 +/- 18, 195 +/- 16 in dead space wounds). Tol-Zn shared
      the significant (P less than 0.001) suppressant effect of Tol on granuloma
      formation (granuloma weight, mg: control - 69 +/- 3, Tol - 36 +/- 3.03, Tol-Zn -
      37 +/- 2.75) and its collagen content (total hydroxyproline per tissue,
      microgram: control - 1955 +/- 55, Tol - 1400 +/- 200, Tol-Zn - 1410 +/- 150). Rat
      paw edema induced by carrageenin was significantly (P less than 0.001) reduced by
      Tol as well as Tol-Zn. In the chronic model both the agents suppressed
      significantly (P less than 0.001) granuloma formation by 50 per cent. Zinc
      sulphate by itself reduced the rat paw edema by 39 per cent (P less than 0.02)
      and did not affect the other parameters. Zinc-complex appears to be an improved
      version of tolmetin as an antiinflammatory agent with no adverse effect on the
      healing process. Tolmetin-zinc promotes gain in breaking strength, not by
      increasing the collagen content, but by favouring better maturation of available
      collagen at the wound site.

PMID- 2401543
TI  - Roots of urban violence.
AB  - Alcohol consumption and dependence, employment status, social and family history
      and history of previous violence in 49 patients injured in city-centre violence
      were compared with that in 49 paired, age and sex matched control individuals in
      a major accident and emergency department. All control individuals had been in
      the same locations as the patients at the time of injury. Alcohol consumption was
      recorded in units and dependence was assessed by means of the CAGE questionnaire.
      Patients had consumed significantly more alcohol in the 6 h before injury (mean
      consumption: 9 units/controls 7.1 units) and had been involved in more previous
      violence (mean number of incidents in previous 5 years: 4.3/controls: 1.5
      incidents). In comparison with controls, male patients tended to be single rather
      than married (P = 0.051), to have lost a parent (P = 0.058) and to feel guilty
      about their alcohol consumption (P = 0.068). These results indicate that in
      relation to young adults, injury in urban violence was associated with excessive
      binge-alcohol consumption, but not with alcohol dependence, unemployment at the
      time of violence or socio-economic group.

PMID- 2401544
TI  - Clinical experience with a new artificial bone graft: preliminary results of a
      prospective study.
AB  - This prospective study was carried out to determine the efficacy, benefits and
      safety of an artificial bone grafting material. The material used was a mixture
      of porous calcium phosphate ceramic with the addition of bovine fibrillar
      collagen and autogenous bone marrow. This mixture has been used successfully as a
      bone graft in 11 patients with delayed and non-union of long bones.

PMID- 2401545
TI  - Performance of external fixation devices in femoral fractures; the ultimate
      challenge? A laboratory study with plastic rods.
AB  - Whether or not external fixation should be applied to the femur, and on what
      grounds, will depend upon a variety of factors. It is rarely considered to be the
      treatment of first choice. External fixation can, however, be indicated in
      certain circumstances. Looking for optimal rigidity in such cases we tested and
      compared the stability of 14 different femoral external fixators in an
      experimental model. It was found that the weight of the different frames varied
      from 400 to 2000 g. The comparative stability also varied widely. Movements of
      between 1 mm and 4 cm and rotations varying from almost 0 degrees to 16 degrees
      were measured at the (experimental) fracture site, based upon the geometry of an
      adult patient. In view of this finding primary bone-healing would not be expected
      to occur, since it demands more stability than external femoral fixation can
      offer. A relatively simple two-dimensional (unilateral) frame can be as rigid as
      a three-dimensional one, in response to all but transverse loading.

PMID- 2401547
TI  - Occurrence of fractures in a defined population: a 1-year study.
AB  - All injured patients admitted to Trondheim University Hospital during the period
      June 1985 to June 1986 were recorded. Patients sustaining fractures and living in
      Trondheim city were selected for this study. A total of 2973 patients with 3060
      fractures were reported, giving an incidence rate of 22.8 fractures per 1000
      inhabitants. The patients sustaining fractures represented 20 per cent of all
      cases. Patients with fractures occupied 87 per cent of all days in hospital
      required by patients involved in accidents. The patients with fractures of the
      upper end of the femur occupied 53 per cent of these. The types of fractures and
      the mechanism causing the accidents varied according to the age of the patient.
      Forearm fractures were the most common fracture. The age of the patient seemed to
      be the most important factor influencing the outcome of the accident. The
      percentage of hospitalization increased with increasing age.

PMID- 2401546
TI  - Occurrence of injuries in a defined population.
AB  - A 1-year study of all registered accidents was carried out. All patients treated
      for an injury at the Trondheim University Hospital, Norway, were recorded. This
      is the only institution in the region treating injuries. Hence, this is a total
      injury registration in a defined population. The incidence rate was 114 injuries
      per 1000 inhabitants. Home accidents were the most common type. Accidents
      occurring at institutions, in traffic areas and at home caused the longest
      hospitalization. Most of the injuries were minor; 0.4 per cent of the accidents
      were fatal. Traffic accidents and home accidents were responsible for the highest
      percentage of fatal accidents. The demand for preventive measures and reduction
      of accidents has been based on mortality rates in comparable studies. The
      mortality rate is well reported for most of the civilized world but this does not
      tell us anything about the morbidity rate due to accidents. By reducing the
      accidents needing the longest hospitalization, the economic consequences for the
      national health system would also be decreased.

PMID- 2401548
TI  - Four years' experience of limb replantation in Saudi Arabia: a clinical review.
AB  - This is a review of 70 patients with traumatic limb and digit amputations treated
      at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh in Saudi Arabia from April 1984 to
      April 1988. Out of 70 cases 34 were not suitable for replantation. In the
      remaining 36 patients replantation or revascularization was attempted on 46
      units. The data are discussed and compared with other published series. Our net
      survival rate was 67.4 per cent. The survival rate improved from 62.8 per cent in
      the first 2 years to 81.8 per cent in the subsequent 2 years. The average
      hospital stay (34 days) was much longer than that reported from developed
      countries. The increased emergency workload due to a high incidence of referral
      of unsuitable cases and the longer hospital stay should be taken into account
      while establishing a replant service in a developing country. Eighteen cases were
      followed up for more than 1 year; of these, 61 per cent had good (grade I or
      grade II) functional recovery. The survival rate and functional recovery improved
      with increased experience and this is a strong argument in favour of centralizing
      the replant services.

PMID- 2401549
TI  - Patellofemoral malalignment: a report of 68 cases treated by proximal and distal
      patellofemoral reconstruction.
AB  - A series of 68 knees were reviewed retrospectively at an average of 56 months
      following surgical treatment for patellar dislocation and subluxation. Fifty
      three knees in 48 patients were assessed both subjectively by questionnaire and
      objectively by examination, and 15 knees were evaluated by questionnaire only.
      All cases were treated by a proximal and distal reconstruction as described by
      Trillat (1964). The surgery was performed by one surgeon (MC) and reviewed
      independently (DW). The results were excellent in 48 knees (71 per cent), good in
      12 (17 per cent) and poor in 8 (12 per cent). In no patient had there been any
      further episodes of dislocation. We consider this a straightforward procedure
      producing consistent correction of patellofemoral instability with a low
      morbidity.

PMID- 2401550
TI  - Management of liver injuries in Zaria, Nigeria.
AB  - The records of 37 patients with liver injuries operated upon at the Ahmadu Bello
      University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria from 1976 to 1987 were reviewed.
      There were 31 males and 6 females with a mean age of 22 years. Sixty-two per cent
      were due to blunt injury from road traffic accidents, 14 per cent were due to
      gunshot wounds and 5 per cent due to stab wounds as a result of assaults.
      Treatment with simple suture and drainage sufficed in 49 per cent; only 16 per
      cent required resection, packing and drainage. Associated injuries included long
      bone fractures and chest trauma. The most common complication was sepsis and the
      overall mortality was 19 per cent.

PMID- 2401551
TI  - Glove punctures in an orthopaedic trauma unit.
AB  - A series of 421 operations in an orthopaedic trauma unit have been studied for
      glove punctures; 37.5 per cent of operations had a puncture demonstrated in the
      surgeon's gloves. The procedures at a high risk of glove punctures were hip
      operations (57 per cent) and internal fixation (54 per cent). The use of double
      gloving reduced the contamination of the surgeon's hand in these operation groups
      to 17 per cent (P less than 0.05). The potential risk of the surgeon being
      infected by his patients has become increasingly important with the increase in
      the number of people infected with HIV. The trauma surgeon is at a high risk due
      to frequent spillage of body fluids in trauma and the difficulty in identifying
      patients who may be at risk. Reducing the risk to the surgeon is difficult but
      awareness of the areas of potential contamination such as glove puncture may
      help.

PMID- 2401552
TI  - Backslabs and plaster casts: which will best accommodate increasing
      intracompartmental pressures?
AB  - Plaster-of-Paris backslabs are presently used after closed or operative reduction
      of fractures as they are thought to accommodate any swelling which may occur.
      This study was designed to examine the ability of different types of cast to
      expand with increasing internal pressure. The results of the study show clearly
      that a split and spread cast is the only safe cast to use after fracture as it
      allows for swelling. Backslabs are no better than a complete plaster at
      accommodating increased internal pressure. It is therefore recommended that
      backslabs are no longer used to maintain reductions when swelling is anticipated.

PMID- 2401553
TI  - Policeman's groin: an unusual occupational injury.

PMID- 2401554
TI  - Low-voltage battery burns.

PMID- 2401555
TI  - Survival of a finger after ring avulsion injury to both main digital arteries.

PMID- 2401556
TI  - Transepiphyseal fracture--dislocation of the femoral neck.

PMID- 2401557
TI  - Fracture of the pelvis associated with the gluteal artery false aneurysm.

PMID- 2401558
TI  - Traumatic odontoid epiphysiolysis in an infant fixed in a child's car seat.

PMID- 2401559
TI  - Patient positioning for closed locked tibial nailing.
AB  - Closed locked tibial nailing is facilitated by accurate reduction of the fracture
      and careful positioning of the patient before surgery commences. The
      prerequisites for successful nailing are discussed.

PMID- 2401560
TI  - Hungerford shooting incident.

PMID- 2401561
TI  - Ingestion of Giardia lamblia trophozoites by murine Peyer's patch macrophages.
AB  - Macrophages in Peyer's patches are important in the initiation of
      gastrointestinal immune responses to enteric pathogens. To examine their
      potential role in giardiasis, murine mononuclear cells were isolated from
      collagenase-treated Peyer's patches by their adherence to glass. These cells were
      incubated with Giardia lamblia trophozoites in the presence of nonimmune or
      immune (anti-Giardia antibody titer, greater than or equal to 1:1,024) mouse
      serum. Macrophages ingested trophozoites at low levels when they were incubated
      with nonimmune mouse serum. Ingestion was significantly increased at all time
      points (P less than 0.01) when cells and parasites were incubated in 5% immune
      mouse serum; the number of Giardia trophozoites ingested per 100 macrophages was
      21.6 +/- 7.1 (standard error of the mean) at 1 h and increased to 59.0 +/- 16.4
      at 8 h. Electron microscopy documented trophozoite destruction within
      macrophages. Association of G. lamblia with macrophages elicited an oxidative
      response; 50.9 +/- 3.6% of macrophages with trophozoites attached or ingested
      reduced the dye Nitro Blue Tetrazolium, compared with 13.0 +/- 5.2% for cells
      without associated trophozoites (P less than 0.04). These results demonstrate
      that macrophages are capable of ingesting G. lamblia in vitro and may play an
      important role in host defense in giardiasis.

PMID- 2401562
TI  - Characterization of Leishmania major antigen-liposomes that protect BALB/c mice
      against cutaneous leishmaniasis.
AB  - Leishmania major antigen-liposomes prepared as dehydration-rehydration vesicles
      (DRV) and composed of equimolar amounts of L-alpha-distearoyl phosphatidylcholine
      and cholesterol confer high-level host-protective immunity against virulent
      homologous challenge to susceptible BALB/c mice. Physical and antigenic
      characterization of these protective liposomes is described. Both empty and L.
      major antigen-DRV were multilamellate and heterogeneous in size, ranging from
      0.10 to 2.00 microns. Although the liposomes were made by using a crude mixture
      of promastigote antigens, lipophosphoglycan covered the liposome surface; this
      was demonstrated by immunogold electron microscopy. Application of sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot (immunoblot) analysis
      revealed preferential entrapment of the 63-kilodalton promastigote protease
      (gp63) into the DRV. We suggest that our L. major antigen-DRV merit further study
      because of their preferential entrapment of these two host protective antigens
      together with their long in vivo half-life. In addition, this report illustrates
      that intravenous or subcutaneous immunization of BALB/c mice with the same
      limited subset of protective antigens, predominantly lipophosphoglycan and gp63,
      within DRV liposomes leads to either protection and low splenic interleukin-3
      production or to nonprotection and high splenic interleukin-3 production,
      respectively. This was consistent with our hypothesis that differential antigen
      presentation after administration of the same immunogen by the intravenous or the
      subcutaneous route results in differential T-cell activation.

PMID- 2401563
TI  - Deletions affecting hemolytic and toxin activities of Bordetella pertussis
      adenylate cyclase.
AB  - The Bordetella pertussis cyaA gene encodes a virulence factor which is a
      bifunctional protein exhibiting calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase and
      hemolytic activities (P. Glaser, H. Sakamoto, J. Bellahov, A. Ullmann, and A.
      Danchin, EMBO J. 7:3997-4004, 1988). We characterized the hemolytic and toxin
      activities of the 200-kilodalton (kDa) bifunctional (CyaA) protein and showed
      that, whether cell associated or secreted, the 200-kDa CyaA protein carries
      hemolytic and toxin functions. The catalytically active 45-kDa form of adenylate
      cyclase released by proteolytic digestion of the 200-kDa CyaA protein displayed
      neither hemolytic nor toxin activities. We constructed in-phase deletions in the
      3' region of the cyaA gene, which presumably carries the hemolytic determinant,
      and showed that the resulting proteins exhibited wild-type adenylate cyclase
      activity and were secreted without processing into culture supernatants. The
      hemolytic activities of these mutant CyaA proteins were severely reduced, and
      their toxin activities were abolished. These results suggest that the structural
      integrity of the 200-kDa CyaA protein is necessary for toxin activity and that
      distinct structural determinants within the CyaA protein are involved in
      secretion, pore formation, and entry into target cells.

PMID- 2401564
TI  - YopM inhibits platelet aggregation and is necessary for virulence of Yersinia
      pestis in mice.
AB  - In Yersinia pestis KIM there are 11 Yops (yersinial outer membrane proteins)
      encoded by the low-Ca2+ response virulence plasmid pCD1. Only YopM and YopN are
      found in easily detectable amounts in the culture medium. In our previous work,
      we characterized the yopM gene. In the present study, we constructed a YopM-
      mutant to elucidate the role of YopM in the virulence of Y. pestis. A lacZYA
      sequence was inserted 126 base pairs downstream from the start codon of the yopM
      gene in pCD1. The YopM- mutant had the same growth properties as the parent, Y.
      pestis KIM5-3001. The inserted lacZ gene was regulated by the promoter of the
      yopM gene. Accordingly, it was expressed strongly at 37 degrees C in the absence
      of Ca2+ and was decreased in expression when Ca2+ was present. Northern blot (RNA
      blot) analysis revealed that the yopM gene was in a monocistronic operon,
      suggesting that the yopM insertion mutation was unlikely to have polar effects on
      other genes. The YopM- mutant had strongly decreased virulence in mice, with a
      50% lethal dose of 3.4 x 10(5) CFU. Virulence was restored by the cloned yopM
      containing 5.5-kilobase HindIII F fragment of pCD1. However, supplying a cloned
      1.57-kilobase fragment containing little more than the yopM structural gene
      caused the yopM mutant to significantly overexpress YopM and failed to restore
      virulence. The infection kinetics of the YopM- mutant revealed growth in both
      spleens and livers from days 2 to 4 after infection, followed by a precipitous
      clearance of the bacteria. YopM-containing supernatant proteins of Y. pestis
      inhibited thrombin- or ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation, whereas there was
      no inhibition by supernatant proteins from the YopM- Y. pestis mutant.
      Accordingly, YopM may prevent platelet-mediated events and serve as an important
      strategy for the yersiniae in the initial stages of a plague infection.

PMID- 2401565
TI  - A recombinant non-fatty acylated form of the Hi-PAL (P6) protein of Haemophilus
      influenzae elicits biologically active antibody against both nontypeable and type
      b H. influenzae.
AB  - An approximately 15,000-dalton outer membrane lipoprotein of Haemophilus
      influenzae, the Hi-PAL (P6) protein, has been shown to elicit bactericidal and
      protective antibodies against both type b and nontypeable H. influenzae strains
      and is a vaccine candidate for these organisms. To determine whether the lipid
      modification of this protein is required for immunogenicity or the elicitation of
      biologically active antibodies, a genetic fusion was constructed that contains
      the sequence of mature Hi-PAL fused to the polylinker region of pUC19. The
      protein expressed by this clone does not contain detectable lipid and was
      purified to homogeneity. This recombinant fusion protein, rPAL, elicited a strong
      immune response when injected into rabbits, and the antiserum reacted well with
      native Hi-PAL. The antiserum was bactericidal against a number of clinical
      nontypeable strains, duplicating the activity of anti-Hi-PAL. The anti-rPAL
      antiserum was also protective against type b bacteremia in the infant rat model.
      These results demonstrate that purified rPAL elicits antibodies with biological
      activities that are similar to those of anti-Hi-PAL antibodies. Thus, the lipid
      component of Hi-PAL is not required for either immunogenicity or elicitation of
      biologically active antibodies.

PMID- 2401566
TI  - Pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans in congenitally immunodeficient beige
      athymic mice.
AB  - Mortality after intravenous challenge with 10(4) Cryptococcus neoformans
      demonstrated that doubly immunodeficient beige athymic (bg/bg nu/nu) mice were
      more susceptible to systemic cryptococcosis than either bg/bg or nu/nu mice.
      Infected bg/bg nu/nu mice also had a shortened lifespan compared with their bg/bg
      nu/+ littermates. Beige athymic (bg/bg nu/nu) but not bg/bg nu/+mice developed
      cryptococcal lesions in the skin, demonstrating that C. neoformans is
      dermatotropic in a T-cell-deficient host. Higher numbers of C. neoformans were
      isolated from the lungs and spleen of infected bg/bg nu/nu than bg/bg nu/+ mice
      as early as day 3 after challenge, indicating that in lymphoid-rich organs, T
      cells can alter the course of systemic cryptococcosis early in the infection.
      Despite extensive abscess formation in the brains of bg/bg nu/+ mice,
      dissemination and growth rate of C. neoformans in the brain was similar in both
      genotypes. The primary histopathological feature in tissues from bg/bg nu/nu mice
      infected with C. neoformans consisted of foci of encapsulated yeast cells with
      minimal to no inflammatory response. In contrast to bg/bg nu/nu mice, bg/bg nu/+
      mice mounted a vigorous inflammatory response to C. neoformans that progressed
      from acute to chronic inflammation. Beige athymic mice are a new animal model
      that will be useful in clarifying the innate and acquired immune factors
      important in resistance to cryptococcosis.

PMID- 2401567
TI  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate in cystic fibrosis sputum and the inflammatory
      response.
AB  - Alginate, a viscous polysaccharide from mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa, may
      interfere with the host defenses in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic P.
      aeruginosa lung infection. The alginate concentration in the sol phase of
      expectorated sputum was quantitated by a biochemical method and a newly developed
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There was a high degree of correlation between
      the methods, and the concentration of alginate ranged from 4 to 101 micrograms/ml
      with a median of 35.5 micrograms/ml when measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay. Alginate could not be detected in the bronchial secretions from patients
      without P. aeruginosa infection. In vitro investigation of alginate did not show
      any activation of the alternative pathway of complement, as determined by a
      hemolytic kinetic assay and by testing for neutrophil chemotaxis. At a high
      concentration, P. aeruginosa alginate caused a slight activation of the classical
      pathway of complement. Alginate did not cause neutrophil chemotaxis by itself but
      was able to reduce the neutrophil chemotactic response to N
      formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine and for zymosan-activated serum. P. aeruginosa
      and seaweed alginates were able to prime neutrophils for increased N
      formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine-induced neutrophil oxidative burst, as
      determined by chemiluminescence. Because of its ability to prevent attraction of
      neutrophils to the site of infection, lack of complement activation, and ability
      to enhance neutrophil oxidative burst, alginate from P. aeruginosa may contribute
      to the persistence and pathogenesis of chronic P. aeruginosa infection in cystic
      fibrosis.

PMID- 2401568
TI  - Protective immunization against experimental Bacteroides (Porphyromonas)
      gingivalis infection.
AB  - The effects of immunization in modulating the pathogenesis of Bacteroides
      (Porphyromonas) gingivalis infection in a murine model system were examined.
      BALB/c mice were immunized by intraperitoneal injection with B. gingivalis ATCC
      53977 (one injection per week for 3 weeks), or with a lithium diiodosalicylate
      (LIS) extract (one injection per week for 3 weeks), or with lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS; one intravenous or intraperitoneal injection) from this same strain. Two
      weeks after the final immunization, the mice were challenged by subcutaneous
      injection of B. gingivalis ATCC 53977. Mice immunized with bacteria had no
      secondary lesions and no septicemia, whereas mice immunized with LIS extract had
      few secondary lesions and no septicemia. Mice immunized with LPS and nonimmunized
      mice demonstrated secondary abdominal lesions and septicemia after challenge.
      Bacterial cells and LIS extract, but not LPS, induced serum antibody and antigen
      reactive lymphocytes, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,
      immunoblot, Western immunoblot transfer, and in vitro lymphoproliferative
      responses. The present study suggests that immunization with a LIS extract or
      whole cells may induce a protective response against experimental B. gingivalis
      infection.

PMID- 2401569
TI  - An investigation into the mechanism of protection by local passive immunization
      with monoclonal antibodies against Streptococcus mutans.
AB  - Local oral passive immunization with Streptococcus mutans-specific monoclonal
      antibody (MAb) (Guy's 13) prevented recolonization by indigenous S. mutans in
      human volunteers who had first been treated with a conventional antibacterial
      agent (chlorhexidine). The F(ab')2 fragment of the MAb was as protective as the
      intact immunoglobulin G, but the Fab fragment of the molecule failed to prevent
      recolonization of S. mutans. In subjects receiving the MAb Fab fragment, S.
      mutans levels in dental plaque and saliva reappeared at a similar rate to that
      found in sham-immunized subjects who received either saline or a nonprotective
      MAb. In vitro, MAb had no bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal effect on S. mutans.
      However, S. mutans grown in the presence of either intact immunoglobulin G MAb or
      the F(ab')2 fragment formed very long chains, which resulted in clumping of the
      cells. S. mutans grown with either saline or the MAb Fab fragment formed
      significantly shorter chains, more characteristic of streptococcal growth in
      liquid media. The results suggest that the two binding sites of the MAb molecule
      may be an essential feature for preventing streptococcal colonization but that
      the ability to bind to phagocytes and activate complement which resides in the Fc
      fragment is not essential. Protection against colonization by S. mutans lasting
      up to 2 years was observed in immunized subjects, although MAb was applied over a
      period of only 3 weeks. Furthermore, functional MAb was detected up to 3 days
      following application of MAb to the teeth. The long-term protection could not be
      accounted for by a persistence of MAb on the tooth surface, and we have suggested
      that it may be due to a shift in the balance of the oral flora which discouraged
      recolonization by S. mutans. However, examination of the proportions of
      Streptococcus sanguis and veillonella species in the recolonization experiments
      failed to reveal a significant change in the proportions of either organism,
      which returned to approximately the preexperimental levels in both the immunized
      and control groups. These findings confirm the in vivo functional specificity of
      the MAb to S. mutans but are not consistent with the suggestion that S. sanguis
      or veillonella take over the niche vacated by S. mutans, unless the shift in the
      proportion of these organisms cannot be detected by the method used.

PMID- 2401570
TI  - Adenylate cyclase toxin is critical for colonization and pertussis toxin is
      critical for lethal infection by Bordetella pertussis in infant mice.
AB  - Proliferation of Bordetella pertussis in the lungs of infant mice challenged by
      the intranasal route was examined. The bacteria rapidly proliferated in the lungs
      of mice challenged with a sublethal dose of a wild-type strain (BP338) or a
      filamentous hemagglutinin mutant (BPM409) from 500 at day 0 to 10(7) at day 15.
      The infection cleared in about 40 days. Pertussis toxin-deficient mutant BP357
      gave a similar profile; however, the number of bacteria recovered was slightly
      reduced, suggesting that pertussis toxin is not essential for bacterial growth in
      the lungs. In contrast, adenylate cyclase toxin mutant BP348 was rapidly cleared
      from the lungs, with no viable bacteria remaining 10 days postchallenge,
      suggesting that the adenylate cyclase toxin is a colonization factor required for
      the bacteria to initiate infection.

PMID- 2401572
TI  - Body composition-research techniques and nutritional assessment. Proceedings of
      the international workshop. Kaiserslautern, FRG, August 21 and 22, 1988.

PMID- 2401571
TI  - Phase-variable lipopolysaccharide structures enhance the invasive capacity of
      Haemophilus influenzae.
AB  - Genes necessary for the expression and phase variation of lipopolysaccharide
      epitopes of a virulent Haemophilus influenzae type b isolate (RM.7004) are
      contained within two chromosomal loci designated lic-1 and lic-2. Mutations were
      introduced into both lic-1 and lic-2, and the virulence of the double mutant was
      compared with that of the wild type in infant rats. These mutations in RM.7004
      resulted in a significantly reduced incidence of bacteremia following intranasal
      inoculation, although nasopharyngeal colonization was similar for the mutant and
      wild-type strains. In contrast, no differences in bacteremia were observed when
      the mutant and wild-type strains were inoculated intraperitoneally.

PMID- 2401573
TI  - Models of the distribution of protein, water and electrolytes in the human body.

PMID- 2401574
TI  - How are the main indicators of the nutritional state interrelated?

PMID- 2401575
TI  - Total body water: changes during dialysis estimated by bioimpedance analysis.

PMID- 2401576
TI  - Artificial kidney and artificial heart: further considerations.

PMID- 2401577
TI  - Hematopoietic growth factors.

PMID- 2401578
TI  - A profile of dialysis and transplantation in South Africa.

PMID- 2401579
TI  - Long term survival on haemodialysis in primary hyperoxaluria.
AB  - Results of treatment of end-stage renal failure (ESRF) in patients with primary
      hyperoxaluria have been generally poor, largely due to the inability of any
      treatment regime to match the endogenous overproduction of oxalate. The severity
      of the disease varies widely, as reflected by the differences in age at onset of
      ESRF. This variability may influence the results of treatment of ESRF in these
      patients. The longest reported survival on haemodialysis of a patient with
      primary hyperoxaluria is eight and a half years. We report a patient who survived
      for eleven years on haemodialysis after reaching ESRF due to primary
      hyperoxaluria, and suggest that this prolonged survival was due to relatively
      mild disease severity rather than exceptional treatment.

PMID- 2401580
TI  - Kinetics of anti-Xa activity during combined defibrotide-heparin administration
      in hemodialysis.
AB  - Defibrotide, a polydesoxyribonucleotide derivative with antithrombotic and
      fibrinolytic activity, capable of inducing the release of PGI2 from vascular
      endothelia, was proposed as an alternative to standard heparin coverage during
      blood dialysis for patients at risk of bleeding. The original procedure featured
      the preliminary washing of the dialysis circuit with heparin, which was then
      recirculated and eliminated, and the two drugs, heparin and defibrotide, are
      known to interact with each other. The purpose of this present study was to
      explore the ex-vivo heparin activity (assessed as anti-Xa activity) in diverse
      hemodialysis models using defibrotide (800 mg intravenous, in 4 bolus injections)
      and various dosages of heparin. Anti-Xa activity is negligible in dialysis
      conducted with defibrotide alone. When the circuit was prewashed with heparin
      (5000 and 2500 IU), there was evident anti-Xa activity (0.3-0.5 U/ml) in the
      first 30-60 minutes of dialysis; continuous heparin infusion (500 U/hour)
      resulted in high anti-Xa activity levels at the end of dialysis. Thus the best
      hemodialysis procedure for patients at high risk of bleeding should be one
      utilizing only defibrotide, or defibrotide plus small amounts of calcium heparin
      infused at the rate of 500 U/hour for not more than two hours.

PMID- 2401581
TI  - Membranes as substrates for hepatocyte adhesion in liver support bioreactors.
AB  - Fourteen membranes out of cellulose (CuprophanR), polyamide and polypropylene
      were compared in a cytocompatibility test using the cytokinetics and
      cytomorphology of primary hepatatocytes as parameters. Additionally, the impact
      of coating the membranes with collagen or fibronectin was investigated.
      Hepatocytes were not able to attach in acceptable amounts on investigated
      cellulose membranes. On polyamide and polypropylene membranes a sufficient cell
      seeding was possible. Coating with collagen or fibronectin improves the
      attachment and spreading on all membranes. Differences between collagen and
      fibronectin were detected, observing the morphology of the cells: on collagen,
      most of the cells spread, whilst on fibronectin, most of the cells spread and
      flattened polygonally. If the adhesion of hepatocytes prolongs their metabolic
      function, a large adhesion surface in bioreactors is necessary. To reach a high
      surface area for cell adhesion in bioreactors one possibility is the use of
      polyamide and polypropylene membranes.

PMID- 2401582
TI  - Disposition and toxicity of amphotericin-B in the hyperlipidemic Zucker rat
      model.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and toxicity of the lipophilic antifungal agent,
      amphotericin-B (AmpB), were studied in the hyperlipidemic obese rat model and
      compared with lean litter-mates. Serial blood samples were obtained for 36 h
      following a single intravenous infusion of AmpB (1.2 mg/kg) with pre- and post
      drug measurements of renal function. Although triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL
      cholesterol and LDL + VLDL-cholesterol levels were elevated in the obese compared
      with lean rats, protein: lipoprotein ratios were similar. There was a 2-fold
      increase in the area under the serum concentration-time curve of AmpB in obese
      rats compared to lean litter-mates (15,600 +/- 6900 v. 7800 +/- 2900 ng. h/ml; P
      less than 0.05); no differences in elimination rate constants were found between
      groups. Weight-corrected volume of distribution and total body clearance were
      significantly lower in obese compared with lean rats; no differences were found
      in absolute clearance or volume. Kidney levels of AmpB were markedly increased in
      obese versus lean rats. Similarly, kidney to serum ratios of AmpB were greater in
      obese compared with lean rats (152 +/- 113 v. 41 +/- 23; P less than 0.001).
      There was a significant decline in the creatinine clearance from baseline in the
      obese rats coupled with a rise in serum creatinine; no differences were found in
      lean rats. Similarities in absolute pharmacokinetic variables and protein:
      lipoprotein ratios suggest differences in AmpB disposition and toxicity are a
      result of differences in lipoprotein-mediated transport mechanisms between obese
      and lean rats.

PMID- 2401583
TI  - Influence of body fat distribution during childhood on body fat distribution in
      adulthood: a two-decade follow-up study.
AB  - Development of body fat distribution was assessed in a two-decade follow-up
      study. The present article describes the development of various trunk/extremity
      ratios and gives the figures by age and sex between 1 month to 21 years. The
      relationship between adult and childhood skinfold (SF) ratio measurements is weak
      in boys and slightly better in girls. From the present and our previous study, we
      can select adiposity measurements in children which both are associated to
      pathologies and have the best correlations with adult values, i.e. the body mass
      index (BMI) in both sexes, trunk SF in boys and the subscapular/arm SF ratio in
      girls. Consequently, a boy with both high BMI and trunk SF values or a girl with
      both high BMI and subscapular/arm SF values have an increased risk of centralized
      obesity at adult age.

PMID- 2401584
TI  - Obese men have elevated plasma levels of estrone sulfate.
AB  - The 24 h mean plasma concentrations of estrone sulfate (ES) were measured in 27
      healthy obese and nonobese men (BMI: 21.2-89.5). Plasma levels of ES were found
      to be elevated in obese men, with ES values significantly correlated to the level
      of obesity (r = 0.60; P less than 0.001). Thus, an increase in plasma ES
      concentration (from 524 to 1115 pg/ml), compared to the less than 40 percent
      increases previously found for estrone and estradiol. Because ES is normally
      present at an approximately tenfold greater concentration than either estrone or
      estradiol in men, it may serve as a more easily measurable indicator of adipose
      tissue aromatization of androstenedione.

PMID- 2401585
TI  - Reduction of lipoprotein (a) by weight loss.
AB  - Lipoprotein (a) is believed to be an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis.
      Fat modified diets or lipid lowering drugs seem to have little effect on Lp(a)
      serum levels. We tested the possibility of lowering Lp(a) by weight reduction and
      examined the correlation between Lp(a) serum levels, other lipoproteins, body
      weight and body fat distribution in 53 obese patients. Weight reduction by a 4000
      kJ protein enriched diet for four weeks led to a mean 19 percent reduction of
      Lp(a) serum levels in men (P less than 0.01) and a mean 30 percent reduction in
      premenopausal women (P less than 0.001). Significant correlations could neither
      be demonstrated between Lp(a) and other lipoproteins nor between initial Lp(a),
      overweight and body fat distribution. This implies that an intraindividual
      interdependence between Lp(a) and body weight seems to be possible although an
      interindividual correlation can not be shown.

PMID- 2401586
TI  - Variables associated with weight loss and improvements in glycemic control in
      type II diabetic patients in behavioral weight control programs.
AB  - Because weight loss is difficult to achieve, it would be helpful to determine
      whether there are subgroups of obese type II diabetic patients who benefit most
      from participation in a behavioral weight loss program. We studied 178 obese
      patients with type II diabetes, who participated in a 12-20 week behavioral
      weight loss program and were followed for 1 year after the program to determine
      whether age, gender, percent overweight, medication, duration of diabetes or
      fasting glucose were related to weight loss and/or to the magnitude of
      improvement in glycemic control experienced with weight loss. Gender was the only
      variable related to weight loss; males lost more weight and had greater decreases
      in percent overweight than females. The variable most strongly related to
      improvement in glycemic control was pretreatment fasting glucose level; patients
      with higher initial glucose levels experienced the greatest improvements in
      control. There was no evidence to support the belief that patients on insulin
      have poorer weight losses or that patients with long-duration diabetes benefit
      less from weight reduction than those with recent-onset diabetes.

PMID- 2401587
TI  - Effects of maternal obesity on fasting metabolism in newborn rats.
AB  - Maternal obesity is a risk factor for subsequent fasting hypoglycemia in human
      infants after birth. To investigate further this problem, we employed an animal
      model of obesity to study neonatal extrauterine metabolic adaptations in pups of
      obese and lean rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a 'cafeteria diet' to
      induce obesity prior to and during pregnancy. Prior to mating, the cafeteria fed
      rats were significantly heavier (449 v. 345 g, P less than 0.001) than the
      controls. Furthermore, weight gain during pregnancy and weight at term were also
      significantly greater in the obese rats even though they consumed less food
      during pregnancy. Pup weights and the number of pups per litter were similar
      between the two groups. Pups born to obese mothers demonstrated hypoglycemia
      after being fasted for 150 and 180 min when compared with control pups. Hepatic
      glycogen stores were increased in the fetus of pups born to obese mothers.
      Glycogen content in pups born to obese mothers declined minimally after birth and
      remained greater than hepatic glycogen values in control pups throughout the
      study. In addition to increased fetal storage of glycogen, fetal hepatic
      triglyceride content was augmented in pups of obese rats. These triglyceride
      stores declined and were mobilized during fasting after birth. In contrast,
      hepatic triglyceride content increased after birth among control rats. These
      results suggest that maternal obesity results in augmented fetal hepatic tissue
      stores of both glycogen and triglycerides. Hypoglycemia among pups of excessively
      obese mothers may be due to attenuated mobilization of hepatic glycogen.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401588
TI  - The relationship of body fat distribution to blood pressure in normotensive men:
      the normative aging study.
AB  - Body fat distribution may be a more specific marker than obesity for risk of
      cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The relationship between body fat
      distribution and sitting systolic and diastolic blood pressure was examined in a
      cross-sectional analysis of 1936 normotensive men aged 21 to 80 years. In this
      analysis body fat distribution was represented by the ratio of abdomen
      circumference to hip breadth (denoted as WHbR). Pearson product-moment
      correlations adjusted for age revealed a positive correlation between WHbR and
      both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.13 and r = 0.14, respectively).
      In a multiple linear regression model controlling for age, smoking status and
      body mass index (BMI), WHbR was associated with systolic blood pressure
      [regression coefficient (standard error) = 3.58 (1.8), P = 0.048)], but had much
      less of an association with diastolic blood pressure [regression coefficient
      (standard error) = 1.90 (1.3), P = 0.141]. Further adjustment for alcohol intake
      decreased the association between WHbR and systolic blood pressure [regression
      coefficient (standard error) = 2.90 (1.81), P = 0.110]. Body fat distribution, as
      represented by WHbR was associated with level of systolic blood pressure
      independently of overall level of obesity (BMI) in normotensive men; adjustment
      for alcohol intake attenuated the relationship. These data suggest that dietary
      factors, notably alcohol intake, may influence the effect of body fat
      distribution on blood pressure.

PMID- 2401589
TI  - The effects of applicant's health status and qualifications on simulated hiring
      decisions.
AB  - The effects of having diabetes or obesity on simulated job decisions was
      evaluated in a two (qualifications, high v. marginal) by three (diabetes, mildly
      obese, or normal) design. Subjects were 295 adults, averaging 5.02 years of full
      time employment in white-collar settings, recruited in advanced level graduate or
      undergraduate business classes. Each subject examined a job description and a
      resume of the 'applicant' and viewed a 5-minute videotape. The applicant's face
      was never seen and an off-camera voice, constant across all conditions, was
      dubbed in for the applicant's responses to the interviewer's questions. Subjects
      were then asked to rate the applicant's qualification level and demeanor during
      the interview and to recommend whether or not to hire the individual. Subjects
      were also asked to make ratings about the applicant's work habits, work
      reliability and absenteeism, and interpersonal skills (e.g. emotional problems,
      likeability). Results indicated that level of quantification affected decisions
      to hire the applicant in the predicted direction. However, the obese applicant
      was rated as less qualified for the job, and both the diabetic and obese
      applicant were less likely to be hired, although they were rated similarly on
      personal appearance, attitude during the interview, and communication skills.
      Additionally, both the obese and the diabetic applicant were viewed as having
      poorer work habits. The diabetic was rated as much more likely to have medically
      related job absences, whereas the obese applicant was rated as more likely to
      have other absences (e.g. abusing company privileges by feigning illness) and to
      have emotional and interpersonal problems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401590
TI  - Synthetic peptide models for protein secondary structures. Beta-sheet formation
      in acyclic cystine peptides.
AB  - The conformations of the symmetrical cystine peptides Boc-Cys-(Val)n-Trp-OMe Boc
      Cys-(Val)n-Trp-OMe (n = 1, 1; 2, 2; 3, 3) have been examined in solution, in
      order to evaluate the use of disulfide crosslinks in stabilizing extended beta
      strand conformations in acyclic sequences. NMR studies in (CD3)2SO provide
      evidence for the solvent inaccessible nature of the Val(2) NH group in peptides 1
      and 2. JHNCH alpha H values are indicative of extended structures. Sequential
      interresidue nuclear Overhauser effects support the population of beta-strand
      structures in both peptides. The fluorescence quantum yield of tryptophan
      determined in methanol follows the order 2 greater than 1 approximately 3.
      Reduction of the disulfides with NaBH4 results in large enhancements of emission
      intensity, with the changes following the order 1 greater than 3 much greater
      than 2. The order of quenching is a function of the disposition of the indole and
      disulfide sidechains in an extended beta-sheet structure.

PMID- 2401591
TI  - 5,5-Dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (DTC) as a proline analog with
      restricted conformation.
AB  - Spectroscopic evidence is presented for the lack of intramolecular hydrogen
      bonding in a simple peptide derivative of 5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic
      acid (Dtc). The infrared spectrum of Boc-Pro-Ile-OMe 1 in nonpolar solvents
      displays two N-H stretching bands at 3419 and 3330 cm-1 in CCl4 and one at 3417
      and 3328 cm-1 in CHCl3. The low frequency band at 3328-3330 cm-1 may be assigned
      to conformations with an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the Ile N-H and Boc
      C = O. The band at 3417-3419 cm-1 is the normal Ile N-H stretch. In the polar
      solvent CH3CN only one NH stretching band at 3365 cm-1 is observed. The IR
      spectrum of Boc-Dtc-Ile-OMe 2, on the other hand, displays one N-H stretching
      band at 3423 cm-1 in CCl4 and one at 3418 cm-1 in CHCl3. The IR spectrum of 2
      does not display the N-H stretching band that would arise from intramolecular
      hydrogen bonding between the Boc C = O and Ile N-H. The lack of intramolecular
      hydrogen bonding for Boc-Dtc-Ile-OMe 2 was evident also in the NMR spectra in
      nonpolar solvents. The 1H-NMR spectrum of the Pro dipeptide 1 in 50% CDCl3/C6D6
      at 20 degrees displayed two Ile-NH signals at 6.58 and 7.74 ppm. The latter
      signal corresponds to the intramolecularly hydrogen bonded Ile-NH in the trans
      Boc isomer of 1 (60% of the total population), while the former signal
      corresponds to the nonhydrogen bonded Ile-NH in the cis-Boc isomer.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401592
TI  - Synthesis of cyclic peptides on solid support. Application to analogs of
      hemagglutinin of influenza virus.
AB  - In order to mimic a well-known loop structure (site A) of the hemagglutinin of
      influenza virus, a series of cyclic peptides derived from the region 139-147 were
      synthesized. The lactam analogs cyclised between the N-terminus Cys 139 and the
      beta-carboxyl of aspartic acid 148 (small loop) or the epsilon-NH2 of lysine 148
      via succinimidyl linker (large loop) were synthesized by the solid phase method.
      Cyclisation was directly performed on the solid support prior to final cleavage
      of the peptide. We describe two protection schemes which allow us to obtain
      different loop sizes derived from the same sequence. Eight of the analogs
      contained relatively large ring structures (up to 38 membered). For protection of
      the side chain of aspartic acid in combination with N-alpha-Fmoc protection, the
      cyclohexyl ester was more satisfactory than the benzyl ester with respect to
      imide formation. When the rate of cyclodimerisation, as a function of resin
      substitution, was compared to the rate of cyclic monomer formation, it was found
      that dimerisation was proportional to the charge of the resin. Furthermore, a
      comparison of the recently reported BOP reagent over the classical DIPC/HOBt
      method for the cyclisation reaction shows that in our case the reaction proceeded
      more rapidly by the BOP procedure although it gave a less pure crude product.

PMID- 2401593
TI  - Parallel and antiparallel aggregation of alpha-helices. Crystal structures of two
      apolar decapeptides X-Trp-Ile-Ala-Aib-Ile-Val-Aib-Leu-Aib-Pro-OMe (X = Boc, Ac).
AB  - An apolar helical decapeptide with different end groups, Boc- or Ac-,
      crystallizes in a completely parallel fashion for the Boc-analog and in an
      antiparallel fashion for the Ac-analog. In both crystals, the packing motif
      consists of rows of parallel molecules. In the Boc-crystals, adjacent rows
      assemble with the helix axes pointed in the same direction. In the Ac-crystals,
      adjacent rows assemble with the helix axes pointed in opposite directions. The
      conformations of the molecules in both crystals are quite similar, predominantly
      alpha-helical, except for the tryptophanyl side chain where chi 1 congruent to 60
      degrees in the Boc- analog and congruent to 180 degrees in the Ac-analog. As a
      result, there is one lateral hydrogen bond between helices, N(1 epsilon)...O(7),
      in the Ac-analog. The structures do not provide a ready rationalization of
      packing preference in terms of side-chain interactions and do not support a major
      role for helix dipole interactions in determining helix orientation in crystals.
      The crystal parameters are as follow. Boc-analog: C60H97N11O13.C3H7OH, space
      group Pl with a = 10.250(3) A, b = 12.451(4) A, c = 15.077(6) A, alpha = 96.55(3)
      degrees, beta = 92.31(3) degrees, gamma = 106.37(3) degrees, Z = 1, R = 5.5% for
      5581 data ([F] greater than 3.0 sigma(F)), resolution 0.89 A. Ac-analog:
      C57H91N11O12, space group P2(1) with a = 9.965(1) A, b = 19.707(3) A, c =
      16.648(3) A, beta = 94.08(1), Z = 2, R = 7.2% for 2530 data ([F] greater than 3.0
      sigma(F)), resolution 1.00 A.

PMID- 2401594
TI  - Orthogonal solid-phase synthesis of human gastrin-I under mild conditions.
AB  - An approach to the solid-phase segment condensation synthesis of the 17-peptide
      amide human gastrin-I has been developed. N alpha-amino and side-chain protection
      were provided by 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) and tert.-butyl groups, and
      a series of anchors cleavable under mild conditions were used. The N-terminal
      pentapeptide pGlu-Gly-Pro-Trp-Leu-OH was prepared using a p-alkoxybenzyl ester
      linkage made by a preformed handle strategy. Cleavage, in 65% yield, was with the
      new Reagent M: CF3COOH-CH2Cl2-beta-mercaptoethanol--anisole (70:30:2:1), which
      was optimized to preserve the labile tryptophan residue. A new preformed handle
      procedure expedited solid-phase synthesis of the protected "middle" hexapeptide,
      Fmoc-(Glu(OtBu]5-Ala-OH, anchored as an o-nitrobenzyl ester. Chains were not lost
      during this assembly, and final photolytic cleavage (350 nm) in toluene--CF3CH2OH
      (4:1) occurred in 59% yield. Both protected intermediates were purified by simple
      gel filtration, whereupon they were shown to be pure by analytical HPLC, and gave
      satisfactory NMR and FABMS spectra. Last, the C-terminal hexapeptide, Tyr(tBu)
      Gly-Trp-Met-Asp(OtBu)-Phe, was assembled on a tris(alkoxy)benzylamide "PAL"
      support. For the polymer-supported segment condensation, the middle and N
      terminal pieces were added respectively in greater than 98% and 89% yields
      (judged by amino acid analysis and solid-phase sequencing), by overnight
      couplings in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) mediated by benzotriazolyl N
      oxytrisdimethylaminophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) in the presence of 1
      hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and N-methylmorpholine (NMM). Racemization was 4% and
      11% respectively at Ala and Leu. Cleavage with Reagent M followed by reversed
      phase chromatography gave pure gastrin-I in an overall 30% isolated yield. These
      results compare favorably with those from a stepwise assembly.

PMID- 2401595
TI  - Formation of optically pure N-acyl-N,N'-dicyclohexylurea in N,N'
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-mediated peptide synthesis.
AB  - N-acylurea, a side product in peptide synthesis from DCC, preserves its chiral
      integrity although peptides formed simultaneously in the same reaction are
      racemized to a large extent. This observation is inconsistent with the generally
      accepted opinion that racemization-prone O-acylisourea is a common intermediate
      for both peptides and N-acylurea. Chiral purity of N-acylureas and peptides was
      determined by HPLC using chiral stationary phases. An efficient method of
      synthesis of chirally pure N-acylureas is also presented.

PMID- 2401596
TI  - Thiolysis of the 3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenyl (Npys) protecting group. An approach
      towards a general deprotection scheme in peptide synthesis.
AB  - The hydroxylic side-chain functional groups of serine, threonine, hydroxproline
      and tyrosine, the alpha and epsilon-amino moieties of lysine and the thiol group
      of cysteine were masked by the 3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenyl (Npys) protecting
      group. Deprotection was mildly affected by thiolysis with either 2
      mercaptopyridine and 2-mercaptomethyl imidazole (O- and N-Npys) or with 3
      mercaptoacetic acid and 2-mercaptoethanol (S-Npys). Thiolysis was monitored
      spectrophotometrically and was completed in a rather short time. Incorporation of
      the Npys group into a whole and single thiolyzable deprotection scheme is
      suggested.

PMID- 2401598
TI  - Continuous-flow solid-phase synthesis of potential antigenic peptides of
      hepatitis B virus.
AB  - The synthesis of three hepatitis B surface antigens derived from S and pre-S
      proteins (adw S(140-147), [Tyr148] adw S(139-148), and adw pre-S(120-145)) has
      been accomplished by the continuous flow Fmoc-polyamide solid phase method. The
      use of different scavengers and trimethylsilyl bromide (TMSBr) in trifluoroacetic
      acid as deprotecting procedures is discussed.

PMID- 2401597
TI  - Cholecystokinin analogues with high affinity and selectivity for brain membrane
      receptors.
AB  - A series of CCK analogues in which positions 28 and 31 have been replaced by N
      methylnorleucine residues have been synthesized. It has been found that most of
      these N-methylnorleucine containing analogues of CCK are highly potent and some
      are extraordinarily selective for the central vs. peripheral receptor in two
      animal models (guinea pig and rat). [N-MeNle28,31]CCK26-33 nonsulfated exhibited
      both high potency (IC50 = 0.13 nM) and selectivity for central vs. peripheral
      receptors. The pancrease to brain cortex binding affinity ratio for this analogue
      is 5100 in the rat model. NMR studies reveal that there is cis/trans isomerism
      about the N-methylnorleucine residue that may be related to high selectivity.

PMID- 2401599
TI  - Practical approach to solid-phase synthesis of C-terminal peptide amides under
      mild conditions based on a photolysable anchoring linkage.
AB  - Several 3-nitro-4-(N-protected aminomethyl)benzoic acids; with protection
      provided by tert.-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc),
      trifluoroacetyl (Tfa), dithiasuccinoyl (Dts), or phthaloyl (Phth), have been
      prepared by reproducible routes. Synthesis of Dts-handle 6 illustrates some
      particularly novel and efficient chemistry, and is preferred over more intricate
      routes to Boc-handle 3 and Fmoc-handle 4. The five handles were each evaluated
      for their application to the synthesis of peptide amides. Coupling onto amino
      functionalized supports provided a general starting point for peptide chain
      assembly. The handle amino function was deblocked (Boc, Fmoc, Dts), the C
      terminal residue was coupled as its N alpha-protected free acid, and ultimately
      the ortho-nitrobenzylamide anchorage linkage was cleaved photolytically to give
      the corresponding amide. Starting with handles 3, 4, and 6, several free and
      protected peptide amides were synthesized.

PMID- 2401600
TI  - Enthalpic and entropic determinants for the specificity of alkylation of the
      histidine-12 residue of ribonuclease A by four bromoacetamido nucleoside affinity
      labels and bromoacetamide.
AB  - The binding and alkylation rate constants for the reaction of four bromoacetamido
      pyrimidine nucleosides and bromoacetamide with bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A
      (RNase A) have been determined as a function of temperature. The four nucleoside
      derivatives react exclusively or preferentially with the NE2 atom of histidine-12
      and include 2'-bromoacetamido-2'-deoxyuridine, 2'-bromoacetamido
      2'deoxyxylofuranosyluracil, 3'-bromoacetamido-3'-deoxythymidine and 3'
      bromoacetamido-3'-deoxyarabinofuranosyluracil. Transition-state parameters, delta
      H++ and delta S++, reveal that nucleosides with "up" OH groups experience
      relative rate enhancements which have been attributed to contacts between these
      groups and the enzyme in the transition state (1). Variations in alkylation rates
      are explained in terms of different degrees of entropic destabilization (2) of
      the nucleosides in the enzyme.affinity label complex.

PMID- 2401601
TI  - Syntheses of argininal semicarbazone containing peptides and their applications
      in the affinity chromatography of serine proteinases.
AB  - Eight argininal semicarbazone containing peptides prepared by liquid phase
      synthesis were all found to be reversible inhibitors of model serine proteinases
      including trypsin and plasma kallikrein (PK). Among the peptides tested, those
      having a Lys residue at position P2 displayed the maximum binding potency towards
      PK. One of the peptides, Leu-enkephalin-argininal semicarbazone, a comparatively
      weak inhibitor, was chosen in order to develop an affinity-based purification
      protocol for PK. The affinity column was prepared by covalent attachment of the
      NH2-terminal moiety of the peptidyl semicarbazone to a solid-phase matrix bearing
      a spacer group. For efficient binding of PK, it was found necessary to optimize
      parameters like the concentration of inhibitor linked to the solid matrix, the
      ionic strength of the buffer used, the temperature and the pH. The majority of
      the bound enzyme could be recovered following elution with guanidine
      hydrochloride or benzamidine hydrochloride in a high salt buffer at pH 6.0. The
      usefulness of the affinity procedure towards the purification of other serine
      proteinases is also discussed.

PMID- 2401602
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of 1,1,4,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid. A di-gamma
      carboxyglutamic acid (GlaGla) analogue.
AB  - 1,1,4,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) is evaluated as an analogue for the
      metal binding site in dipeptides of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla). Molecular
      modeling suggests that the four carboxylic acid groups in BTCA can assume a
      similar conformation to the four gamma-carboxylic acid groups in GlaGla and thus
      provides the impetus for the synthesis and metal binding determinations. BTCA is
      synthesized via the tert.-butyl ester and characterized via NMR, mass
      spectroscopy, and elemental composition. Equilibrium binding constants with
      protons, Ca(II) and Mg(II) are determined via pH and Ca(II) ion-selective
      electrode titrations and are found to be similar to those for GlaGla peptides
      with blocked termini.

PMID- 2401603
TI  - In vitro studies of the effect of methadone on natural killer cell activity.
AB  - Heroin addicts are reported to have numerous immunological abnormalities. The
      purpose of this study was to determine whether methadone, a long-acting synthetic
      opioid agonist used in the maintenance treatment of heroin addiction as well as
      in the treatment of chronic pain, alters natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity
      activity. We incubated human peripheral mononuclear cells with a wide
      concentration range (1 x 10(-13) to 1 x 10(-3) M) of (-) methadone, the active
      enantiomer of methadone, or with (+) methadone, the inactive enantiomer, prior to
      and during an assay of NK activity. We found no effect of methadone at
      concentrations of 1 x 10(-13) to 1 x 10(-5) M, but higher concentrations (1 x 10(
      4) to 1 x 10(-3) M) of either enantiomer of methadone caused a significant
      reduction in NK activity. We conclude that methadone concentrations that are
      normally achieved in the plasma during methadone maintenance treatment or during
      chronic pain management, and much higher concentrations, have no effect on NK
      activity in vitro.

PMID- 2401604
TI  - Changes in amniotic fluid concentrations of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha in
      women with preterm labor.
AB  - There is a paucity of data regarding the concentration of prostaglandins (PGs) in
      the amniotic fluid of women with preterm labor. The purpose of this study was to
      determine if preterm labor is associated with changes in amniotic fluid
      concentration of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha. Amniotic fluid was retrieved by
      transabdominal amniocentesis from women with preterm labor and intact membranes.
      Patients were classified into three groups according to the response to tocolysis
      and the presence or absence of intra-amniotic infection. PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were
      measured using specific and sensitive RIA kits. Amniotic fluid concentrations of
      PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were significantly higher in women with preterm labor and
      intra-amniotic infection than in women without infection, regardless of the
      response to tocolysis. These data suggest that both PGs are involved in the
      mechanism of preterm labor and may have prognostic value.

PMID- 2401605
TI  - Practical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of apnea of infancy.
AB  - Twenty-three infants aged 6 days to 9 months, sequentially referred for apnea or
      apparent life-threatening events (ALTE), were studied. A selective approach
      consisting of hospitalization, prolonged cardiorespiratory monitoring, and a
      graduated investigative protocol yielded positive findings in 75% of the
      subjects. Polysomnographic study and continuous esophageal pH monitoring were
      found to be the most informative. In addition to other appropriate therapeutic
      interventions, cardiorespiratory home monitoring was prescribed for four
      patients. In three nonmonitored subjects apnea recurred. Two infants died, one
      with homocystinuria complicated by brain hemorrhage and another with a fulminant
      viral infection. These investigative results and their outcome indicate that in
      cases of apnea or ALTE in apparently healthy infants, in-patient monitoring and
      evaluation is of much value. Home monitors should only be recommended in a
      selected group of patients, and an adequate follow-up and support system is
      essential.

PMID- 2401606
TI  - Tetanus in Israel, Judea/Samaria and Gaza, 1968-89: progress and challenge.
AB  - During the 1950s tetanus was a major public health concern in Israel, with
      incidence rates of up to 2/100,000 occurring predominantly among farmers and
      infants (tetanus neonatorum). These rates have declined considerably since then,
      with an average of 2 cases per year in recent years, and 5 cases in 1988. There
      has been a major decline in tetanus incidence in Judea/Samaria and Gaza, due to a
      successful vaccination program reaching over 90% of infants and schoolchildren
      and to educational programs. In Judea/Samaria and Gaza, prevention of tetanus
      neonatorum has improved as a result of the increasing number of hospital
      deliveries (now 62% in the West Bank and 80% in Gaza), and the widespread
      immunization of pregnant women and adolescent girls of childbearing age. Special
      efforts were given to the education of traditional birth attendants (dayas).
      Prevention of adult tetanus was achieved through immunization of high school
      students and laborers. Recent cases in all three areas are equally distributed
      between newborns and elderly persons. Because of the persistence of the incidence
      of tetanus, a review of Israel's immunization policy is indicated, focusing on
      high risk groups such as Bedouin women of childbearing age and the elderly.

PMID- 2401607
TI  - Microsurgical replantation of two totally avulsed scalps.
AB  - We describe our experience with two patients in whom total avulsion of the scalp
      occurred. Successful replantation was carried out by microvascular surgery, with
      90 and 95% survival of the scalp. Normal hair regrowth and ability to raise the
      eyebrows was achieved in both cases. A single superficial temporal artery was
      anastomosed, providing excellent perfusion of the entire scalp. Microvascular
      replantation should be attempted with all scalp avulsions, regardless of
      appearance and mechanism of injury. The patient must be transferred to a medical
      center with comprehensive microvascular surgery capabilities. The avulsed scalp
      should be cooled to 4 degrees C immediately, but prolonged ischemia time does not
      preclude a successful result.

PMID- 2401608
TI  - Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis associated with recurrence of Hodgkin's disease in
      the lung.
AB  - We report the case of a 36-year-old woman who presented with the clinical and
      histological features of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) 13 years after the
      diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease. The PAP preceded the recurrence of Hodgkin's
      disease in the lung by a few weeks. To the best of our knowledge this patient is
      the first documented case of recurrent Hodgkin's disease in the lung associated
      with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.

PMID- 2401609
TI  - Chlorpromazine-induced liver and bone marrow granulomas associated with
      agranulocytosis.
AB  - Chlorpromazine-induced liver damage is usually manifested by intrahepatic
      cholestasis. Hypoplastic bone marrow associated with agranulocytosis is a well
      known side effect of chlorpromazine treatment. A 35-year-old woman with liver and
      bone marrow granulomas associated with agranulocytosis induced by chlorpromazine
      treatment is described.

PMID- 2401610
TI  - Familial generalized anhidrosis.
AB  - A young Caucasian male, otherwise healthy, had had generalized anhidrosis since
      early childhood. During heat stress tests (40 degrees C, 40% relative humidity),
      he was found to be heat intolerant since sweat was not apparent. His reaction to
      muscarinic stimulation of sweat glands was 10% of normal. On biopsy, the sweat
      glands were morphologically intact, and function of his cardiovascular autonomic
      responses was normal. The patient's mother reported reduced sweating and her
      response to muscarinic stimulation was 50% of normal, but his father and both
      sisters sweated normally. The data suggest a post-ganglionic defect, which may be
      genetic. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of familial generalized
      anhidrosis without anatomopathological lesions affecting sweat glands.

PMID- 2401611
TI  - Methadone and natural killer cell activity in vitro.

PMID- 2401612
TI  - Apnea of infancy.

PMID- 2401613
TI  - Familial generalized anhidrosis.

PMID- 2401614
TI  - Decreased incidence of asthma in patients with familial Mediterranean fever.

PMID- 2401615
TI  - HLA antigens in familial and sporadic cases of Hirschsprung's disease.

PMID- 2401616
TI  - Effect of orthophosphate on the perfused and ischemic heart.

PMID- 2401617
TI  - Artifacts mimicking ventricular tachycardia.

PMID- 2401618
TI  - Sodium-lithium countertransport in Israeli Samaritans.

PMID- 2401619
TI  - Post-trauma meningococcemia in C7 deficiency.

PMID- 2401620
TI  - Hepatic angiomyolipoma in a tuberous sclerosis patient.

PMID- 2401621
TI  - Chronic cluster headache managed by nervus intermedius section.
AB  - Cluster headache sufferers who become candidates for surgical treatment are those
      relatively rare patients who are refractory to all attempts at pharmacological
      relief. Ablative surgical procedures have been directed against either the
      trigeminal nerve or the nervus intermedius/greater superficial petrosal (NI/GSP)
      pathway. Both carry nociceptive impulses from the head and face, and the NI also
      carries parasympathetic fibres which appear to be responsible for the autonomic
      concomitants of cluster headache. Trigeminal operative procedures are not
      consistently helpful in chronic cluster headache, while NI section has been shown
      to give potentially long lasting relief but carries the potential risks of
      cerebellopontine angle surgery. In eight selected cases of chronic cluster
      headache we have demonstrated a high early success rate for pain relief, with few
      complications, in the performance of NI section, combined, when indicated, with
      microvascular decompression of the trigeminal main sensory root. We believe that
      cochlear nerve monitoring helps prevent postoperative hearing impairment. An
      intimate relationship between the NI and arterial loops of the anterior inferior
      cerebellar artery (AICA) or the internal auditory artery has been frequently
      observed in our chronic cluster headache patients.

PMID- 2401622
TI  - A non-pharmacological treatment of vascular headache during pregnancy.
AB  - This study investigates the use of biofeedback, relaxation and psychotherapy on
      five patients with severe, vascular headaches that occurred during the course of
      pregnancy. The subjects received between four and twelve sessions of treatment
      overall. The subjects all showed a marked reduction or complete cessation of
      headaches during treatment, the term of pregnancy, and during a follow-up
      evaluation months after the birth of the child. Possible alternate explanations
      for improvement are discussed along with the study's limitations. This
      preliminary investigation strongly suggests that psychological treatment may be a
      particularly useful intervention for management of headaches that occur in
      pregnant women.

PMID- 2401623
TI  - Circadian variation of pain sensitivity in pericranial musculature.
AB  - This study investigated whether pain sensitivity of the pericranial musculature
      remains constant over the course of the day. Changes in the entire, uniformly
      metrically divided suprathreshold sensitivity range were measured. In 24 healthy
      volunteer subjects, pain was induced experimentally at 0200, 0600, 1000, 1400,
      1800, and 2200 hours in the pericranial musculature. Blood circulation in both
      superficial temporal and occipital arteries was reduced by applying a cuff to the
      head pumping up to 200 mmHg during rhythmic chewing on a spring, thereby
      producing a continuously increasing bilateral, dull, frontal headache. The
      subjects rated the intensity continuously using a category sub-dividing procedure
      ranging from pain threshold to pain tolerance limit. At low levels of headache
      intensity there were no significant diurnal differences in pain sensitivity.
      Sensitivity to very intense headache, however, varied significantly over the
      course of the day: sensitivity was greatest at 0200 hours; it decreased at a
      constant rate until 1400 hours, and increased again continuously until 2200 hours
      (p less than or equal to .05). Also the findings showed significant effects of
      sex on the pain sensitivity of pericranial musculature for all pain intensities:
      women are approx. twice as sensitive as men (p less than or equal to 0.05). These
      results suggest that not only sex, but also time of day, must be taken into
      consideration in the clinical determination of pain sensitivity of pericranial
      musculature in the course of headache diagnostics.

PMID- 2401624
TI  - Cognitive correlates of headache intensity and duration.
AB  - Cognitive processes and cognitive styles of persistent headache sufferers were
      examined in relation to indices of intensity and duration of head pain. One
      hundred and eight persistent headache patients, referred for cognitive-behavioral
      management of their disorder, completed questionnaires designed to assess:
      distressing thoughts and feelings experienced during headache attacks, evaluation
      of the experienced pain, perceived influence of stress and worry on headaches,
      and capacity to verbally express emotions. The results showed that the intensity
      of head pain correlated with measures of headache-related distress and with the
      proportion of headache-related distress to situation-related distress. Duration
      of head pain was also associated with the proportion of headache-related distress
      to situation-related distress, and additionally with a tendency to deny the
      influence of stress and worry on headaches and with difficulty in expressing
      emotions. These findings were taken as support of our previously stated
      hypothesis that head pain of increased severity is associated with a cognitive
      shift whereby the patient's primary concern moves from situational and
      interpersonal distress to distress associated with the disorder itself. In
      addition, these findings point to affective distress and lack of emotional
      expressiveness as correlating differentially with the headache dimensions of
      intensity and duration.

PMID- 2401625
TI  - Magnetoencephalographic studies of migraine.
AB  - We report for the first time the detection by magnetoencephalography (MEG) of
      signals observable in migraine patients during headache, but not in controls.
      These signals consisted of three features: suppression of spontaneous cortical
      activity, long duration field changes, and large amplitude waves (LAW) of several
      seconds duration. LAW were also seen during the interictal period. We discuss the
      possible relationship of these signals to spreading depression (SD), and why the
      LAW have not been observed in previous studies of SD.

PMID- 2401626
TI  - Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (VEP-PR) in migraine subjects with
      visual aura.
AB  - Twenty patients with migraine with visual aura, aged 19 to 55 years (2 men and 18
      women) were studied by the method of Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP). The control
      group consisted of an equal number of healthy subjects, comparable for age and
      sex. The most important finding in our study is that migraine patients with
      visual prodromata have a significantly longer P100 latency than the subjects of
      control group. These modifications of the VEP-PR could indicate, as other
      investigators have pointed out, that there are some special metabolic conditions
      and abnormalities of neuromediators during and between attacks.

PMID- 2401627
TI  - Prediction of migraine using psychophysiological and personality measures.
AB  - The topics of interest in this study are whether migraine patients exhibit a
      stereotypic reaction to a stressful stimulus which is different from the reaction
      of nonheadache controls and whether it is possible to predict headache activity
      within the migraine population. Our study population comprised 37 female migraine
      patients and 34 matched controls. Heart rate, skin conductance, pulse amplitude
      of the temporal artery and an EMG of the temporal muscle were registered during a
      baseline situation and during a mental stressor. In addition, state anxiety,
      trait anxiety, facilitating anxiety and stress tolerance were assessed. Migraine
      patients reported higher levels of trait anxiety, greater fear of failure, lower
      stress tolerance and higher levels of state anxiety than nonheadache controls.
      Physiological baseline levels and stress reactions did not differ between
      migraine patients and controls. Linear combinations of psychological and
      psychophysiological data sets did not show an acceptable degree of accuracy in
      the classification of individual response profiles into groups. Within the
      migraine group, 54% of the average duration of migraine attacks and 33% of the
      variation in average maximum headache intensity could be explained by a
      combination of psychological, psychophysiological and socio-demographic
      variables. It is concluded that measures from both the psychological and the
      physiological domain should be included when studying the effects of stress in
      migraine.

PMID- 2401628
TI  - [Results of multidisciplinary assessment of patients with erectile dysfunction].
AB  - A total of 326 patients with chronic erectile dysfunction were investigated by a
      multidisciplinary approach. It was found that several causes combined
      (multifactorial genesis) in 77.1%. Organic causes alone were found quite
      frequently, viz. in 43.6%, while primarily psychogenic causes alone were found in
      only 5.5%; in contrast, combined organic and psychogenic causes were found in
      46.0%. There were pathologic organic findings in 89.6%: vascular in 74.5%
      (arterial 64.1%, cavernous/venous 30.4%), neurogenic in 42.0%; side effects of
      drugs in (10.1%); endocrine (7.7%) and local penile causes (4.3%) are not so
      important in erectile dysfunction. Treatment suited to the pathogenesis was
      instituted (psychotherapy, vein ligation, self-injection of vasoactive drugs into
      the corpus cavernosum).

PMID- 2401629
TI  - [Tumoral calcinosis].
AB  - Tumoral calcinosis is a distinct entity, which is rarely seen in Europe and North
      America but much more common in black Africans. Typical symptoms are calcified
      nodules, which grow while remaining asymptomatic and are found in the tissues
      adjacent to the large joints of the body. Histologically there is collagen
      necrobiosis initially, which results in aggregates of densely calcified material.
      The aetiology is unknown, but the condition is probably a form of dystrophic
      calcification caused by mechanical injury. A patient with tumoral calcinosis is
      presented, and the clinical and histological findings are described.

PMID- 2401630
TI  - [Transcutaneous oxygen partial pressure measurement in follow-up of patients with
      erysipelas].
AB  - In 24 patients with erysipelas, skin oxygen tension (tcPO2) was measured in the
      centre, at the border and outside the area of skin inflammation before, during
      and after antibiotic treatment. At the same time ESR, leucocytes and body
      temperature were determined. Skin erythema persisted over a period of about 7
      days. Leucocytes and body temperature showed normal values after 3 days, while
      ESR was raised continuously in the first 3 weeks. Skin oxygen tension showed a
      good correlation with the clinical picture, but was still reduced at the end of
      therapy. About 2 weeks after disappearance of the clinical signs of inflammation,
      tcPO2 values were back to normal. The measurement of transcutaneous oxygen
      pressure can supplement the classic parameters of inflammation as a valuable tool
      for follow-up examinations in patients with erysipelas.

PMID- 2401631
TI  - [Liposuction].

PMID- 2401632
TI  - [Comment on the contribution by Ch. Sander, H. Tschochohei and M. Hagedorn:
      Epidemiology of dysplastic nevus].

PMID- 2401633
TI  - Immunocytochemical and biochemical studies on the localization and changes of 17
      alpha-hydroxylase/C17-C20 lyase activity in immature rat ovary treated with PMSG
      and hCG.
AB  - The localization of cytochrome P-450 of 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17-C20 lyase (P
      450(17 alpha, lyase] and the changes of the enzyme activity were studied
      immunocytochemically and biochemically in the ovaries of immature rats treated
      with PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin) and hCG (human chorionic
      gonadotropin). Immunocytochemically, P-450(17 alpha, lyase) was localized in both
      the theca interna cells and interstitial gland cells of the ovaries of immature
      rats treated with PMSG for 48 h. After hCG administration, the immunoreactive
      cells rapidly decreased in number in the PMSG-pretreated rat ovary. Namely, 6 h
      after the hCG injection, positive staining for P-450(17 alpha, lyase) was
      recognized only in a few theca interna cells, while 12 h after the injection to
      immunostained cells were detected in the ovary. Forty-eight hours after the hGC
      treatment (96 h after the PMSG injection), most of the theca interna cells and
      the interstitial gland cells became immunopositive for P-450(17 alpha, lyase)
      again. The 17 alpha-hydroxylating activity of P-450(17 alpha, lyase) was 0.5,
      0.22 and 0.03 nmol/min/mg protein in the ovarian microsomes of PMSG-treated, PMSG
      + hCG(3 h)-treated and PMSG + hCG(6 h)-treated rats, respectively. Changes of the
      hydroxylase activities in all the experimental groups are almost parallel to
      those of P-450 contents in the microsomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401634
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of IGF-I in the rat kidney; an immunocytochemical
      study.
AB  - We have shown recently by light microscopy that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF
      I) immunoreactivity is localized in cells in the collecting ducts and in the thin
      loop of Henle in the normal rat kidney. In the present study, we have
      investigated the ultrastructural localisation of IGF-I using preembedding
      immunocytochemistry. The light microscopical findings were confirmed at the
      electronmicroscopical level. In collecting ducts as well as in the thin limb of
      Henle's loop a focal expression of IGF-I immunoreactivity was evident, i.e.
      distinctly IGF-I positive cells were intermingled with cells lacking IGF-I
      immunoreactivity. IGF-I immunoreactivity was found to have a diffuse
      cytoplasmatic distribution in both cell types. No specific association to
      organelles was found.

PMID- 2401635
TI  - The hard parts (trophi) of the rotifer mastax do contain chitin: evidence from
      studies on Brachionus plicatilis.
AB  - The jaws (trophi) of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis are soluble in strong
      acids but are resistant to long treatments by strong alkali. They show the same
      buoyant density as chitin and also as the chitin-containing layers of rotifer egg
      shells. The presence of chitin in these structures was confirmed using the
      following techniques: chitosan-tests, thin-layer chromatography of trophi
      hydrolysates which revealed glucosamine, by dissolving trophi with chitinase and
      electron microscopic WGA/gold-labelling. The content of chitin in the trophi was
      estimated by two different methods to be approx. 64% (50-75%).

PMID- 2401636
TI  - Detection and mapping of endogenous receptors for carrier-immobilized
      constituents of glycoconjugates (lectins) by labelled (neo)glycoproteins and by
      affinity chromatography in human adult mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata and
      cerebellum.
AB  - Different carrier-immobilized carbohydrate moieties were employed as tools to
      detect respective binding sites glycohistochemically and glycobiochemically.
      Besides ascertaining their presence the pattern of endogenous sugar receptors
      (lectins) in different regions of the human central nervous system was mapped to
      reveal any non-uniform expression. A strong and specific staining with
      biotinylated neoglycoproteins, exposing different sugar moieties as ligands,
      indicated the presence of sugar receptors in the nuclei, neuronal pathways and
      accessory structures such as ependyma cells, plexus chorioideus, intra- and
      extracerebral vessels and leptomeninges localized in the mesencephalon, in the
      pons, in the medulla oblongata and in the cerebellum. Significant differences
      were seen for various neuroanatomical regions like nerve cells in the basal and
      central regions of the nuclei pontis in the glycohistochemically detected level
      of expression of endogenous sugar receptors (lectins). The used approach with
      carbohydrate constituents of cellular glycoconjugates as ligands in search of
      specific receptors complemented studies on the localization of glycoconjugates
      with sugar-specific tools like plant lectins. Exemplary glycobiochemical
      investigations on the medulla oblongata and cerebellum were performed to
      investigate the molecular nature of sugar receptors detected
      glycohistochemically. Despite notable overall similarities, carbohydrate-binding
      proteins of differing molecular weight can be isolated from these two regions of
      the central nervous system, namely in the case of receptors with specificity to
      beta-galactoside termini, to N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
      and to D-xylose. These combined glycohistochemical and glycobiochemical results
      serve as a guideline for exploring the physiological relevance of the detected
      regional differences.

PMID- 2401638
TI  - Distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity in myenteric plexus of carp, frog and
      chicken.
AB  - The distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity was studied by means of indirect
      immunocytochemical methods in some lower vertebrate species (carp, frog,
      chicken). An immunoreactive network was revealed in the myenteric plexus of the
      alimentary canal of carp. GABA-positive nerve cells were attached closely to the
      fibres in the stomach. In other gut regions immunostained neurons were less
      frequent. Immunoreactive fibres often formed baskets on the surfaces of
      immunonegative neurons along the whole length of the alimentary canal. The number
      of immunopositive nerve fibres and pericellular baskets seemed to be lower in the
      mid- and hingut than in the foregut region. A similar distribution of GABA
      immunoreactivity was revealed in the frog myenteric plexus. The ganglionated
      foregut region possessed a relatively dense GABAergic innervation. This part of
      the gut contained immunostained nerve cells and fibres, while the mid- and
      hindgut possessed only a scanty fibre system. Chicken exhibited an extensive
      immunoreactive plexus for GABA, although the GABA-stained perikarya were
      restricted mainly to the duodenum. Further regions of the small intestine were
      poor in immunoreactive cell bodies, which suggests a segmental origin and
      arrangement of GABAergic innervation within the plexus. In all three species
      studied, GABA-positive fibres run into the circular muscle layer. The varicosity
      suggests their influence on the movement of the smooth muscles through modifying
      the transmitter release of neighbouring terminals.

PMID- 2401637
TI  - Distribution pattern of acid phosphatase activity in human peripheral blood
      leukocytes: a cytochemical scanning electron microscopy study.
AB  - The distribution patterns of acid phosphatase hydrolytic activity were studied in
      human peripheral blood cells with enzymocytochemical techniques together with
      light and scanning electron microscopy in the secondary and backscattered
      electron imaging modes. The acid phosphatase reaction product was seen in three
      different patterns of distribution: focal, granular and diffuse. These patterns
      were correlated with similar findings obtained with light microscopy. Acid
      phosphatase distribution patterns seen with SEM in the BEI mode were also
      correlated with the surface morphology of peripheral blood cells seen in the SEI
      mode. Cells exhibiting the focal pattern were smooth-surfaced with few
      microvilli; cells showing a granular pattern presented microvilli and
      microridges; ruffles were characteristic of cells with a diffuse pattern of
      activity. No reaction product was seen in cells bearing microvilli or ridges. Our
      findings demonstrate the correlation between acid phosphatase activity patterns
      and surface features in different subpopulations of peripheral blood cells.

PMID- 2401639
TI  - Site and extent of apparent magnesium absorption by lambs fed different sources
      of magnesium.
AB  - Ten abomasally cannulated crossbred wether lambs (avg wt, 33 kg) were used in a
      replicated 5 x 5 latin square design to determine the site and extent of apparent
      absorption of Mg when fed different sources of Mg. Lambs were fed twice daily 220
      g of chopped mixed grass hay and 180 g of a corn-based supplement (control; .13%
      mg, DM basis), or the control diet supplemented with Mg (.26% Mg, DM basis) from
      MgO, magnesium citrate (MgC), smectite-vermiculite (Mg-Mica) or MgOH. Lambs were
      maintained in metabolism stalls during each of the five experimental periods.
      Each period consisted of a 7-d dietary adjustment followed by a 3-d collection of
      abomasal samples, feces and urine. Abomasal contents were sampled four times
      daily during the 3-d collection period. The diet contained .5% chromium oxide as
      a digestion marker. Apparent absorption of Mg was .17, .55, .85, .78 and .82 g/d
      for lambs fed the control, MgO, MgC, Mg-Mica and MgOH diets, respectively.
      Apparent absorption of Mg (g/d) was similar (P greater than .05) in the lambs fed
      the supplemented diets and greater (P less than .05) than in those fed the
      control diet. Preintestinal absorption of Mg was .21, .57, 1.08, .14 and .92 g/d
      when the control, MgO, MgC, Mg-Mica and MgOH diets were fed. Lambs fed the
      control and Mg-Mica diets absorbed similar (P greater than .05) quantities of Mg
      in the preintestinal region and less (P less than .05) than lambs fed the MgO,
      MgC and MgOH diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401640
TI  - Subsequent reproduction and calf performance of nonpregnant cows compared with
      pregnant cows and replacement females.
AB  - This study was conducted with Angus, Polled Hereford and Santa Gertrudis
      straightbred and crossbred cows. The subsequent cow breeding and calf performance
      of cows that were nonpregnant (NP) were compared with cows that were pregnant
      (PG) at the time calves were weaned. All NP cows had a calf the year previous to
      their being nonpregnant. They were diagnosed as physically sound with no
      detection (by rectal palpation) of an abnormal reproductive tract. The NP and PG
      cows were aged 4 to 9 yr. Also, the NP cows were compared with replacement
      females exposed to calve first as 2- and 3-yr-olds (H2 and H3, respectively), and
      with cows exposed for second calving as 3-yr-olds (C2). Cows were assigned within
      breed composition and age to sire breeding groups on pasture. Subsequent calving
      and weaning rates were similar for NP, PG and H2 cows, similar for H3 and H2 cows
      and lowest (P less than .05) for C2 cows. Calves from NP and H3 cows were born
      earlier (P less than .05) in the calving period than calves from PG and H2 cows,
      whereas calves from C2 cows were born later (P less than .05) than those from NP,
      PG and H3 cows. Calving difficulty was similar for NP, PG and C2 and greatest (P
      less than .05) for H2 cows. Calf 205-d weights were highest (P less than .05) for
      NP, similar for PG and H3 and lowest (P less than .05) for C2 and H2 cows. Calf
      weaning weight per cow exposed for breeding from NP cows was 13.8, 32.3, 55.2 and
      1.0 kg higher than from PG, H2, C2 and H3 cows, respectively. Causes for cows
      being nonpregnant were reported. Also, calving patterns during 6 consecutive
      calving periods (6 yr) were evaluated.

PMID- 2401641
TI  - Effects of prenatal testosterone treatment and postnatal steroid implantation on
      growth performance and carcass traits of heifers and steers.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of prenatal testosterone
      treatment in combination with postnatal steroid implantation (Exp. 1) and to
      assess the effect of time of prenatal testosterone treatment in conjunction with
      postnatal steroid implantation (Exp. 2) on animal performance and carcass
      characteristics. In Exp. 1, seventy-six pregnant cows were assigned randomly to a
      control group or implanted with testosterone propionate (TP) silastic implants
      between d 40 and 80 of gestation. Half the heifer calves were selected randomly
      to be implanted with 200 mg TP plus 20 mg estradiol benzoate (EB); the other half
      of the steer calves were implanted with 200 mg progesterone plus 20 mg EB on d 1
      and 85 of the feedlot trial. Daily gain of heifers was increased 10.4% (P less
      than .08) due to prenatal testosterone treatment (P) and 16.4% (P less than .05)
      by postnatal steroid implantation (I). Feed efficiency was 12.9% greater (P less
      than .05) due to P and 9.5% greater (P less than .05) due to I. Prenatal
      testosterone treatment decreased (P less than .05) kidney, pelvic and heart fat
      and final yield grade but increased (P less than .05) ribeye area of heifers.
      Heifers had greater (P less than .07) liver weights per unit of carcass weight
      due to P. In Exp. 2, one hundred seventy-four pregnant cows were assigned
      randomly to a control group or implanted with TP silastic implants on d 42, 63,
      84 or 105 of gestation. Half the heifer and steer calves were selected randomly
      to be implanted on d 1 and 112 of the feedlot trial. Time of P caused a quadratic
      effect (P less than .08) on birth weight of heifers. There was a quadratic effect
      (P less than .05) of time of P on daily gain and final weight per day of age of
      heifers. Feed efficiency of heifers was improved (P less than .05) due to P.
      Postnatal steroid implantation increased (P less than .05) daily gain and feed
      efficiency of heifers by 9.6% and 8.6%, respectively. No changes were observed in
      growth performance of steers due to P. Results from these two trials suggest that
      the combination of prenatal testosterone treatment and postnatal testosterone and
      estradiol implantation produced an additive improvement of daily gain, feed
      efficiency and carcass merit of heifers.

PMID- 2401642
TI  - Supplemental fat source affects feedlot performance and carcass traits of
      finishing yearling steers and estimated diet net energy value.
AB  - Two trials that utilized 356 yearling steers were conducted to evaluate the
      effects of fat sources (3.5% of diet dry matter) in steam-flaked milo finishing
      diets. Fats differed in fatty acid composition and level of free fatty acids. In
      Trial 1, soybean oil, tallow and yellow grease were compared to a nonfat control.
      Feeding fat increased (P less than .05) daily gain, feed efficiency, estimated
      diet NE concentration, carcass weight and dressing percentage of steers. In Trial
      2, fat treatments were control, acidulated soybean soapstock (SBSS), tallow, a
      blend of 70% SBSS:30% tallow, and yellow grease. Feeding tallow or the
      SBSS:tallow blend improved (P less than .05) feed efficiency and estimated
      dietary NE compared to control. Proportions of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic
      and linolenic acid in longissimus muscle of steers were altered (P less than .05)
      by source of supplemental fat. Potential variability in animal response to fat
      blends was demonstrated by differences in animal response to yellow grease in the
      two trials. It was concluded that fats vary in feeding value and may alter
      carcass composition, contrary to putative thought. Further, potential associative
      effects of fat blends and interactions of fat with other dietary components in
      high-grain finishing diets require further investigation.

PMID- 2401643
TI  - Comparison of market hog characteristics of pigs selected by feeder pig frame
      size or current USDA feeder pig grade standards.
AB  - Two feeder pig grading systems were tested. Forty-five barrows were selected
      using current USDA Feeder Pig Grade Standards (U.S. No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3).
      Additionally, 45 barrows were selected using three frame sizes (large, medium and
      small). Pigs were slaughtered at 100, 113.5 of 127 kg live weight. Trimmed four
      lean cuts were separated into soft tissue, skin and bone. The skinless belly and
      soft tissue from the four lean cuts were ground separately and analyzed
      chemically. Data from each grading system were analyzed separately in a 3 X 3
      factorial plan. Pigs selected using current USDA grade standards differed (P less
      than .05) for last rib backfat, 10th rib fat depth, longissimus muscle area,
      percentage of trimmed four lean cuts and USDA carcass grade. In the frame size
      system, pigs with large frame size had less last rib backfat, less 10th rib fat
      depth, longer carcasses, higher percentage of four lean cuts and superior USDA
      carcass grades than pigs with small frame size did (P less than .05). The Bradley
      and Schumann test of sensitivity showed that selection by frame size was more
      sensitive than current USDA grade standards for discriminating feeder pig foreleg
      length, body depth and ham width. In addition, selection by frame size was more
      sensitive than current USDA grade standards for discriminating carcass length and
      carcass radius length. No increase in sensitivity (P greater than .10) was noted
      for carcass composition or growth traits over the current USDA Feeder Pig Grade
      Standards.

PMID- 2401644
TI  - Prediction and causation of litter market traits from preweaning and weaning
      characteristics in commercial meat rabbits.
AB  - Market data on 1,315 rabbits from 201 litters from Californian (CAL), New Zealand
      White (NZW), CAL X NZW and NZW X CAL dams bred to CAL, NZW and Flemish Giant
      sires were subjected to multiple regression and path analyses. Market traits
      observed in litters at 56 d included average kit weight (A56W), litter size
      (LS56), total litter weight (L56W) and within-litter uniformity in individual
      weights (LCV). Preweaning variables as covariates included in the model were dam
      metabolic body weight (DMW), litter born (LSB), litter birth weight (LBW), milk
      yield from 1 to 21 d (MY) and feed intake from 1 to 28 d of the dam and litter
      (FI). Results from multiple regression analyses indicated linear and quadratic
      effects (P less than .20) due to LSB and MY for all four market characters. The
      LBW influenced (P less than .05) LS56 and L56W, and FI affected (P less than .05)
      LS56, L56W and LCV. Separate analyses were conducted involving 28-d weaning and
      feed intake variables as covariates: litter size weaned (LSW), litter weaning
      weight (LWW) and litter feed intake from 28 to 56 d (LFI). The three weaning
      covariates were important (P less than .05) for all market traits except LS56
      (LWW was not significant). The most accurate regression equations were obtained
      from the weaning model for prediction of L56W and LS56 (R2 = .68 and .78). Path
      analyses revealed that preweaning covariates generally had direct rather than
      indirect effects on market traits. Both direct and indirect effects of weaning
      covariates were important for market traits. Results suggest that litter market
      traits of size and weight can be predicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy.

PMID- 2401645
TI  - Influence of gestation energy level on the production of Large White x Landrace
      sows.
AB  - Sixty-four Large White x Landrace primiparous sows were utilized to evaluate the
      influence of feeding 6 vs 9 Mcal ME/d during gestation on reproductive
      performance. The sows remained on their respective gestation diets for four
      parities if they successfully farrowed, rebred and conceived. Sows fed 9 Mcal
      ME/d gained more weight (P less than .05) through the gestation period during
      parities 1 and 2 and were heavier (P less than .01) on d 110 of gestation for
      combined parities. Lactation weight loss was greater (P less than .05) for the
      sows fed 9 Mcal ME/d, resulting in similar weights at weaning. Ultrasonic backfat
      measurements were greater (P less than .01) on d 110 of gestation for sows fed 9
      Mcal ME/d during parity 1 and remained higher (P less than .01) through the
      fourth-parity gestation. Although sow weaning weights were similar, sows
      receiving 6 Mcal ME/d scanned less backfat thickness. Gestation treatment
      significantly affected consumption of a common lactation diet provided ad
      libitum. Sows fed 6 Mcal ME/d during gestation consumed an average of 22 kg more
      feed (P less than .01) during lactation than those sows receiving 9 Mcal ME/d.
      Litter performance as measured by number and weights of pigs born alive and
      weaned was not altered (P greater than .10) by gestation energy intake. Days to
      return to estrus and the number of sows remaining in the study for four parities
      were similar (P greater than .10) between the two treatment groups. The number of
      farrowings for the four parities totaled 164, with 83 and 81 farrowings for the
      sows fed 6 and 9 Mcal ME/d, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401646
TI  - Effects of percentage Brahman and Angus breeding, age-season of feeding and
      slaughter end point on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics.
AB  - Steers (n = 165) of known percentage Brahman (B) and Angus (A) breeding were used
      to study effects of breed group (A, 3/4A:1/4B, 1/2A:1/2B, 1/4A:3/4B), age-season
      of feeding (calves fed during the cool season vs yearlings fed during the warm
      season) and slaughter end point (less than .90, 1.0 to 1.15, 1.27 to 1.40,
      greater than or equal to 1.5 cm of adjusted fat over the ribeye) on feedlot
      performance and carcass characteristics. The 1/2B and 3/4B steers had heavier (P
      less than .05) initial and final feedlot weights than the A and 1/4B steers and
      higher (P less than .05) unshrunk ADG than the A steers did. Breed types did not
      differ for feed efficiency. Yearling steers fed in the warm season had higher (P
      less than .05) unshrunk ADG than calves fed in the cool season, but ADG
      calculated on an empty-rumen basis did not differ between the two age-seasons of
      feeding. Calves fed in the cool season were more efficient (P less than .05) than
      yearlings fed in the warm season when efficiency was expressed on an empty-rumen
      basis; however, on a live weight basis there was no difference in feed
      efficiency. No breed group by age-season of feeding interactions on performance
      were detected. Slaughter end point did not significantly affect feed efficiency
      on an empty-rumen basis. The 1/2B and 3/4B steers had smaller ribeye areas (REA)
      per 100 kg hot carcass and lower marbling scores than the 1/4B and A steers.
      Yearlings fed in the warm season produced heavier carcasses (P less than .05)
      than calves fed in the cool season. As s.c. fat thickness at slaughter increased,
      hot carcass weight and numerical yield grade increased, whereas REA per 100 kg of
      hot carcass decreased. Marbling also increased as fatness increased up to about
      1.5 cm subcutaneous fat.

PMID- 2401647
TI  - Factors affecting productivity of Rambouillet ewes mated to ram lambs.
AB  - Objectives of this study were to estimate the magnitude of the effects of various
      factors associated with ewes and their ram lamb mates on fertility, prolificacy,
      lamb survival, lamb weaning weight and ewe productivity and to estimate the
      heritability and repeatability of each trait. Records from 731 ewe-years, 75 ram
      lamb sires and 616 lambs born from the University of Illinois Rambouillet flock
      were used. Ewes mated to single-born ram lambs had higher fertility rates (P less
      than .01), gave birth to lambs with higher survival rates (P less than .01),
      weaned lighter (P less than .05) individual lambs but weaned more weight of lamb
      per ewe exposed (P less than .01) than ewes mated to multiple-born ram lambs. Ram
      lamb breeding weight, ram lamb scrotal circumference, ewe breeding weight and ewe
      age had relatively large and positive effects on the composite trait of weight of
      lamb weaned per ewe exposed and significant effects on a number of the component
      traits. Heritability and repeatability estimates were, respectively, as follows:
      fertility, 3%, 3%; prolificacy, 34%, 19%; lamb survival, 15%, 8%; lamb weaning
      weight, 7%, 36%; and ewe productivity, 27%, 10%.

PMID- 2401648
TI  - Ovulation rate, lambing rate, litter size and embryo survival of Rambouillet
      sheep selected for high and low reproductive rate.
AB  - Ewes from lines selected for high and low reproductive rate and a control line
      bred and selected randomly were endoscopically examined 3 to 5 d after breeding
      to determine ovulation rates in the fall of 1985, 1986 and 1987. Fertility (ewes
      lambing per ewe exposed), lambing rate (lambs born per ewe exposed) and litter
      size (lambs born per ewe lambing) were evaluated at lambing in the spring of each
      year. Embryonic survival was estimated as the number of lambs born per corpora
      lutea. Ovulation rates were 1.28, 1.73 and 1.46 for low, high and control lines,
      respectively. More (P less than .01) single ovulations occurred in low-line ewes
      than in the other two lines; high-line ewes had more (P less than .01) twin
      ovulations than did low- or control-line ewes. Fertility did not differ among
      lines. Selection line affected (P less than .01) lambing rate at first and all
      services. Control-line ewes had mean lambing rates at first and all services that
      were intermediate between those of the low and high lines, which were different
      from each other. Line x age of ewe interactions existed (P less than .01) for
      lambing rate at all services and litter size at first and all services. High-line
      ewes had lower lambing rates and litter sizes as 2-yr-olds than other lines, but
      their performance increased steadily to 6-yr-olds, whereas the low and control
      lines remained relatively constant. Embryo survival differed (P less than .10)
      between lines, being 74%, 63% and 67% for low, high and control lines,
      respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401649
TI  - Mass selection for increased 70-day weight in a closed line of Landrace pigs.
AB  - Mass selection for increased weight at 70 d of age was practiced for six
      generations in a line of Landrace pigs. It was desired to have the next
      generation sired by the heaviest nine boars and out of the heaviest 27 gilts. A
      contemporaneous, randomly selected (by pedigree) control line was maintained in
      which the next generation was sired by five boars and out of 10 gilts. Inbreeding
      coefficients were .208 and .214 for the selected and control line litters and
      .177 and .189 for the selected and control line dams in the sixth generation,
      respectively. A total of 1,906 pigs was farrowed with 70-d weights collected on
      1,267 pigs. These pigs were sired by 88 boars and out of 190 gilts. The
      generation interval was 13 mo. Six traits were studied: birth, 21-d, 35-d and 70
      d weights and preweaning (from birth to 35 d) and postweaning (from 35 to 70 d)
      daily gains. Direct and correlated responses per generation and per weighted
      cumulative selection differential (WCSD) were estimated. Total WCSD for 70-d
      weight was 30.3 kg. This corresponds to a standardized WCSD of 6.11 phenotypic
      standard deviations. The response per generation for 70-d weight was .65 +/- .29
      kg. The realized heritability for 70-d weight was .13 +/- .06. Nearly all the
      increased weight at 70 d was the result of more rapid growth in the postweaning
      period, with little difference in growth in the preweaning period; birth, 21-d
      and 35-d weights and preweaning daily gains remained unchanged by selection for
      70-d weight.

PMID- 2401650
TI  - Energy requirements for maintenance of crossbred beef cattle with different
      genetic potential for milk.
AB  - Maintenance energy requirements were estimated in two gestation and one lactation
      feeding trials for three groups of cows. All cows in the second gestation trial
      completed the first gestation and lactation trials. The three groups were chosen
      to represent cattle similar in growth rate and mature size but different in
      amount of milk provided to their calves. The low (L) group included Hereford x
      Angus, the medium (M) group included Red Poll x Angus and the high (H) group
      included Milking Shorthorn x Angus cows. Cows were individually fed to maintain
      net body weight (minus gravid uterus for gestation) constant. Allowances were
      made in energy intake for gestation and lactation. Cow weights were adjusted to
      an average condition score in each trial. Daily maintenance requirements during
      gestation were 18% lower than those during lactation. The H and M cows required
      12% more energy per unit metabolic weight than L cows to maintain body weight
      during both gestation and lactation. Differences in milk production explained 23%
      of the variation in maintenance requirements, suggesting that important
      differences exist beyond those associated with milk production potential.
      Repeatabilities of maintenance requirement measurements ranged from .44 to .64.
      Maintenance requirements for calves under feedlot conditions in the postweaning
      phase were estimated from data collected from 494 calves, half-sibs and offspring
      of the cows described previously. Energy requirements were 11% higher for the H
      and M groups than for the L group.

PMID- 2401651
TI  - Reproductive performance and variation in body weight during annual cycles for
      crossbred beef cows with different genetic potential for milk.
AB  - Reproductive performance and body weights were studied in 81, 79 and 88 spring
      calving beef cows from three groups, reasonably similar in growth rate and mature
      size but different in level of milk production (low [L] = Hereford x Angus,
      medium [M] = Red Poll x Angus and high [H] = Milking Shorthorn x Angus). Milk
      group did not have a significant effect on dates of first postpartum estrus and
      first and last breeding or in the intervals from calving to first estrus, to
      first breeding and to last breeding. A significant age-of-cow x milk-group
      interaction was found for pregnancy rate (PR, P less than .10) and calf-crop
      percentage (CC, P less than .05). In heifers, PR and CC were lowest for the L
      (85.6 and 73.6%) and highest for the M group (94.2 and 92.5%); in 2-yr-olds there
      were no differences, and in older cows, PR was highest for the L (94.8%) and
      lowest for the H group (91.6%), and there were no differences in CC. As estimated
      from Brody's growth curves, mature sizes were 530 +/- 5.7, 471 +/- 4.6 and 499 +/
      4.2 kg for the L, M and H groups, respectively. Of weights taken on four
      occasions during the year, October weight was the highest for all cows. February
      weight, minus the estimated gravid uterus weight, was the lowest for L and M
      cows, and May weight was lowest for H cows. Weight fluctuation over an annual
      cycle was greatest for the L group. Under these experimental conditions, cows in
      all groups were able to consume sufficient energy and gain or lose body reserves
      to achieve similar reproductive performance while differing in lactation
      performance.

PMID- 2401652
TI  - Biological efficiency to weaning and to slaughter of crossbred beef cattle with
      different genetic potential for milk.
AB  - Biological efficiency of beef production to weaning and to slaughter was
      estimated in three groups of cattle reasonably similar in growth and mature size
      but different in the amount of milk available to the calves (low (L) = Hereford x
      Angus, medium (M) = Red Poll x Angus and high (H) = Milking Shorthorn x Angus).
      Efficiency was defined as the ratio of estimated kilograms of calf weight weaned
      or carcass weight produced by a herd of 100 first-cross cows to estimated
      metabolizable energy (ME) intake by the cows and preweaning non-milk ME intake by
      the calves or preweaning non-milk and postweaning ME intake by the calves.
      Efficiencies were estimated assuming observed and average reproductive rates, and
      using observed energy requirements for maintenance, as well as the same
      requirements for maintenance in the M and H groups. With the observed
      reproductive rates and requirements for maintenance, efficiencies to weaning and
      to slaughter were 28.1, 27.4 and 27.4 g weaning weight per Mcal ME and 22.0, 20.6
      and 20.3 g carcass weight per Mcal ME for the L, M and H groups, respectively.
      With average requirements for maintenance, efficiencies were 28.2 and 27.5 to
      weaning and 20.8 and 20.4 to slaughter for the M and H groups, respectively.
      Under equal reproductive rates and observed maintenance requirements,
      efficiencies were 28.3, 27.2 and 27.7 to weaning, and 22.1, 20.6 and 20.6 to
      slaughter for the L, M and H groups, respectively. With average maintenance
      requirements, efficiencies were 27.5 and 27.4 to weaning and 20.7 and 20.5 to
      slaughter for the M and H groups, respectively. Across the production output and
      input assumption scenarios, the L group consistently was the most efficient,
      especially when evaluated at slaughter of calves.

PMID- 2401653
TI  - Two methods for parameter estimation using multiple-trait models and beef cattle
      field data.
AB  - Two methods are presented for estimating variances and covariances from beef
      cattle field data using multiple-trait sire models. Both methods require that the
      first trait have no missing records and that the contemporary groups for the
      second trait be subsets of the contemporary groups for the first trait; however,
      the second trait may have missing records. One method uses pseudo expectations
      involving quadratics composed of the solutions and the right-hand sides of the
      mixed model equations. The other method is an extension of Henderson's Simple
      Method to the multiple trait case. Neither of these methods requires any
      inversions of large matrices in the computation of the parameters; therefore,
      both methods can handle very large sets of data. Four simulated data sets were
      generated to evaluate the methods. In general, both methods estimated genetic
      correlations and heritabilities that were close to the Restricted Maximum
      Likelihood estimates and the true data set values, even when selection within
      contemporary groups was practiced. The estimates of residual correlations by both
      methods, however, were biased by selection. These two methods can be useful in
      estimating variances and covariances from multiple-trait models in large
      populations that have undergone a minimal amount of selection within contemporary
      groups.

PMID- 2401654
TI  - Contributions of ovum cytoplasm, uterine environment and postnatal environment to
      maternal effects in beef cattle.
AB  - In the first part of the experiment, embryos of Brown Swiss-Hereford (BS-H)
      reciprocal crosses were transferred to BS and H recipient cows and embryos of Red
      Poll-Angus (RP-A) reciprocal crosses were transferred to RP and A recipient cows.
      Calves resulting from embryo transfers (ET) were weaned early (3 to 5 d). Males
      were castrated and their growth, feed efficiency and carcass composition were
      recorded. In the second part of the experiment, matings to produce reciprocal
      crosses were made by natural service (NS) between BS and H and between RP and A.
      Some of the offspring were weaned at 3 to 5 d; the remainder nursed their dams to
      an age of 150 to 180 d. Growth after 200 d, feed efficiency and carcass data were
      recorded on steers. Females produced in both parts of the experiment were reared
      for breeding, and post-200-d growth and age at puberty were recorded. Neither
      breed of recipient (uterine influence) nor breed of donor (cytoplasmic influence)
      had important effects on growth or carcass traits. Large differences were
      observed for most growth and carcass traits between offspring that were weaned
      early and those that nursed their dams. Effects of early weaning were greater in
      progeny of Brown Swiss and Red Poll dams than in progeny of Angus and Hereford
      dams. Prenatal maternal influences (e.g., ovum cytoplasm and uterine influence)
      are relatively small in comparison with postnatal maternal influences in
      contributing to maternal effects in beef cattle.

PMID- 2401655
TI  - Influence of footing surface on mounting and other sexual behaviors of estrual
      Holstein cows.
AB  - Seven ovariectomized Holstein cows, treated sequentially with progesterone and
      estradiol benzoate to induce estrus, were used to determine whether cows showed a
      preference for mounting and displaying other sexual behaviors toward estrual or
      nonestrual cows tied on dirt or concrete surfaces. Preference tests were
      conducted in a test area that consisted of equal-sized concrete and dirt
      surfaces; two cows, designated A and B, were tied on the two surfaces, one on
      either side. Cows A and B were treated so that on each of four test days both
      were estrual, only A was estrual, only B was estrual or neither A nor B were
      estrual. On each test day, five estrual test cows were introduced individually
      into the test area for two 30-min test periods. During the first test period,
      tied cow A was on concrete and tied cow B was on dirt, but during the second test
      period, their positions were switched. Test cows were able to move freely from
      surface to surface and to interact with tied cow A or B. Estrual test cows spent
      21.6 +/- 1.4 min of each 30-min test period on dirt, regardless of the estrual
      status of the cow tied on concrete or dirt. Mounting activity was 3- to 15-fold
      greater on dirt than on concrete when there was an estrual cow tied on dirt,
      regardless of the estrual status of the cow on concrete. Mounting activity was
      fourfold greater on concrete than on dirt when there was a tied estrual cow on
      concrete and a tied nonestrual cow on dirt.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401656
TI  - Taste aversion learning in horses.
AB  - The ability of ponies to learn to avoid a relatively novel food associated with
      illness was tested in three situations: when illness occurred immediately after
      consuming a feed; when illness occurred 30 min after consuming a feed; and when
      illness was contingent upon eating one of three feeds offered simultaneously.
      Apomorphine was used to produce illness. The feeds associated with illness were
      corn, alfalfa pellets, sweet feed and a complete pelleted feed. The ponies
      learned to avoid all the fees except the complete feed when apomorphine injection
      immediately followed consumption of the feed. However, the ponies did not learn
      to avoid a feed if apomorphine was delayed 30 min after feed consumption. They
      could learn to avoid alfalfa pellets, but not corn, when these feeds were
      presented with the familiar "safe foods," oats and soybean meal. Ponies
      apparently are able to learn a taste aversion, but there were constraints on this
      learning ability. Under the conditions of this study, they did not learn to avoid
      a food that made them sick long after consumption of the food, and they had more
      difficulty learning to avoid highly palatable feeds.

PMID- 2401657
TI  - Effects of long-term administration of pituitary-derived bovine growth hormone
      and estradiol on growth in steers.
AB  - Sixty-three Friesian steers (9 mo old, 257 kg; n = 15 or 16/treatment) were
      employed in a 2 x 2 factorial to test bovine growth hormone (bGH) and estradiol
      (Compudose implant). Steers received daily subcutaneous injections of vehicle or
      bGH (40 micrograms/kg body weight) for 22 wk. Steers were slaughtered 8 wk after
      the end of bGH treatment (wk 30). Steers had ad libitum access to silage plus a
      fixed amount (4 to 5.5 kg/d) of concentrate. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed
      conversion efficiency (FCE) improved (P less than .05) in response both to bGH
      and to estradiol during wk 0 to 22. Although bGH did not affect ADG or FCE during
      wk 23 to 30, estradiol improved (P less than .05) them; bGH and estradiol
      appeared additive (nonsignificant interactions) during wk 0 to 22. At slaughter,
      estradiol increased (P less than .05) carcass weight and carcass and leg length
      while decreasing (P less than .05) conformation score and percentage of kidney,
      knob and channel fat (KHP); bGH decreased (P less than .05) KHP. Although both
      bGH and estradiol increased (P less than .01) plasma GH, their effects were not
      additive. Both bGH and estradiol increased (P less than .01) plasma somatomedin-C
      and decreased (P less than .01) plasma urea nitrogen concentrations; effects were
      additive. Estradiol, but not bGH, increased (P less than .05) plasma glucose,
      whereas neither bGH nor estradiol altered plasma creatinine and nonesterified
      fatty acids. In summary, both bGH and estradiol improved growth and FCE, and
      their effects appeared to be additive. It is likely that some of their effects
      were mediated by somatomedin-C.

PMID- 2401658
TI  - Effect of treatment with and subsequent withdrawal of exogenous porcine
      somatotropin on growth and reproductive characteristics of gilts.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted to examine responses of gilts to treatment with
      and withdrawal of exogenous porcine somatotropin (PST). In Exp. 1, 36 prepubertal
      gilts (79.7 +/- .9 kg; 159.1 +/- .7 d) were allotted randomly to receive daily
      either 0 micrograms PST (C) or 70 micrograms PST/kg initial BW for either 21 (PST
      3) or 42 d (PST-6). Gilts were examined for estrus daily by a mature boar
      starting on d 22 and continuing for up to 50 d. Gilts that expressed estrus were
      mated and removed from treatment. PST-treated gilts had higher ADG (P less than
      .01) and lower feed/gain (P less than .02) than C gilts. Following initiation of
      boar exposure, C gilts (mean interval to estrus = 2.0 d) exhibited estrus earlier
      than PST-3 (24.8 d) and PST-6 (24.0 d) gilts (P less than .07); however, only two
      C gilts were observed in estrus compared with six PST-3 and six PST-6 gilts. In
      Exp. 2, 40 prepubertal gilts (72.6 +/- 1.0 kg; 141.1 +/- .7 d) were allotted
      randomly to receive daily either 0 mg PST (C) or 5 mg PST for 30 d. On d 31, half
      the gilts were comingled with unfamiliar penmates and examined for estrus daily
      by a mature boar for up to 45 d. Estrual gilts were removed from
      treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401659
TI  - Comparisons of four methods for quantification of lysosomal cysteine proteinase
      activities.
AB  - Four methods were compared to optimize the measurement of the activities of
      cathepsin B and cathepsin L in porcine skeletal muscle. These methods were:
      Method A (lysosomal enriched fraction obtained by differential centrifugation),
      Method B (muscle extract in the absence of detergent), Method C (muscle extract
      in the presence of detergent) and Method D (the same as method C, but passed
      through a S-carboxymethylated-papain-Sepharose affinity column). Results
      indicated that, of the methods tested, Method D yielded greater cathepsin B and
      consistently greater cathepsin B + L activities per gram of muscle. Hence, Method
      D is the method of choice for quantification of these enzyme activities. Studies
      indicated that for cathepsin B with Z-Arg-Arg-NMec as substrate, Km and Vmax
      values were .416 mM and 4,405 pmol.min-1.mg protein-1, respectively. The Km and
      Vmax for cathepsins B + L were .132 mM and 9,346 pmol.min-1.mg protein-1,
      respectively. The relationship between enzyme activity and incubation time was
      linear for the incubation times studied (up to 60 min). Also, the relationship
      between enzyme activities and amount of protein in the assay was linear at the
      concentrations studied (up to 20 micrograms protein). The same preparations were
      assayed by conditions commonly used by many investigators (.005 mM substrate,
      approximately 75 micrograms protein, 30 min at 37 degrees C) and by conditions
      established in this study (1.0 mM substrate, 10 micrograms protein and 15 min at
      37 degrees C).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401660
TI  - Differences in cathepsin B + L and calcium-dependent protease activities among
      breed type and their relationship to beef tenderness.
AB  - Activities of acidic proteases (cathepsin B + L) and neutral, calcium-dependent
      proteases (CDP) were quantified to determine whether differences in proteolytic
      activity could explain differences in meat tenderness among breed types. Steers
      (n = 32) of known percentage Angus (A) and Brahman (B) breeding were used to
      establish differences in meat tenderness (A; 3/4A-1/4B; 1/2A-1/2B; 1/4A-3/4B).
      Samples were removed from the longissimus muscle within 1 h postmortem and within
      2 h were frozen for subsequent determination of cathepsin B + L, CDP-I, CDP-II
      and CDP-inhibitor activities. Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) was assessed after 1, 5
      and 10 d of postmortem aging. Taste panel evaluations, conducted on steaks that
      were subjected to 5 d of aging, detected no differences. At d 1, WBS did not
      differ among breed types; however, by d 10 of aging, steaks from Angus steers
      were more tender (P less than .05) than steaks from 1/2B and 3/4B steers. The
      Angus and 1/4B steaks had significantly more (P less than .05) cathepsin B + L
      activity than the 3/4B. The CDP had no relationship with WBS; however, CDP
      inhibitor was positively related to d-1 WBS (r = .41, P less than .05). Cathepsin
      B + L activity was negatively related to WBS at d 10 (r = -.44, P less than .05).
      These data suggest that differences in meat tenderness among breed types may be
      explained partially by differences in proteolytic enzyme activity.

PMID- 2401661
TI  - Performance, carcass, cartilage calcium, sensory and collagen traits of
      longissimus muscles of open versus 30-month-old heifers that produced one calf.
AB  - One hundred eleven Simmental x Hereford (3/8 to 5/8 Simmental) heifers were used
      to determine the effects of age, parturition and implantation on performance,
      carcass and meat-sensory traits, muscle-collagen characteristics and thoracic
      button calcification. Eighty-five heifers that calved at about 2 yr of age,
      designated as single-calf heifers (SCH), were either implanted (I-SCH) with
      Synovex-H or not implanted (NI-SCH). The remaining 26, 2-yr-old non-pregnant
      heifers (2-OH) served as controls. Additionally, 24, 1-yr-old open heifers (1-OH)
      from the same genetic source were utilized as the standard heifer-production
      system. The 1-OH and 2-OH were slaughtered after being fed a high-grain diet for
      137 and 112 d, respectively. The SCH were fed the same high-grain diet beginning
      about 1 mo after calving and were fed 137 d before slaughter. The 33 I-SCH were
      implanted when started on the high-grain diet. Calves were weaned about 5 wk
      before the SCH were slaughtered. The 2-OH had the highest (P less than .05)
      feedlot ADG, whereas no differences (P greater than .05) occurred among other
      treatments. Dressing percentages were higher (P less than .01) for I-SCH than for
      NI-SCH. Carcass weights were lowest (P less than .05) and percentage kidney,
      pelvic and heart fat was highest (P less than .01) for 1-OH. Fat thickness, yield
      grades, marbling scores and quality grades were similar (P greater than .05) and
      desirable for all treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401662
TI  - Estimation of the isoleucine and aromatic amino acid requirements of pregnant
      swine.
AB  - The requirements of the pregnant gilt for isoleucine (Ile), total aromatic amino
      acids (TAAA), phenylalanine (Phe) and the replacement of Phe with tyrosine (Tyr)
      were investigated in these studies. Five balanced 6 x 6 latin-square arrangements
      of treatments and time periods were conducted with six pregnant gilts in each
      trial. Each diet treatment was fed (1.8 kg once daily) for 10 d beginning on d 40
      of pregnancy. Nitrogen balance trials were conducted from the 6th to 10th d
      during each period. Blood samples were obtained from each gilt before and 2 h
      after the last feeding in each period. Based on the titration trials, the L-Ile
      requirement was satisfied at .23% of the diet. Assuming that crystalline L-Ile
      was 100% available, the L-Ile requirement for pregnant gilts fed a corn-soybean
      meal diet is estimated at .25%. A dietary requirement of no more than .43%
      satisfied all the criteria measured in the L-TAAA trial. Adjustment for
      availability of crystalline L-Phe used in the diets would increase the
      requirement to about .48% dietary L-TAAA. About 42% of the L-TAAA requirement for
      pregnancy should be supplied by L-Phe.

PMID- 2401663
TI  - Effect of excess dietary copper, iron or zinc on the tocopherol and selenium
      status of growing pigs.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the addition of high
      levels of Cu (as CuSO4), Fe (as FeSO4) or Zn (as ZnO) to swine starter and grower
      diets on performance and vitamin E and Se status. The stability of natural
      tocopherols in mixed feeds was evaluated during storage. Addition of 1,000 ppm Fe
      or 1,000 ppm Zn had no effect on rate or efficiency of weight gain in either
      experiment. In Exp. 1, the addition of 250 ppm Cu improved daily gain and
      efficiency of feed utilization (P less than .05) during the first 3 wk of the
      experiment. Copper had no effect on pig performance during the rest of Exp. 1 or
      in Exp. 2. Serum lactate dehydrogenase or glutathione peroxidase activity was not
      affected (P greater than .1) by any of the mineral additions. Serum tocopherols
      were not affected by the mineral treatments in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, addition of 250
      ppm Cu decreased (P less than .01) serum tocopherol levels throughout the 8-wk
      experiment. The alpha-tocopherol levels of the starter diet decreased (P less
      than .05) during storage. Addition of 250 ppm Cu (P less than .01) or 1,000 ppm
      Fe (P less than .05) or 1,000 ppm Zn (P less than .05) increased the destruction
      of alpha-tocopherol in the starter diet. Alpha- and gamma-tocopherol levels of
      the starter diet decreased to near zero in 22 d in the presence of 250 ppm Cu. In
      the grower diet, the addition of 250 ppm Cu (P less than .01) or 1,000 ppm Fe (P
      less than .05) increased the destruction of tocopherols.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401664
TI  - Age-related changes in mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and
      polymorphonuclear neutrophil function in the piglet.
AB  - Changes in concentration of plasma cortisol, mitogen-induced lymphocyte
      proliferation and the phagocytic and killing abilities of polymorphonuclear
      neutrophils (PMN) were assessed in 24 crossbred piglets at .5, 1, 3 and 6 wk of
      age. Concentrations of blood cortisol were high at birth but decreased (P less
      than .001) thereafter. Spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation was approximately 10
      fold higher in the newborn than in pigs 6 wk old. The methods by which data on
      lymphocyte proliferation were expressed greatly influenced the results of the age
      related changes in lymphocyte response. When lymphocyte proliferation was
      expressed as a stimulation index, there was an increase in mitogen-induced
      lymphocyte proliferation with advancing age. However, when lymphocyte
      proliferation was expressed as total counts per minute, mitogen-induced
      lymphocyte proliferation decreased with increasing age. In general, no
      significant age-related changes were observed in PMN function except for a
      transient decrease in PMN phagocytic ability at wk 3. Piglets were born with high
      concentrations of blood cortisol; this was associated with age-related changes in
      lymphocyte proliferation.

PMID- 2401666
TI  - An economic evaluation of the differences between intensive and extensive beef
      production systems.
AB  - A model to evaluate economic criteria involved when cattle are raised on high
      forage diets prior to finishing or finished directly after weaning was developed
      using data from two experiments. In Exp. 1, each year for 3 yr, 136 Charolais
      cross calves were weaned and allotted to either an intensive system, in which
      they were immediately finished on a high-grain diet, or an extensive system, in
      which they were wintered on crop residues, grazed on summer pasture and finished
      on a high-grain diet. In Exp. 2, 160 British breed steers were wintered, in one
      of eight different wintering systems utilizing crop residues, using supplemental
      protein and(or) alfalfa hay. After wintering, the steers grazed summer pasture
      and then were finished on a high-grain diet. Overall cost of gain and final
      "break-even" price were lower for cattle finished through the extensive system
      except when the price of corn was very low in relationship to other inputs.
      Interest costs were higher for cattle in the extensive system. Increasing the
      feeder calf purchase price had almost no effect on differences between the
      systems. Corn price and purchase price affected both systems similarly, whereas
      interest rate, wintering yardage and finishing yardage affected each system
      differently. Because of the additional weight produced through the extensive
      system, it yielded lower final "break-even" prices in most situations.

PMID- 2401665
TI  - Influence of aluminum citrate and citric acid on mineral metabolism in wether
      sheep.
AB  - A 60-d trial was conducted to determine effects of Al citrate and citric acid on
      DM digestibility (DMD) and metabolism of Mg, Ca, P, K, Na and Al. Eighteen
      crossbred, yearling wether lambs equipped with ruminal cannulas were fed a basal
      diet containing .12% Mg and 2.87% K (DM basis) and were allotted to three
      treatments: 1) control, 2) 2,000 ppm Al as Al citrate and 3) citric acid
      equivalent to the citrate in treatment 2. Treatments were administered in 200 ml
      of deionized water twice daily in divided doses via ruminal cannula. Balance
      trials were conducted during d 0 to 5, 6 to 10, 25 to 35 and 50 to 60. Dry matter
      digestibility decreased (P less than .05) approximately 3 percentage units in
      lambs receiving Al. Treatment with Al citrate increased (P less than .01)
      apparent absorption and retention of Al compared to those receiving citric acid
      alone. Approximately 30% of ingested and infused Al was apparently absorbed.
      Compared to citric acid, Al citrate treatment lowered apparent absorption and
      retention of Mg and Ca during d 0 to 5. Apparent Ca absorption and retention
      again were lowered during d 50 to 60. Urinary Ca was increased (P less than .01)
      and apparent P absorption (P less than .10) and retention (P less than .05) were
      decreased by Al citrate during all measurement periods. Apparent absorption of K
      decreased (P less than .05) slightly in response to Al treatment. Apparent
      absorption of Na was not influenced by Al treatment. Serum Mg and P decreased and
      serum Ca increased in response to Al treatment. Results demonstrate negative
      effects of ingested Al, but not of citric acid, on DMD and metabolism of Mg, Ca,
      P and K.

PMID- 2401667
TI  - Evaluation of intensive vs extensive systems of beef production and the effect of
      level of beef cow milk production on postweaning performance.
AB  - Charolais-sired calves from three groups of beef cows, similar in growth
      potential and mature size but different in genetic potential for milk production
      (5.6, 7.7, 9.0 kg/d; low, medium, and high, respectively), were allotted to two
      beef production systems each year for 3 yr. At weaning, calves in an intensive
      (Int) system went directly into the feedlot for finishing (236 d); calves in an
      extensive (Ext) system were wintered on corn residues (195 d), grazed pasture
      (115 d) and then were finished (122 d). Postweaning effects of increased weaning
      weight due to increased level of milk were small and not affected by growing
      finishing system. Only the steer calves from the low milk-producing cows showed
      evidence (P less than .01) of compensatory growth postweaning in response to
      reduced levels of milk during the suckling phase. Cattle from the Ext system were
      heavier (P less than .01) before (388 vs 233 kg) and after (595 vs 531 kg) the
      finishing phase than Int system cattle. During finishing, cattle from the Ext
      system made more rapid gains (1.70 vs 1.36 kg/d) and consumed more feed (12.4 vs
      8.5 kg/d, 2.52 vs 2.19% of average BW) but were less efficient (.137 vs .160,
      gain/feed) than cattle from the Int system (P less than .05). Extensive systems
      of beef production produced more total kilograms of beef per animal but they were
      196 d older at slaughter.

PMID- 2401668
TI  - Effects of rate of gain during winter on subsequent grazing and finishing
      performance.
AB  - Sixty mixed British breed yearling steers (237 kg) were used each year for 2 yr
      to study the effects of rate of gain during the winter on subsequent pasture and
      finishing performance. Winter gains of .28, .38 and .50 kg/d (P less than .05)
      were established for the low, medium and high gain treatments, respectively.
      Daily gain of steers on pasture was reduced (P less than .01) 81 g for each 100-g
      increase in winter daily gain. No differences in BW were observed among the
      treatment groups after grazing summer pasture. Wintering performance did not
      affect finishing performance. Daily gains during the finishing period increased
      slightly as pasture gain decreased due to increased feed intake, but efficiency
      was not altered. These data suggest that within this range of ADG during the
      winter and under the conditions of this study, it was not beneficial to winter
      cattle for an ADG more than .28 kg/d.

PMID- 2401669
TI  - Modifications in growth and morphology of ovine jejunal and ruminal epithelia as
      affected by inert dietary substances.
AB  - Thirty-two lambs were used to study the effects of a nondegradable material in
      the alimentary tract on growth and morphology of ruminal and jejunal epithelia.
      Lambs were fed isoenergetic rations that differed only by addition of ground
      polyethylene. Eight of the lambs receiving each diet were given polyurethane
      cubes orally that were confined to the rumen. Lambs were slaughtered after 30 d;
      morphological and growth characteristics of the anterior-ventral and posterior
      dorsal ruminal epithelia and jejunal epithelia were examined. Weights of the
      stomach complex were greater (P less than .05; 1.57 vs 1.48 kg) for lambs fed the
      polyethylene diet. Polyurethane cubes had no effect on weights of the stomach
      complex and small intestines. Deoxyribonucleic acid levels and both height and
      width of papillae were greater (P less than .05) in ruminal epithelial from lambs
      fed the diet with polyethylene than in those from lambs given the control diet.
      Protein and DNA levels in jejunal epithelia also were affected (P less than .05)
      by diet, averaging 8.2 mg/cm2 and 510 micrograms/cm2, respectively, for lambs fed
      the polyethylene diets vs 7.3 mg/cm2 and 417 micrograms/cm2 for lambs fed the
      control diet, respectively. Average villus height was greater (P less than .05)
      in jejunal epithelia of lambs fed the control diet than in jejunal epithelia of
      those given the polyethylene diet (553 vs 466 microns). Polyurethane cubes did
      not affect growth or morphological characteristics of either ruminal or jejunal
      epithelia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401670
TI  - Effects of ruminal escape proteins and canola meal on nitrogen utilization by
      growing lambs.
AB  - The effects of ruminal escape proteins and canola meal (CM) on N utilization by
      growing lambs were evaluated in two experiments. In both experiments, seven
      supplemental dietary protein treatments were fed. For each of these protein
      treatments a 3 x 3 Latin square metabolism trial was conducted, using two sets of
      three lambs and three periods. Within square treatments were 1.4, 1.7 and 2.0
      times maintenance intake levels. In Exp. 1, protein treatments were control (7.0%
      CP, DM basis), urea fed at 9.5 or 12% dietary CP, CM fed at 9.5 or 12% dietary CP
      and a 50:50 (N basis) mixture of blood meal/corn gluten meal (BC) fed at 9.5 or
      12% dietary CP. In Exp. 2, protein treatments were urea, 64% urea and 36% BC (all
      mixtures on a N basis), 36% urea and 64% BC, BC, 50% CM and 50% BC (CM/BC), CM
      and soybean meal (SBM), all at 10.5% CP. In Exp. 1, apparent N digestibility
      (AND) was lower for CM diets than for urea (P = .13) and BC (P less than .05)
      diets (49.0 vs 50.6 and 51.3%, respectively). Absorbed N was utilized with
      similar efficiencies for all supplemental protein sources. Dietary CP and
      digestible protein (DP) were closely related (DP = .879[CP%] -3.66; r2 = .91),
      indicating that for urea, CM and BC total tract N digestibility was not
      influenced by theoretical ruminal degradability. In Exp. 2, N balance and N
      utilization efficiency indicated that the optimal extent of ruminal protein
      degradation was about 50%. Nitrogen balance was similar for the CM, CM/BC and SBM
      treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401671
TI  - Effects of calcium soaps of long-chain fatty acids on feedlot performance,
      carcass characteristics and ruminal metabolism of steers.
AB  - Two trials were conducted to determine the effects of calcium soaps of long-chain
      fatty acids (calcium soap) on feedlot performance, diet digestibility, carcass
      characteristics and ruminal metabolism of steers fed diets (85% concentrate:15%
      corn silage) containing 0, 2, 4 or 6% calcium soap. In Trial 1, increasing
      calcium soap decreased (P less than .05) DM, CP and gross energy intake but
      increased total fatty acid intake. Feed to gain ratio tended to improve with
      increased calcium soap; gross energy conversion was not affected (P greater than
      .05) by diet. Average daily gain and hot carcass weight decreased (P less than
      .05) with addition of calcium soap; other carcass characteristics were not
      affected (P greater than .05). Apparent digestibilities of DM, N, energy and ash
      were not affected (P greater than .05) by calcium soap. Neutral detergent fiber
      digestibility increased linearly (P less than .08) with increasing calcium soap,
      whereas digestibility of total fatty acids was affected quadratically (P less
      than .05); fatty acid digestibility was similar among 0, 2 and 4% calcium soap
      diets but decreased for the 6% calcium soap diet. In Trial 2, increased calcium
      soap did not affect (P greater than .05) ruminal VFA concentrations, pH or in
      sacco NDF disappearance of orchardgrass following 12, 24 and 48 h of incubation.
      Calcium soap increased (P less than .07) ruminal concentrations of calcium soap
      fatty acids at 1, 2, 4 and 8 h postfeeding. Calcium soap did not improve
      performance of feedlot cattle fed high-concentrate diets. Further, calcium soap
      did not affect ruminal fermentation and did not dissociate significantly even
      when ruminal pH was below 6 for extended periods of time.

PMID- 2401672
TI  - Teenage childbearing: structural determinants in developing countries.
AB  - Data for a sample of 50 developing countries are analysed to investigate the
      social correlates of the teenage birth rate. Of five major factors considered as
      predictors of national birth rates (socioeconomic development, family planning
      programmes, women's status, the sex ratio, and marriage patterns), regression
      analyses reveal that only the average age at marriage for women has a significant
      effect on the teenage birth rate. In contrast, all variables except the sex ratio
      and the average age at marriage for women have a significant effect on the total
      fertility rate.

PMID- 2401673
TI  - Determinants of rural and urban fertility differentials in Nigeria.
AB  - Whatever proximate variables are examined, their differential effects on rural
      and urban fertility are small. This indicates that no major disturbance has taken
      place in urban or rural reproductive norms. However, two possible reasons for the
      converging pattern of rural and urban fertility in Nigeria are identified. One is
      that urban mothers in the first half of the childbearing age range have higher
      fertility than their rural counterparts. The other is that breast-feeding and
      post-partum abstinence, which are the major determinants of marital fertility,
      exert a more depressing influence on rural than urban fertility.

PMID- 2401674
TI  - Contraceptive social marketing in Nepal: consumer and retailer knowledge, needs
      and experience.
AB  - In 1986, a survey was conducted to assess knowledge, health concerns and
      experience with marketing (retailers) and use (consumers) of Gulaf and Nilocon
      pills and Kamal vaginal tablets distributed by the Nepal Contraceptive Retail
      Sales Company (CRS). A sample of 763 consumers of Gulaf, Nilocon and Indian pills
      and Kamal vaginal tablets, and 361 retailers from a stratified sample of urban
      medical shops were interviewed. The CRS marketing programme is reaching people
      who have previously never used family planning; most of the users were practising
      contraception to limit, not space, births; a high proportion of pill users over
      35 smoked; only about a third of CRS pill users had prescriptions or consulted a
      physician prior to use; CRS training of retailers was found to have increased
      their knowledge. Recommendations are made for improving communication, education
      and marketing of CRS contraceptives to ensure their safe and effective use and
      increase the acceptability of this mode of service delivery.

PMID- 2401675
TI  - Reproductive mortality and its relation to different methods of birth control.
AB  - This report evaluates the decrease in maternal mortality and its relation to
      family planning methods in Sweden during the years 1911-80. In the 1930s
      fertility was low but illegal abortions were at a high level and the associated
      maternal death rate was 18.5 per 1000 women. With the legalization of abortion
      and the introduction of modern contraceptive methods, the crude reproductive
      mortality rate in 1965-70 was 1.7 per 100,000 women and this was reduced still
      further, especially for younger women, by the late 1970s. Standardized
      reproductive mortality was then 80% higher than the crude rate, indicating the
      importance of modern family planning methods. Mortality associated with oral
      contraceptive or IUD use in Sweden during the 1960s and 1970s was lower than in
      England and the US. Mortality associated with sterilization was 6.2 per 100,000
      procedures.

PMID- 2401676
TI  - Child survival and its effect on mortality of siblings in Bangladesh.
AB  - This study of the relationship between mortality risks of siblings born to the
      same mother shows that, in Bangladesh, the death of the immediately preceding
      sibling in its infancy has a negative influence on the survival chance of the
      child in question in its infancy; however, death of the preceding sibling appears
      to have a positive influence on the index child's survival at ages 1-5 years.
      Similar results are found for the survival status of the two preceding siblings.
      Preceding birth interval length and survival status and sex of the immediately
      preceding sibling are also significant predictors of child mortality between ages
      1 and 5 years. Possible explanations may be that the index child faces stronger
      competition from its immediately preceding brother than from its immediately
      preceding sister, or that the index child is likely to be looked after more by
      its preceding sister than by its preceding brother.

PMID- 2401677
TI  - A study of infant mortality and causes of death in a rural north-east Brazilian
      community.
AB  - In 1984 a prospective study of 1645 women and 1677 births in a rural community in
      north-eastern Brazil showed the infant mortality rate to be 65 per 1000 live
      births. Neonatal, post-neonatal and infant mortality are analysed to determine
      the most important risk factors for each period. Post-neonatal survival depends
      largely on factors relating to child care, while neonatal deaths are more likely
      to be associated with biological factors. The principal cause of death,
      diarrhoeal disease, was responsible for a third of the deaths.

PMID- 2401678
TI  - Child mortality levels and survival patterns from southern Sudan.
AB  - Data from a 1985 survey in two major population centres in Southern Sudan, Juba
      and Wau, were analysed in order to assess childhood mortality levels and the
      effect of UNICEF's health care programme. There are continuing high levels of
      childhood mortality. Logistic regression analysis shows significant positive
      associations between child survival and immunization, oral rehydration therapy
      and maternal education.

PMID- 2401680
TI  - Social class and human twinning.
AB  - In a comparative study to examine the effect of social factors on human twinning,
      data on sociodemographic and other factors were collected from parents of all
      twins born alive in Denmark in 1984 or 1985 and from a random sample of parents
      of singleton infants born in the same years. A postal questionnaire was used. The
      twins were classified as monozygotic (MZ) or dizygotic (DZ) twins by the
      similarity method. A trend was found in DZ-twinning, with significantly fewer DZ
      twins born in the lower social classes, but not in MZ-twinning. All results were
      controlled for maternal age and parity.

PMID- 2401679
TI  - Anthropometric indicators of nutritional status, socioeconomic factors and
      mortality in hospitalized children in Addis Ababa.
AB  - The influence of some household and maternal variables on three anthropometric
      nutritional status indices of hospitalized children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, are
      examined. On admission, only 30% of these children can be classified as being of
      a normal overall nutritional status. There are no significant differences in
      weight-for-age of hospitalized children between those residing in Addis Ababa and
      those residing in the rural areas. Income and father's occupation appear to be
      the major household factors influencing the level of two of the three indices
      (weight-for-age and weight-for-height). Length of last closed birth interval and,
      to a lesser degree, maternal age appear to have significant effects on all three
      nutritional status indices. Upon admission to hospital, children who will in the
      end survive their hospital stay are on average nutritionally normal or in a mild
      state of malnutrition, whereas children who will die during their stay arrive in
      a moderate or severe state of malnutrition. The degree of malnutrition is
      positively related to the risk of mortality in respiratory disease patients.

PMID- 2401681
TI  - Transportation of immunosuppressive substances produced at the site of burn
      injury into the systemic circulation: the role of lymphatics.
AB  - Serum of patients with severe burns has the ability to suppress mitogen-induced
      lymphocyte proliferation. Edema fluid collected from the site of injury during
      resuscitation and at the time of fascial excision has also been shown to suppress
      this response. An animal model was designed to identify the onset time of the
      formation of suppressive factors, their potential site(s) of origin, and their
      route of entry into the systemic circulation. Femoral artery, saphenous vein, and
      lateral saphenous lymphatic vessels were cannulated in an anesthetized dog.
      Baseline samples were collected, the hind paw was subjected to scald injury, and
      samples were collected serially for up to 6 hours after burn injury. Tissue fluid
      beneath the scald injury was harvested at the end of the experiments. In the
      absence of significant serologic evidence for inhibition, lymph and tissue fluid
      exhibited early and prolonged suppression of mitogen-induced lymphocyte
      proliferation. We concluded that edema fluid capable of cell-mediated immune
      suppression forms early after thermal injury and that lymph generated from the
      site of burn injury is immunosuppressive.

PMID- 2401682
TI  - The increased release of prostaglandin E2 by Kupffer cells from burned guinea
      pigs.
AB  - Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a very important immunosuppressive substance that is
      synthesized and released by all macrophages including Kupffer cells (KCs). In
      this study the changes of PGE2 released by KCs were evaluated in a burned guinea
      pig model. Prostaglandin E2 was released by KCs from burned guinea pigs at a
      consistently and significantly high level when stimulated with endotoxin. On
      postburn day 8, KCs that were cocultured with hepatocytes released significantly
      less PGE2. There was also a significant decrease in antibody-dependent cell
      mediated cytotoxicity on postburn day 1. Kupffer cells can mediate immune
      suppression in burn injury by a prolonged increased production of PGE2 that has
      immunosuppressive effects on other cells and by a decreased cytotoxic effect soon
      after burn injury.

PMID- 2401683
TI  - Quantitative and functional alterations of peripheral blood neutrophils after 10%
      and 30% thermal injury.
AB  - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) comprise the majority of early nonspecific
      inflammatory responses to infection or trauma and, as such, must be of sufficient
      number and qualitative function to properly limit and combat inflammation.
      Peripheral PMNs isolated from rats that received 10% or 30% body surface area
      full-thickness thermal injuries were quantitated and examined for functional
      alterations in membrane potential and cytosolic hydrogen peroxide production for
      35 days after thermal injury. With 10% thermal injury, leukocytes increased
      quantitatively to experimental maximums that were 70% above normal on day 7
      before a return to normal by day 28. Platelet levels showed a nonsignificant
      decrease for 2 days after thermal injury before increasing to levels 20% to 40%
      above normal through day 28. Phorbol myristate acetate-induced PMN membrane
      depolarization was inhibited as much as 30% for 21 days after 10% thermal injury.
      No changes in oxidative activity were apparent except for day 14, when hydrogen
      peroxide production was 40% above normal. With 30% thermal injury, leukocyte
      quantities were three to five times normal, with increased relative numbers of
      PMNs and decreased lymphocytes through day 28. Platelet levels decreased for 4
      days before increasing to levels 30% to 47% above normal through day 21. Compared
      with 10% thermal injury, 30% thermal injury further reduced the ability of PMN
      membranes to depolarize through day 35. In addition, PMN hydrogen peroxide
      production was 30% lower on day 1 and increased thereafter to levels that were
      40% above normal on day 21.

PMID- 2401684
TI  - Wet disc testing of mafenide hydrochloride, chlorhexidine gluconate, and triple
      antibiotic solution against bacteria isolated from burn wounds.
AB  - Various antimicrobial solutions for topical use on burn wounds tested, in vitro
      with a newly described wet disc assay, for their activity against bacterial
      isolates from patients with burns. The antimicrobial activity of triple
      antibiotic solution was shown to reside in the neomycin component. The activity
      of 2.5% mafenide hydrochloride solution was equal to that of 4% mafenide HCl and
      could be used clinically with significant savings and perhaps, fewer side
      effects. Chlorhexidine gluconate had broad antimicrobial activity in an 0.05%
      solution in water; however, dissolving the active ingredient in saline nullified
      its activity significantly. The wet disc assay appears to be a useful means by
      which to assess the efficacy of solutions for topical use.

PMID- 2401685
TI  - Cardiac disease and the patient with burns.
AB  - Cardiac disease has many manifestations that may complicate burn care. A review
      of 2477 consecutive acute burn admissions was conducted to determine the types
      and incidence of cardiac complications in this patient population. Nearly one
      half of patients with a prior cardiac history manifested some form of cardiac
      dysfunction, most frequently arrhythmias. Eight percent had an in-hospital
      myocardial infarction. Only 6% of patients without a prior cardiac history
      manifested cardiac dysfunction. The in-hospital mortality rate after myocardial
      infarction for both groups was 3.5 to 4 times that of patients without burns.
      Except for patients with prosthetic valves, for whom anticoagulation and
      infection prophylaxis are required, burn care of the cardiac patient is expectant
      with selective use of invasive monitoring and therapy as determined by the
      patient's clinical course.

PMID- 2401686
TI  - Management of pediatric perineal and genital burns: twenty-year review.
AB  - Between 1966 and 1986, fifty-seven pediatric patients with partial and/or full
      thickness perineal and genital burns with a minimum of 1-year follow-up were
      identified. Fifty percent of the patients with genital burns and 20% of the
      patients with perineal and/or buttock burns required skin grafting in the acute
      stage. No patient required suprapubic cystostomies, diverting colostomies, or
      local flap coverage of exposed testicles. Burn scar contractures were the most
      frequent complications. Thirty-two patients (56%) required contracture release of
      the perineum and coverage with either skin grafts or local skin flaps. In three
      patients (6%) contracture required release of the penis and scrotum. One patient
      lost a testicle. Three patients developed rectal prolapse and were treated
      without surgery. Four patients developed rectal stenosis with fecal incontinence
      because of burn scar contracture and were treated by anal dilatation, local
      transposition flaps, and/or excision of the scar and primary closure. Acute
      management of pediatric patients with such injuries can be conservative. Delayed
      complications of contractures of the perineum and genitals can be easily
      corrected with scar excisions, skin grafts, or the use of local skin flaps.

PMID- 2401687
TI  - An evaluation device for quantifying joint stiffness in the burned hand.
AB  - An electronic device capable of measuring finger joint stiffness has been
      developed and used to evaluate the effects of dynamic flexion splinting on the
      recovery of joint motion in patients with burned hands. The device locates an
      angle of primary (greatest) resistance and the reactive torque at that angle for
      a selected joint. Using the device, four subjects with stiff hands were measured
      before and after dynamic splinting treatments. During the 3-day treatment period,
      there were statistically significant differences in the angle of primary
      resistance (p less than 0.0001) and reactive torque (p less than 0.001). This
      initial trial suggests that: (1) finger stiffness can be quantified in terms of
      reactive torque as well as joint excursion, (2) dynamic rubber-band flexion
      splinting does alter joint condition and allow increased motion, (3) the amount
      of initial joint stiffness may be an indicator of treatment outcome, and (4)
      increasing treatment time may not enhance outcome.

PMID- 2401688
TI  - Heterotopic ossification: can early surgery be performed, with a positive bone
      scan?
AB  - It has been previously suggested that the surgical removal of areas of
      heterotopic ossification in patients with burns should be delayed until bone
      scans return to normal. The present study describes a patient who underwent
      surgical removal of heterotopic ossification from both elbows, 1 year after burn
      injury, with strongly positive bone scans, because of progressive ulnar nerve
      compression. Subsequently, 7 years after burn injury and 6 years after this
      surgery, the patient maintained an excellent range of motion in both elbows. At
      this time, his bone scans continue to be strongly positive. Didronel (Norwich
      Eaton, Norwich, N.Y.), a diphosphonate, may have played a role in this patient's
      recovery by decreasing bony deposition following surgery.

PMID- 2401689
TI  - Patient perception of quality of life after burn injury. Results of an eleven
      year survey.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess how patients with burns perceive their
      physical, psychological, social, and economic status since their burn injuries
      and to examine the question, "Does burn severity or age at the time of injury
      affect the patient's perception of his or her quality of life after burn injury?"
      A 25-item questionnaire was mailed to 1837 former patients who had been
      hospitalized in our adult burn center from 1975 to 1987, and 245 (13.1%)
      completed questionnaires were returned. The chi 2 test suggests that the patient
      sample overall did not experience a change in perceptions after burn injuries.
      However, when the adult group is divided by burn severity (grouped into low and
      high percent of burn) and by age at the time of injury (grouped into young and
      old), both the young and the older persons with high burn severity identify
      impairments in their quality of life after burn injury.

PMID- 2401690
TI  - Effect of ibuprofen on the postburn hypermetabolic response: a case report.
AB  - Severely burned patients exhibit a postburn hypermetabolic response which, with
      the most severe burns, can double the patient's metabolic rate. We report on a 54
      year-old man who was on long-term ibuprofen administration for treatment of
      arthritis before sustaining a 38% total body surface area burn. This patient
      failed to demonstrate the normal hypermetabolic response. The possibility that
      the ibuprofen administration prevented the hypermetabolic response is discussed.

PMID- 2401691
TI  - Community reintegration program.
AB  - A specific program in practice for community reintegration of the patient with
      burns is described. It has been demonstrated that a gradual transition for the
      patient with burns between the acute care setting and active participation in
      family, leisure, and vocational roles enhances psychosocial and functional
      recovery. A systematic process of community reintegration within a rehabilitation
      setting can facilitate this transition for patient and family through Community
      Skills Training with a therapist and Community Skills Practice before the patient
      assumes outpatient status.

PMID- 2401692
TI  - Meshed Biobrane: a dressing for difficult topography.
AB  - Biobrane temporary biosynthetic skin substitute has been well demonstrated in the
      treatment of superficial and deep wounds. We have used this product nearly 1000
      times. It has previously been shown to be ineffective for use in areas with
      convex or concave topographies or in areas along joint surfaces. The following
      study covers an attempt to adapt this dressing for use in these difficult areas.
      Ninety-eight applications of meshed Biobrane temporary wound dressing were placed
      in anatomic locations, which ranged from the head to the foot, with an 86%
      success rate.

PMID- 2401693
TI  - Prosthetic use in patients with burns and associated limb amputations.
AB  - A review of 11 patients who sustained burns that were complicated by limb
      amputation was completed to determine their eventual ability to use prosthesis.
      Amputations included six below-elbow, four above-elbow, three below-knee, and
      three above-knee amputations. Ten of the 11 patients (91%) had open wounds on the
      stump limbs and nine patients (82%) required skin grafting procedures on the
      amputated limbs. Delays in prosthetic fitting because of continued surgeries,
      open wounds, skin grafts on the stump limb, and breakdown of the stump were
      identified. However, eight of these patients (73%) were eventually able to wear
      prosthetic devices. Fisher's exact test was used to test the influence of the
      number and site of the amputations and skin grafting on the stump on successful
      prosthesis use. None of these tested items were found to be significant. The
      results demonstrate that most patients with burns who require limb amputation can
      achieve successful prosthesis use.

PMID- 2401694
TI  - Prealbumin as a marker of nutritional status.

PMID- 2401696
TI  - Eighth International Symposium on Affinity Chromatography and Biological
      Recognition. Jerusalem, October 29-November 3, 1989. Proceedings.

PMID- 2401695
TI  - Coordinated strategies in burn prevention programs: a case study.
AB  - Smoke alarm giveaway programs can be successful, as demonstrated by the
      experience of the extensive 1982 Baltimore Fire Department project. In the
      absence of municipal government commitment for such an intensive campaign, a
      community program that involves many sectors can also be successful. It may, in
      fact, reach elements of the high-risk population who do not traditionally
      participate in smoke detector programs, such as renters. A decrease in "extra
      alarm" fires and fire deaths can be achieved with multifaceted programs. In Dade
      County, with a growing population of approximately 1.7 million people that
      includes large migrant and illegal alien populations, fire-related deaths
      decreased from 26 in 1985 and 27 in 1986 to 17 in 1987. In the city of Miami, the
      county's inner core, fire-related deaths decreased by half from 1985 to 1987, in
      spite of an increase in high-risk population groups and substandard housing. Thus
      through extensive networking, the integrated efforts of a cross-section of the
      community can result in a successful safety campaign that has little overhead or
      political constraints. Designed as multifaceted, ongoing community-based
      programs, such efforts can, over time and through "persistent learning," lead to
      desired changes in behavior.

PMID- 2401697
TI  - Tresyl-activated support for high-performance affinity chromatography.
AB  - A new activated support TSK gel Tresyl-5PW was evaluated for the coupling of
      antibodies, which was found to occur easily under mild conditions with high
      yields. Optimum coupling conditions were a 2-h reaction at 25 degrees C in 1 M
      phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) when 2-3 mg antibody/ml support is to be coupled and a
      6-7-h reaction when ca. 10 mg antibody/ml support is to be coupled. When
      antibodies were coupled under these conditions, antibody coupling yields greater
      than 80% and antigen binding efficiencies of 70-80% were achieved, probably owing
      to a selective attachment of the Fc region of the antibodies. Antigens (human
      serum proteins) could be separated rapidly without denaturation on antibody
      coupled Tresyl-5PW.

PMID- 2401698
TI  - Centrifugal affinity chromatography.
AB  - A new technique termed centrifugal affinity chromatography (CAC) is presented in
      this paper. CAC combines a high flow-rate, created by centrifugal force, with the
      specificity of affinity chromatography. This technique has been used for the
      purification of human immunoglobulin G. Furthermore this technique has been used
      to remove human albumin from serum and the effect of centrifugal force, ionic
      strength and pH has been studied. A test for determining the percentage of
      glycosylated hemoglobin in hemolysates has also been developed. This test,
      employing centrifugal chromatography, is more than three times faster than
      commonly used gravity flow methods.

PMID- 2401699
TI  - Effect of polyethylene glycol on the non-specific adsorption of proteins to
      Eupergit C and agarose.
AB  - Non-specific adsorption of serum proteins to Eupergit C (EC) and agarose during
      the process of immunoaffinity chromatography often leads to contamination of the
      specifically eluted antigens to be purified. This effect was studied by
      application of serum samples to a beta-mercaptoethanol-blocked EC (EC-beta ME)
      column followed by analysis of proteins eluted with various elution buffers.
      Inclusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG 400 or 1500) in the loading buffer reduced
      the non-specific adsorption of proteins to EC but had an adverse effect on
      agarose. Covalent attachment of amino-PEG to EC and to epoxy-activated Sepharose
      mimicked the effect of PEG in solution with EC and resulted in a marked reduction
      in non-specific adsorption of serum proteins. Inclusion of PEG in the loading
      buffer during immunopurification of a serum protein (immunoglobulin G) or seminal
      plasma protein (human decidua protein hDP71) resulted in a marked improvement in
      the purity of these proteins eluted from the respective columns by ammonium
      acetate (pH 10).

PMID- 2401700
TI  - Chemistry and preparation of affinity ligands useful in immunoglobulin isolation
      and serum protein separation.
AB  - A number of synthetic affinity gels having high affinity for immunoglobulins and
      albumin have been prepared by first reacting hydroxyl groups of a polymer with
      pentafluoropyridine and 4-dimethylaminopyridine in an anhydrous polar organic
      solvent and then reacting the gel further with nucleophiles such as
      ethyleneglycol or glycine in basic aqueous solutions. Immunoglobulins can be
      adsorbed to the gel in either high-salt or low-salt buffers, while albumin can
      only be adsorbed under low-salt conditions. The identity of the eluted proteins
      was analyzed by gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay techniques. Human, goat, mouse and rabbit serum proteins were
      fractionated on these gels by using different adsorption and desorption
      conditions. The possible structures of the ligand are discussed. The results
      showed that the chromatographic behavior of these new gels with synthetic, low
      molecular-weight ligands was remarkably similar to that of the more complex
      immunoglobulin binding gel such as immobilized Protein A or Protein G.

PMID- 2401701
TI  - Site-directed immobilization of proteins.
AB  - To determine if immobilization chemistry can be used to orient antibody on a
      support so that the bivalent binding potential can be fully utilized, we
      developed three activated matrices that couple to different functional groups on
      the molecule. When AminoLink Gel was used to couple antibody randomly through
      primary amino groups, the molar ratio of immobilized antibody to recovered
      antigen averaged 1:1. Iodoacetyl groups on SulfoLink Gel couple through
      sulfhydryls in the hinge region of the antibody molecule, in theory leaving the
      antigen binding site available. However, the antibody-to-antigen molar ratio was
      only slightly improved. Hydrazide groups on CarboLink Gel couple to aldehyde
      groups generated by oxidation of carbohydrate moieties that are located primarily
      on the Fc portion of the antibody molecule. The molar ratio of immobilized
      antibody to purified antigen using CarboLink Gel reached the optimum of 1:2.
      CarboLink Gel is most effective at orienting antibody for better antigen
      purification capability.

PMID- 2401702
TI  - Enhanced activity of immobilized dimethylmaleic anhydride-protected poly- and
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The effect of reversible protection of the free amino groups of poly- and
      monoclonal antibodies by dimethylmaleic anhydride on their binding activity
      following immobilization onto various carriers was studied. The treatment with
      dimethylmaleic anhydride resulted in a 1.6-1.8-fold increase in the activity of
      immobilized goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibody immobilized onto different
      epoxy containing carriers and a 3-10.7-fold increase in the activity of
      immobilized monoclonal antibodies specific for carboxypeptidase A. The increase
      in activity was most pronounced at low antigen to carrier loads and over a wide
      range of modifier to protein ratios. The application of reversible protection of
      antibodies may permit the development of highly active immobilized antibody
      preparations for use in immunoaffinity purification.

PMID- 2401703
TI  - Eupergit C as a carrier for high-performance liquid chromatographic-based
      immunopurification of antigens and antibodies.
AB  - An immunoaffinity purification system using C30N and C1Z Eupergit C beads was
      developed and optimized. Poly- and monoclonal antibodies were purified using
      immobilized antigens and antigens were purified using immobilized antibodies.
      Antigens were used that possess enzymic activities and the efficiency of antigen
      binding was determined from the enzymic activity of the matrix-bound
      immunocomplexes. High-performance immunoaffinity purification using Eupergit C
      beads proved to be highly specific, reproducible, free from protein leakage and
      possessed a low degree of non-specific adsorption of tissue proteins. These
      characteristics of the system were illustrated by the isolation of immunoglobulin
      G from serum and of human decidua proteins from the decidua tissue and from
      seminal plasma. These proteins were obtained at high purity in a single
      purification step, as shown by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis.

PMID- 2401704
TI  - Characterization and distribution of angiotensin-II receptors in the primate
      fetus.
AB  - The binding characteristics and distribution of angiotensin-II (AII) receptors
      were studied in Cynomolgus monkey fetuses and one second trimester human fetus.
      In contrast to the adult monkey, in which binding was confined to the adrenal
      gland, kidney, and smooth muscle, autoradiographic studies in the monkey fetus
      revealed the presence of high density binding in mesenchymal tissue throughout
      the body, especially in skeletal muscle and dermis. In the kidney at 11 weeks,
      binding was mainly associated with connective tissue surrounding primitive
      nephrons, while at 17 weeks, binding distribution was similar to that in the
      adult primate kidney, being confined to the glomeruli and smooth muscle of blood
      vessels, with low binding in the tubules. In fetal monkey adrenal, binding was
      high in the medulla and connective tissue of the capsule, and low in the zona
      glomerulosa, while in the adult, binding was high in the zona glomerulosa and
      medulla. In membrane preparations from fetal monkey skin and skeletal muscle,
      binding was specific for AII analogs, but in contrast to the adult adrenal, it
      was not affected by guanyl nucleotides. Scatchard analysis showed a single class
      of sites with a Kd of 0.6 +/- 0.1 nM and a capacity of 3060 +/- 8.3 fmol/mg,
      higher than that of the adult adrenal glomerulosa (605 +/- 30 fmol/mg). Specific
      binding for AII analogs was also present in human fetal skin and skeletal muscle
      membranes, where Scatchard analysis indicated a Kd of 0.8 nM and a binding
      capacity of 640 fmol/mg. The transient expression of abundant AII receptors
      during the phase of rapid growth in the fetus in conjunction with the known
      effects of AII on cellular growth suggest a role for AII during fetal development
      in the primate.

PMID- 2401705
TI  - Different effects of thyroid disease on serum levels of procollagen III N-peptide
      and hyaluronic acid.
AB  - Serum levels of procollagen III N-peptide (PIIINP) and hyaluronic acid (HA)
      reflect secretion of procollagen III and HA from fibroblasts, a cell type
      sensitive to thyroid hormones. Serum PIIINP and HA concentrations were measured
      in different thyroid function states, the former by two different assays, one
      detecting intact and aggregated PIIINP (PIIINP assay) and another detecting low
      mol wt degradation products of PIIINP as well (Fab-PIIINP assay). Two thirds of
      28 hyperthyroid patients had elevated serum PIIINP values (mean, 192% in the
      PIIINP assay and 243% in the Fab-PIIINP assay) compared to age- and sex-matched
      controls (P less than 0.001). Normalization was seen after medical treatment (n =
      16). In contrast, serum HA levels increased from 49 +/- 30 to 68 +/- 37 ng/mL (P
      less than 0.01) when a euthyroid state was achieved. Hypothyroid patients (n =
      23) had increased serum HA levels (mean, 162%; P less than 0.05), which
      normalized after L-T4 treatment (71 +/- 50 before and 41 +/- 20 ng/mL after
      treatment (n = 16; P less than 0.02). L-T4 treatment also increased serum PIIINP
      levels significantly. Subjects with familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (n
      = 8), representing a situation with elevated circulating levels of T4 due to
      enhanced protein binding, and patients with nontoxic goiter with serum TSH levels
      ranging from 3.6-0.05 mU/L had normal serum levels of PIIINP and HA. Our data
      suggest that the secretion of procollagen III and that of HA from fibroblasts are
      influenced differently by thyroid hormones, since the secretion of procollagen
      III seems enhanced by thyroid hormones, whereas the secretion of HA seems
      reduced. Neither euthyroidism with enhanced serum T4 levels (familial
      dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia) nor euthyroidism with reduced serum TSH levels
      (nontoxic goiter) seems associated with alterations at the connective tissue
      level.

PMID- 2401706
TI  - Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in normal and obese subjects: comparison
      after the vitamin A fat-loading test.
AB  - Abnormalities in fasting lipid and lipoprotein levels are known to occur in
      obesity and other hyperinsulinemic states. However, postprandial lipoprotein
      metabolism has not been studied systematically in obese subjects using sensitive
      techniques to distinguish between triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles derived
      from the intestine and the liver. In the present study the vitamin A fat-loading
      test was used to label intestinally derived triglyceride-rich lipoprotein
      particles in the postprandial state. Lipid parameters in seven normolipidemic
      obese subjects [body mass index, 43.7 +/- 2.81 kg/m2 (mean +/- SEM)] were
      compared to those in eight matched normal weight controls (body mass index, 23.6
      +/- 0.72 kg/m2) during the 24-h period following ingestion of a mixed meal with a
      high fat content to which vitamin A had been added. Although subjects were
      selected for normal fasting lipid levels, in the obese group fasting
      triglycerides were significantly higher (1.35 +/- 0.12 vs. 0.68 +/- 0.08 mmol/L;
      P less than 0.0005) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was lower
      (0.94 +/- 0.08 vs. 1.35 +/- 0.11 mmol/L; P less than 0.01). The obese subjects
      had a greater postprandial triglyceride response to the test meal (P less than
      0.05). The cumulative increment in total plasma triglycerides was 3.35-fold
      greater in obese than control subjects, while that of retinyl ester was only 1.63
      fold greater, suggesting that a significant portion of the postprandial
      triglyceride response is due to endogenous hepatic lipoproteins. Postprandial
      plasma triglyceride and retinyl ester increment correlated with basal
      triglycerides (r = 0.72; P less than 0.005 and r = 0.57; P less than 0.03,
      respectively) and negatively with fasting HDL (r = -0.51; P less than 0.05 and r
      = -0.60; P less than 0.02, respectively). In the obese, the HDL triglyceride
      content increased maximally 4 h postprandially (4.1% to 6.1%; P less than 0.005)
      and phospholipid at 12 h (25.8% to 28.7%; P less than 0.05), with lower
      cholesteryl ester (21.1% to 17.5%; P less than 0.002) at 8 h, reflecting exchange
      of surface and core lipids with triglyceride-rich particles after the meal. In
      obese and control subjects the magnitude of HDL triglyceride enrichment after the
      meal correlated positively with the postprandial triglyceride increment (r =
      0.74; P less than 0.007) and negatively with the fasting HDL cholesterol
      concentration (r = -0.80; P = 0.002). We conclude that even normolipidemic obese
      subjects have greater postprandial lipemia and triglyceride enrichment of HDL
      after ingestion of a high fat meal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2401707
TI  - Naloxone inhibits oxytocin release at orgasm in man.
AB  - We examined the effect of naloxone on plasma oxytocin levels during sexual
      activity in men. Eight normal men took part in a double-blind, two-period, cross
      over design. Mean plasma oxytocin rose to 362% of baseline values at orgasm with
      placebo (saline) but showed no increase with naloxone (P less than 0.01). While
      naloxone had no effect on heart rate or blood pressure at orgasm, a decrease in
      the level of subjective arousal and pleasure at orgasm was noted. We conclude
      that opioid receptor blockade with naloxone has an inhibitory effect on the
      neural pathways mediating the oxytocin response at orgasm.

PMID- 2401708
TI  - Diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) by calcitonin assay using
      monoclonal antibodies: criteria for the pentagastrin stimulation test in
      hereditary MCT.
AB  - A new calcitonin (CT) immunoradiometric assay, using anti-11-7 and anti-24-32 CT
      fragment monoclonal antibodies was evaluated and compared to classical RIA. The
      sensitivity was 2.5 ng/L, the normal basal level (n = 83) was lower than 10 ng/L,
      the response to pentagastrin stimulation in control subjects was absent in nine
      and between 10-30 ng/L in nine others. (mean, 15.4). In patients with renal
      failure the basal level was increased between 10-52 ng/L. In patients with
      medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC; n = 28), the basal level was between 189-28,900
      ng/L. A pentagastrin test was performed as screening for familial MTC in eight
      patients with confirmed MTC at subsequent surgery; the calcitonin peak was equal
      or greater than 38 ng/L. Large differences exist between CT levels measured by
      RIA and immunoradiometric assay. The latter method provides a greater sensitivity
      to pentagastrin test and allows a better identification of microcarcinoma in
      hereditary cases of MTC.

PMID- 2401709
TI  - RU 486 (mifepristone): induction of dose dependent elevations of estradiol
      receptor in endometrium from ovariectomized monkeys.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the effect of the anti-progestin RU 486 on
      estradiol receptor concentrations in the endometrium of monkeys given physiologic
      estrogen replacement therapy. Estradiol-17 beta (E2) silastic implants were
      inserted infrascapularly into 12 long-term ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys
      (Macaca fascicularis) resulting in an average peripheral serum level of
      approximately 100 pg/ml estradiol. On day 6 of E2 treatment four treatment groups
      were initiated: Group I--estradiol implants only; Group II--estradiol implants
      plus 11 mumol progesterone/kg bodyweight in sesame oil via im injections on days
      6,7,8; Group III--estradiol implants plus 2.2 mumol RU 486/kg in sesame oil via
      im injections on day 6,7,8; Group IV--estradiol implants plus 11 mumol RU 486/kg
      via im injections on day 6,7,8. On treatment day 9 endometrial biopsies were
      removed by hysterotomies. Cytosolic and nuclear estradiol receptor contents of
      tissues were estimated by charcoal method. In Group I, the tissue contained 376
      +/- 123 pmol bound H-E2/g protein; the nuclear portion was about 16%. In Group
      II, the tissue contained 216 +/- 64 pmol bound 3H-E2/g protein; the nuclear
      portion was only 8%. In Group III, tissue contained 654 +/- 47 pmol bound H-E2/g
      protein; the nuclear portion was about 22%. In Group IV, the tissue contained
      1198 +/- 172 pmol bound 3H-E2/g protein; the nuclear portion was about 17%.
      Scatchard plot analysis indicated a Kd app of 1.04 x 10(-9) M. This study
      demonstrates that after physiologic E2 replacement therapy estradiol receptor
      concentrations rise dramatically following anti-progestin treatment; this effect
      was dose dependent.

PMID- 2401710
TI  - Genes and endocrine maladies.

PMID- 2401711
TI  - Deoxyribonucleic acid analyses of five families with familial inherited thyroid
      stimulating hormone deficiency.
AB  - Five families with familial inherited TSH deficiency, reported to date, were
      examined for the TSH beta gene at the nucleotide level. The first family carries
      a single base substitution in the 29th codon which lies in the so-called CAGYC
      region; GCA (glycine) is replaced by AGA (arginine). This substitution induces
      conformational changes of the beta-polypeptide which make it unable to associate
      with the alpha-subunit. This mutation generates a new cleavage site for a
      restriction endonuclease MaeI, a new marker that can be used for DNA diagnosis.
      The second and third families were found to carry the same nucleotide
      substitution. Also, all three families were associated with an additional single
      base substitution in intron 2 as a polymorphic change, suggesting that these
      three families may have originated from the same single founder from Shikoku
      Island in Japan. The nucleotide sequence from the fourth and fifth families
      showed no alterations in the TSH beta gene from the about -200 basepair up-stream
      region to the polyadenylation site.

PMID- 2401712
TI  - Iodomethylnorcholesterol uptake in an aldosteronoma shown by dexamethasone
      suppression scintigraphy: relationship to adenoma size and functional activity.
AB  - Dexamethasone-suppression (DS) adrenal scintigraphy localizes an aldosteronoma,
      but with false-negative results, i.e. 2 of 19 cases in our study. Our aim was to
      clarify the clinical meaningfulness of this test. Adrenal iodomethyl
      norcholesterol (NP-59) uptake on the adenoma side correlated with the estimated
      adenoma volume (n = 15, r = 0.843, P less than 0.001). Accordingly, the uptake
      ratio on the adenoma side to that on the opposite side depended on the adenoma
      volume (r = 0.683, P less than 0.01). This explains the false-negative results
      (uptake ratio less than 2) in two cases with small adenomas. The NP-59 uptake
      correlated weakly with the plasma aldosterone level (r = 0.516, P less than
      0.05). This result indicates the low correlation between NP-59 uptake and the
      ability to secrete aldosterone. NP-59 accumulation in the surgically removed
      gland was analyzed by autoradiography in six cases where DS scintigraphy was done
      just before surgery. The density was higher in the adenoma cells than in the
      adjacent cortical cells in five cases, but the difference was rather small, i.e.,
      within a 2-fold difference in four cases. In one case, almost the same density
      was observed in both types of cells. Thus, the laterality of NP-59 uptake
      primarily depends on the adenoma volume although NP-59 uptake somewhat reflects
      the adenoma's ability to secrete aldosterone or the adenoma cell's activity in
      accumulating NP-59. Care must be taken in interpreting the findings from DS
      scintigraphy where the adenoma is small or adrenal uptake is low.

PMID- 2401713
TI  - Pancreastatin-like immunoreactivity in urine.
AB  - The concentration and molecular form of pancreastatin-like immunoreactivity (PST
      LI) in urine of normal subjects and patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus or chronic renal failure were examined. PST-LI output (mean +/- SEM) in
      urine of normal subjects was 74.6 +/- 8.5 pmol/day and 87.1 +/- 11.7 pmol/g
      creatinine. That in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was 78.1
      +/- 9.0 (SEM) pmol/day and 85.6 +/- 9.0 pmol/g creatinine and was not
      significantly different from that in normal subjects. Gel filtration analysis
      showed that PST-LI molecules excreted in urine of these two groups were smaller
      than human pancreastatin (43-52) (hPST-10) of C-terminal fragment. The PST-LI
      molecular forms were deduced to be nonbioactive from the result that hPST-10 did
      not inhibit pancreatic exocrine secretion. PST-LI excretion in patients with
      chronic renal failure was 258.5 +/- 62.9 pmol/day and 713.2 +/- 219.6 pmol/g
      creatinine. A molecular form corresponding to hPST-52 and a larger form eluted in
      the high mol wt region (approximately mol wt 15 K) were detected by gel
      filtration of urine from these patients, indicating that PST-LI is excreted in
      urine without degradation in patients with chronic renal failure. These results
      support the suggestion that the kidney may play an important role in PST
      degradation or metabolism.

PMID- 2401714
TI  - Testosterone and oxandrolone, a nonaromatizable androgen, specifically amplify
      the mass and rate of growth hormone (GH) secreted per burst without altering GH
      secretory burst duration or frequency or the GH half-life.
AB  - We investigated the mechanisms by which androgens increase mean circulating GH
      concentrations in boys. We tested two hypotheses: 1) testosterone increases serum
      GH concentrations at least in part via an androgen receptor-mediated mechanism,
      rather than exclusively by way of aromatization to estrogen; 2) androgen augments
      one or more specific features to GH secretion (secretory burst number, amplitude,
      and/or duration) and/or prolongs the half-life of GH removal. To examine these
      hypotheses, prepubertal boys with constitutionally delayed development and/or
      growth were given injections of testosterone (100 mg monthly; n = 7) or treated
      with oral oxandrolone, a nonaromatizable androgen (1.25 mg twice daily; n = 5).
      Pulsatile GH release was studied before and during androgen administration by
      sampling blood at 20-min intervals for 24 h. The immunoreactive GH time series
      were subjected to a novel deconvolution technique, which revealed that 1)
      testosterone and oxandrolone each increased mean (24-h) serum GH concentrations
      significantly; 2) both androgens augmented the daily endogenous GH secretory rate
      significantly; 3) increased GH production resulted from a higher mass of GH
      secreted per burst and a higher maximal rate of GH secretion within each burst;
      and 4) androgens amplified the magnitude of the nyctohemeral rhythm in the mass
      (but not frequency) of GH secretory pulses. The observed effects of androgen were
      specific, since the number and duration of GH secretory bursts and the subject
      specific GH half-life were unaltered by androgen treatment. We conclude that
      androgen acting apart from conversion to estrogen is capable of specifically
      activating the somatotropic axis via distinct neuroendocrine secretory
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2401716
TI  - The uptake of tritiated diethylstilbestrol by the brain, pituitary gland, and
      genital tract of the fetal macaque: a combined chromatographic and
      autoradiographic study.
AB  - To examine the possible sites of action of the synthetic estrogen
      diethylstilbestrol (DES) in the developing primate, [3H]DES (250 mu Ci, iv, or
      500 mu Ci, sc) was administered directly into two rhesus and nine cynomolgus
      macaque fetuses at about 122 days gestation (range, 121-124 days). The location
      of cells accumulating radioactivity 60 min later was examined by autoradiography
      in two males and two females. In females, labeled neurons were observed in the
      hypothalamus, preoptic area, and amygdala, but not in the cerebral cortex. In one
      male a similar pattern of uptake was observed, but percentages of labeled neurons
      were lower, and in the other male very little labeling was observed in any
      region. The chemical identity of the radioactivity in cell nuclei was determined
      by high performance liquid chromatography in three males and four females.
      Concentrations of radioactivity in nuclear pellets were highest in the
      hypothalamus and lowest in the cerebral cortex. This regional variation was
      highly significant (P less than 0.001), but there was no significant difference
      between nuclear concentrations of radioactivity in males and females. In
      supernatant fractions, concentrations of radioactivity showed no significant
      variation between brain regions and after 60 min, 52-67% of the extracted
      radioactivity was no longer in the form of [3H]DES. Nuclear levels of
      radioactivity in pituitary glands and genital tracts of both male and female
      fetuses were 2-5 times higher than those in hypothalamus. The results
      demonstrated a direct interaction between DES and cell nuclei from specific
      regions of the brain, pituitary gland, and genital tract at this stage of
      gestation in a primate.

PMID- 2401715
TI  - The effects of dietary excesses in animal protein and in sodium on the
      composition and the crystallization kinetics of calcium oxalate monohydrate in
      urines of healthy men.
AB  - Dietary excesses in animal protein and/or salt have been implicated as risk
      factors in calcium oxalate urolithiasis. The underlying physicochemical mechanism
      is, however, not known. Eight healthy men were given four different diets varying
      in animal protein and in sodium content for 1 week each. On a high protein intake
      (2 g/kg.day) significant changes in urinary calcium, uric acid, and citrate
      excretion rates were found. Similar changes in calcium and citrate were induced
      by a high sodium intake (310 mmol/day). The changes were more pronounced when a
      high protein was combined with a high sodium diet. Urinary calcium increased from
      3.79 +/- 0.31 to 6.42 +/- 0.61 mmol/24 h and urinary uric acid from 4.69 +/- 0.26
      to 8.0 +/- 0.47, whereas urinary citrate decreased from 3.93 +/- 0.53 to 2.79 +/-
      0.34 mmol/24 h. All three dietary regimens induced a significant decrease in the
      ability of urines to inhibit calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal agglomeration,
      which was most marked during the combined diet (from 345 +/- 39 to 205 +/- 28
      min). The ability of urines to inhibit crystal agglomeration was related to their
      citrate content (r = 0.69, P less than 0.0001). These results show that high
      animal protein and/or sodium intake decrease the ability of urines to inhibit the
      agglomeration of calcium oxalate crystals and provide a possible physicochemical
      explanation for the adverse effects of dietary aberrations on renal stone
      formation.

PMID- 2401718
TI  - Plasma free and non-sex-hormone-binding-globulin-bound testosterone are decreased
      in obese men in proportion to their degree of obesity.
AB  - It is known that plasma total testosterone (T) is decreased in obese men in
      proportion to the degree of obesity, but similar information is not available for
      plasma free T and non-sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)-bound T. We measured
      the 24-h mean plasma total T in 48 healthy (non-weight-stable men, aged 18-55 yr,
      with body mass indexes (BMI) ranging from 21-95 kg/m2. Free T and non-SHBG-bound
      T were calculated using the measured total T, the concentrations of albumin and
      SHBG, and the association constants of T to albumin and SHBG. Total body fat
      content was measured by deuterium-water isotope dilution. Findings were as
      follows. 1) BMI was very highly correlated with total body fat content (r = 0.96;
      P less than 0.001); thus, the degree of obesity can be calculated just as
      appropriately from simple height and weight measurements as from measurements of
      total body fat content. 2) Total, non-SHBG-bound, and free T were all highly
      correlated inversely with BMI; for total T, r = -0.727, P less than 0.01; for non
      SHBG-bound T, r = 0.677, P less than 0.01; and for free T, r = -0.653, P less
      than 0.01. Thus, free T and non-SHBG-bound T are decreased in obese men in
      proportion to the degree of obesity, just as is the case for total T; percentage
      wise, the decrease was the same for all 3 parameters.

PMID- 2401717
TI  - Transthyretin messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the pancreas and in
      endocrine tumors of the pancreas and gut.
AB  - Transthyretin (TTR) cDNA probes were used to determine the presence of TTR mRNA
      in Northern blots from rat, porcine, and human organs as well as from human
      endocrine tumors. We also used in vitro translation in our study of the human
      tissues. In accordance with previous findings, TTR mRNA was found in the choroid
      plexus and, to a lesser extent, in the liver of all three species. In addition
      low levels of TTR mRNA were identified in the rat and human pancreas. All of the
      endocrine pancreatic tumors (two glucagonomas, two insulinomas, and one
      nonfunctional tumor) and the gut carcinoid also contained TTR mRNA, whereas other
      endocrine tumors (two pheochromocytomas and one paraganglioma) and one
      adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were TTR mRNA negative. The level of TTR mRNA
      expression in most of the endocrine pancreatic tumors exceeded that in the liver.
      The in vitro translations produced pre-TTR molecules of similar size for all TTR
      mRNA-positive human organs and tumors.

PMID- 2401719
TI  - An abnormality of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I axis in women
      with polycystic ovary syndrome.
AB  - To investigate the GH/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis in women with
      polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO), we measured serum concentrations of GH over a 14
      h period (0900-2300 h) in 10 women with this disorder using an ambulatory
      exfusion pump. The same study was carried out in 9 age- and weight-matched normal
      cycling women who served as controls. Mean (+/- SE) serum GH concentrations over
      the 14-h period were markedly lower in the subjects with PCO (0.6 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.8
      +/- 0.3 micrograms/L; P less than 0.005). Eight of 10 subjects with PCO had mean
      serum GH concentrations below 1.2 micrograms/L, while only 1 of 9 control
      subjects had corresponding values below this concentration. In contrast, mean
      circulating serum concentrations of IGF-I were indistinguishable in the 2 groups.
      We conclude from these data that PCO is characterized by decreased serum GH
      concentrations in the face of normal serum IGF-I concentrations. The mechanisms
      underlying this alteration in the GH/IGF-I axis and its role in the pathogenesis
      of PCO remain to be clarified.

PMID- 2401720
TI  - The pubertal growth spurt in eight patients with true precocious puberty and
      growth hormone deficiency: evidence for a direct role of sex steroids.
AB  - The relative contributions of GH, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I),
      estradiol, and testosterone to the pubertal growth spurt are incompletely
      understood. We studied 8 patients (5 girls and 3 boys) with true precocious
      puberty and GH deficiency due to CNS lesions to assess the role of sex steroids
      in pubertal growth independent of an increase in circulating GH. Included is 1
      patient with an unusual hypothalamic lesion due to head trauma. A control group
      of 17 GH-sufficient patients with true precocious puberty (13 girls and 4 boys)
      was matched for chronological age. The GH-deficient girls grew at a mean velocity
      of 9.2 cm/yr (range, 7.2-14.4), and the boy's mean height velocity was 7.9 cm/yr
      (6.1-9.9). Mean bone age was advanced in the GH-deficient group (girls, +2.7 SD;
      boys, +2.6 SD), but not as much as the GH-sufficient controls (girls, +5.4 SD;
      boys, +4.3 SD). The mean concentration of plasma IGF-I was lower in the GH
      deficient group than in the control group, but was greater than the mean
      concentration in age-matched prepubertal GH-deficient patients. Four GH-deficient
      patients were treated with a potent agonist of LRF. This caused suppression of
      gonadal sex steroid concentrations and a fall in mean height velocity from 9.1 to
      4.3 cm/yr after 1 yr of therapy; however, circulating GH and IGF-I values were
      not uniformly altered. We conclude that a substantial pubertal growth spurt can
      occur in patients with true precocious puberty and GH deficiency that is
      dependent on gonadal sex steroids yet unaccompanied by normal pubertal levels of
      circulating GH or IGF-I. Reversal of this growth acceleration is possible with
      sex steroid suppression. The results, in light of previous in vivo and in vitro
      studies, suggest that the normal pubertal growth spurt is mediated in part by
      direct effects of sex steroids at the growth plate.

PMID- 2401721
TI  - Steroid secretion by granulosa cells isolated from a woman with 17 alpha
      hydroxylase deficiency.
AB  - Steroid synthesis in luteal/granulosa cells harvested after follicular aspiration
      in a patient with 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency was investigated. Follicular
      stimulation with purified FSH after the suppression of ACTH and gonadotropin
      secretion by corticoid analogs and superactive GnRH agonist permitted ovum pick
      up and the study of steroid synthesis in the obtained granulosa cells.
      Progesterone synthesis was elevated while 17 alpha-hydroxy progesterone,
      testosterone, androstenedione, and estrogen production was minimal. Aromatase
      activity was retained in these cells, as demonstrated by the 100-fold increase in
      estrogen levels after the addition of androgens. Progesterone levels in
      follicular fluids were in the normal range, while estrogen, 17 alpha-hydroxy
      progesterone, and androgen levels were minimal. These results provide in vitro
      evidence of 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency in the granulosa cells of this
      patient.

PMID- 2401722
TI  - Weight training decreases vertebral bone density in premenopausal women: a
      prospective study.
AB  - The effect of exercise on bone mass is unclear. To determine the skeletal effect
      of weight-bearing exercise in premenopausal women, we prospectively evaluated the
      effects of a weight-training program on lumbar spine bone mass in 10 women (mean
      +/- SEM, 36.2 +/- 1.3 yr) and compared the results with those in 7 sedentary
      women (40.4 +/- 1.6 yr). None of the women had previously participated in a
      weight-training program, and all ingested a 500-mg calcium supplement each day
      throughout the study. Axial loading and balance of large muscle groups were
      emphasized. Individual strength increased by 57 +/- 8% over 9 months. Despite the
      increase in muscle strength, lumbar spine bone density in the exercising women
      decreased by 2.90% at 4.5 months and 3.96% at 9 months (P = 0.01). In contrast,
      there was no change in lumbar density in the controls over the 9-month period. We
      conclude that short term weight training at this frequency and intensity
      decreases vertebral bone mass in premenopausal women.

PMID- 2401723
TI  - Subcellular localization of newly incorporated myosin in rabbit fast skeletal
      muscle undergoing stimulation-induced type transformation.
AB  - Immunogold labelling was used to study the distribution of newly synthesized slow
      muscle myosin (SM) at the ultrastructural level as it replaced fast muscle myosin
      (FM) in rabbit muscles undergoing stimulation-induced type transformation.
      Control fast muscle was labelled strongly with antibody to FM and control slow
      muscle with antibody to SM; label was confined to the A-band. Well-defined
      differences in the distribution of label within the A-band suggested that the
      monoclonal antibodies used corresponded to epitopes on different parts of the
      myosin molecule; this was confirmed by Western blots of subfragments prepared
      from FM and SM. After 4 weeks of continuous stimulation at 10 Hz, fibres of the
      tibialis anterior muscle reacted with antibodies to both isoforms; after 6 weeks,
      labelling was obtained only with antibody to SM. After a 7-week period of
      stimulation and 3 further weeks of recovery, fibres again reacted with both
      antibodies. In all positively-labelled sections, the distribution of gold
      particles was characteristic of the antibody and independent of the origin or
      history of the fibres. This observation supports the conclusion that newly
      synthesized myosin is capable of being incorporated throughout the length and
      cross-section of the A-band.

PMID- 2401724
TI  - Correlation between shortening velocity, force-velocity relation and
      histochemical fibre-type composition in rat muscles.
AB  - Isometric and isotonic contractions of three muscles in the rat hind leg (soleus,
      extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and peroneus longus (PL] were recorded in situ at
      35 degrees C and with nerve stimulation. Additionally, the histochemical muscle
      fibre-type composition of the three muscles was determined by the method of Guth
      and Samaha (1970). The data obtained from soleus and EDL muscles were similar to
      those reported in previous studies. On the basis of twitch contraction time, rate
      of rise of tetanic tension and maximum shortening velocity, the contraction speed
      of EDL was 2-3 times higher than in soleus. In the PL muscle, the twitch
      contraction time, rate of tension rise and shortening velocity were 17 ms, 30
      Po/s and 12 muscle fibre lengths/s, respectively; the data showed that the
      contraction speed of PL muscle was intermediate between that of the soleus and
      EDL muscles. In the case of soleus, more than 75% of the cross-sectional area was
      occupied by type 1 (slow) fibres; in both EDL and PL muscles more than 90% of the
      area was occupied by type 2 (fast fibres). However, the two fast muscles (EDL and
      PL) had different proportions of type 2B fibres; the area occupied by the type 2B
      fibre complement was less than 5% in PL, whereas it was around 70% in EDL muscle.
      The differences in shortening velocity and force-velocity relation among the
      three muscles could be explained on the basis of their respective muscle fibre
      type compositions.

PMID- 2401725
TI  - Crossbridge activity monitored from the state of polarization of light diffracted
      by activated frog muscle fibres.
AB  - The polarization properties of the first diffraction order have been measured
      when single frog fibres are illuminated by laser light. The relative difference
      in the amplitudes of the orthogonal electric field polarization components
      (differential field ratio) as well as their phase shift normalized by the
      pathlength (birefringence) have been obtained from fibres at rest and during
      fixed-end twitches and tetani. The differential field ratio decreased during
      contraction and the change during a single twitch averaged 69% of that during a
      companion tetanus. The birefringence of the first order averaged 2.80 +/- 0.59 x
      10(-3) (mean +/- SD) at rest and the average decrease during a tetanus was 8.4%
      +/- 6.4%. The decrease in the differential field ratio upon activation was a
      decreasing function of sarcomere length, maximum at rest length and falling to
      zero at about 3.7 microns. Differences between the two first diffraction orders
      were observed for both the differentiated field ratio and the birefringence. At
      the time when force had risen to half the value reached at the end of the fast
      rise of tension, the change in the differential field ratio lead the tension by
      about 10-15 ms. The differential field ratio returned to its resting value after
      the fall of tension. The above results suggest that the differential field ratio
      is a sensitive indicator of intact fibre structure. The temporal lead in the
      differential field ratio with respect to tension rise supports models in which
      crossbridges initially attach in a non-force-producing state.

PMID- 2401727
TI  - Pathology across Europe: differences and similarities. 1. Haematology.

PMID- 2401726
TI  - Digestion of proteins associated with the Z-disc by calpain.
AB  - The Z-disc of striated muscle is degraded by the Ca2(+)-activated proteinase,
      calpain, during autolysis of muscle fibres. The effect of calpain on proteins in
      preparations of Z-discs isolated from Lethocerus flight muscle has been studied.
      Calpain releases alpha-actinin from the Z-disc and digests two hydrophobic
      proteins associated with the Z-disc, zeelin 1 (35 kD) and zeelin 2 (23 kD). The
      Ca2+ sensitivity of zeelin digestion is shifted to lower Ca2+ concentrations
      (within the physiological range) in the presence of the phospholipids
      phosphatidyl inositol or phosphatidyl choline and diacylglycerol. The release of
      alpha-actinin is not affected by phospholipid. Preparations of isolated Z-discs
      have five times as much associated phospholipid (w/w) as myofibrils and the
      composition of the lipid differs from that of myofibrils. In muscle fibres the
      action of calpain on zeelins may be controlled by the composition of phospholipid
      in the fibres as well as by Ca2+.

PMID- 2401728
TI  - Monocytoid B cell lymphoma: clinical and prognostic features of 21 patients.
AB  - Twenty one patients between 34 and 83 years of age with monocytoid B cell
      lymphoma (MBCL) of the lymph node were studied. The histological picture
      characteristically showed broad strands of medium sized cells with irregularly
      shaped nuclei and a fairly broad rim of slightly basophilic cytoplasm. One case
      developed into a centroblastic polymorphic lymphoma. Bone marrow infiltration was
      documented in three cases and leukaemic conversion in one case of MBCL. Seven
      patients had enlarged spleens. Eight patients were in stage I, five in stage
      II/IIE, two in stage IIIs and six in stage IV at the time of diagnosis. Of 18
      patients subsequently followed up, eight were in complete remission, two in
      partial remission, and three were undergoing treatment at completion of the
      study; five patients had died. Relapse occurred in nine patients and was a common
      feature of MBCL. The prognosis of MBCL was comparable with that of other low
      grade malignant lymphomas. Fourteen patients presented with primary nodal
      lymphoma. In seven patients with nodal MBCL, however, a concomitant low grade B
      cell lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) was also found in
      the stomach (n = 4), nasopharynx (n = 1), salivary glands (n = 1) and thyroid
      gland (n = 1). Two of these cases developed into high grade lymphoma. These extra
      nodal manifestations were found simultaneously with MBCL in five patients. In
      another two patients, however, these symptoms occurred in a later phase of the
      disease. It is emphasised that adequate staging procedures must be carried out in
      any case of nodal MBCL to exclude underlying low grade B cell lymphoma of the
      MALT.

PMID- 2401729
TI  - Prognostic value of cytophotometric analysis of DNA in lymph node aspirates from
      patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - To classify cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in terms of expected clinical
      behaviour and survival, kinetic parameters measured by cytophotometry were
      assessed in 62 patients between 1978 and 1987. The influence of the number of
      cells with increased DNA content (more than 2N) on survival was evaluated.
      Analyses were carried out on the small samples obtained by needle aspiration
      biopsy of lymph nodes before treatment, using microdensitometry and Feulgen
      staining. Patients whose lymphomas contained less than 6% of cells with increased
      DNA content had a mean survival of 81.3 months and those whose lymphomas
      contained 6% or more of such cells had a mean survival of 18.5 months. A
      significant difference in survival using the same criteria was also noticed for
      patients with both low grade lymphomas and those with intermediate and high grade
      lymphomas. It is concluded that cytophotometric analysis of lymph node aspirates
      is of prognostic value in the initial assessment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PMID- 2401730
TI  - Value of bilateral bone marrow biopsy specimens in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - A study of 260 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) who underwent bilateral
      bone marrow biopsy at initial diagnosis showed marrow disease in 99 (38%) cases.
      The highest incidence of disease (83%) was seen in small lymphocytic lymphoma
      (SLL) and the lowest (19%) in diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL). Among cases
      with positive marrows, disease was bilateral in all 15 cases of SLL but in only
      10 of 20 (50%) of the DLCL cases. In 30 of 99 (30%) positive marrows disease was
      unilateral. Follicular lymphomas were strongly associated with a paratrabecular
      pattern, with 40 of 45 positive cases showing this. Discordant histology was seen
      in six of 20 positive cases of DLCL and two of 37 positive cases of follicular
      small cleaved cell lymphomas (FSCCL). A bone marrow aspirate was positive in only
      56 of the 99 (57%) cases. Peripheral blood disease was present in 15% of the bone
      marrow positive cases and in 6% of the cases overall. The incidence of marrow
      disease varies with the histological subtype of lymphoma. The paratrabecular
      pattern is associated with follicular lymphoma, and bilateral biopsy specimens
      increase the positivity rate in most subtypes of NHL.

PMID- 2401731
TI  - Virus infections in bone marrow transplant recipients: a three year prospective
      study.
AB  - Over three years 81 consecutive bone marrow transplant recipients (32 allogeneic
      and 49 autologous) who received prophylaxis with acyclovir, were studied for
      symptomatic virus infection. Thirty nine infections were documented in a total of
      28 patients. Thirty two infections were mild, five were moderately severe, and
      two were severe. Cytomegalovirus infection occurred in only six allogeneic
      recipients. Herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus infections occurred
      infrequently. Seven patients who were considered at the time of death to have
      died due to an infectious cause were studied virologically at necropsy. In only
      one patient was a virus infection thought to have been the cause of death.
      Prophylaxis with acyclovir may have influenced the rate and clinical prominence
      of herpes virus infections. In this study viruses were considered to have had a
      relatively minor role in causing morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2401732
TI  - Giardiasis: analysis of histological changes in biopsy specimens of 80 patients.
AB  - Histological changes in duodenal biopsy specimens from 80 patients infected with
      Giardia lamblia were defined and compared with changes in duodenal biopsy
      specimens from 80 randomly chosen "healthy" patients. Villous architecture, the
      number of intraepithelial lymphocytes, the occurrence of lymphoid follicles and
      the density of colonisation by G lamblia trophozoites were examined. Grade 1
      villous flattening was observed in 41% of cases positive for Giardia and in 37.5%
      of the control cases. The mean content of intraepithelial lymphocytes was 24.5
      compared with 22.6 intraepithelial lymphocytes/100 epithelial cells in the
      positive and negative groups, respectively. Lymphoid follicles were more
      frequently observed in Giardia positive specimens, but their incidence was not
      significantly higher compared with that of controls. Twenty five per cent of
      patients positive for Giardia showed light, 41% intermediate, and 34% heavy
      colonisation by Giardia trophozoites. In 76% the parasites were observed in all
      specimens obtained. It is concluded that histological changes induced by G
      lamblia are not specific, and that two duodenal biopsy specimens might suffice to
      detect the trophozoites.

PMID- 2401734
TI  - Nucleolar organiser regions in adenocarcinoma in situ and invasive adenocarcinoma
      of the cervix.
AB  - Silver binding nucleolar regions (AgNORs) were evaluated in normal endocervix,
      adenocarcinoma, and its potential precursor, adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), in an
      attempt to increase an understanding of the natural history of cervical
      adenocarcinoma and to identify a marker for abnormal endocervical (atypical
      glandular) cells which could aid diagnosis and follow up of endocervical lesions.
      For every 50 cells the mean AgNOR counts were as follows: normal endocervical
      cells (n = 15) 79.8 (95% Cl 68-91); AIS (n = 20) 200.7 (95% Cl 182-219); and
      invasive adenocarcinoma (n = 30) 299 (271-328). There was no overlap between the
      groups of normal endocervical cells and invasive adenocarcinoma, but there was
      significant overlap between cases of invasive adenocarcinoma and carcinoma in
      situ. In six out of 17 cases with AIS, NOR count in adjacent morphologically
      normal glandular cells ("internal" controls) was increased when compared with the
      "external" (normal endocervical) control group. This suggests the presence of
      wider field changes not previously identified using routine histological methods.
      The findings suggest that AIS is a potential premalignant precursor of invasive
      adenocarcinoma, but that assessment of NORs is of no practical use in
      discriminating between the histological types of cervical carcinoma.

PMID- 2401733
TI  - Calcium overload in human giant cell myocarditis.
AB  - Myocardial calcium overload was observed in a patient with giant cell
      myocarditis. The myocardial calcium content estimated by atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry amounted to 120 mEq/kg dry weight, and the von Kossa stain
      disclosed multiple foci with patchy calcifications of myocardial fibres.
      Cytochemical examination of the ultrastructural calcium localisation using the
      phosphate-pyroantimonate method showed considerable variation in the subcellular
      calcium distribution. In normal myocytes calcium precipitates were confined to
      the inner leaflet of the sarcolemma, T-tubules, intercalated disks, and
      sporadically to mitochondria. In contrast, extensive calcification of
      mitochondria and loss of sarcolemmal calcium was evident in necrotic myocytes. A
      number of grossly normal myocytes also showed an increase of calcium precipitates
      in slightly swollen mitochondria. These findings suggest that myocardial calcium
      overload in this case started in viable myocytes and was not merely a secondary
      phenomenon occurring after cell death.

PMID- 2401735
TI  - Epidemiological study of complete and partial hydatidiform mole in Abu Dhabi:
      influence age and ethnic group.
AB  - An unmatched case control study of molar pregnancy was carried out at this
      hospital between 1978 and 1987 to investigate the influence of maternal age and
      ethnic group on the incidence of complete and partial hydatidiform mole. The age
      specific incidence of complete mole was minimal between the ages of 30 and 34
      years (relative risk 1), showed a minor peak in teenagers (relative risk 3.1, 95%
      confidence interval 6.5-1.4), and a major peak in those of 35 years and over.
      Between 35 and 39 years the relative risk was 2.5 (95% CI 6.2-1.0) and at 40
      years or more the relative risk was 9.8 (95% CI 28.9-3.3). No age group showed a
      significantly increased risk of partial mole. The women of Abu Dhabi had
      increased risks of both forms of molar pregnancy relative to women in Nottingham,
      England (relative risk 1): the risk of complete mole was increased threefold (95%
      CI 4.2-2.2) and that of partial mole twofold (95% CI 4.0-1.2). The increased risk
      of complete mole was greatest in Gulf Arabs (mainly Omanis and Yemenis) who had a
      sixfold increase in crude relative risk (95% CI 10.7-3.5). The increased risks of
      complete mole associated with maternal ethnic group remained after adjustment for
      maternal age distribution.

PMID- 2401736
TI  - Reticulocyte counting using flow cytometry.
AB  - A flow cytometric method for the quantitation of reticulocytes was refined for
      routine laboratory use. Blood (2 microliters) is added to 2 ml of 0.4 microM
      thiazole orange in phosphate buffered saline, incubated at room temperature for
      90 minutes, and analysed on a Coulter EPICS Profile flow cytometer, with gating
      for red cells on the basis of forward and right angled light scatter. Blood (2
      microliters) is also incubated with phosphate buffered saline alone as an
      unstained control. The adult reference range (mean +/- 2 SD), established from 30
      laboratory personnel, is 19.4-59.2 x 10(9)/l (0.2-1.6%). Comparison of this
      technique was made on 39 selected patient samples with visual counting of cells
      stained with brilliant cresyl blue. The correlation between the two methods was
      0.99 with slope 0.96 and intercept 0.02. The precision of the automated technique
      in three subjects with reticulocyte counts of 0.12%, 1.84%, and 14.3% was 33.3%,
      7.3%, and 1.4%, respectively (coefficient of variations). In three patients
      studied serially after intensive chemotherapy, in whom the reticulocyte count
      quantitated by routine visual methods approached zero (0-0.1%) for eight to 18
      days, the automated counts varied between 0 and 0.5%. Flow cytometric
      reticulocyte counting is thus a simple and highly reliable methodology for the
      quantitation of normal and raised reticulocyte counts but cannot be reliably used
      to quantitate a subnormal level.

PMID- 2401737
TI  - Automation and prothrombin time: a United Kingdom field study of two widely used
      coagulometers.
AB  - Current performance in the prothrombin time (PT) of the two main United Kingdom
      coagulometer/thromboplastin systems was assessed in a field survey. Twenty
      abnormal samples covering a wide spectrum of International Normalised Ratio (INR)
      were distributed to users of the KC4/KC10 and Coag-a-Mate instruments.
      Coagulometer results were compared with those of the manual method. A substantial
      minority with each system showed good agreement with the manual reference values.
      There was, however, a considerable variation between instruments, meaningful in
      clinical terms, evidenced by varying regression slopes and local system
      International Sensitivity Indices (ISI). For intense anticoagulation (3.0 to 4.5
      INR) a larger dose of warfarin is needed with the Coag-a-Mate than with the KC
      instruments. With a manual INR of 4.0 the KC instruments tended to give longer PT
      (mean INR + 0.3); the Coag-a-Mate PT was generally shorter (mean INR -0.1). With
      both systems the mean normal PT were shorter than the manual but the degree of
      shortening did not parallel that of the abnormal samples. This effect undermines
      the use of a simple prothrombin ratio and of an INR value derived from it, based
      on a manual ISI. The use of a system related ISI cannot, however, be recommended
      until local instrument variables are controlled.

PMID- 2401738
TI  - Evaluation of urinary antigen ELISA for diagnosing Legionella pneumophila
      serogroup 1 infection.
AB  - The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) described was developed to detect a
      soluble antigen in the urine of patients with Legionnaires' disease caused by
      Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (L.pn 1). The assay was evaluated and showed
      good specificity (100%) and intra-assay reproducibility. Antigen was detected in
      the urine of 93 (77%) of 120 patients, overall, and in 86% of patients from whom
      a specimen obtained within seven days of onset of illness was available. On all
      but one occasion the first urine sample taken from a patient for whom a positive
      ELISA result was obtained, was itself positive. In one case antigen was not
      detected at four days but was present on the fifth day after onset of symptoms.
      In two patients urinary antigen was detectable as early as two days after onset
      of symptoms. In another the antigen persisted for at least 60 days. More than
      half the patients, however, had stopped producing detectable antigen within 14
      days of onset of symptoms. It is therefore important that where Legionnaires'
      disease is suspected urine is collected as early as possible in the course of the
      disease.

PMID- 2401739
TI  - Are calculated globulin measurements useful in screening for paraproteinaemia?

PMID- 2401740
TI  - T cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with uveitis, pancreatitis, digital gangrene and
      multiple chromosomal abnormalities.

PMID- 2401741
TI  - Intraepithelial malakoplakia.

PMID- 2401742
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of Candida mediastinitis by coagglutination.

PMID- 2401743
TI  - Expression of epithelial membrane antigen by carcinoid tumours.

PMID- 2401744
TI  - Nucleolar organiser regions in renal tumours.

PMID- 2401746
TI  - The drug development process and clinical practice.

PMID- 2401747
TI  - New pharmacokinetic methods. III. Two simple test for "deep pool effect".
AB  - If a portion of administered drug is distributed into a "deep" peripheral
      compartment, the drug's actual elimination half-life during the terminal
      exponential phase of elimination may be longer than determined by a single dose
      study or a tracer dose study ("deep pool effect"). Two simple methods of testing
      for "deep pool effect" applicable to drugs with either linear or nonlinear
      pharmacokinetic properties are described. The methods are illustrated with stable
      isotope labeled (13C15N2) tracer dose studies of phenytoin. No significant (P
      less than .05) "deep pool" effect was detected.

PMID- 2401745
TI  - Cellularity and oestrogen receptor content in breast cancer microsamples.

PMID- 2401748
TI  - Effects of single-dose and short-term oral nifedipine on indocyanine green
      clearance as assessed by spectrophotometry and high performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - The effects of single-dose (10 mg) and short-term (10 mg tid) nifedipine
      treatment on apparent hepatic blood flow, as assessed by indocyanine green (ICG)
      clearance, were studied in ten healthy male subjects. ICG was measured by both
      spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay
      methods. Blood clearance of ICG and apparent hepatic blood flow were increased by
      30 and 50%, respectively, after single-dose nifedipine, whereas after 4 days'
      treatment these values were 12 and 30%. The spectrophotometric assay
      significantly overestimated ICG plasma concentrations from 7 minutes onwards.
      Although the spectrophotometric and HPLC assay showed marked differences in
      calculated half-lives and volume of distribution of ICG, the ICG clearance values
      were similar for the two assay methods.

PMID- 2401749
TI  - The influence of pentoxifylline and torbafylline on muscle blood flow in animals
      with peripheral arterial insufficiency.
AB  - The potential of pentoxifylline to enhance blood flow to relatively ischemic
      muscle during running was evaluated in rats with peripheral arterial
      insufficiency. Femoral artery stenosis, sufficient to limit exercise hyperemia
      but not affect resting blood flow, was surgically induced in adult male rats
      (approximately 350 g). Day three after stenosis, rats were assigned to either a
      control (N = 14) or treatment (N = 14) group and exercised 5 days a week for 3
      weeks. Exercise tolerance of rats fed pentoxifylline (34 +/- 1.3 mg/kg/day) or an
      analog (torbafylline; 34 +/- 2.3 mg/kg/day) increased more (P less than .001)
      than control rats in the third week of treatment. This was evidenced by a higher
      treadmill speed and longer duration of running. Blood flows determined with 85Sr
      and 141Ce labeled 15 mu spheres at low (20 m/min) and high (30-35 m/min)
      treadmill speeds were similar for each group and approximately 50% of that found
      in normal nonstenosed rats. Blood flows to the entire hindlimb, to the proximal
      and distal hindlimb segments, and to individual muscle fiber sections were not
      different between control and pentoxifylline groups. Thus, the increase in
      exercise tolerance could not be attributed to an increase in muscle blood flow.
      Rather, an enhanced oxygen extraction by the working limb muscles should lead to
      the increased VO2, required by the faster running speed in the pentoxifylline
      rats. This suggests that pentoxifylline may act to improve microvascular flow
      heterogeneity in working muscle. Our findings support clinical evidence that
      pentoxifylline is effective in managing patients with peripheral arterial
      insufficiency.

PMID- 2401750
TI  - A comparison of the anti-hypertensive effectiveness of two
      triameterene/hydrochlorothiazide combinations: Maxzide versus Dyazide.
AB  - The hydrochlorothiazide component of Maxzide (Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River,
      NY) has been shown to be more bioavailable than the hydrochlorothiazide component
      of Dyazide (Smith, Kline and French Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA). The authors
      compared the antihypertensive effectiveness of a half-tablet of Maxzide (25 mg of
      hydrochlorothiazide and 37.5 mg of triamterene) to one capsule of Dyazide (25 mg
      of hydrochlorothiazide and 50 mg of triamterene) to determine if the difference
      in bioavailability would be reflected in differences in blood pressure control
      and metabolic changes. Thirty patients were studied in a randomized open-label
      crossover design study. There was a significant reduction in systolic blood
      pressure for both treatments although there was no difference in blood pressures
      at any time during the study between the two agents. There were no statistically
      significant differences between Maxzide and Dyazide in terms of metabolic changes
      for potassium, magnesium, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, or
      calcium. Although the hydrochlorothiazide component of Maxzide is more
      bioavailable than that of Dyazide this did not translate into enhanced
      hypotensive efficacy.

PMID- 2401751
TI  - Norfloxacin does not alter warfarin's disposition or anticoagulant effect.
AB  - Drug interactions related to inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism have been
      identified for some fluoroquinolone antibiotics. This study was designed to
      investigate whether the fluoroquinolone norfloxacin at the usual clinical dosage
      interacts with the anticoagulant agent warfarin. Ten healthy male subjects were
      administered a single oral dose of 30 mg warfarin sodium alone or during multiple
      dose treatment with norfloxacin, 400 mg bid, in a randomized, crossover fashion.
      Plasma warfarin concentrations and prothrombin times were measured for 6 days
      after each of the two warfarin doses. The pharmacokinetic parameters of warfarin
      were comparable in the absence and presence of norfloxacin, including no
      significant differences in warfarin's elimination half-life, apparent total
      clearance, apparent volume of distribution, or peak plasma concentration.
      Norfloxacin also had no significant effect on the anticoagulant effect of
      warfarin, as assessed by the area under the prothrombin time versus time curve
      and the maximum response for prothrombin time. The lack of pharmacokinetic or
      pharmacodynamic interaction observed in this study suggests that a clinically
      important interaction of norfloxacin and warfarin is unlikely to occur in
      patients requiring both drugs.

PMID- 2401752
TI  - Effect of food and antacid on absorption of orally administered ticlopidine
      hydrochloride.
AB  - Ticlopidine is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Absorption of
      ticlopidine after oral dosing is rapid and complete. Ticlopidine is extensively
      metabolized with a relative minor component of unchanged ticlopidine in plasma.
      The randomized crossover study described here was undertaken to examine the
      effect of food and antacid on the oral bioavailability of a single dose of
      ticlopidine (250 mg) in normal volunteers. After postprandial treatment the rate
      and extent of absorption of ticlopidine was earlier and greater relative to
      fasting treatment [tmax = 1.71 +/- 0.33 hr (fed) vs 1.92 +/- 0.56 hr (fasting)
      and AUC0-infinity = 2.164 +/- 0.813 micrograms X hr/mL (fed) vs 1.808 +/- 1.052
      micrograms X hr/mL (fasting)]. The oral bioavailability of ticlopidine was
      increased by 20% when taken after a meal. In contrast, absorption of ticlopidine
      administered after antacid treatment was approximately 20% lower than under
      fasting conditions. Administration of ticlopidine with food is recommended to
      maximize gastrointestinal tolerance.

PMID- 2401753
TI  - Lack of effect of cefixime on the metabolism of vitamin K1.
AB  - It seems that cephalosporins bearing a N-methyl-thio-tetrazole or a methyl
      thiadiazole moiety in their molecule can cause hypoprothombinemia in patients via
      inhibition of the metabolism of vitamin K1 if they are in addition in a vitamin
      K1-deficient state. The authors therefore studied the effects of two different
      oral doses (200 and 400 mg) of the cephalosporin cefixime on the metabolism of
      vitamin K1 in healthy volunteers, because the accumulation of vitamin K1-2,3
      epoxide in plasma is a sensitive marker of coumarin-like activity of drugs. The
      results indicate that the development of hypoprothrombinemia due to an impairment
      of the metabolism of vitamin K1 by cefixime seems unlikely because only trace
      amounts of vitamin K1-2,3-epoxide could be determined in the plasma of the
      subjects investigated.

PMID- 2401754
TI  - The pharmacodynamics of ethanol: effects on performance and judgment.
AB  - The objective and subjective effects produced by increasing and decreasing
      ethanol concentrations were studied in healthy volunteers on three separate
      occasions. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-way crossover
      study was used to determine whether there is any disparity between the time
      course of blood ethanol concentration and its effects on either objective test
      performance or self rated impairment. On each study day the subjects received one
      of four treatments consisting of either placebo or sufficient alcohol to achieve
      peak estimated blood alcohol concentration (Est.BAC) of 0.07 gm/dL, 0.1 gm/dL or
      0.14 gm/dL. Est.BAC determined from breath alcohol concentrations were measured
      20 minutes after each "dose" until peak Est.BAC was achieved, then 1, 2, 3.5, and
      4.5 hours after peak Est.BAC. Digit symbol substitution (DSS), simulated driving
      reaction time (SDRT), choice reaction time (CRT) and self assessment of
      impairment (SRI) were measured simultaneously with Est.BAC. Changes in objective
      performance test scores were well correlated with Est.BAC (r2 = 0.60 P less than
      .01). Maximum impairment in test performance occurred at the same time as peak
      Est.BAC. Threshold Est.BAC needed to produce changes in objective test scores
      greater than placebo were 0.06 +/- 0.01 for DSS, 0.04 +/- 0.01 for SDRT, and 0.04
      +/- 0.02 for CRT. There was no evidence of between dose or within dose tolerance
      to the effects produced by various Est.BAC on any of these performance tests.
      Subjects' self rated degrees of impairment at various Est.BAC were influenced by
      whether alcohol concentrations were rising or falling. Subjective impairment
      ratings were greater while alcohol concentrations were increasing compared to the
      same Est.BAC occurring during falling alcohol concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401755
TI  - Chemical and biological studies of a cigarette that heats rather than burns
      tobacco.
AB  - Cigarettes can be developed that heat rather than burn tobacco. Such products
      would be expected to have less "tar" and other combustion products than
      cigarettes that burn tobacco. With one product of this type, benzo(a)pyrene, N
      nitrosamines, phenolic compounds, acetaldehyde, acrolein, hydrogen cyanide, and N
      heterocyclic compounds have been reduced 10- to 100-fold compared to the Kentucky
      reference (1R4F) cigarette, a representative low-tar cigarette. The yields of
      nicotine and carbon monoxide from this new cigarette are less than the yields of
      95% and 75%, respectively, of the cigarettes sold in the United States during
      1988. Nicotine absorption from smoking this new cigarette is not significantly
      different from that of tobacco-burning cigarettes yielding equivalent levels of
      nicotine. The urine mutagenicity of smokers of new cigarettes is significantly
      less (P less than .05) than that of smokers of tobacco-burning cigarettes and is
      not significantly different (P greater than .10) from that of nonsmokers. We
      conclude that cigarettes which heat rather than burn tobacco can reduce the yield
      of tobacco combustion products. This simplification of smoke chemistry had no
      effect on nicotine absorption in smokers and resulted in a reduction of
      biological activity in smokers as measured by urine mutagenicity.

PMID- 2401756
TI  - Plasma codeine and morphine concentrations after a single oral dose of codeine
      phosphate.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of codeine and its O-demethylated metabolite morphine were
      determined, by a sensitive and specific high performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC) method, following a single oral dose of 60 mg codeine phosphate. Ten
      healthy volunteers received a single dose of 60 mg codeine phosphate. The plasma
      concentrations were analyzed for codeine and morphine at the 0.5, 1, 3, and 6
      hours postdosing. The mean peak codeine plasma concentrations and tmax (time to
      reach maximum plasma codeine concentrations) were 88.1 ng/mL and 1.2 hours. Mean
      maximum concentrations of metabolically produced morphine was 2.7 +/- 0.6 ng/mL.
      The mean ratio of areas under the plasma concentration-time curves for morphine
      and codeine was 0.027. Thus, free morphine represented only about 2.7 +/- 1.8% of
      the free codeine area in each case.

PMID- 2401757
TI  - Milk yield and mammary function in dairy cows milked four times daily.
AB  - Groups of lactating cows and heifers were milked four times daily in two
      diagonally opposed glands for 4 weeks, and the effects on milk yield studied
      relative to twice-daily milked glands as controls. Mammary enzyme activities, in
      vitro synthesis rates of milk constituents and histological scoring were
      determined in mammary biopsy samples obtained at the end of this period. These
      were used for assessment of mammary function. Frequent milking increased milk
      yield only in the treated glands, the contralateral control glands continuing to
      decline in yield at approximately 2%/week. There was no significant difference in
      response between cows and heifers; the mean increase in yield was 10.4%. The rate
      of decline in milk yield tended to decrease with frequent milking, to
      approximately 1%/week. Consequently the yield of the treated glands continued to
      be elevated above that of the controls for some time after reversion to overall
      twice daily milking. Milk protein content was increased slightly by frequent
      milking. Mammary enzyme activities were approximately 18% higher in the treated
      glands than in the controls. Synthesis rates of lactose, casein and total protein
      were unaffected by milking frequency, but were all lower in the gland selected
      for the second biopsy, reflecting the reduction in milk yield caused by the first
      biopsy. DNA synthesis was increased by milking frequency, as were the size and
      number of epithelial cells in histological sections.

PMID- 2401758
TI  - The effect of udder preparation before milking and contamination from the milking
      plant on bacterial numbers in bulk milk of eight dairy herds.
AB  - The effect of teat washing and drying on bacterial numbers in bulk milk was
      compared with that of no teat preparation in eight commercial herds over one
      year. Using in-line milk samplers, milk was collected at various points during
      its passage through the milking plant and the samples were used to establish the
      relative significance of the sources of contamination of raw milk. Teat washing
      and drying of cows housed during winter reduced the total counts by 40% and
      streptococcal and coliform counts by 50%. Bacterial counts were significantly
      lower in cows at pasture during the summer and there was no reduction in count
      due to teat washing and drying. Bacteriological counts increased at each stage as
      the milk passed through the milking machine. The milking equipment significantly
      increased the total colony count by between 2000 and 3000/ml, and the bulk tank
      added a further 1500 to 2000/ml. The mean rinse bacterial counts of the milking
      equipment were higher in summer than winter, averaging 4.4 X 10(7) bacteria/m2
      compared with 3.5 X 10(7)/m2 respectively. Although this level of bacterial
      contamination of the equipment is high by current standards, very low bulk milk
      bacterial counts were nevertheless achieved, particularly in the summer. This
      confirms that organisms from this source are not a major contaminant of the bulk
      milk. There was a very poor correlation between rinse counts and the bulk milk
      bacterial count, but a strong correlation (0.98) between total and streptococcal
      counts of the bulk milk. The unreliability of the use of rinse techniques to
      assess the contribution of milking equipment to bacterial counts of raw milk is
      emphasized.

PMID- 2401759
TI  - A method for assessing loss in milk yield due to subclinical mastitis.
AB  - A method for assessing the loss in quarter milk yield due to subclinical mastitis
      is proposed. It is based upon two indices calculated from quarter milk yields and
      results from the assessment of mastitis obtained by measurement of the electrical
      conductivity of milk. The results were obtained from the cows through repeated
      quarter-milkings during several months of lactation. The grade of abnormality of
      a quarter with subclinical mastitis was expressed by the first index, the mean
      quarter difference of electrical conductivity of milk produced by the quarter
      (mQdEC, 25 degrees C). The reduction in milk yield of a quarter presumed to be
      due to subclinical mastitis was expressed by another index, the quarter yield
      ratio, R, which is that percentage of normal milk yield produced by a quarter
      with mastitis. Examination of the relationship between these two indices showed
      that subclinical mastitis caused a reduction in milk yield in the affected
      quarters. From the linear regression, it was found that approximately 3%
      reduction in quarter milk yield occurred for every 1 X 10(-4)S/cm increase in the
      mQdEC of the quarter with presumed subclinical mastitis.

PMID- 2401760
TI  - The diagnosis of subclinical mastitis by redefinition of the interquarter ratio
      and definition of the interquarter variation using analysis of variance methods.
AB  - A definition is proposed for the interquarter ratio of markers of inflammation in
      the bovine mammary gland which in contrast to present measurement procedures has
      well-defined distributional properties and thus facilitates statistical analysis.
      Our proposal of an interquarter ratio is equally applicable to evaluation of both
      single and multi-sample experiments. Finally, we define a new index for diagnosis
      of subclinical mastitis at the cow level, the interquarter variation, which
      assesses the degree of dispersion of the four quarter levels for values of any
      continuous inflammatory marker.

PMID- 2401761
TI  - Changes in the concentrations of glucose and galactose in the peripheral blood of
      sucking piglets.
AB  - Changes in the concentrations of glucose and galactose were measured in the
      peripheral blood of ten piglets after they had ingested milk during a natural
      sucking. In addition, the mild stress associated with the experimental procedure
      was determined by sampling nine fasted piglets over a period of 9 to 12 min.
      During this period there was a significant increase in the concentration of
      glucose in the blood of the piglets but no change in the concentration of
      galactose. After milk ingestion during a natural sucking the concentrations of
      both glucose and galactose increased from 5.7 mM and 19 microM to reach peak
      values of 7.7 mM and 122 microM, respectively, by 30 to 35 min. The
      concentrations of glucose and galactose returned to initial values in 60-80 min
      and 80-100 min, respectively, after sucking. Since the change in the
      concentration of galactose in the peripheral blood was much lower than the change
      in the concentration of glucose, we conclude that galactose was rapidly removed
      by the livers of sucking piglets. However, after the ingestion of milk the
      percentage increase (from initial to peak values) in the concentration of
      galactose in the blood was much larger (650%) than the increase in the
      concentration of glucose (43%). Thus, we propose that the determination of
      galactose in the peripheral blood may provide a qualitative method for monitoring
      the digestion and absorption of milk lactose in sucking piglets.

PMID- 2401762
TI  - Soft occlusal splint therapy in the treatment of migraine and other headaches.
AB  - Fifty-seven patients suffering from migraine, tension headache or tension
      vascular headache were prescribed a soft occlusal splint for night-time wear.
      Dental, psychosocial/psychiatric and neurological data were recorded prior to
      commencement of therapy and at the conclusion of a 3 month treatment period. A
      statistically significant number of patients presenting with migraine or tension
      vascular headache experienced marked improvement or complete relief of headache
      symptoms, but most patients suffering from tension headache failed to benefit
      from splint therapy. A majority of patients displaying intercurrent features of
      craniomandibular dysfunction experienced reduction in these symptoms also. There
      was a statistically significant association between TMJ improvement and headache
      type. Prior to treatment, patients who subsequently benefited from splint therapy
      in terms of headache improvement had experienced significantly fewer headaches
      than patients who failed to respond, although headache intensity and duration
      were similar in both groups. It is suggested that headache type and frequency may
      be prognostic indicators of the likely success of dental splint therapy in
      treatment of headache. Nevertheless, the use of occlusal splints in the treatment
      of patients complaining of headache in the absence of evidence of
      craniomandibular dysfunction should not be embarked upon until medical
      examination has excluded the possibility of organic neurological disorder.

PMID- 2401763
TI  - Trigeminal somatosensory evoked potentials: technical parameters, reliability and
      potential in clinical dentistry.
AB  - Various parameters of the short-latency trigeminal somatosensory evoked potential
      (TSEP) waveform were investigated in 12 healthy volunteers. The waveform was
      found to comprise two principal components at 23 (N1) and 39 (P1) ms and to show
      a significant contralateral dominance. Varying the stimulus strength
      significantly affected the amplitudes but not the peak latencies. The waveform
      pattern was maintained irrespective of whether the reference site was Fpz or Cv7.
      The peak latencies of N1 and P1 were found to be very reproducible. To a lesser
      extent, N1-P1 amplitude was also reproducible. The results show that clear and
      reliable TSEPs can be conveniently generated at the pain threshold intensity, and
      that they could be suitable for clinical investigations of lesions involving the
      trigeminal pathway. The clinical application of TSEPs has helped in treatment
      planning for patients with lesions of branches of the trigeminal nerve. Three
      cases are presented in which the TSEP confirmed the presence of the lesion, and
      was used to forecast its prognosis.

PMID- 2401764
TI  - Physicochemical properties of commercially available mouthrinses.
AB  - This study evaluated physicochemical properties of eight commercially available
      mouthrinses, namely surface tension, in vivo enamel contact angle, viscosity,
      penetration coefficient, acidity and buffer capacity. The penetration
      coefficient, determined by the surface tension, contact angle and viscosity, is a
      measure of the ability of a liquid to penetrate into a capillary space, such as
      interproximal regions, gingival pockets and pores. The acidity is often
      determined by a compromise of the requirements for taste, enamel remineralization
      and stability of the solution. Among the eight mouthrinses evaluated, the
      physicochemical properties differed greatly, in particular, the penetration
      coefficient which varied by a factor of 1.8 over the products tested.
      Surprisingly several of the products tested were found to be extremely acidic.

PMID- 2401765
TI  - Further development and evaluation of high impact strength denture base
      materials.
AB  - The further development of poly(methylmethacrylate) reinforced with low molecular
      weight polybutadiene-based rubbers previously studied is described. The materials
      produced have been optimized with respect to impact strength and Young's modulus,
      giving results up to 0.13 J for the former whilst maintaining the latter at about
      2.3 G.Pa. Additionally, the systems have been evaluated with respect to
      viscoelastic properties, water absorption and the effect of the latter on
      mechanical properties. Further work on the underlying mechanisms should lead to a
      greater understanding of these systems which could, in turn, produce more
      superior materials.

PMID- 2401766
TI  - A laboratory investigation of a new design of self-aspirating syringe.
AB  - A new design of dental cartridge syringe which incorporates a double self
      aspirating mechanism has been investigated under controlled conditions in the
      laboratory. The new design was compared to two self-aspirating syringes which
      have been available for some time, namely the Astra and Aspiject syringes. The
      new syringe aspirated as effectively as the Astra design and was better in this
      respect than the Aspiject. The method used to examine the syringes involved tests
      which might be of value in creating standards for dental local anesthetic
      cartridges.

PMID- 2401767
TI  - [The mechanism of the interaction of the pH-dependent cytostatic cauloside C with
      the membranes of tumor cells and liposomes].
AB  - The effect of the medium pH on accumulation of [3H]-cauloside C by tumor cells,
      its intracellular localization, and interaction of the glicoside with membranes
      of tumor cells and liposomes has been studied. The shift towards weakly acids pH
      leads to the increase in the amount of cauloside C accumulated by tumor cells and
      changes the pattern of interaction of cauloside C with the membranes.

PMID- 2401768
TI  - [The effect of local anesthetics on the electric properties of black flat
      bilayers].
AB  - The effect of some local anesthetics on conductance of bilayer lipid membranes
      made of egg yolk lecithin has been studied. Low concentrations of anesthetics
      were shown to gradually increase the integral conductance of bilayers. This
      effect is connected with the protonophore activity of the tested anesthetics and
      it caused the stabilization of the bilayers. High concentrations of anesthetics
      caused destabilization of membranes and formed zones of nonselective increased
      conductance.

PMID- 2401770
TI  - [Passive Ca2+ transport in a suspension of isolated smooth-muscle cells and the
      contribution of the basal calcium permeability of the plasma membrane to the
      activation of a tonic contraction].
AB  - Ca2+ concentration has been estimated in isolated myometrium cells using Ca2(+)
      sensitive quin-2 fluorescent probe. Two components of Ca permeability of the
      plasmatic membrane have been determined, a potential-independent one (activated
      by K+ depolarization and nitrendipine-sensitive), and a basal one (not sensitive
      to nitrendipine). Smooth muscle cells could maintain intracellular Ca2+
      concentration at the physiological level. In the presence of nitrendipine,
      orthovanadate, an inhibitor of sarcolemma Ca pump, induced the increase in the
      basal tonus depending on the presence of the Ca2+ in the medium. This suggests
      that in conditions of the blockage of electrically controlled Ca channels and Ca
      pump of the plasmatic membrane, the noncompensated basal Ca2+ influx activates
      the tonic contraction of smooth muscles.

PMID- 2401769
TI  - [The action of timoptin peptides on the hemostatic system].
AB  - Repeated introduction of thymus polypeptide drug thymoptine (8 times every 24
      hours, 1 microgram/kg) led to the increase in total and non-enzymatic
      fibrinolytic activity of blood plasma and the decrease in fibrinogen
      concentration. Thymoptine could lyse non-stabilized fibrin and cause
      depolymerization of aggregates of fibrin monomer in virto. Highest
      depolymerization activity was observed at thymoptine concentration of 10
      micrograms/ml.

PMID- 2401771
TI  - [The intercellular connection of axons-capillaries in the light of genetically
      determined resistance to emotional stress].
AB  - Genetic factor is one of the main factors of systemic organization of animal
      resistance to emotional stress. This notion served as a basis for comparing
      ultrastructural specific of connections between nervous and vascular systems in
      catecholamine-synthesizing areas of different lines of Wistar and August rats.
      Quantitative difference has been observed in the structure of cell junctions.
      This difference may determine different level of adaptive reactions of animals to
      stress.

PMID- 2401772
TI  - Postoperative instructions.

PMID- 2401773
TI  - Radiographic techniques.

PMID- 2401774
TI  - Crying wolf.

PMID- 2401775
TI  - Analgesic concerns.

PMID- 2401776
TI  - Evaluating periodontal status of US employed adults.
AB  - A national survey of employed adults was conducted by the National Institute of
      Dental Research to provide more current epidemiologic information about dental
      disease. This report addresses one aspect of the survey's findings: periodontal
      status. Although almost all employed adults had experienced some loss of
      periodontal attachment, less than 13% had loss of attachment of 5 mm or greater.
      Gingival recession affected half of the population. The extent and severity of
      periodontal disease improved in comparison with findings from earlier studies.

PMID- 2401777
TI  - Fibrosarcoma of the mandible: a case report.
AB  - Fibrosarcoma is a relatively rare malignant tumor found in the head and neck
      region. Pain and swelling are the two most frequent symptoms, but other findings
      include paresthesia, trismus, loosening of teeth, ulceration, swelling, and
      pathological fracture. This case report underscores the importance of early
      diagnosis and detection of oral neoplasms to minimize therapeutic intervention.

PMID- 2401778
TI  - Restoring a tooth with massive internal resorption to form and function: report
      of case.
AB  - This case report describes an innovative restorative technique using glass
      ionomer and posterior composite resin materials. It was used to treat a patient
      with extensive internal resorption of the clinical crown of the maxillary first
      molar. Although unconventional, this method successfully strengthened and
      restored the tooth.

PMID- 2401779
TI  - Implants proved successful in atrophied mandibles.

PMID- 2401780
TI  - Large radiolucent area of the anterior mandible.
AB  - A case and review of the pathogenesis of a large radicular cyst has been
      presented. The radicular cyst is a common finding in dental practice, but is
      usually confined to the apical area of one to two teeth. Large destructive
      lesions are uncommon. A thorough clinical and radiographic evaluation should
      always be completed before dental or surgical intervention is performed and all
      excised tissue should be examined microscopically.

PMID- 2401781
TI  - Pesticide decontamination from fabric by laundering and simulated weathering.
AB  - This laboratory study investigated the effectiveness of selected detergents and
      the phenomenon of simulated environmental conditions (weathering) on the removal
      of a commercial-grade mixture of parathion and methyl parathion from a three
      layer laminated fabric. The weathering treatment consisted of exposure and non
      exposure to simulated environmental conditions of heat, light, and humidity.
      Contaminated fabric samples were laundered in one of three detergents containing
      an anionic, a nonionic, and a combined anionic and nonionic surfactant. The test
      fabric, a three-layer fabric containing an impermeable microporous film laminated
      between two layers of nylon, was pipette-contaminated with 400 microliters of
      field strength pesticide solution and allowed to dry. Half of the contaminated
      samples were weathered in an Atlas Fade-Ometer. All of the contaminated samples
      were subsequently laundered in a Launder-Ometer. Percent of pesticide residue was
      determined by gas chromatography. Weathering did significantly reduce both
      parathion and methyl parathion residues remaining in the test fabric. No
      statistically significant difference was found among the three detergents. High
      amounts of both parathion and methyl parathion remained in the test fabric after
      weathering and laundry treatments. Before the test fabric can be recommended for
      use in protective garments further research is needed to develop more effective
      decontamination procedures.

PMID- 2401782
TI  - Anchorage-dependent surface distribution and partition during freeze-fracture of
      viral transmembrane glycoproteins.
AB  - We have compared in the same cell type the surface distribution and partition in
      freeze-fractured plasma membranes of Sindbis virus glycoproteins in three
      different situations: (i) in permanently transformed cells that express the
      glycoproteins as the only viral product; (ii) in cells in which prebound viruses
      were forced to fuse with the plasma membrane by low pH treatment; (iii) in virus
      infected cells. We report here that the viral proteins expressed on the surface
      of transfected cells show a uniform and unclustered distribution; conversely, in
      Sindbis virus-infected cells they appear clustered, regionally distributed, and
      always associated with budding viruses (i.e., interacting with the nucleocapsid
      on the cytosolic side of the membrane). Furthermore, the viral proteins expressed
      on transfected cells or implanted by low pH-mediated fusion partition during
      freeze-fracture with the exoplasmic faces of the cell plasma membranes, whereas
      an opposite partition is observed in infected cells. These results strongly
      suggest that in infected cells the clustering and the partition with the
      protoplasmic faces of the plasma membrane depend only on the strong "anchorage"
      of the glycoproteins to the nucleocapsid.

PMID- 2401783
TI  - Immunoelectron microscopic localization of aromatase in human placenta and ovary
      using microwave fixation.
AB  - In this study we investigated the immunohistochemical localization of a unique
      aromatase, a single protein of 51,000 daltons, in the human placenta and ovary at
      light and electron microscopic levels. Microwave fixation was adopted for the
      immunoelectron microscopic study because it is an excellent method for preserving
      antigenicity and subcellular structures in frozen sections. Tissue samples from
      four immature human placentas, four full-term human placentas, and two human
      ovaries fixed in 10% formalin were examined by light microscopy. In addition,
      tissues from three full-term human placentas and one immature human placenta
      fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde were examined by electron microscopy. By light
      microscopy, immunoreactivity for this aromatase was located in the
      syncytiotrophoblast and a part of the cytotrophoblast of the placenta and in the
      lutein and granulosa cells of the ovary. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that
      the aromatase antigen was localized on the surface of the microvilli, the lateral
      plasma membrane, and in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the syncytiotrophoblast
      of the placenta. The positive immunoreactivity in the syncytiotrophoblast ER is
      consistent with previous results using antibodies for other types of aromatase,
      whereas the reactivity on the microvilli has not been previously described. The
      present report describes the fine localization of this unique aromatase in
      placental and ovarian tissues; its localization on the plasma membranes requires
      further physiological investigation.

PMID- 2401784
TI  - Detection of sialic acid residues in the axonal reticulum of rat superior
      cervical ganglion cells by lectin-gold cytochemistry.
AB  - Highly glycosylated compounds have been demonstrated in the axonal reticulum
      elements of the superior cervical ganglion cells of the rat, and this is
      considered to suggest a connection of the reticulum with the trans Golgi side. In
      the present study, the axonal reticulum and the Golgi elements were further
      characterized by post-embedding methods of lectin-gold cytochemistry to determine
      their carbohydrate residues and to see, more specifically, if sialic acid
      residues could be detected in the axonal reticulum elements. Therefore, the
      affinity of neuronal cell structures for Limax flavus agglutinin (LFA), wheat
      germ agglutinin (WGA), and Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA-I) was tested in
      ultra-thin sections of glycolmethacrylate-embedded material, counterstained with
      phosphotungstic acid (PTA) at low pH. The trans Golgi network, the Golgi
      associated axonal reticulum, the reticulum within axons, the large dense-cored
      vesicles, and the plasma membranes were reactive for all three lectins used. We
      conclude that the axonal reticulum elements carry sialic acid residues, relating
      them to the trans Golgi network. The present results support the concept that the
      axonal reticulum is an extension of the trans network of the Golgi apparatus
      specialized for neurosecretion.

PMID- 2401785
TI  - Influence of D-galactosamine on the kinetics of metabolic processes for two
      intermediate metabolites, 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, in
      3T3 and RTG2 cells.
AB  - PAH metabolism is known to proceed in two successive steps, the first step
      resulting in the production of activated metabolites which are subsequently
      transformed by the different pathways involved in the second step.
      Microspectrofluorometry enables the study of the kinetics of these steps in
      living intact cells into which no imbalance has been artificially introduced. We
      used this technique to check the influence of pre-incubation with D-galactosamine
      on the kinetics of the detoxification step. 9- and 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (OH
      B(a)P) were selected as fluorescent substrates because they are potential
      substrates for the different pathways of the second step. The physiological cell
      status was controlled at the level of the intrinsic cellular fluorescence. Pre
      incubation with D-galactosamine results in a strong decrease of the experimental
      rate constants characteristic of the metabolism of 9- and 3-OH-B(a)P in both RTG2
      and 3T3 cells. Moreover, such pre-incubation leads to a strong decrease of the
      transitory intracellular accumulation of 3-O-glucuronide when 3-OH-B(a)P is used
      as substrate for 3T3 cells. Nevertheless, it cannot be said that both phenols
      cannot be used as substrates by MFOs and STase, at least in rigorous experimental
      conditions.

PMID- 2401786
TI  - Basement membrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans: localization in adult rat
      tissues.
AB  - Heparan sulfate proteoglycans have been described as the major proteoglycan
      component of basement membranes. However, previous investigators have also
      provided evidence for the presence of chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan in
      these structures. Recently we described the production and characterization of
      core protein-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against a chondroitin sulfate
      proteoglycan (CSPG) present in Reichert's membrane, a transient extra-embryonic
      structure of rodents. This CSPG was also demonstrated to be present in adult rat
      kidney. We report here the tissue distribution of epitopes recognized by these
      MAb. The ubiquitous presence of these epitopes in the basement membranes of
      nearly all adult rat tissues demonstrates that at least one CSPG is a constituent
      of most basement membranes, and by virtue of its unique distribution is distinct
      from other chondroitin and dermatan sulfate proteoglycans previously described.

PMID- 2401787
TI  - Isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae from middle ear aspirates of otitis media with
      effusion: a case report.

PMID- 2401788
TI  - Long-term secondary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by inhaled
      pentamidine in AIDS.

PMID- 2401789
TI  - The polymerase chain reaction and rapid antibiotic resistance screening.

PMID- 2401790
TI  - Comparative long-term effects in a mouse model system of influenza whole virus
      and purified neuraminidase vaccines followed by sequential infections.
AB  - A comparison of inactivated whole influenza virus vaccine and purified influenza
      neuraminidase (NA) in BALB/c mice repeatedly challenged by homologous or
      heterologous H3N2 variant infections demonstrated an initial superiority of whole
      virus vaccine but the ultimate superiority of NA vaccine in immunization after
      one or two boosting infections. Parenteral administration of either vaccine
      followed by infection was much more effective than infection alone in the
      induction of either homologous or heterologous immunity. On the basis of this
      model simulation of human experience and other earlier studies, it seems that
      purified NA vaccine may offer an important new strategy as an initial step in
      immunization against influenza in humans.

PMID- 2401791
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection among members of the reserve components of
      the US Army: prevalence, incidence, and demographic characteristics. The Walter
      Reed Retrovirus Research Group.
AB  - Since routine testing began, 677,463 members of the Reserve Components of the US
      Army have been tested for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Of
      these, 1063 were positive, for a crude prevalence of 1.57/1000 tested. Prevalence
      varied greatly among different groups as defined by sex, ethnicity, marital
      status, age, and geographic location. Multivariate analysis indicated that
      prevalence was higher among men, blacks, and unmarried men and peaked at ages 30
      34. The crude incidence density was 0.20/1000 person-years, and multivariate
      analysis of incidence revealed patterns similar to those for prevalence.
      Comparison of prevalence and incidence data provides evidence that an increasing
      proportion of infection is occurring among women and in nonmetropolitan and small
      urban areas.

PMID- 2401792
TI  - Invasion-related antigens of Campylobacter jejuni.
AB  - A HEp-2 cell culture model was used to investigate the antigens required for
      epithelial cell penetration by Campylobacter jejuni. Penetration of HEp-2
      epithelial cells by C. jejuni was significantly inhibited (P less than .05) with
      C. jejuni lysate and a monoclonal antibody (MAb 1B4) in competitive inhibition
      assays. Immunogold electron microscopy revealed that MAb 1B4 bound to the
      flagella and cell surface of low-passage (invasive) C. jejuni M 96, whereas only
      the flagella of high-passage (noninvasive) C. jejuni M 96 were labeled. Western
      blot analysis revealed that MAb 1B4 identified an epitope on antigens of 64-44
      kDa in lysates prepared from invasive and noninvasive isolates. In addition,
      antigens of 42-38 kDa were recognized in lysates prepared from only invasive C.
      jejuni strains. Proteinase K and sodium meta-periodate chemical treatment of C.
      jejuni M 96 lysate changed the mobility of antigens recognized by MAb 1B4. The
      increase in mobility demonstrated a decrease in size of molecules and suggested
      that antigens required for HEp-2 cell invasion by Campylobacter species may be
      glycoprotein in nature.

PMID- 2401793
TI  - Characterization of a neutrophil-inhibitory factor from clinically significant
      Staphylococcus epidermidis.
AB  - Sixteen isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis recovered from blood cultures of
      patients were examined for ability to adhere to plastic tubes, for
      agglutinability with concanavalin A, and for the ability to inhibit the
      bactericidal activity of neutrophils collected from healthy human volunteers.
      Neutrophil inhibition was induced by six of nine isolates associated with
      clinically significant infections but by only one of seven clinically defined as
      blood contaminants (P = .05). Six of the eight significant bacteremic episodes
      were associated with neutrophil-inhibitory isolates (P = .03). Neutrophil
      inhibition was independent of either adherence or ConA agglutination. Neutrophil
      inhibition may represent an independent virulence factor associated with
      Staphylococcus epidermidis.

PMID- 2401794
TI  - Epidemiology of needlestick injuries in house officers.
AB  - Eighty-eight medical students, interns, and residents were surveyed to study the
      epidemiology of their percutaneous exposures to blood. Respondents described 159
      injuries in 221 person-years (py) of exposure in hospital wards and 213 injuries
      in 166 py of exposure in operating rooms. Nearly all injuries (greater than 98%)
      were needlesticks; less than 5% were reported to occupational health services.
      Rates of ward-related injury were highest for students (0.97/py) and decreased
      during training. Most injuries were due to recapping of used needles. In contrast
      to ward-related injury, rates of operating room-related injury were relatively
      low for nonsurgical students and interns (0.3/py), higher for surgical students
      (1.36/py), and stable over surgical residency training (mean, 5.4/py). Virtually
      all surgical injuries occurred during suturing. Further research into mechanisms
      of needlestick injuries and product design for their prevention are needed.

PMID- 2401795
TI  - Infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users: a comparison of human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1-negative and -positive patients.
AB  - In a study of 34 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and 12 HIV
      seronegative intravenous drug users with 40 and 14 episodes, respectively, of
      infective endocarditis (IE), there were no differences between groups in the
      presentation of IE. Staphylococcus aureus was the infecting microorganism in 75%
      of the HIV-positive patients and 86% of the HIV-negative patients. Overall
      survival for the HIV-positive patients was 85% compared with 93% for the HIV
      negative patients. Ninety percent of patients with asymptomatic HIV infection
      survived, whereas 60% of patients in CDC group IV survived (P = .052). In
      contrast to New Jersey seroprevalence surveys showing HIV antibody in 10%-50% of
      intravenous drug users, HIV antibody seroprevalence rate in this selected
      population was 75%. IE in the HIV-seropositive intravenous drug user is
      essentially the same as in the seronegative user. However, patients with
      symptomatic HIV infection may be more likely to die from their IE. Intravenous
      drug users with IE have a greater-than-expected seroprevalence of HIV; the reason
      remains to be determined.

PMID- 2401796
TI  - Detection and differentiation of Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci, and
      Chlamydia pneumoniae by DNA amplification.
AB  - The polymerase chain reaction was used to detect major outer membrane protein
      (MOMP) gene sequences from the three species of Chlamydia. Using three primer
      pairs and one restriction enzyme digestion, three distinct genotypes,
      corresponding to the three species, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae,
      and Chlamydia psittaci, were demonstrated. C. trachomatis was amplified by all
      three primer pairs and the amplified fragment was digested by EcoRI. C.
      pneumoniae was amplified by only two of the three primer pairs, and the amplified
      fragment was digested by EcoRI. C. psittaci was amplified by only two of the
      pairs and the amplified fragment was EcoRI-resistant. C. trachomatis was detected
      in direct patient specimens, tissue culture specimens, and fixed specimens, and
      all serovars of C. trachomatis were detectable. The polymerase chain reaction can
      detect and differentiate the three species of Chlamydia and may prove a valuable
      diagnostic tool.

PMID- 2401797
TI  - Blastocystis hominis: epidemiology and natural history.
AB  - To study the demographic profile of Blastocystis hominis carriers from Hamilton,
      Canada, the Regional Parasitology Laboratory records for 1988 were reviewed, and
      a prospective study on carriers was conducted to clarify the natural history of
      the infection and ascertain the role of B. hominis as an intestinal pathogen.
      Retrospective analysis revealed that 8% of stool samples harbored B. hominis. The
      median age of the carriers was 37 years; 55% were female. Prospective analysis of
      139 patients showed that most (76%) of 86 in whom B. hominis was the sole
      organism found (and for whom data were complete) continued to harbor the parasite
      in stool samples submitted a median of 57 days after the first sample. There was
      no correlation between the presence of B. hominis and symptoms. Thus, B. hominis,
      though commonly seen in stool samples submitted to this laboratory, is thought to
      be a commensal organism.

PMID- 2401798
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid levels with ceftriaxone therapy for Haemophilus influenzae
      meningitis.

PMID- 2401799
TI  - The Infectious Diseases Society of America and the elimination of tuberculosis.

PMID- 2401800
TI  - Surveillance for exposure to HTLV-I in Egyptian infants and children with various
      malignancies.

PMID- 2401801
TI  - Safety of immune globulin preparations with regard to human immunodeficiency
      virus.

PMID- 2401803
TI  - The meaning and control of megakaryocyte polyploidy. Proceedings of a workshop of
      the European Society for Clinical Investigation's 24th annual scientific meeting.
      Maastricht, The Netherlands, April 26 and 27, 1990.

PMID- 2401802
TI  - Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori in patients with gastritis
      and peptic ulcer.

PMID- 2401804
TI  - Negative regulation of human megakaryocytopoiesis by human platelet factor 4
      (PF4) and connective tissue-activating peptide (CTAP-III).
AB  - We have previously reported that human platelet factor 4 (PF4) and beta
      thromboglobulin inhibit human megakaryocyte (meg) colony formation in vitro.
      Here, we report further findings concerning the effect of PF4 as well as another
      platelet-derived factor: connective tissue-activating peptide (CTAP-III).
      Addition of these factors (2.5-10 micrograms/ml) into normal marrow cultures
      resulted in a significant decrease of meg colonies, especially the mixed-meg
      colonies, BFU-meg and large CFU-meg, suggesting that they inhibit both
      proliferation and maturation of meg progenitor cells, with a predominant effect
      on earlier progenitor cells. Comparison of the effects of the two factors showed
      that their major effects were similar, with some difference in inhibitory degree.
      These results indicate that both PF4 and CTAP-III are potent inhibitors of meg
      colony formation and involved in negative autocrine regulation of
      megakaryocytopoiesis.

PMID- 2401805
TI  - The relationship between megakaryocyte nuclear DNA content and gene expression.
AB  - Megakaryocytes are a distinct population of bone marrow cells that have the
      unique feature of increasing their DNA content without undergoing division. The
      biological effect of ploidy distribution on gene expression, receptor expression
      and protein synthesis is still unknown. Using molecular hybridization techniques,
      we have started a systematic analysis of mRNA expression in megakaryocytes for a
      number of proteins involved in clot formation. These data will be related to
      ploidy. Platelets are the unnucleated product of megakaryocytes, having their
      protein content derived from the precursor cell. Therefore, the understanding of
      the molecular mechanisms regulating megakaryocyte biology and the consequent type
      and reactivity of platelets produced is of fundamental importance in both
      physiological and pathological conditions.

PMID- 2401806
TI  - Analysis of megakaryocyte ploidy in patients with thrombocytosis.
AB  - The DNA content of bone marrow megakaryocytes was analyzed in 24 patients with
      myeloproliferative disorders, 23 patients with secondary thrombocytosis and 15
      normal volunteers using 2-color flow cytometry. Compared with normal controls,
      the majority of patients with secondary thrombocytosis, polycythemia vera and
      essential thrombocytosis exhibited a relative increase in higher ploidy (greater
      than 16N) cells. In contrast, patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia
      exhibited an increase in lower ploidy cells (less than 16N), with a modal DNA
      content of 8N. Patients with myeloproliferative disorders tended to show a
      decrease in the 16N megakaryocyte population compared with patients with
      secondary thrombocytosis. No correlation between ploidy distribution and platelet
      count was observed.

PMID- 2401807
TI  - [An epidemiological study of HBV and HTLV-I among high risk groups in Fukuoka
      City].
AB  - Sera from 69 adult prostitutes, 139 juveniles in the reformatory for boys, and 63
      juveniles in the reformatory for girls, were collected between 1986 and 1987 in
      Fukuoka City. These samples were tested for the presence of antibody to human T
      cell leukemia virus type-I (anti-HTLV-I), for hepatitis B surface antigen
      (HBsAg), and for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). The juveniles
      in the reformatory for girls were surveyed for the incidence of venereal diseases
      (VD) and for a history of intravenous drug use. Anti-HTLV-I was detected in 5.8%
      of the prostitutes, 0.7% of the boys, and 1.6% of the girls. Prevalence of anti
      HTLV-I among the prostitutes was higher than that among the controls, but no
      significant difference was recognized. HBsAg was detected in 7.2% of the
      prostitutes, but was absent in the boys and girls. Prevalence of HBsAg among the
      prostitutes was higher than that among the controls, but no significant
      difference was recognized. Anti-HBs was detected in 39.1% of the prostitutes,
      10.1% of the juvenile boys, and 17.5% of the juvenile girls. In each group
      prevalence of anti-HBc was higher than that in the controls. Especially between
      the prostitutes and the controls a significant difference was recognized (p less
      than 0.005). In the reformatory for girls anti-HBc was detected in 40.0% of 11
      girls who were exposed to VD and in 7.0% of 43 girls who were not exposed to VD.
      Prevalence of anti-HBc among the exposed group was significantly higher than that
      among the non-exposed group (p less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401808
TI  - [Clinical significance of Streptococcus milleri isolated from various suppurative
      lesions].
AB  - Seventy-one strains of Streptococcus milleri were isolated from 68 patients
      admitted to Tamana Central Hospital. (1985.2-1989.1) S. milleri was isolated from
      the following specimens: sputum (15 strains), urine (10), ascites (9),
      postoperative wound (9), pleural effusate (6), bile (5), genital discharge (3),
      aspirated fluid from lung abscess (2) and others (12). In 12 patients (18%), S.
      milleri was isolated in pure culture and in 56 patients (82%) as part of a mixed
      flora. Other bacteria isolated in association with S. milleri were obligate
      anaerobes (41%), Gram-negative rods (40%), Gram-positive cocci (16%) and others
      (3%). In 71 strains of S. milleri, 9 strains (13%) were beta-haemolytic, 62 (87%)
      were alpha-haemolytic (week) or non-haemolytic. In 68 patients, type specific
      male-female ratio was 15:9 for S. milleri I, 20:15 for II and 1:8 for III
      respectively. The patient's age ranged from 7 to 86 years and 75% of patients
      were more than 50 years old. In respiratory infection, 10 cases (pyothorax, 6;
      pneumonia, 3; lung abscess, 1) were related to S. milleri infection and
      considered clinically significant. 8 cases had underlying disease, however, 2
      cases (pyothorax, lung abscess) had no underlying disease. In these 2 cases, S.
      milleri was isolated in pure culture. Successful treatment of these ten cases
      usually required either antibiotic therapy or drainage of the lesion. S. milleri
      was isolated from various clinical specimens and some cases were associated with
      serious infections. S. milleri was more commonly associated with suppurative
      infections than other viridans group streptococci. S. milleri may therefore have
      different characteristics which other streptococcal species of normal flora have
      not.

PMID- 2401809
TI  - [Morphological changes in Pneumocystis carinii in the alveolar space due to
      treatment with co-trimoxazole--comparison of clinical cases and experimental
      rats].
AB  - In this study, transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe the
      morphological changes in Pneumocystis carinii (P. carinii) in the alveolar space
      of patients and experimental rats treated with co-trimoxazole. Experimentally, P.
      carinii pneumonia was induced in Wistar rats by peritoneal injection of
      prednisolone and then treated with co-trimoxazole. The animals were divided into
      an untreated group and groups treated with co-trimoxazole for 3-9 days. In the
      untreated group, various forms of P. carinii were seen to be filling up the
      alveolar space. There were few morphological changes (shape, size and
      intracellular substances) in the P. carinii in the alveolar space of the animals
      in the 3-day and 5-day treated groups. However, in the 7-day treated group,
      important intracellular components such as mitochondria were not seen, and after
      7 or more days of treatment there were no crescent-shaped P. carinii, which are
      characteristically observed in the proliferative stage. In the 9-day treated
      group, the cell membranes of thick-walled cysts were ruptured, and there was
      intracellular vacuolization. In addition, untreated patients complicated with P.
      carinii pneumonia (2 cases), patients treated for 3-5 days (4 cases) and a
      patients treated for 1 month (1 case) were studied. The morphology of P. carinii
      in the alveoli of those clinical cases was similar to that seen in the rats, and
      the changes in shape, intracellular components and cell membranes after treatment
      were the same except in case 5. In case 5, lamellar-body-like substances such as
      seen in alveolar proteinosis filled up the alveoli, and the cell membranes of P.
      carinii were ruptured. Electron microscopic studies revealed no changes in the
      cell membranes during the early period of treatment. We surmise that co
      trimoxazole is taken into P. carinii cells and then interferes with the cellular
      metabolism. On the basis of the results of this study, the critical period
      determining whether a patients with P. carinii pneumonia can be cured or not is
      around the 9th day of treatment with co-trimoxazole. Therefore, it is necessary
      to make an early diagnosis, begin treatment with co-trimoxazole as soon as
      possible and continue the treatment for 9 or more days.

PMID- 2401810
TI  - [Prevention and control of nosocomial infection caused by methicillin resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus in premature infant ward--prevention effect of "povidone
      iodine solution" wipe of neonatal skin].
AB  - In January 1983, a number of premature infants under management in the premature
      infants' unit of our hospital were found to have bacteremia due to Staphylococcus
      aureus. By the end of February of the same year, 4 of these infants, who had been
      treated in the same unit, developed impetigo. The S. aureus responsible for this
      condition was classified as type IV by a coagulase typing. In a subsequent
      antimicrobial susceptibility test using the disk diffusion method, this
      microorganism was found to be resistant to methicillin, erythromycin and
      lincomycin, and to be susceptible to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and
      cefmetazole, indicating that it was a methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA).
      Because the result from the coagulase typing agreed with the antimicrobial
      susceptibility pattern in all cases, we concluded that these cases represented
      nosocomial infection with MRSA. The source and route of the infection were
      investigated, and measures taken to prevent bacterial spread from carriers and to
      keep instruments and environments clean. Although the source of infection was not
      identified. Then, we tried wiping the body surface of the premature infants with
      an Isodine solution (10% PVP-I, 1:100 dilution) in order to prevent colonization
      of the microorganism on the body surface. With this application+, MRSA was no
      longer detected from the body surface of the premature infants, and no additional
      MRSA infection occurred in the premature infants' unit. Data collected for
      premature infants' managed at our hospital in the subsequent 6 years allows us to
      conclude that MRSA infection can be almost completely controlled by frequent
      surveys of carriers and appropriate body surface wiping with Isodine
      solution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401811
TI  - [HTLV-I associated interstitial pneumonia--a case report and bronchoalveolar
      lavage study].
AB  - A 70-year-old male was admitted to our hospital because of fever and dyspnea. The
      patient was seropositive for HTLV-I and ATL cells were seen in the peripheral
      blood in the percentage of 2-5. The proviral DNA was positive and the diagnosis
      of smoldering ATL was made. His chest X-ray film showed diffuse reticulo-nodular
      infiltrates in both lung fields. The lung tissue obtained by transbronchial lung
      biopsy showed the lymphocytic infiltrations in the alveolar septa and the
      submucosa of the bronchioles. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid showed an
      increased proportion of lymphocytes that consisted mainly of CD3+ DR+ cells and
      the CD4+/CD8+ ratio was 2.1 during exacerbation and 0.8 after steroid therapy.
      Anti-HTLV-I IgG and IgA antibodies were positive in both serum and BAL fluid by
      Western blotting method. It is suggested that T-lymphocyte alveolitis may occur
      in patients who are seropositive for HTLV-I and the immunological mechanism seems
      to be responsible.

PMID- 2401812
TI  - [Clinical features of 36 cases of psittacosis].
AB  - Clinical features of 36 cases of psittacosis experienced from 1980 to 1988 were
      analyzed. The following results were obtained. 1) Sixteen patients were male;
      twenty were female. The thirty-six patients ranged in age from 29 to 76 years. 2)
      Fifteen patients had been exposed to Parakeets prior to the onset of illness. 3)
      High fever (94.1%) and cough (94.4%) were prominent clinical symptoms. 4) The
      number of pneumonic foci per lung field by chest X-ray, showed the right inferior
      lobe was most frequently involved (45.2%). According to the nature of
      roentgenological shadows, the ground-glass-like shadow was most frequent (70.6%).
      5) Leucocytosis was present in only three patients. The erythrocyte sedimentation
      rate and C-reactive protein were high in many patients. Half of the patients had
      elevated serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate
      transaminase. 6) All cases were treated with antibiotics and cured. The incidence
      of psittacosis may be increasing. Therefore, it is useful for clinicians to know
      the clinical features of this disease. These results may be useful in early
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2401813
TI  - [Infections in hematological malignancies--clinical analysis of septic patients
      admitted to the Second Department of Miyazaki Medical College Hospital in the
      past ten years].
AB  - Two hundred and sixty-two patients (actual number 162) of hematological
      malignancies were admitted to our department from November 1977 to December 1986.
      Fourty-three of them (16.4%) were demonstrated to be accompanied with sepsis by
      blood culture. In acute non-lymphocytic leukemias (AML, APL, AMoL) the rate of
      sepsis was 33.8% (27 patients), while in lymphocytic malignancies (ML, HD, ATL)
      it was 11.7% (16 patients), particularly being 3.0% in ATL. Among the detected
      pathogenic microorganisms, gram-negative bacilli were 86.2% in the former and
      50.0% in the latter. Especially, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae
      and Escherichia coli occupied 58.6% of the total in the former. Laboratory
      examination, when sepsis occurred, revealed peripheral neutropenia in acute non
      lymphocytic leukemias (mean 831/cmm) but not in lymphocytic malignancy (mean
      4,420/cmm). And 20 of the 27 cases showed remarkable neutropenia of below 500/cmm
      in the former. On the other hand in the latter, out of 16 only one with ATL was
      the case. Hypogammaglobulinemia was one of the characteristic features in
      lymphocytic malignancies but not in acute non-lymphocytic leukemias.
      Hypogammaglobulinemia in lymphocytic malignancies might be affected by long-term
      immunodepressant therapy. Immunologic skin reaction was demonstrated to be
      decreased in lymphocytic malignancies on admission. From the findings mentioned
      above, affecting factors to infections may be mainly neutropenia in acute non
      lymphocytic leukemias and immunodeficiency in lymphocytic malignancies. And
      sepsis can occur frequently under neutropenic condition. In ATL both of humoral-
      and cellular-immunologic disturbance were detected before therapy. But peripheral
      neutrophil count was maintained to be normal and this could be the reason for the
      low septic incidence in ATL despite of total immunodepression.

PMID- 2401814
TI  - [A clinical study of bacteremia in urology].
AB  - We investigated 32 patients with bacteremia that occurred in the Department of
      Urology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University between April, 1983 and March,
      1989. This incidence represented 1.9% of the total number of inpatients. The
      study group comprised 29 males and 3 females, and their age varied from 25 to 82
      years with a mean age of 61.7 years. Twenty-two (75%) of the 32 patients had
      urologic malignancies. The majority of patients were compromised hosts who had
      one or more (average, 3.8) factors that promoted bacteremia. Urinary tract
      infections existed in 26 (86.0%) patients before the bacteremic episode and urine
      cultures revealed a species identical to that simultaneously isolated from the
      blood in 19 (73.1%) of the 26 patients. Out of the 26 patients, there were 22
      (84.6%) with complicated pyelonephritis and 22 (84.6%) with an indwelling urinary
      tract catheter. In blood cultures, the most common isolate was Staphylococcus
      epidermidis and gram-positive cocci were cultured at a rate of 43.9% which was
      higher than that (39.0%) of gram-negative rods. In contrast, in urine cultures,
      gram-negative rods were isolated predominantly. S. epidermidis and
      Corynebacterium spp. isolated less frequently in blood than in urine, indicated
      contaminants. However, Enterococcus spp. and Candida albicans were recognized as
      causative organisms of bacteremia via the urinary tract, because the urine
      culture demonstrated a species identical to that obtained from blood in these
      bacteremic patients. Antibiotic sensitivity tests demonstrated that isolates from
      blood tended to show tolerance to beta-lactam antibiotics, but had good
      sensitivity to aminoglycosides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401815
TI  - [Evaluation of in vitro activity of rokitamycin against Chlamydia trachomatis].
AB  - Evaluation of the in vitro activity of rokitamycin (RKM) against Chlamydia
      trachomatis in cycloheximide treated HeLa 229 cells and McCoy cells by comparing
      with five drugs including doxycycline (DOXY), minocycline (MINO), ofloxacin
      (OFLX), ampicillin (ABPC) and erythromycin (EM) with regard to assaying minimal
      inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimal lethal concentrations (MLCs), and by
      yield reduction assays: 1) direct treatment of Chlamydial organisms with various
      concentrations of antibiotics before inoculation, 2) pre-treatment of host cell
      (HeLa 229) with the antibiotics before they are infected and 3) treatment of
      already infected cultures (48 hrs after infection) with antibiotics. The yield of
      Chlamydia was determined by both assaying the infectivity of Chlamydia and/or
      Chlamydiazyme value (from Abott Co Ltd USA). It was found that similar MIC was
      obtained among the drugs tested (except EM) in both HeLa 229 cell and McCoy cell
      assay system. The MLC of RKM (0.3 micrograms/ml) was the same as that of OFLX and
      was significantly lower than that of other drugs tested. When Chlamydial
      organisms and the host cells were treated with various concentrations (25-0.1
      micrograms/ml) of the drug, the infectivity and the growth of Chlamydia was
      noteworthily decreased with RKM treatment. Infectivity of Chlamydia in an already
      infected cultures also decreased with RKM treatment within 24 hours when
      comparing the value of the control. In other drugs treatment, 96 hours or more
      hours were required for obtaining the same infectivity as RKM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401816
TI  - [Fundamental studies on serological diagnosis of amoebiasis. 1. Application of
      amoebic antigen for CF test to ELISA].
AB  - We studied the establishment of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using
      amoebic antigen for complement fixation (CF) test. Optimal dilution for ELISA of
      sera from patients was 1:100, and that of CF-antigen was 1:400. The upper limit
      of the 99% critical range of the reaction of negative sera was 0.068 (cut-off
      level). Absorbance of sera from patients diluted 1:100 to antigen and antibody
      titers of ELISA were strongly correlated, so it was possible to estimate antibody
      titers from absorbance of serum diluted 1:100. ELISA and CF test were done to
      compare sensitivity of the tests using 63 sera from patients with invasive
      amoebic disease. The sensitivity of ELISA compared well with CF test (62 sera
      were positive by ELISA and 61 by CF test). Only one sample was both positive by
      ELISA and negative by CF test. This sample had low ELISA titers, so this
      discrepancy was mainly due to the sensitivity of CF test in detecting lower
      levels of antibody. These results suggested that the amoebic antigen for CF test
      can be applicable to ELISA, and this method was so sensitive and specific.

PMID- 2401817
TI  - [Resistance to antimicrobial agents, hemolytic activity and plasmids in Aeromonas
      species].
AB  - A total of 174 Aeromonas isolates consisting of 100 strains from patients with
      diarrhea being mainly overseas travellers nd healthy subjects, and 74 strains
      from environmental sources including foods, fish, fresh water, sea water and
      river soil collected in the area of Tokyo Metropolis and Kanagawa Prefecture was
      examined for the antimicrobial resistance, presence of plasmids and hemolytic
      activity. Almost all the isolates (99.4%) were resistant to aminobenzyl
      penicillin. The isolation frequency of chloramphenicol- or tetracycline-resistant
      strain was low. Most environmental isolates of A. hydrophila were resistant to
      multiple antimicrobial agents. Thirty-seven percent of environmental isolates and
      39% of human fecal ones carried plasmids. In environmental isolates, seven A.
      hydrophila and three A. sobria strains carried 63- to 150-kilobase pair (kb)
      conjugative R plasmids. Two A. hydrophila strains from both the healthy subject
      and domestic case with diarrhea carried 58- to 90-kb conjugative R plasmids,
      respectively. None of the isolates from the feces of overseas traveller's
      diarrhea carried the plasmid. Irrespective of the sources. A. hydrophila showed
      the highest hemolytic activity among three Aeromonas species. Eighty percent or
      more of A. hydrophila isolates were of hemolysin positive. The hemolytic titer of
      A. hydrophila strains from human feces was higher than that of the strains from
      environmental sources.

PMID- 2401818
TI  - [A case of penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis and antibiotic
      susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children].
AB  - Recently, isolation of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae has been increasing.
      The first Japanese case of penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis was
      reported in 1988. We experienced a case of a one-year-old boy with penicillin
      resistant pneumococcal meningitis who dead on arrival on his third day of
      illness. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of penicillin G or S. pneumoniae
      isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and blood was 0.6 micrograms/ml. We evaluated
      the antibiotic susceptibility of 163 strains of S. pneumoniae isolated from
      children from 1985 to 1988. Penicillin G (PCG), ampicillin (ABPC), cefotaxime
      (CTX), imipenem (IPM), and vancomycin (VCM) had good susceptibilities to S.
      pneumoniae. Twelve of the 163 isolates (7.3%) were penicillin-resistant strains
      whose MIC of PCG were more than 0.1 microgram/ml, and all of them were
      intermediately resistant. The annual penicillin-resistant rates were 12.5% in
      1985, 1.3% in 1986, 0% in 1986, and 19.0% in 1988. We also evaluated the MIC
      distribution and MIC90 of antibiotics available for meningitis against penicillin
      sensitive and -resistant S. pneumoniae. MIC90 of PCG and ABPC against penicillin
      resistant strains was 1.56 micrograms/ml, and it might be dangerous to use PCG or
      ABPC for central nervous system pneumococcal infections. MIC90 of IPM against
      penicillin-resistant strains was 0.1 microgram/ml, and that of VCM was 0.4
      micrograms/ml. There was little fall of susceptibilities of resistant strains in
      IPM and VCM. We evaluated the MIC distribution and MIC70 of antibiotics for oral
      usage against penicillin-sensitive and -resistant S. pneumoniae. Although there
      were falls of susceptibilities of resistant strains in PCG and ABPC, these two
      antibiotics had the best susceptibilities among the oral antibiotics.

PMID- 2401819
TI  - [Combination therapy with ofloxacin and chloramphenicol against typhoid fever].
AB  - Recently we experienced two male typhoid patients who required additional
      treatment with CP sodium succinate (CP succinate) to OFLX therapy. Although both
      of the cases were administered 900 mg/day of OFLX orally for three and four days,
      respectively, the clinical efficacies were not sufficient. We added 2.0 g/day of
      CP succinate intravenously for six days, although a lasting high fever returned
      to normal level in a few days. The administration of OFLX was continued up to 14
      days. The daily doses of OFLX during the co-medication with CP succinate were 600
      mg in one case and 900 mg in the other case. In both cases no recurrence was
      observed clinically and bacteriologically for six months after their discharge.
      No adverse reaction was observed throughout the therapy.

PMID- 2401820
TI  - [Operative methods and results of tetralogy of Fallot].

PMID- 2401821
TI  - [Mechanism and treatment of ischemic myocardial damage].

PMID- 2401822
TI  - [Surgery of thymic disease].

PMID- 2401824
TI  - [Selection of the radical operative procedure in esophageal cancer].

PMID- 2401823
TI  - [Controversies concerning operations of acquired valvular disease].

PMID- 2401825
TI  - [New technique for the operation of dissecting aneurysm].

PMID- 2401826
TI  - [Biosensor].

PMID- 2401827
TI  - [Regulation of muscle cell differentiation by oncogenes and growth suppressor
      genes].

PMID- 2401828
TI  - [Active sites of superoxide dismutases and superoxide dismutase mimics].

PMID- 2401829
TI  - [Studies of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase activity in human uterine
      cervix].
AB  - The kinetics of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD) activity in
      the human uterine cervix were determined, as were its localization in cervical
      tissues and the changes in two phases of the menstrual cycle. The Km value for 17
      beta-HSD calculated by a Lineweaver-Burk's plot, was 2.0 microM. The 17 beta-HSD
      activities in columnar epithelium, squamous epithelium and connective tissue in
      the proliferative phase were 49.1 +/- 8.9 (p mol/mg protein/hour), 16.5 +/- 2.3,
      and 9.0 +/- 1.0 (mean +/- SE) (n = 5), respectively. In the secretory phase, the
      17 beta-HSD activity in each site was 42.8 +/- 6.6, 12.2 +/- 3.1, and 10.6 +/-
      1.6 (n = 6), respectively. Thus, the 17 beta-HSD activity was significantly
      higher in the columnar epithelium (p less than 0.01) than in the other two sites,
      but there was no significant difference between the activity in the secretory and
      proliferative phases during menstruation.

PMID- 2401830
TI  - [The role of platelet activating factor in ovulation].
AB  - Ovulation is associated with inflammation-like changes. Platelet activating
      factor (PAF) participates in the inflammatory process. We evaluated the potential
      role of PAF in PMSG-HCG induced ovulation with CV3988, a specific PAF receptor
      antagonist in hyperovulated ICR mice (9-12 weeks old). Furthermore, we
      investigated whether prostaglandins (PGs) interfered with the ovulation induced
      by PAF. CV3988 blocked the ovulation in a dose dependent manner, and the
      significantly reduced ovulatory efficiency was observed at a dose greater than
      500 micrograms (p less than 0.001). The ovulatory efficiency reduced by CV3988
      (at a dose of 500 micrograms) was recovered by PAF in a dose dependent manner.
      PGs production in ovary was increased in reversing the blockade of ovulation with
      CV3988. These results suggest that PAF may be involved in the ovulation process
      and PGs may not potentiate the ability of PAF to play a role in ovulation.

PMID- 2401831
TI  - [Basic study on criteria for the reactivity of non-stress tests by means of
      computer simulation].
AB  - The non-stress test has become one of the most popular tests for antenatal
      surveillance in modern obstetrics. However, the fact that there are so many
      criteria for 'reactivity' in this test has made it rather difficult to interpret
      the results of these tests and compare them with each other. Using computer
      simulation of the occurrence of acceleration in fetal heart beats, the
      sensitivity and specificity of eight criteria which are in general use were
      studied. Diagnosis by Brown's criteria produced the best results for both
      sensitivity and specificity, but the long time necessary for this test is a
      drawback. However, the predictive value positive (probability of poor fetal
      outcome with nonreactivity) is only 62% even according to Brown's criteria when
      the test is done for antenatal care screening of an unrestricted population. The
      results of the test are far more convincing when it is reactive because the
      predictive value negative is more than 96%, even when strictly interpreted.

PMID- 2401832
TI  - [Effects of short- and long-term administration of ritodrine on spontaneous
      contractions of longitudinal muscle strips dissected from the pregnant rat
      uterus].
AB  - We investigated the effects of Ritodrine (10(-10)-10(-7) g/ml) on spontaneous
      contractions of rat myometrium at gestational days 14, 16, 18 and 21. 1. More
      than 10(-8)g/ml Ritodrine obviously suppressed the spontaneous contractions more
      than smaller doses. The inhibitory effects of smaller doses on days 14 and 16
      were different from those on days 18 and 21, the former being more effective. 2.
      Smaller doses of Ritodrine (10(-10)-10(-8)g/ml) caused transient excitation,
      which was inhibited by pretreatment with Phentolamine. 3. Rebound excitation was
      observed in most of the specimens. 4. Spontaneous contractions reappeared during
      long-term administration of Ritodrine and the patterns could be classified into
      three types. These results suggested that the effects of Ritodrine might vary
      according to the number of pregnant days and that the critical Ritodrine dose for
      a suppressive effect is 10(-8)g/ml, and there are a transient alpha-excitatory
      effect, rebound excitation and three types of suppression as a result of long
      term administration.

PMID- 2401833
TI  - Involvement of plasminogen activator activity in the process of ovulation.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to determine the changes in follicular
      plasminogen activator (PA) activity during ovulation. In the first experiment,
      hCG (100 IU) administration in vivo enhanced PA activity in mature follicles
      within 1 hour. PA activity reached its maximum at 4 hours and then declined. A
      second peak occurred 8 hours after hCG administration. In the second experiment,
      the effects of an ovulatory dose (50 IU) of hCG on ovulatory efficiency and PA
      activity were assessed in mature and immature follicles with an in vitro perfused
      rabbit ovary preparation. Ovulatory efficiency in immature follicles was
      significantly less (p less than 0.01) (16.7 +/- 4.5%) than that in mature
      follicles (86.7 +/- 11.0%). During the perfusion, the growth of mature follicles
      was observed but not that of immature follicles. PA activity in mature follicles
      derived from unstimulated ovaries was 1.43 +/- 0.17 IU/g tissue. PA activity in
      mature follicles (28.4 +/- 4.2 IU/g tissue) 4 hours after in vitro exposure to
      hCG was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) than that found in immature
      follicles. In conclusion, exposure to gonadotropin stimulates PA activity in
      preovulatory follicles. Failure to increase PA activity in immature follicles
      impairs follicular development, resulting in reduced ovulatory efficiency. The
      increase in PA activity observed in ovulatory follicles implicates the plasmin
      generating system in follicle rupture.

PMID- 2401834
TI  - Clinical features of long contraction wave recorded by an external
      tocodynamometer.
AB  - Clinical features of a long contraction wave, lasting 3 minutes or more, recorded
      on an external tocodynamometer were studied. The long wave was observed in 50 out
      of 1,050 pregnant women. Clinical significance was not indicated by the shape of
      each wave which was either a long relaxing type or a fused type, but by the
      frequency of occurrence. Vaginal delivery and its close relation to oxytocin
      administration were significantly more frequent in the sporadic type, in which
      the long wave was observed once within a week, and fetal distress and a low Apgar
      score were more frequently observed in the frequent type, in which long waves
      occurred twice or more within a week. The results suggest that the obstetric
      prognosis is normal unless the long wave occurs sporadically and its recovery is
      good, and that it is ominous when long waves are observed twice or more within a
      week. Careful observation is needed in that case.

PMID- 2401835
TI  - Uterine resting tonus and maternal hypertension during late pregnancy--existence
      of intrauterine capacity.
AB  - The uterine resting tonus was measured with an open-end catheter beginning from
      the 24th gestational week through the onset of labor in order to investigate
      changes in the intrauterine environment from the physical aspect. The
      measurements were performed in 183 primiparas for a total of 272 times and 102
      multiparas for a total of 120 times. The uterine resting tonus was almost
      constant from the 2nd trimester through the 3rd trimester, but it tended to
      increase gradually beginning 2-3 weeks prior to the onset of delivery. This
      tendency was more pronounced in primiparas, and their mean tonus was about 5mmHg
      higher than that of multiparas throughout the pregnancy. In 55 subjects in whom
      both the resting tonus and blood pressure were simultaneously measured at least
      twice during pregnancy, the mean maternal blood pressure increased as the resting
      tonus increased. The above findings revealed a positive correlation between the
      resting tonus and the maternal blood pressure and suggested the presence of a
      critical point in terms of the intrauterine capacity, which derives from the
      properties of the uterine muscle and the intrauterine contents, consisting mainly
      of the fetus. The increase in the resting tonus is surmised to be related to this
      critical point.

PMID- 2401836
TI  - [Chief complaint and final diagnosis of middle- and high-aged outpatients].

PMID- 2401837
TI  - Time trends of Hansen's disease in Brazil.
AB  - In an analysis of the trend of Hansen's disease in Brazil, the "incidence
      register" or "detection rate" per 100,000 was used. The operational data analyzed
      were presumed to be related to true incidence because of the time elapsed (38 and
      19 years) and because of the large number of cases. The statistical method used
      was the exponential curve fit. From 1950 to 1987, there was an average annual
      decrease in the rate of 3% as indicated by the regression coefficient (slope),
      but from 1969 to 1987 an increase of 6% per year was observed. If this last trend
      is sustained, the detection rate in the year 2000 will be 35.03 per 100,000 or,
      in a population estimated as 190,000,000 inhabitants, 66,600 new cases. For
      comparison, in 1983 there were 18,759 new cases registered. The trend analysis
      for each of the Brazilian political-administrative areas (states and territories)
      is more accentuated in the Center-West and Northeast Macroregions, with a slope
      of 8% and 10%, respectively. In some states, such as Paraiba, Rio Grande do
      Norte, and Alagoas, there were astonishingly positive slopes of 20%, 18% and 17%,
      respectively. The distribution of the new cases by clinical forms during most of
      the period studied (1969-1987) confirms the overall trends observed. There was an
      increase in the detection rate of the tuberculoid form of 5% annually--compared
      to the lepromatous (combined with borderline) rate of 3% per year--and, also, the
      increase in the tuberculoid form was greatest in the Center-West and Northeast
      Macroregions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401838
TI  - A study of autoantibodies in chronic mycobacterial infections.
AB  - Infections can cause autoantibody production. The purpose of this study was to
      determine the prevalence of autoantibodies in patients with chronic mycobacterial
      infections. Sera from 41 leprosy patients and from 49 untreated and 73 treated
      tuberculosis (TB) patients were tested for the presence of rheumatoid factor,
      antinuclear factor, and several other autoantibodies. The rheumatoid factor,
      measured by the Rheuma Tec RF latex test, was positive in 2.4% of the leprosy
      patients and 2.7% of the treated TB patients but absent in the untreated TB
      group. The titers ranged from 40 to 160 international units. Positivity was
      dependent upon the technique utilized, and existed in 21% of untreated TB group
      and 4% of the treated TB patients when using the Rheuma-Wellcotest technique. The
      antinuclear antibody was positive in 7.3% of the leprosy group, 6.1% of the
      untreated TB group, and 15% of the treated TB patients (p = 0.0125). Antinuclear
      antibody positivity correlated with the duration of treatment of the TB patients
      (p = 0.025). The antinuclear antibody titers were low and gave no specific
      pattern on staining. No patient had antibodies against native deoxyribonucleic
      acid, ribonuclear protein, Ro (SS-A) or La (SS-B) antigens. Due to their low
      prevalence and frequency in these chronic infections, these autoantibodies should
      not lead to confusion in distinguishing these conditions from the connective
      tissue diseases.

PMID- 2401839
TI  - Major histocompatibility complex class II antigen expression in nerves in
      leprosy; an immunoelectronmicroscopical study.
AB  - A technique for immunoelectronmicroscopy has been used to investigate major
      histocompatibility class II expression in leprosy nerves. In normal nerves,
      endothelial cells and occasional endoneural cells (not Schwann cells) were
      constitutively class II positive. In both paucibacillary and multibacillary
      leprosy nerve biopsies, infiltrating leukocytes were positive but class II
      positive Schwann cells were not seen. These observations indicate that Schwann
      cells may not be involved in presenting Mycobacterium leprae antigens to T cells
      in leprosy. This conflicts with evidence from in vitro studies, but may be
      explained by the fact that in vivo Schwann cells are surrounded by basement
      membranes and are closely associated with axons.

PMID- 2401840
TI  - A case of borderline tuberculoid leprosy presenting with papulonodular lesions.

PMID- 2401841
TI  - [Study on movement and retention of obturator framework].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the movement of the obturator
      framework and abutment tooth and to find a method to improve its retention,
      support and stability. The model and framework in this experimental study
      simulated the posterior portion of the resected maxilla and obturator framework.
      The movement of the framework and abutment tooth under loading on the resected
      side were observed. And the retentive force under loading or pulling on the
      resected side was measured on each retainer designed by the three different paths
      of placement. The findings were as follows: 1. The typical movement of the
      framework and abutment tooth was seen under loading on the resected side. The
      framework rotated with a movement of the center of rotation from the middle of
      the residual palate to the resected and occlusal direction. And sliding on the
      palate to abutment direction was observed. 2. The abutment tooth inclined to the
      resected side, and also the mesio-distal and axial movements were observed. 3.
      The path of placement in designing affected the retentive force under loading or
      pulling force. 4. The optimum path of placement in designing the obturator and
      the method of finding it were discussed from the standpoint of retention and
      stability.

PMID- 2401842
TI  - [Comparative study on maxillo-facial components between human children and
      Japanese monkeys].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to find the cause of the variation of the occlusion
      and the shape of the maxillo-facial components in the Japanese children at the
      IIA stage in comparison with the Japanese monkeys. The human materials consist of
      lateral and P.A. cephalograms of 26 children with a mean age of approximately 4.5
      years. The monkey materials consist of dry skulls and their lateral cephalograms.
      They are categorized into four classes: 18 juveniles, 16 subadults, 17 female
      adults, and 17 male adults. The factor analysis is employed in this study on 17
      measurements which reveal the structure of the maxillo-facial components. The
      factors of the human children are like those of the Macaca juvenile and female
      adult. These factors show a tendency that the growth direction of the maxilla is
      correlated with the cranial base angle and the width of the maxillo-facial
      components is correlated with its depth. However, as to these factors, human
      mandibular measurements have a much lower factor loading than those of the
      Macaca. Contrary to the human, the Macaca's mandibular measurements at every
      stage and sex are well correlated with the maxillary measurements. These findings
      suggest that the variation of the human occlusion and the external shape of the
      maxillo-facial components should be higher than that of the Macaca.

PMID- 2401843
TI  - [Matrix vesicles in membranous ossification].
AB  - Calcification process in membranous ossification was examined histologically by
      light and electron microscopies in comparison with that in enchondral
      ossification. The following results were obtained: 1) In the rat tibial articular
      cartilage, the extracellular matrix proceeding from the transitional to the
      hypertrophic zone consisted of the following three layers from the proximal: the
      first layer in which ruthenium red positive granules were densely populated and
      thin collagen fibrils diffusely arranged but few matrix vesicles were observed;
      the second one containing numerous matrix vesicles and slightly thick collagen
      fibrils; and the last one in which the thick collagen fibrils were observed while
      matrix vesicles and ruthenium red positive granules were few. 2) In the calcified
      regions in the extracellular matrix of MC3T3-E1 cells, the regions of alveolar
      new bone formation due to orthodontic tooth movement and the calcified regions in
      the interparietal suture expanded mechanically in vitro, the number of matrix
      vesicles was less than those in the regions of enchondral ossification. 3)
      Ruthenium red positive granules were fewer in the regions of alveolar new bone
      formation after the orthodontic tooth movement than in the calcified regions of
      cartilage. 4) The observation on MC3T3-E1 cells revealed the two different
      possibilities of the processes of calcification: the calcification induced by
      matrix vesicles as an initiator and that directly related to mineral deposit on
      the collagen fibrils.

PMID- 2401844
TI  - The pancreas and zinc homeostasis.

PMID- 2401845
TI  - Pancreaticobiliary secretion of zinc and copper in normal persons and patients
      with Wilson's disease.
AB  - The objectives of this study were (1) to examine basal and cholecystokinin
      stimulated pancreaticobiliary secretion of zinc in normal subjects with zinc
      adequate and zinc-deficient diets, and (2) to investigate whether basal and
      stimulated secretion of zinc was abnormal in patients with Wilson's disease
      before and after zinc therapy. Gastroduodenal intubation was performed in six
      healthy subjects and five patients with Wilson's disease. After intravenous
      infusion of octapeptide of cholecystokinin (40 ng/kg/hr) the pancreaticobiliary
      secretion of zinc increased from a basal rate of 283.1 +/- 75.8 nmol/L/min to a
      peak of 716.6 +/- 175.3 nmol/L/min in normal subjects. Normal subjects with a
      zinc-deficient diet had both lower basal (66.8 +/- 15.8 nmol/L/min) and
      stimulated (559.5 +/- 31 nmol/L/min) pancreaticobiliary secretion of zinc than
      with a zinc-sufficient diet. In contrast to the markedly reduced
      pancreaticobiliary secretion of copper, patients with Wilson's disease not
      treated with zinc had normal basal (226.6 +/- 126 nmol/L/min) and stimulated
      (728.7 +/- 195.5 nmol/L/min) zinc secretion. These studies indicate that a
      considerable amount of zinc is being secreted in pancreaticobiliary fluid in
      healthy subjects and there was no impairment of zinc secretion in patients with
      Wilson's disease. Our data also indicate that pancreaticobiliary secretion of
      zinc is dependent on the zinc status of the subjects, suggesting that endogenous
      secretion of zinc may play a significant role in the homeostasis of zinc.

PMID- 2401846
TI  - Inhibition of von Willebrand factor-induced platelet agglutination by ADP does
      not result from reduced binding of total von Willebrand factor or its larger
      multimers.
AB  - Earlier experiments showed that platelet agglutination induced by von Willebrand
      factor (vWf) plus ristocetin was greatly diminished if adenosine diphosphate
      (ADP) was added first in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (to
      prevent aggregation). Platelets treated with ADP and then fixed also agglutinated
      less than control fixed platelets. The studies reported here demonstrate that ADP
      did not decrease ristocetin-induced binding of vWf whether binding was measured
      on suspended platelets with iodine 125-labeled vWf or on suspended or
      agglutinated platelets with the use of any of three 125I-labeled monoclonal
      antibodies that bind to vWf but that do not interfere with ristocetin-induced
      agglutination. Equal amounts of vWf were eluted from ristocetin/vWf-treated
      platelets when they were resuspended without ristocetin, whether or not the
      platelets had been exposed to ADP, and the vWf recovered in either case was
      composed only of large multimers. No evidence for an agglutination site other
      than glycoprotein Ib could be demonstrated by measuring agglutination of a
      mixture of platelets fixed after inhibition with antibody against glycoprotein Ib
      and platelets fixed after inhibition with ADP. We conclude that inhibition of
      agglutination by ADP must involve the way in which vWf is bound, because it does
      not result from a decreased amount or from a difference in multimer size of bound
      vWf.

PMID- 2401847
TI  - Serum creatinine and its relation to cardiovascular disease risk variables in
      children and young adults from a biracial community. The Bogalusa Heart Study.
AB  - The distributions of serum creatinine levels and their relationship with selected
      anthropometric and cardiovascular risk variables have been described in 3983
      children and young adults, aged 5 to 26 years, obtained from a biracial
      population, Bogalusa, Louisiana. For both blacks and whites serum creatinine
      levels increased slowly with age, until 11 years of age when a steeper increase
      occurred to around 19 years of age. Before this age there was a significant age
      by sex interaction (p less than 0.0001) in the distributions of serum creatinine.
      After the age of 19 years mean serum creatinine levels were significantly higher
      in black men than in white men (1.16 mg/dl vs 1.09 mg/dl, p less than 0.0005) and
      in black women than in white women (0.87 mg/dl vs 0.84 mg/dl, p less than 0.08).
      Creatinine levels were also significantly higher in men than in women (1.11 mg/dl
      vs 0.85 mg/dl, p less than 0.0001). Creatinine clearance, estimated from an
      equation using serum creatine, age, and weight, showed a steady increase until 13
      years of age when a maximum range of 120 to 140 ml/min was reached. By the age of
      19 years the clearance had declined to a relatively constant range of 100 to 120
      ml/min. Black men had the highest correlation of serum creatinine concentration
      with height, weight, and lean body mass after adjusting for age. White men had
      the highest correlation of serum creatinine concentration with uric acid.
      Diastolic blood pressure becomes an important determinant of creatinine levels by
      the age of 11 years. The race-sex differences in serum creatinine levels in
      children and young adults are likely related to body mass.

PMID- 2401848
TI  - Influence of cellular iron status on the release of soluble transferrin receptor
      from human promyelocytic leukemic HL60 cells.
AB  - We have previously shown that human leukemic HL60 cells release from their
      surface a soluble form of the transferrin receptor. Because of the regulatory
      role of iron in transferrin receptor expression, we have now examined the
      relationship between iron and the release of soluble transferrin receptor from
      HL60 cells. Cells grown in serum-free, transferrin-free medium containing iron
      pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (Fe-PIH) displayed approximately 70% less
      iodine 125-labeled transferrin surface binding and released 60% less soluble
      transferrin receptor than cells grown in serum-supplemented medium. Incubation of
      cells with increasing concentrations of Fe-PIH resulted in a progressive decrease
      in the release of soluble transferrin receptor over 18 hours of incubation. In
      contrast, receptor release was increased after incubation of cells with the iron
      chelator deferoxamine. This effect was completely blocked by cycloheximide.
      Transferrin receptor release from cells over 2 hours was unaffected by the
      presence of transferrin-iron, suggesting that transferrin receptor release occurs
      independent of the cellular handling of its ligand. Exposure of cells to phorbol
      myristate acetate resulted in a decrease in cell surface transferrin receptor and
      a decrease in the release of soluble transferrin receptor. Our studies show that
      transferrin receptor release from HL60 cells changes during iron excess or iron
      deficiency and that these changes are the result of alterations in cell surface
      transferrin receptor density. Our studies suggest that elevated serum transferrin
      receptor levels seen in clinical iron deficiency reflect corresponding increases
      in transferrin receptors at the cellular level.

PMID- 2401849
TI  - Species variation in the mechanism of killing of inhaled pneumococci.
AB  - Detailed studies in murine models show inhaled staphylococci are killed mainly by
      alveolar macrophages. Recently, using histology and lung lavage to determine the
      site of killing of inhaled 59Fe-labeled pneumococci in rats, we found
      unexpectedly that most of the organisms were killed extracellularly. In the
      present studies we compared clearance of inhaled 59Fe-pneumococci in rats, guinea
      pigs, and rabbits to determine if extracellular killing of pneumococci is species
      dependent. Absolute clearance rates were measured using Andersen plates. lung
      lavage and differential centrifugation were used to measure leukocyte-associated
      and free 59Fe-pneumococci and nonsedimentable 59Fe. Clearance was rapid in all
      species but was fastest in rabbits, which killed pneumococci almost as quickly as
      they were deposited (p less than 0.025 versus rats and guinea pigs). At 1-1/2
      hours after pneumococcal deposition in rats, when clearance had reached 92%,
      alveolar macrophages contained only 31% of the total 59Fe while 56% was in the
      nonsedimentable, extracellular fraction. At 1-1/2 hours in guinea pigs, when
      clearance was 96% complete, macrophages contained 51% of the 59Fe and 34% was
      nonsedimentable (p less than 0.002 versus rats). In rabbits at 1-1/2 hours,
      macrophages had 94% of the 59Fe and only 4% was nonsedimentable (p less than
      0.001 versus the other species). In no species were opsonic antibodies detected
      in sera or concentrated lavage. In vitro, rabbit and guinea pig alveolar
      macrophages killed pneumococci opsonized with both specific antibody and fresh
      serum, while rat macrophages had little activity (p less than 0.001). We conclude
      that the role of alveolar macrophages in killing inhaled pneumococci varies in
      different species.

PMID- 2401850
TI  - Lack of concordance in classification of coronary heart disease risk: high-risk
      HDL cholesterol less than 35 mg/dl in subjects with desirable total serum
      cholesterol, less than 200 mg/dl.
AB  - In using National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines (for desirable low
      risk, a total cholesterol level less than 200 mg/dl, and for high risk, a level
      of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) less than 35 mg/dl), our specific
      aim was to examine lack of concordance in classification of coronary heart
      disease (CHD) risk by HDLC less than 35 mg/dl in subjects with total cholesterol
      less than 200 and to determine whether lack of concordance increased as group CHD
      risk increased. We studied four cohorts ranging from putatively low to high CHD
      risk. These included self-referred subjects in a public urban total cholesterol
      screening (n = 897), hospitalized patients with depression (n = 144), Cholesterol
      Center referrals at presumed high CHD risk (n = 1120), and patients having
      coronary arteriography (n = 145) because of presumed coronary artery disease.
      Total cholesterol was less than 200 mg/dl in 25% of subjects from the urban
      sampling, in 54% of hospitalized patients with depression, in 27% of Cholesterol
      Center referrals, and in 41% of those undergoing cardiac catheterization. In
      these four cohorts, of subjects with total cholesterol less than 200, 7%, 26%,
      25%, and 48%, respectively, had HDLC less than 35 mg/dl. The likelihood of having
      total cholesterol less than 200 and HDLC less than 35 mg/dl was 1.7% in urban
      public subjects, 6.8% in Cholesterol Center referrals, 13.9% in depressed
      patients, and 20% in cardiac catheterization patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2401851
TI  - Gel filtration: a new method to analyze and separate red blood cells with
      different deformabilities.
AB  - Filtration of red blood cells through agarose gels (Sephadex, Sepharose, and
      Superose) was used to assess red cell deformability and simultaneously obtain
      fractions of red cells with different properties. The hemoglobin concentration in
      each fraction was used to define a filtration profile of red cells. It was found
      that gel filtration was a reproducible process. A gel filtration index (GFI) was
      derived from the height and the width of the filtration curve at half the maximum
      height. Osmotically treated red cells, red cells partially hardened with
      increasing glutaraldehyde concentrations, and mixtures of normal and hardened red
      cells were used to test the method. Changes in red cell deformability were
      sensitively detected by the GFI. The first fractions eluted from the column
      contained red cells with normal deformability, whereas the later fractions
      contained primarily less deformable cells with an increased membrane elastic
      modulus. By repeated filtration of late fractions it was possible to enrich the
      suspensions with less deformable cells. Patients with chronic renal failure had a
      decreased filterability; their GFI was 1.04 +/- 0.27 (n = 15) compared with 1.18
      +/- 0.17 in controls (n = 20, p less than 0.05). We conclude that gel filtration
      is useful to detect and isolate abnormal red cell subpopulations. It could be a
      valuable tool for the investigation of disorders such as sickle cell anemia.

PMID- 2401852
TI  - Characterization of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins separated by
      preparative free flow isotachophoresis.
AB  - Preparative free flow isotachophoresis (ITP) was used for the fractionation of
      apoB-containing lipoproteins (d less than 1.063 g/ml) from fasting and
      postprandial sera derived from normolipidemic individuals. According to their net
      electric mobility, four major particle groups (I-IV) have been recognized. The
      fast-migrating particles in group I, which correspond predominantly to very low
      density lipoproteins (VLDL), are rich in triglycerides, free cholesterol,
      phosphatidylcholine, and apoE and C apolipoproteins. This group expresses
      nonspecific binding to fibroblasts but binds to HepG2 cells with high affinity
      (KD = 3.6 micrograms/ml, Bmax = 37 ng) to a single class of binding sites. The
      particles migrating in group II, which are related to intermediate density
      lipoproteins (IDL), are richer in cholesteryl esters and apoB than those in group
      I. They interact specifically with a single site on fibroblasts (KD = 7.8
      micrograms/ml, Bmax = 54 ng) while on HepG2 cells two binding sites, one with a
      higher (KD = 3.5 micrograms/ml, Bmax = 22 ng) and one with a lower affinity
      component (KD = 16.9 micrograms/ml, Bmax = 53 ng), are involved. The particles
      migrating in groups III and IV correspond to low density lipoproteins (LDL). The
      protein moiety of both fractions consists almost exclusively of apoB. Group III
      represents cholesteryl ester-rich LDL particles, while the particles in group IV
      contain smaller amounts of cholesteryl esters. The lipoproteins of both groups
      are ligands for apoB,E-receptors. However, the particles in group IV interact
      with fibroblasts with the highest affinity (KD = 2.3 micrograms/ml, Bmax = 58 ng)
      and with the biphasic HepG2 cell binding sites with the lowest affinity of all
      analyzed groups (KD1 = 11.2 micrograms/ml, Bmax1 = 58 ng, KD2 = 68 micrograms/ml,
      Bmax2 = 170 ng). When apoB-containing lipoproteins were isolated from
      postprandial sera of the same individuals, significant changes in the lipid
      composition were observed only in particle groups I and II, where the
      triglyceride and phospholipid content was enhanced. Group I particles from
      postprandial serum bind to HepG2 cells with a higher affinity (KD = 2.5
      micrograms/ml) than group I particles from fasting serum. Postprandial group II
      particles bind with the same affinity to the biphasic HepG2 cell receptor as
      fasting group II particles, while the affinities of postprandial group III (KD1 =
      4.1 micrograms/ml, KD1 = 47 micrograms/ml) and group IV particles (KD1 = 3.9
      micrograms/ml, KD2 = 38 micrograms/ml) to the high affinity binding site of the
      biphasic receptor are enhanced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2401854
TI  - Development, food intake, and ethinylestradiol influence hepatic triglyceride
      lipase and LDL-receptor mRNA levels in rats.
AB  - The influence of development and ethinylestradiol on low density lipoprotein
      (LDL)-receptor mRNA and hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL) activity and mRNA
      levels was studied in rat liver and intestine. Intestinal LDL-receptor mRNA
      levels are maximal in the perinatal period, whereas liver LDL-receptor and HTGL
      mRNA levels are highest after weaning in adult life. All mRNA levels reach a
      maximum between day 15 and 20 when rats still consume a lipid-rich diet, and
      increase twofold during weaning. Liver and intestinal LDL-receptor mRNA levels
      are not influenced by ovariectomy, but increase after ethinylestradiol treatment.
      Liver LDL-receptor mRNA shows a dose-dependent increase after ethinylestradiol
      and a sevenfold rise in liver LDL-receptor mRNA is attained with a dose of 2000
      micrograms/day. Intestinal LDL-receptor mRNA increases slightly more than twofold
      after ethinylestradiol and this increase is not dose-dependent. Changes in LDL
      receptor mRNA are independent of changes in food intake induced by
      ethinylestradiol treatment, since they are still observed after pair-feeding. The
      ethinylestradiol-induced increases in LDL-receptor mRNA levels are reflected by
      decreased serum apoB levels. HTGL mRNA levels increase after ovariectomy and show
      a dose-dependent decrease after ethinylestradiol. Pair-feeding abolishes the
      increase seen after ovariectomy, while the estrogen-mediated decrease is
      attenuated. These alterations in HTGL mRNA are reflected by similar changes in
      liver HTGL activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401853
TI  - Human low density lipoprotein subfractions separated by gradient gel
      electrophoresis: composition, distribution, and alterations induced by
      cholesteryl ester transfer protein.
AB  - Low density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions were studied in sera from 208
      normolipidemic, 22 hypercholesterolemic, and 33 hypertriglyceridemic subjects.
      Whole serum without preliminary ultracentrifugation was submitted to
      electrophoresis in a nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel. Three main LDL patterns
      were observed in normolipidemic sera: type 1, characterized by the presence of
      only one major band; type 2, characterized by the presence of two close major
      bands; and type 3, where LDL were more dispersed and presented at least three
      distinct bands. Type 1 was more frequent in men (43%) than in women (19%). The
      tendency for a higher potential coronary disease risk profile sera, namely higher
      triglyceride level, higher very low density lipoprotein + LDL fraction and lower
      high density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction, was type 3 less than type 2 less than
      type 1. The LDL patterns found in hypercholesterolemic sera were of type 1.
      Hypertriglyceridemic sera were characterized by the presence of a major band of
      small size. Separated LDL subfractions were collected by electroelution and
      analyzed for composition. In all subspecies, the mass ratio of core to surface
      components was constant as well as the molar ratio of the two lipid surface
      components, phospholipids and free cholesterol. Surface lipid to apolipoprotein B
      ratio, cholesteryl ester to triglyceride ratio, and cholesteryl ester to apoB
      ratio increased with particle size increment. Incubation of LDL with HDL and
      purified cholesteryl ester transfer protein induced a transfer of lipids, mainly
      cholesteryl esters and phospholipids, to LDL and an increase of the sizes of LDL
      subfractions. This suggests that lipid transfers from HDL to LDL might be a
      process of intravascular LDL remodeling and a factor of LDL polymorphism.

PMID- 2401855
TI  - Effects of fish oil on glomerular function in rats with diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The mechanisms responsible for hyperfiltration in diabetes mellitus (DM) as well
      as for the initiation and progression of diabetic nephropathy are not fully
      elucidated. Enhanced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production has been invoked in the
      former and thromboxane (TXB2) and hyperlipidemia in the latter. Fish oil (FO)
      enriched diets can favorably alter eicosanoid synthesis and serum lipid profiles.
      We therefore examined the effects of a FO-enriched diet on glomerular filtration
      (GFR), proteinuria, glomerular eicosanoid production, and serum lipids in rats
      with streptozotocin-induced DM (STZ-DM). Groups of 5-8 rats with STZ-DM were
      maintained on low insulin and then pair-fed with isocaloric diets enriched with
      either FO (20% w/w) or beef tallow (BT; 20% w/w). GFR was determined in the same
      animals at onset of diet and after 8 and 20 weeks on the respective diets by
      [14C]inulin clearance using implanted osmotic minipumps each time. Significant
      hyperfiltration was present initially and GFR did not change on either diet for
      20 weeks, in spite of a significant and greater than 50% decrease in all
      prostaglandins (PGE2, TXB2, PGF2 alpha, 6-keto, PGF1 alpha) produced by glomeruli
      isolated from DM/FO as compared to DM/BT or control rats. FO diet completely
      corrected the hypertriglyceridemia of diabetes and significantly reduced the mild
      and early proteinuria of DM. The decrease in proteinuria and the correction of
      hyperlipidemia of DM by a FO-enriched diet may be beneficial in the long term not
      only for the development of diabetic glomerulopathy, but also for the accelerated
      atherosclerosis of DM.

PMID- 2401856
TI  - Internalization of retinol-binding protein in parenchymal and stellate cells of
      rat liver.
AB  - We have studied uptake of retinol-binding protein (RBP) by rat liver cells.
      First, we compared the in vivo uptake in different liver cells of 125I-labeled
      RBP with that of other well-known ligands. We found that the ligands studied were
      recognized differently by the various cell types in the liver, and that RBP was
      most efficiently taken up by parenchymal and stellate cells. We then studied the
      in vivo uptake of RBP in liver cells by immunocytochemistry at the electron
      microscopic level using ultrathin cryosections. Ten min after injection, RBP was
      localized to parenchymal cells and stellate cells. In these cells, RBP was
      detected on the cell surface and in vesicles near the cell surface. RBP was
      observed mainly in association with the membrane in these vesicles. Two hours
      after injection, RBP was localized not only on the cell surface and in vesicles
      close to the cell surface, but also in larger vesicles located deeper in the
      cytoplasm of these cells. RBP in larger vesicles was observed at a distance from
      the vesicular membrane. Finally, we compared the distribution of endocytosed RBP
      in liver parenchymal cells with that of asialo-orosomucoid, a ligand known to be
      internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis. We detected both ligands on the
      cell surface and in small vesicles located close to the cell surface and in
      larger vesicles located deeper in the cytoplasm. Asialo-orosomucoid and RBP were
      seldom observed in the same small vesicles, but the larger vesicles contained
      both ligands. These data suggest that RBP is internalized in parenchymal and
      stellate cells of the liver by receptor-mediated endocytosis.

PMID- 2401857
TI  - Persistent abnormalities in lipoprotein composition and cholesteryl ester
      transfer following lovastatin treatment.
AB  - Optimally effective lipid-lowering agents should not only restore plasma lipids
      to normal levels but also correct potentially atherogenic alterations in
      lipoprotein composition and function often present in hyperlipidemic patients.
      Lovastatin, a competitive inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis, clearly lowers
      plasma cholesterol levels. Its effects on lipoprotein composition and cholesteryl
      ester transfer (CET), a key step in reverse cholesterol transport, however, are
      not known. Since abnormalities in CET and lipoprotein composition are present in
      patients with hypercholesterolemia, we studied these parameters of plasma
      lipoprotein transport in twelve hypercholesterolemic (HC; Type IIa) subjects (six
      male, six female) before and 2 months after lovastatin treatment (20 mg qd).
      Before lovastatin, the free cholesterol (FC)/lecithin (L) ratio in plasma, a new
      index of cardiovascular risk that reflects lipoprotein surface composition, was
      abnormally increased (1.18 +/- 0.26 vs controls 0.83 +/- 0.14; P less than 0.001)
      in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high density lipoprotein-3 (HDL3),
      and remained so after treatment despite significant declines in whole plasma
      cholesterol (311.7 +/- 68.2 vs 215.6 +/- 27.2 mg/dl; P less than 0.001), low
      density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (206.3 +/- 47.9 vs 146.8 +/- 29.4; P less
      than 0.001), and apolipoprotein B (149 +/- 30 vs 110 +/- 17; P less than
      0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401858
TI  - Selective inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in liver versus extrahepatic
      tissues by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
AB  - Hepatic specificity of inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG
      CoA) reductase may be achieved by efficient first-pass liver extraction resulting
      in low circulating drug levels, as with lovastatin, or by lower cellular uptake
      in peripheral tissues, seen with pravastatin. BMY-21950 and its lactone form BMY
      22089, new synthetic inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, were compared with the
      major reference agent lovastatin and with the synthetic inhibitor fluindostatin
      in several in vitro and in vivo models of potency and tissue selectivity. The
      kinetic mechanism and the potency of BMY-21950 as a competitive inhibitor of
      isolated HMG-CoA reductase were comparable to the reference agents. The
      inhibitory potency (cholesterol synthesis assayed by 3H2O or [14C]acetate
      incorporation) of BMY-21950 in rat hepatocytes (IC50 = 21 nM) and dog liver
      slices (IC50 = 23 nM) equalled or exceeded the potencies of the reference agents.
      Hepatic cholesterol synthesis in vivo in rats was effectively inhibited by BMY
      21950 and its lactone form BMY-22089 (ED50 = 0.1 mg/kg p.o.), but oral doses (20
      mg/kg) that suppressed liver synthesis by 83-95% inhibited sterol synthesis by
      only 17-24% in the ileum. In contrast, equivalent doses of lovastatin markedly
      inhibited cholesterol synthesis in both organs. In tissue slices from rat ileum,
      cell dispersions from testes, adrenal, and spleen, and in bovine ocular lens
      epithelial cells, BMY-21950 inhibited sterol synthesis weakly in vitro with IC50
      values 76- and 188-times higher than in hepatocytes; similar effects were seen
      for BMY-22089. However, the IC50 ratios (tissue/hepatocyte) for lovastatin and
      fluindostatin were near unity in these models. Thus, BMY-21950 and BMY-22089 are
      the first potent synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that possess a very high
      degree of liver selectivity based upon differential inhibition sensitivities in
      tissues. This cellular uptake-based property of hepatic specificity of BMY-21950
      and BMY-22089, also manifest in pravastatin, is biochemically distinct from the
      pharmacodynamic-based disposition of lovastatin, which along with fluindostatin
      exhibited potent inhibition in all tissues that were exposed to it.

PMID- 2401859
TI  - Transcriptional control of the expression of lipoprotein lipase gene by growth
      hormone in preadipocyte Ob1771 cells.
AB  - A direct and modulating effect of growth hormone (GH) on the regulation of the
      lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene has been shown in preadipocyte Ob1771 cells. Growth
      hormone acts as a modulator within the physiological range of concentrations and
      regulates the abundance of the two species of LPL mRNAs (3.3 and 3.7 kb) in a
      differentiation-dependent manner, the stimulation factor being between 4- and 7
      fold. The regulation of LPL gene expression by GH is rapid (2 to 8 h) and similar
      for both mRNA species. It is reversible and takes place primarily at a
      transcriptional level. Parallel increases of LPL mRNAs, LPL protein, and LPL
      activity are observed. The expression of both cellular and secreted activities is
      stimulated by GH. The role of GH is mediated, at least in part, by means of
      activation of protein kinase C. In the presence of 4-beta-phorbol-12-myristate 13
      acetate (PMA), a parallel increase of LPL mRNA content and LPL activity is
      observed at half the values obtained upon stimulation by GH. The kinase inhibitor
      1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H7) abolishes completely the PMA
      induced accumulation but decreases only by half that induced by GH. Like H7,
      staurosporine, polymixin B, and sphingosine inhibit only by half the stimulatory
      effect of GH on the expression of the LPL gene. These results show for the first
      time a rapid regulation of the LPL gene expression at a transcriptional level.
      Ob1771 cells should be helpful in gaining some insights in the promoter function
      of the LPL gene and the trans-acting factors involved in its regulation.

PMID- 2401860
TI  - Ursodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and 7-ketolithocholic acid are
      primary bile acids of the guinea pig.
AB  - Guinea pig gallbladder bile contains chenodeoxycholic acid (62 +/- 5%),
      ursodeoxycholic acid (8 +/- 5%), and 7-ketolithocholic acid (30 +/- 5%). All
      three bile acids became labeled to the same specific activity within 30 min after
      [3H]cholesterol was injected into bile fistula guinea pigs. When a mixture of
      [3H]ursodeoxycholic acid and [14C]chenodeoxycholic acid was infused into another
      bile fistula guinea pig, little 3H could be detected in either chenodeoxycholic
      acid or 7-ketolithocholic acid. But, 14C was efficiently incorporated into
      ursodeoxycholic and 7-ketolithocholic acids. Monohydroxylated bile acids make up
      51% and ursodeoxycholic acid 38% of fecal bile acids. After 3 weeks of antibiotic
      therapy, lithocholic acid was reduced to 6% of the total, but ursodeoxycholic
      acid (5-11%) and 7-ketolithocholic (15-21%) acid persisted in bile. Lathosterol
      constituted 19% of skin sterols and was detected in the feces of an antibiotic
      fed animal. After one bile fistula guinea pig suffered a partial biliary
      obstruction, ursodeoxycholic and 7-ketolithocholic acids increased to 46% and 22%
      of total bile acids, respectively. These results demonstrate that
      chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, and 7-ketolithocholic acid can all
      be made in the liver of the guinea pig.

PMID- 2401861
TI  - Synthesis and regulation of lipoprotein lipase in the hippocampus.
AB  - Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression was determined in adult rat hippocampus and
      compared to enzyme expression in other brain regions. Hippocampus LPL mRNA levels
      were at least 2.5-fold higher than those detected in the cerebral cortex,
      cerebellum, and remaining brain regions. Enzyme mass and activity levels in the
      hippocampus were also increased to a similar degree. De novo synthesis of LPL in
      the hippocampus was confirmed by [35S]methionine-labeling of the tissue and
      identification of a 57 kDa protein obtained by immunoprecipitation. Addition of
      an excess amount of bovine LPL completely prevented the immunoprecipitation of
      this protein. The effect of nutritional modulations on brain LPL activity was
      determined after a 12-h fast. While no significant changes were observed in other
      regions of the brain, hippocampus LPL activity in fasted rats increased by 60%
      compared to the fed control group. Simultaneously, fasting reduced adipose LPL
      activity by 60%. Intraperitoneal injection of ACTH over a 5-day period had no
      effect on hippocampus LPL activity, while adipose LPL levels increased 2.3-fold
      and heart LPL levels decreased 1.4-fold. We conclude that LPL is synthesized,
      active and regulated in a tissue-specific manner in the adult rat hippocampus.

PMID- 2401862
TI  - Use of 1H-NMR to determine the distribution of lecithin between the micellar and
      vesicular phases in model bile.
AB  - Biliary cholesterol/phospholipid vesicles play an important role in the
      pathogenesis of gallstone disease. A prerequisite for the study of the lipid
      composition and stability of these vesicles is a reliable method to quantify the
      amount of vesicular lipid. In the present report we show that NMR can be used to
      determine the distribution of biliary lecithin between the micellar and vesicular
      phases. The relatively large size of the vesicles leads to such a broadening of
      the lipid resonances that they are no longer visible in high resolution 1H-NMR
      spectra. Since micelles are much smaller, lipid present in the micellar phase
      does give rise to sharp peaks in 1H-NMR spectra. Micellar lecithin can easily be
      quantified in these spectra. The resonances of cholesterol are masked by the
      closely related bile acid that is present in a much higher concentration. By
      determining the difference between chemically and NMR estimated lecithin, the
      distribution of this phospholipid between the micellar phase and vesicular phase
      can be assessed. We have compared the results of NMR with gel permeation and
      density gradient ultracentrifugation. Using standard fractionation conditions,
      both gel permeation and density gradient ultracentrifugation lead to an
      underestimation of vesicular lecithin, the difference being minor at relatively
      high total lipid concentrations (10 g/dl) but large in diluted model bile. We
      conclude that 1H-NMR can be used to determine the distribution of lecithin in
      model bile.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401863
TI  - Synthesis of new bile salt analogues, sodium 3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta
      cholane-24-sulfonate and sodium 3 alpha, 7 beta-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholane-24
      sulfonate.
AB  - This report describes the chemical synthesis of two new bile salt analogues,
      namely sodium 3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholane-24-sulfonate and sodium 3
      alpha,7 beta-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholane-24-sulfonate from chenodeoxycholic acid and
      ursodeoxycholic acid, respectively. Each common bile acid was converted into the
      corresponding 5 beta-cholane-3,7,24-triol by treatment with ethyl chloroformate
      in the presence of triethylamine followed by sodium borohydride reduction.
      Reaction of the cholanetriol with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride at 4 degrees C
      afforded the partially tosylated product, 24-p-toluenesulfoxy-5 beta-cholane-3,7
      diol, which was then treated with sodium iodide to produce 24-iodo-5 beta-cholane
      3,7-diol. The 24-iodide was refluxed with sodium sulfite in aqueous ethanol to
      give the desired sulfonate analogue of the naturally occurring bile acid,
      chenodeoxycholic acid or ursodeoxycholic acid.

PMID- 2401864
TI  - Aspen Hepatic Cholesterol and Lipoprotein Conference 1989. Report of a
      conference.

PMID- 2401865
TI  - Development of adenylate cyclase activity in rat adrenal glands during the
      perinatal period.
AB  - Adenylate cyclase activity was studied in crude adrenal membranes from fetal and
      newborn rats. Basal adenylate cyclase activity was higher in fetal than in
      newborn rats. ACTH(1-24) (1 mumol/l), guanosine (beta,gamma-imido diphosphate)
      (Gpp(NH)p) (10 mumols/l) and forskolin (100 mumols/l) stimulated the activity of
      the enzyme at all stages studied. The sensitivity of the enzyme to ACTH was
      maximal on days 17 and 19 of gestation. When Gpp(NH)p was added to ACTH(1-24),
      the response was significantly higher than that induced by Gpp(NH)p alone.
      Forskolin and Gpp(NH)p alone increased the adenylate cyclase activity and the
      sensitivity of the enzyme to these compounds was higher in newborn rats than in
      fetuses. Treatment of 21-day-old rat fetuses with ACTH increased the response of
      adenylate cyclase to Gpp(NH)p alone or to forskolin whereas treatment with
      dexamethasone did not modify the response of the enzyme to either Gpp(NH)p alone
      or forskolin. Our results show that the change in the responsiveness of adenylate
      cyclase takes place immediately after birth during the first week and ACTH is
      able to induce a maturation of the fetal adrenal adenylate cyclase system.

PMID- 2401866
TI  - Chronic regulation of ovarian oxytocin and progesterone release by
      prostaglandins: opposite effects in bovine granulosa and early luteal cells.
AB  - Oxytocin is synthesized in the granulosa-derived large cells of the ruminant
      corpus luteum from a gene which is dramatically up-regulated in the first few
      days after ovulation. In this work, the regulation of granulosa and luteal cells
      by prostaglandins and insulin (or insulin-like growth factor-I; IGF-I) has been
      explored by comparing their effects on oxytocin and progesterone production in
      cell culture. In granulosa cells, chronic exposure to insulin (17 nmol/l)
      stimulated luteinization as indicated by increased release of oxytocin and
      progesterone. Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) alone had little effect, but
      synergized with insulin (or IGF-I) to increase the release of both these
      hormones. In direct contrast, insulin-stimulated oxytocin production by luteal
      cells was inhibited by PGF2 alpha. The half-maximal dose (EC50) for PGF2 alpha
      action in both cell preparations was similar (10-100 nmol/l). Dose-response
      studies revealed that PGF2 alpha increased the potency of insulin in granulosa
      cells (EC50 for insulin-stimulation of oxytocin release reduced from 141 to 13
      nmol/l by 1 mumol PGF2 alpha/l), but not in luteal cells. Insulin-stimulated
      oxytocin release from granulosa cells was also synergistically increased by PGE1,
      PGE2 and forskolin, suggesting this effect to be mediated by adenylate cyclase
      coupled PGE receptors. The results reveal that the effects of prostaglandins on
      oxytocin release are dependent on both the developmental stage of the target
      tissue and on the presence of other regulators of cellular differentiation.
      Moreover, they suggest that the increase in responsiveness to insulin and IGF-I,
      which appears to accompany luteinization in the cow, may be an effect of
      prostaglandins produced locally during the peri-ovulatory period.

PMID- 2401867
TI  - Vasopressin stimulation of cell proliferation in the rat pituitary gland in
      vitro.
AB  - Proliferative activity was measured in rat anterior pituitary cells in short-term
      culture by calculating the labelling index (LI), based on the immunohistochemical
      detection of cells incorporating the thymidine analogue bromodeoxyuridine. Basal
      LI was reproducible in the test system. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) induced a dose
      related increase in LI up to 20 ng/ml. Corticotrophin-releasing factor-41 (CRF
      41) had no effect at doses up to 20 ng/ml. However, in the presence of 10 ng CRF
      41/ml, AVP induced a greater increase in LI at lower doses than did AVP alone.
      Fibroblast growth factor also induced a significant increase in LI. In the system
      used, epidermal growth factor and insulin had no effect on proliferation.

PMID- 2401868
TI  - Transcellular iodide transport and iodination on the apical plasma membrane by
      monolayer porcine thyroid cells cultured on collagen-coated filters.
AB  - Isolated porcine thyroid follicular cells were cultured on a collagen-coated
      Millipore filter to form a monolayer. The monolayer could translocate 125I added
      in the medium beneath the filter (basal medium) into the medium above the
      monolayer (apical medium) and form an iodide concentration gradient of several
      fold. Transcellular iodide pump activity was observed when the cells were
      cultured with TSH in the basal medium. In the absence of TSH, the translocation
      of iodide was very slow. The concentration of TSH required to activate the iodide
      pump was 0.1-0.3 mU/ml. Addition of ClO4- to the basal medium inhibited
      transcellular transport, whilst addition of ClO4- to the apical medium was much
      less effective. Constituents labelled with 125I in the apical medium were
      analysed. The amount of protein-bound 125I measured by acid precipitation was 3
      8% of the total radioactivity. The residual radioactivity was found to be iodide
      ion by paper chromatography. Further analysis by sodium dodecylsulphate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that most of the 125I-labelled
      protein was at the position of bovine serum albumin which had been added to the
      culture medium. The monolayer culture of cells on collagen-coated filter would be
      a useful experimental system for analysing thyroid cell functions for which the
      cell polarity is essential.

PMID- 2401869
TI  - Extracellular ATP-induced production of hydrogen peroxide in porcine thyroid
      cells.
AB  - Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an essential substrate for the peroxidase reaction in
      thyroid hormone biosynthesis. We demonstrated the production of H2O2 from porcine
      thyroid cells stimulated with extracellular ATP, using a scopoletin-horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP) system. Incubation of isolated cells for 1 day in the presence
      of 10% (v/v) newborn calf serum was necessary for the detection of induction by
      ATP of H2O2 production. The rate of H2O2 production induced by the addition of
      ATP increased in a dose-dependent manner, and the concentration of ATP required
      for half-maximum stimulation was about 10 mumol/l. ADP and GTP were also
      effective, but only at higher concentrations than ATP. In the absence of
      extracellular Ca2+, the production rate was very low. Production of H2O2 from
      thyroid cells was also measured by a method which discriminated between H2O2 and
      superoxide anion (O2-); in this, diacetyldeuteroheme-substituted HRP was employed
      as the trapping agent for both O2 metabolites. The thyroid cells produced H2O2,
      but not O2-, when the cells were stimulated by extracellular ATP.

PMID- 2401870
TI  - HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.

PMID- 2401871
TI  - Cigarette smoking and glomerular filtration rate in insulin-treated diabetics
      without manifest nephropathy.
AB  - A sample of 120 insulin-treated diabetics, 20-40 years of age, with a glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR) exceeding -2 SD of the age-adjusted value and without
      albuminuria greater than 300 mg 24 h-1, and with a diastolic blood pressure not
      greater than 90 mmHg, were studied in order to evaluate the possible effect of
      smoking on glomerular filtration rate. The patients reported their smoking
      habits, use of oral snuff, use of alcohol, physical exercise and heredity for
      hypertension in a simple questionnaire. GFR was assessed with 51Cr-EDTA-clearance
      and glomerular hyperfiltration was defined as a value exceeding +2 SD of the age
      adjusted normal value. We found a significantly higher prevalence of glomerular
      hyperfiltration in smokers than in non-smokers (41% vs. 18%), but no increased
      prevalence in users of oral snuff. In cigarette smokers a multivariate analysis
      revealed that GFR was positively related to body mass index (BMI), and negatively
      related to the number of cigarettes smoked per week and the mean blood pressure.
      In non-smokers GFR was dependent only on age. We conclude that in insulin-treated
      diabetics glomerular hyperfiltration is related to smoking, and that the GFR in
      smoking diabetics is directly dependent on the smoke doses. As glomerular
      hyperfiltration is regarded as a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy, our
      findings should be relevant to preventive measures in clinical work.

PMID- 2401872
TI  - Acute chest pain without obvious organic cause before the age of 40 years:
      response to forced hyperventilation.
AB  - A hyperventilation provocation test (HVPT) was performed on a group (n = 63) of
      consecutive patients, below the age of 40 years, attending an emergency care unit
      complaining of chest pain without obvious organic cause. The results were
      compared with those for a control group (n = 32). There was no tendency to
      hyperventilate in the patient group, either after discontinuing hyperventilation
      or during the ensuing relaxation period. PETCO2 measurements during this time
      thus showed no significant differences between the patient group and the control
      group. During the HVPT, 44% of patients reported three or more listed symptoms
      familiar to them from earlier occasions and regarded as typical of
      hyperventilation, compared to 23% of the controls (P less than 0.05). In a
      previously reported study, 38% of the patients were found to have similar
      symptoms during standardized mental stress, despite lack of hypocapnia. It is
      concluded that, on the basis of PETCO2 measurements, there were no signs of
      abnormal hyperventilation in the patient group. Moreover, the HVPT did not appear
      to be specific for diagnosis of hyperventilation syndrome, since mental stress
      itself was able to reproduce symptoms without concomitant hypocapnia, and since
      the provocation test was 'positive' in many control subjects.

PMID- 2401873
TI  - Is a more active attitude warranted in patients with subclinical thyrotoxicosis?
AB  - In 1985 one of the new sensitive thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) assays was
      introduced as part of our laboratory routine for thyroid function testing.
      Consequently, we now routinely identify a small but not insignificant group of
      patients with 'subclinical thyrotoxicosis', i.e. a low serum TSH in conjunction
      with a normal serum free T4. We here present the results of a 2-year follow-up
      investigation, which includes 40 patients with subclinical thyrotoxicosis and 40
      euthyroid control patients. The group with subclinical thyrotoxicosis was
      characterized by a mean age of 65 years and a high prevalence of nodular goitre.
      Twelve (30%) of the patients but none of the individuals in the control group
      were treated during the follow-up period because of clinical thyroid disease.
      Atrial fibrillation was found in 11 (28%) patients compared to four (10%) of the
      controls. Therapy should be considered more often than previously in patients
      with nodular goitre and subclinical thyrotoxicosis, particularly in conjunction
      with atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 2401874
TI  - Lower serum magnesium level after exposure to cold in women with primary
      Raynaud's phenomenon.
AB  - Serum levels of magnesium (s-Mg), calcium (s-Ca), potassium (s-K) and sodium (s
      Na) were measured in 80 women with primary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and in 24
      age-matched female controls recruited from a population survey. The blood samples
      were taken after a 40-min standardized whole body cooling test. The mean s-Mg
      level in the group with RP was significantly lower than in the controls (0.81 +/-
      0.05 vs. 0.86 +/- 0.07 mmol l-1, P less than 0.05). One year later, 66 members of
      the RP group and 22 members of the control group were investigated further, but
      without any exposure to cold. No differences in mean s-Mg values were found
      between the groups. The mean s-Mg level was significantly higher in the blood
      samples taken later without cold exposure than at the initial examinations after
      exposure to cold in the RP group, but not in the controls. The s-Mg level was
      lower after exposure to cold in 82% of the women with RP, compared to 45% of the
      controls (P less than 0.001). No differences in the other electrolytes were
      found. It is concluded that exposure to cold under standardized conditions may
      decrease the s-Mg level in women with primary RP. Further studies of the role of
      magnesium in patients with RP are required.

PMID- 2401875
TI  - Mortality in non-consenters in a post-myocardial infarction trial.
AB  - Follow-up of 270 subjects who declined to participate in a trial of oral
      anticoagulant therapy after acute myocardial infarction revealed a higher
      mortality (25.6%) than that for participants in the placebo group (20.2%). The
      excess mortality in terms of odds ratios was 1.35 (90% confidence interval 1.02
      1.79). Age was the only predictor of death. The event rate from ischaemic
      cardiovascular disease was lower among non-consenters than among participants
      (49.3% vs. 74.8%), as was the rate of death during the first year of follow-up.
      In conclusion, the differing mortality and dissimilar patterns of specific causes
      of death in non-consenters and placebo-treated participants emphasize the need
      for caution in extrapolation of treatment effects to the non-consenting group.
      Thus the size of the non-consenting group has implications for generalization of
      the overall results.

PMID- 2401876
TI  - Salt resistant lipase activity in human adrenal gland is increased in Cushing's
      disease.
AB  - Salt resistant lipase (also designated hepatic lipase) is present in normal human
      adrenal cortex at activity levels of about 1 mU g-1 tissue wet weight. In
      hyperplastic adrenocortical tissue from four patients with Cushing's disease the
      salt resistant lipase activity was found to be about 5-fold higher than this
      value. The activity of salt resistant lipase in postheparin plasma was elevated
      in two of the patients, indicating that the high enzyme activity in adrenal
      cortex may originate from the liver. Lipoprotein lipase activity in postheparin
      plasma was clearly depressed in all patients with Cushing's disease and was
      associated with moderate hypertriglyceridaemia and slightly lowered HDL
      cholesterol levels. Thus high ACTH and/or corticosteroid levels appear to affect
      lipoprotein metabolism by a number of mechanisms.

PMID- 2401877
TI  - Septic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint in healthy adults.
AB  - Septic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) is a rare disorder, and is
      usually associated with predisposing factors such as contiguous foci of
      infection, heroin addiction, rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus. Three
      cases in previously healthy adults are reported here. The aetiology, clinical
      manifestations and treatment are briefly reviewed. The considerable difficulty in
      diagnosing this disorder in adults is emphasized. In summary, diagnosis of septic
      arthritis of the SCJ in adults requires a high index of suspicion, and must be
      considered not only in patients with predisposing factors, but also in previously
      healthy adults.

PMID- 2401878
TI  - Thromboembolism in mitral valve prolapse.

PMID- 2401879
TI  - High blood pressure in acute stroke--is it white coat hypertension?

PMID- 2401880
TI  - Autonomic neuropathy in type II diabetes mellitus: the influence of obesity.

PMID- 2401881
TI  - Sex-specific embryonic mortality during concurrent pregnancy and lactation in
      house mice.
AB  - To evaluate the importance of lactational stress for sex ratio manipulation in
      postpartum inseminated house mice, 163 sexually inexperienced male and female
      BALB/c ABom inbred mice were mated and stud males were removed the day following
      the initial parturition. Randomly chosen dams were allowed to suckle their young
      for either one or 14 or 21 days. The results showed that two weeks of lactation
      enhance the incidence of total abortion of the litter conceived postpartum. If
      lactation continued another week, dams which gave birth to a second litter lost
      relatively more embryos during uterine development and the percentage of lost
      embryos was increased by the number of pups suckled. Among these dams, the number
      of embryos lost in utero correlated positively with viable litter sex ratios
      (percentage male pups) at second parturition, indicating that lactational stress
      enhances embryonic mortality and that this additional mortality predominantly
      affects female embryos.

PMID- 2401882
TI  - Electrophoretic characterization of proteins in oviduct fluid of cows during the
      estrous cycle.
AB  - This study was undertaken to examine the in vivo protein composition of the
      bovine oviduct during the estrous cycle. Oviduct fluid was collected daily from
      four oviduct-cannulated dairy cows for a total of four complete estrous cycles.
      Fluid secretion followed a definite cyclic pattern, with maximum secretion
      occurring at estrus in all cycles. Protein concentration fluctuated during the
      cycle and varied among animals. In general, protein concentration was lower at
      the time of estrus. Total protein in oviduct fluid, however, was higher around
      estrus, indicating increased transudation or secretion by the oviduct. One
      dimensional SDS-PAGE separation revealed the protein pattern of oviduct fluid to
      be generally similar to that of blood serum and follicular fluid. Two proteins
      appeared to be oviduct-specific. The first, a protein of approximately 47 kDa,
      was evident in oviduct fluid throughout the estrous cycle. The second protein,
      evident as a broad diffuse staining band above albumin, appeared for only 3-4
      days at or near ovulation. This protein had a molecular weight of 80-95 kDa and
      stained positive for carbohydrate with periodic acid-Schiff reagent. These
      studies indicate that the in vivo protein composition of oviduct fluid varies
      with the estrous cycle, and that around estrus, an oviduct-specific glycoprotein
      is present.

PMID- 2401883
TI  - Regulation of mouse preimplantation development: inhibitory effect of genistein,
      an inhibitor of tyrosine protein phosphorylation, on cleavage of one-cell
      embryos.
AB  - We investigated the effects of genistein, an inhibitor of tyrosine protein
      phosphorylation, on mouse 1-cell embryos, since in response to mitogenic stimuli
      tyrosine protein phosphorylation in somatic cells is implicated in initiation of
      DNA synthesis. Genistein inhibits cleavage of 1-cell embryos in a concentration
      dependent and reversible manner; biochanin A, which is a less potent inhibitor of
      tyrosine protein phosphorylation, is a less potent inhibitor of cell cleavage.
      Genistein does not inhibit [35S]methionine incorporation, but does inhibit
      [3H]thymidine incorporation. Consistent with genistein's ability to inhibit
      cleavage by inhibiting DNA synthesis is that the loss of genistein's ability to
      inhibit cleavage corresponds with exit of the 1-cell embryos from S phase.
      Genistein is likely to inhibit tyrosine protein phosphorylation in situ, since it
      reduces by 80% the relative amount of [32P]phosphotyrosine present in 1-cell
      embryos; genistein does not inhibit either [32P]orthophosphate uptake or
      incorporation. As anticipated, genistein has little effect on inhibiting changes
      in the pattern of phosphoprotein synthesis during the first cell cycle, since
      tyrosine protein phosphorylation constitutes a small percentage of total protein
      phosphorylation. Alkalai treatment of [32P]radiolabeled phosphoproteins
      transferred to Immobilon reveals a base-resistant set of phosphoproteins of Mr =
      32,000 that displays cell-cycle changes in phosphorylation. Although these
      properties suggest that these phosphoproteins may be related to the p34cdc2
      protein kinase, phosphoamino acid analysis of [32P]radiolabeled phosphoproteins
      reveals that they are not enriched for phosphotyrosine; the inactive for p34cdc2
      protein kinase contains a high level of phosphotyrosine. Results of these
      experiments suggest that tyrosine protein phosphorylation in response to the
      fertilizing sperm may be involved in initiating DNA synthesis in the 1-cell
      embryo, as well as converting a meiotic cell cycle to a mitotic one.

PMID- 2401885
TI  - Spermatogenesis in XO,Sxr mice: role of the Y chromosome.
AB  - The goal of this investigation was to evaluate the role of the Y chromosome in
      spermatogenesis by a quantitative and qualitative analysis of spermatogenesis as
      it occurs in the absence of a significant portion of the Y chromosome, i.e., in
      XO,Sxr male mice. Although these mice have the testis-determining portion of the
      Y chromosome on their single X chromosome, they lack most of the Y chromosome.
      Since it was found that all sperm-specific structures were assembled in a normal
      spatial and temporal pattern in spermatids of XO,Sxr mice, the genes controlling
      these structures cannot be located on the Y chromosome outside of the Sxr region,
      and are more likely to be on autosomes or on the X chromosome. In spite of the
      assembly of the correct sperm-specific structures, spermatogenesis was not
      quantitatively normal in XO,Sxr mice and significantly reduced numbers of
      spermatids were found in the seminiferous tubules of these mice. Furthermore, two
      size classes of spermatids were found in the testes of XO,Sxr mice, normal and
      twice-normal size. These findings are suggestive of abnormalities of meiosis in
      XO,Sxr spermatocytes, which lack one of the two sex chromosomes, and may not
      implicate function of specific genes on the Y chromosome. Morphological
      abnormalities of spermatids, which were not unique to XO,Sxr mice, were observed
      and these may be due to either a defective testicular environment because of
      reduced numbers of germ cells or to the lack of critical Y chromosome-encoded
      products. Since pachytene spermatocytes of XO,Sxr mice exhibited a sex vesicle,
      it can be concluded that the assembly of this structure does not depend on the
      presence of either a complete Y chromosome or the pairing partner for the X
      chromosome.

PMID- 2401884
TI  - Polarization of blastomeres in the cleaving rabbit embryo.
AB  - Cellular polarization is believed to be a crucial event in the differentiative
      divergence of the two cell lineages leading to the blastocyst in rodent embryos.
      This study was undertaken to determine if rabbit embryos exhibited cellular
      polarization prior to blastocyst formation and to define the embryonic stage at
      which polarization was first apparent. Polarity was assayed by observation of the
      pattern of binding of FITC-Con A to dissociated blastomeres from three stages of
      rabbit embryos. Scanning electron microscopy on the dissociated cells confirmed
      the fluorescence results. Fifty-one percent of blastomeres in 38- to 66-cell
      rabbit embryos exhibited an intense pole of FITC-Con A binding and a single pole
      of microvilli. Only 2% of blastomeres at the 17- to 34-cell stage were similarly
      polarized and none were polarized at the 8- to 16-cell stage. In addition, during
      attempts to remove the mucin coat and zona pellucida from the rabbit embryos
      prior to their dissociation, it was found that the protease sensitivity of these
      coats also changed at the 38- to 66-cell stage. Prior to this time, although the
      mucin coat disappeared after 30 min in 0.5% pronase, the zona required
      approximately 1.5-2.5 hr in pronase for even partial removal. At the 38- to 66
      cell stage, pronase dissolved the mucin coat within 10 min and the zona pellucida
      within 20 min. The zona was resistant to 0.1% proteinase K at all stages
      examined.

PMID- 2401886
TI  - Practice guidelines on the way.

PMID- 2401887
TI  - Wars which never come to an end.

PMID- 2401888
TI  - FMA doctors and the positive vocational rehabilitation team.

PMID- 2401889
TI  - Forum for ethical practice.

PMID- 2401891
TI  - Drownings in Florida 1977-1986.
AB  - Drowning is a serious public health problem in Florida. It is the leading cause
      of death among children aged one to four years. We studied Florida drownings for
      1977-1986 using data from the Florida vital statistics mortality file and found
      that 5,525 occurred, the greatest number in 1980 (688), the fewest in 1985 (453).
      The reasons for this decrease are not clear, but the greatest decrease occurred
      in swimming pool drownings. Nonwhite males had the highest overall drowning
      rates, except for those under age five or 80 and above. White males had the
      highest drowning rates for persons under age five; most of these occurred in
      swimming pools. No single approach will prevent drownings in all high risk
      groups. Priority should be given to foursided fencing of swimming pools and to
      further study of nonwhite male drownings.

PMID- 2401890
TI  - Long-term survival of lung cancer with brain metastasis.
AB  - Two patients presented with adenocarcinoma of the lung and subsequently brain
      metastasis. Lobectomies were performed initially. One patient had a lung
      recurrence and was treated effectively by irradiation, the other had primary lung
      cancer controlled by surgery. Solitary brain metastases developed in both of them
      and was surgically removed. They were given postoperative radiation to the brain.
      Both survived, one more than five years and the other more than four years. They
      are women in their early 40s and 50s and are in good general condition. Contrary
      to the accepted method of treatment for patients with brain metastasis, which is
      usually palliation, surgical treatment followed by radiation could achieve the
      most rewarding results.

PMID- 2401892
TI  - Homer and health access America. Future structure of the American medical care
      system.

PMID- 2401893
TI  - Lip-length and snout indices: methods for quantitative assessment of peri-oral
      facial muscle strength.
AB  - Two simple bedside methods for the assessment of perioral muscle function are
      described. Using a marking gauge, the width of the mouth can be measured easily
      and accurately. Lip-length (LL) and snout (S) indices are expressions of the
      degree to which the width of the mouth can be lengthened or shortened. Facial
      muscle weakness as present in patients with various neuromuscular diseases
      results in low values for both indices. LL- and S-indices are measured by 3
      observers in 19 healthy volunteers. Interobserver variation is negligible for the
      LL-index and large for the S-index. Intraobserver variation is moderate for both
      indices but slightly smaller for the LL- than for the S-index. The LL-index is
      suited for the assessment of changes in peri-oral musculature in longitudinal
      investigations.

PMID- 2401894
TI  - Familial occurrence of multiple sclerosis with thyroid disease and systemic lupus
      erythematosus.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS) has some features which suggest it is an autoimmune
      disease. Autoimmune diseases frequently occur in families, and patients and
      families often have more than one type of autoimmune disease. However, there are
      few reports of MS occurring in patients or families with other autoimmune
      conditions. It is difficult to make a separate diagnosis of MS in a patient who
      has a systemic autoimmune disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or
      Sjogren's syndrome, because these diseases can affect the nervous system
      directly. However, it is possible to make independent diagnoses of MS and an
      autoimmune disease confined to another single organ in the same patient, or
      diagnoses of MS and SLE (or other autoimmune diseases) in different family
      members. Here we describe clinically definite MS in 2 sisters, one of whom had
      Graves' disease, and the other of whom had a daughter with SLE and with a high
      titre of anti-thyroid antibodies. Other female family members over 4 generations
      had histories of thyroid disease, MS and Addison's disease. Available family
      members were HLA typed. The MS patients were positive for HLA DR2. All but one of
      the affected family members were related to the proband on the maternal side, and
      all of these affected females shared an HLA haplotype. However, this haplotype
      was also present in unaffected individuals. Thus HLA type alone cannot account
      for the familial occurrence of these disorders. We conclude that, in this family,
      MS, like autoimmune thyroid disease and SLE, may be an autoimmune disease
      developing in genetically predisposed individuals.

PMID- 2401895
TI  - Decreased major urinary protein in male Bar Harbor 129 REJ dystrophic mice
      indicates a hormonal deficiency.
AB  - A significant decrease in major urinary protein (MUP) in adult male Bar Harbor
      129REJ dystrophic mice correlated with a marked decrease in the amount of
      translatable MUPmRNA in the liver. Previous investigations have shown that MUP
      synthesis is under complex multihormonal regulation suggesting that the
      dystrophic mouse may have a hormonal deficiency.

PMID- 2401896
TI  - Elevated levels of interleukin-6 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of HTLV-I
      associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis.
AB  - A significant elevation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) level was observed both in serum
      (mean 0.455 +/- 0.251) and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (mean 0.043 +/- 0.016)
      obtained from 13 patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic
      paraparesis (HAM/TSP) when compared to that of either asymptomatic carriers (mean
      0.181 +/- 0.074 and 0.021 +/- 0.015, respectively) or controls (mean 0.208 +/-
      0.119 and 0.021 +/- 0.015, respectively). The differences were statistically
      significant between HAM/TSP and asymptomatic carrier for serum (P less than 0.05)
      or CSF (P less than 0.01). The correlation indexes between serum IL-6 and anti
      HTLV-I antibody titers in serum and CSF were 0.61 (P less than 0.06) and 0.67 (P
      less than 0.05), respectively. Both the cell count and protein level in CSF
      correlated with CSF IL-6 activity at 0.68 (P less than 0.01) and 0.56 (P less
      than 0.05), respectively. The results demonstrate that IL-6 may contribute to the
      production of anti-HTLV-I antibody, and signs of slight inflammation are present
      in the central nervous system in HAM/TSP.

PMID- 2401897
TI  - Acute or subacute alcoholic neuropathy mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome.
AB  - Over the last 10 years we have encountered 8 patients with chronic alcoholism who
      presented with severe symmetrical polyneuropathy, primarily proximal in 6, which
      evolved over a period of 24 h to 3 weeks. In 3 cases, artificial ventilation was
      required. Sensory symptoms were in all instances intense, and tendon reflexes
      absent. CSF protein levels were normal. The course was one of gradual
      improvement, often incomplete with residual motor and distal sensory deficits.
      Three patients died within 2 months to 2 years with multiple and severe
      pathologies attributable to chronic alcoholism. There was no evidence for
      disorders other than the alcoholism and malnutrition. Electrophysiological
      findings were consistent with predominantly axonal lesions and nerve biopsy
      specimens confirmed acute and severe axonal lesions. Several of these patients
      had been referred to us with a possible diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome due
      to the severity of the neuropathy and the rapidity of its onset (Landry
      syndrome). Acute alcoholic neuropathy is distinguishable, however, on clinical,
      electrophysiological and morphological grounds.

PMID- 2401898
TI  - Ultrastructure of swollen proximal axons of anterior horn neurons in motor neuron
      disease.
AB  - We have investigated ultrastructurally swellings of the proximal axons directly
      connected with the somata of anterior horn cells in a patient with motor neuron
      disease. In the distal portion of the initial segment, the swellings consisted
      predominantly of increased amounts of neurofilaments running nearly parallel to
      the longitudinal axis together with other cytoplasmic organelles. In the first
      internode of the myelinated axon, as the swellings became larger, the
      neurofilaments lost their parallel orientation and became intermingled. Most of
      the cell bodies connected with the swellings and their dendrites showed no
      particular changes. The abnormal neurofilamentous accumulations in the proximal
      axons suggest abnormal axonal transport, which may be pathogenetically associated
      with motor neuron disease.

PMID- 2401899
TI  - Threshold of carotid artery back pressure for delayed neuronal injury in the
      hippocampus after bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in gerbils.
AB  - The threshold of carotid artery back pressure for the development of neuronal
      injury in the hippocampus was determined in gerbils following bilateral carotid
      artery occlusion of 5 or 10 min. Arterial back pressure was measured during
      ischemia at the left carotid bifurcation distal to the vascular occlusion, and
      neuronal injury evaluated one week after ischemia by counting the number of
      surviving neurons in the left hippocampal CA1 sector. With an arterial back
      pressure below 5 mm Hg, the mean density of surviving neurons decreased from 199
      +/- 16/mm (mean +/- SD) to less than 21/mm both after 5 and 10 min ischemia (P
      less than 0.05). With a back pressure of between 5 and 15 mm Hg, neuronal density
      was 117 +/- 77/mm (not significantly different from control) after 5 min, and 24
      +/- 18/mm (P less than 0.05) after 10 min ischemia. Above 15 mm Hg neither 5 nor
      10 min ischemia produced significant neuronal damage. Thus, at threshold arterial
      back pressure, induction of neuronal injury in the hippocampus depends on the
      duration of ischemia, indicating progressive impairment of microcirculation with
      longer periods of ischemia.

PMID- 2401900
TI  - Changing roles for the community health nurse today.

PMID- 2401901
TI  - A continuing education model for community health nursing practice.
AB  - Although community health nursing standards of practice state that the
      baccalaureate degree (BSN) is the entry level for practice, the reality is that
      over 60% of the work-force has less than a bachelor's degree. Furthermore, BSN
      programs have been criticized for not putting sufficient emphasis on content
      areas critical for effective entry-level practice. This article presents a
      continuing education model that could guide agencies in developing programs to
      correct these deficits, incorporating both initial orientation, ongoing staff
      development, and formal advanced preparation. The educational background of the
      nurse determines the clinical activities and degree of supervision required for
      practice. The non-BSN entering practice should take an intensive course in basic
      skills identified as essential for practice in the community health setting. Work
      or professional assignments dictate additional staff development needs. Formal
      academic preparation at the bachelor's, master's, and doctoral levels is
      encouraged. Description of the content, course format, and evaluation information
      regarding the North Carolina course for preparing non-BSN RN's for entry-level
      community health practice is presented.

PMID- 2401902
TI  - Community as client: appropriate baccalaureate- and graduate-level preparation.
AB  - This article focuses on the theoretical concept of community as client and its
      application in community health nursing education and practice. Although the
      concept of community as client has been widely accepted, it was observed that
      care to individuals and families within community settings constitutes the bulk
      of current community health nursing practice. The argument is made that
      undergraduate nursing students should be prepared as generalists to provide care
      within community settings. Undergraduate nursing students should be introduced to
      the concept of community as client, with an emphasis on understanding the
      relationship between individual or family needs and community needs. It is also
      argued that graduate nursing students should be prepared at the specialist level,
      focusing primarily on providing care to the community as client. An example of
      undergraduate and graduate levels of preparation in one university nursing
      program is described.

PMID- 2401903
TI  - Functional health pattern assessment: a seasonal migrant farmworker community.
AB  - A broad-based needs assessment of a migrant farmworker community was conducted
      using the community functional health pattern tool (Gikow & Kucharski, 1987) and
      Porter's (1987) factor-isolating theory of population group diagnosis. Data
      analysis revealed numerous health needs in all 10 functional health patterns and
      an urgent need for accessible primary prevention programs. A mobile outreach
      program to the migrant camps was seen as the most effective way to provide
      education, screening, and health care.

PMID- 2401904
TI  - Plague in New Mexico.

PMID- 2401905
TI  - Immunization mall programs.
AB  - This descriptive survey provided the Health Department and its CHNs with data
      heretofore unexamined. The survey provided a beginning analysis and description
      of three major areas which assisted the County Health Department in establishing
      vital base line information regarding: (a) where people usually went for
      immunizations, (b) how they heard about the mall program, and (c) whether they
      would return to future mall programs. Recommendations from the survey demonstrate
      the need for the county health department and CHNs to increase the number and
      length of programs and to meet client demand. The survey has implications for all
      public health departments and CHNs as they examine the most cost effective
      strategies to promote and provide immunizations for vaccine preventable disease
      to clients of all ages.

PMID- 2401906
TI  - Life situation of aged home-nursing clients.
AB  - We describe the life situation of elderly Finnish home-nursing clients (N = 50)
      on the basis of their own experiences and opinions of need-satisfaction. The
      purpose of the study, which was carried out as part of a nursing development
      project in the form of action research, was to gain a deeper understanding of the
      satisfaction of human needs and problems of need-satisfaction in aged people and
      on this basis to develop forms of nursing that support self-care. The data were
      collected using a semistructured questionnaire, which was designed primarily on
      the basis of the need theories of Yura and Walsh and Orem. The specific areas of
      inquiry included the clients' experiences of need-satisfaction in the promotion
      of physical health, emotional life, relations of communality, personal growth and
      development, and spiritual life. Overall the aged clients were relatively
      satisfied. However, in certain areas there were also unmet needs, notably in
      getting adequate nutrition, rest, and sleep, as well as in secretory activity. In
      addition, it seemed that loneliness caused considerable anxiety to the elderly
      home-nursing clients.

PMID- 2401907
TI  - AIDS Commission presents report.

PMID- 2401908
TI  - Chronic damage after spinal trauma in rat: neurophysiological and ultrastructural
      investigations.
AB  - A group of 10 rats underwent spinal trauma by epidural spinal compression
      according to Tator's procedure. After 4 months from injury cortical and spinal
      SEP were recorded, and the spinal injured tract was examined by electronic
      microscope. We studied morphologic and functional changes showed after some
      months behind the trauma. This report demonstrates and compares the varying
      sensitivity of cortical and spinal SEP for revealing functional spinal damage;
      ultrastructural investigations testify to the existence of reparative processes
      of the nervous tissue.

PMID- 2401909
TI  - Small aneurysm clips for surgery of neck vessels.
AB  - Surgery of the internal carotid artery and the extracranial vertebral artery is
      of a fundamentally preventive nature, and justifiable when intra and
      postoperative complications (intraoperative stroke, postoperative vessel
      occlusion, postoperative TIA and/or stroke) remain within very low limits (less
      than 5% according to major case-series'). To minimize damage to the arterial wall
      that could cause vessel occlusion and even neurological damage, the authors
      propose the use of intracranial aneurysm clips for temporary closure of the neck
      vessels, explaining the methods used for selection of these clips.

PMID- 2401910
TI  - Aneurysms of azygous anterior cerebral artery. Report of two cases treated by
      surgery.
AB  - The occurrence of a so called azygous anomaly of the distal ACA, consisting in a
      single branch, is rare. Authors report two cases of azygous aneurysm on which
      surgery was performed successfully, and describe their angiographic
      characteristics, the frequent association of an aneurysm with azygous and the
      morphological anomalies of azygous. A literature review is made.

PMID- 2401911
TI  - Asymptomatic occlusion of the internal carotid artery at the skull base.
AB  - Three cases are presented of asymptomatic occlusion of the internal carotid
      artery at level of the skull base due to external compression. In 2 patients the
      compression was caused by a meningioma infiltrating the skull-base whereas in the
      third case a giant aneurysm of the i.c.a. caused the compression in the cavernous
      sinus. Although the patients suffered from eye-movement palsies caused by local
      compression of the tumour itself it is quite remarkable that this total occlusion
      of the internal carotid artery was tolerated without neurological deficit at all.
      It can be concluded that in these patients the collateral circulation through the
      arterial circle of Willis and the watershed area supplied enough flow to
      compensate the main arterial occlusion.

PMID- 2401912
TI  - Clinical-tomographic evolution of a giant intracranial aneurysm. Case report.
AB  - The Authors report about the case of one patient with stroke picture of aphasia
      and right pyramidal deficiency hemisyndrome evidencing at the CT a picture of
      multiple bilateral malacic areas associated with a picture of bilateral
      megadolichosiphon. The later tomographic controls evidenced the occurrence of a
      right latero-supra-sellar expansive injury compatible with a picture of giant
      aneurysm of the homolateral carotidal siphon. The Authors analyze the clinical,
      neuroradiological and anatomopathologic findings in the light of the present
      publications in the recent literature.

PMID- 2401913
TI  - Considerations about the surgical indication of the spontaneous cerebral
      haematomas.
AB  - We analyzed 50 cases of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage, some treated by
      surgery, some by medical therapy. Our opinion is that, practically, the
      neurologic picture is the safer guide, in the selection of the patients by
      treated with surgery therapy. We concluded that surgical treatment by evacuation
      of haematoma increased the percentage of survival of the comatose patients. We
      described, besides, the technic that we made use for the evacuation of the
      haematoma.

PMID- 2401914
TI  - Cystic appearance of meningiomas: considerations on a series of 12 patients.
AB  - Twelve patients affected with meningiomas with a fluid component are reviewed.
      Six presented with intratumoral cysts and 6 with extratumoral fluid collections
      that in 3 cases were of clear CSF. The formation mechanism of the two types are
      quite different. Intratumoral cysts are caused by biological changes within the
      tumor, while the extratumoral ones appear to be secondary to local hydrodynamic
      changes and CSF reabsorption disturbances. The CT (computerized tomography) scan
      may be equivocal either for the diagnosis of the meningioma or, once the
      meningioma is suspected, for identifying the type of cyst involved. The
      angiography is useful for a correct preoperative diagnosis that, once suspected,
      can be frequently made.

PMID- 2401915
TI  - Simultaneous multiple brain tumors of different histological nature. Report of
      two cases.
AB  - Two cases of patients harbouring simultaneously multiple brain tumors of
      different histological nature are here reported. Clinical presentation, site of
      growth and neuroradiological findings are illustrated and discussed in light of
      the data previously reported by the literature.

PMID- 2401916
TI  - Brain ganglioglioma with large extension to subarachnoid space.
AB  - A case of temporal ganglioglioma with large leptomeningeal growth is presented.
      This unusual spread has not been previously described in these tumors.

PMID- 2401917
TI  - Acoustic neurinoma with intratumoral bleeding.
AB  - The Authors present a case of acoustic neurinoma which has caused intratumoral
      bleeding. Although acoustic neurinomas are about 8-10% of all intracranial tumors
      there are only few cases about acoustic neurinomas causing hemorrhage. Pathologic
      changes of intratumoral vessels in tumors larger than 2 cm were considered to be
      a cause of the hemorrhage. This rare pathology must be remembered as one of the
      causes of the intracranial bleeding.

PMID- 2401918
TI  - Modalities of origin of the middle cerebral artery. Incidence on the arrangement
      of the perforating branches.
AB  - In a series of 100 anatomical dissections on the basal brain arteries a case of
      real duplication at the middle cerebral artery level has been found. The
      importance of such a finding is discussed in the light of literature data. The
      knowledge of similar anatomical patterns is fundamental in the study of the
      lenticulostriate arteries arising from the sphenoidal segment of the middle
      cerebral artery. In fact the neurosurgeon must be familiar with all the possible
      variations of these perforators, given that the opening of the Sylvian fissure is
      by now an obligatory manoeuvre for the transcisternal access to the circle of
      Willis.

PMID- 2401919
TI  - Hair analysis in drug screening.

PMID- 2401921
TI  - Fatal abuse of nitrous oxide in the workplace.
AB  - Abuse of nitrous oxide (N2O) while on the job caused at least 11 deaths in 1984
      to 1987, as found in investigations by the Occupational Safety and Health
      Administration and in reports to the Consumer Product Safety Commission. Although
      nitrous oxide has had a reputation as a "clean and safe" analgesic and
      anesthetic, the possibility of asphyxiation by inhalation is not widely
      recognized, and there are no requirements for warning labels on nonmedical
      sources of N2O. The 11 deaths involved recreational inhalation of N2O by young
      male employees from tanks or cylinders normally used for legitimate business
      purposes. In six cases, the victims worked in food serving establishments and
      inhaled N2O that was used to power whipped cream dispensers. Commercial users of
      N2O, particularly in the restaurant industry, should be aware of this hazard.
      Warning labels for N2O sources and tighter control over supplies are warranted.

PMID- 2401920
TI  - Subclinical neuropsychiatric effects of chronic low-level solvent exposure in US
      paint manufacturers.
AB  - In the present study, 187 workers at two US paint manufacturing plants were
      assessed for symptoms of painters syndrome using the Zung Depression Index,
      Scandinavian Questionnaire 16, and the Present State Exam. No significant
      associations were found between solvent exposure and total scores, although a sum
      of individual questions related to depression on the Present State Exam was found
      to be related to both health status and exposure. The clinical relevance of these
      findings is discussed. Overall, exposure was not associated with the
      constellation of symptoms characteristic of the painters' syndrome.

PMID- 2401922
TI  - Chronic noise exposure, high-frequency hearing loss, and hypertension among
      automotive assembly workers.
AB  - The prevalence of hypertension and mean blood pressure was studied in 150 white
      men and 119 black men exposed to industrial noise of 85 dBA or greater for a
      minimum of 5 years. Mean decibel loss at 4000 Hz was 28.3 among the black workers
      and 45.3 among the white workers. 31.9% of the black men and 22.0% of the white
      men had hypertension, defined as diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 mm Hg
      and/or currently taking hypertensive medication. After controlling for several
      potential confounding factors, hearing loss at 4000 Hz and years worked in high
      noise departments were significantly associated with mean blood pressure and
      hypertension among the black workers. No correlation between mean blood pressure
      or the presence of hypertension and hearing loss at 4000 Hz or years worked in
      high-noise departments was found among the white workers.

PMID- 2401923
TI  - Noise-induced hearing loss: a possible marker for high blood pressure in older
      noise-exposed populations.
AB  - The present study assessed the relationships among occupational noise exposure,
      noise-induced hearing loss, and high blood pressure. The study population
      consisted of 245 retired metal assembly workers from Pittsburgh aged 56 to 68
      with chronic noise exposure of 30 or more years at greater than or equal to 89
      dBA. Results of the audiometric testing indicated 52% of the younger workers
      (ages 56 to 63) have severe noise-induced hearing loss (greater than or equal to
      65 dBA loss at 3, 4, or 6 kHz) and 67% of older workers (ages 64 to 68). Body
      mass index and alcohol intake were significantly related to systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure. Among older men, there was a marginally significant
      increased prevalence of high blood pressure (greater than or equal to 90 mm
      diastolic or taking blood pressure medicine) among those with severe noise
      induced hearing loss (P = .05). Moreover, another measure of hearing loss at high
      frequencies, speech discrimination score in noise (measured in the better ear),
      referred to as the W-22 MAX score, was also found to be related to the prevalence
      of high blood pressure in the older (64 to 68) age group (P less than .05).
      Multiple regression analysis revealed W-22 MAX and severe noise-induced hearing
      loss were independent predictors of hypertension in the older, but not in the
      younger group of retired workers.

PMID- 2401924
TI  - A model for occupational injury surveillance by occupational health centers.
AB  - Injuries account for more than 90% of the reported work-related health problems
      in the United States. However, a complete and standardized reporting system for
      occupational injuries does not exist in this country. This paper describes the
      first year's experience of a clinic-based occupational injury surveillance system
      involving occupational medicine clinics. During 1988, health and hazard
      information was collected on 14,156 work-related admissions. An analysis of these
      cases showed that most patients received care for minor trauma, with 78.4% of the
      cases classified as cuts or lacerations, sprains or strains, or contusions.
      Overall, 53.8% of the cases were caused by metal items, boxes, machines, or
      working surfaces. These preliminary results support the feasibility of conducting
      clinic-based occupational injury surveillance as a means of assisting employers
      with the control of work-related conditions.

PMID- 2401925
TI  - Comparison of jobs, exposures, and mortality risks for short-term and long-term
      workers.
AB  - We compared the jobs, estimates of exposures, and mortality experience of short
      term (less than or equal to 1 year) and long-term (greater than 1 year) workers
      from nine plants producing formaldehyde or formaldehyde products. There were few
      jobs that were filled solely or primarily by newly hired workers. The estimated
      median level of formaldehyde exposure experienced by short-term workers on their
      first job was nearly identical to that for long-term workers, although short-term
      workers were more likely to be in jobs exposed to particulates than were long
      term workers. As duration of employment increased, there was little change in the
      average estimated exposure level of formaldehyde, but the likelihood of being
      exposed to particulates decreased. Short-term workers had greater risks than long
      term workers of dying from diseases of the circulatory system, arteriosclerotic
      heart disease, emphysema, diseases of the digestive system, cirrhosis of the
      liver, motor vehicle accidents, suicide and malignant neoplasms, particularly
      cancers of the stomach, colon, lung, prostate, and brain.

PMID- 2401926
TI  - Occupational asthma due to alkyl cyanoacrylate.
AB  - A case of bronchial asthma induced by occupational exposure to alkyl
      cyanoacrylate, an adhesive, occurred in an assembly operation. Provocative
      exposure testing induced immediate and delayed asthmatic responses. Alkyl
      cyanoacrylate seemed to act as an allergen or as an irritant, resulting in the
      development of asthma.

PMID- 2401927
TI  - Fatal hand tool injuries in construction.
AB  - Past research on occupational hand tool injuries has generally focused on
      nonfatal injuries. Most such injuries occur at the point where energy is
      transferred to the material being worked, eg, at the edge of a saw blade or the
      point of a drill. Assuming that hand tool injuries that are fatal will differ
      from nonfatal injuries, 62 Occupation Safety and Health Administration reports
      were analyzed. Four patterns emerged when the type of contact with energy was
      used to classify incidents. Fatal injuries occurred when (1) contact was made
      with energy that supplies power to the hand tool, (2) energy normally transferred
      to the material being worked is transferred to the worker, (3) workers or
      materials fall, and (4) potential energy is encountered in the work environment.
      Analysis showed that almost all such injuries could be prevented by application
      of existing safe work practices.

PMID- 2401928
TI  - Industrial employee drug screening: a blind study of laboratory performance using
      commercially prepared controls.
AB  - Reference laboratories are an integral component of any industrial employee drug
      screening program. We evaluated the performance and accuracy of the reference
      laboratories used by Rockwell International, a large industrial employer with an
      active drug screening program. A total of 829 commercially prepared control
      samples containing drugs of abuse, over-the-counter drugs, and analytes found in
      the normal employee population were disguised as routine submissions to reference
      laboratories used by nine Rockwell facilities. Analyses of results included
      compilation of false-positive and false-negative errors per drug per laboratory
      and a correlation of errors with preliminary and confirmation methods. Error
      rates of 2% false-positive results and 20% false-negative results were found for
      all laboratories. The errors were not limited to any one technique nor to any
      particular drug. The error rates observed suggest the need for routine blind
      testing programs and increased interaction between industry and laboratories.

PMID- 2401929
TI  - Effects of job stress on occurrence of major depression in Japanese industry: a
      case-control study nested in a cohort study.
AB  - To examine the relationship between psychosocial job stress and major depression,
      a prospective cohort study was conducted of 3066 male workers in two factories of
      an electrical company in Japan. The workers were observed for 3 years; 15 workers
      newly developed major depression. The effects of six job stress variables,
      depressive symptoms, and other possible confounders were assessed by means of
      self-administered questionnaires once a year. Five workers without apparent
      psychiatric disorder were matched for each patient by gender (all male), age
      (within 5 years), marital status, factory, and occupation; the 15 cases and the
      75 controls were compared. Proportions of perceived stress due to unsuitable jobs
      and human relations were significantly higher in the cases than in the controls.
      Results of the conditional multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that
      stress due to unsuitable jobs was significantly associated with occurrence of
      major depression after depressive symptoms were controlled for. It is suggested
      that stress due to unsuitable jobs is a possible risk factor for major depression
      in industry.

PMID- 2401930
TI  - Medical management of hydrofluoric acid exposure.
AB  - Hydrofluoric acid burns are usually due to accidental exposure. Deep tissue
      injury may result, damaging nerves, blood vessels, tendons, and bone.
      Concentrated hydrofluoric acid may cause immediate pain; dilute solutions may
      result in a delay of symptoms for many hours. Symptoms are usually out of
      proportion to the observed injury. Appropriate first aid and medical management
      can dramatically affect the prognosis. Local treatment consists of copious water
      lavage and the application of topical neutralization agents. For more severe
      exposures, calcium gluconate injection or intraarterial infusion of calcium
      gluconate may be indicated as well. Life-threatening alterations of electrolytes
      can occur, with ensuing arrhythmias. Inhalation, ingestion, and ocular exposures
      require specialized treatment and referral.

PMID- 2401931
TI  - Creatinine concentration and urine flow.

PMID- 2401932
TI  - Improved long-term maintenance of central venous catheters with a new dressing
      technique.
AB  - Nursing procedures that may be important for maintaining in-dwelling central
      venous catheter sterility include the use of occlusive dressings, the frequency
      of dressing changes, the number and skill of nurses doing the dressing changes,
      the duration of catheterization, the use of antimicrobial ointment, and the
      extent to which sterile procedures are used during catheter placement. During a 9
      month period, two different methods for applying central venous catheter
      dressings were compared. A new method designed to improve the stability of the
      dressing and to reduce tension on the catheter was found to be associated with
      longer maintenance of the dressings compared with a more traditional dressing;
      14% fewer dressings were changed because of loss of occlusiveness. With this
      dressing technique and a strict protocol, including insertion and maintenance of
      central venous catheters by a nutritional support team, prolonged (greater than 7
      days) maintenance of central venous catheters was found to be possible without an
      increase in the incidence of infection.

PMID- 2401933
TI  - Peripherally inserted central catheters. Development of a hospital-based program.
AB  - Peripherally inserted central catheter lines (PICCs) are the "new kids on the
      block" for intravenous therapy. This paper reports on the development of a
      protocol and training program for nurses at a 350-bed community hospital. The
      paper describes the development and implementation of this pilot program in 25
      patients over a 1-year period.

PMID- 2401934
TI  - An overview of vascular access devices inserted via the antecubital area.
AB  - For the past few years, antecubital vascular access devices have gained much
      acceptance. Many patients have experienced the advantages of having one catheter
      placed for receiving several weeks of intravenous therapy. Nurses have accepted
      the responsibility for administering and monitoring these devices. This expanded
      role, however, requires increased knowledge of anatomy and physiology, sterile
      insertion techniques, required nursing care, and recognition and treatment of
      complications.

PMID- 2401935
TI  - Occurrence screens. A risk and quality control tool for intravenous nurses.
AB  - The Harvard Medical Practice Study of adverse events and professional liability
      has generated renewed interest in occurrence screening as a risk management
      strategy. Occurrence screening techniques are applicable to intravenous nursing
      quality assurance and risk-management programs. This article includes an original
      set of I.V. therapy screens plus practical implementation suggestions to help
      I.V. nurses begin screening in their clinical setting.

PMID- 2401937
TI  - Papers presented at the 38th annual meeting of the Surgical Section of the
      American Academy of Pediatrics. Chicago, Illinois, October 21-23, 1989. Part I.

PMID- 2401936
TI  - Home care for persons with AIDS.
AB  - Home care for PWAs is now available. This paper addresses some of the treatments
      and problems that may be a part of care at home. It is intended to be a basic
      review of principles and procedures associated with the care of PWAs at home.

PMID- 2401938
TI  - Effects of serum and endotoxin in experimental lung injury.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is in large part responsible for the lung injury that
      occurs in the sepsis syndrome. Recent work has shown the ability of LPS alone to
      induce injury in endothelial monolayers, though the LPS effect is enhanced in the
      presence of serum. We previously demonstrated that low-dose LPS (50 ng/mL) can
      lead to lung injury in an isolated perfused rabbit lung model. To examine the
      effect of serum on LPS-induced injury rabbit lungs were perfused with increasing
      doses of rabbit serum in the presence and absence of LPS. There was no increase
      in total weight gained by the lung,Qf, with either 5% serum, 10% serum, or 10%
      serum with LPS. However vascular permeability as measured by hydraulic
      conductance was increased with increasing doses of serum. This effect was not
      enhanced by the addition of LPS. These results provide evidence that serum alone
      may cause lung injury, perhaps through the activation of complement or other
      mediators.

PMID- 2401939
TI  - Nitrofen-induced diaphragmatic hernias in rats: an animal model.
AB  - In embryological terms, pathogenesis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)
      associated with pulmonary hypoplasia is still unclear. However, it is known since
      1971 that Nitrofen (2,4-dichloro-phenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether) can induce
      anatomical malformations in rats including diaphragmatic hernias. On order to
      establish an animal model of the embryogenesis of CDH, the effect of Nitrofen on
      the developing diaphragm was studied. Thirty-three pregnant female rats were
      exposed to Nitrofen. Five unexposed pregnant rats served as controls. In the
      first set of experiments, single doses of Nitrofen were given between the 9th and
      13th day of pregnancy. In the second set of experiments, dosages of 50, 100, and
      150 mg per animal were given on day 11 of pregnancy only. Postnatally the litters
      (469 newborn rats) were dissected to record the incidence of diaphragmatic
      malformations. The results were: (1) most hernias occurred after administration
      of 100 mg Nitrofen on day 9 (42%) and 11 (59%); (2) left-sided hernias were
      observed only after exposure to Nitrofen on day 9; (3) after exposure on day 10
      or later all hernias were on the right side; and (4) Fifty-nine percent of the
      newborn rats exposed on day 11 had CDH. These results show that this model is
      suitable for further embryological investigations on the development of CDH.

PMID- 2401940
TI  - Current management of laryngeal and laryngotracheoesophageal clefts.
AB  - Laryngeal and laryngotracheoesophageal clefts (L-LTEC) are uncommon anomalies in
      neonates that cause significant morbidity secondary to aspiration, pneumonia, and
      respiratory distress. Other anomalies of development, such as esophageal atresia
      and tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF), are observed in 20% of patients with L
      LTEC and often confuse the radiographic and clinical picture. Repair of L-LTEC
      depends on the length and location of the cleft, associated anomalies, and
      concurrent systemic illness. For type I L-LTEC, endoscopic repair occasionally is
      possible with microsurgical instrumentation. With types II to IV L-LTEC, an open
      approach must be used. Tracheotomy is a universal requirement, often for extended
      periods of time. Reported here is our experience with four cases of L-LTEC
      managed over the past 7 years at Texas Children's Hospital.

PMID- 2401941
TI  - Pulmonary vascular resistance in neonatal swine: response to right pulmonary
      artery occlusion, isoproterenol, and prostaglandin E1.
AB  - The pulmonary physiological response of adults to unilateral pulmonary artery
      (PA) occlusion has been well-characterized as resulting in a decrease in the
      pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), in order to maintain the same PA pressure
      and accommodate the entire cardiac output (CO). We evaluated the response of the
      neonate to unilateral PA occlusion and how this response is altered by infusions
      of Isoproterenol (Isuprel) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in the neonatal swine
      model. Twenty farm piglets (five at 1 day, three at 5 days, seven at 14 days, and
      five at 60 days as controls) underwent left lateral thoracotomy and measurement
      of PA and left atrial (LA) pressures, CO, and PVR with the right PA open and
      occluded. To determine if neonatal PVR could be influenced by a vasodilator
      (indicating the vascular capacity is not fixed) or by an inotrope (indicating the
      lung is not maximally recruited) this experiment was then repeated with infusions
      of PGE1 (a vasodilator) at doses of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 micrograms/kg/min and
      subsequently with Isuprel (an inotrope and vasodilator) at doses of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0
      micrograms/kg/min. Control measurements taken without unilateral PA occlusion
      showed that PVR is high at 1 day of age but progressively decreases to a level
      89% lower by 60 days of age. The vascular capacity of the neonatal lung is fixed
      and responds to unilateral PA occlusion with a dramatic increase in PVR. This
      response cannot be altered by either a vasodilator (PGE1) or an inotrope
      (Isuprel) thereby limiting the utility of these drugs in treating neonatal
      pulmonary hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401942
TI  - Diagnostic open-lung biopsy after bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - The development of pulmonary infiltrates is an ominous sign in the
      immunocompromised host (ICH). Selection of the best diagnostic and therapeutic
      approach is often difficult, and in part depends on the risk-to-benefit ratio of
      various diagnostic modalities, such as bronchoscopy, bronchioalveolar lavage,
      percutaneous needle biopsy, and open-lung biopsy (OLB). We reviewed our
      experience with OLB and bronchoscopy in a predominantly pediatric bone marrow
      transplantation population, and attempted to assess the frequency with which OLB
      results directed a therapeutic change, as well as the clinical results of any
      such therapeutic alteration. A retrospective chart review was conducted of 87
      bone marrow transplantation recipients undergoing diagnostic OLB from 1975 to
      1986. Bronchoscopic and OLB cultures, histopathologic studies, serological data,
      and autopsy results were all carefully examined. An assessment of therapeutic
      alteration as a result of OLB was made, and clinical changes attributable to an
      OLB-directed therapeutic alteration were sought. Ninety-four OLBs and 37
      bronchoscopic examinations were performed in 87 patients. All patients had
      undergone bone marrow transplantation, most often for leukemia (58/87) or
      aplastic anemia (13/87). The mean interval from bone marrow transplantation to
      OLB was 106 days. There were no intraoperative complications, but minor
      postoperative surgical complications were frequent (incidence, 21%).
      Postoperative mortality, defined as a death occurring within 30 days of surgery,
      was 45% (39/87). Seventy-four percent of the patients (64/87) died during the
      course of the study, at a mean of 43 days after OLB. Most OLBs (60%) yielded a
      specific diagnosis, defined as the establishment of a precise cause for the
      infiltrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401943
TI  - The diagnosis of pneumonia in the immunocompromised child: use of bronchoalveolar
      lavage.
AB  - Between January 1987 and December 1988, 26 immunocompromised children (aged 15
      months to 17 years) underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for evaluation of
      pneumonia (chemotherapy for malignancy, 12; orthotopic liver transplantation, 9;
      other hematologic disease, 5). Bilateral diffuse pulmonary disease was present in
      25 children. All were receiving broad spectrum antibiotics. In addition, five
      were receiving antiviral therapy and two were receiving antifungal therapy.
      Sixteen patients underwent rigid and 10 underwent flexible bronchoscopy. Two
      lavages of 10 to 20 mL of normal saline were obtained from involved subsegmental
      bronchi of both lungs in each patient. Second wash samples from each lung were
      sent for bacterial and viral cultures, silver staining for pneumocystis, and
      direct electronmicroscopy analysis for viral particles. Samples were considered
      satisfactory if they contained an abundance of alveolar macrophages and only
      small numbers of upper respiratory tract epithelial cells. Alveolar macrophages
      were present in 21 (81%) of the BAL samples. A specific infectious agent was
      identified in 15 of these patients (cytomegalovirus [CMV], 6; Pneumocystis
      carinii, 4; gram-positive cocci, 3; Candida albicans, 2), and therapy was
      modified in 12. In the five patients in whom BAL samples were contaminated with
      upper respiratory tract cells no infectious agents were isolated. Because of
      continued clinical deterioration, open-lung biopsies were performed in three
      patients in whom BAL had identified CMV and in three patients in whom no
      organisms had been obtained. Lung biopsies did not identify any new infectious
      agents, although in the latter group specific histological diagnosis of a
      noninfectious process was made (hemorrhagic infarct, bronchiolitis obliterans,
      and lymphoma).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401944
TI  - Selective use of splenectomy after liver transplantation in children.
AB  - In a series of 106 pediatric liver transplantations, five patients were
      identified with recurrent rejection who could not tolerate the addition of
      azathioprine (Aza) to their immunosuppressive therapy because of leukopenia.
      Splenectomy was performed posttransplantation to allow the use of Aza. The number
      and severity of rejection episodes were compared before and after splenectomy in
      these patients. In addition, presplenectomy and postsplenectomy rejection
      frequencies were compared with rejection frequencies in 35 patients who did not
      require splenectomy and had at least 1 1/2 years of follow-up. Mild, moderate,
      and severe rejection episodes were defined by the treatment (mild, steroid bolus
      only; moderate, steroid recycle; and severe, monoclonal antibodies or Minnesota
      antilymphocyte globulin) required to produce complete resolution. There was a
      mean of 342 +/- 111 days from transplantation to splenectomy and a mean of 674 +/
      109 days of follow-up after splenectomy. Follow-up in the control group was 934
      +/- 44 days. After splenectomy, the average platelet count increased from 78 +/-
      15 to 514 +/- 113 (P = .020) and white blood cell count increased from 3.2 +/-
      0.6 to 16.7 +/- 2.7 (P = .010). Splenectomy permitted the implementation of Aza
      therapy in one patient who previously was not a candidate because of
      hypersplenism and allowed uncomplicated Aza therapy in four patients who became
      severely leukopenic during previous Aza trials. All five patients who underwent
      splenectomy demonstrated a statistically significant (P less than .05) decrease
      in the total number of rejection episodes. Rejection frequency after splenectomy
      was no different from the rejection frequency in patients who did not require
      splenectomy (P = .682).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401946
TI  - The blind loop syndrome in children.
AB  - Anatomical abnormalities of the small bowel that cause intestinal stagnation
      result in bacterial overgrowth and a blind loop syndrome (BLS). Bacterial
      breakdown of bile salts and deamination of protein lead to malabsorption,
      steatorrhea, and fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies. Four children developed BLS as
      a complication of necrotizing enterocolitis, jejunal atresia, gastroschisis, and
      biliary atresia. BLS was suggested by abdominal pain, feculent vomiting,
      steatorrhea, and hypoalbuminemia. Dilated, stagnant bowel loops were demonstrated
      in each instance by upper gastrointestinal contrast study. Positive intestinal
      bacterial aspirates were confirmatory. Antibiotic treatment in two patients
      improved symptomatology but all children ultimately required surgery. Surgical
      procedures consisted of blind loop resection, intestinal plication, and
      catheterization of the bilioenteric conduit. All patients are now asymptomatic
      but one child suffers from parenteral nutrition-related cirrhosis and another
      requires chronic antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 2401945
TI  - Fetal wound healing: an in vitro explant model.
AB  - The ability of fetal skin wounds to heal without scar formation is remarkable.
      The mechanisms that endow the fetus with this unique healing ability remain
      unknown. We have developed an in vitro explant model using fetal sheep skin to
      investigate fetal wound healing. This model eliminates the complex systemic
      mechanisms that modulate in vivo wound healing. We demonstrated that using an
      enriched medium, midgestation fetal sheep skin explants following wounding
      reepithelialized within 4 days. By 7 days after wounding the confluent epidermis
      was thicker, but the dermal wound remained open. This model demonstrates that it
      is possible to achieve conditions in culture that maintain tissue viability and
      support reepithelialization. This model may allow us to resolve some of the
      individual components that participate in the process of scarless fetal skin
      healing.

PMID- 2401947
TI  - Fetal rabbit intestinal absorption: implications for transamniotic fetal feeding.
AB  - Delivery of nutrients to the fetus via the developing gastrointestinal tract has
      been advocated as a potential prenatal treatment for intrauterine growth
      retardation. Previous studies have demonstrated significant increases in fetal
      length and weight following continuous intraamniotic nutrient infusions in
      animals. The ideal composition of intraamniotic feedings has yet to be
      determined. Thirteen time-mated rabbit does underwent ceserean section between
      gestational days 27 and 33 to deliver 54 fetuses. The everted intestinal sleeve
      technique was used to measure radiolabeled carbohydrate and amino acid uptake
      rates from 1-cm segments of midjejunum. Uptake of galactose was more than double
      that of glucose and fructose. Active uptake of glucose, fructose, and galactose
      increased by 3.3-fold, 6.2-fold, and 2.1-fold, respectively, during the final 7
      days of gestation when expressed as uptake per mg intestine. In contrast, uptake
      of the amino acids leucine, lysine, and proline decreased by 41%, 34%, and 17%,
      respectively, during the final 5 days of gestation. The demonstrated changes in
      intestinal absorption and nutrient delivery in the rabbit model, during the last
      days of gestation, suggest that certain substrates are absorbed more rapidly than
      others. Galactose may be the preferred intraamniotic carbohydrate for fetal
      growth.

PMID- 2401948
TI  - Prolonged survival and decreased mucosal injury after low-dose enteral
      allopurinol prophylaxis in mesenteric ischemia.
AB  - Previous studies demonstrating protective effects of allopurinol in intestinal
      ischemia have evaluated intravenous allopurinol (presently unavailable for human
      use) or enteral allopurinol at supranormal doses and, therefore, have
      questionable clinical relevance. To address this problem, we evaluated the
      protective effects of clinically used doses of enteral allopurinol in rats with
      intestinal ischemia. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 300 to 400 g)
      received enteral allopurinol (10 mg/kg) or water daily for 1 week. Rats were then
      subjected to superior mesenteric artery occlusion with interruption of collateral
      flow for 20 minutes to produce ischemic injury to the intestine. Segmental small
      bowel resections were performed in 10 control rats and 10 allopurinol-treated
      rats before and after reperfusion to identify histopathologic evidence of
      reperfusion injury. Mucosal injury was quantitated using a grading scale of 0 to
      5 (5 being most severe). The remaining 20 rats (10 in each group) were observed
      for mortality (death within 7 days) after reperfusion. Mucosal injury after
      reperfusion was graded at 4.4 +/- 0.20 in controls versus 2.3 +/- 0.23 in the
      treated group (P less than .001). In addition, there was a significant increase
      in mucosal damage in the control group when postreperfusion specimens were
      compared with specimens taken before reperfusion (2.8 +/- 0.19 before and 4.4 +/-
      0.20 after reperfusion, P less than .001). Injury score for the allopurinol
      treated group did not significantly increase after reperfusion. Survival was 50%
      in the water-fed control group compared with 100% survival in allopurinol-treated
      rats (P = .016). We conclude that enteral allopurinol in the presently available
      form and dose is effective in reducing mesenteric reperfusion injury.

PMID- 2401949
TI  - [Application of the Weibull function to the study of in vivo/in vitro
      correlation].
AB  - After transformation of concentration-time curves by integration, the Weibull
      function is calculated, producing an equation for a derived function representing
      the plasma (or salivary) kinetics. This model can be employed in the analysis of
      in vivo/in vitro correlations, since cumulated dissolution percentages can be
      directly expressed as Weibull functions. A method was developed for prediction of
      salivary kinetics from in vitro dissolution data and the in vivo kinetics of a
      solution of the drug. This method was applied to results obtained for slow
      release formulations of acetaminophen and theophylline administered by the oral
      route.

PMID- 2401950
TI  - [Hemisynthesis of antineoplastic conjugates with nitrogen-mustard proteins].
AB  - The synthesis of new conjugates with inhibitory action on tumour growth is
      investigated by linking amino functions of proteins compounds (lysozyme and alpha
      s-casein) through an amide linkage at the carboxylic function of nitrogen
      mustards (chlorambucil and melphalan). The polychlorambucil amides of lysozyme
      and alpha s-casein derivatives prepared showed experimental antitumour activity
      when these conjugates were screened against the experimental P388 leukemia. In
      the case of the conjugates lysozyme-melphalan, an antitumour activity is observed
      when the amino function of the drug is combined with the carboxylic functions of
      the protein contrary to the situation of the free amino function of the drug
      described into the literature.

PMID- 2401952
TI  - [Reactions and interactions of drugs].

PMID- 2401951
TI  - Synthesis of 6-[(4-imidazol-1-yl)-phenyl]-4-phenyl 4,5-dihydro-2H-pyridazin-3
      one: a potential blood platelet aggregation inhibitor.
AB  - A new 4,5 diaryl pyridazin-3-one, an analogue of imazodan and Cl-930 was prepared
      starting from conveniently available chalcone. The resulting derivative was
      tested in order to determine the area of pharmacological activity. This compound
      was devoid of positive inotropic effects but showed an important inhibition of
      PAF-acether induced blood platelet aggregation in vitro with a Cl50 value of 3,4
      microM. Ex vivo, anti-aggregating effect against PAF-acether was less important
      with a DE50 value of 63 mg/kg per os.

PMID- 2401953
TI  - Effect of velocity and SF/SL ratio on external work and gait movement waveforms.
AB  - Ten normal adult subjects were tested under a wide range of combinations of
      stride length and stride frequency. Both longitudinal and vertical accelerations
      of the body increased with velocity, while stride frequency to stride length
      ratio (SF/SL) had little effect. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the forward
      velocity (V) decreased with SF/SL, but at constant SF/SL remained essentially
      unchanged throughout the speed range from 0.4 to 1.4 m/s. The external work of
      locomotion related as a paraboloid of revolution to V and SF/SL with minimum work
      being 0.32 J/kg-m at V = 0.52 m/s and SF/SL = 0.76. The efficiency of transfer
      between potential and kinetic energies related as a paraboloid of revolution to V
      and SF/SL with maximum efficiency being 0.58 (58 percent at V = 0.98 m/s and
      SF/SL = 0.43). Latent work, herein defined as work divided by efficiency, related
      as a paraboloid of revolution to V and SF/SL being minimum at V = 0.7 m/s and
      SF/SL = 0.65. At any given velocity, latent work tended to be least in the SF/SL
      range of 0.6 to 0.7. The latter finding may suggest why people tend to walk at a
      nearly constant SF/SL ratio over a broad range of velocities.

PMID- 2401954
TI  - Load-bearing characteristics of polyethylene foam: an examination of structural
      and compression properties.
AB  - Cellular foams used in shoe insoles come in a variety of structural
      configurations differing with respect to cell geometry. The compression of a
      cellular foam depends on cell reticulation and size. Examination of the
      compression behavior of closed cell polyethylene foams revealed distinct time-and
      nontime-related properties that occur during static and cyclic loading. Physical
      parameters were developed and determined to exactly specify pressure profiles
      that occur at the plantar interface. Evaluation of an interface material can be
      made based on peak pressures which are dependent on depth of compression, foam
      thickness, and physical properties of the foam. Sustained loading damages the
      mechanical integrity of the cellular structure such that thickness does not
      completely recover. Therefore, issuing several pairs of thick insoles for daily
      rotation is recommended for a particular foam.

PMID- 2401955
TI  - Sitting forces and wheelchair mechanics.
AB  - The effects of back angle and leg height on sitting forces in a wheelchair were
      studied, using a force plate mounted on a wheelchair seat. Readings of both
      normal force (perpendicular to the seat) and shear force were measured while the
      chair's back angle and footrest height were changed. Pressure under the ischial
      tuberosities was also measured during the footrest height adjustments. Five
      normal subjects sat directly on the plate as well as upon ROHO and Jay cushions
      placed on the force plate. Returning the back to the upright position after a
      recline caused the normal force (+/- SD) to increase 5.4 +/- 2.5, 9.5 +/- 4.0,
      and 10.0 +/- 2.3 kg for the hard surface, Jay cushion, and ROHO cushion
      respectively, while shear at the plate increased to 5.1 +/- 2.2, 11.6 +/- 2.6,
      and 12.3 +/- 2.7 kg for the hard surface, Jay cushion, and ROHO cushion
      respectively. Leaning forward (away from the back) caused all the forces to
      return to measurements close to the starting values. The results suggest that the
      wheelchair user should momentarily lean forward after a recline to reduce
      undesired forces. If a cushion with firm thigh support is used, ischial
      tuberosity pressure can be reduced by lowering the leg height as much as
      possible, which causes a levering action by lifting the pelvis.

PMID- 2401956
TI  - Audio-visual consonant recognition with the 3M/House cochlear implant.
AB  - Eight experienced 3M/House cochlear implant users' consonant recognition was
      evaluated with videotaped vowel-consonant vowel lists presented in auditory
      implant only (A), visual (V), and auditory-visual (AV) conditions. All subjects'
      scores were better than chance. Results revealed that the AV scores were
      significantly better than the V scores, which were better than the A scores.
      Sequential Information Analysis of the consonant errors revealed that different
      features were transmitted better in each condition. Sonorant and voicing features
      were transmitted well for the A condition, but features related to high-frequency
      and place cues were not. Place features were transmitted best in the V condition,
      but acoustic features were not. Both place and acoustic features were transmitted
      in the AV condition, but they were influenced most by visual cues.

PMID- 2401957
TI  - A test suite for hearing aid evaluation.
AB  - A test suite has been developed for evaluating hearing aids. The tests in the
      suite are frequency response, number of processing bands and type of processing,
      input/output characteristics, processing attack and release times, and broadband
      distortion. The test suite produces a more complete evaluation of a hearing aid
      than any previous set of tests, and is suitable for the automatic evaluation of a
      hearing aid containing unknown processing. The test procedures are described, and
      sample test results are presented for simulated linear and two-channel
      compression hearing aids.

PMID- 2401958
TI  - A time-domain digital simulation of hearing aid response.
AB  - A time-domain digital simulation of an in-the-ear (ITE) hearing aid has been
      developed. The stimulation allows modeling of nonlinear effects such as
      compression and amplifier distortion in addition to linear processing and
      acoustics. The simulation includes a microphone, two-channel compression
      processing, an amplifier with clipping distortion, a receiver, an ear canal and
      ear drum, and feedback and direct sound transmission through the vent. Simulation
      results for a linear hearing aid are similar to those obtained for frequency
      domain representations of the analog system. Examples of responses for nonlinear
      systems are also provided.

PMID- 2401959
TI  - Dental enamel defects in celiac disease.
AB  - The teeth of 40 adults aged 19 to 67 yr with celiac disease (CD) were examined
      for dental enamel defects (ED). A total of 33 of the 40 adults with CD (83%) had
      systematic ED in contrast to only 5 of the 112 clinical controls (4%). Unspecific
      enamel lesions were found in both groups, but they were more common in the
      control group (80% vs. 18%). Altogether 69% of the permanent teeth in adults with
      CD were found to be defected, in clinical controls only 19%. In adults with CD
      the ED were in contrast to those in controls symmetrically and chronologically
      distributed in all four sections of dentition. The present study clearly shows
      that symmetrically and chronologically distributed enamel defects are strongly
      associated with CD. Therefore in the absence of symptoms and signs of
      malabsorption dentists could easily select the right patients possibly suffering
      from CD for gastroenterologic consultations.

PMID- 2401960
TI  - Benign lymphoepithelial lesion with large cysts: case report.
AB  - A case of benign lymphoepithelial lesion with two large cysts and many foci of
      duct dilatation is reported. Clinical features, except for absence of dry eyes,
      indicated the case was Sjogren's syndrome. The cysts were found in the left
      parotid gland of a 60-yr-old woman and were surgically removed. The size of each
      cyst was 20 mm in diameter and one of them was located in the lymph node. Because
      of the HLA-DR expression by the epithelium, the cysts are considered to have
      formed as a result of duct dilatation due to autoimmune response. As for one
      cyst, it is also possible that the pre-existing lymphoepithelial cyst might be
      involved in the autoimmune phenomenon because of its relation to the lymph node.

PMID- 2401961
TI  - Prevalence of dental caries, gingivitis, and oral hygiene in hospitalized AIDS
      cases in Kinshasa, Zaire.
AB  - The prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease in African HIV-infected
      patients has not previously been assessed, in spite of the high prevalence of HIV
      infection in some countries and the fact that atypical gingivitis may represent
      an early sign of HIV infection. In the present study 83 AIDS patients
      hospitalized in Kinshasa, Zaire, were assessed for dental caries, gingivitis and
      oral hygiene status. The prevalence of dental caries was lower among AIDS
      patients than among healthy controls previously examined in the same area. The
      prevalence of gingivitis was higher in AIDS than in controls in spite of good
      oral hygiene observed among AIDS patients.

PMID- 2401962
TI  - Oral manifestations of previously undiagnosed non-insulin dependent diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - The oral manifestations are described of 43 patients with previously undiagnosed
      non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDD) who presented to an Oral Medicine
      Unit in a 24-month period. The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was confirmed by
      measurement of fasting blood glucose and where necessary by a glucose tolerance
      test. Sixteen patients had burning mouth syndrome, ten patients had unusually
      prolonged fungal and/or bacterial infections, nine patients had a nonspecific
      condition such as altered taste, six patients had an oral mucosal lesion such as
      erosive lichen planus, one patient had sialosis and one patient complained of
      sialorrhoea. The frequency of undiagnosed NIDD was twice that expected among the
      general population. Treatment directed at improving glycemic control also
      produced resolution of the patients' oral symptoms in most cases.

PMID- 2401963
TI  - [Development of visual evoked potentials in guinea pigs].
AB  - The development of visual evoked potential (VEP) was studied in guinea pigs as a
      function of age. Ten newborn guinea pigs from 3 litters were used, and
      experiments were carried out with the animals over an age span ranging from 1 to
      90 days. Periodic recordings were obtained at 5 day intervals from the first up
      to the twentieth day after birth and at 30 day intervals from the thirtieth to
      ninetieth day after birth. The results were as follows: 1) The VEP comprised 7
      peaks at the first day after birth, while after the fifth day it was composed of
      9 peaks. 2) During the development of the guinea pigs, the latencies of VEP
      decreased. The reduction of the latencies of peak N2 amounted to about 25% from
      the first to the thirtieth day. 3) The amplitude of the initial negative spike
      increased from the first to the fifth day after birth, and decreased after the
      fifth day.

PMID- 2401964
TI  - Blood viscosity in horses with colic.
AB  - Whole blood viscosity (WBV) was measured on six healthy horses and ten horses
      presented for colic surgery. A Wells-Brookfield cone-and-plate microviscometer at
      6 rpm was used to determine WBV and WBV was adjusted for packed cell volume
      (PCV). The ten colic horses were divided into two groups: five horses that died
      or were euthanatized (group 1) and five horses that were discharged after surgery
      and medical therapy (group 2). The mean WBV for each group was compared using
      analysis of variance followed by Duncan multiple-range tests. Mean WBV of group 2
      (5.81 +/- 1.48 centipoise [cp]) and normal horses (7.1 +/- 2.3 cp) was
      significantly (P less than 0.01) lower than group 1 (17.15 +/- 5.71 cp). This
      preliminary trial shows that horses that died or were euthanatized had a
      significantly higher WBV than horses surviving. Since viscosity was adjusted for
      PCV, the differences may represent changes in other factors such as fibrinogen,
      rouleaux formation, red blood cell deformability, PaO2, or intracellular calcium
      ion concentration. Thus, increases in WBV in horses with colic may indicate
      severely compromised regional perfusion that may lead to significant tissue
      damage. In this preliminary study, it appears that WBV may be a prognostic aid in
      horses with colic.

PMID- 2401965
TI  - Treatment of relapsed canine lymphoma with doxorubicin and dacarbazine.
AB  - Fifteen dogs with relapsed lymphoma were treated with doxorubicin and dacarbazine
      (ADIC) to reinduce remission. All the dogs' lymphomas had become resistant to
      prior therapy with doxorubicin alone. Five of the 15 dogs had a complete response
      to the first treatment with ADIC, and three had partial responses. Of the eight
      dogs receiving a second cycle, two had complete responses, and one had a partial
      response. One dog that received a third ADIC treatment no longer responded. The
      median survival time from the first ADIC treatment for all dogs was 45 days
      (range, 18-241 days). The five dogs having complete responses to the first ADIC
      treatment had a median survival time of 105 days (range, 45-241 days) after this
      treatment. Toxicity due to ADIC treatment was acceptable and did not exceed that
      seen when doxorubicin was given as a single agent. The treatment resulted in
      severe neutropenia in three dogs. One dog died due to neutropenic sepsis.
      Vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia occurred, but were tolerable, resulting in
      hospitalization in only one instance. ADIC is apparently a useful
      chemotherapeutic combination to reinduce remission in some dogs with relapsed
      lymphoma.

PMID- 2401966
TI  - Acromegaly in 14 cats.
AB  - Acromegaly was diagnosed in 14 middle-aged to old cats of mixed breeding.
      Thirteen (93%) of the cats were male and one was female. The earliest clinical
      signs in the 14 cats included polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, all of which were
      associated with untreated diabetes mellitus. All developed severe insulin
      resistance within a few months; peak insulin dosages required to control severe
      hyperglycemia ranged from 20 to 130 U per day. Other clinical findings weeks to
      months after diagnosis included enlargement of one or more organs (e.g., liver,
      heart, kidneys, and tongue) (n = 14), cardiomyopathy (n = 13), increase in body
      size and weight gain (n = 8), nephropathy associated with azotemia and clinical
      signs of renal failure (n = 7), degenerative arthropathy (n = 6), and central
      nervous system signs (i.e., circling and seizures) caused by enlargement of the
      pituitary tumor (n = 2). The diagnosis of acromegaly was confirmed by
      demonstration of extremely high basal serum growth hormone concentrations (22 to
      131 micrograms/l) in all cats. Computerized tomography disclosed a mass in the
      region of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus in five of the six cats in which
      it was performed. Two cats were treated by cobalt radiotherapy followed by
      administration of a somatostatin analogue (octreotide), whereas two cats were
      treated with octreotide alone. Treatment had little to no effect in decreasing
      serum GH concentrations in any of the cats. Eleven of the 14 cats were euthanized
      or died four to 42 months (median survival time, 20.5 months) after the onset of
      acromegaly because of renal failure (n = 2), congestive heart failure (n = 1),
      concomitant renal failure and congestive heart failure (n = 3), progressive
      neurologic signs (n = 2), persistent anorexia and lethargy of unknown cause (n =
      1), the owner's unwillingness to treat the diabetes mellitus (n = 1), or unknown
      causes (n = 1). Results of necropsy examination in ten cats revealed a large
      pituitary acidophil adenoma (n = 10), marked left ventricular and septal
      hypertrophy (n = 7), dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 1), arthropathy affecting the
      shoulder, elbow, or stifle (n = 5), and glomerulopathy characterized by expansion
      of the mesangial matrix and variable periglomerular fibrosis (n = 10).

PMID- 2401968
TI  - Echocardiography and surgery in a dog with left atrial rupture and
      hemopericardium.
AB  - Endocardial splitting and left atrial rupture were diagnosed in a dog with mitral
      regurgitation that experienced the sudden onset of collapsing episodes, weakness,
      depression, labored breathing, and weak pulses. Thoracic radiographs showed a
      rounded cardiac silhouette with prominent left atrium consistent with
      hemopericardium due to left atrial rupture. Two-dimensional echocardiography
      confirmed the presence of severe mitral valve disease, pericardial fluid, and a
      laminated blood clot caudal to the left ventricle. A sterile emergency
      thoracotomy was performed, the hemopericardium and blood clot were removed, and
      the rupture site in the left atrium was repaired with reinforced sutures. The dog
      recovered from surgery but died the next day, presumably from a ventricular
      arrhythmia.

PMID- 2401967
TI  - Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis in the dog.
AB  - Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis (ISCM) was diagnosed in three dogs with
      signs of myelopathy. The clinicopathologic features of ISCM in these and
      previously reported cases in the veterinary and human literature were compared.
      Myelopathic signs associated with ISCM may be the initial clinical manifestation
      of malignancy or may develop in the patient with known malignancy. Pain, a
      frequent manifestation of extradural compressive myelopathy, is not a consistent
      feature of ISCM. Survey spinal radiographs are usually unrewarding and
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities nonspecific. Myelography is indicated to
      differentiate intramedullary lesions from more common extradural compressive
      lesions. Myelographic interpretation may be difficult, and intramedullary tumors
      must be differentiated from spinal cord edema or hemorrhage. Evidence of widely
      disseminated malignancy should increase suspicion for ISCM; hemangiosarcoma and
      lymphosarcoma should be considered the most likely histologic types. CSF cytology
      may be helpful in the diagnosis of patients with lymphosarcoma. Prognosis is poor
      due to the frequent presence of disseminated disease, although temporary response
      to corticosteroid therapy may be achieved. More aggressive therapeutic
      approaches, such as spinal irradiation and microsurgical resection of metastases,
      have been advocated in humans but have not been reported in the dog. Although it
      is an uncommon complication of systemic malignancy, ISCM should be considered in
      the differential diagnosis of myelopathy in the dog.

PMID- 2401969
TI  - Visual evoked potentials in the clinically normal dog.
AB  - Visual evoked potentials (VEP) in response to flashes of white light were
      recorded from 15 adult beagles of both sexes to provide a normative data base.
      Separate recordings were taken by stimulating each eye of every dog. Responses
      were recorded from a needle electrode placed over the nuchal crest referenced to
      an electrode just caudal to the eyes. Five positive and negative peaks were
      present in each VEP; P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3. Peak P2 was the most prominent. Mean
      (+/- standard deviation [SD]) latencies for peaks P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3 were
      14.3 +/- 2.4, 29.2 +/- 2.2, 54.5 +/- 7.4, 78.0 +/- 13.1, and 98.1 +/- 12.6 msec,
      respectively. Peak-to-peak mean amplitudes ranged from 5.88 to 13.30 microV.
      Recordings were accomplished without sedation, anesthesia, or mydriatic drugs.

PMID- 2401970
TI  - Direct responses in males and correlated responses for reproduction in females to
      selection for testicular size adjusted for body weight in young male lambs.
AB  - Selection based upon testicular diameter adjusted for body weight at 6, 10 and 14
      weeks of age was used to produce two lines of sheep, with either high or low
      testicular size. Ten generations of selection were carried out and the estimate
      of the realized heritability of the selection criterion was 0.53 +/- 0.01. There
      were significant positive correlated responses to selection for testicular
      diameter at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age, but the correlated responses in body
      weight at these ages were negative. In mature females, there were significant
      negative correlated responses to selection in premating body weight in the 1st,
      2nd and 3rd breeding season and in the day of the first oestrus in the 2nd
      breeding season. Litter size per ewe mated had a small positive correlated
      response to selection in the second breeding season. This latter response
      appeared to be due to a positive correlated response in fertility, ewes from the
      High-line having a significantly higher probability of conceiving to a single
      mating than those from the Low-line. There was no significant correlated response
      in ovulation rate or litter size per ewe lambing and the genetic correlation
      between these traits and the selection criterion is likely to be close to zero.
      This may be due to the adjustment for body weight used, but it is possible that,
      in any event, body weight in young rams may be a better predictor of female
      ovulation rate than testicular diameter. These results do not rule out the
      possibility that testicular size in rams older than those selected would provide
      a good predictor of genetic merit for female ovulation rate.

PMID- 2401971
TI  - DNA flow-cytometric analysis of testicular germ cell populations of the bonnet
      monkey (Macaca radiata) as a function of sexual maturity.
AB  - Testicular germ cell populations of biopsies from 32 male bonnet monkeys in 5
      different age groups were quantitated in a flow cytometer after labelling of germ
      cell DNA with the specific fluorochrome, 4,6-diamidino phenyl indole. The 5
      quantifiable populations were spermatogonia (2C), preleptotene spermatocytes (S
      phase), primary spermatocytes (4C), round spermatids (1C) and elongate spermatids
      (HC). The seminiferous tubules of immature 3-4-year-old monkey had only Sertoli
      cells and spermatogonia (2C). At 5-6 years, germ cells in S-phase (9.5%), 4C
      (11.1%), 1C (41.8%) and HC (17.1%) stages of maturation appeared for the first
      time but at 7-8 years of age and beyond all cell types except HC decreased while
      1C remained relatively constant. Histometric analysis correlated well with the
      flow-cytometric data. The decrease in cells of 2C, S-phase and 4C stages was
      associated with an increase in mitotic index, signifying acceleration in the
      kinetics of germ cell transformation into subsequent cell types. The total
      turnover in cell transformation (1C:2C) was significantly (P less than 0.01)
      increased at and beyond 7-8 years. Maximum transition from 2C to 4C occurred at 5
      6 years (4C:2C ratio 0.8 at 5-6 years and 0.6 at 7-8 years). The ratio HC:1C
      (kinetics of cell transformation during spermiogenesis) attained near total
      efficiency only by 10 years of age (1.08 at 10-14 years; 0.9 at 18-20 years).
      Also, the cell associations within the seminiferous tubules of monkeys greater
      than or equal to 10 years of age were better defined than those of younger
      animals. The changes in germ cell ratios correlated well with alterations in
      testicular volume, sperm numbers in the ejaculate and surges of testosterone and
      increments in FSH in the serum, characteristic of development of sexual maturity.
      It is apparent from this study that DNA flow cytometry of testicular germ cell
      populations reveals subtle changes in spermatogenic status of bonnet monkeys with
      a high degree of sensitivity.

PMID- 2401972
TI  - Influence of the pineal gland on testicular function in offspring of
      pinealectomized rats.
AB  - Female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to a short (6L:18D) photoperiod from 21 days
      of age were mated when they reached 55 days of age. On Day 2 of gestation animals
      were pinealectomized or sham-operated. On Day 5 after birth male pups of the two
      groups of dams were either pinealectomized or sham-operated. They were killed at
      42 and 49 days of age. In offspring born to sham-operated dams and in those born
      to pinealectomized mothers, neonatal pineal ablation resulted in increased
      testicular testosterone and androstenedione content. In sham-operated and
      neonatally pinealectomized rats removal of the maternal pineal gland induced a
      decrease in testicular testosterone and androstenedione content. In contrast,
      after maternal pinealectomy there was a decrease in plasma testosterone and
      dihydrotestosterone values and testicular dihydrotestosterone content in sham
      operated rats but not in those neonatally pinealectomized. We conclude that (1)
      the pineal glands of the mother and offspring are required to maintain normal
      testicular testosterone and androstenedione content in the rat, and (2) the
      pineal of the offspring influences the inhibitory effects of maternal
      pinealectomy on testicular dihydrotestosterone content and on plasma testosterone
      and dihydrotestosterone concentration in the offspring.

PMID- 2401973
TI  - Interactions between melatonin and prolactin during gestation in mink (Mustela
      vison).
AB  - Immature female mink, 8 weeks of age in July, were treated with implants
      releasing melatonin. Mating, which induced ovulation, took place during the
      normal breeding season in the following March. Circulating prolactin and
      progesterone concentrations did not undergo the expected gestational increases,
      and no embryos implanted. A similar absence of gestational changes in prolactin
      and progesterone values ensued in primiparous mink treated with the melatonin
      implant 2-3 days after the second of 2 matings. Administration of exogenous sheep
      prolactin (0.5 mg/day) by minipump induced precocious elevation of progesterone
      concentrations in mated mink. Prolactin administration overcame the effects of
      melatonin, in that the corpora lutea were activated and embryos implanted, but
      exogenous prolactin resulted in degeneration of implanted embryos both in the
      presence and absence of chronic melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin has
      a single effect in alteration of gestation in mink; i.e. the prevention of
      prolactin secretion. Hyperprolactinaemia may inhibit embryo development in this
      species.

PMID- 2401974
TI  - Carbohydrate binding properties of mouse embryos.

PMID- 2401975
TI  - Adenosine and its analogues, possibly acting at A2 receptors, stimulate mouse
      sperm fertilizing ability during early stages of capacitation.
AB  - Earlier studies have provided indirect evidence that the availability of
      endogenous adenosine can modulate the fertilizing ability of mouse spermatozoa
      during capacitation. More direct evidence has been sought by evaluating the
      effect of exogenous adenosine present during the early stages of capacitation. A
      concentration-dependent stimulation of in-vitro fertilizing ability was observed,
      with 10 microM- and 100 microM-adenosine significantly increasing the proportion
      of eggs fertilized compared with drug-free controls. The adenosine-induced
      stimulation was observed in the presence of 0.01 microM- and 0.1 microM
      dipyridamole, an inhibitor of adenosine uptake, suggesting that adenosine is
      acting at an external site. Comparison of adenosine with its analogues 2'
      deoxyadenosine and 2-chloroadenosine indicated that the analogues at 10 microM
      were able to stimulate fertilization in a manner similar to adenosine. While
      neither adenosine nor 2'-deoxyadenosine was consistently effective at 1 microM, 2
      chloroadenosine significantly stimulated fertilization at both 1 microM and 0.1
      microM. In addition, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) and (R)-N6
      phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA), potent analogues in somatic cell systems,
      proved to be so with mouse sperm suspensions, NECA being stimulatory at greater
      than or equal to 0.01 microM and R-PIA at greater than or equal to 0.1 microM.
      Subjective evaluation of motility patterns indicated that more cells exhibited
      hyperactivated motility in the presence of stimulatory concentrations of
      adenosine or analogues. Assessment of capacitation state using chlortetracycline
      fluorescence patterns indicated that incubation in 2'-deoxyadenosine resulted in
      significantly fewer cells expressing the uncapacitated F pattern and
      significantly more cells with the capacitated AR (acrosome-reacted) pattern,
      compared with drug-free counterparts. It is concluded that adenosine promotes
      capacitation by interacting with externally-directed receptors, possibly on
      adenylate cyclase to increase the intracellular availability of cyclic adenosine
      monophosphate (cAMP); cAMP is known to stimulate mouse sperm fertilizing ability.
      The greater sensitivity to NECA, 2-chloroadenosine and R-PIA, relative to
      adenosine and 2'-deoxyadenosine, is consistent with interaction at stimulatory A2
      adenosine receptors.

PMID- 2401976
TI  - Steroid secretion rates and plasma binding activity in androstenedione-immune
      ewes with an autotransplanted ovary.
AB  - Mature Merino ewes in which the left ovary and its vascular pedicle had been
      autotransplanted to the neck were divided into control (N = 5) and immunized
      groups (N = 6). The immunized ewes were treated (2 ml s.c.) with Fecundin 1 and 4
      weeks before the start of blood sampling. Ovarian and jugular venous blood was
      collected every 10 min at two stages of the follicular phase (21-27 h and 38-42 h
      after i.m. injection of 125 micrograms of a prostaglandin (PG) analogue) and
      during the mid-luteal phase (8 h at 15-min intervals). The ewes were monitored
      regularly for luteal function and preovulatory LH surges. Hormone concentrations
      and anti-androstenedione titres were assayed by RIA and ovarian secretion rates
      of oestradiol-17 beta, progesterone and androstenedione were determined. After
      the booster immunization, progesterone increased simultaneously with titre in
      immunized ewes, reaching 30 ng/ml at the time of PG injection when median titre
      was 1:10,000. All ewes responded to PG with LH surges 42-72 h later: 2 of the
      immunized ewes then had a second LH surge within 3-4 days at a time when
      peripheral progesterone values were 2-3 ng/ml. The frequency of steroid and LH
      pulses was greater in immunized ewes (P less than 0.05) during the luteal phase
      but not the follicular phase. The secretion rate of androstenedione was 6-10
      times greater (19-37 ng/min; P less than 0.001) in immunized ewes at all sampling
      stages. Progesterone secretion rates were 3 times greater (16 micrograms/min; P
      less than 0.001) during the luteal phase in immunized ewes. The amplitude of
      oestradiol pulses was significantly reduced in immunized ewes (4.8 vs 2.1 ng/min
      at +24 h and 6.5 vs 2.8 ng/min at +40 h in control and immunized ewes,
      respectively: P less than 0.05) during the follicular phase. However, the mean
      secretion rate of oestradiol at each phase of the cycle was not significantly
      different between treatment groups. Analysis of bound and free steroid using
      polyethylene glycol showed that greater than 98% of peripheral and ovarian venous
      androstenedione and 86% of peripheral progesterone was bound in immunized ewes
      but there was no appreciable binding (less than 0.1%) in control ewes. Similarly,
      50% of ovarian venous oestradiol was bound in immunized ewes compared to 15% in
      control ewes. We conclude that immunization against androstenedione increases the
      secretion rate of androstenedione and progesterone but not of
      oestradiol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2401977
TI  - Some effects of mastectomy on reproductive success in the guinea-pig.
AB  - Virgin guinea-pigs were mastectomized in two stages between 11 and 18 weeks of
      age and then mated, starting 19 weeks after final surgery. In the subsequent
      first pregnancy, the incidence of still-births and neonatal deaths was
      significantly higher in the mastectomized animals (6 out of 12 mothers (50%) and
      14 out of 49 young (29%) compared with intact guinea-pigs (1 out of 15 mothers
      (7%) and 1 out of 58 young (2%)). There was no significant effect of mastectomy
      on litter size and weight or on gestation period. The still-born were not
      significantly different in weight from those born alive. A significant relation
      was found between maternal weight changes in the period 20 to 5 days before
      parturition and the occurrence of still-births and neonatal deaths; still-births
      were associated with a period of reduced weight gain. No effect of mastectomy on
      the length of the oestrous cycle was apparent but a significant increase in the
      incidence of non-pregnancy was found. The results provide further evidence that
      mastectomy influences reproductive success in the guinea-pig and suggest that
      parturition is a key process affected.

PMID- 2401978
TI  - Cryopreservation of mouse spermatozoa in the presence of raffinose and glycerol.
AB  - When mouse epididymal spermatozoa were rapidly frozen in two steps (37 to -70
      degrees C for solid CO2 and -70 to -196 degrees C for liquid nitrogen) as
      pellets, 18% raffinose provided the greatest protection to ICR mouse spermatozoa
      against cold-shock; sperm motility and fertilizing ability were 43% and 22.4%,
      respectively. A small proportion of spermatozoa frozen with 10% sucrose was
      motile but incapable of fertilizing ovulated oocytes. Glycerol and
      dimethylsulphoxide were less effective at any concentration examined. However,
      the fertilizing ability of frozen-thawed ICR spermatozoa was significantly
      improved (35.5%) by addition of glycerol (1.75% final concentration) to medium
      containing 18% raffinose. Spermatozoa from one outbred (ddY) and 5 inbred
      (C57BL/6N, C3H/HeN, DBA/2N, BALB/c and kk) strains of mice were successfully
      frozen in the presence of 18% raffinose and 1.75% glycerol, although the
      fertilization rates of frozen-thawed spermatozoa varied among strains (13% for
      C57BL/6N to 64% for DBA/2N). A small fraction of mouse eggs resulting from
      fertilization by frozen-thawed spermatozoa developed normally in vitro (37% in
      C57BL/6N to 71% in ICR) to the blastocyst stage and in vivo (19% for C57BL/6N
      spermatozoa and ddY oocytes) to Day 18 of gestation.

PMID- 2401979
TI  - Ultrastructural morphometric analysis of the uterine epithelium during early
      pregnancy in the sheep.
AB  - Stereological techniques were used to quantify ultrastructural changes in the
      caruncular epithelium during the pre- (Day 13), peri- (Day 16) and post- (Days 19
      and 22) attachment periods of placentation. Tissues from Day-13 non-pregnant ewes
      were used as controls. Uteri for stereological evaluation were perfused via the
      uterine artery with 3% glutaraldehyde and separated into proximal, middle and
      distal regions. Tissues from caruncular areas were processed for electron
      microscopy. Volume fractions (Vv) of nuclei, mitochondria, lipid and cytoplasmic
      granules were estimated by point-counting volumetry. Surface areas per unit
      tissue volume (Sv) of mitochondrial membranes and cristae, Golgi, plasmalemma,
      endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membranes were estimated by line-intersection
      counting. The only significant difference between pregnant and non-pregnant
      uterine epithelium at Day 13, a time before attachment, was a lower Sv of smooth
      endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in tissue from pregnant ewes. This value returned to
      control (non-pregnant Day 13) levels at Day 16, and was again significantly
      reduced at Days 19 and 22. The Vv of lipid decreased significantly at Day 16 and
      remained at reduced levels thereafter. These changes may reflect the effects of
      conceptus products on lipid storage and mobilization. The Sv of rough endoplasmic
      reticulum (RER) significantly increased on Day 16 of gestation, and remained
      elevated on Day 19. These results may reflect increased synthesis of protein for
      export at these times. In general, several of the values measured which may be
      indicative of cellular metabolism were reduced at Day 22 of pregnancy, perhaps
      suggesting diminished metabolism by the uterine epithelium after attachment of
      the trophoblast.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2401980
TI  - Effects of oestradiol, zeranol or trenbolone acetate implants on puberty,
      reproduction and fertility in heifers.
AB  - The effects of anabolic agents on reproduction in beef heifers were determined by
      using 300 mg trenbolone acetate (TBA), 36 mg zeranol and 19 mg oestradiol-17 beta
      in a biodegradable pellet (1E: American Cyanamid, USA), or two such pellets (2E).
      On Day 1 of experiment, 81 Hereford x Friesian heifers (mean age = 84 +/- 1.2
      days) were allocated at random to the following treatments: (1) controls (N =
      15); (2) TBA (N = 15); (3) 1E (N = 12); (4) 2E (N = 15); (5) zeranol (N = 13);
      (6) TBA + 2E (N = 11). The 1 (1E), or 2 (2E) oestradiol implants were
      administered on Day 1 of the experiment only. Heifers assigned to receive TBA and
      zeranol were implanted on Days 1, 84, 168 and 252. Blood progesterone
      concentrations and oestrous activity were monitored from Days 137 and 200
      respectively. Mean age (days) and weight (kg) at puberty (first ovulation), for
      heifers that reached puberty in Groups 1-6 respectively were 352 and 308, 419 and
      356, 373 and 325, 381 and 331, 400 and 353, 423 and 383 [residual standard
      deviation (r.s.d.) = 43.8 and 39.4 for age and weight respectively]. Heifers in
      Group 4 were older (P less than 0.05), but not heavier (P greater than 0.05),
      while those in Groups 2 and 5 were both older (P less than 0.005) and heavier (P
      less than 0.005) than the controls at puberty. Age and weight at puberty were not
      different in heifers assigned to Groups 3 and 4, or to Groups 2 and 6. The
      proportion of heifers showing oestrus before puberty (prepubertal oestrus) were
      3/15, 12/15, 6/12, 7/15, 10/13 and 11/11 in Groups 1-6 respectively. Heifers in
      Groups 2 and 5 had higher incidences of prepubertal oestrus than controls, while
      those in other treatment groups were not different. There was no treatment effect
      on the incidence of silent ovulations, but the incidence of non-ovulatory
      oestrus, after puberty, was increased from 4/48 in Group 1 to 26/40 (P less than
      0.001), 15/56 (P less than 0.05) and 34/57 (P less than 0.001) in Groups 2, 4 and
      5, respectively. Heifers in Group 6 had a higher incidence of non-ovulatory
      oestrus (P less than 0.05), but not of prepubertal oestrus, than did those in
      Group 2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2401981
TI  - Reproduction in the rusty bat, Pipistrellus rusticus, in the northern Transvaal
      bushveld, South Africa.
AB  - Rusty bats are seasonally monoestrous and give birth to twins during November.
      Spermatozoa are present in the epididymides from March to August but absent from
      the testes from April until September. Males thus store spermatozoa in the
      epididymis for 5 months of the year (April-August). Mating is initiated during
      April with uterine horns exhibiting a 3-fold increase in sperm volume between
      April and July samples. It is concluded that ovulation and fertilization occur
      during the second half of August. Up to 5 conceptuses per female were recorded,
      but a maximum of only 2 implantations was observed.

PMID- 2401982
TI  - Effects of superovulation, embryo recovery, culture system and embryo transfer on
      development of rabbit embryos in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Uninterrupted development of rabbit embryos in vivo was studied in 7
      superovulated and 7 normally ovulating (GnRH-treated) does, while another 7 does
      were superovulated and 1-cell embryos were collected from them at 19 h after LH
      to compare development in vivo and in vitro. Embryos from the last group were
      either cultured in the presence or absence of rabbit oviduct epithelial cells for
      65 h in Medium 199, or were immediately transferred to recipients. At 84 h after
      LH or GnRH, blastomere number, embryo volume and stage of development were
      assessed for all embryos. Intrazonal embryo volumes were significantly reduced in
      embryos recovered from superovulated donors. Superovulation also had a negative
      effect on embryo cell numbers. However, this reduction was more severe in embryos
      remaining in vivo in superovulated donors until 84 h after LH than it was in
      embryos transferred to nonsuperovulated recipients at the 1-cell stage (19 h
      after LH). The embryo recovery procedure apparently caused little harm to the
      embryos, except that the mucin layer on flushed and immediately transferred
      embryos was significantly thinner than that of embryos residing continuously in
      vivo. Co-culture with rabbit oviduct epithelial cells resulted in improved
      development in vitro, but this development was still significantly retarded
      compared with embryos developing in vivo.

PMID- 2401983
TI  - Morphological study of cultured preantral ovarian follicles of mice after
      transplantation under the kidney capsule.
AB  - Isolated ovarian follicles taken from 10-day-old mice and cultured in collagen
      gel for 5 days, in the presence or absence of serum, were transplanted under the
      kidney capsule of ovariectomized mice. Hosts showed vaginal opening within 5 days
      and cornified vaginal smears by 9 days. Follicles proceeded to Graafian stages
      and luteinization occurred. Ovulation was not observed and oocytes degenerated
      within the luteinized follicle. Theca formation was preceded by the appearance of
      blood vessels within the graft. In-vitro fertilisation of harvested oocytes
      resulted in embryos.

PMID- 2401984
TI  - Effect of oxygen concentration on in-vitro development of preimplantation sheep
      and cattle embryos.
AB  - Two-cell sheep embryos and 2-4-cell and 8-cell cow embryos were cultured for 5
      days in stoppered test-tubes in Synthetic Oviduct Fluid supplemented with 32 mg
      BSA/ml. The medium had been previously equilibrated with one of the following O2
      concentrations (sheep: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 17, 20%; cow: 0, 4, 8, 12, 17,
      20%). At the end of culture embryos were examined for morphology and stained to
      assess numbers of nuclei. Mean (+/- s.e.m.) nuclei/embryo was highest at 8% O2
      for sheep embryos (23.6 +/- 3.1), 4% for 2-4-cell cow embryos (23.2 +/- 6.1) and
      8% for 8-cell cow embryos (29.6 +/- 5.2). The minimum number of nuclei/embryo
      occurred at 20% O2 in each case (10.3 +/- 0.9, 10.3 +/- 2.7, 14.5 +/- 2.4,
      respectively) with similar values also recorded at 0% O2 (10.8 +/- 1.9, 16.5 +/-
      6.0, 14.6 +/- 2.4, respectively). Analysis of the proportion of embryos reaching
      at least the morula stage demonstrated a significant quadratic component for the
      different oxygen concentrations for sheep (P less than 0.01) and cow (P less than
      0.05) embryos. A number of sheep and cow embryos showed abnormalities, suggesting
      that the culture conditions require further refinement. The results confirm that,
      under lowered oxygen levels, development of sheep and cattle embryos can occur
      through the 8- to 16-cell block in a simple defined medium without somatic cell
      support.

PMID- 2401985
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of nuclear protamine in boar spermatozoa during
      epididymal transit.
AB  - Protamine was specifically demonstrated in boar spermatozoa collected from the
      rete testis, caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis and the ejaculate by
      immunoelectron microscopy, using anti-boar or anti-ram protamine antisera and an
      indirect post-embedding immunogold technique. Spermatozoa from all collection
      sites stained after incubation although with different degrees of labelling.
      Controls were negative. Labelling increased from the rete testis towards the
      epididymal corpus, where it was most intense, decreasing sharply thereafter. The
      weakest binding of the assayed antibodies was obtained in the ejaculated
      spermatozoa but it could be reversed by in-vitro induction of chromatin
      decondensation with sodium dodecyl sulphate and the metal-chelating EDTA. The
      finding of a significant decrease in the immunolabelling detected from the corpus
      epididymidis onwards indicates a critical point for the interaction between DNA
      and the protamines in boar spermatozoa during the epididymal maturation.

PMID- 2401986
TI  - Neonatal hormone manipulations and the maintenance of perineal muscles and their
      motor neurones in Albino Swiss rats.
AB  - Newborn female Albino Swiss rats received testosterone propionate,
      dihydrotestosterone benzoate or oestradiol benzoate for 4 days after birth. The
      neonatal administration of all three hormones maintained neurones of the spinal
      nucleus of bulbocavernosus (SNB) complex in adulthood at levels intermediate
      between those found in normal females (approximately 40 neurones) and those found
      in normal males (approximately 220 neurones). Dihydrotestosterone benzoate was
      the most effective treatment. Oestradiol benzoate, while as potent as
      testosterone propionate in maintaining SNB neurone numbers, could not maintain
      the perineal muscles which are their normal target. Dihydrotestosterone benzoate
      and testosterone propionate maintained both neurones and muscles. Newborn male
      Albino Swiss rats received either the aromatase inhibitor 4-OH-androstenedione,
      or the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor aza-steroid 17 beta-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4
      methyl-4-aza-5 alpha-androstan-3-one(4-MA). Only neonatal treatment with 4-MA led
      to reduced SNB neurone numbers in adulthood, but the reduction was modest (-16%).
      The results of the two experiments suggest that several hormones can maintain SNB
      neurone numbers in Albino Swiss rats, but that 5 alpha-reduced metabolites of
      testosterone may be particularly effective.

PMID- 2401987
TI  - Existence of synchronization of reproduction at the level of the social group of
      the European wild boar (Sus scrofa).
AB  - Reproductive events were recorded in two groups of female wild boars kept in semi
      natural conditions. The first group had been kept for 2 consecutive years with a
      male. Most farrowing took place within 4-5 days; 6/7 in the first year and 8/9
      for the second. A second group of 5 females was kept for 13 months in the absence
      of a male, and oestrous cycles were monitored by weekly measurement of plasma
      progesterone concentrations. All the females experienced summer-autumn anoestrus
      and resumed cycling in the same week of December. This accurate synchronization
      of reproduction may result from stimulation amongst females belonging to the same
      social unit.

PMID- 2401988
TI  - A comparison of antibody titres in mouse uterine fluid after immunization by
      several routes, and the effect of the uterus on antibody titres in vaginal fluid.
AB  - Measurements of specific antibody titres in uterine fluid of mice immunized by
      different routes indicated that two immunizations in the pelvic presacral space
      using aluminium hydroxide as adjuvant was a simple and effective way to elicit a
      significant IgA and IgG response. Higher IgA and IgG titres were produced in
      uterine fluid by subcutaneous immunization with antigen in Freund's complete
      adjuvant followed by intravaginal boosting without adjuvant, but this
      immunization involved both a toxic adjuvant and repeated applications of large
      doses of antigen in the vagina. Intragastric immunization produced an IgA
      response in the uterus but no IgG. Local intravaginal priming and boosting with
      large doses of antigen without adjuvant produced an IgA response in uterine
      fluid, but was less effective for IgG and was inefficient in terms of time and
      the amount of antigen used. Hysterectomy reduced the concentration of specific
      IgA in vaginal fluid of immunized mice to no more than 5% of normal, indicating
      that most of the IgA in vaginal fluid originates in the uterus. In contrast, IgG
      titres were not significantly different in hysterectomized and intact mice. IgA
      titres in vaginal fluid were at least partly restored to normal levels in sham
      hysterectomized mice.

PMID- 2401989
TI  - Immunosuppressive properties of follicular fluid from preovulatory horse
      follicles.
AB  - Fluid was aspirated from the preovulatory follicles of mares before and 12, 24
      and 36 h after intravenous administration of hCG. Follicular fluid significantly
      (P less than 0.001) reduced lymphocyte blastogenesis in vitro and, at a dilution
      of 1:100, fluid collected at 36 h after administration of hCG was significantly
      more suppressive (P less than 0.01) than fluid collected before 36 h. Suppression
      of blastogenesis was reduced by extracting the follicular fluid with ether or by
      charcoal treatment (P less than 0.01) or by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min (P
      less than 0.05). Preincubation of lymphocytes with 2 of 5 follicular fluid
      samples expressed subsequent blastogenesis. Follicular fluid inhibited
      blastogenesis of T-cell growth factor (TCGF)-dependent Con A lymphoblasts (P less
      than 0.05) and the degree of inhibition was related to time of addition of the
      TCGF and time of collection of the follicular fluid. These results indicate that
      preovulatory follicular fluid in the mare is increasingly suppressive to
      lymphocytes as time of ovulation approaches and that this immunosuppression is
      associated with an alteration of the response to lymphokine stimulation.

PMID- 2401990
TI  - Differences in follicular morphology, steroidogenesis and oocyte maturation in
      naturally cyclic and PMSG/hCG-treated prepubertal gilts.
AB  - Ovaries were obtained from naturally cyclic pigs on Days 16-17, 18, 19, 20 and 21
      of the oestrous cycle and on the basis of observed follicular characteristics
      were assigned as representative of the early (Group 1), mid- (Groups 2 and 3) or
      late (after LH; Group 4) follicular phase. Follicular development in cyclic gilts
      was compared with that in ovaries obtained from late prepubertal gilts 36 (Group
      5) or 72 (Group 6) h after treatment with 750 i.u. PMSG alone, or with a
      combination of 500 i.u. hCG 72 h after PMSG and slaughter 30-40 h later (Group
      7). After dissection of all follicles greater than 2 mm diameter, follicular
      diameter, follicular fluid volume, follicular fluid concentrations of
      progesterone, oestradiol and testosterone, and the stage of oocyte maturation
      were determined. Combined PMSG/hCG treatment of immature gilts resulted in a
      pattern of follicular development different from that in naturally cyclic gilts
      during the follicular phase. Overall exogenous gonadotrophin treatment also
      increased (P less than 0.001) the variability in follicular diameter and fluid
      volume. Comparisons between appropriate groups also established differences in
      the variability of both morphological (diameter and volume, Group 1 vs Group 5; P
      less than 0.05) and biochemical development (follicular fluid oestradiol, Group 3
      vs Group 6 and Group 4 vs Group 7; both P less than 0.05). Such differences in
      both morphological and biochemical characteristics between cyclic and PMSG/hCG
      treated gilts were particularly evident in the population of larger (greater than
      6 mm) follicles. These results indicate that the pattern of follicular
      development in naturally cyclic and in PMSG/hCG-treated gilts is dissimilar and
      suggests that the ovaries of gonadotrophin-treated prepubertal gilts are
      functionally different from the ovaries of mature females.

PMID- 2401991
TI  - Pitted pattern in the human epididymis.
AB  - This histological study of the human ductus epididymidis in autopsy or surgical
      specimens revealed the presence of multiple intra-epithelial cavities or pits
      showing a variable degree of development. In their origin, cavities were
      surrounded by cells with the same staining affinity and ultrastructural features
      as the principal cells, except for the cavity basal surfaces that were supported
      by lower cells. The latter cells, although otherwise like the basal cells of the
      ductus epididymis, displayed short microvilli in the cavity lumen. When the
      cavities expanded the basal cells became principal cells, while the principal
      cells located at the top of the cavities degenerated, creating pits that opened
      into the lumen of the ductus epididymidis. The surface occupied by the pitted
      areas increased progressively between the end portion of the caput epididymidis
      and the corpus-cauda transition, where it decreased abruptly. This pitted pattern
      was observed in all the normal adult men studied and in the children with
      precocious puberty but not in the normal children or in the adult men with
      hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. This observation suggests that the development of
      pitted cavities is androgen-dependent.

PMID- 2401992
TI  - Pulsatile secretion of LH during the periovulatory and luteal phases of the
      oestrous cycle in the Pere David's deer hind (Elaphurus davidianus).
AB  - Changes in the secretion of LH during the oestrous cycle were studied in 5 tame
      Pere David's deer in which ovulation was synchronized with progesterone implants
      and prostaglandin injections. Plasma LH concentrations were measured in samples
      collected at 15-min intervals for a 36-h period, starting 16 h after the removal
      of the progesterone implants (follicular phase), and for a further 10-h period 10
      days after the removal of the progesterone implants (luteal phase). In all
      animals, there was a preovulatory surge of LH and behavioural oestrus which
      occurred at a mean time of 59.6 h (+/- 3.25) and 69 h respectively following
      implant removal. LH pulse frequency was significantly higher during the
      follicular phase (0.59 +/- 0.03 pulses/h) than the luteal phase (0.24 +/- 0.2
      pulses/h), thus confirming in deer findings from research on domesticated
      ruminants. There were no significant differences between the follicular and
      luteal phases in mean plasma LH concentrations (0.57 +/- 0.09 and 0.74 +/- 0.13
      ng/ml) or mean pulse amplitude (0.99 +/- 0.14 and 1.05 +/- 0.21 ng/ml) for the
      follicular and luteal phase respectively. The long interval from the removal of
      progesterone to the onset of the LH surge and the absence of a significant
      difference in mean LH concentration or pulse amplitude in the follicular and
      luteal phases resemble published data for cattle but differ from sheep in which
      there is a short interval from luteal regression to the onset of the surge and a
      marked increase in LH pulse amplitude during the luteal phase.

PMID- 2401993
TI  - Isolation and staging of horse seminiferous tubules by transillumination.
AB  - Stages of the spermatogenic cycle in the horse were determined by trans
      illumination of enzymically isolated, seminiferous tubules and were verified by
      whole-mounted tubules observed by Nomarski optics and by conventional histology.
      Isolated tubules were obtained from young (less than 2 years) and adult (4-10
      years) horses by enzymic digestion. Dispersed tubules were separated into three
      different groups based on the presence, size, and intensity of a dark region in
      the centre of the tubules: (1) pale--homogeneously light, (2) spotty--light on
      the periphery with a wide spotty region in the central two-thirds, or (3) dark-
      an intensely dark, narrow region through the central one-third. Seminiferous
      tubules from young stallions separated easily, but were only of the homogeneously
      light pattern as they lacked mature spermatids. After observation by Nomarski
      optics and bright-field microscopy, pale tubules under transillumination largely
      contained Stages I and II, spotty tubules contained Stages V and VI, and dark
      tubules contained Stages VII and VIII of the spermatogenic cycle. In-vitro
      incorporation of [3H]thymidine in spermatogonia and preleptotene/leptotene
      primary spermatocytes of these tubules confirmed the viability of germ cells in
      isolated tubules, and ultrastructural analysis confirmed excellent preservation
      of normal structure of seminiferous epithelium in isolated tubules. Hence,
      segments of seminiferous tubules in specific stages of the spermatogenic cycle
      can be obtained from enzymically digested horse testes when viewed by
      transillumination.

PMID- 2401994
TI  - Social cues influence growth and sexual maturation of the male musk shrew (Suncus
      murinus).
AB  - Musk shrews were maintained from weaning (20 days of age) for 20 or 40 days in
      one of several social conditions. In Exp. 1, young males housed with adult
      females gained more weight and had heavier sex accessory organs than did young
      males housed with an adult male or reared alone. In Exp. 2 this same pattern of
      accelerated growth and sexual maturation was found when males were reared
      directly with an adult female or in a split cage where a wire barrier served to
      separate the male and his adult female cagemate. In Exp. 3, males were reared in
      cages containing clean or soiled bedding: soiled bedding was taken once every 5
      days from the cage of an adult male, or a female. Under these conditions
      differences in the weights of reproductive tissues showed minimal variation with
      housing condition after 20 days of treatment. At that time males reared in soiled
      bedding taken from the cage of an adult female had accelerated development
      compared with control males. In Exp. 4, males were housed alone or in a split
      cage with an adult female which was separated by a wire mesh or a solid, opaque
      barrier. Males separated by a solid barrier from their female cagemates for 40
      days had reproductive tissue weights equivalent to those measured in males reared
      alone. Taken together these results suggest that the presence of an adult female
      has dramatic effects on body growth and development of reproductive target
      tissues in young male musk shrews. Male-female social interactions could play an
      important role in the timing of puberty in this opportunistically breeding
      tropical mammal.

PMID- 2401996
TI  - Effects of growth hormone and hypophysectomy of pregnant rats on serum
      concentrations of pregnancy-associated murine protein-1.
AB  - Continuous infusion of bovine GH to hypophysectomized non-pregnant rats increased
      serum concentrations of pregnancy-associated murine protein-1 (PAMP-1) to the
      levels of adult female rats and pregnant rats. Serum concentrations of PAMP-1
      were followed from Day 16 of gestation until 3 days after parturition in
      hypophysectomized (on Day 14 of gestation) and intact pregnant rats. In the
      intact pregnant rat there was a decrease in PAMP-1 values from Day 16 until
      delivery. The serum concentrations of PAMP-1 in hypophysectomized pregnant rats
      were similar to those in intact pregnant rats before parturition, but PAMP-1
      concentrations decreased markedly after parturition in the hypophysectomized
      rats. We suggest that the serum concentrations of PAMP-1 can be maintained
      without pituitary GH in late pregnancy, while serum values of PAMP-1 in non
      pregnant rats is dependent upon a continuous secretion of pituitary GH.

PMID- 2401995
TI  - Effects of photoperiod and social variables on reproduction and growth in the
      male musk shrew (Suncus murinus).
AB  - In Exp. 1, the time course for the photoperiodic response in juvenile male musk
      shrews was examined by exposing animals to short (10L:14D) or long (14L:10D or
      18L:6D) daylengths for 10, 20, 40 or 56 days. When compared with the response of
      animals maintained in long days, those exposed to short days showed an inhibition
      of reproductive maturation by 40 days of treatment. In Exp. 2, the combined
      effects of photoperiod and social cues were investigated in juvenile males that
      were either housed in short days (with or without a female) or in long days (with
      or without a female) for 40 days. The short photoperiod was generally inhibitory
      to sexual maturation, while the presence of an adult female was generally
      stimulatory, i.e. animals living with a female in long days had the greatest
      level of sexual maturity, while those living alone in short days had the lowest
      level of maturity. Animals that received opposing signals, i.e. short days in the
      presence of a female, had an intermediate response which was equivalent to the
      response seen in males living alone in long days. These results suggest that the
      presence of a female can partly reverse inhibitory effects of short days. In Exp.
      3, the effects of photoperiod and social cues on the reproductive physiology of
      the adult male (same design as in Exp. 2) were investigated. The results show
      that the adult male musk shrew is responsive to both photoperiodic and social
      cues, in a manner similar to that of juvenile animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2401997
TI  - Rat testicular interstitial fluid contains mediators of vasopermeability.
AB  - An intradermal injection of testicular interstitial fluid (IF) produced a marked
      increase in vasopermeability in a dose-dependent manner. Likewise bovine
      follicular fluid caused a smaller but significant response. The effect of IF was
      associated with accumulation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) inside the
      dermal venules and with their adherence to the venular endothelium. A minor but
      significant response was noticed after injecting anterior chamber fluid, but
      there was no response after an injection of amniotic fluid or serum
      intracutaneously. Destroying the Leydig cells with ethane dimethanesulphonate did
      not change the vasopermeability-increasing effect of IF, but after denaturation
      of IF proteins the effect was diminished by about 50%. Intravenous administration
      of hCG did not increase the ability of IF to cause the effect. These results
      suggest that rat testicular interstitial fluid contains mediators of
      vasopermeability, probably specific for the testis and also follicular fluid. The
      vasopermeability effect of IF does not seem to depend on the collecting time or
      on Leydig cells and is at least partly mediated by PMNs which are seen in the
      dermal venules shortly after an injection of IF.

PMID- 2401998
TI  - Immunolocalization of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human ovary.
AB  - Immunohistochemical localization of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta
      HSD) was performed in 55 cases of morphologically normal human ovaries by using a
      specific polyclonal antibody against purified human placental 3 beta-HSD. In
      small developing follicles, immunoreactivity was observed only in the theca
      interna but also became recognizable in the membrana granulosa with development
      of the follicle. At a late stage of folliculogenesis, the intensity of the 3 beta
      HSD activity in the membrana granulosa was nearly equal to that of theca interna
      in 2 or 3 large follicles examined. One to several layers of theca interna cells
      just beneath membrana granulosa did not demonstrate any immunoreactivity of 3
      beta-HSD or that of cytochrome P-450 17 alpha-hydroxylase. These unstained theca
      interna cells did not appear to be directly involved in ovarian steroidogenesis
      and might be designated as 'enzymically inactive theca interna cells.' Marked
      immunoreactivity was observed in luteinized theca and granulosa cells of the
      corpus luteum.

PMID- 2401999
TI  - Investigations into the mechanism by which sodium fluoride stimulates
      prostaglandin production in guinea-pig uterus.
AB  - Sodium fluoride (10 mM) caused a slow increase in the outputs of PGF-2 alpha, 6
      keto-PGF-1 alpha and, to a lesser extent, PGE-2 from the Day-7 and Day-15 guinea
      pig uterus superfused in vitro. This stimulatory action of sodium fluoride was
      not prevented by using calcium-free Krebs' solution. There was also a faster
      stimulation of 6-keto-PGF-1 alpha output from the Day-7 guinea-pig uterus
      produced by sodium fluoride, and this quicker response was abolished by using
      calcium-free Krebs' solution. TMB-8 (an intracellular calcium antagonist)
      inhibited the stimulatory action of sodium fluoride on the outputs of PGF-2
      alpha, PGE-2 and 6-keto-PGF-1 alpha from the Day-7 guinea-pig uterus. W-7 and
      trifluoperazine (calmodulin antagonists) and neomycin (an inhibitor of
      phospholipase C) had no inhibitory effect on the increases in outputs of PGF-2
      alpha, PGE-2 and 6-keto-PGF-1 alpha from the Day-7 guinea-pig uterus produced by
      sodium fluoride. These results indicate that sodium fluoride slowly stimulates
      uterine PGF-2 alpha, PGE-2 and 6-keto-PGF-1 alpha synthesis in the guinea-pig
      uterus by mobilizing intracellular calcium by a mechanism which apparently does
      not involve the activation of phospholipase C or the participation of calmodulin
      (or a related compound). The initial, faster stimulation of 6-keto-PGF-1 alpha
      synthesis in the Day-7 guinea-pig uterus by sodium fluoride is dependent upon
      extracellular calcium.

PMID- 2402000
TI  - Temporal relationship between the onset of oestrus, the preovulatory LH surge and
      ovulation in farmed fallow deer, Dama dama.
AB  - A study was conducted to determine the timing of ovulation relative to the onset
      of oestrus and the preovulatory LH surge in fallow deer. Mature fallow does were
      randomly allocated to two treatments (N = 10 per treatment) designed to
      synchronize oestrus on or about 17 May. Does assigned to Group 1 (prostaglandin
      induced oestrus) each initially received single intravaginal CIDR [Controlled
      Internal Drug Release] devices for 13 days followed by an i.m. injection of 750
      mg cloprostenol on Day 12 (15 May) of the subsequent luteal cycle. Does assigned
      to Group 2 (progesterone-induced oestrus) each received CIDR devices for 13 days,
      with withdrawal occurring on 15 May. All does were run with crayon-harnessed
      bucks (10:1 ratio) from the start of synchronization (18:00 h 15 May). Ten does
      (5 per group) were blood sampled via indwelling jugular cannulae every 2 h for 72
      h from cloprostenol injection or CIDR device withdrawal and the plasma was
      analysed for concentrations of progesterone and LH by radioimmunoassay. Does
      within each treatment were randomly allocated to an ovarian examination time of
      12, 16, 20 or 24 h after the onset of oestrus. Laparoscopy was repeated at 12-h
      intervals until ovulation was recorded. The ovaries of does failing to exhibit
      oestrus were examined 72 and 86 h after cloprostenol injection or CIDR device
      withdrawal. A total of 17 does were observed to exhibit oestrus at a mean (+/-
      s.e.m.) interval from treatment of 44.6 +/- 3.6 h for Group 1 (N = 9) and 34.1 +/
      2.5 h for Group 2 (N = 8).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402001
TI  - Subpopulations of granulosa cells within the human ovarian follicle.
AB  - Human follicular cells were separated according to their isopycnic densities.
      Three populations were isolated and identified in terms of their secretion of
      progesterone and oestradiol. Cells in the least dense population secreted
      approximately 60% as much progesterone and 20% as much oestradiol per cell as did
      cells in the two denser bands. It is proposed that cumulus cells compose the
      least dense band and that another band may be made up of antral cells.

PMID- 2402002
TI  - Competitive partial inhibitors of serum albumin-catalyzed sulfur cyanolysis.
AB  - Efforts to locate the active site for sulfur cyanolysis catalyzed by bovine serum
      albumin have led to systematic tests of several compounds that inhibit the
      catalyzed reaction. Hexanoate and 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonate bind at
      the same site and are partial inhibitors competitive with cyanide, uncompetitive
      with respect to sulfur. Various dansyl amino acids and 1-anilino-8-naphthalene
      sulfonate display the same inhibitory behavior but bis (1-anilino-8-naphthalene
      sulfonate) is a total inhibitor competitive with cyanide. These findings are
      interpreted to indicate that the cyanolysis active site is near, but not at, one
      of the short-chain fatty acid binding sites on albumin subdomain 2-AB or 3-AB.
      Both ionic repulsion and steric considerations are implicated in the mechanisms
      of inhibition.

PMID- 2402003
TI  - Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in the central nervous system of Rana tigrina
      by an organophosphate.

PMID- 2402004
TI  - Exposure of pulmonary artery endothelial cells to nitrogen dioxide activates
      phospholipase A1.
AB  - Phospholipase A1, A2, and C and diacylglycerol lipase activities were measured in
      cell sonicates after exposing confluent monolayers of porcine pulmonary artery
      endothelial cells to 5 ppm NO2, a toxic constituent of environmental pollution,
      for 24 and 48 hr. There was a significant increase (2.25-fold) in phospholipase
      A1 activity in 24 and 48 hr NO2-exposed cells, whereas activities of
      phospholipases A2 and C and diacylglycerol lipase were comparable to control
      cells at both time points. When endothelial cells were prelabeled with [3H]
      arachidonic acid and then exposed to NO2 for 48 hr, increased counts were
      recovered from cell lysophospholipids with concomitant decreased recovery of
      counts from cell phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. These results
      demonstrate that NO2 exposure results in specific activation of phospholipase A1.

PMID- 2402005
TI  - Feprazone: an inducer of the P450 II B family of proteins in the rat.
AB  - The ability of feprazone to induce the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidases
      was investigated in the rat, with emphasis being placed on the nature of the
      cytochrome P-450 family induced. Treatment with feprazone enhanced the p
      hydroxylation of aniline and the dealkylations of benzphetamine and
      pentoxyresorufin but had no effect on the O-deethylation of ethoxyresorufin. The
      same treatment had no major effect on total cytochrome P-450 levels but increased
      the spectral interaction of metyrapone with reduced cytochrome P-450. Immunoblots
      employing monospecific polyclonal antibodies revealed that feprazone induces the
      apoprotein levels of the P450 II B, but not of the P450 I, family. It is
      concluded that feprazone is an inducer of the rat hepatic mixed-function oxidase
      system showing selectivity toward the P450 II B family.

PMID- 2402006
TI  - Presteady-state kinetics and carrier-mediated transport: a theoretical analysis.
AB  - Kinetic studies of cotransport mechanisms have so far been limited to the
      conventional steady-state approach which does not allow in general to resolve
      either isomerization or rate-limiting steps and to determine the values of the
      individual rate constants for the elementary reactions involved along a given
      transport pathway. Such questions can only be answered using presteady-state or
      relaxation experiments which, for technical reasons, have not yet been introduced
      into the field of cotransport kinetics. However, since two recent reports seem
      compatible with the observation of such transient kinetics, it would appear that
      theoretical studies are needed to evaluate the validity of such claims and to
      critically evaluate the expectations from a presteady-state approach. We thus
      report such a study which was performed on a simple four-state mechanism of
      carrier-mediated transport. The time-dependent equation for zero-trans substrate
      uptake was thus derived and then extended to models with p intermediary steps. It
      is concluded that (p-1) exponential terms will describe the approach to the
      steady state but that such equations have low analytical value since the
      parameters of the flux equation cannot be expressed in terms of the individual
      rate constants of the elementary reactions for models with p greater than 5. We
      thus propose realistic simplifications based on the time-scale separation
      hypothesis which allows replacement of the rate constants of the rapid steps by
      their equilibrium constants, thereby reducing the complexity of the kinetic
      system. Assuming that only one relaxation can be observed, this treatment
      generates approximate models for which analytical expressions can easily be
      derived and simulated through computer modeling. When performed on the four-state
      mechanism of carrier-mediated transport, the simulations demonstrate the validity
      of the approximate solutions derived according to this hypothesis. Moreover, our
      approach clearly shows that presteady-state kinetics, should they become
      applicable to (co)transport kinetics, could be invaluable in determining more
      precise transport mechanisms.

PMID- 2402008
TI  - Whole-cell currents in macrophages: II. Alveolar macrophages.
AB  - Although an outwardly rectifying K+ conductance has been described in murine
      peritoneal macrophages and a murine macrophage cell line, the expression of this
      conductance in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) is rare. Whole-cell
      current recordings in this study were obtained from HMDMs differentiated in
      adherent culture for varying periods of time following isolation and compared to
      currents obtained in human alveolar macrophages (HAMs) obtained from
      bronchoalveolar lavage. These studies were undertaken to compare ionic current
      expression in the in vitro differentiated macrophage to that of a human tissue
      macrophage. HAMs are the major population of immune and inflammatory cells in the
      normal lung and are the most readily available source of human tissue
      macrophages. Of the 974 HMDMs in the study obtained from a total of 36 donors, we
      were able to observe the presence of the inactivating outward current (IA) which
      exhibited voltage-dependent availability in only 49 (or 5%) of the cells. In
      contrast, whole-cell current recordings from HAMs, revealed a significantly
      higher frequency of IA expression (50% in a total of 160 cells from 26 donors).
      In the alveolar cell, there was no correlation observed between cell size and
      peak IA amplitude, nor was there a relationship between peak IA amplitude and
      time in culture. The current in both cell types was K+ selective and 4
      aminopyridine (4-AP) sensitive. IA in both cell types inactivated with a time
      course which was weakly voltage-dependent and which exhibited a time constant of
      recovery from inactivation of approximately 30 sec. The time course of current
      inactivation was dependent upon the external K+ concentration. An increase in the
      time constant describing current decay was observed in elevated K+. Current
      activation was half-maximal at approximately -18 mV in normal bathing solution.
      Steady-state inactivation was half-maximal at approximately -44 mV. The presence
      of the outwardly rectifying K+ conductance may alter the potential of the
      mononuclear phagocyte to respond to extracellular signals mediating chemotaxis,
      phagocytosis, and tumoricidal functions.

PMID- 2402007
TI  - Whole-cell currents in macrophages: I. Human monocyte-derived macrophages.
AB  - We examined the variability of occurrence and frequency of voltage-dependent
      whole-cell currents in human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM)
      maintained in culture for up to three weeks. An increase in cell capacitance from
      an average value of 9 pF on the day of isolation to 117 pF at 14 days accompanied
      growth and differentiation in culture. The average resting potential was
      approximately -34 mV for cells beyond two days in culture. Cells exhibited a
      voltage- and time-dependent outward current upon membrane depolarization above
      approximately -30 mV, which appeared to be composed of a number of separate
      currents with variable expression from donor to donor. Three of these currents
      are carried by K+. The frequency of each outward current type was calculated for
      974 cells obtained from 36 donors. The HMDMs in these studies exhibited two 4
      aminopyridine (4-AP) sensitive, time-dependent outward currents (IA and IB) that
      could be differentiated on the basis of the presence or absence of steady-state
      inactivation in the physiological potential range, time course of inactivation
      during maintained depolarization, as well as threshold of activation. The 4-AP
      insensitive outward current activated at approximately 10 mV. One component of
      the 4-AP insensitive-outward current (IC) could be blocked by external TEA and by
      the exchange of internal CS+ or Na+ for K+. The probability of observing IB and
      IC appeared to be donor dependent. Following total replacement of internal K+
      with CS+, two additional currents could be identified (i) a delayed component of
      outward current (ID) remained which could be blocked by low concentrations of
      external Zn2+ (4 microM) and was insensitive to anion replacement in the external
      solution and (ii) a Cl- current with a reversal potential which shifted in the
      presence of external anion replacement and which was irreversibly inhibited by
      the stilbene SITS. The activation of a prominent time-independent inward current
      was often observed with increasing hyperpolarization. This inward current was
      blocked by external Ba2+ and corresponded to the inwardly rectifying K+ current.
      Neither inward nor outward current expression appeared dependent on whether cells
      were differentiated in adherent or suspension culture nor was there demonstrable
      differential current expression observed upon transition from suspension to
      adherent form.

PMID- 2402010
TI  - Identification of riboflavin transport by MDCK cells using quantitative
      fluorescence video microscopy.
AB  - MDCK cells, when examined by low-light level video microscopy displayed an
      endogenous fluorescence with two differing patterns. A low intensity emission
      which was punctate and associated with cell organelles was observed with emission
      and excitation conditions generally used to observe either fluorescein (450-500
      nm excitation/greater than 510 nm emission) or rhodamine (514 nm
      excitation/greater than 530 emission) type dyes. A second 5- to 10-fold brighter
      emission for 450-500 nm excitation was observed, which was unusual in that each
      cell appeared to be outlined. Evidence obtained from spectroscopy and from using
      culture media of altered composition supported the conclusion that the water
      soluble vitamin riboflavin accumulated in the basolateral spaces and fluid-filled
      "domes" and was the source of this fluorescent emission. Quantitative
      measurements showed that exposure to cultures to 10 microM riboflavin resulted in
      accumulation in domes of 565 +/- 80 microM. The transport rate was calculated to
      be 189 +/- 30 pmol/min-cm2. One mM probenecid, a known inhibitor of riboflavin
      transport in vivo, reduced transport to 54% of control, while 10 mM nearly
      abolished the uptake. The results demonstrate that removal of riboflavin reduces
      MDCK cell fluorescence to levels compatible with low-light level imaging.
      Furthermore, these cells actively transport riboflavin and provide a new in vitro
      model for this process.

PMID- 2402011
TI  - Neighborhood cancers divide California community.

PMID- 2402009
TI  - Effects of caffeine and ryanodine on low pHi-induced changes in gap junction
      conductance and calcium concentration in crayfish septate axons.
AB  - Electrical uncoupling of crayfish septate axons with acidification has been shown
      to cause a substantial increase in [Ca2+]i which closely matches in percent the
      increase in junctional resistance. To determine the origin of [Ca2+]i increase,
      septate axons have been exposed either to drugs that influence Ca2+ release from
      internal stores, caffeine and ryanodine, or to treatments that affect Ca2+ entry.
      A large increase in junctional resistance and [Ca2+]i maxima above controls
      resulted from addition of caffeine (10-30 mM) to acetate solutions, while a
      substantial decrease in both parameters was observed when exposure to acetate
      caffeine was preceded by caffeine pretreatment. In contrast, ryanodine (1-10
      microM) always caused a significant decrease in junctional resistance and [Ca2+]i
      maxima when applied either together with acetate or both before and with acetate.
      Calcium channel blockers such as La3+, Cd2+ and nisoldipine had no effect, while
      an increase in the [Ca2+] of acetate solutions either decreased junctional
      resistance and [Ca2+]i maxima or had no effect. The data suggest that cytoplasmic
      acidification causes an increase in [Ca2+]i by releasing Ca2+ from caffeine and
      ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ stores. The increase in [Ca2+]i results in a decrease in
      gap junction conductance.

PMID- 2402012
TI  - Can an immune response be conditioned?

PMID- 2402013
TI  - Nuclear facility mortality study is negative.

PMID- 2402014
TI  - Year 2000 health objectives stress early detection and intervention.

PMID- 2402015
TI  - Primary chemotherapy to avoid mastectomy in tumors with diameters of three
      centimeters or more.
AB  - In 165 women with breast cancer who were candidates for mastectomy because the
      largest diameter of the tumor was 3 cm or more, we administered primary
      chemotherapy in the attempt to substitute conservative for mutilating surgery. We
      then systematically quantitated tumor reduction by clinical, radiologic, and
      histopathologic evaluations. Five consecutive groups of 33 patients received
      cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil (CMF); fluorouracil, doxorubicin
      (Adriamycin), and cyclophosphamide (FAC); or fluorouracil, epirubicin, and
      cyclophosphamide (FEC). The regimens for the five groups were as follows: group
      1, three cycles of CMF; group 2, four cycles of CMF; group 3, three cycles of
      FAC; group 4, four cycles of FAC; and group 5, three cycles of FEC. In response
      to primary chemotherapy, 157 of the 161 assessable patients showed measurable
      tumor shrinkage; progressive disease was documented in four. Tumor shrinkage to
      less than 3 cm was documented in 127 (81%) of the 157 women subjected to surgery,
      thus allowing a breast-saving procedure, rather than modified radical mastectomy,
      in these 127 women. Histopathologic complete remission was documented in seven
      patients. Tumor response was unrelated to age, menopausal status, DNA content
      (ploidy), [3H]thymidine-labeling index, drug combination used, or number of
      treatment cycles in excess of three. The degree of response was inversely
      proportional to the initial tumor size, and the frequency of response was greater
      in receptor-negative tumors. Severe vomiting and hair loss were less frequent
      with CMF than with anthracycline-containing regimens, and the frequency of severe
      leukopenia and thrombocytopenia was minimal. Our results challenge the classical
      indication for primary mastectomy by showing that use of full-dose primary
      chemotherapy, sequentially combined with conservative surgery and radiation, can
      offer an effective and safe alternative to women concerned about the preservation
      of body integrity.

PMID- 2402016
TI  - Evaluation of the increase in breast cancer incidence in relation to mammography
      use.
AB  - The breast cancer incidence rate (i.e., the detected number of new cases per
      100,000 women) increased by 31% in western Washington State between the time
      periods 1974-1978 and 1986-1987. If this increase is largely due to earlier
      detection of cases through mammography, it is encouraging; otherwise (if it
      cannot be attributed to mammography alone), investigation of other factors may be
      needed. The observed increase, based on 18,559 documented breast cancer cases
      from the Seattle-Puget Sound Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)
      registry, was compared with the predicted increase based on mammography
      utilization by year from a survey of 1,212 women in western Washington and on
      data from published studies regarding the impact of mammography on the detection
      rate for new breast cancer cases. Among women aged 45-64, all of the increase was
      associated with local stage disease and with tumors detected at a smaller size.
      Further, the 15% observed increase in incidence in this age group was less than
      the 20% increase predicted due to the utilization of mammography. However, the
      observed increase was approximately twice the predicted increase for women aged
      65-74 (observed 57%, predicted 26%) and for women aged 25-44 (observed 29%,
      predicted 12%). Thus, all of the increase in detected breast cancer among 45-64
      year old women appears to be explained by the increased use of mammography, while
      among older women and younger women there may be other contributing factors. The
      limitations and implications of this analysis are discussed.

PMID- 2402017
TI  - Preclinical evaluation of illudins as anticancer agents: basis for selective
      cytotoxicity.
AB  - Illudins are potent natural products derived from Omphalotus illudens and related
      fungi. The chemical structure of illudins differs from that of other conventional
      chemotherapeutic agents. While illudins are toxic to most tumor cells after
      prolonged exposure (greater than or equal to 48 hr), with shorter exposure times
      (less than or equal to 2 hr), they show selective toxicity for human myelocytic
      leukemia and epidermoid, lung, ovarian, and breast carcinoma cells of various
      species of origin. The apparent histologic specificity of illudin S toxicity is
      based on an energy-dependent transport mechanism present in sensitive cells, but
      absent in cells relatively resistant to illudin S. For human myeloid leukemia
      HL60 cells, the Michaelis constant was 4.2 microM and the maximum velocity was
      12.2 pmol/minute per 10 million cells or 730 pmol/hour per 10 million cells. The
      energy-dependent transport mechanism was detected in other mammalian tumor cells.

PMID- 2402018
TI  - Effect of diurnal variation on debrisoquine metabolic phenotyping.

PMID- 2402019
TI  - Industrial exposure and colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2402020
TI  - [Medical entomology in Taiwan].
AB  - Following the establishment of the Environmental Protection Administration in
      1987 and the occurrence of the dengue epidemic in 1988, resurgent interest and
      need have been created to promote and support medical entomology in Taiwan. Steps
      should be taken to strengthen the training of workers in medical entomology, to
      establish a society for vector ecology and control, to issue periodicals in
      English, and to coordinate with foreign institution. Items for applied research
      on vector and best control are suggested.

PMID- 2402021
TI  - [Application and environmental impact of the biocontrol agent--Bacillus
      thuringiensis subsp. israelensis for vector control].
AB  - In 1976, Goldberg and Margalit found a potent isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis
      subsp. israelensis, which has great mosquitocidal activity and was commercialized
      within 5 years in the USA. It is now the only bio-control agent on the market for
      vector control worldwide. Because of concerns about environmental pollution and
      ecological preservation, vector control can no longer be solely dependent on the
      use of chemicals. It appears that the best strategy is to be integrated with
      biological control. When considering the value and future progress of BTI, it is
      important to evaluate applicability based on (1) production technology and
      economic considerations (2) standardization and quality control, and (3) field
      realization and environmental impacts. Finally, government policy and regulation
      limitations are the key factors which influence the availability of BTI in the
      vector control program.

PMID- 2402022
TI  - [The biocontrol of container-breeding mosquitoes by using Toxorhynchites].
AB  - Container-breeding mosquitoes not only bite people but also transmit many human
      and animal diseases. The problem with chemical control of these mosquitoes is
      that the breeding sites are always well dispersed and not easily located, and
      more manenergy and money are required to treat them individually. Since the
      adverse effects of pesticides on vector control have been recognized,
      Toxorhynchites mosquitoes are being reconsidered as a means of reducing the
      populations of other mosquito species. The bionomic interaction of predator and
      prey, mass rearing, and some examples of biological control of Toxorhynchites are
      discussed in this article. Integrated controls combining periodic mass release of
      gravid Toxorhynchites females and ULV pesticide applications can be used to
      suppress container-breeding mosquitoes.

PMID- 2402024
TI  - Microsporidian infection of Culex peus.
AB  - Larvae of Culex peus were collected from a small, grassy, muddy pond. Two of
      these larvae showed external symptoms related to microsporidian infection, such
      as swollen appearance and porcelain-like color. This spore is similar to
      Amblyospora californica from Cx. tarsalis in morphology and in development, and
      like Am. californica, is not infective to uninfected larvae. This suggested that
      it was a species belonging to the genus Amblyospora. It is, however, apparently a
      different species since its size is significantly smaller than that of Am.
      californica, although these two species sometimes occur in the same breeding
      sites. Larvae were never infected when they were fed with spores from lethally
      infected larvae or from water of the breeding site. This indicates that the
      microsporidian could not complete its developmental cycle in the mosquito host.
      Whether or not they need an alternate host, such as copepod which have been found
      to serve as an intermediate hosts for several other species of Amblyospora,
      remains to be worked out.

PMID- 2402023
TI  - [Applications of bacterial pathogens to the mosquito control].
AB  - Both Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. isrealensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus are
      common bacteria found in a variety of soil and aquatic habitats. Some strains of
      them can produce a protein crystal, called parasporal body (or crystal) beside
      the spore in the cell during sporulation, and it is toxic if eaten by mosquito
      larvae. As the parasporal bodies are ingested into a mosquito digestive tract,
      they will be digested and activated by certain enzymes in alkaline digestive
      juice. The activated toxins can destroy midgut epithelium and other tissues, and
      then the mosquitoes will be intoxicated and killed. There are some factors
      affecting efficiency of the toxins produced by these two mosquitocidal bacteria.
      First, the toxicity of the toxins will decrease as larval age and density
      increase. Second, difference in mosquito species will demonstrate a different
      tolerance to both toxins. However, larvae of Anopheles are more tolerant to Bti
      than those of Aedes and Culex; whereas larvae of Aedes are more tolerant to B.
      sphaericus than Culex and Anopheles. Environmental factors are as important as
      the mosquito hosts in influencing the efficiency of the toxins. For examples,
      raising temperature under suitable ranges may increase the toxicity of the
      toxins. The UV light of sunlight could inhibit activity of the toxins and
      therefore decrease their efficiency. Quality and depth of the water are also
      important environmental factors affecting toxicity of the toxins to the mosquito
      larvae. The precipitation of the crystal and organic materials absorbing the
      toxins decreases their toxicity to the mosquito larvae as well.

PMID- 2402025
TI  - Evaluation of the control of mosquitoes with insect growth regulators.
AB  - In this study, the effectiveness of eight insect growth regulators (IGRs)
      (chlorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, EL-494, flufenoxuron, teflubenzuron, juglone,
      plumbagin and methoprene) against five mosquito vectors (Armigeres subalbatus,
      Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and Culex
      quinquefasciatus) was investigated in the laboratory. The EC50s of
      chlorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, EL-494, flufenoxuron, teflubenzuron, and
      methoprene against the five mosquitoes ranged from 0.0001 to 0.3 ppm and those of
      juglone and plumbagin from 3-25 ppm. The five mosquito species had similar
      tolerances to the test IGRs. At pH 5 to 9, the effectiveness of the first five
      chemicals was very stable. After ultraviolet irradiation or heat management (45
      degrees C-60 degrees C), diflubenzuron and flufenoxuron were very stable. EL-494
      was not stable when exposed to ultraviolet irradiation or heat. Under 0.1 ppm,
      teflubenzuron was not stable upon exposure to heat and chlorfluazuron and
      methoprene were not stable when exposed to ultraviolet irradiation. Piperonyl
      butoxide reduces the effectiveness of the five IGRs. Administration of
      diflubenzuron (1-5 ppm), flufenoxuron (0.025 ppm), and teflubenzuron (1-5 ppm)
      reduced Culex quinquefasciatus larvae in ditches by 40-90%. The administration of
      diflubenzuron (0.5 ppm) to containers reduced 97% of the Aedes albopictus larvae.

PMID- 2402026
TI  - [Study of rat control by using bait box].
AB  - This study examines the feasibility of using bait boxes for permanent rat control
      in Taiwan. During the test period between October 1988 and March 1989, 37 bait
      boxes made of PVC pipes were placed at various baiting sites in public markets,
      near restaurants and food stands in several communities known to be infested by
      rats. Each of the 37 boxes was baited with non-toxic rice powder to determine how
      well these boxes were accepted, the time needed for rats to use the boxes and eat
      the bait, and to do preliminary census on the relative densities of rat
      populations at these different places. The results showed that 27 of 29 (93.1%)
      bait boxes that had not been vandalized, disturbed or moved away and could be
      monitored continuously were used by rats. Of these 27 bait boxes, 13 (48.1%) were
      used the day after the boxes were set, and 25 (92.6%) were used within a week
      after the boxes were set. The amount of bait eaten per day for each bait box
      varied greatly, from less than 5 g to more than 300 g. After the bait in each
      bait box was taken regularly, half of the bait boxes with good bait acceptance
      were pulse-baited with 0.005% brodifacoum coated rice powder, and the other half
      of the bait boxes with good bait acceptance were baited with non toxic rice
      powder for comparison. The result of treatment indicated that rat control by
      using bait boxes is effective. However, the cooperation of the local people and
      the location of bait boxes have a great influence over the success of this
      control method.

PMID- 2402027
TI  - [Preliminary study on the biological control of dengue vectors by fish in
      Liouchyou Prefecture, Pingtung County, Taiwan].
AB  - An investigation made in May 1989 with questionnaires to 2,480 families in
      Liouchyou Prefecture, Pingtung County, showed that there were about 6,533 water
      containers in the whole village, of which 49.83% were used to store water for
      drinking, and the remaining 50.17% were used for washing clothes and watering
      plants. 32.42% of the residents volunteered to rear fish in the family water
      containers to control the mosquito population. During the period from April to
      October 1989, there was a total approximately 17,600 Gambusia affinis, Poecilia
      reticulata, Tilapia mossambica, and Sarotherodon niloticus released into the
      household water containers in the Liouchyou areas to control dengue vectors-
      Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. One month after the release, a comparison of
      the container index of Aedes larvae showed that among 530 containers with fish in
      them, the positive container index was 3.58; among the 3,219 containers without
      fish in them, it was 25.97. Furthermore, the positive container index without
      fish was as high as 97.32 in May 1989, and dropped to as low as 18.00 at the end
      of September 1989. This indicats that rearing fish to control household
      mosquitoes yielded significant results in the initial stage. Also, in some water
      containers Gambusia affinis and Porcilia reticulata lived longer than five
      months, and Gambusia affinis could eat 31.33 Aedes larvae/0.4078g fish per day on
      the average. It appears that the biological control of dengue vectors by fish in
      the Liouchyou areas would be advantageous.

PMID- 2402028
TI  - [The application of sex pheromones and juvenile hormone analogs on cockroaches].
AB  - The sex pheromone of cockroaches is the chemical which transmits the copulation
      signal between female and male roaches of the same species. It is produced by
      virgin females in most roaches, and the chemical structures have been identified
      for the American, German and Japanese cockroaches. Periplanone-B (PB) and
      periplanone-A (PA) have been synthesized in the laboratory and tested both in lab
      and field, showing good biological responses. The sex pheromones of the German
      cockroach are 3,11-dimethyl-2-nonacosanone, 29-hydroxy-3,11-dimethyl-2
      nonacosanone and 29-oxo-3,11-dimethyl-2-nonacosanone, and because of their low
      volatile nature, they would not be used up in a short time. Periplanone-J (PJ) is
      produced by the Japanese cockroach. The juvenile hormone analogs (JHA) are
      chemicals which mimic the juvenile hormones (JH). They have the physiological
      actions of JH which are maintaining the larvae and nymphs in their immature
      stages or making the reproductive organs differentiate incompletely, and thereby
      interfering with their reproduction. The JHA which have been commercialized to
      control roaches are hydroprene, pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb. The first two have
      been proved to reduce the roach population in field tests in the USA and Japan.
      For some reason, if the sex pheromone and the JHA are used together, the net
      effect will be more than if they are used alone. In the presence of the sex
      pheromone, the cockroaches' movements increase, so the chance for a roach to
      contact the sprayed JHA is also increased. This might be the possible reason for
      the above observation.

PMID- 2402029
TI  - [Cereal grain preference of rats].
AB  - Cereal grains are usually used as the main material for preparing rodenticide
      baits. However, the preferences for different grains varies according to species
      and habitats of rats, and locations. A formula accepted at one location may not
      be suitable in other places, where rats are accustomed to different types of
      food. It is therefore important to understand the feeding habits of local rat
      species before implementing a control program. Seven kinds of grains, including
      hulled rice, corn, barley, wheat, sorghum, pranuts, and sweet potatoes were
      tested to study the preferences of rats in the laboratory. The results revealed
      that Bandicota nemorivaga, Rattus losea and R. norvegicus prefer hulled rice;
      Apodemus agrarius and Mus musculus prefer peanuts, and R. rattus prefers corn.
      The influence of quality and nutrient contents of baits on the consumption of the
      rats is also discussed.

PMID- 2402030
TI  - Glaucoma: detection before damage, fewer side effects may be possible.

PMID- 2402031
TI  - Physicians need better line on how, when to respond to patients via telephone.

PMID- 2402032
TI  - Some unusual hurdles en route to fitness.

PMID- 2402033
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Progress toward achieving the 1990
      objectives for the Nation for fluoridation and dental health.

PMID- 2402034
TI  - From the Centers for Disease Control. Arboviral surveillance--Florida, 1990.

PMID- 2402035
TI  - Road to euthanasia or right to refuse care?

PMID- 2402036
TI  - Sexual differences in cancer survival: hormones or stage at diagnosis?

PMID- 2402037
TI  - Hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

PMID- 2402038
TI  - Traveler's immunizations.

PMID- 2402039
TI  - The status of women at one academic medical center. Breaking through the glass
      ceiling.
AB  - Despite recent gains in admission to medical school and in obtaining junior
      faculty positions, women remain underrepresented at senior academic ranks and in
      leadership positions in medicine. This discrepancy has been interpreted as
      evidence of a "glass ceiling" that prevents all but a few exceptional women from
      gaining access to leadership positions. We analyzed data from Columbia University
      College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, for all faculty hired from 1969
      through 1988 and found that the likelihood of promotion on the tenure track was
      0.40 for women and 0.48 for men (ratio, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.56 to
      1.20); on the clinical track the likelihood of promotion was 0.75 for women and
      0.72 for men (ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.56 to 1.94). Additional
      analysis of current faculty showed that in the academic year 1988-1989 the
      proportion of women at each tenure track rank at the College of Physicians &
      Surgeons equaled or exceeded the national proportion of women graduating from
      medical school, once allowance was made for the average time lag necessary to
      attain each rank. On the clinical track women were somewhat overrepresented,
      particularly at the junior rank. National data that describe medical school
      faculty, which combine tenure and clinical tracks, showed that in 1988 women were
      proportionately represented at each rank once the lead time from graduation was
      considered. We conclude that objective evidence shows that women can succeed and
      are succeeding in gaining promotions in academic medicine.

PMID- 2402040
TI  - The association of cyclosporine with the 1-year costs of cadaver-donor kidney
      transplants.
AB  - Cyclosporine is associated with lower hospitalization costs for transplantation
      of cadaver kidneys. Whether this cost-lowering effect persists after discharge
      was assessed for 203 patients who received cadaver kidneys at the University of
      California, San Francisco, between July 1982 and June 1986. During the
      transplantation hospitalization period, cyclosporine was associated with
      significantly better graft survival (88.7% vs 71.0%) and lower (standardized)
      costs ($37,174 vs $52,983). Following discharge, however, there were no
      significant differences in graft survival, total charges ($29,716 vs $34,434),
      the number of readmissions, the total number of days hospitalized, or physician
      charges, although cyclosporine was associated with higher drug costs ($3885 vs
      $373). The results suggest that the initial association of cyclosporine with
      lower costs diminished substantially over time. For grafts that survive beyond
      several months, there may be little additional cost-reducing benefits of
      cyclosporine.

PMID- 2402041
TI  - Health status of Air Force veterans occupationally exposed to herbicides in
      Vietnam. I. Physical health.
AB  - The Air Force Health Study is a 20-year comprehensive assessment of the health of
      Air Force veterans of Operation Ranch Hand, the unit responsible for aerial
      spraying of herbicides in Vietnam. The study compares the health and noncombat
      mortality of Ranch Hand veterans with a comparison group of Air Force veterans
      primarily involved with cargo missions in Southeast Asia but who were not exposed
      to herbicides. This report summarizes the health of these veterans as determined
      at the third in a series of physical examinations. Nine hundred ninety-five Ranch
      Hands and 1299 comparison subjects attended the second follow-up examination in
      1987. The two groups were similar in reported health problems, diagnosed skin
      conditions, and hepatic, cardiovascular, and immune profiles. Ranch Hands have
      experienced significantly more basal cell carcinomas than comparison subjects.
      The two groups were not different with respect to melanoma and systemic cancer.

PMID- 2402042
TI  - Health status of Air Force veterans occupationally exposed to herbicides in
      Vietnam. II. Mortality.
AB  - The Air Force Health Study is a 20-year comprehensive assessment of the current
      health of Air Force veterans of Operation Ranch Hand, the unit responsible for
      aerial spraying of herbicides in Vietnam. This report compares the noncombat
      mortality of 1261 Ranch Hand veterans to that of a comparison population of
      19,101 other Air Force veterans primarily involved in cargo missions in Southeast
      Asia but who were not exposed to herbicides. The indirectly standardized all
      cause death rate among Ranch Hands is 2.5 deaths per 1000 person-years, the same
      as that among comparison subjects. After adjustment for age, rank, and
      occupation, the all-cause standardized mortality ratio was 1.0. In adjusted cause
      specific analyses, we found no significant group differences regarding
      accidental, malignant neoplasm, and circulatory deaths. These data are not
      supportive of a hypothesis of increased mortality among Ranch Hands.

PMID- 2402043
TI  - Hyperkalemia. A prognostic factor during acute severe hypothermia.
AB  - When hypothermic patients appear to be dead, the decision to resuscitate may be
      difficult due to lack of reliable criteria of death. To discover useful
      prognostic indicators, we reviewed the hospital charts of nine hypothermic
      victims of snow avalanches (group A: median value of rectal temperature, 29.6
      degrees C; range, less than 12 degrees C to 34 degrees C) and of 15 patients with
      hypothermia following acute drug intoxication and/or cold exposure (group B: 28.8
      degrees C; range, 25.5 degrees C to 32 degrees C. In group A, plasma potassium
      level on admission was extremely high (14.5 mmol/L; range, 6.8 to 24.5 mmol/L)
      compared with that obtained in group B (3.5 mmol/L; range, 2.7 to 5.3 mmol/L).
      All patients in group A were in cardiorespiratory arrest. None could be
      successfully resuscitated despite effective rewarming by cardiopulmonary bypass
      or peritoneal lavage. In contrast, all of the patients in group B recovered from
      hypothermia, including two in cardiorespiratory arrest. Thus, extreme
      hyperkalemia during acute hypothermia appears to be a reliable marker of death.
      It might be used to select those patients in whom heroic resuscitation efforts
      can be useful.

PMID- 2402044
TI  - Decisions to abate life-sustaining treatment for nonautonomous patients. Ethical
      standards and legal liability for physicians after Cruzan.

PMID- 2402045
TI  - The advancement of women in academic medicine.

PMID- 2402046
TI  - Some people are dead when they're cold and dead.

PMID- 2402047
TI  - The order of authorship: who's on first?

PMID- 2402048
TI  - Orbital hemangiopericytoma.

PMID- 2402049
TI  - A piece of my mind. The last death song.

PMID- 2402050
TI  - Short-term dietary protein manipulation does not affect survival from
      intraperitoneal pseudomonas infection in mice.
AB  - Manipulation of dietary protein has a variable effect on immune function and
      outcome from infections. In this study we investigated the role of different
      sources of protein at different levels on the susceptibility of mice to infection
      with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CF1 mice were pair-fed diets with 5%, 20%, and 40%
      protein by weight. At the end of two weeks feeding of the experimental diets,
      mice were challenged with Ps. aeruginosa intraperitoneally and mortality was
      recorded over one week. No significant differences in survival among groups fed
      different levels of protein were seen. Similarly, type of protein used did not
      affect outcome. We conclude that overall two-week manipulation of dietary protein
      did not significantly affect outcome from infection in this model.

PMID- 2402051
TI  - Taurine and cholesterol supplementation in the term infant: responses of growth
      and metabolism.
AB  - The effects of taurine and of cholesterol supplementation to a whey-protein
      predominant formula fed ad libitum on the growth and biochemical responses of
      term infants were studied. The responses of these infants were compared to those
      of infants fed formula without a supplement and infants that were breastfed.
      These infants were followed for 12 weeks. No effect of cholesterol was observed
      on any of the measurements and no effect of taurine was observed on any of the
      biochemical measures with the exception that taurine concentrations in plasma and
      urine (reduced in infants fed formula alone) were corrected to concentrations
      observed in breastfed infants. Taurine supplementation had no effect on the rate
      of weight gain or on linear growth over the complete course of the study. Thus,
      taurine supplementation of formulas returns plasma and urine concentrations of
      this amino acid to those found in human milk-fed infants. However, these data
      indicate that the supplementation of formulas with taurine has no benefit with
      respect to growth.

PMID- 2402052
TI  - Delayed pneumothorax after subclavian vein catheterization.
AB  - One hundred fourteen patients having 121 subclavian venipunctures were studied
      retrospectively. Eight pneumothoraces occurred (6.6%) and were most frequent
      after the insertion of large catheters, or when the subclavian area was distorted
      by previous venipuncture or radiation. Delayed pneumothorax occurred in five
      patients. This unusual diagnosis was made radiographically 8 to 96 hr
      postoperatively in response to the appearance of new pulmonary symptoms. Delayed
      pneumothorax required treatment with tube thoracostomy more frequently than
      immediate pneumothorax. This study establishes the approximate incidence of
      delayed pneumothorax for the first time. The relative frequency of this
      complication may challenge the cost effectiveness of pneumothorax diagnosis by
      chest films done within 1 or 2 hr of subclavian venipuncture. An alternative
      diagnostic protocol is considered.

PMID- 2402053
TI  - Glutamine nutrition in the management of radiation enteritis.
AB  - Although glutamine-supplemented diets appear to be beneficial in the model
      described here, carefully designed clinical trials must be done before such
      therapy is recommended in patients receiving XRT. Such studies should examine the
      efficacy of glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition as well as enteral feedings.
      They must address the issue of potential stimulation of tumor growth by glutamine
      supplementation. In addition, the question has been raised as to whether
      glutamine will result in the tumor being more refractory to radiation therapy.

PMID- 2402054
TI  - Glutamine metabolism in health and disease: basic science and clinical aspects.
      Proceedings of an international glutamine symposium. January 26-27, 1990, San
      Antonio, Texas.

PMID- 2402055
TI  - Characteristics and regulation of hepatic glutamine transport.
AB  - Glutamine is an important amino acid because of its key role in the transfer of
      both carbon and nitrogen between tissues in the body. Specific tissues are
      usually associated with either net synthesis or net utilization of glutamine, but
      the liver plays a central role in glutamine homeostasis, in that it can shift to
      function in either capacity. This capability, along with the localization of urea
      biosynthesis in the periportal hepatocytes, focuses attention on the transport
      mechanisms in hepatocytes for uptake and release of glutamine. Active transport
      of glutamine by hepatocytes is mediated by a Na(+)-dependent activity termed
      system N, which exhibits a rather narrow substrate specificity mediating uptake
      of histidine and asparagine as well as of glutamine. This secondary active
      transport system allows for the net accumulation of glutamine against a
      concentration gradient and maintenance of intracellular concentrations of
      glutamine between 4 and 8 mM in the face of a plasma concentration of 0.6 mM.
      Utilization of the Na+ electrochemical gradient as a driving force ensures that
      the system N carrier catalyzes a unidirectional transport event favoring the
      cytoplasm. It is obvious from the glutamine gradient across the plasma membrane
      that efflux of this amino acid is typically slower than accumulation; measurement
      of saturable, Na(+)-independent glutamine transport by system L substantiates
      this proposal. However, it is clear that under certain metabolic conditions the
      liver represents a source of glutamine for other tissues in the body and net
      efflux must occur. The system N transport activity in hepatocytes is regulated by
      hormones such as insulin, glucagon, and glucocorticoids, as demonstrated both in
      vivo and in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402057
TI  - [List of bacteria officially published from 1985 to 1989].

PMID- 2402056
TI  - Glutamine metabolism during starvation.

PMID- 2402058
TI  - [Molecular biology of energy supplying system of skeletal muscle].

PMID- 2402059
TI  - [Connectin, muscle elastic protein].

PMID- 2402060
TI  - [Classification of neuromuscular diseases].

PMID- 2402061
TI  - [Biochemical examination, muscle biopsy].

PMID- 2402062
TI  - [Clinical electromyography and electrodiagnosis].

PMID- 2402063
TI  - [Congenital non-progressive myopathies].

PMID- 2402064
TI  - [Myasthenia gravis].

PMID- 2402065
TI  - [Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome].

PMID- 2402066
TI  - [Myotonic syndrome].

PMID- 2402067
TI  - [Glycogen storage disease].

PMID- 2402068
TI  - [Lipid storage myopathies--carnitine deficiency, carnitine palmitoyltransferase
      deficiency, pyruvate decarboxylase deficiency].

PMID- 2402069
TI  - [Myopathies associated with endocrine disorders, especially thyroid disorders].

PMID- 2402070
TI  - [Myopathy in rheumatic diseases].

PMID- 2402071
TI  - [Periodic paralysis].

PMID- 2402073
TI  - [Alcoholic myopathy].

PMID- 2402072
TI  - [Satoyoshi's syndrome: a syndrome of progressive muscle spasm, alopecia, and
      diarrhea].

PMID- 2402074
TI  - [Disuse syndrome].

PMID- 2402075
TI  - [Myokymia-hyperhydrosis syndrome (Isaacs syndrome)].

PMID- 2402076
TI  - [Lactate dehydrogenase M subunit deficiency].

PMID- 2402077
TI  - [Progress in immunological methods of drug quantitation in clinical laboratory].
AB  - Progress in immunological methods of drug quantitation in the clinical laboratory
      was discussed from three different view points, (1) Immunoassay techniques: (a)
      Kinds of drug to be tested, (b) Classification of tests, (c) Utilization rate of
      the tests and (d) Non-instrumental technique, (2) Therapeutic monitoring: (a) An
      example of digoxin monitoring and (b) Problems related to creatinine clearance in
      digoxin monitoring, (3) Development in future: (a) Identification and
      characterization of endogenous digoxin-like substance and (b) Application of
      optical isomer of drug to laboratory test.

PMID- 2402078
TI  - [New techniques of immunochemical analysis: clinical application of time-resolved
      fluoroimmunoassay to CA 50 determination].
AB  - New techniques in immunochemical analysis were reviewed briefly. Introduction of
      these new techniques into routine tests has made test results more precise and
      informative than before. By using one of these techniques, time-resolved
      fluoroimmunoassay, serum concentrations of CA 50 were quantitated in various
      malignancies. Clinical usefulness of its quantitation was proved especially in
      the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 2402079
TI  - [The field of endocrinology-gastrointestinal hormones: radioimmunoassay and
      regulation of plasma levels].
AB  - Radioimmunoassay is still by far the most reliable tool for the measurement of
      plasma gastrointestinal hormones. However, various factors in plasma, without
      proper control, can give rise to erroneous results in radioimmunoassay. It
      contains 1) proteolytic enzymes which degradation the peptide 2) plasma
      nonspecific interference 3) cross reaction of various peptides of similar
      structure 4) molecular species which the antibody recognizes, and so on. We
      reviewed the mechanism of increase in plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide
      (PP) measured by radioimmunoassay. Its secretion in the basal state as well as
      after meals in normal humans and dogs is governed mainly by vagal cholinergic
      mechanism. However, bile acid and other gastrointestinal hormones (Insulin and
      CCK) play a part in the postprandial PP response in experimentally induced
      diabetic and total biliary diversion dogs. The production of hydrochloric acid or
      secretin is not requisite for plasma PP response to an ingested meal.

PMID- 2402080
TI  - [Molecular and immunological approach to hematological disease: detection and
      analysis of intracellular modified nucleosides by flow cytometry].
AB  - Modified nucleosides are components of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA)
      and messenger RNA (mRNA). 1-methyladenosine and pseudouridine are members of
      those modified nucleosides. The urinary concentration of 1-methyladenosine and
      pseudouridine of cancer patients are higher than that of healthy controls, and
      those compounds were reduced after effective chemotherapy. Thus those compounds
      might be expected to use as tumor markers. In this study cellular origin of 1
      methyladenosine and pseudouridine were analysed about two tumor cell lines (HUT
      102, THP-1), peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from healthy adult and PBL under
      the phytohemagglutinin stimulation, by flow cytometric analysis and
      immunofluorescent staining of cellular RNA using monoclonal antibodies specific
      for 1-methyladenosine (AMA) and pseudouridine (APU). Both 1-methyladenosine and
      pseudouridine were detected in more than 90% of tumor cells above the thresholds
      of flow cytometric detection (Spectrum III, Ortho). The PBL under the PHA
      stimulation also tended to take the same way of the tumor cell lines, whereas few
      of the PBL contained 1-methyladenosine above the thresholds. According to the DNA
      analysis of those cell lines, high contents of the modified nucleosides in the
      cell might follow DNA synthesis, this leads to one reason for high levels of the
      urinary excretion of the modified nucleosides in cancer patient.

PMID- 2402081
TI  - [Immunoelectron microscopic studies on the localization of creatine kinase M in
      normal and ischemic myocardial cells].
AB  - The localization of creatine kinase M (CK-M) in both normal and acute ischemic
      canine myocardial cells was studied by immunoelectron microscopy using the anti
      CK-M Fab'-horseradish peroxidase conjugate. Myocardial ischemia was induced by
      occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 15, 60, or 180
      minutes. In the normal myocardial cells, CK-M was localized mostly in the A-band
      and some in the Z-line, M-line, sarcolemmal membrane, and membrane of
      sarcoplasmic reticulum. Most CK-M in the A-band appeared to associate with thick
      fibers. This finding strongly suggests that the CK associated with thick fibers
      may be the enzyme to rephosphorylate ADP produced by myosin ATPase. In 15 minutes
      of myocardial ischemia, CK-M showed only minimal changes in its location, i.e.,
      almost similar to normal, indicating that the CK in the A-band still has the
      ability to couple with myosin ATPase. However, in 60 and 180 minutes of ischemia,
      the A-band CK dissociated markedly from thick fibers, diffused to the I-band and
      leaked out to the intercellular spaces. These results suggest that the
      dissociation and disappearance of the A-band CK from thick fibers induced by
      progress of myocardial ischemia disrupt the myocardial energy transport system
      via CK reaction, and lead to the irreversible injury of myocardial cells.

PMID- 2402082
TI  - [Effects of thrombin produced in blood prior to mixing with anticoagulant on the
      platelet function and blood coagulation tests].
AB  - The amount of thrombin produced in the withdrawn blood of healthy donors prior to
      mixing with anticoagulants was estimated with thrombin-antithrombin III complex
      (TAT) methods. No samples showed production of thrombin in the blood mixed with
      anticoagulants within 2 min. After 3 min or more incubation, four donors out of
      14 showed elevation of TAT, and a technician could suspect trouble only in a case
      during taking blood. Although two samples with low thrombin production (5.8, 12
      ng/ml, normal: less than 5 ng/ml) showed no changes of APTT or prothrombin time,
      samples with high thrombin production (74, 98 ng/ml) showed 1.4-2 sec shortening
      of APTT and 0.8-1 sec shortening of prothrombin time. Platelet counts and
      platelet volume showed no remarkable changes even when samples with large amount
      of thrombin were suspended in tubes containing EDTA-2 K. Plasma beta
      thromboglobulin concentration was elevated in the blood containing high amount of
      thrombin and close correlation was observed amount of thrombin in the blood and
      the amount of plasma beta-thromboglobulin (r = 0.90, P value less than 0.001).
      Platelet aggregation induced by collagen was not influenced by amount of thrombin
      produced. ADP-induced aggregation was suppressed in 3 out of 4 cases with
      thrombin production although no close correlation was observed between maximal
      aggregation rate and the concentration of thrombin. As improper handling of blood
      samples including withdrawal of blood leads to misunderstanding of test results.
      So, blood samples only for these sensitive tests should be taken and mix with
      anticoagulants within 2 min.

PMID- 2402083
TI  - [Application of crush cytology preparation for rapid diagnosis of brain tumors].
AB  - The crush cytology perform during the surgery for 22 cases with brain tumors at
      Surugadai Nihon University Hospital, being compared with frozen and permanent
      histology sections. Crush cytology, which was generally and less damaged by
      artefacts than frozen sections. Immunocytochemistry used crush cytology were
      useful tools for differential diagnosis between undifferentiated glioma and
      carcinoma. Crush cytology were thought to be useful using together with the
      frozen sections for intraoperative diagnosis.

PMID- 2402084
TI  - [Change in levels of specific terminal sugar residues of glycoproteins in sera of
      patients with complication of diabetes and liver injury].
AB  - The concentrations of specific terminal sugar residues of glycoproteins were
      determined in sera of patients with diabetes, liver injury or complication of
      both diseases. A significant increase in serum galactose (Gal) concentration was
      found in all patients. Serum N-acetylneuraminic acid-galactose (NANA-Gal)
      concentration was significantly decreased in patients with complication of
      diabetes and liver injury, whereas a high concentration of serum N
      acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) was observed only in diabetic patients. Thus the
      determination of serum Gal and NANA-Gal should be added to one of clinical tests
      to provide new information on the pathological conditions of diabetes and liver
      injury.

PMID- 2402085
TI  - [Diagnosis of invasion to thoracic aorta and superior vena cava in lung cancer;
      comparative studies on CT and MRI in resected or autopsied cases].
AB  - The diagnostic accuracy of invasion to the thoracic aorta (n = 23) and the
      superior vena cava (n = 22) on CT and MRI was compared to operative or autopsied
      finding in lung cancer. MRI was slightly superior to CT in its ability to
      diagnose tumor invasion to them. It is noteworthy that this invasion could be
      easily demonstrated by multiplanar MRI. In conclusion, because CT or MRI has
      diagnostic weak point respectively, these modalities should be combined
      adequately corresponding to the areas of tumor invasion.

PMID- 2402086
TI  - [CT findings of the benign tracheobronchial lesions with calcification].
AB  - In the benign tracheobronchial lesions with calcification, tracheobronchopathia
      osteochondroplastica, relapsing polychondritis and tracheobronchial amyloidosis
      were considered. CT demonstrated small nodules with calcifications at the trachea
      with or without deformity of tracheal wall in the case of tracheobronchopathia
      osteochondroplastica, swelling of tracheal cartilage with diffuse and multiple
      calcifications in the case of relapsing polychondritis and calcifications in the
      deep parts of tracheobronchial amyloid nodules. CT findings were able to
      differentiate those benign lesions. High-resolution CT is more useful in the
      distribution of abnormal calcification of these diseases.

PMID- 2402087
TI  - [Xenon enhanced dynamic computed tomography of the lung; regional ventilation
      measurement].
AB  - CT-functional images (CT-FI's) were created from Xe-dynamic CT data of 10
      patients with chronic pulmonary emphysema and 6 volunteers with normal lung. In
      CT-FI's of normal lungs, the values of washin and washout parameter of outer zone
      were larger than those of inner zone. In CT-FI's of chronic pulmonary emphysema,
      the values of washin parameter of inner zone were larger than those of outer zone
      and the value of washout parameter of outer zone were larger than those of inner
      zone. CT-FI's proved to helpful in evaluating the axial distribution of
      ventilation dynamics in chronic pulmonary emphysema.

PMID- 2402088
TI  - [Evaluation of endobronchial foreign bodies by 99mTc-MAA pulmonary perfusion
      scintigraphy].
AB  - We evaluated the lung perfusion scintigraphic findings of endobronchial foreign
      bodies in four children. We could detect the bronchial stenosis due to foreign
      bodies by lung perfusion scintigraphy more easily than plain chest radiograph and
      predict the location at lobar bronchi level according to the hypoperfusion area.
      We guessed that the scintigraphic abnormal finding after plain chest radiographic
      normalization reflect bronchial inflammatory change after foreign body removal
      and so it is very important to perform the follow up scintigraphic examination.

PMID- 2402089
TI  - [A case of myocardial calcification].

PMID- 2402090
TI  - [Experience of expandable metallic stent for tuberculosis bronchial stenosis].
AB  - A 41-year-old female who had suffered from a severe left main bronchial stenosis
      due to bronchial tuberculosis was treated by implantation of self-expandable
      metallic stent after dilating the stenosis by balloon catheter. After placing the
      stent symptoms such as dyspnea were disappeared completely. Four months later,
      the patient can tolerate to do jogging.

PMID- 2402091
TI  - [Bronchial atresia of additive anomalous bronchus].
AB  - A case of bronchial atresia of additive anomalous bronchus in right middle lobe
      was reported. A mass and emphysematous lung were found on the chest
      roentgenogram. CT, and MRI, and it is not difficult to diagnose.

PMID- 2402092
TI  - [A case of extramedullary hematopoiesis (EH) in thalassemia].
AB  - A 37-year-old woman with diagnosis of thalassemia intermedia was admitted because
      of mild dyspnea and edema of her lower extremities. CT scan revealed solid soft
      tissue masses with a well-defined anterior border, located at the costovertebral
      angles bilaterally. EH was diagnosed without further investigation and a biopsy
      was avoided.

PMID- 2402093
TI  - [A case of round atelectasis].
AB  - A case of round atelectasis was reported. The roentgenographic features of round
      atelectasis are "comet tail sign" and localized pleural thickening. Round
      atelectasis appears as a mass like lesion that often mimics a pulmonary neoplasm.
      Recognition of this entity will help to prevent unnecessary procedures such as
      thoracotomy and pulmonary resection.

PMID- 2402094
TI  - [Two cases of thymic cyst].
AB  - We reported two cases of thymic cyst which were accidentally found by chest X
      ray. On CT, they showed near water low density masses with thin walls, situated
      in the prevascular space. In the case 2, the septum-like structure was found by
      MRI, however, it was not clear by CT.

PMID- 2402095
TI  - A cell surface ELISA for detection of blood group antibodies- on anti-ABO and -MN
      blood group antibodies.
AB  - A cell surface ELISA method was employed for detection of polyclonal anti-A, -B, 
      M and -N, and monoclonal anti-M and -N antibodies. Native erythrocyte membranes
      or those fixed with glutaraldehyde (GA) were used as solid phase antigen in the
      ELISA method. In detection of anti-A and -B, and of monoclonal anti-M and -N
      antibodies, the method used here on the plates with erythrocyte membranes without
      fixation of GA had approximately 20-40 fold higher sensitivity than the
      hemagglutination test, but polyclonal anti-M and -N antibodies almost equally
      bound on the plates coated with unfixed group-M erythrocyte membranes. Anti-A, 
      B, and monoclonal anti-M antibodies were detected to the same extent in the
      plates with fixed erythrocyte membranes as in the plates coated with unfixed
      erythrocyte membranes, but binding of monoclonal anti-N antibody to group-N fixed
      erythrocyte membranes was not observed. In regard to the eluted antibody, the
      present cell surface ELISA method had an advantage over the hemagglutination test
      in detection of anti-A, -B, and monoclonal anti-M antibodies. Binding of
      monoclonal anti-N antibody to group-N antigen on the group-N or -MN bloodstains
      was not observed in both the present ELISA and the hemagglutination test. The
      results obtained indicate that present ELISA method is very useful to medicolegal
      practice.

PMID- 2402096
TI  - Determination of glycated hemoglobins of cadaveric blood: a study involving the
      use of affinity chromatography with m-amino phenyl boronic acid.
AB  - For a postmortem diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM), the applicability of
      achieving a determination by examining the glycated hemoglobins (GHb) is
      discussed. Experimental studies by the use of affinity chromatography with m
      amino phenyl boronic acid-agarose revealed that the GHb values could be
      determined stably and could be reproduced even for some postmortem models of both
      non-diabetic and diabetic human blood. A subsequent survey of autopsy cases with
      a proper past DM medical history has suggested that this method is useful,
      especially when used with customary medicolegal examinations conducted for DM.

PMID- 2402097
TI  - [Screening of drugs and chemicals by wide-bore capillary gas chromatography. II.
      Detection of drugs and chemicals in the blood].
AB  - This paper describes the detection limit for 23 drugs and chemicals in the blood
      by means of a screening method that uses a gas chromatographic system equipped
      with a wide-bore capillary column and a nitrogen phosphorus detector. The
      detection limit by this method was determined as being 1 mm of peak height at the
      detector's range of 100 and 8 of attenuation. Using this scale, the absolute
      detection limit was in the range of 1 pg for malathion and sumithion to 1 ng for
      meprobamate. The detection limit of drugs and chemicals in the blood was 5 ng/ml
      for sumithion to 8 micrograms/ml for meprobamate. Therefore, this screening
      method is able to detect the presence of drugs even a therapeutic-level dosages,
      with the exception of compounds such as haloperidol, which have extremely low
      therapeutic dosage levels.

PMID- 2402098
TI  - [Studies on monoamine metabolism in the rat brain with overdosage of manganese].
AB  - I studied the neuropsychiatric disorders occurring after overdose with manganese
      (Mn), which have been shown to be neurologically similar to Parkinson's disease.
      MnCl2 doses of 10 mg Mn/kg, administered a total of 15 times, were injected
      intraperitoneally into rats. Then I determined the concentration of monoamines,
      their metabolites and the activity of catecholamine-related enzymes of the rat
      brain using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 1) In the Mn-loaded
      rats, the concentration of dopamine (DA) was significantly decreased in the
      nucleus caudatus-putamen (C/P)(p less than 0.05), the thalamus (p less than 0.05)
      and in the mesencephalon (ME) (p less than 0.001), while that of homovanillic
      acid decreased in the C/P (p less than 0.05). The concentration of norepinephrine
      (NE) was decreased in the hypothalamus (p less than 0.01) and that of 3-methoxy-4
      hydroxyphenyl-glycol was decreased in the C/P (p less than 0.001) and in the
      thalamus (less than 0.05); however serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      concentrations showed no variation from those of the controls. 2) As for the
      enzymes of catecholamine biosynthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrOHase) activity
      was increased in the hypothalamus (p less than 0.05) and was reduced in the ME (p
      less than 0.01). Dopa decarboxylase activity showed no change. Dopamine-beta
      hydroxylase (DBH) activity was reduced in the C/P and the thalamus (p less than
      0.05 respectively). Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase activity was detected
      in the hypothalamus, the ME, and at low levels in the thalamus (p less than
      0.01). Among the enzymes of catecholamine metabolism, catechol-O
      methyltransferase activity showed no variation, but monoamine oxidase (MAO) type
      a and type-a + b activities were significantly increased in the cerebral cortex
      (p less than 0.01), and MAO type-a + b as significantly reduced in the C/P and
      the hypothalamus (p less than 0.01). The decrease on DA and NE contents found
      could be due to the reduction of such biosynthesizing enzymes as TyrOHase and
      DBH. Especially, the DA content was markedly decreased in the ME, found mostly in
      regions where DA neurons originate. Thus the variation of this region would be
      the first disorder. And it was interesting to note that MAO type-a + b was
      reduced by Mn administration.

PMID- 2402099
TI  - [Blood group hemagglutinins in hens' eggs. 1. Quantity of hemagglutinins to human
      erythrocytes after immunization with OSe saliva].
AB  - The titers of hemagglutinins to human erythrocytes were investigated using sera
      and eggs from hens immunized by a single intraperitoneal injection of crude blood
      group substance from OSe saliva mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant. Elevation
      of the hemagglutinin titer in egg yolk followed the increase of serum
      hemagglutinin with 1- to 2-week time-lag. The maximum hemagglutinin titer of egg
      yolk was 1/2 to 1/8 of the serum hemagglutinin titer. The total hemagglutinin
      quantity in egg yolk exceeded the serum quantities of the antibody in sacrificed
      hens. Egg-white transiently contained a very low titer of hemagglutinin. The yolk
      hemagglutinin scarcely migrated at all to the white after storage of the egg for
      3 months at 5 degrees C. These results indicate that egg yolk from hens immunized
      with blood group substances is an appropriate source of blood group
      hemagglutinins.

PMID- 2402100
TI  - [Blood group hemagglutinins in hens' eggs. 2. Comparison of immunohematological
      properties of serum and egg yolk hemagglutinins of hens immunized with OSe
      saliva].
AB  - Hens were immunized intraperitoneally with OSe saliva mixed with Freund's
      complete adjuvant, and the properties of hemagglutinins in sera and egg yolk were
      compared. Both serum and egg yolk hemagglutinins agglutinated O, A1, B and A1B
      erythrocytes to a similar degree, and both showed somewhat stronger agglutinating
      potencies at 5 degrees C than at 25 degrees C or 37 degrees C. The degrees of
      agglutination were little improved by the addition of 20% BSA or PVP medium
      solution for potentiating incomplete agglutinin. The antiglobulin-augmentation
      reaction with specific anti-chicken-Igs revealed that the principal
      immunoglobulins of the serum hemagglutinins produced during the early and
      hyperimmune phases of immune response were IgM and IgG, respectively; whereas the
      presence in egg yolk of both IgM and IgG hemagglutinins was demonstrated
      throughout the antibody producing periods. The yolk probably contained IgM
      incomplete hemagglutinins, because addition of an antiserum to chicken-IgM
      strongly enhanced the yolk hemagglutinin. The secretor status of six saliva
      specimens, OSe, Ose, ASe, Ase, BSe and Bse, was tested by the agglutinin
      inhibition reaction using one of the following reagents: Ulex lectin, chicken
      antiserum, and egg yolk hemagglutinin. High inhibition titers of OSe saliva were
      obtained with the serum hemagglutinin (of the early and hyperimmune phases) and
      the yolk hemagglutinin of the eggs laid in the hyperimmune phase. The test with
      Ulex lectin showed a moderate grade of inhibition, and the use of yolk
      hemagglutinin produced in the early stage of immune response resulted in very low
      inhibition titers. Yolk hemagglutinins produced in the early and hyperimmune
      stages were more strongly inhibited by ASe and BSe salivas than by other
      hemagglutinin reagents. These results indicate the availability of blood group
      agglutinins in the yolks of eggs laid during the hyperimmune stage.

PMID- 2402101
TI  - Forensic neuropathological and immunohistochemical studies on Alzheimer-type
      dementia (AD/SDAT).
AB  - Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) was discussed not only from the aspects of forensic
      neuropathology by using various techniques for general stains and silver
      impregnation, but also immunohistochemically by using antiserum against glial
      fibrillary acidic protein which is a specific marker for astrocytes. There were
      marked differences in microscopic findings of ATD group and control group of
      elderly subjects whose intellectual have been maintained. The main histological
      features of ATD were presence of numerous senile plaques and neurofibrillary
      changes, and both of them were thought to be helpful diagnosis markers. Double
      stains by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) stain using avidin-biotin
      peroxidase complex (ABC) method and Congo red stain were performed. By the former
      stain, typical senile plaques, encircled by reactive astrocytes and penetrated
      interior by their processes, were demonstrated. By the latter stain, amyloid core
      was well detected. Another method which is particularly sensitive to amyloid,
      such as amyloid core or amyloid angiopathy, is the thioflavin S stain.
      Immunohistochemical stains for glial fibrillary acidic protein demonstrated an
      intense participation within the plaques by processes of reactive astrocytes.
      Using the autopsy criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease reported by
      Khachaturian, senile plaques were counted on microscopic magnification x200
      field. Numerous plaques satisfying thoroughly the criteria were detected. The
      report by Blessed et al. that there is a highly significant correlation between
      mean plaque counts in sections of cerebral cortex of elderly subjects and degrees
      of dementia is very helpful for forensic pathologists and is highly evaluated.

PMID- 2402102
TI  - A case of death due to dragging by a car: establishment of a homicide because of
      conscious negligence.
AB  - A drunken pedestrian (a 19-year-old male) lying on the street was hit by a car at
      night and dragged to a distance of about 600 meters. He was taken to a hospital
      soon but died there from brain injuries. His head and back were strongly and
      widely grazed against the road surface. Major parts of the left side of his skull
      and the brain were scraped off. The assailant thought that he had to escape from
      the place, because he was on probation because of established crime of drunken
      driving and drug abuse. As he continued to drive even after noticing that his car
      was dragging the victim, realizing that he might die as a consequence, a case of
      homicide due to conscious negligence was established.

PMID- 2402103
TI  - [Statistical studies on suicides in Shiga Prefecture during the 15-year period,
      1974 to 1988].
AB  - The authors examined 3,335 cases of suicides among the unnatural deaths in Shiga
      Prefecture during the 15-year period, 1974 to 1988. The results obtained were as
      follows: The number of suicides in a year amounted to 200 during the period from
      1974 to 1982, and increased to 280 in 1983 at maximum. The cases of suicide were
      more in male than in female. The incidence of suicide was higher in March to July
      and the peak of incidence was observed in April. The highest frequency of
      suicides was in 40-49 year age group in male, and 70-79 year group in female.
      Among various procedures of suicide, hanging was most frequent during the past 15
      years in both sexes, and the following procedure was carbon monoxide poisoning in
      male and drowning in female. As to the occupation, housewives and person without
      a regular occupation constituted 53.1% of the total suicidal cases, and products
      makers and laborers were found in 11.1%. With regarded to the causative factors,
      "suffering from illness" was the most frequent factor, and followed by "insanity
      or mental disorder", "problems of economic distress", "disagreement with family"
      and others.

PMID- 2402104
TI  - [Study of cytotoxicity of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) expanded tumor
      infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in renal cell cancer].
AB  - We studied subsets and cytotoxicity of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) expanded
      tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from renal cell cancer (RCC) patients. TIL
      were successfully expanded in 13 of 14 RCC cases using anti-CD3 during initial 48
      hours of culture. Percentages of CD8 positive cells among rIL-2 expanded TIL at 1
      tp 4 week(s) of culture were 56.2 +/- 15.1% (range 26.2 to 79.8%, N = 13) and not
      necessarily predominant over CD4 positive cells. NK and LAK activities of TIL at
      3 to 6 weeks of culture were 31.6 +/- 15.8% (range 1.4 to 57.4%, N = 9) and 16.6
      +/- 11.6% (range 3.8 to 35.6%, N = 6), respectively. Autologous and allogeneic
      RCC cytotoxicity of TIL at 3 to 4 weeks of culture were 17.9 +/- 19.7% (range 0
      to 47.6%, N = 4) and 18.9 +/- 14.8% (range 0 to 47.3%, N = 12), respectively.
      Since there was no statistical difference between them, autologous specific
      cytotoxicity was not demonstrated. From these results of present study, it is
      unlikely that most of effector cells of rIL-2 expanded TIL in autologous RCC
      lysis are major histocompatibility complex restricted cytotoxic T cells. And we
      concluded that it is doubtful that TIL is significantly superior over LAK cells
      in immunotherapy of human RCC.

PMID- 2402105
TI  - [Urologic management of spinal cord injury by subarachnoid phenol block].
AB  - Subarachnoid phenol block was applied to four traumatic spinal cord injury
      patients who had been suffering from urinary incontinence caused by detrusor
      hyperreflexia. Two were females with complete thoracic cord injury, the others
      were males with incomplete cervical cord injury. In all patients, detrusor
      hyperreflexia and urinary incontinence disappeared after 0.3-0.6 ml injection of
      10% phenol glycerin. Vesicoureteral reflux observed in three ureters of two
      patients disappeared or improved. Two obtained sufficient bladder capacity for
      urine storage, while the others who had been treated by continuous urine drainage
      for a long time prior to the block could not obtain sufficient bladder
      compliance. The cause seemed to be organization of the bladder wall.

PMID- 2402106
TI  - [Studies on intratubular androgens in idiopathic male infertility].
AB  - No significant effective therapy has been established for patients with
      idiopathic male infertility up to now. In order to assess the role of androgens
      in idiopathic male infertility, testosterone (T) and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone
      (DHT) levels in isolated seminiferous tubules (intratubular levels) were measured
      by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 100 patients with idiopathic male infertility. RIA
      of T and DHT levels in the whole testis (intratesticular levels) were also
      conducted simultaneously. Seminiferous tubules were separated by a two step
      incubation system using collagenase and mesh No. 100. 1. Intratubular T levels
      were higher than intratubular DHT levels with both azoospermia and
      oligozoospermia. 2. No significant correlations to either intratubular T or DHT
      levels were present in the plasma LH, FSH, or T levels and the thickness of
      seminiferous tubular wall. These data suggest that plasma hormones are not the
      main regulators for intratubular androgens. 3. Moderate correlation between the
      intratesticular T and intratubular T levels was noted (r = 0.49), but there was
      no correlation between the intratesticular DHT and intratubular DHT levels (r =
      0.33). There was no significant correlation to either intratubular T or DHT as to
      the testicular volume or the mean germinal epithelium score count method of
      Johnsen. Therefore, it is considered that the intratubular T level is partially
      dependent on endogenous T secreted from Leydig cells. However, spermatogenesis
      may be regulated by various factors including the intratubular T level.

PMID- 2402107
TI  - [Pharmacological experiments in the aged rat urinary bladder. Responses to
      inorganic ions (Ca2+, K+, Ba2+, Mg2+)].
AB  - We studied in vitro the change in muscle contractility and ion permeability of
      cell membrane of aged rat urinary bladder (16 and 24 months old) and compared
      with young rat bladder (6 months old). The results are summarized as follows: 1.
      In aged rat bladder the contractile response to Ca2+ was significantly decreased
      comparing to young rat bladder. The speed of muscle contractility was also
      significantly slower in aged rat bladder. 2. There was no significant change in
      muscle contractility in response to K+ and Ba2+ among the 3 age groups, which
      indicated that contractile force of aged rat bladder per se was not impaired. 3.
      Mg2+ relaxed the detrusor muscle in a dose-dependent manner. The magnitude of the
      response was not different between aged and young rat bladders. It is concluded
      that the response of aged rat urinary bladder to Ca2+ was decreased in
      contraction strength and contraction speed. This finding seems to suggest that
      membrane permeability of Ca2+ has been compromised, which may account for the
      impaired detrusor contractility frequently observed in elderly persons.

PMID- 2402108
TI  - [Treatment of ureteral calculi by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy].
AB  - We reviewed 465 cases of ureteral calculi treated at Jomo Urological Hospital
      using a Dornier HM3 lithotripter during the period from October 1985 to February
      1989. The 336 men and 122 women ranged from 11 to 78 years old with a mean age of
      42.2. The stone size ranged from 4 mm to 30 mm with a mean length of 10.6 mm.
      Complete stone elimination by ESWL was achieved in 431 of the 465 cases (92.7%).
      The success rate was best for stones in the lower ureter, which was 98.1 per cent
      (53/54). For upper and mid ureteral calculi it was 92.4 per cent (363/393) and
      83.3 per cent (15/18), respectively. ESWL after push up made 100 per cent (30/30)
      of patients completely free of stones, while ESWL after bypass 93.0 percent
      (106/114) and ESWL in situ 91.9 per cent (295/321). The rate of residual stone
      increases in proportion to the age of patients. Minor side effects such as fever
      and pain were observed. Our results suggest that ESWL currently is the first
      therapeutic option for the majority of ureteral calculi.

PMID- 2402109
TI  - [Stone burden on extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy].
AB  - Based on the 89 stones treated by ESWL therapy alone, the factors which influence
      the number of ESWL shots were analyzed. Stone volume was calculated by summing up
      the value "length x short axis" for each stone. The value correlated well with
      the number of shots needed to disintegrate the stone (p less than 0.01). The
      stones below the pelvis-ureteral junction needed twice shots compared with stones
      in the pelvis and calyces (80.3: 40.2, p less than 0.005). Stones formed by a
      single component of cystine or calcium oxalate were hard to be disintegrated
      (53.2: 31.6, compared with other complex stones). The radiological figure could
      not predict the fragility.

PMID- 2402110
TI  - [Expression of endocrine-paracrine cells in prostatic carcinoma].
AB  - Endocrine-Paracrine cells (EP cells) in prostatic carcinomas were screened by
      immunohistochemical tests for neuron specific enolase, chromogranin, and
      serotonin and by Grimelius method. Formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded sections
      from 60 prostatic carcinomas were used. EP cells were detected in 16 cases (27%).
      The number of EP cells in hormone independent prostatic carcinomas were
      significantly larger than hormone dependent (p less than 0.05) and latent
      prostatic carcinomas (p less than 0.01). Five cases of prostatic carcinomas with
      abundant EP cell proliferation died of widespread metastases within 4 years,
      irrespective of hormone treatment. The pathologic finding was classified into the
      category of adenocarcinoma, partly showing carcinoid or small cell carcinoma-like
      features. EP cells were found in perineural invading cancer cells and also
      immunoreactive to both prostate specific antigen and prostate specific acid
      phosphatase. It is suggested that the proliferation of EP cells in prostatic
      carcinomas is related with the sensitivity to hormone treatment.

PMID- 2402111
TI  - [Inhibitory factors of calcium oxalate crystal growth in urinary macromolecules].
AB  - We studied the inhibitory effect of urinary glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), in the
      natural form, on calcium oxalate crystals. Control urine was collected from five
      healthy subjects and filtered by 5 microns and 0.22 micron membranes. The urine
      was cut off by a membrane of 30,000 M.W. and the remaining urine was fractionated
      into three groups by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose: peak A
      contained only protein, peak B both protein and GAGs and peak C only GAGs. Peak A
      and peak B were fractionated again through a Sephacryl S-200 gel column. Each
      fractionated sample was examined for the inhibitory effect on calcium oxalate
      crystal growth using the 14C-oxalate seeded crystal growth assay in a metastable
      solution developed by Koide et al. GAGs were determined by two-dimensional
      electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane. SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis
      was used to determine the molecular weights of proteins. Peak A was found to have
      many kinds of proteins which had low inhibitory effects. Peak B had three kinds
      of proteins such as those with molecular weights of 130,000, 45,000 and 35,000 as
      well as uronic acid. These proteins and uronic acid had high inhibitory effect
      and the highest inhibitory effect was found in the fraction of around 50,000 M.W.
      where protein and uronic acid were contained. The molecular weight of this
      protein was 42,000 by SDS electrophoresis. Uronic acid was a keratan sulphate by
      a two-dimensional electrophoresis. In peak C there were mainly chondroitin
      sulphate and a small amount of heparan sulfate which had high inhibitory
      effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402112
TI  - [Clinical statistics of germinal testicular cancer].
AB  - We experienced a hundred and fifty-six cases of germinal testicular cancer at
      Osaka University Hospital from 1957 to 1988. Histologically, 114 cases (73.1%)
      were simple type, and 42 cases (26.9%) were mixed type. Eighty cases (51.3%) were
      seminoma, and 76 cases (48.7%) were non-seminoma. All patients of seminoma were
      over 20 years of age, and the mean age was 36.1 years. Non-seminoma cases were
      distributed as to with two peaks, one in 0 to 4 year-old and another in 20 to 39
      year-old, and the mean age was 22.9 years. The seminoma/non-seminoma ratio as to
      clinical stages were 63 cases/48 cases in Stage 1, 6/9 in Stage 2A, 5/6 in Stage
      2B and 6/13 in Stage 3. The five-year survival rate (by Kaplan-Meier's method)
      was 98.4% for Stage 1 (71 cases), 72.7% for Stage 2A (11 cases), 0% for Stage 2B
      (4 cases) and 20% for Stage 3 (5 cases) between 1957 and 1978, and 100% for Stage
      1 (40 cases), Stage 2A (4 cases), Stage 2B (7 cases) and 26.8% for Stage 3 (14
      cases) between 1979 and 1988. The five-year survival rate of 20 advanced cases
      treated mainly by PVB regimen was 100% for Stage 2 (6 cases) and 68.6% for Stage
      3 (14 cases). Five advanced cases containing choriocarcinoma elements were
      treated by PVB regimen and its two-year survival rate was 40.0%, which was
      statistically worse than that (86.8%) of other histological types (p less than
      0.05).

PMID- 2402113
TI  - [The effects of thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor on chronic rejection of
      kidney transplantation].
AB  - There has been no useful treatments for chronic vascular rejection (CVR) after
      kidney transplantation until now. Recently, however, some reports have suggested
      that the thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor, OKY-046, is useful in reducing
      proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome and preventing progression of CVR. Five
      patients with CVR (serum creatinine range: 1.7-2.6 mg/dl) were treated with OKY
      046 for over one year and the effect of OKY-046 was evaluated. One patient
      developed acute rejection and another renal hypertension during this study.
      Except for the cases of acute rejection and renal hypertension, serum creatinine
      slightly decreased in 1 case and remained unchanged in 2 cases. Urinary excretion
      of protein and thromboxane B2 decreased significantly but prostaglandin E2 did
      not change in the treatment of the deterioration with OKY-046. We concluded that
      OKY-046 was effective in preventing graft function and decreasing urinary protein
      excretion in kidney transplant recipients with CVR.

PMID- 2402114
TI  - [Renovascular hypertension. Changes and prognosis of the surgical treatment].
AB  - We investigated 663 patients with renovascular hypertension (349 males and 314
      females), who were surgically treated at 73 institutions of Urology or Surgery in
      Japan from 1963 to 1988. There were 294 cases with fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD),
      178 with atherosclerosis (SC), 104 with aortitis syndrome (AO) and 87 with other
      causes. The mean age was 27 years old for FMD, 52 years for SC and 29 years for
      AO. Thirteen % of FMD, 19% of SC and 38% of AO had stenoses in both renal
      arteries. Since percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) has begun in early
      1980's, the number of operative cases has been decreased, especially in the case
      of FMD due to a good result by PTA. Nephrectomy was done in 38% of 704
      operations. Aortorenal bypass and autotransplantation were performed in 49% and
      26% of the rest, respectively. Recently, autotransplantation has increasingly
      been applied for complicated vascular lesions. As regards prognosis of the
      surgical treatment, 77% of FMD, 59% of SC and 50% of AO presented normal blood
      pressure with or without antihypertensive drugs at least for 10 years after an
      operation. However, among the patients with normal blood pressure who were
      observed for more than 5 years, 30% of FMD, 56% of SC and 44% of AO had taken
      antihypertensive drugs. Eleven patients (1.7% of all) died within one month after
      the operation, 5 patient of whom had bilateral stenoses. In conclusion, PTA is
      the first choice for renovascular hypertension and surgery has been done for more
      difficult and complicated cases in which PTA is ineffective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402115
TI  - Adaptive regulation of taurine transport in two continuous renal epithelial cell
      lines.
AB  - Taurine is actively transported by a beta-amino acid transporter located on the
      proximal tubule apical surface. We have characterized taurine transport into
      confluent monolayers of two continuous renal epithelial cell lines: LLC-PK1, a
      cell of porcine proximal tubular origin, and the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell
      line (MDCK) of distal origin. Taurine uptake is linear up to 90 minutes in LLC
      PK1 cells and 180 minutes in MDCK cells. This process is highly dependent upon
      Na+ as the cation and either Cl- or Br- as the anion. Taurine uptake is inhibited
      by another beta-amino acid, beta-alanine, to a greater extent than the alpha
      analog, L-alanine or other alpha-amino acids. Incubation of cell monolayers with
      taurine-free medium (0 microM taurine) induces an increase in Na(+)-dependent
      taurine uptake when compared to cells exposed to standard medium (50 microM
      taurine). When cells were incubated in medium containing high taurine (500
      microM), uptake was decreased as compared to control cells. This adaptive
      response is evident by 12 hours in both cell lines and is the result of changes
      in the apparent transport maximum (Jmax) rather than the apparent Km for taurine.
      The changes in transport observed after manipulation of medium taurine
      concentration were not associated with differences in taurine efflux. In summary,
      taurine is transported by a beta-specific, Na-Cl dependent process in both renal
      epithelial cell lines. Although the factors which regulate taurine transport are
      not known, an increased transport maximum is observed in cells which have been
      taurine-starved, and a decreased Jmax is seen in cells supplied with excess
      taurine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402116
TI  - Effect of dietary protein on the renin-angiotensin system in subtotally
      nephrectomized rats.
AB  - Dietary protein restriction improves the course of renal disease in the remnant
      kidney model. Dietary protein restriction can also reduce plasma renin activity
      in several circumstances. We examined the interaction between dietary protein and
      the renin-angiotensin system in subtotally nephrectomized rats (1-2/3
      nephrectomy). No difference was seen in tissue renin activity in rats ingesting a
      high (30%) versus a low (6%) protein diet. To determine the pathophysiological
      role of angiotensin II in subtotally nephrectomized rats, we examined the acute
      renal response to an intrarenal infusion of the angiotensin II antagonist Sar1
      Gly8-angiotensin II (10 micrograms/kg/min). Only those subtotally nephrectomized
      animals ingesting a high protein diet exhibited a consistent improvement in
      glomerular permselectivity, as manifested by a 24% fall in the fractional
      clearance of albumin (basal 16.19 +/- 3.65 x 10(-4) vs. Sar1 Gly8-AII 12.26 +/-
      3.21 x 10(-4); P less than 0.02) and a 19% fall in the fractional clearance of
      IgG (basal 3.75 +/- 0.67 x 10(-4) vs. Sar1 Gly8-AII 3.03 +/- 0.48 x 10(-4); P
      less than 0.02). No consistent change occurred in glomerular permselectivity in
      the rats on the low protein diet or rats infused with vehicle only. No change in
      mean arterial pressure or whole-kidney hemodynamics were seen with angiotensin II
      blockade. Decrements in SNGFR and glomerular capillary pressure occurred with
      angiotensin blockade in the animals ingesting the high protein diet, suggesting
      hemodynamic factors as a mechanism for the improvement in permselective
      defects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402117
TI  - Interleukin 6 is an autocrine growth factor for mesangial cells.
AB  - Interleukin 6 (IL-6) induces the acute phase response, differentiation of B
      cells, proliferation of T cells, thymocytes, hematopoietic progenitors, hybridoma
      and plasmacytoma cells. Monocytes, T cells, fibroblasts, epithelial and
      endothelial cells secrete IL-6. Since IL-6 responsive cell-types may participate
      in the pathogenesis of glomerular inflammation, we studied the secretion of IL-6
      by rat MCs, using the IL-6 dependent hybridoma cell line B9. The results of our
      studies indicate that MCs secrete IL-6 with a molecular weight of 17-42 kDa and
      isoelectric point of 4.0 to 5.3 MC-IL-6 activity could be blocked by a polyclonal
      antimurine-IL-6 antibody. MC express IL-6 mRNA as determined by Northern blot.
      Furthermore, our data demonstrate that IL-6 acts as an autocrine growth factor
      for MC. Incubation of subconfluent MC with recombinant IL-6 results in a dose
      dependent increase of 3H-thymidine incorporation and number of MCs. Moreover,
      reverse phase HPLC fractions of MC-CM containing IL-6 activity increase 3H
      thymidine incorporation by MC. In addition to its possible paracrine role in
      mediating the immune response in the glomerulus, MC-IL-6 may also be one of the
      autocrine signals leading to mesangial cell proliferation in vivo.

PMID- 2402118
TI  - Site of restoration of the effect of PTH by propranolol in respiratory alkalosis.
AB  - Respiratory alkalosis decreases the phosphaturic response to parathyroid hormone
      (PTH). beta-adrenoreceptor blockade by propranolol infusion restores the
      phosphaturic effect of PTH in respiratory alkalotic rats; however, the nephron
      site of these changes in phosphate reabsorption by propranolol is not known. The
      present study was performed to localize the nephron segment(s) involved in the
      restoration of the phosphaturic effect of PTH by propranolol infusion in
      respiratory alkalotic rats. PTH infusion increased the fractional delivery of
      phosphate (FDPi) to the late proximal tubule to similar levels in the propranolol
      and vehicle-infused respiratory alkalotic rats (FDPi 46.6 +/- 4.4% and 48.6 +/-
      4.2%, respectively). In contrast, PTH only increased FDPi to the early distal
      tubules (to 17.1 +/- 0.9%) in the absence of propranolol compared to FDPi 41.9 +/
      2.5% in the presence of propranolol in respiratory alkalotic animals. We
      conclude that the restoration of the phosphaturic effect of PTH in respiratory
      alkalotic rats by propranolol infusion is due primarily to decreased reabsorption
      of phosphate by the straight segment of the proximal tubule.

PMID- 2402119
TI  - Role of intrinsic antioxidant enzymes in renal oxidant injury.
AB  - To investigate the functional role of renal intrinsic antioxidant enzymes (AOEs),
      the levels of AOE activities in isolated glomeruli and the changes in renal
      function to oxidant insults were assessed in normal control rats (NC, N = 23) and
      rats subjected to 30-minutes of complete renal ischemia for three days (day-3, N
      = 20) or six days (day-6, N = 23) prior to study. When compared to NC, the
      activities of total and manganese (cyanide-insensitive) superoxide dismutase,
      glutathione peroxidase, and catalase were increased more than twofold in day-6
      animals, on average, from 36 +/- 4 U/mg protein, 9 +/- 1 U/mg protein, 129 +/- 21
      U/mg protein and 1.32 +/- 0.20 k/mg protein, respectively, to 80 +/- 5, 27 +/- 3,
      283 +/- 41 and 3.20 +/- 0.20, respectively (P less than 0.05 for all). There were
      no changes in AOE activities in day-3 animals. In day-6 animals, however, the
      activities of non-AOEs, LDH and fumarase were found to be unaffected. Separate
      groups of NC (N = 12), day-3 (N = 5) and day-6 (N = 12) rats were subjected to
      either 30 minutes of ischemia plus 60 minutes of reperfusion (I/R) or unilateral
      i.a. infusion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 35 mu moles in 1 hr). The degree of
      reduction in inulin and para-amino hippurate clearance rates following I/R were
      significantly less in day-6 (-21 +/- 3% and -12 +/- 2, respectively) compared to
      NC (-69 +/- 9% and -59 +/- 11, respectively) or day-3 rats (-73 +/- 7% and -62 +/
      10, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402120
TI  - Expression of CR1 (CD35) mRNA in podocytes from adult and fetal human kidneys.
AB  - The presence of CR1 mRNA in podocytes was investigated using a 35S-labeled CR1
      cDNA probe and in situ hybridization in sections from fetal and adult human
      kidneys. CR1 mRNA was only detected in immature podocytes at early stages of
      glomerular differentiation in the fetal kidney. In contrast, CR1 antigen was
      abundantly expressed on immature and mature podocytes in fetal kidneys and adult
      glomeruli. Thus, the expression of the CR1 gene in podocytes is tightly
      regulated. It is possible that the prolonged life span of adult podocytes is
      associated with a slow turnover of CR1 and low or intermittent accumulation of
      CR1 mRNA transcripts.

PMID- 2402121
TI  - Image-guided 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of normal and transplanted human
      kidneys.
AB  - Image-guided 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to
      obtain spatially localized 31P spectra of good quality from healthy normal human
      kidneys and from well-functioning renal allografts. A surface coil of 14 cm
      diameter was used for acquiring phosphorus signals solely from a volume-of
      interest located within the kidney. To determine the effects of kidney
      transplantation on renal metabolism, patients with well functioning allografts
      were studied. Little or no phosphocreatine in all spectra verifies the absence of
      muscle contamination, and is consistent with proper volume localization. The
      intensity ratio of phosphomonoesters (PME) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
      resonances in transplanted kidneys (PME/ATP = 1.1 +/- 0.4) was slightly elevated
      (P = 0.2) compared to that of healthy normal kidneys (PME/ATP = 0.8 +/- 0.3). The
      inorganic phosphate (Pi) to ATP ratio was similar in the two groups (Pi/ATP = 1.1
      +/- 0.1 in transplanted kidneys vs. 1.2 +/- 0.6 in normal kidneys). Acid/base
      status, as evidenced from the chemical shift of Pi, was the same in both normal
      controls and transplanted kidneys. Despite the practical problems produced by
      organ depth, respiratory movement, and tissue heterogeneity, these results
      demonstrate that image-guided 31P MR spectra can reliably be obtained from human
      kidneys.

PMID- 2402122
TI  - Acute increase in plasma osmolality as a cause of hyperkalemia in patients with
      renal failure.
AB  - These studies were performed in patients with chronic renal failure to understand
      the mechanism(s) of hyperkalemia secondary to hypertonic NaCl infusion. In 10
      patients, after intravenous infusion of either 5% or 2.5% NaCl (6 mEq per kg body
      wt for 120 minutes in both solutions), the maximum increase in plasma potassium
      averaged 0.6 (range 0.3 to 1.3) mmol/liter (P less than 0.01) or 0.3 (range 0.2
      to 0.6) mmol/liter (P less than 0.01), respectively. The rise of both plasma
      potassium and osmolality was significantly higher during 5% NaCl than during 2.5%
      NaCl infusion (P less than 0.01). A significant linear correlation (P less than
      0.01) between plasma potassium and osmolality was observed. Urinary potassium
      excretion was increased to a similar extent by 5% NaCl and 2.5% NaCl infusion.
      The observed hyperkalemia, secondary to NaCl infusion, was independent of venous
      pH, plasma bicarbonate, anion gap, insulin levels, and urinary norepinephrine and
      epinephrine excretion, and was associated with a fall in plasma aldosterone
      concentration. In separate studies, nine patients were treated with
      desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA; 20 mg i.m. for three days) before receiving
      saline (5%) infusion. DOCA did not prevent the level increase in plasma potassium
      that remained significantly correlated with plasma osmolality (P less than 0.01).
      In conclusion, hypertonic NaCl infusion in patients with renal failure causes a
      clinically relevant hyperkalemia despite increased renal excretion of potassium.
      This hyperkalemia is independent of acid-base or hormonal mechanisms known to
      regulate extrarenal homeostasis of potassium, and is strictly correlated with a
      rise in plasma osmolality.

PMID- 2402123
TI  - iPTH values during hemodialysis: role of ionized Ca, dialysis membranes and iPTH
      assays.
AB  - The evolution of serum iPTH concentration during hemodialysis was studied in
      eight patients who were dialyzed with cuprophane (Cu) and polyacrylonitrile
      membranes (PAN) during two four-hour sessions. Ca+(+) concentration in the
      dialysate was 1.37 mM/liter. iPTH was measured with an intact hormone
      immunoradiometric assay (I), with two late (L1, L2) and one mid (M)
      carboxylterminal immunoassays at the beginning and end of hemodialysis, from the
      arterial and venous sides of the extracorporeal unit. Results are means +/- SD.
      Serum Ca+(+) increased during dialysis with Cu (1.26 +/- 0.08 vs. 1.33 +/- 0.03
      mmol/liter, P less than 0.05, without any change in the concentration of iPTH
      measured with L1, L2 or M, but with a 50% decrease in iPTH measured with I (21.8
      +/- 19.2 vs. 10.3 +/- 9.0 pmol/liter, P less than 0.05). Serum Ca+(+) increased
      similarly with PAN (1.25 +/- 0.10 vs. 1.34 +/- 0.04 mmol/liter, P less than
      0.01), but there was a greater than 50% decrease in iPTH concentration
      measurements for all four assays (I: 17.2 +/- 17 vs. 7.6 +/- 8.3 pmol/liter, P
      less than 0.05; L1: 92 +/- 75 vs. 36 +/- 32 pmol/liter, P less than 0.05; L2: 312
      +/- 289 vs. 126 +/- 128 pmol/liter, P less than 0.01; M: 926 +/- 1074 vs. 373 +/-
      422 pmol/liter, P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402124
TI  - Effects of n-3 fatty acids on renal function and renal prostaglandin E
      metabolism.
AB  - The present study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary fish oil
      supplements on renal function and renal prostaglandin (PG) E metabolism. The
      usual "western" diet of 10 healthy volunteers (six female and 4 male) aged
      between 21 and 35 years was supplemented with 6 g/day of n-3 polyunsaturated
      fatty acids [3.6 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 2.4 g of docosahexaenoic
      acid (DHA)] for six weeks. Supine arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate
      (HR), renal hemodynamics, renal excretory function and urinary excretion of PGE2
      and PGE3 were determined before and at the end of the fish oil supplementation
      period. No changes could be observed in BP and HR while renal plasma flow (RPF),
      determined as the clearance of PAH, significantly increased from 559 +/- 44 to
      738 +/- 47 ml/min (P less than 0.001) with the fish oil supplements. This was
      associated with a decrease in renal vascular resistance from (8.11 +/- 0.54).10(
      2) to (6.37 +/- 0.38).10(-2) mm Hg.min.ml-1 (P less than 0.01). Glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR), determined as the clearance of inulin, increased from 97
      +/- 3 to 107 +/- 3 ml/min (P less than 0.01), resulting in a decrease in
      filtration fraction from an average of 0.19 +/- 0.01 to 0.15 +/- 0.01 (P less
      than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402127
TI  - Swiss Society of Nephrology. Lausanne, Switzerland, December 1, 1989. Abstracts.

PMID- 2402126
TI  - Dutch Society of Nephrology 38th scientific meeting. Antwerp, Belgium, February
      17, 1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 2402125
TI  - Optimization of high-efficiency hemodialysis by detection and correction of
      fistula dysfunction.
AB  - Recirculation studies were performed in 103 patients treated with high-efficiency
      dialysis over a 14 month period. Fistulograms were performed on 22 out of 25
      patients with greater than 0.15 fractional recirculation at a 400 ml/minute blood
      pump setting. Clinically significant abnormalities were found in 82% (N = 18) and
      treated in 17. Two patients had second episodes of elevated recirculations and
      were treated again within the period of follow-up. Treatment with angioplasty (N
      = 11) or surgical revision (N = 8) resulted in a fall in recirculation from 0.33
      +/- 0.04 to 0.12 +/- 0.02 (P = 0.001). The fractional reduction of urea clearance
      due to recirculation fell from 0.20 +/- 0.03 to 0.08 +/- 0.02 (P = 0.001) and the
      effective urea clearance of the dialysis treatment rose by 16% from 193 +/- 7
      ml/min to 224 +/- 6 ml/min (P = 0.001). Pre-dialysis BUN fell from 72 +/- 4
      mg/100 ml to 62 +/- 3 mg/100 ml (P = 0.012). There was no correlation between
      venous pressure (VP) at 400 ml/min blood pump setting and recirculation (R2 =
      0.04), although VP changed significantly comparing values before and after
      fistula repair (211 +/- 10 vs. 186 +/- 7 mm Hg, P = 0.012). Venous pressures in
      20 of the patients in our dialysis unit with recirculations of less than 0.10
      were 201 +/- 6 mm Hg (P = NS compared to patients with recirculation greater than
      or equal to 0.15 at 400 ml/min blood flow).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402128
TI  - The loadability and relieveability of the lumbo-sacral transition in sports.

PMID- 2402129
TI  - Changes in running speed, blood lactic acid concentration and hormone balance
      during sprint training performed at an altitude of 1860 metres.
AB  - The development of results of five national level sprinters (Group A) was
      followed up during a training period of two weeks at an altitude of 1860 m aiming
      at increase of strength and speed and after it. Changes in anaerobic capacity
      were monitored by making blood lactic acid determinations, and occurrence of any
      overstrain by serum testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone and SHBG (sex hormone
      binding globulin) determinations. A control group (Group B) trained
      simultaneously according to a similar programme at sea level. Maximal 150 m
      running speeds increased in Group A significantly during the two weeks at the
      altitude of 1860 m (p less than 0.001). No such increase was observable in Group
      B. Maximal 300 m running speeds and maximal lactic acid concentrations after
      running did not increase significantly in either group. Serum hormone levels did
      not change significantly either, in either group. Training at an altitude of 1860
      m to increase strength and speed significantly improved results at the shorter
      distance of 150 m but had not significant effects on anaerobic capacity or on
      serum testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone or SHBG levels.

PMID- 2402130
TI  - Cardiovascular load in off-shore sailing competition.
AB  - Blood pressure, heart rate, VO2 and lactate accumulation have been measured
      during the hauling of ropes that, in off shore sailing, very often implies MVC
      isometric effort. Measures have been taken alternatively on the boat or in
      laboratory with a boat simulator. It appears that energy output is moderate,
      lactic O2 debt not relevant and blood pressure is maintained quite unchanged due
      to the short duration of isometric effort. Cardiovascular load is therefore not
      heavy and sailing can be enlisted among aerobic recreational exercises.

PMID- 2402131
TI  - Metabolic and cardiorespiratory parameters during three consecutive days of
      exhaustive running.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine serum metabolites, cardiorespiratory
      parameters and creatine kinase during running on 3 consecutive days. Thirteen
      trained marathon runners exercised to exhaustion on a treadmill at 85 +/- 3%
      VO2max on each day. Expired gases and blood samples were obtained at rest, after
      10 and 30 min of exercise and at exhaustion. There were no significant
      differences over days for glucose, insulin, lactate, free fatty acids, creatine
      kinase, oxygen uptake, minute ventilation, heart rate, rating of perceived
      exertion, respiratory exchange ratio or run times. Serum glycerol was elevated (p
      less than 0.05) both at rest and during exercise on each successive day. The
      findings suggested that, except for serum glycerol, acute metabolic and
      cardiorespiratory responses to exhaustive aerobic exercise are not altered by 3
      days daily repetition by endurance trained individuals.

PMID- 2402132
TI  - Effect of anaerobic exercise on serum enzymes of young athletes.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of anaerobic exercise on
      serum enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and
      aspartate aminotransferase (AST) on elite junior male (n = 5) and female (n = 5)
      alpine skiers who ranged in age from 12 to 15 years. An intensive treadmill run
      to exhaustion (10.5 km.hr-1, 20% grade) was performed. Blood samples were drawn
      from the antecubital vein before and 5 min after the exercise. None of the enzyme
      activities had changed after exercise, and the performance time of treadmill run
      (male: 53.0 sec and female: 52.6 sec) was similar between groups but the serum
      CPK activities of the boys were consistently higher than those of the girls and
      the differences were significant (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2402133
TI  - Physiological strain unique to field hockey.
AB  - Unique requirements of field hockey include dribbling the ball and moving quickly
      in a semi-crouched posture. First, the net physiological strain due to dribbling
      was examined. Seven male hockey players completed a 5 min run on the treadmill at
      8 km h-1 and 10 km h-1: subjects also ran at these speeds whilst dribbling a
      hockey ball. Dribbling increased energy expenditure by 15-16 kJ min-1 above that
      observed in normal running. Heart rates and perceived exertion were also
      increased. The posture in dribbling is likely to cause back ache among players:
      53% of respondents (n = 81) reported experience of lower back pain. Finally, the
      shrinkage of spinal length during dribbling was examined. Subjects (n = 7) ran
      for 7 min on the treadmill whilst dribbling a ball. Shrinkage occurred at a rate
      of 0.4 mm min-1, which is greater than previously reported for other activities.
      The peculiar postural requirements of field hockey seem to cause physiological
      strain and spinal loading in excess of orthodox motion.

PMID- 2402134
TI  - Estimation of total oxygen uptake in women during exercise by total heart beats
      and aerobic fitness.
AB  - The present study was performed to find a practical method for estimating total
      O2 uptake (TVO2) of women during exercise based on total heart beats (THB) and
      aerobic fitness level, and examine the influence of the type of exercise on the
      estimation. After 60 observations on 20 female subjects tested by the cycle
      ergometer, the following formula was derived. TVO2 (ml.kg-1) = SR125 X (61.0 X
      mean HR + 2543) X THB X 10(-4), where mean HR is mean heart rate (beats.min-1) in
      exercise, and SR125 is the slope of the regression line between accumulated heart
      beats and accumulated O2 uptake during exercise at 125 beats.min-1 of mean HR.
      SR125 was significantly correlated not only to VO2max but also each score (X) in
      any simple endurance tests, such as the step test for 3 min, yielding a formula,
      SR125 = -0.00115X + 0.3081. Both formulae indicate that the TVO2 of any
      exercising person can be estimated from THB and mean HR when SR125 was determined
      by the simple endurance test. The discrepancy between both TVO2 as estimated by
      our method and measured directly by the Douglas bag method during walking on a
      treadmill was not significant with that during the cycling on an ergometer.
      Accordingly, our method may possibly be used for estimating TVO2 in exercise
      mainly using the leg muscles such as in cycling and walking.

PMID- 2402135
TI  - Some effects of knee angle and foot placement in bicycle ergometer.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine the effect on heart rate, blood pressure and
      RPE on a bicycle ergometer performed with three different ways, i.e. with the
      anterior part of the foot, the posterior part of the foot and at saddle height
      with a knee angle of 120 degrees-125 degrees of submaximal and maximal work load.
      Untrained female (age X = 22 +/- 2.10 years, weight X = 56 +/- 5.4 kg, height X =
      162 +/- 5.25 cm) volunteered as subjects. Heart rate and RPE at work load of 100
      Watts were significantly lower in cycling with anterior part of the foot than
      with posterior part of the foot, while RPE in cycling with the posterior part of
      the foot was significantly lower in comparison to cycling with a knee angle of
      120 degrees-125 degrees. Thirty three subjects were able to complete cycling on
      the load of 125 W with the anterior part of the foot; 28 with the posterior part
      of the foot and 22 with a knee angle of 120 degrees-125 degrees. It was concluded
      that cycling, (a) with the anterior part of the foot and the knee almost fully
      extended, is perceived easier and is more effective; (b) with the posterior part
      of the foot is tiring and ineffective and (c) with a low height of the saddle
      affects muscular work negatively.

PMID- 2402136
TI  - Electromyographic activity of a muscular group in movements specific to boxing.
AB  - The dentate, triceps, deltoid and the middle bundle of the trapezius have been
      studied in two movements specific to boxing in a group of professionals. Analysis
      of results has shown a higher commitment of the trapezius; in the jab
      considerable deltoid activity was evident. In the upper-cut we noticed little
      commitment of the deltoid and triceps, in the jab, little commitment of dentate
      and triceps.

PMID- 2402137
TI  - Aerobic capacity of older adults: a training study.
AB  - The effects of a four month aerobic conditioning program on heart rate, blood
      pressure, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and physical work capacity of 55
      70 year old sedentary individuals were evaluated. Twenty-eight men and women
      participated in either 4 months of supervised fast walking or jogging at a
      prescribed target heart rate or stretching exercises for one hour, three days per
      week. Gains in VO2max (ml/kg/min) obtained during a Balke maximal treadmill test
      in aerobic and exercise control subjects were 27% and 9%, respectively. At
      posttesting subjects in both groups demonstrated improved maximal work rate,
      increased treadmill time, and experienced lower resting and recovery heart rates,
      lower resting systolic blood pressure, and fewer premature ventricular
      depolarizations during exercise testing. In 67 physician-supervised maximal
      exercise tests, only one subject did not achieve VO2max due to exercise induced
      arrhythmias. No events of morbidity or mortality occurred as a result of the
      exercise testing and training. Subjects were contacted 4 years after study
      participation to determine if they were adhering to an exercise program. Sixty
      four percent reported exercising at least 3 days per week in large muscle
      activities. We conclude that four months of supervised aerobic and nonaerobic
      exercise training is sufficient to improve aerobic capacity and other indicators
      of fitness in older, sedentary men and women, and that these previously sedentary
      people are likely to continue exercising on an individual basis once they have
      experienced improved physical capacity.

PMID- 2402138
TI  - Effect of fish oil supplementation and exercise on serum lipids and aerobic
      fitness.
AB  - The effects of fish oil supplementation and exercise were investigated in
      healthy, previously sedentary males, ages 19-34. Thirty-two subjects were
      assigned to four groups: control (C), fish (F), exercise (E), fish and exercise
      (FE). The fish groups consumed 4 g.d-1 of omega-3 fatty acids. The exercise
      groups performed aerobic exercise for one hour three per week. The study was
      conducted for 10 weeks with pre and post values obtained for cholesterol,
      triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, maximal oxygen consumption
      (VO2max), ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT), percent body fat, and dietary
      composition of macronutrients and polyunsaturated to saturated fat (P:S) ratio.
      No significant differences were noted between groups for any of the blood lipid
      values, percent body fat or dietary variables. VO2max and VAT did exhibit
      significant changes among groups. VO2max was greater for the exercise groups (E,
      FE) as compared to the control group (p less than 0.05). E, but not FE, was
      significantly greater than F. VAT was significantly greater in F, E, and FE as
      compared to controls, however the control's VAT decreased slightly. The slight
      improvement, although statistically non-significant, in VO2max and VAT by the F
      group requires further study. This data indicates an improvement in aerobic
      metabolism from aerobic exercise, alone or in combination with fish oil, compared
      to controls.

PMID- 2402139
TI  - The effects of actinidia sinensis planch (kiwi) drink supplementation on athletes
      training in hot environments.
AB  - On the basis of studying the problems and experimental data of athletes training
      in hot environments, we designed an athletic drink choosing actinidia sinensis
      planch (ASP), also known as kiwi fruit, as the basic component, and assessed its
      effects in athletes both at site of training and in the laboratory. The main
      results were as follows: (1) In athletes riding on a Monark ergometer
      (maintaining HR at 150 beat/min), the work time to exhaustion was longer (149 +/-
      3 min vs 120 +/- 1 min), and the work load was larger (947 +/- 36 KJ vs 833 +/-
      28 KJ) when supplementing the ASP drik than when they drank the placebo, P less
      than 0.01) (2) Supplements with the ASP drink expanded the blood volume of
      athletes. Hematocrit increased significantly after exercise in athletes consuming
      placebo, but no significant changes were found in those consuming the ASP drink.
      (3) The ASP drink which contained 5% carbohydrate maintained the blood glucose
      concentration of athletes at a normal level even when training lasted more than
      2.5 hours and without noticeable effect on plasma insulin levels. (4) Supplement
      of small amount of multi-minerals in the ASP drink helped to decrease the mineral
      level changes in serum and sweat after intensive training, but it did not cause
      kaliemia or affect urinary output. (5) Data on urinary vitamin C content
      indicated that the vitamin C status of athletes supplementing the ASP drink
      improved. The ASP drink is not only effective but also fragrant, tasty,
      refreshing and thirst quenching, and it appears to have no side effects.

PMID- 2402140
TI  - The relationship between peak torque and work of the quadriceps and hamstrings
      after knee injury.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship between the
      isometric and isokinetic peak torques (speed of movement 0, 60, 180 deg/sec) and
      the total work output of multiple contractions (180 deg/sec) of the quadriceps
      and hamstrings in 68 patients having seven years earlier a hemarthrotic knee
      injury. At every test speed the Pearson product moment (r) and the Spearman rank
      (rs) correlation coefficients between the peak torque and the total work were
      highly significant (p less than 0.001) for the quadriceps and hamstrings in the
      uninjured (r = 0.74-0.92, rs = 0.75-0.93) as well as in the injured (r = 0.83
      0.93, rs = 0.84-0.92) knees. All correlation coefficients were higher at the
      highest speed (180 deg/sec) of the isokinetic test (r = 0.90-0.93, rs = 0.91
      0.93) than at the other speeds (0 and 60 deg/sec) (r = 0.74-0.88, rs = 0.75-0.89)
      obviously since the total work was registered at that speed. In conclusion, in
      injured or healthy knees the isokinetic total work analysis offers little
      additional information to that attained by more simple measurements, the peak
      torque recordings.

PMID- 2402141
TI  - Anthropometry and knee exertion injuries incurred in a physical training program.
AB  - Factors causing predisposition to knee exertion injuries were sought by means of
      a questionnaire and detailed anthropometric measurements in 39 Finnish Army
      conscripts picked from a random sample of 56 army conscripts. The subjects
      consisted of two groups of 18- to 23-year-old conscripts; Group A comprised 29
      subjects without knee exertion injuries and Group B 10 subjects who had
      experienced knee exertion injuries during the physical training program of the
      first eight weeks of military service. In Group A the physical activity level
      preceding the military service was somewhat higher than in Group B. In Group B
      the skeletal dimensions were longer and the body fat percentage was higher than
      in Group A. We conclude that big size of the subjects predisposed to knee
      exertion injuries during the training program.

PMID- 2402142
TI  - Motor ability and personality with reference to soccer injuries.
AB  - Thirty-seven male soccer players performed a series of motor ability tests and
      answered the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (the 16PF). A past-injury
      examination and interview was performed by a physician and occurrence of injuries
      was followed up prospectively for one year. Stepwise regression analyses revealed
      significant associations between past injuries and long reaction time as well as
      personality factors N (astute) and H (shy). We conclude that both weakness of
      motor abilities, especially long reaction time, and a specific personality type
      may predispose a player to soccer injuries.

PMID- 2402143
TI  - A directed approach to MRI of the athletic knee.
AB  - Surface coil MRI is now frequently utilized to assess acutely injured knees. In
      dedicated athletes, unique considerations exist which modify standard diagnosis
      and therapy. Concrete clinical findings must justify the potential loss of
      livelihood from even a "negative" arthroscopy. Seventeen injured athletes were
      evaluated by an orthopedic surgeon experienced in sports injuries and a
      preliminary localizing diagnosis was rendered, followed by knee MRI. Of 17
      patients with significant injuries, MRI agreed with operative findings or
      clinical follow-up in 15 cases. Knee MRI prompted early intervention in those
      patients with conflicting subjective and/or objective findings. Furthermore, it
      helped direct the arthroscopist's surgical approach and encouraged close
      examination of areas less optimally visualized arthroscopically. MR and
      arthroscopy were complementary modalities in diagnosing certain ligamentous and
      cartilaginous lesions. MR effectively evaluated the cruciate ligaments often
      difficult to visualize by arthroscopy; arthroscopy better assessed articular
      surfaces. A cooperative effort existed between orthopedic surgeon and radiologist
      in directing both the MR study and arthroscopy. This was of particular benefit in
      maximizing scan efficiency in these large individuals who often filled the
      gantry. The team directed approach between orthopedic surgeon and radiologist
      affords deliberate and efficient diagnosis and therapy in this select population.

PMID- 2402144
TI  - Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern with vasa previa.

PMID- 2402145
TI  - Cystic brain lesions in a Haitian man.

PMID- 2402146
TI  - The new Medical Records Act amendment.

PMID- 2402147
TI  - There ain't no justice.

PMID- 2402148
TI  - Tennessee Medical Home Project.

PMID- 2402149
TI  - Expressing concern for the patient without admitting legal liability.

PMID- 2402150
TI  - Power from the people, or, people power-less.

PMID- 2402151
TI  - Parasite diversity and the evolution of diploidy, multicellularity and anisogamy.
AB  - It may be reasonably assumed that a diversity of parasite genotypes in any one
      cell or organism is more harmful than a population of uniform genotypes. If this
      is accepted the following consequences follow: (i) Parasite mixing, due to
      cytoplasm mixing, at the time of zygote formation is a new and additional cost of
      sex. The rapid divisions typical of zygotic cleavage may be viewed as an
      adaptation to minimize the degree of mixing of parasites in each daughter cell.
      The faster the divisions the less chance parasite populations have to grow and
      mix. Mitosis is the fastest form of cell division. Prolongation of the diploid
      phase follows as a consequence of mitosis in a diploid zygote. This view is
      unusual in that it demands no advantage per se to the possession of two
      chromosome sets. (ii) The cells of the blastula formed from rapid zygotic
      divisions are different as regards their symbiotic inclusions. If the right to
      gametogenesis is restricted, then every replicator symbiont and nuclear genome
      alike and hence every cell of the developing embryo, will have an incentive to
      compete. Selection between the clonal blastula cells would result in the cells of
      low parasite diversity forming the gametes. Thus, germ line restriction is in the
      interests of the nuclear genome. Controlling the right to gametogenesis is only
      possible if the blastula remains intact. Hence, multicellularity might have
      evolved so as to enable the limitation of the right to gametogenesis and hence
      reduce the parasite diversity of gametes. Inter-cell competition during
      embryogenesis is central to Buss's seminal notion of the evolution of
      developmental complexity within the metazoa. The above theory provides the
      missing motive force behind such competition. (iii) For a given zygote size, the
      fittest zygotes are those produced by the gametes most disparate in size because
      these have a lower diversity of parasites. This may be the advantage of
      anisogamy. The novelty of this new view of anisogamy is that it puts a premium on
      sperm being very small, in order to exclude parasites from sperm cytoplasm. The
      hypothesis is briefly tested by examining if there are alternative means of
      parasite limitation in organisms with large gametes.

PMID- 2402152
TI  - Sexual selection unhandicapped by the Fisher process.
AB  - A population genetic model of sexual selection is constructed in which, at
      equilibrium, males signal their quality by developing costly ornaments, and
      females pay costs to use the ornaments in mate choice. It is shown that the form
      of the equilibrium is uninfluenced by the Fisher process, that is, by self
      reinforcement of female preferences. This is a working model of the handicap
      principle applied to sexual selection, and places Zahavi's handicap principle on
      the same logical footing as the Fisher process, in that each can support sexual
      selection without the presence of the other. A way of measuring the relative
      importance of the two processes is suggested that can be applied to both theories
      and facts. A style of modelling that allows simple genetics and complicated
      biology to be combined is recommended.

PMID- 2402153
TI  - Biological signals as handicaps.
AB  - An ESS model of Zahavi's handicap principle is constructed. This allows a formal
      exposition of how the handicap principle works, and shows that its essential
      elements are strategic. The handicap model is about signalling, and it is proved
      under fairly general conditions that if the handicap principle's conditions are
      met, then an evolutionarily stable signalling equilibrium exists in a biological
      signalling system, and that any signalling equilibrium satisfies the conditions
      of the handicap principle. Zahavi's major claims for the handicap principle are
      thus vindicated. The place of cheating is discussed in view of the honesty that
      follows from the handicap principle. Parallel signalling models in economics are
      discussed. Interpretations of the handicap principle are compared. The models are
      not fully explicit about how females use information about male quality, and,
      less seriously, have no genetics. A companion paper remedies both defects in a
      model of the handicap principle at work in sexual selection.

PMID- 2402154
TI  - A model of morphogenetic pattern formation.
AB  - A model for the morphogenetic movement of surfaces composed of cellular
      monolayers is proposed. The cells are presumed joined at their lateral surfaces.
      An otherwise unspecified substance called a "morphogen" is introduced which is
      the agent of change in the individual cell (or cell-like region). The
      distribution of these cellular deformations define a surface (the middle surface,
      through the middle of the cell heights) via equations given for the Gauss and
      Mean curvatures of the surface defined at each point. The Gauss curvature as a
      function of the morphogen level determines the metric of the surface "g(u, v)" in
      conformal co-ordinates u, v. A unique equation for the morphogen distribution
      over the survace is presented which has the property of size invariance, that is,
      the model "regulates" without need of further arguments. The two resulting
      coupled equations for the metric and the morphogen, eqns (4) and (2), both non
      linear equations, are to be solved self-consistently, once the individual cell
      deformation as a function of morphogen is given. The surface geometry determines
      the morphogen distribution, and the morphogen distribution in turn affects the
      surface geometry. Extension of the model to two or more morphogens is
      straightforward, and the key property of "regulation" or size invariance of the
      model is retained. Numerical integration of the two coupled equations is carried
      out in the case of axial symmetry, and the results presented by the case that
      individual cells deform by changing the ratio of their apical to basal areas, as
      well as their heights. Gastrulation in small regulating holoblastic eggs (e.g.
      starfish, sea urchin and amphioxus) is discussed in light of the present model.

PMID- 2402155
TI  - A unified discrete model of immune response.
AB  - In this paper we propose a unified model of immune response in terms of discrete
      automata describing the concentrations of the cells constituting the immune
      network. The model of normal immune response proposed by Kaufman, Urbain and
      Thomas and that of auto-immune response proposed by Weisbuch, Atlan and Cohen are
      special cases of this unified model. Moreover, this model also describes the
      immune response in patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),
      the virus that is known to cause Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

PMID- 2402156
TI  - Chaos in multi-looped negative feedback systems.
AB  - Non-linear control systems with multiple negative feedback loops display
      periodicity, quasiperiodicity and period-doubling bifurcations leading to chaos.
      The possibility that normal fluctuations in physiological control may result from
      deterministic chaos in multi-looped negative feedback systems is discussed.

PMID- 2402157
TI  - Theoretical computation of phase locking in embryonic atrial heart cell
      aggregates.
AB  - The effects of periodic stimulation of spontaneously beating aggregates of chick
      atrial heart cells are considered. Provided the effects of a single stimulus do
      not change the properties of the oscillation, and that the oscillation is re
      established rapidly following a stimulus, this system can be modeled by one
      dimensional finite difference equations. These equations employ experimentally
      generated phase resetting data that describe the effects of a single isolated
      stimulus at different phases of the oscillation. A complete analysis of the
      predicted dynamics is given over a broad range of stimulation frequencies and
      amplitudes. Prominent features of the dynamics include phase locking,
      bistability, chaos, and disappearance of Arnold tongues at large stimulation
      amplitudes. The fine details of the bifurcations are sensitive to properties of
      the phase resetting curves, and consequently, the observed bifurcations are not
      expected to be "universal" for larger stimulation amplitudes. Experimental traces
      show many correspondences with theoretical computations.

PMID- 2402158
TI  - Enhanced polymerization of polar macromolecules by an applied electric field with
      application to mitosis.
AB  - Numerous cellular processes are characterized by the rapid polymerization of
      protein molecules to form rod-like structures. Examples include the formation of
      spindle fibers from tubulin during cell division and the polymerization of actin
      into the actin filaments of the pseudopod in chemotaxis. It has been proposed
      that these proteins possess an electric dipole moment and that the onset of an
      internal electric field triggers polymerization. In this theoretical study, the
      relative probability of polymerization of a polar protein species is calculated
      in the presence and absence of an electric field. There is a significant
      enhancement of polymerization in the presence of an electric field, which
      increases as the size of the attachment site decreases. We conclude that a
      cytoplasmic pool of suitable proteins will rapidly polymerize if an electric
      field is applied, while remaining in a random configuration in the absence of a
      field. This mechanism is applied to the mitotic spindle structure, and by
      assuming that the spindle poles become oppositely charged during mitosis, a
      finite difference method is used to calculate the spindle structure at metaphase.
      Good agreement is obtained with experiment data.

PMID- 2402159
TI  - Utilization trends and risk factors for hospitalization in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - A population-based prevalence cohort of 1,111 residents of Rochester, Minnesota,
      who had diabetes mellitus on Jan. 1, 1975, was subjected to follow-up assessment
      for hospitalizations through Dec. 31, 1980. On the basis of these data,
      hospitalization rates were calculated for various clinical types of diabetes, and
      a risk factor analysis was done for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (NIDDM) to identify high-risk persons for subsequent intervention studies. The
      adjusted incidence density of hospitalization was 141.6 per 1,000 person-years
      for NIDDM and 331.3 per 1,000 person-years for insulin-dependent diabetes.
      Although the modeled clinical characteristics accounted for little variability in
      NIDDM-related hospitalization, age modified by the effect of gender was the
      strongest risk factor found (multivariate hazard ratios: 1.0 and 1.43,
      respectively, for male and female patients younger than 65 years old; 1.88 and
      1.83, respectively, for male and female patients 65 years old or older); coronary
      heart disease, diabetic retinopathy, and persistent proteinuria were associated
      with a 50% increased risk. Although older patients with NIDDM (especially men)
      are at greatest risk for a first hospitalization, clinical factors alone seem
      inadequate to account for these hospitalizations. The effect of Medicare's
      prospective payment systems (PPS) was studied by using a data base for Olmsted
      County, Minnesota, to determine whether PPS decreased the rate of
      hospitalizations among patients with diabetes. Among Olmsted County residents 65
      years of age or older, the adjusted rate of diabetes-associated hospitalizations
      decreased from 26.5 per 1,000 person-years in 1980 to 16.7 in 1985, whereas the
      adjusted rate of all other hospitalizations increased from 259.5 per 1,000 person
      years to 261.9. Thus, PPS may have reduced hospitalization rates in elderly
      patients with diabetes.

PMID- 2402160
TI  - Effects of referral bias on surgical outcomes: a population-based study of
      surgical patients 90 years of age or older.
AB  - During the 11-year period 1975 through 1985, 1,063 surgical procedures were
      performed on 795 Mayo Clinic patients 90 years of age or older. Preoperative
      conditions, surgical setting, and perioperative morbidity and mortality were
      analyzed in a comparison of the local residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota (N =
      224), with patients from outside the county but within 250 miles (N = 456) or
      referrals from a distance of 250 miles or further (N = 115). In comparison with
      non-Olmsted County patients, Olmsted County patients were generally older, had
      more preoperative chronic diseases, and underwent more emergency operations.
      Patients who had traveled 250 miles or more to the Mayo Clinic were more likely
      to be men and referred for cancer-related surgical procedures. The risks of major
      morbidity and mortality within 48 hours postoperatively were increased in
      patients with more preoperative chronic diseases and those undergoing emergency
      procedures, characteristics most common in Olmsted County patients. Because of
      differences in these factors between groups, perioperative risks averaged over
      our entire patient series underestimated risks that would be expected from a
      population-based cohort such as Olmsted County residents. In general, data from
      tertiary medical centers probably do not accurately reflect overall practice or
      outcomes in community settings.

PMID- 2402161
TI  - Idiopathic symptomatic osteoarthritis of the hip and knee: a population-based
      incidence study.
AB  - We identified all residents of Rochester, Minnesota, who sought medical
      assistance for the first time in 1985 because of symptomatic osteoarthritis of
      the hip or knee that was unrelated to a specific disease. Of these residents, 98
      (59 women and 39 men) had 122 symptomatic joints (95 knees and 27 hips), for age-
      and sex-adjusted incidence rates of 205 new patients and 255 newly affected
      joints per 100,000 person-years. The incidence of osteoarthritis of the hip was
      greater in women than in men, whereas the sex ratio for occurrence of
      osteoarthritis of the knee approached unity. Rates at both sites increased
      steadily with aging in men but plateaued after the menopause in women; similar
      patterns were seen whether or not grade 1 disease was included. Projected
      nationally, these first population-based data indicate that as many as
      approximately half a million new symptomatic cases of idiopathic osteoarthritis
      of the knee and hip may arise annually in the white population of the United
      States. With increasing longevity, osteoarthritis may exact an even greater toll
      in the future.

PMID- 2402162
TI  - Referral bias in elderly patients.

PMID- 2402163
TI  - Helicobacter pylori, peptic ulcer, and cimetidine.

PMID- 2402164
TI  - Catheter-related infections.

PMID- 2402165
TI  - Enhancement of anti-influenza cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity in senescent mice
      by vaccination early in life.
AB  - The elderly suffer significantly from influenza and respond poorly to influenza
      vaccines. This may be due to the fact that cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity
      is responsible for recovery from viral infections and is decreased in the
      elderly. We hypothesized that vaccination early in life might increase activity
      in senescence. To test this, groups of BALB/c mice were infected with influenza
      virus and/or vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine. CTL activity was measured by
      51Cr release from H1N1-infected P815 cells. We found that aged mice have low CTL
      activity when initially vaccinated at 22 months (4 +/- 4% vs. 23 +/- 6% for
      vaccinated young mice). However, CTL activity was significantly increased when
      animals were initially vaccinated when young and then re-vaccinated when old (28
      +/- 10% vs. 13 +/- 17% for mice vaccinated twice in old age). We next measured
      CTL activity in response to infection. We found a very high level of activity (57
      +/- 11%) in animals vaccinated at 1.5 months and then infected at 23 months. This
      was indistinguishable from young controls (56 +/- 7%). These data suggest that
      primary inoculation at an early age induces a relatively larger number of
      precursor CTLs than does inoculation in senescence.

PMID- 2402166
TI  - Increased glycation and pigmentation of collagen in aged and young parabiotic
      rats and mice.
AB  - Changes of non-enzymatic collagen glycosylation were followed in 2- and 24-month
      old rats and mice and in parabiotic animals of the same age. With advancing age
      increased glycation of collagen was observed in both old male Wistar rats and
      white mice. Further it was demonstrated that both aortal and skin collagen of
      young animals is rapidly non-enzymatically glycosylated in the common milieu
      created by parabiotic animals and the proportion of non-enzymatically
      incorporated glucose approaches in the young counterparts the level found in old
      individuals. Similar trends as with non-enzymatic glycosylation were found with a
      fluorescent (370/440 nm) product present in both categories of collagen
      preparations. This fluorescence was higher in old animals and was considerably
      increased in the young counterpart of the parabiotic couple 6 weeks after
      operation. The nature of the fluorescent product appears different from
      pyridinoline and remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2402167
TI  - Effects of ethanol on microsomal drug metabolism in aging female rats. III. In
      vivo.
AB  - The effects of aging on ethanol inhibition of zoxazolamine metabolism in vitro
      and in vivo were studied in female Fischer 344 rats aged 4, 14 and 26 months.
      Zoxazolamine hydroxylase activity in freshly-isolated liver microsomes decreased
      significantly with age (1.88 +/- 0.32, 1.49 +/- 0.30 and 0.74 +/- 0.18 nmol/min
      per mg protein in young-adult, middle-aged and old rats, respectively). A
      substantial inhibition of zoxazolamine hydroxylation occurred in the presence of
      40 mM ethanol. The extent of inhibition was the same in microsomes from all three
      age groups. The effect of aging on the duration of zoxazolamine paralysis in vivo
      reflected the effect of aging on zoxazolamine metabolism in vitro. Mean duration
      of paralysis following a standard 50 mg/kg dose of zoxazolamine increased
      significantly as a function of aging (0.5, 2.9 and 4.7 h in young-adult, middle
      aged and old rats, respectively). Administration of ethanol (1.2 g/kg) 10 min
      before zoxazolamine treatment prolonged the duration of zoxazolamine paralysis in
      young-adult and middle-aged rats by about 2 to 2.5 h, but ethanol pretreatment
      did not affect paralysis time in old rats. Thus, the inhibitory effect of ethanol
      on zoxazolamine metabolism in vivo appeared to be attenuated in old age.

PMID- 2402168
TI  - Effects of intermittent feeding upon body weight and lifespan in inbred mice:
      interaction of genotype and age.
AB  - Beginning at either 1.5, 6 or 10 months of age, male mice from the A/J and
      C57BL/6J strains and their F1 hybrid, B6AF1/J were fed a diet (4.2 kcal/g) either
      ad libitum every day or in a restricted fashion by ad libitum feeding every other
      day. Relative to estimates for ad libitum controls, the body weights of the
      intermittently-fed restricted C57BL/6J and hybrid mice were reduced and mean and
      maximum life span were incremented when the every-other-day regimen was initiated
      at 1.5 or 6 months of age. When every-other-day feeding was introduced at 10
      months of age, again both these genotypes lost body weight relative to controls;
      however, mean life span was not significantly affected although maximum life span
      was increased. Among A/J mice, intermittent feeding did not reduce body weight
      relative to ad libitum controls when introduced at 1.5 or 10 months of age;
      however, this treatment did increase mean and maximum life span when begun at 1.5
      months, while it decreased mean and maximum life span when begun at 10 months.
      When restricted feeding was introduced to this genotype at 6 months of age, body
      weight reduction compared to control values was apparent at some ages, but the
      treatment had no significant effects on mean or maximum life span. These results
      illustrate that the effects of particular regimens of dietary restriction on body
      weight and life span are greatly dependent upon the genotype and age of
      initiation. Moreover, when examining the relationship of body weight to life span
      both between and within the various groups, it was clear that the complexity of
      this relationship made it difficult to predict that lower body weight would
      induce life span increment.

PMID- 2402169
TI  - Relationship of reproductive success and median longevity to food intake, in the
      captive female spider Frontinella pyramitela.
AB  - Two biological phenomena (prolongation of life span with dietary restriction, and
      life shortening with reproductive activity) have been described in several
      species but treated separately. For captive female bowl and doily spiders
      (Frontinella pyramitela), data reported by Austad were analyzed in terms of food
      consumed. "Reproductive success" was defined; its rate of change could be
      directly equated to food intake. To describe life span, the specific rate of
      change of median longevity was noted to be negatively proportional to the
      specific rate of change of food intake. Both reproductive success and changes in
      median longevity are coupled to food intake in these female spiders, and can be
      described by quantitative expressions.

PMID- 2402170
TI  - Severity of illness measures. Comments and caveats.

PMID- 2402171
TI  - Predicting in-hospital survival of myocardial infarction. A comparative study of
      various severity measures.
AB  - This study reports on the ability of several indices to predict in-hospital
      survival from acute myocardial infarction. The following indices were included:
      Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II), Medisgroups
      (MDGRP), Computerized Severity Index (CSI), Patient Management Categories (PMC),
      Coded Disease Staging (CDS), Ischemic Heart Disease Index (IHDI), and Predictive
      Index for Myocardial Infarction (PIMI). An arbitrary strategy of predicting that
      all patients will live was also applied and correctly classified 78% of the
      cases. Severity indices improve these predictions by up to 6% more. Comparison of
      relative accuracy of the indices showed that all indices were more accurate than
      PIMI and, for medically treated patients, CSI was more accurate than MDGRP, CDS,
      APACHE II, and IHDI. There were no other statistically significant difference in
      the predictive ability of remaining indices. Indices based on discharge abstracts
      were as accurate as some of the indices based on physiologic variables, in
      particular PMC was as accurate as CSI, MDGRP, APACHE, and IHDI, and CDS was as
      accurate as MDGRP, APACHE, and IHDI. This study was limited in scope and
      application and should not be generalized to other settings until additional data
      confirm the findings. We discuss the implications of these findings for measuring
      quality of care and suggest improvements for design of future severity indices.

PMID- 2402172
TI  - The effect of a second opinion program on hysterectomy performance.
AB  - Large regional variations in hysterectomy rates cannot be explained by
      gynecologic need alone, giving rise to concerns about unnecessary surgery. This
      study's population consists of women insured through a major insurance carrier in
      1987 who were required to obtain a second opinion for an elective hysterectomy.
      Of the 1,698 women referred for a second opinion for a proposed hysterectomy, 135
      (8.0%) were not confirmed for the surgery and a random sample of these women were
      selected for this study. While confirmation rates did not vary significantly
      among regions, surgical rates did. Women in the Northeast tended NOT to have
      surgery when not confirmed; women in the South and North Central regions who were
      not confirmed tended to have surgery. Among these women, some hysterectomies were
      performed for questionable reasons, i.e., symptoms did not warrant surgical
      intervention, no pathologic justification, or conservative treatment preferable.

PMID- 2402173
TI  - Managing scarce services. A waiting list approach to cardiac catheterization.
AB  - Relatively little attention has been directed to the provision of health care
      services when demand exceeds availability. Since "waiting lists" are
      characteristic of the delivery of cardiovascular services in Manitoba, we
      hypothesized that the highest priority would be given to cases with the greatest
      urgency. This study examined the waiting lists for cardiac catheterization in one
      of two tertiary health care facilities offering comprehensive cardiovascular care
      to a population of slightly more than one million persons. Hospital records of
      all patients undergoing cardiac catheterization from May 1981 through December
      1982 were abstracted retrospectively. For 871 patients entering a catheterization
      laboratory by two different routes (Elective Care, N = 557; Immediate Care, N =
      314), patient need for immediate catheterization was assessed. Clinical
      differences between patients in the two groups were striking. Immediate Care
      patients more frequently had acute congestive heart failure, prior aortic valve
      surgery, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Immediate Care patients were
      most frequently in Class 4 of the NYHA functional classification and were more
      often treated with triple medical therapy. These clinically ill individuals were
      more likely to enter the hospital via the Emergency Room; they were more likely
      to have long hospital stays and to die in hospital. As implemented in one
      Manitoba hospital, the waiting list process appears to have worked fairly well;
      cardiac arrest, acute myocardial infarction, and death among patients waiting for
      catheterization were all rare events. Both those patients needing immediate care
      and those who could wait with a low probability of a poor outcome were
      successfully identified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402174
TI  - The impact of psychologic factors on measurement of functional status. Assessment
      of the sickness impact profile.
AB  - In this study the relationship between four psychologic health constructs
      (depression, anxiety, patient response bias, and hostility) and the Sickness
      Impact Profile (SIP) measurement of functional status was evaluated. The SIP,
      Carroll Depression Rating Scale (CDRS); and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
      Inventory (MMPI) were administered to 332 patients hospitalized for treatment of
      combined medical and psychiatric problems. Pearson's product-moment correlation
      was high between CDRS and SIP Total score (r = 0.67) and between CDRS and SIP
      Psychosocial subscale (r = 0.72); correlation was lower between CDRS and SIP
      Physical subscale (r = 0.44). Six MMPI scales (depression, anxiety,
      psychasthenia, lie, K, hostility) correlated with SIP Total score (r = 0.18 to
      0.50), with SIP Psychosocial score (r = 0.28 to 0.65) and less well with SIP
      Physical subscale (r = 0.07 to 0.25). Factor analysis of the SIP categories
      showed two factors with eigenvalues greater than 1. Promax factor rotation showed
      all SIP Psychosocial categories and all measured psychologic variables loaded
      most heavily on factor 1. SIP Physical categories loaded most heavily on factor
      2. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that psychologic variables
      account for 49% of the SIP total variance, 62% of SIP Psychosocial subscale
      variance, but only 19% of SIP Physical subscale variance. The CDRS accounts for
      the major portion of the explained variance with only minor additional
      contributions from the MMPI scales. We conclude that 1) the SIP discriminates
      psychosocial and physical dysfunction even in medical patients with extensive
      psychiatric comorbidity; 2) the SIP measures at least two dimensions of health,
      one of which is strongly related to depression; and 3) constructs measured by
      MMPI scales do not have substantial independent contribution to SIP variance.

PMID- 2402175
TI  - Factors affecting the use of medical, mental health, alcohol, and drug treatment
      services by homeless adults.
AB  - This study describes use of medical, mental health, alcohol, and drug services by
      832 adult residents of the New York City homeless shelter system and examines
      associations between service use during the past three months and an array of
      predisposing, enabling, and need factors. Utilization rates were 23% for medical
      services, 13% for mental health services, and 10 and 7.5% for alcohol and drug
      treatment services, respectively. Service contacts were more often hospitals than
      ambulatory care clinics. Logistic regression analyses revealed that need factors
      were stronger predictors of all four types of service use. Predisposing factors
      other than education and black ethnic status were not significant, and the
      enabling factor of enrollment in Medicaid and/or Medicare was significant only
      for use of medical and drug services. Among the need factors, measures of mental
      health status were analyzed as indices of distress to test a stress-utilization
      model of prediction for all four types of service use. While these measures did
      not predict use of nonmental health services, physical health problems were
      associated with use of all four types of services. Implications for future health
      services research and for service delivery to the homeless are discussed,
      including the need for more information on availability of services and on
      psychosocial and cultural characteristics of homeless persons that may affect
      their help-seeking behavior.

PMID- 2402176
TI  - Phosphorylant capacity study and lactate mitochondrial oxidation in frozen bovine
      sperm.
AB  - Frozen-stored bovine sperm-pellets of proven fertility were used, and the
      response to respiratory chain effectors was studied, thus demonstrating the
      energy conservation capacity. It was further observed that the assayed
      suspensions used lactate oxidatively, which proves the LDH-X mitochondrial
      activity (the presence of oxidative substrates is fundamental in capacitation and
      acrosome reaction processes). The suspensions were treated with 10mM phosphate
      buffer hypotonic medium to eliminate plasmalema and cytoplasmic content. Lactate
      respiration was sensitive to respiratory chain effectors, such as oligomycin and
      antimycin. To evaluate the LDH-X contribution to mitochondrial respiration,
      lipoate dehydrogenase was inhibited through 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid
      (MICA) in the presence of pyruvate-malate and citrate-malate, obtaining with the
      addition of lactate, oxygen uptakes of 18% and 51% with respect to respiration
      with the mentioned substrates. In the MICA dose-effect curve, a major sensitivity
      to inhibitor in active state mitochondrial respiration is obtained when pyruvate
      malate is used. Lactate competence with pyruvate by mitochondrial LDH-X was
      observed. The results obtained would allow the thorough study of the necessity of
      oxidative energy in the capacitation and fertilization processes, and of the LDH
      X role in frozen-stored bovine sperm.

PMID- 2402177
TI  - Changes in oxytocin and vasopressin content in posterior pituitary and
      hypothalamus following pantethine treatment.
AB  - Pantethine, a cysteamine precursor, depletes somatostatin in the cerebral cortex
      and hypothalamus and prolactin in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus. This
      study investigated the effect of pantethine on oxytocin and arginine vasopressin
      content in the posterior pituitary and hypothalamus. Male Long-Evans rats were
      injected intraperitoneally with escalating doses of pantethine (i.e., 146.7 mg,
      293.4 mg and 586.6 mg/100 gm body weight). Hormone content was determined by
      radioimmunoassay. Three hours after pantethine treatment, the oxytocin content in
      the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus was markedly reduced with all doses
      of the drug. Vasopressin content in the posterior pituitary and hypothalamus was
      decreased but to a lesser extent than oxytocin and only with the highest dose of
      pantethine. Pantethine may act to reduce oxytocin and vasopressin content through
      intracellular conversion to cysteamine. The exact mechanism of action of
      pantethine on oxytocin and vasopressin remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2402178
TI  - Effects of chronic lithium administration on brain weights, acetylcholinesterase
      activity and learning ability in rats.
AB  - In order to test the effects of chronic lithium (Li) administration on learning
      and memory, 21 day old rats were subjected to different degrees of environmental
      stimulation (enriched condition, EC and impoverished condition, IC) with and
      without Li for 144 days. Li was administered with food (2.18 mEq/Kg weight/day).
      Average plasma Li concentration at the end of the experiment was 0.41 +/- 0.04 mu
      Eq/ml. Both Li treatment and the environmental condition showed an overall
      significant effect on the cortex/subcortex weight ratio and learning ability
      index, but not on AChE activity in occipital cortex. A similar pattern of brain
      Li distribution was observed in both EC-Li and IC-Li, with occipital cortex
      having the highest levels. Li tissue/protein/plasma ratio was higher in EC than
      in IC, in all the brain areas studied. Other organs (liver and kidney) did not
      show EC-IC differences in the tissue/protein/plasma Li ratio.

PMID- 2402179
TI  - Characterization of sulpiride-displaceable 3H-YM-09151-2 binding sites in rat
      frontal cortex and the effects of subchronic treatment with haloperidol on
      cortical D-2 dopamine receptors.
AB  - We investigated the pharmacological properties of the sulpiride-displaceable
      binding sites labeled by 3H-YM-09151-2 in rat frontal cortex, compared to those
      in striatum. The IC50 value of ketanserin was 486 nM, which was apparently
      different from its affinity for the 5HT-2 receptor. Various dopamine antagonists
      showed almost the same inhibitory effects for binding site in frontal cortex and
      striatum. Sulpiride-displaceable 3H-YM-09151-2 binding sites were considered to
      be D-2 dopamine receptors. After subchronic treatment with haloperidol, the D-2
      receptor density of frontal cortex (0.55 fmol/mg tissue) increased to the same
      extent (about 25%) as striatum without significant change in apparent affinity.

PMID- 2402180
TI  - Effects of dietary caffeine on renal handling of minerals in adult women.
AB  - Thirty-seven women, aged 31-78 years, on two separate mornings consumed a
      decaffeinated beverage to which 6 mg caffeine/kg lean body mass or no caffeine
      were added. Total urine output of water, calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride,
      potassium and creatinine increased in the two hours following caffeine ingestion
      when compared to the control beverage. Increased urinary mineral (mg)/urinary
      creatinine (g) ratios were seen for calcium (120 to 200), magnesium (70 to 110),
      sodium (3,800 to 6,200) and chloride (9,200 to 14,800), following the caffeinated
      beverage. Creatinine clearance did not change significantly. The percent
      reabsorption of calcium (98.6% to 97.5%, p less than .001) and magnesium (97.0%
      to 94.2%, p less than .0001) decreased significantly during the post-caffeine
      period. The calcium and magnesium filtered loads did not differ significantly
      between the caffeine and no caffeine beverages. Therefore, caffeine-induced
      urinary loss of calcium and magnesium is largely attributable to a reduction in
      calcium and magnesium renal reabsorption, although the physiological mechanism
      and tubular segment affected remain to be established.

PMID- 2402181
TI  - Effect of a platelet activating factor antagonist (CV6209) on shock caused by
      temporary hepatic inflow occlusion.
AB  - Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a newly discovered inflammatory chemical
      mediator, which was reported to play a pivotal role in various types of shock.
      There is also a great possibility that PAF plays an important role in the shock
      caused by hepatic inflow occlusion. In the present study, the effect of CV6209, a
      PAF antagonist, on the shock caused by the occlusion was investigated.
      Intravenous 3 micrograms/kg of PAF caused hypotension in Wistar rats (n=6), and
      pretreatment with intravenous 3 mg/kg of CV6209 significantly (p less than 0.01)
      prevented the hypotension (n=6). Forty-five minutes of hepatic inflow occlusion
      caused hypotension in rats during the occlusion period, and the hypotension
      continued even after restoration of blood flow in control group (pretreated with
      saline i.v. only, n=5). In contrast, this hypotension was significantly (p less
      than 0.01) reversed in PAF antagonist group (pretreated with 3 mg/kg of CV6209
      i.v., n=5). In sham-operated rats (n=6), arterial pressure remained unchanged and
      not hypotensive during the monitoring period. The survival rate of rats 90
      minutes after declamp was 30% in control group (n=20), and that was significantly
      (p less than 0.05) improved to be 65% in PAF antagonist group (n=20). In
      conclusion, PAF plays an important role in the shock and death caused by
      temporary hepatic inflow occlusion, and a PAF antagonist could be a therapeutic
      drug against temporary hepatic inflow occlusion.

PMID- 2402182
TI  - Morphine-3-glucuronide--a potent antagonist of morphine analgesia.
AB  - In this study, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), the major plasma and urinary
      metabolite of morphine, was shown to be a potent antagonist of morphine analgesia
      when administered to rats by the intra-cerebroventricular (i.c.v.) route. The
      antagonism of morphine analgesia was observed irrespective of whether i.c.v. M3G
      (2.5 or 3.0 micrograms) was administered 15 mins prior to or 15 mins after i.c.v.
      morphine (20 micrograms). When M3G (10mg) was administered intraperitoneally
      (i.p.) to rats 30-40 mins prior to morphine (1.5mg i.p.), the analgesic response
      was significantly reduced compared to administration of morphine (1.5mg i.p.)
      alone. It was further demonstrated that i.c.v. M3G (2.0 micrograms) antagonized
      the analgesic effects of subsequently administered i.c.v. morphine-6-glucuronide
      (0.25 micrograms).

PMID- 2402183
TI  - Neuropeptides as modulators of injury and inflammation.

PMID- 2402184
TI  - Hyperthermic and anorectic effects of oxazolidines derived from L-ephedrine in
      rats.
AB  - Oxazolidines synthesized from (-) ephedrine have been proposed as potential pro
      drugs, but no pharmacological data on these compounds has been yet reported. In
      this study, four such compounds are tested in rats for ephedrine-like activity
      using the hyperthermia and anorexia models. The compounds were synthesized by
      reaction of (-) ephedrine with salicylaldehyde, acetone, cyclohexanone, and
      benzaldehyde, respectively. The results showed that all of the compounds
      decreased food intake significantly, but only the acetone and the salicylaldehyde
      derivatives caused a significant elevation of body temperature. All of the
      compounds were less effective than (-) ephedrine in the anorexia model. The
      acetone and salicylaldehyde derivatives showed similar potency to (-) ephedrine
      in the hyperthermia model.

PMID- 2402185
TI  - Identification of three muscarinic receptor subtypes in rat lung using binding
      studies with selective antagonists.
AB  - Heterogeneity of the muscarinic receptor population in the rat central and
      peripheral lung was found in competition binding experiments against
      [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate [( 3H]QNB) using the selective antagonists
      pirenzepine, AF-DX 116 and hexahydrosiladifenidol (HHSiD). Pirenzepine displaced
      [3H]QNB with low affinity from preparations of central airways indicating the
      absence of M1 receptors in the trachea and bronchi. Muscarinic receptors in the
      central airways are comprised of both M2 and M3 receptors since AF-DX 116, an M2
      selective antagonist, bound with high affinity to 70% of the available sites
      while HHSiD, an M3-selective antagonist bound with high affinity to the remaining
      binding sites. In the peripheral lung, pirenzepine bound with high affinity to
      14% of the receptor population, AF-DX 116 bound with high affinity to 79% of the
      binding sites while HHSiD bound with high affinity to 18% of the binding sites.
      The presence of M1 receptors in the peripheral airways but not in the central
      airways was confirmed using [3H]telenzepine, an M1 receptor ligand.
      [3H]Telenzepine showed specific saturable binding to 8% of [3H]QNB labeled
      binding sites in homogenates of rat peripheral lung, while there was no
      detectable specific binding in homogenates of rat trachea or heart. The results
      presented here demonstrate that there are three muscarinic receptor subtypes in
      rat lungs, and that the distribution of the different subtypes varies within the
      lungs. Throughout the airways, the dominant muscarinic receptor subtype is M2. In
      the trachea and bronchi the remaining receptors are M3, while in the peripheral
      lungs, the remaining receptors are both M1 and M3.

PMID- 2402186
TI  - Plasma dopamine response to sympathetic activation in man: a biphasic pattern.
AB  - We studied the plasma catecholamine response to standing and bicycle ergometric
      tests in 16 normal male subjects. During the standing test (performed in 10
      subjects), we observed an early increase in plasma dopamine together with the
      fast increase in norepinephrine values; in the second half of this test (i.e.
      from 5 to 10 min of standing), we observed an increase in plasma dopamine levels.
      During the ergometric test (performed in 6 subjects), we observed a plasma
      dopamine increase at the maximal exercise; this persisted during the early
      recumbent recovery phase (6 min), despite the clear-cut decrease of both
      norepinephrine and epinephrine plasma levels. Our data are not in agreement with
      previous papers describing a simple increase in plasma dopamine after
      stimulation. This paper provides no informations regarding the mechanisms of this
      response of plasma dopamine. Other approaches must be used to study this aspect
      more directly.

PMID- 2402187
TI  - Elevated levels of serum dolichol in aspartylglucosaminuria.
AB  - Slightly elevated serum dolichol levels have so far been demonstrated only in
      alcoholics. We now report two diseases with exceptionally high serum dolichol
      levels. They are autosomal, recessively inherited lysosomal storage diseases,
      aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU) and mannosidosis. In 16 patients with AGU the mean
      serum level of total dolichols (457 +/- 43 ng/ml) was more than two-fold when
      compared to healthy controls (170 +/- 4 ng/ml). In two patients with mannosidosis
      the levels were almost two-fold. The percentage distribution of the dolichol
      homologues with 18, 19 or 20 isoprene units did not differ between the patients
      and controls. The inclusion of an additional control group excluded the possible
      influence of mental retardation and imparied moving ability on the results.
      Elevated serum dolichols in patients with lysosomal storage diseases may reflect
      a disturbance in lysosomal function and serve as a diagnostic marker. The
      biochemical mechanisms leading to this phenomenon remain to be established.

PMID- 2402188
TI  - Difference in effects of sodium fluoride and cholecystokinin on diacylglycerol
      accumulation and calcium increase in guinea pig gastric chief cells.
AB  - In isolated guinea pig gastric chief cells, sodium fluoride (NaF) stimulated a
      monophasic increase in diacylglycerol accumulation, while cholecystokinin (CCK)
      strongly stimulated its biphasic accumulation. NaF evoked an increase in initial
      Ca2+ influx rate with a slow increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration [(
      Ca2+]i), while CCK stimulated a rapid increase in [Ca2+]i followed by a late
      sustained phase of the [Ca2+]i increase. Lanthanum chloride (La3+) effectively
      blocked NaF-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i, but it blocked only CCK-stimulated
      late sustained phase of [Ca2+]i increase. The effect of NaF on pepsinogen
      secretion was enhanced in the presence of 100 microM AlCl3. Furthermore,
      pertussis toxin did not affect NaF-evoked diacylglycerol accumulation at all.
      These results suggest that NaF may activate a pertussis-toxin insensitive guanine
      nucleotide regulatory protein (G protein) coupled to a signal transducing
      mechanism which seems to be distinct from that activated by CCK, thereby inducing
      increases in diacylglycerol accumulation, Ca2+ influx and pepsinogen secretion in
      guinea pig gastric chief cells.

PMID- 2402189
TI  - ATP-regulated neuronal catecholamine uptake: a new mechanism.
AB  - Uptake of the catecholamines (CA), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) into
      synaptosomes prepared from rat and bovine brains was potentiated by ATP (from 0.1
      to 5.0 mM) in a dose-dependent manner. Other nucleotides, particularly the
      nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs beta,gamma-imidoadenosine-5'-triphosphate (AMP-PNP)
      and beta,gamma-methyladenosine-5'-triphosphate (AMP-PCP) also potentiated [3H]DA
      and [3H]NE uptake. Several endogenous 5'-nucleotide triphosphates (e.g. GTP, UTP
      and CTP) potentiated [3H]CA uptake, but were less effective than ATP. Among the
      ATP metabolites, only ADP potentiated uptake whereas AMP and adenosine did not.
      [3H]Dopamine uptake measured in Krebs bicarbonate buffer had a Km of 2.1 microM
      and a Vmax of 163.9 pmol/mg prot./min. In presence of ATP, [3H]DA uptake had much
      higher affinity (Km = 0.56 microM) and larger capacity (Vmax = 333 pmol/mg
      prot./min) than uptake in absence of added ATP. Furthermore, [3H]DA uptake in
      presence of ATP had faster rate of uptake, and was independent of temperature
      while in absence of added ATP it was temperature-dependent. This ATP-dependent
      [3H]DA uptake was retained by synaptosomal ghosts that were obtained after lysing
      the striatal synaptosomes and removing their contents of synaptic vesicles and
      mitochondria. It is proposed that, in addition to the carrier-mediated (neuronal)
      uptake of CA, there is neuronal uptake that is regulated by ATP and inhibited by
      cocaine, which may be more relevant for terminating the synaptic action of CA
      because of its faster rate of uptake and larger capacity.

PMID- 2402190
TI  - Endogenous "ryanodine agonist" and hyperthermia.

PMID- 2402191
TI  - Epidermal growth factor in serum, urine, submandibular glands and kidneys of
      diabetic mice.
AB  - Levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in serum were significantly decreased in
      streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic mice (446 +/- 168 pg/ml after 1 week and 423 +/- 52
      after 4 weeks vs 766 +/- 162 pg/ml in controls, P.002 and less than .001.
      respectively) and in genetically diabetic ob/ob mice (455 +/- 285 vs 962 +/- 453
      pg/ml in nondiabetic ob/+ controls, P.043). The urinary excretion of EGF was
      significantly increased in STZ mice (104 +/- 53 vs 51 +/- 23 ng/h, P.013) but
      unchanged in ob/ob mice (33 +/- 9 vs 45 +/- 16 ng/h, P.134). However, when
      expressed per mg creatinine it was decreased in both cases: in STZ mice to 680 +/
      250 ng/mg at 1 week and 684 +/- 211 at 4 weeks vs 1250 +/- 303 ng/mg in controls
      (P less than .01); and in the ob/ob mice to 552 +/- 117 vs 1237 +/- 300 ng/mg in
      ob/+ controls (P less than .01). EGF content of the submandibular glands of STZ
      mice remained unchanged at 1 week (13.1 +/- 2.9 vs 11.0 +/- 1.8 micrograms/mg
      protein, P.170) but dropped by 4 weeks (4.7 +/- 1.2 micrograms/mg, P less than
      .001); in the ob/ob mice it was less than 20% that of controls (2.1 +/- 0.8 vs
      12.2 +/- 3.6 micrograms/mg protein). In kidneys, the EGF content was not altered
      in either ob/ob (524 +/- 50 vs 571 +/- 33 pg/mg protein) or STZ mice (652 +/- 183
      vs 665 +/- 80 pg/mg). The preproEGF mRNA level in STZ-treated mice was reduced
      after 4 weeks in submandibular glands but not in kidneys. The results show that
      diabetes affects EGF production, utilization and/or excretion in mice and that
      kidneys are spared from suppression of EGF synthesis that is pronounced in the
      submandibular glands.

PMID- 2402192
TI  - Induction of tumor necrosis factor and cytotoxicity by macrophages exposed to
      lactoperoxidase and microperoxidase.
AB  - Peroxidases are involved in a number of cytotoxic reactions. Murine
      thioglycollate-induced peritoneal macrophages were exposed to either
      lactoperoxidase or microperoxidase in vitro. At a concentration of 17.7 microM,
      both of these enzymes induced between 100 and 200 units of tumor necrosis factor
      (TNF) per 0.1 ml. Furthermore, these substances were able to stimulate
      macrophages to kill 3T12 target cells in a dose dependent manner at
      concentrations of 0.177 microM to 17.7 microM. Per cent cytotoxicity varied from
      20% up to 75% at the higher concentrations. It was concluded that these enzymes
      can induce macrophages to secrete TNF and become activated to the cytotoxic
      state.

PMID- 2402193
TI  - Iodobenzamide for in vivo exploration of central dopamine receptors: evaluation
      in animal models of supersensitivity.
AB  - Iodobenzamide is a promising agent to investigate D2 receptors by SPECT in living
      human brain. In this work, we have evaluated this radiolabeled compound in two
      animal models of D2 receptors supersensitivity. In the first model, rats were
      treated chronically with haloperidol during three weeks (S.C. injection of 0.5
      mg/kg/day). One week after the last day of treatment, they were I.V. injected
      with 125I-IBZM. In vivo specific binding study showed a 45 percent increase of
      125I-IBZM fixation in the striatum of treated rats. In a second step of
      experiments, animals were unilaterally lesioned by a stereotaxic injection of 6
      OHDA in the substantia nigra, 23 days before receiving 125I-IBZM.
      Autoradiographic analysis of coronal brain sections showed a 38 percent
      enhancement of 125I-IBZM in vivo binding in the striatum on the lesioned side as
      compared to the contralateral intact side; this increase occurred in striatal
      lateral area. These data demonstrate that 125I-IBZM is convenient to detect
      alterations of dopamine D2 receptors in vivo in the rat. Thus IBZM labelled with
      123I can be a very useful imaging agent for the exploration of D2 receptors in
      pathological situations.

PMID- 2402194
TI  - The effects of haloperidol and amphetamine on ascorbic acid and uric acid in
      caudate and nucleus accumbens of rats as measured by voltammetry in vivo.
AB  - The ability of haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg) to reduce the amphetamine-induced (2 and 5
      mg/kg) increase in ascorbic and uric acid in anterior caudate and in nucleus
      accumbens was tested using voltammetry in vivo. In both areas, haloperidol
      reduced the amphetamine-induced increase in uric acid. In both areas, haloperidol
      only marginally affected the amphetamine-induced increase in ascorbic acid.
      Amphetamine-induced increases in uric acid were more nearly dose-related than
      changes in ascorbic acid. Of the two compounds, uric acid seems more likely to be
      associated with dopamine.

PMID- 2402195
TI  - Increase in the activity of third-generation cephalosporins in combination with
      clavulanic acid and Sulbactam against Bacteroides fragilis.
AB  - We studied the sensitivity of 160 strains of Bacteroides fragilis (74 beta
      lactamase-positive and 86 beta-lactamase-negative) to four third-generation
      cephalosporins, alone as well as in combination with clavulanic acid and
      Sulbactam. For susceptibility testing we used a dilution method in agar.
      Detection of beta-lactamase production by this micro-organism was performed using
      chromogenic cephalosporin (Nitrocefin). There was a substantial improvement in
      cephalosporin activity with both positive and negative strains when they were
      combined with the inhibitors, although this was more significant in beta
      lactamase-producing organisms. Generally, the results achieved in combination
      with clavulanic acid were better than those with Sulbactam, the highest increase
      in activity being obtained with Ceftizoxime in combination with any one of the
      inhibitors.

PMID- 2402196
TI  - A new filter technique permitting traditional histopathological assessment of
      fine needle aspiration specimens.
AB  - We describe a new filtration method based on a transport medium technique which
      allows histopathological assessment of the tissue fragments present in many fine
      needle aspirates. Fine needle aspiration cytology and biopsy preparations
      obtained from equally divided transport medium specimens were compared in a study
      comprising 104 palpable breast lesions and 29 other miscellaneous lesions. In
      general, fine needle aspiration biopsy provided better information on tumour
      origin and differentiation than fine needle aspiration cytology, particularly
      with systemic aspirates and those which were heavily bloodstained. In most
      instances fine needle aspiration biopsy also provided sufficient material to
      perform specialised staining and immunohistological techniques, and it is
      suggested that it may have a role in supplementing direct smear fine needle
      aspiration cytology in these areas.

PMID- 2402197
TI  - Tannic acid and chromic chloride-induced binding of protein to red cells: a
      preliminary study of possible binding sites and reaction mechanisms.
AB  - The binding mechanisms and binding sites involved in the tannic acid and chromic
      chloride-induced binding of protein to red cells were investigated using the
      binding of IgA paraprotein to red cells as model systems. Inhibition studies of
      these model systems using amino acid homopolymers and compounds (common as red
      cell membrane constituents) suggest that the mechanisms involved are similar to
      those proposed for the conversion of hide or skin collagen to leather, as in
      commercial tanning. These studies also suggest that tannic acid-induced binding
      of IgA paraprotein to red cells involves the amino acid residues of L-arginine, L
      lysine, L-histidine, and L-proline analogous to tanning with phenolic plant
      extracts. The amino acid residues of L-aspartate, L-glutamate and L-asparagine
      are involved in a similar manner in chronic chloride-induced binding of protein
      to red cells.

PMID- 2402198
TI  - X-ray film digestion: a semi-quantitative assay for proteolytic enzymes used in
      immunohaematology.
AB  - A simple semi-quantitative assay method for proteolytic enzyme solutions used in
      blood group serology is described. The method is an adaptation of a technique
      formerly used for assay of faecal trypsin and is based on the digestion of the
      gelatin coating of unexposed X-ray film. A Spearman rank correlation coefficient
      of 0.8 was obtained when the X-ray film technique was compared with a
      spectrophotometric method using azoalbumin as substrate. The method is not
      suitable as a reference technique or as a substitute for serological control, but
      is useful for monitoring or comparing enzyme preparations in some circumstances
      or situations.

PMID- 2402199
TI  - Albumin microspheric ascorbic acid and adenine to preserve erythrocyte viability
      and oxygen carrying capacity.

PMID- 2402200
TI  - Hepatitis B virus infection: detection of circulating HBsAg/IgM antibody immune
      complexes.
AB  - Circulating hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) IgM antibody complexes have been
      described in patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). A radioimmunoassay
      to test for these complexes was developed and compared with a commercial kit.
      Complexes were demonstrated in both test systems. HBsAg/IgM antibody complexes
      were present initially in patients with acute HBV infection but disappeared
      within an average of 6 weeks after onset. In HBV carriers immune complexes
      persisted over a long time. This test is of value in providing additional
      information about the outcome of HBV infections and sequential testing for
      HBsAg/IgM is of prognostic value for clinicians.

PMID- 2402201
TI  - An evaluation of the HemoCue for correcting the haemoglobin value of lipaemic
      samples.
AB  - HemoCue, an instrument for measuring B-haemoglobin, is described as correcting
      for the turbidity caused by high white cell counts or hyperlipaemia. It was
      evaluated for its ability to correct haemoglobin measurement for hyperlipaemia
      against a previously published method and found to perform adequately, but with a
      small constant positive bias.

PMID- 2402202
TI  - Effect of storage on blood count variables in small samples.
AB  - The effects on haematological variables of mail transport, and storage at room
      temperature and 4 degrees C over a period of 72 h, were observed on 186 'micro'
      samples of venous and skin puncture blood. White cell, red cell, haemoglobin, MCH
      and platelet values were sufficiently stable for clinical purposes, but
      haematocrit, MCV and MCHC values were unstable in samples stored at room
      temperature. These findings indicate that for the most important haematological
      variables stored or mailed 'micro' samples are neither more nor less reliable
      than larger volumes of venous blood, despite the potential for evaporation and
      over-anticoagulation with small samples.

PMID- 2402203
TI  - Effect of heat treatment on plasma creatinine measurement.
AB  - The effects of heat treatment on plasma creatinine values obtained by enzymatic
      and kinetic alkaline picrate methods were compared. No marked differences were
      found for plasma samples following heat treatment at 56 degrees C for 0.5 or 1 h,
      compared to nonheat treated samples.

PMID- 2402204
TI  - Clinical aspects of muscle injury.
AB  - Muscle injuries are a common part of the clinical practice of sports medicine.
      Due to variations in muscle injury, the clinical presentation may vary from the
      subclinical to the catastrophic. Muscle injuries may present in four broad
      categories: acute, chronic, acute exacerbation of a chronic problem, or
      subclinical alteration. Each muscle injury can be further broken down into five
      areas: tissue injury, clinical symptoms, functional biomechanical deficit,
      functional adaptations, and tissue overload. Case studies are presented to
      illustrate the presentation of each type and analysis of the component parts of
      the injury. It is only through such analysis that an accurate and complete
      diagnosis, followed by a functional rehabilitation plan, may be constructed.

PMID- 2402205
TI  - Rehabilitation of muscle injuries.
AB  - Rehabilitation of muscle injuries is directed toward restoration of function, not
      just relief of symptoms. This philosophy is reflected in the goals of
      rehabilitation, which can be stated as 1) establishment of an accurate diagnosis;
      2) minimization of deleterious local effects of the acute injury; 3) allowance
      for proper healing; 4) maintenance of other components of athletic fitness; and
      5) return to normal athletic function. The goals fit well into the framework of
      the tissue injury cycle described earlier in this symposium. Details of the
      rehabilitation goals and the relationship to the tissue injury cycle will be
      discussed.

PMID- 2402206
TI  - Weight loss, dietary carbohydrate modifications, and high intensity, physical
      performance.
AB  - Well trained subjects (N = 12) were studied before and after losing approximately
      6% of body weight to determine whether physical performance could be maintained
      while consuming a hypocaloric, high percentage carbohydrate diet. During a 4-d
      period of weight loss, subjects were randomly assigned to a high carbohydrate
      (HC) or low carbohydrate (LC) diet. A crossover design was used; subjects were
      measured before (PRE) and after (POST) weight loss on both diets for a 6-min bout
      of high intensity arm cranking, weight, skinfold thickness, and profile of mood
      states (POMS). Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and glycerol concentrations were analyzed
      for resting blood samples, while lactate, pH, and base excess were analyzed for
      blood samples drawn at rest and 1, 3, and 5 min after arm cranking. A three-way
      ANOVA of sprint work revealed a weight loss effect, a diet by weight loss
      interaction, and an order by diet by weight loss interaction (P less than 0.05).
      Total sprint work (mean +/- SE) PRE and POST HC was 37.7 +/- 2.1 kJ and 37.4 +/-
      2.2 kJ, respectively. Sprint work was higher for PRE LC vs POST LC, with mean
      values of 37.4 +/- 2.1 kJ and 34.4 +/- 2.2 kJ, respectively. Post-arm cranking
      lactate was significantly higher PRE compared to POST for both HC and LC. Post
      exercise blood pH was lower (P less than 0.05) at PRE vs POST, with no diet
      effect. Regardless of the diet, POMS variables tension, depression, anger,
      fatigue, and confusion were significantly elevated from PRE to POST; vigor was
      significantly lower.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402207
TI  - Effects of glycerol-induced hyperhydration prior to exercise in the heat on
      sweating and core temperature.
AB  - Hypohydration reduces exercise performance and thermoregulatory capacity in the
      heat. Hyperhydration prior to exercise may decrease, delay, or eliminate the
      detrimental effects of hypohydration. The rapid clearance of excess fluid makes
      hyperhydration of subjects with common beverages difficult. Glycerol, a natural
      metabolite which is rapidly absorbed, has osmotic action, and is evenly
      distributed within the body fluid compartments, was tested as a possible
      hyperhydrating agent. In six subjects, the following fluid regimens at time 0
      were randomly administered on three separate days: in trial 1, glycerol (1 g.kg-1
      body weight) plus water (21.4 ml.kg-1 body weight); in trial 2, water (21.4 ml.kg
      1); and in trial 3, water (3.3 ml.kg-1) was ingested at time 0. The subjects
      performed moderate exercise (equivalent to 60% VO2max in a comfortable
      environment) in a hot dry environment. The exercise started at 2.5 h after the
      fluids were ingested. The urine volume prior to exercise was decreased when
      glycerol was ingested, thus resulting in glycerol-induced hyperhydration. During
      the exercise following the glycerol-induced hyperhydration, there was elevated
      sweat rate and lower rectal temperature during the moderate exercise in the heat.
      There were no changes in hemoglobin, hematocrit, or serum electrolyte
      concentrations following glycerol intake. These data support the hypothesis that
      glycerol-induced hyperhydration reduces the thermal burden of moderate exercise
      in the heat.

PMID- 2402208
TI  - Serial gastric emptying studies: effect of preceding drinks.
AB  - A widely used method for evaluating gastric emptying is the serial recovery
      method, in which several different test drinks are given and recovered in rapid
      succession. Recently, the validity of this method has been challenged (Brouns et
      al., Int. J. Sports Med. 8:175-189, 1987) by suggestions that the duodenal
      contents remaining from previous drinks may influence the gastric emptying of
      subsequent drinks. To evaluate whether this methodological issue might influence
      the results of gastric emptying studies, we studied six volunteer subjects. The
      gastric emptying rate of water was measured following a previous trial with
      either water or a concentrated maltodextrin solution (23% CHO). All trials were
      conducted at rest and consisted of a volume of 400 ml. The emptying rate of water
      was not different following either water or maltodextrin solution (14.9 vs 16.3
      ml.min-1). We conclude that the serial recovery method remains a valid technique
      for measuring the rate of gastric emptying during rest and exercise.

PMID- 2402209
TI  - Effects of short-term training on cardiac function during prolonged exercise.
AB  - To determine the relationship between the training-induced increases in plasma
      volume (PV) and alterations in cardiac performance during prolonged submaximal
      cycle exercise, seven male subjects were studied prior to and following a short
      term (3 d) training period (2 h.d-1 at 65% VO2max). Mean (range) VO2max was 3.42
      l.min-1 (2.96-3.87). Training resulted in a 20% increase (P less than 0.05) in
      plasma volume (PV) and a 12% increase (P less than 0.05) in total blood volume
      (TBV). In contrast, training had no effect (P greater than 0.05) in altering
      exercise VO2, VCO2, VE BTPS, or RER. Cardiac output (Q) was higher (P less than
      0.05) posttraining at all exercise sampling times (30, 60, 90, and 120 min). The
      elevations in Q were accompanied by an average decrease (P less than 0.05) in
      stroke volume (SV) of 22 ml. Arteriovenous O2 (a-v O2) difference was depressed
      (P less than 0.05) during exercise following the training. Although elevations (P
      less than 0.05) in core temperature (degrees C) occurred during the exercise, the
      training-induced PV increases did not affect thermoregulatory behavior. These
      results indicate that an early adaptive response to exercise training is an
      elevation in Q, an increase in SV, and a reduction in HR. These effects persist
      during prolonged exercise in spite of the progressive increase in body heat
      content. It is proposed that the increase in Q serves primarily to increase
      muscle blood flow and maintain arterial O2 delivery, while the altered
      cardiodynamic behavior serves to increase cardiac reserve, providing a greater
      tolerance to prolonged heavy exercise.

PMID- 2402210
TI  - Exercise intensity-related responses of fibrinolytic activity and vasopressin in
      man.
AB  - The physiological mechanism of exercise-induced hyperfibrinolysis is not fully
      understood. It has been reported that exercise increases plasma arginine
      vasopressin (PAVP) and that PAVP infusion enhances blood fibrinolytic activity
      (FA). To characterize the fibrinolytic role of PAVP during exercise, PAVP and FA
      were examined before and after submaximal and maximal exercise in 16 normal,
      healthy volunteers. After completion of a 100% VO2max exercise test on a bicycle
      ergometer, which elicited exhaustion in 14.3 +/- 1.4 min (MSD), subjects were
      randomly assigned to exercise trials at 40% and 70% VO2max for 15 min, each of
      the three tests being separated by 7 d. Prior to and immediately after the
      completion of the respective exercise treatment, heart rate, VO2 uptake, and
      respiratory quotient were measured and venous blood was removed and analyzed for
      PAVP using radioimmunoassay. The fibrin plate method (FP) and euglobulin lysis
      time (ELT) technique were employed to assess FA. The intrinsic and extrinsic
      plasminogen activators' response to all exercise treatments was also examined in
      pooled plasma prepared from the same subjects. Differentiation between the
      intrinsic and extrinsic activators' activity was ascertained in the FP by
      blocking the former with the addition of C1-inactivator. Lactic acid was measured
      using a standard spectrophotometric method. Compared to rest, FA was
      significantly increased (P less than 0.05) in all exercise tests when assessed
      using ELT, with a response related to exercise intensity. However, the 40% VO2max
      exercise trial caused a nonsignificant increase (P greater than 0.05) in FA using
      the FP method, with a significant increase (P less than 0.05) being observed in
      70% and 100% VO2max exercise tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402211
TI  - Effect of training on the anaerobic capacity.
AB  - Intense exercise of short duration is heavily dependent on energy from anaerobic
      sources, and subjects successful in anaerobic types of sports may therefore have
      a larger anaerobic capacity and be able to release energy at a higher rate.
      Performances in these kinds of sports are improved by training, suggesting that
      the anaerobic capacity is trainable. The purpose of this investigation was to
      study the effect of training on anaerobic capacity. We therefore determined the
      anaerobic capacity, expressed as the maximal accumulated O2 deficit during
      treadmill running, of untrained, endurance-trained, and sprint-trained young men.
      In addition, seven women and five men trained for 6 wk, and their anaerobic
      capacity was compared before and after the training period. There was no
      difference in anaerobic capacity between the untrained and endurance-trained
      subjects, whereas the sprinters' anaerobic capacity was 30% larger (P less than
      0.001). The women's anaerobic capacity was 17% less than the men's (P = 0.03).
      Six weeks of training increased the anaerobic capacity by 10%. We conclude that
      the anaerobic capacity varies significantly between subjects and that it can be
      improved within 6 wk. Moreover, there was a close relationship between a high
      anaerobic capacity and a high peak rate of anaerobic energy release.

PMID- 2402212
TI  - Anaerobic performances in black and white subjects.
AB  - The anaerobic performance characteristics of 15 Black males of African ancestry
      (25 +/- 2 yr; mean +/- SD) and 17 White males of French Canadian ancestry (22 +/-
      2 yr) were compared. All subjects were sedentary. Morphological characteristics
      and body composition were similar in both groups. They were tested for maximal
      force during voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors and for total
      work output during 10 s, 30 s, and 90 s of maximal and repetitive knee
      extensions. Results indicated no significant differences between Blacks and
      Whites in maximal force of the knee extensors (736 +/- 78 N vs 722 +/- 11 N,
      respectively) and in total work output during the 10-s (1134 +/- 246 J vs 1124 +/
      207 J) and 30-s (2735 +/- 519 J vs 2779 +/- 647 J) tests. There was a difference
      of about 400 J between Blacks and Whites in the total work output during the 90-s
      test, but this difference was not statistically significant. However, significant
      differences were found between Blacks and Whites in the peak power output
      decrement during the last 60 s of the 90-s anaerobic test. These differences in
      peak power output between the two groups ranged between 7 and 10 W during the
      last 30 s of the 90-s test. The results indicate that knee extensor muscles of
      sedentary Black and White males have similar anaerobic performance power and
      capacities. However, the results reveal that sedentary Black subjects experience
      a greater degree of fatigue than sedentary Whites during an anaerobic exercise
      lasting longer than 30 s.

PMID- 2402213
TI  - Bicycle pedalling forces as a function of pedalling rate and power output.
AB  - Eleven men with recreational bicycling experience rode a bicycle ergometer with
      instrumented force pedals to determine the effects of pedalling rate and power
      output on the total resultant pedal force, Fr, and the component of the force
      perpendicular to the crank arm. The force patterns were obtained at power outputs
      of 100 W and 200 W for pedalling rates of 40-120 rpm in intervals of 10 rpm. Data
      were not obtained at 40 rpm at the 200 W power output. The Fr averaged over a
      crank cycle (Far) was lowest at 90 rpm and 100 W, a value statically different (P
      less than 0.05) from those at 40, 50, and 120 rpm. At 200 W, the Fr was lowest at
      100 rpm, a value statistically different (P less than 0.05) from those at 50, 60,
      and 70 rpm. The Far varied widely (range of 30% of mean for all subjects) for
      individuals at a given power output. The results suggest that pedalling at 90-100
      rpm may minimize peripheral forces and therefore peripheral muscle fatigue even
      though this rate may result in higher oxygen uptake.

PMID- 2402214
TI  - Effect of inosine supplementation on 3-mile treadmill run performance and VO2
      peak.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the ergogenic effect of oral inosine
      (IN) supplementation (6,000 mg.d-1 for 2 d) upon 3-mile run time (3MTIME) and VO2
      peak. Nine highly trained endurance runners participated in a double-blind,
      placebo (PL), crossover study. Each subject undertook an IN or PL trial,
      consisting of three exercise tests: a submaximal warm-up run (SUBRUN), a
      competitive 3-mile treadmill run (3MRUN), and a maximal treadmill run (MAXRUN) to
      determine VO2 peak and time to exhaustion (MAXTIME). Additional measurements
      during the 3MRUN and MAXRUN included oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilation (VE),
      respiratory exchange ratio (R), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE); blood
      samples were also taken prior (PRERUN) to the SUBRUN test and following the
      SUBRUN, 3MRUN, and MAXRUN tests in order to assess glucose, pyruvate, lactate,
      phosphorus, 2,3-DPG, hemoglobin, and uric acid. Analyses of the data revealed no
      significant effect of oral IN supplementation either upon 3MTIME (IN = 18.31 +/-
      1.21; PL = 18.33 +/- 1.15 min) or VO2 peak (IN = 58.6 +/- 5.1; PL = 60.7 +/- 4.5
      ml O2.kg-1.min-1) or upon other dependent variables. MAXTIME was significantly
      longer during the PL trial (P less than 0.05), suggestive of a possible
      impairment effect of oral IN supplementation. Based upon our data, we conclude
      that IN is not an effective ergogenic aid to enhance athletic performance of an
      aerobic nature.

PMID- 2402215
TI  - Continuous assistive-passive exercise and cycle ergometer training in sedentary
      women.
AB  - Continuous assistive-passive exercise (CAPE) is a new exercise modality that has
      become popular with older females. To evaluate the efficacy of CAPE, 43
      sedentary, postmenopausal women (PMW) were randomly divided into three groups:
      CAPE training (N = 15), cycle ergometer training (N = 14), and control (N = 14).
      The CAPE training consisted of 10 min bouts on six CAPE tables, twice per week.
      The cycle ergometer group trained twice per week for 30 min per session, at 70
      85% of maximal heart rate. The cycle ergometer and CAPE groups trained for 12 wk,
      while the control group remained sedentary for the duration of the study. Groups
      were similar with respect to age, height, weight, girths, skinfolds, and aerobic
      power (VO2max) upon entering the study (P greater than 0.05). The groups were
      tested pre- and post-training on the sum of seven body girths (sigma 7G), sum of
      four skinfolds (sigma 4SF), weight, and VO2max. A 3 d dietary recall was recorded
      pre and post and analyzed for total caloric intake. Following training, changes
      in caloric intake, sigma 7G, and sigma 4SF were not significantly different among
      groups. The cycle group lost 1.1 kg (P less than 0.05) and increased VO2max
      (l.min-1) by 9.2% (P less than 0.05), while the CAPE group significantly
      decreased VO2max (P = 0.04). Our results indicate that CAPE does not alter sigma
      7G or sigma 4SF in sedentary PMW and that two 30 min sessions of cycle training
      per week at 70-85% of maximal heart rate can result in moderate but significant
      increases in VO2max in sedentary PMW.

PMID- 2402216
TI  - Estimation of minimal weight of adolescent males using multicomponent models.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether the estimation of minimal
      weight (the body weight at which 5% of the weight is fat) of adolescent males
      could be improved by accounting for differences in hydration state and bone
      mineral content. Improvement was defined as a larger value for minimal weight and
      a smaller standard deviation compared to minimal weight estimated from body
      density. Forty adolescent males (mean age +/- SD, 15.5 +/- 1.4 yr) were measured
      for height, weight, body density (hydrostatic weighing), total body water
      (deuterium oxide dilution), and bone mineral content (single photon
      absorptiometry). Twenty-two adult males (mean age +/- SD, 23.6 +/- 2.2 yr) were
      measured as a reference group. Percent body fat and minimal weight were
      calculated from the body density (MWD), body density adjusted for total body
      water (MWDW), and body density adjusted for body water and bone mineral content
      (MWDWB). Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to test for differences between the
      methods and for trends in the data. The results showed a slight but
      nonsignificant increase in minimal weight for the adolescent group when body
      water and bone mineral data were added. The means +/- SD for MWD, MWDW, and MWDWB
      values of the adolescents were 54.6 +/- 9.0 kg, 54.8 +/- 8.6 kg, and 55.4 +/- 8.4
      kg, respectively. It was concluded that the multicomponent methods, which
      accounted for hydration and bone mineral status, did not significantly improve
      the estimates of minimal weight of adolescent males compared to the single
      component method, i.e., minimal weight from body density.

PMID- 2402217
TI  - An empirical evaluation of the ACSM guidelines for exercise testing.
AB  - The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) has published exercise guidelines
      identifying individuals who should have an exercise test prior to clearance for
      exercise participation and whether a physician should supervise the test. These
      age and health status criteria (apparently healthy, higher risk, and diseased)
      were developed using clinical judgement and opinion rather than empirical data.
      Thus, there is a need to validate the recommendations with actual data. We
      studied the results of 24,332 maximal treadmill tests in men (n = 18,076) and
      women (n = 5,626) as they associated with age and baseline health status.
      Commonly accepted criteria for abnormal exercise tests were used (i.e., 1 mm ST
      segment depression at 0.08 s, systolic blood pressure drop with exercise, complex
      ventricular ectopy, etc.). There were 895 and 183 abnormal exercise tests in men
      and women, respectively. Men and women who were apparently healthy had lower
      abnormality rates per 1,000 tests than those considered to be at higher risk for
      coronary heart disease and those who had preexisting disease. Further, when those
      who were at higher risk were considered, those men with only one risk factor had
      significantly lower abnormality rates than did men with more than one risk factor
      (95% confidence intervals (CI) per 1,000 tests: 1 risk factor = 36.1-46.4;
      greater than 1 risk factor = 47.5-62.5). Abnormality rates in women with 1 risk
      factor were also lower than those in their peers with greater than 1 risk factor,
      but not statistically so (95% CI per 1,000 tests: 1 risk factor = 24.9-43.0;
      greater than 1 risk factor = 25.3-54.4).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402218
TI  - Energy exchange in downhill and uphill walking: a calorimetric study.
AB  - Energy balance can be written as 1) M = sigma Q +/- W +/- S, expressed as power
      (W), where M is the rate of metabolic energy transformation, sigma Q the rate of
      heat loss, W the work rate, and S the rate of body heat storage. When submaximal
      treadmill exercise continues long enough, body temperature stops changing, S
      becomes zero, and the heat storage term is dropped from equation 1. For uphill
      walking the equation becomes 2) M = sigma Q + Wvert, and for downhill walking it
      becomes 3) M = sigma Q - Wvert. This study tested the energy balance equations
      with direct measurements of heat exchange using a suit calorimeter and M from
      standard measurements of respiratory gas exchange. Ten healthy men walked on a
      motor driven treadmill at 1.5 m.s-1 at grades of 0, 5, 10, -5, and -10% for 70-90
      min to ensure a thermal steady state. As expected, +Wvert was identified as a
      power output, whereas -Wvert was accounted for as a power input, totally
      transformed to heat in the downhill walking subject. There also appeared to be a
      quantity of non-thermal energy, Wwalk, needed to satisfy the energy balance
      equation. This was significant at 0, 5, and 10% grades (P less than 0.01) but not
      significant at -5 and -10% grades (P greater than 0.05). The data confirm
      previous results for level walking and extend them to include uphill walking.
      While it had been suggested that Wwalk represents an externalization of energy at
      the foot, the present data suggest an alternative explanation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402219
TI  - Septicemia due to Xanthomonas species and non-aeruginosa Pseudomonas species:
      increasing incidence of catheter-related infections.
AB  - We reviewed 149 episodes of septicemia caused by X. maltophilia and Pseudomonas
      spp. occurring over a 15-year period. The incidence of septicemia caused by these
      organisms increased in recent years and was most frequently associated with
      central venous catheterization. These infections were occasionally complicated by
      pneumonia or endocarditis, which was often fatal. Although the survival rate was
      superior to that seen with septicemia caused by other gram-negative organisms,
      recurrence of infection was significantly more frequent. Removal of central
      venous catheters is an essential component of therapy of this infection.

PMID- 2402220
TI  - The use of somatostatin analog in gastroenteropancreatic tumors other than
      carcinoid.
AB  - We have used the gastrinoma syndrome to examine the effects of SMS. Acutely, SMS
      decreased acid secretion and restored the BAO/MAO to normal in eight of eight
      patients. Basal and secretin-stimulated gastrin responses were suppressed but not
      normalized. Treatment for up to 2 years with SMS controlled symptoms, suppressed
      serum gastrin, and suppressed acid secretion. Treatment for 1 year or longer
      decreased tumor secretion of gastrin and diminished basal acid secretion, an
      effect that persisted for 48 hours after withdrawal of SMS. SMS treatment
      arrested progression of tumor growth only in patients in whom there was a
      reduction in gastrin and gastric acid secretion. In patients with metastatic
      disease who had high levels of gastrin, SMS treatment for 5 to 24 months did not
      inhibit tumor growth or decrease gastrin levels. In those patients in whom a
      reduction in the blood flow to liver tumors was shown angiographically, there was
      a progressive improvement in hormone secretion and in tumor size in the ensuing
      year of treatment, suggesting that a major target of SMS is that vascular supply
      of the tumors. Tumors shown to produce peptides other than gastrin, for example
      ACTH, were found to be markedly resistant to the action of SMS and continued to
      grow in an unbridled manner.

PMID- 2402221
TI  - Drugs that cause pulmonary toxicity.

PMID- 2402222
TI  - Acyclovir dosage for neonatal herpes and duration for herpes encephalitis in
      adults.

PMID- 2402223
TI  - Mechanisms of resistance to (2-chloroethyl)-3-sarcosinamide-1-nitrosourea
      (SarCNU) in sensitive and resistant human glioma cells.
AB  - Resistance to (2-chloroethyl)-3-sarcosinamide-1-nitrosourea (SarCNU), an
      experimental antitumor compound, was investigated in the sensitive SK-MG-1 cells
      and the 20-fold more resistant SKI-1 human glioma cells [which are 3-fold more
      resistant to 1,3,bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU)]. The transport of
      SarCNU was examined by utilizing tritiated sarcosinamide. Sarcosinamide uptake
      into SK-MG-1 cells is via the catecholamine carrier that accommodates
      epinephrine. Dixon plot analysis of SarCNU inhibition of sarcosinamide uptake
      reveals that SarCNU is also accommodated by this carrier. The uptake of 0.5 mM
      [3H]sarcosinamide was temperature dependent, with similar levels of intracellular
      sarcosinamide accumulating at steady state in both cell lines. The uptake of
      sarcosinamide in SKI-1 cells obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics over a 200-fold
      range of concentrations with a Km of 1.52 +/- 0.151 mM and Vmax of 0.659 +/-
      0.066 nmol/10(6) cells/min. This represents a more than 5-fold decrease in the
      uptake affinity and a more than 4-fold increase in the transport capacity
      compared with SK-MG-1 cells (Km = 0.282 +/- 0.041 mM; Vmax = 0.154 +/- 0.024
      nmol/10(6) cells/min). The initial rate of sarcosinamide uptake is similar in
      both cell lines. Dixon plot analysis confirmed that SarCNU is a competitive
      inhibitor of sarcosinamide transport in SKI-1 cells with a Ki of 17.5 mM, which
      is more than 5-fold greater than the Ki obtained in SK-MG-1 cells. The steady
      state accumulation of SarCNU is significantly reduced by 47% in SKI-1 cells
      compared with the SK-MG-1 cells (cell to medium ratios of 0.65 +/- 0.11 and 1.22
      +/- 0.08, respectively) (p less than 0.005). The accumulation of BCNU was
      comparable in the two cell lines. Since the Vmax of sarcosinamide (SarCNU) uptake
      is increased in the SKI-1 cells, the decrease in intracellular SarCNU is not
      related to decreased drug influx via the catecholamine carrier in SKI-1 cells.
      The efflux of tritiated sarcosinamide was temperature dependent and similar in
      both cell lines, with 54 and 58% of sarcosinamide being freely exchangeable in
      SKI-1 and SK-MG-1 cells, respectively. SarCNU efflux may or may not be altered.
      Since the expression of mdr is higher in the sensitive cells, it is unlikely that
      increased efflux of SarCNU mediated by the P-glycoprotein is responsible for drug
      resistance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402224
TI  - Selective inactivation of mouse liver cytochrome P-450IIIA by cannabidiol.
AB  - Cannabidiol (CBD) inhibits hepatic drug metabolism in mice, particularly those
      activities known to be catalyzed by the cytochrome P-450IIIA (P-450IIIA)
      subfamily. CBD treatment (120 mg/kg) inhibited more than 75% of hepatic 6 beta
      testosterone hydroxylase and erythromycin N-demethylase activities (functional
      markers of P-450IIIA) after 2 hr. An isozyme of the P-450IIIA subfamily (Mr
      49,960) was purified to apparent homogeneity from hepatic microsomes of untreated
      mice and was found to catalyze testosterone hydroxylation at the 2 beta-, 6 beta
      , and 15 beta-positions exclusively. Incubation of this isozyme with CBD in a
      reconstituted system resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent
      inactivation, with almost complete loss of P-450 chromophore and corresponding
      increase in P-420 content. NH2-terminal sequence analysis of the isozyme revealed
      an 86% similarity to the corresponding sequence of rat P-450IIIA2, a constitutive
      P-450 isozyme in the male rat liver. Pretreatment of mice with dexamethasone
      markedly (6-fold) increased the steroid-inducible P-450IIIA-dependent activities
      6 beta-testosterone hydroxylation and erythromycin N-demethylation. CBD treatment
      of dexamethasone-pretreated animals failed to inhibit these activities,
      indicating that the steroid-inducible P-450IIIA was refractory to CBD-mediated
      inactivation. 3-Methylcholanthrene-inducible P-450IA and phenobarbital-inducible
      P-450IIB also appear to be refractory to CBD-mediated inactivation. On the other
      hand, erythromycin N-demethylase activity increased 4-fold after phenobarbital
      pretreatment and, as in untreated animals, was comparably inhibited by CBD,
      demonstrating its susceptibility to this drug. Thus, CBD appears to inactivate
      the P-450IIIA isozymes that are constitutively present in hepatic microsomes of
      untreated mice and/or inducible by phenobarbital pretreatment but not those that
      are steroid inducible.

PMID- 2402225
TI  - Cysteamine increases homocysteine export and glutathione content by independent
      mechanisms in C3H/10T1/2 cells.
AB  - Several thiols, including homocysteine and cysteamine, have been shown to
      increase glutathione levels in C3H/10T1/2 Cl 8 cells [Biochem. Pharmacol. 39:421
      429 (1990)]. The present paper shows that cysteamine also increases homocysteine
      export from these cells. Cellular glutathione content and export of glutathione
      and homocysteine increased with increasing doses of cysteamine. Twenty-four hours
      after addition, 300 microM cysteamine increased both glutathione content and
      homocysteine export 3-4-fold. No change in the ratio between reduced and oxidized
      glutathione could be detected, suggesting that the cysteamine effect was not due
      to reduction of pools of oxidized glutathione. The elevation of glutathione
      occurred rapidly but declined between 24 and 48 hr after addition of cysteamine,
      whereas the homocysteine export increased momentarily after cysteamine exposure
      and then proceeded at a rate similar to that from untreated control cells. The
      cysteamine-induced increase in glutathione was completely prevented by the gamma
      glutamylcysteine synthetase inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine but was not affected
      by inhibition of homocysteine formation by 3-deazaaristeromycin. Buthionine
      sulfoximine did not prevent the increase in homocysteine export by cysteamine,
      and only a small increase in homocysteine export was observed when the cells were
      exposed to 3-deazaaristeromycin before treatment with cysteamine. Two major
      conclusions were drawn. 1) Increase of glutathione content and homocysteine
      export by cysteamine were independent events, indicating that glutathione status
      and homocysteine formation are regulated by independent mechanisms in C3H/10T1/2
      Cl 8 cells. 2) S-Adenosylhomocysteine catabolism was the main source of the
      homocysteine export induced by cysteamine.

PMID- 2402226
TI  - Subclasses of angiotensin II binding sites and their functional significance.
AB  - Specific binding sites for angiotensin II were identified in the rabbit adrenal
      gland and uterus and in the rat liver and were divided into two subclasses based
      on inhibition by nonpeptide ligands. Peptide ligands affected binding equally in
      all three tissues. However, the nonpeptide antagonists Dup 753 and Exp 6803
      blocked angiotensin II binding to adrenal and liver homogenates at nanomolar
      concentrations but exerted only a minimal effect on binding to uterine
      homogenates. The nonpeptide PD 123319 potently blocked angiotensin II binding to
      uterine homogenates but had no effect on adrenal or liver homogenates at
      concentrations up to 10 microM. Further analysis of angiotensin II binding in
      uterus showed that both sites are present, with the PD 123319-sensitive site
      predominating. Additionally, the nonhydrolyzable GTP analogue 5'-guanylyl
      imidodiphosphate was able to modulate binding to liver and to the Dup 753
      sensitive site in uterus but not that to the PD 123319-sensitive site. Saralasin
      and the nonpeptide antagonists Dup 753 and Exp 6803 blocked angiotensin II
      stimulated accumulation of inositol phosphates in cultured Clone 9 cells and also
      relaxed aortic rings previously contracted with angiotensin II. In contrast, PD
      123319 had no effect on either angiotensin II-stimulated inositol phosphate
      accumulation or vasoconstriction. Saralasin and Exp 6803, but not PD 123319,
      lowered blood pressure in renal hypertensive rats following intravenous
      administration. These results suggest the existence of two subclasses of
      angiotensin II binding sites, which differ in their tissue distribution and
      affinity for the nonpeptide ligands Dup 763, Exp 6803, and PD 123319. Although no
      functional role for the PD 123319-sensitive subclass has yet been identified, the
      Dup 753/Exp 6803-sensitive subclass plays an important role in mediating inositol
      phosphate metabolism, vascular contractile activity, and blood pressure
      regulation.

PMID- 2402227
TI  - Biological effect of orally active platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist
      SM-10661.
AB  - SM-10661 [(+/-)-(cis)-3,5-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazolidin-4-one HCl] displayed
      marked in vitro inhibition of rabbit platelet aggregation induced by 1-O-alkyl-2
      acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (alkyl-PAF), 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero
      3-phosphocholine (C16-PAF), and 1-O-octadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3
      phosphocholine, with IC50, values of 5.50, 5.94, and 3.68 microM, respectively.
      It also inhibited alkyl-PAF-induced aggregation of human platelets with an IC50
      of 3.00 microM, but it did not inhibit platelet aggregation induced by ADP,
      collagen, arachidonic acid, the thromboxane A2 agonist U46619, or the Ca
      ionophore A23187, at concentrations up to 400 microM. Furthermore, SM-10661
      antagonized [3H]-C16-PAF binding to rabbit platelets competitively, with an IC50
      of 1.0 microM. SM-10661 protected against alkyl-PAF-induced lethality in mice
      with an ID50 of 6.0 mg/kg intravenously or 24 mg/kg orally. In guinea pig, SM
      10661 inhibited the alkyl-PAF (0.1 micrograms/kg)-induced increase in bronchial
      pressure, with an ID50 of 0.7 mg/kg intravenously or 15 mg/kg orally. Bronchial
      hyperreactivity to bombesin after the infusion of alkyl-PAF was also inhibited
      dose-dependently by the infusion of SM-10661, with an ID50 of 25 mg/kg. In
      addition, SM-10661 inhibited alkyl-PAF (0.01 micrograms/kg)-induced hypotension
      in rats, with an ID50 of 0.36 mg/kg intravenously or 33 mg/kg orally. SM-10661,
      when given orally, showed rapid absorption and good duration of pharmacological
      activity in rats and rabbits.

PMID- 2402228
TI  - Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange activity in central nerve endings. II. Relationship between
      pharmacological blockade by amiloride analogues and dopamine release from
      tuberoinfundibular hypothalamic neurons.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible role played by the
      Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange system in the modulation of [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA) release
      from tuberoinfundibular hypothalamic (TIDA) neurons. 2',4'-Dimethylbenzamil (DMB)
      dose-dependently (10-100 microM) inhibited Na(+)-dependent 45Ca2+ efflux from
      brain synaptosomes. This compound (30-300 microM), as well as alpha
      phenylbenzamil amiloride (30-100 microM), another inhibitor of the Na(+)-Ca2+
      antiporter, was also able to stimulate basal release of [3H]DA from superfused
      TIDA neurons. This stimulation was completely prevented by the removal of
      extracellular Ca2+ ions, in the presence of 1 mM ethylene glycol bis(beta
      aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid. In addition, DMB-induced [3H]DA
      release was unaffected by the dopamine transport inhibitor nomifensine (10
      microM). On the other hand, 5-[N-methyl-N-guanidinocarbonylmethyl]amiloride
      (MGCMA) (100-300 microM), which lacks inhibitory properties on the Na(+)-Ca2+
      exchanger but behaves as an inhibitor of the Na(+)-H+ antiporter, failed to
      modify basal [3H]DA release from TIDA neurons. When the Na(+)-Ca2+ antiporter
      operates as a Ca2+ influx pathway, as occurs upon the removal of extracellular
      Na+ ions, Na(+)-dependent 45Ca2+ uptake in brain synaptosomes was dose
      dependently (10-300 microM) inhibited by DMB, whereas DMB itself was unable to
      prevent 55 mM K(+)-induced 45Ca2+ uptake, which mainly reflects the activation of
      voltage-operated Ca2+ channels. In keeping with these results, ouabain (500
      microM)-induced [3H]DA release, which depends on the activation of the Na(+)-Ca2+
      exchanger due to inhibition of the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase pump, was prevented by
      superfusion of TIDA neurons with DMB (50 microM). By contrast, MGCMA (100 microM)
      failed to modify either Na(+)-dependent 45Ca2+ influx or ouabain-induced [3H]DA
      release. In conclusion, the results of the present study appear to suggest that
      the pharmacological inhibition of the Na(+)-Ca2+ antiporter by amiloride
      analogues may affect DA release from central neurons. Opposite effects are
      observed, depending on the direction of operation of the exchanger. In fact, when
      the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger operates as a Ca2+ efflux pathway, its pharmacological
      blockade can produce a stimulation of DA release. In contrast, when this
      antiporter operates as a Ca2+ influx pathway, as occurs as a consequence of the
      inhibition of the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase pump by ouabain, its pharmacological blockade
      can prevent ouabain-induced DA release from TIDA neurons.

PMID- 2402229
TI  - Hemoregulatory peptide pGlu-Glu-Asp-Cys-Lys: a new synthetic derivative for
      avoiding dimerization and loss of inhibitory activity.
AB  - The hemoregulatory peptide (pGlu-Glu-Asp-Cys-Lys, pEEDCK) is a potent inhibitor
      of stem cell recruitment, which is a major source of hematological complications
      after cytostatic tumor therapy. By preventing recruitment, pEEDCK can keep
      hemopoietic stem cells in their normal nonproliferative state and in this way
      prevent damage by certain cell cycle-specific cytostatic drugs. pEEDCK could play
      a role as hemoprotector in tumor chemotherapy. As a thiol-containing peptide,
      pEEDCK is highly sensitive to oxidation, resulting in the formation of a dimer.
      Although monomeric pEEDCK is a strong inhibitor of colony-forming units
      granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) clonal growth, the dimer was previously found to
      enhance colony-stimulating factor-triggered CFU-GM colony formation. It seemed,
      thus, necessary to find methods that avoid undesired dimerization reactions. A
      solid phase strategy for pEEDCK synthesis is presented. The primary synthetic
      product, S-tert-butyl-sulfenyl-pEEDCK, was purified and stored with the thiol
      protecting group remaining attached. Conversion to active monomeric pEEDCK was
      achieved by reductive treatment in situ before application and removal of tert
      butyl-mercaptane in vacuo. The activation reagent (dithioerythritol) prevented
      reoxidation also in culture media, where unprotected peptide was oxidized rapidly
      (t1/2 less than 13 min). The purified synthetic peptide was found to be a potent
      inhibitor of CFU-GM colony formation (IC50 = 1.1 x 10(-12) M) in vitro. It was
      also found to inhibit colony formation of some leukemic cell lines (HL-60, RAJI)
      although at much higher concentrations (10(-8) to 10(-9) M). Friend leukemia
      cells were not inhibited in the dose range where CFU-GM were sensitive.

PMID- 2402230
TI  - Resistance of a human ovarian cancer line to 5-fluorouracil associated with
      decreased levels of 5-fluorouracil in DNA.
AB  - Two human ovarian cancer cell lines were established from a patient before (PEO1)
      and after (PEO4) the onset of resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/cisplatin-based
      chemotherapy. Using growth inhibition assays, we determined that the PEO4 line
      was almost 5-fold more resistant to 5-FU than the PEO1 line. The addition of
      either 1 or 20 microM leucovorin did not enhance the growth-inhibitory effects of
      5-FU against the resistant PEO4 line. In characterizing the potential mechanisms
      of 5-FU resistance, we found no differences in thymidylate synthase activity
      between the two lines using both the 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate
      binding and catalytic assays. A 4-hr exposure to 1 microM 5-FU resulted in
      greater ternary complex formation in the resistant line, and we observed no
      differences between the two lines in 5-FU incorporation into RNA. However, a 4-hr
      exposure to 1 microM [3H]5-FU resulted in a 3-fold decrease in 5-FU accumulation
      in the DNA of the resistant PEO4 line. Cesium sulfate gradient centrifugation was
      used to more accurately separate and analyze for DNA-incorporated 5-FU
      metabolites and confirmed that the absolute level of 5-FU in the DNA of the PEO4
      cells was markedly decreased (6.5-fold) compared with that of the sensitive PEO1
      cell line. Moreover, time course studies demonstrated that the accumulated 5-FU
      in the DNA of the PEO4 cells was more rapidly removed compared with that in the
      PEO1 cells. Our findings suggest that decreased 5-FU levels in DNA, in part due
      to an enhanced removal from DNA, represent a mechanism by which the human ovarian
      cancer PEO4 line expresses decreased sensitivity to 5-FU.

PMID- 2402231
TI  - [Ricin structure: the study by the fluorescence quenching method].
AB  - To elucidate the details of pH-induced conformational transformation of ricin [I]
      in the region surrounding tryptophan residues, we studied parameters of
      fluorescence of the native toxin and its isolated A- and B-subunits at pH 4.0,
      5.0 and 7.4. The studies were carried out using resolution of fluorescence
      spectra according to different degree of tryptophan accessibility to ionic
      (iodide) and non-ionic organic (acrylamide) quenchers. Application of the new
      method allowed to reveal three classes of tryptophan residues differing in their
      accessibility to quenchers alpha-residues are accessible neither to ions nor to
      organic molecules; beta-residues are accessible only to organic molecules; while
      surface gamma-residues are accessible to both types of quenchers. The
      fluorescence spectra were assessed for each class of tryptophan residues. The
      major part of them was shown to be localized in apolar rigid microenvironment.
      Fluorescence of ricin and especially of its isolated subunits proved to be
      strongly dependent on the pH value. At pH less than 5 the structure of B-chain
      loosens, this process being reflected by an increase in accessibility of
      tryptophan residues to quenchers. In acidic solution at least one out of seven
      tryptophan residues in the ricin molecule undergoes conformational
      transformation. Positive charge prevails in the regions surrounding quencher
      accessible tryptophan residues. Binding of lactose leads to a slight
      compactization of the toxin structure that causes, in its turn, short-wave shifts
      of the fluorescence spectra and reduction of Stern-Volmer constants for
      intraglobular tryptophan residues.

PMID- 2402232
TI  - [Changes in the adiabatic compressibility of mono- and polyclonal antibodies
      during interaction with antigens].
AB  - The values of apparent adiabatic compressibility of free and antigen-bound
      antibodies were determined by means of precise density and ultrasound velocity
      measurements. It was shown that during the formation of soluble immune complexes
      (insulin--monoclonal antibodies to insulin and alpha-amylase--monovalent Fab
      fragments of antibodies to alpha-amylase), the apparent compressibility of
      antibodies decreased by (0.3 divided by 0.9).10(-6) cm3/g.bar. During the
      formation of large insoluble aggregates (alpha-amylase--polyclonal antibodies to
      alpha-amylase), the apparent compressibility decreased by (5.5 +/- 0.7).10(-6)
      cm3/g.bar. It is suggested that the decrease in the magnitude of thermal
      fluctuations of the molecular volume of antibodies during antigen binding,
      manifesting itself by the decrease in their compressibility and strengthened
      several-fold by precipitate formation, may favour the activation of the effectory
      functions of antibodies.

PMID- 2402233
TI  - [Development of rules for vaccine engineering based on the variability of peptide
      fragments in closely related proteins].
AB  - Based on the protein sequence data bank (PIR), the "variable fragment" bank,
      comprising pairs of closely related proteins, containing one or more strongly
      differing sites of primary structures was formed. The bank includes 465 "variable
      fragments" of 383 protein pairs. Amino acid residues composition of "variable
      fragments" was examined and indexes of potential amino acid residues variability
      was formed. An analysis of amino acid fragments replaceability was carried out by
      substituting the N-, C-terminal, or middle part of a chain), the fragments length
      differences and physico-chemical properties of residues, such as volume,
      hydrophobicity, polarity, isoelectric point, etc. Some general empirical rules of
      peptide insertions in carrier-proteins were created based on these analyses. The
      rules are directed for performing modifications maintaining the common structure
      and function of the carrier-protein molecule. The selection scheme for
      determining the regions suitable for modification and the criteria for defining
      the width of acceptable modifications in this regions were suggested. The use of
      potential variability profile for detecting regions suitable for peptide
      insertion was considered on the model of hepatitis B surface protein.

PMID- 2402234
TI  - [The effect of long-range interactions between adsorbed ligands on the DNA helix
      coil transition].
AB  - The influence of different types of long-range interaction of ligands adsorbed on
      DNA on the helix-coil transition was theoretically considered. The contact
      interaction was shown to differ significantly from the long-rang one. It was
      shown also that even weak dependence of a long-range potential on a degree of
      helicity resulted in the strong changes of a DNA melting curve. This result
      allowed to understand the different experimental data on DNA melting in the
      presence of different substances which reduced AT-and GC-base pairs
      thermostability difference.

PMID- 2402235
TI  - [Expression of ceruloplasmin gene in mammalian organs from the data of
      hybridization analysis with complementary DNA probes].
AB  - Expression of ceruloplasmin (Cp)-coding gene in rat and human liver and brain
      tissues was studied by Northern blot hybridization and by in situ hybridization
      with cloned species-specific cDNA probes. In rat brain structures, different
      levels of Cp mRNA were detected, the maximal one was found in cerebellum. The
      steady-state level of Cp mRNA in rat and human brain was several times lower than
      in parenchymatous liver cells. The size heterogeneity of Cp mRNA was found.
      Polyadenylated RNA prepared from human liver contains two equally abundant Cp
      mRNAs differing in their chain length (3.6 and 4.5 kb) while brain polyadenylated
      RNA contains a single Cp mRNA (4.5 kb).

PMID- 2402236
TI  - [Several copies of angiogenin gene are present in the mammalian genome].
AB  - Human cDNAs coding for angiogenin were isolated from Li7 hepatoma. Analysis of
      the nucleotide sequences of isolated cDNA clones and its comparison with recently
      published sequences of cDNA and human angiogenin gene permitted to suggest that
      an intron is present in the 5' region of the gene, dividing the coding and 5'
      untranslating regions. The size of the intron exceeds 1700 b.p. Up to now it has
      been known that the angiogenin gene is a single copy gene. However our results of
      blot-hybridization with genomic DNA of some mammals showed that there are 2-3
      copies of the gene in their genomes. According to our results the angiogenin gene
      is conserved in mammalian genomes.

PMID- 2402237
TI  - [New elements in the structure of binding sites of glucocorticoid-receptor
      complex in hormone-regulated genes].
AB  - An analysis of the structure of DNA sites responsible for binding to
      glucocorticoid-receptor complex (GlRC) was carried out. The use of the frequency
      matrices and of a variant of the perception method made it possible to establish
      that in the GlRC binding site on both sides of the known conservative nucleotide
      sequence (nucleus) there were additional conservative elements which seemed to be
      able to modulate the efficiency of GlRC binding. A criterion is worked out for
      detecting the potential GlRC binding sites in given sequences. It is based on the
      simultaneous use of several perceptron matrices. The efficiency of detection of
      GlRC binding sites by means of the proposed criterion is by an order higher than
      that performed according to the GlRC binding site consensus (Beato et al. [2]).

PMID- 2402238
TI  - [Genome organization and primary structure of the BamHI fragment of highly
      repetitive DNA from Hordeum vulgare].
AB  - The primary structure of three highly repetitive DNA sequences, which are: the
      most widespread repeats in a number of Hordeum species, represented by 10(5)
      copies in the genome of Hordeum vulgare, and belong to the BamHI fragment, was
      studied. The organization of this fragment in the barley genome was described.
      The computer analysis of the primary structure indicated a great number of
      inverted repeats (two of them are flanked by short direct repeats) in the BamHI
      fragment and revealed the short subrepeats of the A, B, C types, five potential
      RNA-polymerase II sites, one site for RNA polymerase III, open reading frame of
      294 b.p. or 210 b.p., sites for polyadenylation and enhancer sequence. The
      presence of a mobile element (95-568 bp) is very likely in the BamHI fragment,
      taking into account the location of the mentioned structures along the fragment.
      This mobile element contains the subrepeats of only A and B types, all sites of
      transcription initiation, the open reading frame and the inverted repeats on both
      ends, flanked by the short direct repeats. The transposition mechanisms probably
      play an essential part in the origin and propagation of the studied BamHI
      fragment. The presence of potential functional sites in the fragment indicates
      the possibility of transcription and translation of some highly repetitive
      Hordeum vulgare DNA.

PMID- 2402239
TI  - [The structure of PstI-repeats adjacent to the growth hormone gene and
      transcription of the family of PstI-repeats in various bovine organs].
AB  - Previously cloned PstI-repeats located in 5'- and 3'-flanking sequences of the
      bovine growth hormone gene were studied in details. The size of the repeats
      (1,200-2,000 b.p.), the degree of homology, the orientation and direction of
      their transcription were determined. They were shown to be transcribed in thymus,
      liver, kidneys, pancreas, adenohypophysis, spleen, although with different
      efficiency. The transcripts are polyadenylated and heterogeneous in size. Partial
      asymmetry of PstI-repeat family transcription was shown.

PMID- 2402240
TI  - [Increased expression of genes coding for replication proteins during the period
      of DNA synthesis].
AB  - Individual mRNA coding for proteins of the alpha-polymerase complex were isolated
      from replicating hepatocytes. cDNAs were synthesized by reverse transcriptase.
      Three clones were identified by colony hybridization of the S period cDNA
      library. The sequences of these clones were complementary to the investigated
      mRNAs. Two clones named pr12 and pr167 revealed increased expressions in the S
      period. The level of mRNA pr127 does not change during liver regeneration. The
      amount of pr127 mRNA was about 1% of the total mRNA population. pr12, pr127 and
      pr167 mRNAs were isolated by the hybrid-selection method and were translated in a
      cell-free system. The products of translation were analysed by "activity" gel. It
      was shown that pr167 mRNA coded for protein 140 kDa with DNA polymerase activity.
      pr12 protein is an unknown component of the alpha-polymerase complex. We
      suggested that this protein participates in the initiation of DNA replication.

PMID- 2402241
TI  - [Monte-Carlo simulation of hydration of nucleic acid fragments].
AB  - Monte-Carlo simulation of the systems containing a stack of 6 complementary base
      pairs and 180 water molecules has been performed. Characteristic of the hydration
      shell structure in major and minor grooves has been found for the stacks of
      repeating A : U and G : C base pairs as well as alternating (A : U, U : A) and (G
      : C, C : G) ones. Probabilities of the formation of bridges, formed by 1, 2 and 3
      water molecules, between hydrophilic centres of the bases have been estimated.
      One water molecule forms an H-bonded bridge between two adjacent hydrophilic
      centres with high probability if N...N, N...O or O...O distance between these
      centres is close to 4.3 A. Hydration shell structure was found to depend
      significantly on the stack sequence and configuration, while global hydration
      characteristics (average energy, the number of water-water and water-base H
      bonds) are only slightly dependent on the stack sequence and configuration. For
      the stacks in A conformation the number of water molecules forming more than one
      H-bonds with the bases is greater in comparison with the stacks in B-like
      conformation. This result is discussed in connection with the concept of
      hydration economy during B to A transition.

PMID- 2402242
TI  - [Interaction of EcoRII restriction and modification enzymes with synthetic DNA
      fragments. Determination of the size of EcoRII binding site].
AB  - EcoRII restriction endonuclease binding site has been determined on the basis of
      comparison of the binding parameters of the enzyme with synthetic DNA-duplexes of
      concatemer type containing a different number of EcoRII recognition sites. It has
      been shown that it consists of 21 +/- 1 base pairs.

PMID- 2402243
TI  - [Long irregular regions in proteins as combinations of small standard
      structures].
AB  - The structure of long loop regions in proteins is considered. It is shown that
      long loops can be represented as combinations of small standard structures
      described in our previous papers. Relationship between the structures and the
      amino acid sequences of the loop regions is discussed.

PMID- 2402244
TI  - Specific binding of lipopolysaccharides to mouse macrophages--I. Characteristics
      of the interaction and inefficiency of the polysaccharide region.
AB  - Tritium-labeled lipopolysaccharide interacted specifically and reversibly with
      mouse peritoneal macrophages. The binding was higher at 22 degrees C than at 4
      degrees C, but was no longer observable at 37 degrees C. The specificity of the
      interaction (inhibition with unlabeled LPS) was strictly dependent on the
      presence of serum, and required divalent cations. The binding was saturable. The
      specific binding sites of peritoneal macrophages were saturated with 6-9 x 10(6)
      LPS molecules/cell, and those of macrophage-like cell lines with 2-3 x 10(6)
      molecules/cell. The binding of LPS was not inhibited by ligands of scavenger
      receptors (maleylated BSA) or complement receptors (zymosan), but was strongly
      inhibited with dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid which is known to modulate the
      expression of other surface markers of macrophages. The polysaccharide region of
      the LPS, as well as 3-deoxy-2-octulosonic acid (KDO) coupled to bovine serum
      albumin, did not bind to macrophages, whereas a specific binding was observed
      with a lipid A-BSA conjugate.

PMID- 2402245
TI  - Specific binding of lipopolysaccharides to mouse macrophages--II. Involvement of
      distinct lipid a substructures.
AB  - The interaction of lipopolysaccharide-binding sites of mouse macrophages with the
      Lipid A region of endotoxins (LPS) was demonstrated by direct binding of labeled
      Lipid A conjugates, by inhibition of the binding of labeled LPS with anti-Lipid A
      monoclonal antibodies, and by the considerable reduction of this binding after
      chemical and enzymatic removal of the fatty acid esters of the LPS. The
      substructures of Lipid A required for the specific binding of LPS to macrophages
      were analyzed by the use of synthetic lipids consisting of mono- or disaccharide
      derivatives of glucosamine. The two phosphate groups of Lipid A (at positions 1
      and 4') as well as certain hydroxyl groups, appeared to play a critical role in
      the binding. However, the reactivities of the synthetic lipids with the
      macrophage surface, as compared with those with anti-Lipid A antibodies, could
      hardly be explained by the existence of a single LPS receptor, and suggested the
      presence, on the macrophage surface, of different LPS-binding sites that
      recognize different substructures or spatial configurations of the lipid moiety
      of endotoxins.

PMID- 2402246
TI  - Recognition of pertussis toxin by antibodies to synthetic peptides.
AB  - Eight synthetic peptides, selected from the amino acid sequence of pertussis
      toxin (PT) subunits S1, S2, S3 and S4, were assessed for their ability to induce
      protein-recognizing and neutralizing antibodies. Seven of these peptides,
      prepared as conjugates of either keyhole limpet haemocyanin or tetanus toxoid,
      induced significant levels of antibody, all of which reacted with SDS-denatured
      PT on Western blots. Six of the antibodies bound to PT-coated ELISA plates; this
      binding was inhibited by homologous peptide antigen. However, none of the
      antibodies, including those directed against the N-terminus of subunit S1, were
      able to attenuate in vivo or in vitro toxin-dependent activity. Further
      investigation revealed that only one antibody, specific for the C-terminus of S1
      (peptide Slc, 237-255), could recognize the conformation of native PT in
      solution. The other five antipeptide antibodies which reacted with PT-coated
      ELISA plates did not recognize PT when captured onto ELISA plates via either a
      monoclonal antibody or fetuin, unless the conformation of the toxin had been
      relaxed by reduction with dithiothreitol. Conversely, the native PT-recognizing
      response of peptide Slc did not bind the conformationally relaxed PT molecule.
      From this study, it appears likely that a peptide capable of inducing PT
      neutralizing antibody must closely resemble the conformation of the cognate
      sequence in the native protein.

PMID- 2402247
TI  - Calcium is essential for both the membrane binding and lytic activity of pore
      forming protein (perforin) from cytotoxic T-lymphocyte.
AB  - The influence of Ca on the membrane binding and lytic activity of lymphocyte pore
      forming protein (perforin) was studied. In the absence of Ca, perforin did not
      bind to the target membranes and did not support lysis of the target cells. In
      contrast, in the presence of Ca perforin was able to bind to the cell membrane
      (Km greater than 0.2 mM). Almost all the perforin molecules bind to the membrane
      within 1 min at 0 degrees C. The addition of EDTA abolished the binding,
      indicating that the effects of Ca on the membrane binding are reversible. On the
      other hand, the perforin-mediated lysis of target cells was temp-dependent and
      also required the presence of Ca in the reaction mixture (Km = 0.05 mM). The
      difference between the Km values for the membrane binding and lytic activity
      suggests the presence of two distinct Ca-requiring steps in perforin-mediated
      target cell lysis.

PMID- 2402248
TI  - Quantitative in situ hybridization using strand specific RNA probes: expression
      of the bunyavirus Germiston S segment in mosquito cells.
AB  - Infection of Vero (monkey) cells by Germiston bunyavirus is highly cytopathic
      with cell lysis and virus production at a high titre, whereas infection of Aedes
      albopictus C6/36 (mosquito) cells leads, after an acute primary phase, to a
      persistent non-cytopathic infection with a loss in virus production. In this
      report we demonstrate that single-stranded RNA probes can be successfully used in
      an in situ hybridization assay to quantify viral expression during this
      persistent infection. The steady-state levels of viral S-RNA segment (genomic and
      messenger sense) during the acute phase were similar to those observed in
      lytically infected Vero cells, but appeared delayed. Both senses of S-RNA were
      detected throughout persistent infection but in lower amounts, in less than 10%
      of the cells and always in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The number of copies
      per cell of messenger sense S-RNAs remained low during persistent infection
      whereas a higher fluctuation was observed for genomic S-RNAs. In situ
      hybridization with specific stranded RNA probes provides both qualitative and
      quantitative informations, that can lead to a better understanding of virus-cell
      interactions.

PMID- 2402249
TI  - Use of non-radioactive DNA probes for detection of Campylobacter jejuni and
      Campylobacter coli in stool specimens.
AB  - DNA probes specific for C. jejuni (pDT1720 containing a 1475 base pair fragment)
      and for C. jejuni and C. coli (pDT1719 containing a 1845 base pair fragment) were
      isolated from a bacteriophage lambda gt11 genomic library of C. jejuni, using
      antiserum prepared against a 46 kDa major outer membrane protein of C. jejuni.
      The two probe-fragments had different restriction maps and were only moderately
      related by DNA hybridization analysis. A non-radioactive labelling kit which
      consisted of alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-digoxigenin antiserum and 5
      bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl phosphate with nitroblue tetrazolium as the colour
      substrate, which gives a purple colour for positive hybridization, was used to
      test 140 stool specimens, 70 of which were culture positive and 70 of which wer
      culture negative for Campylobacter spp. The pDT1720 fragment (C. jejuni probe)
      could detect a minimum of 1 x 10(5) C. jejuni cells on filters, whereas the
      pDT1719 fragment (C. coli probe) was 100-fold less sensitive. The C. jejuni probe
      demonstrated a sensitivity of 93% with culture positive stool samples, however,
      15% of culture negative samples were also recorded as positive using this non
      radioactive DNA probe.

PMID- 2402250
TI  - DNA hybridization for diagnosis of pertussis.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate a mixed phase DNA hybridization
      assay for detection of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis in
      nasopharyngeal aspirates from patients with suspected pertussis. Among 179
      consecutive patients with own or parental suspicion of pertussis, the diagnosis
      was confirmed in 103 patients by serology and in 52/103 (50%) cases also by
      culture. The remaining 76 patients served as nonpertussis controls. Direct
      hybridization was positive in 38% samples with serology as reference method, a
      non-significant difference to the 50% sensitivity for culture. Preculture of
      samples on membranes for 24, 48 and 72 h gave a significantly higher sensitivity
      only with 72 h preculture, 69% vs 50% (P = 0.007). The 72h preculture gave,
      however, also a significant decrease of specificity, 87% vs 100% for routine
      culture (P = 0.001) and is not a more rapid diagnostic method. The result shows
      that rapid diagnosis by DNA hybridization can be achieved in a large proportion
      of pertussis cases. The presence of smaller numbers of bacteria in samples only
      positive after preculture indicate that DNA hybridization could be a highly
      sensitive diagnostic method with further development of more rapid amplification
      systems.

PMID- 2402251
TI  - Detection of dengue viral RNA in mosquito vectors by mixed phase and solution
      hybridization.
AB  - A mixed phase hybridization technique was developed to detect dengue virus type 2
      (DEN-2) RNA in pools of infected Aedes albopictus mosquitoes using radiolabelled
      RNA probes. This technique used a guanidine thiocyanate extraction procedure to
      simplify analyte preparation. The probes contained sequences complementary to
      portions of the NS-1 or NS-5 genes of the DEN-2 viral genome. One infected
      mosquito in a pool of 25 could be detected in approximately 48 h. RNAs from DEN
      serotypes 1-4 were extracted from cultured mosquito (C6/36) cells. The NS-1 RNA
      probe was highly specific for DEN-2 RNA. The NS-5 RNA probe detected both DEN-2
      and DEN-4 RNA. DEN-2 RNA was also detected by molecular hybridization in
      concentrated solutions of guanidine thiocyanate using the NS-1 probe. Solution
      hybridization was 10-fold more sensitive when detecting RNA from purified DEN-2
      virus than the mixed phase assay and could detect one infected mosquito in a pool
      of 25 within 6-8 h. Solution hybridizations were performed in 2-3 h vs 16-20 h
      for mixed phase hybridizations, and solution hybridizations required 5-10 times
      less mosquito RNA than mixed phase hybridizations to attain comparable
      sensitivities. However, solution hybridizations did result in a broader probe
      specificity than mixed phase hybridizations.

PMID- 2402252
TI  - [Treatment of Class II malocclusion using the Herbst appliance].
AB  - In this study vertical changes occurring during treatment of Class II
      malocclusion with the Herbst appliance anchored in two different ways has been
      evaluated. Two patients groups with different growth patterns
      (hyponormodivergent; hyperdivergent) have been treated with the Herbst appliance
      stabilized with bands and with splints. Vertical changes occurred in two groups
      have been compared between them and with a control group. The results seems to
      justify the use of the Herbst appliance anchored with splints in the treatment of
      Class II high angle cases. The clinician should be aware of the vertical changes
      occurring during treatment of Classe II malocclusion with the Herbst appliance in
      relation to the different types of anchorage system used when programming his own
      treatment strategy.

PMID- 2402253
TI  - [Role of posture in the etiopathogenesis of asymmetry and flexibility of
      therapeutic approach].
AB  - In the orthodontic evaluation of the cranio-cervical region, the relation between
      the form and the function is very important, specially if we consider the most
      frequent component of the modification of the armony of the system, the
      asymmetries, that we can classify as skeletal, functional and mixed. In this
      regards, the cervico-cranio-mandibular posture is a very important factor very
      often associated with the proper function of the respiratory system. The
      different factors, as cervical, nasal, temporo-mandibular and dento-alveolar are
      considered. On this basic approach, a diagnostic procedure is presented, in order
      to obtain a complete evaluation of the patient by considering the dental and
      skeletal age, the amount of compensation, the presence of the signs and symptoms
      of the dysfunction. We obtain a therapeutic procedure that must be
      individualized: the most important times of the treatment are the interceptive
      approach, followed by the orthodontics steps and finally, the reevaluation of the
      results. The guide line of these steps are mostly a continuous monitoring of the
      symptoms, the priority of the sequences of the treatment, the use of a
      repositioning splint and a selective biomechanics. Four cases are presented at
      different ages, with asymmetries, on which the posture play an important role.
      The treatment procedures and the satisfactory results show the possibility of an
      interceptive approach of the asymmetries, at least of the postural component in
      the adult patient, and the important role of the orthodontist in the treatment of
      these malocclusions.

PMID- 2402254
TI  - [Treatment of orofacial musculature imbalance].
AB  - The imbalance of the oral-facial muscles plays a fundamental role in the genesis
      of types of malocclusions, and in the occurrence of relapse at the end of
      orthodontic therapy. The treatment of patients affected by malocclusions
      associated with muscle-imbalance necessitates therefore a combined approach of
      orthodontic and myofunctional therapy. The Authors describe a specific program of
      muscular oro-facial functional reeducation based upon exercises to be thought to
      the patients at the beginning, middle and end of orthodontic treatment.

PMID- 2402255
TI  - [Factors in craniomandibular asymmetry: diagnostic principles and therapy].
AB  - A craniomandibular structural asymmetry can be congenital or hereditary in
      nature, or can be acquired from traumatic of infectious events. During growth
      quantitative and qualitative alterations of the functional loads applied to the
      bones may modify their developmental pattern and lead to asymmetry: this has been
      show extensively through animals experiments. On the other hand, occlusal
      alterations may lead to mandibular displacement in maximum intercuspidation (ICP)
      and, consequently, to an apparent asymmetry. Therefore a distinction can be drawn
      among: 1) structural asymmetries; 2) displacement asymmetries; 3) mixed types.
      The different types of asymmetry may be diagnosed through the integrated analysis
      of the data from clinical examination, TMJ radiographs, teleradiographs and
      cephalometric analysis. A system is also presented, that analyzes the symmetry
      degree through Computer Aided Design. The purpose of treatment and the consequent
      treatment modalities vary in function of the type of asymmetry and the patient's
      age. When a mandibular displacement is present, it should be treated
      independently from the patient's age. However, if structural asymmetry is
      present, the treatment modalities depend on the patient's age. In the growing
      individual it is possible to exploit the potential modeling during growth and to
      modify through orthopedic means the residual growth of the patient. However, in
      the adult patient structural asymmetry can not be managed any more through
      conservative orthopedics.

PMID- 2402256
TI  - [Cephalometric evaluation of the nasolabial angle].
AB  - Current orthodontic treatment aims not only at achieving a good, stable
      functional occlusion but, increasingly, at improving the cosmetical appearance of
      the face and profile. To this end, the Authors believe that proper analysis of
      the nasolabial angle is an important consideration. A cephalometric evaluation of
      the soft tissue nasolabial angle and its relationship to craniofacial bony
      landmarks is described. Statistical data are presented from a preliminary sample
      of 32 orthodontic patients of whom 15 were habitual oronasal breathers. The
      absolute value of the nasolabial angle was very similar in the two groups but the
      orientation of the nasolabial angle relative to cephalometric landmarks showed
      statistically significant differences.

PMID- 2402257
TI  - [Early diagnosis of dentomaxillary disharmony].
AB  - In permanent dentition diagnostic problems are certainly simplified, because of
      the stability of the occlusal and skeletal relationship; on the contrary in
      deciduous and mixed dentition diagnostic and therapeutic problems are more
      complex. That's why precocious clinical signs of dento-maxillary discrepancy must
      be known and observed, since the first years of life, following the modification
      of the dental arch. From deciduous dentition to the mixed till the permanent, in
      order to guide and create the condition for a correct setting of permanent teeth.

PMID- 2402258
TI  - [Sliding mechanics in orthodontic treatment with the straight wire].
AB  - The principles of straight arch technique are described and the mechanical
      characteristics of contemporary pretorqued, preangulated "straight arch"
      appliances are summarized. A step wise approach is presented for efficient
      orthodontic tooth movement using sliding mechanics with .022" straight arch
      appliances. The steps are: 1) alignment and leveling; 2) molar correction and
      space closure; 3) finishing. Specific suggestions are made for wires and force
      elements best suited to sliding mechanics.

PMID- 2402259
TI  - [Set-up: method review and implementation of a new protocol].
AB  - At present the set-up occupies an important role in orthodontic therapy and is a
      valid help both at diagnostic and therapeutic level. The intent of this work is
      to illustrate the set-up execution technique in its principal passages, giving
      some useful indications to realize the correct dental displacements. For this
      reason it's necessary to insert some contrivances, which allow to control dental
      displacements into the three space dimenions. In this way it's possible to obtain
      an exact and valid set-up which can be destinated to many employments in
      orthodontic therapy.

PMID- 2402260
TI  - [Post-orthodontic retention: experimentation with a new technic].
AB  - Retention is a problem which has acquired a growing importance in orthodontic
      therapy. Some studies infact have proved that relapse cases may happen frequently
      at the end of an orthodontic treatment. To prevent these relapses it's necessary
      a suitable period of retention. In this work we took into consideration the
      problem of lower incisors crowding and we proposed a method of retention with the
      application of a fixed maintainer from cuspid to cuspid. This maintainer is
      applicated with some contrivances to reduce the risk of maintainer removal.

PMID- 2402261
TI  - The Pepper Commission Report on Comprehensive Health Care.

PMID- 2402262
TI  - Location on chromosome 15 of the gene defect causing Marfan syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Marfan syndrome, "the founding member" of the heritable disorders of
      connective tissue, is a common autosomal dominant disorder with highly variable
      clinical manifestations in the skeletal, ocular, and cardiovascular systems. The
      fundamental defect leading to this disease has escaped definition despite decades
      of research efforts by several groups of investigators. METHODS AND RESULTS:
      Using linkage analyses with polymorphic markers of the human genome, we mapped
      the genetic defect to chromosome 15 in five families with Marfan syndrome. With
      three polymorphic markers we obtained definitive proof of linkage in these
      families (lod score = 3.92, theta = 0.0 +/- 0.11). The most probable location of
      the gene for the disease is currently D15S45 (lod score = 3.32, theta = 0.0 +/-
      0.12). CONCLUSIONS: The chromosomal localization of the mutation in Marfan
      syndrome is a first step toward the isolation and characterization of the
      defective gene and serves as a diagnostic test in families in which cosegregation
      of these markers with the disease has been confirmed.

PMID- 2402263
TI  - Marfan syndrome.

PMID- 2402265
TI  - The cause of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with tryptophan use.

PMID- 2402264
TI  - Reforming the health care system.

PMID- 2402266
TI  - Isolation of HTLV-I from members of a remote tribe in New Guinea.

PMID- 2402267
TI  - Mitochondrial myopathy caused by long-term zidovudine therapy.

PMID- 2402268
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2402269
TI  - Aerosolized amiloride for the treatment of lung disease in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2402270
TI  - Treatment of peptic ulcer.

PMID- 2402271
TI  - Erythropoietin-associated hypertension.

PMID- 2402272
TI  - Carcass evaluation and nutritive value of some popular edible molluscs in
      Nigeria.
AB  - The carcass characteristics and nutritive value of the giant African land snails
      (A. achatina and A. marginata), the common garden snail (V. quadrata) and
      periwinkles (P. aurita and T. fuscatus) were assessed. The edible portions
      account for less than 42% of the live weight in all molluscs. Protein content was
      generally high: 74.9% in A. achatina, 71.6% in A. marginata, 76.2% in V.
      quadrata, 82.5% in P. aurita and 61.3% in T. fuscatus. Fat level was low in the
      molluscs (1.0-1.5%). Amino acid analysis indicated that all species were
      particularly rich in lysine (7.4-10.0 g/16 g N). All, except P. aurita were low
      in methionine (0.92-1.95 g/16 g N). A. achatina gave the highest PER (4.0)
      followed by A. marginata (3.7), T. fuscatus (2.9), V. quadrata (2.0) and P.
      aurita (1.9). Rats in each group gained weight during the experimental period.
      TD, BV and NPU generally followed the same trend.

PMID- 2402273
TI  - Studies on estrogenic effects of faba bean (Vicia faba L. minor) products using
      the mouse uterine bioassay.

PMID- 2402274
TI  - [The effect of silver carp oil on the blood pressure and lipids of spontaneously
      hypertensive rats].

PMID- 2402275
TI  - The role of the clinical nurse specialist at GSH (Grote Schuur Hospital)

PMID- 2402276
TI  - [Job satisfaction in nursing].
AB  - Job satisfaction is a relative term that mean different things to different
      people. Although money was always considered to be the prime motivator of staff,
      it is only one factor that contribute towards job satisfaction. Other factors
      include aspects such as available time for personal activities, a need to be
      involved in decision-making and the right to be informed, to name but a few.
      Motivation as a tool to ensure a satisfied worker score include strategies, e.g.,
      open communication channels, a better working environment, staff development and
      managerial leadership.

PMID- 2402277
TI  - Leisure--aerobics and dance injuries.

PMID- 2402278
TI  - Selecting candidates for the bridging course for enrolled nurses.

PMID- 2402279
TI  - AIDS scan.

PMID- 2402280
TI  - Formative evaluation of health education: Part II.

PMID- 2402281
TI  - New AIDS training course for the occupational health nurse in Cape Town.

PMID- 2402283
TI  - Medical legal aspects of hospital infection.

PMID- 2402282
TI  - The planning of hospitals Part II: The input of the nurses.

PMID- 2402284
TI  - Safety first.

PMID- 2402285
TI  - Gamete intra fallopian transfer--G.I.F.T.

PMID- 2402286
TI  - The most precious gift of all.

PMID- 2402287
TI  - Bad luck insurance.

PMID- 2402288
TI  - Financial realities hit US science budget.

PMID- 2402289
TI  - US cancer epidemiology. No Sellafield effect in US study?

PMID- 2402290
TI  - Vaccine research. WHO calls the shots.

PMID- 2402292
TI  - US science agencies. Top names at last.

PMID- 2402291
TI  - Human genome sequencing. Japan gets its act together.

PMID- 2402293
TI  - Law to keep labels off genes.

PMID- 2402294
TI  - Microscopy. Seeing is believing.

PMID- 2402295
TI  - Synthetase with a difference.

PMID- 2402296
TI  - Advances in automated DNA sequencing.

PMID- 2402297
TI  - Supersensitivity to intrathecal 5-hydroxytryptamine, but not noradrenaline,
      following depletion of spinal 5-hydroxytryptamine by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine
      administered into various sites.
AB  - The present study was conducted (a) to determine if cross-supersensitivity at
      spinal noradrenergic receptors could be demonstrated in antinociceptive tests
      following depletion of spinal cord 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) by the intrathecal
      (i.t.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of 5,7
      dihydroxytryptamine (5,7DHT), and (b) to compare the pattern of supersensitivity
      at spinal 5HT receptors following these manipulations and 5,7DHT microinjected
      into the ventral raphe (VR) region and the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM). Both i.t.
      and i.c.v. administration of 5,7DHT produced a marked depletion of spinal cord
      5HT (greater than 75%) and supersensitivity to the i.t. injection of 5HT in the
      tail flick and hot plate tests. No supersensitivity to the i.t. injection of
      noradrenaline (NA) was observed. Microinjection of 5,7DHT into the VR and NRM
      produced less depletion of spinal cord 5HT (40-57%), and supersensitivity to the
      i.t. injection of 5HT was observed only in the hot plate test following
      microinjection of 5,7DHT into the VR. An increased incidence of signs of the 5HT
      behavioural syndrome, particularly tremor and Straub tail, was observed in all
      5,7DHT-pretreated groups. These results indicate that cross-supersensitivity to
      spinal NA receptors does not occur following depletion of spinal cord 5HT. In
      addition, responses mediated by 5HT receptors show a differential pattern of
      development of supersensitivity. Thus, the 5HT behavioural syndrome (presumably
      mediated by 5HT1A receptors) more readily reflects the development of
      supersensitivity than the tail flick test (presumably mediated by 5HT2
      receptors), while the hot plate test (uncharacterized subtype) shows an
      intermediate development of supersensitivity.

PMID- 2402298
TI  - Beneficial effect of magnesium on the isolated perfused rat heart during
      reperfusion after ischaemia: comparison between pre-ischaemic and post-ischaemic
      administration of magnesium.
AB  - The effect of high concentration of magnesium on both mechanical dysfunction and
      metabolic damage after ischaemia-reperfusion was studied in isolated rat hearts.
      The heart was perfused by the Langendorff's technique at a constant flow (10
      ml/min) with modified Krebs-Henseleit solution and driven at 300 beats/min. The
      heart was made ischaemic by reducing the flow to 0 ml/min for 25 min, and then
      reperfused at the constant flow for 15 min. MgSO4 was added to the perfusate for
      5 min before the onset of ischaemia, or after the end of ischaemia (after the
      onset of reperfusion). Ischaemia-reperfusion produced both mechanical dysfunction
      (as evidenced by an increase in the left ventricular end diastolic pressure and a
      decrease in the left ventricular developed pressure) and metabolic damage [as
      evidenced by a decrease in the myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP)]. When 15
      mmol/l MgSO4 was given before ischaemia, there was no appreciable recovery of
      mechanical function, whereas when given after ischaemia (during reperfusion),
      there was a marked recovery of mechanical function. Lower concentrations (10 or 5
      mmol/l) of MgSO4 given after ischaemia recovered the mechanical function
      concentration-dependently. The beneficial effect of 15 mmol/l MgSO4 was minimized
      by the coexistence of 4.5 mmol/l CaCl2 in the reperfusion solution. The decrease
      in the myocardial level of ATP induced by ischaemia-reperfusion was attenuated by
      15 mmol/l MgSO4 given in the reperfusion solution. These results suggest that
      high Mg2+ is effective in attenuating both functional and metabolic damage of the
      post-ischaemic heart, provided it is given after ischaemia.

PMID- 2402299
TI  - Positive coupling of cholinergic muscarinic receptors to adenylate cyclase
      activity in membranes of rat olfactory bulb.
AB  - In membranes of rat olfactory bulb acetylcholine stimulated adenylate cyclase
      activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The maximal stimulation
      corresponded to 53% increase of basal enzyme activity and was obtained with 100
      microM acetylcholine. The concentration of the cholinergic agonist eliciting a
      half-maximal effect was 0.4 microM. The stimulatory effect of acetylcholine was
      antagonized by 0.1 microM atropine but not by 10 microM (+)-tubocurarine.
      Moreover, the addition of micromolar concentrations of GTP was absolutely
      required for the enzyme stimulation by acetylcholine. The results demonstrate the
      presence in rat olfactory bulb of muscarinic receptors coupled to stimulation of
      adenylate cyclase probably via a GTP regulatory protein and provide evidence for
      a novel signal transduction mechanism of central muscarinic receptors.

PMID- 2402300
TI  - Topographical distribution of 5-HT3 receptor recognition sites in the ferret
      brain stem.
AB  - The distribution of [3H]zacopride (1.0 nM) to putative 5-HT3 receptor recognition
      sites in the ferret hindbrain was assessed using autoradiography. Specific
      binding (defined by the inclusion of granisetron, 1.0 microM) was heterogeneously
      distributed with highest density within the dorsal vagal complex (area postrema,
      nucleus tractus solitarius and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve). Lower
      densities were detected in the spinal trigeminal nerve complex whilst no other
      significant specific binding was detected ventral to the dorsal vagal complex.
      The location of 5-HT3 receptor recognition sites within the dorsal vagal complex
      may provide sites of action for zacopride and other 5-HT3 receptor antagonists to
      inhibit the emesis induced by cancer chemotherapeutic agents and x-radiation.

PMID- 2402301
TI  - [3H] GR67330, a very high affinity ligand for 5-HT3 receptors.
AB  - GR67330 potently inhibited 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced depolarizations of
      the rat isolated vagus nerve. At the higher concentrations used (0.3 nmol/l-1
      nmol/l) this was accompanied by a marked reduction in the maximum response to 5
      HT. The calculated pKB value was 10.2. The binding of the tritiated derivative of
      GR67330 to homogenates of rat entorhinal cortex was examined. Kinetic analysis
      revealed that specific [3H] GR67330 (0.1 nmol/l) binding was rapid and
      reversible. Association and dissociation rate constants were 1.48 +/- 0.36 x
      10(8) mol/l-1 s-1 and 7.85 +/- 0.41 x 10(-3) s-1 respectively. Equilibrium
      saturation analysis revealed specific binding was to a single site (Bmax 22.6 +/-
      0.21 fmol/mg protein) of high affinity (Kd 0.038 +/- 0.003 nmol/l). At low ligand
      concentrations, specific binding was up to 90% of total binding. If unlabelled
      GR67330 was used to define non-specific binding two sites were evident (Kd1 0.066
      +/- 0.007 nmol/l, Kd2 20.1 +/- 9.7 nmol/l; Bmax1 31.5 +/- 3.2 fmol/mg protein,
      Bmax2 1110 +/- 420 fmol/mg protein). [3H] GR67330 binding was inhibited potently
      by 5-HT3 antagonists and agonists. Ligands for other 5-HT receptors and other
      neurotransmitter receptors were either only weakly active or inactive at
      inhibiting binding. Hill numbers for antagonist inhibition of binding were close
      to unity, except for quipazine which was significantly greater than one. In
      common with other 5-HT3 binding studies, all 5-H-agonist tested had Hill numbers
      greater than one (1.51-1.71). GR38032 and GR65630 inhibited a greater proportion
      of binding than other 5-HT3 antagonists, this additional binding was interpreted
      as inhibition from a second saturable site unrelated to the 5-HT3
      receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402302
TI  - Effect of nicotine and tacrine on acetylcholine release from rat cerebral
      cortical slices.
AB  - The effect of nicotine (1-10 microM) and tacrine (9-amino-1,2,3,4
      tetrahydroacridine; THA) on stimulation evoked release of [3H]acetylcholine from
      the rat brain slice preparation preincubated with [3H]choline was investigated.
      In these preparations, nicotine enhanced while tacrine inhibited evoked
      [3H]acetylcholine release. These effects were blocked by (+)tubocurarine (1
      microM) and atropine (0.1 microM) respectively. In the presence of idazoxan (0.3
      microM) plus atropine (0.1 microM), nicotine (3 microM) continued to enhance
      evoked [3H]acetylcholine release while the inhibitory effect of tacrine (1
      microM) on evoked [3H]acetylcholine release was reversed to an enhancement. Under
      these circumstances the effects of both nicotine and tacrine were blocked by
      (+)tubocurarine (1 microM). These findings demonstrate that tacrine can both
      inhibit or enhance [3H]acetylcholine release, most likely through its activity as
      a cholinesterase inhibitor. Under normal circumstances following tacrine the
      predominant effect of the elevated levels of acetylcholine will be activation of
      inhibitory presynaptic muscarine receptors on cholinergic nerves and an
      inhibition of evoked [3H]acetylcholine release. Under conditions where both
      presynaptic inhibitory muscarine and alpha 2-adrenoceptors are blocked, the
      elevated levels of acetylcholine produced by tacrine will lead to the activation
      of facilitatory presynaptic nicotine cholinoceptors on cholinergic nerves and an
      enhancement of evoked [3H]acetylcholine release.

PMID- 2402305
TI  - The value of developing a QA program. Part I.

PMID- 2402303
TI  - 5-Methoxytryptamine and 2-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine-induced desensitization as a
      discriminative tool for the 5-HT3 and putative 5-HT4 receptors in guinea pig
      ileum.
AB  - Agonist-induced desensitization has been utilized to discriminate and
      independently "isolate" the neuronal excitatory receptors to 5-hydroxytryptamine
      (5-HT) in the guinea pig ileum (5-HT3 and putative 5-HT4 receptors). Electrically
      stimulated longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus preparations, and non-stimulated
      segments of whole ileum were used. Exposure to 5-methoxytryptamine (10 mumol/l)
      inhibited completely responses to 5-HT at the putative 5-HT4 receptor without
      affecting 5-HT3-mediated responses. Conversely, exposure to 2-methyl-5-HT (10
      mumol/l) inhibited completely responses to 5-HT at the 5-HT3 receptor without
      affecting putative 5-HT4-mediated responses. The inhibition with 5
      methoxytryptamine and 2-methyl-5-HT, either alone or in combination, appeared
      selective as responses to KCl, DMPP, carbachol, histamine, and substance P were
      unaffected or only very slightly modified. Furthermore, the pA2 values for ICS
      205-930 at the putative 5-HT4 (pA2 = 6.2 to 6.5) and 5-HT3 (pA2 = 7.6 to 8.1)
      receptors (estimated in the presence of 2-methyl-5-HT and 5-methoxytryptamine,
      respectively) were consistent with those estimated in the absence of
      desensitization. 5-Methoxytryptamine, but not 2-methyl-5-HT, suppressed
      completely but reversibly the concentration-effect curve to renzapride,
      suggesting that responses to this agent are mediated exclusively via agonism at
      the putative 5-HT4 receptor. It is concluded that 5-methoxytryptamine and 2
      methyl-5-HT can be utilized as selective probes to discriminate the putative 5
      HT4 receptor from the 5-HT3 receptor in guinea pig ileum. This finding is of
      importance as no selective antagonist exists for the putative 5-HT4
      receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402304
TI  - Effect of histamine on human bronchial arteries in vitro.
AB  - Histamine caused a concentration-dependent relaxation at lower concentrations (1
      pmol/l-1 mumol/l) and contraction at higher concentrations (0.01-1 mmol/l) of
      isolated precontracted human bronchial arteries. In the vessels at resting
      tension only concentration-dependent contraction was evoked by histamine (0.01-1
      mmol/l). Both the contractile and relaxant responses were significantly
      antagonised by mepyramine (1 mumol/l), with an estimated pKB value of 8.4, but
      not by cimetidine (100 mumol/l). Our results indicate that histamine induces
      biphasic effects on human bronchial arteries via H1-receptors.

PMID- 2402306
TI  - Organ donation: new ways needed to keep up with the demand. Part II.

PMID- 2402307
TI  - EPO--one year later. NRAA survey shows demand for documentation slowing EPO
      payments. National Renal Administrators Association.

PMID- 2402309
TI  - EPO--one year later: a look at rehabilitation. Does EPO impact on rehabilitation
      of the dialysis patient? A nursing perspective.

PMID- 2402308
TI  - EPO and renal nutrition--one year later. Evidence lacking in appetite
      improvement.

PMID- 2402310
TI  - EPO--one year later: a look at rehabilitation. Patient attitude key in impacting
      the job rate.

PMID- 2402311
TI  - EPO--one year later: a look at rehabilitation. A patient perspective--from
      patients.

PMID- 2402312
TI  - An open letter for help.

PMID- 2402313
TI  - Transplant costs, "presumed request," new drugs prove hot topics.

PMID- 2402314
TI  - A look at new directions for the dialysis technician. Part III.

PMID- 2402315
TI  - Estimating potential organ donor pool in Pennsylvania.

PMID- 2402316
TI  - AOPO makes recommendations to HCFA on improving organ procurement system.
      Association for Organ Procurement Organizations.

PMID- 2402317
TI  - The value of developing a QA program. Part II.

PMID- 2402318
TI  - Can a dietitian help prevent renal bone disease in the hemodialysis patient?

PMID- 2402319
TI  - Balancing the scales on the organ donor rate.

PMID- 2402320
TI  - Mortality of multiple sclerosis in relation to geographic factors in France.
AB  - The multiple sclerosis (MS) mortality 1968-1977 in France, as reported by
      Alperovitch and Bouvier, was tested for a possible correlation with a number of
      sociogeographic variables from relevant periods. The MS rate was associated with
      the main industry groups (metal processing and textile industry), with industry
      as a whole, and with the extent of oat cultivation. These findings are in
      agreement with observations in other countries and suggest a possible role of
      factors, somehow related to these features, in the etiology of MS.

PMID- 2402321
TI  - Childhood infections in multiple sclerosis: a study of North African-born
      patients who migrated to France. The French Collaborative Group on Multiple
      Sclerosis.
AB  - We conducted a study on 152 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who were born
      in North Africa and migrated to France. Information was obtained from patients on
      common childhood infections. We found that, in most cases, common childhood
      illnesses occurred before migration, but these infections occurred at later ages
      when the patients were in France: the mean differences were equal to 3 years for
      measles, 2.1 years for chickenpox, and 4.5 years for mumps. In comparison with
      data available for the general populations of Algeria and France, the mean ages
      of childhood infections, and particularly measles, were higher in MS patients.
      Data confirm that, wherever they live, MS patients tend to have childhood
      infections at a relatively late age and suggest that migration delays the age of
      viral infections. This might be one of the possible explanations for the effect
      of migration on the risk of MS.

PMID- 2402322
TI  - Transient ischemic attacks: their frequency in the Lehigh Valley.
AB  - The incidence of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in the Lehigh Valley was
      analyzed using the Lehigh Valley Stroke Register based on data collected between
      July 1, 1982, and June 30, 1986. The overall average annual incidence rate was
      22.9 per 100,000 population, and 23.2 and 22.5 per 100,000 population in men and
      women, respectively. Men had a statistically significant higher age-specific rate
      of TIAs than women. Our incidence appears to be lower than that reported in
      earlier studies but, because of methodologic differences, only continued
      observations in our population and in similar populations using a standardized
      methodology will resolve the question of whether TIA frequency is, in fact,
      declining.

PMID- 2402323
TI  - Risk factors predisposing to stroke in an elderly Chinese population--a
      longitudinal study.
AB  - A cohort of 427 (171 males, 256 females) elderly Chinese aged 60 years and over
      whose health status had been defined in a previous survey was reexamined after a
      30-month period to determine the occurrence of stroke. Subjects who initially had
      a history of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and nonrheumatic atrial
      fibrillation had a greater than 10-fold increased risk of stroke in the
      subsequent 30 months. Men, smokers, alcohol drinkers, overweight subjects, and
      diabetics, also had a relative risk greater than one, but this did not reach
      statistical significance. Hypertensive subjects did not have an increased risk of
      stroke. It is concluded that the most important risk factors in the elderly
      predisposing to stroke in the short-term are a history of TIA and atrial
      fibrillation. Preventive measures against these two conditions may have a greater
      short-term impact in the elderly in reducing stroke occurrence than modification
      of other risk factors. Further studies involving larger numbers are needed to
      confirm these findings.

PMID- 2402324
TI  - Descriptive epidemiology of malignant brain tumors in the Swiss Canton of Vaud.
AB  - Incidence registration and survival data from brain neoplasms have been analyzed
      from the population-based system of the Cancer Registry of the Swiss Canton of
      Vaud, which has been operating in a particularly favorable environment for
      surveillance and using an integrated and homogeneous system of cancer
      registration. Between 1974 and 1987, a total of 401 cases was registered,
      corresponding to an age-adjusted rate for all malignant histotypes of 5.3/100,000
      (world standard) for the period 1975-1980 and 5.0 for 1981-1987 in males, and of
      3.9 and 3.7, respectively, in females. Thus, no increase in brain neoplasm
      incidence has taken place in this population, and indeed some decline has been
      observed in males, particularly for gliomas (from 2.7 to 2.0). During the most
      recent calendar period, incidence rates were 2.0 in males and 1.5 in females for
      gliomas, 0.9 in both sexes for astrocytomas, 0.4 in males and 0.1 in females for
      oligodendrogliomas, and 1.7 in males and 1.2 in females for other or unspecified
      histotypes. For both gliomas, astrocytomas and total brain neoplasms, the peak
      rate was observed in the age group 55-74, and some flattening of rates was
      registered above age 75. Overall 5-year survival was 16%. While there was no
      difference between sexes, survival rates were substantially lower at older
      (greater than or equal to 60 years, 3%) than at younger (less than 60 years, 26%)
      age, and for gliomas (7% at 5 years) than for other histological types. However,
      the histotype distribution could not explain the major difference in survival by
      age, since similar differences were observed for various histotypes.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402325
TI  - Validity of the Mini-Mental State examination as a screening instrument for
      cognitive impairment and dementia in French elderly community residents.
AB  - A survey was made of 2,792 subjects aged 65 and older living in the community of
      Gironde (South-Western France). The predictive value of the Mini-Mental state
      examination (MMS) as a screening instrument for the detection of cognitive
      impairment was tested against DSM-III criteria for dementing syndromes. Of the
      2,792 subjects who consented to participate in the study, 101 met the DSM-III
      criteria for dementia, giving a 3.62% prevalence rate. With an MMS threshold of
      24, the sensitivity was 100%, the specificity was 78%, and the positive
      predictive value was equal to 15%. Using the same MMS threshold, 572 subjects
      (85%) were false-positive for the diagnosis of dementia. A multiple logistic
      regression analysis revealed that age, sex, depressive symptomatology and
      educational level were independently correlated with false-positive cases of the
      MMS. Several issues are raised for using the MMS as the only screening instrument
      for cognitive impairment in elderly community residents.

PMID- 2402326
TI  - A quantitative approach to measuring the social effects of epilepsy.
AB  - This paper describes the construction of a postal questionnaire which has been
      used to investigate the social affects of epilepsy on a wide range of patients.
      The social profile was designed following extensive patient interviews at the
      National Hospital for Nervous Diseases and the Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy. The
      initial research revealed 21 areas of concern for the individual with epilepsy,
      which are described. Reliability was assessed on a test/retest procedure.
      Validity was tested via a criterion-related study based on the behaviour of the
      subject. Following reliability and validity studies 14 areas were eventually
      selected for the final questionnaire. Instruments have been adapted for both
      children and adults.

PMID- 2402327
TI  - Annual meeting of the World Federation of Neurology-Research Group on
      Neuroepidemiology. April 29, 1990, Miami Beach, Fla., USA. Abstracts.

PMID- 2402328
TI  - Investigation of the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and blood
      group A antigen in 110 human gliomas.
AB  - The presence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) and blood group A
      antigen was studied immunohistochemically in a series of 110 malignant gliomas
      using monoclonal antibodies. Fifty-seven percent of the tumours strongly
      expressed EGF-R on the malignant cells. Although blood group A antigen is present
      on EGF-R of A431 cells (a cell line derived from a human epidermoid carcinoma),
      in gliomas it was found only on vascular endothelial cells of tumours from blood
      group A patients. The results suggest that the EGF-R present in gliomas differs
      from that in A431 cells in the type or amount of the carbohydrate chains. This is
      in contrast to previous reports which have suggested that A antigen is present on
      EGF-R in gliomas. This has relevance in the choice of monoclonal antibodies used
      to study the EGF-R, as those directed against the A antigen component of the A431
      cell EGF-R will not recognize EGF-R elsewhere and may cause normal blood group A
      antigen to be mistaken for EGF-R.

PMID- 2402329
TI  - Glial and neuronal differentiation in the human fetal brain 9-23 weeks of
      gestation.
AB  - Nineteen human fetal brains ranging from 9-23 weeks of gestation were examined
      immunocytochemically for evidence of glial and neuronal differentiation. Radial
      glia were positive for vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
      throughout the age range. S100-positive cells which were presumed to be
      astrocytes were present from 9 weeks; they were always more widespread in the
      cerebrum and the brainstem than GFAP-positive mature astrocytes, which could be
      detected with certainty only at 14 weeks. Carbonic anhydrase II (CA II)-positive
      oligodendrocytes were present in the brainstem in small numbers from 17 weeks.
      Neuronal fibre tracts in the cerebrum were positive for 160 kD phosphorylated
      neurofilament protein (BF10) from 9 weeks, but negative for 200 kD phosphorylated
      neurofilament protein (RT97) and for 70 and 200 kD non-phosphorylated
      neurofilament protein (NFP) whereas most tracts in the brainstem were positive
      for BF10 from 9 weeks and positive for the other neurofilament proteins from 14
      weeks. Corticospinal tracts differed in remaining negative for neurofilament
      proteins other than BF10, which showed positive reaction throughout. Perikarya of
      differentiated neurons in all areas of the brain were neurofilament-negative but
      neuron specific enolase (NSE)-positive. Germinal eminence cells were focally
      vimentin-positive from 15 weeks, focally GFAP-positive from 17 weeks, and
      negative for all NFP and for NSE. The value of a short fixation time and
      pretreatment with trypsin in the immunocytochemical demonstration of GFAP is
      stressed.

PMID- 2402330
TI  - Role of the basement membrane in the regeneration of skeletal muscle.
AB  - In many experimental models of skeletal muscle damage and in human muscle
      disease, empty basement membrane tubes remain following the destruction of muscle
      fibres. In the present study we test the hypothesis that the empty basement
      membrane tubes play an essential role in the orientation of regenerating muscle
      fibres. Two groups of 15 Wistar rats were used. In one group, aqueous barium
      chloride (BaCl2) solution was injected into the right quadriceps muscle; in the
      other group, freshly prepared 2% trypsin solution was similarly injected. The
      different stages of muscle cell necrosis and regeneration were observed by
      histology, by immunofluorescence using an anti-basement membrane antibody, and by
      transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in animals killed 1-77
      days following injection. Although there was muscle fibre necrosis at sites of
      BaCl2 injection, empty basement membrane tubes were well preserved. Myoblasts
      grew along the empty basement membrane tubes and by 77 days, the regenerated
      muscle fibres at the site of the injection were well oriented. Trypsin not only
      destroyed muscle fibres but also destroyed the basement membrane tubes; in the
      early stages of regeneration the myoblasts were disorientated but by 77 days,
      regeneration was comparable to that seen in the barium chloride injected muscle.
      The results of this study suggest that preservation of empty basement membrane
      tubes is not essential for the orientation of regenerating myoblasts in skeletal
      muscle.

PMID- 2402331
TI  - Early degeneration and sprouting at the rat neuromuscular junction following
      acrylamide administration.
AB  - Prolonged acrylamide administration produces motor nerve-terminal branch
      degeneration and impairs axonal outgrowth following nerve crush. It is unclear
      how early terminal branch degeneration is initiated and whether there is a
      compensatory regenerative response at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). A
      modified Pestronk and Drachman silver-acetylcholinesterase strain was used to
      carry out a detailed morphometric analysis of the NMJ in soleus and lumbrical
      muscles. Rats were given 3, 5, or 10 doses of acrylamide, 35 mg/kg/day, by
      intraperitoneal injection, 5 days/week, and killed 4, 7, or 14 days after the
      first dose, respectively. Degenerating terminal branches were evident in soleus
      NMJ after only three doses of acrylamide. Diminished synaptic vesicle content,
      neurofilament accumulations and tubulo-vesicular profiles were evident after
      three doses. At later time points, degenerating terminals contained few synaptic
      vesicles and were engorged with neurofilaments. Endplate lengthening, indicative
      of denervation supersensitivity, accompanied degeneration. Terminal sprouting
      proliferated after 3 and 5 doses but was less prominent after 10 doses. Although
      similar changes occurred in the lumbrical muscle, they were not initiated until
      after 5 doses. These experiments reveal that pathological changes in terminal
      branches commence earlier and after a lower cumulative dose of acrylamide than
      previously reported and suggest that acrylamide exerts a primary effect at motor
      nerve-terminal branches. Early, vigorous terminal sprouting indicates that
      acrylamide does not prevent the initiation of regeneration, but with prolonged
      treatment does cause degeneration of maturing sprouts.

PMID- 2402332
TI  - Proceedings of the seventy-ninth meeting of the British Neuropathological
      Society. London, 11-12 January 1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 2402333
TI  - Localization of preprogalanin mRNA in rat brain: in situ hybridization study with
      a synthetic oligonucleotide probe.
AB  - Galanin is a peptide containing 29 amino acid residues that is present in both
      the central and peripheral nervous systems. Galanin has multiple putative
      biological functions including regulation of hormone release, stimulation of
      feeding behaviour, and effects on blood pressure. This study examined the
      distribution of neurones expressing preprogalanin mRNA in the rat brain by in
      situ hybridization of a specific 35S-labelled oligonucleotide. Preprogalanin mRNA
      was detected in several regions of brain, with high concentrations in the
      paraventricular, periventricular, supraoptic, dorsomedial and arcuate nuclei of
      the hypothalamus; the locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe nucleus in the pons; and
      the nucleus tractus solitarii and ventrolateral reticular nucleus in the medulla.
      These findings are consistent with studies of the cellular localization of
      galanin-like immunoreactivity in rat brain, and further suggest the involvement
      of galanin in the regulation of several functions ranging from water balance to
      blood pressure control.

PMID- 2402334
TI  - Selective retrograde labeling of primary vagal afferent cell-bodies after
      injection of [3H]D-aspartate into the rat nucleus tractus solitarii.
AB  - A selective retrograde labeling study was performed using [3H]D-aspartate to
      identify putative glutamatergic and/or aspartatergic primary vagal afferent
      fibers. Unilateral microinjection of [3H]D-aspartate into the nucleus tractus
      solitarii resulted in clear visible labeling of a fraction of the neuronal cell
      bodies in the nodose ganglia. The labeled cell-bodies were randomly distributed
      in the ganglion and more numerous labeled neurons were detected in the
      ipsilateral than in the contralateral ganglion (4.93% and 0.98% of the neurons
      sampled within the ipsi- and contralateral ganglia, respectively). These results
      strongly suggest that primary vagal afferent fibers may utilize excitatory amino
      acids as transmitters.

PMID- 2402335
TI  - Enhancement of acetylcholine release during paradoxical sleep in the dorsal
      tegmental field of the cat brain stem.
AB  - Acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain stem has been implicated in the generation of
      paradoxical sleep (PS). In order to clarify the relationship between local ACh
      release in the dorsal tegmental field (FTD), a possible PS-generating locus, and
      sleep-wake states in 6 cats. ACh was measured by the method of in vivo
      microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical
      detection. It is noteworthy that ACh release was about 2 times higher (P less
      than 0.001) during PS than during slow-wave sleep and wakefulness in FTD, but not
      in the caudate nucleus, a control region. ACh release in FTD appeared to begin to
      increase prior to the onset of PS. Electrical and chemical (glutamate)
      stimulations of the nucleus magnocellularis (MC) enhanced ACh release in FTD and
      shortened PS latency. These results suggest that this PS-related enhancement of
      ACh release in FTD is induced by some cholinergic projections from glutamate
      receptive neurons in MC.

PMID- 2402336
TI  - Selective facilitation of putative corticotropin-releasing factor-secreting
      neurones by interleukin-1.
AB  - The activity of single hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurones was
      recorded in order to examine the mechanism by which the endogenous pyrogen
      interleukin-1 (IL-1) increases activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal
      adrenocortical axis. IL-1 injected intravenously caused a rapid increase in the
      electrical activity of putative corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-secreting
      neurones located within the PVN. The activity of neighboring,
      electrophysiologically identified, vasopressin-secreting neurones was not altered
      by the stimulus, indicating a lack of involvement of this secretagogue of
      adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in this response to IL-1. These results
      support the concept of a rapid and specific activating effect of IL-1 upon
      hypothalamic CRF secretion as a part of a bidirectional communicating link
      between immune and central nervous systems.

PMID- 2402337
TI  - Effect of claustrum stimulation on neurons of the contralateral medial oculomotor
      area, in the cat.
AB  - In chloralose-anaesthetized cats, the extracellular spontaneous unitary activity
      was recorded from 157 neurons, located in the medial oculomotor area. 98 units
      were identified as projecting onto the superior colliculus. Electrical
      stimulations of the contralateral claustrum provoked, on 13 of these cells, an
      excitatory effect, lasting 10-35 ms and appearing with a latency of 20-50 ms.
      Full length section of the corpus callosum totally abolished the contralateral
      claustrum effect. The results suggest that in the cat, the claustrum may have a
      role in the bilateral control of the visuo-motor performance.

PMID- 2402338
TI  - Effects of medial preoptic area lesions on sleep and wakefulness in unrestrained
      rats.
AB  - Bilateral radiofrequency lesions of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) in
      unrestrained male rats resulted in a significant decrease in slow wave sleep
      (SWS) in the light period throughout two postoperative weeks, although the night
      active pattern of circadian rhythms was little affected. Both diurnal and
      nocturnal paradoxical sleep (PS) gradually increased after the lesions. Within
      one week, however, the daily amount of total sleep (SWS + PS) was recovered to
      the normal level, since the loss of diurnal SWS was compensated by an increase in
      nocturnal sleep at the expense of wakefulness. The MPOA lesions brought about a
      transient elevation of brain temperature, which lasted only for the diurnal
      period of the day of lesioning. It is speculated that the MPOA plays a definite
      role in the passage of sleep-regulatory information, especially concerning the
      circadian distribution of sleep.

PMID- 2402339
TI  - The effect of 2,5-hexanedione on the induction of ornithine decarboxylase in the
      dorsal root ganglion of the rat.
AB  - Rat dorsal root ganglia respond to sciatic nerve injury with an increase in the
      activity of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). The increase is impaired
      under certain conditions (e.g. diabetes, Vinca alkaloid treatment) where
      retrograde axonal transport is reduced. The purpose of the experiments was to
      determine if the neurotoxin 2,5-hexanedione, also known to interfere with
      retrograde axonal transport, similarly affected ODC induction. Rats were treated
      with 2,5-hexanedione i.p. to a cumulative dose of 6 and 8 g/kg. One sciatic nerve
      was crushed under anaesthesia and 24 h later the dorsal root ganglia were removed
      and assayed for ODC activity by a radioenzymatic method. The ratio of ODC
      activity of 1.57 +/- 0.58 (crushed side over control side) was reduced to 1.02 +/
      0.41 1.08 +/- 0.39 after 2,5-hexanedione at 6 g and 8 g/kg, respectively. The
      enzyme was not inhibited by addition of 2,5-hexanedione in vitro. The results
      confirm the role of retrograde axonal transport in nerve cell responses to injury
      and are consistent with the effects of 2,5-hexanedione on nerve regeneration.

PMID- 2402340
TI  - Intrathecal kynurenate reduces arterial pressure, heart rate and baroreceptor
      heart rate reflex in conscious rats.
AB  - In the present study, an excitatory amino acid (EAA) pathway in the spinal cord
      which maintains sympathetic vasomotor tone in conscious rats has been
      investigated. To this end, the cardiovascular effects of an intrathecally
      administered EAA antagonist, kynurenate (KYN), were studied in conscious rats.
      KYN (0.5 mumol in 10 microliters) caused a dramatic reduction in mean arterial
      pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) that persisted for 2-3 h, and also resulted in
      extensor paralysis of the hindlimbs. The time courses of fall in MAP and HR and
      hindlimb paralysis were similar. Baroreceptor-HR reflex activity was also
      markedly impaired after KYN, suggesting functional diminution of sympathetic
      outflow at the level of the spinal cord after blockade of EAA receptors by KYN.
      Xanthurenate, a metabolite of KYN without EAA antagonistic properties, produced
      negligible effects at the same dose of KYN. While these findings do not identify
      the putative EAA pathway, they do provide the first demonstration that this
      system is tonically active in conscious rats.

PMID- 2402341
TI  - MPTP reduces dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations in the supplementary
      motor area and cingulate cortex of the primate.
AB  - Administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to primates
      produces many of the biochemical, morphological and behavioral changes that occur
      in Parkinson's disease. MPTP-induced degeneration of the mesostriatal dopamine
      innervation has been well documented. In the present study, concentrations of
      dopamine and norepinephrine in cortical regions surrounding the cingulate sulcus
      were assessed, and were found to be markedly decreased in symptomatic MPTP
      treated vervet monkeys; these results parallel the cortical involvement in
      Parkinson's disease. Dopamine and norepinephrine levels were not reduced in a
      group of asymptomatic MPTP-treated monkeys that suffered large losses of striatal
      dopamine concentration. If therefore appears that the dopaminergic innervations
      of the supplementary motor area and cingulate cortex are susceptible to MPTP
      induced degeneration, but are less vulnerable than the striatal dopamine
      innervation.

PMID- 2402342
TI  - Neuropeptide Y expression in rat brain: effects of adrenalectomy.
AB  - Neuropeptide Y (NPY) messenger RNA was measured by hybridization of mRNA from the
      cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and striatum of rat brains. Adrenalectomized
      rats showed lowered level of NPY message in the striatum. A similar decline was
      found in the hypothalamus, while the cortex and hippocampus were unchanged.
      Levels of NPY message per unit total RNA were about the same for hypothalamus,
      cortex and striatum and about 50% less for hippocampus. Adrenalectomized rats
      that received replacement corticosterone had levels of NPY message that had
      returned to the levels found in rats receiving sham operation. Response elements
      consistent with our findings are reported in the NPY genomic sequence.

PMID- 2402344
TI  - The regulation of high-affinity choline uptake in vitro in rat cortical and
      hippocampal synaptosomes by beta-carbolines administered in vivo.
AB  - The effects of several beta-carboline derivatives on sodium-dependent high
      affinity choline uptake (HACU) were investigated in rat hippocampus and cerebral
      cortex. HACU was measured in synaptosomal preparations from these areas after in
      vivo administration of the drugs. The convulsant, picrotoxin (6 mg/kg),
      stimulated HACU in both hippocampal and cortical synaptosomes. The convulsant
      inverse agonist benzodiazepine, methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3
      carboxylate (DMCM) (5 mg/kg) stimulated hippocampal but not cortical HACU.
      However, other inverse agonists, methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCM)
      (20 mg/kg) and ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCE) (20 mg/kg),
      stimulated HACU in the cortex but not in the hippocampus. The partial inverse
      agonist, N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (FG-7142) (20 mg/kg), inhibited
      cortical HACU and had no effect on hippocampal HACU. The antagonist beta
      carboline, 3-hydroxymethyl-beta-carboline (3-HMC) (20 mg/kg), had no effect on
      either cortical or hippocampal HACU. None of these drugs displayed any effect on
      HACU when they were incubated directly in vitro with synaptosomal preparations at
      concentrations up to 100 microM, suggesting their activity is not directly on the
      cholinergic nerve terminal. The results suggest that beta-carbolines regulate
      hippocampal and cortical cholinergic activity as do other GABAergic drugs.
      However, unlike diazepam, which depresses cholinergic activity in both the
      hippocampus and the cortex the beta-carbolines differentiate between the
      hippocampus and cortex in their action.

PMID- 2402343
TI  - Anticonvulsant effect of N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine against kainic acid-induced
      behavioral seizures in the rat prepiriform cortex.
AB  - Kainic acid (KA), microinjected unilaterally into the rat prepiriform cortex
      (PC), produces generalized motor seizures in a dose-dependent manner. The
      adenosine agonist N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), when co-injected with KA,
      protects against seizures in a dose-dependent and highly potent manner: ED50 =
      25.6 +/- 2.1 pmol/rat. The seizure-suppressing effects of NECA are completely
      abolished by co-administration of the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-(p
      sulfophenyl)theophylline (8-pSPT), suggesting that adenosine receptor activation
      underlies the efficacy of NECA against KA seizures. Moreover, dilazep, an
      effective blocker of adenosine uptake, when co-administered with KA, provides
      significant protection against seizures. Together, these findings suggest that
      adenosine receptors may play an important role in the regulation of the
      inhibitory neuronal circuitry of this paleocortical brain area.

PMID- 2402345
TI  - Wound care in casualty.

PMID- 2402346
TI  - Episiotomy: issues for practice.

PMID- 2402347
TI  - Wounds to the eye.

PMID- 2402348
TI  - We must raise the standards in A & E.

PMID- 2402349
TI  - Rogers' model: an analysis.

PMID- 2402350
TI  - Animal rights and wrongs.

PMID- 2402351
TI  - Cardiology: a study day for nurses. An ever-challenging job.

PMID- 2402352
TI  - Our image is unfair!

PMID- 2402353
TI  - Organ donation.

PMID- 2402354
TI  - The pattern of organ donation in a large urban center.
AB  - Despite increasing referrals for organ donation in metropolitan New York,
      procurement has remained essentially unchanged from 1983 through 1988 at 9 to 13
      per million population, falling far short of increasing demand. This is not due
      to delay in the diagnosis of brain death, higher discard rates, or increased
      medical unsuitability, although exclusion because of human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) disease, or risk thereof, has increased and now accounts for 38% of
      exclusions. Consent for organ donation remains consistently low among blacks
      (24%), has increased among Hispanics from 17% in 1984 to 47% in 1988, and remains
      the highest, but without improvement, among whites. Causes for the observed
      stagnation and potential corrective factors include poorly focused educational
      efforts, lack of sensitivity to the grieving family by hospital personnel,
      physician frustration at the increasingly prominent role of government and its
      regulations in the practice of medicine, and eradication of competition between
      local organ procurement agencies.

PMID- 2402355
TI  - Infected aortitis masquerading as bronchogenic carcinoma.

PMID- 2402356
TI  - Total pancreatectomy with celiac artery occlusion.

PMID- 2402357
TI  - The need for medical libraries in hospitals.

PMID- 2402358
TI  - Impotence: a single symptom with different causes.

PMID- 2402359
TI  - The physician as lobbyist.

PMID- 2402360
TI  - Bicycle injuries.

PMID- 2402361
TI  - Management attitudes and nurse impairment.

PMID- 2402362
TI  - Outpatient and short-stay patient classification systems.

PMID- 2402363
TI  - Nurses' self-image needs improvement.

PMID- 2402364
TI  - Patient-driven healthcare works!

PMID- 2402365
TI  - Ventilator patient care: a team approach.

PMID- 2402366
TI  - Critical care staff nurses' attitudes toward cost containment.

PMID- 2402367
TI  - Keeping CNE programs up-to-date.

PMID- 2402368
TI  - Innovations probability chart: a valuable tool for change.

PMID- 2402369
TI  - Nursing in Kuwait: problems and prospects.

PMID- 2402370
TI  - ANA's publication program.

PMID- 2402371
TI  - 1990 nursing: a profession of choice.

PMID- 2402372
TI  - The Cruzan case--no right to die.

PMID- 2402373
TI  - No more money for nursing education?

PMID- 2402374
TI  - Are you sabotaging your information system?

PMID- 2402375
TI  - How many crises can a good nurse conquer?

PMID- 2402376
TI  - Reality of managing pregnant nursing staff.

PMID- 2402377
TI  - A unit-specific quality assessment program.

PMID- 2402378
TI  - Back to basics: planning ahead pays off.

PMID- 2402379
TI  - What Ronald Reagan has to do with making it in a new position.

PMID- 2402381
TI  - Journal club in management practice.

PMID- 2402380
TI  - Roles: an off-shift nursing administrator.

PMID- 2402382
TI  - I haven't got time to teach!

PMID- 2402383
TI  - Developing head nurses in the Army Nurse Corps.

PMID- 2402384
TI  - Strategies for collaboration.

PMID- 2402385
TI  - Service-wise purchasing: a nursing contribution.

PMID- 2402386
TI  - CBO: how well is it working for us? Competency-based orientation.

PMID- 2402387
TI  - The exposition as a marketing strategy.

PMID- 2402388
TI  - Nursing ethics: is "covering-up" ever "harmless"?

PMID- 2402389
TI  - DHHS nursing roundtable: redesigning patient care delivery.

PMID- 2402390
TI  - Creating a culture of competence.

PMID- 2402391
TI  - Patient classification: a visible difference.

PMID- 2402392
TI  - Collaboration between education and service.

PMID- 2402393
TI  - CNS: special skill really contains costs!

PMID- 2402394
TI  - Symposium on certification revisited.

PMID- 2402395
TI  - Optometric certification.

PMID- 2402396
TI  - Certification revisited--American Optometric Association.

PMID- 2402397
TI  - Certification revisited: a review of the issue related to the certification of
      optometric specialties.

PMID- 2402398
TI  - Certification revisited: Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry.

PMID- 2402399
TI  - Position statement: Cornea and Contact Lens Section.

PMID- 2402400
TI  - A public health optometrist looks at certification.

PMID- 2402401
TI  - Effect of short wavelength absorbing filters on Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test
      and hue identification task performance.
AB  - The influence of four short wavelength absorbing filters (yellow filters) on
      performance of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test and three hue identification
      tasks was assessed in 10 color-normal observers. The yellow filters included the
      NoIR 40% Amber, Vuarnet No. 4006, Corning CPF 550, and Blu Blocker. A neutral
      density filter and a no-filter condition served as comparisons. Results showed
      that the Vaurnet, CPF 550, and Blu Blockers significantly lowered performance on
      the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test and the color-dependent tasks below levels
      obtained in either the neutral-density filter or no-filter conditions.

PMID- 2402402
TI  - The rhesus monkey as an animal model for age-related maculopathy.
AB  - In a survey of 100 rhesus monkeys, the prevalence of macular changes was similar
      to that in age-related macular degeneration in humans. Ophthalmoscopically
      visible drusen were observed in 31% of the monkeys. A statistically significant
      correlation existed between the age of the animals and the degree of drusen.
      Considering equivalent ages, monkeys appear to develop drusen earlier than
      humans. Pigment mottling occurred in 10% and hypopigmented spots in 8% of the
      sample. A dull foveal reflex was seen in 8% and no reflex in 27%. There was a
      statistically significant correlation between the absence of a reflex and the
      presence of pigment mottling or hypopigmentation in the macula.

PMID- 2402403
TI  - Screening infant vision with paraxial photorefraction.
AB  - Early screening for refractive errors is highly desirable. Techniques for doing
      this must be usable with noninstructable subjects (infants), noninvasive, and
      relatively easy to use. Photorefraction has been used to examine infants'
      refractive status. However, unless cycloplegia is used, the results can be
      difficult to evaluate, inasmuch as the subject's plane of focus is not known.
      This paper describes a photorefraction system that is being used for routine
      screening of young infants, without cycloplegia and without using highly skilled
      personnel. The major innovation is the systematic presentation of attractive
      targets at distances that present a range of demands to accommodation. Changes in
      the fundal reflections, seen in the photographs taken as the infant views the
      different targets, can be interpreted unequivocally to identify severe myopia and
      hyperopia, anisometropia, heterotropia, and anisocoria. The results can also be
      quantified and are compared with retinoscopic refractions.

PMID- 2402404
TI  - Monocular vs. stereoscopic measurement of cup-to-disc ratios.
AB  - Stereoscopic viewing of the optic nerve head and cup has been reported to provide
      more reliable cup-to-disc (C/D) ratio estimates. We investigated the variability
      in C/D ratio estimates among three experienced optometric clinicians using
      conventional direct ophthalmoscopy and indirect biomicroscopy with the Volk 90 D
      lens. The pupils of 21 subjects were dilated and the discs assessed randomly by
      each examiner for the determination of the C/D ratio. Analysis of variance
      indicates that the two methods are not significantly different from each other
      when comparing interexaminer reliability. However, for a particular examiner, one
      method may be more effective than the other.

PMID- 2402405
TI  - The importance of the test parameters in the clinical assessment of accommodative
      facility.
AB  - Normative data for accommodative facility have recently become available. This
      study investigates the effect of varying the test parameters of lens power,
      target size, test distance, and test duration on binocular accommodative
      facility. Binocular accommodative facility decreased as a function of increasing
      lens power and decreasing target size. Differences in response times to the plus
      and minus phases of the flip test were not evident under any of the conditions.
      Interesting effects of proximity occurred at the nearer test distance. The
      results show the importance of strict control of testing procedures to achieve
      meaningful data.

PMID- 2402406
TI  - Physical and psychophysical properties of a liquid crystal diffuser.
AB  - A number of optical and psychophysical properties of a new liquid crystal
      diffuser were measured. The data suggest that the liquid crystal window offers an
      inexpensive and readily adjustable source of diffusive blur, as well as being a
      useful shutter, luminance filter, and variable contrast attenuator. The
      wavelength dependency of the scattering produced by the liquid crystal varies
      with applied voltage. The diffusive blur, overall luminance and contrast
      reduction, and short wavelength light attenuation produced by the liquid crystal
      window may provide a useful model for the intraocular scattering associated with
      cataract.

PMID- 2402407
TI  - What is really new and where do we go from here for dry and irritated eyes?

PMID- 2402408
TI  - Ocular manifestations and impression cytology of anorexia nervosa.
AB  - A prospective age- and sex-controlled study of seven anorexia nervosa patients
      and seven normal control patients was conducted to determine the ocular
      manifestations of anorexia nervosa. Slit-lamp examination of the anorexic
      patients demonstrated a high incidence (4/7) of multiple episcleral capillary
      aneurysms and subconjunctival hemorrhages. Two of seven anorexia nervosa patients
      had bilateral superficial punctate keratopathy. Anesthetized Schirmer tear
      testing demonstrated a significantly (P less than 0.005) reduced mean tear
      production in the anorexia nervosa group (11.3 mm) compared with the control
      group (22.4 mm). Masked interpretation of conjunctival impression cytology
      demonstrated moderate to severe conjunctival squamous metaplasia in the majority
      of the anorexia nervosa group (5/7) compared to normal conjunctival epithelium in
      the majority of the control group (5/7). Absence of nyctalopia, Bitot's spots,
      and xerosis, and lack of conjunctival goblet cell loss indicate that the anorexia
      nervosa group did not have vitamin A deficiency.

PMID- 2402409
TI  - Keratoconjunctivitis sicca in male patients infected with human immunodeficiency
      virus type 1.
AB  - Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) has not been reported as occurring as a single
      entity in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) population. In a survey
      of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected male patients, the
      authors found that 21% (9/42) had signs and symptoms compatible with KCS with
      positive Schirmer test results. Tear osmolarity determinations were obtained from
      this group and from an age- and sex-matched group of HIV-infected patients
      without symptoms of KCS and with negative Schirmer test results. Eighty-nine
      percent of the suspect group had increased tear osmolarity, whereas none of the
      control patients had a hyperosmolar tear film (P less than 0.0001). Results
      strongly suggest that KCS occurs at a significantly greater rate in male
      individuals infected with HIV-1 than in the general population.

PMID- 2402410
TI  - Autologous nasal mucosa transplantation in severe bilateral conjunctival mucus
      deficiency syndrome.
AB  - From 1984 to 1989, 24 patients with desperate ocular surface wetting problems due
      to mucus deficiency syndrome with extensive symblephara or lid fusion were
      treated by autologous free transplants of nasal mucosa from the nasal conchae.
      This procedure covers the ocular surface not only with nonkeratinizing epithelium
      but also with goblet cells and produces a mucus layer. This was proven by biopsy
      in three patients after 1 to 3 years. In all of the patients, conjunctival
      transplants were not available. Pronounced relief of pain and modest visual
      improvements are achieved with this procedure, and free autologous nasal mucosal
      grafts appear to be superior to buccal mucosa in reestablishing the anterior
      ocular surface. The authors recommend the technique for all patients with massive
      and otherwise intractable symblephara following lye burns.

PMID- 2402411
TI  - Lens implant surgery in pars planitis.
AB  - Intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is usually contraindicated in eyes with
      active inflammation, but patients with "burned-out" pars planitis also may be
      considered as candidates. Fifteen of 16 eyes in eight patients underwent
      extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) with posterior chamber IOL (PC IOL)
      implantation combined with pars plana vitrectomy for both cataracts and chronic
      cystoid macular edema (CME); 60% achieved visual acuity of 20/40 or better. Even
      with "low-grade" inflammation in these patients, however, a persistent veil of
      debris accumulated over the posterior and anterior surface of the IOL. One
      patient (patient 2) required 27 YAG procedures for two eyes, and another required
      11 YAG procedures and eventual removal of the IOL. Another patient required
      surgical "brushing-off" of the IOL and vitrectomy. Even in eyes with "burned-out"
      uveitis, a continual low-grade inflammation may complicate the use of IOL
      implantation.

PMID- 2402412
TI  - Generalized peripheral iris transluminance in the pseudoexfoliation syndrome.
AB  - Generalized peripheral iris transluminance was investigated in 212 eyes with
      pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXS) with or without coexisting glaucoma and in 100
      control eyes by the use of a diascleral transilluminator tip. All eyes were blue
      or blue-gray. Abnormal transluminance was found in 45% of the PXS group and in
      18% of the control group (P less than 0.001). The influence of age, PXS without
      glaucoma, capsular glaucoma, cataracts, and adult-onset diabetes on
      transluminance was analyzed. The effect of PXS with or without coexisting
      glaucoma was statistically significant (P less than 0.01) when other factors were
      adjusted using logistic regression analysis.

PMID- 2402413
TI  - Caffeine has no clinically significant effect on aqueous humor flow in the normal
      human eye.
AB  - The effect of orally administered caffeine (400 mg) on aqueous humor flow was
      studied in 20 normal human subjects. The rate of aqueous flow was measured by
      fluorophotometry. There was no statistically significant difference in aqueous
      flow measured hourly from 1 to 4 hours after the administration of caffeine.
      There also was no statistically significant difference in intraocular pressure
      (IOP) measured 4 hours after caffeine ingestion. The sample size was large enough
      to have detected a 15% change in flow, had it occurred.

PMID- 2402414
TI  - Screening for glaucomatous visual field loss. The effect of patient reliability.
AB  - Eighty-eight glaucoma patients and 252 normal subjects underwent C-30-2 testing
      on the Humphrey Field Analyzer. The effect of fixation losses, high false
      positive and false-negative response rates on visual field test results was
      assessed using the mirror image method of detecting asymmetry across the
      horizontal meridian, and the Humphrey STATPAC pattern standard deviation (PSD)
      and mean deviation (MD). Glaucoma patients with poor fixation (greater than or
      equal to 20%) had less depressed fields and fewer localized defects than those
      with good fixation. Fixation loss did not affect measures of localized defects or
      generalized depression among normal subjects. High false-positive rates (greater
      than or equal to 10%) were associated with less-depressed visual fields among
      glaucoma patients and normal subjects. Visual fields were depressed by an average
      of 9 dB for glaucoma patients and 7 dB for normal subjects with high false
      negative rates (greater than or equal to 33%), when compared with those with low
      false-negative rates. Apparent localized defects were observed among normal
      subjects with high false-negative rates. Most of these defects were located in
      the superior nasal and adjacent arcuate area.

PMID- 2402415
TI  - Acquired pits of the optic nerve. Increased prevalence in patients with low
      tension glaucoma.
AB  - The authors studied 232 glaucoma patients in an attempt to shed light on the
      implications of the pit-like localized cupping of the optic nerve often referred
      to as an "acquired pit of the optic nerve" (APON) both in low-tension glaucoma
      and in glaucoma associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Twenty (74%)
      of the 27 patients with low-tension glaucoma had APONs, whereas 31 (15%) of the
      232 patients with elevated pressure did (P less than 0.001). Overall, there was
      no difference between the degree of field loss in patients with APONs and in
      those without. We suggest that APONs may signal an abnormal susceptibility of the
      optic nerve to the damaging effects of IOP.

PMID- 2402416
TI  - Histopathologic features of idiopathic macular holes and cysts.
AB  - The pathogenesis of idiopathic macular holes and cysts is currently debated. The
      authors studied the histopathologic features of 41 specimens. Of 22 full
      thickness holes, 16 (73%) had epiretinal membranes (ERMs), 15 (68%) had cystoid
      macular edema (CME), and 3 (17%) were sealed by fibroglial and retinal pigment
      epithelial hyperplasia. Photoreceptors were variably degenerated, for a mean of
      480 microns (range, 200-750 microns) from the hole margins. Of 12 lamellar
      macular holes, 6 (50%) had an ERM exhibiting tangential traction on the internal
      limiting membrane. Cystoid macular edema was present in five (71%) of seven
      macular cysts, and an ERM was noted in only one (14%). The authors' results
      suggest that ERM tangential traction may play a role in the pathogenesis of
      lamellar macular holes. Macular holes often have associated ERMs and CME, which
      may be potentially reversible.

PMID- 2402417
TI  - Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. Electron microscopic
      and morphometric observations.
AB  - Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) is a well
      circumscribed, flat, pigmented fundus lesion that is stable and generally
      nonprogressive. Light and electron microscopy and morphometric analysis was used
      to study a lesion with the clinical characteristics of CHRPE found in an eye
      enucleated for a posterior segment malignant melanoma. These studies showed that
      the lesion was composed of tall, maximally pigmented RPE cells that had a density
      1.7 times greater than the density of the adjacent normal peripheral RPE. These
      observations suggested that cellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy may contribute
      to CHRPE. Ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy showed no autofluorescent granules
      of lipofuscin in the CHRPE, suggesting that the lesion's constituent cells lack
      the capacity to phagocytose and digest photoreceptor outer segments.
      Photoreceptor degeneration in the overlying retina consequent to this functional
      defect could be responsible for the localized visual field defects that typically
      occur in patients with CHRPE.

PMID- 2402418
TI  - Measurement of circulation time in the retinal vasculature using selective
      angiography.
AB  - Retinal circulation times (RCT) and mean circulation time (MCT) in the retinal
      vasculature have been used to determine the effect of ocular disease on retinal
      circulation. Both RCT and MCT are usually determined by measuring dye dilution
      curves during a traditional fluorescein angiogram. The authors present a
      variation of the dye dilution technique. The primary difference is that a
      fluorescent dye (carboxyfluorescein or calcein) was encapsulated in liposomes at
      a very high concentration. The dye was then released at a specific site in a
      retinal artery by the application of a laser pulse delivered through the pupil of
      the eye. The heat pulse produced by the laser lysed the liposomes in the targeted
      vessel, causing a stream of dye to be released. The time it took the dye front to
      pass through the artery and return through the vein (RCT) was then measured. To
      clarify the situation, two times were actually measured, the shortest path the
      dye traveled from the exposure site to a corresponding site on the vein (short
      RCT) and the longest path through the periphery to venous filling (long RCT). The
      measurements were made in both cynomolgus monkeys and squirrel monkeys. The local
      dye release achieved with this method was found to produce a more distinct dye
      front than traditional angiography while also eliminating the problem of
      recirculation. Choroidal background fluorescence, a factor that often obscures
      the dye front in traditional angiography, was minimal. Furthermore, it was
      possible to make individual measurements on each of the four arteries and to
      repeat the measurements several times.

PMID- 2402419
TI  - Limitations of database searching.

PMID- 2402420
TI  - Delayed absorption of subretinal fluid.

PMID- 2402421
TI  - Cornea-lens touch after filtering surgery.

PMID- 2402422
TI  - Caffeine and other prescriptions for patients with glaucoma.

PMID- 2402423
TI  - Topical anesthetic abuse.
AB  - Topical ocular anesthetic abuse is a serious disorder causing keratitis and
      persistent epithelial defects. It may be the result of either prescription by the
      patient's eye care practitioner, theft from the practitioner's office, or occult
      additives in therapeutic medications. The authors report observations of six
      individuals suffering from this disorder which suggest that persistent epithelial
      defects, corneal stromal ring infiltrates, disproportionate pain, and
      prescription or nonprescription substance abuse may be factors involved.
      Penetrating keratoplasty was required to treat corneal perforation in two
      patients, and permanent corneal structural damage was noted in two eyes. Two eyes
      had a relentless downhill course culminating in enucleation. Because five of the
      six patients were diagnosed and treated as having presumed Acanthamoeba keratitis
      during the course of their disease, topical ocular anesthetic use should be
      included in the differential diagnosis of chronic keratitis and may masquerade as
      Acanthamoeba keratitis. The authors believe that practitioners should not
      prescribe or dispense topical anesthetics and should avoid clinical settings
      which provide an opportunity for the theft of topical ocular anesthetics.

PMID- 2402425
TI  - [Medical terminology and the teaching of Latin].

PMID- 2402424
TI  - [Long-term remission in diabetes mellitus diagnosed at an early age].
AB  - The authors deal with the clinical picture of total remission in diabetes, among
      young patients (below 30 years). In their interpretation "complete remission"
      means total withdrawal of insulin treatment for at least 2 months. Out of 14
      patients with complete remission, the classified 7 patients--by clinical and
      immunogenetical parameters--as noninsulin-dependent diabetes in the young (MODY
      NIDDY). 1 diabetic patient belongs to the autoimmune-subgroup of IDDM. The
      remaining 6 patients could be classified as IDDM-s. However their clinical and
      immunogenetical parameters were rather atypical. In conclusion they raised the
      possibility that this subgroup is heterogenous with in IDDM.

PMID- 2402426
TI  - [Opinion of medical students on the enhancement of public health and on medical
      ethics].

PMID- 2402427
TI  - [Addendum to the communication "Analysis of the genetic-ontogenic development in
      cases of Darier's disease"].

PMID- 2402428
TI  - [Reflections on non-differentiated collagenosis or non-differentiated autoimmune
      syndrome].
AB  - The authors review the Non-Differentiated Collagenosis (NDC) described by Gyula
      Petranyi 29 years ago, and try to establish whether it is still necessary to
      maintain this clinical picture. Relying on data from special literature and on
      their own findings, the authors conclude that the maintenance of the NDC
      terminology is justified by the fact that poly-systemic autoimmune diseases take
      time to develop and that at certain stages of this development it is almost
      impossible to make a firm decision as to which clinical picture the process will
      lead to. The authors discuss the clinical and immunological features of NDC, the
      implications for the patients and things to be done in order to recognise the NDC
      disease process. They also emphasize a more frequent occurrence of the features
      of NDC than is generally stated, and that such patients need regular, competent
      and devoted medical attention.

PMID- 2402429
TI  - [Coronary re-permealization by percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography in
      100 patients with ischemic heart disease].
AB  - The author carried out balloon angioplasty on native coronaries or venous saphena
      bypass grafts by 100 ischemic patients (67 males, 33 females). Previously 57
      patients had myocardial infarction and 12 patients went through aorto-coronary
      bypass grafting. In all cases indicating the proper therapy mainly the angiologic
      state of coronary arteries was considered. Per patient 2.1 significant stenoses
      or occlusions were dilated with 90% angiologic, 91% clinical success rate. By 3
      patients in one dilated coronary artery occurred therapy resistant thrombosis and
      secondary necrosis. One patient went through emergency bypass grafting, two
      patients died. The careful, clinical follow up has an important role in the first
      6 months. During this period the restenoses must be recognized and we have to
      decide how to treat the patient correctly.

PMID- 2402430
TI  - [Reform of the Austrian health care system: Federal Government and House of
      Representatives lay down the manner of procedure and the crucial points].

PMID- 2402431
TI  - Cysticercosis: cellular immune responses during primary and secondary infection.
AB  - Immune reactions to cysticercosis have been extensively studied in mice. The lack
      of significant lymphocyte infiltration into the livers of infected mice and the
      obvious role of antibodies in rejection has led to the general conclusion that
      cellular reactions do not play a role in protection against this disease. In
      contrast, the present study examining the immune response to cestode infections
      in a large animal model (sheep) revealed the presence of a massive and highly
      organized cellular infiltration in the livers after a secondary Taenia hydatigena
      infection. The majority of the infiltrating lymphocytes were of the CD4+
      phenotype with much fewer CD8+ cells present. While most gamma delta-TCR+ cells
      in peripheral blood are SBU-T19+, the majority of gamma delta-TCR+ lymphocytes in
      the liver lesions are SBU-T19- suggesting selective migration of these cells into
      the lesions. In contrast to the diffuse distribution of T cells in the lesions, B
      cells were present as distinct aggregates. In primary T. hydatigena infections,
      host class I and class II MHC antigens were shown, for the first time in cestode
      infections, to be absorbed onto the surface of the metacestode bladderwall
      indicating their possible involvement in parasite survival. No immune reactions
      were observed close to the parasite although lymphocytes and eosinophils were
      infiltrating the adjacent portal tract areas. Most lymphocytes in both primary
      and secondary infections were positive for MHC class II antigens suggesting
      selective recruitment of activated cells to the site of infection. Significant
      changes in relative and absolute numbers of lymphocyte subpopulations were also
      observed in the draining hepatic lymph nodes dominated by a massive increase of B
      cells. In contrast, at the peak of local cellular infiltration, no changes in
      lymphocyte subpopulations were observed in peripheral blood showing the limited
      usefulness of this compartment in studying cellular changes in localized
      infections. The vigorous cellular response observed in the livers of sheep
      contrasts sharply with the lack of lymphocyte infiltration reported in mice
      indicating that small animal models may not be appropriate to study cellular
      responses to cysticercosis in large animals and man.

PMID- 2402432
TI  - Genes, variant genes, and pseudogenes of the human tRNA(Val) gene family are
      differentially expressed in HeLa cells and in human placenta.
AB  - Pre-tRNAs(Val) were identified in unfractionated tRNA preparations from HeLa
      cells and human placenta and their 5' leader structures were deduced from the
      nucleotide sequences of the corresponding cDNAs. Several of these precursors can
      be assigned to nine out of the eleven members of the human tRNA(Val) gene family
      characterized so far, which demonstrates that these gene loci are actively
      transcribed in vivo. Among the expressed genes there are (a) genes for the two
      known tRNA(Val) isoacceptor species from human placenta, (b) gene variants that
      exhibit sequence alterations as compared to conventional genes, and (c)
      pseudogenes that produce processing-deficient precursors which are not matured to
      tRNAs. The transcription products of several yet unknown tRNA(Val) genes have
      also been detected. Furthermore, different expression patterns are observed in
      the two cell types studied. These data allow for the first time an insight into
      the in vivo expression of a human tRNA gene family.

PMID- 2402434
TI  - The effects of disrupting 5S RNA helical structures on the binding of Xenopus
      transcription factor IIIA.
AB  - Block mutations were constructed in helical stems II, III, IV and V of Xenopus
      laevis oocyte 5S RNA. The affinities of these mutants for binding to
      transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) were determined using a nitrocellulose filter
      binding assay. Mutations in stems III and IV had little or no effect on the
      binding affinity of TFIIIA for 5S RNA. However, single mutants in stems II and V
      (positions 16-21, 57-62, 71-72, and 103-104) which disrupt the double helix,
      reduce the binding of TFIIIA by a factor of two to three fold. In contrast,
      double mutants (16-21/57-62, 71-72/103-104) which restore the helical structure
      of these stems, but with altered sequences, fully restore the TFIIIA binding
      affinity. The experiments reported here indicate that the double helical
      structures of stems II and V, but not the sequences, are required for optimal
      TFIIIA binding.

PMID- 2402433
TI  - Improved detection of helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motifs in protein sequences.
AB  - We present an update of our method for systematic detection and evaluation of
      potential helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motifs in protein sequences [Dodd, I. and
      Egan, J. B. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 194, 557-564]. The new method is considerably
      more powerful, detecting approximately 50% more likely helix-turn-helix sequences
      without an increase in false predictions. This improvement is due almost entirely
      to the use of a much larger reference set of 91 presumed helix-turn-helix
      sequences. The scoring matrix derived from this reference set has been calibrated
      against a large protein sequence database so that the score obtained by a
      sequence can be used to give a practical estimation of the probability that the
      sequence is a helix-turn-helix motif.

PMID- 2402435
TI  - Analysis of substrate specificity of the PaeR7 endonuclease: effect of base
      methylation on the kinetics of cleavage.
AB  - In murine cells expressing the PaeR7 endonuclease and methylase genes, the
      recognition sites (CTCGAG) of these enzymes can be methylated at the adenine
      residue by the PaeR7 methylase and at the internal cytosine by the mouse DNA
      methyltransferase. Using nonadecameric duplex deoxyoligonucleotide substrates,
      the specificity of the PaeR7 endonuclease for unmethylated, hemi-methylated, and
      fully methylated N6-methyladenine (m6A) and C5-methylcytosine (m5C) versions of
      these substrates has been studied. The Km, Kcat, and Ki values for these model
      substrates have been measured and suggest that fully or hemi-m6A-methylated PaeR7
      sites in the murine genome are completely protected. However, the reactivity of
      fully or hemi-m5C-methylated PaeR7 sites is depressed 2900- and 100-fold
      respectively, compared to unmodified PaeR7 sites. The implications of the kinetic
      constants of the PaeR7 endonuclease for these methylated recognition sites as
      they occur in murine cells expressing this endonuclease gene are discussed.

PMID- 2402436
TI  - Use of repetitive DNA probes as physical mapping strategy in Caenorhabditis
      elegans.
AB  - A method for linking genomic sequences cloned in yeast artificial chromosomes
      (YACs) has been tested using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system. Yeast
      clones carrying YACs with repeated sequences were selected from a C. elegans
      genomic library, total DNA was digested with restriction enzymes, transferred to
      nylon membranes and probed with a variety of repetitive DNA probes. YAC clones
      that overlap share common bands with one or more repetitive DNA probes. In 159
      YAC clones tested with one restriction enzyme and six probes 28 overlapping
      clones were detected. The advantages and limitations of this method for
      construction of YAC physical maps is discussed.

PMID- 2402437
TI  - Diastereomeric dinucleoside-methylphosphonates: determination of configuration
      with the 2-D NMR ROESY technique.
AB  - The determination of configuration at phosphorus in diastereomeric dinucleoside
      methylphosphonates having the -O-P(= O)(-CH3)-O- internucleotide linkage with the
      NOE derived ROESY NMR technique is described for ApT, TpT, ApA, TpA and CpG. For
      this purpose ROE's from the P-CH3 group to the protons in the nearest
      neighbourhood were measured. These ROE's are different within diastereomeric
      pairs of a dimer enabling us to deduce the individual configuration. The validity
      of the method is proven in comparison with dimers of known configuration (ApT,
      TpT). Together with a recently published diastereoselective synthesis method a
      more homogeneous picture between physical properties and the corresponding
      configuration is provided. There is an improvement in our knowledge about the
      stereochemistry of these substances which could not be deduced from the data
      known before.

PMID- 2402438
TI  - Role of TATA-element in transcription from glucocorticoid receptor-responsive
      model promoters.
AB  - Transcription activation properties of the rat glucocorticoid receptor (GR) on
      minimal, TATA-box containing or depleted promoters have been tested. We show that
      a cluster of Glucocorticoid Responsive Elements (GRE), upon activation by the GR,
      is sufficient to mediate abundant RNA-polymerase II transcription. We find that
      in absence of a bona fide TATA-element transcription initiates at a distance of
      45-55bp from the activated GRE cluster with a marked preference for sequences
      homologous to the initiator element (Inr). Analyzing defined, bi-directional
      transcription units we demonstrate that the apparent reduction of specific
      transcription in strong, TATA-depleted promoters, is mainly due to loss of short
      range promoter polarization. The implications for long-range promoter/enhancer
      communication mechanisms are also discussed.

PMID- 2402439
TI  - Properties of BGP1, a poly(dG)-binding protein from chicken erythrocytes.
AB  - The chicken beta A-globin gene contains in the neighborhood of its 5' promoter a
      (dG)-homopolymer sequence 16 base pairs long. The 66 kD protein BGP1 (beta globin
      protein 1), isolated from chicken erythrocytes, has been shown to bind
      specifically to this sequence. We describe further purification of BGP1, measure
      its affinity for the beta A-globin promoter binding site, and analyze its binding
      properties. The minimal binding sequence is seven dG residues; methylation
      interference studies show that each of these residues contacts BGP1. Binding
      competition experiments employing (dG).(dC) oligomers of varying lengths also
      consistent with (dG)7 as a minimum recognition sequence. All of the data can be
      explained by a model in which BGP1 binds to any contiguous set of seven (dG)
      residues, so that the effective constant for binding to (dG)n is proportional to
      n minus 6. This behavior may be typical of proteins that bind specifically to
      repeated sequences.

PMID- 2402441
TI  - Synthesis and applications of oligoribonucleotides with selected 2'-O-methylation
      using the 2'-O-[1-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl] protecting group.
AB  - The synthesis of base protected 5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-2'-O-[1-(2- fluorophenyl)-4
      methoxypiperidin-4-yl]-3'-O-(2-cyanoethyl N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidites) is
      described, using phenoxyacetyl protection for the exocyclic amino groups of
      guanosine and adenosine and acetyl protection of the amino group of cytidine.
      High yield assembly of these building blocks into oligoribonucleotides on
      aminopropyl controlled pore glass was achieved using 5-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H
      tetrazole as activator. Mixed sequences containing selected 2'-O-methylation were
      also synthesised and their significance for the study of RNA biochemistry is
      discussed.

PMID- 2402440
TI  - Nuclear pre-mRNA introns: analysis and comparison of intron sequences from
      Tetrahymena thermophila and other eukaryotes.
AB  - We have sequenced 14 introns from the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila and include
      these in an analysis of the 27 intron sequences available from seven T.
      thermophila protein-encoding genes. Consensus 5' and 3' splice junctions were
      determined and found to resemble the junctions of other nuclear pre-mRNA introns.
      Unique features are noted and discussed. Overall the introns have a mean A + T
      content of 85% (21% higher than neighbouring exons) with smaller introns tending
      towards a higher A + T content. Approximately half of the introns are less than
      100 bp. Introns from other organisms (approximately 30 of each) were also
      examined. The introns of Dictyostelium discoideum, Caenorhabditis elegans and
      Drosophila melanogaster, like those of T. thermophila, have a much higher mean A
      + T content than their neighbouring exons (greater than 20%). Introns from
      plants, Neurospora crassa and Schizosaccharomyces pombe also have a significantly
      higher A + T content (10%-20%). Since a high A + T content is required for intron
      splicing in plants (58), the elevated A + T content in the introns of these other
      organisms may also be functionally significant. The introns of yeast
      (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and mammals (humans) appear to lack this trait and
      thus in some aspects may be atypical. The polypyrimidine tract, so distinctive of
      vertebrate introns, is not a trait of the introns in the non-vertebrate organisms
      examined in this study.

PMID- 2402442
TI  - Optimization of the efficiency of cross-linking PtII oligonucleotide
      phosphorothioate complexes to complementary oligonucleotides.
AB  - We have investigated the efficiency with which PtII complexes cross-link
      phosphorothioates of oligonucleotides to complementary DNA targets. The A and G
      residues 2-5 bases downstream from the 5'-phosphorothioate group are preferred
      sites for cross-linking. Replacement of residues in this part of the target by T
      residues results in greatly decreased cross-linking when cis platinum diammine
      dichloride (cisPtII) or potassium platinous chloride (K2PtCl4) are used. Trans
      platinum diammine dichloride (transPtII) forms cross-links with T residues if A
      and G residues are absent from the susceptible region of the target. Oligomers
      containing an internal phosphorothioate group can also be linked to their
      templates with transPtII, but not with cisPtII or K2PtCl4. Cross-linking via an
      internal phosphorothioate group tends to be less efficient than cross-linking via
      a 5'-terminal phosphorothioate. The Sp isomers of internal phosphorothioates are
      cross-linked more efficiently than the Rp isomers. Preliminary experiments
      suggest that the efficiency of cross-linking to RNA targets will prove similar to
      that found for DNA targets.

PMID- 2402443
TI  - Hypomethylation of the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP)
      promotor and first exon is linked to expression of the gene.
AB  - The interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) is limited in expression
      to retinal photoreceptor cells and a subset of pinealocytes. We have obtained a
      genomic clone containing the entire coding region and 7 kb of 5' flanking
      sequence. As a first step in studying IRBP gene regulation we have examined the
      CpG methylation patterns of the entire IRBP gene in expressing and non-expressing
      human cells. This has been done by isolation of high molecular weight DNA from Y
      79 cells grown in suspension or attached to poly-D-lysine, which synthesize IRBP
      at different levels, and from human lymphocytes, which were shown by northern
      analysis to lack IRBP message. The DNA was digested by either Hpa II, Msp I, or
      Hha I. Southern blots were prepared with these digests and hybridized with probes
      made from fragments covering the complete genomic clone. Probes from the first
      exon, the introns and the 3' end gave banding patterns which showed no
      differences between the expressing cells and the lymphocytes. A probe from the
      very 5' end did not give a clear banding pattern, probably due to the presence of
      repetitive elements in the probe. However, a Hind III probe covering the 5'
      flanking 3 kb and the beginning of the first exon hybridized with a 1.8 kb band
      in Hpa II digests of Y-79 cells which was not present in Hpa II digests of
      lymphocyte DNA. In addition, a 2.1-2.3 kb Hha I band was found only in the Y-79
      DNA digests. Sequence analysis of the promoter region indicated that these bands
      were due to hypomethylation of sites within a CpG rich island from -1578 to -1108
      in the promoter and hypomethylation of sites in the beginning of the first exon.
      A Hha I site between the CpG island and the first exon was not hypomethylated in
      the expressing Y-79 cells. We propose that hypomethylation of the CpG rich island
      of the IRBP promoter and the first exon is linked to the expression of this gene.

PMID- 2402444
TI  - Synthesis of well-defined phosphate-methylated DNA fragments: the application of
      potassium carbonate in methanol as deprotecting reagent.
AB  - A new deprotection procedure in the synthesis of (partially) phosphate-methylated
      oligodeoxynucleotides has been developed, involving treatment of fully protected
      DNA fragments with methanolic potassium carbonate. It is shown that base
      deprotection can be accomplished in potassium carbonate/methanol without
      affecting the methyl phosphotriesters. This methodology enables us to synthesize,
      both in solution and on a solid support, DNA fragments which are phosphate
      methylated at defined positions. The solid phase synthesis, however, turns out to
      be accompanied by considerable demethylation of the phosphotriesters. It is
      demonstrated that this demethylation does not occur during the deprotection or
      work-up procedure. Furthermore, it was found that the latter side-reaction is
      suppressed when the standard capping procedure with acetic anhydride is included.

PMID- 2402445
TI  - Molecular cloning and expression of four actin isoforms during Artemia
      development.
AB  - Four cDNA clones coding for different Artemia actin isoforms have been isolated.
      Three of the clones contain the complete coding sequences while the fourth one
      lacks 145 bases, coding for the 49 amino terminal amino acids of the protein. The
      amino acid sequences predicted for the four actin isoforms identified are highly
      homologous to insect actins as well as to vertebrate cytoplasmic actins. The four
      identified cDNA clones code for mRNAs of 5.2, 1.9, 1.6 and 1.8 kb, respectively,
      whose expression is regulated during development. Three of the actin mRNAs are
      present in cryptobiotic embryos while the other is not. The steady-state levels
      of all four mRNAs increase during development to reach maximal levels by 10-15
      hours of development and decrease thereafter. The total number of actin genes
      encoded in the Artemia genome has been estimated as 8 to 10 by Southern analysis
      of total DNA.

PMID- 2402447
TI  - Functional difference between the sites of ribosomal 40S precursor 3' end
      formation in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus borealis.
AB  - In the ribosomal genes of X. laevis, the sequence GACTTGCNC is found about 60bp
      upstream of the gene promoter (T3) and is necessary and sufficient to cause
      termination of RNA polymerase I transcription. At the 3' end of the 40S precursor
      coding region (T2) a sequence differing by one nucleotide, GACTTGCNG, directs RNA
      3' end formation but allows polymerase to transcribe on into the intergenic
      spacer (Labhart and Reeder, 1989, Genes and Dev. 4: 269-276). Sites corresponding
      to T2 and T3 are also found in a related species, X. borealis. Inspection of the
      T2 sequence in X. borealis reveals that it contains two copies of the terminator
      sequence, GACTTGCNC, located 15 and 96 bp downstream of the 3' end of the 40S
      precursor coding region. Here we present functional tests of those two T2
      elements that show that, as predicted from the sequence, they both show
      termination activity and are functionally indistinguishable from the T3 site in
      X. laevis. These results suggest that X. laevis T2 is an example of a naturally
      occurring point mutation, and the inability to terminate transcription at T2 is
      an exception to the general pattern of ribosomal gene transcription in higher
      eukaryotes.

PMID- 2402448
TI  - Nucleotide sequence and expression of a new Arabidopsis U2 snRNA gene.

PMID- 2402446
TI  - Chromatin structure of the developmentally regulated early histone genes of the
      sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
AB  - Chromatin organization of the early histone gene repeat was studied at the early
      embryonic stages of the sea urchin S. purpuratus. Micrococcal nuclease digestion
      showed a highly irregular packaging of the whole repeat at the period of
      transcriptional activity, which was progressively replaced by more regular
      nucleosomal arrays upon developmentally programmed inactivation. No evidence for
      unique positioning of the nucleosomes was found. Regions upstream of each of the
      genes were hypersensitive to DNAase I digestion in the active state. These
      regions contained one (H2A and H2B), or two (H3 and H4) well-defined DNAase I
      cutting sites, or two poorly-defined sites (H1). They mapped within DNA sequences
      shown previously to be required for proper expression of the genes.
      Hypersensitivity continued in the hatching blastula, which have a conventional
      nucleosomal structure and a much reduced transcriptional activity.
      Hypersensitivity of these regions during morula and early blastula was not
      dependent on the torsional strain in chromatin, as it was not influenced by
      extensive gamma ray-induced nicking of the DNA in nuclei. By late blastula no
      hypersensitive regions were present.

PMID- 2402449
TI  - Chinese hamster serotonin (5-HT) type 2 receptor cDNA sequence.

PMID- 2402450
TI  - Cloning of the matrix gene of measles virus (Halle strain).

PMID- 2402451
TI  - The nucleotide sequence of a flavodoxin-like gene which precedes two ferredoxin
      genes in Rhodobacter capsulatus.

PMID- 2402452
TI  - DNA sequence encoding the two structural genes for the uptake hydrogenase of
      Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae B10.

PMID- 2402453
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of ovine kappa-casein cDNA.

PMID- 2402454
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of rabbit NAT1 encoding monomorphic arylamine N
      acetyltransferase.

PMID- 2402455
TI  - Complete nucleotide sequence of human mammary gland lactoferrin.

PMID- 2402456
TI  - A myxoma virus nucleotide sequence with homology to the vaccinia virus RNA
      polymerase 22-kDa subunit gene.

PMID- 2402457
TI  - Sequence of the lktB gene from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

PMID- 2402458
TI  - Sequence of the lktD gene from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

PMID- 2402459
TI  - Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the goldfish neural nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptor alpha-3 subunit.

PMID- 2402460
TI  - RAG1 gene of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis codes for a sugar transporter.

PMID- 2402461
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of rabbit NAT2 encoding polymorphic liver arylamine N
      acetyltransferase (NAT).

PMID- 2402462
TI  - DNA sequence of gene VI of cauliflower mosaic virus strain PV147.

PMID- 2402463
TI  - The nucleotide sequence of the 60 kDa cysteine rich outer membrane protein of
      Chlamydia pneumoniae strain IOL-207.

PMID- 2402464
TI  - The nucleotide sequence of the 60 kDa cysteine rich outer membrane protein of
      Chlamydia psittaci strain EAE/A22/M.

PMID- 2402465
TI  - A human gene related to the ribosomal protein L23 gene of Halobacterium
      marismortui.

PMID- 2402466
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a variant antifreeze protein gene.

PMID- 2402467
TI  - Sequence of the rat alpha c large chain of the clathrin associated protein
      complex AP-2.

PMID- 2402468
TI  - Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the goldfish neural nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptor beta-2 subunit.

PMID- 2402469
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the cDNA for lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT)
      from the rat.

PMID- 2402470
TI  - Isolation of cloned mouse protein kinase C beta-II cDNA and its sequence.

PMID- 2402471
TI  - Mouse non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-14 cDNA sequence.

PMID- 2402472
TI  - A cDNA sequence encoding cytoskeletal gamma-actin from rat.

PMID- 2402473
TI  - Nucleotide sequences of bacteriophage T4 genes 6, 7 and 8.

PMID- 2402474
TI  - Construction of vectors with the p15a replicon, kanamycin resistance, inducible
      lacZ alpha and pUC18 or pUC19 multiple cloning sites.

PMID- 2402475
TI  - Pulsed field gel electrophoresis using a double-decker gel system.

PMID- 2402477
TI  - Effects of some antidepressants on the volume-induced reflex contractions of the
      rat urinary bladder: lack of correlation with muscarinic receptors affinity.
AB  - It has been suggested that tricyclic antidepressants such as imipramine, might
      exert their anti-enuretic action by a blockade of muscarinic receptors in the
      detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder. We have therefore investigated the
      effects of two tricyclic (imipramine and nortriptyline) and three atypical
      (citalopram, amineptine and mianserin) antidepressants on the micturition reflex
      and muscarinic receptors in rats. The micturition reflex pathway was monitored
      indirectly by recording the rhythmic intravesical pressure waves which occurred
      when the bladder was distended and maintained under constant saline-volume. The
      activity of the antidepressants was correlated to their potencies as antagonists
      of [3H]QNB binding to rat brain (mainly M1 receptors) and bladder (mainly M2
      receptors) membranes, as well as antagonists of carbachol-induced contractions of
      rat bladder strips. Only imipramine and citalopram dose dependently inhibited the
      voiding contractions, whereas nortriptyline, imipramine and mianserin (in order
      of potency) were active both in binding studies and as competitive antagonists of
      carbachol-induced bladder contractions, but were inactive in inhibiting the
      micturition reflex. The present data seem to suggest that affinities for
      muscarinic receptors are unrelated to the inhibition of micturition reflex.

PMID- 2402476
TI  - New nucleotide sequence data on the EMBL File Server.

PMID- 2402478
TI  - WEB 2086, a novel specific PAF antagonist, prevents PAF induced
      arrhythmogenicity.
AB  - The hetrazepine derivative WEB 2086 (0.5-2 mg/kg, i.v.), a well known PAF
      receptor antagonist, was found to reduce the arrhythmogenic effect of PAF in a
      dose dependent manner on ouabain induced arrhythmias in guinea-pigs. There was no
      detectable substance-specific influence of WEB 2086 on the threshold doses of
      ouabain, since in a dose of 2 mg/kg given i.v. it was able to inhibit cardiac
      rhythm disturbances induced by PAF as well. Guinea-pigs actively sensitized with
      ovalbumin responded to antigenic challenge with an increased susceptibility to
      ouabain induced arrhythmias. This arrhythmogenic effect could also be inhibited
      by WEB 2086. In conclusion, WEB 2086 was found to exert marked protective effects
      against PAF related cardiac arrhythmias, indicating its potential usefulness for
      the treatment of cardiac anaphylaxis.

PMID- 2402479
TI  - The effects of bisaramil on experimental arrhythmias.
AB  - Antiarrhythmic activity of bisaramil (3-methyl,7-ethyl,9 alpha, 4'-(Cl
      benzoyloxy)-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1.]nonane monohydrochloride) was investigated in
      a variety of experimental arrhythmic models. Bisaramil at the dose range of 0.1-2
      mg/kg given i.v. was able to protect against either chemically induced
      (chloroform, aconitine, adrenaline, ouabain) or coronary-ligation-induced
      arrhythmias. Bisaramil dose dependently increased fibrillation threshold both in
      the right auricle and in the right ventricle (ED50 approximately 0.2 mg/kg i.v.)
      and decreased the susceptibility of the heart to arrhythmias induced by
      programmed electrostimulation alone or together with local cooling of the heart.
      Bisaramil given orally (5-20 mg/kg) also showed antiarrhythmic activity with a
      medium (2-4 h) duration of the action. Therapeutic index of bisaramil was found
      to be 19.6 (rat); 5.0 (dog) by i.v. administration and 46.5 (rat); 15.5 (dog) by
      p.o. administration. This means that bisaramil may be given rather safely.

PMID- 2402480
TI  - EEG and behavioural effects of polyamines (spermine and spermidine) on rabbits.
AB  - The EEG and behavioural changes induced by the administration of polyamines
      (spermine and spermidine) were studied in rabbit. Spermine and spermidine were
      administered at different doses (200 and 400 micrograms) into the mesencephalic
      ventricle (i.c.v.) both as a bolus and in constant perfusion (60 min duration).
      We also studied the effects of methamphetamine (MA) in a group of rabbits
      pretreated with spermine and spermidine 200 and 400 micrograms i.c.v. as bolus.
      Spermine caused a dose-related cortical synchronization associated with a partial
      sedation; spermidine induced cortical synchronization at a low dose without any
      behavioural changes while at higher dose (after perfusion) cortical
      desychronization with an arousal behavioural pattern occurred. The possible
      interaction of these substances with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system is
      discussed on the basis of their potential neuroleptic action.

PMID- 2402481
TI  - Effect of opioid antagonists on acetylcholine release from guinea-pig brain
      slices: influence of peptidase inhibition.
AB  - With the aim of ascertaining the existence of an endogenous opioid control on
      cholinergic structures, the effects of the opioid antagonists naloxone, Mr 1452,
      Mr 2266, and ICI 174864 on spontaneous and electrically evoked [3H]choline (Ch)
      efflux from guinea-pig brain slices were tested. In cerebral cortex and caudate
      nucleus slices, no drug changed either resting or stimulus-evoked 3H-Ch efflux
      whether in the absence or in the presence of peptidase inhibitors (thiorphan 0.3
      microM, bestatin 10 microM, captopril 10 microM, l-leucyl-l-leucine 2 mM).
      Conversely, in thalamus slices, the benzomorphan opioid antagonists Mr 1452 and
      Mr 2266 (but not their non-opioid stereoisomers Mr 1453 and Mr 2267) dose
      dependently increased St2/St1 ratios, when applied 15 min before St2 to slices
      superfused with normal Krebs solution. Peptidase inhibition potentiated the
      facilitatory effect of Mr compounds. Peptidase inhibitors per se reduced the
      stimulus evoked efflux of 3H-Ch, when present either from the beginning or from
      15 min before St2 and potentiated the inhibition induced by dynorphin (Dyn). Mr
      2266 fully antagonized any inhibitory effect induced by peptidase inhibitors, Dyn
      or their combination. ICI 174864, a selective delta antagonist, did not affect 3H
      Ch efflux, while naloxone showed a tendency to increase it when peptidases were
      inhibited. Taken together, these data suggest the existence of an endogenous
      opioid tone inhibiting acetylcholine release in the guinea-pig thalamus. The
      relative affinities of the antagonists used suggest that the receptor involved
      may be of the kappa type.

PMID- 2402482
TI  - Structural studies of a hornet venom allergen antigen 5, Dol m V and its sequence
      similarity with other proteins.
AB  - The primary structures and the disulfide-bond pairings of two chromatographic
      forms A and B of a venom protein from white-faced hornet (Dolichovespula
      maculata) were determined. This protein, designated as antigen 5 (Dol m V), has
      204-205 amino acid residues and it contains 4 disulfide bonds. This protein is an
      allergen in man but its biologic function in hornet is not yet known. Dol m V is
      found to have partial sequence similarity with pathogenesis-related proteins from
      tobacco and tomato leaves and with a sperm-coating protein from rat epididymis.

PMID- 2402483
TI  - Calculating percent identity between protein or DNA sequences with a word
      processor.
AB  - Two macros, to calculate percentage identity between protein or DNA sequences
      using the Microsoft Word word processor, are described. The user prepares an
      alignment file of multiple sequences which is used by the macros to calculate
      number of matches, number of mismatches, total number of compared positions, and
      the percent identity. The macros are especially useful when alignment of multiple
      sequences is possible only by eye.

PMID- 2402484
TI  - The following protein sequences were reprinted from the: protein sequence
      database of the Protein Identification Resource (PIR).

PMID- 2402485
TI  - T-cell receptor-negative natural killer cells display antigen-specific
      cytotoxicity for microvascular endothelial cells.
AB  - Based upon prior demonstrations that human microvascular endothelial cells (ECs)
      could serve as natural killer (NK) cell targets, we established NK cell lines and
      clones by repeated stimulation of highly purified CD16-positive, CD3/T-cell
      receptor (Ti)-negative cells with allogeneic ECs. After 3 weeks in culture these
      lymphoid cells, which neither expressed surface CD3/Ti molecules nor rearranged
      Ti beta- or gamma-chain genes and which lysed K562 human erythroleukemia cells,
      displayed specific cytotoxicity for the stimulating ECs. Furthermore, freshly
      isolated NK cells bound and then removed from each of several allogeneic EC lines
      displayed selective cytotoxicity for the adsorbing EC line. These results provide
      evidence for alloantigen-specific recognition of microvascular ECs by NK cells
      that appears to be determined, at least in part, at the level of adherence. We
      discuss the implications of these findings with respect to the rejection of
      vascularized organ allografts.

PMID- 2402486
TI  - Pvt-1 transcripts are found in normal tissues and are altered by reciprocal(6;15)
      translocations in mouse plasmacytomas.
AB  - The mouse Pvt-1 (for plasmacytoma variant translocation) region maps to a
      chromosome 15 breakpoint region that is frequently interrupted by "variant"
      reciprocal chromosome translocations, rcpt(6;15), in plasmacytomas. This region
      lies several hundred kilobases (kb) 3' of the mouse c-myc gene (Myc) which is
      deregulated in both rcpt(6;15) and rcpt(12;15) plasmacytomas. rcpt(12;15)
      translocations apparently activate c-myc directly by interrupting the gene
      itself, but the mechanism causing c-myc deregulation in tumors bearing rcpt(6;15)
      translocations remains unknown. The indirect activation of c-myc by Pvt-1
      interruption has remained an appealing possibility, but heretofore it has not
      been possible to establish such a connection. Furthermore, no genes from the Pvt
      1 locus have been shown to be transcribed in normal tissues or in tumors with
      rcpt(6;15) translocations. We report the isolation of a cDNA clone, Pvt-1-1, from
      mouse spleen mRNA that is specific to the Pvt-1 region. This cDNA probe detects
      low levels of large (ca. 14 kb) RNA transcripts in normal mouse tissues. In
      plasmacytomas with rcpt(6;15) translocations, the Pvt-1 transcripts are elevated
      in abundance and truncated in size. Both changes are apparently induced by the
      chromosomal translocation. Expression of 14-kb Pvt-1 RNA is elevated in B-cell
      tumor lines that express immunoglobulin light chain genes; thus, we postulate
      that these translocations are facilitated by the increased DNA accessibility of
      immunoglobulin kappa light chain and Pvt-1 genes when they are simultaneously
      expressed at certain times during B-cell ontogeny.

PMID- 2402487
TI  - Intrauterine occupancy controls expression of the parathyroid hormone-related
      peptide gene in preterm rat myometrium.
AB  - The parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHRP)
      genes are members of a gene family. Whereas PTH is a classical peptide hormone,
      mounting evidence suggests that the PTHRP may have predominately local actions.
      We report here that the PTHRP gene is expressed in rat myometrium, with a major
      peak in PTHRP mRNA expression occurring in the 48 hr immediately preceding
      parturition. A similar peak in peptide content was found in tissue extracts by
      biological and immunological assays, but the PTHRP could not be detected in the
      peripheral circulation or in uterine vein plasma during late gestation. By in
      situ hybridization histochemistry, PTHRP mRNA was demonstrated in both the
      longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle but was absent in the
      endometrium. The rise in myometrial PTHRP mRNA in late gestation was dependent
      upon intrauterine occupancy; it was greatly reduced or absent in nongravid
      uterine horns. These findings indicate that the expression of the PTHRP gene in
      preterm myometrium is under the control of a local stimulus and suggest that the
      PTHRP may play a paracrine or autocrine role in the uterus during the antepartum
      period, possibly involving myometrial contractility.

PMID- 2402488
TI  - TGA1a, a tobacco DNA-binding protein, increases the rate of preinitiation complex
      formation in a plant in vitro transcription system [corrected].
AB  - We describe here a plant in vitro transcription system for class II promoters
      using wheat germ extract. In this system transcription is stimulated by TGA1a, a
      tobacco DNA-binding protein, and the stimulation is dependent on the presence of
      its cognate binding site upstream of the TATA box. Titration experiments showed
      that transcription initiation is more sensitive than transcription elongation to
      low concentrations of sarkosyl (N-lauroylsarcosine). At 0.07% sarkosyl, the
      formation of initiated complex is inhibited but transcription elongation is not.
      Under these conditions, events associated with a single round of transcription
      can be studied. We demonstrate that the time required for completing
      transcription of a 380-base-pair template is about 10 min. Addition of TGA1a
      increases the number of preinitiation complexes by approximately 3-fold with no
      significant effect on the frequency of transcription initiation from a single
      complex or on the rate of RNA elongation. We anticipate that this in vitro system
      will be valuable for the elucidation of mechanisms that regulate transcription in
      plants.

PMID- 2402489
TI  - Identical Mr 70,000 S6 kinase is activated biphasically by epidermal growth
      factor: a phosphopeptide that characterizes the late phase.
AB  - Mitogenic stimulation of quiescent mouse 3T3 cells with epidermal growth factor
      leads to biphasic S6 kinase activation. The kinases present in both phases of the
      response have been purified from 32P-labeled cells and shown to contain a
      phosphoprotein of equivalent Mr 70,000. Chromatographic analysis of the purified
      S6 kinases on a Mono Q column reveals that (i) all 32P-labeled protein coelutes
      with S6 kinase activity, (ii) only those fractions containing S6 kinase
      autophosphorylate, (iii) autophosphorylation is restricted to a single Mr 70,000
      protein, and (iv) the extent of autophosphorylation directly parallels the degree
      of S6 kinase activation. Analysis of the two autophosphorylated S6 kinases by two
      dimensional tryptic phosphopeptide mapping indicates that they are the same
      protein. Both in vivo 32P-labeled S6 kinases contain phosphoserine and
      phosphothreonine but no detectable phosphotyrosine. Two-dimensional tryptic
      peptide maps of the in vivo 32P-labeled S6 kinases are essentially identical,
      except for a single qualitative change in the late-phase S6 kinase.

PMID- 2402490
TI  - Expression of muscarinic acetylcholine and dopamine receptor mRNAs in rat basal
      ganglia.
AB  - Within the basal ganglia, acetylcholine and dopamine play a central role in the
      extrapyramidal control of motor function. The physiologic effects of these
      neurotransmitters are mediated by a diversity of receptor subtypes, several of
      which have now been cloned. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are encoded by
      five genes (m1-m5), and of the two known dopamine receptor subtypes (D1 and D2)
      the D2 receptor gene has been characterized. To gain insight into the
      physiological roles of each of these receptor subtypes, we prepared
      oligodeoxynucleotide probes to localize receptor subtype mRNAs within the rat
      striatum and substantia nigra by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Within the
      striatum, three muscarinic (m1, m2, m4) receptor mRNAs and the D2 receptor mRNA
      were detected. The m1 mRNA was expressed in most neurons (greater than 80%); the
      m2 mRNA, in neurons which were both very large and rare; and the m4 and D2 mRNAs,
      in 40-50% of the neurons, one-third of which express both mRNAs. Within the
      substantia nigra, pars compacta, only the m5 and D2 mRNAs were detected, and most
      neurons expressed both mRNAs. These data provide anatomical evidence for the
      identity of the receptor subtypes which mediate the diverse effects of muscarinic
      and dopaminergic drugs on basal ganglia function.

PMID- 2402492
TI  - Xenopus laevis alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors.
AB  - The Xenopus laevis genome encodes two genes for the alpha (TR alpha) and two
      genes for the beta (TR beta) thyroid hormone receptors. The two TR alpha genes
      closely resemble their rat, human, and chicken counterparts. No alternatively
      spliced TR alpha cDNA clones were found in the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR).
      In contrast, complex alternative splicing of TR beta mRNA occurs within the 5'
      UTR as well as possible alternative transcriptional start sites. As many as eight
      exons encoding mainly the 5' UTR are alternatively spliced, giving rise to at
      least two amino termini for each of the two TR beta proteins. The 5' UTR of
      transcripts from both TR alpha and TR beta genes contain multiple AUG sequences
      with short open reading frames suggesting translational control mechanisms might
      play a role in expression of TR genes.

PMID- 2402493
TI  - Interactions of neural networks: models for distraction and concentration.
AB  - We present a model of neural group interactions, which are projections from one
      neural network (network B) of McCulloch-Pitts neurons connected via a Hebbian
      rule, to another network (network A) of the same structure. We first consider the
      case in which the projecting network B is in a pattern different from the initial
      attracting state of network A. A critical projecting strength lambda c is found
      such that for lambda below this value there exists a noise threshold sigma lambda
      corresponding to each lambda. For the case where lambda less than lambda c and
      the noise level sigma less than sigma lambda, there are two possible retrievals,
      with different probabilities: the initial attracting state of network A and the
      projecting pattern. If lambda less than lambda c and sigma greater than sigma
      lambda, stable states of network A disappear. In the case lambda greater than
      lambda c, network A is pulled out of its initial basin of attraction and into
      that of the projecting pattern. This analysis provides a model for distraction.
      Second-order interactions reduce the distraction. When the projecting network B
      is in the same pattern as the initial attracting state of network A, the
      projection acts as an external reinforcement, which enables network A to retrieve
      in highly noisy conditions. Sharp noise thresholds for nonzero retrievals are
      shown to be eliminated by the projection. Higher-order connectivity improves the
      retrieval ability of the network. The second case serves as a model of
      concentration. We discuss the model of distraction and concentration (i) in
      connection with common experience of expectation of recognition and (ii) in
      connection with recent T-maze experiments on infant rats; finally, we suggest a
      refined version of the Bruner-Potter experiment to test our prediction of the
      disappearance of hysteresis.

PMID- 2402491
TI  - Differential regulation of skeletal alpha-actin transcription in cardiac muscle
      by two fibroblast growth factors.
AB  - In cardiac muscle, acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF and bFGF)
      regulate at least five genes in common (including alpha and beta myosin heavy
      chains, atrial natriuretic factor, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium
      ATPase), provoking a generalized "fetal" phenotype similar to events in pressure
      overload hypertrophy; however, aFGF and bFGF differentially control the striated
      alpha-actins. bFGF stimulates and aFGF inhibits skeletal alpha-actin transcripts
      associated with the embryonic heart, whereas cardiac alpha-actin mRNA is
      inhibited by aFGF but not bFGF. To elucidate mechanisms for these selective and
      discordant actions of aFGF and bFGF on cardiac muscle, chicken skeletal and
      cardiac alpha-actin promoter-driven reporter genes were introduced into neonatal
      rat cardiac myocytes by electroporation. Skeletal alpha-actin transcription was
      selectively stimulated by bFGF, whereas the cardiac alpha-actin promoter was
      unaffected. In contrast, aFGF suppressed both transfected alpha-actin genes. The
      differential regulation of skeletal alpha-actin transcription was equivalent with
      either purified or recombinant FGFs and was observed with 5' flanking sequences
      from either nucleotide -202 or -2000 to nucleotide -11. Positive and negative
      modulation of alpha-actin transcription by growth factors corresponded accurately
      to the endogenous genes in all permutations studied. These investigations provide
      a model for reciprocal control of gene transcription by aFGF vs. bFGF.

PMID- 2402494
TI  - Structure of a protein superfiber: spider dragline silk.
AB  - Spider major ampullate (dragline) silk is an extracellular fibrous protein with
      unique characteristics of strength and elasticity. The silk fiber has been
      proposed to consist of pseudocrystalline regions of antiparallel beta-sheet
      interspersed with elastic amorphous segments. The repetitive sequence of a
      fibroin protein from major ampullate silk of the spider Nephila clavipes was
      determined from a partial cDNA clone. The repeating unit is a maximum of 34 amino
      acids long and is not rigidly conserved. The repeat unit is composed of three
      different segments: (i) a 6 amino acid segment that is conserved in sequence but
      has deletions of 3 or 6 amino acids in many of the repeats; (ii) a 13 amino acid
      segment dominated by a polyalanine sequence of 5-7 residues; (iii) a 15 amino
      acid, highly conserved segment. The latter is predominantly a Gly-Gly-Xaa repeat
      with Xaa being alanine, tyrosine, leucine, or glutamine. The codon usage for this
      DNA is highly selective, avoiding the use of cytosine or guanine in the third
      position. A model for the physical properties of fiber formation, strength, and
      elasticity, based on this repetitive protein sequence, is presented.

PMID- 2402495
TI  - The X chromosome of monotremes shares a highly conserved region with the
      eutherian and marsupial X chromosomes despite the absence of X chromosome
      inactivation.
AB  - Eight genes, located on the long arm of the human X chromosome and present on the
      marsupial X chromosome, were mapped by in situ hybridization to the chromosomes
      of the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus, one of the three species of monotreme
      mammals. All were located on the X chromosome. We conclude that the long arm of
      the human X chromosome represents a highly conserved region that formed part of
      the X chromosome in a mammalian ancestor at least 150 million years ago. Since
      three of these genes are located on the long arm of the platypus X chromosome,
      which is G-band homologous to the Y chromosome and apparently exempt from X
      chromosome inactivation, the conservation of this region has evidently not
      depended on isolation by X-Y chromosome differentiation and X chromosome
      inactivation.

PMID- 2402496
TI  - Self-reactive T cells can escape clonal deletion in T-cell receptor V beta 8.1
      transgenic mice.
AB  - To study the mechanisms of tolerance in detail, we have constructed transgenic
      mice expressing a V beta 8.1-D beta 2-J beta 2.3-C beta 2 T-cell receptor (TCR)
      gene. Since expression of V beta 8.1 is known to correlate with reactivity of
      CD4+CD8- T cells to minor lymphocyte-stimulating locus 1a (Mls-1a), we expected
      to induce tolerance in most CD4+CD8- T cells in V beta 8.1 transgenic mice of the
      Mls-1a allele. In one line of Mls-1b V beta 8.1 transgenic mice, the V beta 8.1
      TCR was expressed on greater than 98% of mature T cells and their response to Mls
      1a was highly enriched. In Mls-1a V beta 8.1 transgenic mice, CD4+CD8- T cells in
      these mice were severely reduced among both peripheral T cells and thymocytes.
      However, the deletion of these cells was not complete, and most of the residual
      CD4+CD8- mature T cells still expressed normal densities of V beta 8.1 TCR. The
      residual CD4+CD8- T cells did not respond to Mls-1a but were still able to
      proliferate in response to other stimuli via the TCR. Interestingly, CD4+CD8- V
      beta 8.1+ T-cell clones isolated from Mls-1a V beta 8.1 transgenic mice could
      respond to Mls-1a. We suggest that these types of T cells escape clonal deletion
      in the thymus.

PMID- 2402497
TI  - Transgenic mouse model of the mild dominant form of osteogenesis imperfecta.
AB  - Osteogenesis imperfecta type I is a mild, dominantly inherited, connective tissue
      disorder characterized by bone fragility. Mutations in type I collagen account
      for all known cases. In Mov-13 mice, integration of a murine retrovirus within
      the first intron of the alpha 1(I) collagen gene results in a null allele blocked
      at the level of transcription. This study demonstrates that mutant mice
      heterozygous for the null allele are a model of osteogenesis imperfecta type I. A
      defect in type I collagen production is associated with dominant-acting
      morphological and functional defects in mineralized and nonmineralized connective
      tissue and with progressive hearing loss. The model provides an opportunity to
      investigate the effect of a reduced amount of type I collagen on the structure
      and integrity of extracellular matrix. It also may represent a system in which
      therapeutic strategies to strengthen connective tissue can be developed.

PMID- 2402498
TI  - Mapping the CD4 binding site for human immunodeficiency virus by alanine-scanning
      mutagenesis.
AB  - Infection of mononuclear cells by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) begins with
      binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein, gp120, to its receptor, CD4. CD4
      contains four extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains, the first of which (V1)
      is sufficient for HIV binding. V1 contains three sequences homologous to the
      antigen-complementarity-determining regions (CDR1 to -3) of immunoglobulin
      variable domains. While all three immunoglobulin CDRs are involved in antigen
      binding, only amino acids within and flanking the CDR2-like region of CD4 have
      been shown previously to be involved in gp120 binding. To investigate whether
      other regions in V1 take part in gp120 binding, we substituted alanine for each
      of 64 amino acids, including all of the hydrophilic residues in this domain.
      Mutations at four locations outside the CDR2-like sequence (amino acids 29, 59
      64, 77-81, and 85) markedly affected gp120 binding, but not the overall structure
      of V1 as probed with eight conformationally sensitive monoclonal antibodies.
      Thus, the gp120-binding site of CD4 is not limited to the CDR2-like sequence and
      consists of several discontinuous segments. Several amino acids were identified
      that are critical for the conformation of V1; the importance of these residues
      suggests some differences in the folding of this domain compared to
      immunoglobulin variable domains. Three amino acid substitutions were found that
      increase the affinity for gp120 significantly (1.7- to 2-fold individually and
      4.2-fold when combined), suggesting that it may be possible to improve the HIV
      blocking ability of CD4-based molecules by increasing their gp120 binding
      affinity.

PMID- 2402499
TI  - The invariant chain forms complexes with class II major histocompatibility
      complex molecules and antigenic peptides "in vivo".
AB  - The binding of a chicken ovalbumin peptide (residues 323-339), Ova-(323-339), to
      I-Ad molecules was investigated in vitro and in vivo. By using antigenic peptides
      labeled either with a hapten or with fluorescein, complexes formed in vitro
      between I-Ad and antigenic peptides were detected by Western blot analysis with
      an antibody recognizing the hapten 7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole and by scanning
      gels for fluorescence emitted by fluoresceinated peptide. Both techniques reveal
      that Ova-(323-339) binds not only to I-Ad alpha/beta heterodimers and separated
      alpha and beta chains but also to complexes of higher molecular mass. Additional
      analysis shows that one of these additional complexes contains I-Ad heterodimers,
      antigenic peptides, and also invariant chain. To explore the physiological role
      of these complexes, cells were incubated with haptenated peptide and the I-Ad
      peptide complexes formed in vivo were purified by affinity chromatography using
      hapten-specific antibody. The complexes formed migrate with a significantly
      higher apparent molecular mass than the alpha/beta heterodimers. A band at 180
      kDa contained the alpha/beta heterodimer, the antigenic peptide, and the
      invariant chain. These results show that in vivo high molecular mass complexes
      formed by the I-Ad heterodimer and the invariant chain bind antigenic peptides.

PMID- 2402500
TI  - High-affinity transport of glutathione is part of a multicomponent system
      essential for mitochondrial function.
AB  - Glutathione, an essential cellular antioxidant required for mitochondrial
      function, is not synthesized by mitochondria but is imported from the cytosol.
      Rat liver mitochondria have a multicomponent system that underlies the remarkable
      ability of mitochondria to take up and retain glutathione. At external
      glutathione levels of less than 1 mM, glutathione is transported into the
      mitochondrial matrix by a high-affinity component (Km, approximately 60 microM; V
      max, approximately 0.5 nmol/min per mg of protein), which is saturated at levels
      of 1-2 mM and stimulated by ATP. Another component has lower affinity (Km,
      approximately 5.4 mM; Vmax, approximately 5.9 nmol/min per mg of protein) and is
      stimulated by ATP and ADP. Both components are inhibited by carbonylcyanide p
      (trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP), glutamate, and ophthalmic acid.
      Increase of extramitochondrial glutathione promotes uptake and exchange; the
      intermembranous space seems to function as a recovery zone that promotes
      efficient recycling of matrix glutathione. The findings are in accord with in
      vivo data showing that (i) rapid exchange occurs between mitochondrial and
      cytosolic glutathione, (ii) lowering of cytosolic glutathione levels (produced by
      administration of buthionine sulfoximine) decreases export of glutathione from
      mitochondria to cytosol, and (iii) administration of glutathione esters increases
      glutathione levels in mitochondria more than those in the cytosol.

PMID- 2402501
TI  - Posttranslational modification of class III beta-tubulin.
AB  - The charge heterogeneity of class III beta-tubulin (beta III) during neural
      development was analyzed by high-resolution isoelectric focusing/two-dimensional
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in combination with site-specific proteolytic
      digestion and immunological detection. The number of beta III isoforms (charge
      variants) gradually increases from one in embryonic brain to seven in adult
      brain. All of the charge heterogeneity is due to posttranslationally modified
      sites located within the extreme C-terminal region of the beta III polypeptide.
      One beta III isoform is present in testis, the only other tissue in which this
      isotype is expressed. The testis beta III isoform cofocuses with the earliest
      appearing embryonic brain beta III charge variant. Our results indicate that the
      posttranslational modifications of beta III are developmentally regulated, occur
      at more than one site, and are neuron-specific. The location of these
      modifications within the extreme C-terminal domain suggests that their function
      is to modulate the interaction of tubulin with microtubule-associated proteins.

PMID- 2402502
TI  - Global processing of visual stimuli in a neural network of coupled oscillators.
AB  - An oscillator neural network model is presented that is capable of processing
      local and global attributes of sensory input. Local features in the input are
      encoded in the average firing rate of the neurons while the relationships between
      these features can modulate the temporal structure of the neuronal output.
      Neurons that share the same receptive field interact via relatively strong
      feedback connections, while neurons with different fields interact via specific,
      relatively weak connections. This pattern of connectivity mimics that of primary
      visual cortex. The model is studied in the context of processing visual stimuli
      that are coded for orientation. We compare our theoretical results with recent
      experimental evidence on coherent oscillatory activity in the cat visual cortex.
      The computational capabilities of the model for performing discrimination and
      segmentation tasks are demonstrated.

PMID- 2402503
TI  - Identification of potato nuclear proteins binding to the distal promoter region
      of the proteinase inhibitor II gene.
AB  - Potato nuclear proteins specifically bind to a DNA sequence at the most 5' distal
      region of the promoter of a potato proteinase inhibitor II gene. Binding studies
      using the electrophoretic mobility-shift assay showed the appearance of two
      protein-DNA complexes in the presence of both tuber and leaf nuclear protein
      extracts. Mechanical wounding of the leaves had no effect on the amount of
      specific protein-DNA complexes formed. DNase I protection analysis and binding to
      synthetic oligonucleotides identified the sequence 5'-GAGGGTATTTTCGTAA-3' as the
      target for the noncooperative binding of two potato nuclear proteins to the
      upstream element. Methylation interference experiments showed that guanine
      nucleotides separated by one turn of the DNA helix were in close contact with the
      proteins. The binding ability of a series of mutated synthetic oligonucleotides
      further defined the sequence requirements for protein binding, which appeared to
      contact one side of the DNA helix.

PMID- 2402504
TI  - An upstream region of the mouse ZP3 gene directs expression of firefly luciferase
      specifically to growing oocytes in transgenic mice.
AB  - The gene encoding the mouse egg primary receptor for sperm, a zona pellucida
      glycoprotein called ZP3, is expressed exclusively in growing oocytes within
      ovaries of sexually immature and mature female mice. We have constructed a
      transgene in which 6.5 kilobases of ZP3 gene 5'-flanking sequence is fused to the
      coding region of the firefly luciferase gene, and we have generated four
      independent lines of transgenic mice. In these animals, the transgene is
      expressed exclusively in ovaries. Furthermore, within ovaries, expression is
      confined to growing oocytes, and luciferase activity can be detected by assaying
      individual, isolated oocytes. The pattern of firefly luciferase expression during
      oocyte growth is similar to that observed in previous studies of ZP3 expression
      during oogenesis in mice. Observations reported here strongly suggest that cis
      acting elements present in the ZP3 gene 5'-flanking region regulate oocyte
      specific and, therefore, sex-specific expression of the sperm receptor gene
      during mouse development. They also suggest that such elements can be used to
      direct expression of cloned genes specifically to oocytes of transgenic mice and
      to evaluate the effects of such expression on various aspects of early mammalian
      development.

PMID- 2402505
TI  - Cell surface glycoprotein of reactive stromal fibroblasts as a potential antibody
      target in human epithelial cancers.
AB  - The F19 antigen is a cell surface glycoprotein (Mr, 95,000) of human sarcomas and
      proliferating, cultured fibroblasts that is absent from resting fibroblasts in
      normal adult tissues. Normal and malignant epithelial cells are also F19-. The
      present immunohistochemical study describes induction of F19 in the reactive
      mesenchyme of epithelial tumors. F19+ fibroblasts were found in primary and
      metastatic carcinomas, including colorectal (18 of 18 cases studied), breast
      (14/14), ovarian (21/21), bladder (9/10), and lung carcinomas (13/13). In
      contrast, the stroma of benign colorectal adenomas, fibrocystic disease and
      fibroadenomas of breast, benign prostate hyperplasia, in situ bladder carcinomas,
      and benign ovarian tumors showed no or only moderate numbers of F19+ fibroblasts.
      Analysis of dermal incision wounds revealed that F19 is strongly induced during
      scar formation. Comparison of F19 with the extracellular matrix protein tenascin,
      a putative marker of tumor mesenchyme, showed a cellular staining pattern for F19
      vs. the extracellular matrix pattern for tenascin and widespread expression of
      tenascin in F19- normal tissues and benign tumors. Our results suggest that the
      F19+ phenotype correlates with specialized fibroblast functions in wound healing
      and malignant tumor growth. Because of its abundance in tumor mesenchyme, F19 may
      serve as a target for antibodies labeled with radioisotopes or toxic agents, or
      inflammatogenic antibodies, in carcinoma patients.

PMID- 2402507
TI  - Uptake of a nido-carboranylporphyrin by human glioma xenografts in athymic nude
      mice and by syngeneic ovarian carcinomas in immunocompetent mice.
AB  - A tetraphenylporphyrin bearing four dicarbollide ([B9C2H11]-) cages linked to the
      o-phenyl ring positions by anilide bonds, known as boronated tetraphenylporphyrin
      (BTPP), has been synthesized in excellent yield from tetra-(o-aminophenyl)
      porphyrin and carborane carbonyl chloride followed by base-assisted cage opening
      and ion exchange to give the highly water-soluble potassium salt. Preliminary
      studies showed that BTPP accumulates in liver and in a syngeneic ovarian
      carcinoma, but not in normal brain parenchyma, of mice infused with BTPP
      subcutaneously for 6 or 7 days via surgically implanted osmotic minipumps. In
      this study, the uptake of boron was measured in human gliomas xenografted
      subcutaneously to athymic nude mice in which BTPP was infused intraperitoneally
      or subcutaneously or both for 3 or 7 days by using similar minipumps.
      Immunocompetent mice bearing a syngeneic ovarian carcinoma were similarly infused
      to provide comparative data. Bulk concentrations of boron up to 18 micrograms/g
      of glioma and up to 45 micrograms/g of carcinoma were observed when up to 102
      micrograms/g of tissue was present in the liver after 7 days of BTPP infusion.
      Glioma boron concentrations were increased by approximately 80% on the average
      (up to 33 micrograms/g) when correspondingly greater amounts of BTPP were infused
      in only 3 days. Cell counts and chemical tests on blood samples from individual
      mice indicate that BTPP causes moderate hepatotoxicity and thrombocytopenia. This
      hepatohematic toxicity syndrome should be taken into account if BTPP or a similar
      agent is used for boron neutron-capture therapy (BNCT) of human malignancies.

PMID- 2402506
TI  - Isolation of diphtheria toxin-sensitive mouse cells from a toxin-resistant
      population transfected with monkey DNA.
AB  - Diphtheria toxin (DTX)-sensitive mouse cells were isolated from a toxin-resistant
      thymidine kinase (TK)-negative L-M(TK-) mouse cell population that was
      transfected with DNA from highly toxin-sensitive monkey Vero cells. Sensitivity
      to DTX was screened by using a replica plate assay. The purified toxin-sensitive
      mouse cells were characterized with respect to their ability to bind,
      internalize, and translocate DTX into the cytosol. In contrast to the L-M(TK-)
      cells, these DTX-sensitive mouse cells were able to bind and internalize
      radioiodinated toxin into intracellular vesicles at 37 degrees C. Specific
      binding of radioiodinated toxin to their cell surface (at 4 degrees C) could not
      be demonstrated. However, the following evidence for functional receptors capable
      of binding DTX was obtained: (i) when the toxin-sensitive mouse cells were first
      allowed to bind DTX at 4 degrees C, followed by washing the cells and shifting
      the temperature to 37 degrees C (allowing cell surface-bound toxin to enter the
      cells), the cells were killed; (ii) when cells with surface-bound DTX were
      exposed briefly to an acidic medium (allowing the toxin to penetrate the plasma
      membrane directly), protein synthesis was inhibited; and (iii) when cells were
      incubated with DTX in the presence of the CRM 197, a nontoxic form of DTX with
      binding properties similar to native DTX, the cytotoxic effect of DTX was
      markedly decreased. The results demonstrate that the toxin-sensitive mouse cells
      are killed by a mechanism similar to that observed in naturally occurring toxin
      sensitive cell lines. The data further suggest that the transfected mouse cells
      express functional receptors for DTX.

PMID- 2402508
TI  - Functional and structural similarities between the inhibitory region of troponin
      I coded by exon VII and the calmodulin-binding regulatory region of the catalytic
      subunit of phosphorylase kinase.
AB  - A sequence homology has been noted between the carboxyl quarter of the catalytic
      gamma subunit of phosphorylase kinase and the region of troponin I coded by exon
      VII. Because this portion of troponin I contains the inhibitory region that
      interacts with actin and troponin C, we have examined whether the gamma subunit
      of phosphorylase kinase can functionally mimic troponin I by also interacting
      with actin and troponin C. We have found that troponin C not only activates the
      isolated gamma subunit of phosphorylase kinase but also binds with approximately
      the same affinity as calmodulin. Although actin had no effect on the activity of
      the gamma subunit alone, it did inhibit the activity of gamma-calmodulin and
      gamma-troponin C complexes. Conversely, the gamma subunit was able to inhibit
      actomyosin ATPase in a process that could be overcome by calmodulin. These
      results suggest that actin and calmodulin (or troponin C) compete for binding to
      the gamma subunit. Moreover, the structural and functional similarities between
      the gamma subunit and troponin I suggest that the gamma subunit of phosphorylase
      kinase may have evolved from the fusion of a protein kinase protogene with a
      progenitor of exon VII of troponin I.

PMID- 2402509
TI  - The importance of residues 195-206 of human blood clotting factor VII in the
      interaction of factor VII with tissue factor.
AB  - Previous studies indicated that human and bovine factor VII exhibit 71% amino
      acid sequence identity. In the present study, competition binding experiments
      revealed that the interaction of human factor VII with cell-surface human tissue
      factor was not inhibited by 100-fold molar excess of bovine factor VII. This
      finding indicated that bovine and human factor VII are not structurally
      homologous in the region(s) where human factor VII interacts with human tissue
      factor. On this premise, we synthesized three peptides corresponding to regions
      of human factor VII that exhibited marked structural dissimilarity to bovine
      factor VII; these regions of dissimilarity included residues 195-206, 263-274,
      and 314-326. Peptide 195-206 inhibited the interaction of factor VII with cell
      surface tissue factor and the activation of factor X by a complex of factor VIIa
      and tissue factor half-maximally at concentrations of 1-2 mM. A structurally
      rearranged form of peptide 195-206 containing an aspartimide residue inhibited
      these reactions half-maximally at concentrations of 250-300 microM. In contrast,
      neither peptide 263-274 nor peptide 314-326, at 2 mM concentration, significantly
      affected either factor VIIa interaction with tissue factor or factor VIIa
      mediated activation of factor X. Our data provide presumptive evidence that
      residues 195-206 of human factor VII are involved in the interaction of human
      factor VII with the extracellular domain of human tissue factor apoprotein.

PMID- 2402512
TI  - Characterization and expression of the complementary DNA encoding rat histidine
      decarboxylase.

PMID- 2402511
TI  - Molecular cloning of a human macrophage lectin specific for galactose.
AB  - The murine Mac-2 protein is a galactose- and IgE-binding lectin secreted by
      inflammatory macrophages. We describe here the cloning and characterization of a
      cDNA representing the human homolog of Mac-2 (hMac-2). The amino acid sequence
      derived from the hMac-2 cDNA indicates that the protein is evolutionarily highly
      conserved, with 85% of its amino acid residues being similar to those in the
      murine homolog. This conservation is especially marked in the carboxyl-terminal
      lectin domain. The amino-terminal half of the protein is less conserved but still
      contains the repetitive proline-glycine-rich motif seen in the mouse protein.
      hMac-2 synthesized in vitro is recognized by the M3/38 monoclonal antibody to Mac
      2 and binds to the desialylated glycoprotein asialofetuin and to laminin, a major
      component of basement membranes. These findings are discussed in the context of
      the potential functions of hMac-2.

PMID- 2402513
TI  - The biology of hematopoiesis.

PMID- 2402510
TI  - Protein kinase C is present in human sperm: possible role in flagellar motility.
AB  - We report the presence of protein kinase C (PKC) in ejaculated human sperm as
      revealed by enzymatic activity assay and indirect immunohistochemistry. PKC is
      localized in the equatorial segment and in the principal piece of the tail.
      Addition of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate resulted in increased flagellar
      motility that was blocked by known PKC inhibitors such as sphingosine,
      staurosporine, and 1-(5-isoquinoylinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine. A very good
      correlation (r = 0.9, P less than 0.001) was found between the percentage of PKC
      stained sperm cells and motility. We propose that PKC is involved in the
      regulation of flagellar motility in human sperm.

PMID- 2402514
TI  - Megakaryocyte size and ploidy in thrombocytopenic or megakaryocytopenic mice.

PMID- 2402515
TI  - Control of lymphokine production by protein kinase C.
AB  - As illustrated in Fig. 3, our understanding of lymphokine production is
      incomplete. Nuclear effects of PKC are probably mediated by phosphorylated
      substrates. Some of the substrates are themselves being identified as kinases and
      phosphatases, adding more complexity to the pathway. Use of resistant cell lines
      is one of the approaches that may help link early phosphorylation events with
      later transcriptional responses.

PMID- 2402516
TI  - Erythropoietin structure-function relationships.

PMID- 2402517
TI  - Terminal transferase as a therapeutic target in leukemia cells.

PMID- 2402518
TI  - Surviving hematological malignancies: stress responses and predicting
      psychological adjustment.
AB  - Within the adolescent survivor sample, the psychosocial response of having been
      diagnosed and successfully treated for cancer is not universal as evidenced by
      the variability in psychosocial adjustment. Data from the MHI suggests that
      adolescent cancer survivors do experience more global psychological distress than
      a comparison group of healthy adolescents. In addition, the majority of these
      patients reported persistent, intrusive thoughts about their illness and its
      treatment. Conversely, the adolescent cancer survivors did not differ from a
      normative sample on social competence, manifestation of problems behaviors, or
      school achievement. Thus, our data suggest that adjustment in this population is
      multi-dimensional with variability. While they are functioning quite adequately
      at school and in social situation, they continue to experience heightened and
      persistent distress of both a global and illness-specific quality. A number of
      factors that are conducive to psychosocial intervention appear to be related to
      adjustment. Family communication and family cohesion were significantly related
      to the mental health of the adolescent survivors, suggesting a need to further
      explore the family context of adolescent adjustment. The present work also
      represents the first attempt to directly examine the psychosocial functioning of
      young adult, acute leukemia survivors. When compared with normative samples of
      nonpatients, these survivors (taken as a whole group), reported heightened levels
      on several indicators of psychological distress. While not entirely consistent
      across different psychological measures, these young people were generally one
      standard deviation above the mean for psychological distress. But when compared
      to normative samples of psychiatric outpatients, our survivors reported
      significantly less psychological distress. For instance, leukemia survivors
      reported less intrusive and avoidant cognitions associated with the stressor of
      being diagnosed and treated for cancer than those associated with patients
      experiencing traumatic stress disorders. In aggregate, these findings again
      suggest that the psychosocial adjustment of leukemia survivors is quite variable.
      Finally, while group comparisons shed light on the psychosocial functioning of
      leukemia survivors, in general, wide variability in psychosocial adjustment may
      mask identification of a cohort of cancer survivors most at-risk for psychosocial
      dysfunction. Sociodemographic, disease/treatment and psychological distress
      variables only partially explain this variability. The findings from our data
      suggest several clinical recommendations. First, the prevalence of persistent,
      psychiatric comorbidity is quite low among long-term survivors of hematologic
      malignancies survivors. Second, if survivors do experience some psychological
      distress, usually, it is of non-psychopathological proportions.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2402519
TI  - Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin in patients with end stage renal disease.

PMID- 2402520
TI  - Hemonectin: a novel hematopoietic adhesion molecule.

PMID- 2402522
TI  - [3H]prostaglandin F2 alpha membrane binding reexamined.
AB  - Tritiated prostaglandin F2 alpha ([3H]PGF2 alpha) binding to bovine corpora
      luteal membranes has been reexamined from the viewpoint of eventual PGF2 alpha
      receptor purification. Several modifications of the literature on PGF2 alpha
      binding allow for a more stabilized [3H]PGF2 alpha PGF2 alpha receptor complex
      which should then facilitate the PGF2 alpha receptor purification. Of particular
      importance were: identification of protease inhibitors which protect [3H]PGF2
      alpha binding and protease inhibitors which are detrimental to subsequent
      [3H]PGF2 alpha binding; the finding that EGTA treatment of tissue homogenates
      greatly protects subsequent [3H]PGF2 alpha binding; the observation that Mn(+)+
      substitutes for Ca(+)+ and, in fact, among the divalent cations Mn(+)+ greater
      than Mg(+)+ greater than Ca(+)+ in facilitating [3H]PGF2 alpha binding where as
      Cd(+)+, Cu(+)+ and Zn(+)+ either have no effect or are detrimental to this
      binding; the lack of effect of ATP, GTP, GDP and cAMP or of kinase and
      phosphatase inhibitors and activators to alter binding of [3H]PGF2 alpha to
      isolated membranes; and the ease with which the [3H]PGF2 alpha-PGF2 alpha
      receptor complex can be removed from the membrane in spite of the receptor being
      an integral membrane protein. A new simple technique for separating protein bound
      [3H]PGF2 alpha (PGF2 alpha receptor-[3H]PGF2 alpha complexes) from free [3H]PGF2
      alpha by use of hydroxyapatite (HAP) is introduced. This HAP method is of
      particular use in solubilized membrane preparations (but can also be used during
      PG radioimmunoassays to separate free PG from antibody bound PG). These changes
      were required to facilitate subsequent chromatographic steps leading to
      identification and purification of the PGF2 alpha receptor. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402521
TI  - Reduction of 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) in tracheal fluid by high
      frequency oscillatory ventilation.
AB  - The effects of high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) and conventional
      mechanical ventilation (CMV) on tracheal secretion were compared in 6
      anesthetized dogs. Using a double-balloon endotracheal catheter, 5 ml of saline
      was instilled into an isolated tracheal segment during HFOV and CMV for 10 min
      respectively. Two eicosanoids, 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) and 11
      dehydrothromboxane B2 (11-dehydro-TXB2) were measured by radioimmunoassay in each
      sample. HFOV (stroke volume: 6 ml/kg, f: 10 Hz, bias flow: 5 l/min) and CMV
      (stroke volume: 12 ml/kg, f: 15/min) were performed in random sequence and
      achieved comparable gas exchange. The concentration of 15-HETE in tracheal fluid
      during HFOV (87 +/- 67 pg/ml) was decreased to less than half of that during CMV
      (286 +/- 184 pg/ml, P less than 0.05), while there was no significant change of
      11-dehydro-TXB2 either in tracheal fluid or in plasma. This reduction of 15-HETE
      was tended to be enhanced by vagotomy (HFOV: 42 +/- 14, CMV: 120 +/- 103 pg/ml)
      with the concentration ratio of CMV/HFOV remaining unchanged. HFOV may provide
      hitherto unrecognized advantage over CMV by reducing airway secretion of 15-HETE,
      a potent inflammatory mediator.

PMID- 2402523
TI  - Comparison of antiprogestin stimulation of uterine prostaglandin synthesis in
      vitro.
AB  - Progesterone has an inhibitory effect on prostaglandin synthesis in urine tissue
      and this effect is reversible with progesterone receptor antagonists. Although
      antiprogesterone steroids such as RU486 (Mifepristone) are effective at inducing
      abortion in women they have an improved efficacy when used with exogenous
      synthetic prostaglandin. In the guinea-pig such antagonists sensitize the uterus
      but do not result in increased myometrial activity and therefore may not induce
      endogenous PG synthesis. In this study the effects of antiprogestins on a
      preparation of rat uterus perifused with progesterone were studied. ZK98 734
      caused a rapid and sustained increase in 6-oxoPGF synthesis which rose within the
      first 90 minutes. This rapid response suggested that some mechanism other than
      the induction of fresh protein synthesis was involved. A similar increase was not
      seen with pregnant guinea-pig myometrium/decidua perifused in a similar manner,
      suggesting that some other mechanism was responsible for the relatively low PG
      production in pregnancy. However increases in 6-oxoPGF in response to
      antiprogestins were recorded when pregnant guinea-pig decidua/myometrium was
      incubated for 4 hours. In these experiments 1 microM ZK98 734 and 1 microM ZK98
      299 (Onapristone) gave a 2.7 fold increase in PG production whereas RU486 gave a
      1.6 fold increase. Both 1 microM ZK98 734 and 1 microM ZK98 299 also gave a
      significant increase in PGE production but no increase in PGF was observed. These
      findings suggest that some antiprogestins might have a better effect on the
      stimulation of endogenous PG synthesis or on the rate of catabolism of
      prostanoids.

PMID- 2402524
TI  - Oxytocin enhances the basal release of uterine prostaglandin F2 alpha, but not
      that of PGE1, or of PGE2, and changes the metabolism of exogenous arachidonate,
      favouring the formation of prostaglandin F2 alpha and 5-HETE. Relationships with
      its uterotonic action and modulation by estradiol.
AB  - We attempted to explore possible mechanism(s) subserving the influence of
      oxytocin on uterine motility by studying the action of the hormone on: 1) the
      contractile activity of isolated rat uteri in the presence or absence of
      indomethacin; 2) the synthesis and release of prostaglandins (PGs) into the
      solution incubating the uterine tissue as well as the metabolism of labelled
      arachidonic acid; 3) the uptake of 45Ca2+ by uterine strips. The experiments were
      bone with uterine preparations isolated from spayed rats treated or not with 17
      beta-estradiol. The values of isometric developed tension (IDT) and of frequency
      of contractions (FC) induced by oxytocin in uterine strips isolated from spayed
      and spayed-estrogenized rats, were not modified by indomethacin at 10(-6) M. On
      the other hand, uterine strips from untreated spayed rats, release into the
      incubating medium approximately equal amounts of PGE1, PGE2 and PGF2 alpha. The
      in vitro presence of oxytocin (50 mU/ml) increased significantly (p 0.05) the
      output of PGF 2 alpha without changing the release of PGE1 or PGE2. Uteri from
      spayed rats injected prior to sacrifice with 17-beta-estradiol released
      significantly less PGE1 and PGE2 (p less than 0.005) than preparations from non
      injected animals, whereas the output of PGF2 alpha in the suspending solution
      remained unchanged. Following estrogenization the addition of oxytocin to
      preparations obtained from spayed-estrogenized rats also increased the output of
      uterine PGF2 alpha (p less than 0.001) without changing that of PGs E1 or
      E2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402525
TI  - Influence of high density lipoprotein (HDL), prepared from human blood, on
      prostanoid formation, serum and tissue lipids and development of arteriosclerosis
      in cholesterol rich fed rabbits.
AB  - The i.v. administration of high density lipoprotein (HDL) into cholesterol fed
      rabbits decreased statistically significantly the serum level of total
      cholesterol and of low density lipoprotein cholesterol after a feeding period of
      8 weeks. These diminished levels of cholesterol were associated with a
      statistically significant reduction in the levels of cholesterol esters in
      kidneys and platelets but not in hepatic tissue or in aorta. Macroscopically
      detectable arteriosclerosis was not statistically significantly diminished. The
      formation of prostanoids by the aorta remained unchanged. The atherogenic role of
      immunologic factors acting against the heterologous HDL may have compensated for
      the antiatherogenic HDL action on plasma and tissue lipids.

PMID- 2402526
TI  - [Synthesis and anticonvulsant action of propranolol derivatives with a tertiary
      nitrogen atom].
AB  - Tertiary derivatives of the beta-receptorblocker propranolol were synthesized and
      pharmacologically tested for anticonvulsive activities. The results show that it
      is possible, to separate the beta-receptor blocking from the anticonvulsive
      activities by modifying the chemical structure.

PMID- 2402527
TI  - [UV-spectrophotometry in drug control. 47. Drug substances with chromophores and
      auxochromes in cyclic and tricyclic systems (benzodiazepine, dibenzoazepine and
      dibenzodiazepine)].
AB  - The results of a systematic examination of the UV/VIS spectra of 10 drug
      substances with chromophores and auxochromes in bicyclic and tricyclic systems
      (benzodiazepine, dibenzoazepine and dibenzodiazepine) are described. Influences
      of substituents and solvents on shifts of the E, K, B and R bands are discussed.

PMID- 2402528
TI  - Kinetic study employing UV derivative spectroscopy of DM-COOK, antitumor and
      antimetastatic agent.
AB  - The hydrolysis of p-(3,3-dimethyl-l-triazeno)benzoic acid potassium salt (1;DM
      COOK) a highly active antimetastatic and anti-disseminative agent, has been
      studied in buffered aqueous solution over a pH range of 2.8-8.8 degrees C. The pH
      dependence of the pseudo first-order rate constants showed two different routes.
      Under physiological conditions the hydrolysis reactions are carried out by acid
      catalysis. A procedure based on fourth-order derivative UV spectroscopy (D4) has
      been developed for the calculation of the kinetic constants at pH greater than or
      equal to 4.00 and no spectral interferences resulted from decomposition products.
      The application of derivative UV spectroscopy proved to be suitable fpr rapid,
      sensitive and reproducible studies of hydrolysis of this class of compounds.

PMID- 2402529
TI  - [Determination of thiocyanate in serum with ion-selective liquid membrane
      electrodes].
AB  - The manufacture of a liquid membrane type thiocyanate ion selective electrode on
      the basis of crystalviolet thiocyanate or methylene blue thiocyanate solved in
      nitrobenzene is described. This electrodes are available for the determination of
      the thiocyanate ion in agents with high levels on chlorid or protein, for
      instance in serum. Thiocyanate levels in serum from smokers and nonsmokers
      determinated by this electrodes differ significant from values that were obtained
      by the barbituric acid method, but they were in good agreement with values
      determinated by ion exchange chromatography. It can be assumed that its possible
      to ascertain the part of the dissociated thiocyanate by means of the ion
      selective electrodes and the ion exchange chromatography.

PMID- 2402530
TI  - Investigation of drug-containing multiple phase emulsions.
AB  - We studied the efficiency of the formation of w/o/w emulsions as a function of
      composition and mixing time. We found that the concentration of emulsifier 1, the
      concentration and HLB of emulsifier 2, the viscosity of the oil phase and the
      external water phase as well as the mixing time in second step of preparing the
      emulsion characteristically influence the "efficiency" of emulsification and the
      stability of the emulsions.

PMID- 2402531
TI  - [Antimicrobial activity of quaternary ammonium compounds].
AB  - The antimicrobial properties of two new imidazolium and pyridinium chlorides in
      comparison with three currently in disinfection compounds applied are described.
      The following research was performed: resistance of organisms to disinfectants
      and disinfection of hands. The new 3-methyl-n-dodecylthiomethylpyridinium chlorid
      was the most active compound.

PMID- 2402532
TI  - Thin-layer chromatographic determination of 3H-labelled stobadin in rat plasma
      for pharmacokinetic purposes.

PMID- 2402533
TI  - [The pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical evaluation of
      acetylaminonitropropoxybenzene (Falimint). Biotransformation of the agent in
      various animal species].

PMID- 2402534
TI  - Salicylanilide and its heterocyclic analogues. A comparative study of their
      antimicrobial activity.

PMID- 2402535
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of Annona cherimolia stem bark alkaloids.

PMID- 2402536
TI  - A study of the adrenergic activity of the alkaloids boldine and glaucine.

PMID- 2402537
TI  - [Maternal haloperidol effects on pregnancy and development of the children].

PMID- 2402538
TI  - [Mental disorders induced by experiences of being bullied].
AB  - The author investigated 25 adolescent patients (9 males, 16 females) whose mental
      disorders seemed to be induced by their experiences of being bullied at school.
      The patients were treated by the author in the outpatient clinic or the inpatient
      ward of National Defense Medical College Hospital during 10 years, 1978 through
      1988. These patients were classified into 4 groups from the viewpoint of their
      clinical symptoms and signs. The author called each group as follows; 1) paranoid
      hallucinatory group, 2) withdrawal group, 3) escaping-into-fantasy group, and 4)
      somatoform group. The paranoid-hallucinatory group had premorbid personality
      traits of shame and introversion. Because of this character, they couldn't make
      friends and became easily the targets of bully. They developed psychotic signs
      after many years of being bullied. The contents of their hallucinations and
      delusions are closely related with their experiences of being bullied. Their
      integration of personality is maintained for long in spite of the severe
      psychotic symptoms and signs. The withdrawal group had similar personality
      tendency as that in the first group. They withdrew from social relationships and
      confined themselves to their rooms. But they kept desire for social relations and
      had more realistic and more fruitful thought than the first group had. Most of
      them returned to the normal social life and even to school after careful and
      intensive treatment. In the escaping-into-fantasy group, most of patients had
      personality traits which easily cause various troubles in their social
      relationships. This tendency of maladaptation to school life made them targets of
      bully. Their troublesome character became worse and more remarkable after many
      years of suffering from bully. They finally tried to deny their problems of
      maladjustment through fantasy in which they could enjoy themselves. Most of them
      returned to their social life after long therapeutic effort which included
      individual psychotherapy, family therapy and modulation of school environment. In
      the somatoform group, most patients enjoyed high level of adaptation in school
      life before incidents of bully. Treatment of this group was comparatively easy,
      because the relation between clinical symptoms and episodes of bully was evident.
      It was also easier to cooperate with parents and teachers in order to modulate
      school environment than in other groups. The symptoms of this group were usually
      transient and the patients returned to school in a short term. The patients
      showed various symptoms from psychotic level to neurotic level. School refusal
      was the common symptom or phenomenon in almost all cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2402539
TI  - [Discontinuation of antiepileptic drug treatment in controlled seizure patients].
AB  - Studies on discontinuing medication in epileptic patients who have been
      maintaining favorable progress and who have remained free of epileptic seizures
      for a long period have only been reported in comparatively small numbers and the
      conditions necessary to evaluate such patients as well as the methods used to
      enable the discontinuation of antiepileptic drug treatment to be decided have not
      yet been established. With the recent rapid advances in the treatment of
      epilepsy, any long-term treatment should be designed to include the possibility
      that the discontinuation of medication may be possible and this possibility
      should be understood from the start of treatment planning. In this study, the
      author has attempted to gradually or completely withdraw medication from
      epileptic patients who maintain favorable progress, using specific criteria and
      methods established by the author. The criteria used were: (1) patients should
      have been free of epileptic seizures for three years or more, (2) no epileptic
      discharge had appeared on the EEG within the previous 2-3 years (recorded during
      sleep as well as when awake) and (3) the patient's consent should have been
      obtained regarding the gradual or complete withdrawal of medication. The subjects
      were 40 patients (23 males and 17 females) with a mean age of 32.2 years.
      Seizures were primary generalized tonic/clonic in type (P-GTC) in 4 patients,
      complex partial seizures (CPS) in 22 and generalized sleep convulsions (GC(S)) in
      14. In this study, patients with absence epilepsy taking a favorable course and
      those with benign childhood epilepsy showing epileptic discharges in the temporal
      to central region (rolandic seizure) or in the occipital region were not
      included. If epileptic discharges appeared on EEG recordings in the course of
      this study during the process of gradual drug withdrawal aiming toward complete
      drug withdrawal, attempts to completely withdraw medication were suspended. In
      this study, therefore, the period before the process in which the cessation of
      attempts at complete withdrawal of medication was involved due to the EEG showing
      epileptic discharges was taken as 'the former period' and the period in which the
      above process was involved was taken as 'the latter period'.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2402540
TI  - [The illness concept in adolescent psychiatry].
AB  - This paper introduces some important views on the clinical entities of the
      adolescent psychiatry in Japan. Shimizu shows the transitional region between
      neurosis, schizophrenia and normal. Murakami's new classification tells the
      relationship among the psychiatric disorders, especially about the borderline
      disorder. Hatotani's scheme deals with the atypical psychoses very well.
      According to the idea of Griesinger's "Einheitspsychose" arranges my symptomatic
      picture several ambiguous symptoms of the adolescent psychiatric disorders. In
      this picture we can understand the meaning of the borderline disorder. At last I
      give the catastrophic model of psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 2402541
TI  - [The Carroll Scale for Depression--the German version and validation].
AB  - The Carroll Rating Scale for Depression, first published by Carroll et al. in
      1981, has been translated into German. 28 out-patients and a control-group of 28
      normals were submitted to the CRS and, for purposes of validation, to the BECK
      scale and the diagram HARD. The Carroll Rating Scale is directly based on the
      Hamilton Rating Scale, but, in contrast, it represents a self rating that should
      be useful for longitudinal studies.

PMID- 2402542
TI  - [Psychiatric-psychosocial activities in West Germany: old and new
      responsibilities].
AB  - Through the Federal German Government's incentives (1976-1985) brought about
      considerable experience with community based psychiatric services many
      desideratas and shortcomings stood the reformist efforts: above all, the needs of
      long term patients remained unmet. At the same time a necessary integration into
      communities' everyday life culture still is out of reach. The author stresses the
      biases of the natural-science-medical paradigm when confronted with the demands
      of social psychiatry. The author suggests some organizational measures to help
      community related services on their ways.

PMID- 2402543
TI  - [Aspects of family-oriented diagnosis in compulsory legal family expert
      assessment].
AB  - In forensic psychology, recommendations that courts request when granting one of
      the parents the right of child upbringing after a divorce pose a problem for the
      person who is required to give such expert judgment. The authors describe the
      difficult situation he faces when having to decide for and, at the same time,
      against one of the parents. A good knowledge of family psychology and
      pathopsychology is essential, and for drawing up the expertise and stating his
      reasons, the expert requires methodical resources. The authors describe four
      procedures of relational diagnosis and recommend the combined use of these in
      conjunction with methods that have been employed so far.

PMID- 2402544
TI  - [Chotzen-Saethre syndrome with oligophrenia and psychological abnormal
      development].
AB  - A weak minded man aged 31 years exhibited with moderate acrobrachycephalia, basal
      cutaneous syndactylies of the 2nd and 3rd fingers, marking symptoms of the
      Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (SCS), with dominant inheritance in three generations.
      Additionally there were symptoms of Ascher's syndrome, blepharochalasis, goitre
      and broad lower lip. The psychic maldevelopment is considered in association with
      a syndrome of the frontal lobe. Severe craniostenosis is rare at SCS; cosmetic
      handicap and obstruction of the nasal airway can be corrected by craniofacial
      surgeon.

PMID- 2402545
TI  - Elective and emergency embolotherapy in children and adolescents. Efficacy and
      safety.
AB  - Twenty-one embolizations were performed in 19 children and adolescents. Ten
      patients underwent emergency embolotherapy to control bleeding from trauma (5),
      neoplastic disease (2), mycotic aneurysm (1), post-operative bleeding (1), and
      hemoptysis (1). Nine patients underwent elective embolotherapy. In 5 patients
      with hypervascular tumors, it was performed as an adjunct to surgery or
      chemotherapy. In 3 patients, embolotherapy was the primary mode of treatment for
      vascular malformations in the lung, pelvis, and kidney. One patient with systemic
      pulmonary arterial collaterals was treated for high-output congestive heart
      failure. Embolotherapy was successful in controlling bleeding in all cases. There
      were no major complications or procedure-related mortalities. Minor complications
      occurred in 2 patients. Our results indicate that percutaneous transcatheter
      embolotherapy in children and adolescents is safe and effective and has wide
      application in both elective and emergency management of vascular lesions in this
      age group.

PMID- 2402546
TI  - [Mediastinal and bronchovascular amyloidosis. An unusual x-ray morphologic
      finding].
AB  - The clinical and radiographic aspects of an unusual case of mediastinal and
      bronchovascular amyloidosis are presented. Besides hilar and mediastinal
      lymphadenopathy, extensive amyloid deposition in the peribronchial and
      perivascular connective tissue sheaths can be observed. Plain film radiographs
      and CT demonstrate an uncommon pattern of increased bronchovascular markings,
      which is discussed. Because of peribronchial amyloid deposits, bronchoscopy is of
      no help in demonstrating this special type of tracheobronchial amyloidosis.

PMID- 2402547
TI  - [A new balloon-expandable plastic endoprosthesis. Initial report of experience
      with the malleable thermostent].
AB  - A new system of balloon-expandable stents for different purposes is presented. A
      special plastic material that can be shaped by a hot balloon technique or other
      internal or external heating modalities has been developed. The plastic material 
      a distant derivative of polyurethane - is caprolactone, which is soft from 52
      degrees C to 70 degrees C. Using balloon techniques, the "thermo-stent" can be
      modeled to suit the form of the vessels, the bile ducts or the bronchial tree, as
      required. The balloon can be heated simply by means of a warm NaCl solution,
      electric matter in the balloon itself or microwaves. The plastic material can
      even be heated directly, which is especially beneficial if the stent needs to be
      thicker, e.g. in the bronchial tree, by an electric network within the plastic
      material, which heats the material to the necessary temperature by electric
      current. When the balloon is cooled after the dilatation the new form, the
      plastic has been modeled to is maintained exactly. The advantages of this thermo
      stent will be the perfect adaptation to every individual situation in the
      intraluminal vessels, the bile ducts, and even the bronchi. The problems
      encountered hitherto with conventional metallic stents, e.g. high
      thrombogenicity, risk of metal intoxication or metallic rupture of filaments,
      have not be seen so far in animal experiments.

PMID- 2402548
TI  - [Intracerebral hemorrhage in childhood].

PMID- 2402549
TI  - [Biological active sites of laminin A chain].

PMID- 2402550
TI  - Vitreous fluorophotometry in patients with Best's macular dystrophy.
AB  - Ten patients with Best's macular dystrophy were examined with vitreous
      fluorophotometry and results were compared with a normal population. Seventeen of
      the 20 affected eyes demonstrated an intact blood-retinal barrier with normal
      inward permeability of fluorescein dye. Despite diffuse functional impairment of
      the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), determined by electro-oculography, as well
      as accumulation of a lipofuscin or lipofuscin-like substance within virtually all
      RPE cells, the blood-retinal barrier function of these cells remained intact as
      determined by clinical fluorophotometry. Similar findings have previously been
      noted in another hereditary retinal disorder (fundus flavimaculatus) in which a
      lipofuscin-like substance also accumulates diffusely within RPE cells.

PMID- 2402551
TI  - Retinal detachment in highly myopic eyes due to macular holes and epiretinal
      traction.
AB  - We operated on four highly myopic eyes with recurrent retinal detachment due to
      macular holes. A thin layer of epiretinal tissue was present over the posterior
      retina in each eye, probably causing tangential traction on the retina and
      accounting for the recurrent detachment. Biopsy of the tissue from one case
      showed mainly acellular material resembling cortical vitreous. Recognizing this
      clinical condition may permit successful treatment of certain cases with
      recurrent retinal detachment in highly myopic eyes with macular holes.

PMID- 2402553
TI  - Chronic macular detachment following pneumatic retinopexy.
AB  - In a consecutive series of 73 retinal detachments managed with pneumatic
      retinopexy, three (4.1%) of 73 eyes sustained chronic detachment of the posterior
      retina involving the macula even though all retinal breaks were closed. This
      shallow subretinal fluid persisted for 12 to 21 months but reabsorbed
      spontaneously. Two cases presented with a detached macula, one of which had pre
      existing macular degeneration. The other case presented with an attached macula
      but it became detached immediately after pneumatic retinopexy. The visual
      acuities in the two patients who did not have macular pathology before the
      development of retinal detachment were 20/50 and 20/40 even with persistent
      subretinal fluid under the macula. In both cases the visual acuity improved to
      20/30 after resolution of the subretinal fluid. Patients with a longstanding
      component to the retinal detachment and small retinal breaks may be at risk of
      developing chronic macular detachment following pneumatic retinopexy. Pockets of
      subretinal fluid can persist following scleral buckling, with or without drainage
      of subretinal fluid. However, it is unknown whether scleral buckling has a lower
      incidence of this complication than pneumatic retinopexy.

PMID- 2402552
TI  - Surgical intervention for combined retinal-retinal pigment epithelial hamartoma.
AB  - A young woman was followed for over 20 years with a macular combined hamartoma of
      the retina and retinal pigment epithelium. When vision deteriorated due to
      contracture of an overlying epiretinal membrane, a pars plana vitrectomy with
      removal of the membrane was performed. Decreased vascular tortuosity and retinal
      vascular leakage resulted in postoperative improvement of visual acuity. Selected
      patients with combined retinal and retinal pigment epithelial hamartomas may
      benefit from removal of epiretinal membranes.

PMID- 2402554
TI  - Clofazamine-induced generalized retinal degeneration.
AB  - Clofazamine is an iminophenazine dye with antimycobacterial activity which has
      recently been used to treat mycobacterium avium complex infections in patients
      with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The authors present the second report of
      a presumed clofazamine-induced bull's-eye maculopathy and generalized retinal
      degeneration in a patient with AIDS. The importance of closely following patients
      on clofazamine, especially those with AIDS who may be particularly susceptible to
      developing this toxicity, is stressed.

PMID- 2402555
TI  - Granulomatous uveitis after treatment of a choroidal melanoma with proton-beam
      irradiation.
AB  - Histologic examination of an eye removed 2 years after receiving proton-beam
      irradiation for a choroidal melanoma revealed residual tumor in the choroid and
      nonnecrotizing granulomatous inflammation, consistent with the diagnosis of early
      sympathetic ophthalmia. Sutures that secured four tantulum rings to the sclera
      did not penetrate the uvea. Sympathetic ophthalmia without evidence of a
      perforating injury has been described previously after helium ion therapy. The
      findings in our case further support the hypothesis that there is a risk of
      developing sympathetic ophthalmia after charged-particle therapy in the absence
      of a penetrating injury of the uveal tract.

PMID- 2402556
TI  - Intravitreal biocompatibility of mussel adhesive protein. A preliminary study.
AB  - Mussel adhesive protein (MAP) is a new tissue adhesive derived from the sea
      mussel Mytilus edulis. Rabbit eyes were injected intravitreally with 1 mg of MAP
      or balanced salt solution in order to determine the intraocular effects of this
      new biologic tissue adhesive. Two concentrations of MAP were used: one was
      undiluted and the other was diluted to a concentration of 1:10. A marked cellular
      inflammatory response, compared with the control eyes, was seen clinically in the
      vitreous cavity of animals in which MAP was used undiluted. This response
      persisted for up to two weeks and was suggestive of inflammatory response to a
      foreign protein. When MAP was used at a dilution of 1:10, a mild transient
      cellular reaction was observed in the vitreous; this cleared after seven days.
      There was no increase in intraocular pressure, and none of the eyes developed
      cataract or optic nerve damage. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated no vascular
      leakage and electroretinography was normal in all of the eyes at two weeks.
      Histopathologic evaluation of the eyes at 7 and 14 days after injection revealed
      localized cellular inflammation in the vitreous and adjacent retina when MAP was
      used undiluted, but no reaction in the control eyes or in eyes injected with MAP
      at 1:10 dilution. This preliminary study suggests that MAP produces a marked
      intraocular inflammatory reaction when used at full concentration. By diluting
      the adhesive, a less severe inflammatory response was observed, which cleared
      with no complications.

PMID- 2402557
TI  - Evaluation of a viscoelastic solution of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as a
      potential vitreous substitute.
AB  - Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), an inert polymer that forms a viscoelastic
      solution in aqueous media, is useful for anterior segment surgery. A 2.2%
      solution of HPMC (MW 86,000 daltons) of 6,000 centistokes viscosity was evaluated
      as a vitreous substitute in rabbit eyes. Four days after perfluoropropane gas
      compression of the vitreous, the gas was exchanged with 0.5 ml HPMC. The aqueous
      was removed 1 and 2 weeks postinjection and at sacrifice, the vitreous was
      removed at sacrifice. HPMC concentrations in aqueous humor were: 0 hr, 0%; 48 hr,
      0.002%; 1 week, 0.004%; 2 weeks, 0.001%; 4 weeks, 0%. HPMC concentrations in
      vitreous were: 48 hr, 93% of amount injected; 2 weeks, 88%; 4 weeks, 78%; 10
      weeks, 0%. Hyaluronidase injected in the vitreous enhanced HPMC elimination. The
      effect of HPMC also was assayed on a cultured retinal pigment epithelial
      monolayer. Compared with controls, HPMC-treated cells maintained normal
      morphology at 5 days, and 2, 3, and 4 weeks as observed by light microscopy.
      Because of rapid intraocular decrease in viscosity, HPMC is not a good long-term
      vitreous replacement to support retinal tears. However, HPMC might be useful
      short-term to avoid postoperative hypotony, and to remove intraocular silicone
      oil and peel retinal membranes.

PMID- 2402558
TI  - Immediate complications of cryotherapy in children.

PMID- 2402559
TI  - Serpiginous choroidopathy associated with elevated factor VIII-von Willebrand
      factor antigen.
AB  - Elevated Factor VIII-von Willebrand factor antigen levels are associated with
      vascular endothelial injury in several disorders, including scleroderma,
      Raynaud's phenomenon, polymyalgia rheumatica, and temporal arteritis. Eight
      patients with serpiginous choroidopathy were evaluated with the use of
      quantitative immunoelectrophoresis for Factor VIII-von Willebrand factor antigen.
      The serpiginous choroidopathy patients had a mean Factor VIII-von Willebrand
      factor activity of 226 +/- 47.3%, whereas a disease-free, age- and sex-matched
      control group had a mean activity of 107 +/- 28%. These findings are
      statistically significant (P greater than 0.005) and suggest that in some
      patients, serpiginous choroidopathy represents an occlusive vascular phenomenon
      that involves the choroidal circulation.

PMID- 2402560
TI  - [Biological rhythm in cardiovascular system with special reference to the effect
      of climate change].

PMID- 2402561
TI  - [Circadian variation of heart rate and heart rhythmicity].

PMID- 2402562
TI  - [Circadian blood pressure variation and antihypertensive medications].

PMID- 2402563
TI  - [Circadian variation of myocardial ischemia].

PMID- 2402564
TI  - [Cardiocirculatory changes during sleep].

PMID- 2402565
TI  - [Jet lag and biological rhythm].

PMID- 2402566
TI  - [Blood pressure in resting and tilting by tonometry method with noninvasive
      continuous blood pressure monitor].

PMID- 2402567
TI  - [The necessary conditions of chronic total occlusion of all three coronary
      vessels--the relationship between portions of coronary occlusion and collateral
      vessels].
AB  - This study was performed to define the conditions present in chronic total
      occlusion of all three coronary vessels. Each left descending coronary artery
      (LAD), left circumflex branch (LCX) and right coronary artery (RCA) was totally
      occluded angiographically in 5 patients (mean age 64, male 3, female 2). Four of
      them had history of myocardial infarction. Anginal type was effort angina in all
      patients, and two cases showed unstable angina. Good collateral supply was found
      in the distal portions of occluded vessels from proximally located branches, such
      as Conus branch, Right ventricular branch, Septal branch and Left atrial
      circumflex branch. Almost all of the occlusions were located at mid portions
      (13/15: mid, 2/15: proximal). Ejection fractions (EF%) of the 5 patients were
      70%, 69%, 60%, 28% and 22% respectively. EF was correlated with the degree of
      collateral supply and one of them (22%) ended in sudden death. These findings
      suggest that the mid portion occlusion, good collateral supply and a long history
      of angina pectoris are important factors involved in chronic total occlusion of
      the three coronary vessels.

PMID- 2402568
TI  - [Sudden cardiac death in the emergency hospital].
AB  - We investigated 303 (men: women = 2:1) cases who suffered sudden heart arrest in
      Yamagata city since 1984 to 1987. The incidence rate was 41.0/100,000/year, and
      increased markedly with increasing age. There was a tendency for sudden death to
      occur in the winter season, evening and early morning. Two major causes were
      cardiac disease (especially ischemic heart disease) (46.4%) and intracranial
      hemorrhages (18.6%). 20% of all the heart-arrest cases were able to be saved,
      but, depending on the kind of heart disease the survival rate varied greatly
      (18.8% in acute myocardial infarction and 71.4% in vasospastic angina), (40.0% in
      ventricular fibrillation and 13.3% in the bradycardic arrhythmias). Survival rate
      was also effected by the time interval from the onset till the beginning of
      cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. About one half of the cases had histories of
      cardiac disease. Premonitory symptoms were observed in at least one third of the
      cases.

PMID- 2402569
TI  - [Effect of verapamil on myocardial infarct size estimated by serial 201-thallium
      single-photon emission tomography].
AB  - To investigate the effects of intravenous verapamil (V) in coronary thrombolytic
      therapy, we serially observed the time course of perfusion of the myocardium by
      201-thallium (Tl) SPECT in patients who were successfully reperfused within 6
      hours from the onset. 201-Tl SPECT was attempted serially on the 1st-2nd day, the
      7th-10th day and 28th-30th day. In addition to this, we calculated the count
      ratio of radioactivity of 99mTc-PYP (CR) in the infarcted myocardium to sternum
      to evaluate intracellular uptake of calcium during reperfusion. The infarct size,
      estimated by % Defect decreased significantly in the patients treated with V,
      while it remained unchanged in the patients without it. In the patients with V,
      the left ventricular ejection fraction was more favourable, and exercise-induced
      ischemia determined by redistribution of 201-Tl SPECT in the chronic phase was
      found more frequently. CR showed no difference between reperfused myocardium
      irrespective of the treatment. In conclusion, verapamil was considered to enhance
      myocardial salvage carried out by reperfusion, and not to affect the influx of
      intracellular calcium into the injured myocytes.

PMID- 2402570
TI  - [Clinical investigation on childhood HCM; long-term follow-up study with special
      reference to electrophysiology, histopathology by endomyocardial biopsy and
      ambulatory and exercise electrocardiography].
AB  - In order to determine the prognosis and risk factors of childhood HCM, we
      investigated clinical parameters, such as the age of onset, symptoms and signs
      related to HCM, dysrhythmias and ST-T and changes by Holter ECG and exercise ECG,
      electrophysiological study and histopathological study by endomyocardial biopsy.
      Heart murmur was the commonest sign although only one patient revealed a
      significant left ventricular outflow tract gradient of more than 20 mmHg. The
      peak age of patients diagnosed as having HCM was 10 to 15 years. The major ECG
      manifestations of our series showed specific findings and in some cases ECG
      changed remarkably during the follow-up period. The diagnosis of apical
      hypertrophy should be made with caution in childhood. Holter ECG seemed to be
      indispensable for the follow-up of childhood HCM because Holter ECG in our
      patients manifested such significant findings as ventricular premature
      contractions or couplets or ST depression. The degree of clinical severity did
      not always correlate with the histopathological severity obtained by
      endomyocardial biopsy. As HCM in childhood is heterogeneous and multifaceted,
      there is no one therapy, and prognosis and proper treatment with close
      observation should be carried out in each individual case.

PMID- 2402571
TI  - [Significance of inferior ST segment changes in acute anterior myocardial
      infarction--relationship between the distribution of left anterior descending
      artery and concomitant ischemia of the inferior wall].
AB  - The significance of inferior ST segment changes was studied in 23 patients with
      acute anterior myocardial infarction by the distribution of the left anterior
      descending artery (LAD) after percutaneous transluminal coronary recanalization.
      In 9 patients (Group A) LAD supplied the anterior wall of the left ventricle up
      to or including the apex but did not reach the inferior wall; in 8 patients
      (Group B) it continued beyond the apex onto the inferior wall of the left
      ventricle with well developed collateral circulation; in 6 patients (Group C) it
      continued beyond the apex onto the inferior wall of the left ventricle with less
      developed or no collateral circulation. Thallium-201 scintigraphy and contrast
      left ventriculography showed that inferior myocardial ischemia was significantly
      more prominent in Group C than Group A. These results were consistent with
      coronary anatomy. Inferior ST segment was significantly more depressed in Group A
      with no concomitant inferior wall ischemia, than in Group C with concomitant
      inferior wall ischemia (maximal inferior ST segment change: -1.7 +/- 1.1; 0.8 +/-
      1.7 mm, respectively; p less than 0.02). In Group A inferior ST segment was
      depressed in all 6 patients with lateral ST segment elevation, but it was
      depressed in only one of 3 patients with no lateral ST segment change. Lateral ST
      segment elevation tended to cause inferior ST segment depression. This study
      indicates that the inferior ST segment changes in patients with acute anterior
      myocardial infarction depend on concomitant ischemia of the inferior wall of the
      left ventricle by the distribution of LAD and the lateral ST segment changes.

PMID- 2402572
TI  - [Effect of lactulose on ammonia metabolism during exercise].
AB  - In seven athletes, the effects of lactulose on ammonia metabolism during dynamic
      exercise were studied with a cycle ergometer. Each subject performed a graded
      incremental test with increases in work rate of 300 kpm/3 min until exhaustion
      set in, on two separate days, one without lactulose and one with 20 mg/day
      lactulose for 3 days. Without lactulose, maximal heart rate and peak oxygen
      uptake (VO2) were 193 beats/min and 4280 ml/min, respectively. LA was unchanged
      early in exercise, but elevated rapidly at work rates of 900 kpm (54% peak VO2)
      and thereafter. AMM increased even at rates as low as 600 kpm (40% peak VO2) and
      continued to rise attaining peak value at the termination of exercise. After
      exercise, AMM decreased rapidly. On the other hand, LA was still significantly
      above the basal level after 30 min of recovery. After lactulose, heart rate,
      duration of exercise or LA was not significantly different from the value without
      lactulose at the same work rate, however, AMM at low work rate was lower and VO2
      at 1500 kpm was higher. Lactulose had small but significant effects on some
      parameters of graded exercise.

PMID- 2402573
TI  - [Acute myocardial infarction due to blunt chest trauma: a case report].
AB  - A 32-year-old man who suffered from acute myocardial infarction due to blunt
      chest trauma was admitted to our hospital. The first coronary angiography was
      performed on the 38th day after admission. We found aneurysmal dilatation,
      intimal flap and subintimal hematoma, so coronary dissection of the left anterior
      descending branch was suspected. When the second coronary angiography was
      performed 11 months later, those findings had disappeared.

PMID- 2402574
TI  - [A case of chronic recurrent pulmonary embolism treated by pulmonary embolectomy
      and Gunther vena caval filter implantation].
AB  - A case report of chronic recurrent pulmonary embolism treated by embolectomy and
      Gunther vena caval filter. A 62-year-old man had suffered from dyspnea on effort
      for 4 years, and his feeling of dyspnea had gradually increased during the past 3
      months. On the day of admission he was in a preshock state, and his pulmonary
      artery pressure was very high at 90/30 mmHg. Pulmonary blood perfusion
      scintigraphy showed multiple defects of isotope uptake. Immediately after the
      scintigraphy, pulmonary embolectomy was performed while using extracorporeal
      circulation. The operation was successful and his physical activity was markedly
      improved. After the operation, anti-coagulant and anti-platelet therapies were
      continued, but recurrence of pulmonary emboli was detected by scintigraphy, and
      some thrombi were found by venography in deep veins of the lower parts of both
      legs. To prevent recurrent pulmonary embolism, a Gunther vena caval filter was
      inserted into the inferior vena cava. We considered this case as an acute
      worsening of chronic recurrent pulmonary embolism and we had the impression that
      pulmonary embolectomy is a very effective therapeutic method for serious
      pulmonary embolism, and that insertion of the Gunther vena caval filter is a very
      easy and safe procedure.

PMID- 2402575
TI  - [Chronic intractable pericardial effusion associated with pulmonary hypertension:
      report of two cases].
AB  - We report two cases of chronic intractable pericardial effusion associated with
      pulmonary hypertension. Case 1. A 35-year-old women was admitted to our hospital
      because of dyspnea and edema. Chest X-ray examination showed enlargement of
      cardiac, and pulmonary artery shadow. An electrocardiogram with high voltage of R
      in V1 and deep S in V5 suggested right ventricular hypertrophy. Pericardial echo
      free space with dilated right ventricle was demonstrated by echocardiography.
      Cardiac catheterization revealed an elevated pulmonary systolic pressure of 120
      mmHg. No intracardiac shunt was calculated. A diagnosis of primary pulmonary
      hypertension was made. Pericardial drainage diminished pericardial effusion. Soon
      after discharge, however, pericardial effusion increased and the patient died.
      Case 2. A 65-year-old man was admitted because of dyspnea. The findings of chest
      X-ray and echocardiography were essentially the same as Case 1. Pericardial
      effusion disappeared after pericardiocentesis, but appeared again one month
      later. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated an elevated pulmonary systolic
      pressure of 73 mmHg. Pulmonary-capillary-wedge pressure was normal. Pulmonary
      arteriogram showed occlusion of the pulmonary artery trees. A diagnosis of
      chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension was made. Although diuretics and
      vasodilators decreased pulmonary-artery pressure, pericardial effusion was
      unchanged. We compared these two cases with 11 control patients of pulmonary
      hypertension without pericardial effusion. Venous pressure was higher than that
      in the controls in Case 1, but not different in Case 2. Thus, venous pressure did
      not fully account for pericardial effusion. In summary, chronic pulmonary
      hypertension should be added to the list of conditions known to cause pericardial
      effusion. In these cases, echocardiography revealed important signs, and cardiac
      catheterization was essential for definite diagnosis. Pericardial effusion
      associated with pulmonary hypertension was refractory to diuretics and
      vasodilators.

PMID- 2402576
TI  - [Surgical treatment of inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm].
AB  - A 53-year-old man was hospitalized with chronic abdominal pain. A CT scan was
      performed and demonstrated an aortic aneurysm surrounded by a soft tissue mantle.
      In the laparotomy, extensive fibrotic adhesions between the aneurysm and the
      duodenum were discovered. This made mobilization of the duodenum and the left
      renal vein difficult. The aortic wall was white, thickened, and surrounded with
      dense fibrous tissue. The aneurysm was replaced by a Dacron graft. Histology of
      the fibrous tissue showed the features of chronic inflammation. He had no
      abdominal pain after the operation, and he was discharged in good health. In the
      preoperative diagnosis of inflammatory aneurysms, the CT scan is useful. We are
      of the opinion that the preferred treatment for inflammatory aneurysm is
      aneurysmectomy (or aneurysmorrhaphy) plus grafting.

PMID- 2402577
TI  - AIDS and physicians in Rhode Island: resources and responsibilities.

PMID- 2402578
TI  - Heterosexual behavior and HIV infection: the New England Behavioral Health Study.

PMID- 2402579
TI  - Work-up of the patient with HIV infection.

PMID- 2402580
TI  - AMA's guidelines on HIV blood test counseling.

PMID- 2402581
TI  - AIDS and Hospice Care of Rhode Island.

PMID- 2402582
TI  - AIDS in Africa: a personal perspective.

PMID- 2402583
TI  - AIDS/HIV surveillance.

PMID- 2402584
TI  - Heterozygous MZ alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in adults with chronic liver
      disease.
AB  - Pi phenotype was determined in 335 patients with liver diseases and compared with
      the results in 2830 healthy blood donors. Eleven of 335 patients had phenotype MZ
      (3.3%, compared with 2.9% in healthy blood donors (NS]. None of 53 patients with
      autoimmune chronic active hepatitis had the MZ phenotype, but it was found in 2
      of 18 patients (11.1%) with cryptogenic cirrhosis, 3 of 78 (3.8%) with alcoholic
      liver cirrhosis, 2 of 36 (5.6%) with primary sclerosing cholangitis, and 1 of 26
      (3.9%) with primary biliary cirrhosis. Altogether, 3 of 335 patients were
      homozygous for Pi ZZ and had cirrhosis. One of them (a male) developed a hepatoma
      and died. We conclude that the reported association between Pi MZ phenotype and
      chronic non-B active hepatitis does not seem to include patients with autoimmune
      chronic active hepatitis, whereas the possibility of an association between
      cryptogenic cirrhosis and the MZ phenotype cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2402585
TI  - Noncardiac chest pain: is the esophagus really a frequent source?
AB  - The occurrence of esophagus-related noncardiac chest pain was investigated in 22
      unselected consecutive patients referred by local cardiologists. The
      investigations included endoscopy, standard manometry, esophageal scintigraphy, a
      double-blind placebo-controlled edrophonium provocation test on two occasions
      (during manometry and scintigraphy), an acid perfusion test, and 24-h ambulatory
      esophageal pH-monitoring. Nine patients had reflux symptoms; none had dysphagia.
      Abnormal test results were found in 11 patients. In only three of them was a
      definite relation between chest pain and the esophagus established: the acid
      perfusion test was positive in these three, as was 24-h pH-monitoring in two of
      them. All three had symptomatic reflux. The absence of patient selection and,
      possibly, the exclusion of biasing during the edrophonium tests are considered to
      be the most important factors for the finding of only few patients with definite
      esophagus-related noncardiac chest pain in this study. A prudent approach towards
      patients with noncardiac chest pain, with regard to the evaluation of an
      esophageal cause, is recommended.

PMID- 2402586
TI  - Effect of ABO blood group and secretor status on the frequency of Helicobacter
      pylori antibodies.
AB  - Duodenal ulcer is associated with such genetic characteristics as blood group O
      and secretor status. Since Helicobacter pylori has been proved to be an important
      factor in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer, we wanted to study whether the
      frequency of H. pylori antibodies would vary in individuals with different blood
      group antigens. Antibodies against H. pylori were determined in 271 blood donors.
      Acid glycine extract from an H. pylori strain was used as antigen in enzyme
      immunoassay. Our results suggested no significant association of increased level
      of H. pylori antibodies with ABO blood group and secretor status, which implies
      that H. pylori infection is not associated with the ABO group and secretor
      status. Thus H. pylori and blood group antigens seem to be independently linked
      to duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2402587
TI  - The inhibitory effect of bile on the binding of vitamin B12 to intrinsic factor.
      An in vivo study in rats.
AB  - To investigate whether bile reduces the amount of vitamin B12 bound by intrinsic
      factor (IF) in the intestinal juice in vivo, choledochocolic fistulae were made
      in 9 rats, and 10 rats were sham-operated. Small-intestinal juice was collected 1
      h after gastric instillation of 57CoB12. The percentage of 57CoB12 bound by IF in
      the intestinal juice was markedly increased in fistula rats (median, 86%; range,
      75-91%) as compared with sham-operated rats (35%; 12-50%) (p less than 0.001). In
      a second experiment we investigated whether bile enhances the intestinal uptake
      of the IF-B12 complex. Aliquots of the radioactive intestinal juice collected
      from the sham- and fistula-operated rats were separately instilled into tied
      intestinal loops created in 19 rats. The percentage of the instilled
      radioactivity taken up per 10 cm of the loop was significantly higher when juice
      from fistula-operated rats was instilled (median, 12.4; range, 4.3-18.7) than
      when juice from sham-operated rats was instilled (3.3; 1.4-6.2) (p less than
      0.001).

PMID- 2402588
TI  - Effects of cholecystokinin and cholinergic receptor blockade on guinea pig
      pepsinogen secretion.
AB  - Although cholecystokinin (CCK) has been reported to stimulate pepsinogen
      secretion, this action has been poorly characterized. To assess the ability of
      CCK to regulate mammalian pepsinogen secretion, guinea pig fundic mucosa was
      incubated in Ussing chambers with CCK-8, carbamylcholine, and pentagastrin, and
      with cholinergic and CCK antagonists. CCK-8 stimulated pepsinogen secretion at
      10(-10) M, with an ED50 of 10(-9) M and maximally (26-fold over basal) at 10(-8)
      M. Carbachol stimulated pepsinogen and acid secretion with an ED50 of 3 x 10(-7)
      M and maximally at 10(-6) M. Pentagastrin (10(-9) M-10(-6) M) did not affect acid
      or pepsinogen secretion, whereas gastrin-I (10(-6) M) stimulated acid secretion
      slightly but did not alter pepsinogen secretion. L364, 718 (10(-5) M), a specific
      CCK peripheral receptor antagonist, abolished all pepsigogic effects of 3 x 10(
      9) M CCK-8 without altering basal acid or pepsinogen secretion or mucosal
      electric characteristics. L364,718-treated tissues unresponsive to CCK-8
      nevertheless secreted pepsinogen and acid in response to 3 x 10(-7) M carbachol
      identically to control carbachol-treated preparations. Atropine (10(-5) M)
      blocked the response to 3 x 10(-7) M carbachol without inhibiting 10(-9) M CCK
      stimulation. These results support a specific receptor-mediated role for
      cholecystokinin in the physiologic regulation of guinea pig pepsinogen secretion.

PMID- 2402589
TI  - Site-specific formation of gastric ulcers by the electric stimulation of the left
      or right gastric branch of the vagus nerve in the rat.
AB  - The present study was conducted to investigate the role of the parasympathetic
      nervous system innervating the stomach in gastric ulcer formation, with special
      reference to its neuroanatomic characteristics in rats. First, the effects of
      electric vagal stimulation on the gastric mucosa were examined. The electric
      stimulation of the left or right gastric branch of the vagus nerve caused gastric
      mucosal lesions to develop. Interestingly, however, gastric lesions were found on
      the anterior wall in the rats that had received electric stimulation to the left
      gastric branch of the vagus nerve and on the posterior wall in the rats that had
      received stimulation to the right gastric branch. Next, the cells of origin
      projecting to the left or right gastric branch of the vagus nerve were identified
      by means of a horseradish peroxidase retrograde tracer method. The left and right
      gastric branches were found to be innervated by the left and right dorsal motor
      nuclei of the vagus nerve in the medulla oblongata, respectively. It has been
      reported that the left and right dorsal motor nuclei of the vagus nerve
      separately innervate the anterior or posterior gastric wall. The present results,
      therefore, suggest that the long-lasting excitation of neurons in the dorsal
      motor nucleus facilitates the site-specific formation of gastric ulcers through
      the left or right gastric branch of the vagus nerve.

PMID- 2402590
TI  - Bacterial contamination of the small bowel evaluated by breath tests, 75Se
      labelled homocholic-tauro acid, and scanning electron microscopy.
AB  - Eighty-one patients with diarrhoea due to suspected bacterial contamination of
      the small intestine were investigated with the bile acid breath test (BABT) and
      75Se-labelled homocholic-tauro acid (SeHCAT). The impact of bile acid
      malabsorption due to dysfunction of the terminal ileum on BABT was evaluated. The
      group of patients with abnormal BABT, notably the 6-h accumulated value, showed a
      high frequency of reduced SeHCAT values (p less than 0.01), indicating that a
      reliable test for bile acid malabsorption is indispensable for interpreting the
      BABT in the investigation of small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth. The results
      of the 14C-D-xylose breath test were compared with the outcome of the combined
      SeHCAT-BABT in 44 patients. In contrast to previous findings no correlation
      between the two breath tests was found. On the contrary, a significant negative
      correlation was encountered (p less than 0.01) for patients in whom either breath
      test was abnormal. Scanning electron microscopy for demonstration of adherent
      microorganisms was included in the investigations. No correlations were found
      with the outcomes of the different breath tests. The effect of antibiotic
      treatment was evaluated with regard to symptoms and breath tests. The results of
      the investigation indicate that different tests are needed for the diagnosis of
      bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine, because of the different metabolic
      characteristics of the contaminating bacteria.

PMID- 2402591
TI  - Nerve-mediated effect of ethanol on sodium and fluid transport in the jejunum of
      the rat.
AB  - The hypothesis tested in this study is whether a potential harmful substance such
      as ethanol causes secretion in the small intestine and, if so, whether the
      secretion is mediated via intestinal nerve reflexes or a direct effect on the
      epithelium. The jejunum of anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats was perfused in vivo
      with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution. Three per cent ethanol had no
      significant effect, whereas 8% ethanol in the perfusate elicited a net secretion
      of fluid and sodium in the intestine. This secretion was reversed by ganglionic
      blockade with hexamethonium (10 mg/kg intravenously). The ethanol absorption from
      the perfusate, on the other hand, was not affected by the ganglionic blockade. We
      concluded that ethanol dose-dependently caused a nerve-mediated secretion of
      sodium and fluid in the rat small intestine. Ethanol was probably absorbed by
      diffusion.

PMID- 2402592
TI  - Peptic ulceration: recent data on cytoprotection and treatment. Symposium on the
      occasion of the 13th International Congress of Gastroenterology and 6th European
      Congress of Digestive Endoscopy. Rome, 8 September 1988. Proceedings.

PMID- 2402593
TI  - Influence of sulphate ions on the structure of AA amyloid fibrils.
AB  - To explore the possible interaction of sulphated GAG with AA amyloid peptides,
      human AA amyloid fibrils were exposed to buffers containing various salts, and
      the accessibility of free amino groups on the peptides to reductive methylation
      was examined. Sodium chloride had little effect except at concentrations of 1 M,
      where it reduced the accessibility of AA peptides to labelling. In contrast 70 mM
      Na2SO4 led to a significant increase in peptide accessibility to labelling. The
      results suggest that, at least in part, GAG interact with AA peptides through
      their sulphate moieties.

PMID- 2402594
TI  - Interleukin 1, but not interleukin 1 inhibitor, is released from human monocytes
      by immune complexes.
AB  - Immune complexes (IC) are believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of some
      autoimmune diseases in which interleukin 1 (IL-1) and probably other cytokines
      also take part. This investigation shows that tetanus toxoid-human anti-tetanus
      toxoid IC induce human monocytes to release IL-1. The activity was identified as
      being mainly IL-1 beta by molecular size chromatography, isoelectric focusing,
      and anti-IL-1 beta affinity chromatography. Endotoxins were eliminated by
      repetitive washing of the IC suspension and by preincubation of IC with polymyxin
      B. The IL-1-inducing effect of IC was destroyed by heating at 80 degrees C, and
      it was not blocked by the cytoskeleton inhibitor cytochalasin B. IL-1 inhibitors
      were not detected in the supernatants.

PMID- 2402595
TI  - Carrier effect of concanavalin A-reactive and -non-reactive material in
      tuberculin PPD.
AB  - Tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) is a very potent T-cell reactive
      material in tuberculin-positive individuals, but the components responsible for
      this reactivity have not been adequately defined. Three purified mycobacterial
      proteins (MPB70, the BCG 65-kDa protein, and BCG antigen 85B) with different
      degrees of temperature sensitivity were iodine-labelled and added to BCG culture
      fluid, and the mixtures were autoclaved at 120 degrees C for 30 min to simulate
      the initial heating procedure used to prepare PPD. SDS-PAGE followed by protein
      staining and autoradiography showed that the banded pattern of unheated culture
      fluid was completely lost after heating, and only the labelled MPB70 preparation
      retained most of the radioactivity in a fraction with soluble protein of the same
      size. Most mycobacterial proteins are extensively denatured by these procedures,
      which explains the previous extensive difficulties in isolating defined
      constituents from PPD to characterize their behaviour in B- and T-cell reactions.
      In assays for the carrier effect of NIP-PPD for induction of anti-NIP production
      in BCG-vaccinated mice, the active fractions were heterogeneous in lectin
      reactivity as well as in SDS-PAGE. It appears most likely that a number of
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins give rise to core peptides which resist
      proteolysis and heat denaturation to possess powerful T-cell-activating ability.

PMID- 2402596
TI  - The first Icelandic family with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia: studies of genetic
      markers and immune function.
AB  - This paper describes studies of genetic markers and immune functions in the first
      Icelandic family identified with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (X-LA), including
      three affected brothers. The eldest brother was diagnosed at the age of 9 in
      1963. He suffered repeated infections and died at the age of 23. The other two
      affected brothers, diagnosed at 6 years and 1 year of age, are alive and well on
      immunoglobulin replacement therapy at the ages of 32 and 24. All were typed for
      HLA, complement, and various other markers. Pedigree analysis suggests an X
      linked segregation of the disease. Their serum IgG is maintained at normal levels
      on therapy. Several parameters of immune function were studied. The following
      results were obtained for the X-LA brothers: B cells are absent in their
      peripheral blood samples. T-cell numbers are normal, but monocytes are increased
      in numbers and activity. No immunoglobulin production could be elicited in vitro
      with PWM and no cells containing cytoplasmic Ig were detectable among PWM
      stimulated blasts. Nevertheless the proliferative response was particularly
      vigorous, but the responding cells were shown to be exclusively T cells. No blast
      transformation could be achieved with EB virus. NK-cell activity was normal/high
      normal. Other cell-mediated immune functions were normal. In conclusion our data
      indicate that the differentiation of B cells is blocked in the two surviving X-LA
      brothers. They have survived for a longer time and in better health than is
      generally reported. Early diagnosis and adequate replacement treatment with Ig is
      clearly crucial. Vigorous non-specific immune mechanisms may help to compensate
      for the defective specific immunity.

PMID- 2402597
TI  - Basic concepts in joint disease--a symposium report.

PMID- 2402598
TI  - Basal and stimulated elastolytic activity of blood monocytes is increased in
      glucocorticoid-treated giant cell arteritis.
AB  - The elastolytic capacity of live human blood monocytes was studied in patients
      with giant cell arteritis (GA) and in age-matched controls. Despite normalized
      acute-phase reactants during glucocorticoid (GC) therapy, the basic activity of
      monocytes from patients with newly diagnosed GA was elevated compared with
      controls (80 vs. 39 ng/h, p less than or equal to 0.01). The maximum response was
      enhanced by stimulation with immune complexes (224 vs. 125 ng/h, p less than or
      equal to 0.01) and with phorbol myristic acetate (324 vs. 214 ng/h, p less than
      or equal to 0.01). No age difference was found between healthy young and old
      people. Cell surface related human monocyte elastolytic activity could act as a
      sensitive marker of cell activation in vivo.

PMID- 2402599
TI  - Proteoglycan metabolism in tissue-cultured human articular cartilage. Influence
      of niflumic acid.
AB  - Proteoglycan metabolism was investigated in tissue-cultured human cartilage.
      Normal cartilage obtained from a normal joint showed improving accumulation rates
      for 35S-labelled proteoglycans over a 3-6 weeks' period. The loss of newly
      synthesized molecules in the nutrient media was low and constant throughout
      culture. A decrease in accumulation of 35S-proteoglycan was observed in visually
      intact cartilage from joints showing foci of osteoarthrosis. This decrease was
      more pronounced in fibrillated cartilage. No clear effect on proteoglycan
      metabolism was observed when normal cartilage samples from the normal joint were
      incubated for several weeks in a nutrient medium containing niflumic acid.
      However, the cartilage samples from this donor tended to retain more proteoglycan
      aggregates in the intercellular matrix after a 6-weeks culture period in the
      presence of this NSAID. When niflumic acid was added to the incubation media of
      visually intact samples from pathological joints, significantly more newly
      synthesized proteoglycans were retained in the intercellular matrix. The effect
      was also observed and was more pronounced in the fibrillated cartilage samples.

PMID- 2402600
TI  - Wrist synovectomy in juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA).
AB  - Synovectomy of 20 wrist joints in 15 patients with juvenile chronic arthritis
      (JCA) was performed and results were evaluated 3 (0.5-5) years after surgery. The
      surgical procedure consisted of synovectomy of the radiocarpal joint, around the
      ulnar head and in all intercarpal joints. Resection of the ulnar head was not
      performed. Results at follow-up showed that four wrist joints had been re
      operated by arthrodesis because of persistent pain. In one case a spontaneous
      ankylosis had developed. These cases were not included in the re-examination. Of
      the remaining 15 cases, 12 were improved and 7 of these were totally pain-free.
      At follow-up, clinical examination revealed a mean improved grip strength (0.2
      kp/cm2) and a mean decreased range of motion (10 degrees of flexion and
      extension, 16 degrees of pronation, supination unchanged). All wrist joints
      showed some radiographic changes preoperatively and at follow-up about half
      showed some further deterioration. This study indicates that the results of wrist
      synovectomy in patients with juvenile chronic arthritis do not differ
      significantly from results of wrist synovectomy in adult arthritic patients.

PMID- 2402601
TI  - Relationship between pain, disease severity and psychosocial function in patients
      with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA).
AB  - At their first admission to hospital, 57 children (7-16 yrs) with definite or
      suspected rheumatic disease were interviewed regarding their perceptions of
      quality and intensity of pain and disease severity. All children reported pain.
      This was most often described as 'aching' (74%). The assessments of quality and
      quantity of pain by the children did not differ between diagnostic, age, or
      gender groups, or between children with or without previous exposure to other
      persons with rheumatic diseases. Actual pain intensity was correlated with
      disease severity assessed by the child and the parent. However, pain intensity
      was not correlated with a global assessment of disease severity by the physician
      or the child's psychosocial functioning. These findings may indicate a need for
      more generally accepted criteria of disease severity and pain assessment in
      patients with JCA.

PMID- 2402602
TI  - Familial occurrence of dysalbuminaemic hyperthyroxinaemia, lipomatosis and
      ankylosing spondylitis.

PMID- 2402604
TI  - Dimensions of psychological adjustment to illness in rheumatoid arthritis. A
      preliminary report.

PMID- 2402603
TI  - Influence of oral contraception on the occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis in
      female sibs.

PMID- 2402605
TI  - Fracture toughness and fractography of dental cements, lining, build-up, and
      filling materials.
AB  - The plane strain fracture toughness (K1c) at 23 degrees C and the fractography of
      zinc phosphate and zinc polycarboxylate cements, buffered glass ionomer liner,
      amalgam alloy admixed glass ionomer build-up material, and glass ionomer,
      microfilled and conventionally filled bis-GMA resin composite filling materials
      were analyzed by elastic-plastic short-rod and scanning electron microscopy
      methodologies. Results indicated that significant differences occurred in their
      K1c's from the lowest to the highest in the following groups of materials, (i)
      buffered glass ionomer, (ii) zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, zinc polycarboxylate,
      and alloy mixed glass ionomer, (iii) microfilled resin, and (iv) conventionally
      filled resin. All materials except the microfilled resin, which fractured via
      crack jumping, fractured via smooth crack advance. Filler debonding without any
      crack inhibiting process was related to materials with low K1c values. The
      incorporation of either buffering compounds or alloy particles into glass ionomer
      had no beneficial effect upon fracture toughness. This was in contrast to
      microfilled and conventionally filled resins where either crack blunting or crack
      pinning processes, respectively, were likely involved with their increased K1c's.
      For microfilled resin, distinct radial zones positioned around the chevron apex
      and characterized by plastically deformed deposited material were related to
      distinct crack jumps that occurred in the load versus displacement behavior.
      Finally, for the two remaining materials of zinc phosphate and polycarboxylate,
      particle cleavage and matrix debonding for the former and shear yielding for the
      latter occurred.

PMID- 2402606
TI  - Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and electron probe analysis of the
      interface between implants and host bone. Osseo-coalescence versus osseo
      integration.
AB  - Bioinert materials (e.g., alumina implants) and bioactive ceramics (e.g., calcium
      phosphate ceramics, glass-ceramics) are now extensively used in dentistry.
      However, the physico-chemical interactions at the interfaces between the implant
      and the host bone are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to define
      the interactions at these interfaces using a combination of analytical
      techniques: light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy,
      electron probe microanalysis, X-ray microradiography, X-ray diffraction, and
      infrared spectroscopy. Bioinert (pure titanium) and bioactive materials
      (hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate and biphasic calcium phosphate) were
      implanted in dogs, and the implants, recovered after various periods of
      implantation, were analyzed. The results demonstrated the following: the
      bioactive materials interact with the biological fluid and the living tissues in
      a specific manner. This process includes biodissolution/biodegradation, apatite
      crystal precipitation, and bone formation on the implant surface at the expense
      of the material. The results are discussed according to the limitations of the
      analytical techniques used. The medical and chemical word coalescence is
      suggested to describe the specific interactions of bioactive materials and
      interaction for the phenomenon of physical contact of the bioinert materials with
      the host bone.

PMID- 2402607
TI  - Micro-PIXE (proton-induced X-ray emission) study of the effects of fluoride on
      mineral distribution patterns in enamel and dentin in the developing hamster
      tooth germ.
AB  - Micro-PIXE (proton-induced X-ray emission) analysis was performed on unfixed and
      anhydrously prepared sections from developing enamel and dentin from hamsters
      injected with a single dose of 20 mg NaF/kg body weight. Fluoride, apart from
      inducing the formation of the characteristic paired response in the enamel (i.e.,
      a hyper- followed by a hypomineralized band in the secretory enamel), also
      induces the formation of sub-ameloblastic cystic lesions under the transitional
      and early secretory enamel accompanied by relatively intense hypermineralization
      of the underlying cystic enamel surface. These cystic lesions, however, were only
      found to be associated with certain isolated populations of these cells. In
      addition, these lesions were restricted to the smooth surfaces of the tooth germ
      only. Cystic lesions such as those seen under the transitional and early
      secretory ameloblasts were not observed under the fully secretory or maturation
      stage ameloblasts. Why fluoride induces the formation of cystic lesions in some
      ameloblast populations while other cells in the same stage of development
      apparently remain unaffected, is a matter which needs further investigation.

PMID- 2402608
TI  - Osteoclast cytomorphometry and scanning electron microscopy of bone eroded
      surfaces during leukemic disorders.
AB  - Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is a reliable histochemical marker of
      osteoclasts when used on tissue sections of undecalcified bone. This paper
      presents an original morphometric analysis which can be done after histochemical
      identification of osteoclasts. These bone resorbing cells were demonstrated on
      undecalcified bone biopsies from control subjects and patients presenting a
      malignant disease of the lymphocyte B lineage. Computerized analysis of the
      osteoclastic population revealed that: (1) all TRAP positive cells along bone
      trabeculae belong to a osteoclastic population; (2) that B cell malignancies had
      an increased bone resorption. At the scanning electron microscopic level small
      resorption bays (about 10 microns in diameter) were observed either associated or
      separated from eroded surfaces presenting abnormal appearance; TRAP staining of
      histological sections of undecalcified bone, coupled with morphometric studies,
      may help in the understanding of bone disease pathobiology.

PMID- 2402609
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy analysis of polyethylene oxide hydrogels for blood
      contact.
AB  - Hydrogels are a class of synthetic material, composed of a polymer-water matrix
      and have been proposed as tissue substitutes and drug delivery vehicles.
      Polyethylene oxide (PEO) hydrogels were synthesized and used to produce coated
      wires and conduits for baboon blood compatibility studies. Blood-material
      interactions were studied both by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and 111In
      labeled platelet deposition. SEM processing modifications were first evaluated in
      order to reduce shrinkage and surface distortion incurred during sample
      preparation of these high water content materials. Pretreatment with 1% tannic
      acid reduced bulk shrinkage associated with critical point drying by 10-20%. This
      effect is small, nevertheless, it prevented major sample disruption. Coated
      guidewires were exposed to baboon blood for one hour in the inferior vena cava
      and conduits were placed for either 30 or 60 minutes in an ex vivo femoral
      arteriovenous shunt. Reference materials included Gore-tex, polyethylene and
      silica-free polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS). In the guidewire studies, 111In labeled
      platelet levels were highest on Gore-tex (6568.97 platelets/1000 microns 2) and
      large thrombotic deposits were well visualized by SEM. Formulations containing
      PEO had low levels of platelet deposition and little evidence of platelet
      activation was noted by SEM. Shunt studies demonstrated that materials of high
      PEO content and molecular weight had the lowest levels of platelet deposition.
      After 60 minutes of blood flow, mean platelet deposition on PDMS and Gore-tex was
      50 and 1000 fold higher than on a network composed of 65% PEO 20,000 (p less than
      0.05). SEM confirmed these findings.

PMID- 2402610
TI  - Human hair morphology: a scanning electron microscopy study on a male Caucasoid
      and a computerized classification of regional differences.
AB  - The present study was performed to provide a better understanding of the
      morphological variations of mammalian hair. Terminal hair samples were obtained
      from different regions of the body of the same Caucasian male. All hair samples
      were either cleaned or treated before being examined with scanning electron
      microscopy. As human scalp hair grew it appeared small like lanugo hair, but the
      increase in diameter appeared to have been relatively rapid. As hair increased in
      diameter the appearance of the scales changed. Neck hair was slightly smaller in
      diameter than scalp hair, and axillary hair was slightly smaller in diameter than
      neck hair. Nostril hair was larger than scalp or axillary hair. Eyelash hair was
      much smaller and much shorter than eyebrow hair. Neck hair, forearm hair, and
      shin hair were smaller than hair from most other regions of the body. Chest hair
      was similar in size to scalp hair, and pubic and sideburn hair were larger than
      scalp hair. A morphological feature called "steak-boning" was more
      characteristically present in whiskers of Caucasoids than Orientals or Blacks.
      "Steak-boning" occurred most frequently in hair of the mustache, followed by that
      of the chin, sideburn, cheek and under the chin. Cut surfaces of whiskers were
      different for electric as compared with straightedge razors. Hair morphology
      varied relative to the body region. Computer analysis of resin-embedded hair made
      it possible to classify arm, mustache, cheek, chin, head, shin, and pubic hair,
      and to quantify cross-sectioned differences.

PMID- 2402611
TI  - Surface phase transition of hydrated calcium oxalate crystal in the presence of
      normal and stone-formers' urine.
AB  - Crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), dihydrate (COD) and trihydrate
      (COT) were grown by slow diffusion of reacting ions from solutions using
      interfacially controlled crystallization. Phase transition of COT to COD and COM,
      and COD to COM were studied on single crystal by X-ray diffraction analysis of
      the same crystal before and after exposure to normal and stone formers' urine.
      Phase transition on the surface of single crystals has been demonstrated by SEM
      energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis using windowless detector, and scanning
      Auger electron microprobe. Data obtained in this study offer direct experimental
      evidence for phase transformation on the surface of the hydrated calcium oxalate
      single crystal. In presence of normal urine the surface of COT single crystal
      undergoes transformation into COD and in presence of recurrent calcium oxalate
      stone former's urine surface transformation to COM takes place.

PMID- 2402612
TI  - Bladder stone in a human female: the case of an abnormally located intrauterine
      contraceptive device.
AB  - A single 4.7 x 3.3 x 1.5 cm solid nodule was removed from the bladder of a 24
      years old white female who had lost an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD)
      installed approximately four years ago. The nodule showed no external evidence of
      an IUD or its string. An examination of the nodular surface by scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM) showed mostly amorphous material with some adherent filamentous
      structures. Its energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis revealed the presence of
      calcium and phosphorus suggesting that the nodule was actually a urolith.
      Fracturing the nodule exposed an embedded entity consistent with being a copper
      IUD. Apparently, the lost IUD had migrated from the uterus into the bladder where
      it became mineralized. Thus the solid nodule was actually a foreign body stone.

PMID- 2402613
TI  - Studies of epithelial electrolyte transport by marker ions.
AB  - The paper reviews several recent studies in which marker ions, such as Rb and Br,
      were used to identify ion transport pathways and membrane properties in
      epithelia. In the frog skin epithelium, using Rb as a substitute for K, Cl
      transport mechanisms across the basolateral membranes of principal cells were
      studied. The data suggest that intracellular Cl is maintained above
      electrochemical equilibrium by an Na-K-2Cl cotransport system which, under non
      stimulated conditions, is normally quiescent. In toad and frog skins, the route
      of transepithelial Cl movement was investigated. A subpopulation of mitochondria
      rich cells demonstrated a ready exchange of Br with the apical and basal bathing
      media, consistent with the view that these cells constitute a transcellular anion
      shunt. Moreover, voltage-activation resulted in an increased Br uptake from the
      apical bath. Nevertheless, because of the very small number of these cells, it
      may be questioned whether the mitochondria-rich cell constitutes the only
      shuntpathway for Cl. In other studies, Rb uptake was employed to measure the Na/K
      pump activity. In principal cells of the frog skin epithelium, amiloride
      inhibited Rb uptake and lowered Na concentration, supporting the view that this
      cell type is engaged in amiloride-sensitive Na transport. In contrast, no
      significant changes in the Rb, Na, and Cl concentration of mitochondria-rich
      cells were detectable. Studies with Rb as marker ion in the rabbit urinary
      bladder revealed that the epithelium behaves like a functional syncytium with
      regard to transepithelial ion transport.

PMID- 2402614
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy of immuno-gold labeled antigens associated with
      bladder cancer.
AB  - Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in the backscattered electron imaging (BEI)
      mode, has been used to study the topographical distribution of colloidal gold
      labeled antigens expressed on the luminal surface of the bladder urothelium in
      biopsies from three categories of patients: 1) normal controls; 2) patients with
      a history of bladder cancer but no pathological diagnosis at time of cystoscopy;
      and 3) patients with overt transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of various
      histopathological stages and grades. Cold cup biopsies were processed for immuno
      SEM according to a previously described method. Antigens under investigation
      were: 1) ABH blood group antigens; and 2) those identified by the following
      murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs): LEU-M1, T16, 19A211, G4 and E7. In most
      cases labeling patterns were correlated with the surface features of the
      superficial urothelial cells as revealed in the secondary electron imaging (SEI)
      mode of the SEM. Results, to date, indicate that the immuno-gold labeling method
      is more sensitive than immuno-peroxidase, and that phenotypic heterogeneity of
      antigenic expression (or deletion) is a frequent observation of potential
      diagnostic or prognostic value.

PMID- 2402615
TI  - On the varied appearances of the human placental villous surface visualised by
      scanning electron microscopy.
AB  - Scanning electron microscopy enables extensive areas of the human placental
      villous tree to be viewed at high resolution in a relatively quick and easy
      manner. It is therefore an invaluable aid to the study of normal placental
      structure, and may have a potential role to play in pathological diagnosis.
      However, with increasing experience an awareness of the possible artefacts that
      may be introduced during fixation and tissue preparation is gradually developing.
      Some of these artefacts are common to other organs and applications of scanning
      electron microscopy, whereas others result from the unique structure and three
      dimensional configuration of the placenta. Examples of the second category are
      poorly documented, and yet their occurrence may also significantly influence the
      appearance of the tissue as seen by light or transmission electron microscopy.
      This paper illustrates examples of this problem, and emphasises some of the
      factors that must be considered when interpreting both scanning and transmission
      electron micrographs of the villous surface.

PMID- 2402616
TI  - [The effect of acupuncture on the regulation of immunity--the discovery of serum
      lymphocyte transformation inhibitory factor in electroacupunctured rats,
      determination of biological characteristics and analysis of its mechanism of
      action].

PMID- 2402617
TI  - [Regulation mechanism of M-cholinergic receptors in fibroblasts of the human
      fetal lung].

PMID- 2402618
TI  - Patients' perspectives of a spinal cord injury unit.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to provide an ethnographic description of the
      subculture of a spinal cord injury (SCI) unit. The research method was
      qualitative, combining ethnographic interviews, participant observation, and
      document review. A 30 bed SCI facility on the west coast was selected as the
      setting for this ethnographic description. The developmental research sequence
      model (Spradley, 1980) and grounded theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) were used for
      data analysis. Findings indicate optimal rehabilitation is a creative and
      individualized process of reintegration. Reintegration prepares the individual
      for coping with physical limitations, architectural barriers, and societal
      prejudices while simultaneously making the person feel intact and valued.
      Successful reintegration promotes a "fit" between the newly injured spinal cord
      patient and the home environment. The patient learns to compensate for the
      physical limitations of the spinal cord injury in a manner that promotes safety,
      comfort, and personal worth. Successful reintegration assures the newly injured
      SCI patient returns to a viable occupation, feels physically attractive,
      participates in a rich, full social life, and maintains family ties. Four phases
      of reintegration emerged: buffering, transcending, toughening, and launching.
      Buffering is the nurturing and protective process of lessening, absorbing, or
      protecting the newly injured SCI patient against the shock of multiple
      ramifications of the injury and the indignities of being a patient; Transcending
      is the process of helping SCI patients recognize and rise above culturally
      imposed limitations and negative beliefs about people with disabilities. The
      "toughening up" process focuses on compensating for physical limitations, gaining
      independence, and maintaining social interactions without "using the disability."
      Launching is the process of (1) exposing rehabilitation patients to the real
      world, (2) exploring the range of options for living in the community, (3)
      promoting patient autonomy and decision making, and (4) facilitating the ejection
      of the patient from the rehabilitation program. The study is significant because
      it offers a new perspective for viewing a spinal cord injury unit. The proposed
      theoretical model explains patients' attitudes, beliefs, and behavior on SCI
      units. This model provides a framework for designing a prototype therapeutic
      milieu in SCI.

PMID- 2402619
TI  - Field research.

PMID- 2402620
TI  - Assessing and planning care in substance abusing patients.

PMID- 2402621
TI  - On being not completely human.

PMID- 2402622
TI  - Trace metals in scalp hair of Greek agricultural workers.
AB  - In order to determine "base-line" values of hair metal concentrations in
      unpolluted, non-industrial areas of Greece, a random sample of 144 agricultural
      workers (75 males and 69 females) was selected from the Civil Registry of
      communities of southwest Greece. All subjects were at least 50 years old and had
      lived in the same community for at least 10 years prior to the investigation.
      Bulk hair samples were collected and washed with non-ionic detergent and
      ultrasonic cleaning. Concentrations of six metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn and Cu)
      were determined by flameless AAS after wet-digestion. Arithmetic means of
      concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn and Cu were 0.31, 4.40, 0.85, 0.73, 182.50
      and 10.48 micrograms g-1, respectively, for males, and 0.19, 3.84, 1.19, 0.73,
      187.60 and 10.61 micrograms g-1 respectively, for females. Statistically
      significant (p less than 0.05) sex differences were observed for cadmium and
      nickel. High positive correlations were observed between lead, chromium and
      copper. High negative correlations were observed between cadmium and zinc. Factor
      analysis showed that lead, chromium and copper were associated with the first
      factor. The results are discussed and compared with those observed in other parts
      of the world.

PMID- 2402623
TI  - Iron, copper, zinc and lead in hair from Sudanese populations of different age
      groups.
AB  - Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence was used for the analysis of hair samples
      from three different age groups of the Sudanese population. Hair samples were
      digested in a mixture of nitric and perchloric acids and the metals were then
      precipitated with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. The variations of the Fe,
      Cu, Zn and Pb content of hair with age were investigated. The averages of the
      elemental concentrations in each age group were compared with the other age
      groups and with literature values. The correlation of each pair of elements in
      the hair samples was also investigated.

PMID- 2402624
TI  - Organic mercury in Greenland birds and mammals.
AB  - Muscle, liver and kidney samples of 20 species of birds, seals, whales and polar
      bear were analyzed for total and organic mercury. Organic mercury concentrations
      varied considerably between individuals. A general tendency towards age
      accumulation was found, together with log-linear correlations between organic
      mercury concentrations in the three tissues. The major part of the muscle mercury
      was organic (maximum concentration found was 1235 micrograms kg-1 wet wt). This
      also applied to liver of birds, while in mammal liver organic mercury
      concentrations approached a level of 2000 micrograms kg-1 wet wt, which was not
      exceeded even when the total mercury concentration was greater than 100,000
      micrograms kg-1 wet wt. The percentage of organic mercury in relation to total
      mercury in kidney of seals and whales was 10-20% (maximum 982 micrograms organic
      mercury kg-1 wet wt), while in polar bear it was less than 6% (maximum 217
      micrograms kg-1 wet wt). For the monitoring of local food in the Arctic, the
      simpler and less expensive analysis of total mercury suffices when testing
      muscle, whereas liver and kidney should be tested for organic mercury as well.

PMID- 2402625
TI  - The presence of inorganic and organic mercury and selenium in Nephrops norvegicus
      from the Ligurian Sea.
AB  - Samples of Nephrops norvegicus from the Ligurian Sea were analysed for contents
      of organic mercury, total mercury and selenium. Results for 37 specimens are
      reported. Total mercury concentrations increase with size of the specimens.
      Percentage of organic mercury ranges from 31 to 88% with an average of 58%.
      Selenium does not correlate with size and the average content is 0.88 micrograms
      g-1 fresh weight (range 0.30-1.74 micrograms g-1 fresh weight).

PMID- 2402626
TI  - Concentrations of lead and cadmium in edible vegetables from Tarragona Province,
      Spain.
AB  - The lead and cadmium content of 20 species of edible vegetable collected in
      Tarragona Province (Spain) was investigated. Samples consisting of bulbs, and
      leaves and soft stalks (chard, parsley, spinach and lettuce) contained the
      highest levels of both metals. In contrast, fruits and similar garden produce
      (tomato, green pepper, cucumber, artichoke, green bean and broad bean) contained
      the lowest concentrations of lead and cadmium in both the northern and southern
      area of the province. Most species analyzed did not show any significant
      differences between the two study areas. The mean daily intakes of lead and
      cadmium by man have been estimated to be: 47.5 micrograms Pb and 15.3 micrograms
      Cd (north), and 37.5 micrograms Pb and 32.5 micrograms Cd (south). These values
      do not pose a health risk for consumers, according to the levels proposed by
      FAO/WHO.

PMID- 2402627
TI  - Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European
      community. I. A study of 46 elements in urine, blood and serum of Italian
      subjects.
AB  - Neutron activation analysis-electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETA
      AAS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) have
      been used for the determination of 46 elements in urine, 35 in blood and 26 in
      serum of unexposed Italian subjects living in the same region (Lombardy). The
      results allowed the proposal of reference values for various elements determined
      in more than 350 healthy subjects, these being Ag, Al, As, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr,
      Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V, Zn, in urine; Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Hg,
      Pb, Se, Tl, Zn in blood; and Ag, Al, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Tl,
      V, Zn in serum (or plasma). For all other elements indicative values are
      suggested. In addition to the mean value and the "reference range", a "range of
      uncertainty" and an upper limit above which metabolic abnormalities could be
      expected have also been defined on the basis of simple statistical
      considerations.

PMID- 2402628
TI  - Testing for carcinogens with rodents.

PMID- 2402629
TI  - Animal rights and violence.

PMID- 2402630
TI  - Human genome initiative.

PMID- 2402631
TI  - Genetic privacy makes strange bedfellows.

PMID- 2402632
TI  - OTA peers into cancer therapy fog.

PMID- 2402633
TI  - Gene therapy begins.

PMID- 2402634
TI  - Electromagnetic fields: the biological evidence.

PMID- 2402635
TI  - Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in museum specimens of Ixodes dammini
      ticks.
AB  - In order to investigate the potential for Borrelia burgdorferi infection before
      the recognition of Lyme disease as a clinical entity, the polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR) was used to examine museum specimens of Ixodes dammini (deer
      ticks) for the presence of spirochete-specific DNA sequences. One hundred and
      thirty-six archival tick specimens were obtained representing various continental
      U.S. locations; DNA sequences characteristic of modern day isolates of B.
      burgdorferi were detected in 13 1940s specimens from Montauk Point and Hither
      Hills, Long Island, New York. Five archival specimens of Dermacentor variabilis
      (dog tick) from the same collection and 118 Ixodes specimens from other endemic
      and nonendemic sites were negative. These data suggest that the appearance of the
      Lyme disease spirochete in suitable arthropod vectors preceded, by at least a
      generation, the formal recognition of this disease as a clinical entity in the
      United States.

PMID- 2402636
TI  - Anatomy of a conformational change: hinged "lid" motion of the triosephosphate
      isomerase loop.
AB  - Triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) is used as a model system for the study of how a
      localized conformational change in a protein structure is produced and related to
      enzyme reactivity. An 11-residue loop region moves more than 7 angstroms and
      closes over the active site when substrate binds. The loop acts like a "lid" in
      that it moves rigidly and is attached by two hinges to the remainder of the
      protein. The nature of the motion appears to be built into the loop by conserved
      residues; the hinge regions, in contrast, are not conserved. Results of molecular
      dynamics calculations confirm the structural analysis and suggest a possible
      ligand-induced mechanism for loop closure.

PMID- 2402637
TI  - Structure and function of lipopolysaccharide binding protein.
AB  - The primary structure of lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), a trace plasma
      protein that binds to the lipid A moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs),
      was deduced by sequencing cloned complementary DNA. LBP shares sequence identity
      with another LPS binding protein found in granulocytes, bactericidal/permeability
      increasing protein, and with cholesterol ester transport protein of the plasma.
      LBP may control the response to LPS under physiologic conditions by forming high
      affinity complexes with LPS that bind to monocytes and macrophages, which then
      secrete tumor necrosis factor. The identification of this pathway for LPS-induced
      monocyte stimulation may aid in the development of treatments for diseases in
      which Gram-negative sepsis or endotoxemia are involved.

PMID- 2402638
TI  - Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus.
AB  - Although it is known that Parkinson's disease results from a loss of dopaminergic
      neurons in the substantia nigra, the resulting alterations in activity in the
      basal ganglia responsible for parkinsonian motor deficits are still poorly
      characterized. Recently, increased activity in the subthalamic nucleus has been
      implicated in the motor abnormalities. To test this hypothesis, the effects of
      lesions of the subthalamic nucleus were evaluated in monkeys rendered
      parkinsonian by treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
      (MPTP). The lesions reduced all of the major motor disturbances in the
      contralateral limbs, including akinesia, rigidity, and tremor. This result
      supports the postulated role of excessive activity in the subthalamic nucleus in
      Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2402639
TI  - Xotch, the Xenopus homolog of Drosophila notch.
AB  - During the development of a vertebrate embryo, cell fate is determined by
      inductive signals passing between neighboring tissues. Such determinative
      interactions have been difficult to characterize fully without knowledge of the
      molecular mechanisms involved. Mutations of Drosophila and the nematode
      Caenorhabditis elegans have been isolated that define a family of related gene
      products involved in similar types of cellular inductions. One of these genes,
      the Notch gene from Drosophila, is involved with cell fate choices in the
      neurogenic region of the blastoderm, in the developing nervous system, and in the
      eye-antennal imaginal disc. Complementary DNA clones were isolated from Xenopus
      embryos with Notch DNA in order to investigate whether cell-cell interactions in
      vertebrate embryos also depend on Notch-like molecules. This approach identified
      a Xenopus molecule, Xotch, which is remarkably similar to Drosophila Notch in
      both structure and developmental expression.

PMID- 2402640
TI  - Pneumococcal sepsis and meningitis in adults with sickle cell disease.
AB  - Patients with sickle cell disease are predisposed to infection caused by
      Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, there has been only one published case of
      bacteremic pneumococcal meningitis in an adult with sickle cell anemia. We report
      here the cases of six adults with sickle cell disease, pneumococcal sepsis, and
      meningitis. Five patients were male and one was female. Their ages ranged from 18
      to 34 years (mean, 25.7 years). Five patients had the SS and one had the SC
      hemoglobin phenotype. Only one patient had received pneumococcal vaccine (14
      valent). This vaccine did not protect against the pneumococcal serotype causing
      his infection. All patients had high fever (mean, 39.8 degrees C [103.7 degrees
      F]) on admission; five had generalized weakness and four had neck stiffness.
      Leukocyte counts were greater than 30,000/mm3 in all patients. Streptococcus
      pneumoniae was isolated from the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid in all
      patients. The cerebrospinal fluid showed pleocytosis in six patients, an elevated
      protein level in five, and hypoglycorrhachia in two. Complications included renal
      failure in four patients, disseminated intravascular coagulation in one, and
      seizures in another. Two patients died. Pneumococcal sepsis and meningitis are
      uncommon in adults with sickle cell disease, but they carry a high morbidity and
      mortality. Wider use of the new 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine in these
      patients is recommended.

PMID- 2402641
TI  - Breast self-examination: a new training method.
AB  - Breast self-examination is an important, well-established method of cancer
      detection. Some authors disagree as to its value and regard physical examination
      by a physician as superior. Many women, however, do not have an annual physical
      examination, and the majority (80%) discover their own breast cancer. Proponents
      find that monthly breast self-examination leads to earlier diagnosis and
      treatment, and to improved prognosis. Only one third of women are performing
      monthly breast self-examination, and most do so with inadequate technique and
      poor comprehension. They are unable to distinguish normal from abnormal findings,
      and corrective measures are necessary. Health professionals, the best source of
      patient instruction, should periodically recheck the patient's performance. The
      technique taught should be uniform and uncomplicated. A simple way to demonstrate
      common benign and malignant lesions is presented to improve the patient's
      understanding, skill, and confidence.

PMID- 2402642
TI  - Knowledge and attitudes about cervical cancer and the Pap smear among 10th-grade
      girls.
AB  - Data from questionnaires completed by 419 10th-grade girls were analyzed as part
      of a school health education program. The questionnaire was designed to collect
      knowledge of, attitudes toward, and experiences with cancer and cancer
      prevention. Data were collected from randomly selected health classes preceding a
      presentation on breast and cervical cancer prevention. Results showed that the
      girls were pessimistic about chances of surviving cancer and did not
      differentiate survival by type or site of the cancer. Although there was
      considerable confusion about its purpose, 27.6% reported having had a
      Papanicolaou smear within the past year and 79.2% correctly identified the Pap
      smear as a test for cancer.

PMID- 2402644
TI  - Major hepatic resection in a residency training program.
AB  - Records of 30 major hepatic resections performed at David Grant USAF Medical
      Center and Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center were analyzed to assess the
      feasibility, safety, and resources required for such procedures in a general
      surgery residency training program. The mean intraoperative blood loss during
      surgery was 2022 mL and the mean intraoperative transfusion volume was 4.2 units
      of packed red blood cells. Patients spent an average of 2.7 days in the intensive
      care unit, with a mean overall postoperative stay of 15 days. One death occurred
      within 30 days of operation due to a postoperative myocardial infarction, and
      another death during the hospital stay was due to hepatic insufficiency and
      Candida endocarditis. Overall, five major postoperative complications occurred
      (17%), one requiring reoperation. All but one procedure was done by a closely
      supervised surgical resident. This experience compares favorably with others in
      the literature and supports the practice of hepatic resection as part of surgical
      training.

PMID- 2402643
TI  - Preoperative control of splenic artery inflow in patients with splenic venous
      occlusion.
AB  - Splenic vein occlusion due to chronic pancreatitis may result in "left-sided
      portal hypertension," which is associated with gastric variceal hemorrhage.
      Intraoperative hemorrhage is also a major problem in this patient group, and it
      has been suggested that preoperative splenic arterial occlusion offers a means to
      diminish intraoperative blood loss. In order to assess the benefit of
      preoperative control of arterial inflow on intraoperative blood loss, we reviewed
      retrospectively 16 cases of chronic pancreatitis and associated splenic vein
      occlusion in patients who had splenectomy. There was a significant difference in
      estimated intraoperative blood loss in the two patient groups (P less than .05).
      Preoperative inflow control was obtained with a wedge balloon catheter or
      autologous clot embolization with an estimated mean blood loss of 1771 mL in
      seven patients. Nine patients had splenectomy without inflow control, with a mean
      estimated intraoperative blood loss of 3332 mL. The mean difference was 1560 mL.
      Preoperative control of splenic artery inflow can diminish intraoperative blood
      loss during splenectomy in the presence of splenic vein occlusion associated with
      chronic pancreatitis.

PMID- 2402645
TI  - Transthoracic fundoplication after previous abdominal surgery: an alternate
      approach.
AB  - Fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux is a frequent procedure for pediatric
      surgeons. Reoperation in the abdominal cavity can be time-consuming and
      hazardous. Therefore, 33 patients (16 male and 17 female) with symptomatic
      gastroesophageal reflux after previous abdominal procedures had transthoracic
      fundoplications. Previous procedures included gastrostomy (18), Nissen
      fundoplication (12), ventriculoperitoneal shunt (9), omphalocele (4),
      paraesophageal hernia (3), necrotizing enterocolitis (2), abscess drainage (2),
      intestinal atresia (2), and abdominal burn (1). The three complications
      encountered were a bronchopleural fistula, esophageal leak, and small bowel
      obstruction. Of five deaths, one was related to operation. The remaining patients
      did not have recurrent reflux. Transthoracic fundoplication after previous
      abdominal surgery is effective and rapid, and it has a relatively low
      complication rate in high-risk patients. This approach avoids reentry into the
      abdominal cavity and allows precise repair.

PMID- 2402646
TI  - Common duct stone push-through.
AB  - Most common duct stones are located below the junction of the cystic duct and the
      common bile duct. We describe a technique of trans-cystic-duct manipulation of
      stones through the ampulla of Vater and into the duodenum which we have termed
      common duct stone push-through (CDSPT). A balloon catheter is inflated above the
      stone and pushed into the duodenum several times. Successful manipulation of the
      stone into the duodenum is confirmed by repeat cholangiography. Stones were
      successfully manipulated by CDSPT in seven patients over a brief period starting
      June 1988.

PMID- 2402647
TI  - Urachal abnormalities in adults: the Ochsner experience.
AB  - Urachal abnormalities are very rarely encountered in adults. Though the urachus
      is normally obliterated in early infancy, it may cause a lower midline lesion in
      adults. Urachal abnormalities can be classified into five groups: patient
      urachus, urachal sinus, vesicourachal diverticulum, urachal cyst, and alternating
      sinus. The medical records of Ochsner Medical Institutions were reviewed for the
      31-year period 1957 to 1988. Forty-one patients were identified as having
      anomalies of the urachus, 11 of them in the adult age group (older than 17
      years). All cases were documented by pathologic examination. All patients were
      treated surgically, with no resultant morbidity or mortality.

PMID- 2402648
TI  - Efficacy of sedation of children with chloral hydrate.
AB  - Chloral hydrate has been used extensively to sedate children, but at Brooke Army
      Medical Center, other drug combinations were becoming increasingly popular due to
      a perception that chloral hydrate had a high rate of failure, especially with
      younger or neurologically impaired children. Therefore, 50 children were given
      the drug before a diagnostic study, and patient data and a sedation score were
      recorded on a worksheet. Of 50 children, 43 (86%) were "successfully sedated" on
      the first attempt with no side effects. Children with neurologic disorders had a
      much greater (27% vs 4%) failure rate than "normal" children. The sedation rate
      did not significantly differ by age, sex, or initial drug dosage. The study
      suggest that chloral hydrate is a safe and effective oral sedative but that
      children with neurologic disorders may need alternative drugs for sedation.

PMID- 2402649
TI  - Spontaneous decline in exercise-induced proteinuria during a 100-mile triathlon.
AB  - To study the effect of prolonged exercise on glomerular permeability and
      proteinuria, we collected serial urine samples from six athletes during a 100
      mile triathlon. Urine collected just before, at the midpoint of, and immediately
      after the race was analyzed for creatinine by an automated chemistry analyzer,
      pack method, and for microalbumin by radioimmunoassay. By midrace, the urinary
      albumin-creatinine ratio increased from the prerace mean +/- SEM of 3.5 +/- 0.5
      to 38.3 +/- 11.7 mg/g. The ratio then declined to 12.5 +/- 2.7 mg/g by the end of
      the race (P less than .04). Similarly, the urinary albumin level increased
      significantly from 5.9 +/- 0.7 to 80.5 +/- 26.8 micrograms/mL by midrace,
      followed by a decline to 39.2 +/- 12.9 micrograms/mL. The initial increase in
      albuminuria was expected and reflects the increase in exercise-induced cardiac
      output and glomerular permeability. The subsequent decline in albuminuria and
      albumin-creatinine ratio, despite continued exercise, was unexpected and
      indicates a decrease in glomerular permeability. Further study is warranted to
      determine the mechanism of this apparently protective renal response to prolonged
      exercise.

PMID- 2402650
TI  - Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in the alcoholic.
AB  - In a retrospective review from 1987 to 1989, we identified seven alcoholics who
      had severe acute hepatocellular injury soon after using acetaminophen for
      therapeutic purposes and who had no suicidal intent. All had markedly elevated
      serum transaminase values (aspartate aminotransferase greater than 4000 U/L) and
      prolonged prothrombin times. Three died. Use of acetaminophen by the alcoholic
      patient is potentially lethal.

PMID- 2402651
TI  - Lacunar infarction in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.
AB  - Of 300 patients with computerized tomographic (CT) evidence of acute hypertensive
      intracerebral hemorrhage, high-resolution CT scans showed cerebral lacunar
      infarction (lacunes) in only nine cases (3%). The lacunes were seen in putaminal
      (six cases), thalamic (one case), and occipital (two cases) hematomas. All
      patients with lacunes and intracerebral hemorrhage had had systemic arterial
      hypertension for 7 to 14 years, cardiographic evidence of ventricular
      hypertrophy, chest radiographic evidence of cardiomegaly, and funduscopic
      evidence of retinopathy. The intracerebral hemorrhages were small, with maximal
      diameters of the hematomas 9 to 18 mm. All patients had good clinical outcome. In
      a 3-year follow-up, three patients had symptomatic lacunar infarcts but none had
      recurrent hemorrhage, whereas six patients had myocardial infarction or
      congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2402652
TI  - Regression of tendon xanthomas in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia
      treated with lovastatin.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol are
      increased twofold to threefold in patients with heterozygous familial
      hypercholesterolemia. This sustained increase leads to accelerated rates of
      cholesterol deposition in the coronary arteries and to the development of tendon
      xanthomas. To assess whether hypolipidemic therapy with lovastatin, alone and in
      combination therapy with colestipol hydrochloride or nicotinic acid, results in
      regression of lipid deposits in the tendons of these patients, we have measured
      Achilles tendon diameters by xeroradiography before and after treatment. In 20
      patients treated for a mean of 43 months (during which time plasma cholesterol
      concentrations decreased from 430 to 247 mg/dL), the diameter of both the left
      and right Achilles tendons measured at three different locations decreased by
      0.55 to 1.5 mm. Larger reductions were seen in the tendons of seven of these
      patients who were treated for a mean of 64 months and whose mean concentrations
      of cholesterol fell from 488 to 279 mg/dL. We conclude that effective long-term
      hypolipidemic therapy leads to diminution in the size of Achilles tendon
      xanthomas in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and that
      such therapy is associated with mobilization of tissue stores of cholesterol in
      these patients.

PMID- 2402653
TI  - Training in critical care medicine: a personal perspective.
AB  - Over the past several years, there has been growth in the number of training
      programs in the new subspecialty of critical care medicine. The adoption of
      subspecialty certifying examinations in critical care medicine has added momentum
      to the growth of the subspecialty. A personal experience in a critical care
      medicine fellowship training program is detailed and contrasted with a year of
      clinical pulmonary fellowship training. The clinical training programs differed
      primarily in scope. Technical expertise in intensive care unit procedures and
      therapy was stressed during the critical care medicine fellowship, whereas the
      year of clinical pulmonary training was of greater scope, encompassing
      comprehension of pulmonary pathophysiology, diagnostic procedures, and therapy.
      "Hands-on" intensive care unit training was limited during the pulmonary
      fellowship, though didactic instruction and the conceptual approach to critical
      illness was stronger. Research training opportunities were largely equivalent.
      From this experience, I present suggestions for selecting fellowship training in
      critical care medicine.

PMID- 2402654
TI  - Physeal osteochondroma of a phalanx.
AB  - I have presented the case of an intra-articular osteochondroma arising from the
      physis of a middle phalanx. I believe this to be the first report of this unusual
      variety of exostosis.

PMID- 2402655
TI  - Pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma presenting as diffuse reticular nodular infiltrates
      with cavitary lesions.
AB  - We have presented the case of an AIDS patient with cutaneous and pulmonary KS
      with the unusual roentgenographic findings of multiple cavitary lesions in
      addition to diffuse reticular nodular infiltrates. This case serves to emphasize
      the protean roentgenographic manifestations of pulmonary KS.

PMID- 2402656
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the nail bed.
AB  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the nail bed is an unusual malignancy of low virulence
      that is often misdiagnosed as a benign condition. Early diagnosis by biopsy,
      especially in patients with histories of repeated trauma, chronic infection, or
      exposure to irradiation or other predisposing factors, may lead to treatment and
      prevent the tumor from metastasizing.

PMID- 2402657
TI  - Perigraft pseudocyst complicating repair of ruptured aortic aneurysm: successful
      treatment by percutaneous aspiration.
AB  - Occurring rarely after aortic surgery, post-operative pancreatitis is often
      complicated and carries a high mortality rate. We have reported a case of
      pancreatic pseudocyst involving a polytef aortic prosthesis used to repair a
      ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. The pseudocyst was treated successfully by
      repeated percutaneous aspiration, and removal of the aortic prosthesis was not
      required. Although less successful than operative drainage, percutaneous
      approaches to pancreatic pseudocysts are an important option for patients who are
      poor surgical candidates.

PMID- 2402658
TI  - Carcinoid tumorlet of the bronchus in a child.
AB  - We have reported a case of bronchial carcinoid tumorlet in a 10-year-old boy.
      Because this type of tumor rarely occurs in children under the age of 16 years,
      is relatively benign in its biologic behavior, and may be misdiagnosed as cancer,
      occurrences of such a tumor warrant close consultation with the pathologist and
      radiologist as well as a conservative approach in surgical management.

PMID- 2402659
TI  - Corticosteroid treatment of hemolytic anemia associated with Mycoplasma
      pneumoniae pneumonia.
AB  - We have described a 35-year-old man with M pneumoniae pneumonia who had severe
      hemolytic anemia that appeared to respond well to high-dose corticosteroid
      therapy. Whether corticosteroids have value in decreasing the severity of
      hemolytic anemia due to cold agglutinin and other protean extrapulmonary
      manifestations with M pneumoniae infection needs further controlled study. Our
      experience suggests that corticosteroids may be beneficial.

PMID- 2402660
TI  - Hafnia alvei infection.

PMID- 2402661
TI  - Cleaning America's air.

PMID- 2402662
TI  - Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma from the lung causing small bowel obstruction.

PMID- 2402663
TI  - Aspartame, tryptophan, and other amino acids as potentially hazardous
      experiments.

PMID- 2402664
TI  - 84th annual scientific assembly of the Southern Medical Association. October 14
      17, 1990, Nashville, Tennessee. Abstracts.

PMID- 2402665
TI  - Why teach basic sciences in medical school?

PMID- 2402666
TI  - Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection among parenteral drug
      abusers in a low-prevalence area.
AB  - Information is scant regarding epidemiologic risk factors for human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among parenteral drug abusers (PDAs)
      residing in areas of low seroprevalence. A detailed interview and HIV serologic
      testing were conducted among PDAs hospitalized at Detroit Receiving Hospital for
      reasons unrelated to HIV infection. The study involved 22 seropositive (17 men, 5
      women) and 52 seronegative (34 men, 18 women) drug abusers in Detroit, Michigan,
      an area of relatively low HIV prevalence. The interviews included inquiries
      regarding risk factors such as duration of drug abuse, visits to "shooting
      galleries," use of "hit men," needle sharing, sterile injection techniques, use
      of "street" antibiotics, promiscuity, visits to prostitutes, homosexuality,
      history of sexually transmitted diseases, and history of travel to areas of high
      HIV prevalence. A strong association was noted between the number of risk factors
      present and HIV seropositivity. The presence of any three or more risk factors
      was significantly associated (P less than .05) with seropositivity. Awareness of
      epidemiologic risk factors for HIV infection among PDAs in a low-prevalence area
      is useful in identification of seropositive drug abusers and is crucial in
      designing educational interventional strategies to interrupt viral transmission.

PMID- 2402667
TI  - Challenges ahead.

PMID- 2402668
TI  - Serodiagnosis of human paragonimiasis caused by Paragonimus heterotremus.
AB  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect hemagglutination tests
      (IHA) were evaluated for serodiagnosis of human paragonimiasis caused by
      Paragonimus heterotremus using homologous adult worm extract as antigen. IgG
      ELISA was the most sensitive, being positive in all paragonimiasis sera tested
      while IHA and IgA-ELISA gave 88% and 59% positive rates respectively. Cross
      reactivity in IgG-ELISA was detected with fascioliasis sera, producing overall
      assay specificity of 97%. It is suggested that IgG-ELISA is a reliable
      serodiagnostic test for human paragonimiasis caused by Paragonimus heterotremus.

PMID- 2402669
TI  - Surface ultrastructure of newly excysted metacercariae of Paragonimus
      heterotremus.
AB  - The newly excysted metacercariae of P. heterotremus were examined by scanning
      electron microscopy (SEM). Large dome-shaped papillae, small ones with a pit, and
      small ones with a smooth surface were observed around the suckers. The number of
      the small dome-shaped papillae with a pit was about 30 around the oral sucker and
      that of the small ones with a smooth surface varied from 9 to 13 around the
      ventral sucker. The present report is the first record of excysted metacercariae
      of P. heterotremus examined by SEM.

PMID- 2402670
TI  - Prevalence of hepatitis-B surface antigen in the pregnant women of Brunei
      Darussalam.
AB  - In view of the high incidence of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B
      virus (HBV), routine screening of pregnant at antenatal clinic and vaccination of
      the newborn has become a common practice throughout the world. The prevalence of
      HBsAg in pregnant women of Brunei Darussalam was assessed. Of 1,267 pregnant
      women who attended the antenatal clinic of Suri Seri Begawan Hospital, Kuala
      Belait, the overall prevalence of HBsAg was 3.2% with significant differences in
      various ethnic groups (p less than 0.05). Malays, who form the major ethnic group
      had the lowest rate of 1.9%.

PMID- 2402671
TI  - Prevalence and seasonal variation of enterobiasis in children of Iraq.

PMID- 2402673
TI  - Preliminary field evaluation of a Malaysian isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis
      serotype H-14 against Culex pseudovishnui.

PMID- 2402672
TI  - An investigation of possible neurotoxicity of diospyrol, the active principle of
      Diospyros mollis (Maklua), using Stypandra imbricata (blindgrass)-induced
      blindness as a model.

PMID- 2402674
TI  - Human activities leading to contact with water in a schistosomiasis endemic area,
      southwest Saudi Arabia: preliminary observations.

PMID- 2402675
TI  - Non-01 Vibrio cholerae septicemia: a case report.

PMID- 2402676
TI  - A breast mass caused by gnathostomiasis: brief report of a case.

PMID- 2402677
TI  - Specific DNA probe for the sensitive detection of Trypanosoma evansi.
AB  - Trypanosoma evansi is the parasitic protozoon that causes "Surra", a wasting
      disease of domestic animals. Detection of T. evansi plays an important role in
      epidemiology and animal health. DNA probes were constructed from T. evansi
      genomic DNA and kinetoplast DNA for sensitive detection of the parasite in
      infected blood. A 6.5 kb DNA insert of pMUT ec6 plasmid derived from the genomic
      DNA of T. evansi Npl isolate, selected from 575 recombinant E. coli exhibited the
      strongest nucleic acid hybridization signal to the T. evansi DNA. Using as the
      DNA probe, pMUT ec6 could detect as little as 60 pg T. evansi DNA and it did not
      hybridize to the DNA of cattle, waterbuffalo and two related blood parasites. A
      simple detection procedure by spotting 10 microliters infected blood onto nylon
      membrane could sense as little as 1000 parasites. The kinetoplast DNA was cloned
      in E. coli and found to show a comparable sensitivity to that of the pMUT ec6.
      However, the kinetoplast DNA exhibited variation in copy number among parasite
      isolates thus pMUT ec6 should be the DNA probe of choice for sensitive detection
      of T. evansi.

PMID- 2402679
TI  - Failure to induce resistance of Schistosoma japonicum to praziquantel.
AB  - In order to explore the possible occurrence of inducing resistance of Schistosoma
      japonicum to praziquantel (PZQ), a set of animal experiments were carried out.
      Outbred mice (NIH strain), Anhui isolates of S. japonicum and Oncomelania
      hupensis were used. In one protocol five weeks after being infected with 48-52
      cercariae, mice were orally dosed with PZQ 300 mg/kg, and killed 82 days later to
      isolate eggs from the liver. Snails were exposed to miracidia released from egg
      hatching. F1 progeny were thus obtained through cercarial inoculation. The same
      scheme was applied for the establishment of the F2 generation. In another
      protocol two weeks after infection, PZQ 50 mg/kg/day was given to mice for 5
      days. Eggs were collected 26-27 days post treatment and the identical procedures
      were adopted for F1 and F2 generations successively. Analysis of total worm and
      female worm reduction rates indicated that there was no significant difference
      between the sensitivity to PZQ of F1 and F2 progenies of S. japonicum and the
      parent worms.

PMID- 2402678
TI  - Relative potency of lambdacyhalothrin and cypermethrin applied as thermal fogs
      for the control of houseflies (Musca domestica) and mosquitos (Aedes aegypti).
AB  - Two highly active synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, lambdacyhalothrin and
      cypermethrin, were evaluated as thermal fogs against houseflies (Musca domestica
      Linnaeus) and mosquitos (Aedes aegypti Linnaeus). Lambdacyhalothrin (OMS 3021)
      showed an average of 2.5 times more knockdown activity and over 5 times more
      adulticidal activity than cypermethrin against Musca domestica and Aedes aegypti.
      These results demonstrate that lambdacyhalothrin is highly effective at very low
      rates as a thermal fog against Ae. aegypti and M. domestica. Commercially
      available formulations of 2.5% and 5% lambdacyhalothrin can be diluted either
      with water for ULV cold aerosol space-spraying or with diesel/kerosene for
      thermal fogging at recommended application rates of 0.5-1 g ai/ha for mosquito
      control and 2 g ai/ha for housefly control. Due to the very low rates of
      application, formulated products of lambdacyhalothrin are unlikely to present any
      acute hazards in normal use. The low dosages required to bring about rapid
      control of houseflies and mosquitos make this new pyrethroid insecticide
      particularly cost-effective. Coupled with its good residual activity (Jutsum et
      al, 1984), lambdacyhalothrin can be adopted as a powerful tool in integrated pest
      management program for the control of medically important pests and vectors.

PMID- 2402680
TI  - Tussive presentation in cervicomedullary junction malformations.
AB  - Two adult patients with craniocervical junction malformations presented with
      tussive symptom onset. These patients had acute onset of permanent neurologic
      symptoms. One patient had basilar invagination with tonsilar herniation and the
      second, a Type 1 Arnold-Chiari malformation with cord widening. Possible
      mechanisms include: 1) external compression of cervicomedullary structures by
      posterior fossa tissue that had descended through the foramen magnum secondary to
      increased intracranial pressure, and 2) parenchymal shear stress secondary to
      this caudal repositioning of these structures.

PMID- 2402681
TI  - Posttraumatic atlanto-axial subluxation and myelopathy. Efficacy of anterior
      decompression.
AB  - Compression of the neuraxis may occur after displaced fractures of the dens.
      Nonunion or malunion increases the risk of developing neurologic complications
      because of the resulting atlanto-axial instability. Posterior decompression has
      generally been the surgical solution to myelopathy at this level. Two patients
      with cervical myelopathy due to displaced ununited dens fractures were treated
      with posterior fossa decompression and high cervical laminectomy. Both patients
      deteriorated after the surgery. Most of their neurologic deficits finally
      resolved after microsurgical transoral decompression (by resection of the dens).
      In those patients in whom atlanto-axial instability causes primarily anterior
      compression of the neuraxis, especially by a bony lesion, decompression
      posteriorly may not achieve the desired effect, and, instead, may cause a
      deterioration in the patient's condition. Anterior atlanto-axial subluxation
      effectively lengthens the bony spinal canal, which results in stretching of the
      relatively inelastic spinal cord over the bony deformity. If indirect methods of
      reduction fail to relieve the condition, then anterior transoral decompression is
      recommended.

PMID- 2402682
TI  - Cervical zygapophyseal joint pain patterns. I: A study in normal volunteers.
AB  - The pain patterns evoked by stimulation of normal cervical zygapophyseal joints
      were determined in five volunteers. Under fluoroscopic control, joints at
      segments C2-3 to C6-7 were stimulated by distending the joint capsule with
      injections of contrast medium. Each joint produced a clinically distinguishable,
      characteristic pattern of pain, which enabled the construction of pain charts
      that putatively could be of value in determining the segmental location of
      symptomatic joints in patients presenting with cervical zygapophyseal pain.

PMID- 2402683
TI  - Cervical zygapophyseal joint pain patterns. II: A clinical evaluation.
AB  - To test the predictive value of segmental pain charts, ten patients with
      suspected cervical zygapophyseal pain were studied. Their pain distribution was
      recorded on a body diagram, and using pain charts derived from studies on normal
      volunteers, predictions were made by two observers of the segmental location of
      the symptomatic joint. Correct predictions were made in all nine patients who
      were shown to have symptomatic joints on the basis of diagnostic joint blocks.
      The results vindicate the accuracy of pain charts for predicting the segmental
      location of symptomatic joints in patients with cervical joint pain.

PMID- 2402684
TI  - MRI diagnosis of tuberculous vertebral osteomyelitis.
AB  - Two patients with suspected tuberculous spondylitis and one patient with previous
      Pott's disease were evaluated preoperatively with magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI). The MRI provided more exact anatomic localization of vertebral and
      paravertebral tuberculous abscesses in multiple planes not previously available
      with more conventional diagnostic methods in the patients with suspected
      tuberculous spondylitis. This was helpful for localization in planning of
      surgical approaches. In the patient with previous Pott's disease, spinal cord
      compression was detected using MRI, which showed no evidence of active
      tuberculosis. Two case reports are offered to show the benefit of using MRI as a
      diagnostic technique in preoperative evaluation and as a method of monitoring
      treatment response of tuberculous spondylitis. The third case shows the benefit
      of using MRI to rule out active infection and to detect other forms of spinal
      pathology.

PMID- 2402685
TI  - Transient neurologic deficits associated with thoracic and lumbar spine trauma
      without fracture or dislocation.
AB  - Two categories of persistent posttraumatic neurologic deficits of the spinal cord
      without evidence of a spinal fracture or dislocation have been described
      previously. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCI-WORA) is
      seen in children. In the elderly, hyperextension injuries causing neurologic
      deficits without bony injury have also been described. The purpose of this report
      is to review mechanisms by which transient neurologic deficits occur in the
      absence of bony disruption. The authors describe four cases in which transient
      neurologic deficits occurred after blunt trauma to the thoracic or lumbar spine.
      Their experience indicates that, when neurologic deficits after trauma occur
      without fracture or dislocation, there is often an underlying structural
      susceptibility of the axial skeleton.

PMID- 2402686
TI  - A biomechanical investigation of short segment spinal fixation for burst
      fractures with varying degrees of posterior disruption.
AB  - A biomechanical study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Fixateur
      Interne pedicle screw system and the Syracuse I-Plate anterior fixation system. A
      total of 12 fresh frozen cadaver spines were tested intact, after burst fracture
      was created and application of a fixation device (six each), and after six serial
      transections of posterior ligaments and bony structures. Spines were loaded to a
      maximum of 10 N-m in flexion, extension, left and right lateral bending, and
      clockwise and counter-clockwise rotation. Results indicate that both systems
      reduce spinal flexibility in flexion, extension, and lateral bend loading when
      used to reduce and fix a classic burst fracture without posterior disruption. No
      decrease in flexibility was found in axial rotation for either device. After
      transection of all posterior elements, the I-Plate construct became much more
      flexible than the intact spine in flexion, extension, and axial rotation loading.
      The internal fixator construct retained more stability than the I-Plate construct
      after transection of posterior elements in flexion and extension loading, but was
      considerably more flexible than the intact spine in axial rotation loading. The
      results imply that the posterior internal fixator provides much better
      stabilization than the anterior I-Plate for those cases in which there is a large
      amount of posterior disruption in addition to an anterior burst injury. Neither
      device provides extensive support in axial rotation loading.

PMID- 2402687
TI  - Long-term lumbar facet joint changes in spinal fracture patients treated with
      Harrington rods.
AB  - Reports in the literature have questioned the practice of using Harrington
      distraction rods spanning unfused spinal segments for internal fixation of the
      fractured thoracolumbar spine. However, the long-term incidence of facet joint
      osteoarthritis has not been reported. This is the report on a retrospective
      analysis of 20 of these patients with an average follow-up period of 8.0 years.
      Eighty-five percent of the patients received a classification of good to
      excellent regarding back pain and 90% returned to their preinjury occupation. Of
      significance, of 75 lumbar facets traversed by rods but not fused, only two were
      classified as "closed" or autofused. It remains to be seen if some pedicular
      systems are superior to this technique in trained hands. However, multisegmental
      instrumentation with unisegmental fusion is possible without obtaining the severe
      osteoarthritic changes that animal studies have demonstrated.

PMID- 2402688
TI  - Surgical treatment for paraplegia resulting from vertebral fractures in senile
      osteoporosis.
AB  - Seven extremely rare cases of paraplegia secondary to senile osteoporotic
      vertebral compression fractures were treated by posterior decompression followed
      by Harrington rod stabilization. This approach not only ensures more satisfactory
      decompression, but also facilitates early mobilization and rehabilitation. The
      follow-up period ranged from 1 year to 3 years, 3 months (average, 24.7 months);
      in all seven cases a substantial overall improvement was achieved. This report
      demonstrates that an osteoporotic vertebral body fracture can cause a cord
      compression, and emphasizes the effectiveness and importance of early surgical
      treatment.

PMID- 2402689
TI  - Risk for occupational low-back injury after lumbar laminectomy for degenerative
      disc disease.
AB  - Thirty-two Postal Service applicants who had undergone laminectomies were
      classified as low risk for back injury after preplacement examinations and were
      subsequently hired for employment. Each was compared with six control subjects,
      who were matched by age, gender, date of hire, and job classification. The odds
      ratios for occupational back injury with 95% confidence intervals were 5.9 (1.9
      18.8) overall and 9.1 (1.5-73.8) for letter carriers. Of subjects, 25% were
      injured, compared with 6% of controls. The median elapsed time between surgery
      and hire was 5.9 years for injured subjects and 6.8 years for uninjured subjects.
      A rank sum test comparing the elapsed times of the two groups was not significant
      (P = 0.30). Postal workers are at increased risk for back injury after
      laminectomy. The risk does not appear to decrease with increased time since
      surgery.

PMID- 2402690
TI  - Effect of lumbar traction on stature.
AB  - Ten subjects were given lumbar traction for each of three time periods. Traction
      forces of one third of body weight were used. Stature was measured before and
      after traction and before and after three control periods of crook lying (lying
      supine with the knees flexed at 90 degrees and the feet resting on the traction
      table). ANOVA was used to test the hypotheses that traction and time in traction
      were significantly related to stature increase. Traction had significant effects
      on stature. The mean stature increase was 8.94 mm after 25 minutes traction
      compared with 3.33 mm after 25 minutes crook lying. Time in traction also had
      significant effects on stature increase which was most rapid during the first 15
      minutes of traction. These findings can be related to the use of stature
      measurement as an index of spinal loading and the possible implications for
      treatment. However, since only healthy, young subjects were used and only one
      magnitude of traction was applied, the findings should be interpreted with
      caution. Further investigations would overcome these limitations.

PMID- 2402691
TI  - Comparison of high-resolution computed tomography with discography in the
      evaluation of lumbar disc herniations.
AB  - After failure of conservative treatment, 100 patients with symptoms suggestive of
      lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) but without objective deficits were
      investigated both by high-resolution CT (without intravenous or intrathecal
      contrast) and by discography. The L4-L5 and L5-S1 discs were investigated by both
      techniques in all patients. In addition, the L3-L4 disc was investigated in 20
      patients. The 220 investigated discs were sorted out into 6 CT categories
      according to morphologic and technical criteria. They were also classified into 3
      discographic groups according to morphologic and clinical criteria. Based on
      morphologic considerations alone, the false-negative CT rates varied from 0 to
      64% and the false-positive rates varied from 0 to 19%, depending on the category
      under consideration. Based on both morphologic and clinical consideration, the
      false-negative CT rates varied from 34 to 57% and the false-positive CT rates
      varied from 23 to 50%. Thus, high-resolution CT does not constitute an adequate
      means of investigation for this category of patients and discography appears
      justified before considering any form of radical therapy.

PMID- 2402692
TI  - Far lateral lumbar disc herniations and associated structural abnormalities. An
      evaluation in 60 patients of the comparative value of CT, MRI, and myelo-CT in
      diagnosis and management.
AB  - The management of 60 patients with far lateral lumbar disc herniations operated
      on over a 5-year period are presented. These lesions were located superiorly
      within the neural foramens beneath or distal to the facet joints. The type of
      surgery performed in 43 of 60 (72%) of these patients was significantly altered
      by the presence of diffuse and lateral recess stenosis. This was better
      appreciated on the myelogram and myelo-CT (M-CT) studies than with the
      noncontrast CT and MRI examinations alone. Myelo-CT findings were particularly
      valuable in assessing patients who had previous surgical procedures.

PMID- 2402693
TI  - A prospective study of nerve root infiltration in the diagnosis of sciatica. A
      comparison with radiculography, computed tomography, and operative findings.
AB  - Fifty nerve root infiltration studies were evaluated prospectively in a
      consecutive series of 50 patients referred to the Sheffield Problem Back Clinic
      with complicated back problems. All were over 35 years of age (mean, 51 years).
      Ten (20%) demonstrated abnormal segmentation of the lumbar spine. Sixteen (32%)
      had undergone previous surgery. Before nerve root infiltration all patients were
      investigated by radiculography and computed tomography. Nerve root infiltration
      identified two types of response. In 20 patients, infiltration reproduced the
      symptomatic pain, which then was abolished by local anesthetic--the positive
      result. These patients were considered suitable for surgery. One patient in this
      group had spontaneous resolution of pain and thus did not undergo operative
      treatment. In 30 patients, infiltration did not reproduce the symptomatic pain
      regardless of the level studied, or only partially reproduced the pain at two or
      more levels--the negative result. Radiculography and computed tomography in these
      patients also was inconsistent. This group were considered unsuitable for
      surgery. In those patients undergoing surgical decompression, nerve root
      infiltration correctly identified the symptomatic level in 18 of the 19. Computed
      tomography and radiculography identified the level in 14 and 12 patients,
      respectively.

PMID- 2402694
TI  - Myeloscopic study on lumbar spinal canal stenosis with special reference to
      intermittent claudication.
AB  - Twenty-five cases of lumbar spinal canal stenosis were investigated by dynamic
      myeloscopy to explain the pathophysiologic mechanism of intermittent
      claudication, one of the characteristic signs of the disorder. Myeloscopic
      examination revealed that, in accordance with postural alteration, the diameter
      of blood vessels on the cauda equinae showed significant changes in many patients
      in the stenosis group, but showed no changes in control group. In this series, it
      was suggested that the microcirculatory disturbance of vessels on cauda equinae
      might play an important role in the development of intermittent claudication.

PMID- 2402695
TI  - Effects of sodium hyaluronate on peridural fibrosis after lumbar laminotomy and
      discectomy.
AB  - Sodium hyaluronate, 1.9% solution, was evaluated for its ability to retard
      peridural fibrosis after unilateral lumbar hemilaminotomy, anular fenestration,
      and nuclectomy in dogs. Three materials: fat grafts, gelfoam, and sodium
      hyaluronate, were compared with empty controls for their ability to inhibit
      peridural fibrosis. Each dog served as his own internal control and the formation
      of fibrosis was evaluated at 2, 4, 12, and 26 weeks. Sodium hyaluronate was found
      to inhibit fibrosis more than the other materials on both a macroscopic and
      microscopic level. The area of fibrosis and tenacity of the adhesions on
      dissection were notably less in the sodium hyaluronate group. Microscopically,
      the thickness of collagen and number of fibroblasts were decreased with the use
      of 1.9% sodium hyaluronate. The peridural fibrosis occurred equally both
      anteriorly and posteriorly to the nerve roots and correlated with the area of
      surgical dissection. Fat grafts were not effective in preventing fibrosis
      anteriorly, especially in the region of the exiting nerve roots. Gelfoam did not
      inhibit but actually appeared to increase fibrosis formation. Interposition
      materials currently used in humans to prevent scar formation such as gelfoam and
      fat grafts have only addressed the posterior scar formation, which do little to
      alter the fibrosis anteriorly. The adhesions between the nerve root and the
      anulus fibrosus bind the nerve root down anteriorly, making it more vulnerable to
      recurrent disc herniation. Sodium hyaluronate, 1.9% solution, with its viscous
      semifluid properties, coats the nerve roots and dura anteriorly and
      posteriorly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402696
TI  - The contribution of the dorsal and ventral roots of the tibial nerve in the
      propagation of the spinal somatosensory evoked potential in cats.
AB  - This study employed selective unilateral dorsal and ventral rhizotomy to examine
      the contribution of both the dorsal and ventral roots of the tibial nerve in the
      induction of the spinal somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) in the cat. The
      spinal roots of origin of the tibial nerve in the cat were determined by
      retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Spinal roots L6, L7, and S1
      were found to give rise to the cat tibial nerve. Physiologic monitoring showed
      that the dorsal roots at these levels primarily contribute to the induction of
      the SSEP, but the ventral roots also make a small contribution. Because bilateral
      tibial nerve stimulation was found to mask a root injury on one side, we
      recommend sequential unilateral peripheral nerve stimulation when using SSEP
      during operations on the spine.

PMID- 2402697
TI  - The effects of freezing or freeze-drying on the biomechanical properties of the
      canine intervertebral disc.
AB  - The transplantation of spinal allografts to correct defects that include disc,
      body, or segments of both is currently under experimental investigation. A method
      of graft preservation that will least compromise the biomechanical integrity of
      the bodies or discs is required. Using a five-mode biomechanical analysis, the
      authors compared the change in stiffness of ten preserved canine spines. The
      freeze-dried specimens lost a significantly greater amount of stiffness in
      compression, flexion, extension, and torsion than did the frozen specimens.
      Therefore, from a biomechanical viewpoint, deep-freezing is superior to freeze
      drying for spinal allograft preservation.

PMID- 2402698
TI  - Lumbosacral segmental motion in normal individuals. Have we been measuring
      instability properly?
AB  - The utility or futility of flexion-extension radiographs in the diagnosis of
      lumbar spine segmental instability is a controversial issue. Previous
      investigations have reported a large range of normal motion and a significant
      overlap of symptomatic and asymptomatic motion patterns. The authors' goal was to
      define normal lumbosacral motion in vivo using ordinary weight-bearing lateral
      flexion-extension radiographs from 40 volunteers without the use of computers or
      special X-ray equipment. Calculation of dynamic vertebral translation, defined as
      the change in relative position from flexion to extension, provided a more
      accurate assessment of vertebral motion than measurement of static displacement
      on a flexion or extension view alone. Normal lumbar vertebral levels should have
      less than 3.0 mm of dynamic anteroposterior (AP) translation (less than 8% of
      vertebral body width). Although 42% of the normal subjects had at least one level
      with a static olisthesis greater than 3.0 mm in either flexion or extension, only
      5% had a dynamic AP translation greater than 3.0 mm. These data have suggested
      that the previously reported large range of motion and frequency of overlap
      between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients may be significantly decreased
      (eightfold) by calculating dynamic motion, rather than static vertebral
      positions. The authors believe these data will provide the basis for reassessment
      of flexion-extension radiography in the diagnosis of lumbar spine instability.

PMID- 2402699
TI  - A transducer for measuring motion within a vertebra.
AB  - Accurate in vitro evaluation of the efficacy of spinal instrumentation devices
      requires specialized equipment. A displacement transducer that directly measures
      motion at the fracture site has been designed. Data are processed on-line by
      computer. Tests using an earlier photographic technique simultaneously with the
      transducer show the new method to be more accurate and reliable and the results
      more readily available. Application of the transducer for monitoring fracture
      creation and end-cap purchase is also shown.

PMID- 2402700
TI  - Lumbar spinal fusion. Assessment of functional stability with magnetic resonance
      imaging.
AB  - Segmental spinal instability was evaluated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging,
      computed tomography (CT), and conventional radiography in 33 patients who had
      undergone surgical spinal fusion. In 16 of the 19 patients who had a diagnosis of
      solid fusion, the immobilized vertebral bodies demonstrated areas of high signal
      intensity on images with short repetition time (TR) and echo time (TE). The
      signal intensity of these areas was either less intense or normal on images with
      long TR and TE. In 10 of the 14 patients with segmental instability at the fusion
      site, subchondral vertebral bands of low signal intensity were shown on short
      TR/TE images, which demonstrated high signal intensity on long TR/TE images. All
      but two of the patients showed vertebral signal changes 12 or more months past
      fusion or onset of clinical symptoms. The vertebral MR signal intensity in solid
      lumbar fusions might be related to marrow composition changes resulting from
      decreased biomechanical stress, while the vertebral signal intensities in
      patients with unstable fusions might be related to reparative granulation tissue,
      inflammation, edema, and hyperemic changes. Magnetic resonance imaging appears to
      be unique in its assessment of functional fusion stability. Magnetic resonance
      may be most useful in patients symptomatic of fusion pseudarthrosis in whom
      conventional radiography and CT fail to demonstrate anatomic disruption.

PMID- 2402701
TI  - Traumatic atlanto-occipital instability. A case report with follow-up and a new
      diagnostic technique.

PMID- 2402702
TI  - Contralateral pedicle stress fracture. An unusual complication of laminectomy.

PMID- 2402703
TI  - Late fracture through an interbody lumbar fusion. A case report.

PMID- 2402704
TI  - Epidural abscess following septic arthritis in a rheumatoid patient. A case
      report.

PMID- 2402705
TI  - Intrasacral meningocele in a patient with Marfan syndrome. Case report.

PMID- 2402706
TI  - Women beneficiaries aged 62 or older, 1960-88.

PMID- 2402707
TI  - Current operating statistics.

PMID- 2402708
TI  - Gastrointestinal immunopathology.

PMID- 2402709
TI  - [Danish nurses in the lead for humanitarian activities].

PMID- 2402710
TI  - [Where are you, little one?].

PMID- 2402711
TI  - [Survival model].

PMID- 2402712
TI  - [AIDS is not a disease to be hushed up].

PMID- 2402713
TI  - [Man means more than life. Interview by Jette Kingod].

PMID- 2402714
TI  - [Julia Voldan's diet cannot be recommended].

PMID- 2402715
TI  - [We should send white busses for the Rumanian children].

PMID- 2402716
TI  - [Chaos in disaster preparedness. Interview by Anne Brockenhuus-Schack].

PMID- 2402717
TI  - [Chocolate sauce].

PMID- 2402718
TI  - [Education. Common footsteps].

PMID- 2402719
TI  - Relation of ventilatory impairment and of chronic mucus hypersecretion to
      mortality from obstructive lung disease and from all causes.
AB  - The relation of ventilatory impairment and chronic mucus hypersecretion to death
      from all causes and death from obstructive lung disease (chronic bronchitis,
      emphysema and asthma) was studied in 13,756 men and women randomly selected from
      the general population of the City of Copenhagen. During the 10 year follow up
      2288 subjects died. In 164 subjects obstructive lung disease was considered to be
      an underlying or a contributory cause of death (obstructive lung disease related
      death); in 73 subjects it was considered to be the underlying cause of death
      (obstructive lung disease death). Forced expiratory volume in one second,
      expressed as a percentage of the predicted value (FEV1% pred), and the presence
      of chronic phlegm were used to characterise ventilatory function and chronic
      mucus hypersecretion respectively. For mortality analysis the proportional
      hazards regression model of Cox was used; it included age, sex, pack years,
      inhalation habit, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and the presence or
      absence of asthma, heart disease, and diabetes mellitus as confounding factors.
      By comparison with subjects with an FEV1 of 80% pred or more, subjects with an
      FEV1 below 40% pred had increased risk of dying from all causes (relative risk
      (RR) = 5.0 for women, 2.7 for men), a higher risk of obstructive lung disease
      related death (RR = 57 for women, 34 for men), and a higher risk of obstructive
      lung disease death (RR = 101 for women, 77 for men). Chronic mucus hypersecretion
      was associated with only a slightly higher risk of death from all causes (RR =
      1.1 for women, 1.3 for men). The association between chronic mucus hypersecretion
      and obstructive lung disease death varied with the level of ventilatory function,
      being weak in subjects with normal ventilatory function (for an FEV1 of 80% pred
      the RR was 1.2), but more pronounced in subjects with reduced ventilatory
      function (for an FEV1 of 40% pred the RR was 4.2). A similar though statistically
      non-significant trend was observed with regard to obstructive lung disease
      related death. This study shows that impaired lung function is very strongly
      related to total mortality, obstructive lung disease related mortality, and
      obstructive lung disease mortality and suggests that chronic mucus
      hypersecretion, in those with impaired ventilatory function, is also a
      significant risk factor for death from obstructive lung disease.

PMID- 2402720
TI  - Distribution of arterial lesions and collateral pathways in the pulmonary
      hypertension of congenital heart disease: a computer aided reconstruction study.
AB  - Three dimensional computer aided reconstructions of pulmonary vessels were used
      to investigate the distribution of vascular changes and the formation of
      collateral channels in 11 patients with congenital heart disease. In the patients
      with less severe grades of hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease obstructive
      changes were unevenly distributed, whereas in those with disease of grade 4 or
      more distribution became more even. Plexiform lesions occurred rather more
      frequently in supernumerary arteries arising laterally from a large parent
      vessel, whereas cellular or fibrous intimal thickening tended to affect
      dichotomous branches at the periphery. Hypertensive changes were confined to
      arteries of 100-150 microns diameter running along the necks of acini. Various
      types of collateral channels were found. In particular, the reconstructions
      suggest that pulmonary arterial blood at high pressure could flow into bronchial
      arteries via proximal bronchopulmonary arterial anastomoses, and thence by way of
      dilatation lesions to the alveolar capillaries.

PMID- 2402721
TI  - Assessment of the right ventricle by magnetic resonance imaging in chronic
      obstructive lung disease.
AB  - Right ventricular wall and chamber volume were measured by magnetic resonance
      imaging in 16 patients with stable chronic obstructive lung disease who
      subsequently underwent measurement of pulmonary haemodynamics by right heart
      catheterisation. The patients had a forced expiratory volume in one second of 0.7
      (SD 0.3) litres, a forced vital capacity of 2.4 (1.0) l, an arterial oxygen
      tension (PaO2) of 6.5 (1.3) kPa, an arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) of
      6.5 (1.0) kPa, and a mean pulmonary arterial pressure 30 (10) mm Hg. The mean
      right ventricular free wall volume was 57.1 (22.6) cm3, compared with a mean
      value of 115.0 (44.3) cm3 for the left ventricle and interventricular septal
      volume. The right ventricular chamber volume at end systole was 44.8 (23.4) cm3,
      whereas the left ventricular end systolic chamber volume was 51.1 (35.1) cm3. The
      right ventricular free wall volume correlated with the right ventricular chamber
      volume (r = 0.71), systolic (r = 0.74) and mean (r = 0.72) pulmonary arterial
      pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance (r = 0.67), and PaCO2 (r = 0.56). There
      was no significant correlation between the right ventricular free wall volume and
      PaO2 or the right ventricular ejection fraction, measured by radionuclide
      ventriculography. Assessment of the right ventricle by magnetic resonance imaging
      may help to better define patients with cor pulmonable and assess the long term
      effects of treatment in such patients.

PMID- 2402722
TI  - Vertical gradients of lung density in supine subjects with fibrosing alveolitis
      or pulmonary emphysema.
AB  - Computed tomography was used to determine the vertical gradient of density in the
      peripheral lung tissue of 12 patients with histologically proved fibrosing
      alveolitis and 12 patients with chronic bronchitis and evidence of pulmonary
      emphysema on the computed tomograms. Measurements were made at total lung
      capacity and at residual volume and compared with similar measurements from 12
      normal subjects reported in a previous study. At residual volume the mean
      peripheral tissue density in the emphysematous lungs was 0.081 kg/l compared with
      0.426 kg/l in the fibrotic lungs and 0.323 kg/l in the normal lungs. The observed
      densities in the three groups were compared with those in a theoretical model
      predicting the vertical changes of lung density caused by gravitational effects
      that would be found in lungs with differing compliance. The emphysematous lungs
      showed a much greater increase of density with descent down the lung than that
      predicted for normal lungs, and the results were explicable by an increase in
      compliance. The fibrotic lungs showed considerably less change in density than
      expected, implying loss of compliance. It is suggested that local changes of
      compliance are important determinants of vertical density gradients in diseased
      lungs.

PMID- 2402723
TI  - Evidence for protein oedema, neutrophil influx, and enhanced collagen production
      in lungs of patients with systemic sclerosis.
AB  - Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with systemic sclerosis was analysed
      for evidence of pulmonary vascular leakage, inflammatory cell influx, and
      enhanced type III collagen synthesis. Eighteen patients with systemic sclerosis
      and computed tomographic evidence of fibrosing alveolitis were compared with 16
      patients with a normal scan. The albumin concentration in lavage fluid was higher
      in all patients than in normal volunteers. Patients with an abnormal computed
      tomogram as a group had increased proportions of all inflammatory cell types,
      whereas those with a normal scan had increased neutrophils only. Increased lavage
      type III procollagen peptides were found in all patients with an abnormal
      computed tomogram and eight of those with a normal scan. These results suggest
      that pulmonary vascular leakage and neutrophil influx may be early pathological
      features of lung disease in systemic sclerosis and frequently associated with
      enhanced collagen production. Thus lavage of patients with systemic sclerosis may
      identify lung inflammation and altered collagen metabolism early in the evolution
      of fibrosing alveolitis.

PMID- 2402724
TI  - Pulmonary function in healthy young adult Indians in Madras.
AB  - Forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, functional
      residual capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, and single breath
      diffusing capacity measurements (effective alveolar volume, carbon monoxide
      transfer factor, and transfer coefficient) were measured in 247 young healthy
      adults (130 male, 117 female) aged 15-40 years living in Madras. Subjects were of
      Dravidian stock, living at sea level with rice as their staple diet. Regression
      equations were derived for men and women for predicting normal pulmonary function
      for young adults in South India. The values were similar to those reported for
      subjects from Western India and lower than those reported for North Indians and
      caucasians.

PMID- 2402726
TI  - Peak expiratory flow at altitude.
AB  - The mini Wright peak flow meter is a useful, portable instrument for field
      studies but being sensitive to air density will under-read at altitude. True peak
      expiratory flow will increase at altitude, however, because of the decreased air
      density, given that dynamic resistance is unchanged. The effect of simulated
      altitude on peak expiratory flow (PEF) was determined in six subjects with both
      the mini Wright meter and a volumetric spirometer (which is unaffected by air
      density). With increasing altitude PEF as measured by the spirometer increased
      linearly with decreasing pressure, so that at a barometric pressure of 380 mm Hg*
      (half an atmosphere, corresponding to an altitude of 5455 m) there was a 20%
      increase over sea level values. The mini Wright flow meter gave readings 6% below
      sea level values for this altitude--that is, under-reading by 26%. Measurements
      of PEF made at altitude with the mini Wright meter should be corrected by adding
      6.6% per 100 mm Hg drop in barometric pressure.

PMID- 2402725
TI  - Prospective study of the yield of physical examination compared with chest
      radiography in penetrating thoracic trauma.
AB  - A prospective study was conducted on 102 patients (84 male), with a median age of
      27 years, who had sustained a penetrating chest wound to evaluate the ability of
      physical examination in comparison with chest radiography to determine management
      of these injuries. Knife wounds accounted for 92% of the injuries. Fifty three
      patients had a small collection of air or fluid in their pleural cavity that was
      not drained. Fifty six hemithoraces had a large collection of fluid or air and
      were treated by tube thoracostomy. Physical examination at presentation detected
      large collections of air and fluid correctly and predicted appropriate management
      (sensitivity 96%, specificity 94%). Residual collections of air or fluid or both
      were also predicted correctly by clinical examination. Seven small collections
      increased in size and required intubation. Routine pre-extubation radiographs
      were found to be of little value in management and their routine use is not
      recommended. Four patients required late thoracotomy for decortication. By using
      a policy of selective intubation, frequent clinical reassessment, and chest
      radiography when relevant, experienced trauma surgeons can manage most
      penetrating pleural injuries with an acceptably low complication rate.

PMID- 2402727
TI  - Effect of forced expirations on mucus clearance in patients with chronic airflow
      obstruction: effect of lung recoil pressure.
AB  - Spontaneous mucus clearance and the effect of forced expirations and coughing on
      mucus clearance were investigated in eight patients with chronic airflow
      obstruction and low elastic recoil pressure (emphysema group: mean FEV1 45%
      predicted) and in seven patients with chronic airflow obstruction and normal
      elastic recoil pressure (chronic bronchitis group: mean FEV1 57% predicted).
      Mucus clearance was measured in a central and a peripheral lung region by a
      radioactive aerosol tracer technique. Spontaneous mucus clearance from the
      peripheral lung region was higher in the patients with emphysema than in those
      with chronic bronchitis. There was no difference in central mucus clearance
      between the two groups. Mucus clearance from the peripheral lung region increased
      significantly during forced expirations and coughing in the patients with chronic
      bronchitis but not in those with emphysema. It is concluded that in patients with
      chronic airflow obstruction and regular sputum production spontaneous peripheral
      mucus clearance is greater in those with decreased elastic recoil pressure.
      Physiotherapy that includes forced expirations and coughing can enhance mucus
      clearance in such patients when elastic recoil pressure is normal but is unlikely
      to be effective when elastic recoil pressure is decreased.

PMID- 2402728
TI  - Suitability of and tolerance to Iotrolan 300 in bronchography via the fibreoptic
      bronchoscope.
AB  - The contrast agent Iotrolan 300 has potential advantages for bronchography over
      previous agents in that it can be injected directly through the bronchoscope and
      it does not obscure bronchoscopic vision or interfere with further bronchoscopic
      procedures. It was used for selective bronchography in 20 patients with suspected
      bronchiectasis. Side effects and change in FEV1 and in arterial oxygen saturation
      were compared in these patients and in 14 patients undergoing bronchoscopy for
      suspected carcinoma. Thirteen of the 20 patients undergoing bronchography had
      side effects, mainly headache, nausea, and a feeling of heat or flushing. The
      fall in FEV1 at four hours (0.3 l) did not differ from the fall in the control
      group (0.1 l). The fall in arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) during bronchography
      (9.4%) did not differ significantly from the fall during bronchoscopy in the
      control group (6.1%). Iotrolan gave good quality bronchograms, which in all cases
      provided a diagnosis. Iotrolan appears to be suitable for bronchography by
      fibreoptic bronchoscope and to be well tolerated.

PMID- 2402729
TI  - Sex difference in the inhaled tartaric acid cough threshold in non-atopic healthy
      subjects.
AB  - The threshold for cough induced by inhaled tartaric acid was measured in 71 non
      atopic healthy volunteers. The cough threshold was lower in women than in men,
      which may be relevant to previous reports that angiotensin converting enzyme
      inhibitors induce cough more frequently in women than in men.

PMID- 2402730
TI  - Asymptomatic renal thoracic ectopia, pulmonary hypoplasia, and Bochdalek hernia.

PMID- 2402731
TI  - Staphylococcal pneumonia, pneumatoceles, and the toxic shock syndrome.
AB  - A case of community acquired staphylococcal pneumonia is reported with the
      unusual complication, in an adult, of multiple pneumatoceles. Recognition of this
      prevented inappropriate management. The patient also developed the toxic shock
      syndrome. In contrast to infants with pneumatoceles, recovery of lung function
      has been poor.

PMID- 2402732
TI  - Unilateral pulmonary oedema in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and
      severe narrowing of the left pulmonary artery.
AB  - A patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy developed unilateral right sided
      pulmonary oedema. Pulmonary angiography showed a proximal severe narrowing of the
      left pulmonary artery.

PMID- 2402733
TI  - Giant chondroma of the sternum mimicking a mediastinal mass.

PMID- 2402734
TI  - Case-control study of prescribed fenoterol and death from asthma in New Zealand,
      1977-81.

PMID- 2402735
TI  - Local anaesthesia for fibreoptic bronchoscopy.

PMID- 2402736
TI  - BCG vaccination of schoolchildren in England and Wales.

PMID- 2402737
TI  - Posture and nocturnal asthma.

PMID- 2402738
TI  - Fibrinolysis and fibrinogenolysis in disseminated intravascular coagulation.
AB  - In order to assess precisely the fibrinolytic state in disseminated intravascular
      coagulation (DIC), plasma levels of fibrinogenolysis products (FgDP),
      fibrinolysis products (FbDP) and fibrinogenolysis plus fibrinolysis products
      (TDP) were measured with newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based
      on monoclonal antibodies in 72 patients with DIC at presentation. Not only FbDP
      and TDP but also FgDP were markedly elevated in patients with DIC. When analyzed
      according to the underlying disease categories, the relative proportion of FgDP
      to TDP was high in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia and vascular
      diseases, and it was the lowest in patients with sepsis. Correlation analysis
      revealed that plasma levels of FgDP correlated negatively with alpha 2
      antiplasmin and positively with plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin complex (PAP) and a
      ratio of PAP to thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT). These findings indicate
      that besides fibrinolysis, fibrinogenolysis is markedly accelerated in the
      majority of the patients with DIC.

PMID- 2402739
TI  - The increased rate of activation of factor XII in late pregnancy can contribute
      to the increased reactivity of factor VII.
AB  - The amidolytic activity of enzymes derived from factor XII (XIIa) was 3-fold
      higher in plasmas collected during pregnancy than from control subjects. Factor
      VII coagulant activity (VIIc) and XIIa increased in both kinds of plasmas on
      incubation on ice for 24 h (cold activation). These increases could be attributed
      to the decreased potency of C1 inhibitor (C1INH). However, variations in the
      concentration of C1INH and of factor XII could not explain the differences in
      VIIc and in XIIa between late pregnancy and control plasmas following cold
      activation under the same conditions. It is concluded that in vitro the increased
      amount of contact surface in the late pregnancy plasma promotes a higher rate of
      generation of XIIa and consequently a higher rate of activation of factor VII.
      The increased amount of contact surface could also be responsible for the
      increased concentration of XIIa in non-treated plasma from late pregnancy and
      could contribute in vivo to the higher reactivity of factor VII in this
      condition.

PMID- 2402740
TI  - Non-occlusive bleeding times may improve the value of Ivy bleeding times.
AB  - The present studies measured bleeding times, without venous occlusion, in a
      series of patients, whose bleeding times (+ venostasis) consistently exceeded 20
      min. During these tests, the amount of blood loss (expressed as mg/min) was also
      quantitated. To allow comparison, normal controls were studied before and
      following aspirin ingestion. In normal controls, the mean standard Ivy bleeding
      time was 5.0 with a range of 2.5 to 7.5 min. Two hours after aspirin (650 mg),
      this increased to 7.3 min (range 4.0-12.0). For comparison, the non-occlusive
      bleeding time averaged 3.8 min (1.0-6.5) and after aspirin 5.3 min (2.5-11.5).
      The measured amount of blood loss was 5.0 mg/min (0-10.5 mg/min) under all of the
      above conditions. At the other extreme, patients with severe bone marrow failure
      had occluded and non-occluded bleeding times in excess of 20 min. Moreover, these
      were often associated with excess blood loss. By contrast, patients with "Ivy"
      values greater than 20 min in association with platelet counts greater than
      10,000/microliters had unpredictable bleeding parameters. In the latter group,
      the non-occluded values ranged from 1 to greater than 20 min. Of particular note,
      the non-occlusive times appeared to correlate with spontaneous bleeding
      manifestations. Only a rare patient (1/37), whose non-occluded value was less
      than 20 min, had worrisome bleeding. By contrast, serious bleeding manifestations
      were observed in 39% whose non-occluded value exceeded 20 min. This was even
      higher (64%) in those with a non-occluded value greater than 20 min and excess
      blood loss.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402741
TI  - Hereditary dysfunctional protein C molecules (type II): assay characterization
      and proposed classification.
AB  - Protein C (PC) deficiency is among the increasing number of recognized causes of
      hereditary thrombotic disease. Two types of PC deficiency have been described: 1)
      Type I, which is characterized by a concomitant decrease in PC activity and
      antigen, and 2) Type II, characterized by disproportionately low activity
      compared to antigen (i.e. a dysfunctional molecule). To date, only a small number
      of Type II patients have been described. This study was undertaken to evaluate a
      number of dysfunctional PC molecules by comparing PC clotting and amidolytic
      activities with antigen levels. For these studies, an automated PTT-based
      clotting PC assay was developed. This assay was sensitive to 1% of a normal
      plasma pool, specific, accurate, and reproducible (+/- 12%). A good correlation
      (r = 0.918) of the clotting activity to antigen was found in normal individuals
      and Type I heterozygous and homozygous patients. To classify Type II PC deficient
      patients, the antigen, amidolytic and clotting PC levels were compared in ten
      affected families. The clotting activities were decreased in all affected
      members, whereas the antigen levels were within the normal limits. In four of the
      10 families, the amidolytic activity was normal and similar to the antigen
      levels. This suggests that in certain families, defects in the PC molecule occur
      in regions not associated with amidolytic functions. From these studies, the
      molecular basis of Type II PC deficiency is varied and complex, involving
      different functional domains of the PC molecule. Therefore, we have suggested a
      nomenclature algorithm for Type II PC deficiency based on the location of the
      defect within the specific domains of the PC molecule.

PMID- 2402742
TI  - Diagnosis of protein C deficiency in patients on oral anticoagulant treatment:
      comparison of three different functional protein C assays.
AB  - The efficacy of three different protein C activity assays and of protein C
      antigen determination for the diagnosis of protein C deficiency was studied in 13
      protein C deficient patients (11 with type I, 2 with type II deficiency) and in
      51 presumably non-deficient patients (control group), both groups being on oral
      anticoagulant (OAC) treatment. For protein C activity measurement (1) the assay
      according to Francis (slightly modified) with thrombin activation and measurement
      of activated protein C in the aPTT system, (2) an assay using Protac activation
      and chromogenic substrate (Protac-CS) and (3) an assay using Protac activation
      and the aPTT system (Protac-PTT) were used. Protein C antigen was determined by
      Laurell immunoelectrophoresis. The three activity assays gave different results,
      with the highest values obtained by the Protac-CS assay and the lowest values by
      the Protac-PTT assay. The Francis assay gave intermediate results. Protein C
      activity and antigen values were significantly lower in protein C deficient
      patients compared to the control group. Protein C activity tests had a higher
      discriminative power than the antigen determination. After taking into account
      the intensity of treatment, by the Francis assay all deficient and non-deficient
      patients were correctly classified, by the Protac-CS and the Protac-PTT assay 2
      and 4 patients, respectively, were misclassified and by the antigen assay 8
      patients were misclassified. Calculation of the ratios of protein C activity to
      factor II activity was of high discriminative power. We conclude that for
      diagnosis of protein C deficiency protein C activity tests are superior to
      antigen determination not only in type II but also in type I deficient
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402743
TI  - The antithrombotic properties of human prothrombin fragment 1.2 in mice.
AB  - We have investigated the antithrombotic properties of prothrombin fragment 1.2
      (F1.2) in this study. To do this, we established the minimum concentration of
      human placental tissue factor or human alpha-thrombin that was lethal in mice
      within 5 min after intravenous injection. Prothrombin F1.2 protected the mice
      from the lethal effect of tissue factor or alpha-thrombin in a dose dependent
      manner, with 500 micrograms (14 nmoles) of prothrombin F1.2 per mouse being the
      minimum amount required to protect all mice from the lethal effect of either
      thrombogenic stimulus. The minimum dose of heparin which protected mice from the
      lethal effect of thrombin or tissue factor was 6 units or approximately 3.3
      nmoles. The observation that prothrombin F1.2 has antithrombotic properties
      suggests prothrombin F1.2 can modulate coagulation in vivo, as it has previously
      been shown to do in vitro.

PMID- 2402744
TI  - Characterization of a panel of monoclonal antibodies to human coagulation factor
      XI and detection of factor XI in Hep G2 cell conditioned medium.
AB  - We have produced a panel of ten monoclonal antibodies specific to coagulation
      factor XI. Western blot analysis demonstrates that 9 of these antibodies react
      with the heavy chain of factor XI and one with the light chain. Seven of these
      antibodies inhibit factor XI and factor XIa activity. We have used immobilised
      monoclonal antibody for the production of factor XI deficient plasma and to
      purify factor XI to homogeneity with high yield in a simple two-step procedure.
      These monoclonal antibodies were used to develop highly sensitive immunoassays
      capable of detecting less than 0.01 mu factor XI antigen ml-1. A strong
      correlation was found between antigen and activity levels in 11 patients with
      hereditary deficiency indicating that none was cross-reacting material positive.
      Cultured Hep G2 cells were found to synthesize small amounts of factor XI antigen
      and this could also be detected by functional assay and by western blot analysis.

PMID- 2402745
TI  - The dependence of the International Sensitivity Index on the coagulometer used to
      perform the prothrombin time.
AB  - This study was designed to detect any effect that different types of coagulation
      instrument may have on the International Sensitivity Index (ISI) of a
      thromboplastin. Manufacturers of commercial thromboplastins now calibrate their
      reagents against the World Health Organization international reference
      preparation to assign them an ISI. This enables the prothrombin time (PT)
      estimated with that reagent to be expressed as an International Normalised Ratio
      (INR). One batch of Thromborel S was calibrated against the Australasian
      Reference Thromboplastin (ART). The Thromborel S was used on three photo-optical
      instruments, the Automated Coagulation Laboratory (ACL) (Instrumentation
      Laboratory), the Cobas Fibro (Roche), and the Coag-a-Pet (General Diagnostics).
      PTs using ART were performed manually using the reference method. The ISIs
      calibrated in our laboratory when the ACL and Cobas Fibro were used were not
      significantly different at the 95% level, being 1.102 +/- 0.018 and 1.134 +/-
      0.022 respectively. The ISI with the Coag-a-Pet of 1.223 +/- 0.023 was
      significantly different to that of the ACL and the Cobas Fibro at the 95% level.
      The flowcharts for a computer program to perform the necessary calculations are
      provided. The program allows for the entry and editing of data from the
      calibration procedure, and provides a mean normal PT and normal range, the ISI
      and 95% confidence limits of the calibration, and a chart for the conversion of
      the test PTs to INRs. The authors have made available an IBM compatible program
      for the calibration of thromboplastins.

PMID- 2402746
TI  - Blood coagulation after long distance running: antithrombin III prevents fibrin
      formation.
AB  - Physical exercise causes shortening of activated partial thromboplastin time
      (aPTT) and euglobulin clot lysis time. To investigate whether this activation of
      coagulation and fibrinolysis leads to in vivo thrombin or plasmin action after
      long distance running, 19 well trained male runners (36-65 years) were examined 5
      to 53 min after termination of a 100 km race and 5 days later after at least 1
      day without physical exercise. Compared to the control examination aPTT was
      decreased (30.2 +/- 2.8 vs 35.3 +/- 3.0 sec) and the following parameters were
      increased after the race: beta thromboglobulin (40 +/- 16 vs 23 +/- 7 ng/ml),
      thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) complexes (5.5 +/- 3.4 vs 2.3 +/- 0.7
      microgram/l), the fibrin(ogen) degradation products fragment E (57 +/- 15 vs 35
      +/- 7 ng/ml) and B beta 15-42 (8.5 +/- 2.5 vs 6.5 +/- 2.5 ng/ml) (all p values
      less than 0.001). Platelet count, platelet factor 4, fibrinoepetide A (FPA) and
      haematocrit did not change significantly. Increased TAT complexes and unchanged
      FPA suggest that the generated thrombin was fully inactivated by antithrombin III
      (AT III) and did therefore not give rise to fibrin formation. The small increase
      of fibrin(ogen) degradation products indicates a minor in vivo activity of the
      fibrinolytic system. This investigation demonstrates the importance of AT III in
      the regulation of haemostasis in activated blood coagulation.

PMID- 2402747
TI  - Isolation of human fibrinogen and its derivatives by affinity chromatography on
      Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Lys-Fractogel.
AB  - With an immobilized synthetic pentapeptide GlyProArgProLys comprising the N
      terminal sequence GlyProArg of the alpha-chain of fibrin, a new affinity method
      for the quantitative isolation of fibrinogen out of anticoagulated plasma was
      developed. The method proved to be superior to all known isolation methods in
      respect to ease of use and yield, since fibrinogen could be isolated in one step
      out of plasma with a recovery of more than 95% when compared to the
      immunologically measurable amounts of fibrinogen. Moreover the amounts of
      contaminating proteins such as fibronectin, factor XIII or plasminogen were
      negligible and the purity of the isolated fibrinogen was higher than 95% as
      measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The clottability was 90% and
      more. Another advantage of this affinity purification method is the possibility
      to isolate fibrinogen quantitatively out of small plasma samples (less than 5
      ml). Further, abnormal fibrinogen molecules, provided their complementary binding
      site for GlyProArg is preserved, may also be quantitatively isolated independent
      of any solubility differences as compared to normal fibrinogen. In addition
      fibrin(ogen) fragments originating from plasmic digestion can be separated on the
      basis of their affinity to GlyProArg. The described affinity gel can be used more
      than 50 times without any loss of capacity.

PMID- 2402748
TI  - Characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific to the amino terminus of the
      alpha-chain of human fibrin.
AB  - A peptide, Gly-Pro-Arg-Val-Val-Glu, corresponding to the first six residues of
      the amino terminus of the alpha-chain of human fibrin (desAA-fibrin) was prepared
      by solid-phase peptide synthesis. The peptide was covalently linked to keyhole
      limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and used as an immunogen for preparing monoclonal
      antibodies. A monoclonal antibody specific to the hexapeptide, but not to KLH or
      fibrinogen, was produced. The antibody did not bind to thrombin-mediated clots
      prepared from either plasma or purified fibrinogen. However, immunoreactivity was
      detected when fibrin (prepared from fibrinogen) was solubilized with 8 M urea. In
      contrast, a monoclonal antibody specific to the amino terminus (Gly-His-Arg-Pro
      Leu-Asp-Lys) of the beta-chain of fibrin recognized the epitope in clots. These
      results indicate that thrombin cleavage of fibrinogen produces a structural
      change in the amino terminal domain of the alpha-chain that makes it inaccessible
      to antibody interaction. In addition, our study suggests that the potential
      clinical application of monoclonal antibodies to localize fibrin-rich thrombi
      must take into account the final structure of clots.

PMID- 2402749
TI  - Studies on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients bitten by Bothrops
      jararaca (jararaca).
AB  - The blood coagulation and the fibrinolytic systems of nine patients envenomed by
      Bothrops jararaca in Sao Paulo (Brazil) were studied. Five of the accidents were
      caused by young snakes (less than 50 cm). On admission, four patients had non
      clotting and three partially-clotting blood. Fibrinogen levels were decreased due
      to the thrombin-like activity of the venom as expected. Consequent secondary
      activation of the fibrinolytic system was evident from the low levels of alpha-2
      antiplasmin and the high titres of fibrin(ogen) degradation products. High titres
      of cross-linked fibrin fragment D (D-dimer) in seven patients together with
      decreased platelet counts and/or factor V, and/or factor VIII in some, suggests
      intrinsic thrombin formation as these factors are not consumed in the
      defibrinogenation induced by venom thrombin-like fractions such as Ancrod and
      Batroxobin. However, normal or increased levels of antithrombin III in all and
      normal levels of factor II in eight patients do not support this interpretation.
      The existence of variable concentrations of other proteins in the venom of B.
      jararaca such as botrocetin and thrombocytin isolated from B. jararaca and B.
      atrox or crotalocytin from Crotalus horridus venom should be considered. Such
      proteins are known to activate factors V, VIII, XIII, and platelets without
      affecting prothrombin (factor II) and antithrombin III. Slower recovery of the
      haemostatic disturbances after antivenom administration to patients bitten by
      young snakes suggests a more severe coagulopathy in such accidents. This is
      supported by clinical observations.

PMID- 2402750
TI  - The fibrinolytic potential of the normal primate following the generation of
      thrombin in vivo.
AB  - Parameters of the fibrinolytic system were studied in a primate model where the
      generation of thrombin was promoted in vivo. The procoagulant stimulus used was a
      combination of human factor Xa in combination with
      phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine lipid vesicles (PCPS) as the source of
      coagulant active phospholipid. The dosage of each component was formulated to
      provide a gradation of thrombin generating potential assessed prior to in vivo
      study in an in vitro clotting assay. These ranged from 25.25-36.60 pMole/kg
      (factor Xa) and 18.85-56.30 nMole/kg (PCPS). In each case, the ratio of the dose
      of factor Xa/PCPS was maintained at 0.65 (pMole factor Xa/nMole PCPS). Individual
      dosage combinations producing recalcification clotting times in vitro of 15, 20,
      25 and 30 s were used in detailed in vivo studies. Previous studies in dogs had
      confirmed the thrombin generating potential of factor Xa/PCPS infusions and
      demonstrated an associated activation of protein C and increased fibrinolytic
      activity. This has now been extensively characterized in the chimpanzee as
      follows: 10 min after the infusion of the highest dose (36.6 pMole factor Xa/56.3
      nMole PCPS kg bodyweight), the level of circulating t-PA had risen to 900 ng/ml
      (antigen), 885 IU/ml (functional). Dosage was observed with the lowest dose of
      12.25 pMole factor Xa and 18.85 nMole PCPS being associated with relatively minor
      increases in circulating t-PA activity. There were no changes in u-PA at any
      dosage during the full time course of the experimental period (90 min).
      Plasminogen activation was also apparent with alpha-2 antiplasmin levels falling
      to 30-40% of pre-infusion levels at the highest dosages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402751
TI  - Human platelet factor 4 and its C-terminal peptides: heparin binding and
      clearance from the circulation.
AB  - Human platelet factor 4 (PF4), a high affinity heparin binding protein, is
      released from stimulated platelets and stored at vascular sites, predominantly in
      liver, from where it can be brought back into circulation by heparin. We
      attempted to define structural requirements for PF4 binding to heparin and for
      the pattern of its clearance from the circulation. Intact PF4 bound strongly to
      heparin agarose and was eluted at 1.4 M NaCl, while reduced PF4 and PF4 C
      terminal peptides PF4 (47-70) and PF4 (58-70) bound weakly and were eluted at 0.2
      0.5 M NaCl. 125I-radiolabeled intact PF4, reduced PF4 and C-terminal PF4 peptides
      injected into rabbits were cleared from the circulation in a biphasic pattern
      with components having half-life time of 1-2 min and 20-140 min. Heparin
      eliminated the fast component of PF4 clearance, but it did not affect clearance
      of reduced PF4 or C-terminal PF4 peptides. In contrast to reduced PF4 and PF4 (47
      70), intact PF4 that accumulated in the liver and spleen, was displaced by
      heparin into circulating blood. In conclusion, specific binding sites and native
      conformation of the molecule are critical for high affinity PF4 binding to
      insolubilized heparin and for a pattern of PF4 clearance from the circulation in
      the presence of heparin.

PMID- 2402752
TI  - Physico-chemical properties of recombinant desulphatohirudin.
AB  - Physico-chemical properties of recombinant desulphatohirudin expressed in yeast
      (CIBA GEIGY code No. CGP 39393) were reinvestigated. As previously reported for
      natural hirudin, the recombinant molecule exhibited abnormal behaviour by gel
      filtration with an apparent molecular weight greater than that based on the
      primary structure. However, molecular weight estimation by SDS gel
      electrophoresis, FAB-mass spectrometry and Photon Correlation Spectroscopy were
      in agreement with the theoretical molecular weight, with little suggestion of
      dimer or aggregate formation. Circular dichroism studies of the recombinant
      molecule show similar spectra at different pH values but are markedly different
      from that reported by Konno et al. for a natural hirudin-variant. Our CD studies
      indicate the presence of about 60% beta sheet and the absence of alpha helix in
      the secondary structure of recombinant hirudin, in agreement with the
      conformation determined by NMR studies.

PMID- 2402753
TI  - Ethanol inhibition of thrombus formation on collagen-coated glass.
AB  - Epi-fluorescent video microscopy was used to evaluate the effect of ethanol on
      platelet mural thrombus formation. Whole blood, treated with ethanol, was
      perfused over collagen coated glass in a parallel-plate flow chamber at a shear
      rate of 1,000/s. Digital image processing and photodiode measurements were used
      to analyze the dynamics of thrombus growth on this surface. Ethanol
      concentrations as low as 0.02% v/v were found to inhibit 45 +/- 23% (+/- S.D.) of
      normal platelet accumulation on the slide while 0.2% v/v ethanol effected an 82
      +/- 15% inhibition of mural thrombus formation. While platelet adhesion to the
      collagen surface appeared unaffected by ethanol concentrations up to 0.1% v/v,
      0.2% v/v ethanol had an effect on adhesion as well as aggregation. These results
      imply that low ethanol concentrations inhibit the formation of mural thrombi in a
      model of a damaged blood vessel at physiological shear rates. This inhibition
      would not be detected in systems which measure bulk aggregation, e. g. in
      aggregometric determinations.

PMID- 2402754
TI  - Platelet activation in the presence of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes.

PMID- 2402755
TI  - The effect of picotamide on platelet function in patients with myeloproliferative
      disorders.

PMID- 2402756
TI  - A new duplication C4B*1,12 at the C4B locus associated with BF*S07 in a Tunisian
      population.
AB  - Twenty-five Tunisian families were analyzed for their complement alleles in order
      to detect duplications at the C4 loci. In this population, the most
      characteristic duplications are C4A2, B1.12 or C4A1, B1,12 always associated with
      BFS07 and C2C. This previously undescribed C4B1,12 duplication was found in seven
      families, five times in association with HLA-A2, B50.

PMID- 2402757
TI  - Characterization of a novel, human cytotoxic lymphocyte-specific serine protease
      cDNA clone (CSP-C).
AB  - A human cDNA clone encoding a novel serine protease, cytotoxic serine protease
      C(CSP-C), has been isolated from a cDNA library prepared from recombinant
      interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated lymphocytes of a patient with a large granular
      lymphoproliferative disorder. The clone has a 741-base pair open reading frame
      encoding a putative 246-amino acid protein. The protein sequence contains the
      catalytic charge relay system characteristic of a serine protease and the
      conserved N-terminal amino acid sequence of the mature cytotoxic lymphocyte
      serine proteases found in both mouse and human. The amino acid sequence of CSP-C
      has 71% identity with the previously reported cytotoxic serine protease-B(CSP
      B)/human lymphocyte protease (HLP)/SECT and 57% identity with the granulocyte
      specific serine protease cathepsin G. The homology with another lymphocyte
      specific serine protease, human Hanukah factor (HF)/Granzyme A was 41%. The
      transcript is expressed in lymphocytes stimulated with IL-2 or IL-2 plus
      phytohemagglutinin (PHA). CSP-C is not expressed in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines
      or in the T-leukemia cell line MOLT4. The cDNA sequence suggests that the protein
      is expressed as a prepropeptide, as has been found in the other murine and human
      serine proteases of lymphocyte origin. It has recently been reported that human
      chromosome 14q11, in addition to containing the genes encoding cytotoxic serine
      protease B (CSP-B), cathepsin G, and the T-cell receptor alpha and delta genes,
      also includes an additional genomic DNA clone which cross-hybridized with CSP-B
      and cathepsin G, cathepsin-like gene-2 (CGL-2). It is likely that the CSP-C cDNA
      clone reported in this study corresponds to CGL-2.

PMID- 2402758
TI  - Lack of association between HLA and Schoenlein-Henoch Purpura.
AB  - The occurrence of HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens was investigated in an unselected
      group of 26 consecutively admitted patients with Schoenlein-Henoch Purpura. No
      significant associations were demonstrated.

PMID- 2402759
TI  - Histidine-21 is involved in diphtheria toxin NAD+ binding.
AB  - Histidine-21 is the sole histidine present in the A chain of diphtheria toxin and
      recent evidence suggests that it is involved in NAD+ binding. Fluorimetric assays
      of NAD+ binding and diethylpyrocarbonate modification performed at different pH
      values provide further insights on the role of this residue and indicate that its
      pKa value is 6.3. Conformational changes of subunit A of diphtheria toxin have
      been detected by analysis of tryptophan fluorescence in the pH 2.5-4 and pH 9
      10.5 ranges. This indicates that histidine-21 is unlikely to be involved in the
      low pH-driven conformational change of diphtheria toxin.

PMID- 2402760
TI  - Purification and characterization of a phospholipase A2 from Cerastes cerastes
      (horn viper) snake venom.
AB  - A single phospholipase A2 has been found in Cerastes cerastes venom, purified to
      homogeneity by a combination of chromatographic steps involving gel filtration on
      Sephadex G-50 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. Its mol. wt,
      its amino acid composition and its partial amino acid sequence have been
      determined. High homologies between its sequence and those of other Viperid
      phospholipides A2 have been noticed. The phospholipase was non-lethal to mice up
      to a dose as high as 25 mg/kg by i.p. and i.v. injection. This non-toxic enzyme
      exhibited an acidic isoelectric point and hydrolyzed monolayers of different
      short chain phospholipids. Some kinetic parameters have been studied
      potentiometric titration (with or without Triton X-100) and the rate of catalysis
      seemed not to be affected by changes in the physical state of the substrate.

PMID- 2402761
TI  - Contribution of bee venom phospholipase A2 contamination in melittin fractions to
      presumed activation of tissue phospholipase A2.
AB  - Melittin from bee venom has been suggested to activate tissue phospholipase A2
      (PLA2) activity, and subsequently has been used as a specific PLA2 probe. The
      melittin in most cases was obtained commercially and used without further
      purification or treatment. To test the hypothesis that commercially obtained
      melittin specifically activates tissue PLA2, we radiolabeled the lipids of
      immortalized epithelial cells by incubating the cells for 22 hr with 14C-linoleic
      acid. The cells were then incubated with 2 microM melittin, 2nM bee venom PLA2, 2
      microM melittin treated with p-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB) or PLA2 plus p-BPB
      treated melittin. Lipids were extracted and separated by thin-layer
      chromatography. The radioactivity in each lipid fraction was then quantitated.
      The melittin-stimulated PLA2 activity observed in cells was primarily associated
      with phosphatidylcholine. Fatty acid release was decreased by 75% when the
      melittin fraction was pretreated with p-BPB to reduce contaminating venom PLA2
      activity. Adding PLA2 to the p-BPB-treated melittin at an amount about equal to
      the original contamination (0.1%) resulted in the same PLA2 activity in cell as
      observed with the untreated melittin fraction. These findings suggest that bee
      venom PLA2 contamination, even at very low levels, can account for approximately
      75% of the PLA2 activity in cells treated with commercial melittin fractions.

PMID- 2402762
TI  - Interactions in red blood cells between fatty acids and either snake venom
      cardiotoxin or halothane.
AB  - Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity enhances snake venom cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced
      and general anesthetic (halothane)-induced hemolysis of red blood cells. In the
      case of halothane-induced hemolysis, this effect appears to be related primarily
      to free fatty acids. In the present study, the interaction between CTXs and
      halothane and the effects of different free fatty acids on cardiotoxin and
      halothane-induced hemolysis were examined. The hemolytic actions of halothane and
      a CTX from Naja naja kaouthia venom were examined in erythrocytes with different
      phospholipid and free fatty acid composition from five species. The extent of
      hemolysis by CTX or halothane was dependent upon the species examined and
      appeared to be inversely related to the amount of saturated free fatty acid in
      the membrane. The order of susceptibility of red blood cells from five species to
      hemolysis was similar for halothane- and N. n. kaouthia CTX-induced hemolysis,
      but very different for osmotic fragility. The slope of the hemolysis dose
      response curve was considerably steeper for halothane than for CTX. Hemolysis due
      to N. n. kaouthia CTX was greatly increased by halothane in erythrocytes from
      humans and horses and to a lesser extent in erythrocytes from sheep, goats and
      cows. Hemolysis induced by halothane and the N. n. kaouthia or Naja naja atra
      CTXs was enhanced by unsaturated fatty acids. In contrast, hemolysis induced by
      halothane was decreased and that caused by the two CTXs was relatively unaffected
      by saturated fatty acids. Halothane and CTXs differ in their exact mechanisms,
      but appear to act upon similar fatty acid-sensitive processes.

PMID- 2402763
TI  - Amino acid sequence of the basic subunit of Mojave toxin from the venom of the
      Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus s. scutulatus).
AB  - The complete sequence of the basis subunit of Mojave toxin from the venom of the
      Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus s. scutulatus) is presented. It is shown to have
      great similarity to the basic subunits of related toxins from the venoms of the
      South American and midget faded rattlesnakes.

PMID- 2402765
TI  - Wolf spider bites in Sao Paulo, Brazil: a clinical and epidemiological study of
      515 cases.
AB  - Data obtained from 515 victims of bites of wolf spiders (family Lycosidae) who
      were attended in Vital Brazil Hospital, Sao Paulo City, Brazil, in a 5-year
      period (1979-1983) were analysed. Bites were more frequent in males (56%). All
      age groups were involved. Foot and hand were the preferential sites of bite
      (79%), and pain, generally mild, was the predominant symptom (83%). No local
      necrosis, a severe complication described in the previous literature, was
      detected, suggesting that those old cases were due to misdiagnosed Loxosceles
      spider bites. Specific antivenom was employed in only three cases which is
      evidence that physicians do not consider wolf spider bites to be severe.

PMID- 2402764
TI  - Production of paralytic shellfish toxins by a bacterium Moraxella sp. isolated
      from Protogonyaulax tamarensis.
AB  - A bacterium Moraxella sp. isolated from Protogonyaulax tamarensis was cultured in
      various conditions. Changes of toxicity and toxin components of the cells during
      culture were analyzed by bioassay and HPLC-fluorometric analysis. Toxin
      productivity of Moraxella sp. increased when it was cultured in nutrition
      deficient environments. The main toxins produced by Moraxella sp. in these
      conditions were gonyautoxins (GTXs), mainly GTX 1 and 4 which are major toxins of
      P. tamarensis.

PMID- 2402766
TI  - Effects of subunit cross-linking on the properties of crotoxin.
AB  - Crotoxin was cross-linked using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide
      hydrochloride. Cross-linked crotoxin had the expected amino-terminal amino acids,
      amino acid composition, behavior on SDS-PAGE and an 80% reduction of reactable
      lysine residues. It was also non-toxic, had reduced immunological cross
      reactivity toward both poly- and monoclonal antibodies raised to the basic
      subunit of crotoxin and had lost greater than 95% of its phospholipase activity.
      Loss of toxicity is due to either subunit cross-linking or the modification of
      essential residues.

PMID- 2402767
TI  - The humoral immune responses of patients bitten by the snake Bothrops jararaca
      (jararaca).
AB  - The isotype and specificity of antibodies produced by patients bitten by B.
      jararaca and submitted to serum therapy were studied. The IgG anti-B. jararaca
      antibodies have large individual dispersion, starting to appear 10 days after the
      first bite and increasing to at least 80 days after the bite. IgM antibodies
      appeared sooner than IgG antibodies but disappeared about 20 days after the bite.
      Secondary responses induced by an additional bite were characterized by a fast
      and higher IgG antibody response with no apparent change in the IgM antibody. The
      immunoblotting tests showed that the specificity of human anti-B. jararaca
      antibodies is heterogeneous, each patient recognizing different fractions in the
      B. jararaca venom.

PMID- 2402768
TI  - Red cell-bound immunoglobulin as a predictor of severity of hemolysis in patients
      with autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

PMID- 2402770
TI  - Risks and benefits of blood donation.

PMID- 2402769
TI  - To err is human...

PMID- 2402771
TI  - Reports of 355 transfusion-associated deaths: 1976 through 1985.
AB  - From 1976 through 1985, the United States Food and Drug Administration received
      reports of 355 fatalities associated with transfusion, 99 of which were excluded
      from further review because they were unrelated to transfusion or involved
      hepatitis or acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Of the remaining 256 reported
      deaths, 51 percent resulted from acute hemolysis following the transfusion of ABO
      incompatible products. These deaths were due primarily to managerial, not
      clerical, errors. Other causes of death (in order of frequency of report)
      included acute pulmonary injury (15%), bacterial contamination of product (10%),
      delayed hemolysis (10%), damaged product (3%), and graft-versus-host disease
      (0.4%). Management systems for transfusion facilities should be created or
      revised to include the specific identification of personnel eligible to
      administer transfusions to provide written guidance and appropriate training
      (including recognition and management of errors), and to implement measures that
      target safe transfusion practices. Continued research into acute pulmonary
      injury, the immunologic hazards of transfusion, and the prevention of bacterial
      contamination of blood components is necessary.

PMID- 2402772
TI  - The use of tri(n-butyl)phosphate detergent mixtures to inactivate hepatitis
      viruses and human immunodeficiency virus in plasma and plasma's subsequent
      fractionation.
AB  - The treatment of plasma with organic solvent/detergent mixtures at the time of
      plasma collection or pooling could reduce the exposure of technical staff to
      infectious viruses and enhance the viral safety of the final product. Treatment
      of plasma for 4 hours with 2-percent tri(n-butyl)phosphate (TNBP) at 37 degrees
      C, with 1-percent TNBP and 1-percent polyoxyethylensorbitan monooleate (Tween 80)
      at 30 degrees C, or with 1-percent TNBP and 1-percent polyoxyethylene ethers,
      (Triton X-45) at 30 degrees C resulted in the rapid and complete inactivation of
      greater than or equal to 10(4) tissue culture-infectious doses (TCID50) of
      vesicular stomatitis and Sindbis viruses, which are used as surrogates. Treatment
      of plasma with TNBP and TNBP and Tween-80 was shown to inactivate greater than or
      equal to 10(4) TCID50 of human immunodeficiency virus. TNBP treatment of plasma
      contaminated with 10(6) chimpanzee-infectious doses (CID50) of hepatitis B virus
      and 10(5) CID50 of non-A,non-B hepatitis virus prevented the transmission of
      hepatitis to chimpanzees. Immediately after treatment of plasma with 2-percent
      TNBP, the recovery of factors VIII, IX, and V and antithrombin III was 80, 90,
      40, and 100 percent, respectively. Recovery of all factors was greater than or
      equal to 90 percent after treatment with TNBP and detergent mixtures. Treated
      plasma was fractionated by standard techniques into antihemophilic factor and
      prothrombin complex concentrates, immune globulin, and albumin. Prior treatment
      with TNBP or TNBP and detergent did not affect the separations of desired
      proteins. Therefore, it appears possible to inactivate viruses in plasma before
      the execution of standard fractionation procedures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2402773
TI  - Minimal-exposure transfusion and the committed donor.
AB  - Autologous blood (collected preoperatively or salvaged intraoperatively) is the
      safest blood available for transfusion, but its use is not always feasible. It
      may be possible to decrease a patient's exposure to homologous donors. Pediatric
      cardiac surgery patients frequently are unable to donate autologous blood
      preoperatively. Since 1984, attempts have been made to provide parental apheresis
      platelets and intraoperative blood salvage to such patients to decrease their
      donor exposure. Further decreases in donor exposure have been the object of a
      program of collecting from one committed donor all the blood a patient is
      anticipated to need. This article reviews the experience with 50 pediatric
      cardiac surgery patients on such a program, in whom the mean decrease in
      homologous-donor exposure was 57 percent (range, 12-93%). Thirteen of these
      patients received only homologous blood products from one committed donor, for a
      mean decrease in homologous-donor exposure of 80 percent (range, 50-93%). A
      comparison of 12 of these 13 recipients with a matched control group showed no
      significant difference in red cell transfusion practice but a significant
      difference in the number of homologous-donor exposures per m2 of body surface
      area (BSA) (mean donor exposures/m2 of BSA: patients = 1.5, controls = 10.5). The
      use of one committed donor and autologous blood can provide a minimal-exposure
      transfusion.

PMID- 2402774
TI  - Human blood cells at microgravity: the NASA Initial Blood Storage Experiment.
AB  - The Initial Blood Storage Experiment (IBSE) probed the behavior of human red
      cells, white cells, and platelets during exposure to microgravity for 6 days and
      2 hours on a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) shuttle
      mission, named STS 61-C, which was launched on January 12, 1986. IBSE involved
      carefully controlled comparisons between two identical sets of blood cells, one
      exposed to microgravity and the other held on the ground. Specially designed and
      fabricated, electrically powered environmental chambers provided appropriate
      environmental temperatures and air flow to support cell metabolism throughout the
      experiment. To circumvent the need for constant agitation of platelets during
      storage, a new thin-layer compression method for platelet preservation was
      developed. Blood cell samples were allocated to the two arms of the experiment,
      microgravity and earth gravity, by blind assignment. Moreover, to ensure unbiased
      assessment of the experiment's findings, postexperiment samples for measurement
      were identified by code. To optimize the chances of detecting possible
      gravitational effects, a wide array of measurements of cellular function,
      morphology, metabolism, and immunology were made. Analysis of variance was used
      in analyzing the data. The most striking finding was that platelets displayed
      markedly superior structural and functional integrity at microgravity.
      Granulocytes held on the ground were preserved slightly better than those that
      orbited in the shuttle, whereas red cells displayed few effects that were
      attributable to the gravitational variable. Polyvinylchloride-di-(2
      ethylhexyl)phthalate (PVC-DEHP) was the plastic of choice for storage of red
      cells, while PVC-trioctyltrimellitate (TOTM) was superior to PVC-DEHP and
      polyolefin (PO) for platelets.

PMID- 2402775
TI  - Correlation between in vivo hemolysis and the amount of red cell-bound IgG
      measured by flow cytometry.
AB  - A flow cytometry method was used to compare the amount of red cell (RBC)-bound
      IgG in 73 patients with and without immune hemolytic anemia (IHA). The positive
      results in 10 of the direct antiglobulin tests (DATs) were idiopathic, and those
      in 25 were due to methyldopa therapy; 38 of the 73 DAT-positive patients were
      babies born to women with IgG alloantibodies of potential clinical significance.
      Normal blood donors with (n = 30) and without (n = 121) positive DATs were also
      tested. RBCs that had been strongly sensitized (4+ indirect antiglobulin test) in
      vitro with different quantities of IgG anti-D, but that had similar antiglobulin
      test (AGT) titration scores, could easily be differentiated by flow cytometry.
      The mean percent fluorescence of RBCs, incubated with fluorescein-labeled anti
      IgG, from neonatal patients with IHA was higher than that of RBCs from those
      without IHA, but there was no statistical difference in the other groups. There
      was considerable overlap in the respective ranges of percent fluorescence of RBCs
      from patients with and without IHA in all groups. It was not possible to define a
      clear quantitative threshold differentiating patients with IHA from those
      without. Although flow cytometry was more precise and reproducible than standard
      serology (e.g., AGT titration scores), correlations of the amount of RBC-bound
      IgG and in vivo hemolysis were similar.

PMID- 2402776
TI  - Alloimmunization to platelet-specific antigens on glycoproteins IIb-IIIa and
      Ib/IX in multiply transfused thrombocytopenic patients.
AB  - The rate of alloimmunization to platelet-specific antigens associated with
      platelet glycoproteins (GPs) IIb-IIIa and Ib/IX was studied in 293 multiply
      transfused thrombocytopenic patients. Antibodies to platelet-specific antigens
      were measured with a solid-phase assay using platelet GP IIb-IIIa or Ib/IX as the
      antigenic targets. Nine patients were found to have antibodies to platelet GP IIb
      IIIa, and no patients had antibodies to platelet GP Ib/IX. In six of these nine
      patients, the specificity of the antibody was shown by using GP IIb-IIIa from
      donors with different platelet-specific antigen phenotypes. In the remaining
      three patients with antibodies to platelet GP IIb-IIIa, no specificity could be
      identified. These patients had autoimmune thrombocytopenia in association with
      lymphoma. The alloimmunization rate to platelet-specific antigens associated with
      GP IIb-IIIa was 2 percent, whereas the rate of alloimmunization to HLA antigens
      was 23 percent. Of the patients alloimmunized to HLA antigens, 9 percent also had
      antibodies to platelet-specific antigens. A poor response to HLA-identical
      platelet transfusions was observed only in those patients with positive assays in
      the solid-phase test. These results suggest that the incidence of antibodies to
      platelet-specific antigens carried on GP IIb-IIIa is low. Platelet-specific
      antibodies may be found more frequently in patients alloimmunized to HLA antigens
      than in those not so alloimmunized.

PMID- 2402777
TI  - Efficacy and safety of vapor-heated anti-inhibitor coagulant complex in
      hemophilia patients. FEIBA Study Group.
AB  - The study reported here was designed to measure the efficacy and safety of a
      vapor-heated anti-inhibitor coagulant complex (FEIBA-VH) for the treatment of
      bleeding episodes in patients with hemophilia A who have inhibitors to factor
      VIII (FVIII). FEIBA-VH, a second-generation complex, is vapor-heated for 10 hours
      at a temperature of 60 degrees C and a pressure of 1190 millibar (mbar) and for 1
      additional hour at 80 degrees C and 1375 mbar. The current study was performed
      because of concern that this vapor-heating process would reduce the efficacy of
      FEIBA-VH as compared with non-heat-treated FEIBA (FEIBA). Forty-one patients
      received FEIBA-VH for 106 evaluable bleeding episodes. Ninety-three (88%)
      episodes were controlled, and 13 (12%) were not. Eighty-three (79%) episodes were
      controlled within 36 hours of the first infusion. No significant toxicity was
      seen. These results were compared with those of an earlier study with FEIBA.
      FEIBA-VH was at least as effective as FEIBA in controlling bleeding episodes and
      can be compared favorably to any reported treatment of bleeding episodes in
      hemophiliacs with inhibitors to FVIII.

PMID- 2402778
TI  - Differential reactions of HLA typing sera with cells homozygous for crossreacting
      antigens.
AB  - A large number of well-characterized HLA typing sera were used in a standard
      cytotoxicity technique to evaluate the frequency with which homozygous cells
      reacted to antisera directed against a crossreacting specificity. Four of 15 anti
      HLA-A1 sera reacted with cells homozygous for HLA-A11 bet not with A11
      heterozygotes. Similar dosage effects were noted with anti-A3 sera and A11 cells,
      with anti-A28 sera and A2 cells, with anti-A23 sera and A24 cells, and with anti
      A24 sera and A23 cells. No dosage effects were seen with anti-A1 sera and A3
      cells, with anti-A3 sera and A1 cells, and with anti-A11 sera and either A1 or A3
      cells. Dosage effects were also not seen with anti-B51 or -B35 sera and cells
      containing antigens of the B5 crossreacting group. Dosage is a property of the
      individual serum and does not occur with all samples sharing the same primary
      specificity. As noted by red cell serologists, sera demonstrating dosage effects
      are common with some specificities but absent with others. The reactions noted
      may be a quantitative effect of epitopes present on certain antigens. Caution
      should be observed when interpreting an HLA phenotype that appears to contain two
      crossreacting antigens at the same locus, unless the sera used have been shown
      not to manifest dosage effects.

PMID- 2402779
TI  - Lymphocyte subpopulations in long-term dialysis patients: a case-controlled study
      of the effects of blood transfusion.
AB  - Lymphocyte subsets in a group of intensely transfused (greater than 10
      units/year) patients on long-term hemodialysis were compared with those in a
      carefully controlled population of lightly transfused (1-10 units/year, no units
      during study period) long-term dialysis patients. The data confirm previous
      reports of lymphopenia and a symmetrical reduction of both T- and B-cell
      subpopulations in patients on long-term dialysis. Eleven (36.7%) of 30 intensely
      transfused dialysis (ITD) patients had a low T8 population when expressed as a
      percentage value, while 0 of 25 lightly transfused dialysis (LTD) control
      patients exhibited a low percentage of T8 cells. There were no significant
      absolute differences between the lymphocyte subsets in the ITD and LTD patients.
      These data contrast with previous reports of other groups of ITD patients in whom
      there was an observed increase in T8 cytotoxic suppressor cells. Our findings
      suggest that the immunologic effects of renal failure and long-term dialysis
      largely override the increase in T8 lymphocyte subsets observed in other groups
      of transfused patients. There is little difference between ITD and LTD patients,
      but both groups are significantly different from nontransfused controls. Further
      longitudinal studies are needed in completely untransfused patients to resolve
      the contribution of minimal transfusion therapy to the immunologic deficits
      observed in long-term dialysis patients.

PMID- 2402780
TI  - An unusual thimerosal-associated antibody reacting only by the Polybrene
      technique.

PMID- 2402781
TI  - Questionable efficacy of confidential unit exclusion.

PMID- 2402782
TI  - Practice guidelines and prenatal and perinatal immunohematology.

PMID- 2402784
TI  - The limited efficacy of cyclosporine in preventing rejection and graft-versus
      host disease in orthotopic small bowel transplantation in rats.
AB  - The effect of different schedules of cyclosporine treatment on the survival of
      small bowel allografts was studied in rats. The administration of a short course
      of CsA (15 mg/kg on days 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6) had no beneficial effect on graft-vs.
      host disease and survival time of the recipient compared with untreated controls.
      CsA, 25 mg/kg for 1 or 2 weeks prolonged survival significantly (38.3 +/- 3.8 and
      42.5 +/- 2.7 vs. 16.6 +/- 2.7, P less than 0.01). When combined with maintenance
      therapy, 15 mg/kg of CsA 3 times weekly until day 100, only 7 of 30 rats survived
      more than 100 days. In addition, GVHD was not consistently abrogated in these
      groups. Only high doses of CsA (25 mg/kg on days 0-6, 15 mg/kg on days 7-13,
      followed by maintenance therapy) could prevent the onset of GVHD, although the
      survival time of the transplants was not prolonged compared with untreated
      controls due to a toxic side effect of CsA on the transplants. It can be
      concluded that CsA used as monotherapy is ineffective in consistently
      ameliorating GVHD and rejection in the WAG-BN rat model. This model exhibits at
      least some of the immunological problems seen in large animal models and can be
      useful in studying combinations of immunosuppressive drugs or methods that may be
      applicable to small bowel transplantation in man.

PMID- 2402785
TI  - Alterations in proteolytic enzymes of the proximal tubule in a rat model of
      cyclosporine nephrotoxicity.
AB  - The presence of autophagolysosomes in proximal tubule cells and the increased
      urine excretion of the lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-glucosaminidase following
      administration of cyclosporine suggests involvement of the lysosomes in tubular
      toxicity of CsA. To evaluate the effect of CsA on lysosomal function, the
      activity of the lysosomal proteinases cathepsin B and L was measured in
      microdissected segments of the proximal tubule by means of a fluorometric
      microassay. Rats received oral doses of 30 mg/kg CsA for eight weeks. Controls
      received olive oil. CsA reduced renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and
      kidney weight. Hence, a second control group was included where the left renal
      artery was clipped to reduce RBF and GFR. CsA administration was accompanied by a
      130% increase in cathepsin activities in the S1 segments of the proximal
      convoluted tubule. The activity remained unchanged in the pars recta. Enzyme
      activities in convoluted proximal tubules and pars recta from the control groups
      were not increased irrespective of reduced RBF, decreased GFR, and decreased KW.
      Hence, cathepsin B and L stimulation was induced by CsA per se. Since lysosomes
      are involved in cellular protein catabolism, the increased cathepsin activities
      may reflect an increased rate of protein breakdown. The tubular atrophy induced
      by CsA may be related to increased intracellular protein degradation.

PMID- 2402783
TI  - Platelet-activating factor and hyperacute rejection. The effect of a platelet
      activating factor antagonist, SRI 63-441, on rejection of xenografts and
      allografts in sensitized hosts.
AB  - The pathogenesis of hyperacute transplantation reactions includes the activation
      of a cascade of nonspecific inflammatory reactions that precipitates the
      destruction of the target organ. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) represents an
      important component of these inflammatory cascades, and we have examined the
      influence of a specific PAF receptor antagonist (SRI 63-441) on the inhibition of
      hyperacute rejection in two experimental models, the rejection of rat cardiac
      allografts by presensitized recipients and guinea pig-to-rat and mouse-to-rat
      cardiac xenografts. Our results demonstrate that inhibition of PAF function by
      SRI 63-441 has a variable effect on the survival of cardiac allografts in
      presensitized rat recipients. In the ACI to sensitized BN cardiac allograft
      model, the use of SRI 63-441 alone, or in combination with CsA, FK506, or
      prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), does not prolong graft survival. As we have previously
      reported, SRI 63-441 does act as a single agent to prolong the survival of ACI to
      sensitized LEW grafts, and this survival effect is synergistic when combined with
      CsA. Here we extend these results to demonstrate that this survival is also
      extended when FK506 is used in the ACI-to-LEW model. Concordant mouse-to-rat
      cardiac xenografts are also relatively resistant to prolongation of graft
      survival following treatment with SRI 63-441 alone or in combination with CsA or
      FK506. Discordant xenografts appear to be more susceptible to inhibition of the
      rejection reaction with SRI 63-441. When either donor or recipient animals were
      treated with SRI 63-441 alone, or in combination with CsA or FK506, there was
      significant prolongation of guinea pig-to-rat cardiac xenograft survival. These
      results are consistent with our earlier description of the effectiveness of SRI
      63-441 in preventing the rejection of cat-to-rabbit kidney xenografts. We believe
      that these results demonstrate that the use of the SRI 63-441 to specifically
      interfere with the function of PAF has the effect of prolonging graft survival in
      those systems in which performed antibody and/or complement activation are
      important components of the hyperacute reaction. This synthetic drug is
      representative of a family of compounds whose structure can be modified to
      balance their therapeutic and toxicity activities, and may prove to be important
      components of a polytherapeutic approach to the control of graft rejection in
      sensitized patients or following discordant xenografting.

PMID- 2402786
TI  - The survival and nature of the immune response to soft-tissue and composite
      tissue allografts in rats treated with low-dose cyclosporine.
AB  - We studied a variety of soft-tissue and composite-tissue allografts (CTA) in a
      histoincompatible rat model to determine the outcome and the nature of the
      immunologic responses to these tissues using continuous low-dose cyclosporine
      (CsA) therapy. Brown-Norway (RT1n) rats served as donors of soft tissue and CTA
      to Lewis (RT1l) rat recipients given low-dose CsA immunosuppressive therapy by
      gavage. Nine groups were studied. Three control groups were not treated with CsA:
      group 1, skin grafts alone; group 2, skin flaps alone; and group 3, skin grafts
      and delayed vessel allotransplants. Six groups were treated with CsA: group 4,
      skin grafts alone; group 5, skin flaps alone; group 6, skin grafts and delayed
      vessel allotransplants; group 7, aortas alone; group 8, muscle flaps alone; and
      group 9, bone grafts alone. Isografts were performed in all groups as technical
      controls. The appearance posttransplant of donor-directed cytotoxic antibodies
      was determined in recipient serum using a complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay
      and was compared to control and pretransplant sera. In the absence of CsA
      therapy, recipients in groups 1, 2, and 3 rejected their allografts early (8.5
      9.4 days) and developed profound antidonor cytotoxic antibody activity
      posttransplant by day 7. Groups 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9 had prolonged graft survival in
      the presence of low-dose CsA, despite the presence of antidonor antibody
      activity. By contrast, group 8 (muscle flaps) were all uniformly rejected in the
      presence of profound recipient cytotoxic antidonor antibody activity. These
      results suggest that long-term soft-tissue and CTA survival can be achieved in
      histoincompatible rat recipients using continuous low-dose CsA immunosuppressive
      therapy despite the presence of cytotoxic antidonor antibodies.

PMID- 2402787
TI  - Significance of portal venous drainage after whole-organ pancreas transplantation
      for endocrine graft function and prevention of diabetic nephropathy.
AB  - The significance of portal venous drainage after whole-pancreas transplantation
      both for metabolic control and development of diabetic nephropathy was
      investigated. Streptozotocin-diabetic inbred LEW rats received a duct-ligated
      pancreas graft with either systemic or portal venous drainage and were followed
      for up to one year. Normal and untreated diabetic rats (n=18 in each group)
      served as controls. Irrespective of the route of venous drainage pancreas
      transplants normalized the diabetic polyuria, polyphagia, and polydipsia. Growth
      rates and general health did not differ from normal rats. Pancreas
      transplantation with portal venous drainage furthermore normalized nonfasting
      blood glucose and peripheral insulin levels, and intravenous glucose tolerance.
      Pancreas transplantation with systemic venous drainage, however, was associated
      with peripheral hyperinsulinemia, slightly elevated nonfasting blood glucose
      levels, and supranormal K-values in intravenous glucose tolerance tests. Though
      portal venous drainage was associated with better metabolic control than systemic
      venous drainage, both techniques of pancreas transplantation proved equally
      effective to prevent the development of diabetic glomerular membrane thickening
      determined 6 and 12 months posttransplant.

PMID- 2402788
TI  - The quality of life in adult survivors of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
      Correlates and comparison with matched renal transplant recipients.
AB  - Research on the quality of life (QOL) following bone marrow transplantation has
      been hampered by assessment of a limited range of QOL domains as well as by a
      failure to assess relevant comparison groups. The QOL of adult survivors (n=29)
      of allogeneic BMT (mean of 51 months post-BMT) drawn from two BMT centers was
      assessed. QOL was also assessed in a sample of renal transplantation (RT)
      patients (n=29) matched with BMT patients with regard to age, sex, and time since
      transplant. Results indicated few differences between the BMT and RT groups
      across a broad range of QOL domains. Overall, neither group reported what might
      be considered a "normal" QOL. Multivariate analysis of the correlates of post-BMT
      QOL revealed that (1) less education, increased dosage of total-body irradiation
      during pre-BMT conditioning, and an older age at BMT were all associated with
      poorer status on several measures of post-BMT QOL; (2) time post-BMT was
      unrelated to post-BMT QOL; and (3) post-BMT affective status was more difficult
      to predict than post-BMT health or functional status. It was concluded that,
      while results indicate an acceptable post-BMT QOL, further research is necessary
      to identify means by which post-BMT QOL can be improved.

PMID- 2402789
TI  - Prevention of graft rejection in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. II.
      Preclinical studies with three radiation protocols.
AB  - Three radiotherapeutic regimens were compared in vitro to determine their
      immunosuppressive potential against non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic cells. Assays of
      natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer function, and cytotoxicity against
      allogeneic cells were used to quantitate the cytotoxic potential of peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals following irradiation with a
      single dose of 1000 cGy on day 0, 1320 cGy of fractionated radiation (165 cGy
      b.i.d. x 4 days), or "split-dose" irradiation consisting of 1000 cGy on day 0
      followed 5 or 7 days later by 500 cGy. Both irradiated and nonirradiated
      (control) PBMC cultures were maintained in culture with medium containing
      interleukin-2, immunophenotyped, and assayed for cytotoxicity from 1 to 8 days
      after irradiation. Single dose and fractionated-dose irradiation resulted in a
      progressive decline in cytotoxic capacity, with an 80% inhibition of both NK and
      LAK cell activity 8 days after onset of irradiation. The split dose of 500 cGy
      administered 7 days after a dose of 1000 cGy was found to be the most effective
      in eliminating NK (93% inhibition) and LAK (100% inhibition) cytotoxicity. These
      data indicate that split-dose irradiation may result in greater immuno
      suppression than single-dose or fractionated irradiation.

PMID- 2402790
TI  - Development of IgA deficiency after bone marrow transplantation. The influence of
      acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease.
AB  - Serum IgA levels were monitored at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after BMT in 131
      allogeneic and 3 syngeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. In general, IgA
      levels were low during the first 6 months and did not return to normal levels
      until 1-2 years after transplantation. Children (less than 15 years) had lower
      IgA levels at 3 and 6 months post-BMT compared to the adults (P less than 0.05),
      but donor age had no influence on the recipient IgA levels after BMT. Patients
      receiving either methotrexate or cyclosporine alone for GVHD prophylaxis had
      markedly lower IgA levels compared to those given a combination of these two
      drugs or patients transplanted with T-cell-depleted marrow (P less than 0.001).
      Mean IgA levels in patients without or with grade I acute GVHD were within the
      normal range at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after BMT (greater than 0.3 g/L),
      although approximately 20% of the patients in each group showed low IgA levels
      (less than or equal to 0.3 g/L) early after transplantation. Patients with grade
      II or III acute GVHD had significantly lower values from 3 months up to 2 years
      after transplantation (P less than 0.01). Patients with chronic GVHD had
      significantly lower IgA levels 1 and 2 years after BMT compared to patients
      without chronic GVHD (P less than 0.005). Severe acute GVHD, particularly when
      followed by chronic GVHD, seems to be the main reason for low IgA levels, while
      other factors such as CMV infection or donor status may also contribute to the
      development of IgA deficiency after BMT.

PMID- 2402791
TI  - Six weeks of continuous intravenous cyclosporine and short-course methotrexate as
      prophylaxis for acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - The feasibility and toxicity of six-week continuous intravenous 3 mg/kg/day
      cyclosporine (CsA) treatment in conjunction with a short course of methotrexate
      (MTX) was studied in 69 consecutive patients after HLA genotypically identical
      bone marrow transplantation. In light of the uncertain efficacy of prolonged oral
      CsA immunoprophylaxis in preventing de novo chronic graft-versus-host disease
      (GVHD). CsA treatment was terminated three months after BMT. Sixty-one (88%)
      patients received the full intravenous regimen and no patient exclusions were
      necessary due to intolerable adverse effects. Weekly median blood CsA
      concentrations ranged between 820 ng/ml in the first and 648 ng/ml in the sixth
      week of treatment. No significant correlation existed between blood CsA
      concentrations and CsA dosages. Major adverse effects of the regimen included
      hypertension in 36%, acute nephrotoxicity in 36%, acute hepatotoxicity in 41%,
      and central nervous system toxicity in 4% of the patients. Since hepatotoxicity
      occurred predominantly in the early posttransplant period (median onset day 9),
      the relatively high incidence of this untoward effect might have been
      additionally caused by MTX and/or the preparative regimen. Blood CsA
      concentrations and CsA dosages did not significantly correlate with serum
      creatinine or total and conjugated bilirubin levels. In addition, blood CsA and
      serum creatinine levels did not differ between hypertensive and normotensive
      patients. Acute GVHD developed in 16% of the patients. Median CsA doses and blood
      CsA concentrations were identical for each week after BMT for patients
      contracting acute GVHD as compared with those without acute GVHD. In 55 patients
      surviving without acute or secondary chronic GVHD, the cumulative probability of
      de novo chronic GVHD after termination of CsA treatment was 13%. In conclusion,
      this regimen was tolerable and provided constant blood CsA concentrations for six
      posttransplant weeks that were not adversely influenced by the development of
      acute GVHD. Restriction of CsA treatment to the first three months after BMT
      appeared not to increase the risk of de novo chronic GVHD, which challenges
      regimens employing oral CsA immunoprophylaxis for 6-12 months after BMT.

PMID- 2402793
TI  - The impact of extended preservation on clinical liver transplantation.
AB  - The introduction of UW solution into clinical transplantation has permitted
      extended cold storage preservation of the liver. Over a 46-month period, we have
      performed 308 orthotopic liver transplants (266 primary, 42 retransplants) in 266
      recipients. Our experience is divided into cold-storage preservation in
      Eurocollins (163 transplants in 140 recipients) and UW (145 transplants in 131
      recipients) solutions. Donor and recipient factors were comparable between the
      two groups. The use of UW solution has permitted an increase in the mean
      preservation time from 5.2 +/- 1.0 [EC] to 12.8 +/- 4.3 [UW] hr (P less than
      0.001). The mean total operating time was reduced but intraoperative blood loss
      was unchanged with UW preservation. The number of transplants performed during
      the daytime hours has increased dramatically (21.5% [EC] vs. 71% [UW], P less
      than 0.001). The incidence of primary nonfunction, hepatic artery thrombosis, 1
      month graft survival, and early retransplantation were similar in the 2 groups.
      Initial allograft function as determined by bile production, histology, and
      clinical assessment were likewise similar. Mean serum bilirubin, transaminase,
      and prothrombin levels were virtually identical by 5 days posttransplant. The
      enhanced margin of safety afforded by extended preservation has increased the
      capability for distant organ procurement and sharing, minimized organ wastage,
      and improved the efficiency of organ retrieval. With the relaxation of logistical
      constraints, our rate of liver import has nearly doubled (20.9% [EC] vs. 39.3%
      [UW], P less than 0.001). Extended preservation has permitted the development of
      reduced-size liver grafting (n = 12), resulting in a significant reduction in the
      number of deaths occurring while awaiting transplantation. Therefore, we advocate
      the use of UW solution with selective extension of preservation based not only on
      donor and recipient factors but also on manpower, resource, and logistical
      considerations.

PMID- 2402792
TI  - Multiscreen serum analysis of highly sensitized renal dialysis patients for
      antibodies toward public and private class I HLA determinants. Implications for
      computer-predicted acceptable and unacceptable donor mismatches in kidney
      transplantation.
AB  - A multiscreen serum analysis program has been developed that permits a
      determination of antibody specificity for the vast majority of highly sensitized
      patients awaiting transplantation. This program is based on a 2 x 2 table
      analysis of correlations between serum reactivity with an HLA-typed cell panel
      and incorporates two modifications. One implements the concept of public HLA
      determinants based on the serologic crossreactivity among class I HLA antigens.
      The other modification derives from the premise that most highly sensitized
      patients maintain the same PRA and antibody profiles over many months and even
      years. Monthly screening results for patients with persistent PRA values can
      therefore be combined for analysis. For 132 of 150 highly sensitized patients
      with greater than 50% PRA, this multiscreen serum analysis program yielded
      information about antibody specificity toward public and private class I HLA
      determinants. The vast majority of patients (108 of 112) with PRA values between
      50 and 89% showed antibody specificity generally toward one, two, or three public
      markers and/or the more common private HLA-A,B antigens. For 24 of 38 patients
      with greater than 90% PRA, it was possible to define one or few HLA-specific
      antibodies. The primary objective of the multiscreen program was to develop an
      algorithm about computer-predicted acceptable and unacceptable donor HLA-A,B
      antigens for patients with preformed antibodies. A retrospective analysis of
      kidney transplants into 89 highly sensitized patients has demonstrated that
      allografts with unacceptable HLA-A,B mismatches had significantly lower actuarial
      survival rates than those with acceptable mismatches (P = 0.01). This was shown
      for both groups of 32 primary transplants (44% vs. 67% after 1 year) and 60
      retransplants (50% vs. 68%). Also, serum creatinine levels were significantly
      higher in patients with unacceptable class I mismatches (3.0 vs. 8.4 mg% [P =
      0.007] after 2 weeks; 3.9 vs. 9.1 mg% [P = 0.014] after 4 weeks). Histopathologic
      analysis of allograft tissue specimens from 47 transplant recipients revealed a
      significantly higher incidence of humoral rejection (P = 0.02), but not cellular
      rejection, in the unacceptable mismatch group. These results suggest that the
      multiscreen program can establish which donor HLA-A,B mismatches must be avoided
      in kidney transplantation for most highly sensitized patients. For 18 of 150 high
      PRA renal dialysis patients, the multiscreen program could not define HLA
      specific antibody. Most patients had greater than 90% PRA, and many of their sera
      appeared to contain IgM type nonspecific lymphocytotoxins that could be
      inactivated by dithioerythreitol (DTE).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2402794
TI  - Immunological tolerance in human transplantation. The possible existence of a
      maternal effect.
AB  - We analyzed data from 93 patients who received a kidney graft from their parents;
      55 were transplanted with a kidney from their mothers (Mat.) and thirty-eight
      from their fathers (Pat.) The Pat. group has shown a better graft and patient
      survival as well as long-term renal function when compared with the Mat. group.
      This pattern was more evident with time. Long-term graft function assessed by
      creatinine levels also showed differences between the groups, favoring the Pat.
      group. The results are interesting since recent reports have claimed a tolerance
      developed by the individual to noninherited HLA antigens of their mother.

PMID- 2402795
TI  - Evidence that human oral epithelium reconstituted in vitro and transplanted onto
      patients with defects in the oral mucosa retains properties of the original donor
      site.
AB  - Normal human skin--derived keratinocytes cultured in vitro reconstitute a
      stratified epidermis suitable for grafting onto burn patients and patients with
      skin defects such as giant nevi or chronic leg ulcers. In vitro experiments and
      long-term studies of patients receiving cultured epidermis autografts on muscular
      fascia suggest that skin keratinocytes possess an intrinsic site specific
      differentiation program that is fully expressed only when the reconstituted
      epidermis is transplanted in vivo to different body sites. In this study we
      cultivated for the first time palate-derived epithelial cells that were able to
      reconstitute a palatal epithelium. We also demonstrate that this epithelium can
      be successfully transplanted onto patients presenting lack of adherent
      keratinizing gingival mucosa and is able, in a relatively short time, to fully
      express the differentiation program typical of the original donor site. The
      possibility of obtaining large quantities of cultured epithelium, able to retain
      properties of the original donor site, starting from 1-3-mm2 biopsies, could
      prove extremely useful in the reconstructive surgery of the mouth and of other
      mucosal body areas.

PMID- 2402796
TI  - A novel system for transplantation of isolated hepatocytes utilizing HBsAg
      producing transgenic donor cells.
AB  - Hepatocytes from donor transgenic mice that produce an easily assayable
      circulating marker have been used to develop a novel hepatocyte transplantation
      system. Isolated G7 HBV transgenic donor hepatocytes secreting HBsAg were
      transplanted into congeneic or allogeneic mouse recipients. Serum HBsAg was
      present three days after hepatocyte transplantation in congeneic animals and
      persisted indefinitely when hepatocytes were transplanted into the spleen.
      Transplanted hepatocytes within the splenic pulp were identified by morphologic
      and histochemical analysis. Migration of hepatocytes injected into the spleen to
      the liver was demonstrated by in situ hybridization using an RNA probe for HBsAg.
      Transplantation into nonimmunosuppressed allogeneic recipients resulted in
      disappearance of detectable hepatocytes in the spleen within two weeks. This
      novel transplantation system should facilitate studies of hepatocyte engraftment
      and survival, modulation of allograft rejection, and development of hepatocyte
      directed gene therapy.

PMID- 2402797
TI  - A B cell-suppressive IgG-antiimmunoglobulin antibody induced by alloimmunization.
AB  - This study is an extension of our previous report that alloimmunization produces
      a serum factor that suppresses the lymphocytotoxic antibody response. The
      experiments presented herein show that: (1) serum and IgG of pretreated rats
      contain an antibody directed against the constant region of IgG; (2) the anti-IgG
      has strong anti-Fc-gamma and weak anti-Fab activity; (3) the antibody also reacts
      with IgM; (4) the antiimmunoglobulin is an autoantibody; and (5) the
      antiimmunoglobulin suppresses the primary B cell response in vitro.

PMID- 2402798
TI  - Possible resuscitation of liver function by hypothermic reperfusion in vitro
      after prolonged (24-hour) cold preservation--a 31P NMR study.

PMID- 2402799
TI  - An experimental study of pituitary transplantation.

PMID- 2402800
TI  - Immunodeficiency after transplantation of alloantigen-matched bone marrow from an
      immunoregulatory mutant.

PMID- 2402801
TI  - Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha associated with acute graft-versus-host disease
      in humans.

PMID- 2402802
TI  - Cyclosporine in the treatment of acute vascular rejection of renal allografts.

PMID- 2402803
TI  - Heterotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure--a bridge to
      recovery.

PMID- 2402804
TI  - Modulation of ischemic lung injury by corticosteroids.

PMID- 2402805
TI  - The importance of serum dithiothreitol treatment in crossmatching selection of
      presensitized kidney transplant recipients.

PMID- 2402806
TI  - Intrapartum orthotopic liver transplantation with successful outcome of
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2402807
TI  - Limited use of minoxidil in renal transplant recipients because of the additive
      side-effects of cyclosporine on hypertrichosis.

PMID- 2402808
TI  - [Bicycling injuries].

PMID- 2402809
TI  - [Testing of a liquid, ready-to-use, breast milk substitute in the county of
      Funen].
AB  - A newly developed liquid ready-to-use cow's milk based formula (BD) was used as
      the sole nutrient in 314 healthy term infants below the age of 28 weeks--except
      for supplementary feeding introduced at an average age of 142 days. The incidence
      of dyspeptic problems (constipation, diarrhea, vomiting), the parents' and
      visiting nurses' comments on the product, and the causes of "BD failure"
      (termination of BD feeding because of suspected cow's milk allergy, dyspepsia,
      etc.) were recorded as were rates of weight gain and linear growth. It is
      concluded that BD is a valuable alternative to existing powdered milk formulas
      and that the growth of the infants compared satisfactorily with published
      reference values.

PMID- 2402810
TI  - [Injured cyclists and bicycle passengers. A prospective study of the causes of
      accidents, accident patterns and consequences].
AB  - In a one-year prospective investigation in 1985, all bicycle accidents in Denmark
      were registered. The circumstances of the accident were recorded. All injuries
      were classified in the AIS and the ISS scales. After one year, the patients were
      contacted and sick leave and sequelae were registered. A total of 576 patients
      (320 men and 256 women), were treated after bicycle accidents. Bicycle accidents
      were seen most frequently in the ages from 5 to 19 years. The accidents were
      distributed uniformly over the week and occurred most frequently in the summer.
      392 of the accidents were single-accidents, and the majority had used a bicycle
      track if possible. Collision with other road users and bad road conditions were
      responsible for 41%, and defects in the bicycle for 9%, mainly on handlebars,
      front fork, front wheel, gear and chain. Two were admitted dead, and 114 were
      admitted to hospital (20%) for median four days. Eleven per cent had sustained
      serious lesions (fractures or lesions of the head). 556 had an AIS-score less or
      equal to three and un 387 the AIS-score was one. 561 had an ISS-score less than
      ten, five between ten and 75 and two had 75. Eight patients could not be
      classified. The patients AIS score is determined as the highest score of an
      injured region. AIS score of 6 is fatal. The ISS score is the addition of the
      square of the 3 highest AIS values. ISS of 75 is fatal. AIS is thus a value of
      the most serious lesion and ISS is a value of how traumatized the patient
      is.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402811
TI  - [Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol-fentanyl. Is it necessary to supply
      nitrous oxide?].
AB  - Forty patients admitted for elective hemilaminectomy were randomly allocated in
      two groups: Group I: intravenous anaesthesia with propofol-fentanyl and Group II:
      Propofol-fentanyl anaesthesia with a supplement of nitrous oxide. The purpose of
      the study was to investigate whether this supplement involved any advantages or
      disadvantages for the patients. Mean arterial pressures, awakening times,
      complications immediately postoperatively and total doses of fentanyl showed no
      statistically significant differences. In group I (-N2O), the median dose of
      supplementation with fentanyl was significantly greater, 0.89 micrograms/kg
      versus 0 in group II (p less than 0.05). We conclude that total intravenous
      anaesthesia is preferable, because pollution of the air in the operating theatre
      is avoided.

PMID- 2402812
TI  - [Diet and dietary supplements of the elderly in Denmark].
AB  - In 1988-1989, 202 men and women aged 70-75 years and living in the Municipality
      of Roskilde participated in a dietary interview investigation. The investigation
      revealed that the diets of elderly persons contained a great deal of fat as 41%
      of the energy came from fats. The protein intake was adequate while the intake of
      carbohydrates, including dietary fibers was low. As regards the intake of
      vitamins and minerals in the diet, the supplies of vitamin A and calcium were
      sufficient and the vitamins B1, B2 and C and iron were acceptable. On the other
      hand, the intake of vitamin B6 and vitamin D were low as compared with the
      recommended values. 10-15% of the elderly persons ate very little and were at a
      particular risk of developing deficiency conditions because the low energy intake
      was associated with an absolutely lower nutrient intake. Elderly persons who eat
      least constituted a composite group as regards social background, physical
      activity, relative weight and self-assessment of health. 62% of the elderly
      persons took one or more dietary supplements daily with vitamins and minerals
      (corresponding to one vitamin tablet daily). No differences were observed between
      the users' and non-users' average intake of nutrients via the diet. The persons
      who employed dietary supplements thus did not have any particularly low intake of
      nutrients so that they had special dietary requirements.

PMID- 2402813
TI  - [Side effects in 28 patients treated with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitor in arterial hypertension in general practice].
AB  - ACE-inhibitors have long been considered to be connected with only a few side
      effects. Their use in clinical practice has shown that a considerable number of
      patients develop a dry, non-productive cough, resistant to treatment. The cause
      is hitherto unknown, but ACE-inhibition has been proved to alter the cough
      reflex. Non-smokers seem to cough more often than smokers, and females more often
      than males. Registration of side-effects in 28 patients treated for arterial
      hypertension in general practice in the years 1985-1988 is presented.

PMID- 2402814
TI  - [The significance of unemployment for admissions to a psychiatric department].
AB  - A total of 295 patients, 152 women and 143 men, aged 18-70 years, were admitted
      to a psychiatric department during a period of three months. They were
      interviewed about their occupational conditions, the background for admission and
      help desired. Thirty-three women and 66 men were unemployed and half of these had
      been unemployed for over one year. The unemployed patients stated that misuse of
      alcohol or medicine was the reason for admission more frequently than the
      remainder of the patients. Half of the patients stated that unemployment
      contributed to admission to hospital but only 6% stated that this was the primary
      cause. Unemployed men desired employment most of all whereas the women desired
      improved social network. Three case reports are presented to illustrate the
      interaction between unemployment, stress at work and vulnerability and these
      illustrate the significances of the individuals factors for the nature of the
      relevant suitable help.

PMID- 2402815
TI  - [Thrombocyte concentrate infusions--a study of the frequency of contamination and
      its clinical significance].
AB  - Three hundred and twenty-four samples from platelet concentrate bags were
      examined for bacterial contamination. Blood cultures were made when platelet
      transfusion was followed by pyrexia to examine the frequency of platelet
      transfusion-induced septicemia. 6.5% of samples showed bacterial growth, mostly
      ordinary skin flora, but other bacteria were also demonstrated. Pyrexia followed
      14% of the transfusion episodes, and in 58% of the febrile episodes this was
      associated with bacterial contamination of the bag. In one episode of post
      transfusion pyrexia the same bacteria were found in cultures from both bag and
      blood. The case is presented here. Sources of bacterial contamination of platelet
      preparations are discussed. The use of platelet concentrates in treatment of
      thrombocytopenic patients is so important that the demonstrated rate of
      contamination does not alter the indication for platelet transfusion.
      Nevertheless, when platelet transfusion is followed by pyrexia, cultures from the
      bag and patient's blood should be performed to establish etiology and relevant
      antibiotic treatment.

PMID- 2402816
TI  - [Information about safe sex for homosexual men--a consumer assessment of the
      efforts hitherto made in Denmark].
AB  - Self-administered anonymous questionnaires were included in the nationwide gay
      magazines "Pan" and "Cock" with the object of revealing the needs and
      possibilities of improved health educational effort in prevention of sexually
      transmitted HIV infection among homosexual and bisexual men. This was undertaken
      in March 1988 to illustrate the utilization and satisfaction of various sources
      of safe sex. The investigation reveals that campaigns about safe sex have been of
      great interest among the section of the target group which an investigation of
      this type could attract. In particular, the general efforts made by the Danish
      Health Board have attracted attention in a very broad section of men with
      homosexual contacts. Among those who employ the offers specifically made for the
      target gay group, considerable satisfaction is expressed. Compared with this, the
      employment of and satisfaction with medical help are considerably less. The
      significance of connections with a series of sociodemographic and subcultural
      subgroups are illustrated. Only where the gay-specific information is concerned
      was a significant association observed between receipt of information and the
      replier's reproduction of the given information about the risks involved in use
      of condoms. As regards the significance of single sources for sexual behaviour, a
      non-significant tendency was observed for persons who had received gay-specific
      written information to have a lower sex risk than those who had not received this
      information. It is recommended that the campaign hitherto initiated should be
      continued with intensification of AIDS prevention among the hidden homosexual men
      and men with sexual contacts with both sexes.

PMID- 2402817
TI  - [High-dose adrenaline in the treatment of severe hypotensive crisis caused by a
      disulfiram-ethanol reaction].
AB  - Severe hypotension resulting from a disulphiram-ethanol reaction was treated with
      adrenaline, the maximum dosage being 170 micrograms/kg/hour. The patient survived
      without neurological or cardiovascular sequelae. The authors suggest that
      adrenaline/noradrenaline could be employed advantageously in similar situation.

PMID- 2402818
TI  - [Primary retroperitoneal cyst in a 21-year-old woman].
AB  - A case of primary retroperitoneal cyst in a woman aged 21 years is presented. The
      cyst, which contained 6.5 litres, was treated by total excision. The diagnosis,
      treatment and classification are briefly described.

PMID- 2402819
TI  - [Legally induced abortions in 1989].

PMID- 2402820
TI  - [An intensive therapeutic effort in spite of reduced economic resources.
      Background, course and consequences of a structural reorganization at a large
      regional diabetic clinic].

PMID- 2402821
TI  - [Evaluation of the risks of ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2402822
TI  - [Extracorporeal shockwave treatment of the deep biliary tract].

PMID- 2402823
TI  - [Lactic acidosis in connection with metformin therapy].

PMID- 2402824
TI  - [Health care and social care cooperation?].

PMID- 2402825
TI  - [Condoms and adolescents. A prospective study of a new method of teaching].
AB  - A prospective investigation was carried out with the object of assessing the
      effect of supplementary sex education for 1.3 hours in addition to the compulsory
      sex education in Danish elementary schools. One doctor did the teaching and
      practice with a condom was introduced as a new method of teaching. On an average,
      seven weeks before and seven weeks after this teaching session, these pupils
      completed a questionnaire. Altogether 451 pupils from the eighth and ninth
      classes participated. Great changes had occurred in the methods of contraception
      employed by the adolescents and in their attitudes to these from 1982 to date.
      Many more of the adolescents consider today that condoms provide the best form of
      contraception as compared with oral contraception. Nevertheless, only 9% of the
      adolescents were able to use a condom correctly. After the teaching session,
      knowledge about the correct use of a condom was significantly better and more had
      a positive attitude to condoms. A balance in information about methods of
      contraception is recommended and the young people should be sent to their own
      general practitioners for individual advice. On the basis of the results of this
      investigation, this teaching should be given already to pupils in the eighth
      classes.

PMID- 2402826
TI  - [Chlorinated solvents and fetal damage. Spontaneous abortions, low birth weight
      and malformations among women employed in the dry-cleaning industry].
AB  - Workers in the dry-cleaning industry are exposed to vapours from the cleaning
      fluids, primarily perchlorethylene, which is a chlorinated solvent. Animal
      experiments, short-term tests for mutagenic effects and epidemiological
      investigations have raised the suspicion that perchlorethylene may cause
      reproductive failure. This investigation is an attempt to assess the risk for
      reproductive failure in 886 women exposed to dry-cleaning solvents while employed
      in dry-cleaning establishments. Twelve spontaneous abortions occurred, one infant
      was born with malformations and ten infants had low birth weights. A non
      significant risk for spontaneous abortion was found among women with the greatest
      exposure. This estimate is, however, uncertain and the result must be interpreted
      with care.

PMID- 2402827
TI  - [The use of services of the physician-on-call by chronic morphine users].
AB  - Employment of the doctor on call for administration of morphine to chronic
      morphine users in a medical district was registered for a period of two years.
      The group of chronic morphine users imposes considerable stress on the emergency
      medical system as up to one third of the visits involve administration of
      morphine. The special circumstances concerning registration and control of
      morphine therapy are discussed and the necessity of a therapeutic balance is
      emphasized. Alteration of the procedure of administration of morphine so that the
      patient's own general practitioner is responsible for prescription of morphine
      while the doctor on call undertakes the injection has been demonstrated to reduce
      the number of visits considerably. In this investigation, based on registration
      of a representative number of visits to chronic morphine users by one doctor, a
      decrease in visits of this type of 60% was registered.

PMID- 2402828
TI  - [Accumulation of respiratory diseases among employees at a recently established
      refuse sorting plant].
AB  - An increasing number of plants for re-use of refuse have been constructed in
      Denmark in recent years. The Kaastrup Plant near Skive was opened in spring 1986.
      The plant accepts household rubbish and industrial refuse separately. The refuse
      is sorted by machine (industrial refuse is sorted partially manually) and in a
      large partially open machine plant, refuse is converted into fuel pellets. During
      a period of eight months, eight out of 15 employees developed respiratory
      symptoms. In seven, bronchial asthma was diagnosed and chronic bronchitis in one
      person. Four had initial symptoms of the organic dust toxic syndrome. After
      further six months, another case of occupationally-conditioned asthma occurred in
      the plant. Only two out of nine had previously had asthma or atopic disease. The
      investigation did not reveal any evidence of type-I allergy. Six out of nine had
      specific precipitating antibodies to refuse while all had negative RAST tests to
      this. In spring 1989, from six to eighteen months after the onset of the
      symptoms, six had still dyspnoea on exertion and three had positive histamine
      provocation tests and seven out of nine had left the plant. Occupational medical
      measurements revealed dust concentrations of 8.1 mg/cubic millimeter in September
      1986 and total germs of up to 3 x 10(9) cfu/cubic meter. Construction of the
      plant involved considerable contact with the refuse on account of the cleansing
      processes and open systems and it was reconstructed in the course of 1987/1988 so
      that the hygienic conditions are now acceptable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402829
TI  - [Intrathecal distribution of iohexol after cervical myelography].
AB  - Cervical myelography was performed in fourteen patients under suspicion of
      cervical disc herniation. Prior to myelography, complete cranial-CT registration
      of the density in the subarachnoid space, intraventricularly, subcorticaly and
      periventriculary was performed. Control scans 3, 6, 24 and 48 hours following
      myelography disclosed intracranial contrast media at level of basal cistern, the
      fourth ventricle and Sylvian fissure. Nine and eleven patients, respectively, had
      enhancement in the third and lateral ventricles. All patients had subcortical
      enhancement and nine patients had periventricular enhancement. At the first three
      hours after cervical myelography minor subcortical and periventricular edema was
      disclosed, which resolved during the subsequent hours. Two days after
      myelography, minimal residual contrast was disclosed subcortically at the level
      at the Sylvian fissure and in the subarachnoid space at the level of the Sylvian
      fissure and the convexity. It is recommended, that diagnostic cranial-CT is
      performed before cervical myelography or at a minimum of three days after
      cervical myelography.

PMID- 2402830
TI  - [Referral pattern, diagnoses and occurrence of short muscles in children and
      adolescents in an orthopedic specialist practice].
AB  - The patterns of referral for 600 consecutive children and adolescents under the
      age of 17 years were analysed and the symptoms were compared with the diagnoses.
      40% were referred because of foot problems, 20% had mobility problems and 20% had
      pain in the back or extremities. Out of the 240 patients with foot problems,
      these could be confirmed in 44%. 30% had merely short muscles and 7% had, in
      addition, spasticity. 70% out of the 110 patients referred on account of flat
      foot had too short achilles tendons. 50% out of the 600 patients referred had
      short achilles tendons and/or hamstring muscles. In 20%, the short muscles alone
      could explain the symptoms experienced by the patients. Short heel tendons are
      found with broad fore-feet, cavus and valgus feet, loose subtaloid joints, heel
      exostoses, pain in the heel and in the calf. Short hamstrings result in a
      shuffling gait, high-riding patellae with periodic pain, pain on the posterior
      aspect of the thigh and a straight transition in the thoraco-lumbar region with
      subsequent Scheuermann's disease. The length of the muscles should, therefore, be
      investigated. If they are too short, they should be stretched for one minute
      every twelfth hour to obtain optimal elasticity and length.

PMID- 2402831
TI  - [Occurrence of passive smoking in Denmark].
AB  - The occurrence of passive smoking in the adult population in Denmark has not been
      described previously. This article publishes data from three investigations all
      of which were carried out in 1987. One was an interview investigation of a random
      section of the Danish population carried out by the Danish Institute for
      Statistics and Social Research (n = 1,464), the second was an investigation in
      Glostrup and the third was an investigation of employees in the Danish Customs
      and Excise (n = 3,775). Despite differences in the formulation of the questions
      and populations, the three investigations showed consistent results as regards
      the occurrence of passive smoking among adult Danes. About 12% of non-smokers
      were exposed to passive smoking for at least eight hours and 40% for at least one
      hour daily. Altogether 73% were exposed to passive smoking daily. About one third
      of the non-smokers were inconvenienced by passive smoking at work and a
      corresponding fraction had taken steps to reduce the extent of passive smoking in
      their daily life.

PMID- 2402832
TI  - [Social medical cooperation after discharge from the hospital].
AB  - This article accounts for how general practitioners and a group of neuromedical
      patients experience cooperation with hospital, social workers and the social
      authorities after discharge from hospital and their own wishes on this subject.
      The investigation reveals that communication is not optimal and that it should be
      intensified. The frequency of contact between the general practitioner and the
      patients is considerable and half of the patients desire follow-up treatment by
      the general practitioners. The majority of the general practitioners are willing
      to undertake follow-up treatment. The majority of the patients want their own
      general practitioner to be involved in solution of the social problems and the
      majority of the general practitioners want to be told by the social worker
      attached to the department about the problems which neuromedical patients may
      encounter on discharge from hospital. Less than half of the letters of discharge
      are sent to the patient's general practitioner within two weeks of discharge. By
      and large, the content of the letters of discharge is satisfactory with the
      exception about the information given to the patients. Although the patient
      clientele has serious social problems, cooperation between the general
      practitioner and the social authorities is defective. The general practitioners
      emphasize lack of special knowledge and defective understanding of the problems
      which neuromedical patients experience and defective interest in suggestions made
      by general practitioners to persons in the social administration. More than one
      third of the general practitioners would prefer cooperation with the social
      worker from the department during the follow-up period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2402833
TI  - [Patients' evaluation of their own discharge].
AB  - This article illustrates how a group of patients assess their own discharge from
      a neuromedical department. The length of notice about discharge is connected with
      the patient's experience of orientation and planning. The longer the notice, the
      greater the satisfaction with the orientation given by the doctor about the
      disease, the therapeutic possibilities and the prognosis and with the nursing
      staff as regards intake of medicine. Although the patient clientele has serious
      social problems, only one fourth had had contact with a social worker in
      connection with hospitalization. Over one third of the patients found that the
      first weeks after discharge constituted the most difficult period during the
      entire course of the disease and this may be connected with the fact that many of
      them experienced discharge as being badly planned. This shows that discharge is a
      stressing event in the course of an illness and that it requires more attention
      than it has hitherto received.

PMID- 2402834
TI  - [Social intervention at discharge. Cooperation between a hospital department,
      general practice and the social sector].
AB  - The object of this investigation is to illustrate the effect of intensive social
      assistance at and after discharge from hospital and, if possible, to present some
      practical proposals. The investigation was controlled: 100 patients domiciled in
      two communities in the catchment region of the hospital participated in the
      investigation. The patients were aged 25-75 years and they were discharged from a
      neuromedical inpatient department. These were subdivided at random into an
      intervention and a control group. The investigation comprises interviews with the
      patients, questionnaires to the general practitioners and the social and health
      authorities. Intervention was undertaken for five months in one of the groups in
      cooperation with the general practitioner. Although the intervention revealed
      that there were numerous unsolved problems and that patients with poor ability
      were left to themselves to a great extent, the intervention did not result in any
      measurable difference in patient satisfaction as compared with the control group.
      No readmissions occurred on account of social reasons in the intervention group.
      A series of planned forms of assistance did not function on discharge. The fact
      that patients are discharged earlier in the course of the condition than
      previously is considered to be the cause of a number of the unsolved problems. At
      the conclusion of the investigation, there were more numerous unsolved problems
      in the control group than in the intervention group and the need for advice and
      support, not only for the patients but also for the relatives, which was
      considerable after discharge, was documented. This need has not fulfilled and
      proposals are discussed.

PMID- 2402835
TI  - [Lactic acidosis associated with metformin].
AB  - Lactic acidosis is an extremely rare but serious complication of treatment with
      metformin. In order to avoid lactate acidosis, it is important to select patients
      correctly and to ensure that contraindications such as cases of renal
      involvement, advanced age and chronic alcoholism are observed prior to treatment
      with metformin. In addition, it is necessary to carry out meticulous follow-up
      control of the patients with annual investigations of renal and hepatic functions
      and clinical assessment approximately four times per annum with the object of
      revealing commencing symptoms of diabetes and ischaemic conditions. In this
      manner, the majority of cases of lactate acidosis can be avoided.

PMID- 2402837
TI  - [Intervertebral discitis in children].
AB  - Intervertebral discitis in children is a benign inflammatory condition with a
      varied clinical picture and quite characteristic radiographic findings. The
      etiology is still unknown and infectious and traumatic geneses have been
      discussed. A case in a girl aged three years is described and treatment with
      antibiotics and immobilisation are discussed.

PMID- 2402836
TI  - [Post-traumatic subcutaneous emphysema--misdiagnosed as gas gangrene].
AB  - Two cases of subcutaneous emphysema which developed after minor trauma are
      presented. One patient had a wound on the tip of the olecranon, and the other an
      interdigital wound. Both cases were misdiagnosed as gas gangrene, and treated
      with surgical revision and antibiotics. Neither necrosis nor bacteria were found.
      Both cases of emphysema were believed to be due to the pumping effect of the
      movement of the limbs.

PMID- 2402839
TI  - [Antibiotic prevention--still unresolved problems].

PMID- 2402838
TI  - [The accuracy and precision of pulse oximeters].

PMID- 2402840
TI  - [Preventive antibiotic treatment in cases of complicated injuries of the
      extremities. A questionnaire study].
AB  - A questionnaire about prophylactic antibiotic treatment of open bone, tendon or
      joint lesions in the extremities was sent to the 83 casualty departments in
      Denmark. The questionnaire was answered by 56 casualty departments which treated
      72% of the orthopaedic surgical injuries in Denmark. In cases of lesions of the
      hands and feet, 23% of the patients were treated in casualty departments where
      prophylactic antibiotic therapy was rarely employed while 24% were treated in
      casualty departments where prophylactic antibiotic therapy was always employed.
      In cases of lesions proximal to the wrist or ankle joints, the figures were 26%
      and 38%, respectively. Penicillin was nearly always employed and treatment was
      commenced before or during operation. The majority of departments continued
      treatment for four days or longer. Considerable scatter was reported in the
      dosage of penicillin employed. The literature about prophylactic antibiotic
      treatment in cases of complicated lesions of the extremities is insufficient and
      controlled investigations are necessary to elucidate a series of conditions.

PMID- 2402841
TI  - [Screening of donor blood for anti-HIV. Experiences from blood donor screening
      1986-1988].
AB  - During the period 1986-1988, approximately 1,200,000 portions of blood were anti
      HIV screened in Denmark. A total of 19 donors were found to be anti-HIV positive
      and no increase in the frequency of anti-HIV blood donors has been observed
      during this period. At a subsequent interview, nine out of these 19 donors (47%)
      were shown to have risk factors for HIV infection. During the same period, a
      total of 12 cases of transfusion-associated HIV infection were found at follow-up
      control of recipients of blood from previous donations from donors demonstrated
      to be positive after 1986. Four of the cases were demonstrated to be positive by
      blood donor screening and eight in other ways. Finally, five cases of transfusion
      associated HIV infection in recipients have been reported where no positive donor
      could be identified. One case of HIV infection could be attributed to transfusion
      with screened anti-HIV negative blood. On the basis of information from blood
      donor screening, it is concluded that the risk that a screened anti-HIV negative
      blood portion in Denmark can transmit HIV infection is less than one per 400,000.

PMID- 2402842
TI  - [Benzodiazepines in blood samples with 0 alcohol content sent to the Institute of
      Forensic Chemistry].
AB  - The Institute of Forensic Chemistry, Copenhagen, receives approximately 29,000
      blood samples annually for alcohol determination from drivers suspected of
      drinking and driving. The incidence of benzodiazepines were estimated in the 877
      alcohol-negative samples from six months (01.01-07.31 1983). Eight samples had to
      be excluded because of insufficient material. Screening for benzodiazepines was
      made by means of a radioreceptor-method. Quantification and identification of the
      benzodiazepines was performed by gas- and liquid-chromatography. 15% of the
      samples were found to be positive for benzodiazepines (13% positive for diazepam
      and desmethyldiazepam), while an earlier investigation of the same type of
      material, but including all blood samples, both alcohol-positive and negative
      showed only 5.8% of the samples positive for benzodiazepines (5.5% positive for
      diazepam). These findings are in agreement with the results of other
      investigations. 59% of the diazepam cases had a total concentration of diazepam
      and desmethyldiazepam higher than 1 mumol/kg. 69% were men and 31% were women.
      Most cases were found in the age group 20-30 years old. In only 22% of the cases,
      had the police required analyses for benzodiazepines. Due to the known
      difficulties in instituting proceedings against drivers influenced by drugs, it
      is feared, that the drug problem in connection with driving will be forgotten,
      all the while it is increasing steadily.

PMID- 2402843
TI  - [Extrauterine pregnancy in Denmark in 1981-1986].
AB  - A uniform increase has been observed in the incidence of extrauterine pregnancies
      in Denmark from 11.7 per 1,000 known conceptions in 1981 to 16.9 per 1,000 known
      conceptions in 1986. This increase is significant. The incidence of extrauterine
      pregnancies increases with increasing maternal age until the age of 40 years. The
      main increase occurred in the age group 20-39 years, where the increase is
      significant. The same age-related tendency has been demonstrated regionally and
      in Denmark as a whole. Where all Danish counties are concerned, an increasing
      frequency of extrauterine pregnancies was demonstrated from 1981 to 1986. The
      risks are greater in urban regions than in the rural regions. The etiology of the
      increase at a national level and the age-related and regional variations are
      unknown.

PMID- 2402844
TI  - [Transcutaneous estradiol treatment in the climacteric].
AB  - The effect transcutaneous oestradiol for four months supplemented by
      medroxyprogesterone (Perlutex) from the 12th to 26th day of every month was
      assessed in an open uncontrolled prospective investigation in 34 women with
      menopausal symptoms and follicle stimulating hormone greater than 40
      international units and luteinizing hormone greater than 25 international units.
      A marked effect was found on sweating and hot flushes and other menopausal
      complaints as expressed by Kupperman's menopausal index. Serum oestradiol
      increased during the first two months to follicular phase values and this was
      followed by an unexplained decrease after the fourth month which did not,
      however, result in aggravation of the symptoms. No alterations were found in
      steroid-hormone-binding globulin, lipids and body weight. Whether the patients
      placed the plasters in the hip or abdominal regions was found to be of no
      significance. Seventeen patients had no side effects of the treatment. Nine
      patients had transient skin symptoms which disappeared spontaneously. Five
      patients had mastalgia which disappeared after reduction of the Perlutex dose.
      One patient developed metrorrhagia. A total of three patients abandoned the
      treatment: one on account of skin symptoms, one on account of high blood pressure
      and a third on account of psychiatric symptoms which were unrelated to the
      treatment. A total of 28 patients wanted to continue treatment after the fourth
      month.

PMID- 2402846
TI  - [Ambulatory femoral arteriography. An inexpensive and safe alternative to
      inpatient arteriography].
AB  - In a prospective study of complications and patient compliance, 44 selected
      patients underwent 47 outpatient arteriographies by Seldinger's method. In 45
      instances, the patient could be discharged after observation for four hours. None
      of these patients required medical attention on account of the arteriography. Two
      patients wished to be hospitalized after the arteriography because of insecurity.
      Both could be discharged the following day, with no evidence of complications. We
      found that outpatient arteriography can be performed safely with no additional
      risk to the patient and provides a safe, convenient and inexpensive alternative
      to inpatient arteriography.

PMID- 2402847
TI  - [Changes in PaO2, PaCO2 and pH during the apnea test].
AB  - Changes in PaCO2, PaO2 and arterial pH were monitored during a 10 min apnoea test
      in nine clinically brain dead subjects. The patients were preoxygenated for 15
      min with 100% O2. During the apnoea test they were oxygenated by tracheal
      cannulation with 5 l O2 per min. PaCO2 rose 1.3-2.1 kPa during the first two
      minutes of apnoea. Patients with PaCO2 greater than or equal to 5.5 kPa at the
      beginning of apnoea all had PaCO2 greater than 8 kPa after 5 min of apnoea for
      five minutes. With one exception, all of the patients were sufficient oxygenated
      during the apnoea test. If patients are ventilated to a PaCO2 greater than or
      equal to 5.5 kPa then 5 min of apnoea testing will increase PaCO2 above 8 kPa. As
      a few patients may develop hypoxemia, patients should be monitored with
      pulseoximetry.

PMID- 2402845
TI  - [Familial benign chronic neutropenia in a Danish family].
AB  - Familial benign chronic neutropenia is a rare anomaly which is transmitted as an
      autosomally dominant trait and is characterized by normal or somewhat low total
      leukocyte counts, consistent neutropenia, and, usually, relative monocytosis and
      lymphocytosis, sometimes with eosinophilia. Affected individuals have a normal
      life expectancy. Many are asymptomatic, but some have histories of tendency to
      develop furuncles and/or periodontal disease. A Danish family with familial
      benign chronic neutropenia is reported. Four family members were affected, of
      these one had repeated attacks of severe stomatitis, two had histories of
      tendencies to develop furuncles, and one was asymptomatic.

PMID- 2402849
TI  - [Infant mortality].

PMID- 2402848
TI  - [Zinc deficiency in a premature infant].
AB  - A premature infant with a birth-weight of 1,218 g developed severe zinc depletion
      about two months after birth. He had received his mother's breast-milk which was
      found to have a low zinc content of about 5 mumol/l. The clinical symptoms of
      zinc deficiency included stunted growth, catarrhal symptoms and a characteristic
      eczematous eruption on the face and diaper region known as acrodermatitis. Serum
      zinc was lowered (6.8 mumol/l) and so was serum alkaline phosphatase activity.
      Oral zinc sulphate supplementation, initially 22.5 mg daily and subsequently 11
      mg zinc daily, had a prompt effect on the patient's well-being and the skin was
      restored to normal after about a week.

PMID- 2402850
TI  - [Experiences with surgical training in anastomosis technics using porcine gut].

PMID- 2402851
TI  - Experimental transmission of a dermal sarcoma in fingerling walleyes
      (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum).
AB  - Dermal sarcoma is a benign skin tumor of adult walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum
      vitreum) with a suspected viral etiology. A laboratory study was initiated to
      determine if the tumor could be experimentally transmitted by inoculating young
      walleyes with materials prepared from tumors from adult fish. Eighty walleye
      fingerlings were divided into four groups of 20 fish each. Two groups were
      inoculated intramuscularly at 4 months of age either with live tumor cells or
      with cell-free filtrates of sonicated tumor cells. The two other groups were used
      as controls and were inoculated either with cultured cells from normal walleye
      fry or with tissue culture media. Neoplasms, similar to the dermal sarcoma
      affecting adult walleyes, were observed after 4 months only in fingerlings
      inoculated with cell-free filtrates of sonicated tumor cells. Like the tumor
      affecting wild adult walleyes, the transmitted tumors were restricted to the
      dermis and originated from the superficial surface of scales. They never invaded
      locally and never metastasized. The transmitted tumors differed from tumors of
      adult walleyes in their severity and the absence of osteoid. The multicentric
      origin of transmitted walleye dermal sarcoma suggests that the virus spreads
      systemically and that tumor cells are polyclonal. This successful transmission of
      the lesion, along with the presence of C-type virus particles budding from tumor
      cells in two of seven tumor-bearing fingerlings, supports a retroviral etiology.

PMID- 2402852
TI  - The effects of phenylbutazone on the morphology and prostaglandin concentrations
      of the pyloric mucosa of the equine stomach.
AB  - Phenylbutazone, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug known to produce gastric
      ulcers, was administered intravenously (13.46 mg/kg body weight) daily to 12
      horses. Horses were euthanatized daily after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours following
      the initial injection. Eight untreated horses served as controls. Small
      multifocal pyloric erosions were seen after 24 hours and then progressed in
      severity over time. The erosions were characterized by sloughing of the surface
      epithelium, subepithelial bleb formation, necrosis of the lamina propria,
      degeneration of the walls of subsurface capillaries, and microthrombosis of the
      capillaries of the pyloric mucosa. Large numbers of neutrophils with abundant
      fibrin and cellular debris were present at the erosion sites. Eroded pyloric
      mucosa and adjacent macroscopically intact mucosa were examined
      ultrastructurally. In both the macroscopically eroded mucosa and multifocally in
      the adjacent macroscopically uneroded mucosa, there was cellular swelling of the
      endothelium, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells of arterioles. In capillaries and
      post-capillary venules, the endothelium ranged from swollen to lysed and
      necrotic. Extensive extravasation of erythrocytes and edema were seen. These
      lesions were not seen in the control horses. Phenylbutazone produces a
      microvascular injury that is associated with the formation of pyloric erosions in
      horses. The pyloric mucosa of six horses was assayed for prostacyclin and
      prostaglandin E2 at 48 and 96 hours following the initial injection. There was no
      statistically significant difference between prostaglandin concentrations in the
      mucosa of control and treated horses. It was concluded that there was little
      correlation between pyloric mucosal prostaglandin concentrations and pyloric
      erosions after 48 hours.

PMID- 2402853
TI  - Septicemia in vaccinated and nonvaccinated turkeys inoculated with Pasteurella
      multocida serotype A:3,4.
AB  - Sixty-four, 10-week-old turkeys were inoculated with a highly virulent field
      isolate (86-1913) of Pasteurella multocida serotype A:3,4 by an oculo-nasal-oral
      route. Inoculated turkeys were examined at 4, 8, 16, 20, and 24 hours post
      inoculation for bacteremia and histologic lesions. Bacteremia was detected in one
      of six turkeys 8 hours after inoculation and in four of six turkey poults at 16
      hours post-inoculation. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from the spleens of
      two turkeys at 8 hours and from the spleens of all six poults 16 hours after
      inoculation. Peak concentrations of P. multocida reached 10(9) colony forming
      units per ml of blood. At 4 to 8 hours post-inoculation, isolate 86-1913 produced
      a fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia followed by severe pulmonary necrosis,
      pleuritis, vasculitis; and, at 16 to 24 hours post-inoculation numerous
      extracellular bacteria were observed. Hepatic lesions included focal heterophil
      aggregates 8 hours after inoculation; these progressed to hepatic necrosis.
      Numerous extracellular bacteria within sinusoids were present 16 to 24 hours
      after inoculation. At 16 to 24 hours post-inoculation, there was degeneration of
      periarteriolar reticular cells in the spleen; these cells progressed to
      coalescing coagulative splenic necrosis with extracellular bacterial colonies. A
      second group of 41, 10-week-old turkeys, previously vaccinated with the Clemson
      University strain of P. multocida serotype A:3,4, were challenged with isolate 86
      1913.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2402854
TI  - Cystic dilatation of the vaginal fornix in aged female Crj:F344/Du rats.

PMID- 2402855
TI  - Immunohistochemical and morphologic features of chordomas in ferrets (Mustela
      putorius furo).

PMID- 2402856
TI  - Lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a beagle dog.

PMID- 2402857
TI  - Ocular histopathology of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada-like syndrome in an Akita dog.

PMID- 2402859
TI  - COSHH: implications for clients and employees.

PMID- 2402858
TI  - Dandy-Walker malformation in a Japanese black calf.

PMID- 2402860
TI  - William Weipers lecture. Perspectives in veterinary education.

PMID- 2402861
TI  - Screening pig herds for toxigenic Pasteurella multocida and turbinate damage in a
      health scheme for atrophic rhinitis.
AB  - The Pig Health Control Association launched a health scheme for atrophic rhinitis
      in 1978. For several years pig herds were monitored by scoring the degree of
      turbinate damage and by clinical inspections. When laboratory facilities became
      available for detecting toxigenic Pasteurella multocida, nasal swabs were taken
      from pigs in Association herds during 1988 and 1989 to determine whether the
      organism was present. Sows were screened routinely and in the worst affected
      herds, sucklers and weaners were also swabbed. In 12 of 19 herds with
      consistently low snout scores toxigenic P multocida were not isolated, and in 15
      herds which developed higher snout scores with time toxigenic P multocida were
      also not found. Eleven herds had never been listed by the Association, either
      because their snout scores were consistently high or because they had received
      importations of stock from herds with high snout scores; of six of these herds
      with the most persistently high snout scores five showed varying degrees of the
      clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis, but none of the six showed evidence of
      infection with toxigenic P multocida, and the organism was not found in the other
      five herds in the group. There seems to be an overlap between the clinical and
      gross pathological signs of atrophic rhinitis seen in some herds not infected
      with toxigenic P multocida and the mild and spasmodic signs of atrophic rhinitis
      seen in some herds which are substantially infected with the organism.

PMID- 2402862
TI  - Bovine endometritis: comparative efficacy of alfaprostol and intrauterine
      therapies, and other factors influencing clinical success.
AB  - A comparative study of the treatment of 306 severe, moderate, or mild cases of
      bovine endometritis was carried out over two calving seasons. The cases were
      treated with alfaprostol, or an intrauterine antibacterial preparation, or with a
      combination of both therapies. There was no significant difference between the
      efficacies of these treatments, and a single injection of alfaprostol was
      effective in 74 per cent of the cases treated. The effectiveness of the
      treatments was related to the degree of self-cure of the endometritis after
      parturition, the luteal activity at the time of treatment, and farm management
      factors affecting the health and condition of the calving cows.

PMID- 2402863
TI  - Employment of overseas veterinary surgeons.

PMID- 2402864
TI  - Redwater fever.

PMID- 2402865
TI  - Lethal acrodermatitis of bull terriers.

PMID- 2402866
TI  - Tail docking.

PMID- 2402867
TI  - Equine tapeworms more prevalent.

PMID- 2402868
TI  - Evidence of Toxoplasma gondii in an equine placenta.

PMID- 2402869
TI  - Advances in veterinary virology. Proceedings of the 1st Congress of the European
      Society for Veterinary Virology. Liege, Belgium, 5-7 April 1989. Proceedings.

PMID- 2402870
TI  - The rabies viruses of bats.
AB  - In the 1930s rabies was shown to affect blood-, insect- and fruit-eating bats. We
      have prepared anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) using Mokola and bat
      (Lagos, Duvenhage and Denmark) rabies viruses as immunogens. With these MAbs we
      have examined rabies viruses from vampire, insectivorous and frugivorous bats
      from the Americas, Africa, Europe and the Soviet Union and have compared them
      with isolates from terrestrial species including man. As well as confirming the
      findings of others with viruses of African and American bat origin, the results
      revealed the presence of a second biotype in European bats and demonstrated the
      presence of serotype 1 as well as serotype 4 viruses in bats of the Soviet Union.

PMID- 2402871
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of hog cholera virus RNA: properties of the polyprotein
      encoded by the open reading frame spanning the viral genomic RNA.
AB  - Hog cholera virus RNA was cloned and sequenced. A single major open reading frame
      (ORF), encoding an amino acid sequence of 3898 residues, was found in the second
      reading frame of the sequence of one of the cDNA strands. We demonstrated that
      the ORF spans the length of the viral sense RNA, which implies that it is
      translated into a precursor polyprotein. Several properties of this polyprotein,
      like hydrophobicity, position of putative protease cleavage sites, distribution
      of N-linked glycosylation sites, distribution of cysteines and distribution of
      acidic and basic residues are described and discussed.

PMID- 2402872
TI  - Molecular cloning of the mRNA coding for the G protein of the viral haemorrhagic
      septicaemia (VHS) of salmonids.
AB  - Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), a rhabdovirus, is a major threat for
      continental European trout fish farming. The development of a recombinant subunit
      vaccine could solve that problem. The neutralizing epitopes are located on the
      glycoprotein or G protein, the surface antigen. The G protein has a molecular
      weight of 65 kDa, reduced to 55 kDa by deglycosylation. cDNA was synthetized from
      mRNA of VHS virus infected cells, and cloned in E. coli. The viral cDNA was
      recognized by positive hybridization with a labelled probe made from infected
      cell RNA, and negative hybridization with labelled cDNA made from cellular RNA.
      The Northern blot hybridization with different clones on VHS infected cell RNA
      revealed two VHS mRNA whose lengths, 2.0 and 1.5 kb, were compatible with the
      mRNA length for G and N proteins respectively. This mRNA must contain about 400
      bp of untranslated sequence.

PMID- 2402873
TI  - Oral immunization of foxes with avirulent rabies virus mutants.
AB  - SAG1, a rabies virus strain bearing one mutation which abolishes virulence for
      adult animals, was constructed from the SADBern strain of rabies virus which has
      previously been used as live vaccine for oral immunization of foxes. SAG1 also
      bears an antigenic mutation which serves as an additional marker of the strain.
      Studies on mice and four species of wild rodents showed that SAG1 is totally
      avirulent whereas SADBern is still pathogenic after intracerebral, intramuscular
      or oral inoculation and thus could cause cases of rabies. Trials of oral
      vaccination performed on foxes with SAG1 indicate that it is as effective as
      SADBern. The SAG1 strain represents a significant progress in the search for an
      efficient and safe live rabies for the oral immunization of wild animals.

PMID- 2402874
TI  - Pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in experimentally infected
      lambs.
AB  - Twenty-four 6-8-week-old conventionally reared lambs were inoculated intranasally
      and intratracheally with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Infected lambs
      showed mild clinical signs characterized by slight serous nasal discharge,
      coughing, lachrymation and bronchovascular sounds on the middle part of the lung
      5-9 days post-inoculation (PI). Virus was isolated in nasal swabs from 9 of 24
      lambs between 3 and 7 days PI. However, virus was recovered from tracheal and
      lung tissue of all lambs killed between 3 and 11 days PI. Virus-specific
      antibodies appeared as early 6 days PI but high titres were attained 14-21 days
      PI. Lungs of lambs killed on different days PI had multifocal areas of
      consolidation. There was an increase of lymphocytes with a T-suppressor cell
      marker and a decrease in those with a T-helper marker in lung lavages obtained 5
      days PI.

PMID- 2402875
TI  - The European Community and developments in veterinary virological research.

PMID- 2402876
TI  - Pathological findings indicative of distemper in European seals.
AB  - The first recorded cases of the recent epizootic were harbour seals observed at
      the Danish island of Anholt, 12 April 1988. The disease then spread throughout
      the sea waters of north-western Europe. The total mortality in Europe up to
      November 1988, was estimated to be at least 17,000 seals. The mortality rate in
      Danish-Swedish waters was about 60%. Autopsies including sampling for histology
      of most organs were performed on 37 harbour seals and 12 grey seals, collected
      mainly at the Swedish west coast and in the southern Baltic. In most of the
      harbour seals and in three of the grey seals we found histological changes in the
      upper and lower respiratory tracts, in the lower urinary tract and in the
      lymphatic system consistent with those diagnostic of distemper viral infection in
      the canine. These diagnostic criteria were: presence of intracytoplasmic
      eosinophilic inclusion bodies of epithelial cells of the trachea and the urinary
      bladder, interstitial pneumonia, and atrophy of lymphatic organs due to depletion
      of lymphocytes. Our findings in pathology of a canine distemper-like disease in
      the seals were presented in late August 1988, together with the Dutch findings in
      virology by Dr. Osterhaus and collaborators.

PMID- 2402877
TI  - Characterisation of the European seal morbillivirus.
AB  - The ELISA test originally developed for the detection of serum antibodies to
      rinderpest virus has been shown to detect cross-reacting antibodies in sera of
      diseased common and grey seals. Analysis of sera collected from various seal
      populations is in progress to establish the correlation between different
      morbillivirus neutralisation tests, ELISA tests and the disease status of the
      animals. RNA purified from post-mortem tissues removed from diseased seals has
      been analysed by hybridisation with cloned cDNAs made to various genes of canine
      distemper, peste des petits ruminants, rinderpest and measles viruses. This study
      has confirmed the presence of RNA sequences characteristic of a morbillivirus,
      but shown that the virus is not identical with any known morbillivirus. Work is
      in progress to determine the nucleotide sequences of clones carrying inserts
      homologous to morbillivirus genes isolated from cDNA made on a template of
      infected seal tissue RNA.

PMID- 2402878
TI  - Round table on infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular
      vulvovaginitis virus infection diagnosis and control.
AB  - The current situation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular
      vulvovaginitis infection in various European countries is reviewed. Whilst some
      have a high serological prevalence and use live virus vaccines to control the
      disease, others have a low prevalence and two countries (Denmark and Switzerland)
      have national eradication schemes which are almost complete. Serology remains
      important for diagnosis although other tests such as delayed cutaneous
      hypersensitivity may have a role to play. New tests such as polymerase chain
      reaction may find increasing application where high sensitivity is required, such
      as the detection of virus in semen.

PMID- 2402879
TI  - Veterinary research and education in Europe: a university viewpoint.

PMID- 2402880
TI  - Why a European society for veterinary virology?

PMID- 2402881
TI  - RNA pseudoknots: translational frameshifting and readthrough on viral RNAs.
AB  - Ribosomal frameshifting on retroviral RNAs has been proposed to be mediated by
      slippage of two adjacent tRNAs into the -1 direction at a specific
      heptanucleotide sequence. Here we report a computer-aided analysis of the
      structure around the established or putative frameshift sites in a number of
      retroviral, coronaviral, toroviral, and luteoviral RNAs and two dsRNA yeast
      viruses. In almost all cases a stable hairpin was predicted four to nine
      nucleotides downstream of the shifty heptanucleotide. More than half of the
      resulting hairpin loops give rise to potential pseudoknotting with sequences
      downstream of this hairpin. Especially in the case of the shifty heptanucleotides
      U UUA AAC and G GGA AAC, stable downstream pseudoknots are present. Indications
      were also found for the presence of pseudoknots downstream of amber stop condons
      at readthrough sites in some retroviral RNAs.

PMID- 2402882
TI  - Molecular analysis of structural protein genes of the Yamagata-1 strain of
      defective subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus. III. Nucleotide sequence of
      the hemagglutinin gene.
AB  - The full-length cDNA corresponding to the mRNA for the hemagglutinin (H) protein
      of the Yamagata-1 strain of the subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus
      was cloned and the nucleotide sequence was determined. The mRNA corresponding to
      the H protein was composed of 1952 nucleotides and contained a single large open
      reading frame, which encoded 620 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of
      69,723. This cDNA clone expressed the H protein in Cos 7 cells, and the
      transfected cells showed hemadsorption. The nucleotide and amino-acid sequence
      homology with the Edmonston strain of MV were 98.0% and 96.6%, respectively. The
      deduced amino acid sequence had a single hydrophobic domain near the N-terminus
      that was long enough to serve as an anchor in the membrane. Five potential
      glycosylation sites were found on the H protein at identical positions as in the
      H protein of MV. Cysteine and proline were located at almost identical positions
      as those of the H protein of MV. In addition, monoclonal antibody study revealed
      that three epitopes, including the domains that were involved in the biological
      activities of the H protein of MV, were conserved on the Yamagata-1 strain. These
      results suggested that the H protein of the Yamagata-1 strain of defective SSPE
      virus is structurally and functionally similar to that of the Edmonston strain of
      MV.

PMID- 2402883
TI  - Obtaining a quantitative measure of eye movements in human infants: a method of
      calibrating the electrooculogram.
AB  - We have developed a calibration procedure that combines the measurement of the
      EOG voltage with the concurrent assessment of the actual direction of gaze as
      revealed by the corneal reflection of a target light. Using this method, we have
      been able to calibrate the eye-position signal recorded from 2- and 3-month-old
      infants. Our results show that in young infants (1) the EOG is linearly related
      to eye position to at least +/- 20 deg; (2) the slopes of the calibration lines
      measured early and late in the same test session were not significantly different
      at the 0.1 level; (3) at the most eccentric eye position, the calibration was
      accurate to within +/- 1 deg; and (4) an abbreviated calibration at 0 and +/- 15
      deg, which took less than 2 min, produced essentially the same slope (t-test not
      significant at the 0.1 level) as a longer procedure that tested at every 5 deg
      between +20 and -20 deg.

PMID- 2402884
TI  - Molecular, enzymatic and functional properties of rhodopsin kinase from rat
      pineal gland.
AB  - Rhodopsin kinase activity from rat pineal gland and from rat retina are
      indistinguishable, based upon determination of a variety of enzymatic and
      molecular properties. Both activities are independent of calcium, cyclic
      nucleotides, and calmodulin. Both are activated by spermine and inhibited by
      adenosine and some rhodopsin kinase specific adenosine derivatives such as
      sangivamycin. The Km's for rhodopsin, ATP, and GTP are indistinguishable for the
      protein kinase in extracts from the retina and from the pineal gland. The
      apparent molecular weight of the kinase from both sources, as determined by gel
      filtration and autoradiography of the 32P-labeled autophosphorylated kinase, is
      about 70 kDa. Rhodopsin kinase activity from pineal binds in a light-dependent
      manner to rhodopsin in rod outer segments as does the enzyme from retina.
      Monoclonal antibodies against bovine rhodopsin were used in an immunochemical
      study that identified a rhodopsin-immunoreactive protein in rat pineal gland and
      retina. Using an ELISA we demonstrated the presence of a rhodopsin-immunoreactive
      protein in rat pineal gland equivalent to 0.075 pmol rhodopsin per gland. Frog
      pineal organ (Rana catesbiana) contains 33 times more of this rhodopsin-like
      protein than does rat pineal gland.

PMID- 2402885
TI  - Sites of sensitivity control within a long-wavelength cone pathway.
AB  - A flashed-field increment threshold paradigm was used to examine sites of
      sensitivity control within a long-wavelength cone pathway. The data were fit with
      a model containing two static nonlinearities, one at the receptors and the second
      at a red/green opponent stage. The nonlinearities are modified by multiplicative
      and subtractive processes of adaptation. Comparisons of the model's parameters
      with physiological measures of the long-wavelength cones suggest that, in the
      dark, sensitivity is controlled by the opponent site. At high adapting
      intensities, receptor nonlinearities may limit sensitivity under some conditions.
      The data also suggest that the spectral tuning of the opponent site varies with
      adapting intensity.

PMID- 2402886
TI  - On and off pathway contributions to apparent motion perception.
AB  - We studied the separability and/or interaction of the On and Off pathways in
      their role as inputs to visual motion perception. Using the long-range motion
      perception system, we asked if the motion system can use brightness polarity
      information, by testing whether correspondence is preferred between elements for
      which brightness polarity is preserved. We found such a preference, suggesting
      that brightness polarity information is indeed available to the motion system.
      However, under certain conditions motion is perceived even though the brightness
      polarity of apparent motion stimulus elements is reversed, indicating that the
      apparent motion system does integrate information from these two pathways. The
      source of the preference for maintaining polarity seems not to be the different
      brightnesses of the dark and bright stimulus elements, but the very fact that
      information must be integrated from different pathways. We relate the
      characteristics of the dependence of the motion perception on element contrast
      and contrast sign to those of previously reported visual evoked potential
      responses to brightness increments and decrements.

PMID- 2402887
TI  - Spatial properties of rod-cone interactions in flicker and hue detection.
AB  - Rod-cone interactions in flicker and hue detection were compared to examine the
      hypothesis that they are mediated by mechanisms with different spatial
      properties. Flicker and hue thresholds for a 1 deg test stimulus (TS) were
      measured as a function of background luminance and diameter. Flicker thresholds
      were reduced from their dark-adapted value by an 11 deg diameter background, but
      not by a 1 deg background. These results, in agreement with previous work,
      demonstrate that light adaptation of rods surrounding the TS is necessary to
      eliminate their effect on cone flicker thresholds. In contrast, hue thresholds
      were reduced from their dark-adapted value to a comparable degree by 1 and 11 deg
      backgrounds, indicating that light adaptation of the rods stimulated by the TS is
      sufficient to abolish the rod-cone hue interaction. Our results support the
      contention that the rod-cone flicker and hue interactions are mediated by
      different mechanisms. We also demonstrated that changing the detection task while
      keeping stimulus parameters constant is sufficient to shift between these two
      types of rod-cone interactions.

PMID- 2402888
TI  - Differences in the processing of short-range apparent motion at small and large
      displacements.
AB  - Using random dot patterns we have compared performance on direction
      discrimination tasks for single and multi-step sequences of apparent motion at a
      range of displacement sizes. Performance was measured by varying the correlation
      between the frames. For "small" displacements we found that no improvement in
      performance occurs with stimulus duration (number of frames) if the movement of
      individual elements within the pattern was restricted to one step, whereas if
      elements undergo multiple steps, performance improves with duration. For "large"
      displacements, on the contrary, performance improves with increasing stimulus
      duration irrespective of whether individual elements are restricted to single
      steps. These results suggest that small and large displacements are processed in
      different ways. We review possible psychophysical and physiological correlates of
      this suggestion.

PMID- 2402889
TI  - Simulation of movement detection by direction-selective ganglion cells in the
      rabbit and squirrel retina.
AB  - A veto-gate model of movement detection by direction-selective ganglion cells in
      the vertebrate retina, first proposed by Barlow and Levick (1965), provides the
      basis for a model described in this study. The model is a simple network
      consisting basically of (1) two subunits that have receptive fields with a center
      surround organization and an adaptational gain control, (2) a lateral inhibitory
      pathway, (3) a site of nonlinear interaction, followed by (4) a leaky temporal
      integrator. The model is tested by comparing its basic properties to those
      reported in the physiological literature on rabbit and squirrel direction
      selective retinal ganglion cells. It is shown that the physiological findings on
      sensitivity to flashes, moving spots or slits, and phi-movement stimuli, can be
      mimicked quite well by our model. Similarities between the component processes of
      the subunits and known retinal processes are pointed out. The simulation studies
      shed a new light on some of the known properties and suggest several new, more
      revealing, physiological experiments. Such experiments are necessary to develop a
      full specification of this type of model and to fix more parameter values than is
      possible at present. Results of some critical experiments are predicted to enable
      physiologists to falsify or corroborate the model. The simulation studies also
      help to distinguish use from abuse of this type of model in explanations of
      psychophysical findings. For example, neither the most complete Barlow-Levick
      detector nor any stripped-down versions that retain a temporally extended lateral
      inhibition (which is essential to mimick the physiological findings), respond
      well to moving random-pixel arrays.

PMID- 2402890
TI  - On the effective optical density of the pupil mechanism in fly photoreceptors.
AB  - A simple electrophysiological method is described for determining the effective
      optical density of the intracellular pupil mechanism of insect photoreceptor
      cells. The method depends on the fact that the photoreceptors can not only be
      illuminated in the normal, orthodromic way, but also antidromically, i.e. from
      the back. Two assumptions are made: (i) the receptor potential generating process
      is invariant for the direction of the incident light; (ii) the pupil mechanism is
      locally driven and only active distally in the cell. The method was tested in the
      blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala. The two assumptions appeared to be valid
      there. The electrophysiologically estimated effective optical density of the
      pupil was equal to the optically measured absorbance over the investigated two
      log-unit range.

PMID- 2402891
TI  - The influence of stimulus length on the oblique effect of contrast sensitivity.
AB  - Contrast sensitivity for grating of different orientations was measured at
      various stimulus lengths. The oblique effect of contrast sensitivity was observed
      to increase in magnitude as the length of the truncated gratings was increased
      from 0.5 to 5.6 deg. This finding refutes a purported distinction between the
      contrast sensitivity oblique effect and the orientation discrimination oblique
      effect. Thus, these results are consistent with the idea that the contrast
      sensitivity oblique effect and the orientation discrimination oblique effect
      share the same common underlying anisotropic basis. These results also show that
      grating summation differs at oblique and nonoblique orientations in terms of
      length summation as well as in terms of width summation.

PMID- 2402892
TI  - The mechanisms involved in brightness induction effects: a reply to Zaidi.

PMID- 2402894
TI  - Occupational carbamate pesticide intoxication in three farm workers. Implications
      and significance for occupational health in Jamaica.
AB  - The importance of occupational health practice principles in the delivery of
      health care to the working population is stressed by the authors' management of
      an incident of occupational pesticide poisoning. The clinical management of the
      patients involved, as well as the occupational and environmental health
      management of that incident, is discussed. An illustrative case report is used to
      describe an occurrence of carbofuran pesticide poisoning in three female farm
      workers in Jamaica. This report highlights the implications and significance of
      this incident in terms of the sensitivity of the medical profession to similar
      occupational health problems.

PMID- 2402893
TI  - Survey of community health aides in Jamaica (1987-1988).
AB  - The Community Health Aide (CHA) programme was initiated in 1967, and, by the
      early 1980s, 1,328 CHAs had been trained and over 1,100 remained in the service.
      The aim of the programme was to train CHAs to assist in the delivery of basic
      health care. During the restructuring of the health services in 1985-1986, many
      CHAs were made redundant. As part of a large study aimed at assessing the current
      status of the CHA programme, this paper reports results of interviews with 415
      CHAs still in service in 1987-1988 and 134 CHAs no longer employed in the
      programme at that time. The survey of CHAs still employed as such showed that
      they continued to perform duties in the community and in health centres with
      emphasis on the maternal and child health services and the management of
      diabetics and hypertensives. The survey of CHAs no longer employed as such showed
      that the majority remained unemployed through many continued to use their skills
      on a voluntary basis. These CHAs felt that home visiting had been reduced and
      environmental health was being neglected since they left, and that problems were
      not being regularly reported to the professionals at the health centres. It was
      recommended that all CHAs be offered training in the taking of blood pressure
      levels and in the giving of insulin injections to diabetics. Recommendations
      included improved methods of selection, longer training, greater community
      outreach, especially to the elderly, post-training evaluation, regular assessment
      of the CHAs' performance, and improved upward mobility opportunities and job
      security.

PMID- 2402895
TI  - A case of pseudohypertension.
AB  - We report a case of pseudohypertension seen at our hospital. The true prevalence
      of this condition is unknown. We remind clinicians of Osler's manoeuvre (the
      palpability of the pulseless brachial artery) which can be used as a screening
      test for its presence. The diagnosis is made by documentation of normal
      intraarterial blood pressure with elevated values as measured by mercury
      sphygmomanometry. Antihypertensive therapy is not indicated and may be dangerous.

PMID- 2402896
TI  - A case of disseminated phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladosporium devriesii.
AB  - In 1984, Gonzalez and co-workers reported a new fungus, Cladosporium devriesii.
      This was obtained from a young woman living in Grand Cayman, and was associated
      with deep organ involvement. Subsequently, this patient was treated at the
      University Hospital of the West Indies, Mona. There was no evidence of HIV
      infection. Following her demise, a full autopsy was performed, and fungal
      cultures were examined by electron microscopy. This is the first autopsy report
      of disseminated phaeohyphomycosis in the West Indies.

PMID- 2402897
TI  - Tetracycline-induced proximal oesophagitis.
AB  - Medication-induced oesophagitis is an unusual cause of oesophageal damage. A
      patient is presented who developed sudden onset of odynophagia and dysphagia
      while taking tetracycline. Endoscopy revealed proximal oesophagitis which was
      confirmed histologically. Symptoms resolved rapidly after stopping the offending
      drug. Drug-induced oesophagitis should be considered in patients with unexplained
      oesophageal symptoms. This condition is often unrecognized as symptoms usually
      resolve on cessation of the drug. Prevention is the best approach.

PMID- 2402898
TI  - An update on AIDS in the Caribbean (1982-1989).

PMID- 2402899
TI  - An update on Dengue fever in the Caribbean.

PMID- 2402900
TI  - Drinking and driving.

PMID- 2402901
TI  - The writing of medical manuscripts.

PMID- 2402902
TI  - Operative outcome following vaginal hysterectomy.
AB  - The peri-operative factors surrounding the patient subjected to vaginal
      hysterectomy were reviewed. Most of the patients were post-menopausal, and the
      indication for surgery in all cases was utero-vaginal descent. Regional
      anaesthesia was associated with less blood loss, while lower blood losses were
      associated with fewer complications and shorter hospitalization. Overall, the
      morbidity was low (8%), and the mortality was zero.

PMID- 2402903
TI  - Penetrating injuries of the heart.
AB  - This study represents a review of 33 patients seen at the Kingston Public
      Hospital, Jamaica, with penetrating cardiac injuries over a 7-year period from
      1982 to 1989. Male patients between the ages of 12 and 30 years accounted for
      more than 80 per cent of cases. A history of syncope associated with haemodynamic
      instability were the predominant clinical features on presentation. The clinical
      triad of raised central venous pressure, muffled heart sounds, and low blood
      pressure levels was present in 33 per cent of the patients with cardiac
      tamponade. Pulsus paradoxus was not a significant diagnostic sign. Most of the
      injuries were stab wounds to the left anterior chest. The most commonly injured
      heart chamber was the right ventricle (48 per cent). Pericardiocentesis was not
      helpful in making the diagnosis and was only performed as a resuscitative measure
      in unstable patients prior to thoracotomy. Cardiorrhaphy was performed in the
      majority of patients through a left anterior lateral thoracotomy with median
      sternotomy being used only for suspected hilar injuries. A high index of
      suspicion in patients with penetrating thoracic trauma with expeditious
      thoracotomy will result in the greatest salvage rate.

PMID- 2402904
TI  - Aortic dissection. An autopsy experience.
AB  - Aortic dissection was confirmed in 33 patients at autopsy at the University
      Hospital of the West Indies between 1975 and 1988. Twenty-five cases were acute
      and 8 chronic and the diagnosis was made antemortem in 5 cases overall. The high
      risk of rupture of proximal dissections involving the ascending aorta into the
      pericardial sac is clear, and the overriding importance of systemic hypertension
      is once again confirmed. An unusual finding was the higher proportion of females
      to males. A higher index of suspicion should permit an antemortem diagnosis and
      appropriate therapy in a larger proportion of patients.

PMID- 2402905
TI  - Pulmonary embolism as a cause of death.
AB  - To investigate the present status of pulmonary embolism as the cause of death in
      a general hospital population, the author reviewed 610 autopsy reports, and
      associated hospital records for the period 1985-1989. Pulmonary embolism was the
      major contributing factor to the cause of death in 61 (10%) of the 610 autopsies
      performed. Of the patients dying from major pulmonary embolism, in only 12
      (19.7%) was the diagnosis suspected antemortem; and in 44 (72%) deep vein
      thrombosis was detected in the femoral-popliteal vein at autopsy. The mean age of
      patients dying from major pulmonary embolism was 52.2 years, and 31 (50.8%)
      victims were under the age of 50 years. Fifty-six (92%) of patients dying from
      pulmonary embolism were of African descent while 5 (8%) were of East Indian
      descent. Without autopsies. 49 (80.3%) patients dying of pulmonary embolism would
      have been incorrectly certified and registered in death statistics based on
      clinical certification only.

PMID- 2402906
TI  - An evaluation of the domiciliary midwifery services in Jamaica.
AB  - A random sample of 78 district midwives, representing 24% of all district
      midwives in the government health service, were interviewed to assess their
      knowledge and practice of domiciliary midwifery as part of the Jamaican Perinatal
      Morbidity and Mortality Survey in 1986. A standard questionnaire based on the WHO
      guidelines on appropriate technology for birth was used. Records of their two
      preceding home deliveries were examined and their delivery bags inspected for
      availability of basic supplies and equipment. A mean of 21.5 home deliveries was
      attended by each rural midwife in 1986 compared with 3.8 in the urban areas.
      Routine laboratory tests were not done on many mothers, and there were long
      delays in getting results. Midwives' knowledge was average overall with one-third
      of them showing poor knowledge of high-risk factors in infants and newborn care.
      Most midwives routinely shave and give enemas to mothers. Unavailability of
      equipment and supplies, including vitamin K and eye drops, is common; 24% of
      midwives made no prenatal home visit in the previous month, and 80% fell short of
      the set norm of 5 postnatal home visits; 84% of midwives put the baby to the
      mother's breast within one hour of delivery. Essential supplies and lab
      investigations need to be provided and measures taken to improve domiciliary
      midwifery through a programme of continuing education and better supervision of
      midwives. A strategy to promote home deliveries under specified conditions needs
      to be considered.

PMID- 2402907
TI  - [Assessment of normal values of peripheral blood in children up to 7 years of
      age].
AB  - After examination of 722 healthy children, permanent residents in the Rzeszow
      region, the mean values of peripheral blood were established for age groups from
      1 to 84 months. The values of individual morphological++ parametres of blood were
      independent in this region of the environment (rural or urban areas), sequence of
      birth in sibship, and sex. Physiological erythropenia was found to appear already
      from the 2nd month of life on, and in differential white blood cell count
      ++lymphocytes prevailed up to the age of 66 months (second crossing). A high
      correlation was demonstrated between haematocrit and haemoglobin and erythrocyte
      count.

PMID- 2402908
TI  - [Use of nociceptive flexion reflex in the evaluation of morphine analgesia].
AB  - A close correlation between the threshold of the nociceptive flexion reflex and
      pain threshold makes this reflex useful for the examination of pain and analgesia
      level. Earlier investigations showed that in sciatica the threshold of the
      nociceptive reflex was decreased in the extremity with pain, and that the degree
      of this decrease was proportional++ to pain intensity and intensity of radicular
      sings. In the presently reported study the nociceptive flexion reflex was
      investigated in 20 patients after epidural injection of 5 mg of morphine. After
      this blockade the degree of analgesia and the value of the reflex were
      determined. Improvement was obtained in 80% of patients, with complete
      disappearance of pain in 55%. In all improved patients the previously decreased
      threshold of the nociceptive flexion reflex increased again to normal values.

PMID- 2402909
TI  - [Possibility of 4'-epiadriamycin treatment of patients with malignant neoplasms
      and coexistent heart diseases with implanted pacemaker].

PMID- 2402910
TI  - [A case od rare location of Ewing's sarcoma in a 6-year-old boy].
AB  - A 6 boy is described treated for two months for pneumonia. In view of absent
      improvement the diagnosis was verified and malignant tumour was recognized.
      Radiological examination and clinical observation showed presence of a tumour in
      the 4th rib with pulmonary metastases. Histological examination of a biopsy
      specimen from the rib demonstrated primary microcellular Ewing's sarcoma. Of
      importance are: the age of the patient, rarely described location and diagnostic
      difficulties in the initial stage of the disease.

PMID- 2402911
TI  - [Syphilitic hepatitis].
AB  - A case of hepatic lues is described manifesting itself with yellow discoloration
      of the sclerae and raised aminotransferase level. The patient was referred to
      hospital with the diagnosis of virus hepatitis. Rash was observed on the trunk.
      Differential diagnostic procedures and good result of specific treatment
      established the diagnosis of luetic background of liver disease.

PMID- 2402912
TI  - [A case of neoplastic diathesis].
AB  - A female patient is described who during 7 years had three operations for
      neoplasms situated in various sites and exhibiting different histological
      structure. Seven years ago malignant melanoma was excised from her left thigh,
      three years later hysterectomy was done for carcinoma, 18 months later an
      epithelioid carcinoma was removed from the retroperitoneal space.

PMID- 2402913
TI  - [Recurrent intracranial hemorrhage in meningioma].

PMID- 2402914
TI  - [Suppurative meningitis in a patient with severe botulinum toxin type B
      poisoning].
AB  - A case of botulism with severe course is described. The patient was a woman aged
      42 years treated in a gynaecology hospital department with erroneous diagnosis of
      peritonitis and paralytic ileus. The development of signs of meningitis caused
      that the patient was transferred to a hospital for infectious diseases where the
      correct diagnosis was established. After 63 days of treatment the patient was
      discharged home without any clinically detectable sequelae of the disease.

PMID- 2402915
TI  - [Staphylococcal septicemia in a newborn infant with multiple organ involvement].
AB  - The clinical course and therapeutic problems are presented in a case of
      staphylococcal septicaemia in a newborn. Generalized infection was associated
      with multiorgan location of pathological changes, among them, acute haematogenous
      osteitis and arthritis (of the temporomandibular joint, shoulder joint, hip,
      elbow joint, knee joint and wrist joint) and rarely occurring parotitis.

PMID- 2402916
TI  - [Kniest syndrome associated with eye abnormalities].
AB  - Development anomalies are described in a child involving the osteoarticular
      system and organ of vision. They were compared with the abnormalities described
      by other authors. The observed sings were recognized as belonging to the syndrome
      described in the literature as Kniest disease.

PMID- 2402917
TI  - [Acute parapsoriasis in a 5-year-old girl].
AB  - A case is reported of rarely observed skin changes in a girl aged 5 years. The
      changes resembled those observed in acute parapsoriasis (p. lichenoides et
      varioliformis of Mucha-Habermann). The diagnosis was established after finding
      characteristic polymorphic lesions in the form of papulae, necrotizing vesicles,
      ulcerations, desquamation of certain papulae typical of p. guttata, long-term
      persistence of the lesions and good general condition of the child. The lesions
      were situated on the trunk, and in a lower degree on the face and extremities.
      Before the disease the girl hand contact with insecticides (Ovadofox) and
      detergents.

PMID- 2402918
TI  - [Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography--a new technic of examination of cerebral
      blood flow].
AB  - Technical principles and clinical use are described of Doppler ultrasonography
      developed in 1982 method of measurement of blood flow in intracranial blood
      vessels. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are compared with
      other methods used for determination of cerebral blood flow (extracranial
      ultrasonography, PET, SPECT).

PMID- 2402919
TI  - [Acute circulatory disorders in the lower extremities in polymyositis].
AB  - A 32-year-old women with a definite diagnosis of polymyositis is described. The
      disease began acutely with two episodes of acute ischaemia of one lower extremity
      without evidence of organic occlusion of the arteries. Further on, signs
      predominated suggestive of deep thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities. The
      diagnosis was based on electromyography, histological examination of muscle
      biopsy material and rapid improvement after treatment with corticosteroids.

PMID- 2402920
TI  - [Non-neoplastic tumors of the heart in newborn infants].
AB  - Two cases are reported of masses in the cardiac ventricles in newborns with a
      thrombus, in another case the changes disappeared completely. Despite the
      diagnosis of congenital heart disease. In one case autopsy examination
      demonstrated persistent heart disease. The condition of the child improved.

PMID- 2402921
TI  - [Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma].
AB  - Ten patients with the syndrome of non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma are described.
      The mean age of the patients was 62.3 +/- 17.12 years. One patient was 16 years
      old. In 9 cases the patients had type II diabetes, one had type I diabetes. In 7
      cases the coma was the first sign of diabetes. The factor predisposing in most
      cases was infection. In the treatment-acting insulin and hypotonic solutions were
      given. In 2 cases clinical signs of the DIS syndrome were observed manifesting
      themselves with local changes, including mental disturbances. Heparin was given
      with good effect. Three patients (30%) died in hospital. The cause of death was
      serious disease associated with this coma: pancreatitis and myocarditis, purulent
      bronchopneumonia, myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2402922
TI  - [Pericardial stenosis caused by infiltration in chronic granulomatous disease].
AB  - A 7-year-old boy is reported with chronic granulomatous disease who was admitted
      to hospital for persistent vomiting, dysphagia, epigastric pains. After endoscopy
      of the digestive tract a granulomatous tissue infiltration was found in the
      oesophagus above the cardia and in the cardia. Treatment resulted in
      disappearance of gastric signs and during 2 years of follow-up no signs were
      found suggesting recurrence of the infiltration.

PMID- 2402923
TI  - [Strongyloidiasis and its current treatment].
AB  - A case of strongyloidosis and giardiasis was observed in a women aged 62 years.
      The treatment included tinidazole, metronidazole and ercefuryl. Modern views on
      the epidemiology, clinical course and therapy of this parasitic infestation are
      discussed.

PMID- 2402924
TI  - [Toxoplasmosis of cervical lymph nodes].

PMID- 2402925
TI  - [Control of primary health care in the field of internal medicine by hospital
      administrators].

PMID- 2402926
TI  - [Senology--a word becomes a concept].
AB  - Diseases of the female breast represent the highest percentage of patients in the
      field of gynaecological oncology. The gynaecologist himself therefore becomes the
      most important person on reference for the patients. The expression "senology" is
      a collective term for the various aspects of science and teaching in the field of
      breast diseases. For over 20 years gynaecologists in the BRD, Switzerland and
      France have been working to an increasing extent on this important field of
      medical interest in gynaecology. In 1973 the Ist University Department of
      Gynaecology in Vienna started up this new development with a diagnostic breast
      center. Since 1979 the entire diagnostic procedure and therapy including cancer
      operations and postoperative treatment and follow up is performed at this clinic.
      More than 30,000 women were investigated over this period and more than 1,000
      patients with breast cancer were surgically treated. At the moment about 30% of
      operations represent breast operations and 70% of cancer operations are cases of
      breast cancer. This situation entails a large amount of practical work, but also
      provides a good scientific output for the senological team of the clinic.

PMID- 2402927
TI  - [A risk score for surgically treated stage Ib cervix carcinoma and its
      significance for postoperative irradiation].
AB  - The value of adjuvant irradiation in stage Ib cervical cancer is not clear. In a
      retrospective study of 171 cases of stage Ib cervical cancer tumor grading, tumor
      size, blood and lymphatic vessel invasion and pelvic lymph node metastases were
      analysed. A simple score of these risk factors is proposed enabling assignment
      into patient groups of similar risk on the basis of a points system for
      individual prognostic factors. 90 patients were treated by radical surgery alone,
      81 patients received adjuvant pelvic irradiation (56 Gy). 5-year survival after
      surgery alone was 95.6%, in comparison with only 79% after adjuvant irradiation
      (p less than 0.001). However, when patients with a similar risk score are
      compared, the outcome of adjuvant irradiation was found to be favourable. With a
      score of 6 to 10 points 5-year survival after surgery alone was 75%, whilst with
      adjuvant irradiation the rate rose to 92%. In this risk group relapses were
      observed after surgery alone in 37%, whilst with adjuvant irradiation only 4%
      relapsed. 20 of 21 deceased patients had a risk score of 6 and more points. The
      incidence of risk factors in the group treated by surgery alone was significantly
      lower than in the group with adjuvant irradiation (p less than 0.0001). Therefore
      the unfavourable result in the group given adjuvant irradiation becomes quite
      clear. Adjuvant irradiation is recommended in stage Ib cervical cancer for
      patients with a risk score of 6 and more points. Adjuvant radiotherapy should not
      be hastily replaced by other modalities of adjuvant treatment.

PMID- 2402928
TI  - [The value of surgical staging in the early stages of ovarian carcinoma].
AB  - The value of surgery in early ovarian cancer was assessed in a retrospective
      analysis of prognostic factors in all 222 patients with primary stage I
      epithelial ovarian carcinoma treated in this department between 1975 and 1987.
      Only cellular differentiation grade (p less than 0.03) and surgical procedure -
      total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy +/- omentectomy vs.
      unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy - (p less than 0.02) were of significant
      influence on estimated survival (Cox model). All other factors (age, FIGO stage,
      integrity of the capsule, uni-vs. bilaterality, histology) were of no prognostic
      importance. Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy without any additional staging
      reduces the 5-year survival probability (62% vs. 84%). Future prospective studies
      on adjuvant therapy must be based on exact staging during surgical management
      before randomisation. Determination of cellular differentiation is also
      essential.

PMID- 2402929
TI  - [The value of cytoreductive second-look surgery in advanced epithelial ovarian
      carcinoma].
AB  - 40 patients with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma were investigated to
      evaluate the influence of further cytoreduction during second-look surgery on
      survival after termination of first-line polychemotherapy containing cisplatinum.
      Radical tumorectomy with no macroscopic residual tumor mass was achieved in 27.5%
      of cases; in 52.5% the residual tumour mass was less than 2 cm and in 20% it was
      more than 2 cm in diameter after cytoreductive second-look surgery. Median
      survival time after second-look within these three groups of patients was 15.2
      months, 16.9 months and 15.3 months, respectively (Mantel test, p = 0.74). In
      contrast to the situation at the diagnostic operation, further cytoreduction
      during second-look surgery has no positive influence on survival. We therefore
      abandoned this operation in clinically tumour-positive patients.

PMID- 2402930
TI  - [Ambroxol versus betamethasone for the promotion of antepartum lung maturity in
      pathological pregnancies].
AB  - Although glucocorticoids have been universally implemented to stimulate fetal
      lung maturity, their effectiveness and side effects are still widely contested.
      In search of alternative drugs a double-blind study was conducted between June
      1981 and June 1984 comparing betamethasone, a conventional corticoid, and
      ambroxol, a bromhexine metabolite for efficacy and tolerance in prenatal
      prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants and
      full-term neonates. The therapeutic efficacies of betamethasone and ambroxol for
      this indication proved to be comparable. Since the possible risks of corticoid
      therapy in abnormal pregnancies are repeatedly discussed in the literature and in
      daily clinical practice. 137 patients with EPH gestosis, placental insufficiency,
      diabetes mellitus, and premature rupture of the membranes were selected from the
      original group of 308 patients. Only minor side effects (e.g. nausea) were
      present in a few of the 137 cases undergoing treatment with the 2 test
      substances. No side effects were observed in the neonates. The incidence of fetal
      RDS was comparable in both groups (2.9% with ambroxol, 2.2% with betamethasone).
      Transient and mild RDS cases were slightly more frequent in the ambroxol group
      than in the betamethasone group. To date, contraindications to ambroxol treatment
      in abnormal pregnancies are unknown and since generally the rate of potential
      side effects is considered to be lower in comparison with corticoid treatment,
      the use of ambroxol especially in abnormal pregnancies corresponding indication
      can be recommended.

PMID- 2402931
TI  - Differences in Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis in the antrum and body of
      the stomach.
AB  - In 1,265 patients with Helicobacter pylori (HP)-associated gastritis, the degree
      of HP colonisation correlated in a highly significant manner with the degree and
      the activity of gastritis in the antrum and body. The degree of HP colonisation
      is identical in both body and antrum in 49.3%, the antrum being more markedly
      colonised in 38.7% and the body in 12.0%. In comparison, the degree and activity
      of gastritis is more pronounced in the antrum in 71.3% and 72.5%, respectively,
      the corresponding figures for the body being only 3.4% and 7.3%, respectively.
      The degree of HP colonisation, and also the degree and activity of gastritis, are
      not age-related. In the body, the degree of colonisation by HP increases with
      advancing age. In parallel to this, there is also a statistically significant
      increase in the degree and activity of gastritis in the body. In comparison with
      the antrum, however, the inflammatory reaction in the body is less pronounced
      than in the antrum, even with increasing age. The different milieu in the antrum
      vis-a-vis the body, with changes in acid secretion behaviour is discussed as a
      possible cause of these differences.

PMID- 2402932
TI  - [Effect of untreated and non-irritating purified coffee and carbonic acid
      hydroxytryptamides on the gastric mucosa in the rat].
AB  - Commercial coffees frequently are processed to reduce the gastric irritation
      perceived by many coffee consumers. The influence of coffee infusions on gastric
      mucosa of rats was studied by observing the frequency of distention ulcers. Two
      kinds of coffee were used: untreated and treated coffee with decreased carbonic
      acid hydroxytryptamide-content. Infusions of untreated coffee given ad libitum
      induced severe gastric lesions after a period of at least 13 weeks, while treated
      coffee did not. In treated coffee the amount of carbonic acid hydroxytryptamides
      (CHT) is considerably decreased by the so-called CHT-procedure. Further, the
      ulcerogenic effect of CHT was studied by feeding experiments in rats with the
      same method resulting in severe lesions of the rat stomach after 3 and 8 weeks,
      respectively, of feeding. The possible causal effect of the coffee constituent
      CHT on the ulcerogenic effect of untreated roasted coffee is discussed.

PMID- 2402933
TI  - Prevalence of lactose malabsorption among patients with functional bowel
      disorders.
AB  - To investigate the prevalence of lactose malabsorption among patients with
      functional gastrointestinal disturbances we prospectively evaluated all patients
      referred to a gastrointestinal outpatient clinic over a period of 18 months. All
      patients had a breath hydrogen test following oral lactose in addition to the
      standard diagnostic procedures. In 37 of the total of 64 patients no organic
      cause of the gastrointestinal complaints was found. In 9 of these 37 patients
      (24%) the breath hydrogen test indicated lactose malabsorption. Three to 6 month
      later most of the patients with lactose malabsorption showed a significant
      reduction of gastrointestinal complaints after they had maintained a lactose-poor
      diet. In comparison, patients with functional disturbances but without lactose
      malabsorption reported nor or only minor improvement of symptoms; most of these
      patients had consulted another physician since the last visit in the clinic.

PMID- 2402934
TI  - [Data on the late results of the treatment of psoriasis patients].

PMID- 2402935
TI  - [The skin manifestations of the graft vs. host reaction].
AB  - A patient with the graft-versus-host reaction is described. The description is
      illustrated with photographs of the patient, with histo- and electron grams.

PMID- 2402936
TI  - [The detection of the surface antigens of Trichomonas vaginalis by using the
      scanning electron microscope].
AB  - The method for the detection of surface antigens, based on antibody aggregation
      phenomenon, was used in scanning microscopy of T. vaginalis. After Trichomonas
      treatment with immune blood serum diluted 1:5000--1:10,000 aggregates were
      detected, consisting of subunits 30-80 nm in diameter, localized on the protozoal
      cilia, projections, and, less frequently, body. Analysis of the results following
      the material treatment with colloid gold-conjugated anti-IgG permits a conclusion
      that the detected aggregates are antibodies to immunogenic surface antigens of T.
      vaginalis.

PMID- 2402937
TI  - [The effect of therapy on the immunological indices in patients with skin
      lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoma].
AB  - Manifest changes in the immunity status are detected in lymphoproliferative
      diseases of the skin and in Kaposi's sarcoma. Therapy results in elevation of the
      initially lowered levels of T mu- and T gamma-cells, this being a favorable
      result. Scintillation of T mu- and T gamma-cells may be used to monitor the
      efficacy of therapy in such patients.

PMID- 2402938
TI  - [An assessment of the degree of severity in a course of mycosis fungoides].

PMID- 2402939
TI  - [The immunocorrective and detoxifying actions of hemosorption, plasmapheresis and
      enterosorption in pemphigus].
AB  - Immunity system changes and intoxication characteristics were studied in two
      groups of patients with pemphigus treated with traditional methods (group 1, 14
      patients) and routine therapy combined with hemoperfusion, plasmapheresis, and
      enterosorption (group 2, 12 patients). During exacerbation pemphigus patients
      develop manifest changes in the immunity status in the presence of endotoxicosis.
      Introduction of hemoperfusion, plasmapheresis, and enterosorption in the
      complexes of treatment of pemphigus patients activates erosion epithelialization,
      helps sooner reduce the doses of corticosteroids whose total dose is reduced by
      39 percent, improves cell-mediated and humoral immunity parameters, and is
      conducive to a more favorable time course of the body intoxication parameters.

PMID- 2402940
TI  - [The therapeutic efficacy of tigazon in treating dermatoses].
AB  - Forty patients with various dermatoses (psoriasis, ichthyosis, Darier's disease,
      discoid lupus erythematosis) were followed-up over the course of treatment with
      tigason, an aromatic retinoid. The effect was satisfactory in the majority of
      patients. Side effects were recorded in 16 cases.

PMID- 2402941
TI  - [The genetic markers of psoriasis].
AB  - HLA-A, B, and C antigens were studied in 220 psoriasis patients by Terasaki and
      McLelland's lymphocytotoxic method. The value of relative risk for HLA-B13 and
      HLA-B17 antigens was estimated: 5.3 and 7.7, respectively. The detected
      regularities in histocompatibility antigens distribution suggest that typing of
      psoriasis patients may help predict, with some certainty, the course of the
      disease, its pattern, and clinical picture.

PMID- 2402942
TI  - [The clinico-dermatological and morphological characteristics of the hair
      involvement in children with chemical poisoning].
AB  - A syndromal condition, transitory neuropsychic symptoms and signs of catarrhal
      inflammation of upper respiratory tract mucosae and alopecia, develop in children
      with symptoms of chemical poisoning due to exposure to heavy metal salts.
      Electron microscopy shows changes that evidence a high incidence of dying and
      dead hair. Alopecia was more frequently subtotal and there was a tendency to hair
      growth restoration after the cause of the condition was removed and prophylactic
      measures carried out.

PMID- 2402943
TI  - [Chronic pyoderma caused by beta-lactamase-producing strains of Staphylococcus].
AB  - Features of the agent structure have been revealed on a subcellular level in
      vitro and in vivo in the patients with chronic pyodermas induced by
      Staphylococcus beta-lactamase-producing strains, and the type of these strains
      interaction with phagocytes before and in the course of combined therapy
      detected. Regularities in morphologic manifestations of pyoderma development were
      singled out, explained by specific features of cellular exudate composition and
      interactions between bacteria and eukaryotes.

PMID- 2402944
TI  - [The mechanisms of the perception of pruritus].

PMID- 2402945
TI  - [The relationship of the HLA antigen system to Behcet's disease].
AB  - Data on the relations between HLA antigens and Behcet's disease are presented for
      the first time in this country. Increased incidence of HLA-B5 and CW2 antigens
      was revealed in 10 patients.

PMID- 2402946
TI  - [The combination of psoriasis with different types of lipoproteinemias. 2. The
      characteristics of the dyslipoproteinemias caused by disorders in
      triacylglyceride transport in psoriasis].
AB  - The findings of examination of patients with disseminated psoriasis vulgaris
      evidence a reduction of high-density lipoprotein (HDLP) cholesterol in women and
      of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in men with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia
      (HLP) as against the normolipidemic patients. Correlation of serum
      triacylglycerides and HDLP cholesterol concentration was discovered only in men
      with type IV HLP (r = -0.72, p less than 0.01), administered lipid-reducing and
      cytostatic drugs. The period of hospitalization was longer and the remissions
      less frequent in these patients in comparison with normolipidemic groups. No
      correlation of these indexes with serum levels of triacylglycerides was
      detectable. The authors come to a conclusion that type IV HLP in patients with
      psoriasis is of a multifactorial origin and that sex-associated differences
      characteristic of hypertriacylglyceridemia may be explained by the specific
      influence of male and female hormones on lipoprotein metabolism.

PMID- 2402947
TI  - [A case of Wegener's granulomatosis].
AB  - The described case of Wegener's granulomatosis evidences that this condition is
      difficult to diagnose and that it should be differentiated from tuberculosis,
      syphilis, pemphigus, deep mycosis. Late identification and beginning of therapy
      result in generalization of the process.

PMID- 2402948
TI  - [A rare complication of molluscum contagiosum by pyogenic granuloma].

PMID- 2402949
TI  - [XXVIIth scientific meeting and 25th anniversary of the Society for Laboratory
      Animal Science. Hannover, FRG, September 25-28, 1989. Abstracts].

PMID- 2402950
TI  - [The Wilcoxon, Mann and Whitney test: conditions under which and hypotheses for
      which it is applicable].
AB  - The test of Wilcoxon, Mann and Whitney is applicable only under the assumption
      that the two distribution functions FX and FY do not intersect. In case of doubt
      this assumption should be examined by drawing the estimates of FX and FY. If the
      assumption is true, the test simultaneously examines whether X and Y have equal
      means, equal medians, and whether 'X greater than Y' and 'Y greater than X' have
      the same probability 1/2. Independent of the assumption one concludes 'FX not
      equal to FY' in case of significance and 'P(X greater than Y) = 1/2 in case of no
      significance and large sample sizes. If the assumption may be violated, no
      statement is possible concerning means or medians. The probability P(X greater
      than Y) can be compared even against some p0 (being possibly different from 1/2),
      and a confidence interval for P(X greater than Y) can be calculated, when using
      the large sample modification of the test by Hilgers (1981).

PMID- 2402951
TI  - [24 hour rhythm of feed and water consumption by BD IX rats in relation to
      pregnancy and lactation].
AB  - The 24-hour rhythms of food and water consumption of non-fertilized female rats,
      of pregnant and lactating animals of a conventionally maintained BD IX stock has
      been determined. The mean food consumption has been found to be, in the same
      order, 20.6 g/d, 25.3 g/d, and 48.6 g/d, respectively. In the dark the
      corresponding values were, respectively, 79, 76 and 67.5%. Maximum food
      consumption of these 3 animal groups were registered between 10.00 p.m. and 02.00
      a.m., from 06.00 p.m. to 10.00 p.m., and from 06.00 p.m. to 10.00 p.m.,
      respectively. At first the pattern is unimodal, but it becomes bimodal during
      pregnancy and lactation. In corresponding time periods the mean water consumption
      was, respectively, 28.7, 33.8 and 64.7 ml/d. The maxima corresponded to those of
      food consumption. Food and water consumption was estrous-dependent and decreased
      significantly in the perinatal phase. During laction the food and water
      consumption showed a 2-day rhythm, beginning from day 9 onwards.

PMID- 2402952
TI  - Experiments with volume overload in SHR/Frid and WKY/Frid.
AB  - Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and left ventricular pressure
      were continuously measured in volume overload experiments with SHR and WKY rats.
      The index for contractility dp/dtmax was determined. The initial data and the
      changes during overload are tabulated and compared between the strains. Overload
      led to a marked increase of the end-diastolic left ventricular pressure in WKY
      rats. The SHR overload model reacts less to the standard drug Dopamine than the
      normotensive strain. It combines chronic hypertension with acute volume overload
      and is suitable for circulation basic research and special screening experiments
      with prospective new cardiovascular drugs. It is bound to a high technical and
      preparative expenditure.

PMID- 2402953
TI  - Spontaneous Hymenolepis nana infection in a breeding colony of nude mice.
AB  - The spontaneous occurrence of a parasitic infection with the dwarf tapeworm
      Hymenolepis nana is nude mice was observed under conventional conditions.
      Clinical, pathological and histological observations are described.

PMID- 2402954
TI  - [Age-dependent reproductive performance of Shoe:WIST rats].
AB  - Reproductive performance of fertile female Shoe: WIST rats decreases with
      increasing age. The decreases in productivity and litter size of the females do
      not depend on the age of the male. Circannual investigation exhibits a
      significant depression of reproductive performance in autumn of all the age
      groups.

PMID- 2402955
TI  - Influence of age, phenobarbital and beta-naphthoflavone on hepatic microsomal
      lipid peroxidation in rats.
AB  - The NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation is low in liver microsomes of newborns and
      increases to day 30 of life. Thereafter nearly no changes in lipid peroxidation
      occur. The relatively high rate of lipid peroxidation in fetal liver microsomes
      is of interest. The well known inducers of the monooxygenase system phenobarbital
      and beta-naphthoflavone change lipid peroxidation only in liver microsomes of
      newborns. Lipid peroxidation is connected with the formation of reactive oxygen
      species and organic radicals characterized by the chemiluminescence with the
      amplifiers luminol and lucigenin. Chemiluminescence increases with increasing age
      depending on the amplifier. Treatment of the animals with phenobarbital causes
      the most pronounced increase in chemiluminescence of the 10-day-old animals,
      independent of the amplifier used. beta-naphthoflavone leads to an increase in
      chemiluminescence in microsomes of all age groups investigated except the luminol
      chemiluminescence

PMID- 2402956
TI  - [Postnatal loss and the possible effect of overcrowding in a high fertility mouse
      population].
AB  - Mice characterized by a mean litter size of 17 pups in the first litter were held
      in cages of different size. No overcrowding effect on preweaning growth and
      survival rate have been found when the population was held in type I cages (195
      cm2 bottom area) as compared with keeping in type II cages (416 cm2). The
      increased mortality during suckling is due to an insufficient lactation
      performance of the mothers.

PMID- 2402957
TI  - [Comparative histological studies of germinative tissue after chemotherapy or
      radiation therapy in patients with malignant testicular tumors].
AB  - Described in this paper are morphological and morphometric alterations that
      occurred to the remaining testicles in patients who had undergone chemotherapy or
      radiotherapy for malignant testicular tumours, with findings, on average, being
      recorded 4.5 years after treatment. Qualitative histological investigations of
      testicular tissue exhibited differentiated characteristics, with radiotherapy
      resulting in significantly stronger phenomena. Epithelial height was clearly
      reduced in conjunction with increase in wall thickness, especially after
      radiotherapy. Tubular lumens, in the wake of radiotherapy, were more often filled
      with hyalin than after chemotherapy. Unambiguous evidence was produced to
      impairment of fertility in response to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

PMID- 2402958
TI  - [The presence of aluminum in cerebral vessels in Alzheimer's disease].
AB  - Morin staining is a specific method by which to detect aluminium in the brain. In
      cases of Alzheimer disease, aluminium was found to occur in neurons and glial
      cells, dense cores of senile plaques, primitive plaques, and intracortical
      congophilic vessels. Findings obtained are likely to suggest concomitant presence
      of aluminium and amyloid. Aluminium is assumed to have high affinity for amyloid.
      Aluminium is thus capable of overcoming the blood-brain barrier.

PMID- 2402959
TI  - [Secondary amyloidosis in chronic polyarthritis].
AB  - Systemic secondary amyloidosis was a post-mortem finding recorded from 24% of
      patients with classical chronic polyarthritis. In 80 to 100% of all cases,
      amyloidosis was present in heart, thyroid gland, kidneys, adrenal gland,
      pancreas, spleen, and gastro-intestinal canal. It was recordable, in 50 to 70% of
      all cases, from liver, aorta, lungs, and lymph nodes. Nerves, muscles, skin, and
      synovial membrane were less often affected (10 to 40% of all cases). No
      amyloidosis was recorded at all from the brain. Amyloid depositions differed
      greatly in intensity by organs. The most massive deposits were found in the
      gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, and spleen.
      Amyloid depositions were moderate in heart, pancreas, lungs, and liver. They were
      extremely low in lymph nodes, muscles, nerves, synovial membrane, and skin. The
      author assumes amyloid deposition to be associated with increase in arterial or
      venous concentrations of circulating amyloid precursors. Frequency and intensity
      of amyloid depositions in different organs may be linked to blood supply to the
      latter. The higher the minute volume of a given organ, the more strongly
      pronounced is the amyloidosis in it. In the context of amyloidogenesis,
      consideration should be given, as well, to locally delimited factors, such as
      organ motility.

PMID- 2402960
TI  - Ultrastructure of ventral hippocampus of rat with chronic ethanol intoxication.
AB  - Ultrastructural analysis was made of the ventral hippocampus in 5 Wistar rats
      experimentally subjected to chronic ethanol treatment (daily doses of 5 cm3 of
      40% ethanol for 3 months), with a view to identifying morphological features
      resembling hippocampal damage in human alcoholics. Our results indicated damage
      of nerve cells in the investigated area, accompanied by glial reaction. The nerve
      cells were impaired by energetic depletion of the mitochondrial system which, in
      our opinion, led to pictures analogous to ischemic cell affection and, finally,
      to cell death. Also, features of premature involution were noted in both
      pyramidal and granular cells. There were signs of glial hypertrophy, glial cell
      divisions, lipopigment accumulation, and glial adhesion of affected neurons. We
      concluded that severe chronic ethanol intoxication affected first of all the
      mitochondrial apparatus of neurons, leading to more advanced lesion of cells and
      to pronounced glial reaction.

PMID- 2402962
TI  - [Problems of agreement between clinical and autopsy diagnoses. Reply to the
      comments of Schneider and coworkers].

PMID- 2402961
TI  - [Familial juvenile nephronophthisis. Pathohistology of a rare genetic disease in
      three siblings].
AB  - Reported in this paper are clinical and morphological findings recorded from two
      sisters and one brother with familial juvenile nephronophthisis. Coherency in the
      basic course of the disease was not detectable by histological examinations, in
      the first place, though infancy developments had been almost identical, and
      clinical patterns were very similar to each other, with the characteristics
      including polyuria, polydipsia, hyposthenuria, anaemia, retarded growth,
      azotaemia, and progressing renal insufficiency. Some of the morphological
      findings were masked by secondary alterations and organ shrinkage. They were
      incoherently interpreted following preliminary investigations by different
      examiners. The pathogenesis of the disease has continued to be obscure. A
      disorder with tubular basal membranes as primary points of attack is discussed.
      Autosomal-recessive inheritance seems to be beyond any doubt, following genetic
      analysis of the family.

PMID- 2402963
TI  - Is preoperative cervical softening necessary in termination of pregnancy in
      nulliparous women?

PMID- 2402964
TI  - [Urine flow measurement in pregnancy and the puerperium].
AB  - To elucidate effects of gestation on micturition, 337 standardised urine flow
      measurements with weight transducers were performed on 296 women in normal
      pregnancy (n = 128), under oral or intravenous tocolysis (n = 103), after
      spontaneous delivery (n = 20) or obstetric surgery (n = 26) as well as on non
      pregnant probands (n = 19) with clinically intact urinary tract for comparison.
      Average micturition frequency was calculated, as well (n = 86). However, only
      general trends were discernible from mean value calculations because of wide
      scatter of uroflow parameters: In normal pregnancy, significant increase in flow
      rate was observed only in the second trimenon. Major opposite effects were
      recordable from beta-adrenergics (Fenoterol) only in intravenous tocolysis.
      Micturition frequency was at its highest level towards the end of pregnancy. Post
      partum, only flow rates after forceps delivery were worse than those in the non
      pregnant control group, on the other hand after spontaneous delivery flow rates
      were even better than in the controls. Yet, even significant differences stayed
      within normal range, so that in general severe disadvantages should not be
      expected from voiding alterations during pregnancy. Uroflow measurements and
      frequency/volume charts are not required in the care of pregnant women unless
      conspicuous findings are derived from analyses of micturition habits, types, and
      frequencies.

PMID- 2402965
TI  - [Multi-parity in Saudi Arabia].
AB  - The relation between birthweight and parity of the mother was examined in Saudi
      patients from Tabuk and Najran. 4,664 newborns were taken into consideration from
      1985-1988. 30.7% (1,430) of these newborns were born to mothers with more than 5
      deliveries. A positive correlation between the increasing number of the parity
      and the birthweight can be demonstrated in our patients from parity 9. From
      parity 9 to parity 11 there is an increasing birth-weight of the male newborns,
      whereas the weight of the female newborns shows different tendencies. The average
      age of a Saudi primipara is 20.5 years and increases by 1.05-1.99 years until
      parity 11. From parity 11 to parity 13 it increases by 0.7 years.

PMID- 2402966
TI  - [Comparison of various methods of cryopreservation of human pre-embryos].
AB  - A human egg and embryo freezing program for non-fertilized eggs and spare embryos
      has been established in our in vitro fertilization clinic. In the following we
      report on our first experience with different methods of human pre-embryo
      cryopreservation. In a simple evaluation we have compared different conventional
      freezing techniques using cryoprotectant substances such as glycerol, DMSO and
      1.2 propanediol and an "ultrarapid" technique. So far we have achieved 6 normal
      ongoing and 2 biochemical pregnancies out of a total number of 61 embryo
      transfers. This equals 9.8% pregnancy rate per embryo transfer. Two methods seem
      preferable, i.e. sucrose and 1.2 propandiol which has the highest success rate
      and the ultrarapid method which gives a good rate of embryo survival on the one
      hand and a simple handling on the other.

PMID- 2402967
TI  - [Heterologous and homologous radioimmunoassays of human prolactin. 2. Reference
      values].
AB  - Based on both selection of suitable substances for setting up and critical
      considerations of the developed heterologous and homologous prolactin
      radioimmunoassays, the reference ranges of prolactin serum levels for healthy
      women and men were estimated and compared with those of some other PRL-RIA-kits.

PMID- 2402968
TI  - [Rare malignant tumors of the ovaries in adolescents--clinical aspects in
      deciding therapeutic aggressiveness].
AB  - 4 patients below the age of 20 years have been treated for a malignant tumor of
      the ovary during the period November 1, 1984 until April 30, 1988. Dysgerminoma
      was the diagnosis in two cases, as the third patient suffered from a bilateral
      malignant teratoma. Burkitt's Lymphoma involved both ovaries primarily in an 17
      year-old girl. Retrospectively we analyzed diagnosis, therapy and clinical course
      of these young patients. Regarding the different histological types of the tumors
      that have been found we discuss critically current recommendations in therapeutic
      managements referring chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Defined conditions
      provided surgical treatment, that preserves fertility in early stages of
      malignant germ cell tumors of adolescent women, may be justified, especially for
      dysgerminomas. A real benefit relate to survival and quality of life by using
      chemotherapeutic agents can only be expected, if all prognostic factors are
      regarded.

PMID- 2402969
TI  - Marketing authorisation of fish drugs--current status and future intentions.
AB  - The main purpose of the German drug law (August 24, 1976) is to guarantee
      quality, efficacy and safety of drugs for use in man and animals. The present
      particular situation for fish is as follows: 1. Several drugs (including
      antibiotics and antiparasitics) have been authorised before 1978. An application
      for prolonged authorisation has to be made before the end of 1989. For decisions
      on these applications, the Federal Health Office requires further scientific data
      of the active ingredients as a basis. 2. Certain chemicals (including malachite
      green) are subject to a simplified standard procedure for authorisation.
      Requirements concerning quality, restrictions of use etc. are published in
      monographs. 3. New drugs will be authorised according to the present national
      drug law until the establishment of EEC regulations. 4. Future decisions under
      EEC legislation shall consider potential risks for the environment (proposals to
      be included in the EEC directive 81/852) and more data specific for fish.

PMID- 2402970
TI  - Serogroups of Campylobacter jejuni from man and animals.
AB  - A total of 186 campylobacter strains from aborted calf and sheep fetuses, from
      scouring dogs, rabbits and man, and from retailed poultry were isolated and
      examined biochemically and serologically for heat stable antigens. Immune sera
      were produced in rabbits against Penner reference strains from 1 to 60, and
      against two field isolates. Out of 186 biochemically tested strains 179 (96.2%)
      proved C. jejuni and only 6 (3.2%) C. coli. One strain has been identified as C.
      laridis. In cattle and sheep 3.2 and 21.7% respectively of all campylobacter
      abortions were due to C. jejuni infection. The same agent caused 12.7% of
      diarrhoea of dogs. The campylobacter infection rate of freshly slaughtered and
      dressed chicken varied between 25 and 64.3%. Out of the serologically examined
      140 C. jejuni strains 118 (84.3%) could be assigned to 16 Penner serogroups and
      13 (9.3%) to 2 further serogroups. Serogroups 8 (31.4%), 1 (19.3%) and 2 (12.1%)
      occurred most frequently. The human isolates represented the widest serotype
      distribution, as 32 tested strains belonged to 12 serogroups. All those
      serogroups which caused abortion or diarrhoea in animals or were isolated from
      poultry carcases were isolated also from man with diarrhoea, but some serogroups
      were found only in man.

PMID- 2402971
TI  - [The acid-base equilibrium and carbohydrate metabolism during infection with
      Eperythrozoon suis].
AB  - Following on from clinical observations which point to severe metabolic
      disturbances in association with acute Eperythrozoon (E.) suis infection, the
      parameters of acid-base balance (pO2, pCO2, pH, actual bicarbonate, standard
      bicarbonate, base excess) as well as the glucose-, lactate- and pyruvate levels,
      were measured in venous blood during the course of eperythrozoonotic infection.
      Glucose consumption was investigated in in vitro experiments with differing
      numbers of pathogens. Acute E. suis infection is accompanied by a severe acidosis
      and hypoglycaemia. In vitro experiments showed that a rapid breakdown of glucose
      follows in E. suis infected blood. No significant reduction in glucose
      concentration was established in control blood in a comparable time period. The
      results give rise to the assumption that E. suis is capable of independent
      glucose breakdown. Both the increase in lactate concentration (metabolic
      component) and a disturbance of pulmonary gaseous exchange (respiratory
      component) are regarded as the cause of the acidosis.

PMID- 2402972
TI  - [Examination of cattle with respiratory diseases for Mycoplasma and bacterial
      bronchopneumonia agents].
AB  - A total of 247 mycoplasma strains was isolated from 435 lungs, tracheobronchial
      secretions and nasal swabs originating from cattle with symptoms of
      bronchopneumonia. Mycoplasma (M.) bovis was found 89 times (36%) and was the most
      common mycoplasma species in the lungs. M. bovirhinis, M. bovigenitalium, M.
      spec. and Acholeplasma (A.) laidlawii were isolated 158 times (64%). Among these
      mycoplasmas M. bovirhinis was the most widespread species (114 isolations). In 55
      cases (62%) M. bovis was associated with Pasteurella or Actinomyces (A.)
      pyogenes. The other mycoplasma species were found in 67 cases (42%) together with
      these bacteria. Without mycoplasmas Pasteurella and A. pyogenes occurred in 33 of
      the probes investigated (21%). Beside mycoplasmas Haemophilus (H.) somnus was
      isolated from 16 of 162 tracheobronchial secretions investigated. The results
      confirm earlier suppositions that in most of the cases bronchopneumonia of cattle
      is a multifactorial event, frequently associated with mycoplasmas--especially M.
      bovis.

PMID- 2402973
TI  - [Detection of mycoplasmas in eye swab specimens of cattle].
AB  - In the present investigation 262 conjunctival swabs were taken from 178 cattle
      and examined for mycoplasmas. The isolation was possible from 111 swabs.
      Mycoplasmas were found in eyes with clinical symptoms of IBK (in 64 of 148 swabs
      investigated = 43.2%) as well as in healthy eyes (in 47 of 114 swabs investigated
      = 41.2%). Consequently a correlation between clinical findings and isolation of
      mycoplasmas could not be observed. Unfortunately 60 of 111 isolates could not be
      subcultivated after storage at -20 degrees C. Using the indirect
      immunofluorescence test 41 of the 42 surviving isolates were identified as M.
      bovoculi which before has not been isolated in the Federal Republic of Germany.
      One isolate was determined as A. laidlawii. The 17 M. bovoculi strains
      investigated for their biochemical reactions showed the same characteristics like
      the reference strain M. bovoculi M 165/69. In repeating examinations mycoplasmas
      could be isolated 5 times after one month and 14 times after 6 months. Cattle
      younger than 2 years were more often infected with mycoplasmas (62.5%) than older
      animals (19.4%). No difference, however, could be observed in the clinical
      manifestations of IBK between younger and older animals. Mycoplasmas were more
      frequently isolated in autumn (43.6%) than in spring (21.4%) and summer (29.3%).
      In most of the animals examined both eyes were colonized by mycoplasmas. No
      spiroplasmas could be detected in the 262 conjunctival swabs investigated.

PMID- 2402974
TI  - Numerical variations among blood mononuclear cells during the peripartal period
      in the gilt.
AB  - Numerical variations among mononuclear cells (MNC) were studied in blood
      collected from nine cross-bred primiparous gilts during two weeks before and two
      weeks after parturition. Simultaneously, the plasma levels of cortisol and
      oestrone sulphate were measured. The number of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)
      increased significantly (p less than 0.05) at parturition, while the number of
      MNCs decreased significantly (p less than 0.01) at the same time. Concomitantly
      with the total number of MNCs, the proportion of Ig-bearing MNC (Ig(+)-cells)
      also decreased significantly (p less than 0.01). No considerable variations of
      the proportion of MNCs expressing MHC Class II antigen could be seen throughout
      the study. The proportion of MNC with receptor for the Fc-part of IgG decreased
      significantly (p less than 0.01) during the week preceding parturition, but
      increased (p less than 0.05) again at parturition. The proportion of Ig(+)-cells
      was positively correlated both to the plasma level of oestrone sulphate and
      cortisol, while the number of Ig(+)-cells was only positively correlated to the
      level of cortisol. Thus, the study shows considerable numerical variations within
      the leukocyte sub-populations in the gilt around parturition.

PMID- 2402975
TI  - Flow cytometric enumeration of reticulocyte in the peripheral blood from canine
      infected with Babesia gibsoni.
AB  - Peripheral blood samples from dogs infected with Babesia gibsoni were analyzed by
      a flow cytometer for the percentage of reticulocytes after staining with a
      membrane-permeable fluorochrome, thiazole orange. Though thiazole orange has been
      reported to stain human reticulocytes and Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes,
      number of positive cells determined by the flow cytometry did not include that of
      erythrocytes infected with Babesia gibsoni. Analysis of 51 samples revealed a
      correlation coefficient of 0.96 as compared to the conventional determination by
      light microscopy. Separation of reticulocytes from Babesia gibsoni-infected
      erythrocytes by flow cytometry with or without the stain remained unresolved.

PMID- 2402976
TI  - Distribution of immunoglobulin-bearing leukocytes in bovine mammary tissue
      infected chronically with Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Mammary parenchymal and test end tissues from cows with chronic Staphylococcus
      aureus mastitis were examined to determine the distribution of immunoglobulin
      (Ig) G1- and IgG2-bearing leukocytes. Leukocytes bearing IgG2 predominated in S.
      aureus infected quarters, with highest numbers observed at the Furstenberg's
      rosette followed by streak canal and parenchymal tissue areas. Significantly more
      IgG1- and IgG2-bearing leukocytes were observed at the Furstenberg's rosette and
      significantly more IgG2-bearing leukocytes were observed at the streak canal of
      S. aureus infected quarters compared to uninfected quarters. Receptors for
      cytophilic IgG on neutrophils and macrophages may increase efficiency of
      phagocytosis and improve the antimicrobial effectiveness of these cells in treat
      end tissues.

PMID- 2402977
TI  - Hydroxyapatite coating enhances fixation of porous coated implants. A comparison
      in dogs between press fit and noninterference fit.
AB  - Intimate contact at the bone-porous surface interface is not always achievable in
      noncemented prosthetic implantation. We investigated the effect of hydroxyapatite
      (HA) coating on skeletal attachment in noninterference fit 4 weeks after
      implantation in 6 mature dogs. The push-out test of HA-coated implants surrounded
      by a 1-mm gap showed a twofold increased shear strength and fivefold increased
      shear stiffness compared with titanium alloy (Ti) coated implants. The fixation
      of Ti implants was reduced by two thirds when inserted in a gap as compared with
      press fit, whereas HA-coated implants in gap showed anchorage close to implants
      in press fit. Only minor differences were found between HA and Ti implants in
      press fit. Histomorphometric analysis showed a significant increase in bone in
      direct contact to HA-coated implant as compared with Ti implants inserted both in
      gap and press fit. The study indicates that tightness of surgical fit is an
      important factor for sufficient fixation of the implant. However, our results
      demonstrate that hydroxyapatite coating almost eliminates the negative influence
      of noninterference fit between bone and unloaded implant.

PMID- 2402978
TI  - Microfractures in coxarthrosis.
AB  - We examined the subchondral bone architecture of the femoral head in relation to
      trabecular microfracture. Three groups of femoral head specimens were studied.
      Twenty-eight specimens taken during hip replacement had grade III or IV arthrosis
      (70 +/- 8 years). From autopsy, 40 femoral heads were obtained, 18 in a group
      greater than 50 years of age (72 +/- 10 years) and 22 in a group less than 50
      years of age (25 +/- 11 years). None of these 40 heads had worse than grade II
      arthrosis. Coronal slices of the femoral heads were macerated and examined under
      a dissecting microscope to count trabecular microfractures. For bone
      histomorphometry, blocks were taken from the subchondral principal compressive
      and tensile trabeculae. The bone volume, trabecular thickness, and marrow space
      were quantified. In the subchondral principal compressive region, the arthrotic
      group had more bone volume, thicker trabeculae, similar trabecular space, and
      trabecular microfractures when compared with the group greater than 50 years old.
      In the tensile region, there were no differences except for decreased trabecular
      microfracture number in the arthrotic group. With the thinnest trabeculae in the
      compressive region occurring in the greater than 50 years old group, the
      trabeculae of the younger age group have thinned with age, but with the onset of
      arthrosis, the thinning is overtaken by pathologic thickening of trabeculae.

PMID- 2402979
TI  - Effect of lateral release on patellar motion in chondromalacia. An MRI study of
      11 knees.
AB  - Preoperatively and postoperatively, patellar motion in 11 knees with
      chondromalacia was analyzed by MRI at 0 degrees, 10 degrees, 20 degrees, and 30
      degrees of knee flexion. The preoperative patellar position clearly deviated from
      normal at 0 degrees-10 degrees of knee flexion. The lateral release operation
      corrected this deviation.

PMID- 2402980
TI  - Brace effects on the unstable knee in 21 cases. A roentgen stereophotogrammetric
      comparison of three designs.
AB  - Three designs of knee braces were investigated in 21 knees with arthroscopically
      verified old tears of the anterior cruciate ligament. Anterior-posterior and
      rotatory instability with and without anterior traction were recorded with
      roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis. Two of the designs examined reduced the
      anterior-posterior instability (ECKO, modified Lenox Hill), but not to normal
      levels. At 20 degree of flexion, none of the braces decreased the internal
      rotatory instability, whereas one type (modified Lenox Hill) reduced the external
      rotatory instability.

PMID- 2402981
TI  - Brace with a lateral pad for patellar pain. 2-year follow-up of 25 patients.
AB  - A patellar brace with a lateral pad was used in 25 patients with unilateral
      retropatellar pain syndrome. The patients were told to use the brace in
      activities that loaded the patella, and they were followed for 1 to 2 years. At
      follow-up, 8 patients were improved, while the symptoms were unchanged or worse
      in 17. The level of activity was increased in 4 patients, reduced in 3, and
      unchanged in the others. It is concluded that treatment with a patellar brace
      with a lateral pad is not likely to succeed in the majority of patients with
      retropatellar pain syndrome.

PMID- 2402982
TI  - An internally cooled saw blade for bone cuts. Lower temperatures in 30 knee
      arthroplasties.
AB  - A saline-cooled saw, which has been shown to give good control of the heat
      generation during bone cutting under laboratory conditions, was tested in in
      vivo. With a saline flow of 80 mL/min, the maximum cutting temperature in 30 knee
      prosthetic operations was 32 (25-37) degrees C in the saw blade and respectively
      30 (26-35) degrees C and 29 (26-34) degrees C 2 and 3 mm underneath the cut
      surface. Because the temperature generated by conventional osteotomy equipment
      may exceed 70 degrees C, the use of our cooled double saw blade during joint
      replacement prevents heat osteonecrosis.

PMID- 2402983
TI  - Stress protection by external fixation of the rabbit tibia.
AB  - Osteopenia of the tibia and femur caused by an external fixator in the tibia was
      studied in 14 rabbits. Eight rabbits were treated with a complete unilateral
      external fixator in one tibia, whereas the other tibia served as control. The
      other 6 animals had one leg operated on with inserting of all the pins but
      without the frame. This technique was chosen to compare osteopenia caused by
      stress protection and the effect of the pins. After 6 weeks, we found a 7 percent
      reduction in the bone mineral content in the tibial diaphyseal segment between
      the pins of the external fixator and no bone loss in the tibia that were operated
      on with only pins. In the femurs, there was a smaller decrease in the bone
      mineral content: respectively 3.2 percent (complete frame) and 2.9 percent (only
      pins). On all the operated on tibiae, there was an increase in the bone mineral
      content around the pins both proximally and distally.

PMID- 2402984
TI  - Effects of medullary reaming on fracture healing. Tibial osteotomies in rabbits.
AB  - Unilateral, midshaft tibial osteotomy was made in 16 rabbits. Reaming of the
      medullary canal was performed in half the animals, while the other half were
      operated on without reaming. Intramedullary fixation was accomplished with
      multiple Kirschner pins in both groups. Bone healing occurred with abundant
      peripheral callus in both groups. Mechanical testing after 6 weeks revealed
      higher strength of the osteotomized bones where reaming had not been performed
      compared with bones with reaming. We conclude that bone healing is delayed by
      medullary reaming, whereas the pattern of healing is similar in bones with and
      without reaming.

PMID- 2402985
TI  - The early development and ossification of the human clavicle--an embryologic
      study.
AB  - Morphologic studies of the early development of the clavicle were carried out in
      46 human embryos and fetuses ranging in age from 6 to 12 weeks. We confirmed that
      the clavicle is formed by two membranous primary ossification centers appearing
      by 6 weeks and fusing approximately 1 week later. Cartilage at both ends of the
      clavicle then develops. In time, the medial cartilaginous mass contributes more
      to the growth in length of the clavicle than the lateral cartilaginous mass. The
      spatial orientation of both ossification centers and the development of
      enchondral bone formation at the ends of the clavicle lead to its characteristic
      shape. Interestingly, the primary ossification centers contribute little to the
      growth in length. The junction of the two centers of ossification is situated
      between the lateral and middle third of the clavicle and, consequently, does not
      correspond to the site of congenital pseudarthrosis, which is located in the
      middle part of the clavicle.

PMID- 2402986
TI  - No effect of systemic administration of somatomedin C on bone repair in rats.
AB  - The effect of somatomedin C on the bone repair process was studied in a rat
      femoral osteotomy. We used continuous systemic administration of human
      recombinant somatomedin C (110 micrograms/100 g per day). Radiographic evaluation
      after 4 weeks showed no effect of somatomedin C on the healing. There was no
      effect on mechanical strength, and no effect was found on callus vascularization
      or mineralization. The weight of the callus was slightly reduced in the
      somatomedin C treated rats. The results were not suggestive of any acceleration
      with systemic somatomedin C treatment in the early phase of cortical bone repair.

PMID- 2402987
TI  - Hand function and total locomotion status in rheumatoid arthritis. An
      epidemiologic study.
AB  - The effects of destructive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on hand function, as well as
      total locomotion status, were assessed in a Swedish population sample. In a
      community of 12,707 inhabitants, 82 were found with RA fulfilling ARA criteria 5
      8, i.e., a prevalence of 0.7 percent. Seventy-seven of the 82 cases were
      evaluated with Sollerman's hand function test and our total locomotion score. The
      mean hand score (max. 80) was 61 (0-78), with no difference between the right and
      the left hand or between men and women. Hand function worsened with increasing
      age of the patient, as well as with increasing disease duration. It was highly
      correlated with the total locomotion status of the patient. A high correlation
      was found between hand function and hospital care. However, total medical or
      social costs for these patients were not related to hand function, but merely to
      the status of the lower extremities.

PMID- 2402988
TI  - Elbow arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis. Function after 1-2 years in 20 cases.
AB  - The function of the hand and arm was studied after total elbow arthroplasty in a
      consecutive series of 18 rheumatoid patients with a total of 20 primary
      arthroplasties and one revision. Extensive clinical evaluation with locomotion
      score and Sollerman's hand function test was undertaken preoperatively and at 6
      months postoperatively. The mean flexion range increased 25 degrees and extension
      lag decreased 5 degrees. Pain relief was achieved in all the cases, and 16 of 20
      primary operated on elbows became fully painfree. Hand function score (max. 80)
      improved from 52 to 64, upper extremity score (max. 100) from 57 to 68 and
      subjective score (max. 100) from 46 to 58. Complications were 2 cases of ulnar
      nerve paresthesia and 1 epicondylar fissure.

PMID- 2402989
TI  - Isolated ulnar shaft fractures. Retrospective study of 46 cases.
AB  - Retrospectively, we reviewed the treatment and outcome of 46 isolated fractures
      of the ulnar shaft. Of 18 fractures treated by immediate open reduction and
      internal fixation, one open fracture became infected and failed to unite. Of 28
      fractures treated closed, seven failed to unite. The factors prognostic of
      nonunion in closed treated fractures were (1) fracture in the proximal third of
      the ulna and (2) displacement 5 mm or more. In such cases, we recommend internal
      fixation.

PMID- 2402990
TI  - Rapid release of gentamicin from collagen sponge. In vitro comparison with
      plastic beads.
AB  - The gentamicin-containing collagen sponge is a new product intended for local
      application in bone and soft-tissue infections. The release of gentamicin from
      the collagen sponges was compared in vitro to that from polymethyl-methacrylate
      (PMMA) beads. A static and kinetic experimental design was used. In the static
      model, pieces of collagen sponge or PMMA beads were added to 20 mL of distilled
      water, and during the following hours the gentamicin concentrations in the water
      were repeatedly measured. This simple model was extended to the kinetic model as
      the released gentamicin was removed from the water exponentially by means of an
      infusion-withdrawal pump. The gentamicin was released from the carrier substances
      with increasing half lives. During the first 4 hours, the half life increased
      from 0.2 to 1.5 hours for the collagen sponge and from 3 to 78 hours for the PMMA
      beads. After 1.5 hours, 95 percent of the gentamicin was released from the
      sponges, whereas only 8 percent was released from the beads.

PMID- 2402991
TI  - Outcome after soft-tissue injury of the cervical spine. A prospective study of 93
      car-accident victims.
AB  - Ninety-three cases with a car-accident soft-tissue injury of the cervical spine
      were studied prospectively. Neck pain and stiffness were the main initial
      symptoms, while 4 cases had abnormal neurologic signs. At follow-up, on an
      average 2 years after the accident, 42 percent had recovered completely, 15
      percent had minor discomfort, and 43 percent had discomfort sufficient to
      interfere with their capacity for work. The statistical analysis of 17 factors,
      including acute symptoms and physical findings, as well as the forces and
      directions of impact, head rests, radiographs, length, and sex, did not reveal
      any factor of prognostic importance.

PMID- 2402992
TI  - Osteotomy for femoral anteversion. A prospective 9-year study of 52 children.
AB  - Fifty-two children with increased femoral anteversion had bilateral derotational
      subtrochanteric osteotomies at a mean age of 7 years. They were followed
      prospectively until at least 15 years of age; the mean observation time was 9
      years. They were a subset of 95 children whose 2-year results were reported in
      1989. The mean increase of femoral anteversion after the osteotomy was 6 degrees
      (0.7 degrees per year) and of the neck-shaft angle 5 degrees. The CE angle did
      not increase. Although we at present practice a more restrictive attitude towards
      operation of increased femoral anteversion, our study showed that a derotational
      osteotomy is effective in eliminating the intoeing gait and associated
      complaints, and the hip angles change only moderately during the remaining period
      of growth.

PMID- 2402993
TI  - Yersinia enterocolitica coxitis after hip replacement. A case report.
AB  - We report a case of hematogenous Yersinia enterocolitica coxitis 10 years after
      hip replacement. Despite extraction of the prosthesis and antibiotic treatment,
      the infection relapsed. Infections in replaced joints with Yersinia
      enterocolitica call for long-standing treatment with specific antibiotics.

PMID- 2402994
TI  - Perforation of pelvic iliac artery by hip pins.

PMID- 2402995
TI  - Clubfoot with supernumerary soleus muscle. Report of 2 cases.
AB  - In 2 cases of clubfoot with severe and rigid varus deformity, an accessory soleus
      muscle with attachment on the medial side of the calcaneus was found. After
      cutting the distal attachment of this muscle, the deformity diminished. The
      accessory soleus muscle is not interpreted as the primary cause of the clubfoot,
      but as a highly contributing cause to the rigid varus deformity.

PMID- 2402996
TI  - Extensor tendon rupture associated with Smith's fracture. A case report.
AB  - A 14-year-old boy sustained closed rupture of the extensor digitorum communis,
      extensor pollicis longus, and extensor indicis proprius tendons following a
      volarly displaced Salter-Harris Type II fracture of the distal end of the radius.
      The condition was treated with tendon grafts, but some limitation of
      metacarpophalangeal flexion remained.

PMID- 2402997
TI  - The requirements and utilization of dietary fatty acids in the newborn infant.

PMID- 2402998
TI  - Progress in the prevention of iron deficiency in infants.
AB  - Our present success in preventing iron deficiency in infants is based on a
      gradual growth in our understanding of iron nutrition. It became recognized that
      full term infants only become vulnerable to iron deficiency after about 5 months
      of age, and to a lesser degree if they are breast-fed. The specific foods in
      which iron is provided during infancy were found to be more important in
      determining iron absorption than the actual amount of iron in the diet.
      Experience has also shown that fortification of infant foods is more reliable and
      cost effective than providing iron medication. Our current approaches to
      preventing iron deficiency in infants include: 1) maintaining breast feeding for
      at least 6 months, if possible; 2) using an iron-fortified infant formula if a
      formula is used and using formula in preference to cow's milk; 3) using iron
      fortified infant cereal as one of the first solid foods; and 4) providing
      supplemental iron for low birth weight infants.

PMID- 2402999
TI  - Trends in infant feeding in Sweden during the 20th century.

PMID- 2403000
TI  - Prospectives in infant nutrition. Papers presented at a symposium October 19,
      1989, Stockholm, Sweden. Proceedings.

PMID- 2403001
TI  - Nutrition, the child and atherosclerosis. A commentary.

PMID- 2403002
TI  - 8th International Symposium on Growth and Growth Disorders. Proceedings of a
      meeting. Stockholm, 15-16 September 1989.

PMID- 2403003
TI  - Administration of growth hormone by disposable preloaded syringes.
AB  - The convenience of Genotropin KabiQuick, a novel single-use disposable injection
      system for growth hormone (GH) administration, was studied in 20 GH-treated
      children aged 8-16 years. The convenience of the device and tolerance to it were
      assessed by means of a questionnaire, which was completed by the patients and
      their families after a treatment period of 2 weeks. The families were asked to
      compare the new device with the conventional system of GH administration,
      involving the use of standard ampoules and ordinary syringes. The majority of
      patients considered the new device superior to the conventional system; 85% of
      patients found reconstitution easier and 70% found dosing easier. Sixty-five per
      cent of patients expressed a preference for using Genotropin KabiQuick for future
      therapy. It is concluded that Genotropin KabiQuick is well tolerated and that the
      majority of patients prefer it to conventional injection systems for GH
      administration.

PMID- 2403004
TI  - Urinary measurement of growth hormone secretion.

PMID- 2403005
TI  - Clinical usefulness of urinary growth hormone measurement in short children.
AB  - Growth hormone (GH) levels in nocturnal urine were measured in 96 short children
      and 73 children of normal height in order to investigate whether urinary GH
      levels reflect spontaneous GH secretion and whether they might be used to screen
      short children for GH treatment. GH levels in 24-hour urine samples were
      significantly correlated with urinary albumin and beta 2-microglobulin levels in
      normal children, demonstrating an influence of renal function on urinary GH
      measurements. Nocturnal urinary GH levels showed significant positive
      correlations with mean serum GH levels during 3 hours of sleep (r = 0.26, p less
      than 0.05) and plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels, reflecting
      physiological GH secretion. Urinary GH levels were significantly lower in the
      eight children with complete GH deficiency (3.1 +/- 2.3 ng/g creatinine) than in
      the normal children (13.8 +/- 11.2 ng/g creatinine). Urinary GH levels in three
      other groups of short children, partial GH deficiency (11.1 +/- 16.9 ng/g
      creatinine), impaired GH secretion during sleep (10.4 +/- 12.6 ng/g creatinine)
      and non-endocrine short stature (18.8 +/- 19.5 ng/g creatinine), were not
      significantly different from those in the normal children. However, when the cut
      off point for defining GH insufficiency was set at 5 ng/g creatinine, 87.5% (21
      out of 24) of the short children with low urinary GH levels were suitable
      subjects for GH treatment (i.e. had complete GH deficiency, partial GH deficiency
      or impaired GH secretion during sleep).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2403006
TI  - Response to growth hormone in children with idiopathic short stature.
AB  - A multicentre randomized trial of human growth hormone (GH) treatment was carried
      out in 121 children with short stature who did not meet the classic criteria for
      GH deficiency. In the first year of the trial, half of the children received
      treatment with recombinant somatropin 0.1 mg/kg (0.27 IU/kg) three times weekly
      and showed a significant increase in mean growth velocity from a pretreatment
      value of 4.6 +/- 1.1 to 7.5 +/- 1.2 cm/year (mean +/- SD). The growth velocity of
      the untreated children did not change significantly. The growth velocity of the
      control group (including 10 pubertal children) increased from 4.2 +/- 1.3 to 5.0
      +/- 1.4 cm/year. In the second year, half of the control group received treatment
      with somatropin, 0.1 mg/kg (0.27 IU/kg) three times weekly, while the remainder
      received the same weekly dose on a once-daily basis. The mean growth velocity
      increased in both cases to 8.2 +/- 1.4 and 9.0 +/- 1.6 cm/year, respectively. The
      group treated during the first year was also divided into two groups in the
      second year. One group continued with the original treatment regimen, resulting
      in a mean growth velocity of 6.8 +/- 1.8 cm/year. The other group changed to once
      daily treatment at the same weekly dose and the mean growth velocity for this
      group in the second year was 7.8 +/- 1.4 cm/year. The gain in height age in both
      of these groups exceeded the bone age in both the first and second years of
      treatment, suggesting a gain in predicted adult height.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2403007
TI  - Introduction of genes into the mouse germ line.

PMID- 2403008
TI  - [Effects of reserpine and 5-HT on analgesia induced by lappaconitine and N
      deacetyllappaconitine].
AB  - In the rat tail-flick test it was shown that ip lappaconitine (LA) 1-6 mg/kg, N
      deacetyllappaconitine (DLA) 4-10 mg/kg or icv DLA 20-60 micrograms/rat exhibited
      a dose-dependent analgesic activity, but icv LA 20-40 micrograms/rat was
      inactive. The analgesic potency of ip LA was a little more potent than that of
      DLA and slightly weaker than that of morphine (P less than 0.05). Combined ip of
      subanalgesic doses of morphine and LA or DLA produced significant analgesic
      action. Analgesia mediated by LA was not antagonized by naloxone. The analgesic
      effect induced by LA or DLA was abolished and restored 3 and 120 h, respectively,
      after ip reserpine 3 mg/kg. Concomitant administration of 1-tryptophan or 5-HT as
      well as premedication of alpha-methyldopa prevented reserpine-induced decrease on
      LA or DLA analgesia. The elevation of brain 5-HT level by icv 5-HT significantly
      enhanced the analgesia of LA and DLA. LA- or DLA-induced analgesia was attenuated
      by pretreatment of p-chlorophenylalanine but this attenuation was reversed by icv
      5-HT. p-Chloroamphetamine also markedly reduced LA- or DLA-induced analgesia. It
      is concluded that the central serotoninergic system is involved in the modulation
      of LA- or DLA-induced analgesia.

PMID- 2403009
TI  - [Protective effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on experimental myocardial
      injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion in rat].
AB  - Effects of total saponins of Panax notoginseng (PNS) and purified ginsenosides
      Rb1 and Rg1 from PNS on myocardial injury induced by cardiac ischemia and
      reperfusion were studied with rat hearts in situ and in vitro. In pentobarbital
      anesthetized rats, PNS pretreatment (100 and 200 mg/kg) provided significant
      reduction in myocardial infarct size after left descending coronary artery
      ligation (40 min) and reperfusion (120 min) in comparison with the control. PNS
      12.5 and 25 mg/L, Rb1 10 mg/L, and Rg1 10 mg/L significantly decreased cardiac
      CPK release, attenuated myocardial Ca2+ accumulation, reduced malondialdehyde
      (MDA) production and prevented reduction of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity
      in comparison with the control in perfused isolated rat hearts with global
      ischemia (40 min) and reperfusion (15 min). The results show that PNS, Rb1, and
      Rg1 prevent cardiac ischemia and the action is considered to be related to the
      inhibition of lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 2403010
TI  - [Effects of 2-[p-(dimethylamino)styryl]pyridine methiodide on contractive
      response of rabbit aortic strips].
AB  - The effects of 2-[p-(dimethylamino) styryl]pyridine methiodide (DSPM) on rabbit
      aortic contraction induced by high K+, norepinephrine (NE) and Ca2+ were studied.
      On rabbit thoracic aortic strips, DSPM inhibited the contraction induced by KCl
      and NE in normal modified Tyrode's solution. DSPM shifted the dose-response
      relationships of KCl and NE to the right, and depressed their maximal responses;
      the pD'2 values were 5.09 and 5.16 respectively. After the strip had been exposed
      to Ca2(+)-free Tyrode's solution for 2 h, the NE-induced responses were further
      inhibited by DSPM, whereas the KCl-induced responses were not significantly
      affected. On depolarized vessels, the dose-response relationships of CaCl2 were
      also shifted to the right and their maximal responses were also depressed by
      DSPM, suggesting that DSPM is a non-competitive antagonist. The pD'2 value was
      6.86. These results suggest that DSPM is a calcium antagonist. It not only
      inhibited the influx of extracellular calcium, but also has an inhibitory effect
      on the release of sequestered calcium in the rabbit aortic smooth muscle.

PMID- 2403011
TI  - [Effects of sodium vanadate on action potentials of guinea pig papillary
      muscles].
AB  - Sodium vanadate (NaVO3, 800 mumol/L) diminished the plateau phase and the action
      potential duration of the action potentials in guinea pig ventricular fibers
      (VF). 200 mumol/L also reduced the maximal rate of depolarization of slow action
      potentials in the partial depolarized VF under high K superfusion and inhibited
      the delayed after depolarization induced by adrenalin. It is suggested that NaVO3
      may inhibit the slow channel current and does not reduce the sodium pump activity
      in VF significantly when it was used extracellularly.

PMID- 2403012
TI  - Acute toxicity of dipfluzine and its effects on isolated vascular smooth muscle.
AB  - Dipfluzine (Dip) is a new derivative of cinnarizine (Cin) first developed by
      Department of Chemistry, Beijing University. Dip showed a dose-dependently
      inhibitory effect on both KCl- and NE-induced contraction in the rabbit aortic
      rings. It was more effective in suppressing the contractile response evoked by
      KCl than that by NE. Dip also inhibited the KCl-induced contraction in porcine
      basilar, coronary and radial arteries. Their pD2' values were 5.7 +/- 0.6, 5.4 +/
      0.4 and 4.6 +/- 0.5 respectively. The selectivity of Dip for vasodilation was
      proved by higher pD2' value of the basilar artery than that of the coronary and
      radial arteries, and this selectivity of Dip was more significant than that of
      Cin. The acute iv LD50 of Dip and Cin in mice were 37 and 36 mg/kg, respectively.

PMID- 2403013
TI  - [Enhancement of absorption of tetramethylpyrazine by synthetic borneol].
AB  - Sprague-Dawley rats were given ig tetramethylpyrazine phosphate (TMP) 5 mg/kg
      with or without previous borneol 5 mg/kg. The plasma TMP concentrations were
      analysed by GC method, and the data were treated by NONLIN program. The Cmax were
      931 and 562 ng/ml, respectively, (P less than 0.01); while the AUC were 68,849
      and 37,174, respectively, (P less than 0.05). It is suggested that the borneol
      enhances the absorption of the TMP but not in elimination.

PMID- 2403014
TI  - [Effects of anisodamine on blood coagulation, fibrin and thrombosis in rabbits].
AB  - Anisodamine at dose of iv 10 and 20 mg/kg prolonged plasma prothrombin time,
      bleeding time and coagulation time, and showed positive reaction of plasma
      protamine paracoagulation test in conscious rabbits. The drug prolonged the
      thrombin time and reduced the contend of plasma fibrin. Anisodamine markedly
      inhibited blood platelet aggregation both in vitro and in vivo, dose-dependently.
      The extracorporeal thrombosis time was prolonged, the length and weight of
      thrombus was decreased after iv anisodamine 20 mg/kg. These results suggest that
      anisodamine has inhibitory action thrombosis and blood coagulation.

PMID- 2403015
TI  - [Effect of 2-naphthyl-3- (3,4-dimethoxy) phenyl-propenoic acid on the metabolism
      of arachidonic acid in rabbit platelets].
AB  - Washed rabbit platelets were incubated with [14C] arachidonic acid (AA sodium
      salt) after being exposed to 2-naphthyl-3-(3,4-dimethoxy) phenyl-propenoic acid
      (NM-PA), indomethacin (Ind) and imidazole (Imi) or control solvent. The
      metabolites of AA in rabbit platelets were separated with the system of
      chloroform: methanol: acetic acid: water (90:8:1:0.8) by thin layer
      chromatography and quantitated by liquid scintillation counter. The metabolism of
      AA was influenced by NMPA dose-dependently in the range of 0.05-0.5 mmol/L. The
      formation of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid
      (HHT), the final metabolites in the pathway of cyclooxygenase-thromboxane
      synthetase, were decreased from 24 +/- 6.7 to 3.2 +/- 1.6% and 10.3 +/- 2.49 to
      4.7 +/- 2.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
      (12-HETE), the metabolite in the pathway of lipoxygenase, was increased from 11.9
      +/- 1.7 to 34 +/- 5.6%. It is suggested that NMPA blocks the pathway of
      cyclooxygenase-thromboxane synthetase and then changes the direction of
      arachidonate metabolism in platelets, the activation of platelets is inhibited in
      this way.

PMID- 2403016
TI  - [Transdermal permeability of estradiol through human skin of different body
      regions in vitro].
AB  - Transdermal permeability of estradiol was carried out by using Valia-Chien double
      compartment permeation cell for the following 6 skin regions with intact and
      without stratum corneum: chest, abdomen, hip, upper arm, thigh and back. The
      estradiol permeation rates and accumulative amounts within 72 h in vitro were
      examined by HPLC. The results showed that the permeation rates of intact skin
      from different regions of the body were significantly different (P less than
      0.01), and for the skins without stratum corneum over different regions, the
      permeation rates or the permeation amounts were about 18-55 times higher than
      that for the intact skin. The results demonstrated that the stratum corneum acts
      as the rate-limiting barrier in the skin permeation of estradiol, and that the
      difference in estradiol permeation rates for different skin regions was mainly
      caused by the different extents of the barrier.

PMID- 2403017
TI  - [Inhibition of ova fertilizability by pseudolaric acid B in hamster].
AB  - Pseudolaric acid B (PA), a diterpenoid compound isolated from the root of
      Pseudolarix kaempferi Gorden, was injected into hamster ovarian bursa with
      various concentration before ovulation. The successful rate of fertilization of
      ova was significantly decreased, but no effect was observed on spermatozoa
      activity and fertilizing ability. Hamster ova with or without cumulus were
      treated with PA at a concentration higher than 50 micrograms/ml in the medium,
      the fertilizing rate of ova was reduced markedly. At the concentration of 5
      micrograms/ml, only the capacity of fertilization of the cumulus-free ova was
      inhibited. When PA was injected ig 20 mg/kg daily to hamsters (female) for 4 d
      before mating, partial antifertility effect was observed.

PMID- 2403018
TI  - [Interceptive activity of epostane in pregnant rats and rhesus monkeys].
AB  - A complete interceptive action on pregnancy was shown after ig epostane (Epo) 48
      and 96 mg/kg on d 10 of pregnancy in rats. ED50 (95% fiducial limits) of Epo was
      20.7 (16.3-26.3) mg/kg. Epo 48 mg/kg ig on d12, 14 and 16 of pregnancy lowered
      rat plasma progesterone concentrations (P less than 0.05) and plasma
      corticosterone on d 16 of pregnancy (P less than 0.05). Epo 35 mg/(kg.d) was
      given ig on d 50-54 of pregnancy in rhesus monkeys. Vaginal bleeding was seen in
      all of the 6 treated monkeys. Complete expulsions of fetal and placental
      materials occurred in 5 of the treated monkeys, among which 2 aborted on d 53 and
      the other 3 on d 54 of pregnancy. Plasma progesterone concentrations of the
      treated monkeys were lowered on d 52, 53 and 54 of pregnancy (P less than 0.05)
      and plasma estradiol on d 51, 52, 53, 54 and 55 (P less than 0.05), while there
      were no significant differences in plasma hydrocortisone. Epo may be a valuable
      supplement to the existing methods of female contraception.

PMID- 2403019
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of albendazole and its metabolites in human body].
AB  - High-performance liquid chromatography method was used to determine blood
      sulfoxide and sulfone, two metabolites of albendazole. Methanol containing 0.4%
      acetic acid was employed as mobile phase. Wavelength of 290 nm was chosen for uv
      detector and mebendazole was used as internal standard. After a single dosage of
      albendazole 25 mg/kg was taken orally by healthy volunteers and
      neurocysticercosis patients, sulfoxide and sulfone were found in blood at 20 and
      40 min respectively. The blood peak level appeared at 6 h on an average. The
      metabolites remained as long as 58-72 h in human blood.

PMID- 2403020
TI  - Polymorphism of debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation and family studies of poor
      metabolizers in Chinese population.
AB  - Debrisoquine hydroxylation capacity determined as the ratio of debrisoquine over
      4-OH-debrisoquine in 8-h urine after a single dose (10 mg) was studied in 140
      unrelated Chinese Han subjects and 2 families of poor metabolizers (PM) of
      debrisoquine. In the 140 Chinese subjects the frequency of PM was found to be
      1.43% (2/140), much lower than the 5-10% in white population reported. No sex
      difference was shown on the hydroxylation of debrisoquine. The recoveries of
      debrisoquin, 4-OH-debrisoquine in 8-h urine were 16 +/- 11 and 13 +/- 6%,
      respectively. None of the parents in the 2 families was PMs. Phenotype
      distribution in each family and population was consistent with the hypothesis
      that debrisoquine 4-OH-hydroxylation activity is under diallelic, monogenetic
      control, with the PM phenotype inheriting in an autosomal recessive trait.

PMID- 2403021
TI  - [Effects of triptolide on T lymphocyte functions in mice].
AB  - Triptolide (Tri) is an active principle of Tripterygium hypoglaucum Hutch, which
      has been used to treat cancers and autoimmune diseases in folk medicine. The
      lymphocyte proliferation (LP) induced by Con A or Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was
      suppressed by Tri at 50 and 500 ng/ml. At 5 ng/ml the suppressive effect on LP
      induced by Con A was much stronger than that by LPS. The humoral immune reaction
      monitored by quantitative hemolysis spectrophotometry (QHS) was suppressed by Tri
      0.75 and 1 mg/kg ip. IL-2 production by mouse spleen cells were suppressed by Tri
      5, 50,500 ng/ml in vitro and 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mg/kg ip. IL-2 activity was assayed
      by assessing its ability to support proliferation of selected IL-2-dependent T
      cell line, measured by colorimetric method which is based on the ability of
      viable cells to cleave MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl
      tetrazolium bromide). Ts cells induced by supraoptimal immune (SOI) were
      suppressed by Tri 0.5 and 0.75 mg/kg ip. These results suggest T or its
      subpopulations and B lymphocytes may be the target cells of Tri.

PMID- 2403022
TI  - [Population kinetic program for Michaelis-Menten elimination].
AB  - The microcomputer program, PKP-ME (population kinetic program for Michaelis
      Menten elimination), is presented to estimating population pharmacokinetic
      parameters of drug obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics and predicting individual
      pharmacokinetic parameters. A data set consisting of 69 steady-state phenytoin
      concentration-dosage pairs from 44 out-patients was analyzed with the present
      program. Five population kinetic parameters and their standard deviations were
      given by PKPME. The capability predicting individual phenytoin dosage was
      assessed by the retrospective analysis of data of 44 patients and the prospective
      analysis of 15 patients. A good correlation existed between predicting dose and
      actual dose. Population correlation coefficient was equal to 0.99 at P = 0.05.

PMID- 2403023
TI  - [Citation analysis of Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 1984-1989].
AB  - Citation analysis was made bibliometrically on the collection and dispersion of
      the references in Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 1984-1989. Core periodicals were
      sorted out: 31 in foreign languages and 6 in Chinese. Suggestions are proposed to
      the information services.

PMID- 2403024
TI  - Aggravation of acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by interleukin-2 in
      guinea pigs.

PMID- 2403025
TI  - Recurrent frontal status epilepticus with polymorphic clinical features. A case
      report.
AB  - A patient who, two years after the surgical excision of a right frontal
      astrocytoma, presented with recurrent episodes of Partial Status Epilepticus of
      long duration is described. Ictal manifestations are initially inconspicuous from
      a clinical standpoint, but are accompanied by a marked interictal impairment of
      consciousness. The EEGs show a persistent depression of the background activity
      and very frequent subclinical right frontal discharges. Successively, seizures
      become more evident with polymorphic features (versive, oculoclonic, somatomotor,
      autonomic, automatic, laughing manifestations). The difficulties of an early
      definition of the clinical picture and the diagnostic importance of the EEG study
      are stressed, together with other peculiar features (polymorphism of seizures,
      difficulties of management, progressive mental impairment occurring after every
      episode of Status Epilepticus).

PMID- 2403026
TI  - Multiple sclerosis. Magnetic resonance imaging, evoked potentials and
      cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
AB  - We have studied 27 patients with multiple sclerosis (22 definite, 5 probable) by
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), visual evoked potentials (VEPs), brainstem
      auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs), and oligoclonal bands (OBs) in cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF), MRI was altered in 92.5% of the cases, the presence of OBs in CSF
      was revealed in 73.1% of the examined patients, the frequency of evoked
      potentials (EPs) alteration was VEPs = 59.3% and BAEPs = 29.6%, at least one of
      the two EPs occurred positive in 66.6% of the cases. Our data confirm the more
      sensitive value of MRI compared with OBs and EPs studies in assessing MS, and
      stress the utility of the combined use of these tests.

PMID- 2403027
TI  - Allopurinol add-on treatment in intractable seizures.
AB  - Recent reports in clinical literature have suggested an antiepileptic effect of
      the xanthine oxidase inhibitor Allopurinol (ALL) when added to traditional drugs.
      However, other reports have failed to confirm beneficial effects of this drug. In
      view of these conflicting results, we have carried out a study aimed at evaluate
      the effects of ALL in different forms of epilepsy. The result that ALL possesses
      some antiepileptic effects in Lennox-Gastaut syndromes, characterized by numerous
      and severe fits, while it is scarcely effective in other forms of epilepsy,
      suggests that ALL might be involved in the purinergic-mediated inhibition similar
      to that described in experimental "status epilepticus" studies in animal models.

PMID- 2403028
TI  - Giant intracranial varix associated with venous angioma and intracerebral
      hemorrhage.
AB  - A rare case of giant cerebral varix with venous angioma and intracerebral
      hemorrhage, surgically treated with good outcome, is reported. Varices and venous
      angiomas are infrequent in the clinical practice and are usually asymptomatic.
      Giant venous varices are less rarely associated with vein of Galen aneurysms or
      high flow arteriovenous shunts, whereas isolated giant varices are exceptional.
      Association of varix and venous angioma has been reported only in three
      instances. The radiological diagnosis of the cerebral venous malformation is
      briefly discussed.

PMID- 2403029
TI  - Transient upper monoballism in the presence of contralateral chronic subdural
      hematoma.
AB  - A case of chronic subdural hematoma associated with contralateral upper
      monoballism is reported. Intracranial midline shift and transtentorial herniation
      of the ipsilateral temporal lobe were the only demonstrated CT abnormalities.
      Complete neurological recovery followed the evacuation of the hematoma. Direct
      mechanical injury caused by the marked brain compression and distortion, and
      transient ischemic changes within cerebral areas whose damages may result in
      ballism, may be considered important causative factors of such an unusual
      neurological complication.

PMID- 2403030
TI  - Histologic studies on endometrium of menstruating monkeys wearing IUDs:
      comparative evaluation of drugs.
AB  - A comparative study was performed to evaluate the effects of antifibrinolytic
      agents; epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) and tranexamic acid (AMCA); anti
      inflammatory drugs (indomethacin, ibuprofen, naproxen); and plant extract (root
      extract of Boerhaavia diffusa) on the endometrial histology of IUD-fitted
      menstruating monkeys. A high degree of stromal edema, heavy infiltration of
      inflammatory cells, long, tortuous endometrial glands, and thin-walled empty
      blood vessels were observed in IUD endometrium. B. diffusa was found most
      effective in reducing stromal edema, inflammation, and tortuosity of glands, and
      in increasing the degree of deposition of fibrin and platelets in the vessel
      lumen. Antifibrinolytic agents caused partial to complete occlusion of the vessel
      lumen and anti-inflammatory drugs thickened the vessel wall. Indomethacin reduced
      inflammation effectively. Conclusively, B. diffusa appears to be a potent
      antifibrinolytic and anti-inflammatory agent and is, thus, recommended for the
      treatment of IUD menorrhagia.

PMID- 2403031
TI  - Proceedings of the Thirtieth Symposium on Regulation of Enzyme Activity and
      Synthesis in Normal and Neoplastic Tissues. Indianapolis, Indiana, October 2 and
      3, 1989.

PMID- 2403032
TI  - Monitoring tumor growth and regression by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) uniquely provides noninvasive access to
      chemistry in vivo. 31P MRS can be used to monitor the high energy phosphates-
      phosphocreatine (PCr) and ATP, and their breakdown product--Pi, in situ in
      animals or patients. In several experimental tumor lines in animals it has been
      shown that the PCr/ATP and other related ratios steadily decline as the tumor
      increases in size, and that this effect is reversed when the tumor is treated
      with a therapeutic modality to which it responds. Acid extracts of freeze-clamped
      tumors at different stages of growth have confirmed these MRS observations and
      give additional information on related compounds such as creatine and ADP.
      Results show that, in the tumors studied, at least 80% of the ADP and about 40%
      of the Pi are bound and not in solution in the cytosol. Histological sections
      have indicated that the MRS response to endocrine therapy, in an NMU-induced
      estrogen-sensitive mammary tumor model, precedes any histological changes or any
      measurable regression. If these findings can be translated into a clinical
      setting, this may mean that MRS can be used in the clinic as an early predictor
      of tumor responsiveness to treatment. In untreated tumor growth, the cause of the
      decrease in PCr and ATP relative to Pi is probably due to the tumors outgrowing
      their blood supply and the cells becoming increasingly hypoxic. The PCr is lost
      more rapidly than ATP, indicating that the equilibrium in the creatine kinase
      reaction is maintained in these tumors. When the tumor is treated, cellular
      growth ceases and the requirement for oxygen and other nutrients is greatly
      reduced. This would allow the cellular energy reserves to be repleted and thus
      lead to the paradoxical improvement in the high energy phosphate status of a
      tumor that is about to regress.

PMID- 2403033
TI  - In vivo metabolism and UTP-depleting action of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose.
AB  - The metabolism of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose (dGalF) was studied in rodents
      using HPLC, enzymatic methods, and 19F-NMR spectroscopy in vivo and in vitro. The
      liver took up the major part of the administered dose of the 14C-labeled D
      galactose analog. This was confirmed in vivo by use of the 18F-labeled sugar (1.5
      mCi/kg; 25 mumol/kg) and examination by positron emission tomography. After a
      dose of 1 mmol/kg, dGalF-1-phosphate accumulated rapidly (5.3 +/- 0.4 mmol/kg
      after 30 min), followed by formation of UDP-dGalF and UDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D
      glucose (0.7 +/- 0.1 and 1.8 +/- 0.1 mmol/kg, respectively, after 5 hr). Good
      quantitative agreement was obtained between the measurements by HPLC and
      enzymatic analyses and by 19F-NMR. The noninvasive in vivo 19F-NMR technique is
      particularly advantageous, since it allows the simultaneous analysis of all dGalF
      metabolites. The diversion of uridylate, due to the accumulation of UDP-2-deoxy-2
      fluoro-D-hexoses, was associated with a rapid depletion of hepatic UTP, UDP
      glucose, and UDP-galactose. The UTP content was decreased to 11 +/- 6% of normal
      within 15 min after administration of dGalF at a dose of 1 mmol/kg. The UTP
      depleting action was minimal, however, at a dose of 25 mumol/kg or less,
      indicating that interference in uridylate metabolism will be negligible at the
      doses required for positron emission tomography of the liver using the 18F
      labeled compound. At higher doses the UTP deficiency induced by dGalF may be
      useful in the chemotherapy of D-galactose-metabolizing tumors such as
      hepatocellular carcinoma. At moderate doses of dGalF, 19F-NMR spectroscopy in
      vivo or in vitro could be used to pinpoint defects of the enzymes that cause
      galactosemia, i.e. of galactokinase, uridyltransferase, or 4-epimerase.

PMID- 2403034
TI  - Regulation of the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase and elucidation of
      a molecular basis for maple syrup urine disease.
AB  - The hepatic branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex plays an
      important role in regulating branched-chain amino acid levels. These compounds
      are essential for protein synthesis but toxic if present in excess. When dietary
      protein is deficient, the hepatic enzyme is converted to the inactive,
      phosphorylated state to conserve branched-chain amino acids for protein
      synthesis. When dietary protein is excessive, the enzyme is in the active,
      dephosphorylated state to commit the excess branched-chain amino acids to
      degradation. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide, even when the
      animal is starving for dietary protein, results in activation of the hepatic
      branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex to prevent accumulation of
      branched-chain amino acids. Likewise, the increase in branched-chain amino acids
      caused by body wasting during starvation and uncontrolled diabetes is blunted by
      activation of the hepatic branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex.
      The activity state of the complex is regulated in the short term by the
      concentration of branched-chain alpha-ketoacids (inhibitors of branched-chain
      alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase) and in the long term by alteration in total
      branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase activity. cDNAs have been
      cloned and the primary structure of the mature proteins deduced for the E1 alpha
      subunit of the human and rat liver branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase
      complex. The cDNA and protein sequences are highly conserved for the two species.
      Considerable sequence similarity is also apparent between the E1 alpha subunits
      of the human branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex and the pyruvate
      dehydrogenase complex. Maple syrup urine disease is caused by an inherited
      deficiency in the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. The
      molecular basis of one maple syrup urine disease family has been determined for
      the first time. The patient was found to be a compound heterozygote, inheriting
      an allele encoding an abnormal E1 alpha from the father, and an allele which is
      not expressed from the mother. The only known animal model for the disease
      (Polled Hereford cattle) has also been characterized. The mutation in these
      animals introduces a stop codon in the leader peptide of the E1 alpha subunit,
      resulting in premature termination of translation. Two thiamine responsive
      patients have been studied. The deduced amino acid sequences of the mature E1
      alpha subunit and its leader sequence were normal, suggesting that the defect in
      these patients must exist in some other subunit of the complex. 3
      Hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase and methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase,
      two enzymes of the valine catabolic pathway, were purified from liver tissue and
      characterized.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2403035
TI  - Rat liver mitochondrial and cytosolic fumarases with identical amino acid
      sequences are encoded from a single mRNA with two alternative in-phase AUG
      initiation sites.
AB  - By use of anticytosolic fumarase antibody, a cDNA clone was isolated from a rat
      liver cDNA library in the expression vector lambda gt11 and in the pBR 322
      vector. A clone with an insert of about 1.7 kbp was isolated. Nucleotide sequence
      analysis of the insert revealed that the cDNA contained a noncoding region
      composed of 25 nucleotides in the 5' terminus, the coding region composed of
      1,521 nucleotides, and the 3' nontranslated region composed of 43 nucleotides
      followed by a poly(A)+ tail. The open reading frame encoded a polypeptide of 507
      amino acid residues (predicted Mr = 54,462), which contained an additional
      sequence composed of 41 amino acid residues on the N-terminus of the
      mitochondrial mature fumarase (the presequence). Thus, this reading frame was
      concluded to encode the precursor of mitochondrial fumarase. The amino acid
      sequence predicted from the nucleotide sequence contained all the amino acid
      sequences of 12 proteolytic polypeptides obtained by digestion of purified
      mitochondrial fumarase with V8 protease. The total amino acid sequence of the
      mitochondrial fumarase also contained all the sequences of 14 proteolytic
      peptides prepared from the cytosolic fumarase, indicating that the amino acid
      sequences of these two isozymes are identical. Furthermore, the results obtained
      by hybrid-selected translation, Northern blot and primer-extension analyses using
      appropriate cDNA segments prepared from fumarase cDNA (1.7 kbp) as the probe or
      primer suggested a possibility that both precursors of the mitochondrial and
      cytosolic fumarases were synthesized with one species of mRNA having base
      sequence coding presequence of the mitochondrial fumarase by unknown post
      transcriptional mechanism(s). Rat liver cells may contain a specific RNA(18S)
      modulating the translational activity of mRNA for fumarase. This RNA(s), which
      was contained in poly(A)- fraction, was partially purified by high-performance
      gel filtration. The partially purified RNA(s) suppressed the translational
      activity of the cytosolic fumarase, whereas the translational activity of the
      mitochondrial one was accelerated by this RNA(s).

PMID- 2403036
TI  - Effects of cytosine arabinoside and hydroxyurea on the synthesis of
      deoxyribonucleotides and DNA replication in L1210 cells.
AB  - Experiments were carried out in L1210 cells to examine the importance of
      'substrate cycles' in regulating the intracellular levels of deoxyribonucleoside
      5'-triphosphate. L1210 cells were incubated with [14C]cytidine or [14C]adenosine
      in the presence and absence of hydroxyurea or cytosine arabinoside (araC). These
      incubations were carried out for either 30 or 120 min. Inhibition of
      ribonucleotide reductase by hydroxyurea resulted in the blockage of the flux of
      ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides (greater than 90%) as expected. When DNA
      synthesis was inhibited with araC, there was a marked decrease in the
      incorporation of [14C]cytidine or [14C]adenosine into DNA as
      deoxyribonucleotides. However, there was not a corresponding increase in the
      deoxyribonucleotide levels in the acid-soluble fraction or deoxyribonucleosides
      in the culture medium. AraC treatment decreased the total formation of
      deoxyribonucleotides. These data indicate that L1210 cells do not regulate the
      intracellular pools of dNTPs via 'substrate cycles' which involve activation of
      phosphatases when DNA synthesis is blocked or activation of kinases when
      ribonucleotide reductase is inhibited.

PMID- 2403037
TI  - ["IOL has established its status in Japanese ophthalmology"].

PMID- 2403038
TI  - [Experimental study of cellular response on the intraocular lens surface in terms
      of the presence and distribution of fibronectin].
AB  - An immunohistochemical study was performed to observe cellular proliferation on
      the surface of implanted intraocular lenses (IOLs) in rabbit eyes. Rabbits were
      killed 3-28 days postoperatively. The removed IOLs were examined by an
      immunoperoxidase staining method using anti-fibronectin antibodies. The
      immunoreactivity for fibronectin was detected in macrophages and multinucleated
      giant cells attached to the IOL surface. Prominent stains were observed in these
      cells 1 week after the operation, and staining for fibronectin was less intense
      in the specimens 2 and 4 weeks after implantation. Fibronectin is produced by
      macrophages and multinucleated giant cells on the IOL surface, and might play
      important role in cellular adhesion and motility. Fibronectin immunoreactivity
      decreased with time and it may be related to cellular activity.

PMID- 2403039
TI  - [Histopathologic study of after-cataract in the pseudophakic rabbit eye using out
      of-the-bag fixation. (I)].
AB  - We performed light microscopic studies of after-cataract formation after
      phacoemulsification and out-of-the-bag IOL implantation in 23 rabbit eyes. One
      day after, epithelial cells at the equatorial area began to move to the pupillary
      area of the posterior capsule. A week later, we saw adhesion of the anterior
      capsular edge to the central posterior capsule with newly-formed lens fibers in
      the capsular space. These findings were similar to after-cataract formation after
      phacoemulsification only. We found no apparent effect of IOL on after-cataract
      formation when it was fixed out of the bag.

PMID- 2403040
TI  - [Histopathologic study of after-cataract in the pseudophakic rabbit eye using in
      the-bag fixation. (II)].
AB  - Sequential changes in the lens capsules of the rabbit eye after
      phacoemulsification with in-the-bag fixation of IOL were studied light
      microscopically. There were three types of after-cataract. Two of them, in which
      the anterior capsular flap contacted the posterior capsule and/or the anterior
      surface of the optics of IOL, were similar to that in aphakic cases. The other
      type, in which the anterior capsular edge contacted the IOL only, showed a number
      of characteristic findings. The capsular space was closed with a residual lens
      capsule and IOL optics, and typical Soemmerring's ring was observed there.
      Fibrous proliferation was observed at the anterior capsular edge, not on the
      posterior capsule. Lens epithelia on the posterior capsule moved beneath the IOL
      and reproduced new lens fibers.

PMID- 2403041
TI  - [Phospholipids in lenses of the cac mouse].
AB  - Changes of the phospholipid content of lenses were studied in the cac mouse, with
      inherited cataracts, during the course of development of cataracts. In the cac
      mice the total phospholipid content decreased with age and was lower than in the
      control (cac/ddY) mice at 35 days of age. The total cholesterol content increased
      with age in both mice, but it was lower in the cac mice than in the controls at
      35 days of age. The cholesterol/phospholipid ratio was smaller in the cac mice
      than in the controls at 14 days of age, while the ratio became greater in the cac
      mice than in the controls at 21 days of age or more. Phospholipids were mainly
      composed of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine
      (PS) and sphingomyelin (Sph), with a trace of phosphatidylinositol. With age, the
      PS content increased gradually in the controls while it decreased in the cac mice
      and the Sph content was unchanged in the controls while it increased in the cac
      mice. These results suggest some metabolic alterations of phospholipids,
      especially of PS and Sph in the lenses of the cac mouse with aging.

PMID- 2403042
TI  - [Long-term follow-up of wound healing following epikeratophakia in rabbits].
AB  - Epikeratophakia was performed on rabbit corneas using cryolathed keratolens and
      histological examinations were performed after long-term follow-up. On days 254
      and 360 after the operation, pachymetry was performed, and corneas were excised,
      labeled with 3H-proline (10 muCi/ml) in DME for 4 hours, fixed by 2%
      glutaraldehyde and analyzed histologically using light and electron microscopy
      and by autoradiography. The results of pachometry revealed that postoperative
      increases of the corneal thickness on days 254 and 360 were both smaller than the
      expected value, 350 microns. However, on days 254 and 360, collagen fibril
      density (CFD) in the keratolens stroma to 95% and 99% of that of the control
      cornea (264 +/- 16/microns2). On day 254, activated keratocytes with well
      developed rough endoplasmic reticulum which were suggestive of active collagen
      production and keratocytes with extended pseudopoidia that suggested phagocytic
      activity were observed in the keratolens stroma. On day 360, most keratocytes in
      the keratolens stroma revealed a normal shape. In the epithelium over the
      keratolens, poor differentiation of basal cells and irregularity or lack of
      basement membrane were still observed. At both postoperative periods, the
      endothelium showed no remarkable morphologic abnormality on histological analysis
      under light and electron microscopy. These findings and the results of our
      previous study indicated that the reconstruction of the keratolens stroma
      continued for about one year postoperatively and complete healing after
      epikeratophakia including epithelial repair needs more than one year.

PMID- 2403043
TI  - [The relationship between amplitude and extent of detachment indicated by the ERG
      c-wave of rabbit eyes with experimental retinal detachment].
AB  - We recorded ERG b- and c-waves from rabbit eyes with experimental retinal
      detachment and investigated the relationship between amplitude of the ERG and
      extent of the detachment. Three different extents of detachment (20, 60, 100% of
      the fundus) were made in three different groups of rabbits. In all 3 groups, the
      amplitude of both b- and c-waves remarkably decreased 1 hour after detachment and
      recovered at 6 hours to values corresponding to the extent of detachment. At 12
      hours, the b-wave amplitude remained at almost the same values at 6 hours,
      whereas the c-wave amplitude showed further reduction. It was suggested that
      functional disorder in undetached retina occurred earlier in the retinal pigment
      epithelium than in the sensory retina of the eyes in the acute stage of the
      retinal detachment.

PMID- 2403044
TI  - [PCL implantation in diabetic patients--examination of CME and maculopathy].
AB  - We performed posterior chamber lens (PCL) implantation in 287 eyes of 207
      diabetic patients, and evaluated postoperative cystoid macular edema (CME) and
      diabetic maculopathy. The rate of CME was 9.3% and its average period after
      surgery was 3.6 months. The incidence of diabetic maculopathy was 3.4% and it
      appeared 8.8 months after operation on average. In both the CME group and
      diabetic maculopathy group, the duration of diabetes, HbAlc value, the grade of
      diabetic retinopathy and the conditions of general complications were
      significantly higher than in those without CME and maculopathy. Only in the
      diabetic maculopathy group were the pre- and postoperative dilated pupillary
      diameter significantly smaller. CME patients were treated with oral or
      subconjunctival injection of corticosteroids, when diabetes was controlled and
      they had no or mild retinopathy, and good visual acuity was recovered (0.98 on
      average). The other patients with CME were treated with laser photocoagulation,
      and they regained a visual acuity of 0.50 on average. All patients with
      maculopathy were treated with laser photocoagulation, but they regained a visual
      acuity of 0.36 on average. The postoperative protein concentration in the
      anterior chamber was significantly higher in the CME group than in the non-CME
      group at one day and also at three months after operation.

PMID- 2403045
TI  - [Quantitative measurement of IAP (immunosuppressive acidic protein) in patients
      with retinoblastoma].
AB  - Immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) is a useful tumor marker for evaluating
      clinical course, therapeutic effectiveness, and prognosis of patients with
      various malignant tumors. In this report, we examined the serum IAP levels in 20
      patients with retinoblastomas. In 6 cases, both preoperative and postoperative
      IAP values were examined, and in 14 cases the levels of this protein were
      postoperatively followed. Although 2 of 6 cases had higher levels of IAP than 500
      micrograms/ml preoperatively, they had decreased within the normal range (less
      than 500 micrograms/ml) postoperatively. The mean IAP levels at 1-2 weeks before,
      1-2 weeks after and 1 month after surgery were 422 +/- 225.1 micrograms/ml, 221
      +/- 62.6 micrograms/ml, and 297 +/- 89.8 micrograms/ml, respectively, that means
      IAP decreased after enucleation. In 14 cases in which this protein was examined
      only postoperatively the value was 314.5 +/- 91.6 micrograms/ml. In one case with
      a level of 856 micrograms/ml of IAP before enucleation, pathological examination
      revealed invasion of retinoblastoma cells to the optic nerve and orbital fat. The
      high level of IAP might be related to the extraocular invasion. Since the level
      of serum IAP decreased after enucleation, these results suggested that
      immunological activities might change, even though tumor cells grew within the
      blood retinal barrier.

PMID- 2403046
TI  - [Time course of changes in aqueous protein concentration in rhegmatogenous
      retinal detachment].
AB  - Changes in aqueous protein concentration (APC) in unilateral rhegmatogenous
      retinal detachment (RD) were investigated 1) prospectively in 40 patients who
      were undergoing scleral buckling surgery with cryotherapy and 2) retrospectively
      in another 40 patients who had undergone successful retinal reattachment more
      than 2 years previously. Before the surgery, APC in RD eyes was more than double
      that in the contralateral normal eyes. The surgical intervention led to a further
      increase in APC and a peak was observed at 2 weeks postoperatively. Values
      decreased to a stable level approximately 3 months after surgery, but remained
      significantly higher than those of the control eyes. Clinical factors which were
      found to significantly correlate with APC were: 1) before surgery; age, area of
      RD, balloon-shaped RD, tear rather than hole, and the extent of preoperative
      hypotony; 2) in the early postoperative period; age, size of retinal breaks, and
      number of cryoapplication; and 3) in the late postoperative period; age, area of
      RD, and performance of scleral encircling. It was suggested that different
      mechanisms are responsible for the increase in APC observed at different periods,
      including 1) decreased aqueous bulk flow; 2) disruption of the blood-retinal
      barrier caused by cryotherapy, and/or dispersion of subretinal protein during the
      surgeries; and 3) decreased aqueous flow rate following buckling procedures, and
      breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier induced by changes in anterior uveal blood
      circulation.

PMID- 2403047
TI  - [Measurements of reversibility of optic disc cupping in glaucoma using a
      computerized videographic image analyzer].
AB  - Optic disc changes were studied in young and elderly glaucoma patients who
      underwent reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) by filtrating surgery. A
      computerized videographic image analysis system (Optic Nerve Head Analyzer,
      Rodenstock) was used to measure the cup/disc-ratio, the ratio of the rim area
      over the disc area (rim area/disc area-ratio), and the ratio of the cup volume
      over the disc area (cup volume/disc area-ratio) before and after filtrating
      surgery. Each parameter was assessed as total and quadrantal values. Materials
      consisted of 19 eyes of 15 patients (8 eyes of 5 patients with primary open angle
      glaucoma, 2 eyes of 2 patients with secondary glaucoma, and 9 eyes of 7 patients
      with developmental glaucoma). Sixteen eyes (84%) of 12 patients showed a decrease
      of the total cup/disc-ratio after operation. In this group, the patients had a
      decrease in IOP of 18.9 +/- 10. 6mmHg (mean +/- SD) after the operation. Among 16
      eyes that had a decreased total cup/disc-ratio, statistically significant
      decrease of the cup/disc-ratio (p less than 0.01) and statistically significant
      increase of the rim area/disc area-ratio (p less than 0.01) were noted in total
      and for all quadrants except for the temporal. The greatest improvement of
      cupping was seen in the nasal quadrant. With regard to cup volume/disc area
      ratio, a statistically significant decrease was observed in total and in all
      quadrants (p less than 0.01). The IOP change correlated linearly with that of the
      total cup volume/disc area-ratio (R = 0.51, p less than 0.05). No statistically
      significant linear correlation was noted between age and the change in any disc
      parameter.

PMID- 2403048
TI  - [The ERG recording with high speed scanning of monochromatic stimuli].
AB  - Sixteen monochromatic lights with peak wavelengths lying from 400 nm to 700 nm at
      intervals of 20 nm were adjusted to equal energy. These stimuli were provided in
      a dark room successively in ascending and descending series from 400 nm to 700 nm
      were arranged to be continuously sinusoidally flickering. The flickering
      frequency was changed from 3 Hz to 40 Hz. The spectral responses obtained could
      be seen and evaluated as a spectral pattern on the oscilloscope rectangular CRT.
      In both ascending and descending scanning of less than 10 Hz stimulus frequency
      the spectral response pattern with the low stimulus intensity had maximum
      amplitude around 500 nm, reflecting the function of the rod system. On the other
      hand the spectral pattern with the peak response from 540 nm to 580 nm was
      obtained by the high stimulus intensity, reflecting the function of the cone
      system. In scanning of more than 20 Hz frequency, the spectral pattern also
      reflected the characteristics of the cone system. In normal subjects almost the
      same spectral pattern was obtained at high speed scanning, especially more than
      30 Hz for a few seconds, even by averaging. This method can therefore be employed
      for clinical diagnosis.

PMID- 2403049
TI  - [A case of Merkel cell carcinoma of the eyelid].
AB  - An 84-year-old man with Merkel cell carcinoma in the right upper-eyelid is
      reported. The patient presented with a rapidly growing, reddish-purple, solid
      tumor with a relatively well-defined margin in the skin of the lid. Increased
      neuron specific enolase content in the blood returned to normal several months
      after resection of the tumor and 70 Gy postoperative cobalt radiation.
      Histopathologic examination of the resected specimen revealed that the tumor was
      limited by intact epidermis and occupied by moderate-sized, round malignant cells
      with marked mitoses and scant cytoplasm. The neoplastic cells were positively
      stained by labeled antibodies for neuron specific enolase, keratin and epithelial
      membrane antigen. Electron microscopic examination showed abundant perinuclear
      microfilaments and dense core granules.

PMID- 2403050
TI  - A symposium: HMG CoA reductase inhibitors--a five-year clinical perspective.
      November 12, 1989, New Orleans, Louisiana. Proceedings.

PMID- 2403051
TI  - Fat-free mass estimation by the two-electrode impedance method.
AB  - In 202 healthy subjects (81 men, 121 women) aged 12-71 y, impedance (Z) was
      measured with a two-electrode analyzer. Fat-free mass was assessed by
      hydrodensitometry (FFMd). This population was randomized into two groups for
      cross-validation. In group 1 the relationship between ht2/Z at 1 MHz and FFMd was
      highly significant (r = 0.85, P less than 0.001). The equation for predicting
      FFMd from impedance, height2, weight, and age obtained in group 1 (r = 0.97) was
      applied to group 2 (r = 0.96) without reduction in r value. The accuracy of this
      equation was not different between men and women or between active and sedentary
      people. These data indicate that the two-electrode impedance method is a reliable
      and valid approach not only for the determination of extracellular water (as
      previously shown) but also for that of FFM.

PMID- 2403052
TI  - Assessment of fat-free mass in teen-agers: use of TOBEC methodology.
AB  - The accuracy of total-body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) for body composition
      assessment was examined in 50 teen-agers (33 males and 17 females) aged 11-19 y.
      Body composition measures included densitometry, hydrometry, bone mineral density
      of the one-third distal radius, and TOBEC. Fat-free mass (FFM) was calculated by
      using one-, two-, and three-compartment models: densitometry, FFMd; densitometry
      and hydrometry, FFMdw; and densitometry, hydrometry, and bone mineral density,
      FFMdwb. Correlations between TOBEC variables and the three calculations of FFM
      were highly significant (r = 0.88-0.95; P less than 0.01). No significant
      differences were observed (ANOVA) between the TOBEC estimate of FFM (FFMT) and
      FFMd, FFMdw, and FFMdwb. Similar results were observed when the data were
      analyzed by gender. The TOBEC estimate of FFM was equivalent to the estimates of
      FFM derived from one-, two-, and three-component models. Its ease of measurement
      and its prediction accuracy (R2 = 0.933; SEE = 2.45 kg) in teen-agers make it a
      preferred technique for body composition assessment.

PMID- 2403053
TI  - Validity of surface anthropometry to estimate upper-arm muscularity, including
      changes with body mass loss.
AB  - The differences among fatfold thicknesses, girths, and muscle plus bone cross
      sectional area (M+B CSA) were examined at three sites along the upper arm
      (distal, mid, and proximal) by using surface anthropometry (study 1, n = 40) and
      x ray (study 2, n = 53). Changes in anthropometry and x ray were also evaluated
      in nine obese patients who reduced body mass by less than or equal to 20.5 kg
      over 32 wk. Weight reduction resulted in nonproportional changes at the three
      sites, including significant differences in M+B CSA. Thus, it would not be valid
      to consider the arm as a geometric cylinder. Although a one-time assessment of
      upper arm M+B CSA with surface anthropometry may be valid at any of the three
      sites, changes in M+B CSA measured at any site may result in an under- or
      overestimation of actual changes in M+B CSA.

PMID- 2403054
TI  - Energy metabolism in acute and chronic renal failure.
AB  - Energy metabolism was measured by indirect calorimetry in 86 patients with
      various forms of renal failure and in 24 control subjects. In patients with acute
      renal failure with sepsis, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and
      resting energy expenditure were increased (P less than 0.05). In other groups
      with renal failure (acute renal failure without sepsis, chronic renal failure
      with conservative treatment or hemodialysis, and severe untreated azotemia) these
      indices were not different from those of control subjects. Urea nitrogen
      appearance was decreased in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing
      conservative treatment, in those with severe untreated azotemia, and in
      hemodialysis patients (P less than 0.05). We conclude that renal failure has no
      influence on energy expenditure as long as septicemia is absent. Reduced urea
      nitrogen appearance rates in chronic renal failure are due to a reduced energy
      and protein intake. Wasting is a consequence of decreased food intake but not of
      hypermetabolism in chronic renal failure.

PMID- 2403055
TI  - Basal and postprandial metabolic rates in lactating and nonlactating women.
AB  - Basal and postprandial metabolic rates were determined by indirect calorimetry in
      lactating, nonlactating postpartum, and nulliparous women who received a
      controlled diet of protein at 1.0 g.kg-1.d-1 and energy that approximated usual
      intake levels on the basis of diet records. Milk production was measured by the
      test-weighing procedure and by milk expression. Basal metabolic rates (BMRs) were
      similar among all groups of women. No relationships were detected between BMRs
      and postpartum time in lactating women. In contrast, postprandial metabolic rates
      (PMRs) increased (P less than 0.01) in lactating compared with nonlactating
      women. Milk nitrogen concentrations but not energy showed a linear relationship
      with PMR (r = 0.86, P less than 0.001). The energy cost of milk production was
      estimated to be 125% of the energy output in milk. Thus, increased energy needs
      during lactation are associated not only with milk production but also with
      elevated PMRs. This increase was met by an increase in dietary energy intakes of
      50% above the intakes of nonlactating counterparts.

PMID- 2403056
TI  - Consequences for maternal nutrition of reproductive stress across consecutive
      pregnancies.
AB  - Frequent cycles of reproduction increase the risk that lactation will overlap
      with pregnancy and shorten the duration of the recuperative interval (nonpregnant
      and nonlactating portion) within the reproductive cycle, thereby increasing the
      risk of maternal nutritional depletion. Nutritional responses to these stresses
      have been demonstrated by contrasting groups of women with different experiences;
      however, these relationships may be spurious and the result of third factors. In
      this study, responses to changing stress over consecutive pregnancies were
      studied and contrasted within individual Guatemalan women; biases caused by
      factors constant to women were eliminated. Stress was assessed by examining
      responses in maternal supplement intake, maternal fat stores, and birth weight.
      Overlap and short recuperative intervals were found to be stressful (in that
      order) for mothers as shown by increased supplement intake and reduced fat
      stores. Birth weight in term gestations was not affected, indicating that fetal
      growth is being protected at the cost of maternal nutritional status.

PMID- 2403057
TI  - Selenium utilization during human lactation by use of stable-isotope tracers.
AB  - We examined utilization of selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenite in six lactating
      (L) and six nonlactating (NL) women, 2-3 mo postpartum, and seven never-pregnant
      (NP) women by use of stable-isotope tracers. All groups had similar selenium
      status at the start of the study. Significantly more selenium from SeMet than
      from selenite was absorbed and appeared in plasma in all groups. Milk contained
      more selenium from apparently absorbed SeMet than from selenite. More selenium
      from apparently absorbed selenite than from SeMet appeared in urine of NP and NL
      subjects whereas L subjects had approximately the same amount of selenium from
      apparently absorbed selenite and SeMet in their urine. All groups retained
      significantly more selenium from SeMet than from selenite; L women retained more
      selenium from selenite than did the other two groups. Absorption and retention of
      selenium from SeMet in L women did not appear to be significantly different from
      that in other women, suggesting that selenium requirements during lactation are
      increased mainly because of milk losses.

PMID- 2403058
TI  - Reducing-diet and exercise-training effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins in
      mildly obese women.
AB  - Twenty-one mildly obese women were fed a 1268-kcal lactovegetarian diet for 5 wk.
      Subjects were randomly divided into either an exercise (Ex) or a nonexercise
      (Nex) group. The Ex group walked at 60% heart-rate reserve (134 +/- 2 bpm; mean
      +/- SEM) during 45-min sessions, five times per week. Although exercise improved
      estimated maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max; 20.9 +/- 3.2% vs 2.1 +/- 3.4% in Ex
      vs Nex, respectively), changes in total body, lean body, and fat weight did not
      differ significantly between groups. Total body weight decreased 5.5 +/- 0.6 and
      5.6 +/- 0.2 kg in Ex and Nex, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed
      significant differences in the pattern of change between groups for serum high
      density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; F[2,38] = 5.93, P = 0.006) but not for
      total cholesterol (TC), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, or
      glucose. Change in diet quality and body weight were found to account fully for
      the 12.7 +/- 1.9% decrease in TC. When change in dietary quality and body weight
      are equated in a group of mildly obese women, the effect of moderate exercise
      training on indices of serum lipid and lipoprotein is limited to HDL-C.

PMID- 2403059
TI  - Efficacy of cornstarch therapy in type III glycogen-storage disease.
AB  - Type III glycogen-storage disease (GSD-III), due to decreased activity of the
      glycogen debranching enzyme amylo-1,6 glucosidase, may cause hepatic dysfunction,
      growth failure, and myopathy. The prevention of hypoglycemia by nocturnal
      intragastric formula infusion has been shown to enhance growth and improve the
      metabolic abnormalities associated with GSD-III. Cornstarch therapy was effective
      in preventing hypoglycemia in a few patients with GSD-III who were previously
      treated with nocturnal enteral formula infusion, but oral cornstarch had not been
      evaluated as an initial treatment. We studied three patients with GSD-III who
      exhibited growth failure, elevated serum aminotransferase concentrations, and
      asymptomatic hypoglycemia. Cornstarch therapy was associated with maintenance of
      normoglycemia, increased growth velocity, and decreased serum aminotransferase
      concentrations in all patients. Our experience suggests that cornstarch therapy
      can be effective as an initial treatment for patients with GSD-III.

PMID- 2403060
TI  - Lactose absorption and consumption in Curacao schoolchildren.
AB  - As an initial step to evaluate the school additional-nourishment program, which
      provides milk to schoolchildren, a study was conducted in the fall of 1984 on 729
      black schoolchildren (aged 8-10 y) in Curacao, for whom lactose consumption and
      absorption were determined. A food frequency questionnaire was used to determine
      lactose consumption, and a breath-hydrogen test was used to determine lactose
      absorption after a physiological load of 0.5 g lactose/kg body wt was
      administered in the form of standardized irradiated whole milk. An increase in
      breath-hydrogen of 20 ppm indicated lactose malabsorption; 14% of the children
      were malabsorbers of lactose. No relationship was found between lactose
      malabsorption and lactose consumption, as estimated from the questionnaire.
      Possible reasons for the lower-than-expected prevalence of lactose malabsorption
      in this population are the use of a physiological dose of lactose, and the fact
      that this population is well nourished and free from significant parasitism and
      other endemic diseases.

PMID- 2403061
TI  - Metabolism of intravenously administered maltose in renal tubules in humans.
AB  - To investigate how urinary excretion rates (UERs) of maltose and glucose are
      determined after intravenous maltose infusion, maltose and glucose solutions were
      infused at various rates and the relationships between UERs of maltose and
      glucose and their plasma concentrations were examined. Results showed the
      existence of a threshold plasma maltose concentration for the urinary excretions
      of maltose and glucose and the existence of a maximum rate of urinary glucose
      excretion after maltose infusion. Elevation of plasma glucose concentration by
      simultaneous glucose infusion increased urinary glucose excretion but did not
      increase urinary maltose excretion; the relationship between plasma total sugar
      concentration and urinary total sugar excretion was unchanged. Results suggest
      that maltose administered intravenously is hydrolyzed to glucose by maltase in
      renal tubules and reabsorbed as glucose competitively with glucose derived from
      plasma and that the maximum utilization of intravenously infused maltose is
      determined by the tubular glucose reabsorption capacity.

PMID- 2403062
TI  - Tolerance of preschoolers to two dosage strengths of vitamin A preparation.
AB  - The tolerance to two alternative large-dosage strengths of vitamin A preparation
      was determined in a double-blind study involving 2471 children in two
      municipalities in the Philippines. Each child, aged 1-6 y, not suffering from
      active xerophthalmia or from nausea and/or vomiting, headache, diarrhea, and
      fever, was randomly given 1 mL of a syrupy suspension later identified to contain
      0, 60, or 30 mg vitamin A. Clinical evaluation of subjects was done by physicians
      24 h and 1 wk after dosing. Nausea and/or vomiting and headache were twice as
      common among children given 60 mg than those given 30 mg. Severe vomiting (1.2%)
      was confined to those given 60 mg. Almost all experienced their symptoms within
      24 h after dosing; symptoms lasted for no more than 12-24 h. The incidence of
      diarrhea and fever for vitamin A recipients was not significantly different from
      that of those receiving placebo.

PMID- 2403063
TI  - Vitamin D supplementation in elderly nursing home residents increases 25(OH)D but
      not 1,25(OH)2D.
AB  - Vitamin D metabolism in elderly individuals can be compromised by several
      mechanisms. We previously described reduced concentrations of 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] in 30% of elderly nursing home residents. The
      present study assesses the effect of vitamin D supplementation on 25
      hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and 1,25(OH)2D. We performed a double-blind study in
      which 30 elderly nursing home residents were randomly given either 50 micrograms
      vitamin D or a placebo daily for 6 wk. Vitamin D metabolites, immunometrically
      assayed parathyroid hormone (IRMA-PTH), ionized calcium, and bone Gla hormone
      (BGP) were measured in serum at baseline and biweekly for 6 wk. Serum 25(OH)D
      concentrations increased significantly (P less than 0.0001) over the 6 wk in the
      treatment group but were unchanged in the placebo group. Serum 1,25(OH)2D,
      ionized calcium, BGP, and PTH were not significantly altered by the supplement.
      We conclude that vitamin D supplementation results in an increase in circulating
      25(OH)D but not 1,25(OH)2D; however, the long-term effect on bone mineral
      metabolism remains unclear.

PMID- 2403064
TI  - Dietary vitamin B-6 intake and food sources in the US population: NHANES II, 1976
      1980.
AB  - Dietary vitamin B-6 intake and food sources were estimated from the Second
      National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) dietary data for
      11,658 adults aged 19-74 y. The average daily intake of vitamin B-6 was 1.48 +/-
      0.01 mg (mean +/- SEM) for the total population, 1.85 +/- 0.02 for males and 1.14
      +/- 0.01 for females. Seventy-one percent of males and 90% of females consumed
      less than the 1980 recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamin B-6. Sixty-four
      percent of all survey respondents reported a ratio of vitamin B-6 to dietary
      protein of less than 0.02 (expressed as mg/g protein). Foods from animal and
      plant sources provided 48% and 52% of the total vitamin B-6, respectively.
      Vitamin B-6 intake decreased (P less than 0.0001) with increasing age and
      decreasing education and income status. Beef steaks and roasts, alcoholic
      beverages, potatoes, ready-to-eat cereals, and milk were important dietary
      sources of vitamin B-6.

PMID- 2403065
TI  - Effects of moderate caffeine intake on the calcium economy of premenopausal
      women.
AB  - We examined directly the effects of a moderate dosage of caffeine (400 mg/d) on
      the calcium economy in 16 healthy premenopausal women in a double-blind, placebo
      controlled crossover design. The subjects took divided doses of caffeine (100
      mg/tablet) or identical-appearing placebos with decaffeinated coffee on
      personalized schedules for treatment periods lasting 19 d each and with 37-d
      interstudy intervals. We randomized the treatment sequence among subjects and
      studied them as inpatients under metabolic-balance conditions. We found no
      significant effects of caffeine on fractional calcium absorption, endogenous
      fecal calcium, or urine calcium, whether examined day by day or cumulatively.
      Although the mean balance shift was negative, the change was not significantly
      different from zero. There was evidence of altered bone remodeling, with slight
      decreases in bone accretion, bone resorption, and calcium pool turnover.

PMID- 2403066
TI  - Diet of second-generation Japanese-American men with and without non-insulin
      dependent diabetes.
AB  - Second-generation Japanese-American (Nisei) men have rates of non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus four times higher than men in Japan, suggesting a
      role for environmental factors in the etiology of this disease. Dietary intake
      was assessed for 229 Nisei men with diabetes (DM, n = 78), impaired glucose
      tolerance (IGT, n = 72), and normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n = 79). The diet of
      Nisei men with DM compared with men with IGT or NGT was similar in kilocalories
      but higher in fat and protein. Absence of diabetes was self-reported by 153 men
      (N-entry) of which 76 were confirmed to have NGT and 17 were discovered to have
      DM. Animal-protein and -fat intakes were significantly higher in N-entry DM men
      than in N-entry NGT men. Overall the Nisei diet, particularly that of Nisei men
      with DM, resembled more the diet of US men than men in Japan.

PMID- 2403067
TI  - Patterns in food use and their associations with nutrient intakes.
AB  - This study used the frequency of food-use data collected previously in the
      Western New York Diet Study, a case-control study of diet and cancer at various
      sites, to develop measures of dietary patterns for subsequent use in
      epidemiologic research. Factor analysis was applied to frequency-of-use data of
      110 foods for 1475 male and 780 female control subjects. Nine dietary-pattern
      factors were extracted for each gender. Correlational analyses examined
      relationships with intakes of nutrients of concern to cancer epidemiologists-
      energy, total fat, dietary fiber, and vitamins A and C. Findings indicate that
      the usual measure for assessing dietary risks, quantile of nutrient intake,
      reflects several dietary patterns differing in their composition of cancer risk
      factors. Furthermore, patterns may relate to such variables as age, ethnicity,
      and income, which are themselves related to cancer. This approach may provide a
      comprehensive measure of dietary exposure for epidemiologic research.

PMID- 2403068
TI  - Urinary excretion of polyamines: importance of circadian rhythm, age, sex,
      menstrual cycle, weight, and creatinine excretion.
AB  - The urinary excretion of putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and N1- and N8
      acetylspermidines was measured in 95 volunteers. The 24-h excretion, split in
      four consecutive periods, was analyzed for circadian rhythm in eight volunteers.
      Circadian rhythm was observed in total polyamine and in N1- and N8
      acetylspermidine excretions. The excretion rates of these polyamines were highest
      in the morning. The normal values for 24-h urinary excretion of polyamines were
      determined in 87 volunteers. Men excreted significantly more spermidine (P less
      than 0.001), N8-acetylspermidine (P less than 0.05), and spermine (P less than
      0.001) than did women; putrescine excretion was higher in women (P less than
      0.001). This variation was only partially explained by differences between sexes
      in body or muscle mass because most differences remained significant even after
      normalization for creatinine excretion and body weight. No correlation between
      the polyamine excretions and age or menstrual cycle was found.

PMID- 2403069
TI  - Food-consumption trends between adolescent and adult years and subsequent risk of
      prostate cancer.
AB  - A population-based, case-control study of prostate cancer in Utah was used to
      assess reported food-consumption patterns for the adolescent and adult years. Men
      reported eating eggs, whole milk, butter, white bread, cereals, and candy less
      frequently and red meat, fish, low-fat milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream,
      margarine, fruits and vegetables, and whole-wheat bread more frequently as
      adults, indicating that diets changed in the hypothesized direction to correspond
      to national changes in food-consumption practices. Men who consumed a diet high
      in saturated fatty acids as adults were at a slightly increased risk of
      developing aggressive prostate cancer after adjusting for adolescent diet (odds
      ratio 1.8 comparing high with low intakes), whereas men who consumed a diet high
      in saturated fatty acids as adolescents were not at increased risk of developing
      these tumors after controlling for a diet high in saturated fatty acids as adults
      (odds ratio 1.1).

PMID- 2403070
TI  - Taurine concentrations in plasma and whole blood in humans: estimation of error
      from intra- and interindividual variation and sampling technique.
AB  - The "normal" physiological taurine status in human plasma and whole blood was
      evaluated for day-to-day variation. Because plasma taurine concentrations can
      vary by greater than or equal to 100% because of sampling and analytical
      techniques, various blood-collecting and -handling procedures were compared to
      ascertain the most reliable method for measuring plasma taurine. Blood collection
      into EDTA-wetted plastic syringes at room temperature proved most reliable.
      Plasma and whole-blood taurine concentrations were determined in the same 13
      women and 11 men three times within a 10-d period. The normal plasma taurine
      concentration was 44 +/- 9 mumol/L (mean +/- SD; n = 40) in fasting subjects and
      42 +/- 7 mumol/L (n = 30) in semi-fasted individuals, with an intraindividual
      variation of 9 +/- 5%. Whole-blood taurine concentrations ranged from 164 to 318
      mumol/L and had an intraindividual variation of 11 +/- 5%. Inter-individual
      variation averaged 12 +/- 7% for plasma and 7 +/- 6% for whole blood taurine.
      Because plasma and whole-blood taurine concentrations were not correlated,
      assessment of both would provide the most accurate estimate of taurine status.
      Short of that, whole-blood taurine would appear to be the best single measure.

PMID- 2403071
TI  - Effects of diet on serum lipids and apolipoproteins.

PMID- 2403072
TI  - Standardized portrait photography for dental patients.
AB  - Photography is becoming an increasingly important tool in the dental profession.
      But documentation of orthodontic or orthognathic treatment with pretreatment and
      posttreatment photographs can be misleading if features on one or both
      photographs are distorted. The dental photographer must be constantly aware of
      the importance of standardizing photographic variables when documentation of
      change is important. Although total reproducibility may not be practical, the
      photographer can establish a reasonably standardized approach to photographing
      patients. In this article the authors present the major considerations for
      frontal and profile facial photographs. Lens selection, camera position, subject
      distance, and position are all variables to be understood and controlled if
      accurate reproduction is desired. Numerous frontal and lateral photographs were
      made with head position, camera position, jaw position, and lens focal length
      changed to allow assessment of their contribution to the final picture. Using
      easily recognized facial landmarks, dental photographers can standardize frontal
      and lateral portraits for more consistent comparison.

PMID- 2403073
TI  - Effect of functional appliances on jaw muscle activity.
AB  - The electromyographic (EMG) activity of masticatory muscles was monitored
      longitudinally with chronically implanted EMG electrodes to determine whether
      functional appliances produce a change in postural EMG activity of the muscles.
      Preappliance and postappliance EMG levels in four experimentals that had been
      fitted with functional appliances were compared against the background of EMG
      levels in controls without appliances. The insertion of two types of functional
      appliance to induce mandibular protrusion was associated with a decrease in
      postural EMG activity of the superior and inferior heads of the lateral
      pterygoid, superficial masseter, and anterior digastric muscles; the decrease in
      the first three muscles was statistically significant. This decreased postural
      EMG activity persisted for approximately 6 weeks, with a gradual return toward
      preappliance levels during a subsequent 6-week period of observation. Progressive
      mandibular advancement of 1.5 to 2 mm every 10 to 15 days did not prevent the
      decrease in postural EMG activity.

PMID- 2403074
TI  - Comments on "Orthodontist or orthodiety?".

PMID- 2403075
TI  - Experimental study of the effect of prostaglandin administration on tooth
      movement--with particular emphasis on the relationship to the method of PGE1
      administration.
AB  - Recently, the mechanism of action of prostaglandins in promoting bone resorption
      has received wide attention. Prostaglandins are used in orthodontics to shorten
      the period of tooth movement. PGE1 was administered locally (5 micrograms/kg
      every 12 hours) and systemically (7.5 ng/kg/min) to rats to study the difference
      in the efficacy of the two methods of administration in accelerating bone
      resorption. The Waldo method was used on 72 Wistar rats (8 weeks old) for 5 days
      to induce mesial movement of the first molar. The body weight of the rats was
      measured every 12 hours from the start of the experiment. Tissues were examined
      in the mesial surface of the mesial root and in the interradicular septum between
      the linguomesial root and the linguodistal root of the upper first molar. The
      pressure side of the mesial surface of the mesial root was studied, as well as
      the pressure side of the interradicular septum. The results showed that decrease
      in body weight during the experiment was more prominent in the local
      administration group than in the systemic administration group. In both the group
      receiving PGE1 through local administration and the group receiving PGE1 through
      systemic administration, the numbers of osteoclasts and Howship's lacunae were
      markedly increased over those in the control groups. Moreover, compared with
      local administration, systemic administration of PGE1 had a more marked effect on
      bone resorption.

PMID- 2403076
TI  - Late lower arch crowding: the effect of second molar extraction.
AB  - Mesial drift and change in crowding over a 5-year period were compared in 30
      subjects whose lower second molars were extracted between ages 11 and 17 years
      and 30 subjects whose lower second molars were not extracted. Significant
      differences were found. The nonextraction subjects showed an average forward
      movement of first molars and an increase in crowding. The extraction group showed
      slight distal movement of first molars and a decrease in crowding. It is
      concluded that lower second molar extraction reduces the tendency to forward
      movement of buccal segments and increased crowding by relieving eruptive pressure
      from third molars and that the presence of a developing lower third molar with
      insufficient space can be one cause of late lower arch crowding.

PMID- 2403077
TI  - Growth patterns in subjects with long and short faces.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess skeletal factors associated with the
      development of vertical facial disproportions. Angular measurements based on
      longitudinal lateral cephalometric radiographs of 16 male and 16 female subjects,
      from the ages of 4 through 18 years, were used. Subjects were selected on the
      basis of lower face height (ANS-Me) as a percentage of morphologic face height (N
      Me). A single x-ray photograph at age 15 for the boys and 13.5 for the girls was
      used to classify each subject's occlusion as either open-bite or deep-bite. Sella
      nasion/palatal plane, sella-nasion/mandibular plane, sella-nasion/anatomic
      occlusal plane, palatal plane/mandibular plane, and cranial base angle were
      analyzed statistically and graphically. It was found that (1) with the exception
      of sella-nasion/palatal plane and cranial base angles, all angular measurements
      demonstrated a progressive reduction throughout development in both open bites
      and deep bites; (2) the palatomandibular angle discriminated between open bites
      and deep bites throughout the developmental phase; (3) within each sex, typologic
      differences were evident in all angular measurements, with the exception of
      cranial base and occlusal plane; and (4) the cranial base angle demonstrated
      clear sexual dimorphism, and its magnitude was not associated with vertical
      dysplasia. The progressive reduction of angles in skeletal open bite reduced or
      maintained the magnitude of the imbalances, while the reduction of angles
      accentuated the skeletal deep bite with age. The inclination of the palatal plane
      and its constancy suggested that downward and backward rotation of the mandible
      in open bite subjects is precommitted in response to dentoalveolar compensatory
      changes with the center of rotation at the molars. The magnitude of the
      mandibular plane angle is not adequate for assessment of diagnostic or prognostic
      predictive value in determining the pattern of growth.

PMID- 2403078
TI  - Legal aspects of orthodontic practice: risk management concepts. The prefinishing
      checklist.

PMID- 2403079
TI  - Abnormal test results?

PMID- 2403080
TI  - Tonsillopharyngeal tularemia: a reminder.

PMID- 2403081
TI  - Sledding-related injuries in children.

PMID- 2403082
TI  - Urinary tract infection and sexual abuse.

PMID- 2403083
TI  - Milk flow and nipple hole size.

PMID- 2403084
TI  - Plastic or cast bronchitis?

PMID- 2403085
TI  - Just like mommy.

PMID- 2403086
TI  - The 'H' in hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome should be
      'hyperpyrexia'.

PMID- 2403087
TI  - Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy. Clinical definition of a catastrophic
      syndrome in infants.
AB  - We treated nine infants who unexpectedly developed shock, seizures, and fever,
      followed by diarrhea, consumption coagulopathy, and hepatorenal dysfunction.
      Despite vigorous treatment, three infants died and all except one of the six
      survivors have severe residual neurologic abnormalities. Postmortem findings
      included cerebral edema, white matter petechial hemorrhages, gastrointestinal
      hemorrhages, and fatty liver. These clinicopathologic features are similar to
      those previously described in 10 infants as being due to hemorrhagic shock and
      encephalopathy, except for the presence of fatty liver in our patients. Based on
      the combined experience of 19 infants, we propose diagnostic criteria for
      hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy that may facilitate recognition and
      differentiation from other shock syndromes in infancy.

PMID- 2403088
TI  - New muscle power test in neuromuscular disease. Feasibility and reliability.
AB  - We studied the feasibility, reliability, and reproducibility of an "all-out" 30
      second cycling or arm cranking test of muscle power and muscle endurance (the
      Wingate Anaerobic Test) in 66 girls and boys aged 5 to 18 years old who had
      cerebral palsy or a myopathy. The arm and leg tests, given in duplicate, were
      feasible in 94% and 61% of subjects, respectively. Reliability coefficients
      exceeded .95 in patients with spastic cerebral palsy and myopathies and were
      somewhat lower in those with athetotic cerebral palsy. Means and SDs were similar
      in both trials. We conclude that the Wingate Anaerobic Test is feasible, highly
      reliable, and reproducible in these patients.

PMID- 2403089
TI  - Coma scales in pediatric practice.
AB  - Interobserver variability for six coma scales was assessed prospectively on a
      sample of 15 comatose children, by two physicians, in a double-blind fashion. The
      six scales were the Glasgow Coma Scale, the Simpson and Reilly Scale, the
      Children's Coma Score, the Children's Orthopedic Hospital and Medical Center
      Scale, the Jacobi Scale, and the 0 to IV Scale. Interobserver variability was
      measured by using disagreement rate and the kappa statistic. The results from
      both methods were generally concordant. The disagreement rate for the various
      items in the different scales ranged from a high of 0.20 to a low of 0.03. The
      disagreement rate was greater than 0.10 for verbal responses in the Children's
      Coma Score and Glasgow Coma Scale and for both items in the Children's Orthopedic
      Hospital and Medical Center Scale. The disagreement rate was 0.10 or less for the
      0 to IV Scale and for all items in the Simpson and Reilly and Jacobi scales. The
      relatively high interobserver agreement for these scales makes them more suitable
      for the pediatric setting than the other three scales, since good agreement is
      essential for interpreting data reliably, both in clinical practice and for
      research.

PMID- 2403090
TI  - Linear growth response to exogenous growth hormone in children with short
      stature.
AB  - Response to growth hormone (GH) therapy was evaluated in 38 short children (28
      males and 10 females; less than 1% in height for chronologic age [CA]) who were
      clinically categorized into three groups based on their endogenous mean 24-hour
      GH concentration (mean 24-hour GH) and peak GH response to two or more
      provocative agents (peak GH). All patients were treated with biosynthetic
      somatropin (human growth hormone) (0.15 to 0.30 mg/kg per week) injected
      subcutaneously three to seven times per week for a mean duration of 12.5 months.
      Group 1 consisted of 17 subjects (CA, 12.5 +/- 2.9 years [mean +/- SD]; bone age,
      9.4 +/- 2.9 years; height velocity [HV], 3.4 +/- 1.8 cm/y; peak GH, 5.8 +/- 2.6
      micrograms/L; mean 24-hour GH, 1.7 +/- 0.6 micrograms/L; and insulinlike growth
      factor-I, 0.40 +/- 0.24 U/mL. Group 2 consisted of 10 subjects (CA, 11.7 +/- 2.7
      years; bone age, 9.2 +/- 3.0 years; HV, 3.4 +/- 1.6 cm/y; peak GH, 16.4 +/- 5.2
      micrograms/L; mean 24-hour GH, 1.7 +/- 0.5 micrograms/L; and insulinlike growth
      factor-I, 0.49 +/- 0.27 U/mL. Group 3 consisted of 11 subjects (CA, 12.7 +/- 2.2
      years; bone age, 10.2 +/- 2.4 years; HV, 3.5 +/- 1.5 cm/y; peak GH, 22.5 +/- 8.6
      micrograms/L; mean 24-hour GH, 3.8 +/- 1.1 micrograms/L; and insulinlike growth
      factor-I, 1.07 +/- 0.69 U/mL. Following administration of somatropin, an increase
      (delta) in HV of 2.0 cm/y or greater occurred in 94% (16/17) of the group I
      subjects (delta HV of 5.1 +/- 2.6 cm/y), in 90% (9/10) of the group 2 subjects
      (delta HV of 4.3 +/- 2.2 cm/y), and in 73% (8/11) of group 3 subjects (delta HV
      of 3.7 +/- 2.3 cm/y). However, regardless of provoked and/or endogenous GH
      secretory dynamics, 88% of the children whose pretreatment HV was 2.0 cm/y or
      less, 94% whose pretreatment HV was between 2.0 and 4.0 cm/y, and 79% whose
      pretreatment HV was greater than 4.0 cm/y increased their HVs to 2.0 cm/y or
      greater while they were receiving somatropin. Significant negative correlations
      were observed between delta HV and pretreatment HV (r = -.67), delta HV and GH
      concentration expressed as a 24-hour area under the curve (r = -.33), and delta
      HV and peak GH (r = -.34).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2403091
TI  - Ten years of graduates evaluate a pediatric residency program.
AB  - Ten years of graduates (1979 through 1988) from a pediatric residency program
      with a primary care track were surveyed for their perceived level of comfort
      gained in training for 28 different content/specialty areas of pediatrics and for
      their recommendations for increasing emphasis/time during residency for these
      areas. The response rate was 73%. The highest levels of comfort and fewest
      recommendations for increasing emphasis were for neonatal problems and health
      maintenance. The lowest perceived comfort levels and the most recommendations for
      increasing emphasis were for economics of pediatric practice and sports
      medicine/orthopedics. Graduates from the primary care track of the pediatric
      residency program expressed more comfort than did regular track graduates for
      some, but not all, areas of pediatrics emphasized in the primary care track
      program. Graduates of the first 5 years of study were not as comfortable with
      their training overall as were graduates from the most recent 5 years. This
      survey method and its results can provide useful information to medical educators
      faced with evaluation and revision of pediatric residency training programs.

PMID- 2403092
TI  - The good and effective teacher as perceived by pediatric residents and by
      faculty.

PMID- 2403093
TI  - Associations between physical activity and physical fitness in American children.
AB  - Associations between two measures of physical fitness, 1.6-km run/walk
      performance and sum of three skinfold thicknesses, and selected physical activity
      factors were studied in a nationally representative sample of third- and fourth
      grade students (1150 boys, 1202 girls). Twenty physical activity variables
      measured via parent and teacher questionnaires were factor analyzed, and for each
      of the resultant eight factors, individual factor scores were generated. These
      were used in two multiple regression analyses in which 1.6-km run/walk time and
      sum of skinfold measurements were the dependent variables. Multiple R2 for these
      two analyses were .21 and .18. Significant factors in both analyses were global
      ratings of the child's activity level, age, vigorous community activities, and
      gender. The results indicate that physical activity and physical fitness are
      significantly, although moderately, associated in young children and suggest that
      interventions directed toward enhancement of physical activity in children are
      worthy of investigation.

PMID- 2403094
TI  - Pertussis in hospitalized children.
AB  - Before the whole-cell pertussis vaccine was available, Bordetella pertussis
      infections were an important cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. To
      determine the extent of continuing morbidity in an era of vaccination, a
      retrospective review was conducted of the records of neonates and infants
      hospitalized with pertussis infection at Parkland Memorial Hospital and
      Children's Medical Center, Dallas, Tex. During the 20 years from 1967 through
      1986, 182 patients were younger than 24 months. Among 176 patients whose
      immunization history was recorded, 89% had received fewer than two doses of
      pertussis vaccine. The mean hospital stay was 7.4 days (range, 1 to 69 days). A
      convulsion occurred in 11 patients (6%). Apnea was reported in 45 patients (25%)
      and observed in the hospital in 26 (14%). Nine patients (5%) received mechanical
      ventilatory therapy. Intensive care monitoring was required in 18 patients (10%).
      Three (1.6%) died, all with secondary bacterial pneumonia. This hospital-based
      population indicates that pertussis continues to be a cause of serious morbidity
      and mortality in infants.

PMID- 2403095
TI  - Diurnal variation in the pharmacokinetics and myelotoxicity of mercaptopurine in
      children with acute lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - During their maintenance therapy, children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia are
      treated with a daily dose of mercaptopurine for several years. A recent
      retrospective analysis has suggested that administration of the drug in the
      evening results in a better prognosis. We compared the disposition
      pharmacokinetics of mercaptopurine administered in the morning vs in the evening
      in 13 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Elimination half-life of
      mercaptopurine was significantly longer in the evening than during the day (423
      +/- 142 minutes vs 176 +/- 22 minutes, mean +/- SEM). The area under the
      concentration-time curve (AUC0-infinity) was significantly larger in the evening
      (24,713 +/- 3536 ng/mL per minute vs 17,120 +/- 1474 ng/mL per minute). These
      differences were even more pronounced when comparing the area under the curve of
      the postdistributive phase (AUC300 min-infinity, 7724 +/- 2955 ng/mL per minute
      in the evening vs 2597 +/- 712 ng/mL per minute during the day). In a second
      study, 12 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia receiving mercaptopurine in
      the morning had their medication administration switched to the evening. Within 2
      weeks there was a sharp fall in peripheral white blood cell counts in all
      patients (from 4.1 x 10(9)/L to 2.2 x 10(9)/L) mainly due to a drop in
      polymorphonuclear lymphocytes (from 2.78 x 10(9)/L to 1.05 x 10(9)/L). We
      conclude that the diurnal variations of mercaptopurine disposition result in
      clinically important myelotoxicity of the drug.

PMID- 2403096
TI  - Adult height achieved in children after kidney transplantation.
AB  - We evaluated posttransplantation growth, bone maturation, and adult height in 20
      adolescents who had received kidney transplants at the age of 10.5 to 17 years.
      Nine patients (five male, four female) were treated with cyclosporine and low
      dose prednisolone, and 11 children (six male, five female) were treated with
      azathioprine and high-dose prednisolone. The cumulative dose of steroids after
      transplantation was significantly lower in the cyclosporine-treated group. Bone
      age, according to the radius-ulna-short bones method of Tanner and Whitehouse,
      was almost the same in both groups at the time of transplantation (15.0 and 14.6
      years for male subjects, 13.3 and 13.1 years for female subjects). Predicted
      adult height (Tanner-Whitehouse Mark II-method of Tanner et al) and target height
      were estimated at transplantation. Adult height was defined as achieved when bone
      age in male subjects had reached 18 years and, in female subjects, 16 years. Bone
      maturation of the cyclosporine-treated patients occurred at a normal rate (0.92
      bone-age years per chronologic year), whereas the azathioprine-treated group
      exhibited a significantly slower rate (0.56 bone-age years per chronologic year).
      The growth rate per year for the cyclosporine-treated group was more than double
      that of the azathioprine-treated group (3.0 cm vs 1.4 cm). The adult height of
      the cyclosporine-treated group exceeded the predicted adult height by a mean of
      1.3 cm, but the azathioprine-treated group missed it by 3.9 cm. Target heights
      could not be achieved in any group. Kidney function was significantly lower in
      the cyclosporine- vs the azathioprine-treated group, but no patients suffered
      from severe renal insufficiency. We conclude that cyclosporine and low-dose
      prednisolone are associated with normal bone maturation and a better prognosis
      for final height in children with renal transplants.

PMID- 2403097
TI  - Failure to recognize fetal alcohol syndrome in newborn infants.
AB  - A clinically distinct constellation of major and minor anomalies, termed the
      fetal alcohol syndrome, occurs among infants whose mothers abuse alcohol during
      pregnancy. In addition, significantly higher rates of pregnancy complications,
      including perinatal deaths and fetal growth retardation, occur among these women
      and their offspring. We studied the medical records of 40 infants born to 38
      alcohol abusers and the frequency of characteristics associated with fetal
      alcohol syndrome. Physical examinations of 6 infants revealed primary features
      consistent with a diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome. Postnatal growth and
      development were very poor in 17 (50%) of 34 liveborn alcohol-exposed infants.
      The diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome did not appear in the medical records of
      any of these infants despite the fact that the mothers' obstetric records
      included a history of alcohol abuse during pregnancy. This finding emphasizes the
      importance of good communication between obstetric and pediatric medical staff at
      this hospital, particularly when providing care for pregnant women and newborn
      infants at high risk for complications due to maternal alcohol or other drug
      abuse.

PMID- 2403098
TI  - Radiological cases of the month. Gastric teratoma.

PMID- 2403099
TI  - Radiological cases of the month. Thymic hemangioma.

PMID- 2403100
TI  - Current recommendations for breast-feeding in cystic fibrosis centers.
AB  - In recent years, breast-feeding has been strongly recommended, and the decision
      to breast-feed is made by a large percentage of women before pregnancy. We
      performed a survey to determine the current recommendations given to mothers in
      cystic fibrosis (CF) centers. For mothers of infants with CF, 77% of centers
      recommend breast-feeding alone or with pancreatic enzyme supplements and/or
      hydrolyzed formula. For mothers with CF, the following responses were given: 11%
      recommend breast-feeding, 8% do not recommend it, 42% make the recommendation
      according to the health status of the mother, and 32% make the recommendation
      according to the personal wishes of the mother. The duration of breast-feeding
      for mothers of infants with CF was reported to be from 3 to 6 months by 43% of
      centers, whereas for mothers with CF, 41% of centers reported the duration to be
      less than 3 months. Several centers reported that their experiences were not
      always positive, thus indicating a need to establish criteria to predict and
      ensure a successful outcome.

PMID- 2403101
TI  - Anthropometric parameters of schoolchildren with different life-styles.
AB  - Height and weight data obtained from a 2-year longitudinal survey were analyzed
      for 2272 children aged 6 through 18 years who were attending public schools or
      Seventh-Day Adventist (SDA) schools in southern California. The SDAs do not use
      alcohol or tobacco, and many adhere to a lacto-ovovegetarian diet. For both
      sexes, in each school group, the mean height and weight were at or above national
      reference values. Age-adjusted regression analysis showed that SDA school-boys
      were 1.6 cm taller than public schoolboys. There were no significant differences
      in height for girls. After controlling for height, boys and girls in the SDA
      schools were found to be leaner than their public school peers, ie, 1.27 and 1.16
      kg, respectively. These results suggest that a health-oriented life-style in
      childhood and adolescence, such as the one followed by SDAs, is compatible with
      adequate growth and associated with a lower weight for height.

PMID- 2403102
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of caffeine therapy in preterm infants.
AB  - Theophylline therapy increases left ventricular output in preterm infants by a
      combination of positive inotropic and chronotropic effects. The cardiovascular
      effects of caffeine were evaluated in 20 clinically stable preterm infants. Ten
      infants received intravenous caffeine citrate with a loading dose of 20 mg/kg and
      a maintenance dose of 5 mg/kg every 24 hours, and 10 infants were control
      subjects. Left ventricular output, stroke volume, and heart rate were measured by
      using a combination of two-dimensional and pulsed Doppler echocardiography and
      mean arterial blood pressure by oscillometry (Dinamap, Critikon, Division of
      McNeil Laboratories, Irvine, Calif) before the start and on days 1, 2, 3, and 7
      of caffeine therapy and 7 days after discontinuation of therapy. Compared with
      controls, left ventricular output and stroke volume were significantly increased
      on days 1 to 7 of caffeine therapy. Caffeine led to an increase in the mean
      arterial blood pressure on the first 3 days of therapy, but the heart rate did
      not change. These data indicated that caffeine administration leads to a
      significant increase in left ventricular output in preterm infants and that this
      inotropic effect is accompanied by a pressor effect.

PMID- 2403103
TI  - Be kind to your reader.

PMID- 2403104
TI  - Effect of long-term community health education on blood pressure and hypertension
      control. The Stanford Five-City Project.
AB  - The Stanford Five-City Project was initiated in 1978 to evaluate the effects of a
      community-wide health education program on cardiovascular risk factors, including
      blood pressure. Two treatment cities received an education program, which used
      the mass media, various community-based programs, and health professionals,
      designed to encourage individuals to learn their blood pressure levels, stay in
      the care of a physician if hypertensive, achieve ideal weight, exercise
      regularly, and reduce dietary sodium. Physicians were encouraged to follow
      national hypertension treatment guidelines and were provided with a range of
      patient education materials. To evaluate the effect of the intervention on
      cardiovascular risk factors, four independent cross-sectional surveys of randomly
      selected households and four repeated surveys of a cohort were conducted in both
      treatment cities and in two of the three control cities. After 5-1/3 years of
      intervention, blood pressure in the treatment cities exhibited an overall decline
      of 7.4 and 5.5 mmHg systolic and 5.0 and 3.7 mmHg diastolic in the cohort and
      independent surveys, respectively. These declines produced net changes between
      the treatment and control cities ranging from -1.1 to -3.8 mmHg. While the
      magnitude of these changes is not large, the results are significant from a
      public health perspective because they reflect changes in the overall community.

PMID- 2403105
TI  - Diastolic fourth and fifth phase blood pressure in 10-15-year-old children. The
      Children and Adolescent Blood Pressure Program.
AB  - Measurement of diastolic blood pressure is complicated by the presence of two
      diastolic Korotkoff phases (fourth phase and fifth phase) in many children and
      adults. In the present study, diastolic fourth phase and diastolic fifth phase
      were evaluated in 1986-1987 in 19,274 Minneapolis-St. Paul school children aged
      10-15 years. Approximately 50 percent of the children had no difference between
      fourth phase and fifth phase (i.e., fourth phase - fifth phase = 0) and 15
      percent had a difference of only 1-4 mmHg. However, the fourth phase - fifth
      phase difference was 5-10 mmHg in 20 percent, 11-20 mmHg in 11 percent and
      greater than 21 mmHg in 3 percent of the children. Statistical analyses showed
      that the fourth phase - fifth phase difference tended to be greater in boys than
      girls and in older than younger children, was positively related to height,
      systolic blood pressure and fourth phase blood pressure, and negatively related
      to body mass index and fifth phase blood pressure. Using fifth phase instead of
      fourth phase in 10-12-year-old children and fourth phase instead of fifth phase
      in 13-15-year-old children to define diastolic blood pressures significantly
      changed the prevalence for significant diastolic hypertension by 2-3 percent.

PMID- 2403106
TI  - Differences between black and white men in correlates of high density lipoprotein
      cholesterol.
AB  - Although socioeconomic status has been positively related to levels of high
      density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in white Americans, limited evidence
      suggests that an inverse association may exist among blacks. These associations
      were further examined using data collected in 1985-1986 from 3,562 white and 500
      black men who ranged in age from 31 to 45 years. Overall, mean levels of HDL
      cholesterol were 8 mg/dl higher among blacks than among whites and, in each
      group, levels were related positively to alcohol consumption and negatively to
      Quetelet index and cigarette smoking. A statistically significant interaction,
      however, was observed between race and educational achievement: no association
      was seen between educational achievement and levels of HDL cholesterol among
      white men, but there was an inverse association among blacks. For example, a 13
      mg/dl (55 vs. 42 mg/dl) difference in levels of HDL cholesterol was observed
      between black and white men who did not complete high school, but only a 3 mg/dl
      black excess (47 vs. 44 mg/dl) was seen among college graduates. About 40 percent
      of this reduction could be attributed to the effects of cigarette smoking,
      alcohol consumption, and relative weight. These results indicate that the higher
      levels of HDL cholesterol frequently found among black men in the United States
      may not apply to all social strata. Other characteristics, such as physical
      activity and diet, may account for the differing race-specific associations with
      educational achievement.

PMID- 2403107
TI  - Proportionate mortality among US Army Vietnam veterans who served in military
      region I.
AB  - A proportionate mortality study was conducted to determine if the post-service
      mortality experience of 6,668 Army Vietnam veterans who served in Military Region
      I (I Corps) was different from that of 27,917 Army non-Vietnam veterans. These
      veterans served in the US military between 1965 and 1973 and had died as of
      December 31, 1984. Statistically significant excesses of deaths were observed for
      motor vehicle accidents and accidental poisonings, with accidental poisonings
      having the largest elevation. Suicides and deaths due to any other major disease
      categories including malignant neoplasms were no more frequent among the I Corps
      veterans than their counterparts.

PMID- 2403108
TI  - Caffeine and the risk of hip fracture: the Framingham Study.
AB  - Caffeine increases urinary calcium output and has been implicated as a risk
      factor for osteoporosis. The authors examined the effect of caffeine on hip
      fracture risk in 3,170 individuals attending the 12th (1971-1973) Framingham
      Study examination. Coffee and tea consumption, age, Framingham examination
      number, weight, smoking, alcohol consumption, and estrogen use were used to
      evaluate hip fracture risk according to caffeine intake. Hip fractures occurred
      in 135 subjects during 12 years of follow-up. Fracture risk over each 2-year
      period increased with increasing caffeine intake (one cup of coffee = one unit of
      caffeine, one cup of tea = 1/2 unit of caffeine). For intake of 1.5-2.0 units per
      day, the adjusted relative risk (RR) of fracture was not significantly elevated
      compared with intake of one or less units per day. Consumption of greater than or
      equal to 2.5 units per day significantly increased the risk of fracture. Overall,
      intake of greater than two cups of coffee per day (four cups of tea) increased
      the risk of fracture. In summary, hip fracture risk was modestly increased with
      heavy caffeine use, but not for intake equivalent to one cup of coffee per day.
      Since caffeine use may be associated with other behaviors that are, themselves,
      risk factors for fracture, the association may be indirect. Further studies
      should be performed to confirm these findings.

PMID- 2403109
TI  - Longitudinal and cross-sectional estimates of pulmonary function decline in never
      smoking adults.
AB  - This paper describes methods for simultaneous cross-sectional and longitudinal
      analysis of repeated measurements obtained in cohort studies with regular
      examination schedules, then uses these methods to describe age-related changes in
      pulmonary function level among nonsmoking participants in the Six Cities Study, a
      longitudinal study of air pollution and respiratory health conducted between 1974
      and 1983 in Watertown, Massachusetts; Kingston and Harriman, Tennessee; St.
      Louis, Missouri; Steubenville, Ohio; Portage, Wisconsin; and Topeka, Kansas. The
      subjects, initially aged 25-74, were examined on three occasions at 3-year
      intervals. Individual rates of loss increased more rapidly with age than
      predicted from the cross-sectional model. For example, for a male of height 1.75
      m, the cross-sectional model predicted an increase in the annual rate of loss of
      FEV1 from 23.7 ml/yr at age 25 to 39.0 ml/yr at age 75, while the longitudinal
      model gave rates of loss increasing from 12.9 ml/yr at age 25 to 58.2 ml/yr at
      age 75. These results contrast with those of other studies comparing longitudinal
      and cross-sectional estimates of pulmonary function loss.

PMID- 2403110
TI  - Body fat distribution and osteoarthritis.
AB  - The association of body fat distribution with single and combined site
      osteoarthritis was investigated using data from the US Health Examination Survey
      I, 1960-1962 (HES I) and the first National Health and Nutrition Examination
      Survey I, 1971-1975 (NHANES I). The study included 1,636 adults aged 35-79 years
      from HES I with hands and feet radiographs and four anthropometric fat
      distribution measures--subscapular and triceps skinfolds, waist girth, and seat
      breadth--and 3,885 adults aged 45-74 from NHANES I with knee radiographs and
      subscapular and triceps skinfold measures. Sex-specific data, adjusted for age,
      race, and body mass index, were analyzed using polychotomous logistic regression.
      There was a positive association of body mass index with knee osteoarthritis and
      with combined hands and feet osteoarthritis. A peripheral body girth pattern was
      associated with combined site osteoarthritis of the hands and feet; however,
      there was no consistent pattern of association of body fat distribution with knee
      osteoarthritis nor with osteoarthritis of the hands or feet only. These findings
      suggest that the central body fat pattern observed in previous studies to be
      associated with cardiovascular and gallbladder disease, and with diabetes, is not
      associated with osteoarthritis of the hands, feet, or knees.

PMID- 2403111
TI  - Infertility and breast cancer: a population-based case-control study.
AB  - To investigate whether a history of infertility affects a woman's risk of
      developing breast cancer, the authors analyzed case-control data collected
      between 1980 and 1982 as part of the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study. The 4,730
      cases were women aged 20-54 years with a first diagnosis of breast cancer
      ascertained from eight population-based cancer registries; the 4,688 controls
      were women randomly selected from the general population of these same eight
      areas. After controlling for age, age at first birth, and parity, the odds ratio
      (OR) for breast cancer associated with infertility was 1.01 (95% confidence
      interval (CI) 0.89-1.15) among gravid women. Controlling for age, the odds ratio
      was 0.82 (95% CI 0.59-1.14) among nulligravid women. Women who reported that the
      reason for their infertility was a problem with their ovaries had a risk similar
      to that for women without a history of infertility (OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.48-1.24).
      Women whose physicians reported that the reason for their infertility was
      anovulation or Stein-Leventhal syndrome also had risks similar to those for women
      without a history of infertility (OR = 1.26 (95% CI 0.67-2.34) and OR = 1.13 (95%
      CI 0.46-2.78), respectively). Menopausal status, age at menarche, history of
      spontaneous abortions, drinking or smoking behavior, use of exogenous hormones,
      or family history of breast cancer did not appreciably alter the observed odds
      ratios. If infertility has an effect on breast cancer that is independent of age
      at first birth, then the effect is small.

PMID- 2403112
TI  - Cofactors of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a cohort of
      male sexual contacts of men with human immunodeficiency virus disease.
AB  - In a cohort of 249 male sexual contacts of men with acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome (AIDS) or an AIDS-related condition in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 143
      cohort members were seropositive on enrollment and 16 seroconverted between
      initial recruitment in July 1984 to July 1985 and December 1988. Data on age,
      smoking and drinking status, recreational drug use, and history of sexually
      transmitted diseases and other diseases were obtained from interviews at
      induction and during follow-up on the cohort members every 3 months. Cox relative
      risk regression models, in which time was calculated from estimated date of human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection for seroprevalent cohort members and from
      90 days prior to the first positive test for seroconverters, examined the
      potential effect of use of a variety of recreational drugs and the occurrence of
      selected infections on the risk of development of AIDS. Thirty-five cohort
      members developed AIDS while under study. No significant association with risk of
      progression to AIDS was noted for use of various recreational drugs (singly or in
      combination), history of specific infections, age at enrollment, or smoking and
      drinking status at enrollment. Only estimated duration of HIV infection appeared
      to be associated with increasing risk of development of AIDS.

PMID- 2403113
TI  - Epidemic bacteremia due to Acinetobacter baumannii in five intensive care units.
AB  - From March 5, 1986 to September 4, 1987, Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) was
      isolated from blood or vascular catheter-tip cultures of 75 patients in five
      intensive care units at a hospital in New Jersey. To identify risk factors for AB
      bacteremia in the intensive care units, a case-control study was conducted.
      Characteristics of 72 case-patients were compared with those of 37 controls. Case
      patients were more likely than controls to have had peripheral arterial catheters
      (odds ratio (OR) = 7.0, p less than 0.001), mechanical ventilation (OR = 5.8, p
      less than 0.001), hyperalimentation (OR = 5.7, p less than 0.001), or pulmonary
      arterial catheters (OR = 3.9, p less than 0.001). Arterial catheters were used
      with reusable pressure transducers for intravascular pressure monitoring. A
      logistic regression analysis identified four independent risk factors:
      transducers, ventilation, hyperalimentation, and days of transducer use at an
      insertion site. The strongest influence on the risk of AB bacteremia was exerted
      by number of days of transducer usage. Cultures of 70 transducer diaphragms or
      domes, 42 in-use and 28 in-storage, were positive for AB in 21% and 46%,
      respectively. Plasmid analysis showed that patient blood cultures and transducer
      isolates were identical. Transducers were wiped with alcohol in the units between
      patient uses. Since reusable transducers appeared to be the source of this
      outbreak, it is recommended that reusable transducers receive either high level
      disinfection or sterilization between patient uses.

PMID- 2403114
TI  - Correction of logistic regression relative risk estimates and confidence
      intervals for measurement error: the case of multiple covariates measured with
      error.
AB  - If several risk factors for disease are considered in the same multiple logistic
      regression model, and some of these risk factors are measured with error, the
      point and interval estimates of relative risk corresponding to any of these
      factors may be biased either toward or away from the null value. A method is
      provided for correcting point and interval estimates of relative risk obtained
      from logistic regression for measurement error in one or more continuous
      variables. The method requires a separate validation study to estimate the
      coefficients from the multivariate linear regression model relating the surrogate
      variables to the vector of true risk factors. Similar methods have been suggested
      by other authors, but none provides a means of correcting the confidence
      intervals which include a component of variability due to estimation of the
      measurement error parameters from a validation study. An example is provided from
      a prospective study of dietary fat, calories, and alcohol in relation to breast
      cancer, and from a validation study of the questionnaire used to assess these
      nutrients. Before correcting for measurement error, the age-adjusted relative
      risk for a 25 g increment in alcohol intake was 1.33 (95% confidence interval
      (CI) 1.14-1.55); after correcting for measurement error, the relative risk
      increased to 1.62 (95% CI 1.23-2.12). Similarly, for a 10 g increment in
      saturated fat intake, the age-adjusted relative risk was 0.94 (95% CI 0.83-1.06);
      after correcting for measurement error, the relative risk was 0.84 (95% CI 0.59
      1.20). These results indicate that the failure to find a substantial positive
      association between breast cancer risk and saturated fat intake cannot be
      explained by measurement error in fat, calories, or alcohol.

PMID- 2403115
TI  - Does nondifferential misclassification of exposure always bias a true effect
      toward the null value?
AB  - The authors present some examples to demonstrate that in certain nondifferential
      misclassification conditions with polychotomous exposure variables, estimates of
      odds ratios for categories at intermediate level of risk can be biased away from
      the null or can change direction. In addition, the authors present two examples
      to demonstrate that the slope of the dose-response trend for the true
      distributions can change direction, creating a false inverse trend, even if the
      misclassification is nondifferential.

PMID- 2403116
TI  - Abstracts of papers presented at the twenty-third annual meeting of the Society
      for Epidemiologic Research. Snowbird, Utah, June 12-15, 1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 2403117
TI  - Agricultural occupational and environmental health: policy strategies for the
      future--the scientific basis. Part I.

PMID- 2403118
TI  - Beyond surveillance: methodologic considerations in analytic studies of
      agricultural injuries.
AB  - A major impediment to current efforts to lower the toll of injuries in
      agricultural workers is a fundamental lack of knowledge of the causes and risk
      factors associated with these injuries. Surveillance systems and other
      descriptive efforts can provide useful information on the scope and spectrum of
      agricultural injuries but can seldom identify specific factors, such as faulty
      machinery, risky behaviors, or particularly hazardous environments, which can be
      the focus of preventive efforts. Since few analytic epidemiologic studies of the
      causes of agricultural injuries have been conducted to date, a large number of
      focused, carefully designed studies, of both cohort and case-control design, will
      be needed to develop the information on which effective interventions can be
      based. This paper highlights certain methodologic barriers to effective analytic
      studies of agricultural injuries and suggests approaches to addressing these
      methodologic concerns.

PMID- 2403119
TI  - A methodology for the collection of supplemental information on agricultural
      fatalities.
AB  - Due to the lack of a standardized methodology to identify agriculturally related
      fatalities and the inaccuracy of data from death certificates, NSC's and NIOSH's
      estimates of the level of agriculturally related fatalities conflict, and the
      validity of both is subject to criticism. A follow-up survey with the next of kin
      of 107 potential agricultural fatalities, from a pool of 150 Pennsylvania cases,
      has been conducted. This paper details the methods and success in gaining
      supplemental information. Next of kin were generally willing to provide the
      information (67%), with both telephone (66%) and mail (68%) methods generating
      comparable levels of cooperation. The optimal time frame for finding current
      addresses and telephone numbers as well as for gaining cooperation appeared to be
      about 1 year after the fatality. However, a retrospective investigation of up to
      3 years past the anniversary of the fatality produced an acceptable rate of
      cooperation. How the collected data compares with fatality data for agriculture
      published by NSC and N1OSH has been addressed in another paper.

PMID- 2403120
TI  - 1983 occupational injury hospital admissions in Iowa: a comparison of the
      agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.
AB  - An occupational injury surveillance project was conducted in 15 of Iowa's 99
      counties. Trained abstractors reviewed the medical records of persons admitted
      for trauma to hospitals during 1983. Based on these chart reviews, subsequent
      mail-out questionnaires and phone contacts were made, and rate estimates for
      occupational injury hospitalization for farmers and non-farmers were generated.
      The 1980 U.S. census data for occupation and market area data for the sample
      hospitals were used for the rate calculations. Approximately 14.7% of
      hospitalizations for trauma in the sample area were for work-related injuries.
      Farmers were hospitalized for occupational injuries at a rate of 1,521/100,000
      compared to non-farmers at a rate of 497/100,000. There were no significant
      differences in the mean number of days per hospitalization for farmers versus non
      farmers, (7.4 days for farmers and 6.7 days for non-farmers). Based on the
      questionnaire data, farmers were much less likely to receive any form of
      remuneration for injury, (odds ratio = 0.26, p less than 5 x 10(-6]. Farmers also
      reported less time off from work, with a mean of 79 days compared to non-farmers
      with a mean of 289 days.

PMID- 2403121
TI  - Surveillance of fatal and non-fatal farm injuries in Kentucky.
AB  - This report describes one approach to establish a surveillance method of farm
      injuries. The surveillance system is designed to be used to evaluate ongoing
      prevention activities related to education, training, and equipment design. To
      define the subset of information to be included in a surveillance system,
      existing data were analyzed. The mortality data were death certificates and the
      morbidity data were from the Farm Accident Survey conducted in 1978, (National
      Safety Council forms and sampling design). Limitations of the data currently
      available are discussed; information needs for an agricultural injury
      surveillance system are presented.

PMID- 2403122
TI  - Autoimmune neutropenia with anti-neutrophil autoantibody associated with
      Sjogren's syndrome.
AB  - A 74-year-old man developed neutropenia in association with Sjogren's syndrome.
      The peripheral neutrophils in his blood decreased to 210/mm3 (total white blood
      cell count 2,100/mm3). Bone marrow examination showed an increase in the number
      of neutrophil precursors. The presence of anti-neutrophil autoantibody (ANAB) in
      his plasma was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Prednisolone
      therapy resulted in an increase in the neutrophil count and a decrease in the
      ANAB titer. However, when the daily dose of prednisolone was decreased, the
      neutrophil count gradually decreased, and the ANAB titer increased again. These
      results suggest that neutropenia in this patient was caused by ANAB, and ANAB
      could be the result of autoimmune disorders associated with Sjogren's syndrome.

PMID- 2403123
TI  - Intravenous bicarbonate and sodium chloride both prolong endurance during intense
      cycle ergometer exercise.
AB  - To determine the effects of neutralizing exercise systemic acidosis via the
      intravenous route upon endurance and metabolic responses, eight lean, normal,
      postabsorptive men exercised to exhaustion at about 80% of their VO2 max (69 +/-
      3%, mean +/- SEM, of maximum power output) on a cycle ergometer. Exercise studies
      were performed either with no infusion (control) or with a total infusion volume
      of about 1.5 L, mainly as 1.3% sodium bicarbonate or as 0.9% sodium chloride
      (NaCl), infused (double-blind) throughout exercise. The sodium bicarbonate was to
      prevent acid-base change, the sodium chloride was as a control for the volume
      infused. Arterialized venous blood and breath-by-breath analysis of expired gases
      were obtained. [H+] (nmol.L-1) and [HCO3-] (mmol.L-1) at exhaustion were similar
      in control and NaCl (46.5 +/- 1.8, 19.9 +/- 0.9), but remained unchanged from
      rest values with bicarbonate (38.4 +/- 0.9, 24.8 +/- 1.5, p less than 0.005 vs
      control and NaCl). At exhaustion, VO2, VCO2, RER, heart rate, and systolic BP as
      well as FFA, glycerol, alanine, insulin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine did not
      differ among protocols. Endurance was markedly prolonged (p less than 0.01) with
      bicarbonate (31.9 +/- 5.8 min) and NaCl (31.8 +/- 4.1 min) compared with the
      control (19.0 +/- 2.9 min) condition. Plasma glucose at exhaustion was higher (p
      less than 0.025) in the control compared to bicarbonate and NaCl experiments,
      while lactate was higher (p less than 0.025) in the bicarbonate than in the
      control and NaCl experiments. Thus, the prolonged endurance with sodium
      bicarbonate infusion could not be explained either by its effect of maintaining
      blood acid-base equilibrium or concomitant metabolic changes.

PMID- 2403124
TI  - Histoplasmosis as a cause of pleural effusion in the acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome.
AB  - Disseminated histoplasmosis is an increasingly important opportunistic infection
      in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We report the
      first case of histoplasmosis as a cause of pleural effusion in a patient with
      AIDS. Recognition of the typical intracellular yeast on a Wright-Giemsa stained
      smear of the pleural fluid cells allowed prompt initiation of amphotericin B.

PMID- 2403126
TI  - Transactions of the fifty-second annual meeting of the South Atlantic Association
      of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Palm Beach, Florida, January 28-31, 1990.
      Proceedings.

PMID- 2403125
TI  - Retrospection and prospection.

PMID- 2403127
TI  - Invasive carcinoma of the vulva. Changing trends in surgical management.
AB  - Four hundred fifteen patients who had invasive carcinoma of the vulva were
      treated with primary surgery from July 1, 1955, through June 30, 1989. Three
      hundred seventy-six (90%) of the patients had squamous carcinoma. Two hundred
      fourteen patients (52%) had radical vulvectomy with inguinofemoral
      lymphadenectomy. Twenty-four patients (6%) underwent radical vulvectomy with
      pelvic exenteration for advanced disease, and 55 patients (13%) had nonradical
      operations. The remaining 122 patients (29%) underwent radical vulvectomy,
      inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy, and pelvic lymphadenectomy. The primary morbidity
      was associated with lymphedema (8.6%) and groin wound breakdown (54%). No
      intraoperative deaths occurred among the 415 patients treated surgically, but
      there were 17 deaths (4%) within 28 days of operation. The absolute 5-year
      survival rate was 85% in patients with negative inguinofemoral lymph nodes and
      39% when these lymph nodes were positive for metastatic carcinoma. The overall
      absolute 5-year survival rate was 67%.

PMID- 2403128
TI  - Bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis vaginitis are risk factors for cuff
      cellulitis after abdominal hysterectomy.
AB  - To assess the relationship between either bacterial vaginosis or trichomoniasis
      vaginitis and posthysterectomy infection, preoperative evaluation of the vaginal
      secretions was performed in 161 women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. Thirty
      two patients (19.9%) and 27 patients (16.8%), respectively, met the diagnostic
      criteria for bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis vaginitis. Patients with
      either bacterial vaginosis or trichomoniasis vaginitis were more likely than
      control subjects to have cuff cellulitis, cuff abscess, or both (relative risk
      3.2, 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 6.7 for bacterial vaginosis; relative risk
      3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.6 to 7.1 for trichomoniasis vaginitis).
      Preoperative vaginitis had no effect with respect to the incidence of
      postoperative wound infection, urinary tract infection, or intravenous line
      phlebitis. Bacteroides sp., Peptostreptococcus sp., and/or Gardnerella vaginalis
      ("bacterial vaginosis organisms") were isolated from the vaginal cuff in the
      majority of patients with postoperative cuff cellulitis. Bacterial vaginosis and
      trichomoniasis vaginitis are risk factors for the development of posthysterectomy
      cuff cellulitis.

PMID- 2403129
TI  - The use of serial CA 125 concentrations to monitor endometriosis in infertile
      women.
AB  - To evaluate the potential use of CA 125 concentrations in monitoring women with
      endometriosis, serial determinations were correlated with the clinical course of
      the disease and pregnancy rates. Preoperative CA 125 concentrations were obtained
      in 134 consecutive infertile women with endometriosis. Seventy-six (57%) women
      had values greater than or equal to 16 U/ml and were followed up for 18 months.
      At the 6-, 12-, and 18-month intervals, pregnancies occurred in 18 of 45 (30%),
      14 of 24 (58%), and 5 of 12 (42%) women in the good prognosis group,
      respectively; pregnancy rates in the poor prognosis group were 1 of 31 (3%), 2 of
      33 (6%), and 0 of 26 (0%) women (p less than 0.001). Changes in the CA 125 values
      correlated with the surgical findings in 24 of the 26 women (92%) who had a
      second-look operative procedure. The study supports the use of serial CA 125
      concentrations to assist in the management of women with endometriosis.

PMID- 2403130
TI  - Eclampsia. VI. Maternal-perinatal outcome in 254 consecutive cases.
AB  - During a 12-year period, 254 cases of eclampsia were managed at this center.
      Eighty patients (32%) did not have edema, 58 (23%) had "relative hypertension,"
      and 49 (19%) did not have proteinuria at the time of convulsions. Eclampsia
      developed at less than or equal to 20 weeks in 6 patients and beyond 48 hours
      post partum in 40 (16%). Convulsions developed in 33 while they were receiving
      standard doses of magnesium sulfate for preeclampsia during or after birth, and
      subsequent seizures developed in 36 (14%) after magnesium sulfate therapy was
      started. There was one maternal death (0.4%) and morbidity was frequent (acute
      renal failure, 4.7%; pulmonary edema, 4.3%; cardiorespiratory arrest, 3.1%; and
      aspiration, 2%. The use of multiple drug therapy was associated with significant
      maternal and neonatal complications. The total perinatal mortality was 11.8%,
      with the majority of them related to either abruptio placentae or extreme
      prematurity. These findings emphasize the need for intensive monitoring of women
      with preeclampsia throughout hospitalization and underscore the importance of
      maternal stabilization before and during transfer.

PMID- 2403131
TI  - Experience with the EndoPap device for the cytologic detection of uterine cancer
      and its precursors: a comparison of the EndoPap with fractional curettage or
      hysterectomy.
AB  - Cytologic assessment of the endometrium with the EndoPap sampler was compared
      with curettage or hysterectomy in 249 women with symptoms. The sensitivities for
      the detection of primary corpus cancer and hyperplasia were 0.90 (59/66) and 0.58
      (18/31), respectively. All six cases of atypical endometrial hyperplasia were
      detected by the EndoPap device. Malignant EndoPap cytologic findings were present
      in 4 of 10 patients with a primary adnexal malignancy and normal endometrial
      histologic findings. Ninety-two percent of primary uterine cervical cancers were
      detected by EndoPap cytologic sampling. The specificity for the cytologic
      diagnosis of benign conditions was 0.93. EndoPap cytologic sampling has a
      reasonably high sensitivity for the detection of uterine cancers and preinvasive
      endometrial lesions with a high risk of progression to carcinoma. Further
      evaluation as to its usefulness in a screening program for uterine and adnexal
      cancers in postmenopausal women should be considered.

PMID- 2403132
TI  - Outpatient obstetric management of women with type I diabetes.
AB  - Conventional obstetric management of diabetic women has frequently incurred
      extensive hospitalization. Although this approach improved perinatal results for
      these women and their infants, it is costly and cumbersome. The 3-year experience
      of an outpatient diabetic obstetric clinic is compared with the results obtained
      at the same facility during 5 previous years when hospitalization was used more
      extensively. Perinatal mortality and morbidity were not different in 51 type I
      diabetic women managed almost entirely as outpatients when compared with 58
      similarly complicated diabetic patients receiving more conventional management.
      Mean prenatal admissions (1 vs 2, p = less than 0.01), mean prenatal hospital
      days (6 vs 12, p = 0.05), and prolonged delivery admissions of greater than 7
      days (31% vs 69%, p = less than 0.01) were significantly less. Outpatient
      obstetric management of diabetic women efficiently decreases maternal morbidity
      without increasing infant morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2403133
TI  - Reducing cesarean sections at a teaching hospital.
AB  - A department-wide effort to reduce the cesarean section rate at the University
      Medical Center of Jacksonville (Florida) began in 1987. University Medical
      Center, a teaching hospital with approximately 4500 annual deliveries, serves an
      almost exclusively indigent obstetric population. Overall, the cesarean section
      rate declined from 28 per 100 deliveries in 1986 to 11 per 100 in 1989.
      Decreasing the number of repeat cesarean sections played an important role in
      reducing total cesarean deliveries. In 1986 32% of women with prior cesarean
      sections underwent a trial of labor. By 1989 this proportion had increased to
      84%. In 1986 65% of women undergoing a trial of labor were delivered vaginally.
      By 1989 this proportion had increased to 83%. For these reasons the proportion of
      patients who had repeat cesarean sections dropped from 8% in 1986 to 3% in 1989.
      Changing approaches to the evaluation and management of dystocia and fetal
      distress also helped to lower the overall cesarean section rate. In 1986 cesarean
      sections for at least one of these two indications accounted for 14% of all
      deliveries. By 1989 this percentage had dropped to 4%. Because selective criteria
      for vaginal delivery of fetuses in breech presentation were maintained,
      incremental increased rates of vaginal breech delivery had only a minimal impact
      on lower overall cesarean section rates. The reduction in the number of cesarean
      sections was accomplished without compromising neonatal outcomes. In fact, during
      this 4-year period neonatal mortality rates actually decreased; neonatal
      morbidity rates remained stable. Our experience suggests that cesarean section
      rates can be substantially reduced without compromising the newborn.

PMID- 2403134
TI  - HELLP does not always mean immediate HELP!

PMID- 2403135
TI  - Phenytoin and magnesium sulfate in eclampsia.

PMID- 2403136
TI  - Digoxin-like immunoreactive factor and respiratory distress syndrome.

PMID- 2403137
TI  - A comment on thumbtacks for hemorrhage control.

PMID- 2403138
TI  - Conservative management of cervical pregnancy with subsequent fertility.

PMID- 2403139
TI  - Can shoulder dystocia be prevented?

PMID- 2403140
TI  - Measurement of cardiac output with impedance cardiography.

PMID- 2403141
TI  - Labor epidural analgesia and dystocia-related cesarean section.

PMID- 2403142
TI  - Graphic mnemonic for variable decelerations.

PMID- 2403143
TI  - Stability of human chorionic gonadotropin and its alpha-subunit.

PMID- 2403144
TI  - A convenient method to identify prior surgical procedures.

PMID- 2403145
TI  - Ketoconazole treatment of Cushing's syndrome in pregnancy.

PMID- 2403146
TI  - Vaginal birth after abdominal delivery.

PMID- 2403147
TI  - Corticotropin-releasing hormone in amniotic fluid.

PMID- 2403148
TI  - Maternal exercise and early pregnancy outcome.

PMID- 2403149
TI  - Measurement of cardiac output by impedance technique.

PMID- 2403150
TI  - Metabolism of cocaine by human placentas: implications for fetal exposure.
AB  - To assess placental metabolism of cocaine, placentas were obtained at the time of
      delivery and the microsomes were extracted by ultracentrifugation within 2 hours.
      Placental microsomes were cultured with cocaine at physiologic plasma
      concentrations similar to those of cocaine users (0.75 micrograms/ml). Two
      control groups were established. In the first group an anticholinesterase was
      added to the culture to suppress enzyme activity, and in the second cocaine was
      cultured alone without placental microsomes to obtain baseline spontaneous
      conversion of the drug. The results indicate that cocaine is biotransformed by
      the human placenta, presumably by cholinesterase activity. This suggests that the
      placenta may provide a moderate degree of protection from cocaine-induced
      morbidity, such as abruptio placentae and fetal growth retardation, by converting
      cocaine into less active metabolites. These results also have pharmacogenetic
      implications because cholinesterase activity varies among individuals. Hence
      placentas that cannot transform the drug may place the conceptus at greater risk
      of developmental abnormalities.

PMID- 2403151
TI  - Transactions of the tenth annual meeting of the Society of Perinatal
      Obstetricians. Houston, Texas, January 23-27, 1990. Proceedings.

PMID- 2403152
TI  - Survival rates of monoamniotic twins do not decrease after 30 weeks' gestation.
AB  - A search of pathology records from the years 1967 to 1988 at Women and Infants'
      Hospital of Rhode Island (138,232 live births) revealed 24 sets of histologically
      confirmed monoamniotic twins. All records were available for review. Among the 17
      sets of monoamniotic twins that reached 30 weeks' gestation with at least one
      twin still alive, there were no further fetal deaths. The risks of early delivery
      in these pregnancies appear to outweigh the risk of fetal death as a result of
      monoamniotic status alone. These data do not show an advantage to early delivery.

PMID- 2403153
TI  - Transplacental transfer of zidovudine in the near-term pregnant baboon.
AB  - Approximately one third of infants born to human immunodeficiency virus type 1
      seropositive mothers have evidence of infection or of acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome by the age of 18 months. One fifth of infected infants also have died by
      age 18 months. This prevalence, combined with the demonstration that zidovudine
      (formerly azidothymidine) can decrease mortality and the frequency of
      opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome--related complex, may lead to increasing use
      of azidothymidine in pregnancy despite a paucity of information regarding its
      pharmacokinetics. To further investigate the distribution of azidothymidine and
      its inactive metabolite 5'-glucuronide azidothymidine in the mother, fetus, and
      amniotic fluid, 12 near-term pregnant baboons were given oral azidothymidine (21
      mg/kg/day in four divided doses every 6 hours, equivalent to the usual
      nonpregnant human dose of 1500 mg/day). Specimens of maternal blood, fetal
      arterial blood obtained by percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling, and
      amniotic fluid were obtained after from one to 17 doses of azidothymidine.
      Azidothymidine levels were measured by radioimmunoassay with the INCSTAR
      commercial radioimmunoassay kit and using Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase for
      determination of 5'-glucuronide azidothymidine levels. Paired analyses revealed
      significant concentration gradients between amniotic fluid, fetal serum, and
      maternal serum for both azidothymidine (p less than 0.019) and 5'-glucuronide
      azidothymidine (p less than 0.002). The amniotic fluid 5'-glucuronide
      azidothymidine level increased with increasing doses of azidothymidine despite
      the fact that the maternal azidothymidine and 5'-glucuronide azidothymidine
      concentrations were unchanged. This accumulation of amniotic fluid 5'-glucuronide
      azidothymidine may provide a functional drug reservoir and contribute to the
      higher fetal concentrations of the medication and its metabolite. Alternatively,
      the higher fetal levels may represent slower clearance in the fetus than in the
      mother. Further studies appear warranted with respect to possible adverse fetal
      effects, especially bone marrow suppression with prolonged and chronic exposure
      to azidothymidine.

PMID- 2403154
TI  - A protocol for managing severe preeclampsia in the second trimester.
AB  - One hundred nine patients with severe preeclampsia in the second trimester were
      studied. Pregnancy termination was recommended for those with gestational age
      less than or equal to 24 weeks (n = 25), whereas expectant management with
      aggressive maternal and fetal monitoring was recommended for those with
      gestational age greater than 24 but less than or equal to 27 weeks (n = 84). Ten
      of the 25 women in the early pregnancy group accepted termination and 15 elected
      to continue the pregnancy. The overall perinatal survival in the latter 15
      patients was 6.7%, and maternal complications developed in six patients. Thirty
      of the 84 patients in the late second-trimester group had immediate delivery, and
      54 had expectant management. The average length of pregnancy prolongation in the
      expectant group was 13.2 days (range, 4 to 28 days). Compared with the immediate
      delivery group, the expectant management group had significantly higher perinatal
      survival (76.4% versus 35%), significantly higher birth weights (880 versus 709
      gm), and a lower incidence of neonatal complications. There were no differences
      between the two groups with regard to maternal complications. Expectant
      management with aggressive monitoring of maternal and fetal status at a perinatal
      center improves perinatal outcome in patients with severe preeclampsia with
      gestational age greater than 24 but less than or equal to 27 weeks.

PMID- 2403155
TI  - Catastrophic complications of previous cesarean section.
AB  - Of 711 patients who were delivered after one or more previous cesarean sections,
      17 (2.4%) had an extremely serious complication. Uterine rupture and placenta
      previa or placenta accreta with accompanying hemorrhage were the major
      contributors to mortality and major morbidity. Nine uterine ruptures occurred,
      including five associated with labor with a low transverse uterine scar and one
      with an unknown scar (1.4% of trials of labor). There were two cases of placenta
      previa and five with varying degrees of placenta accreta. The nature and
      frequency of the observed complications emphasize the potentially serious remote
      consequences of cesarean section.

PMID- 2403156
TI  - Infection and labor. VI. Prevalence, microbiology, and clinical significance of
      intraamniotic infection in twin gestations with preterm labor.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence, microbiology, and
      outcome of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in twin gestation presenting
      with preterm labor and intact membranes. Amniocenteses were performed on both
      sacs of 46 women with twin gestations, preterm labor, and intact membranes.
      Indigo carmine was injected to ensure sampling of both amniotic sacs. Amniotic
      fluid was cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, Mycoplasma hominis, and
      Ureaplasma urealyticum. A positive amniotic fluid culture of at least one sac was
      noted in 10.8% (5/46) of patients admitted in preterm labor and in 11.9% (5/42)
      of women delivered of preterm neonates. Of the five patients with microbial
      invasion of the amniotic cavity, three had microorganisms isolated from both
      sacs. The presenting sac was involved in all cases, supporting an ascending route
      for microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in twin gestation. Polymicrobial
      infection was found in three of the eight amniotic sacs with positive cultures.
      In two cases different organisms were isolated from each sac. All patients with
      positive amniotic fluid cultures were delivered of preterm infants within 48
      hours of amniocentesis. Patients with positive amniotic fluid cultures presented
      with preterm labor at an earlier gestational age and with more advanced cervical
      dilatation than did women with negative amniotic fluid cultures. Clinical
      evidence of chorioamnionitis subsequently developed in two of five women with
      positive amniotic fluid cultures. The interval between amniocentesis and delivery
      was shorter in women with positive amniotic fluid cultures than in women with
      negative amniotic fluid cultures (median: 3.5 vs 168 hours, p less than 0.0001).
      Infants born to women with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity had a lower
      median birth weight and a higher incidence of respiratory distress syndrome than
      those born to women with negative amniotic fluid cultures (birth weight: 1085 vs
      1975 gm, p = 0.024; respiratory distress syndrome: 37.5% vs 8.3%, p = 0.04).

PMID- 2403157
TI  - Magnesium sulfate and promethazine do not interact to cause hypotension in gravid
      ewes.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether magnesium sulfate and
      promethazine interact to cause hypotension in gravid ewes. Fifteen experiments
      were performed in five chronically instrumented animals between 125 and 130 days
      of timed gestation (term = 145 days). In one group of experiments each animal
      received magnesium sulfate (4 gm intravenous bolus followed by 4 gm/hr
      intravenous infusion) then promethazine (50 mg intravenously). In a second group
      each animal received magnesium sulfate then saline solution as a control. In a
      third group each animal received saline solution then promethazine. Infusion of
      magnesium sulfate increased the mean (+/- SEM) serum magnesium concentration to
      5.7 +/- 0.6 and 6.6 +/- 0.6 mg/dl in the magnesium sulfate-promethazine and
      magnesium sulfate-saline solution groups, respectively. Magnesium sulfate
      slightly decreased maternal mean arterial pressure (p less than 0.05) and
      increased cardiac output (p less than 0.05) in both the magnesium sulfate
      promethazine and magnesium sulfate-saline solution groups. Otherwise there were
      no significant changes in maternal mean arterial pressure or cardiac output in
      any group. Promethazine increased maternal heart rate (p = 0.0001) in both the
      magnesium sulfate-promethazine and saline solution-promethazine groups. Magnesium
      sulfate increased uterine blood flow (p less than 0.01) in both the magnesium
      sulfate-promethazine and magnesium sulfate-saline solution groups, but
      promethazine blunted the increase in uterine blood flow associated with magnesium
      sulfate. Similarly, magnesium sulfate decreased uterine vascular resistance (p
      less than 0.01) in both the magnesium sulfate-promethazine and magnesium sulfate
      saline solution groups, but promethazine eliminated the decrease in uterine
      vascular resistance associated with magnesium sulfate. Maternal and fetal
      arterial blood gas and acid-base values did not change in any group, except that
      there was a small, near-significant decrease (p = 0.06) in fetal pH 10 minutes
      after promethazine was given in the magnesium sulfate-promethazine group. We
      conclude that magnesium sulfate and promethazine did not interact to cause
      maternal hypotension in normovolemic gravid ewes. However, promethazine increased
      maternal heart rate and blunted the increase in uterine blood flow associated
      with magnesium sulfate.

PMID- 2403158
TI  - Prevalence of use of cocaine and other substances in an obstetric population.
AB  - Increasing use of cocaine among pregnant women has been reported. This study was
      conducted to determine the prevalence of positive urine toxicologic screens for
      cocaine and other substances of patients admitted to the Sloane Hospital for
      Women. Urine samples were obtained from 509 women admitted to the delivery suite.
      The overall prevalence of cocaine was 10% (n = 51). Cocaine use was 10 times more
      prevalent in the clinic population (14%) than in the private population, (1.4%).
      In addition, women whose urine samples were positive for cocaine were more likely
      to have no prenatal care, previous induced abortions, to be human
      immunodeficiency virus-positive, and admitted previous use of cigarettes,
      alcohol, cocaine, and other drugs. Amphetamines were detected in 13% (n = 65) of
      patients. However, the screens did not distinguish between metabolites of
      amphetamines and other drugs such as cold medications. The medical history alone
      predicted only 37% (n = 19) of the cocaine-positive screens and none of the
      amphetamine-positive screens.

PMID- 2403159
TI  - A comparison of the effect of epidural, general, and no anesthesia on funic acid
      base values by stage of labor and type of delivery.
AB  - The effect of epidural anesthesia on neonatal acid-base status, before, during,
      and after labor, was determined by review of funic blood-gas values from 142
      women with normal term pregnancies and normal fetal heart rate patterns. Funic
      acid-base parameters were compared by type of anesthesia when stratified by mode
      of delivery (vaginal, cesarean section in the active phase of labor, or elective
      cesarean section). Use of epidural analgesia for vaginal delivery was associated
      with significantly longer labor, lower umbilical arterial pH, higher arterial
      PCO2 and arterial bicarbonate values. In women who had cesarean section in the
      active phase of labor, use of epidural anesthesia was associated with
      significantly lower arterial and venous PO2 values when compared with women who
      received general anesthesia. Patients who had elective cesarean section with
      epidural anesthesia had funic acid-base values similar to women who had general
      anesthesia. Epidural analgesia-anesthesia offers no clear advantage to the
      uncompromised term fetus.

PMID- 2403160
TI  - Effect of uterine contractility and maternal hypotension on prolonged
      decelerations after bupivacaine epidural anesthesia.
AB  - Patients with prolonged decelerations after bupivacaine epidural anesthesia were
      matched with control patients. It was found that there were no differences in the
      decrease in mean arterial blood pressure after epidural anesthesia between those
      with prolonged decelerations (5 +/- 9 mm Hg) and those without (5 +/- 9 mm Hg).
      Uterine hypertonus was suggested as a cause in the prolonged deceleration group
      as a result of a higher rate of subjective impressions of uterine hypertonus (82%
      vs 11%) and more frequent use of terbutaline (30% vs 0%) after epidural
      anesthesia. With patients with internal uterine pressure monitors used as their
      own controls, it was also found that basal uterine tone was higher during periods
      when the deceleration occurred (26 +/- 9 mm Hg) than when it did not (13 +/- 4 mm
      Hg), and in comparison to windows before epidural anesthesia (12 +/- 5 mm Hg).

PMID- 2403161
TI  - The effect of amnioinfusion on uterine pressure and activity: a preliminary
      report.
AB  - Transcervical intrapartum amnioinfusion of normal saline solution is being used
      in a number of centers. Over the past few years indications for the procedure
      have included prophylaxis and treatment of intrapartum decelerations in both term
      and preterm gestations, dilution and lavage of meconium-stained amniotic fluid,
      and for direct administration of antibiotics within the amniotic cavity in cases
      of chorioamnionitis. Little is reported about the real or potential risks of this
      procedure to both the mother and fetus. Over the past 2 years we observed several
      isolated cases of increased uterine activity by palpation coupled with fetal
      distress during amnioinfusion. These instances prompted us to study in a
      systematic fashion the relationships between uterine tone and activity during
      intrapartum amnioinfusion. We measured uterine tone and quantitated uterine
      activity in 10 patients undergoing intrapartum amnioinfusion and compared values
      20 minutes before, during, and 20 minutes after amnioinfusion. A significant
      increase in uterine tone (p less than 0.05) was noted during and after the
      infusion. No difference in uterine activity was observed in any of the study
      periods. A case of uterine hypertonus and fetal bradycardia and a suggested
      procedure scheme for intrapartum amnioinfusion are presented.

PMID- 2403162
TI  - Comparison of umbilical artery pH and 5-minute Apgar score in the low-birth
      weight and very-low-birth-weight infant.
AB  - The division between "normal" and low Apgar scores is based largely on data
      obtained from term newborns and may not apply to the premature infant. Umbilical
      artery pH has been suggested as a better indicator of intrapartum asphyxia. We
      examined the charts of 558 infants with birth weights less than or equal to 2500
      gm with respect to umbilical artery pH, 5-minute Apgar scores, and birth weight
      percentiles. A positive correlation between birth weight and 5-minute Apgar score
      was noted. No such relationship existed between birth weight and umbilical artery
      pH. Within birth weight groups, small-for-gestational-age infants have higher
      Apgar scores and lower umbilical artery pH values than their appropriate-for
      gestational age counterparts.

PMID- 2403163
TI  - Preterm delivery: a risk factor for retained placenta.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether preterm delivery, with and
      without intraamniotic infection, is a risk factor for retained placenta. This
      complication occurred more frequently in women with preterm vaginal delivery than
      in women with term vaginal delivery (9.1% [21/231] vs 1.1% [6/561]; p less than
      0.00001; odds ratio = 9.25). There was no significant difference in the
      prevalence of retained placenta between women with preterm labor and intact
      membranes and those with preterm premature rupture of membranes (8% [10/125] vs
      10.4% [11/106]; p greater than or equal to 0.05). A positive amniotic fluid
      culture or clinical chorioamnionitis was not associated with a higher incidence
      of retained placenta. This study indicates that preterm delivery is associated
      with an increased risk of complications of the third stage of labor.

PMID- 2403164
TI  - Perinatal survival with expectant management of midtrimester rupture of
      membranes.
AB  - A retrospective study of 70 patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes
      before 26 weeks of gestation was performed. The purpose of this study was to
      examine the perinatal outcome and the potential maternal and neonatal morbidity
      associated with this obstetric condition. The mean gestational age at diagnosis
      of rupture of membranes was 23.7 weeks. The latency period ranged from 24 hours
      to 60 days with the mean being 12 days. There was no correlation between
      gestational age at rupture of membranes and latency period. Seventy-one infants
      were delivered. The perinatal survival was 63%. Sixty-eight percent of the
      survivors had normal neurological and physical development at 1-year follow-up.
      Amnionitis developed in 43% of patients. The incidence of respiratory distress
      syndrome in the neonates was 52%. Betamethasone did not appear to reduce this
      incidence. The perinatal survival in patients with midtrimester rupture of
      membranes appears to be improving with the advancements in neonatal care of the
      extremely premature infant.

PMID- 2403165
TI  - Vaginal breech delivery: a five-year prospective evaluation of a protocol using
      computed tomographic pelvimetry.
AB  - In 1983 a protocol was established at our institution that used computed
      tomographic pelvimetry to evaluate patients presenting with a singleton term
      frank breech fetus for an attempt at vaginal delivery. The criteria for a trial
      of labor were singleton fetus, term gestation (37 to 42 weeks' gestation from the
      first day of the last menstrual period), frank breech presentation, estimated
      fetal weight 2000 to 4000 gm, non-extended fetal head, and adequate computed
      tomographic pelvimetry. Two digital radiographs and a tomographic cross-section
      were taken of each patient, i.e., an anteroposterior view, a lateral view, and an
      axial section through the femoral head at the level of the fovea capitalis.
      Adequate pelvimetry was defined as: anteroposterior diameter of the inlet greater
      than or equal to 10.0 cm, transverse diameter of the inlet greater than or equal
      to 11.5 cm, transverse (interspinous) diameter of the midpelvis greater than or
      equal to 9.5 cm, and posterior sagittal diameter of the midpelvis greater than or
      equal to 4.0 cm. The purpose of this prospective analysis was to determine the
      obstetric and perinatal outcome of those breech fetuses that were evaluated with
      these criteria during the study period of January 1984 through July 1989. During
      this period the incidence of breech deliveries at our institution was 2.71%
      (394/14,542). Of these 394 breech deliveries, 122 patients underwent computed
      tomographic pelvimetry. Eighty-five patients had adequate pelvimetry, fulfilling
      the protocol criteria, and formed the study group. Eighty-one percent (69/85) of
      the study group had successful vaginal deliveries (group 1). Nineteen percent
      (16/85) required cesarean delivery after a trial of labor (group 2) (10 with
      fetal distress and six with arrested labor disorders). Of the 37 patients who had
      inadequate computed tomographic pelvimetry and underwent cesarean delivery
      without a trial of labor (group 3), 54% (20/37) had an extended fetal head, 21.6%
      (8/37) had an inadequate transverse diameter of the inlet, 13.5% (5/37) had an
      inadequate midpelvic posterior sagittal measurement, and 10.8% (4/37) had an
      inadequate interspinous diameter. Perinatal outcome including Apgar scores, cord
      gases, length of hospital stay, neonatal complications, was evaluated. No
      difference in infant complications was noted between the group delivered
      vaginally and the groups delivered abdominally. The only maternal complications
      in our study group were chorioamnionitis, endomyometritis, and postpartum anemia.
      There were no significant differences in the incidence of chorioamnionitis among
      the three groups of patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2403166
TI  - Awaiting cervical change for the diagnosis of preterm labor does not compromise
      the efficacy of ritodrine tocolysis.
AB  - We retrospectively studied 209 patients treated with ritodrine hydrochloride to
      determine whether change in cervical effacement or dilatation during a period of
      observation before therapy would result in decreased efficacy of ritodrine, as
      measured by delivery delays of 48 hours, 1 week, or until greater than or equal
      to 37 weeks' gestation; neonatal intensive care unit admission; and neonatal
      respiratory distress syndrome. Patients who were greater than or equal to 3 cm
      dilated on admission were at high risk of therapy failure by all outcome measures
      compared with patients less than 3 cm dilated. For patients less than 3 cm
      dilated on admission, there was no difference in outcome when patients treated
      for contractions only were compared with those treated after change in effacement
      or dilatation had been documented. We conclude that awaiting change in cervical
      effacement or dilatation to be more certain of the diagnosis of preterm labor
      will not compromise the efficacy of ritodrine tocolysis.

PMID- 2403167
TI  - Embryofetal effects of pentamidine isethionate administered to pregnant Sprague
      Dawley rats.
AB  - The effects of pentamidine isethionate on the developing embryo and fetus have
      not been previously published. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given various
      doses of pentamidine during the period of embryogenesis. Animals were killed on
      days 18 to 20 of pregnancy and their fetuses were removed by hysterectomy.
      Autopsies were performed on all fetuses. There were significant differences among
      groups with regard to maternal weight gain and pregnancy resorption. More
      pregnancy resorptions were noted in the group that received normal human doses (4
      mg/kg/day) of pentamidine than in the control group (p less than 0.05). One
      structural anomaly consisting of unilateral renal agenesis was noted in the 711
      fetuses examined. Skeletal survey of fetal rats was unremarkable. Pentamidine was
      without teratogenic effects in rats when administered in doses similar to those
      recommended for adult humans; however, it appears to have an embryocidal effect
      when given in those same doses during embryogenesis.

PMID- 2403168
TI  - An evaluation of the chorionic villus sampling learning curve.
AB  - Prior studies have identified a correlation between the rate of fetal loss
      (subsequent to chorionic villus sampling) and the operator's level of experience.
      However, centers performing only modest numbers of procedures during the initial
      phase of their programs have reported loss rates similar to those of the more
      active diagnostic units. Our personal experience would suggest that a "learning
      curve" for chorionic villus sampling does exist but that fetal loss may be an
      insensitive end point with which to evaluate the impact of cumulative
      performance. In an attempt to quantify the learning curve that we have
      appreciated subjectively, a detailed analysis of our initial experience with
      chorionic villus sampling was undertaken. Between May 1988 and August 1989, a
      total of 185 procedures were accomplished consecutively by one operator and form
      the basis for this analysis. Transcervical (n = 82) and transabdominal (n = 103)
      techniques were used for posterior and anterior-fundal placental locations,
      respectively. Three pregnancy losses occurred and insufficient material for
      analysis was retrieved in five patients. We observed a significant reduction in
      the required number of placental aspirations during the study interval (p less
      than 0.001). When analyzed separately, consecutive performances of the
      transabdominal technique demonstrated a significant reduction in the mean number
      of placental passes (p less than 0.00001) along with more efficient sampling
      (increased sample weight/aspiration attempt; p less than 0.01). Although the
      fetal loss rate is a critical measure of safety and may directly be related to
      operator experience, other measures of expertise (e.g., single-pass success rate)
      may be more appropriate indicators of competence and may be useful to centers
      wishing to initiate their own chorionic villus sampling programs.

PMID- 2403169
TI  - The association of single umbilical artery with cytogenetically abnormal
      pregnancies.
AB  - The clinical significance of the absence of one of the two umbilical arteries
      (single umbilical artery) lies in its association with congenital malformations.
      Whether this association includes cytogenetic abnormalities is less clear. A
      retrospective review of all detected chromosomally abnormal pregnancies at the
      University of Maryland was carried out. Of 109 cytogenetically abnormal
      pregnancies, the number of umbilical cord vessels could be documented in 53
      cases. Six (11.3%) had a single umbilical artery. A single umbilical artery was
      noted in two of nine fetuses (22.2%) with trisomy 18 and in two of six fetuses
      (33.3%) with trisomy 13. Two other unusual chromosomal constitutions were noted
      in cases of a single umbilical artery. None of the 11 fetuses with sex chromosome
      abnormalities (including eight with monosomy X) had a single umbilical artery. Of
      18 fetuses with trisomy 21, none had a single umbilical artery. This study
      suggests that a single umbilical artery is preferentially associated with certain
      karyotypic abnormalities and that trisomy 21 does not appear to be associated
      with a single umbilical artery.

PMID- 2403170
TI  - Transcervical chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis: a comparison of
      reliability, culture findings, and fetal outcome.
AB  - We evaluated the reliability, culture findings, and fetal outcome after
      transcervical chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis in a group of 860
      patients. All procedures were performed for the indication of advanced maternal
      age with consistent procedure and laboratory techniques. Successful procedures
      were completed in 97.7% (420/430) of patients in the chorionic villus sampling
      group, compared with 99.5% (428/430) in the amniocentesis group (p less than
      0.01). Success was more frequent with only one attempt in the amniocentesis group
      (427/428) versus 354 of 420 in the chorionic villus sampling group (p less than
      0.001). Culture failure was more common after chorionic villus sampling (p less
      than 0.001). Pregnancy loss rates through 28 weeks' gestation and the entire
      gestation were not significantly different. The prevalence of preterm delivery
      did not vary between groups, but birth weights of infants in the chorionic villus
      sampling group were significantly greater. In summary, the present investigation
      supports previous findings that chorionic villus sampling is a safe alternative
      to amniocentesis and is not associated with long-term pregnancy complications.

PMID- 2403171
TI  - Second-trimester placental biopsy for rapid fetal karyotyping.
AB  - Since January 1988 the technique of first-trimester chorionic villus sampling
      (placental biopsy) has been extended to include cases in the second trimester. To
      date, 40 procedures have been performed. The main indication for the late
      chorionic villus sampling was a low serum alpha-fetoprotein value in association
      with an increased risk for Down syndrome (n = 28), abnormal ultrasonographic
      finding (n = 7), and failed amniotic cell culture (n = 3). Successful karyotype
      results were achieved in all but two cases. Most results were obtained within 48
      hours with direct cytogenetic techniques. No cases of mosaicism were found. The
      highest yield of abnormal karyotypes was obtained from the cases with abnormal
      ultrasonographic findings (one trisomy 21, two 45,X). One case of trisomy 21 was
      identified in the 28 cases of low serum alpha-fetoprotein. No spontaneous losses
      have occurred. The technique is easy to learn, does not differ from first
      trimester procedures, and may have a lower complication rate than cordocentesis.
      The reporting of cases to the CVS Newsletter should help evaluate late chorionic
      villus sampling as another method for rapid fetal karyotyping.

PMID- 2403172
TI  - The association of maternal floor infarction of the placenta with adverse
      perinatal outcome.
AB  - Maternal floor infarction of the placenta is a relatively rare disorder that on
      gross examination is characterized by a thickened gray-yellow maternal floor of
      the placenta with histologic evidence of massive fibrin deposition involving the
      decidua basalis and the contiguous villi. This lesion has been associated with
      fetal death, preterm delivery, and intrauterine growth retardation and is thought
      to be recurrent. Sixty cases of maternal floor infarction were identified in 48
      women. Fetal death occurred in 24 of the 60 cases (40%). Preterm birth occurred
      in 21 of 36 (58.3%) live-born infants, and 19 of the 35 (54.2%) live-born infants
      for whom a birth weight was known had evidence of intrauterine growth
      retardation. Among the 41 multiparous patients in our series there were five
      documented recurrences (12.2%). Review of the past reproductive history of these
      48 patients (196 pregnancies) demonstrated a significant incidence of fetal death
      (24.1%), intrauterine growth retardation (31.3%), and preterm death (35.4%). The
      association of fetal death and maternal floor infarction emphasizes the
      importance of a placental examination with all cases of fetal death and infants
      with intrauterine growth retardation. Given the risk of recurrence, the
      identification of maternal floor infarction should alert the clinician to the
      potential for growth retardation, preterm birth, and fetal death in subsequent
      pregnancies.

PMID- 2403173
TI  - Ultrastructural aspects of preeclampsia. II. Mitochondrial changes.
AB  - Biopsy specimens were obtained under direct vision at the time of cesarean
      section from 47 patients (35 with preeclampsia and 12 normotensive patients) and
      from four women with cesarean section hysterectomies (all normotensive) as an
      extension of previous work. Tissues were obtained from the myometrium near the
      placental bed and from the opposite side of the uterus. Skin biopsies were also
      obtained from eight women with preeclampsia and liver biopsies were obtained from
      two patients with acute microvesicular fatty change of pregnancy (one with and
      one without concomitant preeclampsia). Specimens were examined histologically and
      by electron microscopy. Mitochondrial changes in small vessels, principally
      venules, in myometrial smooth muscle, myometrial interstitial cells, circulating
      leukocytes, epidermal and dermal cells, and hepatocytes were examined and
      compared between women with preeclamptic and normotensive pregnancies. These
      findings were then compared with mitochondria from 500 biopsies over the same 3
      year interval to assess the possible role of delay in tissue fixation. There were
      12 other biopsies from nonpregnant women of childbearing age. As further control
      on artifact, other specimens were initially sampled immediately in the operating
      room and then serially for up to 2 hours later. Artifact as a basis for the
      mitochondrial changes was ruled out by these procedures. Normal mitochondria
      undergo a morphologic conformational sequence with physiologic changes in
      substrate, oxygen consumption, adenosine diphosphate, and respiratory rate. The
      mitochondria of preeclamptic tissues show a central disruption that is outside
      this normal sequence or cycle. This disruption occurs more often and is more
      severe in preeclampsia than in normotensive pregnancies. In addition, the
      hypertrophic smooth muscle of the pregnant uterus has a complex of cytoplasmic
      organelles in a paranuclear location, usually apical, that contains a variable
      mixture of glycogen, the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria,
      and small unidentified microvesicles. This complex has the location and
      appearance suggestive of a myometrial "power pack" of significance in metabolism
      and contraction. The presence of similar mitochondrial changes in a limited
      sample of nonuterine tissues is suggestive of a systemic metabolic disorder as an
      important feature of preeclampsia.

PMID- 2403174
TI  - Absence of evidence of pulmonary maturity at amniocentesis in term infants of
      diabetic mothers.
AB  - A total of 153 patients' charts were reviewed over a 6-year period to assess the
      results of the practice of amniocentesis for diabetic mothers at term (greater
      than or equal to 37 weeks' gestation) before elective induction/delivery. The
      number of cases with absent phosphatidylglycerol were determined at each specific
      gestational age at or near term. Phosphatidylglycerol was present in 130, and
      phosphatidylglycerol was absent in 23 at first amniocentesis sampling. A
      significant proportion (approximately 21%) of those with gestational diabetes
      were phosphatidylglycerol-negative as late as 38 weeks' gestation. A similar
      proportion of overt diabetic patients were phosphatidylglycerol-negative as late
      as 39 weeks' gestation. These figures give the clinician some estimate of the
      likelihood of the absence of phosphatidylglycerol at or near term if
      amniocentesis is used before elective delivery in these patients.

PMID- 2403175
TI  - Liver histopathologic findings in women with sickle cell disease given
      prophylactic transfusion during pregnancy.
AB  - Forty women with a major sickle hemoglobinopathy (hemoglobin SS, SC, or S-beta
      thalassemia) were given red blood cell transfusions prophylactically during
      pregnancy. A mean of 13.6 units of erythrocytes per woman was given and none
      received more than 28 units. Direct-vision needle biopsy of the liver was
      performed in conjunction with cesarean section or puerperal sterilization.
      Although iron deposition in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells was identified
      commonly, neither cirrhosis nor widespread hepatocellular necrosis was found. We
      conclude that the risk of irreversible hepatic damage is negligible in women with
      sickle hemoglobinopathies who are given erythrocytes prophylactically during one
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2403176
TI  - False-negative syphilis screening: the prozone phenomenon, nonimmune hydrops, and
      diagnosis of syphilis during pregnancy.
AB  - The prevalence of congenital syphilis is rapidly rising in several areas of the
      United States. Efforts to control the disease depend on the effectiveness of
      established screening strategies and treatment of infected pregnant women. False
      negative test results hinder these efforts and leave the fetus at risk for
      acquiring congenital syphilis. Recently we encountered four cases of false
      negative syphilis serologic results in women who gave birth to infants with
      congenital syphilis. The false-negative results were caused by the prozone
      phenomenon. The prozone phenomenon, seen during primary and secondary syphilis,
      occurs because a higher than optimal amount of antibody in the tested sera
      prevents the flocculation reaction typifying a positive result in reagin tests.
      Serum dilution is necessary to make the correct diagnosis. We recommend that for
      any pregnant woman with apparently negative syphilis serologic results in whom
      fetal compromise of unknown etiology exists, particularly nonimmune hydrops,
      nontreponemal testing should be repeated using serum dilutions to prevent a
      missed diagnosis of syphilis. We further recommend serum dilution as a routine
      procedure for all pregnant women in areas of high syphilis prevalence.

PMID- 2403177
TI  - Intrapartum hepatitis B screening in a low-risk population.
AB  - Intrapartum hepatitis B surface antigen testing was performed on all laboring
      patients admitted to Forsyth Memorial Hospital in Winston-Salem, North Carolina
      from December, 1988 through November, 1989. Of the 5580 patients tested, eight
      patients had test results positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (overall
      prevalence rate of 0.14%). HBsAg was present in 0.3% of public patients and 0.08%
      of private patients. Of the seven patients who were not known to be positive for
      hepatitis B surface antigen before pregnancy, three had identifiable risk factors
      for hepatitis B virus. The time interval from birth to administration of
      hepatitis B immune globulin in the newborn averaged 13.3 hours. Patient cost per
      new case detected was $13,203. Intrapartum hepatitis B surface antigen screening
      with an assay performed once daily allows for timely administration of hepatitis
      B immune globulin to the newborn in accordance with recommendations of the
      American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, although some newborns
      receive hepatitis B immune globulin after the 12-hour birth-to-administration
      interval recommended by the Centers for Disease Control.

PMID- 2403178
TI  - Risk factors associated with the increasing prevalence of pneumonia during
      pregnancy.
AB  - A retrospective chart review of 1120 antepartum admissions revealed the
      prevalence of antepartum pneumonia rose to 1 per 367 deliveries. A total of 26
      cases in 9560 deliveries were identified with criteria of fever greater than 39
      degrees C, productive cough, and radiologic findings of infiltrates or
      consolidation. Pregnancy-related outcome variables studied were prevalence of
      preterm labor or birth, birth weight, and trimester of occurrence. Pneumonia
      characteristics studied were rate and type of organisms recovered, seasonality,
      and severity of the illness and radiologic findings. Exposure variables relating
      to the development of pneumonia studied were underlying medical conditions,
      hematocrit, human immunodeficiency virus status, and drug use. Birth weight,
      hematocrit, human immunodeficiency virus status, and drug use were compared with
      a randomly selected sample of women drawn from the general population delivered
      of infants during the study time period. One patient experienced preterm
      delivery, which occurred 1 month after cure of pneumonia. Birth weight was
      significantly lower in the study group (2770 +/- 224 gm versus 3173 +/- 99 gm, p
      less than 0.01). The most common organism recovered was Streptococcus pneumoniae.
      A total of 42% of patients had multilobar involvement and two required
      intubation. Cocaine use (52% in the study group versus 10% in the general
      population, p less than 0.01) and human immunodeficiency virus positivity (24% in
      the study group versus 2% in the general population, p less than 0.01) were
      significant risk factors for antepartum pneumonia.

PMID- 2403179
TI  - Lack of specific placental abnormality associated with cocaine use.
AB  - Detailed gross and histologic examinations were performed on 13 placentas from
      pregnancies complicated by maternal cocaine use. There were no characteristic
      changes in placental morphologic features that would explain the increased
      morbidity associated with cocaine use. It is likely that cocaine exerts its
      deleterious effects through acute or chronic pathophysiologic changes rather than
      alterations in placental architecture.

PMID- 2403180
TI  - Clinical comparison of freeze-dried and fresh frozen patellar tendon allografts
      for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction of the knee.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of freeze-dried
      compared to fresh frozen allograft tissue used as a substitute for a ruptured ACL
      of the knee. In addition, the incidence of any graft rejection phenomena was
      recorded. Forty-one patients with ACL deficient knees underwent reconstructive
      surgery using a patellar bone-tendon-bone allograft that had been freeze-dried
      (Group 1, N = 14) or fresh frozen (Group 2, N = 27). All patients underwent the
      same implant technique and rehabilitation program. Followup ranged from 24 to 36
      months. The evaluation consisted of subjective, objective, and instrumented
      laxity testing (KT-1000, MEDmetric, San Diego, CA; and Genucom, FARO Medical
      Technologies, Inc., Montreal, Canada). There were 31 males and 10 females. Eleven
      (79%) patients in Group 1 thought their knee was "normal" or "improved," and 25
      (93%) in Group 2 thought the same. In addition, 10 (71%) patients in Group 1
      denied any "giving way," compared to 26 (96%) in Group 2. The mean Lysholm knee
      score in Group 1 was 86/100 (range, 22 to 100) compared to 92/100 (range, 59 to
      100). Clinical examination included the Lachman test and tests for anterior
      drawer sign and pivot shift. Postoperatively, Group 1 patients had the following
      results: Lachman test--seven Grade 0, six Grade 1, one Grade 2; anterior drawer
      sign--eight Grade 0, five Grade 1, one Grade 2; and pivot shift--seven Grade 0,
      five "trace," and two "present."(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2403181
TI  - Diagnostic arthroscopy and longitudinal open lateral release. A four year follow
      up study to determine predictors of surgical outcome.
AB  - The purpose of this study was as follows: 1) to review our previous findings
      regarding surgical outcome following open retinacular release but now at a mean
      followup of 4 years, 2) to test the validity of the correction of patellar
      "overhang" by Merchant views at 4 years and correlate this with outcome, 3) to
      correlate arthroscopic findings of lateral overhang, patellofemoral cartilage
      disease, preoperative Q-angle measurements, and duration of symptoms with outcome
      at 4 years postrelease. The surgical technique of diagnostic arthroscopy and open
      longitudinal release has been described previously by the author, emphasizing the
      specific anatomical structures to be divided. The synovium was never incised and
      the retinacular structures were freed to allow reduction of the patella medially.
      Sixty patients comprising 76 knees were reviewed at a mean followup of 4 years
      postrelease. Followup included evaluation of Merchant views and Q angles,
      physical examination, and determination of patient satisfaction. Eighty-five
      percent of the patients followed retained the good to excellent ratings they had
      at the 2 year followup. "Reduction" of the released patella on Merchant views
      correlated well with surgical outcome and patient satisfaction in 95% of cases.
      Residual Merchant view patellar tilt or excessive lateral position correlated
      well with poor results. Hematoma formation was the leading cause of failure. A
      severe preoperative Q angle correlated somewhat with results at 4 years but this
      was not statistically significant. The degree of articular cartilage disease at
      prerelease arthroscopy did not correlate at all with results at 4 years, nor did
      the duration of preoperative symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2403182
TI  - Subject variability of shoulder abduction strength testing.
AB  - To quantify normal biological variability of shoulder abduction strength testing
      with an isokinetic and a hand-held dynamometer, we tested nine healthy subjects
      over a clinically relevant period. One side was tested with a Cybex at 60 deg/sec
      and the other with a hand-held dynamometer. Six maximal trials, following warmup,
      were conducted on each of 5 days, separated by 1 to 2 weeks. Intraday
      correlations of individual trials ranged from 0.82 to 0.995 for hand-held
      dynamometer, and 0.88 to 0.996 for Cybex. Interday correlations ranged from 0.94
      to 0.98 for hand-held dynamometer, and 0.88 to 0.97 for Cybex. The best values to
      use for Cybex interday variability were the average of the first three
      repetitions, and yielded standard errors of 8.6% to 19.2% of the sample mean. The
      average of the last three repetitions were the best for hand-held dynamometers,
      and yielded standard errors of 5.5% to 10.8%. There was a significant decline (P
      less than 0.05) in strength of the mean of the last three versus the mean of the
      first three daily repetitions on Day 1 and 4 for hand-held dynamometers, and a
      trend toward this on the other days, that was not seen with Cybex. Regression of
      average Day 1 values for Cybex and hand-held dynamometer yielded r = 0.86 (P less
      than 0.01) with a slope of 1.07 indicating good agreement between modalities. In
      conclusion, intraday/interday correlations were high for Cybex and hand-held
      dynamometer. Interday variability was minimized by using the mean score of the
      first three and last three repetitions for Cybex and hand-held dynamometer,
      respectively. Changes in Cybex and hand-held dynamometer strength of less than
      19% and 11%, respectively, are within the area of "measurement error" and should
      therefore not be considered clinically significant.

PMID- 2403183
TI  - Lateral release of the patella: indications and contraindications.
AB  - Charts were reviewed on patients at the Salt Lake Knee and Sports Medicine Clinic
      who had had a lateral release of the patella. Patients were divided into two
      groups. Group I contained patients who were entirely satisfied with the
      procedure, and Group II included patients who were complete failures (defined as
      a need for further surgical procedures). In Group I, 74 patients were included in
      the subjective followup. Forty of the 74 patients also had an objective followup,
      including roentgenograms and a physical examination. Group II contained 43
      patients. Results indicated that the most predictable criterion for success was a
      negative passive patellar tilt. Secondary criteria included a medial and lateral
      patellar glide of two quadrants or less and a normal tubercle-sulcus angle at 90
      degrees of flexion. Patients had less predictable results after an isolated
      lateral release with a positive (greater than 5 degrees) passive patellar tilt
      and a three quadrant or greater medial and lateral patellar glide or an abnormal
      tubercle-sulcus angle at 90 degrees of flexion.

PMID- 2403184
TI  - Patterns of flexibility, laxity, and strength in normal shoulders and shoulders
      with instability and impingement.
AB  - Imbalance of the internal and external rotator musculature of the shoulder,
      excess capsular laxity, and loss of capsular flexibility, have all been
      implicated as etiologic factors in glenohumeral instability and impingement
      syndrome; however, these assertions are based largely on qualitative clinical
      observations. In order to quantitatively define the requirements of adequate
      protective synergy of the internal and external rotator musculature, as well as
      the primary capsulolabral restraints, we prospectively evaluated 53 subjects: 15
      asymptomatic volunteers, 28 patients with glenohumeral instability, and 10
      patients with impingement syndrome. Range of motion was evaluated by goniometric
      technique in all patients with glenohumeral instability and impingement. Laxity
      assessment was performed and anterior, posterior, and inferior humeral head
      translation was graded on a scale of 0 to 3+. Isokinetic strength assessment was
      performed in a modified abducted position using the Biodex Clinical Data Station
      with test speeds of 90 and 180 deg/sec. Internal and external rotator ratios and
      internal and external rotator strength deficits were calculated for both peak
      torque and total work. Patients with impingement demonstrated marked limitation
      of shoulder motion and minimal laxity on drawer testing. Both anterior and
      multidirectional instability patients had excessive external rotation as well as
      increased capsular laxity in all directions. Sixty-eight percent of the patients
      with instability had significant impingement signs in addition to apprehension
      and capsular laxity. Isokinetic testing of asymptomatic subjects demonstrated a
      30% greater internal rotator strength in the dominant shoulder. Comparison of all
      three experimental groups demonstrated a significant difference between internal
      and external rotator ratios for both peak torque and total work. Conclusions are
      that there appears to be a dominance tendency with regard to internal rotator
      strength in asymptomatic individuals. Impingement syndrome and anterior
      instability have significant differences in both strength patterns of the rotator
      muscles and flexibility and laxity of the shoulder. Isokinetic testing
      potentially may be helpful in diagnostically differentiating between these two
      groups in cases where there is clinical overlap of signs and symptoms.

PMID- 2403185
TI  - The effect of enforced exercise on the healing of ligament injuries.
AB  - Previous studies have documented that mobilization ad libitum has a beneficial
      effect on the healing of ligaments as compared to immobilization. This study was
      undertaken to determine whether enforced exercise (over and above motion ad
      libitum) would have a further beneficial effect or, instead, an adverse effect on
      the healing of ligaments. Large male Sprague-Dawley rats with unrepaired
      transections of the medial collateral ligament were separated into five groups of
      similar mean weights. Two of these groups had the anterior cruciate ligament and
      the medial capsule transected in addition to the medial collateral ligament,
      rendering the knee unstable. The groups were then subjected to varying regimens
      of enforced exercise (swimming). After 12 days, the mechanical characteristics of
      the femur, medial collateral ligament, and tibia complex were evaluated. Rats
      with intact secondary valgus stabilizers (medial capsule and anterior cruciate
      ligament) that swam daily for either 5 (moderate) or 15 (near exhaustion) minutes
      were found to have increases in the tensile strength of the femur, medial
      collateral ligament, tibia complex as compared to rats that did not swim.
      Unstable knees (with transected secondary valgus stabilizers) did not show an
      increase in the tensile strength of the femur, medial collateral ligament, tibia
      complex when subjected to moderate increase in enforced exercise (swimming 5
      minutes). The unstable groups were, however, significantly more lax than the
      groups that underwent identical exercise regimens but had intact secondary valgus
      stabilizers. Significant differences in the stiffness of the ligaments in the
      different groups were not detected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2403186
TI  - Long distance running and osteoarthrosis.
AB  - In order to evaluate the effect of long-term, long distance running on the
      incidence of degenerative joint disease in the lower extremities, we examined the
      hips, knees, and ankles of 30 long distance runners who had been serious
      competitive runners in the early 1950s (at the age of 20 to 30 years). Of three
      runners who were no longer active, one had stopped running in the late 1970s
      because of osteoarthrosis of both the lower and upper extremity joints. The
      remaining 27 runners (90%) were still active, having run 20 to 40 km/week (12 to
      24 miles/week) for a median of 40 years. Subjective, objective, and
      roentgenographic data were compared with the data for 27 nonrunning controls
      matched as to age, weight, height, and occupation. No differences in joint
      alignment, range of motion, or complaints of pain were found between runners and
      nonrunners. Roentgenographic examinations for cartilage thickness, grade of
      degeneration, and osteophytosis were also without significant differences between
      the two groups. Thus, our observations suggest that a lifetime of long distance
      running at mileage levels comparable to those of recreational runners today is
      not associated with premature osteoarthrosis in the joints of the lower
      extremities.

PMID- 2403187
TI  - Isometric muscle strength and quantitative electromyography of back muscles in
      wrestlers and tennis players.
AB  - The isometric motor performance of the trunk muscles was studied in 10 male
      wrestlers and 9 male tennis players, all of whom were elite athletes. Isometric
      flexion, extension, and lateral bending were performed. The motor output,
      including fatigue, was studied by means of a load cell and using
      electromyography. The wrestlers were found to have symmetrical strength and were
      stronger in all measured directions, especially in side bending (flexion, 852 N;
      extension, 951 N; right and left side bending, 759 N and 744 N, respectively),
      than the tennis players and normal subjects of any published study. The
      development of fatigue in the erector spinae muscles, as evaluated by spectral
      analysis of the myoelectric signal, was not symmetrical and was significant
      bilaterally at the lumbar level and on the right side at the thoracic level. As
      expected, the tennis players had asymmetrical isometric strength. They were
      stronger in left side bending than right side bending (643 N compared with 557 N,
      P less than 0.01), and stronger in extension than flexion (835 N compared with
      638 N, P less than 0.01). The development of fatigue in the erector spinae
      muscles was significant bilaterally at the lumbar level and on the left side at
      the thoracic level. The development of fatigue in the tennis players was less
      than that of the wrestlers except for the left thoracic measurement site. Our
      conclusions are that tennis players appear to be relatively weak in trunk
      flexion. The wrestlers displayed a development of fatigue that was asymmetrical
      and was of nearly the same degree as the tennis players, but on the opposite
      side.

PMID- 2403188
TI  - Reproducibility of Genucom knee analysis system testing.
AB  - The Genucom knee analysis system was studied to determine the reproducibility of
      test results. In the first phase of the study we investigated the reproducibility
      of anterior/posterior stress tests at 30 degrees and 90 degrees of flexion and
      varus/valgus stress tests at 20 degrees of flexion in 10 control subjects during
      three seatings on 3 separate days. In the second phase we studied the effect of
      errors in the digitization procedure (a part of the patient installation process)
      on anterior/posterior translation measurements. In the third phase we studied the
      reproducibility of a battery of tests in patients with chronic unilateral ACL
      deficient knees. The test battery was repeated 8 times on each knee on 6 separate
      days. In Phase I, analysis of variance revealed no significant differences
      between tests within a single seating. The day-to-day variance of all subjects
      was not significant, but we found a significant interaction between day and
      subject which was due to significant day-to-day differences in individual
      subjects. We found in Phase II that changing the location of the tibial joint
      line digitization points in the anterior/posterior or proximal/distal direction
      affected anterior/posterior translation measurements. Effects were larger at 30
      degrees of flexion than at 90 degrees and when both the medial and lateral points
      were moved. Movement of the femoral condylar points resulted in a similar pattern
      of effects. In Phase III, although we found significant differences between our
      two examiners, there were no significant intraexaminer test-to-test (within
      seating) effects. Additionally, while there was no significant day-to-day
      variance overall, we found a significant interaction between day and
      subject.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2403189
TI  - Repeatability of the KT-1000 arthrometer in a normal population.
AB  - Despite its popularity, the MEDmetric KT-1000 arthrometer's reliability remains
      inadequately documented. We conducted this study to determine the magnitude of
      trial-to-trial (within installation), installation-to-installation (within day),
      and day-to-day (between day) variability of anterior/posterior translation
      measurements in normal knees. We selected six normal subjects, three males and
      three females, and tested each on 6 consecutive days with three separate
      installations per day. We recorded the total anterior/posterior translation at +/
      89 and +/- 134 N force at 25 degrees of flexion during three consecutive trials
      in a single installation. Analysis of variance showed that no significant
      difference existed between trials (within installation) or between installations
      (within day) for all parameters. However, we did find a significant difference
      between days for individual right and left knee translation measurements at 89
      and 134 N force. More importantly, no significant difference existed between days
      for right to left differences at both force levels. The magnitude of the expected
      measurement variability was expressed by computing 90% confidence limits for
      total anterior/posterior translation at +/- 89 N force. These were +/- 1.5 mm for
      the right knees, +/- 1.4 mm for the left knees, and +/- 1.6 mm for the right-left
      differences. Fischer's protected least significant difference post hoc test
      revealed that for all parameters, the 1st day measurements were significantly
      less than those on following days, suggesting that patient and examiner adjust to
      the testing procedure. We conclude that the standard KT-1000 evaluation should
      report paired differences rather than individual knee measurements. Additionally,
      initial evaluation should be supplemented by follow-up examinations for verifying
      translation values.

PMID- 2403190
TI  - The relationship of strength and jump height in figure skaters.
AB  - Eighteen junior elite figure skaters were filmed while performing axel and double
      axel jumps. These same skaters were assessed for strength of the shoulders,
      knees, and hips at multiple angular velocities using a Cybex II system. The
      height of the jumps was significantly correlated with the strength data. Knee
      extension at 240 deg/sec and shoulder abduction at 300 deg/sec were shown to be
      the most important strength parameters in determining the height of the jump.
      This information may be useful for designing strength training programs for
      figure skaters.

PMID- 2403191
TI  - Medial approach in elbow arthroscopy.
AB  - The author undertook a cadaveric dissection study to confirm the hypothesis that
      starting with the anterior medial portal in elbow arthroscopy is safer than
      starting with the anterior radial portal. In six cadaveric elbows, the capsule
      was distended with saline. Both anterior medial and anterior radial approaches
      were made with the elbow flexed to 90 degrees. Four and one-half millimeter
      arthroscopic sheaths were inserted and obturators were then left in place while
      the saline was drained; expanding polyurethane foam was used to distend the
      capsule. We allowed the polyurethane foam to harden and then dissected all
      elbows, with special attention given to exposure of the radial and medial nerve
      and the brachial artery. The hardened foam allowed for continued capsular
      distension during these dissections and recreated normal distances from
      instrument portals to neurovascular bundles. The minimum distance from the path
      of the arthroscopic sheath to the large neurovascular structures was then
      measured. The distance from the medial portal to the nearest neurovascular
      structure (median nerve, brachial artery) averaged 23 mm. The distance from the
      radial portal to the nearest neurovascular structure (radial nerve) averaged 3
      mm. The ulnar nerve averaged a 25 mm clearance from the medial portal. Even when
      the medial portal was made by an incorrect method, the minimum clearance to the
      median nerve averaged 11 mm. The most frequently recommended current standard
      technique for elbow arthroscopy involves beginning with an anterior radial
      portal. However, the findings in this study suggest that an anterior medial
      portal is a superior starting point.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2403192
TI  - Illicit anabolic steroid use in athletes. A case series analysis.
AB  - Because of recent anabolic steroid abuse scandals at all levels of athletic
      competition ranging from high school sports to the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, Korea,
      the investigators closely examined the anabolic steroid use histories of 20
      competitive and noncompetitive weight lifters. Steroid efficacy studies only
      examine the anabolic effects of individual drugs. However, these 20 steroid users
      consistently practiced polypharmacy. During steroid use cycles lasting between 7
      and 14 weeks, athletes commonly used two or three oral agents and two long-acting
      injectable products. Dosages of oral preparations tended to be similar to those
      used in efficacy studies, whereas dosages of the long-acting injectable agents
      were approximately three to eight times greater than those used in controlled
      studies. Subjects reported significant increases in body weight and strength. In
      addition, mental status changes were reported that included symptoms of
      depression, hostility, aggression, and paranoia. Based on the pattern of anabolic
      steroid use currently being practiced in the United States, it is apparent that
      past efficacy and toxicology studies are of limited value in delineating the
      benefits and hazards of these drugs.

PMID- 2403193
TI  - Anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

PMID- 2403194
TI  - Nonunion of an olecranon stress fracture in an adolescent gymnast. A case report.

PMID- 2403195
TI  - Sports medicine--the profession/the physician. 1989 John C. Kennedy lecture.

PMID- 2403196
TI  - Bronchioloalveolar cell adenomas.
AB  - In a series of 247 consecutive resections for lung carcinoma, 23 (9.3%) patients
      had a total of 41 incidentally found nodules measuring 1-7 mm in diameter. These
      lesions were characterized histologically by lepidic growth and variable cellular
      atypia; they were interpreted as bronchioloalveolar adenomas. Five additional
      patients had dozens of such nodules in addition to their dominant tumor. One of
      these patients had this process bilaterally. It appears that these adenomas are
      an early, premalignant phase of glandular neoplasia with a potential for
      evolution to carcinoma. This phenomenon may help explain the relatively high
      incidence of multicentric synchronous and metachronous lung cancer cited in the
      literature.

PMID- 2403197
TI  - Cellular DNA profiles of benign and malignant adrenocortical tumors.
AB  - We evaluated the DNA content of 43 adrenocortical neoplasms by flow cytometry and
      related it to histopathologic criteria of malignancy and survival. Tumor tissue
      was selected from paraffin blocks and processed by a modification of the Hedley
      technique. The tumors were classified as adenomas and carcinomas by the criteria
      of Weiss. Aneuploid stem-lines were identified in nine of 13 (69%) of the
      carcinomas and in six of 30 (20%) of the adenomas. Five of the six patients with
      aneuploid adenomas are alive and well (mean follow-up, 59 months); the sixth was
      lost to follow-up. Although there was a significant correlation between ploidy
      and histologic diagnosis (p = 0.041), the sensitivity and specificity of
      aneuploidy for predicting clinical outcome were only 56% and 65%, respectively.
      In addition, there was no significant difference in survival between patients
      with diploid versus aneuploid tumors, despite a highly statistically significant
      difference in survival between patients with a histologic diagnosis of adenoma
      versus carcinoma (p = 0.00080). We found correlations between ploidy and tumor
      size, mitotic rate, and nuclear grade (p = 0.0033, p = 0.0017, and p = 0.018,
      respectively). There was also a significant correlation between the proliferation
      fraction of a tumor and its nuclear grade (p = .0093), but not its mitotic count
      or clinical outcome. Because both adrenal adenomas and carcinomas may contain
      abnormal DNA stem-lines, ploidy alone is not a reliable discriminator in
      individual cases.

PMID- 2403198
TI  - The histology of interstitial cystitis.
AB  - Several studies have reported histologic findings in interstitial cystitis (IC)
      bladder biopsy specimens. However, these studies used a variety of criteria to
      define IC, which may explain the variation noted in the histologic changes.
      Clinical experience shows that these biopsy specimens are often not helpful in
      confirming the diagnosis. Our study was designed to examine the histologic
      features identified in bladder biopsy specimens from patients with IC and compare
      them with biopsy specimens from a control population. Although IC patients as a
      group had a higher incidence and degree of denuded epithelium, ulceration, and
      submucosal inflammation, none of these findings was pathognomonic. In addition,
      these findings occurred only in interstitial cystitis patients with pyuria or
      small bladder capacity. The inflammatory infiltrate seen in IC was composed
      predominantly of lymphocytes, with increasing numbers of plasma cells as the
      degree of inflammation increased. There was no specific predilection for the
      inflammatory infiltrate to be perineural. Submucosal inflammation was associated
      with denuded epithelium, ulceration, pyuria, and a clinical response to therapy
      suggesting a pathophysiologic relationship. Epithelial and basement membrane
      thickness, submucosal edema, vascular ectasia, fibrosis, and detrusor muscle
      inflammation and fibrosis were not significantly different in the IC and control
      patients. These findings suggest that IC is a chronic submucosal inflammatory
      disease, at least in those patients with small bladder capacities or pyuria. IC
      is best diagnosed from its clinical features; the histologic changes identified
      in the bladder biopsy play a supportive role in this diagnosis. Mast cells play a
      limited role in the diagnosis of IC.

PMID- 2403199
TI  - Redistribution of cerebral activity during childhood.
AB  - Data on the functional development of brain structures in early childhood are
      scarce. Cognition changes markedly from pre-school age to school age, and we
      thought it of interest to examine the level of functional activity of selected
      brain regions. Nine preschool children were studied and compared with eight
      school children and eighteen adults. Xe133 emission tomography was used for
      determination of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). It was demonstrated that
      activity in the striatal regions is low in early childhood. In school age the
      proportion of flow to these regions is increased by about 11-14 per cent
      (difference between medians). Perfusion of the occipital lobes decreased with age
      when studied with open eyes and closed eyes, possibly reflecting loss of synapses
      and decreased plasticity.

PMID- 2403200
TI  - Prognosis for seizure control in infantile spasms preceded by other seizures.
AB  - Thirteen to 43% of patients with infantile spasms (IS) have other types of
      seizures, which are considered a feature of an unfavourable prognosis and, to
      some extent, as a contra-indication for steroid treatment. The present series
      comprised 43 patients treated with steroids, who suffered from other types of
      seizures prior to IS. The first seizures resulted from 2 different conditions,
      correlated to a different outcome of epilepsy. In 27 patients with prenatal
      encephalopathy, the first seizures were the first manifestation of the epilepsy
      and IS responded poorly to steroids. In the other 16 patients, the first seizures
      were occasional, due to acute brain damage, and the following IS responded
      favourably to steroid therapy. Rational therapeutic indications should take in
      account the etiology of seizures that precedes IS, and steroids should be
      administered when IS are due to acute peri- or postnatal acute brain damage.

PMID- 2403201
TI  - Quantification of diffuse and focal delta activity in hypsarrhythmia.
AB  - In order to determine whether or not there is any correlation between the various
      aspects of hypsarrhythmia and the etiology, we studied one of the major
      components of this pattern, delta activity, in patients with infantile spasms. In
      3 different etiologic groups of patients (prenatal, perinatal and cryptogenic) we
      divided this activity into 2 types: diffuse (DSA) and focal slow activity (FSA).
      These two activities were quantified in 3 consecutive minute periods of
      wakefulness, drowsiness and slow sleep. The mean values of DSA and FSA remained
      unchanged during the 3 consecutive minute periods and in the different stages of
      vigilance. DSA and FSA differed significantly according to the etiology, with a
      predominance of DSA in the cryptogenic group and of FSA in the prenatal group.
      DSA was not correlated with either sex or age. The focal component seems to be
      related to brain lesions, whereas the diffuse component appears to be as a
      stereotyped neurophysiological phenomenon independent of brain lesions, sex or
      age.

PMID- 2403202
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in relation to EEG epileptic foci in tuberous
      sclerosis.
AB  - In 20 patients with tuberous sclerosis (TS), who were sequentially treated for
      epilepsy at our clinic, the high signal lesions in the cerebral cortex and
      subcortex detected on T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were compared
      with the interictal EEG findings. In four cases who showed a unilateral
      distribution of the MRI lesions, there was a good correlation between the
      laterality of the affected lobes and the localization of the EEG epileptic foci.
      Thirteen cases with more than four affected lobes in both hemispheres also showed
      bilateral epileptic foci on EEG. The MRI lesions in the occipital lobes showed
      the best correlation with the EEG epileptic foci, while the worst correlation was
      seen in the frontal lobes. In addition, the cases with four or more affected
      lobes without laterality on MRI are more likely to show bilateral synchronization
      on EEG. The prognosis of epilepsy in these cases was found to be rather poor.

PMID- 2403203
TI  - Sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum studied by magnetic resonance
      imaging: fact, fallacy and statistical confidence.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed in 120 normal right-handed
      individuals (60 males, 60 females) to clarify existing contradictory data
      concerning possible sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum (CC). Five
      linear and three area measurements of the CC and brain were obtained directly at
      the MR scanner console from midline sagittal T1-weighted images. The
      anteroposterior length of the CC was significantly larger in males than in
      females (p = 0.0005). No other differences in absolute callosal measurements
      between the sexes could be demonstrated. However, several size ratios did achieve
      statistical significance (p less than 0.05), being consistently larger in
      females: splenial width/length CC, splenial width/brain length, and area of
      CC/area of brain. Where no statistically significant differences were obtained,
      precision, tolerance, and confidence interval calculations are presented. The
      data in this large series support a limited but definite sexual dimorphism of the
      CC in right-handed individuals.

PMID- 2403204
TI  - Normative data and the effect of correction for prematurity on test scores in the
      psychomotor development of extremely low birthweight infants.
AB  - This study was concerned with the problem how we should allow for gestational age
      at birth when evaluating psychomotor development in extremely low birthweight
      (ELBW) infants. The consequences of the use of corrected and uncorrected
      developmental test scores as to the degree of prematurity were studied in 27
      consecutive ELBW children who had been categorized as being normal on
      neurological and psychological testing at 5 1/2 years. The present study provides
      evidence that the overall trend of psychomotor development in normal ELBW
      children is not accelerated, but is guided by maturation of the central nervous
      system. This study also suggests that there are no significant differences in the
      predictive value of corrected and uncorrected DQ scores after 2 years of age with
      respect to IQ scores at 5 1/2 years.

PMID- 2403205
TI  - Disorders of memory of motor sequences in cerebral palsied children.
AB  - In 74 children (32 boys, 42 girls) between 7 and 14 years of age with different
      forms of cerebral palsy (mainly spastic ones) the motor memory was tested with a
      sequence of movements which had to be remembered at once, after 24 hours and
      after 5 days. The normal levels were determined by testing 21 healthy children
      matched as to age as control as (10 boys, 11 girls). Each exercise was evaluated
      separately as follows: the movement is performed correctly in the right sequence,
      2 points; the movement is performed in a wrong sequence, but in the correct group
      of three exercises, 1 point; the sequence of movements is entirely wrong or the
      child does not perform the movements at all, 0 points. Thus for each testing a
      child can get a maximum of 12 points and for all three testings a maximal 36
      points. In 48.5% of the CP children a disorder of memory was found, more
      frequently in left-sided hemiparesis than in right-sided, and more frequently in
      paucospastic diparesis (without adductor or flexor spasms and without flexor
      spastic signs in the toes) than in the classical form. Thus a motor memory
      disorder is part of the natural history of CP.

PMID- 2403206
TI  - Growing bilateral occipital calcifications and epilepsy.
AB  - Recently presented data have allowed us to detect an increasing number of cases
      which present bilateral occipital calcifications and epilepsy or migraine. They
      have been indicated for the most part to have atypical forms of Sturge-Weber
      disease without facial nevus flammeus. Two pediatric patients are dealt with
      here, who, while presenting some differences from the electroclinical point of
      view, are characterized by typical cortico-subcortical bilateral occipital
      growing calcifications. Generally, other authors consider the first phase of this
      syndrome to comprise benign development; only in a second phase does worsening of
      the fits follow, as well as a bad prognosis. On the contrary, in our case up to
      now, the patients have been well; the seizures are under control with AEDs and
      EEG has not worsened, in spite of growing occipital calcifications.

PMID- 2403207
TI  - Basic principles of relation of anterior and posterior guidance in stomatognathic
      systems.
AB  - The protrusive cranial border movement of the human mandibula is--structurally
      considered--identical to that of a couple in a cam gear. This mechanism can
      approximately be replaced by a link quadrangle and mapped by a standard gear.
      Other mammaliae use the same principle. They show surprising features of
      construction.

PMID- 2403208
TI  - Development of oesophageal tissue structures in human embryogenesis.
AB  - The authors investigated human embryos and fetuses of 4 to 40 weeks old, their
      evolution and oesophageal histodifferentiation characteristics. The terms used to
      describe oesophageal tissue structure formation are defined more accurately. A
      detailed analysis of the sequence of oesophageal histogenesis processes is given,
      special attention being paid to the development of muscle element evolution in
      different oesophagus sections.

PMID- 2403209
TI  - [Endocrine cells in the epithelium of the fetal large intestine of cattle (Bos
      primigenius taurus) from the cytomorphological aspect].
AB  - In the epithelium of the fetal bovine large intestine there are endocrine cells,
      predominantly at the base of the crypts. According to morphological
      characteristics, EC-cells and L-cells can be readily distinguished.

PMID- 2403210
TI  - Prenatal development of the human Brunner's glands.
AB  - The prenatal development of the human Brunner's glands has been investigated in
      23 fetuses from the 10th week of gestation to full-term. At 12 weeks, a few cords
      of epithelial cells were seen budding from the duodenal mucosa immediately beyond
      the pyloric sphincter. They represent the initial stage of the development of
      Brunner's glands. At 16 weeks, Brunner's glands originated as simple tubular
      downgrowths from the bottoms of the most proximal crypts of the duodenum. The
      secretory products of the component cells of these primitive tubules contained
      periodic acid schiff (PAS) positive material which was largely supranuclear in
      position and resisted digestion by diastase. From 20 weeks to full term, the
      Brunner's glands developed in a progressive fashion starting in the proximal part
      of the duodenum near the pyloroduodenal junction. Further tubular downgrowths
      were added distally, leading to an increase in length of the glandular tissue.
      The gland showed an increase in size proximally due to elongation and branching
      of the tubules. At birth, the glandular cells of Brunner's glands resembled those
      of normal adult in structure and staining reactions. The PAS staining of the
      cells of the early developed glands (at 12 weeks) was as intense as those of the
      full-term. The secretory materials of the developed Brunner's glands showed
      negative reaction with Alcian blue (AB) at pH 2.5 at any stage of development.
      These results suggest that the mucin secreted by the developed Brunner's glands
      of human is neutral mucopolysaccharide in nature.

PMID- 2403211
TI  - Lymph nodes in hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas 1778). III. Lymphocentrum
      iliosacrale.
AB  - The majority of nodes of iliosacral lymphocenter are attached to the wall of a.
      iliaca communis dextra et sinistra from its origin to the rise of a. circumflexa
      ilium profunda. The total number of nodes of the lymphocenter ranges from 5 to
      11, without any marked dextro-sinistral asymmetry. The size of nodes, as
      expressed by their length, showed a wide range from 1.5 to 20 mm and in more than
      one half of nodes it was 5 to 10 mm. The mass of individual nodes ranged from 1.7
      to 98.9 mg and in one half of them was up to 20 mg. The total mass of all nodes
      of lymphocenter fluctuated individually from 131 to 340 mg with a slight
      asymmetry in favour of the right-hand side. Regarding a considerable positional
      variability of nodes the authors do not hold a further particularization of
      iliosacral lymphocenter for reliable and they consider the nodes under study to
      be a uniform topical group.

PMID- 2403212
TI  - [Curvature and contact surface relations of the humeroradial joint].
AB  - The radii of curvature are measured in x-rays of 3 mm thick sagittal sections
      taken from the humeroradial joint of 7 newborns and 39 adults. The curvature of
      the humeral capitulum never corresponds to a definitive segment of a circular
      arch. The radii of curvature of the fovea capitis radii generally are greater
      than these of the humeral capitulum. From the given curvatures a distal shift of
      the radius can be deduced in case of elbow flexion or extension. Each 3 elbow
      joints (supinated, pronated, max. pronated) are fixed in a max. extended, flexed
      and max. flexed position. The joint cavity then is filled with Pleximon. After
      polymerisation of the plastic the joints are opened. From the distribution of the
      plastic within the joint conclusion can be drawn that the surfaces will
      articulate only in part. The articulating surfaces often show small arthritic
      lesions of the cartilage.

PMID- 2403213
TI  - Muscle fibre types in the human vastus lateralis muscles: do symmetrical sites
      differ in their composition?
AB  - Muscle samples obtained from distinct symmetrical sites of left and right vastus
      lateralis muscles from 10 young healthy males were analysed. A computer-aided
      system was applied for the determination of muscle fibre types I, IIA, IIB and
      IIC and for their quantitative analysis. No statistically significant differences
      were established regarding percentage and surface area of all the four fibre
      types studied. In 2 cases of IIA and in one case of IIB fibre type significantly
      different diameters were measured between the left and right muscle. Regarding
      percentage and surface area no differences were proved between superficial and
      deep layers of the muscles observed. Fibre diameter but differed significantly in
      many muscles, there was no rule about whether it was larger in superficial or in
      deep muscle layers. One biopsy sample can not represent the whole muscle,
      especially as far as the relative number and surface area of the type IIA and IIB
      fibres are concerned. A slight asymmetry in fibre diameters of biopsy samples
      from both legs does not indicate any pathological change and can still be taken
      for normal.

PMID- 2403214
TI  - Sharp object injuries in the hospital: causes and strategies for prevention.
AB  - We identified characteristics of items causing sharp object injuries in hospital
      personnel during a 10-month interval. Sharp objects were defined as items that
      were not hollow-bore needles, that cause lacerations or puncture wounds. Workers
      reporting sharp object injuries were interviewed to determine what items caused
      injury and the circumstances of their injuries. Of 89 incidents, 51% were
      surgical instrument injuries, 19% were lancet injuries, 16% were glass injuries,
      and 15% were caused by other sharp items. A frequent feature of sharp objects
      causing injuries was the necessity of disengaging a disposable sharp item from a
      reusable holder. The application of manual force to fragile glass items also
      caused many injuries. Opportunities for safer product design and improved
      materials are discussed to reduce this common occupational hazard.

PMID- 2403215
TI  - Noncompliance with Universal Precautions Policy: why do physicians and nurses
      recap needles?
AB  - In 1987 the Centers for Disease Control published a Universal Precautions Policy
      establishing blood and body fluid procedures to be used consistently with all
      patients. An important and unequivocal Universal Precautions Policy
      recommendation with regard to avoidance of needlestick injuries is that needles
      should never be recapped. We examined the recapping-related attitudes and
      behaviors of physicians and nurses at four large teaching hospitals with patients
      with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and with Universal Precautions Policy in
      service training programs. Compliance was found to be considerably less than
      optimal. According to unannounced needle counts in disposal boxes, the percentage
      of recapped needles was always greater than 25% and exceeded 50% in four
      instances. Recapping was related to inadequate knowledge, concerns about personal
      risk, forgetfulness, being "too busy" to follow the Universal Precautions Policy,
      and the misperception that recapping is a way to avoid needlestick injury.
      Strategies are suggested to improve and supplement traditional in-service
      education.

PMID- 2403216
TI  - In vitro comparison of mezlocillin and piperacillin plus tobramycin or gentamicin
      versus 100 gram-negative nosocomial bloodstream isolates.
AB  - We compared the in vitro activity of mezlocillin and piperacillin, alone and in
      combination with tobramycin or gentamicin, against clinical isolates of gram
      negative bacilli from hospitalized patients with 100 distinct episodes of
      nosocomial bacteremia. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) necessary to
      inhibit 50% and 90% of isolates showed that piperacillin was most active against
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The MIC needed to inhibit 90% of isolates also showed
      that mezlocillin was more active against Enterobacter cloacae. Activities of the
      two acylaminopenicillins were comparable against the rest of the isolates.
      Combining the acylaminopenicillins with either gentamicin or tobramycin decreased
      the MICs fourfold or more for both combinations. Synergy occurred more frequently
      with mezlocillin-gentamicin (12%), followed by piperacillin-tobramycin (9%),
      mezlocillin-tobramycin (6%), and piperacillin-gentamicin (5%). Antagonism for
      Enterobacteriaceae isolates was observed most frequently with the combination of
      piperacillin plus tobramycin (20%), followed by mezlocillin plus tobramycin
      (17.6%), piperacillin plus gentamicin (12.9%), and mezlocillin plus gentamicin
      (8.2%). There are very few differences in the activities of mezlocillin and
      piperacillin combined with either gentamicin or tobramycin versus nosocomial gram
      negative bloodstream isolates.

PMID- 2403217
TI  - Infection control practices in Connecticut's skilled nursing facilities.
AB  - Questionnaires were sent to all skilled nursing homes in Connecticut as part of a
      larger study of nosocomial infections, infection risks, and infection control
      programs. This article describes surveillance practices, isolation practices,
      control measures, and employee health activities of skilled nursing homes in
      Connecticut. The overwhelming majority of skilled nursing homes used written
      criteria to determine nosocomial infections, and all undertook surveillance; the
      majority did surveillance at least weekly and 21% did on a daily basis. The most
      frequent source of information for reporting infections were microbiology reports
      and information from the charge nurse. Three fourths of the skilled nursing homes
      stated that the responsibility of reporting communicable disease is that of the
      infection control practitioner. Two thirds of the skilled nursing homes stated
      that they had policies on the reporting of isolation practices, including the
      refusal or acceptance of patients with infections; 38% had residents under
      isolation precautions. Of all the patient care control measures, only that of
      changing urinary catheters on a routine basis was associated with facility size.
      More than 90% of facilities reported having an employee health program, but the
      benefit was limited.

PMID- 2403218
TI  - Surgical wound infections occurring in day surgery patients.
AB  - The occurrence of surgical wound infection in outpatient day surgery has not been
      extensively studied despite the increasing popularity of this mode of treatment.
      The present study was conducted to determine the frequency of surgical wound
      infections in a day surgery population. We randomly selected during a 6-month
      period 635 (25%) of 2540 patients undergoing a day surgery procedure in which a
      skin incision was made. The patients were telephoned 1 month after their
      procedure by an infection control practitioner. Infection was diagnosed if the
      patient reported that (1) their physician had made a diagnosis of a wound
      infection or (2) pus was or had been issuing from the wound. Of the 515 patients
      contacted, 72% had undergone a clean and 28% a clean-contaminated procedure.
      Patient risk factors for infection were almost completely absent in our day
      surgery patients. Twenty-six wound infections were diagnosed, 19 of which were
      identified by physicians' diagnosis and 7 by patient description, for a rate of
      5.05%. Two patients required hospitalization for their infections, and 14 were
      treated with antibiotics. The clean wound infection rates were 4.62%, less than
      half the infection rate seen in our patients undergoing inpatient surgery at 1
      month follow-up by the same surveillance technique. We conclude that day surgery
      infection rates are much lower than inpatient surgery infection rates at our
      facility, probably because of a relative absence of risk factors in the day
      surgery patients.

PMID- 2403219
TI  - A guide to the Certification Board of Infection Control's recertification
      program.

PMID- 2403220
TI  - Investigation of an outbreak of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus
      infections in an adult intensive care unit.

PMID- 2403221
TI  - Selection of controls.

PMID- 2403222
TI  - A worm's tale and an underrecognized hazard steroid therapy.

PMID- 2403223
TI  - Refractory wheezing and septicemia in a 57-year-old man with asthma.

PMID- 2403224
TI  - Effect of mild hypoxemia on bronchial responsiveness.
AB  - Nonspecific bronchial responsiveness may be influenced by a number of stimuli. A
      potentially important stimulus with significant clinical implications is
      hypoxemia. To investigate the effect of hypoxemia on baseline pulmonary function
      and bronchial responsiveness, 13 subjects (eight with mild asthma and five
      normal) were tested on two separate days within a 1-week period. Spirometry
      measured before and after breathing room air through the experimental circuit for
      ten minutes was not significantly different. Likewise, there was no difference in
      baseline spirometry during mild hypoxemia (arterial saturation of 90%) compared
      with air breathing. The eight asthmatic subjects underwent a methacholine
      bronchoprovocation challenge on each of the two test days. The PC20FEV1 measured
      on the "hypoxemic" day (3.7 +/- 4.5 mg/mL) was not significantly different from
      the measured on the "room air" day (2.5 +/- 2.4 mg/mL, P greater than .05). We
      conclude that mild hypoxemia does not significantly affect baseline spirometry
      nor bronchial responsiveness.

PMID- 2403225
TI  - Lack of adverse cardiac effects of combined treatment with theophylline and
      albuterol in asthmatic children.
AB  - Our study was designed to assess potential cardiovascular adverse effects in
      clinically stable asthmatic children due either to oral sustained-release
      theophylline or theophylline in combination with an inhaled beta-2 adrenergic
      agonist. Twenty-five asthmatic children were evaluated while receiving no drugs,
      theophylline alone, and theophylline with an inhaled beta-2 adrenergic agonist.
      In each phase all patients underwent 24- to 48-hour Holter monitoring and a
      maximal treadmill exercise test. The results show that neither theophylline alone
      nor combined therapy was associated with any relevant cardiovascular adverse
      effect, including ectopic cardiac activity. A nonsignificant increase in mean
      heart rate was observed between each period of study. The data suggest that the
      use of theophylline either alone or in combination with a beta-2 adrenergic
      agonist in clinically stable asthmatic children is not associated with any
      serious cardiovascular effect.

PMID- 2403226
TI  - Nasal physiology and inflammatory mediators during natural pollen exposure.
AB  - Nasal allergen challenges in allergic rhinitis subjects provoke characteristic
      alterations in nasal and eustachian tube (ET) function. The purpose of this study
      was to examine the effect of natural pollen exposure on nasal physiology and
      inflammatory mediators. Grass pollen counts, ET function (sonotubometry), nasal
      resistance (rhinomanometry), symptoms, mediator levels (saline wash), and skin
      test reactivity in nine adults with grass allergy were monitored weekly before
      (week 1), during (weeks 2 to 9) and after (weeks 10 and 11) grass pollen season.
      Pollen counts peaked at week 3, and then decreased gradually. Mean nasal
      resistance (cm H2O/L/sec) increased from a baseline of 2.4 +/- 0.5 to 3.7 +/- 1.1
      at week 3, peaked at week 4 (5.3 +/- 1.2), remained elevated (weeks 5-8), peaked
      again at week 9 (6.6 +/- 1.4), and then decreased, Bilateral ET obstruction was
      not present in any of the subjects at baseline, but was present in five of the
      nine subjects at week 4. Symptom severity paralleled grass pollen counts. Peak
      mediator levels were observed at weeks 2 and 9 for histamine and at weeks 3 and
      10 for leukotriene C4. Seasonal increases in grass and histamine-induced wheal
      sizes were also observed. These data show that measurable changes in the function
      of the nose and ET and the levels of nasal mediators and dermal reactivity
      accompany and track pollen counts during seasonal exposure and suggest that
      therapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis should be (1) directed at reducing airway
      inflammation and (2) continued well beyond the time of peak pollen exposure.

PMID- 2403227
TI  - A comparative immunogenicity-reactogenicity dose-response study of influenza
      vaccine.
AB  - This study examined the immunogenic and reactogenic responses of influenza
      vaccine in 29 healthy nonallergic adults at three vaccine dosages: 0.5 mL, 0.1
      mL, and 0.05 mL. After immunization a 7-day assessment of adverse reactions was
      made and serial serum hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) antibody responses were
      measured during a 28-day period. The incidence of adverse reactions was
      significantly decreased in the group receiving 0.1 mL and 0.05 mL compared with
      the group receiving 0.5 mL of vaccine. After immunization with 0.1 mL or 0.05 mL
      vaccine increases in serum HAI antibody to A/Leningrad, A/Taiwan, and B/Ann Arbor
      influenza antigens were seen comparable to those observed after 0.5 mL. However
      the magnitude of these rises were lower and were directly correlated with the
      dose of vaccine. Since immunization of egg-sensitive allergic patients with
      influenza vaccine poses a risk of localized and systemic reactions, a common
      clinical practice is to prevent such reactions by vaccine dilution. Although the
      results of the present study suggest that vaccine dilution results in a decrease
      in adverse reactions, there is also the risk of decrease protective immunity with
      this procedure and therefore the practice should not be condoned.

PMID- 2403228
TI  - Skin prick test responses to codeine, histamine, and ragweed utilizing the
      Multitest device.
AB  - Epicutaneous skin testing is a useful diagnostic tool in evaluating allergic
      disorders. Utilizing the Multitest device, skin prick test responses to codeine
      phosphate, histamine phosphate, and ragweed were examined in 56 human subjects.
      Relationships between the two positive controls, codeine and histamine, and their
      use as a reference denominator for ragweed reactions were assessed. Ragweed
      elicited detectable wheals in 15/56. Histamine phosphate (2.75 mg/mL) elicited a
      positive wheal response in 52/56 subjects, while codeine phosphate elicited a
      positive wheal in 39/56 and 30/56 subjects at 30 and 3 mg/mL, respectively. Wheal
      sizes for codeine phosphate at both 30 and 3 mg/mL showed significantly
      concordant relationships with histamine phosphate-induced wheal sizes (Spearman
      rho, P = .0084 and .0155, respectively); however the intersubject coefficient of
      variation was lower for histamine-induced wheal sizes (44%) than for codeine
      induced wheal sizes (64% and 65%, respectively for 30 and 3 mg/mL). When a ratio
      of allergen to positive control reaction size was used to grade ragweed
      reactions, different patterns were observed using codeine compared with
      histamine. These results have implications in utilizing codeine phosphate as a
      positive skin prick test control for allergy testing.

PMID- 2403229
TI  - What is 75g of glucose?

PMID- 2403230
TI  - Faecal occult blood testing.

PMID- 2403231
TI  - Sweat sodium and chloride concentrations--essential criteria for the diagnosis of
      cystic fibrosis in adults.
AB  - Criteria for a positive sweat test in children (sweat sodium greater than 60
      mmol/L and sweat chloride greater than 70 mmol/L) were investigated in a series
      of adults aged between 18 and 40 years using the standard Gibson and Cooke
      technique of pilocarpine iontophoresis. A significant number of non-cystic
      fibrosis adults had sweat sodium values greater than 60 mmol/L whereas a
      concentration of chloride greater than 70 mmol/L always discriminated adults with
      cystic fibrosis from normal adults and those with chest disease not due to cystic
      fibrosis. In all cases of adult cystic fibrosis the sweat sodium concentration
      was greater than 80 mmol/L. The Na:Cl ratio and sum of Na and Cl provided
      additional helpful criteria in distinguishing between adults with and without
      cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2403232
TI  - Plasma and serum G4 isoenzyme of acetylcholinesterase in patients with Alzheimer
      type dementia and vascular dementia.
AB  - We developed a new assay for plasma or serum G4 acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
      activity. There was no difference in G4 AChE activity between serum and plasma.
      Plasma AChE activity in control subjects (8-92 years) was independent of age.
      Serum G4 AChE activity was significantly increased in patients with vascular
      dementia (P less than 0.01), compared with age-matched control, and significantly
      decreased in those with probable Alzheimer-type dementia (P less than 0.02). The
      difference between VD and ATD was significant (P less than 0.001), and thus the
      measurement of plasma or serum G4 AChE activity would be helpful in the
      differential diagnosis of dementia.

PMID- 2403233
TI  - Interference by haemolysis, icterus and lipaemia in assays on the Beckman
      Synchron CX5 and methods for correction.
AB  - As part of an evaluation of a Synchron CX5 analyser (Beckman Instruments Inc,
      Brea, USA) we examined a range of tests for interference from haemolysis,
      bilirubin and lipaemia. Tests investigated were urea, creatinine, urate, total
      protein, albumin, calcium, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate
      transaminase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and inorganic phosphate. Two
      types of interferences were found. One type is found on other analysers and
      represents analytical difficulties with the measurement of that particular
      analyte. The other type of interference was a consequence of the bichromatic
      optical system used on the CX-5. This latter group includes haemoglobin
      interference in the measurement of total protein and inorganic phosphate, and
      bilirubin interference with the measurement of total protein, glucose and
      inorganic phosphate. Lipaemia interfered with total protein, total bilirubin,
      inorganic phosphate, urate and glucose. Alternative and modified methods are
      proposed to improve the measurement of total protein, glucose, total bilirubin
      and inorganic phosphate. The use of the modified methods for glucose, inorganic
      phosphate and total bilirubin are limited, at this time, by an error in the
      calculation algorithm used by the analyser for two step or triggered chemistries,
      and to a lesser extent, by a reduction in sample throughput.

PMID- 2403234
TI  - Quality goals for hormone testing.
AB  - Estimates of intra-individual biological variation in normal subjects have been
      made for 17 hormones commonly measured for diagnostic purposes and the results
      have been compared with state-of-the-art analytical imprecision data. The
      implications of using these results for setting goals for analytical performance
      are discussed.

PMID- 2403235
TI  - Reference values: Bhattacharya or the method proposed by the IFCC?
AB  - The Bhattacharya method was used to calculate reference values from unselected
      patient data. These values were compared with reference values obtained from data
      from a blood donor population group following the recommendations of the IFCC.
      Differences between the results could be attributed in part to different
      statistical methods, and in part to differences between populations. With some
      limitations, the Bhattacharya method can be of help in the determination of
      reference values and quality control.

PMID- 2403236
TI  - Development of a heating device for sampling arterialized venous blood from a
      hand vein.
AB  - A practical and safe heating device for sampling arterialized venous blood from a
      hand vein was constructed and tested under experimental conditions. Blood
      chemistry values (pH, pCO2, pO2 and O2 saturation) were measured in nine
      individuals from blood sampled from an antecubital vein and a hand vein, as well
      as from a hand vein that had been heated in the handwarmer. Only blood sampled
      from the heated hand vein gave blood gas values that were consistently in the
      arterial range. Mean blood gas values were 38.0 +/- 2.5 mmHg, 79.8 +/- 6.8 mmHg
      and 95.7 +/- 0.9% for pCO2, pO2 and O2 saturation, respectively, for blood
      sampled from the heated hand vein. No significant difference (P greater than
      0.05) was evident in blood gas values whether blood was sampled 15, 30, 45, 60,
      75 or 90 min after placing the hand in the heated handwarmer. The handwarmer
      enables arterialized venous blood sampling after 15 min of warming and is safe to
      use in any experimental or clinical situation where sampling from an artery is
      impractical.

PMID- 2403237
TI  - Evaluation of the Greiner plasma separator blood tube.

PMID- 2403238
TI  - Hirsutism: free and bound testosterone.

PMID- 2403239
TI  - Continuation of misrepresentations of analogue free hormone assays.

PMID- 2403240
TI  - A relationship between neonatal breast size and cord blood testosterone level.
AB  - The present study was performed to determine if any hormone measured in cord
      blood correlates with the size of the neonatal breast or the presence of
      galactorrhea. A total of 144 term newborn infants were examined. Estradiol (E2),
      progesterone (P), testosterone (T), and thyrotropin (TSH) were determined by
      radioimmunoassay (RIA), and prolactin (PRL) was determined by both RIA and
      biological activity (BA). The female breast (8.5 +/- 2.0 mm) was found to be
      larger than that of the male (7.8 +/- 2.1 mm, p less than 0.05). The only
      hormonal difference between sexes was a higher T level in the male infants (8.0
      +/- 3.0 nmol per L vs. 5.5 +/- 1.9 nmol per L, p = 0.002). None of the other
      hormones measured by RIA correlated with the size of the neonatal breast or the
      presence of galactorrhea. The BA of PRL was widely variable compared to the PRL
      RIA but also failed to correlate with neonatal breast size or galactorrhea. This
      study suggests that T might be one factor in determining the size of the neonatal
      breast.

PMID- 2403242
TI  - Alterations in total lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzyme-5 in hepatic
      disorders.
AB  - Values for total lactate dehydrogenase (LD, EC 1.1.1.27) and LD isoenzyme-5 were
      determined in serum of 106 patients with benign hepatic disorders, 54 of whom had
      acute liver disorders, either acute hepatitis (39 patients) or acute circulatory
      disturbances (15 patients). Fifty-two had chronic hepatic disorders, either
      cirrhosis (25 patients) or chronic right heart failure (27 patients). Overall,
      values for LD were above normal for 86 percent of the 106 patients with benign
      hepatic disorders. In 83 percent of 30 patients with non-fulminant viral
      hepatitis, LD values were below 350 U per L, while in all nine patients with
      either fulminant viral or toxic hepatitis, and in all 15 patients with acute
      circulatory disturbances, LD values were above 500 U per L. In all 52 patients
      with chronic hepatic disorders, LD values were below 350 U per L. In patients
      with acute liver disorders, both the total LD and LD-5 proportions were sensitive
      for liver injury (87 percent and 91 percent, respectively). On the other hand, LD
      5 proportion was much less sensitive than total LD in patients with chronic liver
      disorders (40 percent versus 85 percent). In conclusion, a difference was found
      in LD values and LD-5 ratios between patients with non-fulminant viral hepatitis
      and patients with other causes for acute liver injury. The LD-5 proportions are
      more sensitive for hepatic injury in patients with acute liver disorders than in
      those with chronic liver disorders.

PMID- 2403241
TI  - Antithymocyte serum suppression of immunity in mice immunized to Leishmania
      donovani.
AB  - Mice immunized with a glucan-killed parasite vaccine exhibited enhanced
      resistance to Leishmania donovani infection as evidenced by decreased hepatic
      parasite burdens when compared to unvaccinated controls. This resistance was not
      seen in mice immunized with killed parasites alone. Glucan vaccination resulted
      in increased resistance at day 6, but this effect was no longer present by day 20
      of the experiment. Treatment of vaccinated and control mice with antithymocyte
      sera abrogated protection against infection, whether such resistance was vaccine
      induced or the result of acquired immunity.

PMID- 2403243
TI  - Frontiers in clinical science. Abstracts of the 92nd meeting of the Association
      of Clinical Scientists. May 10-13, 1990, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

PMID- 2403244
TI  - Effects of a short-term (4 weeks) protein-sparing modified fast on plasma lipids
      and lipoproteins in obese women.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a short-term (4 weeks)
      protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) diet of 400 cal on plasma lipids and
      lipoproteins in a group (n = 51) of pre- and postmenopausal women with moderately
      severe obesity (body mass index greater than 30) as well as the eventual
      relations of plasma lipids to the type of fat distribution. Women with android
      type obesity had higher plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
      (LDL-C), apoprotein B (apoB) and glucose levels and lower high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and HDL-C/LDL-C ratio than women with
      gynoid-type obesity. Besides waist-hip ratio (WHR), also age was an important
      determinant of HDL-C and HDL-C/LDL-C. PSMF for 4 weeks caused a 20% decrease in
      plasma cholesterol, LDL-C and apoB levels but also a decrease of HDL-C, apoA1 and
      apoA2. Nevertheless the HDL-C/LDL-C ratio increased, and, overall, PSMF resulted
      in less atherogenic profile of plasma lipids. Weight loss was independent of WHR
      but somewhat higher in premenopausal women (mean 10 kg) than in postmenopausal
      women (mean 8 kg), suggesting a more important energy deficit in pre- than in
      postmenopausal women. No correlation was observed between the importance of
      weight loss and the changes in plasma lipid levels: this indicates that the
      normalization of plasma lipids is the consequence of the diet itself and not
      secondary to weight loss.

PMID- 2403245
TI  - Effect of vitamin E deficiency on oxidative metabolism and antioxidant enzyme
      activity of macrophages.
AB  - In AUG rats, deprived of vitamin E for 90 days, we noted a 3-fold increase of
      kinetic parameters of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of macrophages,
      stimulated with opsonized zymosan, superoxide dismutase activity decrease and
      increment of plasma membrane lipid bilayer microviscosity, which was estimated by
      fluorescent probe pyrene eximerization method. Vitamin E deficiency did not
      affect glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities of
      macrophages.

PMID- 2403246
TI  - Effects of dietary magnesium and/or manganese variables on the growth rate and
      metabolism of mice.
AB  - The effects of seven feeding schedules differing only in their Mg and Mn contents
      on the growth rates and some metabolic aspects of Swiss albino female mice were
      studied. The animals were placed for 5 weeks on the seven dietary regimens and
      weighed weekly according to the following scheme: (1) normal diet fed (control)
      group; (2) Mg-deficient fed group; (3) Mn-deficient fed group; (4) coupled
      deficient fed group; (5) Mg-supplemented fed group; (6) Mn-supplemented fed
      group, and (7) coupled-supplemented fed group. Dietary Mg and/or Mn deficiencies
      were found to exert unfavorable effects on the growth rate of the animals.
      However, dietary supplementation of Mg has a favorable influence on the growth
      rate of the animals. Also, several biochemical tests on the plasma and livers of
      the tested animals were carried out and discussed accordingly.

PMID- 2403247
TI  - The unique stability of Vibrio proteolyticus neutral protease under alkaline
      conditions affords a selective step for purification and use in amino acid
      coupling reactions.
AB  - A procedure is described for the purification of a neutral protease from
      fermentation broths of Vibrio proteolyticus. The key feature of the purification
      scheme is the selective, irreversible inactivation of a contaminating exoenzyme,
      aminopeptidase, by alkali treatment, rather than removal of this enzyme by
      conventional chromatographic methods. Fermentation broths or concentrates were
      brought to pH 11.5 to 11.7 by Na2CO3-NaOH addition and incubated at 25 degrees C
      until aminopeptidase activity was diminished. The alkali treatment resulted in
      greater than 99% reduction of aminopeptidase activity with minimal loss of
      neutral protease activity. The neutral protease could be further purified to
      apparent homogeneity by QA-52 cellulose chromatography. The alkali treatment of
      fermentation concentrates was also useful for preparation of V. proteolyticus
      neutral protease to effect the coupling of N-protected aspartic acid and
      phenylalanine methyl ester for the production of N-aspartylphenylalanine methyl
      ester, a precursor for the sweetener aspartame.

PMID- 2403248
TI  - Production of fumonisin B1 by Fusarium moniliforme NRRL 13616 in submerged
      culture.
AB  - Fumonisin B1, a recently discovered mycotoxin, was synthesized by submerged
      cultures of Fusarium moniliforme NRRL 13616 grown for 29 days at 28 degrees C and
      220 rpm in a basal salts medium (pH 5.0) supplemented with 90 g of glucose per
      liter and 3.5 g of ammonium sulfate per liter. Under these culture conditions, 74
      +/- 23 micrograms of fumonisin B1 per ml was produced by 29-day-old F.
      moniliforme NRRL 13616 cultures. Fumonisin B1 was detected in liquid culture
      extracts by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Fumonisin B1 was
      confirmed and quantitated by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass
      spectral analysis of the trimethylsilyl derivative. The use of a defined medium
      for producing fumonisin B1 in a submerged culture facilitates its isolation and
      provides an excellent method for conducting biosynthetic studies.

PMID- 2403249
TI  - Incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in U.S. coastal waters and oysters.
AB  - Oyster and seawater samples were collected seasonally from May 1984 through April
      1985 from shellfish-growing areas in Washington, California, Texas, Louisiana,
      Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, Virginia, and Rhode Island which had been
      designated as approved or prohibited by the National Shellfish Sanitation
      Program. Fecal coliforms counts, aerobic plate counts, and Vibrio
      parahaemolyticus densities were determined for the samples. Mean V.
      parahaemolyticus density was more than 100 times greater in oysters than in
      water, whereas density of fecal coliforms was approximately 10 times higher in
      oysters. Seasonal and geographical distributions of V. parahaemolyticus were
      related to water temperature, with highest densities in samples collected in the
      spring and the summer along the Gulf coast. The synthetic DNA probe for
      thermostable direct hemolysin hybridized with 2 of 50 isolates, 1 of which was
      positive by the Kanagawa test.

PMID- 2403250
TI  - Substrate-velocity relationships for the Trichoderma viride cellulase-catalyzed
      hydrolysis of cellulose.
AB  - The influence of substrate and enzyme concentrations on the rate of
      saccharification of two defined insoluble cellulose substrates, Avicel (FMC
      Corp., Philadelphia, Pa.) and Solka-Floc (James River Co., Berlin, N.H.), by the
      cellulase enzyme system of Trichoderma viride was evaluated. In the assays,
      enzyme concentrations ranging from 0.004 to 0.016 IU/ml and substrate
      concentrations up to 10% (wt/vol) were used. Analysis by initial velocity methods
      found the maximum velocity of saccharification to be nearly equivalent for the
      two substrates and the Km for the two substrates to be of a similar magnitude,
      i.e., 0.20% (wt/vol) for Solka-Floc and 0.63% (wt/vol) for Avicel. Studies in
      which relatively high substrate concentrations (greater than 15 times the Km)
      were used demonstrated that the enzyme exhibited very different apparent
      substrate inhibition properties for the two substrates. The rate of
      saccharification of Avicel at relatively high substrate concentrations was up to
      35% lower than the maximum rate which was observed at lower substrate
      concentrations. The Avicel concentration corresponding to the maximum rate of
      saccharification was dependent on the enzyme concentration. In contrast to the
      results with Avicel, the enzyme did not exhibit substrate inhibition with the
      Solka-Floc substrate. Potential differences in the degree of substrate inhibition
      with different substrates, as reported here, are particularly relevant to the
      experimental design of comparative studies.

PMID- 2403251
TI  - Colony formation by sublethally heat-injured Zygosaccharomyces rouxii as affected
      by solutes in the recovery medium and procedure for sterilizing medium.
AB  - Recovery and colony formation by healthy and sublethally heat-injured cells of
      Zygosaccharomyces rouxii as influenced by the procedure for sterilizing recovery
      media (YM agar [YMA], wort agar, cornmeal agar, and oatmeal agar) were
      investigated. Media were supplemented with various concentrations of glucose,
      sucrose, glycerol, or sorbitol and sterilized by autoclaving (110 degrees C, 15
      min) and by repeated treatment with steam (100 degrees C). An increase in
      sensitivity was observed when heat-injured cells were plated on glucose
      supplemented YMA at an aw of 0.880 compared with aws of 0.933 and 0.998. Colonies
      which developed from unheated and heated cells on YMA at aws of 0.998 and 0.933
      generally exceeded 0.5 mm in diameter within 3.5 to 4 days of incubation at 25
      degrees C, whereas colonies formed on YMA at an aw of 0.880 typically did not
      exceed 0.5 mm in diameter until after 5.5 to 6.5 days of incubation. The number
      of colonies exceeding 0.5 mm in diameter which were formed by heat-injured cells
      on YMA at an aw of 0.880 was 2 to 3 logs less than the total number of colonies
      detected, i.e., on YMA at an aw of 0.933 and using no limits of exclusion based
      on colony diameter. A substantial portion of cells which survived heat treatment
      were sublethally injured as evidenced by increased sensitivity to a suboptimum aw
      (0.880). In no instance was recovery of Z. rouxii significantly affected by
      medium sterilization procedure when glucose or sorbitol was used as the aw
      suppressing solute.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2403252
TI  - Effect of cellulose fine structure on kinetics of its digestion by mixed ruminal
      microorganisms in vitro.
AB  - The digestion kinetics of a variety of pure celluloses were examined by using an
      in vitro assay employing mixed ruminal microflora and a modified detergent
      extraction procedure to recover residual cellulose. Digestion of all of the
      celluloses was described by a discontinuous first-order rate equation to yield
      digestion rate constants and discrete lag times. These kinetic parameters were
      compared with the relative crystallinity indices and estimated accessible surface
      areas of the celluloses. For type I celluloses having similar crystallinities and
      simple nonaggregating particle morphologies, the fermentation rate constants
      displayed a strong positive correlation (r2 = 0.978) with gross specific surface
      area; lag time exhibited a weaker, negative correlation (r2 = 0.930) with gross
      specific surface area. Crystallinity was shown to have a relatively minor effect
      on the digestion rate and lag time. Swelling of microcrystalline cellulose with
      72 to 77% phosphoric acid yielded substrates which were fermented slightly more
      rapidly than the original material. However, treatment with higher concentrations
      of phosphoric acid resulted in a more slowly fermented substrate, despite a
      decrease in crystallinity and an increase in pore volume. This reduced
      fermentation rate was apparently due to the partial conversion of the cellulose
      from the type I to the type II allomorph, since mercerized (type II) cellulose
      was also fermented more slowly, and only after a much longer lag period. The
      results are consistent with earlier evidence for the cell-associated nature of
      cellulolytic enzymes of ruminal bacteria and suggest that ruminal microflora do
      not rapidly adapt to utilization of celluloses with altered unit cell structures.

PMID- 2403253
TI  - Detection and analysis of two serotypes of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in sewage
      plants by flow cytometry.
AB  - Two different serotypes of the genus Nitrosomonas were isolated from samples of
      the sewage plant Heidelberg. These nitrifiers were enumerated in activated sludge
      of various other sewage plants after immunofluorescent labeling and staining with
      propidium iodide by flow cytometry. The concentrations of these serotypes of
      Nitrosomonas spp. were in the range of 0.1 to 2%. Also, a test for the
      determination of the activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria was developed.
      Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were specifically inhibited with sodium chlorate, and
      the activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria could be calculated from the increase
      of nitrite. Concentrations and activities of ammonia oxidizers were measured for
      a period of 6 months in the sewage plant Heidelberg. With one exception,
      activities and concentrations of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria decreased and
      increased in parallel.

PMID- 2403254
TI  - Toxicity to Spodoptera exigua and Trichoplusia ni of individual P1 protoxins and
      sporulated cultures of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-1 and NRD-12.
AB  - The toxicities to neonate Spodoptera exigua and Trichoplusia ni of lyophilized
      powders obtained from sporulated liquid cultures (referred to as sporulated
      cultures) and Escherichia coli-expressed P1 [cryIA(a) cryIA(b) cryIA(c)]
      protoxins from three-gene strains of NRD-12 and HD-1 of Bacillus thuringiensis
      subsp. kurstaki were determined by using diet incorporation bioassays. Although
      sporulated cultures from both strains were more toxic to T. ni than S. exigua,
      there were no differences in toxicity between NRD-12 and HD-1. Toxicities of the
      three individual P1 protoxins against S. exigua varied by at least fivefold, with
      the cryIA(b) protein being the most toxic. These same protoxins varied in
      toxicity against T. ni by at least 16-fold, with the cryIA(c) protein being the
      most toxic. However, when tested against either S. exigua or T. ni, there were no
      differences in toxicity between an NRD-12 P1 protoxin and the corresponding HD-1
      P1 protoxin. Comparing the toxicities of individual protoxins with that of
      sporulated cultures demonstrates that no individual protoxin was as toxic to S.
      exigua as the sporulated cultures. However, this same comparison against T. ni
      shows that both the cryIA(b) and cryIA(c) proteins are at least as toxic as the
      sporulated cultures. Results from this study suggest that NRD-12 is not more
      toxic to S. exigua than HD-1, that different protein types have variable host
      activity, and that other B. thuringiensis components are not required for T. ni
      toxicity but that other components such as spores might be required for S. exigua
      toxicity.

PMID- 2403255
TI  - Detection of plasmid DNA from all Chlamydia trachomatis serovars with a two-step
      polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - A polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a 137-base-pair sequence of DNA
      from a Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid. Various parameters of the polymerase chain
      reaction were explored, and it was found that two short steps per reaction cycle
      were sufficient to achieve 10(12)-fold amplification in less than 1 h. By use of
      this procedure, 10(-18) g of a sequence of plasmid DNA, representing the amount
      of that sequence found in one C. trachomatis bacterium, was amplified to the
      point where it was clearly visible on an ethidium bromide-stained polyacrylamide
      gel under UV light. DNA from intact cells from each of the 15 serovars of C.
      trachomatis could also be amplified for visualization. With this procedure, the
      presence or absence of C. trachomatis DNA in a sample could be established in
      less than 1.5 h. The speed and extreme sensitivity of this detection procedure
      may make it a useful method for the detection of C. trachomatis, and similar
      techniques should be possible for any type of bacteria.

PMID- 2403256
TI  - Plasmid-associated bacteriocin production by a strain of Carnobacterium piscicola
      from meat.
AB  - Carnobacterium piscicola LV17 isolated from vacuum-packed meat produces
      bacteriocin(s) that is active against closely related lactic acid bacteria,
      Enterococcus spp., and a strain of Listeria monocytogenes but not against gram
      negative bacteria. The bacteriocin has a bactericidal mode of action, is heat
      resistant, and is stable over a wide range of pH but is inactivated by
      proteolytic enzymes. Sensitive and resistant cells were shown to adsorb the
      bacteriocin, but cell death depended on contact of the bacteriocin with the cell
      membrane. Bacteriocin production is detected early in the growth cycle of the
      organism in APT broth, but it is not produced in APT broth adjusted to pH 5.5.
      Bacteriocin production and resistance to the bacteriocin produced are associated
      with two plasmids of 40 and 49 megadaltons. The possibility that two bacteriocins
      are produced is indicated because the inhibitory substances of the mutant strains
      containing either the 40- or 49-megadalton plasmids have different antimicrobial
      spectra.

PMID- 2403257
TI  - Tetrachloroethene transformation to trichloroethene and cis-1,2-dichloroethene by
      sulfate-reducing enrichment cultures.
AB  - Tetrachloroethene, also known as perchloroethylene, was reductively dechlorinated
      to trichloroethene and cis-1,2-dichloroethene by laboratory sulfate-reducing
      enrichment cultures. The causative organism or group was not identified. However,
      tetrachloroethene was dechlorinated to trichloroethene in 50 mM bromoethane
      sulfonate-inhibited enrichments and to trichloroethene and cis-1,2-dichloroethene
      in 3 mM fluoroacetate-inhibited enrichments. Overall transformation varied from
      92% tetrachloroethene removal in 13 days to 22% removal in 65 days, depending on
      conditions of the inoculum, inhibitor used, and auxilliary substrate used.
      Neither lactate, acetate, methanol, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric
      acid, hexanoic acid, succinic acid, nor hydrogen appeared directly to support
      tetrachloroethene dechlorination, although lactate-fed inocula demonstrated
      longer-term dechlorinating capability.

PMID- 2403258
TI  - Common amino acid domain among endopolygalacturonases of ascomycete fungi.
AB  - The endopolygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15) enzymes produced in vitro by three
      ascomycete fungi, Aspergillus niger, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Colletotrichum
      lindemuthianum were studied by using thin-layer isoelectric focusing and activity
      stain overlay techniques. The polygalacturonases from A. niger and S.
      sclerotiorum consisted of numerous isoforms, whereas the endopolygalacturonase
      from C. lindemuthianum consisted of a single protein species. The most abundant
      endopolygalacturonase isoform produced by each of these organisms was purified
      and characterized. Biochemical parameters, including molecular weight,
      isoelectric point, kinetic parameters, temperature and pH optima, and thermal
      stability, were determined. Considerable differences in physical and chemical
      properties were demonstrated among these fungal polygalacturonases. Antibodies
      raised against individual proteins exhibited little cross-reaction, suggesting
      that these enzymes differ structurally as well as biochemically. In contrast, the
      analysis of the N-terminal amino acid sequences of the three proteins showed
      extensive homology, particularly in a region labeled domain 1 in which 84% of the
      amino acids were conserved.

PMID- 2403259
TI  - Adhesion and motility of gliding bacteria on substrata with different surface
      free energies.
AB  - The adhesion and motility of several aquatic and terrestrial gliding bacteria on
      slides differing in their critical surface energies have been examined. In
      general, adhesion was tenacious on low-critical surface energy (hydrophobic)
      surfaces and tenuous on hydrophilic surfaces. Gliding was inhibited on very
      hydrophobic substrata and skittish on very hydrophilic surfaces.

PMID- 2403260
TI  - Selection and characterization of mutants of Phanerochaete chrysosporium
      exhibiting ligninolytic activity under nutrient-rich conditions.
AB  - Synthesis of the ligninolytic system of the wood-degrading fungus Phanerochaete
      chrysosporium is induced during secondary metabolism, brought about by nitrogen,
      carbon, or sulfur starvation. We describe here a strategy for selection of
      mutants which are ligninolytic (lignin----CO2) and overproduce lignin-degrading
      enzymes (ligninases) under nutrient-rich conditions (during primary metabolism).
      The strategy is based on using an adduct of lysine and a lignin model compound.
      Ligninase-dependent oxidation of this adduct releases free lysine, which
      complements the lysine requirements of a lysine auxotroph. Accordingly, a lysine
      auxotroph was mutagenized by UV irradiation and survivors were plated onto medium
      containing the adduct and high ammonia nitrogen. Four mutants which overproduce
      the ligninase isozymes were isolated by this procedure. Further characterization
      of one of the mutants, PSBL-1, indicated that the predominant isozymes produced
      are H1 (pI = 4.7) and H2 (pI = 4.4). The ligninase activity of PSBL-1, measured
      by veratryl alcohol oxidation, peaks on day 5 at over 1,000 U.liter-1. The mutant
      PSBL-1 was also able to degrade [14C]lignin to 14CO2, indicating that the
      complete ligninolytic system is deregulated.

PMID- 2403261
TI  - Influence of solute, pH, and incubation temperature on recovery of heat-stressed
      Wallemia sebi conidia.
AB  - The influences of glucose, sorbitol, and NaCl in a basal enumeration medium at
      water activities (aw) from 0.82 to 0.97 on colony formation by sublethally heat
      stressed Wallemia sebi conidia were determined. Over this aw range, glucose and
      sorbitol had similar effects on recovery, whereas at an aw of 0.82 to 0.92, NaCl
      had a detrimental effect. Colony diameters were generally largest on media
      containing sorbitol and smallest on media containing NaCl. Maximum colony size
      and viable population of heat-stressed conidia were observed on media at an aw of
      ca. 0.92. When the recovery incubation temperature was 20 degrees C, the number
      of uninjured conidia detected at an aw of 0.82 was reduced compared with the
      number detected at 25 degrees C, while at 30 degrees C, the number recovered at
      an aw of 0.97 was reduced. The effect on heat-stressed conidia was magnified.
      This suggests that W. sebi conidia may be more tolerant of aw values higher than
      the optimum 0.92 when the incubation temperature is decreased from the near
      optimum of 25 degrees C and less tolerant of aw values greater than 0.92 when the
      incubation temperature is higher than 25 degrees C. The sensitivity of heat
      stressed conidia increased as the pH of the recovery medium was decreased from
      6.55 to 3.71. W. sebi conidia dispersed in wheat flour at aw values of 0.43 and
      0.71 and stored for up to 65 days at both 1 and 25 degrees C neither lost
      viability nor underwent sublethal desiccation or temperature injury.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2403262
TI  - Tangential flow filtration and preliminary phylogenetic analysis of marine
      picoplankton.
AB  - A procedure was developed for harvesting gram quantities of microbial biomass
      from oligotrophic waters, when mixed populations are present in low abundance.
      Picoplankton from Atlantic Ocean (Hydrostation S, Sargasso Sea) and Pacific Ocean
      (Aloha Station) sites were collected in a three-stage process: (i) collection of
      seawater through an intake covered with 10-microns-pore Nytex; (ii) concentration
      by a tangential flow filtration device equipped with 10 ft2 (0.929 m2) of 0.1
      micron-pore fluorocarbon membrane; (iii) collection of cells from concentrate by
      centrifugation. The overall efficiency of picoplankton recovery was at least 37%.
      The cellular morphotypes recovered matched those of the original population. DNA
      was prepared from frozen cell pellets by enzymatic digestion, solvent extraction,
      and isopycnic centrifugation. As indicated by the binding of kingdom-specific
      hybridization probes to the purified DNA, the Sargasso Sea picoplankton in this
      collection were largely eubacteria.

PMID- 2403263
TI  - Degradation of mono- and dichlorobenzoic acid isomers by two natural isolates of
      Alcaligenes denitrificans.

PMID- 2403264
TI  - Microbial degradation of acrylamide monomer.
AB  - Acrylamide, a neurotoxic monomer with extensive industrial applications was found
      to be degraded by the microorganisms present in a tropical garden soil. A
      bacterium capable of degrading acrylamide was isolated from this soil by
      enrichment. It was found to be aerobic, gram-negative, motile, short rod and
      identified as Pseudomonas sp. The bacterium degraded high concentrations of
      acrylamide (4 g/l) to acrylic acid and ammonia which were utilized as sole carbon
      and nitrogen source for growth. An amidase was involved in the hydrolysis of
      acrylamide, which could act on other short chain amides like formamide and
      acetamide but not on acrylamide analogues: methacrylamide and N,N-methylene
      bisacrylamide. The enzyme was sensitive to catabolite repression by succinate
      both in presence as well as absence of nitrogen source.

PMID- 2403265
TI  - [Pediatric radiology, inventory and prospects].

PMID- 2403266
TI  - [Dermatologic characteristics of the premature infant].

PMID- 2403267
TI  - [Severe neonatal respiratory distress with linear inspiratory pressure-volume
      curve].
AB  - Twenty-four newborns with severe respiratory distress, treated by mechanical
      ventilation, are investigated by inspiratory pressure-volume curve. The curves
      are obtained by slow continuous inflation technique. Two shapes are described:
      concave curve, ten newborns (group I), linear curve, fourteen newborns (group
      II). The gestational age is over 36 weeks in both groups. Determination of
      respiratory mechanics is indicated when mean AaDO2 is higher than 500 torr in
      both groups, and when there is a hypercapnia (PaCO2 = 53 +/- 11 torr, with p less
      than 0.05) in group II. Mechanical ventilation is conducted with individually
      adjusted PEEP in group I, and without PEEP in group II. Twelve hours after; mean
      AaDO2 in group I (260 +/- 101 torr) and in group II (420 +/- 188 torr) are
      significantly different (p less than 0.05). The variance analysis in group II
      shows that PaCO2 and pH are normalized (p less than 0.001). All the newborns in
      group I recovered. Three newborns in group II died. Group I can be assimilated to
      hyaline membrane disease in full-term neonates. Practically, the cases of
      neonatal respiratory distress in which PEEP is not indicated can be identified by
      the functional characteristics of group II.

PMID- 2403268
TI  - [Diagnosis of susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia in children].
AB  - The realisation and reliability of the halothane-caffeine contracture tests in
      children to detect the susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MH) is still
      controversial. The present study concerned 26 children aged 2 to 13 years, (mean
      9.5 +/- 1.3 years) who were tested either because of a personal symptomatology
      (14 cases) or as a member of a susceptible MH family (12 cases). Half of the
      children had a positive test (MHS and MHE) as is found in adults. Furthermore
      comparison of threshold concentrations of halothane and caffeine as well as the
      32 nmol caffeine-induced contractures dit not show significant differences
      related to age. These results support the possibility to perform under good
      conditions and with good reliability the diagnostic test of susceptibility to
      malignant hyperthermia in children from 2 years on.

PMID- 2403269
TI  - [Psychoanalytic study at a pediatric oncology department].
AB  - The place of a psychoanalyst in a Paediatric Oncology Department is described.
      Unfortunately mutual ignorance, mistrust and fear continue to be obstacles to the
      integration of psychoanalysts in medical teams. The conditions required for the
      work of the psychoanalyst to be possible are underlined: he must be fully
      integrated into the team and should have sufficient time to devote to his work.
      Parents should have unhindered access to the unit. Pain must be recognized and
      treated. It is important that the members of the staff are aware of and sensitive
      to the different aspects of his work (a Balint type of group might help to
      achieve this objective). The analyst will intervene when he has pinpointed
      psychic distress in the child; he will sometimes have to search for it in the
      parents, among siblings, and even among the medical and non medical members of
      the staff, where it is discrete or even concealed. All staff members should be
      sensitive to this distress and anguish, because each and every one of them could
      be chosen by the child to bear witness to the problem or to discuss it with
      him/her. The members of the staff should be trained to be sensitive to this
      distress so that they can direct the child towards the psychoanalyst soon enough.
      The psychoanalyst should adapt his techniques so that they are in keeping with
      hospital conditions. His work is not conventional psychoanalytical treatment nor
      wild, haphazard interpretations but rather psychoanalytical meetings which are
      often intense, brief and rare. Five case reports illustrate these different
      aspects.

PMID- 2403270
TI  - [Acute hepatic insufficiency disclosing congenital syphilis].
AB  - A breast-fed boy, born to first-cousin parents, had been vomiting since birth;
      his general condition remained good until age 6 weeks when vomiting became more
      frequent, and his status suddenly worsened, with polypnea, shock, hypothermia,
      jaundice, presence of blood in urine, gastric juice, stool, and bleeding tendency
      during veno-punctures. There was an huge hepatomegaly and a splenomegaly.
      Hypoglycaemia, metabolic acidosis, severe blood coagulation disturbances,
      elevated liver enzymes, hypoalbuminemia, pointed to an acute liver failure. He
      was resuscitated with current supportive measures, and was given a wide spectrum
      antibiotherapy. Because serologic tests for syphilis were positive in the child
      and his mother, including the presence of specific IgM the infant was then given
      Penicillin G therapy only, which resulted in a complete recovery. One month
      later, a needle liver biopsy showed residual signs of hepatitis. Other possible
      infectious or metabolic causes of acute liver failure occurring early in life had
      been excluded.

PMID- 2403271
TI  - [Iconographic rubric: osteoid osteoma].

PMID- 2403272
TI  - [Nutrition of adolescent girls in Lorraine].
AB  - A survey concerning the nutritional habits, using the method of the dietary
      history, was undertaken among 273 girls aged 10 to 16 and examined at the
      Preventive Medicine Center in Nancy. The energy amount, on average 2,363
      calories/day (9.88 MJ) and the distribution among the various nutriments differed
      little from the French recommendations. Energy intakes varied with bone ages and
      the socio-cultural level of parents. No intake changes were found with respect to
      the degree of overweight or to the growth peak. The study of the distribution of
      intakes according to the main groups of aliments showed the important place of
      dairy products (14.6%), breads (13.9%) as well as sweets and pastries (11.8%,
      12.9%), distribution independent of age. Lunch represents the most important meal
      of the day (35.7%). Snacks provide as much energy as breakfast. The latter is
      insufficient in 20% of cases. However, this insufficiency is compensated during
      the day.

PMID- 2403273
TI  - [Isoferritin in a child with perinatal hemochromatosis].

PMID- 2403274
TI  - [Ribavirin and mechanical ventilation].

PMID- 2403275
TI  - [Meconium ileus and molecular biology].

PMID- 2403276
TI  - [Nosocomial legionellosis in newborn infants].

PMID- 2403277
TI  - Maximal isometric torque of knee extension as a function of muscle length in
      subjects of advancing age.
AB  - Many neuromuscular diseases are associated with muscle weakness. Assessment of
      this weakness by manual muscle testing or with hand-held equipment has been
      criticized. Furthermore, muscle length influences peak force development. One
      hundred fifty-three female and 116 male asymptomatic subjects between the ages of
      20 and 80 (approximately 20 per decade) were studied. Maximal strength of the
      quadriceps group was determined isometrically, on a specially designed bench, at
      3 hip angles (45 degrees, 90 degrees, and 180 degrees of extension), which
      represent three rectus femoris muscle lengths. Maximal strength was observed at a
      hip angle of 180 degrees and did not decrease significantly from 20 to 50 years
      of age, although the values for the male and female subjects over 50 years were
      significantly decreased (approximately 15% per decade). The increase in strength
      as the muscle was lengthened from 45 degrees to 180 degrees hip angle was about
      80% (of the force at 45 degrees) in 20-year-olds; strength decreased
      progressively with age to a value of approximately 50% in the 70-year-olds. This
      greater reduction in maximal strength at longer quadriceps muscle lengths has
      functional significance in rising from a chair, climbing stairs, and eventually,
      walking and standing.

PMID- 2403278
TI  - Falls in the elderly: Part I, Gait.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine a gait profile of two groups of elderly
      adults: one with a history of falls and one without a history of falls. The
      following gait characteristics were identified: step frequency, stance time,
      swing time, double support time, step length, heel width, heel height, toe
      height, and hip, knee, and ankle angular excursion. The history of falls group
      was composed of 25 subjects (seven men and 18 women), and the no history of falls
      group was composed of 30 subjects (12 men and 18 women). Two 16-mm Locam cameras
      were used to film the subjects. Each subject was filmed while walking on a
      motorized treadmill at 4 km/h and 6 km/h. The film data were digitized on a sonic
      digitizer interfaced to a VAX computer. The ANOVA statistic indicated significant
      (p less than .05) difference between the two independent variables for heel
      width. There appears to be no significant relationship between the studied gait
      characteristics (other than heel width) and falls in apparently healthy elderly
      individuals.

PMID- 2403279
TI  - Falls in the elderly: Part II, Balance, strength, and flexibility.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the balance, muscular
      strength, and flexibility of two groups of elderly adults: one with a history of
      falls (HF) and one with no history of falls (NHF). Subjects were 19 men and 36
      women. Static and dynamic balance was determined by a one-foot stance balance
      test and a backwards walking test. Hip, knee, and ankle joint muscular strength
      were assessed on a Cybex Leg Press Dynamometer. A goniometer was used to
      determine hip, knee, and ankle joint range of motion (flexibility), ANOVA
      indicated a significant difference between the two groups for static balance (p
      less than .001), leg strength (p less than .01), and hip and ankle flexibility (p
      less than .01). The results suggest that balance, leg strength, and flexibility
      may be factors contributing to falls in the elderly.

PMID- 2403280
TI  - Symptoms of upper gastrointestinal dysfunction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy:
      case-control study.
AB  - A case-control study was undertaken to see if symptoms of upper gastrointestinal
      (UGI) (oropharyngeal, esophageal, and gastric) dysfunction occurred more
      frequently in males afflicted with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) than healthy
      controls. Subjects included 55 children with confirmed DMD and 55 age-matched
      controls without neuromuscular disease. All subjects and/or their parents
      responded to a standard set of questions concerning the frequency of symptoms of
      UGI dysfunction. Responses of the DMD and control groups were compared using the
      Wilcoxon signed rank test. A significantly higher percentage of DMD patients
      experienced nasal quality to the voice, dysphagia, choking while eating, the need
      to clear the throat during or after eating, heartburn, and vomiting during or
      after meals, than did controls. Only one symptom--heartburn--was found
      significantly more frequently in the 33 nonambulatory than the 22 ambulatory DMD
      subjects. These findings document that feeding difficulty and symptoms consistent
      with oropharyngeal, esophageal, and gastric dysfunction are more frequent in the
      DMD population than healthy, age-matched controls.

PMID- 2403281
TI  - Influence of muscle cooling on the viscoelastic response of the human ankle to
      sinusoidal displacements.
AB  - The changes in passive mechanical muscle properties due to cooling of the calf in
      healthy human volunteers were investigated. The technique, using sinusoidal
      driving of the foot, permitted the separation of muscle stiffness response into
      its elastic and viscous components. Cooling the calf with ice for 30 minutes
      increases the rate of change of elastic stiffness with frequency, and it
      increases the frictional stiffness over a frequency range of 3 to 12Hz. Such
      cooling would produce an estimated 3% to 10% increase in total stiffness, on
      average, in a spastic person. This increase in stiffness would counteract
      reductions in total stiffness achieved during the application of cryotherapy to
      relieve spasticity. However, one could expect that for a clinically significant
      reduction of spasticity, the increase in passive stiffness of the muscle
      generated by cooling would be largely overshadowed by the decrease in reflex
      reactivity.

PMID- 2403282
TI  - Lyme disease presenting with bilateral facial nerve palsy.
AB  - Facial palsy bilateral, or recurrent, suggests a myriad of diagnostic
      possibilities. An 11-year-old boy is described whose diagnosis remained elusive
      for several months. Clinical evolution and subsequent laboratory studies
      confirmed that he had Lyme disease. Literature review suggests that this disorder
      is ubiquitous in its manifestations. The diagnosis should be remembered in
      unexplained neurologic disorders, particularly in cranial and peripheral
      neuropathies.

PMID- 2403284
TI  - 1990 scientific meetings of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and
      the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Phoenix, October 21
      26, 1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 2403283
TI  - Behavioral methods for teaching self-catheterization skills to anxious children
      with myelomeningocele.
AB  - A behavior-based protocol was developed which outlined all necessary behaviors
      for successful self-catheterization to an anxious child with myelomeningocele.
      The subject had been wearing diapers daily since birth, and he expressed fear of
      pain and lacked confidence because of previous unsuccessful attempts. The present
      protocol included progressive muscle relaxation, guided visual imagery, and
      behavioral rehearsal that was implemented by his parents. Data collected showed
      daily successful intermittent self-catheterization skills two weeks and 6 months
      posttreatment. Thus, an alternative to traditional educational methods exists
      that can successfully enhance the acquisition of self-catheterization skills.

PMID- 2403285
TI  - Polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and the immune system. 1.
      Effects on peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations of a non-human primate
      (Callithrix jacchus) after treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
      (TCDD).
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were used to analyse the effects of 2,3,7,8
      tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on peripheral lymphocytes from marmosets
      (Callithrix jacchus) following injections of single low doses of TCDD. A
      reduction of the percentage and the total number of lymphocytes among the white
      blood cells was seen 3 weeks after a single administration of 300 ng TCDD/kg body
      wt, but not following 167 ng TCDD/kg or less. After treatment of marmosets with
      the single subcutaneous dose of 10 ng TCDD/kg body wt. we observed an average
      decrease of about 20% in the percentage of CD4+ cells in the venous blood of
      treated animals. This change was not seen at the time of maximum absorption (2
      weeks after the injection), but was demonstrable after 4 weeks and reached its
      maximum 15 weeks after the injection. The time course of the changes suggests an
      indirect effect (possibly via the thymus). Due to the considerable inter- and
      intra-individual variability in the number of peripheral lymphocytes the effect
      was less convincing on the basis of the total CD4+ cells per microliter blood.
      There was a significant concomitant increase in the percentage of cells with the
      CD8+ marker. A closer analysis of the lymphocyte subpopulation involved revealed
      a predominant effect on the cells with the CD4CDw29 ("leu 3a+4B4+") surface
      marker ("helper-inducer cells"). Subsequent to a dose of 10 ng TCDD/kg body wt
      the percentage of these cells was reduced by 50% or more when compared with the
      (24) controls. On an absolute basis (number of cell/microliter blood) these
      CD4+CDw29+ cells were clearly reduced in only two out of four marmosets. There
      was no significant effect on the percentage of the CD4+CD45R+ ("leu3a+2H4+")
      subpopulation ("suppressor-inducer cells"). The ratios: CD4+CDw29+/CD4+CD45R+, or
      CD4+CDw29+/CD8+ appear to be convenient measures for monitoring the effect
      described. Since the difference between the percentage of CD2+ cells minus the
      sum of CD4+ plus CD8+ cells was found to be increased following rather high doses
      (167 ng TCDD/kg body wt or more), this suggests that immature cells (CD2+ CD4-CD8
      ) are released into the periphery as a result of the exposure to TCDD.
      Furthermore, a decrease in the percentage of CD20+ (B1+) cells (about 50% when
      compared with controls) was observed in the treated animals following a single
      dose of 10 ng TCDD/kg body wt or higher. Subsequent to a dose of 10 ng TCDD/kg
      body wt the percentage of CD56+ (NKH1+) cells seemed to be slightly increased.
      The dose-response for the effects observed was rather poor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2403286
TI  - Immunoassays for proteins alkylated by nicotine-derived N-nitrosamines.
AB  - Polyclonal antibodies recognizing the pyridyloxobutyl (POB) moiety of 4
      (methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were produced in rabbits
      immunized either with POB-bovine albumin or POB-Sepharose. The POB intermediates
      necessary to modify the protein were generated by alkaline (pH 9.0) treatment of
      the synthetic precursor 4-(carbethoxynitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. In a
      competitive enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), 70 pmole NNK inhibited
      50% of the binding of the anti-POB antibodies to POB-protein absorbed on
      microtiterplates. This 50% inhibition varied from 70 pmole to 200 nmole using a
      series of NNK analogues, depending on the integrity of the POB moiety.
      Immunological techniques initiated in this study detect NNK-protein conjugates or
      measure the quantity of POB groups liberated upon alkaline or acid treatment of
      NNK modified protein.

PMID- 2403287
TI  - Pulmonary toxicity of inhaled styrene in acetone-, phenobarbital- and 3
      methylcholanthrene-treated rats.
AB  - Pulmonary changes in glutathione (GSH) indicated by the concentration of non
      protein sulphydryls showed a decrease of 43% in rats exposed for 5 h per day
      three times to 500 cm3/m3 (2100 mg/m3) styrene vapour. In these rats, only a
      marginal decrease was observed in the pulmonary cytochrome P450 oxidative
      metabolism. Following a single 24-h inhalation exposure to 500 cm3/m3 styrene,
      the decreases in GSH were 66% in lung but only 16% in liver. On the other hand, a
      multifold increase in the disposition of thioether compounds was found in urine.
      Pulmonary cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism was decreased, shown by low
      residual activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin (less than 20%), 7-ethoxycoumarin (53%)
      and 7-pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylases (76%). Epoxide hydrolase and GSH S
      transferase enzyme activities which catalyze styrene detoxification were not
      decreased. Styrene exposure (24 h) of acetone-, phenobarbital- or 3
      methylcholanthrene-pretreated rats resulted in pulmonary effects different from
      each other and from those of styrene alone. Acetone potentiated the lung effect
      and elevated 1.5-fold urine thioether output. Inducer pretreatment seemed to be a
      factor aggravating styrene toxicity; in effect this was clearest in acetone
      induced rats. In general, GSH depletion accompanied by inhibition of cytochrome
      P450-dependent oxidative drug metabolism were the earliest biochemical lesions
      manifested in styrene-exposed lung.

PMID- 2403288
TI  - Species differences in short term toxicity from inhalation exposure to
      bromobenzene.
AB  - Lung, liver and kidney injury were studied in mice, rats and rabbits 48 h after
      termination of a 4 h inhalation exposure to bromobenzene vapour (250-3400 ppm).
      Light and electron microscopy of lung tissue revealed injury to Clara cells and
      adjacent epithelium in mouse bronchioli (bromobenzene concentration 250 ppm and
      1000 ppm) and to Clara cells of rat bronchi and bronchioli (1000 ppm
      bromobenzene) and of rabbit bronchi (2500 ppm and 3400 ppm). Histological and
      clinicochemical indices of liver damage were found in the same animals, whereas
      kidney toxicity was observed in mice (two out of ten showed tubular necrosis and
      elevated concentration of plasma urea) and rats (all had elevated plasma
      concentrations of creatinine) exposed to 1000 ppm bromobenzene. Inhalation
      exposure thus produced less kidney injury than expected from previous studies
      with equimolar doses given intraperitoneally. The mouse was the most severely
      affected species, followed by the rat, and lastly the rabbit. The animal
      susceptibility could not be ranked according to the rate of 14C-bromobenzene
      covalent binding in lung or liver, but it was inversely related to the rate of N
      demethylation of benzphetamine (indicative of P450IIB activity) in both lung and
      liver microsomal preparations. Differences in a P450 mediated detoxification
      could therefore be of importance in species variability to bromobenzene injury.

PMID- 2403289
TI  - Distribution of the bispyridinium oxime [14C] HI-6 in male and female rats.
AB  - Female rats poisoned with multiple LD50s of soman or tabun have been shown
      previously to respond to the protective effects of HI-6 more positively than male
      rats. This present study was designed first to determine the distribution pattern
      and concentration of [14C] HI-6 in rats, and secondly, to determine the
      possibility that HI-6 might be located in high concentrations in critical tissues
      in the female as opposed to the male. To these ends, [14C] HI-6 was administered
      to groups of male and female rats and its radiolabelled distribution determined
      by whole body autoradiography and/or by measurement of its actual concentration,
      by scintillation spectrometry. The experiments were repeated in the presence of 2
      x LD50 soman and supporting therapy with atropine. In both sexes, HI-6 levels
      were highest in the kidney, followed in order by cartilage greater than plasma
      greater than liver greater than heart greater than or equal to lung greater than
      or equal to diaphragm greater than brain and spinal cord. The relative
      distribution in the two sexes was confirmed by both methods and was not
      significantly altered in the presence of soman and atropine. The lack of a
      measurable difference in tissue distribution of [14C] HI-6 derived radioactivity
      between males and females suggested that the hormone-dependent difference in the
      protective effects previously observed was not due to selective accumulation of
      [14C] HI-6 in organs believed to be important in its therapeutic activity, such
      as brain or diaphragm.

PMID- 2403290
TI  - Serum carboxylesterase activity in various strains of rats: sensitivity to
      inhibition by CBDP (2-/o-cresyl/4H:1:3:2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide).
AB  - Rodents are relatively insensitive to the neurotoxic effects of various
      organophosphorus compounds. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if
      differences in inactivation of CBDP could explain the strain differences in the
      sensitivity to neurotoxicity following administration of TOCP (tri-o-cresyl
      phosphate) observed by Carrington and Abou-Donia (1988). Serum carboxylesterase
      but not cholinesterase is an important detoxification route for organophosphates.
      Serum carboxylesterase and cholinesterase activity were significantly different
      (p less than 0.05) among the various strains of rats. The rank order of
      carboxylesterase activity was Sprague Dawley (6158 nmole/ml serum/min) greater
      than Long Evans (5589) greater than Fischer 344 (5010) whereas the rank order for
      cholinesterase activity was Fischer 344 greater than Sprague Dawley greater than
      Long Evans. TOCP is metabolized to the active neurotoxicant CBDP (2-/o
      cresyl/4H:1:3:2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide). The ED50 for CBDP inhibition of
      serum carboxylesterase activity was found to vary considerably for the various
      strains of rats. The rank order of CBDP ED50 concentration in the various strains
      was Fischer 344 (437 microM) greater than Long Evans (339 microM) greater than
      Sprague Dawley (78 microM), indicating that there was a difference between the
      carboxylesterase of the various strains with regard to interaction with CBDP. It
      is suggested that the differences in the quantity of serum carboxylesterase
      combined with the differences in the interaction of the inhibitor with the
      enzyme(s) may be responsible for the strain differences observed by Carrington
      and Abou-Donia (1988).

PMID- 2403291
TI  - Bioavailability of iron and cyanide from oral potassium ferric
      hexacyanoferrate(II) in humans.
AB  - After oral administration of 500 mg KFe[Fe(CN)6] labelled with 59Fe either in the
      ferric or ferrous position and with 14C in the cyanide group only 0.22% of the
      FeII and less than 0.04% of the FeIII were absorbed in three male volunteers.
      Only 2 mg non-complex bound 14C-labelled cyanide (0.03 mg CN-/kg body wt) were
      absorbed from 500 mg [14C]KFeHCF, which is about a factor of 20-100 below the
      lethal dose in humans (0.5-3.5 mg CN-/kg body wt). Therefore, iron(III)
      hexacyanoferrates(II) can be considered as safe antidotes, i.e. for inhibiting
      the intestinal absorption of radiocaesium or for accelerating the excretion of
      already absorbed 134/137Cs in the case of a severe nuclear accident.

PMID- 2403292
TI  - Effects of ascorbic acid on the mouse embryo and on cyclophosphamide-induced
      cephalic DNA strand breaks in vivo.
AB  - Pregnant C3H mice were exposed to 3.34 and 6.68 g ascorbic acid/kg body weight on
      the 11th day post-copulation, and to co-administration of a teratogenic dose of
      cyclophosphamide (CP, 15 mg/kg body weight). The effects on embryonal cephalic
      DNA strand breaks were assessed 16 h after drug administration. In order to
      establish whether vitamin C was embryotoxic or altered CP-induced toxicity, mice
      were sacrificed on day 18 after copulation to record fetal weights, gross
      morphological abnormalities, and fetal mortality. Administration of 3.34 g
      ascorbate/kg was not associated with demonstrable toxic effects but with 6.68 g
      ascorbic acid/kg there was a 46% incidence of fetal mortality. In embryos exposed
      to CP, 15 mg/kg, there was a decrease in fetal weight (median fetal weight 678 mg
      compared with 967 mg in controls), all fetuses were morphologically abnormal and
      59% of cephalic DNA was double stranded compared with 81% for controls (p less
      than 0.001). When vitamin C, 3.34 g/kg, was co-administered with CP the incidence
      of DNA strand breaks remained unchanged. However, all fetuses were
      morphologically normal and there was no reduction in fetal weight. These findings
      demonstrate that administration of 6.68 g vitamin C/kg is toxic to the mouse
      embryo, but a lower dose of 3.34 g/kg is not, and has a protective effect against
      the toxic manifestations of CP. This protection is not associated with prevention
      of cephalic DNA strand breaks.

PMID- 2403293
TI  - Urinary arginine and ornithine in occupational exposure to 2-ethylhexanoic acid.
AB  - Nine sawmill workers were divided into two groups according to their exposure to
      2-ethylhexanoic acid, (EHA), a pesticide which has replaced the older
      pentochlorophenol. The men with lower exposure excreted 30 +/- 10 nmol EHA/mmol
      creatinine (mean +/- SD, n = 4) in urine samples taken after the workshift,
      whereas men with higher exposure excreted 1.8 +/- 1.6 mumol EHA/mmol creatinine
      (mean +/- SD, n = 5, p less than 0.01). The urinary ornithine and arginine
      concentrations were at the lower exposure 1.4 +/- 0.4 and 1.5 +/- 0.8 mumol/mmol
      creatinine, respectively (mean +/- SD, n = 4), and they increased significantly
      (p less than 0.01) to 4.5 +/- 2.5 and 3.2 +/- 1.5 mumol/mmol (mean +/- SD, n =
      5), respectively, at the higher exposure. This might have been caused by the
      inhibitory effect of EHA on urea synthesis which was partially compensated for by
      elevated arginine and ornithine concentrations to drive the urea cycle more
      efficiently.

PMID- 2403294
TI  - Hydrolysis of vinyl acetate in human blood.

PMID- 2403295
TI  - Macrophage and smooth muscle cell proliferation in atherosclerotic lesions of
      WHHL and comparably hypercholesterolemic fat-fed rabbits.
AB  - Lesions of atherosclerosis were analyzed at varying stages of development in
      Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) and comparably hypercholesterolemic fat
      fed (FF) rabbits for the capacity to incorporate thymidine into proliferating
      cells within both the intima and the underlying media. An identical inverse
      relationship between the intimal/medial ratio (which reflects both lesion size
      and severity) and the labeling index was observed for both the WHHL and FF
      rabbits. Analysis of the spatial distribution of the labeled cells within each
      lesion revealed the highest rates of thymidine incorporation in cells situated
      within the superficial areas and lateral margins of the lesions. Up to 12% of the
      labeled cells were foam cells, which were predominantly located immediately
      beneath the endothelium and within the lateral margins. Some labeled macrophages
      were also observed within the necrotic core of advanced lesions. There were no
      differences in the labeling indexes at differing sites in the aorta, providing
      lesions of comparable size were compared. Simultaneous thymidine autoradiography
      and immunostaining with cell type-specific monoclonal antibodies revealed that
      approximately 30% of the labeled cells were macrophages and 45% were smooth
      muscle cells in advanced lesions from both WHHL and FF rabbits.

PMID- 2403296
TI  - Hemodynamics and low density lipoprotein metabolism. Rates of low density
      lipoprotein incorporation and degradation along medial and lateral walls of the
      rabbit aorto-iliac bifurcation.
AB  - We have investigated whether arterial wall low density lipoprotein (LDL)
      metabolism in areas of disturbed flow differs from the metabolism in adjacent
      regions of undisturbed flow. Using the rabbit aorto-iliac bifurcation as a model,
      we examined the rates of LDL incorporation and catabolism in vivo and correlated
      them to the arterial flow patterns in these regions. The trapped ligand method
      was used to quantitate the rates of LDL incorporation and degradation over a 20
      hour period in three hemodynamic zones of the daughter iliac branch: 1) a region
      of flow separation where the shearing forces are elevated along the medial wall
      and reduced along the lateral wall, 2) a transition region where the flow
      patterns begin to approach the fully established situation, and 3) a
      unidirectional flow region with symmetric fluid shearing forces along the medial
      and lateral walls. Our results indicate an elevated rate of LDL incorporation
      into the lateral versus the medial wall in the proximal zone of flow separation
      (5.2 +/- 0.8 nl/mg/hr vs. 3.7 +/- 0.5 nl/mg/hr, p less than 0.01). A similar
      elevation in the degradation rate of the lateral over the medial wall of this
      most proximal zone was also observed (2.1 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.4 +/- 0.2, p less than
      0.05). No such differences were observed regarding LDL incorporation and
      degradation in the transitional or unidirectional hemodynamic zones. These
      results suggest that modifications in arterial wall LDL incorporation and
      catabolism are induced by hemodynamic forces. The implications of these findings
      for the formation of the atherosclerotic lesion are discussed.

PMID- 2403297
TI  - Cationic polypeptides modulate in vitro association of low density lipoprotein
      with arterial proteoglycans, fibroblasts, and arterial tissue.
AB  - Polymers of lys (plys) and arg (parg) were found to be efficient inhibitors of
      the formation of complexes between low density lipoprotein (LDL) and human
      chondroitin-6-sulfate-rich proteoglycans. Displacement curves indicate that
      efficiency was dependent on molecular weight. Inclusion of alanine in the polymer
      up to a 1:1 molar ratio (plys,ala) has a moderate effect on displacing capacity.
      Poly-L-lys (plys) and poly-L-arg (parg) exhibited similar displacing ability.
      Inclusion of tryptophan in plys and parg diminished their effect, whereas
      inclusion of serine in plys,ser (3:1) improved it. Plys (18.3 kD) stimulates LDL
      binding to human fibroblasts. This may be due to the association of polylysine to
      LDL, leading to an increase in its positive charge. These more positively charged
      LDL may have an increased association with the negatively charged region of the
      apolipoprotein B/E receptor. Perfusion experiments on rabbit aortic segments were
      used to measure the influx of 125I-LDL into the intima and to study the effect of
      basic polypeptides. Plys in a 10:1 molar ratio decreased the LDL uptake by
      approximately 25% when added to the system together with the LDL or in
      experiments in which the tissue segments were pre-perfused with plys, and LDL was
      added after elimination of the plys. The results suggest that polycationic
      polypeptides, due to their strong affinity for sulfated proteoglycans, interfere
      with the interactions of LDL with components of the arterial extracellular
      matrix.

PMID- 2403298
TI  - Extracranial carotid atherosclerosis in patients with and without transient
      ischemic attacks and coronary artery disease.
AB  - We examined the extent of extracranial carotid atherosclerosis as evaluated by a
      B-mode ultrasound score in four groups of hospitalized patients: hospital
      controls free of both cerebrovascular symptoms and coronary atherosclerosis (HC,
      n = 245); patients with coronary atherosclerosis but without cerebrovascular
      symptoms (CAD, n = 382); patients with transient ischemic attacks but
      asymptomatic for coronary atherosclerosis (TIA, n = 107); and patients having
      both transient ischemic attacks and symptomatic coronary events (TIA + CAD, n =
      39). The unadjusted B-mode scores were lowest for the HC group, intermediate for
      the CAD group, and highest for the TIA or TIA + CAD groups (no difference between
      these two groups). However, after adjustment for age (or age and other risk
      factors), we could find no significant differences among the CAD, TIA, and TIA +
      CAD groups, while the HC group had significantly lower adjusted scores. These
      data suggest that 1) accentuated development of carotid atherosclerosis is
      associated with both TIA and CAD and 2) the apparent differences in extracranial
      carotid atherosclerosis between coronary and cerebrovascular patients are partly
      attributable to differences in risk factor profiles (most notably age). The
      potentially accentuated rate of development of extracranial atherosclerosis in
      patients with CAD mandates a low threshold for cerebrovascular evaluation in CAD
      patients.

PMID- 2403299
TI  - Lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triacylglycerol lipase activities in peripheral
      and skeletal muscle lymph.
AB  - We studied the interstitial fluid concentration of two lipid-metabolizing enzymes
      (lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triacylglycerol lipase) to determine their
      importance in interstitial modification of filtered lipoproteins. Despite the use
      of a very sensitive lipase assay (1 nmol of fatty acid release/ml/hr), lipase
      activities in plasma and in peripheral and skeletal muscle lymph from control
      dogs were below the sensitivity of our assay. After heparin injection, hepatic
      triacylglycerol lipase and lipoprotein lipase activities in plasma were similar.
      However, the postheparin hepatic triacylglycerol lipase activities in peripheral
      and skeletal muscle lymph were only 1.4% and 1.1%, respectively, those of plasma.
      This concentration is considerably less than the lymph concentration of albumin,
      which has a similar size to the lipases but has a lymph concentration of 30% to
      40% of plasma. Lipoprotein lipase activity in peripheral lymph and skeletal
      muscle lymph was 2.7% and 4.8%, respectively, of plasma activity. Since
      lipoprotein lipase has a similar size as hepatic triacylglycerol lipase, the
      disproportionate amount of lipoprotein lipase in lymph as compared to hepatic
      triacylglycerol lipase could be due to heparin crossing the capillary endothelium
      and displacing lipoprotein lipase from peripheral cells. Injection of radioactive
      heparin confirmed that it does cross into the interstitial space in sufficient
      concentrations to displace lipase from peripheral cells. We conclude that most of
      the lipase found in lymph after heparin injection is derived from peripheral
      cells and not from plasma. Furthermore, hepatic triacylglycerol lipase does not
      play a role in high density lipoprotein remodeling in interstitial fluid.
      Therefore, it seems likely that the considerable remodeling of high density
      lipoprotein that we found previously results from its interaction with peripheral
      cells.

PMID- 2403300
TI  - Microalbuminuria. Potential marker for increased cardiovascular risk factors in
      nondiabetic subjects?
AB  - Microalbuminuria is associated with progression to renal disease in insulin
      dependent diabetes and with increased mortality in noninsulin-dependent diabetes.
      In contrast, few studies have addressed the effect of microalbuminuria on
      cardiovascular risk in nondiabetics. We, therefore, determined the level of
      microalbuminuria in 316 nondiabetic subjects from the San Antonio Heart Study, a
      population-based study of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors.
      Microalbuminuria (greater than or equal to 30 mg/l) was found in 42 of these 316
      subjects (13%). Subjects with microalbuminuria had significantly higher blood
      pressure, triglyceride concentration, sum of insulin concentrations during a
      glucose tolerance test, and prevalence of hypertension and of self-reported
      myocardial infarction than subjects without microalbuminuria. When subjects with
      hypertension were excluded (n = 27), normotensive subjects with microalbuminuria
      (n = 31) still had significantly higher triglyceride concentrations and insulin
      sum than normotensive subjects without microalbuminuria (n = 258), suggesting
      that an increased atherogenic risk factor pattern exists even in normotensive
      subjects with microalbuminuria. Microalbuminuria may be a marker for
      cardiovascular risk, although it is not certain whether microalbuminuria causes
      these metabolic changes or results from some metabolic disturbance such as
      insulin resistance.

PMID- 2403301
TI  - Effect of dietary magnesium on development of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed
      rabbits.
AB  - The effect of dietary magnesium (Mg) on the development of atherosclerosis in
      cholesterol-fed rabbits was investigated. Male New Zealand White rabbits (n = 31)
      were placed on five kinds of diets: regular, 1% cholesterol, and 1% cholesterol
      diets supplemented with either 300, 600, or 900 mg (as Mg) of Mg sulfate. The
      regular and 1% cholesterol diets contained 400 mg of Mg per 100 g. Each rabbit
      received 100 g daily of the appropriate diet. Additional Mg was well tolerated
      and did not affect blood pressure or body weight. The rabbits were sacrificed
      after 10 weeks, and the oil red O-positive atherosclerotic area that covered the
      aortic intima and the cholesterol content of the aorta was measured. Additional
      Mg decreased both the area of the aortic lesions and the cholesterol content of
      the aortas in a dose-dependent manner. The 1% cholesterol diet significantly
      increased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and decreased high
      density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration. Additional Mg had no further
      effect on cholesterol and HDL cholesterol concentrations, but it slightly
      decreased the rise in triglyceride concentration. These results indicate that
      dietary Mg prevents the development of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits
      by inhibiting lipid accumulation in the aortic wall.

PMID- 2403303
TI  - 44th Annual Meeting. Council on Arteriosclerosis. Dallas, Texas, November 1990.
      Abstracts.

PMID- 2403302
TI  - Nucleotide profiles in normal minipig arterial tissue.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to characterize the nucleotide profiles of a normal
      porcine elastic and muscular artery. Tissue samples (50 to 150 mg) were excised
      from the descending thoracic aorta and from the femoral artery of 14
      normocholesterolemic, anesthetized minipigs. In three animals, transmural
      myocardial samples were also obtained. Nucleotide and nucleoside concentrations
      were analyzed by using a recently developed ion-pairing, reverse-phase, high
      performance liquid chromatographic method. The arterial samples contained
      relatively low concentrations of adenosine triphosphate, approximately one-eighth
      that of the myocardial counterpart. Relative to the femoral artery, the aortic
      samples had significantly lower adenylate energy charges and higher levels of
      adenosine diphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, adenosine, and inosine. These
      baseline aortic levels did not change after in vitro exposure to 95% oxygen. The
      different energy states observed in the two arteries may reflect functional or
      metabolic differences in their medial smooth muscle cell populations.
      Alternatively, the lower energy state observed in the thicker walled aorta may be
      a manifestation of inadequate medial oxygen delivery that persists despite oxygen
      enrichment in vitro. We conclude that arterial energy states exhibit regional
      variation. This information will serve as a point of departure for the
      investigation of the role energy states may play in the atherosclerotic process.

PMID- 2403304
TI  - 63rd scientific sessions of the American Heart Association: Nutrition. Dallas,
      Texas, November 1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 2403305
TI  - 9th National Conference on Thrombosis and Hemostasis. Dallas, Texas, November
      1990. Abstracts.

PMID- 2403306
TI  - The importance of the general practitioner in diabetes education.

PMID- 2403307
TI  - A systematic approach to diabetes care.
AB  - Effective care for patients with diabetes in general practice requires a
      systematic approach. This can be achieved by establishing a patient register and
      recall system, by using a checklist or protocol, and by developing a team
      approach, involving practice staff and other professionals outside the practice.
      Education and mutual support are also essential components of diabetes care.

PMID- 2403308
TI  - The role of the GP in the management of chronic disease. Diabetes as a model.
AB  - Chronic disease is increasing as a percentage of all illnesses in Australia's
      health care system, in part because of the ageing of the population. New
      strategies are required to help manage these often incurable diseases. The
      general practitioner is well equipped to provide management expertise for chronic
      disease, provided he or she has access to community based allied health
      professionals.

PMID- 2403309
TI  - Pitfalls in the management of diabetes.
AB  - Comprehensive diabetes management represents a challenge for the general
      practitioner. The dietary, monitoring, educational and counselling components of
      comprehensive diabetes care can place severe time demands on the doctor who may
      not feel sufficiently confident to deal with all these issues. The 'pitfalls'
      described are among those frequently identified in patients referred to the
      Diabetes Centre at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney.

PMID- 2403310
TI  - Vasectomy technique.
AB  - When performing a vasectomy, a gentle atraumatic technique reduces complications.
      The aim is to avoid cutting anything but the vas to reduce complications and to
      make microsurgical reversal possible. In this article common problems are
      discussed and possible solutions suggested. (An article 'Vasectomy in review' by
      the same author appears in the June issue.)

PMID- 2403311
TI  - Management and prevention of venous thromboembolism.
AB  - Venous thromboembolism constitutes a major cause of illness and death in this
      community. Awareness of the clinical circumstances predisposing to thrombosis,
      together with their appropriate prophylaxis and management, is important for
      general medical practice. While conventional heparin and warfarin remain
      important in these situations, new modes of use of these drugs and a variety of
      newer agents are gaining recognition.

PMID- 2403312
TI  - Shoulder pain.
AB  - This third article in the series 'Common problems: a safe diagnostic strategy'
      focuses on shoulder pain that is commonly caused by disorders of the neck and of
      the rotator cuff, especially supraspinatus tendinitis. It is important not to
      overlook the very serious and often masked causes such as severe infection,
      malignancy, including Pancoast's syndrome, and myocardial ischaemia.

PMID- 2403313
TI  - Surveillance and sentinel systems.
AB  - The research committee of the RACGP has urged authorities in each State to
      introduce sentinel practice schemes in order to provide information on selected
      conditions not normally notifiable to public health agencies. To date not all
      States have taken up the request. In this article the history and role of such
      schemes are examined. Special attention is paid to the sentinel system that has
      operated in South Australia since 1983.

PMID- 2403314
TI  - Patient education. Blood glucose monitoring at home.

PMID- 2403315
TI  - Families at war.

PMID- 2403316
TI  - Pain around greater trochanter.

PMID- 2403317
TI  - Six years of 'unnecessary' nocturnal hell.

PMID- 2403318
TI  - Diabetes health care.

PMID- 2403319
TI  - Rolling over limbs--beware!

PMID- 2403320
TI  - Nutrition.

PMID- 2403321
TI  - Vocal exercise.

PMID- 2403322
TI  - In defence of casualty departments.

PMID- 2403323
TI  - Perioperative blood transfusion and recurrence of cancer: is there a direct
      association?

PMID- 2403324
TI  - Reoperation for failed antireflux surgery.
AB  - The management of patients with an unsatisfactory result following antireflux
      surgery is often problematical. Ten such patients with failed antireflux surgery,
      for whom medical management had also subsequently failed, underwent reoperation
      via a thoraco-abdominal approach. The anatomical cause of the surgical failure
      was determined pre-operatively in most cases by endoscopy, radiology, manometry
      and 24-hour pH monitoring. The most common reason for failure was a slipped
      Nissen fundoplication. A tight wrap, a disrupted wrap and a fundoplication hernia
      were less common causes. At follow-up, only one patient had a poor result.
      Reoperation for failed antireflux surgery can yield good results and is
      facilitated by pre-operative definition of the cause of failure and wide
      operative exposure.

PMID- 2403325
TI  - Temporal bone meningiomas.
AB  - Meningiomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of space-occupying
      lesions of the temporal bone. Five cases of meningiomas of the temporal bone are
      described and the literature reviewed. These tumours may stimulate Schwannomas
      and glomus tumours in their presentation and radiological findings. The tumours
      were managed by combining standard neurosurgical approaches with temporal bone
      and skull base techniques.

PMID- 2403326
TI  - Unilateral childhood ovarian loss: an indication for contralateral oophoropexy?
AB  - A 35-year retrospective review of all surgically significant pathological lesions
      of the ovary was conducted. Fifty-one children had 53 ovarian lesions which
      required surgical intervention. Of the 53 ovarian lesions seen in this series, 21
      had presented with torsion. Five of these torted ovaries were microscopically
      normal. Three children were castrated. One of these castrations could have been
      prevented if contralateral oophoropexy was done. In addition, one child, who had
      lost an ovary previously because of torsion, presented with major cystic disease
      of the remaining ovary. Torsion was aborted by ovarian cystectomy. Contralateral
      oophoropexy at the time of ipsilateral oophorectomy is recommended to prevent
      castration.

PMID- 2403327
TI  - Survival following perforation of peptic ulcer.
AB  - Between 1979 and 1989, 92 patients were treated at St George Hospital, Kogarah,
      for perforated duodenal or prepyloric ulcer. Mortality rate at 28 days was 18%.
      Life table analysis showed 1-, 5- and 10-year survival rates for this group to be
      78%, 60% and 46% respectively. During the second half of the study period,
      increasingly older females with a history of cardiovascular disease, arthropathy,
      chronic renal impairment and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
      intake were identified and found to be at greater risk of dying from their
      perforation. Age, cardiovascular disease and chronic renal impairment were
      demonstrated to be independent factors affecting survival. Patients treated by
      simple closure of the perforation had a long-term survival rate equivalent to
      that of patients treated in other ways, although the number of these latter
      patients is small. Implications for the administration of NSAIDS are considered
      in the light of these findings. These results suggest that orthodox simple
      closure of perforated peptic ulcer and administration of H2 blocking agents is
      the most appropriate treatment for patients presenting with perforated peptic
      ulcer.

PMID- 2403328
TI  - Monocortical non-compression miniplate osteosynthesis of mandibular angle
      fractures.
AB  - The technique of monocortical non-compression miniplate fixation of mandibular
      angle fractures is reviewed. A study of our first 50 patients treated using this
      technique reveals that consistent reduction and stabilization of these mandibular
      fractures can be achieved without the requirement for intermaxillary fixation.
      Such results were produced with minimal postoperative morbidity.

PMID- 2403329
TI  - Ischaemic necrosis of the glans penis: a complication of urethral catheterization
      in a diabetic man.
AB  - Ischaemic necrosis of the glans penis is rare. Diabetic patients commonly have
      small vessel disease which may affect the penis. We report the case of a man with
      extensive diabetic vascular disease, in whom partial penectomy was necessary for
      ischaemia of the glans penis, following urethral catheterization. The decision to
      use a urethral catheter in diabetics, particularly those with evidence of
      vascular disease, must be made with the knowledge that internal compression
      caused by the catheter may cause irreversible ischaemic changes. In such
      patients, a suprapubic catheter should be considered as an alternative.

PMID- 2403330
TI  - Recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism due to implanted parathyroid tissue: a
      case report.
AB  - Hyperparathyroidism is a common complication of chronic renal failure. Although
      many patients can be managed by conservative measures, surgery is sometimes
      necessary. One of two operations can be performed: subtotal parathyroidectomy or
      total parathyroidectomy with reimplantation of parathyroid tissue into muscle. A
      case is presented of a patient who underwent the first and then the second of
      these procedures for recurrent hyperparathyroidism. A further recurrence was
      found to be caused by the implanted parathyroid tissue in a forearm muscle,
      requiring a third procedure for control of the disorder.

PMID- 2403331
TI  - Aorto-gastric fistula following Nissen fundoplication.

PMID- 2403332
TI  - Crossbreeding as a tool for genetic improvement of chickens in suboptimum
      environments.
AB  - A 2-phase crossbreeding study was undertaken to explore prospects of improving
      the performance of chickens under extensive production conditions in Tanzania.
      The first phase was carried out under reasonably good feeding and housing
      conditions and involved one imported meat and egg type each as well as a local
      breed and their crosses. In the second phase, 15 genetic groups with graded
      proportions of inheritance from the 3 parental breeds were compared for their
      performance under relatively poor conditions of feeding and general management.
      The results revealed that under good production conditions the performance in a
      particular trait increased with increasing levels of inheritance from the exotic
      breed which had been developed mainly for that trait. Under poor management
      conditions, the trend was rather obscure, with the superiority of germ plasma
      from the exotic breeds expressed in the crosses rather than in the parental
      breeds. The disparity between the results obtained in the two phases is
      attributed to genotype x environmental interaction, heterosis, heterosis x
      environment interaction, and maternal and sex-linked influences. It is concluded
      that the genetic disposition of the high performers should be adapted to the
      local production conditions by forming synthetic breeds based on crossbreeding.

PMID- 2403333
TI  - Effect of the pre-incubation storage period of hatching eggs on the hatchability
      and post-hatching growth of local chickens under tropical conditions.
AB  - In order to study the effect of the storage period, 2400 hatching eggs from hens
      in the Tanzanian coastal region were stored for 0 to 15 days under room
      conditions of temperature and humidity. On the 16th day of a collection period
      with daily additions, the incubation of 50 eggs each was started. At hatching
      time, the number of healthy chicks hatched from each storage period treatment was
      counted. Also studied was the growth of the hatched chicks for the first three
      weeks of their life. A highly significant negative correlation (-0.98) was
      observed between the pre-incubation storage period and the hatchability of eggs.
      The regression coefficient was found to be -5.3. This means that hatchability
      declined by an average of 5.3% for each day the eggs had been stored. Prolonged
      storage of hatching eggs also affected the post-hatching growth performance of
      these chicks. The adverse effect disappeared, however, with increasing age of the
      chicks. It is recommended that hatching eggs should not be stored under ordinary
      room conditions in the tropics for more than 7 days prior to hatching.

PMID- 2403334
TI  - [The first appearance of infectious hemorrhagic disease of rabbits in Austria].
AB  - In three Austrian rabbit units (two in the west, one in the east) heavy losses
      occurred in April/May 1989. The clinical course (deaths in adult animals,
      haemorrhagic diathesis) of the disease was indicative for an infection with the
      RHD-virus. Necropsy confirmed the suggestive clinical diagnosis as bleeding of
      the nostrils, hyperaemia in the respiratory tract, spleen tumor, partly
      decolorized livers, hyperaemia of kidneys with rare petechias could be observed.
      Histologic examination revealed centrolobular liver necrosis, lung bleeding and
      edema, tumor of spleen and atrophy of spleen follicles. Rabbits infected with
      organ suspensions died within 48 hours. The organ suspensions and the suspensions
      of the already necropsied animals showed a haemagglutination titer for above
      1:100. This reaction could be inhibited with a specific RHD-antiserum. The
      intramuscular application of a RHD-reference strain in one hare, two wild rabbits
      and a rabbit did not induce clinical disease or death of the leporids during a
      six week observation period. The rabbit died within 48 hours post infection.
      However the hare and wild rabbits showed high antibody titers by ELISA at the end
      of the observation period. Before infection the two wild rabbits were
      serologically negative.

PMID- 2403335
TI  - [Lectin agglutination for the characterization of intestinal treponema isolates
      from different animal species].
AB  - The study presents the results of lectin-associated agglutinations of intestinal
      strains of treponemes isolated from pigs, dogs, mice and rats. At all 95 isolates
      are investigated, within the type strains for Treponema hyodysenteriae serotype 1
      4 and Treponema innocens. Reactions with Concanavalin A and the Limulus
      polyphemus-Lectin are often seen (twenty lectins used). Three out of four type
      strains for Treponema hyodysenteriae show an identical pattern of reaction, which
      is often seen in Treponema strains from dysentery suspected cases, too. Basing on
      these data a ranging in groups of lectin agglutination is proposed.

PMID- 2403336
TI  - Interaction of bacterial glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase with triazine dyes: a
      study by means of affinity partitioning and kinetic analysis.
AB  - The interaction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) from
      Pseudomonas W6 with 33 triazine dyes bound to poly(ethylene glycol) has been
      screened by means of affinity partition in an aqueous two-phase system composed
      of poly-(ethylene glycol) and dextran. Regarding the strength of interaction
      expressed by the affinity partitioning effect three groups of dyes can be
      distinguished showing high, medium or low interaction to the enzyme. The
      different influence of the structurally related dyes Cibacronblue F3G-A, Procion
      Blue MX-3G and Procion Blue MX-R on the partitioning of glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase is discussed. Both coenzymes of this glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase, NADP+ and NAD+, are able to diminish the dye-enzyme interactions
      but to a different extent. In the case of Procion Red HE-3B less than 0.2 mM of
      NADP+ abolished completely the dye-protein interaction indicating that the dye
      binding site might be closely related to the nucleotide binding site. This does
      not hold for a series of other dyes revealing strong interactions to the enzyme.
      In these cases higher NADP(+)-concentrations are necessary to weaken the dye
      enzyme interactions. Only small influences on the interaction between the dye and
      glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were found with 1 mM NAD+. The different
      effects of the two coenzymes are discussed with respect to separate binding sites
      for them and to different conformational states induced. The competition of
      Procion Red HE-3B with NADP+ and NAD+ for the binding site of glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase was also demonstrated by inhibition studies. The Ki-values of
      Procion Red HE-3B with NAD+ and NADP+, respectively, were calculated.

PMID- 2403337
TI  - Nitroreductase reactions of the NADPH: adrenodoxin reductase and the adrenodoxin
      complex.
AB  - NADPH: adrenodoxin reductase (E.C. 1.18.1.2) and its complex with adrenodoxin
      catalyze the aerobic oxidation of NADPH by a number of substituted 2-nitrofurans,
      5-nitroimidazoles and p-derivatives of nitrobenzene. The nitrocompounds are
      reduced via an initial single-electron transfer. Under anaerobic conditions
      nitrofurans are reduced to the corresponding amines. The rate constants of
      adrenodoxin oxidation by nitrocompounds vary from 4 x 10(5) to 3 x 10(2) M-1 s-1.
      A linear correlation between the rate constant logarithm and the single-electron
      reduction potential at pH 7.0 (E7(1)) of nitrocompounds was observed. The
      relation between the reactivity and the polarographic half-wave potential
      (E7(1/2)) is distorted. The reactivity of adrenodoxin reductase is two orders of
      magnitude lower than that of adrenodoxin.

PMID- 2403338
TI  - Interactions of liposomes with human erythrocyte ghosts.
AB  - Interactions between human erythrocyte ghosts and small unilamellar vesicles
      consisting of various lipids and containing high intravesicular concentrations of
      calcein were studied. The entrapped marker leaked out under the influence of
      erythrocyte ghost in dependence on ghost and vesicle concentration, phospholipid
      composition as well as cholesterol content of the liposomes. Small unilamellar
      vesicles composed of sphingomyelin/cholesterol mixtures at a molar ratio of 1:1
      are less permeable than those prepared from other phospholipids in the presence
      of erythrocyte ghosts. The amount of ghost associated liposomal lipid was
      measured by addition of cholesteryl [14C]oleate. It was shown to be minimal
      compared to the transfer of [14C]cholesterol between liposomes and ghosts. The
      half-time of the transfer process was also increased by incorporation of
      sphingomyelin into the liposomes, the retarding effect being apparent at levels
      of 5 mol% sphingomyelin.

PMID- 2403339
TI  - The expression of the growth-related 25kDa protein (p25) of Ehrlich ascites tumor
      cells is increased by hyperthermic treatment (heat shock).
AB  - The abundance of a 25 kDa protein (p25) and at least two phosphorylated isoforms
      is inversely correlated with the rate of in vivo growth of the Ehrlich ascites
      tumor (EAT). On the basis of cDNA sequence data, p25 shows an about 80% amino
      acid sequence homology to the mammalian heat shock protein hsp27 (Gaestel et al.,
      Europ. J. Biochem. 179, 209, 1989). In this paper, the following data are
      presented and discussed: 1. The expression of p25 is increased by in vitro
      incubation of cells at elevated temperatures (41.5 degrees C-43.5 degrees C). 2.
      A two-step hyperthermic treatment with a recovery period at 37 degrees C results
      in a more elevated p25 expression than a one-step hyperthermia. Moreover, the two
      step hyperthermic treatment results in thermotolerance in terms of protein
      biosynthesis and cell vitality. 3. Also the appearance of p25 isoforms depends on
      the temperature regimes. While after a one-step hyperthermia the phosphorylated
      isoforms p25/2 and p25/3 predominate, the unphosphorylated isoform p25/1 is more
      strongly expressed after a two-step hyperthermic treatment, which results also in
      a more increased total p25 synthesis than a one-step treatment. 4. The synthesis
      of p25 and its induction by hyperthermic treatment in EAT cells depends on the
      stage of tumor growth from which the cells were harvested. Both, the endogenous
      synthesis and the induction by elevated temperature are higher in cells from the
      exponentially growing tumor than in cells from the stationary tumor. The results
      are discussed with respect to correlations between regulation of tumor growth and
      the abundance of p25, its synthesis and induction during tumor growth.

PMID- 2403340
TI  - Partial purification of an adenine-dependent serum factor which retards the
      reactivation of lens epithelial cells in primary culture by inhibiting protein
      synthesis and cell spreading.
AB  - A low molecular weight factor has been partially purified from bovine serum
      which, in combination with adenine and, to a lesser degree, also with
      hypoxanthine and guanine, retards the reactivation of eye lens epithelial cells
      in primary culture. While the factor as well as adenine alone are without effect,
      in combination they strongly inhibit protein synthesis and spreading of the
      cells. It is concluded that the partially purified factor is identical with a
      previously described serum factor which mediates remarkable inhibiting effects of
      C6-substituted purines on protein-, RNA- and DNA-synthesis of lens epithelial
      cells in primary culture.

PMID- 2403341
TI  - [Adhesion, migration and phagocytic behavior of blood granulocytic neutrophils
      from the rat and humans in essential hypertension].
AB  - Relations between the functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PML) and
      essential hypertension have been studied. In spite of an increased number in the
      blood of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) their neutrophils moved for
      shorter distances than PML of normotensive animals. Neutrophils of hypertensive
      patients were characterized by a decreased reaction to chemotactic stimulation
      and an increased adhesion. These alterations of leukocyte functions observed in
      hypertensive subjects became reversible by treatment of the cells in vitro with
      verapamil. Therefore, the use of calcium antagonists in the therapy of
      hypertension could influence the functions of leukocytes favourably.

PMID- 2403342
TI  - Interaction of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from human heart with thiamine
      pyrophosphate.
AB  - Preparations of a highly purified pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) from human
      heart contain endogenous thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) in an amount accounting for
      about 10% of the maximum activity. At pH values of 7.5 and 8.0, the effective
      Michaelis constants with respect to exogenous TPP for the PDC apoenzyme form were
      0.22 microM and 1.8 microM, respectively.

PMID- 2403343
TI  - Local and systemic effects of organ hypoxia detected by chemiluminescence and
      photochemiluminescence.
AB  - Perfusate, blood plasma and tissue homogenate were investigated by H2O2
      stimulated chemiluminescence (CL) and photochemiluminescence (PCL) during
      experimental liver and kidney transplantation. The canine kidneys were perfused
      prior to reimplantation for 68 h at 4 degrees C. The increase of the H2O2 CL of
      the perfusate correlated positively with the LDH activity. After ischemic load of
      the liver, the antioxidative capacity (AC) of the tissue as determined by PCL
      decreases. After transplantation of the stored liver (1 h, 4 degrees C) an
      increased AC is observed in peripheral blood. This increase is lower after
      addition of ascorbate to the preservation solution. The results allow to conclude
      that both methods are suitable for the characterization of the organ status after
      hypoxic injury during conservation.

PMID- 2403344
TI  - Frequency of Mg, Nya, Sc 2 and Wra antigens and antibodies in central Slovakia.
AB  - In randomly selected thousands-sized samples of the Central Slovakian population
      the following proportions of antigen (antibody) positivity were found: 0% for Mg
      (0.158% for anti-Mg), 0% for Nya (0.008% for anti-Nya), 0.284% for Sc 2 (0% for
      anti-Sc 2) and 0% for Wra (0.035% for anti-Wra). The difference between the
      antigen and antibody occurrence is statistically significant (alpha = 0.01) for
      Mg as well as for Sc 2. The found Mg and Nya frequency is comparable to that in
      the world but is significantly lower than in Switzerland and Norway,
      respectively; the frequency of antigens Sc 2 and Wra in Czechoslovakia is
      generally significantly lower.

PMID- 2403345
TI  - The primary structure of rat ribosomal protein S13.
AB  - The covalent structure of the rat 40S ribosomal subunit protein S13 was deduced
      from the sequence of nucleotides in a recombinant cDNA and confirmed from the NH2
      terminal amino acid sequence of the protein. Rat S13 contains 150 amino acids
      (the NH2-terminal methionine is removed after translation of the mRNA) and has a
      molecular weight of 17,080. Hybridization of a S13 cDNA to digests of nuclear DNA
      suggests that there are 8-10 copies of the gene for the protein. The mRNA for the
      protein is about 620 nucleotides in length. Rat S13 is related to Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae YS15 and to Halobacterium marismortui S11. The protein contains a
      possible internal duplication of 12 residues.

PMID- 2403346
TI  - Regiospecificity in the hydroxylation of lauric acid by rainbow trout hepatic
      cytochrome P450 isozymes.
AB  - The catalytic activity of two hepatic cytochrome P450 isozymes from untreated
      rainbow trout towards lauric acid was investigated. In a reconstituted system,
      cytochrome P450 LMC1 and P450 LMC2 were found to catalyze exclusively the omega-
      and (omega-1)-hydroxylation of lauric acid, respectively. Microsomal enzyme
      inhibition studies with polyclonal antibodies raised against the individual P450
      isozymes showed that P450 LMC1 and LMC2, respectively, accounted for most if not
      all the omega- and (omega-1)-lauric acid hydroxylase activity of trout liver
      microsomes. The polyclonal antibodies were highly specific in that they only
      inhibited the enzyme activity of the P450 used as the immunogen. These results
      illustrate that as in mammals, omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxylation of lauric acid
      by trout liver microsomes can be carried out separately by distinct isozymes of
      cytochrome P450.

PMID- 2403347
TI  - Actin critical concentration optimizes at intermediate [cytochalasin B]/[actin]
      ratios.
AB  - Effect of cytochalasin B on actin critical concentration has been assayed using
      the fluorescence enhancement of pyrene-labeled actin. A peak effect of
      cytochalasin B on the critical concentration is observed in the presence of
      either 100 mM K+, or 100 mM K+ plus 2 mM Mg2+. This may result from two competing
      activities of cytochalasin B, one associated with its capping activity to the
      barbed end of actin filaments, and the other associated with its lateral binding
      site(s) along the filaments resulting in a severing activity of cytochalasin B.

PMID- 2403348
TI  - Enzymatic properties of active form of human apolipoprotein (a).
AB  - Lipoproteins (d = 1.05-1.12 g/ml) were obtained from pooled serum by density
      gradient ultracentrifugation and used as a source for isolation of apolipoprotein
      (a) (apo(a]. It was found that both these lipoproteins and purified apo(a)
      possess negligible amidolytic and proteolytic activity. After preincubation of
      lipoproteins and apo(a) with collagen-Sepharose, the increase in enzymatic
      activity was observed. The activation of purified apo(a) also occurred upon its
      storage in the cold. After two week storage at 7 degrees C, the amidase activity,
      as measured by splitting of the substrate D-Pro-Phe-Arg-pNA, was increased from
      0.009 U/mg to 0.85 U/mg. The amidase activity was completely inhibited by
      phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (10(-3) M) and by soybean trypsin inhibitor (10(-5)
      M); it was not inhibited by aprotinin (10(-6) M). Activated apo(a) did not split
      azocasein but converted plasma prekallikrein to kallikrein and degraded
      apolipoprotein B-100.

PMID- 2403349
TI  - Identification of an endogenous activator of calpain in rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - An additional component of the regulatory system of rat skeletal muscle calpain
      has been identified. It exerts a potent activating effect on calpain activity and
      is a heat stable small molecular weight protein. Of the two calpain isozymes
      present in muscle, the activator is specific for calpain II, being uneffective
      with calpain I. It promotes activation of the proteinase by reducing 50 fold,
      from 1 mM to of 20 microM, the requirement of Ca2+ for maximum catalytic activity
      of the proteinase. However in the presence of the activator calpain II expresses
      a consistent fraction of the maximum activity even at significantly lower
      concentrations of Ca2+ (below 5 microM Ca2+). The activator effect follows
      kinetics that are consistent with the presence of specific binding sites on the
      calpain molecules. The activator not only removes in a dose dependent fashion the
      inhibition of calpain by calpastatin, but also prevents inhibition of the
      proteinase upon the addition of calpastatin. Competition experiments revealed
      that the proteinase contains distinct sites for the activator and the inhibitor,
      and that both ligands can bind to calpain with the formation of an almost fully
      active ternary complex.

PMID- 2403350
TI  - A retinoic acid responsive gene, MK, produces a secreted protein with heparin
      binding activity.
AB  - MK is a gene whose expression increases transiently during retinoic acid-induced
      differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells. MK polypeptide was secreted by
      differentiating HM-1 embryonal carcinoma cells and by L-cells transfected with an
      MK cDNA under the control of the beta-actin promoter and Rous sarcoma virus
      enhancer. MK polypeptide was found to have heparin binding activity. Conditioned
      medium of the transfected L-cells promoted growth of PC-12 pheochromocytoma
      cells. These findings support the view that MK polypeptide is a secreted factor
      involved in regulation of growth and differentiation.

PMID- 2403351
TI  - Contrasting effects of phorbol dibutyrate and phorbol myristate acetate in rabbit
      aorta.
AB  - In rat hepatocytes, active phorbol esters inhibited the alpha 1-adrenergic
      stimulation of phosphatidylinositol labeling with the expected potency order:
      phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) greater than phorbol dibutyrate (PDB). In
      contrast, in rabbit aorta the alpha 1-adrenergic action was inhibited dose
      dependently by PDB but not by PMA. Similarly PDB (but not PMA) induced a strong
      contraction in rabbit aorta. The phorbol ester-induced contraction developed
      slowly, was dose-dependent and independent of extracellular calcium. These
      effects of PDB in rabbit aorta were neither inhibited by the protein kinase
      inhibitor H-7 nor mimicked by the synthetic diacylglycerol, OAG. Our results
      raise some doubts on the mechanism(s) through which the actions of PDB take place
      in rabbit aorta.

PMID- 2403352
TI  - Binding sites for calcium-activated neutral protease on erythrocyte membranes are
      not membrane phospholipids.
AB  - In order to explore the binding sites for calcium-activated neutral protease
      (CANP) with high calcium sensitivity (muCANP) on the inner surface of human
      erythrocyte membranes, we analyzed the binding of muCANP to two kinds of
      membranes modified by treatment with phospholipase C or Triton X-100. Binding
      analyses were performed using an immunoblot technique. The amount of muCANP bound
      to phospholipase C-treated inside-out vesicles was essentially the same as that
      bound to untreated inside-out vesicles. It was also observed that muCANP binds to
      Triton X-100-treated membranes, in which most of the integral proteins and
      glycerophospholipids are removed while the lining proteins remain intact. In both
      types of modified membrane, the bound muCANP was rapdily converted to an active
      form by autolysis at physiological free Ca2+ concentrations. These results
      indicate that the binding sites for muCANP on the inner surface of erythrocyte
      membranes consist of components other than membrane phospholipids. In addition,
      it is suggested that one of the binding sites for muCANP is some lining protein.

PMID- 2403353
TI  - A carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) binding protein from ascites influences CEA
      uptake by macrophages.
AB  - A variant of CEA which is less readily endocytosed by macrophages has been
      isolated from malignant ascites. In vivo, CEA is cleared more slowly by the liver
      (t1/2 = 15.1 minutes) than CEAs isolated from hepatic metastases (t1/2 = 3.1
      minutes). In vitro, rat and human Kupffer cells and rat alveolar macrophages
      endocytose this CEA less effectively. This slow clearing form of CEA is
      associated with a smaller (45kD) acidic glycoprotein (CORA) with which it forms a
      stable complex. CORA can be visualized on reducing gels but not on non reducing
      gels or by HPLC run under non reducing conditions. This suggests a non-covalent
      complex between the two glycoproteins. Analysis of protein conformation by
      circular dichroism revealed changes in the ascites CEA consistent with binding of
      CORA to the molecule. Western blot showed that CORA crossreacts with antisera to
      alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and double immunodiffusion demonstrated cross
      reactivity but not identify. Sequencing of CNBr peptides showed sequence homology
      with alpha 1-acid glycoprotein but areas of unique sequence were also found. It
      is suggested that binding of CORA to CEA blocks the macrophage receptor binding
      of CEA.

PMID- 2403354
TI  - Human urate oxidase gene: cloning and partial sequence analysis reveal a stop
      codon within the fifth exon.
AB  - Using the cDNA and selected genomic probes of rat urate oxidase, we have screened
      the human genomic library and isolated seven clones; one clone (clone 13)
      contained exonic regions which correspond to the exons 5, 6, and 7 of rat urate
      oxidase gene. The nucleotide sequence was determined for these three exons and
      exon/intron junctions, and compared with the sequence from the rat gene. A
      mutation resulting in a stop codon TGA was found in the fifth exon of the human
      urate oxidase gene. Sequence analysis of the polymerase chain reaction amplified
      DNA, corresponding to the fifth exon of urate oxidase from DNA samples from four
      different individuals, confirmed the same TGA stop codon in all. This single stop
      codon mutation and/or other mutation(s) in this gene may be responsible for the
      lack of urate oxidase activity in the human.

PMID- 2403355
TI  - Primary structure of vitamin K-dependent human protein Z.
AB  - The primary structure of a vitamin K-dependent human protein Z was determined by
      a combination of analyses of 41 amino acid residues of the NH2-terminal region
      and 1265 nucleotide base pairs of a cDNA encoding the residual COOH-terminal part
      of the protein and the 3' noncoding region. Human protein Z has 360 amino acid
      residues which is less than that of bovine protein Z containing 396 residues.
      Human protein Z was composed of an NH2-terminal domain rich in gamma
      carboxyglutamic acids, two epidermal growth factor-like domains and a COOH
      terminal serine protease-like domain as was bovine protein Z.

PMID- 2403357
TI  - Basic fibroblast growth factor in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - We have examined the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) in normal
      and in Alzheimer brains, studied the distribution of the mitogen by
      immunohistochemical techniques, measured the quantities of growth factor in
      selected areas of the brain (Brodmann areas 10/11 and 20/21), characterized the
      molecular forms by Western blotting and determined its sites of synthesis by in
      situ hybridization. Although the same molecular forms of basic FGF are found in
      control and Alzheimer brains, basic FGF is increased in the brains of Alzheimer's
      patients. Furthermore, basic FGF is not distributed in an identical fashion to
      normal and Alzheimer brains, but is found in association with the lesions that
      characterize this disease. In normal controls (n = 5), basic FGF was found to be
      widely distributed throughout the three brain regions examined (prefrontal
      cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus). Immunoreactivity was observed within
      astrocytes in both the grey and white matter, as well as within neuronal
      perikarya. Brain tissues that were obtained from Alzheimer patients (N = 4)
      showed a substantial increase in the overall specific staining of astrocytes and
      neurons, particularly in areas of reactive gliosis. Focal concentration of
      immunoreactive basic FGF was evident within the neuritic plaques, and could be
      clearly seen in association with the neurofibrillary tangles present within
      neuronal perikarya. The possibility that basic FGF expression in the CNS is
      linked to the pathogenesis of the disease is discussed.

PMID- 2403356
TI  - cDNA cloning and sequencing of component C8 of proteasomes from rat hepatoma
      cells.
AB  - The primary structure of component C8 of rat proteasomes (multicatalytic
      proteinase complexes) has been determined by sequencing on isolated cDNA clone.
      C8 consists of 255 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of
      28,417. These values are consistent with those obtained by protein chemical
      analyses. Computer-assisted homology comparison showed that C8 is a new protein,
      differing from all proteins reported so far. The overall amino acid sequence of
      C8 resembles those of most other components of proteasomes reported, such as
      components C2, C3 and C9 of rat proteasomes and certain components of other
      eukaryotic proteasomes, such as those of Drosophila and yeast, but shows little
      similarity with component C5 of rat proteasomes. C8 showed particularly close
      structural similarity to component YC1 of yeast proteasomes, suggesting that C8
      has been highly conserved during evolution and functions ubiquitously in all
      eukaryotes.

PMID- 2403358
TI  - Molecular cloning of androgen receptors from divergent species with a polymerase
      chain reaction technique: complete cDNA sequence of the mouse androgen receptor
      and isolation of androgen receptor cDNA probes from dog, guinea pig and clawed
      frog.
AB  - We have cloned and sequenced 2.8 kilobases of cDNA encoding the mouse androgen
      receptor by RNA amplification with transcript sequencing. Sequence analysis
      predicts that this cDNA contains an open reading frame of 2697 nucleotides
      encoding a polypeptide of 899 amino acids. Androgen receptor cDNA probes of dog,
      guinea pig, and frog were also isolated and sequenced using consensus primers
      derived from human and rat androgen receptor cDNAs. Northern blot analysis with
      the species-specific probes revealed similarities in size between amphibian and
      mammalian mRNAs. These results demonstrate the utility of this technique in
      obtaining nucleic acid probes and sequence information of steroid receptors from
      different species. The sequence data and the Northern blot analysis of the
      receptors in different species demonstrate that the androgen receptor has been
      well-conserved during evolution.

PMID- 2403359
TI  - A comparison between the binding modes of a substrate and inhibitor to papain as
      observed in complex crystal structures.
AB  - On the basis of the crystal structures of papain complexed with the substrate
      analogue benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-alanine chloromethyl-ketone (Drenth,
      J., Kalk, K.H., and Swen, H.M. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 3731-3738) and with the
      inhibitor E-64-c, the binding modes were compared at the atomic level to clarify
      the functional difference between the substrate and inhibitor. Irrespective of
      the reverse chemical bonding in the peptide bonds, both the molecules are located
      at the S subsites of papain with similar interactions. However, the inhibitory
      activity of E-64-c is characterized by the stereochemical function of a
      carboxyoxirane ring and the tight binding of the isopentylaminoleucyl side chain
      to the S subsites.

PMID- 2403361
TI  - Addition of serum to electroporated cells enhances survival and transfection
      efficiency.
AB  - Optimal electroporation efficiency of many cell types is associated with poor
      survival. We show that serum rapidly reseals the membranes of electroporated
      cells and that timely addition of serum following electroporation can improve
      cell survival and transfection efficiency.

PMID- 2403360
TI  - Disulfide isoforms of recombinant glia maturation factor beta.
AB  - Recombinant human glia maturation factor beta (r-hGMF-beta) is a single-chain
      polypeptide (141 amino acid residues) containing three cysteines, at positions 7,
      86 and 95. Nascent r-hGMF-beta exists in the reduced state and has no biological
      activity. The protein can be activated through oxidative refolding by incubation
      with a mixture of reduced and oxidized glutathione. Reverse-phase HPLC analysis
      of the refolded r-hGMF-beta shows the presence of four peaks, corresponding to
      the reduced form plus three newly generated intrachain disulfide-containing
      isoforms predicted from the number of cysteine residues. Only one isoform shows
      biological activity when tested for growth suppression on C6 glioma cells. We
      infer from the HPLC elution pattern that the active form contains the disulfide
      bridge Cys86-Cys95.

PMID- 2403362
TI  - A rat brain cytosolic N-methyltransferase(s) activity converting
      phosphorylethanolamine into phosphorylcholine.
AB  - It had been previously speculated upon but never proved that the methylation of
      phosphorylethanolamine could contribute to the production of choline containing
      compounds. However, experimental evidence obtained with neuronal cultures was
      interpreted as showing that the stepwise methylation of phosphobases may be an
      important route for this biosynthesis. We demonstrate that cytosolic fraction
      from rat brain possesses a N-methyltransferase activity capable of methylating
      phosphorylethanolamine and its mono- and dimethyl-derivatives into
      phosphorylcholine. The level of activity detectable in rat liver cytosol is only
      18% of that found in the brain cytosol.

PMID- 2403363
TI  - Two angiotensin II binding sites in rat brain revealed using [125I]Sar1, Ile8
      angiotensin II and selective nonpeptide antagonists.
AB  - [125I]Sar1, Ile8 angiotensin II labeled two distinct binding sites in rat brain.
      The displacement potencies of WL-19, a selective ligand for the angiotensin II
      subtype 2 receptor, angiotensin II and related peptides indicated that one
      binding site in the rat brain is the same as the adrenal angiotensin subtype 2
      receptor. The second binding site in rat brain was displaced by the selective
      angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor antagonist DuP-753; however, the displacement
      potencies of angiotensin II, angiotensin III and Ile7-angiotensin III were
      significantly less than at the adrenal angiotensin subtype 1 receptor. The data
      suggests that this binding site in rat brain may represent an angiotensin II
      receptor subtype which shares some characteristics with the adrenal angiotensin
      subtype 1 receptor.

PMID- 2403364
TI  - Activation of rat glutathione transferases in class mu by active oxygen species.
AB  - The activities of rat glutathione transferases (GSTs) 3-3, 3-4, 4-4 in Class mu
      towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) but not 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene
      were increased up to 5-fold during preincubation with 0.4 mM xanthine and
      xanthine oxidase in 50 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.8, containing 0.1 mM EDTA.
      The activated GST 3-4, purified by S-hexylglutathione affinity chromatography
      after the treatment, had a higher specific activity (130 units/mg) than that of
      the nontreated (35 units/mg), the Km and Vmax values for glutathione or CDNB also
      were increased. Other rat GSTs in Class alpha and pi were inactivated by the same
      treatment. In the presence of superoxide dismutase, the activation of GST 3-4 did
      not occur.

PMID- 2403365
TI  - The biogenesis of glycogen: nature of the carbohydrate in the protein primer.
AB  - Glycogen synthesis in rabbit muscle takes place on an autocatalytic protein that
      glucosylates itself to form a maltosaccharide that in turn primes the actions of
      glycogen synthase and branching enzyme to form glycogen. Here we show that in the
      form in which the protein is isolated from muscle it already contains one
      molecular proportion of a maltosaccharide ranging in length from 2 to 8 glucose
      residues. Self-glucosylation consists in the lengthening of all the chains to
      become malto-octaose.

PMID- 2403366
TI  - Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme by L-alanyl-4 or 5-substituted-L
      prolines and their N alpha-phosphoryl-derivatives.
AB  - A series of L-alanyl-4 or 5-substituted L-prolines, such as L-alanyl-L
      thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, L-alanyl-5-oxo-L-proline, L-alanyl-trans-4
      hydroxy-L-proline and L-alanyl-cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline as well as their
      corresponding N alpha-phosphoryl derivatives, were synthesized and studied for
      inhibition against angiotensin converting enzyme. Furanacryloyl-phenylalanyl
      glycyl-glycine was used as substrate in 50 mM Tris hydrochloride buffer at pH 7.5
      containing 1 microM zinc acetate. N alpha-Phosphoryl-L-alanyl-L-thiazolidine-4
      carboxylic acid and N alpha-phosphoryl-L-alanyl-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline
      competitively inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme with Ki values of 68 microM
      and 89.3 microM, respectively. Smaller inhibition against angiotensin converting
      enzyme was obtained with the rest of compounds studied here.

PMID- 2403367
TI  - Increased liver alanine in the tumour-bearing host. Altered levels of some
      enzymes involved in alanine metabolism.
AB  - A 2-fold increase in hepatic alanine concentration was observed in rats bearing a
      Walker 256 carcinoma growing sub-cutaneously. Decreases were observed in the
      activities of both cytosolic and mitochondrial isozyme forms of L-alanine-2
      oxoglutarate aminotransferase. Activities of two enzymes involved in a secondary
      pathway of haem synthesis involving alanine, L-alanine-4,5-dioxovalerate
      aminotransferase and the NADP-requiring isozyme form of 4-oxo-5-hydroxyvalerate
      dehydrogenase were also reduced but there was no change in liver porphyrin
      concentration. L-alanine-glyoxalate aminotransferase activity was unaffected. The
      results are discussed in relation to the utilisation of alanine as a
      gluconeogenic substrate in the tumor-bearing host.

PMID- 2403369
TI  - Effect of fatty-acyl-CoAs on the elongation of saturated fatty acid in porcine
      aorta microsomes.
AB  - The microsomal elongation system from porcine aorta for longchain fatty-acyl-CoAs
      was investigated. Palmitoleoyl-CoA (16:1-CoA), oleoyl-CoA (18:1-CoA), and
      eicosenoyl-CoA (20:1-CoA) remarkably depressed the elongation activity for 16:0
      CoA in aorta microsomes by 44.8, 52.4, and 43.7% of the control activity,
      respectively. Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty-acyl-CoAs had little effect on
      the 16:0-CoA elongation activity. These results indicate that monounsaturated
      long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs can regulate the synthesis of saturated fatty acids in
      the vessel walls.

PMID- 2403368
TI  - Role of the autonomic nervous system in cyclophosphamide-induced heart
      mitochondrial dysfunction in rats.
AB  - This study was designed to clarify mechanisms responsible for cyclophosphamide
      induced cardiotoxicity. Rats were divided into 2 groups: the cyclophosphamide
      group, which received cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally once a day
      for 4 consecutive days; and the control group, which remained untreated. In each
      group, myocardial mitochondrial respiratory function, enzymic activities in the
      respiratory chain, and ventricular acetylcholine and norepinephrine
      concentrations were measured. In the cyclophosphamide group, decreases in
      mitochondrial respiratory function and in enzymic activities in the respiratory
      chain were observed compared with those of the control group. Administration with
      cyclophosphamide caused increases in acetylcholine and norepinephrine in the
      myocardium. As an increase in tissue acetylcholine level is reported to be linked
      with the genesis of myocardial damage, we conclude that cyclophosphamide-induced
      cardiotoxicity is closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction and that
      alterations in the autonomic nervous system might be related to this dysfunction.

PMID- 2403370
TI  - In vivo estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity of phenolphthalein and derivative
      compounds.
AB  - The estrogenic activity of phenolphthalein and other related triphenylmethane
      dyes was evaluated in vivo in the immature rat uterus. Phenolphthalein behaved as
      a partial agonist of estradiol in stimulating the growth of rat uterus. Other
      specific estrogenic effects of the dye included an increase of the uterine DNA
      content, histological changes and induction of estrogen-modulated secretory
      proteins. The progressive introduction of side chains in the triphenylmethane
      skeleton concomitantly decreased the estrogenic activity. Triphenylmethanes
      competed with [3H]estradiol for the binding to the estrogen receptor in vitro,
      the relative binding affinity being correlated with the estrogenic potency
      observed in vivo. Phenolphthalein also showed antiestrogenic activity that could
      be overcome by increasing the dose of estradiol.

PMID- 2403371
TI  - Subcellular distribution of N-ethylmaleimide-stimulatable glutathione S
      transferase activity in rat liver. Evidence of localization of glutathione S
      transferase in peroxisomal membrane.
AB  - Subcellular distribution of glutathione S-transferase activity was investigated
      as stimulated form by N-ethylmaleimide in rat liver. The stimulated glutathione S
      transferase activity was localized in mitochondrial and lysosomal fractions
      besides microsomes. Among N-ethylmaleimide-treated submitochondrial fractions,
      glutathione S-transferase activity was stimulated only in outer mitochondrial
      membrane fraction. In lysosomal fraction, it was suggested that glutathione S
      transferase activity in peroxisomes, which is immunochemically related to
      microsomal transferase, was also stimulated, but not in lysosomes.

PMID- 2403372
TI  - Inhibitory effect of thiols on the degradation of albumin by human spleen
      cathepsin D.
AB  - The degradation of native albumin by human spleen cathepsin D was inhibited by
      GSH, cysteine and cysteamine. The thiols existing physiologically also inhibited
      reduced-carboxymethylated albumin, indicating that these thiols react
      preferentially with the enzyme itself rather than the substrate. The inhibitions
      of native albumin proteolysis were dose-dependent. These effects of thiols which
      have not been observed in other animal cathepsin D, suggest an essential function
      for cathepsin D in the human spleen.

PMID- 2403373
TI  - Antioxidant capacity of allopurinol in biological systems.
AB  - The antioxidant capacity of allopurinol was investigated in three biological
      systems by measurements of visible chemiluminescence, oxygen uptake and
      production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The addition of
      allopurinol to rat brain homogenates undergoing autoxidation and erythrocyte
      ghost membranes supplemented with 2,2'-azo-bis-(2-amidinopropane), in
      concentrations up to 2 mM, has a negligible effect on lipid peroxidation
      development. In erythrocyte ghost membranes exposed to gamma irradiation (9.5
      Gy/min), allopurinol inhibits the radiation-induced lipid peroxidation with a
      Q(1/2) of 2.0 mM. It is suggested that allopurinol may have an alternative
      antioxidant pathway of action in biological systems, probably through a
      scavenging action upon hydroxyl radicals.

PMID- 2403374
TI  - Steroid interactions with plasma membrane of decidual endometrium of the rat.
AB  - Plasma membranes were purified from deciduoma of pseudopregnant rats, rat liver
      and intestine, and calf uterus. Steroid binding evaluated with deciduoma plasma
      membranes showed competitive progestin binding, in contrast with estradiol
      binding which was nondisplaceable as measured by competition binding assay. When
      the photosensitive steroid [3H]-R5020 was photocrosslinked to plasma membrane,
      binding was reduced competitively by either progesterone or R5020. These results
      indicate that the decidual cell plasma membrane contains specific sites for
      interactions with progestins.

PMID- 2403375
TI  - Base sequence specificity of three 2-chloroethylnitrosoureas.
AB  - Chemical modifications of guanine are some of the most common results of
      interactions of DNA with many carcinogens and anti-cancer drugs, including
      nitrosoureas, nitrogen mustards, triazenes, polycyclic aromatics, and aflatoxins.
      The base sequence specificity for alkylation of guanines by three 2
      chloroethylnitrosoureas has been determined. Guanines in the midst of a run of
      guanines are more susceptible than guanines in other base sequences. We have
      shown that certain 2-chloroethylnitrosoureas (BCNU, CCNU and methyl-CCNU) follow
      this same pattern. However, the quantitative degree of higher specificity for
      guanine with guanines as nearest neighbors depended on both the guanine position
      alkylated and the structure of the alkyl group attached. For example, when
      hydroxyethylation of runs of guanine occurred at N-7, a 6- to 11-fold increase of
      alkylation occurred compared to that found in the random base sequences of DNA,
      while hydroxyethylation at O-6 increased 1.2 to 3.5-fold and chloroethylation at
      N-7 was 2-to 4-fold higher than in DNA. Guanines with thymines on both the 3' and
      5' sides were much less susceptible, most notably in N-7-hydroxyethylation and N
      7-chloroethylation. Since guanine-rich regions are found in regulatory regions of
      the genome, knowledge concerning the effect of base sequence upon the production
      of each of the potential DNA lesions is vital to gaining an understanding of the
      roles of these lesions in the anti-tumor activity of a drug.

PMID- 2403376
TI  - Metabolism of acetaminophen by cultured rat hepatocytes. Depletion of protein
      thiol groups without any loss of viability.
AB  - Over the course of 4 hr, the metabolism of acetaminophen (APAP) by cultured rat
      hepatocytes resulted in a depletion of protein thiols and an accumulation of
      oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in the medium. With 20 mM APAP, arylation and the
      formation of glutathione mixed disulfides accounted for a loss of 22% of the
      total protein thiols in the absence of any loss of viability. With 20 mM APAP and
      an inhibition of glutathione reductase by 1.3-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea
      (BCNU), protein thiols were depleted by 40% by arylation and the formation of
      glutathione mixed disulfides, again without a loss of viability. With 20 mM APAP
      and BCNU in the presence of 20 mM deferoxamine, there was still little or no cell
      killing after 8 hr despite a loss now of almost 60% of the total protein thiols.
      These data do not support the hypothesis that a depletion of protein thiols is
      related to the toxicity of APAP. One millimolar APAP and BCNU killed 60% of the
      hepatocytes within 4 hr. In this circumstance, the loss of protein thiols was not
      attributable to either arylation by APAP metabolites or the formation of
      glutathione mixed disulfides. The antioxidant N,N'-diphenyl-phenylenediamine
      prevented the cell killing and the loss of protein thiols, a result implicating a
      role for lipid peroxidation in the depletion of protein-bound thiols. However,
      protein thiol depletion under these circumstances is not necessarily related to
      the lethal cell injury and most likely represents an epiphenomenon of the
      peroxidation of cellular lipids.

PMID- 2403377
TI  - Gold(I) efflux from auranofin-treated red blood cells. Evidence for a glutathione
      gold-albumin metabolite.
AB  - The efflux of gold from red blood cells (RBCs) exposed to 10-100 microM auranofin
      [the second generation chrysotherapy agent, triethylphosphine-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O
      acetyl-1-beta-D-glucopyranosato -S-)gold(I)] was studied. RBCs in whole blood
      were allowed to accumulate gold, and then were placed in fresh plasma or buffered
      saline solution. In plasma, the kinetics of efflux were first order in gold with
      an apparent rate constant of 0.81 +/- 0.18 hr-1. Serum albumin, in plasma or
      added to a buffered solution, shifted the equilibrium between intra- and
      extracellular gold in favor of the latter (compared to saline solution).
      [14C]Glutathione, generated by in situ labeling, also effluxed and associated
      with the albumin and gold, providing the first direct evidence that the albumin
      gold-glutathione complex (AlbSAuSG) may be a circulating metabolite of auranofin
      formed after both of the original ligands of auranofin are displaced.

PMID- 2403378
TI  - Ceftriaxone binding to human serum albumin. Indirect displacement by probenecid
      and diazepam.
AB  - In vitro protein binding studies were conducted to examine the interaction
      between ceftriaxone (CEF), probenecid (PROB) and diazepam (DIAZ). The presence of
      PROB and DIAZ at concentrations equal to molar albumin concentration caused a
      decrease in CEF affinity from 3.7 x 10(4) M-1 (control) to 1.1 x 10(4) (PROB) and
      2.6 x 10(4) (DIAZ) M-1, but not in binding capacity in pooled human plasma. PROB
      and DIAZ at five times the molar albumin concentration also caused a decrease in
      CEF affinity from 4.5 x 10(4) M-1 (control) to 0.45 x 10(4) (PROB) and 3.0 x
      10(4) (DIAZ) M-1 in isolated human serum albumin. DIAZ and PROB displaced one
      another, confirming their common binding site (Site II, the benzodiazepine site)
      on serum albumin. By contrast, CEF was unable to displace either PROB or DIAZ
      from defatted albumin. In the presence of elevated free fatty acid concentrations
      (four times the albumin concentration), CEF decreased the binding of both drugs.
      CEF free fraction (fp) in isolated human serum albumin (CEF fp = 7.7%) was
      increased by drugs which bind to Site I: sulfisoxazole (CEF fp = 68.1%), warfarin
      (CEF fp = 56.0%) and furosemide (CEF fp = 55.0%). At ten times the molar
      concentration of albumin, CEF displaced both warfarin (warfarin fp from 0.99 to
      2.20%) and phenytoin (phenytoin fp from 17.7 to 23.4%) from defatted albumin. CEF
      appeared to bind to Site I (the warfarin site) on human serum albumin, and was
      displaced by PROB and DIAZ via a mechanism which did not involve direct
      competition at a common binding site.

PMID- 2403379
TI  - Monoclonal antibody-directed characterization of benzene, ethoxyresorufin and
      pentoxyresorufin metabolism in rat liver microsomes.
AB  - The contribution of cytochrome P450IA, P450IIB, P450IICII and P450IIEI to the
      oxidative metabolism of benzene, 7-ethoxyresorufin and 7-pentoxyresorufin was
      investigated using monoclonal antibodies (MAb) in liver microsomes from fed, one
      day fasted, phenobarbital (PB)-, 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)- and ethanol-treated
      rats. Overall catalytic activity varied with different pretreatments and thereby
      the contribution of different P450s. MAb 1-91-3 against P450IIE1 did not
      influence alkoxyresorufin dealkylation but inhibited benzene aromatic hydroxylase
      (BAH) in relation to its increasing inducibility as follows: MC, PB (less than or
      equal to 48%) less than fed (less than or equal to 59%) less than fasted (less
      than or equal to 70%) less than ethanol (less than or equal to 91%). MAbs 2-66-3,
      4-7-1 and 4-29-5, all against P450IIB, had no effect on 7-ethoxyresorufin O
      deethylase (EROD) but inhibited the activities of high-Km BAH (greater than or
      equal to 58%) and 7-pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (PROD) (greater than or equal
      to 96%) in PB-treated microsomes. MAb 1-7-1 against P450IA inhibited EROD (79%),
      PROD (50%) and high-Km BAH (42%) activities in MC-microsomes. MAb 1-68-11 against
      P450IIC11 inhibited EROD, PROD and high-Km BAH activities. Thus, P450IIE1
      contributed to benzene metabolism as a low-Km BAH but not to alkoxyresorufin
      metabolism. P450IIB was responsible besides for the major part of 7
      pentoxyresorufin metabolism also, selectively, for benzene hydroxylation at high
      benzene concentrations. P450IA contributed primarily to 7-ethoxyresorufin
      metabolism and only slightly to PROD and high-Km BAH activities. P450IIC11
      contributed slightly to high-Km BAH and to alkoxyresorufin metabolism.

PMID- 2403380
TI  - In vivo and in vitro peroxisome proliferation properties of selected clofibrate
      analogues in the rat. Structure-activity relationships.
AB  - We have examined, relative to clofibric acid (CPIB), the effects of a chemical
      series of phenoxyacetic acids and of two asymmetric CPIB analogues, the R(+)- and
      S(-)-enantiomers of 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid (4-CPPA) and 2-(4
      chlorophenoxy)butyric acid (4-CPBA), on hepatic peroxisome proliferation both in
      vivo and in vitro utilizing cholesterol-fed rats and primary cultured rat
      hepatocytes respectively. Peroxisome proliferation was assessed by measuring
      changes in peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase (FACO) and microsomal laurate
      hydroxylase (LH) activities as well as by electron microscopic examination of
      3,3'-diaminobenzidine-stained liver slices. CPIB and enantiomers of 4-CPPA and 4
      CPBA (0.6 mmol/kg/day for 7 days) produced hepatomegaly, lowered serum
      cholesterol levels, and caused 4.7- to 12.9-fold and 2.9- to 6.1-fold increases
      in hepatic FACO and LH activities, respectively, in cholesterol-fed rats.
      Electron micrographs of liver cells showed an increased number of peroxisomes
      from cholesterol-fed rats given S(-)-4-CPBA and CPIB. Likewise, these compounds
      (0.03 to 1.0 mM) induced FACO and LH in primary rat hepatocyte cultures after 72
      hr. R(+)- and S(-)-Enantiomers of 4-CPPA produced similar concentration-dependent
      and maximal increases in both FACO and LH activities, whereas enantiomeric
      selectivity [S(-) greater than R(+)] for the induction of these two enzymes was
      observed with the isomers of 4-CPBA. The increases in the activities of FACO and
      LH caused by S(-)-4-CPBA were similar to those elicited by 1.0 mM CPIB (58.6- and
      9.8-fold respectively). These results show that the enantiomers of 4-CPPA and 4
      CPBA induce the peroxisome proliferation-associated enzymes FACO and LH in vivo
      and in vitro, and that the S(-)-isomer of 4-CPBA causes a greater induction of
      FACO and LH in vitro than its corresponding R(+)-isomer, indicating that these
      two enzymes are induced in an enantioselective manner. Optimal induction of the
      peroxisome proliferation-associated enzymes FACO and LH in rat hepatocyte
      cultures was produced by phenoxyacetic acids possessing (1) a chlorine atom at
      the 4-position of the phenyl ring, (2) a dimethyl or mono-ethyl substitution at
      the alpha-carbon atom of the carboxylic acid side chain; and (3) an S(-)
      orientation for chiral analogues possessing a mono-ethyl group at the alpha
      carbon atom of the carboxylic acid side chain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2403381
TI  - Comparative metabolism of benzene and trans,trans-muconaldehyde to trans,trans
      muconic acid in DBA/2N and C57BL/6 mice.
AB  - Our laboratory recently identified trans,trans-muconaldehyde (MUC), a six-carbon
      diene dialdehyde, as a hematotoxic microsomal metabolite of benzene (Latriano et
      al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 8356-8360, 1986). We also showed that MUC is
      metabolized in vitro to trans,trans-muconic acid (MA), a six-carbon diene
      dicarboxylic acid and known urinary metabolite of benzene. To elucidate further
      the role of ring-opened metabolites in benzene toxicity, the metabolism of
      benzene and MUC was examined in the benzene sensitive DBA/2N mouse strain and the
      less benzene sensitive C57BL/6 strain. A sensitive assay for urinary MA analysis
      was developed. The percent of benzene dose excreted as urinary MA within the
      first 24 hr after treatment decreased with an increase in benzene dose, i.e. from
      9.8 to 0.4% in DBA/2N mice and from 17.6 to 0.2% in C57BL/6 mice treated with 0.5
      to 880 mg/kg benzene. DBA/2N mice excreted significantly (P less than or equal to
      0.05) more MA compared with C57BL/6 mice after treatment with hematotoxic benzene
      doses (220-880 mg/kg). At low benzene doses (0.5 to 2.5 mg/kg), C57BL/6 mice
      excreted significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) more MA compared with
      DBA/2N mice. There were no significant differences in the metabolism of MUC to MA
      between the two strains after treatment with 0.5 to 3.0 mg/kg. Furthermore, mice
      from both strains excreted similar amounts of muconic acid when treated with 0.7
      to 7.1 mg/kg MA. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that reactive
      ring-opened metabolites such as trans,trans-muconaldehyde play a role in benzene
      hematotoxicity. Sensitivity towards benzene may be due, in part, to increased
      metabolism to ring-opened compounds.

PMID- 2403382
TI  - Efficacy, tissue distribution and biliary excretion of methyl (3R*,5S*)-(E)-3,5
      dihydroxy-9,9-diphenyl-6,8-nonadienoate (CP-83101), a hepatoselective inhibitor
      of HMG-CoA reductase activity in the rat.
AB  - Methyl (3R*,5S*)-(E)-3,5-dihydroxy-9,9-diphenyl-6,8-nonadienoate, CP-83101, was
      identified as a potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
      coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity, inhibiting enzyme activity in vitro with
      an IC50 of 8.5 +/- 0.7 microM and a Ki with respect to HMG-CoA of 2.6 microM. CP
      83101 also inhibited rat hepatic sterol biosynthesis by 39 +/- 7% at a dose of
      100 mg/kg. [3H]CP-83101, administered orally to rats, exhibited peak plasma
      levels at approximately 1 hr that declined thereafter with an apparent half-time
      of 2-3 hr. Peak tissue levels also occurred 1 hr following oral administration of
      [3H]CP-83101. The decline in radioactivity in the liver, however, was
      considerably slower than that noted in blood, whereas the half-life in non
      hepatic tissues was approximately 1 hr. Liver/blood ratios of 14, and liver/lens
      ratios of greater than 3000, following oral administration of [3H]CP-83101, were
      similar to those previously reported for other HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors,
      suggesting a high degree of tissue selectivity. In addition, liver/adrenal and
      liver/ovary ratios were approximately 1000 at all time points examined between 30
      min and 24 hr following oral [3H]CP-83101 administration, indicating a high
      specificity for hepatic versus other steroidogenic tissues. Evaluation of
      intravenous versus oral administration of the water-soluble, free acid, sodium
      salt of [3H]CP-83101 in bile duct canulated rats indicated that approximately 20%
      of orally administered CP-83101 is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and
      that absorbed CP-83101 is cleared rapidly from the plasma via the liver and from
      the liver via the bile. In addition, several lines of evidence suggest that CP
      83101 may undergo enterohepatic recirculation. Agents of this synthetic series
      may thus possess advantages over other HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors with respect
      to tissue kinetics and specificity.

PMID- 2403383
TI  - Dietary regulation of voluntary alcohol consumption in rats. Influence of a high
      protein diet and a methylene blue diet.
AB  - The importance of glucose homeostasis for high voluntary alcohol consumption was
      studied in alcohol-preferring (AA) and alcohol-avoiding (ANA) rats fed either a
      control diet, a protein-rich diet or a control diet supplemented with methylene
      blue. AA rats on the control diet were found to receive 13.6% of their daily
      energy intake from alcohol. On the high-protein or methylene blue diet, the
      alcohol consumption of the AA rats was respectively 40% and 48% higher than on
      the control diet. The voluntary alcohol consumption of ANA rats corresponded to
      0.8-2.3% of their daily energy intake irrespective of diet. The protein diet
      increased the blood glucose concentration of AA rats by 20% but no increase was
      observed after the methylene blue diet. The diets had no effect on the blood
      glucose levels of ANA rats. In AA rats, the protein diet reduced the hepatic
      concentration of the three major glucogenic amino acids (serine, glycine,
      alanine) on average by 24%, suggesting an increased utilization for
      gluconeogenesis. No such reduction was observed in AA rats on the methylene blue
      diet or in ANA rats on any diet. The utilization of amino acids for maintenance
      of glucose balance in AA rats is further supported by the observed negative
      correlation between plasma concentration of urea, the end product of amino acid
      catabolism, and the sum of the concentrations of the three glucogenic amino acids
      in the liver, and by the positive correlation between plasma urea and blood
      glucose concentration. Furthermore, in AA rats, but not in ANA rats, the
      concentration of alanine, the main amino acid used in gluconeogenesis, correlated
      negatively with the amount of alcohol consumed. These findings indicate that the
      maintenance of glucose homeostatis is important for high voluntary alcohol
      consumption.

PMID- 2403384
TI  - Metabolism of oltipraz and glutathione reductase inhibition.
AB  - A decrease in glutathione reductase (GR) activity was observed in Schistosoma
      mansoni isolated from oltipraz(OPZ)-treated mice. Yeast and Schistosoma mansoni
      GR-activity was inhibited by OPZ derivatives only. These OPZ-derivatives showed
      in vitro schistosomicidal activity. Using yeast GR and dithiolium salts of OPZ,
      time-dependent inactivation and gel chromatography experiments revealed
      irreversible inhibition dependent on the redox state of the enzyme. Binding of
      radiolabelled ([3H]7-methyl-8-methylthio-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine disulphide 1b)
      obtained from OPZ was observed using exclusion chromatography and equilibrium
      dialysis. These results indicate that GR can be considered as the target of
      schistosomicidal activity of OPZ. The lack of inhibitory activity of OPZ and
      dithiole-thione analogues, and the potent activity of the corresponding pyrrolo
      pyrazine derivatives, is consistent with the hypothesis that OPZ is a pro-drug.

PMID- 2403385
TI  - Leukocyte alterations do not account for hepatitis induced by endotoxin or TNF
      alpha in galactosamine-sensitized mice.
AB  - Subtoxic doses of endotoxin (salmonella abortus equi lipopolysaccharide, LPS) (5
      micrograms/kg i.p.) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) (15 micrograms/kg
      i.v.) induced fulminant hepatitis within 8 hr, when mice had been sensitized by a
      subtoxic dose of D-galactosamine (700 mg/kg i.p.). LPS-treatment led to the
      release of TNF into the circulation, independently of the presence of D
      galactosamine. The TNF-dependent development of hepatitis was accompanied by a
      severe lymphopenia and neutrophilia as assessed by leukocyte differential count.
      The total leukocyte count was not significantly affected. Lymphopenia and
      neutrophilia were induced by LPS or TNF alpha alone; however, the differential
      count was not influenced by D-galactosamine. A quantity of 260 micrograms/kg
      phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) i.p. or 5 micrograms/kg platelet activating
      factor (PAF) i.v. or 3.3 mg/kg N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine
      methylester (FMLP) i.v. or 167 mg/kg zymosan i.v. also caused lymphopenia and
      neutrophilia in mice. However, none of these agents induced the production of
      systemic TNF and therefore failed to induce hepatitis in D-galactosamine
      sensitized mice. In LPS-insensitive C3H/HeJ mice administration of LPS produced
      neither differential count changes nor hepatitis while both events were observed
      when TNF alpha was given. This shows that TNF alpha alone gives rise to
      lymphopenia/neutrophilia as well as hepatitis independent of LPS. When the action
      of TNF alpha was blocked by anti TNF alpha antiserum pretreatment of LPS
      sensitive mice, the animals were protected against LPS-induced hepatitis.
      However, lymphopenia and neutrophilia still occurred to a similar extent. The
      involvement of a putative additional mediator of LPS-induced leukocyte
      alterations was checked. The findings suggest that this mediator, if present, is
      different from IL-1, IL-2, eicosanoids or superoxide. We conclude from our
      findings that changes in leukocyte numbers and composition following D
      galactosamine LPS or D-galactosamine/TNF alpha administration is an epiphenomenon
      rather than a causal event of leukocyte stimulation in the process of inducing a
      fulminant hepatitis in mice.

PMID- 2403386
TI  - Surfactant-induced cell toxicity and cell lysis. A study using B16 melanoma
      cells.
AB  - The effects of a variety of detergents (non-ionic, ionic and bile derivatives) on
      B16 melanoma cells have been examined. Two main effects can be clearly
      differentiated: loss of cell viability and cell lysis. Under our conditions, cell
      surfactant interaction is highly dependent on the nature of the amphiphile (more
      specifically, on its critical micellar concentration). Loss of cell viability
      occurs at surfactant concentrations below the critical micellar concentration,
      i.e. the incorporation of detergent monomers into the cell membranes is enough to
      impair their barrier function, so that Trypan Blue is no longer actively secreted
      outside the cell. On the other hand, cell lysis only occurs at or near the
      critical micellar concentration of the detergent, i.e. when the bilayer-micelle
      transition may take place. Comparative studies using B16 cells and phospholipid
      vesicles indicate that the amount of detergent required to induce cell lysis is
      the same that produces disruption of the lipid bilayer. Thus, our results suggest
      that membranes are the primary target for the toxicologic effects of surfactants
      on cells. Moreover, they provide a rationale for the interpretation of other
      studies in this field: previous results from different laboratories are shown to
      fit very well our data.

PMID- 2403387
TI  - Inhibition of rat brain histamine-N-methyltransferase by 9-amino-1,2,3,4
      tetrahydroacridine (THA).
AB  - 9-Amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine (THA), an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase,
      has been proposed as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease on the basis of its
      ability to increase cerebral levels of acetylcholine. THA shares structural
      features with aminoquinoline compounds known to be inhibitors of histamine-N
      methyltransferase (HNMT). THA was found to be a potent competitive inhibitor of
      rat brain HNMT in vitro, with a Ki of 35 nM with respect to both histamine and S
      adenosyl-L-methionine, the co-substrate. Two hours after systemic administration
      of THA (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.), HNMT from rat brain was largely inhibited. The
      levels of histamine in striatum and cerebral cortex were elevated by this
      treatment. Thus, THA at moderate doses is able to alter histamine metabolism in
      the central nervous system.

PMID- 2403388
TI  - Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase: inhibitory action of polychlorinated phenols.
AB  - The compound 2,3,5,6-tetrachloropyridinol (TCP) is a known inhibitor of the rat
      liver vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. A series of chlorinated phenols was also
      assayed for their abilities to inhibit the carboxylase in vitro. One compound,
      2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol, was as potent a carboxylase inhibitor as TCP (I50 = 5
      10 microM). Four compounds with substituents in the 4 position exhibited I50
      values 5-20 times greater than the identical structures with hydrogen in the 4
      position. Tetrachloroanisol, the methyl ether of tetrachlorophenol, did not
      inhibit the reaction, and inhibition by 2,5-dichlorophenol, which has a pKa of
      7.2, was pH dependent, suggesting that the anionic form of the phenol is the
      inhibitor. No other direct structure/function correlations were evident. Previous
      reports have shown that TCP inhibition of the carboxylase is not competitive
      versus vitamin K in vitro, but that in vivo antagonism by TCP can be reversed
      with vitamin K. Rats given 40 mg/kg TCP had decreased plasma prothrombin levels
      and increased amounts of liver microsomal prothrombin precursors, whereas rats
      injected with 1 mg vitamin K 24 hr before the TCP injection had normal levels of
      both. Vitamin K administration could not overcome completely the effects of 100
      mg/kg TCP. Animals injected with TCP had increased levels of vitamin K 2,3
      epoxide in the liver, which would be consistent with a partial inhibition of the
      microsomal vitamin K-epoxide reductase by this anticoagulant.

PMID- 2403389
TI  - Aprophit: an irreversible antagonist for muscarinic receptors.
AB  - The development of selective irreversible ligands has proven to be an invaluable
      technique for the isolation, purification and characterization of many receptor
      proteins. An isothiocyanato-derivative of the muscarinic antagonist aprophen was
      synthesized and evaluated as a potential irreversible ligand for muscarinic
      receptors. This compound (aprophit) displaced [3H]N-methylscopolamine binding
      from rat cerebral cortex with a Ki of 3.1 x 10(-7) M. The inhibition was
      concentration-dependent and could not be reversed by extensive washing. Aprophit
      inhibited the acetylcholine-stimulated release of catecholamines from isolated,
      perfused guinea pig adrenal glands in a concentration-dependent manner. This
      inhibition was not reversed by perfusing the tissue with Locke's solution and was
      not due to a non-selective acylation by the isothiocyanate function. The data
      suggest that aprophit is selectively acylating muscarinic receptor proteins and
      thus may be useful in their further characterization.

PMID- 2403390
TI  - Methylation of 21-23 kD membrane proteins by a membrane-associated protein
      carboxyl methyltransferase in neuroblastoma cells. Increased methylation in
      differentiated cells.
AB  - Membranes of neuroblastoma N1E-115 cells contain a specific protein carboxyl
      methyltransferase that methylates a 70 kD protein and a group of 21-23 kD
      proteins which are tightly bound to the membranes. The enzyme catalyzes the
      transfer of [methyl-3H] groups from [methyl-3H]S-adenosyl-L-methionine (Km = 0.22
      microM) to these proteins to form base-labile carboxymethylesters. These protein
      methylesters are relatively stable compared to other protein methylesters, as
      shown by the ability of the 21-23 kD methylated proteins to retain their [methyl
      3H] groups at pH values of 7 to 8.5 for at least 12 hr at room temperature. The
      extent of methylation of the 21-23 kD proteins, but not that of the 70 kD
      protein, was increased in membranes of cells induced to differentiate by 2%
      dimethyl sulfoxide (from a basal level of 0.1-0.2 to 0.9-1.2 pmol [methyl-3H]
      groups incorporated per mg membrane protein). This increase appeared after a lag
      period of 3 days of growth in the presence of the dimethyl sulfoxide and
      developed in parallel with the appearance of neurite-like processes in the cells.
      Kinetic experiments suggest that the amounts of 21-23 kD proteins available for
      methylation in the membranes of the undifferentiated and of the differentiated
      cells are limited. This and the previously observed low turnover of methylated 21
      23 kD proteins in the intact cells suggest that the differentiated cells express
      and methylate more 21-23 kD proteins than the undifferentiated cells. These
      methylated proteins may be involved in differentiation or other functions of the
      differentiated cell membranes.

PMID- 2403391
TI  - Modulation of dopamine receptors by cations in 7315a, MtTW15 and estradiol
      induced pituitary tumors.
AB  - Modulation of dopamine (DA) receptors by cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) was
      compared in 7315a, MtTW15, and estradiol valerate-induced (EV-T) pituitary
      tumors, and intact adenohypophysis. In 7315a tumors, the affinity of
      [3H]spiperone binding measured at 25 degrees remained unchanged in the presence
      of each cation individually or all these cations together (IONS) compared to the
      affinity obtained using a buffer without ions; the density (Bmax) was not
      affected by monovalent cations or Mg2+ and was decreased by Ca2+ or IONS. When
      binding experiments were done at 37 degrees, monovalent cations increased
      affinity whereas divalent cations or IONS did not modify it, and none of these
      cations affected Bmax values. In MtTW15 tumors, the affinity of [3H]spiperone
      binding measured at 25 degrees was not changed by Na+ or IONS and was decreased
      by K+ or divalent cations; the density was decreased by K+ and unchanged by all
      the other cations. When binding experiments were done at 37 degrees, Na+
      increased the affinity, whereas all the other cations did not affect it: the
      density was unaffected by all the cations studied. In EV-T assayed at 37 degrees,
      the affinity was increased by monovalent cations or Mg2+ and was unchanged by
      Ca2+; monovalent cations did not affect the density of [3H]spiperone binding and
      divalent cations increased it. In binding experiments performed at 25 degrees and
      37 degrees, choline chloride did not change the affinity or the density of
      [3H]spiperone binding to DA receptors in the three pituitary tumors investigated,
      suggesting that the effect of cations was specific and not due to differences in
      ionic strength. In the rat normal anterior pituitary, Na+ increased the affinity
      of [3H]spiperone for the DA receptors, whereas the affinity was unchanged by
      Ca2+; the density of [3H]spiperone binding was unaffected by these cations. Our
      results suggest that DA receptors in 7315a and MtTW15 tumors are regulated
      abnormally by sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. In contrast, DA receptors
      in EV-T are regulated normally by monovalent cations and abnormally by divalent
      cations as compared to these receptors in intact pituitary tissue.

PMID- 2403392
TI  - Dose-response relationships in hexachlorobenzene-induced porphyria.
AB  - The rate of development of hexachlorobenzene (HCB)-induced porphyria in female
      Wistar rats was determined using HCB dosage and porphyrin analysis protocols
      designed to determine factors which contribute to the delay commonly observed
      between initial exposure to HCB and the detection of porphyria. Measurements were
      made of HCB and porphyrin concentrations in the livers, kidneys, and spleens of
      female Wistar rats exposed continuously (up to 56 days) or for 1 day to HCB (at
      dietary concentrations of 1000 ppm and 100 ppm). The experiments showed that when
      a corn oil solution of HCB was added to the diet at a concentration of 1000 ppm,
      HCB accumulated rapidly in all organs, and the delay in appearance of elevated
      liver highly carboxylated porphyrins (HCPs) was at most 4 days (approximately 8
      fold elevation of HCPs on day 4). One day of exposure to this diet was sufficient
      to cause elevated liver HCPs, thus showing that continuous exposure to HCB was
      not required to cause porphyria in this species. Solid HCB added directly to the
      diet (1000 ppm) resulted in less rapid HCB accumulation and less rapid
      development of porphyria. The experiments demonstrated that the appearance of a
      delay in HCB-induced porphyria in the Wistar rat is caused by the rate at which
      HCB is absorbed, and by using total hepatic porphyrins (rather than HCPs) as the
      indicator of the disorder. The experiments also showed that HCB-induced liver
      enlargement and neurotoxicity are not necessarily associated with the severity of
      porphyria.

PMID- 2403393
TI  - An isozyme-selective affinity label for rat hepatic acetyltransferases.
AB  - Affinity chromatography of an ammonium sulfate precipitate obtained from rat
      hepatic cytosol resulted in the separation of two fractions of N
      acetyltransferase (NAT) activity. NATI catalyzed the S-acetylcoenzyme A (AcCoA)
      dependent acetylation of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA); NAT II catalyzed the N
      hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF)-dependent acetylation of 4-amino
      azobenzene (AAB) (N,N-acetyltransferase), the AcCoA-dependent acetylation of
      procainamide (PA), and the N-arylhydroxamic acid N,O-acyltransferase (AHAT)
      activity that results in the conversion of N-OH-AAF and related hydroxamic acids
      to electrophilic reactants. 1-(Fluoren-2-yl)-2-propen-1-one (vinyl fluorenyl
      ketone, VFK) was shown to be a potent and irreversible inactivator of NAT II
      activities. A 200-fold higher concentration of VFK was required to inactivate NAT
      I activity than was required for inactivation of NAT II activities. Similar
      selectivity in the inactivation of the isozymes was observed when experiments
      were conducted with enzyme preparations that contained both NAT I and NAT II
      activities. The presence of substrates and products of the NAT II-catalyzed
      reactions such as AcCoA, 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), and N-acetyl-4
      aminoazobenzene (N-Ac-AAB) protected NAT II from the inactivating effects of VFK,
      providing evidence that VFK is an active site directed inhibitor (affinity label)
      of NAT II. Studies with 1-(fluoren-2-yl)-2-propan-1-one (EFK), an analogue of VFK
      in which the alpha, beta-unsaturated vinyl ketone group of VFK has been replaced
      with an ethyl ketone group, demonstrated that the conjugated ketone of VFK is
      required for inactivation of enzyme activity. The results of these studies
      suggest that agents such as VFK should have utility as probes of
      acetyltransferase multiplicity and in the investigation of the active site
      topography of the enzymes.

PMID- 2403394
TI  - Induction of cytochrome P450IA1 in rat hepatoma cell by polycyclic hydrocarbons
      and a dioxin.
AB  - In this study, the effects of benzo[a]pyrene (BP), 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) and
      tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDBF) on the expression of the cytochrome P450IA1 gene
      in the rat hepatoma cell line H4IIE were examined. The initial rate of increase
      in the steady-state concentration of the mRNA for this gene was similar with each
      of these inducers; however, the elevated level of this mRNA was more sustained
      after TCDBF treatment. Nuclear run-off assays suggested that the elevated level
      of the mRNA was caused principally by an effect upon transcription.

PMID- 2403395
TI  - The stereospecific inhibition of endogenous triacylglycerol synthesis by
      fenoprofen in rat isolated adipocytes and hepatocytes.

PMID- 2403396
TI  - Time-dependent effects of chloroquine on pH of hepatocyte lysosomes.
AB  - In vivo administration of chloroquine to rats caused an increase in the pH of
      hepatocyte lysosomes within 1 hr after administration with a return to baseline
      pH values by 3 hr; continued administration of chloroquine for up to 12 days was
      unaccompanied by any further changes in hepatocyte lysosomal pH. We interpret
      these data as evidence against a major role for an increase in the pH of
      hepatocyte lysosomes in CAC-induced phospholipidosis.

PMID- 2403397
TI  - A clue from a self-report questionnaire to distinguish rheumatoid arthritis from
      noninflammatory diffuse musculoskeletal pain. The P-VAS:D-ADL ratio.
AB  - A clue to distinguishing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from noninflammatory diffuse
      musculoskeletal pain is described on the basis of 2 self-report questionnaire
      scales, one to assess difficulty in activities of daily living (D-ADL) and a pain
      visual analog scale (P-VAS). Patients with RA have significantly higher scores on
      the D-ADL scale compared with the P-VAS scale, while patients with
      noninflammatory diffuse musculoskeletal pain show the reciprocal pattern.
      Therefore, the ratio of the P-VAS:D-ADL scores differed significantly in the 2
      groups. Ratios of less than 3 were seen in 67% of RA patients versus 28% of
      patients with noninflammatory diffuse musculoskeletal pain, while ratios greater
      than 5 were seen in 27% of patients with noninflammatory diffuse musculoskeletal
      pain, but not in any patients with RA. This simple ratio is clearly not a
      diagnostic test, but provides an initial approach to diagnosis in rheumatic
      diseases using a self-report questionnaire.

PMID- 2403398
TI  - The longitudinal course of hand osteoarthritis in a male population.
AB  - In this prospective analysis of the natural history of osteoarthritis (OA) of the
      hand, the incidence and progression of various radiographic features of OA were
      examined in 177 men who participated in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of
      Aging. Subjects who were less than 60 years old were selected based on the
      availability of at least 4 hand radiographs taken during at least 20 years of
      followup, while subjects who were age 60 or older were required to have had at
      least 4 hand radiographs taken during only 14 years of followup. Individual
      joints of the hands were graded for the presence and severity of 5 features of
      OA: osteophytes, joint space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis, lateral deformity,
      and cortical collapse. They were also graded according to the global
      Kellgren/Lawrence scale. The incidence and rate of progression of OA, as measured
      by all scales, increased in progressively older age groups. Cox's proportional
      hazards models showed that isolated doubtful osteophytes (Kellgren/Lawrence grade
      1) and isolated joint space narrowing predicted the development of the
      radiographic features of OA. The rate of OA progression slowed as the severity
      increased. We conclude that, in men, the incidence of radiographic features of
      hand OA increases with age. Regardless of age, the earliest radiographic signs of
      OA are joint space narrowing and doubtful osteophytes.

PMID- 2403399
TI  - Structural characterization of the second major cross-reactive idiotype group of
      human rheumatoid factors. Association with the VH4 gene family.
AB  - Rheumatoid factors (RF) are the most common type of functional antibodies among
      naturally occurring human monoclonal IgM proteins. A large subset of these
      autoantibodies use structurally homologous light chains of the kappa III
      subgroup, which bear the 6B6.6 cross-reactive idiotype (CRI). Although antibody
      binding activity requires both heavy and light chains, information about the
      heavy chains used by these autoantibodies is limited. To investigate these
      proteins, the murine monoclonal antibodies, 5-14 and 6-10, were generated by
      immunization with the heavy chains of the 6B6.6 CRI-positive RF, COR and LEW.
      These antiidiotypic antibodies reacted with 8 of 11 autoantibodies that
      coexpressed the 6B6.6 CRI. All 8 RF had heavy chains from the VH4 gene family, as
      assessed by reactivity with a VH4-specific primary sequence-dependent antibody.
      The same RF were also identified by the previously described murine monoclonal
      antiidiotype, LC1. Further experiments revealed that the LC1 antibody delineates
      a subfamily of VH4 heavy chains that is preferentially used in kappa III-6B6.6
      CRI-positive IgM-RF. The cumulative data suggest that 13-22% of RF express both
      the kappa III-6B6.6 and VH4-LC1 CRI. These findings document that RF autoantibody
      activity requires specific VL-VH pairing, and that a subset of idiotypically
      related VH4 heavy chains is commonly expressed in disease-associated monoclonal
      IgM-RF.

PMID- 2403400
TI  - Antibody to signal recognition particle in polymyositis.
AB  - Using immunoprecipitation, we identified 13 patients with antibodies to the
      signal recognition particle (SRP) from a collection of sera representing 265
      polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) patients. Antibody reactivity with SRP was
      confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoprecipitation with
      isolated dog pancreas SRP. The antibody was present in the serum of 4% of PM/DM
      patients, and 18% of PM/DM patients with anticytoplasmic antibodies other than
      anti-Jo-1, but not in patients with other conditions who had anticytoplasmic
      antibodies. Anti-SRP was associated with classic adult PM, and some of these
      cases were unusually severe and/or of rapid onset; it was not found in patients
      with overlap syndromes or with DM involvement. Unlike patients with antibodies to
      aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetases, patients with anti-SRP had a low frequency of
      pulmonary fibrosis, as well as of arthritis and Raynaud's phenomenon. Anti-SRP
      antibodies may serve as a marker for a second, distinct subgroup of adult PM.

PMID- 2403401
TI  - Autoantibodies to nonhistone chromosomal proteins HMG-1 and HMG-2 in sera of
      patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - IgG antibodies against the high mobility group (HMG) nonhistone chromosomal
      proteins HMG-1 and/or HMG-2 were detected in the sera of 49 (39%) of 126
      antinuclear antibody (ANA)-positive patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
      (JRA), by immunoblotting. Clinical diagnosis classified these patients in 2 major
      groups, 105 with pauciarticular-onset JRA and 21 with polyarticular-onset JRA.
      Anti-HMG-1 and/or anti-HMG-2 antibodies were found in 8 (25%) of 32
      pauciarticular-onset JRA patients with uveitis and in 34 (47%) of 73 patients
      without uveitis, whereas anti-HMG-1 and/or anti-HMG-2 antibodies were found in 4
      (24%) of 17 children with polyarticular-onset JRA without uveitis. Among 53 sera
      from ANA-negative JRA patients, 3 (6%) were positive for anti-HMG-1 and/or anti
      HMG-2 antibodies, whereas no reactivity to HMG-1 or HMG-2 proteins was observed
      in 48 sera from age-matched children with nonrheumatic diseases.

PMID- 2403402
TI  - Low molecular weight serine proteinase inhibitors of human articular cartilage.
      Isolation, characterization, and biosynthesis.
AB  - The major low molecular weight serine proteinase inhibitor of human articular
      cartilage was purified to homogeneity as determined by single-peak elution with 4
      high resolution techniques. The purified protein was found to be a potent
      inhibitor of human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G, as well as the native
      serine proteinases derived from human articular cartilage and intervertebral
      disc. The inhibitor and lysozymes were synthesized by human articular cartilage
      in vitro. These properties and the ability of this cationic inhibitor to bind to
      cartilage matrix components suggest a possible role in the modulation of matrix
      catabolism in normal and pathologic states.

PMID- 2403403
TI  - Synovitis and osteoarthritic changes in canine articular cartilage after anterior
      cruciate ligament transection. Effect of surgical hemostasis.
AB  - Anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in the dog produces changes in the
      articular cartilage of the unstable knee that are consistent with those of
      osteoarthritis (OA). To determine whether the degrees of severity of OA cartilage
      changes, of synovitis, and of synovial iron deposition were related to adequacy
      of hemostasis at the time of ACLT, a modified surgical technique was devised,
      whereby electrocautery was used to obtain meticulous control of bleeding when the
      ligament was severed and irrigation was used to remove intraarticular blood
      before closure of the joint. When no particular attention was given to
      hemostasis, 69% of the dogs showed synovitis in the OA knee 10 weeks after ACLT;
      when electrocautery and irrigation were used to maintain hemostasis, synovitis
      was present in only 24% of the OA knees 10 weeks after ACLT (P less than 0.01).
      Iron deposits were present in 75% of synovial samples obtained after routine
      ACLT, but in only 6% (P less than 0.001) when attention was given to hemostasis.
      Hypertrophy of articular cartilage, chondrocyte cloning, fibrillation, and
      changes in tangential zone chondrocytes were less prominent in the OA knee when
      electrocautery and irrigation were used. However, the water content, uronic acid
      concentration, and rate of net 35S-labeled glycosaminoglycan synthesis were
      similarly increased regardless of the surgical technique used, and presumably,
      these changes reflect the reaction of joint cartilage to mechanical instability
      in this model of OA.

PMID- 2403404
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of articular destruction in juvenile rheumatoid
      arthritis.
AB  - We describe herein magnetic resonance imaging of the right knee of a patient
      affected by a severe form of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Magnetic resonance
      imaging findings of articular damage of the knee during the disease course and
      after arthroscopic synovectomy are described.

PMID- 2403405
TI  - The analysis of antinuclear and antinucleolar autoantibodies of scleroderma by
      radioimmunoprecipitation assays.
AB  - We have characterized autoantibodies to nuclear and nucleolar antigens in 112
      patients with diffuse scleroderma, CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's
      phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasias), scleroderma
      overlap syndromes, or primary Raynaud's phenomenon by indirect immunofluorescence
      and radiolabeled immunoprecipitation assays. We noted for the first time that
      anti-Th RNP antibodies represent a common antibody specificity in scleroderma
      (occurring in 13% of patients with scleroderma-like illnesses) and that anti-NOR
      90 antibodies are quite rare in American patients (none found). In addition, we
      describe 3 new scleroderma-associated autoantibodies.

PMID- 2403406
TI  - Gonococcal pericarditis with tamponade in a patient with systemic lupus
      erythematosus.
AB  - Pericarditis is one of the most frequent manifestations of systemic lupus
      erythematosus; however, purulent pericarditis and tamponade are rare. We describe
      a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and culture-proven gonococcal
      arthritis who developed purulent pericarditis with intracellular gram-negative
      diplococci. Evidence of tamponade was seen on echocardiography. There has not
      been a reported case of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in pericardial fluid or tissue
      since the introduction of antibiotics.

PMID- 2403407
TI  - Isolated bone-end sclerosis simulating osteonecrosis after renal transplantation.

PMID- 2403408
TI  - HLA-D region genes and susceptibility to D-penicillamine-induced myositis.

PMID- 2403409
TI  - Comment on the article by Morgan et al.

PMID- 2403410
TI  - Enzymatic synthesis of dipeptide units of the D-D-configuration in aqueous media.
AB  - The enzymatic synthesis of dipeptide units of the D-D-configuration in aqueous
      media, catalysed by muramoyl-pentapeptide carboxypeptidase (E.C.3.4.17.8), is
      described. Ac-L-Lys(Ac)-D-Ala-D-Lac-OH and Ac-D-Ala-OMe were used as acyl
      components. Neutral, basic, and hydrophobic amino acids acting as nucleophiles
      were incorporated. The enzyme is stereospecific in that only the D-enantiomers of
      amino acids or amino acid derivatives were incorporated. As nucleophiles, the
      unmodified amino acids resulted in higher product yields compared with using the
      corresponding amino acid derivatives. Product yields ranged from 40 to 87%.

PMID- 2403411
TI  - "A school-based primary prevention group for children with alterations in health
      status".

PMID- 2403412
TI  - Distress during mechanical ventilation: patients' perceptions.

PMID- 2403413
TI  - A 6-year study on the pattern of periodontal disease progression.
AB  - The present longitudinal radiographic investigation was designed to study the
      change in the alveolar bone height over 6 years in relation to tooth type, age
      and the presence of previous bone loss in a group of 142 subjects (age 18-67
      years) who were not under systematic periodontal treatment. The subjects were
      examined radiographically at baseline, and after 2 and 6 years, and sites showing
      significant (greater than or equal to 1 mm) change in the alveolar bone height
      during 2 consecutive examinations were identified. 90.2% of all examined sites
      showed no bone loss during the 6 years, while 8.6% and 1.2% of the sites
      exhibited bone loss during one or both examination periods, respectively. 3
      groups of subjects within the studied population were identified. Approximately
      5% of the subjects had high rates of periodontal disease progression whilst
      approximately 70% demonstrated very few or no sites with bone loss, and
      approximately 25% had a moderate level of disease progression during the study
      period. The results also showed that the number of sites exhibiting alveolar bone
      loss during the study period varied with respect to tooth type, age of the
      patient and presence of bone loss at baseline. In addition, significantly
      different rates of bone loss were disclosed with relation to tooth type (P less
      than 0.01), age (P less than 0.0001) and initial bone loss (P less than 0.01). It
      was concluded that periodontal disease progression occurs infrequently and may
      take the form of discrete or recurrent episodes of loss of periodontal support
      which can be influenced by the location of the site, age of the subject and
      previous periodontal disease experience.

PMID- 2403414
TI  - Enhancement of monoclonal antibody uptake in human colon tumor xenografts
      following irradiation.
AB  - Indium-111-labeled AUA1 tumor-associated monoclonal antibody raised against an
      antigen of colon adenocarcinoma was used to evaluate the effect of ionizing
      radiation on antibody uptake by the LoVo adenocarcinoma cell line grown as a
      xenograft in nude mice. Tumors were exposed to single doses of external X
      irradiation of between 400 and 1600 cGy followed, 24 h later, by administration
      of specific or nonspecific antibody. Animals were sacrificed 3 days after
      antibody administration. At doses higher than 400 cGy, tumor uptake with both
      specific and nonspecific antibody was significantly increased. No difference in
      changes in tumor volume was observed between the groups receiving irradiation and
      the controls. Specific antibody uptake by tumors was always significantly higher
      than nonspecific having an approximate 4-fold binding advantage. Vascular
      permeability and the vascular volume of irradiated and control tumors was
      measured 24 and 72 h after irradiation, using iodine-125-labeled nonspecific
      antibody and labelling of the red blood cells in vivo with 99mTcO4. At doses
      higher than 400 cGy, vascular permeability in the tumor 24 h after irradiation
      was significantly increased (P less than 0.05), while the vascular volume
      decreased (P less than 0.001) compared to control values. However at 72 h after
      irradiation there was no difference between treated and control groups. The
      results obtained in this study suggest a potential value of external irradiation
      to increase monoclonal antibody uptake by tumors governed mainly by the increased
      vascular permeability of the tumor vasculature soon after the irradiation
      exposure.

PMID- 2403415
TI  - Identification of candidate cancer chemopreventive agents and their evaluation in
      animal models and human clinical trials: a review.
AB  - A search of the literature using National Library of Medicine databases and
      individual cancer journal articles yielded over 500 compounds with published
      chemopreventive activity in animals. From these, an initial 16 agents or agent
      combinations have been evaluated in the following animal tumor models: mouse skin
      papillomas/carcinomas induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene/12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; rat breast adenocarcinoma induced by N-methyl-N
      nitrosourea or 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene; hamster lung carcinoma induced by
      N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or diethylnitrosamine; mouse bladder papillary carcinoma
      induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine; and rat and mouse colon cancer
      induced by azoxymethane/methylazoxymethanol acetate. Some of the most interesting
      positive results observed include 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide plus tamoxifen in
      breast cancer, piroxicam in colon cancer, dimethylfluoroornithine in breast and
      bladder cancer, oltipraz in lung cancer, dehydroepiandrosterone in colon cancer,
      and molybdate in bladder cancer. Eighteen human intervention trials in progress
      are described that involve the following agents: beta-carotene (eight trials).
      Retinol/retinoic acid (seven trials), vitamins C and E (three trials), 4
      hydroxyphenyl retinamide (one trial), piroxicam (one trial), and calcium (one
      trial). By organ site these studies involve cancer of the lung (six studies),
      skin (five studies), colon (four studies), breast (one study), and uterine cervix
      (two studies).

PMID- 2403416
TI  - Anti-GD3 monoclonal antibody analysis of childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia: detection of a target antigen for antibody-mediated cytolysis.
AB  - We have demonstrated in previous studies significant quantitative differences in
      the ganglioside content of leukemia cell membranes within immunological
      subclasses of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): The disialoganglioside GD3
      (disialolactosylceramide) is increased in lymphoblasts with a T-cell
      immunophenotype compared to non-T-ALL blasts. Utilizing an indirect
      immunofluorescence assays with a monoclonal antibody to GD3(R24), pretreatment
      leukemic lymphoblasts from 80 children with ALL were assayed for GD3 expression.
      GD3 was observed in 75% of leukemic samples in which lymphoblasts exhibited a T
      cell phenotype, whereas none of the 33 non-T-ALL samples tested exhibited GD3.
      Correlation between the expression of GD3 and various antigenic determinants of T
      cell differentiation was restricted to CD2; 75% of CD2-negative T-cell ALL blasts
      failed to express GD3. Anti-GD3 immunoreactivity to T-ALL samples was not
      restricted to R24 in that two other monoclonal anti-GD3 antibodies were similarly
      reactive to T-ALL blasts. In vitro incubation of T-cell lymphoblasts with the
      anti-GD3 antibodies, R24 and C281 and human serum resulted in significant
      cytotoxicity, and R24 also mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by
      normal effector cells. Cytotoxicity was specific for those T-ALL blast cell
      populations which reacted with anti-GD3 as assessed by immunofluorescence
      microscopy. Since immunoreactivity with monoclonal antibody to GD3 was
      exclusively observed in a large population of immunophenotypically defined T-cell
      leukemic lymphoblasts, these studies suggest a possible immunodiagnostic and
      immunotherapeutic potential for anti-GD3 monoclonal antibodies in T-cell
      lymphoblastic malignancies.

PMID- 2403417
TI  - Radiation-induced osteosarcoma in dogs after external beam or intraoperative
      radiation therapy.
AB  - This report describes radiation-induced osteosarcomas in two groups of dogs. One
      group was given radiation therapy for spontaneous tumors and the second group of
      normal adult beagle dogs was given experimental intraoperative radiation therapy.
      Secondary tumors developed between 1.7 to 5 years after irradiation. Three of 87
      spontaneous tumor-bearing dogs or 3.4% of dogs treated for soft tissue sarcomas
      developed osteosarcoma within the field of irradiation. Twenty-two dogs or 25% of
      dogs treated for soft tissue sarcomas survived 20 months. This high incidence may
      be due to the use of fractions in excess of 3.5 Gy. These dogs received 10
      fractions in 3 weeks with fractions ranging from 3.5 to 5.0 Gy. Tumor induction
      may be included in the late effects of irradiation which are worsened by the use
      of coarse fractionation. There appeared to be a dose relationship for tumors
      induced after single intraoperative radiation doses combined with fractionated
      external beam irradiation. Seven of 27 dogs given this treatment and surviving at
      least 4 years developed osteosarcomas in the field of irradiation. One of 26 dogs
      given intraoperative radiation alone developed a tumor between 4 and 5 years. The
      lower incidence after intraoperative radiation alone may have been due to the
      lower total dose. However, the sequence of a course of fractionated irradiation
      followed by a large single dose seemed to enhance carcinogenicity.

PMID- 2403418
TI  - Immunoaffinity purification of human O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase using
      newly developed monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - As well as repairing mutagenic lesions induced by simple methylating agents, O6
      alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase repairs precursors of cytotoxic interstrand
      cross-links induced by chloroethylating anticancer drugs. Moreover, levels of the
      transferase correlate with cellular resistance to these agents. Thus far, the
      human transferase has not been highly purified. In our quest to obtain the
      homogeneous protein we have produced four stable cloned hybridomas that secrete
      monoclonal antibodies against the alkyltransferase from human lymphoblasts. The
      specificity of these monoclonals was established by immunoblot analysis and
      immunoprecipitation. All these antibodies recognized the alkyltransferase only
      after its denaturation by sodium dodecyl sulfate. One of them, designated 19.2,
      was used in immunoaffinity chromatography to obtain the pure protein.

PMID- 2403419
TI  - Growth properties and tumorigenesis of MCF-7 cells transfected with isogenic
      mutants of rasH.
AB  - MCF-7 human breast cancer cells are estrogen dependent for maximal in vitro
      growth and for tumor formation in nude mice, thus providing a useful model system
      to study mammary tumorigenesis. A clone of MCF-7 cells transfected with the v
      rasH oncogene has been shown to form tumors in the absence of estradiol [Kasid et
      al., 1985, Science (Wash. DC), 228:725-728]. To extend this observation to more
      clones of v-rasH-expressing MCF-7 cells and to examine the effects of rasH
      mutation, we transfected MCF-7 cells with a construct encoding the human c-rasH
      protooncogene protein product and with three isogenic constructs encoding
      proteins containing point mutations: arg-12, thr-59, and arg-12 + thr-59 (v
      rasH). We isolated several cell lines which produced levels of c-rasH and v-rasH
      p21 at 30- to 50-fold the levels of controls. We also isolated several cell lines
      producing the various mutants p21s. All of the transfected cell lines were
      estrogen-responsive for cell growth. Transfected cells containing high levels of
      rasH p21 had correspondingly high levels of growth in an anchorage-independent
      growth assay. Tumorigenesis studies in nude mice, however, showed that some, but
      not all of the cell lines expressing v-rasH, formed tumors in the absence of
      estradiol. Tumor formation did not correlate with the level of rasH p21
      expression in these cell lines. No tumor formation in the absence of estradiol
      was observed for cell lines expressing single-mutated or unmutated forms of rasH.

PMID- 2403420
TI  - Synergistic effect of the v-myc oncogene with H-ras on radioresistance.
AB  - Resistance of tumors to irradiation or chemotherapeutic agents is thought to be
      one of the reasons why patients who present with early malignancies may not be
      cured. Much is now known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie drug
      resistance, but until recently little was known about genetic contributions to
      radiation resistance. Some evidence now links oncogenes, particularly the ras
      family of oncogenes, to radiation resistance but heterogeneity between tumors and
      cell lines has complicated this analysis. Primary rat embryo cells have been
      chosen as a model system in which the effects on radiation resistance of the H
      ras oncogene could be studied on a uniform genetic background. These cells offer
      several useful advantages. The cells prior to transformation are diploid, and
      because they have been in culture only for a few passages prior to transformation
      with the oncogene it is unlikely that any preexisting mutation affecting
      radiation response could be present. Additionally, the use of rat embryo cells
      permitted the study of the effects of a second oncogene on the appearance of the
      radioresistant phenotype. The results show that the activated H-ras oncogene is
      associated with radiation resistance in primary rat cells after transformation
      but that the effect of the oncogene by itself is small. However, the oncogene v
      myc, which has no effect on radiation resistance by itself, has a synergistic
      effect on radiation resistance with H-ras. There appear to be differences in the
      phenotype of radiation resistance associated with these two forms of
      transfectants. Thus, radiation resistance seen with H-ras by itself is
      characterized by a change in the slope of the radiation survival curve at high
      radiation doses but little or no change within the should region of the radiation
      survival curve. Radiation resistance seen in H-ras plus v-myc transformants is
      also characterized by an increase in the slope of the curve at high doses but
      there is also a large effect within the shoulder region of the radiation survival
      curve. These studies led to the following conclusions: (a) the radioresistant
      phenotype is not due to preexisting genetic heterogeneity in the cells prior to
      transfection; (b) the radiation resistant phenotype of cells transformed by H-ras
      is seen to a greater degree in cells which also contain the v-myc oncogene; (c)
      the v-myc oncogene may play an important role in the phenotype of radiation
      resistance at low doses that is within the range most critical for clinical
      practice.

PMID- 2403421
TI  - Direct immunofluorescence testing of normal feline nasal planum and footpad.
AB  - Direct immunofluorescence testing for IgG, IgM, and C3 was performed on nasal
      planum and footpad tissue from 28 normal cats. Granular deposition of IgM at the
      basement membrane zone of the nasal planum was demonstrated in 3 of 28 cats.
      Direct immunofluorescence testing of the footpad was negative in all cats. It was
      concluded that positive direct immunofluorescence testing of the feline nasal
      planum using antifeline IgM needs to be cautiously interpreted, as 11% of normal
      cats may be positive.

PMID- 2403422
TI  - Hypokalemia in the cat.

PMID- 2403423
TI  - The George C. Poppensiek Lecture at Cornell University on International
      Veterinary medicine. Animal disease as a factor limiting economic development in
      Africa.

PMID- 2403424
TI  - Corticosteroid therapy for bacterial meningitis in dogs.

PMID- 2403425
TI  - Equine myenteric ganglionitis: a case of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction.
AB  - A 4-year-old Standardbred mare was referred to the New York State College of
      Veterinary Medicine for colic evaluation. Physical examination revealed a small
      colon impaction which initially responded to conservative medical management. Her
      signs soon recurred, however, and an exploratory celiotomy was recommended. At
      surgery the small colon impaction was confirmed. The impaction was evacuated and
      a surgical biopsy was submitted for histopathologic evaluation. Microscopic
      examination of H&E and Trichrome sections revealed a massive mononuclear cell
      infiltration of the myenteric plexus. In addition, there was remarkable fibrosis
      within the neuropil of the myenteric ganglia and interganglionic fascicles.
      Postoperatively, the mares's colic signs recurred within two weeks and she was
      euthanatized. Samples of the proximal and distal small colon as well as the
      original biopsy site were obtained. Over the intervening two weeks, the
      inflammatory infiltrate within the myenteric ganglia had subsided, while the
      previous intraganglionic and fascicular fibrosis had increased substantially. The
      number of myenteric neurons appeared diminished when compared to age-matched
      controls. There was evidence of neuronal degeneration among the surviving neurons
      including central chromatolysis and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Furthermore, many
      degenerate axons were observed with the electron microscope. This scenario
      represents an equine example of chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction
      (CIIP) which has been extensively described in the human literature. In this
      case, the syndrome arose as a consequence of recurrent inflammatory injury to the
      mare's enteric nervous system, thereby altering normal gastrointestinal motility.
      The ensuing neurogenic functional obstruction manifested as frequent bouts of
      small colon impactions. Equine CIIP should be considered in the differential
      diagnosis of colic.

PMID- 2403426
TI  - Endometrial adenocarcinoma in a mare.
AB  - An endometrial adenocarcinoma with metastases to the lung, liver, spleen,
      mesentery and serosal peritoneal surfaces was found in an 11-year-old Arabian
      mare. Clinical signs included generalized weight loss, depression, anorexia,
      ventral edema and abdominal distension. Ascites was due to thrombosis of the
      caudal vena cava. The diagnosis of endometrial adenocarcinoma was based on the
      histological appearance of uterine glandular epithelium and the presence of
      similar tissue in the metastatic tumors.

PMID- 2403427
TI  - Small volume resuscitation using hypertonic saline.

PMID- 2403428
TI  - Propranolol in the prevention of recurrent variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotic
      patients. A controlled trial.
AB  - A double-blind controlled study of long-acting propranolol in the secondary
      prevention of variceal hemorrhage was conducted in 81 cirrhotic patients. After
      the index hemorrhage, all patients were treated with injection sclerotherapy on
      one occasion to secure hemostasis and then randomized within 72 h to propranolol
      or placebo therapy which was continued for 2 yr. Study endpoints were severe
      recurrence of variceal hemorrhage or death. Forty-two patients did not fulfill
      the entry criteria for the study. Thirty-eight patients received propranolol of
      whom 18 (47%) had further hemorrhage, 14 died, eight had side-effects (2
      withdrawals), and 3 did not complete follow-up. Forty-three patients received
      placebo of whom 33 (77%) had further hemorrhage, 19 died, 5 had side-effects (2
      withdrawals), and 5 failed to complete follow-up. The median time from onset of
      hemorrhage to starting drug therapy was 6 days for both groups. Life table
      analysis showed an equivalent incidence of further hemorrhage in both groups over
      the first 60 days, following which the propranolol group did consistently better
      than the placebo group. There was a significantly lower incidence of rebleeding
      in modified Child's C patients receiving propranolol (39%) than those on placebo
      (90%). No statistically significant effect on mortality was seen. In this study,
      propranolol reduced the incidence of late recurrence of variceal hemorrhage in
      patients with cirrhosis.

PMID- 2403429
TI  - Diagnostic paracentesis. A potent clinical tool.
AB  - Diagnostic paracentesis is a potent diagnostic tool capable of rapidly detecting
      portal hypertension and peritonitis. Gram's stain and chemical analysis of
      ascitic fluid add additional information by determining the predisposition to
      SBP, the presence of organisms, and the severity of peritonitis. In patients with
      a narrow A-GRAD, the chemical analysis, cell count and differential, and cytology
      will add direction for the work-up if the etiology is not apparent and
      confirmation if it is. This information should be available within a few hours of
      admission if the paracentesis and blood are obtained immediately. The results
      should optimize patient care and minimize costs.

PMID- 2403430
TI  - Endoscopic ultrasonography in achalasia.

PMID- 2403431
TI  - Effects of an antral mucosectomy, L-364,718 and atropine on cephalic phase of
      gastric and pancreatic secretion in dogs.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the role of gastrin and
      cholecystokinin in the cephalic phase of gastrin release and gastric and
      pancreatic secretion in conscious dogs. Sham feeding in intact dogs increased
      gastric acid output to about 65% of histamine maximum and pancreatic protein to
      23% of caerulein maximum. Significant increases in plasma gastrin and pancreatic
      polypeptide but not cholecystokinin occurred. Similar effects were obtained using
      insulin hypoglycemia or 2-deoxy-D-glucose glucocytopemia. Atropine eliminated
      gastric acid response to sham feeding, insulin, or 2-deoxy-D-glucose,
      significantly reduced the pancreatic protein response by about 60%, and abolished
      plasma pancreatic polypeptide but not plasma gastrin. Blocking of cholecystokinin
      receptors by L-364,715 did not affect gastric or pancreatic secretory responses
      to sham feeding, insulin, or 2-deoxy-D-glucose and failed to influence the
      accompanying increments in plasma gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide. In antral
      mucosectomized dogs, sham feeding-induced acid output reached only 17% of
      histamine maximum but the increase in pancreatic protein output was similar to
      that in intact dogs. In these animals, background stimulation with G17I (62
      pmol/kg per h) potentiated the gastric acid response to sham feeding but had
      little effect on pancreatic protein output. This study provides evidence that
      unlike gastric acid, the pancreatic protein response to physiological or
      pharmacological cephalic stimulation does not depend on vagally released gastrin
      but probably on direct vagal stimulation of the pancreas.

PMID- 2403432
TI  - Effects of the amnesic agent 2-deoxygalactose on incorporation of fucose into
      chick brain glycoproteins.
AB  - The interaction of the amnesic agent 2-deoxygalactose with fucose incorporation
      into glycoproteins in day-old chick forebrain has been studied with the aim of
      identifying glycoproteins whose synthesis is modified during memory formation. 2
      Deoxygalactose inhibited total exogenous [14C]fucose incorporation into the
      forebrain glycoproteins by 26%. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gradient
      gel analysis revealed that intracerebrally injected 2-[3H]deoxygalactose labelled
      the same eight major glycoprotein bands as were identified using [14C]fucose
      labelling. Subsequent investigations focussed on these selected components.
      Subcellular fractionation showed that between 4 and 24 h after administration of
      the deoxy-sugar, the incorporated radioactivity was found predominantly at the
      synaptic sites, some glycoproteins being more abundant in synaptic plasma
      membranes and others in postsynaptic densities. This distribution pattern varied
      according to the time after injection. The effect of passive avoidance training,
      using a methylanthranilate-coated bead, on [14C]fucose incorporation into
      forebrain was to decrease fucose uptake into components of molecular mass 150-180
      kilodaltons but to increase significantly labelling of glycoproteins of molecular
      mass 33 and 28 kilodaltons. The possible implications of these training-induced
      changes are discussed.

PMID- 2403433
TI  - Optimal duration of experimental period in measurement of local cerebral glucose
      utilization with the deoxyglucose method.
AB  - The time course and magnitude of the effects of product loss on the measurement
      of local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) by the 2-[14C]deoxyglucose (DG)
      method were studied by determination of LCGU in 38 rats with 25-120 min
      experimental periods after a [14C]DG pulse and in 45 rats with experimental
      periods of 2.5-120 min during which arterial plasma [14C]DG concentrations (C*P)
      were maintained constant. LCGU was calculated by the operational equation, which
      assumes no product loss, with the original set of rate constants and with a new
      set redetermined in the rats used in the present study; in each case the rate
      constants were those specific to the structure. Data on local tissue 14C
      concentrations and C*P were also plotted according to the multiple time/graphic
      evaluation technique ("Patlak Plot"). The results show that with both pulse and
      constant arterial inputs of [14C]DG the influence of the rate constants is
      critical early after onset of tracer administration but diminishes with time and
      becomes relatively minor by 30 min. After a [14C]DG pulse calculated LCGU remains
      constant between 25 and 45 min, indicating a negligible effect of product loss
      during that period; at 60 min it begins to fall and declines progressively with
      increasing time, indicating that product loss has become significant. When C*P is
      maintained constant, calculated LCGU does not change significantly over the full
      120 min. The "Patlak Plots" reinforced the conclusions drawn from the time
      courses of calculated LCGU; evidence for loss of product was undetectable for at
      least 45 min after a pulse of [14C]DG and for at least 60 min after onset of a
      constant arterial input of [14C]DG.

PMID- 2403435
TI  - Nonhuman primate bites.
AB  - Nonhuman primate (monkey) bites to researchers and attending animal care staff
      may present problems in patient management. Such inoculations can transmit
      serious bacterial and viral infections to the human handlers. Significant local
      and systemic manifestations can subsequently develop following such an injury.
      Since Herpesvirus simiae (B virus) is enzootic in Asiatic monkeys of the genus
      Macaca, and since B virus infection in humans is usually fatal, additional
      prophylactic and therapeutic measures must be taken when persons are bitten by
      macaque monkeys. Primate bites require early aggressive intervention.

PMID- 2403434
TI  - Specific binding of insulin to membranes from dendrodendritic synaptosomes of rat
      olfactory bulb.
AB  - The external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb is among the brain regions
      where insulin receptors are most abundant. In vitro binding of porcine 125I
      insulin to membranes of dendrodendritic synaptosomes isolated from adult rat
      olfactory bulbs was studied to test the hypothesis that dendrodendritic synapses
      are major insulin-receptive sites in the external plexiform layer of olfactory
      bulbs. Of the specific insulin binding sites present in a total particulate
      fraction from the olfactory bulbs, approximately half were recovered in the
      dendrodendritic synaptosome fraction. The only other subcellular fraction to
      which substantial insulin binding was observed was the conventional
      (axodendritic/axosomatic) synaptosome fraction. Analysis of equilibrium binding
      of insulin to dendrodendritic synaptosomal membranes, at total insulin
      concentrations of 0.5-1,000 nM, revealed binding site heterogeneity consistent
      with a two-site model for insulin binding to a high-affinity (KD = 6 nM), low
      capacity (Bmax = 110 fmol/mg of protein) site and a low-affinity (KD = 190 nM),
      high-capacity (Bmax = 570 fmol/mg of protein) site. The results indicate that the
      intense labeling of the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb in
      autoradiographic studies of insulin binding can be attributed to insulin
      receptors on dendrodendritic synaptic membranes in this region.

PMID- 2403436
TI  - HIV-1 and HTLV-I infection in renal transplant recipients.
AB  - The prevalence of retroviral infection in renal transplantation remains poorly
      defined. We tested retrospectively sera from 224 of 331 patients undergoing renal
      transplantation between 1979 and 1985. Viral antigen based EIA was used for
      screening IgG antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-I) and human T-cell
      leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). Positive EIAs were confirmed by Western blot. Six
      patients (2.7%) were found to have retroviral infection, four with HIV-1 and two
      with HTLV-I. The four patients with HIV-1 infection were negative before and
      became EIA and Western blot positive following transplantation. All patients had
      transient HIV-1 antigenemia documented before antibody was detected. One patient
      died of Kaposi's sarcoma 2 years posttransplantion with a functioning graft. One
      is alive and asymptomatic 4 years posttransplant, and two rejected their grafts
      and are asymptomatic on maintenance hemodialysis. Six patients tested positive
      for HTLV-I by EIA. Only two patients, however, were also positive for HTLV-I by
      Western blot, RIPA, and p24 antigen RIA, one prior to and one after
      transplantation. Both had HTLV-I-positive lymphocyte cultures and remain
      asymptomatic of retroviral infection 3 years after renal transplantation. A third
      patient, positive for HTLV-I by EIA, had indeterminate Western blot and negative
      RIPA, RIA, and lymphocyte culture. Intravenous drug use was not a risk factor for
      retroviral infection in this patient population. It is likely that patients
      became infected peritransplantation from blood transfusions. Contamination by
      donor kidneys, however, cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2403437
TI  - Prospects for antiestrogen chemoprevention of breast cancer.

PMID- 2403438
TI  - Structure of the bacteriophage T4 baseplate as determined by chemical cross
      linking.
AB  - We have carried out a series of reversible chemical cross-linking experiments
      using the reagent ethylene glycol-bis(succinimidylsuccinate) with the goal of
      determining the three-dimensional structure of the bacteriophage T4 baseplate. In
      a previous report, we investigated the near-neighbor contacts in baseplate
      precursors and substructures (N.R.M. Watts and D.H. Coombs, J. Virol. 63:2427
      2436, 1989). Here we report completion of the analysis by examining finished
      baseplates and tails. Most of the previous contacts were confirmed, and we report
      several new contacts, including those within the central hub (gp5-gptd2, gp26
      gptd), between the hub and the outer wedges (gp6-gp27(2], between baseplate and
      sheath (gp54-gp18), and between sheath and core (gp19-gp18). On the basis of this
      and other available information, a partial three-dimensional model of the
      baseplate is proposed.

PMID- 2403439
TI  - Regions of the Moloney murine leukemia virus genome specifically related to
      induction of promonocytic tumors.
AB  - Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV) can be a potent inducer of promonocytic
      leukemias in mice that are undergoing a chronic inflammatory response. The
      neoplasms are, at least in part, associated with insertional mutagenesis of the c
      myb locus. Evidence is presented for the existence of at least two genetic
      elements of the virus that are crucial to induction of this disease but are not
      required for viral replication in hematopoietic tissues or induction of lymphoid
      disease. These genetic elements were detected by testing the pathogenicity of
      recombinants between Moloney and Friend MuLVs, the latter of which is nonleukemic
      to myeloid cells under these conditions, and by testing Moloney MuLV-based
      viruses that have nonretroviral sequences inserted at specific endonuclease sites
      in their long terminal repeats (LTRs). Analysis of the Moloney/Friend
      recombinants showed that there are sequences within the structural gene domain of
      Moloney, but not Friend, MuLV that are necessary for promonocytic leukemia,
      whereas the LTRs of the MuLVs are equally effective for promonocytic tumor
      formation and insertional mutagenesis of the c-myb gene. Experiments with viruses
      which were mutagenized in the LTR by insertions demonstrated that there is a
      specific genetic element in the U3 region of the LTR of Moloney MuLV, upstream of
      the 75-base-pair enhancer which, when interrupted, results in loss of
      leukemogenicity for cells in the monocytic lineage but not cells in the lymphoid
      lineage. We conclude, therefore, that promonocytic leukemia induction, in Moloney
      MuLV-infected mice undergoing a chronic inflammatory response, requires specific
      sequences in the structural gene region of Moloney MuLV as well as other
      sequences in the regulatory region of the virus.

PMID- 2403441
TI  - Intracellular transport of recombinant coronavirus spike proteins: implications
      for virus assembly.
AB  - Coronavirus spike protein genes were expressed in vitro by using the recombinant
      vaccinia virus expression system. Recombinant spike proteins were expressed at
      the cell surface and induced cell fusion in a host-cell-dependent fashion. The
      intracellular transport of recombinant spike proteins was studied. The half time
      of acquisition of resistance to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H was
      approximately 3 h for the recombinant feline infectious peritonitis virus S
      protein. The S protein in feline infectious peritonitis virus-infected cells was
      found to have a half time of acquisition of resistance to endo-beta-N
      acetylglucosaminidase H of approximately 1 h. This difference can be explained by
      the fact that coronavirus budding takes place at intracellular membranes and that
      the oligosaccharides of the spike protein are modified after budding. Apparently,
      spike protein incorporated into budded virions is transported faster through the
      Golgi apparatus than is spike protein alone. These findings provide new insights
      into the mechanism of coronavirus budding and are discussed in relation to
      current models of intracellular transport and sorting of proteins.

PMID- 2403440
TI  - Nonessential region of bacteriophage P4: DNA sequence, transcription, gene
      products, and functions.
AB  - We sequenced the leftmost 2,640 base pairs of bacteriophage P4 DNA, thus
      completing the sequence of the 11,627-base-pair P4 genome. The newly sequenced
      region encodes three nonessential genes, which are called gop, beta, and cII (in
      order, from left to right). The gop gene product kills Escherichia coli when the
      beta protein is absent; the gop and beta genes are transcribed rightward from the
      same promoter. The cII gene is transcribed leftward to a rho-independent
      terminator. Mutation of this terminator creates a temperature-sensitive
      phenotype, presumably owing to a defect in expression of the beta gene.

PMID- 2403442
TI  - Expression of the glycoprotein gene from a fish rhabdovirus by using baculovirus
      vectors.
AB  - A cDNA fragment containing the gene encoding the glycoprotein of infectious
      hematopoietic necrosis virus was inserted into Autographa californica baculovirus
      vectors under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. A 66-kilodalton protein,
      identical in size to the glycosylated glycoprotein of infectious hematopoietic
      necrosis virus, was expressed at high levels in Spodoptera frugiperda cells
      infected with the recombinant viruses. The expressed protein reacted with
      antiserum to the glycoprotein on Western blots (immunoblots).

PMID- 2403443
TI  - MDs of the millennium--the dozen who made a difference.

PMID- 2403444
TI  - Applying brakes to the runaway American health care system. A proposed agenda.
AB  - The American health care system, and especially its cost, is out of control,
      inhibiting access to care for many, lessening quality of care for some, and
      creating an almost palpable angst among physicians and others concerned with this
      enormous national problem. Increased health care rationing in the next decade is
      inevitable, yet it must not be done with quick fixes, short-term solutions, and
      patchwork reform of our present system. That would create worse problems for
      health care in the 21 st century and is clearly unacceptable. We recommend that
      President Bush appoint a blue-ribbon commission to study our present system in
      depth, then offer alternative solutions for its many problems. He should look
      closely at at least the following nine issues: controlling medical technology,
      instituting a resource-based relative value system for physician reimbursement,
      establishing an ongoing national medical ethics commission, instituting national
      malpractice reform, implementing universal medical coverage with
      Medicare/Medicaid reform, establishing a national health services research and
      planning institute, reducing the nation's health care facilities, reducing
      physician supply, and improving health promotion/disease prevention education.

PMID- 2403445
TI  - Catheter and surgical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
AB  - Over the past decade, numerous impressive advances have been made using
      nonpharmacologic methods for control of cardiac arrhythmias. These methods
      include surgical or catheter ablation of abnormal foci. Current techniques
      involve catheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction to control
      supraventricular arrhythmias. In addition, surgical techniques have proved to be
      remarkably safe and effective for treatment of patients with accessory pathways
      and those with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Patients with drug
      refractory ventricular tachycardia may benefit from surgical resection of the
      ventricular tachycardia focus. The use of these interventional methodologies has
      radically altered the approach to management of patients with drug-refractory
      cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 2403446
TI  - Responsible and irresponsible use of very-low-calorie diets in the treatment of
      obesity.

PMID- 2403447
TI  - Respiratory activity of the cricothyroid muscle in conscious humans.
AB  - The cricothyroid muscle serves as an accessory muscle of respiration in
      anesthetized animals. The functional significance of this activity is unknown. To
      determine respiratory cricothyroid muscle activity in conscious humans,
      cricothyroid muscle electromyogram was measured percutaneously, along with
      posterior cricoarytenoid muscle electromyogram and esophageal pressure in six
      volunteers. Low level cricothyroid muscle activity with quiet breathing was
      observed in four subjects. In all subjects, cricothyroid muscle activity was
      recruited by voluntary deep breathing, brief airway occlusion, and hypercapnia.
      Continuous positive airway pressure at 7.5-cm H2O increased expiratory
      cricothyroid muscle activity in all subjects, and suppressed inspiratory activity
      in five. These results indicate that respiratory reflexes of the cricothyroid
      muscle are operative in conscious humans.

PMID- 2403448
TI  - Tamoxifen therapy in patients with recurrent laryngeal squamous carcinoma.
AB  - Twelve patients with recurrent, advanced laryngeal carcinoma were treated with
      tamoxifen hormonal therapy. Rationale was based on previous in vitro data
      identifying estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors in some laryngeal
      carcinoma cell lines. Four patients received tamoxifen, 10 to 20 mg by mouth
      twice a day; eight received 40 mg by mouth four times a day. The drug was well
      tolerated at all dose levels. There were no clinical responses. Two patients'
      tumor tissue was assayed for estrogen and progesterone receptors. One was
      negative for both, and the other was indeterminate for estrogen receptors and
      negative for progesterone receptors. A review of literature and a discussion of
      the possible reasons for the negative results are presented.

PMID- 2403449
TI  - Biochemical features of major organ of Corti proteins (OCP-I and OCP-II)
      including partial amino acid sequence.
AB  - Further biochemical and biophysical characterization of two low-molecular-weight,
      strongly acidic proteins that are present at extremely high levels in the organ
      of Corti, tentatively named OCP-I and OCP-II, is presented. The two proteins are
      also present, although at much lower levels, in the vestibular end-organs and a
      variety of other inner ear tissues; they have not been observed in other systems.
      OCP-I and II are highly soluble and do not contain appreciable amounts of
      carbohydrate. The two proteins, originally described in the guinea pig, are
      compared electrophoretically with the corresponding proteins in several other
      mammalian species. Preliminary data on the amino acid composition of the two
      proteins are presented. Moreover, the amino-terminal sequence of a 22-residue
      segment of OCP-II is shown and compared to the sequences of known proteins.

PMID- 2403450
TI  - A century of porphyria.

PMID- 2403451
TI  - The red cell skeleton and its genetic disorders.

PMID- 2403452
TI  - Proteolytic degradation of human recombinant proinsulin/insulin by sera from
      acute pancreatitis patients and complete inhibition by Eglin-C.
AB  - Sera from patients of biliary, alcoholic, and idiopathic acute pancreatitis with
      severity scored from 1 to 5 based on the Ranson criteria were tested for
      proinsulin/insulin degrading activity. Proinsulin degrading activity by normal
      controls was 8 +/- 4% as compared with 22-78 +/- 17% with a mean of 45% by the
      patient sera. An order of magnitude increase of proinsulin degrading activity was
      accompanied by an order of magnitude increase of immunoreactive pancreatic
      cationic trypsin(ogen) and (pro)elastase-2 as determined by radioimmunoassay with
      day 1 sera. Proinsulin degrading activity also showed a negative correlation with
      the clinical time course and dropped to normal by 6 days after admission. The
      decrease of proinsulin degrading activity was concomitant with a decrease of
      serum immunoreactive pancreatic serine proteases. High-performance liquid
      chromatography analysis of the proteolysis products showed the appearance of
      insulin and smaller peptides with no proinsulin conversion intermediates. Ninety
      to ninety-eight percent of proinsulin degrading activity was inhibited by anti
      alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-M) antiserum, or (Ac)Eglin-C(J141), and 52% by an
      elastase and chymotrypsin-specific inhibitor, MeOSuc-Ala-Ala-Pro-boroVal-pinacol.
      E64c, TLCK, alpha 1-protease inhibitor (alpha 1-PI), or Trasylol inhibited
      proinsulin degrading activity by 10-17%, and anti-cathepsin B antiserum by 9%.
      The observed proinsulin degrading activity did not correlate with the Ranson's
      scores, age, sex, etiology, total serum immunoreactive insulin, calcium, albumin
      or alpha 2-M but had a negative correlation with serum alpha 1-PI (r = -0.55) and
      a positive correlation with serum esterase activity (r = .62).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2403453
TI  - Effects of prolactin and glycosylated prolactin on (pro)insulin synthesis and
      insulin release from cultured rat pancreatic islets.
AB  - In order to study the possible differential effects of the nonglycosylated and
      glycosylated forms of prolactin on insulin content and secretion in pancreatic
      islets, neonatal rat pancreatic islets were exposed for 6 days in vitro to 2
      micrograms/ml of nonglycosylated ovine prolactin (oPRL), or to 2 micrograms/ml of
      glycosylated oPRL (G-oPRL). oPRL stimulated a significant increase (p less than
      0.01) in the total amount of insulin released into the medium over the 6 day
      culture period; however, G-oPRL had no effect. Islets cultured for 6 days in the
      presence of oPRL showed no increase in the amount of DNA per islet. However,
      there was a significant (p less than 0.007) increase in the amount of total
      protein synthesized by the islets exposed to oPRL. These findings suggest that
      the effect of oPRL on neonatal rat pancreatic islet cells is a nonspecific
      effect. The nonglycosylated form of PRL may play a role in B-cell function by
      promoting protein synthesis, which results in augmented insulin synthesis.

PMID- 2403454
TI  - The earliest graph?

PMID- 2403455
TI  - The relative role of sclerotherapy vs. surgical procedures in portal
      hypertension.
AB  - This review is a discussion of the evolution of different modes of therapy to
      treat variceal bleeding. At the present time, endoscopic sclerosis represents the
      mainstay of therapy for most patients with chronic cirrhosis. In patients who
      fail sclerotherapy, selective shunt surgery is indicated in patients with good
      hepatic reserve, and liver transplantation for those who have chronic liver
      failure.

PMID- 2403456
TI  - The detection and treatment of early breast cancer.
AB  - Early breast cancer represents an area in which advances in understanding of
      epidemiology, natural history, and tumor biology have merged with advances in
      surgery and technology to bring about some of the most significant reductions in
      mortality from cancer in this century. Breast cancer can be viewed as a
      collection of many different diseases with distinct levels of biologic behavior
      that are based on individual host-tumor interactions, which are in turn governed
      by a multitude of genetic, environmental, and hormonal variables. The key to many
      of the persistent questions about carcinoma of the breast and its management may
      lie in its earliest stages, for it is here that the origins of malignancy lie.
      The current multimodality approach to its detection and treatment reflects the
      complexity of this disease, as well as the need for a thorough understanding of
      all aspects of its biology. The physician involved in the management of early
      breast cancer must be committed to such an understanding, as well as to a
      rational integration of these various factors with the specific psychological and
      emotional makeup of the patient in order to achieve optimal results and continue
      advancing the frontiers of development.

PMID- 2403457
TI  - Sphincter saving operations for chronic ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2403459
TI  - Multidisciplinary therapy for esophageal cancer.
AB  - The use of combined-modality therapy programs, including systemic chemotherapy
      plus radiotherapy, are being studied intensively, since pilot trials have
      consistently shown improvement in 1- or 2-year survival statistics compared with
      historic controls. The mechanisms of interaction of the most popular
      chemotherapeutic drugs (5-FU, mitomycin C, and cisplatin) when used with
      irradiation are not fully understood. Further clinical work will be necessary to
      optimize the best combination of agents, their dose levels, and method and
      schedules of administration. Pathologic complete responses ranging from 37 to 45%
      have been reported in some series using preoperative chemoradiation and may
      translate into better survival rates for some patient subgroups. Several
      randomized multiinstitutional trials are underway to assess the utility of
      chemoradiation in comparison to radiotherapy alone in order to confirm these
      initial encouraging results. From these data, it would be prudent to consider the
      use of 5-FU continuous infusion treatment with or without other chemotherapeutic
      agents in conjunction with conventionally fractionated irradiation. Radiotherapy
      should be given in a continuous fractionated course rather than given as a split
      course. With these guidelines, the acute complications and late complications
      seem to be acceptable and not increased over those expected with radiotherapy
      alone.

PMID- 2403458
TI  - The role of cytokine mediators in septic shock.

PMID- 2403460
TI  - Burn wound care.

PMID- 2403461
TI  - The place of lithotripsy and surgery in the management of gallstone disease.
AB  - In summary, 10% to 20% of all symptomatic and uncomplicated gallbladder stones
      can be treated by ESWL under the current entry criteria. Further, ESWL is
      suitable for patients with bile duct stones in whom the primary endoscopic
      approach is not successful (about 10%). The algorithm in Figure 7 shows the
      therapeutic modalities that may be employed if the least invasive therapy is
      chosen. The different methods shown in this diagram are usually carried out by
      different specialists including surgeons, gastroenterologists, or radiologists.
      Therefore, an interdisciplinary approach is desirable. The technology of shock
      wave therapy of gallbladder stones will be improved in the future, for example
      the efficacy of stone fragmentation while maintaining a low level of discomfort
      for the patient. Moreover, repeated shock wave treatments may increase the
      success rate in patients with multiple stones and possibly in those with slightly
      calcified stones as well. Repeated procedures for recurrent stones appear
      feasible. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to define the place of ESWL in
      the management of gallstone disease. Surgery of the gallbladder remains the "gold
      standard" of curative therapy of gallbladder stones, against which ESWL and other
      nonsurgical techniques have to be evaluated. For the therapy of bile duct stones,
      ESWL is a helpful and effective nonsurgical adjunct.

PMID- 2403462
TI  - Advances in microsurgery.

PMID- 2403463
TI  - Proximal bile duct cancer.

PMID- 2403464
TI  - Random digit dialing for control selection. A review and a caution on its use in
      studies of childhood cancer.
AB  - Random digit dialing is an effective method for creating a probability sample of
      households for telephone interviews. Epidemiologists have successfully used the
      technique to select controls for population-based case-control studies. However,
      a modified version of random digit dialing used in some institution-based studies
      of childhood cancer etiology involves a selection process which is biased against
      children from families with closely spaced births. The author discusses
      alternative approaches to reducing this bias in control group selection.

PMID- 2403465
TI  - Assessment of vital statistics and surveillance data for monitoring tetanus
      mortality, United States, 1979-1984.
AB  - Reported tetanus cases and tetanus deaths have declined substantially since
      widespread implementation of tetanus immunization. However, preventable morbidity
      and mortality continue to occur. During 1979-1984, 74-95 cases of tetanus were
      reported annually to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and 20-31 deaths were
      reported annually by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). To
      evaluate further the health impact of tetanus, the authors assessed the
      completeness of national tetanus mortality data. They reviewed tetanus case
      report forms received at CDC from the states and NCHS multiple-cause-of-death
      tapes for 1979-1984. CDC reports recorded 129 deaths and NCHS mortality tapes 197
      deaths. Year of death, state, age, and sex were used to match CDC and NCHS
      deaths, identifying 78 deaths reported to both sources. Using the methodology of
      Chandra Sekar and Deming, the authors estimated the actual number of tetanus
      deaths for 1979-1984 to be 326 (95% confidence interval 291-361). Based on this
      estimate, the completeness of reporting to CDC was 40%, to NCHS 60%, and to the
      combined systems 76%. To evaluate the reasons for underreporting, the authors
      contacted 14 states that had reported greater than or equal to 10 cases of
      tetanus to CDC during 1979-1984 to obtain death certificates for all tetanus
      deaths and additional information on all tetanus cases. Thirteen states submitted
      108 death certificates for review. Coding and other systematic errors did not
      explain the low reporting efficiency. Failure to list tetanus as a cause of death
      on the death certificate was the primary reason for nonreporting of tetanus
      deaths to NCHS. These results suggest that NCHS tetanus mortality data may not be
      as complete as previously assumed and that tetanus mortality, and probably
      morbidity, are higher than previous reports have indicated.

PMID- 2403466
TI  - National sources of vital status information: extent of coverage and possible
      selectivity in reporting.
AB  - The completeness of death reporting and characteristics of deaths not found by
      the Social Security Administration, Internal Revenue Service, Veterans
      Administration, and National Death Index were investigated in a follow-up study
      (1965-1983) of mortality among 18,313 randomly selected Vietnam-era veterans.
      Overall, 97% of all known deaths identified by these means had been found by the
      National Death Index (for the years 1979-1983), 83% by the Social Security
      Administration files, 80% by the Veterans Administration file, and only 23% by
      the Internal Revenue Service file. Coverage by the Veterans Administration file
      differed considerably by time period of death; 28% of deaths occurring in 1965
      1971 appeared in the Veterans Administration system compared with 87% in 1972
      1983. Social Security Administration coverage varied somewhat over time-87% in
      the period from 1965-1981 and 64% in 1982-1983. Deaths not found by the National
      Death Index or the Veterans Administration file occurred more frequently among
      those with certain characteristics, such as nonwhite racial background,
      nonhonorable discharge, and low rank at discharge. There were no such differences
      for deaths found by the Social Security Administration. Importantly, these
      characteristics were strong predictors of subsequent mortality. Thus, in studies
      of mortality, there is a potential for bias when certain reporting sources are
      used to the exclusion of others.

PMID- 2403467
TI  - Nested case-control and case-cohort methods of sampling from a cohort: a critical
      comparison.
AB  - The recently developed case-cohort method of sampling from a cohort is compared
      with the nested case-control method. Corrected asymptotic relative efficiency
      results show that the case-cohort design for single "disease" outcomes offers
      less improvement for intervention trials for which there is no random censoring
      than originally suggested. Furthermore, simulation results indicate that if there
      is moderate random censoring or staggered entry, the case-cohort method can do
      substantially worse than the nested case-control method.

PMID- 2403468
TI  - Mortality and air pollution in London: a time series analysis.
AB  - The relation between air pollution and mortality in London was examined for the
      winters of 1958-1972. The data exhibited a high degree of autocorrelation,
      requiring analyses using autoregressive models. There was a highly significant
      relation between mortality and either particulate matter or sulfur dioxide (after
      controlling for temperature and humidity), both overall and in each individual
      year. Graphic analysis revealed a nonlinear relation with no threshold, and a
      steeper exposure-response curve at lower air pollution levels. In models with
      both pollutants, particulate matter remained a significant predictor with about a
      10% reduction in its estimated coefficients, while sulfur dioxide was
      insignificant, with a large drop in its estimated coefficient. The authors
      conclude that particulates are strongly associated with mortality rates in
      London, and the relation is likely causal.

PMID- 2403469
TI  - Transfers of hospitalized psychiatric patients under Medicare's prospective
      payment system.
AB  - Medicare's reimbursement policy provides payment incentives for hospitals to
      transfer psychiatric patients to another acute-care facility, especially when the
      destination facility is exempt from Medicare's prospective payment system. The
      authors found, however, that transfers were relatively infrequent in 1985,
      accounting for only approximately 3.4% of all psychiatric hospitalizations under
      Medicare. The most common type of transfer was from a nonspecialized general
      hospital bed to a Medicare-exempt psychiatric unit within the same hospital.
      Given that increasing financial pressures may result in a rise in the number of
      transfers, the authors discuss potential reforms of Medicare reimbursement for
      these cases.

PMID- 2403470
TI  - Pharmacotherapy of four men with paruresis.
AB  - Four men with paruresis received trials of atenolol or phenelzine or both.
      Atenolol was effective in one patient. Three patients had a poor response to
      phenelzine, and they all experienced troublesome side effects.

PMID- 2403471
TI  - The biological basis of an antidepressant response to sleep deprivation and
      relapse: review and hypothesis.
AB  - Sixty-one papers involving over 1,700 subjects have documented that over half of
      depressed patients experience an antidepressant response to sleep deprivation.
      Eighty-three percent of unmedicated depressed patients who had an antidepressant
      response to sleep deprivation relapsed after one night of sleep. Short naps can
      also activate severe relapses. The authors suggest that these phenomenological
      observations concerning relapse with a night of sleep or with naps after
      successful sleep deprivation would be compatible with the existence of a sleep
      associated depressogenic process.

PMID- 2403472
TI  - Differential diagnosis and classification of apathy.
AB  - This paper discusses the definition of apathy, reviews its differential
      diagnosis, and proposes a classification for the conditions that may produce it.
      Apathy is defined as diminished motivation not attributable to diminished level
      of consciousness, cognitive impairment, or emotional distress. In its
      differential diagnosis, abulia, akinesia and akinetic mutism, depression,
      dementia, delirium, despair, and demoralization must be ruled out. Classification
      of apathy is organized in terms of its adaptive and functional consequences, its
      relationship to personality or to sociocultural or environmental events, and its
      association with psychiatric, neurological, and medical disorders. An approach to
      assessment and treatment is proposed.

PMID- 2403473
TI  - Computer-administered cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression.
AB  - The authors evaluated a six-session interactive computer cognitive-behavioral
      treatment program given to volunteer patients who met Research Diagnostic
      Criteria (RDC) for major or minor depressive disorder. Patients were randomly
      assigned to computer-administered cognitive-behavioral treatment, to therapist
      administered cognitive-behavioral treatment, or to a waiting-list control
      condition. After treatment and at 2-month follow-up, both treatment groups had
      improved significantly more than control subjects in their scores on the Beck
      Depression Inventory, SCL-90-R depression and global scales, Hamilton Rating
      Scale for Depression, and Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire. The treatment groups
      did not differ from each other at either time.

PMID- 2403474
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the kidney.
AB  - Since the first report on the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1981,
      organ involvement of AIDS has increased. We discuss the effect of human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the causative agent of AIDS, on the field
      of nephrology. Hyponatremia, the commonest fluid and electrolyte abnormality, is
      caused by various pathophysiologic mechanisms, including adrenal insufficiency.
      The renal parenchymal complications are diverse, but a new entity, HIV-associated
      nephropathy, is becoming recognized because of its characteristic clinical and
      pathologic features, including the fact that it causes irreversible renal
      failure. HIV infection in patients with end-stage renal failure, both before and
      after initiation of maintenance dialysis, is a significant problem. The present
      methods of preventing spread of virus in dialysis units seem successful. Few
      patients who are infected with HIV or who have AIDS have had renal
      transplantation, although unsuspected viral infection of cadaveric organs remains
      a concern.

PMID- 2403475
TI  - Screening for lung cancer.

PMID- 2403476
TI  - Online access to MEDLINE in clinical settings. A study of use and usefulness.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: We introduced self-service access to the medical literature
      database, MEDLINE, into clinical settings to assess the frequency, patterns,
      purposes, and success of use. DESIGN: Longitudinal descriptive study. SETTING:
      Inpatient and outpatient services of a university medical center. PARTICIPANTS:
      All trainees and attending staff working at the service sites were invited to
      participate; 158 (84%) did so. INTERVENTIONS: Free online access was provided to
      MEDLINE through GRATEFUL MED software. Participants were offered a 2-hour
      introduction to online searching and 2 hours of free search time. MEASUREMENTS
      AND MAIN RESULTS: For each search, a computer program requested identification of
      the user and the question to be addressed. Search transactions were recorded
      automatically. Interviews were conducted after a random sample of searches, and
      search questions were given to more expert searchers to run for comparison with
      the original. Eighty-one percent of participants did searches on study computers,
      at a mean rate of 2.7 searches per month. On comparison searches, participants
      retrieved 55% of the number of relevant articles retrieved by reference
      librarians (P = 0.024) and 50% more irrelevant articles (P less than 0.001).
      Forty-seven percent of searches on patient problems affected clinical decisions,
      but often on scanty information. CONCLUSIONS: MEDLINE searching from clinical
      settings is feasible with brief training and affects clinical decisions. However,
      inexperienced searchers miss many relevant citations and search inefficiently.
      Further studies are needed to assess the impact of searching on physician
      performance and patient care.

PMID- 2403477
TI  - Loxosceles reclusa envenomation.
AB  - Loxosceles species are widely distributed. People are most at risk for bites when
      they disturb the nocturnal spider's habitat. The bite sequelae range from
      insignificant, to disseminated intravascular coagulation and renal failure.
      Patients most frequently seek care for slow-healing necrotic skin lesions. Early
      surgical excision is not recommended. Conservative local care usually suffices.
      Dapsone may benefit some patients. Specific antivenom given early may minimize
      sequelae.

PMID- 2403478
TI  - Emergency cardiopulmonary bypass for resuscitation from prolonged cardiac arrest.
AB  - After cardiac arrest (no flow) of more than approximately 5 minutes' duration,
      standard external cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) basic, advanced, and
      prolonged life support (BLS, ALS, PLS) do not reliably produce cerebral and
      coronary perfusion pressures to maintain viability and achieve stable spontaneous
      normotension; nor do they provide prolonged control over pressure, flow,
      composition, and temperature of blood. Since these capabilities are often needed
      to achieve conscious survival, emergency closed-chest cardiopulmonary bypass
      (CPB) by veno-arterial pumping via oxygenator is presented in this review as a
      potential addition to ALS-PLS for selected cases. In six dog studies by the
      Pittsburgh group (n = 221; 1982 through 1988), all 179 dogs that received CPB
      after prolonged cardiac arrest (no flow) or after CPR (low flow) states had
      restoration of stable spontaneous circulation. The use of CPB enhanced survival
      and neurological recovery over those achieved with CPR-ALS attempts only. With
      CPB and standard intensive care, it was possible to reverse normothermic
      ventricular fibrillation (VF) cardiac arrest (no flow) of up to 15 minutes and to
      achieve survival without neurologic deficit; VF of 20 minutes to achieve survival
      but with neurologic deficit; and VF of 30 minutes to achieve transient
      restoration of spontaneous circulation followed by secondary cardiac death. CPB
      could restore stable spontaneous circulation after ice water submersion of up to
      90 minutes. Other groups' laboratory and clinical results agree with these
      findings in general. Clinical feasibility trials are needed to work out logistic
      problems and to meet clinical challenges. Future possibilities for emergency CPB
      require further research and development.

PMID- 2403479
TI  - Pralidoxime in the treatment of carbamate intoxication.
AB  - The use of oxime reactivators of inhibited cholinesterase enzymes in poisoning by
      carbamate compounds has received mixed reviews in the medical literature. Data
      are limited and inconsistent on the possible role oxime reactivators might have
      in carbamate intoxication. Based on existing experience, atropine remains the
      treatment of choice and pralidoxime (2-PAM) is not recommended except in cases
      where atropine has first been proven inadequate, in serious mixed poisonings with
      both carbamate and organophosphorus compounds, or in serious poisonings by
      unidentified cholinesterase inhibitors.

PMID- 2403480
TI  - I ain't no obstetrician.

PMID- 2403482
TI  - Medullomyoblastoma in an adult.
AB  - Medullomyoblastoma is a rare histologic variant of medulloblastoma. Of the 20
      cases reported in the literature, 19 were in children ages 2.5 to 10.5 years and
      one was in a 26-year-old woman. In the reported adult case the myogenic component
      of the tumor was leiomyosarcomatous. The authors report a case of
      medullomyoblastoma with a rhabdomyosarcomatous component in a 40-year-old man
      with light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings. The
      histogenetic theories regarding this tumor include that it is a teratoma, or that
      the myogenic component arises from the perivascular or leptomeningeal
      ectomesenchyme, or pluripotential neuroectodermal cells, or endothelial cells.
      The authors' findings do not elucidate the histogenesis but argue against an
      endothelial origin of the rhabdomyoblastic component.

PMID- 2403481
TI  - Pediatric trauma: differences in pathophysiology, injury patterns and treatment
      compared with adult trauma.
AB  - Although multiple trauma remains the leading cause of death among children, fewer
      resources and less attention have been directed to treatment of the injured child
      than to treatment of the injured adult. Insufficient training of medical
      personnel and hence lack of expertise in the management of injured children are
      factors contributing to disability and death in such children. Although the
      principles of resuscitation of injured children are similar to those for adults,
      appreciation of the differences in cardiorespiratory variables, airway anatomy,
      response to blood loss, thermoregulation and equipment required is essential for
      successful initial resuscitation. Cerebral, abdominal and thoracic injuries
      account for most of the disability and death among injured children. Cerebral
      damage may be due to secondary injuries to the brain and is potentially
      preventable. The need to preserve the spleen in children complicates the
      management of abdominal trauma. Although children usually have large
      cardiorespiratory reserves, they are likely to need airway control and
      ventilation with thoracic injuries. The psychologic effect of trauma may pose
      long-term problems and needs close follow-up.

PMID- 2403483
TI  - c-erbB-2 oncoprotein expression in primary human tumors.
AB  - Using a specific antiserum (21N) to the c-erbB-2 oncoprotein, a total of 405
      primary malignant human tumors arising in the breast (n = 191), lung (n = 110),
      colon/rectum (n = 23), bladder (n = 48), prostate (n = 23), and skin (n = 10)
      were stained immunohistochemically to detect those tumors that over-expressed
      this putative transmembrane receptor. Malignant cells showed intense positivity
      for this oncoprotein in 17% of the breast carcinomas, 4% of the colorectal
      tumors, 2% of the bladder tumors, and 1% of the nonsmall cell lung carcinomas. No
      positive staining was evident in the prostate, skin, or small cell lung
      carcinomas. This study shows that over-expression of the c-erbB-2 oncoprotein is
      common in breast cancer but relatively rare in the other malignancies studied. In
      addition, this oncoprotein can be identified readily in routine paraffin-embedded
      tissue.

PMID- 2403484
TI  - Beta-lactam regimens for the febrile neutropenic patient.
AB  - A total of 535 evaluable febrile episodes in neutropenic patients were randomly
      assigned to treatment with ticarcillin-clavulanate plus vancomycin (TV),
      ceftazidime plus vancomycin (CV), or all three antibiotics (TCV). The TCV regimen
      was significantly more effective than TV, considering all evaluable episodes,
      documented infections, gram-negative infections, and infections in patients with
      persistent severe neutropenia (less than 100 neutrophils/mm3). The results with
      CV were intermediate between TV and TCV. The toxicities were similar with all
      three regimens and consisted primarily of skin rashes. The TCV regimen is
      effective for empiric therapy of fever in neutropenic patients and probably
      should be utilized in preference to CV or TV, although its superiority over CV in
      this study was inconclusive.

PMID- 2403485
TI  - Mineral loss during etching of enamel lesions.
AB  - This study was aimed at determining the amount of mineral removed from incipient
      enamel lesions during acid etching. The rationale being that fissures which are
      scheduled for sealing will often have undetected demineralized regions. Lesions
      were formed in bovine enamel specimens using either an acidified gelatine gel or
      a lactate buffer containing methane hydroxy diphosphonate. Different parts of
      each lesion were acid-etched either for a 1- or for a 2-min period in 36% H3PO4
      or served as control. Mineral content profiles were recorded on thin sections
      using computerized microradiography to determine the mineral loss resulting from
      acid etching. The results show that during etching a layer at the outer surface
      is removed completely. The thickness of this layer was greater for lesions when
      compared with sound enamel and depended on the lesion characteristics (porosity
      and fluoride content). The amount of mineral removed from the deeper layers of
      the lesion was very small; and in the innermost part of the lesions the mineral
      profiles of the control and acid-etched areas coincide. These observations
      indicate that the effect of etching is essentially restricted to a thin outer
      layer, irrespective of the porosity of the underlying tissue. Although the
      thickness of the etched-off layer was different between the two types of lesions,
      these findings were made for both types studied. In practical terms this implies
      that etching of enamel lesions does not cause an excessive mineral loss
      throughout the lesion.

PMID- 2403486
TI  - Caries-preventive effect of fluoride dentifrices with and without anticalculus
      agents: a 3-year controlled clinical trial.
AB  - A 3-year, double-blind, randomized caries trial was conducted to evaluate the
      relative anticaries efficacy of four sodium fluoride dentifrices containing 250
      ppm fluoride, 1,000 ppm fluoride in combination with 1% disodium 1
      hydroxyethylidene-1.1-bisphosphonate (HEBP), and 1,000 ppm fluoride in
      combination with 1% disodium azacycloheptylidene-2.2-bisphosphonate (AHBP). As a
      positive control, a monofluorophosphate dentifrice (1,000 ppm fluoride) was used.
      At outset 1,161 Icelandic children, 11 and 12 years of age, were randomly
      assigned to one of the five treatment groups and 1,035 subjects completed the
      trial. After 3 years of unsupervised brushing, the dentifrice containing 250 ppm
      fluoride was significantly less effective in controlling the caries increment.
      The combination of sodium fluoride and AHBP was significantly more effective than
      the positive control.

PMID- 2403487
TI  - Restricted expression of p55 interleukin 2 receptor (CD25) on normal T cells.
AB  - Using a phycoerythrin-conjugated antibody to the p55 chain of the interleukin 2
      receptor, normal blood lymphocytes were found to be on average 30% positive for
      this marker. Two-thirds of these cells are in the CD4 subset and most are within
      the CD45RA negative fraction associated with activated or memory T cells.

PMID- 2403488
TI  - Accelerated genetic destabilization and dormancy: two distinct causes of
      resistance in metastatic cells; clinical magnitude, therapeutic approaches.
AB  - Several years of clinical chemotherapy have shown that, despite modern
      refinements, cytotoxic agents are not able to eradicate metastases of most adult
      solid tumors but only to prolong survival by achieving a cell kill that is not
      100 per cent. Among the possible causes of this phenomenon, two are discussed in
      detail. The first one is cell autonomy. It is shown that the numbers of
      generations reached by a metastatic clone until clinical detection is largely in
      excess of 100, which allows for a considerable number of mutations, and that in
      addition genetic destabilization leading to autonomy proceeds much more rapidly
      than anticipated by a random mutation process. Adaptative changes by genetic
      amplification in response to toxic injury add to this acceleration effect,
      accounting for the fact that most metastatic cells are totally resistant very
      early in the natural history of a human tumor. On the other hand, it is shown
      that dormant metastatic cells do exist, due either to lack of autocrine growth
      factors or to inhibiting agents secreted by other metastases. These cells can
      survive chemotherapy and then re-enter a proliferative state due to some
      mechanisms that are analyzed, accounting for semi-late and late failures. These
      obstacles call for other strategies of metastases management, such as arresting
      or differentiating agents, some of which have been successfully tested by the
      author's group, such as antiprostaglandins, antithrombin, somatostatin,
      hyaluronidase, and retinoic acid. It remains to study their optimal combinations,
      and the appropriate timing, in order to achieve, if not eradication, growth
      suppression for very long periods without toxicity.

PMID- 2403490
TI  - Psychologic, vascular, and physiologic aspects of lower limb lengthening in
      achondroplastics.
AB  - Achondroplastic patients having lengthening surgery of the lower limbs were
      preoperatively evaluated from psychologic, functional, vascular, and
      endocrinometabolic points of view. Long-term research is required to determine
      effects of surgical correction of achondroplasia from both psychologic and
      various physical points of view.

PMID- 2403489
TI  - The in vivo clearance of Ha-ras transformants by natural killer cells.
AB  - The experiments in this study were designed to test the hypothesis that natural
      killer (NK) cells play a role in host surveillance against early neoplastic
      changes in the malignant process. C3H 10T1/2 mouse fibroblasts were transfected
      with a pSV2-neo plasmid vector which contains EJ, the mutated c-Ha-ras, regulated
      by its own promoter. Control cells were transfected with pSV2-neo alone and did
      not contain the ras gene. Oncogene-transfected cells were compared with control
      cells for lung colony formation following tail vein injection into C3H mice.
      Intravenous injection of ras-transfected 10T1/2 cells induced marked lung colony
      formation in vivo, whereas C3H 10T1/2 parental lines or 10T1/2 cells transfected
      with pSV2-neo alone induced no lung colonies in C3H mice. The colonising
      potential of ras transfectants could be decreased by augmentation of NK activity
      by injection of polyinosinic cytidylic acid and increased by depletion of NK
      effectors with anti-asialo GM1. Experiments with beige mice demonstrated that the
      mortality of syngeneic, NK-deficient C3H-bg/bg mice injected with ras
      tranfectants was significantly greater than similarly treated NK-normal C3H(
      )+/bg littermate controls. The results support the view that NK cells are capable
      in vivo of recognizing early defined stages in the neoplastic process initiated
      by oncogenes.

PMID- 2403491
TI  - Physeal phalangeal fracture with flexor tendon entrapment. A case report and
      review of the literature.
AB  - A typical phalangeal epiphyseal fracture separation in a 12-year-old girl was
      complicated by a relatively unusual irreducible growth plate injury. Various
      tissues may become interposed between displaced phalangeal structures preventing
      realignment. Frequently, the flexor tendon has been implicated as the cause of
      complex joint dislocations or fracture-dislocations of the digits. However,
      entrapment of the flexor tendon by the displaced base of a buttonholed phalangeal
      metaphysis separated from its related epiphysis is quite rare. Treatment required
      early recognition to avoid further injury, open identification of the tissue
      derangement, and careful reduction to restore normal function.

PMID- 2403492
TI  - Role of transforming growth factor-beta in bone remodeling.
AB  - Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays a critical role in bone
      remodeling. TGF-beta stimulates matrix protein synthesis, has dramatic effects on
      the bone cells responsible for bone formation and resorption, and is abundant in
      bone and bone-conditioned media. Multiple sources of TGF-beta have been
      described. It was initially purified from platelets. Two distinct forms of TGF
      beta have been purified from bone. The second form, TGF-beta II, was initially
      purified from bone but was then identified in platelets and also as the major TGF
      beta in the monkey kidney BSC-1 cell line. The two bone-derived factors were
      called cartilage-inducing Factor A (CIF-A) and cartilage-inducing Factor B (CIF
      B), based on their capacity to induce the formation of extracellular matrix
      proteins, which are characteristic of cartilage. CIF-A is identical to the TGF
      beta purified from platelets, which is called TGF-beta I. CIG-B is the same as
      TGF-beta II, which was sequenced soon after CIF-B was discovered and
      characterized. There is 70% sequence homology between the two forms. The largest
      source of TGF-beta in the body is present in bone (200 micrograms/kg tissue),
      although the most concentrated source is in platelets. TGF-beta has multiple
      effects on bone cells depending on their phenotype and/or stage of
      differentiation. Osteoblasts, the cells responsible for formation of new bone and
      perhaps cellular control of bone remodeling, are directly affected by TGF-beta,
      which can induce differentiation or proliferation, depending on the osteoblastic
      cell type examined. TGF-beta inhibits the formation of osteoclast precursors and
      bone resorption and, in greater concentrations, has inhibitory effects on
      isolated osteoclasts, the cells responsible for bone resorption. TGF-beta may act
      as a bone-coupling factor linking bone resorption to bone formation.

PMID- 2403493
TI  - Leg-lengthening procedures. A historical review.
AB  - While there are new techniques for lengthening long bones, there are,
      nevertheless, contraindications and preoperative considerations for lengthening
      the femur or tibia, such as the presence of acetabular dysplasia, fixed deformity
      around joints, peripheral vascular and metabolic bone disease, and the age of the
      patient. Lengthening a long bone may be associated with many complications,
      especially in a congenitally short bone. It is important to anticipate and
      prevent complications, especially nonunion, subluxation of joints, muscle
      contractures, and neurologic complications. Lengthening of the femur and tibia
      are not for the occasional operator. However, as Bosworth noted in 1938,
      attention to great detail when lengthening the bone and skilled and detailed
      postoperative care will allow excellent results to be obtained. Time alone will
      tell what, biologically, is the best method for lengthening a long bone.

PMID- 2403494
TI  - Articular cartilage preservation and storage. III. Quantitative zonal analysis of
      cytoplasmic components of stored versus in vivo articular cartilage chondrocytes.
AB  - The cytoplasmic components of chondrocytes in the various zones of articular
      cartilage of the medial femoral condyle of six-week-old male New Zealand white
      rabbits stored in tissue culture medium at 37 degrees in 5% CO2 and air were
      quantitated from electron micrographs, and the results were compared
      statistically with the cytoplasmic components of chondrocytes in the
      corresponding zones of in vivo articular cartilage. The major changes that
      occurred during storage were: (1) an increase in the amount of lipid bodies in
      chondrocytes in the tangential, transitional, and calcified zones; (2) a decrease
      in the number of holes in the cytoplasm of chondrocytes in the radial and
      calcified zones; (3) a decrease in the amount of endoplasmic reticulum in the
      radial and calcified zones; and (4) an increase in cell size and cytosol area in
      the tangential and transitional zones but a significant decrease in cell size and
      cytosol area in the calcified zone. Stored articular cartilage chondrocytes
      demonstrated cellular changes associated with aging, whereas in vivo articular
      cartilage chondrocytes demonstrated changes associated with degeneration. The
      matrix of stored articular cartilage in the tangential, transitional, and upper
      part of the radial zones showed a decrease in opacity due to a decrease in the
      number of collagen fibers per unit area of matrix, a condition termed
      "chondroporosis." This study demonstrates that articular cartilage stored in
      standard tissue culture medium under ideal physiological conditions is
      morphologically abnormal. Based on these findings, one would not expect such
      stored cartilage to remain functionally intact when transplanted to replace
      articular cartilage loss.

PMID- 2403495
TI  - Regional migratory osteoporosis. A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Regional migratory osteoporosis (RMO) is an idiopathic disorder characterized by
      bouts of severe periarticular lower limb pain associated with rapidly developing
      localized osteoporosis. Symptoms often reverse spontaneously after six to nine
      months. Recurrence of symptoms in an adjacent joint is a distinguishing feature.
      Routine laboratory tests are uninformative. Diagnosis is made after exclusion of
      more common entities. Knowledge of RMO can prevent unnecessary invasive
      procedures. Vertebral osteoporosis has recently been associated with RMO. A 50
      year-old physician developed the symptoms and signs of RMO superimposed upon well
      documented idiopathic vertebral osteoporosis. This association should be
      recognized when evaluating lower limb pain.

PMID- 2403496
TI  - The operative lengthening of the femur. 1921.

PMID- 2403497
TI  - Clinical application of the tension-stress effect for limb lengthening.
AB  - For 40 years, the author has been developing a system of orthopedics,
      traumatology, and limb lengthening using a circular transfixion-wire external
      skeletal fixator, often in combination with biomechanic methods of stimulating
      the formation of new osseous tissue within a widening osteotomy distraction site.
      The factors important for neoosteogenesis after osteotomy include: maximum
      preservation of extraosseous and medullary blood supply; stable external
      fixation; a delay prior to distraction; a distraction rate of 1 mm per day in
      frequent small steps; a period of stable neutral fixation after lengthening; and
      physiologic use of the elongating limb. For a successful fixator application, the
      apparatus must be applied with consideration given to the number, size, and
      location of the rings, the placement and tension on the wires, the technique of
      wire insertion, the effect of soft-tissue transfixion on limb use, and the
      prevention of bone and joint deformities caused by countertension in soft
      tissues. Clinical application of the author's techniques permits stature increase
      in certain forms of dwarfism, correction of deformities and limb-length
      inequalities, and stump elongation. For many of these applications, motorized
      distraction can provide continuous limb lengthening while the apparatus is on the
      patient.

PMID- 2403498
TI  - Problems, obstacles, and complications of limb lengthening by the Ilizarov
      technique.
AB  - Difficulties that occur during limb lengthening were subclassified into problems,
      obstacles, and complications. Problems represented difficulties that required no
      operative intervention to resolve, while obstacles represented difficulties that
      required an operative intervention. All intraoperative injuries were considered
      true complications, and all problems during limb lengthening that were not
      resolved before the end of treatment were considered true complications. The
      difficulties that occurred during limb lengthening include muscle contractures,
      joint luxation, axial deviation, neurologic injury, vascular injury, premature
      consolidation, delayed consolidation, nonunion, pin site problems, and hardware
      failure. Late complications are those of loss of length, late bowing, and
      refracture. Joint stiffness may also be a permanent residual complication. Pain
      and difficulty sleeping are other problems that arise during limb lengthening,
      especially in the more extensive cases. Forty-six patients had 60 limb segments
      lengthened between 1.0 and 16.0 cm, with a mean of 5.6 cm. The average treatment
      time was approximately one month per centimeter for single-level lengthenings
      with no deformity and 1.2 months per centimeter with deformity correction. The
      lengthening index for double-level lengthening was 0.57 month per centimeter with
      no deformity and 0.90 month per centimeter with correction of deformity. In
      adults, the lengthening index was 1.7 months per centimeter for single-level and
      1.1 months per centimeter for double-level lengthening. There were 35 problems
      that had to be resolved in the outpatient clinic. There were 11 obstacles that
      required additional operative intervention to resolve. There were 27 true
      complications, of which 17 were considered minor and ten were considered major
      complications. Of the major complications, three interfered with achieving the
      original goals of treatment. All three required further operative intervention to
      achieve the original goal. These were nonunion in one and late bowing in two.
      Despite these problems, obstacles, and complications, the original goals of
      surgery were achieved in 57 of the 60 limb segments treated. Patient satisfaction
      was achieved in 94% of 46 cases.

PMID- 2403499
TI  - Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Renal toxicity. Review of pediatric issues.
AB  - Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are an important part of therapy for
      childhood rheumatic disease and for the symptomatic management of clinical
      problems such as fever, musculoskeletal pain, and dysmenorrhea. Overall, there is
      a low incidence of significant complications resulting from NSAID therapy in
      children, but serious adverse effects on renal function have occurred. The
      physician should be aware of the potential renal toxicity of these drugs and
      monitor patients accordingly.

PMID- 2403500
TI  - Potential substance abuse. Detection among adolescent patients. Using the Drug
      and Alcohol Problem (DAP) Quick Screen, a 30-item questionnaire.
AB  - The authors administered an abbreviated revision of a previously field-tested,
      self-administered, brief screening test (the 30-item Drug and Alcohol Problem
      Quick Screen) to 355 consecutive middle-class adolescent patients seen at a five
      pediatrician group practice setting. Ninety-six percent (341) of the subjects
      completed the 30-item screening questionnaire. Eighty-nine percent of the 341
      responders wrote in their names in the space provided for that purpose. Fifty-two
      patients (approximately 15%) of the 341 responded "yes" to six or more items in
      the current study. Based on a previous study comparing scores from 200
      adolescents from the same pediatric practice with answers from 100 identified
      adolescent drug abusers at a drug abuse treatment facility, those patients with a
      score of 6 or more were considered high risk for "red flag" behaviors,
      particularly drug or alcohol abuse. Forty (77%) of those patients who scored six
      or greater identified themselves by name. Four key items on the questionnaire
      accounted for 70 percent of the variation between those at high and those at low
      risk for drug or alcohol abuse. These four most important items encompassed 1)
      use of tobacco products; 2) accusation by others of having a drinking or drug
      problem; 3) school suspension; and 4) riding in a motor vehicle with a driver who
      drank too much. The DAP Quick Screen appears to be practical as a screening tool
      in physician's offices for detection of serious problems during adolescence.

PMID- 2403501
TI  - Postoperative analgesia. Use of intrathecal morphine in children.
AB  - The identification of opiate receptors in the spinal cord gave rise to the
      suggestion that the use of intrathecal and epidural narcotics may provide
      effective and safe postoperative analgesia. The authors retrospectively reviewed
      the records of ten children who received intrathecal morphine as part of their
      anesthetic care over the last 2 years. Preservative-free morphine (Duramorph) in
      a dose of 0.02 mg/kg was administered to all patients in the lumbar intrathecal
      space before the start of the surgical procedure. Adequate postoperative
      analgesia was achieved in the ten children. No patient required supplemental
      analgesic agents for the initial 15-hour postoperative period. Surgical
      procedures included exploratory laparotomy, laryngotracheoplasty, and
      craniofacial reconstruction. As with narcotics administered by any route,
      intrathecal morphine can cause respiratory depression, and such depression may be
      delayed for up to 24 hours after the dose. Therefore, the postoperative
      respiratory status of these children should be monitored for 24 hours after the
      dose, preferably in an intensive care unit. With this caveat, the use of
      intrathecal morphine provides safe and effective postoperative analgesia in
      children undergoing major surgery.

PMID- 2403502
TI  - Biocare: biotechnology in the clinical practice of medicine.

PMID- 2403503
TI  - Physiologic approach to mechanical ventilation.
AB  - An understanding of ventilator management must be predicated on physiologic
      principles. There is a considerable array of equipment, permitting an almost
      limitless number of permutations in ventilator therapy, to support patients with
      respiratory failure. The physician who understands patient-ventilator
      interactions and their effects on cardiopulmonary function will be best equipped
      to individualize therapy. We believe that further refinements in supportive
      equipment probably will not improve outcome significantly. Thus, more emphasis
      should be placed on elucidating the underlying disease process and its effects on
      respiratory structure and function.

PMID- 2403505
TI  - Outcome after assisted ventilation in children with acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome.
AB  - Twenty-two pediatric patients with AIDS required assisted ventilation during 27
      pediatric ICU (PICU) admissions. Patients were retrospectively divided on the
      basis of whether they required assisted ventilation for acute respiratory failure
      (ARF) or for another reason. Sixteen (59%) courses of assisted ventilation were
      for ARF. The PICU mortality rate was 81% for the ARF group. Eleven (41%) courses
      of assisted ventilation were for reasons not involving ARF. The PICU mortality
      rate for the group without ARF was 9%, significantly lower (p less than .01) than
      for the ARF group. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) was documented during 48%
      of admissions. Occurrence of PCP did not affect mortality, nor was it more likely
      in those with than without ARF. Two patients with ARF survived to discharge from
      the hospital. Both died within 1 yr of ARF. Thus, the short-term prognosis for
      pediatric AIDS patients requiring assisted ventilation for ARF is extremely poor.

PMID- 2403504
TI  - Postoperative pulmonary leukostasis.

PMID- 2403506
TI  - Continuous positive airway pressure by face mask in Pneumocystis carinii
      pneumonia.
AB  - We used continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) by face mask to treat 18 AIDS
      patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) who were in hypoxic
      respiratory failure. Candidates for mask CPAP were conscious, not hypercarbic,
      and able to protect their airway on ICU admission. Treatment was effective and
      well tolerated. Mean Po2 rose from 62 to 158 torr, respiratory rate decreased
      from 51 to 32 breath/min, and Pco2 was unchanged. Mean duration of treatment was
      4.5 days. Only one patient developed a pneumothorax; there were no other major
      complications. Hospital mortality was 55%. CPAP by face mask allows speech and
      permits discussion of therapeutic limits. We present our protocol for using CPAP
      by face mask and conclude that CPAP is effective supportive therapy in hypoxic
      respiratory failure complicating PCP and AIDS.

PMID- 2403507
TI  - Renal hemodynamics and prostaglandin E2 excretion in a nonhuman primate model of
      septic shock.
AB  - The mechanisms responsible for renal insufficiency in septic shock (SS) have not
      been well characterized. We therefore investigated renal hemodynamics and the
      renal excretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in a nonhuman primate model of severe,
      low systemic vascular resistance (SVR) SS. In 18 cynomolgus monkeys, SS was
      induced by an infusion of 3 x 10(10) live Escherichia coli per kg; five saline
      treated animals served as nonseptic controls. Systemic and renal hemodynamics,
      and urine PGE2 concentrations were determined over the 3 h after the induction of
      sepsis. The septic group demonstrated a significant (p less than .001) and
      sustained depression in both mean arterial pressure and SVR. Septic animals also
      had significantly lower effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) (p less than .01) and
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (p less than .01) compared to controls.
      Furthermore, the renal hemodynamic response to SS was biphasic, with significant
      increases in ERPF and GFR in the second hour postsepsis, followed by a pronounced
      decrease in the third postseptic hour. The septic group also demonstrated an
      increase in the renal excretion of PGE2 (p less than .001) that was temporally
      associated with the transient recovery in renal hemodynamics during the second
      postseptic hour. These sepsis-induced renal alterations may be important in the
      pathogenesis of renal insufficiency complicating clinical SS.

PMID- 2403509
TI  - Invasive cardiovascular testing in chronic congestive heart failure.
AB  - The complexity of the congestive heart failure syndrome often calls for a
      complete evaluation of the patient's cardiovascular status. Determination of the
      cause, detection, and grading of surgically treatable lesions, assessment of
      diastolic dysfunction, and development of a therapeutic plan generally require
      diagnostic cardiac catheterization and/or placement of a flow-directed pulmonary
      artery catheter. Each procedure has its value and its limitations.

PMID- 2403508
TI  - Detoxification of plasma containing lipopolysaccharide by adsorption.
AB  - We compared the ability of 13 materials, all with known affinity for
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to remove LPS from water, pooled normal human plasma,
      and plasma from a patient with Gram-negative bacterial sepsis. Escherichia coli
      O111:B4 LPS was added to water and pooled normal human plasma to a concentration
      of 200 ng/ml and aliquots were adsorbed in parallel with each of the materials.
      Plasma containing 25 ng/ml of LPS was obtained by plasmapheresis from a patient
      with fatal Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis and was similarly adsorbed. Ethanolamine
      bound to Sepharose 4B served as a control adsorbent. LPS was most readily removed
      from water and least readily removed from plasma obtained from the patient with
      sepsis. Nonetheless, some materials removed substantial quantities of LPS from
      the patient's plasma. Upon ip injection of control-adsorbed patient's plasma into
      LPS-sensitized mice, death occurred in 13 of 13 mice within 12 h. In contrast,
      when this plasma was first adsorbed with activated charcoal, Kaopectate, or
      polymyxin B bound to Sepharose 4B, death occurred 12 h after challenge in 0/13,
      0/13, and 2/13 mice, respectively (p less than .0001 by actuarial life table
      analysis of survival distributions). Thus, plasma that contains bacterial toxins
      produced during Gram-negative bacterial sepsis can be detoxified by adsorption.

PMID- 2403510
TI  - Therapy of shock based on pathophysiology, monitoring, and outcome prediction.
AB  - High-risk patients who survived general (noncardiac) surgery were observed to
      have cardiac index (CI) values averaging 4.5 L/min.m2, oxygen delivery (DO2)
      greater than 600 ml/min.m2, and oxygen consumption (VO2) 170 ml/min.m2 during the
      first 2 or three days postoperatively. Patients who subsequently died maintained
      relatively normal CI, DO2, and VO2 values in this period. Values of other
      variables in survivors and nonsurvivors were not appreciably different. An index
      based on these observations correctly predicted outcome in 94% in a subsequent
      prospective study. Two hypotheses: a) that increased flow and oxygen transport
      represent compensatory physiologic responses to an earlier tissue oxygen debt,
      and b) that these survivors' values were appropriate therapeutic goals, were
      tested in prospective randomized clinical trials. The protocol group attained
      those therapeutic goals. This resulted in significantly reduced mortality and
      morbidity. Optimal goals were more easily attained with colloids, red cells, and
      an inotropic agent, dobutamine. Dobutamine was used because, in a prospective
      crossover clinical trial with dopamine at various doses, dobutamine produced
      greater increases in flow and flow-related variables. More importantly, it
      improved tissue perfusion as reflected by greater increases in VO2 and greater
      reductions in pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance.

PMID- 2403511
TI  - Acute heart failure in myocardial infarction: principles of treatment.
AB  - Congestive heart failure after acute myocardial infarction can extend the area of
      infarction by worsening the oxygen supply-demand balance. Appropriate treatment
      requires insight into this pathophysiologic condition and knowledge of the
      effects of the various therapies available. Understanding of the role of
      vasodilating and inotropic agents and of mechanical interventions such as
      ventilation with PEEP is an important aspect of treatment.

PMID- 2403512
TI  - Newer oral inotropic agents: phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
AB  - Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are potent inotropic and vasodilator agents that
      have attracted intense investigative interest in recent years as a potential
      treatment for congestive heart failure resulting from left ventricular
      dysfunction. These agents increase intracellular Ca availability by increasing
      cyclic AMP levels and improve cardiac performance by (a) enhancing contractility,
      (b) reducing left ventricular afterload, and (c) improving diastolic compliance
      of the left ventricle. Increased cardiac work leads to an increase in myocardial
      oxygen consumption, but increased coronary flow prevents an imbalance of
      myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Available data indicate that renal perfusion
      may increase as a result of the increase in cardiac output, but much of the
      decrease in systemic vascular resistance apparently occurs in musculoskeletal
      tissue. The hemodynamic improvements associated with these agents are well
      documented, but whether they actually affect the prognosis remains uncertain.

PMID- 2403513
TI  - Practical application of oxygen transport principles.
AB  - Management of shock is generally guided by hemodynamic data, but the true aim of
      therapy should be optimizing oxygen delivery (DO2) and consumption (VO2).
      Available data do not support the hypothesis that there is a single critical
      threshold of DO2 below which tissue hypoxia occurs; thus, DO2 and VO2 should be
      addressed for each patient. Interventions that raise BP, such as infused
      catecholamines, may actually decrease DO2, as can mechanical ventilation with
      PEEP. Therefore, the clinician should avoid responding solely to hemodynamic data
      and should direct interventions toward delivering the optimum amount of oxygen to
      the patient's tissues.

PMID- 2403514
TI  - Heart failure in septic shock: effects of inotropic support.
AB  - Many animal studies have attempted to simulate the circulatory responses to Gram
      negative septicemia (iv infusion of live bacteria, fecal inoculation into body
      cavities, and administration of purified endotoxins by various routes), but the
      contribution of the heart to the adverse hemodynamic derangements and thus to the
      pathogenesis of shock is difficult to determine because of peripheral vascular
      events that influence cardiac performance. When blood pools in the periphery,
      venous return decreases and cardiac output can decrease without a primary
      myocardial defect being present. However, early heart dysfunction has been
      recognized in sepsis. Hemodynamic monitoring has not reduced overall mortality,
      but it has been helpful in guiding fluid administration and evaluating response
      to vasopressor therapy.

PMID- 2403515
TI  - Hemodynamic management in pulmonary embolism and acute hypoxemic respiratory
      failure.
AB  - Management of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome should be
      directed toward maintaining adequate cardiac output and tissue oxygenation
      without exacerbating pulmonary edema. The aim of therapy should be to maintain
      low left ventricular filling pressure, which will tend to decrease the rate of
      edema formation. If cardiac output is low or decreases as a function of therapy,
      flow may be increased with inotropic agents. When a marked decline in cardiac
      output complicates pulmonary embolism, norepinephrine may be an excellent drug
      for at least short-term maintenance of hemodynamic stability. When a moderate
      decrease in cardiac output complicates an increase in right ventricular
      afterload, isoproterenol or dobutamine may be used to increase flow. Rapid
      administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator may be the treatment
      of choice of pulmonary thromboembolism associated with a low output state.

PMID- 2403516
TI  - Septic shock: particular type of acute circulatory failure.
AB  - Reduced cardiac output is a crucial determinant in hypovolemic, cardiogenic and
      obstructive types of acute circulatory failure, but cardiac output is considered
      less meaningful in septic shock where the primary defect is thought to be
      peripheral. In septic states, oxygen transport values are typically elevated, and
      the altered oxygen extraction (ratio of oxygen uptake over oxygen supply) limits
      the ability of the tissues to increase their oxygen uptake in relation to high
      oxygen needs. To correct tissue hypoxia, oxygen consumption should be increased
      to a level where oxygen uptake equals oxygen demand and lactic acidosis resolves.
      For a given level of oxygen demand, the best option is to improve oxygen
      extraction so that oxygen consumption will be higher for the same level of oxygen
      transport. This, however, is very difficult. Another approach can consist of
      further increasing oxygen transport to meet the elevated oxygen demand. Whenever
      possible, the metabolic needs of the tissues should be restrained.

PMID- 2403517
TI  - Prostatic stromal cells and testicular peritubular cells produce similar
      paracrine mediators of androgen action.
AB  - The role of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in androgen action was explored
      using Sertoli cells as the epithelial cells and testicular peritubular cells or
      prostatic stromal cells as mesenchymal cells. Footsole fibroblasts served as a
      control. The secretion of transferrin was used as an androgen-regulated parameter
      of Sertoli cell function. It is demonstrated that coculture of peritubular or
      stromal cells with Sertoli cells markedly increases the production of
      transferrin. This effect requires a 4-day latent period and is maximal with low
      concentrations (10%) of mesenchymal cells. Stimulatory effects of androgens can
      only be demonstrated at suboptimal concentrations of the latter cells.
      Fibroblasts are inactive. At least two mechanisms contribute to these stimulatory
      effects. Peritubular cells and stromal cells share the ability to promote the
      deposition of an extracellular matrix when cocultured with Sertoli cells. When
      Sertoli cells are seeded on this matrix, the production of transferrin is
      increased. This effect requires no latent period and is independent of the
      presence of androgens during the period of matrix deposition. In addition,
      peritubular cells and stromal cells produce diffusible mediators which increase
      transferrin production by Sertoli cells. In both cell types, the production of
      these mediators is controlled by androgens, and their action is preceded by a 4
      day latency period. The mediators have a comparable mol wt (45,000) and resemble
      P Mod-S, known to be secreted by peritubular cells. These data suggest that
      mesenchymal-epithelial interactions play a role in androgen-supported maintenance
      of adult function and that mesenchymal tissue from different androgen target
      tissues produces similar or identical mediators of androgen action.

PMID- 2403518
TI  - Infusion of progestins into the hypothalamus of female New Zealand white rabbits:
      effect on in vivo luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release as determined
      with push-pull perfusion.
AB  - Previously, we have reported that intermittent infusion of progesterone (P4; 10
      ng/ml) into the hypothalamus of conscious unrestrained female New Zealand White
      rabbits stimulates LHRH release in vivo. To further investigate this phenomenon,
      in the present studies, the effect of pulsatile (six pulses; 10 min on, 30 min
      off) and continuous infusion of P4 (Exp I) and 4-pregnen-20 alpha-ol-3-one or 20
      alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (20 alpha-OH-P; Exp II) on LHRH release were studied in
      vivo using push-pull cannulae. Furthermore, the effect of pulsatile infusion (six
      pulses; 10 min on, 30 min off) of low doses of the following three progestins [5
      beta-pregnan-3 beta-ol-20-one (pregnanolone), 5 alpha-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one
      (3 alpha-5 alpha-P), and 20 alpha-OH-P] into the hypothalamus of does using push
      pull cannulae were examined in Exp III. In Exp I, continuous infusion of P4 at 10
      ng/ml was unable to stimulate mean LHRH release. However, pulses of P4 at 0.01
      ng/ml (n = 4) were found to significantly increase the amplitude of the largest
      LHRH pulse (control period, 1.18 +/- 0.41; versus treatment period, 3.15 +/- 0.75
      pg; P less than 0.035) as well as the frequency of LHRH pulses (control period,
      0.72 +/- 0.26; treatment period, 1.37 +/- 0.12 pulses/h; P less than 0.035). On
      the other hand, there was no effect of pulses of P4 at 0.001 ng/ml (n = 4) on the
      activity of the LHRH neural apparatus. In Exp II, pulses of 20 alpha-OH-P at 10
      ng/ml (n = 4) were found to significantly increase the mean LHRH release (control
      period, 1.24 +/- 0.10; treatment period, 2.07 +/- 0.52 pg/10 min) as well as the
      amplitude of the largest LHRH pulse (control period, 0.99 +/- 0.36; treatment
      period, 8.15 +/- 3.75 pg). Interestingly, continuous infusion of 20 alpha-OH-P
      (10 ng/ml) also significantly increased the mean amplitude (control period, 0.58
      +/- 0.34; treatment period, 1.90 +/- 0.29 pg) as well as the amplitude of the
      largest LHRH pulse (control period, 0.64 +/- 0.37; treatment period, 4.30 +/-
      1.97 pg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2403519
TI  - Pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein messenger ribonucleic acid and
      immunoreactive protein in the rat testis.
AB  - Human pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (PS beta G) is synthesized in large
      quantities by syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta. Recent studies using a
      partial cDNA of PS beta G isolated from human term placenta detected the presence
      of mRNA highly homologous to placental PS beta G in a number of extraplacental
      tissues, including human and rat testis. The present study determined in the rat
      that the amount of PS beta G mRNA based on percentage of total tissue RNA was
      greatest in the testis of mature rats, followed by senescent and prepubertal
      rats. In experiments using rats with testicular feminization syndrome (Tfm) which
      exhibit end-organ insensitivity to androgen stimulation, slot blot analysis of
      testicular RNA showed reduced levels of PS beta G mRNA in Tfm rats compared to
      normal rats. Northern blot analysis of rat testicular RNA probed with a human
      placental PS beta G cDNA demonstrated the presence of a single mRNA species of
      1.65 kilobases. Subsequent studies investigated whether proteins immunologically
      similar to PS beta G were present in the testes from normal and Tfm rats. The rat
      testes were perfused with fixative, and sections from paraffin-embedded tissues
      were treated with rabbit anti-human PS beta G, followed by the avidin-biotin
      peroxidase complex. Testes from the normal rat showed intense immunostaining in
      late spermatids (steps 16, 17, 18, and 19 of spermiogenesis), residual bodies, as
      well as cytoplasm of Leydig cells. Spermatozoa within the epididymis also
      demonstrated intense immunolabeling. Paraffin sections of the testes from the Tfm
      rat showed light diffuse cytoplasmic immunostaining in cells of the seminiferous
      tubules. Since spermiogenesis does not proceed normally, and no spermatids were
      seen, it was not possible to accurately stage the seminiferous tubules of the Tfm
      rat. The Leydig cells of the Tfm testes stained intensely, however, as was
      observed in the testes of the normal rat. These data suggest that the rat may
      provide an animal model for the investigation of the biological function and
      regulation of PS beta G in the testis.

PMID- 2403520
TI  - Glucose transporters: what's in a name?

PMID- 2403521
TI  - Divergent effects of insulin on insulin-like growth factor-II gene expression in
      the rat hypothalamus.
AB  - The effect of peripheral insulin treatment on brain content and synthesis of
      insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) was studied in acute and chronic
      conditions. After a 3-h hyperinsulinemic/euglycemic clamp, rats were killed, and
      brains were removed for IGF-II analysis. Insulin infusion elevated IGF-II
      concentrations in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) and suprachiasmatic nucleus,
      but decreased IGF-II in the paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus (LtH),
      and supraoptic nucleus compared to values in control animals. In separate
      parallel studies, the effects of 4 days of insulin injection (1 U insulin/rat,
      sc, twice daily) on brain IGF-II mRNA and peptide were determined. For RNA
      analysis the hypothalamus was divided into three regions (lateral, ventral, and
      dorsal). IGF-II mRNA content was shown to vary by an order of magnitude within
      the adult rat hypothalamus under control conditions, and there appeared to be a
      differential region-dependent response to insulin treatment. Relative abundance
      of IGF-II mRNA in control hypothalami was VH much greater than cortex greater
      than or equal to LtH greater than DMH. IGF-II mRNA content declined after insulin
      treatment in the VH, but rose in all other regions. Insulin increased IGF-II
      peptide content in the paraventricular nucleus, LtH, and VMH but decreased IGF-II
      in the DMH and suprachiasmatic nucleus. These results indicate that peripheral
      insulin status may be an important factor in the synthesis and secretion of IGF
      II in the brain.

PMID- 2403522
TI  - Acute selective withdrawal of testosterone negative feedback increases
      luteinizing hormone secretion without altering hypothalamic catecholaminergic
      neuronal activity.
AB  - Orchidectomy results in increased LH and FSH levels by removal of negative
      feedback at the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. However, the precise central
      nervous system mechanisms involved in elevation of gonadotropins after castration
      are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that catecholamine neuronal activity
      mediates the rise in serum LH that occurs after withdrawal of testosterone (T)
      negative feedback. The effects of acute and selective T withdrawal on brain
      catecholamine and LHRH activity and serum LH levels were determined in adult male
      rats. At the time of orchidectomy, rats were given sc implants of both T
      containing and empty Silastic capsules. After recovery from surgery, the T
      containing capsule was atraumatically removed from half of the animals (T
      withdrawn), while the empty capsule was removed from the remaining rats (T
      replaced). Rats were killed before and 6, 12, and 24 h after capsule removal.
      Serum T and LH levels were determined by RIA. Catecholamine content in
      microdissected nuclei of the LHRH neuronal system [medial preoptic nucleus,
      suprachiasmatic nucleus, retrochiasmatic area, arcuate nucleus (ARC), and median
      eminence (ME)] was measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection.
      Norepinephrine turnover rate was also determined in these areas by measuring the
      rate of decline of NE levels after blockade of synthesis with
      diethyldithiocarbamate. Additionally, LHRH content was measured by RIA within the
      ARC and ME. In T-replaced rats, the T capsules maintained serum T and LH levels
      within the normal range for intact male rats. In T-withdrawn rats, T levels fell
      into castrate range by 6 h after removal of the T capsule [0.12 +/- 0.04 ng/ml
      (mean +/- SEM); P less than 0.01 vs. T-replaced], and LH levels increased
      significantly from 0.23 +/- 0.04 ng/ml before capsule removal to 1.31 +/- 0.14
      and 2.80 +/- 0.20 ng/ml 12 and 24 after T withdrawal, respectively (both P less
      than 0.01 vs. T-replaced). Despite a marked increase in serum LH levels, no
      significant changes in catecholamine content or NE turnover rate were observed in
      any of the hypothalamic nuclei of the LHRH neuronal system at any time after T
      withdrawal. ARC and ME LHRH levels also did not change significantly at any point
      after T withdrawal. These results suggest that activation of hypothalamic
      catecholamine neuronal activity is not required for the rise in serum LH levels
      after acute withdrawal of T negative feedback.

PMID- 2403523
TI  - Growth hormone inhibits activation of phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C by
      insulin in ob/ob mouse adipose tissue.
AB  - The cellular mechanism(s) by which GH produces insulin resistance in peripheral
      tissues is poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests that insulin exerts
      certain of its intracellular actions by rapidly activating phosphatidylinositol
      specific phospholipase C(s) (PI-PLC) in the plasma membranes of target cells.
      Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine whether insulin can
      activate PI-PLC in adipose tissue of the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse, an
      animal that responds markedly to GH with enhanced peripheral insulin resistance.
      Also, experiments were performed to determine whether the activation of PI-PLC by
      insulin could be blocked by S-carboxymethylated human GH (RCM-hGH), a GH
      derivative possessing mainly diabetogenic activity. Isolated adipose segments
      were incubated for various periods with insulin (10 mU/ml), homogenized and
      centrifuged to obtain a 150,000 x g pellet, and the latter was assayed for the
      ability to produce [3H]inositol phosphate from phosphatidyl[3H]inositol. PI-PLC
      activity was significantly stimulated 5 min after exposure of the segments to
      insulin. By 10 min, the insulin effect was no longer apparent, and after 30 min,
      insulin reduced the activity of the enzyme. One hour after exposure to insulin,
      PI-PLC activity returned to the control level. When adipose segments of RCM-hGH
      treated mice (200 micrograms/day for 3 days sc) were incubated for 5 min with
      insulin, the ability of insulin to activate PI-PLC was abolished. However, RCM
      hGH did not alter basal PI-PLC, indicating that its action involves the mechanism
      by which the enzyme is activated by insulin. Also, studies utilizing acute RCM
      hGH treatment showed that its inhibitory effect on insulin activation of PI-PLC
      occurs within the same time frame as the onset of enhanced insulin resistance in
      the adipose tissue. Thus, the ability of GH to inhibit the activation of PI-PLC
      by insulin in adipocytes may account, at least in part, for its ability to induce
      insulin resistance in these cells.

PMID- 2403524
TI  - A novel membrane factor stimulates guanine nucleotide exchange reaction of ras
      proteins.
AB  - A factor with a molecular weight of 100 kDa, which markedly enhanced the guanine
      nucleotide exchange reaction of ras p21 proteins, was partially purified from
      bovine brain tissues. The factor was predominantly associated with the plasma
      membrane. When the partially purified factor and excess cold GTP were added to
      [3H]GDP.Gly12 p21 or Val12 in the presence of 2 mM MgCl2, the nucleotide exchange
      rate was stimulated up to 25-fold. The stimulation of the p21-nucleotide exchange
      reaction by the factor was completely blocked by the Y13-259 ras-neutralizing
      antibody. Taken together, these results suggest that the factor may control the
      rate limiting GDP/GTP exchange step in recycling of p21 in ras-mediated signal
      transduction.

PMID- 2403525
TI  - Expression of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene in
      insect cells by a baculovirus vector.
AB  - A plasmid pAc373GM-CSF was constructed and co-transfected into Spodoptera
      frugiperda (Sf9) cells with wild-type Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis
      virus (AcNPV) DNA. The recombinant virus vAc373GM-CSF was identified and purified
      by several rounds of plaque hybridization. By assaying the culture medium, we
      demonstrated recombinant virus infected Sf9 cells expressing hGM-CSF. Recombinant
      hGM-CSFs with apparent molecular masses of 14.5, 15.5 and 16.5 kDa were detected
      by the Western blot method. All 3 forms have biological activity of hGM-CSF.
      Following N-glycanase treatment, a single band of 14.5-15.5 kDa appeared in SDS
      PAGE. Western blot analysis of expression in Sf9 cell treated with tunicamycin
      revealed only the presence of the 14.5 kDa species. Thus, the signal sequence of
      recombinant hGM-CSF could be recognized and cleaved by infected insect cell and
      the resultant molecule secreted into the media.

PMID- 2403526
TI  - Inhibition of intraerythrocytic development of Plasmodium falciparum by
      proteinase inhibitors.
AB  - A group of inactivators of cysteinyl proteinases which function by covalent bond
      formation have been examined for their ability to inhibit the development of
      Plasmodium falciparum within red blood cells. The most effective of these caused
      inactivation of the parasite near 10(-8) M concentration. The range of inhibitory
      action varied with peptide structure in a manner characteristic of affinity
      labels for proteinases suggesting that the target of inhibition was an
      unidentified proteinase, probably of the cysteinyl type, but different from
      cathepsins B and L.

PMID- 2403527
TI  - The cyanelle genome of Cyanophora paradoxa encodes ribosomal proteins not encoded
      by the chloroplasts genomes of higher plants.
AB  - The rpl35, rpl20, rpl5, rps8, and a portion of the rpl6 genes of the cyanelle
      genome of Cyanophora paradoxa have been cloned, mapped and sequenced. Homologs of
      the rpl35, rpl5, and rpl6 genes are not found in the chloroplasts of higher
      plants. The rpl35 genes most likely form a dicistronic operon which is located
      upstream from the apcE-apcA-apcB locus of the cyanelle and which is divergently
      transcribed from this locus. The rpl5, rpl8, and rpl6 genes probably form a part
      of a larger cluster of genes encoding components of the cyanellar ribosomes.
      These genes are organized in a fashion similar to that observed in all
      procaryotes examined to date, with the exception that the rps14 gene is not found
      between the rpl5 and rps8 coding sequences. Hypotheses concerning the origins of
      cyanelles and chloroplasts are discussed.

PMID- 2403528
TI  - Correlates of cell-mediated immunity in Candida albicans-colonized gnotobiotic
      mice.
AB  - Germfree athymic (nu/nu) and euthymic (nu/+) mice were colonized with a pure
      culture of Candida albicans. Correlates of cell-mediated immunity (lymphocyte
      proliferation and footpad responses to C. albicans antigens) and in vivo
      clearance of mucosal infections were assessed at different time intervals after
      alimentary tract colonization. C. albicans hyphae infected the dorsal surface of
      the tongue and the cardial section of the stomach in both nu/nu and nu/+ mice
      within 1 week after colonization with a pure culture of C. albicans. With time
      after colonization and infection with C. albicans, nu/+ mice manifested positive
      lymphocyte proliferation and positive footpad responses to Candida antigens that
      appeared to correlate with the capacity to clear Candida hyphae from the dorsal
      surface of the tongue and in the stomach. Conversely, nu/nu mice could not clear
      mucosal candidosis (in the stomach and on the tongue) and did not manifest either
      lymphocyte proliferation or footpad swelling in response to C. albicans antigens.
      These studies indicated that T-cell-mediated immunity may play a role in the
      acquired resistance of mice to mucosal candidosis. Since neither nu/nu nor nu/+
      mice developed a progressive systemic disease, T cells apparently do not play a
      prominent role in murine resistance to systemic candidosis of endogenous origin.

PMID- 2403529
TI  - Cloning and expression of the phospholipase D gene from Corynebacterium
      pseudotuberculosis in Escherichia coli.
AB  - A toxic phospholipase D (PLD) is putatively involved in pathogenesis of
      Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections. We report here the cloning and
      expression of the PLD gene (pld) in Escherichia coli. A cosmid library of DNA
      from C. pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis isolate Whetten 1 was constructed and
      screened for PLD-producing recombinants by plating them on LB agar containing
      sheep erythrocytes and equi factors. One recombinant, designated pCpO1, yielded a
      gene product which displayed synergistic hemolytic and sphingomyelinase D
      activities, both of which are characteristic of PLD. Subcloning into pUC19
      yielded a recombinant, pCpO50, which contained a 1.8-kilobase insert. Analysis of
      supernatant fluids and cell extracts of cultures of E. coli(pCpO50) revealed
      sphingomyelinase activity and a protein of about 31,000 Mr, neither of which were
      detected in E. coli(pUC19). The 31-kilodalton protein also reacted with
      antibodies in serum from a sheep naturally infected with C. pseudotuberculosis,
      serum which also contained PLD-neutralizing antibodies. When Southern blots of
      BamHI digests of DNA from biovar ovis and biovar equi isolates of C.
      pseudotuberculosis were probed with pCpO50, bands of 4.8 and 1.9 kilobases,
      respectively, were seen, suggesting that the genome organization of pld is
      different for isolates from the two biovars.

PMID- 2403530
TI  - Analysis of the proteinases of representative Trichomonas vaginalis isolates.
AB  - Isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with acrylamide copolymerized with gelatin (substrate
      SDS-PAGE) were combined to evaluate the proteinases of both long-term-grown and
      fresh isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis. This two-dimensional substrate-SDS-PAGE
      resolved as many as 23 distinct proteinase activities in several isolates, and
      proteinases had relative molecular masses between 23 and 110 kilodaltons (kDa).
      Isoelectric points (pI) of proteinases ranged from 5.7 to 7.0. Overall, the
      various representative proteinase profiles were similar among those of long-term
      grown and fresh isolates, although heterogeneity existed among several cysteine
      proteinase activities. Pattern changes were detected in fresh isolates passaged
      over several weeks, showing the ability of proteinases to be differentially
      expressed and to undergo phase variation. The two-dimensional proteinase patterns
      were very reproducible for isolates analyzed over a certain period of time before
      expression of some proteinases varied. The heterogeneity and differential
      expression of certain proteinases were not coordinated with phenotypic variation
      of already characterized immunogens and adhesins. Data suggesting that a 43-kDa
      proteinase resided on the parasite surface were obtained on the basis of removal
      of activity following pronase or proteinase K treatment of live organisms.
      Finally, immunized experimental animals produced antibody to many T. vaginalis
      proteinases, which indicates the immunogenic nature of trichomonad proteinases.

PMID- 2403532
TI  - The capsular polysaccharide is a major determinant of serum resistance in K-1
      positive blood culture isolates of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Serum resistance is a major virulence factor of gram-negative bacteria, and K-1
      polysaccharide has been shown to contribute to serum resistance in selected
      strains. To obtain further information about the role of K-1 in serum resistance
      and to find out whether loss of the ability to produce K-1 can induce loss of
      serum resistance, we studied the serum resistance of mutants derived from
      completely serum-resistant, K-1-positive blood culture isolates of Escherichia
      coli by selection for resistance to infection with K-1 specific bacteriophages.
      The amounts of K-1 polysaccharide produced by wild-type strains and mutants were
      measured, and outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) patterns were
      analyzed. In each group of mutants, several highly serum-sensitive strains were
      found. All mutant strains expressed less K-1 than did the corresponding wild-type
      strains. Mutants that became highly serum sensitive always had less K-1 than did
      mutants with less-pronounced changes of serum resistance. A few mutants derived
      from different wild-type strains showed increased expression of outer membrane
      proteins with molecular weights of about 46,000 and 67,000. All of the wild-type
      strains examined had smooth-type LPS, and only two mutants had altered LPS
      structures; alterations of mutants in outer membrane proteins and LPS could not
      be correlated with alterations of serum resistance. The results indicate that for
      K-1-positive blood culture strains of E. coli, K-1 expression is a prerequisite
      for serum resistance, and loss of ability to synthesize K-1 leads to loss of
      serum resistance.

PMID- 2403531
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor production by human macrophages stimulated in vitro by
      Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - Production of tumor necrosis factor by human macrophages may be induced in vitro
      by cytoadherent and noncytoadherent strains of Plasmodium falciparum, with an
      optimal ratio of one to three parasitized erythrocytes per macrophage.
      Centrifuged and heated crude culture supernatants have the same effect, thus
      showing the existence of a thermostable soluble factor able to induce this
      expression. In vitro kinetic experiments have shown that the secretion of tumor
      necrosis factor appears early, with a maximal peak at 8 h.

PMID- 2403533
TI  - Differences in microbicidal activities of human macrophages against Toxoplasma
      gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - The microbicidal activities of normal human pelvic macrophages against infection
      by the intracellular protozoa Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi were
      examined. Macrophages allowed infection by T. gondii and yet possessed remarkable
      microbicidal activity against this organism. In contrast, human macrophages were
      not microbicidal against T. cruzi.

PMID- 2403534
TI  - Evidence for three separate genes encoding the proteins of the mycobacterial
      antigen 85 complex.
AB  - The secreted Mycobacterium bovis BCG antigen 85 complex, which is known to bind
      to human fibronectin, consists of three closely related cross-reacting antigens.
      Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the purified proteins showed distinct
      differences. Data are presented to show that the three components are produced by
      individual cells, which indicates that three separate genes are involved.

PMID- 2403535
TI  - Glycoprotein glycans that inhibit adhesion of Escherichia coli mediated by K99
      fimbriae: treatment of experimental colibacillosis.
AB  - Calf diarrhea due to infection by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was treated by
      administration of glycoprotein glycans derived from bovine plasma. The glycan
      moieties of the nonimmunoglobulin fraction of plasma mimicked the oligosaccharide
      moiety of intestinal receptors recognized by K99 pili. These glycoprotein glycans
      inhibited adhesion of E. coli K99+ ST+ to erythrocyte glycoconjugates in vitro,
      and they protected colostrum-deprived newborn calves against lethal doses of
      enterotoxigenic E. coli (10(10) bacteria). Adhesion of bacteria to the intestines
      (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) was significantly reduced (by 2 orders of
      magnitude) in treated calves.

PMID- 2403536
TI  - Translational attenuation as the regulator of inducible cat genes.

PMID- 2403538
TI  - recB recC-dependent processing of heteroduplex DNA stimulates recombination of an
      adjacent gene in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The effect of DNA mismatched repair on the genetic recombination of a gene
      adjacent to the mismatch site (MS) was tested by using four mismatch
      configurations. An MS was constructed in a well-characterized plasmid
      recombination substrate, and recombination with a resident compatible plasmid was
      measured after transformation of the mismatched plasmid into Escherichia coli.
      The mismatched plasmids were constructed such that one of the DNA strands was
      methylated by the DNA adenine methylase (Dam), while the other strand was
      unmethylated. The processing of a hemimethylated single-base-pair mismatch had no
      effect on the recombination of the adjacent gene, suggesting that the most
      efficient (Dam-instructed) mismatch repair process does not secondarily promote
      genetic recombination. However, mismatches that could form an ordered secondary
      structure resembling a cruciform increased the recombination of this adjacent
      gene at least 20-fold. An identical mismatch that could not form an ordered
      secondary structure had no effect in this system. The increased frequency of
      recombination observed was found to require the recB or recC gene product or
      both. Furthermore, the recombination appeared unidirectional, in that the
      cruciform-containing plasmid did not produce stable transformants. Our results
      support a model in which the cruciform-containing plasmid can participate in
      recombination with the resident plasmid but is unable to produce stable
      transformant progeny. A proposed role for the RecBCD enzyme (ExoV) in this
      process is discussed.

PMID- 2403537
TI  - Localization of penicillin-binding protein 1b in Escherichia coli: immunoelectron
      microscopy and immunotransfer studies.
AB  - We report the localization of penicillin-binding protein 1b (PBP 1b) in
      Escherichia coli KN126 and in an overproducing construct containing plasmid
      pHK231. We used PBP 1b-specific antiserum for the immunoelectron microscopy of
      ultrathin sections of whole cells and for immunoelectrophoresis of cytoplasm and
      isolated membrane fractions. We studied ultrathin sections of both glutaraldehyde
      fixed cells that had been embedded after progressively lowering the temperature
      and cryofixed cells that had been freeze-substituted in Lowicryl K4M and HM20.
      Most of the PBP 1b-specific label was observed in the inner membrane (IM) and the
      adjacent cytoplasm, much less was observed in the outer membrane (OM);
      appreciable amounts were also seen in the bulk cytoplasm. Distribution and
      intensity of label were both temperature dependent: temperature shift-up to 37
      degrees C, causing PBP 1b overproduction in the construct, showed a statistically
      highly significant increase in label of the IM, including a cytoplasmic zone (of
      at least 30 nm in depth) adjacent to the IM, a zone we termed the membrane
      associated area. Concomitant with the temperature shift-up, a decrease in label
      density was observed in the bulk cytoplasm. Increased label was also found in IM
      OM contact areas (zones of membrane adhesion). The periplasm did not show
      significant label. Western blotting (immunoblotting) revealed PBP 1b in most of
      the isolated membrane fractions; however, the highest label density was found in
      membrane fractions of intermediate density, supporting the suggestion of an
      increased concentration of PBP 1b in the membrane adhesion zones. In summarizing,
      we propose that PBP 1b is present in the membrane-associated area of the
      cytoplasm, from where proteins (such as PBP 1b or thioredoxin) gain access to
      their specific insertion sites in the envelope. The use of several methods of
      immunoelectron microscopy provided the first unequivocal evidence for
      localization of PBP 1b at membrane adhesion sites. Since such sites are
      specifically labeled with anti-PBP 1b serum, we hypothesize that they contain
      parts of the machinery for assembly and growth of the murein layer.

PMID- 2403539
TI  - Multiple regulatory elements for the glpA operon encoding anaerobic glycerol-3
      phosphate dehydrogenase and the glpD operon encoding aerobic glycerol-3-phosphate
      dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli: further characterization of respiratory
      control.
AB  - In Escherichia coli, sn-glycerol-3-phosphate can be oxidized by two different
      flavo-dehydrogenases, an anaerobic enzyme encoded by the glpACB operon and an
      aerobic enzyme encoded by the glpD operon. These two operons belong to the glp
      regulon specifying the utilization of glycerol, sn-glycerol-3-phosphate, and
      glycerophosphodiesters. In glpR mutant cells grown under conditions of low
      catabolite repression, the glpA operon is best expressed anaerobically with
      fumarate as the exogenous electron acceptor, whereas the glpD operon is best
      expressed aerobically. Increased anaerobic expression of glpA is dependent on the
      fnr product, a pleiotropic activator of genes involved in anaerobic respiration.
      In this study we found that the expression of a glpA1(Oxr) (oxygen-resistant)
      mutant operon, selected for increased aerobic expression, became less dependent
      on the FNR protein but more dependent on the cyclic AMP-catabolite gene activator
      protein complex mediating catabolite repression. Despite the increased aerobic
      expression of glpA1(Oxr), a twofold aerobic repressibility persisted. Moreover,
      anaerobic repression by nitrate respiration remained normal. Thus, there seems to
      exist a redox control apart from the FNR-mediated one. We also showed that the
      anaerobic repression of the glpD operon was fully relieved by mutations in either
      arcA (encoding a presumptive DNA recognition protein) or arcB (encoding a
      presumptive redox sensor protein). The arc system is known to mediate pleiotropic
      control of genes of aerobic function.

PMID- 2403540
TI  - Ultrastructure and antigenicity of the unique cell wall pimple of the Candida
      opaque phenotype.
AB  - Cells of Candida albicans WO-1 switch frequently and reversibly between two
      colony-forming phenotypes, white and opaque. In the white form, budding cells
      appear similar to those of most other strains of C. albicans, but in the opaque
      form, budding cells are larger, are bean shaped, and possess pimples on the wall.
      These pimples exhibit a unique and complex morphology. With scanning electron
      microscopy, a central pit can be discerned, and in many cases, a bleb can be
      observed emerging from the pimple center. With transmission electron microscopy,
      channels are evident in some pimples and vesicles are apparent under the pimple
      in the cytoplasm, in the actual wall of the pimple, or emerging from the tip of
      the pimple. A large vacuole predominates in the opaque-cell cytoplasm. This
      vacuole is usually filled with spaghettilike membranous material and in a
      minority of cases is filled with vesicles, many of which exhibit a relatively
      uniform size. An antiserum to opaque cells recognizes three opaque-cell-specific
      antigens with molecular masses of approximately 14.5, 21, and 31 kilodaltons
      (kDa). Absorption with nonpermeabilized opaque cells demonstrated that only the
      14.5-kDa antigen is on the cell surface; indirect immunogold labeling
      demonstrated that it is localized in or on the pimple. The possibility is
      suggested that the vacuole of opaque cells is the origin of membrane-bound
      vesicles which traverse the wall through specialized pimple structures and emerge
      from the pimple with an intact outer double membrane, a unique phenomenon in
      yeast cells. The opaque-cell-specific 14.5-kDa antigen either is in the pimple
      channel or is a component of the emerging vesicle. The functions of the unique
      opaque-cell pimple and emerging vesicle are not known.

PMID- 2403541
TI  - cobA function is required for both de novo cobalamin biosynthesis and
      assimilation of exogenous corrinoids in Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - Salmonella typhimurium is able to synthesize cobalamin (B12) under anaerobic
      growth conditions. The previously described cobalamin biosynthetic mutations
      (phenotypic classes CobI, CobII, and CobIII) map in three operons located near
      the his locus (minute 41). A new class of mutant (CobIV) defective in B12
      biosynthesis was isolated and characterized. These mutations map between the cysB
      and trp loci (minute 34) and define a new genetic locus, cobA. The anaerobic
      phenotype of cobA mutants suggests an early block in corrin ring formation;
      mutants failed to synthesize cobalamin de novo but did so when the corrin ring is
      provided as cobyric acid dicyanide or as cobinamide dicyanide. Under aerobic
      conditions, cobA mutants were unable to convert either cobyric acid dicyanide or
      cobinamide dicyanide to cobalamin but could use adenosylcobyric acid or
      adenosylcobinamide as a precursor; this suggests that the mutants are unable to
      adenosylate exogenous corrinoids. To explain the anaerobic CobI phenotype of a
      cobA mutant, we propose that the cobA gene product catalyzes adenosylation of an
      early intermediate in the de novo B12 pathway and also adenosylates exogenous
      corrinoids. Under anaerobic conditions, a substitute function, known to be
      encoded in the main Cob operons, is induced; this substitute function can
      adenosylate exogenous cobyric acid and cobinamide but not the early biosynthetic
      intermediate. The cobA gene of S. typhimurium appears to be functionally
      equivalent to the btuR gene of Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2403542
TI  - Sequence analysis of the inversion region containing the pilin genes of Moraxella
      bovis.
AB  - Moraxella bovis EPP63 is able to produce two antigenically distinct pili called Q
      and I pili (previously called beta and alpha pili). Hybridization studies have
      shown that the transition between the types is due to inversion of a 2.1-kilobase
      segment of chromosomal DNA. We present the sequence of a 4.1-kilobase region of
      cloned DNA spanning the entire inversion region in orientation 1 (Q pilin
      expressed). Comparison of this sequence with the sequence of the polymerase chain
      reaction-amplified genomic DNA from orientation 2 (I pilin expressed) allows the
      site-specific region of recombination to be localized to a 26-base-pair region in
      which sequence similarity to the left inverted repeat of the Salmonella
      typhimurium hin system was previously noted. In addition, 50% sequence similarity
      was seen in a 60-base-pair segment of our sequence to the recombinational
      enhancer of bacteriophage P1, an inversion system related to the hin system of S.
      typhimurium. Finally, two open reading frames representing potential genes were
      identified.

PMID- 2403543
TI  - Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase and copper deprivation and toxicity in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - A wild-type strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown at a medium [Cu]
      of less than or equal to 50 nM contained less Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD)
      mRNA (60%), protein (50%), and activity (50%) in comparison with control cultures
      grown in normal synthetic dextrose medium ([Cu] approximately 150 nM). A
      compensating increase in the activity of MnSOD was observed, as well as a smaller
      increase in MnSOD mRNA. These medium [Cu]-dependent differences were observed in
      cultures under N2 as well. Addition of Cu2+ (100 microM) to Cu-depleted cultures
      resulted in a rapid (30 min) increase in Cu,ZnSOD mRNA (2.5-fold), protein (3.5
      fold), and activity (4-fold). Ethidium bromide (200 micrograms/ml of culture)
      inhibited by 50% the increase in Cu,ZnSOD mRNA, while cycloheximide (100
      micrograms/ml of culture) inhibited completely the increase in protein and
      activity. Addition of Cu2+ to greater than or equal to 100 microM caused no
      further increase in these parameters but did result in a loss of total cellular
      RNA and translatable RNA, a decline in the population of specific mRNAs, a
      decrease in total soluble protein and the activity of specific enzymes, and an
      inhibition of incorporation of [3H]uracil and [3H]leucine into trichloroacetic
      acid-insoluble material. Cu,ZnSOD mRNA, protein, and activity appeared relatively
      more resistant to these effects of Cu toxicity than did the other cellular
      constituents examined. When evaluated in cultures under N2, the cellular response
      to [Cu] of greater than or equal to 100 microM was limited to the inhibition of
      radiolabel incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material. All other
      effects were absent in the absence of O2. The data indicated that medium
      (cellular) Cu alters the steady-state level of Cu, ZnSOD. This regulation may be
      at the level of transcription. In addition, Cu,ZnSOD exhibits the characteristics
      of Cu-stress protein in that it and its mRNA are enhanced relative to other
      cellular species under conditions of Cu excess. This observation and the O2
      dependence of some of the manifestations of Cu excess suggest that one mechanism
      of Cu toxicity involves the superoxide radical anion O2-.

PMID- 2403544
TI  - Repellent response functions of the Trg and Tap chemoreceptors of Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - The chemoreceptors responsible for the repellent response of Escherichia coli to
      phenol were investigated. In the absence of all four known methyl-accepting
      chemoreceptors (Tar, Tsr, Trg, and Tap), cells showed no response to phenol.
      However, when Trg, which mediates the attractant response to ribose and
      galactose, was introduced via a plasmid, the cells acquired a repellent response
      to phenol. About 1 mM phenol induced a clear repellent response; this response
      was suppressed by 1 mM ribose. Thus, Trg mediates the repellent response to
      phenol. Mutant Trg proteins with altered sensing for ribose and galactose showed
      a normal response to phenol, indicating that the interaction site for phenol
      differs from that for the ribose- and galactose-binding proteins. Tap, which
      mediates the attractant response to dipeptides, mediated a weaker repellent
      response to phenol. Tsr, which mediates the attractant response to serine,
      mediated an even weaker response to phenol. Trg and Tap were also found to
      function as intracellular pH sensors. Upon a pH decrease, Trg mediated an
      attractant response, whereas Tap mediated a repellent response. These results
      indicate that all the receptors in E. coli have dual functions, mediating both
      attractant and repellent responses.

PMID- 2403545
TI  - Chromosomal organization and expression of Escherichia coli pabA.
AB  - The pabA gene in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium encodes the
      glutamine amidotransferase subunit of para-aminobenzoate synthase, which
      catalyzes the first reaction in the conversion of chorismate to para
      aminobenzoate (PABA). We have determined the nucleotide sequences of 1,362 base
      pairs preceding E. coli pabA and of 981 base pairs preceding S. typhimurium pabA.
      The nucleotide sequences suggest the presence of two protein-coding regions
      immediately upstream of pabA, designated orf1 and fic. Transcription analysis
      indicates that E. coli pabA is encoded by two overlapping transcriptional units.
      The polycistronic transcriptional unit includes orf1-fic-pabA and is initiated by
      the promoter designated P2. The monocistronic unit includes only pabA and is
      initiated by the promoter designated P1, which is located in the fic-coding
      region. Both promoters transcribe pabA to about the same steady-state level.
      However, expression analysis using chromosomal pabA-lacZ translational fusions
      indicated that P1 expressed PabA at least 50-fold more efficiently than P2. pabA
      dependent growth rate analysis indicates that P1 is essential and P2 is
      dispensable for PABA metabolism. In the absence of P1, growth was reduced as a
      result of insufficient PabA expressed from P2. The significance of these results
      and possible posttranscriptional control mechanisms which affect PabA expression
      from the P2-initiated polycistronic unit are discussed.

PMID- 2403546
TI  - Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L10 is rapidly degraded when synthesized in
      excess of ribosomal protein L7/L12.
AB  - In Escherichia coli the genes encoding ribosomal proteins L10 and L7/12, rplJ and
      rplL, respectively, are cotranscribed and subject to translational coupling.
      Synthesis of both proteins is coordinately regulated at the translational level
      by binding of L10 or a complex of L10 and L7/L12 to a single target in the mRNA
      leader region upstream of rplJ. Unexpectedly, small deletions that inactivated
      the ribosome-binding site of the rplL gene carried on multicopy plasmids exerted
      a negative effect on expression of the upstream rplJ gene. This effect could be
      overcome by overproduction of L7/L12 in trans from another plasmid. This apparent
      stimulation resulted from stabilization of the overproduced L10 protein by
      L7/L12, presumably because free L10, in contrast to L10 complexed with L7/L12, is
      subject to rapid proteolytic decay. The contribution of this decay mechanism to
      the regulation of the rplJL operon is evaluated.

PMID- 2403547
TI  - Structure of the rhsA locus from Escherichia coli K-12 and comparison of rhsA
      with other members of the rhs multigene family.
AB  - The complete nucleotide sequence of the rhsA locus and selected portions of other
      members of the rhs multigene family of Escherichia coli K-12 have been
      determined. A definition of the limits of the rhsA and rhsC loci was established
      by comparing sequences from E. coli K-12 with sequences from an independent E.
      coli isolate whose DNA contains no homology to the rhs core. This comparison
      showed that rhsA comprises 8,249 base pairs (bp) in strain K-12 and that the Rhs0
      strain, instead, contains an unrelated 32-bp sequence. Similarly, the K-12 rhsC
      locus is 9.6 kilobases in length and a 10-bp sequence resides at its location in
      the Rhs0 strain. The rhsA core, the highly conserved portion shared by all rhs
      loci, comprises a single open reading frame (ORF) 3,714 bp in length. The
      nucleotide sequence of the core ORF predicts an extremely hydrophilic 141
      kilodalton peptide containing 28 repeats of a motif whose consensus is
      GxxxRYxYDxxGRL(I or T). One of the most novel aspects of the rhs family is the
      extension of the core ORF into the divergent adjacent region. Core extensions of
      rhsA, rhsB, rhsC, and rhsD add 139, 173, 159, and 177 codons to the carboxy
      termini of the respective core ORFs. For rhsA, the extended core protein would
      have a molecular mass of 156 kilodaltons. Core extensions of rhsB and rhsD are
      related, exhibiting 50.3% conservation of the predicted amino acid sequence.
      However, comparison of the core extensions of rhsA and rhsC at both the
      nucleotide and the predicted amino acid level reveals that each is highly
      divergent from the other three rhs loci. The highly divergent portion of the core
      extension is joined to the highly conserved core by a nine-codon segment of
      intermediate conservation. The rhsA and rhsC loci both contain partial
      repetitions of the core downstream from their primary cores. The question of
      whether the rhs loci should be considered accessory genetic elements is discussed
      but not resolved.

PMID- 2403548
TI  - Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the Enterobacter aerogenes signal peptidase II
      (lsp) gene.
AB  - In Escherichia coli, prolipoprotein signal peptidase is encoded by the lsp gene,
      which is organized into an operon consisting of ileS, lsp, and three open reading
      frames, designated genes x, orf-149, and orf-316. The Enterobacter aerogenes lsp
      gene was cloned and expressed in E. coli. The nucleotide sequence of the
      Enterobacter aerogenes lsp gene and a part of its flanking sequences were
      determined. A high degree of homology was found between the E. coli ileS-lsp
      operon and the corresponding genes in Enterobacter aerogenes. Furthermore, the
      same five genes which constitute an operon in E. coli were found in Enterobacter
      aerogenes in the same order.

PMID- 2403549
TI  - In vivo degradation of secreted fusion proteins by the Escherichia coli outer
      membrane protease OmpT.
AB  - The Escherichia coli outer membrane protease OmpT (protease VII) has been shown
      to degrade several proteins in vitro, but its function in vivo is uncertain. We
      demonstrate that OmpT participates in the degradation of a fusion protein
      secreted into the periplasmic space. A strain with mutations in degP (K.L.
      Strauch and J. Beckwith, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:1576-1580, 1988) and ompT
      exhibits a cumulative decrease in protein degradation and should be useful for
      the expression of proteolytically sensitive secreted proteins.

PMID- 2403550
TI  - Evidence for multiple OmpR-binding sites in the upstream activation sequence of
      the ompC promoter in Escherichia coli: a single OmpR-binding site is capable of
      activating the promoter.
AB  - We present experimental evidence for the existence of multiple activator-binding
      sites in the upstream sequence of the ompC promoter, the expression of which is
      activated by the positive regulator OmpR in response to the osmolarity of the
      medium. We also found that a single OmpR-binding site can activate the ompC
      promoter, providing that the binding site is close and placed stereospecifically
      with respect to the canonical-35 and -10 regions.

PMID- 2403551
TI  - Interaction of monoclonal antibodies with the enzymatic domains of penicillin
      binding protein 1b of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against four different antigenic determinants of
      penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 1b were used to study the transglycosylase and
      transpeptidase activities of PBP 1b. Enzyme kinetics in the presence of and
      without the MAbs were determined, and the synthesized murein was analyzed. Two
      MAbs against the transglycosylase domain of PBP 1b appeared to inhibit this
      reaction. One MAb inhibited only the transpeptidase reaction, and one inhibited
      both enzymatic activities of PBP 1b. The latter two MAbs bound to the
      transpeptidase domain of PBP 1b. The following major conclusions were deduced
      from the results. (i) Transpeptidation is the rate-limiting step of the reaction
      cascade, and it is dependent on the product of transglycosylation. (ii) PBP 1b
      has only one type of transpeptidase activity, i.e., a penta-tetra transpeptidase
      activity. (iii) PBP 1b is probably a globular protein which has two intimately
      associated enzymatic domains.

PMID- 2403552
TI  - Cell volume increase in Escherichia coli after shifts to richer media.
AB  - Synchronous cultures of Escherichia coli 15-THU and WP2s, which were selected by
      velocity sedimentation from exponential-phase cultures growing in an acetate
      minimal salts medium, were shifted to richer media at various times during the
      cell cycle by the addition of glucose or nutrient broth. Cell numbers and mean
      cell volumes were measured electronically. The duration of the division cycle of
      the shifted generation was not altered significantly by the addition of either
      nutrient. Growth rates, measured as rates of cell volume increase, were constant
      throughout the cycle in unshifted acetate control cultures. When glucose was
      added, growth rates also remained unchanged during the remainder of the cell
      cycle and then increased abruptly at or after cell division. When nutrient broth
      was added, growth rates remained unchanged from periods of 0.2 to 0.4 generations
      and then increased abruptly to their final values. In all cases, the cell volume
      increase was linear both before and after the growth rate transition. The
      strongest support for a linear cell volume increase during the cell cycle of E.
      coli in slowly growing acetate cultures, however, was obtained in unshifted
      cultures, in complete agreement with earlier observations of cell volumes at much
      more rapid growth rates. Although cell growth and division are under the control
      of the synthesizing machinery in the cell responsible for RNA and protein
      synthesis, the results indicate that growth is also regulated by membrane
      associated transport systems.

PMID- 2403553
TI  - Human transferrin receptor contains O-linked oligosaccharides.
AB  - We have investigated the oligosaccharides in the human transferrin receptor from
      three different cell lines. During our studies on the structures of the N-linked
      oligosaccharides of the receptor, we discovered that the receptor contains O
      linked oligosaccharides. This report describes the isolation and characterization
      of these O-linked oligosaccharides. Three different human cell lines--K562, A431,
      and BeWo--were grown in media containing either [2-3H] mannose or [6
      3H]glucosamine. The newly synthesized and radiolabeled transferrin receptors were
      purified by immunoprecipitation from cell extracts and sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The receptor was proteolytically digested or
      treated directly with mild base/borohydride. The released radiolabeled
      glycopeptides and oligosaccharides were separated by a variety of chromatographic
      techniques, and their structures were analyzed. The transferrin receptor from all
      three cell types contains O-linked oligosaccharides that are released from
      peptide by mild base/borohydride treatment. The receptor from K562 cells contains
      at least one O-linked oligosaccharide having two sialic acid residues and a core
      structure of the disaccharide galactose-N-acetyl-galactosamine. In contrast, the
      O-linked oligosaccharides in the transferring receptors from both A431 and BeWo
      cell lines are not as highly sialylated and were identified as both the neutral
      disaccharide galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine and the neutral monosaccharide N
      acetylgalactosamine. In addition, the receptors from all three cell lines contain
      both complex-type and high mannose-type N-linked oligosaccharides. The complex
      type chains in the receptor from A431 cells have properties of blood group A
      antigens, whereas oligosaccharides in receptors from both BeWo and K562 cells
      lack these properties. These results are interesting since both A431 and BeWo
      cells, but not K562 cells, are positive for blood group A antigens. Thus, our
      results demonstrate that the human transferrin receptor contains O-linked
      oligosaccharides and that there are differences in the structures of both the O
      linked and complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides on the receptors synthesized by
      different cell types.

PMID- 2403554
TI  - Interleukin 8 (monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor) dynamically
      regulates its own receptor expression on human neutrophils.
AB  - The regulation of monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor
      (MDNCF)/interleukin 8 (IL 8) receptor expression by the MDNCF/IL 8 ligand was
      examined using freshly isolated human peripheral blood neutrophils. MDNCF/IL 8
      down-regulated greater than 90% of its own receptor expression within 10 min at
      37 degrees C. This down-regulation was associated with internalization of the
      ligand. The radiolabeled MDNCF/IL 8 molecules after internalization were
      proteolytically degraded, and trichloroacetic acid-soluble molecules were
      released into the culture medium starting at 60 min. Lysosomotropic agents could
      inhibit this degradation of ligand suggesting the involvement of lysosomal
      enzymes in this proteolytic digestion. MDNCF/IL 8 receptors reappeared on the
      cell surface within 10 min after removal of free ligands from the culture medium.
      Cycloheximide did not alter the reappearance of the receptor suggesting that de
      novo protein synthesis of MDNCF/Il 8 receptors is not involved in this event and
      that receptors probably recycled. The addition of lysosomotropic agents partially
      inhibited the reappearance/recycling of the receptors, although none of these
      agents inhibited the binding of ligand to the surface receptors or ligand
      internalization. Ammonium chloride reduced the MDNCF/IL 8-induced neutrophil
      chemotactic response in a dose-dependent fashion. These data suggest that
      MDNCF/IL 8 receptor expression is dynamically regulated by MDNCF/IL 8 and that
      the rapid recycling of MDNCF/IL 8 receptors may be essential for the chemotactic
      response of neutrophils.

PMID- 2403555
TI  - Identification and preliminary characterization of an O6-methylguanine DNA repair
      methyltransferase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains a DNA repair methyltransferase (MTase) that
      repairs O6-methylguanine. Methyl groups are irreversibly transferred from O6
      methylguanine in DNA to a 25-kilodalton protein in S. cerevisiae cell extracts,
      and methyl transfer is accompanied by the formation of S-methylcysteine. The
      yeast MTase is expressed at approximately 150 molecules/cell in exponentially
      growing yeast cultures but is not detectable in stationary phase cells. Unlike
      mammalian and bacterial MTases, the yeast MTase is very temperature-sensitive,
      having a half-life of about 4 min at 37 degrees C, which may explain why others
      have failed to detect it. Like other DNA repair MTases, the S. cerevisiae MTase
      repairs O6-methylguanine more efficiently in double-stranded DNA than in single
      stranded DNA. Synthesis of the yeast DNA MTase is apparently not inducible by
      sublethal exposures to alkylating agent, but rather MTase activity is depleted in
      cells exposed to low doses of alkylating agent. Judging from its molecular weight
      and substrate specificity, the yeast DNA MTase is more closely related to
      mammalian MTases than to Escherichia coli MTases.

PMID- 2403556
TI  - Purification and characterization of the yeast transcriptional activator GAL4.
AB  - We have purified extensively the transcriptional activator, GAL4, from a yeast
      strain overexpressing the gene product from the ADH1 promoter. Our purification
      followed GAL4 activity by its binding to a specific DNA target sequence, using
      filter binding assays. No specific binding activity was detected in extracts from
      a strain containing a disrupted copy of the GAL4 gene. The purification protocol
      included fractionation of a whole cell extract by ion-exchange and DNA-affinity
      chromatography on a column containing a 17-base pair oligomer encoding a near
      consensus GAL4 binding site. Two polypeptides co-eluted with the GAL4 DNA binding
      activity from the DNA-affinity column. One had an apparent molecular mass of 99
      kDa (the predicted size of the GAL4 protein) and cross-reacted with antibodies
      raised against GAL4 epitopes from fusion proteins expressed in bacterial cells.
      The second polypeptide did not cross-react with the anti-GAL4 antibody and is
      presumed to be the GAL80 transcriptional repressor based on its size (48 kDa) and
      known physical association with the GAL4 protein. GAL4 binding activity elutes
      from a gel filtration column as a 155-kDa species suggesting that it exists in
      solution in a heterodimer complex of one GAL4 and one GAL80 molecule. The
      dissociation constant of the DNA-affinity-purified GAL4-GAL80 complex for a 900
      base pair DNA fragment containing the UASGAL element from the GAL1-GAL10
      divergent promoter was, Kd(effective) (0.15 M KCl) = 2.4 x 10(-9) M.

PMID- 2403557
TI  - Purification of a novel insulin-stimulated protein kinase from rat liver.
AB  - We previously described a novel insulin-stimulated protein kinase activity that
      phosphorylates Kemptide (Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly) in cytosolic extracts of
      adipocytes (Yu, K-T., Khalaf, N., and Czech, M. P. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262,
      16677-16685). In the present experiments, cytosolic extracts of livers from
      insulin-treated rats also exhibited a 30-100% increase in this Kemptide kinase
      activity and served as an abundant source for purification. The Kemptide kinase
      was purified in parallel from liver extracts of insulin-treated or control rats
      through five chromatographic steps and one polyethylene glycol precipitation. The
      chromatographic behavior of the insulin-stimulated Kemptide kinase differed
      significantly from the control kinase on Mono Q and heparin-Sepharose resins. The
      purified kinase preparations retain insulin stimulations of 2-10-fold. Analysis
      of the purified control and insulin-stimulated kinases by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed single bands with similar silver
      staining intensity and apparent molecular masses of 52 kDa. The insulin
      stimulated Kemptide phosphorylating activity also coincided with the major silver
      stained band following isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. The
      stimulation of kinase activity in response to administration of insulin is due to
      an increase in Vmax, whereas the Km for Kemptide (0.3 mM) is unchanged. The
      apparent molecular mass of the native kinase determined by gel filtration is
      approximately 50 kDa, suggesting that it exists as a monomer. Either Mg2+ or Mn2+
      serve as cofactors for the kinase which phosphorylates a variety of basic
      substrates including a number of peptides and histones. The activity of the
      Kemptide kinase is not changed by several compounds that have been shown to
      modulate other kinases. Based on these data, we conclude 1) a novel insulin
      sensitive Kemptide kinase in liver cytosol has been purified to near homogeneity,
      and 2) insulin administration acutely modulates the specific activity of this
      Kemptide kinase in livers of intact rats.

PMID- 2403558
TI  - A mitogenic fibrinogen receptor that differs from glycoprotein IIb-IIIa.
      Identification by affinity chromatography and by covalent cross-linking.
AB  - The mitogenic effect of human fibrinogen on the hemopoietic cell lines Raji and
      JM is mediated by a specific receptor with biochemical and functional properties
      different from those of the platelet fibrinogen receptor, the glycoprotein
      complex IIb-IIIa (Levesque, J.P., Hatzfeld, A., and Hatzfeld, J. (1986) Proc.
      Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A. 83, 6494-6498; Levesque, J.P., Hatzfeld, A., Hudry
      Clergeon, G., Wilner, G.D., and Hatzfeld, J. (1987) J. Cell. Physiol. 232, 303
      310). This work describes the identification of the mitogenic fibrinogen receptor
      (MFR) by two independent methods, affinity chromatography and covalent cross
      linking. Affinity chromatography of surface-labeled cell extracts on fibrinogen
      Sepharose revealed a 94 +/- 2-kDa membrane protein that bound specifically to
      fibrinogen-Sepharose only on cells that expressed the MFR. Its molecular mass was
      not modified after reduction. This was confirmed by cross-linking fibrinogen to
      surface-labeled Raji cells using the cleavable cross-linkers,
      ethyleneglycobis(succinimidyl succinate) and dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate).
      Complexes between fibrinogen and iodinated cell membrane proteins were
      immunoprecipitated by anti-fibrinogen antibodies. The biochemical cleavage of
      these immunoprecipitated conjugates gave rise to a 92 +/- 3-kDa membrane protein
      whose molecular mass was not modified after reduction. We conclude that
      fibrinogen binds specifically to a 92-94-kDa MFR which does not belong to the
      integrin family.

PMID- 2403559
TI  - The cDNA sequence of mouse Pgp-1 and homology to human CD44 cell surface antigen
      and proteoglycan core/link proteins.
AB  - We describe the isolation and sequencing of a cDNA encoding mouse Pgp-1. An
      oligonucleotide probe corresponding to the NH2-terminal sequence of the purified
      protein was synthesized by the polymerase chain reaction and used to screen a
      mouse macrophage lambda gt11 library. A cDNA clone with an insert of 1.2
      kilobases was selected and sequenced. In Northern blot analysis, only cells
      expressing Pgp-1 contained mRNA species that hybridized with this Pgp-1 cDNA. The
      nucleotide sequence of the cDNA has a single open reading frame that yields a
      protein-coding sequence of 1076 base pairs followed by a 132-base pair 3'
      untranslated sequence that includes a putative polyadenylation signal but no
      poly(A) tail. The translated sequence comprises a 13-amino acid signal peptide
      followed by a polypeptide core of 345 residues corresponding to an Mr of 37,800.
      Portions of the deduced amino acid sequence were identical to those obtained by
      amino acid sequence analysis from the purified glycoprotein, confirming that the
      cDNA encodes Pgp-1. The predicted structure of Pgp-1 includes an NH2-terminal
      extracellular domain (residues 14-265), a transmembrane domain (residues 266
      286), and a cytoplasmic tail (residues 287-358). Portions of the mouse Pgp-1
      sequence are highly similar to that of the human CD44 cell surface glycoprotein
      implicated in cell adhesion. The protein also shows sequence similarity to the
      proteoglycan tandem repeat sequences found in cartilage link protein and
      cartilage proteoglycan core protein which are thought to be involved in binding
      to hyaluronic acid.

PMID- 2403560
TI  - Mast cells contain spleen-type prostaglandin D synthetase.
AB  - Prostaglandin D synthetase activity in the cytosol (100,000 x g, 1-h supernatant)
      fraction of peritoneal mast cells of adult rats (105.0 nmol/min/mg protein) was
      the highest among such activities in various rat tissues and cells. As judged by
      the absolute requirement for glutathione for the reaction (Km = 300 microM), the
      Km value for prostaglandin H2 (200 microM), and insensitivity of the activity to
      1 mM 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, the enzyme in mast cells was similar to rat
      spleen prostaglandin D synthetase and differed from rat brain prostaglandin D
      synthetase or glutathione S-transferase, all of which catalyze the isomerase
      reaction from prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin D2. In immunotitration analyses,
      the activity in mast cells showed a titration curve exactly identical with that
      of the purified spleen-type enzyme and almost completely absorbed by an excess
      amount of antibody against this enzyme, but it remained unchanged after
      incubation with antibodies against the brain-type enzyme and glutathione S
      transferase isozymes thus far purified. In Western blot after two-dimensional
      electrophoresis of crude extracts of mast cells, a single immunoreactive spot was
      observed with antibody against the spleen-type enzyme at the same position as
      that of the purified enzyme (Mr = 26,000, pI = 5.2). Furthermore, the
      immunoreactive protein obtained from mast cells showed the same peptide
      fingerprints as those of the purified spleen-type enzyme, after partial digestion
      with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease or trypsin. In immunoperoxidase staining,
      the immunoreactivity of the spleen-type enzyme was found in the cytosol of tissue
      mast cells in various organs such as thymus, intestine, stomach, and skin of
      adult rats. These findings indicate that prostaglandin D2 is produced by the
      spleen-type synthetase in mast cells of various tissues.

PMID- 2403561
TI  - Cellular and subcellular localization of an Mr 64,000 protein autoantigen in
      insulin-dependent diabetes.
AB  - Antibodies to an Mr 64,000 protein from human or rat islets have been detected at
      high frequency in newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetic patients. In this
      study, we show that the antigenic and amphiphilic properties of the rat islet Mr
      64,000 protein resemble that of the human protein. We have analyzed the
      expression of the Mr 64,000 protein in populations of pancreatic beta and non
      beta cells and in selected rat tissues by immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine
      radiolabeled proteins with sera from diabetic patients or from healthy control
      individuals. When islet cell populations enriched in beta or non-beta cells were
      tested for the expression of the Mr 64,000 antigen, the protein was primarily
      observed in the beta cells. On analyzing preparations of islets, liver, kidney,
      thyroid, adrenal, pituitary, spleen, and thymus, the protein could only be
      detected in islets. The protein was also characterized in terms of its
      subcellular localization by Percoll density gradient centrifugation and was
      recovered in a fraction enriched in the plasma membrane marker, 5'-nucleotidase.
      These results are consistent with a beta cell-restricted plasma membrane
      expression of the protein and support the hypothesis that this protein is a
      target antigen of beta cell-specific autoimmunity in insulin-dependent diabetes.

PMID- 2403562
TI  - Hydrogen peroxide mediates the oxidative inactivation of enzymes following the
      switch from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AB  - Klebsiella pneumoniae utilizes distinct pathways for the anaerobic and aerobic
      metabolism of glycerol. During anaerobic growth, glycerol is first converted to
      dihydroxyacetone by glycerol dehydrogenase; subsequent phosphorylation yields
      dihydroxyacetone phosphate. During aerobic growth, glycerol is initially
      phosphorylated to yield glycerol 3-phosphate; subsequent reduction then gives
      dihydroxyacetone phosphate. A coordinated response occurs when anaerobically
      growing cells are switched to aerobic conditions. Synthesis of glycerol
      dehydrogenase is repressed, glycerol dehydrogenase is inactivated, and the
      protein is degraded. Ethanol dehydrogenase and propanediol oxidoreductase are
      also inactivated when cells are exposed to oxygen (Johnson, E. A., Levine, R. L.,
      and Lin, E. C. C. (1985) J. Bacteriol. 164, 479-483). Exposure of anaerobically
      growing cells to low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide also inactivated these
      three enzymes and led to rapid degradation of glycerol dehydrogenase. Glycerol
      dehydrogenase was purified and characterized after in vivo oxidative modification
      initiated by hydrogen peroxide. No differences in molecular weight, amino acid
      composition, or Km were detected between the native and oxidatively modified
      forms, although the modified enzyme had only 10% of the catalytic activity of the
      native form. The oxidatively modified enzyme was very susceptible to degradation
      by subtilisin while the native enzyme was resistant. Chloramphenicol prevented
      the inactivation and degradation of glycerol dehydrogenase caused by exposure to
      oxygen but did not block that caused by hydrogen peroxide. Thus, protein
      synthesis appears necessary for in vivo oxidative modification caused by exposure
      to oxygen but is not necessary when the process is initiated by exposure to
      hydrogen peroxide. The newly synthesized protein(s) presumably catalyzes the
      production of hydrogen peroxide which is required for the metal-catalyzed
      oxidative modification of susceptible enzymes.

PMID- 2403563
TI  - Crystallization and preliminary x-ray investigation of recombinant human
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
AB  - Crystals of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
      have been grown from solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000. The crystals are
      orthorhombic, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1); the axes are a = 45.5(1), b = 58.7(1)
      and c = 127.3(1) A. The crystals are stable to x-rays for at least 3 days and
      diffract beyond 2.8-A resolution. Although the molecule exists as a monomer in
      solution, it crystallizes with two or three molecules in the asymmetric unit.

PMID- 2403565
TI  - Tagetitoxin: a new inhibitor of eukaryotic transcription by RNA polymerase III.
AB  - We demonstrate that tagetitoxin, a bacterial phytotoxin, preferentially inhibits
      eukaryotic RNA polymerase III. We used promoter-directed transcription of cloned
      genes in cell-free extracts to compare tagetitoxin inhibition of RNA polymerases
      from diverse sources. In HeLa cell extracts, accumulation of 5 S rRNA, and U6
      snRNAs (transcribed by RNA polymerase III) was inhibited at 0.3-3.0 microM
      tagetitoxin but transcription from adenovirus 2 major late promoter (RNA
      polymerase II) was not significantly affected at concentrations below 30 microM.
      Tagetitoxin also inhibited promoter-directed RNA polymerase III transcription in
      cell-free extracts from Bombyx mori (pre-tRNA), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (pre
      tRNA) at 0.3-3.0 microM, concentrations that also inhibit chloroplast or
      bacterial promoter-directed transcription. In nonspecific transcription assays,
      partially purified B. mori RNA polymerase III was inhibited by tagetitoxin at
      concentrations that inhibit Escherichia coli RNA polymerase; purified calf thymus
      RNA polymerase II was not inhibited by tagetitoxin. Using injection into Xenopus
      laevis oocytes, we compared tagetitoxin effects on accumulation of U1 snRNA, hH2B
      mRNA (transcribed by RNA polymerase II), 5 S rRNA and U6 snRNA (RNA polymerase
      III), and 5.8 S rRNA (RNA polymerase I). In Xenopus oocytes, RNA polymerase III
      transcription was preferentially inhibited by tagetitoxin.

PMID- 2403564
TI  - The formylmethanofuran:tetrahydromethanopterin formyltransferase from
      Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum delta H. Nucleotide sequence and functional
      expression of the cloned gene.
AB  - The formylmethanofuran:tetrahydromethanopterin formyltransferase (FTR) from
      Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum delta H was cloned and its sequence was
      determined. The clone was contained on a 4.8-kilobase BamHI fragment of M.
      thermoautotrophicum DNA ligated into pBR329. When this fragment was subcloned
      into the phagemid pTZ18R, a functional enzyme was synthesized under control of
      the lac promoter. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of a ribosome binding
      site and a possible terminator structure. The absence of an identifiable promoter
      lends credibility to the open reading frame which is present 5' to ftr. The ftr
      gene encodes an acidic protein with a calculated molecular weight of 31,401. The
      sequence of FTR does not appear to be homologous to any other sequenced proteins,
      including proteins which use pterin substrates.

PMID- 2403566
TI  - Isolation and characterization of proteoglycans synthesized by cultured mesangial
      cells.
AB  - Rat mesangial cells selected by long-term culture of glomeruli exhibited a hill
      and valley appearance in the confluent state and were stained with antibodies
      against vimentin and desmin, suggesting that they are smooth muscle-like
      mesangial cells. The glycoconjugates produced by the cells were metabolically
      labeled with [35S]sulfate and [3H]glucosamine and extracted with 4 M guanidine
      HCl containing 0.5% Triton X-100. The radiolabeled glycoconjugates were separated
      on DEAE-Sephacel and compared with those synthesized by glomeruli labeled in the
      same conditions. Of the three major sulfated glycoconjugates, sulfated
      glycoprotein (17% of the total 35S-labeled macromolecules), heparan sulfate
      proteoglycan (35%), and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (30%) synthesized by
      glomeruli, the cultured mesangial cells synthesized mainly chondroitin sulfate
      proteoglycan (more than 90%). After purification by CsCl density-gradient
      centrifugation, the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan from the cell layer was
      separated on Bio-Gel A-5m into three molecular species with estimated Mr values
      of 230,000, 150,000, and 40,000-10,000, whereas that released into the medium
      consisted of a single species with an Mr of 135,000. In the beta-elimination
      reaction, the former two larger proteoglycans released chondroitin sulfate chains
      with Mr of an apparent 30,000 and the latter from the medium released the
      glycosaminoglycan chains with an Mr of 36,000. The Mr of the smallest
      proteoglycan from the cell layer was not significantly changed after beta
      elimination, indicating that this species had only a small peptide, if any.
      Analysis with chondroitinase AC-II and ABC demonstrated that all the chondroitin
      sulfates were copolymers consisting of glucuronosyl-N-acetylgalactosamine (65
      74%) having sulfate groups at position 4 (53-57%) or positions 4 and 6 (10-14%)
      of hexosamine moieties and iduronosyl-N-acetylgalactosamine (21-26%) having
      sulfate groups at position 4 (17-23%) or positions 4 and 6 (about 3%) of
      hexosamine moieties; namely chondroitin sulfate H type. These characteristics of
      the chondroitin sulfate H proteoglycans synthesized by the cultured mesangial
      cells were very similar to those of the proteoglycans synthesized by glomeruli.
      Thus, we conclude that most, if not all, of the glomerular chondroitin sulfate
      proteoglycans are synthesized by mesangial cells. The cultured mesangial cells
      were also found to synthesize hyaluronic acid at a similar level to chondroitin
      sulfate proteoglycan. Based on the characteristics of this glycosaminoglycan, we
      discuss the possible role of hyaluronic acid produced by mesangial cells.

PMID- 2403567
TI  - High-level expression of pig liver thioltransferase (glutaredoxin) in Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - We report the first high-level expression of a mammalian thioltransferase
      (glutaredoxin) in Escherichia coli. A NcoI site (CCATGG) was introduced into the
      cDNA encoding pig liver thioltransferase (glutaredoxin) by site-directed
      mutagenesis, in which the first G of the original sequence, GCATGG, was replaced
      by a C. The altered cDNA was cloned into an expression vector, plasmid pKK233-2,
      between the unique NcoI and HindIII sites and expressed in E. coli JM105 at a
      high level (8% of total soluble protein) after 6 h of isopropyl-beta-D
      thiogalactopyranoside induction. The soluble and unfused product was measured by
      the thiol-transferase thiol-disulfide exchange assay and immunoblotting analysis.
      The recombinant enzyme was purified to a single band as judged by sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. The amino
      acid composition of the expressed enzyme agreed with that of the known sequence
      of pig liver thioltransferase (glutaredoxin). N-terminal sequence analysis
      revealed that unlike the native pig liver protein which is N-acetylated, the
      recombinant enzyme was unblocked at the N terminus (alanine). Various kinetic
      properties of the recombinant enzyme with regard to the exchange reaction were
      identical with those of the native enzyme.

PMID- 2403568
TI  - Expression of neurotensin in endocrine tumors.
AB  - Endocrine tumors are useful sources for determining the synthesis and metabolism
      of secreted regulatory peptides. The present study was performed to compare the
      synthesis and metabolism of neurotensin (NT) in normal subjects and four patients
      with NT-producing tumors. NT mRNA was measured and characterized using
      oligonucleotide probes and Northern blots, while NT-like peptides were
      quantitated by RIA with region-specific antisera and high pressure liquid
      chromatography. Northern blot analysis of mRNA isolated from normal human ileum
      revealed two species of mRNA hybridizing to a heterologous canine oligonucleotide
      probe; the apparent sizes of the mRNA were 1.4 and 1.0 kilobases. An identical
      pattern was found in a pancreatic endocrine tumor, a prostatic adenocarcinoma,
      and a fibrolamellar hepatoma. The ratio of mRNA to peptide varied between the
      different tissues. For instance, the hepatoma was the richest source of NT mRNA,
      but the prostatic tumor contained the highest peptide concentration. Measurements
      with region-specific antisera showed that N-terminal immunoreactive fragments
      were more abundant than C-terminal fragments in pancreatic, prostatic, and
      carcinoid tumors (N/C-teminal ratios, 4.0, 1.6, and 5.0) and in equal
      concentrations in normal ileum. Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography
      revealed the presence of intact NT in addition to a variable number of smaller N
      terminal peptides, presumed to be metabolites. In contrast the hepatoma contained
      a 5-fold excess of C-terminal immunoreactivity. The excess C-terminal
      immunoreactivity was also present in the circulation of this patient. The
      chromatographic properties, immunoreactivity, and unusual stability of the C
      terminal fragment found in the hepatoma patient suggest that it is a substance
      distinct from NT itself and is released specifically by the fibrolamellar
      hepatoma.

PMID- 2403569
TI  - Serum levels of mullerian inhibiting substance in boys from birth to 18 years, as
      determined by enzyme immunoassay.
AB  - An enzyme immunoassay was set up with the aim of determining the serum levels of
      Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) during childhood. A monoclonal antibody
      against purified bovine MIS was combined with a polyclonal antibody against
      recombinant human MIS to make a sandwich assay. This assay detected MIS in human
      serum within the following criteria. Ninety-eight boys, aged between birth and 18
      yr, who had been admitted to the Royal Children's Hospital, were included. MIS
      levels were measured in samples taken for biochemical screening of unrelated
      disorders. MIS was detected in the serum up to 16 yr of age, but was low beyond
      12 yr and undetectable at 18 yr. High MIS levels were found at 4-12 months,
      consistent with MIS having an important function at this time. Germ cells undergo
      an important transformation from gonocytes to spermatogonia at the same time as
      the MIS levels peak, suggesting a possible function for MIS.

PMID- 2403570
TI  - Role of the splanchnic tissues in the pathogenesis of altered carbohydrate
      metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure.
AB  - To evaluate the contribution of the splanchnic area to the carbohydrate
      abnormalities associated with chronic uremia, the splanchnic exchange of glucose
      and gluconeogenic substrates was quantitated basally and after an iv glucose load
      in nine uremic patients with impaired glucose tolerance and seven control
      subjects. In the basal state, blood glucose and splanchnic glucose production
      were similar in the two groups. During glucose infusion (33 mumol/kg.min for 90
      min), blood glucose reached significantly higher levels in the uremic patients
      than in controls (P less than 0.02). Plasma insulin increased slightly more in
      uremic patients than in controls (P less than 0.05 at 15 min). Both basal and
      postglucose glucagon levels were 2- to 3-fold higher in uremic patients than in
      normal subjects (P less than 0.05-0.02). In both groups, splanchnic glucose
      balance switched from net output in the basal state (-9.4 +/- 0.5 and -8.0 +/-
      1.1 mumol/kg.min in normals and uremics, respectively) to net uptake with glucose
      infusion. However, this response was less marked in the uremic patients than in
      normal subjects (P less than 0.05-0.02 at 30 and 90 min). The cumulative net
      splanchnic glucose balance over the 90-min study period was 538 +/- 55 mumol/kg
      in normal subjects and 279 +/- 89 in uremic subjects (P less than 0.05). A net
      splanchnic lactate uptake was present in the basal state in normal (4.2 +/- 0.5
      mumol/kg.min) and uremic subjects (3.4 +/- 0.5). During glucose infusion, in
      normal subjects splanchnic lactate exchange switched to a net output (-4.0 +/-
      1.6 mumol/kg.min), whereas in the uremic group it remained as a net uptake (1.1
      +/- 0.7) throughout the study period. Splanchnic gluconeogenic amino acid uptake
      was similar in the two groups in the basal state (1.8 +/- 0.1 mumol/kg.min and
      2.2 +/- 0.2 in normal and uremic subjects, respectively). Glucose infusion caused
      a marked fall in amino acid uptake by liver in normal subjects, whereas no change
      was observed in the uremic group (0.9 +/- 0.3 and 1.9 +/- 0.2 mumol/kg.min,
      respectively). Splanchnic glycerol uptake was not different in the two groups in
      the basal state (0.75 +/- 0.2 and 1.1 +/- 0.2 mumol/kg.min) and decreased to a
      similar extent during glucose infusion. We conclude the following. 1) In uremic
      patients with glucose intolerance but normal fasting glycemia, the splanchnic
      metabolism of glucose and gluconeogenic substrates is normal in the
      postabsorptive state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2403572
TI  - Clinical review 4: Diagnosis and treatment of isolated gonadotropin-releasing
      hormone deficiency in men.

PMID- 2403571
TI  - Pathogenesis of the type 2 variant of the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid
      excess.
AB  - The syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess, which is not a primary
      disorder of the adrenal cortex, describes the association of an unexplained
      hypermineralocorticoid state with a decreased rate of peripheral 11 beta
      hydroxydehydrogenation of cortisol to cortisone. Studies in this syndrome have
      led to the hypothesis that peripheral cortisol inactivation is the normal
      mechanism permitting specific mineralocorticoid recognition. This view reconciled
      developing evidence that the mineralocorticoid receptor itself could not
      distinguish between mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. The syndrome occurs
      in two forms. In both forms there is decreased turnover of a normal level of
      plasma cortisol, consistent with the view that delayed removal of the
      glucocorticoid from strategic receptor sites unmasks its potential
      mineralocorticoid agonism. In the type 1 variant, impaired 11 beta
      hydroxydehydrogenation is reflected by an elevated cortisol/cortisone metabolite
      ratio. In three patients with the type 2 variant, this ratio was normal,
      suggesting that the rate of 11 beta-hydroxydehydrogenation was unimpaired. The
      hypertension and hypokalemic alkalosis of both forms are improved by
      spironolactone, but patients with the type 2 variant have responded somewhat
      better to the suppression of cortisol by dexamethasone.

PMID- 2403573
TI  - Immunoassays for human mullerian inhibitory factor (MIF): new insights into the
      physiology of MIF.

PMID- 2403574
TI  - Peripheral nerve CR1 express in situ cofactor activity for degradation of C3b.
AB  - Adsorption of sheep erythrocytes (E) sensitized with IgM antibodies (A) and C3b
      (EAC3b) to C3b/C4b receptors (CR1) in cryostat sections of human myelinated
      nerves was studied using the closed chamber technique. The adsorption was stable
      for at least 3 h at 37 degrees C. In the presence of purified factor I, the
      indicator cells detached from the sections after 40 min at 37 degrees C. Factor H
      was not required. The release was not due to loss of CR1 activity in the
      sections. The detached indicator cells were negative in the immune adherence test
      and were agglutinated by antibody to C3d, but not by antibody to C3c. Western
      blot of the detached indicator cells revealed the presence of C3d and C3c was
      found in the chamber fluid. Accordingly, detachment of the indicator cells was
      due to degradation of C3b to C3d with the release of C3c into the chamber fluid.
      Protease inhibitors did not prevent the detachment of the indicator cells. EAC3b
      incubated with sections of myelinated nerves pre-incubated with anti-CR1 antibody
      or with sections of unmyelinated nerves which contain functionally inactive CR1
      were not degraded. The results therefore indicate that CR1 in situ in myelinated
      nerves can provide the necessary cofactor activity for factor I-mediated
      degradation of C3b to C3d and C3c.

PMID- 2403575
TI  - Dentofacial growth and development.
AB  - Theoretical growth and development, and practical aspects are explored in an
      overview of how growth has been considered by investigators and clinicians during
      the past twenty years, to the beliefs held today. Diagnostic and treatment
      methods, where technical innovations are the most apparent, are considered in the
      context of classical orthodontic thinking. New diagnostic techniques will be
      introduced that will require changes in our basic understanding of growth and
      treatment. Orthodontics will continue to be integrated into total patient
      diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 2403576
TI  - Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against ovine prolactin: suitability
      for use in immunocytochemical analysis of rat prolactin.
AB  - The aim of this study was to identify a monoclonal antibody (MAb) suitable for
      use in the immunocytochemical localization of prolactin in rat tissues. We took
      advantage of the conservation of certain amino acid sequences in prolactin among
      species by examining the crossreactivity patterns of five MAb, originally
      generated to ovine prolactin, with rat prolactin by enzyme-linked immunoassay
      (ELISA), Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry. Two of five antibodies
      (17D9 and 6F11) showed reactivity with 100 ng of immobilized rat prolactin (NIH
      RP-3) by ELISA, 6F11 reacting more strongly than 17D9. Only 6F11 reacted with
      prolactin in lysates of GH4C1 rat pituitary tumor cells by Western blot analysis.
      When we examined the crossreactivity of the MAb with rat prolactin in monolayer
      cultures of GH4C1 cells by indirect immunofluorescence, we found that both 17D9
      and 6F11 reacted strongly with the cultures. The distribution of staining with
      17D9 or 6F11 was coincident with staining with a polyclonal antiserum to rat
      prolactin. Preabsorption of the antibodies with a 20-fold excess of purified rat
      prolactin abolished the staining of GH4C1 cell cultures with either antibody.
      Therefore, we have selected from a series of MAb raised to ovine prolactin two
      antibodies (17D9 and 6F11) that react specifically with rat prolactin in
      immunocytochemical studies, whereas 6F11 also reacts strongly with rat prolactin
      by ELISA and Western blot analysis.

PMID- 2403577
TI  - Human autoantibodies to spermatogenic antigens and Sertoli cells.
AB  - Immunofluorescence staining using human autoantibodies is a simple and reliable
      method for investigation of meiotic and post-meiotic cells. Patients suffering
      from autoimmune diseases often produce circulating autoantibodies to antigens of
      germ cells and Sertoli cells. Four hundred human autoimmune sera were screened by
      indirect immunofluorescence on mouse seminiferous tubule cells. Autoantibodies of
      several specificities were found: one group reacted with organelles of meiotic
      prophase spermatocytes or spermatozoa. Included in this group were autoantibodies
      to synaptonemal complexes, sex vesicle, acrosome, and sperm tail. A second group
      of autoantibodies was found to stain different spermatogenic cell types
      uniformly, such as round spermatids or Sertoli cells.

PMID- 2403578
TI  - High-resolution detection of newly synthesized DNA by anti-bromodeoxyuridine
      antibodies identifies specific chromatin domains.
AB  - We analyzed the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) into DNA in
      exponentially growing murine erythroleukemia cells (FLC-745), using fluorescent
      anti-BrdUrd antibodies with light microscopy and flow cytometry. The fine
      localization of the DNA replicating sites was investigated at the ultrastructural
      level by using a second antibody conjugated with colloidal gold. The latter
      approach, which does not require acidic denaturation of the DNA, enables
      preservation of good morphology and obtains a better resolution power than that
      of electron microscopic autoradiography, the percentage of labeled cells obtained
      with the two techniques being comparable. After short BrdUrd pulses,
      characteristic distribution of the labeling can be identified in the
      heterochromatin, in interchromatin domains, or at the boundary between the
      dispersed and the condensed chromatin. Similar patterns are also observable in
      the nuclear structures which condense after acid denaturation, suggesting that
      DNA replication takes place at fixed sites associated with the nuclear matrix.

PMID- 2403579
TI  - Immunocytochemical demonstration of vasopressin binding in rat kidney.
AB  - We investigated the immunoperoxidase demonstration of vasopressin (VSP) bound to
      paraffin-embedded sections of rat kidney and the effects of various fixatives.
      Slices of rat kidney from normal and 4-day water-deprived rats were incubated
      with 10(-7) M VSP, fixed, and embedded in paraffin. Hydrated sections of these
      tissues were again incubated with 10(-7) M VSP or 10(-7) M VSP and 10(-5) M
      oxytocin (OXY). VSP bound to the sections was demonstrated using rabbit anti-Arg8
      VSP antiserum and peroxidase-labeled second antibody. In sections of kidney from
      both normal and water-deprived rats, immunoperoxidase labeling was most intense
      in the renal papilla and was restricted to the cells of the ducts of Bellini and
      loops of Henle. In the medulla, the collecting ducts and medullary thick
      ascending limbs of Henle were moderately stained. In the normal kidney sections
      there was no staining of the proximal tubules, distal convoluted tubules (DCT),
      and only slight staining of the cortical collecting ducts (CCD). However, in the
      water-deprived rats there was a considerable increase in the staining of the DCT
      and CCD. Simultaneous incubation in OXY and VSP resulted in reduced
      immunoperoxidase labeling of the tubules. Omission of VSP incubation led to a
      similar decrease in stain intensity, indicating a specificity for the sites of
      VSP binding. This technique allows the identification of cells responsible for
      the binding of VSP in the kidney.

PMID- 2403580
TI  - Regulation of the genes for heme pathway enzymes in erythroid and in non
      erythroid cells.
AB  - There are eight enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway and three enzymes in the
      heme catabolic pathway. Enzymatic defects in heme biosynthesis lead to clinical
      conditions termed porphyrias. cDNAs for five of the eight enzymes in the heme
      biosynthetic pathway and two of the three enzymes in the heme catabolic pathway
      have been cloned and characterized in mammalian cells. At least two enzymes exist
      as isozymes between erythroid and non-erythroid tissues. One is delta
      aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), and the erythroid and hepatic isozymes are
      coded by two separate genes. The other is porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), and
      both the erythroid and the non-erythroid PBGD mRNA are transcribed from a single
      PBGD gene by alternate transcription and splicing. There is also a significant
      tissue-specific control of expression of the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase gene
      which is expressed as a unique mRNA in all tissues.

PMID- 2403581
TI  - Some thoughts on the sociology of cancer: a Hispanic perspective.

PMID- 2403582
TI  - Minimal residual disease in leukemia: studies in an animal model for acute
      myelocytic leukemia (BNML).
AB  - The possibilities for studying minimal residual disease (MRD) in human acute
      myelocytic leukemia (AML) are limited. Animal models are, therefore,
      indispensable for gaining insight into the characteristics of leukemia growth
      during the MRD phase. Studies were done to compare AML to acute myelocytic
      leukemia in the Brown Norway rat (BNML). The BNML model exhibited a high degree
      of similarity to human AML with regard to its general growth characteristics, its
      cell kinetic parameters, its biophysical parameters and its response to
      chemotherapy. This implied that studies of the BNML model have predictive value
      for clinical application. In the BNML model a number of independent methods are
      available to quantify the number of leukemic cells, i.e., indirectly by means of
      various bioassays or directly by using monoclonal antibody labeling and flow
      cytometry. Studies of the BNML model in relation to the understanding of various
      aspects of MRD in leukemia are discussed in this concise review. Insight has been
      obtained with regard to the kinetics of MRD; the efficacy of certain treatment
      modalities, e.g., cytostatic drug treatment with or without total body
      irradiation to eradicate MRD; the efficacy of various methods for eliminating
      residual leukemic cells from autologous marrow grafts; the emergence of drug
      resistance during MRD; and the progression of residual disease during the
      remission phase ultimately leading to a relapse and the implications of these
      observations for staging leukemia patients during the phase of MRD.

PMID- 2403583
TI  - Establishment and characterization of somatic hybrids between human
      differentiated macrophages and mouse myeloma NS1 cells.
AB  - Human macrophages obtained from circulating monocytes matured in vitro by culture
      for seven days in hydrophobic flexible teflon bags were successfully fused with
      murine myeloma NS1 cells. Six of 20 clones, selected for their adherence
      properties, were further studied. All possessed human chromosomes (mean number
      ranging from 4 to 14 depending on the clones studied), exhibited non-specific
      esterases (but no peroxidase activity) and expressed CD14 antigen and C3
      receptors (but no MAX-1 antigen). Moreover, the hybridomas retained phagocytic
      activity and high interferon plus lipopolysaccharide-activable cytolytic activity
      against tumor cells.

PMID- 2403585
TI  - A randomized trial of amniotomy in active labor.
AB  - The role of amniotomy in active labor is controversial because of contradictory
      data and a paucity of randomized studies. A randomized trial was conducted on the
      role of amniotomy in spontaneous labor. Fifty-three women who were admitted to
      the Family Medicine Service in active labor were randomly assigned to receive
      amniotomy (n = 26) or no amniotomy (n = 27). Amniotomy shortened the time from
      randomization to delivery by 143 minutes (t = 2.3, P less than .05, 95%
      confidence interval [CI] = 19-265). After adjusting for possible confounders, the
      effect of amniotomy was to shorten labor by 155 minutes (CI = 9-301). The effect
      of amniotomy on labor was not found to be related to parity or cervical
      dilatation. Amniotomy had no apparent effect on Apgar scores or use of analgesia.

PMID- 2403584
TI  - An endotoxin-induced factor distinct from interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis
      factor alpha produced by the THP-1 human macrophage line stimulates
      polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration in vivo.
AB  - Endotoxin and gram-negative bacteria induce vigorous inflammatory reactions. Our
      previous work showed that rabbit macrophages (M phi) incubated with endotoxin
      produce a 45,000 dalton protein that recruited polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      (PMNL) into the skin of rabbits. This factor was separated from interleukin-1 (IL
      1) but could not be unequivocally distinguished from rabbit tumour necrosis
      factor (TNF alpha). Here we have examined the human M phi cell line, THP-1, for
      the production of an analogous protein. After exposure to phorbol diester the THP
      1 cells assumed the characteristic M phi phenotype and function. During 6 hours
      of culture with LPS these M phi released a factor(s) that caused PMNL recruitment
      into the skin of rabbits when injected intradermally, measured using 51Cr
      labelled blood leukocytes. This activity, referred to as PMNL recruiting activity
      (PRA), was heat labile, and its production was blocked by cycloheximide,
      suggesting that this is most likely a de novo synthesized protein. Sephadex-G 100
      and Superose-12 FPLC chromatography indicated a molecular weight in the 45,000
      65,000 dalton range. The active fractions were free of IL-1 activity (less than
      0.2 U/ml), and Superose-12 chromatography separated the peak of PRA, which eluted
      around 45,000 daltons, from TNF alpha eluting at 20,000 daltons. The peak PRA was
      not neutralized by antiserum to IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta TNF alpha, IL-6, and
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF), indicating that it was
      distinct immunologically from these cytokines. The major PRA did not induce
      migration of rabbit or human PMNLs in vitro in a Boyden chamber chemotaxis assay,
      although peaks of chemotactic activity and weak PMNL recruitment in vivo were
      detected in fractions eluting around 15,000 daltons and 800 daltons. The
      generation of PRA by a human M phi cell line is analogous to that reported
      previously with rabbit M phi. Here we extend these observations to a human M phi
      system and confirm that this molecule is distinct from several other M phi
      cytokines and M phi chemotactic factors with inflammatory properties.

PMID- 2403586
TI  - Efficacy of fish oil supplementation for treatment of moderate elevation of serum
      cholesterol.
AB  - A study was performed to determine the efficacy and feasibility of using fish oil
      capsules for treatment of moderate hypercholesterolemia. Thirty-three subjects,
      randomized to fish or olive oil, took two 1-g capsules with each meal for 12
      weeks. Each subject crossed over to the alternate treatment at 12 weeks. Patients
      maintained usual levels of exercise and diet for 24 weeks. Eight subjects dropped
      out. For the group starting fish oil (n = 13), the average baseline cholesterol
      level was 6.336 mmol/L (245.0 mg/dL) and was 6.341 mmol/L (245.2 mg/dL) after 12
      weeks. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and calculated low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) baseline levels were 1.459 mmol/L (56.4 mg/dL)
      and 4.332 mmol/L (167.5 mg/dL); 1.474 mmol/L (57.0 mg/dL) and 4.479 mmol/L (173.2
      mg/dL), respectively, after fish oil supplementation. In the group that began
      with olive oil (n = 12), baseline total cholesterol level was 6.274 mmol/L (242.6
      mg/dL); HDL-C and calculated LDL-C baseline levels were 1.386 mmol/L (53.6 mg/dL)
      and 3.988 mmol/L (154.2 mg/dL). When mean baseline levels were compared with post
      fish-oil values for the entire population, no significant change in total
      cholesterol or LDL-HDL ratio was obtained. Triglyceride responses to fish oil
      were variable. Values after olive oil treatment were neither significantly
      different from baseline nor different from fish oil. It was concluded that fish
      oil in manufacturer's recommended dosage does not appear to lower moderately
      elevated cholesterol levels.

PMID- 2403587
TI  - Choroid plexus arteriovenous malformation in a full-term neonate. Case report.
AB  - A full-term newborn infant with intracranial hemorrhage secondary to an
      arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the choroid plexus is presented. Although
      angiography was not undertaken before surgery, a vascular nodule containing an
      AVM nidus was found in the hematoma wall. The authors stress that an AVM should
      be considered as a cause of intracranial hemorrhage and that the hematoma wall be
      searched thoroughly in neonates without predisposing factors.

PMID- 2403588
TI  - Initial experience related to the use of the Cosman-Roberts-Wells stereotactic
      instrument. Technical note.
AB  - Initial experience with a new arc-radius design of stereotactic frame that
      interfaced with the existing components of the Brown-Roberts-Wells instrument is
      reported. Over a 6-month period, 32 procedures were performed on 23 males and
      nine female patients (mean age 32 years); these included 27 stereotactic biopsy
      procedures, two stereotactic implantations of cyst catheter reservoirs, two
      ventriculoscopic aspirations of third ventricular colloid cysts, and one
      stereotactic aspiration of a craniopharyngioma. In all cases successful targeting
      was achieved and verified by postoperative computerized tomography. There were no
      operation-related complications. This new frame offers rapid and accurate
      targeting and is a useful adjunct to the stereotactic armamentarium.

PMID- 2403589
TI  - Penetrating craniocerebral injuries in the Israeli involvement in the Lebanese
      conflict, 1982-1985. Analysis of a less aggressive surgical approach.
AB  - From June, 1982, through June, 1985, 113 patients were evacuated to Rambam
      Maimonides Medical Center with penetrating craniocerebral injuries sustained in
      ongoing military hostilities in Lebanon. Two factors distinguished this group of
      patients from those presenting in earlier conflicts: 1) this was the first large
      series in which computerized tomography (CT) was routinely used to initially
      evaluate combat head injuries; and 2) in an effort to preserve maximum cerebral
      tissue, intracranial debridement was significantly less vigorous than that
      advocated during the Korean or Vietnam conflicts. No efforts were made to locate
      or remove in-driven bone or metal fragments visualized on CT unless they readily
      presented themselves on gentle irrigation. In fact, it was elected to treat a
      number of patients without intracranial hematomas nonoperatively. The acute
      outcome was quite similar to that reported in Vietnam series in respect to both
      complications and mortality. Of the 83 survivors, 46 were Israeli citizens and
      thus were available for follow-up review. These 46 patients were reevaluated in
      late 1988, a mean follow-up period of 5.9 years. None had died in the interim; 10
      had developed chronic seizure disorders, and there was one case of delayed
      meningitis in a patient with no retained fragments. Repeat CT scans were
      performed on 43 patients; 22 (51%) were found to have retained intracranial bone
      fragments. No relationship existed between the presence of retained fragments and
      the development of either a seizure disorder or an infection of the central
      nervous system. These findings suggest that not only is it unnecessary to
      reoperate for retained bone fragments, but it may also be possible to temper the
      initial debridement in an effort to preserve additional cerebral tissue.

PMID- 2403590
TI  - A large submandibular space mass.

PMID- 2403591
TI  - Rhabdomyosarcoma involving the oral cavity, mandible, and roots of the third
      molar: a clinical-pathologic correlation and review of literature.

PMID- 2403592
TI  - Calcifying odontogenic cyst associated with compound odontoma: report of a case.

PMID- 2403593
TI  - Selection of cancer chemotherapy for a patient by an in vitro assay versus a
      clinician.
AB  - One hundred thirty-three patients with advanced metastatic cancer were randomized
      to receive single-agent chemotherapy selected by either a medical oncologist or
      an in vitro capillary cloning system. Thirty-six of the 65 patients (55%) who
      were randomly assigned to selection of a drug by the clinician actually received
      a drug; these patients were able to be evaluated for clinical response. Of these
      36 patients, one had a partial tumor response (3%). Only 19 of the 68 patients
      (28%) who were randomly assigned to selection of a drug by the capillary system
      actually received a drug; these patients were able to be evaluated for clinical
      response. Of these 19 patients, four (21%) had partial tumor responses. In the
      assessable patients (36 in the clinician's choice group, 19 in the capillary
      cloning group), the partial response rate was superior for drug selection by the
      capillary cloning system (P = .04). For all patients randomly assigned to a group
      (65 in the clinician's choice group, 68 in the capillary cloning group), the
      response rate was not significantly different (1.5% and 5.9%, respectively; P =
      .37). When overall survival rates for patients in the two groups were compared,
      there was no difference. We conclude that drug sensitivity testing in capillary
      tubes can improve the response rate for patients with advanced malignancies. This
      improved response rate, however, does not translate into improved survival times
      for these patients.

PMID- 2403594
TI  - He's not going to talk about in vitro predictive assays again, is he?
AB  - It is difficult for anyone to determine why oncologists have not paid more
      attention to the use of in vitro predictive tests in the care of their patients.
      A review of already completed in vitro-in vivo correlative trials in 2,300
      patients indicates percentages of 69 for true positives and 91 for true negatives
      from predictive assays. These percentages are as good as or better than those
      seen with already accepted tests, such as estrogen receptor assays or bacterial
      sensitivity testing systems. Results of a randomized trial of single-agent
      chemotherapy selections based on a capillary cloning assay versus a clinician's
      choice indicate the response rate is significantly higher when single-agent
      chemotherapy is selected by the cloning assay than when it is selected by a
      clinician (21% vs. 3%). An ongoing randomized trial in which investigators are
      attempting to corroborate these results in patients with previously untreated
      small cell lung cancer has been so slow to accrue patients that it is unlikely
      these trials and others will ever be completed. The usefulness, if any, of these
      assays and their potential to provide answers to important questions will never
      be determined unless attitudes are changed about participation in trials. A tool
      with potential for helping oncologists select patient therapy could be lost
      unless participation in these trials is obtained.

PMID- 2403595
TI  - Hemorrhagic cystitis: a review.
AB  - Acute, fulminant bladder hemorrhage usually is seen at tertiary care centers in
      which cancer patients are treated with oxazaphosphorine alkylating agents,
      particularly cyclophosphamide and isophosphamide. These agents also are used to
      treat benign conditions, such as lupus erythematosis and Wegener's
      granulomatosis. Radiation effects from treatment of prostatic or cervical
      carcinoma can appear for the first time as late as 15 to 20 years after initial
      treatment. Other iatrogenic causes of bleeding include treatment with penicillins
      and, rarely, danazol. Occasionally, bladder hemorrhage may be the presenting sign
      of metabolic disease, such as secondary amyloidosis in rheumatic arthritis. Cases
      of mild to moderate hemorrhagic cystitis arising in the otherwise healthy
      patients should lead one to pursue the possibility of environmental toxins,
      accidental poisoning, recreational drug use or viruses. In all cases the
      diagnosis should be reserved until more common causes of hematuria, such as
      bacterial or fungal infection, stones, cysts or tumors, have been ruled out.
      Prevention of chemotherapeutically induced cystitis ideally will follow careful
      attention to adequate hydration and the prophylactic use of antitoxins, such as
      mesna. Treatment, as outlined previously, consists of a series of measures
      beginning with the most conservative. Intervention thereby is tailored to the
      gravity of the clinical situation.

PMID- 2403596
TI  - Decreased immunologic responsiveness following intensified vaginal immunization
      against urinary tract infection.
AB  - In an attempt to further increase the protective effect of vaginal immunization
      against urinary tract infections in Cynomolgus monkeys, the immunogen of killed
      E. coli was given more times, in larger amounts, and with the adjuvant MDP.
      Instead of increasing the protective effect, no protective effect on induced
      cystitis was observed. In addition, rises in urinary and serum immunoglobulins
      previously observed after vaginal immunization and induced cystitis were
      lessened. These observations appear to correspond with the classical concepts of
      immunologic unresponsiveness.

PMID- 2403598
TI  - Infrequent ras oncogene point mutations in renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - The role of ras oncogenes in the pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma is unclear.
      We have previously shown that insertion of a mutated ras oncogene into cultured
      human proximal tubular cells, the normal counterpart of renal cell carcinomas,
      initiates a series of transformation events which results in cells possessing a
      renal cancer phenotype. These data suggested a role for mutated ras genes in the
      initiation and maintenance of this disease. Therefore, to assess the involvement
      of ras genes in renal carcinogenesis, 51 primary and metastatic renal carcinomas,
      including three oncocytomas, were analyzed for point mutations in codons 12, 13
      and 61 of the Ha-ras, Ki-ras and N-ras proto-oncogenes using polymerase-catalyzed
      chain reaction methodology. A mutated Ha-ras gene was found in one renal cancer
      metastatic to lung for an overall incidence of 2%. These data indicate that ras
      oncogenes, activated by point mutations, do not play a major role in the
      initiation, maintenance or metastases of renal carcinomas.

PMID- 2403597
TI  - Treatment of experimental pyelonephritis in the monkey.
AB  - Previous studies show that chronic pyelonephritis and end stage renal disease may
      follow acute pyelonephritis in children and adolescents when improperly or
      inadequately treated. Our study shows that there is a significant decrease in
      renal function following untreated acute bacterial pyelonephritis due to nephron
      loss. The acute inflammatory response is responsible for much of the renal
      damage, although damage from renal ischemia is an additional significant factor.
      The present study used a combination of an antibiotic and a xanthine oxidase
      inhibitor (allopurinol) as compared to antibiotic therapy alone begun 72 hours
      after infection. Both were successful in eradicating the infection rapidly, but
      did not entirely prevent renal damage. Treatment prior to 72 hours thus is
      important. It appears that the combined treatment, designed to eradicate the
      bacteria as well as reduce the post-ischemic reperfusion damage and the
      phagocytic burst of phagocytosis is ideal, as this combined treatment was
      effective in preventing almost all renal damage and loss of renal function.

PMID- 2403599
TI  - New AMA-RPS chairperson-elect.

PMID- 2403600
TI  - Intrauterine devices.

PMID- 2403601
TI  - The importance of severity of illness in assessing hospital mortality.
AB  - Each year, the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) releases a report
      comparing hospital mortality rates with predicted rates. Some argue that the
      HCFA's prediction model does not adequately account for patient severity. We
      tested this hypothesis by comparing the HCFA's model (replicated as closely as we
      could) to a second that added a severity measure (the Stage of Principal
      Diagnosis at Admission, a subscale of the Severity of Illness Index). In our
      simulation, the HCFA's model had very limited capacity to predict mortality
      (average R2, 2.5%). Patients grouped according to admission severity had markedly
      different mortality rates, which the HCFA's model's predictions could not
      differentiate. The HCFA model also failed to predict large differences in
      mortality between hospitals with low- and high-severity admissions. Adding
      severity to the HCFA's model yielded more than an eightfold increase in the R2,
      to 21.5%, and reduced instances of higher than expected hospital mortality to
      chance levels. These findings suggest that the HCFA's mortality release needs to
      be made much more sensitive to admission severity before it can be used to make
      valid inferences about the quality or effectiveness of hospital care.

PMID- 2403602
TI  - Hospital leaders' opinions of the HCFA mortality data.
AB  - The release of hospital-specific mortality data by the Health Care Financing
      Administration has stirred controversy about the adequacy of current case-mix
      adjustment models and about the wisdom in general of public release of outcome
      data. We surveyed a national sample of hospitals, stratified by measured
      mortality rate, in the 1987 Health Care Financing Administration data release to
      determine the reactions of hospital leaders to the data and to learn if hospitals
      with high mortality had different attitudes from those of hospitals with average
      or low mortality as measured by the Health Care Financing Administration. Seventy
      eight percent (N = 195) responded. All hospitals, regardless of mortality rate,
      shared an extremely negative view of the accuracy, usefulness, and
      interpretability of the Health Care Financing Administration's mortality data.
      The lowest possible rating (poor) was given by 70% of the respondents on the
      question of usefulness of the data to the hospital, by 54% on accuracy of the
      data, and by 85% on usefulness of the data to consumers. Only 31% of the
      respondents said that they had used the data at all for internal purposes and 20%
      reported that the data release had caused problems for the hospital. Hospitals in
      the high-mortality group were more likely than others to report both use of the
      data and problems from its release. Publication of outcome data to encourage
      quality improvement may face severe and pervasive barriers in the attitudes and
      reactions of hospital leaders who are potential clients for such data.

PMID- 2403603
TI  - Treatment of traveler's diarrhea with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim and
      loperamide.
AB  - In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 227 US adults with acute
      diarrhea in Mexico received a single dose of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim
      (1600/320 mg) or 3 days of therapy with loperamide hydrochloride (4-mg loading
      dose, then 2 mg orally after each loose stool), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim
      (800/160 mg orally twice daily), or the combination of both. Subjects treated
      with the combination had the shortest average duration of diarrhea compared with
      the placebo group (1 hour vs 59 hours), took the least amount of loperamide after
      the loading dose (3.8 mg), and had the shortest duration of diarrhea associated
      with fecal leukocytes or blood-tinged stools (4.5 hours). A single dose of
      sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was also efficacious (28 vs 59 hours), but
      loperamide alone was significantly effective only when treatment failures were
      treated with antibiotics (33 vs 58 hours). The combination of sulfamethoxazole
      trimethoprim plus loperamide can be highly recommended for the treatment of most
      patients with traveler's diarrhea.

PMID- 2403605
TI  - Clinical decision making: promoting the jump from theory to practice.

PMID- 2403604
TI  - How many patients are necessary to assess test performance?
AB  - Test performance characteristics are important in assessing the clinical
      usefulness of laboratory tests and serve as a basis for comparing one test to
      another. Statistical comparisons of performance characteristics are meaningful
      only when they can detect medically important differences; that is, when they
      provide adequate statistical power. This requires choosing the appropriate sample
      size in determining the performance characteristics of interest. Using standard
      formulas, we designed tables that provide such sample size requirements. Example
      problems of sample size determination in laboratory test comparisons are given.
      Used appropriately, this approach should result in better studies of laboratory
      tests and fewer meaningless negative studies.

PMID- 2403606
TI  - The 'power' of sound statistics.

PMID- 2403607
TI  - The challenge.

PMID- 2403608
TI  - Diagnostic and therapeutic technology assessment. Chorionic villus sampling: a
      reassessment.
AB  - The Canadian and National Institute of Child Health and Human Development trials
      as well as other nonrandomized studies indicate that CVS is both safe and
      effective. Fetal loss rates have been slightly higher with CVS (6 to 8 more
      losses per 1000 procedures), but none of these results were statistically
      significant. Chorionic villus sampling also probably has a slightly higher
      procedure failure rate than amniocentesis. The DATTA panelists are now confident
      that the safety of CVS approaches that of amniocentesis and that the higher
      procedure failure rate is offset by the opportunity of earlier diagnosis with
      CVS. Transcervical CVS is often preferred by women because it offers an
      opportunity for early prenatal diagnosis and early intervention if necessary. It
      is performed as an outpatient procedure and is relatively simple for the patient;
      however, the practitioner requires special training in CVS. Modifications of the
      sampling technique are also under investigation. Transabdominal CVS can also be
      performed early in pregnancy with a fine-bore needle under ultrasonic guidance.
      It may be used in cases where the placenta is inaccessible to the transcervical
      approach or there is vaginal infection.

PMID- 2403609
TI  - Preventive dentistry. II. Periodontal diseases, malocclusion, trauma, and oral
      cancer.
AB  - This is the second of two articles reviewing the recommendations of the US
      Preventive Services Task Force for interventions by physicians, nurses, and other
      clinicians to prevent the major oral diseases and conditions. Physicians and
      other health professionals should be aware of their many opportunities to assist
      in preventive oral health care and should take appropriate action in
      collaboration with the patient's dentist.

PMID- 2403610
TI  - Persistent vegetative state and the decision to withdraw or withhold life
      support. Council on Scientific Affairs and Council on Ethical and Judicial
      Affairs.
AB  - Persons with overwhelming damage to the cerebral hemispheres commonly pass into a
      chronic state of unconsciousness (ie, loss of self-awareness) called the
      vegetative state. When such cognitive loss lasts for more than a few weeks, the
      condition has been termed a persistent vegetative state, because the body retains
      the functions necessary to sustain vegetative functions. Recovery from the
      vegetative state does occur, but many persons in persistent vegetative states
      live for months or years if provided with nutritional and other supportive
      measures. The withdrawal of life support from these persons with loss of higher
      brain function is a controversial issue, as highlighted by public debates and
      judicial decisions. This article provides criteria for the diagnosis of permanent
      unconsciousness and reviews the available data that support the reliability of
      these criteria. Significant legal decisions have been made with regard to
      withdrawal of life support to patients in persistent vegetative states, and the
      trends in this area are discussed.

PMID- 2403611
TI  - A lifetime of quantum leaps in medicine: 1935 to 1989.

PMID- 2403612
TI  - Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Applications and potential.
AB  - Single-photon emission computed tomography has received increasing attention as
      radiopharmaceuticals that reflect perfusion, metabolism, and receptor and
      cellular function have become widely available. Perfusion single-photon emission
      computed tomography of the brain provides functional information useful for the
      diagnosis and management of stroke, dementia, and epilepsy. Single-photon
      emission computed tomography has been applied to myocardial, skeletal, hepatic,
      and tumor scintigraphy, resulting in increased diagnostic accuracy over planar
      imaging because background activity and overlapping tissues interfere far less
      with activity from the target structure when tomographic techniques are used.
      Single-photon emission computed tomography is substantially less expensive and
      far more accessible than positron emission tomography and will become an
      increasingly attractive alternative for transferring the positron emission
      tomography technology to routine clinical use. In addition, single-photon
      emission computed tomography has unique applications that are increasingly
      finding their way into the routine practice of clinical nuclear medicine.

PMID- 2403613
TI  - Remote metastases from uveal melanoma.

PMID- 2403614
TI  - Cutaneous alternaria infection in a patient on chronic corticosteroids.
AB  - We have presented a case of invasive cutaneous alternariosis in a patient
      receiving chronic oral steroid therapy. Alternaria must be considered in the
      differential diagnosis of any progressive cutaneous infection in an
      immunocompromised patient. Invasive maneuvers are often needed to confirm the
      diagnosis. Given the rarity of cases and lack of controlled clinical trials, firm
      therapeutic guidelines are not available. Clinicians are likely to encounter more
      such cases as the population of immunocompromised hosts grows.

PMID- 2403615
TI  - Recognition of the subtle signs of child abuse.

PMID- 2403616
TI  - Prophylactic tranexamic acid decreases bleeding after cardiac operations.
AB  - Thirty-eight patients undergoing a cardiac operation randomly received either
      tranexamic acid, a potent inhibitor of plasminogen, or placebo in an effort to
      determine whether prophylactic antifibrinolytic therapy reduces chest tube
      drainage. Twelve-hour blood loss was 750 +/- 314 (standard deviation) ml in the
      placebo group and 496 +/- 228 ml in the drug group (p = 0.0057). Fibrin split
      products were present more frequently in patients in the placebo group (17 of 20
      compared with four of 18 in the drug group; p = 0.0002). Tranexamic acid markedly
      decreased plasminogen availability (112 +/- 104 units in the placebo group versus
      36 +/- 18 units in the drug group, p = 0.0058). Plasma fibrinogen concentrations
      were similar in the placebo and drug groups. Patients in the placebo group
      received more fresh-frozen plasma and more mediastinal shed blood than those in
      the drug group. No coagulation-related complication occurred in the group
      receiving tranexamic acid. We conclude that prophylactic tranexamic acid can be
      administered safely to inhibit fibrinolysis during cardiac operations, decrease
      postoperative bleeding, and possibly decrease the frequency of blood product
      transfusion.

PMID- 2403617
TI  - The effect of insulin deficiency on the metabolism of lipid emulsion models of
      triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins in rats.
AB  - Groups of control rats and rats made insulin deficient by treatment with
      streptozotocin were injected intravenously (IV) with triacylglycerol-cholesteryl
      oleate-cholesterol-phospholipid emulsions designed to model the composition of
      triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Insulin deficiency decreased the removal rates
      of emulsion triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester whether fed a regular diet or a
      high-fat diet. Injection of heparin to stimulate the action of lipoprotein lipase
      increased the removal rates in both control and insulin-deficient rats, but
      control values were not restored by heparin given to insulin-deficient rats and
      compared with controls the difference due to insulin deficiency persisted. When
      emulsions were injected into functionally hepatectomized insulin-deficient rats
      the removal of the emulsion triacylglycerols was faster than in controls.
      Preformed remnants made in functionally hepatectomized donor rats were removed
      less rapidly after plasma injection into insulin-deficient rats than in control
      rats. If the remnants were isolated from the plasma by ultracentrifugation this
      effect disappeared. An emulsion with a supra-physiological content of
      unesterified cholesterol had increased efficiency of removal of emulsion core
      lipids from the plasma of insulin-deficient rats, but had negligible influence in
      control rats. These effects correlated with changes in the apolipoproteins
      associated with the lipid particles. Compared with control rat plasma, more of
      apolipoproteins AI and AIV and less of apolipoprotein E isoforms associated with
      emulsions exposed to insulin-deficient rat plasma.

PMID- 2403618
TI  - Hormonal and metabolic changes during exercise in cirrhotic patients.
AB  - The metabolic response to exercise was compared in 10 cirrhotic patients (P) in a
      stable clinical condition and in 6 sedentary, age-matched, normal subjects (C)
      performing 32 minutes of treadmill exercise with the same constant workload
      corresponding to three to four times their resting oxygen uptake. Taking indirect
      calorimetry as reference, respiratory exchanges indicated that cirrhotic patients
      consumed carbohydrates almost exclusively, unlike the normal controls, who
      consumed lipids and glucids in about the same proportions (RQ: 0.98 +/- 0.04 v
      0.87 +/- 0.04, P less than .0001). In the patients, this carbohydrate path of
      exercise metabolism lowered glycemia from the resting value of 5.23 +/- 0.16
      mmol/L to 4.03 +/- 0.37 mmol/L (P less than .0001) and raised the plasma lactate
      concentration from 2.08 +/- 0.24 mmol/L at rest to 3.48 +/- 0.32 mmol/L at the
      eighth minute of exercise (P less than .001), thus suggesting defective liver
      glyconeogenesis. Fatty free acids and glycerol remained almost constant during
      exercise, whereas catecholamines increased. Insulin levels were high in patients
      at rest (67.1 +/- 14.5 U/mL v 15.1 +/- 3.5 U/mL); they declined sharply at the
      onset of exercise but nevertheless remained high compared to those observed in
      the controls (P less than .0001). Glucagon increased in exercising patients from
      88.3 +/- 21.3 pg/mL to 127.4 +/- 30.6 pg/mL (NS). Esterified plasma carnitine
      declined in the patients from 13.0 +/- 2.2 mumol/L to 8.6 +/- 1.5 mumol/L (P less
      than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2403619
TI  - Substrate availability other than glucose in the brain during euglycemia and
      insulin-induced hypoglycemia in dogs.
AB  - Alternative substrates other than glucose could be used by the brain. In this
      study we hypothesized that lactate and ketone bodies can provide a significant
      portion of oxidative brain substrates in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (IDDM). Six control (C) and six insulin-treated streptozotocin diabetic (IDDM)
      dogs were studied during euglycemia (EU) and acute insulin induced hypoglycemia
      (HYPO). During EU for similar plasma glucose concentration (5.5 +/- 0.4 v 5.2 +/-
      0.2 mmol/L in IDDM dogs showed a higher baseline lactate concentration (1.5 +/-
      0.25 v 0.74 +/- 0.10 mmol/L; P less than .05). The ketone body concentrations
      were also increased in IDDM dogs but this increase was not statistically
      significant. The brain glucose uptake was 6.9 +/- 0.6 mumol/kg/min in C and 5.4
      +/- 0.7 in IDDM. Lactate was released by the brain both in IDDM dogs (11.36 +/-
      1.8 mumol/kg/min) and in C dogs (3.87 +/- 0.9; P less than .05). The brain
      ketones rate of disappearance (Rd) was 0.3 +/- 0.05 mumol/kg/min in IDDM dogs and
      0.19 +/- 0.08 in C dogs. During HYPO the glucose uptake across the brain was 2.88
      +/- 0.7 mumol/kg/min in IDDM and 3.12 +/- 0.5 in C dogs. We observed an overall
      brain lactate release (3.21 +/- 1.7 mol/kg/min) in C dogs and a net uptake (13.44
      +/- 1.1; P less than .01) in IDDM (P less than .01). The brain ketones Rd was 0.1
      +/- 0.2 mumol/kg/min in IDDM and 0.1 +/- 0.1 in C dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2403620
TI  - New criteria for interpretation of the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test in
      pregnancy.
AB  - A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed on 135 high-risk pregnant
      patients. When the current World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for the
      diagnosis of gestational-glucose tolerance were applied, 88 patients were
      considered normal, 11 had gestational diabetes, and 36 patients had impaired
      glucose tolerance, respectively. The plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide
      levels during the OGTT were further studied in the 88 patients (who had normal
      results). Two metabolically distinct groups were identified; a group (n = 53)
      with a 2-hour plasma glucose less than or equal to 6.6 mmol/L (118.8 mg/dL), had
      a normal insulin and C-peptide pattern, and a second group (n = 35) who had 2
      hour plasma glucose greater than 6.6 mmol/L displayed a glycemic, insulin, and C
      peptide pattern similar to that of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus.
      The risks of macrosomic babies and operative delivery were significantly greater
      in the latter group. These results suggest that in our pregnant population, a
      group of patients with impaired glucose tolerance will be under-diagnosed using
      the current WHO criteria. Based on our results new criteria for gestational
      glucose intolerance are suggested for our population.

PMID- 2403621
TI  - Long-term effects of dietary fructose on carbohydrate metabolism in non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The effect of dietary fructose on glycemic control in subjects with diabetes
      mellitus is controversial. Therefore our aim was to conduct a long-term study to
      examine the effects of dietary fructose on glucose tolerance and insulin
      sensitivity and to delineate the mechanisms for the effects observed. Six
      subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) who were being
      treated by diet alone consumed 13% of their calories as fructose incorporated
      into mixed meals in place of sucrose for 3 months as inpatients on a metabolic
      ward. The following parameters were measured: (1) weekly fasting plasma-glucose
      concentrations, (2) postprandial serum glucose and insulin levels after four
      sugar tolerance tests, (3) basal hepatic glucose production, and (4) hepatic and
      whole-body insulin sensitivity determined during a hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic
      clamp. When modest amounts of fructose were substituted for sucrose in the diet
      for 3 months, basal hepatic glucose output remained unchanged (12.84 +/- 1.83
      nmol/kg/min v 12.51 +/- 2.00 nmol/kg/min) as did hepatic insulin sensitivity (92%
      +/- 4% v 93% +/- 4% suppression) and peripheral glucose disposal (22.52 +/- 4.56
      nmol/kg/min v 25.80 +/- 9.45 nmol/kg/min) to a 860 pmol/m2/min insulin infusion
      at euglycemia (4.8 mmol/L). Fructose feeding also did not alter fasting plasma
      glucose concentrations or postprandial plasma glucose and insulin responses to
      oral glucose or fructose loads or to mixed meals containing either sucrose or
      fructose. In conclusion, substitution of physiologic amounts of sucrose by
      fructose for prolonged periods is unlikely to have adverse effects on glucose
      metabolism in diabetic subjects who are being treated with diet alone.

PMID- 2403622
TI  - Nutrition and somatomedin. XXI. Insulin-like growth factor-I and somatomedin
      inhibitor in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: relation to ketogenesis and
      gluconeogenesis.
AB  - Diabetes is associated with a fall in serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1)
      and a rise in somatomedin inhibitor, a circulating factor(s) of approximately
      30,000 MW that is released by the liver and can antagonize both somatomedin and
      insulin action. Levels of inhibitor correlate with levels of glucose, beta
      hydroxybutyrate, and weight loss. To study pathways that could underlie the fall
      in IGF-1 and rise in inhibitor, the effects of metabolic inhibitors on
      circulating metabolic fuels, serum IGF-1, and serum somatomedin inhibitor
      activity were studied. Rats given streptozotocin exhibited weight loss of 14% +/-
      0.1%, glucose 457 +/- 26 mg/dL, and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) 6.3 +/- 0.5
      mmol/L. Somatomedin inhibitor was separated from IGF-1 by size exclusion HPLC at
      pH 3; IGF-1 was measured by RIA, and somatomedin inhibitor by cartilage bioassay.
      Diabetic animals exhibited a fall in IGF-1 to 76% of normal (P less than .02) and
      a rise in inhibitor to 270% of normal (P less than .01). 3-Mercaptopicolinic (3
      MPA) acid, an inhibitor of gluconeogenesis, lowered glucose to 68 +/- 2 mg/dL and
      BOHB to 0.96 +/- 0.09 mmol/L (both P less than .01 v diabetic), but levels of
      inhibitor did not fall. Nicotinic acid, an inhibitor of lipolysis, did not affect
      glucose but reduced BOHB to 0.42 +/- 0.02 mmol/L; somatomedin inhibitor fell 19%
      below diabetic levels (NS) but remained above normal (P less than .01). In
      contrast, inhibition of fatty acid oxidation with methyl-2-tetradecylglycidate
      reduced glucose to 191 +/- 18 mg/dL but lowered BOHB to normal, 0.16 +/- 0.02
      mmol/L, accompanied by normalization of somatomedin inhibitor levels (152% +/-
      33% of normal, NS). Below 1.0 mmol/L BOHB, somatomedin inhibitor and BOHB were
      strongly correlated (r = .67, P less than .001); no comparable relation was found
      with glucose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2403623
TI  - Perturbation of pancreatic islet function in glucose-infused rats.
AB  - The secretory behavior of insulin- and glucagon-producing cells was found to be
      perturbed in isolated perfused pancreases removed from rats infused with
      hypertonic solutions of glucose for 48 hours. The anomalies included a high basal
      release of insulin and a paradoxical increase in insulin output and decrease in
      glucagon release in response to a fall in D-glucose concentration. Likewise, in
      isolated islets prepared from the glucose-infused rats, L-arginine or
      theophylline stimulated insulin release at a low ambient concentration of D
      glucose, at variance with the situation found in islets removed from normal rats.
      These secretory perturbations could not be attributed to any obvious defect in
      either the transport of D-glucose into islet cells or its further utilization and
      oxidation, but coincided with the abnormal accumulation of glycogen in the B
      cell. It is proposed that the latter anomaly may play a role in the altered
      dynamics of insulin release found in animals or patients with long-term
      hyperglycemia.

PMID- 2403624
TI  - Public-health epidemiology in Vanuatu.
AB  - Vanuatu, which formerly was known as the New Hebrides, is an archipelago in the
      southwest Pacific Ocean with a tropical humid climate. The national health system
      and the state of health of the population generally are satisfactory. The main
      diseases of public-health importance are malaria and tuberculosis. Their
      epidemiology and control are discussed. An epidemic of Plasmodium falciparum
      malaria, which commenced in 1980, is described; this possibly can be explained by
      an increase in chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum over the same period. Other
      diseases also are reviewed. Many tropical diseases of great significance
      elsewhere are not of much significance in Vanuatu. Medical advice for visiting
      travellers is provided.

PMID- 2403625
TI  - Combination chemotherapy as single modality therapy for stage IE and IIE thyroid
      lymphoma.
AB  - Three women presented with malignant thyroid lymphoma (stage IE and IIE) that was
      associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Each patient was treated with
      combination chemotherapy (two patients received
      cyclophosphamide/adriamycin/vincristine/prednisolone, one patient received
      methotrexate/adriamycin/cyclophosphamide/vincristine/prednisolone/ble omy cin) as
      the primary mode of therapy. One patient underwent incomplete excisional surgery
      and received chemotherapy. A complete clinical and radiological remission was
      achieved in all patients, in spite of evidence of extensive extrathyroidal
      invasion in two patients. The chemotherapy was well-tolerated, producing minimal
      toxicity. All the patients are alive and remain free of tumour recurrence 26 to
      more than 38 months after diagnosis. These results suggest that combination
      chemotherapy can be employed successfully as a single modality treatment for
      stage IE and IIE thyroid lymphomas, even when significant extrathyroidal invasion
      is present. The treatment of thyroid lymphoma is reviewed with emphasis on the
      potential role for chemotherapy as the primary modality.

PMID- 2403626
TI  - Ultrasound and ovarian cysts.

PMID- 2403627
TI  - The Gynaeseal diaphragm tampon.

PMID- 2403628
TI  - Zinc monoglycerolate is effective against oral herpetic sores.

PMID- 2403629
TI  - Clozapine for schizophrenia.

PMID- 2403630
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation in childhood leukemia using reverse isolation
      techniques.
AB  - Between 1979 and 1986, 29 pediatric patients underwent bone marrow
      transplantation at Texas Children's Hospital using routine reverse isolation.
      Laminar air flow rooms, prophylactic antibiotics, and gut sterilization were not
      utilized. The diagnoses included acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) (16 patients),
      acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) (10 patients), and chronic myelogenous
      leukemia (CML) (three patients). All patients had fever during hospitalization.
      There were 11 episodes of bacteremia in seven patients giving a bacteremia rate
      of 37.9%. Moderate-to-severe (grade II-IV) acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
      was seen in eight patients (27.6%). The incidence of infection and GVHD during
      the first 100 days post-transplantation is comparable to published reports from
      centers utilizing rigid isolation and sterilization of the gut. It is suggested
      that bone marrow transplantation may be done using standard reverse isolation
      techniques without increasing the morbidity or mortality of the procedure.

PMID- 2403631
TI  - Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the Austrian Cooperative Study
      Group with the ALL A 84 protocol.
AB  - We prospectively treated 127 children with ALL with a risk-adapted regimen. All
      patients received the identical induction-consolidation therapy. The early
      maintenance included intermediate dose methotrexate in patients with standard
      risk (n = 79) and medium risk (n = 39). In addition patients with high risk (n =
      6) received high dose ARA-C followed by L-asparaginase. Intensification treatment
      and prophylactic cranial irradiation was also tailored according to the risk
      group. Treatment duration was 2 years. Complete remission was achieved in 97.6%
      of all patients. Treatment-related toxicity accounted for one death in complete
      remission. The probability of event-free survival (pEFS) for the combined group
      was 72% at a median follow-up of 42 months. The pEFS was higher in patients with
      standard risk (SR) than in patients with medium risk (MR) (80% versus 65%; p less
      than 0.05) at 30 months, but attenuated in the follow-up evaluation at 42 months
      (76% versus 63%; p less than 0.1). The number of high-risk patients was too small
      for statistical evaluation. Relapse within the first 18 months after diagnosis
      indicated a poor prognosis and was more common in patients with MR than in
      patients with SR. The immunophenotype of the leukemic cells was not found to
      constitute an independent risk factor after treatment has been risk-adapted.
      Patients with an initial white blood cell count of more than 50 X 10(9)/l had a
      worse prognosis than patients with a lower white blood cell count (p less than
      0.01).

PMID- 2403632
TI  - Papillary adenocarcinoma of the renal pelvis in a child: case report and brief
      review of the literature.
AB  - Tumors of the renal pelvis are not common in adults and are extremely rare in
      children. Forty-eight cases of adenocarcinoma of the renal pelvis have been
      reported, with only one patient under 32 years of age. We report the youngest
      patient (an 11 year old boy) diagnosed with this tumor and discuss our approach
      to therapy. We also review the literature with respect to the characteristics and
      histogenesis of this rare neoplasm.

PMID- 2403633
TI  - ras oncogene activation of a VL30 transcriptional element is linked to
      transformation.
AB  - The activity of a murine VL30 transcriptional element was increased 20-fold in
      transient assays by coexpression of mutant ras genes. The cis element did not
      respond to ras in a revertant cell line that was transformation defective.
      Therefore, ras-dependent alterations in transcription and ras transformation are
      linked. Deletion analysis of the VL30 long-terminal-repeat U3 region showed that
      a minimal 53-base-pair segment is required in cis for oncogene activation of
      transcription. Gel retention assays using a probe that contained the minimal cis
      element revealed that a unique complex was formed with nuclear proteins prepared
      from transformed cells. Exonuclease III footprinting and gel retention
      experiments that used oligonucleotide probes and competitors indicated that two
      distinct nuclear factors interact with the minimal cis-responsive element. Site
      directed deletion of the 5'-proximal binding site (TGACTCT) resulted in a
      complete loss of ras responsiveness. However, deletion of this site did not
      affect stimulation by the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
      (TPA). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that ras and TPA signal
      transduction mechanisms for transcriptional activation are distinct.

PMID- 2403634
TI  - Molecular and functional analysis of the muscle-specific promoter region of the
      Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene.
AB  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene transcripts are most abundant in normal
      skeletal and cardiac muscle and accumulate as normal myoblasts differentiate into
      multinucleated myotubes. In this report we describe our initial studies aimed at
      defining the cis-acting sequences and trans-acting factors involved in the
      myogenic regulation of DMD gene transcription. A cosmid clone containing the
      first exon of the DMD gene has been isolated, and sequences lying upstream of
      exon 1 were analyzed for homologies to other muscle-specific gene promoters and
      for their ability to direct muscle-specific transcription of chimeric
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene constructs. The results indicate
      that the transcriptional start site for this gene lies 37 base pairs (bp)
      upstream of the 5' end of the published cDNA sequence and that 850 bp of upstream
      sequence can direct CAT gene expression in a muscle-specific manner. Sequence
      analysis indicates that in addition to an ATA and GC box, this region contains
      domains that have been implicated in the regulation of other muscle-specific
      genes: a CArG box at -91 bp; myocyte-specific enhancer-binding nuclear factor 1
      binding site homologies at -58, -535, and -583 bp; and a muscle-CAAT consensus
      sequence at -394 bp relative to the cap site. Our observation that only 149 bp of
      upstream sequence is required for muscle-specific expression of a chimeric CAT
      gene construct further implicates the CArG and myocyte-specific enhancer-binding
      nuclear factor 1 binding homologies as important domains in the regulation of
      this gene. On the other hand, the unique profile of myogenic cell line-specific
      induction displayed by our DMD promoter-CAT gene constructs suggests that other
      as yet undefined cis-acting sequences and/or trans-acting factors may also be
      involved.

PMID- 2403635
TI  - Chromosome instability mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are defective in
      microtubule-mediated processes.
AB  - By using a multiply marked supernumerary chromosome III as an indicator, we
      isolated mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that display increased rates of
      chromosome loss. In addition to mutations in the tubulin-encoding TUB genes, we
      found mutations in the CIN1, CIN2, and CIN4 genes. These genes have been defined
      independently by mutations causing benomyl supersensitivity and are distinct from
      other known yeast genes that affect chromosome segregation. Detailed phenotypic
      characterization of cin mutants revealed several other phenotypes similar to
      those of tub mutants. Null alleles of these genes caused cold sensitivity for
      viability. At 11 degrees C, cin mutants arrest at the mitosis stage of their cell
      cycle because of loss of most microtubule structure. cin1, cin2, and cin4
      mutations also cause defects in two other microtubule-mediated processes, nuclear
      migration and nuclear fusion (karyogamy). Overproduction of the CIN1 gene product
      was found to cause the same phenotype as loss of function, supersensitivity to
      benomyl. Our findings suggest that the CIN1, CIN2, and CIN4 proteins contribute
      to microtubule stability either by regulating the activity of a yeast microtubule
      component or as structural components of microtubules.

PMID- 2403636
TI  - Characterization of Holliday structures in FLP protein-promoted site-specific
      recombination.
AB  - Holliday structures are formed in the course of FLP protein-promoted site
      specific recombination. Here, we demonstrate that Holliday structures are formed
      in reactions involving wild-type substrates and that they are kinetically
      competent with respect to the overall reaction rate. Together with a previous
      demonstration of chemical competence (L. Meyer-Leon, L.-C. Huang, S. W. Umlauf,
      M. M. Cox, and R. B. Inman, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:3784-3796, 1988), Holliday
      structures therefore meet all criteria necessary to establish that they are
      obligate reaction intermediates in FLP-mediated site-specific recombination. In
      addition, kinetic evidence suggests that two distinct forms of the Holliday
      intermediate are present in the reaction pathway, interconverted in an
      isomerization process that is rate limiting at 0 degree C.

PMID- 2403637
TI  - Reversion of autonomously replicating sequence mutations in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae: creation of a eucaryotic replication origin within procaryotic vector
      DNA.
AB  - To investigate how a defective replicon might acquire replication competence, we
      have studied the reversion of autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) mutations.
      By mutagenesis of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae plasmid lacking a functional origin
      of replication, we have obtained a series of cis-acting mutations which confer
      ARS activity on the plasmid. The original plasmid contained an ARS element
      inactivated by point mutation, but surprisingly only 1 of the 10 independent Ars+
      revertants obtained shows a back mutation in this element. In the remainder of
      the revertants, sequence changes in the M13 vector DNA generate new ARSs. In two
      cases, a single nucleotide change results in an improved match to the ARS
      consensus, while six other cases show small duplications of vector sequence
      creating additional matches to the ARS consensus. These results suggest that
      changes in replication origin distribution may arise de novo by point mutation
      rather than by transposition of preexisting origin sequences.

PMID- 2403638
TI  - Cell type-specific protein-DNA interactions in the human zeta-globin upstream
      promoter region: displacement of Sp1 by the erythroid cell-specific factor NF-E1.
AB  - The protein-DNA interactions of the upstream promoter region of the human
      embryonic zeta-globin gene in nuclear extracts of erythroid K562 cells and
      nonerythroid HeLa cells were analyzed by DNase I footprinting, gel mobility shift
      assay, methylation interference, and oligonucleotide competition experiments.
      There are mainly two clusters of nuclear factor-binding sites in the zeta
      promoter. The proximal cluster spans the DNA sequence from -110 to -60 and
      consists of binding sites for CP2, Sp1, and NF-E1. NF-E1 binding is K562
      specific, whereas CP2 binding is common to both types of cells. Overlapping the
      NF-E1- and CP2-binding sites is a hidden Sp1-binding site or CAC box, as
      demonstrated by binding studies of affinity-purified Sp1. In the distal promoter
      region at -250 to -220, another NF-E1-binding site overlaps a CAC box or Sp1
      binding site. Extract-mixing experiments demonstrated that the higher affinity of
      NF-E1 binding excluded the binding of Sp1 in the K562 extract. NF-E1 factors
      could also displace prebound Sp1 molecules. Between the two clusters of multiple
      factor-binding sites are sequences recognized by other factors, including zeta
      globin factors 1 and 2, that are present in both HeLa and K562 extracts. We
      discuss the cell type-specific, competitive binding of multiple nuclear factors
      in terms of functional implications in transcriptional regulation of the zeta
      globin gene.

PMID- 2403639
TI  - PRP18, a protein required for the second reaction in pre-mRNA splicing.
AB  - We have investigated the role of a novel temperature-sensitive splicing mutation,
      prp18. We had previously demonstrated that an accumulation of the lariat
      intermediate of splicing occurred at the restrictive temperature in vivo. We have
      now used the yeast in vitro splicing system to show that extracts from this
      mutant strain are heat labile for the second reaction of splicing. The heat
      inactivation of prp18 extracts results from loss of activity of an exchangeable
      component. Inactivated prp18 extracts are complemented by heat-inactivated
      extracts from other mutants or by fractions from wild-type extracts. In heat
      inactivated prp18 extracts, 40S splicing complexes containing lariat intermediate
      and exon 1 can assemble. The intermediates in this 40S complex can be chased to
      products by complementing extracts in the presence of ATP. Both complementation
      of extracts and chasing of the isolated prp18 spliceosomes takes place with
      micrococcal nuclease-treated extracts. Furthermore, the complementation profile
      with fractions of wild-type extracts indicates that the splicing defect results
      from a mutation in a previously designated factor required for the second step of
      splicing. The isolation of this mutant as temperature-sensitive lethal has also
      facilitated cloning of the wild-type allele by complementation.

PMID- 2403640
TI  - Diacylglycerol production in Xenopus laevis oocytes after microinjection of
      p21ras proteins is a consequence of activation of phosphatidylcholine metabolism.
AB  - Microinjection of p21Ha-ras proteins into Xenopus laevis oocytes induces a rapid
      increase of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) levels. The observed alterations in DAG
      levels were consistent with the ability of the protein to induce maturation,
      measured by germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). Both the increase in DAG levels
      and GVBD activity were dependent on the ability of the proteins to undergo
      membrane translocation. Alterations of DAG levels or GVBD activity did not
      correlate with changes in the levels of inositol phosphates. However, at minimal
      doses sufficient to achieve maximal biological response, a biphasic increase in
      the amounts of phosphocholine and CDP-choline was observed. The first burst of
      phosphocholine and CDP-choline preceded the increase in DAG levels. The second
      peak paralleled the appearance of DAG. Choline kinase activity was also increased
      in oocyte extracts after p21ras microinjection. These results suggest that both
      the synthesis and degradation of phosphatidylcholine are activated after
      microinjection of ras proteins into Xenopus oocytes, resulting in a net
      production of DAG.

PMID- 2403641
TI  - Signal-mediated import of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase into the Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae nucleus and specific transcription of target genes.
AB  - Bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase and derivatives that contain the nuclear
      localization signal (NLS) from simian virus 40 T antigen (J. J. Dunn, B. Krippl,
      K. Bernstein, H. Westphal, and F. W. Studier, Gene 68:259-266, 1988) were
      expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the inducible GAL1
      promoter. As determined by indirect immunofluorescence, T7 RNA polymerase lacking
      the NLS remained mostly in the cytoplasm, whereas the protein containing the NLS
      localized to the nucleus. T7 RNA polymerase containing a mutated NLS remained
      mostly cytoplasmic. Hybrid proteins containing the NLS near the amino terminus
      were enzymatically active in the yeast cell, initiating transcription selectively
      at a T7 promoter placed in yeast chromosomal or plasmid DNA and stopping at a
      specific T7 terminator. At limiting enzyme concentrations, 5 to 10 times as much
      target RNA was produced when the polymerase contained the NLS, presumably because
      more enzyme reached the nucleus. Although substantial amounts of intact mRNA
      accumulated, no translation of target mRNAs in yeast cells was detected.

PMID- 2403642
TI  - Transcription of the promoter of the rat NF-1 gene depends on the integrity of an
      Sp1 recognition site.
AB  - The transcription start site and promoter of the rat gene coding for the
      transcription factor NF-1 have been identified. The NF-1 promoter was fused to
      the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase-coding sequence, and the resulting plasmid
      was transcriptionally active in the HepG2 cell line. Footprinting and gel
      retardation analysis indicated that the transcription factor Sp1 binds to the NF
      1 promoter. Mutants in the Sp1-binding site displayed a strong reduction in
      transcriptional activity.

PMID- 2403643
TI  - Effects of methotrexate on transfected DNA stability in mammalian cells.
AB  - The chromosomal locations, amounts, and level of expression of transfected,
      amplified c-myc and dihydrofolate reductase sequences were measured in cells
      cultured in the presence and absence of methotrexate. These studies show that the
      location and amount of transfected sequences, as well as the level of expression,
      were more variable when the cells were cultured in methotrexate.

PMID- 2403644
TI  - Neutron radiation can activate K-ras via a point mutation in codon 146 and
      induces a different spectrum of ras mutations than does gamma radiation.
AB  - Neutron radiation is known to produce tumors in animals and cause cell
      transformation. We have developed a protocol to efficiently induce thymic
      lymphomas in RF/J mice by a single acute dose of neutron irradiation. Activated
      ras genes were detected in 17% (4 of 24) of the tumors analyzed. One of the
      tumors contained a K-ras gene activated by a point mutation in codon 146.
      Activating ras mutations at position 146 have not been previously detected in any
      known human or animal tumors. The spectrum of ras mutations detected in neutron
      radiation-induced thymic lymphomas was different from that seen in thymic
      lymphomas induced by gamma radiation in the same strain of mice. These results
      may have important implications for the mechanisms by which different types of
      radiation damage DNA.

PMID- 2403645
TI  - The sum1-1 mutation affects silent mating-type gene transcription in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The silent mating-type genes (HML and HMR) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are kept
      under negative transcriptional control by the trans-acting products of the four
      MAR/SIR loci. MAR/SIR gene mutations result in the simultaneous derepression of
      HML and HMR gene expression. The sum1-1 mutation was previously identified as an
      extragenic suppressor of mutations in MAR1 (SIR2) and MAR2 (SIR3). As assayed
      genetically, sum1-1 is capable of restoring repression of silent mating-type
      information in cells containing mar1 or mar2 null mutations. We show here that
      the mating-type phenotype associated with sum1-1 results from a dramatic
      reduction in the steady-state level of HML and HMR gene transcripts. At the same
      time, the sum1-1 mutation has no significant effect on the level of each of the
      four MAR/SIR mRNAs.

PMID- 2403646
TI  - The human T-lymphotropic virus type I tax gene can cooperate with the ras
      oncogene to induce neoplastic transformation of cells.
AB  - Epidemiologic studies have linked infection by the human T-lymphotropic virus
      type I (HTLV-I) with the development of adult T-cell leukemia. The low penetrance
      of the virus and the long latency for disease manifestation are factors that
      obscure the role of HTLV-I infection in oncogenesis. We have used an in vitro
      transformation assay system to determine directly whether the HTLV-I tax gene has
      transformation potential. Transfection of the tax gene alone into early-passage
      rat embryo fibroblasts did not induce morphological alterations. However,
      cotransfection of tax with the selectable marker plasmid pRSVneo gave rise to
      G418-resistant colonies that could be established as immortalized cell lines.
      Cotransfection of tax with the ras oncogene into rat embryo fibroblasts gave rise
      to foci of transformed cells that were highly tumorigenic in nude mice. These
      data represent a direct demonstration of the oncogenic potential of the tax gene
      in nonlymphoid cells and establish HTLV-I as a transforming virus.

PMID- 2403647
TI  - ACE1 transcription factor produced in Escherichia coli binds multiple regions
      within yeast metallothionein upstream activation sequences.
AB  - The ACE1 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was expressed as a trpE-ACE1 fusion
      protein in Escherichia coli and shown to bind CUP1 upstream activation sequences
      at multiple regions in a copper-inducible manner. These binding sites contain
      within them the sequence 5'-TC(T)4-6GCTG-3', which we propose constitutes an
      important part of the ACE1 consensus recognition sequence.

PMID- 2403648
TI  - Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of Achyrocline satureoides in
      prokaryotic organisms.
AB  - Aqueous extracts of Achyrocline satureoides (Marcela and/or Macela) were tested
      for the presence of genotoxic activity in microorganisms. This species belongs to
      the family Compositae and is used on a large scale by the population of South
      Brazil. The extracts showed genotoxic activity in the presence of S9 mix in the
      Ames test TA100, TA98 and TA102 strains, 'SOS' spot chromotest and Microscreen
      phage-induction assay. The positive results were related to the presence of
      quercetin and caffeic acid in the aqueous extracts.

PMID- 2403649
TI  - Treatment of severe malaria by exchange transfusion.

PMID- 2403650
TI  - Leukemia following Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - To investigate the effect of different treatments for Hodgkin's disease on the
      risk of leukemia, we used an international collaborative group of cancer
      registries and hospitals to perform a case-control study of 163 cases of leukemia
      following treatment for Hodgkin's disease. For each case patient with leukemia,
      three matched controls were chosen who had been treated for Hodgkin's disease but
      in whom leukemia did not develop. The use of chemotherapy alone to treat
      Hodgkin's disease was associated with a relative risk of leukemia of 9.0 (95
      percent confidence interval, 4.1 to 20) as compared with the use of radiotherapy
      alone. Patients treated with both had a relative risk of 7.7 (95 percent
      confidence interval, 3.9 to 15). After treatment with more than six cycles of
      combinations including procarbazine and mechlorethamine, the risk of leukemia was
      14-fold higher than after radiotherapy alone. The use of radiotherapy in
      combination with chemotherapy did not increase the risk of leukemia above that
      produced by the use of chemotherapy alone, but there was a dose-related increase
      in the risk of leukemia in patients who received radiotherapy alone. The peak in
      the risk of leukemia came about five years after chemotherapy began, and a large
      excess persisted for at least eight years after it ended. After adjusting for
      drug regimen, we found that patients who had undergone splenectomy had at least
      double the risk of leukemia of patients who had not, and an advanced stage of
      Hodgkin's disease carried a somewhat higher risk of leukemia than Stage I
      disease. We conclude that chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease greatly increases
      the risk of leukemia and that this increased risk appears to be dose-related and
      unaffected by concomitant radiotherapy. In addition, the risk is greater for
      patients with more advanced stages of Hodgkin's disease and for those who undergo
      splenectomy.

PMID- 2403651
TI  - Cardiomyopathy of overload. A major determinant of prognosis in congestive heart
      failure.

PMID- 2403653
TI  - The risk of alcohol intake in men and women: all may not be equal.

PMID- 2403652
TI  - Prenatal treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase
      deficiency.

PMID- 2403654
TI  - A comparison of ceftriaxone and cefuroxime for the treatment of bacterial
      meningitis in children.
AB  - To compare ceftriaxone with cefuroxime for the treatment of meningitis, we
      conducted a study in which 106 children with acute bacterial meningitis were
      randomly assigned to receive either ceftriaxone (100 mg per kilogram of body
      weight per day, administered intravenously once daily; n = 53) or cefuroxime (240
      mg per kilogram per day, administered intravenously in four equal doses; n = 53).
      The mean age of the children was 3 years (range, 42 days to 16 years), and the
      characteristics of the two treatment groups were comparable at admission.
      Excluded from the study were eight other children who died within 48 hours of
      admission. After 18 to 36 hours of therapy, cultures of cerebrospinal fluid
      remained positive for 1 of the 52 children (2 percent) receiving ceftriaxone for
      whom cultures were available and 6 of 52 (12 percent) receiving cefuroxime (P =
      0.11). In both groups the mean duration of antibiotic therapy was 10 days. The
      clinical responses to therapy were similar in the two treatment groups, and all
      106 children were cured. Reversible biliary pseudolithiasis was detected by
      serial abdominal ultrasonography only in the children treated with ceftriaxone
      (16 of 35 vs. 0 of 35; P less than 0.001). The treatment of three children was
      switched from ceftriaxone to alternative antibiotics because these children had
      upper abdominal pain. Other side effects were infrequent in both groups. At
      follow-up examination two months later, moderate-to-profound hearing loss was
      present in two children (4 percent) treated with ceftriaxone and in nine (17
      percent) treated with cefuroxime (P = 0.05); other neurologic abnormalities were
      similar in the two treatment groups. We conclude that ceftriaxone is superior to
      cefuroxime for the treatment of acute bacterial meningitis in children and that
      the benefits of milder hearing impairment and more rapid sterilization of the
      cerebrospinal fluid with ceftriaxone outweigh the problem of reversible biliary
      pseudolithiasis with this drug.

PMID- 2403655
TI  - Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis for herniorrhaphy and breast surgery.
AB  - We assessed the efficacy of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis for surgery in a
      randomized, double-blind trial of 1218 patients undergoing herniorrhaphy or
      surgery involving the breast, including excision of a breast mass, mastectomy,
      reduction mammoplasty, and axillary-node dissection. The prophylactic regimen was
      a single dose of cefonicid (1 g intravenously) administered approximately half an
      hour before surgery. The patients were followed up for four to six weeks after
      surgery. Blinding was maintained until the last patient completed the follow-up
      and all diagnoses of infection had been made. The patients who received
      prophylaxis had 48 percent fewer probable or definite infections than those who
      did not (Mantel-Haenszel risk ratio, 0.52; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.32
      to 0.84; P = 0.01). For patients undergoing a procedure involving the breast,
      infection occurred in 6.6 percent of the cefonicid recipients (20 of 303) and
      12.2 percent of the placebo recipients (37 of 303); for those undergoing
      herniorrhaphy, infection occurred in 2.3 percent of the cefonicid recipients (7
      of 301) and 4.2 percent of the placebo recipients (13 of 311). There were
      comparable reductions in the numbers of definite wound infections (Mantel
      Haenszel risk ratio, 0.49), wounds that drained pus (risk ratio, 0.43),
      Staphylococcus aureus wound isolates (risk ratio, 0.49), and urinary tract
      infections (risk ratio, 0.40). There were also comparable reductions in the need
      for postoperative antibiotic therapy, non-routine visits to a physician for
      problems involving wound healing, incision and drainage procedures, and
      readmission because of problems with wound healing. We conclude that
      perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis with cefonicid is useful for herniorrhaphy
      and certain types of breast surgery.

PMID- 2403656
TI  - The polymerase chain reaction. A new method of using molecular genetics for
      medical diagnosis.

PMID- 2403657
TI  - Increased plasma endothelin level in patients with essential hypertension.

PMID- 2403658
TI  - Absence of HIV infection in blood donors with indeterminate western blot tests
      for antibody to HIV-1.
AB  - To determine whether apparently healthy persons who have had repeatedly reactive
      enzyme immunoassays and an indeterminate Western blot assay for antibody to the
      human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are infected with HIV-1 or HIV-2, we
      studied 99 such volunteer blood donors in a low-risk area of the country. The
      subjects were interviewed about HIV risk factors. Coded blood specimens were
      tested again for HIV-1 antibody (by two different enzyme immunoassays, a Western
      blot assay and a radioimmunoprecipitation assay) and for HIV-2 antibody by enzyme
      immunoassay, for HIV-1 by the serum antigen test, for HIV-1 by culture, for human
      T-cell leukemia virus Type I or II antibody by enzyme immunoassay, and for
      sequences of HIV DNA by the polymerase chain reaction. Of the 99 blood donors, 98
      reported no risk factors for HIV-1 infection; 1 donor had used intravenous drugs.
      After a median of 14 months (range, 1 to 30) from the time of the initial test,
      65 subjects (66 percent) were still repeatedly reactive for HIV-1 antibody on at
      least one immunoassay. In 91 subjects (92 percent) the Western blot results were
      still indeterminate, whereas in 8 they were negative. No donor met the criteria
      for a positive Western blot assay for HIV-1, and none had evidence of HIV-1 or
      HIV-2 infection on culture or by any other test. We conclude that persons at low
      risk for HIV infection who have persistent indeterminate HIV-1 Western blots are
      rarely if ever infected with HIV-1 or HIV-2.

PMID- 2403659
TI  - Quantitation of muscle glycogen synthesis in normal subjects and subjects with
      non-insulin-dependent diabetes by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - To examine the extent to which the defect in insulin action in subjects with non
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) can be accounted for by impairment of
      muscle glycogen synthesis, we performed combined hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic
      clamp studies with [13C]glucose in five subjects with NIDDM and in six age- and
      weight-matched healthy subjects. The rate of incorporation of intravenously
      infused [1-13C]glucose into muscle glycogen was measured directly in the
      gastrocnemius muscle by means of a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer
      with a 15.5-minute time resolution and a 13C surface coil. The steady-state
      plasma concentrations of insulin (approximately 400 pmol per liter) and glucose
      (approximately 10 mmol per liter) were similar in both study groups. The mean (+/
      SE) rate of glycogen synthesis, as determined by 13C NMR, was 78 +/- 28 and 183
      +/- 39 mumol-glucosyl units per kilogram of muscle tissue (wet weight) per minute
      in the diabetic and normal subjects, respectively (P less than 0.05). The mean
      glucose uptake was markedly reduced in the diabetic (30 +/- 4 mumol per kilogram
      per minute) as compared with the normal subjects (51 +/- 3 mumol per kilogram per
      minute; P less than 0.005). The mean rate of nonoxidative glucose metabolism was
      22 +/- 4 mumol per kilogram per minute in the diabetic subjects and 42 +/- 4
      mumol per kilogram per minute in the normal subjects (P less than 0.005). When
      these rates are extrapolated to apply to the whole body, the synthesis of muscle
      glycogen would account for most of the total-body glucose uptake and all of the
      nonoxidative glucose metabolism in both normal and diabetic subjects. We conclude
      that muscle glycogen synthesis is the principal pathway of glucose disposal in
      both normal and diabetic subjects and that defects in muscle glycogen synthesis
      have a dominant role in the insulin resistance that occurs in persons with NIDDM.

PMID- 2403661
TI  - U.S. medical practice before Medicare and now--differences and consequences.

PMID- 2403660
TI  - The ratio of waist-to-hip circumference, plasma insulin level, and glucose
      intolerance as independent predictors of the HDL2 cholesterol level in older
      adults.
AB  - High plasma levels of HDL2, a subfraction of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
      cholesterol, are associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. To
      investigate the characteristics related to HDL2 cholesterol levels, we measured
      lipoprotein levels and several metabolic and anthropometric variables in 146
      healthy subjects (77 men and 69 women) in the seventh decade of life. The level
      of HDL2 cholesterol was inversely correlated with the ratio of the waist-to-hip
      circumference (r = -0.335 for men; r = -0.370 for women; P less than 0.01) and
      the plasma insulin level (r = -0.400 for men; r = -0.398 for women; P less than
      0.001). In a multiple regression model including both sexes, 41 percent of the
      variance in the HDL2 level was explained by the combined effect of the waist-to
      hip ratio (P less than 0.0001), the plasma insulin level (P = 0.0003), and the
      degree of glucose tolerance indicated by the integrated area under the plasma
      glucose curve after an oral glucose-tolerance test (P = 0.05). The body-mass
      index, total percentage of body fat, maximal oxygen uptake, diet, and sex were
      not significant predictors of the HDL2 level when added to this model, whereas
      the original variables remained significant predictors. The HDL2 cholesterol
      level in subjects at the 25th percentile for waist-to-hip ratio was 153 percent
      of that in subjects at the 75th percentile. We conclude that HDL2 levels are
      inversely correlated with truncal fat, plasma insulin levels, and the presence of
      glucose intolerance and are not independently associated with sex or total body
      fat.

PMID- 2403662
TI  - More on the date of the first use of ether in surgery.

PMID- 2403663
TI  - Metabolism of the malignant astrocytoma.
AB  - A comprehensive review of the biochemical organization of the malignant
      astrocytoma is presented. The review is intended for neurosurgeons. It outlines
      the metabolic flow of events beginning with energy and substrate utilization,
      followed by structural components (protein, lipids, etc.) and tumor cell
      secretory products, and ending with nucleic acid synthesis. Cellular pH, tumor
      induced cerebral edema, tumor blood flow, and tumor necrosis are also considered.

PMID- 2403664
TI  - The dawn of brain surgery in Japan: history prior to World War II.

PMID- 2403665
TI  - Hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy: a transcranial Doppler
      evaluation.
AB  - Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography was used to evaluate 2 patients who
      developed hyperperfusion syndromes after carotid endarterectomy. During the
      initial postoperative period, each patient had symptoms that were associated with
      elevated flow velocities in the ipsilateral cerebral vasculature. In addition,
      vascular resistance of these vessels was found to be abnormally low, as reflected
      by the Gosling pulsatility index. As the patients' symptoms improved, flow
      velocities decreased to normal levels and pulsatilities were noted to increase
      proportionately.

PMID- 2403666
TI  - Reinforced glass ionomer cement vs. zinc phosphate cement. An interface study.

PMID- 2403667
TI  - On Medicaid delivery's "facility fee".

PMID- 2403668
TI  - Health care policy and abortion: a comparison.
AB  - The abortion policies of these Western, industrialized countries reflect
      different attitudes toward women's health, children, and families.

PMID- 2403669
TI  - A tribute to Cynthia Ellen Northrop l950-l989.

PMID- 2403670
TI  - Nursing's role in assuring access to care.

PMID- 2403671
TI  - Reminiscenses of nutrition research with Dr. Clive McCay at the close of World
      War II.

PMID- 2403673
TI  - Chronic dietary restriction and longevity.

PMID- 2403672
TI  - Modulation of gene expression in autoimmune disease and aging by food restriction
      and dietary lipids.
AB  - Several recent observations carried out by many investigators have offered some
      clues in understanding the mechanism of how food restriction (FR) acts in the
      prolongation of life-span, but the precise mechanisms involved in modulating the
      immune system have not been clearly understood. Our own ongoing studies indicate
      that FR may act at the molecular level and may extend the life-span by modulating
      functional activities of several genes in various target tissues. For instance,
      while cytochrome P-450 IIB1 and IIB2 expression is known to decline with age in
      ad libitum-fed rats, FR prevented the loss of (drug-inducible) P-450 enzymes in
      liver tissues. In addition, both alpha 2u-globulin and senescence marker protein
      2 expressions, which are regulated by hormones, were also modulated during aging
      by FR in Fischer 344 male rats. In short-lived autoimmune-prone mice, both FR and
      omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids diet lowered the severity of autoimmune disease both in
      lupus-prone (NZB x NZW)F1 mice and in mice prone to develop lymphoproliferative
      and renal diseases, whereas saturated (n-9) and polyunsaturated (n-6) dietary
      lipids not only exacerbated autoimmune disease, but also significantly enhanced
      expression of several oncogenes in lymphoid tissues. FR and omega-3 fatty acids
      decreased the expression of certain oncogenes. Both FR and omega-3 fatty acids
      may modulate the aging and autoimmune disease processes by not only altering the
      fatty acid composition, membrane fluidity, and signal transduction, but also by
      modulating the lymphokine hormone receptors and their functions and thereby
      modulating expression of several genes in various tissues during the aging
      process.

PMID- 2403675
TI  - RSNA index to imaging literature. Volumes 162-173(I), 1987-1989.

PMID- 2403674
TI  - Undernutrition without malnutrition restricts the numbers and proportions of Ly-1
      B lymphocytes in autoimmune (MRL/I and BXSB) mice.
AB  - MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr (MRL/l) and BXSB mice represent inbred mouse strains in which
      lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmune disease that includes lethal renal
      disease routinely occurs by 6 months of age. Chronic energy intake restriction
      increases longevity and health span of MRL/l and BXSB mice as it does in mice of
      other short-lived as well as long-lived strains. Chronic energy intake
      restriction forestalls development of the lymphoproliferative process, prevents
      development of renal lesions, decreases levels of circulating immune complexes,
      and permits maintenance of vigorous immunologic function with age. We have
      reported that in autoimmune-prone mice, a population of Ly-1 B lymphocytes that
      is associated with autoimmune disease and is greatly expanded among cells of the
      spleen, peritoneal exudate, and peripheral blood can be reduced in proportion as
      a consequence of undernutrition without malnutrition. Herein, we demonstrate that
      in MRL/l and BXSB mice, chronic energy intake restriction imposed at weaning
      inhibited accumulation of Ly-1 B lymphocytes throughout the lymphoid system,
      i.e., among cells of the spleen, thymus, mesenteric lymph nodes, bone marrow,
      peritoneal exudate, and peripheral blood when these tissues or fluids were
      studied at age 3 or 5 months. These results extend our previous finding that
      autoimmune-prone mice possess unusually large numbers of Ly-1 B cells in their
      lymphoid tissues which can be reduced in frequency as a function of diet toward
      the levels present in long-lived autoimmune-resistant mice.

PMID- 2403676
TI  - Interventional radiology in the gallbladder: diagnosis, drainage, dissolution,
      and management of stones.

PMID- 2403677
TI  - Blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery: estimation with Doppler US.

PMID- 2403678
TI  - Superior mesenteric artery blood flow velocity and estimated volume flow: duplex
      Doppler US study of preterm and term neonates.
AB  - To obtain information about intestinal hemodynamics of healthy neonates, the
      authors assessed velocity and volume of blood flow with duplex Doppler sonography
      in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in 91 stable preterm and term neonates.
      Blood flow velocity in the SMA and estimated volume blood flow increased linearly
      with gestational age and increasing body weight. The mean estimated volume blood
      flow (+/- standard deviation) was 43 mL/kg/min +/- 13 and did not depend on
      differences in body weight. The authors also assessed blood flow velocity in the
      SMA and volume blood flow in 18 infants with conditions that may affect blood
      supply to the bowel. Twelve infants who were small for gestational age appeared
      to have an abnormally low resistance of the vascular bed of the SMA during the
      1st days of life, as compared with stable appropriate-for-gestational-age infants
      matched for gestational age. Three of six term neonates with cardiovascular
      abnormalities had left ventricular outflow obstruction and an abnormal blood flow
      velocity waveform of the SMA, suggesting a decrease in blood supply to the bowel.
      The results of this study may help in evaluations of intestinal perfusion in
      infants with abnormal conditions.

PMID- 2403679
TI  - Safety assessment of gadopentetate dimeglumine in U.S. clinical trials.
AB  - Gadopentetate dimeglumine is an intravenous contrast medium used in magnetic
      resonance imaging. To determine its safety, the authors summarized data
      concerning adverse reactions, laboratory parameters, and other assessments for
      1,068 adult patients who received gadopentetate dimeglumine in United States
      clinical trials. For all studies, 213 of 1,068 patients (19.9%) who received
      gadopentetate dimeglumine experienced one or more clinical adverse reactions.
      Most of these reactions were minor and short-lived. Hematologic, blood chemistry,
      and urinary evaluations showed no apparent drug-related effects, with the
      exception of a transient, asymptomatic rise in serum iron and bilirubin levels in
      some patients. Other safety assessments--electrocardiography,
      electroencephalography, neurologic examinations, and vital signs--showed no
      clinically significant trends in change from baseline results. It was concluded
      that gadopentetate dimeglumine demonstrated a high degree of safety and
      tolerance.

PMID- 2403680
TI  - Short-limb skeletal dysplasias: evaluation of the fetal spine with sonography and
      radiography.
AB  - Sonograms and radiographs of the lumbar spine in 51 fetuses and neonates with
      thanatophoric dwarfism, achondroplasia, and osteogenesis imperfecta type II were
      retrospectively evaluated. Study data included 27 prenatal and 27 neonatal
      sonograms and radiographs in 40 fetuses and neonates and 11 cases described in
      the radiology literature. To precisely compare the sonographic and radiographic
      appearances of platyspondyly in dysplasia, a simple vertebral ratio was obtained
      from measurement of vertebral interspace and vertebral body height. Normal ranges
      were obtained from sonograms in 125 normal fetuses and from radiographs in 55
      normal fetuses. The severe platyspondyly of thanatophoric dysplasia and the
      milder platyspondyly of achondroplasia were detected by about 20 menstrual weeks.
      The vertebral bodies appeared slightly larger on sonograms than on radiographs in
      both normal fetuses and fetuses with dysplasia.

PMID- 2403681
TI  - Osteogenesis imperfecta type II: prenatal sonographic diagnosis.
AB  - Sonograms of fetuses at risk for congenital lethal osteogenesis imperfecta
      (osteogenesis imperfecta type II) were retrospectively reviewed blindly and
      correlated with pregnancy outcomes. Six of eight cases of type II osteogenesis
      imperfecta were correctly diagnosed with use of the proposed criteria of multiple
      fractures, demineralization of the calvaria, and femoral length more than 3
      standard deviations below the mean for gestational age. The two cases not
      diagnosed had sonographic abnormalities but did not meet all three criteria.
      Among 18 pregnancies genetically at risk for the disease but with normal
      outcomes, all sonograms were normal, meeting none of the proposed criteria. Among
      an additional 25 fetuses with osteochondrodysplasias, no case satisfied all three
      of the proposed diagnostic criteria. With use of strict standards for the
      diagnosis of type II osteogenesis imperfecta, this disease can be distinguished
      from other fetal skeletal abnormalities. In a pregnancy at risk for recurrence of
      osteogenesis imperfecta, a normal sonogram after 17 weeks excludes this lethal
      condition.

PMID- 2403682
TI  - Needle biopsy of renal allografts: comparison of two techniques.
AB  - Two techniques for renal allograft biopsy were retrospectively evaluated to
      compare relative safety and efficacy. After ultrasound (US) localization of the
      kidney and biopsy with a hand-held 14-gauge cutting needle, an adequate specimen
      was obtained in 74 of 77 cases (96%). Major complications occurred in six of
      these 77 cases (8%). One hundred four biopsies were performed by using a smaller
      18-gauge cutting needle with a spring-loaded biopsy "gun" and real-time US
      guidance. With this newer technique, specimens adequate for diagnosis were
      obtained in 99 biopsies (95%). There was a single major complication with this
      technique (1%). The 18-gauge needle with real-time US guidance yields comparably
      adequate specimens with a lower frequency of complications.

PMID- 2403683
TI  - Color and spectral Doppler mirror-image artifact of the subclavian artery.
AB  - The mirror-image artifact, which has been previously described in gray-scale
      sonographic imaging, is also readily visualized with both spectral and color
      Doppler flow imaging. In 10 consecutive healthy subjects, a mirror image of the
      subclavian artery was readily apparent at gray-scale, spectral Doppler, and color
      Doppler sonography. An experimental in vitro model was constructed to demonstrate
      that the lung apex, which is located immediately posterior to the subclavian
      artery, acts as the highly reflective acoustic interface to form this artifact.
      Knowledge of the presence of the mirror-image artifact should be helpful to the
      radiologist and sonographer in avoiding misinterpretation of this important
      pitfall in both spectral and color Doppler flow imaging of the subclavian region,
      where there is a plethora of branching vessels.

PMID- 2403684
TI  - US guidance of interventional procedures.
AB  - Advances in ultrasound (US) machine and transducer design have improved the
      ability of US to guide interventional procedures. Though affording excellent
      guidance without radiation and at relatively low cost, US remains underutilized
      because of lack of understanding and experience in this technique. This article
      illustrates the role that US has in interventional radiology and explains how to
      place a needle in a target under US guidance.

PMID- 2403685
TI  - Gadopentetate dimeglumine: observations on the clinical research process.

PMID- 2403686
TI  - Head injuries in the Old Testament.

PMID- 2403687
TI  - Indoor air radon.
AB  - This review concerns primarily the health effects that result from indoor air
      exposure to radon gas and its progeny. Radon enters homes mainly from the soil
      through cracks in the foundation and other holes to the geologic deposits beneath
      these structures. Once inside the home the gas decays (half-life 3.8 d) and the
      ionized atoms adsorb to dust particles and are inhaled. These particles lodge in
      the lung and can cause lung cancer. The introduction to this review gives some
      background properties of radon and its progeny that are important to
      understanding this public health problem as well as a discussion of the units
      used to describe its concentrations. The data describing the health effects of
      inhaled radon and its progeny come both from epidemiological and animal studies.
      The estimates of risk from these two data bases are consistent within a factor of
      two. The epidemiological studies are primarily for hard rock miners, although
      some data exist for environmental exposures. The most complete studies are those
      of the US, Canadian, and Czechoslovakian uranium miners. Although all studies
      have some deficiencies, those of major importance include uranium miners in
      Saskatchewan, Canada, Swedish iron miners, and Newfoundland fluorspar miners.
      These six studies provide varying degrees of detail in the form of dose-response
      curves. Other epidemiological studies that do not provide quantitative dose
      response information, but are useful in describing the health effects, include
      coal, iron ore and tin miners in the UK, iron ore miners in the Grangesburg and
      Kiruna, Sweden, metal miners in the US, Navajo uranium miners in the US,
      Norwegian niobian and magnitite miners, South African gold and uranium miners,
      French uranium miners, zinc-lead miners in Sweden and a variety of small studies
      of environmental exposure. An analysis of the epidemiological studies reveals a
      variety of interpretation problem areas. The major and almost universal problem
      is in estimating exposure levels. In many cases there were no direct measurements
      of radon or radon progeny and the exposure levels are estimates based on
      irregular measurements and known levels in nearby mines. Perhaps the most
      important variable or complicating factor in the determination of the risk due to
      radon exposure is the confounding factor of exposure to cigarette smoke. The
      general scientific concensus is that, although the interaction could be somewhere
      between linear and supramultiplicative, it is likely a combination, and closer to
      multiplicative. A number of other complexities contribute to the uncertainty in
      the risk estimates, likely to a lesser degree than those of exposure measurements
      and cigarette smoke confounding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2403688
TI  - Ecological toxicology and human health effects of heptachlor.
AB  - The chlorinated cyclodiene heptachlor was registered in 1952 as an agricultural
      and domestic insecticide. By early 1984, registration for all purposes, except
      subterranean termite control and for limited use in the control of fire ants, had
      been cancelled. This restriction of use arose primarily from concerns over the
      environmental persistance and bioaccumulation potential of the organochlorine
      pesticides. Currently, sale of heptachlor has been voluntarily suspended over
      questions about its carcinogenic potential, and the absence of safe and effective
      application methods. As a persistent organochlorine pesticide, heptachlor
      residues are detected in all components of the environment. In historical use,
      heptachlor was directly applied to terrestrial systems, while air and water were
      secondarily contaminated via volatilization and land run-off, respectively.
      Within each environmental compartment, heptachlor undergoes a variety of
      metabolic and abiotic transformations. In vivo studies indicate that heptachlor
      epoxide is the predominant metabolite, formed as a product of the mixed-function
      oxidase system, while 1-hydroxychlordene is the major soil metabolite. For
      quantification, heptachlor and its metabolites are extracted from air, soil and
      sediment, water, or biological materials using various organic solvents and
      analyzed by gas chromatography or thin-layer chromatography. Residue reports
      comprise most of the literature concerning the effects of heptachlor on the
      biota. In many such reports, toxic effects cannot be conclusively attributed to
      heptachlor exposure. Toxicity to organisms seems more dependent on acute
      exposure, while the chronic effects of low level exposure to heptachlor are
      poorly defined. Maximal terrestrial residues coincide with temporal and spatial
      proximity to application; peak residues in aquatic systems on the other hand,
      correlate to periods of maximum run-off. The lipophilic nature of both heptachlor
      and heptachlor epoxide results in the potential for significant bioaccumulation
      in all lipid-type compartments in the environment. The toxic effects of
      heptachlor are not specific for any one organ system. The liver and the central
      nervous system are most significantly affected by heptachlor, although effects
      can also be seen in the reproductive, hematopoietic, immune, and renal systems.
      An important consideration is the relation of relevant environmental exposure
      levels to toxicity. The concentrations necessary to elicit results in laboratory
      experiments do not translate directly to the same results upon environmental
      exposure, nor do experimental laboratory animal models absolutely equate with
      native-state organisms or with humans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2403689
TI  - Cadmium inhalation and male reproductive toxicity.
AB  - Cadmium is a highly toxic element that is cumulative and has a long biological
      half-life in mammals. The severe toxicity of cadmium in man has been known for
      more than 100 years. Despite the knowledge that cadmium is toxic, only 20 human
      cases of poisoning via ingestion were recorded prior to 1941, whereas in the
      ensuing five-year period more than 680 cases of cadmium poisonings from
      accidental oral ingestion of this metal were documented. Some of the recorded
      effects of exposure to cadmium in laboratory animals include renal tubular
      damage, placental and testicular necrosis, structural and functional liver
      damage, osteomalacia, testicular tumors, teratogenic malformations, anemia,
      hypertension, pulmonary edema, chronic pulmonary emphysema, and induced
      deficiencies of iron, copper, and zinc. Some of these effects have also been
      observed in human after accidental exposures to cadmium oxide fumes and are
      characteristic of the syndrome described in Japan as Itai Itai disease in which
      ingestion of cadmium is the inciting chemical.

PMID- 2403690
TI  - Pesticide management in food and water safety: international contributions and
      national approaches.
AB  - The obvious advantages of the use of pesticides is hampered by the risks they can
      pose to humans and the environment. Sound evaluations of pesticides and easy
      access to these evaluations will help nations to choose those pesticides that
      will create the fewest risks. There are now about 50 international organizations,
      approximately 15 of them within the United Nations system, with some engaging in
      pesticide evaluations and regulations. The present survey of 72 pesticides of
      major global economic importance reveals that there is a lack of data for many of
      these pesticides, whereas others might be subjected to duplicate work and even
      confusing regulations. More joint programs and intensified information on ongoing
      activities, both internationally and nationally, should be encouraged. WHO has
      classified 71 of the 72 pesticides according to hazard for people handling them.
      International cancer risk classifications exist for three of them (IARC 1987),
      and U.S. EPA cancer classifications for 18. The availability of pesticides
      impacts humans and the environment. FAO/WHO has recommended different degrees of
      restrictions on the availability of 16 of the pesticides. According to United
      Nations Headquarters (1987), 20 of the 72 pesticides have been banned, withdrawn,
      or severely restricted in one or more countries. ADIs have been suggested for 31
      of the 72 pesticides by FAO/WHO. Nationally, U.S. EPA has established reference
      doses for 44 of the pesticides. MRLs have been set by FAO and WHO for 31 of the
      pesticides in food and by WHO for 12 in drinking water. Nationally, there are
      great variations in tolerance levels as well as in rules for setting these
      tolerances, including group tolerances for related pesticides. For the monitoring
      of pesticide residues in food, U.S. FDA has classified pesticides in a
      surveillance index to establish monitoring needs. Thirty-five of the 72
      pesticides of major economic importance are included. In a typical monitoring
      program (Sweden), 29 of the 72 pesticides are included. It is concluded that
      there is a lack of accessible information on evaluations and regulations of many
      of the most economically important pesticides. The need for intensified
      assessments is stressed. The relevant United Nations agencies as well as certain
      independent research institutes, such as the British Monitoring and Assessment
      Research Center (MARC), need increased encouragement and financial support from
      United Nations member states to fulfill this task.

PMID- 2403691
TI  - Illness, injuries, and deaths from pesticide exposures in California 1949-1988.
AB  - Data on human acute illness/injury and death associated with pesticide exposure
      in California for the 40-yr period, beginning with 1949, were reviewed. Even
      though California has better data of this type than most government jurisdictions
      in the world, there are some shortcomings. In the early part of this period,
      nonoccupational data were scant because poison information centers were just
      being developed. Also in the early period, many occupational exposures were not
      recorded in state statistics although a good system to allow for such reporting
      was in place. California data currently available still do not take into account
      (i) persons who are exposed and become ill, but do not visit a physician or call
      a poison center, and (ii) most occupational exposures of the self-employed, U.S.
      military employees, U.S. government employees, maritime workers, and interstate
      railroad workers. In 1987, 268,092,595 kg of pesticides were sold and estimated
      as used in the state. Although the amount of pesticides used annually in
      California is estimated to have increased 4-fold in this 40-yr period, it is
      believed that the actual number of pesticide-related occupational illnesses/yr
      increased very little. Cholinesterase inhibitors and methyl bromide were most
      often involved in the more serious occupational systemic poisonings throughout
      the time period. Well-educated and trained farmers and other pesticide handlers
      as well as a strict regulatory system have contributed to keeping the number and
      the extent of pesticide exposure in check, considering the widespread use of
      pesticides, some of which are quite toxic and potentially hazardous if misused.
      In 1987, there were 1,507 cases of occupational illness identified, with 744 of
      these demonstrating systemic toxic symptoms. In 1987, approximately 17,000 human
      pesticide exposure incidents, almost all of which were nonoccupational, were
      handled by poison control centers. It is estimated that about 30 to 60% developed
      signs or symptoms. Occupational deaths for the past 10 yr have averaged about
      1/yr. Suicides by use of pesticides are estimated at 15/yr, and nonsuicides,
      nonoccupational deaths are estimated at 5/yr. This paper does not address chronic
      effects such as cancer induction, developmental effects, or reproductive effects
      that may be suspected as being the result of pesticide exposure. Data presented
      in this report may be useful in estimating the number of poisonings that may
      occur in other geographic settings. Numerous variables that must be considered in
      making such estimates are discussed.

PMID- 2403692
TI  - Identifying tumor suppressor genes in human colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2403693
TI  - Article on Gallo prompts inquiry.

PMID- 2403694
TI  - Mental models in narrative comprehension.
AB  - Readers of stories construct mental models of the situation and characters
      described. They infer causal connections relating characters' actions to their
      goals. They also focus attention on characters' movements, thereby activating
      nearby parts of the mental model. This activation is revealed in readers' faster
      answering of questions about such parts, with less facilitation the greater their
      distance from the focus. Recently visited as well as imagined locations are also
      activated for several seconds. These patterns of temporary activation facilitate
      comprehension.

PMID- 2403695
TI  - Rockefeller braces for Baltimore.

PMID- 2403696
TI  - Phencyclidine, dizocilpine, and cerebrocortical neurons.

PMID- 2403697
TI  - A prospective, randomized double-blind study of the use of antibiotics at the
      time of mastectomy.
AB  - The ability of perioperative cefazolin to reduce the incidence of postoperative
      wound infection in patients undergoing ablative surgical treatment for carcinoma
      of the breast was tested in this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study.
      From May 1983 until December 1985, 118 women were divided into two groups at
      random. Group 1 consisted of 59 patients and received cefazolin and group 2 was
      made up of 59 patients who received a placebo. The groups were similar with
      respect to age, operative procedure, operative time and time to discharge after
      operation. Three infections occurred among those in group 1 and five among those
      in group 2 (p = 0.72). The time to onset of infection was delayed in the patients
      in group 1 versus those in group 2 (17.7 days versus 9.6 days, p = 0.04). Six of
      eight infections occurred in patients in whom an interval between biopsy and
      definitive surgical treatment was present. Prophylactic antibiotics in mammary
      operations did not reduce postoperative wound infections in this study.

PMID- 2403698
TI  - Contact neodynium-yttrium-aluminum garnet laser acts as a sterilizing scalpel.
AB  - As a cold knife cuts through contaminated or infected wounds, bacteria are
      dragged along with the blade of the knife through the entire wound. Herein, the
      effect of incisions made with a cold knife is compared with that of incisions
      made by a contact neodynium-yttrium-aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser. Agar plates
      were inoculated with multiple strains of exogenous, endogenous, hospital-acquired
      and multiple antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. While the cold knife
      dragged bacteria to sterile areas, incisions made with the contact laser were
      always sterile. In addition to not dragging bacteria, the tip of the contact
      laser sterilized itself and provided a bacteria-free zone on either side of the
      cut, depending on the power density applied. It appears that the contact Nd:YAG
      laser acts as a sterilizing wand while providing much needed tactile feedback,
      precision and hemostasis during surgical treatment with the laser.

PMID- 2403699
TI  - Stimulation of repair in chronic, nonhealing, cutaneous ulcers using platelet
      derived wound healing formula.
AB  - Chronic, nonhealing, cutaneous ulcers are a serious clinical problem. The results
      of previous studies using platelet-derived wound healing formula (PDWHF), derived
      from autologous platelets, provided evidence that PDWHF actively stimulates
      repair of the wound. To test whether or not PDWHF accelerates repair, a
      prospectively randomized, blinded trial was conducted using a placebo control. A
      total of 32 patients with chronic, nonhealing, cutaneous wounds of the lower
      extremity were randomized and treated for eight weeks with PDWHF or placebo.
      Epithelialization of the wound was the end point of study. In the group who
      received treatment, 81 per cent of patients had epithelialization in eight weeks
      compared with 15 per cent in the control group (p less than 0.0001). After
      crossover to treatment with PDWHF, all of the patients in the control group had
      epithelialization in an average of 7.1 weeks. Regression analysis of the rates of
      epithelialization also showed significant differences during the initial eight
      week trial and showed no difference after crossover of the control group to
      therapy with PDWHF. Results from this study demonstrate a highly statistically
      significant effect of topically applied platelet-derived growth factors on the
      repair of chronic, nonhealing, cutaneous ulcers.

PMID- 2403700
TI  - A slip knot for tying nylon sutures.

PMID- 2403701
TI  - Bayesian analysis of the reliability of peritoneal lavage.
AB  - The popular methods of reporting the reliability of a test--sensitivity and
      specificity--do not tell the practicing physician what the chance is that a
      patient has the disease if the results from the particular test for that disease
      are positive or negative. Bayesian analysis, however, does answer this question.
      In this study, the data from 29 studies of peritoneal lavage were analyzed using
      the Bayesian method. The probability of an intra-abdominal injury being present
      if findings from lavage were positive ranged from 0.448 to 1.0. The probability
      of an intra-abdominal injury being present if findings from lavage were negative
      ranged from zero to 0.286. These probabilities varied with the criteria for
      positivity, technique used and type of trauma. In general, results of Bayesian
      analysis showed that findings from peritoneal lavage were most reliable in
      diagnosing the patient with blunt trauma when the standard positive criteria and
      open technique were used.

PMID- 2403702
TI  - A simple and safe roll over sleeve technique for venous anastomosis.

PMID- 2403703
TI  - Who is Poupart?

PMID- 2403704
TI  - A baculovirus polyhedron envelope protein: immunogold localization in infected
      cells and mature polyhedra.
AB  - A polyclonal antiserum against a trpE fusion protein containing the complete open
      reading frame of the polyhedron envelope (PE) protein from the nuclear
      polyhedrosis virus of Orgyia pseudotsugata (OpMNPV) was used for immunogold
      staining and electron microscopic examination of polyhedra, isolated polyhedron
      envelopes, and infected insect cells at selected times postinfection. The
      antiserum specifically stained the peripheral envelope of mature polyhedra and
      also stained the envelope structure which remained after polyhedra were dissolved
      in dilute alkaline solutions. In OpMNPV-infected Lymantria dispar cells, the PE
      protein was detected by 48 hr postinfection (hr p.i.) but specific localization
      and staining of developing polyhedra were not evident. However, by 72 hr p.i.
      substantial and preferential staining of the periphery of developing polyhedra
      was evident even though a distinct polyhedron envelope was not yet observed. In
      addition, the periphery of fibrillar structures was stained by the PE antiserum.
      By 96 hr p.i., mature envelopes surrounded polyhedra and these polyhedron
      envelopes were stained with the PE antibody. The progression of PE protein
      staining during polyhedron morphogenesis indicates that the PE protein
      accumulates and becomes associated with developing polyhedra in the nucleus
      between 48 and 72 hr p.i. Very late in infection the mature polyhedron envelope
      forms on the polyhedron surface. The apparent affinity of the PE protein for the
      surface of maturing polyhedra suggests that it may be a major component of the
      polyhedron envelope or may form the matrix for the deposition of other components
      which contribute to the mature envelope. Immunogold staining and protease
      digestion experiments indicate that protein is an essential component of the
      polyhedron envelope.

PMID- 2403705
TI  - Comparative studies of hepatitis B virus precore and core particles.
AB  - Hepatitis B virus core antigen gene expresses two cocarboxy-terminal proteins,
      termed precore and core proteins. Both precore and core proteins can form
      nucleocapsid-like particles. In order to understand the mechanism that leads to
      the formation of the nucleocapsid, we have expressed precore and core protein
      sequences in COS cells, a monkey kidney cell line, and compared the properties of
      these two particles. Our results show that core protein can form particles with
      various densities and they are present mostly in the cytosol. Precore protein, on
      the other hand, forms particles with one predominant density, and a majority of
      these particles are present in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
      Furthermore, our results show that, when coexpressed in the same cells, core
      protein and the ER-associated surface antigens (envelope protein) show
      colocalization, indicating interaction between these two viral structural
      proteins.

PMID- 2403706
TI  - Evolution in Oryctes baculovirus: rate and types of genomic change.
AB  - Three cloned strains of Oryctes baculovirus were released into a previously
      unexposed population of the host insect, the coconut palm rhinoceros beetle,
      Oryctes rhinoceros. The experiment was conducted on Meemu Atoll in the Maldive
      Islands. Viruses were isolated from the beetle population at 1 year, 1.75 years,
      and 4 years after release. No changes in genotype were observed in viruses
      isolated after 1 and 1.75 years. After 4 years, however, three types of genomic
      change had occurred. A recombinant derived from two of the released strains, an
      isolate containing a 100-bp insert, and one example of a point mutation were
      found in the 22 isolates examined.

PMID- 2403707
TI  - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X gene expression in human cells and anti-HBx antibodies
      detection in chronic HBV infection.
AB  - All mammalian hepatitis B virus genomes contain an open reading frame X (X-ORF)
      of unknown function which could encode a protein of 17 kDa. Using a plasmid
      containing the entire X-ORF preceded by the adenovirus type 2 major late promoter
      and its tripartite leader sequence efficient expression of the HBV X-gene was
      achieved. The X protein of 17 kDa was characterized by immunoblotting and
      immunoprecipitated with an antiserum prepared against a X fusion protein produced
      in E. coli. By cell fractionation and indirect immunofluorescence the X-protein
      was found at least in part associated with nuclei. Human cell extracts containing
      the X protein have been used to screen human sera for anti-HBx antibodies. Such
      antibodies were detected in sera from patients with active chronic hepatitis with
      ongoing viral replication. The efficient expression of the HBV X protein obtained
      will facilitate its functional analysis.

PMID- 2403708
TI  - Advances in the biology of cholinergic neurons.

PMID- 2403709
TI  - Choline metabolism in cholinergic neurons: implications for the pathogenesis of
      neurodegenerative diseases.

PMID- 2403710
TI  - Dietary choline: a limiting factor for the synthesis of acetylcholine by the
      brain.

PMID- 2403711
TI  - Genetics of Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2403712
TI  - Alzheimer's disease: inborn error of metabolism of late onset?

PMID- 2403713
TI  - Changes in memory with normal aging: a functional view.

PMID- 2403714
TI  - Transport of calcium and other metals across the blood-brain barrier: mechanisms
      and implications for neurodegenerative disorders.

PMID- 2403715
TI  - Shifting patterns of cortical cholinesterases in Alzheimer's disease:
      implications for treatment, diagnosis, and pathogenesis.

PMID- 2403716
TI  - Therapeutic trials using tacrine and other cholinesterase inhibitors.
AB  - At this time, the data available on tacrine are inconclusive with respect to
      efficacy. Preliminary data are often overinterpreted, and it seems prudent to
      wait for the results of the ongoing multicenter double-blind studies before
      reaching a definite conclusion about efficacy.

PMID- 2403717
TI  - AF102B: rational treatment strategy for Alzheimer's disease: recent advances.

PMID- 2403718
TI  - Etiology of Alzheimer's disease: a western pacific view.

PMID- 2403719
TI  - Behavioral, cellular, and molecular biological studies of aged nonhuman primates.

PMID- 2403720
TI  - Management of patients after coronary angioplasty.
AB  - Coronary angioplasty is an accepted method of revascularization in selected
      patients with coronary artery disease. Immediately after a successful
      angioplasty, initial management concentrates on the detection and treatment of
      coronary artery spasm and acute vessel closure, should these complications occur.
      Once the patient is ambulatory, a formal assessment of the success of the
      procedure may be appropriate in some patients. Medical management is aimed at
      reducing the risk of coronary spasm and modifying those factors that may cause
      restenosis. During the next six months, coronary risk factor modification should
      be started while the patient is observed for symptoms that may suggest
      restenosis.

PMID- 2403721
TI  - Melanoma metastatic to the gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - Melanoma is increasing in incidence. An often-unsuspected complication is
      metastasis to the gastrointestinal tract, which leads to bowel obstruction or
      intussusception. The most common symptoms in patients with gastrointestinal
      metastasis are vomiting, abdominal pain and abdominal distention. Metastatic
      disease should be suspected in any patient with gastrointestinal symptoms and a
      history of cutaneous melanoma.

PMID- 2403722
TI  - Osgood-Schlatter disease.
AB  - Osgood-Schlatter disease is a generally benign, self-limited knee condition most
      commonly found in rapidly growing and athletically active adolescents. Diagnosis
      is based on clinical and radiographic examination. Although the etiology of this
      disorder is controversial, chronic microtrauma to the tibial tuberosity secondary
      to overuse of the quadriceps muscle is suspected. Management strategies usually
      include analgesics and restrictions on physical activities involving the knee.
      Surgical treatment may be required in recurrent, disabling cases or for removal
      of a cosmetic deformity.

PMID- 2403723
TI  - Chest pain in children.
AB  - Although chest pain in children is usually not due to serious organic pathology,
      its association with heart disease is a source of concern for patients and their
      families. Most cases of pediatric chest pain are of unknown etiology. Common
      diagnoses include musculoskeletal disorders, cough, costochondritis, psychogenic
      disturbance and asthma. A thorough history and a careful physical examination
      will determine the diagnosis in most children.

PMID- 2403724
TI  - Abdominal pregnancy.
AB  - Abdominal pregnancy is an unusual variant of ectopic pregnancy, with an incidence
      of approximately one in 6,000 term births. Morbidity and mortality for both the
      fetus and the mother are considerable. A high degree of suspicion is essential
      for timely diagnosis, which is best confirmed by radiographic and sonographic
      examinations. Once the diagnosis is established, immediate surgical intervention
      is usually advisable.

PMID- 2403725
TI  - von Willebrand's disease.
AB  - Patients with a history of epistaxis, menorrhagia or excessive bleeding after
      dental or surgical procedures may have von Willebrand's disease. Although
      screening coagulation tests may be normal, many patients with this disease will
      have excessive bleeding after surgical procedures if the disorder has not been
      recognized and appropriately treated. Patients with von Willebrand's disease may
      be treated with a medication that stimulates an increase in von Willebrand's
      factor, allowing them to avoid the need for blood product support.

PMID- 2403726
TI  - Psychogenic amnesia.
AB  - Psychogenic amnesia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by sudden loss of
      memory in the absence of organic lesion or disease. The disorder most frequently
      occurs in association with a severe stressor, such as a natural disaster or
      military conflict. To facilitate effective treatment and an accurate prognosis,
      psychogenic amnesia must be differentiated from amnesia of structural or
      pharmacologic origin. Treatment may involve supportive psychotherapy, behavioral
      modification or pharmacotherapy. Prognosis for complete recovery is generally
      good.

PMID- 2403727
TI  - Neuroblastoma.
AB  - Neuroblastoma, a tumor of the sympathetic nervous system, accounts for 8 percent
      of all pediatric tumors and causes 11 percent of all deaths from cancer in
      children. Patients with this tumor usually present with symptoms before four
      years of age; neuroblastoma rarely occurs after 14 years of age. Clinical
      manifestations vary, depending on tumor site and extent of the tumor. The case
      described here illustrates the main features of presentation, diagnosis and
      treatment.

PMID- 2403728
TI  - Cocaine update: abuse and therapy.
AB  - The most striking pharmacologic effect of cocaine is intense sympathetic
      stimulation, both centrally and peripherally. Physical dependence is much less
      severe than in opiate abuse. Psychologic dependence, however, is intense and is
      the primary problem in cocaine addiction. Although withdrawal symptoms are both
      somatic and visceral, severe depression is the dominant symptom. Therapy for
      withdrawal symptoms is not specific, but desipramine, bromocriptine and lithium
      have shown considerable promise. Acute overdose requires life support therapy.
      Appropriate pharmacologic interventions include intravenous diazepam to control
      central nervous system symptoms and propranolol or labetalol to control
      arrhythmias and hypertension.

PMID- 2403729
TI  - Cardiac transplant hypertension.

PMID- 2403730
TI  - Frequency and significance of late evolution of Q waves in patients with initial
      non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Diltiazem Reinfarction Study Group.
AB  - Serial 12-lead electrocardiogram and plasma creatine kinase (CK)-MB values from
      544 patients with confirmed non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were
      analyzed to define the rate of progression of non-Q-wave AMI to Q-wave AMI and to
      examine its relation to CK-MB evidence of extension. The baseline
      electrocardiogram was obtained 50 +/- 10 hours after AMI and compared with
      subsequent electrocardiograms at 48 and 72 hours after baseline record and at
      discharge. Plasma CK-MB was assayed every 12 hours after baseline. A total of 76
      patients (14%) progressed to Q-wave AMI. Compared to the 468 patients who
      retained non-Q-wave AMI, those patients who evolved Q-wave AMI were more likely
      to exhibit ST elevation greater than or equal to 1.0 mm in greater than or equal
      to 2 infarct-related leads (49 vs 32%, p less than 0.005), higher peak CK values
      with the index AMI (754 +/- 625 vs 611 +/- 604 IU; p = 0.0018) and a greater
      incidence of CK-MB-confirmed extensions (18.5 vs 5.5%, p less than 0.0001). For
      those patients progressing to Q-wave AMI within 48 hours of baseline
      electrocardiogram, CK-MB extension occurred in 9.5% (4 of 42) versus 29.4% (10 of
      34) of those who progressed after 48 hours (p = 0.0262). A distinct minority
      (14%) of patients with non-Q-wave AMI will develop Q waves before discharge. The
      progression to Q-wave AMI after initial non-Q-wave AMI appears to involve 2
      different mechanisms: temporal lag in the electrocardiogram, and actual extension
      by quantitative CK-MB criteria.

PMID- 2403731
TI  - Pharmacology, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of sotalol.
AB  - Sotalol is a nonselective, water-soluble beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with no
      membrane-stabilizing activity or intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Sotalol is,
      essentially, completely absorbed and is not metabolized. Consequently,
      bioavailability is close to 100%. Age and food have slight but unimportant
      effects on bioavailability. Cmax of sotalol is 2 to 3 hours with a t1/2 between 7
      and 15 hours. Excretion of sotalol is primarily through the kidneys, with no
      metabolism by liver and no first-pass effect. Therefore, sotalol plasma levels
      and half-life are directly related to creatinine clearance and glomerular
      filtration rate. Appropriate dose adjustments must be made for patients with
      impaired renal function or increased renal blood flow, as in pregnancy. The beta
      adrenoceptor antagonistic effects of sotalol are directly related to plasma
      levels, which, in turn, are directly related to dose. However, the beta
      adrenoceptor antagonism t1/2 is longer than the sotalol plasma t1/2. As a
      consequence of its ability to prolong the action potential duration, sotalol also
      increases cardiac contractility in isolated ventricular, but not atrial,
      preparations by 20 to 40%. This positive inotropic effect is not blocked by beta
      or alpha blockade or reserpine pretreatment and seems to be related to sotalol's
      effects on cardiac ionic currents. Like the effects of sotalol on action
      potential duration, the positive inotropic effects are inversely proportional to
      rate. The hemodynamics of sotalol indicate a relative lack of direct cardiac
      depressant activity in both animals and humans. The typical hemodynamic effects
      of sotalol in normotensive humans, even with depressed myocardial function, are a
      reduction in heart rate with little or no change in blood pressure, a reduction
      in cardiac output with no change in stroke volume, and little or no change in
      pulmonary wedge pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure or volume,
      and little or no change in ejection fraction either at rest or during exercise.

PMID- 2403732
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of intravenous and oral sotalol.
AB  - Beta-adrenergic blocking agents may have negative inotropic effects that are
      particularly worrisome in patients with depressed cardiac function. Their
      membrane-stabilizing properties may be a contributing factor. Sotalol is
      currently thought not to cause significant myocardial depression. Intravenous
      sotalol administration has minimal effects on resting stroke volume, although
      heart rate and consequently cardiac output are significantly decreased. Systolic
      blood pressure decreases, with a minimal change in diastolic or mean pressure.
      Hemodynamic effects are usually seen within 15 to 20 minutes of administration.
      Hemodynamic indexes are maintained even in patients with mildly depressed
      ejection fractions (mean ejection fraction of 43 +/- 15%) after oral sotalol
      administration. Although heart rate decreases, cardiac index is unchanged because
      of a significant increase in stroke volume index. The latter results from an
      increase in preload (secondary to bradycardia) and a decrease in afterload.
      Sotalol is well tolerated, although occasionally it may cause worsening heart
      failure. This is seen in patients with markedly depressed left ventricular
      function and inadequate cardiac reserve characterized by an inability to increase
      stroke volume and cardiac output with exercise. Long-term (1-year) patient follow
      up reveals no significant hemodynamic deterioration from initial values obtained
      after oral administration.

PMID- 2403733
TI  - Historical development of the concept of controlling cardiac arrhythmias by
      lengthening repolarization: particular reference to sotalol.
AB  - Although numerous pathophysiologic states, such as hypocalcemia and
      hypothyroidism, lengthen repolarization and are associated with a reduced
      incidence of cardiac fibrillation, the concept of the pharmacologic control of
      rhythm disorders by prolonging the action potential duration is relatively new.
      There is now a great deal of interest in the relative merits and applicability of
      delaying conduction or prolonging refractoriness as ways to prevent arrhythmias.
      Prolonging the action potential duration in cardiac tissues lengthens the
      refractory period without affecting conduction, prolongs the cycle length of the
      tachycardia, and prevents it from deteriorating into fibrillation. Lengthening
      the action potential duration is also associated with a positive inotropic effect
      demonstrated most readily in isolated cardiac tissues, an important feature in
      antiarrhythmic agents intended for use in life-threatening tachyarrhythmias in
      patients with reduced ventricular function. This array of properties was first
      recognized in the beta blocker sotalol and formed the basis for a discrete class
      of antiarrhythmic mechanism--the so-called class III electrophysiologic effect.
      Such a series of actions was also recognized early in the case of amiodarone,
      which has a much more complex pharmacologic profile. Clinical studies with
      sotalol and amiodarone have done much to establish the clinical use of prolonging
      the action potential duration in controlling a broad spectrum of cardiac
      arrhythmias. Both amiodarone and sotalol prolong the action potential duration
      and attenuate adrenergic stimulation, but they do so by fundamentally different
      mechanisms. The electrophysiologic properties of sotalol represent the combined
      effects of beta blockade and lengthening the action potential duration.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2403734
TI  - Effectiveness of sotalol for therapy of complex ventricular arrhythmias and
      comparisons with placebo and class I antiarrhythmic drugs.
AB  - In new antiarrhythmic drug development, key comparisons include those with
      placebo, standard (class I) agents and other beta blockers. This review will
      cover the first 2 comparisons. The effectiveness of 2 doses of sotalol for
      complex ventricular arrhythmias has been compared with placebo in a 6-week,
      multicenter study (parallel, double-blind design) in 102 patients. The frequency
      of ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) was reduced only 10% with placebo, 75%
      with low-dose sotalol (160 mg administered twice daily) and 88% with high-dose
      sotalol (320 mg administered twice daily) (both p less than 0.05 vs placebo). The
      defined efficacy criterion (greater than or equal to 75% VPC suppression) was
      achieved by 6% of patients taking placebo, 34% of patients taking low- and 71% of
      patients taking high-dose sotalol. Sotalol was generally well tolerated,
      especially with the lower dose. Heart rate decreased, and PR and QTc intervals
      increased modestly. An open, randomized, crossover study compared sotalol with
      procainamide in 33 patients. A reduction in VPCs of greater than or equal to 75%
      was achieved in 22 patients (67%) with sotalol and in 13 patients (39%) with
      procainamide. Quinidine and sotalol have also been compared in a multicenter
      study in patients with chronic, complex VPCs, with results to be presented in the
      near future. Thus, sotalol's antiarrhythmic efficacy is well demonstrated by
      comparisons with placebo, and its effectiveness and tolerance are likely to
      compare favorably with standard class I drugs, suggesting its potential as a
      first-line antiarrhythmic agent.

PMID- 2403735
TI  - Effects of sotalol on ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation produced by
      programmed electrical stimulation: comparison with other antiarrhythmic agents.
AB  - Sotalol, a beta blocker, is now recognized as an important class III agent. The
      drug lengthens the action potential in most cardiac tissues without affecting
      conduction. Several studies have shown that sotalol is very effective in treating
      life-threatening arrhythmias. One hundred thirty-eight patients with inducible
      and clinically sustained tachycardia were retrospectively analyzed. With the use
      of the S1S2S3 stimulation protocol for ventricular tachycardia (VT) induction,
      sotalol prevented VT/ventricular fibrillation (VF) induction in 45% of the
      patients; other class I agents prevented VT/VF induction in only 15 to 22%. Data
      were also analyzed from a prospective multicenter study comparing sotalol with
      procainamide in suppressing sustained VT in 153 patients with symptomatic
      sustained VT/VF. With the use of the S1S2S3S4 stimulation protocol, sotalol
      prevented VT/VF induction in 35% of the patients, whereas procainamide prevented
      VT/VF induction in only 22% (difference not significant). When patients whose VT
      induced by the triple-stimuli protocol were excluded, sotalol prevented VT
      induction in 53%. These findings indicate that the antiarrhythmic effects of
      sotalol are comparable to those of class I agents in treating malignant
      arrhythmias. Although more data are needed on the comparative effects of sotalol,
      available data establish sotalol as an important addition to available
      antiarrhythmic agents.

PMID- 2403736
TI  - Sotalol for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias.
AB  - Used in adequate dosages, sotalol is efficacious in the conversion of acute
      supraventricular arrhythmias, an effect that is predictable on the basis of the
      drug's known electropharmacologic actions. Electrophysiologic studies have shown
      that both oral and intravenous sotalol are effective in preventing the induction
      of sustained arrhythmias and that the success of acute suppression is indicative
      of subsequent clinical control. Interim results of a recent trial of prophylaxis
      against recurrence of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia are reported,
      demonstrating a high efficacy with an acceptably low profile of adverse effects.

PMID- 2403737
TI  - Clinical safety profile of sotalol in patients with arrhythmias.
AB  - Key safety parameters of sotalol were examined in 1,288 patients entered into
      recent controlled trials of ventricular (85% of patients) or supraventricular
      arrhythmias (15%). Most patients were middle-aged male Caucasians with
      significant heart disease. The most serious adverse event was proarrhythmia,
      occurring in 56 patients (4.3%). Of these, 27 had hemodynamic compromise due to
      malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Most had a history of sustained ventricular
      tachycardia, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure (CHF) or
      cardiomyopathy, or a combination of these. The other 29 had nonsevere events; 38%
      continued taking sotalol. Proarrhythmia was manifested by torsades de pointes in
      24 of the 56 patients. No universal causal relation was found with commonly
      associated factors such as bradycardia, hypokalemia and long QT interval. The
      mean QT and QTc at baseline within 1 week of a severe proarrhythmic event were
      greater than those of patients not having proarrhythmia. Nineteen patients (1%)
      discontinued therapy with sotalol because of drug-related CHF. Predisposing
      conditions included low initial baseline ejection fraction, history of CHF,
      cardiomyopathy or cardiomegaly, or both, male gender and age greater than 65
      years. Heart failure usually occurred within 7 to 30 days of initiating therapy.
      The most common reason for premature discontinuation of the drug in patients
      treated for sustained ventricular tachycardia was ineffectiveness (39%), whereas
      adverse effects were the most common reasons among patients treated for complex
      ventricular ectopy (21%). Dyspnea and bradycardia were the most common
      cardiovascular effects, and fatigue, dizziness and asthenia the most common
      noncardiac, adverse effects. Although frequently reported, these adverse effects
      resulted in discontinuation of only 1 to 4% of the patients at risk.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2403738
TI  - Expanding clinical role of unique class III antiarrhythmic effects of sotalol.
AB  - The concept of controlling cardiac arrhythmias by prolonging repolarization was
      first exemplified in the electrophysiologic properties of sotalol. It has since
      been shown to be a property shared by an increasing number of compounds. Sotalol
      has an additional propensity for blocking beta receptors; therefore, its net
      effects in controlling arrhythmias result from its beta-blocking actions as well
      as lengthening the refractory period of cardiac muscle. The properties of
      amiodarone, another class III agent, are even more complex. The potency of these
      2 agents must therefore be distinguished from the so-called "pure" class III
      agents, which may exhibit a more restricted spectrum of action. Available data
      indicate that prolonged QT interval (the correlate of prolonged cardiac
      repolarization) merely provides the substrate for antifibrillatory and
      proarrhythmic actions relative to the absence or presence of associated
      pharmacologic properties of the compounds or to the clinical setting in which
      these compounds are used. Thus, class III agents might be expected to exhibit a
      variable spectrum of efficacy as antifibrillatory drugs with an equally variable
      incidence of torsades de pointes and so induce a proarrhythmic effect. An
      understanding of the mechanisms underlying these differences, especially at a
      cellular level, may provide the basis for the development of newer, clinically
      relevant antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory compounds.

PMID- 2403739
TI  - An automated method to prepare cell suspensions from human biopsy samples for
      immunophenotyping by flow cytometry.
AB  - A comparison was made between a manual and automated method for preparing single
      cell suspensions from various types of human biopsy samples. The automated method
      uses the shearing action of fluid movement generated by a reciprocating paddle
      system. When compared on 11 samples, the automated instrument always isolated
      cells in less time, usually requiring only 15-30 seconds in contrast to 10-15
      minutes for the manual method. The time comparisons involved "set up" time of the
      required minor equipment as well as the time to make a complete single cell
      suspension from the portion of the biopsy sample sent to the Flow Cytometry Lab
      so extra cells could be used for other purposes and cryogenically stored for
      future reference. Cells isolated by the automated method from various B
      lymphocytic and T-lymphocytic malignancies were still viable and could be
      successfully immunophenotyped by flow cytometry. The immunophenotyping results
      were compared for both cell isolation methods on seven of these samples, and the
      results were comparable. The automated technique has now been used to
      satisfactorily immunophenotype more than 50 biopsy samples. The automated method
      should represent a significant aid for clinical flow cytometry laboratories
      performing immunophenotyping tests by efficiently preparing single cell
      suspensions in a few seconds instead of minutes. Furthermore, the automated
      method uses a closed sterile bag system that helps minimize the exposure of
      personnel to potential infectious material present in biopsy samples and prevents
      external contamination of cell suspensions. The automated technique proven
      successful for immunophenotyping may also be helpful for related procedures
      involving hematopoietic malignancies such as DNA content analysis and cell
      functional assays by flow cytometry, as well as other assays such as tissue
      typing, gene probe, and in vitro chemosensitivity assays.

PMID- 2403740
TI  - An immunohistologic study of the feto-acinar pancreatic protein (FAP) in the
      normal pancreas, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and
      intraabdominal metastases of adenocarcinomas.
AB  - The immunohistologic distribution of the feto-acinar pancreatic protein (FAP),
      detected by the monoclonal antibody (MoAb) J28 using an indirect immunoperoxidase
      technique, is described. Tests were carried out on normal adult pancreas (n =
      10), chronic pancreatitis (n = 14), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n = 17),
      intraabdominal metastases of pancreatic and nonpancreatic origin (n = 22),
      metastatic tumors invading the pancreas (n = 3), nonpancreatic fetal (n = 39) and
      adult (n = 65) normal organs (n = 104), and nonpancreatic malignancies (n = 145).
      All sections were formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. In the normal pancreas,
      only a few positive acinar cells were found around some islets of Langerhans. In
      pancreatitis there was an increased expression of FAP protein in the acinar
      tissue in relation to inflammatory changes. In cases of primary pancreatic
      adenocarcinoma and metastatic tumors in the pancreas, a strong expression of FAP
      protein in the peritumoral acinar area was found. The tumors themselves were FAP
      protein negative, as were the nonpancreatic tumors and normal organs. It can be
      concluded that FAP protein, detected by MoAb J28 in tissue sections, is specific
      for pancreatic exocrine tissue with reactive changes.

PMID- 2403741
TI  - Alveolar soft part sarcoma. Immunohistochemical evidence for muscle cell
      differentiation.
AB  - Seven cases of alveolar soft part sarcomas (ASPSs) were studied
      immunohistochemically for the presence of a number of differentiation markers in
      an attempt to define the cellular nature of this tumor. Desmin-positive tumor
      cells were found in three and muscle actin-positive cells in four cases when
      studied in formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded material. In one case studied
      in frozen sections, focal desmin positivity but no other intermediate filaments
      were found. Immunostaining for synaptophysin, a general neuroendocrine marker,
      was negative in all cases. All tumors were positive with a monoclonal antibody
      NK1C3, which consistently stains melanomas, and three cases showed significant
      numbers of S-100 protein-positive tumor cells, but immunostaining with HMB-45, a
      melanoma-specific monoclonal antibody, was negative in all cases. However,
      several rhabdomyosarcomas studied for NK1C3 and S-100 protein for comparison were
      also at least focally positive. Electron microscopic examination, performed in
      three cases, showed uniform paucity of all kinds of filaments in the tumor cells
      of ASPS, and it specifically failed to reveal any signs of smooth or striated
      muscle cell differentiation. Thus, the results of the present study do not
      unequivocally define the nature of ASPS but speak against its paraganglionic
      character and present evidence for muscle cell differentiation.

PMID- 2403742
TI  - Stage is a better prognostic indicator than morphologic subtype in primary
      noncutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
AB  - The authors reviewed 28 primary noncutaneous T-cell lymphomas, referred to the
      Comprehensive Cancer Center Amsterdam, using the updated Kiel classification.
      Clinical course was related with stage of disease, morphologic subtype, and
      immunophenotype of the tumor cells. The incidence of primary noncutaneous T-cell
      lymphomas was 4.1 cases per 1,000,000 people per year. Morphologic classification
      was difficult and arbitrary. Immunohistochemistry contributed considerably in
      diagnosis of this group of tumors. All primary noncutaneous T-cell lymphomas had
      a poor prognosis, with no significant difference between predominantly small cell
      (low-grade) and large cell (high-grade) tumors. The only parameter significantly
      correlating with survival was the stage of the disease at presentation. The
      results suggest that all types of primary noncutaneous T-cell lymphoma are to be
      considered high grade and that primary localization (cutaneous vs. noncutaneous)
      and stage of disease at presentation appear to be more important as predictors of
      clinical outcome than morphologic or immunophenotypic subtype.

PMID- 2403743
TI  - Detection of B- and T-cells in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Diagnostic
      utility of commercially obtained 4KB5 and UCHL-1.
AB  - Although many recent studies have begun exploring the diagnostic utility of anti
      B- and anti-T-cell antibodies that work on paraffin-embedded tissue sections, the
      most optimal panel to use remains uncertain. In addition, many of the published
      reports have used antibodies obtained before their commercial formulation and
      distribution. For these reasons, B5-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from
      174 reactive or neoplastic lymphoid and hematopoietic proliferations were
      immunostained with the commercially obtained antibodies 4KB5, UCHL-1, and, in
      selected cases, L26. In reactive nodes, 4KB5 stained B-cell areas and UCHL-1 T
      cell areas. Seventy-nine percent of the B-cell neoplasms were 4KB5 positive, and
      only 2% were UCHL-1 positive. Two cases of myeloma were 4KB5 and UCHL-1 negative.
      The 4KB5-negative B-cell lymphomas (ML-B) were all L-26 positive. UCHL-1 stained
      78% of the T-cell lymphomas (ML-T), and 4KB5 stained 14%. In the five 4KB5
      positive putative T-cell lymphomas, immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene
      rearrangement studies were performed. In Hodgkin's disease (HD), Reed-Sternberg
      (RS) cells were UCHL-1 negative in 75% of cases and occasionally positive in 25%.
      Definite 4KB5 positivity of RS cells was identified in both cases of lymphocyte
      predominant HD and in one case of nodular sclerosing HD with monomorphic large
      cell areas. With the exception of 1 of 15 acute nonlymphocytic leukemias that was
      UCHL-1 positive, all acute leukemias were 4KB5 and UCHL-1 negative. In summary,
      commercially obtained 4KB5 and UCHL-1 form a useful but not absolutely specific
      or sensitive paraffin section immunoperoxidase panel for the categorization of B-
      and T-cell lymphoid neoplasms. Addition of L26 appears to add to the sensitivity
      and specificity of the panel. Definite immunophenotypic distinction of HD from
      non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, particularly of T-cell type, often was not possible.

PMID- 2403744
TI  - Immunohistochemical study on pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) in
      gastric carcinomas.
AB  - The expression of pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) was studied
      immunohistochemically in 106 cases of gastric carcinoma. Of the 45 intestinal
      type carcinomas, 34 cases (76%) expressed PSTI: 15 (63%) of 24 early carcinomas
      and 19 (90%) of 21 advanced carcinomas, the incidence being significantly
      different (P less than 0.05). Furthermore, in the intestinal-type carcinomas, a
      significant correlation was observed between PSTI expression and clinical stage
      or nodal involvement. On the other hand, of the 61 diffuse-type carcinomas,
      including 27 early and 34 advanced carcinomas, 54 cases (89%) were positive for
      PSTI; a high incidence of the PSTI expression was observed in both early and
      advanced carcinomas, being 93% and 85%, respectively. Moreover, PSTI-positive
      cells were localized in more than half of the early diffuse-type gastric
      carcinomas at the invading zone of the surrounding tissues. The incidence of PSTI
      expression in advanced scirrhous-type carcinomas (100%) was significantly higher
      than that (76%) in medullary-type ones (P less than 0.05). Thus, the present
      findings, together with the previous reports that PSTI stimulates 3H-thymidine
      incorporation into DNA in human fibroblasts, suggest that the PSTI expressed in
      gastric carcinomas may possibly possess a biologic function responsible for the
      tumor growth and progression and for the stromal proliferation of fibrous
      tissues.

PMID- 2403745
TI  - Necrotizing granulomatosis of the spleen in chronic granulomatous disease.

PMID- 2403746
TI  - Harvey Cushing operates on a child with tuberculosis of the spine.

PMID- 2403747
TI  - Comparison of acellular and whole-cell pertussis-component DTP vaccines. A
      multicenter double-blind study in 4- to 6-year-old children.
AB  - An acellular pertussis-component combined diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and
      pertussis (APDT) vaccine adsorbed was compared with a licensed whole-cell
      pertussis-component combined diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and pertussis (DTP)
      vaccine adsorbed for reactogenicity and immunogenicity when given as the fifth
      DTP immunization to eighty-two 4- to 6-year-old children. The reaction rates with
      both vaccines were low; APDT vaccine recipients had significantly less pain and
      warmth at the injection site than did DTP vaccine recipients. Antibody responses
      to pertussis antigens (lymphocytosis-promoting factor, filamentous hemagglutinin,
      and agglutinogens) and to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids were all brisk. The APDT
      vaccine recipients had a more marked response in antibodies to filamentous
      hemagglutinin and a less marked response in agglutinins than whole-cell vaccine
      recipients. On the day after immunization, both APDT and DTP vaccine recipients
      had an increase in mean leukocyte and neutrophil counts. This APDT vaccine is
      immunogenic and less reactogenic than a DTP vaccine with a whole-cell pertussis
      component when administered as a booster to 4- to 6-year-old children.

PMID- 2403748
TI  - Adolescent acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A paradigm for training in early
      intervention and care.

PMID- 2403749
TI  - Major congenital neurologic malformations. A 17-year survey.
AB  - We present characteristics of four major congenital neurologic malformations-
      anencephaly, spina bifida, encephaloceles, and hydrocephalus--from a population
      of 763, 364 live-born and still-born infants born from 1971 through 1987. During
      the 17-year study period, 275 infants had anencephaly (0.36 per 1000 total
      births), 526 had spina bifida (0.69 per 1000 total births), 112 had
      encephaloceles (0.15 per 1000 total births), and 370 had hydrocephalus (0.48 per
      1000 total births). There was a female preponderance of infants with anencephaly,
      spina bifida, and encephaloceles, while males predominated among those with
      hydrocephalus. We found declining incidences of anencephaly, spina bifida, and
      encephaloceles only among white females. Black infants were significantly less
      likely than white infants or infants of other races to have spina bifida. Twenty
      percent of infants with anencephaly had congenital anomalies unrelated to the
      primary defect, as did 40% with encephaloceles, 37% with hydrocephalus, and 22%
      with spina bifida. Because the racial background of the patient population
      closely resembles that of the United States as a whole, the features of the
      malformations described may reflect those of the country.

PMID- 2403750
TI  - Children of mentally retarded parents.

PMID- 2403751
TI  - Abdominal catastrophes and other unusual events in continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis patients.
AB  - Primary bacterial peritonitis and catheter-associated infections compose the
      large majority of abdominal events in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
      (CAPD) patients. Yet occasionally primary pathology involving the abdominal
      viscera develops, and surgery is frequently considered. The early manifestations
      of intraabdominal inflammation or bleeding in patients undergoing CAPD depend on
      the pathological process, its access to the peritoneal cavity, and whether
      generalized bacterial peritonitis supervenes to obscure helpful physical
      findings. Clear dialysate is not a reliable sign that major pathology is absent,
      nor does initial stabilization of the clinical course with antibiotic therapy
      uniformly indicate that surgery will not be necessary. Polymicrobial peritonitis
      may develop in cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or from a colonic source, the latter
      featuring more bacterial species and more gram-negative and anaerobic organisms.
      A history directed at progression of symptoms and sites of abdominal discomfort
      and an examination for deep local tenderness and bowel incarcerated in an
      abdominal wall hernia are essential. Measurement of dialysate amylase and Gram
      stain of dialysate for food fibers may be helpful. Imaging techniques such as
      abdominal radiographs for dilated bowel or free subdiaphragmatic air,
      ultrasonography of the gallbladder or pancreas, computed tomographic (CT)
      scanning of the lower abdomen, and water-soluble contrast colonic studies may
      help identify the pathologic process. Special studies such as these should be
      considered early in the course of suspected unusual abdominal events in patients
      on CAPD.

PMID- 2403752
TI  - Time-related increase in hematocrit on chronic hemodialysis: uncertain role of
      renal cysts.
AB  - We studied the long-term changes in hematocrit in 283 center hemodialysis
      patients. Mean duration of dialysis (+/- SD) was 53.8 +/- 43.4 months, with a
      range of 6 to 176 months. The correlations of hematocrit with clinical factors,
      laboratory values, and renal cystic changes were investigated. Time on dialysis
      was the strongest single predictor of hematocrit for the whole group (r = 0.351,
      P less than 0.001) and for men and women analyzed separately. Longitudinal 5-year
      (n = 83) and 10-year (n = 21) data showed a continuous increase in hematocrit
      levels over time (r = 0.414, P less than 0.001 over 10 years). Patients at the
      dialyzer reuse center (n = 224) had higher hematocrit levels than those at the
      center that did not reuse (n = 59). Although time on dialysis was strongly
      correlated with increasing extent of renal cystic change (r = 0.387, P less than
      0.001), the correlations of cyst extent and time on dialysis with hematocrit were
      not independent by multiple regression analysis. We conclude that hematocrit
      increases progressively over time in patients on chronic hemodialysis. The
      mechanisms responsible for this do not seem to involve cystic transformation of
      the kidneys and remain unclear.

PMID- 2403753
TI  - Beta 2-microglobulin amyloidosis in a patient treated exclusively by continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - The histological demonstration of beta 2-microglobulin (B2M) amyloidosis in a 75
      year-old man treated exclusively by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
      (CAPD) for 87 months is reported. Amyloid deposits were detected in all joints
      from which synovial specimens were obtained at autopsy. It is of note that the
      patient had never undergone hemodialysis and had suffered only one episode of
      peritonitis. Both features are of interest, as the few reports of dialysis
      related amyloidosis (DRA) in CAPD include patients who have been hemodialyzed and
      have suffered repeated episodes of peritonitis, both conditions being
      incriminated in the genesis of B2M amyloidosis. We conclude that DRA may develop
      in the absence of artificial membranes or frequent peritonitis episodes.

PMID- 2403754
TI  - "The Bar Harbor Course": a 30-year veteran in the teaching of human genetics.

PMID- 2403756
TI  - Empiric chemotherapy in patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site.
AB  - Analysis of the results of chemotherapy in patients with carcinoma of unknown
      primary site is complicated by the small sizes of most treatment series and
      patient heterogeneity. Careful evaluation of clinical and pathologic information
      may identify patients with a relatively high likelihood of response to systemic
      therapy. This includes patients in whom immunohistochemical studies or electron
      microscopy, or both, suggest a likely tumor type responsive to systemic therapy,
      such as prostate cancer, lymphoma, or a neuroendocrine tumor. Clinical evaluation
      can also identify potentially responsive patients, particularly those with
      clinical features in common with the extragonadal germ cell tumor syndrome. For
      patients who do not fit into these more treatable categories, most combination
      chemotherapy programs have response rates of less than 30% and median survivals
      of less than one year. Randomized trials have not established any clearly
      superior chemotherapy program. Regimens containing both Adriamycin (doxorubicin)
      and mitomycin-C produce response rates of approximately 25% but are associated
      with the possibility of severe hematologic toxicity, and rarely a syndrome
      resembling the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The choice between chemotherapy and
      supportive care only must be individualized, and the latter option is appropriate
      for many patients. More detailed clinical and pathologic analyses in conjunction
      with clinical trials, particularly employing newer diagnostic techniques, are
      vital to provide better prospective data from which to identify relevant clinical
      subsets that allow an estimate of an individual patient's likelihood of response
      and the suitability of systemic chemotherapy.

PMID- 2403755
TI  - Adult and infantile glycogenosis type II in one family, explained by allelic
      diversity.
AB  - To define the cause of clinical heterogeneity in glycogenosis type II we have
      studied the inheritance and molecular nature of acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency
      in a rare family with severe infantile as well as mild late-onset variants of
      this disease. The (mutant) acid alpha-glucosidase alleles of crucial family
      members were segregated in human-mouse somatic cell hybrids to investigate their
      individual function. Two types of mutant alleles were identified. The first leads
      to complete deficiency of acid alpha-glucosidase. Homozygosity of this allele is
      demonstrated in three cases of severe infantile glycogenosis type II in the
      family under study. The second mutant allele is characterized by a reduced net
      production of catalytically active acid alpha-glucosidase, resulting in partial
      enzyme deficiency. The eldest patient in the family, with very mild clinical
      symptoms, is shown to be a compound heterozygote having both types of mutant
      alleles. These studies emphasize the effect of allelic diversity on the level of
      residual acid alpha-glucosidase activity and on the clinical course of
      glycogenosis type II.

PMID- 2403757
TI  - Varicella hepatitis in the immunocompromised adult: a case report and review of
      the literature.

PMID- 2403758
TI  - Hamartoma of the scalp with ectopic meningothelial elements. A distinctive benign
      soft tissue lesion that may simulate angiosarcoma.
AB  - Five cases of a distinctive benign soft tissue lesion of the scalp in patients
      ranging from 4 months to 40 years of age are described. Clinically, the lesions
      appeared as solitary, subcutaneous nodules suggestive of a cystic vascular
      malformation or other benign condition. Histologically, however, the lesions were
      characterized by a monotonous, pseudoinfiltrative proliferation of cuboidal
      epithelioid cells arranged in clusters within the dermis and subcutaneous tissue
      in intimate association with vessels, adipose tissue, and other connective tissue
      elements. A prominent feature in all cases was the presence of areas simulating
      freely anastomosing vascular channels lined by round to spindle-shaped, slightly
      hyperchromatic epithelioid cells reminiscent of angiosarcoma.
      Immunohistochemically, these cells were negative for factor VIII-related antigen
      and Ulex europaeus lectin but were strongly positive with vimentin and epithelial
      membrane antigen antibodies, this latter being in keeping with the
      immunohistochemical profile of meningothelial cells. The meningothelial nature of
      these cells was supported by the electron microscopic demonstration in one case
      of cells with complex, interdigitating cytoplasmic processes that were joined by
      scattered cell junctions and contained abundant intracytoplasmic intermediate
      filaments. The intimate admixture of meningothelial elements with haphazardly
      arranged connective tissue elements sets these lesions apart from cutaneous
      meningiomas and warrants their designation as hamartomas with an ectopic
      meningothelial component.

PMID- 2403759
TI  - The colonic pathology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection.
AB  - We report the colonic pathology of two surgical excisions and two autopsies from
      patients acutely infected by E. coli O157:H7. The right colon was most severely
      affected. Extreme edema, fibrin deposition, and hemorrhage in the submucosa was
      the most distinctive finding. All cases showed patchy mucosal ulceration, mucosal
      hemorrhage, neutrophil infiltration, and microvascular thrombi. Pseudomembranous
      lesions similar to those described in pseudomembranous colitis caused by
      Clostridium difficile were a minor feature. Advanced lesions displayed
      regenerative mucosal changes and heavy plasmacytic infiltration of submucosa. The
      colonic pathology may be due to bacterial verocytotoxin rather than to bacterial
      attachment-effacement or invasion.

PMID- 2403760
TI  - Multiple cutaneous neuromuscular choristomas. Report of a case and a review of
      the literature.
AB  - We report a case of two neuromuscular choristomas occurring in separate cutaneous
      locations in a healthy 3-month-old infant. Both lesions had an identical
      histologic appearance and were composed of mature skeletal muscle cells admixed
      with nerve fibers. In all previous reports, neuromuscular choristoma has arisen
      in association with a major nerve, and most lesions have been solitary. The two
      separate cutaneous choristomas in this case suggest that this lesion may arise
      from the neuroectodermal-derived Schwann cell.

PMID- 2403761
TI  - Preoperative assessment of malignant hepatic tumors.
AB  - Over a 31-month period, 100 patients with malignant hepatic tumors were
      preoperatively evaluated with three imaging techniques. The results of
      intravenously enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan, selective hepatic arterial
      contrast CT, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were compared with operative
      findings. A total of 227 lesions were identified, with the sensitivity for tumor
      detection being arteriographically enhanced CT 94% (p less than 0.01), MRI 70%,
      and CT 66%. This advantage for arteriographically enhanced CT was most marked for
      lesions less than 1 cm in diameter (82% versus 20% for MRI and 5% for CT; p less
      than 0.01). Arteriographically enhanced CT was also most sensitive in assessing
      tumor margins. MRI was clearly superior to arteriographically enhanced CT or CT
      in detecting vascular involvement (85% versus 30% and 8%, respectively; p less
      than 0.01). No imaging technique was sensitive in determining extrahepatic
      involvement. Arteriographically enhanced CT was also best at predicting the
      operative procedure. The combination of arteriographically enhanced CT and MRI
      was the best predictor of true disease. We conclude that both arteriographically
      enhanced CT and MRI should be used for preoperative assessment of hepatic
      malignancies.

PMID- 2403762
TI  - Role models in the education of surgeons.

PMID- 2403763
TI  - Long-term results of pancreatic resection and segmental pancreatic
      autotransplantation for chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - Thirteen patients who underwent extensive pancreatic resection and segmental
      autotransplantation and who have a median follow-up of 62 months are presented.
      Eleven patients had technically successful grafts. Three of six patients who
      underwent total pancreatectomy and three of five patients who underwent near
      total resection remain insulin-independent. Those patients who require insulin
      require small doses and have stable diabetes. Pain has recurred in 7 of the 11
      patients who underwent distal subtotal resection; 5 of them required
      pancreatoduodenectomy and completion pancreatectomy for pain relief. Because of
      the high rate of recurrence of pain after distal resection, we favor
      pancreatoduodenectomy as the initial procedure of choice. When distal near-total
      or total pancreatectomy is required, the addition of segmental
      autotransplantation offers definitive, although at times transient, benefits in
      glucose homeostasis compared with no transplantation.

PMID- 2403764
TI  - Evaluation and treatment of the dominant dorsal duct syndrome (pancreas divisum
      redefined).
AB  - The controversial association of pancreatitis and pancreas divisum was studied in
      100 patients (77 women, 23 men, median age 35) with episodic acute pancreatitis
      (49%) or "pancreatic pain" (51%). Seventy-one had classic pancreas divisum (type
      1); 23 had only a dorsal duct with an absent Wirsung's duct (type 2); and 6 had a
      filamentous connection between the two duct systems (type 3). Accessory papilla
      sphincteroplasty was performed in 88 patients, with a mean follow-up of 53
      months. The orifice was stenotic at the mucosal level in 66 patients. Seventy
      percent of patients have shown improvement: 85% if the accessory papilla was
      stenotic, compared with 27% if it was not (p less than 0.0001); and 82% with
      discrete attacks, compared with 56% with chronic pain (p = 0.002). Judged against
      intraoperative calibration of accessory papilla orifice diameter, ultrasonography
      with secretin stimulation was 78% sensitive for accessory papilla stenosis, with
      3% false-positive results. Ultrasonography with secretin stimulation was the best
      predictor of surgical success: positive = 92% success (attacks or pain) versus
      negative = 40% success (64% with attacks; 21% with pain). There have been seven
      restenoses with six reoperations. We conclude that (1) pancreas divisum is but
      one variety of pancreatic anatomy characterized by a dominant dorsal duct and
      dependence on secretion through the accessory papilla; (2) accessory papilla
      stenosis appears to be a necessary cofactor to produce a morbid state, whether
      episodic pancreatitis or pancreatic pain; (3) presentation with pancreatitis and
      a positive result on the ultrasound-secretin test are the best predictors of
      successful accessory papilla sphincteroplasty.

PMID- 2403766
TI  - Temporal artery biopsy.
AB  - Though surgeons have little input in the selection of patients for temporal
      artery biopsy, a knowledge of temporal-artery anatomy and the pathophysiology of
      temporal arteritis is important. All temporal-artery biopsies done at Carraway
      Methodist Medical Center between January 1980 and January 1985 were reviewed.
      Seventy-three biopsies were performed on 70 patients and eight (11.4%) were found
      to have temporal arteritis histologically. One patient was judged to have
      temporal arteritis clinically, despite a negative biopsy of short length. Six of
      eight patients with positive biopsies were female, with an average age of 71.7
      years. The most common signs and symptoms of those patients with positive
      biopsies were temporal headache (8/8), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
      (7/8), temporal tenderness (5/8), jaw claudication (3/8), and visual changes
      (3/8). All biopsies were done under local anesthesia and there were no
      complications. With increasing awareness of the segmental nature of the disease,
      the length of biopsy specimens (formalin treated) increased from an average of
      0.4 cm in 1980 to 2.4 cm in 1984. During this time, the positive rate increased
      from 0 per cent (0/9) to 17 per cent (4/24). A generous biopsy of approximately 5
      cm in length of fresh vessel is recommended to confirm the suspected diagnosis of
      temporal arteritis.

PMID- 2403765
TI  - Organ distribution of gut-derived bacteria caused by bowel manipulation or
      ischemia.
AB  - Translocation of carbon-14-labeled Escherichia coli from the gut was studied at
      the specified times in the following groups of rats: Group 1, 5 hours after
      ligation of the superior mesenteric artery; Group 2, 5 hours after laparotomy and
      exposure of the superior mesenteric artery with gentle removal and replacement of
      the intestines; and Group 3, 5 hours after handling but no surgical manipulation.
      Both living and dead bacteria were administered by means of gavage, and the
      effect of viability, intestinal ischemia without reperfusion, and bowel
      manipulation on the translocation of enteric bacteria was assessed. We
      demonstrated that (1) even gentle bowel manipulation causes bacteremia as great
      as that associated with ligation of the superior mesenteric artery; (2) dead E.
      coli are absorbed into the blood in the presence of bowel manipulation or
      ischemia but less effectively than are live E. coli; (3) live bacteria are found
      in highest concentration in the lung and in descending order in the liver,
      kidney, heart, and spleen; (4) dead bacteria absorbed from the gut are found in
      highest concentration in the kidney and the liver. Lesser amounts are found in
      the lung, spleen, and heart.

PMID- 2403767
TI  - Nosocomial sepsis associated with interleukin-2.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence, clinical magnitude, and risk factors
      for nosocomial bacteremia in patients given interleukin-2 with or without (+/-)
      lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells for cancer immunotherapy. DESIGN: Cohort
      study. SETTING: Clinical study unit of tertiary medical center. PATIENTS: All
      patients entering the interleukin-2 +/- LAK cancer immunotherapy protocol during
      a 28-month period. Control groups were patients in a surgical intensive care
      unit, patients receiving total parenteral nutrition, and patients with solid
      tumors. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Twenty of 107 (19%) interleukin-2-treated
      patients developed sepsis; in 12 of these patients, sepsis was intravenous
      catheter-associated. The bacteremia rate among patients receiving total
      parenteral nutrition, in the surgical intensive care unit, or having solid tumors
      was 2.8%, 4.1%, and 1.9%, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was the pathogen in
      13 courses; Staphylococcus epidermidis, in 5; and Escherichia coli, in 2. Two
      patients died; three developed suppurative thrombophlebitis; one developed septic
      arthritis; one, septic arterial aneurysm; and one, peritonitis with probable
      meningitis. Colonization with S. aureus increased the risk of S. aureus
      bacteremia 6.3-fold (95% CI, 2.8 to 14.5; P less than 0.001); skin desquamation
      at the catheter site increased the relative risk 2.0-fold (95% CI, 1.3 to 3.1; P
      = 0.031). Both colonization with S. aureus and skin desquamation increased the
      relative risk of S. aureus bacteremia 14.5-fold (95% CI, 4.1 to 50.9; P less than
      0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Staphylococcal bacteremia is more frequent in patients
      receiving interleukin-2 therapy and is associated with substantial morbidity and
      toxic skin reactions.

PMID- 2403768
TI  - Extracorporeal biliary lithotripsy. Review of experimental studies and a clinical
      update.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify the technical and physical principles of extracorporeal
      biliary lithotripsy that are clinically relevant, and to review the patient
      series published to date. DATA IDENTIFICATION: Studies published since 1983
      identified through a computerized search of MEDLINE and extensive hand searching
      of bibliographies in identified articles. STUDY SELECTION: Twenty-nine studies
      done in vitro or in animals and 21 studies in humans assessing biliary
      lithotripsy. DATA EXTRACTION: Based on an understanding of experimental
      determinants of fragmentation, we assess and explain the differences in the
      results from the clinical studies. The conclusions concerning overall clinical
      efficacy and safety are emphasized. RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS: Extracorporeal
      shock waves will safely fragment the gallstones of 80% to 100% of selected
      patients. However, the rate of satisfactory fragmentation (defined as the
      persistence of fragments only 3 to 5 mm in diameter or less) varies widely among
      the studies (22% to 78%); this discrepancy depends partly on differing
      characteristics of stone populations. For patients presenting with solitary
      stones of 20 mm in diameter or less, 90% will be stone-free within 6 to 9 months
      after lithotripsy; moreover, the success of lithotripsy determines the rapidity
      and extent of fragment dissolution. Bile-duct-stone lithotripsy is reserved for
      patients in whom endoscopic stone extraction and intracorporeal lithotripsy, with
      or without direct contact dissolution, have failed. Lithotripsy achieves ductal
      clearance in 55% to 85% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Extracorporeal lithotripsy is
      safe and effective in selected patients, and has a definite role to play in
      managing patients with biliary stone disease. Its role in the coming years will
      depend on technical improvements in the generators, a tailored approach to
      complementary dissolution or extraction, and effective prophylactic therapy for
      preventing gallstone recurrence.

PMID- 2403769
TI  - Proliferation and differentiation characteristics of normal human squamous
      mucosal cells of the upper aerodigestive tract.
AB  - Normal human squamous mucosal cells of the soft palate, buccal surface,
      epiglottis, hypopharynx, floor of the mouth, and tongue were cultured in vitro in
      serum-free medium. In medium MCDB 153 containing epidermal growth factor,
      insulin, bovine pituitary extract, and 0.1 or 2.0 mmol/L Ca++, squamous mucosal
      cells double every 24 hours. These cells then can be induced to arrest their
      proliferation reversibly by treatment with transforming growth factor-beta or
      ethionine, and they can irreversibly growth-arrest during senescence or when
      cultured in growth factor-deficient medium containing 2 mmol/L Ca++. The latter
      medium also induces differentiation, as does culture of cells in serum-containing
      medium. Serum-containing medium furthermore promotes extensive cell
      stratification and the formation of multilayered squamous mucosal tissue
      specimens that can be removed intact by Dispase treatment. These specimens
      represent potential autogenous mucosal grafts that can be used in patients who
      require reconstructive surgery of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Normal human
      squamous mucosal cells therefore closely resemble keratinocytes derived from the
      epidermis in the mechanisms that regulate proliferation and differentiation. This
      model cell system should facilitate future studies on upper aerodigestive tract
      squamous mucosal cell physiology and pathophysiology.

PMID- 2403770
TI  - Hepatic resection.
AB  - The current performance and applicability of elective hepatic resection
      represents an impressive evolution. From removal of tumor-bearing, ill-defined
      portions of the liver, which is always threatened by the inability to control
      bleeding, surgery of the liver has progressed to hemostatically controlled
      dissection of anatomically defined portions of the organ. Accompanying the series
      of technical refinements that have markedly reduced the mortality and morbidity
      rates associated with the procedure, there has been an expansion of the
      indications for hepatic resection.

PMID- 2403771
TI  - Acute gastroduodenal perforations associated with use of crack.
AB  - Crack, the free-base form of cocaine, was introduced as an illicit street drug in
      1986. Since then, we have noted a significant increase in acute gastroduodenal
      perforations. Between 1982 and 1986, we treated 11 patients with such
      perforations. This represents a constant occurrence rate of 6% of hospital
      admissions for peptic ulcer disease. Since 1986 we have treated 16 patients with
      gastroduodenal perforation, which yields an occurrence rate of 16%. Nine of the
      16 patients had a close temporal relationship between the use of crack and the
      onset of their perforation. This group was younger and disproportionately
      comprised of male patients. These findings led us to believe that there may be a
      pathogenic relationship between the use of crack and acute gastroduodenal
      perforation, and the clinician should be aware of the various potential
      complications of this new drug. This relationship also raises questions about the
      exact pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 2403772
TI  - Hepatobiliary cystadenoma with mesenchymal stroma.
AB  - In a detailed review of cystic hepatobiliary neoplasms, we identified a subset of
      50 cases in which tumors were characterized by the presence of a mesenchymal cell
      layer interposed between an inner epithelial lining and an outer connective
      tissue layer. We have recently seen three such patients, making a total of 53
      patients reported in the English literature. All of the patients were female, 44
      of whom, with an average age of 41 years, had benign tumors. The average age of
      the remaining nine patients was 57 years and these patients had malignant tumors.
      In seven patients, the malignancy arose from the epithelial layer, but in two
      patients sarcomatous changes were identified in the mesenchymal tissues. The
      older age of the patients with malignant tumors with adequate serial biopsies in
      two cases supported the thesis that malignant transformation may occur in the
      benign tumors. Moreover the location of the tumor in one of our patients in whom
      the resected tumor was associated with anomalous right hepatic ducts and portal
      veins supported the theory that these tumors develop embryologically from nests
      of primitive hepatobiliary endodermal and mesodermal cells. Although surgical
      treatment was performed in all patients, 25% of the patients with benign
      hepatobiliary cystadenoma with mesenchymal stroma (CMS), and 33% of the patients
      with malignant CMS had tumor recurrence after primary resection. Ninety per cent
      of these patients had an incomplete resection at the time of their initial
      operations. Forty-four per cent of the patients with malignant CMS died after a
      mean follow-up of 17 months. We conclude that CMS (Edmonson's tumor) occurs
      uniquely in young female patients, develops from nests of primitive embryonal
      cells, has the potential for malignant transformation, and should be completely
      resected at primary operation to avoid recurrence.

PMID- 2403774
TI  - Mont R. Reid, M.D. (1889-1943). A centennial tribute.

PMID- 2403773
TI  - Ibuprofen in acute-care therapy.
AB  - Ibuprofen is a potent cyclooxygenase inhibitor known to reduce the production of
      arachidonic acid metabolites. Prostacyclin and thromboxane are well-studied
      metabolites that play a prominent role in inflammation. Many of the effects of
      ibuprofen can be linked to its anti-inflammatory properties. Beneficial results
      from ibuprofen therapy have been documented, and more widespread use of the drug
      seems indicated. Conditions ranging from immunologic response to trauma and
      sepsis to postburn lung dysfunction to wound edema are improved by the use of
      ibuprofen. The fact that ibuprofen is effective in the various conditions
      detailed above, while other steroidal and nonsteroidal drugs are effective only
      in selective instances, increases the value of ibuprofen. Other properties of the
      drug, aside from its anti-inflammatory effects, are not as well studied and not
      as well known. Their importance, however, should not be overlooked. Superoxide
      radical tissue injury may be very important in acute injury and this phenomenon
      needs further study. In several studies ibuprofen has been shown to antagonize
      this type of injury. Similarly fibrinolysis inhibition is known to occur in burn
      wounds, but its role in other injuries is unknown. The antagonism of this
      inhibitor by ibuprofen maintains vascular patency. The clinical use of ibuprofen
      will increase as research further elucidates the mechanisms of tissue injury in
      acute situations and the many and varied mechanisms of action of ibuprofen.

PMID- 2403775
TI  - Morphine-induced metabolic changes in human brain. Studies with positron emission
      tomography and [fluorine 18]fluorodeoxyglucose.
AB  - Morphine sulfate effects (30 mg, intramuscularly) on cerebral glucose utilization
      and subjective self-reports were examined in 12 polydrug abusers by positron
      emission tomography and [fluorine 18]fluorodeoxyglucose in a double-blind placebo
      controlled crossover study. During testing, subjects sat with eyes covered,
      listening to white noise and "beep" prompts. Morphine significantly reduced
      glucose utilization by 10% in whole brain and by about 5% to 15% in telencephalic
      areas and the cerebellar cortex, assuming no contribution of hypercapnia. When
      the contribution of PaCO2 (45 minutes after morphine was administered) was
      partialled out, significant morphine-induced reductions persisted in whole brain
      and six cortical areas. Irrespective of morphine, left-greater-than-right
      asymmetry occurred in the temporal cortex, and an interaction between hemisphere
      and drug was noted in the postcentral gyrus. In most cases, effects on glucose
      utilization were not significantly related to measures of euphoria.

PMID- 2403776
TI  - Corrections and additions to the history of light therapy and seasonal affective
      disorder.

PMID- 2403777
TI  - Primary T-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system.
AB  - We describe a 64-year-old man who presented with a 9-month history of a
      progressive neurologic disturbance affecting principally his short-term memory,
      eye movements, and sense of balance. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance
      imaging showed a 3-cm mass in the left cerebellar hemisphere. This was removed at
      craniotomy and proved histologically to be a diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
      Further investigation showed no evidence of lymphoma elsewhere in the body.
      Immunohistochemical studies with an extensive panel of monoclonal antibodies
      showed the tumor cells to be T cells staining with the markers UCHL1, MT1, OKT3,
      and OKT11. Cells of the helper phenotype predominated. A small admixed reactive
      population of polyclonal B cells and macrophages was also present. The
      proliferation count as judged with the antibody Ki67 was about 15%. Primary
      cerebral lymphoma is in itself a rare entity with most cases being of B-cell
      origin. Primary cerebral T-cell lymphoma is extremely rare and the few previously
      reported cases are reviewed.

PMID- 2403778
TI  - Multilobated B-cell lymphoma. A clinicopathologic study of 24 cases.
AB  - The clinical, histologic, and immunologic features of 24 cases of multilobated B
      cell lymphoma are presented and compared with those of previously reported cases.
      Cases were included in this study when more than 50% of the tumor cells had
      nuclear multilobation. There were 13 males and 11 females with an age range of 13
      to 79 years. A slight predominance of node-based presentations was observed.
      Seventeen patients (71%) presented with advanced (stage III or IV) disease.
      Complete remissions were achieved in 13 (59%) of 22 patients, and 14 (58%) of the
      24 patients were still alive after a follow-up period ranging from 10 to 124
      months. The 1-year survival was 65% (SE = 10%). Relapses occurred in 4 (31%) of
      13 patients with complete responses. These observations, together with those
      previously reported, support the conclusion that the multilobated B-cell variant
      of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma behaves in a fashion similar to that of the
      intermediate-grade, diffuse, large-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

PMID- 2403779
TI  - Kaposi's sarcoma in transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A
      case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Kaposi's sarcoma in transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is
      rare; to our knowledge, only four previous cases have been reported. We report a
      unique case of transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a 74
      year-old woman. At autopsy, both lungs were extensively affected by Kaposi's
      sarcoma, Pneumocystis carinii, and cytomegalovirus infection. These three
      processes led to respiratory failure and accounted for her death.

PMID- 2403780
TI  - Mitral and aortic valve disease associated with ergotamine therapy for migraine.
      Report of two cases and review of literature.
AB  - Ergotamine has been associated with numerous vascular complications but only
      rarely with fibrosing disorders or valvular heart disease. Two patients are
      described in whom severe valvular dysfunction developed during ergotamine therapy
      for migraine headache. The surgically excised mitral and aortic valves were
      involved by a proliferative process that was strikingly similar to lesions
      described in patients with carcinoid heart disease and methysergide-associated
      valvular disease.

PMID- 2403781
TI  - Primary renal carcinoid.
AB  - A case of primary renal carcinoid in a 34-year-old man is reported. The lesion
      was morphologically identical to carcinoid tumors arising in the gastrointestinal
      or respiratory tracts. The renal carcinoid was focally argyrophilic and contained
      chromogranin and neuron-specific enolase disclosed by immunohistochemical
      studies. The diagnosis was further confirmed by membrane-bound cytoplasmic
      neurosecretory granules visualized by electron microscopy. The possible
      histogenesis of this unusual tumor and a review of the literature are discussed.

PMID- 2403782
TI  - Transitional mucosa of colon. A morphological, histochemical, and
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - We studied alterations in the transitional mucosa of the colon in 18 cases of
      primary colonic adenocarcinoma (4 from the cecum; 4, the ascending colon; 5, the
      descending colon; 2, the sigmoid colon; and 3, the rectum). One patient had 2
      separate primary tumors. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections were studied
      in all cases, and tissues fixed in methacarn fixative were available in 9.
      Sections of tumor and transitional mucosa were compared with those of normal
      mucosa distant from the tumor. Sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin,
      Masson's trichrome, and alcian blue at a pH of 0.9 (sulfomucin) and at a pH of
      2.5 (sialomucin and sulfomucin). Immunoperoxidase stains for collagen type IV
      (basal lamina) were also performed. Transitional mucosa showed morphological
      alterations, including increase in mucosal thickness and crypt distortion. An
      increase in lamina propria fibrosis was noted in transitional mucosa in 3 cases.
      Abnormal mucin content, consisting of a predominance of sialomucin, was noted in
      transitional mucosa in 12 cases. In one of these, sialomucin was predominant in
      both transitional and normal mucosa. No alterations in the thickness of the
      subepithelial collagen table were noted. Collagen type IV staining was effective
      in demonstrating an increase in lamina propria vascularity in transitional mucosa
      in 11 specimens.

PMID- 2403783
TI  - Generalized beta 2-microglobulin deposition.

PMID- 2403784
TI  - Mesangiopathic glomerulonephritis in Zuni Indians.

PMID- 2403785
TI  - Oxygen as an antibiotic. The effect of inspired oxygen on bacterial clearance.
AB  - Previous experimentation with the guinea pig skin injection model showed that
      altering the fraction of inspired oxygen had a significant effect on infectious
      necrosis. Using the same model, we performed quantitative bacterial cultures to
      determine the number of viable injected bacteria 24 and 48 hours after injection.
      Animals were randomized to receive 12%, 21%, and 45% inspired oxygen. A
      significant decrease in bacterial number was seen at 45% inspired oxygen between
      24 and 48 hours, and a significant decrease occurred at 48 hours between 12% and
      45% inspired oxygen. These results demonstrated a prominent role for oxygen in
      bacterial clearance and host defense.

PMID- 2403786
TI  - Cerebeller ataxia.

PMID- 2403787
TI  - Alalia, aphemia, and aphasia.
AB  - In the 1860s, vigorous debate followed Paul Broca's seminal aphasiological
      observations. Scientific, philosophical, and personal disagreements affected
      ensuing nosological disputes. Competing terms to designate disorders of speech
      and language were alalia (used by Jacques Lordat), aphemia (coined by Broca), and
      the ultimately triumphant aphasia (introduced by Armand Trousseau). How these
      designations came into being, how they were used, and how they were received by
      the scientific community reflected controversies surrounding the birth of modern
      aphasiology.

PMID- 2403788
TI  - On becoming an authority.

PMID- 2403790
TI  - Affective disorders in multiple sclerosis. Review and recommendations for
      clinical research.
AB  - This review of research on affective disorders in multiple sclerosis was prepared
      by members of the Cognitive Function Study Group of the National Multiple
      Sclerosis Society (New York, NY) to call attention to the prevalence and
      seriousness of emotional disturbances in multiple sclerosis, and to encourage
      further investigation of these syndromes. We present English-language studies of
      euphoria, pathological laughing and weeping, depression, and bipolar disorder,
      describe methodological limitations, and suggest areas for future clinical
      research.

PMID- 2403789
TI  - Guidelines for neuropsychological research in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Acquisition of scientific information regarding the neuropsychological aspects of
      multiple sclerosis has been hampered by studies using small, inadequately
      described patient and control samples and a wide array of cognitive test
      procedures that hinder multicenter data pooling. Based on a review of key issues
      of clinical need and experimental interest, research guidelines are proposed for
      investigations in this burgeoning research area. The guidelines include
      suggestions for sampling methods, population characterization, and control groups
      as well as a recommended core battery of neuropsychological tests for use in this
      population. It is hoped that these guidelines will advance knowledge about the
      neuropsychology of multiple sclerosis by helping to promote sound experimental
      design, facilitate cross-study comparison, and encourage multicenter
      collaborative efforts.

PMID- 2403791
TI  - Sonographic assessment of growth of the fetal head in diabetic pregnancies
      compared with normal gestations.
AB  - A longitudinal ultrasound study was conducted in 45 insulin-dependent diabetic
      patients who maintained good glycemic control (mean plasma glucose less than 120
      mg/dl) throughout most of their pregnancy in order to assess growth of the fetal
      head in the presence of euglycemia. Patients with and without vasculopathy were
      found to be comparable with regard to their glycemic control, medical and
      obstetric complications, as well as incremental growth and the velocity of growth
      of the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD). When compared with the control group, the
      velocity of growth of the BPD was not significantly different throughout
      pregnancy. However, the actual increment in BPD growth remained less than that of
      the control fetuses, especially during the second trimester when a significant
      statistical difference was found. Possible explanations may include delayed
      ovulation, reduced growth velocity in the first trimester, or constitutionally
      smaller embryos among the diabetic group. The pattern of BPD growth among
      diabetics was best described by a third degree polynomial regression equation.
      These results demonstrate that in well-controlled diabetics, although the
      increment in BPD was less than controls, the growth pattern of the fetal BPD was
      similar among the White classes B to FR, and the velocity of growth of the BPD
      was similar among diabetics and nondiabetics.

PMID- 2403792
TI  - Prophylactic intramyometrial carboprost tromethamine does not substantially
      reduce blood loss relative to intramyometrial oxytocin at routine cesarean
      section.
AB  - The influence of intramyometrial injection of 125 micrograms of 15-s-15-methyl
      prostaglandin F2 alpha (carboprost tromethamine, Prostin/15M) versus 20 U of
      oxytocin immediately after delivery of placenta on blood loss at cesarean section
      was investigated by means of a double-blinded, randomized trial. Hematocrit
      decrease from the day before operation to the third postoperative day was used as
      an index of blood loss. Decreases in hematocrit were comparable for the oxytocin
      and carboprost tromethamine groups. Excess blood loss (hematocrit decrease more
      than 6 vol. %) was significantly associated with the indication for cesarean
      section (three of four for cephalopelvic disproportion versus 9 of 42 others, p
      less than 0.01), but not with age, parity, number of prior cesarean sections, or
      birthweight. Carboprost tromethamine does not appear to be more effective than
      oxytocin when given by intramyometrial injection at this dose for routine
      cesarean section; its prophylactic utility in higher doses or in cases at risk
      for hemorrhage from uterine atony remains to be investigated.

PMID- 2403793
TI  - Fracture of the femur at cesarean section: case report and review of literature.
AB  - In this article, we report a case of a newborn who was delivered by cesarean
      section for breech presentation and who sustained a fracture of the femur. Nine
      month follow-up revealed good healing of the fracture. We also present a short
      review and discussion of only six other similarly reported cases. We suggest that
      although cesarean section decreases the trauma-related morbidity in breech
      presentation, it does not reduce it to zero.

PMID- 2403794
TI  - Sonographic estimates of fetal weight in the intrauterine growth retardation
      population.
AB  - The efficacy of different methods of fetal weight estimation using sonographic
      measurements of the abdominal circumference (AC), biparietal diameter (BPD), and
      femur length (FL), either alone or in combination, was evaluated in the fetus
      with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Eighty-one patients, referred with a
      clinical suspicion of IUGR, were studied. All patients had sonographic
      measurements within 7 days of delivery. Four regression equations were used to
      estimate fetal weight: AC (Hadlock), BPD-AC (Shepard), AC-FL (Hadlock), BPD-AC-FL
      (Hadlock). For the total study group, as well as for the infants who were found
      to be IUGR at birth, 75% of the estimates of fetal weight using the BPD-AC-FL
      method were within 10% of the actual birthweight. Nearly comparable results were
      obtained using the AC-FL method. In the fetus with IUGR, estimates of fetal
      weight that incorporated the FL correlated best with the actual birthweight.

PMID- 2403795
TI  - Five-year outcome of infants of birthweight 500 to 1500 grams: relationship with
      neonatal ultrasound data.
AB  - Of 154 consecutive survivors of birthweight 500 to 1500 gm, 139 (90.3%) were seen
      at 5 years of age, corrected for prematurity, and 137 (89%) were able to be fully
      assessed by both the psychologist and pediatrician. All but two children had had
      serial cranial ultrasonography with a linear array real-time scanner in the
      neonatal period. At 5 years, of 39 children with cerebral ultrasound
      abnormalities detected during their primary hospitalization, seven (17.9%) had
      cerebral palsy, but 32 (82.1%) did not. A further three children with cerebral
      palsy at 5 years had had no cerebral abnormalities on ultrasound. Of the cerebral
      abnormalities diagnosed by ultrasound, ventricular dilation, with or without
      cerebroventricular hemorrhage, had the highest positive predictive value (40%)
      for cerebral palsy at 5 years. In the 127 children free from cerebral palsy at 5
      years, two (1.6%) had severe intellectual impairment, both of whom had had normal
      cerebral ultrasonography. Although neonatal cranial ultrasonography with a linear
      array was somewhat predictive of cerebral palsy at 5 years, the majority of
      infants with abnormal scans had no severe sensorineural impairments at 5 years.

PMID- 2403797
TI  - Prevalence of breech presentation by gestational age.
AB  - After studying 4024 consecutive patients at a gestational age of 28 weeks or
      older, the prevalence of breech presentation at 28 weeks was found to be 24.4%.
      By 37 weeks, the number of breech presentations had decreased to 3.7%.

PMID- 2403796
TI  - Sonographic evaluation of the normal developmental anatomy of fetal cerebral
      ventricles. IV.: The posterior horn.
AB  - A prospective ultrasound study was conducted in 160 normal pregnant women with
      gestational ages ranging from 14 to 40 weeks. Several fetal biometric
      measurements were obtained, including the posterior horn width (PHW) and the
      cerebroposterior horn distance (CPHD) of the lateral ventricles. Curvilinear
      relationships were found between the gestational age and the ratio of the
      PHW/CPHD (r = 0.665, p less than 0.0001); and the PHW/hemispheric width (HW), (r
      = 0.716, p less than 0.0001) and also between the biparietal diameter and the
      PHW/CPHD ratio (r = 0.649, p less than 0.0001), and the PHW/HW ratio (r = 0.732,
      p less than 0.0001). A correlation in growth was also observed between the femur
      length and the PHW/CPHD (r = 0.660, p less than 0.0001), and the PHW/HW (r =
      0.734, p less than 0.0001). Nomograms of the PHW, CPHD, and the ratio of PHW/CPHD
      against gestational age were generated. The establishment of normal indices of
      the posterior horn provides new, precise, and comprehensive data that will serve
      as a standard against which the evaluation of early abnormal ventricular growth
      and anomalous development of the central nervous system may be compared.

PMID- 2403798
TI  - Sonographic differentiation of a large fetal cystic hygroma from the amniotic
      band syndrome.
AB  - An 18-year-old gravida 1, para 0 woman had an uncomplicated pregnancy until 22
      weeks' gestation. Ultrasound examination revealed an abnormally shaped fetal head
      fixed against the placenta, minimal movement of the extremities, multiple
      bandlike projections traversing the uterine cavity, and bilateral pleural
      effusions. A diagnosis of amniotic band syndrome was suggested with subsequent
      termination of the pregnancy. Fetal examination revealed a large cystic hydroma,
      generalized edema with pericardial and pleural effusions, and Turner's syndrome.
      Illustrated is the difficulty in making the prenatal diagnosis of cystic hydroma
      and its confusion with amniotic band syndrome.

PMID- 2403799
TI  - Computer databases as an educational tool in the basic sciences.

PMID- 2403800
TI  - The case for hypermedia.

PMID- 2403801
TI  - First year's experience of the MAClinical Computer Workstations Project.
AB  - We have an installed base of MAClinical workstations available on hospital wards,
      which have been used for patient care, education, and research 24 hours a day for
      the past year. We began with eight machines in the hospital but now have
      distributed ten more machines to faculty. We have recently increased the
      programming staff so we can develop more software. The machines and their
      installation were costly, but have already proven useful for teaching and patient
      care. Plans for the second and third years of the MAClinical project include
      workstations for the faculty coordinators of clinical clerkships and expansion of
      workstations to affiliated hospitals where our students and residents rotate.
      Software will be expanded to include patient simulations and expert
      consultations. Medical practice, research, and teaching in the future will need
      to make more use of information technology. It is not yet clear exactly how and
      where computers will best serve clinical medicine, but the teaching hospital can
      be both a laboratory for developing applications and a school for training
      physicians to use them.

PMID- 2403802
TI  - Evaluation by second-year medical students of their computer-aided instruction.

PMID- 2403803
TI  - Anti-idiotypic therapy of leukemias and lymphomas.
AB  - Idiotypic determinants of the Ig expressed by the majority of B cell tumors
      present an attractive target for immunotherapeutic manipulations. The idiotypic
      Ig is molecularly defined and the behavior of the target cells placed under anti
      idiotypic attack might have broader implications for cancer immunotherapy. Simple
      administration of monoclonal antibody reactive with these determinants clearly
      has only a limited effect on tumor load, due largely to the multiplicity of
      strategies by which the tumor cell can avoid such attack. These include
      modulation, change in idiotypic determinants due to somatic mutation, and
      complete loss of expression at the cell surface. If the first antibody treatment
      can be made more effective, for example by tailoring molecules to recruit
      available effector mechanisms more efficiently, or by the use of antibodies
      capable of delivering a lethal hit via a toxin, the tumor cell will presumably
      have less opportunity to escape. A second strategy is to immunize the tumor
      bearing host with idiotypic Ig obtained from tumor cells. Once in place, such an
      immune response should suppress tumor growth on a continuing basis. In animal
      lymphoma, this approach appears to prolong survival although some of the escape
      mechanisms encountered for passive antibody therapy are apparently operative for
      active therapy. Study of these mechanisms should allow insight into how cells
      control expression of idiotypic determinants at the cell surface and open the
      possibility of further therapeutic intervention. A combined approach to the
      treatment of human lymphoma might be envisaged whereby tumor load is reduced by
      passive antibody, thus leaving the immune system relatively unscathed, and even
      perhaps releasing natural antitumor responses which could be further stimulated
      by immunization.

PMID- 2403804
TI  - Genetic and structural basis of idiotype network. The 'GAT' model.

PMID- 2403805
TI  - Immunoglobulin idiotypes in human B cell neoplasia. Implications for pathogenesis
      and therapy.

PMID- 2403806
TI  - Structural implications of AB2s. Are novel D segments involved with anti
      idiotypic specificity?
AB  - For these studies it is clear that within an antigenic system, syngeneic anti
      idiotypic antibodies are restricted in their use of germline gene segments. They
      differ considerably from either allogeneic Ab2s recognizing public idiotopes or
      syngeneic Ab2s recognizing private idiotopes which are structurally
      heterogeneous. The D segments of Ab2s in a variety of systems are novel in
      structure and cannot easily be explained by previously described germline D
      segments. D-D fusion contributes to the generation of the third hypervariable
      region in these antibodies. It is not completely clear whether or not this
      mechanism plays a more important role in generating Ab2s than it does in
      generating other antibodies. Finally, somatic mutation does occur in anti
      idiotypic antibodies. It is unlikely that the idiotypic network, per se, is
      strictly germline encoded. On the contrary, somatic events (i.e. mutation,
      junctional diversity, etc.) are probably important in the generation of anti
      idiotypic antibodies.

PMID- 2403807
TI  - Patterns of idiotypic similarity and their structural bases among antibodies
      specific for foreign or self antigens.

PMID- 2403808
TI  - Idiotypic and molecular characterization of human rheumatoid factors.

PMID- 2403809
TI  - Design issues in chemosensory trials.
AB  - Randomized clinical trials in taste and smell disorders have been infrequent, in
      part because of difficulties in both the design and the conduct of such trials.
      Hyposmia and hypogeusia, impairments of smell and taste, respectively, have a
      variety of causes, such as upper respiratory infection, head trauma, or
      laryngectomy. Once definitive diagnosis is established, eligibility and exclusion
      criteria may relate to etiology. Since the sense of smell is more acute at
      younger ages and since women can generally identify odors more accurately than
      men, either prestratification or poststratification should be considered. A
      control or comparison group is essential because, occasionally, chemosenses
      spontaneously return to normal. Patient recruitment may be difficult, depending
      to a large extent on self-referrals, with the exception of head injury cases. To
      enroll an adequate number of patients in a reasonable length of time usually
      requires participation of multiple clinical centers. Objective measurements of
      taste and smell must be reliably obtained before and after intervention. Design
      issues specific to chemosensory trials are discussed in the context of an
      example, a factorial design trial of surgery and steroids in patients with
      olfactory defects.

PMID- 2403810
TI  - Salmonella neck abscess.
AB  - Salmonella species represent uncommon causative agents in focal infections of the
      head and neck. The case of a 24-year-old diabetic man with a neck abscess caused
      by Salmonella enteritidis is presented, and the relevant literature is reviewed.
      Salmonella should be included in the differential diagnosis of head and neck
      abscesses.

PMID- 2403811
TI  - [Skeletal muscle CT scan and ultrasound imaging in two siblings with central core
      disease].
AB  - The computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US) imaging studies were performed
      on skeletal muscles of two siblings (5-year-old boy and 10-year-old girl) with
      central core disease. The appearance of low-density areas in muscles was
      remarkable at the levels of the 3rd lumbar vertebra (L3), the midthigh and the
      thickest part of legs. The muscles at the levels of L3 and thigh were more
      severely affected than those of legs. Especially, paravertebral muscles, m.
      vastus, m. sartorius, m. gracilis tended to be more severely affected. The
      muscles of the legs except m. soleus were well preserved. US imaging of the thigh
      revealed a marked increase of echogenicity of rectus muscle as well as opaque,
      indistinct changes of fascia and bone. In contrast, the CT finding of the rectus
      muscle was relatively well preserved.

PMID- 2403812
TI  - Affinity of amphotericin B for phosphatidylcholine vesicles as a determinant of
      the in vitro cellular toxicity of liposomal preparations.
AB  - Candida albicans and human erythrocytes were treated with liposomal amphotericin
      B (AmB) obtained by incubation of free AmB with small unilamellar vesicles (SUV)
      composed of unsaturated fatty acyl chains phosphatidylcholine (egg-yolk PC).
      Cellular effects were determined by changes in the K+ internal content of cells
      and in the number of colonies formed by fungal cells or as hemolysis, measured as
      a decrease in haemoglobin retention by erythrocytes. Dose-response curves were
      obtained by two procedures: either the ratio of AmB to phospholipids was kept
      constant over the AmB concentration range used (R = 10(-2] or the phospholipid
      concentration was kept constant (C = 0.2 mM) and the concentration of AmB varied.
      The liposomal preparations of AmB were as active against fungi as AmB in
      dimethylsulfoxide but less active (internal K+ changes) or inactive (hemolysis)
      against erythrocytes. On the other hand the binding of AmB to the SUV, as a
      function of the AmB concentration, was monitored by circular dichroism,
      fluorescence and UV absorption, in the two conditions used for the cellular
      studies. The amount of AmB bound when the total concentration of antibiotic was
      2.10(-7) M was very low but increased with concentration and reached 90% at 10(
      5) M. In all the assays we used, the anticellular effects could be attributed to
      the levels of AmB remaining free (unbound to the lipids). The variations of these
      levels with total AmB concentration could therefore explain the increased
      selectivity of liposomal AmB in toxicity against fungi and erythrocytes as
      compared to that of AmB added as a solution in dimethylsulfoxide. Indeed fungal
      cells are sensitive to low concentrations of AmB in dimethylsulfoxide; at these
      concentrations, in liposomal preparations, AmB is not bound to phospholipids and
      therefore as active as if added in dimethylsulfoxide. By contrast erythrocytes
      are only sensitive to much higher concentrations of AmB in dimethylsulfoxide; at
      these concentrations AmB is almost totally bound to phospholipids and therefore
      much less active.

PMID- 2403813
TI  - Expression of human plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) in Escherichia
      coli as a soluble protein comprised of active and latent forms. Isolation and
      crystallization of latent PAI-1.
AB  - Expression of human recombinant plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) in
      Escherichia coli has led to crystallization of 'latent' PAI-1. Cleavage with
      restriction endonucleases of a cDNA clone encoding PAI-1 yielded an 1127 base
      pair fragment encoding residues 2-376 of the 379 amino acid serpin. Synthetic DNA
      linkers were ligated to the 5' and 3' ends of the subclone to add an initiation
      codon and restore the full coding sequence, and the resulting semisynthetic gene
      was incorporated into an expression plasmid, pPAIST-7, under the control of the
      E. coli trp promoter. Transformation of E. coli GE81 with pPAIST-7 led to
      expression of unglycosylated PAI-1. Lysates of expression cultures contained PAI
      1 activity and PAI-1 protein with the predicted Mr. Unglycosylated PAI-1 from E.
      coli exhibited characteristic properties of authentic PAI-1: (1) it was recovered
      in both active and inactive (latent) forms; (2) its activity declined during
      incubation at 37 degrees C; (3) latent PAI-1 was activated by treatment with 4 M
      guanidine hydrochloride; (4) reactivated PAI-1 formed a detergent-stable complex
      with tissue plasminogen activator. Latent PAI-1 accounted for more than 85% of
      PAI-1 in cell lysates and was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, anion
      exchange chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purified
      latent PAI-1 was crystallized.

PMID- 2403814
TI  - Fragile X syndrome.
AB  - Fragile X syndrome is the most important X-linked etiology of mental retardation
      and developmental disability currently known. Accumulating evidence also
      indicates that male and female carriers of the fragile X genetic abnormality
      demonstrate a relatively specific pattern of psychiatric disturbance. Fragile X
      males frequently manifest behaviors from the autistic spectrum whereas females
      show dysfunction in social interaction, thought processes, and affective
      regulation. In this review, an overview of the fragile X syndrome is presented
      with a focus on the occurrence of particular neuropsychiatric characteristics in
      males and females. Relevant data from recent genetic and neurobiological research
      is also described. The ability to study individuals with a specific genetic cause
      of psychopathology such as fragile X syndrome makes this condition of particular
      interest to biological psychiatry.

PMID- 2403815
TI  - The effect of co-morbidity and penetrance estimation on the outcome of linkage
      analysis in a bipolar family.

PMID- 2403816
TI  - Detection of interleukin-5 messenger RNA in Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's
      disease with eosinophilia.
AB  - Hodgkin's disease of nodular sclerosis and mixed cellularity subtypes is
      frequently associated with eosinophilia. To determine if interleukin-5 (IL-5) is
      implicated in producing the eosinophilia, we performed in situ hybridization
      studies on cytopreparations of 16 cases of Hodgkin's disease with eosinophilia as
      well as cells from various controls. A single-stranded, anti-sense complementary
      DNA (cDNA) probe coding for a portion of the human IL-5 molecule was tail-labeled
      with digoxigenin -11-dUTP using terminal transferase, and then hybridized to
      messenger RNA (mRNA) within cells. An alkaline-phosphatase-conjugated antibody
      directed to digoxigenin was used with a chromogenic substrate to detect
      hybridized probe within cells. In all seven cases of nodular sclerosis subtype
      and nine cases of mixed cellularity subtype with eosinophilia, there was strong
      hybridization signal localizable to the cytoplasm of morphologically identifiable
      Reed-Sternberg cells and variants. Similar activity was detected only in rare
      cells from three normal spleens, and was undetectable in two cell lines used as a
      negative control and in one case of Hodgkin's disease without eosinophilia.
      Pretreatment of the cytopreparations with the RNase inhibitor
      diethylpyrocarbonate greatly increased the hybridization signal. Based on this
      controlled study, we conclude that mRNA coding for IL-5 is expressed in Reed
      Sternberg cells and variants. This observation may explain the eosinophilia
      associated with Hodgkin's disease and provide insight into the origin of the Reed
      Sternberg cell.

PMID- 2403817
TI  - Effects of irradiation of recipient mice on the behavior and leukemogenic
      potential of factor-dependent hematopoietic cell lines.
AB  - After intravenous (IV) injection with factor-dependent FDC-P1 cells, irradiated
      DBA/2 and BALB/c mice developed transplantable leukemias owing to neoplastic
      transformation of the injected cells in vivo. Increasing the radiation dose
      shortened the preleukemic latent period, and in female mice the frequency of
      leukemia development was higher and the latent period shorter than in male mice.
      In the preleukemic period, the injected FDC-P1 cells rapidly increased in number
      in hematopoietic organs of irradiated animals, reaching peak levels 3 to 5 weeks
      after injection; factor-independent transformed cells were not detected before
      day 45. In unirradiated animals, these events were delayed by several weeks, and
      long-term survivors did not harbor detectable FDC-P1 cells. FDC-P1 cells sampled
      from preleukemic mice frequently showed atypical colony formation and reduced
      cloning efficiency in vitro, suggesting the occurrence of a distinct preleukemic
      change. U16.6 cells produced leukemia only in irradiated recipients, and the
      leukemic cells usually remained factor dependent. The two contrasting models
      should be of value in further analyzing the mechanisms underlying radiation
      induced leukemias.

PMID- 2403819
TI  - A case of M-BCR-rearranged, Philadelphia-positive AML that relapsed as chronic
      phase CML.

PMID- 2403818
TI  - Etoposide in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Australian Leukemia Study Group.
AB  - Previously untreated patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) aged 15
      to 70 years were randomized to either cytosine arabinoside 100 mg/m2/d continuous
      intravenous (IV) infusion days 1 through 7, daunorubicin 50 mg/m2/d IV days 1
      through 3 (7-3), or the same drugs intensified with etoposide 75 mg/m2/d IV days
      1 through 7 (7-3-7) as induction therapy. Patients achieving complete remission
      (CR) received two courses of consolidation therapy (5-2 or 5-2-5) followed by
      maintenance therapy. Of 264 eligible patients, CR occurred in 56% of 7-3 and 59%
      of 7-3-7 patients; 7-3-7 significantly improved remission duration (P = .01). The
      median remission duration was 12 months for 7-3 and 18 months for 7-3-7. Survival
      was similar when the two arms were compared overall. Subset analysis performed to
      identify patients with the most benefit showed that etoposide significantly
      prolonged remission duration in younger patients (less than 55 years) with a
      median of 12 months for 7-3 and 27 months for 7-3-7 (P = .01). Survival appeared
      to be prolonged with 7-3-7 in patients aged less than 55 years, with a median of
      9 months for 7-3 as compared with 17 months for 7-3-7 (P = .03). In older
      patients (aged greater than or equal to 55 years), 7-3-7 was more toxic, with
      significantly more severe [World Health Organization (WHO) grade 3 or 4]
      stomatitis (P = .02) and no additional clinical benefit. Hematologic toxicity for
      induction courses was similar, with granulocytopenia less than 0.5 x 10(9)/L for
      a median of 16 days per course for 7-3 and 15 days for 7-3-7. Hematologic
      toxicity was more severe for 5-2-5 consolidation courses (P = .003). Induction
      and consolidation therapy intensified with etoposide resulted in significantly
      improved remission duration but not survival.

PMID- 2403820
TI  - GM-CSF administration after transplantation of purged autologous marrow.

PMID- 2403821
TI  - Evaluation of the safety, recovery, half-life, and clinical efficacy of
      antithrombin III (human) in patients with hereditary antithrombin III deficiency.
      Cooperative Study Group.
AB  - Antithrombin III (Human) (AT III) was administered to 18 patients with documented
      hereditary AT III deficiency. In eight patients with no ongoing clinical symptoms
      of thrombosis, the percent increase per unit AT III infused per kilogram of body
      weight ranged from 1.56% to 2.74%, and the half-life from 43.3 to 77.0 hours. No
      significant difference was noted between patients receiving and those not
      receiving coumarin therapy. In clinically ill patients, the in vivo recovery was
      significantly lower and ranged from 0.64% to 1.90% increase per unit AT III
      infused/kg. Efficacy of AT III was evaluated in 13 patients for the prevention or
      treatment of thrombosis. AT III was efficacious as assessed by the absence of
      thrombotic complications after surgery and/or parturition, and the nonextension
      and nonrecurrence of thrombosis in patients exhibiting an acute thrombotic
      episode. No side effects were noted. Follow-up studies indicated no hepatitis B
      seroconversion and no alanine aminotransferase elevations in patients who were
      not transfused with other blood products.

PMID- 2403822
TI  - Molecular anatomy of a 5q interstitial deletion.
AB  - A truncated granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) allele on a
      putative 5q- chromosome of HL-60 cells was cloned and, by comparison with
      counterpart normal sequences, analyzed for clues to molecular mechanisms
      facilitating rearrangement and deletion. Within the 17-kilobase (kb) pair locus
      surrounding the truncated GM-CSF gene remnant, there are no fewer than four
      rearranged genomic fragments that seemingly derive from chromosome 5 region q21--
      -23. Two of the fragments, which flank the truncated GM-CSF locus on the 5q-, are
      contiguous on the normal chromosome 5, centrometric to the normal GM-CSF allele,
      indicating at least one intrachromosomal insertion event, either preceded or
      followed by further deletion. Insertion and/or deletion was accompanied by
      juxtaposition of LINE sequences to the 5' side of the truncated GM-CSF locus
      within the inserted fragment. The entire rearranged locus is embedded in
      repetitive sequences, which may have mediated successive insertions or deletions.
      The extent of such stepwise deletions, resulting in loss of genes such as
      interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-4, IL-5, and GM-CSF, whose gene products are critical to
      differentiation within the lineage of the affected hematopoietic stem cell, may
      be mirrored in the heterogeneity of symptoms and 5q- deletion sizes observed in
      myelodysplasias and acute leukemias carrying a 5q- chromosome. Perhaps most
      significantly, the sequences surrounding the insertion/deletion region are
      suggestive of recombination signals, including direct repeats and mirrored
      repeats. The site of insertion of the GM-CSF 3' region into an upstream
      (centromeric) locus is flanked by direct repeats; the upstream site into which it
      is inserted is also flanked by 12 base pair (bp) direct repeats. After insertion,
      one member of each pair of repeats is lost. The organization of this rearranged
      locus implies that direct repeats had a role in the intrachromosomal
      recombination/deletion event.

PMID- 2403823
TI  - Mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle status of very primitive hematopoietic
      cells in long-term human marrow cultures. I. Stimulatory role of a variety of
      mesenchymal cell activators and inhibitory role of TGF-beta.
AB  - Long-term marrow cultures (LTMC) allow the proliferation and differentiation of
      primitive human hematopoietic progenitor cells to be maintained for many weeks in
      the absence of exogenously provided hematopoietic growth factors. Previous
      investigations focused on defining various types of cells that are present in
      this culture system and on measuring the cycling behavior of the different
      subpopulations of colony-forming cells maintained within it. These studies
      suggested that mesenchymal stromal elements derived from the input marrow play a
      key role in regulating the turnover of the most primitive, high-proliferative
      potential erythroid and granulopoietic colony-forming cells that are found almost
      exclusively in the adherent layer of LTMC. In this study we show that the re
      entry into S-phase of these primitive hematopoietic progenitors that occurs after
      each weekly medium change is due to an as yet undefined constituent of horse
      serum, which is absent from fetal calf serum. However, this effect is not unique
      to the factor present in horse serum. It is also elicited by the addition to LTMC
      of several well-defined growth regulatory molecules, ie, platelet-derived growth
      factor (PDGF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF
      alpha), and IL-2. None of these was able to stimulate hematopoietic colony
      forming cells in methylcellulose assays, although all have known actions on
      mesenchymal cells including, in some cases, the ability to increase production of
      growth factors that can stimulate primitive high-proliferative potential
      hematopoietic progenitors in clonogenic assays. Interestingly, a stimulating
      effect was not obtained after addition of endotoxin to LTMC. TGF-beta, a direct
      acting negative regulator that acts selectively on primitive hematopoietic
      progenitor cells if added to LTMC simultaneously with new medium or IL-1, blocked
      their stimulating activity. These results suggest a model in which indirect,
      local modulation of both positive and negative regulatory factors via effects on
      mesenchymal elements determines the rate of turnover of adjacent populations of
      very primitive hematopoietic cells that are normally maintained in a quiescent
      state in vivo.

PMID- 2403824
TI  - Randomized prospective trial comparing the native prothrombin antigen with the
      prothrombin time for monitoring oral anticoagulant therapy.
AB  - The dosage of the anticoagulant warfarin sodium is based upon the prolongation of
      the prothrombin time into an optimal therapeutic range. We have developed a new
      assay for the native prothrombin antigen that measures the fully gamma
      carboxylated prothrombin using a radioimmunoassay. Based on preliminary data that
      indicated that the native prothrombin antigen predicted both bleeding and
      thrombotic complications more accurately than the prothrombin time in patients
      anticoagulated with warfarin sodium, we have performed a randomized prospective
      trial comparing the complication rate in warfarin-treated patients monitored with
      the native prothrombin antigen or the prothrombin time. Patients with indications
      for anticoagulation were randomized to be monitored by the native prothrombin
      antigen (therapeutic range, 12 to 24 micrograms/mL) or the prothrombin time index
      (therapeutic range, 1.5 to 2.0). Of the prothrombin time group (N = 80), seven
      (8.8%) had bleeding or thrombotic complications, with a complication rate of
      9.5%/patient-year. In the native prothrombin antigen group (N = 76), one subject
      (1.3%) had a bleeding complication. The complication rate per patient-year was
      1.5%. These results indicate an 85% reduction in the complication rate of the
      native prothrombin antigen group compared with the complication rate of the
      prothrombin time group. This difference is statistically significant by the
      Fisher exact test (P = .037) and by Kaplan Meier survival analysis (P = .040).
      This study suggests that the use of the native prothrombin antigen assay has the
      potential to decrease the complications associated with anticoagulation therapy
      with warfarin sodium.

PMID- 2403825
TI  - Fetal expression of hemonectin: an extracellular matrix hematopoietic
      cytoadhesion molecule.
AB  - Hemonectin, a component of bone marrow extracellular matrix, is a lineage- and
      organ-specific attachment molecule for cells of the granulocytic lineage. We
      hypothesized that hemonectin is an important marker of fetal granulopoiesis that
      is developmentally regulated during the ontogeny of the hematopoietic system.
      Murine hematopoiesis originates in the yolk sac and subsequently appears in the
      liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Using an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody to
      purified hemonectin as a probe of developing hematopoietic organs, we observe
      that hemonectin is coordinately expressed at developmental stages of the mouse in
      those tissues that are supporting hematopoiesis. Multiparameter flow cytometric
      analysis reveals that approximately 7% of fetal liver cells express hemonectin by
      day 13 of gestation, and that 32% of the cells are positive by day 19.
      Additionally, restricted hemonectin expression is noted in other tissues
      (cartilage, skin, developing bone, and capillary endothelial cells), suggesting
      that this molecule subserves other developmental functions and/or belongs to a
      previously unrecognized family of molecules.

PMID- 2403826
TI  - Retroviral vector-mediated transfer of the bacterial neomycin resistance gene
      into fetal and adult sheep and human hematopoietic progenitors in vitro.
AB  - We compared the efficiency of retroviral vector (N2)-mediated transfer of the
      bacterial neomycin resistance gene (NeoR) into adult and fetal hematopoietic
      progenitors of sheep and humans by assessing their ability to form colonies in
      the presence of lethal doses of the neomycin analogue G418 in vitro. Fetal cells
      from both sheep and humans exhibited a higher degree of NeoR transfer than adult
      cells. The overall level of NeoR expression was significantly higher for sheep
      than human cells. The transfer/expression of NeoR into adult human bone marrow
      hematopoietic progenitors was not affected by the presence or absence of T cells
      and monocyte/macrophages. The efficiency of NeoR transfer into both adult and
      fetal human cells, however, was improved when transduction was carried out in the
      presence of recombinant human interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor. These results demonstrate the greater efficiency of NeoR gene
      transfer into fetal hematopoietic progenitors, which may provide a basis for the
      relatively higher efficiency of the in utero approach to gene therapy.

PMID- 2403827
TI  - Philadelphia chromosome-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia without breakpoint
      cluster region rearrangement: a chronic myeloid leukemia with a distinct clinical
      course.
AB  - The hallmarks of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) include the Philadelphia
      chromosome (Ph) translocation [t (9;22)(q34;q11)] and consistent molecular
      genetic aberrations: a break within a restricted 5.8 kb DNA segment, bcr, on
      chromosome 22q11; transposition of the c-abl protooncogene from chromosome 9q34
      to 22q11; and formation of a hybrid bar-abl gene encoding an abnormal 210 Kd bcr
      abl protein with augmented tyrosine kinase enzymatic activity. These molecular
      phenomena may occur even in the absence of cytogenetic evidence of the Ph
      translocation. They are highly specific and sensitive markers for CML, and are
      presumed to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of this malignancy.
      Surprisingly, we have encountered 11 patients who lacked the Ph translocation,
      bcr rearrangement, and (in the four patients with available mRNA) a bcr-abl
      message, and yet had a disease phenotype at diagnosis that was a morphologic
      facsimile of classic chronic phase CML. These patients presented with high white
      blood cell counts, neutrophilia, occasional basophilia, splenomegaly, and a
      hypercellular bone marrow with granulocytic hyperplasia and a left shift in
      myeloid maturation. Despite the striking resemblance between the early stages of
      bcr-negative and bcr-positive CML, disease progression manifests distinctly in
      these two disorders. In contrast to the blastic transformation that inevitably
      complicates bcr-positive CML, the natural history of our 11 Ph-negative, bcr
      negative CML patients was characterized by increasing leukemia burden with
      leukocytosis, pronounced organomegaly, extramedullary infiltrates, and eventual
      bone marrow failure (anemia and thrombocytopenia) without marked increases in
      blast cells. Our current observations suggest that a chronic myeloid leukemia
      process can develop without associated changes in the bcr or c-abl genes.
      Although the initial phase of this disease is indistinguishable from CML, the
      presence or absence of molecular markers may aid in the prediction of the
      clinical course of Ph-negative CML.

PMID- 2403828
TI  - Medical literature as a potential source of new knowledge.
AB  - Specialized biomedical literatures have been found that are implicitly linked by
      arguments that they respectively contain, but which nonetheless do not cite or
      refer to each other. The combined arguments lead to new inferences and
      conclusions that cannot be drawn from the separate literatures. One such analysis
      identified one set of articles showing that dietary fish oils lead to certain
      blood and vascular changes, and a second set containing evidence that similar
      changes might benefit patients with Raynaud's syndrome. Yet these two literatures
      had no articles in common and had never before been cited together; neither
      literature mentioned the other or suggested that dietary fish oil might benefit
      Raynaud patients. Two years after publication of that analysis, the first
      clinical trial demonstrating such a beneficial effect was reported independently
      by others. A second example of literature synthesis, based on eleven indirect
      connections, led to an inference that magnesium deficiency might be a causal
      factor in migraine headache. A third example calls attention to implicit
      connections between arginine intake and blood levels of somatomedins, a
      potentially fruitful but neglected area of research with implications for the
      decline with age of thymic function and protein synthesis. A model and an online
      search strategy to aid in identifying other logically related noninteractive
      literatures is described. Such structures are probably not rare and may provide
      the foundation for a literature-based approach to scientific discovery.

PMID- 2403830
TI  - MEDLARS online history.

PMID- 2403829
TI  - Coverage and overlaps in bibliographic databases relevant to forensic medicine: a
      comparative analysis of MEDLINE.
AB  - This study was designed to make a comparative evaluation of the performance of
      MEDLINE in covering serial literature. Forensic medicine was chosen because it is
      an interdisciplinary subject area that would test MEDLARS at the periphery of the
      system. The evaluation of database coverage was based upon articles included in
      the bibliographies of scholars in the field of forensic medicine. This method was
      considered appropriate for characterizing work used by researchers in this field.
      The results of comparing MEDLINE to other databases evoked some concerns about
      the selective indexing policy of MEDLINE in serving the interests of those
      working in forensic medicine.

PMID- 2403831
TI  - XTOL: the virtueless?

PMID- 2403832
TI  - The decline and resurgence of vascular dementia.
AB  - Arteriosclerotic narrowing of cerebral arteries was once viewed as the key to
      mental decline. As Alzheimer's disease gained recognition and the concept of
      multi-infarct dementia achieved acceptance, vascular dementia came to be regarded
      as uncommon. The changing nature of cerebral vascular disease, the aging of the
      population and the widespread use of brain imaging techniques have brought new
      prominence to vascular dementia, chiefly in the form of an epidemic of
      "Binswanger's disease". Growing evidence suggests that not only grey matter
      lesions but also white matter lesions contribute to dementia, that vascular
      factors commonly coexist and interact with Alzheimer changes and that Alzheimer's
      disease has a vascular and potentially treatable component. Vascular dementia
      needs to be redefined, reappraised and reinvestigated.

PMID- 2403833
TI  - Twice-daily antibiotics in the treatment of acute otitis media: trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole versus amoxicillin-clavulanate.
AB  - Twice-daily trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has been shown to be effective in the
      treatment of acute otitis media except that caused by group A beta-streptococci.
      Amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium is effective in vitro against all bacterial
      pathogens causing acute otitis media and has been reported to be effective when
      given twice daily for urinary tract infections, acute otitis media and
      respiratory tract infections. To determine whether the in-vitro efficacy of
      amoxicillin-clavulanate carries over clinically, we conducted a prospective
      randomized double-blind trial in 219 children presenting at a pediatric walk-in
      clinic. Diagnosis and follow-up assessments were made by means of examination of
      the tympanic membrane and acoustic otoscopy. Of the 219 children 202 (101 in
      either group) were assessed by a specially trained nurse at a follow-up visit 12
      to 16 (mean 14) days after treatment was begun. Cure was defined as absence of
      symptoms and normal results of both visual inspection of the tympanic membrane
      and acoustic reflectometry; improvement was defined as absence of symptoms and
      either normal appearance of the tympanic membrane or normal results of acoustic
      reflectometry; treatment failure was defined as abnormal appearance of the
      tympanic membrane along with an acoustic reflectometry reading of 5 units or
      more. There were no differences in age (mean 60 months), sex or proportion of
      subjects with unilateral versus bilateral disease between the two groups. The
      combined rate of cure an improvement was significantly higher with trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole (93%) than with amoxicillin-clavulanate (82%) (p = 0.03). The
      rate of compliance (more than 80% of the drug taken) did not differ significantly
      between the two groups. Gastrointestinal side effects were more common with
      amoxicillin-clavulanate (p less than 0.0001). Our results suggest that for acute
      otitis media twice-daily trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is more effective
      clinically and produces fewer side effects than twice-daily amoxicillin
      clavulanate.

PMID- 2403834
TI  - Adjuvant chemohormonal therapy with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5
      fluorouracil, and prednisone (CMFP) or CMFP plus tamoxifen compared with CMF for
      premenopausal breast cancer patients. An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
      trial.
AB  - The current trial was designed to assess whether the addition of prednisone or
      prednisone + tamoxifen would enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of 1 year of
      adjuvant CMF therapy. Premenopausal women with ipsilateral axillary node-positive
      breast carcinoma and known estrogen receptor (ER) status were randomized to
      receive 1 year of postoperative treatment with 12 28-day cycles of
      cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil (CMF), CMF plus prednisone (CMFP),
      or CMFP plus tamoxifen (CMFPT). There were 553 analyzed cases with 188 receiving
      CMF, 183 CMFP, and 182 CMFPT. The overall time to relapse (TTR) and survival
      comparisons between the regimens are not statistically different at a median
      follow-up time of 7.7 years. The major subgroups currently with a suggestive TTR
      difference are greater than 3N+ (CMFPT greater than CMF, P = 0.07) and estrogen
      receptor-negative (ER-) greater than 3N+ (CMFPT greater than CMF, P = 0.03).
      Patients receiving CMFPT appeared to have a superior survival to CMF in the ER-
      greater than 3N+ cohort (P = 0.02). The following patient characteristics were
      associated with a significantly longer TTR: decreasing nodal involvement or tumor
      size, positive ER status, age greater than or equal to 40 years, and decreasing
      obesity. The favorable effects of decreasing nodal involvement, positive ER
      status, age 40 years or greater, and decreasing obesity carried over to survival.
      Development of amenorrhea was also significantly associated with improved
      survival (P = 0.001). Toxicity was increased by the addition of prednisone to CMF
      and by the addition of tamoxifen to CMFP. Overall relapse patterns were similar
      among the three regimens. The results of the current trial do not currently
      suggest an overall therapeutic benefit for adding prednisone or only 1 year of
      tamoxifen to CMF adjuvant treatment.

PMID- 2403835
TI  - Malignant transformation of benign cerebellar astrocytoma.
AB  - A patient who had a well-differentiated cerebellar astrocytoma resected at 4
      years of age, had glioblastoma multiforme of the cerebellum after a symptom-free
      interval of 28 years. Late malignant transformation of a cerebellar astrocytoma
      of childhood is rare and previous cases are reviewed. Cerebellar astrocytomas are
      typically among the most benign of primary brain malignancies with excellent long
      term survival rates, sometimes with incomplete resection. This patient indicates
      that follow-up needs to be long-term because biologic behavior cannot be
      predicted fully in all cases.

PMID- 2403836
TI  - Clinical course and prognosis of the lymphoproliferative disease of granular
      lymphocytes. A multicenter study.
AB  - Lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes (LDGL) is a recently
      recognized, relatively rare atypical lymphocytosis characterized by the presence
      of over 2000 lymphocytes with cytoplasmic azurophilic granules/mm3 in the
      peripheral blood. The clinical course is heterogeneous, varying from spontaneous
      regression to progressive, malignant disease. As a consequence, clinical
      intervention is not standardized. In a worldwide multicenter study, the authors
      observed 151 patients with LDGL for a mean follow-up time of 29 months. Forty
      three patients were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. In the remaining
      cases, clinical symptoms included fever (41 cases), infections (58), neutropenia
      (47), anemia (17), and thrombocytopenia (12). In 69 cases, LDGL coexisted with an
      associated disease. Most patients had a nonprogressive clinical course despite
      the presence of severe symptoms. In 19 patients, death related to LDGL occurred
      within 48 months. The authors investigated which features at diagnosis were
      significantly associated with increased mortality. In the univariate analysis,
      lymph node and liver enlargement, fever at presentation, skin infiltration, a low
      (less than or equal to 5000/mm3) or high (greater than 20,000/mm3) peripheral
      leukocyte count, relatively low (less than or equal to 3000) or high (greater
      than 7000/mm3) absolute peripheral granular lymphocyte (GL) count, and a low
      (less than or equal to 15%) percentage of HNK-1-positive cells were found to be
      predictors of increased mortality. In the multivariate analysis, significant
      independent predictors were fever at diagnosis, a low (less than or equal to 15%)
      percentage of HNK-1-positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and a
      relatively low (less than or equal to 3000) GL count. These results showed that
      about 25% of the patients with LDGL were diagnosed after a routine blood count
      and had no clinical symptoms. The remaining patients were symptomatic, with some
      experiencing a fatal clinical course. The author's analysis of the significant
      prognostic features of LDGL may help in understanding the heterogeneous nature of
      this syndrome.

PMID- 2403837
TI  - ras gene activation in rat tumors induced by benzidine congeners and derived
      dyes.
AB  - Dimethoxybenzidine (DMO) and dimethylbenzidine (DM) are used to synthesize dyes
      such as C.I. Direct Blue 15 and C.I. Acid Red 114, respectively. These
      commercially used dyes are metabolically degraded to DMO or DM in the intestinal
      tract of rodents and subsequently DMO and DM are absorbed into the blood stream.
      Animals were exposed to DMO, DM, or the dyes in the drinking water. Tumors
      obtained from control and chemical-treated animals were examined for the presence
      of activated oncogenes by the NIH 3T3 DNA transfection assay. Activated oncogenes
      were detected in less than 3% (1/38) of the tumors from control animals whereas
      68% (34/50) of the tumors from chemical-treated animals contained detectable
      oncogenes. Activated oncogenes were detected in both malignant (25/36) and benign
      (9/14) tumors from the chemically treated animals but only in one of 13 malignant
      tumors from the control animals. The presence of oncogenes in the chemically
      induced benign tumors suggests that oncogene activation was an early event in
      those tumors. Southern blot analysis of transfectant DNA showed that the
      transforming properties of the chemically induced rat tumor DNAs were due to the
      transfer of an activated H-ras (31/34) or N-ras (3/34) gene. One spontaneous rat
      tumor DNA was found to contain an activated H-ras gene. Oligonucleotide
      hybridization analysis indicated that the H-ras oncogenes from chemical
      associated tumors contained mutations at codons 12, 13, or 61 whereas the
      spontaneously activated H-ras gene contained a point mutation at codon 61. These
      data suggest that activation of cellular ras genes by point mutation is an
      important step in the induction of tumors, at least in rats, by this class of
      benzidine-derived dyes. Moreover, in light of common histogenesis of the normal
      counterparts of many of the chemically induced neoplasms and histological
      evidence of varied tissue differentiation in some basal cell neoplasms, it is
      possible that most or all of the chemically induced neoplasms were derived from a
      common epidermal progenitor stem cell population.

PMID- 2403838
TI  - Growth-regulated surface glycoproteins of human bladder cancer.
AB  - Clinical studies of human bladder cancer cells with mouse monoclonal antibodies
      (mAbs) have revealed two surface glycoproteins (T43 and T138) expressed by
      aggressive cancers and not by normal cells and a differentiation antigen (T16)
      expressed by normal and tumor cells of urothelial origin (Y. Fradet et al., Proc.
      Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81: 224-228, 1984; Y. Fradet et al. Cancer Res., 46: 5183
      5188, 1986). To investigate further the possible association of these antigenic
      phenotypes with growth advantage of tumor cells, their expression, according to
      phases of the cell cycle and growth states (exponential and plateau phase) was
      studied in the human bladder carcinoma cell line T24. Expression of the p21 ras
      oncogene product, the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen and the HLA class I antigen
      were also studied with mAbs. Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to determine
      antigen expression and DNA content of cells stained with mAbs and propidium
      iodide. Two antigens, T16 and T43, showed marked variations of their expression
      according to the growth status of the cells, although with an inverse profile.
      T16 was expressed on resting cells up to 12.5 times more than on exponentially
      growing cells. Conversely, T43 expression increased by a factor of 4.5 on
      actively proliferating cells. However, there was no preferential expression of
      either antigen in any one phase of the cell cycle. None of the other antigens
      studied, including the p21 protein, showed any density variation with either cell
      cycle or growth states. The results of these studies suggest that T43 may be
      associated with a growth advantage of tumor cells and that T16 has the
      characteristics of a differentiation antigen whose expression is induced on
      resting cells. These findings may have implications for the potential clinical
      use of these mAbs.

PMID- 2403839
TI  - Alterations in glycosylation and lectin pattern during phorbol ester-induced
      differentiation of U937 cells.
AB  - Incubation of the human monoblastoid tumor cell line U937 with 5 x 10(-9) M 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) for 3 days was associated with marked
      morphological and functional changes including adherence of the cells and
      cessation of proliferation. While growth arrest and the viability of the cells
      were not influenced, the TPA-induced adherence of U937 cells could be totally
      blocked by incubation with tunicamycin, suggesting an involvement of N-linked
      carbohydrates in these cell attachment processes. The isolation and
      characterization of endogenous lectins with specificities for lactose, L-fucose,
      and D-mannose from U937 controls and TPA-differentiated U937 cells demonstrated
      marked differences in either the pattern and the distribution of these sugar
      specific carbohydrate-binding proteins. Our results indicate that alterations in
      cell-surface carbohydrates are of central importance for the attachment of the
      differentiating U937 tumor cells.

PMID- 2403840
TI  - Tumor growth inhibitory activity of a lymphocyte blastogenesis inhibitory factor.
AB  - A lymphocyte blastogenesis inhibitory factor (LBIF) has been characterized as an
      immunoregulatory molecule, especially on the T-lymphocyte proliferation. Using
      fast protein liquid chromatography-purified LBIF, we examined the effect of LBIF
      on the proliferation of various 18 tumor cell lines in vitro in comparison with
      those of interferon-alpha, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha,
      transforming growth factor-beta 1, or interleukin 1 alpha/beta. We showed here
      that LBIF strongly inhibited the proliferation of various tumor cell lines
      irrespective of cell lineage or species. LBIF was effective on a wider spectrum
      of tumor cell lines than other cytokines tested here. The inhibition resulted
      from cytotoxic or cytostatic effects, depending on individual characteristics of
      tumor cell lines. Five cell lines showed insensitivity against LBIF activity,
      suggesting a plausible involvement of LBIF receptor molecules to transduce LBIF
      signals. These results suggest that LBIF may play important roles in regulating
      cell growth.

PMID- 2403841
TI  - Microinjection of p34cdc2 kinase induces marked changes in cell shape,
      cytoskeletal organization, and chromatin structure in mammalian fibroblasts.
AB  - We have examined the effects of elevating the intracellular levels of p34cdc2
      kinase by microinjection into living mammalian cells. These studies reveal rapid
      and dramatic changes in cell shape with cells becoming round and losing the bulk
      of their cell-substratum contact. Such effects were induced at all times in the
      cell cycle except at S phase and were fully reversible at S phase or mitosis.
      Similar results were obtained with the homogeneous catalytic subunit of p34cdc2
      kinase or p34cdc2 kinase associated with cyclin B. These alterations were
      accompanied by a marked reduction in interphase microtubules without the spindle
      formation, actin microfilament redistribution, and premature chromatin
      condensation. Although these changes closely mimic the events occurring during
      early phases of mitosis, p34cdc2 kinase-injected cells were not induced to pass
      further into division. These data provide detailed evidence that p34cdc2 kinase
      plays a major prerequisite role in the rearrangement of cellular structures
      associated with mammalian cell mitosis.

PMID- 2403842
TI  - Unraveling retrovirus integration.

PMID- 2403843
TI  - Expression of CD44 confers a new adhesive phenotype on transfected cells.
AB  - The function of the CD44 glycoprotein as an adhesion molecule was directly tested
      by transformation of a CD44 cDNA into mouse fibroblasts. This cDNA was expressed
      as a heavily modified cell surface protein reactive with monoclonal antibodies
      that recognize glycoproteins now identified in primates as CD44. Independent
      transfectants exhibited a new self-adhesive phenotype, forming large aggregates
      when placed in suspension. In variants derived from a clone of cells, aggregation
      competence segregated with expression of the transfected gene. This CD44-mediated
      adhesion was blocked specifically by monoclonal antibodies binding one
      immunologically defined region of CD44. Nontransfected L cells did not self
      aggregate but were capable of adhering to the transfectants, indicating that at
      least one ligand for this adhesion molecule is expressed by mouse fibroblasts.

PMID- 2403844
TI  - Zebra patterns in fly embryos: activation of stripes or repression of
      interstripes?
AB  - Like Gould's zebra, the striped embryo can be viewed as a pattern of both
      interstripe repression and stripe activation. A growing body of evidence suggests
      that both processes are at work in regulating pair-rule gene expression. Certain
      genes, such as ftz, are largely negatively regulated in the interstripes through
      proximal upstream elements by the striped expression of other pair-rule genes,
      while others, such as hairy and eve, are largely regulated through distal
      upstream elements by the aperiodic gap genes (Figure 7). Different gap proteins
      control different subsets of stripes and interstripes. Combinations of gap
      proteins regulate transcription by binding to far upstream elements that contain
      different numbers and types of binding sites.

PMID- 2403845
TI  - The yeast microtubule cytoskeleton: genetic approaches to structure and function.

PMID- 2403846
TI  - Assembly of the brush border cytoskeleton: changes in the distribution of
      microvillar core proteins during enterocyte differentiation in adult chicken
      intestine.
AB  - The assembly of the intestinal microvillus cytoskeleton was examined during the
      differentiation of enterocytes along the crypt-villus axis in adult chicken
      duodenum using light and electron microscopic immunolocalization techniques.
      Using antibodies reactive with villin, fimbrin, and the heavy chain (hc) of brush
      border (BB) myosin I (110K-calmodulin complex) and rhodamine-conjugated
      phalloidin as a probe for F-actin, we determined that while actin, villin, and
      fimbrin were all localized apically along the entire axis, BB myosin I (hc) did
      not assume this localization until the crypt-villus transition zone. In addition
      to their localization at the BB surface, all four proteins were present at
      significant levels along the lateral margins of enterocytes along the entire
      crypt-villus axis, suggesting that these proteins may be involved in the
      organization and function of the basolateral membrane cytoskeleton as well. The
      pattern of expression of the microvillar core proteins along the crypt-villus
      axis in the adult was comparable to that seen in the intestine of the late stage
      chicken embryo and suggests that a common program for brush border assembly may
      be used in both modes of enterocyte differentiation.

PMID- 2403847
TI  - Actin and actin-binding proteins in yeast.

PMID- 2403848
TI  - The evolution of anaesthesia as a specialty in Canada.
AB  - Since 1847 anaesthesia in Canada has evolved through six phases. In the first
      (1847-1898), it was a craft without an academic and professional base. The second
      (1899-1919) was marked by the first academic appointments and by Canadians'
      wartime experiences of anaesthesia. The third phase (1920-1929) evidenced the
      professional satisfaction of anaesthesia and included the founding of the
      Canadian Society of Anaesthetists. In the fourth phase (1930-1943) the growth of
      the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, the introduction of
      certification and the founding of the definitive professional society--the
      Canadian Anaesthetists' Society--fostered the evolution of what was now becoming
      a recognizable specialty. The fifth phase (1944-1971) was one of resolution of
      problems affecting the status of anaesthesia: the first autonomous department of
      anaesthesia in a Canadian university was founded (at McGill in 1945), the Royal
      College Fellowship was approved for anaesthesia (in 1951), the Canadian
      Anaesthetists' Society Journal was launched (in 1954) and a single standard for
      certification of specialists was finally established (in 1971). In the sixth
      (1972-1989), the main elements were the assumption of responsibility for
      residency training by the universities and by the renaming of the journal as the
      Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. Through these years of increasing
      professionalism, it has, however, been the accomplishments of individual Canadian
      physicians, facing many challenges, that have made the specialty in Canada
      recognizably Canadian.

PMID- 2403849
TI  - Harold Griffith.

PMID- 2403850
TI  - Dose-related effects of succinylcholine on the adductor pollicis and masseter
      muscles in children.
AB  - This study was performed to determine the effects of various doses of
      succinylcholine on resting tension and evoked twitch height at the masseter and
      adductor pollicis muscles in children. Twenty patients, aged 3-10 yr, ASA
      physical status I or II, were randomly assigned to receive succinylcholine 0.15,
      0.25, 0.50 or 1.00 mg.kg-1, during halothane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia.
      Supramaximal train-of-four stimulation was applied simultaneously to the ulnar
      nerve and the nerve to the masseter. Transducers recorded force at the jaw and
      the thumb. Maximum blockade of the first twitch (T1) and maximum resting tension
      change were measured. Potency of succinylcholine at the two muscles was estimated
      by linear regression of the logit transformation of T1 versus log dose. The
      relationship between resting tension change and log dose was established by
      linear regression. The masseter muscle was more sensitive to succinylcholine than
      the adductor pollicis with an ED95 of 0.28 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SEM) vs 0.44 +/-
      0.05 mg.kg-1 (P less than 0.05). Onset of neuromuscular blockade was faster at
      the masseter, and recovery occurred simultaneously in both muscles. A dose
      related increase in resting tension was observed in both muscles, but its
      magnitude was five times greater at the masseter. With succinylcholine, 1 mg.kg
      1, this increase was 51.6 +/- 16.8 g at the masseter and 9.1 +/- 2.3 g at the
      adductor pollicis. Tension returned to baseline within 1-2 min.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2403851
TI  - Large volumes of apple juice preoperatively do not affect gastric pH and volume
      in children.
AB  - The effect on gastric pH and volume of 0, 6 and 10 ml.kg-1, of apple juice given
      2.5 hours before surgery to children aged five to ten years was investigated in
      this prospective, randomized, single-blind study. Gastric contents were aspirated
      after induction of anaesthesia, and the volume measured. The pH of the gastric
      aspirate was then assessed using pH paper. Neither gastric volume nor pH
      immediately following the induction of general anaesthesia were significantly
      different among the three groups. Gastric volumes after 0, 6 and 10 ml.kg-1, of
      juice averaged (mean +/- SD) 0.45 +/- 0.31, 0.66 +/- 0.79 and 0.71 +/- 0.76 ml.kg
      1, respectively; gastric pH averaged 1.7 +/- 0.6, 1.7 +/- 0.6 and 1.8 +/- 0.8,
      respectively. On the basis of questions asked immediately before induction of
      anaesthesia, patients who drank 6 ml.kg-1 of apple juice had decreased thirst and
      were less irritable and upset before anaesthesia than those who had not (P less
      than 0.05). It is concluded that drinking large volumes of clear apple juice 2.5
      hours before scheduled surgery does not have a measurable effect on gastric
      volume and pH and may offer benefits such as improved patient comfort.

PMID- 2403852
TI  - Advances in oral anti-arrhythmic therapy: implications for the anaesthetist.
AB  - Surgical patients often are receiving antiarrhythmic therapy. Thus, because
      anaesthetic agents can affect cardiac function and may interact with concurrent
      antiarrhythmic medications, the anaesthetist should be aware of the
      electrophysiology associated with dysrhythmias and their management. Tocainide,
      flecainide, mexiletine, encainide and amiodarone have been introduced recently
      and each has an unique pattern of bioavailability, metabolism and toxicity.
      Patients treated with these drugs need special concern as they have abnormal
      cardiovascular systems and may be at increased risk for perioperative morbidity.
      In addition, unexpected untoward reactions and toxicity can result from
      interactions of anaesthetic agents and these drugs. This review discusses normal
      cardiac electrophysiology, common dysrhythmias and the electrophysiological
      effects of the newer oral antiarrhythmic drugs.

PMID- 2403854
TI  - Neoplastic development in B-lymphocytes.
AB  - The differentiation of B-cells, unlike other hematopoietic cells that develop in
      a single burst, occurs in interrupted steps. As a consequence there are different
      types of B-cells that are distinguished by their level of development.
      Accordingly there are a variety of different kinds of B-cell tumors. The most
      common proto-oncogene that is mutated in B-cell tumors is c-myc. In mammalian
      systems c-myc is mutated by chromosomal rearrangements with immunoglobulin-gene
      bearing chromosomes. The c-myc gene may be directly rearranged in some
      translocations but in a number of others the breaksites are only near the c-myc
      locus. The mechanism of dysregulation of myc transcription in the latter is
      currently being investigated. Probably the most striking finding is the number of
      different B-cell tumor-forming systems in different species in which one or more
      of the characteristic 'myc' chromosomal translocations occur. In humans these
      occur in eBL, sBL and AIDS-associated lymphomas. B-cell lymphomas. Dysregulation
      of c-myc is a major phenotype in many (but not all) B-cell tumors and further
      does not appear to be sufficient to establish an autonomously growing B-cell.
      Surprisingly the nature of the additional changes has not been determined in B
      cell tumor systems. It is known though that when certain other oncogenes are
      passively introduced into cells with dysregulated c-myc genes autonomously
      growing phenotypes do emerge. The oncogenes known to cooperate with a
      dysregulated myc (e.g. Ha-ras, raf-1 and v-abl) are thought to code for proteins
      that participate in growth-factor-induced signal transductions.

PMID- 2403853
TI  - Chemotherapy by fotemustine in cerebral metastases of disseminated malignant
      melanoma.
AB  - A total of 42 patients with cerebral metastases of malignant melanoma were
      included in this study of the nitrosourea fotemustine. The treatment plan
      consisted of a l-h i.v. infusion of 100 mg/m2 fotemustine every week for 3-4
      weeks, followed by a 4- to 5-week rest period. Responding or stabilised patients
      then received 100 mg/m2 fotemustine every 3 weeks. Among the 39 evaluable
      patients, 2 complete responses and 9 partial responses were documented, leading
      to an overall response rate of 28.2%. Most of the responses were obtained in
      previously untreated patients and/or those presenting with a single cerebral
      metastasis. Toxicity was mild and mainly hematological, especially in patients
      previously treated by polychemotherapeutic regimen. Our study confirms the
      activity of fotemustine in cerebral metastases of disseminated malignant
      melanoma.

PMID- 2403855
TI  - Metabolic deactivation of furylfuramide by cytochrome P450 in human and rat liver
      microsomes.
AB  - Metabolic deactivation of furylfuramide by human and rat liver microsomal
      cytochrome P450 enzymes has been investigated in a system measuring induction of
      umu gene expression response in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002. Both human
      and rat liver microsomes catalyzed the metabolism of furylfuramide to inactive
      form(s) that are incapable of inducing umu gene expression in the tester strain.
      The reaction required an NADPH-generating system and molecular oxygen and was
      inhibited by carbon monoxide, suggesting that a cytochrome P450-linked mono
      oxygenase system is prerequisite for the deactivation reaction. With liver
      microsomes from variously pretreated rats, 3-methylcholanthrene was found to be a
      powerful inducer for the furylfuramide-metabolizing activity, and antibodies
      raised against rat P450IA1(BNF-B, c) and P450IA2(ISF-G, d) inhibited the
      microsomal activity. Human liver microsomal furylfuramide-metabolizing activity
      was also inhibited significantly by anti-P450IA2 IgG but weakly by anti-P450IA1
      IgG. In liver microsomes prepared from seven different human samples, the
      activities of deactivation of furylfuramide were found to correlate with the
      amounts of immunoreactive protein related to rat P450IA2 and with the
      monooxygenase activities of metabolic activation of 2-amino-3,4-dimethyl
      imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ) and of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation. These
      results suggest that P450IA1 and P450IA2 in rats, and P450PA (IA2, the phenacetin
      O-deethylase and ortholog of rat P450IA2) in humans are the major enzymes
      involved in the deactivation of furylfuramide in liver microsomes. The metabolic
      studies involving HPLC analysis of products followed by spectrophotometric
      examination have also suggested that furylfuramide can be degraded very rapidly
      through the aerobic metabolism by liver microsomes.

PMID- 2403856
TI  - Metabolism and disposition of benzidine in the dog.
AB  - The dog is an animal model for assessing aromatic amine-induced bladder cancer.
      For this reason, metabolism and disposition of benzidine in dog was assessed.
      Dogs were administered a 1 mg/kg i.v. dose of [3H]benzidine (16.4 mCi/mmol). The
      plasma t1/2 of the radiolabeled material (benzidine plus metabolites) was
      significantly longer (approximately 3 h) than authentic benzidine (less than 30
      min). During the 5 h experiment, the majority of radiolabel was associated with
      bile, urine and carcass. Bladder transitional epithelium exhibited a consistently
      higher concentration of bound radioactivity than bladder muscle. A significant
      amount of binding was observed in DNA from liver, kidney and bladder. DNA from
      bladder transitional epithelium exhibited the highest concentration of
      radioactivity. Approximately 30% of the radioactivity recovered following HPLC of
      urine or bile was identified as unmetabolized benzidine. 3-Hydroxybenzidine was a
      major metabolite identified in bile (8%) but not urine. Urine samples treated
      with acid, base or sulfatase yielded 3-hydroxybenzidine (6%) as a major
      hydrolysis product. Similar treatment of bile samples did not result in increased
      amounts of 3-hydroxybenzidine. Neither N-acetylated nor N-methylated metabolites
      of benzidine were observed in urine or bile. Thus, considerable metabolism of
      benzidine occurs in dogs by pathways that are yet to be determined.

PMID- 2403857
TI  - Effect of peroxisome proliferators on intrachromosomal and interchromosomal
      recombination in yeast.
AB  - Peroxisome proliferators are a class of non-mutagenic hepatocarcinogens, which
      induce a similar pleiotropic response such as hepatomegaly, proliferation of the
      peroxisomes in hepatocytes and hepatocarcinogenesis. Peroxisome proliferators are
      not detectable by the Ames assay and various other short-term tests. Recently a
      system for intrachromosomal recombination in yeast (DEL) has been shown to be
      inducible by a variety of non-mutagenic carcinogens. These include many
      carcinogens that are not detectable by the Ames assay or by various other short
      term tests. In the present study the peroxisome proliferators [4-chloro-6-(2,3
      xylidino)-2-pyrimidinyl-thio]acetic acid (Wy-14,643); methyl-2-[4-(p
      chlorophenyl)phenoxy]2-methyl propionate (methyl clofenopate); 2-methyl-2[p
      (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1- naphthyl)phenoxy]-propionic acid (nafenopin); 2-[4-(2,2
      dichlorocyclopropyl)phenoxy]2-methyl-propionic acid (ciprofibrate); [4-chloro-6
      (2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio(N-beta-hydroxyethyl)-acetam ide] (BR-931); and
      ethyl alpha-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (clofibrate) have been tested for their
      potential to induce DEL as well as interchromosomal recombination in yeast. No
      evidence for induction of either system has been found in the presence or the
      absence of the supernatant (S9) from rat liver homogenate. The data support the
      notion that peroxisome proliferators are truly non-mutagenic carcinogens.

PMID- 2403858
TI  - Interferon inducers increase O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase in the rat
      liver.
AB  - We investigated whether treatment with the interferon inducer polyinosinic
      polycytidylic acid and other cytokines (interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor) or
      the cytokine inducer lipopolysaccharide modified O6-alkylguanine-DNA
      alkyltransferase (AT) in rat liver. AT levels were determined in liver extracts
      using N-[3H]methyl-N-nitrosourea alkylated calf thymus DNA as substrate and an
      HPLC procedure to measure O6-methylguanine. Doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg i.p. of
      polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid caused a highly significant increase (P less than
      0.01) in AT levels in the liver, evident either 24 or 48 h after treatment.
      Lipopolysaccharide at the dose of 80 micrograms/kg i.p. also induced AT whereas
      interleukin-1 (60 micrograms/kg) or tumor necrosis factor (60 micrograms/kg) were
      inactive. Treatment with human recombinant interferon alpha A/D caused a highly
      significant increase in AT levels, thus confirming the hypothesis that interferon
      was probably responsible for the observed effect. These results suggest a link
      between the immune response and DNA repair mechanisms.

PMID- 2403859
TI  - Role of metabolism on the DNA binding of MeIQx in mice and bacteria.
AB  - We report the effects of several inducers of P450 metabolizing enzymes on DNA
      adduct formation by 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) in
      C57BL/6 mice. We also examined the role of N:O-acetylation and the nitrenium ion
      in the genotoxicity of MeIQx, since these have been implicated in the activation
      of other aminoimidazoazaarenes (AIA) to DNA reactive species. Mice were given
      phenobarbital (PB), Aroclor 1254, beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) or corn oil, i.p.,
      followed 3-5 days later with oral administration of MeIQx. Induction of Aroclor
      and BNF produced DNA with 8-fold more adducts than either the corn oil-alone or
      PB-treated animals. Both corn oil-alone and PB-treated animals were similar. Four
      major adducts were found in all cases with no differences among inducers as
      judged by co-chromatography. Azido-MeIQx induced calf-thymus-DNA adducts produced
      identical adduct profiles to those seen for the mouse DNA. Similar adduct
      profiles were obtained from Salmonella TA98, and the nitroreductase deficient
      strains (TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6) exposed to MeIQx in the presence of Aroclor
      induced-mouse-liver S9. Adduct frequencies in TA98/1,8-DNP6 were significantly
      lower than in TA98 and TA98NR. The data described in this report demonstrate that
      induction quantitatively increases adduct numbers but does not affect the types
      of DNA damage. These data also suggest that the same DNA reactive intermediates
      are formed in vivo as in vitro and support the hypothesis that the metabolism of
      MeIQx involves the P450I family of isozymes, N:O-acetyltransferases and possibly
      a nitrenium ion. The application of radioanalytic scanners for quantitation of
      32P-postlabelling adduct maps is described.

PMID- 2403860
TI  - Dose-related differences in DNA adduct levels in rodent tissues following skin
      application of complex mixtures from air pollution sources.
AB  - Dose-related differences in the binding of DNA reactive intermediates for three
      environmentally important complex mixture particulate extracts and a well-studied
      carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), were examined in female C-57 mice following
      multiple topical treatments ranging from 1 to 120 mg/mouse. Particulate extracts
      from coke oven, coal soot and diesel exhaust were selected as model complex
      mixtures based on short-term mutagenicity assays, animal bioassays for
      carcinogenicity or epidemiological studies, where increased incidences of lung
      cancer in exposed populations were detected. Positive and negative control
      animals were treated with 1.2 mg BaP or acetone respectively. DNA was isolated
      from skin, lung and liver 24 h following the last application and analyzed for
      DNA adducts using the nuclease P1 version of the 32P-postlabeling assay. Each of
      the particulate extracts produced distinct patterns of DNA adducts. A diagonal
      zone of radioactivity, presumably representing multiple putative DNA adducts, was
      observed for coke-oven, coal-soot- and diesel-modified DNA samples. One adduct,
      common to all three complex-mixture-modified DNA samples, co-migrated with the
      major BaP adduct observed following treatment with BaP alone. Based on the BaP
      concentration for each of the extracts it seems unlikely that this adduct is
      derived from BaP alone. It is possible that an adduct is formed with
      chromatographic properties similar to the major BaP-derived adduct detected in
      mice treated with BaP alone. This adduct was detected in all tissues examined and
      represented approximately 12-34% of the total number of adducts detected within
      the diagonal radioactive zone for all coke-oven- and coal-soot-exposed tissues
      (skin, lung and liver). In contrast, this adduct represented 49-67% of the total
      radioactivity recovered from the diagonal zone of DNA isolated from lungs of
      animals exposed to diesel extract. The highest total number of adducts resulted
      from the metabolism of coke oven extract followed by coal soot and diesel
      treatments respectively. A dose-dependent increase in adduct formation was
      observed for all tissues in the diesel- and coal-soot-treatment mice. Liver and
      lung, but not skin, DNA adduct levels increased in a dose-dependent manner in the
      coke-oven-treated mice. The percentage of dose administered, detected as DNA
      adducts increased in all tissues as the dose decreased for all three complex
      mixtures. These data have important implications for risk assessment of these
      complex mixtures.

PMID- 2403861
TI  - Cysteine proteinase inhibitors and ras gene products share the same biological
      activities including transforming activity toward NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts and
      the differentiation-inducing activity toward PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells.
AB  - We have recently found that ras oncogene product (p21) inhibits cysteine
      proteinases. Because p21 transforms NIH3T3 cells and also induces differentiation
      of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells, several potent cysteine proteinase inhibitors
      have been tested for whether they show similar biological activities. The
      saturation density of NIH3T3 cells was increased by repeated treatment with
      cysteine proteinase-specific inhibitors such as N-acetyl-leucyl-leucyl
      norleucinal (ALLN), N-acetyl-leucyl-leucyl-methioninal (ALLM), E-64 and chicken
      egg white cystatin. Furthermore, some transformed foci appeared a few weeks after
      the onset of the treatment. ALLN and ALLM were also able to induce neurite
      outgrowth of PC12 cells. Taken together, the cysteine proteinase-specific
      inhibitory activity of p21 may be important for its biological activities.

PMID- 2403863
TI  - Regulation of large cerebral arteries and cerebral microvascular pressure.
AB  - Resistance of large arteries appears to be greater in the cerebral circulation
      than in other vascular beds. Large arteries contribute importantly to total
      cerebral vascular resistance and are major determinants of local microvascular
      pressure. Recent studies have shown that resistance of large arteries and
      cerebral microvascular pressure are affected by several physiological stimuli,
      including changes in systemic blood pressure, increases in cerebral metabolism,
      activity of sympathetic nerves, and humoral stimuli such as circulating
      vasopressin and angiotensin. Stimuli such as sympathetic stimulation and
      vasopressin produce selective responses of large arteries and, thereby, regulate
      microvascular pressure without a significant change in cerebral blood flow. These
      findings lead to the new hypothesis that the brain may be sensitive to changes in
      cerebral microvascular pressure, resulting in activation of compensatory
      neurohumoral mechanisms. Important changes occur in large cerebral arteries under
      pathophysiological conditions. Chronic hypertension increases resistance of large
      cerebral arteries, which protects the microcirculation against hypertension.
      Atherosclerosis potentiates constrictor responses of large cerebral arteries to
      serotonin and thromboxane, which may contribute to vasospasm and transient
      ischemic attacks.

PMID- 2403862
TI  - Effects of endothelin on coronary flow, mechanical performance, oxygen uptake,
      and formation of purines and on outflow of prostacyclin in the isolated rabbit
      heart.
AB  - Endothelin is a 21-residue peptide formed during incubation of isolated porcine
      endothelial cells. Due to its pronounced vasoconstrictor activity, endothelin has
      been proposed to play a role in the regulation of vascular tone. We studied the
      effects of synthetic endothelin (0.1-10 nM) on coronary flow, mechanical
      performance, myocardial oxygen uptake, and formation of purines, and outflow of 6
      ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (metabolite of prostacyclin) in rabbit hearts perfused
      with saline by the Langendorff method. Endothelin dose-dependently decreased the
      coronary flow, at 10 nM, by about 75%. Heart rate, ventricular contractility,
      myocardial oxygen uptake, and purine release were affected by endothelin no more
      than by a corresponding mechanical reduction of the coronary flow. In contrast,
      the diastolic relaxation appeared to be directly diminished by endothelin. The
      concentration of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha in the cardiac effluent was dose
      dependently elevated by about 14 times by endothelin (10 nM) (p less than 0.001).
      A corresponding mechanical restriction of the coronary flow insignificantly
      affected the effluent concentration of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha. The calcium
      channel blocker nifedipine (1 microM) completely abolished the decrease in
      diastolic relaxation induced by endothelin and markedly counteracted the peptide
      induced increase in effluent concentration of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha, but
      did not affect the vasoconstrictor activity. These data demonstrate that
      endothelin induces vasoconstriction and facilitates the outflow of prostacyclin
      in the rabbit heart. In addition, the peptide appears to affect diastolic
      relaxation in this organ.

PMID- 2403864
TI  - Role of platelets and antiplatelet agents in cerebrovascular disease. Clues from
      trials.
AB  - Significant reductions in mortality and in the incidence of nonfatal strokes have
      been shown in many trials of antiplatelet drugs, such as aspirin, in
      cerebrovascular disease. The limitations of these trials must be considered;
      however, if the trials are to provide useful information on the role of platelets
      in thrombotic processes. Difficulties arise because of the variable composition
      of emboli and the many possible causes of strokes. Some emboli are composed
      mainly of platelets while others consist of atheromatous material. Strokes may
      result from hemorrhage, hemodynamic disturbances, or lacunar infarction rather
      than thromboembolism. Nonetheless, the results of clinical trials suggest that at
      least some strokes can be prevented by antiplatelet drugs, thus implying that
      platelets are involved in the underlying disease process.

PMID- 2403865
TI  - Platelets, blood flow, and the vessel wall.
AB  - Vessel wall injury and lipid deposition in the walls of arteries can contribute
      to the development of atherosclerotic lesions. The mitogen (platelet-derived
      growth factor) for smooth muscle cells that is released from platelets that
      adhere to the sites of injury contributes to vessel wall thickening, as does the
      organization of mural thrombi. Although many arterial thrombi result from fissure
      or rupture of the fibrous cap of lipid-rich atherosclerotic plaques, thrombi that
      result from shear-induced platelet aggregation and disturbed blood flow at
      stenotic lesions also contribute to the thromboembolic clinical complications of
      atherosclerosis. Prevention of thrombus initiation requires a better
      understanding of platelet interaction with injured vessel walls and of the ways
      in which this process may be inhibited. A crucial factor in the management of
      thrombus formation in severely injured vessels is restoration of a normal pattern
      of blood flow. Theoretically, it may be possible to use angioplasty (to remove
      atherosclerotic lesions and to dilate stenosed vessels) and to use new
      therapeutic interventions (to prevent the accumulation of an initial layer of
      platelets on the acutely injured surface) to reduce the probability of restenosis
      and thrombosis at these sites.

PMID- 2403866
TI  - Inhibition of platelet-vessel wall interaction. Platelet receptors, monoclonal
      antibodies, and synthetic peptides.
AB  - Platelet adhesion to blood vessel walls and subsequent aggregation require
      binding of von Willebrand factor to glycoprotein receptors on the platelet cell
      membrane. Consequently, inhibition of binding to these glycoproteins by
      monoclonal antibodies or synthetic peptides could provide a useful approach to
      the treatment of thrombotic conditions. Most of the studies that have used this
      approach have focused on glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, which is a multispecific receptor
      that binds von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, fibronectin, and vitronectin, all
      of which are involved in cell adhesion. In animal studies, monoclonal antibodies
      raised against glycoprotein IIb/IIIa cause an increase in bleeding time,
      indicative of impaired platelet function, and there is some evidence that these
      antibodies are more effective at reducing platelet adhesion than anticoagulants
      or thromboxane synthase inhibitors. Furthermore, as glycoprotein IIb/IIIa binds
      several proteins involved in cell adhesion, many of which bear the amino acid
      sequence Arg-Gly-Asp, it may be possible to prevent thrombus formation by the use
      of synthetic peptides containing this sequence.

PMID- 2403867
TI  - Comparison of low-dose aspirin and coronary vasodilators in acute unstable
      angina.
AB  - Episodic platelet activation has been shown to occur in unstable angina, and
      aspirin should have an important therapeutic role in the management of these
      patients. The response to aspirin alone or to aspirin in combination with
      vasodilators such as heparin and beta-blockers has been assessed in 41 patients
      with unstable angina. Therapy was added sequentially in the event of recurrence
      of transient myocardial ischemia. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups.
      Group 1 (21 patients) received an intravenous infusion of isosorbide dinitrate
      and oral diltiazem, and group 2 (20 patients) received intravenous aspirin (60 mg
      the first day and 20 mg on successive days). This dose of aspirin reduced serum
      thromboxane B2 from 160 +/- 88 ng/ml (mean +/- SD) to undetectable values (less
      than 6 ng/ml, p less than 0.01). If episodes of ischemic ST segment shift
      continued, the therapy of group 1 was added to that of group 2 or vice versa; if
      further ST segment changes were documented, intravenous heparin and oral beta
      blockers were added; if episodes of myocardial ischemia persisted, urgent
      coronary arteriography and myocardial revascularization were performed. Nine
      patients in group 1 and six in group 2 (p = 0.8) had no further episodes of
      myocardial ischemia on their initial therapy; 12 additional patients had no
      further episodes when taking combined therapy of aspirin and vasodilators. Thus,
      the administration of aspirin alone was not superior to coronary dilators; 30% of
      all patients continued to have episodes of myocardial ischemia or had a
      myocardial infarction develop when heparin and beta-blockers were added.
      Myocardial infarction occurred in one patient on vasodilator therapy alone, in
      two on combined therapy, and in two on full therapy. These results suggest that
      in some patients, the stimulus to coronary thrombosis and vasoconstriction
      occasionally becomes so strong that it cannot be inhibited by certain antagonist
      drugs. The unstable tendency to continuation of ischemia or evolution to
      myocardial infarction is not related to the severity of the persisting stenosis.
      Those patients not promptly responding to combined therapy immediately from
      admission should have early coronary angiography and aggressive treatment.

PMID- 2403868
TI  - Gas exchange theory and the lactic acidosis (anaerobic) threshold.
AB  - The physiological requirements of performing exercise above the anaerobic
      threshold are considerably more demanding than for lower work rates. Lactic
      acidosis develops at a metabolic rate that is specific to the individual and the
      task being performed. Although numerous pyruvate-dependent mechanisms can lead to
      an elevated blood lactate, the increase in lactate during muscular exercise is
      accompanied by an increase in lactate/pyruvate ratio (i.e., increased NADH/NAD
      ratio). This is typically caused by an inadequate O2 supply to the mitochondria.
      Thus, the anaerobic threshold can be considered to be an important assessment of
      the ability of the cardiovascular system to supply O2 at a rate adequate to
      prevent muscle anaerobiosis during exercise testing. In this paper, we
      demonstrate, with statistical justification, that the pattern of arterial lactate
      and lactate/pyruvate ratio increase during exercise evidences threshold dynamics
      rather than the continuous exponential increase proposed by some investigators.
      The pattern of change in arterial bicarbonate (HCO3-) and pulmonary gas exchange
      supports this threshold concept. To estimate the anaerobic threshold by gas
      exchange methods, we measure CO2 output (VCO2) as a continuous function of O2
      uptake (VO2) (V-slope analysis) as work rate is increased. The break-point in
      this plot reflects the obligate buffering of increasing lactic acid production by
      HCO3-. The anaerobic threshold measured by the V-slope analysis appears to be a
      sensitive index of the development of metabolic acidosis even in subjects in whom
      other gas exchange indexes are insensitive, owing to irregular breathing, reduced
      chemoreceptor sensitivity, impaired respiratory mechanics, or all of these
      occurrences.

PMID- 2403869
TI  - Circulatory regulation at rest and exercise and the functional assessment of
      patients with congestive heart failure.
AB  - Congestive heart failure occurs when myocardial dysfunction is advanced. Although
      clinical manifestations and diminished functional capacity can be traced back to
      the poor cardiac contractile state, there are major modifying influences from a
      complex series of compensatory responses. These particularly involve the heart,
      vessels, kidneys, sympathetic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin system, and
      other hormone systems. Functional capacity is, therefore, determined by the sum
      of the effects of the original cardiac insult and the effects, beneficial and
      adverse, of the secondary events. Functional capacity relates closely to
      prognosis only in the most severely disabled patients. The latter is mainly
      related to the extent of ventricular dysfunction, and there can be independent
      contributions from arrhythmias and sympathetic activity. Measures of resting
      parameters of cardiac contractility, hemodynamics, or neurohumoral responses are,
      therefore, of no value in predicting functional capacity but can be useful in
      examining outlook or examining mechanisms of disease and therapy. Exercise
      measurements are necessary because adequate resting performance can disguise
      major limitations in cardiac reserve. Measurement of functional capacity can be
      used to quantify the effects of therapy on daily living and to give an indication
      of the overall response of the body to major cardiac inadequacy. Limitation of
      exercise capacity, the earliest symptom of heart failure, can be quantified
      during a graded exercise test. Measurements of cardiac output and hemodynamic
      variables during exercise quantify the extent to which the cardiovascular system
      can increase performance to meet the demands of exercise. Work capacity and
      maximum oxygen capacity indicate the limits of physical performance, whereas
      determination of the anaerobic threshold indicates the highest level of exercise
      at which cardiorespiratory mechanisms are able to provide adequate oxygen supply
      to maintain aerobic metabolism in working skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2403870
TI  - Stress-related neuroimmunomodulation of monocyte-macrophage functions in HIV-1
      infection.
AB  - Monocytes/macrophages play a central role in the afferent and efferent limbs of
      the immune system. Macrophages perform several immunological functions both in
      vivo and in vitro, including antigen presentation, tumor cell killing,
      phagocytosis, and bacterial and viral killing. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS), a disease characterized by a profound immunodeficiency, induces a wide
      range of neuropsychological abnormalities. The occurrence of severe psychological
      disturbances, including stress, depression, and anxiety increase psychological
      and physical indices of morbidity among patients. Stress influences several
      immunological responses in man and animals and is usually accompanied by altered
      blood levels of various CNS-related peptides or neurohormones.
      Monocytes/macrophages express surface receptors for different CNS-secreted
      molecules. In ARC and AIDS patients abnormal neuropeptide levels may be related
      to severe psychological disturbances. Neuropeptides and neurohormones may play a
      central role in stressed HIV-1-infected patients by affecting monocyte-macrophage
      functions, which may further trigger disease progression and immunologic
      deficiency. It is hypothesized that stress reactions lead to altered release of
      neurohormones and/or neuropeptides which affect monocyte-macrophage functions and
      favor progression of HIV-1-related disease.

PMID- 2403871
TI  - An evaluation of closed reduction techniques for femoral neck fractures.
AB  - Seven different reduction techniques have been tested in the treatment of
      displaced femoral neck fractures using the fracture table. Wellmerling's
      technique is preferred because of its utility, predictable results, and
      flexibility in treatment alternatives.

PMID- 2403872
TI  - Chondroblastoma of the rib. A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Chondroblastoma, a rare bone tumor usually found in the epiphyseal region of long
      bones, appeared in the rib of a 49-year-old man. Review of the literature reveals
      that the most common locations for this tumor are the knee and proximal humerus.
      The most common age group is the second decade. Eighteen cases of chondroblastoma
      of the rib have been reported in the literature; the patients were older than
      typical patients with epiphyseal chondroblastoma and had an excellent prognosis
      after resection of the tumor.

PMID- 2403873
TI  - Sonography in the management of tibial hemimelia.
AB  - In the evaluation of tibial hemimelia, it is important to establish the presence
      or absence of the cartilaginous tibial anlage. When present, sonography
      effectively identifies and characterizes the tibial cartilage anlage and
      determines the presence and integrity of the patellar tendon.

PMID- 2403874
TI  - Hyaluronates in developing skeletal tissues.
AB  - Hyaluronic acid (HA) is present in the extracellular matrix (ECM) as early as the
      time of gastrulation. At these early stages, HA is thought to organize the ECM
      into a hydrated, open lattice and thereby support cell movements. At later
      stages, when specialized tissues appear, hyaluronidase activity increases. A
      correlation between elevated hyaluronidase activity and deposition of cartilage
      type ECM is now well established. Differentiation of cartilage may be accompanied
      by changes in molecular forms of HA; however, the synthesis of HA is not
      understood well enough to permit firm generalizations to be drawn. There is also
      a lack of evidence regarding specificity of the hyaluronidase that appears at the
      onset of chondrogenesis. Thus, while HA is a ubiquitous ECM component and its
      appearance has been well studied during embryogenesis, there remain large gaps in
      the present knowledge regarding the means by which HA interacts with embryonic
      cells, tissues, and other ECM components.

PMID- 2403875
TI  - Single-assembly total hip prosthesis--preliminary report. 1974.

PMID- 2403876
TI  - Bipolar arthroplasty for 496 hip fractures.
AB  - Four hundred ninety-six bipolar arthroplasties were performed over a 14-year
      period for the treatment of proximal femur fractures. A historical review,
      including 71 references from the 19th century to the present, was composed
      concerning the advances in operative techniques for the treatment of such
      fractures. Comparisons were then made between this series and those that used
      internal fixation and one-piece conventional prostheses. Immediate postoperative
      and long-term follow-up study results confirm findings of a previous smaller
      study. That previous study showed the bipolar prosthesis offered significant
      improvement over internal fixation in reducing morbidity and mortality.
      Additionally, it offered advantages over the one-piece prosthesis in terms of
      fit, decreased acetabular erosion, and improved function.

PMID- 2403877
TI  - Biomechanics of the lumbosacral spine.

PMID- 2403878
TI  - Biology of bone fusion.

PMID- 2403879
TI  - Lumbar spine stabilization: techniques.

PMID- 2403880
TI  - Surgical approaches to the thoracolumbar spine.
AB  - Pathology affecting the spinal cord structures and/or vertebral segments at the
      TLJ is not uncommon. Trauma is the most frequent cause of dysfunction-compression
      at these levels and may result in permanent neurological disability and vertebral
      column instability. Patients with TLJ pathology must be evaluated carefully and
      thoroughly with serial neurological examinations and diagnostic radiographic
      studies as outlined. The treatment of patients who are documented to harbor TLJ
      pathology must be individualized and is determined by the type, extent, and level
      of the lesion, the presence of dislocation and/or instability, and the degree of
      neurological compromise. Surgical decompression is the treatment of choice for
      patients with tumor or herniated disk. Many of the TLJ trauma patients may be
      managed nonoperatively, but surgical decompression and stabilization will be
      required in selected patients to maximize their long-term functional recovery.
      There are several viable surgical options and approaches available for the
      treatment of TLJ lesions, depending on individual patient pathology and the
      experience and expertise of the surgical team. In general, ventral compressive
      lesions, depending on individual patient pathology and the experience and
      expertise of the surgical team. In general, ventral compressive lesions must be
      approached via a ventral or ventrolateral exposure allowing decompression without
      injury to neural structures. In our experience, the "modified"
      costotransversectomy approach is an efficacious approach for treatment of TLJ
      pathology and incorporates both a decompression procedure and a stabilization
      fusion procedure (when required) into the same operative setting.

PMID- 2403881
TI  - Thoracolumbar fusion techniques.

PMID- 2403882
TI  - Management of giant intracranial aneurysms.

PMID- 2403883
TI  - Surgical anatomy of the lateral sellar compartment (cavernous sinus).

PMID- 2403884
TI  - Surgery of vascular lesions of the cavernous sinus.

PMID- 2403885
TI  - Clinicoanatomic features of supraclinoid aneurysms.

PMID- 2403886
TI  - Early surgical management of poor-grade patients with intracranial aneurysms.

PMID- 2403887
TI  - Radical surgery for low-grade glioma.

PMID- 2403888
TI  - The conservative management of primary gliomas of the brain.

PMID- 2403889
TI  - Is there a role for biopsy in the treatment of supratentorial high-grade glioma?

PMID- 2403890
TI  - Aspects of the management of skull base tumors.

PMID- 2403891
TI  - Is this physician really a specialist?

PMID- 2403892
TI  - Anaerobic pleuropulmonary infection.

PMID- 2403893
TI  - Ventilatory muscle support in respiratory failure with nasal positive pressure
      ventilation.
AB  - Long-term intermittent mechanical ventilation results in improvements in
      ventilatory performance and clinical status between ventilation sessions in
      patients with chronic respiratory failure. The application of intermittent
      positive pressure ventilation through a nasal mask (NPPV) is a simple,
      noninvasive method for the provision of chronic intermittent ventilatory support.
      We investigated the effects of NPPV on inspiratory muscle activity in three
      normal subjects and nine patients with acute or chronic ventilatory failure due
      to restrictive (four subjects) or obstructive (five subjects) respiratory
      disorders. NPPV resulted in reductions of phasic diaphragm electromyogram
      amplitude to 6.7 +/- 0.7 percent (mean +/- SEM) of values obtained during
      spontaneous breathing in the normal subjects, 6.4 +/- 3.2 percent in the
      restrictive group, and 8.3 +/- 5.1 percent in the obstructive group. Simultaneous
      decreases in activity of accessory respiratory muscles were observed. The
      reductions in inspiratory muscle activity were confirmed by the finding of
      positive intrathoracic pressure swings on inspiration in all subjects. With NPPV,
      oxygen saturation and PCO2 remained stable or improved as compared with values
      obtained during spontaneous breathing. These results indicate that NPPV can
      noninvasively provide ventilatory support while reducing inspiratory muscle
      energy expenditure in acute and chronic respiratory failure of diverse etiology.
      Long-term assisted ventilation with NPPV may be useful in improving ventilatory
      performance by resting the inspiratory muscles.

PMID- 2403894
TI  - Management of carbon monoxide poisoning.
AB  - Carbon monoxide poisoning is a major cause of illness and death in the United
      States. Most cases result from exposure to the internal combustion engine and to
      stoves burning fossil fuels. Most cases of accidental exposure are preventable if
      proper precautions are taken; however, when cases arise, their presenting signs
      and symptoms are nonspecific and often lead to a misdiagnosis resembling a flu
      like viral illness. As a result, the incidence of acute CO poisoning is
      underestimated. The effects of CO poisoning are due to tissue hypoxia, with the
      CNS and the heart being the most susceptible target organs due to their high
      oxygen needs. Prolonged hypoxia due to high CO levels may lead to cardiac
      arrhythmias or arrest (or both) and a variety of neurologic sequelae. Treatment
      is directed toward the relief of tissue hypoxia and the removal of CO from the
      body. Severity of poisoning can be divided into three levels based on CO levels
      in the blood. Administration of normobaric 100 percent oxygen is the therapy of
      choice for most cases, while hyperbaric oxygen therapy is reserved for severe
      poisonings.

PMID- 2403895
TI  - How much reduced hemoglobin is necessary to generate central cyanosis?

PMID- 2403896
TI  - Pleural effusion in an asymptomatic patient. Spectrum and frequency of causes and
      management considerations.
AB  - We conducted retrospective chart and literature reviews to analyze the frequency
      and spectrum of causes of asymptomatic pleural effusion (APE). In our series, 16
      percent of patients undergoing thoracentesis for PE were asymptomatic and the
      spectrum of causes was similar to that for symptomatic patients. Asymptomatic PEs
      were evenly distributed among transudates, exudates and indeterminate effusions.
      More symptomatic (S) PE were exudates, although the difference was not
      statistically significant (p greater than 0.1). In comparison to SPE, APE were
      more often free flowing and small. In both groups, the four most common diagnoses
      were malignancy, CHF, parapneumonic and postoperative effusions accounting for
      greater than 70 percent of each group. Review of the literature demonstrated the
      following associations with APE: recent childbirth or abdominal surgery, benign
      asbestos effusion, uremia, malignancy, and tuberculosis. In the uncomplicated
      postpartum or postoperative setting or in patients with typical findings of left
      ventricular failure, observation without diagnostic studies is appropriate. In
      all other situations, APE should be evaluated in traditional fashion. If
      thoracentesis is non-diagnostic and the effusion is an exudate, closed pleural
      biopsy and less often, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, should follow. Once malignant or
      granulomatous pleuritis has been excluded, it may be appropriate to observe for a
      period of time before proceeding to more invasive procedures.

PMID- 2403897
TI  - Pitfalls in the use of the flexible bronchoscope in pediatric patients.
AB  - Flexible bronchoscopy is an important diagnostic technique for study of pediatric
      patients with pulmonary problems. Many pitfalls await the unwary, but with
      experience and care, most can be overcome or circumvented.

PMID- 2403898
TI  - Immunopathogenetic aspects of infective endocarditis.

PMID- 2403899
TI  - Long-term compliance with nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy of
      obstructive sleep apnea.
AB  - In an attempt to identify predictors of long-term compliance with nasal
      continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), we reviewed the records of 125
      patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) referred to our center for nasal CPAP
      trials. Severity of sleep apnea, sleep staging, daytime hypersomnolence,
      effectiveness of nasal CPAP, previous palatal surgery, and adverse reactions were
      compared in compliant and noncompliant patients. Nineteen patients did not
      tolerate a nasal CPAP trial in the laboratory or refused home nasal CPAP therapy.
      Ten patients were unavailable for follow-up. Of the remaining 96 patients, 23 (24
      percent) had discontinued therapy, while 73 (76 percent) were still using nasal
      CPAP at 14.5 +/- 10.7 months (mean +/- SD). There were no statistically
      significant differences between the compliant and noncompliant patients in
      baseline apnea plus hypopnea index (AHI), baseline sleep staging, AHI while
      receiving nasal CPAP, sleep staging while receiving nasal CPAP, or frequency of
      adverse reactions during therapy. Severe daytime sleepiness was present in 65 of
      the 73 compliant patients and in 12 of the 23 noncompliant patients (p less than
      0.05). Ten of 43 in the compliant group had previous palatal surgery compared
      with ten of 23 noncompliant patients (p less than 0.05). Our data confirm earlier
      observations in smaller samples that compliant and noncompliant patients have
      equally severe sleep apnea and good initial responses to nasal CPAP. Long-term
      compliance with nasal CPAP may be associated with the severity of daytime
      hypersomnolence on presentation. Previous palatal surgery was more frequent in
      patients who did not tolerate long-term nasal CPAP therapy.

PMID- 2403900
TI  - The healing hand.

PMID- 2403901
TI  - Respiratory rate during acute asthma.
AB  - Asthmatic patients hyperventilate during acute attacks, but controversy persists
      as to whether they breathe rapidly, deeply or both. We monitored respiratory rate
      under the three following conditions: (1) asthma treated in the emergency room;
      (2) airways obstruction provoked by methacholine inhalation; and (3) airways
      obstruction provoked by exercise. In 47 acutely ill asthmatic patients,
      respiratory rate was higher than in 42 nonasthmatic control patients in the
      emergency room. Pretreatment respiratory rate correlated with peak expiratory
      flow rate and forced expired volume in one second. In 17 asthmatic patients and
      16 healthy volunteers, breathing pattern was monitored by respiratory inductance
      plethysmography. Methacholine inhalation and exercise provoked significant
      airways obstruction in asthmatic patients but not in control subjects. In
      asthmatic patients, minute ventilation and tidal volume increased above that of
      control subjects following methacholine and exercise, but the rate was no higher
      than in control subjects. We conclude that the respiratory rate is increased in
      naturally occurring asthma, but not when acute airways obstruction is induced
      transiently in the laboratory. In the former setting, the respiratory rate is
      correlated with spirometric measures of airflow obstruction, but the weakness of
      the correlation does not allow the respiratory rate to be used as a substitute
      for spirometry.

PMID- 2403902
TI  - Value of radionuclide-determined changes in pulmonary blood volume for the
      detection of coronary artery disease.
AB  - We employed gated equilibrium radionuclide angiography to measure the ratio of
      pulmonary blood volume at exercise to PBV at rest. We compared this ratio to more
      commonly utilized ejection fraction measurements in the detection of coronary
      artery disease. Sensitivity was assessed in 28 patients with angiographically
      proven coronary artery disease. Specificity was assessed in 25 patients with a
      low likelihood of coronary artery disease on the basis of Bayes' theorem.
      Receiver operator characteristic curves demonstrated that the peak exercise
      ejection was clearly superior to the PBV ratio in the diagnosis of coronary
      artery disease. The PBV ratio appears to be less useful for the diagnosis of
      coronary artery disease than the peak exercise ejection fraction.

PMID- 2403903
TI  - The National Mucolytic Study. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled study of iodinated glycerol in chronic obstructive bronchitis.
AB  - Seventy-four pulmonologists and one allergist were recruited to assess the
      efficacy and safety of iodinated glycerol (Organidin), 60 mg qid, vs placebo in
      patients with stable chronic obstructive bronchitis in a randomized, double
      blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design. A total of 361 patients (180 to
      iodinated glycerol and 181 to placebo) who complained of cough and difficulty
      bringing up sputum entered the eight-week study. Evaluations were based upon
      eight primary symptom efficacy parameters (cough frequency, cough severity, chest
      discomfort, dyspnea, ease in bringing up sputum, patient and physician global
      assessments, and a derived patients' global assessment), and six secondary
      parameters (frequency of aerosol bronchodilator use, incidence and duration of
      acute exacerbations, frequency of concomitant medication use, incidences of
      adverse experiences and dropouts). Cough frequency, cough severity, chest
      discomfort, patients' ease in bringing up sputum, patients' overall condition,
      and a derived subject global assessment were significantly (p less than 0.05)
      improved by iodinated glycerol as compared with placebo within eight weeks of
      treatment. Dyspnea showed a trend toward improvement and the physicians' global
      evaluation showed no significant difference between groups. Similar findings were
      noted in a subgroup analysis of moderately-to-severely affected patients. The
      mean duration (days) of acute exacerbations and number of dropouts attributable
      to adverse experiences were significantly less (p less than 0.05) in the
      iodinated glycerol group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2403904
TI  - Children's literature and child abuse.
AB  - This article focuses on the use of children's literature in the treatment of
      child abuse, a method referred to as bibliotherapy. Appropriate children's books
      are described that can be used in this approach.

PMID- 2403905
TI  - A randomized comparison of infrared photocoagulation with bipolar diathermy for
      the outpatient treatment of hemorrhoids.
AB  - One hundred two patients with symptomatic hemorrhoids were randomized to receive
      treatment with either infrared photocoagulation (IRPC) or a bipolar diathermy
      probe (BD). There was no significant difference in complications, number of
      treatments required (IRPC 1.7 [0.9], BD 1.6 [0.8]). Third-degree hemorrhoids
      required more treatments than smaller piles. BD has some practical advantages
      over IRPC but results are similar.

PMID- 2403906
TI  - Crypt alterations and collagen deposition in hyperplastic polyps of colorectum.
AB  - In order to investigate the nature of hyperplastic polyps in the colorectum, 44
      longitudinally sectioned crypts from biopsied polyps were analyzed
      morphometrically and compared with 81 control crypts. Although the crypts in
      hyperplastic polyps were longer and wider, containing more cells, their cell
      density was less, particularly in the serrated epithelium. In these crypts, both
      the tall and short epithelial cells contained cytoplasmic vacuoles, even in the
      surface epithelium. These cells exhibited increased expression of
      carcinoembryonic antigen. The subepithelial collagen table was of similar
      thickness in the polyp and control colonic mucosa, but it extended down along the
      cryptal wall to a greater depth in the polyp. These and other data indicate an
      aberrant differentiation of cryptal epithelial cells in the polyp. On upward
      migration to the surface, these cells appeared to undergo an arrested
      maturational process. Hence, the hyperplastic polyp may be considered a disease
      of epithelial cell differentiation.

PMID- 2403908
TI  - Omeprazole versus placebo in duodenal ulcer healing. The United States
      experience.
AB  - The study objective was to study the ulcer healing effects and safety of the
      proton pump inhibitor, omeprazole, given in a dose of 20 mg once daily before
      breakfast. The study design was a randomized, double-blind, multicenter
      comparison of omeprazole and placebo using endoscopy to assess ulcer healing
      after two or four weeks of therapy. One hundred fifty-three patients with
      endoscopically documented active duodenal ulcer were studied. One hundred two
      patients received omeprazole and 51 received placebo. Patients in both groups
      were similar with regard to age, sex, duration of disease, initial ulcer size,
      smoking history, and alcohol use. A "per protocol" analysis of healing rates
      showed a significant advantage for omeprazole (P less than 0.01) at both week 2
      (41% vs 13%) and week 4 (75% vs 27%). Concomitant factors (including smoking and
      ulcer size) did not alter the significance of the differences in healing rates
      between omeprazole and placebo. Complete relief of day and night pain was more
      often achieved (P less than 0.01) in the omeprazole group. "All-patients treated"
      analyses for healing and pain relief gave results similar to the respective "per
      protocol" analyses. Omeprazole was well tolerated; fewer patients had clinical
      and laboratory adverse experiences in the omeprazole group than in the placebo
      group. Fasting serum gastrin levels increased with omeprazole therapy (mean 34.9
      to 73.5 pg/ml) but exceeded the normal range (greater than 150 pg/ml) in only
      12.3% of patients. Two weeks after therapy was stopped, serum gastrin levels
      showed a decrease toward baseline but had not yet completely returned to
      pretreatment levels (mean 49.7 pg/ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2403909
TI  - [Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy of a salivary stone].
AB  - Ultrasonography revealed a 12 mm concrement in the left parotid duct of a 67-year
      old man with an acute exacerbation of a left-sided purulent parotitis. After the
      acute phase had subsided under antibiotic therapy it was not possible to remove
      the stone either by bougie or cutting into the duct close to the papilla.
      Piezoelectric shockwave lithotripsy with a total of 1000 shock-waves fragmented
      the stone, and sonography 48 hours and four weeks later demonstrated that the
      parotid gland was free of stone.

PMID- 2403907
TI  - Postoperative ileus.
AB  - Postoperative ileus follows any operation. Although worsened if the peritoneum is
      entered, the length and duration of surgery does not influence the severity of
      postoperative ileus. Inhibitory alpha 2-adrenergic reflexes with peptidergic
      afferents contribute to postoperative ileus. Clinically, treatment of ileus
      centers around symptomatic relief with nasogastric suction. Trials of adrenergic
      blockade combined with cholinergic stimulation have met with limited success.
      Prokinetic drugs have not been proved effective in the treatment of this
      disorder. Two types of ileus exist: postoperative and paralytic. Postoperative
      ileus resolves spontaneously after two to three days, and probably reflects
      inhibition of colonic motility. Paralytic ileus is more severe, last more than
      three days, and seems to represent inhibition of small bowel activity. No
      discrete structural changes cause postoperative ileus and the role of peptidergic
      neuronal systems of the enteric nervous system has not been elucidated. Possible
      central or humoral mechanisms have not been studied extensively. The possible
      direct inhibition of enteric or spinal nerves by anesthetic agents not cleared
      from these tissues remains to be studied. Also in need of study is the potential
      alteration of neurotransmitter receptor activity within the enteric nervous
      plexus after manipulation of the bowel.

PMID- 2403910
TI  - [Current diagnosis of chronic respiratory tract diseases].

PMID- 2403911
TI  - [Present state of the art of pacemaker electrodes. Significance for clinical
      practice].

PMID- 2403912
TI  - [Acetylsalicylic acid of fish oil for the prevention of degenerative circulatory
      diseases?].

PMID- 2403913
TI  - [Current therapy for chronic respiratory tract diseases].

PMID- 2403914
TI  - [Hemorrhoidal distress. Stage-specific treatment].

PMID- 2403915
TI  - [Bronchial asthma: also a disease of the adrenergic receptors?].

PMID- 2403917
TI  - Communication with emergency medical services providers.
AB  - Communication between the emergency medical services provider and the emergency
      physician can be either a rewarding or a frustrating experience. As many
      emergency physicians have found to their chagrin, the EMS provider has a memory
      for mistakes or bad tidings. This article discusses the relationship between EMS
      providers and emergency physicians.

PMID- 2403916
TI  - Emergency medical services system design.
AB  - The delivery of emergency health services requires the participation of a number
      of autonomous organizations which operate with high degrees of interdependence.
      To provide appropriate care, these organizations must be organized into a
      functional system. This requires a central planning and coordinating organization
      to plan the system and to coordinate the various providers. The system plan must
      consider the needs of the patients and the roles and responsibilities of system
      participants.

PMID- 2403918
TI  - Occupational considerations for the prehospital care provider.
AB  - Contemporary prehospital personnel are facing the major issues of infectious
      disease exposure, malpractice, attrition, and career opportunities in their
      challenging and demanding profession. Successful prehospital emergency medicine
      is contingent not only on the effective and efficient functioning of the entire
      EMS system, but most important, on the sound performance of each prehospital care
      provider. For the emergency physician, awareness, understanding, and appreciation
      of the important occupational considerations confronting prehospital care
      providers are essential.

PMID- 2403919
TI  - Innovations in emergency medical services systems.
AB  - This article roughly follows the chronology of an EMS call and discusses
      innovations in prehospital care, including epidemiology and prevention; precall
      management (system status management and flexible response); intervention during
      the call (emergency medicine dispatch); finding the scene; and communications.

PMID- 2403920
TI  - Mass casualty incident. Integration with prehospital care.
AB  - Mass casualty incident involves the use of limited resources for multiple
      casualties. The emergency physician must be familiar with both prehospital and
      hospital plans for mass casualty care in order to facilitate optimal care and to
      maintain the continuum from field care to definitive treatment. It is essential
      that the emergency physician become involved in the disaster planning processes
      to ensure that the victims receive the best care available under the
      circumstances and that the safety and emotional well-being of both prehospital
      and hospital personnel are assured. Emergency physicians involved in prehospital
      care should be certain that the local EMS system has adequate training and
      chances to update their skills and knowledge. Disaster drills of the EMS system
      are excellent ways to practice, to identify weaknesses, and for preplanning to
      enhance disaster medical care.

PMID- 2403921
TI  - Medical accountability.
AB  - All patient care aspects of prehospital health care delivery must be physician
      directed. This process of medical accountability seeks to assure quality EMS
      patient care. Emphasis in this chapter is on the two main configurations of EMS
      medical accountability, off-line medical direction and on-line medical control.
      Topics include EMS physician qualifications, responsibilities, and authority; the
      role of protocols and standing orders; medical control configurations; and
      others.

PMID- 2403922
TI  - Facilities and regionalization--emergency medical services systems.
AB  - Advanced life support and the modern EMS system were born out of the hope that by
      extending hospital emergency facilities outside the bounds of the hospital,
      earlier and more intensive care could be provided to those patients requiring it.
      EMS systems have since left the nest and only recently, following a turbulent
      adolescence, is prehospital care returning as a partner with the medical
      facilities and physicians that presided over their modern origins. The next
      decade will see the continuing trend toward hospitals and practitioners regaining
      some influence in the design and direction of prehospital care.

PMID- 2403923
TI  - Prehospital therapy past, present, and future.
AB  - Prehospital therapy has rapidly evolved over the last 25 years. Currently,
      controversies exist about the interventions, pharmacotherapy, and equipment
      available to the prehospital care provider. Strong medical control is imperative
      to better define the protocols and technologies of prehospital care.

PMID- 2403924
TI  - The impact of emergency medical helicopters on prehospital care.
AB  - Emergency medical helicopter services have grown exponentially over the past
      seventeen years. These services offer rapid transport by flight crews to tertiary
      care centers with a higher level of medical capabilities. An impact because of
      helicopters on survival has been well-documented for trauma patients. Assessing
      usage for other critical care patients remains to be delineated further.

PMID- 2403925
TI  - Characterization of the sequence-specific interaction of mouse c-myb protein with
      DNA.
AB  - We have examined parameters that affect sequence-specific interactions of the
      mouse c-myb protein with DNA oligomers containing the Myb-binding motif
      (CA/CGTTPu). Complexes formed between these oligomers and in vitro translated c
      myb proteins were analysed by electrophoresis on non-denaturing polyacrylamide
      gels using the mobility-shift assay. By progressive truncation of c-myb coding
      sequences it was demonstrated that amino acids downstream of a region of three
      imperfect 51-52 residue repeats (designated R1, R2 and R3), which are located
      close to the amino terminus of the protein, had no qualitative or quantitative
      effect on the ability to interact specifically with this DNA motif. However,
      removal of only five amino acids of the R3 repeat completely abolished this
      activity. The contribution of individual DNA-binding domain repeats to this
      interaction was investigated by precisely deleting each individually: it was
      demonstrated that a combination of R2 and R3 was absolutely required for complex
      formation while the R1 repeat was completely dispensible. c-myb proteins showed
      quantitatively greater interaction with oligomers containing duplicated rather
      than single Myb-binding motif, in particular where these were arranged in tandem.
      Moreover, it was observed that c-myb protein interacted with these tandem motifs
      as a monomer. These findings imply that a single protein subunit straddles
      adjacent binding sites and the implications for c-myb activity are discussed.

PMID- 2403926
TI  - Oncogenic activation of the human trk proto-oncogene by recombination with the
      ribosomal large subunit protein L7a.
AB  - The trk-2h oncogene, isolated from the human breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB
      231 by genomic DNA-transfection into NIH3T3 cells, consists of the trk proto
      oncogene receptor kinase domain fused to a N-terminal 41 amino acid activating
      sequence (Kozma, S.C., Redmond, S.M.S., Xiao-Chang, F., Saurer, S.M., Groner, B.
      and Hynes, N.E. (1988) EMBO J., 7, 147-154). Antibodies raised against a
      bacterially produced beta gal-trk receptor kinase fusion protein recognized a 44
      kd phosphoprotein phosphorylated on serine, threonine and tyrosine in extracts of
      trk-2h transformed NIH3T3 cells. In vitro, in the presence of Mn2+/gamma ATP,
      this protein became phosphorylated extensively on tyrosine. Cells transformed by
      trk-2h did not, however, show an elevation in total phosphotyrosine. We have
      cloned and sequenced the cDNA encoding the amino terminal activating sequences of
      trk-2h (Kozma et al., 1988). The encoded protein has a high basic amino acid
      content and the gene is expressed as an abundant 1.2 kb mRNA in human, rat and
      mouse cells. Antipeptide antibodies raised against a C-terminal peptide
      recognized specifically a 30 kd protein on Western blots of human, rat and mouse
      cell extracts. Immunofluorescence revealed, in addition to granular cytoplasmic
      fluorescence, intense nucleolar staining. The high basic amino acid content and
      nucleolar staining prompted us to investigate whether the 30 kd protein could be
      a ribosomal protein. Western immunoblotting analysis of 2D-electrophoretically
      resolved ribosomal proteins indicated that the 30 kd protein is the ribosomal
      large subunit protein L7a.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2403928
TI  - The Aspergillus nidulans npeA locus consists of three contiguous genes required
      for penicillin biosynthesis.
AB  - Clones of Aspergillus nidulans genomic DNA spanning 20 kb have been isolated and
      shown by a combination of classical and molecular genetic means to represent the
      npeA locus, previously found to be one of four loci (npeA, npeB, npeC and npeD)
      involved in the synthesis of penicillin. As well as containing the gene encoding
      the second enzyme for penicillin biosynthesis, namely isopenicillin N synthetase
      (IPNS) (designated ipnA), our results show that these clones (pSTA200, pSTA201
      and pSTA207) contain two more genes to form a cluster of three contiguous
      penicillin biosynthetic genes. Our evidence suggests that these genes encode
      delta (L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine synthetase (ACVS) and acyl
      transferase (ACYT) (designated acvA and acyA respectively), the first and third
      enzymes required for penicillin biosynthesis, with the gene order being acvA-ipnA
      acyA. Transcripts have been identified for the three genes and their approximate
      sizes determined--acvA 9.5 kb, ipnA 1.4 kb and acyA 1.6 kb. All three mRNA
      species are observed in cells grown in fermentation medium but not in cells grown
      in minimal medium, suggesting that the control of penicillin biosynthesis is, in
      part, at the level of mRNA accumulation. Finally our results show that acvA and
      ipnA genes are divergently transcribed, whilst acyA is transcribed in the same
      orientation as ipnA.

PMID- 2403927
TI  - The U6 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is transcribed by RNA polymerase C (III)
      in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Unlike the majority of genes encoding small nuclear RNAs, which are transcribed
      by RNA polymerase B, the U6 gene contains features found in both class B and
      class C genes, indicating the involvement of a combination of transcription
      factors normally specific to each class of genes. We present direct genetic and
      biochemical evidence that the U6 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is transcribed
      by RNA polymerase C in vivo as well as in vitro. A mutant strain with a
      temperature-sensitive defect in the large subunit of RNA polymerase C that
      results in defective transcription of tRNA and 5S RNA genes shows a corresponding
      defect in U6 RNA levels. Also, purified RNA polymerase C transcribes the U6 gene
      when supplemented with partially purified TFIIIB. The other class C transcription
      factors, TFIIIA and Tau (TFIIIC), are not required in this system.

PMID- 2403929
TI  - A single base change at 726 in 16S rRNA radically alters the pattern of proteins
      synthesized in vivo.
AB  - A single base change in 16S rRNA (C-726 to G) was constructed by site-directed
      mutagenesis and cloned into the multicopy plasmid pKK3535 (generating pKK726G)
      which contains the complete rrnB operon from Escherichia coli. The mutant 16S
      rRNA was found predominantly in the 30S subunit fraction but was present in the
      70S ribosomes. Protein analyses of the free 30S subunits revealed a decrease in
      the levels of ribosomal proteins S2 and S21 while the composition of the 70S
      ribosomes was as the wild-type. Transformants of pKK726G were temperature
      sensitive for growth, although the mutant ribosomes themselves were
      translationally active in vivo at 37 and 42 degrees C. Two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis of the proteins translated in vivo revealed an altered protein
      profile which included novel proteins, changes in the levels of normal proteins,
      and the presence of heat shock proteins (HSPs) at 30 degrees C. Inactivation of
      the host encoded wild-type ribosomes coincided with a significant decrease in the
      synthesis of the HSPs. We therefore believe the induction of the HSPs to be a
      secondary response by the cells to the presence of the abnormal proteins.

PMID- 2403930
TI  - Single islet beta-cell stimulation by nutrients: relationship between pyridine
      nucleotides, cytosolic Ca2+ and secretion.
AB  - It is generally believed that the initiation of insulin secretion by nutrient
      stimuli necessitates the generation of metabolic coupling factors, leading to
      membrane depolarization and the gating of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. To
      establish this sequence of events, the kinetics of endogenous fluorescence of
      reduced pyridine nucleotides [NAD(P)H], reflecting nutrient metabolism, were
      compared to those of cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) rises in single cultured rat
      islet beta-cells. In preliminary experiments, the loss of quinacrine fluorescence
      from prelabelled cells was used as an indicator of secretion. This dye is
      concentrated in the acidic insulin-containing secretory granules. Both glucose
      and 2-ketoisocaproate (KIC) raised [Ca2+]i in a dose-dependent manner. There was
      marked cellular heterogeneity in the [Ca2+]i response patterns. The two nutrient
      stimuli also increased NAD(P)H fluorescence, again showing cell-to-cell
      variations. In combined experiments, where the two parameters were measured in
      the same cell, the elevation of the NAD(P)H fluorescence preceded the rise in
      [Ca2+]i, confirming the statistical evaluation performed on separate cells. The
      application of two consecutive glucose challenges revealed coordinated changes in
      [Ca2+]i and NAD(P)H fluorescence. Finally, quinacrine secretion was stimulated by
      two nutrients with onset times similar to those recorded for [Ca2+]i elevations.
      These results clearly demonstrate that increased metabolism occurs during the lag
      period preceding Ca2+ influx via voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels, a prerequisite
      for the triggering of insulin secretion by nutrient stimuli.

PMID- 2403931
TI  - Plasmodium falciparum: studies on mature exoerythrocytic forms in the liver of
      the chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes.
AB  - Mature exoerythrocytic forms (EEF) of Plasmodium falciparum from the chimpanzee
      were examined by light- and transmission electron microscopy from a liver biopsy
      taken on Day 6 after sporozoite inoculation. Infectivity of the sporozoites
      obtained from whole mosquitoes which were membrane fed on cultured gametocytes
      was about 4-6%. In comparison, salivary gland sporozoites added to human
      hepatocytes in vitro had only a developmental percentage of 0.02 to 0.05% at Day
      5. The EEF found in the liver biopsy were not all at the same stage of
      development. Immature compact parasites were seen simultaneously with stages with
      fully formed merozoites, indicating a rapid final maturation or asynchrony. At
      Day 7.5, large numbers of rings were already seen in the peripheral blood,
      indicating a duration of the liver development of P. falciparum in the chimpanzee
      of about 5.5-6 days. The process of merogony at the fine structural level was
      comparable to that described for rodent and other primate parasites in vivo.
      Compared to the fine structure of EEF in vitro in cultured human hepatocytes, the
      parasites described here were much more advanced in development. There appeared
      to be some cell infiltration with collagen deposition around the intracellular
      parasite; however, no marked degeneration of EEF was observed.

PMID- 2403932
TI  - Viruses of protozoan parasites.

PMID- 2403933
TI  - Schistosoma mansoni: cloning of antigen gene sequences in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Fischer rat protective antiserum (F-2x) prepared from Schistosoma mansoni
      infected rats was used to screen an adult worm cDNA library constructed in a
      lambda gt11 bacteriophage expression vector. This led to the isolation of several
      clones yielding proteins reactive with antibodies in the infection serum. Counter
      screening of these clones with Wistar-Furth rat nonprotective antiserum (W-2x)
      enabled identification of clones either uniquely or preferentially reacting with
      F-2x, in addition to clones of nearly equal reactivity with both antisera. Six
      clones were further characterized. Five expressed beta-galactosidase/S. mansoni
      fusion proteins which migrated more slowly in sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis than beta-galactosidase and all were reactive
      in a Western immunoblot assay. The cDNA insert sizes in the clones ranged from
      150 to 900 base pairs. Rabbit antibodies prepared against fusion proteins from
      three of the clones recognized biosynthetically radio-labeled 4-week worm
      proteins of sizes 20, 38, and 70 kDa, respectively. The 20- and 38-kDa proteins
      were among the protein antigens uniquely recognized by the F-2x protective
      antiserum. These proteins are therefore candidates for protective vaccine
      antigens and the recombinant lambda clones are now serving as useful reagents for
      obtaining the corresponding nucleotide gene sequences.

PMID- 2403934
TI  - Plasmodium vivax: malarial proteins associated with the membrane-bound caveola
      vesicle complexes and cytoplasmic cleft structures of infected erythrocytes.
AB  - The identification of antigens of parasite origin associated with the altered
      membrane of Plasmodium vivax-infected erythrocytes was undertaken in this study.
      The 125I-lactoperoxidase catalyzed surface radiolabeling of trophozoite-infected
      erythrocytes revealed new bands of 95 and 70 kDa not labeled in normal
      erythrocytes. Erythrocyte membrane-enriched preparations from [35S]methionine
      biosynthetically labeled-infected erythrocytes also indicated that in addition to
      bands at 95 and 70 kDa, several other parasite proteins were possibly membrane
      associated. Five monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) reactive with P. vivax produced an
      immunofluorescent pattern of numerous small dots scattered over the entire
      infected erythrocyte. This pattern mimics that of Schuffner's stippling; small
      red dots seen in Giemsa-stained P. vivax-infected erythrocytes, which represent
      accumulations of dye in caveola-vesicle complexes (CVC). Four of the monoclonal
      antibodies immunoprecipitated a Triton X-100 detergent-insoluble 95-kDa parasite
      protein which was localized by immunofluorescent assay and immunoelectron
      microscopy exclusively to the CVC. Two of these Mabs were immunofluorescence
      reactive with the surface of intact infected erythrocytes in suspension. The
      fifth Mab, which also localized exclusively to the CVC structures,
      immunoprecipitated a Triton X-100 extractable protein of 70 kDa. Two other
      monoclonal antibodies reacted exclusively with the numerous membranous cleft
      structures found in the cytoplasm of infected erythrocytes. This cleft-associated
      parasite antigen was 28 kDa in size. Some of these Mabs recognize epitopes and
      produce similar IFA patterns on erythrocytes infected with P. cynomolgi, P.
      knowlesi, and P. ovale parasites, but not with P. falciparum- or P. brasilianum
      infected erythrocytes.

PMID- 2403936
TI  - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog treatment should not precede conservative
      myomectomy.

PMID- 2403935
TI  - Lipids, cardiovascular disease, and oral contraceptives: a practical perspective.
AB  - Figure 9 is an attempt to summate the influences of life-style on lipid
      parameters. Based on the work of Nikkila, it shows the source of the production
      of HDL and LDL, the factors that can affect these lipoprotein levels, and where
      in the cascade of lipoprotein metabolism these factors exert influence. The
      source of HDL production is the liver and the intestine. At this stage, diet,
      exercise, hormones, genetics, drugs, and certain disease states can affect HDL
      levels. Lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) esterifies HDL-free
      cholesterol in plasma, and HDL3 is formed that in turn is transformed to HDL2. At
      the same time, VLDL from the gut and the liver will be converted, under the
      influence of LPL, to HDL2 and LDL. Thus HDL2 is being formed by the breakdown of
      VLDL and from the transformation of HDL3 to HDL2. Insulin, exercise, alcohol,
      fats, drugs, and diet affect lipoprotein lipase and consequently influence levels
      of LDL and HDL2 indirectly. Progestogens increase and estrogens decrease hepatic
      endothelial lipase, thus affecting the HDL2 concentration. It is at this point
      that combination OCs influence HDL2. The balance between estrogen and progestogen
      in a given contraceptive determines the extent and direction of HDL2
      concentration. A separate pathway in the liver also catabolizes HDL2 and HDL3.
      LDL is generated partly from catabolism of VLDL and is partly secreted from the
      liver. The removal of LDL is mediated by receptors in both the liver and
      peripheral tissues. It is here that the Brown-Goldstein theory plays a major
      role. If LDL receptors are present in an insufficient number or are defective,
      then the C will accumulate and atherosclerosis may follow. Thus two key enzymes,
      LCAT and LPL, control the production of HDL2 and LDL, whereas a third enzyme,
      hepatic endothelial lipase, catabolizes HDL2.

PMID- 2403937
TI  - Ultrasound directed follicle aspiration for oocyte collection using the
      perurethral technique.
AB  - Our experience in 242 consecutive ultrasound directed follicle aspirations using
      the perurethral technique is reported. The mean number of follicles punctured per
      patient was 9.6 (range 20 to 35), resulting in a mean oocyte yield of 6.1 (range
      0 to 31) per patient. It was necessary to change to another ultrasound directed
      route in 20 patients, and we failed to retrieve oocytes in a further 6 patients.
      There were no serious complications. The fertilization and cleavage rates were
      68% and 91%, respectively. Embryo transfer was performed in 178 cases, resulting
      in 39 clinical pregnancies (21.9%). Ultrasound directed follicle aspiration by
      the perurethral route is an efficient way of collecting oocytes and is acceptable
      to patients. There is no need for general anaesthesia, so this technique is well
      suited to in vitro fertilization programs based on outpatient procedures.

PMID- 2403938
TI  - Chemotherapy. A viable periodontal treatment modality?
AB  - Because bacterial plaque is composed chiefly of micro-organisms, use of
      chemotherapeutic agents directed against a susceptible flora would seem a
      conceptually valid therapeutic modality, in terms of inhibition of plaque, for
      the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease. The objective of treatment
      largely dictates the modality used. If, for example, the philosophy of treatment
      is elimination or reduction of pocket depth, chemotherapy against supragingival
      plaque may complement mechanical oral hygiene in the absence of a plaque-free
      environment. On the other hand, access to the subgingival flora can only be
      achieved through systemic administration of drugs or the use of controlled
      delivery systems. Notwithstanding their potential benefit as adjunctive therapy,
      in cases of refractory periodontitis and juvenile periodontitis in which
      elimination of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans by mechanical debridement
      alone is extremely difficult, the potential for adverse reactions from the
      administration of antibiotics must be weighed and their use, in general,
      considered unwarranted. The dynamics of the inter-relationship between
      supragingival and subgingival plaque necessitates control of both for the
      successful treatment of periodontal disease. Although there are chemical agents
      that have been shown to be effective in the treatment of gingivitis, the evidence
      pertaining to their effectiveness in the treatment of periodontitis, either alone
      or in conjunction with conventional therapy, is inconclusive. If specific
      microbial floras are associated with different forms of periodontal disease,
      chemotherapeutic agents to which such micro-organisms are susceptible would have
      to be employed for their elimination. Until accurate predictors of disease
      activity--including definitive indicators of which particular sites are, at any
      one time, actively undergoing attachment loss--are available, the use of
      chemotherapeutic agents directed at the subgingival flora appears extremely
      limited and impractical. However, with the development of predictors of disease
      activity, including sophisticated methods of determining even small increments of
      attachment loss, new drugs, and a better understanding of subgingival ecologic
      systems, chemotherapy may yet play a significant role in the treatment of
      periodontal disease.

PMID- 2403939
TI  - Controversies in occlusion.
AB  - The tissues and structures of the stomatognathic system adapt in different ways
      but in a coordinated manner to functional forces. This adaptive capacity differs
      from individual to individual and tends to cloud the picture as to how these
      mechanisms function. This leads to many areas of disagreement as to the role of
      occlusal trauma in the etiology of periodontal disease; the importance of
      centric, bite collapse versus arch collapse; the role of incisal guidance in
      maintaining occlusal stability; canine protected-guided occlusion versus group
      function; the use of appliances in occlusal therapy; prophylactic versus
      interceptive occlusal adjustment; and the role of bruxism and other
      parafunctional habits in occlusal trauma. An attempt is made in this article to
      clarify these issues.

PMID- 2403940
TI  - The smear layer in endodontics.
AB  - With the cascade of new restorative products being unveiled almost monthly,
      dentists incorporating endodontics into their practices must be able to evaluate
      the potential of these products for successful integration into their procedures.
      This evaluation should be based on a knowledge of how the new products relate to
      the smear layer formed along the root canal walls. Rather than relying on
      information supplied by the dental manufacturers, the aware dentist should
      regularly resort to the most current research reports available in journal or
      abstract form. With the use of certain products in some clinical situations,
      other branches of restorative dentistry may suggest retention of the smear layer.
      Although pulpally infected teeth have been successfully treated for generations
      in the presence of the smear layer, it has become accepted practice now in
      endodontics to remove the smear layer. Different quantities and qualities of
      smear layer can be produced by various techniques of instrumentation. However,
      they all present a barrier to intimate contact between obturating materials and
      the canal wall. Various types of solvents will produce different results in smear
      layer removal. One ideal endodontic irrigant follows the use of the antimicrobial
      5.25 per cent sodium hypochlorite solution with the equally antimicrobial 6 per
      cent citric acid solution or 17 per cent EDTA. Chelating agents are effective in
      that they remove the smear layer, open the dentinal tubules, and produce a clean
      surface for closer obturation. Removal of the smear layer encourages the creation
      of a good apical plug to prevent over filling, post-filling sensitivity, and
      possible microleakage. The use of glass ionomer cements and unfilled resin as a
      cementing medium following smear layer removal shows promising results in both
      strength of cementation and the possibility of reducing post lengths.
      Controversies will always arise in dentistry with the advent of new information
      and the discovery of new clinical techniques. But a total awareness of both sides
      of a controversy will enable the practitioner to find a way through the
      confusion.

PMID- 2403941
TI  - Controversies in oral medicine.
AB  - This article reviews two conditions commonly seen in oral medical practice.
      Aphthous ulceration and lichen planus are two very perplexing problems with
      controversies about etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and, in the
      case of lichen planus, malignant potential.

PMID- 2403942
TI  - Apical violation in periapical "area" cases. Blasphemy or therapy?
AB  - This article investigates the age-old controversial question: With a periapical
      "area" case, should instrumentation be short of, to, or beyond the radiographic
      apex?

PMID- 2403943
TI  - Controversies in posterior composite resin restorations.
AB  - The use of posterior composites is riddled with so many controversies that the
      puzzled practitioner must step warily among them. This modality is a minefield,
      where one careless movement can bring disaster. All composite restorations are
      subject to three big destructive forces--moisture, polymerization shrinkage, and
      clinical wear--forces that can eventually produce both microleakage and
      deterioration of the silane coupling agent linking filler particles to resin
      matrix. Despite the extreme technique sensitivity of posterior composite resins,
      knowledge of resin technology, sound operative dentistry principles and foresight
      in case selection can be effective in producing durable cosmetic restorations.
      Posterior composite resin restorations bonded to enamel and dentin reputedly
      strengthen teeth in both conventional and adhesive types of preparations provided
      polymerization shrinkage can be controlled. It is imperative that a knowledge of
      occlusal contacts be used to influence cavity outline, confining the trauma or
      occlusal forces away from the tooth-resin interface and helping to minimize
      occlusal wear. With the increased use of posterior resins, the trend in cavity
      preparations should break away from the traditional Black preparation toward the
      adhesive type preparation. If the Black Class II preparation is used, it is
      suggested that bevels be confined to the facial and lingual margins of the
      proximal box. Prewedging helps to maintain a conservative Class II preparation.
      Shade selection must be made prior to rubber dam isolation for greater accuracy
      and to help prevent postinsertion discoloration. The enamel should be pumiced to
      present a clean substrate for acid etching. The smear layer should be removed.
      The type of pulp protection applied before acid etching is dependent on the
      material used. After etching, the enamel should be washed with a 1 per cent
      potassium chloride solution. It is a more universally chemically stable solution
      than additive-laden local water supplies. The potassium chloride solution lowers
      the electrostatic forces on the enamel that would interfere with the flow of
      enamel bonding agents. Furthermore, tests have shown that the use of potassium
      chloride washes increase the strength of the enamel body by 40 per cent. Because
      of the depth of most posterior cavities, an incremental filling technique must be
      used to ensure a thorough polymerization of the resin and to forestall a massive
      polymerization shrinkage. When finished and contoured, the margins of the
      restoration should be re-etched, washed, and dried and then covered with an
      application of unfilled resin to discourage microleakage. Traditional operative
      dentistry technique must become flexible enough to meet the new demands of resin
      technology.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2403944
TI  - Controversies in infection control.
AB  - Dentistry has made great strides in infection control over the past 10 years. An
      effective asepsis program is part of "the standard of care" in dental practice as
      we approach the twenty-first century. Several areas of dental infection control
      are undergoing change as new information is obtained, thereby providing points
      for discussion and some controversy. An effective vaccine to protect against
      hepatitis B viral infection is available but has met with indifference on the
      part of many. This readily available protection should be obtained by all health
      care providers. Surface disinfection is another area of controversy. A variety of
      chemical agents with differing properties are available for use in dentistry.
      Many of these are effective as disinfectants but have limited cleansing action,
      and this must be considered in their application. The practice of prosthodontics
      also presents numerous opportunities for cross-contamination. The sterilization
      and disinfection of dental impressions, prostheses, appliances, and a variety of
      plastic and wooden items provide a challenge for future research as newer
      products and techniques are developed. Infection control has literally been
      placed in the hands of health professionals. We, our patients, and families will
      continue to benefit from our positive efforts in this area.

PMID- 2403945
TI  - Controversies in orthodontics.
AB  - Three controversial interrelated aspects of orthodontics have been reviewed:
      retention, the effect of third molars on lower anterior crowding, and extraction
      and nonextraction orthodontic treatment. Recent studies have shown that
      unacceptable lower anterior crowding occurs in 90 per cent of well-treated
      extraction cases. The implication is that nonextraction cases should be 90 per
      cent or higher. In view of our present general inability to identify the 10 per
      cent that will remain acceptable, some form of indefinite retention is advised. A
      literature review of the effect of third molars on lower anterior crowding finds
      strong opinions on both sides of the issue. Similar studies often show dissimilar
      conclusions, particularly when observing cases of third molar extraction or
      agenesis. Certainly the problem is multifactorial; however, the vast bulk of the
      evidence indicates that the third molars play an insignificant role in lower
      anterior crowding. Extraction of teeth for orthodontic treatment prior to 1900
      was prevalent and indiscriminate. From the turn of the century to the mid
      thirties Angle moved the specialty away from extractions to a relatively rigid
      nonextraction treatment philosophy. Dissatisified with relapsing Class II cases,
      recurrence and aggravation of crowding, and what he felt were bimaxillary full
      faces, Tweed and others, circa 1935, redirected the profession back to
      extractions with a more disciplined approach to treatment by the removal of four
      first premolars. Fifty years later we have found that extraction treatment and
      uprighting lower incisors does not prevent long-term postretention crowding and
      that flattened profiles are not always esthetically desirable. Earlier treatment
      of maxillomandibular basal discrepancies by old and new treatment philosophies
      and mechanics have produced more stable nonextraction corrections. Better control
      of leeway space and a reduction in caries has helped reduce the amount of lower
      anterior flaring that was seen in the nonextraction cases in the first third of
      the century. These reasons have moved the specialty of orthodontics to a mixed
      but more nonextraction-oriented approach to treatment.

PMID- 2403946
TI  - Expression of transforming growth factor beta 2 during the differentiation of
      murine embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells.
AB  - Transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF beta 2) mRNA expression was studied by
      Northern blot analysis in a range of feeder-independent murine embryonal
      carcinoma (EC) cells and in feeder-dependent EC and embryonic stem (ES) cells.
      TGF beta 2 transcripts were not detected in any undifferentiated cells including
      P19, F9, PC13, C1003, PSA-1, P10, and ES. Following induction of differentiation,
      however, TGF beta 2 became expressed, independently of the cell type formed.
      Retinoic acid (RA) addition and/or deprivation of the differentiation inhibiting
      activity of feeder cells resulted in the appearance of TGF beta 2 transcripts
      within 2 days. These kinetics correlated entirely with the first appearance of
      the protein; an anti-peptide antibody specifically recognizing TGF beta 2 did not
      stain P19 EC cells by immunofluorescence but 2-3 days after RA addition, a
      significant proportion of the population was strongly labeled. In addition,
      primitive endoderm cells emerging from the inner cell mass of substrate attached
      blastocysts stained brightly with anti-TGF beta 2, while the undifferentiated
      inner cell mass cells did not. Although all trophectoderm cells at the mid
      blastocyst stage were stained, few had detectable levels of TGF beta 2 after
      plating on a substrate. Neither TGF beta 1 nor TGF beta 2 affected the growth of
      EC cells, but a range of differentiated derivatives were all inhibited, with TGF
      beta 2 being marginally more effective than TGF beta 1 at the same concentration.

PMID- 2403947
TI  - Laminin in lung development: effects of anti-laminin antibody in murine lung
      morphogenesis.
AB  - The pattern of deposition and the role of laminin, a major glycoprotein
      constituent of basement membranes, were investigated during lung morphogenesis in
      the fetal mouse. Lung primordia were removed from Day 13 embryos, right lower
      lobes were further dissected and placed in filter membrane assemblies. Explants
      were then cultured at the liquid-air interface for 3 days in the presence of anti
      laminin, anti-thrombospondin (another extracellular matrix constituent),
      preimmune serum, laminin-neutralized anti-laminin, or medium alone. Cultures were
      monitored by (direct) phase-contrast microscopy, light microscopy, and
      immunofluorescence. We found that anti-laminin antibodies altered normal lung
      morphogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. The anti-laminin-treated explants
      presented a marked inhibition of branching morphogenesis and a distortion of the
      bronchial tree. A lower rate of growth was also observed in the explants exposed
      to this antibody. High concentrations of anti-thrombospondin antibodies, normal
      rabbit serum, or laminin-neutralized anti-laminin antibodies had no effect on
      lung morphogenesis. These results were not modified by culturing the explants in
      submersion culture or on Vitrogen 100-coated surfaces.

PMID- 2403949
TI  - Cosmos 1887: science overview.

PMID- 2403950
TI  - This is FASEB. American Association of Pathologists.

PMID- 2403948
TI  - Establishment and maintenance of a regionalized glycoprotein distribution during
      early mouse development.
AB  - The regionalization of the cell membranes of the mouse embryo into apical and
      basolateral zones has been studied using antibodies to a pair of glycoproteins
      expressed during the two-cell to early blastocyst stage. These antigens are found
      on the outer, free surface and in the underlying cortical cytoplasm, but are not
      detectable at areas of cell contact. In the early blastocyst stage, antigen also
      appears at the free surfaces of cells bordering the blastocoel. Antigen
      regionalization is also reestablished after experimental manipulation and appears
      to be a direct consequence of cell contact. Thus, blastomeres examined 4 hr after
      dissociation from four- and eight-cell stage embryos express antigen in cortical
      areas underlying newly exposed surfaces and new sites of contact between embryos
      in multiple-embryo aggregates lose detectable antigen within 2 to 4 hr of the
      formation of the contacts. Microfilaments are involved in controlling the
      regional expression of these glycoproteins. Incubation of embryos from the two
      cell stage in medium containing cytochalasin B interferes with antigen targeting,
      resulting in abnormal expression of the antigens both on the surface and in the
      cytoplasm of the embryos. Cytochalasin B treatment of later stage embryos results
      in an uneven distribution of the antigen in cortical cytoplasm and prevents the
      complete removal of antigen from new sites of cell contact in multiple-embryo
      aggregates. The presence of nocodozole, which inhibits the polymerization of
      microtubules, had no detectable effect on the expression of the antigens.
      Interference with the glycosylation of these proteins, by incubation of embryos
      in the presence of tunicamycin, did not alter the regionalized pattern of
      expression.

PMID- 2403951
TI  - U.S./U.S.S.R. joint research in space biology and medicine on Cosmos
      biosatellites.

PMID- 2403952
TI  - Omeprazole provides quicker symptom relief and duodenal ulcer healing than
      ranitidine.
AB  - In a double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial in 248 patients with symptomatic
      duodenal ulcers [97% greater than 5 mm diameter], 126 were randomized to receive
      omeprazole 20 mg once daily in the morning and 122 were randomized to receive
      ranitidine 300 mg once daily at night for 2 wk and if the ulcers were unhealed
      for a total of 4 wk. When ulcer healing was assessed on an intention-to-treat
      basis, 79% of those receiving omeprazole had healed ulcers after 2 wk compared
      with 62% of those receiving ranitidine (p less than 0.005; therapeutic gain for
      omeprazole, 18%; 95% confidence intervals, +6% to +29%). At 4 wk the figures were
      91% (omeprazole) and 80% (ranitidine) (p less than 0.05). After 2 wk, 77% of
      omeprazole-treated and 59% of ranitidine-treated patients were free of ulcer pain
      (p = 0.005). Assessed by diary cards (successfully completed by 92% of patients),
      daytime pain resolved more quickly in omeprazole-treated patients than in those
      receiving ranitidine (p less than 0.01). Omeprazole-treated patients took fewer
      antacids (p less than 0.05) over the first 2 wk. Omeprazole, 20 mg each morning,
      provides more rapid relief of the symptoms of duodenal ulcer and heals a greater
      proportion of duodenal ulcers within 2 and 4 wk than ranitidine, 300 mg each
      night.

PMID- 2403953
TI  - The National Polyp Study. Patient and polyp characteristics associated with high
      grade dysplasia in colorectal adenomas.
AB  - The National Polyp Study (NPS), a randomized clinical trial to evaluate effective
      surveillance of patients discovered to have one or more colorectal adenomas, was
      the framework for this statistical analysis which used a multiple logistic model
      to assess the independent risk factors of patient and polyp characteristics
      associated with high-grade dysplasia in adenomas. The database included 3371
      adenomas from 1867 patients. Adenoma size and the extent of the villous component
      were found to be the major independent polyp risk factors associated with high
      grade dysplasia (p less than 0.0001). The adjusted odds ratios were 3.3 for
      medium-sized adenomas and 7.7 for large adenomas relative to small adenomas and
      2.7 for villous A adenomas, 3.4 for villous B adenomas, and 8.1 for villous C and
      D adenomas relative to tubular adenomas. Increased frequency of high-grade
      dysplasia in adenomas located distal to the splenic flexure was attributable
      mainly to increased size and villous component rather than to location per se.
      The adjusted odds ratio was 1.4 (p less than 0.11) for left-sided location.
      Multiplicity of adenomas affected the risk for high-grade dysplasia in patients
      but was dependent on adenoma size and villous component and was not an
      independent factor. The adjusted odds ratio was 1.3 (p less than 0.17) for
      multiplicity. Increasing age was associated with risk for high-grade dysplasia in
      patients, and this effect was independent of the effect of adenoma size and
      histological type. The adjusted odds ratio was 1.8 (p less than 0.0016) for age
      greater than or equal to 60 yr. Gender was not associated with high-grade
      dysplasia. The adjusted odds ratio was 1.0 (p less than 0.95) for men. The size
      of the patient series, the prospective nature of the data collection, the
      completeness of information on all patients, the requirements of complete
      examination of the entire colon and pathological examination of all lesions
      encountered, and the exclusion of patients with previously diagnosed adenomas
      are, collectively, features unique to this study. The detailed model provided by
      the analysis integrates multiple patient and adenoma factors associated with high
      grade dysplasia in colorectal adenomas.

PMID- 2403954
TI  - The spleen in inflammatory pancreatic disease.
AB  - As the pancreas and the spleen lie in close proximity, splenic complications may
      occur in the course of acute or chronic pancreatitis in the form of isolated
      splenic vein thrombosis, intrasplenic pseudocysts, splenic rupture, infarction,
      and necroses as well as splenic hematoma and severe bleeding from eroded splenic
      vessels. Diagnosis is usually made under emergency conditions and is mainly based
      on ultrasound and computed tomography plus bolus injection and splenoportography.
      Additionally, ultrasound- or computed tomography-guided needle aspiration of
      fluid collection in the left upper quadrant may be helpful. Such conditions may
      be life threatening and, according to the increasing number of case reports, may
      be more frequent than is thought. They must be added to the list of other
      important extrapancreatitic complications such as shock and respiratory and renal
      failure. This review summarizes the present knowledge on splenic complications in
      acute and chronic pancreatitis for purposes of timely diagnosis and treatment and
      draws attention to the need for follow-up examinations of the spleen by imaging
      procedures in the course of acute and chronic pancreatitis.

PMID- 2403955
TI  - Update on sick sinus syndrome, a cardiac disorder of aging.
AB  - Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is usually a disease of the elderly produced by
      idiopathic degeneration of the sinoatrial node. Its initial manifestations range
      from asymptomatic to nonspecific and include palpitations, fatigue, confusion,
      and even syncope and sudden death. Electrocardiographic evidence of SSS includes
      inappropriate sinus bradycardia, sinus pause or arrest, or sinus exit block.
      These bradyarrhythmias may alternate with tachyarrhythmias, especially atrial
      fibrillation, to create the tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome. The diagnosis of
      SSS may be established by electrocardiography or ambulatory monitoring in the
      majority of cases. Medications such as digoxin, beta-blockers, and calcium
      blockers may initiate or worsen the manifestations of SSS. Permanent pacing is
      indicated for symptomatic bradyarrhythmias. Progression of SSS is mostly
      dependent on the presence and severity of associated coronary or hypertensive
      heart disease.

PMID- 2403956
TI  - Peptic ulcers in the elderly: unique features and management.
AB  - Contrary to the general trend, peptic ulcers are on the rise in the elderly in
      terms of frequency, complications, and mortality, possibly due to the use of and
      complications from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Unfortunately,
      the infrequency of abdominal pain and the frequent presence of serious
      concomitant diseases complicate both the diagnosis and management of peptic
      ulcers in the elderly. Ulcers heal equally when treated with H2-receptor
      antagonists, antacids, or sucralfate. Patients with a history of silent,
      complicated ulcers and patients with serious concomitant diseases require low
      dose maintenance H2-blockers to prevent ulcer recurrence. The frequency of NSAID
      related ulcers may be reduced in selected patients with misoprostol in the case
      of gastric ulcers, or misoprostol or H2-blockers in the case of duodenal ulcers.
      NSAID-related ulcers heal when treated with H2-blockers.

PMID- 2403957
TI  - A review: intraperitoneal cisplatin in the management of patients with ovarian
      cancer.
AB  - Since ovarian cancer remains confined to the peritoneal cavity for the majority
      of its natural history, it provides us with a unique opportunity to explore the
      possibility of administering chemotherapeutic agents in direct contact with the
      tumor. Sound pharmacologic principles have been developed that allow us to
      predict with accuracy agents that should be useful in this approach. The
      peritoneal pharmacokinetics of a number of active chemotherapeutic agents have
      been investigated and several effective agents have been identified. Cisplatin
      has been extensively investigated and has demonstrated excellent activity when
      used in this fashion. The recognition of sodium thiosulfate as a renal protective
      agent, against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, has allowed for significant dose
      escalation of cisplatin. The favorable pharmacokinetic profile and clinical
      activity of cisplatin render it an important component of intraperitoneal
      chemotherapy regimens.

PMID- 2403958
TI  - Sarcoma botryoides of the cervix: excision followed by adjuvant chemotherapy for
      preservation of reproductive function.
AB  - Sarcoma botryoides is most often seen arising in the infantile vagina.
      Occasionally, disease will arise in the cervix in the adolescent. Most patients
      have been treated by radical surgery combined with multiagent chemotherapy. We
      recently treated a patient by local excision followed by multiagent chemotherapy
      in an attempt to preserve reproductive potential. The present case and a review
      of the literature suggest that excisional therapy with subsequent chemotherapy
      should be adequate for localized disease.

PMID- 2403959
TI  - Endometrioid stromal sarcomas arising from ovarian and extraovarian
      endometriosis: report of two cases and review of the literature.
AB  - Endometrioid stromal sarcomas arising from endometriosis are rare tumors. Two
      cases from our institution are presented and the literature is reviewed. The
      patients tend to be nulliparous. Presentations usually are related to the
      symptoms of a pelvic mass. However, extraovarian origin was frequently
      accompanied by hemorrhage. The tumors are usually of low histologic grade. Among
      18 patients with ovarian origin, only 2 were reported dead of disease. However, 5
      of 13 patients with extraovarian origin died mostly as a result of recurrent
      disease. Deaths generally occurred within 3 years of diagnosis. The efficacy of
      chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or hormonal therapy in the adjuvant or recurrent
      setting cannot be determined from the available reports.

PMID- 2403960
TI  - Parametrial invasion of uterine cervical cancer assessed by transrectal
      ultrasonography: preliminary report.
AB  - Transrectal ultrasonographic examinations were performed on 30 patients with
      uterine cervical cancer to assess parametrial invasion. The findings were
      compared with data obtained by manual rectal examination. Forty-six parametria in
      23 patients were histologically examined following surgery. Sensitivity,
      specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and predictive
      accuracy of transrectal ultrasonography and rectal examination were 1.0 and 0.25
      (P less than 0.05), 0.9 and 0.93, 0.5 and 0.25, 1.0 and 0.93, and 0.91 and 0.87,
      respectively. Therefore, transrectal ultrasonography may prove to be a useful
      diagnostic tool to determine the preoperative staging of uterine cervical cancer.

PMID- 2403961
TI  - Hepatic expression of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex
      molecules in primary biliary cirrhosis: effect of ursodeoxycholic acid.
AB  - Aberrant hepatic expression of HLA molecules has been shown to be present in
      primary biliary cirrhosis and may play a determining role in the pathogenesis of
      the disease. We have studied the effect of the long-term administration of
      ursodeoxycholic acid on hepatic HLA expression. Nine untreated patients with
      primary biliary cirrhosis, eight patients treated for at least a year with
      ursodeoxycholic acid and eight control subjects without hepatobiliary disease
      were compared. HLA expression was studied on liver biopsy sections using a direct
      immunofluorescence technique with specific monoclonal antibodies directed against
      class I or class II HLA molecules. Aberrant biliary HLA class II expression was
      not modified by chronic administration of ursodeoxycholic acid. In contrast,
      aberrant hepatocyte HLA class I expression was markedly reduced. Reduction in HLA
      class I expression may lead to decreased cytotoxic T cell-dependent lobular
      necrosis, which is thought to contribute to the progression of primary biliary
      cirrhosis to advanced stages. These findings suggest that the beneficial effect
      of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment in primary biliary cirrhosis could result not
      only from a reduction in the intrahepatic accumulation of cytotoxic bile acids
      but also from a reduction in immunological injury.

PMID- 2403962
TI  - Hepatopulmonary syndrome: an evolving perspective in the era of liver
      transplantation.

PMID- 2403963
TI  - Fulminant hepatic failure caused by acute fatty liver of pregnancy treated by
      orthotopic liver transplantation.
AB  - A previously healthy 35-year-old woman was seen at 37 weeks' gestation with a 10
      day history of fever, vomiting, diarrhea and malaise. Serum laboratory findings
      included elevation of serum bilirubin and AST, prolongation of serum prothrombin
      time and a positive monospot. A tentative diagnosis of acute fatty liver of
      pregnancy was made, and a healthy male infant was delivered by emergency cesarean
      section because of fetal distress. Over the subsequent 3 days, acute progressive
      oliguric renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypoglycemia
      requiring intravenous dextrose infusion and pancreatitis developed; her mental
      status progressed to stage III encephalopathy. Quantitative computed tomography
      estimated the liver volume to be 770 cm3. The decision to proceed with orthotopic
      liver transplantation was made on the basis of progressive clinical deterioration
      despite aggressive support and because of her small liver size. After transplant,
      the patient's multisystem failure rapidly reversed. Histopathological examination
      of the native liver demonstrated predominantly zone 3 microvesicular steatosis
      with characteristic ultrastructural changes consistent with acute fatty liver of
      pregnancy. Southern blot analysis for Epstein-Barr virus DNA was negative. We
      conclude that orthotopic liver transplantation should be considered for the small
      group of patients with fulminant hepatic failure associated with acute fatty
      liver of pregnancy who manifest signs of irreversible liver failure despite
      delivery of the fetus and aggresive supportive care.

PMID- 2403964
TI  - Statutes regulating patient-therapist sex.

PMID- 2403965
TI  - The literature on personality disorders, 1985-88: trends, issues, and
      controversies.
AB  - This review of the recent literature on personality disorders summarizes
      theoretical and methodologic issues, DSM-III-R criteria sets, nosological
      controversies, and current treatment approaches. Work in the personality
      disorders is burgeoning, with increasing attention to improved reliability and
      validity of diagnosis. Investigators are looking at such issues as the
      development of dimensional taxonomies, the effect of state variables, the problem
      of diagnostic overlap, the effect of comorbid conditions on course and treatment,
      the predictive power of criteria, and external validators. The DSM-III-R criteria
      sets, despite their polythetic format, may be no more reliable than their
      predecessors. Because treatment remains largely unresearched, the clinician must
      continue to rely on skillful assessment of each patient, with psychoanalytic
      psychotherapy and symptom-oriented drug trials providing the foundation of
      therapy.

PMID- 2403967
TI  - Hospitals' contribution to deficit reduction.

PMID- 2403966
TI  - Effective evaluation of memory in older persons.

PMID- 2403968
TI  - Outpatient payment reform: the next budget-cutting target.
AB  - Medicare Part A and physician fees are still the top concern of congressional
      budget cutters. But outpatient hospital payments are rapidly moving up on the
      cost-containment agenda. Under FY 1990 budget reconciliation, outpatient Medicare
      capital payments were reduced for the first time, and President Bush's FY 1991
      budget reportedly recommends a 10 percent across-the-board cut in Medicare
      hospital outpatient payments.

PMID- 2403969
TI  - Exec counters cutbacks with quality care.

PMID- 2403970
TI  - HIMSS chief mixes politics and health care.

PMID- 2403971
TI  - Rural MD advises Congress.

PMID- 2403972
TI  - CEOs split over Oregon Medicaid reform.

PMID- 2403973
TI  - Master planning improves hospital efficiency.

PMID- 2403974
TI  - Integrated expert systems and videodisc in surgical pathology: an overview.
AB  - We present an overview of our 6-year experience in the design of expert systems
      for anatomic pathology. Our practical goal is to help practicing pathologists
      with learning, teaching, and the task of diagnosis by providing them with dynamic
      expert knowledge by means of a personal computer. This project could only be
      undertaken by first addressing a scientific goal: to characterize the problem
      solving strategies that expert pathologists use in making a diagnosis and to
      state them in the logical terms of computer science. Our approach has been to
      build systems first for experimentation and then for use. The result of our work
      is an integrated computer-based approach that handles expert knowledge as formal
      relationships and morphologic images and that uses a number of logical strategies
      to provide multiple perspectives on diagnostic tasks. Configured as a
      pathologist's workstation, this approach can be expected to enhance the
      performance of trained general pathologists and pathologists in training. Lymph
      node pathology has been used as the prototype domain for this research, but care
      has been taken to seek a generalized authoring and inference structure that can
      be applied to other areas of pathology by changing the contents but not the
      structure itself. Excursions into various surgical pathology specialties suggest
      that the ways the system is constructed and exercised is fundamentally robust.
      Such computer-based expert systems can be expected to generate a new standard in
      the practice of pathology--based on the "gold standard" of classical morphology,
      but including the coordinated use of new methods from immunology and molecular
      biology in a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis when these techniques are
      relevant. The benefits from this technology can be expected to be widespread with
      the evolution, refinement, and diffusion of these systems.

PMID- 2403975
TI  - Histopathologic analysis of suspected amiodarone hepatotoxicity.
AB  - This analysis of the morphology of suspected amiodarone (AD) liver disease is
      based on a study of liver specimens from 17 individuals. Changes similar to
      alcoholic liver injury were commonly seen. Steatosis, both macrovesicular and
      microvesicular, was the most frequent histopathologic feature. Ballooning of
      hepatocytes, Mallory bodies, and fibrosis were also common. Other changes
      included nuclear unrest, acidophilic bodies, foam cells, glycogenated nuclei, and
      portal inflammation. Characteristic lamellar lysosomal inclusion bodies
      representing phospholipidosis were found in two of 14 specimens studied
      ultrastructurally. These changes of pseudoalcoholic hepatitis and/or
      phospholipidosis were present in liver specimens from asymptomatic, anicteric
      patients with mild elevations in serum aminotransferase or alkaline phosphatase
      values with or without hepatomegaly, as well as in patients with clinically overt
      symptoms of hepatotoxicity. Phospholipidosis appears to be a generalized systemic
      effect of cationic amphophilic compounds, such as AD. The cytotoxic
      pseudoalcoholic changes appear to be an independent phenomenon in susceptible
      patients, whom we speculate may have been unable or less able to metabolize AD
      through normal pathways. The true incidence of hepatic injury from AD remains to
      be determined from prospective evaluations of pretreatment and follow-up liver
      biopsies.

PMID- 2403976
TI  - Undifferentiated sarcoma of the liver in childhood: morphology, flow cytometry,
      and literature review.
AB  - Nine cases of undifferentiated sarcoma of the liver in childhood were
      investigated by conventional light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and DNA flow
      cytometry. Different histologic patterns were discernible. In some cases, areas
      resembling poorly differentiated rhabdomyosarcoma were present. This histologic
      diversity was supported by the immunohistologic detection of desmin and
      cytokeratins in five cases. When evaluated by flow cytometry, four of five cases
      investigated were diploid; only one was aneuploid, and this patient had the most
      aggressive course. Follow-up investigations of our patients and those described
      in the literature revealed that the prognosis of this type of tumor is not as bad
      as is generally assumed. Of the patients reported in the literature with detailed
      follow-up information, 37.5% survived without evidence of disease for an average
      of 37.5 months, death occurred in 47.5% after an average of 11.9 months, and
      15.0% were alive with disease.

PMID- 2403977
TI  - Discovery of the renomedullary system of blood pressure control and its hormones.

PMID- 2403978
TI  - Hypertension research. A memoir 1920-1960.

PMID- 2403979
TI  - Metabolism and production of angiotensin I in different vascular beds in subjects
      with hypertension.
AB  - To study the metabolism and production of angiotensin I, highly purified
      monoiodinated [125I] angiotensin I was given by constant systemic intravenous
      infusion, either alone (n = 7) or combined with unlabeled angiotensin I (n = 5),
      to subjects with essential hypertension who were treated with the angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (50 mg b.i.d.). Blood samples were taken
      from the aorta and the renal, antecubital, femoral, and hepatic veins.
      [125I]Angiotensin I and angiotensin I were extracted from plasma, separated by
      high-performance liquid chromatography, and quantitated by gamma counting and
      radioimmunoassay. Plasma renin activity was measured at pH 7.4. The plasma decay
      curves after discontinuation of the infusions of [125I]angiotensin I and
      unlabeled angiotensin I were similar for the two peptides. The regional
      extraction ratio of [125I]angiotensin I was 47 +/- 4% (mean +/- SEM) across the
      forearm, 59 +/- 3% across the leg, 81 +/- 1% across the kidneys, and 96 +/- 1%
      across the hepatomesenteric vascular bed. These results were not different from
      those obtained for infused unlabeled angiotensin I. Despite the rapid removal of
      arterially delivered angiotensin I, no difference was found between the venous
      and arterial levels of endogenous angiotensin I across the various vascular beds,
      with the exception of the liver where angiotensin I in the vein was 50% lower
      than in the aorta. Thus, 50-90% of endogenous angiotensin I in the veins appeared
      to be derived from regional de novo production. The blood transit time is 0.1-0.2
      minute in the limbs and in the kidneys and 0.3-0.5 minute in the hepatomesenteric
      vascular bed. This is too short for plasma renin activity to account for the
      measured de novo angiotensin I production. It was calculated that less than 20
      30% in the limbs and in the kidneys and approximately 60% in the hepatomesenteric
      region of de novo-produced angiotensin I could be accounted for by circulating
      renin. These results indicate that a high percentage of plasma angiotensin I may
      be produced locally (i.e., not in circulating plasma).

PMID- 2403980
TI  - Captopril reduces aortic and microvascular growth in hypertensive and
      normotensive rats.
AB  - This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of converting enzyme
      inhibition on functional and structural vascular alterations in one-kidney, one
      clip hypertensive rats and in normotensive rats. Starting 1 day before surgery,
      100 mg/kg/day captopril was given chronically to half of the hypertensive and
      normotensive groups in their drinking water. With use of intravital microscopy in
      the cremaster muscle, arteriolar dimensions were measured 4 weeks later, both
      before and after topical application of 10(-3) M adenosine. Mean blood pressure
      was 124 +/- 4 mm Hg in control rats and 103 +/- 5 mm Hg in captopril-treated
      control rats (p less than 0.05). Mean blood pressure was significantly elevated
      to 183 +/- 5 mm Hg in captopril-treated one-kidney, one clip hypertensive rats
      and 193 +/- 5 mm Hg in one-kidney, one clip hypertensive rats. With use of
      histological techniques, a marked reduction of medial-intimal area of the
      abdominal aorta was found in captopril-treated control rats (24%), and
      hypertrophy of the aortic wall in one-kidney, one clip hypertensive rats was
      decreased 26% by captopril. Structural diameter reductions occurred in large
      arterioles of the captopril-treated control and hypertensive groups and the
      nontreated hypertensive group. In spite of a significant increase in wall-to
      lumen ratio of first-order arterioles in all captopril-treated rats, captopril
      decreased cross-sectional wall area of these vessels 37% in hypertensive and 20%
      in control rats, respectively. Measured by stereological techniques, small
      arteriolar density decreased 30% in captopril-treated hypertensive rats and 17%
      in captopril-treated control rats. Therefore, smaller arteriolar lumens,
      decreased aortic and arteriolar cross-sectional wall area, and arteriolar
      rarefaction after converting enzyme inhibition, in spite of rising or falling
      blood pressure, are evidence that vascular growth was inhibited in vivo.

PMID- 2403981
TI  - Mass analysis of 1,2-diacylglycerol in cultured rabbit vascular smooth muscle
      cells. Comparison of stimulation by angiotensin II and endothelin.
AB  - We compared the effects of angiotensin II and endothelin on mass levels of 1,2
      diacylglycerol, and endogenous activator of protein kinase C, in cultured rabbit
      vascular smooth muscle cells with the effects of these vasoconstrictors on
      contractile responses of rabbit aortic strips. At a high concentration (1
      microM), both angiotensin II and endothelin induced a biphasic formation of 1,2
      diacylglycerol with an early transient phase and a late sustained phase. At this
      high concentration, angiotensin II caused a transient contraction followed by a
      gradual relaxation, whereas endothelin caused a slowly developing and sustained
      contraction. At a low concentration (EC50 for the early phase of 1,2
      diacylglycerol formation), angiotensin II also induced a biphasic formation of
      1,2-diacylglycerol and caused a transient contraction, but endothelin induced a
      monophasic formation of 1,2-diacyglycerol with only an early peak. Despite a
      rapid decrease of 1,2-diacylglycerol, endothelin at this low concentration still
      caused a sustained contraction. At both the high and low concentrations, the 1,2
      diacylglycerol level was sustained higher for angiotensin II, whereas the tension
      during the late tonic phase of contraction was greater for endothelin. These
      results suggest that the unique persistent nature of endothelin-induced
      contraction is not attributed simply to the stimulatory effect of this peptide on
      the 1,2-diacylglycerol/protein kinase C pathway.

PMID- 2403982
TI  - Noise, performance efficiency and safety.
AB  - This paper summarises our current knowledge of the non-auditory effects of noise
      on performance efficiency and safety. This topic has been studied both in the
      laboratory and in the field, and detailed accounts of the results for laboratory
      studies have been presented elsewhere, so only the main conclusions are given
      here. There have been few field studies of the effects of noise on accidents and
      productivity and these are discussed in detail here. Overall, the results from
      the laboratory and field both suggest that noise may influence efficiency and
      safety, although further prospective studies with appropriate interventions are
      required to give us more precise information about these effects.

PMID- 2403984
TI  - Managing complications of epidural analgesia.

PMID- 2403983
TI  - Significance of the excretion of urinary indicator proteins for a low level of
      occupational exposure to cadmium.
AB  - Urinary cadmium (Cd), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), metallothionein
      (MT), beta 2-microglobulin (BMG), and blood cadmium were determined in 79 workers
      who had been employed at a Cd pigment factory in Japan. The workers who had been
      dealing with Cd pigment manufacturing processes were estimated to be exposed to
      cadmium pigment dust at a maximum concentration of 3.0 micrograms/m3/8 h for
      about 20 years. The urinary Cd level ranged from 0.2 to 9.7 micrograms/g
      creatinine with a geometric mean of 1.02 micrograms/g creatinine. Pearson's
      correlation coefficients between logarithm of urinary Cd and that of NAG, MT, and
      BMG in urine were 0.45, 0.62, and 0.05, respectively. The correlation
      coefficients between blood Cd and urinary NAG, MT, and BMG were 0.21, 0.40, and 
      0.074, respectively. When partial correlation coefficients were calculated to
      exclude the contribution of age factor, urinary Cd turned out to be significantly
      correlated with urinary MT (r = 0.55) and NAG (r = 0.52). The present results
      indicate that urinary Cd is more closely associated with urinary MT and NAG than
      with BMG, and suggest that MT and NAG could be good indicators of Cd absorption
      in a Cd-exposed population whose mean urinary Cd level is relatively low, or less
      than 10 micrograms/g creatinine.

PMID- 2403985
TI  - Continuous infusions of local anesthetics and narcotics for epidural analgesia in
      the management of labor.
AB  - It appears that complete analgesia for labor using epidural and subarachnoid
      opiates alone, with a minimum of side effects, remains an unfulfilled goal.
      However, the combination of extremely small doses of local anesthetics and opiate
      drugs seems to provide excellent analgesia with a minimum of side effects. This
      concept of combined opiates and local anesthetics corresponds to that of modern
      "balanced" general anesthesia, in which small amounts of several drugs are used
      to provide excellent anesthesia with a minimum of the side effects seen with
      large doses of any single drug. In my opinion, this "balanced" regional
      anesthesia holds great promise for the future, especially with the discovery of
      new drugs that produce spinal analgesia through a variety of mechanisms. These
      drugs include catecholamines, clonidine, GABA agonists, substance P antagonists,
      prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, and many other drugs capable of altering
      neural transmission in such a way that analgesia results. Obviously, labor
      analgesia is one area in which these combinations will be explored extensively,
      and the next few years should be very exciting ones.

PMID- 2403986
TI  - Physiological adaptations during pregnancy.

PMID- 2403987
TI  - Anesthesia for cesarean delivery.

PMID- 2403988
TI  - Fetal heart rate monitoring.

PMID- 2403989
TI  - Pregnancy-induced hypertension.

PMID- 2403990
TI  - The anesthetic management of obstetrical hemorrhage.
AB  - This has been a brief overview of the major causes of obstetrical hemorrhage in
      the parturient. Owing to improved diagnosis and obstetrical care, the risks to
      both mother and fetus have decreased in the last decade. Constant vigilance is
      still required, however, if mortality and morbidity are to be further decreased.
      The role of the anesthesiologist is to provide resuscitation first and anesthesia
      second. To do this successfully, the anesthesiologist should plan carefully and
      assume that "worst-case scenarios" will occur, so that he or she will have
      anticipated problems in advance.

PMID- 2403991
TI  - Surgical anesthesia during pregnancy.

PMID- 2403992
TI  - The effect of subject expectations of "hypnosis" upon vividness of visual
      imagery.
AB  - This study explored how the expectation of hypnosis and the expectation of
      relaxation affected the vividness of visual imagery. 63 Ss who volunteered for a
      visual imagination study were randomly assigned to 4 groups. Ss were administered
      the vividness subscale (VS) of the Vividness and Control of Imagery Scale twice.
      In the 3 experimental groups, expectations were varied during the 2 VS
      administrations. All 3 groups were presented with a relaxation exercise between
      VS administrations. In 2 groups, it was labeled "hypnosis," and in the third
      group it was correctly labeled "relaxation." A control group listened to a
      neutral tape between their VSs. All groups were administered the Harvard Group
      Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (Shor & E. C. Orne, 1962) after the 2
      imagery tests. The results indicated that the vividness of visual imagery was
      significantly enhanced (equally) in the experimental groups but not in the
      control group.

PMID- 2403993
TI  - Pharmacologic features of butorphanol in dogs and cats.

PMID- 2403994
TI  - The history of surgical drainage.

PMID- 2403995
TI  - The best decision I ever made.

PMID- 2403996
TI  - Current perspectives on the eating disorders: II. Treatment, outcome, and
      research directions.
AB  - In spite of increasing specificity in diagnosis and a growing appreciation of the
      neuroendocrinologic and physiologic changes that accompany and perpetuate
      anorexia and bulimia, a clear understanding of these disorders has not been
      established. Developmental defects stemming from the earliest interactions
      between child and parent seem likely in the majority of cases, but the character
      of the defects, factors that determine the individual's vulnerability, and the
      reasons for the election of an eating disorder rather than a depressive disorder
      or borderline personality disorder are not yet clear. Part II will present the
      therapy and outcome of the eating disorders and suggestions for future research.

PMID- 2403997
TI  - Oral physostigmine treatment for patients with presenile and senile dementia of
      the Alzheimer's type: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
AB  - Twelve patients aged 53 to 89 years with presenile or senile dementia of the
      Alzheimer's type participated in a treatment trial of oral physostigmine.
      Patients first received the drug during an open dose-finding phase. In a double
      blind crossover design phase, the patients' memory performance during treatment
      with an optimal memory-enhancing dose was compared with memory performance during
      placebo treatment. Response to medication was assessed by the Delayed Recognition
      Span Test, the Selective Reminding Test, and the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment
      Scale. Intergroup differences in response to physostigmine were nonsignificant.
      Age at onset of the disease did not differentiate partial responders from
      nonresponders.

PMID- 2403998
TI  - What constitutes an adequate antidepressant trial for fluoxetine?
AB  - One hundred and eight patients with major depression were treated with fluoxetine
      20 mg/day for 3 weeks. Patients who failed to respond to this open-label
      treatment were randomly assigned either to receive fluoxetine 60 mg/day for 5
      weeks or to continue treatment with fluoxetine 20 mg/day for an additional 5
      weeks. Both treatment groups demonstrated a statistically significant reduction
      in depressive symptoms, indicating that continued treatment with low-dose
      fluoxetine may be as effective as an increase in dose in achieving a favorable
      clinical outcome.

PMID- 2403999
TI  - Combining antidepressants and psychotherapy: rationale and strategies.
AB  - Psychotherapy, in its broadest sense, is indicated for all depressed patients.
      General and specific research supports the potential additive effect of
      antidepressant medication for depressive syndromes, such as major affective or
      dysthymic disorders. Combined treatment is relatively less indicated for
      circumscribed depressive feelings, which occur in normal grief, personality
      disorders, and reactions to life stressors and acute medical illness. Specific
      strategies are described that potentiate the acceptance, compliance, and
      effectiveness of antidepressants.

PMID- 2404000
TI  - Antidepressant drug side effects.
AB  - A review of the range of side effects produced by the currently available
      antidepressants is presented. Frequently encountered adverse effects are
      emphasized, but some of the more serious rare ones are also considered. Where
      possible, guidelines for management of these effects are provided, although there
      are not invariably ways of avoiding them. Some of this discussion is based on a
      review of the literature; however, a large part of it grows out of the authors'
      personal experience in prescribing these medications. It is an unfortunate fact
      that the research literature does not treat these issues thoroughly, despite
      their great clinical importance.

PMID- 2404001
TI  - Anxiety and mood disorders in medically ill patients.
AB  - In medically ill patients, anxiety symptoms and mood alteration are common.
      Anxiety or mood alteration may be due to a reaction to the stress of illness, a
      preexisting psychiatric disorder, a manifestation of the medical condition, or an
      adverse effect of medication. Psychiatrists are frequently called upon to
      differentiate among these causes and to recommend treatment. This article reviews
      anxiety, depression, and mania, which are frequently associated with physical
      disease, and provides an approach to differential diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 2404002
TI  - Psychopharmacology of depression in neurologic disorders.
AB  - Depression occurs frequently in patients with neurologic disorders. Current
      research in traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple
      sclerosis, epilepsy, and brain tumors indicates that affective symptomatology can
      be a specific sequel of these illnesses that is related to the resultant
      impairment in brain functioning. Because of the cognitive and emotional deficits
      that neurologic disorders can cause, the clinician must be aware of the
      complicated presentation of depression in these patients. Psychopharmacologic
      treatments are safe and efficacious in the treatment of depression in patients
      with neurologic illness.

PMID- 2404003
TI  - Practical considerations in the pharmacologic treatment of depression and anxiety
      in the elderly.
AB  - The author discusses four topics: (1) Age-related alterations in central nervous
      system function predispose elderly patients to increased risk of psychotropic
      drug toxicity. (2) Age-related alterations in psychotropic drug pharmacokinetics
      lead to decreased metabolism, increased volume of distribution, and decreased
      clearance. (3) Treatment of depression in the elderly with a special focus on
      selection of drugs and toxicity. Four classes of drugs are reviewed: cyclic
      antidepressants, atypical antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and
      stimulants. and (4) Treatment of anxiety. Recommendations for benzodiazepine and
      buspirone use are given, and benzodiazepine toxicity in the elderly is reviewed
      in detail.

PMID- 2404004
TI  - Brain-imaging approaches in psychiatry: early developmental considerations.
AB  - Recent advances in the neurosciences have provided important new approaches to
      understanding mental illness. Historically, the application of these approaches
      has followed patterns that parallel the scientific process of repeated testing
      and reexamination. In the investigation of schizophrenia, this process has
      focused particular attention on the frontal lobes. Special considerations should
      be weighed in assimilating and integrating these new approaches into our field.

PMID- 2404005
TI  - Deletions in the large (beta) subunit of a hetero-oligomeric aminoacyl-tRNA
      synthetase.
AB  - Glycyl-tRNA synthetase is one of two aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in Escherichia
      coli that is comprised of heterologous subunits which are organized in an alpha 2
      beta 2 quaternary structure. The two subunits are encoded by a single mRNA with
      the region for alpha (303 codons) subunit followed by that for beta (689 codons)
      subunit. Five COOH-terminal deletions in the beta subunit coding region have been
      created. Each deletion protein has been investigated for its synthesis and
      stability in vivo, adenylate synthesis activity in vitro, and aminoacylation
      activity in vivo and in vitro. This has been done in the presence of free alpha
      subunit and, additionally, with alpha subunit that is fused by its carboxyl
      terminus to the amino terminus of each of the beta subunit deletion proteins.
      With a fused or unfused alpha chain, over 100 amino acids can be deleted from the
      carboxyl terminus of the beta chain without loss of in vivo complementation of a
      delta glyS (deletion) strain. Further analysis shows that the alpha subunit and
      approximately the amino-terminal half of the beta subunit are sufficient for the
      adenylate synthesis activity. In particular, a deletion of 306 amino acids from
      the COOH terminus of the beta subunit has little effect on the Km parameter for
      ATP or glycine in the pyrophosphate exchange reaction. The tRNA-dependent step in
      aminoacylation requires additional beta subunit sequences on the COOH-terminal
      side of those needed for adenylate synthesis. In these respects, the functional
      organization of the beta chain parallels that of several aminoacyl-tRNA
      synthetases which have only homologous subunits. In the case of the glycine
      enzyme, however, the heterologous alpha subunit is required for the elucidation
      of activities encoded by functional determinants of the beta chain.

PMID- 2404006
TI  - Total reconstitution of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme reveals dual accessory
      protein clamps.
AB  - DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (holoenzyme) is the 10-subunit replicase of the
      Escherichia coli chromosome. In this report, pure preparations of delta, delta',
      and a gamma chi psi complex are resolved from the five protein gamma complex
      subassembly. Using these subunits and other holoenzyme subunits isolated from
      overproducing plasmid strains of E. coli, the rapid and highly processive
      holoenzyme has been reconstituted from only five pure single subunits: alpha,
      epsilon, gamma, delta, and beta. The preceding report showed that of the three
      subunits in the core polymerase, only a complex of alpha (DNA polymerase) and
      epsilon (3'-5' exonuclease) are required to assemble a processive holoenzyme on a
      template containing a preinitiation complex (Studwell, P.S., and O'Donnell, M.
      (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 1171-1178). This report shows that of the five
      proteins in the gamma complex only a heterodimer of gamma and delta is required
      with the beta subunit to form the ATP-activated preinitiation complex with a
      primed template. Surprisingly, the delta' subunit does not form an active complex
      with gamma but forms a fully active heterodimer complex with the tau subunit (as
      does delta). Hence, the tau delta' and gamma delta heterodimers are fully active
      in the preinitiation complex reaction with beta and primed DNA. Holoenzymes
      reconstituted using the alpha epsilon complex, beta subunit, and either gamma
      delta or tau delta' are fully processive in DNA synthesis, and upon completing
      the template they rapidly cycle to a new primed template endowed with a
      preinitiation complex clamp. Since the holoenzyme molecule contains all of these
      accessory subunits (gamma, delta, tau, delta', and beta) in all likelihood it has
      the capacity to form two preinitiation complex clamps simultaneously at two
      primer termini. Two primer binding components within one holoenzyme may mediate
      its rapid cycling to multiple primers on the lagging strand and also provides
      functional evidence for the hypothesis of holoenzyme as a dimeric polymerase
      capable of simultaneous replication of both leading and lagging strands of a
      replication fork.

PMID- 2404007
TI  - Cloning, expression, purification, and biological activity of recombinant native
      and variant human alpha 1-antichymotrypsins.
AB  - Human alpha 1-antichymotrypsin has been cloned, sequenced and expressed in
      Escherichia coli and recombinant protein as well as point-specific mutants have
      been purified and characterized. The corrected gene-deduced amino acid sequence
      has 45% overall identity with alpha 1-protease inhibitor, which is higher than
      the 42% previously reported (Chandra, T., Stackhouse, R., Kidd, V. J., Robson, J.
      H., and Woo, S. L. C. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 5055-5060). Recombinant
      antichymotrypsin (rACT) is similar to natural antichymotrypsin with respect to
      the specificity of its interactions with proteases. Its second-order rate
      constant for association with bovine chymotrypsin is 6-8 x 10(5) M-1 s-1, which
      is identical to that of the serum-derived inhibitor. Site-specific mutagenesis
      has been used to produce two variants of rACT in which the P1 position has been
      changed from leucine to either methionine (L358M-rACT) or arginine (L358R-rACT).
      L358M-rACT has a specificity of inhibitory activity toward serine proteases
      closely similar to that of native rACT. By contrast, the specificity of L358R
      rACT is quite different from that of native rACT, most notably in efficiently
      inhibiting trypsin and human thrombin while showing a decreased ability to
      inhibit chymotrypsin.

PMID- 2404008
TI  - Polarized expression of functional rat liver asialoglycoprotein receptor in
      transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.
AB  - The rat liver asialoglycoprotein receptor or rat hepatic lectin (RHL) consists of
      two polypeptide species, a major one designated RHL-1 and a minor one designated
      RHL-2/3, which exists in two differentially glycosylated forms. We have studied
      the biosynthesis, targeting, and function of the different forms after
      transfection of their cDNAs into the polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cell
      line. In cells expressing only RHL-1, newly synthesized protein undergoes rapid
      intracellular degradation and is not detected at the cell surface. In contrast,
      RHL-2/3 when transfected alone is much more stable and is expressed at the
      basolateral surface of fiber-grown cells. When both forms are expressed together,
      newly synthesized RHL-1 escapes rapid degradation and is detected at the
      basolateral surface. In double transfectants a functional receptor is formed that
      specifically endocytoses and degrades ligand at the basolateral side.

PMID- 2404009
TI  - Uptake and intracellular sequestration of divalent cations in resting and
      methacholine-stimulated mouse lacrimal acinar cells. Dissociation by Sr2+ and
      Ba2+ of agonist-stimulated divalent cation entry from the refilling of the
      agonist-sensitive intracellular pool.
AB  - The abilities of various divalent cations to enter the cytoplasm of mouse
      lacrimal acinar cells was examined under resting and agonist-stimulated
      conditions, by monitoring their effects on the fluorescence of cytosolic fura-2.
      In vitro, Ni2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ quenched the fura-2 fluorescence, whereas Sr2+,
      Ba2+, and La3+ produced an excitation spectrum and maximum brightness similar to
      Ca2+. Stimulation of mouse lacrimal acinar cells with methacholine (MeCh) caused
      a biphasic elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]i) resulting
      from a release of Ca2+ from intracellular pools followed by a sustained entry of
      extracellular Ca2+. Neither La3+ nor Ni2+ entered the cells under resting or
      stimulated conditions, but both blocked Ca2+ entry. Although both Co2+ and Mn2+
      entered unstimulated cells, this process was not increased by MeCh. Both Sr2+ and
      Ba2+ were capable of supporting a sustained increase in fura-2 fluorescence in
      response to MeCh, indicating that these cations can enter the cells through the
      agonist-regulated channels. However, Sr2+, but not Ba2+, was capable of refilling
      the agonist-sensitive intracellular stores. These findings demonstrate
      dissociation of agonist-induced Ca2+ entry from intracellular Ca2+ pool refilling
      and thereby provide strong support for the recently modified version of the
      capacitative Ca2+ entry model according to which influx into the cytoplasm occurs
      directly across the plasma membrane and does not require a specialized cation
      channel directly linking the extracellular space and the intracellular Ca2+
      stores.

PMID- 2404010
TI  - The processing of N-linked glycans in yeast. Mutually exclusive steps in the
      processing of a Man6 derivative by yeast membrane preparations.
AB  - When a derivatized oligosaccharide isolated from ovalbumin and containing 6
      mannose residues was incubated with yeast membranes and GDP-mannose, two sets of
      products were obtained, a high molecular weight one containing about 25 mannose
      residues and a low molecular weight one consisting of compounds with 7, 8, and 9
      mannose residues, respectively. When the low molecular weight products were
      reincubated with the yeast membranes and GDP-mannose, no further mannose
      incorporation was observed, showing that these compounds must be of the wrong
      structure as substrates for yeast glycan processing enzymes. The structures were
      investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The high molecular weight products contained
      an outer chain of an average length of 18 1----6-linked mannose residues attached
      to a core structure made up of the original 6 mannose residues with one
      additional 1----2-linked mannose added. The low molecular weight product with 8
      mannose residues was deduced to contain a terminal 1----6-linked mannose (on the
      1----6 arm) substituted by mannose at the 2-position, and the ones with 7 and 9
      mannose residues were identified as having an additional 1----3-linked mannose on
      the starting Man6 substrate and on the Man8 product, respectively. The results
      lend further support to the picture that the processing steps must occur in
      proper sequence for specific products to form.

PMID- 2404011
TI  - Activation of the c-fos serum-response element by the activated c-Ha-ras protein
      in a manner independent of protein kinase C and cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
AB  - 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) activated the c-fos gene enhancer
      linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase or luciferase reporter gene in
      the wild type PC-12 cells but not in the variant PC-12 cells that originated from
      the wild type cells. Transfection of the c-Ha-rasval12 complementary DNA (cDNA)
      or addition of dibutyryl cAMP to the wild type PC-12 cells as well as to the
      variant PC-12 cells activated the c-fos gene enhancer. Prolonged treatment of the
      wild type PC-12 cells with phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate caused down-regulation of
      protein kinase C. In these cells, TPA did not stimulate the c-fos gene enhancer
      any more, but transfection of the c-Ha-rasval12 cDNA still stimulated the c-fos
      gene enhancer to the same extent as induced in the control cells. Transfection of
      the c-Ha-rasval12 cDNA or addition of TPA to the wild type PC-12 cells stimulated
      the serum-response element but not the cAMP-response element. Dibutyryl cAMP
      stimulated both the serum-response element and the cAMP-response element in the
      wild type PC-12 cells. These results indicate that the c-Ha-rasval12 protein
      activates the serum-response element, but not the cAMP-response element in the c
      fos gene enhancer, and that the signal pathway from the c-Ha-rasval12 protein to
      the c-fos serum-response element is independent of protein kinase C and cAMP
      dependent protein kinase.

PMID- 2404012
TI  - Analysis of fibrinogen A alpha-fusion proteins. Mutants which inhibit thrombin
      equivalently are not equally good substrates.
AB  - We have examined the interaction of thrombin with fibrinogen A alpha chain
      residues 7-16. Using genetically engineered constructions, we have synthesized in
      Escherichia coli a fibrinogen A alpha 1-50 fusion protein and seven mutant
      proteins with single amino acid substitutions. These are: Asp7----Ala, Phe8---
      Tyr, Glu11----Ala, Gly12----Val, Gly13----Val, Gly14----Val, and Arg16----Leu.
      Competitive immunoassay of cell lysates showed that all the mutations but one,
      Arg16----Leu, altered the structure of the protein such that cross-reactivity
      with the A alpha-specific monoclonal antibody, Y18, was significantly reduced.
      The fusion proteins were purified and analyzed as thrombin inhibitors and
      substrates. All the fusion proteins are competitive inhibitors of the amidolytic
      hydrolysis of Spectrozyme TH, a thrombin-specific chromogenic substrate, with
      inhibition constants corresponding to that for fibrinogen. We conclude that these
      7 amino acid substitutions do not alter thrombin binding to the fusion proteins.
      The fusion proteins were tested as substrates by monitoring thrombin-dependent
      peptide release. The natural sequence and three mutants, Asp7----Ala, Glu11---
      Ala, and Gly14----Val, are good substrates. The other mutants are either poor
      substrates or are not cleaved by thrombin within A alpha 1-50. These results
      indicate that residues between Asp7 and Arg16 are critical to efficient peptide
      hydrolysis, whereas residues outside this region are critical to thrombin
      binding.

PMID- 2404013
TI  - Biosynthesis and function of phospholipids in Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2404014
TI  - Microtubule assembly inhibitor protein consists of a rigid globule essential for
      its activity and highly mobile coils.
AB  - The structure of microtubule assembly inhibitor protein (MIP) was studied by
      proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and limited proteolysis. Spin-diffusion
      experiments revealed that MIP has a tightly folded structure, a "rigid globule."
      This globule was irreversibly denatured by heat treatment at 80 degrees C, and
      the denatured MIP showed little ability to inhibit microtubule assembly. This
      indicates that the native globular structure is essential for the activity. By
      spin-diffusion and spin-echo experiments, the other part of the molecule was
      found to be highly mobile. We termed the region "highly mobile coils." Most of
      the acidic residues appeared to be clustered in the highly mobile coils. By
      limited proteolysis using subtilisin, the mobile region was digested into shorter
      pieces, and a single 17-kDa fragment remained. Proton NMR spectrum of this
      fragment was much the same as the spin-diffusion subspectra of the rigid globule
      in the intact MIP molecule. Furthermore, the 17-kDa fragment was found to retain
      the activity to inhibit the microtubule assembly. These results indicate that MIP
      consists of two moieties; one domain forms a rigid globule which is essential for
      its activity to inhibit microtubule assembly, and the other acidic one is highly
      mobile and tails from the globule. The tertiary structures of these two domains
      appear to be independent from each other. These domains may be responsible for
      two different functions of MIP, the interaction with the cytoskeleton and the
      interaction with, for example, nuclear components.

PMID- 2404015
TI  - Glucose transport activity in L6 muscle cells is regulated by the coordinate
      control of subcellular glucose transporter distribution, biosynthesis, and mRNA
      transcription.
AB  - Chronic (24 h) insulin treatment and/or glucose deprivation of differentiated rat
      L6 skeletal muscle cells resulted in an increase in glucose transport activity
      and a 2-3-fold increase in the number of plasma membrane-associated cytochalasin
      B binding sites and immunoreactive glucose transporters. In contrast to the acute
      effect of insulin, chronic treatment did not decrease the number of cytochalasin
      B binding sites or immunoreactive glucose transporter proteins present in
      intracellular low density microsomes. Although acute insulin stimulation of
      glucose transport activity was not affected by cycloheximide, chronic insulin
      stimulation of glucose transport activity and glucose transporter protein were
      decreased. In contrast, the stimulation of glucose transport activity by both
      acute and chronic glucose deprivation were cycloheximide-insensitive. Previously
      we have reported that chronic insulin treatment transiently induces the rat
      brain/HepG2 glucose transporter subtype (GLUT-1) mRNA, whereas glucose
      deprivation induces a substained increase (Walker, P. S., Ramlal, T., Donovan, J.
      A., Doering, T. P., Sandra, A., Klip, A., and Pessin, J. E. (1989) J. Biol. Chem.
      264, 6587-6595). Consistent with these data, nuclear run-on analysis demonstrated
      a transient 3-fold increase in the rate of GLUT-1 glucose transporter mRNA
      transcription induced by either chronic insulin treatment or glucose deprivation.
      The combination of chronic insulin treatment with glucose deprivation resulted in
      a more persistent 3-4-fold increase in transcription rate than either treatment
      alone. These data demonstrate that prolonged insulin- and glucose-dependent
      regulation of glucose transporter function occurs by a complex mechanism which
      includes enhanced GLUT-1 mRNA transcription and glucose transporter synthesis, as
      well as changes in the subcellular distribution of glucose transporter proteins.

PMID- 2404016
TI  - Biosynthesis of the polysialic acid capsule in Escherichia coli K1. The
      endogenous acceptor of polysialic acid is a membrane protein of 20 kDa.
AB  - The nature of endogenous acceptor molecules implicated in the membrane-directed
      synthesis of the polysialic acid (polySia) capsule in Escherichia coli K1
      serotypes is not known. The capsule contains at least 200 sialic acid (Sia)
      residues that are elongated by the addition of new Sia residues to the
      nonreducing termini of growing nascent chains (Rohr, T. E., and Troy, F. A.
      (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 2332-2342). Presumably, chain growth starts when
      activated Sia residues are transferred to acceptors that are not already
      sialylated. In the present study, we used an acapsular mutant defective in
      synthesis of CMP-NeuAc to label acceptors with [14C]NeuAc and an anti-polySia
      specific antibody (H.46) to identify the molecules to which the polySia was
      attached. [14C]Sia-labeled acceptors were solubilized with 2% Triton X-100,
      immunoprecipitated with H.46, and partially depolymerized with poly-alpha-2,8
      endo-N-acetylneuraminidase. Approximately 5% of the [14C]Sia incorporated
      remained attached to endogenous acceptors. Double-labeling experiments were used
      to show that the non-Sia moiety of the acceptor was labeled in vivo with
      [14C]leucine and elongated in vitro with CMP-[3H]NeuAc. Concomitant with
      desialylation of the [3H]polySia-[14C]Leu acceptor was the appearance of a new
      [14C]Leu-labeled protein at 20 kDa. After strong acid hydrolysis, the 20-kDa
      labeled protein was shown to contain [14C]Leu. The acceptor molecules were not
      labeled metabolically with D-[3H]GlcN, 35SO4, or 32PO4, indicating that they do
      not appear to contain lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, phosphatidic acid, or
      phospholipid. Based on these results, we conclude that the endogenous acceptor
      molecule is a membrane protein of about 20 kDa. The nature of attachment of
      polySia to acceptor is unknown. There are only 400-500 acceptor molecules/cell,
      which is about 100-fold fewer than the 50,000 polySia chains/cell. This suggests
      that each acceptor molecule may participate in the shuttling of about 100 polySia
      chains/cell. We hypothesize that the acceptor protein may function to translocate
      polySia chains from their site of synthesis on the cytoplasmic surface of the
      inner membrane to the periplasm.

PMID- 2404017
TI  - The purification and characterization of arginase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ornithine transcarbamoylase and arginase form a
      regulatory multienzyme complex (Hensley, P. (1988) Curr. Top. Cell. Regul. 29, 35
      75). In this complex, arginase acts as a negative allosteric effector for
      ornithine transcarbamoylase. Before an analysis of the factors which promote and
      stabilize complex formation, arginase was purified in milligram quantities from a
      plasmid-containing, enzyme-overproducing, protease-deficient yeast strain and its
      physical characterization undertaken. The purified enzyme has a specific activity
      of 885 mumol urea min-1 mg-1 and a Km for arginine of 15.7 mM. The ultraviolet
      spectrum has a maximum absorbance at 279 nm, and the steady-state fluorescence
      emission spectrum has a maximum intensity at 337 nm, suggesting that the 3
      tryptophans/polypeptide chain are in a relatively hydrophobic environment.
      Arginase has a weakly bound manganese responsible for the maintenance of the
      catalytic activity and is known to be heat activated in the presence of
      manganese. This effect is half-maximal at 12.1 microM manganese. In addition to a
      catalytic requirement for manganese, the presence of a more tightly bound metal
      is suggested from sedimentation studies. The native trimeric enzyme has a
      sedimentation coefficient of 5.95 S. Removal of the weakly associated metal
      results in no change in the sedimentation coefficient. However, dialysis with
      EDTA causes the s-value to decrease to 4.65 S, suggesting that under these
      conditions, the trimeric enzyme may partially dissociate. An analysis of CD
      spectra shows that significant spectral changes result from the removal of both
      the weakly bound metal and dialysis against EDTA.

PMID- 2404018
TI  - Increased microtubule assembly in bovine brain tubulin lacking the type III
      isotype of beta-tubulin.
AB  - Tubulin, the major constituent protein of microtubules, is a heterodimer of alpha
      and beta subunits. Both alpha and beta exist in multiple isotypic forms. It is
      not clear if different isotypes perform different functions. In order to approach
      this question, we have made a monoclonal antibody specific for the beta III
      isotype of tubulin. This particular isotype is neuron-specific and appears to be
      phosphorylated near the C terminus. We have used immunoaffinity depletion
      chromatography to prepare tubulin lacking the beta III subunit. We find that
      removal of the beta III isotype results in a tubulin mixture able to assemble
      much more rapidly than is unfractionated tubulin when reconstituted with either
      of the two microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), tau or MAP 2. Our results
      suggest that the different isotypes of tubulin differ from each other in their
      ability to polymerize into microtubules. We have also found that the anti-beta
      III antibody can stimulate microtubule assembly when reconstituted with tubulin
      and either tau or MAP 2. When reconstituted with tubulin lacking the beta III
      isotype, the antibody causes the tubulin to polymerize into a polymer that is a
      microtubule in the presence of MAP 2 and a ribbon in the presence of tau.

PMID- 2404019
TI  - Management of the lower extremities in children who have cerebral palsy.

PMID- 2404020
TI  - Pneumatic sequential-compression boots compared with aspirin prophylaxis of deep
      vein thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty.
AB  - This prospective, randomized study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of
      pneumatic sequential-compression boots with that of aspirin in preventing deep
      vein thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty. Patients were randomly assigned to
      one of two prophylactic regimens: compression boots or aspirin. One hundred and
      nineteen patients completed the study. Seventy-two patients had unilateral
      arthroplasty and forty-seven, one-stage bilateral arthroplasty. In the unilateral
      group, the incidence of deep-vein thrombosis was 22 per cent for the patients who
      used compression boots compared with 47 per cent for those who received aspirin
      (p less than 0.03). In the bilateral group, the incidence of deep-vein thrombosis
      was 48 per cent for the patients who used compression boots compared with 68 per
      cent for those who received aspirin (p less than 0.20). The results confirm the
      effectiveness of compression boots in the treatment of patients who have had
      unilateral total knee arthroplasty. Despite the use of compression boots,
      however, patients who had bilateral arthroplasty were at greater risk for the
      development of deep-vein thrombosis.

PMID- 2404021
TI  - Purification of profilin from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and analysis of profilin
      deficient cells.
AB  - We have isolated profilin from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and have
      microsequenced a portion of the protein to confirm its identity; the region
      microsequenced agrees with the predicted amino acid sequence from a profilin gene
      recently isolated from S. cerevisiae (Magdolen, V., U. Oechsner, G. Muller, and
      W. Bandlow. 1988. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:5108-5115). Yeast profilin resembles
      profilins from other organisms in molecular mass and in the ability to bind to
      polyproline, retard the rate of actin polymerization, and inhibit hydrolysis of
      ATP by monomeric actin. Using strains that carry disruptions or deletions of the
      profilin gene, we have found that, under appropriate conditions, cells can
      survive without detectable profilin. Such cells grow slowly, are temperature
      sensitive, lose the normal ellipsoidal shape of yeast cells, often become
      multinucleate, and generally grow much larger than wild-type cells. In addition,
      these cells exhibit delocalized deposition of cell wall chitin and have
      dramatically altered actin distributions.

PMID- 2404022
TI  - Selective degradation of insulin within rat liver endosomes.
AB  - To characterize the role of the endosome in the degradation of insulin in liver,
      we employed a cell-free system in which the degradation of internalized 125I
      insulin within isolated intact endosomes was evaluated. Incubation of endosomes
      containing internalized 125I-insulin in the cell-free system resulted in a rapid
      generation of TCA soluble radiolabeled products (t1/2, 6 min). Sephadex G-50
      chromatography of radioactivity extracted from endosomes during the incubation
      showed a time dependent increase in material eluting as radioiodotyrosine. The
      apparent Vmax of the insulin degrading activity was 4 ng insulin degraded.min
      1.mg cell fraction protein-1 and the apparent Km was 60 ng insulin.mg cell
      fraction protein-1. The endosomal protease(s) was insulin-specific since neither
      internalized 125I-epidermal growth factor (EGF) nor 125I-prolactin was degraded
      within isolated endosomes as assessed by TCA precipitation and Sephadex G-50
      chromatography. Significant inhibition of degradation was observed after
      inclusion of p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB), 1,10-phenanthroline, bacitracin,
      or 0.1% Triton X-100 into the system. Maximal insulin degradation required the
      addition of ATP to the cell-free system that resulted in acidification as
      measured by acridine orange accumulation. Endosomal insulin degradation was
      inhibited markedly in the presence of pH dissipating agents such as nigericin,
      monensin, and chloroquine or the proton translocase inhibitors N-ethylmaleimide
      (NEM) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
      precipitation of insulin-receptor complexes revealed that endosomal degradation
      augmented the dissociation of insulin from its receptor and that dissociated
      insulin was serving as substrate to the endosomal protease(s). The results
      suggest that as insulin is internalized it rapidly but incompletely dissociates
      from its receptor. Dissociated insulin is then degraded by an insulin specific
      protease(s) leading to further dissociation and degradation.

PMID- 2404023
TI  - Expression of Dictyostelium myosin tail segments in Escherichia coli: domains
      required for assembly and phosphorylation.
AB  - The assembly of myosins into filaments is a property common to all conventional
      myosins. The ability of myosins to form filaments is conferred by the tail of the
      large asymmetric molecule. We are studying cloned portions of the Dictyostelium
      myosin gene expressed in Escherichia coli to investigate functional properties of
      defined segments of the myosin tail. We have focused on five segments derived
      from the 68-kD carboxyl-terminus of the myosin tail. These have been expressed
      and purified to homogeneity from E. coli, and thus the boundaries of each segment
      within the myosin gene and protein sequence are known. We identified an internal
      34-kD segment of the tail, N-LMM-34, which is required and sufficient for
      assembly. This 287-amino acid domain represents the smallest tail segment
      purified from any myosin that is capable of forming highly ordered paracrystals
      characteristic of myosin. Because the assembly of Dictyostelium myosin can be
      regulated by phosphorylation of the heavy chain, we have studied the in vitro
      phosphorylation of the expressed tail segments. We have determined which segments
      are phosphorylated to a high level by a Dictyostelium myosin heavy chain kinase
      purified from developed cells. While LMM-68, the 68-kD carboxyl terminus of
      Dictyostelium myosin, or LMM-58, which lacks the 10-kD carboxyl terminus of LMM
      68, are phosphorylated to the same extent as purified myosin, subdomains of these
      segments do not serve as efficient substrates for the kinase. Thus LMM-58 is one
      minimal substrate for efficient phosphorylation by the myosin heavy chain kinase
      purified from developed cells. Taken together these results identify two
      functional domains in Dictyostelium myosin: a 34-kD assembly domain bounded by
      amino acids 1533-1819 within the myosin sequence and a larger 58-kD
      phosphorylation domain bounded by amino acids 1533-2034 within the myosin
      sequence.

PMID- 2404024
TI  - Improved high-speed counter-current chromatograph with three multilayer coils
      connected in series. II. Separation of various biological samples with a semi
      preparative column.
AB  - The semipreparative capability of the newly developed high-speed counter-current
      chromatograph equipped with a set of three multilayer coils has been demonstrated
      in separations of a variety of biological samples including triterpenoic acids,
      indole auxins, bacitracin, flavonoids and tetracycline derivatives, each with a
      suitable two-phase solvent system. The sample quantities ranging from 50 to 500
      mg were efficiently separated within a few hours. The separation of tetracycline
      derivatives was remarkably improved by adding ammonium acetate to the solvent
      system.

PMID- 2404025
TI  - Administration of endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, or interleukin 1 to rats
      activates skeletal muscle branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase.
AB  - Protein catabolic states (i.e., sepsis and trauma) are thought to be associated
      with accelerated oxidation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). Branched-chain
      alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for BCAA
      oxidation by muscle, is regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Skeletal
      muscle BCKAD was only 2-4% active in control rats. Intravenous injection of
      Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (0.25-10 mg/kg) did not change total BCKAD
      activity, but increased the percent active enzyme in muscle three- to four-fold
      in 4-6 h. Identical results were observed in adrenalectomized rats pretreated
      with one dose of alpha-methylprednisolone (2.5 mg/kg i.p.) 30-60 min before
      saline or endotoxin injection, indicating that endotoxin's effect was not
      mediated by hypersecretion of adrenal hormones. Cortisone pretreatment of normal
      rats (100 mg/kg per d) for 2 d prevented endotoxin-induced activation of muscle
      BCKAD, suggesting that endogenous secretion products mediated BCKAD activation by
      endotoxin. Human recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha and/or IL-1 beta or
      alpha (50 micrograms/kg) increased muscle BCKAD activation two- to fourfold in
      normal rats 4-6 h after intravenous injection. We conclude that cytokine-mediated
      activation of muscle BCKAD may contribute to accelerated BCAA oxidation in
      septicemia.

PMID- 2404026
TI  - Metabolic fate of L-arginine in relation to microbiostatic capability of murine
      macrophages.
AB  - L-arginine is required for the fungistatic action of murine macrophages in vitro.
      To further investigate this requirement, L-arginine metabolism by macrophages was
      measured under conditions where fungistasis either succeeded or failed.
      Macrophage fungistasis correlated with metabolism of L-arginine to citrulline,
      nitrite, and nitrate. The metabolic rate was dependent on extracellular L
      arginine concentration, reaching a maximum of 67 nmol nitrite/h per mg protein.
      It accounted for one-third of arginine consumed by fungistatic macrophages.
      Equimolar amounts of citrulline and total nitrite plus nitrate accumulated in
      medium. This was consistent with the hypothesis that one of the equivalent
      guanidino nitrogens of L-arginine was oxidized to both nitrite and nitrate
      leaving L-citrulline as the amino acid reaction product. The analogue, NG-mono
      methyl-L-arginine, selectively inhibited nitrogen oxidation and it was shown
      previously that it inhibited fungistatic capability. Resident macrophages were
      not fungistatic and their nitrogen oxidation was low. Once macrophages began
      producing nitrite/nitrate, protein synthesis was not required during the next 8 h
      for either fungistasis or nitrogen oxidation. Two-thirds of L-arginine
      consumption was due to macrophage arginase yielding L-ornithine and urea, which
      accumulated in medium. This activity was dissociated from macrophage fungistasis.
      Nitrogen oxidation metabolism by macrophages is linked to a mechanism that
      inhibits proliferation of fungi. This may involve synthesis of an intermediate
      compound(s) that has antimicrobial properties.

PMID- 2404027
TI  - Alterations in the establishment and maintenance of epithelial cell polarity as a
      basis for disease processes.

PMID- 2404028
TI  - Stage-related proliferative activity determines c-myb functional requirements
      during normal human hematopoiesis.
AB  - To determine if MYB protein is preferentially required during specific stages of
      normal human hematopoiesis we incubated normal marrow mononuclear cells (MNC)
      with c-myb antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Treated cells were cultured in
      semisolid medium under conditions designed to favor the growth of specific
      progenitor cell types. Compared with untreated controls, granulocyte-macrophage
      (GM) CFU-derived colonies decreased 77% when driven by recombinant human (rH) IL
      3, and 85% when stimulated by rH GM colony-stimulating factor (CSF); erythroid
      burst-forming unit (BFU-E)- and CFU-E-derived colonies decreased 48 and 78%,
      respectively. In contrast, numbers of G-CSF-stimulated granulocyte colonies
      derived from antisense treated MNC were unchanged from controls, though the
      numbers of cells composing these colonies decreased approximately 90%. Similar
      results were obtained when MY10+ cells were exposed to c-myb antisense oligomers.
      When compared with untreated controls, numbers of CFU-GM and BFU-E colonies
      derived from MY10+ cells were unchanged, but the numbers of cells composing these
      colonies were reduced approximately 75 and greater than 90%, respectively, in
      comparison with controls. c-myc sense and antisense oligomers were without
      significant effect in these assays. Using the reverse transcription-polymerase
      chain reaction, c-myb mRNA was detected in developing hematopoietic cells on days
      0-8. At day 14 c-myb expression was no longer detectable using this technique.
      These results suggest that c-myb is required for proliferation of intermediate
      late myeloid and erythroid progenitors, but is less important for lineage
      commitment and early progenitor cell amplification.

PMID- 2404030
TI  - Detection of high-risk groups and individuals for periodontal diseases:
      laboratory markers based on the microbiological analysis of subgingival plaque.
AB  - Periodontal microbiology is reviewed with regard to the potential of certain
      characteristics to serve as markers of high risk groups or individuals for
      periodontal diseases. The generally accepted associations between particular
      organisms and the various periodontal diseases are discussed. The usefulness of
      various clinical study designs is reviewed. The ecology of the subgingival plaque
      microflora is discussed and a number of suggestions for future research are made.
      We have concluded that there is no monospecific aetiology to any of the various
      periodontal conditions. Nevertheless, we give particular attention to the role of
      the black-pigmented bacteroides based upon our belief that they, and Bacteroides
      gingivalis in particular, are fundamental to our understanding of the biology of
      periodontal diseases in humans and other animals. Consequently, the contribution
      of its various virulence factors and their potential as markers of disease
      susceptibility and activity is addressed.

PMID- 2404031
TI  - A review of the reliability of radiographic measurements in estimating alveolar
      bone changes.
AB  - Despite their widespread use, dental radiographs have numerous shortcomings for
      measuring alveolar bone changes. In order to develop guidelines for improving the
      reliability of radiographic measurements, factors affecting the formation of an
      image were reviewed. These were considered regarding the design of a clinical
      monitoring system, capable of detecting the loss of small amounts of alveolar
      bone crest from serial films. Dentists need a monitoring system to assess whether
      bone loss is progressing or to judge whether a treatment is successful. 2 models
      were constructed to predict how long it would take to detect marginal bone loss
      occurring at a linear rate of 0.1 mm/year. The 1st model assumed a CEJ-crest
      measurement error of +/- 0.3 mm and the second +/- 0.9 mm, both using a 0.1 mm
      measuring interval. These error values were derived from the literature. The 1st
      model predicted it would take between 7 and 13 years for the system to measure a
      1.0 mm loss in crest height caused by an actual loss of between 0.7 and 1.3 mm.
      The 2nd model predicted that a 1.0 mm measurement would occur between 1 and 19
      years, caused by an actual crestal bone loss of between 0.1 and 1.9 mm. From
      these models, it appears that routine screening of patients by general dental
      practitioners for small amounts of bone loss is unlikely to be successful without
      the use of (i) repositionable stentless film holders to standardise the
      irradiation geometry, (ii) a very accurate reproducible measuring technique which
      (iii) will probably require an automatic computer-based measuring
      system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404032
TI  - Studies on root enamel. (I). Some historical notes on cervical enamel
      projections.
AB  - This is the first in a series of papers dealing with root enamel. An historical
      study of cervical enamel projections revealed that they were described as early
      as the 1st half of the 19th century, while numerous more detailed studies
      employing microscopy were published in the 1920s. The possible association of
      cervical enamel extensions and furcation involvements, which had been credited to
      Masters and Hoskins, was found to be clearly stated by Watson and Woods.

PMID- 2404029
TI  - Fibronectin-mediated Calmette-Guerin bacillus attachment to murine bladder
      mucosa. Requirement for the expression of an antitumor response.
AB  - Adjuvant intravesical Calmette-Guerin bacillus (BCG) is an effective treatment
      for superficial bladder cancer. The mechanisms by which BCG mediates antitumor
      activity are not known. We investigated the initial interaction of BCG with the
      bladder mucosa to determine whether binding was essential for the development of
      antitumor activity. Herein, we show that bladder urothelial disruption induced by
      acrolein, adriamycin, or electrocautery resulted in BCG binding in areas of
      urothelial damage. Binding induced by each method was inhibited by anti
      fibronectin (FN) antibodies but not by antibodies to the basement membrane
      component laminin. Intravesical BCG binding also was inhibited by pretreating BCG
      with soluble FN. Inhibition of intravesical FN-mediated BCG attachment prevented
      immunization via the intravesical route. Moreover, the expression of both delayed
      hypersensitivity in the bladder of BCG-immunized mice and antitumor activity was
      inhibited by blocking FN-mediated intravesical BCG attachment. These data suggest
      that intralumenal attachment of BCG appears to be mediated by FN. Moreover, these
      data suggest that intravesical FN mediated attachment of BCG is a requisite step
      in BCG-mediated antitumor activity in the murine bladder tumor model.

PMID- 2404033
TI  - A clinical and microbiological comparison of the effects of water and 0.02%
      chlorhexidine as coolants during ultrasonic scaling and root planing.
AB  - The maxillary teeth of 10 patients with moderately advanced chronic periodontitis
      were treated in a split-mouth design study. The baseline examination included
      plaque and bleeding scores, probing depths and probing attachment levels. 2 sites
      in each quadrant were selected for dark-field microscopic analysis. Each quadrant
      was randomly assigned to test or control and instrumented with an ultrasonic
      scaler using either 0.02% chlorhexidine or water as the coolant. Measurements
      were repeated 2, 6 and 10 weeks later, together with additional plaque sampling.
      Ultrasonic instrumentation with either chlorhexidine or water was equally
      effective in reducing bleeding scores and improving probing attachment levels.
      42% of chlorhexidine- and 38.7% of water-treated sites showed gains of 1 mm or
      more in clinical attachment. Mean reductions in probing depth were similar (0.9
      mm chlorhexidine, and 0.8 mm water). At the final examination, the chlorhexidine
      treated quadrants had significantly more sites with probing depths in the 1-3 mm
      category and less in the greater than 3 mm category than the control quadrants (P
      less than 0.05). Both treatments reduced the microscopic counts of motiles and
      spirochaetes, resulting in a subgingival microbiota consistent with periodontal
      health. The results indicate that chlorhexidine has a slight adjunctive effect in
      the reduction of pocket depth when used as a coolant during ultrasonic root
      planing for the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

PMID- 2404034
TI  - Smoking cessation strategies: what works, what doesn't.
AB  - Health professionals can effectively help patients quit smoking with a minimal,
      intervention-oriented, office-based treatment program. Clear-cut, unequivocal,
      unambiguous, stop-smoking advice can produce sustained, 1-year abstinence rates
      in the 5% range. This capability has been clearly documented for physicians.
      Dental literature increasingly supports the same conclusion for dentists. These
      studies show that although the yield from such brief advice may seem small, it is
      17 times greater than the yield which results from saying nothing. Moreover,
      because dentists and physicians see so many patients during the course of 1 year,
      the potential impact of such intervention is staggering. More than 3.5 million
      patients could be cured of tobacco dependence annually. While specialized smoking
      cessation treatment programs can achieve 1 year sustained abstinence rates as
      high as 70%, they reach relatively few patients and can only achieve such high
      success rates because of the intensive, time-consuming nature of their
      interventions. The impact of basic dental advice can be increased during regular
      follow-up visits, when "teachable moments" in dental health often occur. Impact
      of advice on the 1-year sustained abstinence rates can be increased by arranging
      to see the patient at regular follow-up visits after the target quit date has
      been set, making certain that the medication, nicotine polacrilex, is used
      correctly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404035
TI  - Understanding nicotine addiction and physical withdrawal process.

PMID- 2404036
TI  - How-to-do-it quit-smoking strategies for the dental office team: an eight-step
      program.
AB  - Dental personnel have an ethical responsibility to inform their patients about
      the hazards of tobacco use. Because oral health team members generally see their
      patients on a frequent and recurring basis, these treatment providers have
      unparalleled opportunities to educate and help those who smoke to adopt a
      smokefree lifestyle. Dental practitioners can readily incorporate smoking
      cessation efforts into their routine dental practices by using an eight-phase
      smoking intervention program. The overall focus of this program is to: "Ask"
      patients about smoking or smokeless tobacco usage; "Advise" tobacco-using
      patients to quit; "Assist" interested patients in quitting; and "Arrange" for
      supportive follow-up. By providing these services, dental professionals can do
      their part to help create a smokefree America by the year 2000.

PMID- 2404037
TI  - Nicotine reduction therapy and relapse prevention for heavy smokers: 3-year
      follow-up.

PMID- 2404038
TI  - Psychopharmacologic treatment of cigarette smoking.
AB  - In summary, the entrance of the dental community into this area of treatment may
      have a significant impact on the reduction of smoking in our society. Dentists
      may be seeing smokers before the onset of disease and when they are ready to
      quit. Repeated patient visits offer a unique opportunity for follow-up.
      Presently, nicotine polacrilex is the only approved pharmacological FDA
      treatment. This is an ideal treatment for dentists to pursue because it is orally
      administered and effective through a proper chewing action. Other pharmacological
      agents (for example, antihypertensives) may require the followup of the
      physician. There are three key demands on the practitioner treating smokers: an
      understanding of the role of nicotine dependence in compulsive smoking; how to
      prescribe and educate in the proper use of nicotine polacrilex; and sympathy and
      a basic awareness of withdrawal and the psychological needs of patients
      undergoing cessation from smoking. This paper covers the rationale for
      development and use of nicotine polacrilex as well as some of the evidence for
      its effectiveness (relief of nicotine withdrawal) and efficacy (short and long
      term). The specifics of proper use have been described along with a brief
      overview of the psychosocial skills needed to succeed. The dentist offers a
      unique opportunity to reach enormous numbers of smokers in the battle against
      tobacco-induced disease and death.

PMID- 2404039
TI  - Composition and characteristics of glass ionomer cements.
AB  - Glass ionomer cement materials are currently available for restoration, cavity
      lining and basing, luting, and preventive applications. The in vitro performance
      is a function of composition, manipulation, and placement. In general, the
      cements may be characterized as strong, stiff, hard materials that are adhesive
      to calcified tissue, have low toxicity, and are potentially anticariogenic
      through fluoride leaching.

PMID- 2404040
TI  - Pulpal responses to ionomer cements--biological characteristics.
AB  - When glass ionomer cements were initially introduced, the pulpal responses were
      considered milder relative to other cements. However, the results mainly came
      from the application of glass ionomer cements as restorative materials. When
      ultimately tested with the basic laws of biocompatibility required of other
      cements, especially a luting agents, little difference has been shown. The
      judicious use of calcium hydroxide is highly recommended.

PMID- 2404041
TI  - Restorations of eroded areas.
AB  - Class V erosion lesions must be restored to reinstate esthetic appearance,
      overcome sensitivity, or prevent further loss of tooth structure. Restoration has
      been a problem, but, with the advent of adhesive techniques, it is far less
      traumatic. The most widely advocated method currently uses composite resin as the
      primary restorative material with dentin bonding agents. Type III glass ionomer
      lining cements are also suggested to provide bonding to the dentin. This paper
      details the requirements for clinical success in the restoration of the Class V
      erosion lesion using Type II restorative esthetic glass ionomer cements as the
      primary restorative material with the possible addition of composite resin as a
      final veneer only if circumstances warrant it.

PMID- 2404042
TI  - Microconservative restorations for approximal carious lesions.
AB  - The availability of new restorative materials such as glass ionomers, which have
      an anticaries action, prompts a reevaluation of some of the basic principles of
      restorative dentistry. It seems that conventional methods of treating the
      approximal carious lesion are too radical and that microconservative techniques
      offer a simpler, more effective solution when correctly applied.

PMID- 2404043
TI  - Silver-alloy powder and glass ionomer cement.
AB  - This article examines some physical property improvements made when a spherical
      silver alloy powder is added to a hydrous, restorative (type II) glass ionomer
      cement. When this first metal-reinforced glass ionomer cement is handmixed
      thickly and quickly, physical properties and clinical handling are improved.
      These various improvements make this metal-reinforced cement similar in clinical
      applications to a biocompatible dental epoxy. Three clinical cases are
      illustrated to show how simply this metal-reinforced glass ionomer cement can be
      used in dental practices.

PMID- 2404044
TI  - Glass ionomer-composite sandwich technique.
AB  - Glass ionomer cement characteristics of biological acceptability, fluoride
      release, dentin bondability, and marginal integrity are excellent; at the same
      time, they have always been regarded as secondary choices for anterior and
      posterior restorations. Slow set, brittleness, poor finishability, lack of
      translucency, and the technique-sensitive nature of the glass ionomers hardly
      compare with the composite resins which are easier to handle, polishable, and
      esthetically acceptable. The combined ionomer-composite restoration provides a
      reliable chemical bond to dentin, micromechanical bonding of the composite to
      ionomer surface, and an acceptable esthetic result.

PMID- 2404045
TI  - Glass ionomer as a luting material.
AB  - Glass ionomer cements have been accepted by many practitioners as reliable luting
      materials. However, some dentists have condemned them because of frequent
      postoperative tooth sensitivity and difficult working characteristics. Reasons
      for apparent erratic postoperative behavior of glass ionomer luting agents are
      discussed. Comparisons with other commonly used cements are made, and a suggested
      clinical cementation procedure is described.

PMID- 2404046
TI  - Implications of preoperative administration of aspirin in patients undergoing
      coronary artery bypass grafting. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study
      on Antiplatelet Therapy.
AB  - The perioperative consequences of preoperative aspirin administration were
      assessed in a large prospective cooperative study of 772 patients undergoing
      coronary artery bypass grafting. The 772 patients were randomized to receive
      either aspirin (325 mg once a day), aspirin (325 mg three times a day), aspirin
      plus dipyridamole (325 and 75 mg together three times a day) (aspirin group),
      sulfinpyrazone (267 mg three times a day) or placebo (nonaspirin group). The
      therapy, except in the aspirin group, was started 48 h before the operation. In
      all aspirin subgroups, one 325 mg aspirin dose was given 12 h before surgery and
      maintained thereafter according to the assigned regimen. Patients in the aspirin
      group had significantly more postoperative bleeding and received more packed
      blood cells and blood products than did patients in the nonaspirin group.
      Although total operative duration and cardiopulmonary bypass duration were not
      different, the interval between completion of cardiopulmonary bypass and wound
      closure was significantly longer (p = 0.035) in the aspirin group. Thirty-one
      (6.6%) of 471 patients in the aspirin group and 5 (1.7%) of 301 patients in the
      nonaspirin group also required reoperation for control of postoperative bleeding
      (p = 0.002). The site of bleeding found at reoperation was not different between
      the two groups. There was no difference in operative mortality rates, incidence
      of other bleeding complications or occurrence of other post-operative
      complications between the two groups. Thus, antiplatelet regimens involving
      preoperative initiation of aspirin therapy, which has been shown to improve graft
      patency, increase the risk of abnormal postoperative bleeding and the need for
      reoperation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404047
TI  - Initial report of the National Registry of Elective Cardiopulmonary Bypass
      Supported Coronary Angioplasty.
AB  - Relative contraindications to coronary angioplasty have been large amounts of
      jeopardized myocardium and poor left ventricular function. To prevent possible
      hemodynamic collapse after balloon occlusion or acute vessel closure in such high
      risk patients, a cardiopulmonary bypass system capable of providing up to 6
      liters/min output was employed prophylactically. This technique, termed supported
      angioplasty, results in reductions of preload and afterload and allows prolonged
      balloon inflations in critical coronary vessels. A National Registry of 14
      centers performing elective supported angioplasty was formed to collate the
      initial experience with high risk patients. Suggested indications were ejection
      fraction less than 25% or a target vessel supplying more than half the
      myocardium, or both. During 1988, the data from 105 patients (mean age 62 years)
      undergoing supported angioplasty were entered into the Registry. This group
      included 20 patients whose disease was deemed too severe to permit bypass surgery
      and 30 patients who had dilation of their only patent coronary vessel. Seventeen
      patients had stenosis of the left main coronary artery and 15 underwent dilation
      of that vessel. Chest pain and electrocardiographic changes occurred uncommonly
      despite prolonged balloon inflations. During the trial, there was a progressive
      change from cutdown insertion to percutaneous insertion of the circulatory
      support cannulas. The angioplasty success rate was 95% for the 105 patients, who
      underwent an average of 1.7 dilations per patient. Morbidity was frequent (41
      patients), in most cases due to arterial, venous or nerve injury associated with
      cannula insertion or removal, or both.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404048
TI  - Left atrial dimension and risk of systemic embolism in patients with a prosthetic
      heart valve. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Valvular Heart
      Disease.
AB  - The relation between left atrial dimension measured by M-mode echocardiography
      and systemic embolization after valve replacement was examined prospectively
      among 397 patients with a prosthetic valve enrolled in the Department of Veterans
      Affairs Cooperative Study on Valvular Heart Disease. Baseline characteristics
      including several measures of left atrial enlargement were compared for 31
      patients who developed systemic embolism and 366 who did not develop embolism
      during a 5 year follow-up period. Variables that were significantly related to
      left atrial dimension or systemic embolization in univariate analyses were
      included with several others in a multiple logistic regression model. The
      incidence rate of systemic embolism was more than three times higher after mitral
      valve replacement than after aortic valve replacement (4.4 and 1.3 per 100
      patient-years, respectively); this difference persisted after adjustment for
      other factors. Univariate analysis indicated a threefold higher incidence of
      systemic embolism in patients with a left atrial dimension greater than or equal
      to 4 cm compared with that in patients with a dimension less than 4 cm (3 versus
      1 per 100 patient-years, respectively). However, when the effect of valve
      location (mitral versus aortic) was taken into account using either univariate or
      multivariate techniques, left atrial dimension was found not to be associated
      with systemic embolism. In multivariate analysis, atrial fibrillation, age,
      ejection fraction and location of the prosthetic valve were significantly
      associated with embolism. Results of this multicenter study suggest that left
      atrial dimension is not independently related to the development of systemic
      embolism in patients undergoing valve replacement.

PMID- 2404049
TI  - Diet intervention methods to reduce fat intake: nutrient and food group
      composition of self-selected low-fat diets.
AB  - A multicentered pilot study was conducted to test an intervention protocol
      designed to reduce fat intake to 15% of energy intake. Eligible subjects were
      postmenopausal women with stage II breast cancer whose baseline fat intake was
      more than 30% of energy intake. The low-fat diet intervention protocol consisted
      of bi-weekly individual counseling sessions with emphasis on substitution of
      lower-fat foods for high-fat foods and maintenance of nutritional adequacy.
      Nutrient intakes were calculated from 4-day food records collected at baseline
      and after 3 months of diet intervention. Mean daily fat intake for the 17
      patients on the low-fat diet dropped significantly from 38.4 +/- 4.3% of energy
      intake at baseline to 22.8 +/- 7.8% at 3 months (p less than .001). A 25%
      reduction in mean energy intake, from 1,840 +/- 419 kcal at baseline to 1,365 +/-
      291 kcal at 3 months, was accompanied by significant increases in protein and
      carbohydrate as percent of energy intake. A mean weight loss of 2.8 kg and a 7.7%
      reduction in serum cholesterol were observed; both changes were significant at
      the p less than .01 level. Absolute intakes of zinc and magnesium were
      significantly reduced. However, mean intake on the low-fat diet for 14 vitamins
      and minerals, including zinc and magnesium, exceeded two-thirds of the 1989
      Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). When expressed as nutrient density (i.e.,
      amount of nutrient per 1,000 kcal), increases were observed for all
      micronutrients. These results support the hypothesis that a nutritionally
      adequate low-fat diet can be successfully implemented in a highly motivated, free
      living population.

PMID- 2404050
TI  - Hypertension Prevention Trial (HPT): food pattern changes resulting from
      intervention on sodium, potassium, and energy intake. Hypertension Prevention
      Trial Research Group.
AB  - The Hypertension Prevention Trial (HPT) was a multicenter randomized trial
      designed to assess the effects of long-term dietary changes on blood pressure in
      a normotensive population (diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 78
      but less than 90 mm Hg) for a period of 3 years. The dietary treatments were
      reduction of sodium intake, increase of potassium intake, and decrease of energy
      intake. Estimates of changes in food intake were made by comparing 24-hour food
      records of the treatment and control participants. The participants in the
      treatment groups reported sodium intakes that were 30% to 40% lower than those of
      the controls. The restriction was achieved mainly by reducing intake of salt,
      meats, and grain products. Meats and grain products were still a major source of
      total sodium intake after treatment (41% to 47%), perhaps because of continued
      use of processed foods. Potassium intake was reported to be 16% to 25% higher in
      the treatment groups than in the controls, the increase achieved largely through
      increased consumption of fruits, with a lesser contribution from vegetables.
      Participants with higher initial body weights reported smaller increases in fruit
      and vegetable consumption than participants of normal weight, perhaps because of
      concerns about weight gain. Energy intake in the weight loss groups was 8% to 11%
      less than that of the controls. Men reported success in restricting calories from
      meats, dairy products, fats, beverages, and sugars. Women were less successful in
      restricting calories from most food groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404051
TI  - Lean beef: impetus for lipid modifications.
AB  - Health-conscious consumers want lean beef. The beef industry has responded by
      physically removing much of the adipose tissue from retail products and by
      initiating attempts to produce--genetically and environmentally--cattle with more
      muscle, less external fat, and less seam fat, without sacrificing the quality
      dependent on the amount of marbling present. Offering lean beef that is closely
      or completely trimmed of external fat has improved retail beef sales. Impetus for
      modification of the lipid composition of bovine muscle and adipose tissue,
      including marbling, has resulted from the following: (a) diet/health concerns of
      consumers and demands for leaner beef, (b) research clarifying effects of dietary
      fatty acids and cholesterol on serum cholesterol levels, (c) dietary guidelines
      and recommendations from health organizations, and (d) dietary recommendations by
      physicians and dietitians to reduce beef consumption. Analysis of cholesterol
      content of marbling dissected from the rib (longissimus dorsi) muscle revealed
      that marbling contributes little to total cholesterol content. Cholesterol
      content of marbling was 117 mg/100 gm intramuscular adipose tissue (equivalent to
      about a 2 mg cholesterol contribution to a 100-gm serving of uncooked meat). The
      difference in fatty acid composition of lean meat and of adipose tissue is
      primarily in the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which is higher in
      lean meat. The most prevalent fatty acids in adipose tissue including marbling
      were: palmitic acid (24.1%), stearic acid (13.5%), and oleic acid (37.7%).

PMID- 2404052
TI  - The use of simvastatin, an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, in older patients with
      hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.
AB  - Epidemiological evidence suggests that elevated serum cholesterol, especially the
      low density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction, the total/high density lipoprotein (HDL)
      cholesterol ratio, and the LDL/HDL-cholesterol ratio, remains a risk factor for
      atheromatous disease up to the age of 79 years. We studied the efficacy and
      tolerability of simvastatin, an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, in 20 patients aged
      65 to 75 years with clinical evidence of atheromatous disease. After four weeks
      of treatment, there was a 29% fall in LDL-cholesterol levels (P less than .01 vs
      placebo) with low dose simvastatin and a 38% fall with high dose simvastatin (P
      less than .001 vs placebo). Similar falls were seen in total cholesterol levels
      and the LDL/HDL-cholesterol and total/HDL-cholesterol ratios. Apoprotein B levels
      decreased by approximately 20% with both doses (P less than .05 vs placebo). In
      an open extension of the study, the decreases in lipid parameters were sustained
      for a further 48 weeks of treatment with doses of simvastatin ranging from 10 to
      40 mg. Two patients required the addition of cholestyramine. Although a small
      study like this cannot establish safety and tolerance, side effects were minor
      and did not require stopping therapy in any patient. Simvastatin is an effective
      cholesterol lowering agent in older patients.

PMID- 2404053
TI  - Reducing polypharmacy in the elderly. A controlled trial of physician feedback.
AB  - A prospective, controlled trial to reduce polypharmacy in patients 65 years or
      older was carried out in the residents' clinic of a teaching hospital. Of 272
      elderly patients surveyed, 89 (33%) were taking five or more prescription drugs.
      Recommendations to discontinue medications or to simplify regimens were
      formulated for 79 polypharmacy patients. Compared to 41 controls, the 38 patients
      whose physicians were informed of the recommended changes demonstrated a small
      but significant reduction in the mean number of drugs, the complexity, and the
      cost of their regimens. Physicians complied with eight (100%) of eight
      recommendations to simplify a dosage schedule, eight (62%) of 13 recommendations
      to substitute a new drug for the old one, and only eight (40%) of 20
      recommendations to stop a medication (P = .04). Noncompliance usually resulted
      from patient refusal or from medications being prescribed by another provider.
      Whereas feedback to the primary physician is beneficial, more substantial
      reductions in outpatient polypharmacy may require overcoming patient barriers and
      limiting the number of prescribing physicians.

PMID- 2404054
TI  - The scientific basis of exercise prescribing for the very old.

PMID- 2404055
TI  - Dementia of frontal lobe type.

PMID- 2404056
TI  - Growth of the teaching nursing home. The Veterans Administration experience.
AB  - Nursing homes are becoming increasingly involved with medical education, and the
      Veterans Administration (VA) has been particularly active in this movement. We
      conducted a system-wide survey of VA nursing home facilities to determine the
      degree to which they participate in medical and other professional training and
      the features associated with such training. Of the 116 VA nursing homes in 1987,
      113 (97.4%) returned completed questionnaires. Compared to "standard" VA
      facilities (n = 85), "teaching" nursing homes (n = 28)--those in which physicians
      received at least 20 hours of training per capita annually--were significantly
      larger, admitted and discharged significantly more patients per occupied bed, and
      placed a significantly larger proportion of discharged patients in
      noninstitutional community settings. Care costs in the teaching nursing homes
      were slightly but not significantly higher, despite significant increases in
      levels of professional staffing and amounts of training activities in all
      disciplines. During the survey year, teaching nursing homes provided training
      experiences for 440 students, residents, and fellows in internal and
      rehabilitation medicine, as well as for 2,700 other health professionals. The
      growth of teaching nursing homes in the VA system appears to be associated with
      positive changes in the pattern of health-care delivery, and it is increasing the
      number of health-care professionals trained in long-term care.

PMID- 2404057
TI  - From Nascher to now. Seventy-five years of United States geriatrics.

PMID- 2404058
TI  - Cholesterol can be lowered in older persons. Should we care?

PMID- 2404059
TI  - Werner syndrome: a molecular genetic hypothesis.
AB  - On the basis of clinical and experimental observations, we postulate that the
      primary genetic abnormality in Werner syndrome (WS) is mutation in a gene
      encoding a trans-acting factor that normally represses a second genetic locus or
      its product, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis elaborated when cells reach the end of
      their replicative life span. The result is early derepression of this second
      locus, leading to reduced initiation of DNA synthesis and premature replicative
      senescence. This hypothesis and its corollaries provide a heuristic model for
      decisive experiments.

PMID- 2404060
TI  - Preparation and partial characterization of old yeast cells.
AB  - Age-synchronized populations of the binding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were
      prepared by a combination of growth-synchronization methods and cell separation
      by rate-zonal sedimentation in density gradients. The procedure allowed the bulk
      preparation of cells of any desired age up to at least 20 generations with
      minimum yields of 10(8) cells per preparation, starting with 6 X 10(9) 0
      generation cells. The purity of the preparations was greater than 90%, with an
      accuracy of +/- 2 generations. The procedure itself had no detrimental effects on
      the cells, as indicated by a number of physiological parameters. Cell viability
      and resistance to sonication remained essentially unchanged during aging. In
      contrast, cell size and generation time increased, providing biomarkers for the
      aging process. The procedure described here should help establish yeast as a
      useful model system for studies of cellular aging at the molecular level.

PMID- 2404061
TI  - An immunodominant murine lymphoma cell surface heterodimer marks thymic
      progenitor subsets.
AB  - mAb 1C11 was raised against the cells of retrovirus-negative, radiation-induced
      thymomas of C57BL/Ka mice. MAb 1C11 binds to radiation- and RadLV-induced
      C57BL/Ka lymphomas, to lymphomas of other mouse strains and to B-lineage tumors.
      The 1C11 Ag is expressed on a subpopulation of normal thymocytes that is enriched
      in immature cells. After fractionated x-irradiation, this percentage increases
      gradually during the preleukemic period, hence mAb 1C11 appears to identify a
      transformation-related cell surface molecule. This conclusion is supported by
      experiments demonstrating that flow microfluorimetry-sorted, 1C11-expressing
      preleukemic thymocytes progress rapidly to full neoplasia following intrathymic
      injection, whereas nonexpressing cells do not. Most of day-14 fetal thymocytes
      are as strongly positive as thymic lymphomas for the 1C11 Ag whereas Ag-activated
      T cell lines express moderate levels. Multiparameter flow microfluorimetry
      analysis shows that 1C11 is expressed predominantly on CD3-/lo thymic blast cells
      of three phenotypically defined subsets: CD4-8-, CD4-8+, and CD4+8+, all of which
      contain thymic progenitors. By immunohistochemical staining, the Ag is also found
      in association with epithelial cells on a variety of normal, nonlymphoid tissue,
      but is not detectable on heart tissue. The 1C11 antibody immunoprecipitates a
      disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein of 85/37 kDa and the antigenic determinant
      is located on the H chain of the molecule. When analyzed by SDS-PAGE under
      nonreducing conditions, the molecule exists as a 130-kDa protein. Enzymatic
      digestion of the heterodimer indicates that the H chain, but not the L chain, has
      at least three N-linked glycosylation sites. We propose that this novel cell
      surface glycoprotein may be associated with processes of differentiation and
      lymphomagenesis.

PMID- 2404062
TI  - Detection of neutrophil-activating peptide NAP/IL-8 and NAP/IL-8 mRNA in human
      recombinant IL-1 alpha- and human recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha
      stimulated human dermal fibroblasts. An immunocytochemical and fluorescent in
      situ hybridization study.
AB  - A neutrophil-activating peptide (NAP)/IL-8 produced by LPS-stimulated human
      peripheral blood monocytes was biochemically purified and functionally
      characterized by different investigators. Work conducted in our laboratory showed
      that NAP/IL-8 as well as variants of this peptide are produced by a variety of
      cells (e.g., monocytes, T lymphocytes, endothelial cells) and that lesional
      psoriatic scales contain large amounts of biologically active NAP/IL-8. We now
      investigated human dermal fibroblasts for production of NAP/IL-8. The peptide was
      detected by immunocytochemistry by using the mAb 46E5. NAP/IL-8 mRNA was
      visualized by high resolutive fluorescent in situ hybridization with biotinylated
      antisense/sense RNA probes. Among the various stimuli used [human (h)rIL-1 alpha,
      hrTNF-alpha, hrIL-3, hr-granulocyte-macrophage-CSF, LPS, FMLP, and platelet
      activating factor (PAF)] only hrIL-1 alpha (100 U/ml) and hrTNF-alpha (100 ng/ml)
      induced the transcription and translation of NAP/IL-8. In contrast to monocytes,
      LPS was without effect in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. Both NAP/IL-8 and
      NAP/IL-8 mRNA were found in the cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus, but
      interestingly NAP/IL-8 mRNA was not restricted to the cytoplasm. In positive
      cells only two small bright spots were randomly distributed in the nucleus. Most
      likely these spots represent transcription sites where NAP/IL-8 mRNA is
      accumulated during gene expression. Our observations show that stimulation of
      dermal fibroblasts with the cytokines hrIL-1 alpha and hrTNF-alpha results in
      expression of IL-8.

PMID- 2404063
TI  - Modulation of platelet responses to collagen by Clq receptors.
AB  - We recently described specific binding sites for Clq on human blood platelets
      that cross-react with antibodies against Clq receptors (ClqR) on lymphoblastoid
      cells. Inasmuch as Clq inhibits collagen-induced platelet aggregation, we
      compared the effects of ClqR occupancy by purified Clq, monoclonal (IIl/B5) and
      polyclonal anti-ClqR antibodies on collagen-induced platelet adhesion, release,
      and aggregation. Washed platelets in buffered Tyrode's solution containing 2 mM
      magnesium were preincubated (30 min, 22 degrees C) with antibodies, Clq, or
      appropriate control buffers and antiserum. Platelet aggregation and release
      measurements were made using 14C-serotonin-labeled platelets stimulated with type
      I collagen. Adhesion assays were performed in the presence of magnesium under
      static conditions at 22 degrees C with 51Cr-labeled platelets and collagen-coated
      microtiter wells. Concentrations of IIl/B5, polyclonal anti-Clq R antiserum, or
      Clq causing 82 to 92% (n = 7) inhibition of collagen-induced release and 67 to
      98% inhibition of aggregation, failed to inhibit magnesium-dependent platelet
      adhesion to collagen. Inasmuch as divalent cation-independent platelet-collagen
      interactions have also been described, further studies were performed to compare
      the divalent cation requirement of ClqR occupancy by Clq and inhibition of
      platelet-collagen interactions. Whereas, Clq binding to platelets was divalent
      cation independent, neither Clq nor anti-ClqR antibodies prevented platelet
      adhesion to collagen in the presence of EDTA. These data suggest that under
      defined in vitro conditions, ClqR modulate collagen-induced platelet aggregation
      and secretion, but not platelet adhesion.

PMID- 2404064
TI  - Effect of isotypes and allelic polymorphism on the binding of staphylococcal
      exotoxins to MHC class II molecules.
AB  - Interaction of staphylococcal exotoxins (SE) with MHC class II molecules plays a
      central role in the activation of immune cells by SE. We have recently
      demonstrated directly that toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) binds to MHC
      class II molecules with high affinity, and similar results have been reported for
      SEA and SEB. The ability of T cells to respond to individual SE is associated
      with the expression of particular TCR-V beta gene elements. In the present study
      we have examined the effect of polymorphism on the ability of MHC class II
      molecules to bind SEB and TSST-1. We have used a panel of L cell transfectants
      that express different allelic forms of each of the three human class II
      isotypes. Radioligand binding assays detected binding of SEB and TSST-1 to most,
      but not all of the MHC class II molecules examined. Toxin-driven MHC class II
      dependent T cell proliferation occurred with all transfectants examined even in
      the absence of detectable toxin binding. These results indicate that SE can bind
      to human MHC class II molecules of diverse phenotypes.

PMID- 2404065
TI  - Cell surface expression of hybrid murine/human MHC class II beta alpha dimers.
      Key influence of residues in the amino-terminal portion of the beta 1 domain.
AB  - To aid in the identification of key residues responsible for the control of class
      II MHC beta-alpha dimer assembly and expression, a series of cotransfections of
      human plus mouse beta- and alpha-genes was performed. The resulting expression
      data were correlated with the sequences of the relevant proteins to identify
      residues that played critical roles in these processes. For the I-E/DR homologues
      good expression was seen for both E beta DR alpha and DR beta E alpha
      combinations involving several allelically variable beta-chains of each species.
      These results are consistent with the sequence conservation seen for I-E and DR
      gene products, and indicate that the species-specific differences that do exist
      play little role in controlling dimer formation or transport. For A beta chains,
      a more complex picture was seen. A beta d, but not A beta k or A beta b, was
      found to coexpress with human alpha-chains. Not only did A beta d show expression
      with the homologous DQ alpha-chain, but it also was expressed with DR alpha and
      DP alpha. These data indicate that species-specific residues do not control dimer
      expression under these conditions and confirm that allelically polymorphic
      residues have a crucial role in this process. Mapping studies using recombinant A
      beta genes established the importance of the residues in the amino-terminal half
      of the beta 1 domain in the differences observed among the A beta alleles.
      Sequence comparison of DR beta, DP beta, DQ beta, E beta, and A beta chains in
      this region revealed a single residue (position 12) conserved in most chains and
      differing in a nonconservative fashion between A beta d vs A beta b or k. A beta
      d has the conserved lysine at this position, whereas A beta b has methionine and
      A beta k has glutamine. To test whether this residue actually was important
      physiologically, a lysine codon was created in a recombinant A beta gene
      possessing the amino-terminal sequence of the kappa haplotype, and the ability of
      this mutant chain to be expressed with various mouse A alpha-chains was examined.
      This mutant chain was shown to gain the ability to be efficiently expressed with
      A alpha d without losing its ability to be expressed with A alpha k. These data
      reemphasize the special role played by allelically polymorphic residues in Ia
      expression and identify one such polymorphic site as position 12.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2404066
TI  - Cytopathic effect determined by the amount of CD4 molecules in human cell lines
      expressing envelope glycoprotein of HIV.
AB  - A plasmid which has an envelope gene from the human T lymphotropic virus IIIB
      isolate of HIV under the transcriptional control of the human metallothionein IIA
      promoter was constructed and transfected into human CD4+ and CD4- cell lines.
      When the expression of the env gene was induced with metal ions in cloned cell
      lines from such transfected cells, the viral envelope protein precursor, gp160,
      was produced in both the CD4+ and CD4- cell clones in the same amounts. An
      extensive cytopathic effect developed resulting in cell killing; however, this
      occurred only in CD4+ and not in CD4- cell clones. The formation of syncytium was
      not found in those cells showing cytopathic effect. Immunofluorescence microscopy
      showed the envelope proteins localized in the periphery, forming a mass in the
      CD4+ cells but not in the CD4- cells after induction. Moreover,
      immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analyses demonstrated the formation of a
      complex between gp160 and CD4 molecules in the cytoplasm of those cells from
      whose surface CD4 Ag had already disappeared. Therefore, it is proposed that the
      formation of such a complex is directly related to the cell killing of CD4+ cells
      by envelope proteins in our cell clones as well as in infections with HIV.

PMID- 2404067
TI  - GM-CSF administration augments the survival of ity-resistant A/J mice, but not
      ity-susceptible C57BL/6 mice, to a lethal challenge with Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - Ity resistant A/J mice were challenged with a lethal dose (2 x 10(3) organisms)
      of Salmonella typhimurium. Infected mice treated with 1 microgram of GM-CSF twice
      daily showed increased median survival time and had a higher survival fraction
      than untreated controls. GM-CSF was most effective when given for a brief period
      (1 to 2 days) after infection. Pretreatment of the mice or delayed treatment with
      GM-CSF had no effect on the survival of the mice. Studies on the effect of GM-CSF
      on the bacterial load showed that mice treated with GM-CSF had fewer S.
      typhimurium in the spleen and peritoneal cavity on day 4 but not on day 2 after
      infection. GM-CSF treatment of ity-susceptible C57BL/6 mice infected with 10
      organisms had no therapeutic effect.

PMID- 2404068
TI  - Bradykinin sensitization of colony-stimulating factor-1-responsive murine marrow
      progenitors to prostaglandin E. A property of the amino-terminal tetrapeptide
      fragment.
AB  - The active sequence in bradykinin (BK) responsible for PGE-aided inhibition of
      CSF-1-stimulated clonal proliferation of murine mononuclear phagocyte progenitors
      was determined. In total marrow cultures, BK and (D-Phe7)-BK, a specific BK
      antagonist, inhibited colony formation by CSF-1 responsive precursors that
      require two signals, CSF and LPS, for clonal proliferation. (Lys1)-BK, an
      inactive BK analogue with Lys substituted for the amino-terminal Arg, was
      inactive. Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly, the amino-terminal tetrapeptide fragment of BK, was
      fully capable, on a molar basis, of replacing either BK or (D-Phe7)-BK as an
      inhibitor. Bk, (D-Phe7)-BK, and Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly were not inhibitory for colony
      formation in cultures containing indomethacin or in cultures depleted of adherent
      marrow cells. However, in these cultures addition of 10(-9) M PGE2 fully restored
      inhibition of two-signal-dependent colony formation. PGE2-dependent inhibition by
      the three peptides was equivalent on a molar basis indicating that Arg-Pro-Pro
      Gly contains the sequence responsible for this inhibitory effect of BK and is
      sufficient to exert PGE-dependent inhibition of two-signal-dependent colony
      formation. The two-signal-dependent progenitors appear to be in transition to CSF
      competence suggesting that BK and PGE produced in an hematopoietic environment
      may act together to limit the production of new macrophages by inhibiting
      progenitors in transition to CSF competence.

PMID- 2404069
TI  - Enhancement of in vivo cell-mediated immune responses by three distinct
      cytokines.
AB  - The ability of recombinant/purified cytokines to augment delayed-type
      hypersensitivity (DTH) responses was investigated. Suboptimal doses of haptenized
      SC were treated in vitro with purified or recombinant derived cytokines and
      tested for their ability to enhance DTH in vivo. With the use of this protocol,
      it was shown that both human and mouse rIL-6, as well as mouse rTNF-alpha,
      potentiated DTH in a dose-dependent manner. In accordance with these data, IL
      6/TNF-alpha-containing supernatant from long term nonlymphoid cell lines also
      possessed the ability to augment DTH. By using the same protocol, we have also
      identified T cell hybridomas that produce DTH-augmenting activity constitutively.
      The hybridoma-derived factor, termed the T cell enhancing factor (TCEF), was
      functionally distinguishable from the defined cytokines IL-1 through IL-6, IFN
      gamma, and TNF by bioassay. Furthermore, RNA derived from the hybridoma failed to
      hybridize with cDNA probes specific for IL-1 to IL-6, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and
      granulocyte-macrophage CSF. Further characterization of the serum-free
      conditioned media derived from the hybridoma indicated that the TCEF was a
      soluble acid labile glycoprotein (Mr greater than 30,000). Finally, we
      investigated the cellular requirements for DTH augmentation by IL-6, TNF-alpha,
      and TCEF; all are dependent upon the presence of T cells in the immunizing
      inoculum. We propose that these cytokines play a critical role in the development
      of DTH responses in vivo.

PMID- 2404070
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of melanoma cell invasion in three-dimensional
      confrontation cultures in vitro using automated image analysis.
AB  - Tumor invasion is a crucial feature of tumor growth in vivo. Confrontation
      cultures of multicellular melanoma spheroids and embryonic chick heart fragments
      provide a model for invasive growth in vitro. We have developed an image analysis
      method, which facilitates the objective measurement of tumor cell invasion in
      this model. Cryostat sections of confrontation cultures were
      immunohistochemically stained with an antiserum directed against the stromal
      component for automated recognition of the stroma tissue. The slides were
      automatically processed by a grey level based computerized image analysis system.
      On Spearman's rank correlation test, 25 out of 39 parameters correlated with the
      reference value of invasion, which was derived from the subjective evaluation of
      five independent observers. Two parameters combining the stroma margin and the
      total amount of stroma tissue completely reproduced the judgement of the
      morphologists in our test set. The quantitative evaluation of tumor invasion in
      vitro by automated image analysis may be helpful in pharmacologic and
      pathogenetic studies of tumor growth.

PMID- 2404071
TI  - A tribute to the three major societies of investigative dermatology on the
      occasion of their first joint meeting.

PMID- 2404072
TI  - A controlled trial of bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract for cryptosporidiosis
      in patients with AIDS.
AB  - Cryptosporidial infection causes severe diarrheal disease in patients with AIDS.
      Fourteen patients with AIDS and symptomatic cryptosporidiosis were treated with a
      specific bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract (immune DLE) prepared from lymph
      node lymphocytes of calves immunized with cryptosporidia or a nonspecific
      (nonimmune) DLE prepared from nonimmunized calves. Six of 7 patients given immune
      DLE gained weight and had a decrease in bowel movement frequency, with
      eradication of oocysts from stool in 5 patients. Six of 7 patients given
      nonimmune DLE showed no decrease in bowel movement and 4, no clearing of oocytes
      from stool; 5 continued to lose weight. Subsequently, 5 of these 7 were treated
      with immune DLE; 4 had a decrease in bowel movement frequency and significant
      weight gain, with eradication of oocytes from stool in 2 patients. Immune DLE
      produces sustained symptomatic improvement in patients with AIDS and active
      cryptosporidiosis, but lack of an appropriate cryptosporidial antigen allows only
      postulation that an augmentation of cellular immunity to Cryptosporidium parvum
      induced by immune DLE resulted in the microbiologic and clinical improvement
      observed.

PMID- 2404073
TI  - Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis antigens in urine as an alternative to swabs
      and cultures.
AB  - By using commercially available spectrophotometric and immunofluorescent
      immunoassays, Chlamydia trachomatis antigens were detected in first-void urine
      (FVU) sediments from 224 men attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic at a
      frequency of 81.6%-86.8% compared with 86.8% (33/38) positive by urethral swab
      culture (P less than .05). Endocervical cultures from 228 women attending a
      gynecology clinic yielded 92.3% (12/13) positive compared with 61.5%-76.9% for
      urine samples in three antigen-detection assays. Culturing urine from either
      gender yielded low positivity rates (23.7% for men, 15.4% for women). Defining
      truly infected patients as positive by culture or by any two of the three antigen
      tests, all assays were 100% specific. Immunodiagnostic testing of male FVU
      sediment appears to be a reliable, rapid, nontraumatic method for diagnosing
      chlamydia infection.

PMID- 2404075
TI  - Severe cellulitis caused by group A streptococcus: Rx reading the Journal.

PMID- 2404074
TI  - Culture-negative endocarditis probably due to Chlamydia pneumoniae.
AB  - A 59-year-old man had culture-negative endocarditis (clinical evidence compatible
      with endocarditis and histopathologic evidence of a recent episode of
      endocarditis) and serology compatible with a recent episode of Chlamydia
      pneumoniae infection. The conclusion was that this episode of culture-negative
      endocarditis was probably due to C. pneumoniae.

PMID- 2404076
TI  - Patterns of immune response among survivors of group B streptococcal meningitis.
AB  - Serum samples from 10 infants surviving type III, group B streptococcal (GBS)
      meningitis were collected acutely and longitudinally for 6 months to determine
      patterns of antibody response to the capsular polysaccharide and their in vitro
      functional correlates. Five infants who failed to develop specific antibody at a
      mean of 3.8 weeks after diagnosis had an increase of greater than or equal to 1.0
      microgram/ml after another 4-8 weeks. This IgM-predominant type-specific antibody
      declined to baseline 2-4 months later. Opsonophagocytosis of type III GBS
      increased from 0 to 88% in parallel with peak antibody response. Three infants
      developed increased antibody and opsonophagocytosis at 15-31 weeks after
      diagnosis, while two had no detectable response. Despite increasing complement
      levels, opsonophagocytosis of type III GBS was poor with low specific antibody
      levels These results suggest that survivors of GBS meningitis transiently develop
      specific antibody and associated efficient opsonophagocytosis, but functional
      competence does not persist despite maturation to adult levels of complement
      proteins.

PMID- 2404077
TI  - Issues on which reasonable people disagree and minimum acceptable standards.

PMID- 2404078
TI  - The social status of children with learning disabilities: a reexamination.
AB  - Although the low social status of children with learning disabilities (LD) has
      been well documented, little is known about the specific types of peer status
      problems that characterize these children. The present study utilized current
      sociometric procedures in order to clarify the nature of social status
      difficulties encountered by children with LD. Consistent with previous studies,
      results revealed that children with LD obtain significantly lower sociometric
      scores relative to their nondisabled peers. Moreover, children with LD were found
      to be disproportionately overrepresented in the rejected and neglected
      sociometric groups, and underrepresented in the popular and average groups. Over
      half of the total LD sample was classified into one of the low status categories,
      with approximately equal numbers in the rejected and neglected groups.
      Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

PMID- 2404079
TI  - Gender differences in intelligence, language, visual-motor abilities, and
      academic achievement in students with learning disabilities: a review of the
      literature.
AB  - A substantial body of research confirms higher verbal ability in normally
      achieving females and higher visual-spatial and mathematical abilities in
      normally achieving males. However, the specific nature of these differences
      varies by age, specific measure, magnitude, and variability within the groups. Re
      analysis of earlier research showed that, although differences in visual-spatial
      ability were larger than verbal ability differences, gender differences did not
      account for more than 1% to 5% of the group variance. In the population with
      learning disabilities (LD), research must be interpreted cautiously because LD
      samples were drawn mainly from the system-identified population and may reflect
      selection bias. Findings indicate that system-identified females with LD are
      lower in IQ, have more severe academic achievement deficits in some aspects of
      reading and math, and are somewhat better in visual-motor abilities, spelling,
      and written language mechanics than males with LD. In mathematics, however, it is
      difficult to document consistent differences in computational skills in the
      elementary school ages. More consistent findings, however, indicate superiority
      in mathematical reasoning in males with LD. A limited number of studies on
      research-identified samples indicate that findings from studies of school
      identified LD samples must be interpreted cautiously because females with LD
      identified in the schools may not be representative of females with LD in
      general.

PMID- 2404080
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor alpha maintains the viability of murine epidermal
      Langerhans cells in culture, but in contrast to granulocyte/macrophage colony
      stimulating factor, without inducing their functional maturation.
AB  - Freshly isolated murine epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) are weak stimulators of
      resting T cells but increase their stimulatory capacity 10-30-fold upon 2-3 d of
      culture together with other epidermal cells. This maturation of LC is mediated by
      two keratinocyte products. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM
      CSF) maintains viability and increases function. IL-1 alone does not keep LC
      alive, but when combined with GM-CSF further enhances their stimulatory activity.
      We have now searched for a cytokine that would keep LC in a viable, but
      functionally immature state. When LC (enriched to greater than 75%) were cultured
      in the presence of GM-CSF (2 ng/ml) or murine (TNF-alpha) (plateau effect at 62
      U/ml), the recovery of viable LC after 72 h was identical. The LC cultured in
      murine TNF-alpha, however, were 10-30 times less active in stimulating resting T
      cells. A series of experiments demonstrated that this phenomenon was not due to
      the induction of insufficient amounts of GM-CSF, the induction of a suppressor
      factor, or a toxic effect of TNF-alpha. Interestingly, the observed TNF-alpha
      activity exhibited a species preference, as human TNF-alpha was not active at
      comparable doses. We have observed an unexpected effect of TNF-alpha on LC in
      vitro. Though we found that freshly prepared epidermal cells express TNF-alpha
      mRNA, further studies are needed to establish whether TNF-alpha plays a role in
      vivo by keeping resident LC in a viable, but functionally immature state.

PMID- 2404081
TI  - Migration of dendritic leukocytes from cardiac allografts into host spleens. A
      novel pathway for initiation of rejection.
AB  - It has been a long-standing dogma that host sensitization against fully
      vascularized organ allografts occurs peripherally within the graft itself. In
      this report we show that donor-derived MHC class II-positive (Ia+) DL migrate
      rapidly out of mouse cardiac allografts into the recipients' spleens where they
      home to the peripheral white pulp and associate predominantly with CD4+ T
      lymphocytes. This provides a novel route for central sensitization against fully
      vascularized allografts, and most likely represents a pathway by which immune
      responses are generated against antigens on blood-borne DL emigrating from
      peripheral tissues.

PMID- 2404082
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor mRNA localized to Paneth cells of normal murine intestinal
      epithelium by in situ hybridization.
AB  - Paneth cells in normal murine small intestine contain TNF mRNA that is readily
      detectable by in situ hybridization, unlike resident macrophages in lamina
      propria, which are negative. Northern blot analysis of whole tissue shows the
      presence of mRNA that has the same electrophoretic mobility as TNF mRNA from
      activated macrophages. A low level of TNF bioactivity, but no immunoreactivity,
      was detected in normal small intestine, and TNF production in resting Paneth
      cells appears to be post-transcriptionally controlled. Typical leukocyte surface
      membrane markers were not found on Paneth cells, but were expressed by the
      surrounding lamina propria macrophages. Paneth cells are thus epithelial cells
      with leukocyte-like secretory potential that may be important in intestinal
      physiology and pathology.

PMID- 2404083
TI  - Specific binding of the human monocytic cell line U937 to the alternatively
      spliced connecting segment (IIICS) of fibronectin.
AB  - U937 cells attach to the RGDS-containing 80-kD fragment of fibronectin (Fn). The
      present report examined whether these cells recognize other domains of Fn. U937
      cells attach to a 38-kD fragment derived from the A chain of Fn, which includes
      the Hep II domain and most of the alternatively spliced IIICS region. U937 did
      not bind to a 58-kD fragment derived from the B chain (which lacks IIICS) and has
      the Hep II site. They also did not bind to a 31-kD COOH-terminal fibrin-binding
      fragment or to a 29-kD fragment containing the Hep I domain. Cell adhesion to the
      38-kD fragment was not inhibited by the 80-kD fragment, by GRGDSPC synthetic
      peptides, or by a mAb directed to the RGDS-containing domain of Fn. Attachment
      was completely inhibited by the 38-kD fragment and by the synthetic peptide CS-1,
      comprising the first 25 amino acid residues of IIICS. These results indicate that
      U937 cells interact with two sites of Fn, the RGDS-containing region, and the
      IIICS region.

PMID- 2404084
TI  - Assessment of peripheral blood flow using a pulse oximeter.
AB  - We investigated the bar graph on a pulse oximeter as an indicator of peripheral
      blood flow. Because blood flow is known to increase in the lower extremities
      during spinal analgesia, we chose patients receiving spinal analgesia as the
      experimental model. Although they are indirect indicators, we used laser Doppler
      readings and skin temperature to reflect peripheral blood flow. These
      measurements were made from each patient's foot and hand before and after spinal
      analgesia and were compared with the deflection on the pulse oximeter bar graph.
      After subarachnoid injection of bupivacaine, laser Doppler readings from the foot
      increased to 620 +/- 120% (P less than 0.05) of the control reading. The pulse
      oximeter signal amplitude increased from 5.2 +/- 0.4 to 9.4 +/- 0.3 bars (P less
      than 0.05) and mean skin temperature increased from 24.6 +/- 0.5 to 31.2 +/- 0.8
      degrees C (P less than 0.05). No changes were noted in readings obtained from the
      hand. A Nellcor N-200 pulse oximeter may be used to evaluate the effect of
      sympathetic nerve block as indicated by an increase in peripheral blood flow.

PMID- 2404086
TI  - Phase II trial of carboplatin in the management of malignant mesothelioma.
AB  - Thirty-one patients with advanced malignant mesothelioma, previously untreated or
      having received only one prior cytotoxic regimen, were treated in a prospective,
      single-arm phase II trial with carboplatin (NSC 241240) at a dose of 150 mg/m2
      per day intravenously (IV) for 3 days (450 mg/m2/course). One complete remission
      and four partial remissions were achieved, yielding an overall objective response
      rate of 16% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4% to 34%). The median duration of
      remission was 8 months (range, 5 to 17). Nonhematological toxicity was mild (only
      12% with World Health Organization [WHO] grade 3 vomiting); 16% suffered WHO
      grade 3 to 4 hematological toxicity, but there were no life-threatening episodes
      and no treatment-related deaths. Carboplatin has modest activity against
      malignant mesothelioma and, because of its low toxicity, has a role in the
      management of this disease.

PMID- 2404085
TI  - A simulation of neuromuscular function and heart rate during induction,
      maintenance, and reversal of neuromuscular blockade.
AB  - We developed a two-compartment model to simulate neuromuscular function and heart
      rate following the administration of four nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking
      agents (atracurium, vecuronium, pancuronium, and d-tubocurarine), three
      neuromuscular block reversal agents (edrophonium, neostigmine, and
      pyridostigmine), and two anticholinergic agents (atropine and glycopyrrolate).
      Twitch depression, train-of-four ratio, and heart rate were modeled during
      fentanyl, halothane, enflurane, or isoflurane anesthesia, optionally supplemented
      with nitrous oxide. Simulation results, compared with published values for each
      drug, fell within the clinical accuracy range (onset time 6.1 +/- 3.9% [mean +/-
      SEM]; duration, 1.7 +/- 3.5%, 50% effective dose, 0.5 +/- 5.7%; and 95% effective
      dose, 2.1 +/- 1.1%). The simulation graphically demonstrates the
      pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and interactions between neuromuscular
      blocking agents, reversal agents, and anticholinergic agents. During a
      simulation, the need for frequent monitoring and repeated delivery of a
      neuromuscular blocking agent to keep neuromuscular blockade stable becomes
      apparent, especially with the intermediate-acting neuromuscular blocking agents.
      When inhalational agents are given concomitantly, the task becomes even more
      difficult, since potentiation changes with anesthetic uptake. Recurarization,
      tachycardia, or bradycardia may be seen with the simulation if an improper drug
      regimen is followed. Concurrent simulation of two identical patients allows
      comparison of different modes of administration, choice of anesthetic agents, and
      drug doses.

PMID- 2404087
TI  - A prospective randomized trial evaluating prophylactic antibiotics to prevent
      triple-lumen catheter-related sepsis in patients treated with immunotherapy.
AB  - During a 15-month period, 92 patients undergoing 129 treatment episodes of
      immunotherapy with interleukin-2 (IL-2) alone or with immune cells underwent
      insertion of central venous catheters (CVCs) in the Surgery Branch, National
      Cancer Institute. Before each catheter insertion patients were prospectively
      randomized into one of three treatment groups; therapy with intravenous (IV)
      placebo using D5W, IV oxacillin, or change of the catheter to a new site every 72
      hours. The mean duration of catheterization was 3.8 +/- 1.1 days. No patient in
      the oxacillin arm developed catheter-related sepsis, while eight patients in the
      control arms (five, line change, three, placebo) developed catheter-related
      sepsis (P2 = .050). Seven episodes of catheter-related sepsis were due to
      Staphylococcus aureus and one was due to Staphylococcus epidermidis. Catheter
      colonization was reduced significantly in the oxacillin arm versus control arms
      (P = .0001). Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and other
      coagulase-negative Staphylococci were sensitive to oxacillin in 89%, 60%, and 50%
      of cultures, respectively. No evidence of bacterial overgrowth, candida
      colonization, or candidemia was observed in these patients. Thus this trial
      demonstrates that treatment with prophylactic oxacillin can decrease the
      incidence of catheter-related sepsis in patients undergoing immunotherapy with
      interleukin-2 (IL-2). To our knowledge this is the first prospective randomized
      trial to evaluate the prophylactic use of systemic antibiotics in the prophylaxis
      of CVC sepsis.

PMID- 2404088
TI  - Gauze-induced granuloma ("gauzoma"): an uncommon complication of gauze
      reinforcement of berry aneurysms.
AB  - Incompletely and even adequately clipped berry aneurysms are often reinforced
      with finely shredded gauze. In seven female patients this practice led to a
      series of events including headache, pyrexia, seizures, cranial nerve deficits,
      endocrinopathy, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, and an enhancing mass
      demonstrated by computerized tomography at the aneurysm site. One patient with
      blindness, hydrocephalus, and panhypopituitarism died and was examined at
      autopsy. Three additional female patients have been identified in the literature
      with similar case histories. It is suggested that in these patients the gauze
      induced a foreign-body granuloma, accompanied by progressive occlusion of
      neighboring small arteries. It would seem prudent to reserve gauze reinforcement
      for aneurysms that cannot be securely obliterated surgically.

PMID- 2404089
TI  - Dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial vertebral artery.
AB  - Among 86 patients with aneurysms arising from the vertebral artery or its
      branches, 24 had dissecting aneurysms. The patients with dissecting aneurysms
      were characteristically relatively young males. Twenty-one patients presented
      with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and three with ischemia. Severe headache or
      neck pain occurred in all three patients with ischemia. Five of the 21 patients
      with SAH and all three patients with ischemia experienced recurrent episodes.
      Angiography typically showed fusiform dilatation and proximal and/or distal
      narrowing of the affected artery. The difficulty of diagnosing this disorder is
      pointed out. Surgery was performed in 19 patients, the most common technique
      being clip-occlusion of the proximal vertebral artery. There were no
      postoperative deaths or rebleeding; a lateral medullary syndrome developed in
      three patients. The observation at surgery of intramural clot with characteristic
      discoloration was limited to the cases operated on within 36 days after the
      ictus. After this period, the aneurysm was whitish gray in color and had become
      firm. Of 36 other cases of vertebral dissecting aneurysm reported in the
      literature, 20 were operated on. The indications for surgery are discussed.

PMID- 2404090
TI  - Cardiac myxoma metastasizing to the brain. Case report.
AB  - A 55-year-old man, who had previously had a left atrial myxoma excised, developed
      recurrent hematomas of the left occipital lobe. Microscopic examination revealed
      the presence of metastatic myxoma.

PMID- 2404091
TI  - Pulmonary hypertension secondary to chronic thromboembolism.

PMID- 2404092
TI  - Cardiac blood-pool imaging. II: Applications in noncoronary heart disease.
AB  - The role of radionuclide ventriculography in the initial evaluation, periodic
      assessment, and therapeutic follow-up of patients with valvular disease,
      hypertensive heart disease, lung disease, and cardiomyopathy is discussed.

PMID- 2404093
TI  - Hyperperfusion of a lower-lobe pneumonia by positive pressure ventilatory
      support.

PMID- 2404094
TI  - The utility of technetium-99m DTPA inhalational scans in artificially ventilated
      patients.
AB  - Technetium-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid ([99mTc]DTPA) radioaerosol
      scans performed on 21 consecutive artificially ventilated patients were compared
      to 50 similar scans performed on patients breathing without mechanical
      assistance. All patients were referred for evaluation of suspected pulmonary
      embolism. The comparison revealed increased extrathoracic tracheal and
      mediastinal tracheal deposition but less central bronchial deposition in the
      artificially ventilated patients. Peripheral penetration in both groups of
      patients was excellent. Within the artificially ventilated group, peripheral
      penetration of activity seemed equally good in patients receiving positive-end
      expiratory pressure ventilation (n = 14) and those ventilated with normal
      pressures (n = 7). The frequency of regions in which aerosol activity (A) was
      present in the same zone as a perfusion (P) defect was the same in the controls
      and artificially ventilated patients (12% against 14%) but the frequency of the
      reverse type of mismatch (i.e., P greater than A) was significantly higher in the
      artificially ventilated group (42% against 14%, p less than 0.001). The results
      suggest that [99mTc]DTPA aerosol scans in artificially ventilated patients are
      associated with good peripheral penetration of activity and frequently yield
      valuable clinical information.

PMID- 2404095
TI  - SPECT dual-energy-window Compton correction: scatter multiplier required for
      quantification.
AB  - The dual-energy window Compton-scattering correction technique is defined here
      especially for accurate quantification of focal regions having higher than
      average uptake. The quantification is relative to a known-activity reference
      source. The scatter multiplier ("k" value) is determined for a radioactive 99mTc
      sphere on or off the axis of a cylinder containing water with or without
      background. Both maximum likelihood and filtered-backprojection reconstruction
      are employed. Either projections or tomograms are corrected. With tight regions
      of interest, there is a tendency for the requisite "k" value to be slightly lower
      as the diameter of the cylinder is increased. Neither sphere location nor
      background perturbs "k", however, so a constant value is a good, first
      approximation. Then a two-sphere validation test yields an accuracy of 8% with
      subtracted-tomograms ("k" = 1.30) and 2% with subtracted-projections ("k" =
      1.20). With a reference-source region of interest which is four times larger, "k"
      is reduced and also now depends on background. Although equivalent
      quantitatively, maximum likelihood is preferable to filtered backprojection with
      Chang attenuation correction since it produces a less-noisy image.

PMID- 2404096
TI  - Childhood hypoglycemia: differentiating hyperinsulinemic from nonhyperinsulinemic
      causes.

PMID- 2404097
TI  - Effects of exogenous surfactant therapy on dynamic compliance during mechanical
      breathing in preterm infants with hyaline membrane disease.
AB  - In a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial, the immediate and the
      longitudinal effects of exogenous surfactant therapy on pulmonary mechanics were
      evaluated in extremely premature infants during mechanical respiration. Ninety
      four infants weighing between 600 and 1250 gm received either exogenous
      surfactant or sham (air) therapy in the delivery room and up to three additional
      doses in the first 48 hours of life if they were ventilator-dependent, had
      fractional inspiratory oxygen requirements greater than or equal to 0.30, and
      radiographic findings consistent with hyaline membrane disease. Each infant
      underwent pulmonary mechanics assessment (dynamic compliance, total pulmonary
      resistance, tidal volume) immediately before and 1 hour after each dose, and at
      24, 48, and 72 hours and 7 days of age. There were no significant differences in
      dynamic compliance, total pulmonary resistance, and tidal volume in the
      surfactant (n = 47) and control (n = 47) groups before and 1 hour after each
      dose. However, dynamic compliance was 50% greater in the surfactant group at 24
      hours of age (p less than or equal to 0.009); this difference steadily increased
      to 94% at 7 days of age (p less than or equal to 0.009). Oxygenation, assessed by
      the ratio of alveolar to arterial oxygen pressure, was significantly greater in
      the surfactant group during the first 72 hours of life; the greatest difference
      was noted at 24 hours (p less than or equal to 0.001). Mean airway pressure
      requirements in the surfactant group were significantly less than in the control
      group at all times during the first week. We conclude that exogenous surfactant
      therapy, administered at birth and during the first 48 hours of life in extremely
      premature infants with hyaline membrane disease, improves dynamic compliance and
      gas exchange during mechanical breathing.

PMID- 2404098
TI  - Recovering from burnout.

PMID- 2404099
TI  - Paying the medical cost of the HIV epidemic: a review of policy options.
AB  - The complex health care needs of people with HIV infection highlight inadequacies
      in our health care financing system and raise the question of how best to pay for
      care. AIDS requires a broad continuum of care to maintain high quality and
      reasonable costs. A simultaneous need is to assure access to care for patients
      with HIV infection who lack insurance or entitlement to health care benefits. We
      suggest new and practical payment mechanisms that can encourage the availability
      of comprehensive care for people with HIV infection. We suggest changes in state
      and federal payment policies that would make the cost of providing AIDS care more
      of a collective, community responsibility. We recommend mandated workplace
      insurance, extension of Medicaid eligibility to all with incomes below the
      federal poverty level, an opportunity for individuals with incomes to 200% of the
      poverty level to purchase Medicaid coverage, mechanisms to encourage public and
      private agencies to pay for continued health insurance after loss of employment,
      and a shortened waiting period for Medicare disability.

PMID- 2404100
TI  - AIDS as immune system activation. II. The panergic imnesia hypothesis.
AB  - A hypothesis is presented in which HIV infection leads to immunodeficiency
      through indirect subversion of critical T cell regulatory mechanisms. Acting at
      the T cell receptor complex (TCR), viral components (gp120) mimic the natural
      ligands of CD4, molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and
      deliver physiologically active, inappropriate signals resulting in generalized,
      uncontrolled lymphocyte activation, or "panergy." Clinical manifestations of
      panergy include autoimmune phenomena, lymphadenopathy, hyperglobulinemia, and
      symptoms mediated by lymphokines. Immunologic unresponsiveness occurs early in
      HIV infection prior to T cell depletion because activated cells do not respond to
      further stimulation. Ultimately, activation disrupts T cell homeostasis by
      interference with the generation of memory cells ("imnesia") and leads to net T
      cell loss, clonal deletion, and the development of AIDS. The clinical and
      immunologic features of HIV disease and AIDS are reviewed from this perspective.
      This hypothesis is consistent with the paucity of infected T cells, the clinical
      findings of both AIDS-related complex (ARC) and frank AIDS, the prolonged
      "incubation period," and a role for antigen-specific cofactors. Based on this
      view of HIV pathophysiology, therapeutic modalities should avoid immune
      stimulation and seek to block aberrant gp120 signals at CD4 and eliminate HIV
      infected cells.

PMID- 2404101
TI  - The effect of tray selection on the accuracy of elastomeric impression materials.
AB  - This study evaluated the accuracy of reproduction of stone casts made from
      impressions using different tray and impression materials. The tray materials
      used were an acrylic resin, a thermoplastic, and a plastic. The impression
      materials used were an additional silicone, a polyether, and a polysulfide.
      Impressions were made of a stainless steel master die that simulated crown
      preparations for a fixed partial denture and an acrylic resin model with cross
      arch and anteroposterior landmarks in stainless steel that typify clinical intra
      arch distances. Impressions of the fixed partial denture simulation were made
      with all three impression materials and all three tray types. Impressions of the
      cross-arch and anteroposterior landmarks were made by using all three tray types
      with only the addition reaction silicone impression material. Impressions were
      poured at 1 hour with a type IV dental stone. Data were analyzed by using ANOVA
      with a sample size of five. Results indicated that custom-made trays of acrylic
      resin and the thermoplastic material performed similarly regarding die accuracy
      and produced clinically acceptable casts. The stock plastic tray consistently
      produced casts with greater dimensional change than the two custom trays.

PMID- 2404102
TI  - Metal ceramic compatibility: a review of the literature.
AB  - Metal ceramic restorations are popular in restorative dentistry. Although bonding
      mechanisms are understood, defining compatibility of alloy and porcelain has been
      illusive. Chemical compatibility implies a chemical bond between ceramic and
      alloy that resists stresses resulting from thermal and mechanical incompatibility
      without compromising esthetics. Research has attempted to predict and test
      compatibility with varying degrees of success. Despite the success of metal
      ceramic restorations over the years, compatibility remains undefined without
      standardized testing procedures. For optimal results, the dentist should
      communicate with experienced laboratory personnel to meet the specific needs of
      the patient.

PMID- 2404103
TI  - Marginal fit of porcelain-fused-to-metal and two types of ceramic crown.
AB  - The marginal fit of Dicor, Cerestore, and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns was
      evaluated. Ten premolars free of caries were prepared for each type of
      restoration and crowns were made. The vertical marginal openings were measured
      before cementation, after cementation, and after thermocycling. There were
      statistically significant differences between all three test conditions in each
      type of crown, between Dicor and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns after
      cementation and after thermocycling, and between Cerestore and porcelain-fused-to
      metal crowns after thermocycling. All 30 cemented crowns were then embedded in
      acrylic resin for serial sections for measurement of absolute marginal openings.
      Statistically significant differences between Dicor and Cerestore crowns and
      between Cerestore and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns were found. It was
      concluded that marginal openings increased after cementation and after
      thermocycling, and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns had significantly better
      marginal fit than that of Dicor and Cerestore crowns.

PMID- 2404104
TI  - A medicated polycarboxylate cement to prevent complications in composite resin
      therapy.
AB  - Preparative treatment is the preferred method to protect the dentin and pulp from
      complications in composite resin therapy. This study investigated the in vivo
      effects of the polycarboxylate cement containing zinc fluoride and tannic acid in
      composite resin restorations. Scanning electron micrographs established that the
      composite resin failed to contact the axial wall. The gaps varied from 10 to 60
      microns. However, this polycarboxylate cement was shown to provide excellent
      adaptation to dentin when used as a base and its chemical adhesion allowed it to
      make close contact with the unetched dentin. The newly developed electron probe x
      ray microanalyzer revealed that the in vivo penetration of fluoride and zinc
      occurred through the dentinal tubules. When this polycarboxylate cement was used,
      the orifices of dentinal tubules were partially occluded, possibly with the smear
      layer fixed by tannic acid. In addition, by releasing the components, this
      polycarboxylate cement adds acid resistance to dentin and increases the
      resistance of dentin collagen to proteolytic enzymes. As such this
      polycarboxylate cement offers advantages as a base to composite resin therapy.

PMID- 2404105
TI  - The effect of three different surface treatments on the tensile strength of the
      resin bond to nickel-chromium-beryllium alloy.
AB  - The effect of three different metal surface treatments on the tensile strength of
      the resin bond to non-noble nickel-chromium-beryllium alloy was studied by
      bonding metal to metal. Chemical etching of the metal for 1 hour obtained the
      highest strength, followed by air-abraded bond specimens. Lowest strength was
      obtained with the gel-etch method. All resulted in clinically acceptable values.

PMID- 2404106
TI  - Study of the accuracy of different recording materials.
AB  - An experimental study was conducted to determine the three-dimensional errors in
      mounting casts affected by the interocclusal recording materials. Eight commonly
      used materials or combinations were tested after various storage periods. The
      results indicated that all the materials induced asymmetric deviations of the
      condyles after each storage period. Impression plaster was the most accurate and
      dimensionally stable material; polyether was the second most accurate material,
      but it must be used within 6 hours. Correction of the teeth imprints with a low
      viscosity material was beneficial only in combination with wax wafers.

PMID- 2404107
TI  - Retention of threaded pins in amalgam.
AB  - The force required to remove three self-threading retention pins from amalgam and
      the pin length for optimum retention was determined. Link series TMS Minuta, TMS
      Minikin, and TMS Minim pins were tested; Minim pins were tested at various
      lengths. The amalgam materials used were representative of a high-copper
      admixture type and a ternary spherical-type alloy. Results demonstrate that the
      Minim pin of 2 to 2.5 mm length is the optimum pin for retention in high-copper
      type amalgam. Minuta and Minikin pins are removed with only a small amount of
      force and should be used only when clinical prudence requires a small pin; and
      when used, the strongest possible amalgam should be selected.

PMID- 2404108
TI  - Use of a partial-coverage porcelain laminate to enhance clasp retention.
AB  - Historically, invasive restorative procedures have been required to create
      undercuts for removable partial denture retainers where natural undercuts are
      lacking. Resin-bonding procedures have allowed the development of conservative,
      minimally invasive methods for creating undercuts. A technique using a partial
      coverage porcelain laminate is described.

PMID- 2404109
TI  - The hinged-clasp assembly removable partial denture.
AB  - Severe undercuts and malpositioning of teeth can create problems with the path of
      insertion of removable partial dentures. Prostheses that have conventional clasp
      designs are not well-suited for these situations because a common path of
      placement must exist for all clasps. A technique that incorporates a hinged-clasp
      assembly to overcome this problem is described.

PMID- 2404110
TI  - Using vinyl polysiloxane in the altered cast procedure for speech-aid prostheses.
AB  - With the use of vinyl polysiloxane during fabrication of the altered cast, a
      complete speech aid prosthesis may be tried in at the wax stage without prior
      processing. Laboratory time is saved when double processing is avoided.

PMID- 2404111
TI  - Success rate experience after rebonding and renewal of resin-bonded fixed partial
      dentures.
AB  - In a study of 703 resin-bonded fixed partial dentures, the success rates of two
      groups were analyzed where rebonding or renewals were necessary. Results revealed
      that rebonding often leads to repeated failures whereas renewals showed a failure
      rate similar to the whole of the investigated material.

PMID- 2404112
TI  - Dental health personnel planning: a review of the literature.
AB  - Dental personnel planning is important in formulating policy in dental education,
      dental public health programs, and dental care delivery systems. The purpose of
      this literature review is to illustrate the use of dentist-to-population ratios,
      need-based models, and demand-based models in the determination of appropriate
      supply of dental personnel. A historical perspective is provided that
      demonstrates how political manipulation and subjectivity have characterized the
      use of these models by organized dentistry, the federal government, and others.
      The lack of pertinent data and the inability to predict economic, social,
      political, and epidemiologic trends weaken the applicability of each model in
      determining future personnel levels. Considering the long-term consequences of
      the use of each model in personnel planning, caution is urged in using any of the
      presently available models.

PMID- 2404113
TI  - P.L. 99-252--implications for dentists and their clinical practice.
AB  - This paper is one of a series attempting to determine the impact of Public Law 99
      252, the Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Health Education Act of 1986, on
      decreasing smokeless tobacco use. Potential indicators are discussed that could
      be used by the dental profession to determine the efficacy of the profession's
      involvement in existing and future prevention and cessation efforts relative to
      this law. In this review, six major areas are considered for measuring declines
      in smokeless tobacco use relative to the role of the dental health practitioner.
      These areas encompass the following: (1) the dental profession's knowledge of
      smokeless tobacco health hazards, (2) dental practitioners' involvement in
      measuring changes in use patterns, (3) the influence dentists have with their
      patients and community in decreasing smokeless tobacco use, (4) the general
      attitude and intention to quit on the part of dental patients, (5) active
      governmental involvement efforts, and (6) health effects of smokeless tobacco
      that might be used for identifying decreasing smokeless tobacco use. Within each
      of these six broad categories, more specific indicators for measuring the impact
      of P.L. 99-252 relative to the dental profession were considered.

PMID- 2404114
TI  - Psychosocial factors in the use of smokeless tobacco and their implications for
      P.L. 99-252.
AB  - This article briefly reviews the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use by males in
      the United States, the relationship of smokeless tobacco use to cigarette use,
      and patterns of use that include dosage, topography, products, and function of
      use. The primary focus of the article is to describe the concurrent and
      predictive factors associated with onset, use, and cessation of smokeless
      tobacco. The implications of P.L. 99-252, the Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Act
      of 1986, are discussed in the context of what is known about the psychosocial
      variables associated with the use of smokeless tobacco.

PMID- 2404115
TI  - Danazol. A synthetic steroid with diverse biologic effects.
AB  - Danocrine (danazol) is a synthetic steroid with multiple and diverse biologic
      effects. It exerts these effects by binding to steroid transport proteins in the
      circulation and to specific receptors in target tissues. Centrally, danazol
      inhibits gonadotropins, suppressing gametogenesis and steroidogenesis. Gonadal
      and adrenal steroidogenesis are suppressed further through danazol's direct
      effect on specific enzyme systems. Danazol also displays immunoregulatory effects
      both in vivo and in vitro. In endometriosis, danazol induces amenorrhea and a
      hypoestrogenic state, resulting in endometrial atrophy. The drug's direct binding
      to androgen and progesterone receptors in endometriotic tissue may contribute
      further to the suppression of endometriosis. In women with endometriosis who
      produce autoantibodies against endometrial cells and endometrial cell-derived
      phospholipids, histones and nucleotides, danazol may improve reproductive
      performance through the suppression of abnormal autoantibody levels. In several
      other autoimmune and genetic disorders danazol brings about a clinical
      improvement by lowering abnormal autoantibody production or by increasing the
      concentration of genetically deficient protein. In order to explore the full
      clinical potential of the drug and to better understand danazol's mechanism of
      action and especially its immunoregulatory effects in autoimmune diseases and
      endometriosis, further investigation is necessary.

PMID- 2404116
TI  - Endometriosis. Overview and future directions.
AB  - Several modalities can be employed in managing the patient with endometriosis,
      and ultimate selection hinges on a number of criteria, including age, extent of
      disease, severity of symptoms and pain. The current scoring system may
      underestimate the severity of the disease in some women. For instance, the system
      does not consider the presence of subtypes of endometriosis in individual
      patients. Endometriotic implants differ from uterine endometrium in terms of
      their response to the hormonal milieu and demonstrate a wide range of morphologic
      development, from poorly to highly differentiated glands. The number of estrogen,
      progestin and/or androgen receptors in endometriotic lesions may differ markedly
      from that in normal endometrium. These developments suggest not only problems
      with current scoring but the possibility of using such innovations as receptor
      studies to individualize therapy in the future. Danocrine (danazol), an isoxazol
      derivative of 17-alpha ethinyl-testosterone, when used at appropriate dosages, is
      an excellent drug for the treatment of endometriosis. Exercise has been
      demonstrated to markedly reduce the incidence of androgenic side effects that
      occur with danazol. Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists also appear to be
      promising for this indication. Further research is needed with these drugs,
      especially in the area of combination therapy with danazol.

PMID- 2404117
TI  - Use of danazol in conservative surgery.
AB  - Any type of injury, inflammation or noninfectious condition can cause an
      adhesion. Among noninfectious conditions that cause adhesions, endometriosis is
      the most common. a six-month preoperative regimen of Danocrine (danazol) resulted
      in a reduction in pelvic vascularity and inflammation, theoretically reducing the
      risk of postoperative adhesions. The preoperative use of danazol also makes
      laparoscopic surgery possible for more patients.

PMID- 2404118
TI  - Hormonal management of fibrocystic disease of the breast.
AB  - Fibrocystic breast disease is a source of considerable discomfort in a sizeable
      percentage of women between 35 and 50 years of age. Earlier treatments designed
      to reduce the pain, tenderness and nodularity associated with this condition met
      with little success. It was not until 1971, when Danocrine (danazol) was
      introduced for the treatment of endometriosis, that the potential usefulness of
      this synthetic steroid in the management of benign breast disorders was
      recognized. Numerous studies have substantiated the efficacy and safety of
      danazol for this application. At one center involved in a multicenter study of
      danazol, the drug was administered in dosages of 400 mg/d for two months,
      followed by 200 mg/d for an additional four months, to 25 women with fibrocystic
      breast disease. Eighteen (79%) of the women demonstrated a marked improvement in
      or elimination of their symptoms. The majority remained asymptomatic for at least
      one year after treatment. The side effects were mild and of the "nuisance"
      variety. These findings are consistent with the overall data reported by the
      other centers participating in the study.

PMID- 2404119
TI  - Role of danazol in relieving the premenstrual syndrome.
AB  - Approximately 90% of women experience some symptoms of the premenstrual syndrome
      (PMS); in up to 40% of cases the symptoms are moderate to severe. The signs and
      symptoms of PMS usually wax and wane according to a four-phase temporal pattern.
      Within this overall schema there are a number of PMS subtypes. PMS typically
      manifests before the age of 30 and rarely resolves spontaneously. While genetic
      factors may play a role in the development of PMS, other epidemiologic factors do
      not seem to be involved. Various pathophysiologic mechanisms have been proposed
      as causing PMS. They are an estrogen/progesterone imbalance, prolactin
      abnormalities, fluid retention, abnormal production of certain prostaglandins,
      hypoglycemia, pyridoxine deficiency and shifting levels of endorphins. However,
      the role of these factors in the etiology of PMS has not been established
      definitively; thus, treatment remains largely empiric. The author's experience
      with the use of Danocrine (danazol) on 21 patients with PMS suggests that this
      synthetic steroid, when used in conjunction with nonpharmacologic treatment
      options, relieves the symptoms of PMS in up to 85% of patients. Women whose PMS
      is characterized primarily by mastalgia appear to respond most favorably to
      treatment; danazol is not recommended for women with primary depression or
      anxiety symptomatology.

PMID- 2404120
TI  - Cephalosporins to carbapenems: 1-oxygenated carbapenems and carbapenams.
AB  - The photo "Wolff" rearrangement of readily available 2-diazoceph-3-em oxides (1)
      directly affords carbapen-2-ems, allowing a facile entry into a ring system
      previously accessible only by total synthesis, lengthly semisynthesis or
      fermentation. The chirality of the cephalosporin is accurately translated into
      the corresponding carbapenem. The resulting 1-oxocarbapenems (2) were selectively
      transformed through reduction into 1-oxygenated carbapenems and carbapenams (3
      and 4, respectively). On microbiological screening, a carbapenem (3c) was found
      to possess a broad spectrum of activity. An interesting antibacterial profile was
      discovered for a carbapenam (26).

PMID- 2404121
TI  - Renin inhibitors based on dipeptide analogues. Incorporation of the
      hydroxyethylene isostere at the P2/P3 sites.
AB  - The synthesis of a series of renin inhibitors in which the P2 and P3 amino acids
      are replaced with the hydroxyethylene dipeptide isostere is reported. In vitro
      evaluation of the inhibitors has revealed that this isostere is an acceptable
      amide-bond replacement in which activity is maintained and stability is enhanced.
      Structure-activity relationships of this series resemble but do not parallel
      those of the corresponding dipeptide-containing inhibitors.

PMID- 2404122
TI  - Antifolate and antibacterial activities of 5-substituted 2,4-diaminoquinazolines.
AB  - A series of 5-substituted 2,4-diaminoquinazolines (3) has been synthesized and
      evaluated as inhibitors of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from both
      bacterial and mammalian sources. The best compounds (e.g. 53) show good activity
      against Escherichia coli DHFR, but there is no significant selectivity for the
      bacterial over the mammalian enzyme. The structure-activity relationships for
      enzyme inhibition appear to be complex and not amenable to simple analysis; a
      hypothesis to explain the observed qualitative structure-activity relationships
      is proposed. The inhibitory activities of the compounds against the growth of
      intact bacterial cells in vitro closely parallel those for the inhibition of the
      isolated bacterial enzymes, suggesting that their antifolate action is
      responsible for their antibacterial effects. Five of the compounds were tested
      for their ability to cure a systemic E. coli infection in the mouse, but they
      showed no therapeutic effects at their maximum tolerated doses.

PMID- 2404123
TI  - Trimethoprim resistance; epidemiology and molecular aspects.

PMID- 2404125
TI  - DNA breakdown by the 4-quinolones and its significance.
AB  - DNA breakdown occurred in Escherichia coli KL16 exposed to nalidixic acid,
      ciprofloxacin or norfloxacin. However DNA breakdown does not seem to be the cause
      of the lethality of the 4-quinolones because it still occurred under conditions
      which abolished the lethality of nalidixic acid. Furthermore, no correlation was
      found between the amount of DNA breakdown and the rate of death of bacteria
      caused by the three 4-quinolones. Similarly, DNA breakdown did not occur when
      recB or recC mutants were treated with nalidixic acid despite both mutants being
      killed by the drug, again suggesting that DNA breakdown is not the cause of
      bacterial death. Since recB and recC mutants lack exonuclease V, this enzyme may
      be responsible for the DNA breakdown observed in bacteria treated with 4
      quinolones.

PMID- 2404124
TI  - The role of leucocytes in the induction of fluid secretion by Salmonella
      typhimurium.
AB  - Nitrogen mustard (N2M) treatment of rabbits induced neutropenia, and, in ligated
      ileal loops, it inhibited fluid secretion induced by salmonella or by cholera
      toxin (CT). Pretreatment of rabbits with indomethacin almost abolished salmonella
      induced fluid secretion and significantly reduced that induced by CT. Similar
      effects of N2M and indomethacin on fluid secretion induced by salmonella, but not
      by CT, have been reported by other workers and used to implicate prostaglandins,
      from the salmonella-induced inflammation, as mediators of fluid secretion. In
      contrast, we show that N2M treatment, in addition to reducing CT-induced
      secretion, caused severe morphological alterations to ileal mucosa. Irradiation
      techniques were developed for inducing neutropenia, but they did not totally
      inhibit salmonella-induced leucocyte influx into ileal mucosa. We propose an
      alternative mechanism for the inhibitory effect of N2M on salmonella- and CT
      induced secretion, based on the known anti-mitotic activity of N2M. Also, the
      anti-secretory effect of indomethacin cannot be attributed uniquely to its anti
      inflammatory activity because it depressed CT-induced secretion as well as
      salmonella-induced secretion. These results support the concept of
      pathophysiological secretion in infectious diarrhoea, developed previously for
      rotavirus and extended to bacterial infections.

PMID- 2404126
TI  - NCI and CCSG examine role of electromagnetic fields in childhood leukemia.

PMID- 2404127
TI  - Resource use, efficiency, and outcome prediction in pediatric intensive care of
      trauma patients.
AB  - To study the impact of trauma patients on Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs),
      164 trauma patients' data from 1,075 consecutive admissions to five PICUs were
      reviewed. Resource use (Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System [TISS] points)
      and mortality risks (Physiologic Stability Index [PSI] and Pediatric Risk of
      Mortality [PRISM] scores) were obtained daily for all patients. Trauma patients
      constituted 15.2% of all PICU patients, and used 14.9% of patient care days and
      14.5% of TISS points. Efficiency of trauma patient care was 75% overall compared
      to 79% overall for nontrauma patients (p less than 0.001). Trauma patient
      mortality was 9.8%. Tests for goodness of fit showed the PSI and PRISM scores to
      be accurate outcome predictors for trauma patients (PSI: chi 2 (4) = 2.852, p
      greater than 0.50; PRISM: chi 2 (4) = 1.216, p greater than 0.50). Trauma
      patients are a minority of PICU patients and deaths. Their resource use is
      proportional to their numbers, although less efficient than for nontrauma
      patients. PSI and PRISM are accurate mortality risk predictors for trauma
      patients.

PMID- 2404128
TI  - Gunshot injuries of the ureter.
AB  - We reviewed our more recent results in the management of gunshot wounds of the
      ureter. Sixteen consecutive patient records were reviewed. Two of the patients
      died from complications not related to their ureteral injuries. The remaining 14
      patients had good results. Proper management consists of: 1) early diagnosis and
      repair; 2) adequate debridement of devitalized tissue; 3) tensionless spatulated
      watertight anastomosis with absorbable suture; 4) internal stenting; and 5)
      drainage of periureteral tissues.

PMID- 2404129
TI  - Techniques of splenic preservation using fibrin glue.
AB  - Fibrin glue (FG) was used to achieve hemostasis of 16 splenic injuries in 14
      patients. The etiologies of injury included five gunshot wounds, two stab wounds,
      four iatrogenic injuries, and five patients with blunt splenic trauma. The
      intraoperative blood loss averaged 1.8 +/- 2.4 (SD) liters and patients were
      transfused 3 +/- 2 units of blood perioperatively. The amount of FG required to
      achieve splenic hemostasis averaged 11 +/- 8 ml and varied directly with the
      grade of injury. One patient with a splenic hilar vascular injury (Grade V)
      underwent splenectomy following failure to achieve complete hemostasis despite
      the use of 25 ml of FG. All other splenic injuries were successfully managed
      using less than 25 ml of FG. Postoperative computerized tomographic (CT)
      scanning, performed in ten patients, was negative for rebleeding or abscess
      formation. The overall splenic salvage rate was 86%. FG was effective in
      achieving hemostasis of both superficial and deep splenic injuries. Its use as an
      adjunct in trauma surgery should result in increased splenic salvage rates
      compared with that obtained using conventional surgical techniques.

PMID- 2404130
TI  - Quantification of neonatal cerebral ventricular volume by real-time
      ultrasonography. Derivation and in vitro confirmation of a mathematical model.
AB  - The derivation and in vitro confirmation of a method for the calculation of
      cerebral ventricular volume determined by cranial ultrasonography is described.
      The derivation depends on use of the cylindrical coordinate method. Confirmation
      was performed by construction of ultrasound phantoms from latex balloons embedded
      in a talc/gelatin matrix. Seventeen phantoms of volumes ranging from 10 to 60 mL
      were measured. The known volume was then compared to the calculated volume by
      linear regression analysis. The regression analysis indicated a close correlation
      between the actual volume of the phantoms and the calculated volume with r =
      0.96. Various sources of error in the method are discussed. Our results indicate
      that the cylindrical coordinate mathematical model when applied to cranial
      ultrasonography images accurately measures cerebral ventricular volumes.

PMID- 2404131
TI  - Evaluation of image quality of ultrasound scanners in medical diagnostics.
AB  - The evaluation of the properties of ultrasound diagnostic scanners has not yet
      been standardized. Because the image itself is the basis of diagnostic decisions,
      it should also be the basis of evaluation of the capabilities of scanners. This
      study is aimed to help the standardization work by suggesting a procedure for
      testing the image quality of the scanners. The image quality depends on the
      tissue resolution, which is difficult to determine without real tissue studies.
      Therefore, the presented testing procedure consists of two parts: first, lateral
      and longitudinal resolution, image uniformity, sensitivity, and cyst and tumor
      imaging are determined by phantom tests; second, imaging experiments of formalin
      fixed tissue samples are used to give information on the imaging capability of
      selected tissue details and boundaries. The procedure has been carried out by an
      experimental comparative test of 30 scanner and transducer combinations. The role
      of real tissue tests is important. A reliable whole-body phantom, including
      liquids flowing in veins, would be a breakthrough in testing real-time image
      quality.

PMID- 2404132
TI  - Intrauterine growth of the fetus at term. A prospective and longitudinal study
      with real-time ultrasound.
AB  - Intrauterine fetal growth was followed in a prospective study of 654 consecutive
      singleton pregnancies. Ultrasound fetometry was performed in gestational weeks
      17, 32, and 39, and then weekly until delivery took place. A total of 408 fetuses
      were examined in the 39th week and 55 investigations were performed in the
      postterm period. This enabled us to follow the intrauterine growth of the normal
      fetus both at term and postterm. We found that the intrauterine rate of growth
      continued constantly, even postterm, for the biparietal diameter, abdominal
      diameter, and femur length.

PMID- 2404133
TI  - Ultrasonic measurements of portal vasculature in diagnosis of portal
      hypertension. A controversial subject reviewed.
AB  - In a prospective ultrasound study, the various factors possibly influencing the
      portal vasculature were evaluated in normal subjects; the correlation of portal
      diameters with physical factors such as age, sex, and body texture was poor,
      whereas the caliber variation was significant with respiration, posture, and
      meal. Considering the fasting state, supine decubitus, and deep inspiration as
      suitable and standard variables, the diameters were compared in 100 healthy
      subjects and 50 patients with portal hypertension. The upper normal limits of
      portal, splenic, and superior mesenteric vein diameters were reported as 16, 12,
      and 11 mm, respectively, and the dimensions above these values provided an
      overall sensitivity of 72%, an accuracy of 91%, and a specificity of 100% in
      diagnosing the patients with suspected portal hypertension.

PMID- 2404134
TI  - Ultrasound-guided transvaginal biopsy of malignant cystic pelvic mass.

PMID- 2404135
TI  - Endometriosis of the right fallopian tube mimicking appendicitis on sonography.

PMID- 2404136
TI  - Renal matrix calculus. Sonographic appearance.

PMID- 2404137
TI  - Quantification of neonatal cerebral ventricular volume by real-time
      ultrasonography. In vivo validation of the cylindrical coordinate method.
AB  - Posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation is a common clinical problem in preterm
      infants who have incurred an intraventricular hemorrhage. Presently there are no
      clinically applicable methods to follow quantitatively the progression of
      ventricular dilation at bedside. We describe the in vivo validation of a method
      to measure ventricular volume using bedside real-time cranial ultrasonography.
      Six infants undergoing either serial lumbar punctures or cerebral ventricular
      reservoir taps for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus were studied. The cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) volume removed ranged from 5.5 mL to 30 mL. A strong correlation was
      found (r2 = 0.84) between the volume of CSF removed by reservoir tap and the
      change in ventricular volume calculated by the ultrasound method, whereas the
      correlation between the volume of CSF removed at lumbar puncture and the change
      in ventricular volume calculated by the ultrasound method was not as strong (r2 =
      0.70). Limitations and sources of error in the method are discussed. We conclude
      that this procedure is accurate and offers a quantitative method to follow
      longitudinally posthemorrhagic progressive ventricular dilation.

PMID- 2404139
TI  - The human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific protein vpu is required for
      efficient virus maturation and release.
AB  - A deletion mutation affecting vpu was introduced into an infectious molecular
      clone of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and the resultant phenotype was
      examined after infection of human T lymphocytes. The absence of vpu resulted in
      an accumulation of cell-associated viral proteins and impaired the release of
      progeny virions. Both electron microscopic and biochemical analyses indicated
      that a large proportion of the mutant particles was attached to the surface of
      infected cells. Significant variation in the size and shape of these progeny
      virions was observed. In addition, intracytoplasmic particles, some of which
      formed aberrant budding structures, were visualized in T cells infected with the
      vpu mutant. Indirect immunofluorescence analyses of cultures inoculated with wild
      type virus with use of a vpu-specific antiserum demonstrated that vpu is mainly
      localized to a perinuclear region in the cytoplasm of virus-producing cells.

PMID- 2404138
TI  - Synthetic peptides define the fine specificity of the human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) gp160 humoral immune response in HIV type 1-infected chimpanzees.
AB  - The fine specificities of antibodies produced against human immunodeficiency
      virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp160 were examined in sera from 23 HIV-1-infected
      chimpanzees. These animals had been infected with one of six isolates of HIV-1.
      Sera were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for reactivity against
      seven synthetic peptides corresponding to regions of gp160. Chimpanzees appear to
      remain healthy after infection with HIV-1, suggesting that these animals may
      prevent extensive spread of the virus in vivo through immunologic mechanisms.
      Antibody specificity to gp160 epitopes may play a key role in the defense against
      HIV-1-related disease. Approximately one-half of all chimpanzee sera contained
      antibodies reactive with peptide 846-860, which corresponds to the carboxyl
      terminus of gp41. Less than 10% of sera from HIV-1-infected humans that were
      examined contained antibodies reactive with peptide 846-860, suggesting that this
      region is not highly immunogenic in humans. Of the human sera containing
      antibodies reactive with this peptide, all were from individuals classified as
      Walter Reed stages 1 to 3. No sera from humans with advanced stages of the
      disease contained antibodies reactive with peptide 846-860. Peptide 600-611,
      which reportedly reacts with nearly all sera from HIV-infected humans, was
      reactive with less than one-half of sera from HIV-1-infected chimpanzees. The
      observed differences in antibody reactivity to gp160 peptides in sera from HIV-1
      infected chimpanzees and humans suggest that each may generate antibodies against
      differing sets of HIV-1 epitopes. These differences may contribute to the lack of
      disease progression in chimpanzees after infection with HIV-1.

PMID- 2404140
TI  - Identification of sequences important in the nucleolar localization of human
      immunodeficiency virus Rev: relevance of nucleolar localization to function.
AB  - The human immunodeficiency virus rev gene product regulates the expression of
      viral structural genes. It was recently shown that Rev regulates the export of
      viral structural mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Analysis of Rev
      subcellular localization reveals marked accumulation in the nucleolus, suggesting
      a role for the nucleolus in this export process. We report here the
      identification of amino acid residues critical to the nucleolar localization of
      Rev. Consistent with this finding, a Rev/beta-galactosidase fusion protein,
      harboring this region of Rev, localized entirely within the nucleolus. Of most
      significance, mutations that eliminated nucleolar localization markedly
      diminished Rev function, even though accumulation in the nucleoplasm was
      retained. These findings support a model whereby Rev-induced export of human
      immunodeficiency virus structural mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is
      likely to involve nucleolar events.

PMID- 2404141
TI  - "Give us the tools...". The story of heparin--as told by sketches from the lives
      of William Howell, Jay McLean, Charles Best, and Gordon Murray.

PMID- 2404142
TI  - Venous duplex imaging: should it replace hemodynamic tests for deep venous
      thrombosis?
AB  - Noninvasive diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis has traditionally relied on
      detection of alterations in venous hemodynamics. Although phleborheography is
      among the most sensitive tests, it is inadequate for diagnosing infrapopliteal
      and nonocclusive proximal thrombi and for surveillance of patients at high risk
      for deep venous thrombosis. Venous duplex imaging is a new technique being
      rapidly accepted, however, without the same critical analysis given to previous
      diagnostic modalities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic
      acumen of venous duplex imaging compared to phleborheography and ascending
      phlebography in two distinct patient groups, and to determine whether patient
      selection, and thus the location or magnitude of thrombi have significant
      influence on these diagnostic tests. One hundred ten extremities in 103 patients
      were prospectively evaluated with venous duplex imaging, phleborheography, and
      ascending phlebography within the same 24-hour period. Patients were categorized
      into one of two groups: Diagnostic--patients evaluated because of clinical
      suspicion of acute deep venous thrombosis; and Surveillance--patients at high
      risk of postoperative deep venous thrombosis after total joint replacement, but
      not symptomatic. Patients in the diagnostic group had a greater frequency of deep
      venous thrombosis (p less than 0.001) and significantly more occluding above-knee
      thrombi (p = 0.054) compared to those in the surveillance group. Phleborheography
      detected 73% (27/37) of above-knee thrombi in the diagnostic group compared to
      29% (2/7) in the surveillance group (p = 0.036). This difference was not noted
      with venous duplex imaging, which detected 100% of above-knee thrombi in both
      diagnostic and surveillance groups and 78% (7/9) of all below-knee
      thrombi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404143
TI  - Clinical significance of free-floating venous thrombi.
AB  - To evaluate the fate of free-floating venous thrombi, venous duplex scans of 5238
      consecutive lower extremities over a 2 1/2 year period were reviewed. Acute deep
      venous thrombosis was found in 732 cases. Eighty-two free-floating deep venous
      thrombi were diagnosed in 73 of these patients. Nine of 72 patients (13%) had
      pulmonary emboli as diagnosed by ventilation perfusion scanning or pulmonary
      angiography or both. Seven of these patients (78%) had a pulmonary embolus before
      the initial duplex scan. Two (22%) had a pulmonary embolus after the diagnosis of
      free-floating thrombus. Thirty-three of 73 patients (45%) had follow-up of free
      floating thrombi by duplex scanning performed in the acute period (less than 30
      days): 18 (55%) showed attachment of the free-floating thrombus, three (9%)
      showed progression in size of the free-floating tail, and eight (24%) showed
      decrease in size or resolution of the free-floating thrombus. Four (12%) showed
      persistent thrombus without evidence of resolution, propagation, or attachment.
      In conclusion, free-floating venous thrombi occurred in 10% of cases of acute
      deep venous thrombosis. Only 13% of free-floating thrombi were associated with
      clinically significant pulmonary emboli, confirmed by ventilation perfusion
      scanning. Usually the embolus occurred before diagnosis of free-floating
      thrombus. Most free-floating thrombi followed noninvasively by duplex scanning do
      not embolize, but rather they become attached to the vein wall or resolve.

PMID- 2404144
TI  - From the National Institutes of Health.

PMID- 2404145
TI  - Postural change and volume expansion affect plasma endothelin levels.

PMID- 2404146
TI  - Appendicular bone density and age predict hip fracture in women. The Study of
      Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group.
AB  - To determine whether measurement of bone density predicts hip fracture in women,
      we prospectively studied 9703 nonblack women aged 65 years and older who had
      measurements of bone mineral density using single-photon absorptiometry in the
      calcaneus, distal radius, and proximal radius. During an average of 1.6 years of
      follow-up, 53 hip fractures occurred. The risk of hip fracture was inversely
      related to bone density at all three measurement sites. After adjusting for age,
      the relative risk of hip fracture was 1.66 for a decrease of 1 SD in the bone
      density at the calcaneus (95% confidence interval, 1.22 to 2.26), 1.55 (95%
      confidence interval, 1.13 to 2.11) at the distal radius, and 1.41 (95% confidence
      interval, 1.06 to 1.88) at the proximal radius. None of the three measurements
      was a significantly better predictor of hip fracture than the others. After
      adjusting for bone mineral density, the risk of hip fracture doubled for each 10
      year increase in age (relative risk, 2.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.31 to
      3.33). We conclude that decreased bone density in the appendicular skeleton is
      associated with an increased risk of hip fracture, but this accounts for only
      part of the age-related increase in risk of hip fracture among older women.

PMID- 2404147
TI  - Does inappropriate use explain small-area variations in the use of health care
      services?
AB  - We studied the relationship of the appropriateness of the use of coronary
      angiography, carotid endarterectomy, and upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy
      to their rates of use in 23 adjacent counties in one state. We measured
      appropriateness by means of a detailed review of the medical records of Medicare
      beneficiaries who had the procedures performed in 1981, using present criteria
      derived by an expert panel. Use rates per 10,000 Medicare enrollees in a county
      varied from 13 to 158 for coronary angiography, 5 to 41 for carotid
      endarterectomy, and 42 to 164 for upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy.
      Inappropriate use varied by county from 8% to 75% for coronary angiography, from
      0% to 67% for carotid endarterectomy, and from 0% to 25% for endoscopy. For
      coronary angiography, inappropriate use accounted for 28% of the variance in the
      county rate. For the other two procedures, no significant correlations were found
      between inappropriateness of use and rate of use. We conclude that little of the
      variation in the rates of use of these procedures can be explained by
      inappropriate use.

PMID- 2404148
TI  - A gifted teacher and storyteller writes about his medical adventures.

PMID- 2404149
TI  - Adolescent pregnancy prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary.

PMID- 2404150
TI  - The quality of life of hemodialysis recipients treated with recombinant human
      erythropoietin. Cooperative Multicenter EPO Clinical Trial Group.
AB  - Initial clinical trials with recombinant human erythropoietin provided evidence
      of a quality-of-life benefit for patients with anemic end-stage renal disease who
      received maintenance hemodialysis. As part of a phase III clinical trial of
      recombinant human erythropoietin, the quality of life of patients was
      systematically assessed. More than 300 patients at nine dialysis centers were
      evaluated. A statistically significant improvement was established between
      baseline and second follow-up on most objective and subjective quality-of-life
      parameters, including energy and activity level, functional ability, sleep and
      eating behavior, disease symptoms, health status, satisfaction with health, sex
      life, well-being, psychological affect, life satisfaction, and happiness. No
      change was observed in ability to work or employment status. We conclude that, in
      addition to substantial improvement in hematologic parameters, recombinant human
      erythropoietin greatly enhances the quality of life of anemic patients who
      receive maintenance hemodialysis.

PMID- 2404151
TI  - Withdrawing payment for nonscientific drug therapy. Intended and unexpected
      effects of a large-scale natural experiment.
AB  - Little is known about the effect on clinical decision making of nonreimbursement
      for ineffective medical technologies. Using a time-series design, we studied the
      effects of cessation of government payment for 12 categories of drugs of
      questionable efficacy (Drug Efficacy Study Implementation drugs) in a random
      sample of the New Jersey Medicaid population (N=390 465) and in four cohorts of
      regular users of these products. We measured changes in the overall levels of
      prescriptions, expenditures, and physicians' use of substitute drugs. Although
      withdrawn drugs accounted for 7% of prescriptions in the base year, there was no
      measurable reduction in overall drug use or expenditures after the regulation;
      prescription rates actually rose from 0.86 to 1.00 monthly prescriptions per
      enrollee throughout the 42-month study. Controlling for preexisting trends, an
      estimated drop in the use of study drugs of 21.7 prescriptions per 1000 enrollees
      per month was offset by an increase in the use of substitute drugs of 33.7
      prescriptions. Both desirable and unimproved therapeutic substitutions were
      observed. Used alone, curtailment of reimbursement for marginally effective
      therapies results in both desirable and unintended clinical substitutions and may
      not reduce costs. Supplementing such restrictions with education may be necessary
      to promote practices that are more therapeutically and economically appropriate.

PMID- 2404152
TI  - The flowering of plastic surgery.

PMID- 2404153
TI  - Ultrastructure of human basophil leukocytes studied after spray freezing and
      freeze-substitution.
AB  - Normal human blood cells were prepared for transmission electron microscopy by
      spray freezing, freeze-substitution and embedment in Araldite. Spray freezing was
      found to damage many cells. Nevertheless, the method developed preserved some
      leukocytes well and spray frozen, freeze-substituted human basophils showed
      interesting differences from conventionally prepared cells. Surface vesicles and
      tubulovesicular structures, extragranular myelin figures, and membranous
      projections on putative thin membrane-bounded granules were all absent.
      Preservation of the basophilic granules was clearly improved and their membranes
      were usually intact. The bulk content of these granules did not look particulate,
      but showed a very fine texture. Intragranular myelin figure material was well
      preserved and often enclosed striking lucent areas. Charcot-Leyden crystals were
      clearly seen in basophils from some donors, always in well preserved granules. A
      fourth type of material, not seen in conventionally prepared human basophils, was
      also often observed in the granules. Large lucent vacuoles could be regularly
      distinguished from basophilic granules. The granules with partly concave
      outlines, seen in conventionally prepared human basophils to be associated with
      ill-defined lucent areas and irregularity or projections of the membrane, were
      absent. In freeze-substituted cells, images suggesting fusion of basophilic
      granules with each other were seen quite frequently. It is concluded that, while
      the techniques needed to be improved, rapid freezing and freeze-substitution
      afford a better understanding of the ultrastructure of human basophil leukocytes.

PMID- 2404154
TI  - Establishment of a murine thymic epithelial cell line capable of inducing both
      thymic nurse cell formation and thymocyte apoptosis.
AB  - A thymic epithelial cell (TEC) line (B/c. TEC-L1) was established from a normal
      thymus of a 4-week BALB/c mouse. The B/c. TEC-L1 had an epithelial morphology
      showing a contact-inhibited cobblestone-like arrangement with occasional
      desmosome-like structures at the adjacent cellular membranes. B/c.TEC-L1 cells
      showed positive staining for desmosomal glycoprotein, cytokeratin, thymosin alpha
      1 beta 3, and I-Ad, and MHC class I antigens. The doubling time was 24 hours, and
      the chromosome number ranged from 52 to 78 with the mode of 70. Coculture of
      B/c.TEC-L1 cells with syngeneic, peanut agglutinin-agglutinated (PNA+) thymocytes
      in suspension at 37 degree C was followed by the formation of TEC thymocyte
      rosettes, after which the reconstitution of thymic nurse cells ensued. At 4
      degrees C, PNA+ thymocytes bound to the B/c.TEC-L1 cell but did not form thymic
      nurse cells. PNA- thymocytes, although to a lesser degree than PNA+ cells, bound
      to the TECs at 37 degrees C, but at 4 degrees C few cells bound to the TECs.
      Allogeneic thymocytes also bound to the TECs at 37 degrees C. When the PNA+
      thymocytes were cultured on the B/c.TEC-L1 monolayer, the small ones chiefly
      adhered on the surface of the TECs, while underneath the TECs the relatively
      large thymocytes (including cells in mitosis) predominated. Although the PNA-
      thymocytes bound to the surface of the monolayer within a few hours after
      coculture, by 24 hours nearly all cells disappeared. It is presumed that the
      thymocytes creeping underneath the B/c.TEC-L1 monolayer and those enveloped
      within the thymic nurse cell reconstituted in the suspension culture; both may be
      placed in circumstances analogous to the thymic microenvironment, wherein
      immature thymocytes appear to contact TECs directly and to be exposed to higher
      concentrations of thymic hormones and other soluble factors. Additionally, cell
      death in the PNA+ thymocytes was also observed in the coculture with B/c.TEC-L1
      cells. The PNA+ cells revealed the morphological changes termed "apoptosis"
      characterized by chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation.

PMID- 2404155
TI  - New insights into "the riddle of the mast cells": microenvironmental regulation
      of mast cell development and phenotypic heterogeneity.

PMID- 2404156
TI  - Contribution to the theoretical study of the Doppler half-time method for the
      measurement of the cross-sectional area of the mitral valve.
AB  - The acceleration term is included in the expression of the Bernoulli equation and
      an application of this formalism to the study of the Doppler measured mitral flow
      velocity is discussed. Based on calculation of the time-to-time variation of the
      parameters involved, a possible theoretical explanation of the pressure half-time
      method for the measurement of the cross-sectional area of the mitral valve is
      given.

PMID- 2404157
TI  - Electromagnetic therapy.

PMID- 2404158
TI  - Immunogenic potential of carpal implants.
AB  - This study investigated whether a cellular or a humoral-mediated immunologic
      response to silicone carpal prostheses could be detected in animals previously
      sensitized to silicone. Silicone carpal prostheses were emulsified in Freund's
      complete adjuvant (FCA). This emulsion was injected into guinea pigs weekly for 6
      weeks. Controls received only FCA. Four weeks later a carpal prosthesis was
      implanted. Histology showed the implanted prosthesis encapsulated by fibrous
      tissue in sensitized animals, with a mononuclear infiltrate within the fibrous
      periprosthetic capsule consistent with a cellular immune response. Skin testing
      of the sensitized animals showed a true correlate response to the silicone
      antigen challenge, whereas no response was observed in the control group. The
      passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in sensitized animals was positive,
      emphasizing that the antigen-antibody response was passively transferred. Tissue
      adjacent to the silicone implant in sensitized animals revealed an IgG deposition
      around the silicone particles by the fluorescent antibody technique. Control
      animals showed none of these reactions. These results indicate that
      microparticulate matter from carpal implants can possibly initiate both a
      cellular immunologic response and the production of a circulating antibody.

PMID- 2404159
TI  - Malignant struma ovarii: report of two cases and selected review of the
      literature.
AB  - Malignant struma ovarii is an extremely rare tumor. Two new cases are described
      and current perspectives provided. Both cases are examples of the mixed form of
      the disease, and both were treated by surgery alone. One patient underwent total
      hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooophorectomy; the other had unilateral
      salpingo-oophorectomy. Both patients remained free of recurrent disease at 20 and
      33 months from diagnosis. The controversies relating to therapy and diagnosis are
      discussed in detail.

PMID- 2404160
TI  - MC-38 adenocarcinoma tumor infiltrating lymphocytes: correlation of cytotoxicity
      with time of tumor harvest after tumor inoculation.
AB  - Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are capable of mediating significant tumor
      regressions in vitro and in vivo in animal systems. In humans, however, many TIL
      cell lines are not cytotoxic in vitro, and clinical trials thus far have been
      less than encouraging. We attempted to correlate TIL cytotoxicity with time of
      tumor harvest and TIL cell surface antigenic expression. TILs harvested from
      early MC-38 adenocarcinoma tumors (days 9 and 20 post-tumor implantation),
      demonstrated significantly higher cytotoxicity against a variety of tumor targets
      compared to older TILs (days 31 and 37). The younger TILs had a higher expression
      of the Lyt-1 (Helper T cells), asialo GM1 (NK and T cells), and 49H.8 (NK cells)
      antigens. Comparison with the MCA-102 sarcoma, a tumor that does not lead to
      cytotoxic TILs, revealed a low expression of the Lyt-1 antigen on their cell
      surface. We conclude that TILs cytotoxicity is time-dependent and may be
      dependent on the presence of Lyt-1+ cells in the overall TIL population of cells.

PMID- 2404161
TI  - 5q- anomaly in lymphoid disorders.
AB  - Observations made in two patients and a review of the literature confirm the
      occurrence of a 5q- chromosome anomaly in lymphoproliferative disorders of both T
      and B cell type. Additional chromosome changes were invariably present and are of
      the "lymphoid" type. The chromosome morphology of the 5q- is indistinguishable
      from that found in myeloid disorders.

PMID- 2404162
TI  - Endogenous interleukin-1 can regulate the autonomous growth of the blast cells of
      acute myeloblastic leukemia by inducing autocrine secretion of GM-CSF.
AB  - We have studied peripheral blood blast cells from a patient with acute
      myeloblastic leukemia (AML) whose cells proliferated autonomously at high cell
      density, but only in the presence of adherent cells. At low cell density in
      suspension culture and in a clonogenic assay, blast cell growth was stimulated by
      recombinant granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and
      recombinant interleukin-1 (IL-1) independently. The response to rIL-1 was
      inhibited (less than 90%) by anti-GM-CSF, suggesting that the proliferative
      response to IL-1 was mediated by GM-CSF. This was supported by experiments which
      demonstrated that blast cell conditioned medium prepared in the presence of IL-1
      contained GM-CSF activity which stimulated the growth of normal granulocyte
      macrophage precursors (CFU-GM) and of homologous GM-CSF responsive AML blasts. As
      IL-1 but no GM-CSF activity was detected in BCCM prepared without exogenous IL-1
      and a neutralizing antibody to IL-1 inhibited the autonomous growth of blasts in
      suspension culture, we conclude that the endogenous secretion of IL-1 by leukemic
      cells stimulated autocrine GM-CSF secretion, inducing autonomous growth of the
      blast cell population.

PMID- 2404163
TI  - Clinical and biological heterogeneity of childhood B cell acute lymphocytic
      leukemia: implications for clinical trials.
AB  - Thirty-two children or adolescents had B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
      diagnosed by demonstration of surface immunoglobulin expression on greater than
      10% of their bone marrow blasts. All patients had greater than 25% bone marrow
      lymphoblasts. Only five of 32 patients (16%) presented with an abdominal mass;
      however, 24 cases (75%) had FAB L3 morphology. By comparison with findings in
      common ALL, these 32 children were older (median age, 8 years) and had a higher
      incidence of central nervous system disease at presentation (22%); all but one
      were white, and 24 were males. Blast cells from individual cases expressed mu
      kappa (n = 13), mu lambda (n = 9), gamma kappa (n = 1), alpha kappa (n = 1), or
      mu with an undetermined light chain (n = 8). The most frequently identified
      cytogenetic abnormality was the classic B cell-associated t(8;14)(q23;q24) (n =
      4); the t(1;19)(q23;p13.3), t(9;22)(q23;q11), and t(1;22) were observed in single
      cases. Twenty patients were treated uniformly on a single protocol designed for
      children with advanced B cell malignancy; therapy for the other 12 children
      varied. Nine children (28%) are surviving event-free; all but one for 3 years or
      more. We conclude that approximately 25% of children with B cell ALL are curable
      with intensive multiagent chemotherapy and that classification by
      immunophenotyping is superior to use of clinical and/or lymphoblast morphologic
      features.

PMID- 2404164
TI  - Jacques Monod--molecular biologist.

PMID- 2404165
TI  - A prospective study of airway reactivity before bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - The purposes of this study were to assess baseline airway function and to
      determine the frequency of airway reactivity in patients before bone marrow
      transplantation (BMT). The ratio of the forced expiratory volume at 1 second to
      the forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) was the measure of baseline airflow. Using
      methacholine challenge, we tested 53 patients before conditioning chemotherapy,
      total-body irradiation, and BMT. All patients had a baseline FEV1/FVC of 70% or
      more. The mean baseline FEV1/FVC was 84(+)/- 6%. The response to methacholine
      challenge was defined by the change in FEV1 from baseline (delta FEV1). A
      positive response (delta FEV1 of 20% or more) occurred in 11 of 53 patients
      (21%), a borderline response of (delta FV1 of less than 20% but greater than or
      equal to 10%) was was found in 10 (19%), and no response (Delta FEV1 of less than
      10%) was elicited in 32 (60%). In our group of patients with a positive or
      borderline response to methacholine, we found no significant relationship to
      baseline FEV1/FVC, smoking history, hematologic diagnosis or study, or major post
      BMT pulmonary complications including bronchiolitis obliterans. We concluded that
      pretransplantation airway reactivity, as measured by methacholine challenge and
      in the setting of normal baseline FEV1/FVC, was common before BMT. The presence
      of a borderline or positive response to methacholine challenge before
      transplantation was not associated with the development of either clinical or
      pathologically proven posttransplantation bronchiolitis obliterans.

PMID- 2404166
TI  - Imaging of the breast: techniques and results.
AB  - Procedures for imaging of the breast have increased in number substantially in
      the past 30 years. Mammography, currently the most important breast imaging
      technique, was introduced at the Mayo Clinic in 1961. In 1988, more than 36,000
      mammographic procedures were done. Breast ultrasonography is also a valuable
      examination, particularly for determining whether mass lesions are cystic or
      solid. The use of mammography for screening is increasing. Screening mammography
      allows the detection of breast cancer before it is palpable and while it is still
      in a stage known as minimal breast cancer. Lesions metastatic to axillary lymph
      nodes are less common in women with nonpalpable breast cancers than in women with
      palpable lesions. Nondiagnostic mammography should not delay the biopsy of a mass
      that is suspicious on physical examination. A special breast imaging center for
      performance of screening studies and evaluation of breast problems has been
      established at the Mayo Clinic.

PMID- 2404167
TI  - Primary aldosteronism: diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - The syndrome of primary aldosteronism produces few signs or symptoms. The
      diagnosis should be suspected when either spontaneous hypokalemia or easily
      provoked hypokalemia is found in a patient with hypertension. Hypokalemia in
      association with inappropriate kaliuresis, low plasma renin activity, and a high
      plasma aldosterone concentration/plasma renin activity ratio are the findings on
      initial screening tests that should suggest primary aldosteronism. The diagnosis
      must be confirmed by demonstrating nonsuppressible aldosterone excretion in
      conjunction with normal cortisol excretion. The choice of therapy is based on
      distinguishing unilateral from bilateral adrenal disease. With a unilateral
      adrenal adenoma, surgical removal reverses the hypokalemia and frequently cures
      the hypertension. In most patients with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia who are
      treated surgically, however, hypertension persists; thus, the initial treatment
      in these patients should be pharmacologic.

PMID- 2404168
TI  - Access to office-based physicians under capitation reimbursement and Medicaid
      case management. Findings from the Children's Medicaid Program.
AB  - This study reports the effects of a voluntary Medicaid case-management
      demonstration on the primary care provided to young children by office-based
      physicians. The MDs who participated were reimbursed at rates higher than the
      regular Medicaid fee schedule, either through augmented fees for specific
      services or through monthly capitation payments. Using the Medicaid Management
      Information System (MMIS) claims data, we compared the rates at which children in
      the experimental program and children in the regular Medicaid program were seen
      by a physician during a one-year period. The majority of experimental children
      received regular and frequent care from primary care physicians during the
      demonstration. After controlling for race and prior utilization differences, we
      found that augmented fee-for-service children received more primary care from
      office-based physicians than children in the regular Medicaid program. Capitation
      children received at least the same amount of primary care as children in the
      regular Medicaid program. We interpret our data to mean that capitation payment,
      untied to the delivery of services, does not necessarily reduce access to primary
      care and that higher fees for physicians who treat children may, in fact,
      increase access.

PMID- 2404169
TI  - Learning by doing in CABG surgery.
AB  - This study provides empiric confirmation of the widely held belief that coronary
      artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery has become quicker over time as clinical and
      organizational improvements diffuse across hospitals. Based on a two-stage
      cluster sample of 74 hospitals performing CABG surgery in 1984, data on skin-to
      skin procedure and pump times were analyzed for 2,784 Medicare-eligible cases
      over the 1972-84 period. Using multivariate regression analysis to adjust for
      patient characteristics and number of grafts, we found that CABG skin-to-skin
      times fell an average of 36.5% during the first 12 years of hospital experience
      while cardiopulmonary pump times fell 28.2%. Rates of decline averaged 4.5-5.4%
      annually initially, but tapered off to 1.5% by the twelfth year of experience.
      Extrapolating over a 20-year period, gains in skin-to-skin times are projected to
      reach 42%, resulting in nearly a halving of surgical times. Our findings have
      implications both for physician reimbursement and patient outcomes. Medicare CABG
      prevailing fees do not reflect these gains in efficiency and could be reduced
      substantially. Alternatively, efficient, high-volume hospitals could be
      identified for inclusion in a Medicare "CABG PPO" so that society might share in
      the productivity gains. Finally, recent research showing better outcomes in high
      volume institutions may be partially explained by their shorter procedure times,
      which should reduce operative complications.

PMID- 2404170
TI  - Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Epidemiologic studies of inflammatory bowel disease indicate that these disorders
      occur in susceptible individuals, possibly due to genetic abnormalities,
      resulting in disturbance of bowel wall function. Environmental factor(s) exerting
      a primary effect at an early age, in most patients, cause the disease to manifest
      usually in teenagers or young adults. Secondary environmental factors may alter
      disease expression, severity, or influence relapse. Studies in identical twins
      provide the best evidence for the role of genetic factors in the cause of Crohn's
      disease. Changing trends in disease incidence (seen in many countries) provide
      strong support for environmental factors as playing a major influence in disease
      expression. We now require further laboratory and epidemiologic studies in family
      members at risk of disease, in migrants who move from low incidence areas to high
      incidence areas, and in area where Crohn's disease particularly is starting to
      appear. The clinician can play an important role by performing careful
      observations in patients with a view to uncovering new clues to disease etiology.

PMID- 2404171
TI  - Genetic aspects of inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - There is ample evidence in the literature that both Crohn's disease and
      ulcerative colitis are at least partly caused by genetic factors. For the future,
      it is important to locate markers that can separate patients from healthy
      individuals. The relative importance of these markers in the etiology can then be
      investigated by using statistical methods such as segregation analysis.

PMID- 2404172
TI  - Newer pharmacologic agents for the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Topical 5-ASA Agents. Observations that 5-ASA may be the clinically active
      component of sulfasalazine have stimulated extensive pharmaceutical efforts to
      develop a new class of agents for the treatment of the inflammatory bowel
      diseases. Both oral and rectal forms of 5-ASA have been designed, tested, and
      released for use in Europe and Canada. Only one rectal 5-ASA formulation is now
      commercially available in the United States. Studies with topical 5-ASA have
      demonstrated that this formulation is safe and effective for distal colitis, even
      in patients with disease refractory to standard therapy. Adverse effects of
      topical 5-ASA are minimal. However, optimal treatment doses have not been
      defined, relapse is common after withdrawal of therapy, and issues regarding
      maintenance regimens are not yet resolved. Other disadvantages include the
      expense and inconvenience of enema therapy. However, rectally administered 5-ASA
      is an appropriate initial therapy for the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis,
      or as a therapeutic option for refractory distal colitis. Data are insufficient
      to make recommendations regarding the use of topical 5-ASA in Crohn's disease.
      Whether this class of agents will be of benefit for Crohn's proctitis or for
      perineal disease must await further clinical trials. Oral 5-ASA Agents. There
      appears to be a well-substantiated benefit equivalent to that of sulfasalazine
      achieved by the new oral formulations of 5-ASA when used for the treatment of
      acute mild to moderate ulcerative colitis, and as maintenance treatment of
      ulcerative colitis in remission. Adverse reactions to these agents are uncommon,
      usually mild, and infrequently require withdrawal of therapy. The major problem
      reported with these agents is watery diarrhea, most commonly associated with
      olsalazine, but the practical importance of this adverse effect is disputed. Rare
      occurrences of reversible pericarditis and acute pancreatitis have been
      encountered during clinical application of these agents. As more experience is
      obtained, these agents may become the initial therapy of choice for the treatment
      of mild to moderate ulcerative colitis and for maintenance in inactive disease.
      Currently available data have defined a role for these agents as an important
      alternative for the treatment of patients intolerant or allergic to
      sulfasalazine. As with sulfasalazine, these agents should not be used as the sole
      treatment for severely active ulcerative colitis. Many unanswered questions
      remain regarding therapy with these agents for ulcerative colitis. Still
      undefined are optimal drug dosages, appropriate dosing intervals, and the
      necessary duration of therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2404173
TI  - Surgical alternatives for ulcerative colitis.
AB  - There is no medical cure of ulcerative colitis except for the removal of the
      entire large intestine, or at least its mucosa. It is unknown as to what
      percentage of patients with ulcerative colitis present for surgical correction,
      and the potential for surgery in turn usually is related to the extent of large
      intestine involved. This article explores new alternatives that are available so
      that proctocolectomy and ileostomy are no longer the sole option for patients
      with ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2404174
TI  - Conservative surgery for Crohn's disease of the small bowel: the role of
      strictureplasty.
AB  - For the obstructed high-risk Crohn's disease patient, there is increasing
      evidence that timely surgery of a conservative nature can be performed with good
      effect. This article deals with the author's views, experience, and bias relating
      to the procedure of strictureplasty--the "emerging" conservative operation for
      the high-risk Crohn's patient with chronic bowel obstruction.

PMID- 2404175
TI  - The problem of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease.
AB  - Most patients with Crohn's disease eventually require an operation and the
      overwhelming majority will ultimately experience a postoperative recurrence at
      the anastomotic site. Endoscopic lesions can be seen at the anastomosis in 85 per
      cent of patients by 3 years after surgery. While only 40 to 50 per cent of
      postoperative patients will ever undergo a second operation, clinical
      manifestations of recurrent disease develop at a cumulative rate of about 10 per
      cent per year. Postoperative recurrences of Crohn's disease are well recognized
      even after total proctocolectomy and ileostomy, but rates are higher following
      reanastomotic procedures. Evidence accumulated from published observations over
      the past 20 years, reinforced by new data from The Mount Sinai Hospital, suggests
      that Crohn's disease may follow at least two different patterns: "aggressive"
      disease characterized primarily by fistulae and abscesses, early requirement for
      surgery, and relatively rapid fistulizing-type recurrence; versus "indolent"
      disease characterized mostly by fibrotic stenosis and strictures, late
      requirement for surgery, and relatively slower obstructive-type recurrence.
      Pathophysiologic investigations and clinical trials alike should take into
      account this duality of clinical patterns. Regardless of the patterns of
      recurrence, however, surgery performed for proper indications is almost
      invariably rehabilitating for people disabled by the ravages and complications of
      Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2404177
TI  - Prognosis in ulcerative colitis.
AB  - In unselected patient populations with ulcerative colitis the overall prognosis
      is good and has improved over the years. There is still an appreciable excess
      mortality, however, particularly during the first years after diagnosis and it
      tends to increase with duration of disease. Patients with severe attacks, total
      colitis, and high age at diagnosis are particularly at risk. The disease runs an
      inactive or intermittent course in the majority of patients, although up to one
      fifth of the patients have a progress of the original extent of the colitis.
      Worldwide, there has been a time trend of decreased mortality possibly affecting
      younger patients in particular. Complications of the acute attack with or without
      surgery, liver disease, and colon cancer account for the major part of the
      colitis-related deaths whereas the mortality pattern in other respects does not
      differ significantly from that of the general population. The colon cancer
      incidence seems lower than previously reported but still accounts for
      approximately one tenth of all deaths. If this figure can be improved with cancer
      surveillance and prophylactic colectomy seems probable but remains to be shown.
      Pregnancy, if planned, should be encouraged when the patient is in remission
      although the disease or its standard treatment does not seem to dangerously
      affect the patient, fetus, or the newborn infant. Surgical and medical treatment
      probably accounts for most of the improvement in prognosis seen over the years.
      The postoperative mortality has been reduced, especially in series where new
      surgical procedures have been used. A high frequency of major postoperative
      complications still remains a challenge for improvement. The medical intensive
      treatment of the acute attack has contributed to the improved prognosis. If
      compliance is good, the sulfasalazine prophylaxis may be one of the explanations
      to the change into a milder disease pattern that has been observed recently.
      Finally, and most important, a majority of patients sustain a normal life with
      full working capacity. Those who have surgery adapt well, particularly when a
      continence-saving procedure is used. The sexual function follows the improvement
      although the patient's need for support and counseling should not be
      underestimated.

PMID- 2404176
TI  - Considerations of surveillance, dysplasia, and carcinoma of the colon in the
      management of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
AB  - Patients with ulcerative colitis are at greater risk of developing carcinoma of
      the colon than the general population even if the exact risk cannot be
      determined. Thus, an effort must be made to find the carcinoma at its inception
      or better still before it occurs. Dysplasia serves as a premalignant marker in
      some cases, and a surveillance program serves to find either dysplasia or the
      carcinoma. Until more specific premalignant changes are identified, endoscopic
      surveillance with multiple biopsies offers the best protection for the patient
      with longstanding ulcerative colitis against carcinoma. There is now sufficient
      evidence that this also pertains to Crohn's disease of the colon.

PMID- 2404178
TI  - Inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome.
AB  - The irritable bowel syndrome accounts for 30 to 50 per cent of patients cared for
      by gastroenterology practices. Irritable bowel syndrome is more common than
      inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, it should not be surprising that some
      patients with inflammatory bowel disease are initially told that they have
      irritable bowel syndrome before a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease is
      firmly established. This article contends that many people have both irritable
      bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2404179
TI  - Infectious causes of diarrhea in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel
      disease.
AB  - The infectious causes of enteritis and colitis are numerous. However, the actual
      clinical differential diagnosis with either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease
      is usually not a significant problem, except, of course, in two circumstances:
      (1) acute onset of diarrhea with or without rectal bleeding, and (2) patients who
      have AIDS, are immunocompromised, or are male homosexuals. However, if one bears
      in mind that rectal bleeding and mucosal abnormalities which are diffuse and
      uniform are the hallmark of ulcerative colitis, that Crohn's disease has perianal
      and external manifestations as its significant clinical hallmark, and both
      diseases tend to be chronic and recurrent, the clinical distinction can usually
      be made. However, it is important to recognize that there is an increasing
      awareness of intestinal infections, partly as a result of study of male
      homosexuals or patients with AIDS, as well as increased recognition of other
      infectious causes of diarrhea, including traveler's diarrhea, that associated
      with C. difficile, and that found with infection due to Campylobacter. As is
      usually the case in clinical medicine, however, careful and accurate history,
      attention to detail on physical and sigmoidoscopic examination, and laboratory
      (usually stool culture) data will lead to the appropriate diagnosis.

PMID- 2404180
TI  - Extraintestinal and systemic manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Extraintestinal and systemic manifestations occur commonly in patients with
      inflammatory bowel disease, specifically ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease,
      and affect most all organ systems of the body. The occurrence of such widespread
      manifestations strongly suggests that these disorders are systemic in nature and
      may have a common mechanism. Extraintestinal manifestations may be incidental
      findings that cause no symptoms, but more commonly complicate the management of
      the underlying inflammatory bowel disease, being a source of considerable
      morbidity and mortality. Some extraintestinal manifestations not only correlate
      with a specific disease state but also with the location, extent, and degree of
      activity and disease. Most extraintestinal manifestations found in patients with
      inflammatory bowel disease involving the small intestine appear to correlate with
      some underlying pathophysiologic mechanism.

PMID- 2404181
TI  - Endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease: indications and differential diagnosis.
AB  - Colonoscopy with multiple biopsies adds a considerable amount of information to
      the overall clinical approach to the patient with inflammatory bowel disease.
      Because colonoscopy is an invasive procedure requiring a vigorous bowel clean
      out, it is not a first-line investigative procedure for patients with
      inflammatory bowel disease. However, in certain indicated circumstances,
      colonoscopy can assist greatly in the management and diagnosis of patients with
      inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2404182
TI  - Inflammatory bowel disease in Japan: studies of epidemiology and
      etiopathogenesis.
AB  - The epidemiologic features of inflammatory bowel disease in Japan are somewhat
      different from the western features. Many immunologic abnormalities are observed,
      but without primary evidence for etiology. There are some differences regarding
      epidemiologic and immunologic aspects between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's
      disease. Bacteriovirological studies have not shown specific pathogens, but
      suggest that the enteric bacteria flora is significantly involved in the
      pathogenesis.

PMID- 2404183
TI  - Evolution of the concept of proctosigmoiditis: clinical observation.
AB  - Proctosigmoiditis, or distal colon ulcerative colitis, has been recognized as a
      clinical entity for over 50 years and considerable information has emerged from
      the study of the clinical course of patients with distal colon ulcerative colitis
      who are followed for a period of years. For most patients the condition is
      benign, although periods of exacerbation can occur between remissions,
      characterized by rectal bleeding. However, extension of the disease, development
      of cancer, and the requirement of surgery are all relatively unusual. It has
      recently been recognized that there are many other causes of proctitis than the
      idiopathic form, and this has raised important questions in differential
      diagnosis, particularly in the proctitis occurring in homosexual males.
      Proctitis, proctosigmoiditis, and distal colon ulceratice colitis and not Crohn's
      disease; conversely perianal fistulae and abscesses are rare in distal colon
      ulcerative colitis. Treatment with various forms of topical agents has often been
      satisfactory.

PMID- 2404184
TI  - Omeprazole: the first proton pump inhibitor.

PMID- 2404185
TI  - Production of pteridines during hematopoiesis and T-lymphocyte proliferation:
      potential participation in the control of cytokine signal transmission.

PMID- 2404186
TI  - Advances in understanding the irritable bowel syndrome.

PMID- 2404187
TI  - Managing breast cancer--then, now and the future.

PMID- 2404188
TI  - A rapid whole-blood immunoassay system.
AB  - A new immunoassay system has been developed which allows the detection of
      circulating antigens, antibodies or drugs in whole blood without specialized
      personnel or equipment. This is achieved by the use of bispecific reagents, which
      comprise specific antibodies or antigens that are coupled to a non-agglutinating
      antierythrocyte antibody. Within two minutes, these reagents cause specific
      agglutination of a patient's own red cells in samples that contain the relevant
      analyte. Levels of low molecular weight haptens also can be measured by the use
      of an indirect, agglutination-inhibition assay. This simple immunoassay method
      would fulfil the needs of many physicians and Third-World countries and also has
      mass-screening and veterinary applications.

PMID- 2404189
TI  - The medical complications of drug abuse.
AB  - There is a vast array of abused drugs, and only a few of the more commonly used
      substances have been discussed. Patients with drug abuse frequently present with
      atypical syndromes and diseases. These individuals usually have less social,
      medical and economic support, making them more susceptible to the diseases that
      are associated with poverty, such as tuberculosis, and the complications of
      diseases such as hypertension, congestive heart disease and diabetes that require
      long-term care. Our strategy in the evaluation of these patients should consider
      all these aspects of medicine. A meticulous assessment and comprehensive care are
      necessary to render quality care for these complicated human and toxicological
      problems.

PMID- 2404190
TI  - Hemodynamic induction of atherosclerosis. Localization, morphology and
      biochemistry.

PMID- 2404191
TI  - Variability of geometry, hemodynamics and intimal response of human arteries.

PMID- 2404192
TI  - Vascular endothelial responses to shear stress.

PMID- 2404193
TI  - Granulocyte activation and capillary obstruction.

PMID- 2404194
TI  - Rheological properties and blood flow behavior in tube flow and vascular
      networks.
AB  - Improvement of hemorheological methodology in recent years has led to increased
      knowledge about rheological properties of blood. By contrast, however, the
      concepts underlying interpretation of rheological behavior in the cardiovascular
      system are less well developed. Recent rheological measurements during blood flow
      in small tubes show that predictions of microcirculatory hemodynamics on the
      basis of viscometric measurements remain uncertain. The rheological consequence
      of cell sedimentation as well as flow fractionation effects at microvessel
      bifurcations need to be taken into account.

PMID- 2404195
TI  - Rheological behavior of human PMN studied by micropipette aspiration and by
      micropore filtration.

PMID- 2404196
TI  - Biochemical changes in membrane related to rheological properties of diabetic
      erythrocytes.

PMID- 2404197
TI  - Introduction to numerical simulation of blood flow in large arteries.

PMID- 2404198
TI  - Development of mechanical heart valves.

PMID- 2404199
TI  - Multi-purpose ultrasound Doppler system for quantitative evaluation of blood flow
      in superficial as well as deep lying vessels.

PMID- 2404200
TI  - Nature of flow in large arteries.

PMID- 2404201
TI  - Effect of blood flow parameters on flow patterns at arterial bifurcations-
      studies in models.
AB  - Atherosclerotic lesions are found primarily at arterial bends and bifurcations.
      Flow disturbances at these anatomic sites play a major role in atherogenesis. How
      hemodynamic factors such as vessel geometry, the pulsatile nature of blood flow,
      vessel wall elasticity and the non-Newtonian flow behavior of blood influence the
      flow field at these sites must be clarified. We have performed fundamental
      studies using a birefringent solution in a simplified rigid 90 degree T
      bifurcation and pulsatile flow. The velocity distribution was measured with a
      laser Doppler anemometer. Flow in an elastic abdominal aorta model has been
      visualized using magnetic resonance imaging. In both flow studies, zones with
      negative velocity were found. These model measurements demonstrate that no flow
      parameter can be neglected. Further detailed studies are necessary to examine the
      interaction between fluid dynamic and cellular surface properties.

PMID- 2404202
TI  - Flow measurements in a model of the mildly curved femoral artery of man.
AB  - Steady flow observations in a smooth curved femoral artery model with a gradual
      bend revealed a flow pattern like that observed in coiled pipes. A double helical
      type flow was found to develop, with converging streamlines in the wall vicinity
      from the upper and lower plane of curvature merging asymptotically along the
      inner curvature in a stable manner. The helical or swirl angle of the labeled
      fluid particle paths increased with flow rate and thus Dean number. Flow in the
      wall vicinity was altered by centrifugal effects almost immediately downstream of
      the transition from the straight to curved segment for steady flow, although the
      propagation of this effect was observed farther downstream along the inner
      curvature side. This observed distance along the inner curvature became shorter
      with increasing Dean number. Pressure measurements for steady flow revealed
      progressively larger pressure drops with distance along the entrance region of
      the curved segment relative to that for a straight lumen. The overall pressure
      drop or flow resistance increased in a nonlinear way with increasing flow rate
      and thus Dean number. Time average pressure drop measurements across another
      similar smooth curved femoral model were found to be about the same for
      simulation of femoral artery pulsatile flow as for steady flow.

PMID- 2404203
TI  - Paralysis agitans and levodopa in "Ayurveda": ancient Indian medical treatise.
AB  - Neurologic diseases (Vata rogas, Sanskrit) and the pharmacologic treatment of
      them were described in the ancient Indian medical system--Ayurveda. This article
      explores paralysis agitans, which was described under the name Kampavata. Mucuna
      pruriens (Atmagupta, Sanskrit), which contains levodopa, was used in the
      treatment of Kampavata. Existence of paralysis agitans prior to the industrial
      revolution is not just of historical interest, but would also suggest that under
      the hypothesis of exposure to environmental toxins as a possible cause of
      paralysis agitans, natural organic compounds with worldwide distribution should
      also be considered.

PMID- 2404205
TI  - Behcet's syndrome.

PMID- 2404204
TI  - A controlled trial of azathioprine in Behcet's syndrome.
AB  - Cytotoxic agents have long been used in Behcet's syndrome, especially for eye
      involvement, but their effectiveness has been uncertain. We conducted a two-year
      randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of azathioprine (2.5 mg per
      kilogram of body weight per day) in Turkish men with Behcet's syndrome without
      eye disease (group 1; n = 25) or with eye disease (group 2; n = 48).
      Corticosteroid treatment remained available to all the patients. All six patients
      withdrawn from the study because of severe eye disease were receiving placebo (P
      less than 0.001). Azathioprine was superior to placebo in the prevention of new
      eye disease in group 1 (1 vs. 8 patients; P less than 0.01) and in group 2 among
      the 14 patients who at entry had disease in only one eye (P less than 0.001).
      There were fewer episodes of hypopyon uveitis (1 vs. 15; P less than 0.001) among
      the group 2 patients who took azathioprine. The patients taking azathioprine also
      had less frequent oral ulcers, genital ulcers, and arthritis. There were no
      serious side effects attributable to azathioprine. We conclude that azathioprine
      is effective in controlling the progression of Behcet's syndrome, especially its
      most serious manifestation, eye disease.

PMID- 2404206
TI  - The physiologic replacement of insulin.

PMID- 2404207
TI  - Perforation of an unsuspected cecal granulocytic sarcoma during therapy with
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

PMID- 2404208
TI  - AIDS virus. Dingell reopens Gallo-Pasteur row.

PMID- 2404209
TI  - Co-localization of molecules involved in antigen processing and presentation in
      an early endocytic compartment.
AB  - The pathways of intracellular traffic involved in antigen processing and
      presentation have been defined by immunoelectron microscopy. The export pathway
      for class II histocompatibility molecules and the antigen import pathway meet in
      a peripheral endocytic compartment having all the molecular machinery believed to
      be required for antigen processing and presentation, including internalized
      surface immunoglobulins, proteolytic enzymes and invariant chains. This
      compartment defines a site where peptides from endocytosed antigen can bind class
      II molecules en route to the cell surface for presentation to T cells.

PMID- 2404210
TI  - Very mild muscular dystrophy associated with the deletion of 46% of dystrophin.
AB  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), a much
      milder form of the disease where the age of onset can sometimes be as late as the
      third or fourth decade of life, are caused by mutations in the same X-linked
      gene, a 14 kilobase (kb) transcript which is spread over more than 2 megabases of
      the human X chromosome. The corresponding protein, dystrophin, has a relative
      molecular mass of 400,000. Most mutations causing DMD and BMD are deletions and
      deletions associated with both phenotypes are observed throughout the gene
      sequence. This observation led to the suggestion that DMD patients possess
      deletions that disrupt the reading frame of the protein, whereas BMD patients
      have deletions that retain the translational reading frame and enable the muscle
      cells to produce altered dystrophin products. This theory is supported by
      immunoblotting studies, which show that DMD patients lack dystrophin in their
      muscle cells or that dystrophin is present at very low levels, whereas BMD
      patients produce a protein with reduced abundance or abnormal size. Here we
      describe a deletion of the dystrophin gene in a family segregating for very mild
      BMD, one member of which was still ambulant at age 61 years, which removes a
      central part of the dystrophin gene encompassing 5,106 base pairs of coding
      sequence, almost half the coding information. Immunological analysis of muscle
      from one of the patients demonstrates that this mutation results in the
      production of a truncated polypeptide localized correctly in the muscle cell.
      These results are particularly significant in the context of gene therapy which,
      if it is ever envisaged, would be facilitated by the replacement of the very
      large dystrophin gene with a more manipulatable mini-gene construct.

PMID- 2404211
TI  - [Acute pancreatitis; is there any progress?].

PMID- 2404212
TI  - [Outpatient adjustment to insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus].
AB  - Starting insulin treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus commonly takes
      place during hospital admission. Home blood glucose monitoring and specially
      trained nurses, however, enable the physician to start insulin treatment on an
      outpatient basis. Consistent application of this procedure starting 1-10-1986
      resulted in a fall of hospital admissions from 98.3% to 13% in this category of
      patients. Severe hypo- or hyperglycaemic episodes did not occur. Starting insulin
      treatment as an outpatient is a safe and cost-saving procedure.

PMID- 2404213
TI  - IgA nephropathy and hepatitis B virus. IgA nephropathy unrelated to hepatitis B
      surface antigenemia.
AB  - The incidence and pathogenetic role of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were
      evaluated in patients with IgA nephropathy. Among 130 consecutive patients with
      IgA nephropathy, HBs antigenemia was detected in 4 patients (3.1%). Serum
      antibody to hepatitis B core antigen was positive in these 4 patients indicating
      that they were persistent carriers of hepatitis B virus. Serum hepatitis B e
      antigen (HBeAg) was detected in 1 patient, and antibody to HBeAg was positive in
      the other 3 patients. The incidence of HBs antigenemia was not significantly
      higher than the 2.0% of the general population. An immunofluorescent study in the
      renal tissues from the 4 IgA-nephritic patients with HBs antigenemia did not
      demonstrate HBsAg or HBeAg in the glomeruli. These findings suggest that HBsAg
      appears to play no role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy.

PMID- 2404214
TI  - Henoch-Schonlein purpura and IgA nephropathy in father and son.
AB  - Considerable controversy exists as to whether Henoch-Schonlein purpura and Iga
      nephropathy are different clinical manifestations of the same disease or if, on
      the contrary, they are separate entities. We report on the development of Henoch
      Schonlein purpura and IgA nephropathy in 2 members of the same family. Patient 1,
      a 63-year-old man, presented with purpura in the legs, abdominal pain, hematuria,
      renal failure and proteinuria. A biopsy of a purpuric skin lesion showed small
      vessel vasculitis, and a renal biopsy showed diffuse proliferative
      glomerulonephritis with prominent IgA deposits, thus making the diagnosis of
      Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Serum IgA was increased. Patient 2, the 30-year-old son
      of patient 1, underwent renal biopsy for the investigation of microscopic
      hematuria and proteinuria. There was no history of skin rash, and serum
      creatinine was normal. A renal biopsy showed expansion of the mesangial matrix
      and marked IgA deposition. HLA typing confirmed that they shared a haplotype. HLA
      B35 or DR4 were absent. These results demonstrate that Henoch-Schonlein purpura
      and IgA nephropathy can possibly be genetically related and therefore support the
      notion that these two diseases probably share a common pathogenesis.

PMID- 2404215
TI  - Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and nephropathy in a mother and daughter with a
      review of the literature.
AB  - We report a mother-and-child combination of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and
      nephropathy. The mother received a cadaveric renal transplant, and the daughter
      has heavy proteinuria with normal glomerular filtration rate. There have been 7
      single case reports of both disease entities and 1 report of 3 patients which
      includes the only sib pair. The related literature is reviewed.

PMID- 2404216
TI  - How frequently does classic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis develop in survivors of
      poliomyelitis?
AB  - There is a paucity of reports of classic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
      developing in survivors of paralytic poliomyelitis. We describe a patient with
      classic ALS and an antecedent paralytic disease thought to have been
      poliomyelitis from which she recovered completely. If the paucity of ALS preceded
      by true poliomyelitis is not merely a matter of underreporting, antecedent
      paralytic poliomyelitis may have a protective role against the development of
      ALS. This has implications relevant to pathogenesis and to projected secular
      trends of ALS incidence since the introduction of poliomyelitis vaccines. There
      is a need to establish the incidence of cases of classic ALS in patients with
      antecedent poliomyelitis.

PMID- 2404217
TI  - Henry F. Campbell and the secretory nervous system.

PMID- 2404218
TI  - A critical appraisal of contact lens disinfection.

PMID- 2404219
TI  - History of medicine archives in New York State.

PMID- 2404220
TI  - Trabecular (neuroendocrine) carcinoma of the skin. Report of four cases and
      review of the literature.

PMID- 2404221
TI  - Ultrasound examination for detection of ovarian carcinoma in risk groups.
AB  - Ovarian ultrasound scanning was carried out as an adjunct to pelvic examination
      in 801 women between 40-70 years of age presenting at the outpatient Department
      of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden for a variety of
      gynecologic complaints. All belonged to a high-risk category for ovarian
      carcinoma because of nulliparity; family history of ovarian, breast, or
      endometrial carcinoma; previous cancer; or unspecified abdominal complaints. Of
      638 patients with normal scans, findings at pelvic examination had been abnormal
      in 51 cases, and all were normal at subsequent clinical follow-up. Among 163
      patients with abnormal ultrasound scans, one case of borderline ovarian tumor and
      two cases of endometrial cancer were found for which the pelvic examination had
      been considered normal. Clinical symptoms probably would have led to detection
      within a short time in these cases anyway, even if ultrasound had not been
      performed. Based on the findings in this study and the previous experience with
      gynecologic ultrasound in several thousand patients, it would not seem that
      ultrasound has a role in screening for ovarian carcinoma.

PMID- 2404222
TI  - Ultrasound for diagnosing and preventing malplacement of intrauterine tandems.
AB  - Postoperative B-mode ultrasound was used to evaluate final tandem position in 50
      consecutive placements (28 patients). In 34% (17 of 50), the tandem was found to
      be suboptimally positioned; in 24% (12 of 50), it penetrated the myometrium; and
      in 10% (five of 50), it frankly perforated the uterus. The uterine fundus was the
      region most commonly perforated, and the anterior myometrium was the site most
      frequently penetrated. In all cases in which postoperative ultrasound showed
      malpositioning, the clinical and radiographic assessment indicated proper
      intracavitary placement. Ultrasound affected clinical management in 42% (21 of
      50) of the placements involving 61% (17 of 28) of the patients. To improve tandem
      placement, we used intraoperative real-time ultrasound to guide 73 consecutive
      surgical insertions. Ultrasound clearly visualized the procedure, allowing
      tandems to be positioned with confidence even in the most difficult cases. The
      immediate feedback from intraoperative ultrasound eliminated malplacements and
      thus the need for a second anesthesia to reposition the tandem.

PMID- 2404223
TI  - Diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy: a review.
AB  - Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness between the ages of 24-64
      years. The first half of this period corresponds to peak fertility and the
      childbearing years. The effects of pregnancy on diabetic retinopathy are unclear,
      but recent studies suggest that pregnancy may be less harmful to the retina of
      the diabetic subject than was thought previously. Nevertheless, there is reason
      to believe that at least some women experience a worsening of their retinopathy
      as a result of pregnancy. Thus, careful ophthalmic evaluation and follow-up are
      essential for the pregnant woman with diabetes. This should include a minimum of
      one complete eye examination every trimester and within 3 months postpartum.
      Color fundus photography and laser treatment are safe, whereas fluorescein
      angiography, although commonly used to evaluate retinal vascular disease, can
      usually be avoided during pregnancy.

PMID- 2404224
TI  - Ewing's tumor of the jaw.
AB  - Previous reports have focused on the fact that laminar periosteal new bone is a
      common radiologic sign of Ewing's sarcoma of the jaws. Critical analysis of the
      literature does not lead to this conclusion. A case is reported and radiologic
      appearances described. A review of the literature shows striking clinical and
      radiologic similarities to osteogenic sarcoma of the jaws. A differential
      radiologic interpretation of Ewing's sarcoma of the jaws is offered.

PMID- 2404225
TI  - Bifid mandibular condyle.
AB  - This report brings the total number of bifid mandibular condyles reported so far
      in the English-language literature to 15 cases. In addition, one dried specimen
      with two distinct condylar heads is reported. This rare anomaly does not appear
      to have a predilection for any particular race or either gender. At the time of
      initial consultation, almost all patients are adults. Sixty-seven percent of the
      patients have no complaints related to the affected condyles, but the condition
      is an incidental dental panoramic radiographic finding. The left condyles seem to
      be affected twice as often as the right condyles. We do not yet fully know the
      etiology, epidemiology, and long-term functional effects of this condition. We
      recommend the transorbital condylar view as a good, inexpensive, and lower dosage
      technique, compared with the tomogram, to demonstrate this anomaly.

PMID- 2404226
TI  - Antifungal therapy in oropharyngeal mycotic infections.
AB  - Oral and pharyngeal candidiasis is a significant infection, particularly in
      immunosuppressed persons. Candidiasis may be evident as red or white lesions and
      may produce symptoms. In immunosuppressed persons, oral candidiasis may lead to
      extensive regional involvement and to systemic infection and can result in death.
      Because of the significance and prevalence of candidiasis, the recognition and
      management of infection are important.

PMID- 2404227
TI  - A review of the proliferative capacity of major salivary glands and the
      relationship to current concepts of neoplasia in salivary glands.
AB  - The classification of salivary gland tumors relies heavily on histogenetic
      postulates. One of these, the semipluripotential reserve cell theory, suggests
      that certain reserve cells in specific segments of the duct system of major and
      minor salivary glands are critical to the development of neoplasms in these
      glands. However, direct evidence in support of this hypothesis is unavailable.
      This survey of proliferative capacity in normal salivary gland is based on a
      review of data in the literature, our observations of DNA synthetic and mitotic
      activity in developing rat and human salivary gland, and autoradiographic studies
      of induced cell proliferation in rat salivary gland. Autoradiography of neonatal
      rat salivary gland after tritiated thymidine administration, and electron
      microscopy of these tissues, reveals that as well as duct basal cells, luminal
      cells at all levels of the duct system and even acinar cells are capable of DNA
      synthesis and mitosis. Indeed, in such studies, more luminal than basal cells are
      seen in mitosis. In adult rat salivary gland induced to undergo hyperplasia, more
      acinar cells than intercalated duct cells are in the S phase of the cell cycle.
      However, cycling cells were observed even in striated ducts and, importantly,
      both basal and luminal cells of major interlobular excretory ducts are also
      labeled. Similar findings are present in fetal and adult human salivary glands.
      From such observations, it is evident that dividing cells are not limited to
      basal cells of excretory ducts and luminal cells of intercalated ducts, so that
      there is no support for the semipluripotential bicellular reserve cell
      hypothesis. However, there is considerable evidence for a multicellular theory of
      tumor histogenesis; that is, any of the multiplicity of cell types in normal
      salivary gland have the potential to give use to any of the various types of
      tumor occurring in this organ.

PMID- 2404228
TI  - A rare variant of acinic cell carcinoma of the upper lip: a case report and
      review of the literature.
AB  - Acinic cell carcinomas of the lip are most uncommon. An exhaustive search of the
      Japanese- and English-language literature has revealed only 17 previously
      reported cases. One additional occurrence, a rare variant of this type of
      neoplasm, with mucous differentiation, that occurred in the upper lip of a 60
      year-old man is described here. A brief review of the literature on this type of
      lip tumor is also given.

PMID- 2404229
TI  - Post crown and apicoectomy combined operation in anterior teeth.
AB  - This article introduces a new method of combining the oral surgery and oral
      prosthesis into one operation. This method can greatly shorten treatment time. It
      is used to treat a badly decayed tooth with an apical lesion and to repair it
      with a post crown at the same time. Since March 1975 more than 20 cases have been
      treated in this manner with a favorable outcome.

PMID- 2404230
TI  - Growth plate physiology and pathology.
AB  - The growth plate is made of cartilaginous, bony, and fibrous components, which
      act together to achieve longitudinal bone growth. The unique metabolism of the
      growth plate is a result of its unique microcirculation and extracellular
      microenvironment. The growth plate chondrocytes are responsive to both mechanical
      and hormonal stimuli, which can alter their normal function. Pathologic states
      result from environmental, hormonal, nutritional, and genetic factors.

PMID- 2404232
TI  - Management of fractures in patients with osteoporosis.
AB  - The treatment of the most common osteoporotic fractures has been reviewed. In
      general, early functional treatment is used to allow early restoration of
      function and weight bearing. Fracture treatment should always be accompanied by
      an investigation of the bone mass in these patients. Nutritional support and
      calcium and vitamin supplementation should be provided during the healing phase.

PMID- 2404231
TI  - Medical therapy of osteoporosis.
AB  - Osteoporosis, defined as diminished bone mass, which predisposes the skeleton to
      fracture with minimal or no trauma, is a major health problem in the United
      States, affecting an estimated 20 million people. Achievement of peak bone mass
      in the first three decades of life through adequate nutrition and exercise is
      considered essential for prevention. Once osteoporosis is established as a
      disease entity, a variety of medical therapies have proven efficacy. Sex hormone
      replacement in the estrogen- or testosterone-deficient patient can maintain and
      in certain cases augment skeletal mass and reduce fracture incidence. The
      benefits of cyclical estrogen therapy are of limited duration and risks of
      accelerating the growth of established breast cancer have not been defined. The
      route of administration may affect the risk to benefit ratio of estrogen on
      cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Calcitonin is effective in
      preserving bone mass for a short duration (18 months); the long-term effects,
      especially on fracture rate, are unknown. The benefits of a number of agents
      including vitamin D, thiazides, and bisphosphonates are unproven. Agents with
      apparent benefit, such as fluoride, can produce abnormal bone and may protect
      select regions (spine) while increasing the risk of fracture in others (hip). New
      and established medical treatments are evolving that provide hope for safer, more
      effective therapies.

PMID- 2404233
TI  - Fractures of the osteoporotic spine.
AB  - Prior to fracture, the osteoporotic spine can be analyzed in several ways. After
      fracture occurs, however, a simple plain roentgenogram usually suffices to make
      the diagnosis of compression fracture. If severe deformity threatens, or if there
      is a neurologic lesion, the surgeon now has options not previously available.
      Open reduction, decompression, and internal fixation with polymethylmethacrylate
      can be carried out safely by surgeons with expertise in spinal instrumentation.
      Generally, symptomatic treatment is all that is required, and if this includes an
      orthosis, it is an individual decision which can probably be made without fear of
      harming the patient further. With treatment of the acute fracture undertaken, one
      proceeds to employ whatever pharmacologic treatment is appropriate. Last, the
      patient should be allowed only the briefest period of rest.

PMID- 2404234
TI  - Paget's disease of bone.
AB  - Paget's disease of bone is defined as a process of increased bone remodeling; the
      primary event is increased resorption (osteoclastic activity) followed by
      subsequent reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). It is usually
      asymmetric and may be asymptomatic. The etiology is unknown, but recent evidence
      appears to support the theory that a virus is an important etiologic factor. It
      may present with a wide variation in the clinical and radiographic picture. The
      most frequent sites of involvement include the spine, femora, cranium, pelvis,
      and sternum. The most common complaints are pain, skeletal deformity, and change
      in skin temperature. Pathologic fractures may be the presenting manifestations or
      complications in a patient with known Paget's disease. They occur most frequently
      in the long weight-bearing bones of the lower extremities such as the femoral
      neck and subtrochanteric and tibial regions. The two major therapeutic agents
      available for treatment are calcitonins (porcine, salmon, or human) and
      diphosphonates. The aim of such therapy is to control the metabolic activity of
      the disease, to normalize the biochemical parameters, and to improve the
      symptoms. Fortunately, tumors are rare; early diagnosis may give rise to more
      effective palliation, if not a significant cure rate.

PMID- 2404235
TI  - Bone mineral and matrix. Are they altered in osteoporosis?
AB  - Osteoporosis is a major health threat whose etiology remains elusive. Disease
      heterogeneity and until recently the absence of appropriate techniques prevented
      detailed analyses of the underlying defects in this disease. Among the questions
      that must be asked are: (1) Are the cells in the osteoporotic bone functioning
      normally? (2) Is the matrix produced by these cells normal? (3) Is the pattern of
      mineral deposition normal? If not, how do each of these differ from normal, what
      is the effect of that abnormality, and how can it be prevented or corrected?
      Through answering these questions the scientific community will learn the
      function of many of the matrix proteins and may gain insight into revolutionary
      new therapies. The tools of human bone cell culture, new imaging techniques,
      analyses in biopsy samples, and other aspects of modern biotechnology are now
      available to start answering these questions.

PMID- 2404237
TI  - Bone densitometry of the axial skeleton.
AB  - The role of bone densitometry used as a diagnostic tool is discussed as well as
      its role in monitoring both the disease process itself and therapy. The QCT
      method and the DPA/DEXA method are discussed separately, including their regions
      of interest, calibration, radiation dose, diagnostic sensitivity, precision, and
      the monitoring and accuracy of changes, and then these two methods are compared
      with each other.

PMID- 2404236
TI  - Calcium homeostasis.
AB  - Precise maintenance of the physiologic levels of both extracellular and
      intracellular ionized calcium is essential to life. Calcium and phosphate
      homeostasis is complex, yet three important hormones are responsible for
      modulating most of the extracellular control of these minerals. Parathyroid
      hormone acts directly on bone and kidney and indirectly on the intestine to
      maintain or restore the serum calcium level. The signal for increased PTH
      synthesis and secretion is a decrease in the serum ionized calcium concentration
      and a decrease in serum levels of 1,25(OH)2-D. Calcitonin is produced in
      parafollicular cells of the thyroid and inhibits bone resorption in pharmacologic
      doses. These cells recognize the calcium signal in a different way. A diminution
      in serum calcium decreases calcitonin production and release. The role of
      calcitonin in normal human physiology, however, remains in dispute. Finally, the
      biologically potent metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2-D, stimulates intestinal
      absorption of calcium and phosphate. It also probably plays a role in the orderly
      mineralization and resorption of bone and has some influence on renal resorption
      of filtered calcium and phosphorus. A major stimulus to its production by
      proximal renal tubule cells is elevated PTH and decreased serum levels of calcium
      and phosphate. The absence of PTH as well as high serum calcium and phosphate
      levels can reduce its synthesis and secretion. These three hormones along with
      other mediators and messengers work in concert to maintain the normal calcium
      homeostasis. A disturbance at any level in this intricate regulatory network will
      result in a host of compensatory changes that may lead to clinical disease. A
      complete understanding of these normal mechanisms is a prerequisite to
      investigating the etiology and treatment of the various pathologic responses seen
      with many of the metabolic bone disorders.

PMID- 2404238
TI  - Rickets, osteomalacia, and renal osteodystrophy. An update.
AB  - Rickets, osteomalacia, and renal osteodystrophy are disorders of the
      mineralization of bone that result from a lack of available calcium, phosphorus,
      or both. The diseases that result from numerous mechanisms present with a symptom
      sign-radiographic complex with such a high degree of stereotypy that laboratory
      investigation is often required to distinguish one form from another. The
      disorders in children, known as rickets, produce bowing and other deformities of
      the long bones and dwarfism. These disorders are principally related to the
      profound effect of the deficiency states on the epiphyseal plate; whereas the
      same disorders in adults produce an often severe osteopenia and pathologic
      fractures. Because of newer developments in our understanding of the factors
      affecting calcium-phosphorus hemostasis and vitamin D metabolism, many of the
      children and adults with these disorders can now be treated effectively.

PMID- 2404239
TI  - Steroid-induced osteoporosis.
AB  - Prolonged administration of glucocorticoids causes accelerated loss of bone,
      which leads to osteopenia and an increased incidence of fractures. The clinical
      presentation of cortisol excess is one of progressive demineralization, primarily
      of trabecular bone, resulting in fractures of the vertebral bodies and ribs. Bone
      dissolution is greatest during the initiation of steroid therapy and can result
      in the loss of up to 20 per cent of trabecular bone in the first year. Bone loss
      slows with prolonged therapy; cortical bone is relatively spared so that
      appendicular skeleton fractures are not typically a part of this syndrome. The
      rate of bone loss is greatest in those individuals who have high bone remodeling
      rates. Histologically, one finds decreased trabecular volume and increased bone
      resorption with an increase in osteoclast number and activity, along with
      decreased bone formation and mineralization rate. Adjuvant medical therapies that
      block accelerated bone resorption may protect against steroid-induced
      osteoporosis.

PMID- 2404240
TI  - [Value of the Medicor CT 0100 equipment in a county hospital in the diagnosis of
      cerebrovascular diseases].
AB  - Data of patients with CVD in the ward of the authors in the last quarters of 1986
      and 1987 has been compared, in the second period they used a MEDICOR CT 0100
      computer tomograph. The subsequent results are stressed: The rate of the patients
      with CVD in the Department of Neurology was approximately 40% in the studied
      period. 88-90% of all lethal cases has been covered by this patients's group.
      Half of the patients with CVD was between 50-70% years, however younger age was
      more common among men. The majority of CVD was ischaemic. In vivo diagnosis of
      intracerebral bleeding has been markedly increased after introduction of CT
      investigation. CT scan on the first three days is helpful to localise the source
      of the subarachnoideal bleeding, however can not replace the angiography in the
      cases indicated for operation. Investigations by angiography have decreased to
      the one third in the department without neurosurgery after introducing CT however
      their indication has been changed. In traumatic cases CT is more informative and
      more sparing. Diagnoses suggested by neurologists have been confirmed by the CT
      in 69%.

PMID- 2404241
TI  - [In memory of Istvan Wittmann (1909-1989)].

PMID- 2404242
TI  - [In memoriam: Norbert Duka Zolyomi (1908-1989)].

PMID- 2404243
TI  - [History of the Travelling Congress of Hungarian Physicians and Naturalists in
      the city of Pecs].

PMID- 2404244
TI  - Infection of the central nervous system by the human immunodeficiency virus type
      1. Morphology and relation to syndromes of progressive encephalopathy and
      myelopathy in patients with AIDS.

PMID- 2404245
TI  - Endomyocardial biopsy. Pathologic findings in cardiac transplant recipients.
AB  - With the advent of cyclosporin therapy, cardiac transplantation has become an
      effective procedure in treating selected patients with end-stage myocardial
      diseases. Because cyclosporin masks the clinical symptoms of rejection, the
      endomyocardial biopsy has become the "gold standard" for grading allograft
      rejection. Many classification systems for grading rejection have been proposed,
      largely based on the original work of Billingham. Comparisons among these
      schemes, useful for the evaluation of results from different centers, might be
      facilitated by adoption of the concept of stable versus unstable acute rejection.
      Many questions remain regarding the mechanism of acute rejection, the diagnosis
      of chronic rejection by endomyocardial biopsy, the effects of therapy, and the
      pathogenesis of endocardial lymphocytic infiltrates, to name a few. However, the
      recently developed techniques of in situ hybridization and propagation of
      lymphocytes from endomyocardial biopsies in conjunction with immunohistochemistry
      and electron microscopy may bring us to a new level of sophistication in
      understanding the pathology of cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2404246
TI  - Pathology of endometriosis.

PMID- 2404247
TI  - The role of the pathologist in the evaluation of first trimester abortions.

PMID- 2404248
TI  - Plastic embedding. Use of glycol methacrylate-embedded biopsy material at the
      light microscopic level.

PMID- 2404249
TI  - Hurthle-cell neoplasms of the thyroid gland.
AB  - The difference in biologic behavior of Hurthle-cell neoplasms as reported in
      several series may be explained by the use of different diagnostic pathologic
      criteria, and the selection of patients with neoplasms of varying clinical stages
      (treatment at the time of initial diagnosis versus treatment for advanced
      disease, or initial diagnosis at an advanced stage). On the basis of all of the
      available evidence, it appears that Hurthle-cell neoplasms exhibit a biologic
      behavior similar to that of corresponding follicular neoplasms although these
      latter tumors may have a slightly higher propensity to metastasize. Survival and
      cure rates are lower than those for papillary cancer and are comparable to those
      for follicular carcinoma. DNA analysis may be of some help in predicting clinical
      behavior; aneuploid neoplasms are more often associated with the pathologic
      features of malignant tumors and may follow a more aggressive clinical course. At
      present, however, we are unaware of specific surgical strategies that are based
      upon DNA analysis. Tumor size and morphometric analysis of cytological features
      have not been particularly valuable for estimating the clinical course of these
      tumors.

PMID- 2404250
TI  - Peripheral nerve sheath tumors. A clinicopathologic update.

PMID- 2404251
TI  - Campylobacter-associated chronic gastritis.

PMID- 2404252
TI  - B-cell neoplasia. A conceptual understanding based on the normal humoral immune
      response.

PMID- 2404253
TI  - Detection of serum antibody by the antimitogen assay against streptococcal
      erythrogenic toxins. Age distribution in children and the relation to Kawasaki
      disease.
AB  - We describe a new method to measure human serum antibody against streptococcal
      erythrogenic toxins that uses inhibition of lymphocyte mitogenicity of the toxins
      as the indicator. Sera from 53% of 53 Kawasaki disease patients contained
      specific inhibitory activity against A toxin, whereas only 15% had serum
      inhibitory activity against B toxin. The specific anti-A toxin serum inhibitor
      was found in 10% of 118 age-matched control patients suffering from various
      infections and allergic diseases (p = 0.001, compared to Kawasaki disease
      patients). Serum inhibitory activity was detected in a small number of patients
      with beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection (3/19) and in none of the age-matched
      healthy children (0/17). However, four of seven cord blood sera samples and five
      of 13 sera samples from healthy neonates contained the inhibitor, a result
      suggesting passive transfer from mothers. Most of the antimitogen-positive sera
      were also positive by ELISA of IgG antibody against A toxin, and IgG fractions of
      the positive sera remained positive in both assays. Thus, it is possible that the
      specific serum inhibitor detected by the antimitogen assay represents anti-A
      toxin antibody. The role of toxin-producing bacteria in the pathogenesis of
      Kawasaki disease remains to be investigated.

PMID- 2404254
TI  - Effect of mechanical ventilation and barotrauma on pulmonary clearance of
      99mtechnetium diethylenetriamine pentaacetate in lambs.
AB  - We studied the effect of positive pressure mechanical ventilation on the
      pulmonary clearance (k) of 99mtechnetium diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (99mTc
      DTPA) in lambs. Twelve lambs were anesthetized and ventilated with air at 25
      breaths/min and with end expiratory airway pressure at 2 cm H2O for a minimum
      period of 8 h. Four lambs received normal pressure ventilation with peak airway
      pressure at 17 +/- 3 cm H2O and eight received high pressure ventilation with
      peak airway pressure at 41 +/- 2 cm H2O. Three 99mTc-DTPA clearance studies were
      done in each lamb; at the start and after 4 and 8 h of mechanical ventilation.
      All clearance measurements were made at normal peak airway pressure 16 +/- 3 cm
      H2O. Baseline clearance rate, k, (n = 12) was 1.2 +/- 0.5% (SD). During normal
      pressure ventilation, k increased from 1.0 +/- 0.5 to 2.2 +/- 0.8% after 4 h and
      to 2.7 +/- 0.8% after 8 h. During high pressure ventilation, k increased from 1.4
      +/- 0.4 to 3.6 +/- 1.3% after 4 h and to 4.8 +/- 1.2% after 8 h. To see if 8 h of
      mechanical ventilation was associated with other evidence of lung epithelial
      injury, we determined the movement of I125 labeled albumin from the interstitium
      into the airspace, lung water content, lung histology, and lung lavage
      constituents in the lambs at the end of the study. All variables were similar
      between ventilated and four unventilated lambs, except the percentage of alveolar
      macrophages recovered by lavage, which was more in the ventilated lambs.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404255
TI  - Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and the risks for specific birth defects: a
      population-based case-control study.
AB  - Although the excess risk for birth defects among children of mothers with
      diabetes mellitus is well documented, there are few data concerning the risk for
      specific malformations. In the Atlanta Birth Defects Case-Control Study, those
      risks for malformations were evaluated. The population-based study included 4929
      live and stillborn babies with major malformations ascertained by the
      Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program in the first year of life born to
      residents of Metropolitan Atlanta between 1968 and 1980. The study also included
      3029 nonmalformed live babies who were frequency-matched to case babies by race,
      period of birth, and hospital of birth. The relative risk for major malformations
      among infants of mothers with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (n = 28) was
      7.9 (95% confidence interval [CI]1.9, 33.5) compared with infants of nondiabetic
      mothers. The relative risks for major central nervous system and cardiovascular
      system defects were 15.5 (95% CI = 3.3, 73.8) and 18.0 (95% CI = 3.9, 82.5),
      respectively. The absolute risks for major, central nervous system, and
      cardiovascular system malformations among infants of diabetic mothers were 18.4,
      5.3, and 8.5 per 100 live births, respectively. Infants of mothers with
      gestational diabetes mellitus who required insulin during the third trimester of
      pregnancy were 20.6 (95% CI = 2.5, 168.5) times more likely to have major
      cardiovascular system defects than infants of nondiabetic mothers. The absolute
      risk for infants of this group of diabetic mothers was 9.7%. No statistically
      significant differences were found among infants of mothers with gestational
      diabetes mellitus who did not require insulin during pregnancy.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404256
TI  - From circumstance to mechanism in pediatrics during the Hopkins century.

PMID- 2404257
TI  - Corticosteroids in the management of cystitis secondary to chronic granulomatous
      disease.

PMID- 2404258
TI  - The patterning of time experience and human field motion during the experience of
      pleasant guided imagery: a discussion.

PMID- 2404259
TI  - The Science of Unitary Human Beings and theory-based practice: therapeutic touch.

PMID- 2404260
TI  - Unitary human field practice modalities.

PMID- 2404261
TI  - The participating process of human field patterning in an acute-care environment.

PMID- 2404262
TI  - Nurse education. How to organise a seminar.

PMID- 2404263
TI  - Respiratory infections in ambulatory adults. Choosing the best treatment.
AB  - The diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract infections in ambulatory adults
      is challenging. The prevalence of these conditions outstrips the medical
      profession's efficiency and effectiveness in dealing with them. However,
      selecting diagnostic techniques that identify causative organisms and therapeutic
      agents targeted to those organisms should lead to a reduction in the morbidity
      and mortality associated with these illnesses.

PMID- 2404264
TI  - But what if a patient gets hooked? Fallacies about long-term use of
      benzodiazepines.
AB  - Is a person who needs a certain drug to function normally and has a relapse of
      symptoms when it is withdrawn addicted? Dr Talley says no. Patients with a
      chronic anxiety disorder depend on benzodiazepines to enable them to live among
      the stresses of the real world, much like ulcer patients need ongoing drug
      therapy to subdue their problem. The fact that symptoms recur on withdrawal of
      the drug proves the continuing efficacy of the drug in controlling symptoms. Dr
      Talley gives advice on prescribing benzodiazepines for the long term that will
      help physicians and patients to avoid trouble.

PMID- 2404265
TI  - Benzodiazepines for anxiety disorders. Are the concerns justified?
AB  - Treatment of anxiety disorders deserves the attention of primary care physicians
      because so many patients have these disorders. Effective treatment is well within
      the professional repertoire of any physician who chooses to become familiar with
      the techniques. Aside from the drugs used to treat panic disorder,
      benzodiazepines are the mainstay of treatment. They are effective and generally
      safe.

PMID- 2404266
TI  - ACE inhibitors. A safe option for hypertension and congestive heart failure.
AB  - The Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High
      Blood Pressure has recently recommended angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitors, beta blockers, and diuretics as potential first-step agents for the
      pharmacologic treatment of hypertension. ACE inhibitors should be considered an
      important option in most patients because of their safety profile, absence of
      adverse metabolic effects, and positive cardiac and renal effects. If the
      response to an ACE inhibitor is inadequate, a diuretic or another agent can be
      added, and this combination should be effective and well tolerated in 85% to 90%
      of patients. ACE inhibitors can be used to treat congestive heart failure and to
      prevent the renal complications of hypertension and diabetes mellitus,
      significantly expanding their use in patients with these high-risk conditions.
      They also can be used concurrently with other antihypertensive agents, digitalis,
      cardiac glycosides, and lithium and are not contraindicated in most of the
      diseases commonly seen in hypertensive patients.

PMID- 2404267
TI  - Pulmonary embolism. How V/Q scanning helps in diagnosis.
AB  - Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scanning is a useful predictor of pulmonary embolism.
      However, chest films and arterial blood gas studies are essential for proper
      interpretation of V/Q studies. The combination of clear, rapid reporting and good
      clinical judgment leads to improved management of patients in whom pulmonary
      embolism is suspected and avoids severe, life-threatening consequences.

PMID- 2404268
TI  - Septic shock. Evaluation of a life-threatening condition.
AB  - Septic shock is a difficult and complex condition that requires a thorough and
      thoughtful approach in all aspects of care. The most likely cause may become
      apparent by considering the clinical presentation of the patient and information
      from the history, physical examination, and appropriate laboratory tests.
      Appropriate antibiotic therapy should be initiated as soon as possible. Only an
      aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approach can reduce the mortality and
      morbidity of this condition.

PMID- 2404269
TI  - Torsion of the testis.
AB  - Depending on the degree of torsion, irreversible damage to the testis can begin
      within just a few hours. Obviously, time is the critical factor in treatment of
      the condition. Dr Cass describes how to recognize this urologic emergency, the
      best approach to prevention of recurrence, and results of studies on treatment
      outcome.

PMID- 2404270
TI  - Facial pain. 'Why does my face hurt, doctor?'.
AB  - In addition to sinus and dental abnormalities and stress, several different
      neurologic conditions can cause facial pain. These include various neuroalgias
      (trigeminal, vagoglosso-pharyngeal, cranial), carotodynia, and optic neuritis.
      Pain characteristics and results of specific neurologic tests establish the
      diagnosis. While carbamazepine (Tegretol) is the treatment of choice in many of
      these conditions, other drugs may also be beneficial. If drug therapy fails to
      relieve the pain, specific surgical procedures may be warranted.

PMID- 2404271
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation. What you need to known.
AB  - Bone marrow transplantation can cure otherwise lethal diseases, improve quality
      of life, and prolong survival for many patients. More than one half of acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia patients and one third
      of acute lymphocytic leukemia patients in early remission who have matched
      sibling donors clearly benefit from such therapy. Advances in transplantation
      technology may extend benefits to patients lacking sibling donors. Continued
      investigation into fundamental immunology and tumor biology, as well as careful
      attention to the development of improved supportive-care techniques to reduce
      both the risks and the costs of marrow grafting, are still required. The
      complexities of such therapy are enormous, but equally impressive are the
      clinical successes already achieved. Continuing advances in this exciting field
      are sure to come.

PMID- 2404272
TI  - Bacteriophage P1 cloning system for the isolation, amplification, and recovery of
      DNA fragments as large as 100 kilobase pairs.
AB  - The development of a bacteriophage P1 cloning system capable of accepting DNA
      fragments as large as 100 kilobase pairs (kbp) is described. The vectors used in
      this system contain a P1 packaging site (pac) to package vector and cloned DNA
      into phage particles, two P1 loxP recombination sites to cyclize the packaged DNA
      once it has been injected into a strain of Escherichia coli containing the P1 Cre
      recombinase, a kanr gene to select bacterial clones containing the cyclized DNA,
      a P1 plasmid replicon to stably maintain that DNA in E. coli at one copy per cell
      chromosome, and a lac promoter-regulated P1 lytic replicon to amplify the DNA
      before it is reisolated. An essential feature of the cloning system is a two
      stage in vitro packaging reaction that packages vector DNA containing cloned
      inserts into phage particles that can deliver their DNA to E. coli with near unit
      efficiency. The packaging reaction can generate 10(5) clones with high molecular
      weight DNA inserts per microgram of vector DNA. Using NotI fragments from E. coli
      DNA, it was shown that the system can clone 95- and 100-kbp fragments but not a
      106-kbp fragment. Presumably, the combined size of the latter fragment and the
      vector DNA (13 kbp) exceeds the headful capacity of P1.

PMID- 2404273
TI  - Expression of a cloned streptavidin gene in Escherichia coli.
AB  - We describe the construction of systems for expressing the cloned streptavidin
      gene in Escherichia coli. Although the streptavidin gene is extremely lethal to
      the host cells, because of the strong biotin binding of the gene product, the
      gene was expressed efficiently in E. coli by using T7 RNA polymerase/T7 promoter
      expression systems. The expressed streptavidin accumulated to more than 35% of
      the total cell protein. The expressed streptavidin was insoluble in the cell.
      However, after solubilization by dialysis against 6 M guanidine hydrochloride (pH
      1.5) and removal of guanidine hydrochloride by dialysis, the protein became
      soluble and renatured. This simple procedure yielded streptavidin purified almost
      to homogeneity. The purified streptavidin bound 3.5-3.9 molecules of biotin per
      molecule, indicating that it had almost full biotin-binding ability. Some of the
      purified streptavidin molecules aggregated into oligomers, suggesting that the C
      terminal region of the molecule, present in our material but absent in typical
      preparations, may be responsible for the aggregation.

PMID- 2404274
TI  - Defective chlorophyll a/b-binding protein genes in the genome of a homosporous
      fern.
AB  - The majority of homosporous ferns have a chromosome number that is severalfold
      greater than that of diploid seed plants. These fern species have therefore been
      generally considered to be of polyploid origin. Enzyme electrophoretic
      investigations have demonstrated, however, that within fern genera, species
      having the lowest chromosome numbers (n = 27-52) have the number of isozymes
      typical of diploid seed plants; there is no isozyme evidence for polyploidy of
      these plants. We have constructed a genomic DNA library from Polystichum munitum
      (n = 41), a homosporous fern, and have screened the library for sequences
      homologous to the chlorophyll a/b-binding (CAB) protein genes of higher plants.
      The majority of the sequences isolated and characterized by nucleotide sequence
      determination represent defective CAB genes. This result is in contrast to the
      situation in the genomes of diploid angiosperms, where most, and sometimes all,
      copies of the CAB gene family represent functional members. Several hypotheses
      could explain the existence of multiple defective CAB genes in P. munitum. (i)
      The defective CAB genes are the result of "gene silencing" following polyploidy.
      (ii) P. munitum has not gone through a polyploidization event, but several, and
      perhaps the majority, of its CAB genes have mutated to a nonfunctional state (a
      phenomenon not yet observed in any of the genomes of non-fern plants so far
      examined). (iii) Some defective CAB genes have been specifically amplified in the
      genome of P. munitum.

PMID- 2404275
TI  - Stable DNA heteroduplex formation catalyzed by the Escherichia coli RecA protein
      in the absence of ATP hydrolysis.
AB  - A question remaining to be answered about RecA protein function concerns the role
      of ATP hydrolysis during the DNA-strand-exchange reaction. In this paper we
      describe the formation of joint molecules in the absence of ATP hydrolysis, using
      adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (ATP[gamma S]) as nucleotide cofactor. Upon
      the addition of double-stranded DNA, the ATP[gamma S]-RecA protein-single
      stranded DNA presynaptic complexes can form homologously paired molecules that
      are stable after deproteinization. Formation of these joint molecules requires
      both homology and a free homologous end, suggesting that they are plectonemic in
      nature. This reaction is very sensitive to magnesium ion concentration, with a
      maximum rate and extent observed at 4-5 mM magnesium acetate. Under these
      conditions, the average length of heteroduplex DNA within the joint molecules is
      2.4-3.4 kilobase pairs. Thus, RecA protein can form extensive regions of
      heteroduplex DNA in the presence of ATP[gamma S], suggesting that homologous
      pairing and the exchange of the DNA molecules can occur without ATP hydrolysis. A
      model for the RecA protein-catalyzed DNA-strand-exchange reaction that
      incorporates these results and its relevance to the mechanisms of eukaryotic
      recombinases are presented.

PMID- 2404276
TI  - Femtosecond dynamics of energy transfer in B800-850 light-harvesting complexes of
      Rhodobacter sphaeroides.
AB  - We report femtosecond transient absorption studies of energy transfer dynamics in
      the B800-850 light-harvesting complex (LHC) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1. For
      complexes solubilized in lauryldimethylamine-N-oxide (LDAO), the carotenoid to
      bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) B800 and carotenoid to Bchl B850 energy transfer times
      are 0.34 and 0.20 ps, respectively. The B800 to B850 energy transfer time is 2.5
      ps. For complexes treated with lithium dodecyl sulfate (LDS), a carotenoid to
      B850 energy transfer time of less than or equal to 0.2 ps is seen, and a portion
      of the total carotenoid population is decoupled from Bchl. In both LDAO
      solubilized and LDS-treated complexes an intensity-dependent picosecond decay
      component of the excited B850 population is ascribed to excitation annihilation
      within minimal units of the LHC.

PMID- 2404277
TI  - Self-tolerance to HLA focuses the response of immunized HLA-transgenic mice on
      production of antibody to precise polymorphic HLA alloantigens.
AB  - HLA class I-transgenic mice express HLA antigen on their tissues and establish
      self-tolerance to the expressed monomorphic and polymorphic determinants. When
      challenged with skin grafts and lymphoid cells of a second HLA-transgenic mouse
      expressing a different HLA molecule, a specific immune response is elicited that
      is focused on the determinants specified by the allelic HLA differences between
      donor and recipient transgenic mice. In the studies described, this has led to
      the production of a number of monoclonal antibodies with specificity for the HLA
      Cw3 and HLA-B7 crossreactive groups of class I antigens. These results indicate
      that immunization of appropriate transgenic strains of mice with murine cells
      expressing a different HLA allelic transgene should permit the generation of
      monoclonal antibodies of narrow specificity against virtually any polymorphic
      epitope on HLA antigens.

PMID- 2404278
TI  - Mouse insulin-responsive glucose transporter gene: characterization of the gene
      and trans-activation by the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein.
AB  - Adipose tissue and skeletal and heart muscle, which exhibit insulin-stimulated
      glucose uptake, express a specific, insulin-responsive glucose transporter.
      Previously, a cDNA (GT2) encoding this protein was isolated from a mouse 3T3-L1
      adipocyte library and was sequenced. Here we report the isolation and
      characterization of the corresponding mouse gene designated GLUT4. The GLUT4 gene
      spans 7 kilobases and consists of 11 exons and 10 introns. The start site of
      transcription was mapped 180 nucleotides upstream of the initial methionine
      codon. The GLUT4 promoter contains four potential binding sites for the nuclear
      transcription factor Sp1 as well as a CCAAT box. DNase I footprinting of the
      GLUT4 promoter with nuclear extracts from undifferentiated and differentiated 3T3
      L1 cells revealed that a differentiation-specific nuclear factor binds in the
      region at position -258 relative to the start site of transcription. Purified
      CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) was found to bind at the same position.
      Transient cotransfection into 3T3-L1 preadipocytes of a GLUT4 promoter
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene construct that contains the C/EBP binding
      site, together with a C/EBP expression vector, revealed that C/EBP trans
      activates the GLUT4 promoter. We suggest that C/EBP plays an important role in
      tissue-specific, as well as metabolic, regulation of the insulin-responsive
      glucose transporter gene.

PMID- 2404279
TI  - Major cold shock protein of Escherichia coli.
AB  - When exponentially growing Escherichia coli cell cultures were transferred from
      37 degrees C to 10 degrees C or 15 degrees C, the production of a 7.4-kDa
      cytoplasmic protein (CS7.4) was prominently induced. The rate of CS7.4 production
      reached 13% of total protein synthesis within 1-1.5 hr after a shift to 10
      degrees C and subsequently dropped to a lower basal level. Regulation of CS7.4
      expression was very strict, such that synthesis of the protein was undetectable
      at 37 degrees C. We have cloned the gene encoding this protein and have completed
      the nucleotide sequence analysis, which revealed that the gene encodes a
      hydrophilic protein of 70 amino acid residues.

PMID- 2404280
TI  - Mutations in the bglY gene increase the frequency of spontaneous deletions in
      Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - A strong mutator effect has been observed in Escherichia coli K-12 strains
      mutated in the bglY gene (27 min). The frequency of point mutations is not
      modified in bglY mutant strains. In contrast, a strong increase in spontaneous
      generation of large deletions has been observed in these strains, both for
      chromosomal markers (10-fold increase of galETK-chlA deletions and 100-fold
      increase of ptsI-cysK deletions) and for plasmid DNA (100-fold increase of large
      deletions in the region located upstream of the chloramphenicol-resistance gene
      in plasmid pGR71). bglY mutations are recessive and can be complemented by a DNA
      fragment of 900 base pairs assumed to contain the entire bglY wild-type gene.
      This mutator effect is recA-independent.

PMID- 2404281
TI  - Conserved aspartate residues and phosphorylation in signal transduction by the
      chemotaxis protein CheY.
AB  - The CheY protein is phosphorylated by CheA and dephosphorylated by CheZ as part
      of the chemotactic signal transduction pathway in Escherichia coli.
      Phosphorylation of CheY has been proposed to occur on an aspartate residue. Each
      of the eight aspartate residues of CheY was replaced by using site-directed
      mutagenesis. Substitutions at Asp-12, Asp-13, or Asp-57 resulted in loss of
      chemotaxis. Most of the mutant CheY proteins were still phosphorylated by CheA
      but exhibited modified biochemical properties, including reduced ability to
      accept phosphate from CheA, altered phosphate group stability, and/or resistance
      to CheZ-mediated dephosphorylation. The properties of CheY proteins bearing a
      substitution at position 57 were most aberrant, consistent with the hypothesis
      that Asp-57 is the normal site of acyl phosphate formation. Evidence for an
      alternate site of phosphorylation in the Asp-57 mutants is presented.
      Phosphorylated CheY is believed to cause tumbling behavior. However, a dominant
      mutant CheY protein that was not phosphorylated in vitro caused tumbling in vivo
      in the absence of CheA. This phenotype suggests that the role of phosphorylation
      in the wild-type CheY protein is to stabilize a transient conformational change
      that can generate tumbling behavior.

PMID- 2404282
TI  - Histidine-94 is the only important histidine residue in the melibiose permease of
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Oligonucleotide-directed, site-specific mutagenesis has been utilized to modify
      the melB gene of Escherichia coli such that each of the seven His residues in the
      melibiose permease has been replaced with Arg. Replacement of His-213, His-442,
      or His-456 has no significant effect on permease activity, while permease with
      Arg in place of His-198, His-318, or His-357 retains more than 70% of wild-type
      activity. In striking contrast, replacement of His-94 with Arg causes a complete
      loss of sugar binding and transport, although the cells contain a normal
      complement of permease molecules. Thus, as shown previously with lac permease,
      only a single His residue is important for activity, but, in the case of mel
      permease, the critical His residue is present in the 3rd putative transmembrane
      helix rather than the 10th.

PMID- 2404284
TI  - Point substitutions in albumin genetic variants from Asia.
AB  - Despite their rarity and physiologically neutral character, more inherited
      structural variants of serum albumin (alloalbumins) are known than for any other
      human protein except hemoglobin. Including three previously unreported examples
      described here, we have identified 13 different point substitutions in
      alloalbumins of Japanese origin. Of these only albumin B and two proalbumins have
      been reported in other ethnic groups, and these are the most common variants of
      European origin. Some alloalbumins of Asiatic origin, but not yet identified in
      Japanese, are present in diverse ethnic groups. An alloalbumin found in indigenes
      of New Guinea (lysine----asparagine at position 313) is also present in
      Caucasians of various European descents. Albumin Lambadi, occurring in a tribal
      group in south India, has a mutation (glutamic acid----lysine at position 501)
      also found as a rare variant in individuals of diverse ethnic origin resident on
      four continents. These results suggest that some alloalbumins with the same
      substitution may have originated by independent mutations in various populations.
      This, together with the apparent clustering of point substitutions in the protein
      structure, may reflect hypermutability of the albumin gene.

PMID- 2404283
TI  - Human gene transfer: characterization of human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes as
      vehicles for retroviral-mediated gene transfer in man.
AB  - Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are cells generated from tumor suspensions
      cultured in interleukin 2 that can mediate cancer regression when adoptively
      transferred into mice or humans. Since TILs proliferate rapidly in vitro,
      recirculate, and preferentially localize at the tumor site in vivo, they provide
      an attractive model for delivery of exogenous genetic material into man. To
      determine whether efficient gene transfer into TILs is feasible, we transduced
      human TILs with the bacterial gene for neomycin-resistance (NeoR) using the
      retroviral vector N2. The transduced TIL populations were stable and polyclonal
      with respect to the intact NeoR gene integration and expressed high levels of
      neomycin phosphotransferase activity. The NeoR gene insertion did not alter the
      in vitro growth pattern and interleukin 2 dependence of the transduced TILs.
      Analyses of T-cell receptor gene rearrangement for beta- and gamma-chain genes
      revealed the oligoclonal nature of the TIL populations with no major change in
      the DNA rearrangement patterns or the levels of mRNA expression of the beta and
      gamma chains following transduction and selection of TILs in the neomycin analog
      G418. Human TILs expressed mRNA for tumor necrosis factors (alpha and beta) and
      interleukin 2 receptor P55 but not for interleukin 1 beta, granulocyte/macrophage
      colony-stimulating factor, interleukin 6, and interferon gamma when grown with
      high-dose interleukin 2 without subsequent activation with mitogen or specific
      antigen. This pattern of cytokine-mRNA expression was not significantly altered
      following the transduction of TILs. The NeoR gene-transduced TILs could thus be
      used to follow the trafficking and survival of TILs in vivo, and clinical
      protocols using these transduced TILs in cancer patients have begun. The studies
      demonstrate the feasibility of TILs as suitable cellular vehicles for the
      introduction of therapeutic genes into patients receiving autologous TILs.

PMID- 2404285
TI  - Transient foreign gene expression in chloroplasts of cultured tobacco cells after
      biolistic delivery of chloroplast vectors.
AB  - Expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) by suitable vectors in
      chloroplasts of cultured tobacco cells, delivered by high-velocity
      microprojectiles, is reported here. Several chloroplast expression vectors
      containing bacterial cat genes, placed under the control of either psbA promoter
      region from pea (pHD series) or rbcL promoter region from maize (pAC series) have
      been used in this study. In addition, chloroplast expression vectors containing
      replicon fragments from pea, tobacco, or maize chloroplast DNA have also been
      tested for efficiency and duration of cat expression in chloroplasts of tobacco
      cells. Cultured NT1 tobacco cells collected on filter papers were bombarded with
      tungsten particles coated with pUC118 (negative control), 35S-CAT (nuclear
      expression vector), pHD312 (repliconless chloroplast expression vector), and
      pHD407, pACp18, and pACp19 (chloroplast expression vectors with replicon). Sonic
      extracts of cells bombarded with pUC118 showed no detectable cat activity in the
      autoradiograms. Nuclear expression of cat reached two-thirds of the maximal 48 hr
      after bombardment and the maximal at 72 hr. Cells bombarded with chloroplast
      expression vectors showed a low level of expression until 48 hr of incubation. A
      dramatic increase in the expression of cat was observed 24 hr after the addition
      of fresh medium to cultured cells in samples bombarded with pHD407; the
      repliconless vector pHD312 showed about 50% of this maximal activity. The
      expression of nuclear cat and the repliconless chloroplast vector decreased after
      72 hr, but a high level of chloroplast cat expression was maintained in cells
      bombarded with pHD407. Organelle-specific expression of cat in appropriate
      compartments was checked by introducing various plasmid constructions into
      tobacco protoplasts by electroporation. Although the nuclear expression vector
      35S-CAT showed expression of cat, no activity was observed with any chloroplast
      vectors.

PMID- 2404286
TI  - Issues in measuring change in motor function in children with cerebral palsy: a
      special communication.
AB  - Assessing clinical change in motor function in children with cerebral palsy is a
      complex measurement task. Whereas a variety of methods have been developed to
      quantify specific aspects of gross motor behavior (eg, gait analysis,
      electrophysiological tests, energy-consumption techniques), systematic
      measurement of overall gross motor function is a more difficult problem. This
      special communication reviews the structural and performance characteristics
      required of a well-developed, valid, and responsive clinically based evaluative
      measure. We discuss several recent approaches used to assess responsiveness and
      critically examine clinical measures used in randomized controlled trials of
      physical therapy for children with cerebral palsy. It is argued that the creation
      and validation of responsive evaluative measures is essential if we are to assess
      accurately whether our treatments do more good than harm.

PMID- 2404288
TI  - Quantal analysis of synaptic potentials in neurons of the central nervous system.

PMID- 2404287
TI  - Slow potentials of the cerebral cortex and behavior.

PMID- 2404289
TI  - Chemical information processing in the olfactory system of insects.

PMID- 2404290
TI  - Role of amino acid transport and countertransport in nutrition and metabolism.

PMID- 2404291
TI  - Cell mechanisms of proximal tubule acidification.

PMID- 2404292
TI  - Attributions in marriage: review and critique.
AB  - The prevailing behavioral account of marriage must be expanded to include covert
      processes. This article therefore examines the attributions or explanations that
      spouses make for marital events. A review indicates that dissatisfied spouses,
      compared with satisfied spouses, make attributions for the partner's behavior
      that cast it in a negative light. Experimental, clinical outcome, and
      longitudinal data suggest further that attributions may influence marital
      satisfaction. Rival hypotheses for these findings are examined. Because continued
      empirical development in this domain depends on conceptual progress, a framework
      is presented that integrates attributions, behavior, and marital satisfaction.
      This framework points to several topics that require systematic study, and
      specific hypotheses are offered for research on these topics. It is concluded
      that the promising start made toward understanding marital attributions holds
      considerable potential for enriching behavioral conceptions of marriage.

PMID- 2404293
TI  - The illusion of reality: a review and integration of psychological research on
      hallucinations.
AB  - Hallucinations are among the most severe and puzzling forms of psychopathology.
      Although usually regarded as first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia, they are found
      in a wide range of medical and psychiatric conditions. Moreover, a substantial
      minority of otherwise normal individuals report hallucinatory experiences. The
      purpose of this article is to review the considerable research into the cognitive
      mechanisms underlying (particularly psychotic) hallucinations that has been
      carried out and to integrate this research within a general framework. The
      available evidence suggests that hallucinations result from a failure of the
      metacognitive skills involved in discriminating between self-generated and
      external sources of information. It is likely that different aspects of these
      skills are implicated in different types of hallucinatory experiences. Further
      research should focus on specific metacognitive deficits associated with
      different types of hallucinations and on treatment strategies designed to train
      hallucinators to reattribute thoughts to themselves.

PMID- 2404295
TI  - The basic ultrasound examination of the uncomplicated pregnancy.
AB  - The examination of the pregnant uterus is both complicated and technically
      demanding. Because there is a diversity of equipment and types of examiners
      performing the study, the antepartum obstetric guidelines are important because
      they offer a unified approach to the analysis of the pregnant uterus.

PMID- 2404296
TI  - Fetal ultrasound.

PMID- 2404294
TI  - Lithium and serotonin function: implications for the serotonin hypothesis of
      depression.
AB  - Lithium enjoys wide clinical use in the treatment of affective disorders, but the
      mechanism of its action in these conditions is still controversial. Recent
      studies have shown that lithium can interact with other antidepressant drugs to
      enhance their efficacy, perhaps by specific effects on serotonin (5-HT) function.
      A large body of independent evidence suggests that 5-HT function is abnormal in
      depression. This review documents preclinical evidence of lithium's effects on 5
      HT function at the levels of precursor uptake, synthesis, storage, catabolism,
      release, receptors, and receptor-effector interactions. The weight of this
      evidence suggests that lithium's primary actions on 5-HT may be presynaptic, with
      many secondary postsynaptic effects. Studies in humans, using very different
      methodological approaches, generally suggest that lithium has a net enhancing
      effect on 5-HT function. These actions of lithium may serve to correct as-yet
      unspecified abnormalities of 5-HT function involved in the pathogenesis of
      depression.

PMID- 2404297
TI  - The fetal genitourinary tract.
AB  - Early recognition of fetal urinary tract anomalies may dramatically influence
      obstetric or neonatal management. Major fetal urinary abnormalities, including
      renal agenesis, obstructive lesions, and cystic disease, may be clinically silent
      but readily identified by sonography. Careful evaluation of the fetal
      genitourinary tract should therefore be an important component of the routine
      screening obstetric sonogram. Appreciation of normal sonographic appearances of
      the fetal genitourinary tract may facilitate early recognition of the abnormal
      fetus. Accurate prenatal sonographic characterization of a renal abnormality and
      evaluation of renal function are essential for fetal prognosis and management.

PMID- 2404298
TI  - Sonography of multiple gestations.
AB  - Ultrasound plays an important role in the management of multiple gestations in
      several key areas: (1) diagnosing multiple gestation and determining fetal
      number; (2) determining placentation; (3) diagnosing complications; (4) guiding
      procedures; and (5) identifying fetal lie late in pregnancy. The information
      obtained from single or serial ultrasound examinations can lead to improved
      obstetric decision-making and thereby to improved outcome in these high-risk
      pregnancies.

PMID- 2404299
TI  - Prenatal ultrasonic detection of anomalies with a lethal or disastrous outcome.
AB  - Although rare, a number of fetal anomalies can be detected with ultrasound in
      which the prognosis is either fetal death or minimal development. Anomalies of
      this type include anencephaly, holoprosencephaly, hydranencephaly, iniencephaly,
      cystic hygroma with hydrops, cystadenomatoid malformation of the lung with
      hydrops, conjoined twins of some types, renal agenesis, bilateral renal
      dysplasia, lethal dwarfing syndromes, and some forms of hydrops. Syndromes in
      which the severe form only are fatal include intracranial teratoma,
      encephalocele, pentalogy of Cantrell, vein of Galen aneurysm, the limb body wall
      complex, and infantile polycystic kidney. Sonographic findings of these
      conditions and other rarer lethal lesions are reviewed.

PMID- 2404300
TI  - Ecologic physiology of the fetus. Ultrasonography of supply-line deprivation
      syndromes.
AB  - Supply-line deprivation is a major source of developmental fetal pathology.
      Clinical surveys have tended to emphasize the role of placental failure, although
      the umbilical cord may also be a site of injury. Supply-line limitations are met
      by a series of active fetal compensatory maneuvers. These include growth
      retardation. The role of ultrasound is in detecting when these compensations are
      invoked, grading their effectiveness, and determining trends. Nuchal cord occurs
      in about a third of cases, conferring a risk of hypoxic injury in utero but also
      providing a unique physiologic test possibility. Clinical evaluation and
      management should be predicated upon pathophysiologic considerations, with
      examination technique and extent individualized for each case.

PMID- 2404301
TI  - Ultrasound in the first trimester of pregnancy.
AB  - High-resolution sonography, including transvesical and endovaginal techniques,
      has resulted in enhanced visualization of embryonic and extraembryonic
      structures. With endovaginal sonography, the gestational sac may be seen within
      the decidua at about 4.5 weeks menstrual age. The yolk sac is the first structure
      to be seen within the gestational sac, and confirms the presence of a gestational
      sac rather than a decidual cast. The embryo is identified by endovaginal
      sonography early in the 6th week, and cardiac activity is routinely identified by
      a crown-rump length of 3 to 5 mm. On endovaginal sonography, absent cardiac
      activity in an embryo having a crown-rump length of greater than 3 to 5 mm
      indicates embryonic death. With endovaginal scanning, a gestational sac of
      greater than 8 mm without a yolk sac, or greater than 16 mm without an embryo,
      also indicates a nonviable pregnancy. Routine sonography primarily to assess the
      menstrual age should be performed in the second trimester, when added clinically
      relevant information may be obtained. Although it is possible to diagnose some
      anomalies in the first trimester, most remain second trimester sonographic
      diagnoses.

PMID- 2404302
TI  - The use of sonography in the evaluation of the high-risk pregnancy.
AB  - The role of dynamic ultrasound fetal assessment and, in particular, fetal
      biophysical profile scoring in the recognition and management of the high-risk
      pregnancy is discussed. Specific details pertaining to performing and
      interpreting the fetal biophysical profile score are provided. In addition, the
      specific application of their methods to the postdate, diabetic pregnancy and the
      fetus with intrauterine growth retardation is discussed.

PMID- 2404303
TI  - Invasive fetal procedures.
AB  - The development of the subspecialty of maternal-fetal medicine has been hampered
      by the inability to gain direct access to the fetus. With the development and
      improvement of high-resolution real-time ultrasound, access to the fetus and its
      intravascular compartment has become a reality. This article presents a
      description of the invasive procedures used in the prenatal diagnosis and
      treatment of fetal medical and surgical conditions.

PMID- 2404304
TI  - Sonographic estimation of fetal age and weight.
AB  - Real-time ultrasound is a very effective tool in the estimation of fetal age and
      weight. The most accurate fetal age estimates are from crown-rump length
      measurements in early pregnancy. Late pregnancy age estimates are less accurate,
      but the use of multiple body measurements provides a composite age estimate
      generally accurate to within 7 per cent of actual age. Estimates of fetal weight
      are improved with the use of head, body, and femur measurements, and generally
      are accurate to within 15 per cent of actual birth weight.

PMID- 2404305
TI  - Sonographic evaluation of maternal disorders during pregnancy.
AB  - This article has reviewed and illustrated the sonographic features of the most
      common pelvic masses that can be encountered in pregnant patients. Sonographic
      evaluation allows delineation of the size, consistency, and location of pelvic
      masses occurring during pregnancy. It has an important role in establishing the
      enlargement or regression of pelvic masses that occur during pregnancy.
      Sonography also has an important role in the diagnosis of cholecystitis and upper
      urinary tract obstruction and/or infections in the pregnant patient.

PMID- 2404306
TI  - Fetal central nervous system abnormalities.
AB  - The advances in the sonographic imaging of the fetus have made the detailed
      examination of the fetal central nervous system (CNS) a routine part of the
      prenatal sonogram. A logical sonographic approach to the diagnosis of fetal CNS
      abnormalities is presented, based on the normal sonographic anatomy and the
      understanding of CNS pathology. This approach results in a classification of CNS
      abnormalities derived from ultrasound findings. The main categories are (1)
      hydrocephalus, (2) entities that mimic hydrocephalus, and (3) neural tube
      defects. Once a disorder is classified and all ultrasound abnormalities
      identified, a differential diagnosis can be developed.

PMID- 2404307
TI  - Fetal skeletal anomalies.
AB  - Skeletal dysplasias are a heterogeneous group of disorders of bone growth
      resulting in abnormal shape and size of the skeleton. The prenatal diagnosis of
      these disorders is a particularly challenging task. This article reviews the
      birth prevalence and classification of skeletal dysplasias and provides an
      approach to the diagnosis of conditions identifiable at birth.

PMID- 2404308
TI  - Is computer assisted instruction for you?

PMID- 2404309
TI  - Doppler US. Part I. Basic principles, instrumentation, and pitfalls.
AB  - This article reviews some of the important physical principles involved in
      Doppler ultrasound (US) in the context of modern diagnostic US technology.
      Methods of quantitative Doppler US data analysis used to distinguish normal
      hemodynamics from disturbed flow conditions are discussed with the aid of
      numerous examples. Definitions and measurement techniques are presented for
      determining from Doppler signals such indicators of arterial disease as velocity,
      volume flow rate, flow impedance, and pulsatility. Spectral analysis and its
      utility in Doppler signal analysis are described. The various options available
      on modern Doppler US instrumentation are reviewed, including duplex Doppler
      techniques and color Doppler flow mapping. Finally, the authors discuss artifacts
      and pitfalls likely to be encountered in the routine clinical use of Doppler US
      for diagnostic purposes.

PMID- 2404310
TI  - Doppler US. Part II. Clinical applications.
AB  - Duplex and color Doppler ultrasound (US) are noninvasive techniques capable of
      providing much information about the condition of blood vessels and flow within
      them throughout the body. Doppler US provides more than noninvasive angiography.
      Besides assessment of blood vessel patency and direction of flow, analysis of the
      flow velocity waveform allows quantitation of arterial stenoses and evaluation of
      both physiologic and pathologic changes in impedance. In certain situations,
      Doppler US can aid in tissue characterization and estimation of absolute flow
      volume. Color Doppler flow imaging may both expedite and clarify the duplex
      Doppler examination. In addition, color Doppler imaging can demonstrate flow
      orientation and improve the identification of turbulence and soft plaque. Color
      and duplex Doppler US are complementary, with color Doppler techniques providing
      spatial orientation and pulse Doppler techniques providing the time-velocity
      spectrum for quantitation.

PMID- 2404311
TI  - Venous reflux: assessing the level of incompetence.

PMID- 2404312
TI  - Visibility of gallstone fragments at US and fluoroscopy: implications for
      monitoring gallstone lithotripsy.
AB  - To assess the value of ultrasound (US), fluoroscopy, and spot radiography in the
      detection, counting, and measurement of gallstone fragments during lithotripsy,
      in vitro visibility studies were conducted on fragments from 20 stones.
      Fluoroscopic visibility was evaluated during and after lithotripsy on 185
      fragments placed in an anthropomorphic phantom. Three US experiments were
      performed on the fragments to study the visibility of fragments as a function of
      size, the accuracy of the count with large numbers of fragments, and the ability
      of observers to detect and count fragments larger than both 4 mm and 5 mm. With
      fluoroscopy, fragment detection rates ranged from 20% (fragments larger than 2.5
      mm) to 80% (fragments larger than 4.5 mm). With US, all fragments larger than 1.5
      mm were detected, and US was significantly better than fluoroscopy and spot
      radiography for detection of fragments 2.5 mm or smaller. US was also more
      accurate than fluoroscopy (11% vs 59% error) in the assessment of the number of
      fragments. When fragments larger than 4 mm or 5 mm were being counted with US,
      92% of the fragments were visualized. The results suggest that US is more
      accurate for monitoring gallstone lithotripsy than fluoroscopy or spot
      radiography.

PMID- 2404313
TI  - CT and MR imaging of intralabyrinthine schwannoma: report of two cases and review
      of the literature.
AB  - Two cases of intralabyrinthine schwannoma were studied with computed tomography
      (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. On CT scans, a soft-tissue mass was
      identified in the round window niche in both cases. Widening of the basilar turn
      of the cochlea and characteristic erosion of the promontory were noticed in one
      case. Preoperative MR imaging (performed in only one case) revealed a soft-tissue
      mass in the labyrnth, extending into the round window niche. Findings at CT and
      MR imaging are discussed, and a differential diagnosis is given. The literature
      is reviewed. The authors' findings suggest that CT and MR imaging may prove very
      valuable in the previously difficult preoperative diagnosis of these tumors. In
      the setting of progressive sensorineural hearing loss, atypical Meniere disease,
      or recurrent vertigo, the presence of a mass in the labyrinth or labyrinthine
      windows- delineated on CT or MR images, despite a normal internal auditory canal,
      cerebellopontine angle, or brain stem - is highly suggestive of intralabyrinthine
      schwannoma.

PMID- 2404314
TI  - Renal artery stenosis: prospective evaluation of diagnosis with color duplex US
      compared with angiography. Work in progress.
AB  - A prospective, double-blind comparison of color duplex sonography with
      angiography was performed for diagnosing renal artery stenosis in 50 kidneys in
      26 patients. The major criterion for diagnosing a diameter narrowing of more than
      50% was a velocity of greater than 100 cm/sec. Angiography demonstrated 10
      stenoses and one occlusion in main or accessory renal arteries in seven patients.
      Twenty-two percent of kidneys had accessory renal arteries. Color duplex scanning
      helped identify 58% of the main arteries and no accessory vessels. None of the
      stenotic vessels were identified with duplex scanning, but the single occluded
      vessel was correctly diagnosed. Nine of the 29 vessels identified with duplex
      scanning were incorrectly diagnosed as stenotic, findings yielding a specificity
      of 37%. The authors conclude that the published velocity threshold of 100 cm/sec
      is too low. Duplex scanning with current technology is unlikely to prove
      satisfactory for screening patients with hypertension for renal artery stenosis.

PMID- 2404315
TI  - Deep venous thrombosis of extremities: role of MR imaging in the diagnosis.
AB  - Current noninvasive imaging techniques for diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis
      (DVT) of extremities are limited in their ability to demonstrate central vein
      involvement and to distinguish acute from chronic changes. The utility of spin
      echo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for DVT was evaluated in 100 patients
      suspected of having either upper- (n = 25) or lower-extremity (n = 75) DVT.
      Ninety-seven patients were imaged successfully. In a subset of 36 patients,
      prospective comparison of MR imaging with contrast venography revealed a
      sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 100%, and Kappa level of agreement of .752 (P
      less than .0001). MR imaging showed more central extent of thrombus than did
      venography in all five patients with upper-extremity DVT and in 13 of 25 patients
      (52%) with lower-extremity DVT. Although all patients in the study were evaluated
      for acute symptoms, 13 of 59 (22%) MR imaging studies positive for DVT
      demonstrated chronic disease. MR images demonstrated ancillary abnormalities in
      18 of 41 (44%) patients who did not have DVT. Thus, MR imaging has a role as the
      definitive examination when the results of initial screening studies are
      unsatisfactory, or as a first-line examination if (a) there is suspicion of upper
      extremity or pelvic vein thrombosis, (b) there is a history of prior DVT that
      necessitates distinction of acute from chronic changes, or (c) other tests are
      unavailable.

PMID- 2404316
TI  - Value of diagnostic tests for deep venous thrombosis: a decision analysis model.
AB  - A decision analysis model and data pooled from more than 12,000 patients were
      used to help elucidate conflicting results about the preferred method for
      diagnosing deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The prevalence of DVT in symptomatic
      legs is 40%, a value at which venography followed by Doppler ultrasound (in cases
      of nondiagnostic or unsuccessful venography) is preferred over the sequence of
      Doppler-plethysmography, provided that the sensitivity of the latter is less than
      94%. If the prevalence of DVT decreases to 25% or the sensitivity of Doppler is
      95% or higher, then the sequences of Doppler-plethysmography and venography
      Doppler are equivalent in helping minimize resulting morbidity and mortality.
      Because of the greater clinical significance of proximal DVT, the analysis was
      modified to reflect changes in prevalence, sensitivity of noninvasive tests, and
      rate of pulmonary embolus due to DVT extending above the knee. In this case,
      performing plethysmography is slightly better than performing venography followed
      by Doppler or plethysmography.

PMID- 2404317
TI  - Spontaneous disruption of two Greenfield vena caval filters.
AB  - Two cases of fractured Kimray-Greenfield vena caval filter struts in patients
      with pulmonary embolism are reported. Both filters were inserted without
      complications by means of a jugular approach. Postoperative radiographs
      demonstrated correct positioning of the filter. During the follow-up period in
      both cases the devices migrated caudally and penetrated the caval wall; however,
      the patients remained asymptomatic. Radiographs should be obtained in the follow
      up period to ensure proper positioning of the vena caval filter even in
      asymptomatic patients.

PMID- 2404318
TI  - Metastatic pulmonary calcifications after cardiac surgery in children.
AB  - Six children in whom pulmonary calcifications developed after open heart surgery
      are described. Asymptomatic alveolar lesions appeared within the first 3 weeks
      after surgery, during or after intensive care. They were first diagnosed as
      possible infection or edema and secondarily identified as calcifications in the
      lungs. In five patients, the pulmonary calcifications partially decreased or
      disappeared, and the prognosis did not seem to be altered. In one patient, the
      pulmonary calcifications were associated with cardiac calcifications leading to
      death. The mechanism of these pulmonary calcifications is thought to be
      predominantly or exclusively metastatic and partially iatrogenic. Data indicated
      two major causative factors: therapy with massive doses of calcium and
      postsurgical acute renal failure. Radiographic findings of persistent alveolar
      lesions of increasing density in patients undergoing antibiotic therapy after
      open heart surgery are suggestive of the diagnosis of metastatic pulmonary
      calcifications. Scintigraphy with bone agents or computed tomography is
      recommended for early confirmation and prevention of therapeutic errors,
      especially after cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2404319
TI  - Apparatus seen on chest radiographs after cardiac surgery in adults.
AB  - The authors review the purpose, radiographic appearance, and possible
      complications of various tubes, catheters, and wires seen on chest radiographs
      after cardiac surgery. Drainage tubes, temporary epicardial wire electrodes,
      surgical clips, intraaortic counterpulsation balloon, atrial pressure monitor
      catheters, and sternal wires are reviewed. Because recent articles have discussed
      the Swan-Ganz catheter and automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator,
      these are not covered in depth.

PMID- 2404320
TI  - Radionuclide bone imaging in the early detection of fractures of the proximal
      femur (hip): multifactorial analysis.
AB  - The results of 179 radionuclide bone imaging examinations, 105 gathered
      retrospectively from the cases of 97 patients referred for assessment of possible
      occult fracture of the proximal femur (hip) and 74 performed prospectively on 63
      patients referred with a diagnosis of obvious or suspected hip fracture, were
      analyzed in relation to patient age, the interval between injury and imaging, and
      the type of fracture sustained. Ninety-two examinations were performed less than
      72 hours after injury; 31 of these were done at 0-24 hours. For the diagnosis of
      hip fracture in an individual patient, the overall sensitivity was 0.933;
      specificity, 0.950; positive predictive value, 0.918; and negative predictive
      value, 0.960. For the clinically important subgroup of 145 patients with normal
      or equivocal radiographs, the sensitivity was 0.978. A characteristic pattern for
      greater trochanter fractures was found. Other diagnoses were scintigraphically
      established in 41% of patients evaluated. The data suggest that patients of all
      ages, regardless of the time after injury, can be imaged as soon as they present.

PMID- 2404321
TI  - Computerized extraction of coded findings from free-text radiologic reports. Work
      in progress.
AB  - A computerized data acquisition tool, the special purpose radiology understanding
      system (SPRUS), has been implemented as a module in the Health Evaluation through
      Logical Processing Hospital Information System. This tool uses semantic
      information from a diagnostic expert system to parse free-text radiology reports
      and to extract and encode both the findings and the radiologists'
      interpretations. These coded findings and interpretations are then stored in a
      clinical data base. The system recognizes both radiologic findings and diagnostic
      interpretations. Initial tests showed a true-positive rate of 87% for
      radiographic findings and a bad data rate of 5%. Diagnostic interpretations are
      recognized at a rate of 95% with a bad data rate of 6%. Testing suggests that
      these rates can be improved through enhancements to the system's thesaurus and
      the computerized medical knowledge that drives it. This system holds promise as a
      tool to obtain coded radiologic data for research, medical audit, and patient
      care.

PMID- 2404322
TI  - Recognition for sonographers.

PMID- 2404323
TI  - Image interpretation session. Extralobar pulmonary sequestration.

PMID- 2404324
TI  - Radiology on postage stamps, Part 4.

PMID- 2404325
TI  - Natural pesticides and bioactive components in foods.
AB  - In this review, some common food plants and their toxic or otherwise bioactive
      components and mycotoxin contaminants have been considered. Crucifers contain
      naturally occurring components that are goitrogenic, resulting from the combined
      action of allyl isothiocyanate, goitrin, and thiocyanate. Although crucifers may
      provide some protection from cancer when taken prior to a carcinogen, when taken
      after a carcinogen they act as promoters of carcinogenesis. The acid-condensed
      mixture of indole-3-carbinol (a component of crucifers) binds to the TCDD
      receptor and causes responses similar to those of TCDD. Herbs contain many
      biologically active components, with more than 20% of the commercially prepared
      human drugs coming from these plants. Onion and garlic juices can help to prevent
      the rise of serum cholesterol. Most herbs used in treatments may have many
      natural constituents that act oppositely from their intended use. Some herbs like
      Bishop's week seed contain carcinogens, and many contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids
      that can cause cirrhosis of the liver. The general phytoalexin response in plants
      (including potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, celery, and sweet potatoes)
      induced by external stimuli can increase the concentrations of toxic chemical
      constituents in those plants. In potatoes, two major indigenous compounds are
      alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine, which are human plasma cholinesterase
      inhibitors and teratogens in animals. Because of its toxicity, the potato variety
      Lenape was withdrawn from the market. Celery, parsley, and parsnips contain the
      linear furanocoumarin phytoalexins psoralen, bergapten, and xanthotoxin that can
      cause photosensitization and also are photomutagenic and photocarcinogenic.
      Celery field workers and handlers continually have photosensitization problems as
      a result of these indigenous celery furanocoumarins. A new celery cultivar (a
      result of plant breeding to produce a more pest-resistant variety) was
      responsible for significant incidences of phytophotodermatitis of grocery
      employees. Since there is no regulatory agency or body designated to oversee
      potential toxicological issues associated with naturally occurring toxicants,
      photodermatitis continues to occur from celery exposure. Sweet potatoes contain
      phytoalexins that can cause lung edema and are hepatotoxic to mice. At least one
      of these, 4-ipomeanol, can cause extensive lung clara cell necrosis and can
      increase the severity of pneumonia in mice. Some phytoalexins in sweet potatoes
      are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic to mice. The common mushroom Agaricus bisporus
      contains benzyl alcohol as its most abundant volatile, and A. bisporus and
      Gyromitra esculenta both contain hydrazine analogues. Mycotoxins are found in
      corn, cottonseed, fruits, grains, grain sorghums, and nuts (especially peanuts);
      therefore, they also occur in apple juice, bread, peanut butter, and other
      products made from contaminated starting materials.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2404326
TI  - Dietary intake, absorption, metabolism, and excretion of oxalate.

PMID- 2404327
TI  - Renal phosphate handling and calcium nephrolithiasis: role of dietary phosphate
      and phosphate leak.

PMID- 2404328
TI  - The pathophysiology and medical treatment of urolithiasis.

PMID- 2404329
TI  - Surgical management of urinary calculi.
AB  - Shock wave lithotripsy is the cornerstone of the modern management of urinary
      calculi and is the preferred treatment for most small renal stones. Percutaneous
      lithotripsy is preferred for large stones and in combination with ESWL for
      staghorn calculi. Upper ureteral stones should be pushed back to the kidney for
      ESWL, if possible; otherwise they should be treated in situ. Lower ureteral
      stones are preferentially managed with ureteroscopy, but ESWL may also be used. A
      variety of methods of power lithotripsy are available: ultrasound,
      electrohydraulic lithotripsy, and pulsed dye laser lithotripsy. Only 1% to 2% of
      stone patients require open surgery; it is an important judgment to identify
      these patients to avoid inappropriate use of newer techniques in cases where
      success is unlikely. It is apparent that modern management of the patient with a
      urinary calculus requires access to all methods of stone removal. The surgeon and
      internist should not forget that the goal is to remove the stone safely,
      efficaciously, and economically.

PMID- 2404330
TI  - Uric acid metabolism in humans.

PMID- 2404331
TI  - [Nosebleed, vision disorders].
AB  - A 79-year-old man had repeated episodes of nose bleeding, disturbances of vision
      and anemia. Elevated WBC and lymphocytosis suggested chronic lymphatic leukemia.
      Serum electrophoresis revealed IgM paraproteinemia. The disease progressed
      rapidly under appropriate therapy. An autopsy revealed NHL of the
      lymphoplasmocytoid type (IWF: A--LP-immunocytoma), a NHL carrying a slightly
      poorer prognosis than classical chronic lymphatic leukemia.

PMID- 2404332
TI  - [A case from practice (158). Type I diabetes in remission. Type II diabetes].

PMID- 2404333
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of cerebrovascular diseases].
AB  - The current state of the art in diagnosis and therapy of cerebral vascular
      diseases is reviewed with emphasis on possibilities and limitations. MRI and CT
      reveal morphologic alterations whereas diagnosis of functional aspects of disease
      is just being developed. PET and magnetic spectrography permit to assess some
      metabolic functions of the brain, pharmacotherapy, radiation treatment and
      surgery complement each other. Also in this therapeutic field further
      developments are on the road.

PMID- 2404334
TI  - [In search of a new morality. Ethical considerations on the Amstad Report].
AB  - Against the background of rapid progress in the field of reproduction medicine
      and gene technology, the governments of various countries have set up commissions
      to discuss the moral, legal and social problems involved and make proposals for
      regulation. Thus, in 1986 the Swiss Federal Council convened an expert commission
      which, after two years of discussion, has recently published a voluminous
      document (the "Amstad Report"). The present paper attempts to analyze, from the
      philosophical viewpoint, some of the problems associated with such processes for
      the further development of morality for specific ends. A leading question in this
      regard is the role of philosophical thought in these processes, i.e. the
      potentialities and limits of ethics for the creation of a moral consensus on the
      problems surrounding technical intervention in human reproduction. There are four
      schools of thought: 1. The activities of expert commissions are evidence of the
      fact that man is at present endeavouring consciously to "construct" his morality.
      He may always have been the subject of his mortality, but this was without his
      own knowledge and awareness. Today, under the pressure of new means of action,
      man is becoming the conscious subject of his mortality and the formation of a
      morality is a process aimed at a specific result. 2. The fundamental difficulty
      of such a scheme arises from the absence of a theoretical and socially tested
      system for the "construction" of a new morality. This is also true of philosophy:
      on questions of morality it possesses analytic competence but no specific methods
      of generating new norms and values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404335
TI  - Kissing cousins. A DNA repair system stops species from interbreeding.

PMID- 2404336
TI  - The oncogene connection.

PMID- 2404337
TI  - Cloning of an interleukin-3 receptor gene: a member of a distinct receptor gene
      family.
AB  - Interleukin-3 (IL-3) binds to its receptor with high and low affinities, induces
      tyrosine phosphorylation, and promotes the proliferation and differentiation of
      hematopoietic cells. A binding component of the IL-3 receptor was cloned.
      Fibroblasts transfected with the complementary DNA bound IL-3 with a low affinity
      [dissociation constant (Kd) of 17.9 +/- 3.6 nM]. No consensus sequence for a
      tyrosine kinase was present in the cytoplasmic domain. Thus, additional
      components are required for a functional high affinity IL-3 receptor. A sequence
      comparison of the IL-3 receptor with other cytokine receptors (erythropoietin, IL
      4, IL-6, and the beta chain IL-2 receptor) revealed a common motif of a distinct
      receptor gene family.

PMID- 2404338
TI  - Specific expression of a tyrosine kinase gene, blk, in B lymphoid cells.
AB  - Several pathways of transmembrane signaling in lymphocytes involve protein
      tyrosine phosphorylation. With the exception of p56lck, a tyrosine kinase
      specific to T lymphoid cells that associates with the T cell transmembrane
      proteins CD4 and CD8, the kinases that function in these pathways are unknown. A
      murine lymphocyte complementary DNA that represents a new member of the src
      family has now been isolated and characterized. This complementary DNA, termed
      blk (for B lymphoid kinase), specifies a polypeptide of 55 kilodaltons that is
      related to, but distinct from, previously identified retroviral or cellular
      tyrosine kinases. The protein encoded by blk exhibits tyrosine kinase activity
      when expressed in bacterial cells. In the mouse and among cell lines, blk is
      specifically expressed in the B cell lineage. The tyrosine kinase encoded by blk
      may function in a signal transduction pathway that is restricted to B lymphoid
      cells.

PMID- 2404339
TI  - In memoriam. Lakshman Rao Chervu (1930-1988) and Shanta Chervu (1937-1988).

PMID- 2404340
TI  - Blood cell labeling with 99mTc: progress and perspectives.
AB  - Blood cell labeling with 99mTc has progressed through various developmental
      phases. In the case of red cell labeling, the science seems to have matured
      sufficiently, although minor refinements in the procedures will no doubt continue
      to be made. During the last 3 to 5 years, there has been a resurgence of interest
      in labeling leukocytes and platelets with 99mTc. As a result of these efforts,
      the techniques for these cell types appear to be developing slowly, having
      finally come out of their infancy. Progress in these directions over the last 3
      1/2 years is summarized and discussed in this article. Emerging techniques that
      offer the promise of combining simplicity and convenience with reliable and
      reproducible data are highlighted. Mechanisms involved in the various labeling
      approaches, if studied and understood, are included. Recent efforts on cell
      labeling with 99mTc using the monoclonal antibody approach are summarized.
      Although results in this area are quite preliminary, the monoclonal antibody
      approach holds the greatest promise for labeling leukocytes and platelets in
      vivo, and thus overcoming the biggest drawback of current techniques, ie, cell
      separation and handling before labeling. This is a US government work. There are
      no restrictions on its use.

PMID- 2404341
TI  - The chemistry of 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals.
AB  - The subject of the chemistry of 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals consists of a
      collection of bits and pieces of information without a unifying theme. Since the
      initial impetus to the field of organ imaging was provided by radiochemists,
      nuclear chemists, and clinician-investigators, using easily prepared 99mTc
      compounds from available off-the-shelf ligands, complete chemical
      characterization was not carried for the 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals and their
      metabolites. The influx of coordination, organic, and analytic chemists and their
      systematic studies clarified some of the structures of these tracers, and
      promoted the general synthetic methods of a variety of ligands and the
      corresponding 99mTc-chelates as well as understanding of the nature of their
      metabolites. Although major developments for organ-imaging radiopharmaceuticals
      had been made, future studies will result in the simplified methodology of
      protein-labeling, fine-tuning of the currently available radiopharmaceuticals for
      higher organ-extraction, and replacement of expensive 123I-labeled tracers with
      the corresponding 99mTc-tracers. In general, the Tc-complexes are
      thermodynamically less stable and kinetically more labile than the corresponding
      Re-complexes. The well established chemistry of Re-compounds, the similarity of
      Tc-chemistry to that of Re compounds, and structure-activity relationships of a
      few classes of 99mTc-labeled compounds, may promote the development of new
      generation of 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals.

PMID- 2404342
TI  - 99mTc-low density lipoprotein: intracellularly trapped radiotracer for
      noninvasive imaging of low density lipoprotein metabolism in vivo.
AB  - Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is the major transport protein for endogenous
      cholesterol in human plasma. LDL can be radiolabeled with 99mTc using sodium
      dithionite as a reducing agent. Biodistribution studies of 99mTc-LDL in normal
      rabbits confirm that 99mTc-LDL acts as an intracellularly "trapped ligand"
      similar to radioiodinated tyramine cellobiose-LDL (the previously validated
      trapped radioligand). In addition, studies performed in hypercholesterolemic
      rabbit models demonstrated the feasibility of imaging hepatic LDL-receptor
      concentration noninvasively. 99mTc-LDL imaging studies in a number of
      hypercholesterolemic and hypocholesterolemic patients have proven useful in
      understanding the abnormal uptake and metabolism of LDL. In patients with
      hypercholesterolemia (HC), 99mTc-LDL appears to be taken up well by the actively
      evolving atherosclerotic lesions and xanthomata that contained foam cells and
      macrophages. In patients with myeloproliferative disease and chronic
      hypocholesterolemia, 99mTc-LDL images showed intense accumulation of
      radioactivity in the spleen and bone marrow; this demonstrated extensive
      proliferation of the macrophage population suggesting that hypocholesterolemia in
      these patients may be due to increased uptake of LDL uptake by the macrophages.
      99mTc-LDL is a powerful tool for the noninvasive exploration of a variety of
      disorders of lipoprotein metabolism in patients.

PMID- 2404343
TI  - Recent developments in the radiolabeling of antibodies with iodine, indium, and
      technetium.
AB  - The use of radiolabeled antibodies for tumor detection and therapy has provided
      some striking successes despite unfavorable tumor-to-normal tissue radioactivity
      ratios due, in part, to the accumulation of the label in normal tissues. One
      approach, which has been and is still under consideration to reduce unwanted
      background levels, is the improvement of ways in which radiolabels are attached
      to antibody, especially with the goal of increasing in vivo stability. Although
      these improvements have occurred throughout the history of this field, important
      developments have recently been reported in the labeling of antibodies with three
      radiolabels, namely radioiodine, 111In, and 99mTc. Thus, antibodies may now be
      labeled with radioisotopes of iodine in ways that minimize the extent of in vivo
      dehalogenation leading to thyroid, stomach, and gut radioactivity uptake. Newer
      and stronger chelates for 111In have been developed in the hope that their use
      would result in lower radioactivity levels in the liver. Finally, newer methods,
      both direct and indirect, for the attachment of 99mTc to antibodies have been
      developed and are now being clinically tested. Although these developments have
      taken place only recently and the in vivo behavior of labels attached in these
      ways have not yet been fully characterized, it is possible to make tentative
      conclusions regarding their impact. Thus, the use of stably radioiodinated
      antibodies appears to have resulted in modest improvements in patient images. In
      contrast, the use of stable chelates for labeling antibodies with 111In may have
      had no appreciable effect on liver radioactivity levels. The use of antibodies
      radiolabeled with 99mTc, especially via the newer direct labeling methods, are
      providing superior images in patients with low radioactivity levels in organs
      such as liver. However, it must still be established whether the short physical
      half-life of 99mTc lowers sensitivities and specificities of detection relative
      to other labels.

PMID- 2404344
TI  - Immunoscintigraphic imaging of inflammatory lesions: preliminary findings and
      future possibilities.
AB  - Mixed leukocytes separated in vivo from patients' blood and labeled with
      lipophilic chelates of 111In and 99mTc are now used clinically for imaging
      inflammatory foci in many medical centers worldwide. Recent immunological
      advances have prompted investigations about using radiolabeled antibodies
      potentially specific for human neutrophils, labeling of these blood cells in
      vivo, and imaging inflammatory processes in patients. Early results are
      encouraging, allowing abscesses to be imaged with high specificity and presenting
      only minimal (10% to 20%) adverse immunogenic responses. However, problems
      remain, including low immunospecificity and lengthy procedures for radiolabeling
      of antibodies. These areas are currently subjects to further research that in
      time will contribute to make this modality convenient, simple, and efficacious.

PMID- 2404345
TI  - New drugs for treating hypercholesterolemia and other hyperlipidaemias--the HMG
      CoA reductase inhibitors.

PMID- 2404346
TI  - A comparative trial of flunarizine and propranolol in the prevention of migraine.
AB  - The calcium-entry blocker flunarizine (Sibelium; Janssen) was compared with the
      beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking agent propranolol in the prophylaxis of migraine.
      Fifty-eight patients were entered into a double-blind 4-month treatment trial.
      Patients in whom beta-blockers were contraindicated were excluded from the trial.
      At the end of the trial 28 patients had received 10 mg flunarizine at night
      during the study, 29 patients had received 60 mg propranolol 3 times a day and 1
      patient was withdrawn. Both groups responded well; and there was a 4-fold drop in
      frequency of attacks. There was no significant difference between the two groups
      in terms of patient profile, onset of response to therapy, final response to
      therapy, incidence of dropout from the trial or incidence of side-effects. Side
      effects for flunarizine were weight gain (9 patients) and tiredness (6), and for
      propranolol sleep disturbances including nightmares (6), tiredness (8), mental
      changes (e.g. irritability) (3) and weight gain (4). Both flunarizine and
      propranolol are useful drugs for migraine prophylaxis and can be used effectively
      as first-line drugs. The low incidence of generally mild side-effects with
      flunarizine may make it preferable to many of the agents at present in use for
      migraine prophylaxis.

PMID- 2404347
TI  - Crohn's disease of the appendix.
AB  - Crohn's disease limited to the appendix is uncommon. The disease may mimic acute
      appendicitis with fever, leukocytosis, right lower quadrant pain, and
      occasionally a palpable mass. When Crohn's disease affects the appendix, it
      typically has a longer clinical period in which the patient has symptoms than do
      most cases of acute appendicitis. The most common preoperative diagnoses are
      acute appendicitis and appendiceal abscess. A review of the literature is
      presented along with our experience in three additional cases of Crohn's disease
      limited to the appendix. We suggest that Crohn's disease be included in the
      preoperative differential diagnosis and that extensive intraoperative examination
      of the gastrointestinal tract be made in any case of suspected appendicitis that
      has had a protracted preoperative course.

PMID- 2404348
TI  - The intestinal factor in multiple organ failure and shock.

PMID- 2404349
TI  - Inverse correlation between N-myc amplification and catecholamine metabolism in
      children with advanced neuroblastoma.
AB  - The relationship between urinary excretion of catecholamine and/or its
      metabolites before the initiation of therapy and the genomic amplification of N
      myc of the extirpated primary tumors was studied in 32 patients who had advanced
      neuroblastoma (stages III and IV). Values of vanillylmandelic acid, homovanillic
      acid, and noradrenaline excreted in urine were significantly higher in patients
      with 1 to 10 copies of N-myc (L-group) than in those patients who had more than
      10 copies (H-group), whereas values of dopamine in urine were not significantly
      different between the groups. The ratio of urinary noradrenaline and dopamine was
      also significantly higher in the L-group. N-myc amplification, urinary excretion
      of vanillylmandelic acid and the noradrenaline/dopamine ratio significantly
      affected the prognosis. These data suggest that an inverse regulatory mechanism
      might be present between the N-myc amplification and catecholamine metabolism in
      patients who have advanced neuroblastoma, possibly at the level of gene and/or
      enzyme. These events would influence the prognosis. The main blockade of the
      metabolism may be in the metabolic processes from dopamine to noradrenaline.

PMID- 2404350
TI  - Intracellular processing of epidermal growth factor by early wound healing cells.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a potent 53-amino-acid residue polypeptide that
      has been implicated in normal wound healing. Although past studies have shown
      that locally applied EGF accelerates wound healing, these studies have not
      examined intracellular events related to the processing of the growth factor. The
      objective of this study was to characterize both initial and later postbinding
      intracellular processing of EGF by a responsive cell line (osteoblasts) that is
      important in the healing of wounds. Cloned mouse calvarial osteoblasts (MC-3TC
      E1) were incubated with radiolabeled EGF, with and without preincubation with
      nonlabeled EGF, for specific time intervals. Cell-associated radioactivity was
      characterized by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results showed
      that EGF is processed as three distinct species and that the relative proportions
      of these species are altered at later time periods when compared with initial
      processing. The patterns, similar to those reported for human fibroblasts,
      indicate a possible common pathway for the mitogenic signal in cells associated
      with the early events of wound healing. In addition, these data represent the
      first direct evidence that preexposure of cells to nonlabeled EGF alters the
      processing of radiolabeled EGF. This is significant, because cells must be
      exposed to EGF for 5 to 8 hours to elicit a growth response. Such data may help
      to explain the "lag phase" of wound healing.

PMID- 2404351
TI  - New approach to management of malignant ascites with streptococcal preparation OK
      432. III. OK-432 attracts natural killer cells through a chemotactic factor
      released from activated neutrophils.
AB  - When a streptococcal preparation, OK-432, was administered intraperitoneally to
      patients with malignant ascites, lymphocytes with cytotoxic activity against
      tumor cells increased in number in the peritoneal cavity after 5 to 7 days. To
      investigate the underlying mechanisms of such lymphocyte accumulation, lymphocyte
      chemotactic activity (LCA) in ascitic fluid was measured by a modification of the
      Boyden method. High LCA was found on the third and fourth days after the OK-432
      injection. This LCA was generated in the cell-free supernatant of the patients'
      abdominal neutrophils that accumulated in the peritoneal cavity 24 hours after
      the injection of OK-432. A similar LCA was also found when normal peripheral
      neutrophils were incubated with OK-432. Incubation of normal neutrophils without
      OK-432 failed to generate LCA, however, and OK-432 alone had no LCA. We
      tentatively named this factor "neutrophil-derived lymphocyte chemotactic factor"
      (NDLCF). The NDLCF was heat stable and nondializable, and its molecular weight
      was approximately 45,000 daltons. It attracted mainly natural killer cells by
      immunoperoxidase assay of migrated lymphocytes in the chemotactic membrane. These
      characteristics were distinct from C5a, interleukin-1, and interleukin-2. The
      results suggest that the newly found NDLCF may be responsible for the
      infiltration of cytotoxic lymphocytes, especially natural killer cells in the
      peritoneal cavity in patients with malignant ascites when treated by
      intraperitoneal injections of OK-432.

PMID- 2404352
TI  - Splenectomy in the management of systemic mast cell disease.
AB  - The records of 26 patients with systemic mast cell disease (SMCD) treated during
      the past decade at the National Institutes of Health were reviewed to determine
      the role of splenectomy in the management of SMCD. Seventeen (65%) patients had
      indolent SMCD, manifested primarily by urticaria pigmentosa and mast cell
      infiltration of the skin, bone marrow, or gastrointestinal tract. None of these
      patients underwent splenectomy. These patients required only symptomatic therapy.
      Nine (35%) patients, including those with associated hematologic disorders and
      those with a lymphoma-like illness termed lymphadenopathic mastocytosis with
      eosinophilia, had aggressive SMCD. Five of nine patients with aggressive SMCD
      underwent splenectomy. Of the five patients with splenectomy, three were alive at
      the time of this report, whereas none of the four who did not have a splenectomy
      was still alive. Length of survival without splenectomy was 26 months. With
      splenectomy, length of survival at the time of this report was 34 months.
      Patients without splenectomy died of bleeding caused by severe thrombocytopenia.
      Patients with splenectomy appeared better able to tolerate chemotherapy. We thus
      conclude that while splenectomy is of no value in the management of indolent
      mastocytosis, it should be considered in patients with aggressive SMCD.

PMID- 2404353
TI  - [Postpartum endometritis in cattle].
AB  - Postparturient endometritis in cattle is discussed in this review paper,
      considerable attention being paid to diagnosis and treatment. Clinical
      examination is stressed in the discussion of diagnosis. The diagnosis of
      endometritis may be established by rectal and vaginoscopical examination in
      nearly every case. Cytological and bacteriological examinations supply only
      little information. In view of the method of treatment, it is essential to
      determine whether or not the cow is affected with pyometra. Treatment of acute
      postparturient endometritis consists in intra-uterine administration of
      oxytetracycline (for a period of from one to three days). Pyometra should be
      treated by injection of prostaglandins (PG). When it is doubted whether pyometra
      is developing and a corpus luteum is present, treatment is nevertheless
      advisable. All other cases of chronic endometritis do not require therapy. The
      tendency to spontaneous recovery is so considerable in cattle that treatment
      cannot add anything to the results.

PMID- 2404354
TI  - [Bovine somatotropin; a review].

PMID- 2404355
TI  - The polymerase chain reaction in transfusion medicine.
AB  - PCR is a sensitive and powerful diagnostic and research tool. Its diagnostic
      applications in infectious disease, genetics, and cancer will play a prominent
      role in transfusion medicine in the next several years. However, the indirect
      effect of PCR on transfusion medicine in terms of increasing our understanding of
      disease mechanisms and the development of therapeutic agents will be even
      greater.

PMID- 2404356
TI  - The 30-minute rule for reissuing blood: are we needlessly discarding units?
AB  - The standards of the American Association of Blood Banks require that blood for
      reissue must be maintained continuously between 1 and 10 degrees C. To comply
      with this standard, most transfusion services have set a 30-minute limit on the
      time that a unit of blood can be out of a monitored refrigerator before it must
      be discarded. The primary reason for such a time limit is to reduce the risk that
      small numbers of contaminating bacteria could grow to lethal numbers before the
      blood is administered. An extensive review of the pertinent literature revealed
      that the organisms that may survive refrigeration (i.e., psychrophilic bacteria)
      are unable to begin logarithmic phase growth for several hours after returning to
      room temperature. This is due to alterations in bacterial enzyme systems and
      membrane lipids that occur during growth at refrigerator temperatures and that
      must be repaired before rapid growth may occur. On the basis of this information,
      it appears that the 30-minute limit could be extended to 2 hours without any
      increased risk to the recipient. Such a policy change could save 18,000 units of
      blood per year in the United States.

PMID- 2404357
TI  - [Complications of long-term treatment with vitamin K antagonists].
AB  - Long-term treatment with vitamin K antagonists (vKA) frequently involves
      complications. The commonest complication is haemorrhage and cases of serious
      haemorrhage are stated in the literature to occur with a frequency per 1,000
      treatment years of 12-108, of which 2-17 are fatal. The majority of deaths
      associated with haemorrhage are due to intracranial haemorrhage. Notifications of
      complications of vKA treatment in Denmark are considerably fewer than might be
      anticipated from the literature. The stability of anticoagulation treatment
      decreases with the number of drugs administered simultaneously and numerous drugs
      and other factors interact with the effect of vKA. A series of examples are
      reviewed and some known drugs which do not interact are mentioned. Non
      haemorrhagic side effects of coumarin derivatives are rare. Anticoagulation
      treatment during pregnancy is associated with very special problems and must be
      regarded as a specialist task.

PMID- 2404358
TI  - [Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diagnosis and treatment. An
      interpretation].
AB  - There are approximately 100,000 non-insulin-dependent diabetics in the Danish
      population and the incidence appears to be increasing. As the disease is
      complicated by a series of arteriosclerotic manifestations together with
      hypertension and eye changes, it presents great problems in the primary and also
      in the secondary sector. The Danish Association for Internal Medicine has, on
      this basis, prepared an explanatory report with the main object of establishing
      guidelines for treatment of the disease both medically and by organisation. The
      report contains a review of the patho-physiological conditions with emphasis on
      resistance to insulin and the basic cellular defect. The connections with
      arteriosclerosis and hypertension are also emphasized. The significance of the
      diet in the treatment of the condition is also emphasized as approximately 80% of
      the patients are overweight. Guidelines for treatment with sulphonurea,
      biguanides and insulin are presented. In order to provide optimal treatment and
      control of non-insulin-dependent diabetics and to provide them a better quality
      of life closer cooperation between general practitioners and diabetic clinics is
      recommended. In particular, it appears to be desirable to involve diabetic
      clinics at the commencement of the disease when the need for training is great.

PMID- 2404359
TI  - [Pericardial involvement in leukemia and malignant lymphoma].
AB  - Pericardial exudate and/or spread of the tumour to the pericardium occurs
      frequently in leukaemia and malignant lymphomata. Metastases to the pericardium
      may be demonstrated at autopsy in 50% and 20-25%, respectively. In the majority
      of cases no symptoms from the heart occur. In cases with significant pericardial
      effusion or constrictive pericarditis, urgent treatment is indicated.
      Pericardiocentesis is carried out in cases of cardiac tamponade. Irradiation has
      frequently a rapid and dramatic effect in cases of massive tumour infiltration in
      the pericardium. Long-term treatment depends on the malignant haematological
      disease concerned. Meticulous diagnostic investigation is therefore indicated in
      every case with cardiac symptoms. This has frequently therapeutic consequences,
      reduces the morbidity and prolongs survival. Two cases of acute pericardial
      effusion with haemodynamic consequences are reviewed in this article. The
      haematological diagnoses were acute myeloid leukaemia and malignant lymphoma
      (diffuse large-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), respectively.

PMID- 2404361
TI  - [Intrathecally administered morphine--the odyssey of a project].

PMID- 2404360
TI  - [Transabdominal chorion villus biopsy following abnormal ultrasonic findings in
      the second trimester].
AB  - If oligohydramnios, growth retardation or foetal malformations are demonstrated
      by ultrasonic scanning in the second or third trimesters, this implies that the
      risk of chromosome anomalies is significantly increased. In cases such as these,
      determination of the foetal karyotype may therefore be indicated. Until recently,
      amniocentesis has been employed for this but the results of the chromosome
      investigation are not available until two to three weeks after the intervention.
      The delay between amniocentesis and the result of chromosome investigation
      imposes a mental strain on the pregnant woman. Three patients with abnormal
      ultrasonic findings in the second trimester were, therefore, submitted to
      transabdominal chorion villus biopsy and, in all three cases, a karyotype was
      available within 48 hours. Chorion villus biopsy in the second (and third)
      trimester is indicated in pregnancies in which oligohydramnios, growth
      retardation or foetal malformations have been demonstrated by ultrasonic
      scanning, in cases where referral for antenatal diagnosis is very late and when
      chromosome investigation after amniocentesis proves unsuccessful and repeated
      amniocentesis would result in an unacceptably late result.

PMID- 2404362
TI  - In vivo biomicroscopy with ultrasound 2.
AB  - In the first article of this series it was shown that the use of inverse
      scattering theory to analyse ultrasound reflections could provide high resolution
      images of the acoustic impedance profile of the retina. Unlike the retina, most
      tissue structures of interest, like small tumours and arterial plaque deposits,
      are shielded from view by intervening layers of tissue of appreciable acoustic
      impedance and attenuation. By analysing a one-dimensional model for a plaque
      deposit on the wall of a carotid artery embedded in a 5 cm thick layer of tissue,
      we demonstrate that a relatively high quality image can be recovered when
      compensation for the attenuation of the intervening tissue is made. We observe
      that because of the dearth of low frequency power in the recovered signal of
      ultrasound transducers, it is important that the field of view imaged is not
      taken to be too large. We compare the exact iterative distorted wave Born
      approximation inverse scattering method with the approximate but computationally
      faster plane wave Born approximation method and find that they give images of
      comparable quality for this model.

PMID- 2404363
TI  - Neoplasia and acquired renal cystic disease in patients undergoing chronic
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - Acquired renal cystic disease (ARCD) was initially reported to occur exclusively
      with patients on chronic hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease. To date, no
      cases of ARCD have been well documented in patients with end-stage renal disease
      treated solely by peritoneal dialysis. We report the occurrence of ARCD with
      renal cell carcinoma and hemorrhagic cyst formation in 2 patients with end-stage
      renal disease treated only with chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for three
      and one-half and three years, respectively, since the onset of their renal
      failure. Both patients were found to have ARCD and complex masses on follow-up
      ultrasound examination after previous normal examinations. The findings were
      confirmed by computerized tomography (CT) scan and both patients underwent
      radical nephrectomy.

PMID- 2404364
TI  - Ultrasonographic anatomy of normal prostate gland: reconstruction by computer
      graphics.
AB  - Computer graphic reconstructions of the prostate were made in both the transverse
      (axial) and longitudinal (sagittal) planes at different levels on the basis of
      the normal anatomic model of McNeal. Additional images then were created to give
      a picture of what the ultrasonogram should look like at each level, and these
      were compared with actual ultrasonograms of the normal prostate. A precise yet
      simple terminology is suggested for prostate ultrasonographic descriptions.

PMID- 2404365
TI  - Urethral stricture following transurethral prostatectomy.
AB  - Urethral stricture is the most common late complication of transurethral
      prostatectomy. Uroflowmetry is recommended as the routine screening procedure for
      strictures postoperatively. If maximal urinary flow rate (Qmax) is below 10
      mL/second the patients should be investigated further. The etiology of urethral
      stricture is still unclear. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the
      possible etiologic role of infected urine pre- and/or postoperatively, urethral
      catheterization pre- and postoperatively, catheter material, and the type and
      size of the resectoscope. A narrow urethra is probably a predisposing factor for
      stricture formation, but this is not definitively clarified. Only few randomized
      studies have been performed to evaluate the different prophylactic methods
      against development of strictures postresection. Resection via perineal
      urethrotomy, perhaps preceded by urethral calibration, seems to be a way to avoid
      anterior urethral strictures. The effects of internal urethrotomy preoperatively
      on stricture formation are conflicting. Further randomized studies are necessary.

PMID- 2404366
TI  - Pitfalls in pediatric urinary sonography.
AB  - Our review of pediatric urinary tract ultrasonograms over a period of two and one
      half years resulted in a catalog of pitfalls. Cases included normal scans
      mistaken for abnormal and vice versa. These erroneous diagnoses stemmed from the
      inappropriate selection of the primary imaging test, improper timing of the
      ultrasonogram, errors of commission or omission in performance of the scans, and
      improper interpretation of the findings. For ease of reference, the pitfalls are
      grouped under bladder, ureters, and kidney with emphasis on the first two which
      are common sources of error.

PMID- 2404367
TI  - Absorbable staples in continent ileal urinary pouch.
AB  - Continent ileal urinary reservoirs were created in dogs to study absorbable
      surgical staples. Within each pouch, certain controlled observations were
      possible. The staples and chemically similar polyglactin absorbable sutures
      caused almost identical tissue reactions. The staples outlasted the sutures,
      probably because of greater size. Inverted and everted staple closures worked
      equally well. It appears feasible to consider clinical urinary diversion with
      absorbable staples, a time-saving method.

PMID- 2404368
TI  - Ceftazidime in treatment of urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord
      injury: comparison with moxalactam.
AB  - Ceftazidime was compared with moxalactam in the treatment of urinary tract
      infections in patients with spinal cord injury. Patients received ceftazidime or
      moxalactam, 500 mg twice daily for five days. Urine specimens were collected by
      urethral catheter. Adequate follow-up was obtained in 26 patients treated with
      ceftazidime and 13 patients treated with moxalactam. The infecting bacteria were
      not cultured in significant numbers from the urine of any patients after two to
      four days of antibiotics, except for 1 patient who had Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      persisting in the urine while receiving ceftazidime. At five to nine days after
      completing antibiotic therapy, the cure rate was 42 percent for ceftazidime and
      15 percent for moxalactam. The rate of reinfection was significantly lower in the
      ceftazidime group than the moxalactam group.

PMID- 2404369
TI  - Antimicrobial prophylaxis in transurethral surgery.

PMID- 2404370
TI  - Ciprofloxacin in treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis.

PMID- 2404371
TI  - Therapy of urinary tract infections in the elderly: role of fluoroquinolones.

PMID- 2404372
TI  - Urinary tract infections in women: causes, classification, and differential
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2404373
TI  - Pharmacology of the fluoroquinolones.

PMID- 2404374
TI  - The use of fine needle aspirates in the evaluation of progesterone receptor
      content in breast cancer.
AB  - Material obtained by fine needle aspiration (FNA) from 30 surgically removed
      breast carcinomas was tested for the immunocytochemical localization of
      progesterone receptor (PR) using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) developed against
      human breast cancer PR. When compared to values obtained by conventional
      biochemical analysis of cytosol protein in the same tissue, a semiquantitative
      relationship suggested that a high intensity (3+) stain in cases in which more
      than 30% of the cells were positive was compatible with a PR concentration of
      greater than 200 fmol/mg. An absence of nuclear stain was indicative of a PR
      concentration of less than 10 fmol/mg, while a stain of an intermediate intensity
      (2+) or a stain of high intensity (3+) in less than 30% of the cells correlated
      with a PR level of 51-200 fmol/mg. Only one case in this group showed weak
      staining with a PR concentration of 85.5 fmol/mg. Cases containing a low
      concentration of PR (less than 50 fmol/mg) demonstrated a weak nuclear stain (1+)
      in less than 10% of the cells. Localization of nuclear PR by MAb staining of FNA
      cytologic specimens affords a relatively simple, inexpensive method of obtaining
      potentially significant information regarding tumor response to hormonal therapy
      and the recurrence potential of a tumor in patients with primary breast cancer;
      at the same time, this technique obviates several important disadvantages of
      conventional biochemical analysis.

PMID- 2404375
TI  - Pulmonary spindle cell carcinoid. Needle aspiration biopsy, histologic and
      immunohistochemical findings.
AB  - Six pulmonary spindle cell carcinoids were reviewed. The patients were
      asymptomatic women ranging from 56 to 76 years of age. Four cases were diagnosed
      or suspected by percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy. The four patients treated
      by wedge resection or lobectomy showed no recurrence during the followup period;
      one patient was followed radiologically without resection for over five years,
      during which time the lesion remained stable. The cytologic preparations showed
      groups and single oval or elongated cells that had nuclei with finely granular,
      evenly dispersed chromatin, usually one small nucleolus and easily disrupted,
      finely granular cytoplasm. The histologic sections showed circumscribed or
      infiltrative neoplasms growing as sheets or vaguely organoid cell masses with
      vascular, focally hyalinized stroma. Immunoreactivity for chromogranin, neuron
      specific enolase, synaptophysin, S-100 protein and Leu-7 was typically present;
      bombesin, serotonin, insulin and calcitonin were focally present in some cases.
      No reactivity for adrenocorticotropic hormone, somatostatin, gastrin, vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide, pancreatic polypeptide, low-molecular-weight cytokeratin
      (MAK-6) or carcinoembryonic antigen was observed.

PMID- 2404376
TI  - Extraadrenal myelolipoma. Intraoperative cytodiagnosis on touch preparations.
AB  - A case of presacral myelolipoma is presented. The tumor was diagnosed by
      examining intraoperative touch preparations. Extraadrenal myelolipomas, rare
      tumors composed of mature fat and hematopoietic tissue, must be distinguished
      from mass-forming extramedullary hematopoiesis. The use of touch preparations is
      an important adjunct to the study of frozen sections in the examination of fresh
      tissue, especially when the tissue is technically unsuitable for cryostat
      sectioning, as in this case.

PMID- 2404377
TI  - The role of DNA methylation in cancer.

PMID- 2404378
TI  - Growth-regulatory factors for normal, premalignant, and malignant human cells in
      vitro.
AB  - Normal human cells, cells from nonmalignant proliferative lesions, and primary
      and metastatic tumor cells can be maintained in vitro and analyzed for
      requirements for growth in chemically defined media. The human melanocytic cell
      system with normal melanocytes, precursor nevus cells, and primary and metastatic
      melanoma cells has been extensively studied for the phenotypic properties of the
      cells, including their requirements for exogenous growth factors and other
      mitogens. In high calcium-containing W489 medium, normal melanocytes require four
      supplements: IGF-I (or insulin); bFGF, TPA, and alpha-MSH. Nevus cells are
      largely independent of bFGF. Depletion of TPA from medium is not as detrimental
      to nevus cells as it is to melanocytes, but the phorbol ester is still essential
      for maintenance of the typical nevic phenotype. Primary melanoma cells require at
      least one growth factor, IGF-I (or insulin), for continuous proliferation. On the
      other hand, metastatic cells of melanoma as well as of carcinomas of colon and
      rectum, bladder, ovary, and cervix are able to proliferate after a short
      adaptation period in medium depleted of any growth factors and other proteins.
      Doubling times of metastatic tumor cells in protein-free medium are only 30-60%
      longer than in FCS-containing medium. The growth autonomy of human tumor cells is
      apparently due to the endogenous production of growth factors. Likely candidates
      for autocrine growth stimulation of human tumor cells are TGF-alpha, TGF-beta,
      and PDGF. Melanoma and colorectal carcinoma cells express functional EGF/TGF
      alpha receptors, and produce TGF-alpha, indicating that this growth factor is
      produced for autocrine stimulation. In addition to the use of anti-growth factor
      antibodies, other strategies for the inhibition of autocrine growth stimulation
      include mAbs to growth factor receptors, soluble receptors, receptor-mimicking
      antiidiotype antibodies, and active immunization against growth factors. Whether
      any of these therapeutic approaches is clinically feasible will need to be
      determined in extensive preclinical investigations.

PMID- 2404379
TI  - The lymphopoietic microenvironment in bone marrow.

PMID- 2404380
TI  - Genetic and epigenetic losses of heterozygosity in cancer predisposition and
      progression.

PMID- 2404381
TI  - The opportunistic tumors of immune deficiency.

PMID- 2404382
TI  - Genetic and molecular studies of cellular immortalization.

PMID- 2404383
TI  - Comparison of hemodynamic pressure half-time method and Gorlin formula with
      Doppler and echocardiographic determinations of mitral valve area in patients
      with combined mitral stenosis and regurgitation.
AB  - Mitral valve area determined by the Gorlin formula in patients with combined
      mitral stenosis and regurgitation underestimates the true orifice size. Recent
      data suggest Doppler ultrasound and two-dimensional echocardiography more
      accurately estimate the mitral valve area in patients with mixed mitral valvular
      disease. This study assessed the accuracy of an alternate method, the hemodynamic
      pressure half-time method, for mitral valve area determination in such patients.
      In 22 patients, 28 separate mitral valve areas were calculated by the hemodynamic
      pressure half-time method, the Gorlin formula, and the Gorlin formula corrected
      for mitral regurgitation, and were compared with results calculated by the
      Doppler pressure half-time method. Six patients were studied both before and
      after balloon mitral valvuloplasty. In addition, mitral valve areas calculated by
      all four methods were compared with results obtained by planimetry in 15 patients
      with technically optimal echocardiograms. The mitral valve areas determined by
      hemodynamic pressure half-time corretated closely with the valve areas determined
      by Doppler (r = 0.90), whereas mitral valve areas determined by the Gorlin
      formula (both without and with correction for mitral regurgitation) did not
      correlate as well with the Doppler-estimated valve areas (r = 0.47 and r = 0.56,
      respectively). Correlation between the Doppler-derived mitral valve areas and the
      planimetered valve areas was also good (r = 0.84), as was that between the mitral
      valve areas calculated by hemodynamic pressure half-time and those calculated by
      planimetry (r = 0.78).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404384
TI  - Use of coronary arteriography in the preoperative management of patients
      undergoing urgent repair of the thoracic aorta.
AB  - Noninvasive innovations have advanced the timing and precision of diagnosis of
      acute dissection or enlarging aortic aneurysm. However, the need to perform
      coronary arteriography prior to surgical repair in these patients remains a
      question for many clinicians. This retrospective 10-year (1978 to 1988) review
      examined data of 54 patients undergoing urgent surgical repair of thoracic aortic
      tear, aneurysm, or dissection in our institution. Results of coronary
      arteriography and clinical variables (history of coronary artery disease,
      electrocardiographic abnormalities, surgical procedures, and in-hospital
      mortality) were tabulated. Twenty-seven patients had type A aortic dissection and
      27 patients had type B. Twenty-four patients had aortic dissection or tear (type
      A or B) due to motor vehicle trauma. In patients with type A, a history and/or
      electrocardiogram suggestive of coronary artery disease was present in 16, in
      whom cardiac catheterization was performed in five. None required coronary bypass
      surgery or died. In the 11 patients with no clinical history of coronary artery
      disease or electrocardiographic abnormalities, six had cardiac catheterization,
      none had coronary artery disease, two had coronary reimplantation, and six died.
      Only 1 of the 27 patients with type A dissection had a perioperative myocardial
      infarction (a patient with a clinical history of coronary artery disease who did
      not undergo cardiac catheterization). In patients undergoing type B aortic
      repair, 10 had a clinical history or electrocardiogram consistent with coronary
      artery disease but only one underwent cardiac catheterization and subsequent
      coronary artery bypass graft surgery for coronary artery disease.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404385
TI  - Noncardiac complications of open-heart surgery.

PMID- 2404386
TI  - Clinical efficacy of dual electrode systems for endocardial cardioversion of
      ventricular tachycardia: a prospective randomized crossover trial.
AB  - In order to eliminate the need for epicardial electrodes, two large transvenous
      catheter electrodes or one catheter and one extrathoracic patch electrode have
      been proposed as alternative electrode configurations for defibrillation and
      ventricular tachycardia cardioversion by implantable cardioverter/defibrillators.
      We compared the efficacy and safety of endocardial shocks delivered through these
      two electrode systems in man in a prospective randomized crossover study. Twelve
      patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia and heart disease undergoing
      electrophysiologic study were evaluated. A transvenous tripolar cardioversion
      electrode catheter with a large distal defibrillation electrode (surface area,
      400 mm2) and proximal defibrillation electrode (surface area, 800 mm2) was
      positioned in the right ventricular apex with a cutaneous patch electrode placed
      on the cardiac apex. Sustained ventricular tachycardia was induced at
      electrophysiologic study. Shocks were delivered using two catheter electrodes
      only (right ventricular cathode and right atrial anode = method I), and one
      catheter electrode and cutaneous patch (right ventricular cathode and cutaneous
      apical patch anode = method II). Synchronized monophasic shocks were delivered
      using three preselected protocols based on ventricular tachycardia cycle length
      and morphology. Initial shock energies were 25 joules for polymorphic ventricular
      tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, 15 joules for monomorphic rapid
      ventricular tachycardia (cycle length less than or equal to 300 msec), and 5
      joules for monomorphic slow ventricular tachycardia (cycle length greater than
      300 msec). Ventricular tachycardia was reinduced and shock energies titrated
      until cardioversion threshold was obtained. Identical ventricular tachycardia
      episodes were treated with both methods at each energy level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404387
TI  - Comparison of quantitative coronary angiography to visual estimates of lesion
      severity pre and post PTCA.
AB  - Quantitative coronary angiographic measurements and visual estimates of coronary
      lesion severity were compared prospectively before, immediately following, and 6
      months following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Mean percent
      diameter stenosis before angioplasty was 87.9 +/- 9.9% by visual analysis and
      64.6 +/- 9.2% by quantitative coronary angiography (p = 0.0001). Differences
      between these two techniques were also found immediately post-angioplasty (visual
      analysis 29.5 +/- 11.8%, quantitative coronary angiography 22.8 +/- 11.8%, p =
      0.0002) and at 6 months (visual analysis 46.5 +/- 27.4%, quantitative coronary
      angiography 30.2 +/- 20.4%, p = 0.0001). These differences significantly affected
      the determination of restenosis by three definitions. (1) Lesion recurrence with
      greater than or equal to 50% stenosis at follow-up: 38 of 92 (41%) by visual
      analysis versus 20 of 92 (22%) by quantitative coronary angiography (p less than
      0.01). (2) Increase of greater than or equal to 30% stenosis: 34 of 92 (37%) by
      visual analysis versus 20 of 92 (22%) by quantitative coronary angiography (p
      less than 0.01). (3) Loss of 50% of previous improvement: 31 of 92 (34%) by
      visual analysis versus 24 of 92 (26%) by quantitative coronary angiography (p =
      0.08). In addition, determination of success or failure of percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty was affected by the interpretative technique,
      but these differences were not statistically significant. We conclude that visual
      estimates of lesion severity are consistently and significantly higher than
      quantitative measurements. Consequently, restenosis rates, using currently
      applied definitions, differ considerably depending on the method of analyzing
      lesion severity.

PMID- 2404388
TI  - A double-blind randomized multicenter dose-ranging trial of intravenous
      streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Intravenous streptokinase administration is now a widely applied therapy for
      patients in the early hours of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The dosages
      used do not appear to be based on comparative clinical investigations. Therefore
      a double-blind randomized trial was carried out to establish the optimal dose of
      streptokinase. A total of 189 patients who had symptoms of AMI for less than 4
      hours were treated with 200,000, 750,000, 1,500,000 or 3,000,000 IU streptokinase
      intravenously. At coronary angiography 2.8 +/- 2.7 hours (mean +/- standard
      deviation) after the start of streptokinase infusion, patency of the infarct
      related coronary artery was observed in 38, 75, 60 and 82% of the patients,
      respectively, in the 4 groups. The result of the dosage of 200,000 IU was
      significantly poorer than that of the other dosages (p less than 0.01). The
      result of a dosage of 3,000,000 IU was significantly better than that of
      1,500,000 IU (p less than 0.05), but the differences with 750,000 IU were not
      significant. Blood transfusion was required in 4 patients (2%), distributed over
      the 4 groups in 0, 2, 1 and 1 of the patients. One patient had major bleeding;
      this patient had been treated with 750,000 IU. The 3-month mortality-rate in the
      whole study population was 5%. Thus, of the 4 doses of streptokinase tested,
      750,000 IU is the minimal therapeutic dosage, and the arguments for 1,500,000 IU
      as standard therapy for comparison with other fibrinolytic drugs are poor. The
      best results in this study were achieved with 3,000,000 IU, but further research
      will be needed to establish the efficacy and safety of this new regimen.

PMID- 2404389
TI  - A randomized pilot trial of brief versus prolonged heparin after successful
      reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Controversy exists as to whether and how long heparin treatment is necessary
      after infarct vessel recanalization. To determine the role of heparin, patients
      with suitable angiographic features after reperfusion therapy were randomly
      allocated to receive a brief infusion of intravenous heparin for less than or
      equal to 24 hours (group 1), adjusted to a partial thromboplastin time of 2 times
      control or a prolonged infusion for greater than or equal to 72 hours (group 2),
      using the same titration mechanism. Patients were excluded for complex intimal
      dissections, large residual filling defects, less than Thrombolysis in Myocardial
      Infarction grade 3 flow pattern or greater than 50% residual stenosis. Heparin
      was sustained except for discontinuation 2 to 4 hours before periaccess sheath
      removal, or if significant bleeding (greater than or equal to 2 units blood
      transfusion) occurred. The primary endpoints were 1-week patency determined by
      repeat catheterization or recurrent ischemia, or both, and the incidence of
      bleeding complications. Fifty patients were randomized, 25 in both groups.
      Baseline variables were similar; 14 group 1 and 15 group 2 patients received
      thrombolytic treatment; 20 patients in each group had coronary angioplasty. Two
      documented reocclusions occurred in both groups. Significant bleeding
      complications occurred in 0 of 25 (0%) group 1 versus 6 of 25 (24%) group 2
      patients (p less than 0.05). Thus, in low-risk patients after successful
      reperfusion, prolonged heparin therapy does not protect against rethrombosis and
      is associated with a significantly higher rate of bleeding complications.
      Therefore, prolonged heparin therapy for greater than 24 hours does not appear to
      be justified in low-risk patients with successful reperfusion.

PMID- 2404390
TI  - The portable programmable microprocessor-driven real-time 12-lead
      electrocardiographic monitor: a preliminary report of a new device for the
      noninvasive detection of successful reperfusion or silent coronary reocclusion.
AB  - Successful intravenous thrombolytic therapy early in myocardial infraction has
      the potential to reduce patient mortality without the additional risk and cost of
      aggressive invasive therapy. Noninvasive detection of successful reperfusion
      using resolution of chest pain, ST-segment changes assessed on static
      electrocardiograms, arrhythmia evolution, early isoenzyme peaking or changes in
      ventricular perfusion or function has been hampered by poor sensitivity or
      specificity, or inability to provide timely information. A newly available
      portable programmable microprocessor-driven real-time 12-lead
      electrocardiographic monitor has been introduced that may address these
      limitations. A continuously updated precise digital record of ST-segment activity
      at the bedside provides valuable information both in monitoring patients during
      reperfusion therapy to determine the efficacy of such treatment and in the
      subsequent hours to signal threatened reocclusion. This report describes the
      salient features of the monitor and presents 4 distinct situations in which the
      monitor detected timely information regarding coronary patency after reperfusion.

PMID- 2404391
TI  - Usefulness of jogging in place as an exercise test of enhanced diagnostic
      efficacy.

PMID- 2404392
TI  - The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. Introduction: The aftermath of the CAST
      -a reconsideration of traditional concepts.

PMID- 2404393
TI  - A symposium: the cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial--does it alter our concepts
      of and approaches to ventricular arrhythmias? Woodland, Texas, August 9, 1989.

PMID- 2404394
TI  - Sudden cardiac death: a diversity of causes with focus on atherosclerotic
      coronary artery disease.
AB  - There are many causes of sudden cardiac death, and the younger the patient the
      more diverse the cause. Among persons dying suddenly in the Western World
      atherosclerotic coronary artery disease is the most common. This group might best
      be called atherosclerotic sudden coronary death. This article summarizes a
      previously published necropsy study by Warnes and Roberts of 70 victims aged 22
      to 81 years (mean 50) of sudden coronary death. Of 3,484 five-mm coronary
      segments examined (mean 50 per patient) from the 4 major (left main, left
      anterior descending, left circumflex and right) coronary arteries, 950 (27%) were
      narrowed 76 to 100% in cross-sectional area by plaque; 1,127 (32%), 51 to 75%;
      689 (20%), 26 to 50%, and 718 (21%), 0 to 25%. More extensive severe narrowing
      occurred in the proximal compared with the distal halves to the left anterior
      descending, left circumflex and right coronary arteries. Comparison between the
      31 previously symptomatic victims (either angina pectoris and/or a clinical acute
      myocardial infarction) to the 39 victims who had previously been asymptomatic
      disclosed a significantly higher mean percent of severely (76 to 100% in cross
      sectional area) narrowed 5-mm segments (30 vs 25% [p less than 0.0051]) and a
      lower mean percent of minimally (0 to 25%) narrowed segments in the symptomatic
      group (15 vs 25%, p less than 0.001). Thus, the major coronary arteries at
      necropsy in victims of sudden coronary death are diffusely involved by
      atherosclerotic plaque and in nearly one-third of the lengths of the major
      arteries the lumens are narrowed greater than 75% in cross-sectional area by
      plaque.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404395
TI  - A perspective on ventricular arrhythmias: patient assessment for therapy and
      outcome.
AB  - Clinical management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias continues to evolve.
      It is generally accepted that patients with sustained ventricular
      tachyarrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia [VT] or fibrillation) require
      treatment. It is also generally accepted that patients with frequent or complex
      ventricular ectopy or nonsustained VT, in the absence of underlying heart
      disease, do not require treatment unless relief of symptoms is warranted. Whether
      patients with frequent or complex ventricular ectopy or nonsustained VT require
      treatment in the presence of underlying organic heart disease remains uncertain.
      The concern is that these ventricular arrhythmias may be a precursor for
      sustained, potentially life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Available
      data suggest that patients with underlying heart disease, particularly coronary
      artery disease and a previous myocardial infarction, who manifest frequent or
      complex ventricular ectopy or nonsustained VT are at increased risk for sudden
      cardiac death. However, no studies have shown that treatment of these arrhythmias
      will affect outcome. Data are accumulating to suggest that use of the principles
      of risk stratification permits identification of patients at very high risk for
      developing sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Carefully designed clinical
      trials are required before one can provide firm guidelines for the management of
      these patients. Nevertheless, when several risk factors for sudden cardiac death
      (e.g., abnormal ejection fraction, a late potential on a signal-averaged
      electrocardiogram, and frequent or complex ventricular ectopy or nonsustained VT)
      are present in a patient, especially after a recent myocardial infarction,
      invasive electrophysiologic testing may help identify those who need treatment
      (sustained VT is inducible) and those who do not (no sustained VT is inducible).

PMID- 2404396
TI  - Sudden arrhythmic cardiac death--mechanisms, resuscitation and classification:
      the Seattle perspective.
AB  - Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the first recorded arrhythmia in 75% of patients
      who have a sudden cardiovascular collapse. Rarely (1%) does sustained ventricular
      tachycardia (VT) alone cause collapse and unconsciousness. Whether all VF begins
      as VT is unknown. Early application of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and rapid
      defibrillation are essential to ensure survival and satisfactory neurologic
      recovery. During the last 2 years in Seattle, the initial resuscitation rate for
      VF was 269 of 447 patients (60%), with 114 of 447 patients (26%) surviving long
      term. Survivors of VF have a high overall risk of recurrent VF, with many
      univariate risk factors identified: evidence of poor left ventricular function
      (history of congestive heart failure, prior myocardial infarction [MI] or low
      ejection fraction), extensive coronary artery disease, absence of a new MI
      (either Q wave or non-Q wave) with VF, male gender, advanced age, complex or high
      frequency ventricular ectopy on Holter recording, inducibility at
      electrophysiologic study, exercise-induced angina or hypotension, and smoking.
      Classification of cardiac deaths as arrhythmic or nonarrhythmic is important in
      interpreting the therapeutic response. However, because many patients have
      chronic symptoms, timing of the onset of a new event is difficult. Furthermore,
      accurate timing of an event does not guarantee correct classification. Sudden
      death is not necessarily arrhythmic, nor is all arrhythmic death sudden. Total
      cardiac mortality may be a simpler and more relevant end point to measure the
      overall effect of antiarrhythmic therapy.

PMID- 2404397
TI  - Comparison of thermic effects of constant and relative caloric loads in lean and
      obese men.
AB  - Controversy regarding defective thermic effect of food (TEF) in obesity might be
      related to differences among studies in the caloric loads. To clarify further the
      role of blunted thermogenesis in obesity, responses to the same absolute caloric
      load (720 kcal) and a relative load, which was 35% of each subject's resting
      metabolic rate (RMR), were compared in 11 lean (L) and 11 obese (O) men. The
      relative load was slightly larger for O than L (752 +/- 27 vs 683 +/- 21 kcal;
      means +/- SEM, NS). TEF, calculated as 3-h postprandial minus fasting RMR, was
      greater for L than O for both the 720-kcal (69 +/- 4 vs 31 +/- 3 kcal/3 h, p less
      than 0.01) and relative loads (64 +/- 4 vs 37 +/- 3 kcal/3 h, p less than 0.01).
      For L, TEF was greater for the 720-kcal load than for the relative load whereas
      for O, TEF was greater for the relative than for the 720-kcal meal. However,
      expressed as a percent of the calories ingested, TEF for the absolute and
      relative meals was identical for each group, in both cases lower for O (4.2 +/-
      0.4% vs. 4.7 +/- 0.3%) than for L (9.7 +/- 0.4% vs 9.3 +/- 0.8%); p less than
      0.01. These results demonstrate the impact on thermogenesis of the basis on which
      the meal is dosed and provide further evidence for defective thermogenesis in
      obesity.

PMID- 2404398
TI  - Dietary management of nursing home residents with non-insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - Eighteen residents with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) from two
      skilled nursing facilities were monitored for glycemic control on diabetic and
      regular diets provided by the institution. Weekly fasting plasma glucose and 1-d
      dietary intake were followed for 16 wk: 4 wk on diabetic diets before and after
      an 8-wk regular-diet period. All residents were in good glycemic control (fasting
      plasma glucose 7.0 +/- 0.6 mmol/L) at entry into the study. During the regular
      diet period, fasting plasma glucose increased an average of 0.6 mmol/L for all
      residents. Caloric intake increased during the regular-diet period although body
      weight did not change significantly. In both study periods nutrient intake of the
      residents met or exceeded the Recommended Dietary Allowances for the age group.
      These results indicate that the short-term substitution of regular for diabetic
      diets did not result in gross deterioration of glycemic control in patients with
      NIDDM confined to chronic-care facilities.

PMID- 2404399
TI  - The Journal celebrates its diamond anniversary: Early days, early doubts,
      ultimate success.

PMID- 2404400
TI  - A dental Class III malocclusion treated to a full-cusp Class II molar
      relationship.
AB  - A case report of a Class III dental malocclusion superimposed on a straight
      skeletal pattern is presented. The patient was a 14-year-old girl with limited
      growth potential. This case included congenitally missing maxillary permanent
      lateral incisors, impacted maxillary permanent canines, and bilateral posterior
      open bites. The patient's soft-tissue profile was normally convex. In addition to
      her malocclusion, the patient had a history of difficulty breathing through the
      nose. The general treatment included palatal expansion, protraction headgear, and
      comprehensive edgewise orthodontic therapy.

PMID- 2404401
TI  - Iron metabolism.

PMID- 2404402
TI  - Medicare and endoscopy reimbursement.

PMID- 2404403
TI  - Effect of endoscopic sclerotherapy and propranolol on the blood flow of
      esophageal varices.
AB  - The blood flow in esophageal varices was measured by endoscopic laser Doppler
      velocimetry (LDV) in 27 patients histologically or clinically diagnosed as having
      liver cirrhosis. The effect of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS), and of
      intravenous oral administration of propranolol, on the output signal of LDV was
      evaluated. EIS was performed intravariceally after the measurement, with a 50%
      glucose solution, human thrombin (1000 U), and Aethoxysclerol as sclerosants.

PMID- 2404404
TI  - Symptomatic congenital gastroenteric duplication cyst of the esophagus containing
      exocrine and endocrine pancreatic tissues.

PMID- 2404405
TI  - Heterotopic gastric and pancreatic tissue in large bowel.
AB  - Heterotopic gastric and pancreatic tissues rarely involves large bowel. We report
      the case of a 30-yr-old man who presented with lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
      The barium enema showed an ulcerated mass lesion at the splenic flexure.
      Colonoscopy revealed a polypoid ulcerated lesion at the splenic flexure. The
      resected specimen, on histological examination, showed a polypoid lesion lined by
      gastric mucosa. The base of the polyp also showed ectopic pancreatic tissue. The
      patient recovered completely after surgery.

PMID- 2404406
TI  - Streptococcus bovis brain abscess associated with an occult colonic villous
      adenoma.
AB  - Streptococcus bovis is now recognized as a common cause of bacterial
      endocarditis. However, infection of the central nervous system by this organism
      is very rare. Recent studies have demonstrated the association between
      Streptococcus bovis infections and colonic neoplasms.

PMID- 2404407
TI  - An unusual late manifestation of a Salmonella typhi infection.
AB  - We report the case history of a patient in whom we diagnosed purulent
      lymphadenitis due to Salmonella typhi, a late complication of a febris typhoidea
      that occurred 11 yr previously. We also review the literature concerning
      complications of Salmonella infections, and particularly discuss their
      hematogenous spread and lodgment.

PMID- 2404408
TI  - Cigarette smoking and the risk of breast cancer.
AB  - The authors examined the relation between cigarette smoking and breast cancer in
      the Centers for Disease Control Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study, a multicenter,
      population-based case-control study. The study compared 4,720 women aged 20-54
      years with newly diagnosed breast cancer identified through population-based
      tumor registries with 4,682 women randomly selected from the same geographic
      areas. Women who reported ever smoking cigarettes had a risk of breast cancer of
      1.2 (95 percent confidence interval 1.1-1.3) compared with never smokers. There
      was no consistent dose-response pattern with any measure of smoking (pack-years
      of smoking, average number of cigarettes per day, or total years smoked) and
      little difference in risk between current and former smokers. There was some
      variation in risk by age, with slightly higher risk estimates for younger women
      than for older women. Although current smokers had an earlier natural menopause
      than did never smokers, the authors found no evidence of a protective effect of
      cigarette smoking on breast cancer risk. These findings suggest that the risk of
      breast cancer in women who smoke is the same as, or perhaps slightly higher than,
      women who have never smoked.

PMID- 2404409
TI  - Field evaluation of measles vaccine efficacy in Mozambique.
AB  - Monitoring measles vaccine efficacy is an important form of quality control in
      immunization programs. Retrospective cohort studies of vaccine efficacy were
      conducted in Mozambique with the aim of adopting this method for regular use. The
      authors studied 1,215 and 790 children aged 12-35 months in the cities of Nampula
      and Beira, respectively. In Nampula (1985), vaccine efficacy was estimated to be
      40%, and in Beira (1986), it was estimated to be 59%. To investigate the
      possibility of falsely low results due to poor specificity of maternal reporting
      of measles cases, a seroepidemiologic study of 600 children aged 12-47 months was
      conducted in Nampula in 1986. The specificity and sensitivity of a maternal
      history of measles in an unvaccinated child were estimated as 83% and 56%,
      respectively. These results were used to obtain an adjusted vaccine efficacy
      estimate of 66%, almost double the estimate of 37% obtained using data on history
      of vaccination and illness alone. The large bias introduced into the vaccine
      efficacy estimation by low specificity of disease diagnosis is a serious
      limitation to the use of retrospective cohort methods to assess efficacy.

PMID- 2404410
TI  - The effect of a control program for enzootic bovine leukosis. Changes in herd
      prevalence in Denmark, 1969-1978.
AB  - As part of the Danish control program for enzootic bovine leukosis, three
      hematologic screenings of all cattle herds in Denmark were performed in the
      period 1969-1978. Herds with multiple cases of persistent lymphocytosis and/or
      leukotic tumors were classified as "leukosis herds." During nationwide blood
      testing, 369 leukosis herds were discovered, and an additional 77 herds were
      found due to follow-up of tumor cases or special testing in connection with
      movements of cattle in 1969-1978. In the present study, the prevalence of
      leukosis herds in the three screening rounds is related to geographic area and
      herd size. By means of a statistical log-linear model, the authors show that
      prevalence increased proportionally with herd size. The observed number of
      leukosis herds per 10,000 herds tested declined during the screening program from
      105 to 38 in east Denmark and from 12 to 4 in west Denmark.

PMID- 2404411
TI  - Re: "The question of clustering of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease".

PMID- 2404412
TI  - Treatment of obesity.
AB  - Decreases in resting metabolic rate and thermic effect of exercise during and
      after caloric restriction contribute to a reduced rate of weight reduction and
      subsequent difficulty in weight maintenance. Increasing exercise increases the
      thermic effect of exercise and prevents a decrease in resting metabolic rate,
      thereby, improving the rate of weight loss. A combined program of caloric
      restriction, exercise, and behavior therapy (including relapse prevention
      training and social support systems) is the most successful approach to long term
      weight reduction efforts. Pharmacologic treatment is currently limited, but there
      are three areas of development: agents which reduce energy intake, inhibitors of
      lipid synthesis, and thermogenesis enhancers. Evidence for improving efficiency
      of weight loss prevention and prevention of weight regain during repeated cycles
      of dieting (yo-yo phenomenon) exists in rat studies but not in a preliminary
      human investigation.

PMID- 2404413
TI  - Florida RNs incorporate to help patients cut Medicaid's red tape.

PMID- 2404414
TI  - Books of the year.

PMID- 2404415
TI  - Contact B-scan echography in the assessment of optic nerve cupping.
AB  - We determined the reliability of high-resolution contact B-scan echography for
      estimating the optic cup size in 56 eyes of 28 patients with glaucoma or ocular
      hypertension. Two trained observers independently evaluated horizontal and
      vertical cup/disk ratios in stereophotographs, and two skilled echographers
      independently estimated optic cup size in photoechograms in a masked fashion. The
      reliability of echographic interpretation varied (kappa 0.29 to 0.71), but it
      always exceeded that expected by chance alone, even for cups of 0.3 disk diameter
      or less. Subtly saucer-shaped cups (three of 50 eyes) and deep cups with intact
      neuroretinal rims (two of 50 eyes) were misinterpreted echographically. High
      resolution contact B-scan echography may provide a useful and reliable estimate
      of the optic cup size in eyes with opaque media.

PMID- 2404416
TI  - Variations in patient care to identify preferred management.

PMID- 2404417
TI  - Warner-Lambert/Parke-Davis Award lecture. Cellular and molecular mechanisms that
      direct leukocyte traffic.

PMID- 2404418
TI  - Regulation of fibronectin synthesis by interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in rat
      hepatocytes.
AB  - The authors have observed previously that recombinant human interleukin-1 (rhIL
      1) administered into rats increased plasma fibronectin (Fn) level concomitant
      with the increase of Fn in the liver. Because IL-1 induces interleukin-6 (IL-6)
      in certain cell types, the IL-1 effect might be mediated by IL-6. To evaluate
      this possibility, the effect of recombinant human interleukin-6 (rhIL-6), rhIL-1
      alpha, and rhIL-1 beta on Fn synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes was studied.
      It was shown that rhIL-6 increased Fn synthesis in hepatocytes, in contrast, rhIL
      1 alpha, rhIL-I beta and TNF did not have any effect on Fn synthesis. When we
      studied the interaction of IL-1 and IL-6, IL-1 did not exhibit any synergistic
      effect with IL-6. Conditioned medium (CM) from rhIL-1 stimulated peripheral blood
      monocytes (PBM) increased the Fn synthesis, and its activity was neutralized
      significantly by anti-rhIL-6 antibodies. The CM from rhIL-1-stimulated PBM was
      analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and revealed the increase of IL-6.
      Furthermore, it was found that intraperitoneal administration of rhIL-1 induced
      IL-6 into blood. The administration of rhIL-6 into rats increased circulating Fn
      levels. These results strongly suggest that the in vivo effect of IL-1 on Fn
      synthesis is mediated by IL-6.

PMID- 2404420
TI  - Human behavior and the communicable diseases of childhood.

PMID- 2404419
TI  - Plasma membrane GPIIb/IIIa. Evidence for a cycling receptor pool.
AB  - The author used immunofluorescence and digital image processing to investigate
      the dynamic distribution of GPIIb/IIIa in living platelets. Resting cells were
      incubated with AP-2, a complex-specific, monoclonal, anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody.
      Examination of intact cells demonstrated a rim pattern for GPIIb/IIIa consistent
      with a surface localization. Permeabilization revealed a time-dependent increase
      in the labeling of apparent intracellular vacuoles. This pattern is distinct from
      the "patch-cap" pattern observed when unfixed platelets were incubated with
      fluoresceinated concanavalin A. Additionally, labeling of this vacuolar pool of
      GPIIb/IIIa was inhibited by treatment with 2% sodium azide or by incubation at 4
      degrees C. Identical staining patterns were obtained with Fab fragments of AP-2.
      Ultrastructural examination confirmed the presence of labeled intracellular
      vacuolar structures. Parallel studies performed with AP-1, a monoclonal anti-GPIb
      antibody, failed to demonstrate internalization of GPIb. Finally, thrombin
      stimulation of resting platelets, which had been preincubated with AP-2, resulted
      in the clearing of this newly internalized pool of GPIIb/IIIa; presumably via
      translocation to the surface. These data suggest the presence of an actively
      cycling pool of GPIIb/IIIa that has not been described previously. The dynamic
      distribution of this pool may be important in the regulation of platelet
      adhesiveness.

PMID- 2404421
TI  - Noble purpose, grand design, flawed execution, mixed results: Soviet socialized
      medicine after seventy years.

PMID- 2404422
TI  - Precision and accuracy of a portable blood analyzer system during cholesterol
      screening.
AB  - The precision and accuracy of two Kodak Ektachem DT-60 portable blood analyzers
      were assessed in a model (research) cholesterol screening program in Rochester,
      New York. Between June and October 1987, a total of 8,573 people underwent a
      cholesterol screening held in a movable trailer. A wide variety of temperature,
      humidity, and other potentially adverse conditions were encountered during the
      screening period. Between-run coefficients of variation ranged from 1.9 percent
      to 4.8 percent per month; average bias compared to a Reference Laboratory method
      ranged between +0.2 percent and +2.0 percent. Both precision and accuracy met
      currently recommended standards for cholesterol testing in the United States.

PMID- 2404423
TI  - Epidemiologic assessment of screening tests for antibody to human T lymphotropic
      virus type I (HTLV-I).
AB  - We tested 196 sera from a human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) risk group
      (prostitute women) with two commercial "research" enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent
      assays (EIA) for HTLV-I antibodies. All tested sera were characterized by HTLV-I
      Western immunoblots and by HTLV-I radioimmunoprecipitation assays. The estimated
      sensitivities of the EIA tests were 93.8 percent and 100 percent, and the
      specificities were 98.8 percent and 95.8 percent, respectively, using recommended
      criteria for seropositivity (requiring reactivity to both gag p24 and env gp46 or
      gp61/68). Calculated negative predictive values remained excellent (greater than
      99.9 percent and 100 percent, respectively) at lower seroprevalence rates but the
      positive predictive values were only 7.3 percent and 2.3 percent when calculated
      for a seroprevalence rate of 0.1 percent. These results emphasize the importance
      and need for additional HTLV-I supplementary serologic testing when screening
      populations with low HTLV-I seroprevalence rates.

PMID- 2404424
TI  - Comparison of a transesophageal and precordial ultrasonic Doppler sensor in the
      detection of venous air embolism.

PMID- 2404425
TI  - Sympathetic blockade by epidural anesthesia attenuates the cardiovascular
      response to severe hypoxemia.
AB  - Blood pressure is usually well maintained during epidural or spinal anesthesia
      even in the presence of extensive sympathetic blockade. The authors investigated
      whether hormonal systems support arterial pressure and how the circulation copes
      with a hypoxic challenge when activation of the sympathetic nervous system is
      selectively impaired by neural blockade. Accordingly, the effects of high
      epidural anesthesia alone and combined with hypoxia were evaluated in seven awake
      trained dogs. On different days, either bupivacaine 0.5% (8-12 ml) or saline
      (placebo) were randomly injected epidurally and the effects evaluated on
      cardiovascular (arterial pressure, heart rate) and respiratory (blood gases,
      oxygen consumption) variables, as well as on hormone plasma concentrations
      (vasopressin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, renin) during both normoxia and
      hypoxia. During epidural anesthesia alone, vasopressin increased tenfold (1.7
      pg/ml +/- 1.0 SD to 16.8 +/- 13.8, P less than 0.05), norepinephrine decreased
      (90 pg/ml +/- 31 to 61 +/- 28, P less than 0.05) while epinephrine and renin
      concentrations remained unchanged. Mean arterial and pulse pressure decreased by
      13 mmHg and 23 mmHg (P less than 0.05), respectively. In dogs without sympathetic
      blockade (saline group), hypoxemia (PaO2: 31 +/- 4 mmHg) evoked an increase in
      mean blood pressure by 37 mmHg +/- 8 and heart rate by 50 beats per min +/- 17.
      In contrast, in the presence of sympathetic blockade but with a similar degree of
      hypoxemia, blood pressure failed to increase (+ 1 mmHg +/- 14) and heart rate
      rose by only 15 beats per min +/- 11. These differences between groups were
      statistically significant (P less than 0.001). Hypoxemia induced a similar
      hypocarbia (PaCO2:25 mmHg) in both groups, indicating that the ventilatory
      response to hypoxemia was preserved after epidural blockade. During hypoxemia
      vasopressin concentrations increased 35-fold to 64 pg/ml +/- 38 (P less than
      0.0001) compared to base line only during epidural anesthesia, but not after
      epidural saline (2 pg/ml +/- 2), while other hormones showed no significant
      differences. The authors conclude that high epidural anesthesia in awake
      unsedated dogs: 1) almost completely abolishes the normal cardiovascular response
      to hypoxemia while promoting vasopressin secretion; 2) preserves the ventilatory
      response to hypoxemia; and 3) is associated with increased vasopressin
      concentrations, most likely to compensate for decreased cardiac filling and/or
      arterial blood pressure when sympathoadrenal responses are impaired. Thus, the
      changes in cardiovascular vital signs in response to severe hypoxemia are
      markedly blunted when spinal sympathetic outflow is selectively eliminated by
      epidural anesthesia.

PMID- 2404426
TI  - Perioperative cardiac morbidity.

PMID- 2404427
TI  - Early intravenous anesthesia: an eyewitness account.
AB  - Descriptions of the earliest iv injections of various substances by individuals
      who actually witnessed the experiments in 1656 are presented. Of particular
      interest is an apparently overlooked account of an experiment in which opium was
      administered intravenously to a dog many years before 1674 as related by the
      physician and anatomist Thomas Willis. He does not identify the precise date nor
      the experimenters. However, at the time of this event Willis would have been at
      Oxford. There he was a very close professional associate of Christopher Wren who
      originated the practice of iv injection. These eyewitness accounts are worthy of
      note because the articles usually cited to establish Wren as the first individual
      to administer a drug intravenously were not written by anyone who actually
      observed the experiments.

PMID- 2404428
TI  - The Anesthesia Simulator-Recorder: a device to train and evaluate
      anesthesiologists' responses to critical incidents.
AB  - The Anesthesia Simulator-Recorder is a computer program that trains and evaluates
      anesthesiologists' management of critical incidents. The program executes on IBM
      compatible personal computers, combining a graphic display of the operating room
      with mouse-driven input and using an integrated set of physiological and
      pharmacological models to predict patient responses. The program records the
      simulated patient's vital signs and all management decisions, and produces a
      printed case summary. The Anesthesia Simulator-Recorder was evaluated by 44
      resident and attending anesthesiologists at seven different anesthesia training
      centers. These anesthesiologists found the simulator easy to use with clear
      presentation of the case and management options. The physiological and
      pharmacological models produced clinically realistic predictions of patient
      behavior (mean score = 8.5, where 10 is highly realistic and 1 is unrealistic).
      The Anesthesia Simulator-Recorder was appraised as an excellent training device
      (mean score = 8.5, where 10 is outstanding and 1 is poor) because it provides the
      ability to repeatedly practice the management of critical incidents. The
      simulator was judged to be a good evaluation device (mean score = 6.6, where 10
      is outstanding and 1 is poor). No significant differences were found in
      evaluations between the institution where the program was developed and other
      institutions, or between residents and attendings.

PMID- 2404429
TI  - Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on blood pressure and renal
      function during open heart surgery.
AB  - Activation of the renin-angiotensin system during open heart surgery may have
      consequences both beneficial in sustaining blood pressure and deleterious in
      compromising renal hemodynamics. The influence of short-term pretreatment with
      captopril on blood pressure and renal function was assessed double-blind versus
      placebo in 18 patients without pre-existing cardiac or renal failure, and
      undergoing coronary artery bypass. No difference in blood pressure and fluid
      requirement during the surgical period was observed between groups receiving
      captopril or placebo. Effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate
      decreased in the placebo group whereas they remained unaltered in the captopril
      group; during cardiopulmonary bypass, urinary excretion of sodium was greater in
      patients receiving captopril than those receiving placebo. These results suggest
      that captopril pretreatment does not compromise the control of blood pressure and
      renal function during open heart surgery; additional studies on the protective
      value of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are warranted in patients at
      higher risk for developing renal failure.

PMID- 2404430
TI  - Patient-controlled epidural analgesia during labor: a comparison of three
      solutions with a continuous infusion control.
AB  - This study examined the efficacy of patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA)
      during labor and compared the suitability of three different PCEA solutions.
      After establishing effective epidural analgesia with 12 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine,
      72 parturients in active labor were randomly assigned to one of four groups:
      physician-controlled continuous epidural infusion using 0.125% bupivacaine (CEI);
      PCEA using 0.125% bupivacaine (B); PCEA using 0.125% bupivacaine with fentanyl 1
      micrograms/ml (BF); and PCEA using 0.125% bupivacaine with fentanyl 1
      micrograms/ml and 1:400,000 epinephrine (BFE). The CEI infusion was begun at 12
      16 ml/h and adjusted to maintain a T10 sensory level and adequate pain relief.
      PCEA pumps were programmed to deliver a 6 ml/h basal infusion, 4 ml on-demand
      boluses, 10-min lockout intervals between doses, and a 20 ml hourly limit.
      Hemodynamic parameters, sensory level, quality of analgesia, duration of labor,
      overall satisfaction, and Apgar scores did not differ among groups. Compared with
      CEI, PCEA with plain bupivacaine did not decrease total local anesthetic usage or
      average hourly infusion rates during labor. However, addition of fentanyl (groups
      BF and BFE) decreased hourly infusion requirements. Average hourly infusion rates
      were 13.0 +/- 1.1 ml/h (B), 10.6 +/- 0.6 ml/h (BF), and 9.6 +/- 0.5 ml/h (BFE);
      group B differs from others (P less than 0.05). No instance of respiratory
      depression or complication secondary to PCEA was observed. Mild pruritus occurred
      only with fentanyl-containing solutions, whereas dense motor block developed more
      frequently with the epinephrine-containing solution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2404431
TI  - Inconsistent esophageal Doppler cardiac output during acute blood loss.
AB  - Application of the Doppler principle can provide relatively noninvasive and
      continuous measurement of cardiac output. However, it is based on certain
      assumptions that may introduce error. Esophageal Doppler cardiac output was
      compared with Fick cardiac output during acute blood loss (35-45% estimated blood
      volume) in eight anesthetized pigs. Mean Fick cardiac output decreased from 4.8
      to 1.9 l/min, mean Doppler cardiac output from 4.9 to 2.9 l/min. This was
      accompanied by a decrease in mean arterial pressure from 119 to 55 mmHg and
      increase in heart rate from a mean of 115 to 156 beats/min. There was an
      inconsistent association between the two methods both within and between
      individual animals. Cubic polynomial regression equations of cardiac output with
      time indicated small measurement error in Fick (R2: mean 0.93, range 0.99-0.75)
      as opposed to Doppler (R2: mean 0.67, range 0.93-0.16) cardiac output. In one
      animal Doppler cardiac output showed an increase with time and in one the Doppler
      cardiac output measurements were unrelated to time. There was highly variable
      association comparing Fick versus Doppler cardiac output with correlations
      ranging from -0.76 to 0.98. A sign test for mean differences indicated that
      Doppler derived cardiac output was higher than Fick cardiac output, and the
      chance of this occurring if the true difference was zero was less than 1 in
      1,000. A test for homogeneity of correlations was also rejected. Inaccuracies in
      individual assumptions in the computation of esophageal Doppler cardiac output,
      especially unaccounted changes in aortic diameter, are responsible for the
      inconsistent and unpredictable values of Doppler cardiac output obtained in this
      experimental model of hemorrhage.

PMID- 2404432
TI  - Sjogren's syndrome: a rheumatic disorder with prominent respiratory
      manifestations.
AB  - Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune condition with extraordinary and unique
      involvement in the eyes and respiratory tract. These patients frequently present
      or are referred to an allergist for evaluation. Recognition of the syndrome is
      critical for effective management.

PMID- 2404433
TI  - Randomized, double-blind, parallel groups, placebo-controlled study of efficacy
      and safety of Rynatan in the treatment of allergic rhinitis using an acute model.
AB  - We conducted a randomized, double-blind, parallel groups, placebo-controlled
      acute study of Rynatan (8 mg chlorpheniramine tannate, 25 mg pyrilamine tannate,
      25 mg phenylephrine tannate) in 104 volunteers with allergic rhinitis. Subjects
      reported to City Park on a Saturday morning during the height of the grass pollen
      season in late spring and remained in the park for eight hours that day and on
      the following day. Cards were completed hourly to evaluate symptoms of allergic
      rhinitis and adverse experiences caused by therapy. The first three cards
      completed on Saturday morning were used to demonstrate that each subject had had
      at least minimal symptoms of allergic rhinitis and to determine baseline
      symptoms. Rynatan or placebo was given at noon and 7:30 PM that day and at 8:30
      AM the next day. Subjects completed symptom cards hourly until 4:30 PM on
      Saturday, three cards that evening, and eight cards hourly the next day until
      4:30 PM. The group receiving Rynatan had significantly more allergic rhinitis
      symptom relief than the placebo group (P = .003). More subjects in the Rynatan
      group (34/52) reported global symptom improvement than did subjects in the
      placebo group (18/52, P = .002). There were no significant severe adverse
      experiences and no statistically significant differences between treatment groups
      in incidence or severity of drowsiness, dizziness, jitteriness, headache, or
      nausea. We conclude that Rynatan is safe and effective in treating acute symptoms
      of allergic rhinitis in otherwise healthy adult subjects.

PMID- 2404434
TI  - Comparison of cimetidine and diphenhydramine in the treatment of acute urticaria.
AB  - Recent case reports have suggested that H2-antihistamines used alone may be
      effective in the treatment of acute urticaria, a common complaint of patients
      presenting to the emergency department. This contradicts accepted doctrine on the
      treatment of acute urticaria. Based on theories of H1- and H2-receptor
      interaction at the cellular level, it has been stated that H2-blockade before H1
      blockade may exacerbate symptoms. The purpose of our study was to compare
      diphenhydramine, an H1-blocker, with cimetidine, an H2-blocker, in a randomized,
      prospective, double-blind clinical trial. Ninety-three patients presenting to the
      ED with clinical evidence of acute urticaria were treated with either 50 mg
      diphenhydramine IM or 300 mg cimetidine IM. Patients' signs and symptoms were
      quantitated on a numeric scale before receiving medications and 30 minutes after
      treatment. Parameters measured included degree of itching, intensity and extent
      of wheals, degree of sedation, and perception of overall improvement. Each
      medication provided significant relief of itching and wheal intensity (P less
      than .0001). Sedation was caused by both diphenhydramine (P less than .0001) and
      cimetidine (P less than .0006). However, the degree of sedation caused by
      diphenhydramine was significantly greater than that caused by cimetidine (P =
      .0001). The perception of overall improvement was greater with cimetidine, with
      87% of patients reporting improvement, whereas 76% of diphenhydramine-treated
      patients reported improvement. Our results indicate that cimetidine is
      efficacious as the initial treatment of acute urticaria and has less tendency
      toward sedation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404435
TI  - A randomized trial to improve compliance in urinary tract infection patients in
      the emergency department.
AB  - A randomized trial was used to evaluate two forms of a health belief model (HBM)
      intervention aimed at increasing compliance among 139 patients with urinary tract
      infections who presented to the emergency department. Patients who received an
      HBM clinical intervention administered in the ED, HBM telephone intervention two
      to four days after the ED visit, or both interventions were much more likely than
      control patients to both schedule and keep a follow-up referral appointment. Both
      the clinical and telephone interventions were designed to increase perceived
      susceptibility to complications of the urinary tract infection, seriousness of
      the complications, and benefits and costs of action. Other factors predicting
      compliance include age of the patient, urgency of the urinary tract infection as
      rated subjectively by the emergency physician, need for child care, whether
      transportation was available, and questioning the nurse about the referral
      appointment.

PMID- 2404436
TI  - Comparison of tetracaine, adrenaline, and cocaine with cocaine alone for topical
      anesthesia.
AB  - A mixture of tetracaine, adrenaline, and cocaine (TAC) has been used extensively
      in the repair of small lacerations, especially in children. The purpose of this
      study was to determine whether cocaine alone would provide anesthesia equal to
      that of TAC, thus eliminating the risk of tetracaine toxicity and the theoretic
      risk of side effects from the combination of cocaine and adrenaline and
      simplifying preparation. One hundred thirty-nine patients were enrolled in a
      randomized, double-blind study comparing TAC with cocaine. Effectiveness was
      rated by the treating physician. Using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, TAC was found
      to provide significantly better anesthesia than cocaine alone (P = .005). The
      percentage of patients having good anesthesia in the TAC-treated group was
      approximately 72%, which is equivalent to the efficacy found in other studies.
      Good anesthesia was obtained in 52% of the cocaine-treated group. No side effects
      or increased rates of infection were reported in either group.

PMID- 2404437
TI  - Health psychology. The science and the field.
AB  - Reviews scientific and professional trends in the field of health psychology. I
      discuss recent research on health promotion, psychological factors in the
      development of illness, cognitive representations of health and illness, stress
      and coping, social support, interventions to promote coping, and trends that will
      affect progress in the field, such as the need for cost containment and the aging
      of the population.

PMID- 2404438
TI  - The presence of airway reactivity before the development of asthma.
AB  - Exaggerated airway reactivity is an essential component of the current asthmatic.
      It is not clear, however, if airway reactivity is genetically determined or
      acquired. To examine the possibility that increased bronchial reactivity exists
      prior to the development of asthma, we report on 20 subjects who were studied
      before and after the onset of clinical asthma. Subjects were part of a larger on
      going study of the Natural History of Asthma. Thirteen subjects indicated by
      their answers to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute respiratory
      questionnaire that they were not asthmatic at their initial visit. Seven subjects
      had pulmonary symptoms on their initial visit, but had not been diagnosed as
      asthmatic. Bronchial reactivity was assessed using a standardized methacholine
      challenge. For the 20 subjects, there was a mean interval of 3.5 yr between the
      initial visit and the diagnosis of asthma. Ten of 13 nonasthmatic subjects had
      moderate or strongly positive responses (208 breath units or less) to
      methacholine prior to onset of asthma. These 13 subjects were compared to age-
      and sex-matched controls, from both asthmatic and nonasthmatic families, who had
      not become asthmatic. There was a difference in bronchial responses at the
      initial visit between the 13 study subjects and their control subjects from
      nonasthmatic families, but not between the subjects and their controls from
      asthmatic families. Five of 7 subjects with pulmonary symptoms had responses of
      100 breath units or less. Overall, 19 of 20 subjects had strongly positive
      responses to methacholine after the diagnosis of asthma was established. The
      results show that enhanced airway reactivity usually precedes the development of
      asthma, which could support a genetic basis for it.

PMID- 2404439
TI  - Venous thromboembolism.

PMID- 2404440
TI  - Factors related to the nocturnal worsening of asthma.
AB  - The nocturnal worsening of asthma is a very common problem, yet little is known
      about the relationships between the nocturnal worsening and daytime lung
      function, methacholine bronchial responsiveness, the degree of the circadian
      variability in bronchial responsivity, and the nocturnal sleep pattern. This
      study demonstrates in 20 asthmatic patients that the overnight fall in the peak
      expiratory flow rates (PEFR) is related to the severity of daytime airflow
      limitation (r = 0.73, p less than 0.001) and daytime bronchial responsiveness (r
      = 0.48, p less than 0.05). In individuals with larger overnight decrements in
      PEFR, bronchial responsivity at 0400 h is so great that normal saline inhalation
      alone can produce a greater than 20% fall in the FEV1. Sleep quality and sleep
      staging are not correlated to the change in the PEFR. Thus, the overnight
      decrement in asthmatic lung function is related to the daytime severity of asthma
      as determined by daytime measurements of airflow limitation and bronchial
      responsiveness as well as the circadian variation in bronchial responsivity.

PMID- 2404441
TI  - Erythromycin inhibits respiratory glycoconjugate secretion from human airways in
      vitro.
AB  - Erythromycin and other antibiotics have been used empirically in the treatment of
      patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We studied whether
      this empirical role of antibiotics might not be related to a possible direct
      effect on respiratory glycoconjugate (RGC) secretion. The effect of erythromycin
      on RGC secretion and hypersecretion was studied in an in vitro preparation of
      human airways that were secreting [3H]glucosamine respiratory glycoconjugate
      (RGC), and on a human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line secreting a
      glycoconjugate (tumor glycoconjugate = TGC) chemically similar to the RGC
      secreted by the airways. Erythromycin at 10(-5) M reduced RGC secretion by 35 +/-
      4% (n = 9, p less than 0.001) in both human airways and the adenocarcinoma cells,
      and was increasingly active in the pharmacologic range of 10(-7) to 10(-4) M. The
      inhibitory effect of erythromycin was maximal within 16 h and was still evident
      34 h after incubation. Erythromycin was noted to reduce both spontaneous
      (baseline) and stimulated RGC secretion (by histamine and methacholine) from
      airways in culture. The blocking effect appeared to be more selective for
      histamine than methacholine. These effects were not associated with any toxicity
      to the tissues and were not associated with the inhibition of protein synthesis.
      Dexamethasone also inhibited RGC release in both assay systems and exhibited dose
      related effects in the physiologic ranges (10(-9) to 10(-5) M). When administered
      together, erythromycin and dexamethasone had an additive inhibitory effect on RGC
      secretion (68.0 +/- 3.0%, n = 7, p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2404442
TI  - Effects of orally administered drugs on dynamic viscoelasticity of human nasal
      mucus.
AB  - The effects of orally administered drugs on rheologic properties of nasal mucus
      were investigated in adult chronic sinusitis patients. The elastic modulus G' and
      the dynamic viscosity eta' of nasal mucus were determined by an oscillating
      sphere magnetic rheometer. Both G' and eta' values of the mucus before drug
      administration were much higher than optimal viscoelasticity for mucociliary
      transport. Norfloxacin, an antibacterial agent, reduced the G' but not the eta'
      of nasal mucus. Serratiopeptidase, a proteolytic enzyme, reduced eta' but did not
      reduce G'. S-carboxymethylcysteine, a blocked thiol derivative of cysteine, did
      not change either G' or eta'. L-cysteine ethyl ester hydrochloride, a sulfhydryl
      type of agent, reduced both G' and eta'. The results indicate that some of the
      orally administered mucokinetic agents can improve the abnormal rheologic
      properties of nasal mucus in chronic sinusitis.

PMID- 2404443
TI  - The response of plasma histamine to bronchoprovocation with methacholine,
      adenosine 5'-monophosphate, and allergen in atopic nonasthmatic subjects.
AB  - To investigate the possible role of mast cell histamine release in mediating
      adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-induced bronchoconstriction, we have measured
      the histamine concentration in peripheral venous plasma following inhalation of
      methacholine, AMP, and allergen in concentrations sufficient to provoke mean
      maximum decreases in FEV1 of 42.8 +/- 2.2%, 46.5 +/- 3.9%, and 40.9 +/- 4.6%,
      respectively, in 10 atopic, nonasthmatic subjects. Mean baseline plasma
      concentrations of histamine were 0.25 +/- 0.02, 0.22 +/- 0.03, and 0.29 +/- 0.03
      ng/ml on the methacholine, AMP, and allergen study days, respectively. Plasma
      histamine did not change following methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction, but
      increased in 9 out of 10 subjects to a mean maximum value of 0.78 +/- 0.15 ng/ml
      following inhalation of allergen (p less than 0.005). Following bronchial
      challenge with AMP, there was a significant elevation in plasma histamine in 9
      out of 10 subjects to a mean maximum value of 0.39 +/- 0.03 ng/ml (p less than
      0.005). We conclude that AMP-induced bronchoconstriction is associated with the
      enhanced release of histamine in the airways, probably from airway mast cells.
      However, the rise in plasma histamine, in being smaller than that occurring with
      a dose of allergen that provoked a similar degree of bronchoconstriction,
      suggests that additional mechanisms are operative in mediating the airways
      response to this nucleotide.

PMID- 2404444
TI  - Octreotide is effective in acromegaly but often results in cholelithiasis.

PMID- 2404445
TI  - Therapeutic efficacy of the somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 (octreotide) in
      acromegaly. Effects of dose and frequency and long-term safety.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of stepwise incremental doses, to
      compare twice- with thrice-daily administration of the same total daily dosage of
      the long-acting somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 (octreotide, Sandoz Australia,
      Sydney, Australia), and to evaluate the risk for cholelithiasis after long-term
      therapy for acromegaly. DESIGN: Nonrandomized, controlled trial. SETTING:
      Tertiary care center at a medical research institute. PATIENTS: Sequential sample
      of 19 patients with active acromegaly. Twenty-five age-matched normal subjects
      were also studied to establish the normal range for growth hormone (GH) and
      insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). INTERVENTIONS: Eight patients (group 1)
      were treated with 100, 250, and 500 micrograms twice daily of octreotide, then
      switched to 333 micrograms three times daily, whereas 11 patients (group 2) were
      treated with 100, 200, 300, and 500 micrograms three times daily. Each treatment
      stage lasted 6 to 12 weeks. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Octreotide, 100
      micrograms administered twice or thrice daily, significantly reduced mean 12-hour
      and nadir GH (P less than 0.01), IGF-1 (P less than 0.05), and hand volume (P
      less than 0.05). Dose increment to 500 micrograms in both groups did not further
      reduce mean 12-hour GH, nadir GH, or hand volume. Switching from 500 micrograms
      twice daily to 333 micrograms thrice daily resulted in significant (P less than
      0.05) reduction of mean 12-hour GH, IGF-1, and hand volume. Normalization of mean
      12-hour GH and IGF-1 occurred in 8 of 19 patients; 7 of the 8 patients had
      pretherapy mean 12-hour GH below 20 mIU/L. The pretherapy mean blood glucose was
      a significant negative predictor (r = -0.89) of the change in mean blood glucose
      during therapy. Gallstones were present in 9 of 18 patients after therapy.
      CONCLUSION: Thrice-daily was more effective than twice-daily administration of
      octreotide, and dose increments above 100 micrograms thrice daily did not confer
      additional benefit. Biochemical remission was achieved in 40% of patients and was
      dependent on the GH concentration at initiation of treatment. Cholelithiasis is a
      risk of octreotide therapy. Octreotide is effective and can be considered as a
      first-line therapy in patients with acromegaly with mean pretherapy GH
      concentrations below 20 mIU/L. In patients with mean GH over 20 mIU/L, octreotide
      may be used as an adjuvant to surgery or radiotherapy.

PMID- 2404446
TI  - Advances in medical imaging.
AB  - The field of medical imaging, stimulated by advances in digital and communication
      technologies, has grown tremendously. New imaging techniques that reveal greater
      anatomical detail are available in most diagnostic radiology departments. We
      discuss vascular imaging with ultrasound, high-resolution computed tomography of
      the thorax, magnetic resonance imaging applications, and picture archiving and
      communication systems. Vascular imaging with ultrasound requires duplex and color
      flow Doppler, which combine gray-scale ultrasound and the Doppler phenomenon.
      High-resolution computed tomography modifies conventional computed tomography
      technology and results in images with higher spatial resolution. Magnetic
      resonance imaging applications for all areas of the body are being investigated
      and are replacing older roentgenographic techniques such as computed tomography,
      arthrography, myelography, and even angiography in a growing number of
      indications. With these new digital imaging modalities, image management has
      become an important consideration that can be addressed by picture archiving and
      communication systems.

PMID- 2404447
TI  - Identification of adverse events occurring during hospitalization. A cross
      sectional study of litigation, quality assurance, and medical records at two
      teaching hospitals.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVES: To estimate the efficacy of a medical record review for
      identifying adverse events and negligent case suffered by hospitalized patients.
      DESIGN: Cross-sectional study comparing an objective medical record review with
      information available from hospital quality assurance records as well as risk
      management and litigation records. SETTING: Two metropolitan teaching hospitals
      in the northeastern United States. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Using the
      litigation and risk management records as a criterion standard, we found that the
      medical record review had a sensitivity of 80% (93 of 116; 95% CI, 73% to 88%)
      for discovering adverse events and a sensitivity of 76% (51 of 67; 95% CI, 66% to
      86%) for discovering negligent care. We estimated that record review of a random
      sample of hospitalizations across a geographic region would have even higher
      sensitivity (adverse-event sensitivity, 84%; negligence sensitivity, 80%).
      Moreover, we found that the adverse events we failed to discover led to less
      costly malpractice claims. A significant number of adverse events (20 of 172)
      among hospitalizations never gave rise to litigation or risk management
      investigation. Six of the twenty were due to negligent care. Quality assurance
      efforts at the level of the clinical departments in one hospital led to review of
      only 12 out of 82 risk management records. CONCLUSIONS: The overwhelming majority
      of adverse events and episodes of negligent care are discoverable with the
      methods we used to evaluate medical records. Quality assurance efforts using
      similar record review methods should be further evaluated.

PMID- 2404448
TI  - Endoscopic variceal sclerosis compared with distal splenorenal shunt to prevent
      recurrent variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. A prospective, randomized trial.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To define the roles of endoscopic variceal sclerosis and distal
      splenorenal shunt in the prevention of recurrent variceal bleeding in patients
      with cirrhosis. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized clinical trial with crossover
      for those failing therapy. The median follow-up was 61 months. SETTING: A
      private, tertiary-referral university hospital. PATIENTS: Seventy-two patients
      fulfilling inclusion criteria were drawn from a total of 420 patients treated
      during a 4.5-year interval. TREATMENTS: Endoscopic variceal sclerosis or distal
      splenorenal shunt. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Survival was significantly (P =
      0.02) improved in patients randomly assigned to receive sclerotherapy: 13 of
      these 37 (35%) patients failed sclerotherapy and required surgical rescue. A
      survival advantage (P = 0.01) was seen in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis who
      had this combined therapy; however, in patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis,
      survival for those receiving sclerotherapy and surgical rescue was not
      significantly (P = 0.36) different from that of patients receiving distal
      splenorenal shunt. Control of variceal bleeding was significantly (P less than
      0.001) better in the distal splenorenal shunt group (34 of 35 [97%] compared with
      15 of 37 [41%] in the sclerotherapy group). Using death, uncontrolled rebleeding,
      or shunt thrombosis as the endpoints resulted in no significant difference
      between treatment groups. Hepatocyte function and portal perfusion were
      significantly better maintained in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis who were
      managed by sclerotherapy rather than shunt (P = 0.01 and P = 0.001,
      respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic sclerotherapy with surgical rescue for
      uncontrolled bleeding is the optimum therapy for patients with alcoholic
      cirrhosis and variceal bleeding. Survival is similar in nonalcoholic patients
      treated with either distal splenorenal shunt or endoscopic sclerotherapy, but
      shunting provides better control of variceal bleeding.

PMID- 2404449
TI  - Clinical uses of intravenous immunoglobulins.
AB  - PURPOSE: To ascertain the activity of intravenous immunoglobulin in a wide range
      of diseases. DATA IDENTIFICATION: English-language literature search using
      MEDLINE (1982 to 89), review of meeting reports, and extensive hand searching of
      bibliographies of identified articles. STUDY SELECTION: All identified articles.
      DATA EXTRACTION: Study quality and specific descriptive information concerning
      population, intervention, and outcome measurements were assessed. RESULTS OF DATA
      SYNTHESIS: There have been few controlled, randomized trials of intravenous
      immunoglobulin. Available data suggest efficacy in persons with primary immune
      deficiency, premature infants at risk for group B streptococcus infection,
      patients with Kawasaki disease, transplant recipients at risk for cytomegalovirus
      infection, patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and selected
      patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Data are also favorable concerning
      the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in some other autoimmune disorders, but
      randomized trials are needed. Interesting areas for future study include the
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), multiple myeloma, and lymphomas. Risks
      of intravenous immunoglobulin are minimal. CONCLUSION: Intravenous immunoglobulin
      is safe and effective in treating several human diseases. Additional randomized
      trials are needed.

PMID- 2404450
TI  - Deep vein thrombosis and duplex ultrasound.

PMID- 2404451
TI  - Deletion of carboxy-terminal residues of murine granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor results in a loss of biologic activity and altered
      glycosylation.
AB  - A deletion mutant of murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM
      CSF) which differs in primary structure from native GM-CSF in the carboxy
      terminal 11 amino acids was prepared. Four amino acid residues are mutated and
      the seven terminal residues including Cys-118 are deleted. Supernatants from COS
      1 cells transfected with this deletion mutant (GM-CSF(del] showed a 3000-fold
      decrease in the ability to stimulate bone marrow stem cells to proliferate and
      differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages in vitro. Northern blot analysis
      using poly(A)+ RNA extracted from the transfected cells showed equal
      accumulations of GM-CSF and GM-CSF(del). Transfection with full-length GM-CSF
      followed by immunoprecipitation of metabolically labeled supernatant proteins
      with rabbit anti-rGM-CSF antiserum yielded predominantly the 23-kDa, fully
      glycosylated form and small amounts of both a 29-kDa form and the 18-kDa non-N
      glycosylated form. Transfection of the GM-CSF(del) mutant and immunoprecipitation
      revealed a large, diffuse band on sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis with a molecular weight of about 29 kDa. Digestion of the
      immunoprecipitated 29-kDa species with N-glycanase converted the 29-kDa form into
      two forms of about 23 and 18 kDa, suggesting that the increase in molecular
      weight of the deletion mutant protein resulted from hyperglycosylation. Adding
      tunicamycin to the culture medium of cells transfected with GM-CSF(del) also
      yielded a single non-N-glycosylated species of about 18 kDa, but secretion was at
      a significantly lower level than either the 29-kDa hyperglycosylated GM-CSF(del)
      protein from non-tunicamycin-treated cells or the 18-kDa non-N-glycosylated full
      length GM-CSF from tunicamycin-treated cells. Since very recent scanning-deletion
      analysis indicates that there is a critical region for activity near Cys-118 and
      that Cys-118 is necessary for maximal activity, we conclude that the Cys-118
      residue is necessary for proper glycosylation and maximal biologic activity of GM
      CSF.

PMID- 2404452
TI  - Insulin-like effects of ATP on adipocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase and
      phosphorylase.
AB  - Extracellular ATP stimulated adipocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase in a time- and dose
      dependent manner with an EC50 of 0.1 mM. The maximal effect was observed at 0.5
      mM ATP after a 15-min incubation with a lag period of about 5 min. Depletion of
      intracellular Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N'
      tetraacetic acid reduced the effect of ATP by 50% and completely abolished the
      stimulatory effect of vasopressin on adipocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase but had no
      effect on the stimulation induced by insulin or adenosine. The effects of insulin
      and ATP on pyruvate dehydrogenase were glucose-dependent whereas the effect of
      adenosine was glucose-independent. Furthermore, ATP, like insulin, partially
      blocked the stimulatory effect of isoproterenol on phosphorylase. Adenosine, at a
      concentration of 1 mM, did not affect either basal or isoproterenol-stimulated
      phosphorylase activities. It is concluded that ATP activates adipocyte pyruvate
      dehydrogenase by at least two separate mechanisms: one is Ca2(+)-dependent and
      the other is Ca2(+)-independent. However, neither is the result of the formation
      of adenosine from ATP through hydrolysis.

PMID- 2404453
TI  - Superoxide dismutases enhance the rate of autoxidation of 3-hydroxyanthranilic
      acid.
AB  - The autoxidation of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to cinnabarinate at 37 degrees C and at
      pH 7.4 is hastened by superoxide dismutase (SOD). The Cu,Zn-containing enzyme
      from bovine erythrocytes and the Mn-containing enzyme from Escherichia coli were
      equally effective in this regard; whereas the H2O2-inactivated Cu,Zn enzyme was
      ineffective. Catalase appears to augment the effect of superoxide dismutase,
      because it prevents the bleaching of cinnabarinate by H2O2. It follows that O2-,
      which is a product of the autoxidation, slows the net autoxidation by engaging in
      back reactions and that SOD increases the rate of autoxidation by removal of O2-
      and thus by prevention of these back reactions.

PMID- 2404454
TI  - [Phase I clinical study of CPT-11. Research group of CPT-11].
AB  - CPT-11 is a new derivative of Camptothecin. Phase I clinical study of single
      administration with CPT-11 was carried out by a cooperative study group. Starting
      from 50 mg/m2 (n), dose was escalated to 350 mg/m2 (7n). Dose limiting factor was
      found to be a decrease in WBC counts (especially in neutrophils), and MTD was
      presumed to be 250 mg/m2 or more. Nadir of WBC counts was observed after about a
      week, and it took 2-3 weeks for recovery. The decrease in platelet number and
      hemoglobin content was mild. Other side effects included G-I toxicities,
      alopecia, etc. However, no toxic effects on the heart, kidney, lung were
      observed. SN-38, main metabolite of CPT-11, was observed in blood, and excreted
      rapidly. Anticancer effects were suggested with dose of 165 mg/m2 or more against
      colon cancer, gastric sarcoma, melanoma and lung cancer. It is suggested that the
      optimal dose schedule for an early Phase II study is 200 mg/m2 every 3-4 weeks.
      However, not only leukopenia but also marked G-I toxicities being noted in some
      cases, care should be taken for those side effects.

PMID- 2404455
TI  - [A randomized controlled study of PSK combined immuno-chemotherapy for
      adenocarcinoma of the lung. The Advanced Lung Cancer Immuno-chemotherapy Study
      Group].
AB  - In a randomized controlled study of chemotherapy (CDDP 100 mg/m2 day 1, VDS 3
      mg/m2 day 1, 8, 15) vs. immuno-chemotherapy combined with PSK 3 g/day for
      adenocarcinoma of the lung (stage III, IV, p. s. 0, 1, 2), response rate for 169
      cases with completed extramural review was 14.2%. As for the response rates for
      138 complete cases, the chemotherapy group showed 17.9%, and the immuno
      chemotherapy group was 16.9%. MST were 330 days and 331 days, respectively. In
      stage III cases, the response rates were 11.1% in the chemotherapy group and
      37.5% in the immuno-chemotherapy group (p = 0.046). MST were 457 days (65.3
      weeks) and 576 days (82.3 weeks), respectively. In terms of survival curve, it
      was suggested that the immuno-chemotherapy group was superior to the chemotherapy
      group (logrank test p = 0.075), but in stage IV cases, there was nothing
      outstanding in the immunochemotherapy group.

PMID- 2404456
TI  - [Epirubicin (4'-epi-adriamycin].
AB  - Epirubicin (trade name: Falmorubicin) is a stereoisomer, in which the hydroxyl
      group of doxorubicin is inverted at position 4', and has the similar mechanism of
      action as that of doxorubicin; namely, this new anthracycline anticancer agent
      for injection shows a wide antitumor spectrum and strong antitumor activity via
      the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis. In non-clinical experiments, the effect
      of epirubicin on transplantable murine tumors was similar or superior to that of
      doxorubicin in rats and mice. As for pharmacodynamics, this drug was found to
      rapidly penetrate into the tissue from the blood, and to remain there for a long
      period of time. This drug has been widely used abroad for the treatment of
      various solid cancers, such as breast cancer, and tumors of hematopoietic organs,
      such as malignant lymphoma. In Japan, it was proved clinically that the drug was
      effective on a wide range of tumors, including acute leukemia, malignant
      lymphoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, hepatic cancer and
      ureteral epithelioma(bladder cancer, renal cancer and ureteral cancer). In a
      comparative study of chronic cardiotoxicity, it was noted that epirubicin
      produced less damage to the myocardium than doxorubicin when every morphological
      change was examined as an indicator. Electrocardiographic and histopathological
      findings also disclosed that epirubicin exhibited a smaller effect on the
      myocardium than that of doxorubicin. In conclusion, epirubicin is a new antitumor
      agent having an antitumor effect similar or superior to that of doxorubicin with
      the various toxicities, including cardiotoxicity, which are reduced in this drug
      in comparison to those of doxorubicin.

PMID- 2404457
TI  - [Non-vascular interventional radiology: percutaneous needle biopsy under
      imaging].
AB  - Recent advances in diagnostic imaging increase the opportunity to detect small
      lesions. Percutaneous needle biopsy (PNB) under imaging is a part of
      interventional radiology and very useful to diagnose such small lesions. PNB of
      lung tumors is performed by 21G-screw needle under CT imaging of fluoroscopy. In
      78 cases, accuracy was about 80% and no major complications were observed except
      one (bleeding). PNB of the liver can be performed by 15-17G cutting type needle.
      Bleeding is easily avoided by using the trans-normal liver tissue route. PNB of
      the pancreas and percutaneous pancreatic ductography also can be done using trans
      hepatic or trans-gastric route under US imaging without major complications. PNB
      by 21G needle can obtain a block material for pathological diagnosis. There is
      much gas in the intrapelvic space, so PNB to this area is usually performed under
      CT imaging. Image-guiding PNB to subcutaneous organs like thyroid gland and
      breast is more useful than so-called blind biopsy because of its exactitude.
      Calcified non-palpable breast cancer is demonstrated by only this method. Image
      guiding PNB is non-invasive, exact and a safe method to diagnose small lesions,
      and the popularization of the method is required.

PMID- 2404458
TI  - [Antitumor activity of a new platinum complex, (R)-(-)-2-aminomethylpyrrolidine
      (1, 1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato) platinum (II), against
      cisdiamminedichloroplatinum (II)-resistant murine leukemia cell line].
AB  - Antitumor activity of a new platinum complex, (R)-(-)-2-aminomethylpyrrolidine
      (1, 1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato) platinum (II) (DWA 2114 R) against
      cisdiamminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP)-resistant tumor was examined in in vitro
      and in vivo experiments. CDDP-resistant line was established from L 1210 mouse
      leukemia cells by continuous exposure to CDDP in dose-escalation manner. Six
      clones were isolated from parental resistant line and one of these clones, clone
      f, which was found to be highly resistant (30-40 fold) to CDDP, was used in the
      following experiments. Clone f showed 4-7 fold cross-resistance to DWA 2114 R and
      11-19 fold to cisdiammine-1, 1-cyclobutanedicarboxylatoplatinum (II) (CBDCA) in
      in vitro growth inhibition assay. DWA 2114 R showed the most effective antitumor
      activity against mice transplanted with the resistant cells in the increase of
      life span (ILS%). About 100% of ILS and cured mice were observed in the treatment
      with DWA 2114 R. On the other hand, CDDP or CBDCA showed a little increase in the
      survival time (less than 40% of ILS) and all mice died. These results suggest
      that DWA 2114 R seemed to be more effective against CDDP-resistant tumors
      clinically than CDDP and CBDCA.

PMID- 2404459
TI  - Multiple neck papules in a child with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Multiple basal
      cell carcinomas (BCCs).

PMID- 2404460
TI  - Multiple erythematous plaques with infiltrated borders on the forearms. Multiple
      keratoacanthomas.

PMID- 2404461
TI  - Cutaneous Mycobacterium bovis infection of 40 years' duration.

PMID- 2404462
TI  - The incidence of erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic
      epidermal necrolysis. A population-based study with particular reference to
      reactions caused by drugs among outpatients.
AB  - We carried out a study to estimate the incidence of erythema multiforme (EM),
      Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) requiring
      hospitalization and to determine which drug therapies were associated with these
      reactions. We reviewed the clinical records of all patients who were hospitalized
      with these discharge diagnoses at Group Health Cooperative (GHC) of Puget Sound,
      Seattle, Wash, from 1972 through 1986. During this 14-year period, an average of
      about 260,000 persons, with demographic characteristics similar to those of the
      general population, received their care from GHC, and there were about 25,000
      admissions to hospitals per year at the GHC hospitals. Based on International
      Classification of Diseases-Adapted coding, a total of 61 suspect cases of EM,
      SJS, or TEN were identified from the computerized hospital discharge file. Based
      on record review and the application of a uniform set of diagnostic criteria, a
      total of 37 patients (61%) were classified as having EM, SJS, or TEN. Of these,
      16 cases (43%) were attributed to drugs administered to these patients prior to
      hospitalization. The overall incidence of hospitalization for EM, SJS, or TEN due
      to all causes was 4.2 per 10(6) person-years. The incidence of TEN alone due to
      all causes was 0.5 per 10(6) person-years. The incidence of EM, SJS, or TEN
      associated with drug use were 7.0, 1.8, and 9.0 per 10(6) person-years,
      respectively, for persons younger than 20 years of age, 20 to 64 years of age,
      and 65 years of age and older. Drug therapies with reaction rates in excess of 1
      per 100,000 exposed individuals include phenobarbital (20 per 100,000),
      nitrofurantoin (7 per 100,000), sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, and ampicillin
      (both 3 per 100,000), and amoxicillin (2 per 100,000). Overall, our data suggest
      that cases of EM, SJS, and TEN sufficiently severe to require hospitalization are
      infrequent among outpatients using well-established drug therapies. A continuing
      challenge is the evaluation of these severe cutaneous reactions that are
      associated with newly marketed or less frequently prescribed drug therapies.

PMID- 2404463
TI  - Histopathologic comparison of the subsets of lupus erythematosus.
AB  - A recent study by Bangert et al suggests that there are quantitative histologic
      differences that distinguish discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and subacute
      cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE). Utilizing criteria proposed by these
      authors, we examined 77 biopsy specimens from 63 patients with various forms of
      lupus erythematosus, but we were unable to predict the correct clinical subset.
      Using the clinical diagnosis of DLE as a positive reference standard, the
      sensitivity and specificity for the overall pathologic diagnosis of DLE were 55%
      and 42%, respectively. Statistically significant histologic factors favoring the
      diagnosis of DLE over SCLE in the present study were pilosebaceous atrophy,
      hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, basement membrane thickening around the follicles,
      subepidermal edema, and vascular ectasia. These histologic variables were entered
      into a forward stepwise multivariate regression analysis to determine distinct
      predictors of DLE vs SCLE. This analysis showed that pilosebaceous atrophy was
      the only distinct significant predictor of DLE vs SCLE. These results suggest
      that the histologic differentiation of clinically defined DLE and SCLE cannot be
      established from the histologic features examined.

PMID- 2404464
TI  - Pemphigoid and cancer.
AB  - To evaluate the significance of the association of malignant disease with bullous
      pemphigoid, we reviewed 497 consecutive cases with positive immunofluorescence
      tests for circulating antibodies to basement membrane. We searched the Swedish
      Cancer Registry, Stockholm, Sweden, for records reporting malignancies in the
      study population (1958 to 1985), and the expected number of malignancies was
      calculated on the basis of age- and sex-standardized incidence data. In 61
      patients, a total of 69 malignancies were diagnosed. The expected number of
      malignancies was 82.6. In 25 patients, a total of 27 malignancies appeared during
      the same year as the onset of pemphigoid, or later. The expected number was 35.8.
      The median titer of circulating antibodies in the 497 patients, in the 61
      patients with malignancy, and in the 25 patients with malignancy preceded by the
      pemphigoid, were not significantly different. We conclude that pemphigoid is not
      statistically associated with malignancy, and that the former hypothesis of such
      an association was based on age only.

PMID- 2404466
TI  - The natural history of vasculitis. What the histology tells us about
      pathogenesis.
AB  - While histopathologic analysis may offer some clues as to the pathogenesis of
      vasculitis, observations must be interpreted with caution, as there is
      considerable overlap in the histologic pattern. In most cases, a predominantly
      neutrophilic vasculitis affecting small dermal venules suggests a relatively
      acute, immune complex-mediated reaction. Less commonly, this histologic pattern
      may be seen in non-immunologically mediated processes, such as in the presence of
      bacterial toxins or malignant hypertension, or in more chronic disease states,
      such as granuloma faciale or erythema elevatum diutinum. A predominantly
      lymphocytic vasculitis may represent several pathogenetic mechanisms. In lesions
      more than 24 to 48 hours old, a lymphocytic vasculitis may represent a resolving
      phase of an immune complex-mediated neutrophilic vasculitis. Alternatively, this
      histologic pattern may be seen de novo in conditions with a presumed cell
      mediated immunologic pathogenesis. Lymphocytic vasculitis may also be seen in
      rickettsial infections such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The pathogenesis of
      granulomatous vasculitis remains poorly understood and is thought to be induced
      by a combination of circulating immune complexes and a cell-mediated immune
      response.

PMID- 2404465
TI  - Eccrine squamous syringometaplasia. A cutaneous sweat gland reaction in the
      histologic spectrum of 'chemotherapy-associated eccrine hidradenitis' and
      'neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis'.
AB  - A 31-year-old Hispanic man presented in the pancytopenic phase of acute
      myelocytic leukemia and was treated with the chemotherapeutic agents mitoxantrone
      and cytarabine. After 5 days, an erythematous, blanching, papular, crusted
      eruption developed on his forehead, chest, and legs. Some lesions showed
      confluence and all were at the same developmental stage. Clinical diagnoses
      included necrotizing vasculitis and sepsis. A biopsy specimen revealed widespread
      noninflammatory syringometaplasia of eccrine ducts. Well-developed intercellular
      bridges and eosinophilic cytoplasm were seen within the metaplastic cells;
      apoptoses and occasional mitoses were present. This process is distinct and
      probably occurred secondary to direct toxic injury from the chemotherapeutic
      drugs. Because similar changes have occurred in patients with neutrophilic
      eccrine hidradenitis, we believe our patient represents an example of the
      noninflammatory end of the spectrum of chemotherapeutic eccrine gland reactions.

PMID- 2404467
TI  - Psychosomatic dermatology. Is it relevant?

PMID- 2404468
TI  - Obstructing tracheal lipoma: management of a rare tumor.
AB  - Benign neoplasms of the trachea are rare. We describe a 46-year-old patient with
      a lipoma arising from the membranous trachea and causing severe respiratory
      obstruction. Investigation and management of this problem are discussed, and the
      literature is reviewed.

PMID- 2404469
TI  - Technical and scientific advances in general thoracic surgery.

PMID- 2404470
TI  - Survival after embolization of a complete prosthetic aortic valve to the aortic
      arch.
AB  - Partial dehiscence and embolization of poppets, leaflets, and discs are well
      known complications of mechanical valve prostheses. Dehiscence with embolization
      of an entire prosthetic valve is rare. Previous reports of dehiscence and
      embolization of an entire prosthetic valve are associated with fatality and are
      the subject of autopsy reports. We report a patient who survived an operation
      (using cardiopulmonary bypass and total circulatory arrest) to retrieve an
      embolized prosthetic valve.

PMID- 2404471
TI  - The introduction of closed chest cardiac massage.
AB  - The introduction of closed chest cardiac massage by Dr William Kouwenhoven and
      associates has markedly changed the outcome of patients with cardiac arrest. The
      fortuitous discovery of the simple yet ingenious concept of closed cardiac
      massage has saved countless lives. In fact the manuscript published by
      Kouwenhoven and colleagues has been touted "to have resulted in saving more lives
      than any other medical manuscript during the past century." Although newer
      techniques and methods of cardiac resuscitation have been developed, their
      successes will be measured against the technique described by Kouwenhoven and
      colleagues.

PMID- 2404472
TI  - Candida mediastinitis after a cardiac operation.
AB  - Candida mediastinitis is a rare condition characterized by a high mortality and
      chronic morbidity, Including the present review, only 39 cases have been
      described, 67% occurring after a cardiac operation. Candida mediastinitis has a
      55% mortality in the postoperative setting and a mortality of 92% among patients
      without a prior cardiac procedure. Although no patient survived Candida
      mediastinitis without surgical drainage of the mediastinum, survival was 85%
      among 13 patients who underwent operative mediastinal drainage. Chronic wound
      infection developed in 6 survivors of operative drainage without muscle flap
      closure, but in all patients closed with vascularized flaps, healing ultimately
      occurred. Aggressive surgical management with mediastinal drainage, sternal
      debridement, and early wound closure with vascularized flaps are essential to
      minimize the otherwise high morbidity and mortality of Candida mediastinitis.

PMID- 2404473
TI  - Surgical techniques for chest wall reconstruction.

PMID- 2404474
TI  - Platelet and neutrophil activation in cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - My colleagues and I have employed a simulated extracorporeal circuit to help
      define blood cell changes during clinical cardiopulmonary bypass. Platelet count
      decreases sharply due to temporary adhesion to the circuit. Platelets
      degranulate, synthesize and release thromboxane A2, and lose the ability to
      aggregate with adenosine diphosphate and epinephrine. These changes are also due
      to the loss of alpha 2-adrenergic and fibrinogen receptors. The neutrophil count
      decreases to a lesser extent, but neutrophils also are stimulated to secrete
      lactoferrin and elastase concomitant with activation of plasma kallikrein.
      Although lidocaine can inhibit the neutrophil activation and prostacyclin can
      inhibit the platelet stimulation, prostaglandin E1 appears to prevent both
      neutrophil and platelet alterations.

PMID- 2404475
TI  - Direct revascularization of bronchial arteries for lung transplantation: an
      anatomical study.
AB  - Direct revascularization of the bronchial arteries for both single-lung and
      double-lung transplantation would improve airway healing and reduce airway
      complications after transplantation. We studied the anatomical pattern of
      bronchial arteries in 30 autopsy cases. In 28 of 30 cases (93.3%), at least one
      left bronchial artery arose directly from the anterior wall of the descending
      thoracic aorta. In 25 of the 30 cases (83.3%), at least one right bronchial
      artery was related to the first right intercostal artery. Injection studies
      showed that this right intercostobronchial artery supplies the proximal left main
      bronchus and carina as well as the right bronchus. We developed a technique for
      extracting the lungs along with the right intercostobronchial artery and a patch
      of aorta at its origin and applied it to 19 of the dissections. In 17 of the 19
      cases studied (89.4%), the right intercostobronchial artery pedicle obtained had
      a length varying from 6.5 to 8.5 cm, sufficient for attachment of its origin to
      the ascending aorta of the recipient after double-lung transplantation. The right
      intercostobronchial artery pedicle provides the possibility for direct bronchial
      revascularization in right single-lung, double-lung, and lung-heart
      transplantation. A similar technique, utilizing the left bronchial artery, can be
      used to revascularize a left lung transplant.

PMID- 2404476
TI  - Philosophy 1.

PMID- 2404477
TI  - The Hypertension Prevention Trial: three-year effects of dietary changes on blood
      pressure. Hypertension Prevention Trial Research Group.
AB  - A total of 841 healthy men and women aged 25 to 49 years, with diastolic blood
      pressures of 78 to 89 mm Hg, were randomly assigned to a control treatment group
      (no dietary counseling) or to one of four dietary counseling treatment groups
      (reduced calories, reduced sodium, reduced sodium and calories, or reduced sodium
      and increased potassium). Participants were followed for a 3-year period to
      assess the effect of dietary changes on blood pressure. After 6 months,
      counseling had resulted in a net (of control) mean overnight urinary sodium
      reduction of 13%, a potassium increase of 8%, and a decrease in mean body weight
      of 7%. At 3 years, the sodium and weight reductions were 10% and 4%,
      respectively; the potassium change was nil. All four dietary counseling treatment
      groups had lower mean blood pressures than the control group. The largest net
      reduction in blood pressure occurred in the calorie group: diastolic pressure was
      2.8 mm Hg and 1.8 mm Hg and systolic pressure, 5.1 mm Hg and 2.4 mm Hg at 6
      months and 3 years, respectively. All four dietary counseling treatment groups
      experienced fewer hypertensive events; significantly fewer occurred in the sodium
      groups. The beneficial effects on blood pressure achieved in this trial have
      implications for the prevention of cardiovascular disease through dietary
      reduction of calories and sodium.

PMID- 2404478
TI  - Relationship of insulin secretion and glycemic response to dietary intervention
      in non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
AB  - Forty-two obese subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus had their
      plasma insulin, C peptide, and glucose levels measured after an overnight fast
      and in response to a 75-g oral glucose loading. Subjects were then prospectively
      followed up with dietary treatment, and the same measurements were repeated at 1
      year. Although insulin values tended to be lower with greater fasting
      hyperglycemia at baseline, no correlation was observed among three parameters.
      However, near-normalization of glycemia (measured as the level of hemoglobin A1)
      was associated with significantly higher fasting and stimulated plasma insulin
      concentrations. Sixteen subjects were matched to each other for equivalent
      baseline hyperglycemia (by glycosylated hemoglobin) and divided into group 1
      (normalization of the hemoglobin A1 value to 7.0% +/- 0.3% [mean +/- SE]) and
      group 2 (persistent hyperglycemia) (hemoglobin A1 value, 10.7% +/- 0.7% [mean +/-
      SE]). Before dietary therapy, the plasma insulin concentrations were twofold to
      threefold higher in group 1, and despite similar degrees of weight loss, group 2
      failed to demonstrate improved glycemia. We concluded that the outcome of diet
      therapy for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is dependent on the duration
      of diabetes and endogenous insulin secretory reserve. There is a subgroup of
      patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in whom delayed dietary
      intervention may have a beneficial effect.

PMID- 2404479
TI  - Complications associated with Ommaya reservoirs in patients with cancer. The
      Princess Margaret Hospital experience and a review of the literature.
AB  - The complications associated with the use of Ommaya reservoirs in 106 patients
      with meningeal involvement due to malignant disease are reviewed. Twenty-seven
      patients had acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 12 acute myelogenous leukemia, 3
      chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 34 lymphoma, 29 carcinoma, and 1 chronic myelocytic
      leukemia. There were 11 technical complications, including 1 death due to
      misplacement of the catheter, 2 mild intraventricular hemorrhages, and 5
      malfunctioning reservoirs; 3 required craniotomies (1 for subdural hematoma and 2
      for subdural hygroma); 13 cases of bacterial meningitis occurred in 10 patients.
      One patient died of Staphylococcus aureus meningitis. The organisms causing the
      other infections were mainly coagulase-negative staphylococci (8 cases) or
      Propionibacterium acnes (2 cases). The projected infection rate for all patients
      (by Kaplan-Meier analysis) during the first year following insertion of a
      reservoir was 15%. Successful use of Ommaya reservoirs requires expert surgical
      implantation and meticulous care during accessing to minimize complications.

PMID- 2404480
TI  - Doxycycline prophylaxis for shigellosis.
AB  - The efficacy of oral doxycycline, 100 mg/d for 14 days, in reducing the incidence
      of shigellosis in newcomers to an area hyperendemic for the disease was examined
      in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Of 107 entrants, 100 completed the
      study; 50 received the drug and 50 received a placebo. Diarrheal disease and
      associated symptoms were monitored for 8 weeks. Starting on the 3rd day of the
      trial, an outbreak was observed, and Shigella flexneri type 2a was isolated from
      6 subjects. Eight of the subjects in the treatment group had diarrhea (16%)
      compared with 37 in the placebo group (74%), providing a 79% protection rate.
      There was no significant difference in the occurrence of accompanying symptoms
      between the subjects suffering from diarrhea in both groups, but the duration of
      disease was shorter in the treatment group. Serologic study of the outbreak
      showed no significant difference in antibody response to S flexneri between the
      treatment (14 of 43) and placebo (18 of 39) groups. Doxycycline prophylaxis
      apparently is effective and probably does not prevent subclinical infection.

PMID- 2404481
TI  - Diabetic nephropathy. An update.
AB  - Nephropathy is a serious microvascular complication in patients with insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus. In the United States, diabetes accounts for one
      fourth of new cases of end-stage renal disease each year. Complication rates and
      costs are much higher for diabetic than for nondiabetic patients with end-stage
      renal disease. Despite numerous studies, the pathophysiology of diabetic renal
      disease is not completely understood. We reviewed the current status of the
      structural, functional, biochemical, pathogenetic, and treatment modalities of
      diabetic renal disease and examined future therapeutic interventions.

PMID- 2404482
TI  - Pleuropulmonary infections due to nontyphoid strains of Salmonella.
AB  - Medical records of 11 patients with nontyphoid Salmonella pleuropulmonary disease
      studied from 1960 to 1986 in a general hospital were reviewed. Eight patients
      (73%) were 60 years old or older, and the median age was in the seventh decade.
      There was no seasonal variation in the prevalence. The infection was hospital
      acquired in 4 patients (36%). All patients had one or more (median, 1.5) major
      underlying diseases. Seven of them had previous abnormalities of the lung or
      pleura. Severe immunosuppression was present in 7 cases. Pneumonia occurred in 8
      patients, lung abscesses in 2, and empyema in 1. All patients with pneumonia had
      positive blood cultures. A gastrointestinal source of pulmonary infection was not
      probable because only 2 patients had positive stool cultures. We suggest that the
      reticulo-endothelial system could be the source of hematogenous spread of
      nontyphoid Salmonella. The overall mortality was 63%. Pulmonary infection due to
      Salmonella should be considered among the pathogens associated with gram-negative
      bacillary pneumonia in elderly patients who are immunosuppressed and have
      underlying pulmonary disease. Pathogenesis of this infection remains to be
      clarified.

PMID- 2404484
TI  - Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia and intravenous substance abuse.
      A growing clinical problem?
AB  - Over an 18-month period, the incidence of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal
      bacteremia rose from an average of 2.5 per 10,000 patient discharges to 17.9. A
      retrospective analysis was performed comparing patients with group A beta
      hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia during this 18-month period with those who
      presented over the preceding 36 months. Most of the increased incidence was
      attributable to individuals hospitalized with a diagnosis of drug addiction who
      had concomitant soft-tissue infection, although the absolute number of
      hospitalized drug addicts did not change during this interval. No common or
      distinctive group A streptococcal serotypic patterns were discovered. This
      experience suggests that group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia and soft
      tissue infection may present in epidemic fashion among parenteral drug addicts in
      the absence of a common source.

PMID- 2404483
TI  - Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Impact on quality of life assessed by
      traditional standard-item and individualized patient preference health status
      questionnaires.
AB  - In a double-blind, randomized trial of methotrexate vs placebo in rheumatoid
      arthritis, the effect of treatment on physical, social, and emotional function
      was measured in two different ways: the same, standard measurements in all
      patients, and individualized measurements selected by the patients at the start
      of the trial as representing the functions they most wanted to have improved by
      treatment. On the standard measurements, methotrexate-treated patients fared
      better than placebo-treated patients in their physical, social, and emotional
      function by 11%, 5%, and 6%, respectively, results that, although statistically
      significant, were small. However, methotrexate-treated patients were 29% better
      in the individualized measures, a result that was both highly statistically
      significant and greater than the differences in the standard measurements or in
      joint counts, grip strength, proximal interphalangeal joint circumference,
      morning stiffness, or walking time. Because the individualized measurements were
      as efficient as the best direct joint examination measures, yet reflected
      functional outcomes of greatest importance to individual patients, they
      constitute useful measures for such trials.

PMID- 2404485
TI  - A simple and reliable technique for permanent lateral tarsorrhaphy.
AB  - A simple and reliable technique for permanent tarsorrhaphy is described that has
      many advantages over previously reported techniques. it produces a stable and
      permanent lid adhesion without the use of nonabsorbable sutures or bolsters that
      require removal, and it can be opened at any time without lash loss, trichiasis,
      epidermalization of the lid margin, or scarring of the anterior lamella.

PMID- 2404486
TI  - OTA investigating glaucoma screening for the elderly.

PMID- 2404487
TI  - .008% timolol ophthalmic solution. A minimal-effect dose in a normal volunteer
      model.
AB  - A double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled, rising-dose, single-dose study
      was undertaken to assess the effect of low concentrations of timolol maleate
      ophthalmic solution (0.008%, 0.025%, 0.08%, and 0.25%) on intraocular pressure
      and its diurnal variation in healthy, normal volunteers. A single dose of 0.008%
      timolol exhibits a definite but minimal-effect on intraocular pressure in this
      normal volunteer model, causing a significant peak mean decrease in intraocular
      pressure from its value immediately predose. This decrease was 1.8 mm Hg (a peak
      mean percent decrease of 12.8%) at 2 hours postdose compared with an increase of
      0.1 mm Hg (+2.5%) during a pre-study curve due to normal diurnal variation. One
      drop of 0.008% solution represents a single dose of approximately 2.5 micrograms
      of timolol. A slight contralateral ocular hypotensive effect appears to be
      present for 0.25% timolol at 2 hours postdose although it just failed to reach
      statistical significance.

PMID- 2404488
TI  - MK-927: a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Dose response and duration of
      action.
AB  - The dose response to a single topical administration of the carbonic anhydrase
      inhibitor MK-927 was investigated in 24 patients with primary open angle glaucoma
      or ocular hypertension. Three concentrations of MK-927 (2%, 1%, and 0.5%) and
      placebo were administered in a two-center, double-masked, randomized, placebo
      controlled, four-period crossover study. MK-927 at the 0.5% concentration
      appeared to be minimally effective in reducing intraocular pressure. A single
      topical dose of 1% MK-927 resulted in a significantly greater percent reduction
      in intraocular pressure for up to 6 hours when compared with treatment with
      placebo. Similarly, a single dose of 2% MK-927 significantly lowered intraocular
      pressure for 8 hours compared with treatment with placebo. The pressure reduction
      from baseline measured 23.7% and 11.3% at 8 hours after instillation of a single
      drop of 2% MK-927. The medication was well tolerated and appeared to lower
      intraocular pressure in a dose-dependent fashion.

PMID- 2404489
TI  - Anophthalmia in the focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome.
AB  - We examined an orbital exenteration specimen from an anophthalmic patient with
      focal dermal hypoplasia. Eyelid angiofibromas were evident and immunoperoxidase
      studies for human papilloma virus were negative. Orbital tissue contained a
      ductal cyst, chronic inflammation of the lacrimal duct and sac, rudimentary
      conjunctival fornices, lacrimal gland, striated muscle, and adipose tissue.
      Microscopic examination revealed a posteriorly located cystic structure with
      uveal and lens remnants. Neuroectodermal structures consistent with retina, optic
      nerve, or meninges were not observed, thus representing true anophthalmia. These
      findings remain as the only histopathologic description of ocular tissues in
      patients with focal dermal hypoplasia.

PMID- 2404490
TI  - Measuring plasma fibrinogen to predict stroke and myocardial infarction.
AB  - Epidemiological observations indicate that high plasma fibrinogen levels are
      strongly correlated with the frequency of two major thrombotic complications of
      atherosclerosis, stroke and myocardial infarction. Thrombosis is increasingly
      recognized as a central mechanism in stroke and myocardial infarction, and
      fibrinogen is involved in events thought to play a major role in thrombosis.
      Therefore, elucidation of the relationship between fibrinogen and thrombosis may
      strengthen the predictive value of this protein and suggest new treatment to
      prevent stroke and myocardial infarction. The current data relating fibrinogen to
      thrombosis are not easy to reconcile with the available epidemiological
      observations. In addition, advances in understanding the atherogenic potential of
      several risk factors for coronary heart disease have used information on the
      measurement of the risk factors in population-based studies. Thus, measuring
      plasma fibrinogen to predict stroke and myocardial infarction may be important in
      gaining insight into the thrombogenic potential of this protein and in inspiring
      new strategies against the thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2404491
TI  - Growth characteristics and cytoskeletal organization of cultured smooth muscle
      cells from human primary stenosing and restenosing lesions.
AB  - Growth characteristics of human plaque cells selectively extracted from advanced
      primary stenosing and fresh restenosing lesions by percutaneous transluminal
      atherectomy were studied in vitro. Cells were isolated either by explant
      technique or by enzymatic disaggregation, and they were identified as smooth
      muscle cells (SMC) by positive reaction with antibodies against alpha-smooth
      muscle actin. Endothelial cells were not found in the atherectomized tissue. The
      cells of primary stenosing tissue (ps-SMC) exhibited a significantly low growth
      rate (0.16 +/- 0.04 population doublings per day) in comparison to the cells of
      restenosing lesions (re-SMC, 0.64 +/- 0.15 population doublings per day).
      Furthermore, ps-SMC became senescent and remained quiescent after two passages,
      whereas re-SMC retained a high proliferative activity and became quiescent by
      passage 8 to 10. Both types of cells responded to increasing serum concentrations
      in a dose-dependent manner. Ps-SMC failed to respond to purified platelet-derived
      growth factor (PDGF) and a mitogen mixture isolated from bovine brain (ECGF), but
      their proliferative activity was increased by the addition of re-SMC-conditioned
      culture medium. Despite their high basic growth rate, the proliferative activity
      of re-SMC was significantly stimulated by PDGF and ECGF in a dose-dependent
      manner. PS-SMC and re-SMC populations consisted of two distinct subpopulations,
      which could be discriminated by cell size measurements and cell adhesion: 1)
      relatively small (cell diameter, 18.6 +/- 5 microns), low-adhesive, predominant
      cells, and 2) enlarged (cell diameter, 27.1 +/- 3 microns), high-adhesive,
      fibroblast-like cells with abundant microfilaments. Neither ps-SMC or re-SMC
      stained with antibodies against desmin, but did express vimentin. The
      organization patterns of vimentin and tubulin were unaltered in comparison to
      each other and to smooth muscle cells cultured from the media of
      nonatherosclerotic human arteries.

PMID- 2404492
TI  - Similar regulation of chondrocyte functions by cellular stimulants of unknown
      mechanism. Retinoids, cytokines, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide.

PMID- 2404493
TI  - Comparative inhibitory effects of mefloquine and primaquine on hepatic drug
      metabolizing enzymes.

PMID- 2404494
TI  - Flavin analogs with antimalarial activity as glutathione reductase inhibitors.
AB  - 10-(4'-Chlorophenyl)-3-methylflavin has antimalarial activity in vitro and in
      vivo (Cowden et al., J Med Chem 31: 799, 1988). This flavin analog and two of its
      derivatives were found to inhibit the antioxidant flavoenzyme glutathione
      reductase from human erythrocytes in its isolated form as well as in hemolysates.
      The mixed-type inhibition was completely reversible, the Ki-values being of the
      order of 1 microM. Surprisingly, the drugs were not competitive with FAD, but
      with GSSG, one of the enzyme's substrates. Malaria parasite glutathione
      reductase, extracted from Plasmodium falciparum, could also be inhibited by the
      compounds. Studies on the effects of the substances on P. falciparum in vitro,
      which were demonstrated morphologically and by growth inhibition, confirmed
      previous observations with 10-(4'-chlorophenyl)-3-methylflavin and showed similar
      parasiticidal characteristics for the two new derivatives. The activities of five
      other erythrocytic enzymes tested were not impaired by the drugs, nor was the
      nucleotide metabolism of erythrocytes and/or parasites significantly changed.
      Permeation into red blood cells was demonstrated for one compound by 19F-NMR
      spectroscopy. Inhibition of glutathione reductase might contribute to, or account
      for, the antimalarial activity of this group of flavin analogs.

PMID- 2404495
TI  - ASHA interviews Roy A. Koenigsknecht, 1990 president.

PMID- 2404496
TI  - Self-help for communication disorders.

PMID- 2404497
TI  - Self-regulation and mental retardation.
AB  - The educational and research implications of defining mental retardation as a
      self-regulatory disorder were explored. Behavioral, social-learning, and
      cognitive conceptualizations regarding the structure and development of self
      regulation were examined. Emphasis was placed on showing how these
      conceptualizations compliment each other. Several perspectives were presented,
      specifically, that both the essential components of the self-regulatory system
      along with the environments that promote self-regulated behavior must be
      isolated. Self-regulation was described as a complex skill that develops like
      other skills and can be taught through behavioral techniques. Self-regulation was
      suggested to basically be a linguistically guided process. The assertion was made
      that individuals with retardation, because of their extensive language
      deficiencies, are delayed in developing self-regulatory control. The role of life
      experience and motivational processes in the development of self-regulation was
      also stressed.

PMID- 2404498
TI  - Aptitude by treatment interactions in computer-assisted word learning by mentally
      retarded students.
AB  - In previous research, tasks involving stimulus discrimination and simple learning
      were related to computer-assisted sight-word learning by moderately retarded
      adolescents (Conners & Detterman, 1987). The authors suggested that if these
      abilities interacted with specific instructional variables to determine word
      learning, such interactions might be useful in designing individualized computer
      assisted instruction for mentally retarded students. In the present study
      interactions of these two abilities with two specific instructional variables
      were investigated. An interaction was found between stimulus discrimination and
      the number of words presented at one time for learning. Results were interpreted
      within Anderson's (1982) model of declarative and procedural knowledge.

PMID- 2404499
TI  - Soldier, sailor ... a profile of Professor Naylor. Interview by Colin Davis.

PMID- 2404500
TI  - Extreme distal migration of a maxillary canine.
AB  - A case of extreme distal migration of the left maxillary canine is reported. The
      canine had erupted buccal to the contact area between the left second premolar
      and first molar. Past reports of similar ectopia are reviewed.

PMID- 2404501
TI  - Past presidents of the BDA. Richard White MRCS LDS Eng (1819-1892). British
      Dental Association President 1885.

PMID- 2404502
TI  - Plasma concentration profiles and antihypertensive effect of conventional and
      extended-release felodipine tablets.
AB  - 1. The rate and extent of felodipine absorption from an oral solution,
      conventional and extended-release tablets were investigated in two groups of
      healthy volunteers (n = 18 + 15). 2. The antihypertensive effect of felodipine
      conventional tablets twice daily (n = 71) and extended-release tablets once daily
      (n = 76) were compared in a parallel-group study in hypertensive patients. 3. As
      from a solution, felodipine was completely absorbed from the two solid dosage
      forms. The rate of absorption increased in the order extended-release tablets,
      conventional tablets, solution. 4. The extended-release tablet gave more
      sustained plasma concentrations than the conventional tablet. 5. The extended
      release tablet given once daily gave similar blood pressure control to the
      conventional tablet given twice daily.

PMID- 2404503
TI  - The influence of levodopa on gastric emptying in man.
AB  - 1. Simultaneous radioisotopic (99Tc-DTPA) gastric emptying measurements and
      paracetamol pharmacokinetic studies were performed in eight healthy male
      volunteers with and without levodopa (125 mg orally). 2. In the absence of
      levodopa gamma camera imaging showed rapid mono or biexponential emptying in all
      subjects and the plasma concentration-time curves for paracetamol displayed a
      single major peak. 3. In the presence of levodopa the time to 90% emptying was
      prolonged from 32 +/- 24 min to 81 +/- 20 min (P less than 0.01). Gastric
      emptying was interrupted by a plateau phase in six subjects and this pattern of
      emptying was associated with double peaks in the plasma concentration-time curves
      of both levodopa and paracetamol. The time to the end of the plateau phase of
      emptying correlated with the time to the trough plasma concentrations of
      paracetamol and levodopa. 4. There was excellent agreement between the plasma
      concentration-time curves of levodopa and paracetamol, i.e. time to initial peak,
      r = 0.946, P less than 0.001; time to trough concentration r = 0.943, P less than
      0.01; time to second peak r = 0.974, P less than 0.001. 5. The results indicate
      that levodopa inhibits gastric emptying and thus influences its own absorption.
      Temporary inhibition of gastric emptying by levodopa (or a metabolite) is the
      cause of the multiple plasma peaks commonly observed following oral levodopa.

PMID- 2404504
TI  - Safe extracranial vascular evaluation and surgery without preoperative
      arteriography.
AB  - Carotid surgery without preoperative arteriography was performed in 101
      consecutive patients with an average age of 68.5 years and almost equal sex
      distribution. This prospective study analyzed risk factors, operative approach,
      bruits, indications for surgery, and outcome. All patients were studied by real
      time B-mode ultrasound and spectral analysis and none were referred for
      arteriogram. The majority of patients had a standard carotid endarterectomy, and
      the findings at surgery correlated with noninvasive imaging. No mortality was
      recorded in this series of patients; a 1% rate of neurologic morbidity was noted.
      These results suggest that one can safely operate on the basis of a duplex scan.
      A preoperative arteriogram is not always necessary for carotid evaluation.

PMID- 2404505
TI  - Improved strategies for secondary operations on infrainguinal arteries.
AB  - Secondary interventions play an important role in achieving the ultimate goal of
      limb salvage after primary infrainguinal interventions fail. By employing the
      described strategies and principles for secondary arterial reconstructions below
      the inguinal ligament, good results in terms of patency of the reoperated primary
      reconstruction or the secondary reconstruction can be obtained with significantly
      augmented limb salvage at a low cost in operative morbidity and mortality. These
      results mandate that vascular surgeons maintain an aggressive attitude toward the
      use of these secondary operations when a primary procedure fails to achieve or
      maintain its intended goal and a patient is faced with imminent limb loss because
      of distal ischemia.

PMID- 2404506
TI  - Oral contraceptives and breast cancer.

PMID- 2404508
TI  - Constitutional frequencies of c-Ha-ras alleles in patients with different types
      of lung cancer.

PMID- 2404507
TI  - Breast cancer and combined oral contraceptives: results from a multinational
      study. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives.
AB  - A collaborative, hospital-based case-control study was conducted at 12
      participating centres in 10 countries. Based on data from personal interviews of
      2,116 women with newly diagnosed breast cancer and 12,077 controls, the relative
      risk of breast cancer in women who ever used oral contraceptives was estimated to
      be 1.15 (1.02, 1.29). Estimated values of this relative risk based on data from
      three developed and seven developing countries were 1.07 (0.91, 1.26) and 1.24
      (1.05, 1.47) respectively; these estimates are not significantly different (P =
      0.22). Estimates for women under and over age 35 were 1.26 (0.95, 1.66) and 1.12
      (0.98, 1.27), respectively, and these estimates are also not significantly
      different (P = 0.38). Risk was highest in recent and current users and declined
      with time since last use regardless of use. Risk did not increase with duration
      of use after stratifying on time since last use. Risk did not increase
      significantly with increasing duration of use before age 25 or before a first
      live birth. However, a relative risk of 1.5 that was of borderline statistical
      significance was observed in women who used oral contraceptives for more than 2
      years before age 25. No single source of bias or confounding was identified that
      could explain the small increases in risk that were observed. Chance alone is
      also an unlikely explanation. The results could be due to a combination of chance
      and potential sources of bias, or they could represent a weak causal
      relationship.

PMID- 2404509
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in oncology.

PMID- 2404510
TI  - Clinical aspects of early stage non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PMID- 2404511
TI  - Immunohistological distribution of 5T4 antigen in normal and malignant tissues.
AB  - A trophoblast cell surface antigen has been characterised by a monoclonal
      antibody (mAb) 5T4, raised following immunisation with solubilised wheat germ
      agglutinin binding glycoproteins from human syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane
      (StMPM). The expression of the 72 kDa glycoprotein was assessed on cryostat
      sections of a range of neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues, using an avidin
      biotin immunoperoxidase technique. In products of conception, intense reactions
      were noted with villous syncytiotrophoblast membrane in normal early and term
      placenta, with weaker positivity of placental site trophoblast. Most normal or
      non-neoplastic tissues were negative, including liver, kidney, spleen, small
      intestine, ovary and testis. Faint or moderate positive reactions were present in
      some specialised epithelia. Of 115 neoplasms examined, 76 showed reactions with
      tumour cells including carcinomas of the bladder, breast, cervix, endometrium,
      lung, oesophagus, ovary, pancreas, stomach and testicular non-seminomatous germ
      cell tumours. Choriocarcinomas and placental site trophoblastic tumours were also
      positive. Most adenocarcinomas of colon and seminomas were negative as were all
      malignant melanomas and malignant lymphomas. A radioimmunoassay did not detect
      the antigen in either normal or pregnancy serum. The relatively low level of
      expression in normal tissues and reactivity with a wide range of carcinomas
      suggested that the antibody may be useful in diagnostic or targeting studies.

PMID- 2404512
TI  - Investigation of expression of 5T4 antigen in cervical cancer.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody detecting amniotrophoblastic antigen 5T4 has shown
      reactivity against various neoplastic cell lines and tumour specimens but with a
      relatively restricted normal tissue expression. This antibody has been
      investigated as a potential indicator of premalignant changes identified as
      cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia and malignant cervical lesions using
      immunohistochemistry on frozen tissue biopsies. The basal cells of normal
      cervical stratified epithelium exhibited faint staining, but a general increase
      in intensity and extent of specific labeling of this tissue was seen from the
      first premalignant stage through to carcinoma. In most cases, this was in
      accordance with the distribution of dysplastic cells, and was accompanied by
      increased specific staining of the stromal tissue. All invasive squamous
      carcinomas of the cervix were 5T4 antigen positive. Common inflammatory non
      malignant diseases did show a certain degree of epithelial and stromal
      reactivity. These results, showing 5T4 reactivity with neoplastic and pre
      neoplastic lesions, may provide a quantitative basis for its potential use as a
      tumour marker in the immunochemical detection on immunoassay of cervical cancer.

PMID- 2404513
TI  - Cornified envelopes in congenital disorders of keratinization.
AB  - A morphological and biochemical analysis was made of cornified envelopes isolated
      from patients with different congenital disorders. Nomarski contrast microscopy
      of the envelopes showed that their morphology was not greatly altered in several
      types of keratoderma and parapsoriasis, but it was grossly modified in ichthyotic
      disorders. The various types of ichthyoses, keratoderma palmoplantare, KID
      syndrome and parapsoriasis showed, after cyanogen-bromide cleavage, peptide
      patterns similar to those obtained from healthy subjects. In contrast, envelopes
      from patients with Darier's disease, congenital pachyonychia and
      erythrokeratoderma variabilis showed markedly different peptide patterns.

PMID- 2404514
TI  - Topical retinoic acid for treatment of solar damage.
AB  - Twenty patients with chronic solar damage of the skin were entered in a double
      blind, within-patient trial to compare the effect of 0.05% tretinoin cream with a
      placebo applied once daily for 12 weeks. Sixteen completed the study. Clinical
      assessment of the individual signs of solar damage were recorded on separate
      visual analogue scales. After 12 weeks, there were significant improvements in
      fine wrinkling around the eyes, crease lines around the mouth and cheeks,
      wrinkling on the dorsum of the hands and yellow discoloration. Overall, 14 of the
      tretinoin-treated sides were judged to have improved compared to only two of the
      placebo-treated sides (P = 0.011). Measurement of skin thickness by pulsed A-scan
      ultrasound revealed that the sides treated with tretinoin were significantly
      thicker than the placebo-treated sides (P = 0.019). Skin biopsies taken before
      and after treatment showed an increase in mean epidermal thickness with tretinoin
      treatment (P = 0.019). The clinical signs of improvement persisted at the follow
      up assessment performed 4 weeks after cessation of therapy.

PMID- 2404515
TI  - Rubisco activase.

PMID- 2404516
TI  - Investigations on the influence of headgroup substitution and isoprene side-chain
      length in the function of primary and secondary quinones of bacterial reaction
      centers.
AB  - The contributions of headgroup and side-chain in the binding and function of the
      primary (QA) and secondary (QB) quinones of isolated reaction centers (RCs) from
      Rhodobacter sphaeroides were investigated. Various ubiquinones and structurally
      similar quinones were reconstituted into RCs depleted of one (1Q-RCs) or both (0Q
      RCs) quinones. The influence of partition coefficients on the apparent binding
      affinities was minimized by expressing dissociation constants in terms of the
      mole fraction of quinone partitioned into the detergent. It was then apparent
      that the size of the isoprenyl side-chain was of little consequence in
      determining the binding affinity or the functional competence of either QA or QB,
      although an alkyl chain of equivalent size was a poor substitute. The degree of
      substitution of the headgroup, however, was a sensitive determinant of binding.
      For both quinone sites, the trisubstituted plastoquinones bond more weakly than
      the fully substituted ubiquinones. Similarly, for binding to the QA site,
      duroquinone (tetramethylbenzoquinone) bound much more strongly than
      trimethylbenzoquinone. The affinity of the QA site for ubiquinones was about 20
      times stronger than the QB site, but the QB site is probably not more specific
      than the QA site. However, QB function depends on a suitable redox free-energy
      drop from QA as well as binding, and of all the quinones tested only the
      ubiquinones simultaneously supported full QA and QB activity. Even plastoquinone
      A, which fills both roles in Photosystem II, was unable to do so in bacterial
      RCs, although it did bind. The unique ability of ubiquinones to both bind and
      provide the appropriate redox span is discussed. The temperature dependence of
      binding of the isoprenyl ubiquinones at the QA site changed markedly with chain
      length. For Q-10-Q-7, the binding enthalpy was positive and net binding was
      entirely driven by entropic factors. For the shorter-chain ubiquinones, Q-6-Q-1,
      both entropy and enthalpy of binding were favorable. This strong entropy-enthalpy
      compensation is suggested to arise from antagonistic interactions
      (anticooperativity) between headgroup and tail binding. For QB function by
      hydrophobic quinones, the temperature dependence of the micelle properties
      prevented easy access to thermodynamic parameters. However, for water-soluble Q
      0, binding to the QB site was determined to be enthalpically driven.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2404517
TI  - Chlorophyll a fluorescence lifetime distributions in open and closed photosystem
      II reaction center preparations.
AB  - We have measured the decay of chlorophyll a fluorescence at 4 degrees C under
      anaerobic conditions in stabilized photosystem II reaction center complex
      isolated from spinach, using multifrequency (2-400 MHz) cross-correlation phase
      fluorometry. Examination of our data shows that although the fluorescence decay
      of open reaction centers (i.e., when both the electron donor P-680 and the
      electron acceptor pheophytin are capable of engaging in charge separation) can be
      analyzed as a multiexponential decay, another representation of the data is
      obtained when the decay is analyzed using a continuous distribution of lifetimes.
      Our results on the open reaction center differ from the two lifetime components
      of 25 ps and 35 ns published by Mimuro et al. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 933 (1988)
      478-486) for the D1-D2-cytochrome b-559 complex, obtained for F682 at 4 degrees C
      by a time-resolved photon-counting spectrofluorometer. When the reaction centers
      are closed by pretreatment with sodium dithionite and methyl viologen followed by
      exposure to laser excitation, conditions known to result in accumulation of
      reduced pheophytin, a dramatic decrease in the contribution of the slow lifetime
      component(s) is observed. These results suggest that the slow distribution
      lifetime component(s) in the 5-20 ns range originate(s) in the back reaction of
      the charge separated state. On the other hand, the fast lifetime component(s) in
      the picosecond range may be only partially related to the charge separation,
      since no dramatic change is observed upon closure of the reaction center.
      Perhaps, this component is related, in part, to the excitation energy migration
      among the various chromophores in the reaction center preparations.

PMID- 2404518
TI  - Chlorophyll a fluorescence transient as an indicator of active and inactive
      Photosystem II in thylakoid membranes.
AB  - Upon illumination, a dark-adapted photosynthetic sample shows time-dependent
      changes in chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence yield, known as the Kautsky
      phenomenon or the OIDPS transient. Based on the differential effects of electron
      acceptors such as 2,5-dimethyl-p-benzoquinone (DMQ) and 2,6-dichloro-p
      benzoquinone (DCBQ) on Chl a fluorescence transients of spinach thylakoids, we
      suggest that the OID phase reflects the reduction of the electron acceptor QA to
      QA- in the inactive PS II (see Graan, T. and Ort, D. (1986) Diochim. Biophys.
      Acta 852, 320-330). In spinach thylakoids, heat-induced increase of the Chl a
      fluorescence yield is also differentially sensitive to the addition of DMQ and
      DCBQ suggesting that this increase is mainly on the 'I' level, and thus heating
      is suggested to convert active PS II to inactive PS II centers. The kinetics of
      decay of QA-, calculated from variable Chl a fluorescence, was analyzed into
      three exponential components (365-395 microseconds; 6-7 ms; and 1.4-1.7 s). In
      heated samples, the decay rate of variable Chl a fluorescence is slower than the
      normal back-reaction rate; there is a preponderance of the slow component that
      may be due, partly, to the active centers undergoing slow back reaction between
      QA- and the S2 state of the oxygen-evolving complex.

PMID- 2404519
TI  - Hexose metabolism in pancreatic islets: preferential utilization of mitochondrial
      ATP for glucose phosphorylation.
AB  - The respective contribution of exogenous and intramitochondrially formed ATP to D
      glucose phosphorylation by mitochondria-bound hexokinase was examined in both rat
      liver and pancreatic islet mitochondria by comparing the generation of D-glucose
      6-[32P]phosphate from exogenous [gamma-32P]ATP to the total rate of D-[U
      14C]glucose phosphorylation. In liver mitochondria, the fractional contribution
      of exogenous ATP to D-glucose phosphorylation ranged from 4 to 74%, depending on
      the availability of endogenous ATP formed by either oxidative phosphorylation or
      in the reaction catalyzed by adenylate kinase. Likewise, in islet mitochondria
      exposed to exogenous ATP but deprived of exogenous nutrient, about 60% of D
      glucose phosphorylation was supported by mitochondrial ATP. Such a fractional
      contribution was further increased in the presence of ADP and succinate, and
      suppressed by mitochondrial poisons. It is concluded that, in islet like in liver
      mitochondria, mitochondrial ATP is used preferentially to exogenous ATP as a
      substrate for D-glucose phosphorylation by mitochondria-bound hexokinase. This
      may favour the maintenance of a high cytosolic ATP concentration in glucose
      stimulated islet cells.

PMID- 2404520
TI  - Viral proteinases: weakness in strength.

PMID- 2404521
TI  - RS 86 in manic disorder.

PMID- 2404522
TI  - Susceptibility of human erythropoietic cells to B19 parvovirus in vitro increases
      with differentiation.
AB  - B19 human parvovirus is the etiologic agent of transient aplastic crisis. To
      better understand B19 virus-induced hematopoietic suppression, we studied the
      host cell range of the virus using in vitro bone marrow cultures. First, B19
      virus replication was examined in the presence of various purified cytokines
      using DNA dot blot analysis. Replication was detected only in erythropoietin
      containing cultures. The other cytokines (granulocyte/macrophage colony
      stimulating factor [GM-CSF], G-CSF, M-CSF, interleukin-1 [IL-1], IL-2, IL-3, and
      IL-6) did not support virus replication, indicating the restriction of B19 virus
      replication to the erythroid cell lineage. Second, hematopoietic progenitor cells
      were serially assayed in B19-infected and uninfected bone marrow cultures. At
      initiation, B19 virus infection caused marked and moderate reduction in colony
      forming unit erythroid (CFU-E) and burst-forming unit erythroid (BFU-E) numbers,
      respectively, without affecting CFU-Mix and CFU-GM numbers. Interestingly, the
      recovery of the erythroid progenitor numbers was observed at a late stage of
      cultures despite the sustained reduction in erythroblasts. The cells in the
      bursts derived from such reappearing BFU-E did not contain the virus genome.
      Although infectious virus was detected in the culture supernatants, the cultured
      CFU-E harvested at day 5 was relatively resistant to B19 virus infection compared
      with the CFU-E in fresh bone marrow. These findings suggest that pluripotent stem
      cells escaped B19 virus infection and restored the erythroid progenitor cells
      later in infected cultures. We conclude that the target cells of B19 virus are in
      the erythroid lineage from BFU-E to erythroblasts, with susceptibility to the
      virus increasing along with differentiation. Furthermore, the suppression of
      erythropoiesis and the subsequent recovery of the erythroid progenitor numbers in
      B19-infected liquid cultures may be analogous in part to the clinical features of
      B19 virus-induced transient aplastic crisis.

PMID- 2404523
TI  - Bone marrow stromal cell regulation of B lymphopoiesis: interleukin-1 (IL-1) and
      IL-4 regulate stromal cell support of pre-B cell production in vitro.
AB  - Bone marrow stromal cells appear to be key regulatory elements in hematopoiesis
      and lymphopoiesis. These stromal cells respond to cytokine exposure and alter
      their pattern of hematopoietic growth factor production, suggesting a degree of
      functional plasticity. We examined the effect of two cytokines, interleukin-1 (IL
      1) and IL-4, on stromal cell regulation of pre-B cell generation using the bone
      marrow stromal cell line, S17. Neither lymphokine potentiated pre-B cell
      generation in the absence of stromal cells. However, addition of either 10 U/mL
      rIL-1 alpha or 50 U/mL rIL-4 to cultures of bone marrow cells containing S17
      cells dramatically suppressed subsequent pre-B cell formation. Preculture of S17
      stromal cells with either rIL-1 or rIL-4 completely abrogated their ability to
      support pre-B cell generation in subsequent coculture with freshly explanted bone
      marrow cells. Conditioned medium from IL-1- or IL-4-treated S17 cells also
      suppressed pre-B-cell generation in culture. Although it is not yet known which
      induced stromal cell factors are responsible for failure of pre-B-cell generation
      in treated cultures, these data do clearly demonstrate that local levels of IL-1
      and IL-4 in the hematopoietic microenvironment may play a significant role in
      regulation of bone marrow stromal cell function. These data also demonstrate that
      fibroblastic stromal cells are primary target cells that respond to cytokine
      concentration and affect lymphopoietic cell development.

PMID- 2404524
TI  - Stromal cell progeny of murine bone marrow fibroblast colony-forming units are
      clonal endothelial-like cells that express collagen IV and laminin.
AB  - Studies of human and murine bone marrow explants have demonstrated the existence
      of stromal cell precursors that give rise to colonies of adherent cells in short
      term cultures. Because previous data suggested that these colonies were composed
      of fibroblasts, the precursor cells were termed fibroblast colony-forming units
      (CFU-F). However, we have recently shown that the stromal cells which support
      hematopoiesis in murine long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBC) express collagen IV
      and laminin, markers associated with an endothelial cell lineage, but are
      negative for collagen I and III, markers associated with a fibroblast cell
      lineage. Because these conflicting results suggest major functional differences
      between the stromal cells observed in long-term cultures and the short-term
      assay, we re-examined the lineage of CFU-F-derived stromal cells. Using two-color
      immunofluorescence, we characterized virtually all of the cells comprising
      individual "CFU-F" colonies derived from mouse radiation chimeras. Identification
      of donor (hematopoietic) or host (stromal) origin was based on surface staining
      for strain-specific H-2 surface antigens, and, for endothelial or fibroblast
      properties, on cytoplasmic staining for laminin and collagen IV, or collagens I
      and III, respectively. The results demonstrate that a large proportion of the
      cells in CFU-F colonies are donor-derived and fail to stain with any of the
      antisera specific for nonhematopoietic cells. In addition, these donor-derived
      cells exhibit marked phagocytic capacity and stain positively with monoclonal
      antibodies characteristic of the monocyte-macrophage hematopoietic cell lineage
      (anti-T200, anti-Mac-1, F4/80). However, the remainder of the cells are host
      derived cells that stain positively with antisera to collagen IV and laminin. In
      contrast, stains for collagen types I and III were negative under conditions that
      allowed for strong staining of control skin fibroblasts. In separate studies,
      using mixtures of two genetically distinct bone marrows, the cells expressing
      collagen IV were further shown to be clonal in origin within individual colonies,
      directly demonstrating that the CFU-F assay provides a quantitative measure of
      the numbers of marrow stromal cell precursors. Thus, the current studies
      establish a remarkable similarity between the hematopoietic microenvironment in
      the short-term CFU-F assay and the long-term culture system: the majority of
      adherent cells are hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, while
      the remainder are stromal cells whose precise lineage remains uncertain, but
      whose pattern of collagen expression is more consistent with an endothelial
      rather than a fibroblast cell origin.

PMID- 2404525
TI  - Homozygous deletion of the retinoblastoma gene in an acute lymphoblastic leukemia
      (T) cell line.
AB  - Human leukemia cell lines were examined for the status of the retinoblastoma (RB)
      protein by immunoblotting analysis using antibodies raised against the TrpE-RB
      fusion protein. One of 16 cell lines examined, the T-cell acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (ALL) line HSB-2, lacked the 110-Kd RB protein. Southern blot analysis
      of genomic DNA extracted from HSB-2 cells showed a large homozygous deletion of
      the RB gene, stretching from exon 18 beyond exon 27. Northern blot analysis
      showed multiple, abnormal RB transcripts in HSB-2. A truncated protein (72 Kd)
      was detected with 35S-methionine labeling but not with 32P-orthophosphate
      labeling of the HSB-2 cells. The genomic deletion of greater than 85 kb DNA at
      the RB locus (13q14) was not detectable in the karyotype of the HSB-2 cells.
      Among the 16 human leukemia cell lines examined for the status of the RB gene,
      only one, the HSB-2 line, showed an abnormal RB protein. Further study of primary
      leukemia and lymphoma samples appears to be warranted.

PMID- 2404526
TI  - Management of multiple myeloma.
AB  - There has been little progress in the treatment of patients with multiple
      myeloma, and the average survival time is still only about 3 years. Although
      there have been significant therapeutic advances in recent years, clinical trials
      have only just begun. The major concern is, of course, the achievement of major
      disease control (which can be equated with a cure). The data available to date
      indicate that this is possible only with the use of allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation, with which a survival plateau of around 30% can be attained. The
      trials should perhaps include the sequential use of all regimens with established
      efficacy in refractory myeloma. Immunoconjugate therapy with either radioisotopes
      or cytotoxic agents could also be envisioned, and expansion with suitable
      biological agents such as interleukin-2 could be considered. There is a plethora
      of promising treatment possibilities and novel concepts that may improve the
      dismal outlook for patients with multiple myeloma.

PMID- 2404527
TI  - Intravenous immunoglobulin for secondary immunodeficiency.
AB  - Viral and bacterial infections are a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in
      patients immunocompromised as a result of malignancy, burns, trauma, viral
      infections or chemotherapy. The development of safe and effective antibody
      preparations suitable for intravenous use have transformed the lives of patients
      suffering from forms of primary immunodeficiency characterised by antibody
      deficiency. However, the role of intravenous immunoglobulin (IV IgG) preparations
      in the treatment of secondary immunodeficiencies is less clear and although many
      anecdotal reports exist for the use of IV IgG in various secondary
      immunodeficiencies (Table 1), there have been few controlled trials of a
      sufficient size that have demonstrated clear-cut efficacy in many of the
      suggested new indications.

PMID- 2404528
TI  - Autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with AML in first complete
      remission. Results of two different conditioning regimens after the same
      induction and consolidation therapy.
AB  - Thirty-nine patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) in first complete
      remission (CR) were treated by autologous bone marrow transplantation. All
      patients received the same induction and consolidation chemotherapy consisting of
      a combination of daunorubicin (DNR) and cytarabine (Ara-C) followed by four
      courses of DNR, Ara-C and 6-thioguanine (6-TG). Two different conditioning
      regimens were used; 25 patients were submitted to the BAVC regimen (BCNU,
      amsacrine, VP-16 (etoposide) and Ara-C) and 14 to a cyclophosphamide/total body
      irradiation (CY + TBI) regimen. Six patients (one treated with BAVC and five
      treated with CY + TBI) died in aplasia. Twelve of the 25 BAVC treated patients
      and one of the nine CY + TBI treated patients relapsed; 12 (48%) of the BAVC
      treated patients are in CR with a median follow-up of 45 months and eight (57%)
      of the CY + TBI treated patients are in CR with a median follow-up of 50 months.
      All patients in CR have survived for more than 2 years since transplant.

PMID- 2404529
TI  - Biological importance of residual leukaemic cells after BMT for CML: does the
      polymerase chain reaction help?
AB  - The fate of the leukaemic clone after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for
      patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) may determine the long-term
      prognosis. Several groups have reported the use of the polymerase chain reaction
      (PCR), a highly sensitive technique for detecting residual leukaemia, to study
      blood and bone marrow of patients in apparent cytogenetic and clinical remission
      at various intervals after BMT. The limitations of the technique relate to the
      need in CML to use mRNA rather than DNA as test material, the undefined
      sensitivity of the assay, the lack of knowledge of cell lineage when the test is
      positive and the high risk with present techniques of false positive and false
      negative findings. These points notwithstanding, the collected data suggest that
      most longterm survivors have no evidence of leukaemia detectable by PCR; in
      contrast many of the patients transplanted within the last 5 years do have
      evidence of residual leukaemia. This suggests that in a significant number of
      patients the leukaemic clone may survive for several years after BMT before it is
      eradicated (or falls below the threshold for detection by PCR). If this is
      confirmed the finding of residual leukaemia by PCR in the first few years post
      BMT would have limited prognostic significance.

PMID- 2404530
TI  - Allogeneic marrow transplantation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - Nine individuals between 15 and 43 years of age with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
      underwent allogeneic marrow transplantation following busulfan 16 mg/kg and
      cyclophosphamide 120 mg/kg. These individuals were not considered optimal
      candidates for autologous transplantation chiefly because of marrow involvement
      or resistance to chemotherapy. All patients engrafted and eight achieved complete
      remission. Three patients relapsed; one patient died of transplant-related
      complications. Five individuals are disease-free survivors between 103 and 1169
      days following transplantation. Of three individuals with relapsed Burkitt's
      lymphoma none experienced a sustained disease-free interval following
      transplantation. Three of four individuals with large cell or lymphoblastic
      lymphoma are surviving 585 to 1169 days following transplantation. Allogeneic
      marrow transplantation following busulfan and cyclophosphamide appears reasonably
      safe and is effective in selected patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who are
      not good candidates for autologous marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2404531
TI  - Allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia in first complete remission.
AB  - Forty-seven patients with high risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) received
      an allogeneic (allo) or autologous (auto) bone marrow transplant (BMT). Patients
      in both groups were comparable in terms of age, initial presentation of ALL and
      induction chemotherapy. Allo patients were transplanted earlier (median 3 months
      after CR) than auto patients (median 6.5 months after CR). Auto patients received
      more consolidation chemotherapy before BMT. All patients received total body
      irradiation 2.2 Gy/day x 5 days after cyclophosphamide 60 mg/kg x 2 (18 allo and
      five auto) or melphalan 140 mg/m2 (seven allo and 17 auto). Prevention of graft
      versus-host disease (GVHD) was by conventional immunosuppression in 17 patients
      and T cell depletion in eight. Seven patients (28%) developed moderate to severe
      acute GVHD. Auto marrow was treated in vitro in each case. Seven patients died in
      CR from BMT complications (five allo and two auto). The probability of relapse
      was 9% for patients receiving allo BMT and 52% for patients receiving auto BMT (p
      less than 0.01). The disease-free survival was 71% for allo BMT and 40% for auto
      BMT (p = NS). Early BMT is an effective form of consolidation for high risk
      patients with ALL in first CR. An allogeneic anti-leukemia effect was
      demonstrated in this study.

PMID- 2404532
TI  - A comprehensive alcohol abuse treatment programme for persons with traumatic
      brain injury.
AB  - The concerns of dual disability problems of substance abuse and traumatic brain
      injury have been documented and well recognized by rehabilitation professionals.
      Substance abuse treatment programmes for TBI, however, have been lacking. The
      purpose of this paper is to suggest both the framework and the content of
      interventions designed to prevent and treat alcohol abuse in traumatic brain
      injury clients.

PMID- 2404533
TI  - Family-staff conflict in the rehabilitation setting: causes, consequences, and
      implications.
AB  - The context in which staff-family conflict occurs in the TBI rehabilitation
      setting is outlined including the sources of stress specific to each group and
      the needs of family members during the recovery process. The ways in which both
      family members and professionals exacerbate the conflict are described, followed
      by implications for facility management posture, programme development, and
      research.

PMID- 2404534
TI  - Durkheim and French psychiatric views on suicide during the 19th century. A
      conceptual history.

PMID- 2404535
TI  - Depressive illness in multiple sclerosis. Clinical and theoretical aspects of the
      association.
AB  - The present state of knowledge of the possible relationship between depressive
      illness and multiple sclerosis is described. Problems of the research methodology
      are identified and suggestions made for useful areas of inquiry.

PMID- 2404536
TI  - Efficacy of combined antidepressant therapy in resistant neurotic disorder.
AB  - A 35-year-old woman with persistent affective and phobic symptoms responded
      dramatically to a combination of isocarboxazid and amitriptyline, and this
      improvement was maintained over the next three-and-a-half years. Isocarboxazid
      was replaced by placebo, using double-blind procedure. The change to placebo was
      accompanied by a marked increase in anxiety and depressive symptoms, which
      resolved when active isocarboxazid was reintroduced. It is suggested that
      combined antidepressant therapy still has a place in the treatment of resistant
      neurotic disorder.

PMID- 2404537
TI  - Genital self-mutilation: attempted foreskin reconstruction.
AB  - A non-psychotic adult attempted surgically to reconstruct a foreskin for himself.
      The patient's membership of an organisation which lobbies against circumcision
      was contributory.

PMID- 2404538
TI  - Heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Conceptual models and analytic strategies.
AB  - Schizophrenia is clinically heterogeneous but it is not known whether this is due
      to the existence of discrete subtypes. For the purpose of explication,
      'indicators' of schizophrenia are divided into three levels: phenomenology,
      pathophysiology, and aetiology. Five heterogeneity models and a number of
      quantitative approaches are described. It is imperative to apply rigorous methods
      of study to the comparison of unitary models and competing heterogeneity models
      of schizophrenia.

PMID- 2404539
TI  - Treatment of depressed in-patients. Cognitive therapy plus medication, relaxation
      plus medication, and medication alone.
AB  - Thirty in-patients received one of three treatments - medication (nortriptyline)
      alone (MA), relaxation therapy plus medication (RT&M), or cognitive therapy plus
      medication (CT&M) (each n = 10) - along with ward milieu. The relaxation and
      cognitive therapy groups participated in 12 therapy sessions. Symptoms of
      depression and related cognitive variables were assessed at sessions 1, 6 and 12,
      and at discharge. All groups improved over the course of the study. CT&M and RT&M
      groups reported significantly fewer depressive symptoms and negative cognitions
      at discharge than the MA group. The number of subjects judged depressed at
      discharge was lower in the CT&M group than in the MA and RT&M groups. It is
      proposed that a consistent rationale for treatment is a significant facilitating
      factor in achieving behavioural and cognitive changes in depression.

PMID- 2404540
TI  - Trauma anesthesia and critical care: the concept and rationale for a new
      subspecialty.
AB  - Proper care of the severely injured patient will require the development of a new
      anesthesia specialist. The trauma anesthesiologist, like the cardiovascular
      anesthesiologist, must become thoroughly familiar with one disease. The
      anesthesiologist who manages patients with traumatic disease must become an
      expert in critical care, high-risk anesthesia practice, and emergency
      resuscitation of the trauma patient. An outline for a fellowship in trauma
      anesthesia and critical care is included.

PMID- 2404541
TI  - Adult respiratory distress syndrome in the trauma patient.
AB  - A high mortality rate still exists for the patient with ARDS 20 years after the
      severe syndrome was first formally defined. Hypoxia and hypercarbia remain major
      clinical challenges requiring mechanical ventilation. The pulmonary vascular bed
      has been identified as a prime site of injury. The major working hypothesis is
      that cellular injury is caused by oxyradicals produced by activated neutrophils.
      There is no present pharmacologic therapy based on this hypothesis. Steroids have
      no demonstrable effect on outcome. Major advances have been made in the use of
      extracorporeal membrane lungs to relieve hypercarbia and hypoxia while minimizing
      pulmonary oxygen toxicity and barotrauma. The most promising current technique is
      extracorporeal CO2 removal during venovenous perfusion. Further advances must
      await definition of the early stages of the ARDS.

PMID- 2404542
TI  - Renal failure in the trauma patient.
AB  - Acute renal failure is a serious complication of the resuscitation and post
      traumatic critical care of the severely injured patient. Renal ischemia secondary
      to shock is the most common cause of post-traumatic renal failure. The
      unrecognized or untreated renal ischemic state can lead to nephrotoxic damage in
      the post-traumatic patient. Prevention of acute failure by rapid resuscitation
      and restoration of circulating volume to prevent ongoing renal ischemia and
      prerenal azotemia is imperative for reducing the incidence of post-traumatic
      renal failure. Once post-traumatic renal failure is established, aggressive
      dialysis can reduce the mortality resulting from post-traumatic renal failure.

PMID- 2404543
TI  - Sepsis and the trauma patient.
AB  - Conventional therapy for septic shock concentrates on correcting circulatory
      perfusion defects by optimizing hemodynamic parameters and oxygen delivery to the
      periphery. In the face of ongoing sepsis, the central abnormality of nutrient
      acquisition and energy production at the cellular level remains and the patient
      often progresses to MSOF despite our best efforts. Currently, surgical drainage
      and antibiotic therapy are the mainstays for eradication of infection. In the
      future, as we understand more of the mediators and metabolic consequences of
      septic shock, we anticipate that a more specific, directed therapy will be
      developed to reduce the high mortality rate.

PMID- 2404544
TI  - The trauma anesthesia/critical care specialist in the field.
AB  - Field anesthesia may be required on a routine basis in isolated communities in
      developing countries and from time to time in military conflicts and entrapment
      situations. The drawover inhalation method is safe, simple, and effective. The
      equipment is portable and independent of compressed gas supply. Both the
      Triservice and PAC apparatuses are satisfactory in clinical use. Air enrichment
      with low flows of oxygen is required in many cases, and intermittent positive
      pressure should be used in most patients to enhance pulmonary oxygen uptake.
      Oxygen may be supplied from an oxygen concentrator instead of cylinders. Total
      intravenous anesthesia is an alternative to the drawover method. Ketamine,
      midazolam, vecuronium, and fentanyl combine to produce a satisfactory technique
      using IPPV, but the method requires practice for satisfactory expertise. The
      technique is of special value in closed-down conditions. Field anesthesia can be
      practiced safely and effectively but requires special training to acquire
      familiarity with the techniques. As field anesthesia may be required even in
      sophisticated countries for entrapment situations, skill should be maintained by
      practicing the appropriate techniques on a regular basis. Field anesthetic
      techniques are not second-rate methods--they are just different.

PMID- 2404545
TI  - Perioperative anesthetic management of the pediatric trauma patient.
AB  - The object of this article is to provide the anesthesiologist with an approach to
      the perioperative management of pediatric trauma. The initial focus is on
      planning and initial stabilization and transport. This is followed by the
      immediate management of the trauma patient in the emergency department, with a
      focus on the management of the airway and support of the circulation. There are
      some differences of opinion about the similarity of cervical spine injury in
      children and adults, but there is no question that children do suffer cervical
      spine injuries frequently following head injury. The anesthetic management of the
      head-injured patient is focused upon the control of intracranial pressure, and
      the major method for control is hyperventilation to reduce the CO2. Head trauma
      patients often have injuries to other body systems, which may account for both
      their ventilatory and their circulatory problems.

PMID- 2404546
TI  - Critical care transport: a trauma perspective.
AB  - The realm of CCT is a challenging one, an arena open to advances in skills and
      technology that will improve the patient's ultimate outcome as well as provide
      that patient with the best possible conditions for transfer. Considering the
      background of skills and knowledge an anesthesiologist possesses, he or she is a
      "natural" for this subspecialty.

PMID- 2404547
TI  - Military medicine: trauma anesthesia and critical care on the battlefield.
AB  - This article presents a few of the basic guidelines that must be considered once
      a decision is made to provide anesthesia and advanced surgical care in the
      battlefield--or in civilian catastrophes (for example, terrorist incidents, and
      man-made or natural disasters) that resemble the battlefield. However, it must be
      stressed that the most central consideration in battlefield anesthesia is the
      selection, training, and experience of the battlefield anesthesiologist. There
      are strict guidelines for providing safe anesthesia under the dire circumstances
      of war or similar civilian circumstances; the properly trained and experienced
      TA/CCS, however, will be best able to deliver battlefield anesthesia and to
      improvise equipment and agents for its safest delivery in those circumstances.

PMID- 2404548
TI  - Hyperbaric medicine: an integral part of trauma care.
AB  - In conclusion, HBO constitutes an important therapeutic tool in managing a
      variety of syndromes associated with trauma and is thought to possess potential
      benefits for the management of others. Because its therapeutic efficacy and
      limitations are as yet incompletely understood and appreciated, continuing
      research is warranted. This article provides a discussion of these conditions and
      applications as well as descriptions of the basic physics of gas behavior, the
      principle of the physiologic basis of HM, the general manner of clinical
      application of pressure and oxygen, and the special set of problems encountered
      when providing sophisticated medical care in the hyperbaric environment.
      Ultimately, this article encourages the highly motivated trauma anesthesiologist
      to enhance his or her contribution to and active participation in the field of
      HM.

PMID- 2404549
TI  - Mechanisms and patterns of injury: the key to anticipation in trauma management.
AB  - Traumatic injuries are classified into blunt and penetrating injuries.
      Penetrating injuries are caused when an object such as a knife or bullet crushes
      and tears the tissues that it traverses. The energy transfer from the penetrating
      object to the tissues determines the degree of injury, and the wounding tract
      determines the pattern of injury. Blunt trauma produces injury by transferring
      energy through acceleration forces (+ and -) to the victim (usually from motor
      vehicles or falls). The pattern and severity of injury are determined by the
      magnitude and orientation of the acceleration change to the victim's anatomy.

PMID- 2404550
TI  - Airway management: considerations in the trauma patient.
AB  - The five components integral to modern, sophisticated airway management in trauma
      patients include equipment, pharmacologic adjuncts, manual techniques, physical
      circumstances, and patient profile. Although there is a finite number of pieces
      and types of equipment, pharmacologic adjuncts, and manual techniques, the last
      two components are variable. For purposes of brevity and clarity, this article
      has presented definitive airway management in terms of a well-organized, fully
      equipped admitting (resuscitation) area of a trauma center, but a trauma patient
      may require airway management in a variety of physical circumstances, including
      the field, the transport vehicle, and numerous locations within the trauma
      center. We believe that the commonly used airway management algorithms are a poor
      substitute for a conceptual understanding of the basic principles of the five
      components of airway management, although these decision trees may be useful as
      learning tools. The construction of a truly complete decision tree is virtually
      impossible because of the high number of individual patient profiles.

PMID- 2404551
TI  - Fluid therapy and the resuscitation of traumatic shock.
AB  - Fluid management of the traumatized patient begins with assessment of volume
      status via palpation of pulses; evaluation of mental status; and measurement of
      urine output, arterial blood pressure, and central pressures. Intravascular line
      placement and choice of initial resuscitation fluids should be individualized to
      the clinical situation, although in most situations a crystalloid solution
      continues to be the initial fluid of choice. Following initial stabilization, the
      intravenous fluid administered can be tailored to a given situation, chosen only
      after the deranged fluid balance is sequentially classified according to
      alterations of volume, concentration, and composition. Parenteral fluids may be
      divided into two groups: crystalloids and colloids. The indications,
      complications, and controversies surrounding various resuscitation modalities
      have been reviewed.

PMID- 2404552
TI  - General anesthesia: management considerations in the trauma patient.
AB  - Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are vital components of the
      resuscitation of the most seriously injured patients and those suffering from
      multisystem trauma. Therefore, general anesthesia administered both intravenously
      and endotracheally becomes the anesthetic of choice for most of this patient
      population. Endotracheal intubation and anesthetic induction techniques are
      designed to protect the patient's cervical spinal cord from injury and his or her
      airway from aspiration of gastric contents. Anesthetic drugs are chosen to
      minimize cardiovascular depression, to maximize oxygen delivery to the tissues,
      and to decrease intracranial pressure. Monitoring techniques include the basic
      noninvasive monitoring set forth in the American Society of Anesthesiologist's
      standards, as well as invasive cardiac monitoring via arterial catheters and
      pulmonary artery catheters. Attention to detail in the recovery room will
      continue the success of a well-conducted general anesthetic for the trauma
      patient.

PMID- 2404553
TI  - Regional anesthesia: management considerations in the trauma patient.
AB  - From peripheral nerve blocks to central neuraxis blocks, regional anesthesia
      offers a wide range of options for the comprehensive management of trauma
      victims. Experience during wars and with mass casualties has proven the safety
      and efficiency of regional techniques. In this article, authors review the merit
      of these techniques to advance the quality of patient care. They also suggest the
      need to improve the selection of techniques, ranging from the prehospital phase
      to long-term rehabilitation.

PMID- 2404554
TI  - Vexed surgeons, perplexed patients, and breast cancers which may not be cancer.
AB  - In situ cancer of the breast is being diagnosed with increasing frequency due to
      the widespread use of mammography and heightened awareness of these lesions among
      pathologists. Treatment of these preinvasive cancers is controversial in light of
      recent data supporting breast-conserving therapy for small invasive cancers.
      Therapy for in situ breast cancer is discussed with attention to known risk
      factors for recurrence and breast cancer-related mortality. The controversies
      surrounding treatment of ductal and lobular carcinoma in situ compel the
      conscientious oncologist to seek fully informed consent and to respect the
      individual patient's feelings about cosmesis and breast cancer risk. Hopefully,
      prospective randomized studies such as the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and
      Bowel Project (NSABP) B-17 trial will relieve the oncology community of much of
      its confusion about the natural history and optimal therapy for these diseases.

PMID- 2404555
TI  - Combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in locally
      advanced epidermoid bronchogenic carcinoma. A randomized study.
AB  - Between June 1980 and December 1983, 111 patients with inoperable epidermoid
      bronchogenic carcinoma (limited disease) were entered into a randomized trial
      comparing radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy and combination chemotherapy
      with cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin (doxorubicin), methotrexate, and procarbazine.
      Thirty-five of 62 (56.4%) patients treated with 4500 rad in 15 fractions in 3
      weeks and 19 of 49 (38.8%) patients treated with the same radiation treatment and
      chemotherapy had an objective response. The difference in response rate was not
      significant (P = 0.900). Median time to progression was 5.9 and 7.02 months,
      respectively, for the radiation treatment and the combined treatment. Median
      survival was 11.74 and 10.03 months, respectively, without statistically
      significant differences between the two groups of patients. The toxicity was
      acceptable and no treatment-related death occurred in either treatment schedule.
      In this study no significant superiority of combined radiotherapy and
      chemotherapy treatment over radiation therapy alone was evidenced. Whether
      different chemotherapy regimens may prove more effective in this context should
      be clarified by further studies.

PMID- 2404556
TI  - Adjuvant portal liver infusion in colorectal cancer with 5-fluorouracil/heparin
      versus urokinase versus control. Results of a prospective randomized clinical
      trial (colorectal adenocarcinoma trial I).
AB  - This prospectively randomized clinical trial was carried out in four Dutch
      hospitals to reduce the development of metachronous liver metastases and to get a
      better survival in patients with colorectal malignancies after surgically radical
      en bloc resection of the primary tumor and the regional lymph nodes. Three
      hundred seventeen patients were randomized to participate in three trial arms.
      One group of patients was treated by surgery alone (control group); in the other
      patients a catheter was placed in the dilated umbilical vein and advanced until
      the tip was lying in the left branch of the portal vein. Fifty percent of these
      patients got immediate postoperative portal infusion with 1 g 5-fluorouracil (5
      FU) and 5000 U heparin daily for 7 days; the others received portal vein infusion
      with urokinase 10.000 U/hour for 24 hours only. Three hundred four patients were
      eligible. Overall hospital mortality was 3.6% (11 patients) and was not
      influenced by adjuvant treatment. After a median follow-up of 44 months 66
      patients have died with relapse and 21 as a result of other causes. The chance of
      developing liver metastases and other distant metastases after portal infusion
      with 5-FU/heparin was one third of the chance in the control group (P less than
      0.001). Only an insignificant reduction of the average death rate in the 5
      FU/heparin group was found. In the urokinase group no significant effect in
      reducing metastases or in survival was noted. Before recommending cytotoxic
      portal infusion as an adjuvant treatment in patients with colorectal cancer,
      detailed analysis of other ongoing portal infusion studies has to be awaited and
      careful calculations have to be made regarding how many patients really can be
      saved by this treatment.

PMID- 2404557
TI  - Inhibition of hepatic metastasis from a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (RWP-2)
      in the nude mouse by prostacyclin, forskolin, and ketoconazole.
AB  - Metastasis is a multistep phenomenon in which platelets appear to play an
      important role. This study examined several compounds for their effects on
      experimental hepatic metastasis and on human pancreatic tumor cell-platelet
      interactions. Prostacyclin (PGI2) and forskolin (stimulators of platelet
      adenylate cyclase) and ketoconazole (inhibitor of lipoxygenese and thromboxane
      synthetase) were used in order to investigate their effects on hepatic metastases
      from a human pancreatic tumor cell (RWP-2) in the nude mouse. The tumor cells
      were injected intrasplenically and the animals were divided into control,
      prostacyclin (PGI2 200 micrograms), forskolin (150 micrograms), and ketoconazole
      (180 micrograms) groups. All three drugs were administered intraperitoneally 30
      minutes before and 24 hours after the tumor cell injections. Statistically
      significant differences were observed between control and treated groups in tumor
      surface area (P less than 0.001), percentage of liver surface area occupied by
      tumor (P less than 0.001), and number of tumor colonies (P less than 0.004 for
      prostacyclin, P less than 0.005 for forskolin, and P less than 0.001 for
      ketoconazole). These agents also strongly inhibited RWP-2-induced platelet
      aggregation in human platelet-rich plasma.

PMID- 2404558
TI  - Primary pulmonary Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Primary pulmonary Hodgkin's disease is a rare but distinct entity, to be
      distinguished from nodal Hodgkin's disease and from lymphomas involving the lung
      secondarily. Sixty-one cases have now been reported in the world's literature.
      This lymphoma affects women more frequently than men, and typically involves the
      superior portions of the lungs. Radiologically, it appears as a solitary mass or
      multinodular disease; inhomogeneity or cavitation of these lesions are common.
      Since the presentation of this disease is nonspecific, and as noninvasive tests
      are rarely revealing, diagnosis requires an open thoracotomy and lung biopsy.
      Factors which correlate with a poorer prognosis include "B" symptoms, bilateral
      disease, multilobe involvement, penetration of the pleura, and cavitation. The
      staging and treatment of these lymphomas according to the extent of pulmonary
      involvement are recommended, as radiotherapy or combination chemotherapy may be
      effective in appropriately selected patients.

PMID- 2404559
TI  - Malignant paraganglioma of the posterior mediastinum. A case report and review of
      the literature.
AB  - A case of malignant paraganglioma arising from the posterior mediastinum and
      presenting with a chest wall metastasis is reported with immunocytochemical and
      ultrastructural documentation. The pathobiologic features of this rare disease
      are reassessed with a review of the literature. Cytoarchitectural features do not
      provide reliable information regarding malignant potential. However, evidence of
      local invasiveness at surgical exploration and/or lack of initial surgical
      control are likely to be associated with synchronous or metachronous metastatic
      disease. Although there are clinicopathologic differences warranting distinction
      between benign paragangliomas arising in the anterior and posterior mediastinal
      compartments, there is no apparent pathobiologic difference with regard to the
      malignant group.

PMID- 2404560
TI  - Transvaginal sonography as a screening method for ovarian cancer. A report of the
      first 1000 cases screened.
AB  - From November 1987 to April 1989, 1000 women 40 years or older underwent
      screening vaginal sonography at the University of Kentucky Medical Center
      (Lexington, KY). Patients included in this investigation were all asymptomatic
      and had no known pelvic abnormalities. Each ovary was measured in three planes
      and ovarian volume was calculated using the prolate ellipsoid formula. The upper
      limit of normal for ovarian volume was 18 cm3 in premenopausal women and 8 cm3 in
      postmenopausal women. In patients with normal scans, mean ovarian volumes
      decreased from 6.8 cm3 to 3.0 cm3 with menopause. Thirty-one patients (3.1%) had
      abnormal vaginal sonograms and 24 underwent exploratory laparotomy. All patients
      undergoing surgery had ovarian or fallopian tube tumors with dimensions identical
      to those predicted by ultrasound. Histologic diagnoses of these tumors included
      the following: adenocarcinoma, one, serous cystadenoma, eight; endometrioma, six;
      and cystic teratomas, two. Vaginal sonography was performed easily and without
      complications, and was well accepted by patients. All patients with normal
      sonograms have been rescreened annually and none have subsequently developed
      ovarian cancer. Further clinical trials to determine the efficacy of vaginal
      sonography as a screening method for ovarian cancer are indicated.

PMID- 2404561
TI  - Pathologic findings in clinical stage A2 prostate cancer. Relation of tumor
      volume, grade, and location to pathologic stage.
AB  - Transurethral resections (TUR) and totally embedded radical prostatectomies from
      39 clinical Stage A2 prostate cancers were morphometrically analyzed and compared
      with 56 prior similarly studied clinical Stage B cancers. All the clinical A2
      radical prostatectomies contained residual tumor with 26% having capsular
      penetration. Clinical Stage A2 tumors were much more heterogeneous than clinical
      Stage B tumors with respect to tumor location, grade, and amount. In particular,
      many clinical A2 cases were predominantly central or central and anterior in
      location (59%) and low-grade compared with clinical Stage B cases where most
      lesions were posterior, peripheral, and intermediate grade. Percent of tumor in
      TUR best predicted final pathologic stage versus TUR grade or volume. Despite
      statistically significant correlations between tumor percent and/or grade on TUR
      and final stage, predictability of final stage for individual patients from TUR
      data was poor. The complex interrelation of tumor location, grade, and amount
      resulted in wide and overlapping ranges for these parameters for organ-confined
      and nonconfined cases.

PMID- 2404562
TI  - Typhlitis. An 18-year experience and postmortem review.
AB  - A review of pediatric autopsy results at the Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor
      College of Medicine from 1970 through 1987 was conducted. Thirty-three cases of
      typhlitis were identified in patients with acute leukemia and two cases each in
      patients with lymphoblastic lymphoma and aplastic anemia. Patients ranged in age
      from 10 months to 17 years. Fifty-seven percent were male and 43% were female.
      All were myelosuppressed. A postmortem incidence rate of 24% was determined for
      patients with acute leukemia. Common symptoms included abdominal pain and
      distention in 78% of patients and acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding in 35%.
      Abdominal radiographs varied in spectrum from a nonspecific bowel gas pattern to
      frank right colonic pneumatosis intestinalis. Thirty-three patients received
      chemotherapy within 30 days before onset of abdominal symptoms. All patients were
      febrile (greater than 38.5 degrees C), and 33 received broad-spectrum
      antibiotics. Three patients received amphotericin B. Premortem, 84% of organisms
      cultured from blood were bacterial whereas 16% were fungal. Fungal pathogens
      accounted for 53% of new microorganisms seen at autopsy. Postmortem examination
      showed typhlitis in the following anatomic distributions: (1) confined to the
      cecum; (2) involving the cecum and ileum; (3) involving the cecum, ileum, and
      ascending colon; or (4) involving the cecum, with sporadic ulcers throughout the
      intestine. This review includes clinical and postmortem features of typhlitis and
      current strategies for diagnosis and management.

PMID- 2404563
TI  - Adjuvant radiotherapy for recurrent granular cell tumor.
AB  - Granular cell tumor (GCT) is a rare neoplasm traditionally treated with surgical
      excision alone. However, recurrences and metastases of GCT have been reported.
      The authors review the literature and report the case of a 33-year-old black
      woman with a large, recurrent GCT. The patient was treated with adjuvant
      radiation therapy and followed without evidence of recurrence. Adjuvant
      radiotherapy may have a role in the treatment of certain GCT thought, by clinical
      or pathologic criteria, to be at high risk for recurrence or metastasis,
      especially in those cases where extensive surgical excision would produce
      unacceptable morbidity.

PMID- 2404564
TI  - Prognostic factors in patients with bladder carcinoma treated with definitive
      irradiation.
AB  - An analysis was performed of 116 patients with bladder carcinoma who completed
      definitive radiotherapy at a single institution. Patients were analyzed for
      survival and local control. The overall 5-year survival rate was 34%. A
      multivariate analysis of survival showed disease stage, hemoglobin level,
      histologic grade, and total dose to be significant factors in outcome. The local
      control rates for Stage A, B, C, and D patients were 26%, 36%, 18%, and 0%,
      respectively. The multivariate analysis revealed disease stage and pretreatment
      hemoglobin level to be significant predictors of local control. In patients
      unsuitable for surgery or current combined technique protocols, high-dose
      irradiation may offer some patients survival and local control. Furthermore,
      prognostic factors in this study may aid in the stratification necessary for
      current protocol designs.

PMID- 2404565
TI  - Campylobacter pylori and gastroduodenal disease.
AB  - Campylobacter pylori is a newly described, spiral-shaped, gram-negative bacillus
      that is oxidase positive, catalase positive, and urease positive and grows slowly
      in culture. Although observed in human tissue at the beginning of the century, it
      was not cultured until 1982. Because there are significant morphological and
      genetic differences between this organism and other species of Campylobacter, it
      will probably be reclassified in a new genus. Current information indicates that
      the organism primarily resides in the stomach tissue of humans and nonhuman
      primates and may occasionally spread to the esophagus or other parts of the
      alimentary tract under appropriate conditions. Significant evidence has
      accumulated in the last several years to show that it causes gastritis, and there
      is mounting evidence that it may participate in the development of duodenal
      ulcers. It may also be associated with gastric ulcers and nonulcer dyspepsia. It
      can be detected in patients by culture of biopsy specimens or histological
      staining of biopsy tissue. Indirect evidence for the presence of the organism can
      be obtained by detection of urease in a tissue biopsy specimen, by urea breath
      tests, or by detection of specific antibody. It may not be necessary to implement
      these procedures for routine use, however, until the role of the organism can be
      defined better. Ultimately, the discovery of this organism may lead to radical
      changes in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric disease.

PMID- 2404566
TI  - Discovery and development of new antimicrobial agents.
AB  - The unprecedented growth in the number of new antibiotics over the past two
      decades has been the result of extensive research efforts that have exploited the
      growing body of knowledge describing the interactions of antibiotics with their
      targets in bacterial cells. Information gained from one class of antimicrobial
      agents has often been used to advance the development of other classes. In the
      case of beta-lactams, information on structure-activity relationships gleaned
      from penicillins and cephalosporins was rapidly applied to the cephamycins,
      monobactams, penems, and carbapenems in order to discover broad-spectrum agents
      with markedly improved potency. These efforts have led to the introduction of
      many new antibiotics that demonstrate outstanding clinical efficacy and improved
      pharmacokinetics in humans. The current review discusses those factors that have
      influenced the rapid proliferation of new antimicrobial agents, including the
      discovery of new lead structures from natural products and the impact of
      bacterial resistance development in the clinical setting. The development process
      for a new antibiotic is discussed in detail, from the stage of early safety
      testing in animals through phase I, II, and III clinical trials.

PMID- 2404567
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of invasive candidiasis.
AB  - Severe infections due to Candida species have become more frequent during the
      past two decades because of the increasing numbers of immunosuppressed patients
      being treated in our hospitals. Distinguishing colonization from invasive disease
      requires knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to invasion. To assist
      the clinician in therapeutic decisions, clinical microbiologists should identify
      to species Candida organisms isolated from immunosuppressed patients.
      Quantitative or semiquantitative cultures of urine, burn tissues, intravascular
      catheter tips, and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens may provide useful
      information. Immunofluorescent staining of certain specimens can enhance
      diagnostic yield. The lysis-centrifugation blood culture technique offers some
      advantages over traditional broth techniques in detecting Candida fungemia.
      Antibody testing is of limited diagnostic value in highly immunosuppressed
      patients. Developing simple and reliable tests for detecting antigens or
      metabolites of Candida spp. in the sera of infected patients has proven
      difficult. Methods for typing Candida albicans are evolving. Typing should prove
      useful for studying the epidemiology of candidiasis in hospitalized patients.

PMID- 2404570
TI  - Philadelphia-positive acute leukemia. Cytogenetic and molecular aspects.

PMID- 2404571
TI  - Glycine to aspartic acid mutations at codon 13 of the c-Ki-ras gene in human
      gastrointestinal cancers.
AB  - Point mutations of c-ras genes were analyzed in human gastrointestinal cancers.
      DNA obtained from the tissues was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and then
      analyzed by dot blot hybridization assay with oligonucleotide probes to detect
      mutations at codons 12, 13, and 61 of c-Ki-ras, c-Ha-ras, and c-N-ras. In two of
      25 cases of stomach cancer point mutations at codon 13 of c-Ki-ras were found. In
      colorectal cancer, eight of 30 cases showed mutations: four cases of codon 12 and
      one case at codon 13 of c-Ki-ras and two cases at codon 61 and one case at codon
      13 of c-N-ras. These results may indicate involvement of a wide variety of c-ras
      gene point mutations, in addition to those at codon 12 of c-Ki-ras, in
      oncogenesis of human gastrointestinal cancers. In all three mutations of c-Ki-ras
      at codon 13 which had been seldom found in human cancers, glycine to aspartic
      acid mutations due to identical G to A transition at the second nucleotide were
      observed.

PMID- 2404568
TI  - The life and times of the Enterococcus.
AB  - Enterococci are important human pathogens that are increasingly resistant to
      antimicrobial agents. These organisms were previously considered part of the
      genus Streptococcus but have recently been reclassified into their own genus,
      called Enterococcus. To date, 12 species pathogenic for humans have been
      described, including the most common human isolates, Enterococcus faecalis and E.
      faecium. Enterococci cause between 5 and 15% of cases of endocarditis, which is
      best treated by the combination of a cell wall-active agent (such as penicillin
      or vancomycin, neither of which alone is usually bactericidal) and an
      aminoglycoside to which the organism is not highly resistant; this
      characteristically results in a synergistic bactericidal effect. High-level
      resistance (MIC, greater than or equal to 2,000 micrograms/ml) to the
      aminoglycoside eliminates the expected bactericidal effect, and such resistance
      has now been described for all aminoglycosides. Enterococci can also cause
      urinary tract infections; intraabdominal, pelvic, and wound infections;
      superinfections (particularly in patients receiving expanded-spectrum
      cephalosporins); and bacteremias (often together with other organisms). They are
      now the third most common organism seen in nosocomial infections. For most of
      these infections, single-drug therapy, most often with penicillin, ampicillin, or
      vancomycin, is adequate. Enterococci have a large number of both inherent and
      acquired resistance traits, including resistance to cephalosporins, clindamycin,
      tetracycline, and penicillinase-resistant penicillins such as oxacillin, among
      others. The most recent resistance traits reported are penicillinase resistance
      (apparently acquired from staphylococci) and vancomycin resistance, both of which
      can be transferred to other enterococci. It appears likely that we will soon be
      faced with increasing numbers of enterococci for which there is no adequate
      therapy.

PMID- 2404572
TI  - Generation of human autologous melanoma-specific cytotoxic T-cells using HLA-A2
      matched allogeneic melanomas.
AB  - Autologous tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), generated by repeated
      stimulation with autologous melanoma and expanded in interleukin 2, are major
      histocompatibility complex restricted. These CTLs recognize a common tumor
      associated antigen in the presence of HLA class I determinants, suggesting that
      allogeneic melanomas which express the restricting HLA-A region antigen could
      substitute for the autologous tumor in the generation of CTLs. This was
      investigated in the HLA-A2 system. Four T-cell lines were established by
      stimulation of lymphocytes with either autologous tumor or an HLA-A2-matched
      allogeneic melanoma. Allogeneic stimulated CTLs specifically lysed the autologous
      tumor and demonstrated an identical pattern of HLA-A2 restriction, when compared
      to the autologous stimulated CTLs. Lysis by the allogeneic stimulated CTLs was
      blocked by a monoclonal antibody to HLA class I antigens; lysis was also
      inhibited by both autologous tumor or HLA-A2 allogeneic melanomas when evaluated
      in cold target competition studies. The allogeneic stimulated CTLs proliferated
      in response to both autologous tumor and HLA-A2 melanomas, but not in response to
      HLA-A2 nonmelanomas. By phenotypic analysis these CTLs were CD3+ and
      predominantly CD8+ cells. We conclude that autologous tumor-specific CTLs can be
      generated using HLA-A region-matched allogeneic melanomas for stimulation. Since
      established, HLA-typed melanoma tumor lines can be used in the absence of
      autologous tumor; this procedure can be applied clinically to a broad patient
      population and may prove useful in the adoptive immunotherapy of melanoma.

PMID- 2404573
TI  - Phase I study of intravenously administered bacterially synthesized granulocyte
      macrophage colony-stimulating factor and comparison with subcutaneous
      administration.
AB  - A Phase I study of bacterially synthesized recombinant human granulocyte
      macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) was undertaken in 21 patients
      with advanced malignancy or neutropenia. rhGM-CSF was administered once daily by
      i.v. bolus injection (0.3 to 3 micrograms/kg/day) or 2-h i.v. infusion (3 to 20
      micrograms/kg day) for 10 days. rhGM-CSF at all i.v. doses caused an immediate
      transient decrease in circulating neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes. By 6 h
      after rhGM-CSF, circulating leukocyte levels were restored. Daily i.v. bolus
      dosing (0.3 to 3 micrograms/kg/day) did not elevate leukocyte levels except in
      one neutropenic patient. Daily 2-h i.v. infusions (10 to 20 micrograms/kg/day)
      caused a dose-dependent leukocytosis with increased levels of neutrophils (up to
      4.3-fold), eosinophils (up to 18-fold), and monocytes (up to 3.5-fold). Marrow
      aspirates showed increased proportions of promyelocytes and myelocytes during
      rhGM-CSF administration. Retreatment after 10 days without rhGM-CSF resulted in a
      more marked leukocytosis at doses greater than or equal to 10 micrograms/kg/day.
      Platelet levels decreased for the first 3 days and then increased during the
      first course of rhGM-CSF administration. Two patients with chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia had a transient reduction in lymphocytosis. Serum cholesterol and
      albumin levels decreased, and vitamin B12 levels increased during rhGM-CSF
      treatment. At doses of up to 15 micrograms/kg/day, rhGM-CSF was relatively well
      tolerated by the patients, but adverse effects included bone pain, lethargy,
      fever, rash, and weight gain. A first dose reaction characterized by hypoxia and
      hypotension was identified at dose levels greater than or equal to 1
      microgram/kg. Dosing i.v. was less potent at inducing a leukocytosis than
      previously observed for equivalent s.c. doses and was associated with a higher
      incidence of generalized rash and first dose reactions. The maximal tolerated
      dose of i.v. rhGM-CSF was 15 micrograms/kg/day. Phase II studies in which the
      derived effect is to raise leukocyte levels should be undertaken at rhGM-CSF
      doses of 3 to 15 micrograms/kg/day.

PMID- 2404569
TI  - Toxigenic clostridia.
AB  - Toxigenic clostridia belonging to 13 recognized species are discussed in this
      review. Each species or group of organisms is, in general, introduced by
      presenting the historical aspects of its discovery by early investigators of
      human and animal diseases. The diseases caused by each species or group are
      described and usually discussed in relation to the toxins involved in the
      pathology. Morphological and physiological characteristics of the organisms are
      described. Finally, the toxins produced by each organism are listed, with a
      presentation of their biological activities and physical and biochemical
      characteristics. The complete amino acid sequences for some are known, and some
      of the genes have been cloned. The term toxin is used loosely to include the
      various antigenic protein products of these organisms with biological and
      serological activities which have served as distinguishing characteristics for
      differentiation and classification. Some of these factors are not truly toxic and
      have no known role in pathogenicity. Some of the interesting factors common to
      more than one species or group are the following: neurotoxins, lethal toxins,
      lecithinases, oxygen-labile hemolysins, binary toxins, and ADP
      ribosyltransferases. Problems in bacterial nomenclature and designation of
      biologically active factors are noted.

PMID- 2404574
TI  - Peroxisome proliferator-induced alterations in the expression and modification of
      rat hepatocyte plasma membrane proteins.
AB  - Rats were fed the peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate (0.025%), and the effects
      on the expression, modification, and localization of seven domain-specific
      integral proteins of the rat hepatocyte plasma membrane were assessed using a
      combination of immunoblotting, -precipitation, and -fluorescence. Ciprofibrate
      caused the down-regulation of five of the plasma membrane proteins (the epidermal
      growth factor receptor, the asialoglycoprotein receptor, HA 321, HA 4, and
      dipeptidylpeptidase IV) and induced the expression of a more basic, lower-Mr
      isoform of the basolateral plasma membrane protein CE 9. Pulse labeling, chemical
      deglycosylation, and 125I-wheat germ lectin blotting suggested that the
      ciprofibrate-induced isoform of CE 9 differed in the posttranslational
      modification of its oligosaccharides and contained more sialic acid. These
      changes in hepatocyte surface differentiation were first observed between Days 1
      and 5 on the ciprofibrate-containing diet, coincident with other aspects of the
      pleiotropic response of the hepatocyte to peroxisome proliferators, e.g., the
      induction of the Mr 78,000 peroxisome proliferation-associated protein. The
      effects were reversed within 2-3 weeks upon removal of ciprofibrate. The three
      other peroxisome proliferators tested, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, clofibrate, and
      Wy-14,643, were found to exert most of these same effects on the expression and
      modification of the hepatocyte plasma membrane proteins, but the compounds
      differed in relative potency. The ciprofibrate-induced decreases in the
      concentrations of the epidermal growth factor receptor, the asialoglycoprotein
      receptor, HA 321, and HA 4 were similar to the selective down-regulation of these
      proteins observed transiently during the period of hepatocyte proliferation
      following two-thirds hepatectomy. Other compounds frequently used in studies of
      liver enzyme induction and carcinogenesis, the antioxidants ethoxyquin and
      butylated hydroxyanisole and the liver tumor promoter phenobarbital, were not as
      effective as ciprofibrate or two-thirds hepatectomy at causing the down
      regulation of these proteins. The induction of the lower-Mr isoform of the
      basolateral plasma membrane protein CE 9 was not observed following two-thirds
      hepatectomy or upon the feeding of the antioxidants or phenobarbital but was
      specific to the feeding of the peroxisome proliferators.

PMID- 2404575
TI  - Induction by transforming growth factor beta of pemphigus vulgaris antigen
      activity in mouse papilloma cells.
AB  - Induction of a marker of epidermal spinous cells, pemphigus antigen activity, was
      detected by indirect immunofluorescence in murine papilloma cells exposed to
      human transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). Detection of pemphigus antigen
      activity required exposure of cells to 1.4 mM Ca2+ for 3 h just prior to
      immunoassay. The brief exposure to Ca2+ may be necessary for translocation of
      intracellular pemphigus antigen to the cell surface, where it is accessible to
      antibody. Cells grown in medium containing 0.02-0.04 mM Ca2+ were shown
      previously to be primarily basal cells characterized by pemphigoid antigen
      activity. Following treatment with 0.25-25 pg/ml TGF-beta for 44 h under 0.02
      0.04 mM Ca2+ conditions, 63 +/- 9% (SD) of cells were pemphigus positive. This
      percentage was comparable to that of positive control cultures exposed to 1.4 mM
      Ca2+ for 44 h (70 +/- 10%) and was up to 2-fold that of solvent control cultures.
      Pemphigus antigen activity was significantly induced by 0.1-25 pg/ml TGF-beta,
      out of a tested range of 10(-5)-10(3) pg/ml. The total number of papilloma cell
      colonies was unaffected by treatment with 0.1-25 pg/ml TGF-beta but was reduced
      greater than 90% by treatment with 10(3)-5 x 10(3) pg/ml TGF-beta. The described
      immunofluorescence assay for pemphigus antigen activity may be useful for
      preliminary evaluation of differentiation-inducing agents in anticarcinoma
      therapy.

PMID- 2404576
TI  - Expression and localization of androgen receptor in the R-3327 Dunning rat
      prostatic adenocarcinoma.
AB  - The Dunning R-3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma and its sublines have been
      developed as a model system to study prostate tumor progression. We have used
      this system to study the changes in androgen receptor (AR) and AR mRNA expression
      which occur during tumor progression from androgen dependent to androgen
      independent growth. Dorsal prostate and all tumor sublines contained a 10
      kilobase AR mRNA on Northern blot analysis. The levels of AR mRNA in each subline
      compared to dorsal prostate (100%) were: H (75%) greater than G (48%) greater
      than HI (25%) greater than HI-F = AT-1 = AT-3 = MAT-Lu = MAT-Ly-Lu = less than
      5%. Immunocytochemistry showed AR predominantly in acinar epithelial cells of
      dorsal prostate and the androgen sensitive H subline. In the H subline, both
      acinar epithelial cells and locally invasive adenocarcinoma cells within the
      stroma showed positive immunostaining. The androgen responsive, anaplastic G
      subline also showed strong positive immunostaining. The androgen resistant AT-1
      and MAT-Lu sublines lacked immunostaining for the AR. Steroid autoradiography
      revealed a similar cellular distribution of AR. These data suggest that in the
      Dunning system the loss of androgen binding and responsiveness is primarily due
      to selective changes in gene expression and not to gene rearrangements or
      posttranscriptional or translational modification of the AR mRNA or protein.

PMID- 2404577
TI  - Karyotypic changes with neoplastic conversion in morphologically transformed
      golden hamster embryo cells induced by X-rays.
AB  - Chromosomes from nine morphologically transformed (MT) cell lines (designated
      MT14 to MT22) of Golden hamster embryo cells induced by X-rays and from tumor
      derived cell lines (MT14T to MT22T), obtained after injection of MT cells, were
      analyzed by the Giemsa banding method. MT cell lines showed a variety of
      numerical abnormalities. All of the MT cell lines involved trisomy of chromosomes
      11 (80 to 100% of cells in each cell line) and 3 (8% of MT22 cells and 100% in
      other cell lines). Although the latent period for tumor growth differed greatly,
      eight of nine MT cell lines (MT14 to MT21) produced tumors at the site of
      injection. All tumor-derived cell lines involved trisomy of chromosome 3 at a
      100% rate of incidence. Seven of nine tumor-derived cell lines (MT15T to MT18T,
      MT20T to MT22T) lost one chromosome 11 from the trisomic condition, resulting in
      disomy of chromosome 11. These results suggest that trisomies of chromosomes 11
      and 3 may play a role in X-ray-induced neoplastic progression.

PMID- 2404578
TI  - Use of hematopoietic growth factors to control myelosuppression caused by
      radioimmunotherapy.
AB  - Therapeutically efficacious doses of 131I-antibody result in a loss in
      circulating white blood cells; the granulocyte population is suppressed by 80-85%
      and the agranulocytes by 60-65% following 2 mCi of 131I-antibody in hamsters. The
      administration of 100,000 units of human recombinant interleukin 1 24 h prior to
      radioantibody can prevent the loss in WBC from 1 mCi of radioantibody and reduce
      the loss from 2 mCi of antibody. Recombinant murine granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor is also a potent stimulator of myelopoiesis and may also be
      useful as a method of reducing radioantibody-induced myelosuppression. The tumor
      uptake of radioantibody in animals treated with recombinant interleukin 1 is
      reduced by 30% 1 day after injection of radioantibody but returns to levels seen
      in animals not treated with the cytokine at 96 and 168 h. Therapeutic efficacy is
      not compromised by doses of interleukin 1 used to prevent myelosuppression.
      Therefore, the use of cytokines will permit the use of higher doses of
      radioantibody for greater tumor therapy with less myelotoxicity than in the
      absence of cytokine treatments.

PMID- 2404579
TI  - Radiolabeled antibodies: results and potential in cancer therapy.
AB  - Radiolabeled antibodies are analyzed from the classical approach in radiation
      oncology being compared to geometric isotopic implants, external radiation, and
      tumor-dose response and energy of the isotope used for cytotoxicity. In addition,
      physiological factors that limit antibody uptake, varied routes of
      administration, toxicity of treatment, as well as present clinical progress are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2404580
TI  - Intraperitoneal immunoconjugates.
AB  - Intracavitary instillation of radioantibodies has been proposed as therapy for
      anatomically confined malignant disease. To evaluate this therapeutic strategy, a
      monoclonal antibody reactive with human transferrin receptor (7D3) was evaluated
      for localization in a human malignant mesothelioma transplanted i.p. in athymic
      nude mice. This antibody was purified and labeled with 131I, 125I, or 111In.
      Radiolabeled antibody was administered i.p. or i.v. to tumor-bearing mice. Three
      h after injection, the percentage of injected dose/g (ID/g) of tumor was higher
      in free-floating ascites tumor cells (31.0%/g tumor cell pellet) after i.p.
      injection than after i.v. injection (12.0%). However, localization of radiolabel
      in i.p. solid tumors was similar (5.37% ID/g i.p. versus 4.73% of ID/g i.v.), and
      by 24 h both routes of administration produced similar localization of radiolabel
      in both free-floating ascites cells and solid tumors. In contrast, uptake of
      radiolabel into liver, kidney, and to a lesser extent bone and bone marrow, was
      less with i.p. than with i.v. administration. In clinical studies with 111In and
      90Y antibodies administered i.p. to patients with ovarian cancer, confined
      biodistribution of the radioantibody was again seen, although interpatient
      variability of rate of egress of the radiolabel was documented. Therefore, both
      preclinical and clinical data indicate that i.p. therapy with immunoconjugates
      may be advantageous for cancer confined to the peritoneal cavity. This advantage
      stems primarily from reduced localization of isotope in organs of catabolism or
      toxicity (liver, kidney, bone, and bone marrow), rather than greatly increased
      levels of isotope in tumor. Unresolved problems include degree of antibody
      penetration into solid tumors, microdosimetry, and radioantibody effectiveness
      for tumor killing.

PMID- 2404581
TI  - Experimental studies of radioimmunodetection of cancer: an overview.
AB  - During the past 8 years numerous patients have been treated by injection of
      radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies for both diagnosis and treatment of cancer. It
      has become common to refer to this approach by such terms as "antibody guided
      delivery" or "antibody guided targeting." In general the results, while somewhat
      promising, have failed to fulfill our initial expectations. It is now clear that
      there are many physiological barriers that antibodies face in their travel toward
      their tumor associated antigen. The papers in the "Experimental Studies of
      Radioimmunodetection" section of the symposium describe in detail these barriers.
      We must remember that antibody conjugates are no more "guided" than classical
      drugs and hormones and are subject to the same physiological principals.

PMID- 2404582
TI  - Physiological barriers to delivery of monoclonal antibodies and other
      macromolecules in tumors.
AB  - The efficacy in cancer treatment of monoclonal antibodies or other macromolecules
      bound to radionuclides, chemotherapeutic agents, toxins, enzymes, growth factors,
      or effector antibodies has been limited by their inability to reach their target
      in vivo in adequate quantities. Heterogeneity of tumor-associated antigen
      expression alone has failed to explain the nonuniform uptake of antibodies. As a
      result, only in recent years have the peculiarities of tumor physiology been
      recognized as determinants of antibody distribution. Three physiological barriers
      responsible for the poor localization of macromolecules in tumors have been
      identified: (a) heterogeneous blood supply; (b) elevated interstitial pressure;
      and (c) large transport distances in the interstitium. The first barrier limits
      the delivery of blood-borne molecules to well-perfused regions of a tumor; the
      second barrier reduces extravasation of fluid and macromolecules in the high
      interstitial pressure regions and also leads to an experimentally verifiable,
      radially outward convection in the tumor periphery which opposes the inward
      diffusion; and the third barrier increases the time required for slowly moving
      macromolecules to reach distal regions of a tumor. Binding of antibody to an
      antigen further lowers the effective diffusion rate of the antibody by reducing
      the amount of mobile antibody. Due to micro- and macroscopic heterogeneities in
      tumors, the relative magnitude of each of these barriers would vary from one
      location to another and from one day to the next in the same tumor and from one
      tumor to another. If the genetically engineered macromolecules, e.g.,
      lymphokines, and other new modalities, e.g., killer lymphocytes, as well as low
      molecular weight cytotoxic agents, are to fulfill their clinical promise, methods
      must be developed to overcome these physiological barriers. Some of these methods
      are discussed, and situations wherein these barriers may not be a problem are
      pointed out.

PMID- 2404583
TI  - Clinical radioimmunodetection, 1978-1988: overview and suggestions for
      standardization of clinical trials.
AB  - In the last decade of radioimmunodetection studies the radiolabeled antibody
      preparations used have gradually changed from polyclonal antibodies labeled
      predominantly with 131I to monoclonal antibodies labeled with diverse
      radionuclides including 131I, 111In, 123I, and 99mTc. Over this period
      progressive improvement in tumor imaging has been observed when one compares the
      best examples of early studies, performed with 131I labeled heterosera, to the
      best of modern images, obtained with 123I, 99mTc, or 111In labeled monoclonal
      antibodies. Important findings in 61 clinical studies reviewed include the
      reports from several centers which demonstrate occult disease in patients with
      carcinoma of colon, melanoma, and lymphoma, and the improved sensitivity and
      specificity of radioimmunodetection in comparison to transmission computerized
      tomography in the lymph nodes and abdomen, in lymphoma and colon cancer, and
      ovarian cancer. Evaluation of the liver remains a difficult problem with this
      technique and standard approaches are superior in most reports. The general
      principle of targeting radioactivity to tumor with radiolabeled antitumor
      antibody and the feasibility of developing practical clinical methodology which
      will add new diagnostic information have clearly been established. Toxicity,
      particularly for index studies, is reassuringly limited. In all the studies with
      surgical confirmation after i.v. injection, uptake in tumor is in the range of
      0.005% injected dose/g tumor, and this low tumor uptake remains the single
      greatest limitation of the method. A second important problem is the prompt
      development of human anti-mouse antibody, which reduces the usefulness of follow
      up studies. A serious criticism of the information currently available on
      radioimmunodetection is that the clinical studies reported to date vary greatly
      in approach and results. The vast majority of studies are early Phase I clinical
      trials, from which toxicity information and biodistribution data can be derived
      but which give limited information about impact on clinical management.
      Standardization in the study design is needed in order to establish the efficacy
      of radioimmunodetection in adequate and well controlled clinical trials.

PMID- 2404584
TI  - Tumor immunoscintigraphy by means of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies:
      multicenter studies of the Italian National Research Council--Special Project
      "Biomedical Engineering".
AB  - Four radioimmunopharmaceuticals (99mTc- and 111In-labeled anti-melanoma and 111In
      and 131I-labeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen F(ab')2 fragments derived from
      monoclonal antibodies 225.28S and F023C5) were developed by means of a
      collaborative effort coordinated by the Italian National Research Council,
      Special Project "Biomedical Engineering." After appropriate pilot studies, the
      radioimmunopharmaceuticals, prepared by Sorin Biomedica (Saluggia, Italy), were
      distributed to 31 Nuclear Medicine departments in Italy and in 10 other European
      countries within the framework of three immunoscintigraphy multicenter studies. A
      total of 1245 patients were studied, 898 of whom carried 1725 documented tumor
      lesions; 1596 of 2193 tumor lesions (468 of which were previously unknown) were
      imaged by immunoscintigraphy in 785 of 990 lesion-bearing patients. Among the
      occult lesions, 173 were imaged in 92 patients admitted to the study as lesion
      free patients. The results have been analyzed in terms of the reliability,
      reproducibility, and diagnostic usefulness of the method and of each
      immunoradiopharmaceutical.

PMID- 2404585
TI  - Detection of thrombophlebitis with 111In-labeled anti-fibrin antibody:
      preliminary results.
AB  - Deep venous thrombosis remains a major medical problem, affecting a large segment
      of the population and resulting in significant mortality and morbidity. Current
      techniques available for detecting deep venous thrombosis present limitations
      that may mitigate their potential benefit to the patient. Invasive techniques,
      such as ascending contrast venography, carry risks to the patient with regard to
      complications such as an allergic reaction to an iodine dye, adverse effects to
      renal functions, and clot formation in a normal vein. Noninvasive techniques,
      such as Doppler ultrasound and impedance plethysmography, evaluate only a limited
      segment of the venous bed. The need remains for a diagnostic technique that is
      safe, accurate, and widely accessible. A readily available noninvasive
      scintigraphic technique utilizing radiolabeled monoclonal anti-fibrin antibody
      may overcome some of these shortcomings. This imaging examination is quite
      effective in detecting clots in the lower extremities. Compared to contrast
      venography, 111In-labeled anti-fibrin antibody imaging appears to be as sensitive
      in identifying acute venous thrombosis. In addition, the preliminary data
      indicate that anticoagulation with heparin may interfere with adequate
      visualization of the clots with this technique.

PMID- 2404586
TI  - Current status of animal radioimmunotherapy.
AB  - Progress in animal radioimmunotherapy has been reviewed by highlighting 22
      successful experiments using human xenografts in rodent models. Significant tumor
      growth delay has been observed in all experiments with five groups reporting
      tumor control 100 days post-tumor implantation. The radiobiological significance
      of these experiments is analyzed through a proposed framework for the comparison
      of radioimmunotherapy to external beam therapy in both animals and humans. The
      limits of applicability of animal modeling to the clinical setting are evaluated
      in terms of intrinsic radiosensitivity, tumor volume effects, tumor bed effects,
      and the host defense mechanism. A generalized strategy for the development of
      clinical radioimmunotherapy is proposed based on utilization of
      radioimmunotherapy as a boost therapy in combination with external beam
      radiation.

PMID- 2404587
TI  - Targeting and therapy of human glioma xenografts in vivo utilizing radiolabeled
      antibodies.
AB  - Radiolabeled antibodies provide a potential basis for selective radiotherapy of
      human gliomas. We have measured tumor targeting by radiolabeled monoclonal
      antibodies directed against neuroectodermal and tumor-associated antigens in nude
      mice bearing human glioma xenografts. Monoclonal P96.5, a mouse IgG2a
      immunoglobulin, defines an epitope of a human melanoma cell surface protein and
      specifically binds the U-251 human glioma as measured by immunoperoxidase
      histochemistry. IIIIn-radiolabeled P96.5 specifically targets the U-251 human
      glioma xenograft and yields 87.0 microCi of tumor activity/g/100 microCi injected
      activity compared to 4.5 microCi following administration of 100 microCi
      radiolabeled irrelevant monoclonal antibody. Calculations of targeting ratios
      demonstrate the deposited dose to be 11.6 times greater with radiolabeled P96.5
      administration compared to irrelevant monoclonal antibody. The dose found in
      normal organs is less than 20% of that in the tumor, further supporting specific
      targeting of the human glioma xenograft by this antibody. Monoclonal antibody
      ZME018, which defines a second melanoma-associated antigen, demonstrates positive
      immunoperoxidase staining of the tumor, but comparatively decreased targeting. To
      test the therapeutic potential of 90Y-radiolabeled P96.5 and ZME018, tumors and
      normal sites were implanted with miniature thermoluminescent dosimeters. Average
      absorbed doses of 3770 +/- 445 (SEM) and 645 +/- 48 cGy in tumor, 353 +/- 41 and
      222 +/- 13 cGy in a contralateral control i.m. site, 980 +/- 127 and 651 +/- 63
      cGy in liver, and 275 +/- 14 and 256 +/- 18 cGy in total body were observed 7
      days following administration of 100 microCi 90Y-radiolabeled P96.5 and ZME018,
      respectively. Calculations of absorbed dose by the medical internal radiation
      dose method confirmed thermoluminescent dosimeter absorbed dose measurements. To
      test the therapeutic potential, tumor-bearing nude mice were given intracardiac
      injections of either buffer or 90Y-radiolabeled P96.5 or ZME018. Tumor regression
      was measured in 1 of 12, 9 of 10, and 12 of 12 compared to 0 of 10, 1 of 10, and
      2 of 10 animals following administration of 50, 100, or 200 microCi 90Y-labeled
      P96.5 and ZME018, respectively. Average maximal decreases in tumor volume were
      42.7 +/- 11.9 and 94.2 +/- 3.3% 28 and 58 days following 100 and 200 microCi 90Y
      radiolabeled P96.5 administration, respectively. In contrast, no average decrease
      in tumor volume was noted following 50, 100, or 200 microCi 90Y-labeled
      ZME018.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2404588
TI  - Boron neutron capture therapy of cancer.

PMID- 2404589
TI  - Evaluation of monoclonal antibody DF3 conjugated with ricin as a specific
      immunotoxin for in vitro purging of human bone marrow.
AB  - DF3 is an IgG1 monoclonal antibody (MAb) generated against a Mr 350,000-400,000
      glycoprotein expressed by approximately 80% of human breast cancers. We have
      coupled MAb DF3 to ricin. Purification of the immunotoxin (DF3-IT) was obtained
      by affinity and size exclusion chromatography. DF3 antigen-positive breast cancer
      cell lines (ZR-75-1, BT-20, and MCF-7) and DF3 antigen-negative lung cancer cell
      lines (A549 and CALU6) were tested for cytotoxicity with metabolic labeling and
      clonogenic assays. The cells were exposed for 3 h to different concentrations of
      DF3-IT, MAb DF3, ricin, and a combination of unconjugated MAb DF3 and ricin. In
      the presence of 100 mM lactose, DF3-IT specifically inhibited protein synthesis
      of lines expressing DF3 antigen on their cell surface. Moreover, clonogenic
      survival experiments demonstrated that DF3-IT at a concentration of 1 x 10(-9) M
      specifically kills 2.6-2.8 log of ZR-75-1 and BT-20 cells and 1.6 log of MCF-7
      cells. At the same concentration, nonspecific toxicity of DF3-IT resulted in a
      30% reduction of bone marrow granulocyte and macrophage colony formation. In bone
      marrow-purging experiments, tumor cells were mixed with an excess of bone marrow
      cells and treated with DF3-IT or ricin. Tumor cell clonogenic survival assays
      demonstrated that the presence of bone marrow cells had no detectable effect on
      activity or specificity of the DF3-IT. These results thus indicate that MAb DF3
      is an effective vehicle to specifically deliver toxins to cancer cells which
      express DF3 antigen on their surface and that DF3-IT may be useful for in vitro
      purging of bone marrow.

PMID- 2404590
TI  - Use of screening phase data to evaluate observer variation of sputum
      cytodiagnosis as an outcome measure in a chemoprevention trial.
AB  - Sputum samples obtained during the screening phase of a chemoprevention trial in
      heavy smokers were evaluated independently by trained cytotechnologists and
      classified for degree of cellular atypia according to the method of Saccommano et
      al. (G. Saccommano et al., Cancer (Phila.), 33: 256-270, 1974). The level of
      agreement within and between Observers A and B was calculated as the percentage
      of agreement and, in addition, a statistic was used (kappa) to correct for chance
      expected agreement. Between observer agreement on 300 specimens from 130 subjects
      was 68% (204 of 300) (kappa = 0.58). Of the 96 disagreements, only 17 were of
      more than one category in the six-category classification. Within observer
      agreement for both Observers A and B was evaluated on a subset of 60 specimens
      from 49 subjects examined on two separate occasions by each observer. The
      percentage of within observer agreement was 80% for Observer A (kappa = 0.73) and
      62% for Observer B (kappa = 0.49) (P less than 0.04). Altogether, 71% (25 of 35)
      of within observer discordant readings were confined to only one category. These
      data, obtained from the screening phase of the study, will allow us to refine the
      outcome measure for the trial without introducing bias that could result from
      knowledge of the actual study results. The failure of conventional cancer
      treatments to impact significantly on overall cancer mortality has led to an
      emphasis on prevention. If premalignant changes can be reliably detected at a
      time when the malignant process is reversible, then it may be feasible to
      intervene to prevent the occurrence of some cancers. The appropriate selection of
      subjects for such intervention trials and the subsequent demonstration of the
      efficacy of chemoprevention strategies are therefore crucial.

PMID- 2404591
TI  - Detection of c-K-ras mutations in fine needle aspirates from human pancreatic
      adenocarcinomas.
AB  - Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens obtained by fine needle
      aspiration of pancreatic masses from 47 patients were examined retrospectively
      for cytology and the presence of mutant c-K-ras oncogenes. Point mutations of c-K
      ras in codon 12 were detected by RNA-DNA RNAse A mismatch cleavage after in vitro
      DNA amplification of the cellular c-K-ras sequences by the polymerase chain
      reaction. Of the 36 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, mutant c-K-ras
      oncogenes were detected in 18 of 25 (72%) with malignant cytologies, 2 of 8 (25%)
      with atypical cytologies, and 0 of 3 with benign aspiration cytologies. The
      remaining 11 patients without pancreatic adenocarcinomas did not have mutant c-K
      ras genes detectable by the assay. The diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma was
      based upon clinical follow-up. The presence of mutant c-K-ras oncogenes did not
      significantly affect survival in the patients studied. Mutant c-K-ras genes were
      found at the time of initial clinical presentation in the majority of pancreatic
      adenocarcinomas, suggesting an important role of the mutation in oncogenesis. In
      conjunction with cytology, our approach represents an application for cancer
      diagnosis at the molecular genetic level.

PMID- 2404592
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of the glucocorticoid receptor in steroid
      sensitive and -resistant human leukemic cells.
AB  - Because of their lympholytic action, glucocorticoids are included in most
      therapeutic regimens for the treatment of lymphomas and leukemias. The presence
      of functional glucocorticoid receptor may be predictive of the response to
      hormonal therapy in these diseases. We have developed an immunocytochemical
      procedure for human glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in order to assess its level and
      subcellular distribution in a well-studied system of childhood lymphoblastic
      leukemia cells (CEM), where sensitive and resistant subclones have been
      established. Several fixation and cell permeabilization protocols were compared.
      The most sensitive and reproducible one for light microscopy was prefixation in
      Bouin's solution followed by cytocentrifugation. Using various polyclonal and
      monoclonal antibodies, the GR was consistently localized predominantly in the
      cell cytoplasm in the absence of steroid. We compared localization of GR
      following glucocorticoid treatment in the glucocorticoid-sensitive clone CEM C7
      with resistant subclones (4R4, 3R43, ICR27). Upon incubation with glucocorticoid,
      an increase in nuclear staining was clearly observed in the steroid-sensitive C7
      cells. Although the resistant cell lines contain immunoreactive GR, they failed
      to show nuclear translocation following glucocorticoid treatment. This outlines
      the importance of the immunocytochemical procedure to distinguish between
      sensitive and resistant leukemic cells. Whether this test could be used
      prospectively to help select glucocorticoid therapy in human leukemias and
      lymphomas can now be examined.

PMID- 2404593
TI  - Selection of patients for cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2404594
TI  - Donor identification and organ procurement for cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2404595
TI  - Cardiac transplantation: the operative technique.
AB  - The operative procedure of cardiac transplantation, whether orthotopic or
      heterotopic, must be performed with meticulous attention to technical detail and
      hemostasis. The price for technical misadventures and bleeding complications is
      high in terms of patient morbidity and mortality. Few cardiac surgical procedures
      are more straightforward than a heart transplant performed in a young individual
      who has not undergone previous cardiac surgery. Few greater technical challenges
      exist, however, than the patient in a state of precarious hemodynamic balance
      undergoing heart transplantation in the wake of one, two, or more previous
      cardiac surgical procedures. The principles outlined herein will serve as a
      foundation for the safe performance of cardiac transplantation regardless of the
      situation.

PMID- 2404596
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac allograft rejection.

PMID- 2404597
TI  - Infectious complications of transplantation.

PMID- 2404598
TI  - Hypertension following orthotopic cardiac transplantation.
AB  - It seems established that hypertension, to some degree, is a frequent consequence
      of cardiac transplantation. The hypertension occurs de novo and is not related to
      whether hypertension was present in association with the heart disease that led
      to the need for transplantation. The etiology of this hypertension is
      multifactorial and varies depending on the time that has ensued after
      transplantation. Acutely, it is primarily a problem related to intravascular
      volume expansion and persistently increased systemic vascular resistance.
      Although it may be modest in severity, it seems to be particularly resistant to
      therapy with most antihypertensive drugs. Moreover, the total "hyperbaric impact"
      of the hypertension is rendered greater because the blood pressure and heart rate
      in these patients with denervated hearts fails to show the usual 10 to 15 percent
      fall when recumbent/asleep at night, which occurs in normotensive individuals and
      in most with hypertension of other etiologies. The major factor in the
      persistence of the hypertension through the later stages post-transplantation
      appears to be the cyclosporine that is used as an immunosuppressive. Although
      cyclosporine has been the major contributor to reduced rejection in these
      individuals, and to their increasingly prolonged survival, it inevitably produces
      slowly progressive impairment of renal function. The damage to the kidney is
      reflected both in tubular as well as glomerular and vascular damage, with a
      steady fall in glomerular filtration and a rise in creatinine. From our studies
      it appears that the renal alterations are associated with a gradual rise in
      plasma renin activity and angiotensin II, which perhaps further damages the
      kidney and causes persistence of the increased systemic vascular resistance. The
      use of lower doses of cyclosporine during the ischemic phase in the kidney that
      immediately follows surgery and of reduced doses over time, often with
      azathioprine added, seems to minimize the renal damage, or at least to stabilize
      it and to slow progression of the renal dysfunction and hypertension. Treatment
      of the hypertension with conventional drugs has definite but limited value.
      Diuretics and vasodilators have been the mainstay of our approach during the
      early phases of the hypertension but our recent data indicate that ACE inhibitors
      may become relatively specific in management during the later phases of the post
      transplantation period as PRA levels rise in response to vascular damage by
      cyclosporine. ACE inhibitors have inherent dangers that require careful
      monitoring.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2404599
TI  - Renal failure in cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2404600
TI  - Accelerated coronary atherosclerosis in cardiac transplantation.
AB  - The implications of this new aggressive form of coronary disease for the
      transplant population are obvious. It appears that for the majority of transplant
      patients we have simply bought some time. We have given them a temporary respite
      from congestive failure and cardiomyopathy while they surmount the daily
      challenges imposed by immunosuppression. Clearly, this issue now looms as a major
      stumbling block toward improving long-term survival. It is no longer enough to
      simply perform the procedure and submit the patient to the rigors of
      transplantation, only to obtain 50 percent 5-year survival. We must pay
      particular attention to the patient postoperatively and make those modifications
      necessary to improve the individual's risk profile. Moreover, we must continue to
      concentrate our research efforts on interventions in accelerated coronary
      disease.

PMID- 2404601
TI  - Pediatric cardiac transplantation.

PMID- 2404602
TI  - Physiology of the transplanted heart.

PMID- 2404603
TI  - Pulmonary transplantation status in 1989.

PMID- 2404604
TI  - The history of heart and heart-lung transplantation.
AB  - The current success of heart and heart-lung transplantation is grounded in a long
      progression of experimental and clinical advances. Beginning with an isolated
      heart transplant performed as a technical exercise in 1905, slowly accumulated
      experimental efforts yielded solutions to problems involving technique, recipient
      and graft protection, post-transplant function and immunology, and provided a
      foundation for subsequent clinical applications. Clinical studies augmented these
      observations and addressed legal and logistic issues involved in human
      transplantation.

PMID- 2404605
TI  - Physiology of the lung in human heart-lung transplantation.

PMID- 2404606
TI  - Pathology of the transplanted heart and lung.
AB  - Combined heart-lung transplantation is now being carried out in many centers
      around the world. Single-lung and double-lung transplantation are being done in
      only a few centers and are still considered to be experimental procedures.
      Combined heart-lung transplantation has been performed successfully in adults and
      in small children and offers a definite therapeutic alternative to such diseases
      as severe congenital heart disease with pulmonary hypertension, cystic fibrosis,
      and primary pulmonary hypertension. At present, the survival statistics for this
      procedure are similar to those for heart transplantation 15 years ago; it is
      hoped that, as with heart transplantation, survival rates will improve with
      better management and more reliable diagnosis of acute rejection, in order to
      prevent the insidious and relentless onset of obliterative bronchiolitis, which
      is now the most significant limiting factor to the success of long-term survival
      in heart-lung transplantation.

PMID- 2404607
TI  - Immunologic mechanisms of cardiac transplant rejection.
AB  - The successful application of cardiac transplantation as a useful therapeutic
      procedure has been the result of improved surgical techniques and the effective
      immunosuppression of cardiac rejection. Despite the improvements that have led to
      the successful application of cardiac transplantation, there are important
      limitations in our understanding and ability to manipulate the immune-mediated
      rejection of the donor heart by the host. Methods that allow for improved
      preservation of the donor heart are necessary to provide the opportunity to match
      more carefully the donor and recipient for histocompatibility antigens that
      stimulate rejection of the graft. Clinical data in humans and experimental
      studies in animals demonstrate that the rejection of the heart is stimulated by a
      wide variety of histocompatibility antigens, many of which may be neutralized by
      donor-recipient matching. The immunologic mechanisms that influence the survival
      of the graft include (1) hyperacute rejection of the graft by recipient antibody
      directed against foreign antigens of the donor heart, (2) T lymphocyte-mediated
      acute cellular rejection of the graft, and (3) chronic rejection of the graft
      associated with the emergence of cardiac graft arteriosclerosis in otherwise
      successful long-term graft recipients. An increased understanding of these
      processes will provide opportunities to improve cardiac transplant outcome.

PMID- 2404608
TI  - Immunohistochemical colocalization of glucagon, serotonin, and aromatic L-amino
      acid decarboxylase in islet A cells of chicken pancreas.
AB  - The identity of monoamine-emitted, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in some
      pancreatic islet cells was studied in pancreatic tissue of male chickens by
      fluorescence and immunohistochemistry either on the same tissue section or on
      serial tissue sections. Pancreatic islet cells emitting intense formaldehyde
      induced fluorescence also react immunohistochemically with antisera directed
      against glucagon, serotonin and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. These
      results show that chicken pancreatic islet A cells contain glucagon, serotonin,
      and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of
      serotonin. The islet B cells identified with anti-insulin immunoreactivity, which
      displayed a very weak formaldehyde-induced fluorescence, did not react with anti
      serotonin serum.

PMID- 2404609
TI  - Why bend DNA?

PMID- 2404610
TI  - A common ancestor for bovine lens fiber major intrinsic protein, soybean nodulin
      26 protein, and E. coli glycerol facilitator.

PMID- 2404611
TI  - S. cerevisiae TFIIIB is the transcription initiation factor proper of RNA
      polymerase III, while TFIIIA and TFIIIC are assembly factors.
AB  - The S. cerevisiae RNA polymerase III (pol III) transcription factor TFIIIB binds
      to DNA upstream of the transcription start site of the SUP4 tRNA(Tyr) gene in a
      TFIIIC-dependent reaction and to the major 5S rRNA gene in a reaction requiring
      TFIIIC and TFIIIA. It is shown here that TFIIIB alone correctly positions pol III
      for repeated cycles of transcription on both genes, with the same efficiency as
      fully assembled transcription complexes. Thus, TFIIIB is the sole transcription
      initiation factor of S. cerevisiae pol III; TFIIIC and TFIIIA are assembly
      factors for TFIIIB. The TFIIIB-dependent binding of pol III to the SUP4 tRNA and
      5S rRNA genes has been analyzed in binary (protein and DNA only) and precisely
      arrested ternary (protein, DNA, and RNA) transcription complexes. Pol III unwinds
      at least 14 bp of DNA at the SUP4 transcription start in a temperature-dependent
      process. The unwound DNA segment moves downstream with nascent RNA as a
      transcription bubble of approximately the same size.

PMID- 2404612
TI  - A repeating amino acid motif in CDC23 defines a family of proteins and a new
      relationship among genes required for mitosis and RNA synthesis.
AB  - We have identified and characterized a novel, repeating 34 amino acid motif (the
      TPR motif) that is reiterated several times within the CDC23 gene product of S.
      cerevisiae. Multiple copies of this motif were discovered in five other proteins,
      three encoded by cell division cycle genes required to complete mitosis and two
      involved in RNA synthesis. Quantitative sequence analyses suggest the existence
      of a common underlying structure in each TPR unit that consists of amphipathic
      alpha-helical regions punctuated by proline-induced turns. The TPR motif defines
      a new family of genes and an important structural unit common to several proteins
      whose functions are required for mitosis and RNA synthesis.

PMID- 2404613
TI  - Transient and locally restricted expression of laminin A chain mRNA by developing
      epithelial cells during kidney organogenesis.
AB  - Three polypeptide chains, A, B1, and B2, have been described for mouse laminin, a
      basement membrane protein. We studied expression of laminin A, B1, and B2 mRNA in
      the developing mouse kidney. Induction of kidney mesenchyme differentiation in
      vitro led to an increased expression of B1 and B2 chain mRNA on day 1 of
      development. In contrast, expression of A chain mRNA increased on day 2, when
      epithelial cell polarization begins. Laminin A mRNA and polypeptide were
      expressed only by epithelia during in vivo development as well. Some polarized
      cell types producing basement membrane (endothelium, some adult epithelia) lacked
      the A chain mRNA and polypeptide, although they did express B chains. Laminin
      with the 400 kd A chain is therefore a transient form appearing at specific sites
      of kidney morphogenesis, whereas isoforms with a different A chain or without it
      have a more widespread distribution.

PMID- 2404614
TI  - Murine natural killer cells express the Ly24 (Pgp-1) marker on their surface.
AB  - The Ly24 (Pgp-1) marker is expressed on some, but not all, mature T lymphocytes.
      It has recently become apparent that the development of Ly24- T lymphocytes is
      dependent on the presence of an intact thymus and that virgin Ly24- T cells
      rapidly acquire this marker upon antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. Although
      natural killer (NK) cells can develop and function in the absence of an intact
      thymus, some NK cell subsets express certain markers normally associated with T
      lymphocytes. The experiments in this report were undertaken to determine if NK
      cells express Ly24 and whether such an expression could be used to delineate
      distinct NK cell subsets. We found that mature functional NK cells expressed the
      Ly24 marker as defined by the monoclonal antibody 9F3. Double-color fluorescence
      analysis using C57BL/6 splenocytes (whose NK cells express the NK1.1 marker)
      showed all the NK1.1+ cells to be Ly24+ as well. For C3H/HeN (an NK1.1- strain),
      double-color fluorescence analysis utilizing asialo GM1 and Ly24 revealed a
      distinct subset positive for both markers and containing most of the functional
      NK cell activity. Whereas the Ly24 marker did not illuminate an NK cell subset,
      these findings demonstrate that this determinant can be useful for the further
      characterization and isolation of NK cells.

PMID- 2404615
TI  - Principles of management of fractures in sports.
AB  - Return to athletic activity following a traumatic fracture most frequently
      requires normal anatomic and functional restoration of the extremity. Treatment
      of the skeletal injury should follow sound biomechanical principles allowing
      early soft-tissue rehabilitation. Familiarity with both closed functional
      treatment methods, as well as operative techniques, is required. Early detection
      and treatment of possible complications and institution of a comprehensive plan
      for rehabilitation and reconditioning can improve the chances for a successful
      outcome.

PMID- 2404616
TI  - Fractures about the knee in sports.
AB  - In a review of fractures about the knee in sports, we have emphasized that these
      are uncommon but not unseen injuries. Within the spectrum of each fracture type,
      and excluding motor vehicle injuries, the fractures are usually of the more
      benign type. The athlete can anticipate participating at his or her desired level
      of play after appropriate treatment and rehabilitation in most instances. As in
      any fracture treatment, rehabilitation of the athlete is extremely important and
      enhanced, when feasible, by early motion. As the AO Group espouses "life is
      movement, movement is life."

PMID- 2404617
TI  - Cervical spine fractures in athletes.
AB  - This article presents (1) the on-field assessment of the athlete who has
      sustained a cervical injury, (2) the diagnostic modalities necessary to make an
      accurate diagnosis, (3) the specific fractures/dislocations seen in the cervical
      spine, and (4) the guidelines used to determine if the athlete may return to
      active competition.

PMID- 2404618
TI  - Stress fractures.
AB  - In general stress fractures can be readily diagnosed and easily treated. However,
      the clinician must always be alert to the unusual fracture or the uncommon
      potential complication. Prevention of stress fractures is certainly an achievable
      goal if attention is paid to training techniques, equipment, and athletic
      surfaces.

PMID- 2404619
TI  - Fractures in the skiing athlete.
AB  - Although certain fractures occurring in skiers have increased or decreased in
      incidence over the years, it is reasonable to expect that as long as individuals
      continue to challenge the slopes, fractures will occur. Skiers are healthy,
      motivated, and have high expectations regarding their recovery. These qualities
      make them good surgical candidates. Although closed treatment methods are
      adequate for most fractures, the examples presented in this article serve to
      illustrate the concept that an aggressive approach to more complicated fractures
      employing modern techniques generally yields the best results in skiers.

PMID- 2404620
TI  - Difficult sports-related shoulder fractures.
AB  - The management of several types of shoulder fractures is presented. These
      infrequently occurring fractures are seen in a sports medicine practice. Basic
      principles of fracture care apply and are used in their treatment. Other
      fractures not discussed would be treated similarly.

PMID- 2404621
TI  - Complicated elbow fractures in athletes.
AB  - The elbow is a key link in the function of the upper extremity and therefore, is
      subject to various stresses and strains. These stresses may be in the form of a
      single macrotrauma or repetitive microtrauma with each having its effect on the
      architecture of the elbow. In dealing with athletes with elbow disorders, one is
      faced with the challenge of maintaining mobility while achieving maximal
      stability. Therefore, what has been proposed are treatment formulas for some of
      the more common elbow fractures that affect the athletic population, which the
      author has found to be quite useful in achieving these goals.

PMID- 2404622
TI  - Fractures of the forearm and elbow.
AB  - Fractures of the forearm in the athletic population can often result in
      significant dysfunction if they are not treated correctly. Conservative
      management of these injuries is often fraught with difficulty. We review current
      techniques of internal fixation with the goal of allowing the athlete to begin
      early functional rehabilitation and eventual return to participation. With these
      goals in mind, functional orthoptic management is also reviewed. In addition,
      recommendations for allowing full participation are given, as well as eventual
      hardware removal.

PMID- 2404623
TI  - Sports-related fractures of the hand and wrist.
AB  - The challenge of treating fractures of the hand and wrist in the athlete lies in
      finding innovative ways of allowing the patient to participate in his sport while
      providing good fracture care. We are challenged to lay aside our traditional way
      of treating these fractures and to find new ways of reaching the same end result
      while allowing the patient to be more functional.

PMID- 2404624
TI  - Is physiologic sympathoadrenal catecholamine release exocytotic in humans?
AB  - In cultured cells and isolated perfused organs, catecholamines are coreleased
      with chromogranin A (CgA) from adrenal chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons.
      The corelease suggests that exocytosis is the mechanism of catecholamine
      secretion. To investigate whether physiologic catecholamine secretion is
      exocytotic in humans, we measured plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, and CgA
      responses to differentiated stimuli of sympathoadrenal discharge. The CgA
      radioimmunoassay antibody recognized authentic CgA in normal human adrenal
      chromaffin vesicles. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia and caffeine ingestion, in
      decreasing order of potency, selectively stimulated epinephrine release from the
      adrenal medulla. During hypoglycemia, plasma levels of epinephrine and CgA rose,
      and peak plasma levels of epinephrine and CgA correlated, suggesting that
      gradations in epinephrine release represented gradations in exocytosis. However,
      significant increments in plasma CgA were not observed after caffeine ingestion.
      Furthermore, the rise of CgA levels during hypoglycemia lagged 60 minutes behind
      those of epinephrine. A less-pronounced temporal dissociation between CgA and
      epinephrine release was also shown in isolated chromaffin cells in vitro.
      Selective adrenal vein catheterization suggested a barrier to CgA transport
      across the adrenal capillary wall. Short-term, high-intensity dynamic exercise,
      assumption of the upright posture, prolonged low-intensity dynamic exercise, and
      smoking, in decreasing order of potency, stimulated norepinephrine release from
      sympathetic nerve endings. Only the first sympathetic neuronal stimulus resulted
      in significant increments in plasma CgA, increments considerably less than those
      attained during adrenal medullary activation by insulin hypoglycemia. During high
      intensity exercise, peak plasma norepinephrine and CgA levels correlated,
      suggesting that gradations in norepinephrine release represented gradations in
      exocytosis. The human adrenal medulla was a far more prominent tissue source of
      CgA than human sympathetic nerves--adrenal medullary homogenates contained 97
      fold more CgA (micrograms/g) than sympathetic nerve homogenates. In conclusion,
      catecholamine secretion during selective stimulation of either sympathetic nerves
      or the adrenal medulla is, at least in part, exocytotic. Furthermore, stimulation
      of the former results in comparatively modest changes in plasma CgA compared with
      changes attained during stimulation of the latter. CgA appears to be transported
      by a route different from that of catecholamines from adrenal medullary
      chromaffin cells to the circulation in vivo.

PMID- 2404625
TI  - Quantification of jet flow by momentum analysis. An in vitro color Doppler flow
      study.
AB  - Previous investigations have shown that the size of a regurgitant jet as assessed
      by color Doppler flow mapping is independently affected by the flow rate and
      velocity (or driving pressure) of the jet. Fluid dynamics theory predicts that
      jet momentum (given by the orifice flow rate multiplied by velocity) should best
      predict the appearance of the jet in the receiving chamber and also that this
      momentum should remain constant throughout the jet. To test this hypothesis, we
      measured jet area versus driving pressure, flow rate, velocity, orifice area, and
      momentum and showed that momentum is the optimal jet parameter: jet area = 1.25
      (momentum).28, r = 0.989, p less than 0.0001. However, the very curvilinear
      nature of this function indicated that chamber constraint strongly affected jet
      area, which limited the ability to predict jet momentum from observed jet area.
      To circumvent this limitation, we analyzed the velocities per se within the
      Doppler flow map. For jets formed by 1-81-mm Hg driving pressure through 0.005
      0.5-cm2 orifices, the velocity distribution confirmed the fluid dynamic
      prediction: Gaussian (bell-shaped) profiles across the jet at each level with the
      centerline velocity decaying inversely with distance from the orifice.
      Furthermore, momentum was calculated directly from the flow maps, which was
      relatively constant within the jet and in good agreement with the known jet
      momentum at the orifice (r = 0.99). Finally, the measured momentum was divided by
      orifice velocity to yield an accurate estimate of the orifice flow rate (r =
      0.99). Momentum was also divided by the square of velocity to yield effective
      orifice area (r = 0.84). We conclude that momentum is the single jet parameter
      that best predicts the color area displayed by Doppler flow mapping. Momentum can
      be measured directly from the velocities within the flow map, and when combined
      with orifice velocity, momentum provides an accurate estimate of flow rate and
      orifice area.

PMID- 2404627
TI  - Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and its impact on cardiovascular
      disease.

PMID- 2404626
TI  - Effects of a vasopressin antagonist with combined antipressor and
      antiantidiuretic activities in rats with left ventricular dysfunction.
AB  - These experiments assessed the hemodynamic and aquaretic effects of an arginine
      vasopressin (AVP) antagonist with dual V1V2-receptor inhibiting properties in
      rats with congestive heart failure resulting from ischemic cardiomyopathy. The
      compound d(CH2)5-D-Tyr(Et)VAVP was used in these studies. Rats with limited or
      extensive myocardial infarcts (i.e., with less than 50% or greater than 66%
      necrosis of the left ventricular wall, respectively, induced by left coronary
      ligation) and sham-operated controls received the AVP antagonist (100
      micrograms/kg i.v.) 4 weeks later. This agent produced an 18% increase in cardiac
      output (p less than 0.05) and 13% decrease in systemic vascular resistance in the
      severely damaged rats, both changes being significantly different from those seen
      in the normal controls or the rats with limited infarcts. All animals exhibited
      increases in urinary output of 4-10-fold over baseline. We conclude that the
      hemodynamic and renal effects of this agent are beneficial in animals with left
      ventricular dysfunction.

PMID- 2404629
TI  - Inferior myocardial infarction. High-risk subgroups.

PMID- 2404628
TI  - In vivo quantitative ultrasonic evaluation of myocardial fibrosis in humans.
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess in vivo whether the regional ultrasonic
      reflectivity, evaluated by a real-time integrated backscatter analysis, was
      related to the local content of connective tissue in human myocardium as
      estimated by quantitative histology of endomyocardial biopsies. Sixteen patients
      with presumptive diagnosis of cardiomyopathy were ultrasonically studied by means
      of an M-mode-based echocardiographic system with quantitative integrated
      backscatter analysis capabilities. A 2.25-MHz transducer was used. The integrated
      value of the rectified radiofrequency signal of the interventricular septum was
      taken as integrated backscatter index and expressed in percent normalized for the
      pericardial interface (assumed to be 100%). All patients also underwent multiple
      left ventricular endomyocardial biopsies, which were stained with Masson's
      trichrome and studied with the use of a computer-assisted image analysis system.
      The percent integrated backscatter index was significantly higher in the presence
      of connective tissue area greater than 20% (eight patients) versus less than 20%
      (eight patients): 51 +/- 25% versus 26 +/- 11%, p less than 0.05. A significant
      correlation (p less than 0.05, R = 0.55) was found between percent integrated
      backscatter index and percent connective tissue area. In vivo on-line
      quantitative ultrasound analysis is feasible in man and reliably identifies
      variations in the regional extent of fibrosis in human myocardium.

PMID- 2404630
TI  - Causes of high blood cholesterol.

PMID- 2404631
TI  - Prediction of angiographic change in native human coronary arteries and
      aortocoronary bypass grafts. Lipid and nonlipid factors.
AB  - A within-group risk factor analysis was conducted to predict angiographic change
      in the Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study, a randomized, placebo
      controlled trial of colestipol plus niacin therapy in men with previous coronary
      bypass surgery. Global angiographic change, including both native coronary
      arteries and bypass grafts after 2 treatment years, was the end point. Risk
      factors included on-trial clinical measures, plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and
      apolipoproteins. Univariate analysis indicated that risk factors previously
      observed by others in epidemiologic investigation of ischemic heart disease-
      total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides,
      apolipoprotein B, and diastolic blood pressure--had significant effects in the
      placebo-treated group. Univariate analysis indicated significant effects of
      apolipoprotein C-III in drug- and placebo-treated groups. Multivariate analysis
      indicated the predominant risk factor predicting the probability of global
      coronary progression was non-HDL cholesterol in placebo-treated subjects and the
      content of apolipoprotein C-III in high density lipoproteins of drug-treated
      subjects. Both drug- and placebo-treated group findings point to an important
      role for triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in progression and regression of human
      atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2404632
TI  - Doppler studies of vena cava flows in human fetuses. Insights into normal and
      abnormal cardiac physiology.
AB  - We examined vena cava Doppler flow velocity tracings from 69 fetuses between 22
      and 40 weeks' gestation. Twenty-three fetuses had arrhythmias. Fifteen fetuses
      had absent end-diastolic Doppler velocities in the umbilical artery, a condition
      associated with intrauterine growth retardation, and 15 normal fetuses with
      normal umbilical artery Doppler velocity ratios were matched by gestational age.
      In studies in 16 additional fetuses, inferior vena cava Doppler velocity
      waveforms were compared with superior vena cava Doppler velocity waveforms. Peak
      velocities and time-velocity integrals of forward or reverse flow during systole,
      early diastole, and atrial contraction were measured. In addition, the time
      velocity integral during flow coincident with atrial contraction (a wave) was
      expressed as a percent of the time-velocity integral of total forward flow during
      both systole and early diastole. Systolic-to-diastolic ratios of inferior vena
      cava forward time-velocity integrals were not significantly different from
      systolic-to-diastolic ratios of superior vena cava forward time-velocity
      integrals (p = 0.86), but the percent of blood moving in a reverse direction
      during atrial contraction in the inferior vena cava was greater than the percent
      of blood moving in a reverse direction in the superior vena cava (p less than
      0.05). Relative forward flow in early diastole in the group of normal fetuses
      increased with advancing gestational age (r = 0.60, p less than 0.05). During
      premature atrial contractions flow in the inferior vena cava was reversed, and
      the percent of reverse flow during atrial systole increased significantly from
      4.5 +/- 0.3% to 28.3 +/- 3.7% (mean +/- SEM, p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404633
TI  - Benefit of exercise conditioning for patients with peripheral arterial disease.
AB  - Patients with atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease (PAD) of the lower
      extremities have impaired walking ability due to exercise-induced muscle ischemia
      and the resultant pain of intermittent claudication. To evaluate the benefit of
      exercise training as a treatment for patients with PAD, as well as possible
      mechanisms associated with improvement, we randomly assigned 19 men with
      disabling claudication to treated and control groups. Treatment consisted of
      supervised treadmill walking (1 hr/day, 3 days/wk, for 12 weeks) with progressive
      increases in speed and grade as tolerated. Graded treadmill testing was performed
      to maximal toleration of claudication pain on entry and after 12 weeks of
      training to define changes in peak exercise performance. After 12 weeks, treated
      subjects had increased their peak walking time 123%, peak oxygen consumption 30%,
      and pain-free walking time 165% (all p less than 0.05). Control subjects had no
      change in peak oxygen consumption, but after 12 weeks, peak walking time
      increased 20% (p less than 0.05). In treated subjects, maximal calf blood flow
      (measured by a plethysmograph) increased 38 +/- 45% (p less than 0.05), but the
      change in flow was not correlated to the increase in peak walking time. Elevated
      plasma concentrations of acylcarnitines have been associated with the functional
      impairment of PAD and may reflect the metabolic state of ischemic skeletal
      muscle. In treated subjects, a 26% decrease in resting plasma short-chain
      acylcarnitine concentration was correlated with improvement in peak walking time
      (r = -0.78, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404634
TI  - Simultaneous conductance catheter and dimension assessment of left ventricle
      volume in the intact animal.
AB  - We compared left ventricle (LV) volume (V) simultaneously measured using the
      conductance catheter (VM) with volume calculated from three LV dimensions (VD)
      determined ultrasonically from endocardial crystals. Seven adult mongrel dogs (20
      30 kg) were anesthetized and instrumented to measure micromanometer LV pressure
      and V. Three pairs of crystals were placed orthogonally in subendocardial
      positions and a conductance catheter was placed in the LV retrograde across the
      aortic valve. Under steady-state conditions, over the range of a single cardiac
      cycle, the relation between VM and VD was well described by a straight line.
      There was an excellent correlation of conductance and dimension volumes with r
      equal to 0.97 +/- 0.04 and SEE 0.8 +/- 0.5 ml. The gain (1/alpha) and parallel
      conductance volume (alpha VC) were constant. At lower volumes obtained during
      bicaval occlusion, however, the relation between VM and VD was curvilinear.
      1/alpha and alpha VC both decreased as LVV fell. Thus, determination of absolute
      volume using the conductance catheter depended on the conditions under which the
      data were obtained. Under steady-state conditions, alpha VC calculated by both
      the saline method (mean +/- SD, 50 +/- 15 ml) and by regression of VM and VD, (45
      +/- 21 ml) were similar. Consequently, absolute LV end-diastolic volumes and end
      systolic volumes by the conductance and dimension methods were similar (53 +/- 14
      ml and 38 +/- 14 ml vs. 56 +/- 17 ml and 44 +/- 16 ml, respectively, p = NS).
      When volume decreased during bicaval occlusion, there was a progressively greater
      decrease in VM as compared with VD. The absolute slope (EES) of the end-systolic
      pressure-volume relation (ESPVR) was consistently higher by the dimension method,
      group average, 16.3 +/- 7.6, than by the catheter, 8.5 +/- 5.9, p less than 0.05.
      The direction and magnitude of the change in EES at different inotropic states
      (autonomic blockade; dobutamine), however, was similarly measured by both the
      conductance catheter and dimension method. We conclude that the gain and offset
      of the conductance catheter are relatively constant at steady state but vary when
      volume is reduced by caval occlusion. Thus, the conductance catheter accurately
      measures absolute volumes at steady state but can underestimate the slope and
      position of the ESPVR when it is determined by caval occlusion. The conductance
      catheter does, however, accurately measure the directions and magnitude of change
      in contractile state.

PMID- 2404635
TI  - The conductance method of left ventricular volume estimation. Methodologic
      limitations put into perspective.

PMID- 2404636
TI  - Effects of long-term treatment with calcium antagonists on left ventricular
      diastolic function in stable angina and heart failure.
AB  - The appearance of impaired left ventricular diastolic function in chronic
      ischemic heart disease often precedes systolic dysfunction. Myocardial ischemia
      and increased calcium loading have been implicated in the genesis of increased
      left ventricular stiffness. We have assessed the effects of long-term therapy
      with different classes of calcium channel-blocking drugs on left ventricular peak
      filling rate in patients with chronic stable angina and congestive heart failure
      secondary to ischemic heart disease. Therapeutic effects of nicardipine (30 mg
      t.i.d.), nisoldipine (10 mg b.i.d.), and verapamil (120 mg t.i.d.) (4 weeks) have
      been assessed on radionuclide left ventricular diastolic filling parameters in
      patients with chronic stable angina using placebo-controlled studies. All three
      drugs significantly improved exercise capacity as compared with placebo.
      Verapamil produced significant improvements in peak filling rate (p less than
      0.005), time to peak filling rate (p less than 0.01), and first one-third filling
      fraction (p less than 0.005), whereas nicardipine only improved peak filling rate
      (p less than 0.005); neither drug altered the mean ejection fraction (n = 20).
      Nisoldipine did not significantly alter diastolic filling parameters or ejection
      fraction (n = 10). Nisoldipine and digoxin were also assessed in congestive heart
      failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] classes II and III) associated with
      ischemic heart disease (n = 26) (open parallel design). Neither produced
      significant alterations in peak filling rate and ejection fraction after 3 months
      of therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404637
TI  - Silent myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. Possible
      links with diastolic left ventricular dysfunction.
AB  - Silent myocardial ischemia is now recognized as a common manifestation within the
      clinical spectrum of coronary artery disease and has important physiological,
      hemodynamic, and prognostic implications. Asymptomatic ST segment shifts during
      ambulatory 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring and exercise treadmill testing
      are far more frequent than symptomatic ST shifts and are associated with abnormal
      myocardial perfusion as assessed by radionuclide scintigraphy. Seemingly healthy
      asymptomatic patients and patients with stable coronary artery disease, unstable
      angina, or recent myocardial infarction are all at higher risk of subsequent
      cardiovascular morbidity if there is evidence of silent ischemia. Hemodynamic
      studies have clearly documented the adverse effects of ischemia on left
      ventricular systolic function. Furthermore, diastolic relaxation and filling
      appear to be altered by both symptomatic and asymptomatic ischemia during atrial
      pacing and dynamic exercise independent of changes in systolic function. The
      majority of patients with coronary artery disease have abnormal diastolic
      parameters at rest, regardless of anginal symptoms, which are partially
      reversible after coronary revascularization procedures such as angioplasty and
      bypass surgery. Regional diastolic dysfunction from scar or ischemia can lead to
      asynchronous myocardial relaxation and thus affect global diastolic function,
      depending on the extent and severity of the regional abnormalities. Diastolic
      function seems more susceptible to ischemia than systolic function and can take
      longer to recover.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404638
TI  - Heart failure with normal ejection fraction. The V-HeFT Study. Veterans
      Administration Cooperative Study Group.
AB  - In patients with clinical heart failure entered into the Veterans Administration
      Cooperative Study (V-HeFT) trial, 83 of 623 who had a baseline radionuclide
      measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction exhibited an ejection fraction
      of at least 0.45. When compared with the patients with an ejection fraction of
      less than 0.45, these subjects with apparent predominant diastolic dysfunction
      had a lower incidence of coronary artery disease (26.5% vs. 47.2%, p less than
      0.001) and a higher incidence of preexisting hypertension (53.0% vs. 39.4%, p
      less than 0.02). In the normal ejection fraction group, systolic blood pressure
      was higher (129.7 vs. 117.7 mm Hg, p = 0.0001), heart rate slower (75.0 vs. 83.2
      beats/min, p = 0.0001), cardiothoracic ratio smaller (0.512 vs. 0.536, p =
      0.002), echocardiographic left ventricular dimension smaller in diastole (61.7
      vs. 69.2 mm, p = 0.0001) and in systole (47.4 vs. 58.1 mm, p = 0.0001), and
      posterior wall thickness greater (9.0 vs. 7.9 mm, p = 0.004). Exercise tolerance
      was only slightly better in the normal ejection fraction group (peak oxygen
      consumption, 15.5 vs. 14.6 ml/kg/min, p = 0.04). Prognosis in the normal ejection
      fraction patients (annual mortality rate, 8.0%) was significantly better than in
      the low ejection fraction group (annual mortality rate, 19.0%) (p = 0.0001).
      Ventricular tachycardia on Holter monitor was a poor prognostic sign in these
      patients, and severe reduction in exercise tolerance also tended to predict poor
      outcome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404639
TI  - Regional left ventricular nonuniformity. Effects on left ventricular diastolic
      function in ischemic heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and the normal
      heart.

PMID- 2404640
TI  - Mass concentration and activity concentration of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB
      compared in serum after acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - We compared three current methods (immunoinhibition, "Isomune-CK"
      immunoprecipitation, and the Tandem-E CKMB II immunoenzymometric assay) for
      determination of creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzyme MB in serum. Although
      results inter-correlated well, the immunoinhibition assay gave higher activity
      values. Atypical CK forms did not interfere with the immunoprecipitation and
      immunoenzymometric methods. In acute myocardial infarction the catalytic
      properties of CK decreased with the enzyme's age, as reflected by a steady
      increase in activation energy of the catalyzed reaction. In septicemia patients
      with very low CK and CK-MB catalytic activity, mean CK-MB mass concentration
      exceeded the upper reference limit, suggesting an increased rate of loss of
      activity concentration in these patients' sera. Because of the assay's lesser
      susceptibility to conformational changes at the active site of the enzyme, we
      suggest that measurement of CK-MB mass concentration is better suited for infarct
      sizing than measurement of catalytic activity.

PMID- 2404641
TI  - Neopterin radioimmunoassay results are unaffected by beta-propiolactone: safer
      monitoring of HIV-positive serum samples.

PMID- 2404642
TI  - A new enzyme immunoassay for prolactin in serum or plasma.
AB  - This enzyme immunoassay (EIA) of human prolactin (hPRL) involves incubation of
      sample and anti-hPRL antibodies conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (EC
      1.11.1.7) in tubes coated with a second antibody to hPRL. The test can be
      performed within 60 min. No reaction of the antibodies with human placental
      lactogen and human somatotropin is detectable. The presence of detergent allows
      assay of both serum and plasma. Precision was improved by including polyethylene
      glycol in the reaction mixture. To optimize analytical recovery, we added
      protease inhibitor. Assay of the EIA standards shows good correlation with
      results for World Health Organization reference preparations. The measurable
      range is 1 to 400 micrograms/L. Intra- and interassay CVs are about 5%.
      Comparisons with two RIAs and two other EIAs show reasonably good correlations.
      The components of our EIA are stable for 18 months.

PMID- 2404643
TI  - Quantification of chloride in sweat with the Cystic Fibrosis Indicator System.
AB  - We examined the relation between chloride concentration and the area of complexed
      chloride of Medtronic's Cystic Fibrosis Indicator System, using a high-resolution
      x-y coordinated digitizer to measure the circumference of the chloride
      precipitation ring. These digitized points were entered directly into an IBM PC
      computer, where the area of the chloride precipitation was calculated with use of
      a repetitive rectangular estimation program. Using these data, we determined the
      relationship between the area of chloride precipitation and the chloride
      concentration of the standard NaCl solutions. When the area of the ring of
      chloride precipitation in the system's patch is measured immediately after the
      sweat test is completed, the concentration of chloride in the sweat can be
      calculated with a reproducibility equal to that of the Gibson-Cooke sweat test.

PMID- 2404644
TI  - Automated quantification of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme in serum by radial
      partition immunoassay, with use of the Stratus analyzer.
AB  - We evaluated the analytical and clinical performances of a new radial partition
      immunoassay for measuring the mass concentration of creatine kinase (CK)-MB in
      serum. All pipetting, washes, incubations and data reduction were performed in 8
      min by the Stratus (Dade) fluorometric analyzer. Within-assay and between-assay
      CVs were respectively 5.5% and 8.4% at 21 micrograms/L, and 4.2% and 3.4% at 48
      micrograms/L. Assaying serial dilutions of serum samples with high CK-MB
      concentrations demonstrated excellent linearity. Results of the Stratus technique
      correlated well (n = 115, r = 0.98) with those of the Tandem-E CKMB II assay.
      There was no interference from hemolysis, bilirubin, rheumatoid factor, or added
      CK-MM (up to 3500 U/L); consequently, CK-MB can be determined in undiluted serum,
      even in the presence of high total CK activity. The mean CK-MB concentration in
      105 blood donors was 1.9 (SD 1.3) micrograms/L. For seven myocardial infarction
      patients who received prompt fibrinolytic therapy, the mean CK-MB concentration
      was 4.5 (SD 1.8) micrograms/L at admission, and maximum concentrations, 119 (SD
      94) micrograms/L, were recorded 16 h later. CK-MB returned to concentrations less
      than 10 micrograms/L within 72 h.

PMID- 2404645
TI  - Update on intravenous dipyridamole cardiac imaging in the assessment of ischemic
      heart disease.
AB  - Intravenous dipyridamole is a relative selective coronary vasodilator which, when
      combined with thallium-201, provides a useful technique to assess myocardial
      perfusion. The intravenous dipyridamole is administered as an infusion at a rate
      of 0.14 mg/kg/min for 4 minutes. In the presence of significant coronary artery
      disease the increase of coronary blood flow is disproportionate between vessels
      with and without significant coronary lesions, providing the basis for detecting
      regional differences in flow using thallium-201. The test can be used alone or
      combined with low level exercise to increase test sensitivity. The test is safe
      when performed under medical supervision and when patient selection is done
      appropriately. Most of the side effects induced by dipyridamole infusion are well
      tolerated by patients and readily reversed with intravenous aminophylline and
      sublingual nitroglycerin. The average sensitivity and specificity of the
      dipyridamole thallium scintigraphy test from the major studies are 76% and 70%,
      respectively. The test is very useful in providing prognostic information in
      patients who are unable to exercise. A reversible thallium defect after
      dipyridamole infusion has been shown to be associated with significant mortality
      and morbidity in patients with documented or suspected coronary artery disease.
      The use of intravenous dipyridamole has been extended into other modalities of
      imaging, including 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, to study
      functional changes in the left ventricular induced by the infusion of intravenous
      dipyridamole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404646
TI  - Atrial pacing for sick sinus syndrome.
AB  - Atrial pacing is the most physiological way to pace patients with sinus node
      disease, as it provides both AV synchrony and a normal ventricular activation
      pattern. Long-term studies comparing atrial and ventricular pacing imply that
      atrial pacing results in fewer cardiac complications and, possibly, reduced
      mortality. Ventricular pacing should thus, if possible, be avoided in patients
      with sinus node disease. The potential risk of impending high-grade AV block
      during atrial pacing is low, with an annual incidence around 1% if patients are
      selected appropriately. Approximately 40-50% of patients with sinus node disease
      show signs of chronotropic incompetence during physical exercise, and are thus
      candidates for atrial rate responsive pacing. A preoperative evaluation of
      candidates for atrial pacing should include long-term Holter/telemetry, exercise
      test, carotid sinus stimulation, and an electrophysiological study excluding
      significant AV conduction disturbances.

PMID- 2404647
TI  - William Henry Broadbent.

PMID- 2404648
TI  - Thickened stomach--an ultrasound sign of portal hypertension.
AB  - Congestive gastrophy occurs with portal hypertension and is associated with
      vascular changes including dilatation and tortuosity of the submucous veins.
      Transabdominal ultrasound measurements of the stomach were made to determine
      whether these changes resulted in increased thickness of the stomach in patients
      with established cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Mean thickness of the antrum
      and body was 22.15 mm (range 13-31 mm) and 22.2 mm (range 13-31 mm) respectively
      in patients with portal hypertension: in the control group measurements of the
      antrum and body were 13.8 mm (range 8-20 mm) and 14.05 mm (range 11-19 mm)
      respectively (P less than 0.01 for both antrum and body). A thickened stomach may
      indicate the presence of portal hypertension.

PMID- 2404649
TI  - Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis in chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis is now a well-recognised, but uncommon,
      complication of chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Patients present with
      impaired ultrafiltration capacity, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and episodes
      of small bowel obstruction. Barium studies of the small bowel are characteristic,
      showing varying lengths of intestine tightly enclosed in a 'cocoon' of thickened
      peritoneum, proximal small bowel dilatation and an increased transit time.
      Ultrasonography may show a thick-walled mass containing bowel loops, loculated
      ascites and fibrous adhesions. With the increasing use of ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis in the treatment of end-stage renal failure, it is important that this
      condition is recognised. The prognosis is poor when the bowel becomes obstructed;
      before this happens the offending 'sclerotic' membrane may be amenable to
      surgical removal.

PMID- 2404650
TI  - Intravenous urography with a new non-ionic contrast media in a clinical phase III
      study: iopentol vs iohexol.
AB  - The safety and diagnostic efficacy of iopentol 300 mg I/ml were compared with
      iohexol 300 mg I/ml in 300 patients submitted for urography. The study was
      carried out as a double-blind, randomised parallel study where 149 patients
      received iopentol and 150 patients iohexol. There were no significant differences
      between the patients receiving the two contrast media with regard to demographic
      parameters, rate of injection or total dose of injected contrast media. No
      changes in blood pressure and no clinically important changes in heart rate were
      detected in the two groups. No serious adverse effects occurred. Seven patients
      (5%) in the iohexol and 12 patients (8%) in the iopentol group experienced
      adverse effects other than a sensation of warmth. Fourteen iohexol patients (9%)
      and 18 iopentol patients (12%) experienced warmth related to the contrast
      injection. Excellent films were obtained in most patients and no difference in
      diagnostic quality between iopentol and iohexol was observed.

PMID- 2404651
TI  - Ultrasound appearances of de Quervain's thyroiditis.
AB  - De Quervain's thyroiditis can be readily recognised by ultrasound. The
      sonographic features and previously unreported signs of two such cases are
      illustrated. One case had typical multiple hypoechogenic areas in the thyroid
      parenchyma. The other had multiple small areas giving a spotty appearance not
      previously reported in de Quervain's. Both patients demonstrated remarkable
      shrinkage of the gland (to 17.4% and 57% of the original presenting volume). We
      believe this is a useful diagnostic feature of de Quervain's thyroiditis.

PMID- 2404652
TI  - Gas in an infected vascular prosthesis. An unusual finding on plain radiographs.
AB  - Infection of prosthetic vascular grafts is a potentially serious complication,
      which may prove difficult to diagnose despite modern imaging techniques. We
      report a case in which the diagnosis was strikingly obvious on plain radiographs,
      gas being present within the lumen of the graft. The clinical features and
      investigation of suspected graft infection are reviewed.

PMID- 2404653
TI  - Ovarian conservation at hysterectomy.

PMID- 2404654
TI  - Patients' complaints and satisfaction 5 years after complete denture treatment.
AB  - This study is based on an evaluation of patients' opinions of their dentures by
      means of a questionnaire. The patients had been provided with complete dentures
      at a university clinic. Of the original sample (n = 139) a test group of 92
      patients remained available for the actual study 5 yr after treatment. The
      replies in the questionnaire were subjected to statistical processing and
      interpretation. Six clusters could be defined and these were introduced as
      "scales" representing the patients' score on a specific type of complaint. Apart
      from the six scales a score was achieved for each patient's overall satisfaction.
      The correlations between the various scales were calculated with the aid of a
      computer program. Finally, cross-tabulation was used to see if any significant
      (inter)correlations could be proved between complaints, satisfaction, and some of
      the patients' social data. It could be concluded that a correlation exists
      between complaints of pain and of functional aspects on the one hand and vague
      complaints on the other hand. There is also a correlation between complaints of
      looseness of the maxillary denture and complaints about aesthetic factors. Well
      fitting and well-functioning dentures, absence of pain, and a socially acceptable
      appearance contribute much to the patients' satisfaction with dentures. Social
      variables such as type of insurance (public or private) and marital status
      influence denture appreciation to a certain extent.

PMID- 2404655
TI  - Caries: a problem in an overdenture population.
AB  - A series of 254 patients who had their overdentures constructed at a University
      clinic from 1973 to 1985 were followed longitudinally. This paper reports on the
      caries experience in the abutment teeth of these patients. The mean age of the
      patients at the time of insertion of the dentures was 58.6 yr. The overall rate
      for new caries was 6.5% of the abutment teeth per year. The highest rate for the
      maxilla was 15.4%, which occurred during the 5th yr, and in the mandible it was
      11.0%, which occurred in the 4th yr. A regression model was developed to profile
      individuals susceptible to caries. The Logistic Regression model identified a
      list of predictor variables which included frequency of brushing, use of home
      fluoride, and disease and drug effect. However, discriminant function analysis
      showed that although specificity was very high (98.5%), sensitivity was very low
      (7.9%). Therefore, this model was unable to predict persons who would be at high
      risk for caries.

PMID- 2404656
TI  - A case study in contesting the conventional wisdom: school-based fluoride
      mouthrinse programs in the USA.
AB  - This paper presents the events surrounding the dissemination of the results of a
      major preventive dentistry demonstration program designed and conducted to
      provide evidence of the effectiveness and actual costs of a combination of
      commonly used preventive procedures. It then reviews the controversy provoked
      when the results of that program were counter to the conventional wisdom of the
      day, prevailing national policy, and public health practice. An analysis of
      possible reasons for this reaction follows. The paper concludes with some
      observations about how such a situation might be approached to minimize similar
      controversy in the future.

PMID- 2404657
TI  - The relationship between life stress and depression in an endogenous sample.
AB  - The role of stress was examined in a sample of 68 endogenously depressed
      patients. Antecedent and concurrent life events and long-term difficulties,
      operationalized by different subcategories and scoring options, were related to
      depression severity, treatment response versus nonresponse, and maintenance
      versus relapse. Results showed an association between initial depression and
      various categories of subjective stress; a reduction in subjective (but not
      objective) event-related stress coincident with remission; positive relationships
      between life events and response and maintenance and between difficulties and
      relapse; and a higher event profile among unipolar depressive patients. Results
      are discussed in terms of the positive prognostic value of reactivity in
      endogenous depression, as well as the interactive relationship between continuing
      depression and long-term difficulties.

PMID- 2404658
TI  - Electroencephalographic sleep in schizophrenia: a critical review.
AB  - Several polysomnographic abnormalities seem to occur consistently in
      schizophrenic patients: impaired sleep continuity and reduced total sleep,
      reduced amounts of slow wave sleep, and reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
      latency and defective REM rebound following REM deprivation. None of these
      findings is specific for schizophrenia, and only a subgroup of schizophrenic
      patients seem to have these abnormalities. It appears that reduced slow wave
      sleep may be related to a neurodevelopmental disorder related to the defect state
      in schizophrenia. The pathophysiological significance of the defective REM
      rebound and the REM sleep abnormalities in schizophrenia remain uncertain.
      Carefully designed studies are needed to further characterize the sleep
      disturbance in schizophrenia and to study them in relation to other, known
      pathophysiological changes in this disorder.

PMID- 2404659
TI  - Speech-prompt catatonia: a case report and review of the literature.
AB  - The clinical picture of speech-prompt catatonia, one of the six catatonic
      subtypes in Leonhard's classification, is demonstrated by a case report. The
      Leonhardian catatonic subtypes offer a radically different way of approaching the
      problem of catatonia. The need for a reevaluation of Leonhard's intricate,
      clinically oriented system, rich in psychopathological details, is emphasized.

PMID- 2404660
TI  - Treatment response of high cognitive dysfunction depressed inpatients.
AB  - A sample of depressed inpatients was subdivided according to their initial levels
      of cognitive dysfunction. These high cognitive dysfunction (HCD) patients and low
      cognitive dysfunction (LCD) patients received either pharmacotherapy or combined
      pharmacotherapy plus cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. Treatments began in the
      hospital and continued for 20 weeks on an outpatient basis. Results indicated
      that HCD patients had significantly better treatment response to the combined
      treatment than pharmacotherapy alone, while LCD patients responded equally to
      pharmacotherapy alone and combined treatment.

PMID- 2404661
TI  - Haslam's account of Matthews and his schizophrenic symptoms.

PMID- 2404662
TI  - A comparison between interrupted and continuous suturing techniques in
      keratoplasty.
AB  - A comparison between continuous and interrupted techniques of suturing in
      penetrating keratoplasties was made using autologous grafts in rabbits. Wound
      strength was determined using both a tensiometer and blow-out pressure
      measurements. Histologic examination of the wounds was also carried out, and
      clinical observations were made of the behavior of vascular growth through the
      wound in prevascularized corneas to further characterize the suturing techniques
      and the healing process. We found no difference in blow-out pressures between the
      two groups, but a significant increase in healing in the interrupted suture
      group, as measured by the tensiometer, was observed. Other differences were noted
      in the clinical course and histology, including a greater ease of vessels
      traversing the wound and more inflammatory cells in the wound area with
      interrupted sutures.

PMID- 2404663
TI  - Corneal growth factors: a new generation of ophthalmic pharmaceuticals.
AB  - Several of the known growth factors either have an effect on corneal tissues or
      can be isolated from them. Both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast
      growth factor (FGF) stimulate the proliferation of corneal epithelium,
      keratocytes, and endothelium. Compared to FGF, EGF is more potent in stimulating
      the growth of endothelial cells; it also increases the tensile strength of
      corneal stromal wounds. The corneal epithelium produces an angiogenic growth
      factor as well as a neuronotrophic growth factor. Insulin-like growth factor
      stimulates the growth of keratocytes and enhances the effect of EGF on the
      corneal endothelium. Mesodermal growth factor stimulates the proliferation of
      keratocytes and increases the rate of healing of damaged corneal endothelial
      cells. It is evident that growth factors have many potential clinical
      applications especially in accelerating corneal wound repair after surgery,
      chemical burns, or ulcers, and in increasing the numbers of corneal endothelial
      cells in aging and diseased corneas, as well as in donor corneas to be used for
      transplantation. Several parameters require evaluation, e.g. the dose,
      concentration, combination and formulation, exposure time, receptor affinity, and
      tissue interdependence of the growth factor(s), as well as the variability in
      patient response and severity of disease and/or injury. Investigations are also
      needed for the development of effective delivery systems and for determining
      whether growth factors are specific and safe in humans. Growth factors are
      emerging as a new generation of ophthalmic pharmaceuticals, and they will soon be
      integrated into the advancing practice of ophthalmic surgery and medicine.

PMID- 2404664
TI  - In vitro toxicity of gentamicin to corneal epithelial cells.
AB  - We report morphologic and viability changes in the rabbit corneal epithelium
      exposed in vitro to gentamicin sulfate. Rabbit corneal epithelial cells (3 x
      10(5)) were seeded in replicate 24-well plates at their first in vitro passage,
      and gentamicin in concentrations of 0, 50, 250, 500, 1,000, or 5,000
      micrograms/ml was added to the tissue culture medium beginning 7 days after
      subculture. By phase contrast microscopy, changes in cell morphologic appearance,
      particularly increased cytoplasmic granularity, were observed in the 5,000
      micrograms/ml groups as early as 24 h after introduction of the drug. At 48 h,
      similar findings were observed in the 250-micrograms/ml group and at all higher
      concentrations. The cytoplasmic granularity was not noted in the 0- or 50
      micrograms/ml groups. By electron microscopy, these observations correlated with
      ultrastructural findings of increased accumulations of intralysosomal bodies
      beginning in the 250-micrograms/ml group after 48 h of exposure to gentamicin.
      Furthermore, a statistically significant difference (p = 0.001) was demonstrated
      between the total number of viable cells in the low-dose group (50-micrograms/ml)
      and the high-dose groups (greater than or equal to 250-micrograms/ml) for
      exposure periods of 48 h or more. These findings demonstrate aminoglycoside
      toxicity to corneal epithelial cells in vitro similar to that seen in the human
      kidney and conjunctiva.

PMID- 2404665
TI  - Sensitivity and specificity of blood cultures obtained through intravascular
      catheters.
AB  - The reliability of blood cultures obtained through indwelling intravascular
      catheters is controversial. In this study, the results of 200 catheter blood
      cultures were compared with those of an equal number of peripheral blood cultures
      drawn at the same time. Catheter blood cultures were found to be 96% sensitive
      (95% confidence interval, 89% to 100%) and 98% specific (95% confidence interval,
      96% to 100%) for the detection of septicemia. Factors thought to have influenced
      these favorable results were the relatively short duration of catheter placement
      and the particular emphasis given to aseptic technique.

PMID- 2404666
TI  - Drugs commonly administered by intravenous infusion in intensive care units: a
      practical guide.

PMID- 2404667
TI  - Newer immunosuppressive therapies for rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2404668
TI  - Dietary immunomodulation: beneficial effects on oncogenesis and tumor growth.
AB  - Our understanding of the interrelationship between nutrition, immunology,
      oncogenesis, and tumor growth is steadily increasing. Well known are the
      detrimental effects of malnutrition on host defenses. New work has shown that the
      addition of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids or the amino acid arginine to the
      diet may significantly enhance immune function. These dietary manipulations have
      been shown to inhibit tumorigenesis and cancer spread in animal models, and form
      the basis for exciting new work in the prevention and treatment of cancer in
      humans.

PMID- 2404670
TI  - T cell differentiation and function.

PMID- 2404669
TI  - Future prospects for adjunctive therapy: pharmacologic and nutritional approaches
      to immune system modulation.
AB  - An increasingly large number of dietary components have been found to alter
      immune system function and, therefore, may be considered to have a pharmacologic
      effect (pharmacologic nutrition). Those dietary factors which have already been
      shown to influence outcome by producing a pharmacologic effect rather than
      correcting or preventing a simple deficiency include proteins (both type and
      amount), arginine, glutamine, omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, short-chain fatty
      acids, the metals iron and zinc, and the vitamins E, C, and A. Therapeutic
      outcome has already been influenced by dietary therapy (pharmacologic nutrition)
      in patients after burn injury or who have vascular diseases, and in experimental
      animals for the prevention of gut origin sepsis, the prevention and treatment of
      infection, prevention and development of secondary lesions in autoimmune
      diseases, augmentation of immunosuppression in transplantation, and in the
      treatment of cancer. Nutritional therapy using disease-specific formulations or
      supplements is an old idea now undergoing rapid evolution to increasing
      importance for successful therapeutic outcome.

PMID- 2404671
TI  - Lymph node histopathology in mycosis fungoides and Sezary's syndrome.

PMID- 2404672
TI  - Genotyping of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas and pseudolymphomas.

PMID- 2404673
TI  - Cell lineage analysis in cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates using a panel of
      monoclonal antibodies reactive in wax-embedded tissue.

PMID- 2404674
TI  - Classification of cutaneous pseudolymphomas.

PMID- 2404675
TI  - Cutaneous pseudolymphomas: immunophenotypical and immunogenotypical studies.

PMID- 2404676
TI  - Lymphadenosis benigna cutis versus primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas of
      follicular center cell origin.

PMID- 2404677
TI  - Primary cutaneous follicular center cell lymphoma: immunophenotypical and
      immunogenotypical aspects.

PMID- 2404678
TI  - Primary cutaneous follicular center cell lymphoma: clinical and histological
      aspects.

PMID- 2404679
TI  - Follicular lymphoma with cutaneous manifestations.

PMID- 2404680
TI  - Treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2404681
TI  - Combination of retinoids and PUVA (Re-PUVA) in the treatment of cutaneous T cell
      lymphomas.

PMID- 2404682
TI  - Expression of cell adhesion molecules in lymphoid malignancies.

PMID- 2404683
TI  - Cytokines and the skin.

PMID- 2404684
TI  - Retroviruses and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2404685
TI  - Immunoregulation in the skin.

PMID- 2404686
TI  - Where are we today in the diagnosis of cutaneous lymphoma?

PMID- 2404688
TI  - Structure and biosynthesis of the capsular antigens of Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2404687
TI  - Visualization of the bacterial polysaccharide capsule.
AB  - The highly hydrated capsule of E. coli strains is composed of a large number of
      polysaccharide fibers of which the thinnest measure about 2 nm in width. The
      fibers may span the entire distance from the outer membrane to the outer rim of
      the capsule and show a propensity to associate with each other to form thicker
      filaments. Presence of thick filaments may also indicate a partial collapse of
      the capsular organization due to removal of water. The in vivo capsule represents
      a relatively open structure with the negatively charged polysaccharide fibers
      permitting the binding of large quantities of water and ions, and providing
      intracellular space for diffusing molecules to access the envelope membranes even
      in conditions of high cell density. Negative charge and steric hindrance of the
      polysaccharide strands protect the cells against attack by a large variety of
      harmful macromolecules and against infection by most bacteriophages. Two types of
      procedure have been most successful in maintaining the size and overall structure
      of the capsule: (a) the interaction of cationic molecules with the in vivo
      capsule, and (b) the use of antibody to stabilize capsules for subsequent
      dehydration and plastic embedding. A further type of potentially useful
      procedure, cryofixation and cryosubstitution, has shown interesting results in a
      number of cases. These techniques are expected to play a significant role in
      structural studies in the near future. The sites of export of capsular antigen
      have been described in earlier conventional electron microscopic studies. Data
      obtained from the recent technique of "on-section" labeling support the model
      that both the capsular antigen and the O antigen are assembled at junctions of
      the inner and outer membrane. It is anticipated that one will be able to discern
      in greater ultrastructural detail the membranes at which the antigen is
      translocated. Novel membrane fixation and isolation techniques will have to be
      established and employed in a combination of sensitive microscopic techniques and
      immuno- and enzyme localization methods. These developments will make it possible
      to explore questions pertaining to the maintenance and structural organization of
      microbial capsules and the functional interaction of polysaccharides with natural
      surfaces, man-made substances and drugs.

PMID- 2404689
TI  - The serology of capsular antigens.

PMID- 2404690
TI  - The role of bacterial polysaccharide capsules as virulence factors.

PMID- 2404691
TI  - The biologic significance of bacterial encapsulation.

PMID- 2404692
TI  - Participation of C3 and its ligands in complement activation.
AB  - C3, the most abundant complement protein in blood, plays a central role in the
      activation sequence of the complement system as well as in host defense.
      Expression of the multiple functions of C3 requires its cleavage by highly
      specific enzymes termed C3 convertases. C3 in a conformationally altered form,
      C3H2O, resulting from the slow spontaneous hydrolysis of the internal thioester
      bond of native C3, initiates the assembly of a C3 convertase which continuously
      cleaves C3 in the blood at slow rates generating a constant supply of small
      amounts of C3b. When an activator of the alternative complement pathway is
      present, C3b becomes covalently attached to its surface via an ester or amide
      bond. Activator surface-bound C3b initiates the assembly of an "amplification" C3
      convertase, C3bBb(P), which can efficiently activate C3 and generate additional
      convertase complexes on the surface of the activator. C3b generated by an
      amplification or classical pathway C3 convertase can also bind covalently to the
      noncatalytic subunit, C3b or C4b, respectively, resulting in the generation of a
      C5 convertase, an enzyme catalyzing the cleavage/activation of C5. In terms of
      participation in host defense, several fragments of C3, including C3a, C3b, iC3b,
      and C3dg, mediate a number of important functions such as increased vascular
      permeability, enhancement of phagocytosis, elimination of immune complexes, and
      perhaps also proliferative responses and/or differentiation of B cells.

PMID- 2404693
TI  - C3 binding proteins of foreign origin.

PMID- 2404694
TI  - Structure and function of C3a anaphylatoxin.

PMID- 2404695
TI  - Molecular modelling of C3 and its ligands.

PMID- 2404696
TI  - C3 deficiencies.

PMID- 2404697
TI  - Molecular aspects of C3 interactions and structural/functional analysis of C3
      from different species.

PMID- 2404698
TI  - Adult linear IgA bullous dermatosis: a polymorphic disorder.
AB  - We report on two patients with unusual forms of adult linear IgA bullous
      dermatosis. One was a middle-aged woman who had targetoid lesions and bullae on
      her trunk and extremities. This patient first presented with lesions that
      clinically resembled erythema multiforme, but these evolved into a widespread
      eruption with bulging, elongated bullae. Examination of a biopsy specimen showed
      changes compatible with dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid. Findings
      on immunofluorescence studies showed deposition of linear IgA at the basement
      membrane zone. The second patient was an elderly woman with intensely pruritic
      vesicles whom we classified as having vesicular pemphigoid, until the linear IgA
      band on direct immunofluorescent test results became the predominant
      immunofluorescent finding. These cases are reported because of their unusual
      clinical presentations. The mechanism for the targetoid lesions in the first
      patient is discussed.

PMID- 2404699
TI  - Malignant transformation of oral lichen planus: case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Lichen planus is a mucocutaneous disorder well known to both dermatologists and
      dentists. Traditional belief holds that oral lichen planus predisposes to the
      development of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. We present a case that
      illustrates such a malignant transformation in a patient who smoked and had
      actinically damaged skin.

PMID- 2404700
TI  - A ghost from the past. Low tidal volume mechanical ventilation revisited.

PMID- 2404701
TI  - Surgical implications of sclerosing mediastinitis. A report of six cases and
      review of the literature.
AB  - Sclerosing mediastinitis is an uncommon disease associated with a multiplicity of
      clinical syndromes. The cause of this disorder is probably an abnormal
      fibroproliferative response to an inflammatory stimulus, most commonly a
      granulomatous infection secondary to Histoplasma capsulatum. The pathophysiology
      of this disease is predicated on the encasement of mediastinal vital organ
      structures within a dense fibrotic mass. This mass appears to emanate from an
      invasive chronic inflammatory process causing erosion as well as external
      compression of these structures. The following case reports illustrate the
      diversity of this disease entity, representing a patient population from the Ohio
      River Valley, endemic for histoplasmosis. The purpose of this report is to
      elucidate the various clinical manifestations of sclerosing mediastinitis and to
      correlate the pathologic process with a rational approach to treatment.

PMID- 2404702
TI  - High frequency jet ventilation and intermittent positive pressure ventilation.
      Effect of cerebral blood flow in patients after open heart surgery.
AB  - Attenuation of ventilator-synchronous pressure fluctuations of intracranial
      pressure has been demonstrated during high frequency ventilation in animal and
      human studies, but the consequences of this effect on cerebral blood flow have
      not been investigated in man. We compared the effects of high frequency jet
      ventilation and intermittent positive pressure ventilation on CBF in 24 patients
      investigated three hours after completion of open-heart surgery. The patients
      were investigated during three consecutive periods with standard sedation
      (morphine, pancuronium): a. IPPV; b. HFJV; c. IPPV. Partial pressure of arterial
      CO2 (PaCO2: 4.5-5.5 kPa) and rectal temperature (35.5 to 37.5 degrees C) were
      maintained constant during the study. The CBF was measured by intravenous 133Xe
      washout technique. The following variables were derived from the cerebral
      clearance of 133Xe: the rapid compartment flow, the initial slope index, ie, a
      combination of the rapid and the slow compartment flows, and the ratio of fast
      compartment flow over total CBF (FF). Compared to IPPV, HFJV applied to result in
      the same mean airway pressure did not produce any change in pulmonary gas
      exchange, mean systemic arterial pressure, and cardiac index. Similarly, CBF was
      not significantly altered by HFJV. However, important variations of CBF values
      were observed in three patients, although the classic main determinants of CBF
      (PaCO2, cerebral perfusion pressure, Paw, temperature) remained unchanged. Our
      results suggest that in patients with normal systemic hemodynamics, the effects
      of HFJV and IPPV on CBF are comparable at identical levels of mean airway
      pressure.

PMID- 2404704
TI  - Clinical predictors of prolonged translaryngeal intubation in patients with the
      adult respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - This study was designed to determine if clinical features apparent after seven
      days of mechanical ventilation predict long-term intubation beyond 14 days and
      subsequent need for tracheotomy in patients with ARDS. Twenty-four patients were
      entered into the study. Group 1 patients were successfully extubated in less than
      or equal to 14 days after onset of ARDS and group 2 patients remained intubated
      greater than 14 days. On day 7 of ARDS, group 1 had a higher PaO2/PAO2 ratio, a
      lower PEEP requirement, less severe chest radiographic abnormalities and a
      greater likelihood of an improved radiograph from the baseline study. None of
      group 1 and 11 group 2 patients eventually underwent tracheotomy. Clinical
      features apparent after seven days of mechanical ventilation in patients with
      ARDS suggest the likelihood of prolonged intubation beyond 14 days and eventual
      tracheotomy. Recognition of these features may allow more timely conversion of
      endotracheal intubation to tracheotomy.

PMID- 2404703
TI  - What is the current role of nuclear cardiology in clinical medicine?

PMID- 2404705
TI  - Proteus vulgaris empyema and increased pleural fluid pH.

PMID- 2404706
TI  - The role of mucus in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - Chronic bronchitis is characterized by mucociliary dysfunction resulting from
      structural and functional defects of cilia and the secretory apparatus. The
      combination of hypersecretion and ciliary impairment leads to disruption of
      mucociliary interaction and hence the accumulation of secretions in the lower
      airways. Cigarette smoke appears to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of
      chronic bronchitis-associated mucociliary dysfunction. While the excessive lower
      airway secretions may have only minor effects on the natural course of airflow
      obstruction, they could transiently compromise airway function during acute
      exacerbations. In addition, altered aerosol deposition in the airways resulting
      from excessive airway secretions could influence the airway responses to inhaled
      irritants and pharmacologic agents. There are currently no direct, non-invasive
      methods available to assess the quantity and distribution of airway secretions in
      vivo. Indirect indices such as cough frequency, sputum volume, respiratory
      function, and mucociliary clearance are nonspecific and subject to
      misinterpretation. The clinical utility of mucotropic pharmacologic agents and of
      physical maneuvers directed at removing excessive lower airway secretions is
      therefore difficult to evaluate objectively.

PMID- 2404707
TI  - Differential diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - If one includes all types of chronic generalized airways obstruction under the
      heading of "COPD," diagnosis of this condition requires only the demonstration of
      an obstructive ventilatory impairment on spirometric testing that persists
      despite maximum medical therapy. However, as generally used, the term COPD
      implies that upper airways obstruction and "specific" lung diseases that can
      produce an obstructive type of physiologic abnormality have been excluded.
      Examples of these exclusions include silicosis, sarcoidosis, and even advanced
      tuberculous disease. It is more difficult to determine the type of disease that
      is causing the chronic airways obstruction in patients with COPD as defined
      above. A severe and persistent form of asthma, sometimes called "chronic
      asthmatic bronchitis," can mimic the typical emphysematous form of COPD that is
      characteristic of heavy cigarette smokers. Since these types of chronic airflow
      obstruction differ in regard to their clinical courses, prognoses, and
      treatments, their distinction is clinically important. One should not be
      discouraged by the fact that some patients appear to have a mixed type of
      disorder. Features that help differentiate the various forms of chronic airways
      obstruction are described in this report, and recommendations are offered to help
      guide the practitioner in the workup indicated for patients thought to have any
      type of chronic airways obstruction. It is also emphasized that patients vary
      markedly in regard to the relative importance of readily reversible bronchospasm,
      airways inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion in producing their disability.
      Assessment of these factors is critical in determining clinical management.

PMID- 2404708
TI  - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Current concepts and therapeutic
      approaches.
AB  - The fifth leading cause of death in the United States, chronic obstructive
      respiratory conditions, cannot be cured but can be considerably ameliorated by
      appropriate management. Many patients with COPD have a combination of chronic
      bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema. While the damage due to emphysema is
      permanent, many of the pathophysiologic changes of asthma and bronchitis can be
      reversed to some extent, and such reversal should be a goal of therapy. Smoking
      cessation will help the patient more than any other medical treatment.
      Bronchodilator therapy is best given by inhalation from a metered dose inhaler
      and on a maintenance basis. Be sure to check inhaler technique. An
      anticholinergic agent, eg, ipratropium bromide, is probably most effective, but
      many patients prefer a beta 2-selective adrenergic agent. Xanthines are currently
      third choice but are very useful to cover nocturnal dyspnea. Corticosteroids are
      usually only used in acute exacerbations and then only for short courses. If
      prolonged use is required, however, the inhalation route minimizes side effects
      to which these patients are particularly prone. Antibiotics are also usually only
      used in exacerbations, but one can be liberal with them. Use the less expensive
      broad-spectrum options for ten days. Some clinicians believe that hydration is an
      effective expectorant. Mucolytic therapy is extensively used outside the United
      States. The appropriate role of mucolytic therapy in the treatment of bronchitis
      remains to be more fully explored. Low-flow oxygen is only used in the prevention
      or treatment of cor pulmonale when the PaO2 is persistently at or below 55, or
      with a rising hematocrit and right-sided cardiac changes. If used, oxygen is
      helpful only when given long term for at least 18 h per day, not on a prn basis.
      Cardiac glycosides are probably of little benefit, but diuretics have an
      important role in treatment of fluid retention. Pulmonary vasodilator therapy is
      still experimental, as is almitrine. Prophylaxis with pneumococcal vaccine and
      annual influenza vaccine is rational but has not been proven to be of value.
      Exercise and activity should be encouraged for all except those with frank
      congestive heart failure. The role of "breathing exercises" is currently being
      reevaluated. Surgery has almost no place in the management of COPD. Anesthesia
      often results in postoperative complications in this disease. Avoid all sedatives
      and tranquilizers.

PMID- 2404709
TI  - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease--can we do better?
AB  - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is extremely common; all primary
      care physicians should be able to manage this disorder. Probably 30 million
      Americans are afflicted with some stage of the disease. Assessment of COPD is
      based on symptoms and simple spirometric measurements that primary care
      physicians can perform in their offices. Early identification and intervention
      are vital to controlling COPD. Smoking cessation is most important. Aggressive
      pharmacologic therapy is also required. Bronchoactive drugs are more successful
      in improving airflow in patients in early stages of the disease than those with
      more advanced stages. The National Mucolytic Study Investigators' Meeting,
      focusing on the usage of iodinated glycerol (Organidin) in patients with moderate
      to-advanced airflow obstruction from chronic bronchitis, has concluded that
      symptoms of the disease were improved in treated patients compared with patients
      receiving placebo. These results, based on a major double-blind, controlled
      clinical trial, will usher in a new approach to the treatment of patients with
      mucus clearance problems. It is now time to develop a nationwide strategy for
      involving all primary care physicians in the identification and treatment of
      patients with COPD.

PMID- 2404710
TI  - Summary of the National Mucolytic Study.

PMID- 2404711
TI  - The physician's role in smoking cessation. A present and future agenda.
AB  - Medical views in the United States on the effects of smoking have shifted
      dramatically since the published evidence in 1958 established the link between
      smoking and fatal disease. Today's physician should be a nonsmoking role model,
      whose workplace both directly and indirectly teaches smoking cessation skills.
      Publications on smoking cessation techniques from the National Institutes of
      Health along with intervention tools such as patient smoking history
      questionnaires are available free of charge to physicians. Patient histories are
      critical to the intervention process, for they provide essential clues and
      information about which stage in cessation of smoking the patient has already
      reached: precontemplation, contemplation, action, and maintenance. Different
      approaches and techniques are required at each stage. The most important
      objective for the physician with a patient at the stage of contemplating quitting
      is to initiate a conversation leading to a directive to quit, with benefits of
      quitting stressed as reinforcement. Actively motivated patients committed to quit
      dates may need both educational and pharmacologic support; issues such as
      nicotine dependence and withdrawal symptoms must be addressed. Pharmacologic
      therapy at this time may consist of substitution of nicotine-containing gum
      (nicotine polacrilex) for cigarettes. Used in sufficient, regular dosages, the
      nicotine gum has been found to help diminish withdrawal symptoms following
      smoking cessation. Other drug therapies are currently under study. For now,
      nicotine replacement therapy (where indicated) is to be used for at least three
      months, the period of greatest chance of relapse. The physician should continue
      to encourage patients who have quit smoking to forestall relapses, while tacitly
      understanding that the incidence of relapse is high in first-time quitters.
      Hospital inpatients provide an opportunity to initiate bedside smoking cessation
      programs. The hope is that, in the future, hospitals will involve the entire
      health team in comprehensive smoking cessation programs.

PMID- 2404712
TI  - Pathology of chronic airflow obstruction.
AB  - Classification of chronic airflow obstruction may be based on the site of the
      obstructing lesions. It is seldom that only one type of lesion is present, but
      one may often dominate. In chronic bronchitis, the major disease of large
      airways, chronic mucus hypersecretion, is reflected by an increase in size of
      bronchial mucous glands. This may be a factor in airway narrowing, especially
      with coexisting edema of the airway wall. Excess intralumenal mucus compounds the
      obstruction. Increased airways reactivity is present in 15 to 70 percent of
      patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Increased airway muscle and cartilage
      atrophy are features of chronic bronchitis, but the association of increased
      muscle with increased airway reactivity is poor. Inflammation of the small
      airways (bronchiolitis) is a significant complication for cigarette smokers and
      is an important cause of mild chronic airflow obstruction. Goblet cell metaplasia
      is a reflection of chronic small airways inflammation and, together with
      intralumenal mucus, is an important feature. Permanent narrowing of the small
      airways presumably results from inflammation with consequent fibrosis, while
      functional narrowing results from release of mediators of inflammation. Increased
      muscle mass is present in some cases. Distortion and irregularity of small
      airways related to emphysema are major factors in severe obstruction. Lesser
      degrees of emphysema may be associated with a diminished number of alveolar
      attachments and mild chronic airflow obstruction. Emphysema, the dominant lesion
      in patients with severe chronic airflow obstruction, results from parenchymal
      lesions. Centrilobular emphysema, in which the respiratory bronchioles are
      selectively or dominantly involved, is the most common form.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404713
TI  - Immunoscintigraphy of colorectal cancer with an antibody to epithelial membrane
      antigen (EMA).
AB  - Immunoperoxidase staining of LICR-LON M8, a mouse monoclonal antibody reactive
      with epithelial membrane antigen, showed a strong reaction with colorectal
      cancer. This finding prompted an immunoscintigraphic study of colorectal cancer
      patients using this antibody. Sixteen patients had external gamma scintigraphy
      after intravenous injection of indium 111-labeled M8. Positive scans were
      obtained in 11 of the 13 patients with primary colorectal cancers, and 2 of the 3
      patients with recurrent tumors. The high indium 111 background in the liver
      prevented the detection of hepatic metastases in 5 patients. Twelve patients had
      samples taken of tumor, normal colon, and venous blood at the time of surgery.
      The ratio of labeled antibody uptake in tumor to that of blood was 5.1 (+/- 3.6
      S.D.), which was significantly different (P = 0.001) to that of the similar ratio
      for normal colon (2.0 +/- 1.6 S.D.). The tumor to normal colon uptake ratio was
      2.6 (+/- 1.3 S.D.). These results suggest a specific uptake of indium 111-labeled
      M8 by colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2404714
TI  - Effect of metformin on carbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism in NIDDM patients.
AB  - The effect of metformin treatment on various aspects of carbohydrate and
      lipoprotein metabolism has been defined in 12 patients with non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Patients were studied before and after approximately 4
      mo of metformin therapy. Treatment was initiated with a single dose of 500
      mg/day, increased at weekly intervals, and maintained at a final dose of 2.5
      g/day (given at divided intervals) for the last 3 mo of the treatment program.
      Results demonstrated that both fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations
      were significantly lower after metformin administration, with the greatest change
      seen after meals. As a result, the total incremental plasma glucose response
      above basal measured from 0800 to 1600 after metformin was less than 25% of that
      seen initially. The improvement in ambient plasma glucose concentration in
      association with metformin occurred despite a modest but statistically
      significant decrease in circulating plasma insulin concentration. In addition,
      insulin-stimulated glucose uptake measured during hyperinsulinemic clamp studies
      was similar before and after metformin treatment. Furthermore, changes in insulin
      binding and insulin internalization by isolated monocytes did not correlate with
      the improvement in glycemic control. Thus, the ability of metformin to lower
      plasma glucose concentration in NIDDM does not appear to be secondary to an
      improvement in insulin action. Finally, metformin treatment was associated with a
      significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in plasma triglyceride concentration and
      an increase in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. These
      results indicate that metformin treatment of patients with NIDDM led to an
      improvement in both glycemic control and lipoprotein metabolism.

PMID- 2404715
TI  - Effect of pregnancy on progression of diabetic retinopathy.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken to determine the effect of pregnancy on
      diabetic retinopathy. Insulin-taking diabetic women were enrolled; one group was
      comprised of pregnant women, the other group was comprised of women who were not
      pregnant. Women were evaluated on referral and again in the postpartum period.
      The severity of diabetic retinopathy was based on grading of fundus photographs
      of seven standard photographic fields. The glycosylated hemoglobin, duration of
      diabetes, current age, diastolic blood pressure, number of past pregnancies, and
      current pregnancy status were evaluated as risk factors for progression of
      diabetic retinopathy. After adjusting for glycosylated hemoglobin, current
      pregnancy was significantly associated with progression (P less than 0.005,
      adjusted odds ratio 2.3). Diastolic blood pressure had a lesser effect on the
      probability of progression. The findings from this study indicate that pregnancy
      and level of glycemia are associated with progression of diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 2404716
TI  - Five-year follow-up study on plasma insulin levels in newly diagnosed NIDDM
      patients and nondiabetic subjects.
AB  - A representative group of middle-aged (45- to 64-yr-old) patients with non
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (n = 133; 70 men, 63 women) were
      examined at the time of diagnosis and 5 yr afterward for metabolic control and
      insulin response to oral glucose; 144 nondiabetic control subjects (62 men, 82
      women) were similarly examined twice between 5-yr intervals. At the 5-yr
      examination, 56 of the diabetic patients (36 men, 20 women) were on diet therapy
      only, 60 (27 men, 33 women) received oral antidiabetic drugs, and 5 were treated
      with insulin. The metabolic control of diabetic patients was poor at the time of
      diagnosis and 5-yr examination. Fasting plasma insulin levels were higher in
      diabetic patients than in control subjects both at baseline (23 +/- 2 vs. 14 +/-
      1 mU/L, P less than 0.01, for men; 26 +/- 2 vs. 15 +/- 1 mU/L, NS, for women) and
      5-yr examination (19 +/- 1 vs. 16 +/- 2 mU/L, NS, for men; 29 +/- 5 vs. 15 +/- 1
      mU/L, P less than 0.05, for women). The frequency of insulin deficiency in
      diabetic patients based on a postglucagon (1 mg i.v.) C-peptide level less than
      0.60 nM was 3.3% at the 5-yr examination, indicating that true insulin deficiency
      was uncommon during the first years after diagnosis of diabetes in middle-aged
      subjects.

PMID- 2404717
TI  - Scope and heterogeneous nature of MODY.
AB  - This review summarizes aspects of the phenotypic expression, natural history,
      recognition, pathogenesis, and heterogeneous nature of maturity-onset diabetes of
      the young (MODY), which is inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern. There are
      differences in metabolic, hormonal, and vascular abnormalities in different
      ethnic groups and even among White pedigrees. In MODY patients with low insulin
      responses, there are delayed and decreased insulin and C-peptide secretory
      responses to glucose from childhood or adolescence even before glucose
      intolerance appears, which may represent the basic genetic defect. When followed
      for decades, nondiabetic siblings have normal insulin responses. The fasting
      hyperglycemia of some MODY patients has been treated successfully with
      sulfonylureas for up to 30 yr. In a few patients, after years or decades of
      diabetes, the insulin and C-peptide responses to glucose are so low that they
      resemble those of early insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The progression of
      the insulin secretory defect over time distinguishes between these two types of
      diabetes. In contrast are patients from families who have very high insulin
      responses to glucose, despite glucose intolerance and fasting hyperglycemia
      similar to that seen in patients with low insulin responses. In many of these
      patients, there is in vivo and in vitro evidence of insulin resistance. Whatever
      its mechanism, the compensatory insulin responses to nutrients must be
      insufficient to maintain normal carbohydrate tolerance. This suggests that
      diabetes occurs only in those patients who have an additional islet cell defect,
      i.e., insufficient beta-cell reserve and secretory capacity. In a few MODY
      pedigrees with high insulin responses to glucose and lack of evidence of insulin
      resistance, a structurally abnormal mutant insulin molecule that is biologically
      ineffective is secreted. No associations have been found between specific HLA
      antigens and MODY in White, Black, and Asian pedigrees. Linkage studies of the
      insulin gene, insulin-receptor gene, erythrocyte/HepG2 glucose-transporter locus,
      and apolipoprotein B locus have shown no association with MODY. Vascular disease
      may be as prevalent as in conventional non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
      Because of autosomal-dominant transmission and penetrance at a young age, MODY is
      a good model for further investigations of etiologic and pathogenetic factors in
      non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, including the use of genetic linkage
      strategies to identify diabetogenic genes.

PMID- 2404718
TI  - Preservatives in insulin preparations impair leukocyte function. In vitro study.
AB  - m-Cresol and methyl p-hydroxybenzoate are preservatives in insulin preparations.
      As previously reported, in diabetic patients on continuous subcutaneous insulin
      infusion, users of insulin-containing m-cresol had significantly more inflamed
      infusion sites than users of insulin with methyl p-hydroxybenzoate. This study
      assessed the influence of insulin with and without these preservatives on
      leukocyte function. Leukocyte function was investigated in a killing experiment,
      expressed as the percentage of bacteria killed after 60 min incubation of
      bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), polymorphonuclear leukocytes, serum, and
      insulin preparations. Because preservative is retained by the infusion device,
      insulin with preservative was tested before and after 1 and 4 days perfusion with
      a PVC pump catheter. After perfusion, the amount of preservative was reduced
      (percentage of original concentration after 1 and 4 days 8 and 30% m-cresol and
      42 and 72% methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, respectively). The killing percentage in
      insulin with m-cresol reduced compared with insulin without preservative (mean +/
      SE 95.4 +/- 0.8%) and the control without insulin (95.8 +/- 0.8%), both before
      and after 1 and 4 days perfusion (74.8 +/- 0.7, 80.2 +/- 2.8, and 80.6 +/- 1.6%,
      respectively; P less than 0.01). The same occurred in insulin with methyl p
      hydroxybenzoate (85.0 +/- 0.9% before and 88.4 +/- 0.9 and 86.2 +/- 0.8% after 1
      and 4 days perfusion; P less than 0.05). All insulin preparations with m-cresol
      caused lower killing percentages than corresponding insulin preparations with
      methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (P less than 0.05). These results demonstrate that both
      preservatives impaired leukocyte function, but m-cresol was the most noxious in
      this respect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404719
TI  - Variation in absorption of NPH insulin due to intramuscular injection.
AB  - To evaluate the importance of accidental intramuscular injection of NPH insulin,
      we measured disappearance rates of 125I-labeled NPH insulin (Protaphane) from
      subcutaneous and intramuscular injection sites in the thighs of 11 insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Both subcutaneous and intramuscular
      absorption rates were measured four times in each patient. NPH insulin was
      absorbed much faster when given intramuscularly than when given subcutaneously
      (T50% = 5.3 vs. 10.3 h, P less than 0.0001). The intrapatient (day-to-day)
      coefficient of variation (C.V.) of T50% values (C.V. T50%) for subcutaneously
      injected NPH insulin in this study, where all injections were guided by
      ultrasound determination of the subcutaneous fat layer, was 18.4%. Intrapatient
      variation of absorption was significantly lower for subcutaneously than
      intramuscularly injected NPH insulin (C.V. T50% = 18.4 vs. 29.8%, P less than
      0.01) and was also lower than interpatient variation for subcutaneously injected
      insulin (C.V. T50% = 18.4 vs. 50%, P less than 0.0001). The faster absorption
      rate and shorter duration of action, together with the higher day-to-day
      variation in absorption, led us to conclude that intramuscular injection of NPH
      insulin should be avoided.

PMID- 2404720
TI  - Insulin pen-injector systems in adolescents with IDDM.

PMID- 2404721
TI  - Nesidioblastosis: antibody-mediated stimulation of pancreatic islet?

PMID- 2404722
TI  - Impact of physical fitness and glycemic control on in vivo insulin action in
      adolescents with IDDM.
AB  - The relationship of in vivo insulin-mediated glucose utilization to the state of
      physical fitness and the degree of glycemic control was examined in 27
      adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) compared with 10
      nondiabetic adolescent control subjects. In vivo total-body insulin-mediated
      glucose metabolism was evaluated by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp.
      Physical fitness was assessed by maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) during
      cycle ergometry. Patients and control subjects had similar levels of VO2 max
      (34.9 +/- 8.6 vs. 38.6 +/- 9.9 ml.kg-1.min-1, P = 0.3). Patients had lower total
      body insulin-mediated glucose metabolism compared with control subjects (33.9 +/-
      14.3 vs. 63.8 +/- 17.2 mumol.kg-1.min-1, P = 0.0002). Among the patients, females
      had lower total-body insulin-mediated glucose metabolism compared with males
      (24.2 +/- 2.8 vs. 40.7 +/- 3.4 mumol.kg-1.min-1, P less than 0.001); however,
      this difference disappeared after correcting for sex differences in fitness
      levels. Insulin-mediated glucose metabolism correlated with VO2 max in patients
      and control subjects (r = 0.83, r = 0.81, P less than 0.05). The regression of
      total-body insulin-mediated glucose metabolism on VO2 max for patients was -2.84
      +/- 0.255 VO2 max and for control subjects was 7.12 +/- 0.143 VO2 max, indicating
      that for similar degrees of physical fitness patients have lower total body
      insulin-mediated glucose metabolism levels than control subjects. In patients,
      total-body insulin-mediated glucose metabolism correlated with the degree of
      glycemic control as assessed by the level of glycosylated hemoglobin (r = -0.63,
      P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404723
TI  - Insulin administration.
AB  - The injection of insulin is essential for management of type I diabetic patients
      and may be needed by type II diabetic patients for intermittent or continuous
      glycemic control. The species and dosage of insulin used should be consistent,
      and the patient's injection technique should be reviewed periodically with the
      diabetes-care team. The effective use of insulin to obtain the best metabolic
      control requires an understanding of the duration of action of the various types
      of insulin and the relationship of blood glucose levels to exercise, food intake,
      and stress; SMBG; and learning to adjust insulin dosage with the support and
      guidance of the diabetes-care team.

PMID- 2404724
TI  - Heterogeneity of human islet cell antibodies in terms of cross-species
      reactivity.
AB  - There has been no consistent view about the cross-species reactivity of islet
      cell antibodies (ICA), and no report about their target antigens in the
      pancreatic islet cells of different species. Therefore, we examined the cross
      reactivity of human ICA against rodent pancreatic islet cells, and found at least
      two types of ICA, one having a comparatively strong cross-reactivity and the
      other lacking it. Furthermore, using human as well as some rodent pancreatic
      tissues that had been modified chemically, we came to suspect that the target
      antigens of ICA were sialic acid residues of glycolipids. Therefore, we suggest
      that there are at least two types of ICA recognizing sialic acid residues of
      glycolipids, one reacting with antigen(s) commonly present in human and rat
      islets, and the other with antigen(s) only present in human islets.

PMID- 2404725
TI  - A cytotoxic monoclonal autoantibody from the BB rat which binds an islet cell
      surface protein.
AB  - The BB rat provides an excellent animal model for type 1 (insulin-dependent)
      diabetes mellitus. Cytotoxic autoantibodies against pancreatic beta cells have
      been found in the sera of both patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes
      and BB rats. These antibodies have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the
      disease. In this study, a monoclonal autoantibody, designated KT1, has been
      developed by the fusion of spleen cells from a BB rat and a mouse myeloma cell
      line. KT1 was found to be of the immunoglobulin M isotype and reacted
      specifically with islet cells. In microcytotoxicity assays KT1 was shown to
      mediate complement-dependent lysis of approximately 30% of a rat insulinoma cell
      line and 25% of rat pancreatic islet cells in culture. It did not cause lysis of
      the other cell lines tested. KT1 has been demonstrated, by indirect
      immunofluorescence, to bind specifically to a cell surface antigen on live and
      acetone-fixed islet cell cultures from Wistar rat neonates and to rat insulinoma
      cells. Western blotting experiments revealed reaction to a 68-kDa protein from
      rat insulinoma cell extracts. This monoclonal antibody may have clinical
      relevance as it exhibits properties similar to the islet cell surface antibodies
      present in the sera of BB rats.

PMID- 2404726
TI  - Endogenous insulin secretion in newly diagnosed diabetic patients in Saudi
      Arabia.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem in Saudi Arabia. The evaluation of
      endogenous insulin secretion at diagnosis has not yet been studied in this
      population. We have therefore studied fasting and post-glucagon stimulation
      levels of glucose, insulin and C-peptide in 216 newly diagnosed untreated
      diabetic patients. The mean +/- SD fasting insulin and C-peptide levels were 14.0
      +/- 1.8 microU/ml and 1.8 +/- 0.4 ng/ml, while post-glucagon stimulation levels
      were 21.1 +/- 3 microU/ml and 2.4 +/- 0.4 ng/ml. There were significant post
      stimulatory increment levels for insulin, from 4.9 to 13.7 microU/ml, and C
      peptide from 0.2 to 1.3 ng/ml (P less than 0.001). Such increments did not affect
      specified age distribution. We found a significant correlation between the
      fasting levels and post-stimulation levels of C-peptide and insulin. Obesity
      correlated with higher basal and post-stimulation levels of both hormones (r =
      0.67, P less than 0.001). The mean +/- SD fasting insulin and C-peptide levels
      were 18.5 +/- 9.1 microU/ml and 2.4 +/- 0.8 ng/ml for obese patients and 11.5 +/-
      5.1 microU/ml and 1.9 +/- 1.1 ng/ml for non-obese patients. The type of diabetes
      among the Saudi adult diabetic patients studied is characterized by high basal C
      peptide and insulin levels which increase significantly with stimulation,
      suggesting diminished but present endogenous B-cell function.

PMID- 2404727
TI  - Non-enzymatic protein glycosylation: back-titration assay.
AB  - The glycosylation of albumin in vitro, as judged from the incorporation of D-[U
      14C]glucose into trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable material represents a
      time-, temperature- and concentration-related process. It is markedly increased
      by NaCNBH3. A close correlation is observed between the radioactive data and the
      percentage of glycosylated albumin, as measured by affinity chromatography. The
      latter method, however, does not give information on the precise stoichiometry of
      the protein glycosylation. The relative extent of protein glycosylation can also
      be estimated by a back-titration procedure, the condensation of labelled D
      glucose with the protein being inversely related to its prior degree of
      glycosylation. The back-titration assay was applied to plasma samples from normal
      and diabetic rats or human subjects and used to compare the glycosylation of
      albumin by distinct hexoses and hexose-phosphates. L-Glucose was found as
      efficient as D-glucose in causing albumin glycosylation and, hence, could
      conceivably be used to investigate in vivo changes in the intrinsic properties of
      extracellular proteins secondary to their glycosylation.

PMID- 2404728
TI  - [Amiodarone side effects].

PMID- 2404729
TI  - [The clinical picture and treatment of HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma].

PMID- 2404730
TI  - [A comparison of sonography and intravenous pyelography in diseases of the
      kidneys and urinary organs].
AB  - Ultrasonography and intravenous pyelography (IVP) were compared for their
      diagnostic value in 65 patients (29 women, 36 men; mean age 57 [19-85] years)
      thought to have disease of the kidneys or urinary tract (microhaematuria in 16,
      macrohaematuria in 5, urinary tract infection in 11, suspicion of renovascular
      hypertension in 6, suspected tumour in 5, suspected nephrolithiasis in 15, and
      flank pain of uncertain cause in 7). Ultrasound established an abnormal condition
      in 29, in five of which IVP gave false positive results, false-negative results
      in three. The false-negative results were an indirect sign of renal artery
      stenosis in one patient and in one patient each of duplex ureter and cystic
      ureteritis. Mild hydronephrosis (n = 3), stone in a kidney or the renal calyx
      system (n = 2) and tumour of the right kidney (n = 1), diagnosed by ultrasound,
      were not seen by IVP. Concordant results were thus obtained in 70% of cases.
      Ultrasound examination of the urinary tract gives such reliable results that in
      many cases an additional IVP is unnecessary.

PMID- 2404731
TI  - [Electromagnetic shockwave lithotripsy of gallstones. Preliminary clinical
      experiences].
AB  - 75 applications of extracorporeal electromagnetically produced shock-waves were
      performed on 40 patients with symptomatic gallbladder stones (27 women and 13
      men; mean age 43.5 [25-69] years). The patients had up to three stones each, with
      a maximal diameter of 35 mm. Computed tomography revealed partial calcification
      of the stones in nine patients. Stone fragmentation succeeded in all patients.
      Two weeks after lithotripsy two patients were free of stone. Maximal fragment
      diameter, as measured by ultrasound, was less than 6 mm in 19 patients, 6-10 mm
      in 14, and 11-15 mm in five. At reexamination of 24 patients three months later,
      three additional patients were free of stone by ultrasound. No significant side
      effects were noted during the first 30 days after the procedure. But during
      further observation mild pancreatitis developed in two, while in one choledochal
      concrements caused obstructive jaundice which necessitated endoscopic
      papillotomy. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method of
      fragmenting gall-bladder stones.

PMID- 2404732
TI  - [Magnetic resonance tomography of the kidney and the adrenal gland].

PMID- 2404733
TI  - [Immune scintigraphy for the diagnosis of non-neoplastic diseases. Present status
      and outlook].

PMID- 2404734
TI  - [Insulin pump malfunctions with severe hypoglycemia during altitude changes].

PMID- 2404735
TI  - [Sleep apnea].

PMID- 2404736
TI  - [Thrombolysis therapy of acute cardiac infarct--results and new developments].

PMID- 2404737
TI  - [Lactose malabsorption disguised as "irritable colon"].

PMID- 2404738
TI  - [Mutagenicity of natural-origin agents carcinogenic to humans].
AB  - The current literature data on mutagenicity of human carcinogens of natural
      origin are reviewed. The high correlation is established between carcinogenicity
      and mutagenicity of this group of agents, all 10 agents are active in the Ames
      assay or in the cytogenetic tests, 7 of them are mutagenic in the Ames test and 8
      in cytogenetic assays.

PMID- 2404739
TI  - [Biochemical and molecular biology characteristics of gastric carcinogenesis in
      humans and animals].
AB  - The data on the changes in the isoenzyme spectrum of pepsinogen-pepsin inversely
      correlating with the development and retaining of the malignant condition of
      gastric mucosa in human and animals are reviewed. The results of the molecular
      genetic studies of gastric carcinogenesis, in particular the role of
      protooncogenes--oncogenes in this process are presented.

PMID- 2404740
TI  - [Effects of induced hyperglycemia on the activity of pancreatic and
      gastrointestinal secretion of hormones in oncologic patients].
AB  - Artificial hyperglycemia (AHG) used in the cancer treatment considerably
      increases the insulin and S-peptide content in blood, decreases the glucagon
      concentration and tissue glucose tolerance. The changes are reversible, have a
      functional character, that indicates the absence of a disbalance in hormonal
      mechanisms of carbohydrate metabolism control as well as marked disorders of the
      pancreas function. In order to achieve a wider range of indications for using AHG
      in complex schemes of the cancer treatment, it is necessary to take measures on
      optimization of the carbohydrate metabolism state which should be controlled by
      the suggested complex of laboratory tests.

PMID- 2404741
TI  - Testosterone regulates progonadotropin-releasing hormone levels in the preoptic
      area and basal hypothalamus of the male rat.
AB  - GnRH is synthesized as part of a larger 92-amino acid prohormone (pro-GnRH). In
      the present study, we examined the effect of gonadectomy and hormone replacement
      on the processing of pro-GnRH to GnRH in adult male rats. Immunoreactive levels
      of pro-GnRH and GnRH in acid extracts of preoptic area (POA) and basal
      hypothalamus (BH) from intact, castrate, and testosterone (T)-treated castrate
      males were quantified by RIA. In addition, we used immunocytochemistry to detect
      pro-GnRH-and GnRH-positive neurons and determine the effects of hormone
      treatment. Three weeks after castration, the pro-GnRH content of the POA was 2
      fold greater than the amount found in intact males. Treatment with T for 1 week
      lowered the prohormone content to intact levels. Although the pro-GnRH content in
      the BH was about 50% lower than that in the POA, the BH responded to castration
      and steroid replacement in a manner identical to the POA. The GnRH content of the
      BH, but not that of the POA, was significantly reduced after castration and
      increased by T treatment. On the other hand, the total number of pro-GnRH and
      GnRH cell bodies visualized by immunocytochemistry was not significantly altered
      by either treatment. These results show that changes in pro-GnRH content vary in
      inverse relation to changes in GnRH content and suggest that gonadectomy inhibits
      the enzymatic processing of precursor, while T treatment promotes it.

PMID- 2404742
TI  - Different pathways of secretion for glycosylated and nonglycosylated human
      prolactin.
AB  - Human prolactinoma cells in culture secrete the monomeric nonglycosylated form of
      human PRL (NG-hPRL) and its glycosylated variant (G-hPRL). We have performed
      pulse-chase experiments to investigate the individual patterns of release of
      these two molecular variants. The cells were pulse labeled for 10 min with
      [35S]methionine and then chased for increasing periods of time up to 24 h. The
      secretion of newly synthesized G- and NG-hPRL was followed by immunoprecipitation
      of the chase medium and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      analysis. Both forms were rapidly released (10 min of chase), but presented with
      different rates of secretion. Half-maximal release of G-hPRL occurred with 60-min
      chase, while 110 min were necessary for NG-hPRL. More than 50% of initially
      labeled G-hPRL was released in the medium vs. only 20% for NG-hPRL. Incubation of
      the cells with 8-chloroadenosine-cAMP during a 2-h chase period resulted in a 3.6
      fold increase in the release of newly synthesized NG-hPRL and had only a slight
      effect on newly synthesized G-hPRL release (1.7-fold increase). The intracellular
      transit of labeled G- and NG-hPRL was investigated in cells treated by the
      ionophore monensin. The secretions of both newly synthesized forms were inhibited
      to the same extent, probably via an arrest of the transit at the level of the
      median Golgi, as judged by the delay of acquisition to endoglycosidase-H
      resistance for G-hPRL in monensin-treated cells. In contrast, Western blot
      analysis of the same medium-showed that monensin abolished the secretion of G
      hPRL and had little effect on NG-hPRL. Our results on the different rates of
      secretion of G- and NG-hPRL indicate a sorting of the two forms into different
      compartments in the secretory pathway, with G-hPRL being secreted at a higher
      rate than NG-hPRL, possibly via a different intracellular route. The differential
      effects of 8Cl-cAMP and monensin further suggest that G-hPRL may be
      constitutively secreted after synthesis, while NG-hPRL secretion may involve a
      storage step.

PMID- 2404743
TI  - Progesterone-induced avidin as a marker of cytodifferentiation in the oviduct:
      comparison to ovalbumin.
AB  - Immunohistochemical analysis of avidin and ovalbumin expression in the normally
      developing chick oviduct was compared to those changes induced by exogenous
      estrogen. Oviduct maturation was found to occur in two consecutive phases: slow
      proliferation and rapid differentiation. Mitosis was induced in the epithelium by
      estrogen, whereas it was inhibited by progesterone. Endogenous progesterone may
      retard the proliferation and prevent the differentiation, an effect that is
      overridden by increased estrogen concentration at the beginning of
      differentiation. Short secondary stimulation was shown to closely mimic normal
      maturation. When chicks treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) for 1 month were
      allowed to mature, there were marked alterations in oviduct histology and laying
      behavior. The tubular glands were found to form from the surface epithelium as
      budlike invaginations, and these cells also contained avidin and ovalbumin.
      Ovalbumin production was stable in tubular glands. In contrast, the intensity of
      avidin staining was variable between gland cells even in the same sections. It
      was conspicuous that the number of avidin-expressing gland cells diminished
      markedly when estrogen treatment was prolonged over 1 week. After 2-week
      stimulation with DES, avidin was expressed predominantly by cells of the basal
      layer of pseudostratified surface epithelium, and ovalbumin mainly by tubular
      glands and cells of the luminal layer of surface epithelium. Neither of these
      proteins was expressed by goblet cells. Expression of progesterone receptor,
      characterized by two antibodies (polyclonal IgG-RB and monoclonal PR6), did not
      explain the heterogeneity of expression of avidin and ovalbumin, but probably
      reflects various differentiation stages of epithelial cells.

PMID- 2404744
TI  - Plasma from BB/Wor rats increases insulin secretion by perfused rat pancreas.
AB  - Diabetes-prone (DP) BB rats develop spontaneous autoimmune diabetes mellitus in
      the context of multiple abnormalities of humoral and cellular immunity. Diabetes
      resistant (DR) BB rats have phenotypically normal immune systems and rarely
      become spontaneously hyperglycemic, but can be rendered diabetic by in vivo
      immune elimination of T cells that express the RT6 surface alloantigen. To
      determine if humoral factors in these animals influence beta-cell function, we
      studied the effect of BB rat plasma on glucose-induced insulin secretion from the
      isolated perfused rat pancreas. We found that plasma dialyzed to remove molecules
      less than 14 kD from nondiabetic DR and DP BB rats significantly enhanced total
      insulin secretion [4806 +/- 711 ng (+/- SEM; n = 6) and 4968 +/- 1235 ng (n = 7),
      respectively] from perfused pancreata when compared with the effects of either
      plasma from Wistar-Furth rats (2585 +/- 336 ng; n = 9) or medium containing no
      plasma (1862 +/- 92 ng; n = 38). The presence of chemically induced diabetes was
      also associated with enhanced insulin secretion [3276 +/- 414 ng (n = 8) using
      alloxan and 3956 +/- 470 ng (n = 7) using streptozocin], but the greatest degree
      of enhancement was observed with plasma from spontaneously diabetic BB rats (6521
      +/- 751 ng; n = 17). The enhancement of insulin secretion by BB rat plasma, both
      diabetic and nondiabetic (DR and DP), was characterized by preservation of first
      and second phase hormone release. Heat inactivation of acutely diabetic BB rat
      plasma did not affect its ability to stimulate insulin secretion. We conclude
      that the plasma of BB rats, both before and after the onset of autoimmune
      diabetes mellitus, contains a factor other than complement of greater than or
      equal to 14 kD that enhances insulin secretion in vitro from the isolated
      perfused pancreas.

PMID- 2404745
TI  - Production of tumor necrosis factor by human osteoblasts is modulated by other
      cytokines, but not by osteotropic hormones.
AB  - Human osteoblast cultures derived as out-growths from trabecular bone released
      tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) upon stimulation of the cells with human
      recombinant interleukin 1 (IL1; 10(-13)-10(-11) M), human recombinant granulocyte
      macrophage colony-stimulating factor (100-1000 U/ml), and bacterial
      lipopolysaccharide (5-500 ng/ml). The osteotropic hormones 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin
      D3, PTH, and calcitonin had no effect on TNF production. The TNF released by the
      osteoblasts was identified as TNF alpha, using a specific anti-TNF alpha
      monoclonal antibody to neutralize its activity. Immunohistochemical staining of
      the cells using the same antibody revealed that all of the cells in the cultures
      were capable of producing TNF alpha, including those that also expressed alkaline
      phosphatase activity. Immunoreactive protein could be detected in the perinuclear
      region when cells were cultured in the presence of monensin, suggesting
      accumulation of newly synthesised protein in the Golgi apparatus. These results
      suggest that human osteoblasts, which have been shown previously to respond to
      TNF alpha, can synthesize and release TNF in response to IL1 and granulocyte
      macrophage colony-stimulating factor. TNF may, therefore, not only have a
      pathological role in conditions of chronic inflammation, but also may act as a
      local paracrine or autocrine regulator of osteoblast function.

PMID- 2404746
TI  - Interleukin-6 affects insulin secretion and glucose metabolism of rat pancreatic
      islets in vitro.
AB  - Recently it has been postulated that interleukin-1 (IL-1) locally released by
      infiltrating mononuclear cells may destroy the pancreatic B cells during the
      development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Since IL-1 is a potent
      inducer of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in various cells, it is conceivable that IL-6 is
      a second mediator of the IL-1 action. In the present study the effects of IL-6
      alone or in combination with IL-1 were studied on pancreatic islet function in
      vitro after tissue culture and compared with the effects observed after exposure
      to IL-1 only. Rat pancreatic islets were cultured in medium RPMI 1640 + 10% calf
      serum with or without the addition of human recombinant IL-6 (500-5000 pg/ml) for
      48 h. The medium insulin accumulation was increased by 40-50% after culture with
      500-2000 pg/ml IL-6, but was similar to the controls at 5000 pg/ml. When islets
      were cultured for 18 h only, also 5000 pg/ml IL-6 stimulated the medium insulin
      accumulation. IL-6 did not affect the islet insulin content and the rates of
      islet (pro)insulin and total protein biosynthesis. It inconsistently decreased
      the islet DNA content. In short-term experiments after 48-h culture with IL-6,
      there was a dose-dependent inhibition of the glucose-stimulated insulin release.
      On the other hand, islets cultured with IL-6 (5000 pg/ml) exhibited an elevated
      glucose oxidation and oxygen uptake, but a lower ATP content at 16.7 mM glucose
      and an unaffected glucose utilization and glutamine oxidation compared to the
      controls. This raises the possibility that IL-6 had induced a condition with an
      increased energy expenditure, resulting in an enhanced mitochondrial metabolism
      of glucose. Islets cultured with human recombinant IL-1 beta (25 units/ml) showed
      a strong inhibition of the insulin accumulation in the culture medium and of
      glucose-stimulated insulin release and a marked decrease in the islet DNA and
      insulin content. A combination of IL-1 (25 U/ml) + IL-6 (1000 pg/ml) did not
      alter the inhibitory action of IL-1 alone. The present findings thus show that IL
      6 induces a dissociation between insulin secretion and glucose oxidation in
      islets in vitro. This has not been observed in islets exposed to IL-1, which
      suggests that IL-6 does not solely mediate the inhibitory effects of IL-1 on
      islet function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404747
TI  - Thyrotropin potentiation of insulin-like growth factor-I dependent
      deoxribonucleic acid synthesis in FRTL-5 cells: mediation by an autocrine
      amplification factor(s).
AB  - Studies were undertaken to determine the mechanism(s) by which TSH and insulin
      like growth factors (IGFs) act synergistically to stimulate DNA synthesis in FRTL
      5 cells. As observed in previous studies, the response of these cells to a
      combination of TSH plus IGFs (or micromolar concentrations of insulin) greatly
      surpass the sum of the effects of the individual hormones when acting alone. Part
      of this synergism was eliminated when media containing TSH and IGF-I were
      replaced every 4 h with fresh media. This suggested that part of the synergism
      between TSH and IGF-I on cell proliferation is mediated by an amplification
      factor(s) (AF) released from FRTL-5 cells during incubation. The AF was not
      specific for thyroid cells, however, since conditioned medium from TSH treated
      FRTL-5 cells was also found to potentiate the mitogenic effect of IGF-I in the
      human fibroblast cell line GM3652. It is unlikely that the AF activity secreted
      by these cells in response to TSH is either IGF or an IGF-binding protein, since
      the anti-IGF monoclonal antibody sm 1.2 did not attenuate the synergism between
      TSH and high concentrations of insulin on thymidine incorporation. Analysis of
      thymidine incorporation into DNA at different times after different patterns of
      exposure to TSH, IGF-I, or TSH plus IGF-I suggested that at least part of the
      synergism between the two hormones resulted from increasing the number of
      quiescent cells recruited into the cell cycle. These results suggested that the
      TSH-dependent AF might be acting as a competence factor. In a preliminary screen
      of candidate growth factors, only fibroblast growth factor (FGF) simulated the
      effect of AF, and its effect was smaller than that obtained with TSH-treated FRTL
      5 cells. After preincubation with TSH, FRTL-5 cells exhibited greatly increased
      responsivity to the mitogenic effects of IGF-I that was manifested by both
      increased sensitivity to IGF-I, as judged by a decreased EC50, and an increase in
      their maximum response. TSH pretreatment, likewise, amplified subsequent DNA
      synthesis in response to serum and tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate. Thus, the
      mitogenic effect of TSH in FRTL-5 cells is due not only its stimulation of IGF
      production, but also to its stimulation of one or more AF that greatly enhance
      the responsivity of these cells to mitogenic stimuli.

PMID- 2404748
TI  - Increased hypothalamic content of preproneuropeptide-Y messenger ribonucleic acid
      in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.
AB  - Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid C-terminally amidated peptide found
      within the hypothalamus that can potently stimulate carbohydrate feeding.
      Moreover, the hypothalamic content of NPY can be modulated by peripheral
      hetabolic status. To further evaluate the regulation of NPY synthesis in states
      of altered metabolic homeostasis, we measured the hypothalamic content of prepro
      NPY mRNA in streptozocin (STZ)-diabetic, STZ-diabetic insulin-replaced, and
      control rats by both nuclease protection and in situ hybridization analyses.
      Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received a single injection of STZ (100 mg/kg, ip)
      or citric acid (control). Beginning 72 h later one group of STZ-treated animals
      received daily injections of insulin (4 U Ultralente/day). All animals were
      killed 17-19 days after STZ or control treatment. STZ-treated animals were
      hyperglycernic and showed growth failure compared to control rats. Glycemic
      control was restored by insulin replacement, as was partial growth. Nuclease
      protection analysis revealed an approximately 3- to 4-fold increase in prepro-NPY
      mRNA levels in the samples from STZ-treated rats vs. control. This increase was
      returned to control values by insulin replacement. In situ hybridization analysis
      revealed the STZ-induced increase in hypothalamic prepro-NPY mRNA was detectable
      in the arcuate nucleus at levels that were in agreement with the nuclease
      protection results, but that NPY expression in other brain regions appeared to be
      either unaffected or decreased after STZ treatment. These data suggest that
      hypothalamic NPY expression is modulated by peripheral metabolic status and
      provide further explanation for the hyperphagia accompanying STZ-induced
      diabetes.

PMID- 2404749
TI  - An opioid-neuropeptide-Y transmission line to luteinizing hormone (LH)-releasing
      hormone neurons: a role in the induction of LH surge.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that a decrease in hypothalamic inhibitory opioid tone
      produced by naloxone (NAL) will activate neuropeptide-Y (NPY) neurosecretion in
      17 beta-estradiol (E2)-primed ovariectomized (ovx) rats. NPY neurosecretion was
      assessed in two ways. First, we studied the effects of iv saline (controls) or
      NAL infusion (2 mg/h) between 1100-1400 h on NPY concentrations in seven
      microdissected sites in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and preoptic area in
      association with the increase in the rate of LH secretion, and then we examined
      the effects of NAL on the in vitro release of NPY and LHRH from the MBH of E2
      primed ovx rats. We observed that in control rats, NPY concentrations in selected
      hypothalmic sites (median eminence, medial preoptic area, and arcuate nucleus)
      increased either just before LH rise at 1400 h or in association with the
      moderate LH surge in the afternoon. NAL infusion advanced the onset and amplified
      the magnitude of LH surge in the afternoon. In association with this augmentation
      of LH response, NAL infusion significantly increased NPY concentrations
      selectively in the median eminence, medial preoptic area, and arcuate nucleus.
      During NAL infusion at 1300 h and at the end of infusion at 1400 h, NPY
      concentrations in these sites increased compared to preinfusion levels at 1100 h
      and corresponding control levels at 1300 h. During the post-NAL infusion period
      until 1800 h, NPY levels remained elevated in these sites, but were not
      significantly different from those in control rats, which also displayed
      increments at this time. Further, NAL increased the in vitro efflux of both NPY
      and LHRH from the MBH; the increased release of two neuropeptides was dose
      related between 0.01-0.5 mg/ml, with the maximal increase occurring at 1.0 mg/ml
      NAL. Cumulatively, these studies show that 1) in association with the spontaneous
      LH surge in E2-primed rats, NPY concentration increased only in sites confined to
      the preoptic-tuberal pathway, which previously has been shown to mediate the
      induction of the LH surge; and 2) a decrease in the inhibitory opioid tone
      imposed by NAL readily augmented the hypothalamic NPY neurosecretion concomitant
      with an increase in duration and magnitude of the LH surge. These findings are in
      accord with the thesis that a decrease in the inhibitory opioid tone by the
      neural clock, postulated to occur before the LH surge, initiates a chain of
      neurosecretory events that may include a site-specific activation of NPYergic
      neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2404750
TI  - Age-related changes in pulsatile luteinizing hormone release precede the
      transition to estrous acyclicity and depend upon estrous cycle history.
AB  - Aging of the female reproductive system in rats is marked by discrete stages in
      the disappearance of regular estrous cyclicity. We determined at which point in
      the transition to acyclicity changes in the LH pulse generator could be detected
      by comparing pulsatile LH release in ovariectomized young rats to three groups of
      middle-aged rats that were chronologically matched, yet exhibited different
      stages of reproductive senescence. Since changes in LH pulse amplitudes can
      result from hypothalamic and/or pituitary factors, we also assessed pituitary
      responsiveness to exogenous GnRH. Young rats (2-3.5 months) that had shown
      regular 4- or 5-day estrous cycles and middle-aged rats (9.5-12 months) that
      exhibited either regular cycles, irregular cycles, or persistent estrus were
      bilaterally ovariectomized and used 4 weeks later. Rats were implanted with right
      atrial cannulae and were bled 2 days later at 5-min intervals for 3 h. To test
      pituitary responsiveness to GnRH, rats were bled at 10-min intervals for 3 h and
      received GnRH (25 ng/100 g BW, iv) after the first and second hours. The mean
      inter-peak interval increased in middle-aged irregularly cycling and persistent
      estrous rats. The frequency distribution of inter-peak intervals was already
      significantly different in middle-aged regularly cycling compared to that in
      young regularly cycling rats. Middle-aged rats displayed fewer short inter-peak
      intervals and a greater frequency of longer intervals between LH pulses. LH pulse
      duration increased gradually in parallel with increasing reproductive senescence.
      Pulse amplitude decreased in all groups of middle-aged rats regardless of their
      prior reproductive status. Mean LH concentrations were significantly lower in
      middle-aged than in young regularly cycling rats, and a further significant
      decline was detected in the middle-aged irregularly cycling and persistent
      estrous groups. Middle-aged regularly and irregularly cycling rats showed
      decreased pituitary responsiveness to GnRH compared to young regularly cycling
      rats, whereas middle-aged persistent estrous rats displayed an intermediate level
      of pituitary responsiveness to GnRH. These data are the first evidence of
      changing pulse generator function in middle-aged rats tha had previously
      exhibited no change in the regularity of their estrous cycles. We suggest that
      such changes may play a role in the age-related transition to acyclicity.

PMID- 2404751
TI  - Multihormonal regulation of the progesterone receptor in MCF-7 human breast
      cancer cells: interrelationships among insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I,
      serum, and estrogen.
AB  - Estrogen (E) is well known to be an important stimulator of progesterone receptor
      (PR) synthesis in target cells. We have observed that E stimulation of PR in MCF
      7 human breast cancer cells (as monitored by progestin binding or Western
      blotting with anti-PR antibodies) increases as a function of serum concentration
      in the cell culture medium; PR stimulation by E is greatest in high serum medium
      (5% or 10% charcoal dextran-treated calf serum) and is not observed when cells
      are in medium containing serum concentrations below 1%, although estrogen
      receptor levels are well maintained. This suggests that some serum factor(s) may
      be essential for E to be able to stimulate PR. To better understand such factors,
      we have grown cells in serum-free medium and in serum-free medium supplemented
      with insulin (6.25 micrograms/ml) [corrected], transferrin (6.25 micrograms/ml),
      selenium (6.25 ng/ml), albumin (1.25 mg/ml) [corrected], and linoleic acid (5.35
      micrograms/ml; ITS+). Unexpectedly, we found that addition of ITS+ (without E)
      increases PR levels in these cells, especially in the absence of serum and under
      low serum conditions where E stimulation of PR is poor. Analyses of the
      individual components in ITS+ reveal that insulin is the major active component.
      Dose-response studies indicate that high superphysiological (greater than 1
      microgram/ml) concentrations of insulin are required. In contrast, low
      physiological levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I; 10 or 40 ng/ml) are
      active, suggesting mediation by the IGF type I receptor system. At all serum
      concentrations (0-10%), the effects of ITS+ and E in increasing PR are
      synergistic. The fact that anti-E are able to suppress the insulin/IGF-I
      stimulation as well as the E stimulation of PR suggests that the anti-E can
      actively interfere with the action of the growth factor as well as the action of
      E. These results indicate that regulation of PR is multifactor and raise the
      possibility that PR may be regulated in vivo by both E and growth factors such as
      IGF-I that are known to be increased in these breast cancer cells by E.

PMID- 2404752
TI  - 1989 Alice Hamilton lecture. Lead and human health: background and recent
      findings.
AB  - This paper, prepared in tribute to Dr. Alice Hamilton on her 120th birthday,
      reviews her pioneering studies of occupational lead poisoning and its control,
      her largely unheeded warnings about the possible consequences of widespread lead
      exposure to the general public through the use of leaded fuel, and the results of
      recent studies of human exposure to and health effects of lead in the general
      environment. Evidence is presented for dose-related non-threshold effects for
      children with blood lead concentrations below 25 micrograms/dl for a variety of
      effects including verbal IQ; mental development; physical size; and age at
      physical milestones such as first steps, hearing thresholds, and postural sway.
      For adults, various studies have produced associations between blood pressure and
      blood lead concentrations below 35 micrograms/dl, suggesting possible effects on
      cardiovascular health. While the biological mechanisms responsible for these
      effects remain poorly understood, recent and current efforts to reduce exposure
      to lead by the virtual elimination of lead in gasoline and food packaging show
      that we have learned one of Dr. Hamilton's important lessons, i.e., that the most
      effective means of reducing excessive exposures are through control of the
      environmental sources.

PMID- 2404753
TI  - The association between renal dysfunction and osteopenia in environmental cadmium
      exposed subjects.
AB  - Two hundred and three cadmium (Cd)-exposed subjects with renal dysfunction and 80
      non-exposed subjects were examined to reveal the relationship between Cd-induced
      renal dysfunction and osteopenia. As biological indicators of renal function,
      urinary beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-mg), and serum creatinine, calcium, and
      phosphorus were selected. Cd in the urine and blood was also measured. The
      results indicated that significant differences exist between both sexes in Cd
      exposed as well as nonexposed subjects. To evaluate the degree of osteopenia, a
      microdensitometrical (MD) method was used. The relationships between biological
      parameters and each index of the MD method were analyzed using multivariate
      analysis. Age, urinary beta 2-mg, and serum creatinine were significantly
      associated with indices of osteopenia in Cd-exposed men. In contrast, age showed
      the most significant association with MD indices in women of both groups.
      However, urinary beta 2-mg was significantly associated with MD indices only in
      Cd-exposed women. In Cd-exposed subjects, after the number of predictor variables
      was increased, urinary beta 2-mg was also strongly associated with osteopenia.
      These results suggest a causal relationship between renal dysfunction and
      osteopenia in Cd-exposed subjects.

PMID- 2404754
TI  - Haemodynamic, pathological, haematological and behavioural changes during
      endotoxin infusion in equine neonates.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of experimentally induced
      sublethal endotoxaemia in equine neonates. Four foals, between two and five days
      of age, were infused intravenously with 0.5 microgram/kg bodyweight of Salmonella
      typhimurium endotoxin (LPS) over a 5 h period. A four-day-old and a five-day-old
      foal, similarly infused with sterile isotonic saline, served as controls.
      Clinical signs were monitored, blood samples obtained for evaluation of selected
      haematological and biochemical parameters; and haemodynamic parameters were
      recorded hourly during the infusion, as well as 6 and 24 h post infusion.
      Depression, anorexia, increased rectal temperature, leucopenia followed by
      leucocytosis, hypoglycaemia, increased prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin
      time (APTT), pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary artery wedge pressure, right
      atrial pressure, pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance and mild hypoxaemia
      were consistent findings in the foals receiving endotoxin. There was marked
      variation over time in the above parameters, during the infusion. Shock was not
      induced, and the foals appeared to be healthy shortly after the infusion was
      discontinued. The return to baseline values of body temperature (3 of 4 foals),
      APTT (1 of 4 foals) and neutrophil count (2 of 4 foals), during endotoxin
      infusion, suggests induction of early tolerance. The control foals remained alert
      and the temperature, prothrombin time and fibrinogen remained stable during the
      study. Hyperglycaemia, transient increased APTT and variations in selected
      haemodynamic parameters were recorded in the control foals during the infusion.

PMID- 2404755
TI  - Effects of intravenous xylazine hydrochloride on blood glucose, plasma insulin
      and rectal temperature in neonatal foals.
AB  - The effects of intravenous xylazine hydrochloride on blood glucose, plasma
      insulin and rectal temperature were investigated in six foals at 10 and 28 days
      of age. These variables were also measured in three foals at 19 days of age when
      saline alone was injected. Rectal temperature fell significantly after 30 mins in
      both groups of xylazine treated foals and was still depressed after 120 mins.
      Hypothermia did not occur in the saline control group. There was no significant
      change in blood glucose or plasma insulin concentrations during the 120 mins
      following either xylazine or saline administration and no significant differences
      between the three groups of foals. When foals were allowed to suckle after being
      away from their dams for 2 h, there was a significant (P less than 0.01) rise in
      plasma insulin levels in all the groups. Blood glucose showed a concomitant rise
      but this was only significant in the saline group. Unlike adults, intravenous
      xylazine (1.1 mg/kg) does not produce hypoinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia in
      foals. This study suggests that the inhibition of insulin release from pancreatic
      beta-cells by xylazine, which in adults is alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated, is
      immature or absent in foals under one month of age.

PMID- 2404756
TI  - Regression of hypertrophic osteopathy in a filly following successful management
      of an intrathoracic abscess.

PMID- 2404757
TI  - LUMO energies and hydrophobicity as determinants of mutagenicity by nitroaromatic
      compounds in Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - Quantitative structure-activity relationships have been derived for the mutagenic
      activity of 47 nitroaromatic compounds acting on Salmonella typhimurium (TA100)
      and 66 acting on TA98. The mutagenicity is linearly dependent on the energy of
      the lowest occupied molecular orbital and bilinearly dependent on the
      hydrophobicity (octanol/water log P) of the mutagens. The mechanism of action is
      considered in the light of these findings.

PMID- 2404758
TI  - Diacylglycerols modulate phosphorylation of the insulin receptor from human
      mononuclear cells.
AB  - It has been found that 1,2- but not 1,3-diacylglycerols stimulated
      phosphorylation of the insulin receptor of cultured human monocyte-like (U-937)
      and lymphoblastoid (IM-9) cells both in the intact- and broken-cell systems. The
      stimulation of the receptor's beta-subunit phosphorylation was dose-dependent,
      with optimal effect at 100 micrograms/ml of diacylglycerol. The effects of
      insulin and 1,2-diacylglycerols on the phosphorylation of partially purified
      insulin receptors were additive. Phosphoamino acid analysis showed a major effect
      of diacylglycerols on phosphorylation of tyrosine residues. The diacylglycerols
      also stimulated tyrosine kinase activity of the partially purified U-937 and IM-9
      insulin receptors 2.5-3.5-fold when measured by phosphorylation of an exogenous
      substrate, poly(Glu80Tyr20) in the absence of any added insulin, calcium or
      phospholipid. Since this diacylglycerol effect could not be reproduced under
      conditions optimal for protein kinase C activation and the purified protein
      kinase C did not stimulate phosphorylation of the beta-subunit of the insulin
      receptor in this system, it is unlikely that the diacylglycerol effect was
      mediated by protein kinase C. Since these exogenous 1,2-diacylglycerols at the
      same high concentration also inhibited 125I-insulin binding to the insulin
      receptor of the intact U-937 and IM-9 cells, diacylglycerols could modulate the
      function of the insulin receptor and insulin action in human mononuclear cells.

PMID- 2404759
TI  - The 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex from Azotobacter vinelandii. 1.
      Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding the 2-oxoglutarate
      dehydrogenase component.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
      component (E1o) of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex from Azotobacter
      vinelandii has been determined. The protein-coding sequence consists of 2832 bp
      (944 codons, including the AUG start codon and the UAA stop codon). The predicted
      molecular mass (105,687 Da) is in good agreement with that published for the
      isolated enzyme. The E1o gene is separated from the gene encoding the E2o
      component by a 42-bp intergenic region. No Escherichia-coli-like promoter
      sequences are found in the sequenced 97 bp upstream from the E1o gene. A putative
      ribosome-binding site is located 10-16 bp upstream from the start codon of the
      E1o gene. No terminator sequences could be detected downstream from the stop
      codon. Together with the identical situation for the E2o gene and the presence of
      terminating sequences downstream of the E3 gene, it can be assumed that all three
      genes of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex are transcribed as
      a single mRNA transcript under the control of a promoter, located more than 100
      bp upstream of the E1o gene, analogous to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in
      E. coli. The similarity with the sucA gene of E. coli is high with 59% identity.

PMID- 2404760
TI  - The 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex from Azotobacter vinelandii. 2.
      Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding the
      succinyltransferase component.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence encoding the succinyltransferase component (E2o) of the 2
      oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex from Azotobacter vinelandii has been
      determined. Previously the cloning in Escherichia coli of the gene encoding
      lipoamide dehydrogenase from A. vinelandii was reported [Westphal, A.H. & de Kok,
      A. (1988) Eur. J. Biochem. 172, 299-305]. The 3.2-kb fragment used for the
      sequence determination contained the main part of the gene encoding
      succinyltransferase. The complete E2o gene, as well as the gene encoding the 2
      oxoglutarate dehydrogenase component, resided on a 14.7-kb fragment from which
      the 3.2-kb fragment was subcloned. The protein-coding sequence of the gene
      consists of 1200 bp (400 codons, including the AUG start codon and the UGA stop
      codon). It is separated from the gene encoding the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
      component by 42 bp. No E. coli-like promoter sequence was found. A putative
      ribosome-binding site is located 9-15 bp upstream from the start codon. No
      terminator sequences were found downstream of the stop codon. This makes it
      likely that the three genes of the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex are
      transcribed as a single mRNA transcript analogous to the pyruvate dehydrogenase
      complex in E. coli. The intact gene was subcloned from the 14.7-kb fragment and
      brought to high expression under the influence of the vector-encoded lacZ
      promoter. The similarity with the E. coli enzyme is high with 63% identity. Like
      the enzyme from E. coli, it consists of a single lipoyl-binding domain, a
      putative E1- and E3-binding domain and a catalytic domain. The main difference is
      found in a 31-residue sequence rich in alanine and proline located between the
      lipoyl domain and the putative E1- and E3-binding domain. This sequence, usually
      found in acetyltransferases and there identified as a highly mobile region by 1H
      NMR, is replaced by a more polar, charged region in the E. coli enzyme.

PMID- 2404761
TI  - Thermodynamics and the structure of biological macromolecules. Rozhinkes mit
      mandeln.
AB  - In this review, I will discuss the role of thermodynamics in both the
      determination and evaluation of the structure of biological macromolecules. The
      presentation relates to the historical context, state-of-the-art and projection
      into the future. Fundamental features relate to the effect of charge, exemplified
      in the study of synthetic and natural polyelectrolytes. Hydrogen bonding and
      water structure constitute basic aspects of the medium in which biological
      reactions occur. Viscosity is a classical tool to determine the shape and size of
      biological macromolecules. The thermodynamic analysis of multicomponent systems
      is essential fo the correct understanding of the behavior of biological
      macromolecules in solution and for the evaluation of results from powerful
      experimental techniques such as ultracentrifugation, light, X-ray and neutron
      scattering. The hydration, shape and flexibility of DNA have been studied, as
      well as structural transitions in nucleosomes and chromatin. A particularly
      rewarding field of activity is the study of unusual structural features of
      enzymes isolated from the extreme halophilic bacteria of the Dead Sea, which have
      adapted to saturated concentrations of salt. Future studies in various
      laboratories will concentrate on nucleic-acid--protein interactions and on the so
      called 'crowding effect', distinguishing the behavior in bacteria, or other
      cells, from simple test-tube experiments.

PMID- 2404762
TI  - E. Antonini Plenary lecture. A structural basis of light energy and electron
      transfer in biology.
AB  - Aspects of intramolecular light energy and electron transfer will be discussed
      for three protein cofactor complexes, whose three-dimensional structures have
      been elucidated by X-ray crystallography: components of light-harvesting
      cyanobacterial phycobilisomes, the purple bacterial reaction centre and the blue
      multi-copper oxidases. A wealth of functional data is available for these systems
      which allow specific correlations between structure and function, and general
      conclusions about light energy and electron transfer in biological materials to
      be made.

PMID- 2404763
TI  - Occurrence of S-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-cysteine at position 77 in mutant human
      lysozyme secreted by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - A mutant human lysozyme P110, in which Val110 was replaced with Pro, was secreted
      by Saccharomyces cerevisiae; modification of the cysteine residue at position 77
      was found in a purified mutant protein (P110-B) upon primary structure analysis.
      A peptide fragment containing 15 amino acid residues from Thr70 to Leu84 was
      obtained by proteolytic digestion of the protein and subsequently isolated by
      reverse-phase HPLC. This fragment was analyzed by high-resolution fast-atom
      bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry, which showed that 1,2-dicarboxyethyl group
      was attached to the thiol group of Cys77. This modification was confirmed by
      comparing it with a sample of chemically synthesized S-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-L
      cysteine. It was found that the modification caused a disruption of the disulfide
      bond Cys77-Cys95 in the mutant molecule. These observations, plus structural
      considerations, suggest that Cys77 and Cys95 either remain uncrosslinked or the
      disulfide bond Cys77-Cys95, once formed, is opened during the final step in the
      folding of human lysozyme in vivo.

PMID- 2404764
TI  - The blue oxidases, ascorbate oxidase, laccase and ceruloplasmin. Modelling and
      structural relationships.
AB  - On the basis of the spatial structure of ascorbate oxidase [Messerschmidt, A.,
      Rossi, A., Ladenstein, R., Huber, R., Bolognesi, M., Gatti, G., Marchesini, A.,
      Petruzzelli, R. & Finazzi-Agro, A. (1989) J. Mol. Biol. 206, 513-529], an
      alignment of the amino acid sequence of the related blue oxidases, laccase and
      ceruloplasmin is proposed. This strongly suggests a three-domain structure for
      laccase closely related to ascorbate oxidase and a six-domain structure of
      ceruloplasmin. These domains demonstrate homology with the small blue copper
      proteins. The relationships suggest that laccase, like ascorbate oxidase, has a
      mononuclear blue copper in domain 3 and a trinuclear copper between domain 1 and
      3 and ceruloplasmin has mononuclear copper ions in domains 2, 4 and 6 and a
      trinuclear copper between domains 1 and 6.

PMID- 2404765
TI  - Autoregulation of PurR repressor synthesis and involvement of purR in the
      regulation of purB, purC, purL, purMN and guaBA expression in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The purR gene encodes a repressor (PurR) controlling the synthesis of the enzymes
      of purine biosynthesis. The subunit of PurR was identified as a 38-kDa
      polypeptide by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analysis of a purR-lacZ
      transcriptional fusion indicated that purR expression is autoregulated. This was
      confirmed by gel retardation and DNaseI footprinting experiments, where two PurR
      binding sites were identified in the transcribed part of purR. Introduction of a
      purR mutation in wild-type and pur-lac fusion strains was found to abolish purine
      repression of all genes of the purine biosynthetic pathway except for purA.

PMID- 2404766
TI  - Structural studies of the lysozyme coded by the pneumococcal phage Cp-1.
      Conformational changes induced by choline.
AB  - The CPL-1 lysozyme coded by the pneumococcal phage Cp-1 has been overproduced in
      Escherichia coli under the control of a modified lipoprotein lactose promoter.
      This result has provided the conditions to analyse the CPL-1 secondary structure
      by circular dichroism (CD). The CD spectra recorded in the far-ultraviolet region
      showed, at neutral pH, two minima at 210 nm and 230 nm and a shoulder at 217 nm,
      whereas two bands at 260 nm and 295 nm were observed in the near-ultraviolet
      region. It has been estimated, by using the CDPROT program, that the protein is
      composed of 19% alpha-helix, 32% beta-sheet, 28% beta-turn and 21% random coil.
      Minor changes in the CD spectra were detected either when the pH was varied over
      6-10 or when the ionic strength was increased to 1 M NaCl. Choline, a well known
      modulator of the enzyme activity that is present in the pneumococcal cell wall,
      induced remarkable changes in the intensities of the bands at 210, 230 and 295
      nm, with the appearance of an unusual positive band at 225 nm. The conformational
      change was reversible and correlated with the competitive inhibitory effect of
      choline on the lysozyme activity, supporting, by a new and direct experimental
      approach, the basic role of choline in the recognition of the cell wall
      substrate. The analyses of the secondary structure prediction and the CD data
      reported here are compatible with the two-domain structure of CPL-1 reinforce our
      hypothesis that the C-terminal region is directly involved in the binding of the
      enzyme to the pneumococcal teichoic and lipoteichoic acids.

PMID- 2404767
TI  - Biophysical studies of engineered mutant proteins based on calbindin D9k modified
      in the pseudo EF-hand.
AB  - The genes for four mutant proteins from calbindin D9k, all with mutations in the
      N-terminal Ca2+-binding domain (pseudo EF-hand) have been synthesized and
      expressed in Escherichia coli. The purification scheme has been modified to
      minimize the formation of deamidated proteins. The set of modifications in the
      pseudo EF-hand is an attempt to turn this site into a structure resembling an
      archetypal EF-hand, with its characteristic 113Cd-NMR shift (-80 to -110 ppm) and
      high calcium-binding constants, whereas the C-terminal Ca2(+)-binding site (EF
      hand) is kept intact in all mutant proteins. The mutant proteins studied here all
      have pseudo EF-hands with a lower calcium-binding constant and a higher calcium
      off-rate to the pseudo EF-hand than the wild-type protein. From the results
      obtained it is obvious that proline 20 in the pseudo EF-hand, which has been
      deleted or replaced by glycine in three of the mutants, has a stabilizing effect
      on calcium binding to that site. Furthermore, the modifications in the pseudo EF
      hand seem to have only a local effect, leaving the tertiary structure of the
      protein and the calcium-binding properties of the unmodified site virtually
      unchanged.

PMID- 2404768
TI  - Double-blind study of nimodipine in non-severe stroke.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of nimodipine (30 mg q.i.d. orally for 14 days) on acute
      ischemic stroke of mild or moderate severity in a unicenter, double-blind,
      randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Treatment had to be started after CT,
      within 48 h of infarct in patients with a Mathew scale sum score between 50 and
      75. The duration of follow-up was 4 months. Eight of the 60 randomized patients
      were excluded because of incorrect diagnosis. For the remaining 52 patients, 24
      were allocated to nimodipine and 28 to placebo. Analysis of variance and
      covariance and repeated measurements of the Mathew scale scores showed no
      difference between the two groups, who had continuous and parallel improvement.
      There was no recurrent stroke, but 1 control died 4 weeks after stroke. Treatment
      with nimodipine was well tolerated (hypotension: 1 treated patient, 3 controls;
      bradycardia: 1 treated patient, 2 controls; sGPT increase: 1 treated patient, 1
      control). The lack of efficacy of nimodipine in this study may be due to: (1) the
      neurologic deficit not being severe enough, or (2) the delay before treatment was
      too long.

PMID- 2404769
TI  - Neurosonographic assessment of twin pairs in the perinatal period.
AB  - Twins have higher rates of perinatal mortality, prematurity and its
      complications, low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, congenital
      anomalies and long-term developmental morbidity. In 31 twin pairs we evaluated
      the incidence and severity of peri-intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) and post
      hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation. On ultrasonography minor PIVH (grades I and
      II) was observed in 26% of A twins and 25% of B twins (p less than 0.5). Major
      PIVH (grades III and IV) was less common, occurring in 3% of A twins and 6% of B
      twins (p less than 0.5). Ventriculomegaly, mostly regressive was equally
      distributed between the two groups of babies. From these results it can be
      concluded that with efficient antenatal care and skillful perinatal management of
      twin pregnancy, the incidence of major perinatal neurological complications such
      as PIVH and ventriculomegaly are not higher in the second-born twin.

PMID- 2404770
TI  - Relationships between the cell cycle and the expression of c-myc and transferrin
      receptor genes during induced myeloid differentiation.
AB  - We examined the relationship of cellular oncogene c-myc and transferrin receptor
      (TfR) gene expression to cell proliferation and cell cycle progression during
      myeloid differentiation in the HL-60 myeloid leukemia cell line. In order to
      determine levels of mRNA for these genes in HL-60 cells induced to differentiate
      along the myeloid pathway, RNA was isolated from HL-60 cells incubated with
      retinoic acid for 24 h and Northern blots were probed with labeled cDNAs for c
      myc and TfR. c-myc mRNA decreased within 3 h of retinoic acid addition, and TfR
      mRNA decreased after 9 h; both mRNAs continued to decrease over 24 h. RNA was
      also isolated from HL-60 cells separated by centrifugal elutriation into cell
      cycle phases. TfR and c-myc cDNA probes hybridized equally to RNA from uninduced
      cells in all phases of the cell cycle. However, after 24 h incubation with the
      differentiation inducer retinoic acid, TfR mRNA was expressed substantially less
      in the G1 stage, whereas c-myc mRNA was still expressed equally in all cell cycle
      phases. These data indicate that, although TfR and c-myc expression are both
      associated with cell proliferation in the HL-60 line, TfR is down-regulated
      specifically in G1 upon induction of terminal differentiation whereas c-myc
      expression is disassociated from cell cycle control in these cells.

PMID- 2404771
TI  - Transfection of human lamins A and C into mouse embryonal carcinoma cells
      possessing only lamin B.
AB  - The peripheral lamina of eukaryotic nuclei is composed of polypeptides called
      lamins that vary in number from one to four according to organism, cell type, and
      differentiated state of the cells. Early embryonic cells and stem cells of
      mammals generally possess only lamin B while lamins A and C appear later during
      differentiation. To study the role of the late appearance of lamins A and C in
      the differentiated phenotype, we have performed transfection of cDNAs coding for
      human lamins A or C into mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines F9 and P19
      lacking these two lamins. Transient transfections have shown that lamins A or C
      could be expressed, translocated to the peripheral lamina, and distributed into
      daughter cell nuclei after mitosis. These results demonstrated that EC cells
      devoid of lamins A and C nevertheless possessed the appropriate mechanisms for
      the localization and mitotic redistribution of exogenous lamins A and C.

PMID- 2404772
TI  - The down-regulation of the mitogenic fibrinogen receptor (MFR) in serum
      containing medium does not occur in defined medium.
AB  - Normal human hemopoietic cells such as early bone marrow progenitors, or lymphoma
      derived cell lines such as Raji or JM cells, possess a low-affinity receptor
      specific for fibrinogen. This receptor triggers a mitogenic effect. It differs
      from the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa which is involved in fibrinogen-induced platelet
      aggregation. We demonstrate here that this mitogenic fibrinogen receptor (MFR)
      can be internalized or reexpressed, depending on culture conditions.
      Internalization was temperature-dependent. At 37 degrees C in the presence of
      cycloheximide or actinomycin D, the half-life of cell surface MFRs was 2 h,
      independent of receptor occupancy. Binding of fibrinogen to the MFR resulted in a
      down-regulation which was fibrinogen dose-dependent. This occurred in serum
      supplemented medium but not in defined medium supplemented with fatty acids.
      Reexpression of MFRs could be induced in 28 to 42 h by serum removal. The down
      regulation of mitogenic receptors in plasma or serum could explain why normal
      cells do not proliferate in the peripheral blood.

PMID- 2404773
TI  - ATP-independent strand transfer protein from murine spermatocytes, spermatids,
      and spermatozoa.
AB  - A protein-catalyzing D-loop formation is present in murine spermatocytes,
      spermatids, and spermatozoa, but is not found in somatic tissue or in premeiotic
      cells of the germline. Unlike the Escherichia coli RecA protein and the meiotic
      rec protein (m-rec) previously described, D-loop formation by this protein
      (referred to as "mAi-rec") does not require ATP. The meiotic profile of mAi-rec
      activity is only partly similar to that of m-rec. Like m-rec, it rises steeply
      during early prophase and reaches a peak at pachytene. Unlike m-rec, its activity
      remains high during the postmeiotic phase of spermatid development and is
      prominent in immunochemically stained spermatozoa. A polyclonal antibody to E.
      coli RecA reacts with mAi-rec and inhibits its activity. No such reaction occurs
      with m-rec protein. The extent of sequence homology between E. coli RecA and
      murine mAi-rec is highly limited; none of the several monoclonal antibodies
      tested reacted with mAi-rec.

PMID- 2404774
TI  - Action of general and alpha-smooth muscle-specific actin antibody microinjection
      on stress fibers of cultured smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Arterial smooth muscle cells express alpha- and gamma-smooth muscle, as well as
      beta- and gamma-cytoplasmic actins. Two actin antibodies, one recognizing smooth
      muscle and cytoplasmic actin isoforms, the other recognizing specifically alpha
      smooth muscle actin, were microinjected into cultured aortic smooth muscle cells.
      The effect of these antibodies on stress fiber organization was examined by
      staining with rhodamine-labeled phalloidin and by immunofluorescence with the
      same antibodies. Microinjection of the general actin antibody abolished most of
      the stress fiber staining with all reagents, but did not significantly affect the
      shape of the injected cells. This suggests that stress fiber integrity is not
      absolutely necessary for the maintenance of cell shape within the time of
      observation. Microinjection of the specific alpha-smooth muscle antibody
      abolished to various extents the staining of stress fibers with this antibody,
      but left practically intact their staining with rhodamine-labeled phalloidin and
      with the general actin antibody. This suggests that the incorporation of alpha
      smooth muscle actin is not absolutely necessary for the maintenance of stress
      fiber integrity in cultured smooth muscle cells.

PMID- 2404775
TI  - Paired arrangement of nonhomologous centromeres during vertebrate spermiogenesis.
AB  - Indirect immunofluorescence staining with human anti-kinetochore antibodies was
      used to study the position of centromeres during vertebrate spermiogenesis. Many
      species of Amphibia have a low chromosome number and very large spermatids and
      spermatozoa. The number of kinetochore dots correlates exactly with the haploid
      chromosome number. This implies that kinetochore duplication occurs in the
      interval between meiosis I and meiosis II. The nonhomologous centromeres are
      arranged in tandem during the entire course of spermiogenesis and in mature
      spermatozoa. A higher order centromere arrangement was found in spermiogenic
      cells of Anura and Urodela. In mammals, immunofluorescence analysis is
      complicated by the extreme condensation of chromatin during spermiogenesis and
      the high chromosome numbers. Nevertheless, centromere-centromere associations
      were observed in mammalian round spermatids and sporadically in testicular
      spermatozoa. This indicates that pair-wise association of centromeres is a
      universal principle of centromere arrangement at the postmeiotic stage.

PMID- 2404776
TI  - Expression of mRNAs encoding mammalian chromosomal proteins HMG-I and HMG-Y
      during cellular proliferation.
AB  - The high mobility group chromosomal proteins HMG-I and HMG-Y are closely related
      isoforms that are expressed at high levels in rapidly dividing, undifferentiated
      mammalian cells. We analyzed HMG-I/Y mRNA levels at various cell cycle stages in
      murine NIH/3T3 fibroblasts partially synchronized by seeding from quiescent,
      contact-inhibited cultures. Flow microfluorometric analysis of DNA content
      demonstrated a comparable degree of synchronization in such seeded NIH/3T3 cell
      populations as is obtained by serum deprivation or other means and has the added
      advantage of avoiding the use of possibly detrimental inhibitors or metabolic
      starvation to induce such synchrony. We show that HMG-I/Y mRNA levels gradually
      increase in NIH/3T3 cells during the first 16 h after seeding (G0/G1 to late S
      phase), but thereafter remain constant, in contrast to the cell cycle-regulated
      expression of the histone H3 gene. Although there is a 6-fold increase in HMG-I/Y
      expression during the transition from quiescent to proliferating NIH/3T3 cells,
      there is a much greater difference in expression (15- to 50-fold) among different
      cell types, possibly related to their state of differentiation. The HMG-I/Y mRNAs
      appear to be very stable; there was no decrease in their levels 6 h after
      actinomycin D transcription termination. The proportion of HMG-I to HMG-Y mRNAs
      was greater in the human than in the murine cells examined, appeared to be
      greater in proliferating than in quiescent cells, and did not always correspond
      with the HMG-I to HMG-Y protein ratio.

PMID- 2404777
TI  - Characterization of the interleukin 3 receptor.
AB  - A variety of homobifunctional crosslinking agents have been used to gain insight
      into the nature of the murine interleukin 3 (mIL-3) receptor. When [125I]mIL-3
      was cross-linked to receptor sites on the surfaces of intact B6SUtA1 cells with
      disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS), sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed the existence of two radiolabeled species
      with molecular weights of 140 (p140) and 70 (p70) kd (after subtraction of
      [125I]mIL-3). The relative intensities of the two bands did not change when the
      [125I]mIL-3 concentration was varied, confirming Scatchard results which
      suggested only one affinity class. However, when [125I]mIL-3 was crosslinked to
      intact cells and then incubated at 37 degrees C, the intensity of p140 decreased
      relative to p70, suggesting a conversion of p140 to p70. This conversion could be
      inhibited by sodium azide, methylamine, and bacitracin and could also be
      prevented by first boiling for 1 min in 2% SDS and 5% 2-mercaptoethanol. The
      putative protease that carried out this apparent conversion appeared to be
      associated both with plasma membranes prepared from these cells and also with
      solubilized receptors. Moreover, when p140, crosslinked with both dithiobis
      succinimidylpropionate and glutaraldehyde, was purified and reelectrophoresed
      under reducing conditions, p70 could be generated. N-glycanase digestion of p140
      and p70 revealed a similar level of N-linked carbohydrate, which upon closer
      study appeared to consist of two chains, a 3-kd and an 8-kd moiety. Consistent
      with this data, we propose that the receptor is a 140-kd glycoprotein that is
      cleaved to a 70-kd surface protein upon mIL-3 binding and chemical crosslinking.

PMID- 2404778
TI  - Plasmodium berghei: the antimalarial action of artemisinin and sodium artelinate
      in vivo and in vitro, studied by flow cytometry.
AB  - Sodium artelinate, a new water-soluble and relatively stable derivative of
      artemisinin, and its parent compound were tested for their antimalarial action.
      Experiments were done in vitro with synchronous cultures of Plasmodium berghei.
      The inhibition of growth by different concentrations of sodium artelinate and
      artemisinin was determined using flow cytometry. In vivo testing was done by
      subcutaneous injection of each drug in mice infected with P. berghei. Sodium
      artelinate, being stable in aqueous solution, was also administered orally to
      infected mice by its addition to their drinking water. Comparison of the parent
      compound and the derivative showed that sodium artelinate was slightly less
      active than artemisinin both in culture and in vivo. However, after oral
      administration of sodium artelinate, parasites were cleared from the blood with
      one-half to one-tenth of the dose used in the experiments with subcutaneous
      injection. The number of mice which were cured by oral administration of sodium
      artelinate was greater than after subcutaneous injection, even with a total oral
      dose lower than the injected dose.

PMID- 2404779
TI  - Trypanosoma brucei: a membrane-associated protein in coated endocytotic vesicles.
AB  - Membrane proteins were isolated from purified Trypanosoma brucei coated
      endocytotic vesicles by phase separation with Triton X-114. The largest abundant
      membrane protein was a doublet band with a molecular mass of about 77 kDa. A
      specific antiserum was prepared against this protein by immunization with antigen
      bands excised from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Immunoblot
      analyses with this antiserum showed that the 77-kDa protein was present in other
      T. brucei, in T. congolense, and in T. vivax bloodstream-stage parasites but
      absent from procyclic (tsetse fly midgut)-stage trypanosomes. Antigenically
      related molecules of 58, 300, and 15.5 kDa were also detected. The 300- and 15.5
      kDa molecules were not in purified coated vesicles; they were detected in whole
      bloodstream- and procyclic-form T. brucei organisms. Immunofluorescent studies
      localized the antigen to the region between the flagellar pocket and the nucleus
      of bloodstream-form parasites. Ultrastructurally, the antigen was detected on
      membranes of endosomes and lysosome-like structures that contained endocytosed
      markers.

PMID- 2404780
TI  - Haemonchus contortus: evidence that the 3A3 collagen gene is a member of an
      evolutionarily conserved family of nematode cuticle collagens.
AB  - Rabbit antisera were raised against an 18 amino acid-long peptide that
      corresponds to the predicted sequence of the carboxy-terminal, nontriple helical
      region of the Haemonchus contortus 3A3 collagen gene. This sequence is highly
      conserved and diagnostic for members of the col-l collagen family, which includes
      the 3A3 gene. We find that these antisera react predominantly with multiple, high
      molecular weight (greater than 68 kDa) proteins on Western blots of whole worm
      extracts. The number and molecular weights of the reacting proteins vary
      depending upon the developmental stage of the worms analyzed. All of the reacting
      proteins are collagenase sensitive. The reacting collagens copurify with cuticles
      and are released from cuticles by reducing agents. In indirect immunofluorescence
      assays the antisera react only with the broken edges of isolated cuticles,
      suggesting that the antisera are reacting with an internal cuticle layer. This
      layer appears to be circular and to extend throughout the length of the worm. The
      antisera react on Western blots with multiple, high molecular weight collagens of
      eight other nematodes examined, representing two classes and several orders.
      These data provide additional support for the notion that the 3A3 collagen gene,
      and other members of the col-l collagen family, encode cuticle collagens.
      Collagens with this peptide sequence, presumably other members of the col-l
      collagen family, appear to be widely distributed in the phylum Nematoda.

PMID- 2404781
TI  - Plasmodium falciparum: two antigens of similar size are located in different
      compartments of the rhoptry.
AB  - Two previously described antigens, AMA-1 and QF3, which are located in the
      rhoptries of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites have polypeptides of similar
      relative molecular masses. On immunoblots, antibodies to both antigens recognized
      polypeptides of relative molecular mass 80,000 and 62,000 in all isolates tested.
      Two-dimensional electrophoresis showed that the isoelectric points of the two
      antigens were different. QF3 being more basic than AMA-1. AMA-1 was soluble in
      Triton X-114 whereas QF3 partitioned into the aqueous phase after temperature
      dependent phase separation. In immunoelectron microscopic studies. QF3 was found
      in the body of the rhoptry whereas AMA-1 was consistently found in the neck of
      the rhoptry. Both antigens gave a punctate double-dot pattern in mature schizonts
      and merozoites when visualized by fluorescence microscopy, but AMA-1 antibodies
      also appeared to label the merozoite surface. QF3 was also detected in ring
      infected erythrocytes whereas AMA-1 was not. Synthesis of both antigens was first
      observed in mature trophozoites and immature schizonts. Pulse-chase experiments
      showed that the Mr 80,000 polypeptide of the AMA-1 gene was subject to immediate
      processing to the Mr 62,000 product. This cleavage pattern was not stage
      specific. The Mr 80,000 polypeptide of QF3 was derived from a short-lived Mr
      84,000 precursor polypeptide. Processing of the Mr 80,000 polypeptide to an Mr
      62,000 polypeptide was restricted to the period of merozoite maturation and
      reinvasion. Hence AMA-1 and QF3 are different antigens with polypeptides of
      similar size but located in different compartments of the merozoite rhoptries.

PMID- 2404782
TI  - Chemical crosslinking of Plasmodium falciparum glycoprotein, Pf200 (190-205 kDa),
      to the S-antigen at the merozoite surface.
AB  - Merozoites were isolated from Plasmodium falciparum cultures labeled with
      [3H]mannose and [35S]methionine and treated with a cleavable homobifunctional
      crosslinker, dithiobis(succinimidyl) propionate. The crosslinked complexes were
      immunoprecipitated with Mab.5B1 directed against the major merozoite surface
      glycoprotein. Pf200 (MW 190-205), and reduced with dithiothreitol. Crosslinked
      immunocomplexes did not contain the second major merozoite surface glycoprotein,
      Pf50 (MW 45-55 kDa), or other major [35S]methionine-labeled proteins, except for
      a weakly labeled protein of 150 kDa. Crosslinked complexes immunoprecipitated
      with Mab.5B1 and then reduced with DTT were immunoblotted with antibody directed
      against three soluble P. falciparum antigens, a serine-rich antigen known as
      Pf126 or SERA, the S-antigen, and GBP-130. The 150-kDa S-antigen was readily
      detected in crosslinked immunocomplexes with Pf200. The SERA antigen, although
      crosslinked under these conditions, was not detected in association with Pf200
      nor was GBP-130.

PMID- 2404783
TI  - Haemonchus contortus: a simple procedure for purifying surface proteins from
      third- and fourth-stage larvae.
AB  - Surface proteins were solubilized from exsheathed third (XL3)- and fourth (L4)
      stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus by a one-step extraction procedure involving
      brief heat treatment of the worms in the presence of buffer and 100 mM sodium
      chloride. Surface proteins also could be preferentially extracted from XL3s, but
      not from L4s, by heating the worms briefly in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The
      major proteins extracted by these procedures were similar in molecular weight to
      those detected by surface-labeling live worms with 125Iodine. Both extraction
      procedures solubilized a single, major protein with an apparent molecular weight
      of 68-97 kDa from XL3s. In contrast, extraction of L4s with 100 mM sodium
      chloride yielded four major proteins with relative molecular weights of 27, 29,
      78, and 200 kDa. Antibodies raised in rabbits to surface proteins prepared by the
      sodium chloride procedure reacted with the surfaces of live worms in indirect
      immunofluorescence assays. The anti-XL3 surface protein serum was stage specific
      in immunofluorescence experiments using live worms and in immunoprecipitation
      experiments using 125Iodine-labeled XL3 and L4 surface proteins. The overall
      amino acid composition of the surface proteins is hydrophilic. Twenty-six percent
      of the amino acid residues of the XL3 surface proteins, which consist
      predominantly of the 68-97 kDa species, are glutamate or glutamine.

PMID- 2404784
TI  - The leishmanial lipophosphoglycan: a multifunctional molecule.
AB  - A striking characteristic of leishmanial parasites is their ability to avoid
      destruction in hostile environments throughout their life cycle. To survive, the
      parasites must have evolved specialized molecules. One such molecule that has
      received considerable attention is an unusual glycoconjugate called
      lipophosphoglycan. The macromolecule is the major cell surface glycoconjugate of
      all Leishmania promastigotes. This minireview summarizes current information on
      the structure and possible functions of this intriguing molecule.

PMID- 2404785
TI  - The pineal and melatonin: regulators of circadian function in lower vertebrates.
AB  - The pineal has been identified as a major circadian pacemaker within the
      circadian system of a number of lower vertebrates although other pacemaking sites
      have been implicated as well. The rhythmic synthesis and secretion of the pineal
      hormone, melatonin, is suggested as the mechanism by which the pineal controls
      circadian oscillators located elsewhere. Both light and temperature cycles can
      entrain the pineal melatonin rhythm. The pineal, therefore, acts as a photo and
      thermoendocrine transducer which functions to synchronize internal cycle with
      cycles in the environment. A model is presented which portrays the pineal as a
      major component of a 'multioscillator' circadian system and which suggests how
      these multiple circadian clocks are coupled to each other and to cycles of light
      and temperature in the external world.

PMID- 2404786
TI  - Steroid hormones and the cardiovascular system: direct actions of estradiol,
      progesterone, testosterone, gluco- and mineralcorticoids, and soltriol [vitamin
      D] on central nervous regulatory and peripheral tissues.
AB  - Knowledge of steroid hormone sites of action and related effects in
      cardiovascular and neural regulatory tissues is reviewed. Evidence for nuclear
      receptor sites is derived mainly from autoradiographic studies with relatively
      intact tissues and some biochemical studies with tissue homogenates. In the heart
      and in the walls of blood vessels, estradiol, dihydrotestosterone,
      corticosterone, aldosterone, dexamethasone, and soltriol (vitamin D) show nuclear
      binding. In the brain and spinal cord, neuronal regions associated with
      cardiovascular regulation contain nuclear receptors in specific patterns for each
      steroid hormones, including progesterone and soltriol. These data indicate that
      all steroid hormones exert direct actions on the cardiovascular system at its
      different levels of organization, thus enabling adjustment to the changing
      demands during reproduction (gonadal steroids), stress (adrenal steroids), and
      solar seasons (vitamin D-soltriol).

PMID- 2404787
TI  - Adhesion molecules and animal development.
AB  - In recent years considerable progress has been made in the identification and
      characterization of molecules that mediate cell adhesion during animal
      development. This review attempts to pick out from the vast amount of information
      in this rapidly expanding field some of the key features of adhesion molecules,
      to present ideas about their role in development, and to indicate the directions
      in which the field is now moving.

PMID- 2404788
TI  - Biochemical events associated with rapid cellular damage during the oxygen- and
      calcium-paradoxes of the mammalian heart.
AB  - The O2- and Ca2(+)-paradoxes have a number of features in common and it is
      suggested that release of cytosolic proteins in both paradoxes is initiated by
      the activation of a sarcolemma NAD(P)H dehydrogenase which can generate a
      transmembrane flow of H+ and e- and also oxygen radicals or redox cycling which
      damage ion channels and membrane proteins (phase I). Entry of Ca2+ through the
      damaged ion channels then exacerbates the damage by further activating this
      system, either directly or indirectly, and the redox cycling and/or oxygen
      radicals cause further damage to integral and cytoskeletal proteins of the
      sarcolemma resulting in microdamage to the integrity of the membrane (phase II)
      and the consequent release or exocytosis of cytoplasmic proteins and, under
      specialised conditions, the blebbing of the sarcolemma. The system may be primed
      either by removal of extracellular Ca2+ or by raising [Ca2+]i by a variety of
      measures, these two actions being synergistic. The system is initially activated
      in the Ca2(+)-paradox by the membrane perturbation associated with removal of
      extracellular Ca2+; prolonged anoxia in the metabolically active cardiac muscle
      causes a depletion of the ATP supply, particularly in the absence of glucose, and
      hence a rise in [Ca2+]i in phase I of the oxygen paradox with the consequent
      activation of the NAD(P)H oxidase at the sarcolemma. Oxygen radicals are probably
      generated in both paradoxes and may have a partial role in the genesis of damage,
      but are not essential in the Ca2(+)-paradox which continues under anoxia. Massive
      entry of Ca2+ also activates an intracellularly localised dehydrogenase (probably
      at the SR) which produces myofilament damage by redox cycling.

PMID- 2404789
TI  - Glucose-evoked recovery of hepatic thyroxine 5'-deiodinase independent of de novo
      protein synthesis in fasted rat.
AB  - The glucose-evoked recovery of Type I thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity in the
      hepatic microsomes of fasted rat was not inhibited by either cycloheximide,
      puromycin or actinomycin D during 3 h after glucose feeding; however, [3H]
      leucine uptake by the liver or the hepatic microsomal fraction was significantly
      inhibited by cycloheximide and puromycin but not by actinomycin D. These results
      indicate that the glucose-evoked recovery of deiodinase activity may be
      independent of de novo protein synthesis.

PMID- 2404790
TI  - Peptidylarginine deiminase in rat and mouse hemopoietic cells.
AB  - Peptidylarginine (protein-L-arginine) deiminase activities have been demonstrated
      in extracts of rat and mouse peritoneal macrophages, bone marrow cells, splenic
      adherent cells, neutrophils, and mouse monocyte/macrophage cell lines. The enzyme
      in these cells is indistinguishable from the skeletal muscle enzyme with respect
      to immunochemical properties.

PMID- 2404791
TI  - Electrostatic coupling between membrane proteins.
AB  - Charges on membrane proteins are argued to produce very large electric fields
      within the membrane which may be felt by neighbouring membrane proteins. The
      activity of many membrane proteins may be sensitive to the electric field in the
      membrane; thus one membrane protein may affect the activity of another via the
      local electric field without any contact between the two. More specific
      electrostatic interactions are possible with binding between the two proteins.
      The possible roles of such interactions in bioenergetics, neurophysiology and
      signal transduction are discussed.

PMID- 2404792
TI  - Quinine blocks the high conductance, calcium-activated potassium channel in rat
      pancreatic beta-cells.
AB  - The [Ca2+]i-activated K+-channel, one of the 3 K+ -channels described in
      pancreatic beta-cells, is a high conductance, voltage-dependent K+-channel.
      Quinine, known to block [Ca2+]i-activated K(+)-channels in other cells, has been
      described to block the silent phase between the bursts of glucose-evoked
      electrical activity in mouse pancreatic beta-cells, and to inhibit K+ efflux from
      rat pancreatic islets. We report here that quinine blocks the [Ca2+]i-activated
      K(+)-channel in rat pancreatic beta-cells from the external side of the membrane.
      We also show that the blockade is characterized by fast flickering of the K(+)
      channel between the open and closed state. Mean open and closed times within
      bursts were found to be exponentially distributed, suggesting that the blockade
      by quinine involves obstruction on the K(+) flow through the open to be
      exponentially distributed, suggesting that the blockade by quinine involves
      obstruction on the K+ flow through the open channel.

PMID- 2404793
TI  - Structure of the gene encoding concanavalin A from Canavalia gladiata and its
      expression in Escherichia coli cells.
AB  - We have cloned and sequenced the gene encoding concanavalin A (Con A) from
      Canavalia gladiata. The sequence covers the whole transcribed region as well as
      the 5'- and 3'-untranscribed sequences. The coding sequence lacks introns. Con A
      expressed in Escherichia coli cells was purified by Sephadex G-50 affinity
      chromatography. The precursor of Con A expressed in E. coli undergoes a peptide
      cleavage and ligation in the same way as that synthesized during seed maturation.

PMID- 2404794
TI  - PAPS-reductase of Escherichia coli. Correlating the N-terminal amino acid
      sequence with the DNA of gene cys H.
AB  - The DNA of the gene complementing a PAPS-reductase-deficient strain of
      Escherichia coli was sequenced. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the
      purified PAPS-reductase confirmed that cys H is the structural gene for this
      enzyme. The open reading frame extends 732 bases and encodes for a peptide of Mr
      = 27927. The gene product is functionally active when supplemented with
      thioredoxin and immunologically related with the wild type enzyme.

PMID- 2404795
TI  - Meeting report. Growth factors: their nature and role in medicine. Berlin-Buch
      (GDR), September 24-28, 1989.

PMID- 2404796
TI  - Chloroplast transit peptides from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii share
      features with both mitochondrial and higher plant chloroplast presequences.
AB  - Chloroplast transit peptides from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have
      been analyzed and compared with chloroplast transit peptides from higher plants
      and mitochondrial targeting peptides from yeast, Neurospora and higher
      eukaryotes. In terms of length and amino acid composition, chloroplast transit
      peptides from C. reinhardtii are more similar to mitochondrial targetting
      peptides than to chloroplast transit peptides from higher plants. They also
      contain the potential amphiphilic alpha-helix characteristic of mitochondrial
      presequences. However, in similarity with chloroplast transit peptides from
      higher plants, they contain a C-terminal region with the potential to form an
      amphiphilic beta-strand. As in higher plants, transit peptides that route
      proteins to the thylakoid lumen consist of an N-terminal domain similar to stroma
      targeting transit peptides attached to a C-terminal apolar domain that share many
      characteristics with secretory signal peptides.

PMID- 2404797
TI  - Selective cleavage of glycyl bonds by papaya proteinase IV.
AB  - The specificity of papaya proteinase IV (PPIV) has been examined with small
      substrates and a protein. With both classes of substrate, the enzyme shows a
      marked selectivity for cleaving glycyl bonds. Boc-Ala-Ala-Gly-NHPhNO2 is a
      convenient substrate for routine assays that discriminate well against
      chymopapain, the most common contaminant of PPIV. Sixteen cleavage points in beta
      trypsin were identified, of which 13 are glycyl bonds. Tentative suggestions are
      made as to the reasons for lack of cleavage of some other glycyl bonds. The
      structure of PPIV has been modelled on that of papain, and we suggest that the
      replacement of the highly conserved residues Gly-65 and Gly-23 by arginine and
      glutamic acid, respectively, can account for the specificity of PPIV.

PMID- 2404798
TI  - Antithrombin activity of the hirudin N-terminal core domain residues 1-43.
AB  - Hirudin N-terminal core domain residues 1-43 (r-Hir1-43) were prepared from
      limited proteolysis of recombinant hirudin by V8 Staphylococcal protease followed
      by purification with reversed-phase HPLC. r-Hir1-43 lacks the putative reactive
      site of hirudin (Lys47), but binds to thrombin (with Ki of 300 nM) and blocks the
      catalytic activity of the protease. The structural element which accounts for the
      thrombin inhibitory activity of r-Hir1-43 is analyzed in this report.

PMID- 2404799
TI  - Ultracentrifugal analysis of the quaternary structure of the raf repressor from
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - The raf repressor from Escherichia coli regulates the expression of the plasmid
      borne raf operon by switching between active and inactive conformational states.
      Ultracentrifugal analysis of the largely purified repressor proves the DNA-free
      protein to undergo concentration-dependent dissociation-association. High-speed
      sedimentation equilibria show that the 72 kDa dimer prevails under meniscus
      depletion conditions. At intracellular concentrations the 144 kDa dimer-of-dimers
      is the dominating species. It is suggested that the tetrameric structure of the
      raf repressor is involved in the recognition of the 18-basepair operator DNA.

PMID- 2404800
TI  - Structure-activity relationship in vasoconstrictor effects of sarafotoxins and
      endothelin-1.
AB  - Sarafotoxins (SRTa, SRTb and SRTc) as well as endothelin-1 (ET-1) produced
      vasoconstrictions in rat thoracic aorta, rat isolated perfused mesentery and
      pithed rat in various of extents. The potency was ET-1 greater than SRTb greater
      than SRTa greater than SRTc at lower doses, but SRTb greater than ET-1 greater
      than SRTa greater than SRTc at higher doses. [Nitrophenylsulfenylated Trp21]SRTb
      and SRTb(1-19) caused no vasoconstriction. Either the reduction and
      carboxymethylation of Cys residues, the destruction of the intramolecular loop or
      the production of the non-natural disulfide bond, eliminated the constrictor
      activity. These results indicate that Trp21 and the intramolecular loop structure
      are essential, and Lys9 and Tyr13 may play some important roles for the
      vasoconstrictor activity of these peptides.

PMID- 2404801
TI  - Correlation between the DNA supercoiling and the initiation of transcription by
      Escherichia coli RNA polymerase in vitro: role of the sequences upstream of the
      promoter region.
AB  - Binding of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and the abortive initiation of
      transcription at the A2 promoter of bacteriophage T7, separately cloned in
      pBR322, was found to be strongly dependent on the degree of supercoiling of the
      plasmid. Supercoiling does not seem to play any role in the initiation of
      transcription at the T7A1 promoter under identical conditions. Plasmid containing
      T7A2 promoter was found to be less amenable to S1 nuclease in comparison to that
      having T7A1. Sequence comparison reveals a high G/C content upstream to the -35
      region of T7A2 which by extra duplex stability probably renders the initiation of
      transcription more dependent on the state of supercoiling of the template.

PMID- 2404802
TI  - Micromanipulation: its relevance to human in vitro fertilization.

PMID- 2404803
TI  - The emperor (or, rather, his statistician) has new clothes...

PMID- 2404804
TI  - Revised minimum standards for in vitro fertilization, gamete intrafallopian
      transfer, and related procedures. The American Fertility Society.

PMID- 2404805
TI  - A randomized double-blind prospective trial of two doses of gestrinone in the
      treatment of endometriosis.
AB  - The purpose of this randomized double blind prospective trial was to study the
      efficacy and safety of two doses of oral gestrinone in the treatment of
      endometriosis. Six patients received gestrinone 1.25 mg twice weekly (group I)
      and six patients received gestrinone 2.5 mg twice weekly (group II). Patients
      underwent pretreatment and post-treatment laparoscopies and their endometriosis
      scores were recorded. The mean total endometriosis scores declined significantly
      from 20.0 +/- 5.2 (mean +/- standard error of the mean) pretreatment to 9.5 +/-
      3.9 post-treatment in group I and from 19.1 +/- 4.8 pretreatment to 7.1 +/- 2.1
      post-treatment in group II. A total of 67% of patients reported side effects.
      This study suggests that oral gestrinone 1.25 mg or 2.5 mg twice weekly is
      efficacious and safe in the treatment of endometriosis.

PMID- 2404806
TI  - Effect of preovulatory progesterone administration on the endometrial maturation
      and implantation rate after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.
AB  - Fifty-two women, who had 62 ovum aspiration cycles, received a progesterone (P)
      supplementation of 100 mg/day that was initiated 10 hours before human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG) administration and was continued over the following 6 days.
      Forty-eight women who had 74 ovum pick-ups, but did not get P, served as
      controls. Forty-four (84.6%) women of the treatment group, and 40 (83.3%) of the
      controls had ovum fertilization and embryo replacement. The fertilization and
      cleavage rates and the mean number of replaced embryos per embryo transfer (ET)
      cycle did not differ between the groups. Endometrial biopsies, from treatment
      group women with no fertilized eggs, which were taken 48 hours after ovum pick
      up, mostly revealed an "advanced endometrial dating," in relation to the "day of
      hCG." Pregnancy rate per ET cycle for the treatment group was significantly
      higher than that of the controls; 41.2% versus 23.3%, respectively. It is
      concluded that the higher pregnancy rate resulted from an improvement in uterine
      receptivity.

PMID- 2404807
TI  - Transvaginal ultrasonic needle guided aspiration of pelvic inflammatory cystic
      masses before ovulation induction for in vitro fertilization.
AB  - Transvaginal aspiration of pelvic cystic inflammatory masses guided by a real
      time ultrasound vaginal transducer is described. The technique was successfully
      used in 32 patients to aspirate these masses before ovulation induction for in
      vitro fertilization (IVF). It is a safe and simple procedure that resulted in
      significantly higher ovarian response to stimulation for IVF, easier ultrasonic
      follow-up of the follicles, significant increase in the average number of oocytes
      per pick-up, and significant increase in the number of embryos per transfer when
      compared with the control group.

PMID- 2404808
TI  - Performance anxiety during infertility treatment: effect on semen quality.
AB  - The requirement to obtain a semen sample at a specific time for an infertility
      treatment procedure has potential to produce considerable performance anxiety.
      This study was designed to evaluate the semen quality of men participating in
      infertility treatments associated with heightened performance anxiety. The most
      recent pretreatment semen analysis and the infertility treatment semen analysis,
      as well as the first and last procedure semen analyses, were compared using
      paired t-tests for 77 patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology
      procedures and 121 patients undergoing intrauterine insemination. No significant
      differences were noted in either of these groups of patients. However, in men
      with total motile sperm counts of less than 40 million, semen parameters improved
      significantly in the procedure semen analyses. Thus, participation in infertility
      treatments associated with performance anxiety does not appear to be detrimental
      to semen quality, and in certain groups of patients semen quality may improve.

PMID- 2404809
TI  - Uniform assessment of success rates with assisted reproductive technology.

PMID- 2404810
TI  - Implications of mainstream classrooms for adolescents with spina bifida.
AB  - This study examined the social and academic implications of mainstream,
      mainstream and special (combined) or special-class education for 31 adolescents
      with spina bifida, and for their primary caretakers. The Peabody Picture
      Vocabulary Test and the UCLA Loneliness Scale (adolescents) and the Personality
      Inventory for Children (caretakers) were administered. Adolescents in mainstream
      classes had the most normal scores for academic and social skills, those in
      combined classes had intermediate scores and those in special classes had the
      lowest scores. Paradoxically, adolescents in combined classes reported the least
      loneliness. This study suggests that even among students with relatively good
      social skills, mainstream placement is associated with greater subjective
      experience of loneliness than is combined placement.

PMID- 2404811
TI  - Defective regulation of cerebral oxygen transport after severe birth asphyxia.
AB  - Cerebral artery Doppler ultrasonography was used to study the cerebral blood-flow
      velocity and cerebral oxygen transport of infants requiring a blood transfusion
      to correct anaemia. Mean flow velocity, pulsatility index and haemoglobin
      concentration were determined before and after transfusion. 11 stable preterm
      infants demonstrated an inverse relationship between haemoglobin concentration
      (or estimated arterial oxygen content) and mean flow velocity, indicating the
      presence of a homeostatic mechanism keeping brain oxygen transport within certain
      limits. Three infants with severe post-asphyxial encepalopathy had relatively
      high mean flow velocities and low pulsatility indices both before and after
      transfusion. There were no circulatory adjustments in response to an increase in
      haemoglobin concentration. Thus severe asphyxia at birth disrupted the
      homeostatic mechanism responsible for keeping brain oxygen transport constant.
      These findings stress the importance of close monitoring of arterial oxygen
      content, particularly for infants with severe post-asphyxial encephalopathy.

PMID- 2404812
TI  - Ophthalmic findings in infants of very low birthweight.
AB  - The ophthalmic findings in 127 very low-birthweight infants seen at a mean
      corrected age of 7.6 months (range one to 15 months) are presented and related to
      their neonatal findings on cerebral ultrasound scanning and eye examinations for
      retinopathy of prematurity. 19 infants (15 per cent) had significant ophthalmic
      abnormalities, including reduced visual acuity (11), squints (13), disorders of
      supranuclear eye-movement (three) and retinal abnormalities (eight). A strong
      association was found between cystic periventricular leukomalacia and ophthalmic
      morbidity.

PMID- 2404813
TI  - A practical approach to the diagnosis of metabolic disease in the neonate.

PMID- 2404814
TI  - Acute bacterial meningitis. I: Diagnosis.

PMID- 2404815
TI  - Goodbye, Dr. Krauss.

PMID- 2404816
TI  - Hemodynamic and metabolic correlates in adipose tissue: pathophysiologic
      considerations.
AB  - Research efforts investigating the pathophysiology of adipose tissue have often
      focused separately on either the metabolic or cardiovascular components of an
      expanding fat mass. However, the growth and development of the fat cells and
      their vasculature are closely interrelated, a fact that has been established
      through more than a century of diverse studies of adipose tissue. Recently, the
      prevalence of obesity in the United States has stimulated investigations into the
      cardiovascular and metabolic correlates occurring with excessive lipid deposition
      and subsequent adipose tissue expansion. These investigations have resulted in
      conclusive evidence that, from a cardiovascular perspective, obesity results in
      an elevated blood volume and cardiac output, accompanied by an expansion of
      adipose water space, whereas from a metabolic aspect, the disease is
      characterized by adipocyte enlargement and associated alterations in metabolic
      pathways and hormonal responsiveness. Because these separate areas of research
      have independently shown interdepot differences in perfusion requirements and
      metabolic adaptations during the transition from the lean to obese state,
      adipocyte expansion may be partially dependent on the pattern of vascularity.
      This hypothesis is discussed by examining the integral relationship between the
      cardiovascular system and adipocyte metabolism, hopefully providing new insight
      into control of the pathophysiological processes of an expanding adipose organ.

PMID- 2404817
TI  - Structure and function of laminin: anatomy of a multidomain glycoprotein.
AB  - Laminin is a large (900 kDa) mosaic protein composed of many distinct domains
      with different structures and functions. Globular and rodlike domains are
      arranged in an extended four-armed, cruciform shape that is well suited for
      mediating between distant sites on cells and other components of the
      extracellular matrix. The alpha-helical coiled-coil domain of the long arm is
      involved in the specific assembly of the three chains (A, B1, B2, and possible
      variants) of laminin and is the only domain composed of multiple chains. It is
      terminated by a large globular domain composed of five homologous subdomains
      formed by the COOH-terminal part of the A chain. Sites for receptor-mediated cell
      attachment and promotion of neurite outgrowth reside in the terminal region of
      the long arm. A second cell attachment site, a cell signaling site with mitogenic
      action, binding sites for the closely associated glycoprotein nidogen/entactin,
      and regions involved in calcium-dependent aggregation are localized in the short
      arms. These domains, which to a large extent are composed of Cys-rich repeats
      with limited homology to EGF, are the most highly conserved regions in laminins
      of different origin. At present, most structural and functional data have been
      collected for a laminin expressed by a mouse tumor, which can be readily isolated
      in native form and dissected into functional fragments by limited proteolysis.
      Increasing information on laminins from different species and tissues
      demonstrates considerable variations of structure. Isoforms of laminin assembled
      from different chains are focally and transiently expressed and may serve
      distinct functions at early stages of development even before being laid down as
      major components of basement membranes.

PMID- 2404819
TI  - Liver regeneration: molecular mechanisms of growth control.
AB  - The molecular signals controlling liver regeneration are becoming rapidly
      defined. Control of growth in regenerating liver has advanced from elusive serum
      factors and nutrient effects to identification of entirely new growth factors
      with apparent liver specificity as well as establishment of meaningful gene
      expression patterns for growth factors already known. Based on studies with
      hepatocyte cultures and gene expression in regenerating liver, the substances
      EGF, TGF alpha, HBGF-1 (aFGF), and two new substances (HPTA/HGF and Hepatopoietin
      B) have been defined as complete mitogens for hepatocytes and implicated in
      control of liver growth. The amino acid sequence of HPTA/HGF recently became
      clear and revealed interesting structural homologies in a molecule that might
      become the largest known growth factor. The plasticity of growth responses seen
      in liver may be controlled by these factors as well as by comitogenic substances
      such as norepinephrine which, although nonmitogenic per se, can initiate growth
      in hepatocytes exposed to the above mitogenic growth factors or mitogenic
      inhibitors such as TGF beta. The role of the latter in cessation of DNA synthesis
      in liver regeneration will be discussed, presenting the positive and negative
      evidence that constitutes the TGF beta paradox of liver regeneration.

PMID- 2404818
TI  - Regulation of human T cell leukemia virus expression.
AB  - Retroviruses of the type C morphology have been implicated in a wide variety of
      diseases in animals and humans. The human T cell leukemia viruses types I (HTLV
      I) and II (HTLV-II), the prototypic human-type C retroviruses, have been
      identified as the causative agents of some forms of human leukemia and
      neurological disorders. The genetic structure and regulation of the HTLVs are
      more complex than their avian and murine leukemia virus counterparts. In addition
      to the gag, pol, and env genes that encode the characteristic virion proteins of
      all replication competent retroviruses, the genomes of HTLV encode the non
      structural proteins, Tax and Rex, which are required for regulating viral gene
      expression. To understand what appears to be a complex mechanism of disease
      induction by HTLV, elucidating the regulation and function of the viral gene
      products and the interaction of these products with each other, as well as with
      cellular factors, will be critical. This review focuses primarily on regulation
      of HTLV gene expression in the infected human T lymphocyte, but also discusses
      analogous gene regulation by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It
      concentrates specifically on the role these gene products play in virus
      replication and, ultimately, pathogenesis.

PMID- 2404820
TI  - Activation of prodrugs by antibody-enzyme conjugates: a new approach to cancer
      therapy.
AB  - A new strategy for the delivery of cytotoxic agents to solid tumors is described
      in which monoclonal antibodies are used as carriers for enzymes to tumor cell
      surfaces. The enzymes are chosen for their abilities to convert relatively
      noncytotoxic drug precursors (pro-drugs) into active anticancer drugs. The drugs
      thus formed can then penetrate into nearby tumor cells, resulting in cell death.
      A number of prodrugs have been developed that can be transformed into active anti
      cancer drugs by enzymes of both mammalian and non-mammalian origin. The enzymes
      have been shown to localize into tumors when linked to monoclonal antibodies that
      bind to tumor-associated antigens. In vivo studies indicate that MAb
      enzyme/prodrug combinations can result in antitumor activities significantly
      greater than those of the prodrugs or drugs given alone. This is most likely due
      to the generation of large amounts of active drug at the tumor site.

PMID- 2404821
TI  - This is FASEB. The American Physiological Society.

PMID- 2404822
TI  - Ultrasonic diagnosis of cirrhosis: reference to quantitative measurements of
      hepatic dimensions.
AB  - Hepatic echo patterns and "right lobe to left lobe longitudinal diameter ratio"
      were compared in age- and sex-matched 100 normal subjects and 76 patients with
      diffuse liver diseases (38 cirrhotics and 38 noncirrhotics) in a prospective
      sonographic study. Various echo patterns, assigned to cirrhotic livers (bright
      liver, micronodulation, beam attenuation), could not differentiate cirrhosis from
      other diffuse liver diseases. In cirrhotic livers, the right lobe manifested a
      significant shrinkage, while the left lobe exhibited almost no alteration.
      Considering the right to left lobe ratio of 1.30 as a discriminatory value, the
      cirrhosis could be diagnosed with a sensitivity of 74%, a specificity of 100%,
      and an accuracy of 93%; the sensitivity rates were seen to be higher in
      postnecrotic cirrhosis than in alcoholic cirrhosis.

PMID- 2404823
TI  - Diagnosis of hepatic cavernous hemangioma by fine needle aspiration biopsy under
      ultrasonic guidance.
AB  - Percutaneous aspiration biopsy of the liver using a heparinized 22-gauge needle
      was performed under ultrasonic guidance in 11 patients with hepatic cavernous
      hemangioma. Ten (91%) of 11 biopsy specimens obtained were cytologically
      diagnostic for hemangioma. No indications of malignancy were found. There was no
      relation between the cytological diagnosis and the location, size, or
      ultrasonographic findings. No complications were encountered. These findings
      indicate that cytological examination of the liver by fine needle aspiration
      biopsy is useful in diagnosing hepatic cavernous hemangioma of any size and in
      any location, provided optimal route to the lesions is chosen.

PMID- 2404824
TI  - Carcinoma of the cystic duct.
AB  - Two patients with carcinoma of the cystic duct presented with obstructive
      jaundice due to extrinsic compression of the common hepatic duct by the tumor.
      Sonography and computed tomography showed dilatation of the intrahepatic bile
      ducts and gallbladder. In one patient, a calculus seen in the gallbladder neck
      suggested Mirizzi syndrome. In the other, a small soft tissue mass was
      indistinguishable from a common duct tumor or an enlarged lymph node. In both
      cases, direct cholangiography demonstrated extrinsic compression and displacement
      of the common duct with proximal biliary dilatation and nonvisualization of the
      gallbladder. Carcinoma of the cystic duct should be considered whenever there is
      evidence of cystic duct obstruction and/or when cholangiography shows extrinsic
      mass effect on the common duct.

PMID- 2404825
TI  - Pseudoaneurysms and bleeding pseudocysts in chronic pancreatitis: radiological
      findings and contribution to diagnosis in 8 cases.
AB  - Pseudoaneurysms and bleeding pseudocysts are rare but life-threatening
      complications of chronic pancreatitis. This report summarizes our experience in 8
      cases collected from among 250 patients admitted for chronic pancreatitis. We
      describe the radiological findings of nine vascular lesions and especially
      emphasize the contribution of recent radiological imaging, ultrasound and
      computed tomography scanning in establishing the diagnosis of vascular
      complication. We also report a case of successful embolization of a splenic
      pseudoaneurysm that ruptured into the colon.

PMID- 2404826
TI  - Postprandial colonic transit and motor activity in chronic constipation.
AB  - The aim of this study was to correlate colonic motility and transit in patients
      with constipation and symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome. Studies were
      performed in 16 patients with constipation and compared with the results in 12
      healthy subjects. Intraluminal pressure was measured with perfused catheter ports
      in the transverse colon, splenic flexure, and descending and sigmoid colon.
      Movement of the luminal contents was measured by following the movement of
      Technetium-99m-DTPA that was instilled as a bolus in the splenic flexure. In both
      healthy subjects and patients with constipation there was no movement of the
      intraluminal tracer and no increase in intraluminal pressure during fasting.
      After eating a meal, healthy subjects and one group of the constipated patients
      had an increase in the radioactive marker in the transverse colon (p less than
      0.03) and in the sigmoid colon (p less than 0.03). The movement of the
      intraluminal contents was associated with a positive pressure gradient between
      the descending colon and the transverse and sigmoid colon. There was no
      retrograde movement of the intraluminal contents and no postprandial increase in
      intraluminal pressure in the second group of patients with constipation. In
      healthy subjects, propagating contractions, which were associated with the rapid
      movement of intraluminal contents, began 60 min after eating. There were no
      propagating contractions in patients with constipation. These studies suggest
      that (a) the movement of intraluminal contents in healthy and constipated
      patients is determined by the postprandial pressure gradients within the colon,
      and (b) the propagating contraction is necessary for a normal bowel habit.

PMID- 2404827
TI  - Extracorporeal lithotripsy of bile duct stones using ultrasonography for stone
      localization.
AB  - In 19 patients, extraction of bile duct stones through the papilla using a Dormia
      basket or a mechanical lithotripter was not possible following endoscopic
      sphincterotomy. After the insertion of a nasobiliary drain, extracorporeal
      lithotripsy was performed with intravenous sedation using an ultrasonographic
      stone localization system. The number and location of stones were first
      determined by retrograde cholangiography. At the time of lithotripsy, saline was
      injected in the bile ducts to modify the acoustic impedance of tissues
      surrounding the stones, and subsequent ultrasonography was effective in
      localizing all stones present in 4 of 5 (80%) patients with intrahepatic stones,
      and 13 of 14 (93%) with common bile duct stones. In 10 patients (53%),
      fragmentation was satisfactory and the bile ducts were cleared completely. The
      mean single stone diameter was significantly smaller in successful cases of
      fragmentation compared with failures (22.8 +/- 6.6 mm vs. 40 +/- 10 mm). The
      results in patients with multiple stones were significantly worse than those in
      patients with single stones of similar size (25% vs. 100% successful
      fragmentation). Reasons for this difference in results included the small size of
      the focal area and the reduced ability of ultrasonography (1) to adequately
      visualize multiple calculi individually and (2) to assess the degree of stone
      destruction. Care was taken to first await the resolution of infection or the
      correction of coagulation abnormalities when present; no morbidity following
      extracorporeal lithotripsy was observed. Despite its 3-step approach (endoscopic
      sphincterotomy, lithotripsy, and endoscopic extraction), the need for only
      intravenous sedation and the absence of patient immersion in water render this
      technique attractive for elderly and frail patients.

PMID- 2404828
TI  - Densely calcified gallstone treated successfully with piezoelectric lithotripsy.
AB  - A patient with biliary pain and a densely calcified gallbladder stone was treated
      successfully with piezoelectric extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. The
      gallstone was fragmented to particles of less than 1-2 mm in diameter in a single
      1-h session. The procedure was performed in the outpatient setting and required
      no anesthesia or analgesia. Follow-up sonograms showed that clearance of residual
      fragments from the gallbladder had occurred within 1 wk. Our encouraging
      treatment result suggests the need for future research to be directed towards
      broadening the currently recommended criteria for biliary lithotripsy, which
      currently exclude treatment of densely calcified gallstones.

PMID- 2404829
TI  - Relapse of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. 'A riddle wrapped in a mystery
      inside an enigma'.

PMID- 2404830
TI  - Therapeutic management of nausea and vomiting.
AB  - 1. The aim of this study is to review the mechanisms implicated in nausea and
      vomiting and the treatment of these symptoms. 2. Metoclopramide, a benzamide, is
      the drug most frequently used to alleviate or abolish the majority of nausea and
      vomiting of different origin. Domperidone, which scarcely penetrates the central
      nervous system (CNS), is less used. 3. The treatment of vomiting induced by
      cytotoxic drugs is necessary to use a combination (two or more) of antiemetic
      drugs (metoclopramide, glucocorticoids, antihistamines, butyrophenones,
      anticholinergics, cannabinoids). Recently, antagonists of serotonergic (5-HT)
      receptors of the subtype 5-HT3 appear to possess interesting antiemetic
      properties and they have a promising future in this field. 4. Antagonists of
      dopamine receptors (benzamides, phenotiazines, butyrophenones and domperidone)
      induce adverse reactions in CNS (mainly extrapyramidal disorders), which are
      scarce with metoclopramide and practically absent with domperidone. These
      disorders must not suppress antiemetic therapy when it is needed.

PMID- 2404831
TI  - Eicosanoids, epithelium and airway reactivity.

PMID- 2404832
TI  - Farewell to a pioneer gerontologist.

PMID- 2404833
TI  - New rules for prescribing psychotropics in nursing homes.
AB  - Psychopathology is common in elderly nursing home residents, and the use of
      psychotropics in this setting is likewise common. According to the current
      literature, however, such use is not always appropriate. In view of this, the
      Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 establishes new regulations regarding
      the use of psychotropics in the nursing home setting. Certain drugs will
      automatically be considered inappropriate. Excessive dosages and extended use
      will be scrutinized. Periodically checking blood levels of certain drugs and
      monitoring for tardive dyskinesia will be required. Psychotropic use must be
      justified by a bonafide diagnosis for which the drug is indicated and not by a
      symptom alone. Dosage reductions, medication holidays, and the use of nondrug
      behavioral treatments will be required.

PMID- 2404834
TI  - Specialists for the communicatively impaired.

PMID- 2404835
TI  - CA 125 in peritoneal fluid and serum from patients with benign gynecologic
      conditions and ovarian cancer.
AB  - CA 125 was measured in peritoneal fluid from 200 patients with primary ovarian
      malignancies (35) and benign gynecologic conditions (165). In 86 patients CA 125
      was measured both in peritoneal fluid and in serum. Patients with ovarian cancer
      had markedly greater serum CA 125 levels compared to patients with benign
      disease. CA 125 levels in peritoneal fluid were usually higher than serum levels.
      Twenty-six (93%) of 28 patients with ovarian cancer had peritoneal fluid levels
      which exceeded serum levels in paired samples. peritoneal fluid CA 125 values
      greater than 200 U/ml identified ovarian cancer patients with 96% sensitivity and
      99% specificity. Serum CA 125 values greater than 35 U/ml identified ovarian
      cancer patients bearing ascites with a sensitivity of 99% and specificity of 94%.
      Only 2 of 165 patients with benign gynecological conditions had peritoneal fluid
      values above 200 U/ml. By contrast, only two values below 200 U/ml were found in
      ascitic fluids from 35 patients with ovarian cancer. CA 125 levels in peritoneal
      fluid deserve further evaluation for follow-up of patients with ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2404836
TI  - Uterine thickness determination using real-time ultrasonography: a guide for
      intracavitary brachytherapy in the treatment of endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - Two patients with medically inoperable stage I endometrial carcinoma were treated
      with intracavitary implants alone using Simon capsules, tandems, and ovoids. In
      both cases, uterine thickness was measured during the implant procedure by
      realtime ultrasonography. Tumor doses in both patients were then calculated to
      the midmyometrium and to the serosal surface of the uterus. These estimates,
      rather than the usual milligram-hours or points A and B, were used to make
      treatment decisions.

PMID- 2404837
TI  - Treatment of relapsed carcinoma of the ovary with cisplatin or carboplatin
      following initial treatment with these compounds.
AB  - Fifty-four patients with ovarian cancer who achieved a complete or partial
      remission with cisplatin or carboplatin were rechallenged with the same drug or
      crossed over to the other platinum compound at relapse. Fifteen of 43 (35%)
      crossover patients and 1/11 (9%) rechallenged patients responded; the difference
      was not significant and there was no difference in survival between the two
      groups. Responders survived significantly longer than nonresponders (P = 0.001)
      but there was no survival difference between those who responded to a rechallenge
      and those who responded to crossing over to the other platinum compound. The
      progression-free interval between the end of initial treatment and relapse was a
      significant prognostic factor for response to treatment and survival; 17% (6/35)
      of patients who relapsed before 18 months responded as compared to 53% (10/19)
      who relapsed after 18 months (P = 0.006) and median survival was 221 and 486
      days, respectively, for these two groups (P = 0.026).

PMID- 2404838
TI  - Placebo-controlled study on the efficacy of the pyrimido-pyrimidine derivative RA
      233 in ovarian cancer.
AB  - This prospective double-blind, multicenter study was aimed at evaluating the
      clinical efficacy of RA 233 (a derivative of dipyridamole) in ovarian cancer.
      Following primary surgery, 497 patients with ovarian cancer were treated with
      combination cytotoxic chemotherapy; those in clinical stage II were also treated
      with pelvic irradiation. The patients were randomly allocated to receive RA 233
      (N = 251) or placebo (N = 246) for 2 years. The groups did not significantly
      differ from each other in any of the clinical, therapeutic, or histopathological
      variables evaluated. There were no significant differences between RA 233-treated
      patients and placebo-treated patients with respect to appearance of new
      metastases, progressive growth of malignancy, or survival of all patients, in any
      of the clinical stages of the disease, in radically operated patients or in
      nonradically operated patients, in different histopathological groups, or in
      different age groups. Hence, supplementation of carcinoma therapy with long-term
      administration of the antiplatelet drug RA 233 has no clinical benefit in this
      malignancy. Using Cox's multifactorial stepwise analysis, this study revealed
      that the clinical stage of the disease, the extent of surgery, and the
      histopathology of the tumor, but not the age of the patient or the use of RA 233,
      were significant and independent predictors of survival. With respect to the
      histopathology, the poor prognosis of serous and mesonephric carcinomas appeared
      to be independent of the other prognosis indicators.

PMID- 2404839
TI  - Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia.
AB  - This study comprised the largest number (76) of cases of vaginal intraepithelial
      neoplasia (VaIN) so far reported. Women diagnosed with VaIN were older (mean age
      50.2 years) than those diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).
      Many of the women had previously undergone (71.2%). In the majority of cases, the
      diagnosis was made after cytologic testing. In 92.4% of the cases, the lesions
      affected the upper third of the vagina. Grades of VaIN were distributed as
      follows: grade 1 52.6%, grade 2 191.%, grade 3 28.9%, with a 15-year interval
      between VaIN 1 and 2 as a group and VaIN 3 as another group. The cases of VaIN
      were divided into five groups: VaIN de novo; VaIN + CIN; VaIN postradiotherapy;
      VaIN + CIN + VIN; and incidental finding of VaIN on the surgical specimen. The
      therapeutic modalities were heterogeneous; CO2 laser therapy was used most
      frequently (54.2%). Failures are attributed mainly to the multifocal character of
      the lesions (particularly with human papilloma virus infection) or their
      localization in the vaginal angles. Overall, the number of cases, the duration of
      follow-up (39.2 months), and the unsatisfactory results with CO2 laser therapy
      have led us to propose a therapeutic decision tree where in which 5-fluorouracil
      plays a major role, CO2 laser and surgical therapeutic modalities having limited
      and precise indications.

PMID- 2404840
TI  - Carcinoma of the cervix with extensive endometrial and myometrial involvement.
AB  - Verrucous carcinoma is a rare variant of epidermoid carcinoma with distinct
      clinical and histopathologic features. To date, 31 cases have been reported in
      the cervix. They are typically slow-growing, locally invasive tumors with low
      potential for lymphatic metastasis and appear to be radioresistant. We report a
      case which is unusual in having endometrial and deep myometrial invasion.
      Electron microscopy, immunohistochemical stains, and DNA in situ hybridization
      studies failed to detect human papilloma virus particles but the oncogenic
      potential of the virus is not excluded.

PMID- 2404841
TI  - Treatment of low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: assessment of doxorubicin in a
      controlled trial.
AB  - From 1981 to 1984 a randomized clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the role
      of doxorubicin in low grade malignancy non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). One hundred
      and thirteen patients were treated by an induction regimen including
      cyclophosphamide 400 mg/m2 day 1 and 8, vincristine 1.4 mg/m2 day 1 and 8,
      procarbazine 80 mg/m2 day 1 to 14, prednisone 60 mg/m2 day 1 to 5 (PCOP regimen)
      randomly associated to doxorubicin: 20 mg/m2 day 1 and 8 (PACOP regimen).
      Maintenance therapy consisted of 12 monthly courses of chlorambucil 10 mg/m2 for
      5 days or association of cyclophosphamide 300 mg/m2 for 3 days, vincristine 1.4
      mg/m2 day 1 and prednisone 60 mg/m2 for 5 days. Complete response (CR) was
      obtained in 51 patients (45 per cent), in 30 patients after induction regimen and
      in 21 patients after maintenance therapy, without difference according to
      regimens. Bone marrow involvement (p = 0.02) and number of involved nodal sites
      (p = 0.001) were found to influence probability of achieving CR. The median time
      to progression was estimated to 39 months without difference between regimens.
      Median overall survival is not reached with a median follow-up of 53 months.
      Multivariate regression analysis permits observation of negative influence on
      survival of three parameters: initial bone marrow involvement, age over 50 years
      and incomplete response to treatment. The initial adjunction of doxorubicin did
      not seem to influence the appearance of histologic progression.

PMID- 2404842
TI  - Immunophenotype of blast cells in acute myeloid leukemia may be a useful
      predictive factor for outcome.
AB  - The immunophenotype of peripheral blood blast cells was tested in 92 patients
      with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), who were diagnosed and treated at single
      centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, from 1978-1987 with a standard adriamycin,
      cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine regimen. Immunological analysis involved
      standard fluorescence flow cytometry and utilized 31 monoclonal antibodies to
      known myeloid antigens (of CD groups 11b, 11c, 13, 14, 15, 16, w17, 31, w32, 33,
      34, 35 and 36), a number of relatively less well studied antibodies with
      potential specificity for AML, and a series of control antibodies to T and B
      lymphocytes, platelets, erythrocytes and of widespread distribution (CD45,
      leucocyte common; HLA-DR). The results highlighted a number of antibodies with
      wide myeloid reactivity, in addition to CD13 and 33 (present in 66 per cent and
      76 per cent of cases, respectively), which may be of immunodiagnostic use. A
      number of correlations between AML cell immunophenotype and FAB morphology
      subtype were found; in particular five antibodies (CD11c, 10.1, Tu3, CD15 and
      CD16), of both predominant granulocytic and monocytic reactivity, reacted with
      cells of AML-M5 subtype (p less than 0.05). There was no significant correlation
      between immunophenotype and clinical and pathological features at presentation.
      Correlation with clinical outcome was not a prominent feature, in contrast to
      some reports based on multicentre data. However, of particular note was the
      strong association between early death (at less than 2 months) and the
      coexpression of Leucocyte Function Associated (LFA) antigens, CD11b and 11c, on
      patient's blast cells (p = 0.003). The relationship was independent of clinical
      features and persisted even if AML-M5 cases were excluded. The significance of
      this latter finding is unclear, but may be related to the known role of CD11b and
      11c LFA antigens in the cellular response to infection.

PMID- 2404843
TI  - The myelotoxicity of carboplatin is influenced by the time of its administration.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that there are circadian rhythms in
      susceptibility to a range of commonly used cytotoxic drugs. In this study we have
      compared the pharmacokinetics and myelotoxicity of carboplatin administered at
      18.00 and 06.00 in random order in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma.
      Carboplatin treatment at 06.00 is associated with significantly greater
      thrombocytopenia than at 18.00 (platelet nadir 95,000 versus 180,000, p less than
      0.05). There was no pharmacokinetic difference in the patients' handling of
      ultrafilterable platinum therefore it is possible that there is an intrinsic
      rhythm of susceptibility of bone marrow to carboplatin.

PMID- 2404844
TI  - Oncology: who's managing outpatient programs?
AB  - This issue's cover story asks the question "Who's managing outpatient cancer
      services?" Data from the American Hospital Association indicate that in many
      hospitals no one is. In fact, the AHA's survey shows that 90 percent of polled
      hospitals had no central outpatient cancer program product line manager, and only
      27 percent of the outpatient cancer programs had full-time administrators. But
      this situation is bound to change. As this cover story details, outpatient
      oncology is becoming a priority program for many hospitals, at the same time that
      inadequate inpatient reimbursement, patient preference, and new therapies and
      technologies are quickly shifting the bulk of cancer patients to the outpatient
      setting. Moreover, significant changes in outpatient payment policies are in the
      offing.

PMID- 2404845
TI  - Information is a strategic weapon, expert says.

PMID- 2404846
TI  - Union leader campaigns for a national health plan.

PMID- 2404847
TI  - HHS seeks to up managed care for Medicaid.

PMID- 2404848
TI  - Hospitals anticipate pitfalls of physician payment reform.
AB  - How will physician payment reform affect hospitals? The speculation on the law's
      effects is just beginning in earnest. But a number of health care experts predict
      that the physician payment reform law does not bode well for hospitals. In fact,
      some hospitals are already receiving requests from physicians to renegotiate
      contracts to make up for expected shortfalls in income, and others are examining
      revenue streams to determine the impact of the switch from high-tech and surgical
      procedures to more primary care-oriented procedures.

PMID- 2404849
TI  - A-1 ... renovation: planning for the future.

PMID- 2404850
TI  - Managed care expert creates new efficiencies for hospitals.

PMID- 2404851
TI  - Exec helps staff cope with trauma crisis.

PMID- 2404853
TI  - A normal male with an inherited deletion of one exon within the DMD gene.
AB  - We describe two brothers with identical inherited deletions of one single exon
      within the middle of the DMD gene; one brother has Becker muscular dystrophy
      diagnosed at 11 years of age, whereas the older brother is normal at 18. These
      results have implications for genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis in
      families with Becker muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2404852
TI  - The genetics of primary torsion dystonia.
AB  - Primary torsion dystonia is an idiopathic movement disorder presumably caused by
      abnormal function of the basal ganglia. The disorder may be inherited either as
      an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked recessive trait. At least
      six forms of autosomal dominant torsion dystonia can be distinguished clinically.
      Linkage analysis in one form of autosomal dominant torsion dystonia permits the
      assignment of a "torsion dystonia locus" to the long arm of chromosome 9.

PMID- 2404854
TI  - The renin-angiotensin system during acute myocardial ischemia in dogs.
AB  - We used the technique of high-performance liquid chromatography combined with
      radioimmunoassay to establish the profile of angiotensin peptides in the
      periphery and across the circulation of the dog's heart. Data were obtained
      before and after blockade of angiotensin converting enzyme, and after acute
      myocardial ischemia produced by occlusion of the left anterior descending
      coronary artery. Baseline values of plasma renin activity and immunoreactive
      angiotensin II were higher in the aortic root than in the coronary sinus but
      concentrations of angiotensin I and angiotensin-(1-7) were similar. In untreated
      animals, coronary occlusion produced significant increases in renin activity and
      arterial and venous levels of angiotensin I and angiotensin II. Inhibition of
      converting enzyme with benazeprilat (CGS-14,831) increased baseline circulating
      levels of angiotensin I, whereas angiotensin II and its carboxyl terminal
      fragments were reduced markedly. Baseline plasma levels of angiotensin-(1-7) and
      its fragments did not change. Myocardial ischemia in benazeprilat-treated dogs
      increased plasma renin activity and circulating levels of angiotensin I.
      Concentrations of angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7) did not change either in
      peripheral blood or across the coronary circulation. These results indicate that
      angiotensin peptides can be formed endogenously by enzymatic pathways alternate
      to converting enzyme. Furthermore, these data provide the basis for a further
      understanding of the role of the renin-angiotensin system after myocardial
      ischemia.

PMID- 2404856
TI  - Mechanisms of hypertension in renal radiation.
AB  - This study was undertaken to investigate the role played by renal functional and
      structural changes in the development of radiation-induced hypertension. Four
      groups of rats were studied: 1) left kidney radiated, 2) sham procedure, 3)
      uninephrectomy followed 3 weeks later by radiation of the contralateral kidney,
      and 4) uninephrectomy followed by sham procedure 3 weeks later. All radiated rats
      became hypertensive at 12 weeks (p less than 0.05) and had higher protein
      excretion (p less than 0.05). In the presence of an intact contralateral kidney,
      radiation causes mild-to-moderate histological abnormalities, and therefore,
      creatinine clearance and water and sodium handling do not change. Plasma renin
      activity increased in this group (p less than 0.05). Radiated uninephrectomized
      rats showed decreased creatinine clearance (p less than 0.05), but renin activity
      remained unchanged. These rats developed severe histological abnormalities in
      glomeruli, interstitia, tubuli, and vessels resulting in increased sodium and
      water output. The average of individual tubular and interstitial scores
      correlated significantly with both water intake and output but not with sodium
      excretion. These studies suggest that in the presence of an intact kidney, renin
      is an important determinant in the development or maintenance of radiation
      hypertension, whereas in the absence of the contralateral kidney, severe
      histological changes and renal failure are prominent despite increased water
      intake and output. The more severe glomerular sclerosis and proteinuria in the
      latter model could be related to diminished renal mass.

PMID- 2404855
TI  - Pathways of angiotensin formation and function in the brain.
AB  - New findings from this laboratory suggest that fragments of angiotensin derived
      from the amino (N-)terminus are biologically active end products of the renin
      angiotensin system. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that the
      heptapeptide angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is a major endogenous product of the
      renin-angiotensin system cascade in the brains of rats and dogs. Additional
      studies with enzyme inhibitors showed that Ang-(1-7) is produced directly from
      angiotensin I by an enzyme other than the angiotensin converting enzyme.
      Immunocytochemical fibers within the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal
      vasopressinergic system of the rat. Although Ang-(1-7) is as potent as
      angiotensin II (Ang II) in stimulating release of vasopressin from superperfused
      hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal explants, the heptapeptide has no dipsogenic or
      vasoconstrictor activity. In contrast, Ang-(1-7) mimics the effects of Ang II in
      augmenting the intrinsic discharge rate of neurons within the vagal-solitary
      complex and in causing monophasic depressor responses after microinjection into
      the medial region of the nucleus tractus solitarii. The evidence obtained in
      these experiments suggests novel mechanisms for the generation of angiotensin
      peptides in the brain. Additionally, the findings suggest that some of the
      biological actions ascribed to Ang II might be conveyed by the endogenous
      production of other angiotensin peptides that are generated by enzymatic pathways
      alternate to those described in the peripheral circulation.

PMID- 2404857
TI  - Lenticular rubidium uptake and plasma renin activity in weanling cataract-prone
      salt-sensitive rats.
AB  - Our earlier studies of cataracts in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats suggested the
      possibility of altered lens ion transport as a contributing factor in
      cataractogenesis in this genetic model. We also observed that those weanling DS
      rats with the greatest pressor response to a high salt diet eventually developed
      cataracts, and that changes in salt intake modified cataract formation. In the
      present studies, we measured lens 86Rb uptake as an index of sodium-potassium
      adenosine triphosphatase [(Na+,K+)-ATPase] activity in weanling DS rats before
      the development of cataracts or sustained hypertension. Additionally, plasma
      renin activity was measured to indirectly assess our hypothesis that the
      difference between cataract-prone DS rats and DS rats unlikely to develop
      cataracts might be a difference in degree of salt sensitivity. At the age of 4
      weeks, 50 DS and 25 salt-resistant (DR) rats were given a high sodium diet for 2
      weeks, at which time the rats were divided into three groups based on the
      systolic blood pressure response, that is, cataract-prone DS rats with systolic
      blood pressure equal to or greater than 155 mm Hg, DS rats unlikely to develop
      cataracts with systolic blood pressure less than or equal to 125 mm Hg, and DR
      rats. Lens and aqueous humor Na+ and K+, lens dry weight, and water content were
      not significantly different among the three groups of weanling rats. Plasma renin
      activity was lowest in cataract-prone DS rats and low in DS rats unlikely to
      develop cataracts when compared with values in DR rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2404858
TI  - Stimulation of renin release by intrarenal calcium infusion.
AB  - The effects of intrarenal infusions of calcium gluconate (10 and 100 micrograms
      Ca/kg/min) on renin secretion were studied in anesthetized mongrel dogs. In one
      group, the two doses of calcium were infused for 30 minutes each (1 ml/min). In a
      second group, the same doses were administered 30 minutes after the start of
      infusion of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors (indomethacin 10 micrograms/kg/min
      intrarenal or injection of meclofenamate 5 mg/kg i.v. bolus). Mean arterial
      pressure, renal blood flow, and glomerular filtration rate remained unchanged
      during the infusion of calcium in both groups. The infusion of 10 micrograms
      Ca/kg/min increased renin secretion 77% and sodium excretion 123%. During the
      infusion of 100 micrograms Ca/kg/min, renin secretion was not different from
      precalcium values, whereas urinary 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, urine flow, sodium,
      potassium, and calcium excretion rates were increased (p less than 0.05). During
      the administration of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, the urinary 6-keto-PGF1
      alpha levels were reduced, and the infusion of 10 micrograms Ca/kg/min failed to
      increase renin secretion, sodium excretion, or 6-keto-PGF1 alpha excretion rates.
      The infusion of 100 micrograms Ca/kg/min during prostaglandin synthesis
      inhibition did not modify urine flow or sodium excretion; however, potassium and
      calcium excretions increased. It is concluded that 1) the intrarenal infusion of
      small doses of calcium gluconate is capable of stimulating renin secretion
      through a prostaglandin-mediated mechanism, and 2) the stimulation of renin
      secretion as well as the increase in sodium excretion induced by calcium are
      independent of hemodynamic alterations.

PMID- 2404859
TI  - Development of renovascular hypertension after central serotonin depletion.
AB  - The participation of the central serotonergic system in the development of two
      kidney, two clip (2K2C) Goldblatt renovascular hypertension in the rat has been
      examined. Half of the rats were treated with desmethylimipramine
      intraperitoneally and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine intracisternally; the other half
      received only desmethylimipramine and the 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine vehicle. Two
      days later, a silver clip was placed in both renal arteries in half of the rats
      of each group. A sham operation was performed in the remaining rats. Blood
      pressure was recorded during the 5 weeks after treatment. At the end of the
      experiment, blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained. The brain was
      dissected into several areas and kept frozen. Norepinephrine, serotonin,
      angiotensinogen, and renin-like concentration were evaluated in the brain areas.
      Plasma renin activity and angiotensinogen concentration in the plasma and
      cerebrospinal fluid were estimated. In the sham-operated groups, blood pressure
      was lower in the treated than in the control rats. The curve of blood pressure
      increase, as well as the final blood pressure, was similar in the treated and
      control 2K2C rats. Serotonin was significantly depleted by the 5,7
      dihydroxytryptamine treatment in all brain areas. Treatment did not induce any
      changes in central norepinephrine concentration. Plasma renin activity was
      diminished in the treated sham-operated rats. These data indicate that the
      central serotonin depletion does not prevent the development of hypertension and
      confirm the role of the amine in normal blood pressure regulation. On the other
      hand, the peripheral renin-angiotensin system might participate in the
      development of high blood pressure in serotonin-depleted animals.

PMID- 2404860
TI  - Epidemiology of blood pressure and predictors of hypertension.
AB  - Hypertension is a clinical disease with a prevalence sufficiently high in
      acculturated societies to warrant it being designated a serious public health
      problem. In population studies, blood pressure has been found to be a
      continuously distributed risk variable with mortality directly related to the
      level of blood pressure. Thus, hypertension is both a disease and a risk factor.
      Classic genetic studies suggest that the predisposition for the development of
      hypertension is an inherited trait that becomes manifest when coupled with one or
      more environmental insults. Risk factors for hypertension include age, weight,
      sedentary lifestyle, excessive dietary sodium intake, and excessive alcohol
      intake. Current and future research is being directed toward the identification
      of predictors of hypertension that can be conceptualized according to
      demographic, clinical, genetic, challenge-response, and laboratory predictors.
      The intent is to identify subjects with a high probability for the development of
      hypertension in advance of the rise in blood pressure so that appropriate
      interventions can be implemented as early as possible.

PMID- 2404861
TI  - Hypertension research. The next five years.
AB  - Hypertension is both a disease and a risk factor. Long-term research objectives
      are to understand blood pressure homeostasis and the pathogeneses of the various
      forms of hypertension. Short-term research objectives center around enhancing
      methods for detection, evaluation, treatment, and control of high blood pressure
      because, even in the absence of precise knowledge of the etiology of
      hypertension, its control results in substantial reductions in morbidity and
      mortality. Therefore, a multifaceted national research strategy has been
      developed that includes basic science, applied research, clinical research,
      clinical trials, and demonstration and education research approaches.
      Complementing this research strategy is a congressionally mandated program to
      facilitate the application of the products of research to the clinical care
      setting by promoting educational activities aimed at health care providers,
      patients, and consumers.

PMID- 2404862
TI  - Hypotensive effect of captopril. Role of bradykinin and prostaglandinlike
      substances.
AB  - Captopril (0.15-10 mg/kg) administration in the anesthetized dog causes immediate
      hypotension concomitant with an increase in tonus of the assay tissue (cat
      terminal ileum) superfused with circulating blood (Vane's cascade method). The
      increase in cat terminal ileum tonus was antagonized by a bradykinin receptor
      antagonist, L-349b. Treatment of the animals with indomethacin blocked or
      reversed the hypotensive effect of captopril without affecting the increase in
      tonus of the cat terminal ileum. Captopril potentiated the hypotension induced by
      bradykinin injected intra-arterially, and indomethacin reduced the hypotensive
      effect of intra-arterially injected bradykinin. Addition of captopril or
      enalapril to the superfusing blood maintained at 37 degrees C in an
      extracorporeal circuit caused a long-lasting increase in the tonus of the cat
      terminal ileum. The present results support the hypothesis that immediate
      hypotension induced by captopril involves a prostaglandin-dependent component
      possibly resulting from increased bradykinin levels generated in the vicinity of
      captopril action.

PMID- 2404863
TI  - Antihypertensive drugs distinctly modulate the rapid resetting of the
      baroreceptors.
AB  - We investigated the distinct ability of various antihypertensive drugs to
      modulate the extent (%) of rapid (15 minutes) resetting of the baroreceptors of
      normotensive rats to hypotensive levels. In one protocol, hemorrhage produced a
      complete resetting to hypotension in rats chronically treated (6 days) with
      captopril. Also, hemorrhage produced only partial resetting in rats acutely
      treated (10-15 minutes before baroreceptor recording) with captopril and in
      control (untreated) rats (73 +/- 7% and 49 +/- 5%, respectively). In another
      protocol, all vasodilators produced hypotension in normotensive rats. Nifedipine
      produced complete (93 +/- 4%) resetting to hypotension, whereas prazosin produced
      near-maximal (83 +/- 3%) resetting. The remaining drugs studied
      (phenoxybenzamine, trimethaphan, and MgSO4) induced a partial resetting (63 +/-
      7%, 63 +/- 9%, and 50 +/- 5%, respectively) that did not differ significantly
      from the extent observed with hemorrhage in control (untreated) rats. These
      results demonstrate that different antihypertensive drugs distinctly modulate
      rapid baroreceptor resetting to hypotensive levels and that nifedipine and long
      term treatment with captopril associated with hemorrhage modulate rapid resetting
      to hypotension in a more efficient manner.

PMID- 2404864
TI  - Comparison of the effect of endothelin on microvessels and macrovessels in
      Goldblatt II and deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats.
AB  - The response to endothelin, a novel 21-amino acid peptide, is investigated in
      isolated aortas with and without endothelium and in mesenteric microvessels in
      vivo-in situ, in Goldblatt II (GII) and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt
      hypertensive rats. Median effective concentrations and maximal responses to
      endothelin did not differ in aortas with endothelium isolated from GII, DOCA-salt
      hypertensive, and control rats. After removal of the endothelium, the
      potentiation of the aorta responses to endothelin was of the same magnitude in
      hypertensive and control rats. A closed-circuit television system was used to
      observe the microvascular bed of the exteriorized mesentery of anesthetized GII,
      DOCA-salt hypertensive, and control rats. The time necessary to induce a
      vasoconstrictor response was determined after the topical application of
      endothelin. Vessel diameters at rest and after endothelin application were also
      estimated. At the microcirculatory level, a greater reactivity to endothelin was
      observed in both hypertensive rat groups, whereas higher sensitivity to
      endothelin was recorded in the GII hypertensive microvessel preparations alone.
      It is suggested that the increased response to endothelin observed in
      hypertensive rats might be due to abnormal sensitivity or reactivity of the
      microvessels of these rats reflecting an alteration of the contractile sequence
      possibly at the plasma membrane level, or due to both. Endothelial dysfunction at
      the microcirculatory level, however, cannot be dismissed.

PMID- 2404865
TI  - Effects of gastrointestinal candidiasis, antibiotics, dietary arabinitol, and
      cortisone acetate on levels of the Candida metabolite D-arabinitol in rat serum
      and urine.
AB  - We studied the effects of gastrointestinal (GI) colonization by Candida albicans,
      dietary arabinitol, intragastric antibiotics, and cortisone on levels of the
      Candida metabolite D-arabinitol in rat serum and urine. Rats given conventional
      laboratory chow, intragastric gentamicin and chloramphenicol, and 6.0 x 10(8)
      live C. albicans B311 blastoconidia by gavage had minimal invasive GI disease and
      no more DL-arabinitol in the urine than controls given killed C. albicans.
      However, colonized and uncolonized rats given intragastric antibiotics had
      transiently higher urine arabinitol levels than the corresponding controls given
      saline. Rats given conventional laboratory chow (which contained 50 micrograms of
      arabinitol per g) had higher serum and urine arabinitol levels than rats given no
      dietary arabinitol, but the differences were less than expected. Moreover,
      intragastric antibiotics did not cause increased arabinitol excretion in rats
      given no dietary arabinitol. Rats given intragastric antibiotics and live C.
      albicans but no dietary arabinitol had no more arabinitol in their serum or urine
      than controls given antibiotics and killed C. albicans or saline and live or
      killed C. albicans. Lastly, cortisone acetate (10 mg/kg of body weight per day
      intramuscularly for 10 days) did not cause increased serum or urine arabinitol
      levels. We conclude that neither GI colonization by C. albicans nor cortisone
      should interfere with the usefulness of arabinitol as a marker for invasive
      candidiasis; antibiotics appear to increase arabinitol excretion by suppressing
      GI bacteria capable of consuming dietary arabinitol.

PMID- 2404866
TI  - Colloidal gold immunolabeling of immunoglobulin-binding sites and beta antigen in
      group B streptococci.
AB  - We have characterized the immunoglobulin A (IgA)-Fc-binding properties and beta
      antigen expression of several strains of group B streptococci by using
      ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. Colloidal gold-labeled tracers were used
      with intact and sectioned bacteria in order to gain information regarding the
      location and distribution of cell surface and cytoplasmic IgA-Fc-binding
      molecules and beta antigen. Colloidal gold (5- or 15-nm particles) was conjugated
      to IgA to characterize IgA-binding properties and to IgG to test for IgG binding.
      Rabbit anti-beta antiserum was reacted with the bacteria and then with protein G
      labeled with 15-nm colloidal gold particles. A double-labeling technique was used
      for simultaneous localization of IgA-Fc- and anti-beta-antibody-binding
      properties on sectioned bacteria. The data corroborated previous results which
      indicated that (i) IgA-Fc-binding and IgA-Fc-nonbinding forms of beta antigen can
      be secreted by strains which do not express beta antigen on the cell surfaces
      (HG806, VC75); (ii) differences in levels of expression of beta antigen and/or
      IgA-Fc-binding proteins can be detected among various group B isolates; (iii)
      group B streptococci do not express human IgG-Fc-binding proteins; and (iv) not
      all forms of beta antigen are capable of binding human IgA.

PMID- 2404867
TI  - Cellular location of a Treponema denticola chymotrypsinlike protease and
      importance of the protease in migration through the basement membrane.
AB  - A number of immunological methods were used to localize a cell-associated
      Treponema denticola chymotrypsinlike protease. Indirect immunofluorescence
      staining, immunogold labeling, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay all
      indicated that the protease was attached to the outside of the cell envelope. The
      invasive capability of T. denticola was evaluated by following the degradation of
      a reconstituted basement membrane material (Matrigel) and the release of
      spirochetes from the gel. Under conditions where the chymotrypsinlike activity
      was increased, more spirochetes migrated from the gel. Protease inhibitors
      strongly reduced the number of cells that moved out of the gel. The purified
      chymotrypsinlike protease degraded the basement membrane components type IV
      collagen, laminin, and fibronectin. The study suggests that the T. denticola
      chymotrypsinlike protease may play an important role in the invasion and
      destruction of basement membrane.

PMID- 2404868
TI  - Caveats in the investigation of form-specific molecules of Candida albicans.
AB  - Numerous reports purporting the existence of form-specific antigens of Candida
      albicans have been published, but it is generally unclear whether antigenic
      variability is an acceptable alternative interpretation. In this study, we used
      indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy to determine the
      distribution and form specificities of two antigens during yeast and hyphal
      growth in several defined and complex media. The results confirmed that antigen
      expression varies with length of incubation, nutrition, and serotype and indicate
      that the form specificities of antigens may be misinterpreted when conclusions
      are based exclusively on indirect immunofluorescence and extraction procedures.
      We therefore suggest that investigations be designed to include serotype A and B
      isolates grown in both complex and chemically defined media and that
      agglutination, immunofluorescence, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays on whole
      cells or cell extracts be used as presumptive tests. Confirmation of form
      specific antigens should be done by appropriate immunoelectron microscopic
      evaluation.

PMID- 2404869
TI  - The 34-kilodalton membrane immunogen of Treponema pallidum is a lipoprotein.
AB  - Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum and Escherichia coli incorporated exogenous
      [3H]palmitate into the 34-kilodalton (kDa) pathogen-specific antigen of T.
      pallidum. Radiolabeled fatty acid remained associated with the protein upon
      immunoprecipitation and after boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate, acetone
      precipitation, and extensive extractions in organic solvents, suggesting that the
      fatty acid was covalently bound to the protein. Detection of [3H]palmitate after
      alkaline and acid hydrolyses confirmed the identity of the incorporated label.
      Globomycin inhibited maturation of the recombinant 34-kDa antigen, suggesting
      that E. coli uses the lipoprotein-specific signal peptidase II to process the
      treponemal antigen. Globomycin also inhibited processing of the 34-kDa antigen,
      as well as the 44.5- and 15-kDa antigens, in T. pallidum, implying that T.
      pallidum also possesses the lipoprotein export pathway common to both gram
      negative and gram-positive bacteria. Ethanol inhibited processing of the 34-kDa
      antigen in minicells, suggesting that the 34-kDa antigen normally is translocated
      through the cytoplasmic membrane. Comparison of the Triton X-114 phase
      partitioning behavior of the 34-kDa antigen produced either by minicells or by a
      cell-free translation system indicated that the covalent attachment of fatty acid
      conferred hydrophobic biochemical properties to the 34-kDa antigen, consistent
      with the hypothesis that the attached lipid anchors the 34-kDa antigen into the
      membrane.

PMID- 2404870
TI  - Protection of mice against the lethal toxicity of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by
      immunization with anti-idiotype antibody to a monoclonal antibody to lipid A from
      Eikenella corrodens LPS.
AB  - We produced anti-idiotype antibodies to antibody to lipid A from Eikenella
      corrodens. The ALA-1 monoclonal antibody (immunoglobulin M [IgM] isotype), which
      had already been produced in our laboratory (T. Kato, I. Takazoe, and K. Okuda,
      Infect. Immun. 57:656-659, 1989), had reacted strongly with lipid A from E.
      corrodens, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella minnesota. Four anti-idiotype
      monoclonal antibodies to ALA-1 (Ab1), designated A2LA-1 (IgG1 isotype), A2LA-2
      (IgG2a isotype), A2LA-3 (IgG2a isotype), and A2LA-4 (IgG3 isotype), which
      recognized the idiotype Ab1, were produced. A2LA-1, A2LA-2, and A2LA-3 were
      capable of over 61% inhibition of ALA-1 reactivity to E. coli J5 lipid A in an
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. The sera of mice and rabbits immunized
      with the anti-idiotype antibodies revealed that the internal image anti-idiotype
      antibody induced the production of IgG antibodies that cross-reacted with or
      bound to lipid A. These studies indicate that A2LA-1 and A2LA-2 contained an
      antigenic epitope that mimicked lipid A. Immunization of mice with A2LA-1
      resulted in prevention of lethal toxicity from E. coli J5 lipopolysaccharide.

PMID- 2404871
TI  - Characterization of anti-core glycolipid monoclonal antibodies with chemically
      defined lipopolysaccharides.
AB  - Five anti-core glycolipid monoclonal antibodies (MAb) (four against Escherichia
      coli J5 lipopolysaccharide [LPS] and one against the Re core glycolipid of
      Salmonella typhimurium) were characterized using LPS from several rough and
      smooth strains and derivatives of E. coli J5 LPS, obtained by N acetylation and
      hydrolysis. The MAb against E. coli J5 were not only weakly cross-reactive with
      clinical isolates, whereas the anti-Re MAb was highly cross-reactive. The MAb
      differed in their reaction pattern with E. coli J5 LPS. MAb 4-7B5 (immunoglobulin
      M) and MAb 4-6A1 (immunoglobulin G1) cross-reacted with LPS of Salmonella
      minnesota R5 and S. typhimurium Ra and Rc and little with Re and lipid A. The
      dominant binding site of these MAb was located in the glucose-heptose-heptose
      region and was independent of phosphate substitution. The MAb 4-9A1 reacted with
      the terminal part of the core region (glucose-heptose) and was dependent on
      phosphate substitution of the LPS. The MAb BA7 (immunoglobulin G3) was E. coli J5
      LPS specific and reacted with the glucosaminyl-heptose disaccharide. Antibody 8
      2C1 was directed against the common parts of LPS, 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic
      acid, and lipid A, which are not (or only weakly) recognized by the four anti-J5
      LPS MAb. Thus, MAb that are not cross-reactive can be directed against at least
      three different antigenic determinants present on the core oligosaccharide of E.
      coli J5 LPS.

PMID- 2404872
TI  - Invasion and replication of Salmonella typhimurium in animal cells.
AB  - A total of 81 avirulent Tn10 insertion mutants of Salmonella typhimurium have
      previously been described. These mutants were selected for the inability to
      survive in murine macrophages. We have characterized the abilities of the most
      avirulent of these mutants to adhere to, invade, and replicate in both
      macrophages and nonphagocytic epithelial cells. The results suggest that most
      mutants contain a defect that is specific to survival within professional
      phagocytes. These mutants invaded and replicated normally within nonphagocytic
      human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) but did not survive in the macrophage
      cell line J774. One mutant invaded both macrophages and epithelial cells much
      less efficiently than the parental strain. The defect associated with this mutant
      appears to be a result of decreased adherence to animal cells.

PMID- 2404873
TI  - Induction of antigen-specific immunity and tolerance to Mycobacterium leprae in
      Lewis rats.
AB  - Intradermal (i.d.) immunization of Lewis rats with autoclaved Mycobacterium
      leprae resulted in antigen-specific proliferation responses and interleukin-2
      release from spleen and lymph node cells that were detectable as early as 21
      days, persisted for at least 9 months, and were dependent on the dose of antigen
      administered. Immunized animals were also completely resistant to a footpad
      challenge with viable M. leprae. In contrast, intravenous (i.v.) administration
      of at least 10(8) irradiated M. leprae isolates induced a state of
      nonresponsiveness characterized by the absence of proliferation and interleukin-2
      release by antigen-stimulated lymphoid cell cultures; however, in vitro responses
      to mitogenic stimulation and in vivo responses to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and
      Listeria monocytogenes were normal. Animals that received an i.v. injection of M.
      leprae remained nonresponsive to M. leprae antigens even after a subsequent i.d.
      immunization. This state of nonresponsiveness persisted for at least 6 months
      after induction. Results of footpad challenge experiments showed that the ability
      of animals rendered nonresponsive by an i.v. injection of M. leprae to control
      the growth of viable M. leprae in the footpad was not different from that of
      untreated rats. In addition, animals receiving an initial i.v. injection and a
      subsequent i.d. immunization with M. leprae were not protected from a viable
      challenge, as were rats that received only i.d. immunization. These results
      suggest that i.v. administration of a large dose of M. leprae to rats induces a
      state of nonresponsiveness to M. leprae antigens that may be similar to that seen
      in lepromatous leprosy patients.

PMID- 2404874
TI  - Contribution of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities to Shigella flexneri
      pathogenesis.
AB  - A Shigella flexneri serotype 5 strain deficient in the production of the iron
      containing superoxide dismutase FeSOD (sodB) and a catalase-negative (katFG) S.
      flexneri serotype 5 strain were isolated. Both strains were examined for
      increased sensitivity to oxygen stress by using assays involving killing by mouse
      peritoneal macrophages and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes as well as
      infection of rabbit ileal loops. The sodB mutant was extremely sensitive to
      killing by phagocytes when compared with the wild-type parent, M90T. The catalase
      mutant also showed an increased sensitivity to killing, but to a much lesser
      extent. Upon infection of rabbit ileal loops and subsequent histopathological
      examination, the sodB mutant caused very little detectable damage to intestinal
      villi. The pattern of infection was roughly similar to that of BS176, an
      avirulent plasmidless derivative of M90T. The katFG mutant, on the other hand,
      showed a high degree of destruction, similar to that caused by M90T. This
      evidence suggests that the superoxide dismutase encoded by sodB may play an
      important role in the pathogenesis of S. flexneri. In contrast, catalases appear
      to make a limited contribution to virulence.

PMID- 2404875
TI  - Cloning and expression of the gene for the cross-reactive alpha antigen of
      Mycobacterium kansasii.
AB  - The gene for the extracellular alpha antigen of Mycobacterium kansasii was cloned
      by using the alpha-antigen gene fragments of M. bovis BCG as probes. Gene
      analysis revealed that this gene encodes 325 amino acid residues, including 40
      amino acids for the signal peptide, followed by 285 amino acids for the mature
      protein. A comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the genes isolated from
      these two mycobacterial species showed that the levels of DNA and amino acid
      homology were 84.8 and 89.1%, respectively. The hydropathy profiles were also
      compared, and two highly changed hydrophilic regions were observed, which might
      account for the antigenic diversity of this antigen or its acquirement of
      antigenic specificity.

PMID- 2404876
TI  - Use of monoclonal antibodies to human breast-tumor-associated antigens in the
      diagnosis of fine-needle aspirates of breast nodules: results of a multicenter
      study.
AB  - Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is being increasingly employed in
      conjunction with physical examination and mammography in the pre-surgical
      diagnosis of breast nodules. In the present study, we have submitted to
      multicenter validation an immunocytochemical test which employs monoclonal
      antibodies (MAbs) to breast-tumor-associated antigens (BTAA) for the diagnosis of
      breast cancer. The results of this analysis, which has evaluated 846 FNAs, show
      that the immunological test has a sensitivity of 88.62%, a specificity of 97.9%
      and an accuracy of 92.4%. The predictive value of a positive and a negative
      finding were 98.4% and 85.57% respectively. Comparison between the cytological
      and immunocytochemical diagnosis displayed a higher sensitivity, accuracy and
      predictive value of a negative result with the latter method (p less than 0.01).
      Our findings clearly indicate that immunocytochemical methods can complement and
      improve the diagnostic accuracy of FNA cytology of breast nodules.

PMID- 2404878
TI  - Lack of benefit from semi-annual screening for cancer of the lung: follow-up
      report of a randomized controlled trial on a population of high-risk males in
      Czechoslovakia.
AB  - Cigarette-smoking males (6,364), aged 40-64, were randomized into an intervention
      group which received 6-monthly screening by chest X-ray and sputum cytology, and
      a control group which received no asymptomatic investigation. After 3 years, both
      groups entered a follow-up period during which they received annual chest X-rays.
      Lung cancer cases detected by screening were identified at an earlier stage, more
      often resectable, and had a significantly better survival than "interval" cases
      diagnosed mainly because of symptoms. Comparison of the 2 groups showed a higher
      incidence of lung cancer in the intervention group, despite the follow-up period
      when both groups received annual examinations. There was no significant
      difference in mortality between the 2 groups.

PMID- 2404877
TI  - Oncofetal antigen in Xiphophorus detected by monoclonal antibodies directed
      against melanoma-associated antigens.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against Xiphophorus melanoma cells were
      developed and tested by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining
      for reactivity with a panel of 15 allogeneic tissues and 12 allogeneic cell
      lines. The reactivity of such MAbs was restricted to melanoma cells from tumor
      biopsies and melanoma-derived cell lines. In addition, all embryonic cells of all
      histiotypes from developmental stages later than mid-organogenesis and from
      corresponding short term in vitro cultures reacted with these MAbs. In contrast,
      normal tissues and organs from adult fish displayed no reactivity, thus implying
      that the melanoma-associated antigens detected by the MAbs described are
      oncofetal antigens.

PMID- 2404879
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a heterodimeric surface antigen on human
      melanoma cells and evidence that it is the 4F2 cell activation/proliferation
      molecule.
AB  - Murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) LS109 was one of a series of MAbs produced by
      hyperimmunization of mice with detergent extracts of pooled melanoma cell lines
      and metastatic melanoma patient tumors. ELISA screening of extracts of individual
      cultured melanoma cell lines and single patient tumors with MAb LS109 gave an
      interesting pattern of reactivity. The antibody was strongly positive with some
      of these extracts, yet negative or weakly positive with others. In addition,
      there was strong reactivity with a restricted set of normal necropsy tissues and
      certain non-melanoma tumor extracts. Taken together, our data suggest that MAb
      LS109 recognizes a normal differentiation antigen which is perhaps aberrantly
      expressed or over-produced during certain stages of melanoma tumor progression.
      The antigen recognized by LS109 is a heterodimeric surface glycoprotein molecule,
      consisting of an 89-kDa "heavy" chain linked by disulfide bonds to an 83-kDa
      "light" chain. Under non-reducing SDS-PAGE conditions, the intact dimer migrates
      with an Mr of approximately 140kDa. The 89-kDa component appears to be heavily N
      glycosylated whereas the 38-kDa component has little, if any, covalently attached
      carbohydrate. Our data show the biosynthesis, glycosylation and turnover of the
      LS109 antigen, as well as evidence of its surface localization. In addition,
      evidence is presented that the LS109 antigen is identical to the 4F2 cell
      activation/proliferation molecule previously described on a variety of normal and
      neoplastic cells.

PMID- 2404880
TI  - Insulin, Indian origin and ischaemic heart disease.

PMID- 2404881
TI  - Silent myocardial ischaemia: characteristics and management.

PMID- 2404882
TI  - Valvar stenosis: a comparison of clinical assessment, echocardiography, Doppler
      ultrasound and catheterisation.
AB  - The relative merits of noninvasive techniques in the assessment of valve stenosis
      were examined by comparing the results of clinical assessment by two independent
      clinicians, the cross-sectional echocardiogram and Doppler ultrasound using the
      results of cardiac catheterisation as reference in 58 patients with a total of 60
      stenotic valve lesions. Doppler ultrasound was the most reliable technique; it
      was correct in 57 (95%) of the 60 lesions. Clinical assessment and cross
      sectional echocardiography were correct in 48 (80%), and 46 (77%) of the 60
      lesions, respectively. In 7 instances 2 noninvasive assessments were wrong in the
      same patient but on no occasion were all 3 techniques misleading in the same
      patient. In 17 patients with severe mitral stenosis, clinical assessment Doppler
      ultrasound and cross-sectional echocardiography were correct in 14 (82%), 16
      (94%) and 17 (100%) patients, respectively, whilst in the 4 patients with
      moderate mitral stenosis the corresponding figures were 3 (75%), 4 (100%) and 2
      (50%). In mild mitral stenosis (3 patients), the clinical assessment was correct
      in 2 (67%) patients, Doppler ultrasound in 3 (100%) patients and cross-sectional
      echocardiography in 2 (67%) patients. In 22 patients with severe aortic stenosis,
      the clinical assessment and Doppler ultrasound were correct in every patient
      (100%), whilst the cross-sectional echocardiogram was correct in 18 (82%)
      patients. In 11 patients with moderate aortic stenosis, the clinical assessment
      was correct in only 5 (45%) patients, the cross-sectional echocardiogram in 5
      (45%) patients and Doppler assessment in 9 (82%) patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2404883
TI  - Cataract blindness in developing nations.

PMID- 2404884
TI  - Health problems in developing countries: an overview.

PMID- 2404885
TI  - Onchocerciasis: an overview.

PMID- 2404886
TI  - Trachoma: have we advanced in the last 20 years?

PMID- 2404887
TI  - Blindness from trauma in developing nations.

PMID- 2404888
TI  - Corneal ulceration.

PMID- 2404889
TI  - Corneal ulceration: have we advanced in the last 20 years?

PMID- 2404890
TI  - Ophthalmia neonatorum.

PMID- 2404891
TI  - Neonatal ophthalmia: have we advanced in the last 20 years?

PMID- 2404892
TI  - Hansen's disease.

PMID- 2404893
TI  - Hansen's disease: have we advanced in the last 20 years?

PMID- 2404894
TI  - Eye disease induced by traditional eye practices.

PMID- 2404895
TI  - Avoiding illness in the expatriate.

PMID- 2404896
TI  - Priority health interventions in developing countries.

PMID- 2404897
TI  - Antibasement membrane antibody-mediated experimental conjunctivitis.
AB  - In ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, the binding of circulating antibodies to
      conjunctiva is believed to initiate an antibody-mediated cytotoxic response that
      results in inflammation and tissue damage. To develop a model of antibody
      mediated conjunctival inflammation, we examined the effect on conjunctiva of
      local or systemic administration of a murine monoclonal antibody against basement
      membrane of stratified squamous epithelium. Neonatal rabbits were given either a
      single subconjunctival or intraperitoneal injection of the antibody. Eyes were
      graded clinically for inflammation and conjunctival biopsies were performed.
      After subconjunctival injection, clinical and histologic inflammation as well as
      murine antibody and rabbit complement binding to conjunctival basement membrane
      were detected. With systemic administration there was post-injection clinical
      inflammation, and conjunctival basement membrane-bound murine antibody was
      detected. There was no difference observed in conjunctival mitotic rate or goblet
      cell frequency between treatment groups and controls, following either route of
      administration. We have created, therefore, a model for antibody-mediated
      conjunctivitis in rabbits by local or systemic administration of a monoclonal
      antibody against a component of stratified squamous epithelial basement membrane.

PMID- 2404898
TI  - Changes in extracellular matrix proteins and actin during corneal endothelial
      growth.
AB  - Basement membranes influence growth, shape and differentiation of cells and
      tissues. However, the role and influence of Descemet's membrane during corneal
      development is not understood. To address this question, the relationships
      between cell growth and fibronectin, laminin and actin distribution in the
      developing rat corneal endothelium in vivo has been examined. During fetal
      development, rat corneal endothelial cells undergo DNA synthesis and mitosis.
      However, at day 14 of gestation both processes begin to decline and neither can
      be detected in endothelium of 1-month-old animals. By this time cell number has
      increased to approximately 100,000 and tissue area has increased 25-fold.
      However, as the tissue area increased, cell density decreased, indicating that
      cell spreading occurred in order to maintain tissue integrity. Changes in
      endothelial growth were accompanied by changes in the distribution of laminin,
      fibronectin and actin. Laminin and fibronectin were diffusely localized within
      endothelial cells in newborn animals. By 4 weeks of age, no proliferation was
      demonstrated and both extracellular matrix proteins were localized in
      pericellular patterns. Actin, on the other hand, which appeared diffuse at 16
      days in utero, was distributed at or near the cell membrane by 19 days in utero.
      Thus, the reorganization of extracellular matrix glycoproteins and actin may
      indicate important roles for these components in regulating the growth and
      formation of the corneal endothelium in vivo.

PMID- 2404899
TI  - Ioxilan, a third generation low osmolality nonionic contrast medium. Systemic and
      renal hemodynamic effects.
AB  - The choice between high cost, low toxicity nonionic contrast media (CM) and low
      cost ionic CM poses a dilemma for radiologists. Ioxilan, a third generation
      nonionic CM, is obtained by simple conversion from an ionic CM. To examine how
      this economically promising, low osmolality CM (570 mOsm at 300 mgI/ml) affects
      canine systemic and renal hemodynamics, IV bolus injections of 350 mgI/ml at 2
      ml/kg of Iohexol and Ioxilan were compared. Satisfactory nephrograms and
      pyelograms were produced by both agents, without significant differences. The
      effects on systemic and renal hemodynamics were minimal and statistically equal
      for both CM. The acute systemic and renal responses and radiographic image
      quality of Ioxilan and Iohexol confirm that the two compounds are biologically
      equivalent, and that the novel molecular design employed in Ioxilan to achieve
      very low osmolality also provides good biological tolerance.

PMID- 2404900
TI  - The current status of total joint replacement.
AB  - The last two decades have witnessed tremendous strides in the evolution of
      acceptable and successful methods of prosthetic replacement for the arthritic
      joint. By and large, these techniques are predictable and durable, though not
      always to the complete satisfaction of the patient and surgeon. Despite the
      recent emphasis on alternative forms of implant fixation, cemented total joint
      replacements remain the standard by which all others are judged. In some
      settings, non-cemented implants appear to function as well as cemented ones in
      providing pain relief. The acetabular component in the hip and the femoral
      component in knee replacement are two such areas. This has resulted in the
      emergence of the "hybrid" joint replacement where one component is cemented while
      the other is not. The long-term function and durability of these non-cemented
      components remains to be seen. The future of joint replacement lies in the
      development of new "composite" materials which can more closely match the
      structural characteristics of the bone into which they are being implanted. Until
      we better understand and are able to prevent the disease processes which lead to
      total joint replacement, this area will continue to be the focus of intense
      research and development.

PMID- 2404901
TI  - New technologies for interventional radiology.

PMID- 2404902
TI  - Microvascular flaps in head and neck reconstruction.
AB  - Twenty-six patients with head and neck tumors were submitted to 27 microvascular
      reconstructive procedures. In 15, the mandible was reconstructed using the rib
      (4), iliac crest (7), and scapula (4). Nine patients underwent craniofacial
      reconstructions with the latissimus dorsi (5), rectus abdominis (2), greater
      omentum (2), and scapular (1) flaps. Two patients received a jejunum (1) and a
      stomach plus greater omentum (1) flaps for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction.
      Three illustrative cases, one from each group, are presented in detail. Good
      results were obtained in 22 patients (85%), with both functional and
      morphological rehabilitation. There were five flap losses (two in the same
      patient) due to thrombosis of the microvascular anastomoses. There was no
      operative mortality, and the average operative time was 11 hours. The good
      results observed in these very advanced cases show that there is a place for
      these complex procedures in the treatment of selected cases of head and neck
      tumors.

PMID- 2404903
TI  - Analysis of prognostic factors and proposal of a new classification for
      nasopharyngeal cancer.
AB  - A retrospective analysis was performed on 410 patients with nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma of squamous or undifferentiated histotype. All patients were classified
      according to the classification of the American Joint Committee for Cancer
      Staging and End-Results Reporting (AJC) and to that of the International Union
      Against Cancer (UICC, Geneva, 1978). The following prognostic factors were
      investigated by means of a Weibull multiple regression model: sex, age,
      histology, primary tumor extent, and nodal metastasis extent. With the exception
      of sex, all factors significantly influenced survival. With regards to nodal
      extent, only the level of the involved nodes was a significant variable. Both AJC
      and UICC classifications, when applied to the entire series of patients, appeared
      to be unsatisfactory. The authors propose an alternative classification based on
      a prognostic scoring system directly derived from the Weibull model.

PMID- 2404904
TI  - Significance and therapeutic implications of tumor regression following
      radiotherapy in patients treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx
      and pharyngolarynx.
AB  - The prognostic significance of tumor regression following radiotherapy was
      evaluated in 1,897 patients with oro- and pharyngolaryngeal cancer. Complete
      tumor regression occurred in 62% and 80% at the end of treatment and 2 months
      later, respectively. Complete regression was significantly higher for early
      tumors than for advanced stages and for exophytic lesions compared to deeply
      infiltrative cancers. Depending on tumor location, 75% to 90% of T1, T2 stages
      and 50% to 80% of more advanced tumors were locally controlled in patients who
      experienced complete tumor regression at 2 months. The local failure rate was at
      least 80% for those who did not have complete regression. The local failure rate
      for the incomplete responder was the same for early and advanced tumors. Complete
      tumor clearance following radiotherapy is a reliable indicator of permanent local
      control. Tumor regression after a dose of 5,000 to 5,500 cGy should be used as a
      guide to select patients who could be treated by either radical irradiation or
      surgery.

PMID- 2404905
TI  - Chemoprevention of upper aerodigestive tract cancers: a report of the third Upper
      Aerodigestive Cancer Task Force workshop.
AB  - The National Cancer Institute Organ Systems Program-sponsored Upper Aerodigestive
      Cancer Task Force workshops are specifically designed to enhance interactions
      between basic science and clinical investigators and between academic
      institutions and the community, and ultimately will contribute to more
      expeditious clinical advances. The third workshop in this series focused on the
      rapidly expanding area of chemoprevention of upper aerodigestive epithelial
      cancers. The first two sessions were devoted to discussion of in vitro and animal
      model data documenting the multistep process of squamous differentiation and
      carcinogenesis, associated molecular and biochemical alterations, and modulation
      by chemopreventive agents. Animal-model studies have identified several promising
      chemopreventive agents and synergistic combinations for clinical trial. The last
      two sessions reviewed nutritional epidemiology, major methodologic issues of
      large intervention studies, and the novel concept of biologic markers as
      intermediate endpoints for chemoprevention trials.

PMID- 2404906
TI  - Serum tumor markers of head and neck cancer: current status.
AB  - The serum level of a variety of substances shows significant changes in head and
      neck cancer patients. Such substances are collectively called biochemical tumor
      markers. To date, most markers lack a high degree of specificity and sensitivity.
      However, serial measurement of markers showing elevated pretreatment levels may
      help in monitoring response to therapy. Other potential uses of tumor markers
      include earlier detection of recurrence and/or metastasis, and possible
      prediction of prognosis. Measurement of more than one marker seems to enhance the
      diagnostic accuracy of the test. Some markers show significant correlations with
      various immune parameters in head and neck cancer patients and may have a
      possible role in potentiating the immunodepressed status of such patients. A
      review of currently reported tumor markers in head and neck cancer showing their
      nature, sources, uses, and limitations is presented.

PMID- 2404907
TI  - Hemangiopericytoma of the maxillary sinus and skull base.
AB  - Since 1949, only 52 cases of hemangiopericytoma (HPC) of the nose and paranasal
      sinuses have been reported in the literature. Of the latter, only 2 originated
      from the maxillary sinus. This article reports 2 new cases. One arose in the
      maxillary sinus and involved the pterygopalatine fossa, skull base, and
      infratemporal fossa. The second tumor was located in the sphenoethmoidal recess.
      A new combination of techniques for resection of hemangiopericytoma of the skull
      base is described. Prognostic criteria for such tumors are reviewed, in
      conjunction with histological diagnosis.

PMID- 2404908
TI  - Vascular compressive lesion of the trachea.

PMID- 2404909
TI  - A geochemical assessment of terrestrial gamma-ray absorbed dose rates.
AB  - A survey of the geochemical literature and unpublished data has resulted in the
      classification of the concentrations of the naturally occurring radioelements U,
      Th, and K by their associated rock types. A data base of over 2500 entries has
      been compiled, permitting calculation of terrestrial gamma-ray absorbed dose
      rates. The general lithology of terrains may be distinguished by their
      radioelement ratios, relative abundances, and total gamma radioactivities. The
      gamma-ray absorbed dose rates in air above igneous rocks generally vary with
      their silica contents, and with the exception of shale, sedimentary rocks have
      lower K:U and K:Th ratios than most igneous rocks. The appreciable difference
      between the overall mean terrestrial gamma-ray dose rate for rock of the
      continental surface (approximately 7 X 10(-8) Gy h-1) and the mean dose rate from
      field measurements over soil (approximately 5 X 10(-8) Gy h-1) is explained by
      the substantial differences between radioelement concentrations of soil and rock,
      differences that may vary markedly with rock type.

PMID- 2404910
TI  - Infection control in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation: traditional
      approach versus a new development--selective decontamination of the digestive
      tract.
AB  - Nosocomial infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality in critically
      ill patients. Traditional infection control practices focus on preventing
      infection by controlling patient exposure to microorganisms within the patient's
      environment. We discuss these practices, along with the factors and organisms
      responsible for nosocomial infection in the patient undergoing mechanical
      ventilation. Despite traditional infection control measures, nosocomial infection
      continues to be a major problem. In recent years evidence has accumulated that
      points to bacterial colonization of the oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract as
      a major source of infection. A new technique, selective decontamination of the
      digestive tract, is being studied extensively for its ability to control
      colonization of the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract. In the technique
      nonabsorbable topical antibiotics are applied to the oropharynx and instilled
      into the stomach, and a short course of an intravenous cephalosporin is included.
      The technique appears a worthwhile addition to traditional infection control
      measures.

PMID- 2404911
TI  - Physical and psychosocial outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft surgery:
      review of the literature.
AB  - Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is a common technique for improving
      myocardial blood flow in patients with ischemic heart disease. It is assumed that
      revascularization translates into improved outcomes in patients who undergo this
      surgery. In this article the literature on physical and psychosocial outcomes
      after CABG surgery is reviewed with a focus on prolongation of life, relief of
      angina pectoris, improvement in functional status, and return to work. Predictive
      factors are summarized, and implications of findings are discussed.

PMID- 2404912
TI  - Intracranial pressure monitoring: review of risk factors associated with
      infection.
AB  - Invasive intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring and the data it provides have
      merit as a treatment and prognostic indicator. The most common complication
      associated with ICP monitoring is infection. This article categorizes and reviews
      the risk factors associated with ICP monitor-related infections, and outlines
      recommendations to minimize the risk of infection. The factor most consistently
      associated with ICP monitor-related infections was the duration of monitoring.
      Additional factors related to the development of infection were the age and
      diagnosis of the patient monitored, the consistency of maintaining a closed
      system, the insertion environment and technique, and the type of ICP monitor
      device used.

PMID- 2404913
TI  - Psychologic preparation for cardiac catheterization.

PMID- 2404914
TI  - Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome: a case study.
AB  - Heparin is a commonly used drug in critical care. In this case study we describe
      a relatively unknown and unforeseen event whereby the administration of heparin
      to prevent thrombus formation paradoxically resulted in clot formation. Heparin
      induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome developed in a 36-year-old woman
      initially admitted to the coronary care unit with complaints of chest pain. We
      explore the theoretic basis of this syndrome as an immune-mediated response,
      along with the mechanisms leading to this syndrome as an immune-mediated
      response, along with the mechanisms leading to the clinical features and the
      difficulties associated with diagnosis treatment. In view of the frequent use of
      heparin and nurses' responsibility for recognizing the untoward effects of
      medications they administer, this case study is useful in gaining insight into a
      relatively unknown phenomenon.

PMID- 2404915
TI  - Orientation to home care: maximizing Medicare reimbursement.
AB  - What you can do to make sure that your patients' home care services are
      appropriate for payment by Medicare.

PMID- 2404916
TI  - Issue dedicated to Brigit H. P. van der Werf-Messing.

PMID- 2404917
TI  - Radiation therapy for early glottic cancer (T1N0M0): II. Prospective randomized
      study concerning radiation field.
AB  - A prospective randomized study to determine the effect of radiation field on the
      local control of early glottic cancer was performed. From May 1982 through
      December 1985, a total of 87 patients with early glottic cancer (T1N0M0) were
      treated at our department with an individualized wedge filter technique using a
      shell to improve the dose distribution and immobilization during radiotherapy
      with 4 MV X ray. Patients were randomly allocated to either treatment group A
      (radiation field size: 5 x 5 cm2) or B (6 x 6 cm2) using bilateral parallel
      opposed portals. Total radiation dose administered was 60 Gy in 30 fractions over
      a 6-week period. The 3-year recurrence-free survival rates were 93% in group A
      and 96% in group B (no significant difference). Comparison with historical
      control showed that both arms achieved better results. These results were mainly
      due to the improved local control of whole-length lesions of single vocal cords.
      Acute mucosal reaction (p less than 0.05) and persistent arytenoid edema lasting
      more than 6 months (p less than 0.02) were more frequently observed in group B
      than in group A. It is concluded that the critical factor in getting optimal
      results in the treatment of early glottic cancer is careful attention to the
      technique of treatment.

PMID- 2404918
TI  - Comparison of different radiation types and irradiation geometries in
      stereotactic radiosurgery.
AB  - Recent interest in stereotactic radiosurgery of intracranial lesions, and the
      development of stereotactic irradiation techniques has led to the need for a
      systematic and complete comparison of these methods. A method for conducting
      these comparisons is proposed and is applied to a set of currently-used
      stereotactic radiosurgical techniques. Three-dimensional treatment planning
      calculations are used to compare dose distributions for several different
      radiation types and irradiation geometries. Calculations were performed using
      charged particles (H, He, C, and Ne ions) and the irradiation geometry currently
      used at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Photons in the Gamma Knife configuration
      and the Heidelberg Linac arc method are used. The 3-dimensional dose
      distributions were evaluated by means of dose-volume histograms and integral
      doses to the target volume and to normal brain. The effects of target volume,
      shape and location are studied. The charged particle dose distributions are more
      favorable than those of the photon methods. The differences between charged
      particles and photons increase with increasing target volume. The differences
      between different charged particle species are small, as are the effects of
      target shape and location.

PMID- 2404919
TI  - Brigit Hendrika Paula van der Werf-Messing.

PMID- 2404920
TI  - Diseases of the horse: the centennial of a great book.

PMID- 2404921
TI  - Transmission of toxoplasmosis and the role of immunity in limiting transmission
      and illness.

PMID- 2404922
TI  - Toxoplasmosis in human beings.

PMID- 2404923
TI  - Estimating income losses and other preventable costs caused by congenital
      toxoplasmosis in people in the United States.

PMID- 2404924
TI  - Status of toxoplasmosis in cattle in the United States.

PMID- 2404925
TI  - Status of toxoplasmosis in sheep and goats in the United States.

PMID- 2404926
TI  - Status of toxoplasmosis in pigs in the United States.

PMID- 2404927
TI  - Toxoplasma gondii infections in wildlife.

PMID- 2404928
TI  - Serologic aspects of toxoplasmosis.

PMID- 2404929
TI  - Strategies for control of toxoplasmosis.

PMID- 2404930
TI  - The path followed....

PMID- 2404931
TI  - Muscular hypertrophy in beef cattle: deja vu.

PMID- 2404932
TI  - Pericarditis in horses: six cases (1982-1986).
AB  - Records of 6 horses with pericarditis were reviewed. Septic pericarditis was
      suspected in all horses, based on historic and clinical findings. In horses 1, 2,
      and 4, cytologic examination of the pericardial effusion revealed acute
      inflammation with severe neutrophil degeneration. In horses 3 and 5, cytologic
      examination of pericardial fluid revealed subacute inflammation with degenerated
      neutrophils, and in horse 6, chronic active inflammation, with well preserved
      neutrophils. In horses 1 and 3, bacteria were identified on cytologic examination
      of pericardial fluid. Results of microbiologic cultures of pericardial fluid were
      positive in horse 3. All horses were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. An
      indwelling pericardial catheter was used to lavage and directly administer
      antibiotics into the pericardial sac. Horses 1, 4, 5, and 6 survived, horse 2
      died of unrelated causes, and horse 3 was euthanatized at the owner's request.
      Surviving horses returned to athletic performance.

PMID- 2404933
TI  - A review of the health status of Southeast Asian refugee women.
AB  - Six substantive areas that contribute to knowledge of the health status of
      Southeast Asian (SEA) refugee women were identified in the current literature.
      The six areas are general information, childbearing issues, health beliefs and
      practices, health-illness focus, stress and adaptation, and miscellaneous issues.
      The majority of the articles focused on the women's childbearing role,
      emphasizing their unique cultural beliefs and the implications of those for
      health care delivery. The remaining substantive areas provided more limited
      information about this group's health status, including incidence and prevalence
      of disease, the women's role in resettlement, and the presence of mental health
      problems. Future research with this group could be conducted from a feminist
      perspective by studying the multitude of roles of SEA refugee women and their
      effects on health status.

PMID- 2404934
TI  - Alcoholism in lesbians: developmental, symbolic interactionist, and critical
      perspectives.
AB  - Alcoholism is a significant health concern for lesbian women, with an incidence
      rate perhaps three times that of the general population. The relationships among
      the development of alcoholism in women, the experience of stigmatization, and the
      complex facets of lesbian identity and lesbian community are explored. This
      exploration provides for a more comprehensive and critical analysis of alcoholism
      in lesbians. As a phenomenon of women's health, alcoholism is examined using the
      perspectives of developmental theory, symbolic interactionism, and critical
      theory. The author offers insights and implications for health care, research,
      and theory building.

PMID- 2404935
TI  - Expression of the Escherichia coli K5 capsular antigen: immunoelectron
      microscopic and biochemical studies with recombinant E. coli.
AB  - The capsular K5 polysaccharide, a representative of group II capsular antigens of
      Escherichia coli, has been cloned previously, and three gene regions responsible
      for polymerization and surface expression have been defined (I. S. Roberts, R.
      Mountford, R. Hodge, K. B. Jann, and G. J. Boulnois, J. Bacteriol. 170:1305-1310,
      1988). In this report, we describe the immunoelectron microscopic analysis of
      recombinant bacteria expressing the K5 antigen and of mutants defective in either
      region 1 or region 3 gene functions, as well as the biochemical analysis of the
      K5 capsular polysaccharide. Whereas the K5 clone expressed the K5 polysaccharide
      as a well-developed capsule in about 25% of its population, no capsule was
      observed in whole mount preparations and ultrathin sections of the expression
      mutants. Immunogold labeling of sections from the region 3 mutant revealed the
      capsular K5 polysaccharide in the cytoplasm. With the region 1 mutant, the
      capsular polysaccharide appeared associated with the cell membrane, and, unlike
      the region 3 mutant polysaccharide, the capsular polysaccharide could be detected
      in the periplasm after plasmolysis of the bacteria. Polysaccharides were isolated
      from the homogenized mutants with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The
      polysaccharide from the region 1 mutant had the same size as that isolated from
      the capsule of the original K5 clone, and both polysaccharides were substituted
      with phosphatidic acid. The polysaccharide from the region 3 mutant was smaller
      and was not substituted with phosphatidic acid. These results prompt us to
      postulate that gene region 3 products are involved in the translocation of the
      capsular polysaccharide across the cytoplasmic membrane and that region 1 directs
      the transport of the lipid-substituted capsular polysaccharide through the
      periplasm and across the outer membrane.

PMID- 2404936
TI  - Chemotaxis in Escherichia coli proceeds efficiently from different initial tumble
      frequencies.
AB  - The relationships between the level of tumbling, tumble frequency, and
      chemotactic ability were tested by constructing two Escherichia coli strains with
      the same signaling apparatus but with different adapted levels of tumbling, above
      and below the level of wild-type E. coli. This was achieved by introducing two
      different aspartate receptor genes into E. coli: a wild-type (wt-tars) and a
      mutant (m-tars) Salmonella typhimurium receptor gene. These cells were compared
      with each other and with wild-type E. coli (containing the wild-type E. coli
      aspartate receptor gene, wt-tare). It was found that in spite of the differences
      in the adapted levels of tumbling, the three strains had essentially equal
      response times and chemotactic ability toward aspartate. This shows that the
      absolute level of the tumbling can be varied without impairing chemotaxis if the
      signal processing system is normal. It also appears that a largely smooth
      swimming mutant may undergo chemotaxis by increasing tumbling frequency in
      negative gradients.

PMID- 2404937
TI  - Localization of enterobacterial common antigen immunoreactivity in the ribosomal
      cytoplasm of Escherichia coli cells cryosubstituted and embedded at low
      temperature.
AB  - The application of two on-section immunogold labeling techniques, the Lowicryl
      K4M (progressive lowering of temperature) procedure and the cryosection technique
      of Tokuyasu, in a previous work to study the topology of enterobacterial common
      antigen (ECA) biosynthesis revealed the presence of label on the outer membrane
      and in areas associated with the inner side of the cytoplasmic membrane. However,
      labeling was also observed in the ribosomal cytoplasm. The question of whether
      the cytoplasmic label was a result of ECA displacement during the more slowly
      acting aldehyde fixation or whether cytoplasmic ECA precursors are true
      constituents of the ribosomal cytoplasm could not be resolved from these results.
      In the study described here, cells of the same Escherichia coli F470 strain were
      reinvestigated by comparison of the progressive lowering of temperature and
      improved cryosubstitution-low-temperature embedment techniques. The latter
      procedure, applied directly to nonpretreated and noncentrifuged cells, led to
      superior ultrastructural preservation of the cytoplasmic organization, with
      little opportunity for cytoplasmic antigen displacement after the primary
      cryofixation step; the label distribution obtained supports the conclusion that N
      acetylmannosaminuronic acid (ManNAcA)-containing ECA precursors are real
      constituents of the ribosomal cytoplasm. Results from tunicamycin inhibition
      studies of ECA biogenesis in the E. coli mutant 2465 suggested that even the ECA
      precursor UDP-ManNAcA alone or a chemically unidentified product(s) generated
      from accumulated ManNAcA residues may react with the monoclonal antibody used,
      leading to weak but clearly positive cytoplasmic labeling. The relatively intense
      labeling obtained with cells grown in the absence of the drug can be explained by
      the reactivity of further ManNAcA-containing ECA precursors with the monoclonal
      antibody used.

PMID- 2404938
TI  - Identification of BlaR, the signal transducer for beta-lactamase production in
      Bacillus licheniformis, as a penicillin-binding protein with strong homology to
      the OXA-2 beta-lactamase (class D) of Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - The blaR gene of Bacillus licheniformis encodes the signal transducer for
      induction of the class A beta-lactamase. The protein product, BlaR, has a
      hydrophilic carboxy region that binds beta-lactams and shows high sequence
      homology to the class D beta-lactamases, particularly the OXA-2 beta-lactamase of
      Salmonella typhimurium. The BlaR-beta-lactam complex is stable and may provide
      the continuing stimulus needed for the prolonged production of the enzyme.

PMID- 2404939
TI  - Alkaline phosphatase fusions: sensors of subcellular location.
AB  - Alkaline phosphatase fusions allow genes to be identified solely on the basis of
      their protein products being exported from the cytoplasm. Thus, the use of such
      fusions helps render biological processes which involve cell envelope and
      secreted proteins accessible to a sophisticated genetic analysis. Furthermore,
      alkaline phosphatase fusions can be used to locate export signals. Specifying
      such signals is an important component of studies on the structure of individual
      cell envelope proteins. The basis of the alkaline phosphatase fusion approach is
      the finding that the activity of the enzyme responds differently to different
      environments. Thus, the activity of the fusion protein gives evidence as to its
      location. This general approach of using sensor proteins which vary in their
      function, depending on their environment, could be extended to the study of other
      sorts of problems. It may be that certain enzymes will provide an assay for
      localization to a particular subcellular compartment, if the environment of the
      compartment differs from that of others. For instance, the lysosome is more
      acidic than other intracellular organelles. A gene fusion system employing a
      reporter enzyme that could show activity only at the pH of the lysosome could
      allow the detection of signals determining lysosomal localization. Analogous
      types of enzymes may be used as probes for other subcellular compartments.

PMID- 2404940
TI  - The VirA protein of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is autophosphorylated and is
      essential for vir gene regulation.
AB  - The virA and virG gene products are required for the regulation of the vir
      regulon on the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. VirA is
      a membrane-associated protein which is homologous to the sensor molecules of
      other two-component regulatory systems. We overproduced truncated VirA proteins
      in Escherichia coli by deleting different lengths of the 5'-coding region of the
      virA gene and placing these genes under lacZ control. These proteins were
      purified from polyacrylamide gels and renatured. The renatured proteins became
      radiolabeled when they were incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP but not with [gamma
      32P]GTP or [alpha-32P]ATP, which suggests an ATP gamma-phosphate-specific
      autophosphorylation. The smallest VirA protein, which retained only the C
      terminal half of the protein, gave the strongest autophosphorylation signal,
      which demonstrates that the C-terminal domain has the autophosphorylation site.
      The phosphorylated amino acid was identified as phosphohistidine, and a highly
      conserved histidine was found in all of the VirA homologs. When this histidine
      was changed to glutamine, which cannot be phosphorylated, the resulting VirA
      protein lost both its ability to autophosphorylate and its biological function as
      a vir gene regulator. Results of this study indicate that VirA
      autophosphorylation is required for the induction of the vir regulon and
      subsequent tumor induction on plants by A. tumefaciens.

PMID- 2404941
TI  - The regulatory VirG protein specifically binds to a cis-acting regulatory
      sequence involved in transcriptional activation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens
      virulence genes.
AB  - Virulence genes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens are induced in parallel in the
      presence of plant phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone and the two
      regulatory vir genes virA and virG. In this study we identified a cis-acting
      regulatory sequence in the 5'-noncoding region of the virE operon that is
      essential for this activation. To do this, we constructed a series of deletion
      mutants by using exonuclease Bal 31. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis showed
      that the 70 base pairs upstream of the transcriptional start site were sufficient
      for full virE gene induction. A conserved dodecadeoxynucleotide sequence (vir
      box), which was previously identified in the nontranscribed sequences of all vir
      genes, was located at 5' end of the minimum required promoter sequence. Deletion
      of this vir box only completely abolished induction of the virE gene. This
      demonstrates that the vir box functions as an upstream regulatory sequence. To
      study the role of the VirG protein in the activation process, we overproduced the
      native-sized VirG protein in Escherichia coli by fusing the lacZ' start codon ATG
      with the second virG codon AAA using site-directed mutagenesis. The VirG protein
      was purified and renatured from E. coli and was shown to bind to a specific
      sequence in two vir gene promoters. Footprinting analysis of the virE and virB
      promoters identified the 12-base-pair vir box as the VirG-binding core sequence.

PMID- 2404942
TI  - Nucleotide sequences of the sfuA, sfuB, and sfuC genes of Serratia marcescens
      suggest a periplasmic-binding-protein-dependent iron transport mechanism.
AB  - The cloned sfu region of the Serratia marcescens chromosome confers the ability
      to grow on iron-limited media to an Escherichia coli K-12 strain that is unable
      to synthesize a siderophore. This DNA fragment was sequenced and found to contain
      three genes termed sfuA, sfuB, and sfuC, arranged and transcribed in that order.
      The sfuA gene encoded a periplasmic polypeptide with calculated molecular weights
      of 36,154 for the precursor and 33,490 for the mature protein. The sfuB gene
      product was a very hydrophobic protein with a molecular weight of 56,589. The
      sfuC gene was found to encode a rather polar but membrane-bound protein with a
      molecular weight of 36,671 which exhibited strong homology to consensus sequences
      of nucleotide-binding proteins. The number, structural characteristics, and
      locations of the SfuABC proteins were typical of a periplasmic-binding-protein
      dependent transport mechanism. How Fe3+ is solubilized and taken up across the
      outer membrane remains an enigma.

PMID- 2404943
TI  - A family of genes encode the multiple forms of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      ribosomal proteins equivalent to the Escherichia coli L12 protein and a single
      form of the L10-equivalent ribosomal protein.
AB  - The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains a family of genes that
      encodes four different but related small acidic ribosomal proteins designated
      L12eIA, L12eIB, L12eIIA, and L12eIIB and a single larger protein designated L10e.
      These proteins are equivalent (e) to the L12 and L10 proteins of Escherichia coli
      that assemble as a 4:1 complex onto the large ribosomal subunit. The five yeast
      genes (or their cDNAs) have been cloned and sequenced (M. Remacha, M. T. Saenz
      Robles, M. D. Vilella, and J. P. G. Ballesta, J. Biol. Chem. 263:9044-9101, 1988;
      K. Mitsui and K. Tsurugi, Nucleic Acids Res. 16:3573, 3574, and 3575, 1988; this
      work). Here, the transcripts of these genes were characterized and quantitated
      and the proteins they encode were compared and aligned. Four of the genes,
      L12eIA, -IB, -IIA, and L10e, are uninterrupted, whereas the L12eIIB gene contains
      a 301-nucleotide-long intron between codons 38 and 39. The transcripts derived
      from each of these genes were analyzed by Northern (RNA) hybridization, primer
      extension, and S1 nuclease protection. All five genes are expressed, albeit at
      different levels. The transcript levels are coordinate and exhibit growth rate
      dependent regulation in rich (glucose) and poor (ethanol) media. The five yeast
      proteins each contain a highly conserved acidic carboxy terminus of about 20
      residues in length. This domain of unknown function is also present in
      archaebacterial but absent from eubacterial L10e and L12e proteins. Comparisons
      of the factor-binding domains in the yeast and other eucaryotic and
      archaebacterial L12e proteins indicate that the original duplication to produce
      the type I and II genes was a very ancient event. The evolutionary relationships
      between the eucaryotic, archaebacterial, and eubacterial L10e and L12e genes (and
      proteins) are discussed.

PMID- 2404944
TI  - Sequence invariance of the antigen-coding central region of the phase 1 flagellar
      filament gene (fliC) among strains of Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - Previous studies of the phase 1 flagellar filament protein (flagellin) in strains
      of five serovars of Salmonella indicated that the central region of the fliC gene
      encoding the antigenic part of the protein is hypervariable both between and
      within serovars. To explore the possible use of this variation as a source of
      information on the phylogenetic relationships of closely related strains, we used
      the polymerase chain reaction technique to sequence part of the central region of
      the phase 1 flagellar genes of seven strains of Salmonella typhimurium that were
      known to differ in chromosomal genotype, as indexed by multilocus enzyme
      electrophoresis. We found that the nucleotide sequences of the central region
      were identical in all seven strains and determined that both the previously
      published sequence of the fliC gene in S. typhimurium LT2 and a report of a
      marked difference in the amino acid sequence of the phase 1 flagellins of two
      isolates of this serovar are erroneous. Our finding that the fliC gene is not
      evolving by sequence drift at an unusually rapid rate is compatible with a model
      that invokes lateral transfer and recombination of the flagellin genes as a major
      evolutionary process generating new serovars (antigen combinations) of
      salmonellae.

PMID- 2404945
TI  - Chromosome engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using a site-specific
      recombination system of a yeast plasmid.
AB  - We have developed an effective method to delete or invert a chromosomal segment
      and to create reciprocal recombination between two nonhomologous chromosomes in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae, using the site-specific recombination system of pSR1, a
      circular cryptic DNA plasmid resembling 2 microns DNA of S. cerevisiae but
      originating from another yeast, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. A 2.1-kilobase-pair DNA
      fragment bearing the specific recombination site on the inverted repeats of pSR1
      was inserted at target sites on a single or two different chromosomes of S.
      cerevisiae by using integrative vectors. The cells were then transformed with a
      plasmid bearing the R gene of pSR1, which encodes the site-specific recombination
      enzyme and is placed downstream of the GAL1 promoter. When the transformants were
      cultivated in galactose medium, the recombination enzyme produced by expression
      of the R gene created the modified chromosome(s) by recombination between two
      specific recombination sites inserted on the chromosome(s).

PMID- 2404946
TI  - Colicin cleavage by OmpT protease during both entry into and release from
      Escherichia coli cells.
AB  - Proteolysis of colicins A, E1, E2, and E3 was observed after they were added to
      whole cells carrying a functional ompT gene. Recombinant plasmid pML19 containing
      the ompT gene enabled two mutant strains to cleave the added colicins. On the
      other hand, two colicin A recombinants were split after release from the wild
      type bacteria that produced them but not from ompT mutant cells.

PMID- 2404947
TI  - Functional analysis of the Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxin type II variant
      binding subunits by using site-directed mutagenesis.
AB  - The B subunit of Shiga toxin and the Shiga-like toxins (SLTs) mediates receptor
      binding, cytotoxic specificity, and extracellular localization of the holotoxin.
      While the functional receptor for Shiga toxin, SLT type I (SLT-I), and SLT-II is
      the glycolipid designated Gb3, SLT-II variant (SLT-IIv) may use a different
      glycolipid receptor. To identify the domains responsible for receptor binding,
      localization in Escherichia coli, and recognition by neutralizing monoclonal
      antibodies, oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis was used to alter
      amino acid residues in the B subunits of Shiga toxin and SLT-IIv. Mutagenesis of
      a well-conserved hydrophilic region near the amino terminus of the Shiga toxin B
      subunit rendered the molecule nontoxic but did not affect immunoreactivity or
      holotoxin assembly. In addition, elimination of one cysteine residue, as well as
      truncation of the B polypeptide by 5 amino acids, caused a total loss of
      activity. Changing a glutamate to a glutamine at the carboxyl terminus of the
      Shiga toxin B subunit resulted in the loss of receptor binding and
      immunoreactivity. However, the corresponding mutation in the SLT-IIv B subunit
      (glutamine to glutamate) did not reduce the levels of cytotoxicity but did affect
      extracellular localization of the holotoxin in E. coli.

PMID- 2404948
TI  - RcsB and RcsC: a two-component regulator of capsule synthesis in Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - Colanic acid capsule synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12 is regulated by RcsB and
      RcsC. The amino acid sequences of these two proteins, deduced from the nucleotide
      sequence reported here, demonstrate their homology to environmentally responsive
      two-component regulators that have been reported in both gram-positive and gram
      negative bacteria. In our model, RcsC acts as the sensor and RcsB acts as the
      receiver or effector to stimulate capsule synthesis from cps genes. In addition,
      RcsC shows limited homology to the other effectors in its C terminus. Fusions of
      rcsC to phoA that resulted in PhoA+ strains demonstrated that RcsC is a
      transmembrane protein with a periplasmic N-terminal domain and cytoplasmic C
      terminal domain. Additional control of this regulatory network is provided by the
      dependence on the alternate sigma factor, RpoN, for the synthesis of RcsB. The
      rcsB and rcsC genes, which are oriented convergently with their stop codons 196
      base pairs apart, are separated by a long direct repeat including two repetitive
      extragenic palindromic sequences.

PMID- 2404949
TI  - A Rhizobium leguminosarum mutant defective in symbiotic iron acquisition.
AB  - Iron acquisition by symbiotic Rhizobium spp. is essential for nitrogen fixation
      in the legume root nodule symbiosis. Rhizobium leguminosarum 116, an ineffective
      mutant strain with a defect in iron acquisition, was isolated after
      nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of the effective strain 1062. The pop-1 mutation in
      strain 116 imparted to it a complex phenotype, characteristic of iron deficiency:
      the accumulation of porphyrins (precursors of hemes) so that colonies emitted a
      characteristic pinkish-red fluorescence when excited by UV light, reduced levels
      of cytochromes b and c, and wild-type growth on high-iron media but low or no
      growth in low-iron broth and on solid media supplemented with the iron scavenger
      dipyridyl. Several iron(III)-solubilizing agents, such as citrate,
      hydroxyquinoline, and dihydroxybenzoate, stimulated growth of 116 on low-iron
      solid medium; anthranilic acid, the R. leguminosarum siderophore, inhibited low
      iron growth of 116. The initial rate of 55Fe uptake by suspensions of iron
      starved 116 cells was 10-fold less than that of iron-starved wild-type cells.
      Electron microscopic observations revealed no morphological abnormalities in the
      small, white nodules induced by 116. Nodule cortical cells were filled with
      vesicles containing apparently normal bacteroids. No premature degeneration of
      bacteroids or of plant cell organelles was evident. We mapped pop-1 by R plasmid
      mediated conjugation and recombination to the ade-27-rib-2 region of the R.
      leguminosarum chromosome. No segregation of pop-1 and the symbiotic defect was
      observed among the recombinants from these crosses. Cosmid pKN1, a pLAFR1
      derivative containing a 24-kilobase-pair fragment of R. leguminosarum DNA,
      conferred on 116 the ability to grow on dipyridyl medium and to fix nitrogen
      symbiotically. These results indicate that the insert cloned in pKN1 encodes an
      element of the iron acquisition system of R. leguminosarum that is essential for
      symbiotic nitrogen fixation.

PMID- 2404950
TI  - pdc1(0) mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae give evidence for an additional
      structural PDC gene: cloning of PDC5, a gene homologous to PDC1.
AB  - The PDC1 gene coding for a pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC; EC 4.1.1.1) was deleted
      from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. The resulting pdc1(0) mutants were able
      to grow on glucose and still contained 60 to 70% of the wild-type PDC activity.
      Two DNA fragments with sequences homologous to that of the PDC1 gene were cloned
      from the yeast genome. One of the cloned genes (PDC5) was expressed at high rates
      predominantly in pdc1(0) strains and probably encodes the remaining PDC activity
      in these strains. Expression from the PDC1 promoter in PDC1 wild-type and pdc1(0)
      strains was examined by the use of two reporter genes. Deletion of PDC1 led to
      increased expression of the two reporter genes regardless of whether the fusions
      were integrated into the genome or present on autonomously replicating plasmids.
      The results suggested that this effect was due to feedback regulation of the PDC1
      promoter-driven expression in S. cerevisiae pdc1(0) strains. The yeast PDC1 gene
      was expressed in Escherichia coli, leading to an active PDC. This result shows
      that the PDC1-encoded subunit alone can form an active tetramer without yeast
      specific processing steps.

PMID- 2404951
TI  - Effects of paraquat on Escherichia coli: differences between B and K-12 strains.
AB  - Escherichia coli B and K-12 are equally susceptible to the bacteriostatic effects
      of aerobic paraquat, but they differed strikingly when the lethality of paraquat
      was evaluated. E. coli B suffered an apparent loss of viability when briefly
      exposed to paraquat, whereas E. coli K-12 did not. This difference depended on
      the ability of the B strain, but not the K-12 strain, to retain internalized
      paraquat; the B strain was killed on aerobic tryptic soy-yeast extract plates
      during the incubation which preceded the counting of colonies. This difference in
      retention of paraquat between strains was demonstrated by delayed loss of
      viability, by growth inhibition, and by cyanide-resistant respiration after brief
      exposure to paraquat, washing, and testing in fresh medium. This difference was
      also shown by using [14C]paraquat. This previously unrecognized difference
      between E. coli B and K-12 has been the cause of apparently contradictory reports
      and should lead to some reevaluation of the pertinent literature.

PMID- 2404952
TI  - Effects of pH, glucose, and chelating agents on lethality of paraquat to
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Retention of paraquat by Escherichia coli B was greatest after exposure at pH 9.0
      and was progressively less after exposure at pH 7.0 and 5.0, respectively. This
      retained paraquat was capable of persistent growth inhibition. Uptake and
      retention of paraquat by E. coli B was dependent upon a carbon source, such as
      glucose. Under comparable conditions E. coli K-12 did not retain paraquat. The
      lethality of paraquat was seen in TSY medium but not in VB medium. The addition
      of Soytone, tryptone, or yeast extract, to the VB medium allowed the lethality of
      paraquat to be seen. A variety of chelating agents, including EDTA, 8
      hydroxyquinoline, and o-phenanthroline, prevented the lethal effect of paraquat
      in TSY medium. Although EDTA protected against the lethality of paraquat, it did
      not protect against its bacteriostatic effect.

PMID- 2404953
TI  - Coregulation of type 12 M protein and streptococcal C5a peptidase genes in group
      A streptococci: evidence for a virulence regulon controlled by the virR locus.
AB  - Group A streptococci express at least two surface-associated virulence factors,
      the antiphagocytic M protein and the antichemotactic streptococcal C5a peptidase
      (SCP). Preliminary evidence suggested that the biosynthesis of these two proteins
      is coordinately controlled and subject to simultaneous phase variation. To
      explore this possibility further, a series of phase-switching and phase-locked M-
      variants were assayed for SCP by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition and
      for SCP-specific mRNA by dot blot hybridization. All M- cultures produced
      diminished amounts of SCP antigen and specific mRNA, whereas revertants produced
      quantities equivalent to those of the wild-type M+ culture. A phase-locked strain
      that harbors a deletion in a region upstream of the M12 and SCP genes, termed the
      virR locus, failed to produce SCP antigen or SCP-specific transcripts. The SCP
      specific transcript produced by M+ bacteria was shown by Northern (RNA) blot
      hybridization to be 4 kilobases in size, distinguishing it from the transcript
      which encodes M protein. These data demonstrate that phase switching of both SCP
      and M12 proteins is at the transcriptional level and that expression is under the
      control of the upstream virR locus. We propose that the genetic determinants of
      these proteins and of colony morphology comprise a virulence regulon.

PMID- 2404954
TI  - Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius recognize different sites on
      human fibrinogen.
AB  - Bacteroides (Porphyromonas) gingivalis and Bacteroides (Porphyromonas)
      intermedius have been implicated in the etiology of human periodontal diseases.
      These organisms are able to bind and degrade human fibrinogen, and these
      interactions may play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In
      attempts to map the bacterial binding sites along the fibrinogen molecule, we
      have found that strains of B. gingivalis and B. intermedius, respectively,
      recognize spatially distant and distinct sites on the fibrinogen molecule.
      Isolated reduced and alkylated alpha-, beta-, and gamma-fibrinogen chains
      inhibited binding of 125I-fibrinogen to both Bacteroides species in a
      concentration-dependent manner. Plasmin fragments D and to some extent fragment
      E, however, produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of 125I-fibrinogen
      binding to B. intermedius strains but did not affect binding of 125I-fibrinogen
      to B. gingivalis strains. Radiolabeled fibrinogen chains and fragments were
      compared with 125I-fibrinogen with respect to specificity and reversibility of
      binding to bacteria. According to these criteria, gamma chain most closely
      resembled the native fibrinogen molecule in behavior toward B. gingivalis strains
      and fragments D most closely resembled fibrinogen in behavior toward B.
      intermedius strains. The ability of anti-human fibrinogen immunoglobulin G (IgG)
      to inhibit binding of 125I-fibrinogen to B. intermedius strains was greatly
      reduced by absorbing the IgG with fragments D. Absorbing the IgG with fragments D
      had no effect on the ability of the antibody to inhibit binding of 125I
      fibrinogen to B. gingivalis strains. A purified staphylococcal fibrinogen-binding
      protein blocked binding of 125I-fibrinogen to B. intermedius strains but not to
      B. gingivalis strains.

PMID- 2404955
TI  - Transcriptional analysis of the flagellar regulon of Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - In Salmonella typhimurium, nearly 50 genes are involved in flagellar formation
      and function and constitute at least 13 different operons. In this study, we
      examined the transcriptional interaction among the flagellar operons by combined
      use of Mu d1(Apr Lac) cts62 and Tn10 insertion mutants in the flagellar genes.
      The results showed that the flagellar operons can be divided into three classes:
      class I contains only the flhD operon, which is controlled by the cAMP-CAP
      complex and is required for expression of all of the other flagellar operons;
      class II contains seven operons, flgA, flgB, flhB, fliA, fliE, fliF, and fliL,
      which are under control of class I and are required for the expression of class
      III; class III contains five operons, flgK, fliD fliC, motA, and tar. This
      ordered cascade of transcription closely parallels the assembly of the flagellar
      structure. In addition, we found that the fliD defect enhanced expression of the
      class III operons. This suggests that the fliD gene product may be responsible
      for repression of the class III operons in the mutants in the class II genes.
      These results are compared with the cascade model of the flagellar regulon of
      Escherichia coli proposed previously (Y. Komeda, J. Bacteriol. 170:1575-1581,
      1982).

PMID- 2404956
TI  - Adaptive acidification tolerance response of Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - Salmonella typhimurium can encounter a wide variety of environments during its
      life cycle. One component of the environment which will fluctuate widely is pH.
      In nature, S. typhimurium can experience and survive dramatic acid stresses that
      occur in diverse ecological niches ranging from pond water to phagolysosomes.
      However, in vitro the organism is very sensitive to acid. To provide an
      explanation for how this organism survives acid in natural environments, the
      adaptive ability of S. typhimurium to become acid tolerant was tested.
      Logarithmically grown cells (pH 7.6) shifted to mild acid (pH 5.8) for one
      doubling as an adaptive procedure were 100 to 1,000 times more resistant to
      subsequent strong acid challenge (pH 3.3) than were unadapted cells shifted
      directly from pH 7.6 to 3.3. This acidification tolerance response required
      protein synthesis and appears to be a specific defense mechanism for acid. No
      cross protection was noted for hydrogen peroxide, SOS, or heat shock. Two
      dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of acid-regulated
      polypeptides revealed 18 proteins with altered expression, 6 of which were
      repressed while 12 were induced by mild acid shifts. An avirulent phoP mutant was
      1,000-fold more sensitive to acid than its virulent phoP+ parent, suggesting a
      correlation between acid tolerance and virulence. The Mg2(+)-dependent proton
      translocating ATPase was also found to play an important role in acid tolerance.
      Mutants (unc) lacking this activity were unable to mount an acid tolerance
      response and were extremely acid sensitive. In contrast to these acid-sensitive
      mutants, a constitutively acid-tolerant mutant (atr) was isolated from wild-type
      LT2 after prolonged acid exposure. This mutant overexpressed several
      acidification tolerance response polypeptides. The data presented reveal an
      important acidification defense modulon with broad significance toward survival
      in biologically hostile environments.

PMID- 2404957
TI  - Effects of mutations in the repA gene of plasmid Rts1 on plasmid replication and
      autorepressor function.
AB  - We constructed a system in which wild-type RepA or RepAcop1 protein was supplied
      in trans in various amounts to coexisting mini-Rts1 plasmids by clones of the
      repA or repAcop1 gene under the control of the native promoter with or without
      its operator sequence. RepAcop1 protein which contains a single amino acid
      substitution (Arg-142 to Lys) within its 288 amino acids could initiate the
      replication of the mini-Rts1 plasmid efficiently at both 37 and 42 degrees C even
      if it was supplied in excess. In contrast, excess wild-type RepA inhibited
      plasmid replication at 37 degrees C but supported replication at 42 degrees C.
      Therefore, it appears that the initiator activity of RepA is not related to the
      incompatibility phenotype associated with an excess of RepA protein. An
      immunoblot analysis revealed that neither RepA nor RepAcop1 synthesis was
      temperature sensitive and that both were autogenously regulated to a similar
      extent because of the presence of an operator located immediately upstream of the
      promoter. Two mutant RepA proteins, each of which contains a 4-amino-acid
      insertion in the middle of the protein, maintained the autorepressor and
      incompatibility activities but lost the ori(Rts1)-activating function.

PMID- 2404958
TI  - Role of the promoter in activation of transcription by nitrogen regulator I
      phosphate in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The protein nitrogen regulator I (NRI)-phosphate is known to activate the
      initiation of transcription of the Escherichia coli glnA gene. This activation is
      facilitated by the binding of the protein to NRI-specific sites located upstream
      of the sigma 54-dependent glnA promoter. To determine whether binding of NRI
      phosphate to upstream sites is sufficient for activation, we placed several
      promoters not normally activated by NRI-phosphate downstream of NRI binding sites
      and measured activation in intact cells and in an in vitro transcription system.
      We found that the sigma 70-dependent lac promoter was not activated, that the
      sigma 54-dependent Klebsiella pneumoniae nifH promoter was weakly activated, and
      that a nifH promoter altered in the RNA polymerase binding site was almost as
      well activated as the glnA promoter. We conclude that the sensitivity of the
      susceptible promoter depends on the presence of NRI binding sites, but that the
      presence of bound NRI-phosphate upstream of a promoter is not sufficient for
      activation of transcription by RNA polymerase. This activation is determined by
      the structure of the RNA polymerase binding site. We suggest that sigma 54-but
      not sigma 70-dependent promoters are susceptible to activation by NRI-phosphate
      and that the nucleotide sequence of the sigma 54-RNA polymerase binding site is
      an important determinant of the efficiency of activation.

PMID- 2404959
TI  - Evolutionary differences in chromosomal locations of four early genes of the
      tryptophan pathway in fluorescent pseudomonads: DNA sequences and
      characterization of Pseudomonas putida trpE and trpGDC.
AB  - Pseudomonas putida possesses seven structural genes for enzymes of the tryptophan
      pathway. All but one, trpG, which encodes the small (beta) subunit of
      anthranilate synthase, have been mapped on the circular chromosome. This report
      describes the cloning and sequencing of P. putida trpE, trpG, trpD, and trpC. In
      P. putida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, DNA sequence analysis as well as growth and
      enzyme assays of insertionally inactivated strains indicated that trpG is the
      first gene in a three-gene operon that also contains trpD and trpC. In P. putida,
      trpE is 2.2 kilobases upstream from the trpGDC cluster, whereas in P. aeruginosa,
      they are separated by at least 25 kilobases (T. Shinomiya, S. Shiga, and M.
      Kageyama, Mol. Gen. Genet., 189:382-389, 1983). The DNA sequence in P. putida
      shows an open reading frame on the opposite strand between trpE and trpGDC; this
      putative gene was not characterized. Evidence is also presented for sequence
      similarities in the 5' untranslated regions of trpE and trpGDC in both
      pseudomonads; the function of these regions is unknown, but it is possible that
      they play some role in regulation of these genes, since all the genes respond to
      repression by tryptophan. The sequences of the anthranilate synthase genes in the
      fluorescent pseudomonads resemble those of p-aminobenzoate synthase genes of the
      enteric bacteria more closely than the anthranilate synthase genes of those
      organisms; however, no requirement for p-aminobenzoate was found in the
      Pseudomonas mutants created in this study.

PMID- 2404960
TI  - Natural transformation in Campylobacter species.
AB  - Growing cells of Campylobacter coli and C. jejuni were naturally transformed by
      naked DNA without the requirement for any special treatment. Transformation
      frequencies for homologous chromosomal DNA were approximately 10(-3)
      transformants per recipient cell in C. coli and 10(-4) in C. jejuni. Maximum
      competence was found in the early log phase of growth. Campylobacters
      preferentially took up their own DNA in comparison with Escherichia coli
      chromosomal DNA, which was taken up very poorly. Three new Campylobacter spp.-to
      E. coli shuttle plasmids, which contained additional cloning sites and selectable
      markers, were constructed from the shuttle vector pILL550A. These plasmid DNAs
      were taken up by campylobacters much less efficiently than was homologous
      chromosomal DNA, and transformation into plasmid-free cells was very rare.
      However, with the use of recipients containing a homologous plasmid,
      approximately 10(-4) transformants per cell were obtained. The tetM determinant,
      originally obtained from Streptococcus spp. and not heretofore reported in
      Campylobacter spp., was isolated from an E. coli plasmid and was introduced,
      selecting for tetracycline resistance, by natural transformation into C. coli.

PMID- 2404962
TI  - Major depression versus organic mood disorder: a questionable distinction.
AB  - DSM-III-R requires the exclusion of causal organic factors to permit a diagnosis
      of major depression. This exclusion criterion may be unreliable because (1)
      neither the biomedical nor the historical data base for determining organic
      causation is operationally specified, (2) rules for weighting various causes of
      depression are not specified, and (3) the distinction between causal and
      contributory organic factors often is arbitrary. The exclusion criterion may not
      be valid because (1) it is unstable with time and (2) clinical criteria for CNS
      involvement may correlate poorly with neurodiagnostic tests. Both reliability and
      validity of diagnosis would be improved by keeping Axis I strictly
      phenomenological and identifying relevant organic factors on Axis III.

PMID- 2404961
TI  - Complementation of a reaction center-deficient Rhodobacter sphaeroides pufLMX
      deletion strain in trans with pufBALM does not restore the photosynthesis
      positive phenotype.
AB  - The puf operon in Rhodobacter sphaeroides is composed of the genes for the
      photosynthetic reaction center L and M subunits, light-harvesting antenna complex
      I, and one other open reading frame termed pufX. Complementation of a reaction
      center-deficient, photosynthetically incompetent pufLMX deletion strain in trans
      with a fragment containing the entire puf operon, including pufX and an
      additional 1,100 base pairs of DNA downstream of pufX, restored the reaction
      center and the photosynthesis-positive phenotype. Complementation of the same
      strain with pufBALM restores the reaction center to the level seen with the
      entire puf operon but not the photosynthesis-positive phenotype. Northern (RNA)
      blot analysis revealed that oxygen regulated transcription was not blocked in the
      absence of pufX and the downstream region. Spectroscopic and protein analyses
      indicated that the pigment-binding protein complexes, including the reaction
      center, were expressed and showed normal absorption characteristics. A 20%
      reduction in the amount of light-harvesting antenna complex II and a
      corresponding increase in the amount of light-harvesting antenna complex I were
      observed in the deletion strain harboring the plasmid with the puf insert lacking
      the pufX gene and the downstream region compared with those complemented with the
      entire puf operon and an additional downstream 1,100 base pairs.

PMID- 2404963
TI  - A review of clinical approaches to gender dysphoria.
AB  - Gender dysphoric patients are not infrequently encountered in the clinical
      practice of psychiatry. A comprehensive review of the world literature reveals
      that the systematic study of severe gender disorders--as exemplified by
      transsexualism--is relatively new, consisting of just over 25 years of collective
      experience. While the formal diagnosis of transsexualism is rare, this disorder
      represents the most severe form of the gender dysphoric conditions. Many
      nontranssexual patients with a variety of other psychiatric disorders present to
      psychiatrists desperately requesting somatic treatments (cross-gender hormones,
      sex reassignment surgery, and other cosmetic surgical procedures). A lengthy
      differential diagnosis needs to be considered, and a specialized approach to
      interviewing gender dysphoric patients is highly recommended. Available
      treatments and their efficacy are discussed. Large prospective controlled studies
      of treatments for gender dysphoria, such as sex reassignment surgery and
      psychotherapy, are lacking. Countertransference issues are noted to be
      particularly relevant in the care of gender dysphoric individuals.

PMID- 2404964
TI  - Psychiatric applications of bromocriptine therapy.
AB  - Bromocriptine, an ergot alkaloid derivative that possesses both dopamine agonist
      and antagonist activity, has been studied in a broad spectrum of psychiatric
      illnesses. The literature consists primarily of case reports and small trials
      limited by methodological shortcomings. The authors critically review these
      reports, focusing on efficacy, mechanistic issues, dosing, side effects,
      predictors of response, monitoring parameters, and practical guidelines.
      Preliminary data suggest bromocriptine may have promise in the treatment of
      neuroleptic malignant syndrome, cocaine withdrawal, and depression. At present,
      the agent appears less efficacious in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia, mania,
      and schizophrenia; however, doses in these trials may have been excessive,
      producing primarily postsynaptic agonist effects. More extensive clinical trials
      are required to clearly define the role of bromocriptine in psychiatry.

PMID- 2404965
TI  - Epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder.
AB  - Until the early 1980s, the only estimate of the prevalence of obsessive
      compulsive disorder (OCD) in the general population was 0.05%. Data collected
      from the Epidemiology Catchment Area (ECA) survey have suggested that OCD is 50
      to 100 times more common than previously believed and twice as common as
      schizophrenia or panic disorder in the general population. These results have
      been corroborated in a second, more carefully designed epidemiologic study.
      Several reasons account for the previous underestimation of the prevalence of the
      disorder: (1) reluctance of patients to divulge their symptoms; (2) lack of
      recognition of the diversity of presenting symptoms in OCD by professionals; (3)
      misdiagnosis; (4) failure to ask OCD screening questions in the routine mental
      status examination. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the disorder have
      been consistent across studies and time, supporting the validity of current
      nosologic criteria and the disorder's relative homogeneity. OCD appears to be
      familial, suggesting that genetic factors play a prominent role in the phenotypic
      expression of illness.

PMID- 2404966
TI  - Approaches to the patient with treatment-refractory obsessive compulsive
      disorder.
AB  - Modern therapies have dramatically improved the treatment outcome for patients
      with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), but many clinicians are not aware of
      what is presently available in terms of effective treatments. Clinicians now know
      that if patients receive appropriate treatment, usually consisting of behavior
      therapy and/or psychotropic medication, the majority will improve substantially,
      and occasionally completely, within a few months. This article reviews some of
      the treatment options for managing refractory patients with OCD.

PMID- 2404967
TI  - Phenomenology of obsessive compulsive disorder.
AB  - A syndrome related to obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) has been recognized for
      more than 300 years. Early descriptions focused on different aspects of this
      syndrome, reflecting the prevailing culture of the observer. English explanations
      stressed religious aspects and a relationship to melancholy. French
      phenomenologists emphasized the importance of doubt and loss of will. The German
      view focused on the irrational nature of the thoughts, finding a link to
      psychosis. Currently, OCD is considered an anxiety disorder in which either
      obsessions or compulsions contribute to significant distress or interference with
      functioning. However, obsessions and compulsions are also part of normal mental
      life. One current challenge is to understand the relationship between normal
      obsessions and compulsions and those that lead to interference and distress. The
      author presents a working model which helps resolve issues relating to our
      understanding of OCD.

PMID- 2404968
TI  - Indications for intraoperative blood salvage.
AB  - Intraoperative blood salvage is an accepted, safe, and effective procedure which
      should be used more widely. Currently, intraoperative salvage is used
      predominantly in cardiac, vascular, and orthopedic surgery, but the variety of
      surgical procedures for which it is indicated continues to enlarge. Indications,
      apart from the type of surgery, include patients with religious objections to
      transfusions, rare blood types, or life-threatening hemorrhage from any cause.
      The future will likely produce an extension of the use of intraoperative salvage
      techniques to postoperative bleeding and to some patients with malignancy and
      infection.

PMID- 2404969
TI  - Pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus for pheresis operators.

PMID- 2404970
TI  - Lymphokine-activated killer cells/tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes therapy:
      efficacy, toxicity, controversies.

PMID- 2404971
TI  - Platelet transfusions: applications and controversies.

PMID- 2404972
TI  - Protein kinases. Regulation by autoinhibitory domains.

PMID- 2404973
TI  - Impairment of adipsin expression is secondary to the onset of obesity in db/db
      mice.
AB  - The nature of the primary biochemical lesions in genetically obese mice, which
      might prove to be useful models for human obesity, remains totally obscure. The
      recent finding that the expression of adipsin was virtually suppressed in both
      db/db and ob/ob adult mice has opened new perspectives, suggesting a potential
      role for this defect in the pathogenesis of obesity. To be of etiological
      significance, adipsin deficiency must be present very early in life when excess
      fat storage starts to develop. We show here that at 10 days of age db/db pups
      exhibit significantly overdeveloped adipose tissue as compared with lean (+/db)
      pups but similar levels of both adipose tissue adipsin mRNA and serum adipsin.
      Adipsin expression was still normal in obese mice 15 days old but frankly
      deficient at 30 days of age when hyperinsulinemia has developed. Thus the defect
      in adipsin expression in db/db mice is a secondary feature which cannot be
      ascribed a role in the onset of obesity.

PMID- 2404974
TI  - Sequence analysis of the translational elongation factor 3 from Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - The gene YEF-3 encoding the elongation factor for protein synthesis in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an essential gene as shown by one-step gene
      disruption and is located on chromosome XII as determined by orthogonal field
      alternation gel electrophoresis. The nucleotide sequence of the gene was
      determined from a sequential series of subclones generated from the YEF-3 gene
      cloned into bacteriophage M13. The HOMOL1 sequence and the RPG box, which are
      considered to be enhancer elements involved in coordinate regulation of
      transcription of the genes coding for yeast ribosomal proteins and protein
      synthesis factors, are found in the 5'-flanking region of the gene. A dyad
      symmetry that enables hairpin loop formation in the DNA molecule is found in the
      3'-terminal at the termination site of transcription. An open reading frame of
      3132 nucleotides codes for a deduced protein of 115,860 Da. A striking feature of
      the elongation factor 3 deduced polypeptide is the internal repeat of a region
      with approximately 200 amino acids which includes an ATP-binding site and shares
      similarity with some transport and drug-resistant proteins. Another
      characteristic is the presence of a highly charged C-terminal region composed of
      three basic polylysine blocks, suggesting interaction with RNA. The sequence
      supports the hypothesis that YEF-3 encodes a protein synthesis factor and
      suggests that its main role may be to transduce nucleoside triphosphate energy
      into mechanical energy for translocation during translation.

PMID- 2404975
TI  - Sugar transport by the bacterial phosphotransferase system. Characterization of
      the sulfhydryl groups and site-specific labeling of enzyme I.
AB  - Enzyme I is the first protein of the phospho transfer sequence in the bacterial
      phosphoenolpyruvate:glycose phosphotransferase system. This protein exhibits a
      temperature-dependent monomer/dimer equilibrium. The nucleotide sequence of
      Escherichia coli ptsI indicates four -SH residues per subunit (Saffen, D. W.,
      Presper, K. A., Doering, T. L., and Roseman, S. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 16241
      16253). In the present experiments, the sulfhydryl groups of the E. coli enzyme
      were studied with various -SH-specific reagents. Titration of Enzyme I with 5,5'
      dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid also revealed four reacting -SH groups. The
      kinetics of the 5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid reaction with Enzyme I exhibit
      biphasic character, with pseudo-first order rate constants of 2.3 x 10(-2)/s and
      2.3 x 10(-3)/s at pH 7.5, at room temperature. Fractional amplitudes associated
      with the rate constants were 25 +/- 5% for the fast and 75 +/- 5% for the slow
      rate. The "slow" rate was influenced by ligands that react with Enzyme I (the
      protein HPr, Mg2+, Mg2+ plus P-enolpyruvate), and also by temperature (at the
      temperature range where the monomer/dimer association occurs). The fractional
      ratio of the two rates remained at 1:3 under these conditions. Thus, under all
      conditions tested, two classes of -SH groups were detected, one reacting more
      rapidly than the other three -SH groups. Modification of the "fast" -SH group
      results in an active enzyme capable of forming dimer, whereas modification of the
      slow -SH groups results in inactive and monomeric Enzyme I. The enzyme was
      labeled with pyrene maleimide under conditions where only the more reactive
      sulfhydryl group was derivatized. Hydrolysis by trypsin followed by reverse-phase
      high performance liquid chromatography analysis of the peptide mixture resulted
      in only one fluorescent peak. This peak was not observed when the more reactive
      sulfhydryl residue was protected prior to pyrene maleimide labeling. Amino acid
      sequencing of the fluorescent peak indicated that the more reactive residue is
      the C-terminal amino acid residue, cysteine 575. The results provide a means for
      selectively labeling Enzyme I with a fluorophore at a single site while retaining
      full catalytic activity.

PMID- 2404976
TI  - Sugar transport by the bacterial phosphotransferase system. Fluorescence studies
      of subunit interactions of enzyme I.
AB  - Enzyme I of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:glycose phosphotransferase system
      (PTS) exhibits a temperature-dependent monomer/dimer equilibrium. The
      accompanying paper (Han, M. K., Roseman, S., and Brand, L. (1990) J. Biol. Chem.
      265, 1985-1995) shows that the C-terminal -SH residue (Cys-575) can be modified
      specifically with fluorescent probes such as pyrene maleimide. The derivative
      retains full enzyme activity, and is capable of forming dimers at room
      temperature. In the present studies, Enzyme I labeled in this way is found to
      exhibit a temperature-, concentration-, and pH-dependent monomer/dimer
      association. The kinetics of dimer formation of Enzyme I is measured in the
      following way. A derivatized Enzyme I sample is prepared with a pyrene moiety
      irreversibly attached to the C-terminal -SH residue and 5,5'-dithiobis-2
      nitrobenzoic acid reversibly attached to the other 3 -SH residues. This modified
      enzyme does not form dimers at room temperature. Addition of dithiothreitol
      results in total release of the thionitrobenzoate anion within 2 min. After the
      three -SH groups are unblocked, steady-state and nanosecond time-resolved
      emission anisotropy measurements indicate the dimer is formed over a period of 30
      min. In a similar experiment, little dimer formation is observed at 3 degrees C,
      at temperature at which the native enzyme also does not form dimers. Tryptophan
      fluorescence is also examined during the release of the thionitrobenzoate. After
      the completion of thionitrobenzoate release, additional slow steady-state
      tryptophan fluorescence changes are observed. These results suggest that dimer
      formation may be preceded by a conformational change following thionitrobenzoate
      release.

PMID- 2404977
TI  - Characterization of two azurphil granule proteases with active-site homology to
      neutrophil elastase.
AB  - Much of the tissue damage associated with emphysema and other inflammatory
      diseases has been attributed to the proteolytic activity of neutrophil elastase,
      a major component of the azurophil granule. Recently, two additional azurophil
      granule proteins with NH2-terminal sequence homology to elastase were isolated
      (Gabay, J. E., Scott, R. W., Campanelli, D., Griffith, J., Wilde, C., Marra, M.
      N., Seeger, M., and Nathan, C. F. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 5610
      5614) and designated azurophil granule protein 7 (AGP7) and azurocidin.
      Azurocidin and AGP7 represent significant protein components of the azurophil
      granule, together comprising approximately 15% of the acid-extractable protein as
      judged by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography analysis. AGP7
      migrates on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as four
      distinct glycoforms of molecular mass 28-34 kDa, whereas azurocidin exhibits
      three predominant bands with molecular mass of 28-30 kDa. Treatment of intact
      azurophil granules with [3H]diisopropyl fluorophosphate resulted in labeling of
      elastase, cathepsin G, and AGP7, whereas azurocidin was not labeled. Tryptic
      mapping of 3H-labeled AGP7 allowed us to identify and sequence the active-site
      polypeptide that has 70% identity to elastase over 20 residues. The active site
      peptide of azurocidin was also identified by sequence analysis of tryptic
      fragments and showed 65% identity to the active site of elastase. Surprisingly,
      the catalytic serine of azurocidin is replaced by glycine, explaining its
      inability to label with [3H]diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Thus, we have identified
      two azurophil proteins closely related to neutrophil elastase, one of which has
      apparently lost its proteolytic activity due to mutation of the catalytic serine.

PMID- 2404978
TI  - Evolution of the tryptophan synthetase of fungi. Analysis of experimentally fused
      Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase alpha and beta chains.
AB  - During evolution of fungi, the separate tryptophan synthetase alpha and beta
      polypeptides of bacteria appear to have been fused in the order alpha-beta rather
      than the beta-alpha order that would be predicted from the order of the
      corresponding structural genes in all bacteria. We have fused the tryptophan
      synthetase polypeptides of Escherichia coli in both orders, alpha-beta and beta
      alpha, with and without a short connecting (con) sequence, to explore possible
      explanations for the domain arrangement in fungi. We find that proteins composed
      of any of the four fused polypeptides, beta-alpha, beta-con-alpha, alpha-beta,
      and alpha-con-beta, are highly active enzymatically. However, only the alpha-beta
      and alpha-con-beta proteins are as active as the wild type enzyme. All four
      fusion proteins appear to be less soluble in vivo than the wild type enzyme; this
      abnormal characteristic is minimal for the alpha-con-beta enzyme. The alpha and
      beta domains of the four fusion polypeptides were not appreciably more heat
      labile than the wild type polypeptides. Competition experiments with mutant
      tryptophan synthetase alpha protein, and the fusion proteins suggest that in each
      fusion protein the joined alpha and beta domains have a functional tunnel
      connecting their alpha and beta active sites. Three tryptophan synthetase beta'
      alpha fusion proteins were examined in which the carboxyl-terminal segment of the
      wild type beta polypeptide was deleted and replaced by a shorter, unnatural
      sequence. The resulting deletion fusion proteins were enzymatically inactive and
      were found predominantly in the cell debris. Evaluation of our findings in
      relation to the three-dimensional structure of the tryptophan synthetase enzyme
      complex of Salmonella typhimurium (5) and the results of mutational analyses with
      E. coli suggest that tryptophan synthetase may have evolved via an alpha-beta
      rather than a beta-alpha fusion because in beta-alpha fusions the amino-terminal
      helix of the alpha chain cannot assume the conformation required for optimal
      enzymatic activity.

PMID- 2404979
TI  - Movement of newly imported light-harvesting chlorophyll-binding protein from
      unstacked to stacked thylakoid membranes is not affected by light treatment or
      absence of amino-terminal threonines.
AB  - In higher plants and algae, the transduction of captured light energy is highly
      regulated as excess excitation of photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers can be
      redirected to photosystem I (PSI) reaction centers. Models that attempt to
      explain this phenomenon involve light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complexes
      (LHCII) that capture light energy and migrate between PSII and PSI. This report
      shows that in pea chloroplasts, the major protein component of LHCII, light
      harvesting chlorophyll-binding protein (LHCP), can indeed migrate within the
      thylakoid membrane. We show, however, that although newly imported LHCP inserts
      into both stacked and unstacked thylakoid membranes, it then moves only from the
      unstacked, PSI-rich membranes to the stacked, PSII-rich membranes. The observed
      migration is not affected by light treatment that induces a redistribution of
      captured light energy (state I-state II transition) that previously was thought
      to induce LHCP to migrate in the opposite direction, from stacked to unstacked
      membranes. A mutation that removes the site of LHCP phosphorylation, the proposed
      trigger of state transitions, also has no effect on the integration and movement
      of LHCP, but does render LHCP more susceptible to proteolytic degradation. These
      results are not consistent with current models that deal with the short-term
      change in the distribution of light energy.

PMID- 2404980
TI  - Studies of the domain structure of mammalian DNA polymerase beta. Identification
      of a discrete template binding domain.
AB  - Characterization of the domain structure of DNA polymerase beta is reported.
      Large scale overproduction of the rat protein in Escherichia coli was achieved,
      and the purified recombinant protein was verified by sequencing tryptic peptides.
      This protein is both a single-stranded DNA binding protein and a DNA polymerase
      consisting of one polypeptide chain of 334 amino acids. As revealed by controlled
      proteolysis experiments, the protein is organized in two relatively protease
      resistant segments linked by a short protease-sensitive region. One of these
      protease-resistant segments represents the NH2-terminal 20% of the protein. This
      NH2-terminal domain (of about 75 residues) has strong affinity for single
      stranded nucleic acids. The other protease-resistant segment, representing the
      COOH-terminal domain of approximately 250 residues, does not bind to nucleic
      acids. Neither domain, tested as purified proteins, has substantial DNA
      polymerase activity. The results suggest that the NH2-terminal domain is
      principally responsible for the template binding activity of the intact protein.

PMID- 2404981
TI  - Isolation of an abundant 50,000-dalton actin filament bundling protein from
      Dictyostelium amoebae.
AB  - A monomeric actin bundling protein with a native molecular weight of
      approximately 50,000 (ABP-50) has been isolated from amoebae of Dictyostelium
      discoideum. ABP-50 cross-links F-actin to form tightly packed bundles, some of
      which are highly ordered. It exhibits a Kd of 2.1 microM and a molar ratio to
      actin of 1:1 in bundles. Calcium and ATP at physiological concentrations have no
      effect on these activities. ABP-50 is immunologically unrelated to 30-kDa
      protein, a previously described bundling protein from Dictyostelium.
      Immunofluorescence with affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies indicates that
      ABP-50 is localized in regions of the amoeboid cell cortex containing actin
      bundles. The molar ratio of ABP-50 to actin is approximately 1:5 in vivo.
      Therefore, the abundance of ABP-50 suggests that it may be responsible for the
      majority of the bundling activity in these cells.

PMID- 2404982
TI  - Localization of arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase in parenchymal cells of porcine
      anterior pituitary.
AB  - 12-Lipoxygenases oxygenate arachidonic acid producing its 12S-hydroperoxy
      derivative and are well known as platelet and leukocyte enzymes. When a
      peroxidase-linked immunoassay of the enzyme according to the avidin-biotin method
      was applied to the cytosol fractions from various parts of porcine brain, a
      considerable amount of the enzyme was found in the anterior pituitary. The enzyme
      level (about 200 ng/mg cytosol protein) corresponded to about 6% of the enzyme
      content in porcine peripheral leukocytes. Posterior and intermediate lobes showed
      about one-tenth of the enzyme level of anterior pituitary. Other parts of porcine
      brain contained the 12-lipoxygenase in amounts below 7 ng/mg cytosol protein. The
      cytosol fraction (0.7 mg of protein) of anterior pituitary produced 12S-hydroxy
      5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid from 25 microM arachidonic acid in about 34%
      conversion at 24 degrees C for 5 min, giving a specific enzyme activity about 3
      nmol/min/mg protein. Furthermore, various octadecapolyenoic acids were oxygenated
      almost as fast as the arachidonate 12-oxygenation. When anterior pituitary was
      investigated immunohistochemically with anti-12-lipoxygenase antibody, most of
      the immunostained cells were certain parenchymal cells with granules, which were
      not blood cells. These biochemical and immunohistochemical results provide a good
      reason for considering that 12-lipoxygenase does play an important role in
      pituitary function.

PMID- 2404983
TI  - Phosphorylation of the glucose transporter in rat adipocytes. Identification of
      the intracellular domain at the carboxyl terminus as a target for phosphorylation
      in intact-cells and in vitro.
AB  - Phosphorylation of the insulin-regulatable glucose transporter (IRGT) is
      increased by incubating rat adipocytes with isoproterenol or by incubating
      microsomal membranes with cAMP-dependent protein kinase. To attempt to locate the
      sites of phosphorylation, the IRGT (apparent Mr = 46,000) was immunoprecipitated
      from 32P-labeled adipocytes and cleaved with CNBr or trypsin. Essentially all of
      the 32P could be recovered in a single CNBr fragment, denoted CB-T (Mr = 8,000),
      which bound a polyclonal antibody (R820) against a peptide having the sequence of
      the last 12 amino acids in the COOH terminus of the IRGT. 32P-Labeling of the
      IRGT was also confined to CB-T when membranes were incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP
      and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Isoproterenol increased phosphorylation of CB
      T, but insulin was without effect. To resolve phosphorylation sites further, IRGT
      from 32P-labeled cells was subjected to exhaustive proteolysis with trypsin.
      Samples were applied to a C-18 column, and 32P-labeled fragments were resolved
      into three peak fractions by elution with an increasing gradient of acetonitrile.
      [32P]Phosphoserine was the only phosphoamino acid detected in any of the peaks.
      Peak III contained approximately 80% of the 32P and was increased by
      isoproterenol. Almost all of the 32P introduced by cAMP-dependent protein kinase
      in vitro eluted in Peak III. In all cases, the 32P-labeled species in Peak III
      were quantitatively immunoprecipitated by R820. Digesting the peptide(s) in Peak
      III with V8 protease generated a single peak of 32P which eluted at lower
      acetonitrile than Peak III and contained 32P-labeled species that did not
      interact with R820. Automated Edman degradation indicated that the serine residue
      in Peak III phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase was the 3rd or 4th
      residue from the NH2 terminus of the peptide. These findings indicate that
      phosphorylation of the IRGT is restricted to the presumed intracellular domain at
      the COOH terminus and that Ser488 is a major site phosphorylated both by cAMP
      dependent protein kinase in vitro and in response to isoproterenol in vivo.

PMID- 2404984
TI  - Human bone sialoprotein. Deduced protein sequence and chromosomal localization.
AB  - A cDNA encoding the human bone sialoprotein was isolated from a lambda Zap
      expression library (made from cultured human bone cell poly(A)+ RNA) using
      radiolabeled rat bone sialoprotein cDNA (Oldberg, A., and Heinegard, D. (1988) J.
      Biol. Chem. 263, 19430-19432) as a probe. A 5' 1-kilobase EcoRI fragment of the
      purified 3-kilobase clone was sequenced and found to contain the entire protein
      encoding region. The deduced protein sequence revealed a 317-amino acid protein
      (34,982 Da) containing a 16-amino acid hydrophobic signal sequence and a 33,352
      Da protein destined to undergo extensive post-translational modifications before
      being secreted from the cell. A comparison of the human and rat protein sequences
      showed extensive (greater than 70%) amino acid identities including the Arg-Gly
      Asp (RGD) tripeptide thought to confer the cell attachment activity observed
      previously for this protein. Also conserved were three regions rich in acidic
      amino acids and three regions rich in tyrosine. While all three tyrosine-rich
      regions appear to be composed of a nominal repeat structure, only the two
      carboxyl-terminal regions that flank the RGD sequence fit all three of the
      requirements for extensive tyrosine sulfation. Interestingly, human bone
      sialoprotein, whose final secreted product is approximately 50% carbohydrate,
      contains no cystines. Northern analysis showed that while bone cells are the
      major source of bone sialoprotein message production, other tissues may contain
      trace amounts of this message. Southern hybridization of DNA from human-rodent
      somatic cell hybrids that have segregated human chromosomes indicated that the
      gene is located on human chromosome 4. The human bone sialoprotein gene is a
      single copy gene unlikely to exceed 11.1 kilobases in length. No restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms were observed with 12 different restriction enzymes
      in 10 normal individuals.

PMID- 2404985
TI  - Reproductive pattern among women in 19th century Sweden.
AB  - Among the married female population in rural areas of 19th century Sweden
      infertility and subfertility were found in 7.5% and 6.1% respectively with
      increasing incidence during the latter half of the century. In relation to the
      age group 20-24, fecundity declined by 42% and 92% in the age groups 35-39 and 40
      45 respectively. One-third of married women died before age 50. Re-marriages and
      step-parents were common. Less than half of the married women brought up the
      majority of the children in the community.

PMID- 2404986
TI  - Lesions of the patellar ligament.
AB  - We report 18 cases of pain and tenderness in the mid-part of the patellar
      ligament in athletes. The condition may be disabling, but it responds to surgery.
      Ultrasound and CT scans were positive in all 17 confirmed cases, but ultrasound
      gave a better distinction between the cysts, granulation tissue, metaplasia,
      mucoid degeneration and congenital defects found at operation.

PMID- 2404987
TI  - Biological response to woven carbon fibre pads in the knee. A clinical and
      experimental study.
AB  - We assessed the use of woven carbon fibre pads to resurface osteochondral defects
      in animals and in patients. The pads became filled with structurally strong and
      compliant fibrous tissue and did not provoke a synovial reaction, though
      pigmentation was induced in some animals. Of the patients, 77% had a satisfactory
      response to resurfacing, with no synovitis. Our initial experiments indicate that
      carbon pads may provide a satisfactory treatment for localised articular defects.

PMID- 2404988
TI  - Isolation and characterization of Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants defective in
      intracellular low density lipoprotein-cholesterol trafficking.
AB  - This paper reports the isolation and characterization of Chinese hamster ovary
      cell mutants defective in low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol trafficking.
      The parental cell line was 25-RA, which possesses LDL receptors and various
      cholesterogenic enzyme activities that are partially resistant to down regulation
      by exogenous sterols (Chang, T. Y., and J. S. Limanek. 1980. J. Biol. Chem.
      255:7787-7795). Because these cells accumulate a large amount of intracellular
      cholesteryl ester when grown in medium containing 10% fetal calf serum,
      mutagenized populations of 25-RA cells were grown in the presence of a specific
      inhibitor of acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), which depleted
      their cholesteryl ester stores. Without this cholesterol ester storage, 99% of 25
      RA cells die after 5-d growth in cholesterol starvation medium, while the mutant
      cells, which accumulate free cholesterol intracellularly, survived. In two mutant
      clones chosen for characterization, activation of cholesteryl ester synthesis by
      LDL was markedly reduced in the mutant cells compared with 25-RA cells. This lack
      of activation of cholesterol ester synthesis in the mutant cells could not be
      explained by defective uptake and/or processing of LDL or by a decreased amount
      of ACAT, as determined by in vitro enzyme activity. Mutant cells grown in the
      presence of LDL contain numerous cytosolic particles that stain intensely with
      the fluorescent compound acridine orange, suggesting that they are acidic. The
      particles are also stained with filipin, a cholesterol-specific fluorescent dye.
      Indirect immunofluorescence with a monoclonal antibody specific for a
      lysosomal/endosomal fraction revealed a staining pattern that colocalized with
      the filipin signal. The mutant phenotype was recessive. The available evidence
      indicates that the mutant cells can take up and process LDL normally, but the
      hydrolyzed cholesterol accumulates in an acidic compartment, probably the
      lysosomes, where it can not be transported to its normal intracellular
      destinations.

PMID- 2404989
TI  - Cell type-specific post-Golgi apparatus localization of a "resident" endoplasmic
      reticulum glycoprotein, glucosidase II.
AB  - Glucosidase II, an asparagine-linked oligosaccharide processing enzyme, is a
      resident glycoprotein of the endoplasmic reticulum. In kidney tubular cells, in
      contrast to previous findings on hepatocytes, we found by light and electron
      microscopy immunoreactivity for glucosidase II predominantly in post-Golgi
      apparatus structures. The majority of immunolabel was in endocytotic structures
      beneath the plasma membrane. Immunoprecipitation confirmed presence of the
      glucosidase II subunit in purified brush border preparations. Kidney glucosidase
      II contained species carrying endo H-sensitive, high mannose as well as endo H
      resistant oligosaccharide chains. Some species of glucosidase II contained sialic
      acid. The sialylated species were enzymatically active. This study demonstrates
      than an enzyme presumed to be a resident of the endoplasmic reticulum may show
      alternative localizations in some cell types.

PMID- 2404990
TI  - A cysteine-specific lysosomal transport system provides a major route for the
      delivery of thiol to human fibroblast lysosomes: possible role in supporting
      lysosomal proteolysis.
AB  - Lysosomes constitute only 4% of the intracellular volume of a normal human
      fibroblast. When human fibroblasts are incubated for 2-5 min with 20 microM
      [35S]cystine in Krebs-Ringer phosphate solution at pH 7.4, a minimum of 50-60% of
      the total radioactivity taken up by the cells is found sequestered into the
      lysosomal compartment in the form of cysteine. A lysosomal transport system,
      highly specific for cysteine, appears to facilitate this rapid lysosomal cysteine
      sequestration. Time courses of [35S]cysteine uptake into isolated, Percoll
      purified fibroblast lysosomes at pH 7.0 and 37 degrees C are linear for the first
      4-5 min and attain a steady state by 10 min. Lysosomal cysteine uptake displays a
      Km of 0.05 mM at pH 7.0 and an activation energy of 21 kcal/mol, corresponding to
      a Q10 of 3.2. The role of this transport system in delivering cysteine into
      lysosomes is supported by its pH curve showing a slow rate of cysteine transport
      at the acidic pHs between 5 and 6, but then increasing sevenfold between pH 6 and
      7.5 to be maximally active near the cytosolic pH of 7. Carrier mediation by this
      lysosomal transport route demonstrates a high specificity for cysteine as
      indicated by the inability of the following amino acids to significantly inhibit
      at 5 mM the lysosomal uptake of 0.035 mM [35S]L-cysteine: ala, ser, pro, val,
      gly, homocysteine, D- or L-penicillamine, arg, asp, or leu. Similarly, D-cysteine
      and beta-mercaptopropionate were poor inhibitors, suggesting that both the L
      isomer and alpha-amino group of cysteine appear to be required for recognition by
      the cysteine-specific transport system. In contrast, cysteamine, which lacks an
      alpha-carboxyl group, was able to strongly inhibit lysosomal cysteine uptake. The
      physiological importance of this cysteine-specific lysosomal transport system may
      be to aid lysosomal proteolysis by delivering cysteine into the lysosomal
      compartment to (a) maintain the catalytic activity of the thiol-dependent
      lysosomal enzymes and (b) break protein disulfide bridges at susceptible
      linkages, thereby allowing proteins to unfold, facilitating their degradation.

PMID- 2404991
TI  - Exogenous nucleation sites fail to induce detectable polymerization of actin in
      living cells.
AB  - Most nonmuscle cells are known to maintain a relatively high concentration of
      unpolymerized actin. To determine how the polymerization of actin is regulated,
      exogenous nucleation sites, prepared by sonicating fluorescein phalloidin-labeled
      actin filaments, were microinjected into living Swiss 3T3 and NRK cells. The
      nucleation sites remained as a cluster for over an hour after microinjection, and
      caused no detectable change in the phase morphology of the cell. As determined by
      immunofluorescence specific for endogenous actin and by staining cells with
      rhodamine phalloidin, the microinjection induced neither an extensive
      polymerization of endogenous actin off the nucleation sites, nor changes in the
      distribution of actin filaments. In addition, the extent of actin polymerization,
      as estimated by integrating the fluorescence intensities of bound rhodamine
      phalloidin, did not appear to be affected. To determine whether the nucleation
      sites remained active after microinjection, cells were first injected with
      nucleation sites and, following a 20-min incubation, microinjected with monomeric
      rhodamine-labeled actin. The rhodamine-labeled actin became extensively
      associated with the nucleation sites, suggesting that at least some of the
      nucleation activity was maintained, and that the endogenous actin behaved in a
      different manner from the exogenous actin subunits. Similarly, when cells
      containing nucleation sites were extracted and incubated with rhodamine-labeled
      actin, the rhodamine-labeled actin became associated with the nucleation sites in
      a cytochalasin-sensitive manner. These observations suggest that capping and
      inhibition of nucleation cannot account for the regulation of actin
      polymerization in living cells. However, the sequestration of monomers probably
      plays a crucial role.

PMID- 2404992
TI  - Structure and function of the cytoskeleton of a Dictyostelium myosin-defective
      mutant.
AB  - To study the role of conventional myosin in nonmuscle cells, we determined the
      cytoskeletal organization and physiological responses of a Dictyostelium myosin
      defective mutant. Dictyostelium hmm cells were created by insertional mutagenesis
      of the myosin heavy chain gene (De Lozanne, A., and J. A. Spudich. 1987. Science
      (Wash. DC). 236: 1086-1091). Western blot analysis using different mAbs confirms
      that hmm cells express a truncated myosin fragment of 140 kD (HMM-140 protein)
      instead of the normal 243-kD myosin heavy chain (MHC). Spontaneous revertants
      appear at a frequency less than 4 x 10(-5), which synthesize normal myosin and
      are capable of forming thick filaments. In hmm cells, the HMM-140 protein is
      diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm, indicating that it cannot assemble into
      thick filaments. The actin distribution in these mutant cells appears similar to
      that of wild-type cells. However, there is a significant abnormality in the
      organization of cytoplasmic microtubules, which penetrate into lamellipodial
      regions. The microtubule networks consist of approximately 13 microtubules on
      average and their pattern is abnormal. Although hmm cells can form mitotic
      spindles, mitosis is not coordinated with normal furrow formation. The hmm cells
      are clearly defective in the contractile events that lead to normal cytokinesis.
      The retraction of different regions of the cell can result in the occasional
      pinching off of part of the cell. This process is not coupled with formation of
      mitotic spindles. There is no specific accumulation of HMM-140 in such
      constrictions, whereas 73% of such cells show actin concentrated in these
      regions. The mutant hmm cells are also deficient in capping of Con-A-bound
      surface receptors, but instead internalize this complex into the cytoplasm. The
      hmm cells display active phagocytosis of bacteria. Whereas actin is concentrated
      in the phagocytic cups, HMM-140 protein is not localized in these regions. cAMP,
      a chemoattractant that induces drastic rounding up and formation of surface blebs
      in wild type cells, does not induce rounding up in the hmm cells. A Triton
      permeabilized cell model of the wild-type amebae contracts on reactivation with
      Mg-ATP, whereas a model of the hmm cell shows no detectable contraction. Our data
      demonstrate that the conventional myosin participates in the significant cortical
      motile activities of Dictyostelium cells, which include rounding up, constriction
      of cleavage furrows, capping surface receptors, and establishing cell polarity.

PMID- 2404993
TI  - In vitro reactivation of spindle elongation in fission yeast nuc2 mutant cells.
AB  - To investigate the mechanisms of spindle elongation and chromosome separation in
      the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we have developed an in vitro assay
      using a temperature-sensitive mutant strain, nuc2. At the restrictive
      temperature, nuc2 cells are arrested at a metaphase-like stage with short
      spindles and condensed chromosomes. After permeabilization of spheroplasts of the
      arrested cells, spindle elongation was reactivated by addition of ATP and
      neurotubulin both at the restrictive and the permissive temperatures, but
      chromosome separation was not. This suggests that the nuc2 cells are impaired in
      function at a stage before sister chromatid disjunction. Spindle elongation
      required both ATP and exogenous tubulin and was inhibited by adenylyl
      imidodiphosphate (AMPPNP) or vanadate. The ends of yeast half-spindle
      microtubules pulse-labeled with biotinylated tubulin moved past each other during
      spindle elongation and a gap formed between the original half-spindles. These
      results suggest that the primary mechanochemical event responsible for spindle
      elongation is the sliding apart of antiparallel microtubules of the two half
      spindles.

PMID- 2404994
TI  - Correlation of cell migration, cell invasion, receptor number, proteinase
      production, and basic fibroblast growth factor levels in endothelial cells.
AB  - The levels of endogenous basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in seven clones of
      cultured bovine capillary endothelial (BCE) cells were assayed, and their
      relation to cell morphology, bFGF receptor number, cell migration, amniotic
      membrane invasivity, and proteinase levels were studied. Immunoblotting
      experiments with anti-bFGF IgG demonstrated that cells from these clones
      contained different amounts of bFGF. The cells containing high levels of bFGF had
      a spindle or elongated appearance at confluence and a low number of high affinity
      receptors for bFGF. The cells containing low levels of bFGF had a cobblestone
      like appearance and a higher number of high affinity receptors. When exposed to
      10 ng/ml bFGF, cells containing a low level of bFGF took on an elongated
      appearance with a crisscross pattern similar to that seen with the high producer
      bFGF cells. The endogenous bFGF levels of the BCE cell clones correlated with the
      extent of cell migration after wounding of a monolayer and the degree of invasion
      of the human amniotic membrane. Cells from the clone with the highest endogenous
      bFGF level migrated well, invaded the amnion membrane without the addition of
      exogenous bFGF, and were relatively unaffected by the addition of bFGF. Cells
      from the clone containing the lowest level of bFGF did not migrate or invade
      under normal conditions. However, the addition of bFGF to the culture medium
      strongly enhanced both of these processes. The inclusion of anti-bFGF IgG in the
      media suppressed cell migration and invasion. The plasminogen activator (PA)
      activities of cell lysates of the clones, assayed by the 125I-fibrin plate
      technique, indicated that the PA levels did not correlate with the bFGF levels.
      Metalloproteinase activities in the conditioned medium, assayed by gelatin
      zymography, correlated with the endogenous bFGF levels, suggesting that the
      degree of expression of metalloproteinases might be critical for cell migration
      and invasion. These data suggest that endogenous bFGF may have an important role
      for migration and invasion of BCE cells during neovascularization via the
      induction and/or activation of specific metalloproteinases.

PMID- 2404995
TI  - Relationship between insulin stimulation and endogenous regulation of 2
      deoxyglucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
AB  - The occurrence of the endogenous regulatory response to high rates of 2
      deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake, as previously described for C6 glioma cells during
      incubation with 2 mM 2-DG (Lange et al.: J. Cell. Physiol., 1989), was studied in
      3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes, and the influence of insulin on this
      endogenous uptake regulation was examined. In contrast to 3T3-L1 preadipocytes,
      insulin-sensitive differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes displayed the time-dependent
      cyclic pattern of 2-DG uptake rates characteristic of the membrane-limited and
      endogenously regulated cellular state of hexose utilization. Although insulin
      induced a threefold stimulation of 2-DG tracer uptake in adipocytes, the hormone
      did not additionally stimulate the uptake rates or affect the periodic response:
      maximum and minimum levels of uptake remained unchanged. Scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM) revealed that the acquirement of the differentiated state is
      accompanied by a conspicuous transformation of the smooth surface of
      undifferentiated 3T3-L1 cells into a surface covered by numerous microvilli of
      uniform size and appearance. Treatment with insulin (10 mU/ml; 10 minutes)
      converted these microvilli into voluminous saccular membrane protrusions of the
      same type as had been formed during incubation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with 2 mM 2
      DG, and which have previously been shown to be involved in the endogenous uptake
      regulation of C6 glioma cells (Lange et al.: J. Cell. Physiol., 1989). These
      insulin-induced saccated membrane areas appeared to become integrated into the
      cell surface. Accordingly, insulin treatment caused a twofold increase of the
      intracellular distribution space of 3-O-methylglucose (3-OMG) in 3T3-L1
      adipocytes. This insulin-induced increase of the 3-OMG distribution space
      exhibited the same time (t1/2 = 2-2.5 minutes) and dose dependence (EC50 = 20 nM)
      as the insulin-induced stimulation of 3-OMG transport. Glucose deprivation during
      the differentiation period inhibited the outgrowth of microvilli from the cell
      surface. Glucose starvation (18 hours at less than 0.5 mM) induced a conspicuous
      reduction of the length of microvilli on differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. In this
      state, the stalks of the microvilli are almost invisible and the enlarged
      spherical tips of the microvilli (with an average diameter of 370 nm compared to
      230 nm of fed cells) appeared to protrude directly out of the cell surface.
      Starvation-induced shortening of microvilli was accompanied by a threefold
      increase of the basal 3-OMG transport rate and a greater than twofold increase of
      the intracellular 3-OMG distribution space as compared to fed cells (10 mM; 18
      hours).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2404996
TI  - Smooth muscle actin expression during P19 embryonal carcinoma differentiation in
      cell culture.
AB  - P19 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells can be induced in vitro to differentiate into
      cells resembling those normally formed in the embryo. Among these cell types is
      one whose morphology is fibroblast-like. Using indirect immunofluorescence and
      Western blot analysis with antibodies directed against various isoforms of actin,
      many of these fibroblast-like cells were found to express smooth muscle actin
      isoforms. Northern blot analysis of RNA indicated the presence of a smooth muscle
      specific isoform of myosin heavy-chain mRNA in immortal lines of these fibroblast
      like cells. These results suggest that these fibroblast-like cells resemble fetal
      myofibroblastic or myoepithelial cells, which have a wide distribution during
      embryonic development.

PMID- 2404998
TI  - Acute sympathetic denervation does not eliminate the effect of angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibition on CBF autoregulation in spontaneously hypertensive
      rats.
AB  - The effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition with captopril (10 mg/kg
      i.v.) on CBF autoregulation was studied in 16 spontaneously hypertensive rats (8
      control and 8 treated with captopril) subjected to acute cervical sympathectomy.
      CBF was measured repetitively by the intra-arterial 133Xe injection method,
      during the manipulation of MABP by norepinephrine or hemorrhagic hypotension.
      Prior to the administration of drugs, baseline MABP was 112 +/- 10 mm Hg in the
      control group and 119 +/- 11 mm Hg in the captopril group. Baseline CBF was 99 +/
      19 ml/100 g/min, with no difference in the two groups. In agreement with
      previous findings in rats with intact sympathetic nerves, the lower limit of CBF
      autoregulation was reduced from the MABP interval of 70-89 to 50-69 mm Hg by
      captopril.

PMID- 2404997
TI  - Influence of MK-801 on brain extracellular calcium and potassium activities in
      severe hypoglycemia.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of blockade of N
      methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors on the depolarization associated with severe
      hypoglycemia, which is commonly preceded by one or a few transient
      depolarizations reminiscent of cortical spreading depression (CSD). In the
      cerebral cortices of rats [K+]e and [Ca2+]e were measured with ion-selective
      microelectrodes. NMDA blockade was achieved by injection of MK801 in doses that
      block CSD. In control rats, the latency from the time point when blood glucose
      reached minimal levels to onset of ionic shifts was 33.2 +/- 3.5 min, and [K+]e
      rose from 3.2 +/- 0.2 to 55 +/- 5 mM. All variables remained unchanged in rats
      treated with MK801. In another four rats treated with MK801, [Ca2+]e declined
      from 1.06 +/- 0.22 to 0.12 +/- 0.02 mM. Plasma glucose measurements indicated
      that the cortex depolarized at a plasma glucose concentration between 0.7 and 0.8
      mM, i.e., within a narrow range, suggesting a threshold phenomenon. In
      conclusion, activation of NMDA receptors seems of minor importance for
      hypoglycemic depolarization. The ionic transients that precede the persistent
      hypoglycemic depolarization are probably mediated by mechanisms distinct from
      those of electrically induced CSD.

PMID- 2404999
TI  - Self-care: perspectives from six disciplines.

PMID- 2405000
TI  - Symptom self-care.

PMID- 2405001
TI  - Clinical review 5: Recombinant DNA strategies for determining the molecular basis
      of endocrine disorders.

PMID- 2405002
TI  - Expression of c-fos and c-myc proto-oncogenes in human adrenal pheochromocytomas.
AB  - We examined c-fos and c-myc expressions in pheochromocytoma tissues from six
      patients. All samples contained c-fos and c-myc transcripts, whereas mRNA from
      bovine adrenal medulla, as a control, did not contain these transcripts at
      detectable levels. Southern blot analysis revealed no amplification and no
      rearrangement of c-fos and c-myc genes. We also examined the gene expression of
      insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), a mitogen for rat pheochromocytoma cells
      exerted by autocrine or paracrine fashion. All samples from the pheochromocytomas
      contained IGF-II transcripts as well as c-fos and c-myc transcripts. The
      constitutive expressions of c-fos and c-myc genes may be interpreted to mean that
      pheochromocytoma is in a state of growth stimulation in vivo by growth factors,
      including IGF-II.

PMID- 2405003
TI  - Chronic thyroiditis with painful tender thyroid enlargement and transient
      thyrotoxicosis.
AB  - Clinical and laboratory findings and long term outcome (1.5-9 yr) in 7 women and
      1 man with chronic thyroiditis (CT) who had painful tender thyroid enlargement
      were evaluated and compared with those in 11 women with subacute thyroiditis
      (SAT). Histological features consistent with SAT were not demonstrable, and
      various forms of CT (fibrous variant, diffuse, or focal lymphocytic thyroiditis)
      were observed. There were no differences in mean age, duration of symptoms,
      erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein values in the 2 diseases.
      Seven patients had a history of goiter, and none had a history of a preceding
      upper respiratory tract infection. The mean white blood cell count was
      significantly lower in CT than in SAT patients. Six CT patients had transient
      thyrotoxicosis with a marked depression of radioactive iodine uptake. Mean serum
      T4 and T3 levels and T3 to T4 ratio in these 6 patients did not differ from those
      in the SAT patients. Five (all with high antimicrosomal antibody titers) of 8 CT
      patients developed persistent hypothyroidism. In contrast, none of the SAT
      patients became permanently hypothyroid. TSH binding inhibitory immunoglobulins
      and thyroid stimulation-blocking antibody at recent examination were negative in
      these 5 patients. Patients with this disorder present with transient
      thyrotoxicosis, with a marked depression of the thyroid radioactive iodine
      uptake, and often develop goitrous or atropic persistent hypothyroidism. This
      disorder may represent acute exacerbation of an underlying immunological process
      during the course of CT. To differentiate this syndrome from SAT, thyroid biopsy
      is necessary.

PMID- 2405004
TI  - Bacteremia detected by lysis direct plating in a neonatal intensive care unit.
AB  - The density of bacteremia was determined in 787 neonatal blood specimens by using
      the 1.5-ml Isolator microbial tube. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the
      organisms isolated most frequently from both true-positive cultures (25 of 50)
      and contaminated cultures (57 of 131). Based on the first positive culture in an
      episode of sepsis, there were no cases of coagulase-negative staphylococcal
      sepsis associated with counts of less than or equal to 5 CFU/ml. Indwelling
      intravascular lines were associated with the majority of the episodes of sepsis.
      The distribution of pathogens causing sepsis in this neonatal population was
      similar to the distribution of microorganisms associated with cannula-related
      sepsis in other hospitalized patients.

PMID- 2405005
TI  - Characterization of a Legionella anisa strain isolated from a patient with
      pneumonia.
AB  - Legionella anisa, previously found only in environmental specimens, was isolated
      from a bronchial lavage specimen of an immunocompromised patient with pneumonia.
      Growth, physiologic, gas-liquid chromatographic, serologic, and DNA
      characteristics were consistent with those of the type strain of L. anisa, WA-316
      C3 (ATCC 35292).

PMID- 2405006
TI  - Evaluation of isolator system and large-volume centrifugation method for
      culturing body fluids.
AB  - The Isolator system was compared with the large-volume centrifugation method for
      processing and recovering organisms from body fluids other than blood,
      cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. A total of 155 body fluid samples were processed
      for the recovery of clinically significant organisms. Of the 55 positive
      cultures, Isolator detected 94% and the large-volume centrifugation method
      detected 64%. The time necessary to indicate positivity was not significantly
      different in the two methods; however, in five cases, the Isolator system yielded
      clinically significant organisms 24 h sooner than the conventional method. The
      Isolator system was found to be a more sensitive alternative than the
      conventional large-volume centrifugation method.

PMID- 2405007
TI  - Detection of verotoxin in stool specimens.
AB  - A total of 132 fecal specimens containing verotoxin (VT) were subjected to
      counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Of these, 113 (85.6%) were found to
      be positive by CIE. Another 71 stool specimens containing E. coli serogroup O157
      but with flagellar antigens other than H7 were tested for verotoxin by CIE. These
      stool specimens were negative for VT on Vero cell monolayers. Of these 71 stool
      specimens, 6 (8.5%) gave positive tests for verotoxin by CIE. Forty stool
      specimen filtrates which were negative for VT (negative controls) were also
      subjected to CIE. One of these stool specimen filtrates gave a line of
      precipitation by CIE. The specificity of the CIE test was 93.7%, and the
      sensitivity was 85.6%. False-positive results may have been due to an antibody
      component against the somatic antigen (O157) in the antitoxin used; this is a
      limitation of the CIE test. In a related evaluation, 302 stool specimen filtrates
      containing VT were retested with Vero cell suspension cultures in microdilution
      plates. Of these, 281 stool specimen filtrates showed cytotoxic effects within 24
      h, while the remaining 21 filtrates showed the effects within 48 h. The use of
      Vero cell suspension culture is as reliable as the use of Vero cell monolayers
      and provides detection of verotoxin 24 to 48 h sooner.

PMID- 2405009
TI  - Bacteremias caused by Selenomonas artemidis and Selenomonas infelix.
AB  - We report two different cases of bacteremia caused by two recently described
      Selenomonas species, Selenomonas artemidis and Selenomonas infelix. Both species
      are normally found in human buccal flora. S. artemidis bacteremia appeared in a
      patient (number 1) who presented with an air-fluid pulmonary cavity and clinical
      conditions consistent with an anaerobic lung abscess. While the patient improved
      with antibiotic therapy, cultures of respiratory secretions yielded Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis. This case demonstrated a strong possibility of a coexisting lung
      abscess due to S. artemidis. S. infelix bacteremia appeared in a cancer patient
      (number 2) with heart disease during preterminal acute respiratory distress. It
      was more difficult in this case to assess the clinical impact of the Selenomonas
      organisms on the patient.

PMID- 2405008
TI  - Numerical analysis of electrophoretic periplasmic protein patterns, a possible
      marker system for epidemiologic studies.
AB  - The whole-cell and periplasmic protein (PP) compositions of 22 Serratia
      marcescens isolates were examined. Numerical analysis of whole-cell protein
      patterns was not a useful procedure for measuring relationships between organisms
      at the subspecific level. However, there was a very good correlation between
      electrophoretic PP pattern results and those obtained previously from multilocus
      enzyme electrophoresis (electrophoretic type) and biotype (D. Gargallo-Viola, J.
      Clin. Microbiol. 27:860-868, 1989). Clustering of isolates by using PP patterns
      compared by coefficients based on peak position (Dice coefficient) gave more
      precise information than that obtained by correlation coefficients. PP patterns
      appeared to be a useful tool that may be of value for epidemiologic studies.

PMID- 2405010
TI  - Rapid fluorescence method for screening Salmonella spp. from enteric differential
      agars.
AB  - Four hundred thirty-two lactose-negative colonies isolated from human feces on
      stool differential agar media were flooded with one drop of MUCAP Test reagent
      (Biolife Italiana S.r.I., Milan, Italy) and observed under a Wood lamp for the
      development of a blue fluorescence over or around the colony. On the basis of
      manual and automated conventional tests for the screening of Salmonella spp., the
      MUCAP Test yielded the following results: 79 true-positives, 314 true-negatives,
      35 false-positives, and 4 false-negatives (sensitivity, 95%; specificity, 90%;
      positive predictive value, 69%; negative predictive value, 99%). The specificity
      of the test performed on colonies isolated on MacConkey agar (95%) was higher
      than that performed on colonies isolated on SS agar (88%; P less than 0.03). The
      MUCAP Test is an easy, rapid, and sensitive method for the screening of colonies
      suspected of being Salmonella spp., reducing the number of biochemical tests
      needed.

PMID- 2405011
TI  - Immunophysical characterization of human isolates of Serratia marcescens.
AB  - The immunophysical characteristics of 29 Serratia marcescens strains isolated
      from hospitalized patients in three different cities were studied. Their outer
      membrane antigens were compared by solid-phase radioimmunoassay inhibition, and
      their proteinase K-treated, whole-cell lysates were compared by sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblot analysis.
      The strains had a limited number of unique outer membrane lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS) and capsular polysaccharide (K) antigens. By solid-phase radioimmunoassay
      inhibition, these strains could be divided into four distinct LPS and five K
      antigenic groups. By SDS-PAGE, the LPS groups could be further divided into three
      distinct SDS-PAGE core polysaccharide profiles and five distinct O-side-chain
      polysaccharide profiles. Immunoblot analysis with rabbit antiserum confirmed the
      limited heterogeneity of these isolates. Of the strains tested, no PAGE profile
      was unique to blood or nonblood isolates or to organisms collected from a given
      hospital. Variability of O and core PAGE profiles was not a function of organism
      growth cycle. Five representative Serratia strains were tested by SDS-PAGE and
      immunoblot analysis and in a bactericidal assay with normal human serum. We found
      that (i) the normal human serum had antibodies to the LPS of each of the strains,
      (ii) the anti-LPS antibody measured by immunoblot did not correlate with the
      level of bactericidal activity in the normal human serum, (iii) three of four
      sepsis isolates were serum sensitive, (iv) two Serratia strains serum sensitive
      in log-phase growth became serum resistant in late stationary-phase growth and
      under limiting nutrient conditions, and (v) no LPS PAGE profile distinguished
      serum-sensitive from serum-resistant strains.

PMID- 2405012
TI  - Use of a Chinese hamster ovary cell cytotoxicity assay for the rapid diagnosis of
      pertussis.
AB  - A cytotoxicity assay with Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) capable of detecting
      750 pg of pertussis toxin was assessed for use as a rapid test for the diagnosis
      of pertussis and compared with direct immunofluorescence (DFA). With pure
      bacterial cultures and simulated clinical specimens, the CHO assay detected as
      few as two colonies of Bordetella pertussis; no cytotoxicity occurred with other
      respiratory tract microorganisms. Next, nasopharyngeal aspirate secretions and
      nasopharyngeal cultures harvested after 72 h of incubation from 57 culture
      positive and 201 culture-negative patients were examined. The CHO assay with
      nasopharyngeal secretions was positive in 25 (45%) of 55 culture-positive cases;
      DFA was positive in 15 (26%) of 57 cases (P = 0.05). The CHO assay with 72-h
      culture washes was positive in 42 (75%) of 57 culture-positive cases (P less than
      0.001 compared with DFA). The CHO assay was more specific than DFA; all five CHO
      positive, culture-negative cases were confirmed as true positives by serologic or
      toxin neutralization assays. In contrast, only 4 (36%) of 11 DFA-positive,
      culture-negative cases were confirmed as pertussis by serologic methods (P =
      0.03). Combining the CHO assay with culture significantly decreased the delay in
      laboratory diagnosis of pertussis (3.30 versus 4.54 days; P = 0.01). The CHO
      assay is a sensitive and specific assay for the rapid diagnosis of pertussis.

PMID- 2405013
TI  - Simplified and accurate nonradioactive polynucleotide gene probe assay for
      identification of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - The present study describes a colony hybridization setup for identification of
      enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli obviating the need for advanced equipment and
      radioactive isotopes. With a modest laboratory arrangement, polynucleotide gene
      probes were produced in large quantities. The probes were labeled with
      digoxigenin and, after hybridization, detected with an antidigoxigenin alkaline
      phosphatase conjugate. With an established isotope-based oligonucleotide
      hybridization assay as reference, a blinded study on a large battery of
      enterotoxigenic and nonenterotoxigenic bacteria revealed a satisfactory
      sensitivity and specificity of the nonradioactive assay.

PMID- 2405014
TI  - Antibiotic resistance patterns of group B streptococci in pregnant women.
AB  - This study examined the antibiotic resistance patterns of group B streptococci
      (GBS) isolated from gravid women. A total of 156 vaginal and cervical isolates of
      GBS were examined for resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, clindamycin,
      cefoxitin, gentamicin, and erythromicin. No resistance to penicillin or
      ampicillin was found, nor was penicillinase production demonstrated. A high level
      of resistance to gentamicin was noted (91%). Of the isolates examined, 9, 9.5,
      and 15.3% exhibited either resistance or intermediate susceptibility to
      erythromycin, clindamycin, and cefoxitin, respectively. Thirty strains (19%)
      exhibited a multiple antibiotic resistance pattern. Given the high penicillin and
      ampicillin treatment failure rates when attempting to eradicate vaginal GBS
      colonization and our findings of higher and multiple drug resistance patterns of
      GBS, the selection of an alternative antibiotic regimen is of considerable
      clinical importance. We recommend that routine reporting of GBS susceptibilities
      by clinical laboratories be adopted.

PMID- 2405015
TI  - Use of molecular typing to study the epidemiology of Serratia marcescens.
AB  - Although Serratia marcescens is a well-known nosocomial pathogen, investigation
      of its hospital ecology has been limited by the lack of available typing
      techniques. During an investigation of the occurrence of this organism in a
      neonatal intensive care unit, we evaluated a number of such techniques. Using a
      selective medium, we conducted prospective surveillance of neonatal rectal
      colonization and environmental contamination with S. marcescens. In 8 months of
      surveillance, 5.1% (20 of 394) of the infants admitted to the unit became
      colonized. Most sink surfaces and drains were also culture positive. Differences
      between isolates could not be detected in biotypes from a commercial
      identification system (MicroScan) or by antibiograms, total protein fingerprints,
      or plasmid profiles. Serogrouping and genomic DNA restriction endonuclease
      analysis revealed the presence of six strains that colonized infants and a
      similar number of environmental strains. These two methods were concordant, with
      the exception that genomic DNA analysis demonstrated lack of relatedness between
      some strains within the same serogroup. DNA restriction endonuclease analysis was
      practical and reliable. The differences this method detected between
      environmental and neonatal strains provided strong evidence that the environment
      was not an important reservoir for S. marcescens in our neonatal intensive care
      unit.

PMID- 2405016
TI  - Three-year experience with sonicated vascular catheter cultures in a clinical
      microbiology laboratory.
AB  - Using a quantitative sonication method, we cultured 1,681 consecutive vascular
      catheters submitted to a clinical microbiology laboratory in a 36-month period. A
      total of 46% of the cultures were positive; the most common organisms isolated
      were coagulase-negative staphylococci (36.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.9%),
      enterococci (10.0%), yeasts (9.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (5.8%), and
      Enterobacter species (4.4%). The frequencies of positive blood cultures within 48
      h prior to a positive catheter culture result were as follows: Candida albicans
      (68.4%), S. aureus (60%), Enterobacter cloacae (42.9%), Staphylococcus
      epidermidis (32.1%), P. aeruginosa (27.7%), and enterococci (23.3%). The
      sonication method allowed quantification of the number of CFU removed from a
      catheter for between 10(2) and 10(7) CFU. For catheter cultures in which greater
      than or equal to 10(2) CFU grew, a linear regression equation could be
      calculated: (risk of positive blood culture for the same organism) = 14 [log10
      (number of organisms removed from the catheter)] -21 (r = 0.93). For catheter
      cultures in which less than 10(2) CFU grew, positive blood cultures for the same
      organism were strongly associated with a proven infection at a site distant from
      the catheter (P = 0.001) or probable contamination (S. epidermidis). Our findings
      indicate that this technique has considerable potential for use in clinical
      microbiology laboratories to aid in the diagnosis of vascular catheter infections
      and for clinical investigations into the pathogenesis of these infections.

PMID- 2405017
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to Nocardia asteroides and Nocardia brasiliensis antigens.
AB  - Nocardia asteroides and Nocardia brasiliensis whole-cell extracts were used as
      antigens to generate monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Six stable hybrid cell lines
      secreting anti-Nocardia spp. MAbs were obtained. These were characterized by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot (immunoblot), and
      immunofluorescence assay. Although all the MAbs exhibited different degrees of
      cross-reactivity with N. asteroides and N. brasiliensis antigens as well as with
      culture-filtrate antigens from Mycobacteria spp., they have the potential for use
      as reagents in the purification of Nocardia antigens.

PMID- 2405018
TI  - Comparison of indirect immunofluorescent-antibody assay, enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay, and Western immunoblot for the diagnosis of Lyme disease in
      dogs.
AB  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescent-antibody
      assay (IFA), and Western immunoblot were used to test serum samples from 128 dogs
      for the presence of antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi. Sera included 72 samples
      from dogs suspected of having Lyme disease, 32 samples from dogs residing in
      areas in which Lyme disease was not considered endemic, and 24 samples from dogs
      with clinical and serologic evidence of immune-mediated disease (n = 10), Rocky
      Mountain spotted fever (n = 5), or leptospirosis (n = 9). Results of Western
      immunoblotting were used as the standard against which performances of ELISA and
      IFA were measured. ELISA was significantly more sensitive than IFA (84.8 versus
      66.7%), although both tests were equally specific (93.5%). Eight samples that
      were positive by Western immunoblot were simultaneously negative by ELISA and
      IFA. Of these eight, four were from dogs suspected of having immune-mediated
      disease, two were from dogs suspected of having leptospirosis, and two were from
      dogs suspected of having Lyme disease. These results may indicate that sera from
      dogs with immune-mediated disease, and to a lesser extent sera from those with
      leptospirosis, cross-react with B. burgdorferi antigens. Alternatively, Western
      immunoblot results may not truly reflect Lyme disease status, particularly in the
      case of dogs with immune-mediated diseases. At present, however, the use of
      Western immunoblotting as a diagnostic standard for dogs offers the best
      alternative to a clinical definition of disease.

PMID- 2405019
TI  - Arterial abnormalities in talipes equinovarus as assessed by angiography and the
      Doppler technique.
AB  - Preoperative angiography in 30 uncorrected clubfeet demonstrated abnormal
      vascular patterns in all but two limbs with hypoplasia or premature termination
      of the anterior tibial and medial plantar arteries in the remainder.
      Postoperative Doppler studies in nine of the limbs with abnormal vessels
      indicated that these arteries were present. We suggest that the continuous-wave
      Doppler technique is less useful for identifying major arteries than either
      dissection or angiography. Furthermore, arterial dysgenesis may play a role in
      the etiology of clubfoot. Since the posterior tibial artery usually provides the
      sole arterial supply to the foot, this vessel must be preserved at surgery and
      during subsequent ankle dorsiflexion.

PMID- 2405020
TI  - Popliteal pterygium syndrome: an orthopaedic perspective.
AB  - Popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder
      consisting of popliteal webs and craniofacial, genitourinary, and extremity
      anomalies. The popliteal webs make this syndrome particularly important to the
      orthopaedic surgeon. The resultant fixed flexion deformity can be severe, at
      times approximating the ischium to the calcaneus. The neurovascular bundle is
      contained in the web's posterior subcutaneous (S.C.) margin, which makes surgery
      precarious and difficult. We reviewed four patients between 1964 and 1986, three
      of whom were severely affected with fixed flexion deformities at the knee. Distal
      femoral shortening and extension osteotomies provided good results, and this
      procedure should be considered earlier rather than later in treatment of this
      problem.

PMID- 2405022
TI  - Photoaging/photodamage and photoprotection.
AB  - Exposure to sunlight can produce both acute and long-term effects. Acute changes
      include erythema, photosensitivity, and immunologic alterations. Long-term
      consequences include carcinogenesis and photoaging. All effects can be minimized
      by photoprotection. This article reviews the adverse effects of sun exposure and
      strategies to reduce photodamage.

PMID- 2405023
TI  - TIPS for a better ellipse.
AB  - The ellipse or fusiform closure is the simplest and most common type of
      excisional surgery and repair. Textbooks and review articles repeat similar
      traditional principles for excision and closure. In this article four additional
      ideas are reviewed to improve the final cosmetic result of the ellipse.

PMID- 2405021
TI  - Diacylglycerol synthesis de novo from glucose by pancreatic islets isolated from
      rats and humans.
AB  - Recent evidence has suggested that pancreatic islets isolated from rats
      synthesize 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (DAG) de novo from glucose and that this
      process may constitute the long-sought link between the metabolism of glucose and
      the induction of insulin secretion. The cell-permeant diacylglycerol 1-oleoyl-2
      acetyl-sn-glycerol (200 microM) has been found here to amplify both the first and
      second phases of insulin secretion from perifused human islets. Measurements of
      the mass of endogenous DAG in human pancreatic islets by enzymatic and by mass
      spectrometric methods indicate that levels of 200 microM may be achieved under
      physiologic conditions. Conversion of [14C]glucose to [14C]DAG has been
      demonstrated here to occur within 60 s of exposure of rat and human islets to
      stimulatory concentrations of glucose. This process has been found to be a
      quantitatively minor contributor to the total islet DAG mass after acute
      stimulation with glucose, however, and glucose has been found not to induce a
      rise in total islet DAG content within 20 min of induction of insulin secretion.
      In contrast to the case with rodent islets, two pharmacologic inhibitors of DAG
      induced activation of protein kinase C (staurosporine and sphingosine) have been
      found not to influence glucose-induced insulin secretion from isolated human
      islets. These findings indicate that de novo synthesis of DAG from glucose does
      not participate in acute signal-response coupling in islets.

PMID- 2405024
TI  - Erythromelalgia and thrombocythemia: a causal relation.

PMID- 2405025
TI  - Herpes simplex virus infection of the hand.
AB  - The first episode of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of the hand can occur
      in association with infection at another site, such as primary HSV-1
      gingivostomatitis. Autoinoculation is the likely route of transmission. The
      attacks are usually solitary and last about 14 days. A first episode that results
      from exogenous inoculation may be severely inflammatory and may last up to 28
      days. The majority of cases are recurrent infections and most often occur in
      adults with HSV-2 infection.

PMID- 2405026
TI  - Ernst H. Beutner, PhD.

PMID- 2405027
TI  - Hernias of the anterior tibialis muscle: case report and review of the
      literature.

PMID- 2405028
TI  - Clinical trials with tretinoin.

PMID- 2405029
TI  - Linear IgA dermatosis: association with malignancy.
AB  - We report the association of linear IgA dermatosis with hematologic malignancy
      (chronic lymphatic leukemia and plasmacytoma) in two patients. Ten documented
      cases of linear IgA dermatosis and internal malignancy have been reported in the
      literature. The possible association of malignancy and linear IgA dermatosis is
      discussed.

PMID- 2405030
TI  - The presidents. Arthur A. Dugoni 1988-1989.

PMID- 2405031
TI  - Brain and salivary gland tumors related to prior dental radiography: implications
      for current practice.
AB  - Five epidemiological studies of brain, cranial meninge, and salivary gland tumor
      sites reviewed implicate prior dental radiography with increased risk of
      subtentorial intracranial meningiomas and tumors of the parotid gland. Diagnostic
      radiography (medical and dental) was the most important risk factor identified
      for parotid gland cancers; among Los Angeles County residents, about 85% of the
      cumulative parotid dose from diagnostic radiography came from dental
      examinations. Irradiation of patients during dental radiography declined
      substantially from 1920 to 1988; it is uncertain whether current low doses
      increase risk. Recommendations for exposure reduction are made.

PMID- 2405032
TI  - Malignant disease as temporomandibular joint dysfunction: review of the
      literature and report of case.
AB  - A case of a patient with a malignant schwannoma, who was originally diagnosed as
      having internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), is presented.
      This is only the second reported case of this tumor with TMJ symptoms. The
      importance of obtaining adequate TMJ radiographs as part of the initial data
      collection process is stressed. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) scans are suggested if the patient has any of the ominous signs or
      symptoms mentioned in the text. When a patient is initially diagnosed with TMJ
      disease, failure to respond to appropriate therapy should alert the clinician
      that the initial diagnosis may be incorrect.

PMID- 2405033
TI  - Removal of restorative posts for the purpose of nonsurgical endodontic
      retreatment: report of cases.
AB  - Nonsurgical endodontic retreatment can be a successful treatment option,
      especially if the existing root canal therapy is technically deficient. It is the
      preferred treatment for most endodontic failures unless iatrogenic, restorative,
      or morphological factors dictate otherwise. A restorative post in the involved
      canal is usually considered an indication for apical surgery; however, in cases
      where nonsurgical retreatment is preferable to surgical management, many posts
      can be removed.

PMID- 2405034
TI  - The relative plaque removal effect of a prebrushing mouthrinse.
AB  - A total of 51 adult subjects participated in a three-period crossover trial to
      test plaque-removal effectiveness of a prebrushing mouthrinse. Subjects refrained
      from brushing to allow plaque to accumulate for 24 hours before the test. The
      accumulated plaque was graded using Turesky's method. The subjects then used one
      of three treatment regimens, were retested for accumulated plaque and regraded.
      The three treatments tested were a commercial prebrushing mouthrinse and no
      toothbrushing; a commercial prebrushing mouthrinse and brushing with a dentifrice
      for 30 seconds; a prebrushing water rinse and brushing with a dentifrice for 30
      seconds. The analysis of the data found that both groups that brushed removed
      significantly more plaque than the group that did not brush. However, both the
      prebrushing rinse group and the water rinse group achieved the same amount of
      plaque removal through 30 seconds of toothbrushing with a dentifrice.

PMID- 2405035
TI  - Dentistry on stamps.

PMID- 2405036
TI  - Quantitative exercise thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography for
      the enhanced diagnosis of ischemic heart disease.
AB  - The clinical utility of exercise thallium-201 single photon emission computed
      tomography was investigated in 360 consecutive patients who had concomitant
      coronary arteriography. Tomographic images were assessed visually and from
      computer-quantified polar maps. Sensitivity for detecting coronary artery disease
      was comparably high using quantitative and visual analysis, although specificity
      tended to improve using the former method (87% versus 76%, p = 0.09).
      Quantitative analysis was superior to the visual method for identifying left
      anterior descending (81% versus 68%, p less than 0.05) and circumflex coronary
      artery (77% versus 60%, p less than 0.05) stenoses and detected most patients
      (92%) with multivessel coronary artery disease. Multivessel involvement was
      correctly predicted in 65% of the patients with more than one critically stenosed
      vessel. Exercise variables in patients with significant coronary artery disease
      were similar whether the tomographic images were normal or abnormal. However,
      patients with coronary stenoses and normal versus abnormal tomograms had a trend
      toward more single vessel disease (79% versus 62%, p = 0.07) and moderate
      coronary stenosis (66% versus 28%, p less than 0.001), but had less proximal left
      anterior descending artery involvement (8% versus 34%, p = 0.05). Computer
      quantified perfusion defect size was directly related to the extent of coronary
      artery disease. Intra- and interobserver agreement for quantifying defects were
      excellent (r = 0.98 and 0.97, respectively). In conclusion, quantitative thallium
      201 tomography offers improved detection of coronary artery disease, localization
      of the anatomic site of coronary stenosis, prediction of multivessel involvement
      and accurate determination of perfusion defect size, while maintaining a high
      specificity. Quantification of perfusion defects with single photon tomography
      may become important for assessing the effects of coronary reperfusion and
      prognostically stratifying patients with coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2405037
TI  - Interventional ultrasound: incongruity in terms or a reality?

PMID- 2405038
TI  - Current status of sensor-modulated rate-adaptive cardiac pacing.
AB  - In one third of patients requiring permanent cardiac pacing, sinoatrial response
      to exercise is inadequate. This has led to the development of a number of
      nonatrial sensors capable of increasing stimulation rate in response to metabolic
      demand. Initial sensor-modulated pacemakers were designed for use in the
      ventricle. This review was undertaken to compare ventricular rate-adaptive pacing
      with dual chamber and nonrate-adaptive atrial modes. Rate-adaptive ventricular
      pacing is primarily indicated in patients with complete heart block and
      nonfunctional atria in whom increased rates are not associated with the
      development of myocardial ischemia or retrograde conduction. A responsive atrium
      remains the best measure of metabolic demand, and devices capable of maintaining
      atrioventricular (AV) sequencing provide superior hemodynamic performance at
      usual activity levels. In addition, preserved AV relations reduce the incidence
      of new atrial fibrillation and stroke. Newer devices combining the advantages of
      atrial and nonatrial rate modulation with the preservation of AV synchrony will
      best utilize the developing sensor technologies.

PMID- 2405039
TI  - Safety and utility of endomyocardial biopsy in infants, children and adolescents:
      a review of 66 procedures in 53 patients.
AB  - The benefits and risks of endomyocardial biopsy in infants, children and
      adolescents were determined by reviewing the indications for and complications
      and results of 66 procedures in 53 patients aged 2 months to 20 years. One
      patient had a pneumothorax, and three had a right ventricular perforation.
      Ventricular tachycardia developed in four patients; it was treated with lidocaine
      in three and was self-limited in one. The procedure was unsuccessful in two
      patients. Among 25 patients with a prebiopsy diagnosis of idiopathic dilated
      cardiomyopathy, microscopic features were consistent with cardiomyopathy in 24
      (96%) and were normal in 1. Of nine patients with clinically suspected
      myocarditis, only two (22%) had microscopic evidence of inflammation, and seven
      had chronic nonspecific features suggestive of dilated cardiomyopathy. Of eight
      patients with unexplained arrhythmias, six (75%) had microscopic findings
      compatible with dilated cardiomyopathy and two had myocarditis. Biopsy tissue
      samples from seven patients with nondilated forms of cardiomyopathy (four
      hypertrophic, three restrictive) were consistent with the clinical diagnosis in
      six and were inadequate in one. Cardiac biopsies were also performed in four
      patients with other disorders. Among the 51 patients with adequate biopsy
      specimens, microscopic features were considered diagnostic in 5, confirmatory in
      44 and not helpful in 2 with normal tissue. The results indicate that
      endomyocardial biopsy is safe in infants, children and adolescents. It is useful
      for the evaluation of cardiomyopathy and specific secondary forms of myocardial
      disease. There seems to be little correlation, however, between clinical and
      tissue diagnoses of myocarditis.

PMID- 2405040
TI  - Prevention of antigen-induced early obstructive reaction by inhaled furosemide in
      (atopic) subjects with asthma and (actively sensitized) guinea pigs.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of furosemide on antigen
      induced bronchoconstriction. Ten patients with stable asthma (eight men and two
      women), aged 17 to 48 years, were challenged with the same dose of allergen
      (Dermatophagoides pteronissinus, Parietaria, and grass mix) that had induced an
      FEV1 fall of at least 20% in a preliminary study on two occasions: immediately
      after placebo and furosemide (approximately 28 mg) administered by inhalation in
      random order and double-blind. Furosemide did not demonstrate any direct
      bronchodilator effect but markedly attenuated allergen-induced
      bronchoconstriction. The mean (95% confidence interval) maximum fall in FEV1 was
      31.5% (40.2% to 22.8%) after placebo and 8.4% (11.8% to 4.9%) after furosemide
      administration. Furosemide, administered by aerosol to anesthetized guinea pigs
      actively sensitized to ovalbumin, dose dependently protected the animals from
      anaphylactic reaction. Infusion of furosemide (10 mg/kg for 10 minutes) failed to
      protect the animals from the anaphylactic response. In nonsensitized guinea pigs,
      the cardiovascular and pulmonary changes induced by histamine (10 micrograms/kg
      intravenously [i.v.]), leukotriene C4 (1 micrograms/kg i.v.), and platelet
      activating factor (0.1 microgram/kg i.v.) were not modified by aerosol
      administration of furosemide (10 mg/ml for 10 minutes). In conclusion, inhaled
      furosemide induces a clear-cut protection against immediate obstructive reaction
      caused by areoallergerns and ovalbumin, both in subjects with asthma and actively
      sensitized guinea pigs, respectively.

PMID- 2405041
TI  - Assessment of airway hyperresponsiveness in chronic stable asthma.
AB  - Airway reactivity and disease severity were investigated in 24 subjects with
      stable chronic bronchial asthma. Disease severity was determined by assigning a
      disease severity score (DSS) representing six clinical and therapeutic
      parameters. Airway hyperresponsiveness was assessed in two ways: airway
      reactivity score (ARS) based on the number of positive responses to a question
      concerning exposure to 22 nonspecific inhaled irritants and methacholine
      challenge testing and determining the cumulative dose causing a 20% reduction in
      FEV2 (CMD20). A significant correlation between DDS and CMD20 (r = 0.57; p less
      than 0.003) and DSS and ARS (r = 0.67; p less than 0.0003) attested to the
      important influence of airway hyperresponsiveness on disease severity.
      Significant correlations for ARS with CMD20 (r = -0.60; p less than 0.002)
      suggested the consistency with which the ARS estimated methacholine
      hyperresponsiveness. We found no statistically significant correlations between
      DSS, ARS, or CMD20 and the age of subject, duration of asthma, or other host
      characteristics. There was not a significant correlation between the degree of
      airway obstruction and DSS or ARS noted. The results of this investigation
      demonstrate the value of the use of clinical information for assessing airway
      hyperresponsiveness and disease severity in patients with chronic stable asthma.
      Both ARS and DSS are useful clinical tools for estimating methacholine
      reactivity.

PMID- 2405042
TI  - Frequency of booster injections of allergoids.
AB  - In 1982, 43 ragweed-sensitive patients receiving maintenance injections of full
      doses of ragweed allergoid were selected for a study of the immunologic and
      clinical efficacy of booster injections only four times a year. These patients
      had participated for 2 to 7 years as part of a trial of mixes of up to four
      allergoids to common pollens in the mid-Atlantic area tailored to each patient's
      skin test sensitivity. They were divided into a group (21 patients) to receive
      injections every 3 months and a group (22 patients) to receive injections about
      every 6 weeks (eight injections per year). Patients were rerandomized after 1
      year so that half of each original group switched to the alternate treatment, and
      this program was continued until after the ragweed season of 1985. Thirty-four
      patients were still under study the last year. Doses, per injection, were 100
      allergoid units (1 allergoid unit equals 100 PNU) of each allergen in the
      mixture. Symptom scores during the 8 weeks of each of the four ragweed seasons
      were not significantly higher in the 3-month treated group. IgG antibody levels
      to Amb a I (antigen E) were followed until early 1984 and were not significantly
      different in the two groups, even though the 6-week treated patients received a
      two times higher cumulative dose per year. Rates of local and systemic reactions
      (percent of injections eliciting reactions) were not different in the groups,
      which means that the 3-month treated group had about half as many reactions by
      virtue of taking half as many injections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405043
TI  - Biological and neuropsychological characterization of physostigmine responders
      and nonresponders in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - To assess the efficacy of oral physostigmine for the treatment of Alzheimer's
      disease, 20 patients were entered into a clinical trial. All patients underwent a
      dose-finding phase (two weeks), followed by an open trial (two weeks), and a
      double-blind crossover phase (two weeks drug, two weeks placebo). Extensive
      neuropsychological testing (Buschke Selective Reminding procedure, category
      generation, picture recognition, finger tapping) and measurement of systemic
      cholinergic parameters were measured during each of these phases. Patients were
      classified as physostigmine responders and nonresponders based on a priori
      established criteria. Using these, nine patients were found to respond to
      physostigmine, while 11 were classified as nonresponders. During baseline
      conditions, responders when compared to nonresponders were found to have higher
      concentrations of red blood cell (RBC) choline (Ch) and higher ratios of RBC Ch
      to plasma Ch. Neuropsychological tests were found to fall into one of three
      categories. The first group of tests were sensitive to drug effects and
      differentiated physostigmine responders from nonresponders; the second group was
      found to predict responsiveness; and the third group was neither predictive nor
      sensitive to drug effects.

PMID- 2405044
TI  - References to the problems of aging in eighteenth-century Scottish poetry.

PMID- 2405045
TI  - Health promotion and disease prevention in older people. Our current state of
      ignorance.

PMID- 2405047
TI  - Imaging of the pediatric spine and its contents.
AB  - We are at the crossroads of imaging of the diseases of the spine and its
      contents. There are different competing imaging modalities, each with its own
      merits and demerits. This review paper is designed to identify the strengths and
      weaknesses of the various available imaging modalities and to recommend one or a
      combination of imaging modalities that are suited for assessing a particular
      disease process. At present, magnetic resonance imaging has proved its extreme
      usefulness in depicting diseases of the spinal cord and its coverings. As more
      innovations and sophistications occur in magnetic resonance imaging, it is hoped
      that it will play a pivotal role in the investigation of abnormalities of the
      spinal cord and perhaps even of the spine itself.

PMID- 2405046
TI  - Doctor Koop's impressive and surprising legacy.

PMID- 2405048
TI  - John Madison Taylor (1855-1931) and the first reflex hammer.

PMID- 2405049
TI  - Neuroradiological and pathological studies on neonatal aneurysmal dilation of the
      vein of Galen.
AB  - Neuroradiologic and neuropathologic findings on neonatal aneurysmal dilation of
      the vein of Galen are reported. Doppler echocardiography revealed a diastolic
      reversed Doppler signal, which suggested the presence of a cerebral arteriovenous
      fistula. Cerebral ultrasonography with intravenous injection of contrast medium
      was useful in the diagnosis. Digital subtraction cerebral angiography clearly
      demonstrated both the feeding and draining vessels and the aneurysmal dilation of
      the vein of Galen, although it failed to detect the abnormal vascular channels.
      Pathologic and histopathologic findings demonstrated intimal thickening of the
      abnormal vascular channels, which could produce higher vascular resistance and
      result in the detection failure with digital subtraction angiography.

PMID- 2405051
TI  - The birth of the Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology.
AB  - This paper describes the inception of a scientific movement (the Society of
      Multivariate Experimental Psychology); the individuals who begot it; the two
      journals and numerous scientific articles which resulted; its effects in
      stimulating new areas of teaching and of theoretical development; and its
      international reception as well as its successes and failures in stimulating the
      creation of satellite societies on the same pattern.

PMID- 2405052
TI  - The response of South African professional psychology associations to apartheid.
AB  - Professional psychology associations in South Africa have overtly and covertly
      furthered the aims of apartheid. Guidance about the ethical obligations of
      psychologists in the South African context has been singularly lacking, and as a
      result blacks have not been attracted to the profession of psychology in
      sufficient numbers to administer to psychological needs of the client population.
      The political dimension of psychological practice in South Africa needs to be
      addressed directly so that healing strategies relevant to the burgeoning racial
      conflict in South Africa can be implemented.

PMID- 2405053
TI  - Pavlov and the Pavlovians in the laboratory.
AB  - The general character of the Pavlovians and their role in the experimental
      investigation of conditioned reflexes is discussed. From 1897 to 1936, Ivan P.
      Pavlov had at least 146 co-workers and he was closely involved in their
      experimental work. The social background, nationality, and gender of the
      Pavlovians are described together with the daily routine in the laboratories. It
      is pointed out that, despite Pavlov's authoritarian style, the Pavlovians
      characterized him as the epitome of a scholar and an admirable human being. It is
      concluded that the work in the laboratories was truly a cooperative effort
      between Pavlov and his co-workers.

PMID- 2405054
TI  - Immuno- and affinity probes for electron microscopy: a review of labeling and
      preparation techniques.
AB  - Immuno- and affinity probes are widely used in biology and medicine, and are
      becoming essential tools for the elucidation of cell structure and function. This
      article reviews and discusses the bewildering array of probes and preparation
      techniques now available for the investigation of sectioned material by
      transmission electron microscopy, with critical analysis of their merits.
      Emphasis is placed on immunogold probes and methods useful for routine
      preparation, gathering together information that may be used to improve labeling
      techniques. New data on inert dehydration for the localization of sensitive
      epitopes without chemical or cryofixation is presented.

PMID- 2405055
TI  - Albumin and collagen mRNA expression in normal and analbuminemic rodent liver:
      analysis by in situ hybridization using biotinylated probes.
AB  - We used in situ nucleic acid hybridization cytochemistry to examine cell types
      and subcellular sites expressing albumin (alb) or pro alpha 2 collagen (col) mRNA
      in livers from normal and analbuminemic rodents. Biotinylated cDNA or RNA probes
      were applied to aldehyde-fixed, non-frozen sections and the resulting DNA-RNA or
      RNA-RNA hybrids were subsequently visualized by enzymatic detection of either
      peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase conjugated to anti-biotin IgG or streptavidin.
      In normal rat liver, alb mRNA was expressed in all hepatocytes and was localized
      to discrete subcellular structures distributed as aggregates in the cytoplasm and
      in specific structures encircling the nucleus; these subcellular structures most
      likely represent the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. In mouse liver,
      pro alpha 2 col mRNA was identified in a subpopulation of sinusoidal lining cells
      which have the morphological appearance of lipocytes. In liver from analbuminemic
      rats, a small number of hepatocytes, distributed throughout the hepatic lobule,
      expressed alb mRNA at high levels; the subcellular distribution of this alb mRNA
      was essentially identical to that observed in normal rat hepatocytes. Since non
      radioactive in situ hybridization detected mRNA within the boundaries of
      individual cells and showed its precise subcellular location under conditions in
      which there was excellent preservation of tissue morphology, this procedure
      should be useful for a wide variety of histopathologic studies.

PMID- 2405056
TI  - Botulism.

PMID- 2405057
TI  - Nocardiosis in liver transplantation: variation in presentation, diagnosis and
      therapy.
AB  - Nocardiosis arose in seven of 191 liver transplant patients (3.7%) over a period
      of 3.5 years. Four patients had only pulmonary lesions while three had
      disseminated disease. Nocardia asteroides was isolated from three patients
      following bronchoscopy, percutaneous aspirate of a pulmonary lesion in one
      patients, and from the skin from the aspirates in three patients. Delay in
      diagnosis in two cases was due to negative microscopy; in one, the diagnosis was
      made only after repeated bronchoscopy. Of the seven patients, three (43%) died.
      In two of these, nocardiosis was considered to have directly contributed to
      death. Co-existent bacterial and viral infections were present in all patients
      who died. In vitro susceptibility of the organism to co-trimoxazole was variable
      and did not necessarily reflect clinical efficacy. In one patient, a good
      clinical response was achieved with co-trimoxazole despite apparently reduced in
      vitro susceptibility.

PMID- 2405058
TI  - Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemia at an urban general hospital.
AB  - Of 47 patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemia admitted to the Hillbrow
      Hospital, Johannesburg during a period of 18 months, 31 were males and 16 were
      females. Features predisposing to illness were found in 89.4% patients, chronic
      alcoholism, neoplastic disease and diabetes mellitus being the most common.
      Twenty-five infections were acquired in hospital and 22 in the community. Most
      patients (59.6%) had pneumonia. All isolates of K. pneumoniae were resistant to
      ampicillin (100%); several (42.6%) were resistant to other antibiotics also. The
      overall mortality rate was 55.3%. A higher mean initial blood pressure and lower
      concentrations of serum urea and bilirubin were found in survivors. None of the
      28 patients, surviving more than 48 h who received combined therapy with an
      aminoglycoside and a beta-lactam antibiotic (to which the organism was
      susceptible) died. Among the remaining patients treated with either an
      appropriate beta-lactam agent alone, an appropriate aminoglycoside alone or
      ciprofloxacin the combined mortality rate was 83.3% (P = 0.007).

PMID- 2405059
TI  - Reduced concentrations of IgG antibodies to Pneumocystis carinii in HIV-infected
      patients during active Pneumocystis carinii infection and the possibility of
      passive immunisation.
AB  - The relationship between Pneumocystis carinii antibody concentrations and acute
      Pneumocystis infection was investigated by testing sequential samples of serum
      from HIV antibody-positive patients with respiratory symptoms and HIV-negative
      immunocompromised patients by means of an indirect immunofluorescence assay for
      specific IgG antibodies to P. carinii. Loss of circulating antibody at the time
      of active Pneumocystis infection was observed in five patients with proven
      infection. Three others showed recovery of antibody coinciding with treatment and
      clinical recovery from infection. Concentrations of specific IgG antibody against
      P. carinii were measured in 40 blood donors and in six different batches of an
      intravenous immunoglobulin (IV Ig) preparation. Titres greater than 128 were
      found in the IV Ig batches examined. The use of IV Ig, either alone or in
      conjunction with other therapeutic agents, should therefore be considered in
      patients suffering from acute infection with P. carinii.

PMID- 2405060
TI  - Incidence of Salmonella enteritidis in Spain.

PMID- 2405061
TI  - Adherence patterns and virulence for Galleria mellonella larvae of isolates of
      Serratia marcescens.

PMID- 2405062
TI  - Isolation and pathogenicity of Serratia marcescens from adult house flies
      infected with Entomophthora muscae.

PMID- 2405064
TI  - Rate of increase of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus in
      Trichoplusia ni larvae determined by DNA:DNA hybridization.
AB  - The rate of increase and doubling time of the HOB clone of Autographa californica
      nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV-HOB) in neonate Trichoplusia ni larvae was
      determined by measuring the increase in viral DNA through time following
      inoculation with average doses of 50 or 17,400 occlusion bodies per larva.
      Changes in total DNA and viral DNA through time were followed by fluorescence
      spectroscopy and quantitative slot-blot DNA:DNA hybridization, respectively.
      Total DNA content (i.e., larval DNA and viral DNA) of larvae infected with the
      intermediate dose lagged behind that of noninfected larvae 30 hr post-inoculation
      (p.i), reached a maximum at 51 hr p.i., and stayed constant thereafter. The total
      DNA content of larvae inoculated with the high dose lagged behind that of the
      control group from 18 hr p.i. and increased slowly until death of the larvae (ca.
      48 hr p.i.). The amount of viral DNA in larvae inoculated with the intermediate
      dose increased exponentially between 15 and 42 hr p.i., reached a maximum at 48
      hr p.i., and stayed constant until 68 hr p.i., by which time most larvae had
      died. The amount of viral DNA in larvae inoculated with the high dose did not
      increase exponentially; initially the rate of increase was the same as that for
      larvae inoculated with the intermediate dose but became progressively lower after
      13 hr p.i. Calculations of the rate of increase for AcMNPV-HOB in neonate T. ni
      larvae inoculated with the intermediate dose and incubated at 29 degrees C
      resulted in a value of 0.264 hr-1 (doubling time: 2.63 hr).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405063
TI  - Identification of virus-specific polypeptides and translatable mRNAs in the
      isolated pupal abdomens of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, infected with nuclear
      polyhedrosis virus.
AB  - Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      demonstrated that infection of the isolated pupal abdomens of the silkworm,
      Bombyx mori, with B. mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) caused generation of
      a number of polypeptides with a concomitant decrease of cellular polypeptides.
      These generated polypeptides were not identified as viral structural
      polypeptides, but were characterized as the degradation products of cellular
      polypeptides, as evidenced by the reaction with specific antiserum against
      storage proteins 1 and 2. Immunoblot analysis using anti-BmNPV serum identified
      at least 14 virus-specific polypeptides in the BmNPV-structural polypeptides of
      the virus. In vitro translation and subsequent immunoprecipitation with anti
      BmNPV serum showed that translation yielded at least 15 polypeptides at the
      expense of cellular polypeptides. Time-course experiments showed that the viral
      structural polypeptides and virus-specific translatable mRNAs were not detectable
      until 3 days postinoculation. On the basis of the fact that the isolated pupal
      abdomens are in an arrested state of development, the delayed onset of virus
      specific macromolecule production in the infected isolated pupal abdomens, as
      compared with that in the developing intact pupae, implies that some cellular
      function associated with the pupal-adult development is an important prerequisite
      for the efficient commencement of BmNPV replication.

PMID- 2405066
TI  - Characterization of a human melanosome-associated antigen recognized by
      monoclonal antibody, HMSA-2.
AB  - This study elucidates the nature of antigens recognized by monoclonal antibody
      (MoAb) HMSA-2, which was developed against human melanosome-associated antigen
      (HMSA) of malignant melanoma (Maeda and Jimbow, Cancer 59:415-423, 1987). Through
      flow cytometry analyses, indirect immunoprecipitation of antigen biosynthetically
      labeled with 35S-methionine, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and
      immunoelectron microscopy, we found that a) the antigens recognized by MoAb HMSA
      2 were melanosomal matrix glycoproteins; b) these antigens were expressed mainly
      in the cytoplasm, although they could also be detected on the cell surface; c)
      the cytoplasmic expression of MoAb HMSA-2 was cell-cycle dependent; d) large
      amounts of these antigens were released into culture supernatants; e) MoAb HMSA-2
      immunoprecipitated two major glycoproteins with molecular weights of 94 and 53
      kDa from culture supernatants, and f) both components have complex N-linked
      oligosaccharide chains with sialic acid, suggesting that these melanosomal
      proteins are derived from the trans-cisternae of the Golgi. These human
      melanosome-associated antigens may prove useful not only for studying the
      immunobiology of melanogenesis, but also for the immunodiagnosis of melanocytic
      disorders.

PMID- 2405065
TI  - Human epidermal Langerhans cells undergo profound morphologic and phenotypical
      changes during in vitro culture.
AB  - Morphology, phenotype, and enzyme activity of highly enriched (80%) unlabeled
      human epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) have been studied, with emphasis on changes
      during a short-term culture of three days in vitro. All freshly isolated LC
      contained Birbeck granules and expressed high levels of CD1a, CD1c, and MHC class
      II molecules HLA-DR, -DP, and -DQ. They have a weak to moderate expression of
      RFD1, C3biR, Fc gamma R, p 150/95, MHC class I molecules HLA-ABC, and of the
      adhesion molecules LFA-3 and ICAM-1, whereas no expression of LFA-1 and several
      monocyte/macrophage markers were detected. Human LC undergo profound changes
      during in vitro culture. Birbeck granules, C3biR, Fc gamma R, and p 150/95 were
      completely lost and the expression of CD1a and CD1c was markedly decreased or
      lost. Expression of molecules that have essential functions in antigen
      presentation remained present at the same level (MHC class II molecules and ICAM
      1) or was markedly enhanced (LFA-3 and MHC class I). Highly remarkable was the
      dramatically enhanced expression of interdigitating cell marker RFD1. The
      monocyte/macrophage markers initially absent remained absent and the enzyme
      activity initially present (including ATPase and nonspecific esterase) remained
      present. In conclusion, the results in this report stress rapid alterations of
      human LC during in vitro culture, resulting in transformation into cells that
      have phenotypical characteristics of potent antigen presenting cells that
      resemble interdigitating cells.

PMID- 2405067
TI  - Differentiation between lymphomas and pseudolymphomas of the skin by computerized
      DNA-image cytometry.
AB  - The histologic and immunohistologic differential diagnosis between
      pseudolymphomas (PL) and malignant lymphomas (ML) of the skin can be difficult.
      Since DNA cytometry has been found to be of both diagnostic and prognostic value
      in various neoplasms, its ability to discriminate between ML and PL in Feulgen
      stained imprints of 17 PL and 49 ML skin biopsies was examined by high-resolution
      image analysis. The reliability of the following algorithms of DNA distribution
      was evaluated: 1) 2cDI (2c-deviation index), which reflects the variation of the
      nuclear DNA values around the diploid DNA peak; 2) percentage of cells having a
      DNA value greater than or equal to 5c (5cER; 5c-exceeding rate); 3) percentage of
      cells presenting with a DNA value greater than or equal to 4c (4cER). A 2cDI of
      0.1 was found to be the most reliable marker for the differentiation between PL
      and ML. On the basis of this feature, 16 of 17 cases of PL and 46 of 49 cases of
      ML were correctly classified. The sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of
      this feature were 94%. A 5cER greater than or equal to 1% had a specificity of
      100%, but the sensitivity was only 43%. For the 4cER, a sensitivity of 61% and a
      specificity of 94% were found. In conclusion, the calculation of the 2cDI and the
      5cER based on high-resolution image analysis provided additional helpful
      diagnostic features, and therefore should be included as a diagnostic tool. If
      the 5cER is at least 1%, the diagnosis of a ML can be confirmed with a
      specificity of 100%.

PMID- 2405068
TI  - Novel sulfated polysaccharides: dissociation of anti-human immunodeficiency virus
      activity from antithrombin activity.
AB  - Novel sulfated polysaccharides, sulfated bacterial glycosaminoglycan (Org 31581)
      and chemically degraded heparin (Org 31733), have proved to be potent and
      selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro. Their 50%
      inhibitory concentrations for HIV type 1 (HIV-1) in MT-4 cells were 0.67 and 0.52
      micrograms/ml, respectively. These values are comparable to those obtained for
      dextran sulfate and standard heparin (0.39 and 0.89 micrograms/ml, respectively).
      Org 31581 and Org 31733 showed much less antithrombin activity than did dextran
      sulfate and standard heparin. These results indicate that the anti-HIV activity
      of sulfated polysaccharides can be dissociated from their antithrombin activity.
      Org 31581 and Org 31733 were equally inhibitory to HIV-2 and HIV-1 and were also
      inhibitory to the replication of human cytomegalovirus. Syncytium formation,
      induced by cocultivation of MOLT-4 (clone 8) cells with chronically HIV-1
      infected HuT 78 cells, was also inhibited by Org 31581. As previously
      demonstrated with dextran sulfate and heparin, both Org 31581 and Org 31733
      blocked virus adsorption to the host cells. These compounds offer great promise
      as candidate drugs for the chemotherapy of HIV infections.

PMID- 2405069
TI  - Effect of fibronectin on IgA-mediated uptake of type III group B streptococci by
      phagocytes.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that a type-specific IgA monoclonal antibody alone or
      in combination with fibronectin (Fn) enhances protective efficacy in two animal
      models of group B streptococcal infection. To investigate the mechanisms by which
      IgA mediates protection, the effects of Fn on phagocytosis of group B
      streptococci (GBS) opsonized with a type III-specific IgA monoclonal antibody
      were examined. Specific IgA alone or in combination with Fn did not promote the
      phagocytosis of GBS by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL). Fibronectin also had
      no significant effect on phagocytosis of IgA-opsonized GBS by monocytes. Specific
      IgA alone promoted phagocytosis of GBS by culture-derived macrophages in a dose
      dependent fashion. Fibronectin enhanced macrophage uptake of the GBS opsonized in
      a suboptimal concentration of specific IgA (phagocytic index = 2.32 +/- 0.56 vs.
      3.26 +/- 0.48 with Fn; P less than .05). These data suggest that protection
      against GBS in neonatal rats by a combination of Fn and specific IgA is mediated
      by macrophages rather than by PMNL or monocytes. Fibronectin may have a critical
      role in host defense at sites where IgA and macrophages predominate.

PMID- 2405070
TI  - Pediatric AIDS: problems within problems.

PMID- 2405071
TI  - An international outbreak of type E botulism due to uneviscerated fish.
AB  - In October and November 1987, eight cases of type E botulism occurred in New York
      City and Israel. All eight patients had eaten uneviscerated, salted, air-dried
      whitefish known as kapchunka. Clostridium botulinum was isolated from samples of
      fish, and trypsinized portions of kapchunka contained type E toxin despite levels
      of salt that were far in excess of those considered adequate for safety. As C.
      botulinum has been found in the viscera of fish from the Great Lakes, possible
      explanations for the outbreak include multiplication of C. botulinum and
      production of toxin during shipping or during processing before the fish reached
      inhibitory salt levels. However, there was no evidence of mishandling of the
      fish. More likely, the viscera provided a relatively low salt "protective"
      environment for organism multiplication and toxin production. A major public
      health campaign was initiated and regulations were passed prohibiting the
      processing, distribution, and sale of raw, uneviscerated, salt-cured fish
      products within New York City.

PMID- 2405072
TI  - Acute glomerulonephritis due to Shigella flexneri dysentery with demonstration of
      a virulence protein of Shigella in circulating immune complexes.

PMID- 2405073
TI  - Effects of hyperthermia on the cytoskeleton and cell survival in G1 and S phase
      Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - The effects of acute hyperthermia on three cytoskeletal systems (microtubules
      (MT), microfilaments (MF), and vimentin intermediate filaments (VIMF] were
      observed in G1 and S phase Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) 10B cells using
      immunofluorescence microscopy and compared to cell survival. A scoring system was
      devised to express the degree of cytoskeletal collapse induced by heat and the
      degree of recovery 20 h following heat treatments. A positive correlation was
      found between recovery from heat-induced cytoskeletal disruption and surviving
      fractions (SF) of cells heated in G1 but not with SF of cells heated in S phase.
      Recovery of MT arrays, for example, averaged 96.5%, 71.6% and 20.3% for heat
      doses of 5 min, 15 min and 25 min, 45 degrees C, respectively. The corresponding
      SF (means) were 0.92, 0.68 and 0.23, respectively. However, in S phase cells,
      where restoration of MT and VIMF patterns averaged 94.2%, 83.8% and 33.0% for
      heat doses of 5 min, 15 min and 25 min, 45 degrees C respectively, SF were 0.70,
      0.09 and 0.02. These results suggest that heat-induced cytoskeletal alterations
      may play a role in the death of cells heated in G1, and that these alterations do
      not significantly influence death of cells heated in S phase. This work is in
      agreement with previous studies showing that cells heated in G1 or S phase appear
      to die by different mechanisms, and further emphasizes the need to use
      synchronous populations of cells in order to understand the mechanisms whereby
      cells die following hyperthermia.

PMID- 2405074
TI  - [Cell biological characteristics of a human embryonal carcinoma cell line].
AB  - We examined the cell biological characteristics of a human embryonal carcinoma
      cell line. NEC 14, derived from a male germ cell tumor of testis origin. The
      following results were obtained. 1) The morphological characteristics of NEC 14
      cells were small size, an increase in the N/C ratio and poor development of
      organelle and desmosome-like cell-cell junctions. The NEC 14 cells proliferated
      rapidly and the population doubling time in vitro was 17 hours. 2) The functional
      characteristics of NEC 14 cells were the localization of intermediate filaments
      such as keratin and vimentin, hCG secretion and tissue plasminogen activator and
      laminin synthesis and expression of cell surface antigens such as stage-specific
      embryonic antigen-3, trophoblast antigen and neuron cell surface antigen. 3) The
      mode of chromosome number was 58 and many abnormal and undetermined chromosomes
      were found in the NEC 14 cells. 4) Differentiation was observed in vitro and in
      the tumor tissues xenotransplanted into nude mice.

PMID- 2405075
TI  - [Changes in arterial uterine blood flow velocity waveform during uterine
      contraction and relaxation in labor].
AB  - The arterial uterine blood flow velocity waveform during uterine contraction and
      relaxation in labor was measured with ultrasonic continuous wave (CW) Doppler
      device in 44 pregnant women at 37-41 weeks of gestation. The fetal heart rate
      (FHR) was also recorded by cardiotocogram during labor in every case. 1. Both the
      resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of the arterial uterine blood
      flow velocity waveform were significantly higher during uterine contraction than
      during relaxation (p less than 0.005). These increases in RI and PI during
      contraction were not influenced by the maternal heart rate. The reverse or
      interrupted end-diastolic flow was demonstrated in 16.3% of the cases. 2. No
      abnormal FHR patterns were observed in any of the cases except two with early
      deceleration or mild variable deceleration in which uterine arterial end
      diastolic flow was maintained. The fetal conditions did not seem to be influenced
      by the reduction of arterial uterine blood flow in our study.

PMID- 2405076
TI  - [A study on the endometrial movement and serum hormonal level in connection with
      uterine contraction].
AB  - By means of transvaginal ultrasonography, endometrial activity was investigated
      in its relationship with uterine contraction and ovarian hormones. The following
      results were obtained. (1) Endometrial movements were classified into two types:
      Peristaltic movements and undistinguished ones. Peristaltic movements were
      rhythmic and mainly found in the proliferative stage, directed from the internal
      uterine os to the fundus. (2) The detection rate and the frequency of peristaltic
      movements increased towards ovulation, with the highest values at 88% and
      3.9/min, respectively. (3) Peristaltic movements rapidly ceased soon after
      ovulation and there were practically none after the mid-secretory stage. (4) All
      endometrial movements decreased in the secretory stage and became markedly
      quiescent after the mid-secretory stage. (5) In the proliferative stage, a
      positive correlation was found between the frequency of peristaltic movements and
      the serum estradiol level (p less than 0.001). In the secretory stage, the
      detection rate was lowered significantly when the serum progesterone level was
      more than 3.8 ng/ml (p less than 0.01). (6) Peristaltic movements coincided with
      uterine contractions both in rhythm and duration. As stated above, endometrial
      movements were strongly affected by hormonal condition, so they could be of value
      in the prediction and confirmation of ovulation and in the diagnosis of luteal
      insufficiency and dysfunctional bleeding as well.

PMID- 2405077
TI  - Atypical facial pain.
AB  - Atypical facial pain was first described by Temple Fay in 1927 as a vascular
      syndrome of dull, throbbing pain situated deep in the eye and malar region often
      referred toward the ear, lateral neck, and shoulders. When this syndrome is
      encountered in medical practice it is often perplexing to the physician and
      frustrating to the patient. A systematic approach to this problem will aid in the
      diagnosis and possible treatment which may be facilitated by a thorough
      understanding of the anatomic pathways involved in various types of acute and
      chronic facial pain. Diagnostic techniques and therapeutic modalities will also
      be reviewed.

PMID- 2405078
TI  - The seventy-fifth anniversary of the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine.

PMID- 2405079
TI  - Erythropoietin: a new paradigm.

PMID- 2405080
TI  - Erythroenzymopathies and hemolytic anemia: the many faces of inherited variant
      enzymes.

PMID- 2405081
TI  - The prevention of simple goiter in man. A survey of the incidence and types of
      thyroid enlargements in the schoolgirls of Akron (Ohio), from the 5th to the 12th
      grades, inclusive--the plan of prevention proposed. 1917.

PMID- 2405082
TI  - The founding of the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, October 1, 1915.

PMID- 2405083
TI  - The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine: the first decade, 1915-1924.

PMID- 2405084
TI  - Hematin: effects on hemostasis.
AB  - Extensive studies performed over the past 6 years have shown that a degradation
      product of hematin produces a unique coagulopathy, characterized by
      thrombocytopenia with platelet degranulation, alteration in the function of
      numerous clotting and fibrinolytic proteins, and reversible changes in
      endothelial cells. With the use of degraded hematin, it can be demonstrated that
      platelet aggregation is stimulated, that platelet adhesion to endothelial cells
      is enhanced, that the dissociation of factor VIII: C from von Willebrand factor
      is inhibited, and that the binding of the factor VII/von Willebrand factor
      complex to platelets is impaired. Even freshly reconstituted solutions of
      sorbitol-stabilized hematin affect hemostasis and induce thrombophlebitis,
      presumably because of in vivo degradation of the hematin. Recently, a new
      formulation of hematin, heme arginate, has been shown to be extraordinarily
      stable and to have virtually no effects on coagulation. This review compares and
      summarizes the effects of these various hematin compounds on hemostasis.

PMID- 2405085
TI  - Long-term effects of cyclosporine on renal function in organ transplant
      recipients.
AB  - To evaluate whether cyclosporine nephrotoxicity is progressive, glomerular
      filtration rate and renal plasma flow were determined by isotopic techniques in
      24 cyclosporine-treated organ transplant recipients (12 heart, 1 pancreas, and 11
      kidney recipients). The cyclosporine group demonstrated reductions in glomerular
      filtration rate and renal plasma flow, with higher renal vascular resistance and
      mean arterial pressure as compared with an azathioprine-treated control group.
      However, longitudinal studies over a mean time period of 23 months in eight
      cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients showed renal function to remain
      stable. In the entire group of 24 cyclosporine-treated patients, longer duration
      of cyclosporine treatment was associated with decreased but stable glomerular
      filtration rate, increased renal plasma flow, decreased renal vascular
      resistance, and lower daily doses of cyclosporine. Evaluation of intrarenal
      resistances demonstrated a greater decrease in efferent than afferent arteriolar
      resistance, consistent with the fall in plasma renin activity that occurred with
      time. Short-term treatment of 12 patients with prazosin produced no beneficial
      effect on renal function, whereas treatment of nine patients with captopril
      produced a 20% increase in renal plasma flow, with a significant reduction in
      renal vascular resistance. We conclude that although cyclosporine treatment
      produces decreased renal function, the loss in renal function is not necessarily
      progressive. Treatment with captopril may improve the abnormal renal hemodynamics
      of cyclosporine-treated patients.

PMID- 2405086
TI  - Pancreatic extracts. 1922.

PMID- 2405087
TI  - The gift of insulin.

PMID- 2405088
TI  - Metabolic responses to euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemia in lactating and non
      lactating sheep in vivo.
AB  - Glucose utilization and production and changes in concentrations of plasma
      metabolites were studied in lactating and non-lactating sheep in response to
      three levels of insulin infusion whilst maintaining euglycaemia. Glucose
      utilization and production responded to insulin infusion similarly in both
      lactating and non-lactating ewes but, as circulating concentrations of insulin
      were lower in lactating animals, these parameters appeared more sensitive to
      plasma concentrations of insulin in lactating sheep. Changes in plasma
      concentrations of glycerol and free fatty acids during lactation indicated
      reduced sensitivity to insulin in adipose tissue and changes in plasma
      concentrations of amino acids were also less during lactation, suggesting reduced
      sensitivity of protein synthesis to insulin. Changes in plasma concentrations of
      urea and beta-hydroxybutyrate during lactation were similar to those in non
      lactating animals, indicating similar insulin sensitivity of hepatic metabolism.
      It is concluded that during lactation ovine adipose tissue and muscle are more
      resistant to increased concentrations of insulin but that the sensitivity of the
      sheep liver is unchanged or increased. The rate of removal of insulin from the
      circulation was higher in lactating animals.

PMID- 2405089
TI  - Metabolic effects of controlled-release metoprolol in hypertensive men with
      impaired or diabetic glucose tolerance: a comparison with atenolol.
AB  - In a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study with a single-blind placebo run
      in period a new controlled-release (CR) formulation of metoprolol 200 mg once
      daily was compared with atenolol tablets 100 mg once daily in 22 patients (age
      60.9 +/- 0.93 (SE) years) with primary hypertension and impaired or diabetic
      glucose tolerance. Each period lasted for three weeks. The two agents produced
      similar blood pressure 3 h as well as 24 h after drug intake. Three hours after
      drug intake, heart rate was lower on atenolol than metoprolol CR treatment,
      indicating a higher degree of beta-receptor blockade for atenolol at this point
      in time, when the plasma concentration of atenolol was most likely to be close to
      its peak. Concentrations of blood glucose, serum insulin, and serum C-peptide in
      the fasting state or after an oral glucose load did not differ between the active
      agents. HbA1c was marginally, but significantly, lower on atenolol than
      metoprolol CR treatment. No differences were found in serum levels of total, low
      density lipoprotein (LDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol or apoA
      I, and apoB lipoproteins or triglycerides. In comparison to the placebo run-in
      period, both agents showed an unexpected improvement in glucose tolerance, a
      decrease in HDL cholesterol and for metoprolol CR a small, but significant
      decrease in LDL cholesterol. Thus, treatment with metoprolol CR tablets producing
      even plasma levels without high peak concentrations and conventional atenolol
      treatment had similar effects on metabolic control in hypertensive men and
      abnormal glucose tolerance.

PMID- 2405090
TI  - The effect of captopril and metoprolol as monotherapy or combined with
      bendroflumethiazide on blood lipids.
AB  - In a 24-week randomized multicentre single-blind study, including mild to
      moderate hypertensives free from other diseases, the effect on blood lipids of
      captopril (n = 51) was studied and compared with that of metoprolol (n = 53). In
      order to keep the diastolic pressure less than 95 mm Hg, bendroflumethiazide was
      added to the medication for 11 patients in the captopril group and 11 patients in
      the metoprolol group. Neither captopril nor metoprolol altered total cholesterol
      significantly. Captopril as monotherapy increased HDL-cholesterol by 6.2% (P less
      than 0.01) and decreased triglycerides by 10.6% (P less than 0.05). Metoprolol as
      monotherapy decreased HDL-cholesterol by 5.6% (P less than 0.01) and increased
      triglycerides by 10.3% (P less than 0.05). When bendroflumethiazide was added the
      favourable effect of captopril on the blood lipids disappeared while the
      undesirable effect of metoprolol became more pronounced.

PMID- 2405091
TI  - New views on the relationship between coronary heart disease and hypertension.

PMID- 2405092
TI  - The computer and clinical decision-support systems in primary care.

PMID- 2405093
TI  - Family practice obstetric ultrasound in an urban community health center. Birth
      outcomes and examination accuracy of the initial 227 cases.
AB  - The initial 227 consecutive prenatal ultrasound examinations by two family
      physicians in an urban community health center were compared with actual birth
      outcomes. Of 186 examinations for which follow-up information was available, 162
      infants were represented. The sampling rate was 81%. No serious anomalies were
      noted by ultrasound. One placenta previa, one fetal death, and two unsuspected
      cases of twins were detected by ultrasound. These data represent one of the first
      detailed reports of outcomes reflecting family physicians' psychomotor and
      cognitive skill in the use of obstetric ultrasound. The high accuracy (92% to
      96%) of correct ultrasound dating suggests that a short postgraduate continuing
      medical education course was effective for these two family physicians. The
      accuracy rate compares favorably to more rigorous training. This structured
      format utilizing the average of four direct measurements for ultrasound-estimated
      gestational age and three anatomy ratios for assessing proper imaging
      relationships or growth symmetry may be useful as other family physicians develop
      educational methods and quality-assurance protocols in this area.

PMID- 2405094
TI  - Duty to warn: when should confidentiality be breached?
AB  - Family physicians may be confronted with the dilemma of when to breach a
      patient's confidentiality to warn an intended victim of specific threats of harm.
      The courts have consistently ruled that persons who have a therapeutic
      relationship with patients have a duty to protect society from specified and
      foreseeable danger, yet at the same time to act judiciously in guarding against
      unnecessarily violating a patient's confidentiality. The dilemma imposed by this
      dual obligation is illustrated by a case report. Guidelines for assessing
      dangerousness and determining a course of action are offered so physicians can
      respond to their patient's threats of violence.

PMID- 2405095
TI  - The risks and benefits of exercise during pregnancy.
AB  - There are benefits as well as risks associated with physical activity in all
      individuals, but there are some special medical considerations for the pregnant
      woman. The purpose of this article is to review the possible risks and benefits
      of exercise during pregnancy as presented in the literature, and to provide
      appropriate recommendations. There are some potential risks to the fetus
      resulting from maternal exercise including hypoxia, hyperthermia, and abnormal
      heart rate changes. The benefits, however, appear to outweigh the risks when they
      are minimized by prescribing appropriate exercises and using recommended
      precautions. Because human studies on exercise during pregnancy are currently
      limited, exercise prescriptions should be conservative. Swimming, biking, and
      aerobic walking are not associated with reported problems. Moderate aerobic
      exercise is safe provided the pregnancy is known to be normal. Contraindications
      to aerobic exercise during pregnancy include conditions that limit
      cardiorespiratory reserves. If a woman has been participating in an exercise
      program before gestation, she may be encouraged to continue the program at a
      moderate level if her pregnancy is normal.

PMID- 2405096
TI  - The better half of the resource-based relative value scale.

PMID- 2405097
TI  - Computer diagnosis of skin disease.
AB  - A transferable computer program for the differential diagnosis of diseases of the
      skin, CLINDERM, has been produced for use by physicians on standard IBM and
      compatible personal microcomputers. This program lists the differential diagnosis
      and definitive diagnosis of any presented disease of the skin, except single
      tumors. The physician operator indicates the distribution and detailed
      description of lesions, which the interactive system integrates with a
      comprehensive knowledge base. The computer diagnosis in 129 cases was compared
      with independent interpretation of the same information by an academic
      dermatologist. Results were synonymous in 66.7% of all diseases and similar in an
      additional 4.7%. A common differential diagnosis was obtained in 24%, for a 95.3%
      rate of synonymous, similar, or common differential diagnoses. Diagnosis was
      different in 3.9% and description was inadequate for diagnosis in 0.8%. The
      variation in diagnosis showed that some descriptive terms are prejudicial of
      certain diagnoses; that diagnostic terms are not all completely standardized;
      that some diagnoses are variants of another disease; and that drug-induced
      eruptions simulate many other diseases. A skin disease can usually be diagnosed
      by specific description. Most lesions that are not diagnostic from inspection are
      nodular. A computer can be programmed to list diagnoses according to morphologic
      description.

PMID- 2405098
TI  - Adult scoliosis. Current concepts.
AB  - Back pain and increasing deformity of the spine can develop in adults with
      idiopathic scoliosis. It is known that scoliosis can continue to progress after
      skeletal maturity and cause problems in adults. Conservative treatment is
      effective in most cases, but occasionally surgery is necessary. Recent advances
      in spinal instrumentation have resulted in improved results and fewer
      complications.

PMID- 2405099
TI  - Multicentric chondrosarcomas associated with Ollier's disease. Review and case
      report.
AB  - The malignant transformation of enchondromas in patients with Ollier's Disease is
      a well known occurrence although few studies have prospectively followed patients
      with this disease and reviewed the frequency of this process. When malignant
      degeneration occurs, usually only one focus is noted even though others
      potentially may be involved. This paper represents a case report in which two
      separate locations of chondrosarcoma were found. Discussion includes
      chondrosarcomatous transformation of enchondromas, radiographic findings in this
      transformation, and treatment of multicentric chondrosarcomas in a patient with
      Ollier's Disease.

PMID- 2405101
TI  - Psychoanalytic psychotherapy with brain-injured adult psychiatric patients.
AB  - Scant attention has been paid to psychotherapy with patients who have acquired
      neurological conditions. In this paper the authors describe the common
      psychological problems and repetitive themes that emerge in the therapeutic
      process with these patients, as well as the salient attitudes toward therapy and
      the therapist that these patients manifest. Case vignettes illustrate the
      theoretical and technical considerations.

PMID- 2405100
TI  - Lycanthropy and self-identification.
AB  - Lycanthropy, an unusual psychiatric syndrome involving the delusion of being an
      animal, usually occurs as a transient symptom of severe psychosis. A review of
      the historical and modern medical literature, as well as of contemporary
      anthropological reports, suggests multiple etiologies for lycanthropy, including
      seizure disorders and use of psychotomimetic drugs. A clinical illustration is
      presented in which the delusion of being an animal in human form has persisted
      for over 15 years and has been refractory to treatment. The authors speculate
      that disturbances of self-identity may combine with neurological abnormalities to
      produce some cases of this syndrome.

PMID- 2405102
TI  - A critical reevaluation of nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring in the
      diagnosis of erectile dysfunction.
AB  - The use of nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) monitoring for the differential
      diagnosis of erectile dysfunction has burgeoned during the last decade. This
      article reviews the history, development, and attempts at validation of NPT for
      diagnostic purposes. Problems associated with NPT are discussed, including the
      potential effects of unrecorded concomitant sleep parameters and variability in
      data scoring and diagnostic criteria. In addition, less expensive and more
      convenient methods of NPT monitoring are reviewed, and their strengths and
      weaknesses are discussed. Finally, theoretical problems related to the use of NPT
      for differential diagnosis of organic and psychogenic erectile dysfunctions are
      presented. In light of the problems associated with NPT monitoring, exclusive
      reliance on this technique for diagnostic purposes is discouraged. Instead, a
      biopsychosocial approach to the understanding and assessment of erectile
      dysfunction is advocated.

PMID- 2405103
TI  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid outside the mammalian brain.

PMID- 2405104
TI  - Ethanol inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate-stimulated endogenous dopamine release
      from rat striatal slices: reversal by glycine.
AB  - N-Methyl-D-aspartate stimulated a concentration-dependent release of endogenous
      dopamine from rat striatal slices. The threshold for activation was between 10
      and 25 microM and reached a maximum at 1 mM. Release was completely blocked by
      magnesium or tetrodotoxin. Ethanol (10-200 mM) significantly inhibited the N
      methyl-D-aspartate-stimulated release of dopamine by 20-45%, with half-maximal
      inhibition occurring at approximately 21 mM. Addition of ethanol plus increasing
      concentrations of magnesium resulted in a greater inhibition of N-methyl-D
      aspartate-stimulated dopamine release than that observed with magnesium alone.
      However, this effect appeared to be due to a noninteractive additive effect of
      the two antagonists, as the IC50 value for magnesium inhibition was not
      significantly altered by ethanol. Glycine, which had no effect on dopamine
      release by itself, completely reversed the inhibitory effects of ethanol (25 mM)
      at low micromolar concentrations. These results suggest that ethanol may produce
      its effects in striatal slices by interfering with a glycine modulatory site of
      the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-ionophore complex.

PMID- 2405105
TI  - Modulation of the antitumor effect of methotrexate by low-dose leucovorin in
      squamous cell head and neck cancer: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical
      trial.
AB  - Randomized trials comparing high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) plus leucovorin (LV)
      with standard-dose methotrexate (SDMTX) have not detected a therapeutic advantage
      for the HDMTX arm despite compelling evidence from experimental systems. We
      hypothesized that these negative trials might reflect modulation of the antitumor
      effect of methotrexate (MTX) by LV. To test this we randomized 61 patients with
      locally advanced and recurrent squamous cell head and neck cancer to receive
      SDMTX (40 mg/m2 weekly for 8 weeks) and either LV or placebo "rescue" starting 24
      hours later. Of the 61 randomized patients, there were protocol violations in two
      cases, leaving 59 patients evaluable for response using standard criteria, and
      for toxicity using the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scale. Of the 29
      patients randomized to MTX plus LV, there were five responders (17.2%) compared
      with 11 of 30 (36.7%) patients randomized to MTX plus placebo (P = .047).
      Response was influenced independently by age, gender, and by previous treatment.
      Toxicity overall was more severe in patients randomized to MTX plus placebo (P =
      .016). This was accounted for primarily by differences in toxicities related to
      bone marrow function (neutrophil and platelet counts), stomatitis, and elevations
      of liver function tests. MTX therapy was more often interrupted for toxicity in
      the placebo group (P = .007) and discontinued for progressive disease in the LV
      group (P = .07). These results indicate that at the doses of MTX and LV used, LV
      modulates the antitumor effect as well as the toxicity of MTX in patients with
      head and neck cancer.

PMID- 2405106
TI  - Autologous bone marrow transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia in first
      remission: results of a Dutch prospective study.
AB  - Recent investigations have suggested a role for marrow ablative chemotherapy and
      radiotherapy given with autologous bone marrow transplantation (auto-BMT) in the
      treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but prospective studies have not been
      reported. We assessed the comparative values of auto-BMT and allogeneic marrow
      transplantation (allo-BMT) in 117 15- to 60-year-old consecutive patients
      (median, 43 years) with AML following remission-induction therapy. In 32 cases of
      the 90 (77%) complete responders, auto-BMT (nonpurged) was undertaken at a median
      of 3.8 months and in 23 eligible cases human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched allo
      BMT occurred at 3.0 months after attainment of remission. Thus, nearly 60% of
      complete responders had access to transplantation, the others being withdrawn
      because of relapse, refusal, or other causes. Median time of regeneration to
      neutrophils 0.5 x 10(9)/L and platelets 20 x 10(9)/L were 39 and 63 days
      following auto-BMT versus 21 and 19 days after allo-BMT, respectively. AML
      relapse was the predominant cause of failure after auto-BMT (17 of 32) and
      procedure-related death was seen in three of 32 patients. The actuarial rates of
      relapse at 3 years are 60% (auto-BMT) and 34% (allo-BMT) (log-rank, P = .03).
      Patients treated with auto-BMT and allo-BMT have an overall survival of 37% and
      66% at 3 years posttransplant, respectively (P = .05). Relapse-free 3-year
      survival rates are 35% and 51%, respectively (P = .12). Survival of the
      nongrafted complete responders is less than 10%. This study shows that allo-BMT
      in adult patients with AML in first complete remission (CR) results in more rapid
      hematopoietic reconstitution, is followed by fewer recurrences, and provides
      better survival than auto-BMT.

PMID- 2405107
TI  - Randomized study of continuous infusion fluorouracil versus fluorouracil plus
      cisplatin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
AB  - One hundred twenty-two chemotherapy-naive patients with histologically confirmed
      colorectal adenocarcinoma were entered into a randomized trial comparing
      infusional fluorouracil (FU) versus cisplatin (CDDP) and FU. In both groups,
      patients received continuous infusion FU 1,000 mg/m2/d for 5 consecutive days
      every 4 weeks. Patients randomized to CDDP/FU also received CDDP 20 mg/m2
      intravenous (IV) bolus on days 1 to 5 of each cycle. Patients were comparable in
      terms of age, performance status, baseline laboratory values, dominant sites of
      measurable disease, and percent of liver involvement. The partial response rate
      was significantly greater in patients who received CDDP/FU versus FU alone (25% v
      3%, P = .001). Patients who received CDDP/FU experienced significantly greater
      toxicity compared with FU alone: grades 3 and 4 hematologic toxicity occurred in
      22% and 0% of patients, respectively (P = .0001); grades 2 to 4 nausea and
      vomiting occurred in 80% and 15% of patients, respectively (P = .0001). There
      were no significant differences in either the duration of response (median, 6 and
      4.7 months for CDDP/FU and FU groups, respectively) or survival (median 10, and
      12 months, respectively). Compared with infusional FU alone, CDDP/FU provided a
      significantly greater partial response rate with increased toxicity, but it did
      not improve overall survival in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma.
      Therefore, the use of CDDP/FU as routine therapy for the treatment of colorectal
      carcinoma cannot be recommended.

PMID- 2405108
TI  - Splenic versus hepatic artery infusion of interleukin-2 in patients with liver
      metastases.
AB  - In an attempt to improve the therapeutic index of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL
      2) by generating or activating lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and tumor
      infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) regionally and/or in situ, we randomly assigned 28
      patients with liver metastases to receive rIL-2 by continuous infusion for 5 days
      via either the splenic artery or the hepatic artery. Clinically significant and
      lasting tumor regression was observed only in two of 28 patients (7%), one in
      each of the two treatment arms. The maximum-tolerated daily dosage of rIL-2 was 3
      x 10(6) U/m2; beyond this dosage, toxicity was excessive. Peripheral LAK cell
      activity measured in vitro and clinical tumor regression did not correlate. This
      observation, coupled with the equal distribution of regressions between the two
      treatment arms, raises the possibility that tumor regression, rare though it may
      be in response to rIL-2 administration, is largely mediated by TIL activation and
      not by LAK cell generation.

PMID- 2405109
TI  - Cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced basal and squamous cell carcinomas of
      the skin: results in 28 patients including 13 patients receiving multimodality
      therapy.
AB  - This study reports the results of cisplatin (CDDP)-based chemotherapy (CT) as
      sole therapy and as neoadjuvant (NA) therapy in 28 consecutive patients (pts)
      with advanced basal cell (BC) and squamous cell (SC) cancers of the skin. CT in
      24 pts consisted of CDDP 75 mgm/m2 and doxorubicin (Dox) 50 mg/m2 intravenously
      (IV) every 3 weeks with Dox being omitted in four pts due to severe preexisting
      cardiac disease. Thirteen of the 28 pts received CT in the NA setting, five
      before surgery and eight before radiation therapy (RT). Response rates to CT were
      complete remission (CR) in eight of 28 (28%) pts, partial remission (PR) in 11 of
      28 (40%) for an overall response rate of 68%. Thirteen pts received a second
      treatment modality with five of 13 pts having a CR to CT alone before the second
      modality and seven converting to CR postsecond modality for a total CR rate of 12
      of 13 (92%) in the multimodality group. Duration of responses in the CT-only
      group ranged from 4 to 82 months; however, only two patients remain in remission
      in this group. Of the twelve CRs from the multimodality therapy group, 11 of 12
      (91%) pts remain in CR with duration of response ranging from 3 to 81 months.
      Toxicities were manageable, with no toxic deaths and only five pts stopped CT
      secondary to side effects. This study suggests the combination of CDDP and Dox is
      highly effective in BC and SC cancers of the skin and by itself can produce long
      unmaintained remissions, but when combined with a second modality of therapy, it
      is capable of producing not only long unmaintained CRs but probable cures in the
      majority of pts.

PMID- 2405110
TI  - Expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in stimulated fast and slow rat
      muscles.
AB  - The expression of 4 myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms was analyzed in the rat
      soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles after denervation and
      chronic electric stimulation. The stimulation frequencies used were 20 and 150 Hz
      and the amount of stimulation was either large (20 Hz), intermediate (150 Hz), or
      small (150 Hz). These patterns resemble some features of normal motor unit
      activity in SOL and EDL of freely moving rats (Hennig and Lomo, 1985). The
      relative expression of each MHC isoform depended strongly on the stimulation
      pattern. Furthermore, for any particular stimulation pattern, fibers in SOL and
      EDL expressed different MHCs. Coexistence of different MHC types in the same
      fiber was frequently observed in stimulated muscles. 20-Hz stimulation preserved
      normal expression of type 1-MHC in SOL but failed to induce type 1-MHC in type 2
      fibers of the EDL, where type 2A- and 2X-MHC expression dominated and type 2B-MHC
      expression was completely suppressed. 150-Hz low-amount stimulation preserved
      nearly normal 2B-MHC expression in many type 2 fibers of the EDL but failed to
      induce type 2B-MHC expression in the SOL, where 2X-MHC became predominant. 150-Hz
      high-amount stimulation differed from 150-Hz small amount stimulation by
      suppressing almost all type 2B-MHC expression in EDL and by inducing considerable
      type 2A-MHC expression in the SOL. Scattered fibers in EDL that were probably the
      original type 1 fibers responded differently from both type 2 fibers in the EDL
      and from type 1 fibers in the SOL to stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2405111
TI  - Hypothermia but not the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, MK-801, attenuates
      neuronal damage in gerbils subjected to transient global ischemia.
AB  - Several laboratories have reported a significant reduction of ischemia-induced
      injury to hippocampal neurons in rodents treated with competitive and
      noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-channel antagonists. This
      study examined the effects of the noncompetitive antagonist (+)-5-methyl-10,11
      dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801) in Mongolian
      gerbils subjected to 5 min of bilateral carotid artery occlusion. In adult female
      gerbils, single doses of MK-801 injected 1 hr prior to ischemia significantly (p
      less than 0.01) reduced damage to CA1 hippocampal neurons. However, the drug
      rendered the postischemic animals comatose and hypothermic for several hours
      compared with the saline-treated animals. In subsequent experiments, animals
      pretreated with MK-801 and maintained normothermic during and after forebrain
      ischemia demonstrated no amelioration of hippocampal damage. Gerbils not treated
      with MK-801, but kept hypothermic in the postischemic period to approximately the
      same degree (34.5 degrees C) and duration (8 hr) as was induced by MK-801 therapy
      showed significant (p less than 0.01) protection of CA1 neurons against ischemia.
      The neuroprotective activity of MK-801 against transient global ischemia appears
      to be largely a consequence of postischemic hypothermia rather than a direct
      action on NMDA receptor-channels.

PMID- 2405112
TI  - Adding spirometry, carbon monoxide, and pulmonary symptom results to smoking
      cessation counseling: a randomized trial.
AB  - Smokers are often advised to quit in a discussion of future health risks. The
      authors tested whether adding information about personal effects of smoking would
      motivate hospital outpatients to stop smoking more than advice about potential
      hazards would. Ninety smokers in a general screening clinic were randomized to
      receive education alone or education plus an additional motivational intervention
      that contained immediate feedback about the smoker's exhaled carbon monoxide (CO)
      values, spirometry results, and pulmonary symptoms. A self-report of smoking
      status was obtained one, four, and 12 months after the intervention. In addition,
      at 12 months, exhaled CO measurements were made. Smokers who received the
      additional motivational intervention were more than twice as likely to report
      quitting some time during the 12-month follow-up (40% vs. 16%, p = 0.015). At 12
      months, 33% of the intervention group and 10% of the control group smokers tested
      had achieved CO-validated cessation (p = 0.03). Counting all patients not
      contacted as continuing to smoke, the percentages were 20% vs. 7% (p = 0.06).
      These practical feedback methods to motivate cessation deserve testing in other
      settings.

PMID- 2405113
TI  - The effect of a self-care minimal intervention for colds and flu on the use of
      medical services.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of mailed distribution of a brief self-care
      pamphlet on upper respiratory infection (URI)-related-medical care utilization.
      DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical trial with randomization by physician
      panel. SETTING: Health maintenance organization. PATIENTS: 20,127 patients
      assigned to the panels of 22 primary care physicians randomly divided into an
      experimental group (n = 12,353) and a control group (n = 7,774), each consisting
      of 11 physician panels. INTERVENTION: A mailed four-page self-care pamphlet for
      URI care. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The medical records and survey data of a
      random sample of 790 persons were studied during a baseline period and an
      intervention period. URI visit rates decreased 14% more in the experimental group
      versus the control group (p = 0.878). Appropriateness of URI visits during the
      intervention period in the experimental group (80%) was comparable to that in the
      control group (76%). URI drug prescriptions during the intervention period for
      all 20,127 patients showed no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: A simple
      mailed self-care pamphlet has little effect on medical care utilization for URI
      care.

PMID- 2405114
TI  - The prescription of assistive devices for the elderly: practical considerations.

PMID- 2405115
TI  - Evaluation of cognitive impairment in the elderly.

PMID- 2405117
TI  - Coronary bypass graft surgery: reexamining the assumptions.

PMID- 2405118
TI  - Abnormal genital bleeding and secondary amenorrhea. Common gynecological
      problems.
AB  - Abnormal genital bleeding and secondary amenorrhea (cessation of menses) are
      common gynecologic complaints that can indicate serious physical problems.
      Abnormal genital bleeding is the most common reason for a gynecological office
      visit and a leading indication for dilatation of the cervix and curettage of the
      uterus. One of four women with abnormal genital bleeding may have serious
      physical problems. Although pregnancy is the most common cause of secondary
      amenorrhea, other conditions related to abnormal pregnancy, functional disorders,
      physiological changes, or pathology also must be considered. Procedures for
      evaluating abnormal genital bleeding and secondary amenorrhea are discussed.
      Information is provided to assist nurses in collecting and assessing data and
      planning interventions to promote the health of women with these common problems.

PMID- 2405119
TI  - How safe is exercise during pregnancy?
AB  - Increasing numbers of women include exercise even during pregnancy as an
      essential part of their daily routines. Because of the additional physiological
      demands imposed by pregnancy, health-care practitioners must determine whether or
      not aerobic exercise is, in fact, healthy for the expectant mother and developing
      fetus. This article examines whether or not the traditional advice that women
      receive regarding exercise during pregnancy is supported by the existing
      scientific literature.

PMID- 2405120
TI  - Potential workplace hazards to reproductive health. Information for primary
      prevention.
AB  - Each year in the United States, more than two million employed women become
      pregnant. Reproductive hazards in the workplace threaten a large number of these
      pregnancies. Information is presented on the potential hazards to reproductive
      health that exist in the workplace.

PMID- 2405121
TI  - Aseptic necrosis following maxillary osteotomies: report of 36 cases.
AB  - The sequelae of insufficient vascularity following maxillary orthognathic surgery
      can vary from loss of tooth vitality, to periodontal defects, to tooth loss, to
      loss of major maxillary dentoalveolar segments. The results of a questionnaire
      mailed to oral and maxillofacial surgeons found this complication was most likely
      to occur with Le Fort I osteotomies done in multiple segments in conjunction with
      superior repositioning and transverse expansion. Significant palatal perforations
      definitely seem to compromise the already tenuous blood supply to the anterior
      maxilla. Suggestions are given regarding the prevention and treatment of this
      complication.

PMID- 2405122
TI  - The use of glucocorticosteroids to lessen the inflammatory sequelae following
      third molar surgery.
AB  - Acceptance of the use of glucocorticosteroids in density to control postsurgical
      inflammation has been impaired by concerns over side effects, adrenal
      suppression, and efficacy. The pattern of administration generally used is
      characterized as short-term, high-dose or pulse therapy, which has not been
      associated with significant side effects or adrenal suppression beyond 10 days.
      The selection of an appropriate glucocorticosteroid with minimal
      mineralocorticoid activity and extended biological activity is desirable. Oral
      and parenteral dosing are possible, and the latter can be administered as
      acetates (repository) or esters. The efficacy of glucocorticosteroids in reducing
      pain, swelling, and trismus after third molar surgery is difficult to ascertain
      because of methodological inconsistencies between investigations. In general,
      studies that used low dosing schedules have failed to produce dramatic and
      prolonged results. High-dosing intravenous (IV) studies have demonstrated
      significant short-term improvements, but the effects were not sustained.
      Combining IV administration with multiple oral dosing or a single intramuscular
      (IM) dose may be required to extend short-term improvement. High-dosing IM
      studies have shown significant and sustained anti-inflammatory effects with a
      single dose administered either pre- or post-operatively.

PMID- 2405123
TI  - Mandibular osseous metastasis from esophageal carcinoma: a case report and review
      of the literature.
AB  - A case of mandibular osseous metastasis from a primary esophageal adenocarcinoma
      is reported. Review of the literature shows this to be the third reported case of
      metastatic involvement of the jaws by esophageal carcinoma, and the second to
      involve the mandible.

PMID- 2405116
TI  - Delirium in hospitalized elderly.

PMID- 2405124
TI  - Benign cementoblastoma: a case report.

PMID- 2405125
TI  - An evaluation of a rapid setting glass ionomer cement used by general dental
      practitioners to restore deciduous teeth.
AB  - Twenty-one general dental practitioners evaluated the clinical handling
      properties and performance of a newly formulated glass ionomer cement of the
      powder/water type. One hundred and eighteen restorations were placed. Sixty-nine
      restorations were reviewed, on average, after 6 months by 17 practitioners who
      completed the trial. This formulation set rapidly. Approximately 90% of the
      restorations that were reviewed performed well over the period of assessment. The
      results of the trial were compared with those of trials on earlier glass ionomer
      cements used to restore deciduous teeth. The main advantage of the new
      formulation was the improvement in handling properties.

PMID- 2405126
TI  - Etched glass ionomer liners: surface properties and interfacial profile with
      composite resins.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the surface alterations induced by acid
      etching on two glass ionomer lining cements (Ketac Bond, G-C lining cement) and
      to evaluate their interface with a composite resin (Herculite XR) following
      various surface treatments. The changes in the surface composition and topography
      of the etched liners were studied by electron microprobe and ESCA analyses. The
      interfacial treatments performed on the ionomer surfaces were: (i) application of
      a bonding resin; (ii) 20-s acid etching and application of a bonding resin; (iii)
      application of a dental adhesive based on a chlorophosphate ester of BisGMA
      (Scotch-bond LC), without acid etching. The interfacial sealing efficiency of
      these treatments was studied by the silver nitrate microleakage technique
      combined with optical and electron microscopy. According to the results the
      etched surfaces of both the liners present excessive porosity with glass and
      matrix dissolution. Significant changes in the surface chemistry of the liners
      were detected indicating severe degradation. The microleakage study revealed
      interfacial gaps and fractures in the etched samples. The best results were
      obtained from the non-etched ionomer liners which were subjected to the adhesive
      treatment. The efficiency of acid etching as a necessary step in the 'layered'
      technique is seriously questioned.

PMID- 2405127
TI  - Long-term use of dentine adhesive as an interfacial sealer under Class II amalgam
      restorations.
AB  - An in vitro study was carried out to evaluate the long-term sealing properties of
      a light-cured dentine adhesive in Class II amalgam restorations. The restorations
      were subjected to repeated vertical occlusal loads and a number of thermocycling
      procedures. The results demonstrated significant advantages of using a dentine
      adhesive as an interfacial sealer in order to reduce microleakage, compared to a
      conventional Copal varnish.

PMID- 2405128
TI  - Evaluation of the properties of a new pour denture base material utilizing a
      modified technique and initiator system.
AB  - A new denture base system, Provac, has been developed for complete and partial
      dentures, and for relining. The Provac material is methyl methacrylate, which
      cures with the aid of barbituric acid. In this study the physical and mechanical
      properties of the new resin were investigated and compared with those of a
      conventional autopolymerizing material (Croform) and a conventional heat
      polymerizing material (Trevalon). It was found that the dimensional accuracy of
      Provac was better than that of the conventional heat-curing material, Trevalon,
      and the denture was finished more easily and quickly. The physical and mechanical
      properties of Provac resin were found to be similar to those of the other two
      materials, and conformed to the International Specifications for denture base
      materials. The residual monomer levels in Provac material were always higher than
      the minimal obtainable values associated with conventional heat-cured materials
      when these were polymerized with a terminal boil during the curing cycle.

PMID- 2405129
TI  - Rationale of the Growth Failure in Children with Renal Diseases Study.

PMID- 2405130
TI  - Protocol of the Growth Failure in Children with Renal Diseases Study.

PMID- 2405131
TI  - Descriptions of the participating centers and patient population in the Growth
      Failure in Children with Renal Diseases Study.
AB  - The Growth Failure in Children With Renal Diseases Study, a double-blind,
      multicenter clinical trial with 108 children entered into the control period over
      4.3 years of patient enrollment (December 1984 to April 1989), is being extended
      for 3 years (December 1988 to December 1991) to provide the time needed to accrue
      additional patients, aged between 1 1/2 and 10 years, with glomerular filtration
      rates of 20 to 75 ml/min/1.73 m2. The study design of randomization to two
      treatment arms (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D vs dihydrotachysterol) requires a total
      of 108 patients with a minimum of 6 months of treatment to test the long-term
      effectiveness and safety of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, an essential part of the
      therapeutic regimen for children with chronic renal insufficiency. The frequent
      longitudinal assessments of nutrition and growth in children with chronic renal
      insufficiency can better define the natural history of renal disease and its
      influence on growth. Similar data in the treatment period will define the impact
      of treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 versus dihydrotachysterol on this
      natural history. Linear growth must be observed long enough (6 to 12 months
      minimum) to permit valid quantitation and comparison of the two vitamin D
      treatment arms, the multiple confounding variables that affect growth (e.g.,
      steroid therapy, diabetes mellitus, prior vitamin D treatment) must be rigorously
      excluded or controlled, and the assignment of patients to the two groups must be
      random. These controls--sufficient study duration, sufficient patient numbers,
      and randomization--should eliminate extraneous sources of variation, including
      seasonal periodicity. This carefully developed, double-blind clinical trial with
      multiple participating centers and an effective organizational structure is
      coming close to achieving the goals of the study. An explosion of data regarding
      the natural history of chronic renal insufficiency and its treatment with vitamin
      D metabolites will be forthcoming at the conclusion of the study.

PMID- 2405132
TI  - Data coordination and management in the Growth Failure in Children with Renal
      Diseases Study.
AB  - The DDC of the GFRD Study works closely with the Administrative Core and with all
      participating clinical centers to ensure the timely collection of accurate,
      reliable, and complete data. The development and maintenance of a data-base
      management system, including continuous monitoring of all data, represent primary
      responsibilities of the DCC. Coordination and communication tasks in the
      multicenter study have been challenging but rewarding. Proper planning and
      positive attitudes have enhanced the effectiveness of the DCC throughout this
      clinical trial.

PMID- 2405133
TI  - History and organization of the Growth Failure in Children with Renal Diseases
      Study.

PMID- 2405134
TI  - Laboratory quality control for a multicenter clinical trial: a report from the
      Growth Failure in Children with Renal Diseases Study.

PMID- 2405135
TI  - Quality control of the nutritional component of the Growth Failure in Children
      with Renal Diseases Study.

PMID- 2405136
TI  - Linear growth and anthropometric and nutritional measurements in children with
      mild to moderate renal insufficiency: a report of the Growth Failure in Children
      with Renal Diseases Study.
AB  - During the control period of the Growth Failure in Children With Renal Diseases
      Study, investigators at 23 centers were able to observe and characterize growth
      and to make anthropometric and nutritional measurements in 82 children with mild
      to moderate renal insufficiency. As a multicenter, controlled clinical trial
      designed to study the relative efficacy of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and
      dihydrotachysterol in the treatment of renal osteodystrophy, no prior vitamin D
      exposure and a creatinine clearance of 25 to 75 ml/min/1.73 m2 were criteria for
      entrance into the clinical trial. Ages ranged from 18 months to 11 years (mean
      5.6 +/- 3.1 years), and distribution by age category was as follows: 38%, 1 to 3
      years; 28%, 4 to 6 years; and 34%, 7 to 10 years. There was a 3:1 male/female
      ratio; 72% of the patients had congenital disease by the International
      Classification of Diseases (ninth revision). Mean creatinine clearance was 49.5
      +/- 20 ml/min/1.73 m2. The C-terminal parathyroid hormone values (1121 +/- 1562
      pg/ml) were well above 2 SD of the mean of a normal growing population of similar
      age. Parathyroid hormone values correlated with degree of renal insufficiency (r
      = -0.57) and with height by bone age but not with chronologic height or growth
      velocity. The bone age/height age ratio, a predictor of growth potential in
      normal children, was low for the entire series of patients (0.88 +/- 0.35) but
      failed to correlate with growth velocity and was negatively correlated with
      rising parathyroid hormone levels. Average values for height, weight, triceps
      skin fold, mid-arm muscle circumference, and body mass index were within 2 SD of
      the mean of the normal population, although measurements for the 1- to 3-year age
      group were significantly less than those of the older patients. Total energy
      intake averaged less than 86% of the recommended dietary allowances; total
      protein intake was more than 161% of the allowance. Nitrogen balance in 23
      patients was positive and correlated most significantly with increasing energy
      intake (r = 0.6). Growth velocity, calculated from the interval gain during the
      month control period, averaged +0.3 SD, with the highest growth velocity z scores
      recorded for those with acquired disease. A growth velocity index, expressed as
      the slope of the regression between change in height SD and growth velocity z
      score, was used to describe the growth accomplished in the control period by age
      category.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2405137
TI  - Serum osteocalcin concentrations in children with chronic renal insufficiency who
      are not undergoing dialysis. Growth Failure in Children with Renal Diseases
      Study.
AB  - This report describes the serum osteocalcin values in children with mild to
      moderate, but relatively stable, renal dysfunction followed in the Growth Failure
      in Children With Renal Diseases Study. This report is derived from data obtained
      during the control period (6 months) before the initiation of vitamin D therapy.
      Up to three measurements per patient were obtained. Serum osteocalcin
      concentration was compared with creatinine clearance (glomerular filtration rate)
      calculated by the Schwartz formula; with serum concentrations of alkaline
      phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, and bicarbonate; and with the percentages of
      the recommended dietary allowances of calories and protein ingested. By standard
      correlation techniques, there appeared to be an inverse correlation between
      calculated creatinine clearance and serum osteocalcin concentration, and a direct
      correlation between serum osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone values. However,
      when we employed a statistical technique that takes into account repeated
      measures in the same patient, no correlation was found between calculated
      glomerular filtration rate and serum osteocalcin concentration, and no direct
      correlation was found between serum osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone values.
      The lack of a correlation between calculated glomerular filtration rate and serum
      osteocalcin values may be due to large fluctuations in the serum osteocalcin
      concentration, even though renal function is relatively stable.

PMID- 2405138
TI  - Growth Failure in Children with Renal Diseases Study: an overview from the
      National Institutes of Health and the Advisory Committee.

PMID- 2405139
TI  - Requirements and upper limits of vitamin D intake in the term neonate, infant,
      and older child.

PMID- 2405140
TI  - Mothers' clinical judgment: a randomized trial of the Acute Illness Observation
      Scales.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the reliability,
      sensitivity, and specificity of mothers' judgments about acute illnesses in their
      children could be improved by using the Acute Illness Observation Scales (AIOS).
      At the 2-week well child care visit in a primary care center and a private
      practice, 369 mothers were divided at random into an intervention group (n = 183)
      and a control group (n = 186). A teaching film and booklet were used to educate
      mothers in the intervention group about the AIOS; control group mothers were
      taught a 3-point global scoring system for evaluating the chance of serious
      illness. In the 32 months of follow-up, 704 acute illnesses were evaluated in
      tandem and independently by mothers and pediatricians before the history and
      physical examination; 20 of these illnesses were serious. The judgments of the
      intervention group were more reliable than those of the control group (weighted
      kappa = 0.50 vs 0.26, respectively), as was the specificity of their judgments
      (85% vs 52%, respectively; p less than 0.0001). No difference was noted in the
      sensitivity of intervention group and control group mothers' judgments (80% vs
      90%, respectively). Teaching parents to assess specific clinical information, as
      represented in the AIOS, has its greatest effect on the reliability and
      specificity, not the sensitivity, of their judgments. Such teaching could lead to
      fewer unnecessary office visits during acute illnesses.

PMID- 2405141
TI  - A controlled trial of human surfactant replacement therapy for severe respiratory
      distress syndrome in very low birth weight infants.
AB  - In a randomized, controlled study, human surfactant derived from amniotic fluid
      was administered within 12 hours of birth to infants with severe respiratory
      distress syndrome who were born at 24 to 32 weeks of gestation weighing less than
      or equal to 1500 gm. A second dose of surfactant was given to patients in the
      treatment group if they met ventilator requirements indicating relapse or lack of
      response to the initial dose. No significant improvement was observed in
      mortality rate (9/28 vs 15/31) or incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (5/28
      vs 3/31) when surfactant-treated infants were compared with control subjects,
      although there was a significant reduction in initial respirator and inspired
      oxygen requirements and the arterial/alveolar oxygen ratio improved. In addition,
      there was a significant reduction in pulmonary air leak in treated infants (10/28
      vs 20/31; p less than 0.05). Retreatment was associated with an attenuated
      ventilatory response and with a higher mortality rate (7/14) than that of infants
      who did not require a second dose (2/14; p = 0.05), indicating a more severe form
      of disease. Multiple discriminant analysis, including eight independent
      variables, revealed that increasing birth weight, earlier age at surfactant
      treatment, and female gender were significantly associated with survival. These
      data suggest that early surfactant treatment may reduce mortality rates in very
      low birth weight infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome, as well as
      reduce ventilator requirements and the incidence of pulmonary air leaks.

PMID- 2405142
TI  - A rapid, noninstrumented whole blood carbamazepine assay for pediatric patients.

PMID- 2405144
TI  - Circulating parasite antigen in Brugia pahangi-infected jirds.
AB  - The Mongolian jird is used widely in filariasis research for studies of
      protective immunity, pathogenesis, and therapy. The purpose of this study was to
      evaluate parasite antigen detection as a means of noninvasively monitoring Brugia
      pahangi infection in jirds. A parasite antigen with Mr of 105-110 kDa was
      identified in sera from i.p.- and s.c.-infected jirds by immunoblot with a
      monoclonal antibody to phosphorylcholine. The same antibody was used in a direct
      sandwich enzyme immunoassay to measure antigen in jird sera. Parasite antigen was
      detectable as early as 2 wk after i.p. or s.c. injection of L3. Antigen titers
      increased between 2 and 12 wk and stabilized between 12 and 36 wk after infection
      in s.c.-infected animals. A different pattern was seen in i.p.-infected jirds
      with antigen titers peaking at 16 wk and falling significantly between 16 and 32
      wk after infection. Parasite antigen titers correlated significantly with adult
      worm infection intensities in jirds with mature i.p. and s.c. infections.
      Antigenemia was also detectable in sera from jirds after i.p. implantation of
      adult parasites of either sex. However, antigen was not detected in sera from
      infant offspring of antigenemic infected mothers. We conclude that parasite
      antigen detection allows B. pahangi development and survival as well as infection
      intensity to be monitored in living animals with unprecedented sensitivity and
      accuracy. This technique should facilitate drug and vaccine studies in this
      important experimental filariasis model.

PMID- 2405143
TI  - Use of parasite antigen detection to monitor macrofilaricidal therapy in Brugia
      malayi-infected jirds.
AB  - Improved methods are needed to evaluate new treatments for filarial infections.
      We have recently developed a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay to
      detect circulating parasite antigen in sera from Brugia malayi-infected jirds. In
      the present study, parasite antigen levels were compared to parasitological
      parameters after treatment of B. malayi-infected jirds with CGP 20376 that has
      been reported to be active against both microfilariae and adult worms of this
      parasite. Microfilariae were cleared promptly and permanently after CGP 20376
      treatment, and no adult worm was recovered in jirds at necropsy 20 wk after
      treatment. In contrast, untreated animals had sustained microfilaremia throughout
      the course of the study, and adult worms were recovered in all control animals
      (mean worm recovery; 24.3 +/- 7.8 SE). Parasite antigen was present in sera from
      all infected animals before treatment. Parasite antigen titers in sera were
      unchanged 5 wk after treatment but fell to undetectable levels in 4 of 6 animals
      by 20 wk after treatment. Low-level antigenemia was detected in 2 of 6 animals at
      20 wk, perhaps suggesting incomplete killing of parasites or incomplete clearance
      of antigen. Parasite antigen levels were stable throughout the study in control
      animals. These preliminary results suggest that parasite antigen detection is
      useful as a means of noninvasively monitoring the efficacy of anti-filarial drug
      therapy.

PMID- 2405145
TI  - Improvement in catheter sepsis rate in burned children.
AB  - Routine frequent central venous catheter (CVC) changes in burned patients (either
      change in insertion site or change over guidewires) has been advocated to
      decrease catheter-related sepsis. The need for this management has not been
      verified for children with burns. We reviewed our pediatric burn population with
      regard to CVC sepsis rate and individual CVC longevity to confirm this
      traditional policy. From 1978 to 1988, 70 children admitted to the Children's
      Hospital of Oklahoma Burn Unit required central venous access. Patients in whom
      CVCs were changed frequently (FC), (n = 10; no. of CVC, 46) were compared with
      those in whom CVCs were changed only for mechanical complications or sepsis
      (NFC), (n = 60; no. of CVC, 74). There were 10 septic CVCs in each group. The
      difference in mean length of individual CVC use between FC and NFC was
      significant (4.6 v 17.7 days; P less than .01). The difference in the number of
      septic CVCs per total number of catheter days in each group was highly
      significant (FC: 10 CVC/212 d. = 0.05; NFC: 10 CVC/1,112 d = 0.009; P less than
      .001). This study demonstrates a significant decrease in catheter-related sepsis
      when CVCs are not changed on a routine frequent basis.

PMID- 2405146
TI  - Portal venous velocity in biliary atresia.
AB  - From December 1986 to April 1989, 38 patients with biliary atresia (eight newly
      diagnosed) were evaluated with doppler ultrasound of the portal venous system.
      Peak and mean velocities were computer derived from the spectral waveform. Good
      velocity was greater than 15 cm/s, intermediate velocity was 8 to 14 cm/s,
      abnormal velocity was less than 7 cm/s or hepatofugal. Patients were grouped
      according to clinical status: group 1 (n = 14), normal liver function; group 2 (n
      = 15), recurrent cholangitis; group 3 (n = 2), established bile drainage but
      complicated cirrhosis; group 4 (n = 7), failed portoenterostomy. All patients
      with normal liver function (group 1) had good or intermediate velocities.
      Thirteen of 15 patients with recurrent cholangitis (group 2) had good or
      intermediate velocities. Both patients in this group with abnormal velocities
      required transplantation. In group 3 the patient with abnormal velocity is on the
      transplant waiting list. In group 4, abnormal velocities preceded or coincided
      with deterioration of liver function in five of seven patients. Doppler
      ultrasound provides useful anatomic information, determines direction of flow,
      quantitates velocity of flow, and, when performed serially, provides adjunctive
      information on liver status in children with biliary atresia. These preliminary
      results suggest that patients with abnormal or significantly decreasing velocity
      are destined for transplantation. Patients with good portal venous velocity
      warrant ongoing, aggressive surgical management.

PMID- 2405147
TI  - Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero, V. Initial clinical
      experience.
AB  - Review of our experience with 45 cases of prenatally diagnosed congenital
      diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) confirms that most fetuses (77%) will not survive
      despite optimal pre- and postnatal care. Polyhydramnios, associated anomalies,
      early diagnosis, and a large volume of herniated viscera (including liver) are
      associated with a particularly dismal prognosis. After extensive experimental
      work demonstrated the efficacy, feasibility, and safety of repair in utero, we
      attempted to salvage six highly selected fetuses with severe CDH by open fetal
      surgery. Five had liver incarcerated in the chest: three died at operation
      because attempts to reduce the liver compromised umbilical venous return. In one,
      a Goretex diaphragm was constructed around the liver, but the baby died after
      birth. The last two fetuses, one with incarcerated liver, were successfully
      repaired. Both demonstrated rapid growth of the lung in utero, had surprisingly
      good lung function after birth despite prematurity, had the abdominal patch
      removed at 2 weeks, and subsequently died of nonpulmonary problems (an unrelated
      nursery accident in one and intestinal complications in the other). The only
      maternal complication was amniotic fluid leak and preterm labor. All six women
      are well and four have had subsequent normal children. From this phase I
      experience, we conclude that fetal surgery appears safe for the mother and her
      reproductive potential, that fetal CDH repair is feasible in selected cases, and
      that the fetal lung responds quickly after decompression. However, fetal repair
      remains a formidable technical challenge.

PMID- 2405148
TI  - Cervical cystic hygroma in the fetus: clinical spectrum and outcome.
AB  - Cervical cystic hygroma is thought by most pediatric surgeons to be an isolated,
      usually resectable lesion with an excellent prognosis. However, prenatal
      sonography has revealed a high "hidden mortality" among fetuses with this
      condition, and most perinatologists consider it to be uniformly fatal. In an
      attempt to resolve these two differing perspectives, we analyzed 29 cases seen at
      two centers over 4 years. Of 27 fetuses diagnosed before 30 weeks' gestation,
      only one survived. Twenty-five of the 27 were aborted; severe hydrops was present
      in 21 of these 25. Two of the 27, both with stigmata of Noonan's syndrome,
      underwent spontaneous regression during the second trimester: one died at 2 weeks
      of age, and the other survived. Successful karyotypes were obtained on 17
      fetuses: nine were normal, seven were 45X, and one was trisomy 21. Fetuses with
      abnormal karyotypes had a lower incidence of polyhydramnios (0% v 67%),
      additional anomalies (12% v 67%), and consanguinity or a history of abnormal
      pregnancies (0% v 89%). Two fetuses were diagnosed after 30 weeks' gestation.
      Neither had hydrops, polyhydramnios, associated anomalies, or an abnormal
      karyotype. One had a completely normal sonogram at 17 weeks' gestation. Both were
      operated on within the first 4 days of life; one did well without complications,
      and the other required a permanent tracheostomy because of extensive
      hypopharyngeal involvement. A cystic hygroma presenting in the fetus has a
      different natural history and prognosis from one presenting postnatally. The vast
      majority of fetal cases are diagnosed before 30 weeks' gestation, and present
      with hydrops or diffuse lymphangiomatosis. The dismal outlook in this group
      justifies elective termination in most cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405149
TI  - Insulin pumps in children with diabetes.
AB  - Insulin pump therapy or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion is becoming more
      common. Nurses can expect to encounter a growing number of children who have
      insulin pumps and an increasing number of questions concerning the general
      application and efficacy of these pumps. Therefore it is important that pediatric
      nurse practitioners, school nurses, and pediatric nurses understand insulin pump
      therapy and its role in the overall treatment of children with diabetes. This
      article describes the advantages, disadvantages, and alternatives to insulin pump
      therapy. It also discusses staff expertise, patient selection criteria, and
      patient education as elements of successful insulin pump management.

PMID- 2405150
TI  - Effect of dimethylaminoethanol, an inhibitor of betaine production, on the
      disposition of choline in the rat kidney.
AB  - The choline metabolite betaine has been shown to be an important organic
      osmoregulatory solute in the kidney. The isolated perfused rat kidney and kidney
      slice incubations were used to investigate the effect of 2-dimethylaminoethanol
      (DMAE), a choline oxidase inhibitor, on the renal excretion and metabolism of
      choline. In the isolated perfused kidney, [14C]choline, at an initial perfusate
      concentration of 300 microM, was effectively removed from the perfusate over 25
      min, with nearly all the 14C in the perfusate accounted for by betaine during the
      remainder of the 90-min perfusion. DMAE at concentrations of 3.0 or 5.0 mM
      significantly decreased the rate of removal of [14C]choline from the perfusate
      and the rate of addition of [14C]betaine to the perfusate, yet [14C]betaine
      remained the only metabolite of choline in perfusate and urine. In kidney tissue
      slice experiments, conversion of [14C]choline to [14C]betaine was found in
      cortical, outer medullary and inner medullary regions of rat kidney. DMAE at 5.0
      mM significantly inhibited [14C]betaine production in each of the three regions
      studied. These data show that DMAE is an effective inhibitor of betaine
      production by the kidney and, as such, may be an important agent for the study of
      osmoregulation by the kidney.

PMID- 2405151
TI  - Hemodynamic and pharmacological evaluation of the vasodilator and vasoconstrictor
      effects of endothelin-1 in rats.
AB  - In awake normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats as well as
      pentobarbital-anesthetized normotensive rats, endothelin-1 (ET-1, 0.063-0.5
      nmol/kg i.v.) produced rapidly appearing, transient, dose-related falls in mean
      carotid artery blood pressure followed by slowly developing small pressor
      responses. In the latter preparation, the hypotension was due to a decrease in
      systemic vascular resistance inasmuch as cardiac output increased slightly.
      Bilateral vagotomy, BW 755c, glibenclamide, idazoxan, propranolol,
      methylatropine, methysergide or promethazine pretreatment failed to modify the
      hypotension induced by ET-1 (0.25 nmol/kg i.v.), but this effect was blocked
      entirely when ET-1 was injected 8 min after starting an i.v. infusion of ET-1
      (0.1 nmol/kg/min for 10 min). In pithed rats, ET-1 (0.125-1.0 nmol/kg i.v.)
      produced sustained pressor responses which were accompanied by reductions in
      cardiac output. This peptide (0.25 nmol/kg i.v.) did not affect renal vascular
      resistance significantly but increased (200%) mesenteric resistance substantially
      more (3-fold) than systemic or hindquarter resistance. The pressor effects of ET
      1 were reduced by diltiazem, nitrendipine, verapamil or cromakalim and unchanged
      after BW 755c, desipramine, enalapril, indomethacin, methysergide, phentolamine
      or SK&F 100273. The sustained pressor response evoked by an i.v. infusion of ET-1
      (0.25 nmol/kg/min/60 min) was also antagonized markedly by nitrendipine and
      cromakalim. In pithed rats with vasopressin-supported blood pressure, ET-1
      produced a short-lasting hypotension which faded entirely after three successive
      injections of the peptide. Finally, ET-1 (0.4-0.8 nM) evoked greater contractile
      responses in rat aortic rings deprived of a functional endothelium than in intact
      preparations. However, in the latter preparation precontracted with
      norepinephrine, ET-1, in contrast to acetylcholine, failed to evoke
      vasorelaxation. In aortic rings, the sustained contractile effects of ET-1 (3.2
      nM) were reduced moderately by nitrendipine (50 nM) and markedly by cromakalim
      (0.8 microM). In contrast, the latter compounds antagonized strongly the
      contractile response to KCl (25 mM). In conclusion, ET-1 appears to produce
      active vasorelaxation and vasoconstriction via stimulation of specific receptors
      on blood vessels. The tolerance to the hypotensive effect of ET-1 may indicate
      that either the receptor site for ET-1 becomes refractory or, alternatively, it
      is coupled to easily depletable endogenous hypotensive mediators. Finally,
      inasmuch as the vasoconstrictor effects of ET-1 can be easily counteracted by
      calcium antagonists under in vivo but not in vitro conditions, the membrane
      coupling mechanism for ET-1 may not be exactly the same in conductance or
      resistance vessels.

PMID- 2405152
TI  - Enhanced sensitivity to behavioral effects of naltrexone in rats.
AB  - Rats were trained on a fixed-ratio schedule under which every 30th response
      produced food reinforcement. Five 3-min periods of fixed-ratio reinforcement were
      each preceded by a 10-min time-out in which responding had no scheduled
      consequence. Cumulative dose-effect functions for naltrexone were determined once
      per week by administering increasing doses during each successive time-out.
      Initially, only a dose of 100 mg/kg suppressed fixed-ratio responding. After
      eight exposures to cumulative naltrexone, however, a dose of 10 mg/kg suppressed
      responding. This shift to the left of the dose-effect function, or
      supersensitivity, persisted for at least 10-wk when naltrexone was not injected.
      Pretreatment with either morphine (3.0 mg/kg) or ethylketocyclazocine (0.1 and
      1.0 mg/kg) partially prevented the naltrexone-induced decreases in response
      rates. Neither chlordiazepoxide nor [D-pen2, D-pen5]enkephalin pretreatments
      appreciably altered the effects of naltrexone. When cumulative doses of 1.0-10.0
      mg/kg naltrexone were followed by two saline injections instead of the higher
      doses of naltrexone, over 8 wk, the naltrexone dose-effect function shifted back
      to the right. The return to normal naltrexone sensitivity after elimination of
      the two highest doses suggests that a reliable association between the lower and
      higher doses in a cumulative dosing procedure can result in conditioned effects
      to the lower doses. Similar observations of salivation elicited by cumulative
      naltrexone injections further support the hypothesis that the present naltrexone
      supersensitivity may involve conditioning processes.

PMID- 2405153
TI  - Endothelium-dependent modulation of endothelin-induced vasoconstriction and
      membrane depolarization in cat cerebral arteries.
AB  - Effects of endothelin, the newly discovered, endothelium-derived vasoactive
      peptide, were examined on isolated, pressurized cat arteries. Responses to
      increasing concentrations of porcine endothelin (10(-12) to 10(-8) M) were
      compared in endothelium intact and denuded vessel segments utilizing diameter and
      membrane potential measurements. Endothelin produced a concentration-dependent
      contraction in arteries with intact endothelium with a maximal response of 26 +/-
      2.8% of the initial diameter in physiological saline solution at 100 mm Hg of
      intraluminal pressure. Removal of the endothelium sensitized the smooth muscle to
      endothelin and increased the maximal response to 48 +/- 2.3% of the initial
      diameter. After incubation of the intact vessels with 10(-5) M indomethacin, the
      endothelin response was potentiated to the maximal value of 66 +/- 1.26% of the
      initial diameter of the intact vessels, and to 61 +/- 2.6% of the denuded
      arteries. The arterial smooth muscle cells were depolarized by 6 +/- 0.45 mV
      after administration of endothelin to the vessels, and by 10 +/- 0.8 mV in the
      denuded vessels. This depolarization was not altered by indomethacin. Our data
      suggest that endothelin has a direct effect on the smooth muscle of cat cerebral
      vascular tissue, and the sensitivity of these vessels to endothelin may be
      modulated by the release of dilatory cyclooxygenase products derived from the
      intact endothelium.

PMID- 2405154
TI  - Peptidases and peptide transport in renal brush-border membrane vesicles from
      rats with acute renal failure.
AB  - We investigated the influence of acute renal failure induced by injection of
      uranyl nitrate on renal handling of peptides in rats. Urinary excretion of brush
      border peptidases increased significantly as a result of uranyl nitrate
      treatment. H+-coupled Gly-Sar uptake was reduced in renal brush-border vesicles
      from uranyl nitrate-treated rats compared to control rats. The impairment of
      dipeptide uptake was evident whether the uptake was measured in the presence or
      absence of a H+ gradient. Kinetic analysis indicated that the impairment was due
      mainly to a decrease in the maximal velocity of the transporter. beta
      Casomorphin, a pentapeptide, was hydrolyzed to di- and tripeptides by
      dipeptidylpeptidase IV and the hydrolytic products were taken up actively into
      control brush-border vesicles via the peptide transporter. But in uranyl nitrate
      treated rats, the capacity to hydrolyze and transport beta-casomorphin was
      greatly reduced. These results show that the ability of the kidneys to process
      peptides is significantly impaired as a result of uranyl nitrate-induced acute
      renal failure.

PMID- 2405155
TI  - Inhibited female orgasm resulting from psychotropic drugs. A five-year, updated,
      clinical review.
AB  - As of 1989, the psychotropic drugs that have been reported to inhibit female
      orgasm include antipsychotic agents (thioridazine, trifluoperazine and
      fluphenazine), the combination drug perphenazine/amitriptyline, antidepressants
      (phenelzine, isocarboxazid, tranylcypromine, amoxapine, clomipramine, imipramine,
      nortriptyline and desipramine) and anxiolytic agents (diazepam, flurazepam and
      alprazolam). The management of psychotropic-drug-induced female anorgasmia
      includes discontinuation of the offending drug, reduction of the dosage level, a
      wait for spontaneous remission while the patient remains on the agent and
      substitution of another medication. The use of bethanechol chloride and
      cyproheptadine has been successful in resolving anorgasmia while patients
      continue to receive antidepressants.

PMID- 2405156
TI  - Repair of vaginal vault prolapse with abdominal sacropexy.
AB  - Ten women were treated for complete eversion of the vaginal vault with an
      abdominal sacropexy technique utilizing rectus fascia as graft material. The
      vault was suspended from the anterior sacral ligament by a strip of rectus
      fascia. Nine of ten patients had complete cure of the prolapse. All patients who
      remained sexually active have reported normal coital function. Abdominal
      sacropexy using rectus fascia is a safe, effective method for the long-term cure
      of vaginal vault prolapse.

PMID- 2405157
TI  - Development of a high affinity and stereoselective photoaffinity label for the D
      1 dopamine receptor: synthesis and resolution of 7-[125I]iodo-8-hydroxy-3-methyl
      1-(4'-azidophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- 1H-3-benzazepine.
AB  - In an earlier paper, we reported the development of (+-)-7-iodo-8-hydroxy-3
      methyl-1-(4'-azidophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- 1H-3-benzazepine (I-MAB) and its
      125I analogue ([125I]I-MAB) as selective, high affinity photoaffinity labels for
      the D-1 dopamine receptor. In this report, we now describe the complete synthesis
      and resolution of I-MAB and the pharmacological characterization of the
      stereoisomers in canine striatal membranes. R-(+)-I-MAB showed highly specific
      dopamine D-1 receptor binding (KD = 0.28 nM) and binds selectively and
      stereoselectively to the D-1 receptor. These results further confirm the previous
      suggestion that, in the benzazepine series of DA agonists and antagonists, the
      activity principally resides in the R-(+) enantiomer, the S-(-) enantiomer being
      considerably less potent or inactive. Moreover, R-(+)-[125I]I-MAB, upon
      photolysis, identifies the ligand-binding subunits of the neuronal D-1 receptor,
      with an apparent Mr of 74,000, 62,000, and 51,000 as assessed by autoradiography
      following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
      Photoincorporation of R-(+)-[125I]I-MAB into these polypeptides was
      stereoselectively blocked by D-1 dopaminergic ligands with an appropriate
      pharmacologic profile for the receptor. R-(+)-[125I]I-MAB should thus prove to be
      a useful stereoselective photoaffinity label for the further characterization of
      the D-1 receptors.

PMID- 2405158
TI  - Aporphines as antagonists of dopamine D-1 receptors.
AB  - The aporphine alkaloids are a class of compounds known to possess activity at
      both D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors. (R)-Apomorphine and (S)-bulbocapnine are
      examples of compounds which have agonist and antagonist activity, respectively,
      at D-1 receptors. A series of optically pure aporphines was synthesized and their
      activity at D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors was studied. The (R)-aporphines
      uniformly had greater affinity for both D-1 and D-2 receptors than their S
      antipodes. Dihydroxy compound (R)-apomorphine, in accord with previous studies,
      was found to be a D-1 agonist. Aporphines possessing a single hydroxy group at C
      11 are antagonists at the D-1 receptor. The corresponding methoxy compounds are
      virtually inactive at dopamine receptors. The most potent compounds, (R)-11
      hydroxyaporphine (R-14) and (R)-10-bromo-11-hydroxyaporphine (R-26), are more
      potent than bulbocapnine as D-1 antagonists but are not as selective. A model for
      binding of aporphines to the D-1 receptor was formulated in which binding
      interactions between the receptor and the basic nitrogen and the C-11 hydroxy
      group of the aporphine are required for high-affinity binding to the receptor.
      The absolute configuration at C-6a determines the orientation of the N-6 lone
      pair and binding is optimal for the 6aR series. The agonist or antagonist
      activity of an aporphine is determined by the presence or absence, respectively,
      of a hydroxy group at C-10. A hydrophobic binding site may be present and may
      account for the high antagonist activity of (S)-bulbocapnine.

PMID- 2405159
TI  - Renin inhibitors containing isosteric replacements of the amide bond connecting
      the P3 and P2 sites.
AB  - Renin inhibitors having 13 different isosteres connecting the P3 and P2 positions
      have been prepared. Synthetic routes and in vitro activity exhibited by these
      compounds are discussed. The two most potent compounds, 47 and 48, contained the
      hydroxyethylene isostere, psi [CHOHCH2], and had IC50 values of 61 and 22 nM,
      respectively.

PMID- 2405160
TI  - Fluorescence in the tandem scanning microscope.
AB  - Our studies have shown that the fluorescence mode can be used to good effect in
      both tandem scanning microscopes (TSM: direct view confocal microscopes) as well
      as confocal scanning laser microscopes (CSLM). Applications are presented which
      show that the two great advantages of TSM are real-time viewing and real colour,
      which allow faster use and interpretation. CSLM are complementary, not
      competitive, being currently more sophisticated for low-level fluorescence work.
      This is equally possible with available TSM, but requires further development
      using CCD cameras and image-processing systems.

PMID- 2405161
TI  - Action of RecBCD enzyme on cruciform DNA.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that RecBCD enzyme of Escherichia coli resolves pre
      existing Holliday recombination intermediates by examining the action of the
      purified enzyme on an open-ended DNA cruciform with limited ability to branch
      migrate. The enzyme cleaved two strands of the cruciform near its base to produce
      "recombinant" products, with a marked bias in the direction of cleavage. The two
      nicks necessary to cleave the cruciform were made separately. Cruciforms whose
      four termini were blocked by synthetic hairpin-shaped oligonucleotides were not
      detectably nicked by the enzyme. With one terminus open the enzyme made a nick at
      the base of the cruciform but not a double-strand cut. With two or more termini
      open the enzyme made double-strand cuts. We infer that RecBCD enzyme molecules
      must enter the termini of duplex DNA and approach the cruciform from more than
      one direction in order to cleave it into recombinant products. Previous results
      on RecBCD-mediated recombination between phage lambda and lambda dv imply that
      intracellular RecBCD enzyme can approach pre-existing Holliday junctions from
      only one direction. We infer that intracellular RecBCD enzyme cannot cleave pre
      existing Holliday junctions into recombinants and suggest that the enzyme may
      cleave Holliday junctions in whose formation it participates.

PMID- 2405162
TI  - Binding of tRNA to the ribosomal A and P sites protects two distinct sets of
      nucleotides in 16 S rRNA.
AB  - Transfer RNA protects a characteristic set of bases in 16 S rRNA from chemical
      probes when it binds to ribosomes. We used several criteria, based on
      construction of well-characterized in vitro ribosome-tRNA complexes, to assign
      these proteins to A or P-site binding. All of these approaches lead to similar
      conclusions. In the A site, tRNA caused protection of G529, G530, A1492 and A1493
      (strongly), and A1408 and G1494 (weakly). In the P site, the protected bases are
      G693, A794, C795, G926 and G1401 (strong), and A532, G966, G1338 and G1339
      (weak). In contrast to what is observed for 23 S rRNA, blocking the release of EF
      Tu.GDP from the ribosome by kirromycin has no detectable effect on the protection
      of bases in 16 S rRNA.

PMID- 2405163
TI  - Refined structure of yeast apo-enolase at 2.25 A resolution.
AB  - The crystal structure of apo-enolase from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae) was established at 2.25 A resolution using a restrained least-squares
      refinement method. Based on 21,077 independent reflections of better than 8 A
      resolution, a final R-factor of 15.4% was obtained with a model obeying standard
      geometry within 0.017 A in bond length and 3.5 degrees in bond angles. The upper
      limit for the co-ordinate accuracy of the atoms was estimated to be 0.18 A. The
      refinement confirmed the heterodox, non-parallel character of the 8-fold beta
      alpha-barrel domain with beta beta alpha alpha(beta alpha)6 topology. The
      reported structure for which the data were collected at pH 5.0 represents an apo
      form of the enzyme. Of the three carboxylic ligands that form the conformational
      metal ion binding site two, Glu295 and Asp320, are very close and presumably form
      a strong acidic type hydrogen bond with the proton partially replacing the
      electric charge of the physiological cofactor Mg2+. The single sulfate ion found
      in the structure is in the active site cavity, co-ordinated to the side-chains of
      Lys345 and Arg374, and to the N atom of Ser375. It is located about 7.4 A from
      the conformational metal ion binding site. It occupies the site in which the
      phosphate group of the substrate binds.

PMID- 2405164
TI  - Zn2+ regulation of ornithine transcarbamoylase. II. Metal binding site.
AB  - Two types of conformational changes are mediated in Escherichia coli ornithine
      transcarbamoylase by the metal ion zinc. Upon binding of zinc in rapid
      equilibrium, the enzyme undergoes an allosteric transition. In the absence of
      substrates, the zinc-bound enzyme further undergoes a slow isomerization with a
      concomitant activity loss. Three metal ions are tightly complexed in the
      isomerized enzyme as determined by gel chromatography and atomic absorption
      spectroscopy. Since the enzyme is a trimer composed of identical subunits, one
      zinc ion is bound per enzyme monomer. With the application of site-directed
      mutagenesis, the cysteinyl residue at position 273 of the enzyme has been
      identified as a metal ligand. When this residue is replaced by an alanine, zinc
      is no longer a tight-binding inhibitor and does not promote isomerization. The
      alteration in the action of zinc on the mutant enzyme is attributed to a reduced
      metal affinity. The mutant enzyme, when saturated by the metal, displays an
      intrinsic allostery unchanged from that of the wild-type; an identical Hill
      coefficient of 1.5 is found for zinc binding to the Ala273 and wild-type enzymes.
      Cys273 is also a binding site of L-ornithine. At pH 8.5, the Ala273 enzyme binds
      the substrate analog L-norvaline ten times more weakly and exhibits a kcat/Kmorn
      that is 27 times less than that of the wild-type enzyme. This finding supports
      our earlier interpretation that the zinc-induced ornithine co-operativity of
      ornithine transcarbamoylase is caused by direct competition between L-ornithine
      and the metal for the same site. As controls, each of the remaining three
      cysteinyl residues of the bacterial ornithine transcarbamoylase has also been
      replaced with alanine. These sulfhydryl groups are found not to be related to
      zinc complexation, ornithine binding or enzyme allostery.

PMID- 2405165
TI  - Effects of proflavin and photoactivated proflavin on the template function of
      single-stranded DNA.
AB  - DNA context-specific effects of the association of proflavin, single-stranded DNA
      and DNA polymerase on DNA polymerization reactions were examined. Frameshift
      mutations induced by the presence of proflavin during in vitro DNA replication of
      a single-stranded DNA template by the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA
      polymerase I were sequenced. More than 80% of the frameshifts were one base-pair
      deletions opposite purine bases that were immediately 3' to pyrimidines. Purines
      (Pu) that were not adjacent to pyrimidines (Py) were not deletion sites. The
      remaining deletions were opposite template pyrimidines that were also immediately
      3' to another pyrimidine. All pyrimidine site deletions occurred in the context
      5' PyPyPu 3'. In additional experiments, the site-specific inhibition of
      processive DNA polymerization by proflavin was examined. A novel inhibition of
      polymerization was found opposite all pyrimidines in the template when proflavin
      template complexes were exposed to ten seconds of white light. This inhibition of
      polymerization is reversible. Longer photoactivation led to an altered pattern of
      DNA sequence-specific inhibition that was not reversible. The role of DNA
      sequence-specific interactions of proflavin with DNA in proflavin mutagenesis is
      discussed.

PMID- 2405166
TI  - Purification and properties of RhaR, the positive regulator of the L-rhamnose
      operons of Escherichia coli.
AB  - The product of the rhaR gene, which regulates the level of mRNA produced from the
      four L-rhamnose-inducible promoters of the rhamnose operon, has been
      hypersynthesized and purified by a two-column procedure. The purified protein is
      a 33 kDa DNA-binding protein that binds to an inverted repeat structure located
      within the psr promoter, the promoter for the rhaS and rhaR genes. The
      equilibrium binding constants and kinetic constants have been determined under a
      variety of solution conditions. The protein binds with high affinity and its
      binding is sensitive to salt concentration and the presence of L-rhamnose. The
      nucleotides and phosphate residues contacted by RhaR were identified by chemical
      interference assays. All of the contacts are made to one face of the DNA and the
      symmetrical pattern matches the inverted repeat sequence proposed for the binding
      site. An unusual property of the binding site is that the two half-sites of the
      inverted repeat are separated from one another by 17 base-pairs of uncontacted
      DNA. Significant binding is retained if the 17 base-pairs are extended by
      insertions of integral turns of DNA, but not by half-integral turns. The complex
      of RhaR-DNA appears to be sharply bent, approximately 160 degrees.

PMID- 2405167
TI  - Replication enhancer-independent mutation increases the co-operativity with which
      an initiator protein binds its origin.
AB  - The plus-strand replication origin of bacteriophage fl has a bipartite structure
      consisting of a required core origin region and an adjacent A + T-rich enhancer
      sequence that potentiates replication approximately 100-fold. The core origin
      binds the initiator protein (gpII) and the enhancer binds the Escherichia coli
      integration host factor (IHF). gpII binds the core origin in two steps, forming a
      binding intermediate (complex I) and a functional complex for nicking (complex
      II). We have used a double-label gel binding assay to determine the stoichiometry
      of the gpII-origin interaction. The results indicate that complex I contains two
      gpII molecules per origin, and complex II contains four gpII molecules per
      origin. Enhancer-independent mutations in gpII allow wild-type levels of
      replication in the absence of either the enhancer or IHF. We have examined the
      binding of an enhancer-independent gpII mutant (mp1) protein to the replication
      origin. The mp1 mutation in gpII (Met40----Ile) increases the co-operativity with
      which the protein binds to form complex II. In addition, the mutant gpII forms
      both complexes with a DNA fragment containing only two (beta-gamma) of the three
      repeats from the core origin sequence, while the wild-type protein forms only
      complex I with this fragment. We discuss how a mutation that increases the co
      operativity of binding of an initiator protein might stimulate DNA replication.

PMID- 2405168
TI  - Phase III trial under way for melanoma vaccine.

PMID- 2405169
TI  - Hydrazine sulfate used in cancer patients.

PMID- 2405170
TI  - Metastasis suppressor genes.
AB  - Within the heterogeneous cell population of malignant neoplasms are cells with
      the ability to invade and metastasize. Metastatic propensity is distinctly
      separate from tumorigenicity alone. The complexity of the metastatic process
      suggests that it is controlled at the genetic level via the activation and/or
      deactivation of multiple genes. It is now generally accepted that there are loci
      in normal cells that can suppress the tumorigenic phenotype and that can be
      inactivated by mutation. Recent evidence from somatic cell hybridization studies
      and DNA transfection experiments as well as the isolation of complementary DNA
      clones by subtractive hybridization and by differential screening predicts that
      an analogous (but distinct) set of metastasis suppressor genes may exist within
      tumor cells that can inhibit invasion and metastasis. The interaction of the gene
      products of potential stimulatory and inhibitory metastasis genes may be critical
      in determining the metastatic phenotype of tumor cells.

PMID- 2405171
TI  - Sector resection with or without postoperative radiotherapy for stage I breast
      cancer: a randomized trial.
AB  - In this trial, 381 women with invasive breast cancer in histopathologic stage I
      had sector resection with meticulous control for complete excision of local
      disease plus axillary dissection. We then randomly assigned 187 women to receive
      postoperative radiotherapy to a total mean dose of 54 Gy to the breast and 194
      women to receive no further treatment. Criteria for eligibility were (a) a
      unifocal tumor 20 mm or less in diameter that was visible on a mammogram and (b)
      negative axillary lymph nodes on histopathologic examination. The mean follow-up
      time was 32.9 +/- 2.2 (SD) months in the group of patients treated with radiation
      and 29.3 +/- 2.4 months in the group treated with surgery alone. The actuarial
      local recurrence rate after 3 years was 2.9% (95% confidence interval, 0.1%-5.8%)
      in the group treated with radiation and 7.6% (95% confidence interval, 3.0%
      12.3%) in the group treated with surgery alone (P = .06). The two treatment
      groups did not differ significantly in overall survival (P = .49) or survival
      free from regional or distant recurrence (P = .18). We conclude that radiation
      therapy saves some patients from local recurrence. However, our data suggest
      that, for women with small unifocal tumors without axillary lymph node
      involvement, a meticulous surgical technique may be an alternative to surgery
      plus routine radiotherapy.

PMID- 2405172
TI  - Increased expression of the retinoblastoma gene in human colorectal carcinomas
      relative to normal colonic mucosa.
AB  - We report the first evidence of increased levels of the retinoblastoma (Rb)
      message in a majority of colorectal cancers when compared with normal mucosa.
      Southern blot analysis showed an increase in Rb gene copy number in at least 28%
      of colorectal carcinomas relative to normal mucosa. These results plus previous
      reports of nonrandom chromosome 13 gains in approximately 50% of colorectal
      cancers suggest that an increase in Rb gene copy number occurs frequently in
      these tumors. Possible mechanisms pertaining to overexpression of the Rb gene are
      discussed in relation to its role as a recessive cancer gene.

PMID- 2405173
TI  - Evaluation of potential transmission of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
      contaminated incinerator emissions to humans via foods.
AB  - Interest in the potential sources of human exposure to TCDD (dioxins, TCDD and
      equivalents, or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) via foods has recently
      shifted from phenoxy herbicides to products of combustion and waste disposal.
      Proposals to locate municipal waste combustors in rural areas have raised
      concerns that emissions, which could contain TCDD, could contaminate animal feeds
      and such human foods as milk, meat, and vegetables. Important factors that can
      affect the results of an assessment of incinerator emissions include (1) the
      emission and deposition rates of TCDD from the source, (2) the fractional
      retention and half-life of fly ash on plants, (3) the environmental half-life of
      TCDD, (4) the animal feeding and management systems, (5) the bioavailability of
      TCDD and related compounds, (6) the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of TCDD in
      farm animals, (7) food consumption levels, (8) the half-life of TCDD in humans,
      and (9) the model selected to estimate cancer risk. For persons living in the
      area of highest deposition near an incinerator, a possible uptake of TCDD from
      foods of animal origin was estimated to be about 10-40 fg/kg.d, which was much
      greater than the 1-5 fg/kg.d uptake estimated for foods of plant origin. The
      total uptake of TCDD from foods by the maximally exposed population will usually
      be about 500- to 1000-fold greater than that due to inhalation. Although milk was
      assumed to be the most important food pathway in several previous assessments
      that evaluated the hazards of airborne emissions, we determined that the
      deposition-forage-cattle-beef pathway was the more important route of exposure.
      The previous assessments appear to have used inappropriate pharmacokinetic models
      for TCDD and to have overestimated pasture use for dairy cows. The amount of TCDD
      accumulated in soil from airborne emissions was found to be less important than
      the amount deposited in forage, a finding that is the opposite of the usual
      conclusions drawn for other routes of TCDD introduction into agricultural
      environments. Based on the assumption and parameters used in this assessment, the
      potential human health risks due to TCDD emissions from incinerators are
      insignificant compared to other background sources of TCDD. It would be desirable
      to measure TCDD in soil and crops around existing facilities to better evaluate
      this assessment, but it is likely that concentrations would be too low to
      reliably quantitate.

PMID- 2405174
TI  - Ultrasound for the repeated localization of a soft tissue expander injection port
      in a pediatric patient.

PMID- 2405175
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of hypophosphatasia.

PMID- 2405176
TI  - In utero sonographic description of a fetal liver adenoma.

PMID- 2405177
TI  - Echographic evaluation of tubercular abscesses in lumbar spondylitis.
AB  - Thirty-two patients with tubercular lumbar spondylodiskitis were studied by using
      traditional x-rays and echography. Computed tomography (CT) scans were also
      employed in six patients. Ultrasound scans detected tubercular abscesses in 17
      cases, whereas traditional x-rays diagnosed abscesses in only 10. Echographic
      patterns are reported depending on the site and contents. Besides assessing the
      abscess, it was possible to diagnose a case complicated with hydronephrosis due
      to compression of the ureter. Analysis of the results obtained indicates that the
      association of traditional x-rays with echography is sufficient to obtain, in
      most cases, complete and exact diagnoses and that using CT scans can be limited
      to doubtful cases or those complicated by paraplegia.

PMID- 2405178
TI  - A prospective comparison of transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound with
      surgical findings in gynecologic disease.
AB  - Eighty-five patients underwent transabdominal (TAU) and transvaginal ultrasound
      (TVU) 24 hours before elective surgery for gynecologic disease. No obstetric
      cases were included. The diagnostic outcome of TVU was not significantly better
      than that of TAU in spite of a better image quality. The evaluation of large
      ovarian cysts and sizeable fibroids was difficult with TVU due to the limited
      field of view. Endometrial pathology was clearly diagnosed by TVU. We recommend
      using TVU in combination with TAU, especially in cases of unclear pelvic
      pathology or when larger masses are present.

PMID- 2405179
TI  - Fluid-aided sonography of the stomach and duodenum in the diagnosis of peptic
      ulcer disease in adult patients.
AB  - Sixty-five patients with a clinical suspicion of peptic ulcer disease were
      evaluated with fluid-aided sonography (US). The results were compared with
      endoscopic and upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series findings. Fifteen normal
      volunteers were examined by US only. The stomach and duodenum were both
      adequately visualized in 12 of the normal volunteers and in 51 of the study
      patients. US detected wall abnormalities in 21 of 23 patients (91%) with abnormal
      UGI series and endoscopy in the antropyloric and duodenal regions, although none
      of the 17 documented ulcers were visible by US. Abnormalities detected with US
      included increased wall thickness (mean, 12.85 mm), asymmetric thickening of the
      mucosa and muscularis, spasm, and deformity. US was considered normal in 25 of 28
      patients (89%) with normal UGI series and endoscopy. The results suggest that US
      may be a useful nonstressful procedure in the evaluation of peptic ulcer disease
      previously diagnosed by UGI series or endoscopy.

PMID- 2405180
TI  - Sonographic features of breast hamartomas.
AB  - The sonographic features of ten breast hamartomas are reported. Four masses were
      clinically palpable. The mammographic appearance was characteristic of hamartomas
      in five cases. In the remaining five lesions, because the radiographic appearance
      was not pathognomonic, surgical excision was required for pathologic confirmation
      of the diagnosis. A wide spectrum of sonographic appearances was identified, the
      most frequent was that of a moderate to well-circumscribed, solid, hypoechoic
      mass with posterior acoustic shadowing. Two isoechoic hamartomas were very
      difficult to visualize on sonography. We conclude that ultrasound has a minimal
      role in the diagnosis of breast hamartomas, in view of their wide sonographic
      variability.

PMID- 2405181
TI  - Real-time B-scan ultrasound in middle ear assessment. A preliminary report.
AB  - Middle ear visualization is difficult otoscopically due to the usual opacity of
      the eardrum. Though various procedures have been developed, difficulties exist in
      determining effusion and other middle ear anomalies. Past studies have
      demonstrated the effectiveness of A-scan ultrasound for such purposes. The
      present study reports initial results of real-time B-scan sonography on patients
      with normal and effusion-filled middle ears. Consistent landmarks are seen in the
      normals. Fluid appears in the abnormals as a band or elliptical area of
      nonreflectance medial to the eardrum. Though further study is necessary to
      determine reliability, initial results are promising for this application.

PMID- 2405182
TI  - Evaluation of arteriovenous fistulas and pseudoaneurysms in renal allografts
      following percutaneous needle biopsy. Color-coded Doppler sonography versus
      duplex Doppler sonography.
AB  - One hundred one patients with renal allografts were studied by two independent
      observers using duplex Doppler sonography (DDS) and color-coded Doppler
      sonography (CCDS). In all patients, single or multiple percutaneous needle
      biopsies of the transplant had been performed 1 to 30 days before. In 6 patients
      CCDS following the biopsy demonstrated an area of combined red and blue color
      coded blood flow within the renal parenchyma (n = 5) or within the sinus (n = 1);
      the Doppler waveform was abnormal in these areas with signals above and below the
      zero line indicating turbulent blood flow. Consecutive intraarterial digital
      subtraction angiography (DSA) revealed the presence of an arteriovenous fistula
      (n = 4) or of a pseudoaneurysm (n = 2). In one patient, gross hematuria with
      obstruction of the bladder occurred as a complication of a pseudoaneurysm within
      the renal sinus; the bleeding could not be stopped by embolization of the lesion
      and the kidney had to be removed. DDS demonstrated the lesion in only one of the
      six patients. Thus, CCDS is the method of choice for noninvasive detection of
      vascular lesions due to percutaneous biopsy.

PMID- 2405183
TI  - Controversies of perinatal torsion of the spermatic cord: a review, survey and
      recommendations.

PMID- 2405184
TI  - Multivariate and Boolean factor analysis of immune complex/complement deposits
      and their effects on renal blood flow during allograft rejection.
AB  - The role of humoral immune factors in graft destruction is not fully understood.
      With immunofluorescence techniques the possibility of a specific pattern and/or
      clustering of immune complex or complement deposits was analyzed in 140
      percutaneous kidney needle biopsies performed in 73 patients with renal allograft
      dysfunction. The results were correlated with concomitant alterations in renal
      blood flow as measured by cortical and global perfusion indexes and graft
      survival. The deposition of IgG, IgM, C3 and C4 correlated significantly with
      acute rejection confirmed by biopsy (p less than 0.05, less than 0.001, less than
      0.02 and less than 0.001, respectively). Subsequent graft survival was
      compromised when IgA, IgG, IgM, C3, C4 and properdin were present together in
      biopsy specimens (p less than 0.05). There was a significant clustering of IgA
      with C3, of IgG with C3 and C4, and of IgM with C1, C3 and C4 (p less than
      0.001). There also was a significant association among alterations in renal blood
      flow, deposition of IgA (p less than 0.05) and C4 (p less than 0.02), and graft
      outcome. Higher perfusion indexes, indicative of decreased blood flow, showed
      significant associations (p less than 0.007 and less than 0.04 for the cortical
      and global perfusion indexes, respectively) with a greater risk of graft loss.
      Although it primarily is a cellular event, the data suggest that acute rejection
      is associated with a deposition of various humoral factors that may mediate
      alterations in renal blood flow. The latter may affect graft function and
      structural integrity, and, thus, may show a direct correlation with the outcome
      of a graft.

PMID- 2405185
TI  - Enhanced bladder cancer detection with the Lewis X antigen as a marker of
      neoplastic transformation.
AB  - Recent evidence indicates that the Lewis X determinant is a tumor-associated
      antigen in the urothelium. Immunohistochemical analyses on frozen and
      deparaffinized, formalin-fixed tissue sections have demonstrated that the Lewis X
      antigen is not detected in normal adult urothelium except for occasional umbrella
      cells. However, papillomas and transitional cell carcinomas express this blood
      group-related antigen in more than 90% of the cases regardless of the grade or
      stage of the tumor, or the blood type or secretor status of the individual. To
      determine the presence of Lewis X antigen on exfoliated bladder epithelial cells
      we used an anti-Lewis X monoclonal antibody (P-12) and the avidin-biotin
      peroxidase technique on 129 bladder barbotage specimens. Of 40 controls 34 were
      negative for Lewis X antigen, for a specificity of 85%. The 89 bladder tumor
      patients consisted of 14 with papilloma, 13 with flat carcinoma in situ, 49 with
      transitional cell carcinoma, and 13 with a positive cytology and negative biopsy
      results. Of these 89 patients 76 were considered positive for Lewis X antigen,
      for an over-all sensitivity 85.4%. The sensitivity for cytology alone was 61.2%.
      However, the combination of a positive cytology and/or positive Lewis X antigen
      result yielded a sensitivity of 93.2%. The data suggest that immunocytological
      detection of the Lewis X antigen on exfoliated bladder cells enhances the
      detection of urothelial tumor cells, particularly from low grade and low stage
      neoplasms.

PMID- 2405186
TI  - A clinical trial of intracavernous vasoactive intestinal peptide to induce penile
      erection.
AB  - A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the intracavernous injection
      of vasoactive intestinal peptide was conducted and studied in 24 men with
      erectile dysfunction of diabetic, neurogenic and psychogenic etiology. The
      patients were randomized into 6 groups of 4 subjects each and received either
      placebo, or 200 or 400 pmol. vasoactive intestinal peptide at each of 3
      consecutive weekly visits. An increase in penile length was associated
      significantly with treatment (F equals 5.10, p equals 0.01), dose-related, and
      independent of the time and sequence of treatment. An increase in penile diameter
      was associated significantly with treatment (F equals 8.14, p equals 0.001) and
      time (F equals 8.14, p equals 0.001), dose-related and independent of the
      sequence of treatment. Penile rigidity was associated significantly with time (F
      equals 5.44, p equals 0.008), associated nearly significantly with treatment (F
      equals 3.11, p equals 0.056) and independent of sequence of treatment. Despite
      some measurable treatment-related increase none of the patients achieved penile
      rigidity adequate for intromission.

PMID- 2405187
TI  - Surveillance strategy for intratesticular cysts: preliminary report.
AB  - We treated 15 patients with all sonographic criteria of a simple testicular cyst.
      Of the patients 6 were operated on and the diagnosis was confirmed
      histologically, while 9 did not undergo an operation but are under close
      observation (mean surveillance 11 months). All patients are without any
      detectable malignancy. The possibility of a surveillance strategy in simple
      intratesticular cysts is discussed.

PMID- 2405188
TI  - A modified vasoepididymostomy performed with the sling and blanket technique.
AB  - A modification is presented for the end-to-end type of vasoepididymostomy known
      as the sling and blanket. We have exploited the differences in size between the
      vas and epididymis to gain a mechanical advantage. When the epididymis is
      transected the redundant tunic is preserved. The sling is created from the tunic,
      which is drawn forward and sutured to the vas posteriorly about 1 cm. from its
      cut end. The sling provides support so that the end-to-end anastomosis between
      the vas lumen and specific epididymal tubule may be completed in 1 plane and
      without rotation. The blanket is created from the remaining epididymal tunic,
      which is sutured anteriorly to cover the anastomosis and stabilize the vas. The
      procedure was performed on 8 patients with primary epididymal obstruction. The
      patency rate was 50% and the pregnancy rate was 25%. Although vasoepididymostomy
      remains a difficult microsurgical operation, this modification seems to be
      beneficial in selected cases.

PMID- 2405189
TI  - Follicular cystitis in girls with untreated asymptomatic or covert bacteriuria.
AB  - Nodular changes of the bladder mucosa, that is cystitis follicularis or cystitis
      cystica, are found in 2 to 9% of all children with urinary tract infections. The
      nodules are composed of lymphoid aggregates, resembling Peyer's patches in the
      intestine. Children with this finding are considered to have a poor short-term
      prognosis with a marked tendency for recurrent infections. Screening programs for
      bacteriuria have revealed that a few per cent of the female population are
      bacteriuric without symptoms of overt disease. Of 59 girls followed with
      untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria 52 had nodular changes of the bladder mucosa
      at cystoscopy. Biopsy was performed in 22 girls, and revealed lymphocytic
      infiltration in 19 and follicular formation in 11. The nodular changes persisted
      when bacteriuria continued but disappeared in patients who became abacteriuric.
      This finding demonstrates the reversibility of the changes, and supports the
      assumption that they are secondary to the presence of bacteria and not a primary
      lesion.

PMID- 2405190
TI  - Lower urinary tract dysfunction in girls with untreated asymptomatic or covert
      bacteriuria.
AB  - A total of 50 to 80% of all girls with asymptomatic or covert bacteriuria will
      have recurrences after antibacterial treatment. Deficient bladder emptying is an
      important factor predisposing to urinary infections. We investigated lower
      urinary tract function in 57 girls with untreated so-called asymptomatic
      bacteriuria. Detailed questioning revealed a high frequency of symptoms, such as
      urgency and incontinence. The symptoms were not acute and no patient had dysuria.
      The urinary flow curve pattern indicated bladder emptying problems in 42% of the
      girls and residual urine of greater than 5 ml. was seen in 71%. Cystometry
      revealed consistent detrusor instability in 75% of the patients. Lower urinary
      tract dysfunction may explain the marked tendency for recurrent infection after
      treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria. With a detailed history, and noninvasive
      determination of urinary flow and residual urine, these abnormalities are easily
      detected. Bladder rehabilitation may offer a new method of treatment for these
      patients.

PMID- 2405191
TI  - Bilateral synchronous tumors in testes in unrecognized mixed gonadal dysgenesis:
      a case report and review of literature.
AB  - A case of germ cell tumor occurring simultaneously in the descended and
      undescended testes of an infertile phenotypic man is reported. Cytogenetic
      studies revealed a 46XY pattern. Exploration of the abdomen showed a left
      testicular mass in close proximity to a rudimentary uterus, a fallopian tube and
      a right testicular mass in the scrotum. Complete excision of both testicular
      masses and the uterus with the adnexa was done. Histologically, both tumors were
      seminoma. The patient was well 2 years after treatment.

PMID- 2405192
TI  - Antisera to a rabbit urinary tract antigen also react with human bladder and
      kidney tissue.
AB  - The mucin layer covering the bladder transitional cell mucosa appears to function
      as a primary defense mechanism against bacterial infection. We have previously
      prepared a glycoprotein fraction (GP1) from the urinary bladder mucosa of NZW
      rabbits and raised murine antisera against it. These antisera react with bladder,
      ureter and kidney tissue from rabbits, rats, guinea pigs, and hamsters. We now
      show that a similar substance occurs in human kidneys and bladder. In order to
      remove antibodies reactive with the Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), the antisera
      were initially absorbed with an immunoadsorbent composed of purified human THP
      covalently bound to Sepharose CL-4B gel. Using an enzyme linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) it could be shown that the absorbed antisera did not react with THP
      but retained a high titer in binding to GP1. Immunohistochemical procedures
      involving avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase staining demonstrated that the absorbed
      anti-GP1 reacted well with six human urinary bladder biopsy specimens and two
      kidney autopsy specimens while normal murine sera showed little or no binding.
      Although this reactivity was not as strong as that found with homologous tissue
      (rabbit) these studies suggest that GP1, an antigen common to several animal
      species, is also related to a human urinary tract component.

PMID- 2405193
TI  - Fibronectin distribution in normal and malignant urothelium.
AB  - Fibronectin is a glycoprotein that mediates the attachment of BCG to the murine
      bladder. To assess the potential role of fibronectin on bladder cancer cells as a
      specific substrate for BCG binding in man, a semi-quantitative method was
      employed to evaluate the presence of fibronectin on normal urothelium and bladder
      cancer. Monoclonal anti-fibronectin binding to normal and malignant urothelial
      tissues was evaluated by an immunoperoxidase assay. Human tumor cell lines were
      evaluated with mixed hemadsorption and immunoperoxidase assays. In both systems,
      immunoreactive fibronectin had low expression on unfixed normal and malignant
      urothelium. With fixation, immunoreactive fibronectin decreased on supporting
      stroma and increased in normal and malignant urothelium. Fibronectin distribution
      did not show tumor specificity either with fixed or unfixed specimens.

PMID- 2405194
TI  - Comparison of infrainguinal graft surveillance techniques.
AB  - One hundred seventy-seven patients with infrainguinal bypass grafts were followed
      by use of standard graft surveillance techniques to learn more about the natural
      history of hemodynamic abnormalities in the patient with no symptoms. A decrease
      in the ankle/brachial pressure ratio of 10% or more was considered an abnormal
      evaluation. Results of the duplex scan were interpreted as abnormal when the peak
      systolic flow velocity was greater than 120 cm/sec or less than 40 cm/sec. There
      were 18 graft thromboses (10%) during the period of observation, and nine of
      these grafts were successfully revised or replaced. Recurrent symptoms prompted
      graft revision in 20 additional patients, and 18 of these reoperations were
      successful. Twenty-nine of the 38 reoperations occurred within the first 18
      months of the study. The primary cumulative patency rate was 86% at 1 year and
      66% at 5 years. The secondary cumulative patency rate was 91% at 1 year and 80%
      at 5 years. Sudden graft occlusion occurred in five patients after a normal
      ankle/brachial index. Most of 90 patients with abnormal ankle/brachial indexes
      reverted to normal at the next visit. Nineteen of the 26 that did not, had
      significant graft problems, but only eight patients had operable conditions, and
      five of the eight already had occluded grafts. No patient with a normal
      ankle/brachial index and duplex scan results had graft occlusion before their
      next surveillance visit. If the duplex scan outcome was abnormal but the
      ankle/branchial index normal the incidence of sudden graft occlusion was 4%. In
      contrast, if the duplex scan outcome was abnormal and the ankle/brachial index is
      reduced, then the risk of graft occlusion is 66%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2405195
TI  - Is the continued use of ocular pneumoplethysmography necessary for the diagnosis
      of cerebrovascular disease?
AB  - The combination of duplex scanning and ocular pneumoplethysmography (OPG) has
      been used by many vascular laboratories for noninvasive evaluation of the carotid
      arteries. This study was undertaken to determine if OPG significantly improved
      the accuracy of duplex scanning alone. Three hundred eighty-five carotid arteries
      were studied in 190 patients with angiograms, duplex scans, or OPG. A total of
      329 carotid arteries were examined with all three modalities. Three different
      criteria were used to interpret the OPG results, one each intended to deliver a
      high sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy. Depending on the criteria
      used, sensitivity of OPG alone for detecting hemodynamically significant (greater
      than 50%) stenosis ranged from 53% to 83%, with a specificity of 59% to 94%.
      Duplex scanning alone had a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 90% for
      similar lesions. If patients with only intracranial arterial stenosis were
      excluded, the sensitivity of the duplex scan rose to 91%. The addition of OPG to
      the duplex scan slightly increased sensitivity (range 91% to 95%; difference not
      significant) but significantly decreased specificity (range 56% to 84%; p less
      than 0.005). For detecting stenoses greater than 80%, the duplex scan alone had a
      sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 88%. The addition of OPG to duplex
      scanning slightly increased sensitivity for these high-grade lesions but
      significantly decreased specificity (p less than 0.001) and overall accuracy.
      These results were unaffected by the presence or absence of intracranial disease.
      Because the addition of OPG to duplex scanning reduces specificity and accuracy
      without any significant increase in sensitivity, we no longer use it as part of
      our routine noninvasive cerebrovascular examination.

PMID- 2405196
TI  - Fate of the carotid artery contralateral to endarterectomy.
AB  - The management of internal carotid artery disease contralateral to endarterectomy
      is highly controversial. At our institution we have adopted an approach by which
      patients are followed with serial duplex scanning after unilateral carotid
      endarterectomy. Surgery on the contralateral carotid artery is recommended for
      patients who exhibit ischemic neurologic symptoms or develop an 80% to 99%
      carotid stenosis. This strategy is based on previous reports that have documented
      an increased incidence of strokes in these two groups of patients. As a result,
      40 patients among a study population of 200 underwent carotid endarterectomy on
      the originally unoperated side. The current study reviews the natural history of
      the patients who were followed without or before operation of the contralateral
      carotid artery in an attempt to identify other cohorts at increased risk for
      stroke. Patients were followed for up to 126 months after unilateral carotid
      endarterectomy (mean, 54 months). Six patients were lost to follow-up (3.0%). By
      life-table analysis the estimated mean annual rate of progression to greater than
      or equal to 50% diameter reduction was 3.9% and 1.2% for progression to greater
      than or equal to 80% stenosis. Only two patients went on to occlusion during
      follow-up. Neurologic events referable to the contralateral carotid distribution
      were infrequent. The estimated mean annual rate was 2.9% for transient ischemic
      attacks and less than 0.8% for strokes. Case history review of the six patients
      who had strokes during follow-up suggested that only one patient may have
      benefited from carotid endarterectomy. Conservative management with serial duplex
      scanning of the unoperated, contralateral carotid artery appears
      appropriate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405197
TI  - First phase report of cooperative Veterans Administration asymptomatic carotid
      stenosis study--operative morbidity and mortality.
AB  - Ten Veterans Administration medical centers representing all regions of the
      country participated in a cooperative study to evaluate the etiologic importance
      of asymptomatic carotid disease in the development of transient ischemic attack
      and stroke. The study prospectively randomized patients between carotid
      endarterectomy and nonoperative treatment with both groups receiving 1300 mg
      aspirin daily. All patients considered for the study had carotid angiography.
      Inclusion in the study required at least a 50% diameter reduction of the internal
      carotid artery. Four hundred forty-four patients were randomized between
      nonoperative (233 patients) and operative groups (211 patients). In the operative
      group 195 had unilateral carotid endarterectomies, and eight patients had staged
      bilateral procedures, for a total of 211 carotid operations. Thirty-day mortality
      was 1.9% (4/211); all resulting from cardiac causes. One patient who died also
      had a neurologic deficit. The incidence of stroke was 2.4% (5/211), and the
      combined stroke and mortality rate was 4.3%. Transient ischemic events occurred
      in two patients (0.9%). Coronary artery disease is the prime determinant of
      operative mortality and justifies rigorous preoperative cardiac evaluation to
      identify those patients at risk. This multicenter prospective clinical trial
      demonstrates that carotid endarterectomy can be safely performed and provides a
      valid standard with which to compare the nonoperative cohort.

PMID- 2405198
TI  - Variables that affect the expansion rate and outcome of small abdominal aortic
      aneurysms.
AB  - Seventy-three patients with small (less than 6 cm in diameter) abdominal aortic
      aneurysms (AAAs) were selected for nonoperative management and followed up with
      sequential ultrasound size measurements. Fifty-four men and 19 women, 51 to 89
      years of age (mean 70 years), had an initial mean AAA size of 4.1 cm
      (anteroposterior) x 4.3 cm (lateral) diameter, with a calculated elliptic cross
      sectional area of 14.3 cm2. After a mean of 37 months of follow-up, AAA area
      increased at a mean rate of 20% per year (3 cm2 yr; 0.4 to 0.5 cm/yr diameter).
      Expansion rate was not affected by initial aneurysm size. During follow-up, only
      3 patients (4%) required urgent operation (1 died), 26 patients (36%) died of non
      AAA causes, and 26 patients (36%) underwent elective AAA repair because of
      progressive size increase (1 died). Elective operations were performed at the
      rate of 10% per year, when mean AAA size had increased to 22 cm2 (5.1 cm in
      diameter). Multiple regression analysis of clinical parameters available at
      presentation indicated that subsequent elective AAA repair was predicted by
      younger age at diagnosis and larger initial aneurysm size. As anticipated,
      patients who underwent surgery had more rapid aneurysm expansion (5.3 cm2/yr)
      compared with patients who did not undergo surgery (1.6 cm2/yr; p less than
      0.05). This difference was caused by more rapid expansion during later follow-up
      intervals among patients selected for operation and was not predicted by the
      change in aneurysm size observed during initial ultrasonographic follow-up. Final
      aneurysm size was predicted by initial size, duration of follow-up, and both
      systolic and diastolic pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405199
TI  - Late complications after femoral artery catheterization in children less than
      five years of age.
AB  - Fifty-eight children who underwent diagnostic femoral artery catheterization
      before 5 years of age, from 5 to 14 years before the study, were randomly
      selected from approximately 300 surviving patients undergoing diagnostic femoral
      artery catheterization at our institution during the interval. Each patient
      underwent vascular laboratory segmental pressure and waveform examination and
      arterial duplex scanning, as well as lower extremity bone length radiographs,
      which were considered positive if the catheterized leg was greater than or equal
      to 1.5 cm shorter than the opposite leg. Thirteen children who had only venous
      catheterization served as controls. No arterial abnormalities were present in the
      control patients (mean ankle/brachial index, 1.01). Arterial occlusion was
      present in both limbs of five patients who had bilateral diagnostic femoral
      artery catheterization and in 14 limbs of 51 patients who had unilateral
      diagnostic femoral artery catheterization. Thus arterial occlusion was present in
      33% of patients (19 of 58) and in 37% of limbs (24 of 65). The mean
      ankle/brachial index in the catheterized limbs was 0.79. Leg growth retardation
      was present in four limbs (8%) of 51 children undergoing unilateral diagnostic
      femoral artery catheterization and in one (8%) control patient. The inverse
      relationship between ankle/brachial index and leg growth retardation was
      significant (R = 0.47, p less than 0.0005). Only one patient had symptoms of
      arterial occlusion (claudication), and one patient had symptoms of leg growth
      retardation (gait disturbance). We conclude that arterial occlusion is common
      after diagnostic femoral artery catheterization in children less than 5 years of
      age, but that excellent collateral supply prevents leg growth retardation and/or
      symptomatic arterial insufficiency in most children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2405200
TI  - Transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal approach for aortic reconstruction: a
      randomized prospective study.
AB  - A prospective, randomized study was conducted to compare the retroperitoneal
      versus transperitoneal approach for elective aortic reconstruction. One hundred
      thirteen patients (transperitoneal = 59, retroperitoneal = 54) were randomized
      between March 1987 and October 1988. In addition, to assess the changing course
      of patients undergoing aortic reconstruction similar data were gathered
      retrospectively on a group of 56 patients undergoing aortic reconstruction by the
      same surgeons performed via a transperitoneal approach in 1984 to 1985.
      Randomized patients were identical in age, male to female ratio, smoking history,
      incidence and severity of cardiopulmonary disease, indication for operation, and
      use of epidural anesthetics. Details of operation including operative and aortic
      cross-clamp times, crystalloid and transfusion requirements, degree of
      hypothermia on arrival at the intensive care unit, and perioperative fluid and
      blood requirements did not differ significantly for patients undergoing
      transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal reconstruction. Respiratory morbidity, as
      assessed by percent of patients requiring postoperative ventilation,
      deterioration in pulmonary function tests, and the incidence of respiratory
      complications, was identical in randomized patients. Other aspects of
      postoperative recovery including recovery of gastrointestinal function, the
      requirement for narcotics, metabolic parameters of operative stress, the
      incidence of major and minor complications, and the duration of hospital stay
      were similar for randomized patients undergoing transperitoneal and
      retroperitoneal reconstruction. When compared to retrospectively reviewed
      patients having aortic reconstruction, randomized patients undergoing
      transperitoneal and retroperitoneal operations had highly significant (p less
      than 0.001) reductions in postoperative ventilation, transfusion requirements,
      and length of hospital stay. Such trends were all independent of transperitoneal
      versus retroperitoneal approach.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405201
TI  - Twelve-year experience with intraluminal sutureless ringed graft replacement of
      the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta.
AB  - Use of the intraluminal sutureless ringed prosthesis can reduce graft insertion
      time and avoid difficulties inherent in suturing to friable, diseased aortic
      tissue. Since 1976 this device has been inserted into the descending thoracic or
      thoracoabdominal aorta in 42 procedures for aortic dissection and for aneurysmal
      disease. The operative mortality rate for descending thoracic aortic dissection
      repair was 14% and that for descending thoracic aortic aneurysm repair was 8%,
      with an overall mortality rate of 10%. All three of the patients undergoing
      thoracoabdominal aortic replacement survived. The mean cross-clamp time for
      sutureless tube graft insertion was 9 minutes. The average blood replacement was
      2.4 units/patient. No patient suffered serious neurologic or renal impairment. A
      single nonfatal case of graft dislodgement occurred after placement. No evidence
      of hemolysis, pseudoaneurysm formation, graft erosion, graft migration, or
      anastomotic bleeding was present in any of the remaining patients. Modification
      of the sutureless intraluminal device to suit the pathologic condition
      encountered at operation allows rapid repair with a low incidence of anastomotic
      complication.

PMID- 2405202
TI  - Health status of detained and incarcerated youths. Council on Scientific Affairs.
AB  - Youths who are detained or incarcerated in correctional facilities represent a
      medically underserved population that is at high risk for a variety of medical
      and emotional disorders. These youths not only have a substantial number of
      preexisting health problems, they also develop acute problems that are associated
      with their arrest and with the environment of the correctional facility. Although
      the availability of medical services varies by the size of the institution,
      established standards are, in general, not being met.

PMID- 2405203
TI  - Results of the Prospective Evaluation of Radial Keratotomy (PERK) Study 4 years
      after surgery for myopia. Perk Study Group.
AB  - The Prospective Evaluation of Radial Keratotomy Study is a nine-center clinical
      trial of a surgical technique to reduce simple myopia by making incisions in the
      cornea. There were 435 patients (one eye per patient is reported) enrolled in the
      study with a 91% follow-up rate at 4 years after surgery. After surgery,
      uncorrected visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 76% of eyes. Fifty-five percent
      of the eyes had a refractive error within +/- 1.00 diopter; 28% were
      undercorrected, and 17% were overcorrected by more than 1.00 D. The width of the
      prediction 90% interval for the refractive change was 4.42 D, indicating a lack
      of predictability. The refractive error was not stable in some eyes; between 6
      months and 4 years after surgery, 23% of eyes had a continued effect of the
      surgery of more than 1.00 D. For 323 patients with both eyes operated on, 64%
      stated they wore no optical correction. There were few serious complications.
      Eleven eyes (3%) lost two or three lines of best corrected visual acuity. Two
      eyes developed delayed bacterial keratitis without significant loss in best
      corrected visual acuity.

PMID- 2405205
TI  - Cancer invasion and metastases.

PMID- 2405204
TI  - Medical informatics. An emerging academic discipline and institutional priority.
AB  - Information management constitutes a major activity of the health care
      professional. Currently, a number of forces are focusing attention on this
      function. After many years of development of information systems to support the
      infrastructure of medicine, greater focus on the needs of physicians and other
      health care managers and professionals is occurring--to support education,
      decision making, communication, and many other aspects of professional activity.
      Medical informatics is the field that concerns itself with the cognitive,
      information processing, and communication tasks of medical practice, education,
      and research, including the information science and the technology to support
      these tasks. An intrinsically interdisciplinary field, medical informatics has a
      highly applied focus, but also addresses a number of fundamental research
      problems as well as planning and policy issues. Medical informatics is now
      emerging as a distinct academic entity. Health care institutions are considering,
      and a few are making, large-scale commitments to information systems and services
      that will affect every aspect of their organizations' function. While academic
      units of medical informatics are presently established at only a few medical
      institutions in the United States, increasing numbers of schools are considering
      this activity and many traditional departments are seeking and attracting
      individuals with medical informatics skills.

PMID- 2405206
TI  - Of dog tags and indomitability--the quiet heroism of Dr Carroll Witten.

PMID- 2405207
TI  - [Assessment of cisplatin in concurrent use with radiotherapy in esophageal
      carcinoma--joint research among nationwide multi-facilities, primary results.
      Research Committee for Radiation and Cisplatin Treatment of Esophageal
      Carcinoma].
AB  - The effect of cisplatin in concurrent use with radiotherapy for esophageal
      carcinoma has been assessed as a theme of joint research among nationwide 40
      facilities for 18 months from October, 1985, to March, 1987. As the subjects, non
      operative cases, recurrent cases and metastatic cases diagnosed as esophageal
      carcinoma were enrolled. Regimens in 4 kinds were used for treatment and CDDP was
      used concurrently with radiotherapy in all the regimens. The results of
      classifying and totalizing the effects in 73 cases, of whom the local effects
      were analyzed, turned out to be: CR-25 cases, CR rate being 34.2% and PR-33
      cases, the effective rate being 79.5%. As a result of aggregating the effects by
      major axis of X-ray image, CR and effective rates were found as 60 and 90% in the
      cases with the axes less than 5 cm; 36 and 79% in the cases with axes more than 5
      cm and less than 10 cm; and 19 and 76% in the cases with the axes more than 10
      cm, all respectively.

PMID- 2405208
TI  - [A recurrent gastric carcinoma found by metastasis to the scrotum].
AB  - Reported is a case of 67-year-old man with a recurrent gastric carcinoma that was
      associated with a possible lymphatic metastasis to the scrotum. Seven years
      earlier (October, 1980), since an adenocarcinoma of the stomach was present, a
      subtotal gastrectomy was performed. At that time, a IIc-like advanced tumor with
      a ul-III, measuring 32 x 28 mm in size, was noted on the anterior wall of the
      corpus near the greater curvature of the stomach, on macroscopical examination of
      the resected specimen. Microscopic findings showed a poorly differentiated
      adenocarcinoma with an involvement of the serosa but without a lymph node
      metastasis (H0, P0, n0, se, stage III). In July 1987, a tumor in the right
      scrotum was found and the patient underwent surgery. The resected specimen
      revealed a histologically cancerous involvement of the testis, the epididymis,
      the tunica vaginalis testis, and the spermatic cord. The cancerous cells showed
      the same poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma which had been observed in the
      primary locus of the stomach. Judging from these findings, this case was
      diagnosed as a recurrent gastric carcinoma with a lymphatic metastasis to the
      scrotum.

PMID- 2405209
TI  - [A metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma successfully treated with chemotherapy].
AB  - A 68-year-old man referred to the hospital because of a swelling of his bilateral
      cervical, left supraclavicular, and left axillary lymph nodes, and an ulcerated
      tumor in the right palatine tonsil. Three years previously, he had undergone a
      local excision in the left forearm of a skin tumor that had been pathologically
      diagnosed as a Merkel cell tumor. CT scan demonstrated an abdominal mass and his
      serum neurospecific-enolase (NSE) was found to be 20.3 ng/ml. Following biopsies
      of the lymph nodes and the tumor in the right tonsil, a metastatic Merkel cell
      carcinoma was diagnosed. Systemic chemotherapy thus was begun with doses of
      cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and vincristine. After three cycles were completed,
      tumor were no longer present and his NSE returned to normal. Three months after
      the discontinuance of chemotherapy, he remains disease-free.

PMID- 2405210
TI  - Robert F. Pitts memorial lecture. Electrophysiology of Triturus nephron: cable
      properties and electrogenic transport systems.

PMID- 2405211
TI  - The language of children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus: meeting task
      demands and mastering syntax.
AB  - Children with hydrocephalus are thought to exhibit deficiencies in their
      linguistic performance, including the production of numerous off-topic utterances
      and semantically immature responses to linguistically posed problems (e.g.,
      questions, word definitions). The hydrocephalic children included in many
      previous studies, however, have been mentally retarded. We sought to determine
      whether these language problems also characterized intellectually average
      children with hydrocephalus. A second purpose was to evaluate the hypothesis that
      the language problems of hydrocephalic children occur predominantly on tasks with
      high cognitive or linguistic demands. A third purpose was to reexamine the claim
      that despite their semantic-pragmatic deficiencies, the syntax of hydrocephalic
      children is age appropriate. Our hydrocephalic subjects dealt with the semantic
      pragmatic requirements of linguistically posed problems in an age-appropriate
      manner, and although their performance on these problems declined as task demands
      increased, the decline was no more than that seen for nondisabled age-matches.
      The hydrocephalic children did not differ significantly from nondisabled age
      matches on measures of productive syntactic maturity.

PMID- 2405212
TI  - Concomitant speech and language disorders in stuttering children: a critique of
      the literature.
AB  - This article presents a critical review of the literature concerning concomitant
      speech and language disorders in stuttering children. Studies published since the
      1920s that examined language onset and disorders of articulation, syntax and
      morphology, semantics, and word finding are analyzed. Collectively, the studies
      present a mixed impression of stutterers, not only because of methodological
      variations, but also because of the tremendous variability that exists among
      children who stutter. Although the evidence is not convincing that stutterers as
      a group are more likely than nonstutterers to have deficits in any of these
      areas, it is clear that some stutterers do have concomitant speech and language
      problems that may bear some relationship to their stuttering. The message from
      this body of research is that individual differences among stuttering children
      should not be ignored during clinical or research activities.

PMID- 2405213
TI  - Bias effects of socioeconomic status and sex in decision making in speech
      language pathology.
AB  - Within the area of speech-language pathology there is a paucity of literature
      that specifically addresses the issue of bias in the referral, assessment, and
      placement of children in programs for the remediation of speech-language
      disorders. The purpose of this study was to examine the issue of bias [i.e., sex
      and socioeconomic status (SES)] as it related to decision making in speech
      language pathology. Certified speech-language pathologists completed a
      questionnaire survey in which information regarding the referral and assessment
      of a hypothetical case study child was presented. Only the sex of the child and
      the parents' occupations were varied. Factor analysis and subsequent analyses of
      variance revealed a significant difference with regard to the SES main effect (p
      less than .006) for Factor 2 (Alternative Home and School Intervention
      Strategies). That is, it was found that regardless of sex, low SES children were
      viewed as more likely than high SES children to be recommended for alternative
      home and school intervention strategies for the remediation of speech-language
      delays.

PMID- 2405214
TI  - Subcortical lesions and aphasia.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that subcortical lesions can give rise to aphasic
      symptoms. Two subcortical structures thought to participate in the pathogenesis
      of aphasia are the basal ganglia and the thalamus. This paper reports on 3
      patients with lesions of the thalamus and 10 patients with lesions of the basal
      ganglia, most of whom had persistent aphasias. The role of subcortical structures
      in aphasia and the importance of subcortical structures in neural models of
      language are discussed.

PMID- 2405215
TI  - Longevity hormesis. A review.
AB  - The phenomenon of longevity hormesis is reviewed. The life-prolonging effects of
      longevity hormesis are compared and contrasted with those resulting from
      depressed food intake. The use of age-specific mortality rate analysis as a tool
      to characterize the separate and distinct effects of longevity hormesis,
      cumulative toxicity and depressed food intake on the survival of laboratory
      animals is illustrated. Finally, model systems through which the mechanism(s) of
      longevity hormesis may be elucidated are discussed.

PMID- 2405216
TI  - The role of sex and age in yeast cell phagocytosis by monocytes from healthy
      blood donors.
AB  - Possible sex differences and possible age decline of monocyte phagocytosis was
      studied in healthy blood donors (n = 306). Monocytes from women phagocytosed
      yeast cells more efficiently than monocytes from men, but the difference was
      slight. The sex difference was located mainly in the adherence step of
      phagocytosis. In contrast, no age decline in monocyte phagocytosis could be
      demonstrated within the age range (18--65 years) represented by healthy blood
      donors. It is suggested that sex difference and age decline are negligible in the
      phagocytosis by monocytes from healthy blood donors.

PMID- 2405217
TI  - Practical medicine and the British Armed Forces after the "Glorious Revolution".

PMID- 2405218
TI  - Literary responses to animal experimentation in seventeenth- and eighteenth
      century Britain.

PMID- 2405219
TI  - The rise and fall of the "antiscorbutics": some notes on the traditional cures
      for "land scurvy".

PMID- 2405220
TI  - Paul Ehrlich as a commercial scientist and research administrator.

PMID- 2405221
TI  - Besredka's "antivirus" in relation to Fleming's initial views on the nature of
      penicillin.

PMID- 2405222
TI  - The Melton Mowbray "leper head": an historical and medical investigation.

PMID- 2405223
TI  - [It is difficult to predict the effect of minoxidil liniment on hair loss in
      men].

PMID- 2405224
TI  - [Is interleukin-2 a break-through in the immunologic treatment of cancer?].

PMID- 2405225
TI  - [Unacceptable waste of insulin--time for new guidelines?].

PMID- 2405226
TI  - [Orchiectomy or LHRH analogues in prostatic cancer?].

PMID- 2405227
TI  - [Pain relief in dysmenorrhea can be achieved more rapidly with ketoprofen than
      with naproxen].

PMID- 2405228
TI  - Central nervous system complications associated with acute otitis media in
      children.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to review a subset of pediatric patients with
      otitis media occurring simultaneously with meningitis and other central nervous
      system diseases. Of the 92 cases reviewed, 61.3% involved patients under 12
      months of age. Meningitis associated with otitis media involved 91% of the
      patients; the remainder had nonmeningitic central involvement. The most striking
      finding was the high incidence of Haemophilus influenza type-B, a relatively
      uncommon pathogen of the middle ear. This finding highlights the need to select
      antibiotic coverage to adequately treat Haemophilus influenza type-B.

PMID- 2405229
TI  - Fourth branchial pouch sinus: principles of diagnosis and management.
AB  - The fourth branchial pouch sinus is a congenital anomaly which most frequently
      manifests itself by recurrent episodes of neck abscess or acute suppurative
      thyroiditis. This lesion usually becomes symptomatic before the age of 10 years
      and is more common than has previously been suspected. It has been found on the
      left side in 93% of the 28 cases reported in the English literature. Barium
      swallow during periods of quiescence and nasopharyngoscopy have frequently been
      successful in identifying the presence of these embryological remnants.
      Definitive therapy consists of total excision of the sinus tract, which can be
      facilitated by direct endoscopic placement of a Fogarty catheter into the sinus
      lumen before surgical exploration. The embryological basis for the occurrence of
      these sinuses is discussed.

PMID- 2405230
TI  - A technique for reembedding celloidin sections for electron microscopy.
AB  - A new technique for reembedding celloidin sections of human temporal bones for
      transmission electron microscopy is described. It consists of four steps: 1.
      loosening of celloidin sections from glass slides with use of xylene and
      dissection of the area of interest, 2. removal of celloidin with use of clove
      oil, 3. staining with 1% osmium tetroxide and 1% tannic acid, and 4. embedding in
      epoxy resin. Autolytic changes were seen due to poor fixation. TEM of reembedded
      celloidin sections of optimally fixed tissue revealed that the celloidin
      embedding procedure affected ultrastructural preservation to some degree. This
      included less well-preserved cell membranes and some increased electron density
      of the cytosol decreasing the EM resolution of intracytoplasmic organelles. The
      technique allows TEM analysis of the intact labyrinth at all regions in the same
      specimen without dissection of the fragile tissue components of the membranous
      labyrinth. This might make the technique useful for processing freshly fixed
      human inner ear tissue and temporal bones for ultrastructural histopathological
      analysis.

PMID- 2405231
TI  - Effects of endothelin on renal hemodynamics and excretory functions in
      anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The effects of endothelin on renal hemodynamics and excretory functions were
      investigated in anesthetized dogs. Infusion of endothelin at a rate of 1
      ng/kg.min resulted in a slight but significant decrease in renal blood flow and
      an increase in renal vascular resistance and filtration fraction. Endothelin at
      doses higher than 10 ng/kg.min significantly decreased cardiac output, glomerular
      filtration rate, urine volume, and urinary sodium and potassium excretion,
      whereas it increased systemic vascular resistance. Mean arterial pressure and
      heart rate showed a transient decrease and increase, respectively, at doses
      higher than 50 ng/kg.min. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone
      concentrations were increased only at the dose of 100 ng/kg.min. These effects
      lasted for more than 60 min. These results suggest that endothelin may have an
      important role in the modulation of renal functions as well as in the modulation
      of systemic hemodynamics.

PMID- 2405232
TI  - Intraportal hyperinsulinemia decreases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the
      dog.
AB  - Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are commonly seen in obese and non
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitis (NIDDM) patients. While it is known that
      chronic exposure to severe hyperinsulinemia can lead to an insulin-resistant
      state and mild hyperinsulinemia for rather short durations (20 to 40 hours) and
      can also lead to insulin resistance, it is less clear whether mild
      hyperinsulinemia for a more prolonged duration can lead to insulin resistance. In
      the present study we determined the effects of chronic (28 days) exposure to mild
      hyperinsulinemia on insulin-stimulated glucose use. Chronic hyperinsulinemia was
      produced by an intraportal infusion of porcine insulin (425 microU/kg/min), which
      raised the basal peripheral insulin levels by approximately 50%. Insulin
      responsiveness was assessed using the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (2
      mU/kg/min) in dogs before the induction of chronic hyperinsulinemia (day 0),
      after 28 days of hyperinsulinemia (day 28), and 28 days after discontinuation of
      the chronic insulin infusion (day 56). The amount of glucose (M) required to
      maintain euglycemia during the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp was decreased
      (relative to day 0) 39% +/- 3% on day 28 and 18% +/- 3% on day 56 (P less than
      .05). In control animals that received a chronic infusion of saline for the 28
      day period the glucose infusion rate (M) was not changed significantly
      (decreasing 2% +/- 5% and 5% +/- 10% on days 28 and 56, respectively). In
      conclusion insulin resistance can be produced by a mild hypersecretion of insulin
      and discontinuation of the chronic insulin infusion tends to reverse the
      resistance.

PMID- 2405233
TI  - The antinatriuretic action of biosynthetic human growth hormone in man involves
      activation of the renin-angiotensin system.
AB  - Previous studies using human pituitary extracts have not resolved whether the
      sodium retaining effects of human growth hormone (hGH) are mediated in part by
      increased aldosterone secretion. We have studied the effects of an authentic
      biosynthetic GH (bio-hGH) preparation on sodium metabolism and on the activity of
      the renin-angiotensin system. Six young men were administered this preparation at
      0.2 U/kg/d subcutaneously for five consecutive days. Twenty-four-hour urine
      collections were obtained for measurement of sodium excretion and osmolality and
      blood collected for quantitating changes in sodium, osmolality, plasma renin
      activity (PRA), aldosterone, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations. Bio
      hGH administration resulted in a fall in 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (197 +/
      38 to 42 +/- 20 mmol, mean +/- SD, P less than .005), a reduction in urine
      volume (1,652 +/- 182 to 848 +/- 348 mL, P less than .05) but not osmolality. PRA
      increased significantly from 1,118 +/- 73 to 3,608 +/- 1,841 fmol angiotensin 1
      L/s (P less than .005), which was associated with a sevenfold increase in plasma
      aldosterone concentration (52 +/- 12 to 402 +/- 99 pg/mL, P less than .001).
      Plasma osmolality and AVP concentrations did not change significantly. The
      results show that Bio-GH-induced retention of sodium involves the activation of
      the renin-angiotensin system. This mechanism may explain in part the occurrence
      of plasma volume expansion and hypertension in acromegaly and suggests a risk of
      fluid retention and possibly hypertension in subjects receiving
      supraphysiological doses of bio-hGH for treatment of short stature.

PMID- 2405234
TI  - Regulation of human ovarian insulin receptors in vivo.
AB  - Insulin participates in regulating ovarian function in normal and in pathological
      states. This effect of insulin may be mediated by ovarian insulin receptors. We
      have previously characterized human ovarian insulin receptors and began to
      examine their regulation in vitro. The present study examines regulation of human
      ovarian insulin receptors in vivo. Stromal ovarian tissue was obtained from 21
      women during an indicated surgical procedure. Ten women were premenopausal and 11
      were postmenopausal. Specific 125I-insulin binding to stromal ovarian fragments
      ranged from 2.5% to 7.3%/mg protein. 125I-insulin binding to stromal fragments
      correlated positively with 125I-insulin binding to circulating leucocytes (r =
      .57; P less than .01). When postmenopausal and premenopausal women were analyzed
      separately, this relationship persisted in postmenopausal women (r = .70; P less
      than .05), but not premenopausal women. 125I-insulin binding to stromal ovarian
      fragments correlated negatively with age (r = -.63; P = .005). 125I-insulin
      binding to stromal ovarian fragments tended to correlate negatively with plasma
      insulin levels in postmenopausal women (r = -.67; P = .06), but not in
      premenopausal women. Plasma insulin levels correlated negatively with serum SHBG
      (r = -.62; P = .003). The percent free testosterone levels correlated positively
      with plasma insulin levels in premenopausal women (r = .95; P = .0001), but not
      in postmenopausal women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405235
TI  - Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of primary hypertension
      independent of obesity.
AB  - The relationship between abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism and
      hypertension was studied in 143 newly detected hypertensive patients (59% obese)
      of both sexes (90 males, 53 females) and compared with 51 normotensive controls.
      Insulin-mediated glucose disposal assessed with the euglycemic insulin clamp
      technique was significantly decreased in both non-obese (7.2 +/- 2.1 mg/kg/min; P
      less than .05) and obese hypertensives (5.1 +/- 2.1 mg/kg/min; P less than .01)
      compared with the controls (8.4 +/- 1.8 mg/kg/min). The decrease in insulin
      sensitivity and increase in basal insulin as well as a decreased rate of glucose
      disposal after an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) were verified also
      after statistical adjustment for sex, age, body mass index, and waist-hip ratio.
      The insulin index (ratio between peak and basal insulin) during IVGTT was
      significantly decreased in the hypertensive patients (P less than .001). After
      the statistical adjustment for the factors mentioned the following lipid
      abnormalities were still significant: total cholesterol (6.25 +/- 1.12 mmol/L non
      obese; 6.06 +/- 1.20 mmol/L obese; 5.41 +/- 1.02 mmol/L controls), triglycerides
      (1.70 +/- 0.74 mmol/L nonobese; 2.26 +/- 1.13 mmol/L obese; 1.24 +/- 0.53 mmol/L
      controls) and free fatty acids (0.57 +/- 0.20 mmol/L nonobese; 0.59 +/- 0.20
      mmol/L obese; 0.48 +/- 0.15 mmol/L controls). This study shows that after
      correction for a series of probable confounding variables, hypertension emerges
      as part of a syndrome characterized by major abnormalities of carbohydrate,
      insulin, and lipid metabolism, which independently or in concert may act as
      important risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2405236
TI  - Fetal glucose metabolism and oxygen consumption during sustained hypoglycemia.
AB  - The present study was conducted to determine the effects of chronic maternal
      hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia on fetal glucose metabolism and fetal growth.
      Umbilical glucose uptake (UGU), fetal glucose use rate (GUR), and oxidation
      fraction (GOxF), and fetal endogenous glucose production rate (EGPR) were
      measured in chronically catheterized, late gestation fetal lambs during moderate
      (group 2, n = 6) or marked (group 3, n = 6) maternal hypoglycemia induced by
      chronic maternal insulin infusion. Compared with normoglycemic controls (group 1,
      n = 10), group 2 moderate hypoglycemic animals had a 38.5% reduction in maternal
      glucose concentration (GA) with a subsequent 40.3% fall in fetal glucose
      concentration (Ga), 64% decrease in fetal insulin concentration (Ia), and a 28.9%
      decrease in UGU. Group 2 fetal GUR fell 13.1%. No significant EGPR was found in
      group 1 animals; group 2 had a measurable EGPR that was not statistically
      different from zero due to the wide range of values. In group 3 marked
      hypoglycemic animals GA was 57.4% lower than control, and Ga, Ia, and UGU were
      reduced 45.9%, 64%, and 75.7%, respectively. However, GUR fell by only 19.6% due
      to the appearance of significant fetal EGPR of 2.81 +/- 0.32 mg/min/kg. Fetal GUR
      in both group 2 and 3 animals were higher than the predicted range (mean +/- 1
      SEM) compared with our model of fetal GUR response to changes in glucose and
      insulin concentrations. Fetal weights at autopsy were lower in groups 2 and 3
      than group 1 controls at the same gestational age (P less than .05). We conclude
      that decreased fetal glucose availability leads to fetal hypoglycemia and
      hypoinsulinemia, development of fetal endogenous glucose production, and fetal
      growth retardation.

PMID- 2405237
TI  - The time has come to resolve professional liability in obstetrics. The stakes are
      no less than the well-being of mothers and infants.

PMID- 2405238
TI  - Austin E. Lamberts, MD, reflects on his deep affection for the people of
      Cambodia.

PMID- 2405239
TI  - Influence of education and advertising on the uptake of smoking by children.
AB  - How effective are peer-led programmes in preventing the uptake of smoking by
      children? In 1981, we conducted a randomized controlled trial of a school-based
      educational programme for the prevention of smoking in children who were in their
      seventh year at school. In this article, the reported results of two years of
      follow-up confirm an earlier report that both teacher-led and peer-led programmes
      resulted in a reduction, to about the same degree, in the uptake of smoking by
      girls, while only the teacher-led programme appeared to be effective in boys. In
      girls, both the teacher-led and peer-led programmes maintained their effects over
      the two years of follow-up with adjusted differences in prevalence rates of the
      uptake of smoking relative to the control group of -6.6% (95% CL, -17.3%, 4.0%)
      and -8.1% (95% CL, -18.9%, 2.7%), respectively, after two years. In boys, the
      effect of the teacher-led programme was reduced substantially by the second year
      with a difference in the prevalence rate of -2.8% (95% CL, -11.2%, 5.6%); for the
      peer-led programme the difference in the prevalence rate was +6.4% (95% CL, 
      3.6%, 16.4%). Other variables which had a significant effect on the smoking
      behaviour were the perceived response to cigarette advertising, parental and
      sibling smoking status, the perceived parental sanctions on smoking behaviour,
      selected peer influences and the intention to smoke. The children's perceived
      responses to cigarette advertising showed the strongest and most consistent
      evidence of an effect on the uptake of smoking by children who initially were non
      smokers. After adjustment for the effects of other variables there was an excess
      of 15.0% (95% CL, 2.1%, 27.9%) in the prevalence rate of smoking after two years
      for girls who thought that they were influenced by advertising compared with
      those who did not. The corresponding difference for boys was 15.3% (95% CL, 4.0%,
      26.6%). As smoking-prevention programmes only may delay the onset of smoking in
      children, it is important that legislative measures be introduced to reduce the
      effects of cigarette advertising.

PMID- 2405240
TI  - What has happened to the new antidepressant drugs?
AB  - Depression is a widespread and serious disease for which a multiplicity of
      antidepressant drugs is available for treatment. Although these agents are
      numerous, there is little to distinguish among them except for their different
      side-effects. This article reviews the antidepressant drugs that currently are
      available in Australia, the antidepressant drugs that are used in other countries
      and some antidepressant drugs that are likely to become available internationally
      in the next few years.

PMID- 2405241
TI  - The treatment of psoriasis.

PMID- 2405242
TI  - Survey subjects and the quality of health surveys.

PMID- 2405243
TI  - Sulphite content of Australian pharmaceutical products.

PMID- 2405244
TI  - Initial therapy of primary hypertension.

PMID- 2405245
TI  - Toxigenic Escherichia coli in haemolytic-uraemic syndrome.

PMID- 2405246
TI  - Mefloquine for malaria.

PMID- 2405247
TI  - Rural health's road to recovery.

PMID- 2405248
TI  - Effects of 4-alkyl analogues of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,4,6
      trimethylpyridine on hepatic cytochrome P-450 heme, apoproteins, and catalytic
      activities following in vivo administration to rats.
AB  - Various 4-alkyl analogues of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,4,6
      trimethylpyridine (DDC) cause mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P-450 (P
      450) via heme destruction. We have examined the time course of effects of DDC
      analogues on the catalytic activities and apoproteins of the major beta
      naphthoflavone-, dexamethasone-, and phenobarbital-inducible isozymes of rat
      liver P-450 following in vivo administration. In beta-naphthoflavone-treated
      rats, all DDC analogues examined caused loss of the P-450 chromophore and
      dramatic loss of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity, a catalytic marker for
      P-450c. The isopropyl, hexyl, and isobutyl analogues caused the most pronounced
      loss/alteration of P-450c apoprotein levels, as revealed by two monoclonal
      antibodies (MAbs), 1-31-2 and 1-7-1. The apoprotein of P-450d was not altered. In
      dexamethasone-treated rats, all analogues except 4-hexyl-DDC caused loss of the P
      450 chromophore and erythromycin N-demethylase activity, a catalytic marker for P
      450p-related isozymes. Only 4-isopropyl-DDC caused significant loss/alteration of
      the apoprotein of P-450p-related forms, as revealed by MAb 2-13-1. In
      phenobarbital-treated rats, all analogues reduced the level of the P-450
      chromophore, whereas only 4-hexyl-DDC and 4-isopropyl-DDC lowered 7
      pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity, a catalytic marker for P-450b. MAbs 2-66
      3 and 2-8-1 revealed no change in the level of phenobarbital-inducible
      apoproteins recognized by these probes. In agreement with our previous in vitro
      studies [Mol. Pharmacol. 35;626-634 (1989)], P-450 c and p are targets for
      mechanism-based inactivation by DDC analogues. However, unlike the situation in
      vitro, loss of enzyme activity in vivo is, at least in some instances,
      accompanied by loss/alteration of the corresponding P-450 apoprotein.

PMID- 2405249
TI  - Rapid and transient decrease of N-myc expression in retinoic acid-induced
      differentiation of OTF9 teratocarcinoma stem cells.
AB  - The level of expression of N-myc in mouse teratocarcinoma stem cells is very
      high. Previous studies have shown that N-myc expression significantly decreases
      when the stem cells are subjected to long-term induction for differentiation by
      retinoic acid (RA). We found that in a stem cell line, OTF9, a steep yet
      transient decrease of N-myc expression takes place much earlier, immediately
      after induction by RA. To examine whether this decrease is responsible for
      differentiation, we constructed a gene, miwNmyc, to express N-myc cDNA
      constitutively and transformed OTF9 cells with this gene construct. Transformants
      under the constitutive expression of miwNmyc differentiated normally, as judged
      by morphological changes and by modulation of c-myc, Hox1.1, and laminin B1
      expression. Therefore, transient decrease of N-myc expression may be the
      consequence of RA-induced differentiation, even though it occurs very early in
      the process. Alternatively, in addition to N-myc decrease, there may be redundant
      mechanisms which lead to OTF9 differentiation after induction by RA, so that
      suppression of N-myc decrease is bypassed by at least one other mechanism.

PMID- 2405250
TI  - Involvement of a NF-kappa B-like transcription factor in the activation of the
      interleukin-6 gene by inflammatory lymphokines.
AB  - Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of the major mediators of inflammation, and its
      expression is inducible by the other inflammatory lymphokines, interleukin-1 (IL
      1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). We demonstrate that a common IL-6
      promoter element, termed inflammatory lymphokine-responsive element (ILRE), is
      important for induction of IL-6 gene expression by IL-1 and TNF-alpha despite
      possible differences in the mechanisms of action of these lymphokines.
      Remarkably, the ILRE sequence, located between -73 to -63 relative to the mRNA
      cap site, is highly homologous to NF-kappa B transcription factor-binding motifs
      and binds an IL-1-TNF-alpha-inducible nuclear factor; the sequence specificities,
      binding characteristics, and subcellular localizations of this factor are
      indistinguishable from those of NF-kappa B. In addition, mutations of the ILRE
      sequence which impair the binding of this nuclear factor abolished the induction
      of IL-6 gene expression by IL-1 and TNF-alpha in vivo. These results indicate
      that a nuclear factor indistinguishable from NF-kappa B is involved in the
      transcriptional activation of the IL-6 gene by IL-1 and TNF-alpha.

PMID- 2405251
TI  - HOL1 mutations confer novel ion transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae histidine auxotrophs are unable to use L-histidinol as a
      source of histidine even when they have a functional histidinol dehydrogenase.
      Mutations in the hol1 gene permit growth of His- cells on histidinol by enhancing
      the ability of cells to take up histidinol from the medium. Second-site mutations
      linked to HOL1-1 further increase histidinol uptake. HOL1 double mutants and, to
      a lesser extent, HOL1-1 single mutants show hypersensitivity to specific cations
      added to the growth medium, including Na+, Li+, Cs+, Be2+, guanidinium ion, and
      histidinol, but not K+, Rb+, Ca2+, or Mg2+. The Na(+)-hypersensitive phenotype is
      correlated with increased uptake and accumulation of this ion. The HOL1-1-101
      gene was cloned and used to generate a viable haploid strain containing a hol1
      deletion mutation (hol1 delta). The uptake of cations, the dominance of the
      mutant alleles, and the relative inability of hol1 delta cells to take up
      histidinol or Na+ suggest that hol1 encodes an ion transporter. The novel pattern
      of ion transport conferred by HOL1-1 and HOL1-1-101 mutants may be explained by
      reduced selectivity for the permeant ions.

PMID- 2405252
TI  - Genetic and biochemical evaluation of eucaryotic membrane protein topology:
      multiple transmembrane domains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3-hydroxy-3
      methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase.
AB  - Both 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase isozymes of the
      yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are predicted to contain seven membrane-spanning
      domains. Previous work had established the utility of the histidinol
      dehydrogenase protein domain, encoded by HIS4C, as a topologically sensitive
      monitor that can be used to distinguish between the lumen of the endoplasmic
      reticulum and the cytoplasm. This study directly tested the structural
      predictions for HMG-CoA reductase by fusing the HIS4C domain to specific sites in
      the HMG-CoA reductase isozymes. Yeast cells containing the HMG-CoA reductase
      histidinol dehydrogenase fusion proteins grew on histidinol-containing medium if
      the HIS4C domain was present on the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum
      membrane but not if the HIS4C domain was targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum
      lumen. Systematic exchanges of transmembrane domains between the isozymes
      confirmed that both isozymes had equivalent membrane topologies. In general,
      deletion of an even number of putative transmembrane domains did not interfere
      with the topology of the protein, but deletion or duplication of an odd number of
      transmembrane domains inverted the orientation of the protein. The data confirmed
      the earlier proposed topology for yeast HMG-CoA reductase, demonstrated that the
      yeast enzymes are core glycosylated, and provided in vivo evidence that the
      properties of transmembrane domains were, in part, dependent upon their context
      within the protein.

PMID- 2405253
TI  - Differentiation of mouse erythroleukemia cells is blocked by late up-regulation
      of a c-myb transgene.
AB  - During chemically induced differentiation of Friend virus-infected mouse
      erythroleukemia (MEL) cell lines, there is a biphasic down-regulation of the c
      myb proto-oncogene. A plasmid containing a murine c-myb cDNA controlled by a
      mouse metallothionein I promoter was transfected into the C19 MEL cell line. For
      six transfected clones, it was found that expression of the exogenous c-myb mRNA
      could be up-regulated by the addition of 120 microM ZnCl2 and that the N,N'
      hexamethylenebisacetamide-induced differentiation of these transfectants was
      inhibited in proportion to the level of exogenous c-myb mRNA expression. By
      adding or removing ZnCl2 at different times during the induction process, it was
      possible to show that up-regulation of exogenous c-myb limited to the first 2
      days of induction had little or no effect on differentiation. In contrast,
      continuous expression of exogenous c-myb beginning at any time during the period
      of induction blocked further differentiation. These results suggest that during
      HMBA induction of MEL cells, the early down-regulation of c-myb mRNA is not
      necessary for terminal differentiation, whereas the down-regulation of c-myb at a
      later time is necessary.

PMID- 2405254
TI  - Complex modes of heat shock factor activation.
AB  - Eucaryotic organisms respond to elevated environmental temperatures by rapidly
      activating the expression of heat shock genes. The transcriptional activation of
      heat shock genes is mediated by a conserved upstream regulatory sequence, the
      heat shock element (HSE). Using an HSE-binding assay, we show that a cellular
      factor present in a range of vertebrate species binds specifically to the HSE.
      This factor is presumably the transcriptional activator of heat shock genes, heat
      shock factor (HSF). In vertebrates, the binding of HSF to the HSE was induced
      when cells were subjected to heat shock at high temperatures, even in the absence
      of protein synthesis. Under mild heat shock conditions, HSF binding was induced
      to a lesser extent, but this induction required protein synthesis, suggesting
      that synthesis of HSF itself, or an activating factor, is necessary for response
      to heat shock at intermediate temperatures. The inducibility of HSF binding in
      higher eucaryotes is contrasted with constitutive HSF binding activity in fungi.
      It appears that despite conservation of the HSE in evolution, the means by which
      HSF is activated to bind DNA in higher and lower eucaryotes may have diverged.

PMID- 2405255
TI  - The Z-DNA motif d(TG)30 promotes reception of information during gene conversion
      events while stimulating homologous recombination in human cells in culture.
AB  - Tracts of the alternating dinucleotide polydeoxythymidylic-guanylic
      [d(TG)].polydeoxyadenylic-cytidylic acid [d(AC)], present throughout the human
      genome, are capable of readily forming left-handed Z-DNA in vitro. We have
      analyzed the effects of the Z-DNA motif d(TG)30 upon homologous recombination
      between two nonreplicating plasmid substrates cotransfected into human cells in
      culture. In this study, the sequence d(TG)30 is shown to stimulate homologous
      recombination up to 20-fold. Enhancement is specific to the Z-DNA motif; a
      control DNA fragment of similar size does not alter the recombination frequency.
      The stimulation of recombination is observed at a distance (237 to 1,269 base
      pairs away from the Z-DNA motif) and involves both gene conversion and reciprocal
      exchange events. Maximum stimulation is observed when the sequence is present in
      both substrates, but it is capable of stimulating when present in only one
      substrate. Analysis of recombination products indicates that the Z-DNA motif
      increases the frequency and alters the distribution of multiple, unselected
      recombination events. Specifically designed crosses indicate that the substrate
      containing the Z-DNA motif preferentially acts as the recipient of genetic
      information during gene conversion events. Models describing how left-handed Z
      DNA sequences might promote the initiation of homologous recombination are
      presented.

PMID- 2405256
TI  - ARS binding factor I of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae binds to sequences in
      telomeric and nontelomeric autonomously replicating sequences.
AB  - We have analyzed various autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs) in yeast
      nuclear extract with ARS-specific synthetic oligonucleotides. The EI
      oligonucleotide sequence, which is derived from HMRE-ARS, and the F1
      oligonucleotide sequence, which is derived from telomeric ARS120, appeared to
      bind to the same cellular factor with high specificity. In addition, each of
      these oligonucleotides was a competitive inhibitor of the binding of the other.
      Binding of the ARS binding factor (ABF) to either of these oligonucleotides was
      inhibited strongly by plasmids containing ARS1 and telomeric TF1-ARS. DNase I
      footprinting analyses with yeast nuclear extract showed that EI and F1
      oligonucleotides eliminated protection of the binding site of ARS binding factor
      I (ABFI) in domain B of ARS1. Sequence analyses of various telomeric (ARS120 and
      TF1-ARS) and nontelomeric ARSs (ARS1 and HMRE-ARS) showed the presence of
      consensus ABFI binding sites in the protein binding domains of all of these ARSs.
      Consequently, the ABFI and ABFI-like factors bind to these domain B-like
      sequences in a wide spectrum of ARSs, both telomeric and nontelomeric.

PMID- 2405258
TI  - Efficient transcription of the glycolytic gene ADH1 and three translational
      component genes requires the GCR1 product, which can act through TUF/GRF/RAP
      binding sites.
AB  - Glycolytic gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is thought to be activated
      by the GCR and TUF proteins. We tested the hypothesis that GCR function is
      mediated by TUF/GRF/RAP binding sites (UASRPG elements). We found that UASRPG
      dependent activation of a heterologous gene and transcription of ADH1, TEF1,
      TEF2, and RP59 were sensitive to GCR1 disruption. GCR is not required for
      TUF/GRF/RAP expression or in vitro DNA-binding activity.

PMID- 2405257
TI  - Excision of N-myc from chromosome 2 in human neuroblastoma cells containing
      amplified N-myc sequences.
AB  - Amplification of one of three growth-stimulating myc genes is a common method by
      which many tumor types gain a proliferative advantage. In metastatic human
      neuroblastoma, the amplification of the N-myc locus, located on chromosome 2, is
      a dominant feature of this usually fatal pediatric cancer. Of the many models
      proposed to explain this amplification, all incorporate as the initial step
      either disproportionate overreplication of the chromosomal site or recombination
      across a loop structure. The original locus is retained within the chromosome in
      the overreplication models but is excised in the recombination models. To test
      these models, we have used somatic cell hybrids to separate and analyze the
      chromosomes 2 from a neuroblastoma cell line containing in vivo amplified N-myc.
      Our results demonstrate that N-myc is excised from one of the chromosomes,
      suggesting that deletion is a requisite part of gene amplification in a naturally
      occurring system.

PMID- 2405260
TI  - The structural basis of the mutagenicity of chemicals in Salmonella typhimurium:
      the National Toxicology Program Data Base.
AB  - A portion of the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) Salmonella typhimurium
      mutagenicity data base was analyzed by CASE, an artificial intelligence SAR
      system. CASE identified 13 structural determinants which, with a high probability
      (p less than or equal to 0.05) predicted the likelihood of mutagenicity of the
      243 chemicals in the data base (sensitivity = 0.989; specificity = 0.950) as well
      as of chemicals not included in the data base. CASE also identified an additional
      set of structures which were highly predictive of mutagenic potency (sensitivity
      = 0.949; specificity = 1.00). Even though there is little overlap among the
      chemicals included in the NTP and Gene-Tox Salmonella data bases, CASE found
      significant similarities between the structural determinants of the mutagenicity
      in the two data bases, thereby validating the analyses and indicating a
      commonality in the structural basis of mutagenicity.

PMID- 2405259
TI  - The structural basis of the mutagenicity of chemicals in Salmonella typhimurium:
      the Gene-Tox data base.
AB  - The CASE structure-activity methodology has been applied to a Gene-Tox derived
      Salmonella mutagenicity data base consisting of 808 chemicals. Based upon
      qualitative structural features, CASE identified 29 activating and 3 inactivating
      structural determinants which correctly predicted the probability of
      carcinogenicity of 93.7% of the known mutagens and non-mutagens in the data base
      (sensitivity = 0.998, and specificity = 0.704). Additionally, based upon a
      qualitative structure-activity analysis, CASE's performance was even better,
      leading to a sensitivity of 0.981 and a specificity of 1.000. Using the
      structural determinants identified in this data base, CASE gave excellent
      predictions of the mutagenicity of chemicals not included in the data base. The
      identified biophores and biophobes can also be used to investigate the structural
      basis of the mutagenicity of various chemical classes.

PMID- 2405261
TI  - Autoxidation and mutagenicity of sodium bisulfite.
AB  - An inverse correlation exists between the autoxidation of bisulfite and its
      mutagenicity in Salmonella. Temperature, pH, and the addition of mannitol,
      ethanol, or Oxoid broth affect both autoxidation and mutagenicity. A decrease in
      autoxidation resulted in an increase in the half-life of the parent compound,
      bisulfite, and its availability for uptake by the cells, leading to increased
      mutagenesis. The autoxidation of bisulfite is known to produce both sulfur- and
      oxygen-centered free radicals. The lack of mutagenicity of ammonium persulfate
      and peroxymonosulfate, which generate the radicals SO4- and SO5-, respectively,
      argues against the involvement of these oxygen-centered radicals in bisulfite
      mutagenesis. Inhibition of mutagenesis by the radical spin-trapping agent, DMPO,
      is consistent with the hypothesis that the sulfur-centered radical, SO3-, plays
      an important role in bisulfite mutagenesis. The mechanism of bisulfite
      mutagenesis suggested in this study may have relevance to other known effects
      attributed to bisulfite, i.e., co-carcinogenesis and immune hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2405262
TI  - Genotoxic potency of monofunctional alkylating agents in E. coli: comparison with
      carcinogenic potency in rodents.
AB  - A quantitative correlation between carcinogenicity and genotoxicity was
      investigated by a comparison between the carcinogenic potency in rodents and the
      mutagenic (M), recombinogenic (R) and SOS-inducing (I) potencies in a bacterial
      test (E. coli multitest) for 9 monofunctional alkylating agents: N-nitroso-N
      methylurethane, N-nitroso-N-ethylurea, epichlorohydrin, N-nitroso-N-methylurea, N
      nitroso-N-methyl-N'-nitroguanidine, methyl methanesulfonate, diethylsulfate,
      dimethylsulfate, ethyl methanesulfonate. A significant positive correlation
      between the carcinogenic potency and the product of the mutagenic and
      recombinogenic potencies was found for all tested compounds. Thus, the E. coli
      multitest may be used as a simple test to search for correlations between
      carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents.

PMID- 2405263
TI  - Photobiological effects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induced by the monofunctional
      furocoumarin 4,4',6-trimethylangelicin (TMA) and the bifunctional furocoumarin 8
      methoxypsoralen (8-MOP).
AB  - Recently, the monofunctional furocoumarin 4,4',6-trimethylangelicin (TMA) has
      been proposed for photochemotherapeutic use. In order to assess its genotoxic
      potential, the photobiological (genetic) effects of TMA were studied in a diploid
      strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (D7) and compared to those of the bifunctional
      furocoumarin 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP). At equimolar concentrations, the
      induction of lethal effects by TMA in the presence of equal 365-nm radiation was
      higher than that exerted by 8-MOP. TMA was also more active than 8-MOP in
      inducing nuclear events such as nuclear reverse mutation and mitotic
      recombination (crossing-overs and gene conversion) per unit dose of 365-nm
      radiation. At equal survival, however, TMA was less efficient in inducing reverse
      mutation and crossing-over, showing the same activity as 8-MOP in the induction
      of gene conversion. TMA was more active than 8-MOP in the induction of
      cytoplasmic 'petite' mutations per unit dose of 365-nm radiation and per viable
      cell. The high photobiological activity of this monofunctional furocoumarin is
      mainly related to its strong DNA photobinding but also to the type of
      monoaddition induced, to the sequential distribution in DNA and to the generation
      of active forms of oxygen.

PMID- 2405264
TI  - Genotoxic effects of various chlorinated butenoic acids identified in chlorinated
      drinking water.
AB  - The mutagenic activities of the chlorinated butenoic acids recently identified in
      chlorinated drinking waters were determined by the Salmonella microsome assay and
      by the SOS chromotest. The Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA97, TA98 and
      TA100 were used without and with S9 mix. In the SOS chromotest Escherichia coli
      PQ37 was used as an indicator organism with and without metabolic activation. In
      addition, the extremely potent Ames test mutagen (Z)-2-chloro-3-(dichloromethyl)
      4-oxobutenoic acid (MX, in the open form), was studied by the micronucleus test
      with mice using intraperitoneal treatment. The results of the Salmonella assay
      and the SOS chromotest showed that MX was by far the most potent mutagen of the
      compounds tested. Mutations were also induced by the reduced form of MX, (Z)-2
      chloro-3-(dichloromethyl)-4-hydroxybut-2-enoic acid (red-MX), and by the
      geometric isomer of MX, (E)-2-chloro-3-(dichloromethyl)-4-oxobutenoic acid (EMX).
      However, since the solution of EMX contained approximately 5% MX, most of its
      activity might be attributable to MX. The oxidised form of EMX, (E)-2-chloro-3
      (dichloromethyl)-butenedioic acid (ox-EMX), was marginally active in the SOS
      chromotest only. All these compounds were directly acting mutagens and in the
      presence of metabolic activation (S9 mix) they did not generate mutagenicity. The
      oxidised form of MX, (Z)-2-chloro-3-(dichloromethyl)-butenedioic acid (ox-MX),
      was not mutagenic at the dose levels tested. MX did not induce micronuclei in the
      bone marrow of mice.

PMID- 2405265
TI  - Catechin inhibition of mutagenesis and alteration of DNA binding of 2-acetyl
      aminofluorene in rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Bioflavonoids are naturally occurring plant products that have demonstrated
      inhibitory effects on chemically induced carcinogenesis or mutagenesis. The
      chemoprotective effects are either direct scavenging of reactive molecules or
      indirect effects, such as enzyme activity alteration. Exposure of cultures of
      isolated rat hepatocytes to catechin (0.01-1.0 mM), a plant phenolic flavonoid,
      and subsequent addition of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) resulted in an enhanced
      binding of AAF metabolites to hepatocellular DNA. Incubations of hepatocytes with
      catechin and S. typhimurium demonstrated no mutagenicity of catechin. At 1.0 and
      5.0 mM concentrations of catechin with AAF and 30-min incubation with hepatocytes
      prior to plating there was inhibition of AAF-induced mutagenicity. However, at
      0.5 mM of catechin there was a significant enhancement in mutagenicity. The
      increase in DNA binding of AAF in the cultures of hepatocytes is due to the
      alteration of metabolism by exposure to catechin. Catechin increases both N
      hydroxylation and deacetylation pathways in the hepatocytes producing increases
      in N-hydroxy-AAF and aminofluorene. Both of these metabolites are important in
      AAF intermediates binding with DNA. The short-term incubation of catechin, AAF,
      hepatocytes, and S. typhimurium in the mutagenesis assay is not sufficient for
      induction of metabolic pathways. However, previously reported inhibition of
      detoxification pathways and/or scavenging of the proximate carcinogen can occur
      to alter mutagenesis in a dose-dependent manner.

PMID- 2405266
TI  - Comparison of mutagenicity and theoretical reactivity of 2,4-dinitrobenzaldehyde
      and 2,6-dinitrobenzaldehyde in bacterial mutation assay and molecular orbital
      method.
AB  - The mutagenicities and theoretical reactivity indices of 2,4-dinitrobenzaldehyde
      (2,4-DNBAl) and 2,6-dinitrobenzaldehyde (2,6-DNBAl) were investigated using
      Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA98NR, TA98/1,8-DNP6, and TA100, TA100NR
      and TA100/1,8-DNP6, by means of the modified intermediate neglect of differential
      overlap/3 (MINDO)/3) method. The mutagenic activities of 2,4-DNBAl in TA98NR and
      TA98/1,8-DNP6 were lower than in TA98, whereas the activity in TA100NR was higher
      than in TA100 and TA100/1,8-DNP6. The mutagenic activity of 2,6-DNBAl in TA100
      and that in TA100 and TA100/1,8-DNP6 decreased. These results suggest that the
      mutagenicities of 2,4-DNBAl and 2,6-DNBAl are dependent either on the microbial
      nitroreduction and subsequent acetylation or the presence of an aldehyde group.
      Among the reactivity indices examined, the frontier electron density values were
      correlated to the mutagenicities of 2,4-DNBAl and 2,6-DNBAl in TA100, TA100NR and
      TA100/1,8-DNP6 and the values of energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbit
      were correlated to the mutagenicities of several substituted dinitrobenzenes.

PMID- 2405267
TI  - Association of hypokalemia, aldosteronism, and renal cysts.
AB  - The recognition of renal cysts in two patients with chronic hypokalemia and the
      renal effects of hypokalemia in certain species of animals prompted this study of
      the possible association of hypokalemia and renal cysts in patients with primary
      aldosteronism or primary renal potassium wasting. Using CT scans, we studied 55
      patients with primary aldosteronism, of whom 24 had cysts (44 percent). The cysts
      were more frequent in patients with adrenal tumors than in those with idiopathic
      adrenal hyperplasia. Sixteen of the 26 patients with tumors (62 percent) had
      renal cysts, which were often multiple and located in the medulla. Lower plasma
      potassium levels and higher serum aldosterone levels, urinary aldosterone
      excretion, and plasma renin activity were correlated with the extent of the
      cystic disease. Sequential observations indicated that prolonged hypokalemia can
      be accompanied by the development of renal scarring and that the size and number
      of cysts can decrease markedly in some patients after the removal of an adrenal
      adenoma. The association of hypokalemia, aldosteronism, and renal cysts was also
      supported by the finding of multiple medullary cysts in two patients with primary
      renal potassium wasting. We conclude that chronic hypokalemia is accompanied by
      enhanced renal cytogenesis and may lead to interstitial scarring and renal
      insufficiency. Renal cysts are thus dynamic structures whose growth can be
      influenced by hormonal or pharmacologic interventions.

PMID- 2405268
TI  - Periodontal disease.

PMID- 2405269
TI  - Disorders of the digestive system in the elderly.

PMID- 2405270
TI  - Prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.

PMID- 2405271
TI  - A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain.
AB  - To assess the efficacy of surgical resection of brain metastases from
      extracranial primary cancer, we randomly assigned patients with a single brain
      metastasis to either surgical removal of the brain tumor followed by radiotherapy
      (surgical group) or needle biopsy and radiotherapy (radiation group). Forty-eight
      patients (25 in the surgical group and 23 in the radiation group) formed the
      study group; 6 other patients (11 percent) were excluded from the study because
      on biopsy their lesions proved to be either second primary tumors or inflammatory
      or infectious processes. Recurrence at the site of the original metastasis was
      less frequent in the surgical group than in the radiation group (5 of 25 [20
      percent] vs. 12 of 23 [52 percent]; P less than 0.02). The overall length of
      survival was significantly longer in the surgical group (median, 40 weeks vs. 15
      weeks in the radiation group; P less than 0.01), and the patients treated with
      surgery remained functionally independent longer (median, 38 weeks vs. 8 weeks in
      the radiation group; P less than 0.005). We conclude that patients with cancer
      and a single metastasis to the brain who receive treatment with surgical
      resection plus radiotherapy live longer, have fewer recurrences of cancer in the
      brain, and have a better quality of life than similar patients treated with
      radiotherapy alone.

PMID- 2405272
TI  - T-lymphocyte-antigen interactions in transplant rejection.

PMID- 2405273
TI  - Propafenone.

PMID- 2405274
TI  - Surgery for metastases to the brain.

PMID- 2405275
TI  - Epidemiology: BSE causing public alarm.

PMID- 2405276
TI  - Plant genetics: Mendel--now down to the molecular level.

PMID- 2405277
TI  - NF-kB and HIV.

PMID- 2405278
TI  - Regulation of microtubule dynamics by cdc2 protein kinase in cell-free extracts
      of Xenopus eggs.
AB  - Microtubules are involved in the transport of vesicles in interphase and of the
      chromosomes during mitosis. Their arrangement and orientation in the cell are
      therefore of prime importance and specific patterns are believed to be generated
      by modulations of the intrinsic dynamic instability of microtubules. Here it is
      shown that the interphase-metaphase transition of microtubule arrays is under the
      control of the cdc2 kinase that precisely regulates the dynamics and steady-state
      length of microtubules.

PMID- 2405279
TI  - Homology of a yeast actin-binding protein to signal transduction proteins and
      myosin-I.
AB  - In yeast, the cortical actin cytoskeleton seems to specify sites of growth of the
      cell surface. Because the actin-binding protein ABP1p is associated with the
      cortical cytoskeleton of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it might be involved in the
      spatial organization of cell surface growth. ABP1p is localized to the cortical
      cytoskeleton and its overproduction causes assembly of the cortical actin
      cytoskeleton at inappropriate sites on the cell surface, resulting in delocalized
      surface growth. We have now cloned and sequenced the gene encoding ABP1p. ABP1p
      is a novel protein with a 50 amino-acid C-terminal domain that is very similar to
      the SH3 domain in the non-catalytic region of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases
      (including those encoded by the proto-oncogenes c-src and c-abl), in
      phospholipase C gamma and in alpha-spectrin. We also identified an SH3-related
      motif in the actin-binding tail domain of myosin-I. The identification of SH3
      domains in a family of otherwise unrelated proteins that associate with the
      membrane cytoskeleton indicates that this domain might serve to bring together
      signal transduction proteins and their targets or regulators, or both, in the
      membrane cytoskeleton.

PMID- 2405280
TI  - Compound Q.

PMID- 2405281
TI  - Nucleosome positioning can affect the function of a cis-acting DNA element in
      vivo.
AB  - Positioning of nucleosomes has been proposed as one mechanism whereby the
      activity of DNA is regulated: cis-acting elements located in linker DNA might be
      more accessible for interaction with trans-acting protein factors than they would
      be if they were directly associated with histones in nucleosome core particles.
      The eleven base pairs constituting the autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) of
      the high-copy-number TRP1ARS1 plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are located in
      a linker region near the edge of a positioned nucleosome and form an origin of
      replication. Could nucleosome positioning render the ARS accessible for
      interaction with the proteins necessary for its function? I have tested this
      hypothesis by making deletions and an insertion to move the ARS into the
      nucleosome DNA and then examining the effects on ARS function. There is a marked
      decrease in copy number when the ARS is moved into the central DNA region of the
      nucleosome core particle, a region known to differ in structure and stability
      from the peripheral segments of nucleosome DNA.

PMID- 2405283
TI  - The career of F.W. Twort.

PMID- 2405282
TI  - Cryptic initiation sequence revealed.

PMID- 2405284
TI  - Policy perspectives on economic investment in professional nursing education.
AB  - Costs of nursing education and practice, usually seen as separate spheres, are in
      fact interrelated. This article describes cost models and policy implications for
      their use, nursing education costs to universities and students, and benefits and
      costs to clinical service agencies.

PMID- 2405285
TI  - [What is the advantage of heart rehabilitation?].

PMID- 2405286
TI  - [Shock-wave lithotripsy of gallstones].

PMID- 2405287
TI  - [Zidovudine therapy in 141 patients with symptoms of HIV infection; a multicenter
      study].
AB  - We describe the results of treatment with zidovudine in 141 symptomatic HIV
      positive patients, 119 of whom had AIDS. Total mortality was 30% over a mean
      observation period of 45 weeks after the start of the treatment. This is much
      lower than the mortality among AIDS patients in the pre-zidovudine period. During
      the first 2 months the feeling of wellbeing and the body weight increased, but
      after 4 months these effects declined. Two months after start of therapy the
      number of new opportunistic infections declined, but it increased thereafter.
      Side effects were frequent: after 7 months zidovudine had to be reduced or even
      stopped in 43% of the patients mostly because of anaemia and/or leukopenia. After
      6-7 months 45% of all patients had been given packed cells transfusions with a
      mean of 16 units. In general tolerability of zidovudine was better in patients
      with a higher number of circulating CD4-positive cells at the start. These
      results confirm that the effect of zidovudine in symptomatic HIV infected
      patients is favourable but only of limited duration.

PMID- 2405288
TI  - Early contributions to hematology in Nebraska.

PMID- 2405289
TI  - Neuropsychological performance in HIV-1-infected homosexual men: The Multicenter
      AIDS Cohort Study (MACS)
AB  - We administered a battery of standardized neuropsychological measures to assess
      cognitive functions in a group of 769 HIV-1 seronegative, 727 asymptomatic HIV-1
      seropositive (CDC Groups 2 and 3), and 84 symptomatic HIV-1 seropositive (CDC
      Group 4) homosexual/bisexual men enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study
      (MACS). Measures included tests of attention, memory, and psychomotor speed.
      Comparison of group means revealed significant differences in performance between
      HIV-1 seronegative and symptomatic HIV-1 seropositive subjects on measures of
      memory and on measures with strong motor and psychomotor timed components. These
      findings support the sensitivity of these neuropsychological instruments for
      detecting cognitive changes that may be related to HIV-1, and are consistent with
      other reports of neuropsychological abnormalities in symptomatic HIV-1-infected
      individuals. Asymptomatic seropositive men, on the other hand, did not differ
      significantly from seronegative subjects on any of the neuropsychological
      measures. Only 5.5% of the asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive men showed abnormal
      performance on individual tests. This proportion did not differ significantly
      from that of seronegative controls. Further, among asymptomatic seropositive
      subjects, we found no statistically significant differences as a function of
      duration of HIV infection or level of immune system functioning. Thus, results
      from this study support the hypothesis that the frequency of neuropsychological
      abnormalities in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected homosexual men is low, and not
      statistically different from that of seronegative controls.

PMID- 2405290
TI  - HIV-1 infection: no evidence of cognitive decline during the asymptomatic stages.
      The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.
AB  - Cross-sectional studies have not adequately resolved the question of whether
      subjects infected with HIV-1 may suffer cognitive decline during the early,
      asymptomatic stages of the infection. We studied longitudinally 238 asymptomatic
      healthy HIV-1-infected homosexual/bisexual men (CDC groups 2 and 3) and 170
      uninfected controls in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study with neuropsychological
      testing at semiannual intervals. A comparison of change in scores between visits
      1 and 4 as well as a multivariate autoregressive analysis revealed no evidence of
      decline in test performance over time in the HIV-1-infected group compared with
      the seronegative controls. These findings suggest that a gradual cognitive
      decline does not occur during the early, asymptomatic stages of HIV infection.

PMID- 2405291
TI  - High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in chronic inflammatory
      demyelinating polyneuropathy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover
      study.
AB  - We discontinued high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment (IVIg) in 7
      patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) who seemed
      to have responded to IVIg. After discontinuation of treatment, all 7 patients
      deteriorated. We then randomized the patients to IVIg or placebo (albumin)
      treatment in a double-blind crossover study. The clinical condition of all
      patients improved after IVIg and did not improve after placebo treatment. The
      mean time lapse from the end of the trial treatment to the occurrence of
      deterioration was 6.4 weeks after treatment with IVIg and 1.3 weeks after
      treatment with placebo. This selected group of patients with CIDP had a
      beneficial response to IVIg.

PMID- 2405292
TI  - Immunohistochemical analysis of the immune reaction in the nervous system in
      paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis.
AB  - We examined frozen sections of frontal cortex, medulla, and dorsal root ganglia
      from a patient with small-cell lung cancer and paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis,
      involving the medulla and dorsal root ganglia, with a panel of antibodies
      reactive for IgG, IgM, C3, B cells, T cells, T cell subsets, macrophages, and
      class I and II (HLA-DR) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. We
      detected an antineuronal antibody (anti-Hu) in the serum and CSF of the patient
      and found deposits of IgG in the periphery of some neurons in dorsal root
      ganglia. The infiltrates were almost exclusively T cells with a predominance of
      CD8-positive cells. Neurons did not express class I or II MHC antigens. Satellite
      cells in the dorsal root ganglia from the patient and controls were HLA-DR
      positive. These data indicate that CD8-positive T cells predominate in the
      inflammatory infiltrates of paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. IgG deposits may be
      relevant in the damage of the sensory neurons.

PMID- 2405293
TI  - Coexistence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Alzheimer's disease in the same
      patient.
AB  - We report the case of a 73-year-old patient in whom a diagnosis of Creutzfeldt
      Jakob disease, suggested by the clinical course, was verified by the
      neuropathologic finding of widespread spongiform change and astrogliosis, the
      presence of proteinase-resistant protein in brain extracts, and the experimental
      transmission of spongiform encephalopathy to primates inoculated with brain
      tissue. However, neuropathologic examination also revealed a profusion of senile
      and neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles that reacted with antibody to
      the amyloid beta-protein characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, but not with
      antibody to the scrapie amyloid protein characteristic of Creutzfeldt-Jakob
      disease.

PMID- 2405294
TI  - The role of transcranial Doppler in confirming brain death: sensitivity,
      specificity, and suggestions for performance and interpretation.
AB  - We performed transcranial Doppler (TCD) examinations on 54 comatose patients over
      a 1-year period. Of 49 patients with technically adequate TCD examinations, 23
      met criteria for determination of brain death by clinical and EEG criteria (21)
      or clinical criteria alone (2; EEG not performed). A TCD waveform abnormality,
      consisting of absent or reversed diastolic flow, or small early systolic spikes,
      in at least 2 intracranial arteries, occurred in 21 brain-dead patients, but in
      none of the other patients in coma. With appropriate guidelines for performance
      and interpretation, TCD could be incorporated into institutional protocols as a
      rapid and convenient alternative to EEG for confirmation of brain death.

PMID- 2405295
TI  - Does transcranial Doppler have any clinical value?

PMID- 2405296
TI  - The pyramidal tract.

PMID- 2405297
TI  - Levodopa-induced dyskinesia: review, observations, and speculations.

PMID- 2405298
TI  - The history of memory arts.
AB  - Ancient humans, lacking devices to store large amounts of information, invented
      and developed a system of mnemonics which evolved and passed to modern times. The
      mnemonics, collectively known as the Ancient Art of Memory, were discovered in
      447 BC by a Greek poet, Simonides, and were adequately described by Cicero,
      Quintilian, and Pliny. These arts fell into neglect after Alaric sacked Rome in
      410 AD, but were subsequently revived in 1323 by Saint Thomas Aquinas, who
      transferred them from a division of rhetoric to ethics and used them to recall
      Catholic doctrine and versions of biblical history. In 1540 Saint Ignatius Loyola
      used mnemonic images to affirm the faith with his newly formed Society of Jesus
      and tried to convert the Ming dynasty in China by teaching these memory skills to
      Chinese nobles. Today, the ancient memory arts have applications in pilot
      training, gambling, mentalism and telepathy demonstrations, and may have a role
      in the rehabilitation of brain-damaged patients. Objective testing confirms that
      with the use of these memory skills, recall is increased, at least 10-fold, and
      the memory deficits of proactive and retroactive inhibition do not exist.

PMID- 2405299
TI  - Thomas Jefferson University. Tradition and heritage.

PMID- 2405300
TI  - Diagnosis and management of sexually transmitted genital lesions.
AB  - A variety of genital lesions can be caused by sexually transmitted diseases.
      These lesions present in sexually active clients of all ages and socioeconomic
      groups with varying degrees of pain, lymphadenopathy and constitutional symptoms.
      If lesions are misdiagnosed or improperly treated, sexually transmitted diseases
      spread and clients may suffer complications. Differential diagnosis of genital
      lesions caused by sexually transmitted diseases includes herpes genitalis,
      syphilis, lymphogranuloma venereum, chancroid, condyloma acuminatum, granuloma
      inguinale, and molluscum contagiosum. Health care providers must be skilled at
      differential diagnosis, institution of appropriate treatment, and sexual
      counseling of clients and their partners.

PMID- 2405301
TI  - Hypercholesterolemia: prevention, detection and management.
AB  - High serum cholesterol, leading to atherosclerosis, heart attack and stroke, is a
      major health problem in the United States and other Western countries.
      Hypercholesterolemia is amenable to dietary and other lifestyle changes that are
      brought about through education and supportive counseling. Dietary modification
      includes weight control, lowered intake of fats and cholesterol, and increased
      ingestion of water-soluble fiber. This article explores cholesterol metabolism
      and the mechanisms of factors lowering serum cholesterol in the body. The actions
      of chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins and high
      density lipoproteins are reviewed. Detection and evaluation of serum total and
      low density lipoproteins, and pharmacological therapy for hypercholesterolemia
      are discussed. Specific techniques for the health care provider to use in
      educating and counseling clients are emphasized.

PMID- 2405302
TI  - FNPs, PNPs win direct payment from Medicaid.

PMID- 2405303
TI  - Decisions made easy.

PMID- 2405304
TI  - Your complete guide to central venous catheters.

PMID- 2405305
TI  - [Sexuality and medications. Achieving a balance in the elderly].

PMID- 2405306
TI  - Reproduction in the space environment: Part I. Animal reproductive studies.
AB  - Mankind's exploration and colonization of the frontier of space will ultimately
      depend on men's and women's ability to live, work, and reproduce in the space
      environment. This paper reviews animal studies, from microorganisms to mammals,
      done in space or under space-simulated conditions, which identify some of the key
      areas which might interfere with human reproductive physiology and/or embryonic
      development. Those space environmental factors which impacted almost all species
      included: microgravity, artificial gravity, radiation, and closed life support
      systems. These factors may act independently and in combination to produce their
      effects. To date, there have been no studies which have looked at the entire
      process of reproduction in any animal species. This type of investigation will be
      critical in understanding and preventing the problems which will affect human
      reproduction. Part II will discuss these problems directly as they relate to
      human physiology.

PMID- 2405307
TI  - Lysosomes: an important mediator in the female reproductive tract.

PMID- 2405308
TI  - The Martius procedure--bulbocavernosus fat flap: a review.

PMID- 2405309
TI  - Reproduction in the space environment: Part II. Concerns for human reproduction.
AB  - Long-duration space flight and eventual colonization of our solar system will
      require successful control of reproductive function and a thorough understanding
      of factors unique to space flight and their impact on gynecologic and obstetric
      parameters. Part II of this paper examines the specific environmental factors
      associated with space flight and the implications for human reproduction. Space
      environmental hazards discussed include radiation, alteration in atmospheric
      pressure and breathing gas partial pressures, prolonged toxicological exposure,
      and microgravity. The effects of countermeasures necessary to reduce
      cardiovascular deconditioning, calcium loss, muscle wasting, and neurovestibular
      problems are also considered. In addition, the impact of microgravity on male
      fertility and gamete quality is explored. Due to current constraints, human
      pregnancy is now contraindicated for space flight. However, a program to explore
      effective countermeasures to current constraints and develop the required health
      care delivery capability for extended-duration space flight is suggested. A
      program of Earth- and space-based research to provide further answers to
      reproductive questions is suggested.

PMID- 2405310
TI  - Pregnancy in the older gravida: how old is old?

PMID- 2405311
TI  - Transcutaneous oximetry in obstetrics and gynecology.
AB  - Transcutaneous methods of assessing patient oxygenation are gaining acceptance in
      many areas of both obstetrics and gynecology. As these techniques move from
      research protocols to daily practice, some understanding of the underlying
      technology is necessary. This will allow the clinician to make maximal use of the
      information possible and avoid pitfalls due to artifacts and equipment
      limitations. Most of the transcutaneous oximeters in use today rely on either
      electrochemical or photometric principles for their determinations. Each of these
      techniques offers unique advantages and disadvantages which help to determine
      their applicability in various clinical settings.

PMID- 2405312
TI  - Cushing's syndrome in pregnancy.
AB  - Fertility and childbearing rarely occur in Cushing's syndrome because amenorrhea,
      oligomenorrhea, infertility, and abortions characterize the disease. Currently, a
      total of 53 cases of Cushing's syndrome and pregnancy have been reported. When
      Cushing's syndrome occurs during pregnancy, approximately 56 per cent of the
      cases are associated with adrenal cortical adenoma or carcinoma. Excluding
      Cushing's disease, nearly 21 percent of the cases are caused by adrenal
      carcinoma. The maternal catabolic state of glucocorticoid excess contributes to
      poor fetal outcome with many of the cases complicated by either fetal wastage or
      prematurity. However, congenital malformations are not seen more frequently than
      in normal pregnancy. Pregnancy may or may not influence Cushing's syndrome, but
      Cushing's syndrome definitely complicates pregnancy.

PMID- 2405313
TI  - Tumor markers in gynecologic oncology.

PMID- 2405314
TI  - Oxytocin in active-phase abnormalities of labor: a randomized study.
AB  - Seven hundred fifty-nine of 926 women in abnormal labor (82%) were entered into
      an open randomized trial to compare the effects of oxytocin and saline. Patients
      were classified as having either primary dysfunctional labor or secondary arrest
      of cervical dilatation. The end points chosen were an increase in the rate of
      cervical dilatation or a change in cervical dilatation. Patients who failed to
      respond to the initial solution were crossed over to the other solution. Oxytocin
      was significantly superior to saline in treating both labor abnormalities.
      Administration of oxytocin did not increase the need for cesarean delivery for
      fetal distress.

PMID- 2405315
TI  - The outcome of triplet gestations complicated by fetal death.
AB  - Intrauterine death in twin pregnancies has been reported to be associated with a
      very high incidence of morbidity and mortality in the surviving co-twin, mostly
      attributed to vascular disruption when vascular anastomosis exists between the
      twins' circulations. The present study describes the obstetric, neonatal, and
      follow-up data of five triplet gestations complicated by intrauterine death of
      one or two fetuses, compared with a control group of triplets matched for
      gestational age. Delivery occurred an average of 30 +/- 26 days after the
      diagnosis of intrauterine fetal death. Four of the five placentas were
      monochorionic. All nine infants survived, but four were small for gestational age
      (SGA). A comparison of study cases and controls revealed that monochorionic
      placentation was found only in the study group, that SGA infants were more likely
      (but not significantly so) to be in the study group, and that study infants
      required significantly less ventilatory support. Although the only case of long
      term morbidity was in the study group, the cause of this complication was
      consistent with prematurity.

PMID- 2405317
TI  - Accuracy of ultrasonic weight prediction in the fetus with preterm premature
      rupture of membranes.
AB  - The accuracy of ultrasonic fetal weight prediction in the low birth weight fetus
      was evaluated, comparing measurement errors in 86 fetuses with premature rupture
      of membranes with 112 fetuses with intact membranes. Using two ultrasonic
      formulas for estimation of fetal weight, we found no significant differences in
      the mean error of ultrasonic weight measurement between these groups. In both
      groups, the mean measurement error was approximately 9%, with a standard
      deviation of 7%. It appears that ultrasonic methods for estimation of fetal birth
      weight are equally applicable to preterm fetuses with or without ruptured
      membranes.

PMID- 2405316
TI  - Cesarean prophylaxis: a comparison of cefamandole and cefazolin by both
      intravenous and lavage routes, and risk factors associated with endometritis.
AB  - This study included 207 patients in a double-blind, prospective randomized trial
      of cefazolin versus cefamandole single-dose prophylaxis by both intravenous (IV)
      and lavage routes in patients laboring with ruptured membranes who eventually had
      nonelective cesareans. No significant differences (P less than .05) were noted in
      the rates of infectious morbidity (cefazolin IV: six of 47, 13%; cefazolin
      lavage: nine of 59, 15%; cefamandole IV: six of 47, 13%; cefamandole lavage: six
      of 54, 11%). The incidence of operative complications in the patients developing
      endometritis (eight of 22, 36%) was significantly different (P less than .004)
      from that in the group who did not develop endometritis (21 of 185, 11%).
      Cefazolin by IV and lavage routes of administration appears to be as effective as
      cefamandole by either route of administration.

PMID- 2405318
TI  - Pulsed Doppler umbilical artery waveforms: significance of elevated umbilical
      artery systolic/diastolic ratios in the normally grown fetus.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated a high correlation between elevated resistance
      in the placental circulation, evidenced by abnormal umbilical artery systolic-to
      diastolic (S/D) ratios, and the subsequent birth of a small for gestational age
      (SGA) infant. However, few data exist on the significance of elevated S/D ratios
      for pregnancies in which outcome does not involve an SGA infant. Pulsed Doppler
      spectral recordings and level II ultrasound examinations were performed 373 times
      in 256 referred high-risk patients. Doppler data were not used for patient
      management decisions. Thirty-two women with elevated umbilical artery S/D ratios
      of 4.5 or greater (defined as abnormal regardless of gestational age) gave birth
      to non-SGA infants. The ultrasound characteristics and outcome for this group
      were compared with those of 200 patients who were also non-SGA but who exhibited
      normal waveforms and with 24 SGA infants with predominantly abnormal waveforms.
      Thirty-one percent of the non-SGA infants with abnormal waveforms had structural
      malformations, a rate significantly higher (P less than or equal to .03) than the
      18% malformation rate in the normal-waveform group. Further, the stillbirth rate
      and number of terminations of pregnancy for lethal anomalies were five times
      greater in the non-SGA group with abnormal waveforms than in the non-SGA group
      with normal waveforms (P less than or equal to .001). A wide variety of
      structural malformations was observed in the abnormal-waveform group, most
      frequently involving the central nervous system. Amniotic fluid volume tended to
      be decreased in the SGA group, whereas increased amniotic fluid volume or
      hydramnios was seen in 23% of the non-SGA abnormal-waveform group.

PMID- 2405319
TI  - Doppler assessment of the renal blood flow velocity waveform during indomethacin
      therapy for preterm labor and polyhydramnios.
AB  - To investigate the effects of indomethacin on the human fetal renal blood flow
      velocity waveform, 17 fetuses whose mothers were treated for preterm labor (N =
      8) or polyhydramnios (N = 9) were studied. There were five growth-retarded
      fetuses (all in the group with polyhydramnios), 11 normal fetuses, and one fetus
      with red-cell alloimmunization. The indomethacin dose in all patients was 25 mg
      orally every 6 hours. The gestational age of the fetuses studied varied between
      24-35 weeks (mean +/- SD 29.6 +/- 2.8). The fetal renal artery was studied at its
      origin from the aorta before and during the first 24 hours of indomethacin
      therapy. Seven fetuses manifested ductal constriction. Three fetuses also
      manifested tricuspid regurgitation. All ductal constrictions and the tricuspid
      regurgitations resolved in utero after discontinuation of indomethacin. There
      were no significant differences in the pulsatility index values of the renal
      artery before and during indomethacin therapy. These results suggest that there
      is no change in fetal renovascular parameters detectable with pulsatility index
      measurements during the first 24 hours of maternal indomethacin therapy.

PMID- 2405320
TI  - Indomethacin therapy in the treatment of symptomatic polyhydramnios.
AB  - Eight gravidas with symptomatic polyhydramnios were managed with maternal
      indomethacin therapy. The mean gestational age at presentation was 28.6 +/- 3.5
      weeks. Only patients requiring serial amniotic fluid decompressions for rapid
      amniotic fluid reaccumulation were enrolled in the study. An initial amniotic
      fluid decompression was performed and, when a second decompression was required,
      indomethacin was initiated. Amniotic fluid volume was measured with a para-amino
      hippuric acid dilution technique before and during indomethacin therapy. Fetal
      urine output, studied by serial bladder dimension ultrasonography, declined
      significantly during indomethacin therapy (P less than .05). Only one patient
      required further amniotic fluid decompression while on indomethacin. The mean (+/
      SD) amniotic fluid volume was 1529 +/- 1070 mL after the initial amniocentesis,
      and was 2355 +/- 820 mL at the second amniocentesis just before indomethacin
      therapy. The mean amniotic fluid volume during indomethacin therapy was 1608 +/-
      914 mL. We recommend initial amniotic fluid decompression followed by
      indomethacin therapy for the management of symptomatic polyhydramnios as an
      alternative to serial amniotic fluid decompressions.

PMID- 2405321
TI  - The temporal association of the implementation of a fetal diagnostic and
      surveillance program and decreased fetal mortality in a private hospital.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a temporal
      association between the introduction of a Fetal Diagnostic and Treatment Center
      and changes in fetal mortality. Two consecutive 15-month pre-program periods
      (periods I and II) were compared with one 15-month post-program period (period
      III). The fetal death rates for the pre-program periods I (6.16) and II (6.02)
      were similar, and the combined rate was 6.09. After the introduction of the Fetal
      Diagnostic and Treatment Center, the fetal mortality rate decreased to 2.31
      (period III). When periods I and II were compared with period III, the major
      decrease (73.8%) in fetal mortality occurred for fetuses of greater than 34
      weeks' gestation. The perinatal mortality rate decreased from 8.76 in periods I
      and II to 4.42 in period III, reflecting the decrease in fetal deaths.

PMID- 2405322
TI  - Outcome of twin-twin transfusion diagnosed before 28 weeks of gestation.
AB  - To develop prognostic indicators for those patients diagnosed with twin-twin
      transfusion before 28 weeks' gestation, we conducted a retrospective analysis of
      all cases diagnosed at Baylor College of Medicine from January 1985 through April
      1989. Twenty-seven cases of twin-twin transfusion were diagnosed by ultrasound;
      the criteria for diagnosis were polyhydramnios in one amniotic cavity and
      oligohydramnios in the other cavity. The mean (+/- SD) age at diagnosis was 21.9
      +/- 2.9 weeks and the mean age at delivery was 26.8 +/- 4.9 weeks. Gestational
      age at diagnosis was similar in survivors and non-survivors (21.7 +/- 3.7 versus
      22.2 +/- 2.8 weeks; P = .35); however, surviving infants were delivered later in
      gestation (31.9 +/- 3.5 versus 25.9 +/- 3.4 weeks; P = .000008). The overall
      survival rate was 21%. Fetal hydrops correlated with poor survival. Amniocentesis
      for decompression and tocolysis failed to decrease perinatal mortality.

PMID- 2405323
TI  - Comparative evaluation of clindamycin versus clindamycin plus tobramycin in the
      treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease.
AB  - Fifty-one hospitalized women were treated with either clindamycin phosphate alone
      (N = 23) or a combination of clindamycin phosphate plus tobramycin (N = 28) for
      community-acquired pelvic inflammatory disease. The overall regimen clinical
      success rates were 100 and 91% for the clindamycin/tobramycin and clindamycin
      alone groups, respectively. Efficacy for patients with positive pre-treatment
      Neisseria gonorrhoeae cultures was eight of eight (100%) for the
      clindamycin/tobramycin group and seven of eight (88%) in the clindamycin-alone
      group. Of the total population studied, 15 of 51 (29%) had positive pre-treatment
      cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis, and a microbiologic cure was attained in 15
      of 15 (100%). However, in two of 15 (14.5%), the patient did not return for the 6
      week culture, although the culture at discharge from the hospital was negative.
      No serious adverse reactions were observed, although oral follow-up treatment
      with clindamycin had to be discontinued in one patient because of diarrhea, which
      resolved without additional therapy. The results suggest that intravenous
      clindamycin alone is a viable alternative to the use of clindamycin/tobramycin
      for women with acute pelvic inflammatory disease requiring hospitalization.

PMID- 2405324
TI  - A randomized clinical trial comparing Pipelle and Tis-u-trap for endometrial
      biopsy.
AB  - Recent publications have suggested that use of the Pipelle endometrial suction
      curette is a safe and effective method by which to obtain samples of endometrial
      tissue. To address this issue, we performed a randomized clinical trial comparing
      the Pipelle to the Tis-u-trap in 156 patients. The Pipelle was as effective as
      the Tis-u-trap in obtaining endometrial samples in both the adequacy of the
      specimen (Pipelle 88%, Tis-u-trap 84%) and the quality of the specimen (P = .26).
      This trial confirms the favorable observational reports on the use of the Pipelle
      for endometrial biopsy.

PMID- 2405325
TI  - Genetic amniocentesis in multiple gestation: a new technique to diagnose
      monoamniotic twins.
AB  - Injection of indigo carmine dye mixed with air into the amniotic sac under
      ultrasound guidance during genetic amniocentesis on twins is described. This
      technique can reliably detect monoamniotic twins and clearly differentiate
      diamniotic twins, thereby facilitating accurate needle insertion into the second
      sac during amniocentesis.

PMID- 2405326
TI  - Local anesthesia of the genital mucosa with a lidocaine/prilocaine cream (EMLA)
      for laser treatment of condylomata acuminata: a placebo-controlled study.
AB  - The time of onset and duration of local anesthesia of a lidocaine/prilocaine
      cream (EMLA) applied to the genital mucosa were assessed in a double-blind study.
      Eighty women with condylomata on their genital mucosa were randomly allocated to
      either EMLA (N = 60) or placebo cream (N = 20) between 1-75 minutes before CO2
      laser treatment. The pain was evaluated by the patient on a visual analogue
      scale. The most effective degree of anesthesia was achieved after 5-15 minutes'
      application of EMLA. The patients given EMLA, regardless of application time,
      felt significantly less pain than the patients given placebo. EMLA could provide
      an alternative to general anesthesia in patients with extensive condylomata on
      the genital mucosa.

PMID- 2405327
TI  - Health-care cost hikes: who's responsible?

PMID- 2405328
TI  - The doctor dissected.

PMID- 2405329
TI  - The naturally occurring rhythm of blues: winter depression.
AB  - Winter depression, a form of seasonal affective disorder, is a common condition
      that increases in prevalence in northern areas and in regions with a high
      proportion of overcast fall and winter days. Parts of Ohio are high-risk areas
      given the high percentage of overcast days. Winter depression is marked by the
      onset of recurrent episodes of major depression each fall or winter which
      spontaneously remit in the spring. The depressive syndrome is often characterized
      by sadness, anxiety, decreased involvement in work and social activities,
      increased appetite, carbohydrate craving, weight gain, hypersomnia and
      psychomotor retardation. This syndrome often responds to treatment with two to
      six hours per day of full-spectrum bright artificial light. The efficacy of drugs
      in the treatment of this condition is now being studied at The Ohio State
      University. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective.

PMID- 2405330
TI  - [Is diabetes mellitus, diagnosed between the ages of 30-45, a special sub-type?].
AB  - Diabetes diagnosed in the so-called middle age of life is debated from the
      typological point of view. The authors investigated 45 diabetics, whose disease
      had been diagnosed between the age of 30-45 years. As a result of their
      observations they state that diabetes in this age range is heterogenous. Patients
      can be classified into insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent types of
      diabetes. Two of their patients could be classified into a newly described
      subtype (early onset diabetes, EOD). For the time being it seems that the exact
      delineation of this new diabetic subtype needs more detailed observations.

PMID- 2405331
TI  - [Results obtained by intravesical instillation of BCG in superficial bladder
      tumors].
AB  - The authors carried out immunotherapy in bladder cancer patients in stage pTa-1
      G1-2 NoMo. The strain Connaught BCG (120 mg) was instilled weekly for 6
      consecutive weeks in 26 patients. Another 13 patients were treated with 150 mg
      BCG strain Pasteur. The patients were followed average 26 months in the first, 16
      months in the second group. The recurring of the tumor were found in 26% and 15%
      as well. Side effects were experienced more often in the third group. The authors
      advice the BCG therapy of the superficial bladder cancer.

PMID- 2405332
TI  - [Regional cerebral blood flow studied by single photon emission computed
      tomography (SPECT)].
AB  - Clinical experience based on regional cerebral blood flow investigations with
      99mTc HMPAO SPECT in 164 patients is reported. The pharmacokinetics of the 99mTc
      HMPAO are summarised, and the important indications of the investigations are
      interpreted in case reports (stroke, surgical solution of intracavernous
      aneurysm, Alzheimer and multiinfarct types of dementias). The literature data
      suggest that the diagnostic possibilities with this method are good in other
      diseases too, this area is surveyed briefly.

PMID- 2405333
TI  - [First experiences with neodymium-YAG laser treatment of tracheal and bronchial
      diseases].
AB  - The authors describe their first three years experiences with the Neodymium-Yag
      Laser in tracheobronchial diseases. The treatments were performed with the MEDI
      YAG equipment constructed in Hungary. According to the indication, local and/or
      general anaesthesia and generally the rigid bronchoscope was used. 38 tracheal,
      34 main bronchial, 5 lobar and 2 distal alterations were treated. In case of
      tracheobronchial malignancy 3 complete and 20 partial recoveries were registered
      out of 45 patients; among benign tumours 7 complete and 4 partial recoveries out
      of 14 patients. In tracheal stenosis cases 12 complete and 4 partial recoveries
      came out of 18 patients. It can be stated that the Yag Laser treatment completes
      the bronchologist's instrumentation. The treatment may be curative in tracheal
      stenosis and benign tumours and palliative in malignancy by setting free the
      tracheobronchial system for ventilation. It may also prepare the patient for
      surgery and complete the complex treatment.

PMID- 2405334
TI  - [Effect of antidiabetic treatment in ischemic heart diseases].
AB  - In a retrospective study of 962 diabetic (male: 441, female: 521) patients in the
      Diabetic Outpatient Clinic of the National Institute of Cardiology between 1st
      November 1967 and 31st October 1988 the survival time of diabetics treated with
      first generation sulphonylureas was considerably less after the first attack of
      angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction compared with that of individuals
      controlled with regime alone or being on glibenclamide or insulin treatments. The
      systolic blood pressure proved to be higher in diabetics treated with first
      generation sulphonylureas. During the observation, among the 183 patients on
      insulin- as well as in the 262 individuals on first and 230 on second generation
      sulphonylurea treatments, and in the 287 diabetics controlled with regime alone,
      547 (male: 241, female: 306) patients died, 403 of them due to cardiovascular and
      renal failures. Between the diabetics suffering from ischaemic heart diseases no
      difference could be detected relating the risk factors except the higher systolic
      blood pressure. The alterations in the cardiovascular states during the survey,
      the improvement of therapeutical interventions, the alterations in the
      carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are not supposed to be involved in the shorter
      survival time of diabetics treated with first generation sulphonylureas. The
      shorter survival time might be explained by the arrhythmogenic activity of first
      generation sulphonylureas described in earlier studies. On this basis we are
      tempted to draw the conclusion that second generation sulphonylureas must be
      selected in the diabetes care, if the metabolic state could not be normalized by
      diet and regime only.

PMID- 2405335
TI  - Tips of the trade #20. A simple method of meniscal suture.
AB  - A simple, inexpensive, and reliable method of meniscal suture is described.
      Passing each suture through an angiocath, under direct visualization with an
      arthroscope, allows accurate placement and avoids the possibility of nerve or
      vessel damage.

PMID- 2405336
TI  - Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
AB  - The effective treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is predicted on
      timely detection and appropriate intervention. School screening programs have
      resulted in a reduced incidence of advanced curvature upon referral. Studies of
      the natural history of AIS demonstrate that a number of factors are of predictive
      value in assigning risk for progressive curvature and subsequent deformity and/or
      morbidity. These are age at time of diagnosis, stage of skeletal maturity, and
      magnitude and pattern of curvature. The options in treating AIS are observation,
      orthosis, and operation. Spinal orthoses are designed to arrest the progression
      of curvature during skeletal maturation. Newer brace designs and protocols
      facilitate compliance with long-term bracing and may reduce the incidence of
      curves requiring operative intervention. The goal in scoliosis surgery is to
      reduce curvature and to create a stable framework on which vertebral fusion can
      occur. Technical advances have yielded a number of instrumentation options for
      achieving this goal. Basic technical comparisons are made among of prototypes of
      posterior spinal instrumentation. The newest of these, Cotrel-Dubousset, may
      supplant Harrington rod instrumentation as the preferred standard in the
      operative treatment of AIS.

PMID- 2405337
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of injuries to bone and articular cartilage. Emphasis
      on radiographically occult abnormalities.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as the premier noninvasive imaging
      method for evaluation of the musculoskeletal system. Among the most widely
      recognized and accepted applications of MRI is that of trauma-related imaging.
      While the initial emphasis on MRI was directed toward the assessment of soft
      tissue structures previously difficult to image (eg, knee menisci and cruciate
      ligaments), it has become increasingly apparent that MRI is superbly suited to
      the depiction of a wide spectrum of injuries to bone and articular cartilage. MRI
      has proved capable of depicting abnormalities ranging from clinically innocuous
      bone bruises to posttraumatic osteonecrosis. Many of the abnormalities that have
      been detected by MRI have been radiographically occult and often clinically
      unsuspected. MRI has become established in the assessment of chondral and
      osteochondral injuries, insufficiency and stress fractures, occult proximal
      femoral fractures, tibial plateau fractures, and scaphoid injuries. This review
      will attempt to present the current state of the art with respect to the
      application of MRI to the assessment of injuries to bone and articular cartilage.
      Particular emphasis will be placed on radiographically occult abnormalities.

PMID- 2405338
TI  - Bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

PMID- 2405339
TI  - Depression in children.
AB  - The field of child and adolescent affective disorders is relatively new and very
      challenging for research and clinical practice. A definite clinical entity of
      depression exists in significant numbers of children and adolescents. Signs and
      symptoms are different from those seen in adults and vary with different age
      levels. The syndrome must be recognized as early as possible to prevent a chronic
      illness from developing. Depression can cause serious difficulty in academic life
      because of its effects on concentration. Depression can affect relations with
      peers and, if acting out behavior ensues, can lead to serious delinquent
      behavior, sexual promiscuity, pregnancy, and substance abuse. Depression can also
      lead to suicide. Depression is often the common denominator in delinquency,
      promiscuity, teen pregnancy, to say nothing of alcohol and drug abuse.
      Adolescents often find substances on the street to "medicate" their own
      depression. When depression in children and adolescents is not properly
      identified, evaluated, and treated, it can lead to lifelong depression,
      antisocial behavior, and substance abuse. When depressed children receive
      appropriate therapy, the results can be rewarding. As one patient commented,
      "Every day was cloudy and gray. It always rained. Now I see some sun coming out."

PMID- 2405340
TI  - Financing the health care of children with chronic illnesses.

PMID- 2405341
TI  - Correlation of IgE antibody titer to Aspergillus fumigatus with decreased lung
      function in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Obstructive pulmonary disease is a typical feature of cystic fibrosis (CF) and is
      often associated with bronchial hyperreactivity. Positive skin-test reactions to
      Aspergillus fumigatus antigens are frequently seen even in nonatopic patients
      with CF. Full-fledged allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) has been
      estimated to occur in 10% of patients with CF. The relationship between lung
      function and presence of IgE antibodies to Aspergillus antigens in patients
      without ABPA is not clear. In 148 outpatients with CF (aged 6-34 years) specific
      immunoglobulin E (IgE) to Aspergillus fumigatus antigens, basic lung-function
      parameters, and bronchial response to salbutamol were measured. Multiple
      regression was performed for age, weight as percentile for actual height
      (indicating general condition), and Aspergillus RAST. Aspergillus IgE was present
      in 46% of patients; 19% had RAST class 3 or 4. Independent negative correlations
      of Aspergillus RAST with FEV1, FEF50%, FEF25%, RV, Chrispin Norman score, and
      sRaw (P less than 0.05) were found. Bronchodilator sensitivity did not correlate
      significantly with age and weight percentile. However, Aspergillus RAST did
      correlate significantly with bronchodilator response measured by sRaw (P less
      than 0.05). High titers of Aspergillus RAST might serve as a selective criterion
      for patients to be included in future studies evaluating broncholytic or
      antiphlogistic therapies.

PMID- 2405342
TI  - Variability of pulmonary function tests in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - The aim of this study was to define the within-subject variability for tests of
      respiratory function in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) within the day, from
      day to day and from week to week. Twenty-eight patients with CF (aged 9-19 years)
      and 23 healthy height matched controls (aged 9-18 years) had measurements made of
      spirometry, lung volumes, maximal flows at three lung volumes and maximal
      inspiratory and expiratory pressures at the mouth. Testings were done on nine
      occasions, three times within a day, on consecutive days at one week intervals.
      Each individual's variability was summarized both as the within-subject
      coefficient of variation (WCV) and within-subject standard deviation (WSD). Means
      of WSD and median WCV are reported for both the patients with CF and normal
      subjects. The within-subject variability of VC, FEV1, TLC, RV, and RV/TLC was
      more appropriately assessed by the use of WSD rather than WCV. The WSDs in the CF
      group were significantly more variable (P less than 0.005) than in the normals
      for VC and FEV1. WCV best summarized within-subject variation for FEF25-75, FRC,
      V25, V50max and V75max for which the CF subjects were significantly more variable
      (P less than 0.005). Individuals' variability was very consistent, therefore
      assessment of significant change could be made more accurately by predetermining
      the variability of that individual, rather than using group data. We stress the
      importance to consider increased variability from day to day and week to week in
      the interpretation of change in lung function in patients with CF, and provide
      reference values for accurate interpretation of serial pulmonary function test
      results.

PMID- 2405343
TI  - Changes in airflow obstruction and oxygen saturation in response to exercise and
      bronchodilators in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - The airway response to exercise and inhaled terbutaline was assessed in 25
      patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), seeking evidence for the possible deleterious
      effects of bronchial muscle relaxation. We postulated that "early" and "late"
      flows, taken from the full maximum expiratory flow volume curve, might move
      paradoxically in patients with unstable airways. Oxygen saturation was measured
      continuously; desaturation occurred early in exercise with partial recovery
      thereafter. This was unrelated to changes in expiratory airflow measurements.
      Both during and after exercise, and after inhaled bronchodilator, changes in
      expiratory airflow measurements were strikingly variable. Changes in individual
      measurements should be interpreted in relationship to the within-subject
      variability of the test in patients with CF. During exercise, there was a
      significant increase in mean FEV1; this was most marked in patients with worst
      lung function. Two patients (both with severe lung disease) showed paradoxical
      changes in early and late flows. After exercise, only two patients showed the
      asthmatic pattern of postexercise bronchoconstriction. After inhaled
      bronchodilator, the group as a whole showed small but statistically significant
      increases in expiratory airflow measurements. Those with highest baseline FEV1
      had the greatest bronchodilator response; this is the opposite of the pattern
      observed in asthma. Paradox did not occur after bronchodilators and only one
      patient showed a significant fall in late expiratory airflow. This pattern of
      expiratory airflow changes is compatible with the concept of airway instability
      in which any beneficial effects of bronchial tone reduction are canceled out by
      the effects of compression of damaged airways rendered more compliant by loss of
      bronchial wall tone. We did not observe any clinically important deleterious
      effects from this mechanism.

PMID- 2405344
TI  - Emergency management of the child with asthma.

PMID- 2405345
TI  - On monitoring theophylline in serum and saliva.

PMID- 2405346
TI  - Duration of treatment in bacterial meningitis: a historical inquiry.

PMID- 2405347
TI  - Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection in infants: in vitro
      production of virus-specific antibody in lymphocytes.
AB  - In children born to mothers infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1),
      a diagnosis of HIV infection cannot be based on a positive antibody result until
      at least 18 months of age. There is therefore an urgent need for simple and
      reliable methods of diagnosing HIV infection in these infants. The sensitivity
      and specificity of a test using the in vitro antibody production of HIV-specific
      IgG was assessed in children whose infection status was known and compared with
      virus and antigen detection. In vitro antibody production sensitivity was 90 to
      95%, at least as sensitive as virus culture in antibody-positive infected
      children. In the first 2 months there is a relatively high proportion of false
      positive results, possibly a result of contamination by maternal cells. However,
      after this period in vitro antibody production is a simple, inexpensive and
      reliable tool for early diagnosis.

PMID- 2405348
TI  - A controlled trial comparing three treatments for chronic otitis media with
      effusion.
AB  - A randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted in 76 children to evaluate
      the efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for 4 weeks, prednisone for 2 weeks
      and aluminum ibuprofen suspension for 2 weeks in resolving chronic otitis media
      with effusion which had persisted for more than 8 weeks. After 2 weeks of
      treatment resolution rates of chronic otitis media with effusion in the
      prednisone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole groups were significantly greater
      than those in the control (no treatment) and ibuprofen groups. After 4 weeks the
      differences in resolution rates between the control, trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole and prednisone groups became smaller. After 12 months of follow
      up, differences in hearing sensitivity among study groups were not statistically
      significant, although 83% of patients had a 15-dB or greater hearing loss.
      Therefore short term antimicrobial and antiinflammatory treatment did not appear
      to have a long lasting effect on chronic middle ear inflammation.

PMID- 2405349
TI  - Comparative efficacies of aztreonam and chloramphenicol in children with typhoid
      fever.
AB  - We compared aztreonam with chloramphenicol in a randomized trial involving the
      treatment of 36 children with typhoid fever. Eighteen children were randomized to
      receive aztreonam, 150 mg/kg/day intravenously, and 18 to receive
      chloramphenicol, 100 mg/kg/day orally. On entry in the study the clinical
      characteristics of the two treatment groups were comparable. The duration of
      therapy was 14.9 +/- 3.6 days for the aztreonam group and 12.8 +/- 2.6 days for
      the chloramphenicol group. The mean duration of fever was 5.9 +/- 3.1 days and
      4.05 +/- 2.1 days for aztreonam and chloramphenicol groups respectively (P
      greater than 0.05). Clinical cure was observed in all patients treated with
      aztreonam and in 17 of 18 children given chloramphenicol; one patient died in the
      latter group. There were no relapses in either group. We observed clinical
      adverse reactions during the treatment with aztreonam in 2 patients. All strains
      of Salmonella typhi were susceptible to aztreonam, 1 strain was resistant to
      chloramphenicol and 3 strains were resistant to ampicillin. Aztreonam appears to
      be a satisfactory alternative to chloramphenicol in cases of typhoid fever caused
      by resistant strains or when chloramphenicol is contraindicated.

PMID- 2405350
TI  - Diseases caused by group B Streptococcus in Mexico.

PMID- 2405351
TI  - [Campylobacter pylori, gastritis and ulcer. Where are we going now?].
AB  - Studies in human volunteers as well as animals clearly indicate that
      Campylobacter pylori is a key component in the development of type B-gastritis as
      well as in stomach- and duodenal ulcer disease. It seams likely that a better
      knowledge in how this microbe colonize the stomach mucosa will soon give us new
      and better possibilities to prevent and treat these diseases and their relapses.

PMID- 2405352
TI  - [Chromosomes and chromosome disorders].
AB  - The risk of bearing a child with chromosomal defects increases once the mother
      reaches the age of 35; the principal indication for chromosomal examination of
      the fetus is that the pregnant woman is "older". Chromosomal examination of new
      born babies is indicated if it is suspected that dysmorphic features may depend
      on cytogenetic deviation. Other indications include suspicion of so-called
      fragile X syndrome or rare congenital disorders such as Fanconi's anemia,
      Xeroderma pigmentosum etc. Chromosomal examination is routine today in
      investigation of suspected or verified hematological diseases. Nevertheless the
      possibilities of cytogenetic techniques have not yet been used to the full in
      diagnostics, assessment of prognoses, choice of therapy and follow-up of disease.

PMID- 2405353
TI  - Burns' day.

PMID- 2405354
TI  - Heart of the matter.

PMID- 2405355
TI  - Complementary therapies. A holistic approach in the ward.

PMID- 2405356
TI  - Healing through touch.

PMID- 2405357
TI  - The reluctant patient.

PMID- 2405358
TI  - Identification and referral to cancer resources in the United States.

PMID- 2405359
TI  - Assessing social support of people with AIDS.
AB  - Research indicates that social support has a direct effect on health, buffers the
      effects of physical and emotional stress, and mediates immune dysfunction.
      Although nurses frequently incorporate social support needs during patient
      assessment, it may not be specific or systematic. Assessment of social support
      for the person with AIDS is important because of the devastating psychosocial
      consequences of the disease. Using the nursing process as a framework, this
      article presents tools for assessment and practical suggestions for diagnosis,
      goal setting, interventions, and evaluation of social support needs. Nurses can
      make a valuable contribution to health promotion for the person with AIDS by
      specifically and systematically assessing social support needs.

PMID- 2405360
TI  - Cyclosporine-A as prevention for graft-versus-host disease in pediatric patients
      undergoing bone marrow transplants.
AB  - Cyclosporine-A is a drug commonly used in bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for
      the prevention of graft-versus-host disease. In the pediatric allogeneic BMT
      population at The Children's Hospital in Boston, a combination of Cyclosporine-A
      and Methotrexate is used for graft-versus-host prophylaxis. Graft-versus-host
      disease, whether acute or chronic, may be fatal. The increasing use of
      Cyclosporine-A in the pediatric BMT setting demands careful nursing assessment
      and intervention for Cyclosporine-A toxicity and related side effects.

PMID- 2405361
TI  - Inborn errors of metabolism of acute onset in infancy.
AB  - The detection of more than 70 inborn errors that are brought to medical attention
      acutely in the neonate and infant relies on the primary clinician's familiarity
      with the symptoms with which they present. After consideration, appropriate
      initial screening laboratory tests can be obtained. Certain conditions, such as
      metabolic acidosis and/or hyperammonemia, with or without hypoglycemia, will
      signal the need for further consultation with metabolic specialists, as well as
      for more specific tests. With the information described in this paper, the
      primary clinician should be able to be the first effective evaluator among many
      in a process resulting in a precise diagnosis of these inherited conditions.
      Treatment is available, in both the acute and chronic phases, for many of these
      disorders. In virtually all of these conditions, for patients in whom the
      treatment is incomplete or in whom the disorder is lethal, adequate study should
      make prenatal diagnosis possible. The recurrence risk of at least 1 in 4 makes
      the recognition of these conditions important. Thoughtful genetic counseling is
      essential.

PMID- 2405362
TI  - Erythema multiforme: a review of its characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and
      management.

PMID- 2405363
TI  - Renal masses in adults. Differentiating benign from neoplastic causes.
AB  - Diagnostic evaluation of renal masses in adults has been a perplexing problem.
      With the advent of new imaging methods over the past 15 to 20 years, the best
      approach has varied from institution to institution, depending on the equipment
      available and the preference of the physician. A diagnostic algorithm is
      presented here to guide the physician in determining the order in which certain
      techniques should be considered, thus avoiding unnecessary tests and cutting
      healthcare costs. In general, benign masses, malignant masses, and
      pseudoneoplasms have characteristic features that distinguish them from each
      other if the physician knows how to use the various imaging techniques and
      interpret results.

PMID- 2405364
TI  - Our healthcare system is broke--and you and I are going to fix it!

PMID- 2405365
TI  - Spouse abuse. Care goes beyond the office door.
AB  - Domestic violence is an underreported and underrecognized problem with immense
      medical, social, psychological, and emotional costs. Vigilance in recognizing the
      victim of spouse abuse and direct questioning of the patient about the
      possibility are the first steps in identification and treatment. Being alert to
      signs of abuse in the face of patient denial is also important. Treatment of the
      medical and surgical sequelae of abuse is just the initial stage of therapy. A
      concerned, knowledgeable team that can address the patient's individual
      psychological and emotional needs while providing a safe alternative living
      situation and referral resources is critical to success. Great caution should be
      used in prescribing psychotropic medication. Clear documentation of an abused
      patient's injuries serves both the victim and the physician well, but reporting
      the information to authorities should only be done when it is legally required or
      at the patient's request.

PMID- 2405366
TI  - Elder abuse. From definition to prevention.
AB  - Only recently has elder abuse become recognized as a widespread problem--possibly
      almost as prevalent as child abuse. As with other forms of abuse, mistreatment of
      elderly patients may be difficult to recognize. Adding to the problem is that
      often when abuse is suspected, admission may be difficult to elicit from the
      patient because of embarrassment or fear of reprisal. Dr Bourland offers a
      helpful overview of elder abuse, including causes, profiles of victim and abuser,
      clues to identifying abuse, and steps to take when abuse is suspected.

PMID- 2405367
TI  - Child abuse. When to be suspicious and what to do then.
AB  - The abuse of children may be physical, sexual, or emotional or may take the form
      of neglect. Primary care physicians are in an excellent position to recognize
      abuse and to respond with the proper intervention. In order to act appropriately,
      physicians must have a high degree of suspicion and a working knowledge of the
      governmental agencies in their area that may be utilized to intervene in abuse
      cases. Physicians should also be attuned to the family dynamics that may
      predispose to incidents of child abuse.

PMID- 2405368
TI  - Pregnancy in women over 35. Risks for mother and baby.
AB  - Because many women today are either delaying their first pregnancy or continuing
      to have babies later in life, the risks to older mothers are becoming
      increasingly important. However, intensive prenatal care and monitoring have
      enhanced the likelihood of a successful outcome. In this article, Dr Rosenfeld
      reviews studies of pregnancy in older women and suggests ways that primary care
      physicians can be involved in advising and caring for these patients.

PMID- 2405369
TI  - The ubiquitous umbilicus. What it can reveal about intra-abdominal disease.
AB  - With ready access to noninvasive methods of assessing abdominal processes,
      physicians may forget the first step of physical examination: observation.
      Physical signs, often neglected or discarded (and felt to be of importance only
      in trivia quizzes), can quickly direct patient examination in a cost-effective
      way. In this article, Dr Raymond discusses various periumbilical signs and the
      conditions linked to them.

PMID- 2405370
TI  - Liver transplantation. New hope for many patients.
AB  - Because of the broad range of physiologic problems and the many potential sources
      of complications, liver transplantation patients require contributions from
      virtually the complete spectrum of medical science. The evolving specialty of
      liver transplantation has eagerly assimilated advances in surgical techniques,
      anesthetic agents, critical care, nutrition, immunologic manipulation, and tissue
      preservation. Stimulated by increasingly successful results, the public appears
      to have slowly accepted the expense of this labor- and technology-intense
      therapy. The role of workers in this area is to strive not only to improve
      results but also to control costs.

PMID- 2405371
TI  - The fibromyalgia syndrome. Could you recognize and treat it?
AB  - Many of your patients may complain of innumerable "aches and pains." One possible
      diagnosis for these symptoms is the fibromyalgia syndrome, a common
      musculoskeletal condition. This article provides information to help you increase
      your ability to recognize, understand, and treat this condition.

PMID- 2405372
TI  - Coronary artery disease in the elderly.
AB  - Clearly, management of heart disease is quite different in the elderly than in
      younger patients, and it represents a significant problem in light of the
      increasing numbers of elderly patients. For physicians, the challenges are to
      recognize the many cardiac entities, to avoid the problems that can result from
      prescribing drugs in dosages similar to those given to younger patients, and to
      acquire a better understanding of cardiac anatomy and physiology associated with
      the aging process.

PMID- 2405373
TI  - The dangerous agitated patient. What to do right now.
AB  - Short-term management of the agitated patient involves the use of psychological,
      behavioral, diagnostic, and pharmacologic options. Knowledge of verbal
      interventions may help physicians prevent personal injury and destruction of
      property. Accurate diagnosis allows safe and effective pharmacologic
      intervention. Involuntary treatment in emergency situations is legal; however,
      clearly documenting all clinical events is essential.

PMID- 2405374
TI  - Proving penicillin allergy.
AB  - Allergic reactions to penicillin are usually short-lived and reversible, but they
      can be fatal. What causes these reactions? Can they be avoided? How is the risk
      of penicillin allergy evaluated? Drs Erffmeyer and Blaiss describe the full
      spectrum of allergic, immune, and nonimmune reactions to penicillin and discuss
      how to assess and treat patients with suspected penicillin allergy.

PMID- 2405375
TI  - The evolving challenge of Pneumocystis carinii. A deadly opportunist in AIDS.
AB  - Considerable progress has been made in the identification and treatment of
      Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS). Prophylaxis, either primary or secondary, represents a major advance and
      should be used appropriately by physicians caring for patients infected with
      human immunodeficiency virus. Yet with success come new challenges. Centers for
      treatment of AIDS that aggressively use prophylaxis have seen a shift toward
      severe illness due to other pathogens and generalized wasting. The strategies
      employed in combating P carinii pneumonia are likely to be tried against other
      AIDS-related infections.

PMID- 2405376
TI  - Home oxygen therapy. Why, when, and how to write a proper prescription.
AB  - Long-term oxygen therapy can be a lifeline for patients with chronic lung
      disease. Recent changes in Medicare reimbursement criteria have made it
      imperative that physicians understand all aspects of the treatment. In this
      article, Dr O'Donohue describes the indications for and benefits of home oxygen
      therapy and discusses prescribing problems and physician responsibility.

PMID- 2405377
TI  - Lowering cholesterol naturally.
AB  - Patients today are more likely than ever to seek advice about reducing
      cholesterol levels. Physicians can help by teaching patients how to cut down on
      saturated fats. However, as Dr. Nash points out, eating habits are difficult to
      change, especially for those who think that healthy foods have an unpleasant
      taste. This article discusses several dietary interventions that have been proven
      to reduce cholesterol levels and thus the risk of coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2405378
TI  - Tourette's syndrome. Tics, jerks, and quirks.
AB  - Over the past 20 years, public and physician awareness of tic disorders,
      including Tourette's syndrome, has increased remarkably. In fact, Tourette's
      syndrome is now "diagnosed" by many families before they consult a physician.
      Patients seek help not only for the involuntary movements and noises that
      characterize the illness but also for the accompanying learning, behavioral, and
      social problems. The authors of this article define the various tic disorders and
      discuss diagnosis and treatment of the most severe type, Tourette's syndrome.

PMID- 2405379
TI  - Iron deficiency anemia. How to diagnose and correct.
AB  - The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia has decreased in recent years because of
      improved dietary habits. Yet, iron deficiency anemia is still the most common
      anemia. Among mature adults, anemia of chronic disease is probably more common.
      Mean corpuscular volume and red cell distribution width, along with a peripheral
      smear examination, can often distinguish iron deficiency anemia from other common
      microcytic anemias, such as thalassemia minor. A normal serum iron level excludes
      iron deficiency anemia and indicates other causes for microcytic anemia. Often, a
      low serum iron level and total iron-binding capacity are due to chronic disease,
      and measurement of serum ferritin or a bone marrow stain for hemosiderin will be
      necessary to diagnose iron deficiency. Iron therapy to restore the red cell mass
      should be continued until iron stores are replenished.

PMID- 2405381
TI  - Reimbursement for drugs under third-party programs.

PMID- 2405380
TI  - Amplification of butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase genes in normal
      and tumor tissues: putative relationship to organophosphorous poisoning.
AB  - Cholinesterases are ubiquitous carboxylesterase type B enzymes capable of
      hydrolyzing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which are transiently expressed in
      multiple germline, embryonic, and tumor cells. The acute poisoning effects of
      various organophosphorous compounds are generally attributed to their
      irreversible covalent interaction with cholinesterases and block of their
      catalytic activities. We have recently found a de novo inheritable amplification
      of a CHE gene encoding defective butyrylcholinesterase (acylcholine acyl
      hydrolase; EC 3.1.1.8) in a family under prolonged exposure to the agricultural
      organophosphorous insecticide methyl parathion. Further analysis revealed that
      both the CHE and the ACHE genes, encoding acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine
      acetyl hydrolase; EC 3.1.1.7), are amplified in leukemias and platelet disorders
      and that the tumorigenic expression of these genes in ovarian carcinomas is
      associated with their frequent coamplification in these tumors. The amplification
      of CHE and ACHE genes in normal and tumor tissues might be analogous to the well
      known amplification of other genes encoding target proteins to toxic compounds.
      As such, it could provide cells a selection advantage when exposed to
      organophosphorous poisons. Further, since cholinesterases appear to play
      developmentally important roles in multiple cell types, the amplification and
      overexpression of their corresponding genes might affect fertility, be related to
      the progression of various tumor types, and bear upon the ecological and clinical
      risks involved with the common use of organophosphorous poisons.

PMID- 2405382
TI  - Myristoylation-dependent replication and assembly of human immunodeficiency virus
      1.
AB  - Covalent linkage of myristic acid to the N-terminal glycine residue of Pr55gag,
      the precursor of the major structural proteins of human immunodeficiency virus 1
      (HIV-1), facilitates an essential step in virus assembly and propagation.
      Substitution of the myristoyl-acceptor glycine with alanine, in a functional
      clone of HIV-1, eliminates virus replication. Complementation of this defect, in
      trans, restores infectious particle production. The nonmyristoylated (myr-) gag
      precursor accumulates in infected cells and is not processed into the mature
      capsid components of the intact virion. However, myr- Pr55gag can be processed by
      purified HIV protease in vitro, demonstrating that the myristoyl moiety is not
      required for cleavage by the protease. Myristoylation of Pr55gag is not necessary
      for localization but is required for stable membrane association and assembly of
      HIV-1.

PMID- 2405383
TI  - In vitro synthesis of selenocysteinyl-tRNA(UCA) from seryl-tRNA(UCA): involvement
      and characterization of the selD gene product.
AB  - The selD gene from Escherichia coli, whose product is involved in selenium
      metabolism, has been cloned and sequenced. selD codes for a protein of 347 amino
      acids with a calculated molecular weight of 36,687. Analysis of the selD gene
      product through expression of the gene in the phage T7 promoter/polymerase system
      confirmed the predicted molecular weight of the protein. Gene disruption
      experiments demonstrated that the SelD protein is required both for the
      incorporation of selenium into the modified nucleoside 5-methylaminomethyl-2
      selenouridine of tRNA and for the biosynthesis of selenocysteine from an L-serine
      residue esterbonded to tRNA(Ser)(UCA). tRNA(Ser)(UCA) has been purified,
      aminoacylated with L-serine, and used as a substrate for the development of an in
      vitro system for selenocysteine biosynthesis. Efficient formation of
      selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Ser)(UCA) was achieved by using extracts in which both the
      selD and the selA gene products were overproduced. The results demonstrate that
      selenocysteine is synthesized from L-serine bound to tRNA(UCA) and they are in
      accord with SelD functioning as a donor of reduced selenium.

PMID- 2405385
TI  - Wound-inducible nuclear protein binds DNA fragments that regulate a proteinase
      inhibitor II gene from potato.
AB  - Deletion analysis from the 3' to the 5' end of the promoter region of the wound
      inducible potato proteinase inhibitor IIK gene has identified a 421-base sequence
      at -136 to -557 that is necessary for expression. Utilizing DNA band-shift
      assays, a 10-base sequence within the 421-base region was found to bind a nuclear
      protein from wounded tomato leaves. This 10-base sequence is adjacent to an 8
      base consensus sequence at -147 to -155 that is present in the promoter region of
      several elicitor-inducible genes from various other plants. The evidence suggests
      that a complex set of cis- and trans-acting elements within the -136 to -165
      region of the potato IIK gene may be involved with the signaling mechanisms that
      regulate the inducibility of this gene in response to pest and pathogen attacks.

PMID- 2405384
TI  - Molecular relapse in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients after bone marrow
      transplantation detected by polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - Relapse of chronic myelogenous leukemia after bone marrow transplantation can be
      detected by using clinical, cytogenetic, or molecular tools. A modification of
      the polymerase chain reaction can be used in patients to detect low levels of the
      BCR-ABL-encoded mRNA transcript, a specific marker for chronic myelogenous
      leukemia. Early detection of relapse after bone marrow transplantation could
      potentially alter treatment decisions. We prospectively evaluated 19 patients for
      evidence of molecular relapse, cytogenetic relapse, and clinical relapse after
      bone marrow transplantation. We used the polymerase chain reaction to detect
      residual BCR-ABL mRNA in patients followed up to 45 months after treatment
      (median, 15 months; range, 6-45 months) and found 4 patients with BCR-ABL mRNA
      expression following bone marrow transplantation. In 2 patients BCR-ABL mRNA was
      detected in all samples, and both have developed cytogenetic relapse. In 1
      patient BCR-ABL mRNA was detected transiently during the first month after
      transplant but was undetectable thereafter. The fourth patient had BCR-ABL mRNA 6
      months after bone marrow transplantation but not in prior samples. Fifteen
      patients did not express detectable BCR-ABL mRNA. All 19 patients remain in
      clinical remission. In this prospective study of chronic myelogenous leukemia
      patients treated with bone marrow transplantation, molecular relapse preceded
      cytogenetic relapse in those patients who persistently express BCR-ABL mRNA. We
      recommend using standard clinical and cytogenetic testing to make patient care
      decisions until further follow-up determines the clinical outcome of those
      patients with residual BCR-ABL mRNA transcripts detected by polymerase chain
      reaction.

PMID- 2405386
TI  - Identification of essential histidine residues in the active site of Escherichia
      coli xylose (glucose) isomerase.
AB  - Two conserved histidine residues (His-101 and His-271) appear to be essential
      components in the active site of the enzyme xylose (glucose) isomerase (EC
      5.3.1.5). These amino acid residues were targeted for mutagenesis on the basis of
      sequence homology among xylose isomerases isolated from Escherichia coli,
      Bacillus subtilis, Ampullariella sp. strain 3876, and Streptomyces violaceus
      niger. Each residue was selectively replaced by site-directed mutagenesis and
      shown to be essential for activity. No measurable activity was observed for any
      mutations replacing either His-101 or His-271. Circular dichroism measurements
      revealed no significant change in the overall conformation of the mutant enzymes,
      and all formed dimers similar to the wild-type enzyme. Mutations at His-271 could
      be distinguished from those at His-101, since the former resulted in a
      thermolabile protein whereas no significant change in heat stability was observed
      for the latter. Based upon these results and structural data recently reported,
      we speculate that His-101 is the catalytic base mediating the reaction.
      Replacement of His-271 may render the enzyme thermolabile, since this residue
      appears to be a ligand for one of the metal ions in the active site of the
      enzyme.

PMID- 2405387
TI  - Isolation and structural characterization of a cDNA clone encoding the human DNA
      repair protein for O6-alkylguanine.
AB  - O6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT; DNA-O6-methylguanine:protein-L
      cysteine S-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.63), a unique DNA repair protein present
      in most organisms, removes the carcinogenic and mutagenic adduct O6-alkylguanine
      from DNA by stoichiometrically accepting the alkyl group on a cysteine residue in
      a suicide reaction. The mammalian protein is highly regulated in both somatic and
      germ-line cells. In addition, the toxicity of certain alkylating drugs in tumor
      and normal cells is inversely related to the levels of this protein. The cDNA of
      the human gene, henceforth named MGMT, has been cloned in an expression vector on
      the basis of its rescue of a methyltransferase-deficient (ada-) Escherichia coli
      host. A 22-kDa active methyltransferase encoded entirely by the cDNA contains an
      amino acid sequence of 61 residues that bears 60-65% similarity with segments of
      E. coli methyltransferase (products of the ada and ogt genes), which encompass
      the alkyl-acceptor residues. The human cDNA has no sequence similarity with the
      ada and ogt genes, due in part to differences in codon usage, and shows no
      detectable homology with E. coli genomic DNA. However, it hybridizes with
      distinct restriction fragments of human, mouse, and rat DNAs. The lack of
      methyltransferase observed in many human cell lines is due to the absence of the
      MGMT gene or to lack of synthesis and/or stability of its 0.95-kilobase poly(A)+
      RNA transcript.

PMID- 2405388
TI  - Specific patterns of oncogene activation in transplacentally induced tumors.
AB  - Transplacental exposure of rats to a single dose of the direct acting carcinogen
      methylnitrosourea (MNU) results in the induction of a variety of neoplasias of
      neuroectodermal, epithelial, and mesenchymal origin. Molecular analysis of the
      oncogenes present in these tumors revealed a striking degree of tissue
      specificity. neu oncogenes were found to be reproducibly activated in tumors
      derived from the peripheral nervous system (PNS), but not in those arising from
      the central nervous system (CNS). No ras oncogenes were found in either PNS- or
      CNS-derived tumors. However, Ha-ras oncogenes were detected in each of three
      mammary carcinomas and Ki-ras oncogenes were present in each of five kidney
      mesenchymal tumors. These results illustrate that phenotypic expression of
      activated oncogenes in vivo is not a random process and suggest that normal
      developmental programs may play an important role in modulating the activation of
      specific oncogenes by chemical carcinogens. PCR analysis revealed that each of
      the ras oncogenes detected in these transplacentally induced tumors became
      activated by the same G----A transition in the second base of codon 12. Since G--
      -A transitions are the preferred mutations induced by MNU, it is likely that
      these ras oncogenes may have been directly targeted by MNU during embryonic
      development.

PMID- 2405389
TI  - The regulatory mechanisms of human immunodeficiency virus replication predict
      multiple expression rates.
AB  - The qualitative nature of human immunodeficiency virus replication dynamics is
      examined by using the known action of regulatory proteins. The combination of
      activation of transcription by the Tat protein and the influence of the Rev
      protein on processing of RNA leads to a regulatory loop that can have multiple
      expression rates. In the lower state, the regulatory loop leads to low, or no,
      production of virus, which corresponds to its quiescent state. Conversely, when
      the regulatory loop is in the upper state, active production of virus is
      maintained over time. These features of the kinetic model have implications for
      both human immunodeficiency virus-related illness and therapeutics and predict
      testable experimental results in vitro.

PMID- 2405390
TI  - Mutations in c-Ki-ras oncogenes in diseased livers of winter flounder from Boston
      Harbor.
AB  - Livers of a natural population of winter flounder from a contaminated site in
      Boston Harbor were examined for the presence of oncogenes by transfection of DNA
      into NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts. Tissues analyzed contained histopathologic
      lesions including abnormal vacuolation, biliary proliferation, and, in many
      cases, hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinomas. Fibroblasts transfected
      with liver DNA samples from 7 of 13 diseased animals were effective in the
      induction of subcutaneous sarcomas in nude mice. Further analysis revealed the
      presence of flounder c-Ki-ras oncogenes in all 10 nude mouse subcutaneous tumors
      analyzed. Direct DNA sequencing and allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization
      following amplification of the tumor DNA by the polymerase chain reaction showed
      mutations in the 12th codon in this gene. Analysis of DNA from all nude mouse
      tumors as well as the livers from which they were derived showed mutations at
      this codon. The mutations comprised G.C----A.T or G.C----T.A base changes
      resulting in substitution of serine, valine, or cysteine for glycine. Liver DNA
      samples from five histologically normal livers of animals from a less polluted
      site were ineffective in the transfection assay and showed only wild-type DNA
      sequences (GGT) at the 12th codon of c-Ki-ras. The prevalence of mutations in
      this gene region was associated with the presence of liver lesions and could
      signify DNA damage resulting from environmental chemical exposure.

PMID- 2405391
TI  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae U1 small nuclear RNA secondary structure contains both
      universal and yeast-specific domains.
AB  - The five small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) involved in mammalian pre-mRNA splicing (U1,
      U2, U4, U5, and U6) are well conserved in length, sequence, and especially
      secondary structure. These five snRNAs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae show notable
      size and sequence differences from their metazoan counterparts. This is most
      striking for the large S. cerevisiae U1 and U2 snRNAs, for which no secondary
      structure models currently exist. Because of the importance of U1 snRNA in the
      early steps of "spliceosome" assembly, we wanted to compare the highly conserved
      secondary structure of metazoan U1 snRNA (approximately 165 nucleotides) with
      that of S. cerevisiae U1 snRNA (568 nucleotides). To this end, we have cloned and
      sequenced the U1 gene from two other yeast species possessing large U1 RNAs.
      Using computer-derived structure predictions, phylogenetic comparisons, and
      structure probing, we have arrived at a secondary structure model for S.
      cerevisiae U1 snRNA. The results show that most elements of higher eukaryotic U1
      snRNA secondary structure are conserved in S. cerevisiae. The hundreds of "extra"
      nucleotides of yeast U1 RNA, also highly structured, suggest that large
      insertions and/or deletions have occurred during the evolution of the U1 gene.

PMID- 2405392
TI  - Dominant lethal mutations in a conserved loop in 16S rRNA.
AB  - The 530 stem-loop region in 16S rRNA is among the most phylogenetically conserved
      structural elements in all rRNAs, yet its role in protein synthesis remains
      mysterious. G-530 is protected from kethoxal attack when tRNA, or its 15
      nucleotide anticodon stem-loop fragment, is bound to the ribosomal A site. Based
      on presently available evidence, however, this region is believed to be too
      remote from the decoding site for this protection to be the result of direct
      contact. In this study, we use a conditional rRNA expression system to
      demonstrate that plasmid-encoded 16S rRNA genes carrying A, C, and T point
      mutations at position G-530 confer a dominant lethal phenotype when expressed in
      Escherichia coli. Analysis of the distribution of plasmid-encoded 16S rRNA in
      ribosomal particles, following induction of the A-530 mutation, shows that mutant
      rRNA is present both in 30S subunits and in 70S ribosomes. Little mutant rRNA is
      found in polyribosomes, however, indicating that the mutant ribosomes are
      severely impaired at the stage of polysome formation and/or stability. Detailed
      chemical probing of mutant ribosomal particles reveals no evidence of structural
      perturbation within the 16S rRNA. Taken together, these results argue for the
      direct participation of G-530 in ribosomal function and, furthermore, suggest
      that the dominant lethal phenotype caused by these mutations is due primarily to
      the mutant ribosomes blocking a crucial step in protein synthesis after
      translational initiation.

PMID- 2405393
TI  - Molecular and functional characterization of the promoter of ETS2, the human c
      ets-2 gene.
AB  - The 5' end of the human c-ets-2 gene, ETS2, was cloned and characterized. The
      major transcription initiation start sites were identified, and the pertinent
      sequences surrounding the ETS2 promoter were determined. The promoter region of
      ETS2 does not possess typical "TATA" and "CAAT" elements. However, this promoter
      contains several repeat regions, as well as two consensus AP2 binding sites and
      three putative Sp1 sites. There is also a palindromic region similar to the serum
      response element of the c-fos gene, located 1400 base pairs (bp) upstream from
      the first major transcription initiation site. A G + C-rich sequence (GC element)
      with dyad symmetry can be seen in the ETS2 promoter, immediately following an
      unusually long (approximately 250-bp) polypurine-polypyrimidine tract. A series
      of deletion fragments from the putative promoter region were ligated in front of
      the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene and tested for activity
      following transfection into HeLa cells. The 5' boundary of the region needed for
      maximum promoter activity was found to be 159 bp upstream of the major initiation
      site. This region of 159 bp contains putative binding sites for transcription
      factors Sp1 and AP2 (one for each), the GC element, one small forward repeat, one
      inverted repeat, and half of the polypurine-pyrimidine tract. The promoter of
      ETS2 (within the polypyrimidine tract) serves to illustrate an alternative
      structure that may be present in genes with "TATA-less" promoters.

PMID- 2405394
TI  - Site-specific DNA recombination system Min of plasmid p15B: a cluster of
      overlapping invertible DNA segments.
AB  - Plasmid p15B of Escherichia coli 15T- carries a 3.5-kilobase segment that
      undergoes frequent DNA inversion mediated by the DNA inversion enzyme Min, a
      member of the Din family of site-specific recombinases. While the previously
      described Din inversion systems invert a DNA segment between two crossover sites
      in inverted orientation, the Min system produces more complex DNA rearrangements.
      These have been physically characterized by electron microscopy and by
      restriction cleavage analysis. The results can best be explained by a model that
      involves six crossover sites (called mix) and predicts 240 isomeric forms of the
      invertible region. The model was confirmed by sequencing the six mix sites in
      plasmids that contain the invertible DNA segments in a frozen configuration. All
      mix sites fit the dix consensus sequence, and they are all good substrates for
      DNA inversion when carried in inverted orientation. Recombination between two mix
      sites in direct orientation was rare, in line with the notion that Din inversion
      systems are topologically biased to the inversion reaction. Another recently
      described multiple inversion system, the shufflon of the E. coli plasmid R64, is
      neither functionally nor structurally related to the Min system of p15B.

PMID- 2405395
TI  - Neoplastic transformation of immortalized human epidermal keratinocytes by
      ionizing radiation.
AB  - Efforts to investigate the progression of events that cause human cells to become
      neoplastic in response to ionizing radiation have been aided by the development
      of tissue culture systems of epithelial cells. In the present study,
      nontumorigenic human epidermal keratinocytes immortalized by adenovirus type 12
      and simian virus 40 have been transformed by exposure to x-ray irradiation. Such
      transformants showed morphological alterations, formed colonies in soft agar, and
      induced carcinomas when transplanted into nude mice, whereas primary human
      epidermal keratinocytes exposed to radiation in this manner failed to show any
      evidence of transformation. These findings demonstrate the malignant
      transformation of human primary epithelial cells in culture by the combined
      action of a DNA tumor virus and radiation, indicating a multistep process for
      radiation-induced neoplastic conversion. This in vitro system may be useful as a
      tool for dissecting the process of radiation-induced neoplastic transformation of
      human epithelial cells and for detecting previously unreported human oncogenes.

PMID- 2405396
TI  - Specific interaction of the human immunodeficiency virus Rev protein with a
      structured region in the env mRNA.
AB  - A region of potential complex secondary structure within the human
      immunodeficiency virus env mRNA has been implicated in Rev-mediated export of
      viral structural mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. By using an RNase
      protection gel-mobility-shift assay, we demonstrate that purified Rev protein
      forms a stable complex with this Rev-responsive RNA. RNAs with mutations designed
      to disrupt formation of a predicted stem structure no longer interact with Rev.
      However, Rev binding is restored upon annealing of the two complementary RNAs
      that make up the stem. These results suggest that direct interaction of Rev with
      the Rev-responsive element could facilitate transport of human immunodeficiency
      virus structural mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

PMID- 2405397
TI  - Systematic screening of yeast artificial-chromosome libraries by use of the
      polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - We have developed an approach for screening ordered arrays of yeast artificial
      chromosome (YAC) clones containing human DNA that is based on the polymerase
      chain reaction (PCR). This approach is designed to determine the locations of
      positive clones within a YAC library that is stored as individual clones in 96
      well microtiter plates. The high sensitivity and specificity of the PCR allow the
      detection of target sequences in DNA prepared from pools of 1920 or more YAC
      clones. The PCR-based screening protocol is performed in two successive stages,
      which effectively limit the location of a positive clone to four microtiter
      plates (384 clones). Final localization of each positive clone is accomplished by
      conventional DNA.DNA hybridization using a single filter containing the YAC
      clones from the appropriate four microtiter plates. This PCR-based screening
      strategy has proven highly efficient, allowing the identification and isolation
      of numerous YAC clones containing specific human genes. The prospects of
      developing a strategy for screening YAC libraries based completely on PCR assays
      are discussed, as are the potential applications of this approach to the
      systematic analysis of the human genome.

PMID- 2405398
TI  - Expression cloning of a cDNA encoding the murine interleukin 4 receptor based on
      ligand binding.
AB  - Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a potent mediator of growth and differentiation for
      various lymphoid and myeloid cells. To isolate a cDNA encoding the murine IL-4
      receptor, we have developed an expression cloning method that uses biotinylated
      ligand as a probe and that may be generally applicable to cloning of receptor
      genes. COS-7 cells transiently transfected with the cloned full-length cDNA bind
      murine IL-4 specifically with a Kd = 165 pM. Crosslinking of 125I-labeled IL-4 to
      COS-7 cells transfected with the cDNA reveals binding to proteins of 120-140 kDa.
      IL-4-responsive cells also express IL-4-binding proteins of 120-140 kDa but show
      additional bands at 60-70 kDa; the relationship of the smaller proteins to the
      larger ones is unclear. The nucleotide sequence indicates that the full-length
      cDNA encodes 810 amino acids including the signal sequence. While no consensus
      sequence for protein kinases is present in the cytoplasmic domain, a sequence
      comparison with the erythropoietin receptor, the IL-6 receptor, and the beta
      chain of the IL-2 receptor reveals a significant homology in the extracellular
      domain, indicating that the IL-4 receptor is a member of a cytokine receptor
      family.

PMID- 2405399
TI  - Suppression of meiosis of male germ cells by an antagonist of luteinizing hormone
      releasing hormone.
AB  - Male nude mice were implanted with osmotic minipumps releasing 50 micrograms of a
      potent antagonist of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) per day [N-Ac
      [D-Nal(2)1,D-Phe(pCl)2,D-Pal(3)3,D-Cit6,D-Ala10]LH-RH] (SB-75) [Nal(2), 3-(2
      naphthyl)alanine; Phe(pCl), 4-chlorophenylalanine; Pal(3), 3-(3-pyridyl)alanine;
      Cit, citrulline], or they were treated with s.c. injections of SB-75 (25
      micrograms twice a day). Another group of nude mice received an injection of
      microcapsules of the agonist [D-Trp6]LH-RH liberating 25 micrograms/day. One
      month after the initiation of treatment, the testicular weights were
      significantly reduced and the blood testosterone values were at castration levels
      in all treated groups. Histologically, only the testicles of the mice treated
      with SB-75 released from minipumps showed a significant decrease of meiosis. The
      most advanced forms of germ cells were spermatogonia in 26%, spermatocytes in
      17%, and round spermatids in 35% of the seminiferous tubules. Only 22% of the
      tubules contained elongated spermatids. The suppression of meiotic activity by
      this modern LH-RH antagonist can possibly be used for the development of methods
      for male contraception and for the protection of germ cells against the damage
      caused by cytotoxic drugs and x-radiation.

PMID- 2405401
TI  - Endotoxin extends survival of adult mice in hyperoxia.
AB  - Research on endotoxin protection from oxygen toxicity is presently limited to the
      rat model since only rats have been protected by endotoxin. This study reports
      that endotoxin also extends survival of adult male mice in hyperoxia (greater
      than 99% oxygen at 1 ATA). Initially, 4-month-old male mice were treated with
      Boivin-extracted E. coli endotoxin and placed in hyperoxia. Zymosan-primed mice
      receiving 2 or 10 micrograms endotoxin, and unprimed mice receiving 10-40
      micrograms endotoxin, showed moderate protection against hyperoxia; 11/15 Boivin
      treated mice survived 120 hours exposure to hyperoxia with time-of-death in
      hyperoxia = 126.7 +/- 4.4 hours (mean +/- SEM, n = 15). This contrasts with
      untreated male mice; 0/4 survived 120 hours exposure to hyperoxia with mean
      survival = 103.5 +/- 3.5 hours. Mice receiving 20 or 60 micrograms Westphal
      extracted endotoxin were not protected nor were older female mice receiving 20
      micrograms Boivin-extracted endotoxin. This study suggests that age, sex, the
      extraction method used to obtain endotoxin, and possibly the time of year when
      endotoxin is administered, are important variables in allowing endotoxin to
      extend survival of mice in hyperoxia.

PMID- 2405400
TI  - Prevention of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by tumor necrosis factor (TNF):
      similarities between TNF-alpha and interleukin 1.
AB  - The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the pathogenesis of
      autoimmune diabetes mellitus was tested in the nonobese mouse (NOD) model system.
      The effects of TNF-alpha were assessed on three levels: (i) insulitis
      development, (ii) development of overt diabetes, (iii) adoptive transfer of
      diabetes by splenic lymphocytes. Spontaneous diabetes mellitus was blocked in NOD
      mice by long-term treatment with recombinant TNF-alpha. Treatment with TNF-alpha
      caused a significant reduction in the lymphocytic infiltration associated with
      the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. Class II major
      histocompatibility complex Ia expression by islet cells was not up-regulated by
      TNF-alpha. Moreover, TNF-alpha was able to suppress the induction of diabetes in
      adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from diabetic female mice to young nondiabetic
      male NOD mice. These activities of TNF-alpha were shared by interleukin 1 alpha
      in this system. These studies have implications for the pathogenesis and therapy
      of autoimmune diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2405403
TI  - Alcohol and unsafe sex: an overview of research and theory.

PMID- 2405402
TI  - Receptor modulation as a primary target of the immunological effects of alcohol
      and other drugs of abuse.

PMID- 2405404
TI  - Chronic alcohol consumption prevents the sepsis-induced increases in
      gluconeogenesis and metabolic clearance rate.

PMID- 2405405
TI  - Ethanol and survival of Mycobacterium avium complex within macrophages.

PMID- 2405406
TI  - Clinical and immunologic spectrum of HIV infection in infants and children and
      disease pathogenesis.

PMID- 2405407
TI  - Effects of morphine, cocaine, and heroin on nutrition.

PMID- 2405408
TI  - Vitamin and trace metal disturbances in alcoholism: potential effects on the
      immune system.

PMID- 2405409
TI  - Ethanol induced malnutrition, a potential cause of immunosuppression during AIDS.

PMID- 2405410
TI  - Interaction between alcohol and HIV in the central nervous system detected by the
      auditory brainstem response: methodology.

PMID- 2405411
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus infections in alcoholics.

PMID- 2405412
TI  - The search for cofactors in AIDS, including an analysis of the association of
      nitrite inhalant abuse and Kaposi's sarcoma.
AB  - The identification of cofactors in AIDS is a challenging scientific task. If
      successful, identifying cofactors could prove valuable in understanding the
      pathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS and in the development of strategies to
      prolong survival and/or prevent complications in HIV-infected individuals. There
      is sufficient evidence to suggest the existence of a cofactor in KS in AIDS.
      Nitrite inhalants remain a leading candidate to be the KS cofactor. Until more is
      known to document or refute this specific virus-drug interaction hypothesis in
      the pathogenesis of KS in AIDS, clinicians should encourage their patients to
      avoid use of nitrite inhalants. This article was prepared by a Federal Government
      employee as part of official duties; therefore, the material is in the public
      domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission.

PMID- 2405413
TI  - Early concepts on the role of nutrition, diet & longevity.

PMID- 2405414
TI  - Advisability (or lack of it) of lipid lowering diets for the elderly.

PMID- 2405415
TI  - Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease.

PMID- 2405416
TI  - Alcoholism and associated malnutrition in the elderly.

PMID- 2405417
TI  - Vitamins, nutrition and aging.

PMID- 2405418
TI  - Nutritional anemias in the elderly.

PMID- 2405419
TI  - Aging and the heart.

PMID- 2405420
TI  - The role of trace elements in the aging process.

PMID- 2405422
TI  - Nutritional effects on hepatic drug metabolism in the elderly.

PMID- 2405421
TI  - Dietary factors that can impair calcium and zinc nutriture of the elderly.

PMID- 2405423
TI  - Protein and amino acid metabolism with reference to aging and the elderly.
AB  - In this short review, selected aspects of body protein and amino-acid metabolism
      during aging in human subjects have been explored. There is a progressive
      diminution of total body protein with aging, due largely to a loss of skeletal
      muscle protein. These changes are accompanied by a shift in the overall pattern
      of whole body protein synthesis and breakdown, with muscle mass estimated to
      account for about 30 percent of whole body protein turnover in the young adult,
      as compared with a lower value of 20 percent or less in elderly subjects. There
      is no evidence that the loss of muscle protein is related to a reduced "amino
      acid tolerance" to insulin, since leucine-insulin metabolic relationships appear
      to remain intact during advancing adult age. However, because skeletal muscle
      mass plays an important role in the response to body protein and amino-acid
      metabolism to stress, such as that due to infection or trauma, this decline in
      the contribution of muscle to total body protein metabolism might be a factor
      responsible for the reduced ability of older people to withstand such unfavorable
      circumstances. Recent observations on the importance of muscle as a source of
      glutamine that is essential for immune cell function support this contention. The
      dietary requirements for individual essential and for total protein are limited
      and often contradictory (see, for example, Young, et al, 1982). However, elderly
      individuals are more likely to be affected by various biological, environmental
      and social factors, which would generally increase protein and amino acid needs
      above those for younger adults. Thus, in practice, the protein needs in the
      elderly are likely to be higher than those in the young. The decline in energy
      intake, together with its possible consequences for reducing the efficiency of
      dietary protein utilization, also will tend to increase the protein need for
      elderly subjects, relative to that for physically more active young adults. Until
      more data become available, it is recommended, for food planning purposes, that
      an appropriate protein allowance would be about 15 percent of the total energy
      intake, for mixed food protein sources characteristic of the diets of
      industrialized countries. Epidemiological surveys of the protein nutritional
      status of healthy, free living elderly subjects and of institutionalized
      individuals without clinically apparent terminal or wasting illness are
      consistent with this recommendation.

PMID- 2405424
TI  - Diet and cancer.

PMID- 2405425
TI  - Nutrition is an important determinant of immunity in old age.

PMID- 2405426
TI  - Pre-digestion problems in the elderly.

PMID- 2405427
TI  - Factors affecting the nutritional situation in the elderly outside and inside
      hospital.

PMID- 2405428
TI  - Effects of aging on gastrointestinal hormones.

PMID- 2405429
TI  - Relationships between nutrition in early life and late outcomes including
      osteoporosis.

PMID- 2405430
TI  - Health implications of overweight in the elderly.

PMID- 2405431
TI  - Molecular genetics of the P-450 superfamily.

PMID- 2405432
TI  - Drug interactions with calcium antagonists.

PMID- 2405433
TI  - Pharmacogenetics of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH).

PMID- 2405434
TI  - Factors influencing the metabolism of diazepam.

PMID- 2405435
TI  - Sulfotransferase pharmacogenetics.

PMID- 2405436
TI  - Purification and characterization of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450.

PMID- 2405437
TI  - Enzyme induction in the cytochrome P-450 system.

PMID- 2405438
TI  - Purification and characterization of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes from lung
      tissue.

PMID- 2405439
TI  - Enantiomer specific pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 2405440
TI  - Pharmacogenetics of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH).

PMID- 2405441
TI  - Treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection.

PMID- 2405442
TI  - Protection against free radical injury by selenoenzymes.

PMID- 2405443
TI  - Genetic polymorphism of trimethylamine N-oxidation.

PMID- 2405444
TI  - Animal models of depression: an overview.

PMID- 2405445
TI  - A 5-year history of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons,
      1984-1988.

PMID- 2405446
TI  - Severe claustrophobia in a patient requiring hyperbaric oxygen treatment.

PMID- 2405447
TI  - Use of anticonvulsants for manic depression during pregnancy.

PMID- 2405448
TI  - Somatization and depression.
AB  - The majority of depressed patients complaining of physical symptoms first present
      to general practitioners. This article reviews the frequency of association
      between somatization and depression and the links between them. The need to
      prevent persistent somatization is emphasized.

PMID- 2405449
TI  - Use of antidepressants in medically ill older patients.
AB  - Major depression is common in older medical patients, and it can exert a
      deleterious effect on the treatment, course, and outcome of physical illnesses.
      Tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and psychosocial interventions
      often play a role in the treatment of depressed medically ill patients, but well
      founded doubts about the efficacy and the safety of TCAs in older, frail medical
      patients have developed. Based on a review of current knowledge about
      antidepressant use in these patients, the authors recommend the cautious use of
      TCAs in medically ill older patients until more data are available.

PMID- 2405450
TI  - Psychosocial effects on immune function: neuroendocrine pathways.
AB  - Psychoneuroimmunology represents the newest interdisciplinary endeavor relevant
      to psychosomatic medicine. Work in this area is particularly exciting because it
      promises to reveal a more unified view of the individual and the complex
      interactions between social, psychological, neural, endocrinological,
      immunological, and genetic factors that contribute to disease. This article
      reviews the major biological pathways implicated in the psychosocial modulation
      of immune function and disease resistance.

PMID- 2405451
TI  - Organ transplant psychiatry: psychiatry's role in the second gift of life.

PMID- 2405452
TI  - Trehalose dimycolate enhances survival of fission neutron-irradiated mice and
      Klebsiella pneumoniae-challenged irradiated mice.
AB  - The survival of B6D2F1 female mice exposed to lethal doses of fission neutron
      radiation is increased when trehalose dimycolate (TDM) preparations are given
      either 1 h after exposure or 1 day before exposure to radiation. TDM in an
      emulsion of squalene, Tween 80, and saline was the most effective formulation for
      increasing the 30-day survival of mice when given 1 day before (90%) or 1 h after
      (88%) exposure to radiation. An aqueous suspension of a synthetic analog of TDM
      was less effective at increasing 30-day survival (60%) when given 1 day prior to
      radiation exposure and not effective when given 1 h after radiation. Mice
      receiving a sublethal dose (3.5 Gy) of fission neutron radiation and either the
      TDM emulsion or synthetic TDM 1 h after irradiation were substantially more
      resistant to challenge with 10, 100, 1000, or 5000 times the LD50/30 dose of
      Klebsiella pneumoniae than untreated mice.

PMID- 2405453
TI  - Left ventricular filling dynamics and diastolic function.

PMID- 2405454
TI  - Clinical evaluation of left ventricular diastolic performance.
AB  - Diastole can be divided into four phases: isovolumic relaxation, early filling,
      diastasis, and atrial systole. The amount of LV filling that occurs during each
      of these phases depends on myocardial relaxation, the passive characteristics of
      the LV, the characteristics of the left atrium, pulmonary veins, and mitral
      valve, and the heart rate. When diastolic function is normal, the net effect of
      these factors results in an LV filling sufficient to produce an adequate cardiac
      output, while mean pulmonary venous pressure is maintained below 12 mm Hg. In the
      absence of systolic dysfunction, abnormal diastolic performance is usually due to
      abnormal relaxation and/or changes in the passive LV characteristics. Invasive
      studies can quantitate the rate of myocardial relaxation and the LV diastolic
      pressure-volume relation. More recently, RNA and Doppler echocardiography have
      been used to noninvasively evaluate diastolic performance by determining the
      pattern of LV diastolic filling. At rest, most LV filling occurs early in
      diastole. Conditions that produce diastolic dysfunction, such as LV hypertrophy
      and ischemia, are associated with reduced early diastolic filling and an
      augmented importance of atrial systole. It is important to recognize that such
      patterns can occur in patients who do not have clinically apparent diastolic
      dysfunction and in normals. Furthermore, a normal pattern can occur in patients
      who have severe diastolic dysfunction. A reduced early diastolic filling, in the
      absence of pulmonary congestion, indicates the loss of diastolic reserve, since
      the left atrium is being used as a booster pump. This pattern of diastolic
      filling in a patient who has symptoms of pulmonary congestion may suggest
      diastolic dysfunction, even if the systolic LV performance is normal. Since
      diastolic filling of the LV results from a complex interplay of factors, it is
      unlikely that a single, easily interpreted index of LV diastolic performance will
      ever be developed. However, the recent development of a noninvasive evaluation of
      the pattern of LV diastolic filling by RNA or Doppler echocardiography is an
      important advance. When interpreted with an understanding of the determinants of
      LV filling and the patient's clinical status, these noninvasive tests can
      contribute to the rational assessment of LV diastolic performance.

PMID- 2405455
TI  - Clinical assessment of diastolic function.

PMID- 2405456
TI  - Therapeutic sleep deprivation in depressives, restricted to the two nocturnal
      hours between 3:00 and 5:00.
AB  - 1. In 33 patients with a depressive syndrome the effects of partial SD restricted
      to the 2 hours between 3:00 and 5:00 in the morning was compared to that of no SD
      (= undisturbed sleep, n = 17) and total SD (n = 16) in a balanced crossover
      design. 2. Partial SD had a moderate antidepressant effect which is, however,
      clearly inferior to that of total SD. 3. Reasons for the scarceness of the effect
      may be an inappropriate timing of this 2-hr SD period (which seems improbable),
      too short a duration of SD, or the resumption of sleep at 5 o'clock. 4.
      "Intermediate" SD in the form it was used here represents no therapeutic
      advantage as we had expected. Its moderate effects lend support to the hypothesis
      that sleep disturbance is a sign of (mostly insufficient) restorative or self
      healing efforts of the depressive organism.

PMID- 2405457
TI  - Environmental chemistry of ethylene dibromide in soil and ground water.
AB  - Ethylene dibromide is a ground water pollutant principally as a result of its use
      as a soil pesticide and secondarily from spills or leaks of leaded gasoline in
      which it is an additive. The compound has been found in over 1900 wells in 4
      countries: Japan, Israel, Australia, and the United States (10 states), typically
      at concentrations of 0.04-4 micrograms/L. The overall rate of detections in
      suspected areas is about 13%. Its use as a soil fumigant was banned in the US in
      1983 because of its carcinogenicity. Concern over gasoline as a source should
      diminish as leaded fuels all but disappear from the market in many countries. The
      voluminous research and regulatory attention devoted to EDB has generated a
      picture, if not an entirely clear one, of how EDB behaves in the environment and
      what we can expect for the future. EDB is volatile, moderately water soluble, and
      has only weak equilibrium sorptive affinity for soil. Transport to ground water
      occurs by both vapor-phase diffusion and by advection with infiltrating water,
      depending on soil properties and precipitation and irrigation patterns. Models
      describing these processes have been developed and validated in part by
      laboratory experiments, but the complexity and heterogeneity of the field makes
      predictions difficult there. As with other pesticides, experience indicates that
      areas with permeable soils and shallow water tables are most vulnerable. However,
      EDB seems to have penetrated many tens of meters of unsaturated zone in some
      cases to reach the water table. Transport in ground water occurs with bulk water
      flow, subject to hydrodynamic dispersion effects common to all solutes, and
      subject to sorptive retardation. From equilibrium sorption partition
      coefficients, plume migration is likely to be a factor of 2-4 slower than bulk
      water flow. Hydrolysis is the most important abiotic reaction. The reaction is
      independent of pH in the range 4-9 and is probably uncatalyzed by particle
      surfaces. Both SN1 and SN2 mechanisms have been proposed. Estimates of the half
      life range from 2-4 yr at 22-25 degrees C, to around two decades at 10 degrees C.
      These temperatures approximate subsurface conditions in warm climates (e.g.,
      Florida) and temperate climates (e.g., New England), respectively. The major
      products are ethylene glycol and bromide ion. Both are of little concern at low
      concentrations. Vinyl bromide, which is a suspected carcinogen, is a minor
      product in lab studies, but so far there are no reports linking its presence with
      EDB in the field.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2405458
TI  - Organic and inorganic components in estuarine colloids: implications for sorption
      and transport of pollutants.
AB  - In colloids isolated from Chesapeake Bay and its subestuaries the concentrations
      of Al, Fe, and a number of trace elements were determined to vary with the clay
      mineral fraction that was most abundant in freshwater samples collected during
      the winter. The elements As, Ba, Sb, and Zn, however, increased with increasing
      organic content, indicating a covariance with the organic component. Organic
      analyses for amino acids (proteins), carbohydrates, and lipids indicate that
      these biopolymers comprised 4 to 22%, 20 to 60%, and less than 1%, respectively,
      of the colloidal organic carbon in these samples. The results are significant
      because amino acids and carbohydrates contain oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
      functional groups capable of reacting with trace metals and organic pollutants.
      The sorption properties of several neutral hydrophobic organic compounds,
      including PAHs and herbicides, and several aromatic amines were investigated
      using the estuarine colloidal material. The effects of several environmental
      variables on these sorption properties were determined. The results indicate that
      colloids have the capacity to sorb and transport relatively insoluble pollutants
      that otherwise might remain immobile in the environment. Colloidal organic matter
      in natural water systems (lakes, rivers, estuaries and the oceans, as well as
      groundwater) may serve as substrates for the sorption or binding of organic
      contaminants. Although most of the data has been developed using neutral
      hydrophobic organic compounds, data also exist for selected polar compound groups
      such as aromatic amines. The chemical behavior of these compound groups in
      interaction with DOM appears to have some similarity to their chemical
      interaction with sediments and soils. Partitioning constants are linear, except
      for polar compounds, and appear to be closely correlated to fundamental compound
      properties such as solubilities and octanol-water partition coefficients. Even
      though a variety of methods were used to collect the colloids for study and to
      determine partition coefficients, no single method appears to be superior.
      Ultrafiltration techniques appear to be optimal for collecting the colloids,
      since this method subjects the materials to less extreme chemical conditions than
      the preparation of humic extracts, whereas equilibrium techniques such as
      dialysis and head space analysis appear to yield the best results for
      partitioning constants. However, each of these techniques has limitations with
      respect to the classes of compounds that can be studied successfully.

PMID- 2405459
TI  - Ethylene dibromide: toxicology and risk assessment.
AB  - Since the 1920s ethylene dibromide's (EDB's) primary use has been as a scavenger
      of lead compounds in gasoline. Gasoline evaporation contributed to EDB emissions
      into the environment. In 1973, the United States Environmental Protection Agency
      (EPA) issued regulations to reduce the use of leaded gasoline and this has
      resulted in lower EDB usage and emissions. In addition, EDB has been used
      extensively as a fumigant since 1948. Its volatility and versatility, based on
      chemical and biocidal properties, led to its use as a soil sterilant, as a spot
      fumigant of grain milling machinery, and as a control agent in grain, fruit and
      vegetable infestations. In 1977 the EPA began a review of EDB's pesticidal uses
      which eventually led to its cancellation for most agricultural applications.
      Disposal of EDB and contamination of water supplies remain major environmental
      concerns. EDB can be absorbed via the dermal, oral and inhalation routes. It
      appears to be metabolized in vivo by an oxidative pathway (cytochrome P-450) and
      a conjugation pathway (glutathione S-transferase). The metabolites play an
      important role in exerting its toxicity. Few human poisonings have been reported
      from either acute or chronic exposure. However, EDB is irritating to the skin and
      eyes. Limited information indicates that EDB can damage the liver and kidneys
      following extensive or prolonged exposure. The genotoxicity of EDB has been
      clearly demonstrated. It binds to DNA in vivo and in vitro, and a DNA adduct has
      been identified. EDB has been shown to be mutagenic in numerous bacterial assays,
      in fungi, in plants, in insects, and in mammalian cell culture. Some evidence
      indicates that EDB can cause sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal
      aberrations. EDB is a reproductive toxin, but it does not appear to be
      teratogenic. It has been shown to affect spermatogenesis in rats, bulls and rams
      and to affect fertility in fowl. Human studies indicate that EDB exposure may
      harm sperm and decrease fertility. The toxic effect of greatest concern that may
      result from EDB exposure is cancer. In rats and mice, EDB produced tumors at the
      application site and at distant sites. When given orally, EDB has produced tumors
      in the forestomach, lung, and the circulatory system. When administered by
      inhalation, EDB produced tumors in the nasal cavity, lung, and the circulatory
      system. Dermal application of EDB produced skin and lung tumors. Analyses of
      risks from EDB exposure have focused on potential carcinogenic effects. Initial
      risk estimates, based on animal studies, indicated that citrus workers had
      essentially a 100% chance of contracting cancer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2405460
TI  - Analysis of the kinetics, isotype and specificity of serum and coproantibody in
      lambs infected with Cryptosporidium parvum.
AB  - Enteric cryptosporidiosis was studied in colostrum-deprived lambs each infected
      at five days old with 10(6) oocysts. The prepatent period was three to five days
      and faecal oocyst concentration fell below detectable levels by day 16 after
      infection. Specific IgA, the only isotype detected by immunofluorescent assay in
      faecal extracts from infected lambs, was first evident on day 10 and titres
      continued to rise until day 16 of infection in association with declining oocyst
      output. Specific IgM and IgG antibodies were first detected in serum seven days
      after infection. No specific antibody was detected in uninfected control lambs.
      Immunoblotting methods showed that serum antibody and faecal IgA had similar
      profiles of antigen recognition. Antigens with approximate molecular weights of
      180,000, 23,000 and 15,000 were consistent features on immunoblots performed with
      convalescent sera and faecal extracts. The results suggest that specific IgA in
      intestinal secretions has an important role in immunity to cryptosporidiosis.

PMID- 2405461
TI  - [From stone trephine to robots, 5000 years of neurosurgery].
AB  - Only a century has elapsed since the first serious surgical interventions on the
      human brain were undertaken; man has however sought to understand its structure
      and function for several thousand years in order to reach therapeutic
      consequences. A few highlights of brain research and neurosurgery from the
      neolithic to current times are described along with the prevailing views and
      technologies. Parallels are drawn with examples from clock making. An outlook to
      computer aided surgery (CAS) combining modern imaging techniques with data
      processing and technical operative innovation is given.

PMID- 2405463
TI  - Clinicopathologic studies of gastric carcinoma.
AB  - We reviewed the clinical and pathologic experiences of gastric carcinoma cases
      seen in our department. Early diagnostics of the carcinomas were documented,
      especially in the cases of small gastric carcinoma, carcinoma of the gastric
      cardia, and in cases of young patients. The importance of lymphadenectomy in
      surgical treatment was emphasized as a cure for patients with gastric carcinoma.
      The surgical treatment and results for far advanced cases were also demonstrated.
      Several pathologic factors related to prognosis were shown; these included growth
      patterns, special gross or histologic types, stromal reactions,
      immunohistochemical studies, and others. We emphasize that a full understanding
      of the pathologic characteristics of gastric carcinoma is indispensable for
      providing adequate treatment.

PMID- 2405462
TI  - [Efficacy of 2 antiseptics intended for the disinfection of normal skin].
AB  - In Switzerland, antiseptics must be checked for their "in use" efficacy before
      being admitted by the Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH). Betadine solution
      standardized and Merfen tincture widely used in Swiss hospitals for skin
      disinfection, were compared following federal prescriptions. Tests were performed
      by the technique of Williamson and Kligman modified by Fleurette and Transy.
      After comparison of statistical data (t test at 5% probability) we concluded that
      both products in these defined conditions present similar efficacy and obey to
      prescriptions of FOPH.

PMID- 2405464
TI  - Treatment of endocarditis caused by relatively resistant nonenterococcal
      streptococci: is penicillin enough?
AB  - Most cases of endocarditis are caused by nonenterococcal streptococci. Some of
      these organisms are classified as relatively resistant to penicillin on the basis
      of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) greater than 0.1-0.2 microgram/mL.
      Almost all authorities recommend that endocarditis caused by relatively resistant
      streptococci be treated with high doses of penicillin combined with 2-6 weeks of
      an aminoglycoside rather than the potentially shorter, less toxic, and more
      flexible regimens used for exquisitely sensitive streptococci (MIC, less than 0.1
      0.2 microgram of penicillin/mL). The data to support this recommendation are
      limited and inconclusive. We review the relevant clinical experience,
      experimental models, and theoretical considerations. Penicillin alone is probably
      adequate therapy for most cases of native valve endocarditis caused by relatively
      resistant streptococci; in certain patients, it may be the preferred treatment.

PMID- 2405465
TI  - Report of a symposium on use and abuse of antibiotics worldwide.
AB  - A collaborative symposium of the Quality of Care and Technologies Programme of
      the World Health Organization's Regional Office for Europe and the Department of
      Hospital Epidemiology of the University Hospital, Freiburg, was held in Freiburg,
      FRG, in September 1988 to consider the use and abuse of antibiotics worldwide.
      Participants from developing countries provided estimates of use of antibiotics
      and problems of resistance in their countries. Because much of the information
      either is anecdotal or may not be representative of the vast, heterogenous
      populations in these countries, it is difficult to provide exact guidelines for
      the use of antibiotics. There is a need for better etiologic definition of the
      causes of acute respiratory tract infection and diarrheal disease and for
      surveillance of resistant bacterial strains. Because of the difficulty of making
      an etiologic diagnosis, a set of empiric guidelines has been developed for
      diagnosis and management of common conditions. Recommendations for the use of
      antibiotics must take into account the economics, medical manpower, social
      constraints, and emergence of resistant bacteria in both developed and developing
      countries. There is a need to establish a coordinated, worldwide network to
      obtain representative data and to organize clinical trials pertinent to the
      conditions of both developed and developing countries to define the best
      antimicrobial agent(s), the dosage, and duration of treatment for specific
      conditions.

PMID- 2405466
TI  - Tropical medicine or tropical health: the Heath Clark lectures, 1988.
AB  - Tropical medicine as a specialty began during colonialization of the tropics.
      From the outset, controversy focused on scientific research (tropical medicine)
      vs. public health (tropical health). The former became associated with
      parasitology to the relative exclusion of microbiology. Remarkable discoveries
      made before 1912 were followed by sixty years of slow progress. In the last
      decade, however, not only has parasitic disease research flourished, but the
      major importance of bacterial and viral diarrheas and respiratory infections has
      also been revealed. Tropical health did not evolve as a major strategy in the
      colonial era. Later, a global eradication policy developed, first for hookworm
      infection, then for yellow fever and malaria, but failure led to disillusionment
      with technology and development of an undifferentiated approach to primary health
      care. In the last decade a selective approach has focused on diseases for which
      cost-effective control measures exist. Moreover, several developing countries
      have achieved good health at low cost by equitable distribution of health care,
      education, and food. Today, the conflict between tropical medicine and tropical
      health is being resolved with the realization that they are truly complementary
      disciplines.

PMID- 2405467
TI  - Septic arthritis caused by Bacteroides fragilis.
AB  - As improvements in bacteriologic techniques have enhanced the recovery of
      anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens, there has been an increasing
      awareness of the role of anaerobes in disease. Bacteroides fragilis is the most
      common anaerobic organism found in clinical specimens. Although it is the
      anaerobe most frequently associated with bacteremia and a common isolate in
      intraabdominal infections, infections of the female genital tract, wounds, and
      abscesses, B. fragilis is a rare cause of septic arthritis. The isolation of this
      organism from four patients with septic arthritis in three Cleveland hospitals
      between 1978 and 1982 suggests that septic arthritis due to B. fragilis may be a
      more common clinical entity than previously appreciated. In this report we
      describe these cases and review the pertinent literature.

PMID- 2405468
TI  - Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: pleiotropic cytokine with
      potential clinical usefulness.
AB  - Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a 23-kDa
      glycoprotein with remarkably diverse effects on immune and nonimmune cells. GM
      CSF induces differentiation of granulocyte, macrophage, and eosinophil precursor
      cells. Proliferation of monocyte-macrophages, T lymphocytes, keratinocytes, and
      endothelial cells is also stimulated by GM-CSF. In addition, GM-CSF alters the
      functional properties of mature granulocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, and
      basophils. GM-CSF is produced by T lymphocytes, macrophages, and several cell
      types in extramedullary sites, where it may act in a paracrine manner to regulate
      the local response to antigenic challenge. Clinical trials of GM-CSF have been
      conducted in patients with AIDS, aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and
      sarcoma and following bone marrow transplantation and accidental radiation
      exposure. GM-CSF significantly increased circulating numbers of several myeloid
      cells and produced dose-dependent toxicity consisting primarily of myalgias,
      fever, fluid retention, and serosal effusions. Additional studies are needed to
      define the role of GM-CSF in treatment of patients with qualitative and
      quantitative dysfunction of immune cells.

PMID- 2405469
TI  - Trends in the incidence and transmission patterns of trichinosis in humans in the
      United States: comparisons of the periods 1975-1981 and 1982-1986.
AB  - Since 1947, the U.S. Public Health Service has recorded statistics on reported
      cases of trichinosis in humans. More complete clinical and epidemiologic data on
      cases became available after 1965, when trichinosis was officially made a
      notifiable disease. The numbers of reported cases declined markedly from an
      average of approximately 400, with 10-15 deaths reported each year in the late
      1940s, to 57 per year, with three deaths in the 5 years 1982-1986. Although
      annual incidence was highest in sparsely populated Alaska, the highest numbers of
      cases are reported from the northeastern United States. Food sources of this
      infection vary in different geographic regions. The decline in annual incidence
      during the past 12 years appears to be accounted for largely by a decline in the
      number of cases attributed to commercially purchased pork, although pork products
      continue to be the major source of infections in humans. The number of cases due
      to ingestion of wild animal meat have remained relatively constant. Activities at
      the national and state level that have improved the prospects for control and
      prevention of trichinosis in commercial products are discussed.

PMID- 2405470
TI  - [Diagnosis, classification and prognosis of cancer of the uterine cervix].
AB  - The various methods used to evaluate cancers of the cervix uterine are described.
      Physical examination (performed under general anaesthesia) is fundamental to
      assess the local and regional spread, and lymphography is the least disappointing
      method to study lymph node involvement. The F.I.G.O. classification is recalled.
      Discordances between anatomico-clinical stage and pathological stage, which have
      led to "staging surgery", are discussed. Finally, the prognostic factors are
      analyzed. The most important of them are anatomical extension and tumoral volume
      which can only be evaluated correctly by examining the operative specimen, and
      this confirms the value of surgery in the overall management of cervical cancer.

PMID- 2405471
TI  - [Colitis without endoscopic lesion: microscopic colitis, collagen colitis].

PMID- 2405472
TI  - [Cherubism. Apropos of case reports of 3 families].
AB  - After a brief historical summary, the authors report twelve cases of familial
      form of cherubism and compare them with the other reports of the international
      literature, of which they make a review.

PMID- 2405473
TI  - [Congenital blepharoptosis. Diagnosis and treatment].
AB  - The congenital blepharoptosis is the most frequent palpebral abnormality. The
      anatomical, physiological and clinical aspects of the congenital blepharoptosis
      are successively discussed. Clinical and anatomopathological studies support the
      hypothesis of a myogenic basis for congenital genuine blepharoptosis and the
      hypothesis of a neurogenic basis for the ptosis with synkinetic phenomena. The
      different surgical methods are then described and their results compared.

PMID- 2405474
TI  - [Temporomandibular ankylosis and progressive ossifying myositis. Review of the
      literature apropos of a case report].
AB  - A case of extraarticular temporomandibular ankylosis due to progressive ossifying
      myositis is reported. The local pathology appeared 13 years after the initial
      generalized symptomatic onset. CT scan helps to the diagnosis. Despite surgical
      therapy, the pathology reappears so we conclude to the unique efficiency of
      medical therapy: corticosteroids by pulse therapy. A review of the literature on
      the subject was made. A discussion ends the publication.

PMID- 2405475
TI  - The Nobel lectures in immunology. The Nobel prize for physiology or medicine,
      1908, awarded to Elie Metchnikoff & Paul Ehrlich "in recognition of their work on
      immunity".

PMID- 2405476
TI  - The importance of the pathogenic 16/6 idiotype in the induction of SLE in naive
      mice.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated the pathogenicity of the common anti-DNA idiotype
      designated 16/6 Id. Immunization of naive mice with the 16/6 Id induced SLE-like
      disease characterized by serological (e.g. anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm auto
      antibodies), clinical (increased ESR, leucopenia and proteinuria), and
      pathological (16/6 Id deposition in kidneys) parameters. To elucidate further the
      role of the 16/6 Id in SLE induction the following studies were carried out:
      BALB/c mice were immunized with SA-1, a human anti-DNA monoclonal antibody
      carrying the 16/6 Id; TB-68, a mouse monoclonal anti-tuberculosis (TB)
      glycolipid, which binds dsDNA and carries the 16/6 Id; TB-72, a mouse monoclonal
      anti-TB glycolipid that binds DNA and does not harbour the 16/6 Id; and 4B4, a
      human anti-Sm antibody that carries the 16/6 Id. SLE was induced in BALB/c mice
      only when immunized with SA-1, TB-68, and 4B4, namely antibodies with diverse
      binding capacities albeit having the 16/6 Id. Our studies further support
      previous evidence on the pathogenic role attributed to the 16/6 Id in SLE, and
      suggest that SLE is most probably an idiotype-induced disease.

PMID- 2405477
TI  - What do epidemiologic observations tell us about the etiology of insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus?
AB  - Noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is associated with an entirely
      different set of genetic alterations from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (IDDM). Over 90% of IDDM carry HLA type DR3, DR4 or both. Several theories have
      been proposed to explain how the genetic alterations are translated into a beta
      cell destructive process. All involve the elaboration of a beta cell autoantigen.
      A major current research focus is on the development of pharmacologic approaches
      to the control of the beta cell destructive process (cyclosporine A). This has
      led to a shift in interest to the early identification of individuals at risk for
      IDDM. Many questions remain to be answered. In our paper emphasis is placed on
      epidemiological research. In Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, we have found an
      incidence of 1.73 cases/1000 (incidence rate of 15/100,000/year). There were
      marked geographical variations (incidence rate of 1/100,000/year in Asian
      countries, of 40/100,000/year in Finland). This suggests that there are major
      environmental determinants leading to expression of disease in genetically
      susceptible individuals. There are no geographical differences in the main age of
      onset, the sex ratio and the clinical patterns in the initial course of newly
      detected IDDM. In all parts of the world islet cell antibodies are positive in 60
      80% of newly diagnosed IDDM. Migration of children from their native homeland
      with a low incidence rate to a country with high incidence rate was accompanied
      by an increase of incidence. The following potential environmental factors have
      been considered: viral infections, environmental toxins, nutrients, and stress.
      In our view IDDM occurs in genetically susceptible individuals.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405478
TI  - [The role of genetic and immunological factors in the etiology of insulin
      dependent diabetes].
AB  - The mechanism of pancreatic B-cell destruction in type I (insulin-dependent)
      diabetes (IDDM) involves autoimmune phenomena based on genetic predisposition.
      The mechanism of action of the susceptibility genes is probably related to the
      function of the HLA molecules in the immune response. The genetic susceptibility
      is distinguished by increased frequency of the HLA antigens DR3 and DR4 and
      particularly their heterozygous combination DR3/DR4. Recent advances in molecular
      biology have resulted in a more precise definition of the genetic variants and
      corresponding amino acid sequences associated with IDDM. These markers may
      identify subjects at risk of developing the disease. However, the signs of islet
      specific autoimmunity, e.g. islet-cell antibodies, which may be detected several
      years before the clinical onset of IDDM, are of greater predictive value. These
      and other arguments in favour of an autoimmune pathogenesis of type I diabetes
      have made preventive immunotherapy a goal for the future.

PMID- 2405479
TI  - [Current aspects in therapy of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in children
      and adolescents].
AB  - It has been shown in recent years that optimal treatment delays or prevents
      diabetic late complications. The goal for therapy is therefore near norm
      glycemia. The precondition is intensive education of the patient and the parents,
      as well as exact diet with known amounts of carbohydrates, multiple insulin
      injections and home blood glucose monitoring. We propose two different schemes
      for insulin therapy according to age: conventional insulin therapy in the younger
      child, and intensified insulin therapy with the insulin pen in adolescents.
      Conventional insulin therapy consists of two daily injections--before breakfast
      and before supper--of a mixture of short acting and long acting insulin. With the
      conventional insulin regime a rigid schedule of insulin injections and meals is
      required for optimal treatment of type I diabetes. This, however, is not accepted
      by adolescents since it conflicts with their age-related tendency for self
      autonomy. In consequence, glucose metabolism deteriorates and HbA1 levels
      increase. Puberty is a period of high risk for the development of diabetic
      angiopathy, which determines quality of life and life expectancy. An approach to
      resolution of this dilemma is to adjust the insulin regime to the life-style of
      an adolescent rather than vice versa. Up to now, more than 30 adolescents with
      type I diabetes have been switched to intensified insulin therapy using the
      insulin pen. During a short hospital stay (5 days) they underwent an intensive
      teaching program of self control, insulin dose adjustment and nutrition with
      special attention to the management of unexpected situations such as additional
      or omitted meals, traveling and sports. Compliance improved markedly.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405480
TI  - [Hypoglycemia in childhood diabetes].
AB  - Severe hypoglycemic episodes in diabetic children are a serious complication of
      present medical therapy. With the recent trend towards intensified insulin
      therapy, the incidence of severe hypoglycemia will probably increase. The
      pathophysiological mechanisms in the development of severe hypoglycemia are lack
      of modulation of plasma insulin levels, diminished or abolished glucagon release,
      delayed epinephrine release, and diminished glucose threshold for awareness of
      hypoglycemic symptoms, especially in well stabilized diabetics. The consequences
      of severe hypoglycemia are EEG changes, focal or generalized convulsions,
      (rarely) partial or generalized epilepsy, and disturbances of cognitive function
      probably due to neuronal damage. Some of the risk factors can easily be
      understood and are preventable. A highly increased risk factor is a low HbA1, and
      a complete lack of endogenous insulin secretion. However, in our experience human
      insulin is not an additional risk factor. Home blood glucose monitoring for
      determining the correct insulin dose and food supply is of great prophylactic
      importance. In the presence of coma in a diabetic child due to hypoglycemia, i.m.
      glucagon or i.v. glucose should be administered immediately in the correct dose.
      Following a severe hypoglycemic episode the glucose equilibration should be
      somewhat less strict. Regular education of the patient on risk factors,
      prevention and therapy of hypoglycemia is of great importance.

PMID- 2405481
TI  - [Helvetica Paediatrica Acta in changing times].

PMID- 2405482
TI  - [The centenary of the Schweizer Monatsschrift fur Zahnmedizin].

PMID- 2405483
TI  - [The history of the founding of an official scientific specialty journal of the
      SSO. Societe Suisse d'Odonto-Stomatologie].

PMID- 2405484
TI  - NGF and Alzheimer's: hopes and fears.

PMID- 2405485
TI  - Shooting at a new HIV target.

PMID- 2405486
TI  - A synthetic HIV-1 protease inhibitor with antiviral activity arrests HIV-like
      particle maturation.
AB  - A synthetic peptidemimetic substrate of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV
      1) protease with a nonhydrolyzable pseudodipeptidyl insert at the protease
      cleavage site was prepared. The peptide U-81749 inhibited recombinant HIV-1
      protease in vitro (inhibition constant Ki of 70 nanomolar) and HIV-1 replication
      in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (inhibitory concentration IC50 of 0.1 to 1
      micromolar). Moreover, 10 micromolar concentrations of U-81749 significantly
      inhibited proteolysis of the HIV-1 gag polyprotein (p55) to the mature viral
      structural proteins p24 and p17 in cells infected with a recombinant vaccinia
      virus expressing the HIV-1 gag-pol genes. The HIV-1 like particles released from
      inhibitor-treated cells contained almost exclusively p55 and other gag
      precursors, but not p24. Incubation of HIV-like particles recovered from drug
      treated cultures in drug-free medium indicated that inhibition of p55 proteolysis
      was at least partially reversible, suggesting that U-81749 was present within the
      particles.

PMID- 2405487
TI  - Endothelin: a novel peptide in the posterior pituitary system.
AB  - Endothelin (ET), originally characterized as a 21-residue vasoconstrictor peptide
      from endothelial cells, is present in the porcine spinal cord and may act as a
      neuropeptide. Endothelin-like immunoreactivity has now been demonstrated by
      immunohistochemistry in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclear neurons and
      their terminals in the posterior pituitary of the pig and the rat. The presence
      of ET in the porcine hypothalamus was confirmed by reversed-phase high-pressure
      liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Moreover, in situ hybridization
      demonstrated ET messenger RNA in porcine paraventricular nuclear neurons.
      Endothelin-like immunoreactive products in the posterior pituitary of the rat
      were depleted by water deprivation, suggesting a release of ET under
      physiological conditions. These findings indicate that ET is synthesized in the
      posterior pituitary system and may be involved in neurosecretory functions.

PMID- 2405488
TI  - Mutations of the adenylyl cyclase gene that block RAS function in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - The interaction between RAS proteins and adenylyl cyclase was studied by using
      dominant interfering mutations of adenylyl cyclase from the yeast Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae. RAS proteins activate adenylyl cyclase in this organism. A plasmid
      expressing a catalytically inactive adenylyl cyclase was found to interfere
      dominantly with this activation. The interfering region mapped to the leucine
      rich repeat region of adenylyl cyclase, which is homologous to domains present in
      several other proteins and is thought to participate in protein-protein
      interactions.

PMID- 2405489
TI  - A potent GAL4 derivative activates transcription at a distance in vitro.
AB  - Transcription of a typical eukaryotic gene by RNA polymerase II is activated by
      proteins bound to sites found near the beginning of the gene as well as to sites,
      called enhancers, located a great distance from the gene. According to one view,
      the primary difference between an activator that can work at a large distance and
      one that cannot is that the former bears a particularly strong activating region;
      the stronger the activating region, the more readily the activator interacts with
      its target bound near the transcriptional start site, with the intervening DNA
      looping out to accommodate the reaction. One alternative view is that the effect
      of proteins bound to enhancers might require some special aspect of cellular or
      chromosome structure. Consistent with the first view, an activator bearing an
      unusually potent activating region can stimulate transcription of a mammalian
      gene in a HeLa nuclear extract when bound as far as 1.3 kilobase pairs upstream
      or 320 base pairs downstream of the transcriptional start site.

PMID- 2405490
TI  - Approaches to interferon combination therapy in the treatment of AIDS.
AB  - High-dose interferon alfa (IFN alfa) therapy induces an overall response rate of
      25% to 30% in unselected patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
      related Kaposi's sarcoma. Up to 50% of patients with relatively preserved immune
      reactivity respond to treatment. However, when dosages of 20 x 10(6) units or
      more per day are used to induce responses, constitutional and hematologic side
      effects may be significant. Therefore, efforts are being made to lower the
      effective dose of IFN alfa. One effort involves combining IFN alfa with
      zidovudine (AZT; Retrovir; Burroughs Wellcome, Research Triangle Park, NC). These
      agents act synergistically to block the multiplication of human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) in vitro. The drugs act at different points in the HIV multiplication
      cycle, which may explain their synergistic interaction. In addition, AZT enhances
      certain immune functions that have been correlated with a positive IFN alfa
      response. Preliminary clinical trials indicate that antitumor responses in
      Kaposi's sarcoma are seen with dosages of IFN alfa as low as 4.5 x 10(6) units
      per day when combined with AZT. However, the combination of IFN alfa and AZT may
      also produce dose-limiting hematologic side effects; these effects may limit the
      usefulness of the drug combination. Strategies for ameliorating these toxicities
      through the use of additional agents are discussed.

PMID- 2405491
TI  - Clinical update on the role of fluorouracil and recombinant interferon alfa-2a in
      the treatment of colorectal carcinoma.
AB  - Recombinant interferon alfa-2a (rIFN alpha-2a) synergistically augments the
      cytotoxic effects of the antimetabolite fluorouracil (5-FU) against two human
      colon cancer cell lines. A pilot clinical trial was initiated to determine
      whether this same combination of agents would show clinical utility greater than
      that expected with 5-FU alone in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. 5
      FU was administered at 750 mg/m2/d for 5 days as a continuous intravenous
      infusion followed by weekly bolus therapy. rIFN alpha-2a was administered at 9
      million units subcutaneously three times per week starting on day 1. Doses of 5
      FU were modified for mucosal toxicities and myelo-suppression, and doses of rIFN
      alpha-2a were modified for fatigue and neurologic toxicities. Thirty-two
      previously untreated patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma were entered
      into a clinical trial. With the exception of one patient with a destructive
      lesion of the sacrum, all patients had metastases to visceral organs, abdominal
      wall, or pelvis. Twenty patients (63%) achieved a partial response, seven
      remained stable, and five had progressive disease. Mucosal toxicities limited
      delivery of full projected dose. Two patients died following episodes of watery
      diarrhea progressing to sepsis. A third died suddenly, secondary to an
      interstitial pneumonitis. The remainder of the toxicities were managed with dose
      reductions. At the median follow-up of 8 months, 23 of 32 patients remain alive.
      Nine are alive at 16 to 30+ months. The early results of this single-institution
      study are promising, but will require confirmation in a multi-institutional
      setting currently being conducted by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.

PMID- 2405492
TI  - In vivo activation of lymphokine-activated killer activity with interleukin-2:
      prospects for combination therapies.
AB  - Administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in vitro or in vivo can activate a variety
      of immune effector functions involving T lymphocytes and natural killer cells.
      These immune cells and their secreted cytokines can potentially play a central
      role in the host antitumor response. With the isolation and cloning of the IL-2
      gene, purified recombinant IL-2 has become available to test for clinical,
      immunologic, and antitumor effects. Early clinical studies suggest that the IL-2
      doses required to induce antitumor effects are accompanied by severe life
      threatening toxicity. Therefore, sustained treatment with lower doses of IL-2 has
      been developed that has a milder, acceptable toxicity. Most importantly, a small
      percentage of cancer patients experience significant shrinkage of their tumor
      with this IL-2 regimen alone. Further modification of this regimen is necessary.
      Preclinical studies indicate that combinations of IL-2 with other modalities may
      increase the therapeutic potential of the in vivo lymphokine-activated killer
      activity; combination therapy with other cytokines and monoclonal antibodies show
      significant promise. Furthermore, new technologic advances with the ability to
      produce human chimeric antibodies and bispecific hybrid antibodies has the
      potential to make combined IL-2 and antibody therapy more successful. IL-2 has
      been associated with overly optimistic expectations and overly negative reactions
      from physicians and the public. However, the immune activation induced by IL-2,
      the small number of clinical responses, and the preclinical data suggesting
      synergism with other approaches indicate that further development may make IL-2
      part of a regimen that will enable better cancer treatment.

PMID- 2405493
TI  - Status of colony-stimulating factors in cancer and AIDS.
AB  - The major hematopoietic growth factors have been produced through recombinant DNA
      technology and have entered initial clinical trials; results of these trials will
      be reviewed here. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been tested
      in patients with bladder cancer and small-cell carcinoma of the lung. In these
      studies, G-CSF ameliorated the leukopenia associated with combination
      chemotherapy, reduced the incidence of mucositis in the bladder cancer patients,
      and nearly eliminated the occurrence of serious infections in the lung cancer
      patients. Trials involving another factor, granulocyte macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (GM-CSF), have resulted in a marked increase in white blood
      cell (WBC) counts in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes, and has accelerated
      the appearance of leukocytes and platelets after autologous bone marrow
      transplants. GM-CSF can also increase the WBC counts in acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome patients treated with zidovudine. Both G-CSF and GM-CSF may produce
      multilineage effects in certain clinical settings and dose ranges. Finally,
      interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-3, which commit very early stem cells to a myeloid
      pathway, may be used in combination with G-CSF or GM-CSF to produce a synergistic
      response to various clinical situations.

PMID- 2405494
TI  - Pathophysiology of hemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.

PMID- 2405495
TI  - Oxidative denaturation in congenital hemolytic anemias: the unstable hemoglobins.
AB  - The unstable Hbs vary in their degree of instability and in their clinical
      manifestations, with some causing a hemolytic anemia in the heterozygote. The
      molecular abnormalities result in increased flexibility or conformational
      distortion that alters the environment of the heme groups. As a result, oxidation
      to methemoglobin is enhanced and, more importantly, there is also rapid
      conversion of methemoglobin to hemichrome and sometimes heme loss, with resultant
      denaturation and precipitation as Heinz bodies. Methemoglobin formation and
      recycling are accompanied by release of superoxide. Distortion and decreased
      deformability of the cells due to the presence of Heinz bodies, leading to
      trapping in the microcirculation, is one likely contributor to red cell
      destruction; membrane damage caused by excess oxidants released from the unstable
      Hb is another. However, a prime factor could be hemichrome binding to the
      cytoplasmic domain of band 3, leading to clustering of band 3 in the membrane and
      aggregation of the hemichrome as Heinz bodies. This could result in immunologic
      recognition of the redistributed band 3 by autologous senescent antibodies,
      leading to removal of the cells from circulation. Hemolytic crises are often
      precipitated by the administration of redox-active drugs or by infections. One
      mechanism for this is the enhanced intracellular oxidation of Hb due either to
      reaction with the drug or with oxidants generated by phagocytic cells in
      combating the infectious agent. Another factor in infections is pyrexia, since
      even a small elevation in temperature can cause a marked increase in the rate of
      conversion of methemoglobin to hemichrome.

PMID- 2405496
TI  - The sickle erythrocyte in double jeopardy: autoxidation and iron
      decompartmentalization.

PMID- 2405497
TI  - Oxidative denaturation of red blood cells in thalassemia.
AB  - We believe that on the basis of all available data, severe oxidative damage
      occurs in alpha- and beta-thalassemic RBCs, as depicted schematically in Fig 6.
      The differences in the severity and pattern of the oxidative damage may be
      related to the type and, perhaps, quantity of precipitated globin chains. The
      detrimental effect of the excess chains is multifold. In the process of globin
      chain precipitation, free radicals are generated. The end product of the
      precipitated hemoglobin chains is heme, from which eventually iron and globin are
      liberated. Globin chains have been found to interact and disrupt the RBC
      membrane, damaging the cytoskeleton. The role of heme has not yet been studied in
      detail in thalassemic RBCs. However, there is some evidence that it participates
      in damaging RBCs in other types of hemoglobinopathies. Excess of iron is known to
      be a catalyst of peroxidation via the Fenton reaction, causing damage to the
      various RBC membrane components (lipids, proteins, etc). The denatured
      hemaglobin, in the form of hemichromes, aggregates with protein 3, forming Actual
      proof of excessive free radical production in thalassemia is still warranted. It
      will not be easy to document since the amount of superoxide dismutase in RBCs is
      above and beyond that required for neutralizing excess amount of superoxide. The
      more active radicals, particularly hydroxyl free radical, are difficult to
      measure because they are so active an interact immediately with any given
      substrate in their vicinity. In addition, we have to better understand the
      finding of excess membrane lipids in thalassemic RBCs and whether there are
      changes in the formation and propagation of lipid peroxidation in these cells
      compared with normal RBCs. Regarding the proteins, further understanding is
      required concerning the exact type and sites of oxidation that occurs in the beta
      thalassemia 4.1 protein, and whether the damage found in alpha-thalassemia is due
      to oxidation of ankyrin itself or its entrapment within the complex of the
      precipitated hemichromes of beta chains. What is the role of the different globin
      chain oxidation and precipitation in generating such different cytoskeletal
      protein alterations? Another point that needs to be elucidated is the role of
      different kinds of antibodies that are attached to the newly exposed antigenic
      sites on the thalassemic RBC membranes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2405498
TI  - Cardiac hemangioma.
AB  - Hemangiomas are uncommon primary tumors of the heart. Most of them are found
      incidentally at autopsy, during clinical evaluation, or cardiac surgery.
      Occasionally, a protean clinical picture is manifested, including valvular
      disorder, arrhythmias, obstruction of coronary artery and other significant
      vasculature, pericardial effusion, and embolic phenomena. Catheterization,
      angiography, and echocardiography all play some important role in the antemortem
      diagnosis of this cardiac tumor. The treatment of choice is simple complete
      excision. In this review, we add our experience with cardiac hemangiomas: one
      incidentally discovered at autopsy and another found during coronary artery
      bypass surgery.

PMID- 2405499
TI  - Noncystic liver mass in the pregnant patient.

PMID- 2405500
TI  - Disseminated intravascular coagulation in association with cavitary tuberculosis.
AB  - Coagulopathy due to tuberculosis is rare. We believe ours is only the second
      reported case of cavitary tuberculosis associated with disseminated intravascular
      coagulation. Our review of all 13 cases to date shows that the patients are
      generally black, middle-aged, male, alcoholic, and febrile. The tuberculosis is
      generally military, and is associated with a high mortality. Eight of the
      patients had associated adult respiratory distress syndrome. Only one (our case)
      had an acute tuberculous peritonitis. In six cases the coagulopathy began after
      the start of therapy; steroids did not appear to affect survival. The exact
      pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in the development of DIC are unknown.

PMID- 2405501
TI  - Intraosseous echinococcosis: a rare manifestation of echinococcal disease.
AB  - We have presented a case of osseous echinococcosis and have reviewed the
      pathogenesis, pathology, diagnosis, and current treatment methods.

PMID- 2405502
TI  - Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia.
AB  - Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia is an unusual pulmonary disorder caused by occult
      filariasis. Presentation can be varied and can mimic asthma, pulmonary
      tuberculosis, or atypical pneumonia. We have reported a case of tropical
      pulmonary eosinophilia mimicking lymphangitic carcinomatosis.

PMID- 2405503
TI  - Medicare and MAAC.

PMID- 2405504
TI  - [Adjustment of the film tension and the film=screen combination in the detection
      of low contrast in x-ray diagnosis. II: Interpretation of the results and
      clinical implications].

PMID- 2405505
TI  - Primary peptic ulcer disease in childhood.
AB  - In a retrospective survey, the clinical details of all children with primary
      peptic ulcer seen at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital over a 12-year
      period were analysed. The diagnosis was confirmed in 31 cases, 22 of whom had a
      duodenal ulcer. Gastro-intestinal bleeding was the presenting symptom in 19
      patients. In 7 of these there were no preceding symptoms, rendering earlier
      diagnosis impossible. Those presenting with abdominal pain had a mean interval of
      2.8 years between onset of symptoms and diagnosis. Useful clinical clues in these
      children were epigastric tenderness and anaemia. To avoid diagnostic delays,
      peptic ulcer disease should be considered more often in children with abdominal
      pain. When available, gastro-intestinal tract endoscopy should be the diagnostic
      investigation of choice.

PMID- 2405506
TI  - Human chorionic gonadotrophin and weight loss. A double-blind, placebo-controlled
      trial.
AB  - Low-dose human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) combined with a severe diet remains
      a popular treatment for obesity, despite equivocal evidence of its effectiveness.
      In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the effects of HCG on weight loss
      were compared with placebo injections. Forty obese women (body mass index greater
      than 30 kg/m2) were placed on the same diet supplying 5,000 kJ per day and
      received daily intramuscular injections of saline or HCG, 6 days a week for 6
      weeks. A psychological profile, hunger level, body circumferences, a fasting
      blood sample and food records were obtained at the start and end of the study,
      while body weight was measured weekly. Subjects receiving HCG injections showed
      no advantages over those on placebo in respect of any of the variables recorded.
      Furthermore, weight loss on our diet was similar to that on severely restricted
      intake. We conclude that there is no rationale for the use of HCG injections in
      the treatment of obesity.

PMID- 2405507
TI  - [Sex selection as done by the Infertility Clinic, Universitas Hospital,
      Bloemfontein].
AB  - The possibility of selecting a child of a specific sex even before conception has
      taken place, is regarded as far-fetched. Due to the increasing demand for sex
      selection, a programme with this aim was established in Bloemfontein. Couples
      with two or more children of the same sex who wanted a child of the opposite sex
      were used as a study group. Due to a lack of interest in children of the female
      sex, selection was aimed mainly at boys. By meticulous control of ovulation and
      the time of insemination, selection of sex before fertilisation was attempted. A
      success rate of 100% was achieved in 8 consecutive cases.

PMID- 2405508
TI  - Medical surveillance of hazardous waste workers: principles and problems.
AB  - A large industry has grown up to deal with hazardous waste, which has become a
      major public policy problem. This article presents an overview of the principles
      and problems of carrying out medical surveillance of the workers in this
      industry.

PMID- 2405509
TI  - Understanding stress in hazardous waste workers.
AB  - In summary, hazardous waste workers comprise a unique occupational group that may
      be at risk for stress-related illness due to the unusual demands of their work.
      Occupational health professionals responsible for their surveillance should
      include surveillance of their mental as well as physical health. When symptoms of
      stress are evident, both organizational and individual programs may be needed to
      address these symptoms. Denial of the risks involved should not be promoted,
      given the potential such denial may have for careless work practices.

PMID- 2405510
TI  - The role of air monitoring techniques in hazardous waste site personnel
      protection and surveillance strategies.
AB  - The single, most basic problem in industrial hygiene at hazardous waste sites is
      that the materials being handled are of unknown composition. This is almost
      always true for drum and tank materials at Superfund sites, and frequently true
      at licensed disposal sites. The consequences of this lack of knowledge, for both
      the on-site worker and the surrounding community, are reviewed.

PMID- 2405511
TI  - Clinical experiences: development of a medical surveillance protocol for
      hazardous waste workers.
AB  - Medical surveillance of hazardous waste workers is essential for the health of
      these workers, who have unique, complex exposures. In order for this preventive
      tool to be effective, the supervising and/or examining physician must be educated
      about the specific health risks of hazardous waste workers and also must perform
      a comprehensive examination. Results of testing should be evaluated both for
      remarkable abnormalities as well as longitudinal subtle changes in individuals,
      and also for trends in workers with similar exposures. Fitness for duty
      determinations should be then made with appropriate communication of
      abnormalities and follow-up recommendations to both employers and employees. To
      date, clinical and research findings from clinical centers performing
      surveillance examinations on hazardous waste workers have not revealed remarkable
      abnormalities related to their potential exposures. The possible causes for these
      results include: (1) the workers have been well protected; (2) the current
      diagnostic methodologies are not sensitive enough to detect pathophysiologic
      changes; and (3) disease may not yet be manifest due to latency or cumulative
      effects of long-term low-dose exposure. In addition, one must keep in mind that
      previous clinical and research data were collected from test results of workers
      who were mainly involved in feasibility, as opposed to remediation, activities.
      With the prospective change of more clean-up involvement of hazardous waste
      workers, their potential for exposure may increase. Therefore, periodic
      collaborative evaluation of existing surveillance programs' results (e.g., every
      5 years) is advised. This would allow determination of the efficacy of the
      current diagnostic methods in detecting disease, as well as the possible
      inclusion of more sensitive and/or specific newer technologies for use on a more
      routine basis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405513
TI  - OSHA standard for medical surveillance of hazardous waste workers.
AB  - The increasing amount of work involving hazardous waste sites and the heavy
      involvement of the federal and state governments in this work have led to the
      gradual development of guidelines and standards providing for occupational safety
      and health programs for these sites. On March 6, 1989, the Occupational Safety
      and Health Administration published its final rule governing occupational safety
      and health matters at hazardous waste sites and emergency operations. This rule
      is currently scheduled to take effect on March 6, 1990. This chapter will briefly
      describe this regulation, particularly its medical surveillance requirements.

PMID- 2405512
TI  - Investigations and activities at superfund sites.
AB  - Only a small proportion of the hazardous waste sites in the United States have
      been placed on the National Priority List (NPL), and these have become known as
      Superfund Sites. Many more sites exist on active industrial or military
      facilities, and a large number of sites remain to be discovered. It is useful to
      illustrate several hazardous waste sites to provide a clearer impression of the
      nature of the hazards, the kind of work done, and the proximity of residences to
      sites.

PMID- 2405514
TI  - Biological monitoring of hazardous waste workers: metals.
AB  - The author defines biological monitoring and discusses its role as a component of
      medical surveillance protocols, including traditional methods and new methods of
      monitoring of effect. Initiating a biological monitoring program, choosing a
      laboratory, and archiving specimens are detailed.

PMID- 2405515
TI  - Cytogenetic techniques for biological monitoring.
AB  - Cytogenetic techniques have been suggested as potentially useful tools in a
      program of monitoring of hazardous waste workers. This paper is intended to
      address several questions that are central to the proper use and interpretation
      of cytogenetic markers in monitoring or studying carcinogen/mutagen-exposed
      workers.

PMID- 2405516
TI  - DNA adducts as markers of exposure in hazardous waste workers.
AB  - The interaction of a chemical or physical agent with DNA, resulting in the
      formation of covalent adducts or other modifications, has been implicated in the
      carcinogenic process for certain classes of chemicals. Demonstration of modified
      DNA may be taken as evidence of the interaction of a genotoxic agent with DNA,
      which is the basis for this review of DNA adducts as markers of exposure in
      hazardous waste work.

PMID- 2405517
TI  - Evaluating the liver in hazardous waste workers.
AB  - This article reviews issues in screening and surveillance of liver disease in
      hazardous waste workers. Traditional liver injury tests (LIT) are only
      insensitive indicators of liver disease. Newer techniques, including the use of
      true liver function tests and urinary excretion of metabolites, are as yet
      unvalidated and substantially more expensive. In the presence of abnormalities,
      useful strategies include: assessment of other possible causes, avoidance of
      other possible risk factors, and review of exposures on specific sites.

PMID- 2405518
TI  - Heat stress in hazardous waste workers: evaluation and prevention.
AB  - The risk of heat stress for hazardous waste workers is high due to the unique
      aspects of their work, particularly the use of vapor-barrier clothing. Such
      garments interfere with one of the body's principal mechanisms for dissipating
      heat, that is, evaporative cooling. Under such conditions the body's heat load
      rapidly increases and heat-related illness may occur. The medical surveillance
      examination is an important tool for identifying those workers with risk factors
      for developing heat stress or underlying diseases that may be exacerbated by heat
      strain. Further testing to determine fitness for duty, e.g., exercise stress
      testing, needs to be individualized with respect to the patient's specific work
      situation and/or clinical status. Appropriate medically related recommendations
      regarding an individual's ability to perform hazardous waste work can then be
      determined by the examining physician. Finally, preventive strategies, such as
      training, physiological and environmental monitoring in the field, judicious
      scheduling of work and rest periods, appropriate hydration, and use of cooling
      equipment and canopies, are available and should be employed to reduce the
      occurrence of heat-related illness in hazardous waste workers.

PMID- 2405519
TI  - Demography of the hazardous waste industry.
AB  - This article attempts to characterize the workforce of the hazardous waste
      industry. The growth of the industry is discussed, including its deployment into
      various activity categories, and its size is estimated. Finally, demographics of
      the workforce are presented.

PMID- 2405520
TI  - Evaluating physical fitness for hazardous waste work.
AB  - The lifting of heavy loads is the most physically demanding aspect of many
      occupations. Clean-up work at hazardous waste sites involves heavy manual labor,
      frequently under significant thermal stress created by personal protective
      equipment. Worker fitness is particularly important in hazardous waste work in
      view of the increased demands required on the musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary
      systems.

PMID- 2405521
TI  - Mammographic features of intracystic papillary lesions.
AB  - In this article, the mammographic findings of ten patients with intracystic
      papillary lesions are reported. Two of these patients also had sonograms, which
      confirmed the presence of intracystic papillary fronds. Although not all
      intracystic lesions can be differentiated from gross cysts, there are several
      helpful roentgenologic and clinical clues. The tumor presents mammographically as
      a sharply circumscribed cystic mass with an irregular and sometimes nodular
      contour, except where tumor breaks through the wall of the cyst to invade the
      parenchyma. There the borders become shaggy. This tumor should be suspected
      clinically if a cystic lesion is seen in a postmenopausal woman not taking
      estrogens. Management depends on a high degree of suspicion, and a sonogram is
      useful to visualize the papillary fronds in the cysts. Although malignant
      papillary lesions are often large on presentation, they carry an excellent
      prognosis that is not related to their size. Treatment consists of either
      mastectomy or lumpectomy and radiation, with or without dissection of axillary
      nodes.

PMID- 2405523
TI  - Controlled comparison of cefmetazole with cefoxitin for prophylaxis in elective
      cholecystectomy.
AB  - Prophylactic antibiotics are given routinely to patients undergoing surgical
      treatment of the biliary tract to prevent postoperative infection if risk factors
      for postoperative sepsis are present. Cefmetazole (CM) is a new broad spectrum
      parenteral cephamycin antibiotic. This drug possesses a spectrum of activity
      against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria that is similar
      to cefoxitin (CX), an antibiotic widely used for prophylaxis with operations upon
      the abdomen. In this study, there was a random selection of two patients to
      receive CM to every one patient to receive CX. The dose of CM was 1 gram given
      intravenously every eight hours for three doses beginning 30 minutes before the
      operation; three doses of CX were given intravenously, 2 grams every six hours.
      Fifty-two evaluable patients comprised the CM group and 26, the CX group. The
      risk factors for postoperative infection were acute cholecystitis (CM, seven
      patients; CX, one patient), evidence from imaging procedure suggesting need for
      exploration of the common duct (CM, six; CX, one), hyperbilirubinemia (CM, eight;
      CX, four), hyperamylasemia (CM, 17; CX, seven); age of 60 years or more (CM, six;
      CX, one), obesity (CM, 36; CX, 14) and diabetes mellitus (CM, four; CX, five).
      Operative bactibilia and the organisms were comparable in both groups.
      Postoperative days of fever greater than or equal to 38 degrees C. (oral) (CM,
      0.83 +/- 1.20; CX, 0.58 +/- 0.96) and hospitalization (CM, 6.59 +/- 2.20; CX,
      5.04 +/- 1.26) were similar. Postoperative septic complications at the operative
      site occurred in two patients in the CM group (4 per cent) and in none of the
      patients in the CX group (p = 0.4; N.S., Fischer exact test). These two
      antibiotics had similar efficiency in preventing postoperative infections.

PMID- 2405522
TI  - Obstruction of the neonatal airway from teratomas.
AB  - Most neonates with cervical or oral-pharyngeal teratomas have airway obstruction
      and an obvious mass. In previous reports, obstruction of the airway had caused 49
      deaths in 164 newborns with cervical teratomas and five deaths in 24 newborns
      with oral-pharyngeal teratomas. Most were reported before the era of prenatal
      ultrasound. Cervical and oral-pharyngeal teratomas can now be diagnosed
      prenatally to allow preparation for the neonatal airway obstruction that so often
      occurs. Three infants with cervical teratomas, one infant with an oral-pharyngeal
      teratoma and one with a combined cervical and oral-pharyngeal teratoma were born
      in Phoenix over a one year period of time, and all had airway obstruction. These
      five patients demonstrated the value of prenatal planning and prompt postnatal
      surgical care by an ultrasonographer, a perinatologist, a neonatologist, maternal
      and pediatric anesthesiologists and a pediatric surgeon.

PMID- 2405524
TI  - Ultrasonically guided biopsy of nonpalpable lesions of the breast by the spot
      method.
AB  - A new biopsy method by injecting dye under ultrasonic guidance is most efficient
      and accurate for nonpalpable lesions revealed by ultrasonography. It can also
      minimize the amount of tissue that is resected. The conventional method by needle
      wire localization has to be used in instances of calcification which cannot be
      defined by ultrasonography.

PMID- 2405525
TI  - Doctor Georg Handell and the knife swallower of Halle.
AB  - Handell was presented with a most difficult therapeutic problem when he saw
      Rudloff. Laparotomy was being done for the suturing of intestinal wounds incurred
      in battle during the last part of the 17th century but the report by von
      Dreyhaupt does not mention operative removal of the knife as a method of
      treatment. If Handell knew this information, he may have thought that the risk of
      an operation to remove a knife which had been in place for a prolonged period of
      time was prohibitive.

PMID- 2405526
TI  - Portal hypertension.
AB  - The management of both acute and recurrent variceal bleeding continues to be a
      significant challenge to the clinician. The cause and pathogenesis of portal
      hypertension has been described. Alcoholic cirrhosis is the most common cause of
      intrahepatic sinusoidal and postsinusoidal obstruction in the United States. Long
      term survival depends on rapid institution of an established protocol of surgical
      management for variceal hemorrhage. A patient who presents with variceal bleeding
      must be rapidly stabilized with fluid resuscitation, and specific measures, such
      as the use of vasopressin and balloon tamponade, must be instituted to control
      hemorrhage so that endoscopy can be used to establish the diagnosis.
      Sclerotherapy achieves a high rate of success in the acute situation, but if
      hemorrhage cannot be controlled, percutaneous transhepatic embolization or
      emergent shunting must be performed, depending on the condition of the patient.
      Angiography, prior to surgical treatment, is necessary to define venous anatomy
      and determine portal hemodynamics, both of which provide information vital in
      choosing the type of shunt. If bleeding is massive and the patient is unstable, H
      grafts are most appropriate, for they are technically easier and give excellent
      short term results. In a stable Child's A or B patient with minor ascites as well
      as suitable anatomy and hepatopedal flow, DSRS is the procedure of choice because
      it produces the smallest degree of HE postoperatively and increases the survival
      rate for nonalcoholics. If this is not feasible or if the surgeon lacks the
      technical expertise to perform DSRS, PCS is the logical alternative. In view of
      the data from the series observed in the United States, ablative procedures
      cannot be recommended at the present for the treatment of variceal bleeding. In
      the Child's C poor-risk patient, the operative mortality rate is prohibitive, and
      only nonsurgical means should be used to establish control of bleeding. In the
      elective situation, the surgical options change. The efficacy of ES as a
      definitive procedure to control recurrent variceal bleeding is unproved, and
      rebleeding can be significant; therefore, it cannot be recommended. H-grafts have
      a prohibitively high rate of long term thrombosis and are also not recommended,
      and the Linton or proximal splenorenal shunt offers no advantages over
      conventional portacaval shunting. Moreover, arterialization of the hepatic stumps
      of the portal vein does not prevent hepatic encephalopathy or alter the survival
      rate. Both PCS and DSRS prevent rebleeding, yet neither alters the survival rate
      for alcoholic patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2405528
TI  - Intraventricular craniopharyngioma: its characteristics in magnetic resonance
      imaging and successful total removal.
AB  - We experienced a craniopharyngioma in the third ventricle which was removed
      totally by a staged operation through the lamina terminalis and then through the
      foramen of Monro using a transventricular approach. In magnetic resonance
      imaging, chiasmal thickening with pot-belly expansion and bilobed shape of the
      mass were found, and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging showed indentation
      of the chiasm and flattening of the floor of the third ventricle.

PMID- 2405527
TI  - Principles of management of shotgun wounds.
AB  - As an instrument of close range combat, the shotgun has no parallel. At short
      distances, its destructive capacity parallels that seen from high velocity
      missile injury. In this study, the history of the shotgun, wound ballistics,
      principles of initial therapy and special management problems related to shotgun
      wounds of specific sites are reviewed. An analysis of pooled data on abdominal
      shotgun wounds is presented. A subset of patients who do not require abdominal
      exploration exists. Specific problems encountered in defining this subset are
      enumerated. Three algorithms are presented that summarize our current management
      approach to shotgun wounds of the torso and extremities.

PMID- 2405529
TI  - Cerebral sparganosis mansoni. Report of two cases.
AB  - Among diseases due to cerebral parasitism, that caused by Sparganum mansoni, the
      larva of Spirometra mansoni, is very rare. We have encountered two such cases. A
      computed tomography scan in both revealed a nodular high density contrast
      enhanced area against an extensive low density background area. Neither
      calcification nor cyst formation was recognized. These computed tomography scan
      findings were thought to be characteristic for cerebral sparganosis mansoni and
      were difficult to differentiate from those of a cerebral tumor. In both cases,
      definitive diagnosis was achieved by identification of the worm after excision of
      the lesion. The best treatment for cerebral sparganosis mansoni is surgical
      excision of the lesion, and in the two cases presented the postoperative outcome
      was good.

PMID- 2405530
TI  - One hour of medical history. Selected excerpts.

PMID- 2405531
TI  - Neutron therapy for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma:
      optimum dose search.
AB  - 28 patients with locally advanced primary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and
      neck received neutron therapy and were randomized between two dose levels: 145
      cGy n gamma x twelve fractions, three fractions per week (total 17.4 Gy n gamma).
      155 cGy n gamma x twelve fractions, three fractions per week (total 18.6 Gy n
      gamma). Acute toxicity for skin, mucous membrane, salivary and subcutaneous
      tissues was graded using the EORTC/RTOG scoring system. Analysis indicates 17.4
      Gy n gamma as "safe". A further twelve patients are to be assigned to the higher
      dose (18.6 Gy n gamma) before making a final dose selection.

PMID- 2405532
TI  - Radiobiological comparison of fast neutron beams used in therapy. Survey of the
      published data.

PMID- 2405533
TI  - Fast neutron therapy at the end of 1988--a survey of the clinical data.
AB  - The clinical results reported from the different neutron therapy centres, in USA,
      Europe and Asia, are reviewed. Fast neutrons were proven to be superior to
      photons for locally extended inoperable salivary gland tumours. The reported
      overall local control rates are 67% and 24% respectively. Paranasal sinuses and
      some tumours of the head and neck area, especially extended tumours with large
      fixed lymph nodes, are also indications for neutrons. By contrast, the results
      obtained for brain tumours were, in general, disappointing. Neutrons were shown
      to bring a benefit in the treatment of well differentiated slowly growing soft
      tissue sarcomas. The reported overall local control rates are 53% and 38% after
      neutron and photon irradiation respectively. Better results were also reported
      for bone- and chondrosarcomas. The reported local control rates are 54% for
      osteosarcomas and 49% for chondrosarcomas after neutron irradiation; the
      corresponding values are 21% and 33% respectively after photon irradiation. For
      locally extended prostatic adenocarcinoma, the superiority of mixed schedule
      (neutrons + photons) was demonstrated by a RTOG randomized trial (local control
      rates 77% for mixed schedule compared to 31% for photons). Neutrons were also
      shown to be useful for palliative treatment of melanomas. Further studies are
      needed in order to evaluate the benefit of fast neutrons for other localisations
      such as cervix, bladder, rectum. It can be concluded that fast neutrons are
      superior to photons for at least 10% of the radiotherapy patients. It is likely
      that the new high- energy hospital-based cyclotrons will further extend the
      indications of neutron therapy. However, patient selection remains one of the
      main problems and there is a need for development of individual predictive tests.

PMID- 2405534
TI  - Neutron therapy of locally advanced uterine cervix carcinoma at Louvain-la-Neuve.

PMID- 2405535
TI  - Transient ischemic attacks resulting from carotid duplex imaging.
AB  - Duplex imaging has been widely embraced as a safe and an accurate means of
      interrogating the extracranial carotid vessels. One reason for this is its
      appearance as a risk-free diagnostic tool. We report the cases of two patients in
      whom transient ischemic attacks developed during duplex imaging--attacks that
      began soon after application of the ultrasound transducer to the cervical region,
      were identical to prior attacks, and ceased within seconds of removal of the
      transducer from the neck. The underlying cause of this complication is discussed
      as is its proper management.

PMID- 2405536
TI  - Positive end-expiratory pressure accelerates lung water accumulation in high
      surface tension edema.
AB  - The effect of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) on the rate of lung water
      accumulation with high surface tension pulmonary edema was examined. Alveolar
      surface tension was elevated by inhalation of 15 mg/kg of the aerosolized
      detergent dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (OT). Hemodynamic measurements, blood
      gases, and colloid oncotic pressures were recorded in anesthesized dogs for 2
      hours after surfactant displacement and elevation of PEEP to 10 cm H2O pressure
      (group II; n = 10). These data were compared with those of an identical protocol
      that used only 5 cm H2O PEEP (group I; n = 10). Pulmonary extravascular water
      volume (PEWV) was measured gravimetrically at the end of the experiment. OT
      inhalation resulted in an immediate fall in Pao2 and rise in venous admixture
      (QVa/QT), with little change in colloid oncotic pressure or left atrial pressure.
      In group I, Pao2 and QVa/QT did not improve significantly over 2 hours, whereas
      both returned to near baseline in group II. PEWV was elevated in group I compared
      with normal PEWV (historic controls; n = 11) (6.1 +/- 0.07 - 3.6 +/- 0.01 ml/gm
      dry lung; p less than 0.01); however, PEWV in group II (9.1 +/- 1.0 ml/gm dry
      lung; p less than 0.01) was greater than in both group I and historic controls.
      These data indicate that high alveolar surface tension induces pulmonary edema
      and PEEP accelerates this edema formation.

PMID- 2405537
TI  - Glucose metabolism in injured tissue: a longitudinal study.
AB  - Injured tissue is characterized by increased glucose uptake and increased lactate
      production as compared to normal tissue. These metabolic changes have been
      attributed to the presence of inflammatory cells in injured tissues. To correlate
      these metabolic changes with changes in the inflammatory cell population at
      various times after injury, we studied the lambda-carrageenan hindlimb wound
      model in anesthetized rats. Perfusion studies demonstrated that at 3 and 5 days
      after injury glucose uptake was increased in injured hindlimbs, compared with
      hindlimbs from pair-fed control animals. At 3, 5, and 10 days after injury,
      lactate production from glucose was increased in injured hindlimbs, compared with
      hindlimbs from pair-fed control animals. These metabolic changes were not related
      to differences in body weight or food intake. There was no difference in glucose
      oxidation or in oxygen consumption in injured hindlimbs, compared with hindlimbs
      from pair-fed control animals. The increased glucose uptake and increased lactate
      production from glucose was coincident with the presence of inflammatory cells-
      predominantly macrophages--at the site of injury. It is suggested that the
      glucose metabolism in injured tissue reflects the metabolism of the inflammatory
      cells at the site of injury.

PMID- 2405538
TI  - Electrophysiological actions of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone:
      intracellular studies in the rat hippocampal slice preparation.
AB  - The electrophysiological effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)
      on CA1 pyramidal cells were investigated utilizing intracellular recordings from
      the in vitro rat hippocampal slice preparation. Bath application of LHRH (10(-7) 
      10(-12) M) resulted in several changes in the electrophysiological properties of
      CA1 neurons. LHRH induced a long-lasting depolarization associated with increased
      input resistance, a decrease in the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) following a
      train of action potentials, and a reduction in accommodation of repetitive cell
      discharge. These effects were blocked by the synthetic LHRH antagonist [Ac-delta
      Pro1,pCl-D-Phe2,D-Trp3,6]-LHRH. These findings provide electrophysiological
      evidence for the role of LHRH as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the
      hippocampus.

PMID- 2405539
TI  - von Willebrand factor is present in the vascular endothelium from normal dogs and
      from Doberman pinscher dogs with a plasma von Willebrand factor deficiency.
AB  - An immunohistochemical study was undertaken to determine the presence and
      distribution of von Willebrand factor antigen (vWf:Ag) in blood vessels from
      normal dogs and from Doberman pinscher dogs with a marked plasma deficiency of
      vWf. vWf:Ag could not be detected in plasma from the Doberman pinscher dogs by
      ristocetin- and botrocetin-induced platelet agglutination or by EIA. An ELISA
      assay revealed vWf:Ag levels that were between 2-4% of that in normal canine
      plasma. Factor VIII:C activity was 30-46% of normal. The activated partial
      thromboplastin time (APTT) was increased but not the one-stage prothrombin time
      (OSPT). Four different antibody preparations were used in this study to detect
      vWf--a monoclonal and a polyclonal antibody prepared against human vWf and 2
      polyclonal antibodies against canine vWf. vWf:Ag was detected with monospecific
      antibody in endothelial cells in veins, venules, and arterioles from normal dogs
      and vWf-deficient dogs. The histofluorescence observed in vessels of vWf
      deficient dogs was indistinguishable from that observed in vessels from normal
      dogs.

PMID- 2405540
TI  - [Sore throat. Rapid detection of beta hemolytic group A streptococci by a
      coagglutination method].
AB  - In Norway anually half a million consultations are for acute sore throat. The
      clinical differentiation between streptococcal and non-streptococcal infection
      remains poor. A reliable diagnosis of beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections
      requires a screening test. In a multicenter study from general practice the rapid
      test Phadirect Strep A was compared with cultivation at two microbiological
      laboratories. 257 patients were included and the prevalence of beta-hemolytic
      streptococci was 41.6%. The results of valid calculations were: Sensitivity 70
      77%; Specificity 86-89%; Positive predictive value 74-82%; Negative predictive
      value 81-88%. The results were considered in relation to body temperature and
      signs of local infection in the throat. There was no correlation between clinical
      signs and occurrence of beta-hemolytic streptococci. The Phadirect Strep A test
      was acceptably sensitive and specific for use in general practice. The test is
      easy to perform, and the results are available after five minutes. The test seems
      to be useful, and is an improvement in the daily management of patients with
      acute throat infections, especially in relation to the question of whether or not
      to prescribe antibiotics.

PMID- 2405541
TI  - [Amebic liver abscess].
AB  - Hepatic abscesses represent the most common non-enteric complication of amebic
      infection, and occur in 1-25% of the patients. We describe two male patients, 44
      and 47 years old, who presented hepatic abscesses after travelling in endemic
      regions. We stress the importance of accurate and early diagnosis.
      Ultrasonography and computed tomography were of major importance as diagnostic
      tools.

PMID- 2405542
TI  - [Diagnostic methods in Chlamydia trachomatis infection. A review of current
      methods].
AB  - Infection by Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent sexually transmitted
      disease in our part of the world today. Possibly as many as 40,000 Norwegians are
      infected yearly. This disease tends to cause few symptoms but often has serious
      sequelae. Several diagnostic methods are available, all with individual
      advantages and shortcomings. The article reviews, current diagnostic methods from
      a clinical standpoint.

PMID- 2405543
TI  - [Primary suture of the anterior cruciate ligament at a county hospital].
AB  - 25 patients with fresh anterior cruciate ligament ruptures were followed up 36
      months after primary suture. Every fourth knee was unstable and in 20/25 of the
      patients the level of activity was reduced. The study indicates that a county
      hospital can obtain results comparable with those of university clinics when
      performing primary suture. The results may be improved by means of augmentation
      techniques in ACL injuries in the young, active population. It is concluded that
      also county hospitals equipped with orthopedic specialists should be able to
      carry out augmentation procedures in ACL tears.

PMID- 2405544
TI  - [Risk factors for breast cancer. Do epidemiologic findings provide a basis for
      primary prevention?].
AB  - In Norway, approximately one in every 13 women will develop breast cancer.
      Epidemiological studies show rather consistent results regarding associations
      with some risk factors. Lowest risk is found in women with many children, early
      first birth, late menarche and early menopause. Recent studies indicate that a
      full-term pregnancy, after a short-lasting adverse effect, results in a risk
      reduction of lifelong duration. The authors review the present knowledge of these
      and other risk factors of possible importance in the etiology; lactation, diet,
      body weight, physical activity, use of oral contraceptives and hormone
      replacement therapy. Primary preventive measures may potentially lead to
      substantial reduction in risk of breast cancer. However, it is difficult to
      suggest any feasible intervention strategy which would have a high probability of
      reducing occurrence of breast cancer in the general population.

PMID- 2405545
TI  - Animal models of stroke: are they relevant to human disease?

PMID- 2405546
TI  - Carotid plaque morphology and risk for stroke.

PMID- 2405547
TI  - Thromboembolic complications in atrial fibrillation.
AB  - I review the present understanding of thromboembolic complications and their
      prevention in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Chronic atrial
      fibrillation carries an annual 3-6% risk of thromboembolic complications, which
      is 5-7 times greater than that of controls with sinus rhythm. Paroxysmal atrial
      fibrillation is associated with a lower risk of thromboembolic complications than
      chronic atrial fibrillation. Heart failure and systemic hypertension seem to be
      significant clinical risk factors for stroke in patients with atrial
      fibrillation, but disagreement persists, and, with few exceptions, subgroups at
      particular risk have not been convincingly identified. The risk of stroke in
      persons with thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation seems to be lower than believed
      previously. Clinical studies have shown that left atrial dilatation is a
      consequence of the duration of atrial fibrillation rather than a cause, but the
      relation of left atrial enlargement to stroke is uncertain. Cerebral blood flow
      may be reduced during atrial fibrillation but seems to increase after
      cardioversion to sinus rhythm. A high prevalence of silent cerebral infarction
      has been detected in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation, but there seems
      to be a low risk of silent cerebral infarction in persons with paroxysmal atrial
      fibrillation. The one prospective study published to date on stroke prevention in
      patients with nonrheumatic chronic atrial fibrillation showed that
      anticoagulation with warfarin significantly reduced the incidence of
      thromboembolic complications.

PMID- 2405548
TI  - Migration patterns of dendritic leukocytes. Implications for transplantation.

PMID- 2405549
TI  - Cyclosporine-induced hypertension in sheep. The role of thromboxanes.
AB  - Thromboxanes have been implicated in the CsA-induced hemodynamic changes and
      impairment in renal function in humans and in rats. We have previously shown that
      administration of intravenous CsA to sheep for 5 days at 12 mg/kg/day produces a
      hypertension that is resistance mediated and independent of nephrotoxicity. In
      this study we used a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, U63,557A, to examine the
      role of thromboxanes in the CsA-induced hypertension in the sheep. The
      thromboxane synthetase inhibitor had no effect on blood pressure in normotensive
      sheep. Serum thromboxane levels were not elevated with CsA, and the inhibitor had
      a minimal effect on blood pressure during CsA treatment, suggesting that
      thromboxanes are not a major contributor to the rise in blood pressure seen in
      the sheep. A study of the dose-response relationship for CsA at 3, 6, and 24
      mg/kg/day for 5 days indicated that maximal blood pressure responses were
      attained with 6 mg/kg/day.

PMID- 2405550
TI  - The effects of perioperative portal venous inoculation with donor lymphocytes on
      renal allograft survival in the rat. II. Phenotypic and functional analyses of
      graft-infiltrating cells.
AB  - Phenotype, donor-specific cytolytic activity, and helper activity to release
      cytokines of cells infiltrating within renal allografts of hosts rendered
      unresponsive by perioperative administration of donor lymphocytes via the portal
      vein (p.v.) were investigated in order to analyze the mechanism of prolongation
      of allograft survival. Graft-infiltrating cells (GIC) were obtained from Lewis
      (LEW, RT-1l) hosts inoculated perioperatively with 1 x 10(8) donor Brown-Norway
      (BN, RT-1n) lymphocytes p.v., a group that displays prolonged renal allograft
      survival (MST: 22.2 +/- 5.3 days, n = 10) compared with an uninoculated control
      group (MST: 7.8 +/- 0.6 days, n = 10, P less than 0.01). The percentages of
      cytotoxic/suppressor T cells (OX-8+) and Ia-positive cells (OX-6+) in GIC (23.1
      +/- 4.4% and 9.0 +/- 2.0%, respectively) and in spleen cells (7.5 +/- 2.6% and
      8.5 +/- 1.1%, respectively) from p.v.-inoculated LEW hosts on day 6 postgrafting
      were significantly lower than those of uninoculated control recipients (GIC: OX
      8; 39.4 +/- 8.2%, OX-6; 23.0 +/- 1.9%. SP cell: OX-8; 21.6 +/- 9.9%, OX-6; 12.7
      +/- 0.4%, P less than 0.05). Cytolytic activity of GIC from tolerant hosts on day
      6 postgrafting toward donor blastoid lymphocytes was significantly decreased
      (19.0 +/- 1.2% at E/T = 50), compared with that from control allografts during
      ongoing rejection (51.5 +/- 5.3%, P less than 0.01). The amounts of in vitro
      cytokine production of GIC from tolerant hosts after mitogen stimulation were
      remarkably decreased (IL-2: 8.7 +/- 1.4 U/ml, IL-3: 15.4 +/- 0.6 U/ml, and BSF-2:
      24.6 +/- 3.5 U/ml) than those of uninoculated control hosts during ongoing
      rejection (IL-2: 19.6 +/- 2.9 U/ml, IL-3: 22.2 +/- 2.7 U/ml, and BSF-2: 67.5 +/-
      13.2 U/ml, P less than 0.05). These results demonstrated that activation of both
      Tc cells and Th cells was inhibited in the spleen and in situ in renal allografts
      following administration of donor lymphocytes through the portal vein.

PMID- 2405551
TI  - K-ras mutation in human carcinoma after kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2405552
TI  - Comparison of captopril scan and Doppler ultrasonography as screening tests for
      transplant renal artery stenosis.

PMID- 2405553
TI  - [Pulmonary sarcoidosis].
AB  - Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disorder of unknown genesis with an
      average annual incidence of 10/100,000 population in Denmark. The clinical
      picture and prognosis are dominated by the pulmonary changes in the majority of
      cases. The patho-anatomical picture consists of a T-lymphocyte-dominated
      interstitial inflammation with non-caseating epithelioid granulomas followed by
      fibrosis in varying degrees. The different types and courses of pulmonary disease
      are reviewed. Clinical examination, chest radiography, pulmonary function tests
      (especially the carbon dioxide diffusion capacity) and S-angiotensin-converting
      enzyme (S-ACE) are the most important measures of disease activity. The value of
      systemic corticosteroids is critically evaluated; most patients in this country
      can be observed without treatment because the spontaneous resolution rate is
      high. It is recommended that steroids should be administrated primarily in
      symptomatic and progressive parenchymal lung disease, or when critical or
      disabling extrathoracic sarcoidosis is present. If the pulmonary parenchymal
      infiltrates do not disappear within approximately 18 months, a course of
      prednisolone for at least one year should be considered to prevent disabling or
      even lethal pulmonary fibrosis.

PMID- 2405554
TI  - [Measurement of the quality of life or general health status in chronic
      obstructive lung diseases].
AB  - During recent years, in assessment of the therapeutic effect of medicinal
      treatment, measurement of the general condition of health or quality of life has
      been extensively employed. This holds true particularly in patients with chronic
      disease, including patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this
      patient category, several controlled investigations have been carried out in
      which one or more questionnaires concerning general health have been employed.
      The questionnaires employed and reviewed are the Sickness impact profile (SIP),
      Mcmaster's chronic respiratory disease questionnaire (CRQ), Quality of well-being
      scale (QWB), General health questionnaire (GHQ), Minnesota multiphasic
      personality inventory (MMPI) and Profile of mood states (POMS). The
      questionnaires contain questions regarding many aspects of the existence of the
      patients and have been tested to varying extents for reproducibility, sensitivity
      and validity. No patent method exists for measurement of quality of life. It is
      therefore important for interpretation of investigations that the aspects of
      quality of life which have been measured are clearly defined and that the
      questionnaire method employed is quoted.

PMID- 2405555
TI  - [Urography and renal clearance of contrast media. A randomized comparison of an
      ionic high-osmolar and a non-ionic low-osmolar contrast medium].
AB  - One hundred patients with confirmed or presumedly normal serum creatinine level
      had an intravenous urography with either an ionic high-osmolar or an non-ionic
      low-osmolar contrast medium after randomization. Employing Renalyzer PRX 90, the
      plasma concentration of iodine were determined on blood samples drawn
      approximately three and four hours after the injection of the contrast medium.
      From these, the glomerular filtration rate was calculated. The urograms were
      assessed blindly as regards nephrographic and pyelographic opacification as well
      as the overall quality as regards the diagnosis was assessed. The clearance was
      found to vary between 42 and 125 ml x min-1 x 1.73 m-2. No systematic connection
      of practical significance was found between the clearance and assessment of the
      urograms. Considerable variation was found in the clearance among not only the
      poor but also the good urograms. No demonstrable differences of clinical
      significance were found between the two contrast media. It is concluded that it
      is not possible to assess clearance from the appearance of the nephrogram and
      pyelogram or from the overall diagnostic quality in routine urographies
      regardless of whether ionic high-osmolar or non-ionic low-osmolar contrast media
      are employed in patients with normal serum creatinine levels.

PMID- 2405556
TI  - [The effects of nifedipine and captopril on blood pressure, clinical chemical
      parameters and general health].
AB  - The anti-hypertensive effects of slowly absorbable nifedipin in doses of 20-40 mg
      twice daily and 25-50 mg captopril twice daily were investigated in a randomized
      cross-over trial on 19 patients with slight to moderate hypertension. Both of
      these preparations caused significant reduction in the diastolic blood pressure
      (BT) measured two and 12 hours after the last dose. Nifedipin caused 5% reduction
      of the diastolic blood pressure measured 12 hours after the last dose more
      frequently than did captopril. Where both preparations were concerned, the blood
      pressure measured two hours after the last intake of medicine was significantly
      lower than after 12 hours. Neither of the two anti-hypertensive preparations
      resulted in changes in the clinical-chemical variables measured here. No changes
      in weight of over 5% were observed. Treatment with nifedipin frequently resulted
      in headache and flushing during the first days of treatment. Three of the
      patients did not wish to continue nifedipin treatment and one did not wish to
      continue captopril treatment after the period of observation. Six patients
      experienced considerably improved general health during captopril treatment and
      three during nifedipin as compared with their condition prior to treatment.

PMID- 2405557
TI  - [Stomach rupture as a complication of respirator treatment of a newborn infant
      with esophageal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula and respiratory distress
      syndrome].
AB  - A case of perforation of the stomach in a premature infant with atresia of the
      oesophagus, tracheo-oesophageal fistula and the respiratory distress syndrome,
      requiring positive pressure ventilation, is presented. On the basis of the
      literature, the therapeutic strategy prior to operation is described.

PMID- 2405558
TI  - [Insulin has direct effects on circulation and the sympathetic nervous system].

PMID- 2405559
TI  - [Advice on intravenous treatment with beta-lactams].
AB  - Beta-lactams (BL) are administered at present in dosages which are based only
      partly on controlled clinical investigations as these are difficult to carry out
      for all types of infections. Investigations of well-defined infections and animal
      experiments suggest that the optimal effect is obtained when the BL concentration
      is kept above the minimal inhibiting concentration (MIG) during treatment. In
      cases of intermittent BL treatment of serious infections and treatment of
      patients with compromised immune defence, it is considered advisable to keep the
      serum concentration constantly above the anticipated limit of sensitivity or MIC.
      On the basis of a review of the most important pharmacokinetic properties of BL,
      methods of measurement of the sensitivity of bacteria to BL and development of
      bacterial resistance to BL, a method is presented of calculating the individual
      doses and the intervals between doses as regards the sensitivities of the
      commonest human pathological bacteria to BL although the proposed dosages have
      not been tested clinically for all types of infections. Employing this, BL may
      easily be administered individually according to the severity of the infection
      and possible special conditions in the underlying disease in the patients. The
      individual doses and intervals between doses recommended in The Danish Medical
      Codex from 1988 are presented in tabular form and are compared with calculations
      of the time in which the serum concentration remains above the anticipated limit
      of sensitivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405560
TI  - [Sinusitis caused by nasotracheal intubation].
AB  - Sinusitis following nasotracheal intubation (NTI) is an almost overlooked
      complication. The pathogenesis is believed to be development of oedema of the
      nasal mucosa due to irritation by the tube in the nasal cavity. The size of the
      tube is probably not important, whereas the duration of intubation is of major
      importance. The infection is often caused by Gram-negative microorganisms. The
      frequency is found to be 0.3% in short term intubation (less than 5 days) and
      40.4% in long term intubation (greater than 5 days). In neurosurgical patients
      treated with NTI sinusitis is found in 52% and 100% of the patients. In adults
      the indications for prolonged NTI instead of orotracheal intubation and early
      tracheostomy should be considered carefully. If fever or sepsis develops in
      patients treated with NTI, investigations for sinusitis should be included in the
      search for focus. When sinusitis has developed, the tube should be removed, and
      the patient tracheostomised. If this treatment fails, surgical drainage should be
      performed.

PMID- 2405561
TI  - [Roxithromycin (Forilin, Surlid)].

PMID- 2405562
TI  - Wound healing in skin.
AB  - Wound healing in mammals occurs by a process of regeneration and scar tissue
      production. In particular, epithelium has marked regenerative capacity. Healing
      is an active process from the moment the wound is inflicted--a "lag" phase does
      not exist. In surgery the important factors affecting wound healing are protein
      deficiency, uremia, corticosteroids, and local tissue injury. Stimulants to wound
      healing are not available for clinical application.

PMID- 2405563
TI  - Axial pattern flaps in small animal practice.
AB  - Axial pattern flaps are pedicle grafts that incorporate a direct cutaneous artery
      and vein in their base. Axial pattern flaps have better circulation compared with
      pedicle grafts, whose circulation is derived from the subdermal plexus alone
      (subdermal plexus flaps). As a result, axial pattern flaps of considerable
      dimension have the potential for single-stage development and transfer to cover
      large cutaneous defects. Development and clinical application of the following
      axial pattern flaps is discussed in this article: the omocervical axial pattern
      flap, thoracodorsal axial pattern flap, brachial axial pattern flap, caudal
      superficial epigastric axial pattern. flap, deep circumflex iliac axial pattern
      flap (dorsal and ventral branches), and genicular axial pattern flap.

PMID- 2405564
TI  - Introduction to myocutaneous and muscle flaps.
AB  - Myocutaneous and muscle flaps provide an added dimension to reconstructive
      surgery in small animals. Myocutaneous flaps composed of a muscle unit and the
      overlying skin can be utilized for skin wound closure, especially when the
      additional bulk of the transplanted muscle can be utilized for padding or closure
      of body cavities. Alternatively, muscle units alone can be employed for a variety
      of conditions, including closure of defects of the thorax and abdominal cavities
      and management of chronic bone infections. They also facilitate bone healing when
      delayed unions and nonunions occur. This article discusses the newer myocutaneous
      flaps and muscle flaps clinically applicable in small animal surgery.

PMID- 2405565
TI  - Skin grafts.
AB  - Skin grafting is a method to reconstruct the skin covering on areas of the body
      where there are defects and insufficient surrounding skin for advancement or for
      creation of flaps. Grafts are classified according to their host-donor
      relationship and by their thickness. Autogenous grafts, taken from one area of
      the body and applied to another area, are the type of graft used most often
      clinically. Pieces of skin are taken from one area of the body, prepared and
      applied over a defect that has also been properly prepared to accept the graft.
      The defect to which a graft is applied must be a healthy bed of granulation
      tissue or tissue that is vascular enough to produce a bed of granulation tissue.
      In its new location, the graft will develop a new blood supply and attachment to
      underlying tissues. This is accomplished as the graft undergoes the processes of
      fibrinous adherence, plasmatic imbibition, inoculation, and new vessel ingrowth.
      The types of grafts described in this chapter are split-thickness, full
      thickness, seed, strip, and stamp grafts. Each of these graft types must be
      prepared using certain techniques, and each one has its inherent advantages and
      disadvantages. Split-thickness grafts may require considerable skill and/or
      expensive equipment to perform. Although they "take" better than full-thickness
      grafts, they are usually less cosmetically attractive. Full-thickness grafts
      require no special skill or expensive equipment, and their cosmetic appearance is
      better than that of split-thickness grafts, but they do not take as well as split
      thickness grafts. Seed and strip grafts are easily accomplished and require no
      special instruments; however, their cosmetic appearance is not good. Stamp grafts
      have some of the properties associated with split-thickness grafts as well as
      those of seed and strip grafts, since they combine features of both.

PMID- 2405566
TI  - Mesh skin grafting.
AB  - Mesh grafts are split-thickness or full-thickness skin grafts in which parallel
      rows of staggered slits have been cut. The mesh incisions allow the graft to be
      expanded to cover large defects, provide a route for drainage of blood or serum
      from under the graft, and increase the flexibility of the graft so that it can
      conform to uneven recipient beds. Meshing can be accomplished using a no. 11
      scalpel blade or a special meshing machine. The use of unexpanded full-thickness
      mesh grafts is recommended because their cosmetic appearance equals that of sheet
      grafts, but the mesh incisions still allow drainage of blood and/or serum from
      under the graft. This technique has been very successful, with 90 to 100 per cent
      "take" when the grafts have been applied on healthy granulation beds.

PMID- 2405567
TI  - Free skin flap transfer by microvascular anastomosis.
AB  - Free skin flap transfer by microvascular anastomosis has proven to be a
      successful technique for covering difficult to treat skin defects. Specialized
      equipment and training restrict its application to large teaching or specialty
      practices. Currently, this training is only available through medical schools;
      however, skin is only one of many tissues to which distant transfer by
      microvascular anastomosis is applicable. The potential uses of microvascular free
      tissue transfer ensure its expanded use in veterinary surgery.

PMID- 2405568
TI  - Reconstructive surgery of the lips and cheek.
AB  - There are a variety of defects of the lips, cheek, and nasal tissue in small
      animals that occur as a result of trauma, wide tumor excision, and congenital
      disorders. Fortunately, there is sufficient labial and buccal tissue available to
      close many of the moderate-sized defects encountered in practice by utilizing the
      basic closure techniques discussed in this article.

PMID- 2405569
TI  - Tissue expanders.
AB  - The use of an inflatable bag to obtain skin for flaps is an exciting new
      reconstruction procedure in veterinary surgery. The silicone elastomer balloon is
      placed subcutaneously, adjacent to a defect, and slowly inflated over a period of
      several weeks. The resulting skin flap can be used to correct the defect or
      replace the skin loss. The use of this procedure is described in animals.

PMID- 2405570
TI  - Care of accidental wounds.
AB  - In wound management, the first consideration is first aid, and the primary aim
      must be to minimize further tissue damage. Definitive care includes cleaning,
      debridement, and repair procedures. Saline solution is the key to cleaning;
      antibiotics and antiseptics are not always indicated. Debridement should be done
      surgically. The wound is then managed by primary closure or delayed primary
      closure, or it is left open to heal by contraction and epithelialization.

PMID- 2405571
TI  - Bandages and topical agents.
AB  - Bandages are included in the regimen of therapy of superficial wounds. Bandages
      have varying functions depending upon the type of wound to which they are
      applied. When bandaging recently inflicted open wounds, the primary bandage layer
      may be dry-to-dry, wet-to-dry, or wet-to-wet, depending upon the type of tissue
      and exudate present on the wound. These bandages aid in debriding and cleansing a
      wound. The secondary layer of such bandages serves primarily to absorb material
      from the wound, and the tertiary bandage layer serves to hold the other bandage
      layers in place. Once an open wound is well into the repair stage of healing, an
      occlusive bandage may be considered to help enhance epithelialization of the
      wound. Bandages for wounds associated with compound fractures must include some
      form of fixation for the fracture. Other types of bandages are designed to (1)
      cover closed wounds, (2) provide pressure over a wound, and (3) relieve pressure
      over wounds or impending wounds. Bandages for closed wounds provide protection
      and allow for absorption of exudate that may be present. Pressure bandages are
      used to control minor hemorrhage, edema, and excess granulation tissue. With
      impending decubital ulcers, actual decubital ulcers, or repaired decubital
      ulcers, it is necessary to have a bandage designed to relieve pressure over the
      lesion. Many substances have been described for topical application to wounds.
      This section presents information on some substances available to or commonly
      used by veterinarians. It includes information on the wound lavage solutions
      chlorhexidine diacetate, povidone-iodine, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium
      hypochlorite solutions. Topical antibacterial agents are used to help prevent
      wound infection. The triple antibiotics, silver sulfadiazine, nitrofurazones, and
      gentamicin sulfate are some commonly used antibacterial agents. Hydrophilic
      agents are used to diffuse fluids through the wound tissues to bathe the tissues
      from the inside. Dry starch copolymer flakes and dextran polymer beads are two
      substances that help bathe the wound with the body's own fluids. Other topical
      medications are used to selectively act upon various wound tissues and exudates
      to aid in cleansing the wound; these include organic acid preparations and
      enzymatic debriding agents. In addition, a live yeast-cell derivative has been
      described for enhancing tissue oxygen consumption, epithelialization, and
      collagen synthesis in wounds.

PMID- 2405572
TI  - Tension-relieving techniques.
AB  - Excess pressure by sutures in wound closure can lead to "cutting out" of sutures
      or to ischemia of tissue adjacent to the sutures. Excess pressure can be avoided
      by use of specific suture patterns or surgical procedures. The surgeon should
      select the simplest procedure and should consider, in order of preference, the
      use of subdermal sutures, tension-relieving sutures, and then surgical
      procedures, including undermining, relaxing incisions, and plasty procedures.

PMID- 2405573
TI  - Skin flaps in reconstructive surgery.
AB  - A skin flap (pedicle graft) is a partially detached segment of skin and
      subcutaneous tissue that includes a blood supply essential to its survival. As a
      result, skin flaps are capable of closing a variety of defects, including poorly
      vascularized wound beds that are incapable of maintaining free grafts. In many
      cases, skin flaps can bypass economically many of the potential problems
      associated with healing by second intention. This article presents an overview of
      pedicle grafts, with emphasis on the clinical use of local flap techniques.

PMID- 2405574
TI  - Serological tests for Salmonella enteritidis in chickens.

PMID- 2405575
TI  - Slaughter policy for FMD among 15 European proposals.

PMID- 2405576
TI  - Salmonella enteritidis infection in pheasant chicks and poults.

PMID- 2405577
TI  - A review of the biochemical roles, toxicity and interactions of zinc, copper and
      iron: I. Zinc.
AB  - Zinc is essential for biological functions of all living matter. Zinc is
      necessary for growth, appetite, testicular maturation, skin integrity, mental
      activity, wound healing and immunocompetence. Zinc is required for the metabolic
      activities of over 70 metalloenzymes. The intestinal competition of zinc with
      copper, iron, lead, calcium and cadmium may accentuate nutritional deficiencies
      or toxicities from these environmental metals. A unifying hypothesis is not yet
      established for the effects or imbalances among these elements. These
      interactions will be of substantial practical importance in estimating dietary
      recommendations, in validating prophylactic measures, and in the assessment of
      situations in which human and animal health may be at risk.

PMID- 2405578
TI  - Guanfacine overdose in a pediatric patient.

PMID- 2405579
TI  - Mammalian toxicity and combined exposure to pesticides.
AB  - Pesticides are capable of interaction with various entities, which include
      formulating agents, solvents and carriers, impurities in formulation, and
      isomeric forms of active ingredients. All these agents could act to reduce or
      potentiate pesticide toxicity. Pesticides when used in combination could also
      interact with each other to affect toxicity. Interaction between pesticides could
      take place via the absorption, distribution or elimination routes. Induction and
      inhibition of the liver microsomal enzymes could also play significant roles in
      pesticide interaction and toxicity. Knowledge of the various mechanisms of
      pesticide interaction should be utilized in predicting the human hazards of
      pesticide combinations. Hazardous combinations should be avoided.

PMID- 2405581
TI  - Strength characteristics and failure modes of locking-loop and three-loop pulley
      suture patterns in equine tendons.
AB  - Size 3-0 polydioxanone was used as a single strand, single braid (3 strands), or
      double braid (6 strands) to create six suture material-pattern combinations for
      equine tenorrhaphy: single-strand locking loop, single-braid locking loop, double
      braid locking loop, single-strand three-loop pulley, single-braid three-loop
      pulley, and double-braid three-loop pulley. Maximum load to failure for the
      single-strand locking loop (46.1 +/- 2.9 newtons [N]) was less than for all other
      sutures (range, 103-155 N). The load required to form a 2 mm gap between tendon
      ends was greater for the single-braid three-loop pulley (66.7 +/- 6.9 N) and
      double-braid three-loop pulley (85.4 +/- 17.7 N) than any other sutures. The load
      required to produce a 10 mm gap was least for the single-strand locking loop
      (34.3 +/- 3.9 N) and greatest for the double-braid three-loop pulley (131.5 +/-
      27.5 N). Gap between tendon ends at maximum load was greater for the single-braid
      (18.1 +/- 0.9 mm) and double-braid (19.2 +/- 2.2 mm) locking loops than for any
      other sutures. Suture material broke in 53% of the locking-loop tests but in only
      17% of the three-loop pulley tests. Tendon matrix disruption accounted for 43% of
      the locking-loop failures and 77% of the three-loop pulley failures. The three
      loop pulley pattern provided more support, less tendon distraction, and less
      tendon matrix constriction and distortion than the locking-loop pattern.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405580
TI  - Comparison of three skin preparation techniques. Part 2: Clinical trial in 100
      dogs.
AB  - The skin of 100 dogs undergoing clean or clean-contaminated surgical procedures
      was prepared with povidone-iodine (PI) or 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) with
      saline or 70% isopropyl alcohol rinse. Skin bacteria at the incision site were
      quantified with Replication Organism Detection and Counting (RODAC) plates
      immediately before and after skin preparation in the preparation room, in the
      operating room, and postoperatively. The percentage of bacterial reduction,
      negative cultures, cultures with more than five colony-forming units, and skin
      reactions for each technique were calculated for each sample period and analyzed
      with the analysis of variance and Fischer tests. The percentage of bacterial
      reduction for all techniques was significant and comparable with results of a
      previous experimental study. There were no significant differences in percentages
      of bacterial reduction between PI and the CG techniques for surgical times up to
      8 hours. There were fewer negative cultures and more cultures with high bacterial
      counts with PI than with CG and saline after the cleansing scrub. There were
      fewer negative cultures after surgery with CG and alcohol than with the other two
      techniques. Duration of the surgical procedure did not significantly affect the
      culture results. Significantly more skin reactions occurred with PI. The authors
      conclude that PI and 4% CG with a saline rinse are equally effective in
      antimicrobial efficacy under clinical conditions. However, 4% CG with a 70%
      isopropyl alcohol rinse may be inferior in residual antimicrobial activity.

PMID- 2405582
TI  - The American College of Veterinary Surgeons. The first twenty-five years.
AB  - The American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS), founded in 1965 and
      recognized by the AVMA in 1970, maintains high standards for surgical training
      programs and administers rigorous certifying examinations. It provides
      educational outreach to the veterinary medical profession by presenting
      scientific programs at ACVS annual meetings, sponsoring the Veterinary Surgical
      Forum in the USA and Europe, and publishing a refereed journal, Veterinary
      Surgery. The ACVS offers research grants and other awards to surgical residents,
      and encourages its members to pursue original investigations and contribute to
      the veterinary literature. In its silver anniversary year, it is appropriate to
      recall the aspirations and accomplishments of this forward-looking specialty
      organization.

PMID- 2405584
TI  - Late prenatal care for the uninsured in Eau Claire.

PMID- 2405583
TI  - Effects of atropine and glycopyrrolate on esophageal, gastric, and tracheal pH in
      anesthetized dogs.
AB  - Atropine, glycopyrrolate, or saline solution was administered before anesthesia
      in a blinded, controlled study of 40 dogs scheduled to undergo surgery. Effects
      of treatment on esophageal, gastric, and tracheal pH were measured with an
      intraluminal pH meter. Preanesthetic administration of atropine and
      glycopyrrolate had no effect on esophageal, gastric, or tracheal pH but did
      result in increased heart rate. Thoracotomy procedures resulted in decreased
      intraluminal esophageal pH and increased heart rate. Esophageal pH at the level
      of the thoracic inlet decreased over the duration of surgery.

PMID- 2405585
TI  - Oral fluoroquinolone versus mono- or combination parenteral therapy in the
      management of bacterial infections: a critical appraisal.
AB  - There has been a great deal of interest in the use of oral fluoroquinolone
      monotherapy rather than mono- or combination parenteral therapy in the management
      of serious bacterial infections. A review of the published comparative studies
      and abstracts indicates that, overall, oral fluoroquinolones were at least as
      effective as, and certainly less expensive than, the parenteral agents studied.
      However, the spectrum of infection types and the number of patients studied in
      comparative trials have been small. In addition, ofloxacin and enoxacin were
      underrepresented in the study material. Oral fluoroquinolones were devoid of the
      serious adverse effects associated with the aminoglycosides, vancomycin, and the
      methylthiotetrazole-containing cephalosporins. In general, the incidence of minor
      adverse effects were similar for the oral fluoroquinolones and comparison
      parenteral regimens. Meta-analysis of the published reports and abstracts
      revealed that the oral fluoroquinolones are as effective as parenteral mono- or
      combination regimens for the treatment of serious bacterial infections in
      selected patient populations.

PMID- 2405586
TI  - Oral cephalosporins in perspective.
AB  - Oral cephalosporins, after 25 years of use, continue to present the clinician
      with a therapeutic challenge. The older agents have been extensively prescribed
      for ambulatory adult and pediatric patients with a wide variety of infections
      caused by gram-positive and some gram-negative organisms. The newer agents,
      cefaclor, cefuroxime axetil, and cefixime, have increased in vitro activity
      against beta-lactamase-secreting strains of Haemophilus influenzae and
      Branhamella catarrhalis which has made them more popular for the treatment of
      otitis media and respiratory tract infections in children. The new agents are
      also more active against most gram-negative organisms. However, clinical trials
      have failed to show a clear-cut superiority over older, proven therapy when used
      to treat infections of the respiratory tract, middle ear, skin and soft tissue,
      urinary tract, and bone and joints when caused by sensitive organisms. Published
      reports of clinical trials continue to support the recommendation that oral
      cephalosporins, especially the newer and more expensive agents, be reserved for
      second- or third-line therapy when amoxicillin, penicillin V, or
      trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole have either failed or produced patient intolerance.
      Erythromycin/sulfisoxazole and amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium are equally
      efficacious and also less expensive than cefaclor, cefuroxime axetil, and
      cefixime and could be considered second-line therapy prior to the use of the
      newer cephalosporins for infections in the ambulatory patient.

PMID- 2405587
TI  - Spironolactone: a re-examination.
AB  - A review of the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone is presented. It is
      effective both as monotherapy and in combination with other hypotensive agents in
      the control of both essential and hyperaldosterone-induced hypertension. It is
      useful as a diuretic in conditions such as cirrhosis and congestive heart
      failure, and is most commonly employed because of its potassium- and magnesium
      sparing qualities. Spironolactone also has been used as an antiandrogenic agent
      in managing hirsutism. Its adverse effect profile, considered somewhat
      prohibitive in the past, is generally not significant when reasonably low doses
      (less than 150 mg/d) are used.

PMID- 2405588
TI  - Effect on colonization resistance: an important criterion in selecting
      antibiotics.
AB  - Infections in humans are most often caused by aerobic microorganisms colonizing
      the digestive tract. Aerobic microorganisms are constantly entering the digestive
      tract with food, but colonization is resisted by autochthonous anaerobic flora
      (microbial colonization resistance) and by host-related factors (physiologic
      colonization resistance). Antibiotics to which the autochthonous anaerobic flora
      are sensitive and that achieve sufficiently high concentrations at the sites of
      colonization will reduce colonization resistance. Consequently, resistant aerobic
      flora of the digestive tract may reach high concentrations, increasing the risk
      of superinfection. Therefore, when choosing antimicrobial agents for therapy, the
      effect on colonization resistance should be taken into account. Immunosuppressed
      hosts and acutely ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation can be protected
      from serious infections by eliminating the most dangerous species of the aerobic
      endogenous flora, leaving colonization resistance intact. This is called
      selective decolonization. This article summarizes the effects of antimicrobial
      agents on colonization resistance.

PMID- 2405589
TI  - Drug interactions involving immunologic agents. Part I. Vaccine-vaccine, vaccine
      immunoglobulin, and vaccine-drug interactions.
AB  - Information about immunologic drug interactions is needed by pharmacists to make
      rational drug-use decisions. Previously, reports of interactions involving
      vaccines, immune globulins, and immunodiagnostic reagents were widely dispersed.
      In this two-part review article, over 50 individual and categorical interactions
      are described, as are dozens of vaccine-vaccine and vaccine-immunoglobulin, and
      vaccine-drug interactions are reviewed in this first part. Vigilance by all
      pharmacists is needed to detect previously unreported immunologic drug
      interactions and to further assess known interactions.

PMID- 2405590
TI  - Rheumatogenic group A streptococci and the return of rheumatic fever.

PMID- 2405591
TI  - Diet, atherosclerosis, and fish oil.
AB  - The principal goal of dietary prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic
      coronary heart disease is the achievement of physiological levels of the plasma
      total and LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and VLDL. These goals have been well
      delineated by the National Cholesterol Education Program of the National Heart,
      Lung and Blood Institute and the American Heart Association. Dietary treatment is
      first accomplished by enhancing LDL receptor activity and at the same time
      depressing liver synthesis of cholesterol and triglyceride. Both dietary
      cholesterol and saturated fat decrease LDL receptor activity and inhibit the
      removal of LDL from the plasma by the liver. Saturated fat decreases LDL receptor
      activity, especially when cholesterol is concurrently present in the diet. The
      total amount of dietary fat is of importance also. The greater the flux of
      chylomicron remnants is into the liver, the greater is the influx of cholesterol
      ester. In addition, factors that affect VLDL and LDL synthesis could be
      important. These include excessive calories (obesity), which enhance triglyceride
      and VLDL and hence LDL synthesis. Weight loss and omega-3 fatty acids from fish
      oil depress synthesis of both VLDL and triglyceride in the liver. The optimal
      diet for the treatment of children and adults to prevent coronary disease has the
      following characteristics: cholesterol (100 mg/day), total fat (20% of calories,
      6% saturated with the balance from omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated and
      monounsaturated fat), carbohydrate (65% of calories, two thirds from starch
      including 11 to 15 gm of soluble fiber), and protein (15% of calories). This low
      fat, high-carbohydrate diet can lower the plasma cholesterol 18% to 21%. This
      diet is also an antithrombotic diet, thrombosis being another major consideration
      in preventing coronary heart disease. Dietary therapy is the mainstay of the
      prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease through the control of plasma
      lipid and lipoprotein levels. The exact place of the omega-3 fatty acids from
      fish and fish oil remains to be defined. However, this much seems certain. Fish
      provides an excellent substitute for meat in the diet. Fish is lower in fat,
      especially saturated fat, and contains the omega-3 fatty acids. Fish oil may have
      promise as a therapeutic agent in certain hyperlipidemic states, especially the
      chylomicronemia of type V hyperlipidemia. Fish oil has logical and well-defined
      antithrombotic and anti-atherosclerotic activities since it depresses thromboxane
      A2 production and inhibits cellular proliferation responsible for the progression
      of atherosclerosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2405592
TI  - Minimizing the side effects of glucocorticoid therapy.

PMID- 2405593
TI  - Pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2405594
TI  - Hypercoagulable states.

PMID- 2405595
TI  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertension and congestive heart
      failure.

PMID- 2405596
TI  - Diagnosis and management of liver disease in pregnancy.
AB  - Liver disease in pregnancy is uncommon, acute viral hepatitis being the most
      frequent. The latter has a normal prognosis in pregnancy, with the possible
      exception of NANB hepatitis in India and North Africa. Immunization of neonates
      born of mothers suffering from acute or chronic HBV is essential and effective.
      Acute fatty liver of pregnancy has a better prognosis than previously thought,
      perhaps due to diagnosis of milder cases or improved intensive care. Its etiology
      is still unknown, but metabolic stress may be important. The confusion and
      overlap of AFLP, the HELLP syndrome, and liver disease of eclampsia suggest
      common etiological factors. Urgent delivery of the fetus is recommended in AFLP.
      The related condition of acute liver rupture may be diagnosed by ultrasound.
      Successful conservative management has been reported. Estrogens are involved in
      the pathophysiology of ICP, but this does not explain the profound racial
      differences in incidence. The nature of the sensitivity to estrogens is not
      understood, although reduced membrane fluidity, which may be counteracted by S
      adenosyl-L-methionine, is one possible explanation. The increased fetal loss
      associated with ICP suggests that treatment should be more energetic than
      hitherto. In the worst affected individuals, fetal malnutrition secondary to
      maternal steatorrhea may be an important factor. In general, patients with
      chronic liver disease have increased maternal and particularly fetal mortality.

PMID- 2405597
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of gluten-sensitive enteropathy.
AB  - Celiac disease is defined as a GSE. The small intestinal histological appearance
      of villous atrophy with crypt hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltrate of the
      lamina propria, and epithelial cell abnormalities is characteristic but not
      pathognomonic of the disorder. Confirmation of the diagnosis depends on
      histological improvement when gluten is removed from the diet and deterioration
      following gluten reintroduction. The pathogenesis of celiac disease appears to
      require interaction between a number of factors both intrinsic (genetic
      susceptibility, activation of the immune system) and extrinsic (gluten
      susceptibility, activation of the immune system) and extrinsic (gluten and
      possibly other environmental factors). The diagnosis of GSE may be delayed or
      missed unless the clinician is aware of the broad clinical spectrum of disease
      presentation. Although celiac disease is widely perceived as a malabsorption
      syndrome of childhood, the diagnosis is increasingly being made for the first
      time in adult life. A significant number of patients have no GI symptoms
      whatsoever. Small intestinal biopsy through the endoscope is the initial and
      definitive investigation. Most patients show excellent clinical and histological
      response to a gluten-free diet. The commonest reason for poor response is
      continuing intentional or inadvertent gluten intake. A minority of patients
      develop complications, in particular intestinal malignancy, including enteropathy
      associated T-cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2405598
TI  - Renaissance of paracentesis in the treatment of ascites.
AB  - The dangers of large-volume paracentesis have been overemphasized in the past.
      Recent data fail to show hypovolemia or any other complications ascribable to 5-L
      paracentesis when it is accompanied by IV infusion of 40 gm of albumin. Other
      data question the need for albumin infusion. Large-volume paracentesis is now a
      therapeutic option for relief of symptomatic, tense ascites, and, in company with
      sodium restriction, for chronic management of ascites refractory to diuretics.

PMID- 2405599
TI  - Surgical alternatives to ileostomy or colostomy.

PMID- 2405600
TI  - The role of recombinant hematopoietic growth factors in blood diseases.

PMID- 2405601
TI  - Is splenectomy an outmoded procedure?

PMID- 2405602
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor: immunologic, antitumor, metabolic, and cardiovascular
      activities.

PMID- 2405603
TI  - Role of dietary calcium in osteoporosis.

PMID- 2405604
TI  - The role of MRI in diagnostic imaging of the injured knee.
AB  - Clinical evaluation of the acutely injured knee is often supplemented by
      radiographic studies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly replacing other
      techniques as the study of choice for evaluating knee injuries. MRI can delineate
      meniscal tears, cruciate and collateral ligament injuries, and tendon, capsule
      and cartilage problems.

PMID- 2405605
TI  - Screening for high blood cholesterol. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
AB  - Periodic measurement of total serum cholesterol is most important for middle-aged
      men, and it may also be clinically prudent in young men, women and the elderly.
      All patients should receive periodic counseling regarding dietary intake of fat
      (especially saturated fat) and cholesterol.

PMID- 2405606
TI  - Gestational age assessment.
AB  - Accurate assessment of gestational age is an essential component of good
      obstetric care. Many techniques of gestational estimation are available, ranging
      from calculations based on the date of the last normal menstrual period to
      sonographic measurements of fetal parameters. Each method has advantages and
      disadvantages and a stage of pregnancy at which it is most reliable. Early
      attention to appropriate indicators, reinforced by the monitoring of gestational
      parameters throughout pregnancy, leads to a more accurate estimated date of
      confinement than reliance on a single indicator. Incongruity between fetal size
      and dates should arouse suspicion of specific, serious clinical problems.

PMID- 2405607
TI  - Urinary tract infections in women.
AB  - The clinical conditions that cause dysuria in women can usually be differentiated
      by the history and selected physical and laboratory examinations. Cystitis can be
      treated with short-course therapy in uncomplicated cases; pretreatment cultures
      are usually not necessary, since most infections are caused by Escherichia coli.
      Outpatient treatment of pyelonephritis is appropriate in selected patients.
      Follow-up culture after treatment of either cystitis or pyelonephritis is
      indicated to identify those patients requiring longer treatment or urologic
      evaluation. Recurrent urinary tract infections can be managed with postcoital
      antibiotics, long-term prophylaxis or patient self-administration of short-course
      therapy. Bacteriuria and pyelonephritis in pregnancy must be aggressively
      diagnosed and treated.

PMID- 2405608
TI  - Relationship between antecedent angina pectoris and short-term prognosis after
      thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Thrombolysis and
      Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (TAMI) Study Group.
AB  - The relationship between preinfarction clinical status and short-term outcome was
      prospectively evaluated in 775 patients hospitalized with acute myocardial
      infarction after reperfusion therapy. It was anticipated that a history of angina
      preceding myocardial infarction by more than 7 days would be associated with more
      extensive underlying coronary artery disease and a more complicated in-hospital
      course. However, although this group did have a higher risk profile for coronary
      artery disease (hypertension 53.6% vs 37.2%; diabetes 22.5% vs 12.1%;
      hyperlipidemia 19.4% vs 9.8%; mean number of risk factors 2.2 vs 1.7, p =
      0.0001), a higher incidence of multivessel disease (57.7% vs 39.6%, p less than
      0.0001), worse baseline global left ventricular function (left ventricular
      ejection fraction 48.8% vs 51.3%, p = 0.03), and impaired function of the
      noninfarct zone (-0.05 vs +0.46 SD/chord, p = 0.002), the in-hospital course was
      less complicated than in the group without prior angina. Patients without
      antecedent angina had a higher rate of reocclusion of the infarct-related artery
      (13.6% vs 8.2%; p = 0.048). Although the difference did not reach statistical
      significance (7.2% vs 4.6%; p = 0.21), the in-hospital mortality rate was also
      higher in this group. These findings suggest that a history of prior angina is
      not necessarily associated with an unfavorable short-term prognosis after
      reperfusion therapy. This may be related to the greater prior use by this group
      of beta-adrenergic- and calcium channel-blocking agents (23.1% vs 8.5% and 20.7%
      vs 3.8%, respectively). It may also be related to the beneficial effects of
      collateral vessels, myocardial preconditioning, or differences in the native
      fibrinolytic system.

PMID- 2405609
TI  - The role of antiplatelet agents in modifying the extent of restenosis following
      percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.
AB  - We previously reported that a combination of aspirin and dipyridamole given
      before, during, and for 6 months following percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty (PTCA) did not reduce the incidence of restenosis. In that trial, a
      total of 272 successfully dilated segments in 243 patients reached final
      quantitative angiography and of these, 86 segments (31.6%) had restenosed (46 of
      130 segments in the group of patients given placebo and 40 of 142 segments in the
      aspirin-dipyridamole group). A secondary analysis of these 86 segments revealed
      that at follow-up angiography the severity of restenosis was greater in the 46
      segments in the placebo group than in the 40 segments in the active treatment
      group (mean minimal luminal diameter at the stenosis = 0.76 +/- 0.52 and 1.03 +/-
      0.45 mm, respectively, p = 0.01). The frequency of total or subtotal occlusions
      was higher in the placebo group (17.4%) than in the active treatment group
      (5.0%), but this observation did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.07).
      Although long-term treatment with aspirin and dipyridamole after successful PTCA
      does not reduce the incidence of recurrence, this secondary analysis suggests
      that it is associated with a decreased likelihood of severe restenosis.

PMID- 2405611
TI  - Hemodynamic and renin responses to nifedipine in renovascular hypertension.
AB  - We investigated the acute effects of nifedipine (10 mg orally) on renin and
      systemic hemodynamics in twelve patients who had severe hypertension (diastolic
      values averaging 114 mm Hg) with unilateral renal artery stenosis (angiography)
      and hyperreninemia. Plasma renin activity was determined from blood samples drawn
      from the aorta and from both renal veins, so that "ischemic lateralization" could
      be evaluated through appropriately derived indexes. Nifedipine promptly and
      significantly lowered aortic pressure in all patients. At 30 minutes maximal
      circulatory responses were recorded, which consisted of a 22% decrease in mean
      aortic pressure (from an average of 144.6 +/- 15 mm Hg to an average of 113 +/-
      11 mm Hg), a 44% reduction of systemic vascular resistance (from 2162 +/- 540
      dynes.sec.cm-5 to to 1205 +/- 279 dynes.sec.cm-5), a 33% rise in cardiac index
      (from 2920 +/- 970 ml/min/m2 to 3875 +/- 986 ml/min/m2). These effects were still
      evident, although somewhat tempered, after 180 minutes of continuous monitoring;
      they were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those reported by some
      authors in persons with primary hypertension with similar levels of blood
      pressure. After nifedipine was given, renin activity of the systemic blood rose
      significantly, because of a potentiated release from the kidney with arterial
      stenosis. This effect, which was inferred as being due to further reduction of
      the renal perfusion pressure, improved the significance of "ischemic
      lateralization" indexes and supported the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension
      in all cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405610
TI  - Adenosine or adenosine triphosphate for supraventricular tachycardias?
      Comparative double-blind randomized study in patients with spontaneous or
      inducible arrhythmias.
AB  - The effects of intravenous adenosine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were
      studied in a double-blind randomized study during 68 episodes of supraventricular
      tachycardia in 39 patients. Adenosine restored sinus rhythm in 20 patients (25 of
      27 episodes) and produced atrioventricular block to reveal atrial arrhythmias in
      nine. ATP restored sinus rhythm in 17 patients (22 of 25 episodes) and revealed
      atrial tachyarrhythmias in six. In patients receiving both compounds, the
      effective dosage of adenosine was 3.8 mg and of ATP it was 6.6 mg (p less than
      0.05), suggesting molar equipotency. Transient side effects were common,
      occurring in 81% of episodes with adenosine and in 94% with ATP. Symptom scores
      (0 to 10) were not significantly different (median score for adenosine was 5, for
      ATP it was 6). Adenosine and ATP were equally effective for the diagnosis and
      treatment of supraventricular tachycardias and the incidence and severity of side
      effects were similar. Adenosine has the advantage of being more stable.

PMID- 2405612
TI  - Restenosis following coronary angioplasty.
AB  - The last decade has witnessed an enormous increase in the use and success of
      percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. During this time, our knowledge
      of the mechanisms of angioplasty and of how it relates to the pathophysiology of
      restenosis has also grown. Despite our better understanding of the mechanisms
      responsible for it, restenosis remains a significant problem in coronary
      angioplasty, affecting approximately one third of patients. A variety of factors
      can affect the measured rate of restenosis, such as the symptomatic status of the
      patient and the timing of restenosis studies. Certain clinical, anatomic, and
      procedural factors are associated with increased rates of restenosis.
      Pharmacologic interventions are ineffective in preventing restenosis. A variety
      of new mechanical devices are being developed, but their efficacy at this time
      does not appear to be superior to angioplasty alone. While attempts at preventing
      restenosis have thus far been unsuccessful, the information gained through the
      various studies has added tremendously to our knowledge base of angioplasty.
      Through this better understanding of the mechanisms of angioplasty and
      restenosis, it is likely that the problem of restenosis will be improved, either
      through existing technology or by methods yet to be discovered.

PMID- 2405613
TI  - Intravenous nicardipine hydrochloride: treatment of patients with severe
      hypertension.
AB  - Nicardipine hydrochloride, a dihydropyridine calcium entry-blocking drug, was
      administered to 66 patients with severe hypertension during three protocols
      designed to examine the efficacy and safety of this investigation drug. It was
      shown that nicardipine was uniformly effective in lowering blood pressure to a
      therapeutic goal of 95 mm Hg. Time to achieve therapeutic effect was dose
      dependent, and steady-state blood levels were achieved after 8 to 12 hours.
      Reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure but not changes in heart
      rate were correlated with plasma concentrations of nicardipine. In dose-ranging
      studies, the minimal effective dose of nicardipine appeared to be 2 mg/hr; 1
      mg/hr was an ineffective dose, and little additional effect was seen above 4
      mg/hr. Side effects were modest and consisted of those associated with
      vasodilation--headache, flushing, and feelings of warmth. In the initial group of
      patients studied, local thrombophlebitis occurred in a substantial number of
      patients. This was seen only after 14 hours of infusion. In subsequent studies,
      the infusion site was changed after 12 hours, and no further cases of
      thrombophlebitis were seen. Nicardipine appears to be therapeutic agent for
      parenteral use that shows promise in the treatment of severe hypertension.

PMID- 2405614
TI  - Clinical considerations for the use of intravenous nicardipine in the treatment
      of postoperative hypertension.
AB  - The incidence of postoperative hypertension after both cardiac and noncardiac
      surgery is a major concern. alpha-Adrenergic-blocking drugs, such as
      phentolamine, and direct-acting vasodilators, such as nitroglycerin and
      nitroprusside, are commonly used to treat hypertension. Nifedipine, a calcium
      channel blocker, may also be used, but because no intravenous preparation is
      available, its effects are not titratable. A new short-acting calcium channel
      blocker, nicardipine, is a potent vasodilator and produces more selective
      responses in the coronary versus the systemic vascular circulation. It is an
      effective cerebral vasodilator, increasing cerebral blood flow and oxygen
      delivery. Nicardipine can be administered as an intravenous loading infusion of
      10 to 15 mg/hr for 25 minutes, followed by a maintenance infusion of 3 to 5
      mg/hr. Nicardipine has a short duration factor, is easily titratable and is as
      effective as nitroglycerin or nitroprusside in the control of hypertension. In
      summary, nicardipine has many properties of an ideal drug for the treatment of
      postoperative hypertension.

PMID- 2405615
TI  - Techniques for assessing inotropic effects of drugs in patients with heart
      failure: application to the evaluation of nicardipine.
AB  - Evaluation of new drugs for the treatment of patients with heart failure requires
      assessment of the inotropic effects of these agents. Use of traditional indexes
      of contractility has been limited by the confounding effects of load on these
      measures of contractile function, although they have yielded meaningful
      conclusions in some studies. Recently, the end-systolic pressure volume relation
      (ESPVR) has emerged as a relatively load-independent measure of contractility.
      Because it is difficult to construct the relation in the clinical setting,
      several approximations have been introduced, some of which have significant
      limitations. We have applied the ESPVR to the assessment of the inotropic effect
      of the new dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, nicardipine, in 15 patients
      with heart failure caused by systolic dysfunction. We constructed left
      ventricular pressure-volume loops from micromanometer pressure and radionuclide
      volume and manipulated afterload with nitroprusside. In response to intravenous
      nicardipine, mean arterial pressure fell from 91 +/- 4 (mean +/- SEM) to 72 +/- 2
      mm Hg, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure fell from 27 +/- 2 to 23 +/- 3 mm
      Hg, cardiac index increased from 1.7 +/- 0.1 to 2.4 +/- 0.1 L/min/m2, and left
      ventricular ejection fraction increased from 0.15 +/- 0.01 to 0.19 +/- 0.01 (all
      p less than 0.05). Heart rate did not change. A rightward shift of the ESPVR,
      indicating a negative inotropic effect of nicardipine, was observed in 12 of 14
      patients (p less than 0.05). We conclude that nicardipine improves left
      ventricular pump performance despite its negative inotropic effect in patients
      with severe heart failure. The improvement in pump performance can be attributed
      to afterload reduction.

PMID- 2405616
TI  - Randomized double-blind comparison of side effects of nicardipine and nifedipine
      in angina pectoris. The Nicardipine Investigators Group.
AB  - Nicardipine and nifedipine are structurally similar dihydropyridine calcium
      channel blockers with demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of stable angina
      pectoris. The present study was a prospective randomized trial designed to
      evaluate the relative incidence of dizziness, flushing, headache, pedal edema,
      and palpitations during use of these drugs in patients with angina pectoris. Of
      250 patients who entered into the comparative treatment part of the study, 140
      patients were susceptible to developing symptoms to nifedipine as identified
      during a 1-month open-label treatment with nifedipine. These patients were
      compared with a parallel cohort of 110 patients, who were identified during the
      same open-label period, but remained mostly asymptomatic. After a 1-week washout
      of nifedipine, equal numbers of patients in each cohort began an 8-week period of
      randomized, double-blind treatment with nifedipine (20 mg three times daily) or
      nicardipine (30 mg three times daily). Patients who experienced these symptoms
      during the open-label nifedipine treatment had a higher incidence of the same
      symptoms during the blinded treatment regimen. Nicardipine-treated patients had a
      lower incidence of each of the symptoms than did the nifedipine-treated patients.
      Statistically significant differences were reported for dizziness, the most
      common of the side effects. Patients who were free of these symptoms in the open
      label period usually remained free of them in the blinded comparison. However,
      even among those free of dizziness during the open-label nifedipine treatment,
      more patients reported experiencing dizziness in the blinded phase from
      nifedipine than from nicardipine (18% vs 6%; p = 0.02).

PMID- 2405617
TI  - Fifty years of progress: 1940-1990.

PMID- 2405618
TI  - Industrial hygiene's professional future. 1989 Smyth Award lecture.

PMID- 2405619
TI  - Effects of cigarette smoking and propranolol in survivors of acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - The effect of propranolol on mortality and reinfarction after acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI) in cigarette smokers and nonsmokers was studied in the Beta
      Blocker Heart Attack Trial. Cigarette smokers (n = 2,332) were 5 years younger
      than nonsmokers and had a lower incidence of diabetes mellitus, systemic
      hypertension, previous AMI and cardiomegaly. Among cigarette smokers, the placebo
      group had a higher total mortality rate than the propranolol group (11.0 vs 7.4%,
      p less than 0.0008) and more sudden cardiac deaths (7.1 vs 4.6%, p less than
      0.009). In nonsmokers the placebo group had a mortality (7.9 vs 7.1%, p greater
      than 0.64) similar to the propranolol group. After baseline adjustment, cigarette
      smokers were estimated to have 1.6 times the risk of dying as compared to
      nonsmokers (p less than 0.0007). Adjusting for baseline differences, both
      treatment with propranolol and nonsmoking were predictors of survival. No
      detectable nonsmoking/propranolol interaction could be identified. In survivors
      of AMI a beneficial effect of propranolol is observed for cigarette smokers.
      Nevertheless, cigarette smoking continues to be a risk factor for mortality after
      AMI even for those receiving propranolol.

PMID- 2405620
TI  - Detection and localization of tumor necrosis factor in human atheroma.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a secretory product of normal macrophages that can
      cause cell necrosis, new blood vessel formation and thrombosis. These are also 3
      characteristic features of the progression of stable atheroma to endothelial
      disruption. Accordingly, an immunohistochemical method was developed to detect
      TNF in human tissue. Using this method TNF positivity was demonstrated in 57 of
      65 (88%) of tissue sections classified as atherosclerotic and in 5 of 11 (45%)
      sections classified as minimally atherosclerotic. TNF was absent in 6 sections
      classified as normal. TNF positivity was found not only in the cytoplasm of
      macrophages, but also in the cytoplasm and attached to the cell membrane of
      smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells of the human atheroma. Because TNF is
      known to cause new vessel formation, hemorrhagic necrosis and increased
      thrombogenicity, it may play a role in the evolution of uncomplicated to complex
      atheroma.

PMID- 2405621
TI  - New approaches to treatment of myocardial infarction.
AB  - Survival of patients with acute transmural infarction is largely related to the
      size of the myocardial infarction. The goal of thrombolytic therapy in acute
      myocardial infarction is maximal salvage of myocardium by reestablishment of flow
      in the occluded infarct-related artery and the establishment and maintenance of a
      patent infarct-related artery. Results of randomized trials show a significant
      reduction in mortality in patients who have undergone thrombolysis. A patent
      infarct-related artery, even in the absence of a change in left ventricular
      function, is associated with reduced mortality. The Thrombolysis in Myocardial
      Infarction Trial and the European Cooperative Trial showed that recombinant
      tissue-type plasminogen activator is superior to streptokinase in reestablishing
      flow in a totally occluded artery. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests
      that thrombolysis and thrombosis occur simultaneously, and that lysis appears to
      increase both thrombin and platelet activity. Effective reduction of thrombosis
      accelerates thrombolysis. Rethrombosis after thrombolysis is due to anchored
      residual thrombus, which alters the hemorrheology of blood flow and produces a
      highly thrombogenic substrate that is largely due to residual fibrin-bound
      thrombin. Platelet deposition is directly related to severity of residual
      stenosis and shear rate. Thrombin appears to be the most potent of the 5
      potential stimulators of platelet activation during arterial thrombosis. Proper
      anticoagulation can play an important role in reducing thrombosis. Experimental
      evidence strongly supports the use of heparin during and after thrombolysis. A
      recently reported study shows continued reduction of residual stenosis after 1
      month of vigorous anticoagulation with intravenous heparin and subsequent oral
      anticoagulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405622
TI  - Antithrombotic therapy in historical perspective.
AB  - The history of antithrombotic therapy is traced over the past 5 decades, with a
      focus on the treatment of 2 major disorders: venous thromboembolism and acute
      myocardial infarction. Five subjects pertinent to clinical management decisions
      are discussed: (1) theories of thrombosis and coagulation, (2) tests of
      coagulation, (3) the availability of therapeutic interventions, (4) techniques
      for the diagnosis of vascular obstruction, and (5) the use and misuse of clinical
      trials.

PMID- 2405623
TI  - Anticoagulant therapy after acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The use of anticoagulant therapy for patients who have had an acute myocardial
      infarction is still controversial, mainly because early major studies had
      conflicting findings, but reanalysis of the data did produce evidence that
      anticoagulation had clinically and statistically significant benefits. Now more
      evidence, including the results of a 10-day in-hospital study of low- and high
      dose calcium heparin, has been gathered to support using anticoagulants for these
      patients. The study used the development of left ventricular mural thrombosis, a
      frequent complication of acute myocardial infarction that carries a high risk for
      systemic embolic complications, to assess clinical outcome: A reduced incidence
      of mural thrombosis would be taken to indicate reduced chances that patients
      would have major systemic emboli. Two-dimensional echocardiography was used to
      detect thrombi. In the study, the incidence of left ventricular mural thrombosis
      was significantly lower in the high--than in the low-dose group. Among patients
      in the high-dose group in whom a mural thrombosis did develop, plasma heparin
      concentrations were significantly lower and activated partial thromboplastin
      times were shorter. These data suggest that monitoring plasma heparin levels and
      anticoagulant response can ensure maximal treatment effectiveness. No significant
      differences in other outcomes--such as bleeding complications, nonhemorrhagic
      strokes and mortality--were found between the high- and low-dose treatment
      groups.

PMID- 2405624
TI  - Valvular heart disease, infected valves and prosthetic heart valves.
AB  - The major causes of systemic embolism from valvular heart disease (mitral, aortic
      and mitral valve prolapse), prosthetic valves (both mechanical and tissue valves)
      and infected valves (endocarditis) are reviewed from the standpoint of their
      incidence and complications. Recommendations for therapy with anticoagulants or
      other antithrombotic therapy are set forth following the guidelines recently
      provided by the Second American College of Chest Physicians Conference on
      Antithrombotic Therapy. Adherence to these recommendations can significantly
      decrease the risk of systemic embolism in patients with these valvular heart
      problems.

PMID- 2405625
TI  - Cardiac embolism: the neurologist's perspective.
AB  - Cardioembolic stroke represents a major healthcare challenge in the United
      States, accounting for significant morbidity and mortality, as well as economic
      and social costs. Determining the cause of ischemic stroke is often difficult
      because multiple potential etiologies are often present and available diagnostic
      tools are relatively insensitive. The diagnosis of cardioembolic stroke is based
      on a variety of clinical and laboratory clues that are significant, although not
      invariable, predictors of stroke etiology. Computed tomography scans help suggest
      etiology, and scans performed at 48 hours after stroke onset are essential to
      identify hemorrhagic infarctions. Cerebral angiograms may be helpful if performed
      early. Echocardiography is indicated only for selected patients who are more
      likely to demonstrate cardiac abnormalities on an echocardiogram. The management
      of acute cardioembolic stroke involves weighing the benefits of reducing stroke
      recurrence by anticoagulation against the risk of symptomatic brain hemorrhage. A
      management algorithm is provided that can help reduce both the risk of
      symptomatic brain hemorrhage and the incidence of potentially disabling stroke
      recurrence.

PMID- 2405626
TI  - Antithrombotic therapy in cardiac disease: an approach based on pathogenesis and
      risk stratification.
AB  - An approach to the management of thrombosis and embolism in various
      cardiovascular disorders is discussed. This approach is based on current
      knowledge of pathogenesis and risk of thromboembolism. Rational therapeutic
      guidelines are formulated along the lines of anatomic location (arterial
      circulation, cardiac chambers or prosthetic valves), pathophysiology (activation
      of platelets or the coagulation system, or both), and degree of thromboembolic
      risk. With clear understanding of these factors, it may be possible to determine
      the most suitable platelet inhibitor or anticoagulant regimen for the individual
      patient, and whether these agents should be given singly or in combination.

PMID- 2405627
TI  - Prevention of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
AB  - Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) leads to hospitalization for up to 600,000 persons
      each year in the United States. Venous thrombosis in itself may be benign, but
      the condition can lead to dangerous complications and has a high recurrence rate.
      Strategies to prevent DVT involve prevention of stasis and reversal of changes in
      blood coagulability that allow thrombi to form. Pharmacologic agents have been
      effective in reducing the incidence of DVT and pulmonary embolism. Low-dose
      subcutaneous heparin is considered a nearly ideal DVT preventative for surgically
      treated patients. The risk of hemorrhage is the main limitation to routine use of
      subcutaneous anticoagulants for DVT, but careful patient selection can minimize
      that risk. After anticoagulant therapy with heparin, generally for 7 to 10 days,
      oral warfarin is the drug of choice for maintenance anticoagulation to prevent
      DVT recurrence. Therapy for pulmonary embolism is the same as for DVT--immediate
      anticoagulation with heparin followed by maintenance with warfarin.

PMID- 2405628
TI  - Low-dose warfarin and low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of ischemic
      heart disease.
AB  - The thrombotic component in ischemic heart disease (IHD) is now universally
      recognized. It is therefore logical to consider modifying both fibrin formation
      and platelet function in primary (as well as secondary) prevention. The
      scientific case for evaluating lower-dose warfarin in primary prevention rests on
      the implications of the secondary prevention trials, increasing evidence of an
      association between the level of factor VII coagulant activity, VIIc, and the
      incidence of IHD, and the results of short-term lower-dose trials for the
      prevention of venous thrombosis and thromboembolism. The general case for
      considering aspirin in primary prevention is well known, but the potential value
      of low-dose aspirin in men at high risk needs to be established. Currently
      available evidence suggests that the combination of lower doses of both warfarin
      and aspirin in primary prevention may be effective and safe. The objective of the
      factorial Thrombosis Prevention Trial is to demonstrate a reduction in the
      incidence of IHD in men at high risk attributable to low-dose warfarin or low
      dose aspirin, or both, with 1 group receiving both active treatments. The
      feasibility of this trial has been demonstrated. An International Normalized
      Ratio of about 1.5, achieved with an average daily dose of 4.6 mg warfarin, has
      resulted in no increase in the number of men ever reporting minor bleeding
      episodes, although rectal bleeding occurs more frequently in those men who do
      report this symptom.

PMID- 2405629
TI  - Detection of HIV-related protein in testes and prostates of patients with AIDS.
AB  - The testes and prostates of 14 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) for whom autopsies were performed were examined for the presence of human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the pathologic alterations seen in AIDS.
      Histologically, the testes contained peritubular fibrosis and variable
      spermatogenic arrest, which were inconsistent with the young age of these
      patients. There were also numerous foci of germ cell degeneration and occasional
      germ cell loss. The Leydig cells were atrophic and decreased in number. The
      prostates contained increased numbers of concretions. Sections of testis and
      prostate were stained with an anti-HIV P17 monoclonal antibody with the use of
      the avidin-biotin technique. Small scattered foci of positive staining were
      identified in 8 of 14 testes (57%). They were located over one or several
      degenerating germ cells and the surrounding Sertoli cells. In addition, in 9 of
      14 prostates (64%) there were a few minute foci of positive staining in several
      adjacent glandular epithelial cells. In one case the testis was positive and the
      prostate was negative, whereas in two cases the testes were negative and the
      prostate positive. In contrast, 22 testes and 22 prostates of control non-AIDS
      patients, read double-blind, were negative. The positive controls were HIV
      infected tissue culture HUT 78 lymphoma cells in which there were many scattered
      positive cells. The results indicate the presence of focal HIV-associated protein
      in the testes and prostates of patients with AIDS, particularly within the foci
      of germ cell degeneration. The present observations are in accordance with
      previous research demonstrating the presence of HIV in the seminal fluid of
      patients with AIDS and appears to indicate the presence of an infection of the
      male genital tract by the HIV virus.

PMID- 2405630
TI  - The expression of HLA class I antigens in germ cell testicular cancer.
AB  - The expression of HLA class I antigens in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) was
      studied by the immunoperoxidase technique. In the normal testicle, the
      interstitial cells of Leydig as well as most of the germ cells were significantly
      stained. In typical seminoma, 75% of the tumor cells in stage I and 30% in stage
      II were stained. In embryonal cell carcinoma, 25% of the cases in stage I and
      less than 10% of those in stage II were stained. Mature teratoma was stained in
      most of the cases, whereas in malignant teratoma only 35% of the cases showed
      some staining of the tumor cells. In mixed tumors each component displayed its
      characteristic staining pattern. The expression of class I antigens on tumor
      cells is required for immune recognition and lysis of the tumor by cytotoxic T
      cells. The reduced expression of class I antigens that was related to histologic
      characteristics and stage suggests that some testicular tumors may escape immune
      surveillance and become biologically more aggressive.

PMID- 2405631
TI  - Progressive transformation of germinal centers with and without association to
      Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Progressively transformed germinal centers occurred in about 3.5% of cases of
      chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis. They are larger than germinal centers and are
      composed of follicular mantle lymphocytes, small clusters of proliferating mainly
      medium-sized B- and T-cells, as well as an extensive network of follicular
      dendritic cells. Sixty-six patients with lymph node enlargement containing
      progressively transformed germinal centers and staging and sequential biopsies of
      213 patients with Hodgkin's disease (mixed and nodular sclerosis type) were
      investigated with special reference to the relationship of this lesion to
      Hodgkin's disease. In most cases, progressively transformed germinal centers
      developed without any obvious signs of illness and seemed to have no association
      with Hodgkin's disease. The patients could be differentiated into two groups. The
      larger group, Group 1 (n = 55 of 66) consisted of patients showing progressively
      transformed germinal centers without association to Hodgkin's disease. The
      smaller group, Group 2 (n = 11 of 66) showed progressively transformed germinal
      centers obviously with association to nodular paragranuloma (Hodgkin's disease
      lymphocytic predominance type). Progressively transformed germinal centers
      preceding (n = 3), simultaneously (n = 4), and after development of nodular
      paragranuloma (n = 4) were found. With regard to subtypes of Hodgkin's disease
      other than paragranuloma, progressively transformed germinal centers also could
      be found in sequential biopsies of Hodgkin's disease of mixed and nodular
      sclerosis type. In one case, progressively transformed germinal centers preceded,
      in another case they occurred simultaneously in mixed type of Hodgkin's disease,
      and in two cases of nodular sclerosis type progressively transformed germinal
      centers developed after the onset of Hodgkin's disease. These findings suggest
      that progressively transformed germinal centers may be a result of different
      processes that may be occasionally related not only to nodular paragranuloma, but
      also in rare cases to nodular sclerosis and mixed type of Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2405632
TI  - Evaluating diagnostic tests with imperfect standards.
AB  - New diagnostic tests frequently are evaluated against gold standards that are
      assumed to classify patients with unerring accuracy according to the presence or
      absence of disease. In practice, gold standards rarely are perfect predictors of
      disease and tend to misclassify a small number of patients. When an imperfect
      standard is used to evaluate a diagnostic test, many commonly used measures of
      test performance are distorted. It is not widely appreciated that these
      distortions occur in predictable directions and that they may be of considerable
      magnitude, even when the gold standard has a high degree of accuracy. The
      diagnostic powers of clinical tests will be more accurately reported if
      consideration is given to the types of biases that result from the use of
      imperfect standards. Several different approaches may be used to minimize these
      distortions when evaluating new tests.

PMID- 2405633
TI  - Definition of method sensitivity.

PMID- 2405634
TI  - Shear bond strength of four orthodontic bonding systems.
AB  - Recently new orthodontic bonding systems have been developed for attachment of
      brackets to the etched facial surfaces of teeth. Two of these new systems use
      bonding agents that contain solvents. It is claimed that this improves the
      polymerization of the unfilled resin primer and may increase bond strength. A new
      light-cured restorative enamel/dentin-bonding agent has also recently been
      introduced. Its value in orthodontic bonding has not been determined. The aim of
      this investigation was to evaluate the shear bond strengths of the three new
      bonding systems and to compare these with a conventional orthodontic bonding
      system. Forty-eight enamel specimens were prepared with 600-grit silicone carbide
      paper, acid etched with 37% phosphoric acid, and assigned to four enamel-bonding
      treatment groups: (A) Saga sealant; (B) Maximum Cure; (C) Scotchbond-2; and (D)
      Concise enamel bond. After enamel priming, the specimens were bonded to Concise
      orthodontic bonding resin. The bonded specimens were thermocycled (15 degrees C
      to 45 degrees C) and then stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 7 days.
      Shear bond strength was tested with an Instron testing machine at a strain rate
      of 0.02 in/min. The mean shear bond strengths and standard deviations reported in
      MN/m2 were (A) 20.34 (5.37); (B) 25.33 (5.96); (C) 14.59 (5.25); and (D) 20.13
      (4.98). The mean shear bond strengths for groups A, B, and D were significantly
      greater (p less than 0.05) than that for group C. The addition of solvents to the
      new orthodontic bonding systems does not appear to have a clinically significant
      effect. The new restorative bonding resin does not provide comparable enamel bond
      strengths.

PMID- 2405635
TI  - Clinical acceptability of orthodontic retainers fabricated from stored alginate
      impressions.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical acceptability of
      orthodontic retainers fabricated from stored alginate impressions. In the
      laboratory, alginate impressions were made of a standard dentoform. In the
      clinic, maxillary alginate impressions were made of the teeth of 20 dentate
      adults. In each case, sets of stone models were made either immediately or after
      the impressions had been stored for 24 or 72 hours at high humidity. The linear
      dimensions of the three sets of dentoform models were compared with one another
      and with the standard dentoform. No differences were found. Claspless acrylic
      retainers were fabricated on the models from the adult subjects. The retainers
      were positioned in the subjects' mouths and evaluated for snap fit, stability,
      cervical margin fit, and self-retention. With the use of these criteria, 95% of
      the retainers made from impressions that were poured immediately were clinically
      acceptable. When impressions were stored 24 and 72 hours, the percentages of
      acceptable retainers were 80% and 90%, respectively. The differences in
      percentage of clinically acceptable retainers were not statistically significant.
      When impressions are stored at high humidity, a large percentage of clinically
      acceptable orthodontic retainers can be made from models poured as long as 72
      hours after the impression is made.

PMID- 2405636
TI  - An American Board of Orthodontics case report.
AB  - A case report is presented of a skeletal Class III malocclusion with an
      underdeveloped maxilla, severe arch-length deficiency, and steep mandibular plane
      angle. [This case was presented to the American Board of Orthodontics in partial
      fulfillment of the requirements for the certification process conducted by the
      Board.

PMID- 2405637
TI  - The management of umbilical granulomas with cryocautery.

PMID- 2405638
TI  - Clavicular fractures in neonates.
AB  - We evaluated the wide variation in the reported incidence of fractured clavicles
      (0.2% to 3.5%) in newborns by screening 626 consecutive infants delivered
      vaginally for fractures. One of us (P.R.J.) evaluated all infants, twice during
      the initial hospital stay and 2 weeks later. Eighteen fractured clavicles were
      identified for a frequency of 2.9% (18/626). One fracture was discovered on the
      first hospital examination, 10 on discharge, and 7 at follow-up. Only 2 patients
      had symptoms usually associated with fractured clavicles. The most reliable
      clinical sign for in-hospital diagnosis was difficulty in feeling the margins of
      the affected clavicle when compared with the normal clavicle. The mean birth
      weight of the infants was 3604 g (range, 3000 to 4930 g), and no obstetric
      complications occurred. The reported frequency of fractures diagnosed clinically
      during hospitalization significantly underestimates their occurrence. Most
      newborn infants with fractures have no symptoms and minimal physical findings
      during the first days of life, making repeated examination necessary.

PMID- 2405639
TI  - The use of hygiene, cohorting, and antimicrobial therapy to control an outbreak
      of shigellosis.
AB  - Shigellae are easily transmitted in day-care centers to children and adult staff
      by contamination of diaper-changing surfaces and fomites or directly from person
      to person. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy may shorten the duration of diarrhea
      caused by shigellae and eliminate the organism from the feces. Current
      recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Public
      Health Association are that infected children be isolated until three and two,
      respectively, consecutive stool cultures are negative. We utilized a disease
      control strategy based on use of antibiotics to control diarrheal symptoms and
      reduce infectiousness, cohorting of asymptomatic infected children in the center,
      and scrupulous attention to hygiene and environmental cleanliness. This strategy
      was effective in stopping transmission, was more practical than some of the
      measures now recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American
      Public Health Association, and was well accepted by parents and center staff. The
      strategy should be evaluated in other day-care settings.

PMID- 2405641
TI  - Injurious effects of radiation on the esophagus.
AB  - Esophageal damage secondary to radiation therapy to thoracic tumors is a major
      dose limiting complication. Concomitant use of chemotherapeutic agents enhance
      this problem which can appear as esophagitis early in the course of treatment or
      as strictures later. Early complications usually are treated conservatively,
      whereas endoscopic dilatations of the esophagus are often used for strictures.
      Newer developments in the field include use of arachidonic acid metabolism
      pathway inhibitors and radioprotectants. The use of these pharmacologicals,
      together with modification of the mechanics of radiation delivery, may lead us
      close to elimination of the complications in normal esophageal tissue, while
      enhancing localized response in the thoracic tumors.

PMID- 2405640
TI  - New insights into idiopathic infantile arterial calcinosis. Three patient
      reports.
AB  - We describe the occurrence of idiopathic infantile arterial calcinosis in three
      newborn siblings. Unusual features in this disease include ultrasonographic
      prenatal diagnosis in the second two siblings and ultrastructural studies of the
      third patient that might shed light on the pathophysiologic characteristics of
      this disease. Ruthenium-red staining for proteoglycans showed a clearly abnormal
      structure for the granules in areas of calcification. The granules appeared
      disorganized, with loss of their normal honeycomb interconnections. They also
      varied in size and density. In addition, matrix vesicles that might serve as
      nucleation sites for crystalline calcium phosphate were observed in zones of
      calcification.

PMID- 2405642
TI  - An evaluation of arbaprostil at multiple doses for the treatment of acute
      duodenal ulcer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled international trial.
AB  - Six hundred and thirty patients were enrolled in a randomized double-blind
      placebo-controlled trial evaluating two arbaprostil dosages (25 micrograms and 50
      micrograms) qid for 4 wk for the treatment of acute duodenal ulcers. The healing
      rates in the placebo, 25-micrograms, and 50-micrograms treatment groups were 39%,
      51%, and 60%, respectively. Smoking was found to adversely affect the healing
      rates in all the treatment groups. Pain severity was less with either arbaprostil
      treatment. The only side effect found was diarrhea: 10%, 14%, and 32% in the
      placebo, 25-micrograms, and 50-micrograms treatment groups, respectively. Severe
      diarrhea occurred in 1% of those patients who received the 50-micrograms dosage
      regimen, but in none of the other two groups. Arbaprostil at these two dosage
      levels, when given for 4 wk, appears to be a safe and efficacious agent for the
      treatment of acute duodenal ulcers.

PMID- 2405643
TI  - Budd-Chiari syndrome: diagnosis with duplex sonography.
AB  - Three patients with proven Budd-Chiari syndrome were examined with a duplex
      sonograph consisting of a real-time ultrasonograph and a pulsed Doppler
      flowmeter. In these cases, the pulsed Doppler analysis associated with the real
      time imaging showed abnormalities in the direction of flow in the hepatic vein,
      communicating vessel between hepatic veins, and/or retrohepatic inferior vena
      cava, which were consistent with obstruction of hepatic venous outflow. With
      these findings, duplex sonography can be used to diagnose Budd-Chiari syndrome.

PMID- 2405644
TI  - Adult onset nesidioblastosis: response of glucose, insulin, and secondary
      peptides to therapy with Sandostatin.
AB  - Adult onset nesidioblastosis (AON) is an extremely rare entity associated with
      hypersecretion of insulin. Previous reports have demonstrated that the
      somatostatin analog, Sandostatin (SMS), will control the clinical symptoms
      induced by infantile nesidioblastosis. We hypothesized that insulin, C-peptide,
      and secondary peptide secretion from AON is provocable. We also hypothesized that
      SMS would suppress both basal and provoked primary and secondary peptide
      secretion in AON. To test this hypothesis, in a patient with AON, 13 gut peptide
      levels were determined at set intervals during provocative testing with a test
      meal, a calcium infusion, a secretin bolus, and a glucagon bolus. These tests
      were repeated under the influence of SMS. Insulin, C-peptide, and pancreatic
      polypeptide (PP) levels were elevated in the basal state. SMS suppressed all
      three peptides (mean 68%) (p less than 0.05). Basal fasting glucose rose by 65%,
      and glucose ratios were raised throughout all four tests. Insulin:glucose ratios
      decreased during SMS therapy. Insulin and PP secretion was increased by all four
      provocative tests (mean 458% and 665% above baseline, respectively). C-peptide
      was provoked by three tests (mean 204%). Peptides with normal basal values were
      also provocable. GRP and glucagon were provoked by secretin stimulation (182%,
      186%, respectively). Calcium infusion stimulated CIP release by 372%. SMS
      suppressed the peak provoked peptide levels in all positive provocation tests (p
      less than 0.05). Peak provoked insulin values were decreased by 59%, C-peptide by
      75%, and PP by 92%. Peak provoked glucagon, CRP, neurotensin, and GIP levels were
      decreased by 20%, 65%, 51%, and 73%, respectively. The patient has been
      maintained on SMS (25 micrograms bid) for 1 yr and has shown decreased insulin
      levels, normal glucose levels, and, at 1 yr, leads an asymptomatic normal life.
      SMS is able to suppress primary and secondary peptide secretion in both the
      fasting and provoked state. The long-term efficacy of SMS may be predicted by its
      ability to suppress primary peptide release during peak provocation.

PMID- 2405645
TI  - Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis after organ transplantation.
AB  - Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) is a rare disorder of undetermined
      etiology which is associated with various medical and gastrointestinal
      conditions. Fewer than 50 cases of PCI occurring after organ transplantation have
      been reported in the transplant and surgical literature. All have occurred either
      after bone marrow, kidney, or liver transplantation. The etiology remains obscure
      but proposed factors include pretransplantation chemotherapy and radiotherapy,
      immunosuppressive therapy, graft-versus-host disease, opportunistic enteric
      infections, and a sympathetic reaction from an adjacent inflamed allograft. The
      patients are often mildly symptomatic, and asymptomatic pneumoperitoneum is seen
      not infrequently. If the patient does not have a serious underlying illness, then
      the prognosis is good, with spontaneous resolution occurring in most cases. We
      report the first case of PCI occurring after an orthoptic cardiac
      transplantation, and extensively review the literature of PCI occurring in the
      setting of organ transplantation. We conclude that PCI is often a benign and self
      limited condition in this setting, and morbidity is usually related to another
      complication of transplantation. Even the presence of pneumoperitoneum usually is
      not associated with peritonitis, and most cases of PCI can be managed
      conservatively.

PMID- 2405646
TI  - A case of inflammatory pseudotumor of the gallbladder and bile duct.
AB  - A rare cause of obstructive jaundice is presented. A 43-yr-old man developed
      jaundice with fever and weight loss, and showed lymphadenopathy, reticular
      shadows on chest roentgenogram, deranged liver function tests, eosinophilia, low
      values of complement proteins, and hypergammaglobulinemia. There was a stricture
      throughout the bilateral hepatic ducts and common hepatic and bile ducts with
      dilated intrahepatic bile ducts on imagings. The walls of the gallbladder and
      common bile duct were thickened due to diffuse granulomatous lesions of unknown
      etiology, composed mainly of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts identical
      with inflammatory pseudotumor. The same histological findings also were observed
      in the lung and lymph nodes. Jaundice disappeared, with reduced thickening of the
      common bile duct wall. All clinical and laboratory abnormalities subsided after
      high-dose prednisolone therapy, starting when dyspnea developed. There is no
      similar case in the literature.

PMID- 2405647
TI  - A compendium of public health data sources.
AB  - This paper is a compendium of sources that contain quantitative data on the
      health of the US population. These data are useful for epidemiology, public
      health research, and surveillance activities. The data are from vital records,
      health surveys, surveillance systems, and the US Census. In this compendium,
      there are 107 sources of data on mortality, morbidity, natality, maternal and
      child health, health and health care, the Census, and nutrition surveillance. The
      telephone numbers and contact offices within the federal agencies responsible for
      these data bases are provided as guides to help researchers obtain this
      information. These data sources are useful for examining the relations between
      diet, behavior, exposure, and health, trends in mortality and morbidity for
      specific diseases, and patterns in food consumption and composition.

PMID- 2405648
TI  - The association between head trauma and Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The relation between head trauma and Alzheimer's disease was one of four major
      risk factors explored in a case-control study of 130 matched pairs; cases were
      clinically diagnosed between January 1980 and June 1985 at two geriatric
      psychiatric clinics in Seattle, Washington, and controls were friends or nonblood
      relatives of the cases. Subjects were matched by age, sex, and relationship
      between the case and his or her surrogate respondent. Head injuries which
      resulted in a loss of consciousness or which caused the subject to seek medical
      care were documented by means of interviews with surrogate respondents. A history
      of head injury was recorded for 24% of the cases and 8.5% of the controls,
      yielding an odds ratio of 3.5 (95% confidence interval 1.5-8.3) in conditional
      logistic regression analysis adjusted for age at onset of disease symptoms and
      family history of Alzheimer's disease. The estimated risk of Alzheimer's disease
      increased as the time between the last head trauma event and the onset of disease
      symptoms diminished (p = 0.002). This trend remained statistically significant (p
      = 0.006) when head injuries which occurred within 5 years of onset of the disease
      were excluded from the analysis. There was some difference between cases and
      controls for the average duration of unconsciousness in events accompanied by
      such a loss, but this was not statistically significant. The two groups were also
      similar in the circumstances surrounding the injuries and in the frequency of
      alcohol problems. This is the third case-control study to find a statistically
      significant association between head trauma and Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2405650
TI  - Simple and rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of
      hemoglobin C[alpha 2 beta 2 6(A3)Glu----Lys] in cord blood using a monoclonal
      antibody.
AB  - We have generated a murine hybridoma that secretes a monoclonal antibody (mAb)
      that is highly specific for hemoglobin C (HbC) [alpha 2 beta 2 6(A3)Glu----Lys]
      and shows no cross reactivity with HbA, HbA2, HbF, HbS, HbE, or Hb O-Arab. Using
      this antibody, we developed a simple and rapid enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA) technique for the detection of HbC in both adult and cord blood. The
      assay can be carried out using either whole blood samples or hemolysates. With as
      little as 10 microliters/well of whole blood or 5 micrograms Hb/well of
      hemolysates, and, with dilutions of the antibody up to 10(-5), we were able to
      detect HbC unequivocally in cord blood samples. The ELISA procedure could detect
      HbC in proportions as low as 0.01%. This simple diagnostic test represents a
      technological advance in Hb identification and can easily be used for mass
      screening (96 samples in less than 45 min) to detect HbC. Furthermore, this
      assay, when employed in conjunction with an mAb specific for beta 6GLU of HbA,
      allows the discrimination between HbC homozygotes, heterozygotes, and normals.

PMID- 2405649
TI  - Stimulation of myelopoiesis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and in other
      lymphoproliferative disorders by recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor.
AB  - In an attempt to stimulate granulopoiesis, we administered recombinant human
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to 11 patients with
      lymphoproliferative disorders. Ten patients had neutropenia, six of whom had
      severe neutropenia (less than 500 neutrophils), including two with
      agranulocytosis. GM-CSF (60-250 micrograms/m2/day) was administered by continuous
      intravenous infusion daily for 14 days at 2-week intervals. Significant increases
      in white blood cell counts (1.3-to 11.7-fold) and neutrophils (1.7- to more than
      29-fold) were seen in 10 of 11 patients, including one patient with
      agranulocytosis. Eosinophils (3.9- to greater than 65-fold) and monocytes (1.3-
      to 5-fold) increased as well. In contrast, no significant increases were seen in
      total lymphocytes or in different phenotypic subsets of lymphocytes during
      treatment. The overall proportion of myeloid and lymphoid elements in bone marrow
      remained stable. These results indicate that GM-CSF is effective in stimulating
      myelopoiesis in neutropenic states associated with lymphoproliferative disorders.
      Further studies will be necessary to determine whether the correction of
      neutropenia ultimately translates into clinical benefit.

PMID- 2405652
TI  - Polycystic kidney disease: neoplasia in disguise.

PMID- 2405651
TI  - Apparent duplication of inv(3)(q21q26) in one of five cases with inv (3) in
      myelodysplastic syndromes and acute leukemia.
AB  - Rearrangements affecting the long arm of chromosome 3 have been linked to
      abnormalities of platelet production and morphology in hematologic disorders. We
      present five patients with myelodysplastic syndromes or acute leukemia in whom
      inv(3)(q21q26) was seen. One of the patients showed an inversion of both homologs
      involving precisely the same breakpoints, suggesting apparent duplication of the
      abnormal chromosome 3 and loss of the normal homolog. To our knowledge this is
      the first report detailing such a condition.

PMID- 2405653
TI  - A randomized prospective trial of three different regimens of treatment of
      peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - A randomized prospective study was undertaken in patients on continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) to evaluate the efficacy of three different
      antibiotic regimens for the treatment of peritonitis. There were 39 episodes in
      each treatment group. Patients were treated with intraperitoneal (IP) cephalothin
      (250 mg/L) and tobramycin (8 mg/L) in group 1, oral ofloxacin (400 mg loading
      followed by 300 mg daily) in group 2, and a combination of ofloxacin (400 mg
      followed by 300 mg daily) and rifampicin (300 mg daily). Treatment duration was
      10 days. The average culture-positive rate was 75%. The overall cure rate was
      80.6% with IP antibiotics, 78.4% with oral ofloxacin, and 81.1% with ofloxacin
      and rifampicin. After the exclusion of tunnel infections and episodes of
      peritonitis due to Pseudomonas and resistant organisms, the corresponding figures
      were 100%, 90.6%, and 93.7%, respectively. Side effects were minimal with IP
      treatment and with oral ofloxacin, but severe nausea and vomiting occurred in
      some cases with the combination of ofloxacin and rifampicin. It was concluded
      that oral ofloxacin is an acceptable first-line therapy for peritonitis in CAPD
      patients.

PMID- 2405654
TI  - New concepts in molecular biology and ultrastructural pathology of the
      peritoneum: their significance for peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was developed into a life
      maintaining therapy using a membrane whose fundamental biological characteristics
      were largely unknown. Recognition of this deficiency in our knowledge spurred a
      belated explosion of research that began with an exploration of the fine
      structure of the mesothelium. The monolayer of lining cells was found to be more
      sophisticated than previously imagined, being profusely carpeted with microvilli
      and bearing motile cilia, and in contrast to endothelium, was shown to possess a
      cytoplasm replete with organelles in which rough endoplasmic reticulum and lipid
      inclusions are prominent. Because these findings indicated possible secretory
      function, a link was sought between these observations and the discovery in
      effluent dialysate of phosphatidylcholine, a lubricant surfactant. Subsequently,
      comparison of mesothelial ultrastructure with that of type 2 pneumocytes revealed
      close concordance, while specialized fixation techniques developed for the
      preservation of lamellar bodies (the known storage vesicles of alveolar
      surfactant), when applied to mesothelium, for the first time revealed similar
      cytoplasmic inclusions. In vitro studies have shown that mesothelium, when
      incubated with radiolabeled precursor, is capable of synthesizing
      phosphatidylcholine, the principal constituent of pulmonary surfactant, in
      amounts similar to those produced by lung. The demonstration that the intensively
      studied type 2 pneumocyte and mesothelium both secrete lamellar bodies has opened
      up new possibilities in exploring the physiology, pharmacology, and pathology of
      the peritoneum. Recent work on mesothelial cell culture has shed new light on the
      factors involved in healing and regeneration. Recognition of the existence of
      subserosal multipotential cells and their importance in maintaining the integrity
      of the mesothelial cell layer is dawning. From the study of peritoneal biopsies
      in CAPD patients, evidence is accumulating that a process of nonenzymatic
      glycosylation of protein, similar to that which occurs in diabetes, is
      responsible for changes in stromal texture and the reduplication of basement
      membranes. Appreciation of stromal vulnerability to dialysate-induced accelerated
      aging following mesothelial loss may therefore require a new approach to
      peritoneal dialysis during peritonitis. Now that CAPD approaches clinical
      maturity there is increasing recognition of the need for strategies to ensure
      long-term preservation of the peritoneum as a dialyzing organ. Concomitantly
      there is a realization that these goals can only be attained through a much
      deeper appreciation of the molecular biology and pathology of the peritoneum
      itself.

PMID- 2405655
TI  - Cutting a Gordian knot in the linkage analysis of complex human traits.

PMID- 2405656
TI  - One hundred years of chromium and cancer: a review of epidemiological evidence
      and selected case reports.
AB  - The present review is motivated by the fact that 100 years have passed since the
      first cancer case in a chromium worker was reported in Scotland. Old and recent
      case reports and epidemiological studies among chromate workers are reviewed to
      elucidate the importance of valency states and water solubility of chromium
      compounds for carcinogenic potency. It is concluded that all chromium[VI]
      compounds should be considered carcinogenic among exposed populations, and that
      no evidence has been presented indicating that human exposure to chromium[III] is
      associated with increased cancer risk. Strong evidence has been presented that
      zinc chromate is a potent carcinogen and suggests that calcium chromate may be a
      potent carcinogen. Evidence also suggests that water-soluble chromates in general
      may be more potent carcinogens than those with low solubility. Primary and
      secondary prevention of chromate-related cancer and the success in preventive
      measures are briefly discussed, and recommendations for future research are made.

PMID- 2405657
TI  - Improving access to computer-based library and drug information services in
      patient-care areas.
AB  - A project to increase access to drug and biomedical information through
      electronic linkage of drug information and library services to three patient-care
      areas is described. In February 1987, microcomputer work stations were installed
      in the Bexar County Hospital District's hospital emergency department, medical
      residents' office, and ambulatory-care clinic, as well as in The University of
      Texas Health Science Center's library reference area and drug information service
      office. Drug information was available on compact disk through the Micromedex
      Computerized Clinical Information System (CCIS) database, which includes DRUGDEX,
      POISINDEX, EMERGINDEX, and IDENTIDEX. Each work station was also connected to the
      library's computer via modem, allowing access to the Library Information System,
      books, journals, audiovisual materials, miniMEDLINE, and an electronic mail
      system. During the six-month project, the system was used 5487 times by 702
      people. The system was successful in providing drug and other information in
      clinical settings and in introducing clinical staff members to new information
      technology. To increase access to the system after the project ended, the CD-ROM
      version was discontinued, and the distributed tape version of CCIS for VAX
      computers was added to the library's online information system, making drug
      information more available throughout the campus and teaching hospitals. In 1988
      89 an average of 200 people accessed the tape version of CCIS each month.
      Although it is difficult to replace the convenience of an onsite library, at
      least some drug and biomedical information needs in the clinical setting can be
      met through computer networking.

PMID- 2405658
TI  - Clinical utility of liver biopsy in patients with serum antibodies to the human
      immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - PURPOSE: Patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) frequently
      have liver dysfunction, which may be due to a number of causes. Determination of
      the patients who are likely to benefit from liver biopsy, an invasive procedure,
      is therefore important. In this study, the results of liver biopsy in patients
      with AIDS were compared to those in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected
      patients without AIDS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-six consecutive patients with
      antibodies to HIV present in the serum underwent liver biopsy from 1984 through
      1988 at the Bronx Municipal Hospital. Twenty (56%) of the patients had AIDS
      diagnosed prior to the liver biopsy. Indications for the liver biopsy were
      unexplained fever in 83%, and abnormal serum levels of biochemical parameters of
      liver function in 89%. RESULTS: Liver biopsy was diagnostic in 18 cases (50%),
      including findings of hepatic infection by mycobacteria in 15, cytomegalovirus in
      two, and schistosoma in one; these infections had been previously detected at an
      extrahepatic site in only two cases. Helpful clinical information in 10 others
      included findings of granulomas of undetermined etiology in four, cirrhosis in
      five, and chronic persistent hepatitis in one. Patients with a diagnostic biopsy,
      as compared to patients with a nondiagnostic biopsy, had a statistically
      significant increase in the frequency of having AIDS diagnosed before the biopsy,
      longer duration of AIDS (in patients with AIDS diagnosed before the biopsy),
      greater number of different prior opportunistic infections, and a more elevated
      serum alkaline phosphatase level. For example, 70% of patients with AIDS, as
      compared to 25% of patients with serum antibodies to HIV but without AIDS, had
      diagnostic liver biopsies. Patients with a diagnostic biopsy also had
      statistically significantly more frequent pulmonary symptoms, possibly due to
      more frequent occurrence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. In particular, the 15
      patients with hepatic mycobacterial infection, as compared to the other patients,
      had a statistically significant increase in the frequency of having AIDS
      diagnosed prior to the biopsy, longer duration of AIDS, more frequent prior
      opportunistic infections, more severe leukopenia, and a more elevated serum
      alkaline phosphatase level. Liver biopsy was more sensitive than bone marrow
      aspiration and biopsy at detecting mycobacterial infection. CONCLUSION: Liver
      biopsy, when indicated, is useful to detect opportunistic infection in HIV
      infected patients who are not known to have AIDS.

PMID- 2405659
TI  - Management of patients with symptomatic gallstones: a quantitative analysis.
AB  - Should persons with symptomatic gallstones (i.e., those that have caused biliary
      pain) be treated immediately? Or may they be managed expectantly until pain
      recurs or a biliary complication (i.e., acute cholecystitis or pancreatitis)
      occurs? To assess the mortality risk of different strategies, we performed a
      quantitative analysis. For the expectant management strategy that requires
      surgery only if a biliary complication occurs, the cumulative lifetime
      probability of gallstone disease death in a 30-year-old man is about 2%, and most
      deaths occur after age 65. In comparison, elective cholecystectomy has only a
      0.1% rate of gallstone disease death, but all deaths occur at age 30. The average
      amount of life expectancy gained by immediate cholecystectomy compared with
      expectant management is 52 days, which is reduced to 23 days using 5%
      discounting. This gain could be increased only slightly by a 100% effective and
      risk-free therapy such as perfected lithotripsy or medical dissolution. Results
      are similar for women. The results suggest that, for persons with symptomatic
      gallstones, the life expectancy gain of immediate cholecystectomy is relatively
      small and that the potential incremental gain of nonsurgical therapy is also
      small. For patients and physicians who believe that life expectancy is of primary
      consideration, the decision about therapy may be made primarily on non-mortality
      considerations. Some patients and physicians may decide that the risk of
      symptomatic gallstones is low enough that a policy of expectant management may be
      acceptable.

PMID- 2405660
TI  - Management of severe hyponatremia: rapid or slow correction?
AB  - Case reports and the literature on the treatment of severe hyponatremia were
      reviewed. It appeared that the conflicting opinions with respect to the rate of
      correction of severe hyponatremia could be reduced to not differentiating between
      acute and chronic hyponatremia, to using different criteria for this distinction,
      and to differences in treatment strategy. After reviewing the available data in
      the literature, it is suggested that hyponatremia should be classified as acute
      whenever the rate of decrease of serum sodium exceeds 0.5 mmol/L/hour. If it is
      unknown at which rate the hyponatremia has developed, it can be assumed to be
      acute if within a short period of time (two to three days), large quantities of
      fluid are ingested orally or administered parenterally, especially hypotonic
      fluids in the presence of impaired water excretion. In other cases, chronic
      hyponatremia is probable. It is concluded that acute hyponatremia should be
      treated without delay and rapidly at a rate of at least 1 mmol/L/hour, to prevent
      severe neurologic damage or death. With respect to chronic hyponatremia, it
      appeared that severe neurologic complications almost exclusively occurred in
      patients who were treated with hypertonic or isotonic saline without the addition
      of furosemide or an osmotic diuretic agent, resulting in a (rapid) correction
      rate of 0.5 mmol/L/hour or more. In contrast, patients with severe chronic
      hyponatremia treated with furosemide and isotonic or hypertonic saline almost
      uniformly did well after rapid correction. Uneventful recovery is also the rule
      when severe chronic hyponatremia is corrected slowly, at a rate less than 0.5
      mmol/L/hour. On pathophysiologic grounds, and bearing in mind that slow
      correction was used in the majority of reported patients in the literature with
      severe chronic hyponatremia who recovered without neurologic complications, this
      treatment modality is preferable. Whenever the available data do not permit a
      differentiation between acute or chronic hyponatremia, rapid correction has to be
      pursued by means of administration of hypertonic or isotonic saline together with
      furosemide.

PMID- 2405661
TI  - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura following hemorrhagic colitis due to
      Escherichia coli O157:H7.

PMID- 2405662
TI  - Circulating heparin-like anticoagulants: report of five consecutive cases and a
      review.

PMID- 2405664
TI  - Urinary incontinence in the elderly.
AB  - Urinary incontinence is a prevalent problem among the elderly and has a
      significant clinical, social, psychological, and economical impact. In spite of
      these consequences, often very little is done to evaluate the problem.
      Furthermore, patients may be reluctant to bring their complaint to the attention
      of their health care provider. This broad review will discuss the anatomy,
      physiology, and pathophysiology of urinary incontinence. The initial evaluation
      and treatment options will also be outlined. As the aged population continues to
      grow, physicians can expect to see this problem with greater frequency. It is
      hoped that this discussion will facilitate the evaluation and management of this
      common but frequently neglected problem.

PMID- 2405663
TI  - Assessment of myocardial perfusion with contrast two-dimensional
      echocardiography.
AB  - Myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) is a new technique capable of
      assessing regional myocardial perfusion in vivo in real time. At present, this
      technique involves the intraaortic or intracoronary injection of microbubbles of
      air. As these microbubbles traverse the myocardium, they produce opacification of
      the myocardium in concomitantly performed echocardiographic images. In animal
      models, MCE has been demonstrated to assess accurately the in vivo risk area
      (region of the myocardium at risk for necrosis after acute coronary occlusion).
      It has also been shown to provide quantitative information on regional myocardial
      blood flow (both antegrade and collateral). This technique has been demonstrated
      to be safe in humans. In clinical studies it has been shown to be a useful
      adjunct to cardiac catheterization, particularly in the assessment of coronary
      blood flow reserve and collateral blood flow. MCE is also used in the operating
      room to assess regional myocardial perfusion before and after bypass graft
      operations. The microbubbles used for MCE were shown to opacify the left
      ventricular cavity after their injection into a peripheral vein. If myocardial
      opacification after venous injection can be achieved, MCE will have the potential
      for the simultaneous noninvasive in vivo assessment of regional myocardial
      perfusion and function in humans.

PMID- 2405665
TI  - Five landmarks in inbreeding studies.
AB  - A short review is made on papers by Mendel, Wright, Haldane and Moshinsky,
      Cotterman, Malecot, Morton et al., and Khoury et al. The accompanying paper
      applies the two epidemiological approaches of this paper to the Brazilian
      populations.

PMID- 2405666
TI  - In memoriam Dr. Peter Bowen, 1932-1988.

PMID- 2405667
TI  - Pigmentary dysplasias, hypomelanosis of Ito, and genetic mosaicism.

PMID- 2405668
TI  - The central nervous system in the Apert syndrome.
AB  - In this paper, we present available central nervous system data from our series
      of patients with the Apert syndrome. Combining our own data with that available
      in the literature, 30 patients had malformations of the corpus callosum, the
      limbic structures, or both. Other frequent findings included megalencephaly (7
      cases), gyral abnormalities (8 cases), encephalocele (4 cases), pyramidal tract
      abnormalities (2 cases), hypoplasia of cerebral white matter (4 cases), and
      heterotopic gray matter (2 cases). Progressive hydrocephalus seems to be uncommon
      and has frequently been confused with nonprogressive ventriculomegaly in the
      past. Psychometric evaluations, neurological findings, and neuropathologic
      reports from the literature are critically reviewed. It is clear that a
      significant number of patients with the Apert syndrome are mentally retarded. It
      is suggested that malformations of the central nervous system may be responsible
      for most cases.

PMID- 2405669
TI  - Aberrant bronchi and cardiovascular anomalies.
AB  - In an investigation of malformation associations in consecutive perinatal
      autopsies, 4 infants were identified as having a displaced or supernumerary
      bronchus. Each had a different type of bronchial abnormality and 3 had congenital
      heart defects and other malformations. Review of the literature found 38 other
      cases of aberrant bronchi with additional defects, especially cardiovascular or
      costovertebral anomalies. Structural cardiac defects were more common in patients
      with super-numerary tracheal bronchi (67%) than in those with displaced tracheal
      bronchi (27%) or bronchoesophageal connections (23%). There was also a strong
      negative association (P = 0.01) of cardiovascular and costovertebral defects
      unless multiple anomalies were present. The combinations of anomalies seen appear
      to reflect relatively specific developmental field defects affected both by the
      spatial relationships of organs near the developing foregut and by temporal
      sequence. Recognition of these patterns has clinical and embryological
      importance. Aberrant bronchi should be considered when children with cardiac
      defects or multiple anomalies such as the VACTERL association have unexplained
      respiratory symptoms and surgeons planning to treat such bronchial abnormalities
      should be aware of the high frequency of abnormal vessels in these cases.

PMID- 2405670
TI  - New manifestations of Neu-Laxova syndrome.
AB  - We report on a newborn boy with Neu-Laxova syndrome and spina bifida, bilateral
      cryptorchidism, and shallow orbital cavities. Association of these manifestations
      in Neu-Laxova syndrome is the first to be reported in the literature. This is the
      first report of Neu-Laxova syndrome from India.

PMID- 2405671
TI  - Chromosome 6q deletions: a report of two additional cases and a review of the
      literature.
AB  - Here we report on two additional cases of distal 6q deletions with one case
      showing a terminal deletion of chromosome 6 (46,XY, del(6)(pter----q26:)) and one
      case showing an interstitial deletion of chromosome 6 (46,XY, del(6)(pter---
      q23::q25----qter)). The association of retinal abnormalities in 6q deletions is
      supported, and the additional manifestations of skin hyperextensibility, sacral
      abnormality, and imperforate anus are described.

PMID- 2405672
TI  - The value of Doppler assessment of the uteroplacental circulation in predicting
      preeclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation.
AB  - Flow velocity waveforms of the uteroplacental arteries were analyzed at 20 and 24
      weeks of gestation, by means of duplex pulsed Doppler ultrasonography, in 93
      women at risk for preeclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation. The ability of
      an elevated resistance index to predict these conditions was tested. At 20 and 24
      weeks an abnormal resistance index was significantly associated with intrauterine
      growth retardation but not with preeclampsia, with or without proteinuria. A low
      fetal abdominal circumference at 20 or 24 weeks or an increasing maternal plasma
      uric acid concentration at 24 weeks was as predictive as an elevated resistance
      index. In a second group of 43 women, screened in the same way, the only
      association was of an elevated resistance index at 20 weeks with intrauterine
      growth retardation. Although elevated resistance indices occur more commonly in
      women who develop intrauterine growth retardation and/or preeclampsia, the
      correlation is not close enough to be clinically useful as a screening test.

PMID- 2405673
TI  - Doppler measurements of fetal and uteroplacental circulations: relationship with
      umbilical venous blood gases measured at cordocentesis.
AB  - A pulsed Doppler study of the fetal and uteroplacental circulations was performed
      on 41 pregnant women with small-for-gestational-age and 10 women with appropriate
      for-gestational-age fetuses at 19 to 37 weeks' gestation. Blood gases and pH,
      measured in umbilical venous samples obtained by cordocentesis within 1 hour of
      the Doppler studies, were correlated individually and as an "asphyxia" index, to
      the Doppler and ultrasonographic biometric measurements. Although there were
      significant correlations between the majority of the ultrasonographic biometric
      and Doppler measurements with the blood gas results, better correlations were
      found with the ratio of common carotid artery to descending thoracic aorta mean
      velocity and pulsatility index. The best predictor of asphyxia was an index
      comprising aortic mean velocity and the common carotid artery pulsatility index.
      When this index was abnormal, 89% of fetuses had an asphyxia index 1 SD above the
      mean and 60% 2 SDs above the mean. A normal index was always associated with
      normal blood gases. The indices representing the inverse relationship of
      impedance and velocity in the two major vessels that supply the brain and the
      abdominal viscera provide the best prediction of the fetal condition because they
      reflect the hemodynamic response to changes in the partial pressure of
      respiratory gases.

PMID- 2405674
TI  - Anti-vascular endothelial cell antibodies in severe preeclampsia.
AB  - There is mounting evidence to suggest that vascular endothelial cell injury plays
      an important role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. In this study an enzyme
      linked immunoassay was used to demonstrate increased binding of immunoglobulins G
      and M to human umbilical vein endothelial cells by sera from women with severe
      preeclampsia as compared with normal pregnant control women. Fifty percent of
      women with preeclampsia versus 15.4% of control women had either immunoglobulin G
      or immunoglobulin M binding. In addition, immunofluorescent staining of normal
      renal cortical tissue with preeclamptic sera showed increased binding of
      immunoglobulin G to arterioles in patients with anti-vascular endothelial cell
      antibodies. These antibodies were not directed at HLA antigens and did not cross
      react with platelets. Interferon-gamma stimulation did not increase
      immunoglobulin binding. Antibodies to antigens expressed on vascular endothelial
      cells may be important in mediating the endothelial damage seen in preeclampsia.

PMID- 2405675
TI  - The effect of indomethacin on the pulsatility index of the umbilical artery in
      human fetuses.
AB  - Pulsed and continuous-wave Doppler ultrasonography was used to assess blood
      velocities in the ductus arteriosus and the pulsatility index of the umbilical
      artery in 20 fetuses (1 pair of twins and 18 singletons) at 23 to 33 weeks'
      gestation during maternal indomethacin therapy for preterm labor or
      polyhydramnios. There was no statistically significant difference in the
      pulsatility index of the umbilical artery during maternal indomethacin treatment
      (mean +/- SD, 1.11 +/- 0.20) when compared with baseline values (1.12 +/- 0.19)
      in all 20 fetuses studied. An increase in the peak systolic and diastolic blood
      velocities in the ductus arteriosus consistent with ductal constriction was noted
      in 9 fetuses. Analysis of the umbilical artery pulsatility index values before
      and during indomethacin in this subgroup of fetuses failed to reveal a
      statistically significant change (1.12 +/- 0.19 vs. 1.11 +/- 0.20). Indomethacin
      therapy does not influence the pulsatility index of the umbilical artery at the
      gestational ages studied.

PMID- 2405677
TI  - The tap test: confirmation of a simple, rapid, inexpensive, and reliable
      indicator of fetal pulmonary maturity.
AB  - The tap test was previously described, and preliminary experience suggested it
      might be a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable indicator of fetal lung maturity. In
      this expanded series of 332 patients delivered of infants within 72 hours of
      amniotic fluid analysis, the predictive values for mature test results at 2, 5,
      and 10 minutes were 98.9% (182 of 184), 97.4% (221 of 227), and 97.1% (233 of
      240), respectively. Predictive values for immature test results were 41.2% (61 of
      148), 54.3% (57 of 105), and 60.9% (56 of 92). For the phospholipid profile the
      predictive value was 96.9% (186 of 192) for a mature test result and 40.7% (57 of
      140) for an immature result. These observations, coupled with its methodologic
      simplicity, make the tap test a good first step in a cascade scheme of tests for
      fetal lung maturity and a valuable test in a facility where the phospholipid
      profile is not available 24 hours a day.

PMID- 2405676
TI  - Controlling refractory atonic postpartum hemorrhage with Hemabate sterile
      solution.
AB  - The customary use of Hemabate sterile solution for postpartum hemorrhage was
      studied at 12 cooperating obstetrics units for a 12-month period. Outcomes of
      interest were the characteristics of patients chosen by the attending physicians
      to receive the drug, conditions of drug use, and patient status after drug use.
      Cessation of bleeding was considered a successful outcome and in 208 of 237 cases
      (87.8%) the hemorrhage was controlled directly after the administration of
      Hemabate sterile solution. An additional 17 successful outcomes were achieved
      with further administration of oxytocics for an overall success rate of 94.9%.
      Twelve cases of postpartum hemorrhage were considered pharmacologic treatment
      failures, requiring surgical intervention. Among the patients in whom
      pharmacologic treatment failed were factors that may have played a significant
      role in the cause of the hemorrhage including peripheral coagulopathy, retained
      products of conception, lacerations, chorioamnionitis, oxytocin-induced or
      augmented labor, increased fetal weight, magnesium-treated preeclampsia, and
      cesarean delivery. However, no combination of factors could be consistently
      associated with pharmacologic treatment failure.

PMID- 2405678
TI  - Ultrasonographic estimation of fetal weight in the clinically macrosomic fetus.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to evaluate models for the prediction of birth
      weight in fetuses suspected of being macrosomic. A total of 141 patients with
      standard measurements of the head, abdomen, and femur were studied. Linear
      regressions were performed with single parameters, squares, and all possible
      cross products in the generation of models with log (birth weight) and birth
      weight as dependent variables. These models were then compared with a group of
      previously published equations. Clinically, all models performed poorly. However,
      two models were significantly less accurate in the prediction of birth weight (p
      less than or equal to 0.05). The best results were obtained by equations that
      used abdominal circumference and femur length measurements. There was no
      improvement in models that contained log (birth weight) or birth weight as
      dependent variables or models with complex variables such as squares or cross
      products of measured parameters. In conclusion, when evaluating patients at risk
      of macrosomia, the best estimates of fetal weight can be obtained by models that
      contain abdominal circumference and femur length.

PMID- 2405679
TI  - Cushing's syndrome and pregnancy.
AB  - Pregnancy is a rare occurrence in women with Cushing's syndrome. Amenorrhea or
      oligomenorrhea occurs in about 75% of premenopausal women with Cushing's syndrome
      as a result of suppression of gonadotrophin secretion primarily by excess
      glucocorticoids. We have reviewed pregnancies in women with Cushing's syndrome
      (63 cases from the literature and four cases of our own). Since pregnant women
      without Cushing's syndrome develop some features of Cushing's syndrome, such as
      hypertension, hyperglycemia, and striae, a high index of clinical suspicion must
      be maintained to prevent delay in diagnosis. The physiologic changes in
      adrenocorticosteroid metabolism during pregnancy further complicate the
      diagnosis. Maternal and fetal risks increase markedly when pregnancy does occur
      in women with hypercortisolism. However, the wide spectrum of severity of the
      disease mandates an individualized approach to the therapy in each case.

PMID- 2405680
TI  - GBS-test sensitivity questioned.

PMID- 2405681
TI  - Embryoscopy: description and utility of a new technique.
AB  - Embryoscopy is a new technique for direct visualization of the first-trimester
      conceptus. A rigid fiberoptic endoscope is passed transcervically under
      ultrasonographic guidance into the chorionic cavity. Anatomic scrutiny and direct
      access to the developing embryo are made possible by this technique.

PMID- 2405682
TI  - Ocular infections associated with Eikenella corrodens.
AB  - Eikenella corrodens is a gram-negative, facultative rod-shaped anaerobe that
      colonizes the human mouth, nasopharynx, gut, and genitourinary tract. We treated
      a corneal ulcer from which E. corrodens was the primary isolate in an otherwise
      healthy man. We treated another patient who had recurrent bacterial
      endophthalmitis from which Eikenella was identified in mixed culture. Named for
      its ability to form pits in agar, the corroding bacillus is gaining recognition
      for its role in head and neck infections. Certain E. corrodens strains are mobile
      on moist surfaces and elaborate an endotoxin, which may destroy human tissues
      directly and indirectly by means of the immune system. The organism is usually
      resistant to aminoglycosides and penicillinase-resistant penicillins yet is
      susceptible to penicillin and some cephalosporins.

PMID- 2405683
TI  - Changes in the extracellular matrix of the human optic nerve head in primary open
      angle glaucoma.
AB  - Using immunofluorescent staining, we were able to characterize the changes in
      composition and distribution of the macromolecules making up the extracellular
      matrix of the lamina cribrosa of the glaucomatous human optic nerve head. In
      tissue adjacent to the glaucomatous cups, there was marked disorganization and
      loss of fibers of elastin within the cores of the cribriform plates. Collagen
      type VI, normally sparse, increased in quantity considerably throughout the
      lamina cribrosa in glaucomatous eyes with all degrees of damage. Collagen type IV
      and other basement membrane macromolecules appeared to extend into nerve bundles,
      presumably filling in spaces previously occupied by nerves. There was no
      appreciable change in the postlaminar region, which indicates the specificity of
      the extracellular matrix changes in the lamina cribrosa. Our results indicate
      that changes in the extracellular matrix play an important role in the
      progression of the glaucomatous process and may be a causative agent of the
      disease.

PMID- 2405684
TI  - Microphthalmos with cyst and Edwards' syndrome.

PMID- 2405685
TI  - The patient-therapist relationship in occupational therapy: understanding visions
      and images.
AB  - The patient-therapist relationship in occupational therapy has been a blend of
      competence and caring with the emphasis fluctuating over the years between these
      two features. When patients tell stories about their experiences, they reveal
      widely differing views of occupational therapists, partly because of the
      different ways therapists manifest competence and caring during patient-therapist
      interactions. Images from stories suggest that some therapists unwittingly
      disappoint their patients. This paper examines the patient-therapist relationship
      as envisioned by therapists and patients to help occupational therapists recommit
      to the patient as a vital partner in a collaborative relationship.

PMID- 2405686
TI  - Reasons for attrition from occupational therapy.
AB  - This study examined the reasons why occupational therapists have left the field
      of occupational therapy. The purpose of the study was to find ways to prevent
      attrition and to bring back those who have left the field as a means to address
      the profession's personnel shortage. Questionnaires from 696 therapists who have
      left the profession were analyzed. The therapists' most common reasons for
      leaving were (a) childbearing and child rearing; (b) geographic relocation and
      subsequent inability to find a job; (c) excessive paperwork; (d) desire for
      increased salary and promotional opportunities; (e) high caseloads, stress, and
      burnout; (f) the actual practice of occupational therapy not being what was
      expected; (g) dissatisfaction with bureaucracy; (h) the chronicity and severity
      of the clients' illnesses; and (i) an inability to find part-time work. Most
      therapists who left the profession did not return to practice because they felt
      professionally out of date and unable to compete with younger therapists.

PMID- 2405687
TI  - Fieldwork students under stress.
AB  - Many times there are no ideal answers to any of the interpersonal conflicts
      addressed. Often the solutions to these situations may depend on an individual's
      characteristics or personality. By analyzing the situation and the supervisor's
      attitude and then changing his or her way of responding to that situation,
      however, the student may improve his or her problem-solving skills. The student
      can modify the strategies taught in these seminars to suit his or her individual
      needs and particular situations. A seminar like this can provide students, and
      thus future therapists and student supervisors, with a solid background in
      dealing more tactfully with a variety of conflict-ridden situations in the
      workplace.

PMID- 2405688
TI  - Weights of wild orang utans.

PMID- 2405689
TI  - Functional and morphological stasis during molecular evolution.
AB  - The evolutionary distance between two sets of proteins was estimated using the
      techniques of Miyata and Yasunaga (1980) and Kimura (1980). Human beta 2
      microglobulin was compared with the homologous murine molecule, while human and
      equine alpha-globin were similarly treated. It was found that a large amount of
      molecular evolution has occurred in beta 2-microglobulin since its divergence
      from the common ancestor of mice and humans. Kimura's estimate of evolutionary
      distance, K, is 0.353, while those of Miyata and Yasunaga are KS = 0.708 and KA =
      0.171. The respective values for human and equine alpha-globin are 0.152, 0.293,
      and 0.084. In spite of this molecular evolution, it is shown that murine beta 2
      microglobulin can effect the expression of HLA class I antigens on the surface of
      human-mouse hybrid cells and that the tertiary structures of human and equine
      deoxyhemoglobin are nearly identical. These observations are discussed in the
      light of Kimura's theory of neutral allelic drift.

PMID- 2405690
TI  - Deciduous enamel defects and caries susceptibility in a prehistoric Ohio
      population.
AB  - Clinical studies of the relationship between developmental enamel defects and
      caries susceptibility have often produced conflicting results. This has been due
      in part to a failure to distinguish between different types of defects. Studies
      of this association in prehistoric populations have been rare. The complete
      deciduous dentitions of 57 subadults from the Libben site, a large Late Woodland
      cemetery in Ottawa County, Ohio, were selected for analysis. Defects were
      classified as either hypoplasias (deficiencies in matrix apposition) or
      hypocalcifications (deficiencies in mineralization) and were graded for severity.
      The presence or absence of carious lesions was recorded for each tooth. Results
      indicate a strong positive relationship between hypocalcifications and caries
      susceptibility. The elevated caries susceptibility of hypocalcified teeth may be
      related to high levels of magnesium or altered enamel microcrystallite
      orientation within these teeth. Variations in the frequency of hypocalcifications
      may partially explain differences in caries rates that have been observed in
      different prehistoric populations.

PMID- 2405691
TI  - Frequency and distribution of enamel hypoplasias in a historic skeletal sample.
AB  - A skeletal sample of 296 individuals from a 19th century American poorhouse
      cemetery is examined for the frequency and chronological distribution of linear
      enamel hypoplasias on the mandibular canines and maxillary central incisors.
      Dental enamel hypoplasias may be considered to be indicators of increased
      exposure to health risk at the time of weaning. The purpose of this study is to
      examine childhood stress and provide a relative measure of that stress, as
      evidenced by hypoplasias, in a historic sample that represents an industrializing
      population. The frequency of enamel hypoplasias per individual by tooth ranged
      from 70 to 73%, with a peak age at stress of 2.5 to 3 years for the maxillary
      central incisor and 3.5 to 4 years for the mandibular canine. There were no
      significant differences in the presence of hypoplasias between males and females.
      The peak age at stress between 2.5 and 4 years in this 19th century sample
      transects the ranges reported for prehistoric populations (2-6 years) and for
      modern groups (0-3 years). These results indicate that the stress associated with
      weaning probably occurred earlier in incipient industrial societies than in
      prehistoric hunter/gatherers and agriculturalists, yet not as early as in modern
      industrial groups. The high level of childhood stress in this skeletal sample
      compared with that of other samples may indicate a change in health, at least
      among the lowest class, associated with the cultural transition from an
      agricultural to an industrial society.

PMID- 2405692
TI  - Prehistoric eye disease (trachoma?) in Australian aborigines.
AB  - This paper discusses an as yet undescribed lesion of the orbit in Australian
      Aboriginal skeletal populations. The rather high frequency and geographical
      distribution of the lesion suggests an association with a common, chronic eye
      infection. Using differential diagnosis to eliminate a variety of ophthalmic
      conditions, it is proposed that chronic trachoma may be a possible causative
      agent. Distribution of the lesion follows that of trachoma among contemporary
      Aboriginal people, with the highest frequencies occurring in the hotter, arid
      portions of the Australian continent. It is positively correlated with age, with
      higher frequencies in older people; it is almost completely absent among sub
      adults. The antiquity of the lesion is demonstrated by its appearance among late
      Pleistocene human remains.

PMID- 2405693
TI  - Effects of EDCF and endothelin on phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis and contraction
      in rat aorta.
AB  - Endothelium-derived constricting factor (EDCF) and endothelin are peptidergic
      substances produced and released from endothelial cells that induce contraction
      of vascular smooth muscle. The purpose of the present study was to investigate
      possible mechanisms by which EDCF and endothelin elicit contraction. Exposure of
      rat aorta to EDCF or synthetic endothelin resulted in time- and concentration
      dependent increases in tension and levels of inositol monophosphate, a breakdown
      product of the phosphatidylinositides. A 10-s exposure to endothelin elevated
      levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Trypsinization or heating of EDCF
      prevented the contraction and inositol monophosphate formation. To assess whether
      EDCF and endothelin may act as endogenous agonists of the dihydropyridine
      sensitive Ca2+ channel, we evaluated the ability of the dihydropyridine Ca2+
      channel agonist (+)-S202-791 to increase the formation of the inositol
      phosphates. (+)-S202-791 increased inositol monophosphate formation. However, in
      contrast to that elicited by EDCF and endothelin, the increase in inositol
      monophosphate because of (+)-S202-791 was abolished by pretreatment with the
      cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (10 microM). These results suggest that
      contractions induced by EDCFs may be mediated through activation of phospholipase
      C and subsequent production of second messengers.

PMID- 2405694
TI  - Regulation of liver angiotensinogen and kidney renin mRNA levels by angiotensin
      II.
AB  - The current study was designed to evaluate the role of angiotesin II (ANG II) in
      the regulation of renin mRNA and angiotensinogen mRNA levels. We investigated the
      changes in renin mRNA levels in the kidney and angiotensinogen mRNA levels in the
      liver induced by ANG II infusion and by inhibition of the endogenous renin
      angiotensin system with enalapril or saralasin in rats. mRNAs for angiotensinogen
      and renin were measured by densitometric analysis of Northern blot hybridization.
      After a 4-h intravenous infusion of ANG II (0.2 micrograms.kg-1.min-1),
      angiotensinogen mRNA level in the liver increased 2.5-fold to the control level,
      and renin mRNA level in the kidney decreased by 45%. Four hours after treatment
      with a single dose of enalapril (3 mg/kg po), angiotensinogen mRNA level in the
      liver decreased by 50%, and renin mRNA level in the kidney increased 1.5-fold to
      the control level. These mRNA levels returned to control levels 8 h after
      treatment. After a 4-h infusion of saralasin (2.5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) in the
      low-sodium state, angiotensinogen mRNA level in the liver decreased by 45%, and
      renin mRNA level in the kidney increased twofold to the control level. These
      findings suggest that ANG II is one of the factors that regulate angiotensinogen
      mRNA level in the liver and renin mRNA level in the kidney.

PMID- 2405695
TI  - Measurement of non-steady-state free fatty acid turnover.
AB  - The accuracy of non-steady-state equations for measuring changes in free fatty
      acid rate of appearance (Ra) is unknown. In the present study, endogenous
      lipolysis (traced with [14C]-linoleate) was pharmacologically suppressed in six
      conscious mongrel dogs. A computer-responsive infusion pump was then used to
      deliver an intravenous oleic acid emulsion in both constant and linear gradient
      infusion modes. Both non-steady-state equations with various effective volumes of
      distribution (V) and steady-state equations were used to measure oleate Ra [(
      14C]oleate). Endogenous lipolysis did not change during the experiment. When
      oleate Ra increased in a linear gradient fashion, only non-steady-state equations
      with a large (150 ml/kg) V resulted in erroneous values (9% overestimate, P less
      than 0.05). In contrast, when oleate Ra decreased in a similar fashion, steady
      state and standard non-steady-state equations (V = plasma volume = 50 ml/kg)
      overestimated total oleate Ra (18 and 7%, P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.05,
      respectively). Overall, non-steady-state equations with an effective V of 90
      ml/kg (1.8 x plasma volume) allowed the most accurate estimates of oleate Ra.

PMID- 2405696
TI  - Pregnancy does not alter the metabolic clearance of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in
      rats.
AB  - Increased circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] during
      pregnancy could be due to an increase in production or decrease in the metabolic
      clearance rate of 1,25(OH)2D. To answer this question an isotope dilution method
      was used to determine the clearance rate of 1,25(OH)2D in pregnant and aged
      matched nonpregnant female rats. A bolus of 0.146 muCi 1,25(OH)2[3H]D3 was given
      to 60 pregnant and 60 aged-matched nonpregnant rats and the disappearance of the
      isotope was followed in these animals over the next 48 h. In 12 pregnant rats vs.
      14 nonpregnant controls not injected with tracer, plasma calcium (9.6 +/- 0.41
      vs. 10.7 +/- 0.17 mg/ml) and 25(OH)D (17.1 +/- 1.15 vs. 25.4 +/- 1.58 ng/ml)
      levels were significantly lower (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.001), whereas
      plasma 1,25(OH)2D levels (110 +/- 16.1 pg/ml vs. 77 +/- 6.0 pg/ml) were
      significantly higher (P less than 0.05). Clearance rates of 1,25(OH)2D of 25.8 +/
      1.31 microliters/min in pregnant rats and 20.2 20.2 +/- 1.38 microliters/min in
      nonpregnant aged-matched rats were not significantly different. Similarly, the
      apparent volume of distribution of 1,25(OH)2D in the pregnant rats (15 +/- 1.0
      ml) was not significantly different from that in the nonpregnant control animals
      (18 +/- 2.1 ml). Production rates of.1,25(OH)2D were elevated in the pregnant
      rats (2.83 pg/min) compared with the nonpregnant controls (1.55 pg/min). In
      conclusion, the elevated maternal plasma 1,25(OH)2D level during pregnancy is a
      result of increased production and is not due to a decreased clearance.

PMID- 2405697
TI  - Use of a variable tracer infusion method to determine glucose turnover in humans.
AB  - The single-compartment pool fraction model, when used with the hyperinsulinemic
      glucose clamp technique to measure rates of glucose turnover, sometimes
      underestimates true rates of glucose appearance (Ra) resulting in negative values
      for hepatic glucose output (HGO). We focused our attention on isotope
      discrimination and model error as possible explanations for this underestimation.
      We found no difference in [3-3H] glucose specific activity in samples obtained
      simultaneously from the femoral artery and vein (2,400 +/- 455 vs. 2,454 +/- 522
      dpm/mg) in 6 men during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp study where insulin
      was infused at 40 mU.m-2.min-1 for 3 h; therefore, isotope discrimination did not
      occur. We compared the ability of a constant (0.6 microCi/min) vs. variable
      tracer infusion method (tracer added to the glucose infusate) to measure non
      steady-state Ra during hyperinsulinemic clamp studies. Plasma specific activity
      fell during the constant tracer infusion studies but did not change from base
      line during the variable tracer infusion studies. By maintaining a constant
      plasma specific activity the variable tracer infusion method eliminates
      uncertainty about changes in glucose pool size. This overcame modeling error and
      more accurately measures non-steady-state Ra (P less than 0.001 by analysis of
      variance vs. constant infusion method). In conclusion, underestimation of Ra
      determined isotopically during hyperinsulinemic clamp studies is largely due to
      modeling error that can be overcome by use of the variable tracer infusion
      method. This method allows more accurate determination of Ra and HGO under non
      steady-state conditions.

PMID- 2405698
TI  - Measurement of myocardial glycogen synthesis in diabetic and fasted rats.
AB  - Diabetes and fasting provoke an increase in heart glycogen content, despite a
      decline in the amount of active glycogen synthase present. To determine if the
      activity of glycogen synthase i is still rate limiting for glycogen synthesis, we
      used 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance to measure the in vivo rate of glycogen
      synthesis and compared this with the activity of glycogen synthase and
      phosphorylase measured in tissue extracts using physiological concentrations of
      substrates and activators. In the basal state the activity of glycogen synthase i
      was depressed in the diabetic and fasted hearts (P less than 0.01). The rate of
      heart glycogen synthesis was measured during a 50-min infusion of D-[1-13C]
      glucose (10 mg/min) and insulin (1 U/min) and averaged 0.32 +/- 0.04 mumol.min
      1.g wet wt-1 in controls and was diminished in both the diabetic (0.18 +/- 0.04
      mumol.min-1.g wet wt-1) and fasted (0.16 +/- 0.03 mumol.min-1.g wet wt-1) and
      fasted (0.16 +/- 0.03 mumol.min-1.g wet wt-1) rats (P less than 0.05 for each).
      During the glucose and insulin infusion the average activity of glycogen synthase
      i was greater in control than diabetic or fasted hearts (P less than 0.01 for
      each) and approximated the rates of net glycogen synthesis in each group. In
      contrast, there were no significant differences in phosphorylase alpha activity,
      measured in tissue extracts, among the three groups. Furthermore, although this
      phosphorylase alpha activity greatly exceeded synthase activity, it did not
      appear to be expressed in vivo. We conclude that in normal, diabetic, and fasted
      rats, glycogen synthase is rate limiting for glycogen synthesis.

PMID- 2405700
TI  - Underestimation of glucose turnover corrected with high-performance liquid
      chromatography purification of [6-3H]glucose.
AB  - We have recently reported that during infusion of commercially available [6
      3H]glucose, a radioactive nonglucose contaminant may accumulate in plasma causing
      errors in the measurement of glucose turnover. To determine whether purification
      of this tracer by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) before infusion
      would eliminate the contaminant in plasma and remove the underestimation of
      glucose turnover reported during hyperinsulinemia, four normal subjects each
      underwent two 5-h euglycemic clamps during infusion of insulin (1 mU.kg-1.min-1).
      Glucose turnover was measured with either commercially available [6-3H]glucose or
      with HPLC-purified [6-3H]glucose. HPLC analysis of samples from the clamps done
      with commercially available [6-3H]glucose showed that 9.7% of the infused tracer
      and 26% of the "plasma glucose 3H radioactivity" were contaminants. In contrast,
      no contaminant was observed in the plasma during infusion of HPLC-purified [6
      3H]glucose. During the last hour of the clamp, mean glucose turnover using
      commercially available [6-3H]glucose was less (P less than 0.01) than the mean
      glucose infusion rate (7.6 +/- 0.3 vs. 10.5 +/- 0.3 mg.kg-1.min-1) yielding
      apparent "negative" (P less than 0.001) hepatic glucose release. In contrast,
      when HPLC-purified [6-3H]glucose was employed, glucose turnover equaled the
      glucose infusion rate (10.4 +/- 0.9 vs. 10.2 +/- 0.9 mg.kg-1.min-1) and hepatic
      glucose release was no longer negative. We conclude that removal of a tritiated
      nonglucose contaminant in [6-3H]glucose by HPLC yields correct estimations of
      glucose turnover at steady state.

PMID- 2405699
TI  - Glucose kinetics in gluconeogenesis-inhibited rats during rest and exercise.
AB  - To evaluate the role played by gluconeogenesis in blood glucose homeostasis,
      female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with mercaptopicolinic acid (MPA), a
      gluconeogenic inhibitor. Glucose kinetics were assessed by primed, continuous
      infusion of [U-14C]- and [6(-3)H]glucose via an indwelling jugular catheter at
      rest and during submaximal exercise at 13.4 m/min on level grade. Blood samples
      were taken from carotid catheters and analyzed for glucose and lactate
      concentrations and specific activities. Tissue glycogen samples were obtained
      from rats after exercise as well as from unexercised animals. When compared with
      the sham-injected animals, MPA-treated animals had 22% lower (5.92 +/- 0.36 vs.
      7.62 +/- 0.21 mM) and 44% higher (1.90 +/- 0.11 vs. 1.32 +/- 0.09 mM) resting
      arterial glucose and lactate concentrations, respectively. Resting glucose
      appearance (Ra) rates were 20% lower in the MPA-treated animals (57.2 +/- 7.5
      mumol.kg-1.min-1) than in the sham-injected animals (71.1 +/- 12.1 mumol.kg-1.min
      1). During exercise, Ra increased to 174.7 +/- 32.8 mumol.kg-1.min-1 in sham
      injected animals. In the MPA-treated animals, there was a 35% increase during the
      first 15 min of exercise, followed by a decrease to the resting values. MPA
      treated animals had no measurable glucose recycling at rest or during exercise.
      Exercise decreased blood glucose concentration (35%) and increased blood lactate
      concentration (160%) in the MPA-treated animals. Exercising sham-injected animals
      had increased blood glucose (9.8%) but no change in blood lactate concentration.
      Moderate depletions in liver and skeletal muscle glycogen contents were observed
      after exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405701
TI  - Importance of blood glucose concentration in regulating lipolysis during fasting
      in humans.
AB  - The importance of the decline in blood glucose concentration on lipolysis and the
      lipolytic effect of epinephrine was evaluated during short-term fasting.
      Lipolytic rates were determined by infusing [2H5]glycerol and [1-13C]palmitic
      acid. Five volunteers were studied after 12 h of fasting before and during
      epinephrine infusion and after 84 h of fasting, before and during glucose
      infusion when plasma glucose was restored to postabsorptive values, and during
      glucose plus epinephrine infusion. In another protocol, five volunteers were
      given glucose intravenously throughout fasting to maintain plasma glucose at
      postabsorptive levels and isotopic studies were performed after 12 and 84 h of
      fasting before and during epinephrine infusion. Glucose infusion after 84 h of
      fasting restored glucose and insulin concentrations and lipolytic rates toward 12
      h fasting values. When euglycemia was maintained throughout fasting, plasma
      insulin still declined (P less than 0.05) and lipolytic rates still increased (P
      less than 0.05). Despite similar glucose concentrations, the lipolytic response
      to epinephrine infusion was greater after 84 h than after 12 h of fasting in both
      protocols (P less than 0.05). These studies demonstrate that the decline in
      plasma glucose contributes to, but is not required for, the increase in lipolysis
      during fasting. The increase in epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis that occurs
      during fasting is not dependent on a decrease in plasma glucose concentration.

PMID- 2405702
TI  - Effects of a growth hormone pulse on total and forearm substrate fluxes in
      humans.
AB  - Under physiological circumstances growth hormone (GH) is secreted in bursts after
      the onset of sleep and a few hours postprandially. Because most relevant studies
      have employed constant or repeated infusion of high doses of GH, the possible
      metabolic effects of such bursts are largely unknown. We have studied seven
      healthy, male subjects for 7 h after an intravenous bolus of 1) 140 micrograms GH
      and 2) saline. When injected, serum GH rose to a peak of 21 +/- 3 micrograms/l 10
      min after injection. GH caused 1) a rapid, sustained 55% decrease in forearm
      glucose uptake (P less than 0.05) followed by increases toward control values, 2)
      a delayed 5 mg/100 ml decrease in plasma glucose (P less than 0.05), and 3)
      significant 60-250% increases (P less than 0.05) in all measured lipid
      intermediates (nonesterified fatty acids, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and glycerol) 120
      160 min after administration followed by decreases to below control values (P
      less than 0.05). GH did not influence circulating levels of insulin, C-peptide,
      glucagon, or insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), or isotopically determined
      glucose turnover. Physiological bursts of GH secretion appear to have acute
      insulin antagonistic effects with maximal effect on lipolysis after 2 h. These
      effects are reversed after 4 h. Therefore, GH could play a key role in regulation
      of diurnal rhythms of substrate levels and fuel utilization in humans.

PMID- 2405703
TI  - Effect of insulin on protein synthesis and degradation in skeletal muscle after
      exercise.
AB  - This study examined whether insulin stimulation of protein synthesis and
      inhibition of protein degradation is enhanced after exercise. The isolated
      perfused rat hindquarter preparation was used to evaluate net protein breakdown,
      myofibrillar protein degradation, and protein synthesis. Thirty minutes after
      treadmill exercise of high and moderate intensity, rates of tyrosine release were
      increased by 58 and 25%, respectively. Insulin at 75 microU/ml had no effect on
      these increases after intense exercise; however, 20,000 microU/ml of insulin
      totally inhibited this increase. Cycloheximide increased the tyrosine release in
      both control and exercised rat muscle. It also abolished the difference between
      them, suggesting that the increase in tyrosine release after exercise is caused
      by an inhibition of protein synthesis. Phenylalanine incorporation into protein
      was marginally depressed (22%, P = NS) in the white gastrocnemius muscle after
      intense exercise. Insulin at 200 microU/ml stimulated protein synthesis in these
      rats, but no more than it did in a nonexercised control group. Failure to observe
      a greater effect of insulin on protein metabolism was also noted when rat muscle
      was studied 150 min after intense exercise and after contractions induced by
      electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve. These findings suggest that after
      exercise or electrically induced contractions the enhanced ability of insulin to
      stimulate hexose and amino acid transport is not paralleled by an increase in its
      ability to stimulate protein synthesis or inhibit protein degradation.

PMID- 2405704
TI  - Lipid mediators of inflammation in gastric ulcer.
AB  - The interest in lipid mediators of inflammation as potential contributors to the
      pathogenesis of gastric ulcer has increased markedly over the past 20 yr.
      Although a great deal is known about the actions of mediators such as
      leukotrienes, thromboxane, and platelet-activating factor in experimental models
      of ulceration, evidence supporting a role for these mediators in human gastric
      ulcer is sorely lacking. This review attempts to answer a number of questions
      regarding the contribution of these mediators to the pathogenesis of gastric
      ulceration and the possible use of specific inhibitors, antagonists, and dietary
      manipulation in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Potential directions for future
      research in this field are suggested as are some of the pitfalls to be avoided in
      such studies.

PMID- 2405705
TI  - Metabolism of enkephalin in stomach wall of rats.
AB  - Peptidases degrade neuropeptides and thereby limit the duration and extent of
      their influence. This investigation examined the importance of peptidases in the
      degradation of the neuropeptide enkephalin in the stomach wall of the rat.
      Metabolism of [Leu5]- and [D-Ala2][Leu5]enkephalin by gastric membranes was
      examined in vitro. Degradation of [Tyr1-3H][Leu5]enkephalin was studied in the
      gastric submucosa of anesthetized and conscious rats in vivo by using a catheter
      to deliver peptide to tissues and implanted dialysis fibers to collect the
      metabolites. Specific inhibitors were used to assess the contribution of
      particular enzymes. [Leu5]- and [Tyr1-3H][Leu5]enkephalin were metabolized by
      membranes and in the stomach wall by hydrolysis of the Tyr1-Gly2 bond.
      Degradation was inhibited by the aminopeptidase inhibitor amastatin (10(-5) M in
      vitro, 10 nmol in vivo). Inhibitors of endopeptidase-24.11 (phosphoramidon) and
      angiotensin-converting enzyme (captopril) did not inhibit degradation. Metabolism
      of the aminopeptidase-resistant analogue [D-Ala2][Leu5]enkephalin by membranes
      was unaffected by amastatin and weakly inhibited by phosphoramidon affected by
      amastatin and weakly inhibited by phosphoramidon and captopril. A
      carboxypeptidase removed the COOH-terminal leucine residue and made a substantial
      contribution to degradation of both peptides by gastric membranes.

PMID- 2405706
TI  - Effect of diet on triolein absorption in weanling rats.
AB  - To determine the effect of altered dietary fat intake on the rate of fat
      absorption in the intact animal, we fed male weanling rats either a high fat-low
      carbohydrate (HF-LC) (calories: 67% fat, 10% carbohydrate, 20% protein) or low
      fat-high carbohydrate (LF-HC) (calories: 10% fat, 67% carbohydrate, 20% protein)
      diet for 8 days. Absorption of [14C]triolein was estimated by determining 1)
      14CO2 expiration in breath, 2) intestinal triglyceride output using Triton WR
      1339, an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase, and 3) quantitating the disappearance
      of labeled triolein from the gastrointestinal tract. Changes in the activity of
      pancreatic lipase and amylase confirmed the adaptation to altered fat and
      carbohydrate intake. Animals fed the HF-LC diet exhibited approximately twofold
      greater triolein disappearance, oxidation, and intestinal triglyceride output
      compared with animals fed LF-HC. There was also a highly significant linear
      relationship between 14CO2 excretion and intestinal triglyceride output in both
      diet groups. These data show that high dietary fat content markedly enhances in
      vivo fat absorption in the weanling rat.

PMID- 2405707
TI  - Effects of dietary interventions on glomerular pathophysiology.
AB  - Numerous dietary interventions have been utilized to modify the course of and
      further elucidate the pathophysiological processes involved in experimental
      progressive glomerulopathy. Alterations in dietary constituents can affect the
      glomerular capillary hemodynamic parameters, the permselectivity features of the
      filtration apparatus, as well as the morphology and function of resident
      glomerular cells and influxing bone marrow-derived monocytes. The three dietary
      modifications examined in this review are protein restriction, dietary
      cholesterol supplementation, and essential fatty acid deficiency. These maneuvers
      have been chosen from the myriad dietary interventions in the experimental and
      clinical literature and are not meant to be all inclusive. The implementation of
      these three dietary modifications, in experimental models of glomerular disease,
      amply demonstrate the concept of a stratified alteration in glomerular structure
      and function. Since perturbed glomerular pathobiology, involving the above
      mentioned structures and cell types, is believed to contribute to progressive
      glomerulopathy, a review of these seemingly diverse, yet perhaps, interrelated
      responses to dietary modifications will only aid us in understanding this
      process.

PMID- 2405708
TI  - Relationship between intracellular pH and ammonia metabolism in LLC-PK1 cells.
AB  - Previous studies from our laboratory have confirmed that cultures of LLC-PK1
      cells exhibit pH-responsive alterations in ammonia metabolism produced by changes
      in media bicarbonate concentration. To further elucidate the mechanism of ammonia
      regulation, studies were carried out using parallel cultures of still and rocked
      LLC-PK1 cells subjected to acute alterations in media pH by either metabolic or
      respiratory acid-base manipulations. When media pH was altered by modifying PCO2
      levels, the response of ammonia and alanine production by rocked culture was
      identical to the changes observed with metabolic acid-base maneuvers.
      Furthermore, both metabolic and respiratory acute acidosis resulted in a fall of
      intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate concentrations in these cells. In contrast,
      standard still cultures subjected to acute acidosis/alkalosis by metabolic and
      respiratory manipulations did not exert any significant change in ammonia and
      alanine production or in intracellular alpha-ketoglutarate concentration.
      Measurements of intracellular pH (pHi) by the 5,5-[2-14C]dimethyloxazolidine-2,4
      dione method in rocked cells demonstrated changes in pHi parallel to media pH
      changes induced by both metabolic and respiratory acid-base maneuvers. Despite
      the absence of pH-responsive ammonia-genesis in still cultured cells the pHi
      values were altered in a fashion similar to their rocked counterparts, indicating
      the lack of an effect of the pHi signal on ammonia metabolism.

PMID- 2405709
TI  - Glomerular hemodynamic alterations during renal nerve stimulation in rats on high
      and low-salt diets.
AB  - Renal adrenergic nerve activity exerts a major influence on glomerular
      hemodynamics and tubular fluid reabsorption. Modulation of the functional
      expression of adrenergic activity in the kidney can be mediated, in part, by the
      renin-angiotensin system and by prostanoid activity. Alterations in dietary salt
      intake have been previously shown to modify the activity of various vasoactive
      systems, including angiotensin and prostaglandin activity and thereby have a
      potential of modifying the glomerular hemodynamic response to a given renal
      adrenergic stimulus. Munich-Wistar rats were fed either a high-, low-, or normal
      salt diet for 2 wk before the day of the study. Measurements of glomerular
      hemodynamics were performed in both unstimulated with basal renal nerve traffic
      eliminated and during exogenous renal nerve stimulation (RNS) (3 Hz). RNS
      decreased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and single-nephron plasma
      flow to a similar extent in all three dietary conditions via increases in
      afferent arteriolar resistance. The data demonstrated that dietary
      preconditioning does not alter the glomerular hemodynamic response to an
      exogenous, fixed RNS. Glomerular prostaglandin E2 production and plasma renin
      activity were significantly greater in rats fed a low-salt diet compared with
      either normal- or high-salt diet. The constancy of glomerular hemodynamic
      responses to RNS in spite of wide variations in dietary salt intake indicates
      that functional renal hemodynamic differences observed as a result of NaCl intake
      must be primarily the consequence of differences in renal nerve traffic and not
      hormonal alterations.

PMID- 2405711
TI  - Direct visualization of effects of endothelin on the renal microvasculature.
AB  - The renal microvascular and hemodynamic actions of endothelin were assessed
      directly in isolated perfused hydronephrotic (HYD) and normal kidneys,
      respectively. In HYD kidneys endothelin was a potent vasoconstrictor of the
      afferent arteriole (AA), eliciting a threshold vasoconstrictor response at 0.01
      nM (P less than 0.05). At 0.1 and 0.3 nM, endothelin reduced AA diameter by 22 +/
      6 (P less than 0.025) and 41 +/- 4% (P less than 0.001), respectively.
      Furthermore, endothelin provoked oscillatory vasomotion in the AA. In contrast,
      endothelin had less effect on the efferent arteriole (EA), reducing EA diameter
      by only 7 +/- 4 (P greater than 0.20) and 13 +/- 4% (P less than 0.05), at 0.1
      and 0.3 nM, respectively. In normal kidneys endothelin elicited a long-lasting
      vasoconstriction with a dose dependency similar to that observed in the AA of HYD
      kidneys. Furthermore, endothelin reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from
      0.58 +/- 0.04 to 0.09 +/- 0.05 ml.min-1.g-1 (P less than 0.001) in this model.
      Both the AA vasoconstriction and reduction in GFR were completely reversed by
      nifedipine. These findings indicate that endothelin is a potent renal
      vasoconstrictor that decreases GFR by a predominant vasoconstriction of the AA.
      Our observations are consistent with the postulate that endothelin elicits renal
      vasoconstriction via a mechanism involving dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium
      channels and that such calcium channels play a prominent role in the activation
      of the AA.

PMID- 2405710
TI  - Novel recordings of renal sympathetic nerve activity in conscious fetal sheep and
      newborn lambs.
AB  - This study describes a technique for measuring efferent renal sympathetic nerve
      activity (RSNA) during the perinatal period. Experiments were carried out in four
      chronically instrumented fetal sheep (gestational age, 134-140 days) and 6
      newborn lambs (postnatal age, 3-7 days). Surgery, performed under halothane
      anesthesia, consisted of routine catheter insertions and placement of a Doppler
      flow probe around the left renal artery. In addition, bipolar platinum electrodes
      were placed on a branch of the left renal postganglionic nerve. At least 24 h
      after surgery RSNA was measured in conscious fetal and newborn animals. RSNA was
      pulse synchronous, reduced with pressor agents, and completely inhibited during
      ganglionic blockade. Using this method, we have provided direct evidence of
      efferent renal sympathetic nerve traffic in utero and in the immediate postnatal
      period. This technique opens new avenues into the investigation of the role of
      the sympathetic nervous system during the perinatal period.

PMID- 2405712
TI  - Microcirculatory adaptations in sickle cell anemia: reactive hyperemia response.
AB  - With the technique of laser-Doppler velocimetry, cutaneous blood flows in the
      forearm of patients with stable sickle cell disease after graded periods of
      proximal ischemia were compared with normal subjects matched for age, race, and
      sex, and with patients with anemia caused by beta(+)-thalassemia. In the sickle
      cell patients the reactive hyperemia was characterized by an increased time
      interval between the release of the occlusion and the peak amplitude response
      (time-to-peak) and by a greater period of blood flow above the base-line value
      (payback ratio) compared with controls. In addition, prolongation of the
      occlusion period led to an augmentation in the magnitude of the characteristic
      basal flow oscillations or an induction of this phenomenon at sites not
      exhibiting it before ischemia. Base-line or ischemia-provoked flow oscillations
      of either this magnitude or frequency were only observed in normal or thalassemic
      controls during brief intervals in the rapidly decaying portion of the hyperemic
      response and in one subject with homozygous hemoglobin C disease. These results
      would support a model of a local integrative control of microcirculatory blood
      flow, which appears to become augmented, synchronized, and sustained in sickle
      cell subjects.

PMID- 2405713
TI  - Reflex release of vasopressin and renin in hemorrhage is enhanced by autonomic
      blockade.
AB  - We determined the relationships during hemorrhage between nominal blood volume
      (BV) and 1) plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP), 2) plasma renin activity (PRA),
      and 3) mean arterial pressure (MAP). Conscious rabbits were studied under normal
      conditions and during total autonomic blockade (TAB) at bleeding rates of 2 and 4
      ml/min. Normally, MAP was well maintained until BV had been reduced to
      approximately 65% of control (termed 65% BV) after which it fell abruptly. The
      threshold for a rise in AVP was 80-75% BV, followed by exponential rises to
      levels of 14 and 24 times control at the slow and fast rate of bleeding. PRA rose
      earlier in hemorrhage, but this rise was more gradual, to values at 60% BV of 5.5
      and 7 times control at the two rates of bleeding. During TAB, MAP fell rapidly
      and both BV concentration curves were shifted to the left with the rises in AVP
      and PRA/unit delta BV greater than normal; at 75% BV at each rate of hemorrhage,
      AVP and PRA had risen, respectively, to approximately 40 and 8 times control.
      Normally, the rises in the AVP and PRA (i.e., angiotensin II) concentrations were
      modest during the nonhypotensive phase, consistent with their minimal constrictor
      action observed in a parallel study. During the hypotensive phase, both reached
      high levels in the constrictor range. During TAB, high concentrations were
      reached with small BV loss, representing a model of near-maximum release of PRA
      and AVP.

PMID- 2405714
TI  - Fetal swallowing: response to systemic hypotension.
AB  - The fetal swallowing and endocrine responses to systemic hypotension were studied
      in five chronically instrumented ovine fetuses (125 +/- 2 days). Fetuses were
      prepared with bipolar electrodes inserted in the thyrohyoid muscle, nuchal
      esophagus, and thoracic esophagus, a flow probe surrounding the thoracic
      esophagus, and arterial and venous catheters. In response to an intravenous
      infusion of sodium nitroprusside, fetal mean arterial blood pressure decreased
      from 50.8 +/- 3.6 to 41.7 +/- 3.8 mmHg. Fetal plasma renin activity (5.0 +/- 1.4
      25.1 +/- 10.3 ng.ml-1.h-1) and arginine vasopressin (5.6 +/- 4.5-26.3 +/- 21.0
      pg/ml) increased, while fetal swallowing electromyogram activity (7.3 +/- 1.1-1.9
      +/- 0.3 swallows/10 min) and esophageal flow (5.5 +/- 3.1-1.2 +/- 0.9 ml/10 min)
      significantly decreased during the nitroprusside infusion. These results indicate
      a suppression of fetal swallowing in response to systemic hypotension despite
      stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system.

PMID- 2405715
TI  - Angiotensin augments epinephrine release in pithed rats fed a low-sodium diet.
AB  - In confirmation of previous studies, the amount of epinephrine released into
      blood during electrical stimulation of the thoracolumbar region of the spinal
      cord in pithed rats on a low-sodium diet (0.01% sodium by weight of diet for 1
      mo) was significantly greater than that observed in rats on a normal sodium diet
      (0.3% sodium by weight of diet). The present work assessed the extent to which
      endogenously formed angiotensin II influences this neurally mediated adrenal
      epinephrine release. The augmented release of epinephrine in rats maintained on
      the low-sodium diet appeared to depend on circulating angiotensin II because
      blockade of angiotensin II receptors with saralasin decreased the epinephrine
      release in these animals but not in rats maintained on the normal diet. Similar
      results were obtained when the renin-angiotensin system was blocked with the
      converting-enzyme inhibitor captopril. Adrenal epinephrine content was not
      affected by the dietary sodium intake; however, the catecholamine synthetic
      capacity was augmented as indicated by a significant induction of tyrosine
      hydroxylase. In addition, the adrenal medullary angiotensin II receptor density
      was significantly elevated in animals on the low-sodium diet. These results
      demonstrate that endogenous angiotensin II is capable of providing a positive
      modulatory influence on neurally mediated release of adrenal epinephrine, an
      effect that may require a chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin system as
      occurs naturally with restricted dietary sodium intake.

PMID- 2405716
TI  - Computer-assisted long-term measurements of urinary output and other biological
      data.
AB  - A computerized system is described, combining automatic collection of urine in
      short intervals (minutes) over long periods (days) and recordings of body
      temperature, MABP, and heart rate in chronically instrumented conscious dogs.
      During the studies the dogs are housed in metabolic cages. Indwelling catheters
      and electrical wires are connected to a specially designed swivel and directed
      out of the cage to the next room. Infusions, blood sampling, and monitoring can
      be performed from this room without disturbance to the dogs. Three examples of
      recordings are given. In one of these examples the sodium excretion patterns on 5
      consecutive days under continuous saline infusion in one dog is evaluated. Urine
      was collected every 20 min. Sodium excretion showed cyclic variations. Fourier
      analysis exhibited 18-h periods and 4- to 8-h periods. The described system
      renders, e.g., coherent time series analysis possible for a variety of
      simultaneously recorded physiological variables and may thus acquire considerable
      importance for integrative physiology.

PMID- 2405717
TI  - Enhanced thermogenic response to epinephrine after 48-h starvation in humans.
AB  - The effects of 48-h starvation on the physiological responses to a 30-min
      infusion of epinephrine at 25 ng.min-1.kg body wt-1 were studied in 11 normal
      weight healthy young subjects. Starvation led to considerable alterations in
      basal metabolism including a significant (mean 3.6%) increase in resting
      metabolic rate. During the infusions, plasma epinephrine concentration rose less
      in the starved state (+1.47 nmol/l) than in the normally fed state (+1.73 nmol/l)
      (SE 0.06 nmol/l; P less than 0.05). The maximum increments (mean +/- SE) in heart
      rate induced by epinephrine were 11.9 +/- 1.3 beats/min in the normally fed state
      and 20.1 +/- 2.0 beats/min in the starved state (P less than 0.001); the
      corresponding mean increments in blood glycerol concentration were 0.07 and 0.14
      mmol/l (SE 0.01 mmol/l; P less than 0.01). The increase in the metabolic rate
      above base line during the final 10 min of the epinephrine infusion was 0.58 +/-
      0.18 kJ/min in the normally fed state and 0.78 +/- 0.14 kJ/min in the starved
      state (P less than 0.01). The chronotropic, lipolytic, and thermogenic effects of
      infused epinephrine were therefore enhanced by prior starvation, despite the
      lower plasma epinephrine levels.

PMID- 2405718
TI  - Toward a clinical model of psychotherapy for depression, I: Systematic comparison
      of three psychotherapies.
AB  - In a two-part series, the author explores the current status of psychotherapy for
      depression. In part I, three predominant approaches to the psychological
      treatment of depressive disorders today--psychodynamic, cognitive, and
      interpersonal--are described and contrasted schematically. They are depicted as
      conceptually different but potentially complementary with regard to 1) basic
      characteristics, including theoretical orientation, major strategies, goals, and
      mechanisms of change, and 2) respective advantages and limitations. This clinical
      comparison forms the foundation of an integrative and selective model for the
      treatment of depression.

PMID- 2405719
TI  - Antisocial personality disorder in patients with substance abuse disorders: a
      problematic diagnosis?
AB  - The authors' literature review suggests that the relationship between antisocial
      personality disorder and substance abuse is complex and not yet fully understood.
      The confusion regarding the relationship between the disorders may be magnified
      by the emphasis in DSM-III and DSM-III-R on behavioral criteria and their failure
      to require that antisocial behaviors exist independently of substance abuse. The
      DSM-III and DSM-III-R formulations of antisocial personality disorder may
      encompass two subgroups of substance abusers--"true" psychopathic individuals and
      symptomatic psychopaths with little psychopathy. Psychoneurotic symptoms and
      favorable treatment responses might be found more often in the latter group.

PMID- 2405720
TI  - Treatment of Alzheimer's disease with short- and long-term oral THA and lecithin:
      a double-blind study.
AB  - Ten Alzheimer's disease patients underwent a trial of oral
      tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) and lecithin. After 3 inpatient weeks there was no
      clear therapeutic effect. Three of six patients able to continue in long-term
      treatment showed measurable cognitive improvement, but only one displayed
      clinically obvious improvement.

PMID- 2405721
TI  - Variability and reliability of joint measurements.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the variability and reliability of
      joint measurements as carried out by three physician observers. The intratester
      variation and reliability of nine different joint measurements was determined in
      eight healthy subjects. The measurements were taken in eight sessions by each
      tester. In this population also the intertester variation and reliability was
      determined by the three observers. This was also done in a population of middle
      aged athletes over a period of 2.5 years. The results indicate that it is
      difficult to show either an improvement or worsening of a joint motion of less
      than 5 degrees to 10 degrees for most joints measured by the same tester. The
      intertester variation is not consistent over a longer period of time, so
      differences between observers during long-term studies cannot be corrected on the
      basis of a single study at a single point in time. The reliability of all nine
      joint measurements is not very high, but is probably sufficient if the results
      are used to compare groups within a single population and for large studies with
      experienced observers. Because the reliability strongly depends on the
      interindividual variation, it is preferable to determine the reliability for each
      study population.

PMID- 2405722
TI  - Primary repair with semitendinosus tendon augmentation of acute anterior cruciate
      ligament injuries.
AB  - A retrospective review of 72 acute ACL injuries in 70 athletically active
      patients (50 recreational and 20 competitive athletes) treated with primary
      repair and semitendinosus tendon augmentation was conducted (mean follow-up time,
      38.5 months). All patients had open primary multiple loop depth-varying suture
      repair and semitendinosus tendon augmentation at a mean injury to surgery
      interval of 9.1 days. Fifty-one cases (70.8%) were supplemented with an
      extraarticular procedure consisting in all cases of an iliotibial band lateral
      sling reinforcement. All patients underwent 6 weeks of postoperative
      immobilization followed by a graduated rehabilitation regimen lasting a mean 7.2
      months. In 22 of the ACL tears, no other associated injury could be defined at
      arthrotomy, while in 27, significant medial collateral ligament injuries were
      noted. Lateral meniscal injuries (24) were more commonly noted than medial
      meniscal injuries (19). Good to excellent subjective results were reported in
      82%, while 77.1% returned to preinjury sport level and participation without
      limitation. One patient developed "giving way" symptoms and overall, only four
      patients did not return to sports participation. Objective examination revealed
      93.1% to have a 1+ or less Lachman test and 86.1% to have a negative pivot shift.
      Of 60 knees tested, 93.3% had KT-1000 side-to-side difference values (measured at
      25 degrees +/- 5 degrees of flexion with an 89 N load) of less than or equal to 3
      mm of anterior displacement. A 100 point Hospital for Special Surgery ligament
      rating score was used with 25 points assigned to subjective, 45 points to
      objective, and 30 points to functional assessment. The mean score at followup was
      93.1. Analysis of results in patients with or without an extraarticular
      reinforcement revealed no difference in objective outcome. The incidence of
      patellofemoral pain was 27.8%. Thirty knees had some degree of loss of range of
      motion. Loss of terminal flexion was noted in 29, while 5 had loss of terminal
      extension. No correlation could be found between patellofemoral pain and
      diminished range of motion. Generalized ligamentous laxity was found in 37.1% of
      the patients; this was not associated with a poor result. This study suggests
      that primary repair with semitendinosus tendon augmentation of acute ACL injuries
      with a graduated rehabilitation regimen provides good subjective, and excellent
      functional and objective, results in active patients that were followed for more
      than 3 years.

PMID- 2405723
TI  - Ultrasound catheter placement for deep posterior compartment pressure
      measurements in chronic compartment syndrome.
AB  - Medial shin pain, often referred to as shin splints, is a common but difficult to
      diagnose entity in many athletes. Chronic deep posterior compartment syndrome as
      a cause of medial leg pain is still controversial. The problems of deep posterior
      compartment pressure measurement contribute to this controversy. These problems
      include safety of catheter insertion and the possibility that the patient has
      more than one deep posterior compartment. In this paper, we present a new
      technique for catheter placement in which continuous ultrasound guidance is used.
      This technique allows for the safe placement of the catheter into the deep
      posterior compartment and for documentation of catheter tip location.

PMID- 2405724
TI  - Quantitation of antisporozoite immunoglobulins in the hemolymph of Anopheles
      stephensi after bloodfeeding.
AB  - Passage of rat antibodies induced by Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite
      protein (anti-CS IgG) from the bloodmeal into the hemocoel of uninfected
      Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) techniques. Anti-CS IgG were present in hemolymph immediately upon
      cessation of mosquito feeding. Titers peaked at 3 hr post-ingestion then declined
      steadily, becoming negligible at 18 hr. Substantial titers were present in the
      bloodmeal at 24 hr post-ingestion. By 48 hr, anti-CS IgG in both mosquito
      hemolymph and bloodmeal were virtually absent. Estimated quantities of anti-CS
      IgG in the hemolymph at 3 hr post-ingestion were 905-958 ng/ml, representing
      approximately 0.5% of that present in the host serum. Rat IgG subclasses 1, 2a,
      and 2b passed into hemolymph more readily than did IgM and possibly IgG2c.
      Hemolymph volume of unengorged mosquitoes (0.53 microliters) increased after a
      bloodmeal (0.73 microliters at 3 hr post-ingestion), suggesting that anti-CS IgG
      may move into the hemocoel in an aqueous solution.

PMID- 2405725
TI  - An ABC-ELISA for malaria serology in the field.
AB  - An avidin biotin peroxidase complex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ABC-ELISA)
      was examined for the diagnosis of malaria in a controlled area in Sudan Gezira.
      The titers of the ABC-ELISA coincided with those of the IFAT. The method was more
      sensitive than the ordinary ELISA as the final enzyme reaction was amplified
      through the use of the ABC system. This allowed the resulting color spots on the
      dried plate wells to be read clearly with the naked eye. This test can be carried
      out without using major electrical equipment.

PMID- 2405726
TI  - Effect of malaria chemoprophylaxis on the development of antibodies to Plasmodium
      falciparum in expatriates living in west Africa.
AB  - We studied the relationship between exposure to malaria, the use of long-term
      chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine, and the prevalence of sporozoite antibodies in
      446 expatriates who had lived in 7 West African countries for 6 months-41 years.
      Filter paper blood samples from 12% of the subjects had antibodies to the repeat
      region of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein, with a positive
      correlation between enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) absorbance and
      years of exposure (r = 0.32, P = less than 0.01). Development of sporozoite
      antibodies did not correlate with reported use of chloroquine. Ten samples from
      expatriates with the highest ELISA titers and 10 samples from West African
      nationals, which were matched for ELISA titer and duration of exposure, were
      characterized more fully. All 20 samples reacted strongly with sporozoites by
      immunofluorescence. The 10 samples from nationals reacted strongly with liver
      stage antigens by immunofluorescence and with blood-stage antigens by
      immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. In contrast, the 10 samples from
      expatriates were negative or only weakly positive in the liver- and blood-stage
      assays. These results imply that sporozoite antibodies are generally not cross
      reactive with blood-stage antigens, and suggest that protective immunity to
      malaria does not develop during long-term malaria chemoprophylaxis against the
      erythrocytic stage.

PMID- 2405727
TI  - Placebo-controlled clinical trial of meglumine antimonate (glucantime) vs.
      localized controlled heat in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in
      Guatemala.
AB  - Sixty-six Guatemalans with parasitologically proven cutaneous leishmaniasis were
      randomly and equally divided into 3 treatment groups: those receiving meglumine
      antimonate (Glucantime), 850 mg antimony/day im for 15 days; those receiving
      localized controlled heat from a radio-frequency generator, 50 degrees C for 30
      sec, 3 treatments at 7 day intervals; and those receiving treatment with a
      placebo. Of 53 isolates identified, 40 were Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis
      and 13 were L. mexicana mexicana. Thirteen weeks after beginning treatment, the
      number of patients from each group with completely healed and parasitologically
      negative lesions were as follows: meglumine antimonate, 16 (73%); localized heat,
      16 (73%); and placebo, 6 (27%). The cure rate for those with infections due to L.
      b. braziliensis in each group was as follows: meglumine antimonate, 11 out of 14
      (79%); controlled heat, 9 out of 14 (64%); and placebo, 0 out of 11.

PMID- 2405728
TI  - Validity of the clinical alert on breast cancer.
AB  - In May 1988, the National Cancer Institute issued a clinical alert calling for
      the routine use of systemic adjuvant therapy for all node-negative breast
      cancers. Subsequent review of the data that the National Cancer Institute used as
      a basis for its endorsement revealed several limitations, including failure to
      consider cost-benefit ratios and failure to exclude late toxicities. The authors
      conclude that the issuance of the release was premature and that it does not
      attempt to balance the slight lengthening of disease-free survival against the
      overall population costs. It is suggested that physicians individually assess the
      potential merits of such a treatment regimen in each of their patients with node
      negative breast cancer.

PMID- 2405729
TI  - Anatomic and functional abnormalities of the esophagus in infants surviving
      congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
AB  - As more infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) survive by means of
      extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), new clinical observations are being
      made. We report anatomic and functional abnormalities of the esophagus in these
      infants. Twenty-two of 30 infants with CDH survived. Three of 7 non-ECMO-treated
      infants and 14 of 17 ECMO-treated infants had an air- or fluid-filled mediastinal
      mass that was confirmed by an upper gastrointestinal series as ectatic esophagus.
      Contrast studies demonstrated severe gastroesophageal reflux. Intra-esophageal pH
      monitoring confirmed significant reflux (Euler scores greater than 50) in 69% of
      tested patients. Prolonged acid clearance in most patients implied abnormal
      peristalsis. Hydramnios was correlated to the observed esophageal abnormalities,
      being present in 13 of 16 infants with an available amniotic history. All
      patients had symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux managed without antireflux
      surgery and were discharged 36 +/- 2 days after initiation of feeding. Follow-up
      (range: 7 to 56 months; mean: 32 months) showed that weight gain in affected
      children was slower than in those not affected. All but one are asymptomatic.
      Repeat upper gastrointestinal series shows persistent ectasia but less gastro
      esophageal reflux. Gastroesophageal reflux/ectasia is a new observation with CDH.
      The associated hydramnios may result from proximal foregut obstruction by kinking
      the gastroesophageal junction with CDH. The radiographic appearance can be quite
      unusual. Clinical manifestations of gastro-esophageal reflux are manageable
      without surgery but may account for the observed compromised growth.

PMID- 2405731
TI  - Mattress suture for pancreatic closure and anastomosis.
AB  - The vertical mattress suture is described as used during pancreatic surgery. This
      method of closure enhances the security of anastomoses and minimizes the
      likelihood of leakage or sepsis.

PMID- 2405730
TI  - Simple elective cholecystectomy: to drain or not.
AB  - We performed a large single-center prospective randomized controlled study to
      assess the role of peritoneal drainage in simple elective cholecystectomy. In 248
      patients, drains were omitted; 122 patients had closed suction drains and 124 had
      Penrose drains. There were no deaths, and no patient required reoperation or
      drainage of a subhepatic collection. Wound infections occurred in eight patients
      with drains and in six patients without. Most infections were staphylococcal.
      Postoperative pulmonary complications and hospital stays were similar in patients
      with and without drains. Statistical analysis of the 10 available prospective
      controlled randomized studies (1,920 patients) by the method of odds ratios
      supported our findings. Simple elective cholecystectomy is safe without
      peritoneal drainage, but short-term drains do not increase morbidity.

PMID- 2405732
TI  - Fluorescence diagnosis and photochemical treatment of diseased tissue using
      lasers: Part II.

PMID- 2405733
TI  - Effects of oral caffeine on postdural puncture headache. A double-blind, placebo
      controlled trial.
AB  - Forty postpartum patients with postdural puncture headache (PDPH) were randomly
      assigned to receive oral caffeine (300 mg) or a placebo. Intensity of headache,
      quantitated using a visual analogue pain scale (VAS), was assessed immediately
      before drug administration and 4 and 24 h later. Relief of PDPH measured as delta
      VAS (initial VAS - VAS at 4 h) was significantly better in the caffeine than in
      the placebo group (P = 0.014). Six patients (30%) whose PDPH was relieved by
      caffeine at 4 h had recurrence of symptoms the following day. Our study
      demonstrates that caffeine administered orally provides relief, albeit if
      sometimes transient, from PDPH with minimal side effects.

PMID- 2405734
TI  - Evaluation of pulsed Doppler common carotid blood flow as a noninvasive method
      for brain death diagnosis: a prospective study.
AB  - Among the main causes for the relatively small number of organ donors, the delay
      in the diagnosis of brain death plays a major role. This prospective study was
      designed to evaluate whether pulsed Doppler mean and phasic common carotid blood
      flow (CCBF) combined with arterial and jugular venous blood gases could rapidly
      and specifically establish a diagnosis of brain death. CCBF was measured by an 8
      MHz pulsed Doppler flowmeter, allowing measurement of the vessel diameter via a
      double transducer probe, which fixed the ultrasonic incidence angle. From an
      initial series of patients (n = 28) with an established diagnosis [brain death n
      = 14; severe coma with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) less than 7, n = 14], the
      results of the logistic regression analysis process yielded the most
      discriminating parameters for brain death diagnosis: end-diastolic velocity (Ved 
      1.4 vs. 12.7 cm/s; t = 7.67, P = 0.001) and blood flow (Qed - 13.6 vs. 121.4
      ml/min). These parameters were then tested in a blind fashion on a second series
      of 28 comatose patients (GCS = 7). They resulted in correct diagnosis (brain
      death n = 14 or severe coma n = 14) for all patients. Brain death diagnosis was
      confirmed by clinical signs, EEG, and/or angiography. From the analysis of the
      overall population (n = 56), a value of Qed of less than 31.4 ml/mn indictes
      brain death. The authors conclude, that pulsed Doppler measurements of CCBF
      represent an early, low cost and noninvasive technique, the results of which may
      prompt legally accepted procedures, which in turn would reduce the delay required
      before brain death is diagnosed. Moreover, this technique could help in deciding
      on discontinuation of active therapy in severely injured patients.

PMID- 2405735
TI  - pH-adjusted bupivacaine and hyaluronidase for peribulbar block.
AB  - The onset of akinesia of the extraocular muscles was assessed after peribulbar
      block with a plain or pH-adjusted solution of 0.75% bupivacaine and
      hyaluronidase. Thirty-five patients were randomly assigned to receive either
      0.75% bupivacaine with hyaluronidase 15 units/ml (pH 5.45 +/- 0.12) or the same
      pH-adjusted solution (0.15 mEq sodium bicarbonate per 30 ml of 0.75% bupivacaine
      to give a final pH of 6.82 +/- 0.09) in a double-blind, prospective manner. Onset
      of akinesia was determined to the nearest minute. Supplemental injections were
      given after 20 min in the event of incomplete akinesia. The group receiving pH
      adjusted bupivacaine had a statistically faster onset time for complete akinesia
      than did the control group (5.3 +/- 1.2 min vs. 14.3 +/- 2.3 min, respectively; P
      less than 0.001). Five of 17 patients in the control group required a
      supplemental injection, whereas only one of 17 patients in the treatment group
      had a supplemental block at 20 min (P less than 0.05). Thus, pH adjustment of a
      solution of bupivacaine and hyaluronidase with sodium bicarbonate hastens the
      onset time and improves the initial success rate of peribulbar block.

PMID- 2405736
TI  - Metoclopramide reduces the incidence of vomiting following strabismus surgery in
      children.
AB  - This randomized, double-blind study evaluated the efficacy of metoclopramide
      administered at the completion of surgery as an antiemetic agent in pediatric
      patients undergoing ambulatory strabismus surgery; 126 unpremedicated ASA
      Physical Status 1 and 2 children ranging in age from 2 to 18 yr served as
      subjects. All received general anesthesia with halothane, N2O, and O2; tracheal
      intubation was facilitated with intravenous (iv) atracurium 0.5 mg/kg.
      Intravenous atropine 0.02 mg/kg and lactated Ringer's solution with 5% dextrose
      equivalent to 4 h of maintenance fluids were administered during surgery. Neither
      opioids nor droperidol were given intraoperatively. At the completion of surgery,
      residual muscle paralysis was reversed with atropine 0.02 mg/kg (maximum dose 1.0
      mg) and neostigmine 0.07 mg/kg (maximum dose 5.0 mg), and the stomach was
      decompressed prior to tracheal extubation. After the patient had been transferred
      to the postanesthesia recovery room (PARR) either metoclopramide 0.15 mg/kg or
      normal saline was administered intravenously to the children over a 1-min period.
      A research associate monitored the children for the incidence of post-operative
      vomiting and the time required for each child to meet discharge criteria from
      Short Stay Recovery Unit (SSRU). If a child vomited more than three times in both
      the PARR and SSRU, the vomiting was construed to be severe and the patient was
      offered further antiemetic treatment with iv droperidol 70 micrograms/kg. The
      incidence of postoperative vomiting in the metoclopramide group was 37% versus
      59% in the placebo group (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405737
TI  - Efficacy of an epidural test dose in children anesthetized with halothane.
AB  - The effect of an intravenous (iv) injection of lidocaine with epinephrine was
      studied to determine if such a test dose would cause a reliably detectable
      increase in heart rate and systemic blood pressure in children anesthetized with
      halothane and nitrous oxide. The effect of the injection of atropine before the
      test dose on these parameters was also determined. Sixty-five children 1 month to
      11 yr of age and weighing 3.9-35 kg were studied. The children were assigned to
      one of four groups, each of which was anesthetized with 1% halothane and 50%
      nitrous oxide. Group 1 (n = 20) received 10 micrograms/kg atropine followed 5 min
      later by an iv dose of 0.1 ml/kg 1% lidocaine with 1/200,000 epinephrine (0.5
      micrograms/kg) to simulate an intravascularly administered epidural test dose.
      Group 2 (n = 21) was identical to group 1 but did not receive atropine prior to
      the simulated intravascular test dose. Groups 3 (n = 12) and 4 (n = 11) were
      identical to groups 1 and 2, but the simulated intravascular test dose did not
      contain epinephrine: group 3 received atropine prior to the test dose and group 4
      did not. The simulated intravascular test dose increased heart rate in group 1
      (with atropine) at each time period from 15 to 120 s, but only at 45 and 60 s in
      group 2 (without atropine). Following the iv test dose, 6 of 21 children in group
      2 had an increase in heart rate of less than 10 beats/min, while only one child
      in group 1 had an increase in heart rate of less than 10 beats/min. Intravenous
      test doses that did not contain epinephrine (groups 3 and 4) had no effect on
      heart rate or blood pressure. Atropine, 10 micrograms/kg, improves the
      reliability of an epidural test dose in children anesthetized with halothane and
      nitrous oxide but does not ensure total reliability in detecting an intravascular
      injection.

PMID- 2405738
TI  - Multicenter study of general anesthesia. I. Design and patient demography.
AB  - A prospective randomized clinical trial of enflurane, fentanyl, halothane, and
      isoflurane is described. The 17,201 patients were stratified into two groups
      (preanesthetic medication and no preanesthetic medication) and were randomized to
      one of four study agents: enflurane, fentanyl, halothane, and isoflurane. Fifteen
      university-affiliated hospitals in the United States and Canada participated. All
      patients were first assessed preoperatively. Data were collected during
      anesthesia, in the immediate recovery period, and for up to 7 days after
      anesthesia/surgery. The mean age of the patients was 43 yr, the mean height 167
      cm, and the mean weight 68 kg. Sixty-five percent of patients were female. In
      this study 90.7% of patients were classified as ASA Physical Status 1 or 2, and
      34.7% of patients smoked. It is concluded that pooling of data across
      institutions was valid and does allow determination of the efficacy and relative
      safety of the four study agents.

PMID- 2405740
TI  - Administration of nitrous oxide to pediatric patients provides analgesia for
      venous cannulation.
AB  - To determine whether administration of nitrous oxide, 50% and 70%, could provide
      analgesia and anxiolysis during venous cannulation in pediatric patients, 165 ASA
      Physical Status 1 patients scheduled for elective surgery were studied. Children,
      3 weeks to 18 yr of age, were randomly assigned either to receive nitrous oxide,
      50% or 70% in oxygen, or 100% oxygen via mask or to a group breathing room air,
      for 3 min prior to and during venous cannulation. A blinded observer using a
      behavioral scale for rating pain in children performed assessments of behavior
      and pain before and following venous cannulation. Children who received 50% or
      70% nitrous oxide were more likely to be relaxed, 59% and 84%, respectively, and
      had little evidence of pain. Of those given 100% oxygen or no mask, only 30% and
      21%, respectively, were considered relaxed, and 16% and 15% had little evidence
      of pain during venous cannulation. Side effects were seen in 28% of the group
      given 70% nitrous oxide and included excitement, dysphoria, nausea, restlessness,
      and opisthotonic movements. Both 50% and 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen administered
      to pediatric patients are effective at decreasing the pain and anxiety associated
      with venous cannulation, but use of the latter is associated with side effects.

PMID- 2405739
TI  - Multicenter study of general anesthesia. II. Results.
AB  - A prospective, stratified, randomized clinical trial of the safety and efficacy
      of four general anesthetic agents (enflurane, fentanyl, halothane, and
      isoflurane) was conducted in 17,201 patients (study population). Patients were
      studied before, during, and after anesthesia for up to 7 days. Nineteen patients
      died (0.11%), and in seven of these (0.04%) the anesthetic may have been a
      contributing factor. The rates of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in the
      study population were so low (less than 0.15%) that no conclusions regarding the
      relative rates of these outcomes among the four anesthetic agents could be
      reached. The rates of 16 of 66 types of adverse outcomes in the study population
      were significantly different among the four study agents. Most of these outcomes
      were minor. However, severe ventricular arrhythmia (P less than 10(-6)) was more
      common with halothane, severe hypertension (P less than 10(-6)) and severe
      bronchospasm (P = 0.028) were more common with fentanyl, and severe tachycardia
      (P = 0.001) was more common with isoflurane. Recovery from anesthesia during the
      first 30 min was slowest in those patients who received halothane (P less than or
      equal to 0.001). In addition, patients who received fentanyl experienced less
      pain during the first hour in the recovery room (P less than 10(-6)). In
      conclusion, clinically important differences do exist for some outcomes among the
      four study agents.

PMID- 2405741
TI  - Functional and metabolic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients
      with adult respiratory distress syndrome: results of a randomized double-blind
      placebo-controlled study on the activity of prostaglandin E1.
AB  - Indirect and experimental evidence suggests that polymorphonuclear leukocytes,
      responding to an activating signal presumably related to the complement cascade
      activation, are involved in the pathogenesis of the adult respiratory distress
      syndrome (ARDS). The pathologic changes seem to be result of the
      polymorphonuclear leukocyte margination within the pulmonary capillary vessels
      and their activation with subsequent release of vasoactive peptides (thromboxane
      A2, prostaglandin E2) and toxic intracellular compounds. This study confirms that
      adherence, chemotaxis, and chemiluminescence are increased in polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes from patients with ARDS. Enhanced chemotactic and chemiluminescence
      capacities are likely specific to ARDS, whereas increased polymorphonuclear
      leukocyte adherence seems to be nonspecific. If increased polymorphonuclear
      leukocyte activation is important in the pathogenesis of ARDS, the inhibition of
      this phenomenon could play a therapeutic role. This double-blind prospective
      study was undertaken to assess if polymorphonuclear leukocyte activity is
      inhibited in vivo by the iv administration of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in patients
      with ARDS. A continuous infusion of PGE1 at a dose of 30 ng.kg-1.min-1 for 7 days
      did not modify the functional activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in
      patients with ARDS. Because hemodynamic instability was seen during infusion of
      this dose of PGE1, an increased dose was not tested. At the dose of PGE1 tested,
      no significant effect upon the function activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      in patients with ARDS could be demonstrated.

PMID- 2405742
TI  - Preoperative plasmapheresis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery procedures.
AB  - Donor plasmapheresis that is carried out weeks before the operation has proven to
      be of benefit in elective orthopedic patients with regard to reducing homologous
      blood consumption and preserving coagulation. In this study acute preoperatively
      performed plasmapheresis (APP) was investigated in cardiac surgery patients.
      Forty-five patients scheduled for elective aortocoronary bypass surgery were
      randomly divided into three groups of 15 patients each: 1) removal of platelet
      poor plasma (PPP), 2) removal of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and 3) no
      plasmapheresis (control group). Plasma volume removed was 10 ml/kg in all APP
      patients, and plasma was replaced by the same amount of low-molecular weight
      hydroxyethylstarch solution (6% HES 200/0.5). Various laboratory data were
      investigated before, during, and after extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Blood
      loss in control patients was more pronounced than in the two APP groups; two of
      the control patients needed packed red cells. APP itself did not affect
      coagulation variables, free hemoglobin, or polymorphonuclear (PMN) elastase. At
      the end of the operation, 5 h after ECC, and at the first postoperative day the
      number of platelets was significantly lower in the control group; PRP patients
      showed the highest values. Fibrinogen and AT-III levels were less compromised in
      APP patients than in the control group. Global coagulation parameters did not
      differ between the groups within the whole investigation period. PMN elastase
      increased significantly during ECC in all groups with the greatest increase in
      the control group (722%) and the smallest increase in PRP patients (280%),
      possibly due to the removal of cellular elements in this group.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405743
TI  - A comparison of epidural and intramuscular morphine in patients following
      cesarean section.
AB  - This randomized, double-blind study compared epidural (EP) and intramuscular (IM)
      morphine in 24 healthy parturients for 24 h after cesarean section. The 11 EP
      subjects received 5 mg of EP morphine and normal saline intramuscularly, and the
      13 IM patients received 5 mg of IM morphine and normal saline epidurally. Both
      injections were given simultaneously just after delivery and then upon request
      with at least 30 min between each pair of injections. Blood pressure, visual
      analogue scale pain score, somnolence score, and presence of nausea, vomiting, or
      pruritus were assessed every 30 min for 1 h after each dose and then hourly.
      Oxyhemoglobin saturation (Spo2) and respiratory rate (RR) and pattern were
      monitored continuously with pulse oximetry and respiratory inductive
      plethysmography. The EP group had significantly lower pain scores (less pain)
      than the IM (0.9 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.3 +/- 1.3; mean +/- SD; P less than 0.001) with
      less morphine (0.3 +/- 0.2 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.6 mg patient-1 h-1; P less than 0.001).
      There was no difference between groups for RR, Spo2, incidence or frequency of
      slow respiratory rate (SRR, 5-min mean RR less than 10) and apneas (AP, greater
      than or equal to 15 s of less than 100 ml tidal volume), incidence of nausea
      and/or vomiting, pruritus, or hypotension, and hours asleep or drowsy. There were
      no major respiratory abnormalities. During control monitoring of nine EP and 11
      IM subjects while asleep postoperatively, the RR, Spo2, and incidence and
      frequency of SRR and AP were similar to the study period in both groups. In
      conclusion, EP morphine was a more effective analgesic than IM morphine, but the
      side effects of both were similar.

PMID- 2405744
TI  - Mechanisms for cardiac dysrhythmias during anesthesia.

PMID- 2405745
TI  - Abel Lawrence Peirson: early proponent of etherization.

PMID- 2405746
TI  - Comparison of safety and efficacy of inhaled pirbuterol with metaproterenol.
AB  - This multicenter study was performed to compare the safety and efficacy of a new
      beta-2 selective beta agonist, pirbuterol, with metaproterenol. The study
      followed a double-blind parallel design evaluating 133 asthmatic patients for 12
      weeks. There were essentially no clinical differences between groups and no
      differences in onset of action, peak effect, side effects, or development of
      tolerance between these two agents. Our conclusion is that pirbuterol is at least
      as effective and safe under conditions of chronic administration to asthmatics as
      metaproterenol and therefore can be considered a suitable alternative for
      therapy.

PMID- 2405747
TI  - Multicenter evaluation of triamcinolone acetonide nasal aerosol in the treatment
      of adult patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.
AB  - Triamcinolone acetonide aerosol inhalation therapy is effective for the
      prophylactic treatment of asthma. Recently, the delivery system for this
      preparation has been modified for use in allergic rhinitis. A total of 180 adult
      patients with symptomatic seasonal allergic rhinitis participated in this double
      blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Patients received either placebo or
      approximately 25 mg per actuation of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol per nostril,
      qid, for 4 weeks. Each patient kept a daily diary rating rhinitis symptoms. Both
      the patient and the physician also gave global evaluations of drug efficacy. Of
      168 evaluable patients, significant reductions were seen at week 1, week 2, and
      in the overall study evaluation of ratings for intensity (P less than .001) and
      duration (P less than .05) of various rhinitis symptoms such as nasal stuffiness,
      discharge, and sneezing in the group given triamcinolone acetonide. Superiority
      to placebo group was evident as early as day 1 and maintained throughout the
      study. Both patients and physicians rated triamcinolone acetonide as
      significantly more effective than placebo for the duration of the study (P less
      than .001). There was a marked reduction in nasal smear eosinophils in the
      triamcinolone acetonide group. There was no difference between groups in safety
      evaluations including no evidence of suppression of the adrenal axis and no
      evidence of fungal infection. This study demonstrates that triamcinolone
      acetonide in a dose of 25 micrograms per nostril, qid, is effective, well
      tolerated, and safe in reducing symptoms in adult patients with seasonal allergic
      rhinitis.

PMID- 2405748
TI  - Theophylline toxicity: update.

PMID- 2405750
TI  - Debating dipstick reliability.

PMID- 2405749
TI  - Outpatient management of partial-thickness burns: Biobrane versus 1% silver
      sulfadiazine.
AB  - A randomized, prospective study comparing the use of Biobrane (group 1) with the
      use of 1% silver sulfadiazine (group 2) in treating 56 partial-thickness burn
      wounds was carried out in 52 outpatients with burns that comprised less than 10%
      of their total body surface area. The two groups were similar in age, gender,
      race, and extent of burn. Wounds of patients in group 1 (30) were compared with
      those of group 2 (26) for healing time, pain, compliance with scheduled visits,
      and costs. Infected and skin-grafted wounds were excluded from healing time
      analysis. Infection rates of the two groups were similar (three of 30 vs two of
      26). One patient in each group underwent skin grafting. Healing times of group 1
      wounds were significantly less than those of group 2 (10.6 +/- 0.8 vs 15.0 +/-
      1.2 days, P less than .01). Using a pain scale of 1 to 5, Biobrane-treated
      patients averaged lower pain scores at 24 hours after the burn (1.6 +/- 0.8 vs
      3.6 +/- 1.3 P less than .001) and used less pain medication. Compliance with
      scheduled outpatient visits was also improved in the Biobrane-treated group
      (88.6% vs 63.2% attendance, P less than .001). Idealized total treatment costs
      averaged $434 for patients in group 1 compared with $504 for patients in group 2.
      We conclude that when used on properly selected wounds, Biobrane therapy can
      significantly decrease pain and total healing time without increasing the cost of
      outpatient burn care. Improved patient compliance may be an added benefit.

PMID- 2405751
TI  - Ultrasonographic-anatomic correlation and an imaging protocol of the normal
      canine kidney.
AB  - Ultrasonographic or anatomic observations or both were made of the kidneys of 26
      dogs. The anatomic studies established precise correlations between the gross
      anatomic features of the organ and its ultrasonographic images obtained in
      transverse, sagittal, dorsal, and 2 oblique planes. Uniformly mottled
      echogenicity of the renal cortex could be clearly differentiated from the less
      echogenic renal medulla. In the mid-dorsal plane, the papillae of the renal
      pyramids were directed towards the renal sinus. The bases of the pyramids were
      almost circular in outline in the midsagittal images and the renal crest was seen
      as an echogenic line. Although the renal sinus was highly echogenic, neither the
      renal pelvis nor its recesses were detected. The walls of each of the interlobar
      arteries provided echogenic parallel lines, passing in the renal recesses between
      the renal pyramids. Arcuate arteries were demonstrated at the corticomedullary
      junction and interlobular arteries were detected within the renal cortex. For the
      right kidney, transverse images were obtained with the ultrasonographic
      transducer at the last 2 intercostal spaces; images in the dorsal, sagittal, and
      oblique planes were obtained with the transducer placed over the caudal extremity
      of the kidney. In the left kidney, transverse images were made with the
      transducers at, and caudal to, the last intercostal space; images in the dorsal,
      sagittal, and oblique planes were obtained with the transducer placed over the
      lateral border of the kidney. The use of such a protocol ensures that the entire
      organ is inspected and a diagnosis of either a normal or pathologic kidney is
      made.

PMID- 2405752
TI  - Comparative study of ultrasonography and arteriography of the carotid artery of
      xylazine-sedated and halothane-anesthetized goats.
AB  - The carotid artery of clinically normal goats was examined, using duplex
      ultrasonography and arteriography. The diameter of the carotid artery was
      measured by use of two-dimensional ultrasonography and Doppler ultrasonography,
      respectively, before and after xylazine administration. The diameter of the
      artery was also measured by use of an arteriography technique in halothane
      anesthetized goats. There was no significant difference between the mean diameter
      of the carotid artery measured by ultrasonography in conscious nonsedated goats
      and that determined by arteriography in goats under halothane anesthesia. On the
      other hand, ultrasonography of xylazine-sedated goats revealed an increase of
      carotid artery diameter of 20 to 30%. There was no change in the velocity of
      blood flow after xylazine administration.

PMID- 2405753
TI  - Humoral and cellular immune responses of pigs inoculated with Mycoplasma
      hyopneumoniae.
AB  - Cellular and humoral immune responses of pigs inoculated with Mycoplasma
      hyopneumoniae were investigated at postinoculation weeks (PIW) 2, 4, and 6. The
      response of blood lymphocytes (BL) and bronchial lymph node lymphocytes (LNL) to
      stimulation by M hyopneumoniae antigens was evaluated by a lymphocyte-stimulation
      test. Specific antibodies in serum and lung washing samples were assayed by
      ELISA. Immunoglobulin-positive cells in lungs and bronchial lymph nodes were
      identified by indirect fluorescent antibody test, using isotype-specific
      monoclonal antibodies. At PIW 0 to 6, BL from control and M hyopneumoniae
      inoculated pigs were stimulated by M hyopneumoniae cells; however, BL from
      inoculated pigs generally had higher stimulation indices, especially at PIW 6.
      The response of LNL was influenced by previous exposure to M hyopneumoniae, as
      indicated by higher stimulation indices (P less than 0.01) of LNL from inoculated
      pigs killed at PIW 2 and 6. Specific ELISA antibodies to M hyopneumoniae in lung
      washings from inoculated pigs consisted mainly of IgG and IgA isotypes.
      Examination of lung sections by indirect immunofluorescence revealed that cells
      producing IgM and IgA were in controls as well as M hyopneumoniae-inoculated
      pigs, but IgG-positive cells were only in lungs of inoculated pigs. Resolution of
      pneumonia appeared to correlate with development of increased sensitization of
      BL, as well as development of marked increases in immunoglobulins, particularly
      IgG in lung washings at PIW 6.

PMID- 2405754
TI  - Disassociation of bactericidal and fungistatic activities from the oxidative
      burst of avian macrophages.
AB  - Avian peritoneal exudate macrophages, when exposed to phagocytic stimuli,
      produced an appreciable oxidative burst as measured by production of
      chemiluminescence, superoxide anion, and hydrogen peroxide. Metabolic inhibitors
      of the oxidative burst and scavengers of oxygen radicals clearly inhibited
      macrophage chemiluminescence, but had no significant effect on macrophage
      bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli or fungistatic activity against
      Candida tropicalis. Therefore, avian macrophages were capable of oxygen
      independent bactericidal and fungistatic activities.

PMID- 2405755
TI  - Phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and oxidative metabolism of milk neutrophils
      from dairy cows fed selenium-supplemented and selenium-deficient diets.
AB  - Six primiparous Holstein cows were fed a Se-deficient diet, beginning at least 90
      days before their first calving, and 6 other primiparous cows were given the same
      diet plus a supplement of 2 mg of Se/cow/d as sodium selenite. All cows were fed
      their diets for the duration of the experimental period. One uninfected quarter
      of each cow was injected with 25 micrograms of Escherichia coli endotoxin at
      postpartum week 5. Leukocytes were isolated by centrifugation from milk collected
      at postinjection hour 16. Isolated cells were 92 +/- 3% neutrophils and were
      incubated with Staphylococcus aureus or E coli in a 1:300 ratio. Phagocytosis and
      intracellular killing by neutrophils were assessed after 0, 30, 60, and 90
      minutes by a fluorochrome assay, using acridine orange. Viability of neutrophils
      was assessed by use of trypan blue. Superoxide anion production and hydrogen
      peroxide production by neutrophils also were determined. Cows fed Se-deficient
      diets had significantly (P less than 0.05) lower blood Se concentration and blood
      glutathione peroxidase activity than cows fed Se-supplemented diets. Selenium
      status had no effect on the phagocytic capacity of neutrophils. Neutrophils
      obtained from cows fed Se-supplemented diets killed a significantly (P less than
      0.05) higher percentage of ingested bacteria than did neutrophils from cows fed
      the Se-deficient diet. Viability was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced by
      incubation with S aureus in neutrophils from both groups of cows, with
      neutrophils from Se-deficient cows having lower viability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405756
TI  - Lung microvascular transport properties measured by multiple indicator dilution
      methods in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. A comparison
      between patients reversing respiratory failure and those failing to reverse.
AB  - We conducted indicator dilution studies on the lungs of patients in the early
      phases of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to test the hypothesis that
      capillary permeability was increased in patients with respiratory failure.
      Indicator dilution studies were performed using 51Cr-erythrocytes, 125I-albumin,
      14C-urea, and 3H-water as tracers. The injectate was infused as a bolus into a
      central venous line. Peripheral arterial blood was collected and counted for
      radioactivity. Mathematical analysis of the indicator curves yielded cardiac
      output, measures of the product of capillary permeability and surface area for
      urea (PS and D1/2S), the intravascular lung volume (Vv), and the extravascular
      lung water volume (Ve). Permeability was separated from surface area by
      normalizing PS and D1/2S to Vv. Patients could be divided into 16 in whom blood
      gas determinations and radiologic criteria for ARDS were reversed and 23 in whom
      they were not. We examined indicator dilution and other measures of lung function
      in the two groups to determine whether significant differences in microvascular
      function existed. PS and PS/Vv were significantly higher in the nonreversal
      patients. Ve was above normal, but not different between groups. Linear
      regression analysis showed significant correlations for all of the following in
      the nonreversal group: Ve and all measures of permeability, pulmonary vascular
      resistance (PVR), and the inverse of permeability-surface area measures and AaDO2
      and PVR. Only measures of Ve and PS correlated in the reversal group. These
      results support the hypothesis that capillary permeability is increased in
      patients with early ARDS and continuing respiratory failure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405757
TI  - Continuous positive airway pressure reduces work of breathing and dyspnea during
      weaning from mechanical ventilation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease.
AB  - Dynamic hyperinflation and the development of intrinsic positive end-expiratory
      pressure (PEEPi) are commonly observed in patients with severe chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute respiratory failure. The presence
      of intrinsic PEEP acts as an inspiratory threshold load, and contributes
      significantly to the observed increase in work and oxygen cost of breathing. The
      present study examined the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
      (at 5, 10, and 15 cm H2O) and its ability to reduce the mechanical load imposed
      by PEEPi on breathing pattern, work of breathing, and dyspnea in seven patients
      with severe COPD during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Tidal volume
      remained stable at all levels of applied pressure. Breathing frequency was also
      stable except for a small (12%) decrease during CPAP of 15 cm H2O. Inspiratory
      pulmonary resistance and elastance were unaltered by the application of CPAP.
      There were progressive reductions in the inspiratory work of breathing as the
      level of CPAP increased. At the highest level of CPAP, the amount of inspiratory
      work performed per minute and per liter of ventilation decreased by 49.8 and
      41.8%, respectively. Similar progressive reductions were also obtained in the
      pressure-time product for the inspiratory muscles and the diaphragm, which
      amounted to decreases of 42.9 and 42.2%, respectively, at the highest level of
      CPAP. End-expiratory lung volume remained stable at the lowest level of CPAP,
      with only modest increases occurring at the higher levels. In addition, all
      patients reported a reduction in dyspnea during the administration of
      CPAP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405758
TI  - Ventilatory muscle loads and the frequency-tidal volume pattern during
      inspiratory pressure-assisted (pressure-supported) ventilation.
AB  - Pressure support ventilation (PSV) is a new form of mechanical ventilatory
      support that assists a patient's spontaneous ventilatory effort with a clinician
      selected amount of inspiratory pressure. In order to assess the muscle unloading
      effect and the ventilatory pattern response to increasing levels of this
      inspiratory pressure assist, we first utilized a computer respiratory system
      model with variable alveolar ventilation demands and impedances. From this model,
      we calculated ventilatory muscle loads (expressed either as the work/min or as
      the pressure time index) during simulated, unassisted breathing and during
      simulated breathing with levels of inspiratory pressure assist up to that which
      resulted in a VT of 800 ml and no work being performed by the muscles (defined as
      PSVmax for the model conditions being studied). The optimal ventilatory pattern
      (i.e., frequency-tidal volume) under each ventilation and impedance condition was
      defined as that which resulted in minimal muscle load. Under these model
      conditions, we found that PSVmax ranged from 5 to 41 cm H2O and that as the level
      of inspiratory pressure assist was increased from zero to PSVmax, there was a
      biphasic response of both the ventilatory muscle loading and the ventilatory
      pattern. Specifically, at low levels of inspiratory pressure assist, the model
      predicted that the applied pressure would only partially unload the ventilatory
      muscles. Continued muscle energy expenditure would thus still be required,
      whereas the ventilatory pattern would change little. Conversely, at higher levels
      of inspiratory pressure assist, the model predicted that the applied pressure
      would be sufficient to completely unload the ventilatory muscles.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405759
TI  - Effects of inhaled PAF in humans on circulating and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
      neutrophils. Relationship to bronchoconstriction and changes in airway
      responsiveness.
AB  - We have compared the effect of inhaled platelet activating factor (PAF) on
      circulating neutrophils with its ability to induce bronchoconstriction and
      bronchial hyperresponsiveness in humans. Human volunteers inhaled PAF, given as
      six successive inhalations 15 min apart, followed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
      4 h later. The mean density and volume of circulating neutrophils were measured
      by metrizamide gradients and flow cytometry, respectively. PAF caused a decrease
      in Vp20 of 38.2 +/- 4.5% at 5 min after the first inhalation (p less than 0.001).
      This was associated with a fall in the peripheral blood neutrophil count from
      3.15 +/- 0.3 to 1.1 +/- 0.3 x 10(6) per ml (p less than 0.001), followed by a
      rebound neutrophilia (p less than 0.01). The mean density of peripheral blood
      neutrophils fell significantly at 15 min (p less than 0.02), with a return to
      baseline values despite further PAF inhalations; this was associated with an
      increase in neutrophil volume (n = 4; p less than 0.05). The numbers of
      neutrophils (x 10(5] in BAL fluid after PAF were significantly greater than after
      inhalation of lyso-PAF: 7.1 +/- 1.4 (n = 7) versus 1.3 +/- 0.3 (n = 5, p less
      than 0.01); eosinophil counts did not change significantly. The PC40 (the
      concentration of methacholine needed to cause a fall in Vp30) decreased from 17.1
      (GSEM 1.40) to 8.7 (1.44) mg/ml (n = 12, p less than 0.02) 3 days after PAF.
      Inhaled lyso-PAF was inactive in all these respects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2405760
TI  - Lung function declines in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis and increased
      respiratory epithelial permeability to 99mTc-DTPA.
AB  - Respiratory epithelial clearance of 99mTc-DTPA (RC-Tc-DTPA) and pulmonary
      function tests (PFT) were determined at intervals of 6 or 12 months in 37
      untreated, nonsmoking patients with sarcoidosis over a period of 6 to 36 months.
      PFT included the measurements of total lung capacity (TLC), vital capacity (VC),
      FEV1, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide. No difference was found between
      the respiratory clearance of 113mIn-DTPA (2.25 +/- 1.00%/min) and RC-Tc-DTPA
      (2.29 +/- 1.11%/min) in eight patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Pulmonary
      function decreased 15% or more in at least 2 function tests during 11 follow-up
      periods, but it remained stable during 47 follow-up periods. In patients whose
      lung function deteriorated, RC-Tc-DTPA increased to 3.51 +/- 1.55%/min; in
      contrast, in patients whose lung function remained stable, regardless of the
      initial values, RC-Tc-DTPA was normal (1.00 +/- 0.50%/min; p less than 0.001). In
      eight patients who were treated with corticosteroids, RC-Tc-DTPA decreased from
      3.48 +/- 1.31%/min to 1.56 +/- 0.64%/min (p less than 0.001), and PFT improved.
      We conclude that in nonsmokers with pulmonary sarcoidosis, increased RC-Tc-DTPA
      is not related to dissociation of 99mTc from DTPA, RC-Tc-DTPA is increased when
      pulmonary function decreases, and, when increased, RC-Tc-DTPA decreases with
      corticosteroid therapy.

PMID- 2405761
TI  - Macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in lung defense and injury.
AB  - Phagocytes, in particular macrophages and PMN, are now recognized as major
      components of inflammatory and immunologic reactions in the lung. Normally,
      macrophages represent the majority of phagocytes in the lower respiratory tract.
      These lung macrophages are morphologically and functionally heterogenous and
      include alveolar, interstitial, intravascular, and airway macrophages, each with
      characteristic morphologic and functional features. Through the presence of
      surface receptors for numerous ligands and through their large number of
      secretory products, lung macrophages can respond to environmental factors and
      account for most of the clearance of microparticles and microorganisms in the
      distal airways and the alveolar spaces. In addition, macrophages also play an
      important role in inflammatory processes through the release of oxygen radicals
      and proteolytic enzymes. Through the release of several cytokines, i.e., growth
      promoting and inhibiting factors, lung macrophages may also influence both matrix
      damage and repair processes. Macrophages can also contribute to the alveolitis by
      recruitment of inflammatory and immune cells. This latter contribution is best
      demonstrated in migration movement of PMN. The normal distal airways generally
      contain a small number of PMN, but the pulmonary vascular bed represents a large
      reservoir of PMN. Some of them are in intimate contact with the endothelium,
      forming the so-called marginating pool of PMN. Because the capillary lumen is
      separated only from the alveolar space by a monolayer of endothelial and
      epithelial cells on each side of a thin interstitial matrix, it is likely that
      some inhibitory mechanism exists to prevent PMN from migrating towards the
      alveolar space. Such inhibitors of PMN migration are present both in serum and in
      the alveolar space, some being released by alveolar macrophages. However,
      alveolar macrophages can also secrete factors called chemotaxins that attract PMN
      to the airways, and this supports a central role for alveolar macrophages in the
      regulation of PMN traffic in the lungs. Thus, secretory products of alveolar
      macrophages are part of the regulatory mechanisms of PMN mobility and adherence
      that appears to be crucial in the initiation of some inflammatory reactions. The
      contribution of phagocytes to the defense against infection and tumor has been
      documented mostly in vitro. Thus, both oxygen radicals, in particular hydroxyl
      radicals and proteases such as lysozyme, are potent bactericidal agents. That
      phagocytes are also important defenders of the lungs in vivo is best supported by
      the observations in immunodeficient patients and animal models.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2405762
TI  - Ancient temporal bone osteopathology.
AB  - Few isolated specimens or series of temporal bone abnormalities from antiquity
      are reported from North America. Infections were in the past and are today the
      most common otologic problems. Differentiating infectious disease residua from
      other causes of osteopathology has proven difficult for some not conversant with
      disease pathophysiology. During clinical experience spanning five decades and
      research involving several thousand aboriginal skeletons, data relating to
      temporal bone disease were accumulated. As a didactic exercise, findings in 18
      illustrative temporal bones encountered during research are presented and
      discussed briefly.

PMID- 2405763
TI  - Severe otolaryngologic manifestations of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.
AB  - Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) is a rare congenital disorder
      characterized by multiple fixed-joint deformities of the upper and lower
      extremities. Those afflicted with the more common neurogenic form of AMC can have
      otolaryngologic manifestations. Here, a case of AMC with severe otolaryngologic
      manifestations is reported. The clinically relevant findings included an
      expressionless face, micrognathia, poor suck reflex, high arched palate, and an
      omega-shaped epiglottis, but otherwise normal larynx, trachea, and esophagus by
      endoscopic examination. Airway compromise, achalasia, aspiration pneumonitis, and
      poor nutrition were constant problems. Tracheostomy and gastrostomy were
      subsequently placed, and the patient's clinical course eventually improved. Early
      involvement of the otolaryngologist and placement of a tracheostomy and
      gastrostomy are recommended in those patients with severe otolaryngologic
      manifestations of AMC.

PMID- 2405764
TI  - Drainage or suture of the cavity after breast biopsy.
AB  - An initial series of 105 women who underwent excision biopsy of the breast were
      entered into a controlled randomised trial to determine the effect on
      postoperative morbidity of drainage of the cavity with a soft rubber Penrose
      drain. The use of this drain had no effect on the incidence of postoperative
      wound complications (drain 11 of 40 (28%), no drain 10 of 58 (17%]. A second
      series of 202 women were entered into a randomised controlled trial to determine
      the effect of closed suction drainage and suture of the cavity after breast
      biopsy. The use of this drain significantly reduced the incidence of
      postoperative wound complications (drain 9 of 93 (10%), no drain 22 of 105 (21%],
      but although suture of the cavity halved the number of wound complications
      (suture 11 of 97 (11%), no suture 20 of 101 (20%], this did not reach statistical
      significance. Wound complications were more frequent with large wounds (28%) than
      with smaller ones (15%), and with less experienced operators (registrar 21%,
      senior registrar/consultant 10%). We conclude that a closed suction drain will
      reduce the incidence of wound haematomas after breast biopsy but that a Penrose
      drain is ineffective in the prevention of wound complications.

PMID- 2405766
TI  - Surgical treatment of grade III gynaecomastia.

PMID- 2405767
TI  - Audit and the quality of clinical care.

PMID- 2405765
TI  - Large bowel cancer: the effect of perioperative blood transfusion on outcome.
AB  - Perioperative blood transfusion has been reported to adversely affect survival in
      cancer patients, but the evidence is inconclusive and may be an epiphenomenon.
      From the Large Bowel Cancer Project, 961 patients who underwent curative
      resection and left hospital alive have been reviewed to compare the effect of
      perioperative blood transfusion on outcome; 591 patients (61%) had been given a
      blood transfusion while 370 (39%) had not been transfused. Some clinical
      variables were equally distributed between the two groups; ie age, sex,
      obstruction, perforation, tumour differentiation. Three other variables known to
      influence patient prognosis were not equally distributed, ie tumour site, Dukes'
      stage and tumour mobility. Patients with tumours of the rectum and rectosigmoid,
      with Dukes' stage C lesions and with some degree of tumour fixation were more
      likely to have received blood transfusions. Using the logrank method of
      multivariate analysis to allow for differences in distribution of all those
      variables known to affect prognosis, there was no survival disadvantage for those
      patients who had received perioperative blood transfusion. Furthermore, there
      were no overall differences between the two groups of patients in their risk of
      developing local tumour recurrence or distant metastases. The distribution of
      metastases differed: in the 'transfused' group only 37% of distant metastases
      were found in the liver, while 71% were found in this site in the 'not
      transfused' group (chi 2 = 18.46, d.f. = 1, P less than 0.001). By contrast,
      there was a larger proportion of patients with lung metastases in the transfused
      group (27% vs 11%) (chi 2 = 5.59, d.f. = 1, P less than 0.05). Therefore, these
      data do not support the concept of an overall deleterious effect of blood
      transfusion on patient survival, but suggest that blood given in the
      perioperative period may change the biology of the metastatic process.

PMID- 2405768
TI  - Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease in a child: diagnosis by rectal biopsy.
AB  - A 15-year-old boy presented with progressive pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs,
      anterior horn cell dysfunction, and behavioral disturbances suggesting a
      diagnosis of neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease. The diagnosis was confirmed
      by examination of a rectal biopsy specimen that showed typical intranuclear
      inclusions in the neurons of the myenteric plexus. Diagnosis of neuronal
      intranuclear inclusion disease during life appears to be possible.

PMID- 2405769
TI  - Ecology and management of arthropod pests of poultry.
AB  - The worldwide spread of modern, high-density confined poultry production systems
      under the direction of integrators has intensified the importance of a select
      number of arthropod ectoparasites and habitat pests. This concentrated production
      of poultry provides artificial ecosystems that are sometimes ideal for the
      development of large populations of arthropod pests. At the same time the systems
      are amenable to integrated pest management involving a multipest and multimethod
      approach to reducing or eliminating arthropod pests. Since rodents are major
      pests, they should be included in an integrated pest management program to make
      the program most cost-effective and attractive to the integrators and producers
      (5). Quantitative data are scarce on economic effects, and the concept of
      economic thresholds is difficult to apply either to ectoparasites or to habitat
      pests. The risk of transporting ectoparasites among flocks is difficult to
      evaluate and necessitates treatment after early detection of the arthropods.
      Flies and litter beetles present a threat of disease transmission and the
      potential for lawsuits from neighbors or public health agencies that are factors
      not subject to easy cost estimates. The monetary losses of a flock devastated by
      disease or a farm forced to close are so great that the risks are unacceptable.
      Production losses from lowered feed conversion ratios and insulation damage are
      likely to be detected by the sophisticated record-keeping of the integrators.
      Minimal use of pesticides and other chemicals on poultry and in poultry housing
      is an objective of the integrators and, consequently, an integrated pest
      management (IPM) approach that reduces the need for pesticides is attractive. The
      key to further development of effective arthropod management programs for poultry
      is the implementation of pest and disease monitoring programs for the complete
      system. Improvements in arthropod sampling methods and more attention to
      monitoring the biosecurity systems to minimize ectoparasite dispersal are needed.
      The integrators have servicemen who regularly visit the production facilities and
      can be trained to perform monitoring functions and to instigate and supervise
      integrated pest management measures. With the increasing use of computers by the
      integrators, the prospects for utilizing the monitoring data in predictive
      computer simulation models for pest management decision-making justify more
      efforts to develop such tools (64, 102, 168). Future poultry pest management
      programs must be based on sound data, which presently is too limited, and must be
      flexible enough to adjust rapidly to evolving pest problems in rapidly changing
      production systems.

PMID- 2405770
TI  - Insect neuropeptides.

PMID- 2405771
TI  - Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the neem tree, Azadirachta
      indica.

PMID- 2405772
TI  - Ecological genetics and host adaptation in herbivorous insects: the experimental
      study of evolution in natural and agricultural systems.

PMID- 2405773
TI  - Integrated suppression of synanthropic cockroaches.

PMID- 2405774
TI  - Superparasitism as an adaptive strategy for insect parasitoids.

PMID- 2405776
TI  - [The potential of cancer prevention].
AB  - Cancer prevention is an important cancer control strategy. It consists of primary
      and secondary cancer preventions. The former aims to prevent cancers by removing
      risk factors and supplementing protective factors. The latter aims to prevent
      cancer deaths by early detection-early treatment through periodic screening. The
      potential of cancer prevention in Japan was estimated statistically based on
      available data and assumptions. The main results obtained from the present
      estimation were as follows: 1) about 9-10% of cancers could be prevented if
      prevalence of adults smoker decreased to a half of the present level; 2) about 8
      10% of cancer could be prevented by the improvement of dietary habits; reduction
      of salt intake and avoidance of excess intake of fats; 3) another 1-5% could be
      prevented by prevention of hepatitis B virus infection and improvements of work
      environment and air pollution; 4) a total of about 18-25% could be prevented if
      primary prevention is promoted extensively; 5) about 10-13% of cancer deaths
      could be prevented if periodic screenings for stomach cancer, cervical cancer,
      breast cancer, lung cancer and large intestinal cancer are widely conducted and
      the coverage rate of these cancer screenings reach to 30%; 6) a total of about 30
      40% of cancer incidence/deaths could be prevented if both of primary and
      secondary preventions are promoted extensively in Japan. It is considered
      necessary to improve these estimates after considering time factors in primary
      cancer prevention and biases inherent to cancer screening in secondary cancer
      prevention.

PMID- 2405778
TI  - [Preclinical evaluation of several cisplatinum analogs against human esophageal
      carcinoma by subrenal capsule assay].
AB  - The antitumor activities of CDDP analogs (CBD-CA, NK-121, 254-S) were evaluated
      preclinically by subrenal capsule assay (SRCA) with cyclophosphamide
      pretreatment. In the fundamental study, the antitumor activities against serially
      transplanted human esophageal cancer xenograft (IMEs-1) were compared with
      subcutaneous transplantation assay in nude mice and SRCA. The antitumor
      activities in SRCA were similar to those of in nude mice assay system (CBDCA
      greater than CDDP greater than 254-S greater than NK-121). Thus SRCA was
      considered to be useful for the evaluation of the activities of these agents. The
      activities were also tested against 10 human esophageal tumors obtained
      clinically. The sensitivity rate of these agents were 50% in CDDP, 30% in CBDCA,
      30% in NK-121, and 30% in 254-S, respectively. These analogs seemed to be less
      effective than CDDP. However, in two cases, analogs were active though CDDP were
      inactive. The results suggest that these analogs are useful for the cases in
      which CDDP can not be given due to the toxicities and also for outpatient use.

PMID- 2405777
TI  - [Randomized study of initial treatment with radiation.MCNU or
      radiation.MCNU.interferon-beta for malignant glioma. Hiroshima Brain Tumor Study
      Group].
AB  - The efficacy of radiation.MCNU (MR group) or radiation.MCNU.interferon-beta (IMR
      group) for malignant glioma was studied by a randomized trial at numerous medical
      facilities. MR group was irradiated with 50-60 Gy and intravenously injected with
      2 mg/kg of MCNU on the initial day of irradiation and 6 weeks later. IMR group
      was also given intravenous administration of interferon-beta at the dose of 2 x
      10(6) IU/m2 for 5 serial-days every eight weeks. There was no difference in
      background between the two groups. The response rate in MR group and IMR group
      was 44.4% (4/9) and 30.0% (3/10), respectively, showing no significant
      difference. The resected tumor volume before the start of these regimens seemed
      to correlate the response to the treatment in both groups. The major toxicity was
      myelosuppression, especially using MCNU with interferon-beta. These results
      indicated that this combined therapy is effective for malignant glioma, and
      should be executed further trials and follow up study.

PMID- 2405780
TI  - Pyrethrins and pyrethroids in dermatology.

PMID- 2405779
TI  - [Ranimustine].
AB  - In the clinical phase studies, ranimustine showed very excellent responses
      against chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera and thrombocythemia, and
      moderate responses against lymphoma or myeloma. The feature of response was the
      long duration. In cases with CML, CR rate was 82% and maintained for 2-18 months
      by single administration. In a randomized controlled study, the efficacy of
      ranimustine was compared with that of busulfan in 77 evaluable previously
      untreated patients with CML. These included 40 patients for an MCNU group (M) and
      37 for busulfan group (B). No difference was seen in the remission rate, crisis
      rate and survival. A significant difference was observed only in the period of
      CR. Ranimustine showed almost equal efficacy to that of busulfan but was superior
      to busulfan in patients who needed rapid responses. The side effects were mild
      and transient. Despite of its administration by intravenous injection, use of
      ranimustine seemed convenient, considering the long interval between treatments,
      being comparable in this respect with oral busulfan. Ranimustine, therefore,
      seems a very effective drug for myeloproliferative disorders.

PMID- 2405775
TI  - Carbohydrate analysis of glycoproteins. A review.
AB  - Many of the products prepared by biotechnological approaches, including
      recombinant genetic engineering, cell tissue culture, and monoclonal
      technologies, are glycoproteins. As little as five years ago, glycosylation was
      believed to play no significant role in the function of glycoproteins. Recent
      large scale testing of glycoprotein-based pharmaceuticals has indicated that both
      the extent and type of glycosylation can play a central role in glycoprotein
      activity. Although methods for compositional and sequence analysis of proteins
      and nucleic acids are generally available, similar methods have yet to be
      developed for carbohydrate oligomers and polymers. This review focuses on new,
      developing methods for the analysis and sequencing of the carbohydrate portion of
      glycoproteins. Included are: (1) the release of oligosaccharides and hydrolysis
      of carbohydrate chains using enzymatic and chemical methods; (2) fractionation by
      LPLC, electrophoresis, HPLC, and lectin affinity chromatography; (3) detection
      through the preparation of derivatives or by new electrochemical methods; (4)
      analysis by spectroscopic methods, including MS and high-field NMR; and (5) their
      sequencing through the use of multiple, well-integrated techniques. The ultimate
      goal of the analytical approaches discussed is to firmly establish structure and,
      thus, permit the study of structure-function relationships and eventually to
      allow the intelligent application of carbohydrate remodeling techniques in the
      preparation of new glycoproteins.

PMID- 2405781
TI  - Electrical stimulation and wound healing.
AB  - Living tissues possess direct current surface electropotentials that regulate, at
      least in part, the healing process. Following tissue damage, a current of injury
      is generated that is thought to trigger biological repair. In addition, exogenous
      electrical stimuli have been shown to enhance the healing of wounds in both human
      subjects and animal models. Intractable ulcers have demonstrated accelerated
      healing and skin wounds have resurfaced faster and with better tensile properties
      following exposure to electrical currents. This article examines the bioelectric
      properties of living systems and reviews the existing literature on electrical
      stimulation and wound healing.

PMID- 2405782
TI  - Immunofluorescence on salt-split skin for the diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa
      acquisita.

PMID- 2405783
TI  - Fenfluramine in Prader-Willi syndrome: a double blind, placebo controlled trial.
AB  - A double blind trial was conducted to determine the effect of fenfluramine on the
      weight and behaviour of patients with the Prader-Willi syndrome. Fifteen
      subjects, aged 5.5 to 27 years, received the placebo and the active drug, each
      for a period of six weeks. The dose of fenfluramine varied according to the age
      of the patient. Treatment with fenfluramine was associated with significant
      weight loss, improvement in food related behaviour, and a decrease in aggressive
      behaviour directed towards others. Skin picking and other self mutilation were
      unaffected by the drug. None of the subjects suffered from any side effects while
      taking the drug. These findings suggest that short term treatment with
      fenfluramine may have a role in the management of some patients with Prader-Willi
      syndrome. It could be used during periods when exposure to large amounts of food
      cannot be avoided and aggressive behaviour is particularly difficult to contain.
      It may also be useful in those whose lives are threatened by the complications of
      obesity.

PMID- 2405784
TI  - White noise and sleep induction.
AB  - We studied two groups of 20 neonates, between 2 and 7 days old, in a randomised
      trial. Sixteen (80%) fell asleep within five minutes in response to white noise
      compared with only five (25%) who fell asleep spontaneously in the control group.
      White noise may help mothers settle difficult babies.

PMID- 2405785
TI  - Renal transplantation.

PMID- 2405786
TI  - Cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2405787
TI  - Proper use of growth hormone.

PMID- 2405788
TI  - Somatic gene therapy for genetic disease.

PMID- 2405789
TI  - Absence of effect of dipyridamole on renal and platelet function in diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of dipyridamole (5 mg/kg/day) for 12 months on renal and
      platelet function in 53 children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
      in a prospective double blind placebo controlled trial. Urine albumin excretion
      (expressed as the geometric mean albumin to creatinine concentration ratio
      (UA/UC) was measured every three months throughout the study. At 12 months, the
      geometric mean UA/UC was no different in diabetic children receiving
      dipyridamole, 0.60 mg/mmol, when compared with those receiving placebo, 0.87
      mg/mmol. Glomerular filtration rate, urinary excretion of retinol binding
      protein, and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), blood pressure, and
      spontaneous platelet aggregation in response to stirring whole blood did not
      differ between the two groups at 12 months. Subgroup analysis to include only
      those children with high UA/UC before entry into the study also failed to show an
      effect of the drug on UA/UC. Eleven children had either persistently high UA/UC
      (n = 8: four on dipyridamole, four on placebo) or progression to high UA/UC (n =
      3: two on dipyridamole, one on placebo). These children had significantly higher
      urinary excretion of retinol binding protein and NAG, bigger kidneys, and higher
      diastolic blood pressure both before and after treatment than the remaining 42
      children, whereas there was no difference in spontaneous platelet aggregation
      between the two groups. These observations on the associations between UA/UC and
      other parameters of renal function suggest that measurement of 'tubular' proteins
      and diastolic blood pressure as well as UA/UC may contribute to the
      identification of those at risk of developing nephropathy.

PMID- 2405791
TI  - The bacteriology of gangrenous and perforated appendicitis--revisited.
AB  - By using optimum sampling, transport, and culture techniques in patients with
      gangrenous or perforated appendicitis, we recovered than has previously been
      reported. Thirty patients older than 12 years with histologically documented
      gangrenous or perforated appendicitis had peritoneal fluid, appendiceal tissue,
      and abscess contents (if present) cultured. Appendiceal tissue was obtained so as
      to exclude the lumen. A total of 223 anaerobes and 82 aerobic or faculatative
      bacteria were recovered, an average of 10.2 different organisms per specimen.
      Twenty-one different genera and more than 40 species were encountered.
      Bacteroides fragilis group and Escherichia coli were isolated from almost all
      specimens. Within the B. fragilis group, eight species were represented. Other
      frequent isolates included Peptostreptococcus (80%), Pseudomonas (40% [P.
      aeruginosa, 23.3%, other Pseudomonas spp., 16.7%]), B. splanchnicus (40%), B.
      intermedius (36.7%), and Lactobacillus (36.7%). Interestingly a previously
      undescribed fastidious gram-negative anaerobic bacillus was isolated from nearly
      one half of all patients. This organism was found to have low DNA homology (by
      dot blot) with the known organisms most closely resembling it.

PMID- 2405792
TI  - Distal splenorenal shunt versus endoscopic sclerotherapy in the prevention of
      variceal rebleeding. First stage of a randomized, controlled trial.
AB  - In 1984 we started a prospective controlled trial comparing endoscopic
      sclerotherapy (ES) with the distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS) in the elective
      treatment of variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. The study population
      included 40 patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension referred to our
      department from October 1984 to March 1988. These patients were drawn from a pool
      of 173 patients who underwent either elective surgery or endoscopic sclerotherapy
      during this time. Patients were assigned to one of the two groups according to a
      random-number table: 20 to DSRS and 20 to ES. During the postoperative period, no
      DSRS patient died, while one ES patient died of uncontrolled hemorrhage. One DSRS
      patient had mild recurrent variceal hemorrhage despite an angiographically patent
      DSRS. Four ES patients suffered at least one episode of gastrointestinal
      bleeding: two from varices and two from esophageal ulcerations. Five ES patients
      developed transitory dysphagia. Long-term follow-up was complete in all patients.
      Two-year survival rates for shunt (95%) and ES (90%) groups were similar. One
      DSRS patient rebled from duodenal ulcer, while three ES patients had recurrent
      bleeding from esophagogastric sources (two from varices and one from hypertensive
      gastropathy). One DSRS and two ES patients have evolved a mild chronic
      encephalopathy; four DSRS and two ES patients suffered at least one episode of
      acute encephalopathy. Two ES patients had esophageal stenoses, which were
      successfully dilated. Preliminary data from this trial seem to indicate that
      DSRS, in a subgroup of patients with good liver function and a correct portal
      azygos disconnection, more effectively prevents variceal rebleeding than ES.
      However no significant difference in the survival of the two treatment groups was
      noted.

PMID- 2405790
TI  - Management of traumatic retroperitoneal hematoma.
AB  - The management of retroperitoneal hematomas remains confusing to many surgeons
      because the available literature frequently groups patients with blunt and
      penetrating etiologies together. Because the underlying injuries and their
      treatment may differ considerably, the nonoperative or operative approach to the
      common hematomas is based on mechanism of injury coupled with hemodynamic status
      of the patient and extent of associated injuries. After blunt trauma, selected
      retroperitoneal hematomas in the lateral perirenal and pelvic areas do not
      require operation and should not be opened if discovered at operation. Midline,
      lateral paraduodenal, lateral pericolonic not associated with pelvic, and portal
      hematomas are opened after proximal vascular control has been obtained, if
      appropriate. Retrohepatic hematomas without obvious active hemorrhage are not
      opened. After penetrating trauma, most retroperitoneal hematomas are still
      opened. Exceptions include isolated lateral perirenal hematomas that have been
      carefully staged by CT and some lateral pericolonic hematomas. As with blunt
      trauma, retrohepatic hematomas without obvious active hemorrhage are not opened.

PMID- 2405793
TI  - Pre- or postoperative radiotherapy in rectal and rectosigmoid carcinoma. Report
      from a randomized multicenter trial.
AB  - Between October 1980 and December 1985, 471 patients with a resectable rectal
      carcinoma entered a randomized multicenter trial for comparison of pre- and
      postoperative irradiation. Two hundred thirty-six patients were allocated to
      receive high-dose fractionated preoperative irradiation (total dosage, 25.5 Gy in
      five to seven days) and 235 patients to receive postoperative irradiation to a
      very high dosage level with conventional fractionation (60 Gy in a total 8
      weeks). The postoperative treatment was delivered only to a high-risk group of
      patients (Astler-Coller stages B2, C1, and C2). The preoperative irradiation was
      well tolerated, with no immediate irradiation-related complications and no
      increased postoperative mortality (3%, 7 of 217 patients, compared to 5%, 10 of
      215 patients in the postoperatively irradiated group). More patients in the
      preoperative irradiation group had perineal wound sepsis after abdominoperineal
      resection and this prolonged the stay in hospital after surgery. In 50% of the
      patients the postoperative treatment could not be commenced until more than 6
      weeks after surgery. The postoperative treatment was not as well tolerated as the
      preoperative one. The local recurrence rate was statistically significantly lower
      after preoperative than after postoperative radiotherapy (12% versus 21%; p =
      0.02). In both groups more patients developed a local recurrence if the bowel was
      perforated at surgery or if the resection line was microscopically close to the
      tumor. To date, with a minimum follow-up of 3 years and a mean follow-up of 6
      years, there is no difference in survival rates between the two groups.

PMID- 2405795
TI  - The amazing adventures of Wilburt C. Davison, Wilder G. Penfield, and Emile F.
      Holman while Rhodes scholars in medicine at Oxford during World War I, 1913-1917.

PMID- 2405796
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy. East is east and west is
      west?

PMID- 2405794
TI  - HIV-1-associated thrombocytopenia. The role of splenectomy.
AB  - Thrombocytopenic purpura is a common hematologic abnormality occurring in
      individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV-1. Of the nearly
      two million people infected with HIV-1, approximately 11% have platelet counts of
      less than 100,000/mm3. If no etiology other than HIV-1 infection can be found for
      the thrombocytopenia, the syndrome is referred to as HIV-1-associated
      thrombocytopenia (HAT). Steroids lead to an improvement in the platelet count in
      60% to 80% of effected individuals but the majority of those who respond cannot
      maintain a normal platelet count when steroids are withdrawn. Furthermore concern
      over chronic steroid therapy in HIV-1-infected individuals has led to the
      investigation of other forms of treatment for this syndrome. This report
      describes the experience at Duke University Medical Center with eight patients
      who developed HAT and subsequently underwent splenectomy. In this group there was
      1 complete response, 5 partial responses, and 2 patients who did not respond.
      There were no perioperative deaths and minimal perioperative morbidity. No
      evidence for the progression of HIV-1 infection in asymptomatic patients after
      splenectomy to AIDS related complex (ARC) or to the acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome (AIDS) was seen. In addition no increase in the susceptibility to
      infections by encapsulated organisms as a result of splenectomy was observed
      after a mean follow-up of 13.25 months. A review of 79 other cases reported in
      the literature suggests a higher response rate than that observed in our
      patients. Reasons for this discrepancy are discussed and an algorithm defining
      the role of splenectomy in the management of HAT is presented.

PMID- 2405797
TI  - Health care in the United States. Our dynamic jigsaw puzzle.

PMID- 2405798
TI  - Diabetic diarrhea. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.
AB  - Idiopathic diarrhea is a common complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs
      frequently, but not exclusively, in patients with poorly controlled insulin
      dependent diabetes who also have evidence of diabetic peripheral and autonomic
      neuropathy. Associated steatorrhea is common and does not necessarily imply a
      concomitant gastrointestinal disease. The diarrhea is often intermittent; it may
      alternate with periods of normal bowel movements, or with constipation. It is
      typically painless, and occurs during the day as well as at night and may be
      associated with fecal incontinence. Multiple pathogenic mechanisms have been
      implicated, autonomic neuropathy, bacterial overgrowth, and pancreatic exocrine
      insufficiency being the most important underlying aberrations. However, diabetic
      diarrhea does not have a uniform and unequivocal pathogenesis. The diagnosis
      depends on a judicious clinical assessment accompanied by a stepwise laboratory
      evaluation, which allows the differentiation idiopathic diabetic diarrhea from
      the many other causes of diarrhea that can occur in diabetic and nondiabetic
      patients. The management can be difficult but many therapies, including
      antibiotics to eradicate bacterial overgrowth, as well as antidiarrheal agents,
      oral and topical clonidine, and somatostatin analogues may be effective in
      controlling diabetic diarrhea.

PMID- 2405799
TI  - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug nephrotoxicity. Should we be concerned?
AB  - Various nephrotoxicity syndromes are seen with the use of nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The most common is reversible, hemodynamically
      mediated renal insufficiency. The role of prostaglandin inhibition by NSAIDs is
      discussed in the context of renal prostaglandin physiology. Potential differences
      among NSAIDs are reviewed. The "renal sparing" effect of sulindac may be
      attributable to the relative preservation of renal prostaglandin synthesis.
      Salsalate, although anti-inflammatory, demonstrates weak prostaglandin inhibition
      at therapeutic doses. A framework is developed for the clinical application of
      these considerations. Along a continuum of increasing risk factors for NSAID
      nephrotoxicity, or increasing NSAID dose, there likely exists a therapeutic
      window where differences among NSAIDs are most relevant.

PMID- 2405800
TI  - Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.
AB  - Pneumocystis carinii has taken on new importance with the emergence of the human
      immunodeficiency virus. It is the most common life-threatening opportunistic
      infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and eventually develops in
      80% or more of those not receiving primary prophylaxis. This review focuses on
      the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of P carinii
      pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

PMID- 2405801
TI  - Cyclosporine-associated hypertension. National High Blood Pressure Education
      Program.

PMID- 2405802
TI  - Rapid renal failure in AIDS-associated focal glomerulosclerosis.
AB  - We studied the clinical features, pathologic findings, and course of 18 patients
      who were found to have glomerular disease at the time of hospitalization with
      manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome-related complex at New York University Medical Center, New York, NY,
      during 1984 through 1987. Focal glomerulosclerosis, characterized by segmental
      and/or global collapse of capillary walls, was observed in 15 of these patients;
      mesangial proliferation in 2, and membranous nephropathy in 1. Those with focal
      glomerulosclerosis typically demonstrated heavy proteinuria without edema or
      hypertension and progressed rapidly to renal failure in less than 1 year from the
      time of discovery. This form of focal glomerulosclerosis is characterized by a
      fulminant course, the collapse type of sclerosis, and the frequent occurrence of
      uremia without advanced glomerular obliteration. The absence of widespread
      glomerular sclerosis and the rapid course suggest that unique renal hemodynamic
      mechanisms may be responsible for the progression.

PMID- 2405803
TI  - Efficacy, safety, and quality-of-life assessment of captopril antihypertensive
      therapy in clinical practice.
AB  - Successful long-term treatment of hypertension must include consideration of
      individual patients' life-style interfaced with the potential for adverse drug
      events. In a postmarketing surveillance study, 30,515 patients received captopril
      monotherapy and were evaluated by 7792 physicians. Mean systolic and diastolic
      blood pressures were reduced 17 and 11 mm Hg, respectively. Mean diastolic blood
      pressure was reduced 10% for patients with mild hypertension; larger mean
      reductions were noted for patients with moderate (16.5%) and severe (21.5%)
      hypertension. Captopril therapy was equally effective in all races (white,
      Hispanic, and black patients), age groups, and in isolated instances of systolic
      hypertension. Only 4.9% of patients reporting an adverse event required
      discontinuation of therapy. Headache (1.8%) and dizziness (1.6%) were the most
      frequently reported adverse events. Quality-of-life measures improved.

PMID- 2405804
TI  - Effects of simvastatin and cholestyramine in familial and nonfamilial
      hypercholesterolemia. Multicenter Group I.
AB  - Simvastatin, a potent inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
      reductase, was compared with cholestyramine resin in a randomized open-label 12
      week multicenter study of 251 high-risk patients with familial or nonfamilial
      hypercholesterolemia. Simvastatin, 20 mg and 40 mg daily, produced mean
      reductions in total cholesterol of 26% and 33%, respectively, and reductions in
      low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of 32% and 40%. Cholestyramine resin, 4
      to 12 g twice daily, reduced total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol levels 15% and 21%, respectively. High-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol levels were increased 8% to 10% by all treatments. Plasma
      triglyceride levels were moderately decreased by simvastatin treatment, while
      triglyceride levels increased with cholestyramine treatment. Simvastatin was
      better tolerated than cholestyramine, which had numerous gastrointestinal tract
      side effects. No patient had a serious drug-related adverse event.

PMID- 2405805
TI  - Results of a randomized feasibility study of a low-fat diet.
AB  - A 2-year randomized clinical trial was conducted to test whether free-living
      women aged 45 to 69 years can reduce the fat content of their diet from the
      typical US level of approximately 39% to 20% of energy from fat, using readily
      available foods, when given nutritional and behavioral counseling and social
      support. Three clinical units randomized 303 selected volunteers into
      intervention (low-fat eating plan) or control (customary diet) groups. The two
      groups were comparable at baseline. The intervention group received nutrition
      instruction and behavioral counseling largely in permanent groups of 12 to 15
      participants meeting weekly, then biweekly, and finally monthly. At 6 months,
      they had substantially reduced the mean proportion of total energy from fat from
      39.1% to 20.9%, compared with the control group's nonsignificant reduction from
      39.0% to 38.1%. At 12 and 24 months, they sustained the reduction of energy from
      fat. Weight loss and plasma cholesterol level changes in the intervention group
      supported the self-recorded dietary intake changes. Attendance at intervention
      sessions averaged 75% during the first 6 months and, subsequently, 60% to 70%.
      Four-day food records for the randomized women were obtained at 6 and 12 months
      from approximately 95% and at 24 months from 87%. A clinical trial of a low-fat
      diet is feasible in women.

PMID- 2405806
TI  - A comparison study of antidepressants and structured intensive group
      psychotherapy in the treatment of bulimia nervosa.
AB  - Previous research on the treatment of outpatients with bulimia nervosa has
      focused on two treatment strategies: (1) drug therapy, primarily using tricyclic
      antidepressants, and (2) psychotherapy, often employing behavioral and cognitive
      behavioral techniques. We report here the short-term treatment outcome of a 12
      week comparison trial of bulimic outpatients who were randomly assigned to one of
      four treatment cells: (1) imipramine hydrochloride treatment, (2) placebo
      treatment, (3) imipramine treatment combined with intensive group psychotherapy,
      and (4) placebo treatment combined with intensive group psychotherapy. All three
      active treatment cells resulted in significant reductions in target-eating
      behaviors and in a significant improvement in mood relative to placebo treatment.
      However, the results also suggested that the amount of improvement obtained with
      the intensive group psychotherapy component was superior to that obtained with
      antidepressant treatment alone. The addition of antidepressant treatment to the
      intensive group psychotherapy component did not significantly improve outcome
      over intensive group psychotherapy combined with placebo treatment in terms of
      eating behavior, but did result in more improvement in the symptoms of depression
      and anxiety.

PMID- 2405807
TI  - Sensorimotor gating and schizophrenia. Human and animal model studies.
AB  - Human and animal model studies of sensorimotor gating allow us to understand the
      functional significance of attentional abnormalities and monoaminergic
      alterations in patients with schizophrenic disorders. Clinically, schizophrenic
      patients report oversensitivity to sensory stimulation that theoretically
      correlates with stimulus overload and leads to cognitive fragmentation. Paradigms
      using cortical event-related potentials and the prepulse inhibition of startle
      responses show that schizophrenic patients also have impaired central nervous
      system inhibition (sensorimotor gating). Animal model studies demonstrate that
      increased systemic aminergic activity and increased nucleus accumbens dopamine
      tone causes sensorimotor gating failure, similar to that seen in schizophrenic
      patients. The time course of the observed schizophrenic and animal model deficits
      is compatible with the "temporal map" of monoaminergic neuron functions (le,
      several hundred milliseconds). Studies of sensorimotor gating allow investigators
      to comment on the spatial and temporal mapping of neurons, trait and state
      deficits, and vulnerability factors in the schizophrenic spectrum of disorders.
      By translating attentional theories into testable hypotheses, the neurobiology of
      schizophrenic disorders becomes clearer.

PMID- 2405808
TI  - Effects of the D-1 agonist SKF-38393 combined with haloperidol in schizophrenic
      patients.

PMID- 2405809
TI  - Evaluation of APTT reagent sensitivity to factor IX and factor IX assay
      performance. Results from the College of American Pathologists Survey Program.
AB  - Hereditary factor IX deficiency (hemophilia B) is among the more common
      hereditary bleeding disorders and factor IX assays are among the more common
      specific factor assays performed by coagulation laboratories. To assess the
      sensitivity of various reagents used for performance of activated partial
      thromboplastin times and factor IX assays, a series of samples with varying
      levels of factor IX were included in the 1988 College of American Pathologists
      Survey Program. We found significant differences in the sensitivity of reagents
      to factor IX deficiency. Surprisingly, the least sensitive reagents were among
      the most commonly used reagents. Significant differences in the classification of
      activated partial thromboplastin times as abnormal were noted between H1 and H2
      survey participants. As with factor VIII assays, significant differences in the
      dose-response curves for factor IX deficiency were noted between reagents, with
      more responsive reagents giving more precise results for factor IX assays.
      Comparison of factor IX assay performance in 1988 with 1980 performance indicates
      a substantial improvement in assay precision. However, a further improvement in
      assay performance could be expected if current recommendations were followed.

PMID- 2405810
TI  - Embolism of brain tissue to the lung in a neonate. Report of a case and review of
      the literature.
AB  - Embolic cerebellar tissue was observed microscopically in the pulmonary and
      coronary arteries of a full-term male infant who died 1 hour after forceps
      delivery. Although embolization of brain tissue has been well documented after
      severe head trauma in adults and children, to our knowledge only 17 cases
      associated with birth trauma have been previously reported.

PMID- 2405811
TI  - Influence of concentric resistance training on concentric and eccentric strength.
AB  - This study investigated the effects of isokinetic concentric training on
      isokinetic concentric and eccentric torque outputs. Sixteen female subjects (mean
      age in years +/- SE = 21 +/- 1) were randomly assigned to either a training or a
      control group. Concentric and eccentric torques of the right knee extensors were
      assessed at 1.05rad.s-1 using a KinCom isokinetic dynamometer system. Each test
      consisted of a set of four maximal concentric and four maximal eccentric
      contractions of the knee extensors. The peak and average torques for each
      contraction were calculated using the computer software supplied by the KinCom
      manufacturer. On a separate day, after abstaining from heavy exercise for at
      least 12 hours, a single cross-sectional image of the thigh at midfemur was
      obtained using computer tomography (CT) scanning. From this image, cross
      sectional area of the quadriceps femoris group was calculated using the computer
      software associated with the General Electric 9800 CT Scanning System. Training
      group subjects trained three days weekly for six weeks on a Cybex II+ isokinetic
      dynamometer, completing five sets of ten maximal effort knee extensions at an
      angular velocity of 1.05rad.s-1. Each set of exercise was separated by two
      minutes of self-selected recovery. Torque outputs were monitored daily to ensure
      that adequate recovery was provided between sets of exercise, and to document
      changes in strength as the program progressed. Significant (p less than .01)
      increases in peak and average concentric torque (11% and 12%, respectively), peak
      and average eccentric torque (18% and 21%, respectively), and muscle cross
      sectional area (3.2%) were observed for training group subjects.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405812
TI  - Whither the solid tumors. James Ewing lecture.
AB  - Improvement in survival rates for solid tumors, the cancers of greatest concern
      to the surgeon, has lagged far behind the dramatic advances that have been made
      in the treatment of leukemias, lymphomas, and certain childhood tumors. The
      application of new technical procedures and an aggressive approach to certain
      metastatic lesions offer chances for improving operative results, but the
      greatest contribution to curing cancer that can be made by surgeons at this time
      is the complete removal of the small localized primary tumor. By more active
      participation in "early detection programs" surgeons can increase their
      opportunities to treat cancer at this stage. The American College of Surgeons, in
      consultation with the National Cancer Institute, has conducted a detailed survey
      that analyzes the lack of surgical participation in clinical trials with a view
      toward developing a more active surgical interest in evaluating new methods of
      treatment for the solid tumors. One of the current efforts to improve the outcome
      of these recalcitrant cancers involves increasing the number of trained surgical
      scientists in the field of cancer.

PMID- 2405813
TI  - Strategies toward the primary prevention of cancer. Lucy Wortham James clinical
      research award lecture.
AB  - This presentation reflects four decades of research on the origins and prevention
      of major human cancers linked to tobacco use and nutritional factors.
      Observations in the 1950s went on to prove the causal relationship between
      cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Attempts to lower the cancer risk by product
      modification have shown some promise, but an absolute risk reduction can be
      attained only by abstinence from tobacco use. The role of dietary fat as a risk
      factor for breast cancer is highlighted as an example of the link between
      nutrition and cancer. Preventive strategies of dietary modification need to
      delineate the roles of specific types of dietary fats in mammary carcinogenesis.
      Low-fat diets in conjunction with chemotherapy and ovarian ablation may even be
      effective in preventing metastasis or recurrence of breast cancer after surgery
      in premenopausal patients. Health education in schools and health promotion
      efforts involving all segments of the community need to be pursued as primary
      preventive strategies for cancer control, along with efforts to ward product
      modification and research on chemoprevention of cancer.

PMID- 2405814
TI  - The genetic bases of cancer. Lucy Wortham James lecture.
AB  - The past three decades have witnessed enormous progress made in our understanding
      of the pathogenesis of cancer. Research results of the previous decades had
      indicated that a variety of agents, the carcinogens, could induce cancer in
      experimental animals. By extension, similarly acting agents were presumed to
      intervene in human cancer. Beyond this, the precise of the pathogenetic
      mechanisms underlying human malignancies remained obscure. In these last decades,
      the origins of cancer have been uncovered: specific genes and biochemical
      mechanisms are now known to drive the process of neoplasia.

PMID- 2405815
TI  - Postoperative chylous ascites: diagnosis and treatment. A series report and
      literature review.
AB  - The accumulation of chylous fluid in the abdominal cavity is an infrequent yet
      alarming complication in abdominal surgery. Excessive lymphatic leakage is
      occasionally encountered in the course of operations at the base of the mesentery
      or retroperitoneum. A source can usually be identified and the leak controlled at
      the time of laparotomy by suture or clip. In the region of presumed leakage the
      importance of these efforts is reinforced by the are patient in whom such leakage
      persists, creating problems in recognition and management postoperatively. The
      development of this complication in a patient undergoing total abdominal
      colectomy and left-sided hepatic lobectomy prompted a review of our experience
      and a literature review. We report four cases of postoperative chylous ascites
      seen over 5 years. The fluid accumulation followed operations on the abdominal
      aorta (two patients) and on the colon and liver (one patient) and after a
      mesocaval shunt procedure (one patient). Two patients responded to low-fat,
      medium-chain triglyceride diets; one patient required peritoneovenous shunting;
      and one patient died of progressive nutritional deterioration. We review the
      recognition and management of chylous ascites based on our experience and that
      reported elsewhere.

PMID- 2405816
TI  - Effects of cardiac assist on the bulk and regional mechanics of the ischemic left
      ventricle in dogs.
AB  - Pneumatically driven left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) were implanted
      between the left atria and the descending thoracic aortas of dogs and were
      counter-pulsated synchronously with the electrocardiogram at 1:1 and 2:1 duty
      ratios. Seven pairs of miniature sonomicrometers were implanted into the left
      ventricle (LV) to measure the LV muscular length and diameter. Ischemia was
      induced by the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD).
      Bulk and regional mechanical work were calculated from these dimensions and the
      left ventricular pressure. LVAD reduced the bulk work in the ischemic and normal
      hearts not only in the 1:1, but also in the 2:1, pumping modes. The left
      ventricular bulk work measured under the pump-off condition decreased
      progressively until around 2 h after the LAD ligation, and thereafter, it became
      constant. The regional myocardial work in the normal area of the ischemic heart
      was significantly decreased by the LVAD pumping (by 55%), whereas that in the
      ischemic area remained at near zero level regardless of pumping or nonpumping.
      The results obtained indicated that LVAD is useful not only to rest the severely
      damaged natural heart, but also to maintain the viability of ischemic myocardium.

PMID- 2405817
TI  - Changes in neutrophil oxidative potential in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary
      bypass with polypropylene hollow fiber oxygenators.
AB  - Neutrophil oxidative metabolism, C3d and beta 2 microglobulin levels, were
      assessed in nine consecutive patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery
      with polypropylene hollow fiber oxygenators for open cardiac operations.
      Generation of oxygen free radicals by neutrophils was measured as luminol
      enhanced chemiluminescence after stimulation with opsonized Zymosan and phorbol
      myristate acetate. A significant increase in light emission was detected by using
      both of the chemiluminescence stimulators. Moreover, a remarkable and significant
      increase in C3d levels was found already at 10 min. Conversely minimal changes in
      levels of beta 2 microglobulin were detected during cardiopulmonary bypass
      surgery. These data suggest that the impact of the patient blood with the foreign
      surface of cardiopulmonary bypass results in activation of phagocyte cells with
      increased potential in oxygen consumption. These effects could be partially
      complement-mediated.

PMID- 2405818
TI  - Caudate infarcts.
AB  - Eighteen patients had caudate nucleus infarcts (10 left-sided; 8 right-sided).
      Infarcts extended into the anterior limb of the internal capsule in 9 patients,
      and also the anterior putamen in 5 patients. Thirteen patients had motor signs,
      most often a slight transient hemiparesis. Dysarthria was common (11 patients).
      Cognitive and behavioral abnormalities were frequent, and included abulia (10
      patients), agitation and hyperactivity (7 patients), contralateral neglect (3
      patients, all right caudate), and language abnormalities (2 patients, both left
      caudate). The majority of patients had risk factors for penetrating artery
      disease. Branch occlusion of Heubner's artery, or perforators from the proximal
      anterior or middle cerebral arteries were the posited mechanism of infarction.

PMID- 2405819
TI  - Stereotactic gamma knife radiosurgery. Initial North American experience in 207
      patients.
AB  - The first North American gamma knife for stereotactic radiosurgery of brain
      tumors and arteriovenous malformations entered the therapeutic armamentarium at
      the University of Pittsburgh (Pa) on August 14, 1987. In this article, we report
      our initial testing and subsequent experience with this technique. In the first
      16 months of operation, 207 patients were treated (113 had arteriovenous
      malformations, 78 had extra-axial skull base neoplasms, 9 had glial neoplasms,
      and 7 had metastatic tumors). The patients' lesions either were considered
      previously as "inoperable" or were residual lesions after attempted surgical
      resection, or the radiosurgery was performed after the patient declined surgical
      excision. Gamma radiosurgery was associated with no surgical mortality and no
      significant early morbidity, and the results were encouraging during the minimum
      follow-up period of 6 months. Compared with treatment by conventional
      intracranial surgery (craniotomy), both the average length of stay and hospital
      charges for radiosurgery were significantly lower. Our initial experience further
      suggests that stereotactic radiosurgery using the gamma knife is a
      therapeutically effective and economically sound alternative to
      microneurosurgical removal of selected intracranial tumors and vascular
      malformations.

PMID- 2405820
TI  - Issues in cognitive rehabilitation.

PMID- 2405822
TI  - Cognitive rehabilitation. Unproved but promising.

PMID- 2405821
TI  - The efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in patients with traumatic brain injury.

PMID- 2405823
TI  - Isolated inferior oblique paresis from brain-stem infarction. Perspective on
      oculomotor fascicular organization in the ventral midbrain tegmentum.
AB  - We present the case of an isolated inferior oblique muscle paresis from ventral
      midbrain infarction involving the oculomotor fascicular fibers. Based on this
      case and a review of the literature, the anatomic organization of the oculomotor
      nerve fascicles and of the pupillary fibers in the ventral midbrain tegmentum is
      proposed.

PMID- 2405825
TI  - Volume performance standards set for Medicare reform.

PMID- 2405824
TI  - A simplified suturing technique for posterior chamber intraocular lenses.

PMID- 2405826
TI  - The herpetic Eye Disease Study.

PMID- 2405827
TI  - Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity. Three-month
      outcome. Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group.
AB  - We report the results of the national multicenter trial of cryotherapy for
      retinopathy of prematurity, as determined 3 months after randomization. The
      threshold severity of retinopathy required for entry into the clinical trial was
      defined as five or more contiguous or eight cumulative 30 degree sectors (clock
      hours) of stage 3+ retinopathy of prematurity in zone 1 or 2. Transscleral
      cryotherapy to the avascular retina was applied in one eye when there was
      threshold retinopathy in both eyes, or in half the eyes when the threshold
      severity existed in only one eye (18% of patients). Of the 279 infants who
      survived 3 months following randomization, 273 returned for outcome examination
      at that time. Of these infants, 260 had fundus photographs taken that could be
      graded for anatomic outcome. An unfavorable outcome was defined as posterior
      retinal detachment, posterior retinal fold (usually involving the macula), or
      retrolental tissue that obscured the view of the posterior pole. Whereas 51.4% of
      control eyes had an unfavorable outcome, this was significantly less frequent in
      the eyes that received cryotherapy (31.1%). No deaths were attributed to the
      cryotherapy procedure. These data, together with numerous additional ocular
      findings and preliminary 12-month postrandomization outcome results reported
      herein, support the efficacy of cryotherapy in reducing the risk of unfavorable
      ocular outcome from threshold retinopathy of prematurity. We have previously
      recommended cryotherapy for at least one eye in all patients with threshold
      retinopathy of prematurity. Now we add the recommendation cryotherapy be
      considered for both eyes whenever stage 3+ retinopathy of prematurity involves
      the posterior retina (zone 1) of both eyes.

PMID- 2405828
TI  - Discrete metastasis of solid tumors to extraocular muscles.
AB  - We report five cases of discrete solid tumor metastasis to extraocular muscles.
      Computed tomography confirmed that orbital involvement in all cases was confined
      to the extraocular muscles; there was no tumor in the bony orbit or in the
      adjacent paranasal sinuses or intracranial space. In two of our five cases,
      ophthalmic signs were the first evidence of metastatic disease; in the three
      other cases, there was a known history of cancer prior to orbital involvement.
      Pain, diplopia, and proptosis were the most common presenting manifestations.
      Neuroimaging demonstrated bilateral focal, nodular enlargement of multiple
      extraocular muscles in three cases. Diffuse enlargement of a single muscle
      occurred in the two other cases, inclusive of the tendinous insertion in one
      instance. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy provided a diagnosis of undifferentiated
      malignancy in all four cases in which it was performed.

PMID- 2405829
TI  - Treatment of snake bite.

PMID- 2405830
TI  - Treatment of arachnid poisoning in Australia.
AB  - Most Australian spiders are capable of causing bites that produce some degree of
      local injury and occasionally systemic effects. To date, only the Sydney funnel
      web spider, which is limited to an area with a 160 kilometre radius from the
      centre of Sydney, and the female red-back spider, which is found in all states,
      have been documented as causing deaths. The evidence is mounting that various
      other species must be considered potentially dangerous.

PMID- 2405831
TI  - Hormone replacement therapy at the menopause. The risks and benefits.
AB  - This review has been prepared as a practical guide for clinicians who see women
      in the perimenopause. The risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
      are described. We recommend that HRT be prescribed for those women in whom the
      benefits outweigh the potential risks.

PMID- 2405832
TI  - Aerobic fitness norms for males and females aged 6 to 75 years: a review.
AB  - An extensive literature review was performed of studies where VO2max was measured
      directly in healthy, untrained subjects in the USA, Canada and 7 European
      countries to establish absolute (L/min) and relative (ml.kg-1.min-1) VO2max norms
      in males and females aged 6-75 years. Mean norms (L/min) in males show an
      increase from 1.0 L/min at age 6 years, to 2.0 and 3.4 L/min at ages 12 and 18
      years, respectively, after which they decline with age to 3.2, 2.7, and 1.6 L/min
      for ages 30, 50, and 75 years, respectively. The corresponding values for females
      aged 6, 12, 18, 30, 50, and 75 years are 0.9, 1.8, 2.2, 1.8, and 1.1 L/min,
      respectively. Sex differences in relative VO2max are smaller than the above. Mean
      values for males for the above age groups are 47.5, 50, 48, 35, and 25 ml.kg
      1.min-1, respectively, with corresponding values for females of 42.5, 44, 41, 28,
      and 17.5 ml.kg-1.min-1, respectively. These norms (L/min) are slightly lower than
      Robinson's 1938 data on males; they are only 1.5% lower compared with Astrand's
      adult males norms; but 2.5 to 10% lower than Astrand's norms for adult females.
      Present norms (ml.kg-1.min-1) for middle aged and older women are 25% lower than
      the corresponding Astrand's norms.

PMID- 2405833
TI  - The visual requirements of military aviators. 1917.

PMID- 2405834
TI  - On the putative uniqueness of cancer pain: do psychological principles apply?
AB  - A large volume of evidence has supported the important role of psychological
      principles and variables related to the perception of, and response to,
      nociceptive stimulation. On the basis of this research, a number of psychological
      interventions have been developed and used successfully with pain patients.
      Despite the evidence, there has been a tendency for practitioners to neglect the
      contributing role of cognitive, affective, and behavioral factors in reports of
      pain by cancer patients. Cancer seems to hold a unique status in medicine and
      society at large. In this paper, the cancer pain literature is briefly reviewed
      and evidence is presented for various psychological determinants of the pain
      report and response that may be extended to pain associated with cancer. The
      implications of these data for understanding and treatment of cancer patients are
      described.

PMID- 2405835
TI  - Cognitive and somatic anxiety.
AB  - Three hundred and forty adults (including sports players, recreational
      exercisers, mediators and sedentary controls) completed three inventories
      purporting to measure cognitive and somatic aspects of anxiety. These were the
      Cognitive-Somatic Anxiety Questionnaire (CSAQ) devised by Schwartz, Davidson &
      Goleman (Psychosomatic Medicine, 40, 321-328, 1978), the Worry-Emotionality Scale
      (WES, Morris, Davis & Hutchens, Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 541-555,
      1981) and the Lehrer-Woolfolk (1982) Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (LWASQ).
      Factor analysis of the CSAQ and WES identified distinct cognitive and somatic
      anxiety factors in both inventories. Higher somatic than cognitive ratings were
      recorded on the CSAQ and WES, while the pattern was reversed on the LWASQ. The
      CSAQ can tentatively be recommended as a useful measure of these two anxiety
      components. We were unable to confirm an observation made previously in the
      literature that practice of meditation is associated with reduced cognitive
      anxiety, or that exercise is linked with lower somatic anxiety.

PMID- 2405836
TI  - Extracellular ATP increases cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration in clonal insulin
      producing RINm5F cells. A mechanism involving direct interaction with both
      release and refilling of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive Ca2+ pool.
AB  - Effects of extracellularly applied ATP (added as disodium salt) on stimulus
      secretion coupling were investigated in clonal insulin-producing RINm5F cells.
      Cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]i), electrical activity, membrane
      potential, formation of InsP3 and insulin release were measured. Addition of ATP
      in a Ca2(+)-containing medium promoted a rapid rise in [Ca2+]i, which was
      followed by a slow decline towards the basal level. In a Ca2(+)-free medium, the
      ATP-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was smaller, but still enough to elicit insulin
      secretion. Upon normalization of the extracellular Ca2+ concentration, the
      response to ATP recovered instantaneously. The presence of glucose in the
      incubation medium was a prerequisite to obtain a pronounced effect of ATP in the
      absence of extracellular Ca2+. However, glucose did not enhance the response to
      ATP in a Ca2(+)-containing medium. The effect of ATP was dose-dependent, with a
      clearly detectable increase in [Ca2+]i at 1 microM and a maximal response being
      obtained at 200 microM-ATP. The response to ATP was unaffected by activating
      adenylate cyclase by forskolin, but was abolished by 10 nM of the phorbol ester
      phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The effects of ATP on [Ca2+]i could not be
      accounted for by a generalized increase in plasma-membrane permeability, as
      evident from the failure of the nucleotide to increase the fluorescence of the
      nuclear stain ethidium bromide. After stimulation with ATP there was an increase
      in membrane potential, in both the absence and the presence of extracellular
      Ca2+. Blockage of the voltage-activated Ca2+ channals with D-600, in a Ca2(+)
      containing medium, decreased the effect of ATP on [Ca2+]i slightly. Patch-clamp
      measurements using the cell-attached patch configuration revealed that the RINm5F
      cells produce spontaneous action potentials, the frequency of which increased
      markedly on addition of ATP. Whole-cell recordings demonstrated that the increase
      in spike frequency was not associated with the development of an inward current,
      but was rather accountable for by a decrease in the activity of the ATP-regulated
      K+ channels. Addition of 200 microM-ATP stimulated phospholipase C activity, as
      evident from the formation of InsP3, both in the absence and in the presence of
      extracellular Ca2+. Thus in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ the stimulatory
      effect of ATP on insulin release can be explained by InsP3-induced mobilization
      of intracellularly bound Ca2+. Hence, in the RINm5F cells extracellular ATP acts
      in a manner similar to other Ca2(+)-mobilizing agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2405838
TI  - Synergistic activation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake in rat and murine peritoneal
      macrophages by human macrophage colony-stimulating factor-stimulated coupling
      between transport and hexokinase activity and phorbol-dependent stimulation of
      pentose phosphate-shunt activity.
AB  - 1. Transport and accumulation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2dGlc) in rat and murine
      peritoneal macrophages were investigated by using C-1-3H-labelled and C-2,6-3H
      labelled 2dGlc. 2. There was active accumulation of both C-1- and C-2,6-labelled
      2dGlc by quiescent rat and murine macrophages via a phloretin-inhibitable
      transport system. 3. The rate of uptake and accumulation of 2dGlc (C-1 label) was
      increased by exposure to human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mCSF-1)
      (1000 units/ml) in both murine and rat macrophages. This indicates that mCSF-1
      enhances coupling between hexokinase activity and glucose transport at the
      endofacial surface of the transporter. 4. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
      ('phorbol') at 40 nM stimulated 2dGlc in rat macrophages entirely by increasing
      the C-2,6 label uptake. This indicates that phorbol stimulates 2dGlc uptake
      mainly by increasing the activity of the pentose phosphate pathway. 5.
      Simultaneous exposure to phorbol and mCSF-1 stimulates 2dGlc uptake to a greater
      extent than found with either phorbol or mCSF-1 alone. This result is explained
      by a simultaneous enhancement of pentose phosphate-pathway activity and of
      hexokinase activity acting at the endofacial surface of the cell membrane. The
      dual activation of these serial processes coupled to the loss of the reaction
      products of the pentose phosphate-shunt pathway from the cells in the form of
      reactive oxygen intermediates, protons and CO2 could explain the synergistic
      action of phorbol and mCSF-1 in activation of sugar transport in macrophages.

PMID- 2405839
TI  - Activation of insulin-secreting cells by pyruvate and halogenated derivatives.
AB  - Addition of pyruvate to rat islets perifused in the presence of 5 mM-glucose
      elicited an immediate pronounced biphasic stimulation of insulin secretion. At
      lower concentrations of glucose (2.5 mM), only the initial, transient, phase of
      secretion was observed. Pyruvate inhibited 45Ca2+ efflux from islets at 2.5 mM
      glucose and stimulated efflux at 5 mM-glucose. Pyruvate also decreased the rate
      of efflux of 86Rb+ from perifused islets. A marked stimulation of insulin
      secretion and 45Ca2+ efflux rate was observed in response to 3-fluoropyruvate and
      3-bromopyruvate, compounds which inhibited oxidative metabolism of [14C]glucose
      and [14C]pyruvate in islets. The stimulatory effects of 3-fluoro- and 3-bromo
      pyruvate were associated with enhanced 86Rb+ efflux. Withdrawal of pyruvate or
      halogenated analogues from the perfusate resulted in a secondary stimulation of
      insulin release, 45Ca2+ efflux and, to some extent, 86Rb+ efflux rates. Pyruvate,
      3-fluoropyruvate and 3-bromopyruvate were all effective in promoting
      intracellular acidification and a rise in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, as judged
      from fluorescence measurements in HIT-T15 cells loaded with 2',7'-biscarboxyethyl
      5'(6')-carboxyfluorescein and Quin 2 respectively. It is proposed that oxidative
      metabolism of pyruvate is not a prerequisite for its stimulatory actions on
      pancreatic beta-cells. An alternative mechanism of activation by pyruvate and its
      halogenated derivatives is proposed, based on the possible electrogenic flux of
      these anions across the cell membrane.

PMID- 2405837
TI  - On the biological role of histone acetylation.

PMID- 2405841
TI  - Selective overexpression of the QUTE gene encoding catabolic 3-dehydroquinase in
      multicopy transformants of Aspergillus nidulans.
AB  - The three enzymes necessary to catabolize quinate to protocatechuate are
      inducible by quinic acid, and transcription of their corresponding genes is
      controlled by the action of a positively acting activator gene and a negatively
      acting repressor gene. Transformed strains of Aspergillus nidulans containing
      multiple copies of the activator gene (QUTA) but single copies of the other QUT
      genes retain normal regulation of the gene cluster and do not show any
      overexpression of the three quinic acid catabolic enzymes. Transformed strains
      containing equal multiple copies of the activator gene (QUTA) and QUTE (encoding
      catabolic 3-dehydroquinase), but single copies of the other QUT genes, retain
      normal regulation of the QUT gene cluster, but selectively overexpress the QUTE
      gene upon quinic acid induction. Data are presented that strongly suggested that
      the gene QUTG, which is physically located within the QUT gene cluster and for
      which no function has been identified, is not required for expression of the gene
      cluster and does not encode a chlorogenic acid esterase.

PMID- 2405842
TI  - Product-precursor relationships amongst inositol polyphosphates. Incorporation of
      [32P]Pi into myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate, myo-inositol 1,3,4,5
      tetrakisphosphate, myo-inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate and myo-inositol
      1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate in intact avian erythrocytes.
AB  - Avian erythrocytes were incubated with myo-[3H]inositol for 6-7 h and with
      [32P]Pi for the final 50-90 min of this period. An acid extract was prepared from
      the prelabelled erythrocytes, and the specific radioactivities of the gamma
      phosphate of ATP and of both the myo-inositol moieties (3H, d.p.m./nmol) and the
      individual phosphate groups (32P, d.p.m./nmol) of
      [3H]Ins[32P](1,3,4,6)P4,[3H]Ins[32P](1,3,4,5)P4, [3H]Ins[32P](3,4,5,6)P4 and
      [3H]Ins[32P](1,3,4,5,6)P5 were determined. The results provide direct
      confirmation that one of the cellular InsP4 isomers is Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 which is
      synthesized by sequential phosphorylation of the 1,4,5 and 3 substitution sites
      of the myo-Ins moiety, precisely as previously deduced [Batty, Nahorski & Irvine
      (1985) Biochem. J. 232, 211-215; Irvine, Letcher, Heslop & Berridge (1986) Nature
      (London) 320, 631-634]. This is compatible with the proposed synthetic route from
      PtdIns via PtdIns4P, PtdIns(4,5)P2 and Ins(1,4,5)P3. The data also suggest that,
      in avian erythrocytes, the principle precursor of Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 is
      Ins(3,4,5,6)P4. Furthermore, if the gamma- (and/or beta-) phosphate of ATP is the
      precursor of the phosphate moieties of Ins(3,4,5,6)P4, then this isomer must be
      derived from the phosphorylation of Ins(3,4,6)P3. If the gamma- (and/or beta-)
      phosphate of ATP similarly acts as the ultimate precursor to all of the
      phosphates of Ins(1,3,4,6)P4, then, in intact avian erythrocytes, the main
      precursor of Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 is Ins(1,4,6)P3. This contrasts with the expectation,
      based on results with cell-free systems, that Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 is synthesized by
      the direct phosphorylation of Ins(1,3,4)P3.

PMID- 2405843
TI  - Isolation of bovine type X collagen and immunolocalization in growth-plate
      cartilage.
AB  - Type X collagen was extracted with 1 M-NaCl and 10 mM-dithiothreitol at neutral
      pH from fetal-bovine growth cartilage and purified to homogeneity by using
      f.p.l.c. gel filtration on a Superose 12 column, followed by ion-exchange
      chromatography on a Mono Q column. The purified protein migrates in
      SDS/polyacrylamide gels with an apparent Mr of 58,000 under reducing conditions
      and as a high-Mr oligomer in its unreduced form. The amino acid composition is
      similar to the published composition of chick type X collagen. Pepsin digestion
      at 4 degrees C decreases the Mr of the monomer to 43,000; purified bacterial
      collagenase digests most of the molecule, leaving a non-collagenous domain of
      apparent Mr 15,000, which probably represents the C-terminal globular domain. The
      IgG fraction from a rabbit antiserum raised against purified bovine type X
      collagen was specific for this collagen by the criteria of e.l.i.s.a. and
      immunoblotting after immunoabsorption with collagen types I, II, IX and XI.
      Immunofluorescence localization of type X collagen in sections of fetal-bovine
      and human cartilage was possible after acetone fixation of sections and
      hyaluronidase treatment. Type X collagen was restricted to the zone of
      hypertrophic and calcified cartilage inside the bone spicules of the growth
      plate.

PMID- 2405840
TI  - DNA methylation. The effect of minor bases on DNA-protein interactions.
AB  - DNA methylation is found almost ubiquitously in nature and the methyltransferases
      show evidence of a common evolutionary origin. It will be a fascinating study in
      protein evolution to follow the ways in which the structures of the various
      enzymes have developed. Although methylation may have a direct effect on DNA
      structure the evidence for the importance of this in vivo is accumulating only
      slowly. In contrast, there is now abundant evidence that methylation of DNA
      affects DNA-protein interactions and so may have a function in all processes in
      which such interactions occur. The binding of nucleases is affected in the
      processes of mismatch repair, DNA restriction and possibly demethylation during
      differentiation in vertebrates. The binding of transcription factors is affected
      by DNA methylation and the association of DNA with packaging and segregation
      proteins may play a part in the control of transcription and replication. The
      interplay of these effects makes DNA methylation a complex but rewarding area for
      study. Perhaps we should no longer refer to methylcytosine and methyladenine as
      minor bases, but rather as key bases which help regulate the functions of DNA.

PMID- 2405844
TI  - Compartmentation of acetyl CoA studied by analysis of tricarboxylic acid cycle
      acids and 3-hydroxybutyrate in bile of rats given [2,2,2-2H3]ethanol.
AB  - Acetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, pyruvate, lactate, citrate, 2-oxoglutarate,
      succinate, fumarate and malate were analysed in rat bile by gas chromatography
      and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of their O-melthyloxime-t
      butyldimethylsilyl derivatives. The concentration of acetate increased to about
      1.8 mmol/l after administration of [2,2,2-2H3]ethanol. Acetate was formed from
      ethanol to an extent of about 82% and retained all of the 2H at C-2, whereas 15%
      of the 2H had been lost in the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and 24% in
      3-hydroxybutyrate. Thus the exchange of 2H for 1H takes place after formation of
      acetyl CoA. For citrate and 3-hydroxybutyrate, 41% and 11% respectively was
      formed from [2,2,2-2H3]ethanol. These results indicate that different pools of
      acetyl CoA are used for the synthesis of ketone bodies and citrate, with the
      latter being derived from ethanol to a much larger extent. Smaller fractions of 2
      oxoglutarate (16%) and succinate (5%) were derived from [2,2,2--2H3]ethanol,
      indicating significant contributions from amino acids.

PMID- 2405845
TI  - NAP-1/IL-8 induces up-regulation of CR1 receptors in human neutrophil leukocytes.
AB  - The effect of the neutrophil-activating peptide NAP-1/IL-8 on the expression of
      complement receptor type 1 (CR1) in human neutrophils was studied. NAP-1/IL-8
      enhanced CR1 expression at concentrations between 10(-10) and 10(-8) M. The
      maximum increase with respect to unstimulated control cells was on average 2.3
      fold. The effect was rapid: Half-maximum enhancement was obtained in 4 min and
      the plateau was reached in 15 min. The chemotactic peptide fMLP, tested for
      comparison, was effective between 10(-9) and 10(-7) M, showed a similar time
      course and a somewhat higher maximum effect (2.8 fold increase). The effect of
      NAP-1/IL-8 was prevented by pretreatment of the cells with B.pertussis toxin and
      desensitization was observed following restimulation. Stimulus combination
      experiments suggested that NAP-1/IL-8 mobilizes the same or a similar
      intracellular pool of CR1 receptors as fMLP or C5a.

PMID- 2405846
TI  - The metabolism of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine in CEM cells.
AB  - When CEM cells were incubated with [3H]-labeled 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine
      (AzddGuo), the isotope was largely recovered as ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides in
      the acid soluble fraction of CEM cells, due to extensive catabolism of AzddGuo
      and recycling of the guanine formed by purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Only 10%
      was found as the AzddGuo nucleotides, with the diphosphate of AzddGuo as the
      dominating nucleotide at all time points. Thus nucleoside diphosphate kinase was
      rate limiting for the formation of AzddGuo triphosphate, responsible for the
      toxic and antiviral activity of the nucleoside. Inhibition of de novo
      deoxyribonucleotide synthesis with hydroxyurea increased the phosphorylation of
      AzddGuo twofold.

PMID- 2405847
TI  - Proteolytic processing in a non-lysosomal compartment is required for
      transcytosis of protein-polylysine conjugates in cultured Madin-Darby canine
      kidney cells.
AB  - The transcytosis of horseradish peroxidase, as well as its poly(L-lys) and poly(D
      lys) thioether conjugates, was investigated in Strain I Madin-Darby canine kidney
      (MDCK) cell monolayers grown on 0.4 microns pore size polycarbonate membranes in
      Costar Transwells. The 3 types of HRP had almost identical rates of transport
      during the first 2 hr of incubation. However, a significant increase of basal-to
      apical transport was detected beginning at 3 hr only in Transwells containing the
      poly(L-lys) conjugate. This increase was inhibited by colchicine (2 microM) and
      by the Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (0.1 mg/ml), but not by NH4Cl (10 mM) or
      chloroquine (0.1 mM). The increase was abolished either by prior trypsinization
      of the conjugate or by incubation at 4 degrees C. Ultrafiltration studies
      indicated that the transcytosed poly(L-lys) conjugate was smaller in size than
      the original conjugate. These results indicate that the conjugate was processed
      during transcytosis in a non-lysosomal proteolytic compartment, where its poly(L
      lys) moiety was selectively degraded, allowing active peroxidase to be released
      into the apical medium.

PMID- 2405848
TI  - Interleukin 1 increases the production of endothelin-1 by cultured endothelial
      cells.
AB  - We examined the effect of human recombinant interleukin 1 (IL-1) on the
      production of endothelin-1 by cultured porcine endothelial cells. The induction
      of endothelin-1 mRNA began within 1 hr of exposure to IL-1, showed twin peaks at
      4 and 24 hr, and declined thereafter. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed
      that the amount of endothelin-1 peptide in conditioned media was also increased
      by IL-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Our results suggested that IL-1, a
      macrophage-derived cytokine, may affect the contraction and proliferation of
      vascular smooth muscle cells by stimulating the production of endothelin by
      endothelial cells.

PMID- 2405849
TI  - Phorbol ester-mediated induction of HIV-1 from a chronically infected promonocyte
      clone: blockade by protein kinase inhibitors and relationship to tat-directed
      trans-activation.
AB  - Potent inhibitors of protein kinases C and A, including 1-(5 isoquinolinyl
      sulfonyl) 2-methyl piperazine (H7), staurosporine, and 2-aminopurine, depressed
      phorbol ester-induced HIV-1 virion production and HIV-specific transcripts by
      greater than 90% in chronically infected promonocytic cells. Suppression was dose
      dependent and occurred at concentration that had little effect on cell growth.
      These effects appeared to be specific to activation of the PKC-diacylglycerol
      system. They did not alter IUdr-mediated induction of HIV. In addition, PMA
      enhancement of an HIV-LTR driven reporter gene was not blocked by H7 in the
      presence or absence of exogenous tat, at concentrations capable of inhibiting
      upregulation of virus at the cellular level. Insight into the biochemical
      mechanisms of these processes is critical to understanding interactions of HIV
      with the immune system, and may eventually uncover new therapeutic strategies.

PMID- 2405850
TI  - The preparation of an enzyme associated with aflatoxin biosynthesis by affinity
      chromatography.
AB  - An affinity matrix for the purification of norsolorinic acid dehydrogenase, an
      enzyme involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis, was prepared by coupling norsolorinic
      acid to an agarose gel. This matrix was found to be ineffective in isolating
      active enzyme, and was therefore modified by methylation, using diazomethane. The
      methylated matrix produced a one-step purification of the enzyme from a crude
      homogenate, resulting in a 138-fold purification. The active isolate was found to
      contain one major and two minor bands upon nondenaturing electrophoresis, and all
      the norsolorinic acid dehydrogenase activity was associated with the major band.
      It was concluded that the matrix exhibited true affinity for the enzyme, and that
      affinity chromatography was a valuable approach to isolating other secondary
      metabolic enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the aflatoxins.

PMID- 2405851
TI  - Expression of human parathyroid hormone in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) is a peptide hormone consisting of 84 amino
      acids. Using the expression plasmid pKK223-3 with the strong tacpromoter, we have
      produced a variant of hPTH in E. coli. From the expression plasmid construct the
      expected product was hPTH with an N-terminal extension of Met-Gly. The peptide
      was extracted from E. coli cells and purified by high performance liquid
      chromatography. In two different gel electrophoresis systems including
      identification by immunoblotting the product behaved exactly as an hPTH standard.
      N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the purified product showed traces of
      Gly-hPTH. At least 90% of the expressed product was N-terminally blocked,
      suggesting the presence of N-formyl-methionine. This variant of hPTH did not
      stimulate adenylate cyclase activity in rat osteosarcoma cell membranes.

PMID- 2405852
TI  - The chiral synthesis and biochemical properties of electron rich phenolic
      sulfoxide analogs of sparsomycin.
AB  - A novel route to activated phenolic sulfoxide analogs of sparsomycin has been
      developed. These analogs display an enhanced "preincubation effect" as inhibitors
      of peptide-bond formation. This time-dependent component of inhibition, which is
      postulated to result from an enzyme-mediated Pummerer rearrangement, is the
      dominant route to inhibition in these activated analogs.

PMID- 2405853
TI  - Calmodulin-binding proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The subcellular distribution of calmodulin-binding proteins in the soluble,
      plasma membrane, and nuclear fractions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was analyzed
      with a gel binding assay using 125I-labeled calmodulin. Over 20 binding proteins
      were detected. The calmodulin-binding protein profiles were markedly different
      among the fractions. Calmodulin-binding proteins were most abundant in the
      nuclear fraction, followed by the membrane fraction and the soluble fraction in
      decreasing order. The amounts of certain calmodulin-binding proteins increased
      after treatment with alpha-mating factor.

PMID- 2405854
TI  - Purification of a glycoprotein excreted by Trypanosoma cruzi to increase the
      permeability of the host-cell membrane.
AB  - During invasion of the prospective host cell, metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma
      cruzi render the membrane of HeLa cells permeable to the alpha-sarcin toxin, by
      excreting a glycoprotein with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. The molecular
      weight of the glycoprotein is 64,000 dalton and its isoelectric point is 4.8.

PMID- 2405856
TI  - Secretagogue-induced oscillations of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in single beta and alpha
      cells obtained from pancreatic islets by fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
AB  - Pancreatic islet cells from normal adult rats were purified by autofluorescence
      activated cell sorting (FACS). A purification of islet beta-cells (greater than
      90%) and alpha-cells (greater than 70%) was obtained after FACS separation. Dual
      wavelength microfluorimetry was employed for measurements of cytoplasmic Ca2+
      concentration (Ca2+i) in single beta- and alpha-cells. In FACS-purified beta
      cells, 11.8 mM glucose induced oscillations of Ca2+i with a frequency of 1 cycle
      per 2-4 min, whereas 20 mM glucose induced a rapid rise in Ca2+i followed by a
      sustained elevation in Ca2+i. In contrast, alpha-cells exhibited a decrease in
      Ca2+i following exposure to 20 mM glucose, and subsequent exposure to 20 mM
      arginine induced a large increase in Ca2+i with periodic fluctuations. FACS
      purification of a heterogeneous islet-cell population provides a unique model for
      characterizing secretagogue-induced changes in Ca2+i in single beta-and alpha
      cells.

PMID- 2405855
TI  - A phospho-oligosaccharide can reproduce the stimulatory effect of insulin on
      glycolytic flux in human fibroblasts.
AB  - It has been recently demonstrated that insulin promotes the hydrolysis of a
      glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol, stimulating the release of a phospho
      oligosaccharide which displays several insulin-like effects. In the present study
      we have investigated whether the compound is able to mimic insulin action on
      glucose metabolism in human fibroblasts. Similarly to the hormone, the phospho
      oligosaccharide elicited a dose dependent increase in lactate output and fructose
      2,6-bisphosphate content. The effect of the compound was time dependent with a
      progressive increase starting from 2 hours of incubation. 1 microM phospho
      oligosaccharide had half maximal effect on both parameters, increasing glycolytic
      flux by approximately 30% and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate content by 70%. Therefore
      the phospho-oligosaccharide appears to be able to strictly reproduce insulin
      action on glucose metabolism in human fibroblasts.

PMID- 2405857
TI  - Microtubule-associated protein 1A is the fibroblast HMW MAP undergoing mitogen
      stimulated serine phosphorylation.
AB  - A variety of antibodies to microtubule-associated protein (MAP) have been used to
      demonstrate that phosphorylation of a 350 kDa microtubule-associated protein is
      stimulated 2-3 fold by epidermal growth factor or serum in quiescent 3T3-L1
      fibroblasts and by insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Phosphorylation occurs on serine
      residues, and is maximal by 15-20 min. The phosphoprotein has been identified as
      MAP1A by specific immunoprecipitation with a well-characterized monoclonal
      antibody.

PMID- 2405858
TI  - Phenytoin 4-hydroxylation by rabbit liver P450IIC3 and identification of
      orthologs in human liver microsomes.
AB  - The ability of rabbit liver microsomes to 4-hydroxylate phenytoin to 5-(4
      hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin was studied. No significant difference was
      observed between the capacity of control and rifampicin, phenobarbital, acetone,
      2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and phenytoin induced rabbit liver microsomes
      to 4-hydroxylate phenytoin. In reconstitution experiments using six purified
      rabbit cytochromes P450 isozymes, only P450IIC3 was capable of 4-hydroxylating
      phenytoin whereas P450IA1, P450IA2, P450IIB4, P450IIIA6, and P450IVB1 were
      inactive. Further, anti-P450IIC3 IgG completely inhibited phenytoin 4-hydroxylase
      activity in rabbit liver microsomes. The above data suggest a major role for the
      constitutive isozyme P450IIC3 in phenytoin 4-hydroxylase activity in rabbit
      liver. In human liver microsomes P450IIC3 IgG inhibited phenytoin 4-hydroxylase
      activity by 66%, suggesting that an ortholog to rabbit P450IIC3 is in part
      responsible for this activity in man.

PMID- 2405859
TI  - Disparate gene expression of chemotactic cytokines by human mononuclear
      phagocytes.
AB  - Chemotactic cytokines are becoming increasingly recognized as important
      participants in the coordinate recruitment of specific inflammatory cells. In
      this manuscript we present data demonstrating that LPS challenged human
      mononuclear phagocytic cells can express mRNA for neutrophil chemotactic
      factor/interleukin-8 (NCF/IL-8), but do not express mRNA for monocyte chemotactic
      protein (MCP). The expression of NCF/IL-8 mRNA was time and dose dependent. This
      identical stimulus response was also found in peripheral blood neutrophils. These
      studies demonstrate a disparate production of chemotactic cytokines by
      macrophages and exemplify the dynamic nature of the chemotactic response.

PMID- 2405860
TI  - Growth-inhibitory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on normal human
      keratinocytes cultured in serum-free medium.
AB  - The effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] on the growth of normal
      human keratinocytes cultured in serum-free medium was investigated. 1,25(OH)2D3
      inhibited the cell growth at 10(-7) M by 75.3% and at 10(-6) M almost completely.
      The growth inhibition was accompanied by changes related to proliferation: (1)
      remarkable inhibition of DNA synthesis, (2) the decrease in the number of high
      affinity receptors for epidermal growth factor, with almost no change in total
      receptor number, (3) the rapid decrease in c-myc mRNA level. The inhibition of
      DNA synthesis and the decrease of c-myc mRNA expression occurred at 3 h after the
      addition of 1,25(OH)2D3. These results suggest that decrease of c-myc mRNA
      expression is one of the primary effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the growth inhibition
      of human keratinocytes.

PMID- 2405861
TI  - In vitro metabolism of calcipotriol (MC 903), a vitamin D analogue.

PMID- 2405862
TI  - Clinical trials. A guide to understanding methodology and interpreting results.

PMID- 2405863
TI  - Time for changes in the design, analysis, and reporting of rheumatoid arthritis
      clinical trials.
AB  - We have proposed a set of changes in the design, analysis, and reporting of RA
      clinical trials which emphasizes the standardization of trials. We have suggested
      limiting the number of outcome measures used to those most sensitive to change
      and using uniform measurements of the same outcome measures in all clinical
      trials. We have also suggested that investigators focus on enumerating which
      patients improve in a trial, rather than on the mean level of improvement in
      treated patients versus the control patients. Finally, we have suggested the
      reporting of confidence intervals rather than simply stating P values. With the
      inauguration of these changes and more attention to other issues relevant to the
      quality of clinical trials, we hope that drug treatments of rheumatoid arthritis
      can be more easily compared with respect to effectiveness.

PMID- 2405865
TI  - Subclavian artery false aneurysm associated with brachial plexus palsy: a
      complication of parenteral drug addiction.
AB  - A 35-year-old female drug addict developed a painful left supraclavicular
      swelling and profound left arm weakness associated with left hand paresthesia and
      swelling after cocaine injection into the left base of her neck. Arteriogram
      confirmed a 3.7-cm false aneurysm of the left subclavian artery and a filling
      defect of the proximal left axillary artery. Emergent intraoperative treatment
      consisted of false aneurysm resection, embolectomy, and placement of a prosthetic
      graft. Distal circulation was restored, but the neurological deficit persisted in
      the left arm and a fever developed in the patient, necessitating
      rehospitalization 3 weeks after discharge. False aneurysm, a vascular
      complication of parenteral drug abuse, may lead precipitously to death by
      exsanguination if not efficiently and effectively diagnosed and treated.

PMID- 2405864
TI  - The effect of folic acid supplementation on the toxicity of low-dose methotrexate
      in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Thirty-two patients with rheumatoid arthritis completed a 24-week, placebo
      controlled, double-blind trial of folic acid (FA) supplementation during low-dose
      methotrexate (MTX) therapy. Administration of the daily FA supplement
      significantly lowered toxicity scores without affecting efficacy, as measured by
      joint counts, joint indices, and patient and physician evaluation of disease
      activity. Fifteen patients experienced some sort of toxicity; 67% were in the
      placebo group, and 33% were in the FA supplement group. Four patients in the
      placebo group had toxicity levels serious enough to require discontinuation of
      the MTX, while no patients in the FA supplement group discontinued MTX because of
      toxicity. Low-normal initial plasma and red blood cell folate levels were
      predictive of future toxicity with MTX therapy. We conclude that a daily
      supplement of 1 mg of FA during low-dose MTX therapy (median dose 7.5 mg/week
      [16.4 mumoles]) is usefull in lessening toxicity without altering efficacy during
      the first 6 months of treatment.

PMID- 2405866
TI  - Emergencies in continuous dialysis patients: diagnosis and management.
AB  - The number of patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
      is growing in the United States. To provide adequate emergent care to these
      patients emergency physicians must understand the alterations in normal
      physiologies present in these patients and how this may affect care.
      Cardiovascular disease and infection (especially Staphylococcus aureus sepsis)
      are the leading causes of death among dialysis patients. These patients are also
      subject to a significantly higher incidence of life-threatening electrolyte
      disturbances, particularly hyperkalemia and hypercalcemia, than the general
      population. Suicide, cardiac tamponade, intracranial hemorrhage, bleeding
      disorders, and bowel infarction are also much more frequent. The inability of
      dialysis patients to excrete drugs, metabolites, toxins, and fluids significantly
      alters their responses to common emergencies and should directly influence their
      care. Failure to recognize these differences in physiology may result in the use
      of standard forms of emergency therapy that may compound, rather than treat, the
      underlying disorder. Although most dialysis patients who come into an emergency
      department have conditions that can, and should, be managed by their
      nephrologist, the presence of a life threatening emergency requires prompt,
      appropriate therapy by the emergency physician.

PMID- 2405867
TI  - Modern approaches to the therapy of septic shock.
AB  - Bacteremia from gram-negative rods is a great cause of concern for hospital
      physicians today. Shock-complicating gram-negative sepsis has a mortality rate of
      60% and above, despite early diagnosis and treatment. Intensive research efforts
      have shown new pathophysiological mechanisms and mediators involved in septic
      shock, with changes in recommended treatment protocols. In this report, the
      authors review the use of corticosteroids, fibronectin, naloxone hydrochloride,
      and immunotherapy, with emphasis on theoretical considerations and relevant
      clinical experience. Although these treatment methods may have been promising
      initially, data from large double-blind human trials are either lacking or
      unencouraging. While continued research and modern therapeutic approaches should
      improve future survival rates from septic shock, use of the therapies reviewed
      should be considered experimental at this time.

PMID- 2405868
TI  - 20 years of the VA's Distinguished Physician program.

PMID- 2405869
TI  - VA research: what the public doesn't know.

PMID- 2405870
TI  - DNA quantification in colorectal carcinoma using flow and image analysis
      cytometry.
AB  - Numerous studies using flow cytometry (FCM) have shown that DNA quantification
      and ploidy classification can provide information of prognostic significance for
      patients with colorectal carcinoma; recent advances in image analysis cytometry
      (image cytometry, ICM) provide a new, alternative technique for DNA
      quantification. This study investigated whether (1) patients with colorectal
      carcinomas that exhibit a diploid pattern of DNA distribution have improved five
      year survival statistics as compared to their non-diploid counterparts and (2)
      ICM provides quantitative data comparable to that obtained by FCM. DNA
      quantification and ploidy classification of 27 cases of primary colorectal
      carcinoma was performed on archival paraffin-embedded tissue by both FCM and ICM;
      70% (19) of the tumors were classified as nondiploid by ICM while 56% (15) were
      similarly classified by FCM. Diploid tumors were associated with Dukes' stage A
      while nondiploid tumors were associated with Dukes' stage D. The overall five
      year survival rate was 75% for patients with ICM diploid tumors and 67% for
      patients with FCM diploid tumors. The five-year survival was only 53% for
      patients with nondiploid tumors identified by both techniques. This study
      confirmed that DNA quantification is an important prognostic indicator for
      patients with colorectal carcinoma. It also showed that ICM provides data
      comparable to that of FCM and may be more sensitive.

PMID- 2405871
TI  - Morphometric, densitometric and flow cytometric criteria for the automated
      classification of thyroid lesions.
AB  - An automated classification of 73 thyroid lesions using a logical and
      mathematical approach was attempted. Densitometric, morphometric and flow
      cytometric parameters were used in Fisher linear discriminant functions to
      separate goiters or normal thyroids from adenomas and from carcinomas; the
      combination of this approach with binary discrimination improved the initial
      classification to a final efficiency of 81%. This approach, which is useful for
      classifying individual cells, was thus insufficient for classifying these cases.
      Analysis of the individual parameters showed that thyroid lesions were mainly in
      the near-diploid region. Two G0G1 populations were present in both benign and
      malignant lesions and were particularly frequent (50%) in atypical invasive
      follicular adenomas, probably related to the additional presence of an invasive
      clone. Near-triploid peaks were associated with malignancy as well as with high
      proliferative indexes. Nuclear and nucleolar sizes were larger in carcinomas;
      however, the percentage of the nucleolar area in the nucleus was greater in
      adenomas and nodular adenomatous goiters. A corrected staining index correlated
      with the nuclear size and the ploidy of abnormal cells (r = .50), being higher in
      malignant lesions.

PMID- 2405872
TI  - Intrasplenic immunization with minute amounts of antigen.
AB  - There are two ways to raise antibodies to minute amounts of immunogen. The first
      is in-vitro immunization in which the immunogen is presented to a spleen cell
      culture and about a week later cell fusion for hybridoma production is attempted.
      The second, and the subject of this review, is intrasplenic immunization, in
      which the immunogen is deposited into the spleen tissue and the animal itself
      takes care of growing the spleen cells. Both of these techniques are appropriate
      when only small amounts of immunogen are available. Intrasplenic immunization,
      however, requires less laboratory work and there is a decreased risk of
      contamination, often a problem with hybridoma cultures. The experience of
      intrasplenic immunization shows that it is the method of choice for immunization
      with nanogram amounts of immunogen. A successful outcome, however, requires that
      the immunogen is immobilized on a carrier. This review by Ove Nilsson and Anders
      Larsson will focus on the various types of matrix which can be used as carriers
      and on the procedures for transferring these carriers into the spleen tissue.

PMID- 2405873
TI  - Interleukin 1: the first interleukin.
AB  - The name 'interleukin' and the designation of interleukin 1 (IL-1) derived from
      the Second International Lymphokine Workshop held in Switzerland in 1979. Since
      then interest in the original interleukin (IL-1) has increased exponentially as
      measured by the numbers of publications and meetings. The main reasons for this
      can be seen in the accompanying centrefold. The perception of IL-1 as a
      biological mediator in every organ system has attracted scientists from widely
      different backgrounds into this area and a steady succession of important and
      often surprising insights into IL-1 biology has ensured that interest has been
      sustained at a high level. This overview of the biology of IL-1 on the tenth
      anniversary of its turbulent life has been compiled by Franco di Giovine and
      Gordon Duff. It is of necessity selective and biased towards human IL-1 and
      begins with some general points (mainly cautionary) as a backdrop to the
      centrefold.

PMID- 2405874
TI  - Peptide competition for antigen presentation.
AB  - Since each major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule can bind many
      different peptides, it might be predicted that competition for the same MHC
      binding site takes place between peptides with unrelated sequences. As Luciano
      Adorini and Zoltan Nagy report here, this does indeed occur, both in vitro and in
      vivo. In-vivo competition between peptides for antigen presentation to T
      lymphocytes is an important influence on the immunodominance of T-cell
      determinants. In addition, it is possible to modulate T-cell activation by
      interfering with the binding of antigenic peptides to MHC class II molecules.
      This could represent a suitable approach to a rational treatment of autoimmune
      diseases and, possibly, of allograft rejection.

PMID- 2405875
TI  - The malaria vaccine: anti-parasite or anti-disease?
AB  - There are three major difficulties hindering the development of a vaccine for
      malaria. First, for all three stages of the parasite life cycle there is an
      incomplete understanding of the precise type of immune response to aim for.
      Second, only a handful of the many hundreds of parasite-derived antigens have
      been explored, and though several have been shown to be protective in animal
      models, it is not known if they are the most potent. Third, there is strong
      evidence that the parasite can evade host immunity, for example by antigenic
      variation. In this brief article, John Playfair and his colleagues address mainly
      the first issue and suggest that complete resistance to infection is probably not
      feasible, and that attention should be directed not so much at vaccines designed
      to eliminate one or other stage of the parasite, but rather towards the
      possibility of an 'antitoxic' vaccine that prevents the serious pathological
      complications of the disease.

PMID- 2405876
TI  - A new model for lethal hit delivery by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
AB  - Human cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) granules contain an electron-dense core and
      small membrane vesicles. By immuno-electron microscopy, molecules relevant to CTL
      target cell (TC) interactions have been identified on the membranes of the dense
      core and small vesicles within the granule. Moreover, perforin, the component
      implicated in the lethal hit, and serine esterases are localized within these
      granule substructures. In this article Peter Peters and colleagues argue that
      these observations necessitate a revision of the current model for lethal hit
      delivery. They suggest that the cytotoxic mediators exocytosed into the cleft
      between CTL and TC are not in soluble form, but rather are membrane-enveloped.
      The presence of the CD3-T-cell receptor (TCR) complex, CD8 and possibly other
      relevant molecules on these membranes may ensure unidirectional delivery of the
      lethal compounds to the TC.

PMID- 2405877
TI  - Ureaplasmas and human disease.

PMID- 2405878
TI  - Biogenesis of molybdenum cofactors.

PMID- 2405879
TI  - The radiology of cavernous hemangioma of the liver.
AB  - This article reviews the epidemiology, pathology, and diagnosis of cavernous
      hemangioma of the liver. This lesion is very common; it is the most common benign
      tumor of the liver. While small hemangiomas (less than 3 cm) have a
      characteristic ultrasonographic appearance, lesions larger than 3 cm in diameter
      may have a whole host of ultrasonic findings and this technique becomes less
      reliable in making the diagnosis. Initial experience with dynamic CT has shown it
      to be reliable in differentiating hemangiomas from other lesions. Later, some
      metastatic lesions were described to mimic hemangiomas on CT. Furthermore, a
      diagnostic CT is hard to get in small lesions because of the difficulty in
      getting a small lesion in the scanning plane repeatedly. Blood pool scintigraphy
      with planar imaging has been shown to be very sensitive and specific for that
      lesion. This technique is not very reliable for small (less than 2 cm) or deeply
      seated lesions. We have shown that blood scintigraphy is more reliable for those
      situations. Recent reports have shown that MRI is highly reliable for the
      detection and characterization of liver hemangiomas. This technology is very
      expensive and is unlikely to be used in evaluating all patients suspected of
      having cavernous hemangiomas; it should be reserved for cases with
      uncharacteristic ultrasound or blood pool scan findings.

PMID- 2405880
TI  - Innovative approaches to noninvasive bone densitometry.
AB  - In conclusion, this review has endeavored to familiarize the practicing
      radiologist with some of the newer approaches to noninvasive bone densitometry
      that are currently being explored as potential improvements over existing
      techniques. Three-dimensional volumetric CT is a practical means of measuring
      bone density in the proximal femur, owing to the widespread availability of the
      necessary scanning equipment, and affords enhanced prediction of biomechanical
      parameters in the spine and hip, but suffers from limitations similar to those of
      conventional quantitative CT. Dual-energy projection radiography offers
      significant potential advantages over dual-photon absorptiometry from the
      standpoint of precision, radiation dose, image quality, and examination time, but
      remains to be thoroughly tested. Compton scattering appears to be a viable
      alternative to single-photon absorptiometry for bone density determinations in
      the peripheral skeleton. Neutron and proton activation analysis are unlikely to
      achieve widespread application, owing to their cyclotron-dependent nature,
      although the former will probably remain the optimal means for determining total
      body calcium. Experience with scanning-slit fluorography and magnetic resonance
      as applied to noninvasive bone densitometry is currently too limited to permit
      prediction of their ultimate role in this respect. As a final point, it should be
      noted that major incentives for mobilization of bone densitometric equipment
      currently exist: on Earth, as a means of facilitating patient access and saving
      money via joint ventures, and in space for monitoring the adverse effects of
      weightlessness on skeletal mass and the ability to function following return to a
      gravity environment.

PMID- 2405881
TI  - The spleen: an integrated imaging approach.
AB  - In this review we attempted to demonstrate the imaging appearance of the spectrum
      of entities that may involve the spleen. The systematic approach reviewing the
      radiologic findings by modality (plain films, ultrasound, CT, scintigraphy,
      angiography, and MRI) has been used. We have opted to present the information
      following pathologic categories (congenital, infections, cysts, benign and
      malignant tumors, vascular, trauma, and miscellaneous) rather than a pattern
      approach. A pattern approach may not be practical in spleen since patterns are
      few and nonspecific. Although a specific diagnosis can be obtained rarely, the
      information provided by imaging coupled with clinical and laboratory data is
      capable in many cases of significantly altering patient management. Surgery,
      percutaneous intervention, medical therapy, or simple observation can be pursued
      based on the radiological findings.

PMID- 2405882
TI  - The influence of delivery mode on biological inactive renin level in umbilical
      cord blood.
AB  - In order to investigate the influence of delivery mode on biological inactive
      renin levels in fetal circulation, plasma inactive renin (PIR), plasma renin
      activity (PRA) and plasma total renin (PTR) were measured in umbilical venous
      blood samples of 21 infants delivered vaginally after spontaneous labor and of 9
      infants delivered by elective cesarean section after the onset of labor.
      Biological renin activities were measured by bioassay. The PIR levels in infants
      delivered vaginally were significantly lower than those in infants delivered by
      cesarean section, while the PRA levels were the opposite. However, the PTR levels
      were not significantly different between the two groups. These results suggest
      that the plasma levels of biological inactive renin in infants delivered
      vaginally may decrease, probably due to its conversion to active renin in the
      second stage of labor.

PMID- 2405883
TI  - Left ventricular filling in hypertensive blacks and whites following adrenergic
      blockade.
AB  - Left ventricular diastolic filling was investigated in 12 black and 15 white
      subjects before and after double-blinded randomized treatment of mild to moderate
      hypertension with combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade
      (labetalol) and beta-blockade alone (atenolol). At baseline (off medication),
      both groups were similar for age (46 +/- 8 years v 48 +/- 12 years), mean blood
      pressure (121 +/- 8 mm Hg v 115 +/- 8 mm Hg), left ventricular dimensions, left
      ventricular mass index (118 +/- 24 g/m2 v 113 +/- 13 g/m2), and left ventricular
      filling as reflected by transmitral flow velocity ratio A/E (0.97 +/- 0.33 v 0.92
      +/- 0.19, normal age-matched control A/E ratio is 0.64 +/- 14). There were 6
      blacks and 6 whites in the labetalol group; 6 blacks and 9 whites in the atenolol
      group. At six weeks of treatment, whites in the labetalol group showed a
      significantly greater drop in mean blood pressure (114 +/- 7/102 +/- 11, P less
      than .007 v 123 +/- 9/114 +/- 11, P = NS) and correspondingly greater improvement
      in A/E ratio (1.04 +/- 0.14/0.74 +/- 0.23, P less than .024 v 1.02 +/- 0.23/0.89
      +/- 0.16, P = NS). However, this difference was no longer significant when
      controlling for age and blood pressure level. In the atenolol group, whites
      showed a significant increase in the rapid filling phase velocity E, while late
      filling phase velocity A significantly dropped only in blacks, without
      significant improvement in A/E ratio in either subgroup. In conclusion, greater
      improvement in left ventricular filling is seen with combined alpha-beta-blockade
      than beta-blockade alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405884
TI  - Decreased angiotensin II receptors in subfornical organ of spontaneously
      hypertensive rats after chronic antihypertensive treatment with enalapril.
AB  - Angiotensin II (ANG II) receptor density was higher in many brain regions of
      untreated spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) compared to untreated Wistar
      Kyoto (WKY) animals. Systemic inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme with
      enalapril (25 mg/kg, per os for 14 days) produces a large decrease in ANG II
      receptors localized exclusively in the subfornical organ (SFO) of the SHR, and no
      alterations in ANG II receptors in the normotensive WKY rats. Selective decrease
      of ANG II receptors in the SFO of the genetically hypertensive rats with
      enalapril may be related to its therapeutic efficacy.

PMID- 2405885
TI  - Cellular mechanisms within the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
AB  - The tubular-vascular connection via the juxtaglomerular apparatus appears to
      serve two functions, local control of renal vascular resistance and regulation of
      renin secretion. A fall in single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) and
      an increase in resistance are produced by an increase in NaCl concentration at
      the macular densa. This change also results in inhibition of secretion of renin.
      The macula densa has a unique location near the terminal end of the thick
      ascending limb, where NaCl concentration is highly flow dependent. The cellular
      mechanisms by which changes in tubular fluid NaCl produce vasoconstriction and
      inhibition of renin secretion are unknown, but the anatomy of the juxtaglomerular
      apparatus strongly suggests that such responses may be mediated by the
      extraglomerular mesangial cells located in the polar cushion underlying the
      macula densa. Recent evidence suggests that interstitial chloride concentration
      in this compartment may be quite variable, and that increases in external
      chloride may enhance the activation of the mesangial cell.

PMID- 2405886
TI  - Do carbohydrate antigens stimulate human T cells? Review article.
AB  - T cells fail to recognize free antigenic determinants. What the T-cell receptor
      recognizes is a complex consisting of a peptide fragment cleaved from antigen and
      self-MHC structures on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. While extensively
      investigated with protein antigens, only limited information is available on the
      capability of T cells to recognize carbohydrate antigens in a specific way.
      Therefore, we have investigated the specificity of human T-cell lines and clones
      reactive to streptococcal A (Strep A) vaccine. It was found that neither soluble
      streptococcal A carbohydrate (A-CHO) nor synthetic oligosaccharides deduced from
      bacterial carbohydrates could stimulate Strep A-reactive T cells, although A-CHO
      stimulates specific antibody production in B cells very effectively. In
      conclusion, Strep A-specific T cells seem to recognize other structures of the
      bacterial vaccine than A-CHO. This was confirmed by retained stimulation after
      removal of carbohydrate epitopes by periodate treatment. Such Strep A-reactive T
      cells are frequently (greater than 10(-3] found in CD4+ T cells of healthy
      donors. Implications of this finding with regard to anti-carbohydrate immune
      responses are discussed.

PMID- 2405887
TI  - A unique plasmid profile characterizing Salmonella enteritidis isolates from
      patients and employees in a hospital.
AB  - Plasmid profiling was used as an epidemiological tool during a period of frequent
      Salmonella enteritidis infection in a hospital. S. enteritidis was isolated from
      22 patients and employees. Isolates from 18 persons harbored one 29 and one 36
      megadalton (MDa) plasmid. The 29 MDa plasmid has not been previously described in
      this species and was not found in 54 control strains of S. enteritidis from other
      sources. The respective restriction endonuclease digest fragments of the 36 and
      the 29 MDa plasmids were always identical. This plasmid pattern thus served as a
      marker for the isolates from the outbreak.

PMID- 2405888
TI  - Experimental Salmonella typhimurium infections in rats. II. Active and passive
      immunization as protection against a lethal bacterial dose.
AB  - Immunization against a lethal dose of Salmonella typhimurium was studied in
      athymic and thymus-bearing LEW rats. Active immunization was performed with
      formalin-killed whole cell vaccine or sublethal infection prior to the lethal
      infection. After vaccination with killed bacteria the euthymic animals produced
      antibodies against S.typhimurium, but neither the euthymic nor the athymic
      animals survived the infection. After non-lethal infection euthymic and thymus
      grafted nude rats were not affected by the second and otherwise lethal bacterial
      dose, and had high antibody titres. All the athymic nude rats died after the
      second and lethal bacterial challenge. Passive immunization with plasma from
      immunized euthymic animals did not protect any of the animals against the lethal
      bacterial dose. However, all animals survived when treated with large doses of
      spleen cells from immunized euthymic rats. Both athymic and thymus-bearing
      animals treated with primed spleen cells had high antibody titres. The
      percentages of splenic and lymph node T lymphocytes in primed spleen cell-treated
      athymic rats were comparable to those found in euthymic and thymus-grafted
      animals. Treatment with primed spleen cells from immunized thymus grafted animals
      provided only limited protective effect, and treatment with cells from athymic
      animals had no effect. The study shows that although isogeneic thymus-grafted
      nude rats become resistent to reinfection with S. typhimurium, only large doses
      of spleen cells from immunized euthymic animals can be used for passive transfer
      of immunity.

PMID- 2405889
TI  - Demonstration of lipid A-binding proteins on murine lymphoma cells using R-mutant
      gram-negative bacteria as a detector.
AB  - Some R-mutant Escherichia coli and Salmonella heavily adhered to murine lymphoma
      cells of B cell and T cell lineages. This adhesion was primarily mediated by
      membrane-localized proteins on tumor cells, which bind the polymyxin B-reactive
      hydrophilic structure of lipis A on bacteria. SDS-PAGE analysis of tumor cell
      membranes showed that proteins or glycoproteins of MW = around 45Kd, 25-35Kd and
      around 15Kd preferentially bind lipid A. Various lymphoma cell lines binding the
      bacteria at different levels possessed lipid A-binding proteins of slightly
      different compositions. We conclude that lymphoma cells carry not a single but a
      group of lipid A-binding proteins in their membranes.

PMID- 2405890
TI  - An assessment of the factors contributing to the killing of type 3 Streptococcus
      pneumoniae by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro.
AB  - To characterize the factors that contribute to the killing of type 3 S.
      pneumoniae, human neutrophils were obtained from healthy donors and incubated
      with viable organisms. In contrast to prior observations with other pneumococcal
      serotypes, killing was not detected when 10(6) colony forming units (cfu) were
      incubated at 37 degrees C for 2-4 hours with 10(6) neutrophils in the presence of
      20-80% fresh autologous serum; further, pneumococcidal activity was not found
      when preopsonized bacteria and primed neutrophils were employed in the standard
      assay. However, when the bacterium to cell ratio was reduced to 1:100 and 1:1000,
      microbicidal action was detected; a 10-fold reduction in the number of viable
      bacteria was observed when 2 x 10(3) cfu were incubated with 2 x 10(6)
      neutrophils and 80% autologous serum at 37 degrees C for 4 hours. To assess the
      effects of serum factors on killing, bactericidal assays were performed in the
      presence of normal human serum (NHS), heat-inactivated human serum (HIHS) and
      absorbed human serum (AHS); heating reduced and absorption eliminated the
      capacity of serum to support killing. Studies performed with mutanolysin, an
      enzyme that lyses type 3 pneumococci, demonstrated that the effects of HIHS and
      AHS on bactericidal activity were highly correlated with alterations in the
      ability of the sera to support phagocytosis. Studies of neutrophil activation
      revealed changes in the production of superoxide anion that correlated well with
      phagocytosis and killing; however, the results of assays of leukotriene B4
      generation and degranulation (beta-glucuronidase and lactoferrin release) were
      more variable. In mixing experiments, the capacity of HIHS to support killing was
      normalized with NHS; however, the ability of AHS to promote killing was not
      restored with HIHS or NHS. Thus, these studies demonstrate the relatively limited
      capacity of human serum to support the killing of type 3 pneumococci, and they
      emphasize the importance of killing assays in assessing interactions between the
      bacterium and neutrophils.

PMID- 2405891
TI  - A clinical study of the Branemark dental implant system.
AB  - A clinical study using the Branemark dental implant system was carried out on 13
      patients aged 41 to 68 years. Clinical and psychological effects of treatment
      were assessed at 6-monthly intervals over a period of 3 years by means of a
      clinical examination, a personality assessment using Cattell's 16 PF
      Questionnaire and a general subjective questionnaire. Six per cent of implants
      failed to osseointegrate. Fifty per cent of bridges became loose, but remained
      stable after retightening. A similar percentage of fractures occurred, mainly
      teeth separating from acrylic gumwork. There was some soreness of peri-implant
      mucosa, particularly on cleaning. Despite these problems, there was considerable
      evidence of improved well-being of patients, who felt more secure following
      treatment and, as a result, their personal and social relationships improved.

PMID- 2405892
TI  - Product quality and the dental surgeon.
AB  - Never has the word 'quality' been used so much as it is today. We are continually
      lectured about the need for quality, quality in what we make, what we buy, in
      services we give, quality of our environment, even quality of life. The meaning
      of the word is broadly the same and yet in detail it can mean a lot of different
      things--or even nothing at all.

PMID- 2405893
TI  - Double blind comparison of transdermal hyoscine and placebo for the prevention of
      postoperative nausea.
AB  - Transdermal hyoscine (Scopoderm, Ciba-Geigy) has been compared with placebo in
      283 female patients. The hyoscine patch had no significant effect on
      postoperative nausea or vomiting. In contrast with earlier studies, there was no
      correlation between previous experiences of nausea (motion, pregnancy or surgery
      related) and nausea caused by the surgery or anaesthetic in this study. No
      correlation was found between nausea or vomiting and the type of operation.

PMID- 2405894
TI  - Quest for the ideal inhalation anaesthetic agent.

PMID- 2405895
TI  - End-tidal concentrations of halothane and isoflurane during induction of
      anaesthesia in young and elderly patients.
AB  - Twenty-two young (18-32 yr) and 22 healthy elderly (60-80 yr) patients received
      either halothane or isoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia during controlled
      ventilation. End-tidal fractional concentrations (FE) of the agents were measured
      for 20 min after their introduction into inspired gas and the increase in end
      tidal concentrations of the two agents was compared during induction of
      anaesthesia using the ratios of FE to the inspired fraction (FI). FE:FI ratios
      for isoflurane were higher than those for halothane in both young and elderly
      patients, confirming that equilibration of end-tidal with inspired concentration
      occurs more rapidly with isoflurane than with halothane in both age groups. FE:FI
      ratios for isoflurane became significantly lower in the elderly than in the young
      after 15 min administration of isoflurane. This suggests slower induction of
      anaesthesia in the elderly if equipotent concentrations of isoflurane are used;
      the clinical significance of this difference is probably small. Mean FE:FI ratios
      for halothane in elderly patients were similar to those in the young throughout
      induction of anaesthesia.

PMID- 2405896
TI  - Additional subcutaneous administration of flumazenil does not shorten recovery
      time after midazolam.
AB  - We assessed the efficacy of subcutaneous administration of flumazenil (Anexate,
      Roche), a specific benzodiazepine antagonist, in preventing resedation after
      initial reversal of midazolam sedation in 30 patients (ASA I-II) undergoing
      gynaecological surgery. In the post-operative period, the patients received
      flumazenil i.v. and placebo s.c. (group A), flumazenil i.v. and flumazenil s.c.
      (group B), or placebo i.v. and placebo s.c. (control group) in a randomized,
      double-blind procedure. Flumazenil (group A: 0.47 (SD 0.12) mg i.v., group B:
      0.48 (0.06) mg i.v.) was significantly more effective than placebo in
      antagonizing the sedative effects of midazolam, but was accompanied by rebound
      sedation after 90 min. Additional s.c. administration of flumazenil 0.1 mg (group
      B) did not eliminate resedation. Undesirable side effects include nausea and
      vomiting. Local tolerance of the subcutaneous administration of flumazenil was
      good.

PMID- 2405897
TI  - An open study of ropivacaine in extradural anaesthesia.
AB  - Ropivacaine 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% was investigated in an open study of extradural
      anaesthesia in three groups of 15 patients undergoing urological or orthopaedic
      surgery. Following a test dose of 3 ml of 1.0% lignocaine with 1:200,000
      adrenaline, ropivacaine 20 ml was given in incremental doses over 4 min via a
      lumbar extradural catheter. The onset time for analgesia was short in all groups:
      T12 was blocked 4-6 min after the end of the injection of ropivacaine. The
      maximum segmental level was significantly higher in the 0.75% and the 1.0% groups
      (T2) than in the 0.5% group (T5). Complete motor block was obtained in seven,
      four and nine patients in the 0.5%, 0.75% and the 1.0% groups, respectively.
      Duration of analgesia increased with increasing concentration of ropivacaine:
      mean duration of analgesia was 203 and 266 min at T10 and 253 and 314 min at L5
      for the 0.5 and 1% solutions, respectively. Mean duration of complete motor block
      was 94 and 192 min for the same solutions. Analgesia was satisfactory for surgery
      in all patients except for one in the 0.75% group. Hypotension was experienced by
      three, seven and three patients in the 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% groups, respectively.
      Bradycardia occurred in seven patients and was associated with hypotension in
      five. Backache was experienced after operation by four patients, and three
      patients complained of a brief mild headache. No late adverse events were seen.

PMID- 2405898
TI  - Pain management in paediatric patients.

PMID- 2405899
TI  - Resonance energy transfer study on the proximity relationship between the GTP
      binding site and the rifampicin binding site of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.
AB  - Terbium (III) upon complexation with guanosine 5'-triphosphate showed remarkable
      enhancement of fluorescence emission at 488 and 545 nm when excited at 295 nm.
      Analysis of the binding data yielded a value for the mean Kd between Tb(III) and
      GTP of 0.2 microM, with three binding sites for Tb(III) on GTP. 31P and 1H NMR
      measurements revealed that Tb(III) mainly binds the phosphate moiety of GTP.
      Fluorescence titration of the emission signals of the TbGTP complex with varying
      concentrations of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase resulted in a Kd value of 4
      microM between the TbGTP and the enzyme. It was observed that TbGTP can be
      incorporated in the place of GTP during E. coli RNA polymerase catalyzed abortive
      synthesis of dinucleotide tetraphosphate at T7A2 promoter. Both the substrate
      TbGTP and the inhibitor of the initiation of transcription rifampicin bind to the
      beta-subunit of E. coli RNA polymerase. This allows the measurement of the
      fluorescence excited-state energy transfer from the donor TbGTP-RNA polymerase to
      the acceptor rifampicin. Both emission bands of Tb(III) overlap with the
      rifampicin absorption, and the distances at 50% efficiency of energy transfer
      were calculated to be 28 and 24 A for the 488- and 545-nm emission bands,
      respectively. The distance between the substrate binding site and the rifampicin
      binding site on the beta-subunit of E. coli RNA polymerase was measured to be
      around 30 A. This suggests that the nature of inhibition of transcription by
      rifampicin is essentially noncompetitive with the substrate.

PMID- 2405900
TI  - Electrical potential of transfer RNAs: codon-anticodon recognition.
AB  - Calculations of the electrostatic potentials were made around yeast elongator
      phenylalanine, aspartate tRNAs, and yeast initiator methionine tRNA in aqueous
      solution at physiological ionic strength. The calculations were carried out with
      a finite difference algorithm for solving the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann
      equation that incorporates the screening effects of the electrolyte, the
      exclusion of ions by the molecule, the molecular shape, and the different
      polarizabilities of the solvent and the tRNA. The initiator tRNA is surrounded by
      uniformly spaced contours of negative potential. The elongator tRNAs are also
      surrounded by a similar contour pattern except in the anticodon region where
      there is a pronounced "hole" in the potential surface. This hole is caused by an
      invagination of the potential contours, which also results in an increase in the
      local field strength. The effect of this hole is that the anticodon region in the
      elongator tRNAs is the least negative, or conversely the most positive, region of
      the molecule. This hole, which is not found when simple Coulombic potentials are
      used, is due both to the structure of the elongator tRNA anticodon loops and to
      the different polarizabilities of the solvent and tRNA. The existence of the
      potential hole in elongator tRNAs may account in part for their ability to
      associate with other negatively charged macromolecules, in particular mRNA.
      Moreover, it suggests that the anticodon loop of elongator tRNAs is the
      energetically most favorable point of approach of mRNA to tRNA.

PMID- 2405901
TI  - Endoproteolytic processing of the dibasic cleavage site in the human protein C
      precursor in transfected mammalian cells: effects of sequence alterations on
      efficiency of cleavage.
AB  - The human protein C precursor undergoes extensive co- and posttranslational
      modification during its biosynthesis in the liver. These modifications include
      glycosylation, gamma-carboxylation and beta-hydroxylation of specific amino
      acids, and endoproteolytic processing to remove the pre- and propeptides and also
      to remove the pair of basic amino acids that connect the light and heavy chains
      in the precursor. Specific molecular signals have been elucidated which direct
      several of these modifications; however, the mechanism for cleavage and removal
      of the basic amino acid pair has not been established. In the present study, a
      recombinant mammalian expression system has been used to study the molecular
      signals that direct removal of this basic amino acid pair. Mutations were
      introduced by site-directed mutagenesis either to insert additional basic amino
      acids or to alter the sequence adjacent to the basic pair by point mutations. The
      mutant protein precursors were expressed and analyzed for the degree of
      processing to 2-chain form and also for the location of the cleavage site (by N
      terminal sequencing) and subsequent removal of the basic amino acids from the
      newly formed C terminus of the light chain. These experiments have shown that
      human protein C can be readily synthesized and secreted in several mammalian cell
      lines. However, cell lines vary considerably in their capacity to remove the
      dibasic pair in the protein C precursor and, like the liver, secrete a mixed
      population of 1-chain and 2-chain forms of the protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2405902
TI  - Crystal structures of phosphonoacetamide ligated T and phosphonoacetamide and
      malonate ligated R states of aspartate carbamoyltransferase at 2.8-A resolution
      and neutral pH.
AB  - The T----R transition of the cooperative enzyme aspartate carbamoyltransferase
      occurs at pH 7 in single crystals without visibly cracking many of the crystals
      and leaving those uncracked suitable for single-crystal X-ray analysis. To
      promote the T----R transition, we employ the competitive inhibitors of carbamoyl
      phosphate and aspartate, which are phosphonoacetamide (PAM) and malonate,
      respectively. In response to PAM binding to the T-state crystals, residues Thr 53
      Thr 55 and Pro 266-Pro 268 move to their R-state positions to bind to the
      phosphonate and amino group of PAM. These changes induce a conformation that can
      bind tightly the aspartate analogue malonate, which thereby effects the
      allosteric transition. We prove this by showing that PAM-ligated T-state crystals
      (Tpam), space group P321 (a = 122.2 A, c = 142.2 A), when transferred to a
      solution containing 20 mM PAM and 8 mM malonate at pH 7, isomerize to R-state
      crystals (Rpam,mal,soak), space group also P321 (a = 122.2 A, c = 156.4 A). The R
      state structure in which the T----R transition occurs within the crystal at pH 7
      compares very well (rms = 0.19 A for all atoms) with an R-state structure
      determined at pH 7 in which the crystals were initially grown in a solution of
      PAM and malonate at pH 5.9 and subsequently transferred to a buffer containing
      the ligands at pH 7 (Rpam,mal,crys). In fact, both of the PAM and malonate
      ligated R-state structures are very similar to both the carbamoyl phosphate and
      succinate or the N-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartate ligated structures, even though
      the R-state structures reported here were determined at pH 7. Crystallographic
      residuals refined to 0.16-0.18 at 2.8-A resolution for the three structures.

PMID- 2405903
TI  - Purification and properties of cystathionine gamma-synthase from overproducing
      strains of Escherichia coli.
AB  - To characterize the methionine biosynthetic enzyme cystathionine gamma-synthase
      from Escherichia coli, we have constructed high copy number plasmids containing
      the metB structural gene but lacking the closely linked metJ regulatory gene.
      When cloned into an appropriate strain, these plasmids can direct the
      overproduction of cystathionine gamma-synthase such that about 10% of the soluble
      protein is this enzyme. An efficient purification scheme has been developed that
      has allowed us to obtain gram quantities of enzyme. The active form is a tetramer
      with subunits of about 40,000 daltons and one pyridoxal phosphate cofactor per
      monomer. The kinetic constants for several enzyme-catalyzed reactions were
      determined at 25 degrees C. The Km value for the elimination reaction with O
      succinyl-L-homoserine was calculated to be 0.33 mM with maximal velocity of 460
      min-1. The Km for the elimination (deamination) reaction with vinylglycine was
      5.6 mM with maximal velocity of 900 min-1. The Km values for the replacement
      reaction were calculated to be 1.0 mM for O-succinyl-L-homoserine and 0.05 mM for
      L-cysteine with maximal velocity of 700 min-1. The enzyme shows an absorption
      band at 422 nm (epsilon = 8463 M-1 cm-1) attributable to the Schiff base form of
      the pyridoxal phosphate cofactor. Steady-state spectra of reaction complexes show
      appearance of new longer wavelength absorbing materials during reaction with O
      succinyl-L-homoserine, vinylglycine, or vinylglycine and L-cysteine. Reaction
      with O-succinyl-L-homoserine and L-cysteine produces only a red shift and slight
      reduction of the band at 422 nm.

PMID- 2405904
TI  - Reaction mechanism of Escherichia coli cystathionine gamma-synthase: direct
      evidence for a pyridoxamine derivative of vinylglyoxylate as a key intermediate
      in pyridoxal phosphate dependent gamma-elimination and gamma-replacement
      reactions.
AB  - Cystathionine gamma-synthase catalyzes a pyridoxal phosphate dependent synthesis
      of cystathionine from O-succinyl-L-homoserine (OSHS) and L-cysteine via a gamma
      replacement reaction. In the absence of L-cysteine, OSHS undergoes an enzyme
      catalyzed, gamma-elimination reaction to form succinate, alpha-ketobutyrate, and
      ammonia. Since elimination of the gamma-substituent is necessary for both
      reactions, it is reasonable to assume that the replacement and elimination
      reaction pathways diverge from a common intermediate. Previously, this
      partitioning intermediate has been assigned to a highly conjugated alpha
      iminovinylglycine quininoid (Johnston et al., 1979a). The experiments reported
      herein support an alternative assignment for the partitioning intermediate. We
      have examined the gamma-replacement and gamma-elimination reactions of
      cystathionine gamma-synthase via rapid-scanning stopped-flow and single
      wavelength stopped-flow UV-visible spectroscopy. The gamma-elimination reaction
      is characterized by a rapid decrease in the amplitude of the enzyme internal
      aldimine spectral band at 422 nm with a concomitant appearance of a new species
      which absorbs in the 300-nm region. A 485-nm species subsequently accumulates in
      a much slower relaxation. The gamma-replacement reaction shows a red shift of the
      422-nm peak to 425 nm which occurs in the experiment dead time (approximately 3
      ms). This relaxation is followed by a decrease in absorbance at 425 nm that is
      tightly coupled to the appearance of a species which absorbs in the 300-nm
      region. Reaction of the substrate analogues L-alanine and L-allylglycine with
      cystathionine gamma-synthase results in bleaching of the 422-nm absorbance and
      the appearance of a 300-nm species. In the absence of L-cysteine, L-allylglycine
      undergoes facile proton exchange; in the presence of L-cysteine, L-allylglycine
      undergoes a gamma-replacement reaction to form a new amino acid, gamma
      methylcystathionine. No long-wavelength-absorbing species accumulate during
      either of these reactions. These results establish that the partitioning
      intermediate is an alpha-imino beta,gamma-unsaturated pyridoxamine derivative
      with lambda max congruent to 300 nm and that the 485-nm species which accumulates
      in the elimination reaction is not on the replacement pathway.

PMID- 2405905
TI  - Mechanisms of mutagenesis by the vinyl chloride metabolite chloroacetaldehyde.
      Effect of gene-targeted in vitro adduction of M13 DNA on DNA template activity in
      vivo and in vitro.
AB  - 2-Chloroacetaldehyde (CAA), a metabolite of the carcinogenic industrial chemical
      vinyl chloride, reacts with single-stranded DNA to form the cyclic etheno lesions
      predominantly at adenine and cytosine. In both ethenoadenine and ethenocytosine,
      normal Watson-Crick hydrogen-bonding atoms are compromised. We have recently
      shown that CAA adduction leads to efficient mutagenesis in Escherichia coli
      predominantly at cytosines, and less efficiently at adenines. About 80% of the
      mutations at cytosines were C-to-T transitions, and the remainder were C-to-A
      transversions, a result similar to that of many noninstructional DNA lesions
      opposite which adenine residues are preferentially incorporated. It is widely
      believed that noninstructional lesions stop replication and depend on SOS
      functions for efficient mutagenesis. We have examined the effects of in vitro CAA
      adduction of the lacZ alpha gene of phage M13AB28 on in vivo mutagenesis in SOS
      (UV)-induced E. coli. CAA adduction was specifically directed to a part of the
      lacZ sequence within M13 replicative form DNA by a simple experimental strategy,
      and the DNA was transfected into appropriate unirradiated or UV-irradiated cells.
      Mutant progeny were defined by DNA sequencing. In parallel in vitro experiments,
      the effects of CAA adduction on DNA replication by E. coli DNA polymerase I large
      (Klenow) fragment were examined. Our data do not suggest a strong SOS dependence
      for mutagenesis at cytosine lesions. While adenine lesions remain much less
      mutagenic than cytosine lesions, mutation frequency at adenines is increased by
      SOS. SOS induction does not significantly alter the specificity of base changes
      at cytosines or adenines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2405906
TI  - Proton NMR studies of transforming and nontransforming H-ras p21 mutants.
AB  - One- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1D and 2D NMR)
      and site-directed mutagenesis were used to study the influence of mutations on
      the conformation of the H-ras oncogene product p21. No severe structural
      differences between the different mutants, whether they were transforming or
      nontransforming, could be detected. Initially, selective incorporation of 3,5
      deuterated tyrosyl residues into p21 and 2D NMR were used to identify the
      resonances representing the spin systems of the imidazole rings of the three
      histidyl residues in the protein, of six of the nine tyrosyl rings, and of four
      of the five phenylalanyl rings. The spin systems of the phenyl rings of Phe28,
      Phe78, and Phe82 could be assigned by using mutant proteins, since no severe
      structure-induced spectral changes in the aromatic part of the spectra of the
      mutant proteins were detected. Sequence-specific assignments of the histidine
      imidazole resonances could be obtained by comparison of the distance information
      obtained by nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY) experiments with
      the crystal structure. The change in the chemical shift values of the Hl' proton
      and the alpha-phosphate of the bound GDP in the NMR spectra of the p21(F28L)
      mutant and the 28-fold increase in the GDP dissociation rate constants of this
      mutant suggest a strong interaction between Phe28 and the p21-bound nucleotide.
      In solution, the p21-bound GDP.Mg2+ has an anti conformation, and the phenyl ring
      of Phe28 is close to the ribose of the bound GDP.Mg2+.

PMID- 2405907
TI  - Direct stoichiometric evidence that the untransformed Mr 300,000, 9S,
      glucocorticoid receptor is a core unit derived from a larger heteromeric complex.
AB  - We have used three methods to measure the stoichiometry of the glucocorticoid
      receptor and the 90-kDa heat shock protein (hsp90) in L-cell glucocorticoid
      receptor complexes that were purified by immunoadsorption to protein A-Sepharose
      with an anti-receptor monoclonal antibody, followed by a minimal washing
      procedure that permits retention of receptor-associated protein. In two of the
      methods, receptor was quantitated by radioligand binding, and receptor-specific
      hsp90 was quantitated against a standard curve of purified hsp90, either on
      Coomassie blue stained SDS gels by laser densitometry or on Western blots by
      quantitative immunoblotting with 125I-labeled counterantibody. The stoichiometry
      values obtained by densitometry and immunoblotting are 7 and 6 mol of hsp90/mol
      of receptor, respectively. In a third method, which detects total receptor
      protein rather than just steroid-bound receptor, the ratio of hsp90 to receptor
      was determined by immunopurifying receptor complexes from [35S]methionine-labeled
      L cells, and the amount of 35S incorporated into receptor and hsp90 was corrected
      for the established methionine content of the respective proteins. In complexes
      from L cells which are labeled to steady state (48 h), the ratio of hsp90 to GR
      is 4:1. When immunoadsorbed receptor complexes are washed extensively with 0.5 M
      NaCl and 0.4% Triton X-100 in the presence of molybdate, the ratio of hsp90 to GR
      is 2:1. In addition to hsp90, preparations of [35S]methionine-labeled
      untransformed receptor complex also contain a 55-kDa protein that the conclusion
      that the untransformed L-cell glucocorticoid receptor exists in cytosol in a much
      larger heteromeric complex than considered to date.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2405908
TI  - Chromophore function and interaction in Escherichia coli DNA photolyase:
      reconstitution of the apoenzyme with pterin and/or flavin derivatives.
AB  - Native DNA photolyase, as isolated from Escherichia coli, contains a neutral
      flavin radical (FADH.) plus a pterin chromophore (5,10
      methenyltetrahydropteroylpolyglutamate) and can be converted to its
      physiologically significant form by reduction of FADH. to fully reduced flavin
      (FADH2) with dithionite or by photoreduction. Either FADH2 or the pterin
      chromophore in dithionite-reduced native enzyme can function as a sensitizer in
      catalysis. Various enzyme forms (EFADox, EFADH., EFADH2, EPteFADox, EPteFADH.,
      EPteFADH2, EPte) containing stoichiometric amounts of FAD in either of its three
      oxidation states and/or 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (Pte) have been prepared in
      reconstitution experiments. Studies with EFADox and EPte showed that these
      preparations retained the ability to bind the missing chromophore. The results
      suggest that there could be considerable flexibility in the biological assembly
      of holoenzyme since the order of binding of the enzyme's chromophores is
      apparently unimportant, the binding of FAD is unaffected by its redox state, and
      enzyme preparations containing only one chromophore are reasonably stable. The
      same catalytic properties are observed with dithionite-reduced native enzyme or
      EFADH2. These preparations do not exhibit a lag in catalytic assays whereas lags
      are observed with preparations containing FADox or FADH. in the presence or
      absence of pterin. Photochemical studies show that these lags can be attributed
      to enzyme activation under assay conditions in a reaction involving
      photoreduction of enzyme-bound FADox or FADH. to FADH2. EPte is catalytically
      inactive, but catalytic activity is restored upon reconstitution of EPte with
      FADox. The results show that pterin is not required for dimer repair when FADH2
      acts as the sensitizer but that FADH2 is required when dimer repair is initiated
      by excitation of the pterin chromophore. The relative intensity of pterin
      fluorescence in EPte, EPteFADH., EPteFADox, or EPteFADH2 has been used to
      estimate the efficiency of pterin singlet quenching by FADH. (93%), FADox (90%),
      or FADH2 (58%). Energy transfer from the excited pterin to flavin is
      energetically feasible and may account for the observed quenching of pterin
      fluorescence and also explain why photoreduction of FADox or FADH. is accelerated
      by the pterin chromophore. An irreversible photobleaching of the pterin
      chromophore is accelerated by FADH2 in a reaction that is accompanied by a
      transient oxidation of FADH2 to FADH.. Both pterin bleaching and FADH2 oxidation
      are inhibited by substrate.

PMID- 2405909
TI  - Damage of Escherichia coli cells by t-butylhydroperoxide involves the respiratory
      chain but is independent of the presence of oxygen.
AB  - The action of t-butylhydroperoxide (tBOOH) on Escherichia coli cells has been
      studied as a model system for organic peroxide toxicity. Exposure of E. coli
      cells to tBOOH led to progressive and irreversible impairment of the respiratory
      function, an effect which was dependent on the availability of substrate. The
      effect of tBOOH on growth of E. coli with different carbon sources and
      alternative terminal electron acceptors was investigated. It was found that the
      sensitivity of E. coli to tBOOH under diverse growth conditions implicating a
      functional respiratory chain was greater than when the bacterium grew by
      fermentation. Also the mutant E. coli SASX76, which requires exogenous 5
      aminolevulinic acid to synthesize the cytochromes, was more resistant to tBOOH
      when lacking a functional respiratory chain. These data point to the respiratory
      chain as a major target in the in vivo action of tBOOH. Experiments with isolated
      membranes also showed a tBOOH-induced damage of the respiratory chain monitored
      by impairment of the NADH oxidase. The effect of tBOOH was produced even under
      anaerobiosis, indicating that development of cell damage was independent of
      oxygen and, therefore, that neither oxygen-derived radicals nor lipid
      peroxidation were involved.

PMID- 2405910
TI  - In vitro synthesis and transbilayer movement of phosphatidylethanolamine
      molecules labelled with different fatty acids in chick brain microsomes.
AB  - The transbilayer fatty acid distribution of diacylglycerophosphoethanolamine and
      the translocation of newly synthesized phosphatidylethanolamine molecules
      labelled with different fatty acids has been investigated in chick brain
      microsomes using trinitrobenzensulfonic acid. The determination of the fatty acid
      composition of diacylglycerophosphoethanolamine in both the outer and the inner
      leaflet of the microsomal vesicles revealed a similar distribution indicating
      that both leaflets share the same molecular species. The in vitro incorporation
      of radioactive fatty acids (16:0, 18:1 and 20:4(n-6] into ethanolamine
      phospholipids, known to be catalyzed by the lyosphosphatidylethanolamine acyl
      transferase, showed that the radioactive diacylglycerophosphoethanolamine
      molecules appeared first in the outer leaflet and were thereafter transferred to
      the inner leaflet. The apparent rate of translocation of the newly synthesized
      ethanolamine phospholipid molecules was the highest for those labelled with 16:0
      and the lowest for those labelled with 20:4(n-6). The results indicate that the
      active site of the acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylethanolamine acyltransferases is
      located on the outer leaflet of the microsomal vesicles and that the different
      newly synthesized molecular species of diacylglycerophosphoethanolamine may be
      translocated from the outer to the inner leaflet at different rates.

PMID- 2405911
TI  - Studies on the interaction of platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa and glycoprotein IV
      with fibrinogen and thrombospondin: a new immunochemical approach.
AB  - We have designed a new binding assay based on crossed immunoelectrophoresis that
      allowed us to test for the relative capacities of platelet membrane glycoprotein
      IIb-IIIa (GP IIb-IIIa), and glycoprotein IV (GP IV) to bind purified Arg-Gly-Asp
      (RGD)-containing adhesive proteins. Preformed immune complexes were made by
      reacting a platelet lysate with murine monoclonal antibodies to GP IV (OKM5 and
      FA6-152) or to GP IIb-IIIa (AP-2). Upon two-dimensional electrophoretic
      separation in agarose gels and immunoprecipitation by a polyclonal antibody to
      mouse IgG, the immobilized complexes containing the desired antigen were further
      probed with purified 125I-labeled TSP or fibrinogen. Under these conditions,
      immobilized GP IV was found to specifically bind TSP, whereas it was unreactive
      with fibrinogen. By contrast, immobilized GP IIb-IIIa demonstrated fibrinogen
      binding capacity but did not demonstrate any reactivity toward TSP. These
      observations suggest that the overall structure of the adhesive protein may
      determine the accessibility of the RGD sequence to its binding site on GP IIb
      IIIa.

PMID- 2405912
TI  - Effect of polycations on prostaglandin synthesis in cultured glomerular mesangial
      cells.
AB  - The presence of uniform negative charges on the surface of cultured rat
      glomerular mesangial cells was demonstrated by an ultrastructural marker,
      cationized ferritin. Interaction between cell surface negative charges and
      protamine sulfate, stimulated the synthesis of prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha, 6
      keto-PGF1 alpha and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) in a dose-dependent manner, reaching a
      maximum response at protamine concentration of 50 micrograms/ml. The effect of
      protamine sulfate was reversed by 25 units/ml heparin. The polyanions, L-glutamic
      and L-aspartic acids, reversed the protamine effect in a dose-dependent manner.
      Excess substrate, arachidonic acid, masked the protamine sulfate-stimulated PGE2
      synthesis by mesangial cells. The effect of protamine sulfate on PGE2 synthesis
      was rapid, peaked in 5 min and was independent of extracellular Ca2+. A synthetic
      cation, poly(L-lysine) hydrobromide, exerted a similar effect on cellular PGE2
      synthesis in mesangial cells. The effect of poly(L-lysine) was dependent on the
      molecular mass of the cationic species employed and was maximum at 17 to 90 kDa.
      The use of large molecular mass polymers of L-lysine (175 and 565 kDa) resulted
      in a decline in PGE2 synthesis. These observation indicate that, in mesangial
      cells, changes in cell membrane electrical charge are linked to enhanced
      biosynthetic activity and eicosanoid synthesis.

PMID- 2405913
TI  - Metabolism of glycyrrhetic acid by rat liver microsomes: glycyrrhetinate
      dehydrogenase.
AB  - Glycyrrhetic acid, derived from a main component of liquorice, was converted to 3
      ketoglycyrrhetic acid reversibly by rat liver homogenates in the presence of
      NADPH or NADP+. Glycyrrhetic acid-oxidizing and 3-ketoglycyrrhetic acid-reducing
      activities were localized in microsomes among the subcellular fractions of rat
      liver. Glycyrrhetic acid-oxidizing activity and 3-ketoglycyrrhetic acid-reducing
      activities showed pH optima at 6.3 and 8.5, respectively, and required NADP+ or
      NAD+ and NADPH or NADH, respectively, indicating that these activities were due
      to glycyrrhetinate dehydrogenase. The dehydrogenase was not solubilized from the
      membranes by the treatment with 1 M NaCl or sonication, indicating that the
      enzyme is a membrane component. The dehydrogenase was solubilized with detergents
      such as Emalgen 913, Triton X-100 and sodium cholate, and then separated from 3
      beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (5 beta-androstan-3 beta-ol-17-one-oxidizing
      activity) by butyl-Toyopearl 650 M column chromatography. Partially purified
      enzyme catalyzed the reversible reaction between glycyrrhetic acid and 3
      ketoglycyrrhetic acid, but was inactive toward 3-epiglycyrrhetic acid and other
      steroids having the 3 beta-hydroxyl group. The enzyme required NADP+ and NADPH
      for the highest activities of oxidation and reduction, respectively, and NAD+ and
      NADH for considerable activities, similar to the results with microsomes. From
      these results the enzyme is defined as glycyrrhetinate dehydrogenase, being quite
      different from 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of Ruminococcus sp. from human
      intestine, which is active for both glycyrrhetic acid and steroids having the 3
      beta-hydroxyl group.

PMID- 2405914
TI  - Does kindling model anything clinically relevant?
AB  - In this theoretical review, the value of the kindling phenomenon in enhancing our
      understanding of clinical disorders associated with epilepsy is evaluated. The
      kindling phenomenon is first described. Kindling is suggested to be a viable
      model of complex partial seizure (CPS) disorders with secondary generalization.
      Moreover, it is shown how kindling has been used as a conceptual tool which
      suggests novel psychiatric therapies. Finally, the value of kindling as a model
      of psychopathology associated with limbic epilepsy is discussed. It is concluded
      that studies of the effects of kindling on emotional behavior may offer a model
      of how limbic seizures in humans increase the vulnerability of patients to
      external precipitants of psychopathology, including anxiety and depression.
      Studies of the effects of kindling on dopaminergic function are also reviewed.
      This line of investigation holds promise for enhancing our understanding of
      hyperdopaminergic consequences of limbic epilepsy. Furthermore, these studies
      have created testable hypotheses that may explain the complex relationship
      between epilepsy and psychosis.

PMID- 2405915
TI  - A placebo-controlled evaluation of vasopressin for ECT-induced memory impairment.
AB  - Vasopressin may be involved in normal memory functions and may alleviate certain
      memory impairments. In this study, the usefulness of vasopressin to relieve
      electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-induced memory impairment was evaluated using a
      placebo-controlled, random assignment, double-blind design. Patients were 33
      depressives receiving bilateral ECT. Vasopressin, in a nasal spray, was
      administered q.i.d. from the first through the fifth ECT. Extensive memory
      testing evaluated both retrograde and anterograde amnesia; ratings of depression
      and patient ratings of subjective memory complaints were also obtained. Results
      did not show statistically significant evidence of benefit from vasopressin,
      though a number of comparisons were in the predicted direction. The role of
      vasopressin in reducing memory impairment of various types remains to be
      elucidated.

PMID- 2405916
TI  - The neuropathology of schizophrenia: a critical assessment of research
      methodologies.
AB  - Modern neuropathology has been the recipient of several high-powered quantitative
      analytical techniques. If properly applied, these techniques provide experimental
      results with high inter-rater reliability and scientific validity. However,
      inadvertent methodological problems can be the cause of some of the conflicting
      results in the schizophrenia research literature. In the present article, we
      discuss some of the inconsistencies reported in the recent literature and provide
      suggestions for improving tissue retrieval, selection of anatomical levels,
      neuronal counts, and neuronometry. We emphasize the importance of shrinkage
      correction for individual brains and suggest caution in the interpretation of
      immunocytochemistry and computerized image analysis studies.

PMID- 2405917
TI  - Subcutaneous tissue cages for examination of slow release of materials from long
      term implants.
AB  - A subcutaneous tissue cage implant system was examined for its utility in
      evaluating the subcutaneous response to slow release of potentially irritating
      materials from implanted devices. The degree of the inflammatory response was
      measured by the total number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes per microliter in
      the tissue exudate. Bolus injection of kappa carrageenan resulted in a 100-fold
      increase in polymorphonuclear leucocytes within 2 d with a return to basal levels
      within the next 3 d. Slow infusion of the same solution over 7 d also resulted in
      a statistically significant increase in polymorphonuclear leucocytes response 4 d
      following expected termination of infusion, which did not return to basal levels
      before study termination 3 d later. The peak response obtained from slow infusion
      of carrageenan did not differ significantly from that observed following bolus
      injection of the same solution.

PMID- 2405919
TI  - Indications for marrow transplantation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PMID- 2405918
TI  - Increased serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha precede major complications
      of bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - Acute graft-versus-host disease, interstitial pneumonitis, endothelial leakage
      syndrome, and veno-occlusive disease are major complications of bone marrow
      transplantation. Though several new regimens for prophylaxis and treatment of
      these syndromes have been introduced, the overall incidence has been only
      slightly reduced over the last few years. We retrospectively analyzed tumor
      necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) serum levels between day -8 and day 100 after
      bone marrow transplantation in 56 patients transplanted in our unit for a variety
      of hematological diseases. In 34 patients with uneventful courses, mean TNF alpha
      levels rose to a maximum of 76 +/- 29 pg/mL. In contrast, 22 patients with major
      transplant related complications showed mean increases of TNF alpha of 492 +/-
      235 pg/mL (P less than .0001). Increases of TNF alpha occurred before
      interstitial pneumonitis and severe acute graft-versus-host disease with a
      latency of 25 to 54 days. Early complications such as endothelial leakage
      syndrome and veno-occlusive disease were closely associated with increases of TNF
      alpha serum levels. Our study suggests two pathways of TNF alpha release:
      activation of host macrophages and stimulation of donor cells in the course of
      acute graft-versus-host disease. Cytokine monitoring should be helpful for
      prediction and earlier treatment of major transplant related complications.

PMID- 2405920
TI  - Prognostic value of pretreatment serum beta 2 microglobulin in myeloma: a
      Southwest Oncology Group Study.
AB  - Six hundred twelve eligible, previously untreated patients with active multiple
      myeloma and at least some data available for analysis were entered into a
      randomized trial (Southwest Oncology Group [SWOG] Phase III myeloma study
      8229/30), in which the prognostic significance of pretreatment serum beta 2
      microglobulin levels was evaluated. Because there was no statistically
      significant survival difference between the alternating and syncopating VMCP/VBAP
      regimens, it was possible to evaluate serum beta 2 microglobulin for the total
      population all together. The serum beta 2 microglobulin measurements showed the
      highest significance of any prognostic factor, both in the bivariate and
      multivariate regression analyses. The median survival was 36 months for the 322
      patients with pretreatment serum beta 2 microglobulin values of less than 6
      micrograms/mL, as compared with a median survival of 23 months for the 225
      patients with a beta 2 level of greater than or equal to 6 mcg/mL (P less than
      .0001). The stepwise multiple regression model first contained serum beta 2
      microglobulin, followed by serum albumin, serum calcium, age, and serum
      creatinine. Serum beta 2 microglobulin was highly correlated with stage: median
      values ranged from 3.7 micrograms/mL for stage IA, to 10.1 for stage IIIB. It was
      possible to stratify myeloma patients based on combinations of serum beta 2
      microglobulin with both albumin and age, producing excellent separation of
      patients into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk categories. It is concluded that
      serum beta 2 microglobulin is the most powerful prognostic factor currently
      available for multiple myeloma and that it can be used alone or in combination
      with other variables for pretreatment stratification.

PMID- 2405921
TI  - In vivo hematologic effects of recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor.
AB  - Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (recombinant human M-CSF) given as a single
      intravenous injection to Lewis rats induces a dose-dependent peripheral
      monocytosis, neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. The monocytosis peaks at 28 to 32
      hours with a seven- to eightfold increase in the number of circulating monocytes
      and promonocytes. The peripheral monocytosis is accompanied by a slight increase
      in marrow blasts, promonocytes, and monocytes. A monocytopenia reaching a nadir
      at 15 minutes precedes the monocytosis, suggesting that M-CSF activates
      circulating monocytes and causes intravascular margination. The M-CSF-induced
      neutrophilia and lymphopenia are relatively mild in magnitude, are observed
      between 2 and 16 hours after injection, and are no longer evident at later time
      points. The monocytosis was at least partially inhibited by dexamethasone. M-CSF
      induced monocytosis most likely reflects a direct effect of M-CSF on marrow
      monocyte precursor proliferation, maturation, and release, whereas the
      neutrophilia and lymphopenia may reflect indirect effects mediated by the known
      ability of M-CSF to cause the release of other cytokines.

PMID- 2405922
TI  - Stimulation of myelopoiesis in a patient with congenital neutropenia: biology and
      nature of response to recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor.
AB  - To stimulate granulopoiesis, we gave recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage
      colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; 120 microgram/m2/d) to a patient with
      congenital neutropenia. The treatment resulted in marked increases in white blood
      cell counts (maximum, 17,400/microL), consisting mainly of eosinophils (maximum,
      13,050/microL) and monocytes (maximum, 1305/microL), rather than neutrophils
      (maximum, 798/microL). Circulating phagocytes (97% eosinophils) derived after GM
      CSF treatment were less effective in chemotaxis, slower but equally effective in
      phagocytosis, and more effective in H2O2 production compared with normal control
      neutrophils, but comparable in chemotaxis and H2O2 production to control
      eosinophils. Before GM-CSF treatment, the bone marrow showed a maturation defect
      in the neutrophilic series that persisted after treatment despite marked
      increases in mature cells of other lineages. In vitro agar culture of bone marrow
      cells before GM-CSF treatment showed a normal number of granulocyte colonies;
      however, maturation was limited to the metamyelocyte stage. Although the absolute
      number and cycling rates of myeloid colony forming cells (predominantly
      eosinophils) increased after treatment, the maturation defect in the neutrophilic
      series persisted. The finding that GM-CSF induced stimulation of proliferation,
      which was coupled with maturation in the eosinophilic and monocytic but not the
      neutrophilic components, suggests that this patient had an intrinsic cellular or
      humoral defect in neutrophil maturation.

PMID- 2405923
TI  - Development, characterization, and subcellular location of DNAse activity in HL
      60 cells and monocytes.
AB  - The digestion of DNA from intact bacteria by human phagocytic cells was measured
      by the release of solubilized radiolabeled DNA. Two subclones from the human
      promyelocytic HL-60 cell line were unable to digest bacterial DNA unless they
      were previously induced to mature by incubation for several days with 1.25%
      dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The maximal capacity of DMSO-induced HL-60 cells to
      digest DNA was similar to that of monocytes purified from peripheral blood (PB)
      and much greater than that of neutrophils. The increasing capacity to digest DNA
      during maturation was associated with the development of acid DNAse activity,
      measured in a cell-free system, and slightly preceded development of 12-O
      tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate-stimulated respiratory burst activity. The acid
      DNAse had a pH optimum of 5.0 and did not require the presence of calcium or 2
      mercaptoethanol (2-ME). A third subclone of HL-60 cells was able to digest DNA
      from intact bacteria without previous maturation, however, and this was
      associated with the presence of an alkaline DNAse which had a pH optimum between
      7.0 and 8.0 and showed a dependence on calcium and 2-ME for maximal activity. The
      subcellular location of acid DNAse in DMSO-induced HL-60 cells was similar to
      that of monocytes in having a bimodal distribution on fractionated sucrose
      density gradients. The dense peak (mean density 1.195 g/mL) was located in the
      same region of the gradient as primary granule enzymes but the light peak (mean
      density 1.137 g/mL) did not codistribute with either plasma membrane, endoplasmic
      reticulum, or mitochondria, suggesting accumulation in a different organelle.

PMID- 2405924
TI  - Treatment strategies in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A. First-line chemotherapy.
AB  - Chemotherapy remains the backbone of treatment in AML. Of all adult patients 65%
      go into remission and have a chance of longer survival and of even being cured.
      Among the responders, 25% can be cured by intensive and long-term chemotherapy.
      Since the effect of chemotherapy appears not to be limited to a special period of
      time, its antileukemic and curative potential could be further exploited by
      multiple-step chemotherapy combining double induction, intensified consolidation
      and long-term maintenance. Improved antimicrobial treatment and the use of
      hematopoietic growth factors may help making multiple-step chemotherapy
      practicable, thereby increasing the cure rate in AML.

PMID- 2405925
TI  - Erythropoietin prevents chemotherapy-induced anemia: case report.
AB  - A thirty-seven year old male patient with heavily pretreated metastatic
      testicular carcinoma received escalating doses of recombinant human
      erythropoietin (EPO) before and throughout chemotherapy. Whereas previous
      chemotherapy regimens repeatedly caused anemic situations in this patient
      (hemoglobin (HB) 7.0 g/dl requiring multiple transfusions of red blood cells),
      EPO given as an i.v. bolus injection at escalating doses of 150 to 300 U/kg body
      weight (BW) twice/week, starting two weeks prior to the identical
      myelosuppressive treatment protocol, maintained HB at levels above 8.8 g/dl and
      thus obviated the need for erythrocyte transfusion. EPO was discontinued after 9
      weeks of administration when the patient had achieved a hematocrit (HCT) of 41.1%
      and a HB of 12.7 g/dl. However, erythropoiesis continued to recover for the next
      7 weeks reaching a HCT of 42.4% and a HB of 14.3 g/dl, although the next
      identical chemotherapy cycle had been given within this period. Along with the
      rise in HB, ferrokinetics changed significantly as measured by serum ferritin,
      which was reduced to one third at the end of EPO therapy after only 9 weeks (from
      979 ng/ml to 320 ng/ml). No side effects due to EPO administration occurred.
      These data provide first evidence for efficacy of EPO in chemotherapy-induced
      anemia and may open new avenues for its clinical application.

PMID- 2405926
TI  - A review of research on hospital treatment of children and adolescents.
AB  - Previous studies have revealed numerous problems that confront those researching
      the inpatient psychiatric treatment of children and adolescents. The author
      reviews studies that examine the diagnostic and clinical characteristics of these
      patients, and that attempt to evaluate and predict treatment outcome. She
      discusses problems related to measurement of and changes in functioning, the role
      of social and economic forces, and limitations of applied research. She proposes
      that clinical research, when integrated into the clinical program and planning
      process, can make a significant contribution to the quality of psychiatric
      treatment.

PMID- 2405927
TI  - The radiological investigation of urinary tract infections in childhood.
AB  - Children with urinary tract infection require imaging of the entire urinary tract
      to search for a correctable underlying cause and to find those with or at risk of
      renal parenchymal damage. In this paper, we discuss the causes of urinary tract
      infection and assess the merits of each imaging technique. A diagnostic algorithm
      is proposed.

PMID- 2405928
TI  - The management of adult respiratory distress syndrome: 2.
AB  - In the second article in this series we describe some of the newer options in
      respiratory support and pharmacological intervention which, although largely
      experimental at present, may prove to be of benefit in the future.

PMID- 2405929
TI  - The anaesthetic management of circulatory arrest.
AB  - Induced circulatory arrest is a technique used to provide a period of operative
      stability in a variety of surgical procedures that might otherwise be technically
      unfeasible. The use of hypothermia and barbiturates for protection against
      cerebral ischaemia during circulatory arrest is reviewed against a background of
      the pathophysiology of cerebral ischaemia and possible future therapies are also
      suggested.

PMID- 2405930
TI  - Current trends in the radiology of the head and neck.
AB  - In the head and neck, the changes in radiological practice resulting from the
      introduction of high resolution computed tomography and magnetic resonance
      imaging have been far reaching. They relate principally to the greatly improved
      soft tissue information which is now obtainable, and to the additional
      possibilities for characterization of soft tissues by intravenous contrast
      enhancement.

PMID- 2405931
TI  - Closure of subcutaneous fat: a prospective randomized trial.

PMID- 2405932
TI  - Roles of bile and bacteria in biliary peritonitis.
AB  - Bile is known to have an adverse effect in peritonitis but the mechanism(s) and
      site of action of bile are unknown, as are the relative roles of bile and
      bacteria. The present study was designed to answer some of these questions.
      Experiments in which rats were injected intraperitoneally and intravenously with
      bile, Escherichia coli or saline showed that bile had no systemic toxicity and
      that it increased the mortality rate only when introduced into the peritoneal
      cavity together with bacteria. Measurements of peritoneal fluid volumes and blood
      pressure did not confirm the theory that the increased mortality rate was a
      consequence of loss of plasma volume into the peritoneal cavity. The number of
      intraperitoneal bacteria decreased continuously in animals receiving
      intraperitoneal E. coli alone. When bile was added by intraperitoneal injection,
      the number of intraperitoneal bacteria started to rise at 2 h and then increased
      steadily with a consequent bacteraemia at 10 h. The number of bacteria per
      peritoneal phagocyte was significantly lower after intraperitoneal injection of
      E. coli and bile, when compared with injection of E. coli alone. It is concluded
      that bile exerts its detrimental effect within the peritoneal cavity in the
      presence of bacteria. Bile impairs local host defence in a way that remains
      unknown and may be related to the detergent-lytic effects of bile salts.

PMID- 2405933
TI  - An aid to aortic aneurysm surgery.

PMID- 2405934
TI  - Surgical management of acute pancreatitis.
AB  - This review examines the lack of improvement in terms of mortality and outcome in
      patients with acute pancreatitis. Energetic fluid replacement is the only
      treatment of proven value. There is a strong case for identification of patients
      with severe disease who may benefit from early operative intervention.
      Eradication of gallstones may prevent further attacks in patients with gallstone
      pancreatitis. The benefits of pancreatic resection and necrosectomy still require
      full evaluation.

PMID- 2405935
TI  - Total gastrectomy and oesophagojejunostomy--a prospective randomized trial of
      hand-sutured versus mechanically stapled anastomoses.
AB  - Eighty patients undergoing total gastrectomy for malignant disease were entered
      into a prospective randomized study, comparing anastomoses constructed
      mechanically (staples) with hand-sewn (single layer Maxon) anastomoses. The
      groups were matched with respect to clinical features, medical risk factors and
      were staged for tumour. Only one anastomotic leak was observed after operation
      and this was in the group of stapled anastomoses. One patient died in each group
      (owing to cardiac infarction and multiorgan failure). Operating time, morbidity
      and hospital stay showed no significant differences between groups. These results
      indicate that hand-sewn and mechanically stapled oesophagojejunostomy anastomoses
      allow the same high standard of performance.

PMID- 2405936
TI  - Role of pyloroplasty in the retrosternal stomach: results of a prospective,
      randomized, controlled trial.
AB  - A prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing clinical outcome and
      emptying of a solid meal from the retrosternal stomach, with and without
      pyloroplasty is described. Forty consecutive patients with oesophageal cancer
      undergoing retrosternal gastric reconstruction of the oesophagus were studied. In
      20 patients the pylorus was left intact (group 1) and 20 patients underwent an
      Aust pyloroplasty (group 2). Nine patients in group 1 suffered postoperative
      symptoms of gastric stasis compared with only one patient in group 2 (P =
      0.0106). Three patients in group 1 died from aspiration pneumonia before
      discharge from hospital. A gastric emptying test was performed on 24 patients
      between 1 and 3 months after surgery. By this time, most survivors had recovered
      from symptoms attributed to gastric stasis and no significant difference in
      gastric emptying could be demonstrated between the two groups. Selection of
      patients, a wide range of emptying times and improvement in gastric emptying on
      follow-up may explain the lack of correlation between postoperative
      symptomatology and the gastric half-emptying times. A pyloroplasty is advised to
      prevent the potentially lethal effects of gastric stasis in the early
      postoperative period following retrosternal reconstruction of the oesophagus.

PMID- 2405937
TI  - Treatment of post herpetic neuralgia in the elderly.
AB  - The incidence of acute herpes zoster and post herpetic neuralgia (PHN) increases
      with age. PHN resolves spontaneously within three months in approximately 50% of
      cases, although 22% experience discomfort for more than a year. There is little
      good evidence that treatment with antiviral agents, corticosteroids, local and
      regional anaesthesia, amantadine or levodopa in the acute stage can prevent the
      development of PHN. However, few studies have sufficient statistical power to
      allow firm conclusions to be drawn. Amitriptyline is beneficial in patients with
      established PHN and has an analgesic effect which is independent of its
      antidepressant action. Anticonvulsants and neuroleptics are of unproven efficacy
      and should be avoided in the elderly as side effects are common. Various local
      anaesthetic and surgical techniques may provide temporary relief in individual
      patients although none has been shown to produce consistent benefit.
      Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is free from adverse effects
      and appears to benefit some patients. Intractable pain often results in over
      prescribing with the risk of adverse drug reactions. Drug therapy should be
      minimized with careful assessment of the risk/benefit ratio for any additional
      medication.

PMID- 2405938
TI  - Pharmacological treatment of urinary incontinence.
AB  - Urinary incontinence (UI) is a major problem especially to the elderly. The only
      absolute indications for drug therapy in this condition are infection and
      atrophic urethritis. Other causes of UI should be treated with behavioural
      remedies and physiotherapy. If these measures are impractical or fail to improve
      the condition, then we would recommend additional drug therapy.

PMID- 2405939
TI  - Factors modifying the use of anaesthetic drugs in the elderly.
AB  - The elderly are forming an ever greater proportion of our hospital population.
      The process of ageing produces a gradual erosion of all the body's margins of
      safety coupled with a decreasing ability to adapt. This has significant effects
      on the physiological responses to the surgical and pharmacological trespass
      encountered during anaesthesia. In addition elderly people often suffer from
      multiple pathology and polypharmacy, both of which play important roles in the
      selection of the optimal anaesthetic regimen.

PMID- 2405940
TI  - Treatment of the classical manifestations of dementia and confusion.
AB  - Treatment of dementia or confusion relies substantially upon accurate diagnosis.
      Common causes of acute confusion are described and a summary provided of their
      usual treatments. The coexistence of dementia and depressive illness is
      considered and the clinical distinction between depression and depressive 'pseudo
      dementia' is made. The classical manifestations of dementia and confusion
      (agitation, depression, and sleep disturbance) are discussed. Clinical guidelines
      are set out for the administration of neuroleptics, antidepressants or hypnotics
      in the care of the demented or confused patient.

PMID- 2405941
TI  - Drug therapy in patients with recent stroke.
AB  - At present the treatment of the acute stroke is limited to managing the
      consequences of the primary event and attempting secondary prevention. The
      routine use of agents to reverse the cause or ameliorate the effects of stroke
      appears to be very controversial, and the value of secondary preventative
      measures is still far from clear. A large number of therapeutic trials have been
      performed in the past with no clear advantage for any drug. However, more recent
      studies are helping to clarify some aspects of treatment and may suggest that the
      active treatment of stroke is drawing near. This chapter discusses the treatments
      that have been tried in acute stroke, the reasoning behind their use and their
      performance so far. It also looks at newer treatments which may be important in
      the future.

PMID- 2405942
TI  - Treatment of heart failure in the elderly.
AB  - Heart failure is a syndrome of breathlessness, fatigue and oedema. The effects of
      ageing on myocardial function and the prevalence of often multiple cardiac
      pathologies makes heart failure a disease of the elderly, usually characterized
      by primary or secondary myocardial systolic dysfunction. Appropriate treatment,
      which requires precise diagnosis, involves correction of precipitating or
      aggravating factors and the rational use of drug therapy. Diuretics and ACE
      inhibitors offer a combination of both symptom control and improvement in
      prognosis. Other agents such as digoxin, xamoterol and nitrates may be
      particularly useful in the treatment of patients with associated problems such as
      atrial fibrillation and angina. Because both ageing and heart failure may alter
      pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, safe and effective treatment of heart
      failure in the elderly requires understanding of the clinical pharmacology of the
      drugs used.

PMID- 2405943
TI  - Hepatic drug metabolism and ageing.
AB  - The hepatic clearance of many drugs is reduced in the elderly. Contrary to
      previously held views we suggest the following: 1. Specific activities of several
      cytochrome P-450 Phase I enzymes are not reduced with age per se in primate and
      man, nor is enzyme affinity for substrate changed. 2. An important contribution
      to the reduced hepatic elimination is made by reduction in liver size and blood
      flow with advancing age. 3. Major changes in liver drug metabolism may occur in
      frail old people. Future studies of hepatic drug metabolism and ageing must
      closely define the subject groups under study.

PMID- 2405944
TI  - Assessment and treatment of obstructive airways disease in the elderly.
AB  - Airways obstruction is a common problem in the elderly and may be overlooked
      because of the high prevalence of other disorders such as cardiac failure that
      have similar presentations. Identification of airways obstruction and assessment
      of responsiveness to treatment would be improved if simple tests of pulmonary
      function were performed on a routine basis in elderly patients complaining of
      respiratory symptoms. In the treatment of airways obstruction, particular
      attention needs to be paid to the patients' inhaler technique, their
      understanding of when the drugs should be taken and the effect that the therapy
      is having on symptoms, exercise tolerance, and quality of life as well as
      pulmonary function.

PMID- 2405945
TI  - Large bowel problems.
AB  - Some large bowel disorders are common to all age groups, others are commoner in
      the elderly. Colonic function is complex and not fully understood. Diarrhoeal
      states tend to cause faecal incontinence in the elderly and constipation is
      commoner in immobile institutionalised elderly patients. Two types of
      constipation have been identified requiring different approaches in treatment.
      The management of constipation includes the treatment of the underlying cause and
      the clearing of the bowel using enemas and suppositories given rectally and
      laxatives given orally. The neurological causes of faecal incontinence may be
      local or more commonly cortical. Deliberate constipation and planned evacuation
      of the rectum may help to reduce the frequency of faecal incontinence. The
      management of diverticular disease centres around fibre and bulking agents. The
      treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease is similar to that in younger
      patients.

PMID- 2405946
TI  - Pain control and the use of non-steroidal analgesic anti-inflammatory drugs.
AB  - Rheumatic complaints, particularly associated with osteoarthritis, are
      responsible for about one third of all General Practice consultations in people
      over the age of 65 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used on
      a vast scale for pain relief. Although the individual risk to life is small
      NSAIDs are the major cause of serious adverse reactions (ADRs) reported to drug
      regulatory authorities and ADRs are more common and more serious in the elderly.
      Gastric ulceration, haemorrhage and perforation are the major concern but fluid
      retention, renal and hepatic failure, asthma, skin reactions, bone marrow
      suppression and a host of drug interactions can occur. NSAIDs are responsible for
      a fifth of all admissions to hospital with bleeding or perforated peptic ulcer
      and thousands of deaths worldwide. Strategies for minimising the risks of ADRs
      are discussed and emphasis is placed on using minimal analgesic, rather than anti
      inflammatory, doses of short-acting NSAIDs and where possible avoiding their use
      in high risk patients. For the future cytoprotection with prostaglandin analogues
      may have a role to play.

PMID- 2405947
TI  - Adverse drug reactions.
AB  - The elderly have benefitted considerably from the vast increase in the range of
      drugs available for prescription. However it is now well recognized that the
      incidence in adverse drug reactions increases with age. This is mainly due to
      altered pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics as well as multiple prescribing and
      the effect of illness rather than the effect of age per se. Since adverse drug
      reactions are such a potent cause of illness, it is sensible for doctors to
      follow simple rules when prescribing for the elderly.

PMID- 2405948
TI  - Medicine taking by people aged 65 or more.
AB  - Older people consult their doctors less than younger people in relation to both
      their reported morbidity and their prescribed medication. Some of the large
      iceberg of symptoms among the elderly might respond to a modification of their
      current drug regimens. Assessments of medicine taking patterns among the elderly
      revealed various inadequacies in supervision and a substantial proportion of
      questionable prescribing. General practitioners were often unaware that elderly
      patients lived alone, or that they drank alcohol or drove--even when they were
      taking prescribed medicines for which drinking or driving were contraindicated.
      Just over a third of elderly people were taking prescribed medicines of which
      their general practitioners were apparently unaware. The way doctors prescribe
      for their elderly patients and supervise this prescribing is suggested as a
      suitable field for audit. The completeness of their records in relation to
      prescriptions, drinking, driving, and living alone is another possible area for
      study. So too is the home visiting of the very elderly, particularly those living
      alone.

PMID- 2405949
TI  - Benefits of anti-hypertensive therapy in the elderly.
AB  - Hypertension is common in the elderly, up to half of the population over the age
      of 65 years can be so classified. Raised systolic and diastolic blood pressure
      levels increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in those aged
      up to 80 years. Recent intervention studies have shown that antihypertensive
      treatment reduces death from stroke and myocardial infarction, without producing
      intolerable side-effects. The benefits of treating isolated systolic hypertension
      and hypertension following stroke are, as yet, unproven. The therapeutic goals
      for treating hypertension in the elderly should be to lower blood pressure while
      keeping adverse reactions to a minimum and thereby not impairing the patient's
      quality of life. Non-pharmacological methods should be tried initially before
      resorting to drug therapy. Both thiazide diuretics and beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonists are of proven value as first line hypotensive agents in the elderly.
      Drug therapy should be tailored to the individual patient and increased slowly to
      reduce the incidence of side-effects.

PMID- 2405950
TI  - Pharmacokinetics in old age.
AB  - All practising clinicians will be aware of the increased number of elderly
      patients requiring drug treatment as the proportion of people over the age of 65
      increases in our Western society. The elderly as a group have much to benefit
      from modern drug therapy, but, historically, are also the group most prone to
      adverse drug reactions. Such reactions have often been due to inappropriate drug
      prescribing based on an incomplete knowledge of changes in drug handling with
      age. In recent years there has been an increased understanding of the
      physiological changes of ageing and the changes in drug handling consequent upon
      these changes. This review will concentrate on the clinical sequelae of changes
      in drug handling and suggest areas where modification in prescribing practice may
      yield clinical benefits and lessen the toll of adverse drug reactions.

PMID- 2405951
TI  - Osteoporosis.
AB  - The development of accurate methods for measuring bone density has made it
      possible to evaluate more effectively methods for the prevention and treatment of
      osteoporosis. Calcium supplements are not required in early life for people with
      a normal dietary intake of the substance, but may reduce the risk of fractures in
      postmenopausal women. The role of oestrogens in the reduction of postmenopausal
      bone loss is well established. Vitamin D and its metabolites are of doubtful
      efficacy in this situation and carry the risk of side effects associated with
      hypercalcaemia. Treatment with sodium fluoride increases bone density, but its
      effect on the incidence of fractures remains uncertain. Bone rarefaction can be
      reduced with calcitonin but administration remains a problem. Elderly patients
      can be effectively treated with anabolic steroids with relatively small risk of
      long term side effects. Coherence therapy is a promising new approach which has
      yet to be fully evaluated. There is no doubt that physical exercise reduces bone
      loss and increases skeletal density.

PMID- 2405952
TI  - Reevaluation of the ultrastructural pathology of experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob
      disease. Serial studies of the Fujisaki strain of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease virus
      in mice.
AB  - We describe the serial ultrastructural pathology of experimental Creutzfeldt
      Jakob disease (CJD) in mice. Spongiform vacuoles, widespread myelin and axonal
      pathology, accompanied by abundant macrophagic reaction and neuroaxonal
      dystrophy, were consistently found in mice infected with CJD virus. By contrast,
      intranuclear vacuolation and swelling of astrocytic and neuronal processes were
      nonspecific changes that also occurred in control animals. We conclude that CJD
      related neuropathological phenomena do not accumulate gradually through the
      incubation period but develop relatively abruptly and in complete form.

PMID- 2405953
TI  - Differential modulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine1D binding sites by GTP and
      GTPgammaS.
AB  - Incubation of bovine caudate membranes with 10(-4) M GTP results in a competitive
      inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine1D (5-HT1D) receptor binding sites labeled by
      [3H]5-HT. By contrast, incubation of bovine caudate membranes with 10(-4) M
      GTPgammaS, a non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, results in a decrease in both the
      apparent affinity (Kd) and density (Bmax) of 5-HT1D binding sites. The Kd is
      increased by 67 +/- 8%, (P less than 0.01, n = 12) while the Bmax is reduced by
      52 +/- 10% in comparison with control values (P less than 0.05, n = 12). Pre
      incubation studies indicate that GTPgammaS-induced changes in 5-HT1D receptors
      are persistent and time-dependent. These results indicate that GTPgammaS induces
      non-competitive changes in 5-HT1D receptor-G-protein interactions that are
      reflected as a decrease in the affinity and density of binding sites labeled by
      [3H]5-HT.

PMID- 2405955
TI  - In response to the editorial 'Can You See the Difference?'.

PMID- 2405954
TI  - Can a dentist prevent being sued?

PMID- 2405956
TI  - Facing separation and divorce: what is your licence to practice worth?

PMID- 2405957
TI  - Vasodepressor syncope.
AB  - Vasodepressor syncope is the fulminant expression of the behavioral disorder
      "Blood-Injury Phobia". Vasodepressor syncope or the "common faint" is
      characterized by a diphasic autonomic hyperactivity that begins with anxiety and
      leads to a transient loss of consciousness. Recognition of the behavioral
      etiology of this disorder suggests the possibility of prevention through
      psychotherapy. Understanding the pathophysiology of the diphasic autonomic
      hyperactivity allows for rational management of the "common faint".

PMID- 2405958
TI  - The management of dento-alveolar trauma--a review.
AB  - The clinician faced with the management of an insult to the masticatory system
      involving the dentition, its alveolar housing and the investing tissues often
      faces a formidable task. The restitution of traumatic derangement of oral-facial
      structures mandates a systematic approach to hard and soft tissue management with
      particular reference to the unique biological characteristics of this
      environment. A decidedly improved prognosis may be offered to the patient when
      basic principles are followed and the indicators for successful long term
      stabilization are realized. Awareness of these practical principles renders the
      dentist in general practice able to provide primary or referral care.

PMID- 2405959
TI  - [Malocclusion: dental or skeletal?].
AB  - This article presents a simple rapid and practical method, based both on clinical
      and radiographic examinations, which the dentist can use to the patient's
      advantage in differentiating dental from skeletal malocclusion.

PMID- 2405960
TI  - Recruitment and compliance in school-based FMR programs.
AB  - A study on the effectiveness of a fluoride mouthrinse program was conducted over
      a 20-month period among 610 children attending grade 5 in two unfluoridated
      communities. The results showed that the preventive agent had no significant
      cariostatic effect. Participation and compliance problems were investigated as
      possible explanations. Comparisons were made between children who refused to
      participate or dropped out of the program and those who completed it, to see
      whether group-specific characteristics could be responsible for the low reduction
      of caries resulting from the mouthrinse. The relationship between compliance and
      DMFS increment was also examined. The analysis revealed that the children who
      refused to participate in the study or who dropped out showed sociodemographic
      characteristics associated with a high caries risk. This suggests that children
      who need the program most might not benefit because of low participation or
      failure to remain in the program. Moreover, the DMFS increment over the 20-month
      period was lower among the children exposed to 50 rinse sessions or more.

PMID- 2405961
TI  - [Clinical hypnosis].
AB  - The purpose of this article is to define and describe the hypnosis phenomena.
      After a brief historical survey, we will discuss the suggestibility concept, and
      its application in dentistry.

PMID- 2405962
TI  - Effects of computers on nursing resource use. Do computers save nurses time?
AB  - The effects of information systems on nursing resource use are reviewed. The
      information systems in place in various hospitals differ in major ways; some have
      an impact on nursing resource use while others do not. Evidence is strong and
      consistent that computer systems that manage flow of information between nursing
      units and ancillary departments save time for nurses. The reported findings may
      even understate the case because workload may have increased during the period of
      the studies. There is also strong, but unreplicated, evidence that a work plan or
      electronic Kardex for each patient saves time at report. If nurses are paid for
      overtime, these savings can translate into cost savings for hospitals. On the
      other hand, systems that emphasize on-line charting and not communications do not
      save time. Bedside terminals are too new to have been subjected to careful
      research by independent investigators, but early reports, which primarily come
      from vendors, indicate that bedside terminals may further save time and reduce
      errors. More systematic research into effects of various components is needed to
      fully document the effect of computers on nurses' time.

PMID- 2405963
TI  - Authoring options for computer assisted nursing instruction.
AB  - Nurse educators who want to control the content of computer assisted
      instructional courseware may want to write their own programs. Traditional
      programming languages, authoring systems, and authoring languages are the three
      principal approaches to coding courseware, and each approach has advantages and
      disadvantages. The use of an authoring language or an authoring system may be the
      easiest courseware development method for the nurse educator who is unfamiliar
      with programming techniques. Whatever approach is chosen, it is important that
      the approach support the instructional strategy of the lesson.

PMID- 2405964
TI  - Desmopressin acetate in uncomplicated coronary artery bypass surgery: a
      prospective randomized clinical trial.
AB  - Bleeding in coronary artery bypass procedures increases morbidity and exposes
      patients to the risks associated with blood transfusion. Desmopressin acetate
      (DDAVP), a synthetic vasopressin analogue, may limit bleeding during cardiac
      surgery. In a prospective randomized trial, the authors evaluated the ability of
      DDAVP to reduce perioperative bleeding during uncomplicated coronary bypass
      operations. Sixty-two patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting were
      randomized to receive intraoperatively either a placebo or DDAVP. Both groups
      were similar with respect to operative characteristics and preoperative
      hematologic profiles, von Willebrand factor levels increased postoperatively in
      both placebo (2.77 +/- 1.06 versus 2.17 +/- 1.51 U) and DDAVP groups (2.75 +/-
      0.94 versus 1.80 +/- 0.88 U). Only the increase in the DDAVP groups was
      significant (p less than 0.001). There was no difference in total blood loss
      between the placebo (1826 +/- 849 ml) and DDAVP groups (1716 +/- 688 ml). Total
      red cell transfusions were similar in placebo (3.4 +/- 1.3 units of blood) and
      DDAVP groups (3.6 +/- 0.8 units). These results do not support the intraoperative
      use of DDAVP to reduce perioperative bleeding in routine coronary artery bypass
      surgery.

PMID- 2405965
TI  - Two heroes of the class of onety-seven: Part I.
AB  - Frederick Banting and Norman Bethune were linked in time, place of birth, as
      classmates in medical college, veterans of World War I and heroes to different
      worlds. Both were surgeons, sharing the decisiveness that is characteristic of
      the profession. Both had their surgical ambitions frustrated. Banting, a failed
      orthopedist, was sidetracked to research: Bethune, a successful surgeon
      inactivated by tuberculosis, was directed by his interest in his disease to
      thoracic surgery and subsequently to became an advocate of socialized medicine.

PMID- 2405966
TI  - Dukes' classification: American chaos versus British order.

PMID- 2405967
TI  - The carotid endarterectomy trial.

PMID- 2405968
TI  - The decline and fall of our medical museums.

PMID- 2405969
TI  - Robert Still is my favourite patient (and software).

PMID- 2405970
TI  - Placebos: some ethical considerations.

PMID- 2405971
TI  - Psychogenic panic after zidovudine therapy: the therapeutic benefit of an N of 1
      trial.

PMID- 2405972
TI  - Galloping rumours, beautiful dictators: Eva Peron and the London, Ont., cancer
      clinic.

PMID- 2405973
TI  - Renal calculus disease.
AB  - The incidence of renal calculus disease increases with age and can be found as
      chronic or acute problems in elderly patients. The majority of stones are
      composed of calcium oxalate, but the incidence of infected stones increases in
      elderly, debilitated patients. Treatment of renal calculus disease has been
      revolutionized in the past decade through the use of percutaneous and
      extracorporeal techniques to eliminate standard open surgery. Medical therapy to
      control recurrent renal calculus disease has been effective in decreasing chronic
      nephrolithiasis.

PMID- 2405974
TI  - Pathophysiology of the aging kidney.
AB  - It is the alterations in renal function associated with age that necessitate
      physicians treating geriatric patients to have an understanding of the fragile
      senescent kidney. This article examines the physiologic impact of the aging
      kidney on homeostasis and includes a discussion of altered pharmacodynamics
      occurring with impaired renal function. We also discuss the limitations of
      various quantitative methods of measuring renal function and present several
      "bedside techniques" for the assessment of renal function.

PMID- 2405975
TI  - Prostatic oncology.
AB  - Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the United States. Management
      of prostatic cancer has evolved over the last two decades based on a clearer
      understanding of the natural history and on improvements in the techniques of
      radiation therapy, surgery, and hormonal manipulation. Additionally, better
      methods of prevention and treatment of complications have helped to provide
      curative therapies for more patients of all ages. Discussion on these topics is
      followed by a section on special problems in management of elderly patients with
      prostate cancer.

PMID- 2405976
TI  - Conservative management for transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary
      tract.
AB  - Transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract most frequently occurs in
      the sixth and seventh decades of life. Standard care for these tumors involves a
      nephroureterectomy with removal of a cuff of bladder. Many investigators now
      recommend parenchymal-sparing operations in selected patients to avert the
      previous inevitability of dialysis. Recently, advancements in endoscopic
      technology have afforded two new, less invasive complementary techniques for the
      diagnosis and treatment of these lesions: ureteroscopy and nephroscopy.
      Ureteroscopy, due to its less invasive nature, is generally used as a first line
      approach to diagnosis and treatment. Those tumors which are not accessible from a
      ureteroscopic approach or are simply too large for adequate resection may be
      excised by nephroscopic means. Early results of endoscopic intervention appear to
      be comparable to open parenchymal-sparing procedures.

PMID- 2405977
TI  - Bladder cancer in geriatric patients. Alternatives to radical cystectomy.
AB  - Radical cystectomy has been the traditional treatment for locally advanced
      carcinoma of the bladder. However, not all patients want or are able to undergo
      this treatment. We present several alternatives to radical cystectomy which, in
      select patients, offer an alternative treatment that may be as effective.

PMID- 2405978
TI  - Sexual dysfunction in elderly men.
AB  - The incidence of sexual dysfunction increases with age. In addition to normal
      physiologic changes of aging, the increased incidence of chronic disease and
      various medications affect sexual functioning. However, sexual dysfunction should
      be investigated and treated in a manner acceptable to the patient.

PMID- 2405979
TI  - Sexual dysfunction in elderly women.
AB  - Sex and sexuality in old age have been traditionally viewed as immoral,
      inappropriate, and even sinful. It is only in recent years that the sexual
      function of aging men and women has been recognized as an integral part of the
      total well-being of elderly individuals. Continuing sexual wellbeing in
      senescence can, of course, be one of the few remaining pleasures of life for the
      older person.

PMID- 2405980
TI  - Geriatric urologic dermatology.
AB  - Most diseases involving the skin affect all age groups; however, some are more
      common in old age. The skin of the genital area may be involved as an isolated
      process or as part of more generalized disease. Clinical features and management
      of some of the more common dermatologic conditions affecting the genital area in
      the elderly are discussed.

PMID- 2405981
TI  - Assessment of urinary dysfunction in the elderly.
AB  - This article discusses the significance of specific signs and symptoms in the
      history and physical examination as they apply to the lower urinary tract in the
      geriatric population. The relevant use of urodynamics, cystoscopy, and other
      innovative techniques that aid in the assessment of urinary dysfunction will be
      covered.

PMID- 2405982
TI  - Urinary tract infection.
AB  - The incidence of bacteriuria increases in men and women with age. Its association
      with multiple geriatric disorders makes it difficult to determine its relevance
      in the absence of cause-related symptoms. A direct relationship to morbidity and
      mortality is debatable except in very specific patients. Confronted with
      symptoms, the clinician should treat and manage UTIs as in the younger patient
      with careful selection of an antimicrobial drug. Diagnosis can often be rapid and
      inexpensive. Further evaluation should be undertaken only in specific instances.
      Perinephric abscess is uncommon but seen in increasing incidence in older,
      especially female, patients. This disorder can more accurately be diagnosed with
      new techniques. Successful management with percutaneous procedures has reduced
      the need for higher risk open surgical procedures. Improved methods of diagnosis
      and treatment have decreased mortality in the past decade.

PMID- 2405983
TI  - Cerebrovascular accidents. Urological effects and management.
AB  - Advanced age should not be a contraindication to the evaluation of a geriatric
      patient who presents with bladder dysfunction after a cerebrovascular accident. A
      team approach consisting of the geriatrician and the urologist is beneficial to
      the care of the patient. Once a problem has been identified, the pathophysiology
      can be worked out and a rational approach can be formulated for the patient. A
      return to continence in most patients is possible with a combination of medical
      and surgical treatment.

PMID- 2405984
TI  - Surgery using local anesthesia in the elderly.
AB  - Many procedures can now safely be performed in the elderly using local
      anesthesia. Patients benefit physically, psychologically, and financially. With
      care, the techniques are easy to learn and simple to perform. Surgeons and the
      health care system in general benefit by permitting more outpatient surgery. The
      use of local anesthesia whenever possible and especially in the elderly is to be
      highly encouraged.

PMID- 2405985
TI  - Diabetic neuropathies.
AB  - An overview of the different forms of diabetic neuropathy, along with their
      presenting symptomatology, objective findings, pathophysiology, and sequelae have
      been discussed. Diagnostic methods used for the detection of this neuropathic
      entity have been outlined. Various treatment regimens have also been reviewed for
      each type. This article attempted to expand the knowledge of diabetic neuropathy
      and its effect on the lower neuropathy by highlighting the salient concept of
      these disorders. By accurately interpreting the clinical signs, symptoms, and
      supportive diagnostic studies, potential premature morbidity and mortality may
      ultimately be deterred, if not averted.

PMID- 2405986
TI  - Clinical electromyography. Principles and practice.
AB  - In this article the principles and practice of clinical EMG are described. The
      basic components of EMG instrumentation include specialized intramuscular
      recording electrodes, a preamplifier, amplifier, and displays. Displays are
      usually both visual and auditory, using the CRO and a loudspeaker, respectively.
      The motor unit is the functional unit of muscles and is the anatomic basis for
      clinical EMG. There are distinct sites along the motor unit pathway where
      pathologic changes may produce EMG abnormalities. These sites include (1)
      anterior horn cell; (2) spinal nerve root; (3) plexus; (4) peripheral nerve; (5)
      myoneural junction; and (6) muscle fiber. Normal EMG potentials in resting muscle
      (which is predominantly silent) include end-plate potentials and miniature end
      plate potentials, which are present only in the region of the motor end plate.
      Individual motor unit potentials can be observed when a muscle contracts
      minimally. The morphology of motor unit potentials varies within a normal range,
      which is somewhat specific for each muscle, depending on its nerve-muscle fiber
      innervation ratio. Stronger contraction of a muscle produces an orderly
      recruitment of motor units, referred to as an interference pattern. In resting
      muscle the most commonly encountered abnormal potentials include (1) positive
      sharp waves, (2) fibrillation potentials, (3) fasciculation potentials, and (4)
      high frequency discharges. Abnormalities in motor unit morphology can be detected
      best in minimally contracting muscles. Polyphasic motor units contain more than
      four phases and constitute less than 15 per cent of all motor units in a given
      muscle. In myopathy the motor unit potentials are often polyphasic. They are of
      low amplitude and short duration. In neuropathy motor unit potentials may also be
      polyphasic; however, the size of the motor unit is either normal or of increased
      amplitude and duration depending on chronicity. Such findings in myopathy and
      neuropathy correlate with known pathoanatomic changes in these conditions. In
      myopathy the motor unit interference pattern will often be normal or enhanced
      despite clinical weakness in the muscle. In neuropathy the interference pattern
      will be reduced, and when neuropathy is severe a single large motor unit may
      produce a single motor unit pattern. Besides its application as a valuable aid in
      diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders, electromyography is also utilized for
      prognosis, determining the need for surgery, planning programs of rehabilitation,
      and providing evidence for medical legal purposes. Electromyographic findings
      most often serve as an adjunct to a thorough clinical evaluation of the patient.
      The electrophysiological data obtained may help support or rule out a specific
      clinical diagnosis.

PMID- 2405987
TI  - Hereditary induced peripheral neuropathies.
AB  - The hereditary neuropathies, representing up to 20 per cent of the total of
      peripheral neuropathies, present a considerable problem in neurology,
      rehabilitation medicine, and orthopedics. Patients have predominant foot
      abnormalities such as pes cavus and talipes equina varus. The largest section is
      the Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome or peroneal muscular atrophy, followed by the
      leucodystrophies and adrenal myloneuropathy. Information is burgeoning with the
      advent of molecular genetics, and we anticipate therapeutic options when gene
      products are discovered.

PMID- 2405988
TI  - Metabolic neuropathy.
AB  - In this article a review and summary of peripheral neuropathies secondary to
      metabolic disorders, affecting the lower extremity, have been presented. The
      clinical presentation of individual symptomatology is variable depending on the
      nature and chronicity of illness. The clinical features that the podiatric
      physician must recognize is weakness, sensory, and gait disturbances resulting
      from these syndromes. Some disorders are reversible if recognized and treated
      early in their course. Thus, a thorough general history and physical examination
      is required of all patients presenting with apparent podiatric symptomatology.

PMID- 2405989
TI  - Advances in cancer diagnosis.

PMID- 2405990
TI  - New diagnostic, staging, and therapeutic aspects of early breast cancer.
AB  - Many advances have occurred in breast cancer through research and clinical
      trials. More confidence in new biological consumptions about invasive breast
      cancer indicate that: (1) details of the primary breast cancer do not control
      survival; (2) breast-only failures after local excision do not bias against
      survival; and (3) cancer cell dissemination occurs at the same time via both
      lymphatic and hematogenous routes. Early detection with mammographic screening
      has indicated a greater number of smaller breast cancers, including sharp
      increases in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). With proper analysis and control,
      DCIS of limited extent can be treated by local excision with or without
      radiation. Invasive breast cancer of limited extent can frequently be managed by
      lumpectomy and radiation therapy with survival rates equivalent to the more
      traditional mastectomy. Patient desires regarding breast preservation and quality
      of life are paramount. Risk: benefit analyses for individual patients need to be
      emphasized in issues of breast preservation and in selecting adjuvant therapy,
      both regional (radiotherapy) and systemic (chemotherapy) and hormonal therapy).
      We are entering an era of highly selective therapy based on more sophisticated
      analysis of the primary cancer. In the future, not only statistical predictions
      of outcome as achieved by flow cytometry, for example, will be more widely used,
      but individual prognostic factors may be developed such as with oncogene
      expression. Such individual prognostic factors will enable more selective
      therapy.

PMID- 2405991
TI  - Advances in diagnosis, staging, and management of cervical and endometrial
      cancer, stages I and II.
AB  - The majority of patients with low stage cervical and endometrial cancer are
      cured. Results obtained in the past only in the categorical cancer centers are
      currently being achieved more broadly. This reflects the work of formally trained
      gynecologic oncologists often in collaboration with formally trained radiation
      therapists distributing themselves in a horizontal fashion to more and more
      university medical centers, teaching hospitals, and quality tertiary hospitals in
      the private sector. The formalization of training in gynecologic oncology has
      been pivotal in this development. This group of physicians, working with
      physicians in other disciplines, have impacted significantly on patient care and
      have provided many clinical and pathologic studies to better define favorable low
      stage cases and poor prognosis cases. The need to explore the use of currently
      available modalities in a variety of different combinations and to define and
      develop new techniques to apply to these poor prognosis subsets of disease
      represent areas of progress and challenge.

PMID- 2405992
TI  - Progress in the recognition and treatment of soft tissue sarcomas.
AB  - Over the past 10 years there has been significant progress made in the
      recognition and treatment of soft tissue sarcomas. With the advent of CAT scans
      and MRI, preoperative delineation of soft tissue tumors has become readily
      available. The diagnostic use of these modalities in patients presenting with an
      ill-defined asymptomatic mass has been extremely helpful in terms of screening
      patients to decide whether or not a biopsy is indicated. These techniques have
      also provided a much clearer delineation of the anatomic extent of the primary
      tumor, which has been of great assistance both in radiation therapy treatment
      calculations as well as in preoperative surgical planning. The recognition that
      tumor grade is the dominant prognostic variable has resulted in the more common
      use of a grading system, and a more uniform reporting and stratification of end
      results. Recent studies with immunohistochemical staining have proven of value in
      determining the histogenesis of many tumors that in the past were difficult to
      classify accurately. Most recently the use of flow cytometry suggests that this
      will also be a valuable adjunct in determining tumor grade and thereby prognosis.
      The most recent investigations of molecular biologic evaluation of genetic DNA
      and RNA sequences, as well as of oncogenes are extremely interesting from a
      diagnostic standpoint and in demonstrating the potential of molecular biologic
      evaluation for understanding the origin of these tumors. Multimodality therapy
      with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or all three has resulted in a marked
      improvement in local tumor control for patients with soft tissue sarcomas. The
      combination of modalities has allowed smaller surgical excisions of the tumor and
      thereby preservation of the extremity and much of its function. There are
      currently several different methods of multimodality therapy used including
      neoadjuvant therapy and postoperative therapy, both of which have been proven
      efficacious. Chemotherapy is now playing an increased role in clinical
      investigation and treatment. The availability of Adriamycin, DTIC, cisplatin, and
      most recently ifosfamide has added several chemotherapeutic agents for use by the
      clinician. Combination chemotherapy and radiation is of value in the neoadjuvant
      setting, and several studies are now underway to determine whether postoperative
      adjuvant chemotherapy is of similar value in reducing systemic spread of disease.
      Finally, surgical resection of pulmonary metastases has been proven of value in
      20% to 25% of patients who subsequently develop metastatic disease. As a result
      of these advances in several different treatment disciplines, the overall
      survival rate and quality of life of patients with soft tissue sarcoma have
      improved markedly over the past 10 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2405993
TI  - Locoregional prostatic cancer. Advances in management.
AB  - Conceptual advances include attempts to achieve uniformity among systems for
      characterizing and reporting experiences with prostatic cancer, better
      understanding of the zonal anatomy of the prostate, and recognition of probable
      precursor lesions to prostatic cancer. Prostatic-specific antigen, transrectal
      ultrasonography, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy are major innovations in
      diagnosis and staging of prostatic cancer. The varied and unpredictable behavior
      of prostatic cancer has stimulated the search for reliable indicators of the
      biologic potential of the disease. Management of localized prostatic cancer
      remains controversial. A nerve-sparing technique of radical retropubic
      prostatectomy accomplishes total removal of the prostate with possible
      preservation of sexual potency. Linear accelerator irradiation is an acceptable
      alternative treatment. Interstitial irradiation with a variety of radionuclides
      remains under investigation using ultrasound to enhance distribution of radiation
      sources. Endocrine therapy may prove especially advantageous if administered
      before development of bone metastasis.

PMID- 2405994
TI  - Bladder cancer. Advances in laboratory innovations and clinical management, with
      emphasis on innovations allowing bladder-sparing approaches for patients with
      invasive tumors.
AB  - In the present decade important progress has been made in the understanding of
      the biology and management of bladder cancer. Experimental laboratory models and
      new investigative tools have revealed potentially important prognostic markers
      and have led to an improved understanding of the histogenesis of the disease.
      Advances in the management of superficial bladder cancer (intravesical
      chemotherapy or immunotherapy, improved urinary cytology, laser technology,
      flexible fiberoptic cystoscopy, and photodynamic therapy) have, in some
      subgroups, improved tumor control while decreasing patient complications. For
      invasive bladder cancer (invasive of bladder muscle or beyond) improved
      techniques of cystectomy and radiotherapy have reduced the complications of
      treatment and may have contributed small but important improvements in cure. A
      major improvement in the last decade has occurred in objective remission rates
      with chemotherapy for patients with metastatic bladder cancer. From 20% to 40% of
      patients achieve a complete remission, and 10% to 20% may survive for more than 3
      years. Randomized Phase III trials are currently in progress and must be
      completed to define the true role of multidrug chemotherapy in patients with
      metastatic disease and to validate data from the regimens of cyclophosphamide,
      methotrexate, and vincristine (CMV) and methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin,
      and cisplatin (M-VAC) before any of these approaches to treatment can be
      considered of proven benefit. Preliminary data from the Massachusetts General
      Hospital are presented of a potentially effective approach to select patients
      with invasive tumor for successful bladder preservation. In this approach
      transurethral debulking surgery is combined with upfront CMV chemotherapy plus
      cisplatin and 4000 cGy. If tumor is found on cystoscopic reevaluation with biopsy
      and cytology immediately following cisplatin and 4000 cGy, cystectomy is
      performed; if not, consolidation by a radiation boost to 6480 cGy plus cisplatin
      is given. The approach is fairly well tolerated, allows cystectomy without undue
      complications, has yielded a 88% complete response rate in patients selected for
      bladder preservation, and resulted in 90% of patients free of distant metastases
      with follow-up ranging from 6 to 30 months. A randomized Phase III trial with and
      without neoadjuvant MCV chemotherapy for selective bladder preservation is now
      under way and accruing well.

PMID- 2405995
TI  - Colon, rectum, and anus.
AB  - Cancer of the colon is the second most common cancer. Adherence to principles of
      screening, diagnosis, and management have the potential to substantially improve
      survival.

PMID- 2405996
TI  - Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. Advances and prospectus.
AB  - During the past decade, advances in the treatment of childhood acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have continued, largely due to improved disease-free
      survival of poor-prognosis subgroups, improved sanctuary therapy, shortening of
      therapy duration, and salvage of relapsed patients with better chemotherapy
      regimens and with bone marrow transplantation. Nonetheless, more children
      continue to die of ALL than of any other childhood cancer. This review outlines
      central issues in the staging and treatment of ALL that should be addressed if
      the cure rate in childhood ALL is to be significantly improved. Present dilemmas
      in the staging of ALL include the following: lack of standardization of staging
      systems; complicated algorithms; variable application and interpretation of
      multivariate analyses; dynamic interactions between prognostic front end
      variables and subsequent treatment; ambiguity of prognostic factors that are
      predictive of outcome but biologically inexplicable; unsuccessful attempts to
      define a good-prognosis subgroup for the purpose of streamlining therapy to a
      minimum; and the interface between ALL and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and myeloid
      leukemias. The remaining therapeutic problems include a lack of reliable in vitro
      tests of chemosensitivity and chemoresistance, inability to quantitate residual
      leukemia after remission induction or to detect drug-resistant clones of cells
      before they are clinically manifest, and delivery of optimum therapy and
      supportive care to all children with ALL.

PMID- 2405997
TI  - Ovarian carcinoma. Advances in diagnosis, staging, and treatment.
AB  - While major strides have occurred in the field of oncology and tumor biology, the
      basic problems of tumor heterogeneity, and mutational resistance to therapy
      continue to thwart progress in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with
      ovarian carcinoma. It is hoped ongoing clinical research using the above
      modalities will unfold ways to circumvent these and other major obstacles to the
      early diagnosis and treatment of patients with ovarian malignancies.

PMID- 2405998
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Advances in diagnosis, staging, and management.

PMID- 2405999
TI  - Strengthening family supports. Cancer and the family.
AB  - The family, not merely the diagnosed individual, experiences the demands and
      contingencies of cancer. There is substantial cumulative evidence that these
      illness-related demands occur during the early stages of illness diagnoses and
      treatment as well as during the ongoing illness experience. Pressures seem to
      exacerbate during disease recurrence. The partner, as well as the school age
      children, are affected by the illness experience. For the partner there is the
      problem of depression and marital tension. Such factors, in turn, affect the
      partner's relationship with the children and the child's subsequent psychosocial
      adjustment. Support programs for the family, as well as the patient, are clearly
      indicated. Many types of supportive services seem indicated: informational,
      interpretive, anticipatory, physical, skill building, and problem-focused
      services.

PMID- 2406000
TI  - Second cancers and other late side effects of cancer treatment. A review.
AB  - The author reviewed the question of late side effects of cancer treatment. A late
      side effect was defined as an unwanted and deleterious effect observed for the
      first time 12 months or longer after treatment. In a survey of articles published
      by The New England Journal of Medicine and The Lancet from 1968 to 1988, nine
      categories of late side effects were identified: second cancers, hormonal and
      reproductive effects, effects on the immunologic system, heart disease, effects
      on kidney and urinary bladder, effects on gastrointestinal organs, neurologic and
      psychological effects, pulmonary toxicity, and osteonecrosis. The induction of
      second cancers is a particularly important late side effect of cancer treatment.
      Several epidemiologic studies demonstrated increased risks of leukemia and solid
      tumors in patients exposed to radiotherapy. Large increases in leukemia risk have
      also been observed after chemotherapy with alkylating agents. However, several
      research questions remain unanswered, including the duration of the excess cancer
      risk after treatment, and the independent effect of various drugs on second
      cancer risk.

PMID- 2406001
TI  - Transfer of technology. Cancer education.
AB  - Advances in research are transmitted to practicing physicians through a variety
      of continuing medical education approaches. Physicians are sophisticated managers
      of their learning and use group and self-instruction methods. Local hospitals and
      professional societies along with reading are major sources of continuing
      education. Cancer education to transmit the latest advances draws on all methods
      of continuing medical education. A study of practicing physicians' interests and
      preferences in cancer education provides guidance about tailoring continuing
      medical education to physician needs. The use of personal computers may be
      important in bringing information directly to the physician in the practice
      setting. The challenge is to provide educational opportunities in a variety of
      ways to meet the diverse needs of the practicing medical community.

PMID- 2406002
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation in hematologic malignancies. Current status.
AB  - Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) after supralethal cytoreductive therapy in the
      acute leukemias, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and the lymphomas may be
      curative in 50% to 60% of patients. The donor may be a human leukocyte antigen
      (HLA) matched family member (allogeneic), an identical twin (syngeneic), or the
      patient (autologous). In general, the outcome is best in younger patients and
      those transplanted early in their disease (i.e., in the first remission for acute
      leukemia and in the chronic phase of the disease in CML). Solutions to the major
      problems of allogeneic BMT, such as graft-versus-host disease and viral
      infections, are being actively pursued. Syngeneic and autologous BMT avoids some
      of the above problems, but relapses appear to be greater. Despite this problem, a
      significant number of cures have been accomplished. Newer methods of purging
      autologous marrow and newer preparative regimens promise to reduce the problem of
      relapses.

PMID- 2406003
TI  - Lymphokines and cytokines as cancer treatment. Immunotherapy realized.
AB  - Human proteins with identified effects on host responses to malignant cells have
      been established as effective therapeutic techniques in cancer. Lymphokines,
      products of activated cells of the immune system, have pleiotropic biochemical
      and cellular effects. These include stimulation of immune effector cell
      proliferation, augmentation of cytotoxicity of immune effector cells for tumor
      cell targets, enhancement in antigen-recognition potential by monocytes, and
      modulation of tumor-associated antigen expression on neoplastic cells.
      Interferons (IFN) and interleukin-2 (IL-2), purified to homogeneity, can induce
      regression of metastatic malignancy. Recombinant DNA technology has facilitated
      large-scale production of these and other lymphokines and cytokines. It has also
      made possible analyses of physical structures of the molecules themselves and has
      enabled creation of mutated molecules with specific, desired substitutions in
      their amino acid sequence. Monoclonal antibodies, directed at tumor-associated
      antigens, can augment antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and can
      selectively deliver cytotoxic techniques to malignant cells. Molecules that
      modify the host resistance to malignant disease also have potential to augment
      effectiveness of other cancer treatment techniques. Lymphokines, cytokines, and
      monoclonal antibodies, all products of biotechnology, have resulted in
      fulfillment of the promise of the immune system for inhibition of growth of human
      malignancy.

PMID- 2406004
TI  - Mechanisms to improve chemotherapy effectiveness.
AB  - Although many effective anti-cancer agents are now available, their curative
      potential is compromised by a variety of problems related to tumor sensitivity,
      drug access, and pharmacokinetics. Central to the problem of inadequate
      chemotherapy is drug resistance. Drug resistance may be intrinsic, acquired, or
      induced, and it may develop to one drug or it may occur simultaneously to
      multiple agents (pleiotropic). Substantial progress has been made in our
      understanding of the mechanisms of drug resistance and techniques for overcoming
      that resistance. New evidence has emerged that highlights the importance of dose
      intensity in achieving successful drug treatment outcomes. Retrospective analysis
      of studies in breast, ovarian, colon cancer, and lymphoma suggest that new
      studies designed to optimize dose intensity may yield improved results. Several
      prospective trials have now corroborated the retrospectively derived importance
      of dose intensity as an independent factor in achieving improved survival.
      Finally, new techniques for drug delivery offer considerable promise.
      Chemotherapy by regional infusion and perfusion, implantable drug delivery
      systems, and continuous infusion of chemotherapy are unique novel techniques that
      may improve the efficacy of presently available chemotherapeutic agents even as
      new agents are developed.

PMID- 2406005
TI  - Hematopoietic growth factors in cancer.
AB  - The family of colony stimulating factors and interleukins influence all aspects
      of hematopoietic cell proliferation and differentiation. In most instances these
      hematopoietic growth factors have overlapping, pleiotropic effects and frequently
      regulate early progenitor cell proliferation and mature cell function. Currently,
      seven of these factors are in clinical trial: erythropoietin for treatment of
      anephric anemia, IL-2 in conjunction with LAC therapy, and IL-1, IL-3, G-CSF, GM
      CSF, and M-CSF for stimulation of myelopoiesis and granulocyte-macrophage
      function after chemotherapy, irradiation, or bone marrow transplantation in
      patients with cancer. G-CSF and GM-CSF have also proved effective in treatment of
      congenital and idiopathic neutropenias and have had some efficacy in treatment of
      myeloid leukemias, myelodysplastic disorders, aplastic anemia, and acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

PMID- 2406006
TI  - Growth fractions in gastric carcinomas determined with monoclonal antibody Ki-67.
AB  - The growth fractions of 101 gastric carcinomas were determined in situ by
      immunostaining with the monoclonal antibody Ki-67 and the results correlated with
      the histopathologic findings, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling index, and DNA
      ploidy pattern. DNA ploidy patterns were determined by flow cytometric analysis.
      The Ki-67 labeling rates are rated from 4.6% to 82% (mean, 22%). A significant
      correlation was found between Ki-67 labeling rates and BrdU labeling indices.
      Sixty-seven percent of tumors with lymph node metastases showed Ki-67 labeling
      rates of less than 22%, whereas 33% of tumors without lymph node metastases
      showed Ki-67 labeling rates of less than 22%. There was a significant correlation
      between these two groups. Tumors with vessel invasion more often have higher Ki
      67 labeling rates than those without vessel invasion. By the DNA ploidy
      classification, the mean Ki-67 labeling rates of aneuploid tumors was
      significantly higher than that of diploid tumors. This method yielded similar
      results to those obtained by BrdU labeling and flow cytometric study. The
      measurement of Ki-67 labeling rates may be useful to decide the therapeutic
      modalities.

PMID- 2406007
TI  - Monoclonal antibody 43-9F as a sensitive immunohistochemical marker of carcinoma
      in situ of human testis.
AB  - Invasive germ cell cancer can be prevented if the neoplasia is diagnosed at the
      stage of carcinoma in situ (CIS). In routine histologic examination CIS may be
      overlooked, particularly in prepubertal individuals. The detection of this early
      malignancy may be greatly facilitated by use of immunohistochemical staining. The
      authors investigated the sensitivity of an immunohistochemical staining procedure
      with monoclonal antibody 43-9F in detection of CIS. Testicular specimens from 19
      adult and two prepubertal individuals with CIS were tested. Positive staining
      reaction on the surface of malignant germ cells was encountered in all 21
      specimens with CIS. The epithelial cells of the excretory ducts between testis
      and epididymis, including rete testis and canaliculi efferentes, reacted also
      positively with 43-9F. No staining was observed in nonmalignant testicular cells
      including Sertoli cells or Leydig cells in any of these samples or in testicular
      biopsy specimens from 27 adult and 11 prepubertal subjects without evidence of
      testicular neoplasia. Monoclonal antibody 43-9F was also found to react with
      cells of all four tested invasive testicular germ cell tumors. Thus, the
      monoclonal antibody 43-9F is a sensitive immunohistochemical marker of CIS germ
      cells and may also be of potential value in detection of invasive testicular
      cancer.

PMID- 2406008
TI  - A case of infantile acute monocytic leukemia caused by vertical transmission of
      the mother's leukemic cells.
AB  - A case of infantile acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL), which was probably
      transmitted from a pregnant woman with leukemia to her unborn infant, is
      presented. A woman had AMoL when her third infant was born. This infant, who was
      a boy, also suffered from AMoL when he was 20 months of age. The infant's
      leukemic cells had the same cytochemical and immunophenotypic patterns as the
      mother's leukemic cells. By cytogenetic analysis, the majority of the infant's
      leukemic marrow cells had the 46,XX karyotype and showed no Y body by quinacrine
      staining. Moreover, the phenotype for human major histocompatibility system, HLA
      A, HLA-B, and HLA-DR of the infant's leukemic cells was consistent with that of
      the mother's lymphocytes. Thus, the infant's leukemic clone was found to be
      identical to the mother's leukemic clone. His lymphocytes could not react with
      the mother's leukemic cells or his own leukemic cells in mixed lymphocyte
      culture, suggesting that the HLA homozygosity of the mother may have played a
      role in inducing immunologic tolerance to the immigrated leukemic cells in the
      infant. This is the first report of an infantile leukemia transmitted from a
      mother with leukemia, supposedly through the placenta.

PMID- 2406009
TI  - Syncytial variant of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease. A new
      clinicopathologic entity.
AB  - The clinicopathologic and histopathologic features of an unusual morphologic
      variant of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's Disease (HD) termed the syncytial variant
      has been reported recently. We report eight new cases with this unique
      morphology, identified by reviewing the histopathology of 58 patients with
      nodular sclerosing HD treated in our institute between 1982 and 1988. The
      clinicopathologic and histopathologic data of these cases are reported and we
      emphasize this new entity and the difficulties encountered in the morphologic
      diagnosis. All of the eight patients had a difficult initial clinical course, and
      were in a clinically advanced stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis. We
      cite a statistical comparison of the clinical features of the different forms of
      nodular sclerosing HD.

PMID- 2406010
TI  - Evaluation of cell proliferation in breast carcinoma. Comparison of Ki-67
      immunohistochemical study, DNA flow cytometric analysis, and mitotic count.
AB  - Growth kinetics of 102 breast carcinomas were studied by immunohistochemical
      analysis with the monoclonal antibody Ki-67, which reacts with a nuclear antigen
      in proliferating cells. The results were correlated with ploidy and S-phase
      fraction (SPF) analyzed by DNA flow cytometric study and with mitotic count
      analyzed by light microscopic study. The proportion of Ki-67-positive cells (Ki
      67 score) in breast carcinomas varied from 0.6% to 80% (median, 6.3%). Ki-67
      scores were significantly higher in the DNA aneuploid than in the DNA diploid
      tumors. Ki-67 scores correlated significantly with tumor SPF in DNA aneuploid
      tumors. In DNA diploid tumors SPF showed no correlation with Ki-67 score. High Ki
      67 scores were associated with high mitotic counts (P less than 0.0001) and
      histologic grade (P less than 0.0001). Nuclear pleomorphism, tubule formation, or
      lymph node status were not correlated with Ki-67 score. In conclusion, Ki-67
      immunostaining correlates with other measures of cell proliferation (SPF, mitotic
      count) supporting its clinical significance.

PMID- 2406011
TI  - Ploidy, proliferative activity and prognosis. DNA flow cytometry of solid tumors.
AB  - Flow cytometric study has been used to measure the cellular DNA content of solid
      tumors for the last decade, and of paraffin-embedded tumor specimens for the last
      5 years. Ploidy and proliferative activity are the two properties commonly
      measured by DNA content flow cytometric study. The ability to study archival,
      paraffin-embedded tumors has hastened an appreciation of the prognostic utility
      of this assay. Either abnormal ploidy or elevated proliferative activity predict
      a worsened disease-free or overall survival in most common adult malignancies.
      Both abnormalities are associated with poor outcome in locoregional breast, non
      small cell lung, and colorectal cancers, and in all stages of ovarian cancer.
      Abnormal ploidy is also a dire prognostic indicator for cancers arising from the
      kidney, bladder, prostate, and endometrium. Clinical management of patients with
      these diseases may be aided by studying their tumors for these objective markers
      of biological aggressiveness.

PMID- 2406012
TI  - Antioxidant and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme gene expression in doxorubicin
      resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
AB  - We investigated the expression of the genes for several antioxidant and
      xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes in the multidrug-resistant variant of the human
      breast cancer cell line MCF-7, MCF-7/Dox. MCF-7/Dox is greater than 500-fold
      resistant to doxorubicin by clonogenic assay. Enzyme activity determinations in
      the cytoplasmic compartment of MCF-7/Dox revealed a 25-fold increase in
      glutathione peroxidase level compared to the parent line (mean +/- SD, 10 +/- 2.8
      versus 0.4 +/- 0.24 nmol/min/mg; P less than 0.005). The activity of the other
      major hydrogen peroxide-detoxifying enzyme, catalase, was diminished in MCF-7/Dox
      (2.0 +/- 0.4 versus 4.8 +/- 1.4 mumol/min/mg; P less than 0.025 compared to MCF
      7). Superoxide dismutase activity did not differ between the two cell lines. The
      specific activity of the xenobiotic-detoxifying enzyme DT-diaphorase was 4-fold
      lower in MCF-7/Dox compared to MCF-7 (DT-diaphorase, 117 +/- 45 versus 509 +/-
      123 nmol/min/mg; P less than 0.005). Daunorubicinol-producing carbonyl reductase
      activity was equal in the two lines. Northern blot analysis demonstrated a 0.9
      kilobase band of glutathione peroxidase mRNA in MCF-7/Dox; no glutathione
      peroxidase mRNA was detected in MCF-7. A 2.4-kilobase catalase and 0.7- and 1.4
      kilobase superoxide dismutase mRNAs were detectable in MCF-7/Dox and MCF-7. When
      normalized to 28S RNA, no difference in the mRNA levels of catalase and
      superoxide dismutase in MCF-7/Dox and MCF-7 could be determined. DT-diaphorase
      mRNAs of 1.4 and 2.7 kilobases were found in both MCF-7/Dox and MCF-7 cells. A
      1.2-kilobase mRNA homologous to the putative carbonyl reductase cDNA was also
      easily detectable in both MCF-7 and MCF-7/Dox. The amount of mRNA for both
      xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes was decreased 2- to 4-fold in the doxorubicin
      resistant cells. Southern blot analysis of PstI- and MspI-restricted genomic DNA
      revealed no evidence for amplification or rearrangement of the glutathione
      peroxidase gene. These results indicate that, in addition to the previously
      described overexpression of anionic glutathione S-transferase in MCF-7/Dox cells,
      an augmented glutathione peroxidase mRNA level is the major alteration in
      antioxidant and xenobiotic-detoxifying enzyme expression that could contribute to
      doxorubicin insensitivity in these multidrug-resistant breast cancer cells.

PMID- 2406013
TI  - Anti-Tac-H, a humanized antibody to the interleukin 2 receptor with new features
      for immunotherapy in malignant and immune disorders.
AB  - The Mr 55,000 interleukin 2 receptor peptide (Tac; CD25) is not expressed by
      normal resting T-cells but is markedly up-regulated in adult T-cell leukemia and
      other malignancies, as well as on T-cells activated in normal immune, autoimmune,
      allograft, and graft-versus-host settings. Anti-Tac is a mouse monoclonal
      antibody directed against the Tac peptide. Our prior attempts to use this
      antibody in humans for antitumor therapy and immune regulation have been limited
      by weak recruitment of effector functions and neutralization by antibodies to
      mouse immunoglobulins. To circumvent these difficulties, we prepared several
      chimeric "humanized" anti-Tac antibodies by genetic engineering, including one
      "hyperchimeric" antibody (anti-Tac-II) in which the molecule is human except for
      the small hypervariable segments of the complementarity-determining regions
      retained from the mouse antibody. These constructs maintain high affinities for
      antigen and abilities to block T-cell activation and demonstrate new capabilities
      to perform antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, absent in the mouse
      anti-Tac. Hence, humanized antibodies have been developed to a tumor-associated
      antigen and activated T-cell marker with significant features that offer new
      therapeutic possibilities for select neoplastic and immune disorders.

PMID- 2406014
TI  - Mutational activation of the cellular Harvey ras oncogene in rat esophageal
      papillomas induced by methylbenzylnitrosamine.
AB  - Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a strong association between human
      esophageal cancer and exposure to N-nitroso carcinogens. Esophageal tumors can be
      induced in experimental animals, especially in rats, by many N-nitroso
      carcinogens. In the present study, rat esophageal tumors induced by
      methylbenzylnitrosamine (MBNA) and MBNA-transformed esophageal cell lines were
      analyzed for activated protooncogenes. DNAs from four Fisher 344 rat esophageal
      papillomas were examined for their ability to induce morphological transformation
      of NIH 3T3 cells. One of four esophageal tumors was positive in this assay.
      Southern blot analysis of this NIH 3T3 transformant revealed that the
      transforming gene was an activated Ha-ras gene. The activating mutation in the Ha
      ras gene was identified by amplifying and then sequencing the first exon of this
      gene. A GC----AT transition at the second base in codon 12 of the Ha-ras gene was
      detected. The tumor DNAs from the transfection-negative samples were also
      amplified, and sequencing analysis of the first exon revealed a GC----AT
      transition in codon 12. In addition, 14 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded rat
      esophageal papillomas were shown to contain the same mutation in one of the
      alleles of the Ha-ras gene. In contrast, no point mutation was found in codons
      12, 13, and 61 of the Ha-, Ki-, or N-ras genes in MBNA-transformed rat esophageal
      cell lines. The GC----AT transition detected in the esophageal tumors by DNA
      sequencing was confirmed by slot blot oligonucleotide hybridization of the
      polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNAs. The fact that mutated Ha-ras genes were
      detected in the esophageal papillomas suggests that activation of this gene
      occurred early in the process of neoplastic progression. The point mutation
      detected in the Ha-ras gene appears to result from a direct genotoxic effect of
      MBNA involving formation of the O6-methylguanine adduct. Taken together, these
      studies suggest that the activation of the Ha-ras gene plays an important role in
      the induction of esophageal neoplasia in the Fisher 344 rat by MBNA.

PMID- 2406015
TI  - Differences in the biosynthesis and localization of the fibronectin receptor in
      normal and transformed cultured human cells.
AB  - We examined the biosynthesis and localization of the fibronectin receptor
      integrin from normal and transformed cultured human cells. Normal cells required
      a minimum of 20 h for the biosynthesis of completely mature fibronectin-receptor
      beta-subunit, while transformed cells required only 6-8 h. There was a
      correspondingly major decrease in the amount of the intracellular beta-chain
      precursor in the transformants. Immunostaining of normal fibroblastic cells with
      monoclonal antibodies indicated that both alpha- and beta-polypeptides of the
      fibronectin receptor are localized in cell surface streaks and focal contact
      areas. In contrast, both subunits lacked this clustering and had a more diffuse
      distribution on the surfaces of transformed cells, even though quantitative
      immunofluorescence experiments indicated that similar or larger amounts of each
      subunit were present on a per cell basis. Both immunostaining and biochemical
      analyses also indicated the presence of a relatively large intracellular pool of
      beta-polypeptides in normal fibroblasts that is not present in transformed cells.
      There was no major transformation-dependent change in total quantities of mature
      fibronectin receptor subunit expressed and inserted into the plasma membrane,
      when normalized to total protein synthesis. Our results indicate that malignant
      transformation of cultured human cells results in altered localization and
      processing of the fibronectin receptor. Such changes involving pathways of
      crucial cell surface molecules may contribute to alterations in their
      interactions with extracellular macromolecules, including during the process of
      cellular invasion.

PMID- 2406016
TI  - Distribution of oncofetal fibronectin in human mammary tumors: immunofluorescence
      study on histological sections.
AB  - Two types of human fibronectin have been detected by the reactivity of specific
      monoclonal antibody FDC-6: (a) those present in normal plasma and adult tissues,
      which do not react with FDC-6 (normal fibronectin or norFN); and (b) those
      present in fetal tissues and in tumoral cell lines, which do react with FDC-6
      (oncofetal fibronectin or onfFN) (H. Matsuura and S. I. Hakomori, Proc. Natl.
      Acad. Sci. USA, 82: 6517-6521, 1985). We compared the distribution of norFN and
      onfFN in normal breast tissue (15 samples), breast fibroadenoma (ten samples),
      and breast adenocarcinoma (80 samples), using an immunofluorescence technique
      with monoclonal antibody FDC-6. A polyclonal antiserum against human normal
      fibronectin was used as a control. While norFN was diffusely present in normal
      gland and in benign and malignant tumors, onfFN was absent in normal gland and in
      benign tumors. In carcinomas, however, its presence was frequent, as we found it
      in 60% of cases. Among classical prognosis factors in breast carcinomas, onfFN
      distribution was significantly correlated with histological grade. Indeed, the
      presence of FDC-6 labeling was significantly linked with intermediary and high
      malignancy grades, while its absence was significantly linked with low malignancy
      grade. onfFN could be considered a marker of the neoplastic state; its
      immunohistological detection may represent a new prognosis factor in breast
      carcinomas.

PMID- 2406017
TI  - Molecular genetic dissection of myosin heavy chain function.

PMID- 2406018
TI  - Partition-mediated incompatibility of bacterial plasmids.

PMID- 2406019
TI  - Chromosome replication does not trigger cell division in E. coli.
AB  - An essential part of the chromosome replication origin of E. coli K-12 and B/r
      was replaced by the plasmid pOU71. The average initiation mass of replication for
      pOU71 decreases with increasing temperature. The constructed strains were grown
      exponentially at different temperatures, and cell sizes and DNA content were
      measured by flow cytometry. The average DNA content increased with increasing
      temperature, but the cell size distribution was largely unaffected. Furthermore,
      cells in which DNA replication had not yet initiated (cells in the B period)
      became less abundant with increasing temperature. The increased DNA content could
      not be explained by an increase in the length of the C period. It is concluded
      that chromosome replication does not trigger cell division in E. coli, but that
      the chromosome replication and cell division cycles of E. coli run in parallel
      independently of each other.

PMID- 2406020
TI  - The excision of intervening sequences from Salmonella 23S ribosomal RNA.
AB  - Novel, approximately 90 bp intervening sequences (IVs) were discovered within the
      23S rRNA genes of S. typhimurium and S. arizonae. These non-rRNA sequences are
      transcribed and then excised during rRNA maturation. The rRNA fragments that
      result from the excision of the extra sequences are not religated. This results
      in fragmented 23S rRNAs. The excision of one IVS was shown to be catalyzed in
      vivo and in vitro by ribonuclease III. These IVSs are highly volatile
      evolutionarily, sometimes occurring in only some of the multiple rRNA operons of
      a particular cell. The sporadic nature of the occurrence of fragmented rRNAs
      among closely related organisms argues that such fragmentation is a derived
      state, not a primitive one. Possible sources of these IVSs, their parallels with
      internal transcribed spacers and introns in eukaryotes, and their possible roles
      in the evolutionary process are discussed.

PMID- 2406021
TI  - Localization of newly synthesized vimentin subunits reveals a novel mechanism of
      intermediate filament assembly.
AB  - We have assessed the mechanism of intermediate filament assembly by assaying the
      sites of incorporation of chicken vimentin subunits expressed under the control
      of an inducible promoter in transfected mouse fibroblasts. The localization of
      newly synthesized vimentin was determined by immunofluorescence and
      immunoelectron microscopy at short time periods of induced synthesis, using
      antibodies specific for chicken vimentin. Under conditions where neither the
      soluble subunit pools nor the steady-state distribution of endogenous filaments
      are affected, newly synthesized vimentin incorporates into the vimentin filament
      network at numerous and discrete sites throughout the cell. Over time, the
      pattern of newly assembled vimentin converts to a continuous array coincident
      with preexisting vimentin filaments. These results are consistent with a novel
      mechanism of intermediate filament assembly, whereby growth of intermediate
      filaments occurs by topographically restricted and localized subunit addition,
      necessitating a transient disruption of filament integrity.

PMID- 2406022
TI  - Repeat unit sequence variation in minisatellites: a novel source of DNA
      polymorphism for studying variation and mutation by single molecule analysis.
AB  - Variation in internal minisatellite structure can be analyzed by mapping variant
      repeat units within amplified alleles. A system capable of distinguishing greater
      than 10(70) allelic states at the human hypervariable locus D1S8 has been
      developed. Population surveys of internal allelic structure indicate that D1S8
      alleles evolve rapidly along haploid chromosome lineages. Internal mapping of
      deletion mutant alleles physically selected from genomic DNA provides further
      evidence that germline and somatic mutations altering the number of allelic
      repeat units seldom if ever arise by unequal exchange between alleles. The
      existence of low level germline mosaicism for new mutants further indicates that
      many germline mutation events are premeiotic. Physical selection of new mutants
      also allows minisatellite mutation rates to be estimated directly in human DNA.

PMID- 2406023
TI  - Intermediate filament dynamics.

PMID- 2406024
TI  - RNA-dependent polymerase motifs in EST1: tentative identification of a protein
      component of an essential yeast telomerase.

PMID- 2406025
TI  - PTC is a novel rearranged form of the ret proto-oncogene and is frequently
      detected in vivo in human thyroid papillary carcinomas.
AB  - We recently detected a novel activated oncogene by transfection analysis on NIH
      3T3 cells in five out of 20 primary human thyroid papillary carcinomas and in the
      available lymph node metastases. We designated this transforming gene PTC (for
      papillary thyroid carcinoma). Here we describe the molecular cloning and
      sequencing of the gene. The new oncogene resulted from the rearrangement of an
      unknown amino-terminal sequence to the tyrosine kinase domain of the ret proto
      oncogene. This gene rearrangement was detected in all of the transfectants and in
      all of the original tumor DNAs, but not in normal DNA of the same patients, thus
      indicating that this genetic lesion occurred in vivo and is specific to somatic
      tumors. Moreover, the transcript coded for by the fused gene was detected in an
      additional PTC-positive human papillary carcinoma for which mRNA was available.

PMID- 2406026
TI  - Genetic analysis of a Drosophila neural cell adhesion molecule: interaction of
      fasciclin I and Abelson tyrosine kinase mutations.
AB  - Drosophila fasciclin I is a homophilic cell adhesion molecule expressed in the
      developing embryo on the surface of a subset of fasciculating CNS axons, all PNS
      axons, and some nonneuronal cells. We have identified protein-null mutations in
      the fasciclin I (fas I) gene, and show that these mutants are viable and do not
      display gross defects in nervous system morphogenesis. The Drosophila Abelson
      (abl) proto-oncogene homolog encodes a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that is
      expressed during embryogenesis primarily in developing CNS axons; abl mutants
      show no gross defects in CNS morphogenesis. However, embryos doubly mutant for
      fas I and abl display major defects in CNS axon pathways, particularly in the
      commissural tracts where expression of these two proteins normally overlaps. The
      double mutant shows a clear defect in growth cone guidance; for example, the RP1
      growth cone (normally fas I positive) does not follow its normal path across the
      commissure.

PMID- 2406027
TI  - Integration of group II intron bI1 into a foreign RNA by reversal of the self
      splicing reaction in vitro.
AB  - Group II intron bI1, the first intron of the COB gene in the mitochondria of S.
      cerevisiae, is able to self-splice in vitro with the basic pathway similar to
      nuclear pre-mRNA splicing. We show that incubation of the intron lariat with
      ligated exons bE1 and bE2 leads to a complete reversal of the splicing reaction.
      The integration of the intron into the ligated exons is correct; the
      reconstituted preRNA of the reverse reaction can undergo a self-splicing reaction
      anew. When incubated with a foreign RNA species bearing a sequence motif that is
      complementary to exon binding site 1, the lariat can integrate into this RNA with
      the position of insertion immediately downstream of this sequence. This result
      implies that transposition of group II introns on the RNA level by reversal of
      the splicing reaction is, in principle, conceivable.

PMID- 2406028
TI  - FUS3 encodes a cdc2+/CDC28-related kinase required for the transition from
      mitosis into conjugation.
AB  - FUS3 is required for both the arrest of cells in G1 and mating. Upon exposure to
      mating pheromone, fus3-1 and fus3-2 mutants fail to arrest in G1 and continue to
      divide while undergoing the transcription induction and morphological changes
      typical of mating cells. The G1 arrest defect of these fus3 mutants is suppressed
      by a daf1/whi1 null mutation (also called cln3, a putative cyclin). FUS3 has a
      positive role in conjugation, because overexpression of FUS3 increases the
      pheromone sensitivity of wild-type cells, while the absence of FUS3 causes
      sterility. The suppression of a gpa1 null (G alpha subunit) by a fus3 null also
      suggests FUS3 is in the signal transduction pathway. The predicted FUS3 protein
      is 35% identical to the cdc2+/CDC28 kinases and 52% identical to the KSS1
      predicted kinase.

PMID- 2406029
TI  - Mutation of fission yeast cell cycle control genes abolishes dependence of
      mitosis on DNA replication.
AB  - Entry into mitosis in fission yeast is controlled by the p34cdc2 protein kinase,
      which is activated by cdc25+ and inhibited by wee1+. In "wee" mutants one or the
      other of these controls is circumvented resulting in advancement of mitosis. We
      report that dependence of mitosis on DNA synthesis is lost in wee mutants in
      which cdc25+ control is circumvented either by mutations in cdc2+ or by
      overproduction of cdc25+. In contrast, dependence is maintained when the wee1+
      control is bypassed. We propose that cdc25+ activity requires completion of
      earlier cell-cycle events such as DNA synthesis, and thus links p34cdc2 kinase
      activation to completion of these earlier events. Constitutive expression of
      cdc25+ homologs could explain why mitosis is not dependent on DNA replication in
      some early embryos.

PMID- 2406030
TI  - HIV-1 structural gene expression requires binding of the Rev trans-activator to
      its RNA target sequence.
AB  - Expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 structural proteins requires
      both the viral Rev trans-activator and its cis-acting RNA target sequence, the
      Rev response element (RRE). The RRE has been mapped to a conserved region of the
      HIV-1 env gene and is predicted to form a complex, highly stable RNA stem-loop
      structure. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to define a small subdomain of the
      RRE, termed stem-loop II, that is essential for biological activity. Gel
      retardation assays demonstrated that the Rev trans-activator is a sequence
      specific RNA binding protein. The RRE stem-loop II subdomain was found to be both
      necessary and sufficient for the binding of Rev by the RRE. We propose that the
      HIV-1 Rev trans-activator belongs to a new class of sequence-specific RNA binding
      proteins characterized by the presence of an arginine-rich binding motif.

PMID- 2406031
TI  - Origin and development of immunology in Russia.

PMID- 2406032
TI  - Sensitivity of parasites to free radical damage by antiparasitic drugs.
AB  - Over the last few years a remarkable progress has been made in the understanding
      of parasites biochemistry, molecular biology, and immunology. This progress is
      especially encouraging in that emphasis on drug development is shifting from
      random screening towards a more rational approach. A number of peculiar aspects
      characteristic of parasites which are not present in other organisms and that
      might be exploitable for the design of specific agents have been described
      recently. One of these aspects is their deficiency in defense mechanisms against
      oxygen toxicity. Catalase is absent in many parasites. Distinct superoxide
      dismutases have been detected and specific inhibitors of these enzymes have been
      investigated. Glutathione is absent in some anaerobic protozoa. Peroxidase and
      reductase activities dependent on a glutathione-spermidine cofactor termed
      trypanothione have been detected in several trypanosomatids and apparently
      replace the glutathione peroxidase-glutathione reductase system of other
      eukaryotic cells. Free radical intermediates have been shown to be involved in
      the reaction of enzymes present in anaerobic protozoa. In addition, a number of
      antiparasitic agents have been shown to exert their actions through a free
      radical metabolism: nitro compounds used against trypanosomatids, anaerobic
      protozoa and helminths; crystal violet used in blood banks to prevent blood
      transmission of Chagas' disease; the antimalarial primaquine, chloroquinine, and
      quinhasou; and quinones active in vitro and in vivo against different parasites.

PMID- 2406033
TI  - A demonstration of the intrinsic importance of stabilizing hydrophobic binding
      and non-covalent van der Waals contacts dominant in the non-covalent CC-1065/B
      DNA binding.
AB  - The comparative DNA binding properties and cytotoxic activity of CDPIn methyl
      esters (n = 1-5) vs. PDE-In methyl esters (n = 1-3) are detailed in studies which
      provide experimental evidence for the intrinsic importance of stabilizing
      hydrophobic binding and non-covalent van der Waals contacts dominant in the CC
      1065/B-DNA minor groove binding. High affinity minor groove binding to DNA was
      established through: (1) the observation of CDPI3 binding (UV) but not unwinding
      of supercoiled DNA (phi 174 RFI DNA) thus excluding intercalative binding; (2)
      the observation of CDPI3 binding to T4 phage DNA (UV, delta Tm) in which the
      major groove is occluded by glycosylation thus excluding major groove binding;
      (3) the observation of salt (Na+) concentration independent high affinity CDPI3
      binding to poly(dA . poly(dT) thus excluding simple electrostatic binding to the
      DNA phosphate backbone; and further inferred through (4) the observation of an
      intense induced dichroism (ICD, poly(dA) . poly(dT) and poly(dG) . poly(dC)
      [phi]23(358) = 24,000 and 23,500). This high affinity minor groove binding is
      sufficient to produce a potent cytotoxic effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2406034
TI  - Inhibition of radiation-induced transformation of C3H/10T1/2 cells by specific
      protease substrates.
AB  - In the current studies, we have examined the effect of two specific protease
      substrates, the thrombin substrate Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-MCA and the chymotrypsin
      substrate Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-MCA, on the oncogenic transformation of C3H/10T1/2
      cells induced with: (i) 6 Gy of X-radiation and (ii) 4 Gy of X-radiation followed
      by promotion with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Both substrates
      reduced radiation transformation while only Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-MCA suppressed
      the TPA enhancement of radiation transformation. We have previously reported that
      C3H/10T1/2 cells contain at least two proteolytic activities which will cleave
      these substrates. Our results therefore suggest that: (i) these substrates may
      inhibit oncogenic transformation due to the fact that they are competitive
      substrates for these enzymes; and (ii) two or more proteases play an important
      role in the malignant transformation of these cells.

PMID- 2406035
TI  - End-systolic elastance as an evaluation of myocardial function in shock.
AB  - The response of the heart during sepsis has been studied in human and animal
      models with disparate results. Because sepsis induces marked peripheral vascular
      changes, to accurately determine the cardiac response, one must use indices of
      cardiac performance that are independent of loading conditions and heart rate.
      The slope of the end-systolic pressure-diameter relationship (ESPDR) has been
      proposed to have these properties. Pigs were equipped with transducers to measure
      left ventricular pressure, internal short axis diameter (D), and pulmonary and
      coronary artery blood flows. After 7-10 days of basal observations, an endotoxin
      loaded osmotic pump delivering endotoxin at 10 micrograms/kg/hr was implanted
      into each pig. Fourteen pigs were so treated, and 4 expired before 24 hr of
      endotoxin challenge. In the surviving pigs, cardiac output, heart rate, dP/dtmax,
      and peak systolic pressures were elevated. However, both ESPDR and % D shortening
      were both significantly depressed. These data suggest that the cardiac response
      to chronic endotoxin challenge includes a loss of inotropic state as indicated by
      the load-insensitive indicator, ESPDR, and confirmed by depressed % D shortening.
      One possible mechanism for reduced inotropic state during endotoxin challenge
      could be the loss of coronary perfusion. The surviving endotoxin-challenged pigs
      demonstrated a significant increase in coronary perfusion while stroke work
      remained unchanged, suggesting that depressed cardiac inotropic state during
      endotoxin challenge was not caused by reduced coronary blood flow. Rather, the
      myocardium was relatively overperfused. Another possible mechanism for the loss
      of cardiac inotropism during endotoxin challenge may be endotoxin-induced
      generation of reactive oxygen free radicals. This possibility was tested by
      measuring total cardiac gluthathione, a cellular component depleted by oxidant
      stress. Endotoxemia reduced these levels 50%. These results suggest that cardiac
      injury may be mediated by the generation of reactive oxygen free radicals.
      Further study will determine if this mechanism participates in the loss of
      cardiac inotropism during endotoxin challenge.

PMID- 2406036
TI  - Does the heart fail in endotoxin shock?
AB  - Evidence for a major participatory role of the myocardium in the hemodynamic
      response to endotoxemia and sepsis has been controversial. Early interpretations
      about in situ changes in cardiac performance during shock were confounded by the
      concomitant influence of uncontrolled pathophysiologic adjustments in
      cardioactive variables such as preload, afterload, sympathoadrenal discharge,
      left ventricular diastolic compliance (stiffness), and in some studies myocardial
      hypoperfusion/ischemia. Despite such complexities, many recent studies with
      intact subjects and isolated preparations consistently point toward a relatively
      early involvement of myocardial dysfunction in circulatory shock syndromes
      associated with gram-negative bacteria and sepsis. The cardiac dysfunction cannot
      be accounted for by a direct toxic effect of the endotoxin molecule itself on
      cardiac myocytes. Rather, evidence is compelling that endotoxin interacts first
      with other types of cellular or tissue elements. The latter evoke biologic
      reactions through some unknown pathway culminating in deleterious effects in the
      heart. Discovery of the casual mechanism(s) responsible for myocardial sequelae
      of endotoxemia and sepsis remains a key objective in experimental and clinical
      research in circulatory shock pathogenesis.

PMID- 2406037
TI  - Intrinsic myocardial dysfunction during endotoxemia: dependent or independent of
      myocardial ischemia?
AB  - The cardiac mechanisms responsible for endotoxin-mediated disruptions in left
      ventricular (LV) contraction-relaxation dynamics have been controversial.
      Recently, a combination of clinical cardiodynamic studies in patients along with
      experimental cardiodynamic studies in endotoxemic/septic animals and isolated
      heart tissue has yielded corroborating evidence for a consistent deleterious
      alteration(s) of intrinsic LV contractility during shock syndromes. Cardiac
      dysfunction in shock patients and intact animals was characterized by reduced LV
      ejection fraction in the presence of unchanging LV stroke volume, or by reduced
      LV end-systolic pressure-volume ratio. In hearts isolated from experimental shock
      subjects, LV contractile abnormality was characterized by reduced isovolumetric
      intraventricular pressure development and stroke volume, even in the presence of
      maximally effective increments in end-diastolic volume or preload. Cardiodynamic
      changes developed early in experimental septicemic shock syndromes (less than 4
      hr) and were not irreversible. Furthermore, and this is a key element, both
      clinical and experimental study indicated that coronary perfusion inadequacy was
      not an obligatory etiologic factor in the shock-associated loss of cardiac
      contractile function. Thus, clinical and experimental data are now available to
      assemble a consensus that 1) intrinsic LV contractile reserves are diminished
      early during endotoxemia and sepsis and 2) this diminution is not simply a
      consequence of global myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2406038
TI  - Biochemical markers as prognostic indices in breast cancer.
AB  - Traditional prognostic markers in breast cancer include histological variables
      such as tumor size, grade, and axillary node status. In recent years some new
      potential prognostic markers of a biochemical nature have been described:
      estradiol receptors, progesterone receptors, epidermal growth factor receptors,
      erbB-2 proto-oncogene, and certain proteolytic enzymes. None of these new markers
      excels axillary node status as a prognostic marker. Biochemical markers can,
      however, be evaluated with use of minimal surgery and may help distinguish the
      minority of aggressive axillary-node-negative breast cancers.

PMID- 2406041
TI  - Falsely low estimation of triglycerides in lipemic plasma by the enzymatic
      triglyceride method with modified Trinder's chromogen.
AB  - The enzymatic assay of triglyceride, based on the use of L-glycerol-3-phosphate
      oxidase (EC 1.1.3.21) and a modified Trinder's chromogen involving 4
      chlorophenol, is subject to strong negative interference at concentrations of
      triglyceride greater than 20 mmol/L, such as occur in grossly lipemic plasma.
      This interference is caused by the rapid utilization of oxygen, resulting in the
      reaction becoming transiently anaerobic. The dye product already formed may then
      be reduced ("bleached") by acting as an alternative electron acceptor for
      glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase. Reduction of the dye leads to a marked decrease in
      final absorbance at 505 nm. Grossly underestimated values for triglyceride
      concentrations, apparently within the linear range of the assay, may therefore be
      inadvertently obtained with equilibrium methods. We suggest that samples giving
      unexpectedly low results for lipemic plasma should be re-assayed after dilution
      or with use of a smaller volume of sample.

PMID- 2406040
TI  - Lipoprotein lipids in women with androgen excess: independent associations with
      increased insulin and androgen.
AB  - Concentrations of triglycerides are increased and concentrations of high-density
      lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are low in women with hyperandrogenism. These
      alterations could be related to excessive androgen or estrogen, to
      hyperinsulinism, or to a combination of these abnormalities. We examined their
      independent influences on lipids in 21 women with hyperandrogenism, subgrouped
      according to apparent source of androgen excess. Results for lipid, androgen, and
      insulin did not differ among subgroups, so these data were pooled. Free plus
      albumin-bound testosterone (uT) was correlated with triglycerides (r = 0.69, P
      less than 0.01) and HDL cholesterol (r = -0.56, P less than 0.01). Both
      triglycerides (r = 0.66, P less than 0.01) and HDL cholesterol (r = -0.48, P less
      than 0.05) were also correlated with insulin measured during fasting. Partial
      correlation revealed that, after adjusting for insulin, lipids were associated
      with uT. This suggests that androgen excess is independently related to lipid
      excess. Insulin also was correlated with lipids when adjusted for uT. Free plus
      albumin-bound estradiol was not associated with any of the lipids. We conclude
      that altered lipids in women with hyperandrogenism result from the independent
      effects of androgen and insulin.

PMID- 2406039
TI  - Activity of phospholipase A2 in plasma increases in uremia.
AB  - We measured phospholipase A2 (PLA2; EC 3.1.1.4) activity in normal and uremic
      plasma, using [1-14C]oleate-labeled autoclaved Escherichia coli as substrate.
      Hydrolysis of bacterial phospholipid by crude plasma from both groups was optimal
      at pH 5.5, was specific for the 2-acyl position of phospholipids, and had an
      absolute requirement for calcium. Activity was greatest in the presence of added
      Ca2+, 5 mmol/L, but this increase was inhibited by several divalent cations
      (Mg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Ba2+, Co2+, Pb2+, Fe2+) and by Fe3+. PLA2 activity was also
      inhibited by heparin at acid and alkaline pH, normal plasma being more sensitive
      than uremic plasma to this inhibition. Enzyme activity in undiluted plasma was
      eightfold greater in uremic than in normal plasma. Dilution of plasma by two to
      fourfold increased the total activity of both normal and uremic plasma. However,
      the relative differences in total activity between the groups remained constant
      (eight- to 11-fold). The cause and consequences of the increased PLA2 activity in
      uremia remain to be established.

PMID- 2406042
TI  - Laboratory evaluation of an immunochemiluminometric assay of triiodothyronine in
      serum.
AB  - We evaluated an immunochemiluminometric assay for total triiodothyronine (T3) in
      serum. Acridinium ester is used as chemiluminescent label, with magnetic particle
      separation. Intra-run precision was demonstrated by CVs of 8.6%, 8.1%, and 4.4%
      at T3 concentrations of 1.3, 2.2, and 4.3 nmol/L, respectively. Between-run CVs
      were 19.1%, 8.8%, and 6.9% at respective T3 concentrations of 0.9, 2.4, and 6.2
      nmol/L. We tested the validity of a two-point calibration system by comparing it
      with a set of 10 calibrators; use of the latter only minimally improved assay
      precision. The central 95% reference range, determined by data from 109 healthy
      blood donors, was 1.5-3.2 nmol/L. Comparison with a standard radioimmunoassay
      method revealed constant error, attributed to bias or matrix effects between the
      different calibrators used in the two assay systems. Assay time for 60 samples
      was 2.5 h. We conclude that this assay is rapid and precise, and offers safety
      and time advantages over conventional RIA techniques.

PMID- 2406043
TI  - Quantifying the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase with the Abbott "IMx" immunoassay
      analyzer.
AB  - In this two-step automated assay of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB),
      developed for the Abbott "IMx" immunoassay analyzer, monoclonal anti-CK-MB
      antibody immobilized onto latex microparticles and polyclonal anti-CK-MM antibody
      coupled to alkaline phosphatase are used. Within-run CVs ranged from 3.9% to
      9.0%, between-run CVs from 0.0% to 5.6%, and the sensitivity was 0.2 microgram/L.
      Twenty-four results can be obtained in about 37 min. Analytical recovery of CK-MB
      added to human serum or plasma ranged from 89% to 109%. Icteric, lipemic, or
      hemolyzed samples did not interfere with CK-MB recovery. Cross-reactivity with CK
      MM and CK-BB was 0.012% and 0.001%, respectively. The normal reference interval
      was 0-5 micrograms/L. IMx CK-MB results correlated well with CK-MB enzyme
      activity as determined by electrophoresis (n = 203; r = 0.97; slope = 0.90; y
      intercept = -4.29) and with commercial immunoassays. We think that this assay
      will be useful for confirmation of acute myocardial infarction, both in critical
      care units and in the clinical laboratory.

PMID- 2406044
TI  - Falsely increased CK-MB results obtained with the new reformulated CK-MB wash IV
      solution in the Stratus analyzer.

PMID- 2406045
TI  - Nonlinearity of measurements of a tumor marker for breast cancer.

PMID- 2406046
TI  - Appropriate animal models for craniofacial biology.
AB  - The use of animal models in craniofacial biology has helped make significant
      contributions toward the clinical and surgical management of patients with
      craniofacial disorders. The present paper discusses some problems associated with
      choosing appropriate animal models for research in human craniofacial morphology
      and offers suggestions for determining the most appropriate model. Three levels
      of appropriate animal model choices are suggested: (1) the "generic mammalian"
      animal model, useful for investigating the problems of bone biology and
      generalized mammalian craniofacial growth mechanisms; (2) the "phylogenetically
      closer" animal model, useful for investigating the influence of experimental
      manipulations on the general primate craniofacial growth pattern; and (3)
      "fitting" the appropriate animal model to specific regional craniofacial growth
      patterns or anatomic conditions of interest. The continued, intelligent use of
      animal models in craniofacial investigations depends heavily on understanding and
      appreciating the information that can be derived from the "appropriate" animal
      model.

PMID- 2406047
TI  - Speech-language pathologists' opinions on the management of velopharyngeal
      insufficiency.
AB  - A 16-item questionnaire designed to survey opinions on the management of
      velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) was distributed to all members (N = 296) of
      the American Cleft Palate Association who were speech-language pathologists.
      Questionnaires were completed by 173 respondents (58.4 percent). There were
      differences of opinion among speech-language pathologists on various management
      issues related to VPI, including the value of instrumental assessment of VPI, the
      importance of oral examination of velopharyngeal function, and the effectiveness
      of speech therapy in the treatment of VPI. The implications of these findings for
      clinical training in VPI are discussed.

PMID- 2406048
TI  - Natural history of biliary stones.

PMID- 2406049
TI  - Pharmacological aspects and therapeutic effects of ursodeoxycholic acid.

PMID- 2406050
TI  - Peritoneal adhesions: causes and prevention.

PMID- 2406051
TI  - Radiation and the small intestine. Future perspectives for preventive therapy.
AB  - Radiotherapy continues to enjoy a prominent role in the treatment of certain
      human tumors. Unfortunately, the undesired effect of radiation upon normal
      intestinal tissue often limits its therapeutic potential. While there is abundant
      information on the effects of radiation on the morphology of the intestine and on
      the proliferative process which occurs in the intestinal crypts, there is a
      paucity of information on the early and late effects of sublethal doses of
      radiation upon the absorptive functions of the intestine. The intestinal
      epithelium has a rapid turnover rate and is highly radiosensitive. Radiotherapy
      for malignant human neoplasms is a relatively safe and effective form of
      treatment, but it may become limited by its undesired side effects upon the
      gastrointestinal tract. A variety of clinical tests have been suggested as
      potential indicators of impending intestinal damage, but there is little
      information on the time course of radiation damage and the associated impairment
      of intestinal function. Such basic information is essential to assess early
      functional changes and to thereby allow for the development of suitable clinical
      tests to allow for the prediction of impending intestinal damage. Provision of
      this information to the radiotherapist would permit alterations to the timing or
      dose schedules of radiotherapy and would allow continued treatment, while
      avoiding or reducing unwanted side effects. In recent years, there has been
      extensive research on radiation injury to small intestine. This article will
      review some of the progress in this field, and will focus on potential future
      therapy to prevent or treat radiation damage to the intestine. These agents
      include WR-2721, enprostil, vasopressin, defined-formula diets and alterations in
      the ratio of dietary polyunsaturated-saturated fatty acids.

PMID- 2406052
TI  - Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: more than a hemopoietin.

PMID- 2406053
TI  - Identification of immunodominant antigens of Candida albicans in patients with
      superficial candidosis.
AB  - The aims of this study were to identify the immunodominant protein antigens of
      Candida albicans in patients with superficial infections of the oral and vaginal
      mucosa. Cytoplasmic protein extract from C. albicans was analyzed by the
      immunoblot technique using sera from 20 patients with chronic atrophic oral
      candidosis, from 8 patients with vulvovaginal candidosis, and from 20 control
      subjects. A significantly greater proportion of patient sera reacted with the 65-
      and 32-kDa antigens when compared with sera from controls (P less than 0.001).
      Sera from patients also reacted more often with 38- and 29-kDa antigens (P less
      than 0.05), while sera from both patients and controls reacted with the 47-kDa
      antigen. The identified 65-, 38-, 32-, and 29-kDa antigens may be of importance
      for the development and also for the recurrence of superficial candidosis of the
      oral and/or vaginal mucosa.

PMID- 2406054
TI  - Increased levels of circulating interleukin 6 in burn patients.
AB  - The serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) were determined in a population of burn
      patients. In all patients, IL-6 levels were increased over a 3-week interval with
      peak concentrations reached during the first week after injury. Patients
      receiving intravenous polymyxin B therapy according to a regimen designed to
      reduce endotoxemia manifested greatly reduced levels of both circulating
      endotoxins and IL-6. Certain patients not treated with polymyxin B showed
      extraordinarily large increases in IL-6 which were associated with lethal or life
      threatening clinical complications. Increased IL-6 levels were also associated
      with decreased percentage of circulating T cells and corresponding increases in B
      cells. However, IL-6 did not produce any direct inhibitory effects in vitro on T
      cell representation or function.

PMID- 2406055
TI  - The guru of the third floor.

PMID- 2406056
TI  - Contact dermatitis: a festschrift for Dr. Alexander A. Fisher.

PMID- 2406057
TI  - Factors predisposing to cutaneous irritation.
AB  - In experimental skin toxicology, as well as in clinical practice, considerable
      interindividual variation in the susceptibility to irritant dermatitis is noted
      when irritant doses are low. Cutaneous sensitivity and hypersensitivity are not
      determined by a single known feature but are multifactorial. Previous atopic
      dermatitis may predispose to irritant dermatitis. Susceptibility to irritation
      seems to be influenced by age, race, and genetic background, whereas sex-related
      differences do not seem to exist. Of biophysical skin baseline features, skin
      surface pH was correlated with the severity of experimentally induced irritant
      dermatitis, but baseline transepidermal water loss, water-holding capacity,
      stratum corneum turnover time, and sebum content were not.

PMID- 2406058
TI  - Pressure dermatitis from an implanted pacemaker.
AB  - In this eleventh report of dermatitis conforming to the outline of an underlying
      pacemaker, the authors suggest that most of these reactions are isomorphic
      responses to expansion of the subcutaneous tissues by the hard device. Allergic
      contact dermatitis has been documented in a few cases.

PMID- 2406059
TI  - Allergen control. An indispensable treatment for allergic contact dermatitis.
AB  - Patch testing is performed to find out the causative allergens for patients, and
      once they are found, to indicate the exclusive usage of daily necessities that do
      not contain the causative allergens is necessary, such as when the contact
      dermatitis is recurrent, persistent, or complicated by secondary
      hyperpigmentation. Such a procedure has been called "allergen control."
      Sufficient success has been obtained in the categories of soaps, shampoos,
      cosmetics, underwear, and some dental metals in Japan with cooperation of
      industries, and summaries of these investigations are reported.

PMID- 2406060
TI  - Chloracne. Clinical manifestations and etiology.
AB  - Chloracne is a rare but important acneiform eruption often associated with the
      ingestion of chlorinated phenolic agents such as dioxins with subsequent toxicity
      from these chemicals. Clinically, chloracne can be distinguished from acne
      vulgaris by the distribution and appearance of the lesions and by taking a
      detailed history. In some instances, it may be associated with particularly
      xerotic skin, pigmentation, follicular hyperkeratosis, conjunctivitis, and
      actinic elastosis. Histologically, the primary lesion is a follicular plug
      containing keratinous material. Chloracne is difficult if not impossible to treat
      adequately and once present, may persist for years. Consequently, good hygiene,
      safe manufacturing processes so that no inhalation or skin contact is possible,
      and the elimination of atmospheric contamination are all necessary in the
      prevention of this potentially debilitating disease.

PMID- 2406061
TI  - Immune mechanisms in contact allergic dermatitis.
AB  - The problem of contact allergic dermatitis in humans and contact hypersensitivity
      in animals begins with the observation that certain reactive compounds, when
      placed on skin, lead to a reproducible and characteristic inflammatory reaction.
      The immunologic processes that conspire to produce this damaging tissue reaction
      are derived from the normal immunologic balance between the protection of self
      and the destruction of nonself. Experimental work in the last decade has focused
      on the role of antigen-presenting cells, and specifically Langerhans cells, in
      the initiation of contact hypersensitivity, as well as on the competing roles of
      subsets of T lymphocytes in its regulation. For humans, an important goal has
      been the development of techniques by which tolerization and desensitization may
      be achieved, and for those who work with laboratory animals, contact
      hypersensitivity has provided methods to examine immune regulation in general. In
      the coming decade, we anticipate that new techniques from molecular biology,
      molecular genetics, tissue culture, and, above all, shrewd clinical observation
      will provide a new array of ideas and possibilities.

PMID- 2406062
TI  - Nickel dermatitis. An update.
AB  - Several reports indicate that the prevalence of nickel sensitivity among females
      in the general population is around 10 per cent and probably is increasing,
      especially in schoolchildren. It has been claimed that there is such a high
      correlation between a positive history of nickel hypersensitivity and patch-test
      results that testing is unnecessary if there is a history of hypersensitivity.
      This is not true. Nickel hypersensitivity itself is not a serious health problem
      for the individual. However, when hand eczema also is present, the situation is
      quite different. Concerns about medical metal implants in nickel-sensitive
      persons appear to have been exaggerated, and nickel intake in food probably is
      not a serious difficulty, although some persons may be unusually sensitive. In
      dealing with the clinical problems of nickel dermatitis, we must not overlook
      prophylaxis. It seems important to introduce safe methods of ear piercing (a
      primary source of nickel hypersensitivity) and to spread information about the
      health hazard potential of the seemingly harmless sensitivity to nickel.

PMID- 2406063
TI  - Nickel chloride or nickel sulfate? Irritation from patch-test preparations as
      assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry.
AB  - To obtain an optimal test preparation for diagnosing nickel contact sensitivity,
      one can vary the nickel salt, vehicle and concentration, length of exposure,
      patches, and tape. Nickel chloride has been suggested as an alternative to nickel
      sulfate in the standard tray. However, a sensitive and noninvasive method of
      recording skin blood flow (laser Doppler flowmetry) showed in healthy subjects
      that the chloride was more irritating to the skin than the sulfate when
      petrolatum was used as vehicle. The naked eye could not discern this difference.

PMID- 2406064
TI  - Rubber dermatitis. Clinical forms.
AB  - The incidence of rubber sensitization is difficult to evaluate, as the statistics
      are not standardized. Rubber gloves are considered to be the main source, but
      other objects are also of importance. Sensitizations are usually multiple, with
      the patient reactive with two or more rubber allergens. These allergens produce a
      great variety of clinical pictures, which are described in detail with the
      possible allergens implicated.

PMID- 2406065
TI  - Contact dermatitis in hospital patients.
AB  - Contact dermatitis in hospital patients resulting from diagnostic and therapeutic
      procedures presents various causes and clinical aspects. Antiseptics are the most
      frequent cause of contact dermatitis in patients undergoing surgery. Thimerosal
      may cause allergic sensitization mainly in patients previously exposed to contact
      with different sources of these mercurials, such as tinctures and preservatives
      in other products. Iodine-containing solutions and quaternary ammonium compounds
      rarely sensitize. They may cause irritation under certain circumstances, however.
      Adhesive tapes formulated on a rubber and colophony base are rarely found
      nowadays in medical adhesives; however, some tapes and skin closures have still
      been found to contain them. Acrylate-based adhesives sensitize less frequently.
      Cardiology patients may present contact dermatitis from several different
      sources. Electrode gels and pastes may cause allergic contact dermatitis mainly
      from preservatives. Modern electrocardiographic equipment does not require the
      use of these products, so many of these problems are now easy to avoid. Adhesive
      coated pregelled foam disks for holding long-term chest contacts may cause
      irritant dermatitis. Transdermal drug delivery systems such as nitroglycerin
      disks may cause irritation attributable to the acrylic adhesives. Silicone-based
      adhesive disks are a good alternative in this case. Sensitization to
      nitroglycerin itself is rare. Dermatitis originated from implantation of
      pacemakers is attributable either to epoxy resin or to the metal used for the
      casing of the pacemaker. Changing to a different material solves the problem. In
      other instances, the etiology remains unclear. Dermatoses in patients with stomas
      constitute an important problem not only because of their frequency but also
      because of the multiplicity of pictures involved. Irritant dermatitis from
      intestinal efflux in ileostomy patients is the most frequent problem. Allergic
      dermatitis may originate from the ostomy device, cementing materials, or topical
      medicaments. Individuals receiving hemodialysis have been reported to develop
      widespread dermatitis, probably secondary to rubber or metal components leached
      out from the hemodialysis apparatus. Systemic exposure to these compounds,
      although not certainly proved, seems to be the explanation. Allergic dermatitis
      at the puncture site on arteriovenous shunts has been demonstrated to be produced
      by epoxy resin adhesives present in catheters. Identification of the allergen
      allows one to find a safe alternative for these patients who depend on this
      procedure to survive. Contact dermatitis in hospital patients requires a precise
      diagnosis. Extensive patch testing is sometimes needed for establishing the
      cause, which in turn provides a more accurate prognosis and a rational treatment.

PMID- 2406066
TI  - In vitro culture of meniscal tissue.
AB  - The importance of the fibrocartilaginous menisci to the proper biomechanical
      function of the knee joint has been increasingly appreciated over the past 30
      years. Meniscectomy is not the innocuous procedure it was once considered.
      Consequently, emphasis is now being placed on ways of repairing injured menisci
      in situ. To attain this goal, it is important to investigate the biology of the
      cells that synthesize and maintain the tissue that is to be repaired. In vitro
      culture techniques have aided in the understanding of how the cells of the
      meniscus (fibrochondrocytes) function and what is required to stimulate them to
      carry out the biologic functions they were designed to perform. In vitro culture
      of meniscal tissues may become an experimental tool for elucidating the
      requirements for meniscal repair and restoration of normal joint function after
      meniscal injury.

PMID- 2406067
TI  - Future directions. Collagen-based prostheses for meniscal regeneration.
AB  - Prosthetic meniscal replacement offers the ability to stabilize the
      meniscectomized knee and provide prophylaxis against early degenerative
      arthritis. Since prosthetic meniscal replacement may be performed in the setting
      of normal articular cartilage, a prosthesis will be required to match the exact
      joint configuration, induce the same lubricity, produce the same coefficient of
      friction, and absorb and dampen the same joint forces (without incurring
      significant creep or abrasion) as does the normal meniscus. This feat is
      currently beyond the capabilities of artificial materials alone. Alternatively,
      collagen-based prostheses acting as resorbable regeneration templates offer the
      possibility of inducing regrowth of new menisci. This paper presents a summary of
      hypotheses, considerations, and laboratory evidence for the use of collagen
      based, resorbable matrices as regeneration templates.

PMID- 2406068
TI  - Effective use of ultrasound in the management of congenital dislocation and/or
      dysplasia of the hip.
AB  - The use of ultrasound and roentgenography was evaluated in 50 patients with
      congenital hip dislocation and/or dysplasia treated with the Pavlik harness. The
      patients were divided into two groups based upon the predominant imaging
      technique used to monitor the course of treatment. Ultrasound was found to be an
      effective monitoring technique. A roentgenogram at conclusion of treatment is
      recommended to assess the acetabular development most accurately.

PMID- 2406069
TI  - Material properties and structure-function relationships in the menisci.
AB  - The menisci serve several important biomechanical functions in the knee. They
      distribute stresses over a broad area of articular cartilage, absorb shocks
      during dynamic loading, and probably assist in joint lubrication. These functions
      enhance the ability of articular cartilage to provide a smooth, near-frictionless
      articulation and to distribute loads evenly to the underlying bone of the femur
      and tibia. In addition, the menisci provide stability to the injured knee when
      the cruciate ligaments or other primary stabilizers are deficient. The ability to
      perform these mechanical functions is based on the intrinsic material properties
      of the menisci as well as their gross anatomic structure and attachments. The
      material properties of the menisci are determined by their biochemical
      composition and, perhaps more important, by the organization and interactions of
      the major tissue constituents: water, proteoglycan, and collagen. Interactions
      among the important constituents of the fibrocartilage matrix cause meniscal
      tissue to behave as a fiber-reinforced, porous, permeable composite material
      similar to articular cartilage, in which frictional drag caused by fluid flow
      governs its response to dynamic loading. The menisci are one-half as stiff in
      compression and dissipate more energy under dynamic loading than articular
      cartilage. Energy dissipation, or shock absorption, by the menisci is the result
      of high frictional drag caused by low permeability of the matrix, which is about
      one-sixth as permeable as articular cartilage. The dynamic shear modulus of
      meniscal tissue is only one-fourth to one-sixth as great as that of articular
      cartilage. The coarse, circumferential Type I collagen fiber bundles of the
      meniscus give the tissue great tensile stiffness (range, 100-300 megapascals) and
      strength. The highly oriented collagen ultrastructure of the menisci makes the
      tissue anisotropic in tension, compression, and shear and appears to dominate its
      behavior under all loading conditions.

PMID- 2406070
TI  - Metal-induced sarcoma. A case report and literature review.
AB  - The overall biocompatibility characteristics of metallic implants are important
      considerations in orthopedic surgery. A review of the literature shows very few
      reports of neoplasms in association with metallic implants. This case report
      demonstrates osteogenic sarcoma at the site of a Smith-Petersen nail that had
      been implanted for nine years in a 65-year-old woman for fixation of a femoral
      neck fracture. Gross examination revealed debris at the tumor site, with a
      concentration of 14 ppm of nickel within the tumor tissue. Experimental
      investigations support the possibility of neoplastic induction by heavy metals,
      particularly cobalt, cadmium, and nickel. Circumstantial evidence shows
      osteogenic sarcoma that developed at the site of this device, possibly in
      response to metal or factors at the site of metal.

PMID- 2406071
TI  - Pathology of the meniscus.
AB  - The pathologic description of the menisci is facilitated by grouping the various
      disorders into etiologic groups. These include congenital anomalies, traumatic
      conditions, inflammatory disorders, metabolic disorders, degenerative conditions,
      and neoplasms. In clinical practice, traumatic conditions, as exemplified by
      meniscal tears of the vertical-longitudinal or vertical-transverse type, are the
      most important pathologic disorders. Healing of meniscal tears occurs only when
      the tear involves the peripheral vascularized attachment of either the lateral or
      medial meniscus. Intensive clinical and animal experimentation suggests that
      serum-derived growth factors are necessary for meniscal healing.
      Chondrocalcinosis is extremely frequent in the menisci of older individuals and
      may or may not be associated with degenerative changes of the menisci, including
      fibrillation, loss of protein polysaccharide ground substance, and chondrocytic
      proliferation. The role of degenerative changes of the menisci, including tears
      of the horizontal type, in the development of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is
      a subject of intense interest, as is the relationship between chondrocalcinosis
      and OA. Neoplastic involvement of the menisci is essentially limited to invasion
      by tumors starting in or, more commonly, adjacent to the knee joints.

PMID- 2406072
TI  - The healing of semilunar cartilages. 1936.

PMID- 2406073
TI  - Changes in articular cartilage after meniscectomy.
AB  - Hitherto, the meniscus has been regarded as a developmental remnant. However,
      when removed in part or in total, it alters the normal biomechanical,
      biochemical, and physiologic processes of the knee joint. Although the
      pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) is unknown, accelerated rates of normal
      metabolism may result in failure of the articular cartilage to maintain its
      mechanical integrity as a result of meniscectomy. In addition, an inflammatory
      state within the joint cavity may result in degenerative changes, due to a
      perturbation of the homeostatic anabolic and catabolic processes maintaining the
      knee joint. Animal models reliably reproduce the focal and relatively slow
      degeneration seen in humans. OA degeneration after meniscectomy has been
      described histologically with fibrillation, swelling, fissures, cell
      proliferation, clustering, cell nesting, and even necrosis. Biochemical changes,
      however, include proteoglycan loss, proteoglycan disaggregation, and an increase
      in proteoglycan synthesis. In addition to increased hydration, the main
      structural fibers of articular cartilage, composed of Type II collagen, are
      exposed to increased biomechanical forces. The minor collagens, e.g., Type IX
      collagen, may play a role in stabilizing the proteoglycan-Type II interaction,
      thus providing mechanical integrity. It appears that meniscectomy produces much
      more than wear-and-tear arthritis.

PMID- 2406074
TI  - Decision-making factors in the treatment of meniscus lesions.
AB  - In recent years, there has been a distinct trend toward a selective approach to
      the treatment of meniscus lesions. Partial meniscectomy, meniscus repair, and
      leaving certain tears alone have become alternatives to routine total
      meniscectomy. Once a meniscus tear is definitively diagnosed, the physician's
      first decision involves whether to treat the tear surgically or leave it alone.
      If surgical treatment is judged to be appropriate, the next decision concerns
      whether it should be repaired or partially excised. Total meniscectomy is
      reserved for tears for which any other option is unsuitable. The pertinent
      factors that should be considered in this decision-making process are: (1) the
      clinical evaluation, (2) associated lesions, and (3) the exact type, location,
      and extent of meniscus tear.

PMID- 2406075
TI  - Arthroscopic meniscal repair using an exogenous fibrin clot.
AB  - In this series of 153 meniscus tears, 8% were isolated whereas 92% were in
      conjunction with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. Exogenous fibrin clot
      was injected with a blunt needle in the seam of the tear. One to 2 ml of clot was
      sufficient to fill an average defect. When gaps could not be closed, such as with
      a radial split or flap in the posterior one-third of the meniscus, a fascia
      sheath was used to cover these defects and the exogenous clot was injected under
      the cover of the sheath. ACL-deficient knees were stabilized with an
      intraarticular reconstruction. Overall results were 64% healed, 24% incompletely
      healed, and 12% failed (less than 50% of vertical height of tear healed). In ACL
      associated knees, the failure rate was 1.5% for tears in which surgery occurred
      up to two months after the time of injury. The failure rate for tears surgically
      treated two months to several years after injury was 20%. Complex tears had an
      even higher failure rate of 22%. It is these tears that will be treated with the
      fascia sheath. The isolated tear failure rate was 41% without the exogenous
      fibrin clot versus 8% with the exogenous clot. Complications included retear and
      popliteal neurovascular injury. Repair of almost all menisci in young active
      athletes is possible using the transarticular arthroscopic technique with a
      posterior incision. Repairs of tears of less than two months' duration from the
      time of injury to surgery result in significantly higher healing rates than those
      of more chronic tears. Isolated repairs heal significantly better with exogenous
      fibrin clot injection.

PMID- 2406076
TI  - Improvements in rehabilitation of the postmeniscectomized or meniscal-repaired
      patient.
AB  - Recent advances in the surgical management of meniscal problems (arthroscopic
      meniscectomy or meniscal repair) have been associated with far less morbidity
      postoperatively. Aggressive rehabilitation programs using innovative devices have
      allowed the patients an early return to normal activities or competition. Even
      with the best surgical technique, rehabilitation of the hamstring and quadriceps
      musculature is necessary to provide the patient with an optimal surgical result.

PMID- 2406077
TI  - The ultrastructure and biochemistry of meniscal cartilage.
AB  - The meniscus is characterized at the light microscopic and ultrastructural levels
      by thick collagen fibers that are predominantly circumferential in orientation.
      The extracellular matrix of the meniscus is composed mainly of collagen, with
      smaller quantities of proteoglycans, matrix glycoproteins, and elastin. The
      collagen is predominantly Type I, with smaller quantities of Types II, III, and
      V. The proteoglycans are mainly large, aggregating proteoglycans with chondroitin
      sulfate as their dominant glycosaminoglycan. A small proportion of small dermatan
      sulfate proteoglycans is probably present. The matrix glycoproteins include the
      link proteins, the 116-k protein, and a group of adhesive or potentially adhesive
      proteins that includes Type VI collagen (here classified as a glycoprotein with a
      collagenous domain), fibronectin, and thrombospondin. The fibrochondrocytes of
      the meniscus appear to have considerable potential to respond to growth and other
      modulating factors in the repair or regeneration of the tissue.

PMID- 2406078
TI  - Meniscal pathology. The expanding role of magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a recently developed diagnostic medical
      imaging technology that shows great promise in the evaluation of knee meniscal
      diseases. Fifty-seven patient knees were evaluated by a single experienced MRI
      interpreter; the findings were compared with arthroscopic findings by a single
      experienced knee arthroscopist. The overall sensitivity and specificity rates of
      MRI for tears in virgin menisci compared to arthroscopy were both 92%. These
      results support reports in the literature that MRI is an accurate noninvasive
      technique for evaluating meniscal tears. Seven patients were treated with
      arthroscopic meniscal repair and were evaluated by MRI before and after surgery.
      Despite an asymptomatic postoperative status in six patients, abnormal
      intrameniscal signal persisted in four. An unstable meniscal fragment was
      visualized in the patient with postoperative pain. MRI is also useful in
      evaluating meniscal degeneration, meniscal ossicles, parameniscal cysts, and
      abnormal meniscal morphology. MRI is the noninvasive diagnostic technique of
      choice in evaluating a spectrum of knee meniscal diseases.

PMID- 2406079
TI  - Application of laser Doppler technology to meniscal injuries.
AB  - It has been recognized for many years that the vascular supply to the meniscus
      has been extremely important in the potential for healing of a repaired meniscus.
      Early experimental work confirmed that meniscal defects that communicated with
      the peripheral vascular network would heal if repaired. However, those tears that
      did not communicate with the vascular bed would not heal even if repaired.
      Unfortunately, there has been no clinically applicable technique for evaluating
      blood flow in the torn meniscus. Experimental procedures using laser Doppler
      flowmetry have shown this to be a precise and simple tool for the evaluation of
      meniscal blood flow. Applications of this technique in the clinical situation
      show great promise in enabling the surgeon to make a decision to repair or remove
      the torn meniscus based on the blood flow in the remaining vascular bed.

PMID- 2406080
TI  - Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for obstructive sleep
      apnea in Hallermann-Streiff syndrome.
AB  - An 8-year-old girl with Hallermann-Streiff syndrome (oculomandibulofacial
      syndrome) was examined. She had a history of severe snoring, reported nocturnal
      apnea, excessive daytime hypersomnolence, nocturnal enuresis, and failure to
      thrive. Overnight polysomnography confirmed severe obstructive sleep apnea. Long
      term nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy completely relieved
      the obstructive sleep apnea and was associated with improved weight gain and
      growth.

PMID- 2406082
TI  - Ninety years of therapeutics: a history of the American Society for Clinical
      Pharmacology and Therapeutics.

PMID- 2406081
TI  - Severe cow's milk induced colitis in an exclusively breast-fed neonate. Case
      report and clinical review of cow's milk allergy.
AB  - Cow's milk induced eosinophilic colitis presenting in the first week of life has
      been reported, but is very rare. The authors describe a 4-day-old female infant
      who presented with profuse rectal bleeding resulting in a hematocrit fall from
      38% to 30% within 8 hr after hospital admission. Sigmoidoscopy revealed colonic
      mucosa that was red, edematous, and friable, with punctate hemorrhages. Rectal
      biopsy showed marked eosinophilic infiltration with multifocal hemorrhage.
      Further history indicated that while the infant had been exclusively breast-fed
      since birth, the nursing mother had been drinking 4-5 glasses of cow's milk per
      day since delivery. Prick puncture skin testing of the infant was positive for
      cow's milk protein. A serum radioallergosorbent test (RAST) for cow's milk
      protein was positive. The infant's serum IgE was 1.5 IU/ml. Rectal bleeding
      resolved when the patient was given a casein hydrolysate formula (Nutramigen,
      Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN), and endoscopy one week later showed
      improvement, with only scattered areas of erythema, and no friability. We
      conclude that since the infant was exclusively breast-fed, the milk protein must
      have passed into the breast milk antigenically intact. Prenatal sensitization
      probably occurred. Cow's milk induced allergic colitis should be considered in
      the differential diagnosis of colitis in breast-fed neonates.

PMID- 2406083
TI  - The founding, growth, and development.

PMID- 2406084
TI  - Annual meetings of the American Therapeutic Society and the American Society for
      Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.

PMID- 2406085
TI  - The history of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics.

PMID- 2406086
TI  - The relationships of the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and
      Therapeutics to government.

PMID- 2406087
TI  - The American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics: its role in
      board certification in clinical pharmacology.

PMID- 2406088
TI  - Legal issues in pediatric plastic surgery.
AB  - Physicians often tend to take a paternalistic/maternalistic attitude in their
      treatment of children. This attitude must be tempered with an understanding of
      various legal issues that surround the medical care of minors. This article
      discusses the issues of informed consent, overriding parental withholding of
      consent, and the states' statutes of limitation with regards to the treatment of
      minors.

PMID- 2406089
TI  - The role of tissue expansion in pediatric plastic surgery.
AB  - The ability to increase available local tissue by controlled soft tissue
      expansion (TE) has led to a rapid increase in the use of TE in clinical practice.
      This article reviews some general guidelines when using TE in children and
      addresses some of the concerns previously expressed regarding the effects of TE
      on growth in infants and children.

PMID- 2406090
TI  - Timing and decision-making in the treatment of congenital upper extremity
      deformities.
AB  - With growth and development, the hand undergoes profound structural and
      functional changes. Congenital anomalies lead to development of aberrant
      functional patterns. Appropriate timing of surgical correction is essential to
      minimize deformity and prevent development of aberrant function before set
      patterns of cortical control have occurred. By the same token, certain anomalies
      should not be treated surgically since such treatment may interfere with
      function. A clearer understanding of pathologic anatomy of deformities such as
      radial club hand, hypoplastic thumb, and thumb duplication has enabled a more
      rational surgical approach. Microsurgery has an increasing role to play in the
      treatment of these deformities.

PMID- 2406091
TI  - Normal and abnormal development of the extremities and trunk.
AB  - Normal and abnormal embryologic and postnatal development of the extremities,
      chest wall, breasts, and abdominal wall are described. Knowledge of development
      anatomy is helpful in forming a rational basis for planning and timing of
      surgical intervention. Clinical and potential clinical applications are
      described.

PMID- 2406092
TI  - Aesthetic considerations and the pediatric population.
AB  - Aesthetic surgery is the natural evolution of reconstructive surgery done to
      improve a patient's form in addition to function. This becomes especially
      critical in the pediatric age group in which patients are constantly evolving and
      their concepts of self-esteem and body image are so fragile.

PMID- 2406093
TI  - Macromastia in adolescence.
AB  - Macromastia is a deforming, disabling, and painful condition, especially in the
      adolescent. Multiple procedures have been advocated and are successful for the
      reduction of breast tissue. In addition, adjunctive therapy with hormones may
      prevent relapse. The hormonal influences on breast development and the etiology
      of macromastia remain complex and not well understood. It is safe to surmise that
      the pathologic condition is multifactorial, with both inherited and acquired
      aspects. In the various techniques for reduction, it is important to have a clear
      understanding of vascular and neural innervation of the breast in order to
      maintain maximum security in reduction without loss of excessive vital tissue.
      Although both sensory ability and lactation function are diminished with most
      procedures and eliminated with some, careful planning and patient counseling in
      all cases should lead to maximal benefit and optimal results.

PMID- 2406094
TI  - The timing of surgical intervention in craniofacial anomalies.
AB  - When treating an infant or younger child with severe craniofacial synostosis, the
      burden is placed on the surgeon in making a decision regarding not only the
      design of the osteomy but also the timing of the surgical intervention. This
      article reviews the current treatment protocols for craniofacial anomalies.

PMID- 2406095
TI  - Early surgical management of coronal synostosis.
AB  - Craniofacial surgery aims to allow proper expansion of the brain and the creation
      of an acceptable appearance. Early surgery represents an important means to
      attain these goals, with the choice of surgical technique being as critical as
      timing.

PMID- 2406096
TI  - Optimal timing of cleft palate closure. Speech, facial growth, and hearing
      considerations.
AB  - We have presented an updated overview of the controversy surrounding the timing
      of cleft palate closure based upon the goals of cleft palate surgery: attainment
      of normal speech, maxillofacial growth, and hearing. From a critical analysis of
      the conflicting literature in these areas, we have developed our own philosophy
      of the cleft palate closure over the past decade that incorporates these three
      primary goals in the multidisciplinary care of the cleft palate patient. We feel
      that only through an objective, long-term, goal-oriented, prospective study of
      our patients will we be able to obtain realistic data in this controversial area.
      To date, there are no long-term, prospective, double-blind studies available in
      the area of cleft palate surgery. In the interim, we must objectively assess our
      results and, above all, adhere to the primary principle of medicine of doing no
      harm in the multidisciplinary management of the cleft palate patient.

PMID- 2406097
TI  - Common benign pediatric cutaneous tumors: timing and treatment.
AB  - This article has been a brief overview of some of the common cutaneous pediatric
      tumors. There are many that have been omitted, but these are relatively uncommon
      and, for them, consultation with your dermatologist and/or professional peers is
      always a good investment. This pays great dividends and increases the quality of
      health care, particularly in the uncommon lesions that are foreign to you but may
      have been seen on several occasions by one of your peers.

PMID- 2406098
TI  - Pediatric microsurgery. Replantation, revascularization, and obstetric brachial
      plexus palsy.
AB  - Revascularization and replantation of the amputated part is absolutely
      recommended for restoration of function, form, and future growth. From the
      beginning, microsurgery has been employed to treat children and infants, but as a
      group pediatric patients have not received much attention. This article discusses
      several areas in which reconstructive microsurgery plays a prominent role in the
      pediatric patient.

PMID- 2406099
TI  - Pediatric microsurgery. Reconstruction by free tissue transfer.
AB  - In the pediatric population, microsurgery has helped to overcome two of the
      problems particular to this group: the smaller size of their vessels and nerves
      and the need for future growth. Microsurgery will continue to play a major role
      in many difficult reconstructive problems in pediatrics in the future.

PMID- 2406100
TI  - Therapy of otitis media.
AB  - The epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, complications and sequelae, and
      therapy of otitis media are reviewed. Otitis media is one of the most common
      infections in infants and children. Epidemiologic studies have identified season
      of the year, bottle versus breast feeding, socioeconomic status, race, sex, and
      daycare attendance as factors associated with the occurrence of otitis media. The
      condition is believed to arise secondary to eustachian tube dysfunction in the
      presence of viral or bacterial invasion of the nasopharynx. Diagnosis is often
      made by direct observation of the tympanic membrane with an otoscope. If
      untreated, the infection can spread to other structures in the aural cavity or
      even to the brain and meninges. The most frequent complication of otitis media is
      hearing loss, which may result in speech and learning difficulties. Oral
      antimicrobial agents--notably ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate,
      cefaclor, cefuroxime axetil, bacampicillin, cyclacillin, erythromycin
      ethylsuccinate-sulfisoxazole, cefixime, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole--are
      the mainstay of treatment. Selection of the agent should be based primarily on
      its spectrum of activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus
      influenzae. Other considerations include the presence of beta-lactamase-producing
      strains of H. influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis, adverse effects, cost, and
      compliance. In cases of recurrent otitis media, antimicrobial prophylaxis or
      surgery may be indicated. Chronic otitis media with effusion may be treated with
      oral antimicrobials, but surgery may also be necessary. Chronic suppurative
      otitis media often requires hospitalization and intravenous antimicrobial therapy
      with agents effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Oral antimicrobial agents
      represent the treatment of choice for otitis media, but such therapy addresses
      only one of the several etiologic factors identified.

PMID- 2406101
TI  - Pathophysiology and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - The pathophysiology and treatment of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are
      reviewed. SAH occurs when blood is released into the subarachnoid space, which
      surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms of SAH include severe headache,
      nausea, vomiting, neck pain, nuchal rigidity, and photophobia. The initial
      hemorrhage is fatal in 20-30% of patients. Complications of SAH include
      rebleeding, hydrocephalus, delayed cerebral ischemia associated with cerebral
      vasospasm, and seizures. The likelihood of rebleeding is increased by measures
      that rapidly lower intracranial pressure. The risk of developing hydrocephalus is
      associated with the volume of blood within the subarachnoid space and ventricular
      system. Cerebral vasospasm develops in 20-40% of patients, and up to 50% of
      affected patients die or suffer permanent neurological damage. Seizures occur in
      5-15% of patients with SAH. Radiologic procedures form the foundation for the
      diagnosis of SAH. The most commonly used rating scale classifies the severity of
      SAH based on the clinical presentation of the patient. Surgery is the definitive
      treatment for the prevention of rebleeding. Hydrocephalus can only be treated
      surgically, most commonly by insertion of a drain. The only measures proved to be
      effective for treatment of delayed cerebral ischemia are volume expansion and the
      induction of hypertension. The calcium-channel blocker nimodipine was recently
      approved for treatment of arterial spasm in SAH. Intravenous nicardipine is also
      being studied for the same indication. These agents may improve clinical outcome
      substantially by limiting fixed neurological deficits. To prevent seizures,
      prophylactic antiepileptic therapy with phenytoin sodium is generally accepted.
      The SAH complications of rebleeding, hydrocephalus, delayed cerebral ischemia,
      and seizures are managed by surgical, drug, and fluid therapy.

PMID- 2406102
TI  - Plasma noradrenaline and dopamine in renin-mediated hypertension.
AB  - Noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) have opposite effects on the kidney; NA
      causes vasoconstriction and increased sodium reabsorption while DA promotes
      vasodilation and natriuresis. In 15 patients investigated for renin-mediated
      hypertension measurements of plasma renin activity (PRA), NA and DA
      concentrations were made in arterial and renal venous blood from both kidneys
      before and after acute stimulation of renin release by i.v. dihydralazine. Nine
      patients had unilateral renin secretion and were classified as renin-positive,
      while the remaining six patients were renin-negative. Renin-positive patients had
      higher arterial and renal venous PRA, NA and DA levels than the negative ones. In
      the renin-positive group V-A differences for NA and DA were present on both sides
      despite unilateral secretion of renin. NA but not DA levels were higher in the
      renin-secreting kidney, which can partly be explained by the reduced plasma flow
      to the involved kidney. After dihydralazine the arterial NA and DA rose similarly
      in renin-positive and renin-negative patients, while PRA rose only in the renin
      positive cases. In the renin-positive patients where stimulation of renin
      secretion caused a marked increase of the PRA gradient on the affected side only,
      renal gradients for NA and DA increased bilaterally. The increase in DA was more
      pronounced than that of NA yielding a rise in DA/NA ratio on the affected side.
      Arterial PRA was positively correlated to the plasma concentrations of NA and DA.
      V-A differences for PRA and NA or DA were positively correlated on the involved
      renin-secreting side. In summary, patients with renin-dependent hypertension have
      elevated plasma NA and DA concentrations. Stimulation of renin release by
      dihydralazine increases the DA/NA ratio in arterial and renal venous blood
      indicating release of 'precursor dopamine' from noradrenergic fibres and/or
      activation of dopaminergic nerves. There seems to be a relationship between renal
      nerve activity and renin release in renin-dependent hypertension.

PMID- 2406103
TI  - Pulmonary clearance of inhaled 99Tcm-DTPA: significance of site of aerosol
      deposition.
AB  - The aim of this study was to analyse how changes in the site of 99Tcm-DTPA
      aerosol deposition between central and peripheral parts of the lung influence
      routine measurement of pulmonary clearance of 99Tcm-DTPA (PCl). The study was
      performed in six 'never-smokers' and 10 smokers with bronchial hypersecretion.
      Changes in aerosol deposition was accomplished by changing the aerosol particle
      size and the velocity by which the subjects inhaled the particles. In the smokers
      with bronchial hypersecretion there was a significantly smaller PCl after central
      deposition (P less than 0.01), than after peripheral deposition, while in the
      never-smokers, significance was not reached. The smokers with bronchial
      hypersecretion had a significantly higher PCl than the never-smokers (P less than
      0.01) when the 99Tcm-DTPA had been deposited in the peripheral parts of the lung,
      but at the examination of central deposition, the difference was no longer
      significant. It is concluded that in smokers with bronchial hypersecretion
      measurement of regional PCl is influenced by the site of 99Tcm-DTPA deposition in
      the lung.

PMID- 2406104
TI  - Colorectal carcinoma: causes, diagnosis, and prevention.
AB  - Colorectal carcinoma is the second leading cause of cancer death in the U.S. The
      risk for colon carcinoma increases after the age of 40 years. Because there is a
      very significant familial incidence of colorectal carcinoma, this is a major
      group of individuals who should be screened. The vast majority of colorectal
      carcinomas are associated with adenomatous polyps of the large intestine.
      Colonoscopy is the best procedure available to evaluate those at risk; the double
      contrast barium enema and flexible sigmoidoscopy also play a significant role in
      diagnosis. Screening for occult blood in the stool is presently the best tool to
      evaluate groups for potential colorectal lesions. Although there are still
      significant problems with occult blood testing, it can account for a definite
      decrease in morbidity and mortality from colorectal carcinoma.

PMID- 2406105
TI  - Advances in the detection and treatment of colorectal carcinoma.
AB  - New technologies and ideas are emerging in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow
      up of patients with colorectal carcinoma. The goal of detecting both primary and
      recurrent disease at an earlier stage remains elusive, but in some cases it may
      now be attainable. Improvements in surgical technique and instrumentation have
      led to the utilization of a variety of procedures for treatment, including more
      conservative operations for colorectal carcinoma detected at an early stage.
      Active specific immunotherapy using the patient's tumor cells to create a vaccine
      may improve the rate of survival in a disease for which no adequate adjuvant
      therapy currently exists. Further basic scientific and clinical research
      involving diagnostic and treatment modalities for colorectal carcinoma may lead
      to improved patient survival rates in the future.

PMID- 2406106
TI  - Malignant teratomas.

PMID- 2406107
TI  - Estrogen-replacement therapy in patients with previous endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - For patients with previous endometrial cancer, ERT is not the accepted practice
      in the U.S. The therapeutic dictum that estrogen is contraindicated in patients
      with previous uterine adenocarcinoma is, however, not substantiated by clinical
      data. The relation of unopposed estrogen stimulation to endometrial hyperplasia
      and carcinoma, and the published studies relating ERT to endometrial cancer, have
      resulted in the clinical perception--and cautionary statements to that effect-
      that estrogen is contraindicated for patients with a history of endometrial
      carcinoma. The exact biologic effects of ERT on endometrial adenocarcinoma have
      not yet been studied adequately, however; the initial clinical data suggest that
      there is no increase in recurrence or mortality. In the meantime, the clinician
      is left with contradictory data as a basis for determining the proper management
      of symptomatic patients. The total impact of estrogen deficiency on the health of
      women and the ratio of benefits and risks of ERT are yet to be defined
      completely. The preponderance of evidence suggests that estrogen has a beneficial
      effect on the major cause of death in women, coronary heart disease, by
      increasing the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction of cholesterol. It is
      established that estrogen prevents the demineralization of bone and delays the
      ravages of osteoporosis. No one has died from vaginal atrophy, bladder
      dysfunction, or hot flashes; the quality of life and marriage have been improved,
      however, by relieving these symptomatic conditions with ERT. Several studies have
      attempted to analyze with various statistical models the ratio of benefits to
      risks, and the majority of authors have concluded that the beneficial effect on
      cardiovascular disease alone clearly outweighs any known risk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406108
TI  - Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer.

PMID- 2406109
TI  - Therapeutic use of intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure.
AB  - A patient with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure undergoing mechanical
      ventilation with PEEP developed significant obstructive airway disease. We found
      that intrinsic PEEP, substituted for externally applied PEEP, could maintain
      oxygenation. The increased inspiratory/expiratory time ratio, which resulted in
      the development of intrinsic PEEP, beneficially reduced airway pressures.

PMID- 2406110
TI  - A practical approach to the newborn chest.

PMID- 2406111
TI  - Liver transplantation: a 31-year perspective. Part II.

PMID- 2406112
TI  - Intestinal permeability in gastrointestinal disorders. Use of oral [99mTc]DTPA.
AB  - This study examined intestinal permeability in gastrointestinal disorders by
      measuring urinary recovery following oral administration of [99mTc]DTPA in 117
      subjects. The mean percent of the ingested dose excreted in a 24-hr urine sample
      was 2.8 +/- 1.6% in 11 healthy controls, 10.8 +/- 10.2% (P less than 0.001) in 21
      ulcerative colitis patients, 8.0 +/- 4.7% (P less than 0.001) in 35 Crohn's
      disease patients, 5.1 +/- 2.9% (P less than 0.01) in 17 patients with
      heterogeneous digestive disease diagnoses, and 3.2 +/- 4.7% (P greater than 0.05)
      in 33 patients with hepatobiliary diagnoses. Among ambulatory patients, Crohn's
      disease subjects, but not ulcerative colitis patients, had greater urinary
      recovery than the controls (P less than 0.05). The Crohn's disease activity index
      correlated positively with the radionuclide recovery in Crohn's subjects (r =
      0.455, P less than 0.02). In a heterogeneous sample of subjects simultaneous
      ingestion of [99mTc]DTPA and [51Cr]EDTA produced urinary levels that were
      correlated positively (r = 0.556, P less than 0.001). Increased absorption of
      [99mTc]DTPA relative to [51Cr]EDTA, however, was noted in ulcerative colitis
      patients (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, increased intestinal permeability has
      been demonstrated by utilizing [99mTc]DTPA in Crohn's disease and ulcerative
      colitis patients. Although this observation appears to be a nonspecific indicator
      of injury, the test provides a simple objective means of establishing disease
      activity, which possibly may be utilized for therapeutic and investigative
      studies.

PMID- 2406113
TI  - End-expiratory pressure best approximates intrinsic lower esophageal sphincter
      pressure. Report of a patient with Cheyne-Stokes respiration.
AB  - Recent studies have shown that the respiratory oscillation inherent in the
      station pull-through technique of measuring lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
      pressure is the result of active diaphragmatic contraction. A recent study in
      cats suggested that intrinsic LES tone is best reflected by end-expiratory
      pressure during spontaneous respiration. This finding is confirmed in a patient
      we report with achalasia and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia who had Cheyne
      Stokes breathing. LES pressure during periods of central apnea approximated end
      expiratory pressure during periods of hyperpnea.

PMID- 2406114
TI  - Carcinoma in adenoma of the ampulla of Vater synchronous with cancer of the
      sigmoid colon.
AB  - A 58-year-old Japanese man presented with early invasive adenocarcinoma within a
      papillotubular adenoma of the ampulla of Vater synchronous with advanced
      adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon. The colon had two additional adenomas. This
      hitherto unreported concomitance in the absence of familial polyposis coli is
      discussed.

PMID- 2406115
TI  - Breast cancer.
AB  - Breast cancer will affect 1 out of 10 women in the United States and cause 27
      deaths per 100,000 women per year. The etiology remains unknown, but the
      incidence correlates with genetic as well as environmental factors. Screening
      programs have been shown to prolong the survival by early detection compared with
      control populations but remain underutilized by physicians and patients. Breast
      disease can be evaluated by physical examination and mammography and a definitive
      diagnosis made by needle aspiration, needle biopsy, or excisional biopsy. This
      allows the patient to participate in the decision regarding mastectomy vs.
      conservative surgery plus radiation therapy. These two approaches have equivalent
      survival in selected patients. Patients with locally advanced, nonmetastatic
      disease benefit from a multidisciplinary approach using preoperative chemotherapy
      and postoperative radiation therapy. This approach has allowed less disfiguring
      surgery and improved survival. Preinvasive carcinoma is diagnosed more frequently
      with the increased use of screening mammography. Local therapy options include
      simple mastectomy, local excision plus radiation, or local excision alone. The
      natural history and results of therapy in preinvasive disease are evolving as
      more data are accumulated. Systemic adjuvant therapy is recommended for all node
      positive patients and most node-negative patients with invasive cancer. The
      specific modality (hormonal or cytotoxic) varies with the subgroup involved.
      Treatment of metastatic disease to palliate symptoms and prolong survival
      includes the use of local therapies (surgery and radiation) and hormonal and
      cytotoxic agents. Most patients benefit, but cure has been unobtainable. Newer
      approaches utilizing high-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow support with growth
      factors or autologous transplantation are currently being explored.

PMID- 2406116
TI  - [Puncture track metastasis after ultrasound-guided fine-needle puncture biopsy. A
      rare complication?].
AB  - Bilaterally enlarged adrenals were diagnosed by ultrasonography in a 57-year-old
      man with a potentially resectable adenocarcinoma of the lung. Ultrasound-guided
      fine-needle biopsy of the left adrenal revealed a metastasis, proven
      cytologically. Chemotherapy was tried but failed to influence tumour growth.
      Three months later a painful subcutaneous nodule was noted in the area of the
      previous needle puncture, which on removal proved to be a skin metastasis. The
      patient died later from the underlying tumour.

PMID- 2406117
TI  - [The diagnosis of polyneuropathies].

PMID- 2406118
TI  - [Omega-3 fatty acids--really clinically useful?].

PMID- 2406119
TI  - [Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder].
AB  - Ultrasound examination of the gallbladder was performed in a prospective study
      (from 1985 to 1988) of 14,841 consecutive patients. Polypoid changes were found
      in 224 (129 men, 95 women; mean age 54 [18-88] years), sonographically classified
      as cholesterol polyps in 212, as polypoid lesions of uncertain benignity in 12.
      Mean observation time of 92 patients with cholesterol polyps was 9 (3-48) months.
      In six the polyp diameter increased by up to 5 mm: only two of them were operated
      upon and the diagnosis was confirmed in both. A total of 21 patients suspected of
      having cholesterol polyps were operated upon, the diagnosis confirmed in 17,
      chronic cholecystitis in two and, in one case each, thickened wall-adherent bile
      or wall-adherent concrements as cause of the ultrasound changes. Six of the 12
      patients with polypoid lesions of uncertain benignity were operated upon: two had
      an adenoma, one each had tissue heterotopy, malignant melanoma metastasis, gall
      bladder carcinoma and adenomyomatosis.

PMID- 2406120
TI  - [Gyrase inhibitors. Central nervous side effects and inhibition of methylxanthine
      elimination].

PMID- 2406121
TI  - The evolution of otolaryngic allergy practices.
AB  - We review the evolution of the allergy diagnosis and treatment techniques
      endorsed by the American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy. These endorsements were
      made only after careful consideration of supporting data accumulated during their
      evolution.

PMID- 2406122
TI  - A comparison of in-vitro allergy diagnostic assays.
AB  - Investigation, comparison, and discussion of various assays, both old and new, is
      beneficial for physicians using, or intending to use, an in-vitro assay for
      allergy diagnosis. Such investigation can prevent abuse and ensure the
      reliability of in-vitro testing for atopic allergy as a method of diagnosis.

PMID- 2406123
TI  - Allergy skin tests and immunotherapy: comparison of methods in common use.
AB  - Scratch, prick, single dilution intradermal, and skin endpoint titration skin
      testing techniques are compared and contrasted. The use of these skin testing
      methods for safely initiating and advancing allergy immunotherapy treatment is
      discussed. Concepts of low-dose, symptom-relieving dose, and maximally-tolerated
      dose immunotherapy are described, and common factors in all allergy techniques
      are stressed.

PMID- 2406124
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials from median nerve; normative data.
AB  - The somatosensory evoked potentials from median nerve were studied in a group of
      127 normal adults aged from 19 to 79. The latencies of elbow, Erb's, cervical N11
      and N13 as well as cortical N20 and P25 potentials were analyzed as a function of
      height and age. Two central conduction times, N20-N11 and N20-N13, were equally
      studied. The corresponding regression formulae were calculated and can be used to
      predict normative values of these parameters over a wide range of height and age.
      Standard error estimates are given for all parameters.

PMID- 2406125
TI  - Central motor conduction in ischaemic and hemorrhagic cerebral lesions.
AB  - Electrical Transcranial Cortical Stimulation was performed in 20 healthy
      volunteers and 14 patients having supra- or infratentorial vascular lesions.
      Central Conduction Time (CCT) in the Pyramidal Tract (PT) was calculated by
      subtraction of the Peripheral Conduction Time and the spinal synaptic delay to
      the Motor Evoked Potential (MEP) latency. Twelve out of fourteen patients showed
      prolonged MEP latencies or CCTs in the affected corporal segments. Only in 3
      cases, 2 with subcortical hematoma and other with bilateral ischaemic lesions,
      the PT was inexcitable. Two patients, one with a discrete cortical lesion and the
      other with an hemispheric cerebellar infarct showed no abnormalities in pyramidal
      conduction. Electrophysiological results showed a good correspondence with the
      degree of clinical impairment.

PMID- 2406126
TI  - Randomized trial of a program to enhance the competencies of children with
      epilepsy.
AB  - A randomized, controlled trial was conducted in Santiago, Chile to test the
      impact of a child-centered, family-focused educational program for children aged
      7-14 years with epilepsy and for their parents. The objectives of the program
      developed and pilot-tested in Los Angeles, California were to increase the
      children's knowledge, perceptions of competency, and skills related to dealing
      with seizures. Children in the experimental group (n = 123) and their parents
      separately attended four 1 1/2-h sessions and then met together at the end of
      each session to share learning experiences. Control children (n = 113) and their
      parents attended three 2-h sessions with a traditional lecture followed by
      question-and-answer format. All participants were pretested and then retested 5
      months after completion of the educational intervention. Although there was some
      knowledge increase among children in the control group, the knowledge of children
      in the experimental group was significantly enhanced in a variety of areas
      related to management of their seizures and unnecessary restriction of their
      social and play activities. There was a significant increase in the self
      perceptions of social competency of children in the experimental group. Children
      in the experimental group without serious behavioral problems also reported
      significantly better behavior after the intervention than did control children.
      There was no impact on children's disclosure of their diagnosis to friends and
      others.

PMID- 2406127
TI  - Semistructured interview for seizure classification: agreement with physicians'
      diagnoses.
AB  - A semi-structured interview was developed for classification of seizures in
      accordance with the 1981 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) criteria.
      The interview was administered over the telephone by trained lay interviewers.
      Interview-based diagnoses for 50 patients were compared with independent
      diagnoses by neurologists who also use the ILAE system for seizure
      classification. Interview diagnoses agreed with those of physicians for broad
      seizure-type classifications (i.e., partial vs. generalized onset) in 88% of
      patients and for detailed combinations of seizure type in 64% of patients.
      Nonchance agreement between the two sources, assessed by the kappa statistic, was
      excellent for any partial onset (kappa = 0.83), secondarily generalized (kappa =
      0.81), and primary generalized tonic-clonic (kappa = 0.76) seizures. Agreement
      was fair to good for any generalized onset (kappa = 0.70), simple partial (kappa
      = 0.56), complex partial (kappa = 0.54), and generalized nonconvulsive (kappa =
      0.56) seizures. Sensitivity ranged from 0.60 to 1.0 for partial onset seizures,
      and from 0.43 to 0.67 for generalized onset seizures. Specificity ranged from
      0.60 to 0.87 for partial onset seizures, and was 1.0 for generalized onset
      seizures. Positive predictive value was 0.95 for any partial onset and 1.0 for
      any generalized onset seizure. These results suggest that this interview can
      produce accurate diagnoses of major seizure categories. Use of this instrument
      for clinical epilepsy research should facilitate conduct of large studies at a
      significant saving of both time and money.

PMID- 2406128
TI  - Effects of kainate on the excitability of rat hippocampal neurones.
AB  - Intracellular recordings from CA1 pyramidal neurones of the rat hippocampal slice
      preparation were used to study changes in neuronal excitability induced by the
      excitatory amino acid analogues kainate (KA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Low
      concentrations of bath-applied KA (50-200 nM) or NMDA (1-3 microM) elicited a
      relatively small membrane depolarization and increased the number of spikes fired
      by a constant current pulse. The spike after-hyperpolarization (AHP) was
      depressed by KA but enhanced by NMDA. After blockade of the voltage-sensitive Na+
      conductances with tetrodotoxin, intracellularly applied current pulses elicited
      Ca2+ spikes. Whereas NMDA always increased the duration (and number) of Ca2+
      spikes and of their AHP, KA conversely reduced these spikes and (in almost half
      of the cells tested) the late phase of their AHP. When Ba2+ was used to replace
      extracellular Ca2+, prolonged plateau potentials developed and were also blocked
      by KA. NMDA had no effect on Ba2(+)-dependent responses. These results suggest
      that low concentrations of KA profoundly modified the electroresponsiveness of
      CA1 neurones perhaps by depressing a Ca2(+)-dependent K+ conductance mechanism
      responsible for dampening the excitability of these cells.

PMID- 2406129
TI  - The first EGF-like domain from human factor IX contains a high-affinity calcium
      binding site.
AB  - It has been suggested that epidermal growth factor-like (EGF-like) domains,
      containing conserved carboxylate residues, are responsible for the high-affinity
      calcium binding exhibited by a number of vitamin K-dependent plasma proteins
      involved in the control of the blood coagulation cascade. These include the
      procoagulant factors IX and X, and the anticoagulants protein C and protein S. To
      test this hypothesis we have expressed the first EGF-like domain from human
      factor IX (residues 46-84) using a yeast secretion system, and examined calcium
      binding to the domain. Using 1H-NMR to measure a calcium-dependent shift assigned
      to Tyr69 we have detected a high-affinity calcium binding site (Kd = 200-300
      microM). We suggest that other EGF-like domains of this type may have similar
      calcium binding properties. In addition, we have completely assigned the aromatic
      region of the NMR spectrum by NOESY and COSY analysis, and have used these data
      to discuss the effect of calcium and pH on the conformation of the domain with
      reference to a model based on the structure of human EGF.

PMID- 2406131
TI  - Transforming growth factors and the regulation of cell proliferation.
AB  - The number of different growth regulatory molecules which have been isolated and
      characterized is continuing to increase. As more information is obtained, it has
      become apparent that the cooperative actions of many factors with distinct
      activities is necessary for appropriate proliferative responses. An interplay of
      both growth stimulatory and growth inhibitory factors is essential for normal
      growth. Of crucial importance, therefore, is the appropriate regulation of growth
      factors. Unregulated expression, synthesis, posttranslational processing or
      activation of either positive or negative growth signals may contribute to
      neoplastic transformation (Fig. 3). Altered responses to normally positive or
      negative signals by transformed cells have been demonstrated by several
      investigators [64, 79, 84]. While altered growth factor responses in transformed
      cells are well documented, the mechanisms responsible for the loss of growth
      control are poorly understood and are likely to be both complex and numerous.
      Continued efforts to dissect and comprehend fully growth factor action on normal
      cells will be necessary before an understanding of neoplastic transformation can
      be achieved.

PMID- 2406130
TI  - A mutation in a single gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe affects the expression
      of several snRNAs and causes defects in RNA processing.
AB  - A bank of temperature sensitive (ts-) mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe was
      screened for snRNA expression mutants using an oligodeoxynucleotide that
      recognizes U2 RNA. One mutant with a novel phenotype was identified that has
      reduced steady-state levels of the spliceosomal snRNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6. In
      addition, the mutant exhibits a temperature-dependent accumulation of aberrant U2
      and U4 transcripts elongated at their 3' end. The steady-state concentration of
      the RNA component of RNase P is also reduced in the mutant, whereas the amount of
      U3 RNA, 7SL RNA, tRNA, rRNA and mRNA are the same as wild-type. Pre-mRNA, pre
      tRNA and U6 RNA precursor processing are impaired in the mutant. Genetic analysis
      demonstrates that the snRNA defects are tightly linked to the ts- growth defect
      and are recessive. We have named this mutant snm1 to indicate a defect in snRNA
      maintenance. The data on snm1 suggest that a single trans-acting factor is
      essential for the maintenance of steady-state levels of several snRNAs and for
      proper 3' end formation of U2 and U4 RNAs.

PMID- 2406132
TI  - Enzyme-enzyme interactions and control analysis. 1. The case of non-additivity:
      monomer-oligomer associations.
AB  - Two usual assumptions of the treatment of metabolism are: (a) the rates of
      isolated enzyme reactions are additive, i.e., that rate is proportional to enzyme
      concentration; (b) in a system, the rates of individual enzyme reactions are not
      influenced by interactions with other enzymes, i.e. that they are acting
      independently, except by being coupled through shared metabolites. On this basis,
      control analysis has established theorems and experimental methods for studying
      the distribution of control. These assumptions are not universally true and it is
      shown that the theorems can be modified to take account of such deviations. This
      is achieved by defining additional elasticity coefficients, designated by the
      symbol pi, which quantify the effects of homologous and heterologous enzyme
      interactions. Here we show that for the case of non-proportionality of rate with
      enzyme concentration, (pi ii not equal to 1), the summation theorems are given by
      (Formula: see text). The example of monomer-oligomer equilibria is used to
      illustrate non-additive behaviour and experimental methods for their study are
      suggested.

PMID- 2406133
TI  - Enzyme-enzyme interactions and control analysis. 2. The case of non-independence:
      heterologous associations.
AB  - The association of different enzymes into a complex may induce changes in the
      kinetic parameters of its component enzymes. This implies that they cannot be
      treated as independent catalysts. It will affect the formulations and theorems of
      control analysis and necessitates the introduction of additional elasticities
      reflecting the effect of one enzyme on the rate of another. We show how this is
      achieved as an extension of the classical treatment. We present modified
      summation and connectivity theorems incorporating both homologous and
      heterologous interactions. The case of channelling of metabolites in such
      complexes is considered and an experimental method for its detection is
      suggested.

PMID- 2406134
TI  - Purification and characterization of Escherichia coli RNase I. Comparisons with
      RNase M.
AB  - The endoribonuclease, RNase I, was purified from the periplasm of Escherichia
      coli. Based on PAGE, it has molecular mass of approximately 27 kDa with a
      migration rate indistinguishable from that of the recently reported RNase M from
      E. coli. The amino acid sequence of the two enzymes must be very similar based on
      two-dimensional mapping of their tryptic peptides and suggests either a post
      transcriptional modification to yield different proteins from the same gene or
      evolution of two genes by gene duplication. However, while RNase I could degrade
      each of the four ribonucleotide homopolymers, only poly(U) or poly(C) were good
      substrates for RNase M with possibly some hydrolysis of poly(A). The reaction
      rate for poly(C) hydrolysis with RNase M was about ten times faster than for
      poly(U), while for RNase I the rates were about equal. Besides differences in
      specificity, RNase M was only located in the spheroplasts while RNase I found in
      the periplasm of growing cells. In terms of function, RNase I is known to cause
      degradation of rRNA during periods of stress or non-growth, whereas it has been
      proposed that RNase M is the endonuclease for mRNA degradation in growing cells.

PMID- 2406135
TI  - Membrane ionic currents in Rhodobacter capsulatus. Evidence for electrophoretic
      transport of K+, Rb+ and NH4+.
AB  - 1. The cytoplasmic membrane ionic current of cells of Rhodobacter capsulatus,
      washed to lower the endogenous K+ concentration, had a non-linear dependence on
      the membrane potential measured during photosynthetic illumination. Treatment of
      the cells with venturicidin, an inhibitor of the H(+)-ATP synthase, increased the
      membrane potential and decreased the membrane ionic current at values of membrane
      potential below a threshold. 2. The addition of K+ or Rb+, but not of Na+, led to
      an increase in the membrane ionic current and a decrease in the membrane
      potential in either the presence or absence of venturicidin. Approximately 0.4 mM
      K+ or 2.0 mM Rb+ led to a half-maximal response. At saturating concentrations of
      K+ and Rb+, the membrane ionic currents were similar. The membrane ionic currents
      due to K+ and Rb+ were not additive. The K(+)-dependent and Rb(+)-dependent ionic
      currents had a non-linear relationship with membrane potential: the alkali
      cations only increased the ionic current when the membrane potential lay above a
      threshold value. The presence of 1 mM Cs+ did not lead to an increase in the
      membrane ionic current but it had the effect of inhibiting the membrane ionic
      current due to either K+ or Rb+. 3. Photosynthetic illumination in the presence
      of either K+ or Rb+, and weak acids such as acetate, led to a decrease in light
      scattering by the cells. This was attributed to the uptake of potassium or
      rubidium acetate and a corresponding increase in osmotic strength in the
      cytoplasm. 4. The addition of NH4+ also led to an increase in membrane ionic
      current and to a decrease in membrane potential (half-maximal at 2.0 mM NH4+).
      The relationship between the NH4(+)-dependent ionic currents and the membrane
      potential was similar to that for K+. The NH4(+)-dependent and K(+)-dependent
      ionic current were not additive. However, illumination in the presence of NH4+
      and acetate did not lead to significant light-scattering changes. The NH4(+)
      dependent membrane ionic current was inhibited by 1 mM Cs+ but not by 50 microM
      methylamine. 5. It is proposed that the K(+)-dependent membrane ionic current is
      catalysed by a low-affinity K(+)-transport system such as that described in Rb.
      capsulatus [Jasper, P. (1978) J. Bacteriol. 133, 1314-1322]. The possibility is
      considered that, as well as Rb+, this transport system can also operate with
      NH4+. However, in our experimental conditions NH4+ uptake is followed by NH3
      efflux.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2406136
TI  - Induction of the 4-aminobutyrate and urea-catabolic pathways in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae. Specific and common transcriptional regulators.
AB  - In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, induction of the 4-aminobutyrate-catabolic
      pathway by 4-aminobutyrate requires two positive regulatory factors, encoded by
      the UGA3 and the UGA35 genes respectively. In addition to this, expression of one
      gene of this pathway, namely the UGA4 gene encoding the 4-aminobutyrate-specific
      permease, is controlled negatively by the product of the UGA43 gene [Vissers, S.,
      Andre, B., Muyldermans, F. & Grenson, M. (1989) Eur. J. Biochem. 181, 357-361].
      We show here that the products of two of these regulatory genes, UGA35 and UGA43,
      also control the expression of the genes encoding the urea-catabolic pathway,
      although the 4-aminobutyrate and urea-catabolic pathways are synthesised under
      specific conditions and do not share any enzymatic step or metabolite: the UGA35
      pathways are synthesised under specific conditions and do not share any enzymatic
      step or metabolite: the UGA35 gene is shown to be identical to the DURL gene
      which was previously identified as a positive regulatory factor of the urea
      catabolic pathway; the UGA43 gene product is shown to behave like a negative
      regulatory factor of this pathway. In contrast to UGA35/DURL and UGA43, the
      positive regulatory factors encoded by the UGA3 gene and the previously
      identified DURM gene specifically control 4-aminobutyrate and urea catabolisms
      respectively. Northern hybridization experiments suggest that the UGA35/DURL and
      UGA43 common regulatory factors act at the transcriptional level. Our results
      show that the expression of two biochemically distinct nitrogenous catabolisms,
      as triggered by their respective inducers, seems to involve multiple regulatory
      factors, some of which are common to the two catabolic pathways.

PMID- 2406137
TI  - Conformational changes of tarantula (Eurypelma californicum) haemocyanin detected
      with a fluorescent probe, 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole.
AB  - Different fluorescent labels were tested in order to monitor conformational
      transitions of the four-hexamer haemocyanin from the tarantula Eurypelma
      californicum during the oxygenation process. When the four-hexamer was labelled
      with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole, the maximum wavelength lambda max
      of the fluorescence emission spectrum was significantly shifted up to 5 nm,
      depending on pH and the degree of oxygenation. The values for lambda max of the
      fully oxygenated haemocyanin were 531.5 nm (pH less than 7.8) and 530.0 nm (pH
      greater than 7.8). For deoxygenated haemocyanin the values were 533.5 nm (pH less
      than 7.2) and 535.2 nm (pH greater than 7.2). The occurrence of four distinct
      emission maxima supports the hypothesis of four conformational species for the
      tarantula haemocyanin, which have been predicted by the nesting model [Robert, C.
      H., Decker, H., Richey, B., Gill, S. J. & Wyman, J. (1987) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.
      USA 84, 1891-1895]. Only four amino acids of the four-hexamer were labelled with
      7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. They were identified as lysine 484 on
      the purified peptide Leu-Arg-Lys-Phe-His-Arg. This amino acid is located on the
      surface of the four copies of subunit d. The sharp shift of the maxima of the
      emission wavelengths during oxygenation indicates that the four copies of
      subunits d synchronously take part in the conformational switch. This points to a
      concerted mechanism for the conformational transitions of the tarantula
      haemocyanin.

PMID- 2406138
TI  - 1H-NMR and mass spectrometric studies of tetrahydropterins. Evidence for the
      structure of 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of
      tetrahydrobiopterin.
AB  - The conversion of dihydroneopterin triphosphate in the presence of 6-pyruvoyl
      tetrahydropterin synthase was followed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The interpretation
      of the spectra of the product is unequivocal: they show formation of a
      tetrahydropterin system carrying a stereospecifically oriented substituent at the
      asymmetric C(6) atom. The spectra are compatible with formation of a (3')-CH3
      function, and with complete removal of the 1' and 2' hydrogens of
      dihydroneopterin triphosphate. The fast-atom-bombardment/mass spectrometry study
      of the same product yields a [M + H]+ ion at m/z 238 compatible with the
      structure of 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin. The data support the proposed structure
      of 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin as a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of
      tetrahydrobiopterin.

PMID- 2406139
TI  - Quantitative estimation of minor mRNAs by cDNA-polymerase chain reaction.
      Application to dystrophin mRNA in cultured myogenic and brain cells.
AB  - Amplification of the mRNA polymerase chain reaction is a very sensitive technique
      to detect low-abundance transcripts. We describe in this paper conditions
      necessary to make this technique quantitative. Quantification is performed in the
      exponential phase of the amplification process and the results are standardized
      with respect to those obtained with an exogenous mRNA which is co-reverse
      transcribed and co-amplified in the same reaction as the analyzed transcripts.
      The primers are chosen in different exons to distinguish the amplification of
      mRNA fragments from the amplification of contaminating DNA. Analysis of the
      kinetics of amplification and parameters influencing this kinetics shows that:
      (a) in the exponential phase of amplification, the amount of amplified fragments
      is proportional to the initial amount of transcripts; (b) in a certain range of
      length fragment, the yield of amplification is inversely proportional to the
      length of the amplified fragments. Using this method we have demonstrated that
      the dystrophin gene is already activated at the myoblastic stage. A quantitative
      estimation of the transcript showed that the expression of this gene increases
      strongly in the course of in vitro myogenesis. In primary culture of mouse brain
      cells, the dystrophin gene was found to be more expressed in neuronal than in
      glial cells.

PMID- 2406140
TI  - Structure of preproattacin and its processing in insect cells infected with a
      recombinant baculovirus.
AB  - From a cDNA library made from fatbody of immunized Hyalophora cecropia pupae, a
      full-length clone corresponding to basic attacin was isolated. The corresponding
      amino acid sequence suggests that basic attacin is synthesized as a 233-residue
      preproprotein. This was confirmed by cloning the cDNA fragment encoding the basic
      attacin in the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus
      downstream of the polyhedrin promoter and expressing the protein in Spodoptera
      frugiperda (Sf9) cells. Biologically active attacin was also produced in last
      instar larvae of Trichoplusia ni after injection of recombinant virus. The
      concentration obtained was 300-500 times that obtained in cell culture
      supernatants. In cell culture the induction kinetics of attacin were followed at
      both transcriptional and translational levels. From the protein processing
      pattern it was suggested that a protease produced by the Spodoptera cells cleaves
      attacin at the double arginine residues at positions 45 and 46. The instability
      of the attacin proteins is rationalized in terms of their random-coil structure
      which was deduced from circular dichroism measurements.

PMID- 2406142
TI  - Beta-lactamase types and beta-lactam resistance of Escherichia coli strains with
      chromosomally mediated ampicillin resistance.
AB  - On the basis of isoelectric focusing six beta-lactamase types could be
      distinguished in ampicillin-resistant and ampicillin-sensitive strains of
      Escherichia coli. More than 90% of the ampicillin-resistant strains produced the
      same beta-lactamase type. The serotypes found in a group of ampicillin-resistant
      urinary tract infection strains did not represent the distribution usually found
      in urinary tract isolates. Chromosomal ampicillin resistance was always
      associated with high cephalothin MIC values and increased resistance to other
      beta-lactam antibiotics of the cephalosporin group.

PMID- 2406141
TI  - Microbiological aspects of Helicobacter pylori (Campylobacter pylori).
AB  - The human gastric pathogen Campylobacter pylori has recently been reclassified as
      Helicobacter pylori, and a related spiral bacterium found in the stomach of
      ferrets has been designated Helicobacter mustelae. The general microbiological
      features of Helicobacter pylori are delineated here, with details of phenotypic
      differences between Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae; comparisons
      are made with Wolinella succinogenes and Campylobacter jejuni. The Helicobacter
      organisms possess an external glycocalyx which can be visualised by electron
      microscopy, and which may be involved in bacterial adherence. The finding of
      soluble and cell-associated haemagglutinins of Helicobacter pylori is reported.
      Detection of Helicobacter pylori in clinical specimens, susceptibility of the
      organism to antibacterial agents, and other aspects of practical and clinical
      significance are briefly reviewed.

PMID- 2406143
TI  - Thoracic Salmonella typhimurium abscess in an AIDS patient.

PMID- 2406144
TI  - Problems in the detection of Pneumocystis carinii by indirect immunofluorescence.

PMID- 2406145
TI  - Immunological features of diffuse connective tissue diseases.
AB  - Diffuse connective tissue diseases (DCTD) represent an heterogeneous group of
      disorders characterized by systemic inflammatory reactions that are currently
      classified on clinical grounds. Their aetiopathogenesis is largely unknown and
      appears to be very complex, associating exogenous factors with an immunogenetic
      predisposition. In the last decade, studies on human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
      disease associations and antinuclear antibodies have provided some useful clues
      for the diagnosis and clinical management of DCTD.

PMID- 2406146
TI  - Prenatal treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia: report of a new case.
AB  - A mother at risk for 21-hydroxylase deficiency was treated with oral
      dexamethasone (0.5 mg 12 hourly) from early pregnancy, in an attempt to prevent
      in utero virilization in case of a female fetus. Fetal karyotype was 46,XX, and
      because of a possible intra HLA recombination, treatment was continued to term.
      The newborn had a modest virilization and hormonal studies confirmed the
      diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This observation and review of
      the literature suggest that efficient prenatal treatment of CAH requires a higher
      and more frequent dosage of dexamethasone.

PMID- 2406147
TI  - Milk-sensitive eosinophilic gastroenteritis in a 10-day-old boy.
AB  - Eosinophilic gastroenteropathy in children is a rare, idiopathic disease
      characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract. We
      describe a 10-day-old boy with aspecific clinical manifestations (unconsolable
      crying). Treatment with a semi-elemental diet was successful, suggesting a "milk
      sensitive enteropathy", although he had been exclusively breast fed. Recent
      literature is reviewed.

PMID- 2406148
TI  - Colour Doppler imaging--a new method to differentiate torsion of the spermatic
      cord and epididymo-orchitis.
AB  - A newborn boy with torsion of the spermatic cord and an 8-year-old boy with
      epididymitis were investigated by colour Doppler imaging (CDI). Due to torsion of
      the spermatic cord, no blood flow could be observed within the testis and the
      epididymis. In epididymitis blood flow was markedly increased. CDI seems to be
      useful for differentiating between the two disorders.

PMID- 2406149
TI  - Evaluation of two ELISA tests for the rapid detection of group A streptococci.
AB  - We examined 579 oropharyngeal swab specimens from children presenting with
      pharyngitis in order to compare two rapid diagnostic ELISA tests for group A
      streptococcal antigen: the TestPack Strep A (TPSA), and the Direct Strep A EIA
      (DSAE), with an anaerobically incubated sheep blood agar culture. The
      sensitivities of the methods were respectively 60.8% (TPSA) and 64.4% (DSAE), the
      specificities 98.3% (TPSA) and 93.2% (DSAE), the positive predictive values 88.6%
      (TPSA) and 70.3% (DSAE) and the negative predictive values 92.0% (TPSA) and 91.2%
      (DSAE). We conclude that the TPSA is easy to interpret and is sufficiently
      specific to initiate treatment in patients with a positive test. It is not
      sufficiently sensitive to ensure negative or intermediate results. The
      performance of the DSAE test is similar but the specificity is slightly lower and
      more false positive results occur.

PMID- 2406150
TI  - Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with perforated appendicitis and
      chronic diarrhoea.
AB  - Two unique associations of disease with Escherichia coli O157:H7 are presented.
      These cases broaden the spectrum of disease associated with this organism which
      currently includes bloody and non-bloody diarrhoea, haemolytic-uraemic syndrome,
      and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

PMID- 2406151
TI  - Renal blood flow and flow velocity in children and adolescents: duplex Doppler
      evaluation.
AB  - The renal arteries of 62 children and adolescents aged 1-16 years without renal
      or renovascular disease were examined by computer Doppler duplex sonography (DDS)
      to measure absolute renal blood flow velocities. Maximum systolic velocity (Vmax)
      and time average velocity (TAV) were not age-dependent. In addition, absolute
      values of renal artery and renal blood flow were measured. Renal blood flow was
      4.1 +/- 1.2 ml/min per gram kidney (two standard deviations), independent of age
      and comparable to commonly accepted physiological values. The coefficient of
      variation of blood flow calculations was 6%-15% depending on vessel diameter.

PMID- 2406152
TI  - Consultation-based programming: instituting the collaborative ethic in schools.
AB  - Consultation-based programming is widely supported as a logical augmentation to
      the current educational service delivery system. However, despite increasing
      advocacy for formats that foster collaborative efforts of multidisciplinary
      personnel, implementation of these program formats in schools remains sporadic.
      This article (a) discussed a number of the conceptual principles which underpin
      program development, (b) proposes informal standards for ecological evaluation of
      specific-formats, and (c) identifies factors that maximize the potential for
      successful installment of consultation-based programs in schools.

PMID- 2406153
TI  - Widening the debate on educational reform: prevention as a viable alternative.
AB  - Current debate on educational reform and on delivery of special education
      services has neglected the area of prevention. In a highly stressed service
      delivery system, preventive services demand consideration as a viable alternative
      to current service delivery models. While not replacing remedial programs,
      prevention would greatly expand the scope of services offered and lower stress on
      remedial programs. In turn, remedial programs could address children with more
      extreme needs instead of being the only alternative available to regular
      classroom placement.

PMID- 2406154
TI  - Restructuring of mainstream sociometry with learning disabled and nonhandicapped
      students.
AB  - Sociometric ratings assigned by and to 50 elementary school students with
      learning disabilities and 50 nonhandicapped elementary school students (in
      matched pairs) were compared in this study. In addition, traditional sociometric
      status applied to social impact and social preference was also examined. Results
      showed that the matched pairs did not differ significantly in assigned status to
      their peers, but differed significantly in acceptance and rejection received from
      their shared classmates. Students with learning disabilities and nonhandicapped
      students differed significantly in social preference, but not in social impact.

PMID- 2406155
TI  - Mechanism of action of interleukin 1 on the progenitors of blast cells in acute
      myeloblastic leukemia.
AB  - We tested the effect of interleukin 1 (IL-1) on the growth of leukemic blast
      progenitors from patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). A purified
      blast cell fraction depleted of both T cells and phagocytic cells was tested at
      different cell densities. Addition of 1 ng/ml of IL-1 alpha alone enhanced blast
      colony formation in 10 of 13 cases tested, and the enhancement was prominent when
      plated cell densities were lowered. The conditioned media (CM) from AML patients
      contained varied levels of IL-1 activity, and following depletion of phagocytic
      cells, the levels decreased markedly in all cases tested. Addition of either
      antiserum against IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta reduced the IL-1 activity in CM,
      suggesting that AML blasts produce both IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta. Addition of IL
      1 alpha or IL-1 beta antiserum inhibited blast colony formation in a dose
      dependent manner, and a combination of both antisera showed the most marked
      inhibition. However, the augmentation of blast colony formation was almost
      completely inhibited by addition of anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (GM-CSF) serum in all three cases tested. IL-1 is also devoid
      of this activity when tested in the presence of a combination of granulocyte CSF
      (G-CSF), GM-CSF, and interleukin 3 (IL-3) at an optimal concentration. These
      results suggest that blast cells could produce and secrete CSF(s) and/or IL-1,
      and that the growth-enhancing effect of IL-1 on AML blasts is indirect, via
      production of CSFs by leukemic cells.

PMID- 2406156
TI  - Some hemopoietic negative regulators.
AB  - Hemopoietic negative regulators are growth inhibitory proteins or peptides of
      natural origin that exert their effects on cells of the blood-forming system.
      They are biologically defined by quantitative assay methods that exclude toxicity
      as a basis for their action. They act within minutes to hours, in a readily
      reversible and more-or-less specific manner on stem cells and progenitor cells,
      during S-phase to arrest DNA synthesis, or during G1 to prevent entry into DNA
      synthesis. Operating at picomolar to nanomolar concentrations through high
      affinity receptors at their target cell surface, they oppose the action of
      stimulatory (or positive regulatory) growth factors. Hemopoietic negative and
      positive regulators acting in concert thus appear to provide a mechanism for
      rapid, reversible, and specific proliferative responses to changes in hemopoietic
      demand.

PMID- 2406157
TI  - A serum-free culture method for myeloma progenitors in vitro: proliferative and
      immunophenotypic characteristics.
AB  - Methods for forming multiple myeloma (MM) colonies are difficult because
      nonproliferative, but viable, plasma cells can survive for several weeks in
      culture and because MM cells tend to clump readily, forming pseudo-colonies. The
      present study describes a method for growing pure myeloma colonies in serum-free
      conditions in which genuine myeloma growth is unequivocally demonstrated. Growth
      was observed in 17 of 32 MM bone marrow samples. After a delay of 3-5 weeks,
      during which most cells died, Ig light-chain-restricted colonies emerged,
      expanded for approximately 3 weeks, and then showed no evidence of further
      proliferation. Cell doubling time was 8-10 days, and a significant number of
      cells in all cultures expressed Ki-67, having earlier lacked this nuclear
      proliferation antigen. In addition, colony formation was abrogated by
      irradiation, and two of eight cultures were successfully replated in 0.8%
      methylcellulose. Phenotypic analysis revealed a mixed population of plasma cells
      (RFD6+) and B-lymphocytes (CD19+, CAL-LA-), and cells were consistently Epstein
      Barr virus negative. Culture of myeloma bone marrow by this serum-free method
      will allow appraisal of the role of various recombinant growth factors.

PMID- 2406158
TI  - Three quantitative assays for human erythroid burst-promoting activity of
      recombinant growth factors and of omentum-conditioned medium.
AB  - Human erythroid burst-promoting activity (BPA) of recombinant growth factors and
      crude materials, of media conditioned by omentum tissue (OMCM), and of media
      conditioned by the bladder carcinoma cell line (HTB9CM) was measured by three
      different culture methods. Using the two-stage culture method, significant
      activity was shown in OMCM (137%-329% of the control), HTB9CM (102%-333%),
      recombinant human (rh) granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM
      CSF) (179%-220%), rh interleukin 3 (rhIL-3) (232%-676%), and rh insulin-like
      growth factor 1 (rh IGF-1) (106%-175%), whereas there was no significant increase
      in the number of erythroid bursts by the same additives when the one-stage
      culture or the delayed erythropoietin method was employed. Linear dose-response
      curves were observed in the tested range of rhIL-3 and rhGM-CSF. We also observed
      that 1) a larger amount of rhGM-CSF was required for the optimal stimulation of
      erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) than for the optimal stimulation of
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM), and 2) even the maximum
      dose of rhGM-CSF increased erythroid bursts to a lesser extent than was possible
      by the addition of rhIL-3. The former results implies that BPA is not the major
      activity of GM-CSF, and the latter result, although it is not conclusive,
      suggests that the GM-CSF-responsive BFU-E represent only a subset population of
      BFU-E responsive to IL-3. The two-stage culture is a useful assay method for
      screening BPA in biological materials with respect to accuracy, dose
      responsiveness, and reproducibility.

PMID- 2406159
TI  - Effect of different promoters on expression of genes introduced into
      hematopoietic and marrow stromal cells by electroporation.
AB  - Electroporation is a simple and relatively efficient means of introducing genes
      into hematopoietic cells. However, achieving and maintaining high levels of gene
      expression in transfected hematopoietic progenitor cells remains problematic. In
      order to address this problem we examined the effect of different viral and
      cellular promoters on the transient expression of reporter genes transferred into
      K562, KG1a, and human marrow stromal cells. We found that although the Rous
      sarcoma virus long terminal repeat was most active in K562 cells in a transient
      expression assay, the murine cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter was
      strikingly more active than the other promoters in KG1a cells as well as in the
      marrow stromal cell population. Long-term stable gene expression was also
      demonstrated in stromal cells. We infer that the murine cytomegalovirus immediate
      early promoter may be highly active in human hematopoietic progenitor cells and
      that human marrow stromal cells may be an attractive vehicle for gene delivery.

PMID- 2406160
TI  - Purification of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells: past and present.

PMID- 2406161
TI  - Criteria for assessing recovery of function after spinal cord injury: behavioral
      methods.

PMID- 2406162
TI  - Acute response of fetal rat telencephalon to ultrasound exposure in utero.
AB  - Pregnant rats were exposed to ultrasound or microwaves from transducers located
      over one uterine horn. Ultrasound intensity (SPTA) was 0.78 W/cm2 for 30 min at a
      frequency of 2.5 MHz. Microwave exposure was used to reproduce approximately the
      rate of rise of uterine temperature of the rats exposed to ultrasound. The
      average peak temperature was 40.1 degrees C for ultrasound exposure and 42.2
      degrees C for microwave exposure. On Gestational Day 16, 24 h after exposure,
      fetuses were removed and prepared for morphological examination of the developing
      cerebral cortical mantle. Morphometric measurements were made of nuclear area of
      subventricular zone cells, number of mitoses per mm in the ventricular zone,
      number of pyknotic cells in the mantle per mm, and number of ventricular
      macrophages per mm. Both exposures increased nuclear size and numbers of pyknotic
      cells and macrophages, and decreased the number of mitotic figures. The data from
      the four measurements were evidence of damage from ultrasound similar to the
      effects produced by microwave heating. The thermal effects of ultrasound, even at
      relatively low levels of rise in temperature, may have been the cause of the
      damage to the fetal cortex in these experiments or may have interacted with other
      effects of ultrasound energies to produce damage to developing neurons.

PMID- 2406164
TI  - Development of malaria parasites in mosquitoes fed with ookinetes suspended in
      defined media.
AB  - Information concerning the specific nutritional requirements of malarial
      parasites developing in the mosquito host has been difficult to obtain, owing
      primarily to the complex nature of the blood meal that accompanies the parasites
      and the lack of success in culturing the complete invertebrate cycle of
      Plasmodium in vitro. The present report describes a blood-free system for
      infecting mosquitoes with ookinetes of Plasmodium berghei and for allowing the
      latter to develop into infective sporozoites. Ookinetes cultured in vitro were
      separated from blood proteins, suspended in defined medium, and fed to Anopheles
      stephensi mosquitoes through a membrane. The mosquitoes were then maintained on
      the same defined medium plus 5% sucrose. Infectivity of the parasites was
      demonstrated 17-19 days later by intracardial inoculation of the macerated
      mosquitoes into hamsters. This system makes it possible to evaluate nutritional
      factors that affect parasite development in the mosquito host under controlled
      conditions.

PMID- 2406163
TI  - Genetic and molecular approaches to synthesis and action of the yeast killer
      toxin.
AB  - The K1 killer toxin of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a secreted, virally-coded
      protein lethal to sensitive yeasts. Killer yeasts are immune to the toxin they
      produce. This killer system has been extensively examined from genetic and
      molecular perspectives. Here we review the biology of killer yeasts, and examine
      the synthesis and action of the protein toxin and the immunity component. We
      summarise the structure of the toxin precursor gene and its protein products,
      outline the proteolytic processing of the toxin subunits from the precursor, and
      their passage through the yeast secretory pathway. We then discuss the mode of
      action of the toxin, its lectin-like interaction with a cell wall glucan, and its
      probable role in forming channels in the yeast plasma membrane. In addition we
      describe models of how a toxin precursor species functions as the immunity
      component, probably by interfering with channel formation. We conclude with a
      review of the functional domains of the toxin structural gene as determined by
      site-directed mutagenesis. This work has identified regions associated with
      glucan binding, toxin activity, and immunity.

PMID- 2406165
TI  - Cesarean section odds ratios.
AB  - Cesarean section (CS) rates for primiparas, multiparas with and without previous
      CS were investigated in seven obstetrical settings. Despite the great diversity
      of global CS rates (5.3 to 17.4%), common CS odds ratios of 3.0 and 37 have been
      found for primiparas and multiparas with previous CS, respectively. Internal
      links between CS odds ratios have also been investigated for some anomalies
      associated with CS (fetal distress, non-vertex presentation, hypertension,
      dystocia, small for dates new born and prematurity), suggesting that perinatal
      services may be evaluated on CS aspects according to a single general
      interventionist/conservative clinical attitude. Data from two additional
      obstetrical settings were used to verify the findings in terms of perinatal
      evaluation.

PMID- 2406166
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta congenita; a case report.

PMID- 2406167
TI  - The fetal skeleton; ultrasonographic evaluation of the normal growth.
AB  - A longitudinal study of normal fetal growth is presented as a basis for prenatal
      diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias. The lengths of fetal limb bones, abdominal
      circumference, thoracic circumference, head circumference, foot length and
      orbital diameters were measured in 63 normal fetuses between 12 and 40 weeks of
      gestation. From these data, ratios were calculated which may have relevance for
      the prenatal diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias. In addition, rates were calculated
      for fetal limb growth. From these parameters (absolute measurements, ratios and
      growth rates), the 10th, 50th and 90th centiles were determined as reference
      values.

PMID- 2406168
TI  - Ratios between growth parameters for the prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of
      skeletal dysplasias.
AB  - The clinical applicability and usefulness of nine ratios that express the
      relation between particular fetal growth parameters were tested in ten fetuses
      affected by skeletal dysplasia. The results were compared with the ratios
      calculated from five growth-retarded fetuses without structural anomalies.
      Femur/foot, femur/head circumference, head circumference/thoracic circumference
      and abdominal circumference/thoracic circumference ratios are useful additional
      parameters for the prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias.
      They reduce the problem of an unknown gestational age and help to distinguish
      between fetal skeletal dysplasia and intra-uterine growth-retardation caused by
      other factors.

PMID- 2406169
TI  - Evaluation of the home-visiting system for women with threatened preterm labor:
      results of a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - We assessed the effectiveness of the home-visiting system in reducing the care
      provided in maternity units, especially hospitalization, and attempted to
      establish whether this system increases women's satisfaction with medical care.
      The trial involved 158 women and was conducted in four maternity units in Paris.
      A policy of one or two weekly visits by domiciliary midwives was compared with
      the usual policy of the hospitals. The study was restricted to women with
      moderate threatened preterm labor between 26 and 36 weeks of gestation. No
      decrease in the number of women hospitalized or the number of days spent in
      hospital was observed in the intervention group, but the number of prenatal
      visits to outpatient clinics was significantly smaller in the intervention than
      control group. Satisfaction with medical care during the episode of threatened
      preterm labor was much greater in the intervention group. Home visits by a
      midwife were considered by the women to be a better care system than numerous
      outpatient visits or hospitalization. Our results for medical care suggest that
      the introduction of the home-visiting system did not greatly alter medical
      practice in the maternity units, although this system had been designed to avoid
      or reduce hospitalization.

PMID- 2406170
TI  - Predictive values of umbilical artery waveforms and repeat cardiotocography in
      pregnancies complicated by nonreactive cardiotocography.
AB  - Fifty patients with a nonreactive nonstress cardiotocograph were studied. All had
      measurement of the A/B ratio of the umbilical artery Doppler waveform and 39 also
      had a repeat nonstress test. The positive and negative predictive values of the
      repeat nonstress test were 61% and 94%, respectively, and those of the A/B ratio
      were 67% and 83%. A repeat nonreactive nonstressed cardiotocograph appeared to be
      a test of high sensitivity (92%) and the A/B ratio a test of high specificity
      (83%). It is suggested that the combination of the two tests may prove a powerful
      predictor of adverse perinatal outcome.

PMID- 2406171
TI  - 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the meaning of life.

PMID- 2406172
TI  - Expression and regulation of endothelin precursor mRNA in avascular human amnion.
AB  - Posttranslational processing of preproendothelin in endothelial cells gives rise
      to endothelin, a 21 amino acid polypeptide that is a potent vasoconstrictor.
      Endothelin production is believed to be mediated principally by transcriptional
      mechanisms. Previously, preproendothelin mRNA expression has been detected only
      in vascular endothelial tissue and cells. In this study, we found that
      preproendothelin mRNA is expressed in an avascular human tissue, namely, amnion,
      an extraembryonic fetal membrane. Preproendothelin mRNA was not detected in
      avascular chorion laeve tissue (also an extraembryonic fetal membrane), in the
      highly vascularized fetal trophoblast, or in maternal uterine tissues.
      Furthermore, we found that preproendothelin gene expression is retained in human
      amnion cells maintained in primary monolayer culture. Using the amnion cells in
      primary monolayer culture to investigate the regulation of preproendothelin mRNA
      expression, we found that epidermal growth factor (EGF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1)
      act to stimulate preproendothelin mRNA levels; in addition, the induction of
      preproendothelin mRNA by either of these agents is enhanced upon simultaneous
      treatment with cycloheximide. These findings are indicative that preproendothelin
      gene expression in amnion is regulated positively by EGF and IL-1 and that
      inhibition of protein synthesis leads to superinduction of preproendothelin mRNA.
      In human umbilical cord endothelial cells, neither IL-1 nor EGF stimulate
      preproendothelin mRNA expression but inhibition of protein synthesis does lead to
      increased levels of preproendothelin mRNA. The amnion, therefore, provides a
      useful system for expansion of our understanding of the tissue specific
      expression and regulation of preproendothelin mRNA.

PMID- 2406173
TI  - Prolactin stimulates transcription of growth-related genes in Nb2 T lymphoma
      cells.
AB  - The pituitary peptide hormone prolactin exerts a profound effect on various
      physiological processes involving both cellular proliferation and
      differentiation. The rat Nb2 T lymphoma cell line has been used as a model system
      for studying prolactin regulation of cell proliferation. Several genes associated
      with cell growth (c-myc, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), heat shock protein 70
      (hsp 70)-homologue, and beta-actin) are induced rapidly within 4 h after
      prolactin addition. Nuclear run-on transcription assays indicate that prolactin
      induction of these growth-related genes occurs primarily at the transcriptional
      level. According to the different kinetics of transcriptional response to
      prolactin, these growth-related genes can be divided into immediate-early (actin,
      c-myc), early (ODC) and mid-G1 (hsp 70-homologue) genes. Thus, prolactin may
      regulate Nb2 T cell-proliferative responses by modulating the transcriptional
      induction of various growth-related genes. These studies also represent a first
      report of a transcriptional cascade set off in rapid response to prolactin in
      cultured T cells.

PMID- 2406174
TI  - Differential development of cholinergic neurons from cranial and trunk neural
      crest cells in vitro.
AB  - Several studies have suggested that the development of cholinergic properties in
      cranial parasympathetic neurons is determined by these cells' axial level of
      origin in the neural crest. All cranial parasympathetic neurons normally derive
      from cranial neural crest. Trunk neural crest cells give rise to sympathetic
      neurons, most of which are noradrenergic. To determine if there is an intrinsic
      difference in the ability of cranial and trunk neural crest cells to form
      cholinergic neurons, we have compared the development of choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive cells in explants of quail cranial and
      trunk neural crest in vitro. Both cranial and trunk neural crest explants gave
      rise to ChAT-immunoreactive cells in vitro. In both types of cultures, some of
      the ChAT-positive cells also expressed immunoreactivity for the catecholamine
      synthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. However, several differences were seen
      between cranial and trunk cultures. First, ChAT-immunoreactive cells appeared two
      days earlier in cranial than in trunk cultures. Second, cranial cultures
      contained a higher proportion of ChAT-immunoreactive cells. Finally, a
      subpopulation of the ChAT-immunoreactive cells in cranial cultures exhibited
      neuronal traits, including neurofilament immunoreactivity. In contrast,
      neurofilament-immunoreactive cells were not seen in trunk cultures. These results
      suggest that premigratory cranial and trunk neural crest cells differ in their
      ability to form cholinergic neurons.

PMID- 2406175
TI  - Complementation of myosin null mutants in Dictyostelium discoideum by direct
      functional selection.
AB  - The eukaryotic slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum contains a single conventional
      myosin heavy chain gene (mhcA). Cell lines in which this gene was deleted via
      homologous recombination have been previously reported. These myosin null cells
      were shown to be defective for cytokinesis and for sporogenesis. We demonstrate
      here that the cloned mhcA gene can be reintroduced into these cells by the use of
      a direct functional selection. This selection was imposed by demanding that cells
      be capable of growth in suspension. The resulting transformants appear normal for
      cytokinesis, and also are fully competent for sporogenesis, confirming that
      reintroduction of the myosin gene is sufficient to restore these properties.
      These results demonstrate a method for rescuing mutants in Dictyostelium which
      may be generally applicable for genetically created mutations as well as for
      mutations which have been engineered.

PMID- 2406176
TI  - Colonization of the avian hindgut by cells derived from the sacral neural crest.
AB  - Studies were done to test the hypothesis that the chick hindgut is colonized by
      emigres from the sacral region of the neural crest. Crest-derived cells were
      identified immunocytochemically with the monoclonal antibody, NC-1, and by their
      ability to give rise to neurons or glia in the bowel. Neurons were recognized by
      demonstrating acetylcholinesterase activity, neurofilament immunoreactivity, or
      the immunoreactivity of a neurofilament-associated protein, NAPA-73, with a
      monoclonal antibody, E/C8. The visualization of glial fibrillary acidic protein
      immunoreactivity was employed to detect enteric glia. Separate rostral and caudal
      populations of NC-1-immunoreactive cells were detected in stage 21 embryos (Day
      E3.5) that extended in continuous streams from the sacral crest to the hindgut.
      The rostral group, coexpressed neural markers, while the caudal population did
      not. The rostral, dually labeled cells appeared to become embedded in the
      mesenchyme of the dorsal bowel by Day E4 and then to enter the mesentery by Day
      E5 to give rise to the ganglion of Remak. The caudal NC-1-immunoreactive group,
      which did not express neural markers, appeared to ascend within the colorectum
      and, in contrast to the rostral cells, fully encircled the gut. NC-1
      immunoreactive neurons and glia developed in organotypic tissue cultures and
      chorioallantoic membrane grafts of both dorsal and ventral halves of the
      postumbilical bowel explanted at Days E4 and 5, ages known to precede the
      colonization of the hindgut by cells from the vagal crest. These observations are
      consistent with the view that NC-1-immunoreactive cells, which do not express
      neural markers, migrate from the sacral crest to the hindgut. A subset of these
      cells appears to be capable of giving rise to neurons in vitro, explaining the
      development of neurons in the explants of the ventral halves of the gut; however,
      the fate of the sacral crest-derived cells in situ remains to be established.

PMID- 2406177
TI  - Functional and morphological effects of interleukin-1 beta on the perfused rat
      pancreas.
AB  - We recently reported a potentiating effect of recombinant human interleukin-1
      beta on glucose-stimulated insulin release from the isolated perfused pancreas.
      With the aim of determining whether the stimulatory effect of recombinant
      interleukin-1 beta on the B cell in the intact gland was modulated by varying the
      concentration, time of exposure to recombinant interleukin-1 beta or B-cell
      activity, and to elucidate a possible mechanism of action, we measured in the
      perfused rat pancreas the release of insulin, glucagon and/or prostaglandin E2
      according to the following three different protocols: (1) perfusion with 20 ng/ml
      of recombinant interleukin-1 beta for 92 min at 5 and 20 mmol/l D-glucose (2)
      perfusion with varying concentrations of recombinant interleukin-1 beta ranging
      from 0.1 x 10(-3) ng/ml to 100 ng/ml at 5 and 20 mmol/l D-glucose (3) perfusion
      with 20 ng/ml of recombinant interleukin-1 beta at 5, 11 or 20 mmol/l D-glucose.
      Furthermore, in a separate set of experiments we examined the influence of the
      cytokine on the morphology of the endocrine pancreas. Interleukin-1 beta
      stimulated insulin secretion at 11 and 20 mmol/l D-glucose and potentiated first
      as well as second phase insulin release in a dose-dependent fashion, with
      decreasing effect at higher concentrations. Glucagon secretion was also
      stimulated by recombinant interleukin-1 beta, irrespective of increasing glucose
      (5, 11, 20 mmol/l) and insulin concentrations. The potentiating effect of
      recombinant interleukin-1 beta on insulin secretion was evident even after
      discontinued perfusion with the cytokine, suggesting a priming effect on B-cell
      function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406178
TI  - Primary prevention of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is the major form of the disease
      in all societies. Its public health impact appears to be increasing and the
      greatest genetic predisposition to the disease is encountered in developing
      communities. The reduction or elimination of disease in whole populations is a
      fundamental goal in public health. Whilst several factors are associated with the
      development of Type 2 diabetes, it is not clear how they cause the disease, if
      indeed they do, nor whether they act in the same way in all populations. Risk
      factors may be true determinants of a disease but alternatively they may be
      associated with its occurrence only by virtue of an innocent relationship with
      the true causes. Furthermore, known risk factors usually explain only a small
      proportion of any chronic disease. The role of risk factors in disease causation
      is therefore of fundamental importance in considering disease prevention. Two
      alternative strategies for prevention of disease in populations have been
      proposed. The population strategy seeks to remove the causes of disease in
      communities as a whole, whilst the high-risk strategy aims to identify subjects
      at increased risk, and to intervene selectively. The population approach should
      be tried and carefully evaluated in selected communities at above-average risk of
      several noncommunicable diseases. However, certain epidemiological features of
      Type 2 diabetes, including the distributional characteristics of glycaemia and
      the complications of hyperglycaemia, the clustering of cardiovascular risk
      factors in the diabetic subpopulation, as well as uncertainties over the causal
      nature of known risk factors, suggest that a high-risk approach to prevention is
      also appropriate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406179
TI  - Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus diagnosed during pregnancy: a
      clinical and prognostic study.
AB  - The study concerns the clinical outcome and later prognosis (regarding permanent
      insulin treatment) of patients who develop insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      during pregnancy (which is different from gestational diabetes). Sixty-three such
      patients (27 +/- 1 (SEM) years old) were delivered at the Copenhagen Centre for
      Diabetes and Pregnancy during the years 1966-1980. Obstetric complications such
      as toxaemia were seen in 9.5% of these study patients and the perinatal mortality
      was 6.3%, both percentages being higher than in the general population (1.1%, p
      less than 10(-7) and 1.0%, p less than 10(-3), respectively), but similar to
      those observed in patients with Type 1 diabetes diagnosed before pregnancy. In
      contrast, the frequency of malformations was 1.6%, the same as in the general
      population (1.4%), but lower than that seen in patients with long-standing
      diabetes (8.3%, p less than 0.05). At follow-up examination 8 +/- 1 years after
      diagnosis all patients were diabetic; 77% were insulin treated, having no or
      virtually no residual B-cell function, and were clearly Type 1 diabetic patients.
      After delivery 80% of the patients had a remission period (median 256 days)
      without insulin treatment. This remission period was absent or shortest in
      patients with the following characteristics (p less than or equal to 0.03): low
      age, first parity, not overweight, and high blood glucose level at diagnosis.
      These prognostic parameters should be considered in obligatory, clinical follow
      up plans for such patients.

PMID- 2406180
TI  - Inability to stimulate skeletal muscle or whole body protein synthesis in type 1
      (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients by insulin-plus-glucose during amino acid
      infusion: studies of incorporation and turnover of tracer L-[1-13C]leucine.
AB  - Despite its anabolic effects on protein balance, acute administration of insulin
      has been reported to have no effect on skeletal muscle or whole body protein
      synthesis in man. However, insulin also reduces plasma and intramuscular amino
      acid availability, which may limit protein synthesis. We have therefore measured
      the acute effects of insulin on skeletal muscle (anterior tibialis) protein
      synthesis and whole body leucine turnover in eight insulin-withdrawn Type 1
      (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. They were studied initially when insulin
      deficient, but during infusion of mixed amino acids at a rate sufficient to raise
      plasma amino acids by 30% i.e. to 4 mmol/l in total; measurements were continued
      when insulin was infused together with an increased rate of amino acids to
      maintain insulinopoenic plasma amino acid concentrations. Using 13C-alpha
      ketoisocaproate in plasma as an index of the intracellular precursor labelling,
      incorporation of [1-13C]leucine into skeletal muscle protein was 0.068 +/-
      0.007%/h during insulin withdrawal and was unaltered during insulin infusion. The
      value is higher than observed in muscle of healthy man, possibly because of a
      stimulatory effect of endogenous intramuscular amino acids. Also, calculated on
      the basis of alpha-ketoisocaproate labelling, non-oxidised whole body leucine
      disappearance (i.e. whole body protein synthesis) was 110 +/- 4 mumol.kg-1.h-1
      during insulin withdrawal; this also was unchanged during insulin infusion.
      Despite stable or increased plasma concentrations of most amino acids, the
      intramuscular concentrations of a number of amino acids decreased during insulin
      infusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406182
TI  - [Early prenatal detection of trisomy 18 by transvaginal sonography].
AB  - A case of very early sonographic detection of trisomy 18 is presented. It is the
      second most common autosomal aneuploidy in newborns and the most common anomaly
      in stillborns. More than 130 features of this trisomy have been detailed.
      Combinations of findings highly suggestive of the diagnosis can be detected in
      early stages of pregnancy using transvaginal sonography. Identification of these
      anomalies may be an indication for early amniocentesis.

PMID- 2406181
TI  - Nocturnal spikes of growth hormone secretion cause the dawn phenomenon in type 1
      (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus by decreasing hepatic (and extrahepatic)
      sensitivity to insulin in the absence of insulin waning.
AB  - The aim of the present studies was to test the hypothesis that the dawn
      phenomenon in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is due to a decrease
      in insulin sensitivity caused by nocturnal spikes of growth hormone. Twelve
      subjects with Type 1 diabetes were studied on two different occasions, from 24.00
      to 02.00 hours, and from 06.00 to 08.00 hours with the euglycaemic clamp
      technique at two plasma free insulin levels (approximately 25 mU/l, n = 7;
      approximately 80 mU/l, n = 5). To eliminate the confounding factor of insulin
      waning of previous Biostator studies, prior to clamp experiments the diabetic
      subjects were infused with i.v. insulin by means of a syringe pump according to
      their minute-to-minute insulin requirements. Insulin sensitivity decreased at
      dawn as compared to the early night hours (approximately 30% increase in the rate
      of hepatic glucose production, approximately 25% decrease in the rate of
      peripheral glucose utilisation). Plasma insulin clearance did not change
      overnight. In seven Type 1 diabetic subjects, suppression of nocturnal spikes of
      growth hormone secretion by somatostatin during basal glucagon and growth hormone
      replacement resulted in complete abolition of the increased rate of hepatic
      glucose production at dawn. Replacement of nocturnal spikes of growth hormone
      faithfully reproduced the increase in hepatic glucose production at dawn of the
      control study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406183
TI  - [Extracorporeal fertilisation or pelvic reconstructive surgery].

PMID- 2406184
TI  - [Cerebral autoregulation and the treatment of hypertensive patients with
      cerebrovascular accidents].

PMID- 2406185
TI  - [Automatic implantable defibrillator: present and future].

PMID- 2406186
TI  - [Self-injurious behavior in childhood].

PMID- 2406187
TI  - [Mother's milk and the prevention of allergic diseases--critical review].

PMID- 2406188
TI  - [The syndrome of uveitis and interstitial nephritis].

PMID- 2406189
TI  - [Disease and death of King Agrippas the First: medical and historical
      considerations].

PMID- 2406190
TI  - The missed opportunities of Medicaid.

PMID- 2406191
TI  - Growing to adulthood and teenage pregnancy.

PMID- 2406192
TI  - Should Medicare's trust fund be removed from the budget?
AB  - The recent proposal to to roll back the recent increase in the Social Security
      payroll tax has some health care executives worried. The Hospital Insurance Trust
      Fund is closely linked to the Social Security fund, and what affects one will
      surely affect the other. However, analysts say that the question of whether the
      trust funds should or should not be part of the federal budget masks a much
      bigger question. Are the Administration, Congress, and the American public ready
      to raise taxes to adequately fund Medicare?

PMID- 2406193
TI  - CEO's vision: to make health care satisfying again.

PMID- 2406195
TI  - Quality marketing requires work and play, says exec.

PMID- 2406194
TI  - Consultant eases hospitals' staff relations conflicts.

PMID- 2406196
TI  - Rare HRAS alleles and susceptibility to human breast cancer.
AB  - The suggestion that inherited rare alleles at the HRAS oncogene locus might be
      associated with susceptibility to breast cancer led us to test linkage of HRAS
      and the neighboring region of 11p15 to breast cancer susceptibility in 12 high
      risk families. Linkage could be excluded within 17 cM of HRAS; the lod score for
      close linkage to HRAS was -19.9. In addition, rare HRAS alleles segregated
      independently of breast cancer in 8 families in which both occurred. Among
      unrelated breast cancer patients not selected for family history, rare HRAS
      alleles were slightly, but not significantly, more frequent than among controls
      (0.11 vs 0.04, P = 0.11). The HRAS region of 11p is not the site of a primary
      alteration leading to breast cancer.

PMID- 2406197
TI  - Exogenous and locally synthesized angiotensin II and glomerulosa cell functions.
AB  - We conducted this study to examine the effects of exogenous and locally
      synthesized angiotensin II (Ang II) on cultured bovine glomerulosa cell functions
      (i.e., aldosterone secretion and cell proliferation measured by [3H] thymidine
      incorporation into the deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) after the arresting cell
      growth). The effects of Ang II were found to depend on the culture conditions.
      After 72 hours of serum-free culture, the differentiated function of cultured
      cells such as Ang II-induced aldosterone secretion was suppressed, and DNA
      synthesis was stimulated by Ang II. After 24 hours of serum-free culture, the
      cells showed a good steroidogenic response and DNA synthesis was inhibited after
      Ang II was added in a concentration-dependent manner (10(-11) to 10(-7) M). Ang
      II was detected in 24 hours of culture grown in a serum-free medium by a specific
      Ang II radioimmunoassay. Ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography
      indicated that this immunoreactive (ir) Ang II was composed mainly of Ang II with
      small amounts of angiotensin III (Ang III). The concentration of irAng II in the
      cultured medium was significantly reduced by the addition of captopril,
      indicating de novo generation and secretion of Ang II. Captopril (10(-5) to 10(
      3) M) reduced aldosterone secretion and reciprocally increased DNA synthesis. Ang
      II antagonist, [Sar1, Ile8] Ang II, increased DNA synthesis presumably by
      competitive blockade of locally synthesized Ang II. In summary, Ang II inhibited
      cell proliferation. In addition to exogenous (circulating) Ang II, Ang II was
      generated and secreted by the glomerulosa cells themselves, and this locally
      synthesized Ang II appeared to work as an autocrine factor to stimulate
      aldosterone secretion and to suppress cell proliferation.

PMID- 2406198
TI  - In vivo comparison of renal and femoral vascular sensitivity and local
      angiotensin generation.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to compare the relative importance of the local renin
      angiotensin systems in the rabbit renal and femoral vascular beds and their
      functional role in hemodynamic regulation. Angiotensin I (Ang I) (0.15
      microgram/kg i.v.) elevated mean arterial blood pressure by 18 +/- 1 mm Hg in the
      renal experimental group and 19 +/- 1 mm Hg in the femoral experimental group; it
      decreased renal blood flow by 35 +/- 3% but increased femoral blood flow by 31 +/
      8%. All these effects were blocked by intravenous administration of captopril (2
      mg/kg bolus injection plus 1 mg/kg/hr). Captopril also lowered mean arterial
      pressure by 17 +/- 3 and 16 +/- 2 mm Hg in the renal and femoral experimental
      groups, respectively, and it increased renal blood flow by 32 +/- 10% but reduced
      femoral blood flow by 21 +/- 4%. As a result, renal vascular resistance was
      decreased by 36 +/- 5%, but femoral vascular resistance remained unchanged. After
      captopril, plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) levels were decreased and Ang I levels
      increased in the two groups. The renal venous-arterial difference of Ang I was
      increased by captopril, but the femoral venous-arterial difference of Ang I was
      not, suggesting greater generation of Ang I in the kidney. In a separate group of
      bilateral nephrectomized rabbits, plasma Ang II levels as well as mean arterial
      pressure, femoral blood flow, and femoral vascular resistance were not changed by
      intravenous administration of captopril.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406199
TI  - Chromogranin A. Storage and release in hypertension.
AB  - The chromogranins/secretogranins are a family of acidic, soluble proteins with
      widespread neuroendocrine distribution in secretory vesicles. Although the
      precise function of the chromogranins remains elusive, knowledge of their
      structure, distribution, and potential intracellular and extracellular roles,
      especially that of chromogranin A, has greatly expanded during recent years.
      Chromogranin A is coreleased with catecholamines by exocytosis from vesicles in
      the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerve endings. Thus, measurement of its
      circulating concentration by radioimmunoassay may be a useful probe of exocytotic
      sympathoadrenal activity in humans, under both physiological and pathological
      conditions. Here, we explore the storage, structure, and function of chromogranin
      A, and parameters that influence its circulating levels. We have also measured
      plasma chromogranin A concentrations in different groups of patients with
      hypertension, including those with pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2406200
TI  - Effect of stress on the control of renin release in spontaneously hypertensive
      rats.
AB  - Recent reports suggest that centrally induced increases in sympathetic outflow to
      the kidney have the potential to enhance the sensitivity of pressure-dependent
      renin release. In the present study, the possibility was investigated that
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), which are thought to have increased tonic
      sympathetic outflow to the kidney, exhibit enhanced renin release in response to
      reduced renal perfusion pressure. The increase in plasma renin activity in
      response to a graded suprarenal aortic constriction was determined in conscious
      young (6-9 weeks of age) and adult (14-16 weeks of age) SHR and age-matched
      Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) control rats. Under conditions of relatively little stress,
      the renin response to reduced renal perfusion pressure was not enhanced in young
      or adult SHR when compared with age-matched WKY rats. That is, this regulatory
      mechanism was not "reset" in the hypertensive animals. When challenged with an
      acute stress (air to the face) both age groups of SHR exhibited a significantly
      enhanced response. Neither age group of WKY rats was affected by the acute air
      stress. These data suggest that, under unstressed conditions, pressure-dependent
      renin release probably does not contribute to the elevation of arterial pressure
      in the SHR. However, under stressful conditions, the contribution of this system
      may be significant. Intermittent increases in sympathetic outflow to the kidney
      that can occur in the SHR in response to daily stresses have the potential to
      render it more sensitive to spontaneous reductions in perfusion pressure.
      Occasional exaggerated release of renin could then contribute to the hypertensive
      process.

PMID- 2406201
TI  - Relation of plasma renin to end organ damage and to protection of K+ feeding in
      stroke-prone hypertensive rats.
AB  - We studied the effects of regular diet (0.35% NaCl/1.1% potassium), high sodium
      diet (4% NaCl/0.75% potassium), or high sodium and high potassium diet (4%
      NaCl/2.11% potassium) on blood pressure, plasma renin activity, renal and
      cerebrovascular lesions, and incidence of stroke and mortality in male stroke
      prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). In the first 4 weeks, the rise in
      blood pressure was higher in high NaCl than in high NaCl/high potassium or
      regular diet groups. However, by 8 and 12 weeks, the blood pressure in all three
      groups was similar. After 4 weeks of diet, plasma renin activity was similar in
      the three groups (3.4 +/- 0.8, 4.1 +/- 0.9, and 5.2 +/- 1.6 ng/ml/hr, in high
      NaCl, high NaCl/high potassium, and regular diet groups, respectively) and were
      not related to sodium excretion. After 8 weeks, plasma renin activity was
      significantly increased only in the high NaCl group (13.7 +/- 3.7 ng/ml/hr), and
      by 12 weeks plasma renin activity was significantly higher in the high NaCl group
      (25.3 +/- 3.6 ng/ml/hr) than in the high NaCl/high potassium (11.1 +/- 2.9
      ng/ml/hr) or in the regular diet (7.8 +/- 4.6 ng/ml/hr) groups. Moderate to
      severe renal vascular lesions were first detected in the high NaCl group by 8
      weeks of diet. At 12 weeks, renal vascular damage index (RVDI), estimated
      histologically, was significantly higher in the high NaCl group (RVDI = 79 +/-
      14) than in the high NaCl/high potassium (RVDI = 40 +/- 11) and regular diet
      (RVDI = 7.8 +/- 4.6) groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406202
TI  - Antiatherogenic effect of captopril in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic
      rabbit.
AB  - The effects of 9 months of orally administered captopril (25-50 mg/kg body
      wt/day) on aortic atherosclerosis was examined in normotensive Watanabe heritable
      hyperlipidemic rabbits. Captopril caused a significant decrease in aortic
      atherosclerosis. Total aortic surface involvement by lesions was reduced from 48
      +/- 3.6% in control Watanabe rabbits to 30 +/- 3.9% with captopril treatment (p
      less than 0.01). Most of the decrease could be accounted for by a marked
      reduction in atherosclerosis of descending thoracic aortas from 49 +/- 5.2% to 15
      +/- 3.9% in control and captopril-related groups, respectively (p less than
      0.001). Significant decrease in cholesterol content of descending thoracic aorta
      was also observed in captopril-treated rabbits. Microscopic examination of the
      arterial lesions in captopril-treated animals suggested a relative decrease in
      cellularity and increase in extracellular matrix as compared with untreated
      animals. These studies indicate that captopril has a potent antiatherosclerotic
      action in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit.

PMID- 2406203
TI  - A simplified immuno-enzymetric assay of the epidermal growth factor receptor in
      breast tumors: evaluation in 282 cases.
AB  - The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) is currently being investigated in
      human clinical oncology, and particularly in breast cancer, as a potential
      prognostic factor and a biological target for therapy. As an alternative to the
      125I-EGF binding assay, we propose a sensitive immuno-enzymetric assay (IEMA)
      suitable for EGF-R assay in breast cancer. The assay is performed on solubilized
      extracts of the 105,000 g pellet of a tumor homogenate, allowing estrogen (ER)
      and progesterone (PR) assays to be made on the cytosol. The IEMA is performed on
      96-well plates coated with the monoclonal anti-EGF-R antibody RI, through an anti
      mouse IgG2b bridge. Trapped EGF-R in the samples is covered by a second
      monoclonal antibody (MAb), 528, and revealed by an anti-IgG2a-peroxidase complex.
      The sensitivity is 1 fmol/mg membrane protein, and the asay can be performed on
      tissue samples down to 50 mg. Two hundred and twenty primary ductal breast
      carcinomas assayed by this method showed a log normal distribution with a modal
      value of 8 fmol/mg prot., a mean at 18 and a median at 13 fmol/mg prot. EGF-R
      rich tumors (greater than 20 fmol/mg prot.) were highly correlated with the
      absence of estrogen receptors and/or with a high histological grade (SBR III).
      Our data demonstrate the validity of the IEMA assay of EGF-R in human breast
      tumors.

PMID- 2406204
TI  - Residual immunity of athymic NCr/Sed nude mice and the xenotransplantation of
      human tumors.
AB  - This study assessed the residual immunity possessed by NCr/Sed (nu/nu) athymic
      nude mice and examined strategies to reduce it in order to enhance the
      transplantability of human tumors for experimentation. Adult (8-week-old) female
      mice had fewer T cells (11%) and more B and NK (asialo-GM1-positive [ASGM1+])
      cells in their spleen than euthymic (nu/+) controls. The number of phenotypically
      mature T cells increased with age, peaking at 16 weeks. ASGM1+ cells also
      increased in number over time, although the NK-activity decreased after 12 weeks.
      B cells remained relatively constant in number. Athymic NCr/Sed nude mice
      displayed reactivity against a human squamous carcinoma xenograph (FaDu), in a
      Winn's test and TD50 assay. Immunity against xenografts (TD50 assay) was
      significantly lower (by a factor of 2) in 4-week-old than in 12-week-old nude
      mice. Similarly, a significant 2-fold reduction in TD50 was obtained after a
      single intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide into 8-week-old animals.
      Chronic (greater than 8 weeks) exposure of the nude mice to subcutaneously
      administered beta-estradiol markedly reduced the number of splenic NK cells and
      their cytolytic activity, but the TD50 reduction was not statistically
      significant (p = 0.1). Six Gray whole-body irradiations (WBI) had been shown to
      produce a highly significant, 3-fold reduction in the TD50 for FaDu. Flow
      cytometric analysis of splenic lymphoid cells from whole-body-irradiated
      recipients revealed: (a) marked initial depletion in the absolute numbers of
      lymphoid cells; (b) marked and long-lasting depletion of T cells, with slow and
      minimal recovery only evident between 6 and 12 weeks; (c) rapid, almost complete,
      depletion of B cells with prompt and partial recovery after 2 weeks; (d)
      depletion of NK cells and NK activity, with recovery by 10 weeks. No change in
      the number or phagocytic capacity of resident peritoneal macrophages was seen.
      These data give further support to a postulated role for residual T cells in the
      xenoreactivity of NCr/Sed nude mice.

PMID- 2406205
TI  - Importance of interferon alpha in the resistance of allogeneic C57B1/6 mice to
      the multiplication of Friend erythroleukemia cells in the liver.
AB  - Friend erythroleukemia cells (FLC) (H-2d) injected intravenously multiply
      extensively in the livers of syngeneic DBA/2 mice and not at all in the livers of
      allogeneic C57B1/6 mice. Our results indicate that interferon alpha (IFN-alpha)
      is an important factor in the resistance of allogeneic mice to the multiplication
      of FLC in the liver. (a) After i.v. inoculation of FLC there was an inverse
      correlation between the presence of IFN-alpha in the serum and the capacity of
      FLC to multiply in the liver. Thus, all 44 FLC-injected adult C57B1/6 mice had
      circulating IFN-alpha and FLC did not multiply in the liver of any of the mice.
      Interferon was not detected in the serum of 83% of 41 FLC-injected DBA/2 mice
      (and was found only at a low titer in 17% of the mice) and FLC multiplied in the
      liver of all mice. (b) FLC did multiply in the livers of newborn C57B1/6 mice and
      in the livers of irradiated adult C57B1/6 mice, and IFN-alpha was not detected in
      their sera. In contrast, after i.v. inoculation of FLC, IFN-alpha was detected in
      the sera of 3-week-old and athymic nu/nu adult C57B1/6 mice while FLC failed to
      multiply in the liver. (c) FLC also induced IFN-alpha in congenic B10.D2 (H-2d)
      mice and FLC did not multiply in the liver. We suggest that, depending on the
      site of tumor implantation, different host mechanisms have various degrees of
      importance in controlling the growth and/or rejection of allogeneic tumor cells,
      and that IFN-alpha is particularly important when FLC are injected i.v.

PMID- 2406206
TI  - Characterization of the synergistic effect of insulin and transferrin and the
      regulation of their receptors on a human colon carcinoma cell line.
AB  - The human colon carcinoma cell line, HCT 116, can be grown in chemically defined
      media in the absence of exogenous growth factors. The addition of transferrin and
      insulin will significantly stimulate growth. The interaction of these growth
      factors with their receptors was studied to determine whether the synergistic
      action of insulin and transferrin on growth involved alterations in the growth
      factor receptors. Redistribution of the transferrin receptor occurred in the
      presence of transferrin or transferrin plus insulin. The presence of insulin in
      the growth media resulted in occupation of cell-surface insulin receptors without
      a reduction in total insulin binding. Addition of transferrin with insulin
      resulted in a decrease in insulin binding to its receptor, with no alteration in
      receptor affinity. It appears that transferrin plays a role in regulating the
      insulin receptor and that this may contribute to the synergistic effect of
      insulin and transferrin on growth.

PMID- 2406207
TI  - The structural-functional basis of spontaneous ventricular defibrillation.

PMID- 2406208
TI  - The cardiac gap junction and intercalated disc.

PMID- 2406209
TI  - Surgical treatment of major intracardiac lesions associated with discordant
      atrioventricular connexion.
AB  - Thirteen patients with a discordant atrioventricular connexion underwent repair
      of major associated intracardiac defects. Of the patients, 10 had a discordant
      ventriculoarterial connexion while 3 had double outlet from the morphologically
      right ventricle. A ventricular septal defect was the most frequently encountered
      lesion, present alone or in combination with other lesions in all patients. The
      other major lesions were pulmonary stenosis in 8, Ebstein's malformation of the
      left atrioventricular valve in 2, and calcific aortic valve disease in one. The
      operations performed were closure of the ventricular septal defect in 4 patients,
      closure of the ventricular septal defect with pulmonary valvotomy in 3 patients
      (one of whom subsequently underwent replacement of the left atrioventricular
      valve). Modified Fontan's procedure was performed in 6 patients, one of whom also
      had replacement of the aortic valve. There was no operative death, although there
      was one early death on the 40th postoperative day due to septicemia. There has
      been no late death after an average follow-up of 1.2 years. There was one case of
      surgically induced complete heart block. All other patients are in normal sinus
      rhythm in New York Heart Association functional class I or II. Elective repair of
      major intracardiac anomalies in association with a discordant atrioventricular
      connexion can now be accomplished safely. The modified Fontan's procedure is a
      viable alternative in certain cases to the placement of an external valved
      conduit for relief of pulmonary outflow tract obstruction.

PMID- 2406210
TI  - Fluorides.
AB  - Remineralization of early lesions and inhibition of demineralization are
      considered to be the prevailing mechanisms of action of fluorides. For this
      purpose a number of preparations are available today. Before applying them, one
      should be aware of their concentration, correct prescription, dosage,
      pharmacokinetics and potential side and after-effects.

PMID- 2406211
TI  - Ultrastructure of myofibers and cells synthesizing DNA in the developing and
      regenerating lymph-heart muscles.

PMID- 2406212
TI  - Nuclear transfer in mammalian embryos.

PMID- 2406213
TI  - In defense of "nonmolecular" cell biology.

PMID- 2406214
TI  - Biosynthesis of thyroid hormones.

PMID- 2406215
TI  - Glycoconjugates and cell surface interactions in pre- and peri-implantation
      mammalian embryonic development.

PMID- 2406216
TI  - Corneal endothelium modulation factor released by polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
      Partial purification and initial characterization.
AB  - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes produce a polypeptide factor that is released into
      the medium. This factor is partially purified 83-fold by ammonium sulfate
      precipitation followed by chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex or heparin-Sepharose
      column. The partially purified factor is trypsin-sensitive. This factor affects a
      population of rabbit corneal endothelial cells by modulating them to
      fibroblastlike cells and by further stimulating their growth, leading to the
      formation of colonies of multilayered modulated cells. There is a dose-dependent
      phenotypic modulation of corneal endothelial cells by the partially purified
      corneal endothelium modulation factor (CEMF); cell shape is changed and type I
      collagen synthesis is increased with greater concentrations of CEMF. Since the
      fully modulated endothelial cells have collagen phenotypes distinct from those of
      normal cells, collagen synthesized by the first-passaged cells (a mixture of
      normal and modulated cells) was determined by immunoblot analysis with antibodies
      specific against types I and IV collagens. The first-passaged cells, in the
      presence of CEMF, contained a large amount of type I collagen (modulated
      phenotype) and a dramatically reduced amount of type IV collagen (physiologic
      type), whereas the normal endothelial cells demonstrated strongly positive
      staining only with antibodies to type IV collagen. Using cloned cDNA probes, the
      relative quantities of the transcripts of these collagens were determined by slot
      blot hybridization; the first-passaged cells contained type IV collagen RNA in an
      amount similar to the normal cells, but a slightly larger amount of type I mRNA.
      These results demonstrate a functional involvement of a protein factor released
      by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in modulating cell shape and collagen gene
      expression in corneal endothelial cells.

PMID- 2406217
TI  - Localization of smooth muscle myosin-containing cells in the aqueous outflow
      pathway.
AB  - Cells containing smooth muscle myosin were localized in the human aqueous outflow
      pathway by immunohistochemical techniques. In the majority of eyes,
      immunoreactive cells were observed adjacent to the collector channels and
      slightly distal to the outer wall of Schlemm's canal. In a few eyes, smooth
      muscle myosin was localized to cells in the juxtacanalicular tissue and the
      trabecular meshwork. The immunoreactive cells from these regions may be true
      smooth muscle cells or pericytes, which can contain smooth muscle myosin. No
      obvious differences were observed in the pattern of distribution of smooth muscle
      myosin-containing cells in a comparison of age groups. In the majority of eyes,
      we observed an apparent direct insertion of the longitudinal portion of the
      ciliary muscle in the corneoscleral meshwork far internal to the scleral spur.

PMID- 2406218
TI  - Restoring sensitivity to timolol after long-term drift in primary open-angle
      glaucoma.
AB  - In a prospective randomized single-masked study lasting 6 months, 39 eyes with
      primary open-angle glaucoma showing a long-term drift with 0.5% timolol were put
      on a "timolol holiday" lasting 30 or 60 days. Twenty-three of them were enrolled
      with dipivefrin 0.1% twice daily during the holiday. When timolol therapy was
      restored, the dipivefrin-treated group showed a more pronounced decrease of
      intraocular pressure (IOP) (8.2 +/- 1.5), whereas the IOP decrease in the
      nondipivefrin-treated group was lower (3.9 +/- 1.2) and of shorter duration (less
      than 60 days). Among the dipivefrin-treated group, the response to timolol was
      more prolonged in the eyes treated for 60 days: the IOP of these eyes was less
      than 23 mmHg throughout the follow-up.

PMID- 2406219
TI  - Evidence for the neuroectodermal origin of the human lacrimal gland.
AB  - Immunohistochemical staining with antineuronal-specific enolase antibodies showed
      a positive reaction product in the acini and in the nerves of human major and
      accessory lacrimal glands. The fibrous tissue interstitium, septae, capsule, and
      blood vessels reacted negatively. Our findings indicate that the acinar portion
      of the lacrimal gland, but not the fibrous tissue component, is derived from
      neuroectoderm. We propose that the acini of the human lacrimal glands develop,
      not as an ingrowth into the mesenchymal stroma from the surface ectoderm that
      forms the conjunctiva, but as an outgrowth from the embryonic neuroectoderm, and
      more specifically, from cells that have migrated from the neural crest.

PMID- 2406220
TI  - Breast cancer and pregnancy.
AB  - Cancer is the second leading cause of death in women of child-bearing age.
      Carcinoma of the breast, an estimated 135,000 new cases of which were diagnosed
      in the USA in 1988, is the most common cancer in American women. Malignant
      disease complicates 1 in 1,000 pregnancies, with breast cancer diagnosed in but 1
      of 3,500. Conversely, only 1% to 3% of breast cancers are associated with
      pregnancy and the period of lactation (the latter defined as the period of 1 year
      postpartum). In his review of world medical literature from 1850 to 1950, White
      found in a total of 45,881 women with breast cancer, only 1,296 cases (2.8%)
      occurring in pregnancy. Indeed, the bulk of breast cancer is diagnosed in post
      menopausal women. Of 31,594 cases reported to the Cancer Registry of Norway from
      1955 to 1980, women aged 50 and older comprised 73%, whereas women under the age
      of 35, less than 2% of the total. Breast cancer becomes significant, however,
      among the subgroup of women of childbearing age. In the same series of 31,592
      women, 10% of those less than 35 years of age were pregnant at the time of
      diagnosis and an additional 15% had given birth within the year prior to
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2406221
TI  - Arterial stenosis in migraine: spasm or arteriopathy?
AB  - Segmental arterial narrowing has rarely been angiographically demonstrated in
      patients with migraine. One new case is reported and 12 previous cases are
      reviewed. Though often referred to as vasospasm, arteriographic stenosis may
      result from edema of the vessel wall, arterial dissection, the effects of
      puerperium or arteritis. A biphasic course of spasm, similar to the pattern noted
      with subarachnoid hemorrhage, has been recorded in some migraineurs. The current
      neurogenic and biochemical concepts of "spasm" developed for subarachnoid
      hemorrhage are reviewed. Arterial narrowing may be important in several phenomena
      associated with migraine. It may account for migrainous cerebral infarction or
      hemorrhage. Vasoconstriction has also been invoked to explain the aura and other
      features of migraine. But the site of stenosis does not always correlate with the
      headache or focal neurologic features in location or timing. The angiographic
      changes are probably an epiphenomena rather than a primary mechanism of migraine.
      These changes may result from altered sympathetic neuronal activity; factors
      supporting that concept are reviewed.

PMID- 2406222
TI  - Posttraumatic headache with ptosis, miosis and chronic forehead hyperhidrosis.
AB  - Injury to the right lateral forehead was followed by headaches, and chronic
      ipsilateral ptosis, miosis, and forehead hyperhidrosis. Episodes of headache were
      accompanied by an increase in ptosis, miosis and forehead hyperhidrosis. The
      headaches abated within 6 weeks but the ptosis and miosis, due to postganglionic
      sympathetic insufficiency, were persistent. Spontaneous forehead hyperhidrosis,
      was also persistent at the time of last follow-up, 15 months later. Autonomic
      assessment of the oculocephalic sympathetic dysfunction, localization of the
      lesion and possible explanation of the autonomic findings are discussed.

PMID- 2406223
TI  - Sleep and headache syndromes: a clinical review.
AB  - The relationship between sleep and headache has been known for over a century.
      Sleep represents the only well documented behavioral state related to the
      occurrence of some headache syndrome. Liveing in 1873, wrote about the effect of
      sleep in terminating an attack of headache. Bing also, noted this relationship
      when he wrote about early morning headaches. Gans reported a decrease in
      frequency and severity of migraine attacks following selective 'deep-sleep
      deprivation.' Dreams leading to headache have been reported. Quite obviously,
      headache also finds a place in the classification of sleep disorders. This very
      important relationship between sleep and headache is the subject of this clinical
      review.

PMID- 2406224
TI  - Interorganizational linkages in the health sector.
AB  - A key element in the success of organizations in the health sector is the
      maintenance of effective interorganizational linkages with interdependent
      organizations. A conceptual framework is posited of three general classes of
      mechanisms through which these linkages are managed.

PMID- 2406225
TI  - Strategic, operational, and marketing concerns of product-line management in
      health care.
AB  - Product-line management is a specialist strategy that focuses on specific
      products and markets. This article presents a typology of organizational
      approaches to implementing such a strategy and discusses the advantages and
      disadvantages of each. Finally, the relationship of the control of marketing to
      product-line strategy and decentralization is discussed.

PMID- 2406226
TI  - HCMR interview: Kathryn Johnson. Interview by Barbara P. Mccool.

PMID- 2406227
TI  - The cytoarchitecture of the human thymus detected by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Seven monoclonal antibodies were produced against human thymic stromal cells. The
      monoclonal antibodies were put into two groups depending on whether the cells
      they detected were keratin-positive or -negative. Demonstrated in the keratin
      negative group were a granular reticular meshwork, a stellate population
      predominantly in the medulla, and secretory cells associated with Hassall's
      corpuscles. In the keratin-positive group we showed two extensive epithelial
      networks, a trabecular and rare medullary epithelial population, and thymus
      specific epithelium restricted to the subcapsule and the medulla. A novel finding
      was that some of the monoclonal antibodies and also OKM1 identified keratin
      negative cells within Hassall's corpuscles, which implies that there are
      macrophages associated with these structures. The monoclonal antibodies should
      prove useful for separating and classifying subpopulations of stromal cells and
      also for monitoring changes in the thymic architecture in different thymic
      pathologies.

PMID- 2406228
TI  - Management of local residual primary lesion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: II.
      Results of prospective randomized trial on booster dose.
AB  - Although the question of booster dose for residual primary lesion arises in only
      5% of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients receiving radiotherapy, it poses a
      difficult problem for clinicians and should be followed. Hence, to test the
      validity of booster dose for residual primary lesion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma,
      a prospective randomized trial has been designed and carried out since January
      1980. All patients who had a residual lesion in the nasopharynx at 70 Gy were
      biopsied. Those pathologically positive for cancer were randomized into two
      groups: (a) positive radiation group (PRG): patients were given further
      irradiation to a total dose of 90 Gy by the cone-down and assault technique, and
      (b) positive observation group (POG): patients were given no more irradiation but
      were followed periodically together with those who were pathology negative (NOG).
      A total of 78 patients were entered. The validity of booster dose was shown by
      the 5-year survival rates of the PRG, POG and NOG groups: 75% (3/4), 33% (1/3),
      and 58% (14/24), respectively. The total local recurrence rates of these groups
      were 6% (1/16), 36% (5/14), and 4% (2/48), respectively. The authors believe that
      booster dose for pathology positive residual lesion in the nasopharynx is
      necessary. The four factors leading to the development of a local recurrence are:
      (a) residual primary lesion proved positive by pathology but left unboosted, (b)
      well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma in the original primary lesion, (c)
      mild radio-response in the cancer parenchyma, and (d) mild radio-response in the
      interstitial tissue.

PMID- 2406229
TI  - The results of radiotherapy for orbital pseudotumor.
AB  - Between January 1982 and March 1987, 23 patients (26 orbits) were treated for
      orbital pseudotumor with radiation therapy at the Department of Radiation
      Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. The patients were referred
      for clinical relapse after steroid taper in 70%, no response to steroids in 17%,
      and no steroid treatment (refused or contraindicated) in 13%. Presenting
      symptoms/signs included soft tissue swelling in 92% of orbits, pain in 92%,
      proptosis in 85%, and extraocular muscle dysfunction or ptosis in 69%. Decreased
      visual acuity was seen in only 19% of orbits. Biopsy was performed in nine
      patients. Treatment consisted of 2000 cGy in 2 weeks in 10 fractions for all
      patients. Median follow-up was 41 months, with a mean of 53 months, and a range
      of 21-92 months. Complete response was documented in 87% of orbits with soft
      tissue swelling, 82% with proptosis, 78% with extraocular muscle dysfunction, and
      75% with pain. Of the five patients with visual acuity defects, three experienced
      complete recovery. There was no difference in complete response in patients
      biopsied versus those not biopsied. Overall, 17 orbits have remained in complete
      orbital response with no further steroid requirement (66%). Three orbits suffered
      local relapse at some point following radiation therapy and were retreated with
      steroids. These three orbits had durable local control off steroids at last
      follow-up (11%). Therefore, 77% of orbits attained durable local control and were
      steroid independent with radiation therapy alone or radiation therapy followed by
      steroids for relapse. Only one patient developed systemic lymphoma with follow
      up. No pretreatment clinical factor reached statistical significance with respect
      to prognosis following radiation therapy at the less than or equal to .05 level.
      There were no significant acute or chronic side effects secondary to treatment.
      Steroids should continue to be first line treatment for orbital pseudotumor, but
      radiation therapy has a well-defined role in cases of steroid failure or in
      patients unable to tolerate steroid therapy.

PMID- 2406230
TI  - A CT-based computerized treatment planning system for I-125 stereotactic brain
      implants.
AB  - A computer program has been developed at the University of California, San
      Francisco, as an aid in planning and evaluating stereotactic brain implants made
      with 125I seeds. The program allows images of seeds and catheters to be
      positioned in the target volume revealed by CT. It then generates and displays
      the resulting isodose distributions. Catheters may be changed interactively until
      an optimum implant is achieved. From the geometry of a stereotactic implant frame
      as measured by CT, the program calculates the approach angles of the catheters in
      the frame coordinate system. After the seeds are implanted, films made with a
      fiducial marker box can be used to generate true seed positions and hence true
      isodoses. This paper describes mathematically the geometrical transformations
      used by the program, and also outlines its many features and options. In its
      first 2 years of use the program has proved to be a valuable contributor to
      improved patient care.

PMID- 2406231
TI  - Shielding requirements on-site loading and acceptance testing on the Leksell
      gamma knife.
AB  - On August 14, 1987, the first stereotactic radiosurgical procedure using the
      gamma knife was performed in North America. Located in a self-contained
      radiosurgical suite in the basement of Presbyterian-University Hospital in
      Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. This device uses 201 highly focused beams 60Co for the
      single-treatment closed-skull irradiation of brain lesions localized by
      stereotactic techniques (radiosurgery). One hundred and fifty-two patients with
      intracranial arteriovenous malformations or brain tumors were treated in the
      first year of operation. The Presbyterian University Hospital of Pittsburgh gamma
      knife is the first such unit in which the 60Co sources were loaded on-site. This
      effort required us to solve some difficult and unusual problems encountered
      during site preparation, delivery, and loading of the unit in a busy hospital
      setting. The solutions developed enabled installation and use of the gamma knife
      with minimal disruption of hospital activities while maintaining acceptable
      levels of exposure to radiation. Environmental surveys performed during the
      loading of the 201 radioactive sources (total, 219 TBq) confirmed that on-site
      loading is possible and practical. Our experience in the design, construction,
      and implementation of the first North American gamma knife supports the
      practicality and safety of on-site loading and may be of value in the planning
      and development of future gamma knife installations.

PMID- 2406232
TI  - Present status on treatment of esophageal cancer in China.
AB  - The treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus is a challenging problem to
      clinicians. The 5-year survival rate of surgery reported from large centers is
      about 25-30%, with resectability rate around 85-90% and operation mortality rate
      around 5%. However, this is based on highly selected cases. The 5-year survival
      rate of radiation therapy is about 9-16%, while the patients receiving radiation
      therapy were mostly the late cases. Pre-operative radiation seems to improve the
      results of surgery, but more randomized control clinical studies are needed. A
      combination of chemotherapy with radiation might improve the short-term response
      rates. Chemotherapy alone may provide some benefits for patients. Intracavitary
      microwave hyperthermia might open a possibility in the improvement of treatment
      results in combination with radiation and/or chemotherapy.

PMID- 2406233
TI  - Veterinarians challenge Dr. Robert Koch regarding bovine tuberculosis and public
      health.

PMID- 2406234
TI  - Leonard Amby Maynard, 1887-1972. A brief biography.

PMID- 2406235
TI  - Defective cation-coupling mutants of Escherichia coli Na+/proline symport
      carrier. Characterization and localization of mutations.
AB  - A major proline carrier in Escherichia coli encoded by the putP gene mediates
      proline/Na+ or Li+ symport. Proline carrier mutants with altered cation
      specificity were obtained by mutagenesis with nitrous acid in vitro of a plasmid
      carrying the wild-type putP gene. Two mutant strains harboring plasmid pMOP4135
      and pMOP4141 could transport proline efficiently only in the presence of an
      increased concentration of sodium ion. Mutations of these plasmids, putP4135 and
      putP4141, caused reduction of affinity for Na+ of proline transport and binding,
      without remarkable change in the affinity for proline or in production of the
      carriers. Consistent with the lower affinity of the putP4141 carrier for Na+, the
      mutant carrier was supersensitive to N-ethylmaleimide inhibition. The pH
      dependence of proline binding was also changed in these mutant carriers. The
      lesions of putP4135 and putP4141 were located in the N-terminal part of the putP
      gene (ClaI-PvuII fragment) by in vitro recombination and subsequent examination
      of the phenotype of the transformants. DNA sequencing of these fragments revealed
      one base alteration of G to A at nucleotides 299 and 656 in pMOP4141 and
      pMOP4135, respectively, which corresponded to amino acid changes from Gly22 to
      glutamic acid and Cys141 to tyrosine, respectively.

PMID- 2406236
TI  - Primary structure of the oligosaccharide chain of lipopeptidophosphoglycan of
      epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - The lipopeptidophosphoglycan of epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi is
      composed of a glycan linked through a non-N-acetylated glucosamine residue to an
      inositol phosphorylceramide. Using conventional analysis techniques, including
      1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy and negative ion fast atom bombardment mass
      spectroscopy, the structure of the carbohydrate-containing part of the molecule
      is determined as: (Sequence: see text). There is uncertainty as to which 2-O
      substituted alpha-D-Manp unit is attached the side chain or whether it is
      distributed between the two units. Some of the structures lack the Galf side
      chain. The inositol unit is linked to ceramide via a phosphodiester bridge. The
      major aliphatic components of the ceramide portion were lignoceric acid and
      sphinganine.

PMID- 2406237
TI  - Intracellular processing of the gp160 HIV-1 envelope precursor. Endoproteolytic
      cleavage occurs in a cis or medial compartment of the Golgi complex.
AB  - The intracellular processing of the gp160 HIV-1 envelope precursor was
      characterized in acutely infected CD4+ T cells. Our data show that gp160
      undergoes endoproteolytic cleavage by a nonacid dependent protease(s) in the
      rough endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi complex, within cis or medial cisternae, and is
      not transported to the cell surface. Two-dimensional electrophoretic pulse-chase
      analysis indicates that it takes greater than 2 h for gp160 to be transported
      from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the site of action of sialyltransferases
      in the trans Golgi. Evidence is presented that gp160 is subject to mannose
      trimming in the Golgi complex, which is inhibited by 1-deoxymannojirimycin (a
      specific Golgi alpha-mannosidase I inhibitor). Preliminary data also suggest that
      gp120 is post-translationally modified by sialylated O-linked oligosaccharides.

PMID- 2406238
TI  - Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) catalyzes transacylation of intact
      cholesteryl esters. Evidence for the partial reversal of the forward LCAT
      reaction.
AB  - Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) catalyzes the intravascular synthesis
      of lipoprotein cholesteryl esters by converting cholesterol and lecithin to
      cholesteryl ester and lysolecithin. LCAT is unique in that it catalyzes
      sequential reactions within a single polypeptide sequence, a phospholipase A2
      reaction followed by a transacylation reaction. In this report we find that LCAT
      mediates a partial reverse reaction, the transacylation of lipoprotein
      cholesteryl oleate, in whole plasma and in a purified, reconstituted system. As a
      result of the reverse transacylation reaction, a linear accumulation of
      [3H]cholesterol occurred during incubations of plasma containing high density
      lipoprotein labeled with [3H]cholesteryl oleate. When high density lipoprotein
      labeled with cholesteryl [14C]oleate was also included in the incubation the
      labeled fatty acyl moiety remained in the cholesteryl [14C]oleate pool showing
      that the formation of labeled cholesterol did not result from hydrolysis of the
      doubly labeled cholesteryl esters. The rate of release of [3H]cholesterol was
      only about 10% of the forward rate of esterification of cholesterol using
      partially purified human LCAT and was approximately 7% in whole monkey plasma.
      Therefore, net production of cholesterol via the reverse LCAT reaction would not
      occur. [3H]Cholesterol production from [3H]cholesteryl oleate was almost
      completely inhibited by a final concentration of 1.4 mM 5,5'
      dithiobis(nitrobenzoic acid) during incubation with either purified LCAT or whole
      plasma. Addition of excess lysolecithin to the incubation system did not result
      in the formation of [14C]oleate-labeled lecithin, showing that the reverse
      reaction found here for LCAT was limited to the last step of the reaction. To
      explain these results we hypothesize that LCAT forms a [14C]oleate enzyme
      thioester intermediate after its attack on the cholesteryl oleate molecule.
      Formation of this intermediate allows [3H]cholesterol to be liberated from the
      enzyme by exchange with unlabeled cholesterol of plasma lipoproteins. The
      liberated [3H]cholesterol thereby becomes available for reesterification by LCAT
      as indicated by its appearance as newly synthesized cholesteryl linoleate.

PMID- 2406239
TI  - Crystallization and preliminary X-ray investigation of recombinant Lactobacillus
      leichmannii nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase.
AB  - Crystals of recombinant bacterial nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase have been
      grown from solutions of ammonium sulfate. The crystals are cubic, space group I23
      or I2(1)3; the axial length is 151.1(2) A. The crystals are stable to x-rays for
      at least 5 days and diffract beyond 2.8-A resolution. It appears that the
      molecule, which is a hexamer, utilizes the symmetry of the space group, resulting
      in two or three subunits per asymmetric unit.

PMID- 2406240
TI  - Plant cytosolic ribosomal protein S11 and chloroplast ribosomal protein CS17.
      Their primary structures and evolutionary relationships.
AB  - We have isolated cDNA clones specific for Arabidopsis thaliana cytosolic
      ribosomal protein S11 and plastid ribosomal protein CS17, both of which are
      encoded in the nuclear genome, through the use of the corresponding soybean and
      pea cDNAs as probes, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of all four cDNAs
      were determined. The amino acid sequences derived from these cDNA sequences show
      that the soybean and A. thaliana S11 cDNAs encode proteins that are homologous to
      rat ribosomal protein S11 and that the pea and A. thaliana CS17 cDNAs encode
      proteins that are homologous to Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S17. The plant
      S11 cytosolic ribosomal proteins also show significant sequence similarity to
      both E. coli ribosomal protein S17 and plastid CS17 indicating that these are all
      related proteins. Comparison of A. thaliana CS17 with A. thaliana S11 and with E.
      coli S17 suggests that CS17 is more related to S17 than it is to S11. These
      results support the idea that the gene encoding CS17 was derived from a
      prokaryotic endosymbiont and not from a duplication of the eukaryotic S11 gene.

PMID- 2406241
TI  - Regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase by lipopolysaccharide, interleukin
      1, and tumor necrosis factor. Role in the acute inflammatory response.
AB  - We have demonstrated a dramatic induction of manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn
      SOD) mRNA levels in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-1, and
      tumor necrosis factor in pulmonary epithelial cells. These stimuli had no effect
      on the corresponding mRNA levels for the copper/zinc (Cu/Zn)-SOD. Identical
      treatments of pulmonary fibroblast cells with LPS showed only minor changes in
      the Mn-SOD mRNA levels demonstrating a cell type-specific effect for this acute
      inflammatory mediator. Furthermore, we have shown that hyperoxia has no effect
      within 24 h on Mn-or Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA levels in either fibroblasts or epithelial
      cells. The induction of Mn-SOD mRNA levels by LPS is completely inhibited by
      actinomycin. Treatment of cells with cycloheximide causes an induction equal to
      that for LPS, whereas co-treatment with cycloheximide and LPS resulted in a
      "super induction." This data is strongly suggestive of an important role for the
      Mn-SOD in the acute inflammatory response.

PMID- 2406242
TI  - Olfactory-specific cytochrome P-450 (P-450olf1; IIG1). Gene structure and
      developmental regulation.
AB  - The olfactory neuroepithelium is the principal site of interaction for airborne
      molecules, mainly odorants, in the organism. The presence of an active cytochrome
      P-450-dependent oxidative metabolism in this tissue has not yet been studied as
      well as the hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent oxidations. In this report, we
      describe cytochrome P-450olf1 (IIG1), a P-450 gene expressed at high levels
      uniquely in the olfactory epithelium. By Southern analysis and genomic DNA
      cloning, we demonstrate that a single copy of the P-450olf1 gene is present in
      the rat genome and contains 9 exons. We conclude that rat P-450IIG1 is a single
      gene subfamily. P-450olf1 gene expression was activated after birth in both male
      and female Sprague-Dawley rats and remained active in adult olfactory epithelium.
      A first maximum level of expression was reached around postnatal day 21. The
      coincidence between the temporal gene activation of P-450olf1 and the postnatal
      increase in the sensitivity of olfactory response to odorants is consistent with
      a potential role of this enzyme in olfactory function.

PMID- 2406243
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induction of novel gene products in human endothelial
      cells including a macrophage-specific chemotaxin.
AB  - Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) profoundly affect endothelial
      cell function, promoting for example interaction with leukocytes and inducing a
      procoagulant phenotype. Changes of this nature are likely to be central to the
      proinflammatory effects of TNF. In order to elucidate molecular mechanisms by
      which TNF alters endothelial cell function we utilized differential plaque
      hybridization to identify TNF-responsive genes. Forty TNF-inducible cDNAs were
      identified which on cross-hybridization were found to arise from six unique
      genes. DNA sequencing of these cDNAs revealed two encoded known cytokine-induced
      genes, endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 and neutrophil chemotactic
      factor. One of the cDNAs encodes a recently described monocyte-specific
      chemotactic factor not previously associated with endothelium. The production of
      a monocyte chemotaxin by cytokine-activated endothelium has important
      implications for understanding the role of the vessel wall in disease states such
      as atherosclerosis and may also in part explain the indirect angiogenic activity
      of TNF. The three other cDNAs are completely novel as judged by data bank
      searches of partial DNA sequences and remain unidentified. On exposure of
      endothelial cells to TNF there is a rapid and substantial increase in levels of
      mRNA encoding the six genes, which are further superinduced by cycloheximide.
      Thus these represent primary response genes as their induction does not depend on
      protein synthesis. Interleukin-1 beta and lipopolysaccharide are also potent
      inducers. Nuclear run-on studies revealed that in most cases induction by TNF is
      mediated largely at the transcriptional level.

PMID- 2406244
TI  - Organization and nucleotide sequence of a gene cluster coding for eight ribosomal
      proteins in the archaebacterium Halobacterium marismortui.
AB  - A DNA fragment containing the genes for the eight ribosomal proteins HmaL3, HL6,
      HmaL23, HmaL2, HmaS19, HmaL22, HmaS3, and HmaL29 from Halobacterium marismortui
      has been cloned and sequenced. The organization of this gene cluster in general
      corresponds to the S10 operon of Escherichia coli although there exists some
      differences between them. The sequence analysis of the 5'- and 3'-region of the
      gene cluster revealed three open reading frames (orf1, orf2, and orf3) which do
      not code for any ribosomal protein whose structure is known. A putative promoter
      is located upstream of orf1. Out of the eight ribosomal proteins five have
      counterparts in eubacteria only, two in both eubacteria and eukaryotes, and one
      is exclusively related to an eukaryotic ribosomal protein.

PMID- 2406245
TI  - The human growth hormone receptor. Secretion from Escherichia coli and disulfide
      bonding pattern of the extracellular binding domain.
AB  - A gene fragment encoding the extracellular domain of the human growth hormone
      (hGH) receptor from liver was cloned into a plasmid under control of the
      Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase promoter and the heat-stable enterotoxin
      (StII) signal peptide sequence. Strains of E. coli expressing properly folded hGH
      binding protein were identified by blotting colonies with 125I-hGH. The E. coli
      strain capable of highest expression (KS330) secreted 10 to 20 mg/liter of
      culture of properly processed and folded hGH receptor fragment into the
      periplasmic space. The protein was purified to near homogeneity in 70 to 80%
      yield (in tens of milligram amounts) using ammonium sulfate precipitation, hGH
      affinity chromatography, and gel filtration. The unglycosylated extracellular
      domain of the hGH receptor has virtually identical binding properties compared to
      its natural glycosylated counterpart isolated from human serum, suggesting
      glycosylation is not important for binding of hGH. The extracellular binding
      domain codes for 7 cysteines, and we show that six of them form three disulfide
      bonds. Peptide mapping studies show these disulfides are paired sequentially to
      produce short loops (10-15 residues long) as follows: Cys38-Cys48, Cys83-Cys94,
      and Cys108-Cys122. Cys241 is unpaired, and mutagenic analysis shows that the
      extreme carboxyl end of the receptor fragment (including Cys241) is not essential
      for folding or binding of the protein to hGH. High level expression of this
      receptor binding domain and its homologs in E. coli will greatly facilitate their
      detailed biophysical and structural analysis.

PMID- 2406246
TI  - Complete nucleotide sequence of the streptococcal C5a peptidase gene of
      Streptococcus pyogenes.
AB  - Streptococcal C5a peptidase (SCP), a recently discovered virulence factor of
      Streptococcus pyogenes, specifically cleaves the human serum chemotaxin C5a near
      its carboxyl terminus, destroying its ability to serve as a chemoattractant. We
      previously localized the SCP gene, scpA, to the 5.8-kb insert of the recombinant
      plasmid pTT1. Here we present the complete nucleotide sequence of scpA and its
      flanking regions. The gene initiates at a TTG codon and consists of 3501 base
      pairs, specifying a precursor protein of 128,252 daltons. Sequences resembling
      the promoter and ribosome-binding site of Gram-positive organisms are found
      upstream of scpA. The predicted amino acid sequence reveals the presence of a 31
      residue signal peptide, putative cell wall spanning and membrane anchor domains.
      Regions of SCP show significant similarity to the sequences involved in the
      formation of the active site of the prokaryotic serine protease subtilisin.
      Results of Southern hybridization studies indicate that sequences highly similar
      to that of scpA are present in all serotypes of S. pyogenes tested.

PMID- 2406247
TI  - The primary structure of the 32-kDa subunit of human replication protein A.
AB  - Replication protein A (RP-A) is a complex of three polypeptides of molecular mass
      70, 32, and 14 kDa, which is absolutely required for simian virus 40 DNA
      replication in vitro. We have isolated a cDNA coding for the 32-kDa subunit of RP
      A. An oligonucleotide probe was constructed based upon a tryptic peptide sequence
      derived from whole RP-A, and clones were isolated from a lambda gt11 library
      containing HeLa cDNA inserts. The amino acid sequence predicted from the cDNA
      contains the peptide sequence obtained from whole RP-A along with two sequences
      obtained from tryptic peptides derived from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel-purified 32-kDa subunit. The coding sequence predicts a protein of 29,228
      daltons, in good agreement with the electrophoretically determined molecular mass
      of the 32-kDa subunit. No significant homology was found with any of the
      sequences in the GenBank data base. The protein predicted from the cDNA has an N
      terminal region rich in glycine and serine along with two acidic and two basic
      segments. Monoclonal antibodies have been raised against the 70- and 32-kDa
      subunits of RP-A. The cloned cDNA has been overexpressed in bacteria using an
      inducible T7 expression system. The protein made in bacteria is recognized by a
      monoclonal antibody that is specific for the 32-kDa subunit of RP-A. This
      monoclonal antibody against the 32-kDa subunit inhibits DNA replication in vitro.

PMID- 2406248
TI  - Modifications of the active center of T4 thioredoxin by site-directed
      mutagenesis.
AB  - The active site sequence of T4 thioredoxin, Cys-Val-Tyr-Cys, has been modified in
      two positions to Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys to mimic that of Escherichia coli thioredoxin.
      The two point mutants Cys-Gly-Tyr-Cys and Cys-Val-Pro-Cys have also been
      constructed. The mutant proteins have similar reaction rates with T4
      ribonucleotide reductase as has the wild-type T4 thioredoxin. Mutant T4
      thioredoxins with Pro instead of Tyr at position 16 in the active site sequence
      have three to four times lower apparent KM with E. coli ribonucleotide reductase
      than wild-type T4 thioredoxin. The KM values for these mutant proteins which do
      not have Tyr in position 16 are thus closer to E. coli thioredoxin than to the
      wild-type T4 thioredoxin. The bulky tyrosine side chain probably prevents proper
      interactions to E. coli ribonucleotide reductase. Also the redox potentials of
      these two mutant thioredoxins are lower than that of the wild-type T4 thioredoxin
      and are thereby more similar to the redox potential of E. coli thioredoxin.
      Mutations in position 15 behave more or less like the wild-type protein. The
      kinetic parameters with E. coli thioredoxin reductase are similar for wild-type
      and mutant T4 thioredoxins except that the apparent kcat is lower for the mutant
      protein with Pro instead of Tyr in position 16. The active site sequence of T4
      thioredoxin has also been changed to Cys-Pro-Tyr-Cys to mimic that of
      glutaredoxins. This change does not markedly alter the reaction rate of the
      mutant protein with T4 ribonucleotide reductase or E. coli thioredoxin reductase,
      but the redox potential is lower for this mutant protein than for wild-type T4
      thioredoxin.

PMID- 2406249
TI  - A new DNA binding mode for CAP.
AB  - In the absence of cyclic AMP, the Escherichia coli cyclic AMP receptor protein
      (CAP) binds without detectable sequence specificity to restriction fragments
      containing lac and crp promoter sequences. Under standard conditions (10 mM Tris,
      1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0), our estimates of the equilibrium constant and cooperativity
      parameter for complex formation are 114,000 +/- 1400 M-1 and 1.3 +/- 0.8,
      respectively. Thus, this interaction lacks the substantial cooperativity
      previously reported for CAP binding to genomic DNAs. Using the electrophoresis
      mobility shift assay, we find that complexes of increasing CAP content differ by
      a highly uniform mobility decrement. This result is most consistent with a
      binding mode in which little or no DNA bending occurs. The ability of CAP to
      distinguish between restriction fragments and genomic DNA, shown by the
      difference in binding cooperativity, suggests the existence of previously
      unsuspected DNA sequences or structures that modulate its binding cooperativity.

PMID- 2406250
TI  - Duplicated NHP6 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encode proteins homologous to
      bovine high mobility group protein 1.
AB  - The nonhistone chromosomal protein NHP6 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been
      previously isolated and its amino-terminal sequence determined. In this report,
      synthetic oligonucleotides, designed from the limited NHP6 amino acid sequence,
      were used as hybridization probes to clone the NHP6A gene from a yeast genomic
      library. Low stringency Southern blot analysis showed that there was a second
      gene homologous to NHP6A. This gene, NHP6B, was also cloned and sequenced.
      Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that NHP6B has six extra amino acids at its
      amino terminus, but that NHP6A and NHP6B match at 87% of the rest of their
      sequences. S1 nuclease analysis was used to show that both genes are transcribed;
      the major transcription start sites lie 30 bases before the first ATG codon.
      Interestingly, the approximately 11-kDa NHP6A and NHP6B proteins are homologous
      to the middle segment of the 27-kDa chromatin-associated high mobility group
      protein 1 from calf; NHP6A and NHP6B each have over 40% identity with this part
      of high mobility group protein 1. Possible functions for the NHP6 proteins are
      discussed in light of this homology.

PMID- 2406251
TI  - Expression in Escherichia coli and purification of a translocation-competent
      precursor of the chloroplast protein ferredoxin.
AB  - The precursor of the chloroplast protein ferredoxin from Silene pratensis was
      expressed in Escherichia coli. When a low copy number plasmid was used, the
      preferredoxin level was low, and the protein was soluble. The expression level
      was increased by using a high copy number plasmid. In protease-deficient cells
      transformed with the latter plasmid, the preferredoxin accumulated up to 1% of
      total protein, and it was found in insoluble aggregates. These aggregates were
      dissolved in 4 M urea, and the protein was purified to homogeneity. Amino
      terminal sequencing confirmed the amino acid sequence as deduced from the copy
      DNA. However, the first methionine residue of the expected sequence was absent in
      E. coli. The purified precursor was readily imported by isolated chloroplasts and
      processed to the mature size.

PMID- 2406252
TI  - RAS2 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae undergoes removal of methionine at N
      terminus and removal of three amino acids at C terminus.
AB  - RAS2 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae undergoes post-translational
      modifications involving methyl esterification and palmitic acid addition,
      resulting in their association with the plasma membrane. In this paper, we
      provide evidence that two kinds of proteolytic events accompany the biosynthesis.
      This is shown by separating and characterizing three intracellular forms of RAS2
      protein: precursor, intermediate, and mature (fatty acid-acylated) forms. N
      Terminal sequencing has revealed that all three forms start with proline, which
      is the second amino acid expected from the RAS2 gene sequence. Thus, the first
      methionine is removed very early during the biosynthesis. Isolation and
      sequencing of C-terminal peptides indicate that three C-terminal amino acids
      present in the precursor form are removed in the intermediate and in the fatty
      acid acylated forms. C-Terminal proteolysis appears to accompany methyl
      esterification, since the methylation occurs with the intermediate and the fatty
      acid-acylated forms, but not with the precursor. Palmitic acid is identified as
      the major fatty acid attached to the fatty acid-acylated form.

PMID- 2406253
TI  - Cooperative biotin binding by streptavidin. Electrophoretic behavior and subunit
      association of streptavidin in the presence of 6 M urea.
AB  - We describe the cooperativity in the biotin binding of streptavidin. We have
      developed an electrophoretic method which can separate streptavidin molecules
      with bound biotin from those without biotin. In 6 M urea, the electrophoretic
      mobility of streptavidin in polyacrylamide gels becomes significantly faster upon
      biotin binding. When streptavidin was titrated with biotin, only two major bands
      were observed on the gel, consisting of streptavidin molecules without bound
      biotin and those saturated with biotin. The change in mobility is due partly to
      the negative charge of the bound biotin, but it must reflect conformational
      changes of the protein molecule associated with biotin binding. Gel filtration
      chromatography showed that the streptavidin molecule dissociates into two subunit
      dimers in the presence of 6 M urea. These results suggest that the biotin binding
      by the streptavidin subunit dimer is cooperative and that some communication must
      exist between the two subunits.

PMID- 2406254
TI  - Maturation of Escherichia coli maltose-binding protein by signal peptidase I in
      vivo. Sequence requirements for efficient processing and demonstration of an
      alternate cleavage site.
AB  - Comparative analyses of a number of secretory proteins processed by eukaryotic
      and prokaryotic signal peptidases have identified a strongly conserved feature
      regarding the residues positioned -3 and -1 relative to the cleavage site. These
      2 residues of the signal peptide are thought to constitute a recognition site for
      the processing enzyme and are usually amino acids with small, neutral side
      chains. It was shown previously that the substitution of aspartic acid for
      alanine at -3 of the Escherichia coli maltose-binding protein (MBP) signal
      peptide blocked maturation by signal peptidase I but had no noticeable effect or
      MBP translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane of its biological activity.
      This identified an excellent system in which to undertake a detailed
      investigation of the structural requirements and limitations for the cleavage
      site. In vitro mutagenesis was used to generate 14 different amino acid
      substitutions at -3 and 13 different amino acid substitutions at -1 of the MBP
      signal peptide. The maturation of the mutant precursor species expressed in vivo
      was examined. Overall, the results obtained agreed fairly well with statistically
      derived models of signal peptidase I specificity, except that cysteine was found
      to permit efficient processing when present at either -3 and -1, and threonine at
      -1 resulted in inefficient processing. Interestingly, it was found that
      substitutions at -1 which blocked processing at the normal cleavage site
      redirected processing, with varying efficiencies, to an alternate site in the
      signal peptide represented by the Ala-X-Ala sequence at positions -5 to -3. The
      substitution of aspartic acid for alanine at -5 blocked processing at this
      alternate site but not the normal site. The amino acids occupying the -5 and -3
      positions in many other prokaryotic signal peptides also have the potential for
      constituting alternate processing sites. This appears to represent another
      example of redundant information contained within the signal peptide.

PMID- 2406255
TI  - Biological significance of facilitated diffusion in protein-DNA interactions.
      Applications to T4 endonuclease V-initiated DNA repair.
AB  - Facilitated diffusion along nontarget DNA is employed by numerous DNA-interactive
      proteins to locate specific targets. Until now, the biological significance of
      DNA scanning has remained elusive. T4 endonuclease V is a DNA repair enzyme which
      scans nontarget DNA and processively incises DNA at the site of pyrimidine dimers
      which are produced by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. In this study we tested
      the hypothesis that there exists a direct correlation between the degree of
      processivity of wild type and mutant endonuclease V molecules and the degree of
      enhanced UV resistance which is conferred to repair-deficient Eshcerichia coli.
      This was accomplished by first creating a series of endonuclease V mutants whose
      in vitro catalytic activities were shown to be very similar to that of the wild
      type enzyme. However, when the mechanisms by which these enzymes search nontarget
      DNA for its substrate were analyzed in vitro and in vivo, the mutants displayed
      varying degrees of nontarget DNA scanning ranging from being nearly as processive
      as wild type to randomly incising dimers within the DNA population. The ability
      of these altered endonuclease V molecules to enhance UV survival in DNA repair
      deficient E. coli then was assessed. The degree of enhanced UV survival was
      directly correlated with the level of facilitated diffusion. This is the first
      conclusive evidence directly relating a reduction of in vivo facilitated
      diffusion with a change in an observed phenotype. These results support the
      assertion that the mechanisms which DNA-interactive proteins employ in locating
      their target sites are of biological significance.

PMID- 2406256
TI  - Regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase by phosphorylation involves no long-range
      conformational change in the free enzyme.
AB  - The structure of the phosphorylated form of isocitrate dehydrogenase from
      Escherichia coli has been solved and refined to an R-factor of 16.9% at 2.5-A
      resolution. Comparison with the structure of the dephosphorylated enzyme shows
      that there are no large scale conformational changes and that small
      conformational changes are highly localized around the site of phosphorylation at
      serine 113. Tyrosine 160 rotates by 15 degrees, and there is a local
      rearrangement of water structure. There is an 0.2-A net movement of loop 230-234,
      and side chain shifts of 0.2 A root mean square for isoleucine 159 and lysine
      199. The lack of large conformational changes, the observation of a possible
      isocitrate binding site close to serine 113, and the demonstration that the
      phosphorylated enzyme is unable to bind isocitrate suggest that this enzyme is
      inactivated by a direct electrostatic interaction between the substrate and the
      serine phosphate.

PMID- 2406257
TI  - Identification of methionine Nalpha-acetyltransferase from Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - N alpha-Acetylation is the most frequently occurring chemical modification of the
      alpha-NH2 group of eukaryotic proteins and was believed until now to be catalyzed
      by a single N alpha-acetyltransferase. The transfer of an acetyl group from
      acetyl coenzyme A to the alpha-amino group of five NH2-terminal residues (serine,
      alanine, methionine, glycine, and threonine) in proteins accounts for
      approximately 95% of acetylated residues. We have found that a crude lysate from
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant (aaa1) deficient in N alpha-acetyltransferase
      activity can effectively transfer an acetyl group to peptides containing NH2
      terminal methionine but not to serine or alanine. This methionine N alpha
      acetyltransferase has been extensively purified, and this purified enzyme can
      selectively transfer an acetyl group to various model peptides containing an NH2
      terminal methionine residue and a penultimate aspartyl, asparaginyl, or glutamyl
      residue. Such specificity of N alpha-acetylation of methionine has been
      previously observed based on the analysis of eukaryotic protein sequences
      (Persson, B., Flinta, C., Heijne, G., and Jornvall, H. (1985) Eur. J. Biochem.
      152, 523-527; Arfin, S.M., and Bradshaw, R. A. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 7979
      7984). The indentification of this methionine N alpha-acetyltransferase provides
      an explanation as to why two distinct classes of N alpha-acetylated proteins
      exist in nature: (i) those whose initiator methionine is acetylated and (ii)
      those whose penultimate residue is acetylated after cleavage of the initiator
      methionine.

PMID- 2406258
TI  - A novel mechanism for acetylcholine to generate diacylglycerol in brain.
AB  - The classical scheme involving inositol phospholipid breakdown by phospholipase C
      as the sole source of diacylglycerol (DAG) has recently been challenged by
      evidence that phosphatidylcholine (PC) is an alternative source. In synaptic
      membranes of canine cerebral cortex, cholinergic agonists caused rapid
      accumulation of [3H]phosphatidic acid (PA) from [3H]PC within 15 s, whereas
      [3H]DAG formation showed a transient lag period before becoming elevated and then
      exceeding the amount of [3H]PA. Additional evidence shows that DAG is produced
      from PC by the action of phospholipase D to yield PA, which is further
      dephosphorylated to DAG by PA phosphatase. Our results indicate that this
      muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-regulated PC phospholipase D-PA phosphatase
      pathway may be a novel mechanism in cell signal transduction processes for
      activation of protein kinase C in brain.

PMID- 2406259
TI  - Analysis of clathrin light chain-heavy chain interactions using truncated mutants
      of rat liver light chain LCB3.
AB  - Clathrin light chains are extended molecules located along the proximal segment
      of each of the three heavy chain legs of a clathrin trimer. All mammalian light
      chains share a central segment with 10 repeated heptad motifs believed to mediate
      the interaction with clathrin heavy chains. In order to test this model in more
      detail, we have expressed intact rat liver clathrin light chain LCB3 in
      Escherichia coli and find that it binds tightly to calf clathrin heavy chains.
      Using a set of expressed truncated mutants of LCB3, we show that the presence of
      seven to eight heptads is indeed necessary for a successful interaction. More
      extensive deletions of the central segment completely abolish the ability to bind
      to heavy chains. Neither the amino- nor the carboxyl-terminal domain is essential
      for binding, but competition experiments show that the presence of the carboxyl
      terminal domain does enhance the interaction with heavy chains.

PMID- 2406260
TI  - Template primer-dependent binding of 5'-fluorosulfonyl-benzoyldeoxyadenosine by
      Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. Identification of arginine 682 as the binding
      site and its implication in catalysis.
AB  - We have labeled a template primer-dependent substrate deoxynucleoside
      triphosphate binding domain in Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I using an
      affinity labeling analogue of dATP, the 5'-fluorosulfonylbenzoyldeoxyadenosine
      (FSBdA). Using enzyme-template primer complex as a test system, we find that
      FSBdA-mediated inactivation occurs only when the template in the enzyme-template
      primer complex is poly(dT).(dA)10. A ribonucleotide analogue, 5'
      fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine (FSBA) is not an effective inactivator under these
      conditions. In the absence of template primer, however, deoxyribonanalogue
      (FSBdA) irreversibly inactivates polymerase activity with characteristics similar
      to those reported for FSBA (Pandey, V.N., and Modak, M.J. (1988) J. Biol. Chem.
      263, 6068). Binding stoichiometric studies in the presence and absence of
      template primer revealed that only 1 mol of FSBdA is incorporated per mol of
      enzyme which results in complete inactivation. The site of FSBdA action was
      investigated by comparative tryptic peptide mapping, followed by amino acid
      composition analysis of the modified peptide. Arginine 682 was found to be the
      target of FSBdA reactivity. We therefore conclude that the domain containing Arg
      682 plays a major role in template-dependent dNTP binding and polymerization.

PMID- 2406261
TI  - Glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger. Cloning, gene sequence, secretion from
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae and kinetic analysis of a yeast-derived enzyme.
AB  - The gene for Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) has been cloned from
      both cDNA and genomic libraries using oligonucleotide probes derived from the
      amino acid sequences of peptide fragments of the enzyme. The mature enzyme
      consists of 583 amino acids and is preceded by a 22-amino acid presequence. No
      intervening sequences are found within the coding region. The enzyme contains 3
      cysteine residues and 8 potential sites for N-linked glycosylation. The protein
      shows 26% identity with alcohol oxidase of Hansenuela polymorpha, and the N
      terminus has a sequence homologous with the AMP-binding region of other
      flavoenzymes such as p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase and glutathione reductase.
      Recombinant yeast expression plasmids have been constructed containing a hybrid
      yeast alcohol dehydrogenase II-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter,
      either the yeast alpha-factor pheromone leader or the glucose oxidase
      presequence, and the mature glucose oxidase coding sequence. When transformed
      into yeast, these plasmids direct the synthesis and secretion of between 75 and
      400 micrograms/ml of active glucose oxidase. Analysis of the yeast-derived
      enzymes shows that they are of comparable specific activity and have more
      extensive N-linked glycosylation than the A. niger protein.

PMID- 2406262
TI  - Functional characterization of Tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus.
      Evidence that Tat links viral RNAs to nuclear matrix.
AB  - The processes of transcription and posttranscription are assumed to proceed in
      close association with the nuclear matrix. In this study we demonstrated that
      Tat, the trans-activating protein from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV
      1), binds both to the TAR region of the nascent HIV mRNAs and the nuclear matrix
      with high affinity. Both North/Western blotting experiments and nitrocellulose
      binding studies revealed that Tat binds with an association constant (K alpha) of
      approximately 1 x 10(9) M-1 to the TAR segment of HIV RNA; binding of Tat to this
      sequence which is present between position 32 and 82 downstream from the TATA box
      was also confirmed by gel retardation assays. Binding of Tat to TAR only occurs
      if the loop segment in the proposed stem-loop secondary structure of HIV leader
      mRNA is present. Likewise, Tat binds to the nuclear matrix with a K alpha of 7.5
      x 10(7) M-1. The number of binding sites has been estimated to be 2 x
      10(8)/micrograms of matrix protein, corresponding to 4 x 10(3) sites/nucleus. Tat
      displays its bimodal function only in the presence of Zn2+ ions. In vitro
      transcription experiments, using HIV-1 infected nuclei, demonstrate that beyond
      the TAR-region HIV RNA synthesis occurs only in the presence of Tat. Present
      studies indicate that Tat may function as a linker by binding of nascent HIV RNAs
      to the nuclear matrix.

PMID- 2406263
TI  - Transcription termination by bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase at rho-independent
      terminators.
AB  - We have investigated the mechanism of transcription termination by T7 RNA
      polymerase using templates encoding variants of the transcription-termination
      structure (attenuator) of the regulatory region of the threonine (thr) operon of
      Escherichia coli. The thr attenuator comprises the following two distinct
      structural elements: a G + C-rich inverted repeat, which encodes an RNA hairpin
      structure, and A + T-rich regions, one of which contains a continuous sequence of
      template deoxyadenosine residues within which the transcription terminates.
      Fourteen attenuator variants were analyzed and we find that not only the hairpin
      structure itself but also its sequence influences termination. Furthermore, the
      formation of a hairpin in the RNA encoded by the A + T-rich regions of the
      attenuator is not mandatory for termination. A series of seven deletion variants
      that successively shorten the deoxyadenosine tract in the attenuator template
      were also analyzed. Results from these experiments indicate that complete
      readthrough occurs when there are four or fewer deoxyadenosine residues. With 5
      template deoxyadenosine residues there is 5% termination increasing to 32% with 8
      deoxyadenosines, the value produced by the wild-type attenuator. In addition, a
      comparison with E. coli RNA polymerase shows that T7 RNA polymerase requires a
      more perfect region of dyad symmetry and a longer deoxyadenosine tract than does
      the bacterial enzyme to terminate with maximum efficiency.

PMID- 2406264
TI  - Use of saturation mutagenesis to localize probable functional domains in the NahR
      protein, a LysR-type transcription activator.
AB  - The NahR protein of the Pseudomonas naphthalene degradation plasmid NAH7 encodes
      a 300-residue transcription activator which is very similar to the NodD
      transcription activator of Rhizobium and other proteins in the LysR activator
      family. NahR binds to conserved sequences upstream (nucleotides -80 to -47) of
      the nah and sal promoters and activates transcription of genes for naphthalene
      catabolism in response to the inducer salicylate. Transformation of an
      Escherichia coli gal deletion strain (containing a sal promoter-galK fusion
      plasmid) with hydroxylamine-treated nahR DNA and selection on
      galactose/salicylate plates allowed isolation of 30 unique activation-deficient
      nahR alleles which fell into two classes: class I, defective in both activation
      and specific binding to the NahR activation site of the sal promoter; and class
      II, defective in activation, but with wild-type DNA binding activity. DNA
      sequence analysis showed that the amino acid substitutions eliminating DNA
      binding activity were mostly clustered in an NH2-terminal helix-turn-helix motif
      (residues 23-45) or a COOH-terminal domain (residues 239-291). Similar analysis
      of class II mutants identified a domain (residues 126-206) possibly involved in
      inducer binding and/or transcription activation functions. The partial trans
      dominance of many mutant alleles and the size of NahR-specific DNA binding
      activity measured by gel filtration suggest that the active NahR protein may be a
      tetramer.

PMID- 2406265
TI  - Comparison of helix stability in wild-type and mutant LamB signal sequences.
AB  - Previous studies of isolated peptides corresponding to the wild-type signal
      sequence of the LamB protein of Escherichia coli and to several export-impaired
      mutants demonstrated that a high tendency to adopt an alpha-helical conformation
      in low dielectric environments was a property of functional sequences. We have
      now used nuclear magnetic resonance to establish further characteristics of the
      helical conformation of these signal peptides in a solvent mixture (50%
      trifluoroethanol, by volume, in water) which mimics the conformational
      distribution of these peptides in lipid vesicles. The interactions of signal
      sequences in vivo may depend on the location of the helix in the sequence, on the
      length of the helical segment, and on the stability of the helix. We find that
      the hydrophobic core has the most persistent helix conformation and that the
      stability of this helix correlates with in vivo function of different mutants of
      the LamB signal sequence. In the family of signal peptides studied here, the
      length of the helix required for function appears to be less rigidly restricted
      since a signal peptide from a functional pseudorevertant with 4 residues deleted
      from the hydrophobic core takes up helix as stably as wild type but incorporates
      fewer residues in the helix.

PMID- 2406266
TI  - Salivary histatin 5: dependence of sequence, chain length, and helical
      conformation for candidacidal activity.
AB  - Histatin 5 (Asp1-Ser-His-Ala4-Lys-Arg-His-His8-Gly-Tyr-Lys-Arg12-Lys-Ph e-His
      Glu16-Lys-His - His-Ser20-His-Arg-Gly-Tyr24), one of the basic histidine-rich
      peptides present in human parotid saliva and several of its fragments, 1-16
      (N16), 9-24 (C16), 11-24 (C14), 13-24 (C12), 15-24 (C10), and 7-16 (M10), were
      synthesized by solid-phase procedures. Native histatin 5 from human parotid
      saliva was also purified. Their antifungal activities on two strains of Candida
      albicans have been studied and their conformational preferences both in aqueous
      and non-aqueous solutions examined by circular dichroism. The synthetic histatin
      5, C16, and C14 peptides were highly active and inhibited the growth of C.
      albicans. The candidacidal activity data of synthetic histatin 5 were comparable
      to the values of the native histatin 5 isolated from parotid saliva and those
      reported previously, although the assay system used and the strains examined were
      different. The C16 fragment was as active as the whole peptide itself, whereas
      the N16 fragment was far less active than C14, suggesting that the sequence at
      the C-terminal is important for its fungicidal activity. An increase in the chain
      length of the C-terminal sequence from 12 to 16 residues increased the
      candidacidal activity, thereby indicating that a peptide chain length of at least
      12 residues is necessary to elicit optimum biological activity. The CD spectra of
      these linear peptides showed that they are structurally more flexible, and they
      adopt different conformations depending on the solvent environment. CD studies
      provided evidence that histatin 5 and the longer fragments, C16, N16, and C14
      preferred alpha-helical conformations in non-aqueous solvents such as
      trifluoroethanol and methanol, while in water and pH 7.4 phosphate buffers, they
      favored random coil structures. The shorter sequences seemed to adopt either turn
      structures or unordered structures both in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. It
      appears that the sequence at the C-terminal of histatin 5 with a minimum chain
      length of 14 residues and alpha-helical conformation are the important structural
      requirements for appreciable candidacidal activity.

PMID- 2406267
TI  - Properties of recA441 protein-catalyzed DNA strand exchange can be attributed to
      an enhanced ability to compete with SSB protein.
AB  - We have investigated the recombinase activity of recA441 protein by comparing its
      in vitro DNA strand exchange activity to that of wild-type recA protein.
      Consistent with its proficiency in recombination in vivo, recA441 protein is able
      to catalyze the in vitro exchange of a circular single-stranded DNA molecule for
      a homologous strand in a linear double-stranded DNA molecule. Under conditions
      optimal for wild-type recA protein, the rates of joint molecule formation are the
      same for the two recA proteins, but the wild-type protein converts these
      intermediate species to gapped circular heteroduplex DNA product molecules more
      rapidly than recA441 protein. In the recA441 protein reaction, joint molecules
      are instead converted to extensive homology-dependent DNA networks via presumed
      reinitiation reactions. Under some conditions, the DNA strand exchange activity
      of recA441 protein is enhanced relative to the wild-type. These conditions
      include when single-stranded DNA.SSB protein (where SSB is Escherichia coli
      single-stranded DNA-binding protein) complexes are formed prior to the addition
      of recA protein, at low magnesium ion concentration in the presence of
      spermidine, and at low ATP concentrations. Under the conditions examined, recA441
      protein competes more effectively with SSB protein for DNA-binding sites; thus,
      the differences between the strand exchange activities of the wild-type and
      recA441 proteins can be attributed to this enhanced ability in SSB protein
      competition.

PMID- 2406268
TI  - Purification and characterization of DNA polymerase II from the yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Identification of the catalytic core and a possible
      holoenzyme form of the enzyme.
AB  - We have purified yeast DNA polymerase II to near homogeneity as a 145-kDa
      polypeptide. During the course of this purification we have detected and purified
      a novel form of DNA polymerase II that we designate as DNA polymerase II. The
      most highly purified preparations of DNA polymerase II are composed of
      polypeptides with molecular masses of 200, 80, 34, 30, and 29 kDa. Immunological
      analysis and peptide mapping of DNA polymerase II and the 200-kDa subunit of DNA
      polymerase II indicate that the 145-kDa DNA polymerase II polypeptide is derived
      from the 200-kDa polypeptide of DNA polymerase II. Activity gel analysis shows
      that the 145- and the 200-kDa polypeptides have catalytic function. The
      polypeptides present in the DNA polymerase II preparation copurify with the
      polymerase activity with a constant relative stoichiometry during chromatography
      over five columns and co-sediment with the activity during glycerol gradient
      centrifugation, suggesting that this complex may be a holoenzyme form of DNA
      polymerase II. Both forms of DNA polymerase II possess a 3'-5' exonuclease
      activity that remains tightly associated with the polymerase activity during
      purification. DNA polymerase II is similar to the proliferating cell nuclear
      antigen (PCNA)-independent form of mammalian DNA polymerase delta in its
      resistance to butylpheny-dGTP, template specificity, stimulation of polymerase
      and exonuclease activity by KCl, and high processivity. Although calf thymus PCNA
      does not stimulate the activity of DNA polymerase II on poly(dA):oligo(dT),
      possibly due to the limited length of the template, the high processivity of
      yeast DNA polymerase II on this template can be further increased by the addition
      of PCNA, suggesting that conditions may exist for interactions between PCNA and
      yeast DNA polymerase II.

PMID- 2406269
TI  - Site-directed mutagenesis of the -10 region of the lacUV5 promoter. Introduction
      of dA4.dT4 tract suppresses open complex formation.
AB  - Homopolymeric dAn.dTn sequences, where n is 4 or greater, have special properties
      leading to increased duplex stability and DNA bending. The lacUV5 promoter was
      used to examine the functional consequences of changing the -10 TATAAT consensus
      sequence to the sequence TAAAAT. The transversion mutation at the underlined site
      was accomplished with site-directed mutagenesis using translation termination as
      the selection procedure. For free DNA, structural differences at the 5' and 3'
      junction regions of the dA4.dT4 tract can be readily detected by DNase I
      digestion. However, site binding by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase appeared
      unaltered by the TAAAAT sequence since identical DNase I footprints were obtained
      for the lacUV5 and mutant promoters. Binding competition studies under different
      ionic strengths revealed a significant reduction in mutant promoter open complex
      formation relative to the lacUV5 promoter. Mutant promoter open complexes also
      dissociated faster and to a greater extent than the corresponding lacUV5 promoter
      open complexes when challenged with heparin or a combination of heparin and
      increased KCl concentration. Consequently, mutant promoter open complexes appear
      less stable than lacUV5 promoter open complexes.

PMID- 2406270
TI  - Murine DNA polymerase alpha fills gaps to completion in a direct assay. Altered
      kinetics of de novo DNA synthesis at single nucleotide gaps.
AB  - DNA polymerase alpha was studied in a direct gap-filling assay. Using a defined
      template, DNA synthesis was primed from the M13 17-mer universal primer and
      blocked by an oligonucleotide hybridized 56 nucleotides downstream of the primer.
      DNA polymerase alpha filled this gap to completion. A time course of the reaction
      showed that in 50% of the substrate molecules, gaps were filled to completion
      within 10 min. In another 35% of the molecules the final nucleotide was lacking
      after 10 min. This nucleotide was added at a reduced rate, and was not
      incorporated into all of the molecules even after 6 h. The reduced rate of
      incorporation of the final nucleotide is reflected in an increased Km for de novo
      incorporation of one nucleotide at a single nucleotide gap (0.7 microM), as
      opposed to the Km for de novo incorporation of one nucleotide into singly primed
      M13 DNA (0.18 microM). DNA polymerase alpha purified from murine cells infected
      with the parvovirus minute virus of mice, and HeLa cell DNA polymerase alpha 2,
      exhibited the same kinetics of gap filling as did DNA polymerase alpha purified
      from uninfected Ehrlich ascites murine tumor cells. T4 DNA polymerase filled gaps
      to completion in this assay. Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment
      quantitatively displaced the downstream oligonucleotide, and extended nascent DNA
      chains for an additional 100 nucleotides. Nicks and single-nucleotide gaps
      produced in gap-filling reactions by murine DNA polymerase alpha and T4 DNA
      polymerase were sealed by T4 DNA ligase.

PMID- 2406271
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of formation of the pyruvate prosthetic group of
      phosphatidylserine decarboxylase from Escherichia coli.
AB  - Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase from Escherichia coli uses a pyruvate group as
      the enzyme cofactor (Satre, M., and Kennedy, E. P. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 479
      483). Comparison of the DNA sequence of the psd gene with the partial amino acid
      sequence of the mature gene product suggests that the two nonidentical subunits
      of the mature enzyme are formed by cleavage of a proenzyme resulting in the
      conversion of Ser-254 to an amino-terminal pyruvate residue (Li, Q.-X., and
      Dowhan, W. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 11516-11522). The cleavage of the wild-type
      proenzyme occurs rapidly with a half-time on the order of 2 min. When Ser-254 is
      changed to cysteine (S254C), threonine (S254T), or alanine (S254A) by site
      directed mutagenesis, the rate of processing of the proenzyme and the production
      of the functional enzyme are drastically affected. Proenzymes with S254C or S254T
      are cleaved with a half-time of around 2-4 h while the S254A proenzyme does not
      undergo processing. The reduced processing rate for the mutant proenzymes is
      consistent with less of the functional enzyme being made. Mutants encoding the
      S254C and S254T protein produce 16 and 2%, respectively, of the activity of the
      wild-type allele but can still complement a temperature-sensitive mutant in the
      psd locus. There is no detectable activity or complementation observed with the
      S254A protein. These results are consistent with the hydroxyl group of Ser-254
      playing a critical role in the cleavage of the peptide bond between Gly-253 and
      Ser-254 of the prophosphatidylserine decarboxylase and support the mechanism
      proposed by Snell and coworkers (Recsei and Snell (1984) Annul Rev. Biochem. 53,
      357-387) for the formation of the prosthetic group of pyruvate-dependent
      decarboxylases.

PMID- 2406272
TI  - Characterization of the double mutant, Val-177/Asn-322, of the lactose permease.
AB  - The double mutant, Val-177/Asn-322, was investigated with regard to its ability
      to transport H+ and galactosides. In downhill lactose transport assays, the wild
      type strain had a Km value for lactose uptake of 0.9 mM and a Vmax of 0.65 mumol
      lactose/min.mg protein while the mutant had a significantly higher Km value of
      1.9 mM but a similar Vmax of 0.49 mumol/min.mg protein. In spite of its moderate
      ability to transport lactose downhill, the Val-177/Asn-322 mutant exhibited the
      striking property of being completely defective in the uphill accumulation of
      lactose or methyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside. Direct measurements of H+
      transport, however, showed that the mutant's defect in active accumulation is not
      due to a defect in the ability to transport H+ with lactose or methyl-beta-D
      thiogalactopyranoside. The Val-177/Asn-322 mutant strain had a H+:lactose
      stoichiometry of 0.84 which was similar to that measured in the wild-type strain
      (0.68). These results are discussed with regard to the role His-322 plays in H+
      transport, active accumulation of sugars, and sugar recognition.

PMID- 2406273
TI  - Sepsis of vascular catheters. II: In vitro disinfection of colonized tubing.
AB  - Preparatory to development of in situ disinfection of implanted catheters,
      silicone rubber tubing colonized by incubation with Staphylococcus aureus,
      Staphylococcus epidermidis, or Klebsiella pneumoniae was used to test the
      efficacy of various chemicals in vitro. Protocols sterilizing all segments
      colonized for 24 h (n = 30) were immersion into 50% povidone iodine for 5 and 60
      min, 100% povidone iodine for 5, 15, and 60 min, 1.2 x 10(3) ppm chlorine dioxide
      for 15 and 60 min, and 1.2 x 10(3) ppm chlorine dioxide buffered to pH 5.1 for 60
      min. Immersion in up to 2% chlorhexidine, 7.4% formaldehyde, or 6% sodium
      hypochlorite for up to 60 min failed to sterilize all segments. None of 117
      control segments were sterilized. Segments colonized for seven days were
      sterilized by immersion into 100% povidone iodine for 15 or 60 min. Use of 1.2 x
      10(3) ppm chlorine dioxide for 60 min sterilized 97% of segments tested. Lower
      concentrations and shorter exposure times failed to sterilize all segments.
      Eighteen silicone rubber catheters, colonized on the outer surface, were all
      sterilized within 24 h by a chlorine dioxide solution placed in the lumen and
      diffusing through the wall to kill the bacteria.

PMID- 2406274
TI  - Ultrasonic diagnosis of separation of the proximal humeral epiphysis in the
      newborn.
AB  - A difficult delivery of a newborn infant may result in a traumatic separation of
      the proximal humeral epiphysis from the metaphysis through the physis. When the
      ossification center of the epiphysis is not yet visible radiographically, the
      correct diagnosis may be missed and the injury may be mistaken for a dislocation
      or Erb palsy. As a non-invasive diagnostic method, ultrasonography has proved to
      be a particularly valuable diagnostic tool.

PMID- 2406275
TI  - The management of open fractures.

PMID- 2406276
TI  - Effects of dexamethasone on induction of monocytic differentiation in human U-937
      cells by dimethylsulfoxide.
AB  - The present studies demonstrate that dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) treatment of human
      U-937 myelomonocytic leukemia cells is associated with induction of monocytic
      differentiation. The DMSO-induced U-937 monocytic phenotype was associated with
      1) growth inhibition, 2) loss of clonogenic survival, 3) increases in alpha
      naphthyl acetate esterase (NSE) staining, and 4) increases in cell surface
      expression of the monocyte marker Mac-1. DMSO treatment of U-937 cells was also
      associated with down-regulation of c-myc and c-myb gene expression as well as
      with increases in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mRNA levels. The results further
      demonstrate that induction of U-937 monocytic differentiation by DMSO is
      accompanied by increases in phospholipase A2 activity. Moreover, this stimulation
      of phospholipase A2 was sensitive to dexamethasone. We therefore studied the
      effects of dexamethasone on DMSO-induced differentiation of U-937 cells. Although
      dexamethasone had no effect on growth inhibition or loss of clonogenic survival
      by DMSO, this glucocorticoid blocked increases in NSE staining and cell surface
      Mac-1 expression. Dexamethasone also had no effect on the down-regulation of c
      myc and c-myb expression but blocked the reappearance of c-myb transcripts after
      6 hr of DMSO treatment. Finally, dexamethasone inhibited DMSO-induced increases
      in TNF gene expression. Taken together, the results demonstrate that
      dexamethasone inhibits multiple characteristics, including the stimulation of
      phospholipase A2 activity, associated with DMSO-induced monocytic differentiation
      of U-937 cells.

PMID- 2406277
TI  - Analysis of the tetrahydrobiopterin synthesizing system during maturation of
      murine reticulocytes.
AB  - The enzymes of tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis have been studied in murine bone
      marrow, in spleen, in erythrocytes, and in reticulocytes. Mice with chemically
      induced and with genetically conditioned reticulocytosis as found in the lactate
      dehydrogenase deficient strain (Ldh-1c/Ldh-1c) were used for analysis of
      reticulocytic enzyme activities. The activity of the biopterin synthesizing
      system is highest in bone marrow even though it amounts to only about 10% as
      compared with liver. The first enzyme of the biosynthetic pathway, GTP
      cyclohydrolase, virtually disappears during the final maturation step of
      reticulocytes. In contrast, the activities of 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase
      and of sepiapterin reductase of erythrocytes are only reduced to about one half
      of the reticulocyte level. The absence of biopterin in erythrocytes is therefore
      caused by the loss of the enzyme that initiates the pterin biosynthetic pathway.

PMID- 2406278
TI  - Contractile responses to endothelin in feline cortical vessels in situ.
AB  - In this study in chloralose-anaesthetised cats, the vasomotor responses of
      individual pial vessels on the cortical surface to perivascular subarachnoid
      microapplication of endothelin were examined. Endothelin (3 x 10(-10) -3 x 10(-6)
      M) induced marked vasoconstriction of pial arterioles (-33.5 +/- 3.8% at 3 x 10(
      6) M) and pial veins (-35.1 +/- 2.7% at 3 x 10(-6) M). The concentration of
      endothelin inducing half-maximal response was in the nanomolar range, with pial
      veins being slightly more sensitive to the peptide than pial arterioles.
      Vasoconstrictions induced by endothelin were extremely prolonged, persisting for
      approximately 90 min after a single microapplication. Arterioles constricted by
      endothelin remained responsive to perivascular microapplication of K+ (10 mM) or
      alkalotic CSF (pH 7.48).

PMID- 2406279
TI  - Neural and hormonal regulation of function in the gut.
AB  - Signal peptides in the GI tract may be of endocrine, paracrine, or neuronal
      origin. Improvements in the ability to identify cells containing such peptides
      and to measure them both intracellularly and extracellularly have made it easier
      to distinguish both source and target for these physiologically important
      molecules. The regulatory peptides frequently act in concert.

PMID- 2406280
TI  - Memory deficit after closed head injury.
AB  - This paper reviews research concerning impairment of memory during the early and
      late stages of recovery from closed-head injury (CHI). Posttraumatic and
      retrograde amnesia are discussed, including direct measurement, rate of
      forgetting and evoked potential correlates. Studies of residual memory deficit in
      survivors of CHI are reviewed, including the effects of severity and chronicity
      of injury and features such as utilization of semantic features to guide recall.
      The evidence for relatively preserved motor and pattern analyzing skills after
      severe CHI is presented and the implications for rehabilitation are discussed.

PMID- 2406281
TI  - Toward a cognitive neuropsychology of awareness: implicit knowledge and
      anosognosia.
AB  - Although a systematic cognitive neuropsychology of awareness has not yet emerged,
      a number of phenomena reported in the literature provide an empirical basis for
      developing it. The present discussion focusses on two such phenomena: implicit
      knowledge, which refers to knowledge that is expressed in task performance
      unintentionally and with little phenomenal awareness; and anosognosia, which
      refers to unawareness of neuropsychological deficits. Two types of theoretical
      accounts of these phenomena are discussed. A first order theoretical account
      entails postulating damage to, or disconnection of, a system or process that
      generates awareness across multiple domains. A second-order account does not
      postulate disruption of a cross-domain awareness mechanism, but instead appeals
      to difficulties in gaining access to particular kinds of domain-specific
      information that are associated with aware expressions of knowledge in individual
      domains. Instances of first- and second-order accounts are illustrated with
      examples from studies of memory and amnesia. The relation between implicit
      knowledge and anosognosia is also discussed.

PMID- 2406282
TI  - Things that go bump in the night: the parasomnias revisited.
AB  - The parasomnias have been identified as a major category of sleep disorders and
      represent a group of physiologic and behavioral phenomena that occur exclusively
      during, or are augmented by, the sleeping state. They are commonly encountered in
      clinical practice and are typically dismissed as "bumps in the night" or
      attributed to psychiatric disease. Despite their often bizarre nature, most are
      readily explainable, diagnosable, and treatable. Some have formed the basis for
      art, literature, and folklore. Pertinent references from a wide variety of
      disciplines have been collected, and a clinical classification of the parasomnias
      is proposed to assist in the understanding, diagnosis, and management of these
      fascinating disorders.

PMID- 2406283
TI  - A personal history of sleep disorders medicine.

PMID- 2406284
TI  - Mechanisms of sleep control.
AB  - Neurons in the dorsolateral pontine reticular formation, in interaction with
      other brainstem and forebrain regions, generate the basic phenomena of rapid-eye
      movement (REM) sleep. Non-REM sleep is the product of multiple control mechanisms
      in the forebrain and brainstem. Despite considerable progress in the
      identification of generation mechanisms, the functions of sleep remain a mystery.
      I hypothesize that REM sleep has a role in the regulation of receptor sensitivity
      in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

PMID- 2406285
TI  - Classification of sleep disorders.
AB  - This review discusses recent developments in classifying the sleep disorders.
      Several classification systems are presented, and the Diagnostic Classification
      of the Sleep and Arousal Disorders (DCSAD), published by the Association of Sleep
      Disorders Centers in 1979, is used as the basis for reviewing their differences.
      The four main sections of the DCSAD are presented: the disorders of initiating
      and maintaining sleep, the disorders of excessive somnolence, the sleep-wake
      schedule disorders, and the dysfunctions associated with sleep, sleep stages, or
      partial arousals. Disorders discovered since the publication of the DCSAD are
      mentioned along with the new nomenclature of the International Classification of
      Sleep Disorders, due to be published in 1990. References are given to the
      original clinical descriptions and nomenclature.

PMID- 2406286
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome or abnormal upper airway resistance during
      sleep?
AB  - Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is well known by now, but, at both extremes of
      age, increased upper airway resistance may lead to clinical symptoms without
      complete apnea. Abnormal craniofacial features appear to be responsible for the
      very early appearance during childhood of increased upper airway resistance. In
      adults, snoring, often related to partial upper airway obstruction located in the
      pharynx, may be associated with changes in respiratory timing and intermittent
      arousal. Many treatments are currently available to deal with obstructive sleep
      apnea syndrome. It is important to recognize the location(s) of the upper airway
      obstruction before considering treatment and to evaluate the associated risk
      factors. Early recognition of factors involved in increased upper airway
      resistance may allow prevention, a more efficacious approach than treatment of an
      already developed syndrome.

PMID- 2406287
TI  - Osteochondroma of the coronoid process of the mandible. Report of a case showing
      histological evidence of neoplasia.
AB  - A case of unilateral enlargement of the coronoid process of the mandible is
      presented. The patient, a 37-year-old woman complained of restricted mandibular
      movement and swelling in the left zygomatic region. Coronoidectomy was performed
      intraorally, producing improved mandibular movement. The specimen consisted of a
      large amount of cartilage and mature bone. Most of the cartilage showed a marked
      disturbance in endochondral ossification. The histopathological diagnosis was
      osteochondroma. A review of the basic nature of the disease in the reported cases
      is presented. The value of computed tomography in deciding on a surgical
      procedure is briefly mentioned.

PMID- 2406288
TI  - Sinus aspergillosis.
AB  - The prevalence of Aspergillus sinusitis is often underestimated because the vast
      majority of cases are classified as "unspecified sinusitis". Two possible aetio
      pathogenic mechanisms can be involved in the development of this fungal
      infection. Traditionally, the literature emphasised the "anglophone" hypothesis
      which is based on the inhalation of spores. More recently, the "french" model,
      based on oro-sinusal fistula and/or the perforation of the maxillary sinus by
      root canal-filling material, is believed to explain the majority of cases in our
      industrialised environments. Still, neither model explains the totality of cases
      and several remain beyond comprehension. The disease most commonly presents as a
      chronic bacterial sinusitis. The process can however become invasive, thus
      resembling malignancy, with eventually a fatal outcome. Doctors and dentists
      should know the possible danger, presented by zinc-oxide-eugenol-paste in the
      sinus. Radical surgery is the treatment of choice, since a prolonged conservative
      approach (antibiotics, corticosteroids) can only worsen the prognosis. This paper
      discusses different aspects of the disease, and presents 10 cases, observed at
      the University Hospitals of Paris (France) and Leuven (Belgium).

PMID- 2406289
TI  - Carotid-cavernous sinus fistula accompanying facial trauma. Report of a case with
      a review of the literature.
AB  - A case of traumatic carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, an abnormal communication at
      the base of the skull between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous
      sinus, complicating fractures of the zygoma and mandible is described. Typical
      signs and symptoms appeared immediately after the injury resulting from a traffic
      accident. Angiography revealed a definite CCSF and a balloon embolization was
      performed with a good result. The importance of a multidisciplinary examination
      of the ophthalmic function and periorbital condition following trauma is
      emphasized, and interdepartmental cooperation helped to establish a rational
      diagnosis and obtain a good result.

PMID- 2406290
TI  - Temperament risk factors in children: a conference report.
AB  - This review presents a report of an international conference and its published
      monograph, which dealt with three questions. What do we know about temperament
      risk factors that is useful? Depending on the "goodness of fit," risk factors may
      affect children's physical health, development, social behavior, or scholastic
      performance. What has been done or could be done with these findings? Practical
      applications have been made in pediatrics, psychiatry, and anticipatory guidance
      by psychologists. The greatest opportunity for wider use of temperament
      determinations will be in diagnosing and managing problems in behavior and
      scholastic performance, rather than in routine screening in the general
      population. What steps can we take in the future? Several are discussed, but the
      most obvious is further application of what we already know.

PMID- 2406291
TI  - Scores of plaque, bleeding, suppuration and probing depth to predict probing
      attachment loss. 5 years of observation following nonsurgical periodontal
      therapy.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to determine the diagnostic value of
      clinical scores of supragingival plaque, bleeding, suppuration and probing depth
      to predict probing attachment loss in patients on maintenance following
      nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Non-molar teeth in 39 subjects were monitored
      and the above scores were repeatedly obtained throughout 5 years of observation
      following initial treatment. Probing attachment loss between 0-60 months was
      determined by a combination of linear regression analysis and end-point analysis.
      The results revealed that all the investigated scores were associated with
      probing attachment loss. This association was demonstrated by improved diagnostic
      predictability along with increased frequency or magnitude of the various scores.
      Also, the diagnostic predictability improved with increase in length of time for
      recording of the scores. The diagnostic predictability of either accumulated
      plaque scores and accumulated bleeding scores reached a maximum of about 30%.
      Residual probing depth greater than or equal to 7 mm reached a predictability of
      around 50% and increase in probing depth greater than or equal to 1.0 mm reached
      about 80% after 60 months. Thus, of the clinical scores investigated, increase in
      probing depth was found to be most valuable in predicting probing attachment
      loss.

PMID- 2406292
TI  - Diagnostic predictability of scores of plaque, bleeding, suppuration and probing
      depth for probing attachment loss. 3 1/2 years of observation following initial
      periodontal therapy.
AB  - Recordings of supragingival plaque, bleeding, suppuration and probing depth were
      obtained for 42 months following initial periodontal therapy. Scores accumulated
      after various time intervals during monitoring were studied for their predictive
      value in revealing probing attachment loss as determined by regression analysis
      during the 0-42 month period. Accumulated plaque scores demonstrated low
      predictability. Accumulated bleeding scores showed modest predictive values.
      Suppuration on probing was not a frequent finding during the observation interval
      and also had modest predictive power. Increase in probing depth compared to
      baseline and deep residual probing depth had modest predictability after 3 and 12
      months, but showed increasing accuracy in revealing probing attachment loss over
      later time intervals. After a few years of maintenance, increase in probing
      depth, particularly if combined with high frequency of bleeding on probing,
      showed the highest predictive value for probing attachment loss of the scores
      examined.

PMID- 2406293
TI  - Mycoplasma in relation to gingivitis and periodontitis.
AB  - In this study, mycoplasma were enumerated in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)
      of gingivitis and periodontitis patients. GCF samples were obtained from the
      mesial (approximal) gingival crevice or periodontal pocket of the maxillary right
      first permanent molar. Samples were cultured anaerobically on a medium selective
      for mycoplasmas as well as on a non-selective medium to obtain a total anaerobic
      count. Mycoplasmas were present in the GCF of both gingivitis and periodontitis
      patients, but a greater % was obtained from the GCF of patients with
      periodontitis. The proportions of mycoplasma appeared to be independent of the
      disease activity as expressed by bleeding on probing (PBI), but to be related to
      probable pocket depth, as shown by the higher %s in periodontitis than gingivitis
      for a given PBI. On the basis of an increased proportion in relation to disease
      severity, mycoplasmas would therefore appear to be amongst those micro-organisms
      associated with CIPD.

PMID- 2406294
TI  - The prevalence of overhanging dental restorations and their relationship to
      periodontal disease.
AB  - Overhanging dental restorations (ODR) are a major dental health problem. An ODR
      is defined as an extension of restorative material beyond the confines of a
      cavity preparation. They have been strongly implicated as an etiologic factor in
      the progression of periodontal disease and are alarmingly prevalent. In addition
      to promoting plaque accumulation, they change a nondestructive subgingival flora
      to a destructive one. There is good documentation that bleeding, gingivitis, and
      bone loss increase in tissues adjacent to ODR as compared to homologous teeth.
      Removal of ODR enhances the effectiveness of the hygienic phase of periodontal
      therapy. Many ODR, however, are not detected on radiographs and are evident only
      by use of an explorer directed subgingivally. For this reason and others, many
      are not removed. This literature review summarizes research concerning the
      prevalence, significance and removal of ODR.

PMID- 2406295
TI  - Reproducibility of microbiological samples from periodontal pockets.
AB  - Duplicate microbiological samples, were taken 1 week apart using the paper point
      technique from a total of 112 untreated periodontal pockets greater than 6 mm
      deep in 16 adult periodontal patients. Duplicate samples were also obtained from
      these sites 6 months following a therapy of oral hygiene instruction and supra-
      and subgingival debridement. The reproducibility of the total viable counts and
      the reproducibility of the proportions of various groups or species of
      microorganisms were studied from these duplicate samples. The results
      demonstrated an acceptable degree of reproducibility for the recovery of
      Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Bacteroides gingivalis. For the total
      viable counts and for the other investigated bacterial groups, including
      Bacteroides intermedius, unacceptable levels of reproducibility were observed.

PMID- 2406296
TI  - The effects of 0.5% chlorhexidine and 0.2% triclosan containing toothpastes on
      salivary bacterial counts.
AB  - A number of antimicrobial compounds could be incorporated into toothpastes to
      enhance plaque inhibitory effects. However, the number of possible formulations
      is immense and makes clinical testing in plaque and gingivitis studies difficult.
      In this study, the effects on salivary bacterial counts of a number of
      chlorhexidine and triclosan toothpastes was evaluated as a predictor of
      persistence of antimicrobial action in the mouth. The study was a supervised,
      randomised 15-way crossover study employing 10 healthy human volunteers. All
      toothpastes were brushed for 1 min and comparison made with a 0.2% chlorhexidine
      rinse. The latter produced a large drop in salivary bacterial counts to the end
      of the 7-h study period. The toothpastes decreased salivary bacterial counts and
      all but two had notably more effect than a water brushing. No toothpaste showed a
      significant persistence of antimicrobial effect beyond 5 h. In the light of
      available plaque inhibition data for the toothpastes, persistence of
      antimicrobial activity beyond 5 h will be necessary for a clinical effect on
      plaque and gingival health. The method appears to be a simple and rapid screening
      technique for products formulated to enhance plaque inhibition mediated through
      an antimicrobial action.

PMID- 2406297
TI  - Drug delivery systems: 3A. Role of polymers in drug delivery.
AB  - At present, polymers represent a class of ubiquitous materials. They are being
      used for a multitude of purposes and the almost inexhaustible varieties of
      molecular architecture that macromolecular materials can possess provides the
      possibility for a myriad of applications. Because of the increased interest being
      shown in the macromolecules by the pharmaceutical industry for the fabrication of
      drug delivery systems, numerous polymers have been synthesized and successfully
      used in drug delivery devices. The necessary conditions for developing the
      concept of pharmaceutically applicable polymers depend upon delineating a
      detailed knowledge of the relationship between the structure and properties of
      polymer networks. A number of polymers have been studied systematically from this
      point of view and there is every indication that the systems described have the
      potential to become clinically valuable and therefore marketable drug delivery
      systems. The potential of these promising polymers is still far from being
      exhausted and there is a strong possibility that many important developments will
      be forthcoming in this field in the future. In the current review article,
      polymers for controlled release have been divided into four major categories:
      diffusion-controlled systems; chemically controlled systems; solvent-activated
      systems; and magnetically controlled systems. Polymers as drug carriers also have
      been divided into various subgroups: soluble, biodegradable, mucoadhesive and
      other polymeric systems. The latter group includes polymers containing pendant
      bioactive substituents, matrix systems, heparin-releasing polymers, ionic
      polymers, oligomers and miscellaneous. At an introductory and fundamental level,
      an overview of these polymers and the materials science for the design of drug
      delivery systems will be discussed.

PMID- 2406298
TI  - Efficacy of nicardipine in angina pectoris.
AB  - The dose-related efficacy and safety of nicardipine, a new calcium antagonist of
      the dihydropyridine class, was assessed by exercise tolerance testing in a
      randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study in 19 patients with chronic,
      stable effort angina pectoris. Four patients were assigned to each of four
      treatment sequences receiving nicardipine three times daily in an extended Latin
      Square study design. An increase in total exercise capacity, time to onset of
      angina and time to 1 mm ST segment depression was observed with nicardipine 90
      mg/day compared to placebo (P less than .05). Gradual upward dose titration in 30
      mg/day increments starting from 30 mg/day appeared to produce maximal increase in
      exercise capacity. Two patients developed adverse side effects attributable to
      the drug when administered nicardipine 90 mg/day directly from placebo.

PMID- 2406299
TI  - Probucol: pharmacology and clinical application.
AB  - Increased levels of cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and VLDL-cholesterol are known
      risk factors for the development of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Probucol is
      an orally active agent that can reduce total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. The
      drug also reduces HDL-cholesterol. However, it may modify the lipoprotein in such
      a way that removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues is still enhanced.
      Probucol also has antioxidant activity, which may inhibit the oxidative
      modification of LDL that contributes to lipid deposition in blood vessel walls.
      Probucol is a well tolerated agent. However, its ability to prolong life in human
      subjects still needs to be determined.

PMID- 2406300
TI  - Cutaneous extramedullary hematopoiesis in myelofibrosis.
AB  - Erythematous papulonodules that resembled a malignant lymphoma developed in a 62
      year-old man. Further examination revealed that he had primary myelofibrosis with
      cutaneous extramedullary hematopoiesis. All three marrow elements (myeloid,
      erythroid, and megakaryocytic series) were present in the skin lesions. Although
      extramedullary hematopoiesis of the skin is a rare complication of myelofibrosis,
      13 similar cases have been reported. In nine cases, including ours, all three
      marrow elements were present in the cutaneous lesions.

PMID- 2406301
TI  - Oral manifestations of linear IgA disease.
AB  - A case of linear IgA disease with prominent oral lesions is presented. Oral
      manifestations in linear IgA disease have been reported as minor clinical
      presentations. In our patient the oral manifestations predominated and were the
      only clinical manifestations for 5 years before the skin lesions appeared. Linear
      IgA disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of bullous
      dermatoses with oral lesions.

PMID- 2406302
TI  - Aleukemic leukemia cutis.
AB  - A 39-year-old man had multiple nodules on the skin. The appearance of atypical
      monocytes in a skin biopsy specimen preceded the onset of overt acute monocytic
      leukemia by 14 months.

PMID- 2406303
TI  - Continuous stressing of mouse interparietal suture fibroblasts in vitro.
AB  - The morphological and biochemical response of sutural fibroblasts in vitro to
      continuous force was examined. Cells from mouse interparietal sutures were grown
      and subcultured on glass slides. Titanium disks coated with collagen were allowed
      to attach to the cellular multilayers. Four of the glass slides were then placed
      at an angle of 75 degrees for a period of three days so that continuous stress
      would be created, while four others were left flat. Also, four glass slides were
      left flat with no disk. Following the incubation period, the dishes were labeled
      with 14C-glycine for 15 h. The cells and medium were then collected for collagen
      extraction followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Dried gels
      impregnated with fluor were exposed to x-ray films that were then scanned
      densitometrically for collagen types I and III. It was found that the proportion
      of newly-synthesized type III collagen increased significantly with the
      application of continuous stress. A second set of experimental and control glass
      slides was fixed in glutaraldehyde and post-fixed in osmium tetroxide. Following
      critical-point drying and coating, the glass slides were examined under a
      scanning electron microscope. The scanning images showed the formation of a
      ligament-like structure between the disk and the glass slide. Moreover, mitotic
      activity, as evidenced by spheroidal cells, was stimulated in the areas
      previously adjacent to the disc, which had since moved away. This system offers a
      standardized continuous force system that can stress cells in a ligament-like
      structure and thus provides an in vitro model analogous to clinical orthodontic
      and orthopedic stress.

PMID- 2406304
TI  - Fracture-mechanics parameters of the composite-enamel bond.
AB  - In a previous study, the critical values of the opening mode stress intensity
      factor (K1), its equivalent, the strain energy-release rate (G1), and the J
      integral (J1) (in the elastic case being equal to that of G1) were determined for
      resin composite. In this study, the strength of the composite-tooth interface was
      investigated. The critical values of K1 and J1 were measured with single-edge
      notched-bend (SENB) specimens of resin composite bonded to enamel, with the notch
      at midspan at the bonded interface. Due to enamel's anisotropy, the values of Klc
      and Jlc to be used in a fracture-mechanics application for failure prediction of
      a structure depend on the enamel prism orientation relative to the adhesive
      interface. Where interfacial failure is to be expected, the following values for
      Jlc and Klc can be used: Silux, Jlc = 145 +/- 35 Jm-2 and Klc = 0.84 +/- 0.16 MNm
      3/2; P-30, Jlc = 163 +/- 13 Jm-2 and Klc = 1.02 +/- 0.07 MNm-3/2. Where enamel
      failure is expected or where the failure mode cannot be predicted, the following
      values can be applied: Silux, Jlc = 89 +/- 15 Jm-2 and Klc = 0.84 +/- 0.16 MNm
      3/2; P-30, Jlc = 89 +/- 15 Jm-2 and Klc = 0.75 +/- 0.10 MNm-3/2.

PMID- 2406305
TI  - Shear bond strength of light-cured glass ionomer to enamel and dentin.
AB  - The shear bond strengths of a light-cured glass-ionomer cement to enamel and
      dentin were determined with use of extracted human maxillary permanent canines
      and molars. Bonding sites on the ground, etched enamel and ground dentin surfaces
      were demarcated by the punching of a hole, 3 mm in diameter, in an adhesive tape.
      The mixed glass-ionomer cement was transferred to the demarcated site, cured by
      exposure to visible light for 30 s, and the cement surface treated with
      Scotchprep Dentin Primer followed by Scotchbond 2 Light Cure Dental Adhesive. The
      embedded teeth were positioned in an assembly apparatus, and Silux composite was
      bonded to the glass-ionomer-cement surfaces. The specimens were disassembled
      after 15 min and subjected to a shear load (in an Instron machine) immediately
      after disassembly; after storage in water at 37 degrees C for 24 h, without and
      with temperature cycling; and after storage in water for four weeks, without and
      with temperature cycling. The shear bond strength of the glass-ionomer cement to
      etched enamel was in the order of 12 MN.m-2, and to dentin it was 9 MN.m-2.
      Temperature cycling and duration of storage had no adverse effect on the shear
      bond strength. The enamel and dentin aspects of fractured test specimens were
      examined, and the percentage of the bonding area that failed in the cement was
      estimated. Most of the test specimens failed partly at the enamel and dentin
      interfaces and within the glass-ionomer cement.

PMID- 2406306
TI  - Quantitative radiographic measurement of dentinal lesions.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was the comparison of the precision and
      accuracy of two reference ramp techniques for the quantification of radiographic
      density changes in teeth. Radiographs (65 kVp, 10 ma, 1 s, and intra-oral
      ultraspeed film) of transverse sections from extracted permanent human molars
      were made before and after dentinal lesions were created. Each radiograph
      contained the image of a tooth section and the aluminum reference ramp. Method A
      used the image of the ramp on both the before- and after-lesion radiographs, and
      method B used the image of the ramp only on the before-lesion radiograph. Three
      groups of lesions (0.525-mm diameter, n = 11; 0.675-mm diameter, n = 9; and the
      0.525-mm holes enlarged to 0.675 mm) were measured radiographically by each
      technique and by direct planimetry of the lesions. Radiographic method B produced
      results in close agreement with the planimetric measurements. Method B
      differentiated (p less than 0.05) between groups that had a mean planimetric size
      difference of 0.10 mm (equivalent to a change in density difference of 0.6%).
      These density change measurements are in absolute units of mm of aluminum that
      can be compared between lesions and between samples. This technique may prove
      useful for the quantification of changes in mineral density of caries lesions
      detectable in longitudinal radiographic records.

PMID- 2406307
TI  - Changes in protein secretion by rat submandibular glands in response to
      isoproterenol, alpha-methylnoradrenaline, and clonidine during post-natal
      development.
AB  - We studied developmental changes in salivary volumes and proteins secreted by the
      submandibular glands of male rats at weekly intervals from two to ten weeks of
      age in response to the beta 1-, alpha 1-, and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists,
      isoproterenol (IPR), alpha-methylnoradrenaline (alpha-mNA), and clonidine
      (Clonid). The types of proteins in saliva samples were determined and compared by
      isoelectric-focusing electrophoresis with the Phast system in both the gradient
      pH -3.5-to-5 and pH-3.5-to-9 gels by means of silver staining. Salivary volume
      and protein concentration in saliva samples elicited by IPR and alpha-mNA were
      positively related to the weight of the submandibular glands up to six or seven
      weeks of age, whereas in saliva elicited by Clonid, no relation was found in the
      protein concentration [corrected]. The isoelectric-focusing electrophoretic
      patterns of proteins secreted by the glands in response to three stimuli were
      different from each other during post-natal development. Within one stimulation,
      differences were also observed at two and three weeks of age for Clonid, and from
      seven weeks of age for the three stimuli, respectively. The alpha-type proteins,
      but not the beta-type proteins, were very similar to those in extracts from
      glands of rats at seven weeks of age. Almost all of the alpha-type proteins, but
      not the beta-type proteins, reacted with antibodies to two proteases. We conclude
      that functional maturation precedes morphological maturation in the submandibular
      glands of rats.

PMID- 2406308
TI  - Determination of pseudocholinesterase activity in the gingival crevicular fluid,
      saliva, and serum from patients with juvenile periodontitis and rapidly
      progressive periodontitis.
AB  - By use of a spectrophotometric method, pseudocholinesterase (PCE) activities were
      determined in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva, and serum from patients
      with juvenile periodontitis (JP) and rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP) and
      from controls. The PCE activity in the GCF samples was 181 +/- 48 U/L in the JP
      group, 588 +/- 135 U/L in the RPP group, and 88.5 +/- 29.1 U/L in the control
      group. Saliva PCE activity levels were 9.1 +/- 1.7 U/L in the JP group, 21.8 +/-
      4.5 U/L in the RPP group, and 12.7 +/- 0.8 U/L in the control group. GCF
      contained a higher PCE activity than saliva but a lower one than that of serum.
      The RPP group had a significantly higher PCE activity in both the GCF and saliva
      samples. No significant differences could be found regarding serum enzyme levels.
      Also, no significant correlations were present between biochemical values and the
      severity of periodontal disease. GCF may be an important source for the PCE
      content of saliva. It is suggested that the increased PCE activity seen in RPP
      patients might be caused by either the direct production of esterases by bacteria
      or the induction of esterases during periodontal destruction.

PMID- 2406309
TI  - Presidential perspectives. The American Society for Dermatologic Surgery 20th
      anniversary.

PMID- 2406310
TI  - Current surgical management of skin cancer in dermatology.
AB  - Skin cancer has become a major public health problem in the United States and
      worldwide. Epidemiologic studies confirm a continued increase in the number of
      basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and malignant melanomas.
      Dermatologists, the primary caretakers of the skin, manage skin cancer with
      various modalities that have been time tested and found reliable, including
      excision, electrosurgery, cryosurgery, and Mohs micrographic surgery. Extirpative
      procedures for basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are considered
      with attention to cure, restoration of function, and cosmesis--in that order. The
      dermatologic management of melanoma is critical because early diagnosis and
      treatment of thin lesions has been the only effective improvement in melanoma
      management in the last several decades. Wide excision, with a 1-3-cm margin, of
      thin stage I melanoma has moved surgical management from the operating room to
      the outpatient surgical setting. Management of these increasingly common
      problems, as reviewed here, is principally responsible for the growth of surgical
      practice as a subspecialty of dermatology.

PMID- 2406311
TI  - Dermatologic cosmetic surgery.
AB  - Many cosmetic surgery procedures performed today were either developed or refined
      by dermatologic surgeons. The role played by dermatologic surgeons in the
      development of dermabrasion, hair transplantation, liposuction, blepharoplasty,
      face-lift, cutaneous implants, fat transplantation, chemical peel, and
      sclerotherapy is described.

PMID- 2406312
TI  - Congratulatory messages. The American Society for Dermatologic Surgery 20th
      anniversary.

PMID- 2406313
TI  - The literature of dermatologic surgery and oncology: 1970-present.

PMID- 2406314
TI  - Computer training in nurse education: a bird's eye view across the UK.
AB  - This paper is borne of the increasing interest and relevance of computers in
      nursing. It describes the method, and results obtained from a postal
      questionnaire survey distributed across the United Kingdom to gain information
      about the developments in computing in nursing education. The results indicate
      that considerable developments have been made, but that they are more piecemeal
      than co-ordinated. A selection of the results are presented and discussed, and
      one or two points concerning future proceedings are raised.

PMID- 2406315
TI  - Health promotion self-care within Orem's general theory of nursing.
AB  - The growing emphasis on health promotion by society and the increasing
      utilization of Orem's general theory of nursing to guide practice, education and
      research create a need to clarify health promotion activity within the model. The
      concept of health promotion self-care is developed after an analysis of
      statements by Pender and Orem for their logical congruence. Further in-depth
      analysis of Orem's model facilitates the placement of the new concept within its
      current structure. The potential strength of the model for guiding health
      promotion practice is discussed, as well as areas for needed development.

PMID- 2406316
TI  - From organizational to interorganizational development in nursing practice:
      improving the effectiveness of interdisciplinary teamwork and interagency
      collaboration.
AB  - Organization development approaches to improving nursing practice, especially
      survey feedback and team development approaches, are described, and differences
      from organization development in industry explored. Problems encountered in
      developing effective interdisciplinary teams with nurse participation are
      examined in the context of studies of intergroup relationships, especially
      studies of interprofessional relationships in the health and social services
      fields. Reference is made to a specific intervention with a community drug team
      in order to highlight issues of goals, roles, procedures, skills and
      accountabilities in such teams. Some problems encountered in developing
      interagency collaboration between nursing and social work staff are illustrated
      with reference to a specific intervention made in a West Yorkshire maternity unit
      antenatal clinic, and some recommendations for increasing the success of such
      projects are made.

PMID- 2406317
TI  - Molecular biologic concepts of coronary anastomoses.
AB  - The discovery that collateral development after progressive coronary stenosis
      proceeds by means of DNA synthesis, mitosis and proliferation of endothelial and
      smooth muscle cells in preformed small interconnecting arterioles (canine heart)
      and capillaries (porcine heart) has stimulated research into the molecular
      mechanisms of vascular growth. Growth is tightly controlled under physiologic
      conditions, and several factors must act in concert to overcome control. Because
      the result of growth is a much larger orderly structure of complex design, we
      expect the existence of a genetic blueprint for its construction. Peptide growth
      factors have recently been isolated from a variety of organs, including the
      heart. We have provided experimental evidence that the heparin-binding growth
      factor beta-ECGF shows an increased transcription in growing pig collateral
      vessels. Because the chain of events probably originates in the ischemic cardiac
      myocyte, it appears logical to search there for the initiating factor. In
      addition to local production, growth factors can also be transported into
      ischemic myocardium by blood-borne cells. Monocytes adhere to altered endothelium
      in a potentially ischemic region and start to produce growth factors in situ.
      Platelets are rich sources of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta),
      platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PDECGF) and platelet-derived
      growth factor (PDGF), all of which are known angiogenic factors or mitogens.

PMID- 2406318
TI  - Endothelial control of vascular tone in large and small coronary arteries.
AB  - The endothelium modulates coronary vascular tone by the release of endothelium
      derived relaxing or contracting substances. The endothelium-derived relaxing
      factor has been identified as nitric oxide synthesized in endothelial cells from
      L-arginine. The endothelium can release other relaxing substances such as
      prostacyclin and a hyperpolarizing factor. Endothelin-1 is a potent
      vasoconstrictor peptide formed by endothelial cells, and is likely to be the
      physiologic antagonist of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Other putative
      contracting factors include superoxide anions and products of arachidonic acid
      metabolism. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor is released spontaneously and in
      response to flow, platelet-derived products (that is, serotonin, thrombin and
      adenosine diphosphate) and certain autacoids (that is, acetylcholine, bradykinin,
      histamine, substance P, vasopressin, alpha-adrenergic agonists). A considerable
      heterogeneity of responses exists among vessels of different size from different
      anatomic origin and different species. Hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis,
      hypertension and myocardial ischemia or reperfusion, or both, impair endothelium
      dependent relaxation. Under normal conditions, endothelium-derived relaxing
      factor appears to dominate the control of vascular tone of large and small
      coronary vessels, whereas in disease states, endothelium-derived contracting
      factors are released. Impairments of endothelial function may be important in the
      development of various forms of cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2406319
TI  - Induction of major histocompatibility complex antigens within the myocardium of
      patients with active myocarditis: a nonhistologic marker of myocarditis.
AB  - The histologic diagnosis of active myocarditis is frequently difficult to
      establish. A nonhistologic marker of immune activation would be clinically useful
      in identifying cases of immune-mediated myocarditis. A viral etiology with
      subsequent autoimmunity to cardiac antigens has been implicated in human
      myocarditis. Because autoimmunity and viral disease are commonly associated with
      increased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on
      targeted tissue, we examined endomyocardial biopsy samples from patients with
      active myocarditis for abnormal levels of MHC antigen expression. Thirteen
      patients with active myocarditis and eight control patients with other well
      defined cardiac diagnoses (coronary disease, amyloidosis or neoplasm) were
      studied. A sensitive radioimmunoassay was developed that utilized monoclonal
      antibodies to human MHC class I and class II antigens in order to quantitate the
      expression of both of these antigens within each biopsy. Abnormal MHC class I and
      class II antigen expression was present in 11 of 13 myocarditis specimens and 1
      of 8 control samples (specificity 88%, sensitivity 84.6%). Active myocarditis
      samples had approximately a 10-fold increase in MHC class I and class II
      expression. Immunoperoxidase staining localized abnormal MHC expression primarily
      within microvascular endothelium and along myocyte surfaces (11 of 13). This
      study is the first to demonstrate a marked increase in major histocompatibility
      complex antigen expression within the myocardium of patients with active
      myocarditis. The identification of abnormal histocompatibility antigen expression
      within an endomyocardial biopsy may prove a useful adjunct to the histologic
      diagnosis of myocarditis.

PMID- 2406320
TI  - Platelet activation in unstable angina: role of thromboxane A2 and other
      mediators of vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2406321
TI  - Pathogenesis of airway mucus hypersecretion.

PMID- 2406322
TI  - The eosinophil and bronchial asthma: current understanding.

PMID- 2406323
TI  - Double-blind, placebo-controlled rush immunotherapy with a standardized
      Alternaria extract.
AB  - Specific immunotherapy is ineffective with unstandardized mold extracts. A double
      blind, placebo-controlled study was performed in 24 patients (5 to 56 years of
      age) only allergic to Alternaria. The extract was standardized by isoelectric
      focusing, crossed immunoelectrophoresis, crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis, RAST
      inhibition, and skin tests and contained allergen Alternaria major allergen a I
      and antigen B. Thirteen patients received the active treatment, and 11 received
      the placebo. Immunotherapy was started by a 2-day rush protocol; maintenance
      injections were administered for 1 year. The patient's self-evaluation of the
      treatment was significantly (p less than 0.001) lower in the placebo-treated
      group. Global symptom-medication scores, including asthma and
      rhinoconjunctivitis, were significantly (p less than 0.005) lower in the actively
      treated group. Nasal challenges with Alternaria extract were performed before
      immunotherapy and after 1 year of treatment. There was no difference in the
      placebo-treated group and a significantly (p less than 0.01) increased mean
      provocative dose in the actively treated group. Skin tests were significantly
      reduced in the actively treated group. Specific IgG increased significantly in
      the actively treated group and were stable in the placebo-treated group. There
      was a significant correlation between nasal challenges and nasal symptom
      medication scores (p less than 0.03) or the patient's self-evaluation of efficacy
      (p less than 0.05). This study demonstrated that patients only sensitized to
      Alternaria benefit from specific immunotherapy with a standardized Alternaria
      extract.

PMID- 2406324
TI  - Immunotherapy with a standardized Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract. IV.
      Systemic reactions according to the immunotherapy schedule.
AB  - Specific immunotherapy with standardized extracts can induce systemic reactions
      (SRs), possibly increased by a rush immunotherapy (RIT) protocol. A prospective
      study in 1152 mite-allergic patients (3 to 63 years of age) examined the
      incidence of SRs during an RIT or a step protocol. All patients received the same
      standardized extract of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus with the same maintenance
      dose. In the first group, 290 patients had an RIT protocol without any preventive
      measure. In a second group, the prevention of SRs during RIT was attempted by
      pretreating 160 patients with methylprednisolone (0.5 mg/kg/day), ketotifen (2
      mg/day), and theophylline (10 mg/kg/day). In a third group (479 patients), the
      same pretreatment was associated with preventive measures and with FEV1 results
      and the occurrence of large local reactions. A fourth group consisted of 223
      patients who received a step protocol with the same pretreatment and preventive
      measures. The incidence of SRs per patient was 36.2% with RIT alone, 16.2% when
      the pretreatment was added, and 7.2% when pretreatment and preventive measures
      were used. Patients receiving the step protocol had 5.4% SRs. Adrenaline had to
      be used from 10.0%, 4.6%, 0.2%, and 0.2%, respectively. No reaction started 45
      minutes or later after the last injection. Children younger than 5 years of age
      had a significantly greater number of SR.

PMID- 2406325
TI  - Metabisulfite oral challenge: incidence of adverse responses in chronic childhood
      asthma and its relationship with bronchial hyperreactivity.
AB  - Fifty-six children with chronic asthma, 6 to 14 years of age, were studied to
      evaluate bronchoconstrictive airway responses after ingestion of varying doses of
      potassium bisulfite administered in one occasion in capsule and in another
      occasion in solution. With methacholine challenge before and after metabisulfite
      (MBS) provocation, the relationship of bronchoconstrictive responses and
      bronchial hyperreactivity was evaluated. Positive bronchoconstrictive responses
      were observed in only four children after the ingestion of a maximum dose of MBS
      in capsule and in two children after the ingestion of different doses of MBS
      solution. A high reactivity to methacholine challenge was present in all the
      reactive children. After MBS challenge, no additional changes in bronchial
      reactivity were observed either in the reactors or nonreactors.

PMID- 2406327
TI  - Double-blind, placebo-controlled immunotherapy with mixed grass-pollen
      allergoids. IV. Comparison of the safety and efficacy of two dosages of a high
      molecular-weight allergoid.
AB  - Specific immunotherapy is still widely used in grass-pollen allergy, but its side
      effects may limit its use. We tested the safety and efficacy of a formalinized
      high-molecular-weight allergoid prepared from a mixed grass-pollen extract with
      two injection schedules in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eighteen
      patients received placebo, 19 received the low-dose schedule (maximal dose: 2000
      PNU) and 20 received the high-dose schedule (maximal dose: 10,000 PNU). Only one
      patient presented a systemic reaction of moderate severity for a dose of 1200
      PNU. Before the onset of the pollen season, patients had a nasal challenge with
      orchard grass-pollen grains, a skin test titration, and the titration of serum
      specific IgG. Both groups of patients presented a significant reduction in nasal
      and skin sensitivities and a significant increase in IgG compared to placebo.
      Symptoms and medications for rhinitis and asthma were studied during the season,
      and both groups receiving allergoids had a significant reduction of symptom
      medication scores for nasal and bronchial symptoms. There was a highly
      significant correlation between nasal symptom-medication scores during the season
      and the results of nasal challenges. High-molecular-weight allergoids are safe
      and effective.

PMID- 2406326
TI  - Suppression by ingested eicosapentaenoic acid of the increases in nasal mucosal
      blood flow and eosinophilia of ryegrass-allergic reactions.
AB  - Nasal mucosal blood flow, assessed by a laser Doppler probe technique, and the
      concentration of eosinophils in nasal secretions were quantified during challenge
      of one nostril with ryegrass-pollen antigen and the other nostril with diluent
      alone in seven patients with ryegrass-allergic rhinitis. The identical studies
      were repeated after an 8-week course of 3.5 gm/day of eicosapentaenoic acid
      (EPA). Ryegrass antigen evoked mean rises in nasal blood flow of 30% to 100%
      after 10 and 30 minutes that were significant, relative to prechallenge levels
      and to levels after diluent challenge, both before and after EPA. Antigen-induced
      increases in nasal blood flow were significantly less after than before EPA at 10
      minutes, and at 180 minutes increases were significant only before EPA. In
      ryegrass-allergic patients with rhinitis who did not take EPA between the two
      studies, the increases in blood flow after antigen challenge were the same on
      both occasions. Similarly, the nasal eosinophilia elicited by antigen was
      significant at 180 minutes only before EPA. Both a composite index of signs and
      symptoms and the constituent variables, reflecting the clinical response to
      antigen challenge, were unaffected by EPA. The suppression by EPA of responses of
      nasal blood flow and nasal eosinophils to antigen challenge supports a role for
      fatty acid and phospholipid mediators in allergic rhinitis, but the clinical
      assessment did not provide evidence for any symptomatic benefit from EPA.

PMID- 2406328
TI  - A comparison of enprofylline and theophylline in the maintenance therapy of
      chronic reversible obstructive airway disease.
AB  - To compare the efficacy and side effects of two xanthine derivatives in the
      maintenance therapy of reversible obstructive airway disease, 242 patients were
      assigned in randomized, double-blind fashion to receive either oral enprofylline
      or theophylline for 5 weeks in addition to their usual maintenance regimens.
      After a week of placebo xanthine therapy, enprofylline-treated patients received
      150 mg of this drug twice daily (b.i.d.) for 3 days, 300 mg b.i.d. for 2 weeks,
      and 450 mg b.i.d. for 2 weeks. Theophylline was administered in identical doses,
      except that the final dosage increase was not made if plasma theophylline was 12
      mg/ml or higher. At 300 mg b.i.d., both drugs significantly increased morning
      peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), the mean increase above baseline being
      significantly higher for theophylline-treated patients (29.9 +/- 37.2 L/min) than
      for enprofylline-treated patients (17.4 +/- 36.9 L/min) (p = 0.023). At 450 mg
      b.i.d., improvement in morning PEFR was not significantly different between
      theophylline-treated (31.5 +/- 44.4 L/min) and enprofylline-treated groups (23.5
      +/- 48.4 L/min). Evening PEFR, FEV1, and asthma symptom scores also improved
      significantly, demonstrating no significant difference between groups. The
      incidence of side effects was also similar between groups. We conclude that both
      enprofylline and theophylline offer useful bronchodilatation in the maintenance
      therapy of asthma, enprofylline, 450 mg b.i.d., being approximately equivalent to
      theophylline, 300 or 450 mg b.i.d.

PMID- 2406329
TI  - On matters of the heart: past, present, and future.

PMID- 2406330
TI  - Effect of calcitonin on gastric emptying and on serum insulin and gastrin
      concentrations after ingestion of a mixed solid-liquid meal in humans.
AB  - In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, we examined the effect of calcitonin
      on gastric emptying, and on serum concentrations of gastrin, insulin, glucose,
      calcium, and phosphorus after a mixed solid-liquid meal in 11 healthy men.
      Synthetic salmon calcitonin was administered as a 415 pmol i.v. bolus injection
      followed by a 90-min infusion to reach an overall dose of 62.25 pmol/kg body
      mass. Gastric emptying of a radiolabeled meal was surveyed by means of a gamma
      camera. A pronounced inhibition of gastric emptying with calcitonin was observed
      in all subjects (median gastric half emptying time 60.3 min after placebo versus
      197.6 min after calcitonin; p less than 0.001). Calcitonin did not effect the
      postprandial gastrin release, nor did it change significantly the serum calcium
      or phosphorus concentrations. A decreased postprandial insulin release by
      calcitonin (mean +/- SEM area under the insulin curve 2,124.6 +/- 382.0 min mU L
      1 after placebo versus 640.9 +/- 124.0 min mU L-1 after calcitonin; p less than
      0.002) was accompanied by a different pattern of serum glucose concentrations
      during the infusion of the hormone when compared to the situation with a placebo.
      We discuss potential mechanisms and clinical relevance of our findings.

PMID- 2406331
TI  - Prevalence and significance of abdominal lymphadenopathy in patients with chronic
      liver disease: an ultrasound study.
AB  - Enlarged abdominal, mainly periportal, lymph nodes were detected by real time
      ultrasonography in 19% (42 of 227) of patients with chronic liver disease who had
      no evidence of tumor, upper gastrointestinal carcinoma, or lymphoproliferative
      disorder. Computed tomography, performed in 15 cases, always confirmed the
      sonographic findings. Lymph node biopsies from two patients showed reactive
      hyperplasia. Lymphadenopathy occurred more frequently in autoimmune (primary
      biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune, and liver-kidney microsomal antibody-positive
      chronic hepatitis: 33, 25, and 22% of cases, respectively) than nonautoimmune
      disease (cryptogenic, alcoholic, and hepatitis B virus-related chronic hepatitis:
      16, 12, and 10% of cases, respectively) (p less than 0.005). Four of five
      patients with mixed polyclonal cryoglobulinemia or monoclonal gammopathy had
      lymphadenopathy. In 125 patients, including 25 with lymphadenopathy, who were
      monitored for a median period of 25 months, the ultrasonographic pattern remained
      unchanged. Abdominal, presumably benign, lymphadenopathy may accompany chronic
      liver disease, especially when prominent immunological features coexist. This
      should be kept in mind for the correct interpretation of such an ultrasound
      finding.

PMID- 2406332
TI  - Liver disease in the Talmud.
AB  - Diseases of the liver have been of interest to physicians throughout the ages.
      There are references to hepatic diseases in ancient writings on medicine as far
      back as the Egyptian papyrii (1). In this article, I deal with the multiple
      references to the liver and liver disease that are found in the books of the
      Talmud. The areas discussed include anatomy, physiology, trauma, liver disease,
      jaundice, cholelithiasis, and hematemesis. The modes of therapy and their theory
      give an interesting perspective to Middle Eastern medicine 1,500 years ago.

PMID- 2406333
TI  - Disseminated Yersinia enterocolitica. Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Yersinia enterocolitica is an uncommon cause of infectious diarrhea in the United
      States. Rarely, it is a cause of extraintestinal disease. Yet an association
      exists between Y. enterocolitica infection and axial arthropathy. We present a
      patient with long-standing arthritis, consistent with incomplete Reiter's
      syndrome, who developed Y. enterocolitica colitis with hepatic and pulmonic
      infection.

PMID- 2406334
TI  - Fatty liver hepatitis and type 5 hyperlipoproteinemia in juvenile diabetes
      mellitus. Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A 28-year-old man with poorly controlled juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus
      presented with jaundice and type 5 hyperlipoproteinemia. A liver biopsy showed
      fatty liver hepatitis (steatonecrosis). This case represents one end in a
      spectrum of lipid disorders and liver disease in diabetes mellitus. With
      increasing insulin deficiency, liver steatosis and the more common type 4
      hyperlipoproteinemia pattern may progress to fatty liver hepatitis and type 5
      hyperlipoproteinemia.

PMID- 2406335
TI  - Adolescent pregnancy: psychosocial issues.

PMID- 2406336
TI  - Localization of cerium-based reaction products by scanning laser reflectance
      confocal microscopy.
AB  - Scanning laser confocal microscopy was utilized to visualize sites of hydrogen
      peroxide release from stimulated neutrophils and lysosomal acid phosphatase in
      these and other cells using cerium in the detection systems. Imaging of the
      cerium-containing reactions was achieved by employing the reflectance mode of
      this instrument. Localization of these products at the light microscope level was
      direct and did not require other reactions to generate a visible product. This
      new approach to cerium cytochemistry should prove useful for many applications.

PMID- 2406337
TI  - Detection of calcitonin-encoding mRNA by radioactive and non-radioactive in situ
      hybridization: improved colorimetric detection and cellular localization of mRNA
      in thyroid sections.
AB  - The localization of mRNA encoding calcitonin was studied by in situ hybridization
      using 35S-labeled RNA probes and biotin-labeled DNA probes. Radiolabeled probes
      were detected by autoradiography and biotin-labeled probes by streptavidin-biotin
      peroxidase. To intensify the colorimetric signal, the indirect avidin-biotin
      complex (ABC) method was performed. However, the results were often variable. To
      improve the sensitivity, the peroxidase reaction signal was enhanced with a gold
      silver deposit intensification reaction. To shorten the incubation times and to
      enhance the colorimetric reaction, several reaction steps were performed in a
      microwave oven. The localization of calcitonin mRNA in thyroid tissue, as
      detected with in situ hybridization, was confirmed by immunohistochemical
      localization of the calcitonin polypeptide. The results of in situ hybridization
      using biotinylated probes were compared to in situ hybridization using
      radioactive probes. Our data show that the results of in situ hybridization
      applied on frozen and paraffin-embedded sections using biotinylated DNA probes,
      detected with an indirect streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase reaction and intensified
      by silver-gold enhancement, were comparable to those obtained with radioactive
      probes. The localization of calcitonin encoding mRNA was in agreement with the
      localization of the calcitonin polypeptide.

PMID- 2406338
TI  - Synthesis of Y chromosome-specific labeled DNA probes by in vitro DNA
      amplification.
AB  - We describe the use of in vitro DNA amplification for production of double
      stranded, biotin-labeled DNA probes. Specifically, a 124 BP DNA segment of the Y
      chromosome-specific 3.4 KB repeat was amplified in preparations of human genomic
      DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a thermostable DNA polymerase.
      The PCR products were amplified further in the presence of a molar excess of
      biotin-11-dUTP. The resulting double-stranded DNA segments showed a high amount
      of incorporated biotin-11-dUTP. The probes were used in DNA-DNA hybridization
      experiments without further purification. When DNA sequences flanking the target
      region are known, probe generation by enzymatic amplification offers a rapid and
      efficient alternative to molecular cloning and nick translation.

PMID- 2406339
TI  - Induction of perforin and serine esterases in a murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte
      clone.
AB  - The expression of perforin and serine esterase (SE) activities and genes was
      examined in a murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte line (R8i) that does not require
      exogenous IL-2 for proliferation. Although perforin (hemolytic) activity was
      detected in unstimulated R8i, it was induced 2- to 14-fold in the presence of IL
      2, IL-3, IL-4, and IL-6, and to a lesser degree (less than 4-fold) by TNF and IFN
      gamma. A transient induction was also observed at the mRNA level. Peak perforin
      protein and mRNA levels were reached within 24 h and started to decline 48 h
      after stimulation. A trypsinlike SE activity which cleaves the chromogenic
      substrate N, alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine thiobenzyl ester was also induced 2
      to 4-fold in the presence of the various IL tested. At the mRNA level, the
      message for SE SE1/granzyme A/Hanukah factor was absent from R8i whereas
      SE2/granzyme B/CTLA-1 increased by greater than 3-fold in the presence of IL-2,
      IL-3, IL-4, and IL-6 and occurred with the same kinetics and pattern as perforin.
      The induction response occurred without any enhancement of cell proliferation,
      suggesting that the cytokines tested may provide a direct differentiation signal
      to CTL. The induction response was abrogated effectively by inhibitors of protein
      (cycloheximide or emetine) and RNA (actinomycin D) syntheses. These findings
      suggest that the various IL may provide both a growth signal and a
      differentiation signal to CTL, resulting in the direct activation of perforin and
      SE genes.

PMID- 2406340
TI  - Distribution of antibodies against denatured collagen in AIDS risk groups and
      homosexual AIDS patients suggests a link between autoimmunity and the
      immunopathogenesis of AIDS.
AB  - Autoimmunity often precedes the onset of AIDS-related complex or AIDS, and a
      number of autoantibodies have been described in AIDS patients and persons at risk
      for AIDS. The presence of such antibodies provokes speculation that autoimmunity
      is a component of AIDS pathogenesis. We report evidence of an autoantibody
      (anticollagen) common to all homosexual AIDS patients studied. High titer serum
      reactivity against collagen was detected in all homosexual AIDS patients, and in
      HIV+ homosexuals (66%), HIV+ i.v. drug users (38%) HIV- homosexuals (32%), HIV+
      transfusion recipients (22%), and HIV+ hemophiliacs (13%), but not in HIV- i.v.
      drug users, HIV- transfusion recipients, HIV- hemophiliacs, rheumatoid arthritis
      patients, or controls. Anticollagen reactivity does not correlate with serum IgG
      levels, so it is not merely a reflection of polyclonal B-cell activation.
      Titration of anticollagen positive sera typically revealed anticollagen antibody
      titers 100 times those of normal sera. Affinity purification and immunoblot
      analysis confirmed the antibody nature of the anticollagen reactivity. The
      anticollagen antibodies react preferentially with primary determinants of types I
      and III collagen revealed after heat denaturation. Similar antibodies occur
      infrequently in rheumatoid arthritis patients, more often on SLE, and frequently
      in graft vs host disease and lepromatous leprosy. Levels of anticollagen activity
      in HIV+ i.v. drug users and transfusion recipients correlate with serum beta 2
      microglobulin levels, suggesting that those persons with anticollagen antibodies
      are at greater risk of developing AIDS. This correlation, the fact that
      anticollagen antibodies occurred in all homosexual AIDS patients tested, and the
      occurrence of antibodies against denatured collagen in immune disorders with
      features similar to AIDS suggest these antibodies may be related to disease
      progression. The association of anticollagen autoantibodies with AIDS and certain
      other infections and immune disorders may reflect common immunopathogenic
      features in the etiology of these disorders.

PMID- 2406341
TI  - Leukocyte specificity and binding of human neutrophil attractant/activation
      protein-1.
AB  - Neutrophil attractant/activation protein-1 (NAP-1) was previously shown to
      attract human neutrophils, but not monocytes. The purpose of this study was to
      determine if NAP-1 interacted with other types of blood leukocytes. In addition
      to its chemotactic activity for neutrophils, NAP-1 induced chemotactic responses
      by T lymphocytes and basophils. Chemotactic potency (10(-8) M for an optimal
      response) was the same for all three cell types. However, NAP-1 caused a
      chemotactic response in excess of random migration of 7% or 16% of basophils
      (depending on the medium used) and only 9% of T lymphocytes, in contrast to 30%
      of neutrophils. This agonist was not chemotactic for partially purified normal
      human eosinophils. The symmetrical histogram obtained by flow cytometry of
      neutrophils equilibrated at 0 degree C with fluoresceinated NAP-1 indicates that
      all neutrophils bound the ligand. A dose-response curve plateau, and inhibition
      of binding of NAP-1-FITC by unlabeled ligand are evidence for saturable binding
      to receptors, estimated to be 7000 per cell. Our results suggest that, for
      induction of an acute inflammatory response, the quantitatively significant
      action of NAP-1 is on neutrophils.

PMID- 2406342
TI  - Specificity and inhibitory activity of antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum
      aldolase.
AB  - The multiplication of Plasmodium falciparum within RBC is energy-dependent and
      the glucose consumption of infected RBC is increased more than 50 times over the
      consumption of normal RBC. High levels of glycolytic enzymes such as fructose-1,6
      diphosphate aldolase (p41) have been detected in infected RBC. Expression of the
      cloned aldolase gene of P. falciparum in Escherichia coli resulted in an
      enzymatically active polypeptide with a high sp. act. and the recombinant p41
      aldolase was used for enzymatic and immunologic studies reported here. The
      presence of antibodies against p41 in the sera of human adults partially immune
      to malaria and immunization experiments in monkeys suggest that p41 is implicated
      in protective immune response against the parasite. Therefore, we analyzed the
      capacity of various antisera to inhibit P. falciparum aldolase activity. It was
      found that anti-p41 antibodies raised in mice, rabbits, and monkeys inhibited
      very efficiently aldolase activity in vitro up to dilutions higher than 10(-3).
      In contrast none of the human sera with high levels of anti-p41 antibodies were
      able to inhibit parasite aldolase activity even at a dilution of 1/2. The
      inability of human antisera to neutralize parasite aldolase is not related to
      antibody titers but is probably related to the specificity of the human
      antibodies. This finding is discussed in relation to homology of structure of P.
      falciparum and mammalian aldolase and to a possible mechanism of parasite
      adaptation and survival in its natural host.

PMID- 2406343
TI  - An immunoblot technique for identification of allergens of the Australian
      paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus.
AB  - The blocking conditions appropriate for Western blot identification of allergens
      of the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus, have been investigated. The
      results suggest that human serum is a potent blocking agent which may have wide
      application in the immunodetection of antigens.

PMID- 2406344
TI  - Lectins and antibodies as tools for studying cellular interactions.
AB  - Specific interactions between multiple cell types are critical for a variety of
      processes central to the development, homeostasis and immune defense of
      multicellular organisms. Studies designed to elucidate how cells communicate
      through physical encounters have exploited exogenously supplied factors to bypass
      intrinsic recognition mechanisms and facilitate cellular conjugation. In this
      review, we compare the relatively nonspecific agglutinating properties of lectins
      and the selective cell targeting capabilities of antibodies and bispecific
      antibody constructs for studying cell-cell interactions in immunobiology. In
      addition, we discuss a novel system for inducing cellular interactions which
      closely resembles native receptor-mediated conjugation. In this system, surrogate
      receptors promote specific cell-cell interactions without hindering endogenous
      receptor-ligand interactions at the cell-cell interface which may be important in
      mediating physiologic cellular responses.

PMID- 2406345
TI  - Solid-phase adsorption of antigens for efficient production of antibodies
      reactive with native and fixed tissue antigens.
AB  - A study has been made of the efficacy of different immunization protocols using
      low antigen levels for the generation of monoclonal antibodies capable of
      detecting antigens (ADCP) in processed tissues. Protocols using unprocessed
      native antigen immobilized on nitrocellulose were more efficient than soluble
      antigen in generating serum antibodies reactive with both native antigen and
      processed tissues. The derived monoclonal antibodies reacted with native but not
      processed antigen. The use of antigen immobilized on polyvinylidene (PVDF) and
      subsequently processed as for histochemistry was successful in generating
      monoclonal antibodies reactive with processed antigen.

PMID- 2406347
TI  - Purification of immunoreactive radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies with anti
      idiotypic monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - A method is described to purify immunoreactive monoclonal antibodies from
      radiolabeled monoclonal antibody preparations. The method is based on incubation
      of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies with insolubilized anti-idiotypic
      monoclonal antibodies to idiotopes within the antigen-combining site of
      monoclonal antibodies to be purified and elution of bound monoclonal antibodies
      with a low pH buffer. The immunoreactive fraction of the purified monoclonal
      antibodies was at least 82%; the yield was at least 73%. The purification
      procedure did not cause any detectable change in the affinity constant of the
      eluted monoclonal antibodies. The method is simple and rapid; the requirement for
      anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies to idiotopes within the antigen-combining
      site of the antibodies to be purified is not likely to represent a major
      limitation in the broad application of the present method, since the hybridoma
      technology has greatly facilitated the development of anti-idiotypic monoclonal
      antibodies.

PMID- 2406346
TI  - Detection of IgM and IgA HIV antibodies after removal of IgG with recombinant
      protein G.
AB  - Indirect assays for IgM and IgA antibodies often lack sensitivity and specificity
      due to interference from IgG antibodies. To overcome this problem we have
      developed a simple procedure using recombinant protein G coupled to agarose beads
      to remove the interfering IgG. A series of HIV seroconversion panels was tested
      by IgM and IgA immunoblot after protein G treatment in order to evaluate IgG
      removal and to study appearance of IgM and IgA antibodies in early HIV infection.
      Protein G treatment removed 99.9% of the IgG and reduced IgG anti-HIV titers of
      over 1/100,000 to undetectable levels. Both IgM and IgA HIV antibodies were
      detected as early in seroconversion as were IgG HIV antibodies. IgA HIV
      antibodies persisted for a longer period of time, reacted with more HIV proteins,
      and showed more intense staining than IgM HIV antibodies.

PMID- 2406348
TI  - The application of enzyme kinetics to the determination of dissociation constants
      for antigen-antibody interactions in solution.
AB  - The binding in ELISA procedures of a soluble antigen to a coated antibody in the
      presence of a second soluble antibody of different epitope specificity can
      formally be described by a mathematical model, identical to the one describing
      the random association between enzyme and substrate in a two substrate enzyme
      system. At low antigen levels, the concentration of both the coated and soluble
      (monoclonal) antibody, present in molar excess, can be varied and the resulting
      ternary complex can be detected directly or indirectly. Double reciprocal plots
      of the ELISA signal versus antibody concentrations yield straight intersecting
      lines. From the intersection, functional dissociation constants in solution can
      be determined. Alternatively, when the antigen is too small to accommodate two
      antibodies or when the binding affinities are low, the antibody of interest can
      both be insolubilized and at the same time be present in solution as a secondary
      antibody. In the presence of antigen, the coated and soluble antibody will
      compete for the same epitope, without formation of a ternary complex. On changing
      the concentration, both of coated and of soluble antibody, reciprocal plots of
      the bound antigen signal versus the concentration of competing antibody result in
      linear relationships yielding an intersection from which the functional antigen
      antibody dissociation constant can be calculated.

PMID- 2406349
TI  - Structural requirements for the interaction between class II MHC molecules and
      peptide antigens.
AB  - Previous work from our and other laboratories indicates that T cells recognize a
      complex between the MHC restriction element and peptide antigen fragments. This
      paper reviews the structural characteristics of the formation of such a complex.
      By analyzing in detail the interactions between purified IA(d) and IE(d)
      molecules and their peptide ligands, we found that some structural
      characteristics apply to both antigen-MHC interactions. In particular, we found:
      1) each MHC molecule is capable of binding many unrelated peptides through the
      same peptide-binding site; 2) despite this permissiveness of binding, it is
      possible to define certain structural features of peptides that are associated
      with the capacity to bind to a particular MHC specificity (IA(d) or IE(d)); 3)
      IA(d) and IE(d) molecules recognize different and independent structures on the
      antigen molecule; 4) only about 10% of the single amino acid substitutions tested
      on two IA(d)- and IE(d)-binding peptides had significant effect on their MHC
      binding capacities, while over 80% of these substitutions significantly impaired
      T cell recognition of the Ia-peptide complex; 5) based on the segregation between
      residues that are crucial for T cell activation and Ia binding, the easiest model
      for the antigen-Ia-T-cell-receptor complex pictures the antigen molecule
      sandwiched in a planar conformation between the MHC and the T cell.

PMID- 2406350
TI  - A family of trans-acting factors with distinct regulatory functions control
      expression of MHC class II genes.

PMID- 2406351
TI  - I-E transgenic mice: a model system to dissect the regulation and function of MHC
      class II genes in vivo.

PMID- 2406352
TI  - Analysis of antigen presentation using HLA transfectants.

PMID- 2406353
TI  - Characterization of a DNA-binding protein system which is inversely correlated
      with class II expression.

PMID- 2406354
TI  - Genetic organization of the chicken MHC.

PMID- 2406355
TI  - On defining learning disabilities: an emerging consensus.
AB  - This article reviews the efforts made since 1962 to define learning disabilities,
      provides readers with a clear picture of the current status of such definitions,
      and recommends that a consensus form around the definition proposed by the NJCLD.

PMID- 2406356
TI  - Human neutrophil degranulation stimulated by Aspergillus fumigatus.
AB  - Previous studies have established that human neutrophils (PMN) are unable to kill
      resting conidia (RC) of Aspergillus fumigatus but can kill conidia that have been
      preincubated in culture medium until swollen but not yet germinated. Compared
      with swollen conidia (SC), RC stimulate a relatively weak PMN respiratory burst.
      In the present study, we further examined the mechanisms of resistance of RC to
      neutrophil killing by comparing neutrophil degranulation and phagocytosis
      following stimulation by RC and SC opsonized in pooled human serum. RC, compared
      with SC, stimulated significantly less release of both the primary granule marker
      beta-glucuronidase and the secondary granule marker lactoferrin. PMN also
      phagocytosed significantly greater numbers of SC, although the differences in
      phagocytosis were not great enough to account for the differences in
      degranulation. Suboptimal stimulation of degranulation and phagocytosis may thus
      contribute to the inability of neutrophils to kill RC. Moreover, reagent
      lactoferrin bound avidly to both RC and SC, raising the possibility that PMN
      released lactoferrin may contribute to antifungal activity at the conidial
      surface by competing for iron or catalyzing the formation of oxygen radicals.

PMID- 2406357
TI  - Influenza A virus and the neutrophil: a model of natural immunity.
AB  - Natural immune reactions are mediated by lymphocytes, macrophages/monocytes, and
      neutrophils. The latter have been implicated in a variety of self-surveillance
      models, i.e., activity against malignant host cells, participation in wound
      repair, and infliction of damage in postischemic perfusion injury. Better
      characterized are the interactions with unopsonized pathogens through
      lectinophagocytosis mechanisms, where the lectin resides either on the phagocyte
      or on the microorganism. This review examines the infection by influenza A virus
      (IAV) of the human neutrophil, which results in the vigorous metabolic response
      of the cell to generate toxic oxygen species. This response is not necessarily
      characteristic of response to unopsonized particles, as the neutrophil exhibits
      no such activity to unopsonized zymosan or chlamydia. The virus elicits calcium
      mobilization from intracellular stores through a pertussis toxin-insensitive
      mechanism, and in its particulars the activation cascade is unique in comparison
      to any other characterized agonist. The putative receptor for the IAV binding
      protein, hemagglutinin (HA), contains the sialic acid residues; identification of
      specifically linked protein receptors will allow characterization of this
      stimulation pathway and will define the molecular biology of this activation
      sequence. Insight into this particular pathway may allow definition of a
      primitive recognition system that represents a fundamental basis for discernment
      of self and nonself entities.

PMID- 2406358
TI  - Macrophage-parasite interactions in Leishmania infections.
AB  - Macrophages have different roles in Leishmania infections. They function as host
      cells to the parasite, they present parasite antigens to the immune system, and
      they also act as effector cells responsible for parasite killing in the healing
      stages of the infection. Protein and carbohydrate ligands on the parasite
      surface, which interact with receptors on the macrophage membrane during
      phagocytosis, have been identified. Survival of Leishmania in its host cell
      requires a metabolic adaptation to the intracellular environment. The nutritional
      requirements of the microorganism must be satisfied and the deleterious effect of
      oxygen metabolites and of lysosomal hydrolases must be adequately counteracted.
      When a successful immune response develops, macrophages become activated and
      acquire the capacity to destroy the microorganism. Possible reasons why these
      mechanisms fail in certain individuals or experimental host-parasite combinations
      are discussed.

PMID- 2406359
TI  - Estimation of left ventricular ejection fraction with healed myocardial
      infarction by multiple regression analysis of electrocardiographic Minnesota Q-QS
      codes. POSCH Group.
AB  - The cardiac damage caused by a myocardial infarction may be evidenced by abnormal
      electrocardiographic Q-QS complexes (i.e., Minnesota Q-QS codes) and by
      impairment of left ventricular function. It has been shown that the level of
      significance of the Q-QS codes is highly correlated with the extent of left
      ventricular impairment. This study was directed to quantitating this relationship
      in subjects with a healed myocardial infarction and expressing it mathematically.
      Using multiple linear regression analysis, a coefficient value was obtained
      corresponding to the level of significance of each Q-QS code located in each
      electrocardiographic cardiac area. The left ventricular ejection fraction was
      estimated by subtracting the coefficient of the most significant code present in
      each cardiac area from the constant, which was calculated to be the ejection
      fraction in the absence of any Q-QS code. The results were reproducible, and
      there was a good correlation between the estimated and measured ejection
      fraction.

PMID- 2406360
TI  - QT interval and repolarization time in patients with intraventricular conduction
      delay.
AB  - A prolonged QT interval is an important prognostic indicator for cardiac
      arrhythmias and sudden death. The conventional QT interval measurement, however,
      includes in its measure the cardiac depolarization (QRS) as well as the cardiac
      repolarization (JT) intervals. To evaluate the relative contribution of the
      depolarization and the repolarization time prolongation to the prolonged QT
      interval in patients with intraventricular conduction delay (IVCD), the QRS, QT,
      and JT intervals were measured in 72 subjects with various types of IVCD. The
      observed intervals in IVCD subjects were compared to similar intervals in 33
      healthy individuals in whom there was no evidence for intraventricular conduction
      abnormalities. The QTc (QT interval corrected for heart rate) in subjects with
      IVCD were 445 +/- 6.8 msec (mean +/- SEM) in those with LAD, 470 +/- 9.1 msec
      with RBBB, and 489 +/- 6.9 msec with LBBB. All of these intervals were
      significantly prolonged compared to 430 +/- 4.3 msec in the control group. The
      prolongation of QTc interval in each category of IVCD subjects was entirely
      secondary to a prolonged depolarization time, as the repolarization intervals
      were not significantly different from those observed in the control group (F =
      0.5, p = NS). These observations may provide an explanation for the differential
      prognosis for subjects with prolonged QT interval with prolonged repolarization
      time as compared to those with prolonged QT interval with prolonged
      depolarization time.

PMID- 2406361
TI  - Facilitation of ventricular tachycardia initiation by procainamide during
      programmed ventricular stimulation in patients with heart failure.
AB  - Antiarrhythmic drugs occasionally facilitate, rather than prevent, ventricular
      tachycardia. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of
      procainamide facilitation of ventricular tachycardia initiation during programmed
      electrical stimulation in patients with no history of spontaneous sustained
      ventricular tachycardia but who are at high risk. Twenty patients with advanced
      heart failure (mean left ventricular ejection fraction 0.19 +/- 0.09) and
      nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and in whom sustained ventricular
      tachycardia was not inducible by programmed electrical stimulation in the basal
      state were studied. Six patients had coronary artery disease, 13 had idiopathic
      dilated cardiomyopathy, and 1 had valvular heart disease. All patients received
      programmed stimulation from the right ventricular apex with one to three extra
      stimuli before and after the intravenous infusion of 10 mg/kg of procainamide
      (serum level 6.6 +/- 2.4 mcg/l). In two patients (10%) sustained monomorphic
      ventricular tachycardia was initiated only after the administration of
      procainamide. One of these patients later died in ventricular tachycardia during
      hyperkalemia. Of the noninducible patients, during a follow-up period of 6 +/- 5
      months, two died suddenly and one developed symptomatic ventricular tachycardia.
      Thus, procainamide can unmask potential reentry circuits in some patients who
      have not had spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia. In patients with
      heart failure, this risk, as assessed by programmed stimulation after a single
      dose of procainamide, appears to be low.

PMID- 2406362
TI  - The exit of Trypanosoma cruzi from the phagosome is inhibited by raising the pH
      of acidic compartments.
AB  - The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi can infect many distinct mammalian cell
      types. The parasites enter cells through the formation of phagocytic vacuoles,
      but later are found free in the cytosol, where they multiply as amastigotes.
      Using transmission electron microscopy we found that within 2 h after infection
      70% of the parasites, including examples of both mammalian forms (trypomastigotes
      and amastigotes), were inside partially disrupted vacuoles or free in the
      cytosol. We demonstrated that the pH of vacuoles containing recently interiorized
      parasites is acidic, through immunocytochemical localization of the acidotropic
      compound DAMP (18) in their interior. Increasing the vacuolar pH with
      chloroquine, ammonium chloride, methylamine, or monensin significantly inhibited
      the escape of the parasites into the cytosol. These results are compatible with
      the hypothesis that an acid-active hemolysin of T. cruzi (15) might be involved
      in the escape mechanism.

PMID- 2406364
TI  - Generation of the neutrophil-activating peptide NAP-2 from platelet basic protein
      or connective tissue-activating peptide III through monocyte proteases.
AB  - We studied the origin of the neutrophil-activating peptide NAP-2, a presumed 70
      amino acid cleavage product of platelet basic protein (PBP) and connective tissue
      activating peptide III (CTAP-III). Purified human blood monocytes or lymphocytes
      were cultured with or without stimuli (LPS or PHA) in the presence or absence of
      platelet-release supernatant, and the formation of NAP-2 and other neutrophil
      activating peptides was monitored. NAP-2 was generated whenever monocytes and
      platelet release supernatant were present. When a monocyte stimulus was added,
      NAF/NAP-1 was also formed, and in the presence of LPS a third, less potent
      neutrophil-stimulating fraction, consisting of NAP-2 variants with 73, 74, and 75
      residues, also appeared. Monocytes alone did not yield NAP-2 and no neutrophil
      activating peptide was generated by lymphocytes. The monocyte-conditioned medium
      was found to cleave purified CTAP-III into NAP-2 through proteinases that were
      highly sensitive to PMSF, moderately sensitive to leupeptin and insensitive to
      EDTA.

PMID- 2406363
TI  - The role of cytokines in the generation of inflammation and tissue damage in
      experimental gram-positive meningitis.
AB  - Cytokines mediate many host responses to bacterial infections. We determined the
      inflammatory activities of five cytokines in the central nervous system: TNF
      alpha, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP-1), and
      macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2). Using a rabbit model of meningeal
      inflammation, each cytokine (except IL-1 beta) induced enhanced blood brain
      barrier permeability, leukocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid, and brain edema.
      Homologous antibodies to each mediator inhibited leukocytosis and brain edema,
      and moderately decreased blood brain barrier permeability. In rabbits treated
      with anti-CD-18 antibody to render neutrophils dysfunctional for adhesion, each
      cytokine studied lost the ability to cause leukocytosis and brain edema. After
      intracisternal challenge with pneumococci, antibodies to TNF or IL-1 prevented
      inflammation, while anti-MIP-1 or anti-MIP-2 caused only a 2-h delay in the onset
      of inflammation. We suggest these cytokines have multiple inflammatory activities
      in the central nervous system and contribute to tissue damage during pneumococcal
      meningitis.

PMID- 2406365
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to Pgp-1/CD44 block lympho-hemopoiesis in long-term bone
      marrow cultures.
AB  - A new panel of mAbs was prepared to a stromal cell line known to support
      lymphocytes in Whitlock-Witte type long-term bone marrow cultures. These
      antibodies were then screened with a cell adhesion assay and four were selected
      that inhibited the binding of B lineage cells to stromal cell monolayers.
      Immunofluorescent and biochemical analyses revealed that these new antibodies
      detected epitopes of the previously described Pgp-1/CD44 antigen complex.
      Addition of Pgp-1/CD44 antibodies to Dexter-type long-term bone marrow cultures
      completely prevented emergence of myeloid cells and they also blocked lymphocyte
      growth in Whitlock-Witte type cultures. mAbs MEL-14, LFA-1, and CD45R did not
      inhibit under the same conditions and there was no apparent relationship to Ig
      isotype. Adherent layers in treated cultures were not unusual in terms of
      morphology and the antibodies did not affect factor-dependent replication of
      lymphoid or myeloid progenitor cells. Therefore, the mechanism of inhibition may
      not involve direct toxicity to precursors or microenvironmental elements.
      Previous studies in humans and mice have implicated Pgp-1/CD44-related
      glycoproteins in the migration of peripheral lymphoid cells, as well as
      interactions of cells with the extracellular matrix. These findings suggest that
      they may also be critical for formation of lymphoid and myeloid cells within bone
      marrow.

PMID- 2406366
TI  - A new allele of the lpr locus, lprcg, that complements the gld gene in induction
      of lymphadenopathy in the mouse.
AB  - Several mice with generalized lymphadenopathy were found in the CBA/KlJms (CBA)
      colony maintained at our institute. A new mutant strain of mice that develop
      massive lymphoid hyperplasia at 100% incidence within 5 mo after birth was
      established by crossing these diseased mice. Genetic studies on lymphadenopathy
      were conducted in F1, F2, and backcross populations from crosses between mutant
      CBA (CBA-m) and various inbred strains of mice. The results supported the control
      of lymphadenopathy by a single autosomal recessive gene. Since C3H/He-gld/gld
      (C3H-gld), MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr (MRL-lpr), and C3H/HeJ-lpr/lpr (C3H-lpr) mice develop
      the same type of lymphoid hyperplasia, allelism of the mutant gene with gld or
      lpr was tested by investigating lymphadenopathy in F1 and backcross populations
      from crosses between CBA-m and C3H-gld, MRL-lpr, or C3H-lpr mice. The gene was
      confirmed to be allelic with lpr but not with gld. Interestingly, however, the
      mutant gene interacted with gld to induce less severe lymphadenopathy. Thus, the
      mutant gene was named lprcg, an lpr gene complementing gld in induction of
      lymphoproliferation. The genetic conclusion was supported by the same profile of
      surface markers of lymphoid cells with gld/gld, lpr/lpr, lprcg/lprcg, lprcg/lpr,
      and +/gld +/lprcg genotypes, as well as by massive lymph node hyperplasia and
      high titers of autoantibodies in the first four genotypes, but slight hyperplasia
      and insignificant autoantibody production in the last. The discovery of lprcg
      provided strong genetic evidence for the parallels between anomalous phenotypes
      of gld and lpr, and CBA/KlJms-lprcg/lprcg mice will contribute to elucidation of
      the mechanism of induction of the same abnormal differentiation and functions of
      lymphocytes by gld and lpr.

PMID- 2406367
TI  - Expression of the Lassa virus nucleocapsid protein in insect cells infected with
      a recombinant baculovirus: application to diagnostic assays for Lassa virus
      infection.
AB  - The coding region of the gene for the nucleocapsid protein of Lassa virus has
      been inserted into the genome of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis
      virus (AcNPV) using the transfer vector pAcYM1, so that expression of the foreign
      DNA is under the control of the promoter of the AcNPV polyhedrin gene. Infection
      of cultured Spodoptera frugiperda cells with recombinant virus resulted in the
      synthesis of high levels of a protein that was indistinguishable from the
      authentic Lassa virus protein by SDS gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with
      a variety of specific immune sera and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). The kinetics
      of appearance of the protein were comparable to those of polyhedrin production in
      wild-type AcNPV-infected cells. The recombinant material was antigenic when used
      in ELISA for Lassa virus-specific antibodies, reacting well with MAbs specific
      for the nucleocapsid protein and with sera from experimentally infected guinea
      pigs. The recombinant ELISA was able to clearly distinguish sera from human cases
      of Lassa fever against a panel of known negative sera of African origin.
      Recombinant-infected insect cells were an effective substitute for mammalian
      cells infected with Lassa virus itself in the immunofluorescence assay for Lassa
      virus-specific antibodies. This system offers attractive alternatives to the use
      of Lassa virus-infected materials as reagents in diagnostic procedures.

PMID- 2406368
TI  - Overlapping divergent transcripts mapping to the HindIII F region of the
      Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus.
AB  - We have mapped a set of transcripts that cross the XhoI site in the HindIII F
      fragment of the genome of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus.
      These transcripts overlap at their 5' ends by about 550 bases and run in opposite
      directions. We have tentatively identified two open reading frames corresponding
      to the leftward transcript. The rightward transcript is present from 8 h post
      infection (p.i.) to 24 h p.i.; the leftward transcripts are present from 2 h p.i.
      to 24 h p.i. The early (2 h) transcript is about 2.1 kb in size and its 5' end
      maps about 504 bp to the right of the XhoI site. Beginning at about 8 h p.i. a
      new transcription start site is used, about 80 bp downstream (to the left) of the
      first. The late (rightward) transcript is about 1.2 kb in size; its 5' end seems
      to be heterogeneous and maps about 44 to 60 bp to the left of the XhoI site. Late
      in infection transcription proceeds in both directions at the same time through
      the overlapping region of the DNA encoding these transcripts.

PMID- 2406369
TI  - Virus-specific early antigen expressed in the nucleus of cowpox virus-infected
      cells.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were obtained from BALB/c mice immunized with
      cowpox virus (CPV)-infected cells cultured in the presence of cytosine-1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosyl-HCl (Ara C). In the immunofluorescence test, the specific
      antigen reacting with these MAbs was restricted almost entirely to the nucleus in
      CPV-infected cells in the presence of Ara C at any time. On the other hand, in
      CPV-infected cells in the absence of Ara C, the antigen was first detectable
      within the nucleus 2 h after infection and migrated to the cytoplasm as the
      infection proceeded. On immunoblotting, only one component with an Mr of 27K was
      detected 2 to 24 h after infection of cells with CPV in either the presence or
      absence of Ara C. The antigen was also detected in vaccinia virus-infected cells,
      but not in any mock-infected cells nor in any virions purified from infected
      cells. These results suggest that the antigen reacting with the MAbs is virus
      specific and a non-structural early antigen.

PMID- 2406370
TI  - Primary multiplication site of the vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus
      administered to foxes by the oral route.
AB  - The primary multiplication site of VVTGgRAB, a recombinant vaccinia virus (VV)
      expressing the rabies virus G glycoprotein, was studied in comparison with that
      of the parental VV Copenhagen strain, after oral administration to foxes. Foxes
      were fed with 10(8) TCID50 of either VVTGgRAB or VV and were sacrificed 12, 24,
      48 or 96 h after inoculation. Both viruses were detected by viral isolation in
      the tonsils during the first 48 h after inoculation at titres between 10(2) and
      10(4.3) TCID50/ml. Indirect immunofluorescence confirmed the presence of the
      virus in tonsils of some of the foxes. The polymerase chain reaction allowed the
      detection of VVTGgRAB in the tonsils of both of two foxes tested after 24 h,
      three of three foxes after 48 h, in the buccal mucosa of one of two foxes tested
      after 24 h and two of three foxes after 48 h and in the soft palate of one of two
      foxes tested after 24 h and one of three foxes after 48 h. VV was detected in the
      tonsils of one fox tested after 48 h, in the buccal mucosa of another fox tested
      after 24 h, and in the first fox after 48 h by the same reaction. Foxes were
      inoculated with virus isolated from fox tonsils 24 h after oral administration
      (with or without cell culture amplification) to perform back passages. No virus
      could be isolated in either case after this passage. The innocuity of VVTGgRAB
      was also demonstrated when foxes were inoculated with passaged virus.

PMID- 2406371
TI  - Neutralizing antibody assay for human herpesvirus-6.
AB  - Antibody to human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) was measured in cord blood mononuclear
      cell cultures by a neutralization (NT) test, in which the presence or absence of
      characteristic large cell formation in cells infected with HHV-6 was used as an
      indicator for neutralization of the virus. The NT test could measure antibodies
      during and just after the appearance of the skin rash in patients with exanthem
      subitum. The levels of antibodies measured by the NT test was generally higher
      than that by an indirect immunofluorescence assay.

PMID- 2406372
TI  - Riboprobe assay for HDV RNA: a sensitive method for the detection of the HDV
      genome in clinical serum samples.
AB  - We have used a new hybridization assay for the detection of the genome of
      hepatitis delta virus (HDV) in serum using a strand-specific RNA probe obtained
      by transcription of a recombinant riboprobe. This assay was tested on a panel of
      30 sera from HBsAg carriers with hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) in the liver. The
      riboprobe assay detected HDV RNA in the serum of 83% of the patients, while 63%
      were positive using the DNA hybridization assay. HDAg was detected in 73% of the
      same sera by immunoblotting. The riboprobe assay was also compared to other
      assays on serial samples from an experimentally infected chimpanzee. These
      results demonstrate that the Northern blot assay using the RNA probe is more
      sensitive than the homologous DNA probe for the detection of HDV in serum and is
      also more sensitive than the immunoblot assay for HDAg. The riboprobe assay is
      the most sensitive of currently available methods to measure HD viremia.

PMID- 2406373
TI  - Expression of pre-S2 region of hepatitis B surface antigen in Escherichia coli.
AB  - We constructed a recombinant plasmid that can express the entire pre-S2 sequence
      of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as a fusion protein in E. coli. The hybrid
      protein, which comprises the bacterial TrpLE protein and the pre-S2 sequence, was
      the prominent protein that was found in cell extracts. As determined by immune
      blot analysis, this protein reacted with human HBV convalescent sera, as well as
      with sera from animals immunized with either purified HBsAg or isolated
      polypeptides containing pre-S2. It bound specifically to 125I-polymerized human
      albumin cross-linked with glutaraldehyde but not to 125I-monomeric human albumin.
      A novel adjuvant formulation was used in place of Freund's adjuvant to immunize
      guinea pigs with the recombinant product. The antisera obtained from serial
      bleedings were found to react with HBsAg of both d and y subtypes. These antisera
      were also shown to react solely with HBsAg polypeptides which contain of HBsAg to
      solid-phase polymerized the binding of HBsAg to solid-phase polymerized human
      albumin.

PMID- 2406374
TI  - Excitatory amino acids stimulate inositol phospholipid hydrolysis and reduce
      proliferation in cultured astrocytes.
AB  - Excitatory amino acids stimulated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in primary
      cultures of astrocytes, as reflected by an increased formation of [3H]inositol
      monophosphate [( 3H]InsP) in the presence of 10 mM Li+. Quisqualate was the most
      potent activator of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, followed by glutamate and
      ibotenate. Kainate exhibited low activity, whereas N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
      and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazolepropionate (AMPA) were inactive. The
      increase in [3H]InsP formation induced by glutamate was potentiated after 12-h
      exposure to the proliferative agent epidermal growth factor (EGF), suggesting
      that activation of the mitotic cycle leads to an enhanced coupling of glutamate
      recognition sites with phospholipase C. To study how glutamate receptors are
      involved in regulating cell proliferation, we have measured [methyl-3H]thymidine
      incorporation in cultured astrocytes. Excitatory amino acids reduced thymidine
      incorporation with a pharmacological profile similar to that observed for the
      stimulation of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis. Quisqualate acted as a potent
      antiproliferative agent, both under basal conditions and in cells stimulated to
      proliferate by addition of EGF or phorbol 12-tetradecanoate 13-acetate. Glutamate
      and ibotenate reduced [methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation at high concentrations,
      whereas kainate, AMPA, and NMDA were virtually inactive. The action of
      quisqualate on both inositol phospholipid hydrolysis and thymidine incorporation
      was attenuated by 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate, which acted as a weak
      agonist/competitive antagonist. Other excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists
      were not effective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406375
TI  - Selective expression of factors preventing cholinergic dedifferentiation.
AB  - Chicken retina neurons from 8-9-day-old embryos developed prominent cholinergic
      properties after several days in stationary dispersed cell (monolayer) culture.
      These cells accumulated [3H]choline by a high-affinity, hemicholinium-sensitive
      transport system, converted [3H]choline to [3H]-acetylcholine [( 3H]ACh),
      released [3H]ACh in response to depolarization stimuli, and developed choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity to levels comparable to those of the intact
      retina. The cholinergic state, however, was not permanent. After 7 days in
      culture, the capacity for [3H]ACh release decreased drastically and continued to
      diminish with longer culture periods. Loss of this capacity seemed not to be due
      to loss of cholinergic neurons, because high-affinity choline uptake was
      unchanged. However, a substantial decrease of ChAT activity was observed as a
      function of culture age, and probably accounted for the low level of ACh
      synthesis in long-lasting cultures. The loss of ChAT activity could be prevented
      in at least two different ways: (a) Maintaining the neurons in rotary (aggregate)
      rather than stationary culture completely blocked the loss of enzyme activity and
      gave a developmental profile identical to the known "in situ" pattern of
      differentiation; and (b) Conditioned medium from aggregate cultures significantly
      reduced the drop in ChAT activity of neurons maintained in stationary, dispersed
      cell cultures. Activity that stabilized cholinergic differentiation was
      nondialyzable, heat-sensitive, and not mimicked by functional nerve growth
      factor. Production of activity by aggregates was developmentally regulated;
      medium obtained from aggregates after 3 days in culture had no effect on
      cholinergic differentiation, whereas medium obtained from aggregates between 6
      and 10 days in culture produced a fivefold increase of ChAT in
      monolayers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406376
TI  - Test characteristics of self-reported hypertension among the Hispanic population:
      findings from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
AB  - Data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from
      1982 to 1984 were analyzed for the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and
      negative predictive value of self-reported hypertension in 5195 Hispanics of both
      sexes between the ages of 18 and 74 years. On the basis of a hypertension
      definition of 140/90 mmHg or of the use of antihypertensive medications, overall
      sensitivity of self-reported hypertension was 56% for Mexican-Americans, 71% for
      Cuban-Americans and 72% for Puerto Ricans. Sensitivity was higher among women,
      among the obese, and among those with access to a regular place for medical care;
      increased with increasing age; and decreased with education and the time interval
      since last medical visit. Independent associations for sensitivity were noted for
      sex, body mass index (BMI), and time interval since last medical visit among
      Mexican-Americans; and for time interval since last medical visit and for being
      divorced or separated for Cuban-Americans. Overall positive predictive value
      reached 49% among Mexican-Americans, 53% among Cuban-Americans, and 39% among
      Puerto Ricans. Raising the hypertension-threshold to 160/95 mmHg tended to
      increase the sensitivity but reduced the positive predictive value.

PMID- 2406378
TI  - Labelling of hypertensives: a review of the data.

PMID- 2406377
TI  - Prognostic value of prolonged ventricular repolarization following myocardial
      infarction: the BHAT experience. The BHAT Study Group.
AB  - In the Beta Blocker Heart Attack Trial (BHAT), 3837 patients were randomized to
      propranolol (180-240 mg/day) or placebo 5-21 days after a documented myocardial
      infarction and were followed in a double blind manner for a mean period of 25
      months. Twelve lead electrocardiograms were routinely obtained at the time of
      randomization (baseline electrocardiogram) and at 12 and 24 months of follow-up.
      There was a positive correlation between baseline QTc interval prolongation (but
      not QT prolongation) and mortality and sudden death that was independent of
      treatment group. The data for non-sudden death and non-fatal reinfarction exhibit
      similar trends. We conclude that: (1) QTc prolongation identifies a high risk
      subset of post myocardial infarction patients. (2) The relative benefit of
      propranolol is similar in patients with normal and prolonged QTc.

PMID- 2406379
TI  - Sleep and dreaming.

PMID- 2406380
TI  - Selective and nonselective stimulation of central cholinergic and dopaminergic
      development in vitro by nerve growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor,
      epidermal growth factor, insulin and the insulin-like growth factors I and II.
AB  - To study the selectivity of neurotrophic actions in the brain, we analyzed the
      actions of several known growth factors on septal cholinergic, pontine
      cholinergic, and mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in culture. Similar to nerve
      growth factor (NGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) stimulated choline
      acetyltransferase activity in septal cultures. In contrast to NGF, bFGF also
      enhanced dopamine uptake in mesencephalic cultures and stimulated cell
      proliferation in all 3 culture types. Insulin and the insulin-like growth factors
      I and II stimulated transmitter-specific differentiation and cell proliferation
      in all culture types. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) produced a small increase in
      dopamine uptake by mesencephalic cells and stimulated cell proliferation in all
      culture types. In septal cultures, bFGF was most effective when given at early
      culture times, NGF at later times. The stimulatory actions of bFGF and insulin
      did not require the presence of glial cells and were not mediated by NGF. In
      mesencephalic cultures, the stimulation of dopamine uptake by bFGF and EGF was
      dependent on glial proliferation. The results suggest different degrees of
      selectivity of the neurotrophic molecules. NGF and, very similarly, bFGF seem to
      influence septal cholinergic neurons directly and rather selectively, whereas the
      neurotrophic actions of insulin and the insulin-like growth factors appear to be
      more general.

PMID- 2406382
TI  - Multicellular tumor spheroids from human gliomas maintained in organ culture.
AB  - Tumor tissue from seven human gliomas was maintained in long-term agar overlay
      culture as multicellular organotypic spheroids. Light microscopic and
      ultrastructural observation of the spheroids displayed morphological features
      similar to those of the original tumor tissue in vivo; in this respect they were
      different from spheroids obtained from permanent cell lines. The spheroids
      contained preserved vessels, connective tissue, and macrophages, revealing a
      close resemblance to the conditions in the original tumor. Flow cytometric
      deoxyribonucleic acid measurements of cells from the tumor spheroids and from
      biopsy material obtained directly from the operation revealed the same ploidy and
      the same amount of proliferating cells in the spheroids as in the original tumor.
      Fluorescence microscopy using bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) incorporation and anti
      BUdR monoclonal antibody confirmed the proliferative potential of tumor cells in
      the spheroids. Diameter measurements showed that the size of the spheroids from
      two of the tumors increased over time while in three other cases it decreased.
      Spheroids from the remaining two tumors showed no change in size, even after 80
      days in culture. These growth data and the relatively high number of
      proliferating cells, as measured by flow cytometry, indicate that the degree of
      cell proliferation and cell loss from the spheroids are closely linked, as is the
      case for tumors in vivo. The culture system presented provides a valuable
      alternative to propagation of human tumors in animals.

PMID- 2406381
TI  - Non-NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity in cortical culture.
AB  - The neurotoxicity of 3 non-NMDA glutamate receptor agonists--kainate, alpha-amino
      3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA), and quisqualate--was
      investigated quantitatively in dissociated murine cortical cultures. Five minute
      exposure to 500 microM kainate, but not AMPA, produced widespread acute neuronal
      swelling. Kainate-induced swelling was resistant to 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
      (APV) or replacement of extracellular sodium with choline but attenuated by
      either kynurenate or low concentrations of quisqualate. Unlike NMDA agonists,
      kainate or AMPA did not produce much late neuronal loss after a 5 min exposure.
      In contrast, 5 min exposure to 500 microM quisqualate produced both acute
      neuronal swelling and widespread late neuronal degeneration. This acute swelling
      was blocked by APV or by replacement of extracellular sodium by choline,
      consistent with mediation by NMDA receptors; we speculate that high
      concentrations of quisqualate may directly activate NMDA receptors or induce the
      release of endogenous glutamate. Quisqualate-induced late neuronal degeneration
      may be due to another unexpected process: cellular quisqualate uptake and delayed
      release, converting brief addition into prolonged exposure. Hours after thorough
      washout of exogenously added quisqualate, micromolar concentrations could be
      detected in the bathing medium by high performance liquid chromatography. With
      lengthy exposure (20-24 hr), all 3 non-NMDA agonists were potent neurotoxins,
      able to destroy neurons with EC50's of about 20 microM for kainate, 4 microM for
      AMPA, and 1 microM for quisqualate. Kynurenate and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3
      dione (CNQX), but not APV or L-glutamate diethyl ester, were effective in
      attenuating the neuronal degeneration induced by these agonists. CNQX was about 3
      times more selective than kynurenate against kainate-induced neuronal injury, but
      CNQX was still nearly equipotent with APV against NMDA-induced injury. Gamma-D
      glutamylaminomethyl sulfonate exhibited partial antagonist specificity for AMPA
      induced toxicity.

PMID- 2406384
TI  - A model for differentiated nursing practice.
AB  - Nurse administrators continually search for a nursing care delivery system that
      has a positive effect on nurse retention, as well as on patient and fiscal
      outcomes. The authors describe a transitional model of differentiated nursing
      practice that is having a beneficial effect on outcomes.

PMID- 2406383
TI  - Cobb's syndrome and its treatment with embolization. Case report.
AB  - A case of Cobb's syndrome, which is characterized by spinal and vertebral
      angiomas and a skin nevus at the same metameric level, is reported. The spinal
      angiomas were treated with liquid embolization using ethylene vinyl alcohol.

PMID- 2406385
TI  - JONA's semiannual directory of consultants to nursing administration.

PMID- 2406386
TI  - Hepatocyte fine structure during maturation and senescence.
AB  - Aging is accompanied by a myriad of changes in cell structure, function, and
      composition. The fact that much of the information concerning age-related
      alterations in cellular morphology is qualitative precludes meaningful
      correlations with biochemical changes in order to enhance data interpretation.
      The mammalian liver has been subjected to both qualitative and quantitative
      evaluations of hepatocyte structure as a function of aging, i.e., development,
      maturation, and senescence. Although these data are characterized by considerable
      variability and, in some instances, blatant contradictions, there exists
      sufficient agreement in several parameters to permit a consensus in the inbred
      rat model. Certainly the volume of individual hepatocytes increases with age, and
      many of the organelle compartments reflect this change. While old rats exhibit a
      high incidence of polyploidy, there is no definitive evidence to demonstrate a
      concomitant increase in the binuclear hepatocyte index. Several specific
      hepatocellular organelles undergo changes in their relative volume or surface
      area that appear to correlate with functional alterations. The volume density of
      the lysosomal compartment enlarges significantly during senescence and is
      accompanied by increased activities of several constituent hydrolases. The
      hepatic concentration of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum declines markedly
      with aging, as does the yield of liver microsomes and the activities of several
      microsomal enzymes, e.g., mono-oxygenases and glucose-6-phosphatase. However, the
      responses of the majority of hepatocyte organelles to aging is varied and
      inconsistent based on the limited data currently available.

PMID- 2406387
TI  - Heterogeneity of glycogen distribution in hepatocytes.

PMID- 2406388
TI  - Hepatocellular processing of endocytosed proteins.
AB  - In conclusion, proteins of hepatobiliary transport utilize receptor-mediated
      endocytosis and intracellular vesicles and rely on functionally dynamic
      microtubules for their transport by hepatocytes. The many diverse transport
      pathways in hepatocytes reflect the many functions served by the uptake of
      various proteins from the blood. The mechanisms of sorting of ligands and their
      receptors in endosomes and the factors that regulate the intracellular transport
      pathways are not yet known. Future investigations in this area promise to yield
      many exciting discoveries about the hepatocellular processing of proteins.

PMID- 2406389
TI  - Morphology, ultrastructure, and function of hepatocytes during liver drug
      metabolism.

PMID- 2406390
TI  - Fine structure and function of hepatocytes during development.
AB  - This paper reviews the fine structure and function of hepatocytes during fetal
      and postnatal development. Bile canaliculi develop to a mature appearance during
      perinatal and early postnatal periods, while bile secretory function is immature
      at birth and develops during the postnatal period. The rough endoplasmic
      reticulum is prominent and remains unchanged in amount during development, and
      the Golgi complex is large from early stages of fetal life. The smooth
      endoplasmic reticulum (SER) appears shortly before birth and increases in
      quantity to the adult level after birth. In mouse hepatocytes, Sv (area per unit
      cytoplasmic volume) of SER increases in perivenular cells between 1 and 10 days
      of age, although it remains low in periportal cells. Similarly, Sv of total ER
      increases in both periportal and perivenular cells between 1 and 5 days of age
      and then becomes greater in perivenular than periportal cells. This suggests that
      the postnatal increase in the drug-metabolizing capacity occurs predominantly in
      perivenular hepatocytes. SER proliferates after phenobarbital (PB) administration
      in both perivenular and periportal cells in 3-, 5-, and 10-day-old mice, and
      predominantly in perivenular cells in 20-day-old and adult mice. Thus the
      conspicuous proliferation of SER in perivenular hepatocytes after PB
      administration, characteristic of adult liver, becomes manifest during postnatal
      development. In mouse hepatocytes, Vv (volume per unit cytoplasmic volume) of
      mitochondrial matrix and peroxisomes and Sv of mitochondrial inner membrane and
      cristae increase in both periportal and perivenular cells between birth and 10
      days of age. Then, Vv of mitochondrial matrix remains unchanged in periportal
      cells but decreases in perivenular cells. In general, the process of postnatal
      hepatocyte differentiation appears to include several phases of development; cell
      organelles develop during the early postnatal period, subsequently the cells
      undergo both functional and structural heterogeneity, and the late postnatal
      period after weaning is the time for a marked increase in cell size.

PMID- 2406391
TI  - Can the suturing method make a difference in postpartum perineal pain?
AB  - The author's clinical experience, research results, and review of relevant
      literature suggest that a one-suture, nonlock continuous stitch technique for
      repairing perineal wounds may reduce postpartum perineal pain. The principles of
      this alternative suturing method involve taking large bites of tissue with
      continuous nonlocking stitches, avoiding several layers of suture material,
      approximating wound edges loosely, and placing subcuticular sutures well below
      the skin surface. No recommendation for a specific type of absorbable suture
      material is made. Research trials to document clinical observations and
      literature reports are needed.

PMID- 2406392
TI  - Assisting the employed breastfeeding mother.
AB  - Breastfeeding and employment are often viewed as mutually exclusive activities.
      However, women who choose to breastfeed are more likely than other mothers to
      return to paid employment outside the home, and many of these mothers want to
      continue breastfeeding. The midwife is in a unique position to assist these
      mothers as they make plans for infant feeding during their pregnancy, while they
      are learning how to breastfeed, and after they have returned to the labor force.
      This paper presents relevant research findings and specific guidelines designed
      to assist the midwife in counseling mothers who are planning to breastfeed while
      employed outside the home. The author suggests that establishing lactation before
      the return to employment is a key to enabling breastfeeding to continue as long
      as the mother wishes. The importance of expressing milk during periods of
      separation is discussed. Key questions to ask when recommending breast pumps are
      identified.

PMID- 2406393
TI  - Implementation of the mastery learning/modular curriculum in nurse-midwifery
      education.
AB  - A survey of all nurse-midwifery programs in operation during 1987 was designed to
      answer the questions: (1) to what extent were elements of mastery learning being
      implemented in nurse-midwifery programs, and (2) were there patterns of
      implementation associated with particular organizational characteristics of the
      programs. Mastery learning was introduced in nurse-midwifery education in 1972;
      in this study elements of mastery learning were found to be widely implemented in
      both mastery and non-mastery learning programs. Data about organizational
      characteristics of the programs revealed them to be homogeneous in several
      respects. There were no important differences in implementation of elements of
      mastery learning associated with the organizational characteristics studied.

PMID- 2406394
TI  - Breastfeeding. Toward resolution of the unsatisfying birth experience.
AB  - The act of birth and the way that it is managed have great meaning for many
      women. What may appear to professionals as a routine or unremarkable delivery may
      be perceived by the mother as humiliating, mutilating, or dehumanizing. If the
      mother has an extremely negative perception of her birth experience, she will
      suffer a loss of self esteem, and it is more likely that she will have difficulty
      taking on the maternal role. A successful brestfeeding experience builds up a
      mothers' confidence and self esteem and facilitates acquisition of the maternal
      role. The problem with relying upon breastfeeding to determine or establish
      maternal identity is that failure or untimely termination may occur for a variety
      of reasons. Anticipatory guidance and emotional support are the primary
      approaches to be used in helping a mother to nurse her baby for as long as she
      wants.

PMID- 2406395
TI  - Prescriptive authority and nurse-midwives.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of issues relevant to the
      question of prescriptive authority for nurse-midwives. Nurse-midwives can be held
      liable for prescriptive competency as evidenced by the American College of Nurse
      Midwives' statements, physician delegation of prescribing privileges, and recent
      court rulings. Despite this liability, nurse-midwives are denied legally
      sanctioned authority if they are not granted prescriptive privilege by specific
      legislation. This discussion concludes with a position in favor of direct
      prescriptive authority, regulated by boards of nursing, for all nurse-midwives in
      order to remove unnecessary restrictions to the practice of an important member
      of the health-care team.

PMID- 2406396
TI  - Dietary protein increases urinary calcium.

PMID- 2406397
TI  - Reliability of sensory threshold measurement using a digital vibrogram.
AB  - Loss of vibratory sensation has been suggested as an early symptom in the
      diagnosis of compression neuropathies. The use of a digital vibrogram has
      recently been examined as a means of evaluating vibratory sensation thresholds
      over a range of frequencies from 8 to 500 Hz. Although this instrument does yield
      useful clinical information, little is known about the test-retest reliabilities
      of the thresholds obtained. To learn more about this, we assessed a total of 76
      hands--32 normal and 44 with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome. The average
      sensory thresholds for onset and cessation of vibratory sensation were obtained.
      Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were computed, and demonstrated
      improvement if an initial practice trial was administered. Our findings suggest
      that the vibrogram can be a reliable, clinical assessment when an initial
      practice trial is included as part of the standard administration.

PMID- 2406398
TI  - Financing ambulatory care education in internal medicine.
AB  - As graduate medical education (GME) shifts to ambulatory settings, it is critical
      that financing follow suit. However, present financing of GME by Medicare is
      linked to payment for inpatient service, and few other payors pay explicitly for
      education. Human capital theory suggests that hospitals will be unwilling to
      finance GME unless their expenses are reimbursed. Reform of Medicare should
      include changes in how residents' time in ambulatory settings is counted,
      incentives for primary care education, and direction of funds to medical
      educators (rather than hospital administrators). Other federal initiatives could
      include changes in U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) support of residents
      and in Title VII grants. Non-federal payors also should contribute to paying for
      GME. Physician payment reform could help finance primary care GME, and an
      additional payment for bills submitted by physician-teachers should be
      considered. Medical educators must share responsibility by assuring that
      residencies are operated efficiently and that national needs for physicians are
      not subjugated to local service requirements.

PMID- 2406399
TI  - Tumors metastatic to the mandible: analysis of nine cases and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Metastases to the mandible are rare. In this article, nine cases of tumors
      metastatic to the mandible of various origins and locations, including metastasis
      to the condyle, are reported. The most common primary tumor was breast
      adenocarcinoma (three cases). The clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of
      metastatic lesions, especially emphasizing clinical and radiologic aspects, are
      described, and a review of the literature is presented.

PMID- 2406401
TI  - Lingual mandibular bone defect: report of three cases.

PMID- 2406400
TI  - Unusual jaw-bone cysts.
AB  - Four cases of unusual types of jaw-bone cysts (paradental, lateral
      periodontal/botryoid type, sialo-odontogenic, and intraosseous dermoid cyst) are
      reported. Radiographic and histopathologic features are described. Current
      literature is reviewed with special attention given to radiographic,
      histogenetic, and histopathologic aspects of these entities.

PMID- 2406402
TI  - Mandibular fractures through endosseous cylinder implants: report of cases and
      review.
AB  - These case reports and review focus on three mandibular fractures that occurred
      through endosseous cylinder implant sites. The first patient, and most likely the
      second, had osteoporotic changes that affected their already atrophic mandibles.
      The third patient probably had an area of deficient mineralization or poorly
      consolidated bone in the region where the fracture developed. These bony
      conditions increased the potential for fracture. Although the exact mechanism by
      which such fractures occur is not known, an examination of past research suggests
      that stress concentration at the mandibular defect prepared for implant placement
      is a probable explanation. The site of an implant that has not yet
      osseointegrated acts as a site of tensile stress concentration and ultimately an
      area of weakness. Consequently, this area of weakness in a mandible with
      decreased bone density or mineralization is more prone to applied functional
      forces. Repeated submaximal functional forces in an area of bony weakness, such
      as an endosseous implant site, may lead to a spontaneous fracture with no
      associated trauma. With these factors in mind, several extra precautions should
      be taken when implants are placed in thin or weak mandibles.

PMID- 2406403
TI  - The calcifying odontogenic cyst: report of a case.

PMID- 2406404
TI  - Control of transmission of HIV and other bloodborne pathogens in biomechanical
      cadaveric testing.
AB  - The Bioengineering Center at Wayne State University uses universal blood and body
      fluid precautions when handling human cadavers in biomechanical testing. Our
      infection control protocol largely follows the precautions outlined by the
      Centers for Disease Control (CDC). In addition, we screen each cadaver for the
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the hepatitis B virus (HBV) before
      accepting a cadaver for biomechanical tests. This paper discusses acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and infection control guidelines by addressing
      the following: (a) what is AIDS? (b) How infectious is the HIV virus, which
      causes AIDS? (c) What precautions should be taken in cadaveric testing to
      safeguard against HIV and other bloodborne pathogens? The infection control
      procedures presented in this paper can be adapted to whole-body cadaveric testing
      or to the testing of tissue specimens.

PMID- 2406405
TI  - Anti-gliadin antibody panel and xylose absorption test in screening for celiac
      disease.
AB  - We prospectively evaluated the use of a widely used commercially available anti
      gliadin antibody (AGA) panel, and compared it with the xylose absorption test in
      screening pediatric patients with possible celiac disease for small intestinal
      biopsy. Sixty children were investigated with a 1-h xylose absorption test, IgG
      and IgA AGA panels, and small bowel biopsy; 15 patients were diagnosed with
      celiac disease. The xylose was sensitive (93%) but not specific (47%) for celiac
      disease. The IgA AGA test had high sensitivity (100%) but low specificity (58%),
      while the IgA AGA test had low sensitivity (53%) but high specificity (93%) in
      screening for celiac disease. We conclude that the AGA panel currently available
      in the United States is comparable to, but not significantly different than, the
      xylose absorption test when used as the only laboratory test in screening for
      celiac disease. A two-step screening process would have best improved our ability
      to predict celiac disease. We recommend screening with the AGA panel, and
      obtaining a xylose test if only the IgG is abnormal. Biopsies should be performed
      in cases with high IgA AGA, or with abnormal IgG AGA and xylose values. This
      approach is clinically preferable, does not add cost, and spares children from
      unnecessary small bowel biopsies.

PMID- 2406406
TI  - Cow's milk-based formula, human milk, and soya feeds in acute infantile diarrhea:
      a therapeutic trial.
AB  - Acute infantile diarrhea is often managed by introducing lactose-free diets
      empirically from the time of diagnosis, in addition to conventional rehydration
      therapy. In order to assess the efficacy of this, a therapeutic trial was
      undertaken in which hospitalized gastroenteritis patients previously on milk
      formula feeds were randomly fed, from the time of admission, either their
      original feed or a lactose-free soya preparation; patients previously on human
      milk with or without a supplement continued to receive this during their
      diarrheal illness. The results show that in nonrotaviral gastroenteritis, there
      is no difference in the duration of the illness irrespective of the type of feed
      given. In rotaviral gastroenteritis, continued breast-feeding significantly
      reduces the duration of acute diarrhea, while lactose-free soya feeds do not lead
      to a significant reduction in the duration of the illness when compared to cow's
      milk-formula feeds. Hence, it is concluded that (a) breast-feeding should be
      continued during an episode of infantile diarrhea, and that (b) empirical use of
      soya preparations from the time of hospital admission is not justified; however,
      the latter should be considered in infants whose purging rate goes up or
      diarrheal disease severity worsens 3 to 4 days after the onset of diarrhea or
      hospital stay and who are passing significant amounts of reducing sugars in their
      stool.

PMID- 2406407
TI  - Vitamin A in cystic fibrosis: case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Much has been learned about vitamin A physiology in the last 50 years, yet few
      changes have been made in therapy. Unfamiliarity with vitamin A bioavailability
      and distribution may inadvertently result in toxicity. A literature search
      demonstrates that hypovitaminosis A has rarely been reported in patients with
      cystic fibrosis, and may manifest very differently in children of different ages.
      Furthermore, hypervitaminosis A may present with similar features, and can result
      from correction of deficiency. We report such a case in a 4.5-month-old infant,
      newly diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, who suffered first from vitamin A
      deficiency and then vitamin A toxicity. A brief review of vitamin A physiology,
      deficiency, and toxicity is presented.

PMID- 2406408
TI  - Incidence of hypertension in infants on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
AB  - Systemic hypertension has been associated with extracorporeal membrane
      oxygenation (ECMO) applied in neonatal respiratory failure. To determine the
      incidence of ECMO-related hypertension, we reviewed blood pressure measurements
      from indwelling aortic catheters in 31 infants consecutively placed on ECMO.
      Systemic hypertension (systolic blood pressures greater than 100 mm Hg for 4 or
      more consecutive hours) developed in 18 of the 31. Causes investigated included
      the roles of renin secretion, sodium, and colloid loads. There was no evidence of
      increased plasma renin activities in hypertensive infants (H), when compared with
      their own pre-ECMO controls or with the nonhypertensive infants (NH). Sodium and
      colloid loads and their rates of delivery were not different between H and NH. No
      consistent duration of ECMO was clearly associated with development of
      hypertension (mean time on ECMO at onset of hypertension, 43.8 +/- 38.5 hours;
      range, 1 to 142 hours). Demographic information was not statistically
      significant. Contrary to previous reports, H did not seem predisposed to an
      increased incidence of intracranial hemorrhage. Development of hypertension
      during ECMO is not related to increased plasma renin activity, sodium or colloid
      loads, or their rates of infusion.

PMID- 2406409
TI  - A rational approach to the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: do the
      results match the claims?
AB  - The currently accepted premise that the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric
      stenosis (HPS) should be made on clinical grounds, with ultrasound (US) and upper
      gastrointestinal series (UGIS) reserved for those with a negative clinical
      examination, was tested. Variable clinical skills of initial examiners, including
      pediatric surgeons, made abdominal palpation no more sensitive or specific than
      US or UGIS. For those with a negative clinical examination, proceeding directly
      to a UGIS will result in monetary savings, especially if good clinical
      performance decreases the probability of HPS among those without palpable pyloric
      "tumors." The benefits of a "US first" approach (no radiation, better patient and
      parent acceptance, no contrast medium) are less apparent but no less important
      and increase as clinical experience declines and performance of US improves.
      Criteria for the clinical or sonographic diagnosis of HPS should be kept strict
      to avoid false-positive results; false-negatives and other causes of vomiting
      should be identified by UGIS.

PMID- 2406410
TI  - Association of imperforate anus with short colon: a report of eight cases.
AB  - Eight cases of imperforate anus with short colon were seen in our hospital from
      April 1982 to December 1987. Five were boys, three were girls, and their ages
      ranged from 2 days to 2 years. The international literature about this kind of
      disease was reviewed. The disease's name, embryology, diagnoses, differential
      diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis are discussed herein. We suggest that this
      case, which was not combined with exstrophy of the bladder and/or intestine, be
      called association of imperforate anus with short colon (AIASC). Other cases,
      combined with exstrophy of the bladder and/or intestine could be called,
      association of imperforate anus with exstrophy splanchnica (AIAES). This
      distinction is necessary because each group differs in symptoms, signs,
      diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.

PMID- 2406411
TI  - Research and development of artificial heart in Japan.

PMID- 2406412
TI  - The spindle pump--a nonpulsatile blood pump for assisted circulation.

PMID- 2406413
TI  - HIV-2 link to AIDS in West Africa.
AB  - To date, very little is known concerning the clinical spectrum of human
      immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection, and the question as to whether
      HIV-2 will ultimately prove to be as pathogenic as human immunodeficiency virus
      type I (HIV-1) remains, as yet, unanswered. We reviewed the currently available
      reports of HIV-2 infection to assess what is known about the extent of HIV-2
      pathogenicity as it compares to HIV-1 pathogenicity. There is evidence that HIV-2
      is associated with AIDS. Most of this evidence, however, comes from descriptive
      case-report type data that do not meet the basic requirements for defining
      causality. The most significant problems are the lack of control groups and the
      absence of a documented temporal relationship with HIV-2 infection preceding the
      development of AIDS. Comparisons of the epidemiology and disease association
      between HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Africa may suggest relative pathogenic effects.
      Although certain comparisons between HIV-2 and HIV-1 are difficult to make, we
      conclude on the basis of existing data that the pathogenic effects and the
      natural history of HIV-2 are distinct from those of HIV-1.

PMID- 2406414
TI  - AIDS and the urinary tract.
AB  - A wide spectrum of renal diseases ranging from glomerulopathic lesions to tumors
      may be associated with HIV infection. This infection may also complicate the
      course of dialysis and renal transplantation. We review the renal complications
      of HIV infection.

PMID- 2406415
TI  - Incidental white matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging in HIV-1
      infection. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) scans were performed as part of a prospective
      neuropsychological study within the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Fifty HIV-1
      seronegative men, 85 HIV-1-seropositive men without constitutional symptoms, and
      14 with symptomatic HIV disease underwent MR imaging using a uniform protocol.
      Scans were rated by neuroradiologists blinded to all clinical details except age.
      The majority of MR scans were normal in all of the clinical groups and no covert
      mass lesions or diffuse white matter abnormalities were identified. Focal
      hyperintensities in the white matter were observed in 24% of the HIV-1
      seronegatives, 26% of HIV-1 asymptomatic seropositives (CDC II/III), and 17% of
      those with ARC/AIDS. No significant associations were noted between the white
      matter hyperintensities and HIV-1 serostatus, neurological abnormalities, CD4
      count, alcohol or drug use, hypertension, or smoking. In one individual
      classified with early HIV-1 dementia, MR demonstrated several hyperintensities in
      the deep parietal white matter, but at autopsy no microscopic abnormalities
      corresponding to the MR findings were identified. Our studies imply that focal
      white matter hyperintensities identified on MR are not specific for HIV-1
      infection and are probably incidental and of no clinical significance.

PMID- 2406416
TI  - Biodegradable internal fixation. A literature review.
AB  - The authors review the properties and podiatric applications of biodegradable
      internal fixation devices. These devices include sutures, rods, and screws.
      Fixation of fractures and osteotomies with absorbable materials has been shown to
      be as effective as fixation with more traditional means, and it also provides
      several advantages.

PMID- 2406417
TI  - Surgical correction of brachymetatarsia.
AB  - Brachymetatarsia describes the condition of an abnormally short metatarsal.
      Although the condition has been recorded since antiquity, surgical options to
      correct the deformity have been available for only two decades. Most published
      procedures involve metaphyseal lengthening with autogenous grafts from different
      donor sites. The author discusses one such surgical technique. In addition, the
      author proposes specific criteria for the objective diagnosis of
      brachymetatarsia.

PMID- 2406418
TI  - Monarthric gonococcal arthritis involving the calcaneocuboid joint.
AB  - Gonococcal arthritis is a frequently occurring clinical entity that should be
      included routinely in a differential diagnosis of pedal joint pain.
      Unfortunately, the lack of specificity in the presentation makes gonococcal
      arthritis difficult to diagnose. Indices of suspicion should rise with any
      sexually active patient, particularly when septic arthritis is suspected without
      a detectable portal of entry. The authors emphasize again the importance of
      carefully choosing empiric antibiotic coverage for gonococcal arthritis. Three
      factors that should be considered are regional epidemiology, the anatomical site
      of the primary infection, and the possible coexistence of other infectious
      agents. Understanding the clinical staging of this condition will help to achieve
      a timely diagnosis and successful treatment.

PMID- 2406419
TI  - Calcinosis cutis circumscripta. A literature review and case report.

PMID- 2406420
TI  - Provisional restoration for a patient with cleft lip and palate: a clinical
      report.
AB  - A method for designing and fitting a provisional restoration for a patient with a
      cleft lip and palate was described. The provisional prosthesis provides an
      alternative treatment option that allows the dentist to plan the definitive
      restoration while providing the patient with a temporary but esthetic and
      functional restoration.

PMID- 2406421
TI  - Management of worn dentition with resin-bonded cast metal lingual veneering.
AB  - The treatment of excessive tooth wear with limited interocclusal space is
      complicated. Nonprecious alloys may be cast into thin sections and bonded to the
      tooth surface with an adhesive cement. The technique may be applied to the
      provision of veneers to restore and protect worn tooth surfaces. This article
      describes the conservative management of excessively worn maxillary anterior
      teeth by use of this technique.

PMID- 2406422
TI  - Bond strengths of three chemical adhesive cements adhered to a nickel-chromium
      alloy for direct bonded retainers.
AB  - Sandblasted surfaces of a beryllium-free, nickel-chromium alloy were bonded with
      one of three chemical adhesives. After either immersion in water for up to 6
      months or thermal cycling between 5 degrees and 60 degrees C for 500 cycles, the
      bonded specimens were tested for both shear and tensile strength. The highest
      values of tensile and shear bond strengths were found with Panavia Ex material,
      and these values showed no significant changes after thermal cycling. For ABC
      cement and for Super-Bond C & B material, the strength of the bond was
      significantly improved with thermal cycling. However, immersion in water for 6
      months caused a significant decrease in the strength of the bond of specimens
      adhered with ABC cement.

PMID- 2406423
TI  - Comparative study of the retentive strengths of dowels of three different
      diameters in combination with one or two different-sized threaded pins.
AB  - Vented parallel-sided, serrated posts cemented into matching precision channels
      provide excellent retentive strength; however, they do not offer significant
      resistance to rotational forces. This article explores the effectiveness of using
      supplementary pins to compensate for this deficiency. A standardized method was
      used to place combinations of parallel-sided posts and screw-type pins in
      prepared root canals of extracted human teeth. Standardized composite resin cores
      were made for the posts. Results indicate that the dentist must take note of the
      amount of dentin available for pin placement and, with reference to the provided
      graphs, determine the ideal size and number of pin(s) to be inserted.

PMID- 2406424
TI  - Comparison of conventional paint-on die spacers and those used with the all
      ceramic restorations.
AB  - The study compared the thickness of conventional (Tru-Fit and Belle de St.
      Claire) and all-ceramic (Dicor and Cerestore) die spacers. Three coats of Tru
      Fit, two coats of Belle de St. Claire, and two coats of Cerestore die spacers
      provided a 25 microns thickness. A single coat of the Dicor spacer resulted in a
      37 microns layer. A significantly thinner layer occurred at the convex occlusal
      line angles for all of the materials tested. This could impede the flow of the
      luting agent at the time of cementation.

PMID- 2406425
TI  - Cast connectors as cores for ceramometal pontics on removable partial dentures
      and for splinting anterior crowns.
AB  - A cast connector is a solderless union between two metal components, an
      alternative to soldering. Cast connectors depend upon mechanical retention for
      their strength and integrity and are mostly used in repairing or adding to
      prostheses cast in base metal alloys. Two techniques using cast connectors are
      described. One is for a removable partial denture that requires the replacement
      of an anterior tooth or teeth incorporating diastemas or unusual surface anatomy
      and color variations. Stock denture teeth may not adequately replicate such
      teeth. A solution to the problem is to extend a porcelain-compatible base metal
      cast connector from the removable partial denture framework onto the pontic site.
      A ceramometal pontic reproducing the unusual characteristics of the natural teeth
      may then be placed by vacuum-firing porcelain directly onto the framework. A
      second technique is described whereby multiple ceramometal anterior crowns may be
      splinted together by creating interproximal retentive zones in the frameworks,
      casting connectors into the retentive zones, and proceeding with porcelain
      application.

PMID- 2406426
TI  - An evaluation of the surface characteristics of a facial prosthetic elastomer.
      Part I: Review of the literature on the surface characteristics of dental
      materials with maxillofacial prosthetic application.
AB  - Silicone elastomers are used to construct a wide variety of maxillofacial
      prostheses and appliances. These applications dictate that an elastomer-tissue
      interface is present. The behavior of this interface will vary according to the
      method of retention of the prosthesis, the nature of the tissue surface, and
      whether the prosthesis is externally applied or occupies an intratissue location.
      Understanding the behavior of the silicone-tissue interface is consequently
      important. Part I of this series of three articles is a review of the literature
      on the surface characteristics of dental materials with maxillofacial prosthetic
      application. The review considers surface texture, indentation hardness,
      wettability, and reaction of tissues to surface texture of restorative materials.

PMID- 2406427
TI  - Devices for the diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Part I:
      Introduction, scientific evidence, and jaw tracking.
AB  - This three-part series of articles summarizes the uses of several devices or
      groups of devices intended for the diagnosis or treatment of temporomandibular
      disorders (TMD) and compares their claimed clinical usefulness with the present
      scientific evidence. Part I of this review defines TMD; discusses the principal
      criteria for evaluating published scientific clinical evidence such as
      reliability, validity, sensitivity, and specificity; gives a rationale for the
      clinical "gold standard" against which diagnostic and therapeutic devices must be
      compared; and evaluates the status of jaw tracking for the diagnosis of TMD. This
      review and evaluation led to the conclusion that, at the present time, the claim
      that jaw-tracking devices have a diagnostic value for TMD is not well supported
      by the scientific evidence.

PMID- 2406428
TI  - Particulate inhalation during the removal of amalgam restorations.
AB  - An aerosol that contains amalgam particles is created when a high-speed hand
      piece is used to remove an existing amalgam restoration. Those particles smaller
      than 10 microns are considered to be fully respirable. This means that a
      significant percentage of the particles have the potential to travel to the
      terminal alveoli, where they may become lodged. Long-term exposure to fully
      respirable particles may compromise a person's respiratory function. Amalgam
      restorations were placed in the typodont teeth of a mannequin designed to
      simulate the head and the respiratory tract of a patient. The amalgam
      restorations were removed under three experimental conditions: dry cut (control),
      wet cut (water spray) with high-velocity evacuation, and wet cut with high
      velocity evacuation and a rubber dam. Particulate exposure was evaluated in the
      simulated respiratory tracts of the patient and the dentist that were equipped
      with ambient particle sizing samplers. Use of water spray and high-velocity
      evacuation significantly reduced patient exposure to particles. The use of a
      rubber dam, together with water spray and high-velocity evacuation, was
      responsible for a further significant reduction of exposure to particles when
      compared with water spray and high-velocity evacuation alone. The dentist,
      however, was exposed to moderate levels of fully respirable particles for all
      conditions tested. It is therefore recommended that all dental personnel wear
      face masks while removing existing amalgam restorations.

PMID- 2406429
TI  - Retrieving fractured intramobile elements from osseointegrated implants.

PMID- 2406430
TI  - Plasmodium falciparum: increased and multiple invasion during short periods of
      time.
AB  - We describe how to obtain an increased merozoite invasion of Plasmodium
      falciparum into human erythrocytes during short periods of time. Using this
      procedure, infected erythrocytes show multiple invasions (2-4 merozoites per
      erythrocyte), amplifying, several times, the effects of parasite entry into host
      cells. The procedure yields synchronous cultures (2-h age range) with parasitemia
      as high as 15%. It is possible to reach parasitemia of 50% or higher allowing for
      a 6-h invasion period.

PMID- 2406431
TI  - Coccidia of Brazilian mammals: Eimeria corticulata n. sp. (Apicomplexa:
      Eimeriidae) from the anteater Tamandua tetradactyla (Xenarthra: Myrmecophagidae)
      and Eimeria zygodontomyis n. sp. from the cane mouse Zygodontomys lasiurus
      (Rodentia: Cricetidae).
AB  - Feces from a specimen of Tamandua tetradactyla (Linn.) from Portel, Para State,
      north Brazil, contained two different coccidial oocysts; one identified as
      Eimeria tamanduae Lainson 1968, and the other as a new species, described here as
      Eimeria corticulata n. sp. Oocysts of E. corticulata are ellipsoidal, 37.4 x 30.4
      (31.2-43.7 x 23.7-35.0) microns, shape index (length/width) 1.2 (1.0-1.5). Oocyst
      wall 2.5-3.7 microns thick and composed of two layers; an outer thick, brown
      yellow one with radial striations, and a thin inner smooth one: no visible
      micropyle. Oocyst residuum a large globule of about 10.7 x 10.3 microns, usually
      accompanied by a number of smaller attached globules. Sporocysts ellipsoidal,
      21.0 x 11.0 (20.0-22.5 x 10.0-12.5) microns, with a conspicuous Stieda body;
      shape index 1.9 (1.6-2.2). Sporocyst residuum a small number of scattered
      granules: sporozoites 18.7 x 5.0 microns, with a large posterior refractile body.
      Eimeria zygodontomyis n. sp. is described in feces from Zygodontomys lasiurus
      (Lund) from the Serra dos Carajas, Para. Oocysts ellipsoidal to cylindrical, 16.5
      x 12.0 (13.7-18.7 x 11.2-12.3) microns, shape index 1.4 (1.2-1.5). Wall
      colorless, smooth, single-layered and about 0.6 micron thick: no micropyle. No
      oocyst residuum, but a polar granule of about 1.8 x 1.0 microns is sometimes
      present. Sporocysts ellipsoidal, 8.4 x 5.5 (7.5-8.7 x 5.0-6.2) microns, shape
      index 1.5 (1.4-1.7), with a thin colorless wall and a delicate Stieda body.
      Sporozoites enclose a compact residuum of about 2.5 x 3.7 microns.

PMID- 2406432
TI  - Antimalarial properties of imipramine and amitriptyline.
AB  - Dietary riboflavin deficiency is known to diminish malarial parasitemia. In this
      study, we determined whether imipramine and amitriptyline, drugs which inhibit
      riboflavin metabolism, have antimalarial efficacy. In addition, we evaluated
      whether these drugs, like other antimalarial agents, increase the hemolytic
      response to ferriprotoporphyrin IX (FP). The growth of Plasmodium falciparum
      (FCR3) in the absence and presence of these drugs (10 to 75 microM) was measured
      by determining (3H)hypoxanthine uptake by intra-erythrocytic parasites for 48 h
      in RPMI 1640 medium. The uptake of (3H)hypoxanthine was significantly reduced in
      a dose-dependent manner by both imipramine and amitriptyline. The IC50 values of
      imipramine and amitriptyline at 48 h were 56 and 45 microM, respectively. Both
      drugs enhanced hemolysis induced by FP (10 or 20 microM). No hemolysis by these
      drugs was detected in the absence of FP. It is concluded that the tricyclic
      antidepressants, imipramine and amitriptyline, possess substantial antimalarial
      properties.

PMID- 2406433
TI  - S-antigen localization in the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - Localization of the S-antigen of Plasmodium falciparum isolate FCQ27/PNG, from
      Papua New Guinea, was studied by post-embedding immunoelectron microscopy using
      affinity-purified rabbit antibodies raised against the repeat region of the
      antigen. Labelling was found in the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) space of early
      to late schizonts and in PV-related vesicles within the erythrocyte cytoplasm of
      schizont-infected cells. Other subcellular structures within the erythrocyte
      cytoplasm were not labelled. After breakdown of the PV membrane, label was
      observed around the merozoites, consistent with mixing of the PV contents and
      erythrocyte cytoplasm. The antigen was not found in uninfected cells, ring
      stages, trophozoites or associated with free merozoites. Antibodies to FCQ27/PNG
      S-antigen did not react with other isolates tested, whereas rabbit antibodies to
      the Palo Alto/Wellcome S-antigen repeat region reacted with isolates FCR3 and
      ItG2F6 but not with FCQ27/PNG.

PMID- 2406434
TI  - Juvenile murderers: assessing memory through crime scene drawings.

PMID- 2406435
TI  - Perineal endometriosis. A case report.
AB  - Perineal endometriosis was found unexpectedly in a 32-year-old woman with primary
      infertility. Since there had been no prior perineal trauma, the transport of
      endometrium through a venous or lymphatic route could have accounted for the
      location of the endometriosis.

PMID- 2406436
TI  - Sperm washing and intrauterine insemination for cervical factor, oligospermia,
      immunologic infertility and unexplained infertility.
AB  - The cumulative pregnancy rate was evaluated for 56 couples undergoing 227
      intrauterine inseminations (IUIs) after sperm washing. The indications for IUI
      were cervical factor, oligospermia, immunologic infertility and unexplained
      infertility. The overall pregnancy rate was 21.4%, with a 0.289 cumulative
      probability of conception after six cycles. Within each category the pregnancy
      rates were 25% for cervical factor, 60% for women with antisperm antibodies, 20%
      for men with antisperm antibodies and 7% for oligospermia.

PMID- 2406437
TI  - Spermatic vein ligation as treatment for male infertility. Justification by
      postoperative semen improvement and pregnancy rates.
AB  - Eighty-two men underwent spermatic vein ligation as treatment for infertility.
      The resultant mean rates of 22% for semen improvement and 28% for pregnancy
      justify the surgical approach in selected cases of male infertility.

PMID- 2406438
TI  - Intracervical prostaglandin in postdate pregnancy. A randomized trial.
AB  - A study was designed to see if incorporating intracervical administration of
      prostaglandin could affect the outcome of postdate pregnancies. All patients with
      verified dates, at least 41 6/7 weeks pregnant and enrolled in an antepartum
      testing schedule were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive either 0.5
      mg of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) suspended in methylcellulose or a placebo of the
      gel alone. The gel was inserted directly into the cervical canal after the
      patient had a reactive/negative contraction stress test. The patient was then
      observed on an external fetal monitor for an hour before going home. A total of
      23 patients received PGE2, and 20 received the placebo. Results were analyzed for
      the following: change in the Bishop score, lag time from dosage to delivery,
      spontaneous versus induced labor, cesarean section rate, length of labor and
      neonatal outcome. There were no significant differences between the groups except
      in the incidence of patients going into labor within 72 hours. The results
      indicate that, in general, 0.5 mg of intracervical PGE administered at greater
      than or equal to 41 6/7 weeks without subsequent oxytocin induction of labor did
      not appear to significantly alter the obstetric outcome.

PMID- 2406439
TI  - Selective effect of cefoxitin prophylaxis on post-cesarean-section microbial
      flora.
AB  - A double-blind study was done to test the efficacy of cefoxitin in the prevention
      of post-cesarean-section infection. The antibiotic was given in three 2-g doses;
      the initial dose was given immediately after the cord was clamped, and subsequent
      doses were given four and eight hours later. Cefoxitin prophylaxis significantly
      reduced morbidity serious enough to require therapeutic antibiotics or to prolong
      the hospital stay and led to an overall reduction in the anaerobic microbial
      flora of the endocervix. However, the antibiotic was selective for the overgrowth
      of enterococci, which were present in nearly half the postoperative cultures of
      patients who had received the drug. Enterococcal sepsis occurred in one patient,
      and three other patients had significant bacteriuria and/or urinary tract
      infections from enterococci. No cefoxitin-resistant strains of
      Enterobacteriaceae, among species normally sensitive to the drug, were isolated
      from the stool samples after prophylaxis. The risk of enterococcal colonization
      and superinfection must be weighted against the benefits of reduction of the
      infection risk when deciding upon routine antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean
      section.

PMID- 2406441
TI  - Role of the restorative dentist in the management of cleft palate patients:
      discussion paper.

PMID- 2406440
TI  - Ovulation induction with clomiphene and the rise in heterotopic pregnancies. A
      report of two cases.
AB  - Two women were treated for heterotopic pregnancies, the simultaneous occurrence
      of an intrauterine pregnancy and an ectopic pregnancy. The commonly accepted
      incidence is 1:30,000. The actual rate appears to be significantly higher; the
      two most prominent reasons are today's increased rate of ectopic pregnancies and
      the increased use of clomiphene in infertile women. A rigorous evaluation is
      required in all early pregnancies in which an ectopic is suspected to rule out
      the presence of a heterotopic pregnancy.

PMID- 2406442
TI  - Pathological lesions of the external auditory meatus: a review.
AB  - A closer study of the pathology of the external auditory meatus shows that there
      are various non-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases of local origin which are of
      great clinico-pathological importance. These include Kimura's disease and
      angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia; progressive necrotizing (or
      malignant) external otitis. Osteoma and ceruminoma are typical neoplasms of the
      external auditory meatus which is also the site of polypoid granulomatous or
      neoplastic structures arising from the middle ear cleft. These so-called 'aural
      polyps' often dismissed as of little or no diagnostic importance, may contain
      significant clues to a serious underlying infection or to a malignant neoplasm.
      Profuse bleeding may ensue on removal of such polyps. The histopathological
      features and their significance are described and discussed.

PMID- 2406443
TI  - Early history of clinical tropical medicine in London.

PMID- 2406444
TI  - Sir William Osler's portrait by Seymour Thomas.

PMID- 2406445
TI  - Sir William Osler of Dundas.

PMID- 2406446
TI  - Necrotizing fasciitis mimicking a ruptured popliteal cyst.

PMID- 2406447
TI  - A rapid technique for detection of resistance to chloramphenicol in Streptococcus
      pneumoniae and comparison with minimum inhibitory concentration and disk
      diffusion methods.
AB  - Fifty-two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae were examined for production of
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) by a rapid technique based upon induction
      of enzyme activity and chemical assay. This method was compared with one
      measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by agar dilution and a
      diffusion test with disks containing 10 micrograms, 30 micrograms and 50
      micrograms of chloramphenicol. The MIC for 13 chloramphenicol-resistant strains
      was 16 mg/L and for 39 sensitive strains less than or equal to 4 mg/L. The
      chemical assay clearly distinguished resistant from sensitive strains; it was
      technically simple and provided results within 90 min. The distinction between
      sensitive and resistant bacteria in the disk diffusion assay was clearer with 10
      micrograms than with 30-microgram and 50-micrograms disks. However, the chemical
      CAT assay, with enzyme induction, is recommended when a rapid result is required.

PMID- 2406448
TI  - Bacterial endotoxin and current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of
      endotoxaemia.

PMID- 2406449
TI  - Protective immunity induced in mice by detoxified salmonella lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - C3H/HeNMTV mice were immunised intraperitoneally (i.p.) with lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS) or detoxified LPS (D-LPS) derived from Salmonella typhimurium strain SR-11.
      In both cases, effective protection was achieved against a challenge dose of
      greater than 2 x 10(2) LD50 of the same organism given by i.p. injection.
      However, by comparison with LPS, approximately 6- to 10-fold more of D-LPS by
      weight was needed to protect mice to an equivalent degree. Histopathological
      studies showed that the initial lesions in infected mice protected with either
      LPS or D-LPS were composed of self-limiting abscesses which transformed into
      granulomas as the animals recovered. It is suggested that D-LPS may be modified
      to become a highly effective, non-toxic salmonella vaccine.

PMID- 2406450
TI  - Tumor hypoxia, drug resistance, and metastases.

PMID- 2406451
TI  - Human tumor bone metastasis model in athymic nude rats.

PMID- 2406453
TI  - Comparing cisplatin and carboplatin.

PMID- 2406452
TI  - Cellular immune response against autologous human malignant melanoma: are in
      vitro studies providing a framework for a more effective immunotherapy?
AB  - Data concerning the in vitro lymphocyte response against autologous tumors are
      reviewed, with a particular emphasis on melanoma. Evidence for such an immune
      response to tumors has been accumulating over the last 10 years through the work
      of several groups of investigators. Proliferative and/or cytotoxic responses are
      detectable in approximately 70% of patients with primary tumors, whereas the in
      vitro reaction with metastatic lesions is much less frequent. This response is
      mainly mediated by T lymphocytes obtained from peripheral blood, tumor lesions,
      and lymph nodes, but patients' suppressor cells and factors have been reported to
      inhibit such response. Clonal analysis revealed a low but consistent frequency of
      antimelanoma-specific T-cytotoxic and/or proliferating cells even in metastatic
      melanoma patients; such effectors are major histocompatibility complex restricted
      and use the T-cell receptor for tumor recognition of unique and, possibly, cross
      reacting melanoma-restricted antigens. The chemical and genetic nature of such
      molecules remains to be defined. After the limited but biologically fundamental
      clinical responses achieved by adoptive immunotherapy with interleukin-2 and
      lymphokine-activated killers, T cells appear to lend themselves as crucial new
      effectors in adoptive immunotherapy of human cancer and, in particular, of
      melanoma.

PMID- 2406454
TI  - Molybdenum in human nutrition.

PMID- 2406455
TI  - The plight of deprived children: a lingering problem in American democracy.

PMID- 2406456
TI  - Blunt cardiac injury: is this diagnosis necessary?
AB  - The diagnosis of blunt cardiac injury in traumatized patients is problematic and
      the implications of such a diagnosis are not clear. Although cardiac selective
      creatine kinase (CK-MB) assays and electrocardiograms (EKG) are the most widely
      available laboratory investigations, they often correlate poorly with diagnoses
      made on clinical grounds, or by other laboratory methods. We therefore
      retrospectively studied the Montreal General Hospital experience with 342
      consecutive blunt trauma patients admitted to our surgical intensive care/trauma
      unit. Using clinical criteria, cardiac injury was diagnosed in 44 patients (13%).
      Twenty-seven of these patients (61%) developed arrythmias or cardiogenic
      hypotension, half of which required treatment. Heart injuries contributed to six
      of the 12 deaths in this group. Many of the patients maintained normal CK-MB
      levels and/or had normal admission EKG's despite the clinical diagnosis of
      cardiac injury. However, using our criteria for CK-MB positivity, there was a
      strong correlation between CK-MB elevation and the development of cardiac
      complications, and very high CK-MB levels (greater than 200 mu/L) were associated
      with a 100% incidence of such complications. Focusing on patients who developed
      cardiac complications serious enough to require treatment, we found combined CK
      MB/EKG positivity in all cases (100% sensitivity). This method also provided a
      negative predictive value of 100%. We conclude that although blunt cardiac injury
      is an important source of morbidity and mortality its 'diagnosis' is not the
      issue. Rather, it is more important to recognize which of these clinically
      identified 'high-risk' patients will actually develop cardiac complications. We
      feel our approach will enable clinicians to do this.

PMID- 2406457
TI  - The hilar snare, and improved technique for securing rapid vascular control of
      the pulmonary hilum.
AB  - Massive hemorrhage from pulmonary injuries is often refractory to hilar
      crossclamping. We report a simple technique, the hilar snare, to control such
      injuries and compare it to the standard technique of hilar occlusion with a
      vascular clamp. Standardized lacerations were made in the lung in each of six
      adult dogs. Blood loss from the injured lung was measured before and after
      placement of the hilar snare and compared to that following hilar occlusion with
      a Satinsky clamp (occlusive surface, 5.5 cm). The rate of blood loss before
      control was not significantly different between the two groups. Blood loss from
      the lacerated lung was significantly less (p less than 0.05) in the Hilar Snare
      group (9 +/- 4 ml/min) when compared to the Satinsky group (46 +/- 14 ml/min).
      The snare's flexible nature ensures complete occlusion of the hilar vessels and
      is a useful adjunctive technique to present methods of controlling severe
      pulmonary hemorrhage.

PMID- 2406458
TI  - Aetiological studies of diarrhoeal diseases in infants and young children in
      Iran.
AB  - The aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases was investigated among 715 patients admitted
      to four Children's Hospitals in Tehran, during February 1986 to March 1987, and
      also among 443 patients attending the central Out-Patient Clinic in Sanandaj,
      State of Kordestan, during October 1986. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC)
      were the most common pathogens found in both areas. Almost 26.7% of the patients
      in Tehran and 20.1% of the patients in Sanandaj were infected with EPEC.
      Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) were the next most frequent groups found (17.1%
      both in Tehran and Sanandaj), with heat-stable enterotoxin (ST)-producing strains
      being dominant. Of 122 ETEC strains isolated in Tehran, 94 (77%) strains produced
      ST, 15 (12.3%) strains produced heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and 13 (10.7%)
      strains produced both LT and ST. Almost the same pattern of toxigenicity was
      observed among ETEC strains isolated in Sanadaj. Of the 76 ETEC strains isolated
      in this area, 70 (92.1%) strains were ST producers, followed by those producing
      both LT and ST (five strains) and LT only (one strain). One strain of
      enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) was also isolated from a patient in Tehran. The
      rates of salmonella and shigella isolation were 8.8 and 5.7% in Tehran and 3.8
      and 4% in Sanandaj respectively. Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli, Vibrio cholerae and
      V. parahemolyticus were not isolated but a mixture of two or more pathogens was
      found in 59 patients (8.2%) in Tehran and in 20 patients (4.5%) in Sanandaj.
      These findings suggest that diarrhoegenic E. coli are the most important cause of
      diarrhoeal diseases in infants and young children in these areas in Iran.

PMID- 2406459
TI  - Interaction of enhancer-binding protein EBP1 (NF-kappa B) with the human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhancer.
AB  - Human EBP1, isolated from HeLa cells, binds to a 10-base-pair (bp) sequence in
      cellular and viral enhancers that is also recognized by the inducible
      transcription factor NF-kappa B. Here we describe the interaction of purified
      EBP1 with the 10-bp repeated sequence that is responsive to signals which
      activate T cells and which form part of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1
      (HIV-1) enhancer. DNase I footprinting indicates that both 10-bp sites on the
      same molecule, located between -80 and -105 on the HIV-1 long terminal repeat,
      can be occupied by EBP1, while dimethyl sulfate protection and methylation
      interference experiments indicate which purine bases are in contact with the
      protein. The presence of bases which exhibit increased rates of dimethyl sulfate
      induced methylation in the presence of EBP1 indicate that interaction of EBP1
      with its recognition site is accompanied by distortion of the DNA double helix.
      Supporting this conclusion is the observation that the polyamine spermidine
      dramatically increases EBP1 binding to its cognate site on the DNA. Studies with
      human T cells (Jurkat) and nucleotide stimulation data suggest that EBP1 is the
      activated form of NF-kappa B in these cells.

PMID- 2406461
TI  - The role of nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring in the diagnosis of impotence:
      a review.

PMID- 2406460
TI  - Structural requirements for trans activation of human immunodeficiency virus type
      1 long terminal repeat-directed gene expression by tat: importance of base
      pairing, loop sequence, and bulges in the tat-responsive sequence.
AB  - In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of action of the tat-responsive
      sequence, mutational analysis of the tat-responsive sequence was carried out. The
      most critical region comprised nucleotides +18 to +44 and included the 3
      nucleotide bulge at positions +23 to +25, the loop sequence, and an intact stem.
      In addition, base pairing up to nucleotide +52 was required for the full
      magnitude of the trans-activation response. Single-nucleotide bulges at positions
      +5 to +17 were dispensable. Analysis of truncated and full-length transcripts
      demonstrated that a transcriptional antitermination model does not fully account
      for trans activation.

PMID- 2406462
TI  - Use of double-pigtail stents in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
AB  - Double-pigtail stents are placed commonly in patients before extracorporeal shock
      wave lithotripsy to prevent ureteral obstruction from steinstrasse. The use of
      double-pigtail stents in lithotripsy patients with a moderate stone burden was
      studied in a prospective randomized trial. Patients with unilateral renal
      stone(s) with at least 1 diameter between 7 and 25 mm. were eligible for the
      study. Fifty patients were randomized to a control or stented group. Double
      pigtail stents with an attached suture were placed immediately before
      extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the stented group. Stents were removed
      by the patients 1 week after lithotripsy. A survey on pain and associated
      symptoms was completed by patients at 1 and 14 days after treatment. There was no
      statistical difference in flank or abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, temperature
      or use of analgesics at 1 and 14 days after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
      in the control and stented groups. All patients in the stented groups complained
      of side effects attributable to the stent including urinary frequency and
      urgency, bladder pain, hematuria and flank pain with urination. Of 25 patients
      with stents 7 (27%) had early removal because of severe irritation, early
      migration or accidental removal. Among the patients with follow-up x-rays 1 month
      after treatment 17 of 21 (81%) in the control group and 12 of 19 (63%) in the
      stented group showed no evidence of remaining stones. The use of double-pigtail
      stents is not beneficial in patients with a moderate stone burden. Double-pigtail
      stents are associated with considerable patient discomfort but no decrease in
      symptomatic ureteral obstruction or final stone eradication rate.

PMID- 2406463
TI  - Reasons for replacement of long-term urethral catheters: implications for
      randomized trials.
AB  - On any given day more than 100,000 nursing home patients have indwelling urethral
      catheters in place. We prospectively followed 47 such patients for almost 18
      patient-years and observed 249 catheter replacements. The mean number of
      replacements per 100 days of catheterization was 3.1 (71% of the catheters were
      replaced within 30 days of insertion). Nonprescribed removal by the patient or
      nursing staff was the most frequent cause of replacement (43%), followed by
      leakage (33%) and obstruction (24%). Catheter replacements followed patient
      specific patterns, with each reason for replacement being associated
      significantly with the reason for the prior replacement (p less than 0.001). To
      minimize the effect of patient-specific replacement patterns, studies of
      complications of catheterization that may be affected by catheter obstruction or
      replacement should use cross-over designs.

PMID- 2406464
TI  - A comparison of penile brachial index and angiography: evaluation of corpora
      cavernosa arterial inflow.
AB  - We studied 32 impotent patients with angiography. The penile branchial index was
      calculated from the maximal penile arterial pressure measured from any penile
      artery. In 15 of the 32 patients an attempt was made to isolate the cavernous
      artery pressure (cavernous artery penile brachial index). There was a poor
      correlation between angiography and penile branchial index (r equals 0.314) and
      between angiography and cavernous penile brachial index (r equals 0.637). We also
      evaluated 15 normal individuals and a wide range of penile brachial index values
      was found (0.7 to 1.0). Penile brachial index values from normal patients
      overlapped with those from impotent patients. Penile brachial index values from
      impotent patients with normal and abnormal arteries (as determined by
      angiography) overlapped. The fact that penile brachial index measurements are
      performed in the flaccid state and without direct visualization of the cavernous
      arteries accounts for some of the variability of the penile brachial index test.

PMID- 2406465
TI  - Duraphase penile prosthesis--results of clinical trials in 63 patients.
AB  - The Duraphase penile prosthesis was implanted in 63 patients at 4 investigative
      sites during clinical trials. This device is a semirigid rod that is bendable and
      provides good support to the erection. Mechanical complications included 4
      instances of cable breakage rendering the device nonfunctional. Of 57 patients
      questioned 55 were pleased with the results after 4 months. Ease of insertion and
      exceptional bendability are other features that make this device attractive.

PMID- 2406466
TI  - Bot fly parasitism (Rogenhofera bonaerensis) (Diptera, Cuterebridae) in the
      pampean grassland mouse (Akodon azarae), in Argentina.
AB  - Seasonality and impact of parasitism by the larvae of Rogenhofera bonaerensis
      (Diptera: Cuterebridae) in pampean grassland mouse (Akodon azarae, Rodentia,
      Cricetidae) populations were studied in grasslands and cropfield borders near
      Diego Gaynor (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina), from November 1985 to December
      1986. Trapped mice infections ranged from one larva (77%) to four (4%) per host;
      larvae occurred on tails (75.7%), backs (17.1%), thighs (5.7%), and abdomen
      (1.4%). Prevalence of larvae occurred in late spring (November and December)
      (35%), and in fall (March to June) (20%), with a peak of 25% during April and
      May. In spring these larvae affected 46% of resident and 19% of transient
      individuals; however, no differences were found between residents and transients
      in spring or fall. There was no significant relationship between mouse population
      density and prevalence of parasitism (r = -0.56). The annual percentage of
      infected rodents changed with age (body size classes): adults (37%) greater than
      subadults (25%) greater than juveniles (16%); with no differences between the
      sexes. Similar results were recorded in the spring, but there were no differences
      in the fall. Significant differences were not detected between stable (22%
      infected) and disturbed habitats (14% infected). During winter uninfected mice
      survived better than those infected during the previous fall. In contrast, the
      summer survival among spring infected mice and noninfected mice was similar.
      Parasitism showed no effects on reproductive activity and on home range size.
      Larvae showed strong host specificity for A. azarae (99%). Only one case was
      recorded in the long-tailed mouse (Oligoryzomys flavescens), and none in the
      white paunch mouse (Calomys laucha), both species sympatric with A.
      azarae.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406467
TI  - Survey for leprosy in nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) from the
      southeastern United States.
AB  - Ears from 853 nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) from Alabama,
      Arkansas, Florida, Georgia and Mississippi were examined microscopically for
      evidence of leprosy. All were negative for both acid-fast bacteria (Mycobacterium
      leprae) and lesions compatible with leprosy.

PMID- 2406468
TI  - Occurrence and treatment of the mange mite Notoedres muris in marsh rats from
      South America.
AB  - The mange mite Notoedres muris is reported from a new host, the marsh rat
      (Holochilus brasiliensis) from Argentina. The infection involved alopecia and
      encrustations on the ears and face, and was treated successfully by a
      subcutaneous injection of ivermectin. The new record suggests that Notoedres
      muris has become self-maintaining within this marsh rat population.

PMID- 2406469
TI  - Peer review in 18th-century scientific journalism.
AB  - Although the beginnings of "peer review" are frequently associated with the Royal
      Society of London when it took over official responsibility for the Philosophical
      Transactions in 1752, antecedents of peer review practices go back to the 17th
      century. Despite the differences in the academic, social, intellectual, and
      economic environments of the 18th century and today, we can find interesting and
      instructive similarities in the way early editors defined and exercised their
      prerogatives and responsibilities. These concerns extend to ideas and practices
      that are closely related to what we call peer review or refereeing today.

PMID- 2406470
TI  - The evolution of editorial peer review.
AB  - Practically no historical accounts of the evolution of peer review exist.
      Biomedical journals appeared in the 19th century as personal organs, following
      the model of more general journalism. Journal editors viewed themselves primarily
      as educators. The practice of editorial peer reviewing did not become general
      until sometime after World War II. Contrary to common assumption, editorial peer
      review did not grow out of or interact with grant peer review. Editorial peer
      review procedures did not spread in an orderly way; they were not developed from
      editorial boards and passed on from journal to journal. Instead, casual referring
      out of articles on an individual basis may have occurred at any time, beginning
      in the early to mid-19th century. Institutionalization of the process, however,
      took place mostly in the 20th century, either to handle new problems in the
      numbers of articles submitted or to meet the demands for expert authority and
      objectivity in an increasingly specialized world.

PMID- 2406471
TI  - Editorial peer review in US medical journals.
AB  - This study determined if the process of editorial peer review is the same for all
      medical journals. Two categories of indexed US medical journals were examined:
      group 1 consisted mainly of well-known, clinically oriented journals, while group
      2 was composed primarily of interdisciplinary or specialized journals. Data were
      collected through a series of interviews and questionnaires. All 16 group 1
      editors or managing editors were interviewed. Questionnaires were mailed to 124
      group 2 editors (69.4% were returned). Results showed that, although some of the
      practices of editorial peer review are the same, the two groups of journals had
      distinct editorial peer review practices. Group 1 made less use of editorial peer
      review than group 2 by relying on the editorial staff at several important
      decision points.

PMID- 2406472
TI  - The existence of publication bias and risk factors for its occurrence.
AB  - Publication bias is the tendency on the parts of investigators, reviewers, and
      editors to submit or accept manuscripts for publication based on the direction or
      strength of the study findings. Much of what has been learned about publication
      bias comes from the social sciences, less from the field of medicine. In
      medicine, three studies have provided direct evidence for this bias. Prevention
      of publication bias is important both from the scientific perspective (complete
      dissemination of knowledge) and from the perspective of those who combine results
      from a number of similar studies (meta-analysis). If treatment decisions are
      based on the published literature, then the literature must include all available
      data that is of acceptable quality. Currently, obtaining information regarding
      all studies undertaken in a given field is difficult, even impossible.
      Registration of clinical trials, and perhaps other types of studies, is the
      direction in which the scientific community should move.

PMID- 2406473
TI  - Minimizing the three stages of publication bias.
AB  - Publication bias can be considered to have three stages: (1) Prepublication bias
      occurs in the performance of research, caused by ignorance, sloth, greed, or the
      double standard applied to clinical trials but not to clinical practice. (2)
      Publication bias refers to basing acceptance or rejection of a manuscript on
      whether it supports the treatment tested. Potentially biased reviewers are of
      equal concern. (3) Postpublication bias occurs in publishing interpretations,
      reviews, and meta-analyses of published clinical trials. Bias can be minimized by
      (1) insisting on high-quality research and thorough literature reviews, (2)
      eliminating the double standard concerning peer review and informed consent
      applied to clinical research and practice, (3) publishing legitimate trials
      regardless of their results, (4) requiring peer reviewers to acknowledge
      conflicts of interest, (5) replacing ordinary review articles with meta-analyses,
      and (6) requiring the authors of reviews to acknowledge possible conflicts of
      interest.

PMID- 2406474
TI  - Correcting the literature following fraudulent publication.
AB  - To gain a better understanding of the problem of dealing with publications whose
      integrity is subsequently challenged, experience in a well-documented case of
      research fraud was reviewed. At the University of California San Diego, a faculty
      committee evaluated 135 publications of Robert Slutsky, MD, and reported to each
      of the corresponding 30 journals whether each article was valid, questionable, or
      fraudulent, requesting publication of the criteria and the conclusions. Journals
      responded slowly to this request; half required additional letters over a 2-year
      period to elicit a reply. Of the 13 journals that had only valid articles, 5
      printed a statement to that effect. Statements concerning 46 of 60 nonvalid
      articles were eventually published. Journals' inconsistent identification of
      published statements made it difficult to retrieve them by electronic searching.
      Only 7 notices covering 15 articles were found by searching under the Medical
      Subject Heading "Retraction of Publication"; scanning the entire bibliography
      retrieved 18 articles with retraction notations. A poll showed that journals
      rarely have written procedures for responding to allegations of research
      misconduct; in our experience, journals were reluctant to accept authorized
      retractions or corrections when coauthors failed to act.

PMID- 2406475
TI  - The continued use of retracted, invalid scientific literature.
AB  - Little is known about the ultimate scientific fate of retracted, invalid
      literature. We identified 82 completely retracted articles by electronic and
      manual methods and measured their subsequent use in the scientific literature by
      performing citation analysis. After retraction, these studies were cited, for
      support of scientific concepts, 733 times. Comparison with a control group
      revealed that retraction reduces subsequent citation by approximately 35%. There
      was no evidence that small, obscure journals, non-US journals, or non-US authors
      were disproportionately responsible for these citations. Although, after
      retraction, US authors accounted for a smaller percentage of citations, they
      continued to be the single greatest source. Several possible reasons why invalid
      information continues to be used were identified. These included a dearth of
      available information on retracted works; inconsistency in retraction format,
      terminology, and indexing; and an apparent lack of sufficient attention to
      manuscripts by some authors and editors.

PMID- 2406476
TI  - The impact of fraudulent research on the scientific literature. The Stephen E.
      Breuning case.
AB  - The goal of this study was to determine the research impact of scientific fraud
      through citation analysis of 20 Breuning publications, using the 1980 to 1988
      Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index. These publications
      received 200 citations, of which 80 (40.0%) were self-citations by Breuning or
      his coauthors. Tracked over time, non--self-citations declined sharply in 1986
      and later years, coinciding with disclosure of Breuning's fraud. The data
      indicated that, in this case, researchers effectively shunned work known to be or
      even suspected of being falsified. Unique citation contexts (101) were examined
      to see how citing authors used Breuning's work: 33 were negative (disagreed with
      findings/methods), 10 positive (agreed), and 58 neutral (no valuation). Also, 63
      were inconsequential (no influence on the citing author's analysis/conclusion).
      Thirty-eight were material, but 21 of these led to negative conclusions. These
      data diminish the apparent impact of Breuning's work suggested by total citations
      alone.

PMID- 2406477
TI  - Surgical treatment of complications of acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Complications of acute myocardial infarction that develop within the first 2
      weeks after its onset have been associated with a poor prognosis and dismal
      surgical outcome. In recent years, aggressive use of hemodynamic monitoring and
      interventions that improve myocardial oxygen supply and demand have noticeably
      altered the prognosis. Urgent relief of myocardial ischemia with coronary
      reperfusion has had the largest impact in improving the results. Surgical
      treatment of mechanical and nonmechanical complications of acute myocardial
      infarction requires prompt decision making and expeditious implementation.
      Persistent left ventricular dysfunction and cardiogenic shock are the most
      important factors that influence the overall results.

PMID- 2406478
TI  - [Coagulation abnormalities and DIC in severe acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 2406479
TI  - [Photodynamic therapy in early stage lung cancer using an excimer dye laser].

PMID- 2406480
TI  - [Biosynthesis of alloprotein].

PMID- 2406481
TI  - [Renal growth factor purified from pituitary glands].

PMID- 2406482
TI  - [Ultrasonographic diagnosis for the severity of acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 2406483
TI  - Hemodynamic changes with arterial stenosis experimentally created using the
      sliding calipers method.
AB  - The relationship of blood pressure, blood flow and Doppler waveform to arterial
      stenosis was investigated in a canine model. The method of making a stenosis
      involved using slide calipers and the critical stenosis of the femoral artery was
      75 per cent. Among the parameters from Doppler waveform; peak forward velocity,
      pulsatility index, acceleration and deceleration correlated well with arterial
      stenosis, having correlation coefficients of -0.729, -0.856, -0.824 and -0.739,
      respectively. The results of this method conform closely to clinical conditions
      with regard to progress of the occlusive process.

PMID- 2406484
TI  - [A case of major dehiscence of a prosthetic aortic valve].
AB  - A case, 48-year-old man, was presented of dehiscence of an aortic Bjork-Shiley
      prosthesis, which was diagnosed by pendular movement of prosthetic mount in
      cineangiographic finding. Emergent operation of Re-AVR was performed
      successfully. Valve dehiscence should be confirmed by cineangiographic
      examination, in case of progressive congestive heart failure combined with
      traumatic hemolytic anemia and high grade fever suggestive of prosthetic valve
      endocarditis.

PMID- 2406486
TI  - [Perinatal management of congenital anomalies of the urinary tract detected in
      utero].
AB  - The routine use of maternal ultrasonography has led to frequent discovery of
      fetal anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract. Herein we report on 35 cases
      with congenital urogenital anomalies which were found during the last 5 years by
      the prenatal ultrasonography and referred to our clinic either for treatment or
      consultation. 1. Findings of prenatal ultrasonography There were 12 cases of
      hydronephrosis, 7 of multicystic dysplastic kidney, 4 of megaureter, 3 of
      posterior urethral valve, 2 of ureterocele, 2 of vesicoureteral reflux and 5
      other cases. Fetal anomalies were diagnosed during routine maternal examination,
      as intrauterine growth retardation, oligohydramnios, or the recurrent risk
      secondary to genetic risk factor or previous abnormal pregnancies. Prenatal
      diagnosis was made as early as 20 weeks of gestation in a case of hypoplastic
      urethra with large bladder diverticula. In about 30% of cases, abnormalities were
      found before 30 weeks of gestation. Oligohydramnios was evident in 5 cases.
      Prenatal diagnosis was correct in about 60% of cases. In the remainder the
      diagnosis was either incomplete or incorrect. Errors in the diagnosis resulted
      from difficulties in the differentiation of dilated ureter, intestinal dilation
      or intraperitoneal cystic masses. 2. Management in newborn periods Of the
      patients, 12 were treated urologically in newborn periods. Although patients with
      distended bladder and dilatation of upper tracts first underwent therapeutic
      placement of the urethral catheter, upper tract diversion with nephrostomy or
      tubeless ureterocutaneostomy was required in 2 because of continued elevation of
      serum creatinine levels. In 2 neonates nephrectomy was indicated for unilateral
      multicystic kidney, because the large cystic mass might compress the
      intestine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406485
TI  - [Carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter. An investigation of 384 registered
      cases in the Tokai Urological Cancer Registry].
AB  - Registration of renal pelvic and ureteral tumor was done from 1980 through 1986,
      in the Tokai Urological Tumor Registry. Among the 404 cases of the carcinoma, 384
      cases (210 renal pelvis, 174 ureter) were subjected to the present study. A total
      of 319 cases (83.1%) showed a complete cure, while 20 cases (5.2%) were
      considered as partial cure, and 45 cases (11.7%) were classified to progressive
      disease group. Chemotherapy was performed on 151 patients including systemic
      administration to 141 patients (33.9%) and 11 patients received combined
      intravesical instillation therapy. Irradiation was performed on 49 patients
      (12.8%). Degree of histological and morphological differentiation of renal pelvis
      and ureter tumor were studied in 341 cases of transitional cell carcinoma
      (88.8%); G0, 0.3%, G1, 12.9%, G2, 49.3%, Gx, 5.2%. Stage of the tumor were T1,
      33.6%; T2, 12.5%; T3, 14.6%; T4, 13.3%; Tis, 0.3%; Tx, 24.7%. Five-year relative
      survival for carcinoma of the renal pelvis was 46.6%, and for the ureter it was
      53.1%. Five-year survival according to histological differentiation of
      transitional cell carcinoma and according to the stage of the tumor were as
      follows; G1, 91.6%; G2, 58.5%; G3, 27.2%; Ta, 84.6%; T1. 74.2%; T2, 48.5%; T3,
      24.1%, T4, 7.3%. The rate of survival was correlated with histological
      differentiation of the tumor cells. The survival was poor in cases who had the
      components of squamous cell carcinoma and/or adenocarcinoma. Overall survived
      case were 177, 122 patients died of cancer, 20 patients died of other causes than
      cancer, and 1 patient died from immediate surgical effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406487
TI  - [Multiple urothelial cancers accompanied by acquired cystic disease of the kidney
      in a long-term hemodialysis patient].
AB  - A 41-year-old miller undergoing hemodialysis for 9 years presented with recurrent
      episodes of asymptomatic gross hematuria of a 7 years' duration and left flank
      pain with slight fever of a four months' duration. CT scans revealed bilateral
      acquired cystic disease of the kidney (ACDK) and a mass (phi 4 cm) in the medial
      portion of the left kidney, which was angiographically a hypovascular tumor.
      Cystoscopic examination revealed multiple papillary tumors arising from the
      entire bladder wall. These findings suggested that the renal mass was a renal
      pelvic tumor. Bilateral nephroureterectomy with left paraaortic lymph nodes
      dissection and radical cystectomy were carried out, followed by urethrectomy two
      weeks later. Histologically, multiple papillary transitional cell carcinomas with
      G2 greater than G3 anaplasia were found in the left renal pelvis, the lower
      portion of the left ureter and the bladder. The tumors were predominantly
      superficial, although the renal pelvic one focally invaded into the muscular
      layer. Lymph node metastasis and renal cell carcinoma were not recognized.
      Postoperative course was uneventful with normal blood pressure, though anemia was
      slightly progressive. He has been free of disease for six months.

PMID- 2406488
TI  - [Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibody to gamma seminoprotein].
AB  - Gamma seminoprotein (gamma Sm), a glycoprotein isolated from human seminal plasma
      with a molecular weight of 29,000 and possibly a serine protease, has been
      demonstrated to be one of the prostate organ-specific antigens. We established a
      murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb) to gamma-Sm in order to prove the presence and
      localization of this protein in the prostate. The hybrid clones were obtained by
      fusing mouse SP2/O-Ag-14 myeloma cells with splenocytes from Balb/c mouse
      immunized with the major fractions of gamma-Sm. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay was done for antibody screening. After cloning twice in soft agarose, the
      stable clone, termed 43-21-1-1, was finally chosen. This MoAb, IgG1(kappa),
      recognized gamma-Sm specifically, which was verified by an immunoblotting assay.
      The specificity of the MoAb was further evaluated by immunohistochemical study by
      the avidin biotin complex method. Periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde-fixed
      surgical specimens, including the prostate associated with fibromuscular
      hyperplasia, seminal vesicles, bladder, testis and epididymis, were examined.
      Formaldehyde (10%)-fixed surgical specimens from patients with adenocarcinoma of
      the prostate and primary transitional cell carcinoma arising from the
      periurethral prostatic ducts were also examined. Positive reactions of gamma-Sm
      were recognized only in the cytoplasm of prostatic glandular epithelial cells and
      along the luminal surface. Fibrous and muscular tissues always given negative
      staining. Neither nonprostatic tissues nor transitional cell carcinoma of the
      prostate were stained positively for gamma-Sm. These results show that this MoAb
      (43-21-1-1) is quite specific to gamma-Sm and may be useful for the
      immunohistochemical study with prostatic tissue.

PMID- 2406489
TI  - [Survival rate of bladder tumors--an analysis of 2304 patients with bladder
      tumors in the Tokai Urological Cancer Registry].
AB  - During the 7 years from 1980 to 1986, 2860 cases of bladder tumors were
      registered in the Tokai Urological Cancer Registry. Among the 2860 cases, 2304
      cases were selected from the registered cases for the present study. The 5-year
      relative (actual) survival rates were 73.8% (61.9%) of all patients; 48.9%
      (42.4%) in those with malignant neoplasma of urinary bladder excluding
      transitional cell carcinoma; 48.8% (41/3%) in those with mixed tumor. In patients
      with transitional cell carcinoma, the 5-year relative (actual survival rates were
      93.7% (78.8%) for G1, 87.2% (74.1%) for G2 and 47.3% (38.9%) for G3. As to
      staging, the 5-year survival rates were 101.9% (88.0%), 87.6% (75.3%), 57.9%
      (47.8%), 33.7% (28.2%) and 6.1% (5.0%) in patients with stage of Ta, T1, T2, T3
      and T4, respectively. The tumors with muscle infiltration and high grade
      malignancy obviously deteriorated patients' survival. The 5-year relative
      (actual) survival rate for patients treated with TUR was 98.1% (82.2%). As to
      grading, the 5-year survival rates were 102.2% (86.6%) for G1, 104.3% (88.3%) for
      G2 and 56.9% (48.3%) for G3. The 5-year survival rates of those with Ta, T1 and
      T2 were 103.9% (89.7%), 96.0% (82.6) and 61.1% (49.1%), respectively. The 5-year
      relative (actual) survival rate for patients undergoing total cystectomy was
      62.4% (52.3%). In those patients, the 5-year survival rates were 96.7% (80.9%)
      for G1, 63.6% (55.7%) for G2 and 55.4% (47.1%) for G3. As to staging, the 5-year
      survival rates were 102.3% (90.6%), 77.8% (68.2%), 56.3% (47.9%), 41.8% (34.9%)
      and 15.2% (13.1%) in patients with stage of Ta, T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively.
      The 3 and 5-year relative (actual) survival rates in patients with advanced
      bladder tumors were 5.3% (4.8%) and 0.87% (0.73%), respectively.

PMID- 2406490
TI  - Survivors' recollections of helpful and unhelpful emergency nurse activities
      surrounding sudden death of a loved one.

PMID- 2406491
TI  - Overview of advanced life support for pediatric patients.

PMID- 2406492
TI  - Preparing the trauma patient for transfer.
AB  - Rapid preparation of the trauma patient for early transfer is crucial for optimal
      outcome. Working together with the staff of the receiving trauma center will
      ensure that a consistent treatment approach is given to all injured patients. A
      pretransfer checklist is often helpful (Table 3), and can be made in partnership
      with your regional trauma center. Preparing a patient for transfer will not vary
      much from normal practice, but it must be done promptly. You make the difference.

PMID- 2406493
TI  - Treatment of tooth avulsion by nurses.
AB  - More than 90% of the 2 million teeth avulsed each year in the United States can
      be saved if the proper treatment is instituted. Storage in a tooth-preserving
      medium can sustain the life of the tooth for 12 hours. An avulsed tooth that has
      dried out should be soaked in Hank's solution before replantation to reconstitute
      degenerated cells.

PMID- 2406494
TI  - Bicycle helmets for children.
AB  - Children riding bicycles are at significant risk for head injuries. Although we
      can attempt to reduce the likelihood of an accident by teaching and enforcing
      safe riding skills, this will do little to reduce the incidence of a head injury
      if an accident occurs. Wearing a properly fitted and maintained helmet that has
      been certified is the best method for reducing a tragic injury. Choosing to have
      a child wear a helmet may cause adjustments, but it hardly compares to those
      imposed by any type of head injury.

PMID- 2406495
TI  - Law and the emergency nurse. Orders on admitted patients held in the emergency
      department.

PMID- 2406496
TI  - Advanced cardiac life support preparation: a program for success.

PMID- 2406497
TI  - Cold and heat application in musculoskeletal injury.
AB  - In physical therapy there is rarely the opportunity to see patients in the very
      acute stage, but early intervention by emergency nurses can be the key to faster
      healing. Follow-up visits in a physical therapy clinic can reinforce proper use
      of thermomodalities in the home and can introduce appropriate movement
      techniques, therapeutic exercise programs, RECIPE, hydrotherapy, and modalities
      for pain to regain function as quickly and as safely as possible.

PMID- 2406498
TI  - Triage decisions: a 40-year-old woman with midthoracic back pain radiating to
      left shoulder.

PMID- 2406499
TI  - Septuagenarian Dorothy Archer, RN, still keeps pace in busy New York emergency
      department. Interview by Marlene Jezierski.

PMID- 2406500
TI  - Poison information: a phone call away.

PMID- 2406501
TI  - A third component causing random variability beside environment and genotype. A
      reason for the limited success of a 30 year long effort to standardize laboratory
      animals?
AB  - This paper is a review of experiments, performed in our laboratory during the
      past 20 years, designed to analyse the significance of different components of
      random variability in quantitative traits in laboratory rats and mice. Reduction
      of genetic variability by using inbred strains and reduction of environmental
      variability by highly standardized husbandry in laboratory animals did not
      remarkably reduce the range of random variability in quantitative biological
      traits. Neither did a tremendous increase of the environmental variability (i.e.,
      living in a natural setting) increase it. Therefore, the postnatal environment
      cannot be that important as the source of random variability. Utilizing methods
      established in twin research, only 20-30% of the range of the body weight in
      inbred mice were directly estimated to be of environmental origin. The remaining
      70-80% were due to a third component creating biological random variability, in
      addition to the genetic and environmental influences. This third component is
      effective at or before fertilization and may originate from ooplasmic
      differences. It is the most important component of the phenotypic random
      variability, fixing its range and dominating the genetic and the environmental
      component. The Gaussian distribution of the body weights observed, even in inbred
      animals, seems to be an arrangement supporting natural selection rather than the
      consequence of heterogeneous environmental influences. In a group of inbred rats,
      the males with the highest chance of parenting the next generation were gathered
      in the central classes of the distribution of the body weight.

PMID- 2406502
TI  - Role of inhibition of intercellular communication in carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2406503
TI  - Mosaic expression of dystrophin in carriers of canine X-linked muscular
      dystrophy.
AB  - The expression of dystrophin was examined immunocytochemically in skeletal and
      cardiac muscle of canine carriers of X-linked muscular dystrophy, a model of
      Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In skeletal muscle, the expression of dystrophin was
      heterogeneous, individual fibers being strongly positive, negative, or
      intermediate in staining. Some fibers expressed dystrophin discontinuously along
      their length. Between 4 and 24 weeks of age, the expression of dystrophin in
      skeletal muscle of carriers became more uniform and the number of negative fibers
      declined. In the heart dystrophin was also expressed in a mosaic pattern,
      individual cells being either fully positive or negative by immunocytochemistry.
      There was no apparent change in the pattern of expression between 12 weeks and 4
      years of age. These results indicate that in the mosaic skeletal muscle fibers of
      carriers dystrophin is initially expressed in a heterogeneous pattern and that,
      in time, it becomes more uniformly distributed. This change could be explained by
      recruitment of competent satellite cells or by gradual diffusion of the protein.

PMID- 2406504
TI  - The effect of blood transfusions on immune function. V. The effect on the
      inflammatory response to bacterial infections.
AB  - Blood transfusions have been shown to be associated with increased bacterial
      infection rates in colon cancer patients and in multiple animal studies. This
      increased susceptibility appears due to impairments in the systemic resistance to
      infections and not to alterations in the local response. Specifically,
      transfusions in a rat model were not found to alter the peritoneal cavity's
      response to an Escherichia coli challenge or the burn wound's response to a
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa challenge. Transfusions did impair the macrophage's
      ability to phagocytose and kill bacteria. Transfusions also increased the serum
      level of the immunosuppressive glucocorticoid, corticosterone.

PMID- 2406505
TI  - Current status of surgical adhesives.

PMID- 2406506
TI  - Immunohistochemical analysis of the relationship between CEA localization and
      mononuclear cell infiltration in human colorectal carcinoma.
AB  - Thirty cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma were immunohistochemically examined to
      clarify the relationship between the degree of differentiation of cancer cells
      reflected by the mode of CEA localization and the infiltration pattern of
      mononuclear cells in the carcinoma tissues. Leu 1+, Leu 2a+, Leu 3a + 3b+ T
      lymphocytes, Leu 7+ cells, and IgA-containing plasma cells tended to be
      distributed more in areas where CEA was localized over the entire surface of the
      cancer cells or in their surrounding stroma than where CEA was located along the
      apical surface or within the cytoplasm. Carcinoma cells with the pattern of CEA
      staining at the former site were previously shown to be less differentiated than
      those at the latter. There were also CEA-containing phagocytes which were often
      observed where T cells and IgA plasma cells had aggregated. We speculated that
      the dedifferentiation of cancer cells might cause the host immune response,
      especially the cellular immunity, in malignant lesions.

PMID- 2406507
TI  - In vivo administration of picibanil (OK-432) prior to tumor harvest leads to an
      enhancement of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) cytotoxicity.
AB  - TILs can be isolated and expanded in vitro in the presence of RIL-2. The
      resulting cells are highly cytotoxic in vitro and in vivo against a variety of
      tumor targets. Although most of the TILs bear T cell antigens on their cell
      surface, recent evidence suggests that natural killer (NK) cells may be part of
      the overall population of infiltrating cells. Based upon this evidence, we have
      evaluated the effects of Picibanil (OK-432), a well-known inducer of NK cell and
      T cell cytotoxicity, on TILs. OK-432 was administered intravenously at a dose of
      100 micrograms, previously determined to be optimal for NK stimulation, to tumor
      bearing animals. Two days later, control and experimental animals had their
      tumors harvested and processed in order to grow their TILs in vitro in complete
      medium containing RIL-2 at a final concentration of 1,000 U/ml. The following
      observations were made: 1) a greater than 300% increase in overall TIL number
      compared to controls on day 10 of culture returning to normal by day 30; 2) a
      marked increase in the percent of cells expressing cytotoxic and differentiation
      antigens in the experimental group compared to controls, such increase seen
      mostly from day 7 to day 10; 3) a marked increase in the cytotoxic activity of
      the experimental TILs against an NK-sensitive tumor target, the YAC-1 lymphoma,
      throughout the period of growth of the TILs (3-4 times controls) and to a lesser
      extent against an NK-resistant tumor target. These findings may have potential
      application, in immunotherapeutic trials against human tumors and may help to
      understand the reasons for the effectiveness of OK-432 in vivo against selected
      murine tumors.

PMID- 2406508
TI  - Angiosarcoma of the breast with report of unusual site of first metastasis.
AB  - Angiosarcoma of the breast accounts for less than 1% of all primary breast
      lesions. It occurs at all ages, but more frequently in younger women than does
      primary breast carcinoma. It often has a rapidly progressive clinical course and,
      as in one of the reported cases, can present with unusual sites of metastases
      even after a long disease-free interval.

PMID- 2406509
TI  - Inhibition of the growth of human melanoma xenografts in nude mice by human tumor
      specific cytotoxic T-cells.
AB  - Melanoma-specific T-cells (CTLs) are specifically cytotoxic for autologous tumor,
      when assayed in vitro. To examine their effectiveness in vivo, we tested the
      ability of these human T-cells to inhibit growth of human melanoma xenografts by
      using a Winn assay. Nude mice receiving specific CTLs (n = 10) demonstrated a
      dramatic inhibition of tumor growth. All treated mice were tumor-free at day 50
      and nine remained tumor-free at day 65, vs. control mice (n = 10) with average
      tumor volumes of 321 mm3 and 808 mm3, respectively. To control for the
      possibility that a non-specific response to the human T-cells could inhibit tumor
      growth, an additional group received allospecific CTLs. There was no inhibition
      of tumor growth in this group (n = 8), with the average tumor volume of 2,768 mm3
      at day 40 vs. 1,882 mm3 in the control group (n = 10). We conclude that these
      tumor-specific CTLs can inhibit tumor growth in vivo and may prove useful in the
      adoptive immunotherapy of melanoma.

PMID- 2406510
TI  - Distribution of fibronectin in adenocarcinoma of the lung: classification and
      prognostic significance.
AB  - Fibronectin (FN) was investigated in 75 stroma from lung adenocarcinoma patients.
      Distribution of FN was classified into three patterns based on
      immunohistochemical evidence: dense, moderate, and sparse distribution. The
      incidence of the sparse pattern in both stage I and stage III disease was
      significantly greater in the infiltrating than in the noninfiltrating areas. The
      patients were divided into two groups, long-term survivors and short-term
      survivors. In the group with stage I disease, the incidence of the sparse pattern
      was significantly greater in the infiltrating than in the non-infiltrating areas.
      In both areas, the incidence of sparse pattern was greater in the short-term than
      in the long-term survivors. These data suggest that the disappearance of FN
      reflects the aggressiveness of the tumor and presumably plays an important role
      in the prognosis of adenocarcinoma of the lung.

PMID- 2406511
TI  - Acute monoblastic leukemia: a unique subtype--a review from the Childrens Cancer
      Study Group.
AB  - The acute non-lymphocytic leukemias (ANLL) are generally treated as a homogeneous
      group. However, the literature is replete with articles alluding to distinctive
      features of acute monoblastic leukemia (AMoL). This review addresses the unique
      clinical, laboratory, epidemiological, and therapeutic features of AMoL. Leukemic
      monoblasts are distinguished from other cells in the myelocytic series by
      physical properties such as greater adhesiveness, deformability, and motility.
      Patients with AMoL often exhibit hyperleukocytosis, disseminated intravascular
      coagulation, and extramedullary involvement, particularly in the skin, gingiva,
      and central nervous system (CNS). AMoL occurs predominantly in adults over 40 and
      children under 10, fifty percent of whom are under 2 years of age at diagnosis.
      Its relatively common occurrence in infants parallels the high rate of
      proliferation of monocytes in that age group. Additionally, its occurrence in
      young children appears to be associated with in utero exposure to marijuana and
      parental exposure to pesticides and solvents. Therapeutic results are generally
      poor due to high rates of fatal complications during induction, induction
      failures, and frequent extramedullary and medullary relapses. This poor outcome
      is particularly noted in infants. Higher remission induction rates attained with
      epipodophyllotoxins and incorporation of bone marrow transplantation have not yet
      resulted in substantial improvement of long-term outcome. Recurrence of disease
      in the CNS is minimized by the use of intensive CNS presymptomatic treatment,
      usually incorporating irradiation. Our review suggests that unique and innovative
      treatment strategies are needed to improve outcome for patients with AMoL.

PMID- 2406512
TI  - Stimulation of myeloid colony development elaborated by colony forming cells-
      fibroblasts from rat developing ossicles.
AB  - Subcutaneous implantation of demineralized bone matrix in rats results in
      endochondral bone formation and bone-marrow development. The cascade of events
      leading to this process occurs following the accumulation of mesenchymal cells
      with colony forming cell fibroblasts (CFC-F) potential in the implanted area, a
      process which commences already 72 h post implantation. It is demonstrated herein
      that CFC-F from various stages of ossicle development (days, 3, 7, 10, 14 or 18)
      stimulate hemopoiesis to the same extent as judged by the number of granuloid
      macrophage-progenitors (CFU-GM), developed as hemopoietic colonies, and by the
      ratio of granuloid to macrophagic colonies. High concentrations of CFC-F,
      however, tend to diminish the stimulatory capacity. Prostaglandin E, CFU-GM, CFC
      F, ossicle, growth factors, microenvironment, hemopoiesis, development.

PMID- 2406513
TI  - DNA strand breaks in human leukocytes induced by chemotherapy and total body
      irradiation.
AB  - The occurrence of DNA strand breaks and/or DNA alkali-labile sites in peripheral
      blood leucocytes was demonstrated ex vivo in three patients during and after bone
      marrow ablative chemotherapy and total body irradiation (TBI) with use of
      fluorometric analysis of the DNA unwinding rate in alkaline solution (FADU
      assay). DNA damage was apparent after cyclophosphamide administration and after
      TBI, related to the amount of the applied dose. In vivo repair occurred within 24
      hours, although not to pretreatment values. Demethoxydaunorubicin and busulfan at
      the dosages used did not induce measurable DNA strand breaks. The experiences
      described may be developed further to study ex vivo the occurrence of DNA lesions
      in patients during and after anticancer treatment. Such studies may be of value
      in comparing the DNA damaging potential of different chemotherapeutic or
      radiotherapeutic regimens and as a biological assessment of DNA damage after
      nuclear casualties in cases where the dose is greater than 1-2 Gy and measurement
      can be made within due time after the ionizing exposure.

PMID- 2406514
TI  - Role of insulin during cell cycle in a myeloid cell line.
AB  - The characteristics of insulin receptor binding and structure and its
      proliferative and metabolic action in a human leukemic cell line was investigated
      during the cell cycle. Exponentially growing cells were separated by counterflow
      centrifugation which fractionates cells primarily on the basis of size into
      subpopulations representing G0/G1, S, and G2 + M cells. This method avoids
      disturbance of the cellular metabolism. After separation the cells showed a
      viability of at least 92%, underwent further proliferation, and remained
      morphologically unchanged, which was shown by electron microscopy. The cells
      could be enriched to 70-90% purity for G0/G1 phase and 50-60% purity for S and G2
      + M phase, respectively, which was shown by DNA flow-cytometry. Specific binding
      of insulin could be demonstrated in G0/G1, S, and G2 + M enriched cells. Insulin
      binding sites decreased from 20-25,000 per cell in G0/G1 to 1-2,000 in S and
      increased to 30-50,000 in G2 + M. The affinity of insulin binding remained nearly
      constant during the cell cycle. The specificity of the insulin receptor could
      also be demonstrated by covalent crosslinking of the receptor to radiolabeled
      ligand in all enriched cell fractions. Glucose transport was stimulated by
      insulin independently of cell cycle. An increase to 140% of control was observed
      at an insulin concentration of 10 ng/ml. In contrast, glycogen synthesis could
      only be stimulated by insulin in the G0/G1 phase. An increase to 140% of control
      was already reached at 0.25 ng/ml insulin. Insulin in concentrations of 1 and 10
      ng/ml stimulated the transit to S-phase in cycling, but not in resting, cells.
      The growth promoting action of insulin could be investigated by consecutive DNA
      analysis of the separated cells which had been stimulated by insulin.

PMID- 2406515
TI  - Trisomy 14 in atypical chronic myeloid leukemia.
AB  - Trisomy 14 was the sole karyotypic anomaly in three patients with Ph1-negative
      chronic myeloid leukemia, and the only abnormality in one of three clones in a
      fourth case. The hematologic features were partly myeloproliferative, partly
      myelodysplastic, and included myeloid hyperplasia, neutrophilia without
      basophilia, a relatively high number of immature granulocyte precursors in the
      peripheral blood, and monocytosis in three and dysgranulopoiesis in two of the
      patients. These data, in combination with the patients' high age at diagnosis,
      their short survival, and the lack of rearrangements of the major breakpoint
      cluster region (M-bcr) in the two cases where cells were available for molecular
      analysis, indicate that all four patients suffered from atypical chronic myeloid
      leukemia (aCML). We suggest that trisomy 14 may be a characteristic karyotypic
      abnormality in this hematologic disorder.

PMID- 2406516
TI  - Chromosomal mapping of the murine c-abl proto-oncogene by in situ hybridization.
AB  - Deletion and rearrangement of chromosome 2 were shown to be major cytogenetic
      characteristics of radiation-induced murine myeloid leukemias. Analysis of the
      localization of the murine protooncogene c-abl, previously assigned by Goff et
      al. to chromosome 2, was done using the in situ hybridization method. The c-abl
      was located close to the centromere, within bands 2A-2B. This site does not
      correspond to the common characteristic deleted segments (2C-2D) predominantly
      observed in radiation induced murine myeloid leukemias.

PMID- 2406517
TI  - Oncogenes and leukemia.
AB  - Cellular or proto-oncogenes are normal cellular genes important in normal cell
      growth and development. In some instances abnormal expression of these genes is
      associated with altered cell growth or with malignant transformation.
      Abnormalities of cellular oncogenes are common in human leukemias. These arise by
      multiple mechanisms such as mutation, translocation, amplification, and others.
      Sometimes more than one abnormality is present within a single oncogene. In other
      instances, a leukemia cell may contain abnormalities of several different
      oncogenes. Some oncogene abnormalities are relatively specific for certain
      leukemias and occur in almost all cases; examples include ABL in chronic
      myelogenous leukemia or MYC in Burkitt leukemia/lymphoma. Other abnormalities are
      also relatively specific but occur in only some cases such as NRAS in acute
      myelogenous leukemia or BCL2 in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In other
      leukemias, such as most cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia, oncogene abnormalities are uncommon. The precise role of
      oncogenes in the pathogenesis of human leukemia is unknown. Retrovirus transduced
      versions of some of the oncogenes modified in human leukemias cause leukemia in
      animals. Other oncogenes, modified or unmodified, transform animal and human
      hematopoietic cells in vitro. Some oncogene products are hematopoietic growth
      factors or growth factor receptors while others regulate cell proliferation or
      differentiation by diverse mechanisms. Disruption of the balance between these
      processes seems the most likely mechanism of oncogene related leukemogenesis. If
      the role of oncogenes in human leukemias can be defined, innovative diagnostic
      and therapeutic strategies may be forthcoming.

PMID- 2406518
TI  - Lymphokine activated killer cells: a new approach to immunotherapy of cancer.

PMID- 2406519
TI  - Biologic therapeutics as the fourth modality in cancer treatment.

PMID- 2406520
TI  - Frequent detection of minimal residual disease by use of the polymerase chain
      reaction in long-term survivors after bone marrow transplantation for chronic
      myeloid leukemia.
AB  - The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows the detection of minimal amounts of
      nucleic sequences and has been successfully used to test for the chronic myeloid
      leukemia-specific bcr/abl transcripts. We studied blood samples from 17 patients
      who had undergone allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for CML, using a
      modified polymerase chain reaction-based assay for the detection of leukemic
      mRNA. This nested PCR technique was found to be highly sensitive, detecting the
      chimeric bcr/abl transcript in 16 of 17 patients including several long-term
      survivors. Cytogenetic techniques failed to detect Ph mitoses. The clinical
      significance of the persisting bcr/abl transcript for long periods following BMT
      is poorly understood and remains to be elucidated by further studies.

PMID- 2406521
TI  - Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty.
AB  - In the technique of percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, one or more large
      balloons are inserted percutaneously and then inflated across a stenotic valve to
      decrease the degree of obstruction. Currently, the procedure is being performed
      for patients with pulmonic, mitral, or aortic stenosis. The results vary
      according to the type of valve and the age of the patient. In patients with
      pulmonic stenosis, balloon valvuloplasty can be performed safely and the results
      are excellent. Therefore, at many institutions it is the procedure of choice for
      the treatment of isolated pulmonic stenosis. In patients with mitral stenosis,
      the results depend on the morphologic features of the stenotic valve. In patients
      with highly calcified and fibrotic mitral valve leaflets, the risks of the
      procedure are increased and the results are suboptimal. In experienced hands,
      however, balloon valvuloplasty is excellent for patients with a pliable,
      noncalcified mitral valve or those for whom operation imposes an extremely high
      risk. The use of balloon valvuloplasty for aortic stenosis has been limited to
      the frail, elderly patient who either is not a surgical candidate or is at high
      risk for operation. Although mortality and restenosis rates are high on short
      term follow-up, aortic balloon valvuloplasty provides palliation of symptoms in
      many patients who otherwise would have been unable to undergo any intervention.
      Long-term follow-up is necessary for determining the ultimate role of balloon
      valvuloplasty in cardiology.

PMID- 2406522
TI  - Stable angina pectoris: 1. Clinical patterns.
AB  - The symptoms of angina pectoris reflect transient inadequacy of myocardial oxygen
      supply as a consequence of decreased myocardial blood flow, increased myocardial
      oxygen demand, or both. The prognosis for patients with angina depends on the
      extent and severity of coronary artery disease, on left ventricular systolic
      function, and on the presence and severity of ischemia on exercise testing. The
      characteristics of angina may be variable, but certain clinical patterns are
      consistent and are helpful for diagnosis. Angina must be distinguished from
      various noncardiovascular and cardiovascular conditions; in most cases, the
      differences can be established by careful clinical assessment.

PMID- 2406523
TI  - Stable angina pectoris: 2. Cardiac evaluation and diagnostic testing.
AB  - The examination of a patient with angina pectoris begins with clinical
      assessment. Certain clinical findings that are present only during angina, such
      as mitral regurgitation due to ischemia-induced papillary muscle dysfunction, may
      clarify an otherwise uncertain diagnosis. Electrocardiography is a useful and
      relatively inexpensive test for detecting evidence of ischemia in patients with
      suspected angina. The presence of cardiomegaly on the chest roentgenogram has
      adverse prognostic implications. Exercise stress testing is important in the
      diagnosis of coronary artery disease and also provides prognostic information.
      Patients should be classified into high-, intermediate-, or low-risk subsets by
      noninvasive techniques. Although relatively easy and inexpensive, treadmill
      exercise stress testing cannot be performed in all patients, and sometimes it
      will yield equivocal results. In these cases, radionuclide testing (with thallium
      scintigraphy or radionuclide angiography) can be helpful and also can identify
      high-risk patients. Some patients will require coronary angiography.

PMID- 2406524
TI  - Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: past, present, ... future?

PMID- 2406525
TI  - Odo Bujwid--pioneer in microbiology.

PMID- 2406526
TI  - Biosynthesis and modulation of endothelin from bovine pulmonary arterial
      endothelial cells.
AB  - The biosynthesis and modulation of the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin was
      studied in the conditioned medium from cultured bovine pulmonary artery
      endothelial (BPAE) cells. Conditioned medium from cultured BPAE cells produced
      contraction of isolated rabbit aortic rings. Incubation of BPAE cells with the
      protease inhibitors TPCK or isatoic anhydride attenuated the extent of
      conditioned medium-induced contractions. Incubation of BPAE cells with thrombin
      produced an enhancement of conditioned medium-induced contraction by
      approximately 25%. Endothelin levels in conditioned medium were measured by RIA
      and incubation of BPAE cells with TPCK or isatoic anhydride significantly reduced
      endothelin levels, whereas incubation with thrombin or transforming growth factor
      beta-1 stimulated the levels of endothelin in the conditioned medium. These data
      indicate that endothelin may be modulated by certain protease inhibitors and by
      platelet and immune cell mediators and suggest a potential new mode of vascular
      tone regulation.

PMID- 2406527
TI  - CAP 37, a 37 kD human neutrophil granule cationic protein shares homology with
      inflammatory proteinases.
AB  - We have previously shown that a major granule-associated cationic protein CAP 37
      (Mr = 37 kD) derived from human PMN is a monocyte-specific chemoattractant. The N
      terminal amino acid sequence of this novel chemotactic protein shares significant
      homology with a number of inflammatory molecules with protease activity including
      elastase and cathepsin G. However, a critical substitution of a serine for a
      histidine at position 41, results in its lack of serine protease activity.

PMID- 2406528
TI  - Chromatographic characterization of immunoreactive endothelin in rat lung.
AB  - Using a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for endothelin, combined with gel
      filtration and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, the
      molecular form of immunoreactive endothelin in the rat lung was investigated. On
      reverse phase high performance chromatography, the major immunoreactive
      endothelin in the rat lung emerged at a position identical to that of authentic
      endothelin-1. After oxidation of the immunoreactive endothelin by H2O2, the
      immunoreactivity migrated to a position identical to that of Met-sulfoxide
      endothelin-1. These data indicate that the major immunoreactive endothelin in the
      rat lung is not endothelin-3 (putative rat/human endothelin), but is identical or
      very similar to endothelin-1 (porcine/human endothelin).

PMID- 2406529
TI  - Comparison of anticonvulsant effect of ethanol against NMDA-, kainic acid- and
      picrotoxin-induced convulsions in rats.
AB  - The anticonvulsant effect of ethanol against N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-(NMDA),
      kainic acid-, and picrotoxin-induced convulsions was studied in rats. Ethanol (2
      g/kg, ip) offered protection against these agents, and it was most effective
      against picrotoxin and least effective against kainic acid. MK801, NMDA receptor
      antagonist, also provided protection against these agents. However, it was most
      effective against NMDA and least effective against kainic acid. Ineffective doses
      of MK801 (0.1 mg/kg, ip) and ethanol (0.5 g/kg, ip), when administered
      concurrently, had a facilitatory anticonvulsant effect, thereby providing
      protection against mortality following severe convulsions induced by NMDA or
      picrotoxin, but not against kainic acid. The protective effect of ethanol against
      NMDA- and kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity, in contrast to picrotoxin-induced
      toxicity, was not reversed by imidazodiazepine, Ro 15-4513, an ethanol
      antagonist. Furthermore, Ro 15-4513 did not produce any proconvulsant effect with
      NMDA or kainic acid. These findings suggested that the anticonvulsant actions of
      ethanol may be attributed to its ability to antagonize NMDA-mediated excitatory
      responses and facilitate the GABAergic transmission.

PMID- 2406530
TI  - Management of patients with asymptomatic HIV infection.
AB  - There has been extensive progress in the management of HIV infection. This
      especially applies to patients in the early asymptomatic stages of disease.
      Management guidelines include counseling of all seropositive patients, medical
      evaluation, psychological support, and medical intervention. For the asymptomatic
      patient, important strategies currently recommended include a CD-4 cell count at
      six month intervals with the use of AZT for those patients with counts of less
      than 500/mm3 and the use of Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis in those with CD-4
      counts of less than 200/mm3. It is likely these recommendations will change in
      the near future due to the rapid evolution of developments in this field. Most
      promising are a variety of new antiviral agents and additional measures to
      prevent superimposed opportunistic infections.

PMID- 2406531
TI  - Prevention of opportunistic infections in patients with HIV.

PMID- 2406532
TI  - The role of antiretroviral therapy in living long and living well.
AB  - We have seen a dramatic increase in the types of antiviral strategies and numbers
      of specific antiviral agents that have emerged since the early 1980s when
      infection with the human immunodeficiency virus was first recognized. At the
      moment, zidovudine is the only drug approved by the FDA for treatment of HIV
      infection, and its indication is limited only to patients in the most advanced
      stages of immunodeficiency. Although zidovudine cannot "cure" HIV infection, it
      can significantly delay the seemingly inexorable course of immune system decline
      and buy some meaningful time for most HIV-1 infected patients, whether or not
      they have developed immunodeficiency. Other agents such as interferon alpha and
      the didoxynucleoside analogues, ddI and ddC, have also shown promise as
      antiretroviral agents, and it is hoped they will be proved, in the near future,
      capable of delaying the progression of immune system destruction by HIV-1. Other
      related treatment modalities such as the use of PCP prophylactic regimens also
      have succeeded in decreasing the incidence of opportunistic infections and
      thereby improving survival. It is likely that future strategies will involve the
      use of alternating, multidrug regimens both to reduce selective pressure for the
      development of drug resistance and to minimize the toxicity of single-agent
      therapy. The sum of these developments has been to change the prognosis of HIV
      infection. A disease once viewed as an automatic death warrant is now in the
      process of becoming a chronic, potentially long-term treatable illness.

PMID- 2406533
TI  - An integrated primary care system for HIV disease.

PMID- 2406534
TI  - Integrating traditional medicine with other therapies in the treatment of HIV
      infected individuals.

PMID- 2406535
TI  - Living long and living well: the role of the physician's attitude.

PMID- 2406536
TI  - Two deaths that occurred in insulin dependent diabetic subjects.

PMID- 2406537
TI  - Psychological and psychiatric aspects of shoplifting.
AB  - This paper reviews the relevant psychological, criminological, and psychiatric
      literature on shoplifting, with particular emphasis on implications for clinical
      issues and involvement. The paper provides a conceptual framework for working
      with shoplifters and highlights the need for careful assessment before treatment
      is embarked upon. It is emphasized that shoplifting is not a unitary category
      either in terms of motives or clinical problems and no one model can adequately
      explain the phenomenon.

PMID- 2406538
TI  - Effect of fructose 1,6-diphosphate infusion on the hormonal response to exercise.
AB  - Exogenous fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP), a glycolytic intermediate, has recently
      been demonstrated to accelerate ATP production, prevent glycogen breakdown,
      stimulate glycogen synthesis, and synthesize free fatty acids in animals and
      humans. To assess the effects of FDP on the hormonal and metabolic response to
      exercise, ten trained males (34 +/- 7 yr) underwent 1 h of continuous exercise at
      70% VO2max followed by 20 W.min-1 increments to exhaustion. Two hundred fifty
      mg.kg-1 body weight FDP or placebo was infused in randomized, double-blind,
      crossover fashion. No differences were observed in heart rate, blood pressure,
      gas exchange data, perceived effort, or glucose, insulin, free fatty acid,
      lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, and glucagon concentration at rest,
      during exercise, or upon exhaustion. In contrast to the previously reported
      bioenergetic effects of FDP under conditions in which glycolysis is impeded
      (acidosis, hypoxia, and ischemia), FDP did not affect the gas exchange, hormonal,
      or substrate response to moderately high intensity exercise in healthy normals.

PMID- 2406539
TI  - Metabolic responses to controlled frequency breathing in competitive swimmers.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to compare the blood lactate accumulation and other
      metabolic responses by trained swimmers with varying degrees of controlled
      frequency breathing (CFB). Fourteen (eight males, six females) trained collegiate
      swimmers performed peak and submaximal tethered swim tests during which breathing
      was restricted to one breath every two (BR2), four (BR4), six (BR6) (N = 13), and
      eight (BR8) (N = 9) strokes. All submaximal swim tests were of 4-min duration,
      with tethered swim resistance at a constant 80% of peak resistance. Measures
      included oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), tidal volume
      (TV), ventilation (VE), estimated alveolar partial pressure of O2 (PAO2) and CO2
      (PACO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), stroke rate (SR), heart rate (HR), and
      change in blood lactates (delta LA). Significant differences were associated with
      increases in CFB for all variables except HR and delta LA. Although CFB was
      associated with reduced VE, compensatory adaptations resulted in increases in TV,
      PACO2, and SR and decreases in PAO2 and RER. VCO2 was greater for BR2 than all
      others, and VO2 for BR2 was greater than BR8. The results indicate that CFB does
      not affect blood lactate accumulation but does enhance oxygen extraction. CFB may
      impede proper stroke mechanics.

PMID- 2406540
TI  - The validity and relevance of tests used for the assessment of sports surfaces.
AB  - Inappropriate cushioning and/or tractional characteristics of sports surfaces are
      assumed to increase surface-related injuries in various sports activities.
      Various tests assessing cushioning and frictional properties are currently in use
      to evaluate sports surfaces with respect to their potential to reduce the number
      of surface-related injuries. A critical review of the currently used test
      procedures showed that most of them are not relevant. The main shortcomings are
      1) errors in the measured test results by not correcting for inertia terms due to
      moving test foot or surface sample, 2) use of inadequate material test procedures
      where the test procedure influences significantly the test result, and 3) use of
      material test procedures where the used materials or the applied forces are not
      representative of the actual situation during sport activities. It is suggested
      that appropriate test batteries should include 1) test procedures that determine
      the material properties (stress-strain relation and traction coefficients)
      relevant for the surface-shoe interaction and 2) subject tests that describe the
      adaptation of the athlete to the surface-shoe-athlete situation.

PMID- 2406541
TI  - Emergency treatment of exertional heatstroke and comparison of whole body cooling
      techniques.
AB  - This manuscript compares the whole body cooling techniques in the emergency
      treatment of heatstroke. Historically, the use of cold water immersion with skin
      massage has been quite successful in rapidly lowering body temperature and in
      avoiding severe complications or death. Recent studies have suggested alternative
      therapies, including the use of a warm air spray, the use of helicopter
      downdraft, and pharmacological agents. While evidence exists to support these
      methods, they have not been shown to reduce fatalities as effectively as ice
      water immersion. Although several cooling methods may have clinical use, all
      techniques rely on the prompt recognition of symptoms and immediate action in the
      field.

PMID- 2406542
TI  - Heatstroke pathophysiology: the energy depletion model.
AB  - This symposium focuses on exertional heatstroke, with emphasis on predisposing
      factors, clinical observations, diagnosis, treatment and recovery. The serious
      challenge to cardiovascular stability presented by exercise hyperthermia and some
      aspects of regulatory failure was reviewed in the introduction. The intent of
      this review, to understand how heat stress is translated into heat strain at the
      cellular level, is not to downplay the seriousness of the systemic condition. If
      we are successful, this may stimulate further interest on the impact of heat on
      the cell as a model for other factors which alter membrane integrity and
      permeability, lead to new experimental paradigms, and improve the diagnosis and
      treatment of other disorders such as toxic, hypovolemic, or ischemic shock. This
      review may also stimulate interesting research regarding more subtle threats to
      homeostasis such as chronic exercise, hypohydration and thirst, ion imbalance,
      and sleep deprivation. Since the original article on heat stroke pathophysiology
      was published (39), we have discussed the relationship of this concept to
      carbohydrate metabolism (40), thirst (41), and the cellular aspects of heat
      illness treatment (99). This article will attempt to integrate and extend some of
      those ideas.

PMID- 2406543
TI  - The role of exercise in the etiology of exertional heatstroke.
AB  - Exertional heatstroke usually occurs among healthy, fit individuals who are
      motivated to perform strenuous exercise because of peer pressure, discipline, or
      athletic competition. In fact, exertional heatstroke deaths among high school
      athletes in the United States (ranked third only to head and neck injuries and
      heart failures), and the reluctance of race directors to cancel or postpone mass
      participation road races during periods of severe heat and humidity, emphasize a
      continuing need for widespread dissemination of information. The purposes of this
      symposium are 1) to convey essential information to the members of ACSM who are
      involved in exercise prescription, patient care, or athletic training; and 2) to
      disseminate recent scientific theories and research concerning exertional
      heatstroke.

PMID- 2406544
TI  - Heat intolerance: predisposing factor or residual injury?
AB  - Great individual variability exists in the ability to sustain heat stress. Some
      individuals are more susceptible to heat than others. Those individuals, among
      the young active population (athletes, military recruits, laborers), are at risk
      to contract exertional heat stroke. Low tolerance to heat results from either
      functional factors, or from congenital or acquired disturbances. In most cases
      heat intolerance can be foreseen. Cases of dehydration, overweight, low physical
      fitness, lack of acclimatization, febrile or infectious diseases, and skin
      disorders should be regarded a priori as predisposing factors for heat
      intolerance. Special attention should be paid to subjects with previous heat
      stroke episodes since it might reflect an underlying cause for heat
      susceptibility. The heat tolerance of these subjects should be tested 8-12 wk
      postepisode to detect a possible residual injury in the ability to thermoregulate
      adequately in the heat.

PMID- 2406545
TI  - Time course of recovery and heat acclimation ability of prior exertional
      heatstroke patients.
AB  - Our understanding of the time course of recovery from exertional heatstroke (EH)
      and the heat acclimation ability of prior EH patients is limited. This manuscript
      reviews previous findings regarding recovery from EH and presents original
      research involving the heat acclimation ability of 10 prior EH patients (PH) and
      5 control subjects. Heat acclimation, by definition, distinguishes heat
      intolerant from heat-tolerant prior heatstroke patients. Nine PH exhibited normal
      heat acclimation adaptations (40.1 degrees C, 7 d, 90 min.d-1), thermoregulation,
      sweat gland function, whole-body sodium and potassium balance, and blood values
      at 61 +/- 7 d after EH. One PH (subject A) did not adapt to exercise in the heat,
      was defined heat intolerant, but subsequently was declared heat tolerant (11.5
      months post-EH). Three PH exhibited large, unexpected increases in serum CPK
      levels, which resolved upon subsequent testing, and were probably related to
      their detrained state and the exercise which they performed. It was concluded
      that: 1) sleep loss and generalized fatigue were the most common predisposing
      factors for PH; 2) recovery from EH was idiosyncratic and may require up to 1
      year in severe cases; 3) PH were not hereditarily heat intolerant, prior to EH;
      4) no measured variable predicted recovery from EH, or heat acclimation
      responses; 5) heat intolerance occurs in a small percentage of prior heatstroke
      patients, and may be transient or persistent.

PMID- 2406546
TI  - Field and clinical observations of exertional heat stroke patients.
AB  - Exertional heatstroke (EH) occurs when heat production, generated by muscular
      exercise, exceeds the body's heat dissipation capacities. This illness has been
      reported among young, active individuals, laborers, and religious pilgrims.
      Although EH includes a rectal temperature above 39.5 degrees C (depending on the
      timing of the measurement) and elevation of serum enzymes, altered mental status
      is the universally accepted sign which distinguishes EH from heat exhaustion.
      Once EH is suspected, cooling therapy should be initiated immediately and
      investigation of multiple-system involvement should be undertaken. Delay in
      diagnosis occurs more commonly in moderate environments, when suspicion of EH is
      low. Complications of EH include the central nervous, cardiovascular, pulmonary,
      and gastrointestinal systems, often with renal and hematologic involvement.
      Treatment at the point of collapse should focus on clearing the airway,
      measurement of rectal temperature, whole body cooling, intravenous therapy, and
      prompt evacuation. Hospital treatment should emphasize whole body cooling,
      control of convulsions, monitoring of acid-base status, cardiac function, and
      renal function. The incidence of EH has been reduced markedly in Israel, by using
      the following simple guidelines: rest periods during exercise in heat, medical
      monitoring of strenuous activities, use of meteorological indices, and evaluation
      of medical history.

PMID- 2406547
TI  - Physiological determinants of pulmonary gas exchange kinetics during exercise.
AB  - We consider how the optimal selection of the profile of imposed work rate,
      coupled with rigorous, statistically justified analysis of the pattern of the
      pulmonary gas exchange response, makes it possible to assemble a control model
      incorporating the proportional role of the muscle, circulation, and gas stores.
      Gains, time constants, and delays may be assigned to the components of the
      response and its linearity assessed. These techniques also allow the investigator
      to examine the features of poorly understood and even unexpected response
      patterns. Recent interest in the analysis of the non-steady state of exercise-in
      normal subjects and in patients with gas exchange defects-has led to an improved
      understanding of the sub-threshold dynamics. At work rates above the lactate
      threshold, the more complex kinetics are to date poorly described, and hence
      poorly understood, remaining a fertile area for the application of control
      systems techniques to exercise.

PMID- 2406548
TI  - Exploring cardiorespiratory control mechanisms through gas exchange dynamics.
AB  - The rate of increase in oxygen uptake (VO2) at the onset of a step change in work
      rate can be studied to provide information about the physiological mechanisms
      that control this process. Several systems must interact to produce the total
      response. These can be grouped into oxygen transport and oxygen utilization
      mechanisms. In this paper, the hypothesis that one or the other of these
      mechanisms limits the adaptation of VO2 to a change in work rate will be
      examined. In addition to the traditional approach with step changes in work rate,
      the responses to other work rate forcing functions will be reported. These
      include ramp, impulse, and pseudorandom binary sequence work rate changes. The
      evidence that is accumulating from studies involving transitions from different
      baseline levels of exercise, as well as studies of the effects of hypoxia and
      beta-adrenergic receptor blockade, has led to the conclusion that oxygen
      transport mechanisms limit the rate of increase in VO2. However, the dynamic
      response of VO2 in the presence of adequate oxygen is not much different from
      that of oxygen limited conditions.

PMID- 2406549
TI  - Assembling control models from pulmonary gas exchange dynamics.
AB  - A model abstracts certain features of real systems, which are consistent with the
      purpose intended for the model. Therefore, models are classified with respect to
      intended purpose. A structural model predicts behavior based on a hypothetical
      physiological structure. An empirical model summarizes observed behavior. A
      functional model attempts to relate observed behavior to physiological structure.
      It differs from structural model since it includes only structural aspects that
      are essential for describing the system response. This model classification
      provides for the interaction among experimental data, underlying physiological
      hypotheses and experimental design. In this paper, we illustrate the utility of
      this modeling process for studying pulmonary gas exchange dynamic control
      processes during exercise. The modeling process is applied to the problem of
      estimating breath-by-breath gas exchange data, to the problem of selecting
      appropriate models for characterizing the response to dynamic work rate inputs,
      and finally to the problem of design of the dynamic aspects of the work rate
      input.

PMID- 2406550
TI  - Physiologic and structural indices of vascular function in paraplegics.
AB  - In an effort to determine whether chronic physical forearm activity would
      increase both structural and physiologic indices of peripheral forearm
      vasodilation, we studied a group (N = 7) of individuals chronically performing
      high levels of arm work, young wheelchair-confined paraplegics, and compared them
      with ten young, able bodied control subjects. The index of vasodilator capacity
      was the flow response following the release of 10 min of arterial occlusion, the
      peak reactive hyperemic blood flow response (RHBF). The index of a structural
      effect of training on the vasculature was the brachial artery diameter (cm)
      derived by simultaneous measurement of velocity and forearm blood flow (area =
      flow.forearm volume.velocity-1). Vascular function differed significantly between
      the groups, with a greater RHBF (paraplegics, 53.8 +/- 3.7; controls, 38.2 +/-
      1.5 ml.min-1.100 ml-1; P less than 0.05) and a larger brachial artery diameter at
      rest (paraplegics, 0.4 +/- 0.01 vs controls, 0.3 +/- 0.02 cm; P less than 0.05)
      in the paraplegics. We conclude that chronic upper extremity activity leads to an
      enhanced capability to vasodilate resistance vessels acutely and to a structural
      dilation of large conductance vessels.

PMID- 2406551
TI  - [In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Indications, chances for success and
      special problems].

PMID- 2406552
TI  - Anistreplase for acute coronary thrombosis.

PMID- 2406553
TI  - Pretreatment liver biopsy in 20 children with histiocytosis X: a
      clinicopathologic correlation.
AB  - Liver biopsies were done on 20 patients with histiocytosis X (HX) as part of
      pretreatment evaluation prior to entry on two Childrens Cancer Study Group
      protocols. Seventeen patients had hepatomegaly, and seven had one or more
      abnormal laboratory parameters using Lahey's criteria for liver dysfunction.
      Nineteen of 20 specimens showed various abnormalities of the portal triads. A
      single biopsy revealed normal liver. Among the changes were triaditis, bile duct
      proliferation, variable fibrosis with histiocytic infiltrates, and cirrhosis. One
      patient had typical granulomas of HX within the liver parenchyma in addition to
      portal triaditis. Patients with larger livers and dysfunction tended to show more
      marked histologic abnormalities in the portal triads. However, correlations among
      liver size, function, and pathology showed considerable overlap. Early death
      among these patients was more likely to be associated with progressive HX in
      other sites and/or infection. Death from cirrhosis and liver failure per se
      occurred in one patient 4 years after initial biopsy, but five other children had
      evidence of cirrhosis on biopsy or at autopsy. The majority of patients with
      triaditis initially did not have clinical evidence of progressive liver disease
      although four expired with other manifestations of HX or infection. Conversely,
      patients showing fibrohistiocytic changes or cirrhosis initially were likely to
      have continuing or progressive liver disease. Although the liver histology was
      not diagnostic of HX, the types of portal changes usually predicted the
      subsequent course of liver disease.

PMID- 2406554
TI  - Rheumatologic manifestations of malignancy.
AB  - The relationship between rheumatologic syndromes and cancer covers a very broad
      array of both common and distinctly rare manifestations. This discussion has
      outlined some of the known relationships that do exist. A high index of suspicion
      by both the primary care physician and subspecialist will enhance the probability
      of detecting cancer in the patient who may present with rheumatologic complaints.

PMID- 2406555
TI  - Malignant mesothelioma with bone metastases.
AB  - Malignant mesothelioma has rarely been reported to metastasize to bone. This is a
      report of a 71-year-old man who presented with pleural mesothelioma. After a
      course of chemotherapy, the patient developed lower back pain. Plain X-ray and
      bone scan were negative for metastases, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      revealed multiple metastatic lesions to the thoracolumbar vertebrae. Subsequent
      lumbar spine biopsy confirmed the presence of malignant mesothelioma. The patient
      then received radiation therapy. This report illustrates an unusual presentation
      for malignant mesothelioma and shows that, in addition, when bone metastases are
      clinically suspected, MRI may be a useful adjunct to more conventional imaging
      approach.

PMID- 2406556
TI  - Prognostic factors for patients with diffuse large cell or immunoblastic non
      Hodgkin's lymphomas: experience of the non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Pathologic
      Classification Project.
AB  - Prognostic factors for long-term survival of 312 patients with diffuse large cell
      or immunoblastic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are presented based on analysis of the
      multiinstitution clinicopathologic study sponsored by the National Cancer
      Institute. At the time of analysis, 75% of the patients had died and the median
      follow-up for patients still alive was 11 years. The distribution of Ann Arbor
      stages was 21% stage I, 32% stage II, 17% stage III, and 30% stage IV. Factors of
      prognostic significance for survival included age, stage, histologic subtype,
      presence of B symptoms, size of the largest lesion, number of extra-lymphoid
      organs involved, and extent of lymphatic involvement. Recursive partitioning
      analysis suggested a prognostic classification system based on stage, age, size
      of the largest lesion, and presence of mediastinal involvement. Stage I patient
      less than 50 years of age had a 10 year survival rate of 65% compared to 36% for
      older stage I patients. Stage II patients less than 65 years old without bulky
      lesions or mediastinal involvement had a 10 year survival rate of 45% compared to
      10% for the poorer risk stage II patients. Although statistically significant
      prognostic factors were identified for the stage III/IV patients, they were not
      strong discriminants of 5-10 year survival rate. Because of the correlation among
      potential prognostic factors, there is no uniquely best classification system.
      Reasons for discrepancies among reported prognostic factor analyses are
      discussed, and a prognostic grouping that synthesizes our results with those of
      others is proposed.

PMID- 2406557
TI  - Mycobacterial infection and HIV disease.
AB  - Mycobacteria infections are a common cause of morbidity among patients infected
      with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The author presents an overview of
      the most common infections and suggests several treatment options and drug
      regimens.

PMID- 2406558
TI  - RNA polymerase II mutants defective in transcription of a subset of genes.
AB  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA polymerase II conditional mutants that selectively
      disrupt the synthesis of specific mRNAs were isolated. At the permissive
      temperature, several of the mutants were inositol auxotrophs as a result of
      inadequate induction of INO1 transcription. The transcriptional defects exhibited
      by one of these Ino- mutants (rpb2-2) were further investigated. The induction of
      GAL10 and HIS4 transcription in rpb2-2 strains was similar to that of wild-type
      strains, in contrast to the lack of induction of INO1 transcription. When shifted
      to the nonpermissive temperature, cells containing rpb2-2 continued to accumulate
      some mRNAs but not others. Together, these results indicate that transcription of
      specific genes can be disrupted by RNA polymerase II mutations. The rpb2-2 allele
      alters an amino acid residue that occurs in a highly conserved segment of the
      RPB2 protein and that is shared by homologous subunits in other species.

PMID- 2406559
TI  - Extinction and activation of the thyroglobulin promoter in hybrids of
      differentiated and transformed thyroid cells.
AB  - Thyroglobulin gene expression was repressed in a rat thyroid cell line
      transformed with Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. Expression of a dominant
      selectable marker driven by the thyroglobulin promoter was also inhibited.
      Somatic cell hybridization of transformed and differentiated thyroid cells
      resulted in extinction of thyroglobulin gene expression. When transformed cells
      carrying a dominant selectable marker driven by the thyroglobulin promoter were
      fused to differentiated cells and expression of this marker was selected, we
      obtained stable hybrid cell lines expressing both the endogenous and the
      exogenous thyroglobulin promoters. Although the expression of v-ras remained
      unchanged compared with expression in the parental transformed cells,
      transformation was suppressed in the hybrid cell lines. The other thyroid
      differentiation markers, iodide uptake and thyroid-stimulating hormone-dependent
      growth, were inhibited in all the hybrids tested. We show that activity of the
      thyroglobulin promoter correlates with the presence of a thyroid nuclear factor
      that binds the promoter at position -60 from the transcription start site. Loss
      of this factor accompanies the extinction of thyroglobulin gene expression in
      hybrids selected for expression of a non-thyroid-specific promoter.

PMID- 2406560
TI  - Mutational analysis of the SNF3 glucose transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The SNF3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a high-affinity glucose
      transporter that is homologous to mammalian glucose transporters. Point mutations
      affecting the function of the transporter were recovered from the genomes of four
      snf3 mutants and characterized. Two of the mutations introduced a charged amino
      acid into the first and second predicted membrane-spanning regions, respectively.
      The analogs of a bifunctional SNF3-lacZ fusion containing these two mutations
      were constructed, and the mutant fusion proteins were not localized to the plasma
      membrane, as judged by immunofluorescence microscopy. The third mutation produced
      a valine-to-isoleucine substitution in hydrophobic region 8, and the
      corresponding mutant fusion protein was correctly localized. The finding that
      this conservative change causes a transport defect is consistent with the
      possibility that this transmembrane region, which could exist as an amphipathic
      alpha-helix, forms part of the glucose channel through the membrane. The fourth
      snf3 allele harbored an ochre mutation midway through the coding sequence. We
      have also constructed mutations in the cloned SNF3 gene. A major difference
      between the yeast SNF3 protein and mammalian glucose transporters is the presence
      in the SNF3 protein of an additional 303 amino acids at the C terminus. Analysis
      of a series of C-terminal deletions and fusions to lacZ showed that this C
      terminal region is important, but not essential, for transport function. We also
      report the genetic mapping of the SNF3 locus on the left arm of chromosome IV.

PMID- 2406561
TI  - Depletion of U14 small nuclear RNA (snR128) disrupts production of 18S rRNA in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Repression of an essential nucleolar small nuclear RNA (snRNA) gene of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae was shown to result in impaired production of 18S rRNA.
      The effect, observed for an snRNA species of 128 nucleotides (snR128), was
      evident within one generation after the onset of SNR128 gene repression and
      correlated well with depletion of the snRNA. The steady-state mass ratio of 18S
      RNA to 25S RNA decreased eightfold over the course of the analysis. Results from
      pulse-chase assays revealed the basis of the imbalance to be underaccumulation of
      18S RNA and its 20S precursor. This effect appears to result from impairment of
      processing of the 35S rRNA transcript at sites that define the 20S species
      coupled with rapid turnover of unstable intermediates. Possible bases for the
      effects observed are discussed. A common U14 designation is proposed for the
      structurally related yeast snRNA and 4.5S hybRNAs from amphibians and mammals.

PMID- 2406562
TI  - Three hamster species with different scrapie incubation times and
      neuropathological features encode distinct prion proteins.
AB  - Given the critical role of the prion protein (PrP) in the transmission and
      pathogenesis of experimental scrapie, we investigated the PrP gene and its
      protein products in three hamster species, Chinese (CHa), Armenian (AHa), and
      Syrian (SHa), each of which were found to have distinctive scrapie incubation
      times. Passaging studies demonstrated that the host species, and not the source
      of scrapie prions, determined the incubation time for each species, and
      histochemical studies of hamsters with clinical signs of scrapie revealed
      characteristic patterns of neuropathology. Northern (RNA) analysis showed the
      size of PrP mRNA from CHa, AHa, and SHa hamsters to be 2.5, 2.4, and 2.1
      kilobases, respectively. Immunoblotting demonstrated that the PrP isoforms were
      of similar size (33 to 35 kilodaltons); however, the monoclonal antibody 13A5
      raised against SHa PrP did not react with the CHa or AHa PrP molecules.
      Comparison of the three predicted amino acid sequences revealed that each is
      distinct. Furthermore, differences within the PrP open reading frame that
      uniquely distinguish the three hamster species are within a hydrophilic segment
      of 11 amino acids that includes polymorphisms linked to scrapie incubation times
      in inbred mice and an inherited prion disease of humans. Single polymorphisms in
      this region correlate with the presence or absence of amyloid plaques for a given
      hamster species or mouse inbred strain. Our findings demonstrate distinctive
      molecular, pathological, and clinical characteristics of scrapie in three related
      species and are consistent with the hypothesis that molecular properties of the
      host PrP play a pivotal role in determining the incubation time and
      neuropathological features of scrapie.

PMID- 2406563
TI  - In vivo analysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HO nuclease recognition site by
      site-directed mutagenesis.
AB  - HO nuclease introduces a specific double-strand break in the mating-type locus
      (MAT) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, initiating mating-type interconversion. To
      define the sequence recognized by HO nuclease, random mutations were produced in
      a 30-base-pair region homologous to either MAT alpha or MATa by a chemical
      synthesis procedure. The mutant sites were introduced into S. cerevisiae on a
      shuttle vector and tested for the ability to stimulate recombination in an assay
      that mimics mating-type interconversion. The results suggest that a core of 8
      noncontiguous bases near the Y-Z junction of MAT is essential for HO nuclease to
      bind and cleave its recognition site. Other contacts must be required because
      substrates that contain several mutations outside an intact core reduce or
      eliminate cleavage in vivo. The results show that HO site recognition is a
      complex phenomenon, similar to promoter-polymerase interactions.

PMID- 2406564
TI  - Arginine-specific repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: kinetic data on ARG1
      and ARG3 mRNA transcription and stability support a transcriptional control
      mechanism.
AB  - A specific repression mechanism regulates arginine biosynthesis in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae. The involvement of regulatory proteins displaying DNA-binding
      features and the location of an operator region between the TATA box and the
      transcription start of the structural gene ARG3 suggest that this mechanism
      operates at the level of transcription. A posttranscriptional mechanism has,
      however, been proposed to account for the conspicuous lack of proportionality
      between ARG3 mRNA steady-state levels (as determined by Northern [RNA] assays; F.
      Messenguy and E. Dubois, Mol. Gen. Genet. 189:148-156, 1983) and the cognate
      enzyme activities. In this work, we have analyzed the time course of the
      incorporation of radioactive precursors into ARG1 and ARG3 mRNAs and the kinetics
      of their decay under different regulatory statuses. The results (expressed in
      terms of relative mRNA levels, relative transcription rates, and mRNA half-lives)
      give the picture expected from a purely transcriptional control. A similar
      analysis of expression of the gene CPA1, for which a translational regulation by
      arginine has been clearly demonstrated (M. Werner, A. Feller, F. Messenguy, and
      A. Pierard, Cell 49:805-813, 1987), indicates that this gene is also partly
      regulated at the transcriptional level by the ARGR repressor system. Moreover,
      the half-life of CPA1 mRNA is reduced twofold in the presence of excess arginine;
      we suggest that this could be inherent in the mechanism of translational
      regulation of CPA1.

PMID- 2406565
TI  - Induction of albumin gene transcription in hepatocytes by extracellular matrix
      proteins.
AB  - Transcriptional activity of the albumin gene was induced in primary cultures of
      hepatocytes by adding dilute concentrations of basement membrane-like proteins
      derived from the EHS mouse sarcoma tumor to established type I collagen cultures.
      By immunofluorescence microscopy with antialbumin antibody, the population of
      cells responded uniformly to dilute EHS. Of the three major components of EHS,
      purified laminin was as effective as unfractionated EHS at inducing an increase
      in albumin mRNA levels and albumin secretion; type IV collagen and heparan
      sulfate proteoglycan were ineffective.

PMID- 2406566
TI  - The c-myc-regulated gene mrl encodes plasminogen activator inhibitor 1.
AB  - The DNA sequence of the c-myc-regulated gene mrl (G. C. Prendergast and M. D.
      Cole, Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:124-134, 1989) reveals that it encodes plasminogen
      activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), a regulator of extracellular proteolysis.
      Comparison of the human and mouse PAI-1 promoters and cDNA 3' noncoding regions
      revealed several highly conserved sequence domains, potential targets for c-myc
      and other factors influencing PAI-1 expression. We discuss possible roles for PAI
      1 in normal and neoplastic cell growth control.

PMID- 2406567
TI  - Conditional mutations occur predominantly in highly conserved residues of RNA
      polymerase II subunits.
AB  - Conditional mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA polymerase II large
      subunit, RPB1, were obtained by introducing a mutagenized RPB1 plasmid into yeast
      cells, selecting for loss of the wild-type RPB1 gene, and screening the cells for
      heat or cold sensitivity. Sequence analysis of 10 conditional RPB1 mutations and
      10 conditional RPB2 mutations revealed that the amino acid residues altered by
      these distinct mutations are nearly always invariant among eucaryotic RPB1 and
      RPB2 homologs. These results suggest that RNA polymerase mutants might be
      obtained in other eucaryotic organisms by alteration of these invariant residues.

PMID- 2406568
TI  - NF-kappa B as inducible transcriptional activator of the granulocyte-macrophage
      colony-stimulating factor gene.
AB  - The expression of the gene encoding the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor (GM-CSF) is induced upon activation of T cells with phytohemagglutinin and
      active phorbolester and upon expression of tax1, a transactivating protein of the
      human T-cell leukemia virus type I. The same agents induce transcription from the
      interleukin-2 receptor alpha-chain and interleukin-2 genes, depending on promoter
      elements that bind the inducible transcription factor NF-kappa B (or an NF-kappa
      B-like factor). We therefore tested the possibility that the GM-CSF gene is also
      regulated by a cognate motif for the NF-kappa B transcription factor. A recent
      functional analysis by Miyatake et al. (S. Miyatake, M. Seiki, M. Yoshida, and K.
      Arai, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:5581-5587, 1988) described a short promoter region in
      the GM-CSF gene that conferred strong inducibility by T-cell-activating signals
      and tax1, but no NF-kappa B-binding motifs were identified. Using electrophoretic
      mobility shift assays, we showed binding of purified human NF-kappa B and of the
      NF-kappa B activated in Jurkat T cells to an oligonucleotide comprising the GM
      CSF promoter element responsible for mediating responsiveness to T-cell
      activating signals and tax1. As shown by a methylation interference analysis and
      oligonucleotide competition experiments, purified NF-kappa B binds at positions 
      82 to -91 (GGGAACTACC) of the GM-CSF promoter sequence with an affinity similar
      to that with which it binds to the biologically functional kappa B motif in the
      beta interferon promoter (GGGAAATTCC). Two kappa B-like motifs at positions -98
      to -108 of the GM-CSF promoter were also recognized but with much lower
      affinities. Our data provide strong evidence that the expression of the GM-CSF
      gene following T-cell activation is controlled by binding of the NF-kappa B
      transcription factor to a high-affinity binding site in the GM-CSF promoter.

PMID- 2406569
TI  - Modulation of maturation and ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation in Xenopus
      oocytes by microinjection of oncogenic ras protein and protein kinase C.
AB  - Using Xenopus oocytes as a model system, we investigated the possible involvement
      of ras proteins in the pathway leading to phosphorylation of ribosomal protein
      S6. Our results indicate that microinjection of oncogenic T24 H-ras protein
      (which contains valine at position 12) markedly stimulated S6 phosphorylation on
      serine residues in oocytes, whereas normal ras protein (which contains glycine at
      position 12) was without effect. The S6 phosphorylation activity in the cell
      extract from T24 ras protein-injected oocytes was increased significantly. In
      addition, injection of protein kinase C potentiated the induction of maturation
      and S6 phosphorylation by the oncogenic ras protein. A similar potentiation was
      detected when T24 ras protein-injected oocytes were incubated with active phorbol
      ester. These findings suggest that ras proteins activate the pathway linked to S6
      phosphorylation and that protein kinase C has a synergistic effect on the ras
      mediated pathway.

PMID- 2406571
TI  - Era of the mucosal biopsy.

PMID- 2406572
TI  - Reflux esophagitis and Barrett esophagus.
AB  - This chapter reviews the pathologic aspects of gastroesophageal reflux and reflux
      esophagitis. High-grade and low-grade changes due to reflux are discussed in the
      context of peptic complications such as hemorrhage, ulcer, stricture, and
      acquisition of Barrett mucosa. The limitations of histopathologic criteria in
      squamous epithelium for the diagnosis of reflux esophagitis, such as elongated
      vascular papillae and widened basal zone, are described. The pathogenesis of and
      criteria for diagnosis of Barrett esophagus are addressed. The neoplastic
      complication of adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett esophagus is discussed.
      Finally, the implications of columnar epithelial dysplasia and potential markers
      in Barrett mucosa for surveillance of Barrett patients are reviewed.

PMID- 2406570
TI  - A yeast ARS-binding protein activates transcription synergistically in
      combination with other weak activating factors.
AB  - ABFI (ARS-binding protein I) is a yeast protein that binds specific DNA sequences
      associated with several autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs). ABFI also
      binds sequences located in promoter regions of some yeast genes, including DED1,
      an essential gene of unknown function that is transcribed constitutively at a
      high level. ABFI was purified by specific binding to the DED1 upstream activating
      sequence (UAS) and was found to recognize related sequences at several other
      promoters, at an ARS (ARS1), and at a transcriptional silencer (HMR E). All ABFI
      binding sites, regardless of origin, provided weak UAS function in vivo when
      examined in test plasmids. UAS function was abolished by point mutations that
      reduced ABFI binding in vitro. Analysis of the DED1 promoter showed that two ABFI
      binding sites combine synergistically with an adjacent T-rich sequence to form a
      strong constitutive activator. The DED1 T-rich element acted synergistically with
      all other ABFI-binding sites and with binding sites for other multifunctional
      yeast activators. An examination of the properties of sequences surrounding ARS1
      left open the possibility that ABFI enhances the initiation of DNA replication at
      ARS1 by transcriptional activation.

PMID- 2406573
TI  - Gastric carcinoma and its precursors.

PMID- 2406574
TI  - Neuroendocrine cells of the gut and their disorders.

PMID- 2406575
TI  - Mesenchymal tumors of the gut: historical perspectives, new approaches, new
      results, and does it make any difference?

PMID- 2406576
TI  - Gastrointestinal immune system and its disorders.
AB  - Over the past 15 years the basic details of the mucosal immune response have been
      described. The challenge of the next decade is to expand these details and to
      relate this basic information to pathologic processes in the gastrointestinal
      tract. It is now clear that secretory IgA is the main immunoglobulin produced by
      the mucosa. Further, we know that oral rather than parenteral priming
      preferentially stimulates a secretory IgA response. IgA protects mainly by
      binding to an intraluminal microorganism or toxin and thereby interfering with
      its absorption across the gut epithelium. The cellular basis for the IgA response
      has also been elucidated to some degree. It is clear that the response is highly
      T cell dependent and requires both helper T cells and switch T cells. With the
      use of monoclonal antibodies, we have begun to learn about cell-mediated
      functions in the gut. Suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocytes are largely sequestered in
      the epithelium whereas helper/inducer lymphocytes mainly reside in the lamina
      propria. In diseases such as celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease,
      several alterations in the gastrointestinal immune system have been described.
      Some, such as the finding of antibody to gliaden, may be causally related to the
      disease. Others, such as antibodies to luminal bacteria, likely are secondary
      events. The challenge of the next decade is to expand these details and to relate
      this basic information to pathologic processes along the gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2406577
TI  - Enteric infections.

PMID- 2406578
TI  - Structure and function of the intestinal epithelial barrier in health and
      disease.
AB  - The major and rate-limiting barrier to transepithelial permeation in the
      intestine is the intercellular tight junction. Tight junction structure is often
      cell type specific and general but imperfect correlates between tight junction
      structure and permeability exist. The structure and permeability of this key
      barrier is not static and can be regulated physiologically. The means of
      regulation appears to involve the cytoskeleton of neighboring epithelial cells
      (particularly absorptive cells). Meal-related solutes--nutrients such as glucose-
      can reversibly enhance the permeability of absorptive cell tight junctions.
      Although this may substantially enhance the ability of the small intestine to
      harvest meal-related nutrients, it is conceivable that this may also result in
      transient exposure of the subepithelial compartment to potentially noxious
      lumenal compounds. Some features found in many intestinal disease states such as
      PMN migration across the epithelium may also result in transient barrier defects.
      With PMN transmigration it is clear that even macromolecules may permeate
      junctions being impaled by PMNs. When disease processes finally result in focal
      epithelial denudation, the epithelium has the potential of resealing such defects
      with remarkable efficiency. The preceding discussion highlights how dynamic the
      tight junction is and sets the stage for future work aimed at understanding the
      initial signaling events and intracellular cascade(s) that allow this major
      barrier to demonstrate such plasticity.

PMID- 2406579
TI  - Differential diagnosis of colitis.

PMID- 2406580
TI  - Management of colonic dysplasia and adenomas.
AB  - The major problems with the management of dysplasia in the large bowel are few
      when dealing with adenomas or invasive carcinomas. Many more problems arise in
      the clinical and pathologic management of dysplasia in inflammatory bowel
      disease. The interesting question of dysplasia occurring in other polyps remains
      intriguing, and particularly the notion that hyperplastic and adenomatous polpys
      tend to occur in the same segment of bowel and therefore may have the same
      predisposing factor. We hope that by the time the next volume of the monograph is
      published on gastrointestinal pathology, all of these problems will have been
      resolved.

PMID- 2406581
TI  - Pathology of chronic gastritis and duodenitis.

PMID- 2406582
TI  - The effect of alkoxy substituents on the mutagenicity of some aminoazobenzene
      dyes and their reductive-cleavage products.
AB  - 15 aminoazobenzene dyes and 7 of their reductive-cleavage products were examined
      in the Salmonella/microsome assay with strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and
      TA1538. Dyes tested included 5 derivatives of 4-aminoazobenzene with different
      alkoxy substituents (-OCH3, -OCH2CH3, -OCH2CH2 CH3, -OCH2CH2CH2CH3 or -OCH2CH2OH)
      in the 8-position as well as the corresponding derivatives of 4-[(4
      aminophenyl)azo]-N,N-diethylaniline and 4-[(4-aminophenyl)azo]-N,N-bis(2
      hydroxyethyl)aniline. In general, as the size of the substituent ortho to the
      primary amino group of the dyes was increased, the mutagenicity decreased. A
      similar trend was observed for the reductive-cleavage products. The results from
      the latter aspect of this study suggest that the mutagenicity of aminoazobenzene
      dyes can not be accounted for solely from the properties of their reductive
      cleavage products.

PMID- 2406583
TI  - The effect of alkoxy substituents on the mutagenicity of some phenylenediamine
      based disazo dyes.
AB  - 16 phenylenediamine-based disazo dyes were examined in the Salmonella/mammalian
      microsome assay with strains TA98, TA100 and TA1538. All of the dyes contain an
      alkoxy group ortho to one of the azo linkages. Increasing the size of this alkoxy
      substituent from 1 to 4 carbons led to a decrease in mutagenic activity in
      certain instances while no change was noted in other cases. Comparison of the
      mutagenicity of the disazo dyes with their potential reductive-cleavage products
      suggests that (1) the reductive-cleavage products are not solely responsible for
      the mutagenicity of the disazo dyes, and (2) significant reductive-cleavage of
      the disazo dyes is not taking place in the standard Salmonella assay.

PMID- 2406584
TI  - Mutagenicity of ethyleneimine.

PMID- 2406585
TI  - Antimutagenicity profiles for some model compounds.
AB  - The concept of activity profile listings and plots, already applied successfully
      to the display of mutagenicity data, has been modified for application to
      antimutagenicity data. The activity profiles are bar graphs that have been
      organized in two general ways: for antimutagens that have been tested in
      combination with a given mutagen and for mutagens that have been tested in
      combination with a given antimutagen. Doses from both the mutagen and the
      antimutagen are displayed and plotted together with results on enhancement or
      inhibition of mutagenic activity. The short-term tests that have been used
      extensively to identify mutagens and potential carcinogens are increasingly being
      used to identify antimutagens and potential anticarcinogens. Three model
      mutagens, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, aflatoxin B1 and benzo[a]pyrene,
      and 4 model antimutagens, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene,
      glutathione and disulfiram, were selected from the data surveyed in the published
      literature. It is not clear at the present time whether the inhibition of
      carcinogen-induced mutation is a good indicator of anticarcinogenic properties,
      and further research is needed. Nevertheless, the activity profiles are useful
      for the assessment of the available antimutagenesis data by providing rapid
      visualization of considerable dose information and experimental results.

PMID- 2406586
TI  - Mutagenic activity in regional foods and beverages from the Venezuelan Andean
      region.

PMID- 2406587
TI  - Aneuploidy assay on diethylstilbestrol by means of in situ hybridization of
      radioactive and biotinylated DNA probes on interphase nuclei.
AB  - Aneuploidy tests by means of in situ hybridization with chromosome-specific DNA
      probes on interphase nuclei have been carried out on human lymphocytes treated
      with diethylstilbestrol (DES). A DNA probe specific for chromosome Y (Y97),
      either radioactive or biotinylated, was used for the assays. Autoradiography or
      FITC-conjugated antibiotin antibodies were employed to visualize the
      hybridization sites. A significant increase of hyperdiploid nuclei was obtained
      with both procedures and a dose-related effect was revealed using the
      biotinylated probe. The results obtained, while giving further support to the
      evidence that DES is able to induce aneuploidy in cultured human cells, also
      indicate that the sensitivity of the assay can be improved by using biotinylated
      probes coupled with fluorescent antibodies.

PMID- 2406588
TI  - Salmonella typhimurium TA100Tn5-1012, a strain deficient in arylhydroxylamine O
      esterificase, exhibits a reduced nitroreductase activity.

PMID- 2406589
TI  - Induction of error-free DNA repair in Escherichia coli by thiamine deprivation.
AB  - Incubation of Escherichia coli AB1157 in a thiamine-deficient medium causes a
      large, time-dependent increase in resistance to UV-radiation (254 nm) and a fall
      in its UV-induced mutation frequency to histidine prototrophy which are abolished
      in its uvrA mutant, but only delayed in lon- and recA- cells. The response of the
      lexA3 mutant resembles that of the parental cells. These effects are very similar
      to those we have shown to be induced by heat shock and are clearly due to an
      error-free, DNA-excision repair-dependent process. They may represent a general
      response to non-mutagenic stress in these cells.

PMID- 2406590
TI  - Amplification and sequencing of genomic DNA fragments encoding cysteine proteases
      from protozoan parasites.
AB  - Cysteine protease gene fragments from three protozoan parasites Trypanosoma
      cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, and Entamoeba histolytica were amplified by the
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from genomic DNA using degenerate oligonucleotide
      primers. The primers used for the amplification were designed based upon amino
      acid sequences flanking the active site cysteine and asparagine residues that are
      conserved in the eukaryotic cysteine proteases analyzed to date. The amplified
      DNA fragments, representing approximately 70% of the coding regions of the
      cysteine protease genes, were subcloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis and
      alignment showed significant sequence similarity to other members of the
      eukaryotic cysteine protease family (45% identical to chicken cathepsin L) and
      conservation of the cysteine, histidine, and asparagine residues which form the
      catalytic triad. These gene fragments provide molecular probes for further
      analysis of the structure and function of these important metabolic enzymes.

PMID- 2406591
TI  - Dihydrofolate reductase mutations and chromosomal changes associated with
      pyrimethamine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR
      TS) gene in pyrimethamine-resistant (PyrR) mutants of Plasmodium falciparum
      selected in vitro was examined to determine if specific mutations in DHFR were
      associated with drug resistance. We analysed the sequence of genomic DNA from
      strain FCR3, from eight previously isolated PyrR parasites derived from FCR3, and
      from strain Honduras-1. We found that: (1) five PyrR FCR3 mutants, FCR3-D4-D8,
      had an identical nucleotide change and a novel single amino acid change (Phe to
      Ser) at amino acid 223 of DHFR; (2) our originally reported nucleotide sequence
      of the DHFR-TS gene was of the PyrR strain Honduras-1, and was not of FCR3; (3)
      three PyrR mutants, FCR3-D1, D2, and D3, thought to have been derived from the
      FCR3 strain, were in fact isolates of Honduras-1. We also examined the
      chromosomal DNA of PyrR mutants by pulsed-field gradient gel (PFG)
      electrophoresis. The PyrR mutants FCR3-D1, D2, and D3 had several chromosome size
      polymorphisms compared to FCR3. In two of the PyrR FCR3 mutants, FCR3-D7 and D8,
      the chromosome 4-size DNA of FCR3 that the DHFR-TS probe normally hybridised to
      was not observed. Instead, in FCR3-D7, a chromosome larger than the chromosome 4
      size DNA was observed to hybridise to the DHFR-TS probe. In FCR3-D8, two
      chromosomes that hybridised to the DHFR-TS probe were found. One of them was
      larger than FCR-3 chromosome 4-size DNA, and the other was smaller than FCR3
      chromosome 1-size DNA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406592
TI  - Cloning and characterization of a Wuchereria bancrofti-specific DNA sequence.

PMID- 2406593
TI  - Sequence of the circumsporozoite gene of Plasmodium berghei ANKA clone and NK65
      strain.

PMID- 2406594
TI  - Electrophoretic detection of Trypanosoma cruzi peptidases.
AB  - Peptidases of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes were examined by polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis in gels containing gelatin as peptidase substrate. Mini-gels were
      far superior to large gels in their sensitivity of peptidase detection. Patterns
      of peptidases were similar between different strains of T. cruzi, although some
      inter-strain heterogeneity was found. In strain Y, at least five peptidases were
      detected: four of these enzymes were shown to be cysteine-type peptidases with
      acidic pH optima. The other peptidase was a 60-kDa membrane-associated peptidase
      that was sensitive to o-phenanthroline; it was tentatively characterised as a
      metallopeptidase, and was optimally active at alkaline pH. This membrane
      associated peptidase was conserved between strains of T. cruzi.

PMID- 2406595
TI  - Isolate-dependent differences in the oxidative metabolism of Trypanosoma cruzi
      epimastigotes.
AB  - Epimastigote cultures of the two cloned Trypanosoma cruzi stocks, CA-I/72 and HO
      3/15, grown under identical conditions, differ both qualitatively and
      quantitatively in their cytochrome content. The CA-I/72 stock has a four-fold
      higher cytochrome b content (19.2 nM (mg protein)-1) than the HO-3/15 stock (4.9
      nM (mg protein)-1). Cytochrome o is present at 29 nM (mg protein)-1 in the CA
      I/72 stock but is below detectable limits in the HO-3/15 stock. There is no inter
      stock difference in oxygen utilization (12-15 nM O2 min-1 (mg protein)-1) during
      exponential growth. However, stationary phase CA-I/72 epimastigotes utilize twice
      as much oxygen as HO-3/15 epimastigotes. Oxygen utilization by HO-3/15
      epimastigotes incubated in Dulbecco's phosphate buffer solution (starvation
      conditions), was stimulated earlier and to higher levels by the addition of
      glucose than by CA-I/72 epimastigotes under identical conditions. Under
      starvation conditions and with the cytochrome chain partially inhibited by
      antimycin A,(anti-A) the addition addition of glucose also increased oxygen
      utilization by CA-I/72 epimastigotes. In contrast, anti-A did not influence
      glucose-stimulated oxygen utilization by HO-3/15 epimastigotes. Following partial
      inhibition with anti-A, salicylhydroxamic acid produced an additional 50%
      inhibition in oxygen utilization in both stocks irrespective of the growth phase
      of the organisms. These data indicate that marked intra-specific differences in
      oxidative metabolism exist within the T. cruzi population and that an alpha
      glycerophosphate oxidase or similar salicylhydroxamic acid-inhibitable compound
      may be present in the organism.

PMID- 2406596
TI  - Binding of Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry proteins to mouse erythrocytes and their
      possible role in invasion.
AB  - Rhoptry proteins of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites, of 140, 130, and 110 kDa,
      identified by co-precipitation with Mab.1B9, bind selectively to mouse
      erythrocytes and reticulocytes. The properties of binding are shown to correlate
      with invasion of P. falciparum into mouse erythrocytes. Invasion of two strains
      of P. falciparum 7G8 and FCR-3, into mouse erythrocytes was examined, and was
      found to differ significantly. The 7G8 strain invades mouse erythrocytes at a
      rate of 40-60% compared to invasion into human erythrocytes, whereas FCR-3
      invades at a rate of 5-15%. Both strains of P. falciparum preferentially invade
      reticulocytes in the in vitro invasion assay. This correlated with an increase in
      the amount of rhoptry protein of the 7G8 strain bound to mouse erythrocytes,
      compared to the FCR-3 strain and an increased binding to reticulocytes compared
      to mature erythrocytes. Binding of the rhoptry proteins and merozoite invasion
      into the erythrocyte is blocked in erythrocytes treated with trypsin and
      chymotrypsin but not in neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes, suggesting that the
      putative receptor site is exposed and accessible on the erythrocyte surface.
      Rabbit antiserum against gp3, the major glycophorin of mouse erythrocytes, blocks
      binding of the rhoptry proteins to erythrocytes and reduces merozoite invasion
      into mouse erythrocytes by 50%. Binding of rhoptry proteins to mouse
      reticulocytes was not blocked by alpha gp3 indicating a receptor difference
      between reticulocytes and erythrocytes. Mab.1B9 reduces merozoite invasion but
      does not decrease binding of the rhoptry proteins to the mouse erythrocyte. The
      mouse erythrocyte serves as a useful model to study the receptor-ligand
      interaction of rhoptry proteins and host surface proteins and to define the role
      of the rhoptry proteins during the invasion process.

PMID- 2406597
TI  - Inhibition of glucose transport into rat islet cells by immunoglobulins from
      patients with new-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Because glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is selectively impaired during the
      development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), we tested the
      possibility that the glucose transporter of pancreatic islet beta cells is a
      target of the autoimmune process in patients with IDDM. We measured the uptake of
      3-O-methyl-beta-D-glucose by dispersed islet cells from rats after a 15-minute
      incubation with purified IgG from 27 patients with newly diagnosed IDDM, 28
      normal subjects, and 5 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (NIDDM). The IgG fractions from 26 of the 27 patients with IDDM (96 percent), but
      from none of the 5 patients with NIDDM, reduced the initial rates of 3-O-methyl
      beta-D-glucose uptake to at least 1 SD below the mean of the rates observed in
      the presence of IgG fractions from normal subjects (P less than 0.001). In
      contrast, the uptake of L-leucine by islet cells was not affected by any of the
      IgG fractions. The inhibitory activity of IgG from the patients with IDDM was
      abolished by preincubation with islet cells and membranes from hepatocytes, which
      contain the same glucose transporter as beta cells, but not with erythrocytes,
      which do not contain this transporter. We conclude that IgG from patients with
      IDDM of recent onset, but not from those with NIDDM, inhibits glucose uptake by
      rat islet cells. The results are consistent with the presence of an antibody
      against a protein involved in glucose transport by beta cells that would thereby
      impair glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.

PMID- 2406598
TI  - The infant with anencephaly.

PMID- 2406599
TI  - Occupational medicine. (2)

PMID- 2406600
TI  - A strategy for quality assurance in Medicare.

PMID- 2406601
TI  - The influence of oral potassium chloride on blood pressure in hypertensive men on
      a low-sodium diet.
AB  - Clinical and epidemiologic studies suggest that the intake of potassium chloride
      lowers blood pressure. To investigate whether supplemental potassium chloride (96
      mmol of microcrystalline potassium chloride a day) reduced the need for
      antihypertensive medication in hypertensive men on a restricted-sodium diet, we
      conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. A total
      of 287 men 45 to 68 years of age, 142 given potassium chloride and 145 given
      placebo, were followed for an average of 2.2 years after the withdrawal of their
      antihypertensive medication. Men in both groups received instructions on
      following a low-sodium diet. Overnight urinary sodium excretion fell from 63 mmol
      per eight hours at base line to an average of 45 mmol per eight hours during
      follow-up. Participants given supplemental potassium chloride had significantly
      higher (P less than 0.001) serum potassium levels and urinary potassium excretion
      (averaging 4.5 mmol per liter and 42.5 mmol per eight hours, respectively) during
      follow-up than participants given placebo (4.2 mmol per liter and 20.0 mmol per
      eight hours). Seventy-nine participants in each group required reinstitution of
      antihypertensive medication according to strict indications defined by the
      protocol. No significant differences in systolic or diastolic blood pressure were
      observed between the two groups. During follow-up, systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure averaged 130.6 and 82.5 mm Hg, respectively, for participants given
      supplemental potassium, and 132.5 and 83.1 mm Hg for participants given placebo.
      We conclude that supplemental potassium chloride does not reduce the need for
      antihypertensive medication in hypertensive men on a restricted-sodium diet.

PMID- 2406603
TI  - Occupational medicine (1).

PMID- 2406602
TI  - Effects of electronic fetal-heart-rate monitoring, as compared with periodic
      auscultation, on the neurologic development of premature infants.
AB  - In a multicenter, randomized clinical trial, we assessed the early neurologic
      development of 93 children born prematurely whose heart rates were monitored
      electronically during delivery and compared it with that of 96 children born
      prematurely whose heart rates were periodically monitored by auscultation. All
      the children were singletons with cephalic presentation, and all weighed less
      than or equal to 1750 g at birth. The mental and psychomotor indexes of the
      Bayley Scales of Infant Development (standardized mean score +/- SD, 100 +/- 16)
      and a formal neurologic examination were administered at three follow-up visits
      (at 4, 8, and 18 months of age, corrected for gestational age). At 18 months, the
      mean mental-development scores in the groups receiving electronic fetal
      monitoring and periodic auscultation were 100.5 +/- 2.4 and 104.9 +/- 1.8,
      respectively (P greater than 0.1). The mean psychomotor-development scores in the
      two groups at 18 months were 94.0 +/- 2.4 and 98.3 +/- 1.8, respectively (P
      greater than 0.1). The incidence of cerebral palsy was higher in the
      electronically monitored group--20 percent as compared with 8 percent in the
      group that was monitored by auscultation (P less than 0.03). In the electronic
      fetal-monitoring group (but not in the periodic-auscultation group), the risk of
      cerebral palsy increased with the duration of abnormal fetal-heart-rate patterns,
      as assessed by retrospective review (chi 2 trend = 12.71, P less than 0.001). The
      median time to delivery after the diagnosis of abnormal fetal-heart-rate patterns
      was 104 minutes with electronic fetal monitoring, as compared with 60 minutes
      with periodic auscultation. We conclude that as compared with a structured
      program of periodic auscultation, electronic fetal monitoring does not result in
      improved neurologic development in children born prematurely.

PMID- 2406604
TI  - The cellular basis of site-specific tumor metastasis.

PMID- 2406605
TI  - Cyclosporine in Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2406606
TI  - Reprint solidarity.

PMID- 2406607
TI  - Subcellular fate of the int-2 oncoprotein is determined by choice of initiation
      codon.
AB  - Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have been implicated in many aspects of cell
      growth and differentiation both in normal and neoplastic settings. For example,
      the mouse int-2 gene, which encodes an FGF-related product, is a frequent target
      of proviral activation in carcinomas induced by mouse mammary tumour virus, but
      apparently functions at discrete stages of normal embryonic development. Six
      classes of int-2 messenger RNA have been identified in embryonic cells, each of
      which is predicted to encode the same 245-amino-acid protein. But all known int-2
      transcripts include sequences upstream of the AUG codon presumed to be the
      initiation codon. Here we report an additional N-terminally extended int-2 gene
      product initiated at an in-frame CUG codon. In COS-1 cells transiently
      transfected with appropriate int-2 complementary DNAs, the AUG-initiated product
      is found predominantly in the secretory pathway, whereas the CUG-initiated form
      is localized to the nucleus. These data indicate that the Int-2 oncoprotein could
      influence cellular behaviour by two distinct mechanisms.

PMID- 2406608
TI  - AIDS virus discovery. NIH seek advice on Gallo.

PMID- 2406609
TI  - Influenza causing sunspots?

PMID- 2406611
TI  - Gene therapy. Clinical trials next step.

PMID- 2406610
TI  - Immunology. Making a molecular match.

PMID- 2406612
TI  - Protease or protease inhibitor?

PMID- 2406613
TI  - Dystrophin gene transcribed from different promoters in neuronal and glial cells.
AB  - It has been shown that the dystrophin gene, which is defective in patients with
      Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (reviewed in ref. 1), is transcribed in
      brain from a specific promoter that is different from the one used in muscle, and
      so the two types of transcripts differ at least in their first exon. We recently
      found that the dystrophin gene is expressed at a higher level in primary cultures
      of neuronal cells than in astro-glial cells derived from adult mouse brain. Here
      we investigate the use of two different promoters in each cell type. Our results
      demonstrate that the brain-type promoter of the dystrophin gene is highly
      specific to neurons, in which there is a significant increase in the amount of
      brain-specific messenger RNA during the course of in vitro maturation. By
      contrast, the muscle-type promoter is active in a wider range of cell types,
      including not only striated and smooth muscle, but also glial cells to a lesser
      extent, and probably neurons.

PMID- 2406614
TI  - Cell cycle oscillation of phosphatase inhibitor-2 in rat fibroblasts coincident
      with p34cdc2 restriction.
AB  - Attention has focused on the regulation of the eucaryotic cell division cycle
      since the protein kinase p34cdc2 was identified as a key enzyme in mitotic
      induction. The level of this kinase remains constant throughout the cell cycle
      but its activity alters, particularly before M phase. Although the factors
      regulating cdc2 activity are still unknown, there is increasing evidence that it
      is influenced by p34cdc2 dephosphorylation. Protein phosphatase inhibitor-2 (I2)
      is a specific inhibitor of phosphatase type-1, which with type-2A is one of the
      two principal Ser(P) and Thr(P) phosphatases. Here we show that the level of I2,
      assayed by immunofluorescence staining, activity measurements, western
      immunoblotting and metabolic labelling, oscillates during the cell cycle in rat
      fibroblasts, peaking at S phase and mitosis. Moreover, when we inhibited I2 in
      vivo by microinjection of anti-I2 antibodies in S-phase cells, the pseudo-mitotic
      cellular response to injected p34cdc2 was restored, indicating that I2 might have
      a role in the modulation of p34cdc2 activity.

PMID- 2406615
TI  - A 3' splice site-binding sequence in the catalytic core of a group I intron.
AB  - Ribozymes use specific RNA-RNA interactions for substrate binding and active-site
      formation. Self-splicing group I introns have approximately 70 nucleotides
      constituting the core, a region containing sequences and structures indispensable
      for catalytic function. The catalytic core must interact with the substrates used
      for the two steps of the self-splicing reaction, that is, guanosine, the 5'
      splice-site helix (P1) and the 3' splice site. Mutational evidence suggests that
      core sequences near segment J6/7 that joins the base-paired stems P6 and P7, and
      the bulged base of P7(5'), participate in binding guanosine substrate, but
      nothing is known about the interactions between the core, the 5'-splice-site
      helix and the 3' splice site. On the basis of comparative sequence data, it has
      been suggested that two specific bases in the catalytic core of group I introns
      might form a binding sequence for the 3' splice site. Here we present genetic
      evidence that such a binding site exists in the core of the Tetrahymena large
      subunit ribosomal RNA intron. We demonstrate that this pairing, termed P9.0, is
      functionally important in the exon ligation step of self-splicing, but is not
      itself responsible for 3'-splice-site selection.

PMID- 2406616
TI  - The Charlotte Medical Journal, 1892-1925.

PMID- 2406617
TI  - Racial integration in the North Carolina Medical Society.

PMID- 2406618
TI  - [Burns of the hand].

PMID- 2406619
TI  - [Minor symptoms in family practice; pterygium of the conjunctiva].

PMID- 2406620
TI  - [Restless legs syndrome].

PMID- 2406621
TI  - [Consensus prevention of hospital infections].
AB  - Purpose of this consensus development conference held in Utrecht on 19th May,
      1989 was to reach agreement on hygienic hand washing and disinfection procedures,
      preoperative hand disinfection, isolation procedures, implementation of rules and
      regulations. A working party had prepared 18 statements on these four subjects,
      with added explanations. The audience which had received this information in
      advance, was invited to discuss and possibly modify or reject the statements.
      Agreement was reached about the following: regular washing of the hands of
      personnel on the wards is useful to prevent hospital infections; this should be
      done according to an agreed and feasible protocol defining when and how.
      Disinfection of the hands of care personnel on the wards should be done with 70
      80% alcohol with cetiol; for non-infected patients with normal resistance hand
      washing and hand disinfection are judged equivalent. Hand disinfection procedures
      are advocated for personnel caring for immuno-compromised or infected patients.
      Alcohol (70-80%) with added chlorhexidine (0.5%) and cetiol was chosen for
      preoperative hand disinfection to be applied after a washing session; brushes
      should be used sparingly. A category specific isolation system was preferred to a
      disease specific system. Except for air transmitted infections, barrier nursing
      is usually adequate. It was deemed important to register practical problems
      before trying to implement the regulations.

PMID- 2406622
TI  - [Current developments in the diagnosis and treatment of extrauterine pregnancy].

PMID- 2406623
TI  - [Treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a plea for comprehensive
      care].

PMID- 2406624
TI  - [100 years of intra-orbital implants following enucleation].

PMID- 2406625
TI  - [Respiration of patients with chronic progressive neuromuscular diseases].

PMID- 2406626
TI  - [Echography in appendicitis].

PMID- 2406627
TI  - [Hormone regulation of follicle maturation and ovulation].

PMID- 2406628
TI  - [Echographic studies of the shoulder].

PMID- 2406629
TI  - [Comparison of biphasic radiologic stomach and duodenum studies with fiber
      endoscopy for the diagnosis of peptic ulcer and stomach carcinoma].
AB  - In a prospective, blind study of 385 patients with dyspepsia, the diagnostic
      value of biphasic radiological examination of stomach and duodenum was compared
      with endoscopy. The patients were examined for presence of peptic ulcers and
      gastric carcinomas. No golden standard being available, kappa values were
      calculated for the comparison. The kappa values were 0.67 and 0.77 for gastric
      and duodenal ulcers, respectively; for gastric carcinomas the value was 0.91.
      These values indicate good agreement. The sensitivity and specificity of both
      methods were high; a lower sensitivity of radiological examination for duodenal
      ulcers was accounted for by ulcers smaller than 5 mm; for larger ulcers, the
      sensitivity and specificity of both methods were practically the same. It is
      concluded that the two methods are of equal value for the diagnosis of peptic
      ulcers and gastric carcinomas. Endoscopy offers the major advantage that biopsy
      samples can be taken for histological examination or culturing. The biphasic
      radiological examination, on the other hand, is cheaper and often better
      tolerated by the patient.

PMID- 2406630
TI  - Cranial dermoid and epidermoid cysts.
AB  - 63 patients with epidermoid and dermoid cysts were treated surgically during the
      past sixteen years. Total tumour removal was achieved in 65% of cases. Because of
      their soft and slow growing nature, adjacent subarachnoidal spaces and clefts
      were filled and in some cases total removal was impossible. Due to the advances
      in technology mortality and morbidity rates are greatly decreased.

PMID- 2406631
TI  - Cerebellopontine angle craniopharyngioma.
AB  - A rare case of craniopharyngioma presenting as a primary cerebellopontine angle
      tumour is reported. Unlike normal craniopharyngiomas, preoperative diagnosis is
      often difficult. Radical removal of a completely cystic tumour is carried out
      through an unilateral suboccipital exposure. The diagnostic and surgical
      implications are discussed in the light of few similar cases reported in the
      literature.

PMID- 2406633
TI  - [The topography of the atrium ventriculi and its microsurgical importance].
AB  - Microsurgical anatomy of the atrial region of the side cerebral ventricles was
      studied on 100 brain hemispheres. The variations in the form of the atrial walls,
      especially the structures comprising the anterior atrial wall were analysed in
      respect to the microsurgical possibilities. According to the anatomical results a
      microsurgical approach was described: the interhemispheric transatrial approach
      for lesions of the trigonal atrial region. Advantages and disadvantages,
      possibilities and limits of this approach in comparison to alternative approaches
      are discussed.

PMID- 2406632
TI  - [Basal ganglion bleeding after the surgical decompression of the craniovertebral
      junction].
AB  - A case of postoperative haemorrhage into the basal ganglia following
      decompression of the craniovertebral junction in a 35-year-old patient is
      presented. Similar cases in the literature of intracerebral bleeding remote from
      the site of surgery are reviewed and the possible pathogenesis of this unusual
      complication discussed.

PMID- 2406634
TI  - [Indirect cerebrovascular anastomosis].

PMID- 2406635
TI  - [Evaluation of CT-guided stereotaxic aspiration for thalamic hemorrhage by single
      photon emission CT].
AB  - Sixteen patients with thalamic hemorrhage (hematoma volume greater than or equal
      to 10 ml and CT classification greater than or equal to IIa) were included in
      this study. In sixteen patients, ten were treated conservatively (conservative
      group) and six were subjected to CT-guided stereotaxic aspiration (aspiration
      group). Stereotaxic aspiration was performed at the acute stage within five days
      after the onset. We measured cerebral blood flow (CBF) using Single Photon
      Emission CT (Tomomatic 64) and 133-Xe inhalation method. In both groups, CBF was
      measured at the onset (day 1-5), acute stage (day 7-13), subacute stage (1 month
      from the onset) and chronic stage (2-4 months from the onset). In this study,
      mean hemispheric cerebral blood flow (mCBF) was calculated from the middle slice
      2, positioned 5cm above the orbitomeatal line. Regional devision of slice 2 in
      the hematoma side was made as follows. rCBF-A: regional cerebral blood flow in
      the anterior area of the hematoma. rCBF-L: regional cerebral blood flow in the
      lateral area of the hematoma. rCBF-P: regional cerebral blood flow in the
      posterior area of the hematoma. In both groups, age, neurological grading, CT
      classification and hematoma volume had no significance. In the conservative
      group, mCBF of the hematoma side in the subacute stage was 68 +/- 7%, and in the
      aspiration group it was 85 +/- 17%. This difference was statistically
      significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406636
TI  - [Non-ketotic hyperosmolar diabetic coma in neurosurgical cases; review of 7
      cases].
AB  - Neurosurgical patients with non-ketotic hyperosmolar diabetic coma (NHC) in our
      institution were analysed retrospectively. Seven cases were diagnosed as NHC
      being 0.47% of the number of inpatients in the last 5 years. The age ranged from
      60 to 72 years old (mean 65) and there were 6 males and 1 female. Only 2 patients
      (29%) had a clear past history of diabetes mellitus. Prior to the NHC, systemic
      infection was present in 2 cases. Intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) was
      performed in 5 cases, glycerol osmotherapy in 3 cases, diphenylhydantion therapy
      in 3 cases and tube feeding in 2 cases. The overall mortality rate in our series
      was 71% (5 cases), of which 2 cases died within 2 days due to cardiopulmonary
      failure, and 3 cases in the chronic stage died due to disseminated intravascular
      coagulopathy (DIC), or due to renal failure. The prognosis of NHC in
      neurosurgical patients is generally bad because of the presence of consciousness
      disturbance prior to the onset of NHC, which may mask the symptoms occurring from
      the NHC. Other predisposing factors could be systemic infection, IVH or tube
      feeding, and osmotic agents which are frequently used in neurosurgical patients.
      There was a tendency for NHC to occur predominantly in the chronic stage after
      the blood sugar had returned to normal range from the hyperglycemic state in the
      acute stage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406637
TI  - [Malignant schwannoma of acoustic nerve: a case report].
AB  - During a routine physical examination in 1976, a 54-year-old man was noted to
      suffer from hearing difficulty and continuing tinnitus of his right ear. He had,
      however, no further consultations for the next five years, although the symptom
      persisted and gradually worsened. In May 1981, he experienced complete hearing
      loss in his right ear. A computed tomography disclosed no abnormalities, and
      other laboratory tests were unremarkable. In September 1981, the patient began to
      complain of paresthesia of the right angle of the mouth and tongue, right-sided
      facial paralysis, and walking difficulty. A repeated computed tomography showed a
      tumor at the right cerebellopontine angle region. A clinical diagnosis of
      acoustic schwannoma was made. The first operation was performed in December 1981.
      Complete removal of the tumor was impossible because of its unexpected, unusual
      hardness. The pathologic diagnosis was a malignant mesenchymal tumor, compatible
      with a malignant nerve sheath tumor of the acoustic nerve. A second operation was
      performed in January 1982, but the rapid postoperative regrowth of the tumor
      necessitated a third operation in March 1982. The patient died in the next month.
      Family histories did not show any evidence of von Recklinghausen's disease, and
      neither did the patient have any clinical stigmata of this disease.

PMID- 2406638
TI  - [Clinical study of two cases of traumatic cerebellar injury].
AB  - Two cases of traumatic cerebellar injury complicated with a traumatic medial
      longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) syndrome or cerebellar mutism were reported, and
      the cause of these mechanisms was discussed: Case 1: A 9-year-old boy who struck
      his head in the occipital region during an automobile accident was operated on
      for a delayed traumatic intracerebellar hematoma. The operation improved the
      level of his consciousness but MLF syndrome was noticed. The mechanism of
      traumatic MLF syndrome was discussed in relation to vascular injury and to
      neurovascular friction. The outcome of the syndrome including our case, which
      recovered spontaneously, seemed to support the theory of neurovascular injury.
      Case 2: A 6-year-old boy who struck his head in the temporooccipital region
      during an automobile accident was admitted to our hospital without conciousness.
      On admission, contusion of the temporal lobe and left cerebellar hemisphere was
      demonstrated by a computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI). A mute state (cerebellar mutism) was recognized after his recovery of
      consciousness. The cause of the cerebellar mutism was thought to be an injury of
      the cerebellar vermis or left cerebellar hemisphere. The findings of CT scan and
      MRI in our case suggested that the cause of the cerebellar mutism was the
      contusion of these areas.

PMID- 2406639
TI  - [Histological diagnosis of brain tumors: (8) Pituitary adenoma].

PMID- 2406640
TI  - [A case of ectopic large pituitary adenoma].
AB  - Ectopic pituitary adenomas are very rare and only 17 cases have been reported. In
      this paper we present a case of large pituitary adenoma originating in the
      suprasellar region. A 26-year-old man was admitted to our clinic with a chief
      complaint of headaches. Neurological examination revealed slight disorientation
      and bilateral choked disk. Hormonal study revealed that the serum prolactin level
      was 3300ng/ml and serum growth hormone level was 29.5ng/ml. Computed tomography
      showed a large mass in the suprasellar region extending upward to the third
      ventricle and backward to the pons. T1-weighted MR imaging revealed that the
      intensity of the mass was the same as that of the cerebral cortex and the
      pituitary gland was showing high intensity in the pituitary fossa. The tumor was
      radically removed via the transpetrosal transtentorial approach. Histologically,
      the tumor was a prolactin-growth hormones producing pituitary adenoma. The
      literature was reviewed and the origin of the tumor was discussed.

PMID- 2406641
TI  - [Agenesis of the right internal carotid artery with intracerebral hemorrhage:
      case report].
AB  - A 45-year-old woman was admitted to our department because of intracerebral
      hemorrhage. Neurological examination showed upward gaze palsy, right
      hemihypesthesia including face and nuchal rigidity. CT scan demonstrated a high
      density spot in the left quadrigeminal plate. Postcontrast CT scan demonstrated
      an abnormal vessel in the left midbrain. We suspected the presence of an arterio
      venous malformation (AVM) and angiography was performed. Left vertebral
      angiography demonstrated early filling as far as the basal vein of Rosenthal with
      the contrast medium. However, no nidus suggesting AVM was observed. The right
      middle cerebral artery was fed via an anastomotic vessel (anomalous posterior
      communicating artery) from basilar bifurcation. Right carotid angiography
      demonstrated only the right external carotid artery indicating the absence of the
      right internal carotid artery. The bone target image of thin slice CT scan of the
      cranial base also disclosed the absence of the right carotid canal. 123I-IMP
      SPECT demonstrated no hypoperfusion area in the right cerebral hemisphere. The
      usefulness of the thin slice CT scan in the cranial base was discussed.

PMID- 2406642
TI  - [A case report: persistent primitive hypoglossal artery aneurysm].
AB  - The authors describe a case of persistent primitive hypoglossal artery aneurysm
      in a 42-year-old woman who had complained of headache, mainly in the occiput, for
      5 days prior to admission. Because of a sudden exacerbation of the headache
      associated with vomiting, she was hospitalized on July 31, 1988. On admission, a
      cranial computed tomography scan demonstrated a high density lesion in the basal
      cisterns which suggested subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Right carotid angiography
      revealed a persistent primitive hypoglossal artery and an aneurysm arising from
      this artery at the junction of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.
      Bilateral vertebral arteries were shown to be hypoplastic. This was followed by a
      right suboccipital craniectomy on the 6th hospital day at which time a neck
      clipping was made. Her postoperative course was uneventful. On discharge on
      August 22, she was ambulatory and had no neurological deficit except for a mild
      hoarseness which developed after surgery. Well over one hundred cases of
      persistent primitive hypoglossal artery aneurysm have been reported. However, as
      far as we could discern, there have been only 9 cases of persistent primitive
      hypoglossal artery aneurysm including this present case. Most of the cases had
      SAH due to the rupture of these aneurysms with favorable outcome after the
      surgery. In addition, some embryological considerations were made.

PMID- 2406643
TI  - Intraventricular injection of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist disrupts
      vestibular compensation.
AB  - Guinea pigs which had compensated for a unilateral labyrinthectomy exhibited a
      loss of ocular motor and postural compensation when a 40 or 20 mM concentration
      of the NMDA antagonist CPP, was injected through a cannula implanted in the IVth
      ventricle close to the vestibular nuclei. Similar injections of artificial
      cerebrospinal fluid did not induce loss of compensation. These results suggest
      that NMDA receptors may contribute to vestibular compensation in the guinea pig.

PMID- 2406644
TI  - 5-Methoxytryptophol injections in the Syrian hamster: plasma and pineal
      concentrations.
AB  - Plasma and pineal 5-methoxytryptophol (ML) levels were determined by
      radioimmunoassay (RIA) following subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of ML (1, 25 and
      100 micrograms) to hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus. A dose-dependent increase in
      plasma ML occurred, with the duration of the supra-physiological levels being
      related to the dose. However, only the 100 micrograms dose significantly
      increased pineal ML levels above control values. Plasma profiles after 1 or 25
      micrograms ML fitted a one-compartment model with half-lives of 18.6 and 25.2
      min, respectively. Following 100 micrograms ML a biphasic decay curve was
      evident, the half-lives of the 2 phases being 6.6 min and 2.95 h.

PMID- 2406645
TI  - Aging and disturbances of thirst and fluid balance.
AB  - Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis depend on a balance between the intake and
      output of water. Aging is characterized by reduced homeostatic capacity. Changes
      in the control of both water intake and excretion accompany aging and may
      predispose the elderly to disturbances in sodium and water balance. Reduced
      thirst and water intake in response to water deprivation and thermal dehydration
      have been observed in healthy elderly persons. This reduction, combined with
      reduced renal water-conservation capacity, may predispose the elderly to
      dangerous dehydration when illness increases water losses or physical incapacity
      prevents access to water. The reasons for the thirst deficit are not clear. The
      elderly have a reduced capacity to excrete a water load, which means they are
      predisposed to water overload and hyponatremia. Furthermore, various
      neuroendocrine changes in the elderly affect fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.
      More studies are needed to understand the etiology of the disturbances of fluid
      intake and output so that they can be better prevented and treated.

PMID- 2406646
TI  - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B--Biological Sciences, Volume
      119, 1935-1936: Experimental sodium chloride deficiency in man.

PMID- 2406647
TI  - Saccharin consumption increases food consumption in rats.

PMID- 2406648
TI  - Systemic embolization from left atrial ball thrombus. The case for early surgical
      intervention.

PMID- 2406649
TI  - Monitoring mutagenicity in urine and peripheral blood lymphocytes of pharmacists
      occupationally exposed to anticancer drugs.
AB  - Two approaches to mutagenicity monitoring were compared for estimation of
      possible absorption of cytotoxic drugs by a group of six pharmacists at Auckland
      Hospital. Blood samples were taken before and after a three week duty roster,
      from age and sex matched negative controls, and from a matched group of patients
      on chemotherapy. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were fixed, stained and analysed
      for sister chromatid exchange (SCE). Urine samples were collected from the
      pharmacists on the morning following their last day on cytotoxic dispensing duty,
      as well as from positive and negative controls. Samples were concentrated and
      analysed for mutagenicity in the bacterial Ames test. Comparison of negative
      control groups with the pharmacists using either of these test measures gave no
      evidence for significant absorption of cytotoxics by the pharmacist group as a
      whole, although values for the positive control groups were raised significantly
      in a similar comparison. The value for SCE of one pharmacist however, was
      elevated in the second sample (after three weeks dispensing duty) when compared
      with the first sample (before duty) and the urine analysis also suggested that
      this individual might have absorbed some mutagens. The results permit a
      comparison of these techniques as a means of ongoing monitoring of similar
      populations within New Zealand.

PMID- 2406650
TI  - Metabolic effects on indapamide.

PMID- 2406651
TI  - Cefixime: clinical trial against otitis media and tonsillitis.

PMID- 2406652
TI  - Ceftriaxone prophylaxis in surgery.

PMID- 2406653
TI  - The case control study.

PMID- 2406654
TI  - Sonographic growth measurements in triplet pregnancies.
AB  - Sonographic growth curves of biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference,
      abdominal circumference, head circumference/abdominal circumference ratio, and
      femur length were generated from 24 uncomplicated, concordant triplet
      pregnancies. These were compared with the standard curves derived for singletons
      used in our medical center. Slowing of BPD, head circumference, and abdominal
      circumference growth was noted in triplets from the 28th week of gestation,
      whereas the head circumference/abdominal circumference ratio was similar to that
      of singletons. Femur growth was parallel to that of singletons, although on the
      low margin of the two standard deviations. We conclude that the growth patterns
      of triplets are different from those of singletons. We suggest that femur length
      derived for singletons may be suitable for the follow-up of triplets. However,
      when growth retardation is suspected, the growth curves presented herein may be
      used to identify the growth-retarded fetus.

PMID- 2406655
TI  - The transverse cerebellar diameter cannot be used to assess gestational age in
      the small for gestational age fetus.
AB  - The transverse cerebellar diameter was obtained in 44 small for gestational age
      (SGA) fetuses between 27-42.8 weeks. Twenty-nine of 44 fetuses had antepartum
      and/or neonatal complications consistent with intrauterine growth retardation.
      The cerebellar diameter was normal in 12 (27.3%), between 1-2 SDs below the mean
      for gestational age in six (13.6%), and greater than 2 SDs below the mean in 26
      (59.1%). Hence, the transverse cerebellar diameter cannot be used to assess
      gestational age in those fetuses suspected of being SGA.

PMID- 2406656
TI  - A randomized trial of nurse-midwifery prenatal care to reduce low birth weight.
AB  - In a randomized, controlled trial in five regional centers with state health
      department clinics, 1458 women at high risk for low birth weight (LBW) outcome
      received either prenatal interventions provided by nurse-midwives and nurses
      under their supervision or the standard high-risk prenatal care provided by
      obstetricians. The intervention administered by the nurse-midwives included
      patient education to identify the signs and symptoms of preterm labor, activity
      counseling in response to monitoring of the cervix by frequent examinations,
      stress reduction by enhancing social support, nutrition counseling with emphasis
      on weight gain, and substance-abuse counseling. For women in the control group,
      care was provided by obstetricians according to local standards for the
      management of high-risk pregnancies. We hypothesized that the LBW rate among live
      births to women who had received care from nurse-midwives would be lower than
      that in the control group. Although the LBW rate was lower in the intervention
      group than in the control group, the observed difference was not statistically
      significant. Race was not prespecified as a possible effect modifier, but
      examination of the data post hoc suggested that black women at high statistical
      risk of giving birth to an LBW infant may have derived benefit from the program.
      Although the results do not suggest any striking advantage of the nurse-midwifery
      intervention over standard obstetric care for women at high statistical risk of
      having an LBW infant, neither do they suggest any disadvantage. Nurse-midwives
      could provide care to certain populations of high-risk women and facilitate
      future coverage of these presently underserved populations.

PMID- 2406657
TI  - Uterine contractility patterns after an episode of preterm labor.
AB  - Uterine contractility patterns were studied in an attempt to identify those women
      on tocolytic therapy at risk for preterm delivery. One hundred sixteen women
      treated successfully after an episode of preterm labor were followed with an
      ambulatory tocodynamometer system. Contractions were monitored twice daily for 1
      hour until delivery or until 36 completed weeks of gestation. In this group, 52
      women (45%) delivered preterm and 64 (55%) delivered at term. The analysis
      revealed that 1) from 24-29 weeks' gestation, there was no significant difference
      in the uterine activity between the two groups; and 2) beginning at 30 weeks'
      gestation and continuing until the end of the 36th week of gestation, uterine
      activity was significantly greater in women destined to deliver preterm. These
      observations suggest that the patterns of daily uterine contractility observed in
      patients after an episode of preterm labor can identify those at greater risk for
      a preterm delivery.

PMID- 2406658
TI  - Randomized trial of Dilapan and Laminaria as cervical ripening agents before
      induction of labor.
AB  - A randomized trial was conducted to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of
      Dilapan cervical dilators and Laminaria japonicum as cervical ripening agents
      before induction of labor at term. Patients with Bishop scores of 4 or less and a
      fetal or maternal indication for induction at 34 or more weeks' gestation were
      eligible for the study. The outcome variables of interest were Bishop score upon
      removal of the devices, number of devices used, induction-to-delivery time, and
      induction-to-complete dilatation time. In the Dilapan group, an average of 4.3
      devices per patient was used, compared with 9.7 devices in the laminaria group (P
      less than .01). Among patients who eventually achieved complete dilatation, the
      mean (+/- SD) time for the Dilapan group was 10.8 +/- 6.1 hours, compared with
      14.7 +/- 9.2 hours with laminaria. For women undergoing induction of labor at
      term with an unripe cervix, Dilapan appeared to be a preferable alternative to
      Laminaria japonicum because its use may result in a shorter induction-to-delivery
      interval with fewer devices required to obtain significant cervical ripening.

PMID- 2406659
TI  - Prenatal genetic diagnosis following recurrent early pregnancy loss.
AB  - Recurrent pregnancy loss affects 1% of patients, an incidence higher than
      expected from the prevalence of spontaneous abortion in the general population.
      Some couples may show a tendency for aneuploid conceptions. Genetic counseling
      and amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling were offered to 305 couples with a
      history of two or more pregnancy losses and normal parental karyotypes, with no
      additional known risk factors for aneuploidy. Prenatal diagnostic procedures were
      performed in 96 pregnancies. Two hundred nine couples declined active
      intervention, and these pregnancies were followed to delivery. Five chromosomal
      abnormalities (1.6%) were diagnosed in the study group. A group of 979 prenatal
      diagnostic procedures performed in "low-risk" pregnancies in Hutzel Hospital was
      used as controls, and three chromosomal anomalies (0.3%) were diagnosed. That the
      rate of aneuploid conceptions was statistically significantly (P = .02) higher in
      low-risk couples experiencing recurrent pregnancy loss than in controls points to
      a tendency for chromosomal aberrations in their offspring and suggests a place
      for prenatal diagnosis in subsequent pregnancies.

PMID- 2406660
TI  - A clinical and microbiologic analysis of risk factors for puerperal endometritis.
AB  - Predictors of postpartum endometritis were identified in 607 asymptomatic,
      laboring women. One hundred (16.5%) developed postpartum endometritis.
      Multivariate analysis using stepwise logistic regression identified cesarean
      delivery (relative risk 12.8; P less than .0001) as the dominant overall
      predictor. In patients with cesarean delivery (N = 124), prophylactic antibiotics
      (relative risk 0.54; P less than .0002) and high-virulence bacteria or Mycoplasma
      hominis (relative risk 1.4; P less than .01) predicted the incidence of
      endometritis, and in patients with vaginal delivery (N = 483), "bacterial
      vaginosis organisms" (relative risk 14.2; P less than .001) and aerobic gram
      negative rods (relative risk 4.2; P less than .01) predicted endometritis.
      Despite significant associations found on univariate analysis, clinical variables
      such as duration of labor, rupture of membranes, and internal monitoring were not
      predictive of endometritis in the multivariate analysis. Our findings show that
      cesarean delivery and certain organisms, such as bacterial vaginosis or high
      virulence organisms, predict endometritis, and that clinical variables may be
      facilitators rather than predictors of endometritis.

PMID- 2406661
TI  - Temporal relationship and reliability of the clinical, hormonal, and
      ultrasonographic indices of ovulation in infertile women.
AB  - To assess ovulatory function, 50 infertile but "normally" ovulating women were
      monitored closely during a single menstrual cycle with daily measurements of
      serum estradiol, progesterone, and LH (morning and evening urinary LH by standard
      radioimmunoassay and morning urinary LH by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay);
      transvaginal ultrasound; basal body temperature (BBT) recording; and cervical
      mucus. All 50 cycles, 40 spontaneous and ten induced with clomiphene citrate,
      were ovulatory. Follicle rupture was confirmed by ultrasound in 47 cycles (94%),
      whereas three patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for luteinized
      unruptured follicle syndrome. Follicle rupture occurred on day +1 in three, on
      day +2 in 34, and on day +3 in ten of the ovulatory cycles. Urine LH testing
      correlated well with the serum LH peak, particularly in the evening urine, and
      predicted ovulation in all patients. The initial periovulatory rise in serum
      progesterone occurred on the same day as the LH surge (day 0) in 30%, on day +1
      in 40%, on day +2 in 22%, and on day +3 or later in 8% of the cycles. The rise in
      BBT corresponded to an increase in serum progesterone to 5 ng/mL or greater.
      Neither the BBT nor cervical mucus was reliable in predicting ovulation.

PMID- 2406662
TI  - Vaginal sonography findings and hCG dynamics of early intrauterine and tubal
      pregnancies.
AB  - Early intrauterine gestational sac recognition by ultrasound is useful for
      discriminating between intrauterine and tubal pregnancies. Transvaginal
      ultrasound offers improved resolution in the imaging of the uterus and adnexa.
      Seventy-four women with normal intrauterine pregnancies, 18 women with
      spontaneous abortions, and 34 women with tubal pregnancies were evaluated by
      transvaginal ultrasound and serial hCG determinations. Intrauterine pregnancies
      were followed within the first 50 days of gestation. In women with a normal
      uterus and singleton pregnancy, sacs were consistently recognized in association
      with an hCG level greater than 2004 mIU/mL (First International Reference
      Preparation). Two-to three-millimeter sacs were recognized in association with an
      hCG level of 2032 +/- 1253 on cycle day 36.1 +/- 2.0. When sacs were less than 5
      mm in mean diameter, 33% exhibited a prominent echogenic rim, 38% exhibited a
      partial echogenic rim, and 29% exhibited no echogenic rim. Fetal cardiac activity
      was recognized in association with an hCG level of 27,284 +/- 11,479 on cycle day
      45.0 +/- 2.9. The hCG doubling time was 1.46 +/- 1.0 days. Apparent loss of
      multiple gestational sacs was observed in five normal pregnancies. Apparent
      bleeding in the intrauterine cavity was observed in eight patients and associated
      with a 38% abortion rate. One false-positive sac was observed among 34 tubal
      pregnancies (3%). The extrauterine sonographic finding of a solid adnexal mass or
      cul-de-sac fluid was specific but not sensitive for the diagnosis of tubal
      pregnancy. The hCG doubling time in tubal pregnancies was 7.69 +/- 9.8 days.
      Transvaginal ultrasound and serial hCG determinations are useful for the early
      recognition of tubal pregnancy.

PMID- 2406663
TI  - Effectiveness of the cavity-rim cervical cap: results of a large clinical study.

PMID- 2406664
TI  - Early detection of caudal regression syndrome with transvaginal scanning.
AB  - High-resolution transvaginal ultrasonography may recognize structures in the
      first- and early second-trimester fetus. In a patient with pregestational
      diabetes, caudal regression syndrome in the fetus was diagnosed using
      transvaginal ultrasonography. At 9 weeks of gestation, a shortening of the crown
      rump length and a protuberance of the lower spine suggested caudal regression
      syndrome. By 17 weeks of gestation, the diagnosis was made with certainty. The
      transvaginal approach has changed the role of first-trimester ultrasound in the
      diabetic pregnancy. We suggest that transvaginal ultrasonography be used for
      purposes of accurate dating and for early detection of diabetic embryopathy,
      particularly in patients with poor periconceptional glycemic control.

PMID- 2406665
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of anterior parietal encephalocele with transvaginal
      sonography.
AB  - Transvaginal sonography identified an anterior parietal encephalocele that was
      not well-delineated by abdominal scanning. High resolution with access to the
      fetal head makes this modality ideal for studying the intracranial anatomy.

PMID- 2406666
TI  - Examination of the second-trimester fetus with severe oligohydramnios using
      transvaginal scanning.
AB  - Transvaginal sonographic transducers have permitted better resolution of the
      pelvic structures than previously possible. The presenting fetal part may be
      difficult to image transabdominally when lodged deep in the lower uterine
      segment. In particular, second-trimester fetuses associated with severe
      oligohydramnios present a challenge to the sonologist because of both the lack of
      amniotic fluid and the deep and curled fetal position in the maternal pelvis. Two
      cases are reported of second-trimester oligohydramnios in which the fetal
      abnormalities were visible only with the vaginal probe. The vaginal scan
      permitted a definitive diagnosis of Potter syndrome not possible with the poorer
      resolution of the transabdominal approach. I conclude that transvaginal scanning
      should be considered in patients with unexplained severe oligohydramnios because
      the resolution of the fetal anatomy is greatly enhanced.

PMID- 2406667
TI  - Cephalocele involving the oral cavity.
AB  - A cephalocele is an uncommon neural tube defect that rarely involves the oral
      cavity. We present a case of an oral cephalocele associated with polyhydramnios
      discovered on antenatal ultrasound. The differential diagnosis includes
      epignathus and epulis. The prognosis is dependent not only on the extent of brain
      involvement and associated anomalies, but also on the exact location of the
      herniated mass. If the oral cavity is extensively involved, airway management at
      birth may be difficult. Therefore, preparations for delivery may include maternal
      tertiary site referral, antenatal neurosurgical and pediatric consultation, and
      anticipation of complications such as rupture of the sac, dystocia, or the need
      for immediate tracheostomy if intubation is not possible.

PMID- 2406668
TI  - Polyhydramnios with maternal lithium treatment.
AB  - Severe polyhydramnios, probably due to fetal lithium toxicity, is described. The
      mother had been treated with lithium because of manic-depressive psychosis. The
      plasma lithium level during the pregnancy was in or below the therapeutic range.
      From the 26th week of gestation, polyhydramnios developed. In the 35th week, 11.5
      L of amniotic fluid was removed over a period of 12 hours by transabdominal
      amniocentesis. A cesarean delivery was performed in the 39th week of gestation
      because of fetal distress. The infant presented with the following symptoms,
      which in previous reports have been associated with lithium toxicity: asphyxia,
      apnea, cardiac decompensation, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia,
      thrombocytopenia, diabetes insipidus, hypotonia, and convulsions. The
      polyhydramnios was probably caused by fetal diabetes insipidus, possibly combined
      with cardiac decompensation. Lithium can be toxic to the infant and the fetus
      even though the mother is not affected and has a normal or low plasma lithium
      level. Polyhydramnios may be a sign of fetal lithium toxicity.

PMID- 2406669
TI  - Histiocytosis X of the vulva: a case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Histiocytosis X of the female genital tract is unusual. Thirty-two cases have
      been reported to date in the world literature. An additional case is reported
      herein, presenting as a vulvar ulcer in a 2.5-year-old child with osteolytic
      lesions of the skull, splenomegaly, and otitis media. The diagnosis of
      histiocytosis X may be established by identifying the Langerhans histiocyte,
      characterized by nuclear grooves, immunoreactivity for S-100 protein, and
      pentalamellar cytoplasmic structures seen by electron microscopy. Prognosis is
      difficult to determine with certainty. However, age of less than 2 years at
      presentation, multi-organ involvement, and/or organ dysfunction appear to be
      associated with a less favorable prognosis. The patient presented herein is
      currently receiving vinblastine chemotherapy for recurrence of disease,
      manifested as an osteolytic lesion in the skull.

PMID- 2406670
TI  - Retention of intrauterine fetal bone increases menstrual prostaglandins.
AB  - Intrauterine retention of fetal bone is a rare complication of abortion that can
      cause secondary infertility by an unknown mechanism. We report such a case in
      which menstrual fluid prostanoids were measured to elucidate the possible
      pathophysiology. The pattern of prostanoid increases was similar to that seen in
      intrauterine device users.

PMID- 2406671
TI  - Management of pregnancy after major urinary reconstruction.
AB  - Major reconstructions of the urinary tract are being performed with increasing
      frequency. However, published experience concerning pregnancy after urinary
      reconstruction is limited. Complications in women who have undergone such complex
      procedures may endanger them or their fetuses and can disrupt the reconstruction
      or impair renal function. To counsel better those patients who have undergone
      urinary reconstruction and who desire to bear children, and to develop an
      approach to the management of their pregnancies, we reviewed the available
      literature. We found that the incidence of complications was low during pregnancy
      after a genitourinary reconstruction; the majority of women had an uneventful
      pregnancy and vaginal delivery. Close observation of renal function and
      prophylaxis against urinary tract infection during pregnancy are recommended.
      Elective cesarean is advised for women who have had a reconstruction of the
      bladder neck or urethra or who have received an artificial urinary sphincter.
      Urologists and gynecologists must continue to report the outcome of pregnancy in
      their patients who have undergone reconstruction so that we may develop
      meaningful data about the incidence of complications.

PMID- 2406672
TI  - Nonimmune hydrops fetalis associated with genetic abnormalities.
AB  - The purpose of this review of the literature on nonimmune hydrops fetalis was to
      evaluate whether recent clinicopathologic studies have modified the relative
      incidence of the different associated conditions and the management of these
      pregnancies. We found 600 cases of nonimmune hydrops fetalis published since
      1982. These cases were reviewed with particular attention to genetic causes and
      were compared with a literature review of 298 cases published before 1982. The
      mean gestational age at diagnosis varied from 24-29 weeks in the recent series,
      compared with 31-33 weeks in the earlier series. Genetically transmitted
      conditions accounted for more than 35% of the fetal and maternal disorders
      associated with nonimmune hydrops fetalis in the recent series, compared with 21%
      before 1982. The most frequently identified genetic abnormalities in our review
      were chromosomal disorders (15.7%), alpha-thalassemia (10.3%), skeletal dysplasia
      (4%), arthrogryposis multiplex syndromes (1.8%), multiple pterygium syndrome
      (1.5%), and lysosomal storage disorders (1.0%). These results confirm the need
      for systematic chromosome analysis in fetuses with nonimmune hydrops. From this
      review, we conclude that prenatal noninvasive and invasive techniques combined
      with detailed pathologic studies have improved the accuracy of diagnosis of the
      underlying causes of nonimmune hydrops fetalis and have influenced the management
      of these pregnancies.

PMID- 2406673
TI  - Management of frontal sinus fractures. Review of the literature and clinical
      update.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to discuss and analyze the controversial treatment
      protocols that are currently recommended in the management of frontal sinus
      fractures. Embryology, anatomy, and diagnostic radiology of the frontal sinus are
      also discussed.

PMID- 2406674
TI  - Isolated trigeminal sensory neuropathy: a heterogeneous group of disorders.
AB  - Neuropathy affecting the face is a serious sign that warrants thorough and often
      multidisciplinary investigation. Patients with isolated trigeminal sensory
      neuropathy (TSN) should be monitored for connective tissue disease, and some may
      develop multiple sclerosis or paroxysmal trigeminal neuralgia. A patient with
      chronic isolated TSN and Sjogren's syndrome, Raynaud's phenomenon, arthropathy,
      vitiligo, and evidence of other immune dysregulation is presented. The literature
      is reviewed with respect to the heterogeneous etiology of TSN, and an attempt is
      made to identify subgroups and to evaluate prognosis from details of the history
      and systemic disorder associations.

PMID- 2406675
TI  - Fibromatoses of the oral and paraoral soft tissues and jaws. Review of the
      literature and report of 12 new cases.
AB  - The clinicopathologic features of 3 new cases and 28 cases obtained from the
      literature of fibromatosis of the oral and paraoral soft tissues and 9 new cases
      and 51 cases obtained from the literature of desmoplastic fibroma of the jaws are
      reported and reviewed. The results of the literature review show that all of the
      soft tissue lesions occurred before the age of 30 years (mean age, 8.3 +/- 7.0
      years). There was a slight male predilection (male to female, 1.2:1). Most cases
      occurred in the paramandibular soft tissues and mandibular mucosa. Surface
      resorption of the underlying bone was a common feature. The recurrence rate was
      22% and all of these were controlled with further therapy. The desmoplastic
      fibromas occurred in a slightly older age group (mean age, 14.7 +/- 12.1 years)
      although 88% of the patients were still younger than 30 years. There was no sex
      predilection. The vast majority occurred in the area of the mandibular body-angle
      ramus. Radiographically, half were unilocular and half were multilocular. Some
      had poorly defined radiographic margins. The recurrence rate was 25%. The
      treatment of choice is surgical resection with wide margins, especially for
      cellular lesions and for those that erode bone with invasion of adjacent soft
      tissues. Microscopically, both peripheral and central lesions consist of variable
      proportions of collagen and fibroblasts with a uniform histologic appearance.
      Hyalinization of collagen is variable but is more frequent in the intraosseous
      lesions. The cells show no features of anaplasia, and although occasional mitoses
      may be found, they are always normal in appearance.

PMID- 2406676
TI  - Sarcoidosis. Report of two cases with oral involvement.
AB  - Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease in which pulmonary involvement
      is the most characteristic feature. Even though extrapulmonary manifestations
      occur infrequently in the area of the head and neck an occasional patient will
      have oral involvement. As we will demonstrate in these case reports, sarcoidosis
      should be included in the differential diagnosis of oral and perioral papular
      lesions noted on examinations of the head and neck.

PMID- 2406677
TI  - Digital subtraction of radiograph in evaluating alveolar bone changes after
      initial periodontal therapy.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of initial periodontal
      therapy on crestal bone remineralization with the use of a digital subtraction
      method for quantitative analysis. Fifteen crestal sites randomly selected from
      five patients were examined at the initial visit, after completion of oral
      hygiene instruction, and 1, 3, and 6 months after scaling and root planing with
      standardized radiographs. The radiographs were digitized by means of a drum
      scanning microdensitometer with a sampling aperture of 50 microns producing 256
      gray levels and corrected for difference of contrast between image pairs. Results
      were as follows: (1) statistically significant changes were observed even 1 month
      after the therapy and (2) the extent of changes was quantitatively expressed and
      monotonically increased with time. These results indicate that subtraction
      radiography may be a reproducible and quantitative method for the evaluation of
      periodontal therapy.

PMID- 2406678
TI  - COMRADD: computerized radiographic differential diagnosis.

PMID- 2406679
TI  - Esophageal foreign bodies in adults.
AB  - We present our 1-year experience in the management of esophageal foreign bodies
      in 31 adult patients, and we analyze the predisposing and risk factors, the
      diagnostic procedures, the removal techniques and the postoperative control and
      treatment.

PMID- 2406680
TI  - Quinine-induced hearing loss.
AB  - Sensorineural hearing loss due to quinine therapy for malaria has frequently been
      mentioned in the literature but has not been a subject of research during the
      last decades. The global spreading of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria
      brings about an increasing use of quinine. The ototoxicity of quinine can
      accurately be studied with ultrahigh frequency audiometry (up to 20 kHz). The
      case of a 29-year-old man suffering from falciparum malaria disease who got a
      reversible hearing loss from quinine therapy is presented.

PMID- 2406681
TI  - [Comparative study of digitalized M-mode and Doppler echocardiography in
      assessing left ventricular function].
AB  - The systolic and diastolic functions were examined using digitized M-mode and
      Doppler echocardiography in 27 patients with previous myocardial infarction and
      in 20 healthy subjects. Both methods separated well the patients from the control
      group but their difference was significantly greater when the ventricular
      function was assessed with Doppler parametres, digitized M-mode and Doppler
      echocardiographical results were controlled for possible correlations, but only
      time intervals showed significant correlations. The highest correlation was found
      between the values for isovolumic relaxation period. The authors conclude that
      Doppler echocardiography is to be preferred as a method for assessing the
      systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle.

PMID- 2406682
TI  - [Correlation of slime production and pathogenicity of coagulase-negative
      staphylococci].
AB  - Coagulase-negative staphylococci have been increasingly recognized as pathogens
      in patients with indwelling medical devices. Slime production may be an important
      virulence factor. Slime production and antibiotic susceptibility were studied of
      117 coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical specimens. The
      frequency of slime production among 26 coagulase-negative staphylococci was about
      three times higher than among 91 isolates regarded as contaminants. The former
      strains were isolated from 10 patients, 8 of which had device related infections.
      Multiply resistant cultures occurred in 22.2%, but all strains were susceptible
      to vancomycin.

PMID- 2406683
TI  - [Latent vitamin K deficiency in breast-fed infants].
AB  - Quick test, coagulation activity of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, factor
      II activity by ecarin, levels of factor II immunoreactive antigen and
      acarboxyprothrombin were examined in two groups of infants, breast-fed and bottle
      fed at the ages of one month and 3 months. None of them received vitamin K at
      birth and later. Acarboxyprothrombin could be demonstrated in about 14% at the
      both age of life of breast-fed children, but not in the groups of bottle-fed
      infants. The activity of coagulation factors was significantly lower in the
      acarboxyprothrombin-positive group compared to the acarboxyprothrombin-negative
      group. In none of the infants manifest bleeding was observed. No difference in
      the activities of factors could be detected in the acarboxyprothrombin-negative
      groups of breast- and bottle-fed children. These data suggest a frequent latent
      deficiency of vitamin K in breast-fed infants.

PMID- 2406684
TI  - [Ultrasound-guided percutaneous antegrade wirsungography in chronic calcifying
      pancreatitis].
AB  - Dilated pancreatic duct was found by ultrasonography in a patient in association
      with the characteristic sonographic features of chronic calcifying pancreatitis.
      Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography showed an obstruction of the Wirsung's duct
      3 cm far from the papilla of Vater. Further parts of the duct could not be
      opacified by this manner. However, visualisation of the rest of the pancreatic
      duct was successfully performed by ultrasonically guided antegrade wirsungography
      making the preoperative planning of the suitable type of surgery possible. Beside
      the case history the importance of the is method is also discussed in diagnosis
      of pancreatic diseases.

PMID- 2406685
TI  - [Histopathologic characteristics and clinical behavior of superficial bladder
      tumors].
AB  - The authors analyse the histopathological features and clinical behaviour of 325
      superficial (Ta, T1) tumours of 232 patients with bladder cancer. Each of the
      tumours was treated by TUR using differentiating resection technique and multiple
      cold biopsy was performed in 197 patients. The recurrence and progression of
      superficial tumours are examined during the 3-192 months follow up time. It is
      stressed the role of incomplete TUR in the "recurrence" (tumour persistence). The
      opinion of the authors is, that superficial bladder tumours can not be considered
      a homogen group, there are significant differences between Ta and T1 stage in
      recurrence, neoplastic progression and histopathological features as well.

PMID- 2406686
TI  - [Significance of computer analysis of dynamic brain scintigraphy in patients with
      cerebrovascular disorders].
AB  - Dynamic cerebral scintigraphy was performed on 41 patients with cerebrovascular
      disease. The diagnostic value of parametric images formed by a computer was
      correlated to angiographic findings and clinical sings, respectively. Having the
      appropriate software these examinations can be performed with traditional gamma
      cameras. Analysis of parametric pictures increases the reliability of the method.
      Analysis of cinematic display of serial images had the highest sensitivity and
      accuracy, while time-of-maximum pictures had the highest specificity. In
      departments, where digitized subtraction angiography, single photon emission
      computed tomography or positron emission tomography is not available, the non
      invasive dynamic brain scintigraphy is a useful screening method, its application
      is proposed by the authors.

PMID- 2406687
TI  - [The 50th anniversary of the death of Freud].

PMID- 2406688
TI  - [Existential fighting among medical students after WWI].

PMID- 2406689
TI  - Negative clinical trials in cystic fibrosis research.
AB  - The statistical power of 61 negative clinical trials of therapeutic regimens in
      patients with cystic fibrosis published from 1977 through 1988 was reviewed and
      the ability of the investigations to detect small, medium, and large standardized
      differences was calculated. Small, medium, and large standardized differences
      were defined as ratios of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8, respectively, of the observed
      difference compared with the standard deviation. The average numbers (+/- SD) of
      patients in the treatment and control groups were 14.3 +/- 6.9 and 14.5 +/- 7.9,
      respectively. None of the studies had 80% power to detect a small or medium
      standardized difference and only 4 of the reports had 80% statistical power to
      detect a large standardized difference. The variability of cystic fibrosis causes
      a decrease in the standardized difference, making it more difficult to
      demonstrate statistical significance. Statistical power of negative clinical
      trials reported in the literature deserves more attention from investigators as
      well as physicians who treat patients with cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2406690
TI  - Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation trials.

PMID- 2406691
TI  - A belated randomized control trial.

PMID- 2406692
TI  - The extracorporeal membrane oxygenation debate.

PMID- 2406693
TI  - Effect of cholestyramine on activity of gentamicin in vitro.

PMID- 2406694
TI  - Periventricular echodensities detected by cranial ultrasonography: usefulness in
      predicting neurodevelopmental outcome in low-birth-weight, preterm infants.
AB  - Forty-eight low-birth-weight, preterm graduates of the University of Washington's
      neonatal intensive care unit who had received periodic, serial scanning by means
      of cranial ultrasonography during the first 4 to 6 weeks of life were
      longitudinally observed in an interdisciplinary neurodevelopmental follow-up
      program to a mean corrected age of 18 months. Mean birth weight for the sample
      was 1286 g; mean gestational age was 29 weeks. Periventricular echodensities were
      graded from 0 to 3, with 0 indicating no densities and 3 indicating cystic
      formation. Intracranial hemorrhage was graded in the conventional manner from 0
      to IV. Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed by means of a neurologic
      examination and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. To synthesize the
      results, neurodevelopmental outcome for each subject was classified as normal,
      demonstrating minor abnormalities, or demonstrating major abnormalities. Multiple
      statistical analyses with various subgroupings of subjects consistently indicated
      severe intracranial hemorrhage (grades III and/or IV) to be a better predictor of
      overall neurodevelopmental outcome than grade of periventricular echodensity,
      including small cysts. These results suggest a wide range of outcomes after
      detection of periventricular echodensities and caution against communicating
      overly pessimistic prognoses in many cases.

PMID- 2406695
TI  - Infant stimulation curriculum for infants with cerebral palsy: effects on infant
      temperament, parent-infant interaction, and home environment.
AB  - To assess the effects of intervention in cerebral palsy, 48 infants 12 to 19
      months of age, with mild to severe spastic diplegia, were randomly assigned to
      receive either 6 months of infant stimulation followed by 6 months of physical
      therapy (test group) or 12 months of neurodevelopmental physical therapy
      (contrast group). The infant stimulation protocol consisted of cognitive, motor,
      sensory, and language activities. Outcome was assessed after 12 months by using
      Carey Infant Temperament Questionnaire subscores (activity, rhythmicity,
      adaptability, approach, threshold, intensity, mood, distractibility, and
      persistence); Roth Mother-Child Relationship Evaluation subscores (acceptance,
      overprotection, overindulgence, rejection); and Home Observation for Measurement
      of the Environment subscores (maternal responsiveness, avoidance of restriction
      and punishment, organization of environment, play materials, maternal
      involvement, and variety of daily stimulation). Motor and cognitive outcomes
      suggesting advantage for the test group have been reported previously. After 12
      months of intervention, mothers with infants in the contrast group showed a
      greater improvement in emotional and verbal responsiveness as measured by the
      Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (mean score change in control
      group = 1.2, test group = 0.3 P less than .04). None of the 19 other measures
      differed significantly between treatment groups in change from baseline. This
      study demonstrates no short-term systematic effect on temperament, maternal
      infant interaction, or home environment attributable to the inclusion of an
      infant stimulation curriculum in an intervention program for infants with spastic
      diplegia. It suggests that motor and cognitive advantages associated with infant
      stimulation are not mediated by measurable changes in the psychosocial variables
      studied.

PMID- 2406696
TI  - Somatomedin C and arginine: implicit connections between mutually isolated
      literatures.

PMID- 2406697
TI  - William Henry Howell and Jay McLean: the experimental context for the discovery
      of heparin.

PMID- 2406698
TI  - The self in history: the story of Albert Schweitzer.

PMID- 2406699
TI  - Toward the formulation of a theory of asthma.

PMID- 2406700
TI  - Research on the differences between baccalaureate and associate degree nurses.
AB  - A large number of subjects, instruments, and situations have been reported in the
      research studies reviewed. No major differences are noted between the cognitive
      abilities of students in baccalaureate and associate degree programs.
      Baccalaureate nurses are generally perceived as being better prepared for a wide
      range of nursing competencies and are seen as performing in the professional role
      for which they have been prepared. Associate degree nurses are seen as performing
      well in teh technical role for which they have been prepared, as well as in some
      leadership roles for which they were not originally prepared. In general, nurses
      were seen as performing in the roles for which they had been educationally
      prepared. However, the service setting infrequently utilized graduates of the two
      types of programs differently. Differences were more likely to result from the
      role functioning of individual nurses.

PMID- 2406701
TI  - The history of research in public health nursing education.

PMID- 2406702
TI  - A review of literature on mentor-protege relationships.
AB  - The opinion literature has promoted the concept of mentoring in nursing with
      little scientific evidence of its validity. Investigation of this concept has
      been limited to the exploratory and descriptive stages. Additional research is
      needed concerning the mentor-protege relationship to provide empirical support
      for many of the claims in the literature. It is anticipated that as empirical and
      theoretical support accumulates, mentorship will become a more deliberate
      process.

PMID- 2406704
TI  - Directory of educational software for nursing.

PMID- 2406703
TI  - Review of research on creative problem solving in nursing.

PMID- 2406705
TI  - Captopril in children with dilated cardiomyopathy: acute and long-term effects in
      a prospective study of hemodynamic and hormonal effects.
AB  - Hemodynamic and hormonal effects of captopril were prospectively studied in 12
      children (median age 5.8 years, range 4 weeks to 15 years) with dilated
      cardiomyopathy. A mean dose of 1.83 mg captopril/kg body weight was administered
      in three or four single doses depending on age. Left ventricular volume, ejection
      fraction (EF), cardiac index (CI), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were
      noninvasively determined by two-dimensional (2D) and Doppler echocardiography
      before and 2 days and 3 months after the onset of treatment. Blood pressure and
      heart rate were recorded as well. Additionally, on the day hemodynamic
      measurements were made, plasma renin activity (PRA), serum aldosterone, and
      plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentrations were determined. Plasma
      catecholamines were measured before and 2 days after captopril treatment.
      Concomitant medication was kept constant during the short-term phase of captopril
      treatment. During long-term therapy, diuretics were reduced according to the
      clinical status. Stroke volume (SVI) (-7%), end-systolic (ESVI) (-31%), and end
      diastolic (EDVI) (-21%) volume indexes were significantly reduced (p less than
      0.05) during short- and long-term therapy. The remaining hemodynamic parameters
      showed only minor, statistically not significant, changes. During short-term
      therapy, median serum aldosterone levels fell from 138-88.5 pg/ml (p less than
      0.05), and plasma ANP decreased from 144-94 pg/ml (p less than 0.05). After 3
      months these effects were less marked and statistically no longer significant.
      Changes in PRA and plasma catecholamines were not statistically significant at
      any time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406706
TI  - Truncus arteriosus revisited: an angiographic demonstration.
AB  - The 1965 reclassification of truncus arteriosus by Van Praagh and Van Praagh
      greatly enhanced our understanding of this interesting anomaly. This brief review
      article attempts to illustrate the various types of truncus arteriosus identified
      in this classification by demonstrating their angiographic features. Reemphasis
      of the usefulness of this classification should help students of congenital heart
      disease recognize the advantages of a uniform diagnostic approach to this entity.

PMID- 2406707
TI  - The disappearing pulmonary artery band.
AB  - A child is presented who had pulmonary artery bands that eroded or cut-through to
      the point where congestive heart failure and pulmonary arterial hypertension
      recurred. A summary of previously reported cases of band erosion or cut-through
      is presented, noting that many of these children died. Pulmonary artery banding
      is now mainly used in infants with complex defects where mortality of early
      repair is prohibitive or where the Fontan procedure is the only "repair"
      possible. To obtain good results, a normal pulmonary vascular resistance is
      preferred; therefore, it is important that the pulmonary artery band is truly
      protective over the period of time needed. The occurrence of pulmonary vascular
      disease can cause a decrease in left-to-right shunting and allow a child to
      clinically improve, thus duplicating the response to a successful banding. If
      noninvasive evaluation cannot provide clear-cut proof that the band is
      protective, then measurement of pulmonary artery pressure and flow must be done.

PMID- 2406708
TI  - Truncus solitarius pulmonalis.
AB  - The case of a female neonate with truncus solitarius pulmonalis (TSP), a rare
      congenital heart anomaly, is reported. She died four days after birth. A single
      right ventricle with common atrioventricular (AV) valve was associated with
      (Collet & Edwards type II) truncus arteriosus communis, and appeared to have a
      single coronary artery with an abnormally high take-off near the origin of the
      right subclavian artery. However, the vessel that appeared to be the single
      coronary artery was in fact an extremely hypoplastic ascending aorta associated
      with aortic atresia and agenesis of the left ventricle and mitral valve.

PMID- 2406709
TI  - Evidence of mucin M1 antigens in seminal plasma and normal cells of human
      prostatic urethra in relation to embryonic development and tumors.
AB  - By employing immunoperoxidase methodology, using monoclonal antibodies against
      the peptide core of gastric mucins (M1 antigens), we demonstrate the presence of
      M1 mucin-producing cells that are associated with the prostatic urethral
      epithelium and located mainly in the veru montanum area near the prostatic ductal
      and utriculus junctions. The significance of these M1 cells is not yet clear.
      Using an immunoradiometric assay, these M1 mucins were found predominantly in the
      prostatic fraction obtained from seminal plasma. By chromatography on Sepharose
      6B and 2B and cesium chloride gradient centrifugation, we demonstrate that high
      molecular-weight components (greater than 10(7) Da) show a density of 1.45 g/ml,
      similar to mucins, and are immunochemically related to peptidic gastric M1
      mucins. The particular location of these M1 antigens in prostatic adult urethra
      and their fetal expression in cloacal structures suggest that, in males, the
      prostatic urethral epithelium includes some remnant cells from the enteric
      cloaca. Finally, the presence of mucin-containing cells in the prostatic urethra
      could possibly explain the histogenesis of the rare benign villous tumors and
      primary mucinous adenocarcinomas arising from the prostatic urethral epithelium.

PMID- 2406710
TI  - Serologic tests for syphilis.
AB  - Not since the early 1950s has the number of new cases of syphilis been as high as
      it is now. The infectious agent, Treponema pallidum, is extremely difficult to
      culture in vitro and almost impossible to see by conventional light microscopy. A
      nonspecific antibody test is used for screening and a specific treponemal
      antibody test for confirmation. Because of the complexity of the disease, the
      sensitivity and specificity of a given test can vary according to disease stage.
      The physician must understand the limits imposed on testing by the disease
      process and the special circumstances that prevail in testing patients for
      prenatal and congenital syphilis as well as neurosyphilis. With early detection
      and treatment, cure can be achieved and long-term complications avoided.

PMID- 2406711
TI  - Acute renal failure. What to do until the nephrologist comes.
AB  - Careful medical management of acute renal failure is critically important to
      prevent serious complications. In some instances, it may obviate or delay the
      need for dialysis. History taking, physical examination, and laboratory
      assessment usually establish the cause from among the many possibilities--from
      prerenal (eg, hypotension) to postrenal (obstruction of the urinary tract).
      Derangement of urinary output, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypermagnesemia,
      metabolic acidosis, anemia, and bleeding are common and treatable disorders found
      in these patients. The patient's primary care physician can and should be
      involved with the delivery of appropriate care.

PMID- 2406712
TI  - Osteoarthritis. Differentiation from rheumatoid arthritis, causes of pain,
      treatment.
AB  - Osteoarthritis affects a majority of the elderly population in one form or
      another. It must be differentiated from rheumatoid arthritis because treatment of
      the two diseases is quite different. Once the diagnosis of osteoarthritis has
      been established, treatment should include a combination of physical, medicinal,
      psychological, and surgical measures to improve the patient's quality of life.
      The future may bring new approaches to interrupt pathogenetic factors in the
      disease.

PMID- 2406713
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis. Practical use of medications.
AB  - The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis is undergoing steady change as new
      medications are approved and new regimens are attempted. Once the diagnosis is
      ensured, therapy should include appropriate rest, physical and occupational
      therapy, involvement of the family or a supportive caregiver, and, most
      important, participation of the patient. If the disease is not terribly
      aggressive, therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is appropriate
      initially. If no response is obtained within 2 to 3 weeks, a new dose or
      different nonsteroidal agent is recommended. In many patients, aspirin,
      particularly if enteric-coated, is successful and very cost-effective. Disease
      modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are sometimes being used earlier in
      disease than previously. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Plaquenil Sulfate),
      auranofin (Ridaura), or sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, S.A.S.-500) is sometimes
      effective for early rheumatoid arthritis. For patients with more aggressive
      disease, intramuscular gold is the drug of first choice, and it is the only one
      that has been shown to decrease the rate of formation of new erosions.
      Significant toxic reactions occur in 30% to 40% of patients, however. D
      penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen) and azathioprine (Imuran) can be used if
      intramuscular gold is unsuccessful. Methotrexate (Rheumatrex Dose Pack) is the
      newest DMARD approved for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Its onset of action
      is rapid, and it is an effective anti-inflammatory agent. Its toxicity in
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis is not yet fully understood, however.
      Combination therapy with DMARDs is in its infancy, but such treatment is likely
      to become more prevalent in the future.

PMID- 2406714
TI  - Nonarticular rheumatism and spondyloarthropathies. Similarities and differences.
AB  - Nonarticular rheumatism and the early stages of the spondyloarthropathies make up
      a large proportion of the musculoskeletal problems seen by primary care
      physicians. Because of their many shared features, these conditions may be
      confused. Moreover, the essential concepts of their diagnosis are often poorly
      understood. Because the approaches to treatment are radically different for the
      two conditions (as well as for the various types of nonarticular rheumatism),
      accurate diagnosis is a prerequisite of successful management. Except for
      describing a very small minority of patients with bizarre pain, the term
      "psychogenic rheumatism" has no place in contemporary medicine.

PMID- 2406715
TI  - Amperozide: a new pharmacological approach in the treatment of schizophrenia.

PMID- 2406716
TI  - Nontumorigenic squamous cell carcinoma line converted to tumorigenicity with
      methyl methanesulfonate without activation of HRAS or MYC.
AB  - Plasticity of human tumor populations could account for the reason why many
      tumorigenic human cell lines lose this feature when grown in culture. Methyl
      methanesulfonate (MMS) was used to convert premalignant squamous cell carcinoma
      (SCC) cell line SCC-83-01-82 to a malignant phenotype. The MMS-treated SCC-83-01
      82 cells (MMS-SCC-83-01-82) produced progressively growing tumors in 5 of 11
      splenectomized BALB/c nude mice within 3-5 months. A cell line, designated SCC-83
      01-82 CA, was established in vitro from one of the mouse tumors and was
      repassaged successively. This SCC-83-01-82 CA cell line was aggressively
      tumorigenic. A tumor greater than or equal to 2.0 cm in size was present within a
      month, as opposed to the 3-5 months required for the tumors produced by the MMS
      SCC-83-01-82 cells. Examination of frozen cross sections by in situ hybridization
      revealed that focal areas of the tumor produced by the MMS-SCC-83-01-82 cells
      expressed MYC and HRAS mRNA. However, by the third passage in vivo, the levels of
      expression of the corresponding genes in the mouse tumors were undetectable. Blot
      hybridization analysis of the RNA from the MMS-SCC-83-01-82 cells and the
      subsequently derived tumors and cells did not indicate any consistent
      overexpression of MYC, HRAS, or KRAS. Restriction fragment length polymorphism
      analysis of both MYC and HRAS genes revealed neither rearrangement nor
      amplification of MYC nor point mutation in the 11th or 12th codon of HRAS. The
      data suggest that alterations in MYC and HRAS were not directly involved in
      either the initial transformation or MMS-induced tumorigenic conversion of the
      SCC-83-01-82 cell line. Persistence of tumorigenicity after reisolation of the
      MMS-converted premalignant SCC-83-01-82 cells did not disappear immediately
      following the treatment with MMS.

PMID- 2406717
TI  - Are many Z-DNA binding proteins actually phospholipid-binding proteins?
AB  - We used a Z-DNA affinity column to isolate a collection of Z-DNA binding proteins
      from a high salt extract of Escherichia coli. We identified one of the major Z
      DNA binding proteins of this fraction, not as a protein involved in gene
      regulation or genetic recombination, but rather as an outer membrane porin
      protein. We then showed that several other known phospholipid-binding proteins
      (bovine lung annexins and human serum lipoproteins) also bind much more tightly
      to Z-DNA than to B-DNA. In all cases, this Z-DNA binding was strongly blocked by
      competition with acidic phospholipids, such as cardiolipin. Our results raise the
      question whether many of the Z-DNA binding proteins previously isolated are
      actually phospholipid-binding proteins.

PMID- 2406718
TI  - Generation of deletion derivatives by targeted transformation of human-derived
      yeast artificial chromosomes.
AB  - Mammalian DNA segments cloned as yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) can be
      manipulated by DNA-mediated transformation when placed in an appropriate yeast
      genetic background. A "fragmenting vector" has been developed that can introduce
      a yeast telomere and selectable marker into human-derived YACs at specific sites
      by means of homologous recombination, deleting all sequences distal to the
      recombination site. A powerful application of the method uses a human Alu family
      repeat sequence to target recombination to multiple independent sites on a human
      derived YAC. Sets of deletion derivatives generated by this procedure greatly
      facilitate restriction mapping of large genomic segments. Targeting recombination
      with single copy sequences, such as cDNAs, will have many additional
      applications. This approach establishes a paradigm for manipulation and
      characterization of mammalian DNA segments cloned as YACs.

PMID- 2406719
TI  - Purification of a glycoprotein vascular endothelial cell mitogen from a rat
      glioma-derived cell line.
AB  - A growth factor that is mitogenic for vascular endothelial cells, with an ED50 of
      approximately 1 ng/ml, has been purified 170,000-fold to apparent homogeneity
      from tissue culture medium conditioned by a rat glioma-derived cell line. The
      pure protein is a 46-kDa dimer composed of two subunits of equivalent mass as
      established by comparison of migration in SDS/polyacrylamide gels with and
      without prior reduction. This glioma-derived growth factor is a glycoprotein and
      is not mitogenic for BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts, properties that further distinguish
      it from other well-characterized vascular endothelial cell mitogens. In contrast
      to acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors and to platelet-derived endothelial
      cell growth factor, which have no secretory leader sequences and might only be
      released by leakage from damaged cells, the glycoprotein nature of this mitogen
      implies that it is processed through the glycosylating secretory pathway. This
      secretable growth factor could, therefore, be readily available in the
      extracellular space under normal physiological conditions in vivo to promote
      vascular endothelial cell proliferation associated with blood-vessel growth and
      maintenance.

PMID- 2406720
TI  - FMS mutations in myelodysplastic, leukemic, and normal subjects.
AB  - The FMS gene encodes the functional cell surface receptor for colony-stimulating
      factor 1, the macrophage- and monocyte-specific growth factor. Codons 969 and 301
      have been identified as potentially involved in promoting the transforming
      activity of FMS. Mutations at codon 301 are believed to lead to neoplastic
      transformation by ligand independence and constitutive tyrosine kinase activity
      of the receptor. The tyrosine residue at codon 969 has been shown to be involved
      in a negative regulatory activity, which is disrupted by amino acid
      substitutions. This study reports on the frequency of point mutations at these
      codons, in vivo, in human myeloid malignancies and in normal subjects. We studied
      110 patients [67 with myelodysplasia (MDS) and 48 with acute myeloblastic
      leukemia (AML)], 5 patients being studied at the MDS and the later AML stage of
      the disease. There was a total incidence of 12.7% (14/110) with mutations in
      codon 969 and 1.8% (2/110) with mutations in codon 301. Two patients had
      mutations in the AML stage of the disease but not in the preceding MDS and one
      had a mutation in the MDS stage but not upon transformation of AML. This is
      consistent with the somatic origin of these mutations. FMS mutations were most
      prevalent (20%) in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and AML type M4 (23%), both of
      which are characterized by monocytic differentiation. One of 51 normal subjects
      had a constitutional codon 969 mutation, which may represent a marker for
      predisposition to myeloid malignancy.

PMID- 2406721
TI  - Protein N-myristoylation in Escherichia coli: reconstitution of a eukaryotic
      protein modification in bacteria.
AB  - Protein N-myristoylation refers to the covalent attachment of a myristoyl group
      (C14:0), via amide linkage, to the NH2-terminal glycine residue of certain
      cellular and viral proteins. Myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT)
      catalyzes this cotranslational modification. We have developed a system for
      studying the substrate requirements and biological effects of protein N
      myristoylation as well as NMT structure-activity relationships. Expression of the
      yeast NMT1 gene in Escherichia coli, a bacterium that has no endogenous NMT
      activity, results in production of the intact 53-kDa NMT polypeptide as well as a
      truncated polypeptide derived from proteolytic removal of its NH2-terminal 39
      amino acids. Each E. coli-synthesized NMT species has fatty acid and peptide
      substrate specificities that are indistinguishable from those of NMT recovered
      from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, suggesting that the NH2-terminal domain of this
      enzyme is not required for its catalytic activity. By using a dual plasmid
      system, N-myristoylation of a mammalian protein was reconstituted in E. coli by
      simultaneous expression of the yeast NMT1 gene and a murine cDNA encoding the
      catalytic (C) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PK-A). The fatty acid
      specificity of N-myristoylation was preserved in this system: [9,10(n)
      3H]myristate but not [9,10(n)3H]palmitate was efficiently linked to Gly-1 of the
      C subunit. [13,14(n)-3H]10-Propoxydecanoic acid, a heteroatom-containing analog
      of myristic acid with reduced hydrophobicity but similar chain length, was an
      effective alternative substrate for NMT that also could be incorporated into the
      C subunit of PK-A. Such analogs have recently been shown to inhibit replication
      of certain retroviruses that depend upon linkage of a myristoyl group to their
      gag polyprotein precursors (e.g., the Pr55gag of human immunodeficiency virus
      type 1). A major advantage of the bacterial system over eukaryotic systems is the
      absence of endogenous NMT and substrates, providing a more straightforward way of
      preparing myristoylated, analog-substituted, and nonmyristoylated forms of a
      given protein for comparison of their structural and functional properties. The
      system should facilitate screening of enzyme inhibitors as well as alternative
      NMT fatty acid substrates for their ability to be incorporated into a specific
      target protein. Our experimental system may prove useful for recapitulating other
      eukaryotic protein modifications in E. coli so that structure-activity
      relationships of modifying enzymes and their substrates can be more readily
      assessed.

PMID- 2406722
TI  - Identification of five putative yeast RNA helicase genes.
AB  - The RNA helicase gene family encodes a group of eight homologous proteins that
      share regions of sequence similarity. This group of evolutionarily conserved
      proteins presumably all utilize ATP (or some other nucleoside triphosphate) as an
      energy source for unwinding double-stranded RNA. Members of this family have been
      implicated in a variety of physiological functions in organisms ranging from
      Escherichia coli to human, such as translation initiation, mitochondrial mRNA
      splicing, ribosomal assembly, and germinal line cell differentiation. We have
      applied polymerase chain reaction technology to search for additional members of
      the RNA helicase family in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using degenerate
      oligonucleotide primers designed to amplify DNA fragments flanked by the highly
      conserved motifs V L D E A D and Y I H R I G, we have detected five putative RNA
      helicase genes. Northern and Southern blot analyses demonstrated that these genes
      are single copy and expressed in yeast. Several members of the RNA helicase
      family share sequence identity ranging from 49.2% to 67.2%, suggesting that they
      are functionally related. The discovery of such a multitude of putative RNA
      helicase genes in yeast suggests that RNA helicase activities are involved in a
      variety of fundamentally important biological processes.

PMID- 2406723
TI  - Induction and therapy of autoimmune diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD/Lt)
      mouse by a 65-kDa heat shock protein.
AB  - Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is caused by autoimmune destruction of the
      insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. The results described here indicate
      that a beta-cell target antigen in non-obese diabetic (NOD/Lt) mice is a molecule
      cross-reactive with the 65-kDa heat shock protein (hsp65) of Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis. The onset of beta-cell destruction is associated with the
      spontaneous development of anti-hsp65 T lymphocytes. Subsequently hsp65 cross
      reactive antigen becomes detectable in the sera of the prediabetic mice and some
      weeks later anti-hsp65 antibodies, anti-insulin antibodies, and anti-idiotypic
      antibodies to insulin antibodies become detectable. The hsp65-cross-reactive
      antigen, the autoantibodies, and the T-cell reactivity then decline with the
      development of overt insulin-dependent diabetes. The importance of hsp65 in the
      pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes was confirmed by the ability of clones
      of anti-hsp65 T cells to cause insulitis and hyperglycemia in young NOD/Lt mice.
      Moreover, hsp65 antigen could be used either to induce diabetes or to vaccinate
      against diabetes, depending on the form of its administration to prediabetic
      NOD/Lt mice. Other antigens such as the 70-kDa heat shock protein (hsp70) had no
      effect on the development of diabetes.

PMID- 2406725
TI  - Retraction. Calf thymus histone H1 is a recombinase that catalyzes ATP
      independent DNA strand transfer.

PMID- 2406724
TI  - Initiation of protein synthesis from a termination codon.
AB  - We show that the amber termination codon UAG can initiate protein synthesis in
      Escherichia coli. We mutated the initiation codon AUG of the chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase (CAT) gene to UAG (CATam1) and translated mRNA derived from the
      mutant CAT gene in E. coli S-30 extracts. A full-length CAT polypeptide was
      synthesized in the presence of tRNA(fMetCUA), a mutant E. coli initiator tRNA
      which has a change in the anticodon sequence from CAU to CUA. Addition of
      purified E. coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase substantially stimulated synthesis of
      the CAT polypeptide. Thus, initiation of protein synthesis with UAG and
      tRNA(fMetCUA) most likely occurs with glutamine and not methionine. The UAG codon
      also initiates protein synthesis in vivo. To eliminate a weak secondary site of
      initiation from AUC, the fifth codon, we further mutagenized the CATam1 gene at
      codons 2 (GAG----GAC) and 5 (AUC----ACC). Transformation of E. coli with the
      resultant CATam1.2.5 gene yielded transformants that synthesized CAT polypeptide
      and were resistant to chloramphenicol only when they were also transformed with
      the mutant tRNA(fMetCUA) gene. Immunoblot analyses and assays for CAT enzyme
      activity in extracts from transformed cells indicate that initiation from UAG is
      efficient, 60-70% of that obtained from AUG. Initiation of protein synthesis from
      UAG using a mutant initiator tRNA allows tightly regulated expression of specific
      genes. This may be generally useful for overproduction in E. coli and other
      eubacteria of proteins which are toxic to these cells.

PMID- 2406726
TI  - Thymosin-beta 4 concentrations during the estrous cycle and after hypophyseal
      stalk transection of female pigs.
AB  - Thymosin-beta 4 (ThB4) concentrations in the peripheral circulation of pigs were
      investigated during the first 30 days after weaning and after hypophyseal stalk
      transection of ovariectomized females. Significant increases in ThB4 were
      observed during the day of weaning, during follicular development, and during
      early luteal formation. During the first period of follicular development (Days 1
      to 5 after weaning), ThB4 was uniformly elevated for 3 days whereas during the
      second period of follicular development (days 21 to 25 after weaning), the
      increase in ThB4 was bimodal. This period of bimodal secretion was closely
      associated with luteolysis. ThB4 concentrations were low during the luteal phase
      when progesterone concentrations were at their greatest. In ovariectomized pigs,
      ThB4 concentrations were not influenced acutely by a single intravenous injection
      (2 micrograms) of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in control (hypophyseal
      stalk intact) or hypophyseal stalk transected females. Both of these treatment
      groups responded to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone with increased
      secretion of luteinizing hormone. These studies determined that ThB4 secretion
      changed dramatically throughout the estrous cycle of pigs but failed to identify
      an acute association between increased luteinizing hormone secretion and ThB4 in
      ovariectomized pigs. Our observations support the hypothesis that the thymus
      gland interacts with the hypothalamopituitary-ovarian axis primarily through
      changes in secretion of ovarian steroids.

PMID- 2406727
TI  - A tribute to Jack Gorski: estrogen receptor model builder and scientific friend
      to many.

PMID- 2406728
TI  - Glucocorticoid receptor structure and the initial events in signal transduction.

PMID- 2406729
TI  - Regulation of prolactin gene expression by estradiol.

PMID- 2406730
TI  - Estrogens, receptors and cancer: the scientific contributions of Elwood Jensen.

PMID- 2406731
TI  - Transcription complexes.

PMID- 2406732
TI  - Estrogen regulation of transcription.

PMID- 2406733
TI  - Estrogen regulation of proliferation and hormonal modulation of estrogen and
      progesterone receptor biosynthesis and degradation in target cells.

PMID- 2406734
TI  - Regulation of the uterine epidermal growth factor receptor by estrogen.

PMID- 2406735
TI  - Receptor-directed radiotherapy: a new approach to therapy of steroid receptor
      positive cancers.

PMID- 2406736
TI  - Structure, function and immunolocalization of rabbit and human progesterone
      receptors.

PMID- 2406737
TI  - Human progesterone receptors: synthesis, structure, and phosphorylation.

PMID- 2406738
TI  - Structure, function and regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor.

PMID- 2406739
TI  - Estrogen receptor interconversion, factors regulating conformation and functions.

PMID- 2406740
TI  - Evidence for a glucocorticoid receptor cycle and nuclear dephosphorylation of the
      steroid-binding protein.

PMID- 2406741
TI  - Etiology and histogenesis of endometriosis.
AB  - Based on the available scientific evidence, the mechanism of developing
      endometriosis appears to be transplantation of viable endometrial cell fragments
      shed during menses and regurgitated through the fallopian tubes under the
      influence of prostaglandin-mediated uterine contractions. As all women apparently
      retrograde menstruate to some extent, it is not surprising that circumstances
      which increase the total number of menstrual days experienced have been
      clinically associated with endometriosis. Similarly, factors which lead to
      relative uterine outflow obstruction have been associated with a higher incidence
      of endometriosis. There is virtually no other scientific evidence supporting
      alternate mechanisms of development of endometriosis. There are many unanswered
      questions regarding endometriosis including: 1) Are all women equally susceptible
      to development of the disease? 2) As the clinical presentation and course is
      extremely variable, what factors influence these events? 3) Does medical
      suppression of ovulation with oral contraceptives or continuous progestins
      provide a protective effect? 4) Are there systemic immunologic changes associated
      with endometriosis? Hopefully, this manuscript will help stimulate the next
      generation of clinical investigators to address these questions, as they are of
      paramount importance with this apparently increasingly devastating and frequent
      clinical disease.

PMID- 2406742
TI  - Current classification of endometriosis: practical concerns.

PMID- 2406743
TI  - The epidemiology of endometriosis.

PMID- 2406744
TI  - Evolution of endometriotic lesions: is endometriosis a progressive disease?

PMID- 2406745
TI  - Endometriosis and infertility: the mechanisms involved.

PMID- 2406746
TI  - Mechanisms involved in the hormonal treatment of endometriosis.

PMID- 2406747
TI  - Preventive, symptomatic and expectant management of endometriosis.

PMID- 2406748
TI  - Management of infertility in women with endometriosis.

PMID- 2406749
TI  - Therapeutic experience with gestrinone.

PMID- 2406750
TI  - Danazol: molecular, endocrine, and clinical pharmacology.

PMID- 2406751
TI  - Extragenital endometriosis.

PMID- 2406752
TI  - Endometriotic lesions: location, gross, histologic, and ultrastructural aspects.

PMID- 2406753
TI  - Mullerianosis.
AB  - We suggest that mullerianosis is a distinct form of endometriosis, separate in
      its pathogenesis from transplantation endometriosis of lymphatic, hematogenous,
      transtubal, or iatrogenic origin, and also distinct from endometriosis of
      coelomic metaplasia.

PMID- 2406754
TI  - Statistical methods in evaluating endometriosis studies.
AB  - There is no shortage of statistical methods available for use in presenting the
      results of endometriosis research. Those that are currently in widest use have
      underlying statistical assumptions that may not be met by our study populations.
      Those methods that are more robust and compensate more for defects in satisfying
      these underlying assumptions are computer-based and much less "friendly" to
      physician and patient alike in terms of comprehensibility. Statisticians, with
      little appreciation for clinical practice, cannot answer these questions alone.
      Research is needed by clinician scientists comparing the validity of these
      methods of analysis.

PMID- 2406755
TI  - Rapid regression of endometriosis by a new gonadotropin-releasing hormone
      antagonist in rats with surgically induced disease.

PMID- 2406756
TI  - Experimental endometriosis in laboratory animals as a research model.

PMID- 2406757
TI  - Clinical significance of prostanoid concentration in women with endometriosis.

PMID- 2406758
TI  - Endometriosis: genetic and immunologic aspects.

PMID- 2406759
TI  - Effect of repeated administration of U-50,488H on the binding of 3H-SCH 23390 and
      3H-spiperone to rat brain and spinal cord dopamine receptors.

PMID- 2406760
TI  - Localization of neutral endopeptidase-24.11 (enkephalinase) to N-methyl-D
      aspartate sensitive cell populations in the rat forebrain.

PMID- 2406761
TI  - 2-substituted-N5-(2'-aminophenyl)-4-thiohydantoic acids as aminopeptidase
      inhibitors with pro-antinociceptive activity.

PMID- 2406762
TI  - The effects of selective dopamine D-1 and D-2 antagonists on the locomotor
      response and brain monoamine changes induced by naloxone-precipitated morphine
      withdrawal in guinea pigs.

PMID- 2406763
TI  - [Constant or pulsed drug administration? Criteria for decision-making and
      developing trends].

PMID- 2406764
TI  - [Biological actions of Diterpenes].

PMID- 2406765
TI  - The Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine 1989 awards.

PMID- 2406766
TI  - Two theories of muscle strength augmentation using percutaneous electrical
      stimulation.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of muscle is a commonly used, well-substantiated strategy
      that physical therapists use to augment strength in patients with muscle
      weakness. Two distinctly different theories of strength augmentation using
      percutaneous muscle stimulation are presented. The first theory proposes that
      augmentation of muscle strength with electrically elicited muscle contractions
      occurs in a similar manner to augmentation of muscle strength with voluntary
      exercise. Electrically elicited muscle contractions of relatively high intensity
      with low numbers of repetitions strengthen muscle proportionally to the external
      load on the muscle in a manner that is equivalent to voluntary contraction. The
      second theory proposes that augmentation of muscle strength using percutaneous
      stimulation is fundamentally different from augmentation of strength with
      voluntary exercise. This theory uses the physiological differences between
      electrically elicited and voluntary contractions, such as the reversal of motor
      unit recruitment order, as a basis for argument. Both theories are partially
      substantiated using published literature. Strategies for testing both theories
      are also presented.

PMID- 2406767
TI  - Microvascular anastomoses in irradiated vessels: a comparison between the Unilink
      system and sutures.
AB  - A new mechanical device (the Unilink system) was compared to conventional suture
      anastomoses in irradiated microvessels. Twenty rabbits received a single
      radiation dose of 20 Gy from a 7-MeV electron source through an anterior neck
      field. One and 6 months following irradiation, the carotid arteries and facial
      veins were divided and anastomosed on one side with the Unilink system and on the
      other side with suture technique. At sacrifice 4 weeks postoperatively, all
      vessels were evaluated for patency and histologic changes associated with
      radiation and anastomotic trauma. Histology disclosed severe radiation changes.
      Also, intimal hyperplasia was consistently found at the anastomotic sites in the
      arteries, while it was totally absent in the venous anastomoses. Occlusive
      thrombosis was found in two arteries, one anastomosed with the Unilink system and
      one sutured. Two other arteries, one from each group, had subtotal occlusions at
      the anastomotic site. No occlusions occurred in any of the venous anastomoses.
      The overall patency in this study was 97.5 percent, with no difference between
      the two techniques.

PMID- 2406768
TI  - Centennial of the first description of the en bloc neck dissection.

PMID- 2406769
TI  - Halsted a forefather of plastic surgery--never!

PMID- 2406770
TI  - Freud, Fliess, and the parenthood of psychoanalysis.
AB  - This paper focuses upon the roles of procreation, fatherhood, and identification
      with the fertile mother in Freud's creation of psychoanalysis. Fatherhood and
      motherhood, pregnancy and birth, children and siblings, figure prominently in
      Freud's self-analysis and in his relationship with his prototransference object,
      Wilhelm Fliess. Although Freud attributed his self-analytic interest and revived
      oedipal conflict to the death of his father, becoming a parent himself was also a
      significant determinant. Birth as well as death reactivated his childhood and
      stimulated his creative ferment.

PMID- 2406771
TI  - Eros and sexuality in antiquity. Book review essay on homosexuality in ancient
      Greece.

PMID- 2406772
TI  - Effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonism on spatial learning in mice.
AB  - C57BL/6Ibg mice were treated with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor
      antagonist 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl) propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) and tested
      for selective deficits in spatial learning ability in the Morris water task. Two
      types of training protocols were used during the initial exposure to the training
      environment. In protocol 1, animals were given four massed trials before being
      returned to their home cages. In protocol 2, animals were returned to their home
      cages after each of the first four trials. Following the initial four trials,
      both sets of animals were given massed trials in blocks of four. CPP had minor
      effects on nonspatial learning, with greater impairment seen in animals trained
      according to protocol 1 than in animals trained according to protocol 2. The drug
      increased latency to find the platform in the spatial learning form of the task,
      with no effect of training protocol on latency. When spatial learning ability was
      measured in terms of the search behavior exhibited by the animals after the
      platform was removed from the pool, animals trained according to protocol 1
      showed a severe CPP-induced impairment in search accuracy. Animals trained
      according to protocol 2 showed no effect of drug treatment. The results suggest
      that CPP does not have a reliable effect on place learning and that factors other
      than the type of learning being tested may contribute to performance deficits
      following CPP treatment.

PMID- 2406773
TI  - Low intensity ultrasonic effects on yeast hexokinase.
AB  - The kinetics of yeast hexokinase activity exposed to 1 MHz ultrasound of
      therapeutic intensities 0.1-1.5 W/cm2 was studied using traditional physico
      chemical methods and by the thermoinactivation approach. Analysis of the kinetic
      curves and the kinetic parameters, obtained by two independent methods, suggested
      specific perturbation processes provoked by the ultrasonic waves, viz., the
      mechanical breakdown of the contact site between monomer units and the subsequent
      sonochemical modification of the active enzyme site. Low intensity ultrasound
      also caused the destabilization of the molecular structure of hexokinase as
      revealed by the apparent thermolability of the sonicated enzyme.

PMID- 2406774
TI  - On tritium, DNA, and serendipity.

PMID- 2406775
TI  - Nuclear medicine comes of age: its present and future roles in diagnosis.
AB  - The current role of nuclear medicine in clinical diagnosis was surveyed in a
      retrospective review of medical records by two internists. About one radiologic
      imaging study in 20 was a radionuclide procedure, and a somewhat larger fraction
      was performed in outpatients. The internists found that diagnostic screening
      procedures in nuclear medicine influenced patient management in 63% of hospital
      inpatients, and quantitative/monitoring types of tests influenced management in
      56%. Of the projected health care costs in the United States of $490 billion, all
      imaging procedures will account for only $12 billion, and nuclear medicine
      procedures will account for about $1 billion. Nuclear medicine research continues
      to blossom. The National Institutes of Health budget for diagnostic imaging
      research in fiscal year 1988 totaled $86.6 million; nuclear medicine projects
      represented 43% of this total, all other projects in radiology represented 30%,
      and projects outside radiology represented 30%. Research with positron emitters
      and positron emission tomography totaled $20.5 million, and research with
      radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies totaled $6.2 million. Two major problems may
      hinder the future practice of nuclear medicine in the United States compared with
      that in other developed countries: (a) the serious time lag in the approval
      process for new radiopharmaceuticals by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and
      other agencies and (b) the lack of a facility dedicated to the continuous
      production of radionuclides for biomedical research. Now, there is sporadic
      production permitted only during high-energy physics experiments. The recent
      developments which will probably induce the greatest changes in clinical nuclear
      medicine in the near future are the improvements in design and utilization of
      single photon emission computed tomographic devices and prolific generation of
      new radiopharmaceuticals, especially technetium-99m agents for cerebral and
      myocardial imaging and tumor agents.

PMID- 2406776
TI  - Surgical decision making for large bowel cancer metastatic to the liver.

PMID- 2406777
TI  - Technologic improvements in screen-film mammography.
AB  - During the past 20 years, many significant technologic improvements in
      mammographic x-ray equipment and screen-film-processing systems have occurred.
      Today it is possible to obtain mammograms with higher image quality at a
      significantly lower radiation dose, compared with mammograms dating back about 20
      years. In this review article, clinical image comparisons and technical
      information--including x-ray spectra, limiting geometric resolution,
      sensitometric characteristic curves, modulation transfer function, and noise
      power spectra--are used to demonstrate technologic improvements in mammographic
      image quality.

PMID- 2406778
TI  - Control of breast cancer through screening mammography.
AB  - There are more than 100 different malignancies that may develop in the human
      body. Unfortunately, very few of them can be controlled. Those we can control are
      not the most frequently occurring. Clinical research has made significant
      improvements in the past decades, attacking on all possible fronts: prevention,
      diagnosis/detection, and therapy. This overview article describes research
      results of the past 3 decades, demonstrating that early detection of breast
      cancer alters the natural history of the disease.

PMID- 2406779
TI  - Nocardia infection in patients with liver transplants or chronic liver disease:
      radiologic findings.
AB  - The radiologic findings in eight patients with nocardiosis were reviewed.
      Infection followed liver transplantation in six cases and was associated with
      chronic liver disease in two. Abnormalities of the chest radiograph predominated
      and included pleural effusions (n = 6), consolidation (n = 5), cavitating lesions
      (n = 1), and intrapulmonary nodules (n = 3), but there were no diagnostic
      features. The diagnosis was made on the basis of bronchial washings (n = 3), skin
      aspiration (n = 3), pleural fluid (n = 1), and aspiration biopsy of a pulmonary
      nodule (n = 1). Computed tomography (CT) was helpful in evaluating chest disease
      in three cases and allowed guided biopsy to obtain material for a definitive
      diagnosis. In three patients skin lesions in disseminated disease were associated
      with cerebral lesions seen at CT. A definitive tissue diagnosis is especially
      important in patients who have received transplants because of malignancy, since
      the radiologic manifestations of this unusual infection may mimic metastatic
      recurrence. Conventional radiography and CT are nonspecific but will enable
      determination of disease extent and selection of the most suitable site for
      tissue sampling, which is required to confirm the diagnosis.

PMID- 2406780
TI  - Lung tumors associated with obstructive pneumonitis: US studies.
AB  - Eleven patients who had lung tumors associated with obstructive pneumonitis and
      who failed to yield diagnostic material at conventional bronchoscopic biopsy
      underwent real-time ultrasonographic (US) studies and US-guided aspiration
      biopsy. Sonography of the consolidated lung showed a wedge-shaped hypoechoic
      lesion containing a fluid bronchogram. The presumed obstructing tumor was seen as
      a hypoechoic nodule near the hilum or as a well-defined hyperechoic mass inside
      the partially consolidated lung. Computed tomography (CT) was superior to US in
      demonstrating the bronchial obstruction (P less than .05). However, there were no
      significant differences between CT and US in demonstrating the obstructing tumor
      (P greater than .10). In all 11 patients the diagnosis was made by means of US
      guided transthoracic aspiration biopsy and in eight patients also by means of
      Trucut biopsy. No complications were observed in the studies. It is concluded
      that US and US-guided aspiration biopsy are useful adjunct diagnostic techniques
      for lung tumor patients with obstructive pneumonitis.

PMID- 2406781
TI  - Portal blood flow in congestive heart failure: pulsed duplex sonographic
      findings.
AB  - Twenty-one patients with congestive heart failure were examined with duplex
      sonographic scanning of the portal vein. The Doppler sonographic findings were
      compared with those of healthy subjects, patients with chronic liver disease, and
      patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Increasing pulsatility of the Doppler signals
      was demonstrated in 11 patients with severe congestive heart failure. Two
      patients with severe congestive heart failure showed decreasing pulsatility of
      portal Doppler signals in response to therapeutic procedures. Portal flow
      patterns suggestive of severe congestive heart failure include a monophasic
      forward flow with peak velocity in ventricular diastole and gradual diminution of
      velocity throughout ventricular systole (n = 5), a reversed flow velocity in
      ventricular systole (n = 3), and vena cava-like biphasic forward velocity peaks
      during each cardiac cycle (n = 2). The time-velocity waveform shape of portal
      flow is, to a large degree, influenced by the mechanical events in the right side
      of the heart in severe congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2406783
TI  - Fatal carcinoid crisis after percutaneous fine-needle biopsy of hepatic
      metastasis: case report and literature review.
AB  - Immediately after a fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was performed of a
      carcinoid liver metastasis, a patient had severe flushing, nausea, and faintness,
      followed by generalized seizure activity, profound hypotension, and
      cardiopulmonary arrest refractory to resuscitative efforts. This was considered
      due to massive release of vasoactive substances into the systemic circulation,
      caused by manipulation of the tumor at biopsy and aggravated by resuscitative
      efforts. Hypotensive crisis should be considered a potential, although unusual,
      complication of FNAB of liver metastases in patients with carcinoid syndrome. If
      biopsy is necessary, an intravenous access line should be established before
      biopsy is performed, and personnel should be prepared to administer emergency
      resuscitation. Medication with a somatostatin analogue before biopsy is performed
      is suggested. Catecholamine administration should be avoided.

PMID- 2406782
TI  - Relaxation response in femoral angiography.
AB  - Immediately before they underwent femoral angiography, 45 patients were given one
      of three types of audiotapes: a relaxation response tape recorded for this study,
      a tape of contemporary instrumental music, or a blank tape. All patients were
      instructed to listen to their audiotape during the entire angiographic procedure.
      Each audiotape was played through earphones. Radiologists were not told the group
      assignment or tape contents. The patients given the audiotape with instructions
      to elicit the relaxation response (n = 15) experienced significantly less anxiety
      (P less than .05) and pain (P less than .001) during the procedure, were observed
      by radiology nurses to exhibit significantly less pain (P less than .001) and
      anxiety (P less than .001), and requested significantly less fentanyl citrate (P
      less than .01) and diazepam (P less than .01) than patients given either the
      music (n = 14) or the blank (n = 16) control audiotapes. Elicitation of the
      relaxation response is a simple, inexpensive, efficacious, and practical method
      to reduce pain, anxiety, and medication during femoral angiography and may be
      useful in other invasive procedures.

PMID- 2406784
TI  - Simulation of gallstone fragments by cavitation bubbles during extracorporeal
      shock wave lithotripsy: physical basis and in vitro demonstration.
AB  - During extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of gallstones, sonography often
      shows a swirling pattern of echogenic foci shortly after the application of shock
      waves. This effect has been thought to represent gallstone fragments in
      suspension. However, evidence suggests that this finding is in part due to
      cavitation, a physical phenomenon associated with the formation or movement of
      gas bubbles in the fluid-filled gallbladder. Condoms filled with degassed water
      and five human bile specimens were positioned in the focus of an MPL 9000
      lithotriptor (Dornier Medical Systems, Munich). A solitary nonradiopaque
      gallstone was then added to a bile-filled condom, and the sonographic pattern was
      observed before and after fragmentation. The mean clearance time of the
      cavitation bubbles was 4 seconds for degassed water and 22 seconds for human
      bile. Gallstone fragments were distinguished from cavitation bubbles by their
      prolonged settling time (up to 30 minutes) along the dependent gallbladder wall.

PMID- 2406785
TI  - Splenic infarction: sonographic patterns, diagnosis, follow-up, and
      complications.
AB  - Forty splenic infarcts in 23 patients were examined with ultrasound (US). At
      clinical presentation, splenic infarction was associated with severe left upper
      quadrant pain (n = 10) or diffuse abdominal pain (n = 4) or was asymptomatic (n =
      9). In this retrospective study, predominantly wedge-shaped (n = 17) or round (n
      = 23), irregularly delineated (n = 33) or smooth (n = 7), hypoechoic (n = 40) and
      anechoic (n = 5) lesions were found at first examination. During follow-up
      observation, four patients died because of complications unrelated to infarct,
      and five patients underwent splenectomy as a consequence of US findings.
      Expanding intralienal liquefaction, increasing subcapsular hemorrhage, free
      peritoneal blood (even in spleens shown to have an intact surface at sonography),
      and flow phenomena in the area of infarction demonstrated at B-mode pulsed
      Doppler US were identified as infarct-related complications associated with the
      risk of splenic rupture. Despite the high self-healing tendency in splenic
      infarction, short-term follow-up with US is recommended for early recognition of
      these possible complications.

PMID- 2406786
TI  - Hepatobiliary fascioliasis: noninvasive imaging findings.

PMID- 2406787
TI  - Zones of the uterus: discrepancy between US and MR images.
AB  - The location of the boundaries among the endometrium, inner myometrium (dark),
      and outer myometrium (intermediate or bright) were compared on T2-weighted
      magnetic resonance (MR) and intravaginal ultrasound (US) images obtained within
      24 hours of each other. Twelve women with normal reproductive cycles underwent a
      total of 21 pairs of examinations. The endometrium, inner myometrium (junctional
      zone), and outer myometrium were measured by three independent observers. The
      endometrial thickness was thinner with MR imaging (6.5 mm with MR imaging vs 7.9
      mm with US early in the cycle [P = .001]; 9.9 mm with MR imaging vs 11.3 mm,
      respectively, late in the cycle [P = .045]). The junctional zone was thicker with
      MR imaging (4.4 vs 2.3 mm early [P less than .001]; 3.9 vs 2.2 mm late [P =
      .003]). The combined thickness of the endometrium and junctional zone was thicker
      with MR imaging (15.5 vs 12.7 mm early [P = .002]; 17.3 vs 15.8 mm late [P =
      .064]), confirming that the boundary between the junctional zone and outer
      myometrium is different with MR imaging versus US.

PMID- 2406788
TI  - Percutaneous enterostomy with the Cope suture anchor.
AB  - Eighty-two percutaneous enterostomies were performed at three institutions with
      the Cope suture anchor for stomach or jejunal wall stabilization during
      alimentation tube placement. The anchors were successfully placed into the
      stomach or jejunum in 81 cases. Early in the series, two anchors were misplaced,
      with no sequelae. There were no other complications at the time of placement. In
      all successful cases, excellent immobilization of the viscus was achieved. Tract
      dilation and tube placement were easily performed, and there were no guidewire or
      tube dislodgments.

PMID- 2406789
TI  - Gastric pneumatosis: sign of biliary stent-related perforation.
AB  - Gastric pneumatosis developed 4 months after a Carey-Coons biliary endoprosthesis
      was placed in an 85-year-old woman with pancreatic carcinoma. Radiographs
      revealed a change in the position of the stent. This combination of findings
      suggested that more than simple stent migration had occurred. At endoscopy,
      duodenal perforation was confirmed and the stent repositioned. Subsequently, the
      pneumatosis resolved.

PMID- 2406790
TI  - New tools of the trade.
AB  - The author reviews the regulatory process through which new cardiovascular
      interventional devices reach the hands of the interventional radiologist and the
      cardiologist. The marketing mechanisms are outlined, as are the data
      requirements. The reader is taken step-by-step from device investigation
      conducted under an approved investigational device exemptions application to
      market clearance, through either a substantially equivalent 510(k) notification
      or an approved premarket approval application, and beyond, including how to
      report adverse device experiences through the Medical Device Reporting REgulation
      and the Medical Device and Laboratory Product Problem Reporting Program.

PMID- 2406791
TI  - Chronological history of the Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional
      Radiology from 1973 to 1989.

PMID- 2406792
TI  - Morphologic observations late after coronary balloon angioplasty: mechanisms of
      acute injury and relationship to restenosis.
AB  - Despite widespread use of coronary balloon angioplasty, advances in angioplasty
      technology, and improvements in operator technique, restenosis at the angioplasty
      site is the major problem limiting the long-term efficacy of this procedure. The
      article reviews morphologic-histologic observations at angioplasty restenosis
      sites, speculates about the connection between the acute injury patterns of
      balloon angioplasty and the development of restenosis, and briefly reviews the
      currently understood pathways to restenosis and possible approaches to its
      reduction or elimination.

PMID- 2406793
TI  - Percutaneous inferior vena caval filters.
AB  - Percutaneous placement of caval filters is performed with increasing frequency as
      an alternative or adjunctive therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. The
      stainless steel Greenfield filter may be placed surgically or percutaneously.
      There are now several other approved or investigational devices primarily
      intended for percutaneous delivery. Morbidity and mortality rates for
      percutaneous filter placement are lower than those published for surgical filter
      placement. Choosing among the various devices on the basis of published studies
      is difficult, as the indications for filter placement; objectivity of follow-up;
      and criteria for complications, success, and failure vary greatly among studies.
      The author analyzes published and unpublished data about the physical
      characteristics; clinical availability; and morbidity, mortality, and efficacy
      rates of several caval filters. The author concludes that filters should be
      placed percutaneously rather than surgically, that the ideal device cannot be
      determined on the basis of current data (and might not exist), and that the
      choice among devices might depend on clinical circumstances and device
      characteristics. A strong recommendation is made for an independent, multicenter,
      prospective, randomized trial and, in the interim, a mandatory registry of all
      patients receiving caval filters.

PMID- 2406794
TI  - Nerve regeneration through allogeneic nerve grafts, with special reference to the
      role of the Schwann cell basal lamina.

PMID- 2406795
TI  - The perinatal reorganization of the innervation of skeletal muscle in mammals.
AB  - (1) The perinatal reorganization of muscle innervation is executed in a setting
      established by the earlier embryonic developmental processes. Prominent among
      these is the generation of a stereotyped set of skeletal muscles, each innervated
      in an orderly fashion from an appropriate pool of spinal motoneurons. The muscles
      contain functionally specialized types of fibers which differentiate in patterns
      characteristic for each muscle even without innervation. (2) Cholinergic
      motoneurons are required for functional innervation of skeletal muscles. In
      addition the muscle fibers must be in a receptive state. Denervation or paralysis
      recreates the receptive state. Chemically the receptive state is not well
      defined. It is associated with an immature distribution of AChRs and NCAM. (3)
      Nmjs are located in an orderly fashion on muscle fibers. Their normal
      distribution can be disrupted by paralysis during development. When junctions are
      first formed the nerve terminal induces local aggregation, stabilization and
      mature ionophore kinetics of the AChRs, as well as appearance of junctional
      specific AChE. Some of the effects require muscle activity. Terminal-derived
      substances like agrin and CGRP may normally contribute to these processes, as may
      other not yet identified agents. (4) Numerically, motoneuronal pools are
      regulated according to the available target. At the same time, the generation of
      secondary myotubes requires innervation by active motoneurons, and may also be
      quantitatively regulated by the number of innervating motoneurons. The generation
      of the primary generation of myotubes is independent of innervation. (5) Soon
      after the muscle fiber is first innervated additional terminals from other axons
      form junctions at the same site. The extent of polyneuronal innervation differs
      between muscles and between fiber types in the same muscle. Following a delay of
      several days after birth the individual terminals increase their contact area by
      arborization. The postsynaptic differentiation with redistribution of AChR, AChE
      and formation of subsynaptic folds is initiated. The complete maturation of the
      endplate requires several weeks. (6) Around birth or a few days later processes
      which eliminate redundant terminals are initiated. The rate of elimination
      appears to be aimed at nearly synchronous completion of the process in muscles
      with related functions. (7) There are two types of processes involved in the
      elimination of supernumerary terminals. The one gives rise to a competitive
      interaction between terminals innervating the same muscle fiber. The second is
      related to the reduction in the number of terminals which a motoneuron can
      maintain in the muscle. The two normally act in concert to determine the mature
      pattern of innervation of a muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2406796
TI  - [The female paradigm in psychoanalysis].
AB  - According to the author, the necessary change to a new psychoanalytic paradigm of
      femininity can only take place if the patriarchal discourse of psychoanalytic
      metatheory is systematically deconstructed. Only then can a reconstruction of
      this discourse occur with a view toward the emancipation of both genders.

PMID- 2406797
TI  - [Psychoanalytic treatment of a lustful murderess 1930].
AB  - In the course of collecting historical material about the first psychoanalytic in
      patient clinic ("Sanatorium Schloss Tegel") in the years 1927-1931, the authors
      discovered an unpublished typescript by Ernst Simmel entitled "Neurotic
      criminality and lust murder". On the basis of clinic records, excerpts from
      letters, and personal information, the authors supplement Simmel's treatment
      report of a lust murderess with a historical, documentary text, which is followed
      by Simmel's paper.

PMID- 2406798
TI  - [Neurotic criminality and lustful murder].

PMID- 2406799
TI  - Going beyond clinical trials.

PMID- 2406800
TI  - [Georg Perthes--a pioneer of modern regional anesthesia technics?].
AB  - In regional anesthesia, the localization of peripheral nerves and plexuses is
      possible by means of mechanical or electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation
      for this purpose was first described in 1912 by the surgeon Georg Perthes (1869
      1927) of Tubingen, who reported his own experiences. The original description and
      results of electrostimulation are transposed upon a modern point of view of
      regional anesthesia.

PMID- 2406801
TI  - Epidemiology and natural history of systemic sclerosis.
AB  - Systemic sclerosis is an acquired generalized disorder of connective tissue
      characterized epidemiologically by several distinctive features. From a
      demographic viewpoint, the disease spares children and its incidence increases
      steadily with age among adults; is much more frequent in women, especially during
      the childbearing years; occurs most frequently and severely in young black women,
      but overall has no prominent racial predilection. If any conclusions can be drawn
      here, the strongest influences may be age-related hormonal factor and
      degenerative vascular processes. Family and genetic studies suggest a weak
      genetic predisposition. There are many environmental agents which may be
      implicated in pathogenesis. The result of host factors and environmental
      "triggers" is a multi-system disease which has as prominent features
      microvascular injury, immunologic dysregulation, and fibroblast activation. The
      resulting widespread pathologic process leads to vascular insufficiency and
      fibrosis, which diminishes the reserve function of many organ systems. The
      result, a significant reduction in lifespan, with a 10-year survival from
      diagnosis of under 50 per cent. Further epidemiologic studies should take full
      advantage of established and newly proposed subsets of patients with homogeneous
      clinical, laboratory, serologic, and natural history features. The environment
      host interactions noted above must be fully explored, especially in early
      untreated disease, where primary rather than secondary mechanisms are most likely
      to be operative.

PMID- 2406802
TI  - Early detection of connective tissue disease in patients with Raynaud's
      phenomenon.
AB  - Connective tissue diseases such as scleroderma frequently show an insidious
      onset. In their early stages a diagnosis of a specific CTD is hard to make, and
      the disorder may then be designated as "undifferentiated CTD." Raynaud's
      phenomenon (RP) is the first symptom in many cases and may precede the disease
      for many years. RP, however, is a common finding in the population, especially in
      young females. Thus, only a minority of patients with RP will develop a CTD. For
      reason of prognosis and early diagnosis and to get more insight in the initial
      pathophysiological processes, it is important to know which patients with RP will
      develop or are already evolving into a CTD. Patients referred to the clinician
      because of RP frequently (24-40%) show signs or symptoms of CTD, especially of
      scleroderma. Pulmonary function disturbances and esophageal hypomotility are
      asymptomatic in many cases, and should be sought for with sensitive methods. How
      can we distinguish patients with truly primary RP from those who will evolve into
      CTD (and thus should be screened for CTD and be followed)? The presence of
      antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and abnormalities at nailfold capillary microscopy
      (NCM) have proven to be early indicators of evolution into CTD, especially
      scleroderma and related disorders. The antigenic specificities of ANA indicate
      which syndrome the patient will develop, e.g., anti-CENP-B indicates the CREST
      syndrome and anti-topoisomerase I diffuse scleroderma. Other factors of
      prognostic significance in patients with RP are age at onset and severity of RP:
      older age at onset and a highly severe RP represent risk factors for CTD. What do
      we know about the evolution of RP into CTD? Follow-up studies on patients
      referred because of RP have shown that some 15-20% of these patients have an
      insidious progress to limited cutaneous scleroderma including CREST. Risk factors
      have already been mentioned. From a pathophysiological point of view, studies in
      patients with early scleroderma have proved that microvascular changes are
      crucial in the disease process. These changes, demonstrated morphologically by
      NCM and functionally, e.g., by pulmonary function studies, are also reflected in
      increased levels of VIII antigen and in in vivo platelet activation. Both of
      these phenomena probably result from endothelial damage. There is increasing
      evidence that T-cells and their products are involved in vascular damage in early
      scleroderma. Future research should be directed to the elucidation of the target
      antigens for these T-cells.

PMID- 2406803
TI  - Early immune events in scleroderma.
AB  - A number of humoral and cellular immune abnormalities are present in patients
      with early scleroderma (systemic sclerosis). Most of these abnormalities reflect
      ongoing autoimmune reactions of the cellular and humoral types, resulting in a
      variety of autoantibodies to cellular and tissue constituents. Evidence exists
      for a defect(s) in immunoregulation favoring excessive helper T-cell activity.
      The presence of circulating cytokines and shed interleukin-2 receptors suggest
      ongoing cellular immune reactions are occurring, generating cytokines and
      lymphokines that are capable of effecting the vascular and fibrotic lesions that
      are hallmarks of the disease. Future directions for research are suggested that
      would focus on determining if, and at what point, fibroblasts might function
      autonomously to generate excessive matrix components and on determining the
      nature of the original antigenic stimulus that starts the scleroderma process.

PMID- 2406804
TI  - Mast cells and fibrosis. The relevance to scleroderma.
AB  - Mast cells are being recognized as important constituents in fibrotic processes.
      This article reviews the evidence for increased mast cell numbers and/or function
      in a variety of fibrotic conditions. Increased mast cell numbers and activity are
      seen in chronic murine graft-versus-host disease (a model for scleroderma) and in
      active scleroderma itself. An integrated schema for scleroderma is presented,
      emphasizing the interactions among mast cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts
      mediated by heparin and heparin-binding growth factors.

PMID- 2406805
TI  - Animal models of fibrosis.
AB  - This review of the animal models for scleroderma described in the literature
      demonstrates that there are available a number of induced and spontaneous systems
      in which to study various aspects of this complex disorder. Each model has its
      strengths in mimicking certain aspects of the disease--inflammatory, immunologic,
      or fibrotic--as well as important differences or unstudied aspects, as emphasized
      in the foregoing discussion. It is apparent that each of these models can
      contribute to our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying this presently incurable
      disorder. The most extensively studied model from the histologic, immunologic and
      biochemical viewpoint is the TSK/+ mutant mouse. Its principal deficiencies are
      the absence of inflammatory, immunologic, vascular, gastrointestinal, and
      articular involvement. Our new findings reported in this review demonstrate that
      certain previously undefined immunologic alterations commonly observed in
      autoimmune diseases are present in this mutant mouse. Table 3 summarizes the
      available data on the two most studied models, the TSK/+ mouse and the UCD-L200
      chicken, and compares them with SSc. It can be readily seen that there is the
      need for further studies of many aspects of these models and of the human disease
      to extend our present knowledge and hopefully achieve a better understanding of
      the underlying causes and pathologic mechanisms. The existence of genetic mutant
      animals holds the promise of applying the techniques of molecular biology to
      address these questions.

PMID- 2406806
TI  - Autoantibodies against nuclear, nucleolar, and mitochondrial antigens in systemic
      sclerosis (scleroderma).
AB  - One of the most characteristic serologic features of systemic sclerosis
      (scleroderma) is the occurrence of autoantibodies against nuclear and most
      notably against nucleolar antigens. This humoral autoimmune response is one of
      best studied immunologic phenomena in scleroderma. Detailed molecular information
      on the structure and function, as well as on reactive epitopes of autoantigens
      targeted by specific serum antibodies, has been revealed by clinical,
      immunologic, and biochemic studies in several laboratories. Autoantigens such as
      DNA topoisomerase I (Scl-70), centromere proteins, RNA polymerase I, U3 RNP
      associated fibrillarin, PM-Scl, and 7-2 RNP antigens were shown to be specific
      targets of scleroderma patients and were observed to have clinical correlates
      within the scleroderma disease spectrum. Therefore, autoantibodies in scleroderma
      are not only valuable diagnostic tools but also prognosticators of the disease.
      Although autoantibodies in scleroderma do not appear to play a pathogenetic role
      in the disease process, the knowledge of the structure and function of their
      reactive antigens may help in answering questions concerning the etiology of the
      disease.

PMID- 2406807
TI  - Scleroderma overlap syndromes.
AB  - Overlap features with diffuse scleroderma are rare. More commonly, other
      connective tissue diseases have features usually seen in the systemic involvement
      of scleroderma. The limited form of scleroderma (CREST) has interesting
      associations with primary biliary cirrhosis, whereas mixed connective tissue
      disease evolves toward a scleroderma-like picture with advancing years.

PMID- 2406808
TI  - Lung involvement in systemic sclerosis.
AB  - The lungs are frequently affected in systemic sclerosis, and pulmonary disease
      may significantly influence morbidity and mortality. The clinical, radiographic,
      and physiologic features of scleroderma lung disease are discussed in this
      article, as are new approaches to the detection and study of interstitial
      pneumonitis. The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis is discussed in the context
      of data derived from bronchoalveolar lavage studies. Pulmonary vascular disease
      and less common pulmonary features of systemic sclerosis are also discussed.

PMID- 2406809
TI  - Treatment of generalized systemic sclerosis.
AB  - Over the years, many encouraging uncontrolled studies extolling treatments of SSc
      have appeared, but initial impressions were not corroborated when controlled
      trials were done. This article points out that certain recent studies have
      effectively ruled out the use of some specific therapies for the general
      treatment of systemic sclerosis. Thus, sufficient data has been generated to rule
      out the use of n-acetylcysteine, colchicine, chlorambucil, cyclofenil, and DMSO,
      at least in disease of longer duration. Ketanserin and prostaglandin infusions
      probably also belong in this group, as they affect only Raynaud's phenomenon.
      Angiotensin enzyme inhibitors, while probably life-saving in renal crises, do not
      seem to affect the underlying systemic sclerosis per se. Another group of drugs
      has only limited supportive data and await well-controlled trials to prove or
      disprove their effectiveness. These include: 5-fluorouracil, D-penicillamine,
      drugs affecting platelet function (dipyridamole), and para-aminobenzoic acid.
      There are a few treatments which have potential. Factor XIII has only limited
      data using controlled trials, but what does exist seems positive. Apheresis is
      encouraging, although the success of this treatment modality may be dependent
      upon a "combination" approach. Ongoing studies with gamma-interferon,
      photopheresis, and the mast cell stabilizer ketotifen appear exciting, and we
      await reports of their use in scleroderma. On another level, new insights into
      genomic alterations in skin fibroblasts and T-cell proto-oncogene expression have
      contributed to the understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease at the
      cellular level and new methods to measure change in disease will help gauge
      response to therapy. Thus, we look forward to more definitive treatment of SSc in
      the future.

PMID- 2406810
TI  - Genetic factors in scleroderma.
AB  - 1. In no ethnic group is the overall association between SSc and the MHC, T-cell
      receptors, or drug metabolism phenotypes strong enough for direct clinical use.
      2. Indications are that associations between specific subsets of SSc patients and
      genetic markers will assume greater importance both diagnostically and
      prognostically. The lung fibrosis group may be a prime candidate. 3. Genetic
      markers are useful means of relating chemically induced SSc-like disorders with
      the classical disease. Vinyl chloride disease is an example. 4. Evidence is
      emerging of strong associations between certain genetic markers and autoantibody
      production; a similar story has emerged in SLE. We believe that genetic testing
      will influence therapy in at least a subset of SSc patients, but that a dramatic
      breakthrough will not be made until we know how the genetics of the disease
      relate to the primary biochemical disease characteristic, that is the
      overproduction of collagen. In this respect, it has been suggested that the 5'
      flanking DNA of dermal collagen genes is particularly susceptible to the binding
      by Scl-70 (topoisomerase I). A problem is how to combine this and the other
      observations discussed above. Chromosomal instability can be linked to both the
      MHC and SSc-inducing chemicals, and the association of autoantibodies to
      topoisomerase I provides a tentative link between the MHC and collagen gene
      expression. Although the role and reason for anti-Scl 70 in SSc is unknown,
      humoral autoimmunity, at least in SLE, appears to be strongly dependent on
      specific HLA genes.

PMID- 2406811
TI  - Vascular disease in scleroderma. Endothelial T lymphocyte-fibroblast
      interactions.
AB  - The accumulated body of evidence suggests a role for a cell-mediated immune
      mechanism in the pathogenesis of scleroderma vascular disease. The most likely
      target for immune injury is either the endothelial cell itself or components of
      its basal lamina, which include type IV collagen and laminin. Whatever the
      specific target, the net effect is persistently altered endothelial cell
      dysfunction. However, the molecular basis for the development of endothelial cell
      injury is not known. Direct investigations of perivascular infiltrating cells
      have not been possible yet; published studies have focused on the in vitro
      effects of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and selected cytokines on
      endothelial cell behavior and function. Understanding the multiple cellular
      effects of various cytokines on endothelial cells may further the knowledge of
      the vascular disease. Systematic study of interactions between endothelial cells
      and cells of the immune system may provide the molecular basis for vascular
      injury and open yet unidentified avenues for therapy. Furthermore, monitoring
      parameters of endothelial cell injury may help to define the disease in an
      earlier and more meaningful fashion. Circulating levels of EC products such as
      von Willebrand factor, plasminogen activator, and prostacyclin/thromboxane
      metabolites may permit a precise definition of disease activity and assist the
      clinician in monitoring responses to therapy.

PMID- 2406812
TI  - Microvasculature in systemic sclerosis.
AB  - The considerable amount of consistent data obtained with different techniques
      regarding the nailfold capillary morphology and function in SSc sheds increasing
      light on the natural history and the different evolutive patterns of SSc
      microangiopathy. These data also provide a strong support for a nosologic
      spectrum of entities like SSc, CREST syndrome, UCTD and prescleroderma RP. From a
      practical point of view, a more accurate semiologic analysis of RP should provide
      interesting clues for the clinical management of patients consulting for that
      vasomotor disturbance. In the next few years, one can predict that quantitation
      of the microangiopathy, using morphometry and dynamic videomicroscopy, will
      increase the usefulness of capillary microscopy in clinical practice for the
      diagnosis and follow-up of such patients.

PMID- 2406813
TI  - Fibroblast-matrix interactions and their role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis.
AB  - The extracellular matrix has a complex structure which provides the scaffold of
      the connective tissue and influences many cellular functions. Fibroblast
      attachment, chemotaxis, and proliferation depend on the interaction of the cells
      with different components of the extracellular matrix. In addition, biosynthetic
      activities including protein and collagen synthesis are regulated by a two- or
      three-dimensional contact of fibroblasts with the surrounding matrix. Since
      scleroderma is characterized by an excessive deposition of collagen in the
      involved organs, many attempts have been made to define the altered cellular
      metabolism on a molecular level. This review summarized the role of fibroblast
      matrix interaction for the control of fibroblast functions during physiological
      processes and their activation in fibrosis.

PMID- 2406814
TI  - The development of visual function in infants.

PMID- 2406815
TI  - Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth processing in the visual system:
      anatomy, physiology, art, and illusion.

PMID- 2406816
TI  - The neural computation of the velocity field.

PMID- 2406817
TI  - Brain mechanisms for recognition of faces, facial expression, and gestures:
      neuropsychological and electroencephalographic studies in normals, brain-lesioned
      patients, and schizophrenics.
AB  - The perception and recognition of faces and nonface stimuli were investigated by
      means of EP techniques in normal subjects. Neuropsychological studies on
      recognition of faces, facial expression, and gestures were performed in normal
      subjects, brain-lesioned patients, and schizophrenic patients. 1. Two
      neuropsychological tests investigating recognition of faces, mimic expression,
      and gestures were applied in normals and brain-lesioned patients. In the first
      test, the recognition of faces and vases was tested 1 hr and 1 week after an
      inspection series. It was found that the size rather than the location of the
      lesion (excluding occipital lobe lesions) was an important determinant of the
      error score. No significant differences were found between patients suffering
      from RH and LH lesions. In general the same observation was true when recognition
      of faces, expression, and gestures was studied by means of a movie test
      consisting of 12 10-sec movie scenes and 10 multiple-choice tests following
      inspection of each scene. A slight tendency to higher error scores appeared in
      patients suffering from right temporo-occipital lesions compared with other RH
      lesions. 2. Impairment in the perception and recognition of faces, facial
      expression, and gestures was also found in schizophrenic patients. Their error
      score, especially in the movie tests, was on the average higher than in brain
      lesioned patients, indicating a major perceptual or cognitive deficit in this
      disease. This observation is consistent with some clinical symptoms of
      schizophrenia. It is remarkable that in the slide test, schizophrenic patients
      had a significantly higher error score in the easy tasks (recognition of upright
      faces) than normals, whereas in the difficult tasks (involving upside-down faces)
      their performance was not significantly different from that of an age- and
      socially matched group. 3. The degree of schizophrenic defect and acute psychotic
      symptoms had some effect on the impairment in schizophrenics performing these
      tests. When the error scores of adolescent and middle-aged schizophrenics were
      compared to corresponding control group error scores, the relative impairment of
      adolescent schizophrenic patients was found to be somewhat stronger than that of
      adult schizophrenics. This supports the hypothesis that the impairment in face
      and mimic recognition found in schizophrenic patients is caused by the disease
      and not by other factors such as duration of illness or hospitalization. It is
      conjectured that a component very specific to schizophrenia leads to the dramatic
      cognitive defect found in our tests in these patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2406818
TI  - Cortical visual motion processing for oculomotor control.

PMID- 2406819
TI  - Developing a functional anatomy of the human visual system with positron emission
      tomography.

PMID- 2406820
TI  - Neuromagnetic localization of neuronal activity in visual and extravisual cortex.

PMID- 2406821
TI  - The pattern electroretinogram in animals and humans: physiological and clinical
      applications.

PMID- 2406822
TI  - To what extent can visual deficits caused by multiple sclerosis be understood in
      terms of parallel processing?

PMID- 2406823
TI  - The visual system in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2406824
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of adult acute leukemia.

PMID- 2406825
TI  - Options for postremission therapy in acute leukemia.
AB  - Remission induction therapy for patients with AML results in 65% to 75% CR with
      20% prolonged DFS. Postremission therapy increases the incidence of prolonged DFS
      to more than 60%. Postremission therapy in AML consists of high-dose or intensive
      chemotherapy with or without BMT. Each therapy has significant toxicity and risk
      for the patient. Induction therapy for patients with ALL includes systemic and
      intrathecal chemotherapy with a 70% to 75% CR rate. Maintenance therapy continues
      for 2 to 3 years, and BMT is indicated for patients with early relapse or certain
      high-risk factors. Knowledgeable nurses provide much-needed emotional support for
      patients as they struggle to make the best decision for postremission therapy.

PMID- 2406826
TI  - Physiology of normal bone marrow.
AB  - The bone marrow is a richly innervated and highly vascularized tissue of the body
      responsible for hematopoiesis. The major functions include transporting oxygen,
      defense against foreign invasion, and hemostasis. An uncommitted pluripotent stem
      cell undergoes proliferation and differentiation in an orderly fashion, producing
      immature committed progenitors. The progenitors ultimately produce mature
      committed cells that are released into the circulating blood. Cell production is
      controlled by a variety of regulatory mechanisms, including growth factors. The
      availability of recombinant growth factors has stimulated clinical trials of
      these factors in a wide variety of hematologic diseases.

PMID- 2406827
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of chronic leukemia.

PMID- 2406828
TI  - Uncommon leukemias: implications for clinical practice.
AB  - The nursing management of patients with rare leukemias involves physiologic,
      psychologic, and ethical activities. Specific nursing interventions aimed at
      supporting bone marrow suppressed patients have been addressed in the literature
      and other reports in this issue. The potential for oncologic emergencies in these
      rare leukemias is great. These include disseminated intravascular coagulation
      (DIC), cerebral and pulmonary leukostasis, sepsis, and acute renal failure.
      Recognition that patients are at risk for these acute events prepares nurses for
      their assessment, diagnosis, and plans of care. Eleven high-incidence problems
      for cancer patients have been described, and all can be applied to these
      patients. Emotionally, patients and their families rely on nurses to assist them
      in coping with a new diagnosis of cancer, and/or dealing with the chronic nature
      of their disease. Open communication, firmly based on a thorough knowledge of the
      particular disease and treatment, will promote trust and a sense of comfort as
      the patient begins treatment. Finally, it is important for all nurses caring for
      cancer patients to identify their personal feelings and biases. In the current
      environment where clinical investigation is a part of everyday care, the nurse
      must be comfortable with the research process and the participation of human
      subjects in clinical trials. Nurses play a role in the development of clinical
      trials and the process of informed consent, and in the management of patients
      involved in clinical trials. Over the last 5 years, we have witnessed a dramatic
      increase in the number of therapies available for one particular rare leukemia
      (hairy cell leukemia). This has resulted in significant improvements in patient
      outcomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406829
TI  - Infection in the neutropenic patient.
AB  - Infection is the major cause of death in neutropenic patients. Prevention and
      therapy of infection are an important, dynamic component of the care of the
      neutropenic patient with leukemia. Nurses caring for these patients must have a
      current knowledge of immunosuppression, the usual sites and causative organisms,
      the clinical presentation, and the treatment of infection. This knowledge then
      needs to be applied clinically in the care of the neutropenic patient.

PMID- 2406830
TI  - Nonhematologic toxicities of selected chemotherapeutic agents used in the
      treatment of adult leukemia.

PMID- 2406831
TI  - Myelodysplastic syndromes.
AB  - A cure for MDS has yet to be found. The aim of therapy is to attempt to restore
      normal hematopoiesis and prevent evolution to acute leukemia. The major trend is
      supportive care. Blood counts and bone marrow aspirations are taken to evaluate
      the disease, and transfusions of blood products and antibiotics are given when
      necessary. A new encouraging modality of therapy is the use of hematopoietic
      growth factors to reverse cytopenias. As there is no curative treatment for MDS,
      the patient is likely to be offered investigational drugs either singly or in
      combination. Future trends in the treatment of MDS will be combinations of agents
      including biological agents with retinoic acid or vitamin D, low-dose Ara-C, the
      interferons, and colony-stimulating factors.

PMID- 2406832
TI  - [The value of screening using cervicography in dysplasia and neoplasms of the
      uterine cervix].
AB  - In cervical dysplasia and neoplasia, recent studies have reported the
      unreliability of the pap smear. We have used a new screening technique,
      cervicography and have compared it to cervix cytology. We have performed biopsies
      under colposcopy as reference and quality control. On a series of 65 selected
      patients with pap smear screening program which were sent to the colposcopic
      triage, the cervicography is more sensitive (83%) than the pap smear
      (sensitivity: 42%). However, those two tests are from a specificity point of
      view, comparable (cervicography: 95% versus pap smear: 98%). The association of
      these two techniques has detected all the lesions: they seem to be complementary.
      In the Bordet Institute we decided to systematically perform both pap smear and
      cervicography for cervix screening.

PMID- 2406833
TI  - [Asthma: psychosomatic disease in children and adults (scientific and literary
      review of the literature)].
AB  - The personality of the asthmatic child, and his relation with his mother
      characterized by an absence of normal separation and individuation-is examined
      through scientific and literary sources. The familial milieu and various
      behavioral attitudes of the asthmatic patient are also considered. Various
      therapeutic approaches are discussed.

PMID- 2406834
TI  - [Cat-scratch disease].

PMID- 2406835
TI  - [Urinary lithiasis in children. Etiology, diagnosis and medical treatment].

PMID- 2406836
TI  - [Clinical relevance of sonographic findings of the gastrointestinal system].
AB  - Each abnormal sonographic finding in the gastrointestinal tract requires further
      evaluation including other diagnostic means, since differentiation of abdominal
      diseases is not possible by sonography alone. The pathologic finding of a stomach
      cocarde is suspicious for a malignoma. Sonographic control is useful in patients
      with chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestinal tract, since intestinal as
      well as extraintestinal complications determining further treatment can be
      anticipated.

PMID- 2406837
TI  - [Blunt abdominal trauma--sonographic findings].
AB  - Results of sonographic investigations from 435 patients with blunt abdominal
      trauma or polytrauma admitted to a traumatology service are given. Complete
      evaluation of the abdominal organs was impeded in 94 cases by meteorism or other
      factors like immobility or hyperactivity of inebriated patients. Evaluation of
      the pancreas was inhibited in most of these cases. In 33 cases lesions of an
      organ could be verified during surgery. In one case the false positive diagnosis
      of "spleen rupture" led to operation. Suspicion of free fluid in the abdominal
      cavity (5 cases) could not be verified in any of the cases during a second
      investigation and was deemed to be negligible. Rupture of the spleen was
      diagnosed in 12 out of 14 cases, renal contusion in 7 out of 7 cases. Liver-,
      bowel- and mesenteric lesions were occasionally diagnosed indirectly (evidence
      for free fluid). Quality assessment did not reveal a difference between day time
      or nocturnal work shifts provided the investigators were experienced in
      sonography.

PMID- 2406838
TI  - [Sonographic demonstration of venous thrombosis in the abdominal cavity].
AB  - 16 cases with abdominal venous thrombosis proven by sonographic exploration, have
      been collected. The efficiency of present ultrasonographic techniques to venous
      system has been demonstrated and the importance of routine abdominal
      ultrasonography for lesions of great abdominal vessels has been stressed.

PMID- 2406839
TI  - [Differential diagnosis: kidney disease in acute abdomen].
AB  - The possibilities and limitations of sonography in renal disease, which leads to
      acute abdominal symptoms, are introduced. While sonography yields a high
      diagnostic effectiveness in renal colics and acute renal hemorrhage, findings in
      acute parenchymal kidney disease are not specific. Yet the finding of markedly
      echo enhanced kidneys is suggestive of severe renal insufficiency. Uremia should
      moreover be considered as cause of acute abdominal symptoms in patients with
      typical ultrasonic morphological aspects of cystic renal disease or small
      kidneys. Ultrasonic morphology of a small kidney on both sides in some occasions
      can given certain hints of the underlying renal disease.

PMID- 2406840
TI  - [Applications of color Doppler ultrasonics in gastroenterology].
AB  - Duplex-sonography has permitted to derive Doppler-signal curves in color.
      Direction of flow is indicated by blue or red, according to flow from or to the
      probe. This permits a rapid investigation and yields intelligible images. In
      liver transplantation, potency and flow through parenchymal arteries and veins
      can be visualized. Alterations of flow in the suprahepatic venous circulation and
      in the portal circulation in cirrhotic patients and the development of a
      collateral circulation are described. With the color-Doppler imaging technique,
      peripheral parenchymal vessels can be studied, which is of great use in the
      diagnosis of tumors and in cases of abdominal trauma.

PMID- 2406841
TI  - [Pre- and postoperative ultrasonic studies in stomach carcinoma and in colonic
      carcinoma].
AB  - Ultrasonographic findings in gastric cancer are essential for assessment of
      operability. In surveillance programs, endoscopy is important in detecting
      secondary gastric carcinomas, whereas ultrasonographic examination has no
      clinical value. Preoperative ultrasonography in colorectal carcinoma focuses on
      detection of liver metastases and, if metastases are detected, on assessment of
      resectability. Sonographic surveillance at short intervals in thus important for
      possible therapeutic interventions.

PMID- 2406842
TI  - [Initial experiences with the intraoperative sonography in visceral surgery].
AB  - Intraoperative sonography (IOUS), which had gained importance from the mid
      seventies, was introduced at our clinic in November 1987. To this day, 32
      patients have been examined, of which twelve had an examination of the liver,
      eight of the pancreas and one of the bile ducts. In ten cases surgical strategy
      was influenced by IOUS. After a comment on the equipment and on the conditions
      this has to meet, the technique and the difficulties of the IOUS examination of
      the liver, the pancreas and the bile ducts are discussed. Our own results are
      compared with those of the literature.

PMID- 2406843
TI  - [Ultrasonic diagnosis in appendiceal perforation].
AB  - In a prospective study comprising 154 patients, the efficacy of clinical,
      sonographic and combined assessment of appendiceal perforation was evaluated. 39
      patients had appendiceal perforation, 44 no signs of inflammation and 71 chronic
      appendicitis as proven by histologic examination. Cases of 'simple' acute
      appendicitis were excluded. Clinical assessment yielded with respect to
      appendicitis a sensitivity of 87%, a specificity of 97% and an accuracy of 94%.
      With respect to appendiceal perforation a sensitivity of 74%, a specificity of
      97% and an accuracy of 91% were observed. Sonographic diagnosis of acute
      appendicitis as the cause of complaints gave a sensitivity of 85%, a specificity
      of 98% and an accuracy of 95%, and with special respect to real appendiceal
      perforation a sensitivity of 69%, a specificity of 98% and accuracy of 91%. By
      overlap of clinical and sonographic findings, diagnosis of perforation was
      feasible in 80%, diagnosis of acute appendicitis in 92%. Our results indicate
      that sonography is a valuable adjunct to clinical assessment, whereas clinical
      assessment alone seems to be superior to ultrasonography as an isolated
      procedure.

PMID- 2406844
TI  - [Surgical treatment of varices--principles and current status].
AB  - The basis of surgical treatment for varicose veins is still the stripping
      operation. This operation consists of four components: The "crossectomy", the
      stripping propper of the greater or smaller saphenous vein, the ligation of the
      incompetent perforating veins and the removal of the side branches. However this
      complete stripping procedure is not always necessary or suitable. Combination of
      one or two components of this operation with other techniques such as
      sclerotherapy may lead to results almost or just as good as the complete
      conventional stripping operation. These combinations are usually less invasive
      and often less costly. However in many instances comprehensive surgical treatment
      is still preferred. Then the present trend is to make also this treatment less
      invasive, both surgically and cosmetically. A number of new surgical technical
      details allow for a reduced invasivity: The endoscopic procedure for the
      incompetent Cockett perforating veins permits at the same time their diagnosis
      and treatment. It is done from a small incision below the knee. The technique of
      phlebectomy with incisions only 2 to 5 mm long is less invasive and produces
      better cosmetic results. Instead of closing the wounds with sutures, small
      incisions up to 1 cm long can be closed with elastic adhesive bands. They work on
      a convex surface according to the tension band principle. Due to their
      isoelasticity they seldom cause skin problems. These techniques are facilitated
      by the bloodless limb technique with a pneumatic tourniquet. In extensive cases
      this technique also saves blood to the patient and facilitates surgical
      precision. The newer diagnostic techniques help the surgeon to be more certain
      about his diagnosis. This in turn improves his results and again reduces
      invasivity. Many surgeons rely mostly on phlebography, but duplex sonography is
      picking up. It is estimated that all these factors reduce the invasivity of
      surgery of varicose veins by 50 percent, allows for better cosmetic results and
      by this makes the treatment more attractive for the patient.

PMID- 2406845
TI  - [Statistical aspects of the open door policy at the psychiatric hospital of
      Malevoz].

PMID- 2406846
TI  - [Honor to Doctor Jean Rey-Bellet or souvenirs from Malevoz].

PMID- 2406847
TI  - [Theory of stress and its significance in the therapy of human systems].

PMID- 2406848
TI  - The effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on nocturnal and diurnal sleep of normal
      subjects: further considerations on REM sleep-triggering mechanisms.
AB  - Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a drug currently used to treat narcolepsy. The
      present study documents its effect on sleep organization in healthy subjects. GHB
      and a placebo were given at bedtime and before a morning nap in a double-blind
      fashion. GHB administered before nocturnal or diurnal sleep increases stages 3
      and 4 and decreases stage 1 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. In addition, GHB
      improves REM efficiency at night and reduces wake time after sleep onset when
      administered before a morning nap recording. GHB also slightly decreases REM
      latency when administered in the morning, and this effect is correlated with age.
      Hypotheses regarding mechanisms of action GHB and the involvement of hypothalamic
      structures in the regulation of REM sleep are discussed.

PMID- 2406849
TI  - The effect of triazolam on arousal and respiration in central sleep apnea
      patients.
AB  - It was hypothesized that triazolam might decrease central apneas associated with
      arousal periods in patients with central sleep apnea by hastening the onset of
      consolidated sleep. Five male patients, diagnosed as having central sleep apnea
      on a screening night, participated in a double-blind randomized crossover study
      of the effect of placebo, 0.125 mg triazolam, and 0.25 mg triazolam on sleep,
      respiration, and daytime function. Results indicated that the medication
      increased total sleep and decreased central apnea index and number of brief
      arousals. Improved sleep quality was reflected in improved daytime psychomotor
      performance and alertness. These data, if replicated, imply that benzodiazepine
      use may be beneficial in patients with central sleep apnea.

PMID- 2406850
TI  - Diagnosis of Campylobacter pylori infections: the "gold standard" and the
      alternatives.
AB  - Both direct and indirect techniques are available for the detection of gastric
      infections due to Campylobacter pylori. These techniques vary in their degree of
      efficacy, invasiveness, and convenience. They fall into five major categories,
      based on either the particular characteristic of the C. pylori organism or the
      manifestation of the C. pylori infection that they detect. The five categories
      include histologic examination of culture biopsy specimens, serologic
      examination, rapid urease tests, and carbon isotype breath tests. The observed
      efficacies of the techniques for detection of C. pylori are influenced by the
      standard with which they are compared. At present, the best candidate for the
      "gold standard" appears to be histologic detection by examination of multiple
      mucosal biopsy specimens.

PMID- 2406851
TI  - In vitro antimicrobial activity of bismuth subsalicylate and other bismuth salts.
AB  - This report demonstrates that bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) effectively inhibits
      growth of a number of bacterial strains known to cause diarrhea, including
      Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter. Other bismuth salts
      and sodium salicylate, a hydrolysis product of BSS in the gut, also were examined
      and were shown to have various degrees of activity. Growth of the organisms was
      monitored in vitro by inoculating culture fluid that contained one of the
      compounds to be tested and determining the concentration of viable organisms over
      a 24-hour period. Control cultures of each organism were grown in the absence of
      bismuth subsalicylate. BSS inhibited growth of all organisms examined in a dose
      dependent fashion. Reductions of 2-6 logs, as compared with controls, were
      observed in cultures grown in the presence of 10-50 mM BSS. Other bismuth salts
      displayed various degrees of inhibition. These results suggest that the efficacy
      of BSS as an antidiarrheal agent may be related to an antimicrobial mechanism of
      action.

PMID- 2406852
TI  - Effect of oral bismuth subsalicylate on Campylobacter pylori and on healing and
      relapse rate of peptic ulcer.
AB  - A controlled, open clinical trial was performed to compare the effect of oral
      bismuth subsalicylate (600 mg three times daily) with that of cimetidine (800
      mg/d) on Campylobacter pylori, ulcer healing, and rate of ulcer relapse in 49
      patients with peptic ulcer. At the first endoscopic examination (to confirm the
      diagnosis) and at the second (after 4 weeks of treatment), biopsy specimens were
      taken from the gastric antrum; the presence of C. pylori in culture and the rate
      of ulcer healing were determined. The rate of ulcer relapse was determined by a 9
      month follow-up examination. After cessation of treatment a significant rate of
      healing was seen in both treatment groups: 73% in the bismuth group and 65% in
      the cimetidine group. Ulcer healing was confirmed by endoscopic examination.
      Before therapy the number of C. pylori-positive cases (61%) was identical from
      the two groups; however, after 4 weeks of treatment, 75% of the previously
      culture-positive cases in the bismuth group reverted to negative (a statistically
      significant change), whereas only 40% of those in the cimetidine group reverted
      (not statistically significant). The rate of clearance of C. pylori was
      statistically significant for the 29 patients with healed ulcers and correlated
      strongly with ulcer healing in the bismuth group only. The rate of relapse after
      9 months of follow-up was 13% in the group treated with bismuth subsalicylate--a
      figure significantly lower than the 54% rate of relapse in the group treated with
      cimetidine.

PMID- 2406853
TI  - Bismuth subsalicylate: history, chemistry, and safety.
AB  - Pepto-Bismol, which contains bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) as the active
      ingredient, has been marketed in the United States for more than 80 years. In the
      gastrointestinal tract, BSS is converted to salicylic acid and insoluble bismuth
      salts. The salicylate portion of BSS is extensively absorbed (greater than 90%)
      and excreted in urine. The maximal daily dose of Pepto-Bismol (4.2 g of BSS)
      results in peak concentrations of salicylate in plasma considerably below the
      level of salicylate toxicity. In contrast, little bismuth from BSS is absorbed
      from the gastrointestinal tract (less than .005%). Extended dosing of Pepto
      Bismol (3.14 g of BSS/d) for up to 6 weeks produced a mean concentration of
      bismuth in blood of 16.1 +/- 7.9 ng/g, considerably below concentrations in blood
      that have been reported to cause neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity studies in animals
      and human safety data indicate that Pepto-Bismol can be used safely for its acute
      indications and for up to 3-4 weeks of extended dosing.

PMID- 2406854
TI  - Pathophysiology of diarrheal disorders.
AB  - Travelers' diarrhea is only mild or moderate in the majority of cases.
      Consequently, severe fluid and electrolyte losses are encountered only rarely.
      Secretory, osmotic, and inflammatory processes in the intestine result in
      increased losses of fluid and electrolytes due to diarrhea. Disorders of
      intestinal motor activity, coupled with fluid secretion, may also have a role in
      causing an increase in the frequency of bowel movements. Several systemic
      symptoms, such as malaise, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, and fever, are commonly
      associated with diarrhea and contribute to significant morbidity, which is often
      sufficient to compromise effective participation in a vacation or business trip.
      Several putative mechanisms for the systemic symptoms associated with travelers'
      diarrhea are discussed in light of recent understanding of the enteric nervous
      system, intestinal neuropeptides and hormones, and other inflammatory mediators
      released from the bowel wall during enteric infections.

PMID- 2406855
TI  - Diarrhea in developed and developing countries: magnitude, special settings, and
      etiologies.
AB  - Diarrheal diseases are major causes of morbidity, with attack rates ranging from
      two to 12 or more illnesses per person per year in developed and developing
      countries. In addition, diarrheal illnesses account for an estimated 12,600
      deaths each day in children in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The causes of
      diarrhea include a wide array of viruses, bacteria, and parasites, many of which
      have been recognized only in the last decade or two. While enterotoxigenic
      Escherichia coli and rotaviruses predominate in developing areas, Norwalk-like
      viruses, Campylobacter jejuni, and cytotoxigenic Clostridium difficile are seen
      with increasing frequency in developed areas; and Shigella, Salmonella,
      Cryptosporidium species, and Giardia lamblia are found throughout the world. The
      rational management of infectious diarrhea requires the highly selective use of
      laboratory tests for these varied etiologic agents, depending on the clinical and
      epidemiologic setting. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of
      the magnitude, special settings, and etiologies of diarrhea endemic to developed
      and developing countries. This information permits a practical approach to the
      diagnosis and management of common diarrheal illnesses in different settings.

PMID- 2406856
TI  - Use of bismuth subsalicylate in acute diarrhea in children.
AB  - Results of a pilot study suggest that bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) favorably
      altered the course of rotavirus-associated diarrhea in children. This was more
      evident in those who also had a bacterial pathogen. Subsequently, 123 infants and
      children with acute diarrhea were admitted to a randomized, parallel, double
      blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Patients received either BSS at a
      dosage of 100 mg/(kg.d) for 5 days or a placebo. Patients in the two groups were
      comparable with respect to age, sex, weight, height, and baseline disease
      parameters. Compared with subjects treated with placebo, those who received BSS
      had significantly lower stool weight sooner; improved stool consistency sooner;
      shorter hospital stay; lower number of stools; decreased need for intravenous
      fluids; and better evolution of clinical condition. The maximum mean serum level
      of salicylate occurred on day 3, and the mean blood level of bismuth on the last
      day of dosing (day 5) was 5.8 ppb.

PMID- 2406857
TI  - Travelers' diarrhea: microbiologic bases for prevention and treatment.
AB  - The microbiology of travelers' diarrhea has become reasonably well defined,
      although new bacterial agents are probably yet to be described. The most common
      etiologic agent, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), has been studied
      extensively and, because of the importance of this etiology, strategies for
      prevention and treatment of ETEC diarrhea with antimicrobial agents have been
      devised. The prevention of travelers' diarrhea by immunization will, to a large
      extent, depend on the development of vaccines against ETEC. Because the etiologic
      agents that cause travelers' diarrhea are the same ones (with the exception of
      rotavirus) that cause acute diarrhea in small children living in the developing
      world that tourists visit, any advances in prevention and treatment of diarrhea
      in travelers will be directly applicable to the worldwide problem of diarrhea in
      children, which is far more important on a global scale.

PMID- 2406858
TI  - Use of bismuth subsalicylate for the prevention of travelers' diarrhea.
AB  - During the months of July 1977 and July 1985, students from the United States
      participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial examining the
      effectiveness of liquid bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) (1977) and two dosages of the
      tablet formulation of BSS (1985) in preventing diarrhea while in Guadalajara,
      Mexico. In the first study, 62 subjects received BSS for 3 weeks at a dosage of
      60 mL four times daily (4.2 g of BSS/d) compared with 66 students receiving an
      oral placebo at a similar dosage schedule. In the second study, 51 students took
      two tablets four times daily (2.1 g of BSS/d), 63 took one tablet four times
      daily (1.05 g of BSS/d), and 58 took a placebo (two tablets taken four times
      daily), each for 3 weeks. In the initial study, 14 (23%) BSS-treated subjects
      developed diarrhea compared with 40 (61%) placebo-tested persons (P less than
      .0001). In the second trial, seven (14%) subjects taking two tablets of BSS four
      times daily, 15 (24%) taking one tablet of BSS four times daily, and 23 (40%)
      receiving placebo tablets experienced diarrhea (P less than .001 for the higher
      dose). The percent protection provided by BSS was 62% for the group that received
      4.2 g/d, 65% for 2.1 g/d, and 40% for 1.05 g/d, when compared with the
      corresponding placebo group. In cases in which stools were analyzed, seven (24%)
      of 29 BSS-treated subjects who had diarrhea had a detectable enteric pathogen,
      compared with 35 (59%) of 59 of those randomized to receive a placebo. BSS was
      well tolerated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406859
TI  - Prevention of diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: lessons
      learned with volunteers.
AB  - The effectiveness of bismuth subsalicylate in the prevention and treatment of
      diarrhea induced in volunteers by a single strain of enterotoxigenic Escherichia
      coli and a standard inoculum size was evaluated. Bismuth subsalicylate (500 mg in
      a solid dosage form) was administered 8 hours and 2 hours before and 2 hours and
      4 hours after the E. coli challenge; treatment was continued four times a day for
      three additional days. Volunteers experiencing diarrhea were re-randomized to
      receive placebo or bismuth subsalicylate (300 mg every 30 minutes, for a total of
      2.4 g of bismuth subsalicylate, in eight doses). Diarrhea occurred in nine (56%)
      of the 16 volunteers receiving placebo and in two (13%) of the 15 volunteers
      receiving bismuth subsalicylate (P less than .03). In vitro studies revealed that
      bismuth subsalicylate and its components each were bactericidal at concentrations
      possibly attained during the clinical trial. The effect of the dosage form (solid
      vs. liquid), the relation of drug administration to meals, and how these
      variables might greatly influence the effectiveness of bismuth subsalicylate
      prophylaxis for travelers' diarrhea were considered.

PMID- 2406860
TI  - Epidemiology of travelers' diarrhea and relative importance of various pathogens.
AB  - Each year 12 million persons travel from an industrialized country to a
      developing country in the tropics or subtropics. These travelers experience a
      high rate of diarrhea caused by a wide variety of enteric pathogens acquired by
      ingestion of contaminated food or water. One or more pathogens can be found in
      the stool of a majority of ill individuals. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
      generally are the most frequently identified pathogens, having been found in a
      median of 42% of travelers' diarrheal episodes in studies in Latin America, 36%
      in Africa, and 16% in Asia. Other pathogens that cause diarrhea in a smaller
      fraction of ill travelers include Shigella species, Salmonella species,
      Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio, Aeromonas hydrophila, Entamoeba histolytica,
      Giardia lamblia, rotavirus, and 27-nm viruses, including Norwalk virus. Other
      organisms that may cause a fraction of the episodes of travelers' diarrhea
      include Plesiomonas shigelloides, enteroadherent E. coli, adenovirus or other
      viruses, and Cryptosporidium. Mixed infections of two or more of these pathogens
      also occur.

PMID- 2406861
TI  - Worldwide efficacy of bismuth subsalicylate in the treatment of travelers'
      diarrhea.
AB  - So far four randomized studies, three of them double-blind and placebo
      controlled, have investigated the role of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) in the
      treatment of travelers' diarrhea. When compared with placebo BSS significantly
      reduced the number of unformed stools and increased the proportion of patients
      free of symptoms at the end of the trial. In the two studies that compared BSS
      with loperamide, the latter agent brought significantly faster relief. Diarrhea
      accompanied by dysenteric symptoms was influenced most favorably by
      administration of systemic antimicrobial agents. In all four studies only minor
      adverse effects were noted with BSS or the other active agents. One may include
      loperamide and a systemic antimicrobial agent in one's travel kit; however,
      loperamide should not be used for dysentery, and the antimicrobial agent should
      not be used in uncomplicated cases. As an alternative, although it is less
      effective, BSS has the unique advantage of being safe enough to use for all
      patients with travelers' diarrhea.

PMID- 2406862
TI  - Campylobacter pylori: its link to gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
AB  - Bismuth salts have been used to treat acid peptic disease for 150 years.
      Recently, the discovery of Campylobacter pylori and the observation that this
      bacterium is inhibited by bismuth salts have regenerated interest in the
      antibacterial properties of bismuth. Bismuth and heavy metals inhibit growth of
      all Campylobacter species and many enteric anaerobes. Bismuth alone cures C.
      pylori infection in only 30% of patients, but in combination with other broad
      spectrum antibiotics, it can achieve a cure rate of 80%-90% in 2-4 weeks. Data
      from several studies indicate that eradication of C. pylori is curative for most
      patients with duodenal ulcer. Epidemiologic studies in the United States suggest
      that the incidence of new C. pylori infections is declining, so antibacterial
      therapy for symptomatic cases may be adequate therapy. In developing countries,
      however, curative therapy may not be possible in the presence of environmental
      sources of reinfection. In these areas intermittent suppressive therapy with
      bismuth salts may be useful.

PMID- 2406863
TI  - Bismuth subsalicylate in the treatment of gastritis due to Campylobacter pylori.
AB  - Fifty patients completed an investigator-blind trial comparing bismuth
      subsalicylate, erythromycin ethylsuccinate, and placebo matched to the bismuth
      salt in the treatment of gastritis associated with Campylobacter pylori. C.
      pylori was cleared from 14 (77.8%) of 18 patients given locally active bismuth,
      from one (6.7%) of 15 patients given erythromycin, and from none of 17 patients
      given placebo. Gastritis resolved in 13 (81%) of 16 patients treated with bismuth
      but in only three of 13 receiving erythromycin and in none of 16 patients given
      placebo. Results of endoscopic examination showed greater improvement in patients
      cleared of C. pylori than in those with persistent infection. Heartburn improved
      in 50% of patients who received bismuth compared with 17% of those given placebo.
      The success of bismuth is probably due to its local antimicrobial activity.
      Erythromycin may have been inactivated by the low pH in the areas colonized with
      C. pylori. Relapse is less frequent when a combination of bismuth and an
      antimicrobial agent is used; such a combination is characterized by local and
      systemic activity, stability at low pH, and good penetration into gastric mucus.

PMID- 2406864
TI  - Epidemiology and pathophysiology of Campylobacter pylori infections.
AB  - Since the first isolation of Campylobacter pylori in Australia in 1982, this
      bacterium has been isolated from persons in all parts of the world. Although
      initially recognized in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, C. pylori can
      also be isolated from apparently asymptomatic persons. C. pylori infection is
      infrequent in young children in developed countries; during adulthood C. pylori
      infection becomes progressively more frequent, a phenomenon that parallels the
      age distribution of type B gastritis. In developing countries infection is more
      common and begins earlier. Infection, once acquired, appears to persist, possibly
      for life, but the mode of transmission to humans is unknown. C. pylori is well
      adapted for survival in the gastric milieu, but whether C. pylori plays a
      causative role in gastritis is of critical importance. Favoring this hypothesis
      are the results of inoculation studies in volunteers and animals in which
      challenge with C. pylori resulted in persistent infection and histologic lesions.
      Treatment studies with antimicrobial agents indicate that removal of C. pylori is
      associated with improvement in histologic appearance of affected tissues and that
      when infection recurs the histologic appearance worsens. The mechanisms by which
      C. pylori infection may cause gastritis are unknown but possibilities include
      production of cytotoxin, degradation of physiologic defenses against acid-pepsin
      damage, and adherence to epithelial cells.

PMID- 2406865
TI  - Current taxonomy of medically important nonsporing anaerobes.
AB  - This review deals mainly with the taxonomy of the genera and species in the
      family Bacteroidaceae. It has been proposed that the genus Bacteroides should be
      restricted to include the "Bacteroides fragilis group" and that the
      asaccharolytic black-pigmented Bacteroides species be transferred to a new genus,
      Porphyromonas. New Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Selenomonas species have been
      described. A high degree of heterogeneity is apparently present among
      Peptostreptococcus species. Mobiluncus is a novel genus including gram-variable
      curved rods isolated from the human vagina. Brachyspira has been proposed as the
      generic name for spirochetes isolated from patients with intestinal
      spirochetosis.

PMID- 2406866
TI  - New methods for identification of obligate anaerobes.
AB  - Anaerobes are identified in the clinical laboratory to provide a microbiologic
      diagnosis for the individual patient as well as information on pathogenicity and
      epidemiology. The level of identification required in each context should be
      discussed and agreement should be reached. New methods of identification
      available, or likely to become available, include nucleic acid and immunologic
      probes, protein electrophoresis, peptidoglycan analysis, detection of volatile
      metabolic products, and detection of enzymes. The last of these has been widely
      adopted for the production of commercially available identification kits. All the
      methods require critical assessment before they are introduced into routine
      service.

PMID- 2406867
TI  - Structure-activity relationships in lipopolysaccharides of Bacteroides fragilis.
AB  - The endotoxic activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from the envelope of
      Bacteroides fragilis is low compared with that of LPS from Escherichia coli,
      Salmonella, and other Enterobacteriaceae. Thus, pyrogenicity, the ability to
      prepare for or provoke the local Shwartzman reaction, and the ability to induce
      the production of interleukin 1 are reduced by 100- to 1,000-fold. Structural
      analyses of characterized B. fragilis LPS have shown that its lipid A is composed
      of a beta 1,6-linked D-glucosamine disaccharide that has the following
      properties: (1) a phosphate group on C1 of the reducing amino sugar, (2) amide-
      and ester-linked 3-hydroxylated branched and nonbranched long-chain (C15-C17)
      fatty acids, (3) an average of five fatty acids per glucosamine disaccharide, and
      (4) the core and O-antigenic saccharide chain linked to C6 of the nonreducing
      glucosamine residue. Although structurally similar to lipid A of E. coli, the
      lipid A of B. fragilis differs by its lack of the phosphate group on C4 of the
      nonreducing amino sugar and by the presence of fewer and different fatty acids.
      These differences explain the low endotoxic activity of B. fragilis LPS. The core
      and O-antigenic chain are linked to lipid A via a phosphorylated 2-keto-3
      deoxyoctonate (KDO) residue. The saccharide chain is short and is composed of L
      rhamnose, D-glucose, and D-galactose, with the O-antigenic specificity determined
      by a beta 1,6-linked D-galactose oligomer. This O-antigenic specificity was
      present in 14 of 17 strains of B. fragilis that were investigated.

PMID- 2406868
TI  - Role of humoral factors in host resistance to the Bacteroides fragilis group.
AB  - The alternative complement pathway and antibody play an important role in host
      resistance to members of the Bacteroides fragilis group. Clinical isolates of the
      B. fragilis group are typically resistant to the bactericidal action of serum.
      Naturally occurring antibodies in serum directed against these bacteria belong
      primarily to the IgM class. These antibodies are not required for activation of
      the alternative pathway by the bacteria but rather potentiate alternative pathway
      activation. Activation of the alternative pathway by the bacteria leads to the
      generation of chemotactic activity for neutrophils and to C3 deposition on the
      bacterial surfaces. Both iC3b, the predominant molecular form of the bacteria
      bound C3, and IgM antibody are necessary for phagocytosis and killing of the
      bacteria by neutrophils. IgM acts synergistically with iC3b to facilitate
      adherence of the bacteria to the neutrophils. Certain Bacteroides strains require
      additional as yet uncharacterized auxiliary opsonins for maximal adherence to
      neutrophils.

PMID- 2406869
TI  - Animal model system for studying virulence of and host response to Bacteroides
      fragilis.
AB  - Experimental animal model systems have been used by many investigators to explore
      the pathogenicity of obligate anaerobes. During the last 15 years, research in
      our laboratory has utilized an experimental model for intraabdominal sepsis to
      define the contribution of obligate anaerobes to the infectious process. These
      studies have shown that obligate anaerobes are important components of the
      polymicrobic flora present during such infection. Moreover, certain anaerobes,
      such as Bacteroides fragilis, possess specific virulence factors, such as the
      capsular polysaccharide, that appear to be important to the infectious process.
      More recent research has used modifications of the original model system to
      evaluate the host immune response to B. fragilis. These studies indicate that
      immunization with the capsular polysaccharide provides a T cell-dependent
      immunity to abscess development when animals are challenged with B. fragilis. It
      has also been shown that the killing of B. fragilis is T cell dependent. The
      observations made with regard to B. fragilis in this animal model system are
      discussed.

PMID- 2406870
TI  - T cell regulation of Bacteroides fragilis-induced intraabdominal abscesses.
AB  - Intraabdominal abscesses (IAA) caused by Bacteroides fragilis are a major sequela
      to colonic spillage into the peritoneum. The development of an animal model that
      closely reproduces the disease observed in humans permitted careful inspection of
      the cellular and/or humoral contributions to the development and control of this
      disease. The results obtained thus far describe an immunoregulatory T cell
      circuit that governs both the development of and the immunity against these
      abscesses. T cells of CD4+8+ phenotype induce the development of IAA in response
      to B. fragilis. CD8+ T cells generated in response to immunization with the B.
      fragilis capsular polysaccharide confer protection against the development of
      IAA. These cells elaborate an antigen-specific factor that mediates the observed
      protection by these cells. Moreover, a third type of T cell, a CD8+ cell that is
      also present in nonimmune individuals, is required for the immune T cell or its
      factor to confer protection. Thus, in the specific disease process of IAA induced
      by the encapsulated microorganism B. fragilis, immunity proceeds by cellular and
      not humoral mechanisms.

PMID- 2406871
TI  - Virulence factors of Clostridium difficile.
AB  - In addition to the two major toxins of Clostridium difficile--toxins A and B,
      which represent the major virulence factors--a number of other putative virulence
      factors have been described. These factors include fimbriae and the ability to
      associate with gut cells/mucus, the production of a capsule, the secretion of a
      range of hydrolytic enzymes, the production of other toxins (such as an actin
      specific ADP-ribosyltransferase by some strains), and the controversial
      possibility of the production of a second enterotoxin. The extent to which these
      additional putative virulence factors are involved in the pathogenesis of C.
      difficile-related gut disease remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2406872
TI  - Multilaboratory evaluation of an agar diffusion disk susceptibility test for
      rapidly growing anaerobic bacteria.
AB  - A multilaboratory collaborative study was undertaken to determine whether the
      anaerobic disk diffusion test of Horn et al. could be performed reproducibly and
      accurately. Tests with nine different antimicrobial disks were evaluated.
      Reproducibility of the agar diffusion disk method was similar to that of the
      reference agar dilution test procedure. The anaerobic disk diffusion procedure
      was found to be a potentially useful method for testing some antimicrobial agents
      against rapidly growing anaerobes belonging to the Bacteroides fragilis group.
      These promising results warrant further investigations and validations.

PMID- 2406873
TI  - Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria: review and update on
      the role of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.
AB  - The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) has published a
      standard method (M11-A) and alternative methods (M17-P) for susceptibility
      testing of anaerobic bacteria. (These will be combined in the next edition of
      M11.) Even though M11-A describes the "standard reference" method, there is not
      agreement as to which method, if any, is the "best" method. In recent years NCCLS
      subcommittee members have realized that results obtained by microdilution or disk
      elution may vary markedly from those obtained with the reference agar dilution
      method. Furthermore, they have recognized the difficulty of relating in vitro
      susceptibility results to clinical success or failure. In response to these
      problems, the NCCLS convened a working group to consider recommendations about
      susceptibility testing. This group has concluded that for most individual
      patients a susceptibility test may not be required but that present methods can
      be useful for comparisons of the activity of various drugs and for surveillance
      of resistance patterns.

PMID- 2406874
TI  - Anaerobes: problems and controversies in bacteriology, infections, and
      susceptibility testing.
AB  - Three key questions are discussed in this manuscript: (1) What is the clinical
      relevance of anaerobic bacteriology? (2) How can the microbiologist, with limited
      and decreasing resources, perform reliable, detailed studies of anaerobic
      bacteriology? (3) When and how should susceptibility testing be done with
      anaerobes? If the clinician knows the usual bacteriology of various types of
      infection and how this may be modified by pathophysiologic processes in the host
      or by prior therapy, he/she can use a logical empiric approach to treatment of
      the patient. As to the microbiologist's dilemma, it is not realistic or rational
      for a microbiologist in a nonteaching hospital to do detailed bacteriologic
      studies and routine anaerobic susceptibility testing. The resources available
      should be committed primarily to the patient who is seriously ill. Such
      allocation of resources, of course, requires repeated and effective communication
      between microbiologist and clinician.

PMID- 2406875
TI  - Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in anaerobic bacteria.
AB  - The known mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance in anaerobic bacteria involve
      production of beta-lactamases, alteration of penicillin-binding proteins, and
      blocked penetration of beta-lactam antibiotics through bacterial outer membranes.
      The most important factor in beta-lactam resistance is production of beta
      lactamases, which have been found in various Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and
      Clostridium species. beta-Lactam resistance in Bacteroides fragilis is commonly
      mediated by beta-lactamases that are mainly cephalosporinase in character. B.
      fragilis strains can also produce penicillinases and enzymes inactivating
      cefoxitin and imipenem. The non-fragilis species of Bacteroides produce beta
      lactamases that are mainly penicillinase in character. Penicillinases are also
      isolated from Fusobacterium nucleatum. Among the clostridia, Clostridium
      butyricum, Clostridium clostridioforme, and Clostridium ramosum have been shown
      to produce penicillinases.

PMID- 2406876
TI  - Clostridium difficile: clinical considerations.
AB  - Clostridium difficile was originally reported as an agent of enteric disease in
      1977. Subsequent work has shown this organism to be what many consider the most
      important bacterial pathogen of the gut in developed countries in terms of
      severity of disease and prevalence. A review of the literature indicates that
      almost all of the clinically relevant data for this organism were reported by
      1981, including data on the spectrum of disease, clinical settings in which it is
      suspect, epidemiology, pathophysiologic mechanisms, distinction between toxin A
      and toxin B, diagnostic tests, and therapeutic guidelines. This report reviews
      the historical data that led to the discovery of C. difficile, current
      information that is clinically relevant, and remaining issues of concern as a
      guide for future studies.

PMID- 2406877
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of hydatid cyst of the liver].
AB  - Hydatid cyst of the liver is not uncommon in France. Its various symptoms often
      include pain, but chance discovery is not exceptional. The diagnosis is helped by
      two paraclinical examinations, ultrasonography and computerized tomography, which
      have become indispensable as they provide invaluable information on the precise
      location and anatomical rapports of the cyst and on possible complications.
      Laboratory tests are useful for the diagnosis and post-operative follow-up of
      these cysts. For the time being at least, treatment is purely surgical.
      Percutaneous needle aspiration and drainage have not yet proved to be totally
      innocuous, and medicinal treatments seem to be helpful only in cases with
      intraperitoneal rupture. The choice of the operative technique--essentially a
      more or less complete cystectomy--has an impact on surgical results: the
      operative mortality is usually low (2 to 5 p. 100), but the morbidity, mainly due
      to biliary tract complications of the cysts, remains as high as 30 p. 100.

PMID- 2406878
TI  - [Molecular genetics of uterine cervical cancer: application to prognosis].

PMID- 2406879
TI  - [Consensus conference. Blood cholesterol, diet and coronary risk: is the French
      population protected or threatened? Paris, 17-18 November 1989].

PMID- 2406880
TI  - [What to do after the first epilepsy seizure?].
AB  - It is never easy to decide on the action to be taken after a first epileptic
      seizure, the main question being; to treat or not to treat? To initiate a
      treatment implies that the epileptic nature of the seizure has been ascertained
      on the basis of strict clinical and electroencephalographic criteria. Apart from
      the specific causal treatment of some seizures, the prescription of a long-term
      antiepileptic therapy depends on the risk of relapse, which is always difficult
      to evaluate. The patient's age and family and his profession are factors which
      should never be neglected.

PMID- 2406881
TI  - [Epilepsy in elderly patients].
AB  - Epilepsy starting in patients aged over 60 years is classically said to be rare,
      but it is in fact remarkably frequent with an incidence rate higher than 100 in
      100,000. Although these figures include isolated seizures, the recurrent seizure
      rate is still very high. In elderly people epilepsy is more often partial than
      generalized, and it must be distinguished from cerebral accidents of ischaemic
      origin and in particular from syncopes consecutive to postural hypotension or
      heart disease. Late onset epilepsy is often of vascular origin, but it may also
      be tumoral in some cases or, less frequently, post-traumatic, alcoholic or
      atrophic. Idiopathic generalized epilepsy is no longer observed. Cases of
      undetermined cause are less common than in younger subjects.

PMID- 2406882
TI  - [Alcohol and epilepsy].
AB  - Two kinds of epileptic events are frequently related to alcohol consumption: 1)
      seizures triggered by alcohol withdrawal. Often multiple, they occur within
      between 10 and 48 hours after discontinuing or reducing alcohol intakes and can
      be followed by a delirium tremens. 2) recurring unprovoked seizures. They are
      usually rare, 1 or 2 yearly. The risk is increased for heavy drinkers but returns
      to normal for ex-drinkers. Seizures related to alcoholism are usually generalized
      tonico clonic seizures with normal EEG and CT-scan. When partial seizures are
      identified they are attributed to preceding brain damage, head trauma or stroke.

PMID- 2406883
TI  - [Surgical treatment of epilepsy].
AB  - The indications of surgery for epilepsy are: 1) resistance to medical treatment;
      2) well-localized cortical focus, and 3) possibility of removing the focus
      without creating a significant functional deficit. Presurgical evaluation is
      initially clinical: correlations between the clinical manifestations recorded on
      videotapes and EEG tracings, neurological and neuropsychological examinations,
      intra-carotid amytal test. Interictal and, preferably, ictal EEG recording on the
      scalp and in depth is the fundamental procedure used to locate epileptogenic
      areas. The most reliable locating examination is the recording of a spontaneous
      seizure by means of implanted electrodes. Recent or old lesions responsible for
      epilepsy can be detected by arteriography, ventriculography, CT scans and, more
      recently, nuclear magnetic resonance. PET scan and SPECT are not commonly used.
      The ideal operation is cortectomy which gives the best long-term results (87 p.
      100 in temporal lobe epilepsy). When cortectomy is not feasible, complete or
      partial (anterior two-thirds) callosotomy can be of considerable help in some
      forms of epilepsy with frequent falls and generalized seizures. On the whole, it
      seems that the surgical treatment of epilepsy is grossly underused.

PMID- 2406884
TI  - [Reducing and stopping treatment].
AB  - It is nowadays well-established that a large number of patients with epilepsy can
      experience a full remission of their condition. In some cases, seizures that were
      resistant at the onset of the disease may become responsive to therapy over the
      years. A good knowledge of the classification of epilepsies and epileptic
      syndromes may give important clues to the overall prognosis of particular
      epilepsy case. In subjects controlled by therapy, a slow and careful
      discontinuance of drugs may be initiated after a 2-year seizure-free period. If
      seizures recur, it will most probably be possible to return to full control with
      a lesser treatment. Even if seizures fail to be totally controlled and therapy
      cannot be discontinued, it is often possible to reduce polypharmacy and thus
      lessen unwanted side-effects.

PMID- 2406885
TI  - [Pulmonary embolism. Etiology, physiopathology, diagnosis, course and prognosis,
      principles of treatment].

PMID- 2406886
TI  - Liver transplantation today.

PMID- 2406887
TI  - Effects of heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin on intestinal alkaline
      secretion and transepithelial potential difference in the rat intestines in vivo.
AB  - The effects of the heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (STa) on
      intestinal alkaline secretion and transepithelial electric potential difference
      (PD) were investigated in vivo in denervated segments of rat jejunum, ileum, and
      proximal colon. STa caused a significant increase in alkaline secretion in the
      jejunum but not in the ileum or colon. The jejunal effect of STa may be ascribed
      to a stimulation of bicarbonate secretion and/or an inhibition of Na+/H+
      exchange. With regard to PD, STa caused a marked rise in colonic PD, whereas only
      a small response was found in the jejunum. No effect on PD was seen in the ileum.
      Hexamethonium (10 mg/kg intravenously) significantly diminished the effects of
      STa on PD, whereas only a small inhibition of the STa-induced alkaline secretion
      was observed. The effect of lidocaine on PD and alkaline secretion was found to
      be similar to that of hexamethonium. Atropine had no effect on any of the studied
      variables. These findings suggest that STa exerts, via nerves, a profound
      influence on the jejunal transport mechanisms responsible for the changes in PD,
      whereas the influence on alkaline secretion is to a large extent not mediated via
      enteric nerves. Thus, the extent of enteric nervous control of epithelial
      function differs for different transport functions. The findings also indicate
      that the bicarbonate ion is not the anion mainly responsible for the fluid
      secretion elicited by STa.

PMID- 2406888
TI  - Distribution of HLA-DR, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ antigens in liver tissue from patients
      with primary sclerosing cholangitis.
AB  - This study describes the distribution of the major histocompatibility class II
      antigens HLA-DR, HLA-DP, and HLA-DQ in liver tissue from eight patients with
      primary sclerosing cholangitis, by means of the immunoperoxidase technique on cut
      cryostat sections. HLA-DR was expressed on the bile duct epithelium and vascular
      endothelium from all patients. HLA-DP showed an expression much like HLA-DR on
      the bile duct epithelium, but the vascular endothelium mostly did not stain for
      HLA-DP. HLA-DQ was generally more weakly expressed, and only three of the
      patients expressed HLA-DQ on the bile ducts. None of the hepatocytes expressed
      any of the MHC class II antigens.

PMID- 2406889
TI  - Brown-bowel syndrome. Review of the literature and presentation of cases.
AB  - Four cases of brown-bowel syndrome (BBS) are presented. BBS is found in
      malabsorptive conditions secondary to diseases involving the liver, pancreas, and
      gastrointestinal tract. Morphologically, BBS is characterized by deposition of
      lipofuscin in the tunica muscularis, and electron microscopy shows degradation of
      smooth-muscle cell mitochondria. It is probable that BBS is a manifestation of
      vitamin E deficiency causing smooth-muscle cell 'mitochondrial myopathy'. Normal
      bowel function is retained, causing bowel hypotonia, and an aggravation of the
      underlying disease occurs. On suspicion of BBS, diagnosis is obtained in full
      wall biopsy specimens of the intestine.

PMID- 2406890
TI  - The prevalence of gallstone disease in a Dutch population.
AB  - The prevalence of gallstone disease was studied by ultrasound screening of a
      hospital population of 424 men and 631 women, admitted to the University Hospital
      Maastricht (The Netherlands) for elective surgery unrelated to gallstone disease.
      The prevalence increased with age. In the oldest age category (70 to 79 years)
      16% of the men and 40% of the women had gallstone disease. The proportion of
      subjects with gallstone disease who had undergone cholecystectomy was 39% in men
      and 50% in women. The prevalence of gallstone disease in Maastricht lies on the
      lower side within the range of prevalences found in other West European
      countries.

PMID- 2406891
TI  - Duodenogastric bile reflux before and after selective proximal vagotomy with and
      without pyloroplasty.
AB  - Duodenogastric bile reflux was determined by nasogastric aspiration in 60
      patients with prepyloric, pyloric, or duodenal ulcer before and after selective
      proximal vagotomy (SPV) or SPV and pyloroplasty (PP). All patients underwent two
      aspiration tests before and 3 months, 1 year, and 3 years after operation. The
      highest 1-h output of bile acids was recorded, and 100 mumol x h-1 or more was
      considered a positive reflux test. Sixteen patients (27%) had positive tests
      before operation; seven of them had previously been cholecystectomized. Forty
      four patients (73%) had negative tests preoperatively; one had been
      cholecystectomized. Of 43 non-reflux patients without previous cholecystectomy 21
      were randomized to SPV and 22 to SPV + PP. Sixteen patients (76%) remained
      negative after SPV, and 19 of 22 (86%) after SPV + PP. The incidence of negative
      bile reflux before and after SPV or SPV + PP did not differ. Cholecystectomized
      patients had a high incidence of bile reflux before (seven of eight) and after
      (six of eight) SPV or SPV + PP. It is concluded that neither SPV nor PP causes
      bile reflux.

PMID- 2406892
TI  - The influence of pregnancy and contraceptive steroids on the biliary tract and
      its reference to cholesterol gallstone formation.

PMID- 2406893
TI  - Clinical trials of anti-osteoarthritic agents.
AB  - Two long-term studies of chondroprotective agents in the treatment of
      osteoarthritis (OA) have been the subject of considerable interest. The studies
      included large numbers of patients with OA of the hip and of the knee followed
      for ten and five years. A range of criteria were chosen as parameters for
      monitoring the progression of disease, and statistical analysis of the results
      showed that GP-C modified positively the progression of OA. In view of the large
      number of criteria assessed, and the complexity of the results, it was decided
      that a reevaluation of the gonarthritis study would be appropriate using a range
      of indices in the statistical analysis. The statistical re-analysis of data
      confirmed that long-term treatment with GP-C positively modifies the progression
      of OA.

PMID- 2406894
TI  - The role of cytokines in the development of osteoarthritis.
AB  - A range of cytokines have been suggested as intermediaries which may have effects
      on cellular metabolism and proliferation. Interleukin 1 has been most intensively
      studied and has multiple biological activities, however other polypeptides may
      also have significant effects on cartilage. A greater understanding of the
      biochemical mechanisms involved in the development and progression of
      osteoarthritis (OA) may lead to a rational approach to therapeutic management.

PMID- 2406895
TI  - [Colonic perforation following blunt abdominal trauma].
AB  - We describe the case of a fisherman who developed a delayed colonic perforation
      after falling into the bed of a stream. Colonic perforations after blunt
      abdominal trauma are not common; they mainly occur after a trauma of sudden
      deceleration, i.e. usually a traffic accident. Delayed perforations occur
      relatively frequently and are difficult to diagnose. In the initial stages the
      common diagnostic procedures are of little help and - except for early
      peritonitis - the clinical signs may be masked behind more impressive injuries.
      The history of sudden deceleration and the finding of persistent abdominal
      tenderness may point to the imminent or manifest perforation. Usually the correct
      diagnosis is made at laparotomy performed for suspected abdominal injury.

PMID- 2406896
TI  - [3000 years of therapy for hirsutism. On W. Daum's "Die Konigin von Saba"].

PMID- 2406897
TI  - [Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine in celiac disease. Case report and
      literature review].
AB  - We describe three patients with celiac disease complicated by adenocarcinoma of
      the small intestine, and summarize the 36 cases of this association that have
      been reported. Retrospectively we found an increased risk (relative risk 25-250)
      of developing adenocarcinoma of the small intestine in patients with celiac
      disease in the region of Winterthur (north-east Switzerland). We therefore
      suggest that celiac disease be considered a premalignant condition not only for
      malignant lymphoma and gastrointestinal tumors, but also for adenocarcinoma of
      the small intestine. Synchronous or metachronous development of carcinoma in one
      of our patients and in two cases reported in the literature offer further
      evidence that celiac disease is a premalignant condition for adenocarcinoma of
      the small bowel. In several patients celiac disease was diagnosed only after
      diagnosis of the carcinoma. With regard to asymptomatic or subclinical celiac
      disease, it seems justifiable to search for possible underlying celiac disease in
      all patients with established diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the small intestine.

PMID- 2406898
TI  - [Evaluation of the strength, reserve and fatigue of the respiratory muscles in
      weaning from mechanical ventilation].
AB  - Beyond a certain threshold of intensity and duration of contraction the
      respiratory muscles are prone to fatigue, and this process may preclude weaning
      from mechanical ventilation. Respiratory muscle fatigue can be detected by
      several techniques (maximal voluntary pressures, electrical stimulation,
      electromyography, muscle relaxation rate, analysis of breathing movements,
      occlusion pressure). The most reliable techniques are complex, but new
      noninvasive tests are presently under development.

PMID- 2406899
TI  - [Weaning using continuous-flow CPAP: hemodynamics and gas exchange].
AB  - The present study was designed to investigate hemodynamics and gas exchange
      during weaning from mechanical ventilation (assist/control mode) to spontaneous
      breathing with continuous high flow (chf)-CPAP, and to study the predictive value
      of these parameters in respect of longterm success or failure of weaning.
      Hemodynamic and gas exchange parameters were obtained in 10 patients without
      severe pulmonary and cerebral dysfunction at -240, -60, -30, and -15 min before,
      and at +15, +30, +45, +60, +120, +180, +240 min after chf-CPAP. During chf-CPAP
      significant increases in heart rate/min (92 +/- 17 to 103 +/- 20), cardiac index
      (3.9 +/- 0.7 to 4.4 +/- 1.0 1/min.m2), respiratory rate/min (15 +/- 1 to 28 +/-
      7), PaCO2 (36.7 +/- 3.0 to 41.2 +/- 5.9 torr) and oxygen delivery (12.2 +/- 2.7
      to 13.9 +/- 2.3 ml/min.kg) were found. Arterial and pulmonary artery pressures
      rose only briefly within the first hour. All other parameters changed non
      significantly. In the 4 patients who required mechanical ventilation 12 to 34
      hours after the end of the study we found a significantly more pronounced
      increase in heart rate than in those who where weaned successfully (114 +/- 19 vs
      89 +/- 9). Increases in heart rate, respiratory rate, cardiac index, PaCO2 and
      oxygen delivery can therefore be expected during weaning from mechanical
      ventilation to spontaneous breathing with CPAP. A pronounced increase in heart
      rate may suggest a weaning failure.

PMID- 2406900
TI  - The management of intoeing: a review.
AB  - Children presenting with an intoeing gait are the most common pediatric problem
      seen by orthopedists. Most parents are concerned that this rotational problem may
      result in a permanent disability or impediment of their child's physical
      performance. The etiologies of these conditions are still debated, although the
      structural conditions giving rise to intoeing can be correlated with the age of
      onset. The extent of the rotational problem is determined through physical
      examination and the measurement of indicative angles. A rotational profile is
      compiled from the values obtained, allowing the child's progress to be followed.
      Many children spontaneously resolve the structural problems responsible for their
      intoeing gait. The success one attributed to the traditional methods for treating
      intoeing is now believed to be the result of this natural resolution.

PMID- 2406901
TI  - The social epidemiology of multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Building upon the accumulated demographic and sociocultural data dealing with the
      epidemiology of multiple sclerosis, a discussion and critical evaluation is
      offered of the most important social epidemiological features of this disease:
      (i) age and sex; (ii) availability of medical services; (iii) stress; (iv)
      ethnicity; (v) house pets; (vi) social-physical interaction; (vii) urban-rural
      residence; (viii) nutrition; (ix) socio-economic status; (x) population
      migration; and (xi) sanitation. Although the etiology of MS remains a mystery,
      sufficient evidence exists to connect demographic and sociocultural factors to
      the etiology and distribution of this disease.

PMID- 2406902
TI  - Induction of chronic myelogenous leukemia in mice by the P210bcr/abl gene of the
      Philadelphia chromosome.
AB  - In tumor cells from virtually all patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia, the
      Philadelphia chromosome, a fusion of chromosomes 9 and 22, directs the synthesis
      of the P210bcr/abl protein. The protein-tyrosine kinase activity and hybrid
      structure of P210bcr/abl are similar to the oncogene product of the Abelson
      murine leukemia virus, P160gag/v-abl, which induces acute lymphomas. To determine
      whether P210bcr/abl can induce chronic myelogenous leukemia, murine bone marrow
      was infected with a retrovirus encoding P210bcr/abl and transplanted into
      irradiated syngeneic recipients. Transplant recipients developed several
      hematologic malignancies; prominent among them was a myeloproliferative syndrome
      closely resembling the chronic phase of human chronic myelogenous leukemia. Tumor
      tissue from diseased mice harbored the provirus encoding P210bcr/abl. These
      results demonstrate that P210bcr/abl expression can induce chronic myelogenous
      leukemia. Retrovirus-mediated expression of the protein provides a murine model
      system for further analysis of the disease.

PMID- 2406903
TI  - Secondary structure is the major determinant for interaction of HIV rev protein
      with RNA.
AB  - A region in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) env message, with the
      potential to form a complex secondary structure (designated RRE), interacts with
      the rev protein (Rev). This interaction is believed to mediate export of HIV
      structural messenger RNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. In this report the
      regions essential for Rev interaction with the RRE are further characterized and
      the functional significance of Rev-RRE interaction in vivo is examined. A single
      hairpin loop structure within the RRE was found to be a primary determinant for
      Rev binding in vitro and Rev response in vivo. Maintenance of secondary
      structure, rather than primary nucleotide sequence alone, appeared to be
      necessary for Rev-RNA interaction, which distinguishes it from the mechanism for
      cis-acting elements in DNA. Limited changes within the 200 nucleotides, which
      preserved the proper RRE conformational structure, were well tolerated for Rev
      binding and function. Thus, variation among the RRE elements present in the
      diverse HIV isolates would have little, if any, effect on Rev responsiveness.

PMID- 2406904
TI  - NIH goes "extra mile" on Gallo.

PMID- 2406905
TI  - Protein sorting to mitochondria: evolutionary conservations of folding and
      assembly.
AB  - According to the endosymbiont hypothesis, mitochondria have lost the autonomy of
      their prokaryotic ancestors. They have to import most of their proteins from the
      cytosol because the mitochondrial genome codes for only a small percentage of the
      polypeptides that reside in the organelle. Recent findings show that the sorting
      of proteins into the mitochondrial subcompartments and their folding and assembly
      follow principles already developed in prokaryotes. The components involved may
      have structural and functional equivalents in bacteria.

PMID- 2406906
TI  - Molecular switch for signal transduction: structural differences between active
      and inactive forms of protooncogenic ras proteins.
AB  - Ras proteins participate as a molecular switch in the early steps of the signal
      transduction pathway that is associated with cell growth and differentiation.
      When the protein is in its GTP complexed form it is active in signal
      transduction, whereas it is inactive in its GDP complexed form. A comparison of
      eight three-dimensional structures of ras proteins in four different crystal
      lattices, five with a nonhydrolyzable GTP analog and three with GDP, reveals that
      the "on" and "off" states of the switch are distinguished by conformational
      differences that span a length of more than 40 A, and are induced by the gamma
      phosphate. The most significant differences are localized in two regions:
      residues 30 to 38 (the switch I region) in the second loop and residues 60 to 76
      (the switch II region) consisting of the fourth loop and the short alpha-helix
      that follows the loop. Both regions are highly exposed and form a continuous
      strip on the molecular surface most likely to be the recognition sites for the
      effector and receptor molecule(or molecules). The conformational differences also
      provide a structural basis for understanding the biological and biochemical
      changes of the proteins due to oncogenic mutations, autophosphorylation, and GTP
      hydrolysis, and for understanding the interactions with other proteins.

PMID- 2406907
TI  - A critical reappraisal of the bleeding time.
AB  - Since its initial invention by the French worker Milian in 1901, the bleeding
      time has been put forward as a clinically useful test in three contexts:
      diagnosis (particularly of platelet disorders), prediction of clinically
      important bleeding, and assessment of the adequacy of various forms of therapy.
      Attempting a complete review of the published experience with this test, we
      assessed 862 articles. Original bleeding time data appeared in 664 of these
      articles, from which we tabulated 1083 distinct studies in humans. ROC analysis,
      which characterizes the sensitivity and specificity of the test, was applied in
      every instance in which published data were adequate (34 studies). ROCs from 27
      studies of the bleeding time in association with aspirin ingestion reveal high
      variability in the ability of the bleeding time to detect aspirin intake, and
      provide evidence against claims that recently devised bleeding time methods have
      improved discriminatory ability based on improved reproducibility. Two ROCs from
      surgical studies, in which the bleeding time was used to try to predict abnormal
      bleeding, were statistically indistinguishable from that of a completely
      noninformative test. In ROCs from five studies of abnormal bleeding in uremia,
      the test performed approximately the same as the platelet count or hematocrit
      (taken singly); in one of these studies, prothrombin consumption was determined
      and was a better predictor of bleeding than bleeding time, hematocrit, or
      platelet count. In the settings of renal biopsy (one study) and massive
      transfusion (one study), data allowed estimation of predictive value: in no
      instance was there evidence that the bleeding time significantly altered a priori
      estimates (based on prevalence) of the risk of bleeding. Linear regression
      analysis was applied to data from 23 studies relating platelet count to bleeding
      time, to assess published claims that the bleeding time and platelet count follow
      a predictively useful linear relationship. In 22 of 23 instances, the inverse
      relationship between bleeding time and platelet count was associated with broad
      statistical scatter, making it impossible to predict precisely one variable given
      the other. The pathophysiology of an abnormal bleeding time remains poorly
      understood. The bleeding time is affected by a large number of diseases, drugs,
      physiologic factors, test conditions, and therapeutic actions, not all of them
      platelet-related. The test is likely to remain widely used for the diagnosis of
      inherited disorders of platelet function, such as von Willebrand's syndrome,
      despite the lack of clear criteria for its use in this context.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2406908
TI  - Supplementary bleeding time bibliography.

PMID- 2406909
TI  - Bleeding time tables. A tabular summary of pertinent literature.

PMID- 2406910
TI  - Lymphoma in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2406911
TI  - The role of immunophenotypic markers in the classification of non-Hodgkin's
      lymphomas.

PMID- 2406912
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children.

PMID- 2406913
TI  - Association of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and second neoplasms.

PMID- 2406914
TI  - Chromosomal abnormalities in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

PMID- 2406915
TI  - The histopathologic classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: ambiguities in the
      working formulation and two newly reported categories.

PMID- 2406916
TI  - Molecular biology of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

PMID- 2406917
TI  - The staging of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

PMID- 2406918
TI  - Management of the low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

PMID- 2406919
TI  - Chemotherapy for large cell lymphoma: a status update.

PMID- 2406920
TI  - The role of bone marrow transplantation in the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
AB  - In a significant fraction of patients with NHL, disease develops that is
      resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Experience using high-dose chemotherapy,
      with or without TBI, and BMT is expanding. Remissions can be achieved in many
      patients with refractory NHL in particular those patients with tumors that are
      still chemosensitive. High-dose chemoradiotherapy regimens are toxic and require
      extensive supportive care. Relapse frequently occurs in areas of previous
      disease, suggesting failure of the conditioning regimen rather than that an
      infusion of occult tumor cells in the autologous bone marrow had occurred. Thus,
      the role of marrow purging in this therapy needs to be further evaluated and
      compared with findings involving nonpurged marrow reinfusion. It is also
      important to evaluate the effects of more vigorous attempts at cytoreduction of
      bulky disease prior to high-dose therapy and BMT. Potential areas for development
      include the use of this modality as intensification therapy following
      conventional therapy in patients with intermediate or high-grade NHL with poor
      prognostic features. Toxicity can be decreased and efficacy increased only if
      therapy is administered to patients who have not been heavily pretreated and who
      have lower tumor burden and a good performance status. The role of high-dose
      chemotherapy and BMT in the nodular lymphomas is not known at this point and
      requires further investigation. Finally, high-dose therapy with BMT has a
      definite role in salvaging patients with malignant lymphomas. Many issues need to
      be resolved, including (1) the optimal timing of this approach, (2) the optimal
      conditioning regimen, and (3) the need for purging autologous bone marrow prior
      to reinfusion. The past 10 years have led to significant gains. During the next
      10 years, it may be possible to refine this therapy and find solutions to the
      above issues.

PMID- 2406921
TI  - Lymphoblastic lymphoma.

PMID- 2406922
TI  - Carboplatin in the first-line chemotherapy of ovarian cancer.
AB  - When used as first-line treatment for advanced ovarian cancer in phase III
      trials, single-agent carboplatin has produced clinical complete response rates
      comparable with or exceeding those of single-agent cisplatin. Phase I/II trials
      of combination chemotherapy have yielded overall objective response rates of 44%
      to 75% when carboplatin was combined with either cyclophosphamide or
      chlorambucil. In randomized phase III trials of carboplatin combination
      chemotherapy, response rates similar to those of cisplatin combinations have been
      achieved but with greatly reduced toxicities. The data from these phase I, II,
      and III trials show that carboplatin is as active as cisplatin in patients with
      advanced ovarian cancer and is associated with a significantly lower incidence
      and is associated with a significantly lower incidence of emesis, ototoxicity,
      peripheral neuropathy, and renal dysfunction. Thus, carboplatin should be
      considered the platinum compound of choice in the firstline treatment of advanced
      ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2406923
TI  - Mitoxantrone: potential for use in intensive therapy.
AB  - Mitoxantrone is a synthetic anthraquinone that is active in the therapy of a
      number of malignancies. At standard doses, toxicity has been primarily
      myelosuppressive with little extramedullary toxicity. These features in
      conjunction with evidence that mitoxantrone displays a dose-response effect in
      vitro make it an attractive candidate for intensive therapy regimens. The data to
      support the development of mitoxantrone for intensive programs and the clinical
      evidence that it can be substantially dose escalated are reviewed.

PMID- 2406924
TI  - Some implications for the study of the doctor-patient interaction: power,
      structure, and agency in the works of Howard Waitzkin and Arthur Kleinman.
AB  - This article critiques two major theoretical perspectives concerning the doctor
      patient interaction in medical anthropology represented by the work of Howard
      Waitzkin and Arthur Kleinman. In his work on the doctor-patient interaction
      Waitzkin has tended to draw on structural explanations which subordinate the role
      of agency. Kleinman's work emphasizes agency without satisfactorily integrating
      structural or social causality in his work on the doctor-patient interaction. The
      work of Anthony Giddens and others has clarified the structure/agency dichotomy
      in social science to which the nature of power is central.

PMID- 2406925
TI  - International politics and primary health care in Costa Rica.
AB  - Costa Rica's internationally-renowned rural health program exemplifies the
      principles put forth by the 1978 Alma Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care with
      one exception: the government has not succeeded in achieving active community
      participation in health. This paper uses a historical and political-economic
      perspective to explain why the Costa Rican government failed in its efforts to
      enhance community participation after Alma Ata. International agencies have been
      closely involved in the design and implementation of rural health services in
      Costa Rica since the early 1900s, yet community participation did not figure in
      these programs until the mid-1970s. The demise of community participation in the
      early 1980s is attributed to a combination of factors including partisan
      conflicts, social class conflicts, interest group politics and, particularly, to
      the shifting priorities of international health and development agencies.

PMID- 2406926
TI  - A question of adequacy: primary health care in the Dominican Republic.
AB  - This article applies a critical medical anthropology perspective to an analysis
      of primary health care in the Caribbean. It takes an historical view of the
      development of a primary health system in the Dominican Republic and argues that
      both the development and dissolution of that system can be understood only in
      light of U.S. foreign policy. Primary health care in the Dominican Republic is an
      example of how health care and development assistance have been extensions of
      U.S. foreign policy used to influence foreign domestic policies.

PMID- 2406927
TI  - A critical perspective on coronary artery disease and coronary bypass surgery.
AB  - This paper examines coronary artery disease and coronary artery bypass graft
      (CABG) surgery from a critical medical anthropological perspective. It explores
      the issue of why an expensive, individualistic, and mechanistic treatment for the
      symptoms of coronary artery disease (CABG surgery) has come to be so widely used
      to treat a condition which is so clearly related to occupational, social and
      environmental stresses and to behavioral factors. The paper also addresses the
      issue of why CABG surgery has proliferated in the absence of firm evidence from
      controlled studies that it is an effective long-term mode of treatment for many
      patients with this disease. Through this analysis of the growth and continued
      overuse of CABG surgery the social nature of biomedical knowledge and the socio
      cultural, political and economic nature of biomedical decision making are
      revealed.

PMID- 2406928
TI  - Spongiform encephalopathies: the physician's responsibility.
AB  - The spongiform encephalopathies encompass several diseases affecting humans and
      animals. In the United States, the most common of these disorders in humans is
      Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The most frequent manifestations include dementia,
      pyramidal tract signs, and extrapyramidal movement disorder. Several clinically
      distinct syndromes can be identified. Often the diagnosis is confused with other
      forms of dementia, and the only definitive method for establishing the diagnosis
      is autopsy evaluation of brain tissue. Unfortunately, since the recognition of
      the infectious etiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, fear has often unreasonably
      interfered with clinical care and autopsy evaluation of affected patients. In
      actuality, because of the low and restricted infectivity of the responsible
      agent, affected individuals present minimal risks to clinical caretakers, and
      handling of patient specimens is not dangerous if appropriate precautions are
      taken. These precautions are well established, and physicians and other health
      care workers should not refuse care of appropriate evaluation (including autopsy)
      to individuals with suspected Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

PMID- 2406929
TI  - Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia and HIV infection.
AB  - We describe a case of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia in an
      individual infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The organism was
      also recovered from the stool, but not from the throat. A review of 19 cases of
      group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia shows an association between an
      underlying immunologic defect and the occurrence of serious group A beta
      hemolytic streptococcal infection in adults. We review evidence in the literature
      suggesting that there is a predisposition to infection caused by pyogenic
      bacteria in HIV-infected individuals.

PMID- 2406930
TI  - Uterine and umbilical artery flow velocity waveform analysis in pregnancies
      complicated by chronic hypertension or preeclampsia.
AB  - Using continuous wave Doppler ultrasound, we studied the umbilical and uterine
      flow velocity waveforms in 68 pregnant women who had chronic hypertension and/or
      preeclampsia. The systolic-diastolic (S/D) ratio was considered an expression of
      vascular resistance peripheral to the point of insonation. Abnormal umbilical
      artery S/D ratio (greater than 95th percentile) alone or with abnormal uterine
      artery S/D ratio was associated with poor pregnancy outcome as judged by
      incidence of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), cesarean section rate, birth
      weight, perinatal morbidity and mortality, and prematurity. In patients with
      preeclampsia and abnormal Doppler values, pregnancy outcome was poor, whereas in
      those with normal Doppler values, pregnancy outcome approached normal. The same
      relationship was also found in patients with chronic hypertension. The
      sensitivity and specificity for the prediction of IUGR by the umbilical artery
      S/D ratio alone was 71% and 93%, respectively. The uterine artery S/D ratio alone
      yielded a 66% sensitivity and 64% specificity, and when both tests were taken
      into account, the sensitivity increased to 75% and the specificity to 100%.
      Abnormal umbilical and uterine artery S/D ratios were associated with 100% IUGR
      and 25% perinatal mortality. We conclude that in pregnant women with hypertensive
      disorders there is a significant difference in pregnancy outcome between those
      with normal and those with abnormal Doppler values. Umbilical artery S/D ratio
      alone is a better predictor of IUGR and poor pregnancy outcome than the uterine
      artery S/D ratio.

PMID- 2406931
TI  - Retrospective analysis of cervical cerclage procedures at the Louisiana State
      University, Shreveport (1980 to 1987).
AB  - We retrospectively reviewed 76 cerclage procedures done in 62 patients from
      January 1980 through October 1987 at the Louisiana State University Medical
      Center, Shreveport. The study showed a significant increase in fetal salvage
      after cerclage--from 23% to 72%. Emergency cerclage resulted in a fetal salvage
      rate of only 12%, in contrast to elective cerclage, which yielded a fetal salvage
      of 81%. Furthermore, fetal salvage was lower when the cerclage was done at less
      than 12 weeks' estimated gestational age (65%). The McDonald cerclage was done in
      69 procedures, using a single suture in 49 patients and a double suture in 20.
      The fetal salvage rate was the same regardless of the number of sutures placed.

PMID- 2406932
TI  - Splenic injury and repair during bariatric surgical procedures.
AB  - Incidental splenectomy during exploratory laparotomy significantly increases
      morbidity and mortality. These rates, elevated in the morbidly obese, prompted a
      splenic preservation policy for any splenic injury during bariatric surgery. This
      review was needed to assess how this policy affected this population's
      intrinsically high perioperative risks. Six of 200 patients having primary or
      revisional vertical banded gastroplasty for morbid obesity or failure of previous
      bariatric surgery had splenic injury. In one case, splenectomy was necessary; in
      the other five, splenic repair was relatively easy and was not followed by
      problems related specifically to splenic surgery. Risks for splenic injury
      include previous operation, rigid retractors, adhesions in the left upper
      quadrant, and traction on adjacent viscera. We conclude that splenic injury
      during bariatric surgery should be repaired by the simplest hemostatic method(s).
      Splenectomy should be reserved for the irreparably injured organ or when
      instability of the patient's condition demands promptness.

PMID- 2406933
TI  - Long-term buspirone therapy for chronic anxiety: a multicenter international
      study to determine safety.
AB  - This report presents results from an international multicenter trial of the
      safety of buspirone in the treatment of anxiety disorders for periods up to one
      year, if needed; 424 patients were treated for six months, and 264 patients
      completed a full year of treatment. Chronic use of buspirone for up to 52 weeks
      was associated with emergence of no new or unexpected side effects that were not
      previously reported during shorter periods of treatment. Most patients were
      successfully managed on daily doses ranging from 15 to 30 mg/day. When buspirone
      therapy was abruptly discontinued after more than six months of therapy,
      assessments of patients yielded no evidence of a withdrawal syndrome or unusual
      events. Although long-term anxiolytic drug therapy is not generally recommended,
      this open study provides evidence of the potential usefulness of buspirone when
      used for up to one year. As a general guideline, when an anxiolytic agent is used
      for several months or longer to treat chronic anxiety, the need for drug therapy
      should be reevaluated periodically.

PMID- 2406934
TI  - Osler's brain and related mental matters.
AB  - Interest in the relationship between the morphology of the brain and mental and
      behavioral characteristics was evident in the 18th century; it flourished in the
      19th century and waned during this century. This concern has been expressed in
      several activities. The weight and cortical area and gyral patterns of brains
      have been measured in detail in prominent and highly intelligent individuals,
      such as William Osler, Thomas Browne, and Albert Einstein, as well as in
      "average" individuals and in criminals. Phrenology is based on the assumption
      that various modalities of behavior are localized to specific morphologic areas
      of the brain. Little credence is now given to the mental, behavioral, and
      psychosocial significance of brain weight and gyral patterns. Practices based on
      such concepts are now considered by most to be a manifestation of quackery,
      though phrenology is still believed in by some.

PMID- 2406935
TI  - Salvage of an avulsed expanded scalp flap to correct burn alopecia.
AB  - The use of tissue expanders in reconstructive surgery has become well
      established, but their use has been associated with multiple complications.
      Salvage of expanded tissue after traumatic extrusion of the prosthesis has not
      been previously reported. We have outlined the principles involved in the
      management of such a case, and reviewed previously reported complications of
      tissue expansion.

PMID- 2406936
TI  - Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm and horseshoe kidney.
AB  - We have described three patients surviving resection of a ruptured abdominal
      aortic aneurysm in the presence of horseshoe kidney. If division of the renal
      isthmus is required to gain rapid control of the ruptured abdominal aortic
      aneurysm, it is not necessarily associated with increased morbidity or mortality.
      The arterial supply to the horseshoe kidney may complicate arterial
      reconstruction, but with flexible use of modern vascular surgical techniques,
      preservation of renal tissue is feasible.

PMID- 2406937
TI  - Oropharyngeal histoplasmosis.
AB  - Histoplasmosis, though usually a silent pulmonary infection, may progress to a
      severe, sometimes fatal disseminated infection. In the chronic form of
      disseminated histoplasmosis, granulomatous lesions of the upper aerodigestive
      tract are common. These lesions can be mistaken for carcinoma on initial
      presentation, as in the case we have presented here. The clinical course of
      patients with acute, subacute, or chronic disseminated forms of this disease
      correlates well with the histopathologic findings. Diagnosis is best made by
      culture or biopsy of a characteristic lesion. Although amphotericin B remains the
      standard treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis, the imidazole compounds such
      as ketoconazole, either alone or in combination with amphotericin B, have also
      been shown to be effective.

PMID- 2406938
TI  - Fulminating Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteremia.
AB  - We have reported a case of disseminated Staphylococcus epidermidis infection in a
      patient with leukemia and examined the relation between an acute respiratory
      arrest and the infection. Plasmid profiles of five isolates of S epidermidis
      cultured from this patient's blood, bone marrow, and lung before and after the
      arrest indicate that all isolates were derived from a single strain. This strain
      was also isolated by culture of the tip of the central venous catheter that was
      removed from the patient suggesting that the indwelling catheter was the source
      of infection. Because this patient had rigors during an infusion through the
      catheter just before the acute respiratory arrest, we suspect that infusion
      through the colonized catheter precipitated the respiratory arrest.

PMID- 2406939
TI  - Enterouterine fistulas: two rare cases of intestinal neoplasms manifested by
      gynecologic symptoms.

PMID- 2406940
TI  - Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and pyoderma gangrenosum after a brown recluse
      spider bite.
AB  - Brown recluse spider bites may result in extensive soft tissue injury, causing
      months of disability. We have described a patient who had a series of extensive
      surgical debridements after envenomation. Despite skin grafting, persistent
      cutaneous lesions and extensive satellitosis progressed to involve the entire
      lower extremity. A recent biopsy showed pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and
      pyoderma gangrenosum complicating the original injury. Although the role of early
      surgical excision and newer forms of medical treatment including dapsone and
      antivenom are still in evolution, recent reports suggest that the majority of
      patients will respond to medical therapy and may not require any surgical
      intervention.

PMID- 2406941
TI  - Herpes zoster infection of the chest wall and the syndrome of inappropriate
      antidiuretic hormone secretion.
AB  - The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) can result
      from diverse conditions. There have been only two published reports linking this
      syndrome with herpes zoster infections--one disseminated and the other confined
      to the chest wall. We have reported a case in which herpes zoster infection of
      the chest wall probably precipitated the development of this syndrome.

PMID- 2406942
TI  - Liver abscesses: successful treatment with choledochoduodenostomy.
AB  - I have described two cases of hepatic abscess due to E coli after
      choledochoduodenostomy for choledocholithiasis, and have discussed the
      relationship between abscess formation and size of the anastomosis. I conclude
      that a small anastomosis may in some cases predispose to this problem. Treatment
      by percutaneous drainage of the abscess was successful in both cases.

PMID- 2406943
TI  - Primary oligodendroglioma of the lateral ventricle.
AB  - Oligodendrogliomas rarely occur primarily in the ventricular system. We have
      reported a case of primary oligodendroglioma in the right lateral ventricle. The
      tumor was partially resected, a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed, and the
      patient had postoperative radiation therapy. She is asymptomatic at six months'
      follow-up.

PMID- 2406944
TI  - Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal penile ulceration associated with
      asymptomatic heterosexual pharyngeal transmission.

PMID- 2406945
TI  - Psychiatric epidemiology--a historic review.

PMID- 2406946
TI  - Meeting the needs of people with psychiatric disorders.
AB  - Evaluative research into the provision of psychiatric services to communities and
      individuals covers the whole spectrum of diagnosis, treatment and care, and the
      apparatus of policy-making, administration and management concerned in
      'delivery'. The problems for research are described in terms of two central
      concepts--social disablement and need. Emphasis is placed on the importance of a
      needs assessment system, in spite of the methodological problems it poses.
      Examples are drawn chiefly from the UK National Health Service (NHS) because of
      the opportunities it provides for epidemiologically based research, but the
      issues raised are universal.

PMID- 2406947
TI  - Paradigm shifts in USA psychiatric epidemiology since World War II.

PMID- 2406948
TI  - Population surveys of psychiatric disorder and the need for treatment.
AB  - A central purpose of psychiatric community surveys is the amplification of the
      clinical picture by studying non-referred cases. However, this demands an
      operationalized method of identifying cases. The choice of case definition
      determines both the prevalence of the disorder in the community and how community
      cases compare with referred cases. Usually case definitions are set with a fairly
      low threshold and include quite mild conditions. The recent use of the PSE and
      the DIS has led to reported prevalences of credible consistency. However, the
      relatively inclusive criteria for defining, for instance, affective disorders
      makes it difficult to equate prevalence with the need for treatment. Affective
      disorders in the clinic are associated with much greater impairment of social
      performance than non-referred cases. It is argued here that the evaluation in the
      community of the need for treatment and services should be done directly, by
      adapting new techniques of need assessment. Only thus can the necessary
      allocation of resources be estimated.

PMID- 2406949
TI  - Socioeconomic status (SES) and psychiatric disorders. Are the issues still
      compelling?
AB  - One of the most consistent findings in psychiatric epidemiology prior to 1980 has
      been that socioeconomic status (SES) was inversely related to the recent
      prevalence of a variety of important types of disorder. The findings raised and
      re-raised major issues about the role of adversity in these disorders. In recent
      years, however, research interest in these issues has been declining. At the same
      time, marked changes have been taking place in the case identification and
      diagnostic procedures available for epidemiological research. In this paper, I
      inquire into whether these changes in diagnostic concepts and methods have led to
      a change in the "facts" that gave rise to the issues about the role of SES. I
      rely particularly on results from our on-going epidemiological research in Israel
      and from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Epidemiological.
      Catchment Area (ECA) studies in the United States, reevaluate the shift away from
      research on the role of SES, and offer suggestions for future research.

PMID- 2406950
TI  - Social psychiatry--an overview.
AB  - This overview sketches briefly the development of social psychiatry and its
      clinical application in institutions in modern times. The second and longest part
      addresses the family as the important social context for everybody throughout
      life. A systems view of family tasks and functioning is offered. In the third
      part, some of the highlights of psychiatric epidemiology are cited, and in the
      last section, community psychiatry is discussed - its failures and its potential.
      The need to establish interagency networks with continuing consultation and
      discussion concerning each patient is stressed, as well as the essentiality that
      our professions learn and cultivate general systems principles. Social psychiatry
      views the patient and the context in which he or she lives or works as a field in
      which one element affects all others in circular fashion.

PMID- 2406951
TI  - Epidemiology and prevention in the mental health field.

PMID- 2406952
TI  - [Diagnostic radiology--development and aspects].

PMID- 2406953
TI  - [The current status of color-coded duplex sonography].

PMID- 2406954
TI  - [Malignant tumors of the gallbladder and bile ducts. Diagnostic possibilities
      from the radiologic viewpoint].

PMID- 2406955
TI  - [Hepatic cavernous hemangioma. A comparison of diagnostic technics].

PMID- 2406956
TI  - Teenage pregnancy--need a child bear a child?
AB  - International and local evidence suggests that the incidence of unplanned
      pregnancy in teenage girls is unacceptably high. Obstetrical concerns centre
      around insufficient antenatal care; paediatric on small babies vulnerable to
      neglect from child-mothers and burdened grandmothers; and psychiatric and social
      on the trap for ill-educated, unskilled, immature child-mothers, poorly equipped
      to face the demands of the modern world. The experience of assessing local
      teenagers for therapeutic abortion on psychiatric grounds is presented. Of the
      187 girls of 16 years and younger who were seen, 67 (35.8%) were granted an
      abortion: the remainder were counselled about alternatives. A variety of
      interventions are discussed: medical, educational, social and legal. These need
      to be comprehensive in order either to prevent pregnancy or to promote the health
      of a child-mother and her vulnerable infant. The role of the psychiatric services
      in this context needs revision.

PMID- 2406957
TI  - A return to Conybeare.
AB  - The chapter on infectious diseases in Conybeare's Textbook of Medicine is
      reviewed 40 years after the author studied it as a medical student. The
      sulphonamides were then in general use, penicillin had recently been introduced
      and there were high hopes for the development of other chemotherapeutic
      substances. Congenital defects had recently been described in babies born to
      mothers who contracted rubella in early pregnancy. The varicella-zoster virus had
      not yet been isolated, chloramphenicol was not available for treating typhoid
      fever and the cause of infectious mononucleosis was unknown - but in many
      diseases little has changed. Modern medicine has produced a new spectrum of
      disease, opportunistic infections, and also a host of resistant organisms.

PMID- 2406958
TI  - Comparison of chlamydial culture with Chlamydiazyme assay during erythromycin PCE
      treatment of Chlamydia genital infections.
AB  - We compared chlamydial culture with the chlamydial antigen detection enzyme
      immunoassay system (Chlamydiazyme, Abbott Diagnostic Products; Abbott Park, IL)
      during treatment of Chlamydia genital infections. Participants received 333 mg of
      erythromycin PCE (Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Park, IL) 3 times per day for 7
      days. On days 0, 3, 7, and 14, chlamydial cultures were positive in 30/30 (100%),
      5/29 (17.2%), 0/27, and 0/25 participants, respectively. Concurrent Chlamydiazyme
      assays were positive in 30/30 (100%), 11/30 (37%), 1/28 (4%), and 0/25
      participants. Twenty-eight of 28 persons who received erythromycin PCE for at
      least 3 days had negative test results for both chlamydial culture and
      Chlamydiazyme at their last clinic visit. Chlamydiazyme assay tended to remain
      positive longer than chlamydial culture during treatment, but 7 days after
      therapy was completed, no Chlamydia trachomatis antigens were detectable by this
      assay. Erythromycin PCE was well tolerated and rapidly eliminated Chlamydia
      genital infections in 83% of persons showing negative cultures by the third day
      of therapy.

PMID- 2406959
TI  - The vascular laboratory. Standards and certification.
AB  - The diversity of testing methodologies and reporting practices has necessitated
      that standards be defined for both performance of testing as well as
      interpretation and reporting of results. The guidelines to be used for the
      noninvasive diagnosis of extracranial vascular disease and the rationale for
      their use are presented. Emphasis is placed upon realistic diagnostic features
      that have clinical relevance and the use of testing methods that can identity
      these features. Further developments in this field, particularly those addressing
      the overall performance of vascular diagnostic laboratories, are to be defined by
      a multiprofessional inter-societal commission in the near future. It is
      anticipated that a voluntary accreditation process will insure high quality of
      testing.

PMID- 2406960
TI  - Duplex scanning in diagnosis of renovascular hypertension.
AB  - Ultrasonic duplex scanning can be used as a noninvasive method for the detection
      and quantification of the degree of renal artery stenosis. The method is useful
      for screening patients with hypertension that cannot be controlled by medical
      means. It can also serve as a method of following the results of intervention via
      surgery or angioplasty.

PMID- 2406961
TI  - Noninvasive assessment of impotence.
AB  - The examinations described provide quantitative data on hemodynamics of the
      erectile process. Comprehensive study cannot be totally noninvasive because it
      does require measurements of intracavernous pressure. Patients selected for
      invasive study should exhibit normal neurologic function. These tests generally
      do not display anatomy underlying the physiologic disorder, although ultrasound
      has great promise in this regard. Angiography is needed for rational planning of
      operative procedures. Angiographic examination that includes arteriography of
      large and small arteries and delineation of cavernosal venous drainage or
      cavernosography defines both the location and the nature of defects causing
      erectile failure. It is our belief that both noninvasive and invasive tests
      (physiologic measurements to assess penile blood flow and cavernosal competence
      and comprehensive angiography using artificial erection) must be obtained prior
      to operation.

PMID- 2406962
TI  - Ultrasonic tissue characterization of blood clots.
AB  - Ultrasonic tissue characterization based on an analysis of the power spectrum of
      backscattered signals obtained with ultrasound was used to distinguish
      morphologic components of blood clots. The three morphologic features for which
      discrimination was attempted were loose fibrin, red-cell, and dense fibrin clots.
      The UTC was able to distinguish the morphologic blood components tested. This in
      vitro work was based on the analysis of parameters related to ultrasound-tissue
      interaction and on inferences related to the physical properties of scatterer
      properties (scatterer size, scatterer concentration, and ratio of scatterer to
      medium acoustic impedances). The ability to distinguish these blood-clot
      components suggests that UTC may be able to distinguish red from white thrombi
      and to assess the structures and changes within thrombi associated with the age
      of the thrombus, their mechanical properties, and treatment monitoring.

PMID- 2406963
TI  - Duplex assessment of the renal transplant.
AB  - Duplex scanning is an inexpensive, noninvasive method of following renal
      transplant function. It can accurately define degrees of renal artery stenosis,
      and it can identify perirenal and perivascular fluid collections. Duplex scanning
      can provide less-specific information regarding changes in intrarenal vascular
      impedance that can assist in the diagnosis of acute rejection. It is an important
      initial method for following patients after renal transplantation.

PMID- 2406964
TI  - Diagnosis of acute deep venous thrombosis.
AB  - This article outlines the application of continuous-wave Doppler,
      plethysmographic techniques, and B-mode ultrasonography to the diagnosis of
      suspected deep venous thrombosis in ambulatory patients. Methodology is
      evaluated, and the diagnostic accuracy and application of these studies are
      reviewed. The authors' current algorithm for the application of these noninvasive
      studies also is presented.

PMID- 2406965
TI  - Chronic venous insufficiency.
AB  - Like the noninvasive assessment of arterial occlusive disease, the various
      methods for evaluation of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) can be divided into
      those that provide hemodynamic information and those that provide anatomic
      detail. The majority of noninvasive methods for evaluation of CVI are directed
      toward assessing hemodynamic events in large vessels by detecting abnormally
      directed blood flow, elevated venous pressure, increased limb-volume changes, or
      valvular reflux. B-mode ultrasound, the principal non-invasive method for
      anatomic assessment of CVI, defines either valvular incompetence, obstruction, or
      recanalization changes.

PMID- 2406966
TI  - Duplex ultrasonography of the portal vein.
AB  - Although the ability of ultrasonography to provide anatomic detail and
      physiologic information about the arterial system is well established, its
      applicability for the venous system and the splanchnic circulation has only
      recently been recognized. We have found duplex scanning, which is non-invasive,
      rapid, inexpensive, and reproducible, to be highly accurate in (1) establishing
      or confirming the diagnosis of portal hypertension, (2) demonstrating portal and
      splenic vein patency and direction of flow, (3) assessing portosystemic shunt
      patency, and (4) providing novel anatomic and physiologic information regarding
      the normal and diseased splanchnic venous system. These ultrasonographic
      techniques also have a significant role to play in the surveillance of patients
      who have undergone liver transplantation or massive liver resection. To a great
      extent, ultrasonography may supplant the invasiveness, discomfort, and expense of
      contrast angiography in the evaluation of many patients with advanced liver
      disease.

PMID- 2406967
TI  - Plaque characterization by B-mode scan.
AB  - High-resolution ultrasound technology provides anatomic information on the nature
      of the vessel wall. As such, it is a complementary modality to both frequency
      analysis, which provides flow data, and angiography, which describes vessel
      lumen. At present, the technology is most effectively applied to superficial
      vessels such as the carotid, common femoral, and popliteal arteries. Measurement
      can be compromised by heavy vessel calcification, and the technique is most
      useful in mild to moderate disease. Prospective blinded trials have shown that
      HRUS can be used to determine lumen diameter and per cent stenosis, although its
      accuracy is improved by adding frequency analysis. The technique is most useful
      for interrogating the atherosclerotic plaque itself; as such, it appears superior
      to angiographic techniques. Several investigators have documented the ability of
      HRUS to characterize plaque and particularly to identify intraplaque hemorrhage
      and ulceration. Criteria for diagnosis remain difficult to standardize and, for
      the moment, must be developed for each center involved in these studies. The
      future of HRUS appears to lie in development of more detailed analyses of plaque
      morphology and the study of atherosclerotic disease in large populations over
      time.

PMID- 2406968
TI  - Use of color-flow imaging technique in carotid artery disease.
AB  - Color-flow imaging of the cervical vasculature has several distinct advantages
      compared with conventional duplex scanning: it facilitates identification of the
      carotid artery, its bifurcation, branches, and other cervical vessels, especially
      the vertebral arteries; decreases the time required for longitudinal surveys;
      aids in the recognition of kinks, coils, and occluded vessels; evaluates flow
      simultaneously in large areas and multiple vessels; and focuses attention on
      sites of flow disturbance. Although many problems remain, color-flow imaging
      represents a powerful new tool for the diagnosis and physiologic assessment of
      extracranial cerebrovascular disease.

PMID- 2406969
TI  - Carotid endarterectomy without angiography.
AB  - Carotid endarterectomy without preoperative angiography is a viable alternative
      that avoids the risk of angiography and potentially reduces the overall morbidity
      and mortality associated with the workup of patients with carotid artery disease
      and surgical management. The success of this approach is dependent upon the
      accuracy of the history and physical examination, acquisition of a CT head scan,
      and the validity of the duplex scan in a given laboratory.

PMID- 2406970
TI  - Role of transcranial Doppler in carotid surgery.
AB  - Transcranial Doppler is a method for visualizing the intracranial circulation
      that has applications to the preoperative investigation of cerebrovascular
      disease. Estimations of the adequacy of collateral circulation around the circle
      of Willis may be made. In addition, the method may be used for intraoperative
      monitoring during carotid, cardiac, or neurosurgical procedures.

PMID- 2406971
TI  - Hemodynamic evaluation of vertebral arteries by duplex ultrasound.
AB  - In summary, vertebral artery hemodynamics can be readily evaluated both
      qualitatively and quantitatively. Duplex ultrasonography provides a very reliable
      noninvasive technique for this assessment. Flow in the vertebral artery system
      can be noninvasively quantified in greater than 95 per cent of all patients
      examined using this technique, and such measurements help identify subgroups of
      patients whose symptoms may be related to posterior circulation ischemia. Further
      evaluation of the spectral flow patterns is often helpful in diagnosing the cause
      of these ischemic symptoms. Unfortunately, quantitative flows are rarely obtained
      during routine carotid ultrasound studies. Such data, however, may provide an
      objective basis for the following kinds of surgical decisions: 1. Recommendations
      for carotid surgery in patients with high-grade carotid stenosis but
      nonlocalizing symptoms. 2. Recommendations for no surgery in patients who have
      vertebrobasilar symptoms but diminished flow characteristic of poor cardiac
      output. 3. Recommendations for surgery to augment vertebral artery flow in
      patients who have vertebrobasilar symptoms, decreased vertebral flow on the basis
      of proximal stenosis, and normal carotid artery flow. Obviously, there is a need
      to confirm these hypotheses by studying patients thoroughly before and after
      surgery. Other investigators must begin gathering data on vertebral artery flow
      to determine its impact and utility in making surgical decisions.

PMID- 2406972
TI  - Hemodynamic assessment of aortoiliac segment.
AB  - Routine noninvasive tests often fail to identify advanced aortoiliac stenosis,
      especially in cases with multilevel disease. At present, direct measurements of
      femoral artery pressure provide the best assessment of the hemodynamic effect of
      a proximal lesion, especially when flow is increased in order to simulate
      exercise. In the future, duplex scanning may replace invasive pressure studies.

PMID- 2406973
TI  - Preoperative duplex scanning prior to infrainguinal revascularization.
AB  - Arterial occlusive disease has been successfully evaluated with ultrasonography
      prior to infrainguinal revascularization; this technique contributes to design of
      operation and, in the case of a bypass, to the selection of a venous conduit.
      Techniques of black-and-white and color sonoangiography of the peripheral
      arteries and veins comprise imaging and blood velocimetry. Velocity and flow
      measurements and other data in the literature that compare ultrasound and
      radiologic techniques indicate that sonoangiography is already the "practical
      standard" for vein selection and will have a growing role in preparation for
      infrainguinal revascularization.

PMID- 2406974
TI  - Intraoperative use of ultrasound in arterial surgery.
AB  - Technical perfection is the goal of any arterial reconstruction so as to avoid
      postoperative complications. Experimental and clinical studies have clearly shown
      that these operations are imperfect and that some form of intraoperative
      surveillance is required to decrease the incidence of correctable technical
      defects. Ultrasound technology is uniquely suited for this role. This article
      describes the distinct advantages of duplex ultrasound for the intraoperative
      monitoring of vascular reconstructions.

PMID- 2406975
TI  - Postoperative surveillance of infrainguinal bypass.
AB  - An effective graft-surveillance protocol needs to be applicable to all patients;
      practical in terms of time, effort, and cost; reliable; and able to detect,
      grade, and assess progression of lesions. The combination of pressure
      measurements and duplex color-flow imaging is the most effective technique for
      infrainguinal bypass surveillance. The accuracy of this protocol for the
      detection of graft stenosis is comparable to arteriography, and graft revision
      can be recommended and implemented based on noninvasive testing alone. Although
      similar anatomic and blood-flow data can be obtained by conventional duplex
      scanning, graft surveillance using color-flow imaging is preferred because both
      vascular anatomy and hemodynamics are evaluated simultaneously, a feature that
      improves diagnostic accuracy and reduces examination time. By contrast, resting
      ABI measurements alone are unable to identify reliably a failing graft; they are
      useful primarily for confirming technical adequacy and relief of ischemia. Data
      exist that confirm that long-term patency of infrainguinal bypasses is improved
      if hemodynamically significant stenoses are revised prior to graft thrombosis
      rather than revised or replaced after thrombosis. Both symptomatic and
      asymptomatic patients should undergo graft revision when noninvasive testing has
      confirmed the presence of a correctable lesion that reduces both limb pressure
      (change in ABI greater than 0.15) and graft blood-flow velocity (Vp less than 45
      cm per second). Drops in pressure can occur in the absence of abnormalities in
      graft blood flow, but this condition does not indicate impending graft
      thrombosis. The identification of high-grade (greater than 75 per cent) stenosis
      by duplex scanning or color-flow imaging has been uniformly associated with a
      reduced ABI and increased risk of graft thrombosis. Less-severe lesions can be
      followed for disease progression as long as graft blood flow is adequate to
      sustain patency. In bypasses with low flow but no correctable abnormality, oral
      anticoagulation with warfarin sodium may decrease the incidence of graft
      thrombosis.

PMID- 2406976
TI  - Noninvasive evaluation of the upper extremity.
AB  - Vascular problems of the arm and hand can be assessed by a number of noninvasive
      modalities that are chosen on the basis of the history and physical examination.
      For suspected upper-extremity ischemia, we begin with SLPs and velocity-waveform
      analysis. The former test will define the extent and approximate location of the
      disease process, and subjective assessment of the waveform will further determine
      the degree and location of occlusive disease. When digital ischemia is suspected,
      the Doppler examination combined with intermittent compression of the radial and
      ulnar arteries is valuable for defining the variable arterial anatomy of the hand
      and the patency of the common and proper digital arteries. The extent of distal
      ischemia can be assessed by digital pressures. Duplex scanning has been found to
      be of value in determining the source of upper-extremity micro-emboli, in imaging
      suspected aneurysmal changes, and for evaluating arteriovenous fistulae and
      bypass grafts. Cold testing is used to confirm the diagnosis of Raynaud's disease
      after excluding proximal occlusive disease. When symptoms suggest intermittent
      arterial obstruction, arterial compression at the thoracic outlet is assessed by
      monitoring the arterial waveform during a series of maneuvers that change the
      anatomy of the outlet. Although a combination of IPG and venous Doppler
      examination accurately identifies venous occlusion, we routinely use duplex
      scanning in this setting. In addition to providing both anatomic and hemodynamic
      information about the subclavian vein, the jugular vein and the junction of the
      innominate vein can also be studied. Because of its ability to image in a coronal
      plane, MRI scanning is another nonivasive study that we have found useful for
      evaluation of venous anatomy and patency of the subclavian, jugular, and
      innominate veins. Venous thrombosis, often the first manifestation of subclavian
      vein compression at the thoracic inlet, is best evaluated using duplex scanning.

PMID- 2406977
TI  - Duplex scanning for assessment of mesenteric ischemia.
AB  - The accurate diagnosis of mesenteric arterial occlusive disease has in the past
      required invasive examination, primarily arteriography. Recent innovations in
      duplex ultrasound scan technology have for the first time provided a method for
      the noninvasive assessment of the splanchnic circulation in man. Mesenteric
      duplex scanning has been used successfully to measure postprandial changes in
      celiac and superior mesenteric arterial blood flow as well as changes in visceral
      flow produced by other pharmacologic stimuli.

PMID- 2406978
TI  - Thoracic extension of hydatid cysts of the liver.
AB  - Of a total of 77 patients affected by hydatid cysts of the liver observed between
      1983 and 1988, we examined a group of 25 patients with cysts that had migrated
      into the thorax. The main characteristic of these patients was the hydatid
      hepatic cyst, which was situated in the right hepatic lobe in every patient,
      involving one or more right hemithoracic structures. In 24 patients, there were
      different combinations of symptoms, but only ten were thoracic. In those with
      advanced intrathoracic evolution of the hydatid cyst, we not only found a
      destruction of the hemidiaphragm, but also the presence of pleural effusion,
      empyema, atelectasis and multiple pleural hydatidosis caused by the development
      of a cystic fistula in the pleural cavity. Analysis of these instances allowed us
      to see that ultrasonograms of the liver and roentgenograms of the thorax are
      often the most sensitive and reliable diagnostic procedures for showing the
      intrathoracic evolution of the cyst. We believe that the surgical treatment must
      be carried out with simultaneous right thoracoabdominal access, which, besides
      exposing the thoracic lesions, also permits adequate treatment of the hepatic
      hydatid cyst and the possible associated biliary complications.

PMID- 2406979
TI  - Choledochocholedochostomy without a T tube or internal stent in transplantation
      of the liver.
AB  - Different techniques have been used for biliary reconstruction in transplantation
      of the liver. Early techniques of cholecystodoudenostomy and
      cholecystojejunostomy had high rates of biliary complications often with
      associated mortality. Today, most centers use a choledochocholedochostomy with a
      T tube (CC-T) or Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy (RYCJ) for biliary
      reconstruction in hepatic transplantation with a low mortality rate but still
      significant morbidity. In our early experience at the University of Chicago, we
      used CC-T as the procedure of choice and RYCJ in the remaining instances.
      However, it was noted that a large number of biliary complications in the CC-T
      group were related to the use of T tubes, which prompted us to consider the use
      of primary anatomosis without tube drainage or stenting (CC). We reviewed 136
      transplants with a graft survival rate of greater than two weeks. The over-all
      complication rates for each group were 38 CC, 18 per cent; 26 CC-T, 35 per cent,
      and 72 RYCJ, 21 per cent. One patient died as a direct result of a biliary
      complication. The main difference between CC and CC-T was early biliary
      complications (5 versus 31 per cent, p less than 0.02 most were T-tube related.
      We advocate the use of CC (without a T tube) when-possible. We recommend RYCJ
      whenever reoperation and biliary revision are required. We have found that both
      CC and RYCJ can be used safely for biliary reconstruction in hepatic
      transplantation.

PMID- 2406980
TI  - The technique of papilloduodenectomy.
AB  - Papilloduodenectomy consists of precise and wide resection of the papilla of
      Vater, performed by stepwise incision of the posterior duodenal wall around the
      papilla, with sequential hemostasis followed by suture placement between the
      duodenal wall and bile duct. The end results after completion of the resection
      assures fixation of the biliary and pancreatic duct to the posterior wall of the
      duodenum, which minimizes the risk of biliary or pancreatic leakage. Results of
      local excision of the papilla of Vater for periampullary tumors appear
      satisfactory and this procedure may be particularly indicated for older or higher
      risk patients. Pancreaticoduodenectomy should probably remain the procedure of
      choice for reasonably fit patients with established malignant disease.

PMID- 2406981
TI  - A new device for the detection of sponges and other foreign objects left
      accidentally in the operative field.
AB  - A new cost-effective device for the detection of sponges and other instruments
      left accidentally in the surgical field is presented. This device has 100 per
      cent sensitivity rate in the initial tests. It is extremely simple and rapid and
      does not require the use of radiation or other harmful techniques.

PMID- 2406982
TI  - The evolution of therapeutic vagotomy.

PMID- 2406983
TI  - Intrathecal administration of morphine for pain of malignant origin.
AB  - Intrathecally administered morphine is a safe and effective method of providing
      analgesia, with the indicated constraints. Unencumbered by pain and the soporific
      effect of systemic narcotics, many, if not most, patients are able to lead
      productive lives. Neuroablative procedures are, in many instances, either delayed
      or eliminated entirely. As the number of support personnel familiar with the
      management of implantable systems increases, this avenue of treatment should
      become widely available.

PMID- 2406984
TI  - Cytoreductive surgery.
AB  - The results of experimental studies suggest that cytoreduction has important
      potential benefits. In the laboratory setting, reduction of tumor burden
      increases the sensitivity of remaining tumor to chemotherapy and radiation
      therapy by increasing the proportion of proliferating tumor cells, by decreasing
      the number of necessary chemotherapeutic cycles necessary to eradicate the tumor,
      by improving cellular distribution of oxygen and nutrient within the tumor and by
      reducing the likelihood that resistant clones will develop. The evidence for
      clinical benefit seems much more limited. In general, a benefit of cytoreduction
      in extending the survival or disease-free interval appears likely only if there
      is effective chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Hence, benefits of cytoreduction
      have been acknowledged in pediatric solid tumors, lymphoma and carcinoma of the
      ovary, for which effective adjuvant treatments exist. Patients with certain
      tumors that exhibit biologically favorable characteristics may benefit from
      cytoreduction, even though the usefulness of other treatment modalities may be
      minimal. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406985
TI  - Report of a cavernoma of the cauda equina and review of the literature.
AB  - Subdural intramedullary and extramedullary cavernous angiomas are rare vascular
      malformations. A case of cavernoma of the cauda equina affecting a 46-year-old
      man is reported. He presented with low back and sciatic pain. This is the fourth
      case of cavernoma of the cauda equina in the literature. The available literature
      on intramedullary (28 cases) and extramedullary (9 cases) cavernomas is reviewed.

PMID- 2406986
TI  - Historical vignette. The neurosurgeon's neurosurgeon: cushing operates on a
      Penfield.
AB  - In his autobiography, Dr. Wilder Penfield relates the medical history of his
      sister, Mrs. Ruth Inglis, who developed a right frontal oligodendroglioma.
      Penfield performed the initial craniotomy on her, and after her death, reported
      the case in a paper on frontal lobe function in humans. Although Penfield has
      provided more than adequate information on certain aspects of his sister's
      illness, little has been published concerning her subsequent operation performed
      by Dr. Harvey Cushing at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. We feel this case is
      significant for several reasons. First, it sheds some light on Penfield's
      personal relationship with Cushing and his sister; it also shows the deep
      interest that Dr. Cushing took in his patients. Second, this case nicely
      illustrates how Cushing used his postoperative drawings to make his operative
      notes more precise. Finally, we see a sample of the work done by Dr. Louise
      Eisenhardt as pathologist at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital.

PMID- 2406987
TI  - Craniopagus parasiticus.

PMID- 2406988
TI  - Two hundred years of demographic change: 1790-1990.

PMID- 2406990
TI  - [The veterinarian active in the field of veterinary public health, towards the
      year 2000].
AB  - Introductory classes taught to seventeen successive generations of postgraduate
      veterinary students, intensive consultations, during about 40 years, with
      scientists in executive positions in the food industry, catering and military
      medical organisations, and the response of participants after public lectures
      support the impression that, in the Netherlands, the public is not aware of the
      professional profile of the Public Health Veterinarian. This contrasts sharply to
      that of the small animal practitioner and of the herd management veterinarian. In
      the years immediately before the Second World War the professional standing of
      the Veterinary Public Health Officer was demonstrably better observable. The
      reason for this altered public image of the Public Health Veterinarian is sought
      in changes in the aetiology and transmission of zoonoses and other diseases
      spread by food, water and the environment. Whereas the majority of the latter was
      previously transmitted off intra vitam foci of infection, food-borne infections
      and intoxications presently mainly originate from the environment. Consequently
      adequate protection of the consumer has to rely on the elaboration and
      application of measures of intervention sensu Wilson. These include: well
      designed techniques of hygiene supported by disinfection at the farm and during
      transportation and holding animals for slaughter, use of probiotics in
      decontaminated animal feeds, meticulous adherence to expertly designed measures
      of hygiene and chilling at slaughter houses and, to the extent required, terminal
      decontamination of carcasses and/or consumer size cuts. Many of these facets do
      not traditionally belong to the veterinarian's vistas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2406989
TI  - Unique anomalies in cephalothoracopagus janiceps conjoined twins with
      implications for multiple mechanisms in the abnormal embryogenesis.
AB  - The anatomic features of female conjoined twins with the Janiceps type of
      cephalothoracopagus are described. Abnormalities included bilateral clefts of the
      alveolar arches, shared rudimentary mandible, high, arched clavicles, multiple
      rib deformities, single shared foregut and small intestine, absent large
      intestines, omphalocele, multicystic kidneys, hypoplastic lungs, interconnected
      aortas and neck vessels, single ovary with elongated uterus in each twin,
      displaced labia, abnormal segmentation of the vertebrae, spinal dysraphism,
      diastasis of the symphysis pubis, malrotated lower extremity, bilateral posterior
      dislocation of the hips, and club feet. There were two hearts with internal
      anomalies. Both spinal cords had a myelocele in the lumbar region. The
      abnormalities noted in previous reports of conjoined twins of this type are
      reviewed and compared. We propose that factors associated with conjoining,
      dysgenetic (developmental) defects, and deformations resulting from crowding in
      utero all may have been important in the abnormal development in this case.

PMID- 2406991
TI  - [Clinical trials].

PMID- 2406992
TI  - Current management of amaurosis fugax. The Amaurosis Fugax Study Group.
AB  - We present a consensus on the pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment
      of amaurosis fugax. The phenomenon is defined and described, and the roles that
      extracranial and ocular vascular diseases play are discussed. Nonvascular
      ophthalmic and neurologic disorders that can be confused with amaurosis fugax are
      listed, and an algorithm for evaluation (which includes ophthalmic examination,
      laboratory studies, and noninvasive carotid artery studies) is given. Treatment
      of atherosclerosis, carotid artery disease, and other causes of amaurosis fugax
      are also discussed.

PMID- 2406993
TI  - Cerebral angiographic risk in mild cerebrovascular disease.
AB  - We review the eight prospective and seven retrospective studies from which it is
      possible to derive the complication rate of conventional cerebral angiography for
      patients with mild ischemic cerebrovascular disease who are potential candidates
      for carotid endarterectomy. Three studies of intravenous and one of intra
      arterial digital subtraction angiography are also examined. An overview of the
      results suggests that the risk of a neurological complication (TIA or stroke) is
      about 4% and that a permanent neurological deficit (disabling stroke) occurs in
      about 1%. The mortality rate is very low (less than 0.1%). Systemic complications
      are not infrequent, particularly with intravenous digital subtraction
      angiography. The complication rate of cerebral angiography must be considered
      when evaluating the risks of carotid endarterectomy in patients with ischemic
      cerebrovascular disease.

PMID- 2406994
TI  - Transcranial Doppler ultrasonographic changes after treatment for arteriovenous
      malformations.
AB  - We performed transcranial Doppler ultrasonography on 15 patients with
      arteriovenous malformations before and after embolization or surgical resection
      to compare quantitatively the hemodynamic effects of these two treatments.
      Changes in mean blood velocity and pulsatility index were analyzed in 19 treated
      feeding arteries. Blood velocity decreased by a mean of 38.1% or 46.5 cm/sec (p
      less than 0.0001, two-tailed paired t test); decreases were greater for
      surgically resected arteries (46.2% or 55.9 cm/sec, p less than 0.003) than for
      embolized arteries (30.8% or 38.0 cm/sec, p less than 0.0003). Pulsatility index
      increased by a mean of 54.7% or 0.25 (p = 0.0001); increases were greater for
      surgically resected arteries (65.8% or 0.29, p = 0.0045) than for embolized
      arteries (44.8% or 0.20, p less than 0.001). The differences in the changes in
      blood velocity and pulsatility index between treatment groups were not
      significant. These data demonstrate that embolization results in hemodynamic
      changes that are qualitatively similar to those occurring after surgical
      resection of arteriovenous malformations. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography is
      a reliable and convenient noninvasive method for monitoring hemodynamic effects
      of treatments for arteriovenous malformations.

PMID- 2406996
TI  - Charles Foix--the first modern stroke neurologist.

PMID- 2406995
TI  - Perfusion insufficiency in limb-shaking transient ischemic attacks.
AB  - We describe a 63-year-old man with severe bilateral internal carotid artery
      disease who presented with repeated, brief attacks of left limb shaking
      precipitated by his standing up. Cerebral blood flow measured by xenon-133
      inhalation showed reduced resting flows and a focal perfusion deficit in the
      right dorsofrontal and upper rolandic regions. Blood flow velocity and
      pulsatility index of the right middle cerebral artery measured by transcranial
      Doppler ultrasonography were also reduced. With hypercapnic challenge, both
      hemispheric tissue perfusion and blood flow velocity showed impaired reactivity.
      With induced hypotension, the focal perfusion deficit in the right dorsofrontal
      region was accentuated. Following right internal carotid endartectomy, resting
      cerebral blood flow and blood flow velocity improved, as did hypercapnic
      vasoreactivity. These reversible deficits in cerebral blood flow and
      vasoregulation, which were maximal in the dorsofrontal region, are consistent
      with low perfusion in the border zone territory or the distal fields and
      demonstrate that hemodynamic failure is the likely mechanism for limb-shaking
      transient ischemic attacks from severe carotid artery disease.

PMID- 2406997
TI  - Simple measurement of captopril in plasma by high-performance liquid
      chromatography with ultraviolet detection.
AB  - Captopril is an orally active inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme. A
      rapid, accurate, and sensitive high-performance chromatography (HPLC) method is
      described for measuring plasma concentrations of captopril. Captopril was
      stabilized by forming an adduct with p-bromophenacyl bromide. This adduct was
      measured by HPLC using a C-18 reverse-phase column and monitoring the column
      effluent by ultraviolet absorption at 260 nm. The method proved to be linear in
      the clinical range of 10-1,000 ng/ml. The plasma levels of captopril in a young
      patient given a small oral dose were determined by this method.

PMID- 2406998
TI  - Area-under-the-curve monitoring of cyclosporine therapy: performance of different
      assay methods and their target concentrations.
AB  - The measurement of areas under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was recently
      introduced as an alternative to trough level monitoring of cyclosporine therapy.
      The AUC is divided by the oral dosing interval to calculate an average
      concentration. All measurements are performed at clinical steady state. The
      initial evaluation of AUC monitoring showed advantages over trough level
      monitoring with concentrations of cyclosporine measured in serum by the
      polyclonal radioimmunoassay of Sandoz. This assay technique is no longer
      available and the following assays were performed in parallel during up to 173
      AUC determinations in 51 consecutive renal transplant patients: polyclonal
      fluorescence polarization immunoassay of Abbott in serum, specific and
      nonspecific monoclonal radioimmunoassays using 3H and 125I tracers in serum and
      whole blood, and high performance liquid chromatography in whole blood. Both
      trough levels and average concentrations at steady state measured by those
      different techniques were significantly correlated with the oral dose. The best
      correlation (r2 = 0.54) was shown by average concentrations measured in whole
      blood by the specific monoclonal radioimmunoassay of Sandoz (3H tracer). This
      monitoring technique was also associated with the smallest absolute error between
      repeated observations in the same patient while the oral dose rate remained the
      same or was changed. Both allegedly specific monoclonal radioimmunoassays (with
      3H and 125I tracer) measured significantly higher concentrations than the liquid
      chromatography. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2406999
TI  - Florence Nightingale--the most famous nurse in the world.

PMID- 2407000
TI  - Microbial challenge of a blood cell separator outside-seal bowl system.
AB  - The ability to store platelets beyond 24 hours requires a functionally closed
      system. This study tested the ability of a cell separator bowl seal system to
      resist penetration of microbial contamination under normal running conditions and
      under extreme environmental stress. Three test organisms, Micrococcus luteus,
      Serratia marcescens, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, were applied directly to the
      bowl at the edge of the seal or aerosolized and passed through the centrifuge
      chamber while the cell separator was run through a simulated platelet collection.
      A sterile, bacteriologic nutrient medium was perfused through the tubing set,
      thus simulating the flow of blood fractions. Following the procedure, the medium
      was examined for microbial growth. The concentration of aerosolized bacteria
      ranged from 5.2 x 10(1) to 3.9 x 10(3) colony-forming units (CFU) per mL, and the
      concentration of bacteria applied to the edge of the seal ranged from 1.9 x 10(5)
      to 2.8 x 10(9) CFU per mL. The positive control, direct inoculation of S.
      marcescens into the circulating medium (50 CFU/500 mL), resulted in recovery of
      the identical organism after 24 hours' incubation. No contamination of the system
      was detected in 40 experiments with aerosolized bacteria or in 32 experiments in
      which bacteria were applied directly to the seal. This study demonstrates that
      this sealed-bowl system resists microbial contamination.

PMID- 2407001
TI  - The Kell blood group system: a review.

PMID- 2407002
TI  - Kidney preservation with the UW and Euro-Collins solutions. A preliminary report
      of a clinical comparison.
AB  - This is a preliminary report of a European Multicenter Trial of the efficacy and
      safety of the UW solution in kidney preservation. The results obtained with the
      UW solution are compared with those obtained with Euro-Collins solution in a
      prospectively randomized study. To date 257 patients have been evaluated, with
      128 receiving kidneys preserved in UW solutions and 129 receiving kidneys
      preserved in Euro-Collins solutions. Demographic characteristics of donors and
      recipients were identical in both groups. Median (and range) preservation times
      were similar (24 hr in EC and 24 hr in UW). Maximum preservation time in each
      group was about 48 hr. The results show that the UW solution is a safe
      preservation solution for kidneys, with postoperative renal functions, at least,
      equivalent to those seen in patients transplanted with kidneys preserved in EC
      solution. In this preliminary analysis of 257 kidneys, use of the UW solution
      resulted in a more rapid reduction in postoperative serum creatinine, higher
      creatinine clearance rate, and less postoperative dialysis (21% vs. 31%) when
      compared with kidneys preserved in EC solution. This study indicates that the UW
      solution is an effective preservation medium for clinical kidney transplantation.
      It supports the use of UW solution as a general flushout and cold storage
      solution for all intraabdominal organs used for transplantation.

PMID- 2407003
TI  - A prospective randomized trial of prednisone versus no prednisone maintenance
      therapy in cyclosporine-treated and azathioprine-treated renal transplant
      patients.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate early (6-12 days) prednisone withdrawal
      in cyclosporine- and azathioprine-treated renal transplant recipients. Patients,
      including 8 recipients of live-related donor kidneys and 59 recipients of cadaver
      donor kidneys, were prospectively randomized to receive maintenance prednisone
      (PRED) therapy or not (NOPRED) in addition to antilymphocyte globulin,
      cyclosporine, and azathioprine. Rejection episodes were initially treated with
      methylprednisolone pulses, and OKT3 monoclonal antibody was used to treat steroid
      resistant rejections that were verified by biopsy. NOPRED patients were declared
      protocol failures and returned to PRED therapy if they sustained 2 steroid
      sensitive rejection episodes in the first 3 months or an OKT3-treated rejection
      at any time. Patient and graft survival for the LRD patients in both treatment
      categories were 100% at 12 months. Patient and graft survival for CAD recipients
      at one year was 94% and 83% (PRED) and 88% and 77% (NOPRED), respectively.
      Rejection episodes were more frequent (26 of 32 NOPRED patients vs. 19 of 35 PRED
      patients P = 0.02) and occurred earlier (4.5 weeks in NOPRED vs. 7.7 weeks in
      PRED patients) in patients not taking maintenance steroids. Rejection severity
      was also greater in the NOPRED group, as 15 OKT3-treated rejections occurred in
      that group whereas only 7 OKT3-treated rejections were observed in the PRED group
      (P = less than 0.01). The incidence of serious infection was similar in each
      group. Finally, protocol failure occurred in 40% of the LRD patients and 59% of
      the CAD patients. These data indicate that initiating maintenance therapy without
      PRED is safe but is attended by a greater risk of developing rejection. Because
      of this increased incidence and severity of early rejection episodes in NOPRED
      patients, we do not advise use of this immunosuppressive strategy in renal
      transplantation.

PMID- 2407004
TI  - A novel rescue drug, 15-deoxyspergualin. First clinical trials for recurrent
      graft rejection in renal recipients.
AB  - The present multicentral clinical study performed in 6 institutes demonstrated
      that the novel immunosuppressive agent, 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG), is very
      effective on rejection. In 34 cases of rejection, 30 were treated with DSG at 40
      mg/m2 (1 case), 80 mg/m2 (7 cases), 120 mg/m2 (9 cases), 180 mg/m2 (9 cases), and
      220 mg/m2 (8 cases). The overall remission rate was 79% in 34 cases of rejection
      including accelerated, acute, and chronic rejection in different periods after
      transplantation. Analyzing the remission rates of early phase acute rejection
      occurring within 3 months after transplantation according to treatment pattern,
      the remission rate was 100% in 3 cases treated with DSG alone (using DSG 1 week
      or longer after other agents), 88% in 8 cases treated by rescue use of DSG (using
      DSG within 1 week after other agents), and 86% in 7 cases treated by combined use
      of DSG with other agents. Adverse reactions included reductions in WBC and
      platelets, anemia, perioral numbness, gastrointestinal troubles, and others.
      However all these symptoms were so mild that DSG treatment was not discontinued.
      Further studies are necessary on the effect of DSG, especially in acute rejection
      under conditions that reduce the many influences of other agents as much as
      possible.

PMID- 2407005
TI  - Beneficial effect of cyclosporine on renal transplantation. A multicenter long
      term study.
AB  - Data were collected prospectively on 8581 cadaveric renal transplants performed
      by institutions of the South-Eastern Organ Procurement Foundation (SEOPF) during
      the period November 1, 1983 through December 31, 1987. Cyclosporine was the
      initial then always used immunosuppressant for 5742 of these patients while 1050
      never received cyclosporine. The drug was started late in the course of 481
      transplants and stopped early in 378 cases. This allowed for 7651 transplants to
      be analyzed regarding these four categories of cyclosporine use or non-use.
      Actuarial graft survival for the cyclosporine "ALWAYS" group was 75% at one year,
      68% at two years, 62% at three years, and 59% at four years compared with 55%,
      49%, 45%, and 43%, respectively for the cyclosporine "NEVER" group (P less than
      0.0001). Inclusion of the 930 cases that could not be categorized regarding
      cyclosporine use or for which actuarial data was not complete allowed all 8581
      transplants to be analyzed by multivariate methods. This analysis disclosed
      significant effects on graft survival due to delayed graft function, prior
      transplant, recipient race, HLA match, level of PRA, and cyclosporine use. Organ
      sharing had no effect on graft outcome. While cyclosporine improves outcome in
      renal transplantation, the importance of other biologic factors affecting graft
      survival is not diminished by its use.

PMID- 2407006
TI  - Rapid purification of islets using magnetic microspheres coated with anti-acinar
      cell monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - A simple, rapid method of islet purification is important in large-scale human
      islet isolation. We have previously identified monoclonal antibodies specific for
      acinar cells, but not islets, and described an immunologic method of purification
      by selective lysis of the acinar cells. An attractive alternative to lysis of the
      acinar cell is depletion by a magnetic immunomicrosphere technique. We report in
      this study a rapid, reproducible method of rat islet purification utilizing
      magnetic microspheres coated with acinar-cell-specific monoclonal antibodies.
      Pancreatic digestion with collagenase followed by depletion of acinar cells with
      the magnetic immunomicrospheres (MIMS) yields large numbers of intact islets. We
      compared the islets thus obtained with hand-picked (HP) islets (control) for
      yield, purity, in vitro insulin secretory capacities, and in vivo functional
      viability. The islet yield with the MIMS method (n = 35) was 72.7% that obtained
      with the HP method (n = 6) (378 +/- 8 vs. 519 +/- 31 islets per pancreas). The
      purity of the MIMS-isolated islets was 84 +/- 1.9%, ranging from 75-95%. Static
      glucose stimulation showed excellent function (2-3-fold increase of insulin
      release over basal levels) with no statistical difference in insulin secretion
      between MIMS and HP islets. Under microscopic examination, both groups revealed a
      well-preserved structure with healthy endocrine cells. When 1321 +/- 59 MIMS
      islets were transplanted into streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (n = 10),
      normoglycemia (less than 200 mg/dl) was restored in all recipients following
      transplantation, and 100% of them remained normoglycemic on day 120 postgrafting.
      In summary, a rapid, consistent, and simple method of isolating viable, purified
      rat islets is described. The broad interspecies crossreactivity of the McAb
      suggests that this technique may be generally useful for islet purification in
      large mammalia, including man.

PMID- 2407007
TI  - In vitro analysis of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity displayed by rat heart
      allograft recipients rendered unresponsive by total-lymphoid irradiation and
      extracted donor antigen.
AB  - The addition of 3M KCl-extracted donor antigen (HAg) to immunosuppressive therapy
      with 16 Gy total lymphoid irradiation produces a significantly higher fraction of
      Wistar-Furth (WFu) recipients displaying indefinite survival of heterotopic
      buffalo (BUF) heart allografts, namely 80 versus 20%. The experiments presented
      herein analyzed the direct activity as well as estimated the potential precursor
      numbers at 1 and 3 months in treated recipients. At 1 month post-TLI/HAg therapy,
      recipients showed reduced proliferative responses in mixed lymphocyte reactions
      (MLR) in a specific pattern toward donor but not third-party stimulators. Both
      TLI/Graft and TLI/HAg/Graft groups showed a higher frequency of BUF antigen
      directed T-cytotoxic cells (fTc) than TLI-treated, but nontransplanted, WFu
      hosts. In addition, the TLI/HAg group alone displayed alloantigen-specific
      suppressor cells that suppressed the MLR proliferative responses of normal spleen
      T cells against donor, but not third-party, alloantigens. At 3 months
      postirradition, both TLI/Graft and TLI/HAg/Graft groups displayed variable MLR
      proliferative responses toward donor and third-party alloantigens. Whereas
      nontransplanted, TLI-treated WFu rats recovered their fTc to normal levels at 3
      months, the TLI and TLI/HAg treated recipients bearing functional heart
      allografts demonstrated significantly decreased splenic fTc. These results show
      that reduced numbers of cytotoxic cell precursors may afford more reliable
      indices of prolonged heart allograft survival than MLR responses. The
      observations suggest that TLI/HAg transplant hosts display both reduced cytotoxic
      precursors and activated suppressor elements.

PMID- 2407008
TI  - Treatment of recurrent lymphoceles following renal transplantation.
      Remarsupialization with omentorplasty.

PMID- 2407009
TI  - Acute pericarditis.

PMID- 2407012
TI  - Diagnostic value of transrectal ultrasound in tumor staging and in the detection
      of incidental prostatic cancer.
AB  - To evaluate the accuracy of transrectal ultrasonography in staging and detection
      of prostatic cancer, a prospective study was initiated. In 466 patients
      transrectal ultrasonography was performed before transurethral resection,
      suprapubic adenomectomy, or radical prostatectomy. The findings were compared
      with the histopathologic results. In 160 of the 466 patients a carcinoma of the
      prostate was proven by histology. In 21 patients the cancer was an incidental
      finding after transurethral resection. In 133 of the 160 patients (83.1%) the
      tumor was detected by ultrasound prior to surgery. The analysis of the results
      revealed, however, great differences in the accuracy in the different tumor
      stages. In those patients where the tumor was confined to the prostate, the
      carcinoma was identified only in 37.5% of the cases. Especially prostatic cancer
      stage pT1a-b (incidental) was detected only in 3 out of 21 patients. Thus, it can
      be concluded that transrectal ultrasonography is not more sensitive than the
      rectal palpation for detection of prostatic cancer stage T1a-b.

PMID- 2407011
TI  - Renal sonography in childhood lymphoma.
AB  - The sonographic manifestations of 20 childhood abdominal biopsy-proved lymphomas
      were presented. Thirteen cases showed positive renal sonographic findings such as
      renomegaly, hyperechoic renal cortex, focal hypoechoic mass and hydronephrosis.
      The incidence of renal involvement was high in lymphoma detected by ultrasound.
      There was no difference between sonographic findings of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin
      lymphoma. The ultrasound findings may be confirmed with gallium scanning.
      Ultrasound was more accurate in detecting renal lesions in lymphoma than computed
      tomography.

PMID- 2407010
TI  - Practical management of diabetes in the tropics.

PMID- 2407013
TI  - Nephrotoxicity of common drugs used by urologists.
AB  - Many clinically popular drugs, such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, amphotericin
      B, radiographic contrast media, analgesics, platinum-based cancer chemotherapy,
      and cyclosporine, can cause deterioration of kidney function even when the dose
      has been adjusted properly for renal insufficiency. The authors review the
      pathophysiologic mechanisms of nephrotoxicity of these drugs and prevention and
      treatment strategies.

PMID- 2407014
TI  - Metabolic evaluation of urolithiasis.
AB  - The relatively simple scheme described here should become part of the urologist's
      stone evaluation plan. It allows for the rapid identification of the metabolic
      disorders and the prompt implementation of appropriate therapy. With a stone
      remission rate of 70 to 90 per cent and a reduction in the stone formation rate
      of 88 to 100 per cent, an overwhelming incentive exists to master this evaluation
      scheme.

PMID- 2407015
TI  - Radiographic imaging and urologic decision making in the management of renal and
      ureteral calculi.
AB  - Without question, significant changes, and for the most part significant
      advances, have been made in the management of patients with urolithiasis during
      the past decade. The newer therapeutic measures have generally made it easier for
      patients to be treated, but the decision-making process for the urologist has
      become more complex. In the past, the issue whether to follow a patient with a
      stone or to intervene with surgery or transurethral cystoscopic basketing was
      decided based on well-established guidelines that had developed over many years.
      Today, the indications for intervention appear to be less stringent, and in the
      minimally symptomatic or asymptomatic patient who would not have been operated on
      previously, there appears to be an expanding desire for prophylactic management.
      For whatever reasons, once it has been established that a stone is present and
      the decision has been made to intervene, subsequent decisions regarding the
      technical approach may also not be as simple as in the past. Ten years ago, for
      example, a stone in the abdominal ureter was removed by a ureterolithotomy, and
      the principal decision involved placement of the incision. Today, the same
      calculus may be approached by ESWL with or without a stent, by antegrade
      percutaneous techniques, or by retrograde ureteroscopic techniques using rigid or
      flexible endoscopes with baskets, ultrasonic lithotrites, or lasers. Although the
      specific indication for specific techniques continue to evolve, it has become
      evident that information obtained by the radiographic evaluation of the urinary
      tract is critical in the decision-making process. The intravenous urogram,
      including the initial plain film, remains the primary diagnostic modality and, in
      the absence of extenuating clinical features, is often the sole test required to
      make a decision regarding the best therapeutic modality. A variety of clinical
      features from the history or physical examination, or concerns raised by the
      intravenous urogram, may necessitate alternative or additional techniques to
      better define the anatomy, the renal function, or other pathology. The urologist
      therefore needs to be familiar with the information that can be obtained from the
      uroradiologist's vast armamentarium in order to make the most appropriate
      recommendations to the patient for diagnosis and management.

PMID- 2407016
TI  - Role of percutaneous procedures in the management of renal calculi.
AB  - Appropriate management of the variety of patients with stone disease demands
      access to all methods of stone removal. Percutaneous procedures are an integral
      aspect of the surgical management of stone patients, and the urologist must
      recognize when a patient's situation is best served by percutaneous surgery.
      Percutaneous stone removal procedures are preferred when: 1. The stone is large,
      i.e., greater than 2 to 3 cm. 2. The stone is staghorn in configuration, with
      percutaneous measures being used either as primary treatment or in combination
      with shock wave lithotripsy. 3. The stone is composed of cystine 4. When certain
      removal of the stone is important. 5. When there is obstructive uropathy. 6. When
      other modalities have failed. 7. In morbidly obese individuals and others whose
      body habitus precludes use of the shock wave machine. 8. In children, at least
      until the issue of long-term safety of extracorporeal lithotripsy is settled.

PMID- 2407017
TI  - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. An update.
AB  - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy has revolutionized the treatment of urinary
      calculi. It should be considered the treatment of choice for renal stones smaller
      than 2 cm and for the majority of ureteral calculi, under which circumstances
      success rates approaching 80 to 90 per cent may be anticipated. Larger renal
      calculi or impacted ureteral stones probably should be managed by endoscopic
      techniques with or without adjunctive intracorporeal (ultrasonic or
      electrohydraulic) lithotripsy or laser fragmentation. Recent modifications in
      lithotripter design have been focused on the development of pain-free
      lithotripsy. Concomitant with a decrease in power, however, is an attendant
      decrease in the efficiency with which stones can be fragmented, resulting in an
      increase in the number of lithotripsy treatments required for adequate stone
      fragmentation. Additionally, sonography is assuming an increasing role in stone
      localization, and its use will require sonographic training on the part of the
      urologist. Biliary lithotripsy has been promising in preliminary European
      studies, with success rates approaching 90 per cent. It must be noted, however,
      that the U.S. experience has not been as impressive. Moreover, only 20 to 30 per
      cent of patients referred for biliary lithotripsy appear to be optimal candidates
      for this new technique. Adjunctive dissolution of gallstones with chronic oral
      medical therapy may be required after biliary lithotripsy, and long-term follow
      up studies still need to be performed. Finally, the potential deleterious effects
      of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy must always be kept in mind. Although
      the majority of clinical and animal investigations have documented no significant
      long-term alterations in renal function, care must still be exercised when
      performing lithotripsy with the knowledge of the potential for long-term
      injurious effects on the functioning renal parenchyma.

PMID- 2407018
TI  - Transvesical endoscopic placement of sutures for repair of posterior urethral
      strictures.
AB  - Reapproximation of urethra or skin across an excised scar in the posterior
      urethra requires placement of sutures deep in the perineum, across the external
      sphincter, and into the prostatic urethra itself. In the most problematic cases,
      placement of such sutures via a suprapubic cystostomy tract eliminates most of
      the usual difficulties.

PMID- 2407019
TI  - Retropubic dorsal vein control during radical prostatectomy or cystectomy.
AB  - Excessive bleeding from the dorsal vein complex can be prevented during radical
      prostatectomy or cystectomy with a modified Van Buren sound and a suture.

PMID- 2407020
TI  - Multicenter study of superficial bladder cancer treated with intravesical
      bacillus Calmette-Guerin or adriamycin.
AB  - We evaluated 155 patients with superficial bladder cancers (Stages Ta, T1, and
      TIS) and treated them with either intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (Tice
      strain) (BCG) or doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), in a multicenter
      nonrandomized study. At present 140 of these patients in treatment Groups I and
      II are being followed up. With additional follow-up, BCG continued to produce a
      higher percentage of complete remissions (71%) than doxorubicin (54%). The
      percentage of incomplete remission with BCG (7%) was half that with doxorubicin
      (14%). Half of the patients whose initial therapy failed had complete remission
      after additional therapy. However, for patients with recurrence, additional
      follow-up shows a recurrence rate per 100 patient-months for BCG (1.0) only
      slightly lower than that for doxorubicin (1.1). The percentage of progressions
      continued to be higher with BCG (8.5%) than with doxorubicin (5%), but the
      difference between these results for the two drugs proved slightly less than we
      reported previously. Of the patients in this study, 2.5 percent (all treated with
      BCG) required cystectomy. A comparison of the results of our study with those of
      13 other studies using BCG to treat bladder cancer indicates that therapy beyond
      an initial course of 6 weekly treatments increases the percentage of complete
      response. All of the studies showed that the greatest improvement in percentage
      of complete response occurred with the second course of treatment. The value of
      maintenance therapy cannot yet be determined, since few studies have used that
      protocol. The percentage of patients requiring cystectomy in studies with fewer
      than 20 treatments was 2.2 times higher than in studies with more than 20
      treatments.

PMID- 2407021
TI  - Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder in children.
AB  - Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder occurs rarely during the first two
      decades of life. The malignancy is usually low grade and noninvasive, with a low
      recurrence rate. Transurethral resection or fulguration is the treatment of
      choice, and the prognosis is favorable. We present 4 patients, aged two to
      eighteen years, with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and review the
      literature.

PMID- 2407022
TI  - Colocalicostomy. A solution to an obliterated renal pelvis.
AB  - A thirty-nine-year-old paraplegic with an ileal conduit urinary diversion and
      long ureteral strictures bilaterally required urinary tract reconstruction to
      establish effective internal drainage. Reported techniques proved infeasible.
      Therefore, the right kidney with its small intrarenal pelvis was opened by
      anatrophic nephrotomy and anastomosed to a segment of transverse colon in two
      layers. The left kidney could not be anastomosed directly to the colon segment,
      so it was anastomosed end-to-side to an isolated jejunal segment. Colocalicostomy
      should be considered in the repair of an obliterated renal pelvis or an isolated,
      obstructed lower-pole calix.

PMID- 2407023
TI  - Treatment of recurrent urinary tract infection with norfloxacin versus
      trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
AB  - Norfloxacin, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial analog of nalidixic acid, was
      evaluated by comparing it to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in 93 office patients
      with recurrent urinary tract infections. In this prospective randomized study,
      norfloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were given on the same dosage
      schedule with the former drug given as a 400-mg tablet twice daily and the latter
      drug given as a double strength tablet twice daily. Overall, 50 patients received
      norfloxacin and 43 patients received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with a cure
      rate of 96 percent and 79 percent, respectively. Whether a patient had one
      infection or multiple previous infections, norfloxacin appeared to be superior to
      trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Only minor side effects were noted in either
      group, and no patient withdrew from this study as a direct result of these side
      effects. Minor complaints of nausea, dizziness, and headache were found in the
      norfloxacin group (24%) and in the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group (16%).
      Both agents are effective in treating urinary tract infections but norfloxacin is
      superior to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with either recurrent
      complicated infections or one previous uncomplicated urinary tract infection.

PMID- 2407024
TI  - Effects of endotoxin infusion on circulating levels of eicosanoids, progesterone,
      cortisol, glucose and lactic acid, and abortion in pregnant cows.
AB  - The effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin infusions (1.0 or 2.5 micrograms kg-1
      over 6 h) on pregnancy were investigated in cows in the first, second and third
      trimester of gestation. Endotoxin increased the plasma levels of prostaglandins
      (PGs), thromboxane B2 and cortisol, and decreased progesterone. The severity of
      the clinical signs and the magnitude of the increases in plasma PGs, thromboxane
      B2 and cortisol tended to depend on the dose of endotoxin, but were independent
      of the gestation period. There was hyperglycemia followed by hypoglycemia and
      lactic acidemia. Hyperglycemia and lactic acidemia were significant only at the
      high dose of endotoxin. Endotoxin infusion at both doses caused a preferential
      mobilization of oleic acid from adipose tissue, and also had some effects on the
      mobilization of palmitic and stearic acids during the post-infusion period. The
      cows in the first trimester of gestation were more sensitive to the abortifacient
      effect of endotoxin than cows in the second and third trimester of gestation. The
      results of this study indicate that the mechanism of endotoxin-induced abortion
      in cows initially involves a prolonged release of PGF2 alpha and its subsequent
      stimulant effect on uterine smooth muscle contraction and luteolytic effect
      leading to a gradual decline in the plasma levels of progesterone. It was
      concluded that pregnancy terminates in the absence of an adequate level of
      progesterone, especially during the first trimester of gestation, when
      progesterone of extraluteal origin is not yet available, coupled with the PGF2
      alpha-induced propulsive contraction of the uterus. In addition, the metabolic
      and circulatory failures in severe cases of endotoxemia, especially at the high
      dose of endotoxin, resulting either directly or indirectly via the release of
      various autacoids, catecholamines and cortisol, may also contribute to the
      termination of pregnancy at any stage of gestation.

PMID- 2407025
TI  - Reduced microbicidal activity of peripheral mononuclear phagocytic cells infected
      with Pasteurella multocida.
AB  - Pasteurella multocida inhibits the uptake and killing of Candida albicans and P.
      multocida by avian mononuclear phagocytic cells. The toxic outer membrane protein
      of P. multocida, which has been previously described, also inhibited the uptake
      and killing of C. albicans. Antibody specific for the toxic outer membrane
      protein reversed this effect resulting not only in an increase in uptake of C.
      albicans and P. multocida, but also in intracellular killing of P. multocida.
      This antibody, however, only partially restored killing of C. albicans. These
      data support the hypothesis that P. multocida is capable of intracellular
      survival in avian mononuclear phagocytic cells and that the toxic outer membrane
      protein is totally or partly responsible for this occurrence.

PMID- 2407026
TI  - The oligosaccharides of influenza virus hemagglutinin expressed in insect cells
      by a baculovirus vector.
AB  - The hemagglutinin of fowl plague virus has been expressed in Spodoptera
      frugiperda (SF) cell cultures using a baculovirus vector. To elucidate the
      structure of the carbohydrate side chains, radioactively labeled oligosaccharides
      were liberated by treatment with endoglucosaminidase H and glycopeptidase F.
      Sequential degradation with exoglycosidases and chromatographic analyses revealed
      the presence of oligomannosidic side chains, predominantly of the structures Man5
      9GlcNAc2, and the truncated oligosaccharide cores Man3GlcNAc2 and
      Man3[Fuc]GlcNAc2. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of endoglycosidase-treated
      hemagglutinin showed that most side chains of the HA1 subunit are truncated,
      whereas the HA2 subunit has one oligomannosidic and one truncated
      oligosaccharide. Comparison of these results with the glycosylation pattern of
      hemagglutinin obtained from vertebrate cells allowed a tentative allocation of
      the oligosaccharides to individual glycosylation sites. The results indicate that
      SF cells have the capacity to trim N-glycans to trimannosyl cores and to further
      process these by the addition of fucose. Thus, the complex oligosaccharides found
      on hemagglutinin from vertebrate hosts are replaced on hemagglutinin derived from
      insect cells by small truncated side chains.

PMID- 2407027
TI  - [Prevention of occupational cancer].

PMID- 2407028
TI  - [Results of the studies of ethyleneiminotriazines].

PMID- 2407029
TI  - Low intracellular magnesium in patients with acute pancreatitis and hypocalcemia.
AB  - To determine the role of magnesium deficiency in the pathogenesis of hypocalcemia
      in acute pancreatitis, we measured magnesium levels in serum and in peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells in 29 patients with acute pancreatitis, 14 of whom had
      hypocalcemia and 15 of whom had normal calcium levels. Only six patients had
      overt hypomagnesemia (serum magnesium less than 0.70 mmol per liter [1.7 mg per
      dl]). The mean serum magnesium concentration in hypocalcemic patients was not
      significantly lower than in normocalcemic patients, but the mononuclear cell
      magnesium content in hypocalcemic patients with pancreatitis was significantly
      lower than in normocalcemic patients with pancreatitis (P less than .01). The
      serum magnesium level did not correlate with that of serum calcium or the
      mononuclear cell magnesium content, but the latter did significantly correlate
      with the serum calcium concentration (r = .81, P less than .001). Most patients
      with hypocalcemia had a low intracellular magnesium content. Three
      normomagnesemic, hypocalcemic patients with alcoholic pancreatitis also underwent
      low-dose parenteral magnesium tolerance testing and showed increased retention of
      the magnesium load. We conclude that patients with acute pancreatitis and
      hypocalcemia commonly have magnesium deficiency despite normal serum magnesium
      concentrations. Magnesium deficiency may play a significant role in the
      pathogenesis of hypocalcemia in patients with acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 2407030
TI  - Long-acting nifedipine versus metoprolol as monotherapy for essential
      hypertension. A randomized, controlled crossover study.
AB  - We assessed the efficacy of long-acting nifedipine as monotherapy in 52 patients
      with mild to moderate essential hypertension in a randomized, controlled
      crossover study. Good blood pressure control was achieved in 34 of 40 patients
      (85%) receiving nifedipine (mean daily dose, 52 mg in 2 divided doses) compared
      with 23 of 40 patients (58%) receiving metoprolol (mean daily dose, 155 mg in 2
      divided doses). After treatment for 4 weeks, the mean blood pressures with
      nifedipine (149.7 +/- 16.6/88.7 +/- 11.1 mm of mercury) and metoprolol
      administration (163.9 +/- 23.3/94.2 +/- 10.2 mm of mercury) were significantly
      lower than with placebo (176.7 +/- 17.3/100.9 +/- 7.1 mm of mercury) (P less than
      .05). The mean systolic pressure during nifedipine treatment was 14.2 mm of
      mercury lower (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.9 to 24.5 mm of mercury) and mean
      diastolic pressure 5.5 mm of mercury (95% CI, 0.3 to 10.7 mm of mercury) lower
      than with metoprolol therapy. Both drugs were reasonably well tolerated, and
      intolerance requiring withdrawal was encountered in 3 of 45 (7%) patients
      receiving nifedipine, compared with 1 of 45 (2%) of those taking metoprolol and
      placebo, respectively. Adverse effects of nifedipine, most of which were
      transient, included palpitations, headache, facial flushing, and ankle edema.
      Long-acting nifedipine is a promising agent when given alone for mild to moderate
      hypertension and can be safely administered in clinical practice.

PMID- 2407031
TI  - Mohs' micrographic surgery of the head and neck.
AB  - Mohs' micrographic surgery, a method originally developed in the 1930s to remove
      contiguously spreading cutaneous cancers under precise microscopic control, has
      emerged as the most reliable method for removing certain primary, incompletely
      excised, and recurrent basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas. Indications for
      its use have expanded to include many other cutaneous and noncutaneous neoplasms.
      Usually done as an outpatient procedure and using local anesthesia, a layer of
      tissue is excised, mapped in relation to the site of removal, sectioned
      horizontally, and examined for the presence of residual tumor. This sequence is
      repeated, removing only tissue that contains residual tumor, until a margin
      completely free of cancer is reached. Extremely high cure rates are achieved, and
      surrounding tissue is maximally conserved for wound repair.

PMID- 2407032
TI  - Peptic ulcer--an infectious disease?
AB  - These discussions are selected from the weekly staff conferences in the
      Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Taken from
      transcriptions, they are prepared by Homer A. Boushey, MD, Professor of Medicine,
      and Nathan M. Bass, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Medicine, under the direction
      of Lloyd H. Smith, Jr, MD, Professor of Medicine and Associate Dean in the School
      of Medicine. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Department of Medicine,
      University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
      94143.

PMID- 2407033
TI  - Surgical management of chronic pancreatitis on the continent of Europe.
AB  - Surgical management of chronic pancreatitis remains a difficult problem. On the
      continent of Europe, the main etiology of the disease is alcoholism; thus,
      alcohol withdrawal is mandatory before surgical treatment. Left splanchnicectomy
      is no longer used. Total and left subtotal pancreatectomy are abandoned due to
      their high mortality rates and their severe metabolic sequelae. Distal
      pancreatectomy is presently reserved for the cases in which the head of the
      pancreas is least involved. The choice between pancreaticojejunostomy and
      pancreaticoduodenectomy remains debated. The former has a low postoperative
      mortality rate while reoperation is less frequent after the latter. Current
      trends in Europe are to perform more anastomoses and less resections than some
      years ago. Pancreaticoduodenectomy, however, retains an important role in cases
      with biliary or duodenal involvement. Whatever the choice of the procedure, the
      surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis remains palliative and does not alter
      the natural course of the disease. The quality and duration of the results depend
      mainly on alcohol withdrawal.

PMID- 2407034
TI  - Observations and surgical management of chronic pancreatitis in the British
      Isles: a review of the twentieth century.
AB  - Chronic pancreatitis was a recognized clinical entity in the British Isles at the
      beginning of the twentieth century, but until little more than 30 years ago, it
      was considered to be a rare condition and received scant attention from British
      surgeons. During the second half of the twentieth century, the incidence of the
      disease in the British Isles has increased significantly and alcohol abuse has
      become, by far, the most important etiological factor. Per capita consumption of
      alcohol in the British Isles has increased very markedly in the past 30 years and
      alcohol abuse is becoming a major social problem, but, although chronic
      pancreatitis is more common now than it was 30 years ago, the increase in its
      incidence is a good deal less than might be expected. British surgeons are agreed
      that intractable pain is the cardinal indication for surgical intervention in
      chronic pancreatitis and success depends on selection of the operative procedure
      most appropriate to the pathological state of the pancreas and, in particular, of
      its ductal system. In recent years, British surgeons in highly specialized units
      have become more radical in their approach to the treatment of chronic
      pancreatitis with total pancreatectomy in selected patients currently being
      advised more frequently than in previous decades.

PMID- 2407035
TI  - The pathology of chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - We describe the current concepts of the pathology of alcoholic and obstructive
      chronic pancreatitis (CP). These 2 types of CP possess distinct pathological
      features. Alcoholic CP is associated with a lobular distribution of the lesions,
      with both obstruction (from protein plugs) and dilatation of the canalicular and
      intercalated ducts. In alcoholics, the concentration of protein in the pancreatic
      juice is increased, making the precipitation of proteinaceous plugs likely.
      Obstructive CP, on the other hand, is rarely associated with intraductal
      precipitates; the small ducts are often normal in appearance, but exocrine damage
      is much more widespread. The complications of CP are varied. Jaundice, while
      usually transient, may occasionally be permanent. This results from the
      compression of the distal common bile duct by fibrotic changes in the pancreatic
      head. Transient or permanent obstruction of the duodenum and/or colon may also
      occur. Nearby vessels may be involved, leading to thrombosis and/or hemorrhage
      from veins or arteries. Electron microscopic changes recently described in the
      pancreatic nerves may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of the severe pain so
      common in patients with CP.

PMID- 2407036
TI  - Chronic pancreatitis in China: etiology and management.
AB  - The incidence of chronic pancreatitis in China is unknown. Endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), surgery, and autopsy demonstrated that chronic
      pancreatitis in China is mainly secondary to cholelithiasis and other diseases of
      the bile ducts. Stones in the common bile duct, both intra- and extrahepatic, are
      extremely frequent in China. Such patients may have scores, even hundreds, of
      stones filling the common bile duct and its radicles. Biliary tract disease
      constitutes the etiology of chronic pancreatitis in 40-50% of our patients. The
      prolongation of necrosis, abscess, or pseudocyst after acute pancreatitis may
      also lead to chronic inflammation of the pancreas, as may a diverticulum at the
      second part of the duodenum. The pancreatitis observed in China is apt to be of
      the chronic relapsing type. Pancreatic ductal stones and ascaris lumbricoides may
      sometimes be associated with chronic inflammation of the pancreas; however, the
      cause of chronic pancreatitis is obscure in a large segment of the patients.
      Beside the ordinary clinical manifestation of chronic pancreatitis, such as
      abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, and steatorrhea, regional (splenic) portal
      hypertension may be observed. ERCP has been useful in diagnosis, and the major
      changes found in the pancreatic duct are discussed. Since the symptoms and signs
      of chronic pancreatitis in China are usually mild or moderate, the patient with
      intractable pain is uncommon, most being treated with medication. Most surgical
      procedures utilized to treat chronic pancreatitis are related to the biliary
      system, such as cholecystectomy with internal or external drainage of the
      choledochus. Internal drainage of a pancreatic pseudocyst, partial
      pancreatectomy, and pancreaticojejunostomy are also performed, as indicated, but
      are less frequent.

PMID- 2407037
TI  - Observations and surgical management of tropical pancreatitis in Kerala and
      southern India.
AB  - This article describes the surgery of tropical pancreatitis as practiced in a
      region of high incidence, based on the experience at 2 centers: the Department of
      Surgical Gastroenterology and Proctology, Government General Hospital, Madras,
      Tamilnadu (a tertiary-care referral unit) where 52 patients were diagnosed and 40
      were operated on between 1982 and 1987; and the Department of Gastroenterology,
      Deva Matha Hospital, Koothattukulam (a specialized center located in the main
      endemic area of Kerala), where 116 patients were diagnosed and 33 operated on
      between 1983 and 1988. The latter series is described in detail with emphasis on
      the preoperative imaging, operative findings, surgical procedures, complications,
      and results of surgery. The experience of other centers in southern India is
      summarized and discussed. The disease is obviously different from chronic
      pancreatitis in the West. Special problems of tropical pancreatitis, particularly
      the management of diabetes and the association of pancreatic carcinoma at a young
      age, are discussed.

PMID- 2407038
TI  - Chronic pancreatitis: results of operations for relief of pain.
AB  - Pancreaticojejunostomy is the method of choice for surgical treatment of pain in
      chronic pancreatitis in the case of ductal dilation. The operative risk is small
      and all remaining glandular tissue preserved. At 5 years postoperatively, about
      two-thirds of the patients still experience pain relief. In the absence of
      dilated ducts, the surgical options are somewhat more controversial. Parenchyma
      saving alternatives such as nerve-cutting procedures have not met expectations.
      Instead, percutaneous blockage of the celiac plexus using alcohol and phenol have
      been more commonly used for short-term pain relief. The relatively great number
      of different resective procedures probably reflects the dissatisfaction with the
      effect of each one of them. Neither left resection nor total pancreatectomy is,
      today, an attractive alternative due to the relatively high mortality and
      morbidity (short- and long-term) risks, especially when evaluated against the
      backdrop of the limited pain reduction in many patients. The Whipple procedure is
      still the best alternative, although it should be used with critical selection by
      both the patient and the surgeon. As for the new operations presented during the
      1980's, it is too early to foresee their possible future role. We feel, however,
      that we still have to await the operation which fulfills the criteria of an ideal
      operation for pain in chronic pancreatitis.

PMID- 2407039
TI  - Treatment of chronic pancreatitis complicated by obstruction of the common bile
      duct or duodenum.
AB  - In patients with chronic pancreatitis, common bile duct obstruction is reported
      in 3.2-45.6% of patients; however, only 5-10% of all patients with chronic
      pancreatitis require operative decompression of the bile duct. The cause of the
      intrapancreatic stricture of the common bile duct may be either a fibrotic
      inflammatory restriction, or compression by a pseudocyst. Obstruction of the
      duodenum is much less common than common bile duct obstruction in chronic
      pancreatitis occurring in less than 1-2% of patients with chronic pancreatitis.
      Colonic obstruction secondary to pancreatitis is very infrequent. The
      intrapancreatic strictures of chronic pancreatitis are characteristically smooth
      and tapering on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), but in
      some patients, they may have a sharp cut-off and closely resemble the appearance
      of carcinoma of the pancreas invading the bile duct. The natural history of these
      intrapancreatic strictures is variable. They may progress and be associated with
      cholangitis, biliary cirrhosis, common duct stones, or may remain stable for
      years or regress. Prior pancreaticojejunostomy is not protective against the
      development of intrapancreatic biliary strictures which may follow in 5-30% of
      patients, with most authors reporting an incidence of less than 10%. Evaluation
      of alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, the presence of jaundice, or the appearance
      of an intrapancreatic stricture on ERCP is not predictive of whether cholangitis
      or biliary cirrhosis may or may not develop. The incidence of cholangitis and
      biliary cirrhosis in patients with intrapancreatic stricture is 9.4% and 7.3%,
      respectively. Laennec's cirrhosis occurs in a similar number of patients.
      Operation is indicated in patients with intrapancreatic strictures of the common
      bile duct in association with chronic pancreatitis in patients developing
      cholangitis, biliary cirrhosis, common duct stones, progression of the stricture,
      persistent high elevations of alkaline phosphatase and/or bilirubin for over a
      month or inability to rule out cancer of the pancreas or periampullary region.
      The operation of choice is choledochoduodenostomy or Roux-en-Y
      choledochojejunostomy to bypass the obstructed intrapancreatic portion of the
      common bile duct. Persistent duodenal obstruction for over 3 or 4 weeks is an
      indication for gastrojejunostomy. Pain is not a feature of common bile duct
      obstruction in the absence of cholangitis. In the presence of pain associated
      with chronic pancreatitis, longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy is the operation
      of choice combined with Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy. Some of the newer
      operations, e.g., the Beger and Frey procedures, may make the necessity of a
      separate operation for biliary decompression superfluous.

PMID- 2407040
TI  - Long-term results of side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy.
AB  - Chronic alcoholism is the etiologic factor initiating most instances of chronic
      pancreatitis and its complications in the United States of America. The goal of
      operative intervention is to relieve incapacitating abdominal and back pain,
      while preserving as much endocrine and exocrine function as possible. Ultrasound
      and computed tomography scans are helpful for the identification of gross
      anatomical changes in the pancreas, but endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography is critical for the precise delineation of pancreatic
      ductal anatomy. In patients who exhibit dilation of the pancreatic duct secondary
      to single or multiple sites of obstruction, pancreatic ductal drainage will
      provide complete or significant relief of pain in greater than 80% of patients.
      Side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy has evolved as the operation which permits
      the widest drainage of the entire pancreatic ductal system. Although, initially,
      it was hoped that pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function would improve or
      stabilize after pancreatic ductal drainage, follow-up studies show that the
      destructive process in the pancreatic islets and acinar cells initiated by
      chronic alcoholism continues during the years after operation with an increasing
      incidence of diabetes and steatorrhea. Late mortality is primarily related to
      continued alcoholism and death secondary to alcohol-(and-smoking-) associated
      diseases. Correction of coexistent complications secondary to chronic
      pancreatitis including pseudocyst and biliary and/or duodenal obstruction should
      be considered at the time of pancreatic ductal drainage.

PMID- 2407042
TI  - Medicine abroad: III. Nit-picking for the Army in Rabat.

PMID- 2407041
TI  - Management of recurrent pain following previous surgery for chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - The management of any patient with recurrent pain following surgery for chronic
      pancreatitis is far from an easy problem. Even more careful assessment than that
      preceding the decision for the first operation will be necessary. In-hospital
      patient assessment is strongly recommended to ascertain the degree of the problem
      of pain in as objective a manner as possible. The effects of alcohol withdrawal
      and different analgesic treatments have to be carefully assessed while obtaining
      essential information on the size and shape of the pancreatic duct as well as the
      general pancreatic morphology. Relatively simple procedures such as the removal
      of stones or the enlargement of a strictured anastomosis may be all that is
      required to ensure freedom from pain; however, there is a tendency for patients
      who have no obvious new pathology or simple failure of the first operation to
      move to more extensive resectional procedures. This, ultimately will lead to
      total pancreatectomy being recommended and long-term follow-up of such patients
      is under critical scrutiny. Unless the highest caliber of support services can be
      mustered for these patients subject to total pancreatectomy, the morbidity and
      mortality in the longer term can reach prohibitive levels. A plea is made for
      objective reassessment of the place of celiac ganglionectomy in the management of
      these difficult problems.

PMID- 2407043
TI  - [Dream interpretation and experimental dream research: a comparison].
AB  - Since the discovery of REM sleep, many experimental studies have focused on dream
      recall, dream function and dream analysis in the sleep laboratory. The present
      article gives an overview of the results of experimental dream research and tries
      to evaluate the relevance of these results for psychoanalytical dream theory. Two
      theories originating from psychophysiological dream research are discussed in
      detail and compared with formulations stemming from psychoanalytical oriented
      dream theory.

PMID- 2407044
TI  - Aortic surgery: effect of clonidine on intraoperative catecholaminergic and
      circulatory stability.
AB  - Twenty-eight patients presenting for aortic surgery were randomly assigned in a
      double-blind, placebo-controlled protocol to receive placebo (n = 14) or
      clonidine (4.7 +/- 1.2 micrograms.kg-1 po; n = 14), in addition to flunitrazepam
      120 min before induction of anesthesia. Plasma catecholamines (CA) and
      hemodynamic variables were determined at 7 stages during surgery. In the placebo
      group, plasma epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) had risen twofold at skin
      closure compared to baseline (E: from 109 +/- 51 pg.ml-1 to 294 +/- 161 pg.ml-1;
      NE: from 658 +/- 226 to 1150 +/- 494 pg.ml-1). Plasma CA were significantly lower
      in the clonidine group (P less than 0.001 and 0.01 vs placebo for NE and E
      respectively). In both groups, similar directional changes were observed for the
      circulatory variables, upon aortic clamping and declamping. In the clonidine
      group, however, mean arterial pressure was lower at most stages (P less than 0.05
      vs placebo); moreover, stroke volume index was greater in the clonidine group (P
      less than 0.05) upon declamping. This improved stability in the clonidine group
      was achieved with a halving in the number of anesthetic/circulatory interventions
      (P less than 0.05 vs placebo). Provided intravascular volume is adequate,
      clonidine suppresses the increase in plasma catecholamines induced by aortic
      surgery and improves circulatory stability, with a reduced number of anesthetic,
      circulatory adjustments.

PMID- 2407045
TI  - Visceral pain during caesarean section under spinal and epidural anaesthesia with
      bupivacaine.
AB  - In a randomized study, the incidence of visceral pain was evaluated in 46
      patients undergoing elective caesarean section under spinal or epidural
      anaesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine. If the patient experienced pain during the
      operation, a standard visual analogue scale ranging from 0 to 10 was used to
      assess the degree of pain. Visceral pain occurred in 12/23 patients in the spinal
      group and in 13/23 patients in the epidural group. In neither group was a
      correlation found between the cephalad level of analgesia or the intensity of
      cutaneous analgesia in the sacral region, and the presence of visceral pain.

PMID- 2407046
TI  - Grateful Med: getting started.
AB  - When a local medical library is not available, it is often necessary for
      physicians to discover alternate ways to receive medical information. Rural
      physicians, particularly, can make use of a computer program called Grateful Med
      that provides access to the same literature available to physicians in large
      cities. This program permits the user to perform database searches on the
      National Library of Medicine database (MEDLINE), corresponding to the primary
      index to medical literature, Index Medicus. In this article, we give the
      procedure for procuring a National Library of Medicine password and for making
      efficient use of the Grateful Med program.

PMID- 2407047
TI  - Family physicians and internists: differences in practice styles and proposed
      reasons.
AB  - This is a review of published reports comparing family physicians with
      internists. The results show that family physicians are more likely to stay in
      their field of training; to locate more frequently in rural and underserved
      areas; to see fewer referred patients; to have similar case severity; and to
      engage in more obstetrics and gynecology, surgery, trauma, acute illness, and
      pediatrics. Family physicians spend less time per patient, ask fewer history
      questions, obtain fewer physical examination items, order fewer diagnostic
      studies, make referrals less often, and hospitalize patients less often. The
      reasons for the practice style differences between family physicians and
      internists are likely to be multiple, but they probably include such factors as:
      training, decision-making expertise, patient demands, types of visits, office
      staff, economics, and attitude. The implications of the proposed reasons for the
      differences are discussed.

PMID- 2407048
TI  - Aerobic exercise during pregnancy.
AB  - A critical review of the current literature on aerobic exercise during pregnancy
      shows a lack of conclusive evidence supporting either the safety or danger of
      exercise to the fetal-maternal unit. There is no clinically significant effect on
      fetal outcome. The recommendations of the American College of Obstetricians and
      Gynecologists are presented and reviewed, and implications for family
      practitioners are discussed.

PMID- 2407049
TI  - Colorectal cancer in patients aged less than 40 years.
AB  - Colorectal cancer is commonly found in adults aged greater than 50 years. The
      peak frequency occurs in the 6th to 7th decades and gradually declines in the 8th
      decade. This cancer is very unusual in young adults, the occurrence ranging from
      1 to 17 percent of all cases of colon cancer. The prognosis for this disease in
      the young adult is reported to be unfavorable. This may be due to delayed
      diagnoses and a higher frequency of mucin-producing tumors and advanced stage of
      the disease. This article presents a case report and review of the literature and
      alerts the primary care physician to the possibility of serious disease in young
      adults who may present with protracted abdominal symptoms. Age should not be a
      barrier in the application of diagnostic tools. The duration and degree of
      symptoms should prompt early investigation.

PMID- 2407050
TI  - Benefits and risks of antifibrinolytic therapy in the management of ruptured
      intracranial aneurysms. A double-blind placebo-controlled study.
AB  - One hundred patients with a verified subarachnoid haemorrhage were studied in a
      double blind, placebo-controlled trial at a single centre to determine the value
      and relative risks of tranexamic acid (TXA) in the management of ruptured
      intracranial aneurysms. The incidence of recurrent haemorrhage between active and
      placebo groups was identical (12%) and the mortality from recurrent haemorrhage
      was 7% and 5%, respectively. The overall incidence of cerebral infarction before
      surgery, at discharge and at 6 months follow-up was greater in the TXA group
      (27%) than in the control group (11%). Post-operative cerebral ischaemia was
      significantly more frequent in the active, 18 of 29 as compared to 6 of 32
      patients, in the placebo group. In a fifth of the patients in whom cerebral blood
      flow was estimated there was a significant reduction of cerebral blood flow (CBF)
      on the side of the ruptured aneurysm in the TXA treated group. It is suggested
      that this may be the cause of the increased incidence of cerebral ischaemia in
      this group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of cerebral
      vasospasm, hydrocephalus, visual disturbances and gastrointestinal disturbances.
      More fatalities were encountered from ischaemia and recurrent haemorrhage in the
      TXA group but these differences did not reach statistical significance at the 5%
      level. Given that disability was due to either vasospasm or recurrent haemorrhage
      than a patient under TXA treatment was significantly more likely to have
      disability due to vasospasm (p less than 0.04); the reverse was true for the
      placebo patient (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2407051
TI  - Intradiploic epidermoid cysts of the skull: report of 10 cases and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Intradiploic epidermoid cysts, fairly uncommon lesions in neurosurgical practice,
      are, as a rule, benign and slow-growing. Some attain great size, producing major
      neurological signs. Correct radiological assessment and complete removal of the
      tumour and its capsule are essential for adequate surgical treatment and good
      long-term prognosis. We report ten cases of intradiploic epidermoid cysts of the
      skull, three of which were giant lesions and one malignant, and analyze the
      clinicopathological and radiological features and treatment of these lesions in
      the light of the most important published data.

PMID- 2407053
TI  - Neuroendocrine anatomy of the hypothalamus.
AB  - The hypothalamus is a most complex part of the CNS having rich interconnections
      with forebrain, limbic and brainstem structures. Its outflow is directed in such
      a way as to influence the endocrine system (via the neurohypophyseal and
      adenohypophyseal neurosecretory systems), the autonomic nervous system (via
      projections to preganglionic cell groups in brainstem and spinal cord) and
      behavioural responses to physiological and environmental cues via its interaction
      with limbic and somatomotor systems. The chemical identity of many of its
      neuronal messengers and those of some of its important afferents, such as the
      monoaminergic neurons, has opened the way to a form of systematic experimental
      investigation with chemical tools more powerful than those available to
      neuroendocrinologists in the past. Much of the information which follows has
      accrued very rapidly through the use of these methods to reveal the rich
      complexities of neuroendocrine integration.

PMID- 2407054
TI  - The stress response in subarachnoid haemorrhage and head injury.

PMID- 2407055
TI  - Blood volume measurement following subarachnoid haemorrhage.

PMID- 2407052
TI  - Percutaneous interbody osteosynthesis in the treatment of thoracolumbar traumatic
      or tumoural lesions. A review of 51 cases.
AB  - The authors describe a technique of percutaneous interbody osteosynthesis
      applicable to the dorsal and lumbar spine. 51 patients were so treated for
      different aetiologies: traumatic conditions (35 cases) and tumoural lesions (16
      cases). The material used consisted of special instruments that are positioned in
      double obliquity by a percutaneous posterolateral approach. A posterior approach
      limited to the pathological focus was used jointly whenever a graft or a
      decompression was necessary (19 cases). Several types of anaesthesia were used
      (local, local-regional, general, neuroleptanalgesia). The patients benefited by
      the advantages that usually accompany percutaneous techniques. The advantages and
      limitations of the method are discussed.

PMID- 2407056
TI  - Central control of circadian and ultradian neuroendocrine rhythms.

PMID- 2407057
TI  - The vascular supply of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis.

PMID- 2407058
TI  - Clinical syndromes of the hypothalamus.

PMID- 2407059
TI  - Pituitary tumours: problems and questions.

PMID- 2407060
TI  - Vasopressin and oxytocin localization and putative functions in the brain.

PMID- 2407061
TI  - Central nervous system control of fluid balance: physiology and pathology.

PMID- 2407062
TI  - Fluid balance disturbances in neurosurgical patients: physiological basis and
      definitions.

PMID- 2407063
TI  - Molecular, thermodynamic, and biological aspects of recognition and function in
      neurophysin-hormone systems: a model system for the analysis of protein-peptide
      interactions.

PMID- 2407064
TI  - Alanine transfer RNA synthetase: structure-function relationships and molecular
      recognition of transfer RNA.

PMID- 2407065
TI  - Cysteinyl proteinases and their selective inactivation.
AB  - The affinity-labeling of cysteinyl proteinases may now be carried out with a
      number of peptide-derived reagents with selectivity, particularly for reactions
      carried out in vitro. These reagents have been described with emphasis on their
      selectivity for cysteine proteinases and lack of action on serine proteinases,
      the most likely source of side reactions among proteinases. Perhaps a crucial
      feature of this selectivity is an enzyme-promoted activation due to initial
      formation of a hemiketal, which may destabilize the reagent. Prominent among the
      reagent types that have this class selectivity are the peptidyl diazomethyl
      ketones, the acyloxymethyl ketones, the peptidylmethyl sulfonium salts, and
      peptidyl oxides analogous to E-64. The need for specific inhibitors capable of
      inactivating the target enzyme in intact cells and animals is inevitably pushing
      the biochemical application of these inhibitors into more complex molecular
      environments where the possibilities of competing reactions are greatly
      increased. In dealing with the current state and potential developments for the
      in vivo use of affinity-labeling reagents of cysteine proteinases, the presently
      known variety of cysteinyl proteinases had to be considered. Therefore this
      chapter has, at the same time, attempted to survey these proteinases with respect
      to specificity and gene family. The continual discovery of new proteinases will
      increase the complexity of this picture. At present the lysosomal cysteine
      proteinases cathepsins B and L and the cytoplasmic calcium-dependent proteinases
      are reasonable goals for a fairly complete metabolic clarification. The ability
      of investigators to inactivate individual members of this family in vivo,
      possibly without complications due to concurrent inactivation of serine
      proteinases by improvements in reagent specificity, is increasing. Among the
      cysteine proteinases, at least those of the papain super family, hydrophobic
      interactions in the S2 and S3 subsites are important and some specificity has
      been achieved by taking advantage of topographical differences among members of
      this group. Some of this has probably involved surface differences removed from
      the regions involved in proteolytic action. The emerging cysteine proteinases
      include some which, in contrast to the papain family, have a pronounced
      specificity in S1 for the binding of basic side chains, familiar in the trypsin
      family of serine proteinases. At least a potential conflict with serine
      proteinases can be avoided by choice of a covalent bonding mechanism. The
      departing group region, has not been exploited. As a sole contributor to binding,
      this region may be rather limited as a source of specificity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2407066
TI  - Ribonucleotide reductases.

PMID- 2407067
TI  - The ferritin family of iron storage proteins.
AB  - The ferritins are a family of proteins produced in a variety of amounts and types
      depending on the state of development of an animal, or the state of
      differentiation of a particular cell type, or the environment. Iron storage is
      the main function of the ferritins when iron is needed for intracellular use
      (housekeeping) for iron proteins such as ribonucleotide reductase, cytochromes,
      oxidases, nitrogenases, or photosynthetic reaction centers or for extracellular
      use by other cells (specialized). Under abnormal conditions, such as the breach
      of transferrin-receptor-controlled incorporation of iron, ferritin can also serve
      to detoxify excess intracellular iron. The structure of ferritin is very complex,
      consisting of a protein coat of 24 polypeptide subunits, approximately 20 kDa,
      which surrounds an inorganic phase of hydrous ferric oxide. The polypeptide
      subunits, bundles of four alpha helices, display remarkable conservation of
      sequence among plants and animals, which is probably related to the necessity of
      forming the hollow sphere pierced by 14 channels through which iron may pass. In
      spite of the conserved regions of sequence, there are multiple genes for ferritin
      polypeptide subunits within an organism; at the moment three distinct subunit
      types, H H'(or M), and L, have been identified which are expressed in a cell
      specific fashion. How many different subunit types exist, the influence on
      function, and the number of genes required to encode them are currently being
      actively investigated. Not only does the protein coat of ferritin display
      variations, the inorganic phase of ferritin can vary as well. For instance,
      differences can occur in the number of Fe atoms (up to 4500), as well as in the
      phosphorus content and in the degree of hydration and order. Such observations
      have depended on the use of a variety of physical techniques such as X-ray
      diffraction, EXAFS, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The same approaches, as well as
      EPR spectroscopy, have been used to monitor the path taken by Fe as it passes
      from mononuclear Fe(II) outside the protein coat to polynuclear Fe(III) inside
      the protein coat. Both mononuclear Fe(II) and Fe(III) have been observed, as well
      as dimeric Fe(II)-O-Fe(III), and Fe(III)-oxo bridged clusters attached to the
      protein. A possible protein site for the Fe(III) cluster is a groove on the inner
      surface of the dimeric interface, suggested by the structure and from the affect
      of natural cross-links between subunit pairs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2407068
TI  - Molecular and cellular aspects of thiol-disulfide exchange.

PMID- 2407069
TI  - Otoacoustic emissions: an overview.

PMID- 2407070
TI  - Ototoxicity of loop diuretics. Morphological and electrophysiological
      examinations in animal experiments.

PMID- 2407071
TI  - NIH releases report on treatment of severe destructive behaviors.

PMID- 2407072
TI  - Recommended dosage of zidovudine reduced.

PMID- 2407073
TI  - Infections associated with pets.
AB  - Dogs, cats, rodents, reptiles and birds can transmit numerous diseases. Some are
      localized infections resulting from bites, scratches or other skin contact.
      Occasionally, a minor scratch or bite can lead to more serious infection, such as
      cat-scratch disease. Under certain circumstances, serious gastrointestinal,
      respiratory or multisystem illness can develop. Accurate diagnosis and
      identification of the pet source are necessary to prevent further transmission.

PMID- 2407074
TI  - Screening for cervical cancer. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

PMID- 2407075
TI  - Routine neonatal circumcision: a reappraisal.
AB  - Routine neonatal circumcision has long been a controversial subject. The American
      Academy of Pediatrics has recently outlined a new position on circumcision that
      is a marked departure from its previous stance. Neonatal circumcision has many
      potential advantages: The procedure helps prevent urinary tract infections,
      penile cancer, sexually transmitted diseases and, perhaps, acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome. The risk of complications from the procedure is low.
      Fewer penile problems occur in circumcised boys than in uncircumcised boys. It is
      more economical to perform the procedure early in life, rather than later. No
      evidence shows that penile hygiene alone is as beneficial as circumcision.

PMID- 2407076
TI  - Cerebral toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS.
AB  - Toxoplasma gondii, a previously rare cause of central nervous system infection,
      has become a major cause of encephalitis in patients with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome. The diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis should be kept
      in mind when neurologic signs and symptoms develop in patients with AIDS.
      Patients with positive serology and characteristic lesions on computed
      tomographic scans should receive two weeks of antitoxoplasma therapy. Biopsy is
      recommended for patients with atypical presentation, negative serology,
      progressive clinical deterioration or differential response of lesions to empiric
      therapy.

PMID- 2407077
TI  - Skin clues to medical emergencies.
AB  - In a medical emergency, when rapid diagnosis is essential, a thorough examination
      of the skin often provides clues to the underlying illness. Dermatologic lesions
      may suggest the etiology of common medical emergencies, such as coma, seizure,
      shock, chest pain, hemorrhage, respiratory distress, acute abdomen and acute
      psychosis. Since examination of the skin is rapidly and easily performed, it
      should be included in the evaluation of a patient with a medical emergency.

PMID- 2407078
TI  - Screening for depression: use of patient questionnaires.
AB  - Despite the prevalence of depression, it is consistently underdiagnosed. As a
      result, many depressed patients fail to receive adequate treatment and may
      experience serious consequences, including suicide. Various screening instruments
      have been developed to identify depression in patients whose symptoms might go
      unrecognized. Despite the risks associated with screening, many benefits may
      result. These include increased recognition of depression, alteration of
      treatment plans and improved clinical outcome.

PMID- 2407079
TI  - Metoclopramide: a dopamine receptor antagonist.
AB  - A dopamine receptor antagonist, metoclopramide has unique properties of
      increasing lower esophageal sphincter pressure and increasing the rate of gastric
      emptying. These gastrointestinal motility actions are useful in the treatment of
      diabetic gastroparesis and severe gastroesophageal reflux and in postoperative
      situations involving visceral atony. Metoclopramide is a useful adjunctive drug
      for intestinal intubation and radiologic examination. It has also been used
      intravenously to control the nausea and vomiting of intensive cancer
      chemotherapy, such as with cisplatin. Metoclopramide is a powerful antiemetic
      because of its combined actions on the chemoreceptor trigger zone and intestinal
      motility. This agent is generally not intended for long-term use. The oral
      preparations are recommended for four to 12 weeks of therapy. Use of parenteral
      metoclopramide should be limited to one or two days. The most common adverse
      reactions are restlessness, drowsiness, fatigue and lassitude. Extrapyramidal
      symptoms occur rarely and only with high dosage or prolonged use.

PMID- 2407080
TI  - Acute leukemia: detection and therapeutics.

PMID- 2407081
TI  - Controlled radium hazards. 1941.

PMID- 2407082
TI  - Electrostatic effects in asbestos sampling. I: Experimental measurements.
AB  - Electrostatic charge can cause errors during sampling of airborne asbestos fibers
      and other particles. The change in particle trajectories caused by charge effects
      during sampling can result in nonuniform deposits on the collecting filter
      surface and net loss of sample. The degree of these electrostatic effects depends
      on particle charge, sampler charge, sampler conductivity, and sampling flow rate
      and direction. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the dependence of
      sampling efficiency and sample uniformity on these variables. Humidity has been
      postulated as a primary determinant of particle charge during aerosol generation.
      Measurements of particle charge and concentration were made as a function of
      relative humidity with chrysotile fibers generated from a fluidized bed. A strong
      increase in charge and a decrease in concentration of fibers was noted as the
      relative humidity was decreased below 15%. The effects of conductive versus
      nonconductive samplers and sampling flow rate were measured as a function of
      particle and sampler charge levels. Nonconductive samplers can carry a large and
      variable charge distribution on their surfaces. This can result in a biased and
      highly variable particle deposit on the filter when sampling charged particles.
      Conductive cowls spread any acquired charge over the entire surface and produce a
      more symmetrical and less biased charged particle deposit. Increasing the
      sampling flow rate will improve sampling efficiency and decrease deposit
      variability because the charged particle has less time to interact with the field
      produced by the sampler. These results suggest that sampling problems caused by
      electrostatic charge interactions are most likely to occur under low humidity
      conditions of dust generation, that sampling should be done at as high a flow
      rate as possible to reduce these effects, and that analysts should select fields
      toward the center of the filter to minimize bias and variability.

PMID- 2407083
TI  - The independence of cycle length variability and exercise testing on predicting
      mortality of patients surviving acute myocardial infarction. The Multicenter
      Postinfarction Research Group.
AB  - Cycle length variability (CLV), defined as the standard deviation of normal cycle
      length intervals, has been found to be a powerful predictor of subsequent
      mortality in a population of 808 survivors of acute myocardial infarction.
      Decreased CLV is associated with a significant increase in mortality. CLV
      remained an independent predictor of outcome even after adjusting for left
      ventricular ejection fraction, clinical risk factors, heart rate and ventricular
      arrhythmias. In the same population of survivors of acute myocardial infarction,
      the results of exercise testing also strongly predicted outcome, with those
      failing to take the test having the worst survival, and those completing the low
      level stress test taken before discharge having the best prognosis. The
      hypothesis that the status of stress test (completed; did not complete; failed to
      take) and CLV were measuring the same factor related to mortality was tested.
      Although the distribution of CLV was shifted to higher CLV in patients who
      completed the test and to lower CLV in those who failed to take the test, both
      predictors of mortality remained independent predictors of long-term mortality
      (average of 31 months of follow-up) after controlling for each other. Moreover,
      subgroups with an approximate 15-fold difference in mortality were defined using
      both variables (CLV less than 50 ms, did not take test had a 54% mortality; CLV
      greater than 100 ms, completed the test had a mortality of 3.5%). CLV is a
      measure of autonomic tone; it is not strongly related to exercise ability and
      using the results of both stress testing and CLV results in the identification of
      subgroups of postinfarction patients with markedly disparate risks of mortality.

PMID- 2407084
TI  - Effect of pretreatment with aspirin versus aspirin plus dipyridamole on frequency
      and type of acute complications of percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty.
AB  - It is unknown whether the addition of dipyridamole to aspirin as pretreatment for
      patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
      decreases acute complications. In this study 232 patients were prospectively
      randomized to receive either aspirin 325 mg orally 3 times daily (group 1, n =
      115) or aspirin 325 mg orally 3 times daily plus dipyridamole 75 mg orally 3
      times daily (group 2, n = 117) before elective PTCA. All clinical, angiographic
      and PTCA-related variables were similar between groups. Angiographic success rate
      was 93% in both groups. Clinical success was achieved in 107 patients (92%) in
      group 1 and in 101 patients (88%) in group 2 (difference not significant). Q-wave
      myocardial infarction occurred in 2 patients (1.7%) in group 1 and 5 patients
      (4.3%) in group 2 (difference not significant). Emergency coronary artery bypass
      grafting was required in 3 patients (2.6%) in group 1 and 7 patients (6.1%) in
      group 2 (difference not significant). There was 1 in-hospital death (in group 2).
      In this study, the addition of dipyridamole to aspirin as pretreatment of
      patients undergoing PTCA did not significantly reduce acute complications
      compared to aspirin alone.

PMID- 2407085
TI  - Comparison of outcome of paramedic-witnessed cardiac arrest in patients younger
      and older than 70 years.
AB  - To obtain further information concerning differences in the mechanism of out-of
      hospital cardiac arrest between elderly and younger patients, 381 consecutive
      patients who experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and whose arrest was
      witnessed by paramedics, were studied. In 91% of cases the arrest occurred at the
      time the patient's cardiac rhythm was monitored. Patients were divided into 2 age
      groups: elderly patients were greater than 70 years (187) and younger patients
      were less than 70 years (194). Elderly patients more commonly had a past history
      of heart failure (25 vs 10%, p less than 0.003) and were more commonly taking
      digoxin (40 vs 20%, p less than 0.005) and diuretics (35 vs 25%, p less than
      0.004). Before the cardiac arrest, elderly patients were more likely to be
      complaining of dyspnea (53 vs 40%, p less than 0.009), whereas younger patients
      were more likely to complain of chest pain (27 vs 13%, p less than 0.001). Forty
      two percent of younger patients demonstrated ventricular fibrillation as the
      initial out-of-hospital rhythm associated with the arrest, compared to only 22%
      of elderly patients (p less than 0.001). Besides patient age, initial cardiac
      rhythm varied according to the patient's complaint preceding the arrest. Sixty
      eight percent of patients with chest pain demonstrated ventricular fibrillation,
      whereas only 21% of patients with dyspnea demonstrated ventricular fibrillation.
      Elderly patients could be as successfully resuscitated as younger patients;
      however, 24% of younger patients survived, compared to only 10% of elderly
      patients (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407086
TI  - Overview: moricizine--can it meet the challenge?

PMID- 2407087
TI  - A symposium: Pharmacological management of ventricular arrhythmias--current
      status in the role of moricizine HCl. October 19-22, 1989, Scottsdale, Arizona.
      Proceedings.

PMID- 2407088
TI  - Clinical development of moricizine as an antiarrhythmic agent.
AB  - The primary development of moricizine as an antiarrhythmic agent has occurred in
      the Soviet Union and the United States. The data in this presentation are based
      on the 1,844 subjects/patients (1,817 adults and 27 pediatric patients) who
      participated in 34 controlled studies and 3 uncontrolled compassionate-use
      programs conducted in the United States. Of the 1,817 adults, 443 received only
      placebo or comparative agents and 1,374 received moricizine in daily doses of 50
      to 1,800 mg. A total of 1,190 adult patients (mean age 59 years) had ventricular
      arrhythmias classified as either benign (8%), potentially lethal (58%) or lethal
      (33%). Most patients had a history of greater than or equal to 1 cardiovascular
      disease, including coronary artery disease, previous myocardial infarction and
      congestive heart failure. Antiarrhythmic activity was assessed by four methods:
      24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring, programmed electrical
      stimulation, exercise tolerance tests, and global evaluation (only for some
      patients in the compassionate-use program). In addition, the effects of
      moricizine on symptoms associated with ventricular arrhythmias were assessed. The
      safety variables evaluated included adverse experiences, proarrhythmia,
      congestive heart failure, other cardiovascular effects, death, chest x-ray,
      ophthalmic examinations, neuroleptic phenothiazine effects and clinical
      laboratory tests.

PMID- 2407089
TI  - Cardiac electrophysiologic effects of moricizine hydrochloride.
AB  - Moricizine is a class I antiarrhythmic drug. In preclinical studies, it produces
      a concentration-dependent decrease in the maximal rate of phase 0 depolarization,
      speeds repolarization of phases 2 and 3, and decreases the action potential
      duration and effective refractory period duration in cardiac Purkinje fibers. It
      has no effect on the slope of phase 4 depolarization, but suppresses normal
      automaticity in vitro and in vivo and suppresses abnormal automaticity in
      depolarized Purkinje fibers. Also, it suppresses early afterdepolarizations,
      delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity. In patients, moricizine has
      minimal effects on the normal sinus node, slows conduction in the atrium,
      atrioventricular node, His-Purkinje system and ventricular myocardium and has
      little effect on the atrial and ventricular refractoriness. The intensity of
      moricizine action on the atrioventricular node, His-Purkinje system and JT
      interval are dose-related. Co-administration of digoxin and moricizine
      intensified the lengthening of the PR, AH and HV intervals, and produced more
      shortening of the JT interval. Patients in whom moricizine was efficacious had a
      significantly greater lengthening of the AH and QRS intervals than those in whom
      moricizine was not efficacious. In some patients with sinus node dysfunction,
      moricizine produced sinus bradycardia, increased sinus node recovery time, and
      produced second-degree or complete sinoatrial block.

PMID- 2407090
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetics of moricizine.
AB  - Moricizine is well absorbed after oral administration and undergoes extensive
      first-pass metabolism. The drug has a large apparent volume of distribution
      (approximately 4 liters/kg), exhibits extensive plasma protein binding
      (approximately 95%) and produces at least 30 metabolites. Indirect evidence
      indicates that some of those metabolites may be pharmacologically active. The
      elimination half-life of moricizine is 2 to 6 hours, but its duration of
      antiarrhythmic action is much longer suggesting active metabolites. Moricizine
      induces its own metabolism with no change in pharmacologic effect. It also
      induces the metabolism of theophylline and specific pathways of antipyrine.
      Cimetidine reduces metabolism of moricizine but does not alter its pharmacologic
      effects. This observation provides further support for the hypothesis that the
      metabolites of moricizine contribute to the pharmacologic actions during therapy
      and indicate that plasma level monitoring is not likely to be of value. There are
      no known clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between moricizine
      and digoxin, warfarin or propranolol. Excessive prolongation of the PR interval
      has been seen in some patients receiving both digoxin and moricizine, probably
      due to additive electrophysiologic effects of the 2 drugs.

PMID- 2407091
TI  - Noncardiac adverse effects and organ toxicity of moricizine during short- and
      long-term studies.
AB  - To determine the tolerance and safety of moricizine, the incidence and nature of
      its noncardiac adverse effects and organ toxicity reported during short- and long
      term clinical studies were examined. From a pooled data base of 1,256 adult
      patients and healthy subjects, the most frequent non-cardiac adverse events were
      gastrointestinal (nausea) and neurologic (dizziness) complaints which occurred in
      10 to 15% of patients during short-term (less than 3 months) studies and
      increased to 20 to 25% during long-term (greater than 12 months) studies. Adverse
      effects led to discontinuation of moricizine therapy in 116 patients (9%). Organ
      toxicity consisted predominantly of drug fever, possible thrombocytopenia and
      elevated liver function tests and was quite low (less than 0.7%) for both short-
      and long-term studies. Moricizine appears to be a well-tolerated antiarrhythmic
      drug with low occurrence of noncardiac adverse effects without significant
      serious organ toxicity.

PMID- 2407092
TI  - Antiarrhythmic drug therapy for congestive heart failure with focus on
      moricizine.
AB  - Many patients who have serious ventricular arrhythmia requiring antiarrhythmic
      drug therapy have congestive heart failure (CHF). However, the pharmacokinetic
      and pharmacodynamic properties of the antiarrhythmic drugs are altered in the
      presence of CHF. It has been reported that some adverse effects, primarily
      aggravation of arrhythmia and CHF occur more frequently in patients with a
      history of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Moreover, antiarrhythmic drugs are
      less effective in patients with a history of CHF and a reduced LV ejection
      fraction (LVEF). Moricizine, a new antiarrhythmic drug, has been undergoing
      clinical trials for over 13 years in the United States. The data base involving
      1,072 patients was analyzed to establish the effect of this agent in patients
      with CHF. The presence of CHF does not alter the absorption, half-life and
      clearance of moricizine. The incidence of CHF exacerbation definitely related to
      moricizine was low (2%) and occurred primarily in patients with a history of CHF.
      Aggravation of arrhythmia and conduction abnormalities also occurred more often
      in patients with prior CHF. However, the incidence of all other adverse effects
      involving other organ systems was the same in patients with and without CHF and
      was also unrelated to the baseline LVEF. The effect of moricizine for suppressing
      spontaneously occurring ventricular ectopy was also similar in patients with and
      without CHF and was independent of LVEF. However, the drug is less effective in
      preventing sustained ventricular arrhythmia in patients with CHF.

PMID- 2407093
TI  - Placement of moricizine in the selection of antiarrhythmic drug therapy.
AB  - The selection of antiarrhythmic drug therapy requires a careful assessment of the
      benefits of ventricular arrhythmia suppression compared with the risks of
      antiarrhythmic drug use. Since reduction in sudden cardiac death from ventricular
      arrhythmia suppression has not been demonstrated, the only indications for
      antiarrhythmic drug suppression involve the reduction of hemodynamic symptoms
      such as syncope (a major benefit) or the reduction of nonhemodynamic symptoms
      such as palpitations or dizziness (a minor benefit). Noncardiac adverse effects
      and organ toxicity as well as cardiac side effects must be considered when
      antiarrhythmic drug therapy is initiated. For reduction of nonhemodynamically
      important symptoms in patients with benign or potentially lethal ventricular
      arrhythmias, beta blockers are chosen as first-line therapy. Because of
      moricizine's relatively high effectiveness in suppressing ventricular arrhythmias
      and its low potential for noncardiac adverse effects and organ toxicity as well
      as a low incidence of induced proarrhythmia and heart failure, moricizine is
      selected as the next drug in line. All other class I antiarrhythmic drugs either
      have been shown to have the potential for increasing sudden cardiac death or have
      major rates of noncardiac adverse effects or organ toxicity that preclude their
      use in these patient groups except in special circumstances. In patients with
      malignant ventricular arrhythmias who present with hemodynamic consequences such
      as syncope or worse, moricizine also is preferred as an initial drug for
      consideration. When compared to drugs with class IA and IB action, moricizine has
      comparable efficacy yet lower rates of noncardiac adverse effects, organ
      toxicity, proarrhythmia and heart failure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407094
TI  - Energy cost of walking at a fixed pace and self-paced before, during, and after
      pregnancy.
AB  - Body weight, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and treadmill metabolic rate (TMR) (3.9
      km/h, no elevation) were measured in 39 women at 12, 24, and 36 wk gestation and
      at 9 wk postpartum. Prepregnancy measurements were also made on 15 of the women.
      TMR at 36 wk (3.65 +/- 0.50 kcal/min) was significantly higher than at 24 wk
      (3.38 +/- 0.43 kcal/min) or at 9 wk postpartum (3.38 +/- 0.43 kcal/min). Net
      energy cost (TMR minus BMR) at 36 wk gestation (2.42 +/- 0.40 kcal/min) was not
      different from prepregnancy or postpartum values but was significantly higher
      than at 12 wk (2.28 +/- 0.39 kcal/min) and 24 wk (2.28 +/- 0.37 kcal/min)
      gestation. In eight women the energy cost of self-paced walking on a treadmill
      was measured. The absolute and net energy cost decreased sharply from 6 to 12 wk
      gestation (by 8% and 11%, respectively) but remained unchanged afterwards. The
      data suggest that in the energy requirements for pregnant women no additional
      allowance need be made for physical activity, even if a woman's activity pattern
      includes a substantial amount of externally paced work.

PMID- 2407095
TI  - Short-term infusion of pancreatic polypeptide: effect on children with Prader
      Willi syndrome.
AB  - Ten children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) were given two 90-min infusions of
      pancreatic polypeptide (PP) (100 pmol.kg-1.h-1) counterbalanced with two saline
      infusions. Thirty minutes into each infusion, a 60-min appetite test was given.
      Tests were done after an overnight fast and 1 h after a 275-kcal breakfast meal.
      Serum assays for biochemistry, glucose, insulin, C peptide, glucagon, cortisol,
      and PP were performed at the beginning and end of the infusion. Although infusion
      of PP increased PP concentrations 10-fold, it did not cause physical signs or
      symptoms, changes in vital signs, or changes in serum biochemistry. Although the
      test design was sufficiently sensitive to reveal an effect of the pretest meal on
      subsequent food intake, there was no difference in eating behavior with the
      saline and PP infusions. This suggests that a short-term normalization of blood
      PP concentrations does not correct the excessive food intake.

PMID- 2407096
TI  - Controlled trial of the metabolic effects of a very-low-calorie diet: short- and
      long-term effects.
AB  - Resting energy expenditure (REE), weight, and body composition were measured up
      to seven times in 13 obese women during a 24-wk study. Patients were randomly
      assigned to a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD, 500 kcal/d) or a balanced-deficit diet
      (BDD, 1200 kcal/d). After 8 wk of supplemented fasting, REE of the VLCD patients
      decreased by 17% whereas that of the BDD patients was virtually unchanged. REE of
      the VLCD patients increased during 12 subsequent weeks of realimentation such
      that differences in REE between the two groups were not statistically significant
      at week 24 (VLCD = -11%, BDD = -2%). Reductions in weight and fat-free mass (FFM)
      were 12.1% and 3.6% for the VLCD patients and 10.6% and 4.1% for the BDD
      patients, respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups
      in pre- to posttreatment changes in REE normalized to FFM. Results suggest that
      REE recovers partially after consumption of a VLCD. They also provide evidence of
      a possible metabolic advantage of weight loss by a more moderate restriction.

PMID- 2407097
TI  - Zinc toxicity.
AB  - Although consequences of zinc deficiency have been recognized for many years, it
      is only recently that attention has been directed to the potential consequences
      of excessive zinc intake. This is a review of the literature on manifestations of
      toxicity at several levels of zinc intake. Zinc is considered to be relatively
      nontoxic, particularly if taken orally. However, manifestations of overt toxicity
      symptoms (nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, lethargy, and fatigue) will occur
      with extremely high zinc intakes. At low intakes, but at amounts well in excess
      of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) (100-300 mg Zn/d vs an RDA of 15 mg
      Zn/d), evidence of induced copper deficiency with attendant symptoms of anemia
      and neutropenia, as well as impaired immune function and adverse effects on the
      ratio of low-density-lipoprotein to high-density-lipoprotein (LDL/HDL)
      cholesterol have been reported. Even lower levels of zinc supplementation, closer
      in amount to the RDA, have been suggested to interfere with the utilization of
      copper and iron and to adversely affect HDL cholesterol concentrations.
      Individuals using zinc supplements should be aware of the possible complications
      attendant to their use.

PMID- 2407098
TI  - Hypertension prevention trial: do 24-h food records capture usual eating behavior
      in a dietary change study?
AB  - The Hypertension Prevention Trial (HPT) was a randomized unmasked multicenter
      trial designed to address questions concerning the feasibility and efficacy of
      dietary intervention in the primary prevention of hypertension. Participants in
      the diet treatments were given counseling to achieve and sustain changes in
      calorie, sodium, and/or potassium intake. Diet composition, sodium and potassium
      excretion, and body weight were assessed for all participants at 6-mo intervals
      over 3 y. This paper provides information about extent and possible sources of
      bias in the dietary assessment methodology used in the HPT. Estimates of nutrient
      intake were derived from food records, urinalysis, and measurement of body
      weight. Reported potassium intake increased and sodium intake declined to a
      greater degree during the study than did potassium and sodium excretion. Our
      results indicate that repeated assessments of diet, which depend upon participant
      recording, may not accurately represent usual diet in a dietary trial.

PMID- 2407099
TI  - Mechanisms and nutritional significance of metabolic responses to altered intakes
      of protein and amino acids, with reference to nutritional adaptation in humans.
AB  - Altered intakes of protein and amino acids modulate the rates of the major
      systems (protein synthesis, protein degradation, and amino acid oxidation)
      responsible for the maintenance of organ and whole-body protein and amino acid
      homeostasis. The cellular mechanisms responsible for such changes at low intakes
      are discussed. For oxidation amino acid availability is a primary determinant and
      protein synthesis is affected particularly at the initiation phase. Much remains
      to be learned about amino acid-dependent changes in mRNA synthesis, processing,
      turnover, and translation. The relationships between protein and amino acid
      intake and components of whole-body protein and amino acid kinetics are
      considered with reference to nutritional adaptation and accommodation. The limit
      of adaptation to protein intake cannot be lowered substantially beyond that for
      healthy adults whose habitual protein intake is generous. Metabolic control
      theory should be considered in the interpretation of results of studies dealing
      with amino acid requirement estimations.

PMID- 2407101
TI  - Adaptation in iron metabolism.
AB  - Humans can adapt successfully to a wide range of iron requirements and intakes.
      The lower limit of the adapted state is best defined by serum ferritin greater
      than or equal to 12 micrograms/L, because lower values indicate that iron stores
      are fully depleted. Successful adaptation is achieved by modifying the rate of
      gastrointestinal absorption according to body iron needs. Several dietary
      variables, including total intake, content of heme, and bioavailability of
      nonheme iron, determine the ceiling of the adaptive response when iron demands
      are high. With lesser demands the nature of the diet has a limited influence on
      body iron reserves, although there is some evidence that the adaptive response to
      variations in heme iron intake is less complete than the response to differences
      in nonheme bioavailability. How the intestinal mucosal cell achieves adaptation
      is one of the most important unsolved questions in iron metabolism.

PMID- 2407100
TI  - Intestinal calcium absorption: a vitamin D-hormone-mediated adaptive response.
AB  - The process of intestinal calcium absorption represents the mechanism for dietary
      calcium to enter into the physiological processes that contribute both to the
      skeletal growth of the organism and to the maintenance of calcium homeostasis
      (both intracellular and extracellular). Because there is a large variation
      worldwide in the availability of dietary calcium (300-1500 g/d for man) and
      because there is a changing physiological need throughout life (growth, puberty,
      pregnancy, lactation, and menopause) for absorption of 50-500 mg/d of dietary
      calcium, it is essential that the process of intestinal calcium absorption be
      adaptable and responsive to both the dietary and physiological circumstances.
      This article reviews the evidence that this adaptation process is largely
      orchestrated by the vitamin D endocrine system. In this model the steroid hormone
      1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol has been shown to stimulate intestinal calcium
      absorption by both genomic (receptor mediated) and nongenomic (transcaltachia
      mediated) mechanisms.

PMID- 2407102
TI  - Social and public health issues in adaptation to low energy intakes.
AB  - The centrality of the concept of energy requirement for a number of major
      national policy areas as well as the large proportion of Third World population
      believed to be exposed to energy stress and therefore needing to adapt emphasize
      the importance of the adaptation issue. This paper reviews the evidence of
      adaptation to low energy intakes in real-life conditions and, while identifying
      the reduction in physical activity as potentially the most powerful energy
      sparing strategy, shows that the currently available evidence does not support
      the recourse to this behavioral strategy in developing countries undergoing
      recurrent seasonal energy stresses. Distinction is made between behavioral
      adaptation mechanisms, which include only actions taken after weight loss and
      directly resulting in immediate reduction of energy intake, and those actions
      that are taken in anticipation of a forth-coming energy stress and do not
      necessarily reduce energy expenditure.

PMID- 2407103
TI  - Aminothiadiazole (NSC 4728) in patients with advanced carcinoma of the
      endometrium. A phase II study of the Gynecologic Oncology group.
AB  - Twenty-one evaluable patients with advanced carcinoma of the endometrium were
      treated with aminothiadiazole at a dosage of 125 mg/m2 weekly. Twelve had
      received prior chemotherapy. Seven patients had stable disease; 14 had increasing
      disease. There were two life-threatening toxic episodes. Aminothiadiazole used in
      this dosage and schedule has negligible activity in previously treated patients
      with carcinoma of the endometrium.

PMID- 2407104
TI  - Methotrexate in advanced endometrial carcinoma. A phase II trial of the
      Gynecologic Oncology Group.
AB  - Thirty-three patients with advanced or metastatic endometrial carcinoma were
      entered in a Phase II trial utilizing methotrexate, 40 mg/m2 intravenously on a
      weekly basis. Almost all patients had prior total abdominal hysterectomy and
      almost two-thirds prior pelvic irradiation. No patient had prior chemotherapy.
      There was one complete and one partial response, for a complete and partial
      response rate of 6% (95% confidence intervals for a response of 1.7 to 19.6%).
      Toxicity was mild, with major adverse effects being nausea and vomiting and
      myelosuppression. One death may have been drug related. Methotrexate displays
      minimal clinical activity in patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial
      carcinoma who have received no prior chemotherapy.

PMID- 2407105
TI  - Lymphoma of the thyroid. Report of five cases and review.
AB  - Thyroid lymphoma is a rare disease seen most commonly in elderly women and
      associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Five cases of thyroid lymphoma seen and
      treated at Hahnemann University Hospital between 1979 and 1988 are
      retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent a staging workup, including
      chest radiograph, intravenous pyelography, abdominal/pelvic computed tomogram
      (CT) scan and/or lymphangiogram, and bone marrow. An extensive review of the
      literature is presented. Risk factors for thyroid lymphoma are discussed,
      enabling the clinician to differentiate thyroid lymphoma from thyroid carcinoma.
      Thyroidectomy may be indicated in a small number of cases, provided that the
      patient has disease localized within the thyroid such that total gross resection
      can be achieved. It is proposed that patients with bad prognostic factors may
      benefit from the administration of chemotherapy initially before or after
      radiotherapy rather than using chemotherapy as salvage therapy. Irradiating the
      patient to the neck and mediastinum to 40 Gy, in 4-5 weeks, is recommended,
      except possibly for tumor that is extremely well localized in the neck. Finally,
      the necessity of a full staging work-up, including lymphangiogram and/or
      abdominal/pelvic CT is emphasized.

PMID- 2407106
TI  - Immunity to measles in a large population of varying age. Significance with
      respect to vaccination.
AB  - During a measles outbreak, 660 hospital employees of widely varying ages were
      screened for immunity to the disease using an automated indirect fluorescent
      antibody technique. Of these 660 employees, 623 indicated their year of birth; 21
      were seronegative and 13 had borderline titers. Of those born before 1957, 7
      tested seronegative and 6 were borderline, while 12 of those born between 1959
      and 1964 were seronegative and 3 were borderline. There are several possible
      reasons for these findings. It is concluded that mass immunization of high-risk
      populations during outbreaks, while effective, is difficult to justify
      scientifically because only a small percentage of subjects are not immune. If
      facilities permit, mass screening during outbreaks may be feasible. Preferably,
      continuous screening and vaccination of susceptible high-risk employees could be
      performed. Our study also does not validate exclusion from immunization programs
      those born prior to 1957 in view of the fact that both seronegativity and disease
      occur in this age group with significant frequency.

PMID- 2407107
TI  - Recovery and evaluation by cytologic techniques of trace material retained on
      bullets.
AB  - Fragments of tissue, intermediate targets, and debris related to firing are
      embedded in the fine striations and deforming edges of bullets. Because most of
      these fragments are too small to visualize and process as histologic sections,
      this material is usually washed away when the projectiles are cleaned following
      removal at autopsy. By preserving the rinsing material that results from routine
      cleaning of projectiles, it may be possible to evaluate adherent material from
      the bullet by cytologic techniques, including filter preparations, cell blocks,
      and smears of macroscopic tissue fragments. Bullet-wash cytology produced
      cellular elements, tissue fragments, and inert material from intermediate
      targets. Different tissue elements could be documented with a given projectile;
      this information could be utilized to document the path of a bullet through the
      body or intermediate target. This initial study suggests that low- and high
      velocity projectiles produce different types of tissue debris, with much more
      fragmentation and scarcity of cellular components in the high-velocity rounds.
      Inert material, resulting from intermediate targets, such as clothing, as well as
      gunshot residue on the bullet or debris from the barrel could be distinguished on
      preparations. There was a difference in tissue representation of adherent
      material on the bullet; connective tissue, mesothelial coverings, and fragments
      from organs with higher elastic and cohesive properties were seen with much
      greater frequency on the filters than were loosely cohesive and friable organs
      such as liver and spleen. The cytologic preparations from projectile washings
      reflect both the path taken by the bullet and the ballistic damage to the organs.
      Thus, the cytologic evaluation of bullet washings may be useful in the
      incorporation of gunshot wound evaluation to support documentation of the
      trajectory of the projectile.

PMID- 2407108
TI  - The skin as a repository and masker of evidence.
AB  - The role of the skin as a repository and masker of evidence is evaluated. Skin
      examination and testing are very important in the (a) identification of victims
      and suspects (for example, by fingerprints, lip prints, and fingernail marks),
      (b) recognition of patterns and shape of injurious energy impacts (for instance,
      recognition of type of injury and particular weapon), and (c) recovery of
      embedded evidence (for example, glass, wood, powder, explosives, and paint). It
      is also important to realize that the skin may conceal evidence by masking
      significant and/or lethal internal injuries.

PMID- 2407109
TI  - Deaths at the workplace. Accidents or homicides?
AB  - The medical examiner is responsible for certifying and determining the cause of
      death of any person dying from criminal violence, accident, suicide, when
      unattended by a physician, in police custody, or in any suspicious or unusual
      manner. A less well-recognized, but no less important, responsibility of the
      medical examiner is the investigation of deaths of individuals who die at the
      workplace. The manner of death of most job-related fatalities has been
      traditionally classified as accidental. In recent times, prosecutors have
      scrutinized these cases more carefully. The results of some investigations have
      prompted them to bring criminal charges against employers for blatant negligence
      that contributed directly to injuries and deaths of employees. This paper is
      devoted to a review of the controversy surrounding the issue of industrial
      homicide, illustrative cases, and the role of the medical examiner in the
      investigation of deaths at the workplace.

PMID- 2407110
TI  - Recovery and evaluation of trace material from wound edges in traumatic injury
      site.
AB  - A small wound found on the ear of a homicide victim was inflicted by either a
      knife or a sharp fragment of ceramic. To test the potential usefulness of
      cytologic examination of wound edges for fragments of inert material from the
      assault weapon, the wound was rinsed and cytologic filters were prepared from the
      retained rinsing material. The particulate matter present on filters included
      microscopic fragments of crockery admixed with blood and other tissue components.
      This observation supported other physical evidence that the wound was caused by
      the sharp edge of a ceramic crock rather than by the knife. This case
      demonstrates the potential usefulness of cytologic examination of wound edges.

PMID- 2407111
TI  - Occurrence of intercapillary nodular glomerulosclerosis in the absence of glucose
      intolerance.
AB  - The case of a 58-year-old man with nephrotic syndrome and characteristic
      pathologic renal lesions of KW disease is presented. No evidence of diabetes was
      found by oral or intravenous glucose tolerance tests. The possibilities of light
      chain disease, membranoproliferative form of glomerulonephritis, and amyloidosis
      were excluded by histochemistry and immunofluorescent microscopy.

PMID- 2407112
TI  - Health effects from work in swine confinement buildings.
AB  - A total of 14 epidemiologic studies from four countries, involving 2,786 workers
      is reviewed for respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function, antibodies to swine
      house allergens, and exposure-response variables. Cough and phlegm were the most
      common symptoms (ranging from 12 to 55%). Tightness of chest and wheezing were
      frequently reported (12 to 33%) as well as episodes of organic dust toxic
      syndrome. Acute symptoms, directly associated with work, were from 1.5 to 2 times
      more prevalent than chronic symptoms. Baseline pulmonary function generally
      revealed decrements in flow rates, but not volumes; over-shift changes showed
      small decrements in both flows and volumes. IgG antibodies to swine house
      antigens were common; no relation to symptoms could be found. Exposure response
      studies were limited, but relationships were seen between endotoxin and pulmonary
      function decrements, or respiratory symptoms.

PMID- 2407113
TI  - Characterization of health effects of grain dust exposures.
AB  - Grain dust has a long history of association with disease, and its effects on
      various organs have been reported for many years. Inflammatory diseases of the
      eyes, nose, and skin may be caused by both direct irritation and immune-based
      reactions. The lung and airways frequently suffer adverse effects. Asthma is well
      documented as being a result of exposure. Several studies show increased
      incidences of respiratory symptoms and of reduced pulmonary function in grain
      workers. Grain dust should be regarded as a dust with toxic properties, not just
      a nuisance dust.

PMID- 2407114
TI  - Characterization of health effects of wood dust exposures.
AB  - Exposure to wood dust is a common occurrence in all countries and may cause
      various diseases. These include extrinsic allergic alveolitis, organic dust toxic
      syndrome, occupational asthma, non-asthmatic chronic airflow obstruction, and
      simple chronic bronchitis (mucus hypersecretion). Of these conditions, the most
      common are simple chronic bronchitis and non-asthmatic chronic airflow
      obstruction. The level and pattern of occurrence of these conditions varies with
      the type of wood dust, climatic conditions, and the manner in which it is
      handled, particularly the use of fungicides. The prevalence and characteristics
      of the conditions associated with wood dust exposure are very similar to those
      due to grain dust exposure.

PMID- 2407115
TI  - Health effects of cotton dust exposures.
AB  - The characteristics of the effects of exposure to cotton dust were adequately
      described more than 50 years ago. Symptoms of airway irritation, cough with or
      without phlegm, and Monday morning chest tightness are typical. The symptoms
      caused by exposure to cotton dust are similar to those induced by other organic
      dusts. A common pathology is acute or chronic inflammation, and bacterial
      endotoxins seem to be the causative agents for the acute and some chronic
      reactions.

PMID- 2407116
TI  - Inflammation in organic dust-induced lung disease: new approaches for research
      into underlying mechanisms.
AB  - The application of new technology to the study of lung inflammation is providing
      fresh insight into the nature of the underlying reactions. This review highlights
      the impact of modern cell biological and molecular biological techniques on
      current research in this area.

PMID- 2407117
TI  - Health effects of organic dust exposure in dairy farmers.
AB  - Exposure to farm dust may cause asthma, rhinitis, allergic alveolitis, organic
      dust toxic syndrome, and chronic bronchitis. Febrile reactions to inhaled dusts
      are common and are usually of a toxic rather than an allergic type. Some evidence
      indicates that dairy farmers may have an increased prevalence of chronic
      bronchitis, allergic asthma, rhinitis, and chronic airflow limitation, but this
      has not been conclusively shown. Storage mites and cow dander are important
      allergens in dairy farming. Inflammation of airways may in part be caused by
      immediate or delayed hypersensitivity. Other mechanisms, such as activation of
      inflammatory cells from toxic agents or high exposure levels, may be of
      considerable importance in causing airway and lung disease.

PMID- 2407118
TI  - Urothelial cancer and some industry-related chemicals: an evaluation of the
      epidemiologic literature.
AB  - In a previous cohort study by our group, certain industry-related chemicals were
      judged as warranting further attention as possible urothelial carcinogens. In
      this paper, the epidemiologic literature of cancer of the lower urinary tract is
      evaluated for these substances. We would like to add combustion gases/soot from
      coal to the substances considered as increasing the risk of urothelial cancer. It
      is, however, uncertain whether this risk is due to contaminants of aromatic
      amines in tar volatiles or whether it depends on other agents, such as
      nitroarenes or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Furthermore, we find some
      support for the hypothesis that exposure to chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons
      increases the risk of urothelial cancer. For creosote, cutting fluids and cutting
      oils, hair dyes, and polychlorinated biphenyls, data are scarce. Available data
      do not support the hypothesis that asbestos is associated with urothelial cancer.
      "Publication bias," such that only limited information was available, was judged
      to be a potential problem in the review for many, but not all, of the substances
      investigated.

PMID- 2407120
TI  - Anxiety interrupters.

PMID- 2407119
TI  - Occupational health in developing countries: review of research needs.
AB  - Over the past two decades, industrial activity has increased rapidly in
      developing nations. Industrial growth has also increased the health risks facing
      workers in these countries both by intensifying existing health problems and by
      introducing new hazards. Inadequate information about occupational hazards
      creates major obstacles to effective prevention of occupational diseases in many
      developing countries. This brief report reviews the occupational health
      determinants of developing nations and suggests current research needs and
      objectives. Our purpose is to stimulate discussion and initiate debate among
      health professionals worldwide who confront growing problems in occupational
      health.

PMID- 2407121
TI  - Neurofibrillary tangles in some cases of dementia pugilistica share antigens with
      amyloid beta-protein of Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded temporal lobe sections from eight former
      boxers' brains were examined using an immunohistochemical method with antibodies
      to amyloid beta protein. In accord with recent observations in Alzheimer's
      disease, significant numbers of beta-protein immunoreactive neurofibrillary
      tangles (NFT) were observed in three cases. Most of these immunoreactive NFTs
      appeared to be tombstone tangles, although not all such tangles were stained.
      This immunoreaction was completely abolished by preincubation of antibodies with
      synthetic beta-protein peptides, and the identity of the immunostained NFTs was
      confirmed by polarization microscopy of sections counterstained with Congo red.
      However, it is not yet clear if the beta-protein antigens are, in fact, an
      integral part of paired helical filaments. These observations, together with our
      recent finding of beta-immunoreactive plaque-like lesions in dementia
      pugilistica, also emphasize the many similarities in pathology between this
      condition and Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2407122
TI  - The AMeX method: a multipurpose tissue-processing and paraffin-embedding method.
      II. Extraction of spooled DNA and its application to Southern blot hybridization
      analysis.
AB  - In our previous report, we described a new fixation and paraffin-embedding method
      (the AMeX method) that preserves many of the antigens that are normally destroyed
      by routine formalin fixation. The current study was conducted to examine the
      preservation of high-molecular-weight DNA in tissues processed by this method.
      DNA was extracted from AMeX-processed tissue sections after deparaffinization by
      the same method as that used to extract DNA from fresh tissues. The total amounts
      of DNA extracted from 10 mg each in wet weight of AMeX-processed and fresh mouse
      liver tissues were identical. In tissues of malignant lymphoma, the total amount
      of spooled DNA extracted from 50 sections, each 20 microns thick, was about 8
      micrograms/mm2. The electrophoretic pattern of DNA digested with restriction
      endonucleases on agarose gel from AMeX-processed tissue sections did not differ
      from that of fresh materials. Southern blot hybridization analysis also revealed
      that the mobility of specific DNA fragments was identical for AMeX-processed and
      fresh tissues. The AMeX method was thus proved to be a versatile multipurpose
      tissue-processing procedure, which is expected to provide important information
      regarding the correlation between morphology, phenotypic expression, and gene
      alteration.

PMID- 2407123
TI  - Comparative analysis and anatomic distribution of ras p21, IL-2R, and MEL-14 in
      malignant and hyperplastic murine thymus.
AB  - The distribution and localization of thymocytes positive for p21 ras, the
      lymphocyte homing receptor antigen MEL-14, and IL-2 receptors were studied by
      immunohistology and flow cytometry. Comparisons were made between age-matched
      normal mice, carcinogen-treated mice at early (stage II) and late (stage III)
      stages of disease, and cortisone-treated mice. In normal thymus, the majority of
      cortical and medullary thymocytes are p21 ras positive. MEL-14hi- and IL-2R
      positive cells are located in the cortex and comprise less than 5% of the thymus
      population. Stage II carcinogen-treated animals consistently show increased
      numbers of MEL-14hi cells in the thymus, with fewer animals having increased
      numbers of IL-2R positive cells. These populations appear to be different from
      one another. All stage III animals have MEL-14hi-positive tumor cells, which in
      70% of the cases also express IL-2R. Cortisone treatment was used to study non
      malignant proliferation. After cortisone treatment there is a marked increase of
      p21 ras staining in both the cortex and medulla during the first 72-hour
      interval. Within 24 hours, 50% of the thymocytes are IL-2R positive, but MEL-14hi
      cells are not detected. By 48 hours, 90% of the thymus population expresses IL-2R
      and 50% of the cells are MEL-14hi positive, and this results in a substantial
      population of cells positive for both IL-2R positive:MEL-14hi markers. This
      population rapidly disappears by 72 hours, leaving 90% of the cells MEL-14hi
      positive and less than 10% IL-2R positive. The staining of p21 ras at 72 hours is
      unusual, showing a speckled, cytoplasmic pattern. In light of our findings, we
      propose that the first step in thymic lymphomagenesis in carcinogen-treated
      C57BL/6 mice involves the rare cortical MEL-14hi subpopulation and is thymic
      dependent. A late stage involves expression of IL-2 receptors by a subset of MEL
      14hi cells, thus conferring the potential for autonomous growth and malignancy.

PMID- 2407124
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to rat Kupffer cells. Anti-KCA-1 distinguishes Kupffer
      cells from other macrophages.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies, anti-KCA-1 and anti-KCA-2, directed against rat
      Kupffer cells (hepatic sinusoidal macrophages) were developed. Immunohistologic
      studies of the liver and analysis of isolated hepatic cells by immunofluorescence
      and flow cytometry showed that the reactivity of these antibodies was restricted
      to macrophages. Both KCA-1+ and KCA-2+ cells were located predominantly in the
      periportal region; in contrast, Ia+ sinusoidal cells were located primarily in
      the centrilobular region. Macrophagelike cells within the portal tracts expressed
      KCA-2 but not KCA-1. These findings indicate the presence of heterogeneity within
      the macrophage population of the liver. Anti-KCA-1 reactivity appeared to be
      almost entirely restricted to Kupffer cells; only a few macrophages in the thymus
      and a small number of cells in the bone marrow expressed KCA-1. In contrast, KCA
      2 was more widely distributed; splenic, lymph node, and intestinal macrophages
      were intensely stained with anti-KCA-2. These studies indicate that KCA-1 is a
      marker of Kupffer cells.

PMID- 2407125
TI  - Surface-activated bovine platelets do not spread, they unfold.
AB  - The present study has examined the response of bovine platelets to surface
      activation and compared it to the reaction of human cells. Human platelets react
      to surfaces by losing their discoid shape, extending pseudopods, converting to
      dendritic forms, and finally, spreading into thin films resembling pancakes.
      Bovine platelets do not spread, they unfold. Surface activation causes them to
      transform from discs to irregular, flattened shapes resembling dendritic
      platelets, but they are unable to fill in spaces between pseudopods, a step
      required for spreading. Bovine platelets lack the surface-connected open
      canalicular system (OCS), which serves as a reservoir of membrane for human
      platelet spreading. Its absence may be the major factor in the failure of bovine
      platelet spreading, but there are other possible factors. Circumferential
      microtubules are more resistant to disassembly in surface-activated bovine than
      human cells, and their stability as rings or fractured bundles may limit
      spreading. Actin filament assembly is similar in human and bovine platelets, but
      the organization is different. Human platelets form a peripheral weave of actin
      that expands the membrane between pseudopods. A peripheral weave does not form in
      surface-activated bovine platelets. The absence of the OCS and differences in
      cytoskeletal organization in bovine platelets may also affect spreading of the
      surface membrane. Fibrinogen-gold (Fgn-Au) probes added to spread human platelet
      move from pseudopods and the cell margin toward the center and concentrate in the
      OCS. Fgn-Au particles bind to surface-activated bovine cells, but move very
      little, or not at all. All of these factors may contribute to the inability of
      bovine platelets to react to surfaces by spreading like human cells, but absence
      of the OCS appears to be the major cause.

PMID- 2407128
TI  - Attachment between working mothers and their infants: the influence of family
      processes.
AB  - The literature on maternal employment and attachment is reviewed, with emphasis
      on the system of care the infant experiences within the context of the family.
      Maternal characteristics, paternal involvement in child rearing, and the nature
      of the marital relationship are identified as contributing to qualitative
      differences in the attachment relationship between working mothers and their
      infants.

PMID- 2407127
TI  - Inflammatory exudates in skin windows induced by 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3
      phosphorylcholine.
AB  - Previously identified as a platelet-activating factor, 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn
      glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine recently has been described as an inflammatory
      mediator with vasoactive and leukotactic properties. Histologic studies suggested
      that the local microvascular effects of this potent acetylated alkyl
      phosphoglyceride were limited in extent. Also, cytologic characterization of
      exudates was incomplete in tissue sections. Therefore, skin window chambers were
      used as an alternate model in which to explore the ability of the active form of
      this lipid mediator to diffuse in tissue. In addition, skin windows provided a
      convenient means to characterize the leukocytic exudates. Based on measurements
      of agonist-induced plasma exudation, the effect of 1-0-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn
      glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine appeared to be limited to the superficial
      microvasculature underlying the skin window surface. This interpretation was
      supported by a brief histologic study that revealed vascular labeling by
      colloidal carbon mostly in a narrow 150-microns dermal zone beneath chambers
      containing the phospholipid agonist. Finally, the leukocytic exudate recovered at
      3 hours consisted of neutrophils and a small number of eosinophils. Thus the skin
      window model was useful to further characterize the leukocytic exudate, and it
      suggested that the potent vasoactive effects of the acetylated alkyl
      phosphoglyceride were limited by local conditions in tissue so as to produce a
      highly focused inflammatory response.

PMID- 2407126
TI  - Prevention of neutrophil-mediated injury to endothelial cells by
      perfluorochemical.
AB  - Myocardial salvage after reperfusion may be limited by neutrophil-mediated
      microvascular damage. The effect of the perfluorochemical, Fluosol-DA, and its
      various components on neutrophil adherence, cytotoxicity, and proteolytic enzyme
      release was examined on sheep large and small vessel endothelial cells in vitro.
      Cells were studied under normoxic (N) and anoxic conditions (A). Various
      concentrations of Fluosol (10%, 25%, and 50%) significantly reduced neutrophil
      adherence under both experimental conditions [mean 22 +/- 3.25% versus 7 +/- 0.8%
      (N) and 20 +/- 3.2% versus 7.5 +/- 0.9% (A); P less than 0.01]. The
      perfluorocarbons, perfluorodecalin (PFD), and perfluoro-tripropylamine (PFTP) in
      a 50 volume/percent concentration exhibited profound effects on adherence,
      particularly on cells subjected to anoxia (51% and 69% reduction in adherence,
      respectively; P less than 0.01). No effect on adherence was observed with other
      components, including the detergent, pluronic F68. A 25% reduction (P less than
      0.02) in endothelial cytotoxicity was noted when neutrophils were preincubated
      with Fluosol. However, pretreatment of endothelial cells with Fluosol did not
      inhibit neutrophil adherence. Neutrophils stimulated with cytochalasin B and FMLP
      showed a significant reduction in lysozyme release after incubation with Fluosol
      (28 +/- 5% versus 17 +/- 4%; P less than 0.01). This study demonstrates that
      Fluosol significantly attenuates neutrophil adherence, cytotoxicity, and enzyme
      release in an in vitro model of microvascular injury. It also suggests that
      prevention of neutrophil-mediated microvascular damage may be an important
      mechanism whereby Fluosol enhances myocardial salvage after ischemia and
      reperfusion.

PMID- 2407130
TI  - Poverty and early childhood parenting: toward a framework for intervention.
AB  - The relationship between poverty and child rearing has been a persistent source
      of social concern in the United States. Drawing on available literature, this
      paper seeks to establish a conceptual approach to the interaction of these two
      complex variables. Appropriate interventions and strategies for their
      implementation are considered.

PMID- 2407129
TI  - The shared experience of catastrophe: an expanded classification of the disaster
      community.
AB  - Based on observational and interview data following a major air crash, a
      classification of individuals affected by catastrophe is proposed in which degree
      of involvement is used to characterize the dynamic nature of the disaster
      community. The model encompasses individual and group activities, roles and
      relationships, and the shared meaning of the traumatic event. Implications for
      the identification of neglected participants and for preventive community
      intervention are offered.

PMID- 2407131
TI  - A morphometric study of the effects of pressure on bone resorption in the middle
      ear of rats.
AB  - Bone destruction is one of the clinical features of chronic otitis media with
      cholesteatoma. Bone resorption may be due to the epithelial debris accumulated in
      the cholesteatoma epidermal sac that acts as foreign body material inducing a
      destructive granulation tissue and creates pressure on the bony middle ear. This
      compressive force then induces bone resorption. The present study was designed to
      replicate certain conditions similar to those in cholesteatoma leading to bone
      resorption. Four types of materials were implanted into the middle ear cavity of
      rats: (1) laminaria, an expandable seaweed material, (2) preswollen laminaria,
      (3) keratin powder suspension, and (4) surgical grade silicone, which when bent
      exerts pressure on the bulla wall. The placement of laminaria segments in the
      middle ear cavity of rats was followed by swelling of the implanted materials
      within 7 days. The bulla bone response was by neo-osteogenesis as well as active
      bone resorption. The new bone was observed on the external and/or internal
      surface of the tympanic bone. The cochlear bone also showed extensive bone
      resorption in the animals. Osteogenesis was rarely observed on the capsule of the
      cochlea. We also observed no bone resorption at sites without presence of
      inflammatory connective tissue between laminaria and bone. The typical
      multinucleated osteoclasts were often seen at the resorption area but the
      majority of bone resorption sites were characterized by the presence of
      mononuclear cells and other inflammatory cells. Preswollen laminaria, keratin
      powder, and silicone strips induced minimal bone resorption. No resorption was
      observed in the bony cochleas of these experimental groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407132
TI  - Meniere's disease--1983-1989.
AB  - A MEDLINE review of Meniere's disease for the years 1983 through June, 1989
      identified over 300 articles published in the English language. These articles
      have been reviewed, and those which represent significantly new or different
      findings from a previously published review article are summarized. Specific
      studies have been selected to highlight new areas of interest as well as new
      areas of controversy. Major trends in the period from 1983 through 1989 include a
      new AAO-HNS criteria for reporting results in Meniere's disease, expanding
      interest in the relationship between immune disorders and Meniere's disease, and
      new long-term studies of endolymphatic shunt procedures, with many reporting that
      these procedures provide only short-term relief and no long-term preservation of
      hearing.

PMID- 2407133
TI  - The relationship between gluconeogenic substrate supply and glucose production in
      humans.
AB  - The relationship between gluconeogenic precursor supply and glucose production
      has been investigated in 14-h and 86-h fasted humans. In protocols 1 and 2 [6,6
      2H]glucose and [15N2]urea were infused to measure glucose and urea production
      rates (Ra) in response to infusions of glycerol and alanine. In protocol 3 first
      [15N]alanine, [3-13C]lactate, and [6,6-2H]glucose were infused before and during
      administration of dichloroacetate (DCA) to determine the response of glucose Ra
      to decreased fluxes of pyruvate, alanine, and lactate, then alanine was infused
      with DCA and glucose Ra measured. After a 14-h fast, neither alanine nor glycerol
      increased glucose Ra. Basal glucose Ra decreased by one-third after 86 h of
      fasting, yet glycerol and alanine infusions had no effect on glucose Ra. Glycerol
      always reduced urea Ra (P less than 0.05), suggesting that glycerol competitively
      inhibited gluconeogenesis from amino acids. DCA decreased the fluxes of pyruvate,
      alanine (P less than 0.01), and glucose Ra (P less than 0.01), which was
      prevented by alanine infusion. These findings suggest that 1) the reduction in
      glucose Ra after an 86-h fast is not because of a shortage of gluconeogenic
      substrate; 2) nonetheless, the importance of precursor supply to maintain basal
      glucose Ra is confirmed by the response to DCA; 3) an excess of one gluconeogenic
      substrate inhibits gluconeogenesis from others.

PMID- 2407134
TI  - Absence of insulin-receptor downregulation in hepatocytes from hyperinsulinemic
      rats.
AB  - Insulin-induced downregulation of the insulin receptor occurs in conditions
      associated with high extracellular concentrations of insulin. This paper
      describes the effect of experimental hyperinsulinemia on insulin binding to
      isolated hepatocytes. In vivo experimental hyperinsulinemia was produced in rats
      by subcutaneous injection of long-acting insulin at low (10 mU.g-1.day-1), medium
      (up to 25 mU.g-1.day-1), and high (up to 50 mU.g-1.day-1) doses over 1 or 2 wk.
      Insulin-stimulated lipogenesis was measured to determine the efficacy of the
      experimentally produced hyperinsulinemia. The results showed that 1) insulin
      induced downregulation, determined by insulin binding, was not present in
      hepatocytes from any of the hyperinsulinemic rats; 2) insulin binding was
      increased in hepatocytes from 1- and 2-wk high-dose hyperinsulinemic rats
      compared with 1-wk sucrose-control (P less than 0.05), 2-wk sucrose-control (P
      less than 0.01), and normal rats (P less than 0.01); 3) increased binding may
      have been due to an increase in the number of low-affinity receptors; 4)
      insulin's effect on lipogenesis (i.e., insulin-stimulated lipogenesis minus the
      basal value) was increased in either 1-wk (P less than 0.001) or 2-wk (P less
      than 0.001) high-dose insulin-treated rats compared with either normal or 2-wk
      sucrose-control rats; 5) insulin's effect on hepatocyte lipogenesis in sucrose
      control (P less than 0.025) and in all other insulin-treated (P less than 0.008
      or P less than 0.05 for 2-wk medium dose) rats was greater than insulin's effect
      in normal hepatocytes. The reasons for the absence of downregulation are not
      clear, but rapid receptor recycling, rapid degradation, and upregulation are
      listed as possibilities.

PMID- 2407135
TI  - Placental-fetal glucose exchange and placental glucose consumption in pregnant
      sheep.
AB  - To determine the separate effects of changes in fetal glucose and insulin
      concentrations on uteroplacental glucose transfer (UPGT) and consumption (UPGC)
      we studied 24 late-gestation pregnant sheep during fetal insulin infusions alone
      and with simultaneous glucose clamp. Insulin infusion alone increased fetal
      glucose utilization rate (GUR) by 45% (P less than 0.001), decreasing fetal
      glucose concentration by 40% (P less than 0.01) and thereby increasing fetal
      glucose clearance (Clglu) by 150% (P less than 0.001). Maternal-fetal glucose
      gradient also increased, resulting in a 40% increase (P less than 0.02) in UPGT
      [measured as umbilical glucose uptake (UGU)] and a 30% decrease (P less than
      0.05) in UPGC. Addition of a fetal glucose clamp returned fetal glucose
      concentration to base line and restored UPGC and UGU to control values with a
      further 2.25-fold increase in fetal GUR. Clglu did not change, as the increase in
      GUR was proportional to the increase in fetal glucose concentration. Similarly,
      in animals receiving an insulin infusion plus glucose clamp throughout, maternal
      glucose concentration, fetal glucose concentration, UPGC, and UGU did not change,
      whereas GUR and Clglu increased approximately 1.9-fold. These changes were noted
      at constant maternal glucose concentration and uterine glucose uptake. Thus
      variation in fetal glucose concentration rather than fetal insulin concentration
      directly regulates uteroplacental glucose transfer and consumption, whereas both
      fetal insulin and glucose affect, in separate ways, fetal glucose utilization and
      clearance.

PMID- 2407136
TI  - The cell biology and pathogenic role of pulmonary intravascular macrophages.
AB  - Pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) are an extensive population of mature
      phagocytic cells adherent to the pulmonary capillary endothelium in selected
      species. They are not prevalent in lungs of commonly studied laboratory animals,
      such as rodents, and thus have only been recently appreciated. However, their
      potential role in host defense and acute lung injury has attracted interest,
      since a number of studies have demonstrated pulmonary localization of circulating
      particles, microbes, and endotoxin by PIMs. Those animal species, such as
      ruminants, that provide useful models of pathogen (or endotoxin)-induced acute
      lung injury demonstrate rapid pulmonary uptake of bacteria by PIMs. Inflammatory
      mediators released by activated PIMs may initiate the process and provoke
      accumulation of neutrophils and platelets. This review summarizes the
      morphological characteristics of PIMs and their species distribution. The role of
      these members of the mononuclear phagocyte system, both beneficial and
      potentially pathogenic, is reviewed. The question of whether PIMs have a role in
      acute lung injury in humans is also discussed.

PMID- 2407137
TI  - Sodium efflux from isolated submucosal gland in feline trachea.
AB  - We examined Na efflux, as an indicator of electrolyte (or water) secretion from
      isolated feline tracheal submucosal glands. After incubation with 22NaCl
      containing KRB solution (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C, the 22Na-loaded glands were
      transferred to a superfusion apparatus in which perfusate was continuously pumped
      to the glands at a flow rate of 2.5 ml/min and sampled at 18-s intervals for 10
      15 min. After 5 min of perfusion, a pharmacological or electrical field
      stimulation (FS) was given to the isolated glands. The instantaneous rate
      constant was calculated by measuring the radioactivity (counts/min) of each
      effluent sample. The mean rate constant of the base-line 22Na efflux was 0.21 min
      1, which fell significantly to 0.03 min-1 after treatment with ouabain. Both
      methacholine and phenylephrine significantly accelerated the 22Na efflux to 3.6
      fold and 1.8 times base-line efflux, respectively. FS produced a significant
      increase in the rate constant, and the increase was abolished by pretreatment
      with ouabain or tetrodotoxin. Further, atropine or phentolamine significantly
      suppressed the FS-evoked increase in the rate constant to 76 and 84%,
      respectively, of the maximal response evoked by FS alone. These results indicate
      that Na efflux from feline tracheal submucosal glands, which is dependent on
      ouabain-sensitive Na-K-ATPase activity in the secretory cells, is stimulated by
      both cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic agonists.

PMID- 2407138
TI  - Use of cultured airway epithelial cells in studies of ion transport.
AB  - In 1984, primary cultures of dog tracheal epithelium were shown to retain the ion
      transport processes of the original tissue. Since then, ion transport in both
      nasal and tracheal cell cultures has been studied with Ussing chambers,
      conventional and ion-sensitive microelectrodes, radiotracers, Cl-sensing
      fluorescent dyes, and patch clamping. Much of the resulting information could not
      have been obtained using the native tissues and has been especially useful in
      determining the ion transport defect(s) in cystic fibrosis. Recent improvements
      in growth conditions should make highly differentiated cell cultures routinely
      available, further increasing the usefulness of cultured cells for the study of
      ion transport by airway epithelium.

PMID- 2407139
TI  - On the nature of enduring modifications induced in cells and organisms.
AB  - The clarity of Mendelian genetics and the elegance of the molecular mechanisms of
      replication and readout of DNA have tended to obscure a solid body of evidence
      demonstrating that nongenetic, enduring modifications can be induced in the
      behavior of cells, modifications that continue to be expressed for many divisions
      after withdrawal of the inducing stimulus. The most prosaic case is the
      differentiated state of metazoan cells, which persists throughout the lifetime of
      the organism. Much less widely known but well-characterized examples are also
      cited for bacteria, protozoa, and cultured cells of higher plants and animals.
      The spontaneous neoplastic transformation of cultured mouse NIH 3T3 cells is
      introduced as an enduring adaptive response to moderate growth constraints.
      Evidence in support of the thesis that physiological adaptation is the driving
      force for chemically induced carcinogenesis in the intact animal is also
      presented. The cases described here involve integrated responses of many if not
      all of the regulatory components of the cell, rather than singular molecular
      mechanisms. The continuous generation of phenotypic heterogeneity, a process
      observed readily in cell culture, provides the basis for a model that accounts
      for enduring modifications. This model, designated progressive state selection,
      makes no attempt at a detailed biochemical explanation of heterogeneity, but uses
      it as a fundamental postulate to represent the adaptive behavior of the cells.

PMID- 2407140
TI  - Prostaglandins alter methacholine-induced secretion in ferret in vitro trachea.
AB  - The ferret trachea was mounted in an organ bath containing Krebs-Henseleit
      solution with additional bovine serum albumin (BSA). Tracheal secretions were
      collected and analyzed for albumin, and lysozyme, a specific marker of serous
      cell secretion. The total secretion volume and output and concentrations of
      albumin and lysozyme were calculated. Secretion was stimulated with methacholine
      (20 microM) (Mch), and the effects of the prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, and PGF2
      alpha on methacholine-induced secretion were studied. All responses were dose
      dependent. PGF2 alpha at 10(-5) M increased the volume of Mch-stimulated
      secretion twofold, the lysozyme output sixfold, and concentration over threefold,
      while decreasing the albumin transport by one-half. PGD2 at 10(-5) M reduced Mch
      induced secretion volume to 75% control, increased albumin transport to 135%,
      without affecting lysozyme secretion. PGE1 at 10(-5) M increased Mch-stimulated
      albumin transport and concentration over twofold, decreased lysozyme release to
      less than one-third of control, and had no effect on secretion volume. PGE1
      caused the albumin concentration to exceed that of the outer bath, indicating
      active transport. We conclude that prostaglandins selectively alter tracheal
      secretion induced by cholinergic stimuli.

PMID- 2407141
TI  - Paul Anthony Lembcke, MD, MPH: a pioneer in medical care evaluation.

PMID- 2407142
TI  - Renal liposarcoma.
AB  - A liposarcoma arose in the kidney of a 52-year-old man. After 13 years, it
      recurred, was resected, and recurred again. The second recurrence was inoperable.

PMID- 2407143
TI  - Histology of the normal thymus.
AB  - We present a review of the normal histology of the thymus, with special emphasis
      on the developmental, morphologic, and immunohistochemical aspects pertinent to
      the interpretation of thymic lesions in surgical pathology. Attention is drawn to
      normal variations in histology, embryonal vestiges and developmental defects,
      involutional and hyperplastic changes, tissue reactions to injury, and biopsy
      artifacts that may constitute a source of diagnostic problems.

PMID- 2407144
TI  - [No reduction in postoperative complications by the use of catheterized epidural
      analgesia following major abdominal surgery].
AB  - This study was designed to assess whether intra- and postoperative epidural
      analgesia would diminish the overall rate of postoperative complications after
      major abdominal operations when compared to a standard anesthetic and
      postoperative analgesic regimen. A total of 214 patients undergoing infrarenal
      aortic bypass operations, gastric resection, gastrectomy, Whipple's operation, or
      duodenum-preserving pancreatic resection were randomly divided into two groups.
      Patients in the epidural group (n = 98) were operated on under light general
      anesthesia (midazolam, low-dose fentanyl, N2O/O2, pancuronium bromide). In
      addition, a mixture of bupivacaine (0.25%) and fentanyl (2 micrograms/ml) was
      infused (6-10 ml/h) via a thoracic epidural catheter intra- and postoperatively
      for 76:1.45 h (logarithmic normal distribution). Patients in the control group (n
      = 116) were operated on under a standard general anesthesia (midazolam, fentanyl,
      N2O/O2, isoflurane, pancuronium-bromide). Piritramid was injected for
      postoperative pain relief, either i.v. (recovery room, intensive care unit) or
      i.m. (surgical ward). In the epidural group the quality of analgesia and ability
      to cough were significantly better (2 P less than 0.0071) than in the control
      group (four observations each on the 1st and 2nd postoperative days). Heart rate
      and mean arterial pressure were lower in the epidural group at the same points of
      observation (2 P less than 0.01), as was the plasma glucose on the 1st
      postoperative day. The time up to the first postoperative defecation was shorter
      in the epidural group (79:1.51 h) as compared to the control group (93:1.38 h; 2
      P less than 0.0167). The time to hospital discharge was equal in both groups
      (epidural group 19:1.6 days, control group 18:1.6 days).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407145
TI  - Continuous on-line monitoring of biomolecules based on automated homogeneous
      enzyme-linked competitive binding assays.

PMID- 2407146
TI  - Calendar of anniversary 1990.

PMID- 2407147
TI  - [Quantitative immunohistochemical studies of insulin and glucagon cells of the
      fetal rat pancreas before and after cryopreservation].
AB  - Fetal pancreas obtained at a gestational age of 19.5 days were morphologically
      investigated before and after cryopreservation. The relative B-cell and A-cell
      volume density was determined on immunohistochemically stained section by point
      sampling.

PMID- 2407148
TI  - Comparative study of visual inter and intrahemispheric cortico-cortical
      connections in five native Chilean rodents.
AB  - Previous studies of the visual cortical organization in the rat and other rodent
      species have raised the possibility that the visual cortical plan in the rat is
      common to a large number of species within the order. We have tested this idea by
      comparing the visual plan in the rat to cortical subdivision schemes obtained
      from five native Chilean rodent species, including members of the Cricetidae
      family within the Miomorph group, as well as from the Octodontidae family within
      the Caviomorph group. Cortical subdivision schemes were inferred from the
      analysis of the patterns of callosal connections revealed following multiple
      injections of HRP contralaterally, as well as from ipsilateral cortico-cortical
      connections observed after small injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated
      with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) into striate cortex. As in the rat, callosal
      connections in the native rodents concentrate at the border between
      cytoarchitectonic areas 17 and 18a, and along the borders of discrete, sparsely
      callosal islands of cortex in lateral peristriate cortex. Furthermore, single
      injections of WGA-HRP into striate cortex produce multiple, separate fields of
      labeled cells and terminations in the cortex surrounding area 17. Together, our
      data supports the idea of a common plan of visual cortical organization among
      rodents by providing evidence that the visual cortex in the native species is
      subdivided into multiple visual areas in a manner that resembles the rat cortical
      plan.

PMID- 2407149
TI  - Early development and myogenesis of the posterior anuran lymph hearts.
AB  - The early development of anuran posterior lymph hearts studied by light- and
      electron-microscopy in frog larval stages 25-29 (Gosner 1960) can be subdivided
      into three phases. In phase I, mesenchymal myogenic cells are found, each
      possessing a single 9 + 0 cilium and numerous filopode-like processes aggregated
      near the vena caudalis lateralis, forming up to three metameric organ anlagen
      arranged like a cuff around the preexisting lymphatics (stages 26/27). In phase
      II, cell proliferation starts at stage 28 within the lymph heart wall as does the
      formation of primarily polynuclear myofibres by fusion of several myoblasts. At
      this stage immature myofibres show a vast sarcoplasm, a poorly developed SR and
      only few myofibrils with not yet distinguishable A- and I-bands. In phase III,
      the afferent and efferent valves are formed at the onset of pulsation in stage
      29. Contractile myofibres contain large glycogen fields and a considerable amount
      of myofibrils which frequently branch and show distinct Z-lines, A-, I-, H- and M
      bands; 1-3 cilia were found lying within a channel-like cell invagination. The
      peculiarities of organogenesis and myofibre development are discussed.

PMID- 2407150
TI  - Pro- and anticonvulsant effects of anesthetics (Part I)
AB  - Many inhaled anesthetics and intravenous analgesics have been alleged to produce
      both proconvulsant and anticonvulsant activity in humans. The reasons for these
      contrasting actions on the CNS are poorly understood at the present time.
      However, biologic variability plays an important role in determining individual
      patient's responses to anesthetic and analgesic drugs. In addition, variations in
      the responsiveness of inhibitory and excitatory neurons to the central depressant
      effects of these drugs could also explain these apparently conflicting data.
      Depending on the brain concentration, centrally active drugs may produce
      differing effects on the CNS inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter systems.
      The availability of increasingly powerful magnetic resonance imaging techniques
      to provide noninvasive information about tissue chemistry (e.g.,
      neurotransmitters and citric acid cycle metabolites) and positron emission
      tomography to noninvasively evaluate CNS drug-receptor interactions should lead
      to a more in-depth understanding of the in vivo effects of anesthetics and
      analgesics on the CNS. In the second part of this review article, we discuss the
      pro- and anticonvulsant effects of the sedative-hypnotics, local anesthetics, and
      other anesthetic adjuvant drugs.

PMID- 2407151
TI  - One hundred thirty-six years of ether anesthesia.

PMID- 2407152
TI  - Current therapy of peripheral obstructive arterial disease. The non-surgical
      approach.
AB  - In recent years double-blind trials have proved the effectiveness of nonsurgical
      therapy in the treatment of peripheral obstructive arterial disease (POAD). Among
      the non-pharmacologic measures taken, walking distance was increased by 40% in
      subjects who stopped smoking and by more than 100% in those who undertook
      physical exercise. Drug treatment reduces the atherosclerotic process and brings
      about an improvement in the symptoms of the disease. In subjects given
      hypolipidemic treatment the progression of the disease was reduced by two thirds.
      Two separate studies suggest that antiplatelet drugs, taken over a period of two
      to four years, significantly slow the progression of atherosclerosis in lower
      extremity arteries. In the treatment of claudication, two vasodilating drugs,
      naftidrofuryl and buflomedil, have shown a significant improvement in painfree
      walking distance and/or total walking distance, compared with treatment with
      placebo. Another effective approach is in the treatment of blood rheology through
      drugs such as pentoxifylline or by hemodilution. Double-blind trials with
      pentoxifylline demonstrated an average increase of 66% in maximum walking
      distance as compared with 22% with placebo. The effectiveness of hemodilution was
      demonstrated by two controlled trials, during which the reduction of the
      hematocrit to values of 40-42 for periods of four to six weeks increased both
      walking distance and resting blood flow. When introduced intraarterially in low
      doses in the vicinity of the occluding thrombus, thrombolytic agents have been
      found to be helpful in the treatment of acute and chronic POAD. This therapy
      should, however, be regarded as a substitute for surgical treatment only in high
      risk patients. Further, after having produced the lysis of thrombi, the treatment
      permits the underlying parietal lesions to be accurately identified; at this
      point the appropriate therapy can be decided upon, either an operative procedure
      or a balloon dilation. In conclusion the many controlled clinical trials carried
      out over the past few years have clearly demonstrated that conservative treatment
      can alleviate clinical signs and symptoms in patients with claudication and pain
      at rest.

PMID- 2407153
TI  - Calcium antagonists: pharmacologic agents in search of new clinical indications.
AB  - The broad availability of new pharmacologic agents is usually followed by both
      the search for similar compounds with more specific and refined actions and the
      expansion of clinical applicability for these agents. During the last twenty
      years extensive investigations have revealed that calcium (Ca) antagonists hold a
      multifaceted pharmacodynamic potential that includes not only the antiarrhythmic
      and antihypertensive effects of the drug but also the protection against
      excessive Ca entry into the cells of the cardiovascular system and subsequent
      cell damage. The physiologic age-dependent Ca accumulation in the arterial wall,
      which inevitably appears after the second decade, reaches maximal values in the
      age group of eighty-one to ninety years when the aortic wall exhibits a total Ca
      content that is 100 times higher than in arteries of infants. In animals we also
      find age-dependent accumulation of Ca in the arterial wall that is severely
      aggravated by uncontrolled diabetes or hypertension. Fleckenstein has shown that
      this arterial calcinosis can be prevented by chronic administration of Ca
      antagonists. Furthermore, Fleckenstein has demonstrated that excessive Ca
      overload of myocardial tissue constitutes a basic pathologic process in the
      development of cardiac necroses--brought about by extreme beta-adrenergic drive
      (overdoses of catecholamines), high doses of vitamin D3, dihydrotachysterol,
      alimentary factors such as K or Mg deficiency, or genetic defects (hereditary
      cardiomyopathy). Even cardiac hypertrophy, either idiopathic or as a consequence
      of hypertension, can be prevented by the action of Ca antagonists.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407154
TI  - A community detection program for abdominal aortic aneurysm.
AB  - This study aimed to discover the prevalence of undiagnosed abdominal aortic
      aneurysm in the community in men aged sixty-five to seventy-four. All 1,392 men
      in this age group registered with twenty general medical practitioners were
      invited for free health screening at hospital and 746 attended. The abdominal
      aorta was imaged by ultrasound and its anteroposterior diameter measured. An
      abdominal aortic aneurysm was present in 6.3% and the aneurysm was 4.0 cm or more
      in diameter in 2%.

PMID- 2407155
TI  - Transcranial Doppler monitoring during percutaneous transluminal aortic
      valvuloplasty.
AB  - Cerebral blood flow was studied in 12 elderly patients with severe calcific
      aortic stenosis by means of transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) during
      percutaneous transluminal aortic valvuloplasty (PTAV). In 8 of these 12 patients
      duplex sonography revealed a stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA)
      exceeding 50%. Frequency spectra of 10 patients showed a satisfactory quality and
      were analyzed. In 7 subjects balloon inflation was well tolerated and systolic
      blood pressure did not drop below 75 mmHg. In these patients, whether they had a
      stenosis of the ICA or not, blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery
      (MCA) did not decrease to a critical level. The authors defined "critical" as a
      reduction of mean blood flow velocity in the MCA exceeding 50% or a decrease
      below 35 cm/sec. Three patients showed a rapid decrease of systolic aortic
      pressure below 75 mmHg. In these subjects mean blood flow velocity in the MCA
      dropped to levels below 35 cm/sec. Deflation and retraction of the balloon
      resulted in a rapid increase of systemic blood pressure and flow velocity in the
      MCA. This report demonstrates TCD to be a useful monitoring method of determining
      residual perfusion in patients with aortic stenosis during PTAV.

PMID- 2407156
TI  - Echocardiographic score versus wall motion index for risk stratification after
      acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Two-dimensional echo cardiographic wall motion scores are potentially valuable
      prognostic indicators because of their association with subsequent mortality in
      patients with acute myocardial infarction. Because wall motion scores are
      relatively simple to obtain, they could come into widespread use. But wall motion
      scores have been found to have a low positive predictive accuracy in respect to
      one- or three-year survival and a low specificity in respect to pump failure. To
      clarify the value of wall motion scores in risk stratification the authors
      analyzed the ability of a wall motion index, in combination with other variables,
      to predict death within a year of acute myocardial infarction. Patients were 149
      consecutive men with acute myocardial infarction. There were no exclusion
      criteria. By Cox regression, the variables most closely related to survival were
      the presence of a pericardial effusion, the age of the patient, alcoholism, and
      the E point septal separation. The wall motion index, by comparison, was only
      weakly related to survival and was therefore dropped from further analyses. The
      four variables most closely related to survival were then used to derive a
      predictive echocardiographic score. The score's negative predictive accuracy was
      94%, although sensitivity and positive predictive accuracy were low. These data
      suggest that, even when applied nonselectively, the echocardiographic score, but
      not the wall motion index, appears to be an efficient way of characterizing the
      outcome of acute myocardial infarction, in that it reliably detects low-risk
      patients.

PMID- 2407157
TI  - Improved left ventricular function in myocardial infarction following intravenous
      thrombolytic therapy with acylated plasminogen activator.
AB  - Forty-six patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) were treated within
      three hours of the onset of chest pain with an intravenous bolus (IV) of 30 units
      of anisolated plasminogen activator streptokinase complex (APSAC). Reperfusion
      was detected in 31 patients (67%) by clinical, electrocardiographic, and
      enzymatic criteria. The mean time elapsed between the onset of the chest pain to
      thrombolytic therapy was 114 +/- 53 minutes. Left ventricular ejection fraction
      (LVEF) was significantly better in patients with anterior and inferior myocardial
      infarction who had successful reperfusion, as compared with those who did not
      (48.8 +/- 13.0 vs 35.3 +/- 10.9, p less than 0.05 and 59.7 +/- 12.6 vs 47.9 +/-
      15.3, p less than 0.05, respectively). The rate of reocclusion within three weeks
      was 22%. The overall one-year mortality was 4%. There were no serious adverse
      reactions following the thrombolytic treatment. Thus bolus IV injection of 30
      units of APSAC is both safe and effective in preserving left ventricular function
      when given early in the course of acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2407158
TI  - Review of the validity of national coronary heart disease mortality rates.
AB  - Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease are heavily dependent on national
      mortality rates. The diagnostic error for the coronary heart disease is
      substantial but unquantifiable and is conservatively at least +/- 30%. When this
      error is superimposed on innumerable errors and omissions in the compilation of
      monocausal mortality rates, the reliability of such vital statistics currently
      precludes their use for scientific purposes.

PMID- 2407159
TI  - A hypothesis linking bronchial hyperreactivity and airway inflammation:
      implications for therapy.

PMID- 2407160
TI  - [Pulmonary mycoses and parasitosis].
AB  - Lungs can be the target of many fungal parasitic organisms. Some of them are
      specific to the lung (Pneumocystis); while others will migrate there in the
      course of their life cycle (Ascaris) or be caught in it (Paragonimus,
      Echinococcus). Sometimes, they also generate hypersensitivity reactions (fungi).
      In making a diagnosis one has to consider the present state of health or the
      disease history of the patient. A great number of parasites or mycetes are
      opportunist agents found in immuno-compromised patients. The epidemiological
      investigation giving details of a trip, even a long time ago, in a tropical
      region allows the suspicion of an imported parasitosis or an exotic mycosis. At
      present, we have on one hand, the mixing of populations, and on the other hand,
      many immuno-compromised situations which has given rise to a renewed interest in
      fungal and parasitic lung diseases.

PMID- 2407161
TI  - [Common values of serum selenium in a population in Eastern France].
AB  - Eastern France is a low selenium area. Livestock grazing on this soil had low
      selenium concentration. In human adults, the serum selenium levels were 0.91 +/-
      0.14 mumol/l (n = 125) lower than in other european countries except Finland and
      Greece. However, no adult had serum concentration less than 0.57 mumol/l, a value
      under which the risk of death from ischemic heart disease or from cancer seem be
      increased. In infants, serum selenium contents were low, they increased
      progressively and reached adult levels at about 4 years in our study. In elderly
      subjects above 70 years old, serum selenium values were significantly (p less
      than 0.0001) below those of adults (0.83 +/- 0.17 mumol/l). The selenium values
      diminished when age increases in this population. 4.5 per cent of these subjects
      had a level under 0.57 mumol/l.

PMID- 2407162
TI  - A prospective, randomized clinical trial of wound debridement versus conservative
      wound care in soft-tissue injury from civilian gunshot wounds.
AB  - While clear-cut evidence exists documenting the extensive tissue destruction from
      blast and cavitation in high-velocity projectile injury and that wounds from
      projectiles of all velocities can be contaminated by bacteria potentially leading
      to infection, less is known about the tissue effects of lower-velocity projectile
      injury from gunshot wounds seen in the civilian sector. Despite this, traditional
      recommendations have supported debridement, admission, and aggressive wound care
      in these patients. This study will determine the effect of two methods of wound
      care on the outcome of soft-tissue gunshot wounds. Patients who had suffered a
      gunshot wound and were transported to the Trauma Center at the University of
      Florida Health Science Center postinjury were considered eligible for this study.
      All patients with torso injury, skeletal injury, neurovascular injury, or
      vascular proximity were excluded. Patients were then randomized to two treatment
      regimens based on a previously determined scheme. All wound care, follow-up, and
      healing evaluations were performed by the same individual. A total of 163
      patients met the study criteria and they were randomized to the two treatment
      regimens: 89 patients, debridement and wound care; 74 patients, wound care alone.
      Each group was similar in age, sex, time to treatment, and caliber/velocity.
      Patients available for follow-up were similar in each group. Four patients in the
      wound-debridement group and two patients in the conservative wound-care group
      developed superficial infections. All infections responded to prompt local
      therapy. This study supports the conservative treatment of soft-tissue injury
      from low-velocity gunshot wounds.

PMID- 2407163
TI  - Noninvasive detection of deep venous thrombosis. A critical evaluation.
AB  - The problems associated with deep venous thrombosis are well established. Correct
      diagnosis cannot be made by clinical examination; therefore, an objective test
      for accurate assessment becomes necessary. Contrast venography is recognized as
      the gold standard examination. However, the disadvantages of venography including
      radiation, dye exposure, and cost are also well recognized. These disadvantages
      have led to the development of the noninvasive studies. To evaluate Duplex B-mode
      ultrasound, Doppler, and air plethysmography, a retrospective review of patients
      referred to the vascular laboratory for evaluation of deep venous thrombosis was
      performed. From June 1984 until June 1987, 1,870 patients were examined in the
      laboratory. Forty eight of these patients underwent all three noninvasive tests
      as well as contrast venography. There were 16 men and 32 women with a mean age of
      60. A total of 50 limbs was examined in these patients. The noninvasive tests had
      the following sensitivities as compared with venography: Doppler 71 per cent, air
      plethysmography 71 per cent, and Duplex B-mode ultrasound 95 per cent. These
      results were statistically significant at P less than 0.05. The specificities for
      Doppler, air plethysmography, and Duplex B-mode ultrasound were 90 per cent, 83
      per cent, and 100 per cent, respectively. These results were also statistically
      significant at P less than 0.02. Based on these findings, we conclude that Duplex
      B-mode ultrasound is a superior noninvasive examination as compared with air
      plethysmography or Doppler, and is a reliable, economical, and efficient
      substitute for contrast venography.

PMID- 2407164
TI  - A prospective study of patient-controlled analgesia. Impact on overall hospital
      course.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) provides
      effective pain control in the postoperative patient. To determine the impact of
      PCA technology on the overall hospital course, we designed a randomized
      controlled study comparing patients receiving analgesia using PCA infusion
      (Abbott Lifecare, Abbott Laboratories; Chicago, IL) with patients receiving
      analgesia by traditional intramuscular or intravenous methods. All patients had
      undergone elective cholecystectomy. Sixty-nine patients completed the study, 35
      received traditional postoperative analgesia, and 34 received analgesia using the
      PCA infuser. Comparison of both groups demonstrated no significant difference in
      postoperative bowel activity with both groups receiving liquids on the first
      postoperative day. There was no significant difference between the two groups
      with respect to postoperative length of stay (3.4 days for PCA vs 3.6 days for
      traditional). Patients demonstrated a wide range of analgesic requirement in the
      first 24 hours but the average of the total analgesic required was higher in the
      PCA group (average, 29.5 mg) than the traditional group (22.8 mg). Urinary
      complications occurred more commonly in the group of patients receiving
      traditional analgesia than in the group of patients receiving analgesia with the
      PCA device. When compared with patients receiving analgesia by traditional
      methods, patients receiving the PCA infusion required more analgesia with fewer
      urinary complications and similar postoperative length of stay.

PMID- 2407165
TI  - Preventing the work-related carpal tunnel syndrome: physician reporting and
      diagnostic criteria.

PMID- 2407166
TI  - Hemoccult screening in detecting colorectal neoplasm: sensitivity, specificity,
      and predictive value. Long-term follow-up in a large group practice setting.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value
      of Hemoccult II tests for detecting colorectal neoplasm (colorectal carcinoma or
      polyp or both). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective analyses of asymptomatic patients
      (greater than or equal to 45 years) followed for 4 years after screening with
      Hemoccult II testing and retrospective analyses of patients, with known
      colorectal carcinoma or polyps or both who had Hemoccult II testing within 2
      years of diagnosis. SETTING: A large, health maintenance organization practice.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In the prospective analysis, the sensitivity of
      Hemoccult II was 50% for colorectal carcinoma diagnosed within 1 year of testing,
      43% within 2 years, and 25% within 4 years. For polyps, sensitivity was 36% at 1
      year, 28% at 2 years, and 17% at 4 years. Specificity was 99%. The predictive
      value of a positive test for colorectal carcinoma was 8% at 1 year, 10% at 2
      years, and 11% at 4 years. On the basis of the retrospective analyses, the
      sensitivity of Hemoccult II for colorectal carcinoma diagnosed within 1 year of
      testing was 66% and was 61% within 2 years. Many of these patients had symptoms
      when tested. CONCLUSIONS: An asymptomatic patient age 45 or older with a positive
      Hemoccult II test has about a chance of 1 in 10 for having colorectal carcinoma
      and a 1-in-3 chance of having either a colorectal carcinoma or polyp: The same
      patient with a negative Hemoccult test has a 0.2% chance of having a colorectal
      carcinoma diagnosed within 2 years of testing and a 0.7% chance of having a
      polyp. Within 4 years of testing the chance increases to 0.5% for colorectal
      carcinoma and 1.5% for polyps. If Hemoccult II slides are the only screening
      method used for detecting asymptomatic colorectal neoplasms, 50% to 60% of
      lesions will remain undetected. Clinical interpretation of Hemoccult screening
      requires appreciation of its limits as well as its benefits.

PMID- 2407167
TI  - Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathogenesis and management.
AB  - PURPOSE: To review the clinical picture, pathogenesis, and management of
      glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. DATA IDENTIFICATION: Studies published since
      1970 were identified from a MEDLINE search, articles accumulated by the authors,
      and through bibliographies of identified articles. STUDY SELECTION: Information
      for review was taken from 160 of the more than 200 articles examined. DATA
      EXTRACTION: Pertinent studies were selected; the relative strengths and
      weaknesses of these studies are discussed. RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS: Studies in
      tissue and organ cultures suggest that glucocorticoids have a direct effect on
      bone, causing inhibition of bone formation and enhancing bone resorption.
      Glucocorticoids decrease calcium absorption from the intestine and increase renal
      excretion. Osteoporosis occurs in at least 50% of persons who require long-term
      glucocorticoid therapy. Long-term trials of therapy for the prevention of
      glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis have not been done, but reasonable
      recommendations include the use of a glucocorticoid with a short half-life in the
      lowest dose possible, maintenance of physical activity, adequate calcium and
      vitamin D intake, sodium restriction and use of thiazide diuretics, and gonadal
      hormone replacement. In refractory cases, the use of calcitonin, bisphosphonates,
      sodium fluoride, or anabolic steroids should be considered. CONCLUSIONS:
      Osteoporosis is common in patients requiring long-term treatment with
      glucocorticoids. Careful attention to preventive management may minimize the
      severity of this serious complication.

PMID- 2407168
TI  - Human learning and memory: connections and dissociations.

PMID- 2407169
TI  - Social and community intervention.

PMID- 2407170
TI  - Animal memory and learning.

PMID- 2407171
TI  - Psychotherapy for children and adolescents.

PMID- 2407172
TI  - Psychology in Japan.

PMID- 2407173
TI  - Reasoning.
AB  - Strict theories of reasoning are schoolmarmish in their insistence on rules and
      structure, but this gives them an advantage when inference is relatively well
      behaved. In the case of reasoning with deductively valid arguments, Strict
      theories give a convincing account of the universality of certain inference forms
      and the productivity of reasoning in comprehension and production. However,
      Strict views are rather frail, since they have to appeal to nonreasoning
      processes (memory limitations, comprehension failure, conversational factors)
      when inferencing breaks down. They seem less suited to inductive and analogical
      arguments, though they may be helpful in restricted situations where the
      inference is routine or the domain well understood. By contrast, Loose theories
      are inarticulate and nerdy. They dispense with formal rules in favor of
      continuous functions defined over beliefs, and the inferences they describe are
      modulations of these functions. In some sense, they are more robust than Strict
      theories, since they apply not only to inductively strong arguments but also to
      deductively valid ones as a limiting case. In fact, we have seen that they can
      provide insight into subjects' responses to purportedly deductive problems that
      are too unruly for Strict theories to handle. They are also extremely literal
      minded in refusing to recognize permanent generalizations. Their only
      generalities are temporary products of their updating schemes. Because of these
      features, Loose theories have trouble producing new beliefs, explaining or
      justifying their own inferences, and keeping straight the difference between
      correlational and causal evidence. As I've described them here, Strict and Loose
      views are postures, not scientific theories. It's hard to see how either point of
      view could be exclusively true, but equally hard to combine their insights
      successfully.

PMID- 2407174
TI  - Counseling psychology: theory and research on interventions.

PMID- 2407175
TI  - Social and personality development.

PMID- 2407176
TI  - Attitudes and attitude change.

PMID- 2407177
TI  - Hemispheric asymmetry.

PMID- 2407178
TI  - Visual sensitivity and parallel retinocortical channels.

PMID- 2407179
TI  - Individual psychotherapy: process and outcome.

PMID- 2407180
TI  - Mechanisms of seasonal cycles of behavior.

PMID- 2407181
TI  - Designing services for the elderly.
AB  - Even after careful planning and a successful launch, even the best geriatric care
      program can not always expect smooth sailing, according to industry executives.
      Allen Mathies, president and chief executive officer at Huntington Memorial
      Hospital, cited a paradoxical side effect stemming from the success of his
      hospital's geriatric outreach programs. "On the one hand, by moving patients
      through a continuum of outpatients services, our program has helped to reduce the
      extraordinary costs associated with acute care hospitalization," he said. "On the
      other hand, those patients who are hospitalized tend to be more acutely ill. They
      use tremendous resources, but at a fixed reimbursement. There is a lack of
      recognition of our real costs by the payer." Why, then, do Huntington Memorial
      Hospital, Baptist Medical Center of Oklahoma, Morton F. Plant Hospital,
      Northwestern Memorial Hospital and other hospitals intend to continue their
      efforts on behalf of their communities' aging populations? The answer is that,
      reimbursement problems notwithstanding, benefits can be derived from making a
      commitment to geriatric care. "We have 19,000 people enrolled in our elder care
      program," Hupfeld said. "That's a powerful force. They vote. They lobby on our
      behalf. They support the hospital philanthropically. If you do a good job of
      reaching the older adults in your community, you'll find they are a powerful
      marketing force. They can do a lot for your image when it comes to reaching other
      market segments."

PMID- 2407182
TI  - Testicular cancer. A perioperative challenge.
AB  - Cure of testicular cancer is possible. It involves intensive adjuvant therapy.
      With a knowledge of adjuvant therapies and skilled execution of perioperative
      care, the nurse plays a vital role in assisting these patients to recovery.

PMID- 2407183
TI  - Bacterial conversion of glycerol to beta-hydroxypropionaldehyde.
AB  - beta-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA) can be oxidized to acrylic acid, an
      industrially important chemical used in the manufacture of synthetic plastics and
      other polymers. Of 19 genera and 55 strains tested, 3 Klebsiella and 2
      Enterobacter strains produced 3-HPA. The most efficient strain was Klebsiella
      pneumoniae NRRL B-4011. Under optimum conditions (28 degrees C; 40 g of
      semicarbazide hydrochloride per liter, 70 g of glycerol per liter; and pH 6.0),
      3.1 g of B-4011 cells per liter accumulated 22 g of 3-HPA per liter at a specific
      rate of 0.83 g/g per h; however, 14.5 g of cells per liter accumulated 46 g of 3
      HPA per liter at a specific rate of 0.41 g/g per h.

PMID- 2407184
TI  - Enumeration of total coliforms and Escherichia coli from source water by the
      defined substrate technology.
AB  - Many water utilities are required to monitor source water for the presence of
      total coliforms, fecal coliforms, or both. The Colilert system, an application of
      the defined substrate technology, simultaneously detects the presence of both
      total coliforms and Escherichia coli directly from a water sample. After
      incubation, the formula becomes yellow if total coliforms are present and
      fluorescent at 366 nm if E. coli is in the same sample. No confirmatory tests are
      required. The Colilert system was previously assessed with distribution water in
      a national evaluation in both most-probably-number and presence-absence formats
      and found to produce data equivalent to those obtained by using Standard Methods
      for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (Standard Methods). The Colilert
      system was now compared with Standard Methods multiple-tube fermentation (MTF)
      for the enumeration of total coliforms and E. coli from surface water. All MTF
      tubes were confirmed according to Standard Methods, and subcultures were made to
      identify isolates to the species level. The Colilert system was found equally
      sensitive to MTF testing by regression, t test, chi-square, and likelihood
      fraction analyses. Specificity of the Colilert system was shown by the isolation
      of a species of total coliform or E. coli after the appropriate color change. The
      Colilert test can be used for source water samples when enumeration is required,
      and the benefits previously described for distribution water testing-
      sensitivity, specificity, less labor, lower cost, faster results, no noncoliform
      heterotroph interference--are applicable to this type of water analysis.

PMID- 2407185
TI  - Rapid detection of chlorine-induced bacterial injury by the direct viable count
      method using image analysis.
AB  - A modified direct viable count method to detect living bacteria was used with
      image analysis for the rapid enumeration of chlorine-injured cells in an
      Escherichia coli culture. The method was also used for determining chlorine
      induced injury in coliform isolates and enteric pathogenic bacteria. Cultures
      were incubated in phosphate-buffered saline, containing 0.3% Casamino Acids
      (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.), 0.03% yeast extract, and optimal
      concentrations of nalidixic acid. Samples were withdrawn before and after
      incubation and stained with acridine orange, and cell lengths and breadths were
      measured by computerized image analysis. After incubation, cells which exceeded
      the mean preincubation length (viable cells) were enumerated and the results were
      compared with those obtained by the plate count method. Injury in the chlorine
      exposed cell population was determined from the difference in viable count
      obtained with a nonselective Casamino Acids-yeast extract-nalidixic acid medium
      and a selective Casamino Acids-yeast extract-nalidixic acid medium containing
      sodium deoxycholate or sodium lauryl sulfate. The levels of injury determined by
      the direct viable count technique by using image analysis were comparable to
      those determined by the plate count method. The results showed that image
      analysis, under optimal conditions, enumerated significantly higher numbers of
      stressed E. coli than the plate count method did and detected injury in various
      cultures in 4 to 6 h.

PMID- 2407186
TI  - Effects of environmental conditions on xylose fermentation by recombinant
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - In batch fermentations, optimal conversion of xylose to ethanol by recombinant
      Escherichia coli was obtained under the following conditions: 30 to 37 degrees C,
      pH 6.4 to 6.8, 0.1 to 0.2 M potassium phosphate buffer, and xylose concentrations
      of 8% or less. A yield of 39.2 g of ethanol per liter (4.9% ethanol by volume)
      was observed with 80 g of xylose per liter, equivalent to 96% of the maximum
      theoretical yield. Maximal volumetric productivity was 0.7 g of ethanol per liter
      per h in batch fermentations and 30 g of ethanol per liter per h in concentrated
      cell suspensions (analogous to cell recycling).

PMID- 2407187
TI  - Determination of viability within serotypes of a soil population of Rhizobium
      leguminosarum bv. trifolii.
AB  - Concern has been raised about the percentage of viable cells within soil rhizobia
      populations measured by the immunofluorescence direct count method. The purpose
      of this study was to evaluate a direct viable count technique which is based on
      the fact that viable bacteria in natural populations undergo cell elongation when
      they are exposed to a combination of substrate and the inhibitor of DNA gyrase,
      nalidixic acid. A soil extraction procedure was developed to recover a high
      proportion of soil bacteria (ca. 10(9)/g of soil) in suspensions with an optical
      clarity suitable for accurate microscopic enumeration. After incubation for 16 to
      20 h at 27 degrees C in the presence of yeast extract (200 mg/liter) and
      nalidixic acid (10 mg/liter), between 65 and 74% of the bacteria in soil
      suspension became significantly elongated (greater than or equal to 4.2 microns).
      In contrast, less than or equal to 0.5% of the same population could be cultured,
      regardless of the medium composition, nutrient concentration, or incubation
      conditions. The direct viable count method was combined with immunofluorescence
      to compare the percent viability and kinetics of appearance of elongated cells
      within serotypes of a soil population of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii.
      Although the majority of these organisms were viable, as observed by
      immunofluorescence, we obtained evidence that subpopulations within the soil
      rhizobia community were in different states of competence to respond to
      substrate. A consistently low percentage (less than or equal to 30%) of the
      population of serotype 23 was elongated even after 24 h of incubation and
      regardless of when the soil was sampled.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407188
TI  - Evidence that Escherichia coli accumulates glycine betaine from marine sediments.
AB  - Escherichia coli grew faster in autoclaved marine sediment than in seawater
      alone. When E. coli was cultivated in sediment diluted with minimal medium M63 at
      0.6 M NaCl, supplemented or not supplemented with glucose or with seawater, the
      osmoprotector glycine betaine was accumulated in the cells. The best growth
      occurred on glucose. Accumulation of glycine betaine was not observed with E.
      coli was grown in sterile seawater alone. The fact that E. coli grew better in
      the sediments than in seawater is attributed somewhat to the high content of
      organic matter in the sediment but mainly to the accumulation of glycine betaine.
      Thus, osmoprotection should be considered to be an additional factor in bacterial
      survival in estuarine sediments.

PMID- 2407189
TI  - Visualization of ion-dependent conformational changes in Escherichia coli 23 S
      rRNA by scanning transmission electron microscopy.
AB  - Electron micrographs of Escherichia coli 23 S rRNA molecules obtained by scanning
      transmission electron microscopy, unstained and under nondenaturing conditions,
      reveal previously unresolved structural patterns. The complexity of the pattern
      is dependent upon the ambient ionic strength conditions. In water and in very low
      ionic strength buffer, the conformation of 23 S rRNA is characterized by an
      extended framework, with short side branches related to the secondary and
      tertiary structure of the molecule. The total length of this filamentous complex
      is approximately 2500 A, only about one-fourth of the length of 23 S rRNA when
      fully stretched under the denaturing conditions used for imaging by conventional
      electron microscopy. These data, supplemented by the determination of the linear
      density (M/L), suggest that in low ionic strength the backbone of 23 S rRNA is
      formed by a structure corresponding, on the average, to the mass of four
      nucleotide strands (M/L approximately equal to 480 Da/A). With increasing ionic
      strength, 23 S rRNA coils into more compact forms. Molecules in these states can
      be characterized by apparent radii of gyration (RG), which can be calculated from
      the mass distribution within the digitized images of individual RNA molecules.
      The 23 S rRNA is in its most condensed form (RG = 115 A) in ribosomal
      reconstitution buffer; however, it still does not attain the compactness of the
      large subunit (RG = 69 A), nor does it show any resemblance to the native 50 S
      subunit. The net content of ordered secondary structure, as determined by
      circular dichroism spectroscopy, is not visibly affected by the changes of ionic
      strength conditions. These results imply that the observed conformational changes
      in 23 S rRNA are caused by intramolecular folding of the 23 S rRNA strands
      induced by the shielding effect of ambient charges.

PMID- 2407190
TI  - Novel vitamin D3 derivatives, 26-homo-delta 22-dehydro-1 alpha,25(S)
      dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 26-homo-delta 22-dehydro-1 alpha,25(R)-dihydroxyvitamin
      D3: preferential activity in c-myc mRNA production and in induction of phenotypic
      differentiation of HL-60 cells.
AB  - Novel vitamin D3 derivatives, 26-homo-delta 22-1 alpha,25(S)-dihydroxyvitamin D3
      and 26-homo-delta 22-1 alpha,25(R)-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were compared with the
      native hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and with other vitamin D3 derivatives,
      in inhibition of cell growth, induction of phenotypic differentiation, and c-myc
      mRNA reduction of HL-60 cells. The degree of inhibition in cell growth caused by
      26-homo-delta 22-1 alpha,25(S)-(OH)2D3 was the greatest followed by 26-homo-delta
      22-1 alpha,25(R)-(OH)2D3. The ability to reduce NBT was parallel to that to
      inhibit cellular proliferation. 26-homo-delta 22-1 alpha,25(S)-(OH)2D3, 26-homo
      delta 22-1 alpha,25(R)-(OH)2D3, 24-homo-24-F2-1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3, and 1
      alpha,24(R)-(OH)2-26-Cl-D3 were more active than 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 in the
      induction of OK-M1+ and OK-Mo-2+ HL-60 cells. Using two color flow cytometric
      analysis, the percentages of OK-M5(+)- and OK-DR(+)-HL-60 cells were 33% in the
      treatment with 26-homo-delta 22-1 alpha,25(S)-(OH)2D3 plus interferon-gamma (IFN
      gamma) but 14% in the treatment with 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 plus IFN-gamma. 26-Homo
      delta 22-1 alpha,25(S)-(OH)2D3 has an inhibitory effect on c-myc reduction in
      treated HL-60 cells. These results suggest that the novel vitamin D3 derivatives,
      26-homo-delta 22-1 alpha,25(S)-(OH)2D3 and 26-homo-delta 22-1 alpha,25(R)
      (OH)2D3, have preferential activity in inducing phenotypic differentiation and in
      inducing cell proliferation related c-myc mRNA activity.

PMID- 2407191
TI  - Relationships among dolichyl phosphate, glycoprotein synthesis, and cell culture
      growth.
AB  - Following treatment of Chinese hamster ovary cells with inhibitors of mevalonate
      biosynthesis in the presence of exogenous cholesterol, the cellular concentration
      of phosphorylated dolichol and the incorporation of [3H]mannose into dolichol
      linked saccharides and N-linked glycoproteins declined coincident with a decline
      in DNA synthesis. Addition of mevalonate to the culture medium increased rates of
      mannose incorporation into lipid-linked saccharides and restored mannose
      incorporation into N-linked glycoproteins to control levels within 4 h. After an
      additional 4 h, synchronized DNA synthesis began. Inhibition of the synthesis of
      lipid-linked oligosaccharides and N-linked glycoproteins by tunicamycin prevented
      the induction of DNA synthesis by mevalonate, indicating that glycoprotein
      synthesis was required for cell division. The results suggest that the rate of
      cell culture growth may be influenced by the level of dolichyl phosphate acting
      to limit the synthesis of N-linked glycoproteins.

PMID- 2407192
TI  - Probing the yeast 5 S RNA-protein complex by fluorescence and controlled
      proteolytic digestion.
AB  - The nature of the interaction between the RNA and the protein component in the
      yeast 5 S rRNA-L1a complex was assessed using fluorescence and controlled
      proteolytic and RNase digestion. (a) Influence of L1a on the RNA conformation was
      monitored by ethidium fluorescence and controlled RNase T1 digestion. The complex
      was digested with alpha-chymotrypsin, Staphylococcus aureus protease V8,
      subtilisin, or trypsin. Both termini of L1a in the complex were readily
      accessible to proteases. Proteolytic digestion of the complex resulted in a
      reduction in fluorescence intensity if ethidium was added after proteolysis. No
      change was observed when ethidium was allowed to react with the complex prior to
      proteolysis. Neither the rate of proteolysis nor the resultant peptide pattern
      was affected by the presence of ethidium. T1 digestion of intact RNP and trypsin
      treated RNP produced different oligonucleotide patterns. Both the fluorescence
      and the T1 digestion data suggest that the conformation of the RNA moiety was
      influenced by the protein. (b) Influence of the RNA molecule on L1a conformation
      in the complex was monitored by limited proteolysis. Whereas the protein in the
      complex was relatively sensitive to proteases, free protein was completely
      resistant to digestion under identical conditions. The trypsin sensitivity of L1a
      in complexes containing different truncated 5 S RNA molecules was studied also.
      Upon removal of residues 31-49 of the 5 S RNA molecule, L1a in the complex became
      resistant to proteolysis. These results are interpreted in a model in which
      specific regions of both the RNA and the protein are involved in the interaction.

PMID- 2407193
TI  - Isolation and structural characterization of three isoforms of recombinant
      consensus alpha interferon.
AB  - Recombinant DNA-derived consensus alpha interferon was expressed in Escherichia
      coli and purified. Isoelectric focusing of this purified protein indicated the
      presence of three isoelectric subforms of pI 6.1, 6.0, and 5.7. These three
      subforms were preparatively separated by isoelectric focusing using Immobiline
      polyacrylamide gel and did not exhibit apparent differences in biological
      activity and tertiary structure. The pI 5.7 subform could also be separated from
      the pI 6.1 and 6.0 subforms by reverse-phase HPLC. Automated N-terminal amino
      acid sequence analysis of the pI 6.1 and 6.0 subforms yielded sequences
      corresponding to the methionyl and des-methionyl forms of the protein,
      respectively. Sequence analysis of the pI 5.7 subform indicated that its N
      terminus is blocked. To further determine the structure of the blocking moiety in
      the pI 5.7 subform, a blocked N-terminal tryptic peptide was isolated from HPLC
      peptide mapping of the S-carboxymethylated derivative. Results obtained from mass
      spectroscopic and amino acid analyses of this peptide suggest that it is blocked
      with an acetyl group at the N-terminal cysteine residue.

PMID- 2407194
TI  - Asparagine-linked glycoprotein biosynthesis in rat brain: identification of
      glucosidase I, glucosidase II, and and endomannosidase (glucosyl mannosidase).
AB  - Previous studies from this laboratory provided evidence, largely based upon the
      presence of a novel alpha-D-mannosidase, suggesting that the biosynthesis of N
      linked glycoproteins may be different in brain as compared to other tissues
      (Tulsiani, D. R. P., and Touster, O. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 13,081-13,087).
      In the present report we describe studies on the enzymes involved in early
      processing reactions. These studies indicate that the brain, like other tissues,
      contains glucosidases I and II. The two glucosidases were separated as distinct
      activities with some overlapping by chromatography on a DE-52 column. The
      differential inhibition studies and substrate specificity studies support our
      conclusion that, as in other tissues, rat brain glucosidase I cleaves alpha 1,2
      linked terminal glucosyl residues, whereas glucosidase II prefers alpha 1,3
      linked glucosyl residues. In addition to these two processing glucosidases, we
      have characterized an endo enzyme (glucosyl mannosidase) in rat brain. The
      endomannosidase cleaves a disaccharide (glucosyl alpha 1,3-mannose) from
      monoglucosylated oligosaccharides (GlcMan7-9GlcNAc). Little or no activity was
      observed when di- or triglucosylated oligosaccharide was used as a substrate. The
      pH optimum of the glucosyl mannosidase is 6.2-6.8. The enzyme appears to be an
      intrinsic microsomal membrane component, since washing of the microsomal
      membranes with salt solution did not release the enzyme in soluble form. A
      mixture of Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate is required for complete
      solubilization of the enzyme. The solubilized enzyme is eluted from a Bio-Gel A
      1.5m column as a single peak with an apparent molecular weight of 380,000.

PMID- 2407195
TI  - Essential histidine residues in coenzyme B12-dependent diol dehydrase: dye
      sensitized photooxidation and ethoxycarbonylation.
AB  - The apoenzyme of diol dehydrase was inactivated by photoirradiation in the
      presence of rose bengal or methylene blue, following pseudo-first-order kinetics.
      The inactivation rates were markedly reduced under a helium atmosphere,
      suggesting that the inactivation is due to photooxidation of the enzyme under
      air. The half-maximal rate of methylene blue-sensitized photoinactivation was
      observed at pH around 7.5. Amino acid analyses indicated that one to two
      histidine residues decreased upon the dye-sensitized photoinactivation, whereas
      the numbers of tyrosine, methionine, and lysine did not change. Ethoxyformic
      anhydride, another histidine-modifying reagent, also inactivated diol dehydrase,
      with pseudo-first-order kinetics and a half-maximal rate at pH 7.7. It was shown
      spectrophotometrically that three histidine residues per enzyme molecule were
      modified by this reagent with loss of enzyme activity. Two tyrosine residues per
      enzyme molecule were also modified rapidly, irrespective of the activity. The
      photooxidation or ethoxycarbonylation of the enzyme did not result in
      dissociation of the enzyme into subunits, but deprived the enzyme of ability to
      bind cyanocobalamin. The percentage loss of cobalamin-binding ability agreed well
      with the extent of inactivation. The enzyme-bound hydroxocobalamin showed only
      partial protecting effect against photoinactivation and resulting loss of the
      cobalamin-binding ability. These results provide evidence that diol dehydrase
      possesses essential histidine residues which are required for the coenzyme
      binding.

PMID- 2407196
TI  - On line cerebral blood flow velocity and blood pressure measurement in neonates:
      a new method.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that impairment of cerebral perfusion and cerebrovascular
      autoregulation play a part in the pathogenesis of neurological injury in the
      critically sick neonate, we tested in 33 infants a small, light-weight probe and
      cable that are attached to the infant's skin to record cerebral blood flow
      velocity from the middle cerebral artery over a period of hours. This
      considerably reduced the amount of handling of the infant compared with
      conventional assessment. Captured data were analysed and displayed graphically at
      the cotside. The system is applicable for use on infants over a wide range of
      gestational ages and may give information on the complex haemodynamic changes
      occurring in the cerebral circulation.

PMID- 2407197
TI  - Reproducibility of measurements of cardiac output in newborn infants by Doppler
      ultrasound.
AB  - Interobserver reproducibility in deriving cardiac output by measuring aortic
      blood flow velocity and diameter with imaging and Doppler ultrasound was
      investigated in 20 healthy infants born at full term. Aortic diameter was
      measured in three ways. Mean blood flow velocity was measured at three sites with
      both continuous wave and pulsed Doppler. Two observers carried out each study
      independently. Intraobserver reproducibility was investigated in 12 infants using
      the suprasternal site for measuring blood flow velocity. The most reproducible
      determination of cardiac output was found when the suprasternal site with
      continuous wave Doppler was used for measurement of blood flow velocity and M
      mode trailing edge to leading edge echocardiography was used for diameter. Normal
      mean (2 SD) cardiac output is 231 (77) ml/kg/min. Technical difficulties in
      measuring aortic diameter accurately limit direct comparison between infants.

PMID- 2407198
TI  - Prenatal measurement of cardiothoracic ratio in evaluation of heart disease.
AB  - The cardiothoracic ratio was measured in 410 normal fetuses and in a group of 73
      fetuses with functional or structural heart disease. In normal fetuses it was
      fairly constant throughout pregnancy, but of those with congenital heart disease
      it was raised in cases of Ebstein's anomaly, tricuspid dysplasia,
      atrioventricular septal defect, and complete heart block. In some forms of
      congenital heart disease, however, it was within the normal range. There was a
      significant positive correlation between the cardiothoracic ratio and fetal
      hydrops in the group of 15 fetuses with supraventricular tachycardias. In these
      fetuses the cardiac size decreased significantly once the fetus reverted to sinus
      rhythm after the mother had been treated. Measurement of the cardiothoracic ratio
      is essential in the evaluation of fetal hydrops, as an increased value may point
      to the diagnosis of an intermittent fetal tachycardia if the fetus is assessed
      during a period of sinus rhythm. The measurement of this index forms a part of
      the complete prenatal evaluation of structural heart disease. The degree of
      cardiomegaly may provide useful information about secondary lung compression or
      cardiac failure and therefore assist in giving an accurate prognosis for
      postnatal survival.

PMID- 2407199
TI  - Neurodevelopmental outcome of transient neonatal intracerebral echodensities.
AB  - The later neurodevelopmental progress of 15 babies who had neonatal
      periventricular echodensities or flares in the absence of any intraventricular
      bleeding or subsequent cystic degeneration was studied. At follow up four infants
      had neurological abnormalities, including spastic diplegia (n = 2). These
      findings suggest that transient flares may represent mild periventricular
      leucomalacia with consequent mild neurological dysfunction.

PMID- 2407200
TI  - Randomised trial of early tapping in neonatal posthaemorrhagic ventricular
      dilatation. Ventriculomegaly Trial Group.
AB  - Treatment of posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation by early repeated
      cerebrospinal fluid taps was compared with conservative management in a
      randomised controlled trial of 157 infants in 15 centres. Thirty infants died and
      six moved abroad before follow up. During the first 14 days after randomisation,
      the early treatment group had five times more taps, and 12 times more
      cerebrospinal fluid removed. Infection of the cerebrospinal fluid occurred in
      seven of the early treated and four of the conservatively managed infants. Of
      survivors, 62% in both groups ultimately had ventricular shunts.
      Neurodevelopmental assessment of survivors at 12 months was carried out by a
      single experienced examiner. Of survivors, 103 (85%) had abnormal neuromotor
      signs and 88 (73%) had disabilities. There was no detectable benefit of early
      treatment for children who did not have parenchymal lesions at the time they
      entered the trial. Nearly all those with parenchymal lesions had neuromotor
      impairment, but early treatment was associated with a significant reduction in
      other impairments.

PMID- 2407201
TI  - Immunoglobulin and anti-Escherichia coli antibody in lower respiratory tract
      secretions from infants weighing less than 1500 g at birth.
AB  - Concentrations of immunoglobulins and anti-Escherichia coli antibody were studied
      longitudinally in tracheobronchial aspirates from 33 premature intubated
      neonates, median gestational age 27 weeks. Aspirates collected at birth contained
      IgG, IgA, and IgM in 100%, 93%, and 79% of samples, respectively. The median IgA
      concentration at birth was 0.7 micrograms/mg total protein and increased to 5.8
      micrograms/mg protein by the sixth week. IgG and IgM antibodies to E coli were
      present in 90% and 30%, respectively, of tracheobronchial aspirates collected at
      birth. Samples from three of 28 neonates (11%) contained IgA anti-E coli antibody
      at birth, and the proportion with IgA antibody rose to 50% during the sixth week.
      Secretory component associated IgA and IgM were detectable in samples tested at
      birth and at 4 weeks of age, and secretory component associated anti-E coli
      antibody was present in aspirates from three of nine neonates studied at 4 weeks
      of age, but had not been detectable at birth.

PMID- 2407202
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of enzyme defects.

PMID- 2407203
TI  - Dr von Reuss on continuous positive airway pressure in 1914.

PMID- 2407204
TI  - Use of the argon beam electrocoagulator for performing pulmonary wedge
      resections.
AB  - The argon beam electrocoagulator (ABC) is a new form of electrocautery that is
      thought to be more effective than standard electrocautery. It has been used
      primarily in procedures associated with major blood loss such as liver
      transplantation and laparotomy for trauma. It has not been used in thoracic
      operations. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the argon beam
      electrocoagulator for performing pulmonary wedge resections in an animal model by
      comparing it with standard electrocautery and suture closure. Variables used to
      compare the three methods of resection included perioperative blood loss,
      duration of chest tube air leak, and depth of necrosis and severity of
      inflammatory reaction in the lung at ten days and 3 weeks after resection. The
      argon beam electrocoagulator was as effective as standard electrocautery and
      suture closure in controlling air leaks, and caused less acute tissue injury than
      standard electrocautery. The argon beam electrocoagulator provides a safe and
      effective method for performing small pulmonary wedge resections, and should be
      evaluated in the clinical setting for this purpose.

PMID- 2407205
TI  - Cardiac hemangioma with papillary endothelial hyperplasia: report of a resected
      case and review of the literature.
AB  - A case of left atrial hemangioma with papillary endothelial hyperplasia in a 42
      year-old man is reported. With the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass, the tumor was
      resected, and the patient is well 22 months after operation. The clinical
      symptoms at initial examination, operative procedure, and pathological findings
      are reported, and the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to cardiac tumors are
      described briefly. A review of surgically treated hemangiomas is also given.

PMID- 2407206
TI  - C. Walton Lillehei and total correction of tetralogy of Fallot.
AB  - In March 1954, an operating team headed by C. Walton Lillehei introduced the
      technique of cross circulation for the first-ever total corrections of
      ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, and atrioventricular canal. Ten
      of 45 patients operated on with this technique of cardiopulmonary bypass had
      correction of tetralogy of Fallot, and the results with these 10 patients were
      reported in a landmark article. The operative results achieved in 1954 and 1955
      by Lillehei and his team using cross circulation were truly remarkable. In
      addition, the University of Minnesota team concomitantly developed a host of new
      techniques and biomedical devices that made subsequent cardiac operative
      procedures safer and simpler to perform. These techniques and devices included
      the first ventricular septal defect prosthetic patch, the first right ventricular
      outflow patch, the first clinically applicable bubble oxygenator, and the first
      intramyocardial electrode used in combination with an external pacemaker for a
      patient with complete heart block.

PMID- 2407207
TI  - Surgical management of heart-lung transplantation.
AB  - Using cyclosporin A, long-term survival after heart-lung transplantation became
      possible. The drug blocks the immune system more selectively and leaves the
      tracheal wound healing unimpaired. Since 1981, 501 clinical cases have been
      collected by the registry of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.
      Candidates for heart-lung transplantation reveal signs of irreversible heart and
      lung diseases that may have been caused by cardiac lesions (valvular diseases,
      Eisenmenger reaction due to congenital malformations) or by pulmonic disorders
      (primary pulmonary hypertension, emphysema, fibrosis). The standard surgical
      procedure, which combines donor and recipient tracheas, right atria, and aortas,
      makes three anastomoses necessary. Immunosuppressive regimen includes cyclosporin
      A (blood trough levels of 300 to 500 ng/mL), azathioprine (1 to 2 mg/kg), and
      rabbit antithymocyte globulin (1 to 4 mg immunoglobulin G/kg). After the first
      two postoperative weeks, rabbit antithymocyte globulin is replaced by
      methylprednisolone (0.3 to 0.1 mg/kg; 500 mg are given intravenously after
      opening the aortic cross-clamp; 3 x 125 mg on postoperative day 1). After heart
      lung transplantation an extreme variety of problems may evolve. Early
      postoperative complications (within the first postoperative month) comprise acute
      isolated lung rejection, multiorgan failure, and bacterial pneumonia. Diagnosis
      of acute lung rejection proves difficult; it includes clinical signs, chest
      radiographic appearances, and cytoimmunological monitoring. Transbronchial lung
      biopsies are of similar value for precise diagnosis as are endomyocardial
      specimens after heart transplantation. Late postoperative complications (after 1
      postoperative month) comprise viral pneumonia, fungal infection, tuberculosis,
      and chronic obliterative bronchiolitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407208
TI  - Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with amitriptyline and placebo.
AB  - Amitriptyline hydrochloride was compared with placebo in 46 veterans with chronic
      posttraumatic stress disorder. Treatment continued up to 8 weeks, and efficacy
      was measured by five observer and two self-rated scales. Percent recovery rates
      were higher for amitriptyline than placebo on two measures. In patients who
      completed 4 weeks (n = 40), better outcome with amitriptyline was noted on the
      Hamilton depression scale only. In the group completing 8 weeks of treatment (n =
      33), the drug was superior to placebo on Hamilton depression, Hamilton anxiety,
      Clinical Global Impression severity, and Impact of Event scales. There was no
      evidence for drug effects on the structured interview for posttraumatic stress
      disorder. Drug-placebo differences were greater in the presence of comorbidity in
      general, although recovery rates were uniformly low in the presence of major
      depression, panic disorder, and alcoholism. At the end of treatment, 64% of the
      amitriptyline and 72% of the placebo samples still met diagnostic criteria for
      posttraumatic stress disorder.

PMID- 2407209
TI  - Treatment of premenstrual dysphoria with alprazolam. A controlled study.
AB  - Thirty women who met DSM-III-R criteria for late luteal phase dysphoric disorder
      completed a double-blind, randomly assigned crossover treatment study comparing
      alprazolam with placebo. Alprazolam was found to be superior to placebo. The
      outcome measures included physicians' global ratings as well as patients'
      prospective (daily) ratings and retrospective assessments. Improved study design,
      which addressed methodologic flaws of most previous studies of treatment outcome
      of "premenstrual syndrome" may account, in part, for our ability to demonstrate
      significant drug/placebo differences. This includes extensive screening to
      eliminate women who had premenstrual exacerbations of a more persistent mental
      illness rather than a discrete premenstrual disorder, use of prospective ratings
      to confirm retrospective reports of symptom patterns, placebo washout before
      randomization, and use of patients as their own controls.

PMID- 2407210
TI  - The diagnostic utility of lactate sensitivity in panic disorder.
AB  - Lactate infusion is the most extensively studied of the pharmacological challenge
      tests in panic disorder. We assessed the value of this test in the diagnosis and
      subtyping of panic in clinical and research settings. Analysis of lactate
      infusion studies to date suggests that patients with panic attacks are
      significantly more sensitive to lactate than are healthy controls or patients
      with other psychiatric disorders without panic attacks. However, the usefulness
      of lactate infusion is limited by the lack of standardized, objective criteria
      for lactate-induced panic and uncertainty as to the sensitivity and specificity
      of the test for current, clinically significant panic attacks. Except in rare
      cases, the clinical history is likely to be of more value than lactate response
      in diagnosing panic disorder. Determination of the role of the test in subtyping
      patients with panic disorder awaits further study of the diagnostic, prognostic,
      genetic, and pathophysiologic significance of lactate sensitivity.

PMID- 2407211
TI  - The western immunoblot procedure for HIV antibodies and its interpretation.
AB  - The Western blot is frequently used to confirm human immunodeficiency virus type
      1 (HIV-1) screening tests as it permits the identification of antibodies to
      individual component polypeptides of HIV-1. The procedure is described and
      different criteria for evaluation of HIV-1 Western blots are compared. The
      significance and management of indeterminate blot patterns are discussed.

PMID- 2407212
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antigen and culture assays.
AB  - Commercial enzyme immunoassays have recently been developed for the detection and
      quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral proteins in
      blood and other body fluids of infected patients. At the same time, culture
      assays for HIV-1 have become more rapid, sensitive, and specific for HIV-1
      isolation from the blood of infected patients. Both of these assays have clinical
      utility in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of HIV-1 infection in certain
      patients.

PMID- 2407213
TI  - Synthetic peptide assays to detect human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in
      seropositive individuals.
AB  - Detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay is the standard method to screen blood products. With the
      description of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 as a second retrovirus
      involved in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, additional
      laboratory testing is required to screen blood products. However, owing to the
      serological cross-reactivity of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 at the
      molecular level, it is impossible to distinguish human immunodeficiency virus
      type 2-infected blood with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays formatted with
      human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral lysates. Synthetic peptides from the
      conserved envelope region of the human immunodeficiency virus transmembrane
      protein offer a new approach to develop site-specific diagnostic assays that will
      identify and discriminate between human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2.

PMID- 2407214
TI  - Detection of human immunodeficiency viruses by the polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - The human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 have been implicated as the
      etiologic agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and its related
      disorders. The direct detection of human immunodeficiency virus is complicated by
      the low incidence of free circulating virus as well as the small number of
      infected cells. An in vitro DNA amplification procedure known as the polymerase
      chain reaction has been applied to the detection of the human immunodeficiency
      virus proviral sequences in infected individuals. This article highlights the
      features of the polymerase chain reaction and its contribution to the detection
      of these viruses.

PMID- 2407215
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proficiency testing. The American Association
      of Blood Banks/College of American Pathologists Program.
AB  - The American Association of Blood Banks/College of American Pathologists Viral
      Marker Survey program added samples to evaluate participant performance with test
      systems for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in
      1985. On the 80 challenges sent through April 1989, the major problem observed
      with enzyme immunoassay testing was unexpected reactivity on samples that did not
      contain anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1. One manufacturer's testing
      system accounted for most of the specificity problems. The sensitivity of the
      enzyme immunoassay for anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is close to 99%,
      based on the multiple reactive samples used on the 16 panels. Between 1985 and
      1989, there was a 14-fold increase in participants reporting Western blot
      results. The introduction of a licensed system for Western blots increased the
      number of samples that contained antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1
      interpreted as indeterminate. Answers to supplementary questions showed that the
      rate of repeatably reactive and confirmed positives on blood donors dropped to
      less than 0.1%.

PMID- 2407216
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reference materials.
AB  - Since licensure of the first human immunodeficiency virus type 1 screening assay
      in March 1985, there has been a need for well-characterized human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 reference sera. These sera would be used in an
      effort to ensure uniformity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 test results
      worldwide. Three major organizations--the World Health Organization, the Pan
      American Health Organization, and the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory
      Standards working with the College of American Pathologists--have ongoing
      programs aimed at the preparation of these reference sera. All three
      organizations are preparing both negative and human immunodeficiency virus type 1
      seropositive sera. In addition, one organization is preparing early sero
      converter and late acquired immunodeficiency syndrome samples. The status of
      these efforts and the serologic characteristics of the sera were reviewed.

PMID- 2407217
TI  - Role of the microbiology laboratory in the diagnosis of opportunistic infections
      in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - Patients with defects in the immune system caused by infection with human
      immunodeficiency virus are predisposed to a variety of opportunistic infections,
      many of which can be diagnosed by conventional or special microbiological
      procedures. This article reviews the laboratory diagnosis of bloodstream, lower
      respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous system infections
      in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Laboratories serving
      health care facilities in which a large number of patients with human
      immunodeficiency virus infection are cared for should consider enhancing the
      detection of the specific pathogens affecting these patients by the use of
      special procedures, including blood culture methods for mycobacteria and fungi,
      examination of induced sputum for Pneumocystis carinii, and modified acid-fast
      stains on feces to identify Cryptosporidium and Isospora belli.

PMID- 2407218
TI  - Biopsy diagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection and the complications of the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome produce a broad spectrum of lesions affecting all
      organs and tissues. They are caused by uncommon etiologic agents and
      characterized by unusual location, multiplicity, rapid progression, and tendency
      to generalization. Cellular reactions are inefficient and histologic appearances
      frequently atypical. Tissue biopsy, most often endoscopic, with microscopic
      examination, is the method predominantly used for achieving the required rapid,
      definitive diagnosis. This article reviews the lesions commonly seen in biopsy
      specimens of human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency
      disease syndrome, their characteristic histologic features, and their
      differential diagnosis.

PMID- 2407219
TI  - Confidentiality and informed consent and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      epidemic.
AB  - The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic has led to significant
      medicolegal concerns in the areas of informed consent and confidentiality. These
      legal concepts are directed at preserving respect for individual autonomy and
      privacy in the face of the epidemic. Emerging legal doctrines and issues related
      to consent and confidentiality are outlined, and areas where the laboratory may
      develop procedures and policies in light of the doctrines are suggested.

PMID- 2407220
TI  - Legal liability for transfusion injury in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      era.
AB  - The emergence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has wrought changes that
      have affected not only medicine and science, but many aspects of our social and
      political structures. In 1983 when it clearly became evident that acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome could be transmitted by transfusions of blood
      components and products, blood banks became the focus of intense scrutiny by the
      public as well as by the mass media. Suddenly it was known that people could
      contract acquired immunodeficiency syndrome even though they had not engaged in
      activities known to place them at increased risk for acquiring infection with the
      human immunodeficiency virus type 1. In many ways the general fear evoked was,
      and remains, disproportionate to the risks posed by transfusions. This fear
      coupled with a general distrust of blood banks may also be reflected in the legal
      response to people infected with human immunodeficiency syndrome type 1 through
      transfusions. Further, whether the fault system of our tort law is an appropriate
      way to determine compensation for people injured by transfusion has been brought
      into question. For those people injured prior to our recognition of acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome, the failings of the current system are most obvious.

PMID- 2407221
TI  - Physician education. The challenge of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a major health problem confronting society.
      Our communities are looking to physicians to help in both educational efforts, as
      well as in formulating public policy in the fight against the disease. For
      physicians to fill this important role, they first must be knowledgeable
      themselves. There is strong evidence that many physicians have resisted learning
      about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The increasing number of infected
      individuals requires the medical profession to find ways to overcome the barriers
      that prevent our colleagues from acquiring needed information. We must understand
      the reasons for our educational failures and devise methods to reach physicians
      with the knowledge base that they will need in helping to combat this terrible
      disease. Pathologists are in a particularly good position to help in this
      educational process.

PMID- 2407222
TI  - The epidemiology of fear. Scientific, social, and political responses to the
      occupational risk of blood-borne infection.
AB  - Pathologists will have an important role in implementing safety precautions to
      prevent transmission of blood-borne diseases in the laboratory and elsewhere in
      the healthcare setting. This article reviews proposed professional and regulatory
      solutions in the context of widespread public and professional fear concerning
      occupational transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus.
      The proposed rule of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the
      Department of Labor, Washington, DC, is described in detail.

PMID- 2407223
TI  - Current risk of transfusion-associated human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - The procedures designed to minimize the risk of human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) transmission through transfusion include donor self-exclusion, health
      history questions, confidential unit exclusion, donor call back to withdraw
      donation, and HIV antibody testing. Each step is important for reducing the
      number of units collected from donors who are at risk for HIV infection. Although
      HIV antibody test kit sensitivity exceeds 99%, recently infected persons who are
      in the "window" between infection and seroconversion are not detected. "Worst
      scenario" estimates indicate that 1 of 36,000 to 1 of 300,000 components may be
      collected from donors who have false-negative test results. Since some risk of
      infection transmission remains, physicians must prescribe transfusion therapy
      only when the benefit outweighs the potential risk.

PMID- 2407224
TI  - Current safety of clotting factor concentrates.
AB  - Earlier commercial clotting factor concentrates transmitted hepatitis viruses to
      100% and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome viruses to 60% to 80% of patients
      with hemophilia. Transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus was nearly
      eliminated by heating concentrates in the lyophilized state, which has been done
      since 1983. However, human immunodeficiency virus infections were still
      transmitted by some products "dry heated" under conditions less extreme than 68
      degrees C for 72 hours. Newer virus-inactivating procedures include "dry heating"
      at 80 degrees C for 72 hours, modified heating in n-heptane or water vapor,
      heating in solution, treatment with solvent-detergent mixtures, monoclonal
      affinity purification plus inactivation, and alkylation with beta-propiolactone
      (only for factor IX complex). These procedures have eliminated significant loads
      of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and non-A, non-B hepatitis
      virus in laboratory studies. However, clinical studies have shown transmission of
      hepatitis non-A, non-B for products "dry heated" except at 80 degrees C and for
      products heated in n-heptane. Elimination of hepatitis B has been difficult to
      demonstrate, suggesting a continued need for immunization.

PMID- 2407225
TI  - Carcinoembryonic antigen enhances metastatic potential of human colorectal
      carcinoma.
AB  - Patients with human colorectal carcinoma have a poor prognosis when serum
      carcinoembryonic antigen level exceeds 5 ng/mL. The hypothesis that
      carcinoembryonic antigen enhances metastasis by promoting the attachment of tumor
      cells to Kupffer cells and hepatocytes was tested in an experimental metastasis
      model in which colorectal carcinoma cells were injected into the spleens of
      BALB/c athymic nude mice and liver colonies counted 5 weeks later. Pretreatment
      with systemic injections of carcinoembryonic antigen significantly increased the
      metastatic potential of a poorly metastatic colorectal carcinoma cell line KM
      12c, but did not induce the nonmetastatic colorectal carcinoma cell line HC 2998
      to produce metastases, nor did carcinoembryonic antigen make the highly
      metastatic colorectal carcinoma cell line mHC 1410 more metastatic.
      Carcinoembryonic antigen did not stimulate proliferation of colorectal carcinoma
      but appeared to be a cofactor for metastasis possibly as an adhesion factor.

PMID- 2407226
TI  - Induction of the expression of differentiation-related antigens on human colon
      carcinoma cells by stimulating protein kinase C.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine whether the phorbol diester, phorbol 12
      myristate 13-acetate (PMA), causes differentiation of the human colon carcinoma
      cell line, SW 48. Under routine growth conditions, the cells are round, have a
      high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, and lack cytoplasmic vacuoles. After treatment
      for 1 hour with 100 nmol/L of PMA at 37 degrees C, the cells assumed a spread
      out, flasklike shape, displayed a low nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, and exhibited
      cytoplasmic vacuoles. An inert but lipophilic phorbol diester, 4 phorbol 12,13
      didecanoate, failed to induce these morphological changes. Cell kinetic studies
      showed that whereas SW 48 cells have a doubling time of 35 hours, those incubated
      with 100 nmol/L of PMA have a doubling time of 90 hours. Although the flow
      cytometry histograms were similar until 8 hours into the cell cycle, the PMA
      treated cells ultimately spent proportionately less time in S and more in G2/M.
      Finally, under routine growth conditions, SW 48 cells express neither
      carcinoembryonic antigen nor G7 antigen. These antigens, which are present on the
      surface of well-differentiated cells, were expressed after treatment of SW 48
      with PMA. The data suggest that PMA causes profound changes in structure, cell
      growth kinetics, and antigen expression, consistent with induction of
      differentiation of the cell line SW 48.

PMID- 2407227
TI  - Combination regional therapy for extremity sarcoma. A tricenter study.
AB  - Patients with extremity sarcomas were treated with a neoadjuvant therapy protocol
      that had originated within the Southeastern Cancer Study Group. Major objectives
      were to determine tolerance of therapy and its effects on tumor control and
      survival. After undergoing biopsy, patients received intra-arterial infusion with
      doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) (30 mg every 24 hours) for 3 days and were
      allocated by institution to receive irradiation of 30 or 35 Gy in 10 fractions or
      46 Gy in 23 to 25 fractions. Surgery was done within 7 to 10 days or 30 days
      pending irradiation dose. Postoperative chemotherapy was given to 31 patients.
      There were 60 patients, 29 women and 31 men with a median age of 48 years, with
      53 soft-tissue tumors and 7 malignant bone tumors. Stages (American Joint
      Committee on Cancer) included stage IB, 2 patients; stages IIA and IIB, 9
      patients; stage IIIA, IIIB, or IIIC, 39 patients; and stages IVA or IVB, 10
      patients. Limb salvage surgery was done in 57 patients, including radical
      resection in 23 with large extensive tumors, wide local excision in 30, excision
      with narrow margins in 7, primary amputation in 3, and delayed amputation in 2
      because of wound complications. There was one local recurrence in the 57 patients
      who had limb salvage surgery. Disease-free and overall survival at 48 months were
      47% and 56%, respectively. We conclude that combined therapy for extremity
      sarcomas in a multicenter setting resulted in excellent local control, good
      function, and reasonable long-term survival in patients having limb salvage
      surgery.

PMID- 2407228
TI  - Axillary lymphadenectomy. A prospective, randomized trial of 13 factors
      influencing drainage, including early or delayed arm mobilization.
AB  - Greater amount and duration of postoperative wound drainage after lymphadenectomy
      impede healing. We evaluated the influence of early vs delayed initiation of
      shoulder mobilization on postoperative drainage. Fifty-seven women with clinical
      stage I or II breast cancer were randomized to either early (postoperative day 2)
      or delayed (postoperative day 5) shoulder motion. Early vs delayed time of
      exercise initiation had no effect on total amount or duration of drainage, either
      as an inpatient or outpatient. The two groups were determined to be homogeneous
      as to age, breast size, weight, height, obesity, previous biopsy, excision of
      pectoralis minor, excision of thoracodorsal complex, level of axillary
      dissection, total number of lymph nodes, number of positive lymph nodes,
      lymphatic vessel invasion (with negative lymph nodes), and whether the dominant
      hand was on the side operated on. The two factors predicting greater drainage
      were large numbers of positive lymph nodes and no previous surgical biopsy (as in
      one-step procedure).

PMID- 2407230
TI  - The role of intestinal barrier failure and bacterial translocation in the
      development of systemic infection and multiple organ failure.
AB  - Traditionally, evaluation of intestinal function has been limited largely to
      monitoring gastric pH and intestinal motility. This clinical approach has led
      clinicians to equate normal intestinal motility with normal intestinal function
      and to assume that if stress-induced gastric bleeding can be prevented, all will
      be well. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the gastrointestinal
      tract is not a passive organ and that intestinal dysfunction is not limited to
      ileus and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Instead, the gastrointestinal tract is
      recognized as having important endocrine, metabolic, immunologic, and barrier
      functions, as well as its traditional role in nutrient absorption. Over the last
      5 years, there has been a resurgence of interest in the role of intestinal
      barrier failure in the development of systemic infection and multiple organ
      failure in the critically ill or injured patient.

PMID- 2407229
TI  - Insulin protects against muscle proteolysis induced by septic plasma.
AB  - Sepsis, like trauma, causes proteolysis of skeletal muscle. Insulin normally
      protects against muscle protein degradation. In earlier work using a rat muscle
      preparation, insulin inhibition of proteolysis decreased in the presence of
      plasma from injured patients. The current experiments tested the effect of plasma
      from septic patients on insulin inhibition in the same model. The mean value of
      protein degradation among eight septic plasma samples was 49% greater than the
      mean value among five normal plasma samples in soleus muscle and 45% greater in
      extensor digitorum longus muscle. In the presence of insulin, 10(3) mU/L, the
      increases in degradation with septic plasma were 42% in soleus muscle and 48% in
      extensor digitorum longus muscle. Insulin reduced degradation an average of 6%
      (soleus) and 10% (extensor digitorum longus) in normal plasma and 10% (soleus)
      and 8% (extensor digitorum longus) in septic plasma. In contrast to results of
      other studies, these experiments show that the protective effect of a moderate
      concentration of insulin in resisting muscle protein degradation is not
      significantly different in the muscle protein degradation is not significantly
      different in the presence of septic human plasma compared with normal plasma.
      This finding supports clinical efforts to decrease proteolysis in septic patients
      by the administration of insulin.

PMID- 2407231
TI  - The amphiprotic character of azapropazone and its relevance to the gastric
      mucosa.
AB  - Since most non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) contain only one
      obvious ionisable group at physiological pH levels then they may be easily
      identified as having either acidic or basic character. Basic NSAIDs are simply
      non-acidic NSAIDs capable of accepting a proton within the physiological pH
      range. Within this range, however, a few NSAIDs contain two obvious ionisable
      groups, one acidic and the other basic. Such compounds should be described as
      amphiprotic, and include NSAIDs such as 4- and 5-amino substituted salicylic
      acids, niflumic acid, amfenac, WY 18251, and azapropazone. The aqueous ionisation
      equilibrium of such compounds is complex and is described by two macroscopic
      ionisation constants. Evidence has accumulated during the last decade to support
      the view that the pharmacokinetic behaviour of NSAIDs contributes not only
      decisively to their therapeutic effects but also to the type and incidence of
      their side-effects. A priori, using a physicochemical argument, certain
      amphiprotic NSAIDs should be better tolerated by the gastric mucosa than the
      classical acidic compound. Of those NSAIDs commercially available in the United
      Kingdom azapropazone remains the only one for which amphiprotic behaviour has
      been described. Following our examination of available data for azapropazone we
      conclude that the use of amphiprotic compounds represents a logical approach
      towards solving the problem of NSAID-induced gastric mucosal damage.

PMID- 2407232
TI  - [Staphylococcus hyicus, the cause of exudative epidermitis of swine. Review].
AB  - Staphylococcus hyicus, the cause of porcine exudative epidermitis, could be
      clearly differentiated from S. aureus, S. epidermidis and from other
      staphylococcal species. This was based on cultural, biochemical and serological
      properties. A positive coagulase reaction in porcine plasma, the detection of
      protein A like IgG Fc-receptors and the specific reaction of the cell wall
      teichoic acid allowed further characterization of this species. S. hyicus
      additionally produced enzymes with bacteriolytic properties.

PMID- 2407233
TI  - The effect of beta-D-xylosides on the proliferation and proteoglycan biosynthesis
      of monoblastic U-937 cells.
AB  - The monoblastic cell line U-937 was cultured in the presence of C-ethyl beta-D
      xyloside (E-xyl), hexyl beta-D-thioxyloside (HX-xyl), p-nitrophenyl beta-D
      xyloside, phenyl beta-D-xyloside or phenyl alpha-D-xyloside. All of the beta-D
      xylosides inhibited proliferation, but HX-xyl was by far the most efficient, and
      had a maximum effect at 1 mM concentration. The inhibitory effect of HX-xyl could
      be reversed; after washing, the HX-xyl-treated cells proliferated with a pattern
      similar to that of control cells. For more detailed analysis of the effects of
      beta-D-xylosides on cell proliferation and chondroitin sulphate (CS)/chondroitin
      sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG) structure, a comparison between the effects of E-xyl
      and HX-xyl was made. Treating the cells with 1 mM-HX-xyl resulted in a large
      increase in CS synthesis, whereas 1 mM-E-xyl had only minor effects on the rate
      of PG/glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Sepharose CL-6B gel chromatography of medium
      and cell fractions from 35S-labelled cells revealed that HX-xyl treatment
      resulted in the expression of only free CS chains, whereas E-xyl exposure leads
      to the synthesis of both large and small CSPGs, as well as some free CS chains.
      The expression of elevated levels of free CS chains was clearly correlated to the
      inhibition of proliferation. The proliferation of U-937-4, a clone of U-937
      synthesizing ten times more CSPG/CS than the parent line, was equally inhibited
      by HX-xyl treatment. With this clone, however, there was no stimulation of CS
      synthesis after xyloside exposure, indicating that the elevated level of CS
      evident after xyloside treatment of the parent cell line is not causing the
      inhibition of proliferation. Furthermore, the biosynthesis of hyaluronate was
      shown not to be implicated in the xyloside-induced decrease in proliferation. The
      inhibition of proliferation observed in the presence of 1 mM-HX-xyl did not lead
      to differentiation of the cells into macrophage-like cells, as is observed when
      the cells are cultured in the presence of phorbol esters, agents also known to
      inhibit proliferation of U-937 cells.

PMID- 2407234
TI  - The Escherichia coli cysG gene encodes S-adenosylmethionine-dependent
      uroporphyrinogen III methylase.
AB  - The Escherichia coli cysG gene was successfully subcloned and over-expressed to
      produce a 52 kDa protein that was purified to homogeneity. This protein was shown
      to catalyse the S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methylation of uroporphyrinogen
      III to give a product identified as sirohydrochlorin on the basis of its
      absorption spectra, incorporation of 14C label from S-adenosyl[Me-14C]methionine
      and mass and 1H-n.m.r. spectra of its octamethyl ester. Further confirmation of
      the structure was obtained from a 14C-n.m.r. spectrum of the methyl ester
      produced by incubation of the methylase with uroporphyrinogen III, derived from
      [4.6-13C2]porphobilinogen, and S-adenosyl[Me-13C]methionine.

PMID- 2407235
TI  - The primary structure of a minor isoform (H1.2) of histone H1 from the nematode
      Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of a minor isoform (H1.2) of histone H1 from the
      nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was determined. The amino acid chain consists of
      190 residues and has a blocked N-terminus. Histone subtype H1.2 is 17 residues
      shorter than the major isoform H1.1, mainly as the result of deletions of short
      peptide fragments. Considerable divergence from isoform H1.1 has occurred in the
      N-terminal domain and the very C-terminus of the molecule, but the central
      globular domain and most of the C-terminal domain, including two potential
      phosphorylation sites, have been well conserved. Secondary-structure predictions
      for both H1 isoforms reveal a high potential for helix formation in the N
      terminal region 1-33 of isoform H1.1 whereas the corresponding region in isoform
      H1.2 has low probability of being found in alpha-helix. No major differences in
      secondary structure are predicted for other parts of both H1 subtypes. The
      aberrant conformation of isoform H1.2 may be indicative of a significantly
      different function.

PMID- 2407236
TI  - Phorbol-ester-induced down-regulation of protein kinase C in mouse pancreatic
      islets. Potentiation of phase 1 and inhibition of phase 2 of glucose-induced
      insulin secretion.
AB  - The influence of down-regulation of protein kinase C on glucose-induced insulin
      secretion was studied. A 22-24 h exposure of mouse pancreatic islets to the
      phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA; 0.16 microM) in RPMI
      1640 culture medium (8.3 mM-glucose, 0.43 mM-Ca2+) abolished TPA (0.16 microM)
      induced insulin secretion and led to a potentiation of phase 1 and a decrease in
      phase 2 of glucose-induced insulin secretion. Thus, although the total insulin
      release during 40 min of perfusion with glucose (16.7 mM) (45-85 min) was
      unaffected, the percentage released during phase 1 (45-55 min) was increased from
      12.9 +/- 1.5 (4)% in controls to 35.8 +/- 3.9 (4)% in TPA-treated islets (P less
      than 0.01), and the percentage released during phase 2 (65-85 min) was decreased
      from 63.2 +/- 3.9 (4)% to 35.3 +/- 1.4 (4)% (P less than 0.005). In contrast, TPA
      exposure in TCM 199 medium (5.5 mM-glucose, 1.26 mM-Ca2+) caused a total
      abolition of both phases 1 and 2 of glucose-induced secretion. However, inclusion
      of the alpha 2-adrenergic agonists adrenaline (10 microM) or clonidine (10
      microM), or lowering of the Ca2+ concentration in TCM 199 during down-regulation,
      preserved and potentiated phase 1 of glucose-induced secretion. Furthermore,
      perifusion of islets in the presence of staurosporine (1 microM), an inhibitor of
      protein kinase C, potentiated phase 1 and inhibited phase 2 of glucose-induced
      secretion. In addition, down-regulation of protein kinase C potentiated phase 1
      and inhibited phase 2 of carbamoylcholine (100 microM)-induced insulin secretion
      at 3.3 mM-glucose, and abolished the potentiating effect of carbamoylcholine (100
      microM) at 16.7 mM-glucose. These results substantiate a role for protein kinase
      C in insulin secretion, and suggest that protein kinase C inhibits phase 1 and
      stimulates phase 2 of both glucose-induced and carbamoylcholine-induced insulin
      secretion.

PMID- 2407237
TI  - The selectivity of statine-based inhibitors against various human aspartic
      proteinases.
AB  - The interactions of five human enzymes (renin, pepsin, gastricsin, cathepsin D
      and cathepsin E) and the aspartic proteinase from Endothia parasitica with
      several series of synthetic inhibitors were examined. All of the inhibitors
      contained the dipeptide analogue statine or its phenylalanine or
      cyclohexylalanine homologues in the P1-P1' positions. The residues occupying the
      peripheral sub-sites (P4 to P3') were varied systematically and inhibitory
      constants were determined for the interactions with each of the proteinases.
      Inhibitors were elucidated that specifically inhibited human renin and did not
      affect any of the other human enzymes or the fungal proteinase. With suitable
      selection of residues to occupy individual sub-sites, effective inhibitors of
      specific human aspartic proteinases may now be designed.

PMID- 2407238
TI  - The effect of fasting on the activation in vivo of the insulin receptor kinase.
AB  - Fasting causes insulin resistance in liver and fat, and increases insulin
      sensitivity in muscle. We studied the response in vitro and in vivo to insulin of
      the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase in muscle and liver from 72 h fasted and
      control rats. Insulin was injected intraperitoneally together with glucose, and
      blood and tissue samples were obtained 0, 5, 15 and 30 min later. Basal serum
      glucose and insulin levels were significantly higher in control than in fasting
      rats. Serum glucose rose to approximately 300 mg/dl at 5 min and then
      progressively declined without hypoglycaemia. Receptors were prepared from whole
      tissue by wheat germ lectin affinity chromatography. 125I-insulin binding to
      purified receptors was increased by fasting in both muscle (18%) and liver (50%).
      In untreated fasting and control animals, muscle and liver insulin receptor
      tyrosine kinase activity was stimulated to similar levels by insulin added in
      vitro. With only insulin treatment in vivo, muscle receptor tyrosine kinase
      behaved similarly in fasting and control animals with maximal activation at 15
      min post injection. In liver, insulin in vivo stimulated receptor tyrosine kinase
      activity maximally at 5 min post injection in both fasting and control, but in
      fasting animals the treatment in vivo caused a significantly larger and more
      prolonged activation of the enzymic activity, possibly due to a decrease in the
      rate of dephosphorylation and deactivation of the beta subunits.

PMID- 2407239
TI  - Chorismate synthase. Pre-steady-state kinetics of phosphate release from 5
      enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate.
AB  - The pre-steady-state kinetics of phosphate formation from 5-enolpyruvylshikimate
      3-phosphate catalysed by Escherichia coli chorismate synthase (EC 4.6.1.4) were
      studied by a rapid-acid-quench technique at 25 degrees C at pH 7.5. No pre-steady
      state 'burst' or 'lag' phase was observed, showing that phosphate is released
      concomitant with the rate-limiting step of the enzyme. The implications of this
      result for the mechanism of action of chorismate synthase are discussed.

PMID- 2407240
TI  - Independent induction of interleukin 6 and prostaglandin E2 by interleukin 1 in
      human articular chondrocytes.
AB  - Interleukin 6 is a cytokine with growth and differentiation activities on a
      number of cell types. Human articular chondrocytes produce interleukin 6 and this
      production appears to be constitutive but can be stimulated in a dose-dependent
      manner by interleukin 1. Other stimulators of interleukin 6 production in
      chondrocytes include tumour necrosis factor-alpha, polyriboinosinic:
      polyribocytidylic acid and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Interleukin 6 production
      is not inhibited by prostaglandin E2 but may be partially dependent on
      prostaglandin E2 production. Using an antiserum to interleukin 6 we have
      demonstrated that the production of prostaglandin E2 under basal conditions and
      in response to interleukin 1 is probably not mediated by interleukin 6.

PMID- 2407241
TI  - Presence of endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity in human cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - By use of radioimmunoassay (RIA) specific for endothelin-1 (ET-1), we have
      studied whether ET-1-like immunoreactivity (LI) exists in human cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF). Human CSF from patients with old cerebrovascular disease contained
      far greater amounts of ET-1-LI (28 +/- 1.3 pg/ml, n = 9) than normal human
      plasma. Reverse-phase HPLC coupled with ET-1 RIA revealed a single major ET-1-LI
      component in human CSF extract coeluting with standard ET-1. These data suggest
      ET-1 is a neuropeptide secreted from neural tissues in humans.

PMID- 2407242
TI  - Inhibition of Trypanosoma cruzi growth and sterol biosynthesis by lovastatin.
AB  - We have studied the effects of lovastatin, an inhibitor of hydroxy-methylglutaryl
      CoA-reductase, on cultures of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. It inhibits growth
      at 10 and 30 micrograms per ml; these effects are reverted by 100 microM of
      squalene, but not by 100 microM of cholesterol. Lovastatin at the same amounts
      inhibits [14C]acetate incorporatin into sterols, isolated either by digitonin
      precipitation or thin layer chromatography. At 50 micrograms per ml it kills most
      of the trypanosomes. These concentrations are below reported toxic levels for
      mammals; this drug and its analogs should, therefore, be tested as
      chemotherapeutic agents against Chagas' disease.

PMID- 2407243
TI  - Characterization of a functional domain of human calpastatin.
AB  - Expression plasmids were constructed from the cDNA of human calpastatin to
      examine the contribution to the inhibition of calpain of highly conserved
      sequences in each of four repetitive domains. A series of deletion derivatives of
      domain 1 proteins, truncated at either the amino or carboxy terminus, were
      produced in E. coli. Deletion from the amino terminus past the amino terminal
      conserved sequence decreased the inhibition. When the middle conserved sequence,
      the M-sequence, was further deleted, no inhibition was detected, but deletion
      from the carboxy terminus past the carboxy terminal conserved sequence did not
      decrease the inhibition until the M-sequence was reached. Nuclear magnetic
      resonance and circular dichroism spectra showed that domain 1 has an unfolded
      structure. Peptides that contained the M-sequence and some neighboring sequences
      were synthesized to measure the minimum size of the inhibitory peptide, which was
      the M-sequence with the next six residues on the amino terminal side.

PMID- 2407245
TI  - Stimulus-secretion coupling of arginine-induced insulin release. Resistance of
      arginine- and ornithine-stimulated glucagon and insulin release to D,L-alpha
      difluoromethylornithine.
AB  - In the isolated perfused rat pancreas, D,L-difluoromethylornithine, tested at a
      concentration of 3 mmol/L, failed to affect the release of glucagon and insulin
      caused, over 15 min stimulation, by either L-arginine or L-ornithine (2.0, 5.0 or
      10.0 mmol/L) in the presence of either 3.3 or 5.6 mmol/L D-glucose. The
      inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase also failed to affect the release of
      glucagon provoked by either L-leucine (2 or 3 mmol/L) or L-glutamine (2 mmol/L)
      and the secretion of insulin stimulated by a rise in glucose concentration from
      5.6 to 10.6 mmol/L. These data are interpreted to suggest that the rapid
      generation of polyamines from either L-arginine or L-ornithine does not play any
      significant role in the immediate glucagonotropic and insulinotropic action of
      these cationic amino acids.

PMID- 2407244
TI  - Effect of chronic enalapril treatment on enzymes responsible for the catabolism
      of angiotensin I and formation of angiotensin II.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of chronic administration of enalapril on the
      carboxypeptidases responsible for the formation of angiotensin II from
      angiotensin I and other peptidases known to recognize angiotensin I as a
      substrate in the rat. These studies have shown an increase in activity in rate of
      formation of des-Leu-angiotensin I in both kidney S2 and P2 centrifugal fractions
      as well as a decrease in the rate of degradation of angiotensin I substrate.
      Similar increases in the formation of A(1-8) have been observed in kidney using
      A(1-9) as substrate. These two enzyme activities have been named carboxypeptidase
      K1 and K2, respectively to reflect their presence in rat kidney. These changes
      were accompanied by significant decreases in the activity of an amastatin
      sensitive aminopeptidase and endopeptidase 24.11 in the kidney P2 fraction. These
      data suggest that chronic treatment with ACE inhibitors may differentially affect
      the activity of other enzymes capable of degrading angiotensin causing a
      substantial re-direction of angiotensin metabolism.

PMID- 2407246
TI  - A role for immunogenic DNA in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2407247
TI  - China is not an island in the Pacific Ocean.

PMID- 2407248
TI  - Games supervisors play in clinical supervision.

PMID- 2407249
TI  - A plan for special interest divisions and study sections.
AB  - The establishment of special interest divisions and study sections within the
      American Speech-Language-Hearing Association was initiated with the approval of
      LC 21-88 by the Legislative Council. Plans for the initial stages for
      implementation were developed by the Ad Hoc Committee to Implement Special
      Interest Divisions: Barbara B. Shadden (chair), Larry E. Dalzell, Judith S.
      Gravel, Nancy P. Huffman, Sandra R. Ulrich, Peggy S. Williams (ex officio),
      Lynette R. Goldberg (ex officio), under the guidance of Robert L. Douglass, vice
      president for planning. More detailed guidelines are currently being developed
      that will lead to full implementation, beginning this year. Special interest
      divisions and study sections are being developed in accordance with the full plan
      approved by the Legislative Council.

PMID- 2407250
TI  - Effect of gemfibrozil on the concentration and composition of serum lipoproteins.
      A controlled study with special reference to initial triglyceride levels.
AB  - We investigated the modulating effect of serum total triglycerides on the lipid
      composition of various lipoproteins, and on the response to gemfibrozil
      treatment. This placebo controlled study was conducted blind in 60 participants
      of the Helsinki Heart Study. An inverse relationship was observed between
      cholesterol content in all lipoprotein fractions and serum total triglyceride
      level. Gemfibrozil, in addition to changing the absolute amounts of lipoprotein
      lipids, also normalized the qualitative abnormalities associated with
      hypertriglyceridemia. Gemfibrozil increased the level of HDL-cholesterol with the
      main effect on HDL3-subfraction. The observed reduction in LDL-cholesterol was
      dependent on the initial triglyceride level.

PMID- 2407251
TI  - Effects of long-term, self-monitored exercise on the serum lipoprotein and
      apolipoprotein profile in middle-aged men.
AB  - To study the effects of long-term, self-monitored exercise on the serum lipid
      profile and body composition of middle-aged non-smoking males, a controlled study
      was conducted in 61 sedentary, middle-class Swiss men. Thirty-nine men were
      randomly allocated to jog 2 h/wk for 4 months on an individually prescribed,
      heart rate-controlled basis, whereas 22 men served as controls. Despite varying
      adherence to the exercise regimen, the following 4-month net changes (effect in
      exercise group minus effect in control group) in lipids were seen: HDL
      cholesterol (C) +0.12 mmol/l (95% CI 0.02, 0.22; P = 0.028), LDL-C +0.08 mmol/l
      (ns), VLDL-C -0.26 mmol/l (-0.45, -0.07; P = 0.009), total triglycerides (TT) 
      0.21 mmol/l (ns), HDL-C/total C +0.02 (0.001, 0.05; P = 0.047). The net changes
      in endurance capacity and resting heart rate in favour of exercisers were
      significant as well, whereas no significant changes in apolipoprotein levels were
      seen. Exploratory analyses revealed, for example, associations of the increase in
      total physical activity with an increase in the HDL-C/total C ratio (r = 0.46; P
      less than 0.001), and of the change in estimated body fat content with an opposed
      change in the HDL-C/total C ratio (r = -0.40; P less than 0.001), or an inverse
      relationship of the change in subcutaneous fat with a change in the HDL2-C level
      (r = -0.39; P less than 0.001). Multivariable regression analysis suggested that
      much of the effect of jogging on HDL-C was apparently mediated through a decrease
      in body fat content. A change in the waist/hip ratio was unrelated to lipoprotein
      changes but was related to the change of TT level (r = 0.22; P less than 0.05).
      This study confirms that individually prescribed, unsupervised jogging can
      increase HDL-C levels and improve the serum lipoprotein profile in self-selected
      nonsmoking males. Although the effect is modest, it may be relevant to preventive
      cardiology, given the evidence for a reduction in cardiovascular risk even after
      apparently small decreases in risk factor levels.

PMID- 2407252
TI  - Progression of carotid atherosclerosis and its determinants: a population-based
      ultrasonography study.
AB  - We investigated the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in a population-based
      sample of 100 Eastern Finnish men aged 42, 48, 54 or 60 years. A high-resolution
      B-mode ultrasonographic examination was repeated after a follow-up of 24 months
      for each subject. The intimal-medial thickness (IMT) in the common carotid artery
      increased by -0.06 mm to 0.90 mm (mean 0.12 mm, SD 0.20 mm). Age (standardised
      partial coefficient, beta = 0.325, P = 0.0003), serum LDL cholesterol
      concentration (beta = 0.229, P = 0.0011), pack-years of smoking (beta = 0.274, P
      = 0.0023), blood leukocyte count (beta = 0.201, P = 0.0239), and platelet
      aggregability (beta = 0.165, P = 0.0646), measured at baseline, were the
      strongest predictors of atherosclerosis progression. Neither hypertension,
      current blood pressure level, serum HDL cholesterol nor serum HDL2 cholesterol
      concentration at the baseline examination had any association with the change of
      IMT over 2 yrs.

PMID- 2407253
TI  - Impaired homocysteine metabolism in early-onset cerebral and peripheral occlusive
      arterial disease. Effects of pyridoxine and folic acid treatment.
AB  - Severe homocysteinemia due to genetic defects either of pyridoxal 5-phosphate
      (PLP)-dependent cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) or of enzymes in vitamin B12
      and folate metabolism is associated with very early-onset vascular disease.
      Therefore, we studied homocysteine metabolism in 72 patients presenting before
      the age of 55 years with occlusive arterial disease of cerebral, carotid, or
      aorto-iliac vessels. Twenty patients (28%) had basal homocysteinemia; and 26
      patients (36%) had abnormal increases of plasma homocysteine after peroral
      methionine loading, which exceeded the highest value for 46 comparable controls
      and was within the range for 20 obligate heterozygotes for homocystinuria due to
      CBS deficiency. Basal plasma homocysteine content was strongly and negatively
      correlated to vitamin B12 and folate concentrations. Plasma PLP was depressed in
      most patients but there was no correlation between PLP and homocysteine values.
      In 20 patients, treatment with pyridoxine hydrochloride (240 mg/day) and folic
      acid (10 mg/day) reduced fasting homocysteine after 4 weeks by a mean of 53%, and
      methionine response by a mean of 39%. These data show that a substantial
      proportion of patients with early-onset vascular disease have impaired
      homocysteine metabolism, which may contribute to vascular disease, and that the
      impaired metabolism can be improved easily and without side effects.

PMID- 2407254
TI  - Demographic variables in medical school admission.
AB  - Admission committees report that demographic variables, although accurate,
      reliable, and easily obtained from applicants to medical schools, are only
      moderately important in their decision making. This may be because the committees
      are concerned about the validity and legality of using such data as admissions
      criteria. This essay discusses the research on the validity of demographic
      variables and the recommendations for their legal use in selecting students for
      medical school. The relationships of age, gender, size of hometown, parental
      education, parental occupation, parental income, and marital status to medical
      school outcomes of preclinical performances, clinical performance, attrition,
      specialty choice, and practice location are summarized. [Race or ethnic group is
      discussed in a separate essay in this issue.] Although the authors focus on the
      predictive value of demographic variables, these variables play a more important
      role as the moderator variables for other predictors of medical school outcomes.
      The full value of using demographic variables derives from data obtained in local
      validity studies. To comply with the equal-protection and due-process
      requirements, admission officers must assure that the use of demographic
      information in the admission process is explicit in bulletins given to applicants
      and is uniformly applied in the evaluation of all applicants.

PMID- 2407255
TI  - Qualitative variables in medical school admission.
AB  - Personal qualities, character traits, life experience, and adaptive capacities
      are all associated with effective professional life and work. Despite widespread
      acknowledgement that qualitative factors are crucial for success as a medical
      student and physician, the variables are rarely measured or considered when
      medical schools reach decisions about student admission. This essay examines the
      qualitative variables that medical school admission committees might consider
      when filling their classes, and it offers recommendations about using qualitative
      data for admission decisions. It concludes with an agenda for research on medical
      school admission.

PMID- 2407256
TI  - Traditional predictors of performance in medical school.
AB  - This paper addresses the predictive value for performance in medical school of
      undergraduate grades, the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), information on
      the selectivity of the undergraduate institution, and selected transcript data.
      The performance data examined were basic science grades; clinical science grades;
      scores on National Board of Medical Examiners examinations, Parts I, II, and III;
      and information on academic difficulty. Methodological sources of differences in
      validity data, including restriction in range, criterion attenuation, and method
      specificity, are discussed. Reported validity data affirm the substantial value
      of traditional academic predictors of performance in medical school. Selection
      committees should, nevertheless, supplement academic data with nonacademic and
      interview information. Their inclusion is particularly important for minority and
      disadvantaged applicants. Medical schools should assess the validity of their
      selection systems. Additional research on the relations between academic
      predictors and performance-based indexes of clinical competence and on the role
      of traditional predictors with regard to the recently declining medical school
      applicant pool is suggested.

PMID- 2407257
TI  - The mismeasure of medical education.

PMID- 2407258
TI  - Predicting minority students' success in medical school.
AB  - Despite recent attention to minority student recruitment and retention, data on
      predicting the success of minority medical students are scarce. Traditional
      predictors (college grades and scores on the Medical College Admission Test) have
      modest correlations with medical school grades and scores on the National Board
      of Medical Examiners examination for minority students. Nonetheless, admission
      committees also consider nontraditional variables when selecting minority
      students. Measures of nontraditional variables seem to assess types of
      intelligence not covered by traditional means. A system of organizing
      nontraditional or noncognitive variables into eight dimensions is proposed. The
      dimensions are self-concept, realistic, self-appraisal, understanding and dealing
      with racism, long-range goals, having a strong support person, showing
      leadership, having community involvement, and nontraditional knowledge acquired.
      Further, assessment should place more emphasis on recognizing and defining
      problems and on performance rather than knowledge. Combining traditional and
      nontraditional methods is best in selecting minority students, and sufficiently
      well developed measures exist in each area to make this a practical
      recommendation for any admission program.

PMID- 2407259
TI  - The interview in the admission process.
AB  - Significant demographic, legal, and educational developments during the last ten
      years have led medical schools to review critically their selection procedures. A
      critical component of this review is the selection interview, since it is an
      integral part of most admission processes; however, some question its value.
      Interviews serve four purposes: information gathering, decision making,
      verification of application data, and recruitment. The first and last of these
      merit special attention. The interview enables an admission committee to gather
      information about a candidate that would be difficult or impossible to obtain by
      any other means yet is readily evaluated in an interview. Given the recent
      decline in numbers of applicants to and interest in medical school, many schools
      are paying closer attention to the interview as a powerful recruiting tool.
      Interviews can be unstructured, semistructured, or structured. Structuring
      involves analyzing what makes a medical student successful, standardizing the
      questions for all applicants, providing sample answers for evaluating responses,
      and using panel interviews (several interviewers simultaneously with one
      applicant). Reliability and validity of results increase with the degree of
      structuring. Studies of interviewers show that they are often biased in terms of
      the rating tendencies (for instance, leniency or severity) and in terms of an
      applicant's sex, race, appearance, similarity to the interviewer, and contrast to
      other applicants). Training interviewers may reduce such bias. Admission
      committees should weigh the purposes of interviewing differently for various
      types of candidates, develop structured or semistructured interviews focusing on
      nonacademic criteria, and train the interviewers.

PMID- 2407260
TI  - Help for the gatekeepers: comment and summation on the admission process.
AB  - The author comments on articles that discuss the roles of demographic variables,
      qualitative variables, and the interview in making sound selection for medical
      school admission; analyze the effectiveness of traditional predictors in
      selecting successful students; and examine the predictors that best identify
      minority students likely to succeed in medical training. Together, the articles
      review the literature, analyze the findings, and recommend sound practices and
      areas of future research germane to selecting students. The discussions highlight
      the predictor role, initial importance, and relatively short half-life of
      academic criteria in physicians' total careers, and emphasize that academic
      predictors must be complemented by other factors in the applicant's background.
      Because selection for medical school leads in almost all cases to eventual
      practice as a physician, the admission decision has far-reaching impact. Those
      concerned with the admission process should use the distilled information in
      these articles to improve the assessment of applicants and the selection process.

PMID- 2407261
TI  - Keeping up with cancer information.

PMID- 2407262
TI  - The role of partners in selecting a residency.
AB  - To study the influence of medical students' partners (that is, those to whom they
      are married or engaged, or with whom they are living as "significant others") on
      students' selections of their residency programs, the authors surveyed fourth
      year medical students and their partners at 20 medical schools in 1986. Forty-six
      percent of 770 eligible couples responded to the questionnaire; data from 314
      couples were used in this study. Sixty-five percent of the medical students were
      men. Eighty-five percent of the partners were employed outside the home. The
      partner was the most influential person in the students' choice of a residency.
      Twenty-six percent (81) of the couples mutually made the decision and over 50%
      (186) tried to satisfy equally both partners' needs. However, the women medical
      students had less influence over the decision and were more apt to sacrifice
      their needs for their partners' (p less than .05). The women students were also
      significantly less satisfied with their role in the decision-making process (p
      less than .05). Attention to these issues by both medical students and residency
      programs could help couples deal with the stresses involved in choosing a
      residency location.

PMID- 2407263
TI  - Poxvirus-based vectors as vaccine candidates.
AB  - The advent of recombinant DNA techniques and advances in immunology have provided
      a means for dissecting the immunobiology of disease-causing agents.
      Identification and expression of individual genes from the pathogens in
      heterologous systems, such as VV, have yielded valuable information regarding
      structural properties of the gene products and their role in eliciting protective
      immunity. Targets of both humoral and/or cellular immunity for many disease
      causing agents have been identified or confirmed using a VV expression system
      (Section IV). Additionally, specific VV recombinants have induced a protective
      immune response in experimental animals. The ability of VV recombinants to induce
      pertinent immune responses necessary for protection, the potential to develop
      polyvalent vaccines, and the successful history of VV as an immunizing agent
      provide the impetus for engineering VV as a live recombinant vaccine candidate.
      Critical to the refinement of poxviruses as recombinant immunizing agents is a
      more in-depth knowledge of the molecular biology of these viruses. Although
      significant advances have been made in this area within the past 10 years, a
      greater understanding of the mechanisms governing gene expression and viral
      virulence factors should enable the development of more safe and effective
      vaccine candidates. Progression of VV vector technology to other members of the
      poxvirus family has been successful. Development of other poxviruses as vectors
      may, therefore, provide a means of generating host-restricted vaccines. Fowlpox
      recombinant viruses, for instance, may yield candidate vaccines in the poultry
      industry. Interestingly, it was also demonstrated that these host-restricted
      recombinant viruses can be used as immunizing vehicles in other species. The
      ability of a nonreplicating viral vector to elicit a protective immune response
      is especially intriguing in light of the observation by Morgan et al. that a
      VV/EBV gp340/220 recombinant, derived from an avirulent VV strain, was unable to
      protect cottontop tamarins from a live EBV challenge.

PMID- 2407264
TI  - The role of the major histocompatibility complex in resistance to parasite
      infections.

PMID- 2407265
TI  - Self-reported side effects from antihypertensive drugs. A clinical trial. Quality
      of Life Research Group.
AB  - We report on the distress associated with physical symptoms in 761 male
      hypertensive patients enrolled in a clinical trial of the effects of captopril,
      methyldopa or propranolol on quality of life. Educational level at entry into the
      trial showed a negative association with a series of physical symptom distress
      items among patients not previously treated with antihypertensive medications but
      no association with symptoms among the previously treated. Over the 24 weeks of
      therapy captopril as monotherapy was associated with no change from baseline in
      distress in all symptoms examined. In contrast, distress increased in the
      methyldopa treated patients for dry mouth and blurred vision. Propranolol treated
      patients had increased "trouble getting breath," bradycardia, shortness of breath
      or wheezing, and blurred vision. Between group comparisons revealed significant
      differences favorably comparing captopril to both methyldopa and propranolol in
      regard to fatigue, and blurred vision, as well as to methyldopa alone for dry
      mouth and "feeling worn out." There were significant differences as well between
      captopril and propranolol with patients on propranolol worsening in bradycardia.
      Other comparisons of patients on propranolol and methyldopa monotherapy showed
      propranolol patients worsening in bradycardia and loss of taste, but methyldopa
      patients reported more dry mouth and feeling worn out than those on propranolol.
      The addition of hydrochlorothiazide to therapy worsened total physical symptom
      distress scores for methyldopa and propranolol patients. This study confirms the
      value of methods which assess the degree of distress associated with symptoms
      commonly reported by hypertensive patients receiving antihypertensive
      medications. This approach can be useful in establishing a treatment regimen
      least likely to cause distress and can be of value in preserving quality of life,
      preventing noncompliance, and withdrawal from treatment.

PMID- 2407266
TI  - Some problems with antihypertensive drug studies in the context of the new
      guidelines.
AB  - A dose-response analysis establishes the efficacy of most drugs. The medical
      literature is replete with so-called "Dose-Responses" to antihypertensive agents.
      The majority of these have failed. The use of a placebo helps minimize bias,
      though most studies here simply compared a test drug with the old drug. Short
      acting drugs can have their duration of effect prolonged by giving larger doses
      than necessary. In order to produce more meaningful data, the Food and Drug
      Administration gathered together a group of experts who collectively proposed a
      set of Guidelines for studying these drugs. Though the final version has not yet
      been issued, investigators and clinicians working with this class of drugs are
      vitally interested in these guidelines, and have already encountered several
      problems. We identify some of these problems and propose some solutions.

PMID- 2407267
TI  - Computer-assisted techniques for evaluation and treatment of hypertensive
      patients.
AB  - An integrated approach, progressively implemented in the ARTEMIS system since
      1975, is described for the computerized management of hypertensive patients. From
      a medical point of view, computerized programs can be used to memorize patients'
      individual records and profiles, to facilitate patient management and follow-up,
      to store medical knowledge about hypertension and to provide facilities for
      decision making at the level either of the individual patient or of the
      population followed up. From a technical point of view, the methodology used
      integrates data and knowledge management facilities into the same software. Five
      hypertension clinics are presently using the system in France and more than
      22,000 records have been registered. Answer rates to 12 mandatory questions
      regarding past history and examination at first visit were superior to 95% in
      19,601 records created between January 1976 and December 1987. Patient database
      interrogation can be used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of various
      signs and symptoms for the diagnosis of secondary hypertension, and to predict,
      for each patient, his/her cardiovascular risk, the risk of drop-out, the risk of
      insufficient blood pressure control and the probable blood pressure level. It
      also serves to test the content and validity of the associated expert system
      which is progressively built up. A prospective evaluation of the performance of
      the expert system on 80 cases of hypertension showed overall agreement between
      the specialists and the expert system ranging from 58 to 91% depending on the
      decision.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407268
TI  - Urinary MHPG sulfate as a marker of central norepinephrine metabolism: a
      commentary.
AB  - Measurement of total (free + conjugated) 3 methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG)
      in urine has long been used to assess the metabolism of central norepinephrine
      (NE). However, available data indicate that total MHPG is not a sensitive marker
      because the portion of urinary MHPG which derives from brain NE is less than was
      previously assumed. Several arguments support the view that central MHPG
      excretion is best represented by the urinary MHPG sulfate fraction. Accordingly,
      a new strategy has been introduced in last years, involving the separate
      determination of sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of MHPG as respective markers
      of central and peripheral NE metabolism. Various biochemical and pharmacological
      data obtained in healthy subjects and in patients with mental diseases support
      this hypothesis.

PMID- 2407269
TI  - Striatal dopamine in motor activation and reward-mediated learning: steps towards
      a unifying model.
AB  - On the basis of behavioural evidence, dopamine is found to be involved in two
      higher-level functions of the brain: reward-mediated learning and motor
      activation. In these functions dopamine appears to mediate synaptic enhancement
      in the corticostriatal pathway. However, in electrophysiological studies,
      dopamine is often reported to inhibit corticostriatal transmission. These two
      effects of dopamine seem incompatible. The existence of separate populations of
      dopamine receptors, differentially modulating cholinergic and glutamatergic
      synapses, suggests a possible resolution to this paradox. The synaptic
      enhancement which occurs in reward-mediated learning may also be involved in
      dopamine-mediated motor activation. The logical form of reward-mediated learning
      imposes constraints on which mechanisms can be considered possible. Dopamine D1
      receptors may mediate enhancement of corticostriatal synapses. On the other hand,
      dopamine D2 receptors on cholinergic terminals may mediate indirect, inhibitory
      effects of dopamine on striatal neurons.

PMID- 2407270
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of innominate artery compression of
      the trachea.
AB  - In the past, the diagnosis of tracheal compression by intrathoracic arterial
      structures has been made by using bronchoscopy alone or in combination with one
      of a variety of imaging techniques, including barium contrast esophagography and
      cineangiography. However, all of these imaging techniques involve exposure of
      patients to ionizing radiation and, in the case of angiography, an invasive
      procedure. The use of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of thoracic
      arterial disease is well documented and, more specifically, has been found to be
      useful in the diagnosis of innominate artery compression of the trachea and
      congenital vascular rings. This report documents the use of magnetic resonance
      imaging at the Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, in the
      diagnosis of innominate artery compression of the trachea. In addition, the
      radiographic appearance of this entity is contrasted with other compressive
      lesions of the trachea.

PMID- 2407271
TI  - Analysis of immunocompetent cells in the middle ear mucosa.
AB  - A quantitative analysis of immunocompetent cells in the middle ear mucosa of mice
      was carried out by an indirect immunostaining method using various monoclonal
      antibodies. Mice bred in germ-free, specific pathogen-free, and conventional
      conditions were used to examine nonimmunized middle ear mucosa. Middle ear
      mucosae of otitis media-induced mice were also examined. In normal middle ear
      mucosa, mast cells were substantial, followed by Mac-1-positive cells and
      lymphocytes. Even though IgA-, IgM-, and Lyt-1-positive cells were seen in the
      mucosa of conventional mice, IgM-positive cells were seen only in mucosae of
      specific pathogen-free and germ-free mice. In otitis media-induced mice by
      inoculation with nontypable Haemophilus influenzae or lipopolysaccharide, Mac-1
      positive cells were dominant. Although the numbers of IgM- and Lyt-1-positive
      cells increased markedly, the numbers of other lymphocyte subsets did not
      increase until 14 days after inoculation. These findings suggest that the middle
      ear is immunologically a potential organ as long as it is not exposed to
      antigenic stimulation. It is considered to be an immunoreactive site only after
      it has been activated with pathogens.

PMID- 2407272
TI  - mRNA phenotyping for studying gene expression in small numbers of cells: platelet
      derived growth factor and other growth factors in wound-derived macrophages.
AB  - The understanding of biologic and pathophysiologic processes in lung is aided by
      a technique for ascertaining the transcriptional phenotype of small numbers of
      cells examined in vivo. The mRNA phenotyping procedure consists of scaled-down
      methods for isolating mRNA from small numbers of cells, followed by reverse
      transcription of the RNA and specifically primed amplification of the cDNA by the
      polymerase chain reaction. We show an example of the use of the technique in a
      study of expression of platelet-derived growth factor and other growth factor
      genes in macrophages isolated from wound cylinders implanted in mice. With this
      technique, the transcriptional phenotype of purified normal lung epithelial and
      mesenchymal cells, macrophages, or cells obtained from lavaged lungs or punch
      biopsy specimens can be examined as a rapid first step in understanding molecular
      processes in the lung.

PMID- 2407273
TI  - Rat tracheal epithelial cells produce granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor.
AB  - It is unknown whether local resident cells of the upper airway are able to
      regulate the number and function of phagocytic cells by the secretion of
      cytokines. We undertook to determine if tracheal epithelial cells (TEC) produce
      the potent cytokine granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and
      how TEC-derived GM-CSF might be regulated. Conditioned media (TEC-CM) from 7- to
      21-day-old primary cultures of rat TEC contained material with bioactivity
      similar to GM-CSF. This bioactivity was increased in conditioned medium from
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated (1 microgram/ml) TEC. Molecular characterization
      of bioactivity revealed a molecular weight of 27 to 44 kD by gel-filtration high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and elution at 44 to 50% acetonitrile
      by reverse-phase HPLC, similar to that of authentic GM-CSF. The biologic activity
      of TEC-CM was completely blocked by a goat polyclonal anti-GM-CSF antibody. With
      in situ hybridization using a murine GM-CSF cDNA probe, more than 95% of the
      adherent TEC population expressed GM-CSF transcripts, and the number of
      transcripts was significantly increased by LPS (1 microgram/ml, 48 h). TEC appear
      to produce a cytokine that is functionally, biochemically, and antigenically
      indistinguishable from GM-CSF. The ability of TEC to produce GM-CSF suggests that
      these cells may play a role in modulating the inflammatory response in the
      airway.

PMID- 2407274
TI  - Heparin-binding growth factors stimulate DNA synthesis in rat alveolar type II
      cells.
AB  - The proliferation of alveolar type II cells is important for repair of the
      alveolar epithelium after lung injury. We have previously reported that epidermal
      growth factor (EGF), insulin, cholera toxin, and endothelial cell growth
      supplement (ECGS) stimulate DNA synthesis of rat alveolar type II cells in
      culture. ECGS is a crude extract from bovine neural tissue that contains heparin
      binding growth factors, and in this report we have compared the effect of ECGS to
      purified heparin-binding growth factors. ECGS stimulated [3H]thymidine
      incorporation into type II cells by 3-fold with half-maximal stimulation at 50
      micrograms/ml. The purified acidic, class I heparin-binding growth factors, alpha
      endothelial cell growth factor (-ECGF) and beta-ECGF stimulated type II cell DNA
      synthesis by 10-fold and 5-fold, respectively, with half-maximal stimulation at
      40 ng/ml. Acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGFa) stimulated [3H]thymidine
      incorporation by 16-fold with half-maximal stimulation at 20 ng/ml, whereas basic
      FGF (FGFb) only stimulated type II cell DNA synthesis by 3-fold. Heparin
      potentiates the mitogenic effect of the acidic heparin-binding growth factors for
      both endothelial cells and fibroblasts but was found to inhibit FGFa- and FGFb
      induced [3H]thymidine incorporation in type II cells by 80% with half-maximal
      inhibition occurring with 0.4 micrograms/ml and 1.3 micrograms/ml, respectively.
      When type II cells were cultured in the absence of serum, the heparin-binding
      growth factors had very little effect on [3H]thymidine incorporation. Only rat
      high density lipoprotein (HDL), but not insulin, EGF, or transferrin, was found
      to act synergistically with FGFa in stimulating [3H]thymidine incorporation in
      type II cells cultured in serum-free medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407275
TI  - Sorting and secretory pathways in exocrine cells.
AB  - Exocrine secretory cells contain multiple post-Golgi pathways from protein
      secretion. The major pathway in pancreatic and parotid acinar cells involves
      protein sorting into storage granules that undergo exocytosis with or without
      stimulation by secretagogues. This route of release is paralleled by a minor
      nongranular (but vesicular) pathway that originates by budding from maturing
      secretory granules. The nongranular pathway carries the same polypeptides that
      undergo storage in the granules but in different relative amounts. These features
      indicate that sorting into the stimulus-regulated pathway reflects not only the
      deposition of secretory proteins into immature granules but may also involve
      selective aggregation of proteins along with exclusion and vesicle-mediated
      secretion of other polypeptides that are inefficiently retained. Storage granules
      represent a distinct compartment of the secretory pathway, as indicated by the
      specific composition of their limiting membranes. Little is known about processes
      that maintain the low content and limited diversity of integral proteins of the
      granule membrane as compared to the membranes with which it fuses during
      exocytosis and formation. Future studies will examine the role of the nongranular
      secretory pathway in acinar cells, the branchpoint of pathways that are directed
      to the apical or basolateral cell surfaces, the structural determinants of
      secretory sorting, and the distribution and function of specific granule membrane
      polypeptides.

PMID- 2407276
TI  - Adenosine and adenosine receptors.

PMID- 2407277
TI  - Pulmonary hamartoma. A clinical study of 77 cases in a 21-year period and review
      of literature.
AB  - Seventy-seven pulmonary hamartomas were operated upon during a 21-year period
      (1966-1986); 43 (55.8%) patients were male and 34 (44.2%), female. Thoracotomy
      was carried out: in all 53 enucleations, 18 wedge resections, 5 lobectomies, and
      1 apico-basal segmentectomy were performed. The size of the tumours varied in
      diameter between 1 cm and 8 cm (mean 2.27 cm) and 23 (29.9%) of patients had
      previous, concomitant or subsequent pulmonary or pleural disease. Operative
      mortality was nil. There were 19 postoperative complications in 18 patients. All
      77 patients were called for a follow-up examination 6 months to 20 years after
      operation (mean 8.1 years). Eleven had died, 15 answered with a letter and 39
      came to control examination. Thirteen patients did not respond to the
      questionnaire but were still alive according to the national statistics. One
      patient developed postoperative lung cancer of which he died 8 years after
      operation. The others are doing well. Although benign in nature, the only therapy
      for primary hamartoma is operative removal of the tumour.

PMID- 2407278
TI  - Light microscopy and morphometry of vinblastine in vivo cytotoxicity in the
      different developmental stages of rat incisor ameloblast epithelium.
AB  - To see whether the in vivo cytotoxicity of the antimicrotubule agent vinblastine
      (VB) was related to the degree of differentiation in a normal secretory cell
      population VB cytotoxicity in the various developmental stages of rat incisor
      ameloblast was studied. Normal values for cell and nucleus volumes, secretory
      velocity, VB dose-response curves for cell death, and proliferative and secretory
      activity were estimated quantitatively using simple stereological methods, 18 and
      72 hours after VB administration i.v. Dose-response plots for cell death in
      jejunal crypt cells and the reduction of secretory activity in acinar pancreatic
      cells were compared with those of proliferating and secretory ameloblasts. Video
      light microscopy was used on 2 microns Epon sections with controlled orientation
      and position, permitting calculation of values on a per-cell-basis or per 10(4)
      microns 2 epithelial basal area. Normal cell and nuclear mean volumes (range:
      min.-max. value) for late-differentiating ameloblasts were 557 microns 3 (528
      601) and 127 microns 3 (122-136), and for secretory ameloblasts 866 microns 3
      (830-886) and 144 microns 3 (142-146). Mean volume of enamel matrix secreted per
      cell was around 169 microns 3 (122-202) per 24 hrs. Number of cells in the late
      differentiating zone was 970(928-1003) and in the secretory zone 828 (820-835)
      per 10(4) microns 2 epithelial basal area. Cell death after VB in the ameloblast
      stem cells and pancreatic acinar cells was negligible. 72 hrs after VB, the
      supply of dividing cells to the proliferation zone was at lower doses increased,
      while at 3 mg/kg it was reduced to 72% of the normal. All proliferating cells
      appeared to be killed at 2 mg/kg, together with 38% of the differentiating and
      34% of the secretory ameloblasts, and at 3 mg/kg, 70% and 66% respectively of the
      non-dividing ameloblasts were killed. The secretory output (volume of enamel
      matrix) of the ameloblasts exposed in the differentiating stage and now
      transformed into secretory cells was 72 hrs after VB 2 mg/kg reduced to 45%,
      while that of the mature secretory ameloblasts was reduced to 42%. After VB 3
      mg/kg, the differentiated ameloblast zone retained 21% of the normal secretory
      output, whereas there was no output from the mature cells. Maximal accumulation
      of zymogen granules in pancreatic acinar cells occurred at 1 mg/kg VB. Unlike to
      secretory ameloblasts, the morphology of pancreatic acinar cells was normalized
      at 72 hrs after VB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2407279
TI  - Intestinal dialysis for kidney failure. Personal experience.

PMID- 2407280
TI  - Nightly peritoneal dialysis. Why, who, how, and when?

PMID- 2407282
TI  - Structural cardiac abnormalities in the fetus: reliability of prenatal diagnosis
      and outcome.
AB  - The outcomes of 129 pregnancies in which the fetus was found to have a structural
      cardiac abnormality are reviewed. Over a 30-month period from January 1985 to
      June 1987, 1924 patients were referred to the British Heart Foundation Research
      Centre for Perinatal Cardiology at Guy's Hospital for fetal cardiac scanning. A
      total of 129 structural cardiac abnormalities was diagnosed; 53% of these
      patients were referred because of an abnormal 'four-chamber view' on ultrasound
      at the referring hospital; 47 of the pregnancies (69% of the 68 patients referred
      before 28 weeks) were terminated, and in the remaining 82 pregnancies outcome was
      poor with only 20 infants (16%) surviving longer than 11 months. The prenatal
      diagnosis was fully or partly correct in 96% of the 111 cases where it was
      possible to verify the diagnosis by post-mortem or postnatal diagnosis. In the 82
      pregnancies not terminated, 13 of the 22 cases given a moderate or good prognosis
      survived more than 11 months (59% survival), but only seven of the 60 (12%
      survival) given a fatal, poor or uncertain prognosis. The benefits of a
      multidisciplinary approach are discussed.

PMID- 2407281
TI  - Nuclear magnetic resonance in clinical pharmacology and measurement of
      therapeutic response.

PMID- 2407283
TI  - Modern treatment of menorrhagia.

PMID- 2407284
TI  - Pretreatment with mifepristone (RU 486) reduces interval between prostaglandin
      administration and expulsion in second trimester abortion.
AB  - The effect of pretreatment with mifepristone on prostaglandin-induced abortion
      was investigated in a double-blind randomized trial involving 100 women in the
      second trimester of pregnancy. The women were randomly allocated to receive
      either 600 mg oral mifepristone or placebo tablets 36 h before the administration
      of gemeprost pessaries. The median interval between administration of
      prostaglandin and abortion was significantly shorter in the mifepristone group
      (6.8 h) compared with the placebo group (15.8 h). The women pretreated with
      mifepristone required significantly fewer gemeprost pessaries to induce abortion
      and experienced significantly less pain than the women who had received placebo.

PMID- 2407285
TI  - Diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis in pregnancy: a new role for diagnostic
      ultrasound.
AB  - Ultrasound has recently become accepted as an accurate imaging technique in the
      diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. Real-time and duplex ultrasound findings in
      six pregnant women with clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis are
      described.

PMID- 2407286
TI  - Advances in the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome.

PMID- 2407287
TI  - Large intrauterine haematomata in threatened miscarriage. Frequency and clinical
      consequences.
AB  - Previously we described intrauterine haematomata seen with ultrasound in patients
      with threatened miscarriage and we suggested that a haematoma of greater than or
      equal to 50 ml might represent a risk to the pregnancy. We have now investigated
      566 patients with vaginal bleeding in the first half of pregnancy and followed up
      23 (4%) who had a haematoma of greater than or equal to 50 ml (mean 71 ml, range
      50-150) at between 12 and 20 weeks gestation. One patient had a miscarriage and
      two had a preterm delivery, so that, contrary to our original suggestion, these
      large haematomata do not seem to represent any serious threat to the pregnancy.

PMID- 2407288
TI  - Aetiology of myopia.

PMID- 2407289
TI  - Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome in the elderly.
AB  - A case of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome (TINU syndrome)
      in an elderly woman is reported. The present case demonstrates that this entity
      originally observed in children, and more recently in adults, may also occur in
      the elderly. The aetiology and treatment are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2407290
TI  - Transport of 2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - The transport of 2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine
      (hydroxymethylpyrimidine) was studied in resting cells of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae. Hydroxymethylpyrimidine uptake was an energy- and temperature
      dependent process which has an optimal pH at 4.5. The apparent Km for
      hydroxymethylpyrimidine uptake was 0.37 microM, and the uptake was inhibited by 2
      methyl-4-amino-5-aminomethylpyrimidine, thiamin and pyrithiamin. Furthermore,
      hydroxymethylpyrimidine uptake was inhibited by 4-azido-2-nitrobenzoylthiamin, a
      specific and irreversible inhibitor of the yeast thiamin transport system and it
      was greatly impaired in the thiamin transport mutant of S. cerevisiae. Thus,
      hydroxymethylpyrimidine is taken up by a common transport system with thiamin in
      S. cerevisiae, but in contrast to thiamin transport, accumulated
      hydroxymethylpyrimidine is released from yeast cells showing an overshoot
      phenomenon.

PMID- 2407291
TI  - Structure of the inverted hexagonal (HII) phase, and non-lamellar phase
      transitions of lipids.

PMID- 2407292
TI  - Mechanisms of membrane protein turnover.

PMID- 2407294
TI  - High affinity of acid phosphatase encoded by PHO3 gene in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae for thiamin phosphates.
AB  - The enzymatic properties of acid phosphatase (orthophosphoric-monoester
      phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.2) encoded by PHO3 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
      which is repressed by thiamin and has thiamin-binding activity at pH 5.0, were
      investigated to study physiological functions. The following results led to the
      conclusion that thiamin-repressible acid phosphatase physiologically catalyzes
      the hydrolysis of thiamin phosphates in the periplasmic space of S. cerevisiae,
      thus participating in utilization of the thiamin moiety of the phosphates by
      yeast cells: (a) thiamin-repressible acid phosphatase showed Km values of 1.6 and
      1.7 microM at pH 5.0 for thiamin monophosphate and thiamin pyrophosphate,
      respectively. These Km values were 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than those (0.61
      and 1.7 mM) for p-nitrophenyl phosphate; (b) thiamin exerted remarkable
      competitive inhibition in the hydrolysis of thiamin monophosphate (Ki 2.2 microM
      at pH 5.0), whereas the activity for p-nitrophenyl phosphate was slightly
      affected by thiamin; (c) the inhibitory effect of inorganic phosphate, which does
      not repress the thiamin-repressible enzyme, on the hydrolysis of thiamin
      monophosphate was much smaller than that of p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Moreover,
      the modification of thiamin-repressible acid phosphatase of S. cerevisiae with 1
      ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide resulted in the complete loss of
      thiamin-binding activity and the Km value of the modified enzyme for thiamin
      monophosphate increased nearly to the value of the native enzyme for p
      nitrophenyl phosphate. These results also indicate that the high affinity of the
      thiamin-repressible acid phosphatase for thiamin phosphates is due to the thiamin
      binding properties of this enzyme.

PMID- 2407295
TI  - Some kinetic properties of a cysteine proteinase (cruzipain) from Trypanosoma
      cruzi.
AB  - A cysteine proteinase, purified to homogeneity from epimastigotes of Trypanosoma
      cruzi, was strongly inhibited by L-trans-epoxysuccinylleucylamido(4
      guanidino)butane (E-64). The second-order rate constant was 20,800 M-1.s-1, and
      the reagent could be used for active site titration. The enzyme hydrolysed
      chromogenic peptides at the carboxyl Arg or Lys; it required at least one more
      amino acid, preferably Arg, Phe, Val or Leu, between the terminal Arg or Lys and
      the amino-blocking group. Enzyme activity on azocasein at pH 5.0 was increased by
      urea, maximal activity being attained at 2 M, and was still as active at 5 M urea
      as in its absence. Guanidine hydrochloride and KSCN also activated at low
      concentrations, but caused a strong inhibition above 2 M and 1 M, respectively.
      When azocasein was tested as a substrate at pH 7.0, there was no activation, and
      when synthetic substrates were used all chaotropic agents tested were inhibitory.
      The results suggest that the enzyme, for which we propose the trivial name
      'cruzipain', differs in some aspects from all other cysteine proteinases
      described so far, although it shares several of the properties of mammalian
      cathepsin L.

PMID- 2407293
TI  - Preparation of tritiated lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli K12.
AB  - Tritiated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli K12 was prepared by coupling
      [3H]ethanolamine to the LPS core residue ketodeoxyoctonate (KDO) via activation
      of its carboxylic function with N-hydroxysuccinimide or N-hydroxy
      sulfosuccinimide. Specific activities of 1.5 microCi/mg and 9 microCi/mg were
      obtained, respectively. Experiments comparing the activity of native and
      derivatized LPS suggested that the preparation of the radiolabelled LPS did not
      alter the structural properties of E. coli K12 LPS. This probe will be useful for
      studying the interactions between LPS and proteins.

PMID- 2407297
TI  - Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity and bile acid synthesis in hepatocytes
      of unweaned and weaned pigs in monolayer culture.
AB  - Activity of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.17) in freshly isolated
      hepatocytes from unweaned piglets (2 to 3 weeks old) was 16-times lower as
      compared to hepatocytes from weaned piglets (7 to 8 weeks old). The monolayer
      culture activity of the enzyme remained low in unweaned piglet hepatocytes. In
      contrast, in cultured hepatocytes from weaned piglets, cholesterol 7 alpha
      hydroxylase activity declined during the first day of culture, but was restored
      during the next 2 culture days, provided that fetal bovine serum (10%) was added
      to the culture medium. Addition of dexamethasone (50 nM) and insulin (135 nM) to
      the medium, further enhanced cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity to values
      similar to those in freshly isolated hepatocytes and retarded the decline of
      enzyme activity after the 3rd culture day. Cultured hepatocytes from weaned and
      unweaned piglets synthesized similar types of bile acids from [14C]cholesterol,
      among which hyocholic acid (the most prominent), hyodeoxycholic acid,
      chenodeoxycholic acid, murocholic acid and lithocholic acid could be identified.
      95% of radiolabelled bile acids synthesized was conjugated, mainly with glycine,
      but also with taurine, sulfate and glucuronic acid. The rate of mass production
      of bile acids by cultured hepatocytes of weaned piglets (as measured by gas
      chromatography) parallelled cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity, and was low
      in the absence of serum, but increased in medium containing fetal bovine serum,
      dexamethasone and insulin to a rate lying in the range of 75% of the in vivo bile
      acid production during the 3rd culture day. Bile acid production by unweaned
      piglet hepatocytes was 3-times lower under these conditions. It is concluded that
      hepatocytes from young weaned pigs cultured in medium containing 10% fetal bovine
      serum, offer a suitable in vitro model for the study of bile acid synthesis, in
      view of the high cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activities and bile acid
      production rates.

PMID- 2407296
TI  - Pigeon metallothionein consists of two species.
AB  - Two isospecies of metallothionein, a cysteine-rich protein that binds metals,
      exist in all mammals examined, but only one in some invertebrates and lower
      animals. Lower vertebrates such as fish and birds have one or two metallothionein
      genes depending upon the organism. In this study, we show by amino acid sequence
      determinations that two isospecies of metallothionein, 75% homologous to each
      other, can be induced by zinc to accumulate in pigeon livers. This is in contrast
      to single isospecies found in chicken and duck. Each of these two sequences
      consists of 63 amino acids, with all 20 cysteines in positions held invariant in
      most if not all class I mammalian metallothioneins. One of these two pigeon
      isometallothioneins is terminated with histidine at the carboxyl end, which is
      apparently unique to avians. Its sequence differs from that of duck and chicken
      by only four substitutions and is the predominant isospecies that accumulates
      upon induction. The other pigeon metallothionein has lysine at its carboxyl
      terminus and is devoid of arginine. None of these isospecies carries any aromatic
      amino acid, which is also characteristic of all higher metallothioneins. As this
      is the first demonstration with sequence data that two isospecies of
      metallothionein indeed exist in birds, these results suggest that pigeon
      metallothionein genes evolved from an ancestral form through duplication and
      mutation upon specification.

PMID- 2407298
TI  - Open-wedge testicular biopsy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia after two
      years of maintenance therapy: diagnostic accuracy and influence on outcome--a
      report from Children's Cancer Study Group.
AB  - Bilateral testicular biopsies were performed on 708 males with acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia completing 24 to 30 months of maintenance chemotherapy in
      continuous remission. The 73 patients (10.3%) with occult testicular leukemia
      (TL) had a significantly increased risk of subsequent relapse (P = .0001) and
      death (P less than .0001) when compared with patients with negative biopsies.
      Protocol-specified therapy for occult TL included reinduction therapy with
      concurrent bilateral testicular radiation, and 2 years of maintenance therapy.
      Four-year event-free survival for patients with negative biopsies was 78.2% +/-
      4% versus 65% +/- 14% for patients with occult TL who received protocol-specified
      therapy (P = .05). This study suggests that (1) occult TL occurs in 10% of males
      completing 2 years of maintenance therapy; (2) occult TL significantly increases
      risk for subsequent relapse and death; (3) treatment results for occult TL and
      isolated overt off therapy TL (no previous biopsy) are similar; and (4) given
      current therapy, documentation of occult TL after 2 years of therapy does not
      improve disease-free survival.

PMID- 2407299
TI  - Clonal growth of murine pre-B colony-forming cells and their targeted infection
      by a retroviral vector: dependence on interleukin-7.
AB  - The cDNA for interleukin-7 (IL-7) was recently isolated from a stromal cell line
      derived from a long-term B-lymphoid culture. We report that purified recombinant
      murine IL-7 can promote the clonal growth in semi-solid culture of a
      subpopulation of cells expressing the B220 surface antigen from normal murine
      bone marrow. These colony-forming cells (CFC-Pre-B) give rise to colonies of 20
      to 1,000 cells after 7 days in culture. Morphologic examination of cells within
      the colonies showed a characteristic lymphoid morphology, and histochemical
      examination demonstrated an absence of markers associated with granulocyte,
      macrophage, eosinophil, or megakaryocyte differentiation, as well as an absence
      of hemoglobinization (indicative or erythroid differentiation). IL-7 was found to
      specifically enhance the infection of CFC-Pre-B but not CFU-GM when the cytokine
      was present during a 48-hour co-cultivation period between irradiated, retrovirus
      producing psi 2 clones and normal mouse bone marrow cells. In contrast, IL-3
      enhanced the infection of CFU-GM but not CFC-Pre-B. Thymidine suiciding studies
      suggest that this targeted infection is due to specific induction of cycling of
      CFC-Pre-B by IL-7 and CFU-GM by IL-3. These data demonstrate that IL-7 can target
      retroviral infection into a specific subpopulation of early B-lymphoid cells (CFC
      Pre-B), and that IL-7 cannot directly promote the in vitro clonal growth of
      myeloid committed progenitor cells (ie, CFU-GM).

PMID- 2407300
TI  - Chronic myeloid leukemia may be associated with several bcr-abl transcripts
      including the acute lymphoid leukemia-type 7 kb transcript.
AB  - In the majority of Philadelphia (Ph)-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
      patients, the c-abl gene is fused to the bcr gene, resulting in the transcription
      of an 8.5 kb chimeric bcr-abl mRNA, which is translated into a p210bcr-abl fusion
      protein. In about 50% of the Ph-positive acute lymphoid leukemias (ALL), the bcr
      abl gene fusion is identical to CML, while in 50% an alternative fusion between
      these two genes occurs, in which the central bcr-sequences are absent. This
      results in transcription of a 7 kb bcr-abl mRNA, encoding a P190bcr-abl fusion
      protein. Cloning and sequencing of the chimeric part of bcr-abl cDNAs from two Ph
      positive CML patients in chronic phase showed that in one patient, as in the Ph
      positive ALL, all central bcr sequences are absent, while in the other patient,
      part of the bcr central sequences are deleted. Therefore, we speculate that the
      presence of the 7 kb chimeric ALL type mRNA in one of the patients is not
      sufficient to drive an acute rather than a chronic leukemic process in this case.
      The deletions of the central bcr-sequences described here define the minimal
      sequence requirement of the bcr-abl fusion gene in CML patients so far.

PMID- 2407301
TI  - N-ras gene point mutations in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia correlate with
      a poor prognosis.
AB  - Ras genes can be altered by point mutations at critical portions of their coding
      regions to acquire transforming ability in vitro. These point mutations have been
      detected in a variety of human malignancies. However, their relevance for the
      clinical and biologic behavior of the subgroups of patients exhibiting these
      mutations in unclear. We analyzed 100 patients with childhood acute lymphocytic
      leukemias (ALLs) for point mutations of exons 1 and 2 of all three ras genes (H
      ras, K-ras, and N-ras) by polymerase chain reaction and a combination of
      oligonucleotide hybridization and direct DNA sequencing. A 6% incidence of N-ras
      gene mutations was detected, all of which occurred at different nucleotides of
      codons 12 or 13 of N-ras. When correlating presence of ras mutations with the
      clinical and biologic features and the clinical outcome of these cases, a
      significantly higher risk for hematologic relapse (P = .01) and a trend toward a
      lower rate of complete remission (P = .07) was noted. The two groups did not
      differ in any of the known high-risk factors of ALL. These results suggest that
      presence of an N-ras mutation in children with ALL may be an independent
      predictor for worse clinical outcome and therefore may have therapeutic
      implications; further studies to confirm these findings are required because of
      the small number of patients with N-ras mutations.

PMID- 2407303
TI  - Calcium metabolism of rats with varying degrees of insulinopenia.
AB  - This paper reports an investigation designed to determine the influence of
      varying degrees of insulinopenia upon the calcium metabolism of actively growing,
      alloxan-treated rats fed diets with three levels of calcium. A significant
      reduction in the skeletal mass (in absolute terms) was observed one month after
      alloxan administration in rats fed diets with normal or high calcium contents.
      The impact of insulin deficiency was greater on bone collagen than on the mineral
      mass, as shown by the increased calcium/hydroxyproline ratio. Alloxan-treated
      rats showed rather increased levels of PTH which was at variance with respect to
      control animals and unrelated to the calcium content of the diet. In spite of the
      high PTH levels, diabetic rats showed significantly diminished rates of bone Ca
      accretion and resorption. In addition, the animals fed the diet with the normal
      Ca content, showed significantly reduced areas of osteocytes lacunae and
      hypocalcemia after 24 h of fasting. The overall information obtained indicates
      that, in the rat, insulin deficiency more pronouncedly affects organic matrix
      than mineral turnover. The diabetic state is characterized by an impaired
      response of bone tissue to physiological stimuli, which is attributed to
      defective cellular activity caused by insulin deficit. Diminished bone resorption
      is considered to be an adaptative response to preserve bone mass.

PMID- 2407302
TI  - Stable isotope dilution analysis of 4-hydroxybutyric acid: an accurate method for
      quantification in physiological fluids and the prenatal diagnosis of 4
      hydroxybutyric aciduria.
AB  - A quantitative assay for 4-hydroxybutyric acid was developed using D6-4
      hydroxybutyric acid as an internal standard. 4-Hydroxybutyric acid was isolated
      by liquid chromatography and the amount quantified by selected ion monitoring,
      ammonia chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the
      trimethylsilyl derivatives. The concentrations of 4-hydroxybutyric in control
      physiological fluids were: 2.64 +/- 3.46 mmol mol-1 creatinine in urine, 1.09 +/-
      2.87 mumol l-1 in plasma, 0.98 +/- 1.17 mumol l-1 in cerebrospinal fluid and 1.28
      +/- 0.47 mumol l-1 in amniotic fluid. The concentration of 4-hydroxybutyric acid
      in the amniotic fluid from a pregnancy at risk for 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria was
      2.30 mumol l-1, indicating an unaffected fetus. The stable isotope dilution assay
      of 4-hydroxybutyric acid in physiological fluid samples is a rapid, sensitive and
      accurate method for quantification, as well as a valuable technique for the
      prenatal diagnosis of 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria.

PMID- 2407304
TI  - The neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:Yag) laser.

PMID- 2407305
TI  - Validity of the lagged normal density function as a model for pulmonary indicator
      dispersion.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate whether the lagged normal density
      function is a useful model for the dispersion of intravascular and diffusible
      indicators in the lungs. In 18 mongrel dogs anesthetized with N2O-piritramide,
      221 sets of thermal-indocyanine green dye kinetics were recorded in the pulmonary
      artery and in the aorta after central venous indicator injection. A model-free
      deconvolution technique was used to compute the pulmonary transport functions for
      dye and heart from the measured indicator kinetics (reference method). The lagged
      normal density function was used to model pulmonary indicator transport. Its
      parameters were computed by a nonlinear least-squares procedure by iterative
      convolution. After baseline measurements in nine dogs, pulmonary edema was
      induced by central venous application of oleic acid. In nine other dogs,
      measurements were performed before and after postural changes from the horizontal
      to the vertical position. The mean transit times derived from the lagged normal
      density function were in good agreement with those obtained after model-free
      deconvolution. Although the shape (relative dispersion, skewness) of the
      transport function is less well described by the model, the authors conclude that
      the lagged normal density function is useful to determine indicator volumes of
      distribution that require only the correct mean transit times.

PMID- 2407306
TI  - Immunogenetic and cellular immune mechanisms in rheumatoid arthritis: relevance
      to new therapeutic strategies.

PMID- 2407307
TI  - Salmonella pericarditis with tamponade in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Despite the high frequency of both pericardial involvement and of infectious
      complications in SLE, septic pericarditis is uncommon. We report here a patient
      with SLE who developed tamponade due to Salmonella infection. Most of the other
      eight recorded cases of septic pericarditis in SLE were due to Staphylococcus
      aureus and none has been previously attributed to Gram-negative bacteria.

PMID- 2407308
TI  - Magnetic resonance: boundless possibilities ... or possible boundaries.

PMID- 2407309
TI  - Ultrasound examination of lymph nodes in the hepatoduodenal ligament.
AB  - Ninety patients, found to have lymph nodes in the hepato-duodenal ligament (HDL)
      on ultrasound examination were reviewed over a one-year period in order to define
      the diseases in which such nodes can be found. The patients were divided into
      four main groups: benign liver disease (n = 31), malignant disease (n = 26),
      disease of the gallbladder or the biliary tree (n = 14) and a group with various
      benign, most inflammatory diseases (n = 19). In 40% of the patients (36/90), the
      lymph nodes in the HDL were the only sign of disease on ultrasound examination,
      and the majority of those were in the benign group.

PMID- 2407310
TI  - Reproductive endocrinology: its role in fertility and infertility in the horse.

PMID- 2407311
TI  - A biotyping scheme for Salmonella livingstone.
AB  - Salmonella livingstone is one of the more common salmonella serotypes isolated in
      the United Kingdom. The characterization of 70 different isolates of S.
      livingstone using biochemical tests and plasmid profile analysis is described.
      The isolates could be divided into four groups by their ability to grow in d
      tartrate, l-tartrate and Stern's glycerol. Further subdivision was achieved by
      the use of plasmid profile analysis; 24 of the isolates possessed light plasmids
      (less than 9.5 MD) and four possessed heavy plasmids (greater than 30 MD). The
      combination of biotyping and plasmid profile analysis can be used as the basis of
      a scheme to 'fingerprint' S. livingstone for epidemiological studies.

PMID- 2407312
TI  - Cerebral microvessel endothelium is producing endothelin.
AB  - Endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor peptide, was recently isolated from the
      supernatant of the cultured endothelia of the porcine aorta and is now supposed
      to be the most likely candidate for the endothelium-derived contractile factor
      (EDCF), which is responsible for the endothelium-dependent vasoconstriction by
      various stimuli. In this study, the production of endothelin by the endothelia of
      porcine cerebral microvessels was revealed by the Northern blot analysis with
      porcine endothelin cDNA probe and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
      with anti-porcine endothelin antibody. Our results raise the possibility that the
      endothelia of cerebral microvessels regulate the local blood flow within the
      brain through the production of endothelin.

PMID- 2407313
TI  - Immunoelectron microscopic localization of amyloid beta protein in the diffuse
      plaques of Alzheimer-type dementia.
AB  - We examined the ultrastructural localization of beta protein in diffuse plaques
      of Alzheimer brain by indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Intense immunoreaction
      products, scattered sporadically in the diffuse plaques, were located on small
      bundles of several amyloid fibrils and/or amorphous materials between amyloid
      related cell processes (ARCP). Deposits of beta protein were also seen on parts
      of the cell membrane of ARCP, suggesting the importance of ARCP in plaque amyloid
      deposits.

PMID- 2407314
TI  - Age-dependent decline in human brain dopamine D1 and D2 receptors.
AB  - Dopamine D1 and D2 receptor binding was investigated in the caudate nucleus and
      putamen in 65 individuals ranging from 6 to 93 years of age. [3H]SCH 23390 and
      [3H]spiroperidol were used as ligands for D1 and D2 receptors, respectively. A
      full Scatchard analysis with several ligand concentrations was performed yielding
      Bmax and Kd values. The number of D1 and D2 receptors declined with age both in
      the caudate nucleus and putamen without any change in the mean dissociation
      constant. The ratio of D1:D2 receptors remained unchanged. The results show that
      the dopaminergic system degenerates in the aging striatum and may contribute to
      the frequent occurrence of extrapyramidal symptoms in the elderly.

PMID- 2407315
TI  - Theophylline down-regulates adenosine receptor function.
AB  - Chronic treatment of animals with caffeine or theophylline has been reported to
      increase the number of adenosine receptors in the CNS detected by ligand binding,
      but few functional studies have been performed. In the present study adenosine
      enhanced depolarising responses to the excitatory amino acid N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA) in slices of mouse cerebral cortex. This effect was blocked acutely by
      theophylline but not by theophylline given 24 h previously. Twenty-four hours
      after 2 weeks of treatment with this antagonist, however (10 or 100 mg/kg/day)
      adenosine was no longer effective, sensitivity recovering subsequently.
      Theophylline treatment also reduced sensitivity to (-)-isoprenaline but not 5
      hydroxytryptamine. It is concluded that changes of adenosine receptor number in
      the brain do not necessarily reflect the induced changes of receptor function.

PMID- 2407316
TI  - Increase of blood flow in skin and spinal cord following activation of small
      diameter primary afferents.
AB  - Activation of unmyelinated primary afferents produces vasodilatation and plasma
      extravasation in the skin. Here, using the laser Doppler technique to measure
      changes in blood flow and the Evans blue technique for quantification of plasma
      extravasation, we have asked whether the stimulation of C-fibre precipitates the
      same phenomena in the spinal cord. Our results show that there is an increase of
      blood flow, but no extravasation in the ipsilateral lumbar enlargement of the
      spinal cord following supramaximal electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve.
      The blood flow increases were small and short-lived compared with those seen in
      skin, and could be completely explained by concomitant blood pressure changes.
      Hence, whilst the same substances are apparently released from the peripheral and
      central terminals of primary afferent fibres, their ability to produce
      vasodilatation and extravasation is absent or severely restricted in the spinal
      cord.

PMID- 2407317
TI  - 'Opinions show a lack of clinical experience'.

PMID- 2407318
TI  - 'Perhaps we may be allowed to differ'.

PMID- 2407319
TI  - 'Use of electronic devices'.

PMID- 2407320
TI  - Original authors respond to all of the letters.

PMID- 2407321
TI  - Taxes and the sale of your practice.

PMID- 2407322
TI  - New prosthesis eliminates gingival esthetic problems.

PMID- 2407323
TI  - The birth of the bur (and how a Canadian changed it all!).

PMID- 2407324
TI  - Provincial origin of first-time writers of the Canadian Dental Aptitude Test.
AB  - A brief summary of the current status of the Canadian Dental Aptitude Test (CDAT)
      is presented. The number of first-time writers of the CDAT is reported by the
      province of their preference as designated by the candidate on the test
      application form. Anomalies in the numbers taking the test are discussed and
      relationships with other provincial and regional parameters developed. It is
      clear that the effect of the policy change at the University of Toronto, where
      the CDAT is no longer required for admissions purposes, has had a major effect on
      the numbers taking the test and the information available about the demographics,
      quality and size of the Canadian dental school applicant pool. The regional and
      provincial differences highlighted include a relatively smaller applicant pool in
      British Columbia, Manitoba and the Atlantic Provinces in addition to a relatively
      limited educational opportunity for potential dental professionals in British
      Columbia, Ontario and the Atlantic Provinces.

PMID- 2407325
TI  - An overview of non-pharmacological pedodontic behaviour management techniques for
      the general practitioner.
AB  - All members of the dental team who are involved in providing dental health
      services to children need to be familiar with behaviour management techniques in
      order to ensure that safe and high quality treatment can be delivered. Proper
      management of the child's behaviour will prevent the development and conditioning
      of poor responses to dental treatment and will aid in fostering a positive
      acceptance of this necessary health service. This paper briefly reviews child
      development in relation to behaviour management, the importance of parental
      attitudes in both shaping and managing behaviour and general considerations of
      which the dental office staff should be aware. Common non-pharmacological
      techniques for managing the behaviour of children in the dental office are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2407326
TI  - Non-syndrome multiple supernumerary teeth: literature review.
AB  - Multiple supernumerary teeth without any associated systemic conditions or
      syndromes are not common. The author reviewed most of the cases reported in the
      English-language literature from 1969 to the present. It was found that there was
      a predilection of non-syndrome multiple supernumerary teeth to occur in the
      mandible. When analyzed according to specific sites for both jaws, there was a
      predominance of the multiple supernumerary teeth to occur in the premolar area,
      followed by the molar and the anterior regions respectively. The mandibular
      premolar region had the highest frequency of occurrence for both jaws combined.

PMID- 2407327
TI  - Organelle pathology in metabolic neuromuscular disease: an overview.
AB  - The spectrum of metabolic neuromuscular disorders is wide. Most inherited
      metabolic diseases are related to enzyme defects within lysosomes but recent
      advances emphasize abnormalities of mitochondria, peroxisomes and intermediate
      filaments. In this overview, organelle pathology is described in the context of
      both the clinical manifestations and the biochemical and/or molecular aspects of
      the disease. Among the many clinical presentations of mitochondrial disorders
      three emerge as distinctive entities: mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic
      acidosis and stroke-like symptoms, mitochondrial encephalopathy with ragged-red
      fibers, and Kearns-Sayre syndrome. Peroxisomal disorders are associated with
      numerous biochemical defects, the most frequent of which are Zellweger's
      syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, and infantile Refsum's disease.
      Disorders of cytoskeletal proteins are associated with distinctive pathological
      accumulation of intermediate filaments but are without confirmed evidence of a
      biochemical defect. Understanding the role that organelle pathology plays in the
      pathogenesis of cellular disturbance or demise is essential to the elucidation of
      the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders.

PMID- 2407329
TI  - Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans: kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob
      disease and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease.

PMID- 2407328
TI  - Transmissible encephalopathies in animals.
AB  - Scrapie in sheep and goats is the best known of the transmissible
      encephalopathies of animals. The combination of maternal transmission of
      infection and long incubation periods effectively maintains the infection in
      flocks. A single sheep gene (Sip) controls both experimental and natural scrapie
      and the discovery of allelic markers could enable the use of sire selection in
      the control of the natural disease. Studies of experimental rodent scrapie show
      that neuroinvasion occurs by spread of infection from visceral lymphoreticular
      tissues along nerve fibers to mid-thoracic cord. The slowness of scrapie is due
      to restrictions on replication and cell-to-cell spread of infection affecting
      neuroinvasion and subsequent neuropathogenesis. Probably both stages in mice are
      controlled by Sinc gene, the murine equivalent of Sip. The glycoprotein PrP may
      be the normal product of Sinc gene. Posttranslationally modified PrP forms the
      disease specific "scrapie associated fibrils" and may also be a constituent of
      the infectious agent. Scrapie-like diseases have been reported in mink and
      several species of ruminants including cattle. All of them may be caused by the
      recycling of scrapie infected sheep material in animal feed. The human health
      implications are discussed.

PMID- 2407330
TI  - The molecular mechanisms of scrapie encephalopathy and relevance to human
      neurodegenerative disease.
AB  - We have investigated alterations in the structure and function of nuclei isolated
      from normal and pathological brains in a number of neurodegenerative diseases
      including scrapie and Alzheimer's disease. Here we summarize both general and
      specific changes in chromatin structure, gene expression, and neuropathological
      features for each encephalopathy and compare them in terms of their molecular
      biological similarities and differences. While both scrapie and Alzheimer's
      disease share a number of common alterations in genomic organization and gene
      activity during the pathogenic process, each neurological disease appears to
      operate on fundamentally different mechanisms.

PMID- 2407331
TI  - Alzheimer's disease--neuropathological aspects.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease is characterized neuropathologically by the progressive
      atrophy and death of selected neuronal populations. Prominent cytoskeletal
      changes are also observed, as well as the formation of neuritic plaques
      associated with the abnormal deposition of amyloid in the brain. The nature,
      pathogenesis and distribution of these changes are discussed.

PMID- 2407332
TI  - Abiotrophy in domestic animals: a review.
AB  - This review of abiotrophies in domestic animals has been organized by the
      predominate anatomical location of the lesion. Secondary considerations include
      the major signs of the clinical disorder and special neuropathological features.
      Those abiotrophies that have an established genetic basis are identified but the
      review includes degenerative disorders in which the etiology is not yet
      established.

PMID- 2407333
TI  - Metastasizing thymoma and myasthenia gravis. Favorable response to
      glucocorticoids after failed chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
AB  - Myasthenia gravis (MG) occurs in up to 44% of patients with thymoma. Thirty-three
      percent of these neoplasms are invasive but extrathoracic disease is rare.
      Recently, we saw a patient with MG and recurrent, metastasizing mixed
      lymphoepithelial thymoma, whose disease was resistant to combination chemotherapy
      and radiotherapy but who responded dramatically to treatment with daily
      glucocorticoids. Thus, therapy with daily glucocorticoids should be considered in
      the treatment of invasive or metastatic thymoma associated with MG, including
      when conventional surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have failed.

PMID- 2407334
TI  - An immunohistochemical analysis of ras oncogene expression in epithelial
      neoplasms of the colon.
AB  - Colonic epithelial tumors (101) including villoglandular adenomas, carcinomas in
      situ, adenocarcinomas, and neuroendocrine (NE) carcinomas were studied
      immunohistochemically with monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) RAP-5 and RAS-10
      recognizing altered and unaltered ras oncogene products. In addition, 20 samples
      from multiple polyposis including adenomas with and without dysplasia, carcinomas
      in situ, and invasive carcinomas were studied. Using immunostaining techniques,
      normal mucosa was weakly stained, whereas the mucosa in the vicinity of tumors or
      inflammation showed enhanced staining. More tumors stained intensely with MoAb
      RAP-5 than with MoAb RAS-10. With MoAb RAP-5, most benign and malignant tumors
      showed enhanced staining. No significant differences in staining were noted in
      relation to superficial versus deeply invasive carcinomas or clinical staging.
      Immunostaining was also noted in some metastases. No significant differences in
      enhanced staining were found in carcinomas. Interestingly, the most extensive and
      enhanced immunostaining was noted in the villoglandular adenomas, dysplastic
      adenomas, and carcinomas in situ. The authors conclude that (1) ras protein
      expression is detectable in most benign, borderline, and malignant epithelial
      tumors of the colon as determined with MoAb RAP-5 and RAS-10, whereas enhanced
      expression is more often detected with RAP-5; (2) enhanced ras product expression
      in colon carcinomas does not seem to correlate with advanced tumor stages or with
      exocrine, NE, or phenotypically mixed tumors; and (3) the finding of the most
      intensely enhanced ras products expression in villoglandular polyps and
      carcinomas in situ suggests a possibly significant role for the oncogene in the
      early phases of transformation.

PMID- 2407335
TI  - A useful monoclonal antibody (BL2-10D1) to identify tumor cells in urine
      cytology.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody (MoAb) BL2-10D1 directed against a tumor-associated
      antigen of human bladder cancer was used to identify tumor cells obtained by
      bladder washing or voided urine. The reactivity of BL2-10D1 MoAb was detected by
      an immunoperoxidase method and evaluated in ten healthy donors and in a series of
      65 patients. The 65 patients studied were divided into three groups: ten with
      nontumor bladder disease (group A); 36 with bladder carcinoma (group B); and 19
      with a history of bladder neoplasia but no visible tumor at the time of cytologic
      sampling (group C). The results were compared with the standard cytologic
      diagnosis on Papanicolaou-stained preparations. Conventional cytologic study
      showed a high false-negative rate in low-grade tumors (transitional cell
      carcinomas [TCC] Grades 1 and 2, 1/4 and 4/17, respectively). All urine from
      patients with a histologically proved TCC Grade 1 were stained with BL2-10D1
      MoAb. Cytologic findings from patients with TCC Grade 2 (17 cases) contained
      positive cells in 14 cases and failed to react in three cases. Furthermore,
      whereas urine from patients with TCC Grade 2 or 3 was not always stained with BL2
      10D1 MoAb, all patients with dysplastic lesions (three cases) or carcinoma in
      situ (5 cases) showed a positive reactivity. Such results suggest that BL2-10D1
      MoAb may be considered as a valuable adjunct to the classical methods of early
      detection and follow-up of bladder cancer. However, a larger scale study is
      needed for MoAb BL2-10D1 to be proposed as an aid to improve the diagnostic
      sensitivity of urine cytologic investigation in the follow-up of patients treated
      for recurring bladder cancer, and for the screening of workers exposed to potent
      bladder carcinogens.

PMID- 2407336
TI  - The intergroup Hodgkin's disease in children. A study of stages I and II.
AB  - A total of 228 previously untreated and eligible children with pathologic Stage I
      or II Hodgkin's disease were registered in the Intergroup Study of Hodgkin's
      Disease in Children between February 1977 and April 1981. Patients were
      randomized in the Southwest Oncology Group (later the Pediatric Oncology Group
      [POG] to involved-field (IF) radiotherapy alone or IF radiotherapy followed by
      six courses of mechlorethamine, vincristine, prednisone, and procarbazine (MOPP)
      chemotherapy; patients in the Children's Cancer Study Group (CCSG) and Cancer and
      Leukemia Group B (CALGB) were randomized to receive extended-field (EF)
      radiotherapy or IF radiotherapy followed by six courses of MOPP. An estimated 97%
      of patients receiving IF + MOPP were relapse-free and surviving (RFS) at 5 years,
      which was significantly better than 41% for patients receiving IF alone; however
      there was essentially no overall difference in survival experience between
      groups. Patients in CCSG and CALGB receiving IF + MOPP had significantly superior
      RFS at 5 years than patients receiving EF. Survival rate was not different
      between these two groups, an estimated 93% of patients surviving 5 years or
      longer. Although patients were not randomized between IF or EF radiotherapy, they
      were similar with respect to patient characteristics. There was some statistical
      evidence that RFS was superior at 5 years for patients receiving EF than for IF;
      however, there was no evidence of a difference in survival experience. The
      percentages of patients with late effects of therapy were not significantly
      different by treatment. The most common types of late effects were endocrine
      dysfunction and impaired resistance to infection. Overall, the response rate to
      therapy for relapse patients was good, being 83% among all patients who relapsed.
      Patient characteristics related to poor prognosis were the presence of
      constitutional (B) symptoms (fever, night sweats, and weight loss) and poor
      performance status.

PMID- 2407338
TI  - Cancer rehabilitation. The evolution of a concept.

PMID- 2407337
TI  - Volume growth rate of acoustic neuromas on MRI post-stereotactic radiosurgery.
AB  - Of the approximately 160 acoustic neuroma patients treated with stereotactic
      radiosurgery in the world up to 1987, 8 patients at UCLA Medical Center have had
      two or more magnetic resonance scans at least one year apart available for study
      (all 8 patients were treated with stereotactic radiosurgery for acoustic neuromas
      by the Department of Neurosurgery at the Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden).
      The followup time after radiosurgery ranged from 4 to 8 years. The volume
      doubling rate post-stereotactic radiosurgery was calculated to be slow (763 to
      888 days) in two patients, virtually arrested in five patients (doubling times
      larger than 2500 days) and negative (-563 days) in one patient indicating a
      shrinking tumor. Due to the limited sample size no radiological finding or
      clinical data correlated with the volume doubling times. A control patient that
      had no treatment for her tumor had a doubling time of 217 days for comparison.

PMID- 2407339
TI  - Narcotic analgesics. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.
AB  - Nurses often are responsible for administering narcotic analgesics to patients
      with pain due to cancer or the treatment of cancer. Because of frequent use of
      these agents, and their various and dramatic effects throughout the body, it is
      important to understand their pharmacological properties and appropriate
      therapeutic use. This article reviews the actions and side effects, appropriate
      selection and use of narcotic analgesics and provides guidelines for
      administration.

PMID- 2407340
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Understanding the disease.
AB  - An overview providing current knowledge about non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is
      presented. The pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical signs and symptoms, and
      the classification system of NHL are outlined. In addition, the staging of NHL,
      diagnostic procedures, treatment options, and recommendations related to follow
      up care and managing recurrent disease are presented.

PMID- 2407341
TI  - Terminal dehydration. To give or not to give intravenous fluids?
AB  - The question of whether or not to give intravenous fluids to cancer patients who
      are in the last stages of their illness is one that has become problematic to
      health professionals, particularly those working in terminal-care settings. This
      article attempts to give a better understanding of the subject by unraveling some
      of the issues involved. The different types of dehydration and the signs and
      symptoms that may be experienced by dying patients who are dehydrated are
      defined. Some of the beneficial effects, as well as the ill effects, that such
      dehydration may cause are delineated. An analysis is made of health
      professionals' attitudes to dehydration in dying cancer patients and the special
      ethical problems associated with the question. There is then a practical
      synthesis of these facts into the formation of guidelines to facilitate the
      decision-making process related to the initiation of parenteral fluids in dying
      patients, and a discussion on the law as it pertains to the treatment of
      dehydration in such patients.

PMID- 2407342
TI  - High level, regulated expression of the chimeric P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase
      (GTP)-bacterial O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (ada) gene in transgenic
      mice.
AB  - Transgenic animals expressing genes capable of repairing DNA may be a valuable
      tool to study the effect of DNA-damaging agents on tissue-specific
      carcinogenesis. For this reason, we constructed a chimeric gene consisting of the
      promoter-regulatory region of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) (EC
      4.1.1.32) (PEPCK) gene linked to the Escherichia coli ada gene coding for O6
      alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase and the polyadenylate region from the bovine
      growth hormone gene. The PEPCK promoter results in gene expression in liver and
      kidney and is induced by hormones, and its transcription is regulated by diet.
      The chimeric PEPCK ada gene was injected into the male pronucleus of fertilized
      eggs to produce transgenic mice. Six of 65 developing mice contained 5-10 copies
      of the intact trans gene per genome. Two founders transmitted the trans gene in a
      heterozygous manner, whereas 3 transmitted as germ line mosaics and 1 did not
      transmit to F1 offspring. All F1 offspring carrying the PEPCK ada trans gene
      expressed ada mRNA in liver and kidney and produced a functional alkyltransferase
      with a protein molecular weight of 39,000 originating from the bacterial gene.
      Total alkyltransferase activity was increased in the liver of F1 offspring from
      all founder mice, but offspring of only one founder had elevated renal
      alkyltransferase levels. A diet high in protein markedly increased ada mRNA and
      alkyltransferase activity within 1 week in both liver and kidney, whereas a high
      carbohydrate diet for 1 week markedly reduced expression of PEPCK ada and
      alkyltransferase levels. Nontransgenic animals were unaffected by these dietary
      manipulations. During induction with a high protein diet, hepatic
      alkyltransferase in transgenic mice was 16.6 +/- 1.5 units/micrograms DNA (mean
      +/- SE) compared to 5.3 +/- 0.6 units/micrograms DNA in control animals. This
      level of alkyltransferase is higher than that in any mammalian tissue noted
      previously except human liver. Transgenic animals expressing high levels of
      alkyltransferase should help define the role of DNA repair in protection from
      carcinogenesis induced by N-nitroso compounds.

PMID- 2407343
TI  - Effect of 5-fluorouracil substitution on the self-splicing activity of
      Tetrahymena ribosomal RNA.
AB  - Recent studies from several laboratories have suggested that the anticancer drug
      5-fluorouracil (FUra) promotes abnormal splicing of precursor RNA molecules. In
      order to determine the effects of FUra on the chemistry of RNA splicing, we
      studied the splicing reaction of FUra-containing Tetrahymena rRNA [(FUra) RNA], a
      Group I self-splicing system having one intron [intervening sequence (IVS)] and
      two exons. When subjected to splicing conditions, the (FUra) precursor RNA gave
      all of the normal splicing products, ligated exons, IVS, circulation IVS (C-IVS),
      and the hydrolyzed circle (L-19 IVS) as well as other hydrolysis side products.
      No abnormal products indicative of missplicing were observed at pH 7.5. However,
      the presence of FUra in the RNA decreased the rates and extents of formation of
      all of the product species. At pH 7.5, the rate of ligated exon formation of
      (FUra) RNA was inhibited 3-fold and the maximum yield of ligated exons was 50% of
      normal. Substitution with FUra inhibited the rate of formation of C-IVS about 2
      fold, while the extent of formation of this product was decreased by more than 3
      fold compared to uracil-containing RNA [(Ura) RNA]. The circularization of (Ura)
      IVS remained constant to pH 9 and then increased, while that of (FUra) IVS
      declined abruptly after pH 7.3, indicating that ionization of the FUra residues
      of (FUra) RNA abolishes its catalytic activity. A temperature dependence
      experiment showed that the circularization activity of (FUra) IVS was lost at a
      temperature 15 degrees C lower than that of the (Ura) IVS. The labile
      phosphodiester bond of the (FUra) C-IVS was more stable to hydrolysis than was
      that of the (Ura) C-IVS at all pH values. The data suggest that a major effect of
      FUra substitution is to destabilize the active conformation of RNA because of
      weaker base pairing between FUra and adenine owing to partial ionization of the
      FUra residues.

PMID- 2407344
TI  - Enhanced delivery of a monoclonal antibody F(ab')2 fragment to subcutaneous human
      glioma xenografts using local hyperthermia.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of tumor-localized
      hyperthermia at 42 degrees C on the tissue distribution of radioiodinated
      monoclonal antibody F(ab')2 fragments. Paired-label biodistribution measurements
      were performed in athymic mice bearing D-54 MG human glioma xenografts on one
      leg. Mice received both the 131I-labeled F(ab')2 fragment of Mel-14, reactive
      with human gliomas and melanomas, and nonspecific 125I-labeled RPC 5 F(ab')2.
      Tumor-bearing legs were placed in a 42 degrees C water bath or a 37 degrees C
      water bath (control) for 2 or 4 h. In mice sacrificed immediately after 2 h of
      heating, no hyperthermia-induced differences in the distribution of either
      fragment were observed. In the 4-h groups, tumor uptake of Mel-14 F(ab')2
      increased from 7.04 +/- 1.59% injected dose (ID)/g at 37 degrees C to 20.65 +/-
      4.53% ID/g at 42 degrees C (P less than 0.0001), and tumor localization of the
      control fragment rose from 5.23 +/- 1.35% ID/g to 14.51 +/- 1.37% ID/g (P less
      than 0.0001). In another experiment, F(ab')2 fragments were injected, tumors were
      heated for 4 h, and groups were sacrificed at 4, 8, and 16 h after injection.
      Statistically significant 2- to 3-fold higher uptake of both fragments in tumor
      were observed at all time points. Hyperthermic conditions also resulted in higher
      tumor:tissue ratios for both fragments. These results suggest that it may be
      possible to use tumor-localized hyperthermia to increase the therapeutic utility
      of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies, particularly when labeled with short lived
      nuclides such as the 7.2-h alpha-emitter 211At.

PMID- 2407345
TI  - Radioimmunotherapy of intracerebral human glioma xenografts with 131I-labeled
      F(ab')2 fragments of monoclonal antibody Mel-14.
AB  - The administration of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies to improve the treatment
      of malignant gliomas is dependent upon achieving effective tumor radiation dose
      while sparing normal tissues. We have evaluated the efficacy of 131I-labeled
      F(ab')2 fragment of monoclonal antibody Mel-14, an IgG2a reactive with the
      chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan antigen of gliomas, melanomas, and other
      neoplasms, in prolonging survival of athymic mice transplanted intracerebrally
      with D-54 MG human glioma xenografts. Studies indicated that in vitro
      immunoreactivity, affinity, and tumor localization in vivo of radiolabeled Mel-14
      F(ab')2 were maintained at specific activities of 10-13 microCi/micrograms.
      Intravenous injection of 1500 microCi/115 micrograms or 2000 microCi/154
      micrograms 131I-labeled Mel-14 F(ab')2 into mice 6-7 days after xenograft
      implantation resulted in significant survival prolongation over control animals
      (P = 0.009 using Wilcoxon rank sum analysis). In another experiment, 1500
      microCi/126 micrograms 131I-labeled Mel-14 F(ab')2 improved survival
      significantly over controls (P = 0.006), while 1500 microCi/220 micrograms 131I
      labeled nonspecific antibody did not (P = 0.2). Increasing the injected radiation
      dose to 3000 microCi 131I-labeled Mel-14 F(ab')2 did not significantly increase
      survival in tumor-bearing mice, because of supervening radiation toxicity.
      However, giving 3000 microCi 131I-labeled Mel-14 F(ab')2 in two doses of 1500
      microCi, 48 h apart, did significantly prolong animal survival over controls (P =
      0.001). Estimated radiation dose to tumor was 915 rad after injection of 3000
      microCi 131I-labeled Mel-14 F(ab')2 in two doses, a dose higher than that
      delivered to normal tissues. The results of this study suggest that radiolabeled
      Mel-14 F(ab')2 be evaluated as an agent for radioimmunotherapy trials.

PMID- 2407346
TI  - Association of rare alleles of the Harvey ras protooncogene locus with lung
      cancer.
AB  - The hypothesis that rare variable nucleotide tandem repeat alleles of the Ha-ras
      1 polymorphism are an inherited predisposing factor in human lung carcinogenesis
      has been evaluated in an age, race, and smoking matched case-control study.
      Twenty-three different alleles were identified by their restriction fragment
      length in DNA isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes and were categorized
      into three groups: common; intermediate; and rare. The frequencies of rare
      alleles in blacks with either squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, or
      small cell carcinoma were found to be significantly higher than those among
      groups of control subjects that were comprised of chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease patients and patients with cancer at sites other than the lung. A similar
      trend which did not reach statistical significance was observed in whites. These
      data are consistent with the hypothesis that inheritance of Ha-ras-1 rare
      restriction fragment length alleles represents a genetic risk factor for some
      human lung cancers. The biological basis of this observation remains to be
      clarified, and it is possible that ethnic variations in rare allele frequencies
      are responsible for the differences noted. However, the data suggest that further
      evaluation of the Ha-ras-1 polymorphism as a marker of individual lung cancer
      susceptibility is warranted.

PMID- 2407347
TI  - Rapid degradation of extracellular matrix proteins by normal human uroepithelial
      cells.
AB  - The degradation of subendothelial and smooth muscle matrices by normal and
      neoplastic uroepithelial cells grown under serum-free conditions was examined.
      Normal urothelial cells were compared with neoplastic cells derived from a low
      grade papillary tumor (RT4) and a more invasive carcinoma (EJ). Low levels of
      degradation were observed with all cell types in serum-free medium alone.
      Supplementing the medium with plasminogen increased the degradative activity of
      each cell type. Logarithmically growing normal urothelial cells degraded
      extracellular matrix proteins 6 to 14 times faster on a per cell basis than their
      transformed counterparts. Analysis of the residual matrix constituents revealed
      that, while the levels of glycoprotein breakdown by the normal and neoplastic
      cells were similar, the normal cells degraded more of the collagen components
      than the neoplastic cells. Epidermal growth factor and cell density were examined
      as possible regulators of degradative activity. The neoplastic cells were not
      responsive to cell density as a regulatory factor and were only slightly
      responsive to epidermal growth factor. However, epidermal growth factor increased
      the degradative activity of logarithmically growing normal urothelial cells in
      the presence of plasminogen and the activity of confluent cells was increased to
      an even greater extent. Gelatin substrate gel analysis confirmed that the normal
      urothelial cells elaborated a more diverse set of gelatinases than the
      tumorigenic cells. Although normal urothelial cells had higher degradative
      abilities than their malignant counterparts, it is significant that the
      neoplastic cells were less responsive to regulatory signals in our model system.
      Thus, loss of regulatory mechanisms for protease secretion and matrix degradation
      may be a more important determinant of invasive ability in vivo than protease
      secretion or matrix degradation in vitro.

PMID- 2407348
TI  - Use of snail neurons in developing quantitative ultrastructural parameters for
      neurotoxic side effects of Vinca antitumor agents.
AB  - The central nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis was studied in order to
      develop a test system to predict the neurotoxic side effects of the three
      cytostatic Vinca alkaloids, vincristine (VCR), vindesine (VDS), and vinblastine
      (VLB). Vinca alkaloids appear to interfere with microtubule formation by the
      induction of paracrystalline inclusions. After in vitro incubation the numbers of
      these inclusions were counted in cross-sections of the cerebral commissure using
      electron microscopy. For each compound the number of paracrystalline profiles
      increases with increasing concentrations and incubation times. At equimolar
      concentrations (0.15 mM), VCR induces more paracrystals than VDS, and VDS induces
      more than VLB. These effects are clear after short periods of incubation (e.g.,
      after 2 h, VCR:VDS:VLB = 5:2:1). Equitoxic concentrations of VCR, VDS, and VLB
      induce similar numbers of paracrystals. Furthermore, morphological changes in the
      cell bodies of identified neurons (light green cells) in the cerebral ganglia
      were observed. Quantitative analysis shows that at equimolar concentrations the
      surface area of nuclear chromatin of all Vinca alkaloid-treated cells is
      approximately 30% lower than that of the controls. The lamellae of the rough
      endoplasmic reticulum are swollen and have lost their regular arrangement. For
      VDS and VLB this swelling is accompanied by a strong increase (about 3-fold) in
      the total surface area of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. No increase was
      observed for VCR. The compounds do not affect the number of secretory granules.
      In contrast to the controls, all Vinca-treated cells show lipid droplets. After
      VCR treatment they are about 5-fold as numerous as after treatment with VDS or
      VLB. The total surface area of lysosomes increases about 1.3-fold by VDS and VLB
      treatment and about 3-fold by VCR treatment. From these quantitative data it is
      concluded that VCR is more neurotoxic than VDS and VLB. VDS appears to be more
      neurotoxic than VLB as judged from the data on paracrystal induction. On the
      basis of a comparison of these data with clinical data on Vinca-induced
      neurotoxicities, it is proposed that neurons of the snail L. stagnalis may be
      suitable for the development of a test system to predict the degree of clinical
      neurotoxicity induced by Vinca antitumor drugs.

PMID- 2407349
TI  - A monoclonal antibody to Lewis lung carcinoma variant H-59 identifies a plasma
      membrane protein with apparent relevance to lymph node adhesion and metastasis.
AB  - Tumors H-59 and M-27, two stable metastatic variants of the Lewis lung carcinoma,
      differ in their ability to disseminate lymphatically. Tumor H-59 metastasizes to
      the regional lymph nodes regardless of the local site of growth and gives rise to
      widespread lymphatic dissemination, whereas tumor M-27 disseminates
      hematogenously without involvement of the regional nodes (P. Brodt, Cancer Res.,
      46: 2442-2448, 1986). In a previous paper we reported that this divergent
      potential to disseminate lymphatically correlated well with adhesion to frozen
      sections of syngeneic lymph nodes and spleens (P. Brodt, Clin. Exp. Metastasis,
      7: 343-352, 1989). A monoclonal antibody (12/50) specific for tumor H-59 was
      subsequently generated. This antibody (an IgG1) but not three control antibodies,
      which reacted with tumor H-59, significantly reduced tumor cell binding to the
      frozen sections. Western blot analysis revealed that it recognized a plasma
      membrane protein of Mr 37,000 on tumor H-59 cells. No antibody binding was
      detected when solubilized plasma membrane preparations of tumor M-27 were used.
      Subsequent enzymatic assays indicated that the binding of monoclonal antibody
      12/50 was insensitive to cell treatment with exoglycosidases but could be
      significantly reduced by pretreatment of the tumor cells with Pronase. Together
      these results suggest that monoclonal antibody 12/50 recognizes a cell surface
      adhesion protein relevant to lymphatic dissemination of this tumor.

PMID- 2407350
TI  - Paracrine stimulation of polarized secretion from monolayers of a neoplastic
      prostatic epithelial cell line by prostatic stromal cell proteins.
AB  - The paracrine influence of prostatic stromal cell proteins on a neoplastic
      prostate cell line (PA-III) was investigated. We have utilized an in vitro
      experimental model whereby confluent epithelial sheets of PA-III cells are grown
      on Matrigel-coated filters in bicameral chambers (Millicell-HA). Confluence of
      the epithelial sheet was confirmed morphologically by electrical resistance
      measurements and by impedence of [3H]inulin permeability across paracellular
      channels. Stromal cells were isolated from the ventral prostate of 50-day-old
      rats by isopyknic Percoll centrifugation. Purity (92%) of the isolated stromal
      cells was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence of vimentin intermediate
      filaments. Prostatic epithelial cells were negative for vimentin
      immunofluorescence. Prostatic stromal cell secretory proteins with molecular
      weights greater than 10,000 were placed in the basal reservoir of the bicameral
      chambers underneath the confluent epithelial sheets of PA-III in a manner that
      mimics the relationship between stroma and epithelia in vivo. After 24 h
      incubation the stromal cell proteins increased the [35S]methionine-labeled
      protein secretion from the epithelial sheet of cells. Trypsinization of the
      stromal cell secretory proteins eliminated the stimulatory effect on epithelial
      protein secretion. In addition, conditioned media from Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts,
      A431 cells, or bovine serum albumin did not stimulate epithelial protein
      secretion. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the [35S]methionine-labeled
      epithelial protein secretion showed that the stromal cell proteins induced the
      secretion of a novel peptide (SE-1) from the basal domain of the epithelial sheet
      of cells within the first hour of metabolic labeling. These results indicate that
      stromal cell secretory proteins contain a stimulatory protein that can induce
      overall protein secretion as well as the vectorial secretion of a novel peptide
      from the basal domain of PA-III epithelial cells. These results are consistent
      with a paracrine interaction between epithelial and stromal cells in the
      regulation of prostatic secretion.

PMID- 2407351
TI  - Therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection-1989.

PMID- 2407352
TI  - Interleukin-6 enhances the induction of human lymphokine-activated killer cells.
AB  - Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells develop a powerful lytic capacity when
      cultured in vitro with interleukin-2 (IL-2), becoming lymphokine-activated killer
      cells (LAK cells). As part of an investigation into means of influencing this
      process, the effect of other cytokines has been examined. In this study we
      describe the ability of interleukin-6 (IL-6) to regulate the induction and
      function of human LAK cells. The results show that substitution of IL-6 for IL-2
      did not lead to the development of functional LAK cells, nor was IL-6 able to
      alter the lytic capacity of established LAK cells. However, when IL-6 was
      included with IL-2 during the induction phase of the LAK cells, the resulting
      cells displayed considerably greater lytic activity than those prepared with IL-2
      alone. This effect was IL-6 dose-related. These results indicate that LAK cell
      development may be positively regulated in vitro; the implications of this
      observation for the clinical usage of LAK cells are discussed.

PMID- 2407353
TI  - Identification and management of potential heart transplant recipients.
AB  - Transplantation should be performed to improve the quality and duration of life
      in patients with end-stage cardiac disease. Symptoms, left ventricular ejection
      fraction, previous and present medications, and an exercise tolerance test serve
      as basic screening information to identify potential transplant candidates.
      Patients need to have a psychological, financial, and behavioral profile that
      will allow them to withstand the rigors of the entire transplantation process,
      and have no other medical problems that would jeopardize their survival following
      transplant surgery. Maintenance of the patient's status while awaiting a cardiac
      donor begins with patient education and a search into the causes of underlying
      ventricular dysfunction. Medications subsequently used include diuretic agents,
      vasodilators, digitalis, anticoagulants, antiarrhythmics, and possibly beta
      blocker therapy. When standard measures fail, potent inotropes and even
      mechanical assist devices are sometimes necessary. Future donor heart allocations
      will require more rigid criteria for the selection of cardiac transplant
      candidates.

PMID- 2407354
TI  - Spectrum and diagnosis of myocardial rejection.
AB  - Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy has become the mainstay for the diagnosis
      of acute cardiac rejection. The intelligent inerpretation of endomyocardial
      biopsy specimens requires knowledge of the artifacts inherent to the procedure as
      well as specific rejection and nonrejection pathology. Myocardial contraction
      bands, artifactual tissue spreading, and prior biopsy site changes should not be
      misinterpreted as evidence of myocyte damage, interstitial edema, or rejection,
      respectively. The Billingham criteria for acute cardiac rejection (mild,
      moderate, and severe) are still the most widely utilized, although other schemes
      for rejection have also shown clinical usefulness. Additionally, there is
      increasing evidence that some patients may develop a vascular or humoral
      rejection that may be more difficult to diagnose by endomyocardial biopsy without
      utilization of special techniques--for example, immunofluorescence. Nonrejection
      pathology frequently seen post-transplantation includes ischemia or catecholamine
      effect, interstitial fibrosis, myocardial calcification, cyclosporine-associated
      endocardial infiltrates (Quilty effect), myocyte hypertrophy, and infections
      (CMV, toxoplasmosis). Coronary artery disease continues to be the most
      significant threat to long-term survival. The spectrum of pathologic changes in
      the vessels range from mild intimal thickening to severe concentric intimal
      fibrosis involving extramural, as well as intramural, coronaries to lesions
      virtually identical to native atherosclerosis. Patients with diffuse narrowing
      involving large and small intramyocardial vessels appear to be at greater risk
      for myocardial infarction, death, or retransplantation than patients with other
      types of coronary pathology. Although important, these large vessel changes are
      rarely identified by endomyocardial biopsy.

PMID- 2407355
TI  - Long-term management and results in heart transplant recipients.
AB  - This article reviews the evolution of therapeutic strategies for maintenance
      immunosuppression, and presents current approaches to prevention, treatment, and
      surveillance of acute rejection. Other major complications influencing mortality
      and morbidity are discussed; these include infection, cyclosporine
      nephrotoxicity, malignancy, and bone disease.

PMID- 2407356
TI  - Pediatric heart transplantation.
AB  - Since the introduction of cyclosporine in the early 1980s, there has been a surge
      of activity in the field of pediatric heart transplantation. Careful patient
      selection has resulted in operative and short-term patient survival comparable to
      that achieved in adult transplant programs. The results of neonatal heart
      transplantation have been exciting and encouraging; neonates may require less
      immunosuppressive therapy than older infants and children. Transplantation
      clearly offers the chance of survival and significant rehabilitation to children
      with end-stage heart disease. Long-term management issues include the effects of
      chronic immunosuppressive therapy on growth and development and renal function,
      and the time-related risk of rejection, infectious complications, neoplasms, and
      graft atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2407357
TI  - Heart-lung transplantation: an overview.
AB  - Heart-lung transplantation is in a state of evolution, but for selected patients
      with end-stage cardiopulmonary and pulmonary disease, it can offer long-term
      rehabilitation. In the 8 years since heart-lung transplantation was begun at
      Stanford, much experience has accrued and significant improvements have been
      made. Advances that have made heart-lung transplantation feasible include better
      immunosuppression, particularly the triple-drug protocol of cyclosporine,
      azathioprine, and corticosteroids which decreases the incidence of obliterative
      bronchiolitis. Techniques of improved lung preservation have made distal donor
      procurement a reality, and increasing numbers of lung and heart-lung
      transplantations are now being performed. More importantly, better recipient and
      donor selection has occurred such that the perioperative mortality has been
      reduced from 35 to 16 per cent. Currently, the major threat facing survivors of
      heart-lung transplantation is the insidious development of restrictive airway
      disease. Our impression is that the development of obliterative bronchiolitis
      results from repeated rejection episodes or possibly an injury mechanism
      following severe viral pneumonia. The common pathway seems to be repeated injury
      and repair mechanism, with the end-stage being obliterative bronchiolitis by scar
      formation. As suggested, the injury mechanism is probably that of repeated or
      chronic rejection. To further support the hypothesis of an immunerelated
      etiology, obliterative bronchiolitis has occurred in recipients of bone marrow
      transplants if they develop graft-versus-host disease. In an attempt to
      ameliorate the effects of rejection on airway function, we have increased our
      maintenance immunosuppression by adding azathioprine. Consequently, patients with
      early obliterative bronchiolitis on enhanced immunosuppression have had
      stabilization of the airway disease, and we have noted a significant reduction in
      the occurrence of obliterative bronchiolitis from 62 per cent in Group 1 patients
      to 20 per cent in Group 2 patients. Since obliterative bronchiolitis may be
      reversed by early recognition and treatment of rejection, we have aggressively
      used bronchoscopy with transbronchial lung biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage for
      surveillance of both rejection and infection in our recent patients. Open lung
      biopsy has not been used since 1986 to diagnose rejection, and we are encouraged
      that bronchoscopic surveillance is sensitive and effective. The primary goal of
      the bronchoscopic evaluation protocol was to monitor the patients closely and to
      treat both rejection and infection early and effectively. Concurrently, we are
      also measuring pulmonary function parameters, which includes FEV1, FEF 25-75,
      PaO2, total lung capacities, and profusion gradients. The desired outcome was the
      maintenance of normal airway dynamics by reversing airway disease at a reversible
      stage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2407358
TI  - Selection of patients for cardiac transplantation.
AB  - In order to appropriately allocate the precious resource of donor organs for
      cardiac transplantation, one must adequately assess the prognosis of the
      prospective recipient with or without transplantation. This requires knowledge of
      the natural history of heart failure as well as those parameters by which it is
      evaluated. It also requires knowledge of those factors that make patients
      appropriate versus inappropriate surgical candidates. This article approaches
      both these necessary areas of patient evaluation.

PMID- 2407359
TI  - Evolution of heart transplantation.
AB  - Heart transplantation has evolved from preliminary animal experimentation in the
      early part of this century to an accepted orthodox therapy for many patients with
      end-stage cardiac disease in the 1980s. The development of successful heart
      transplantation is traced from the laboratory to early clinical attempts and the
      subsequent validation of this therapy, principally by the Stanford group in the
      1970s. The dramatic worldwide impact of the use of cyclosporine for
      immunosuppression in the practice of heart transplantation is reviewed. Resultant
      changes in the practice of heart transplantation are discussed as well as the
      future developments of totally implantable circulatory support systems and
      xenografting.

PMID- 2407360
TI  - Mechanical cardiac assistance and replacement.
AB  - This article aims not to review the limited and difficult to compare clinical
      results with mechanical cardiac assist devices. Instead, a practical
      classification and analysis of these devices is presented, which will afford the
      clinician insights about when, how, and why to use specific mechanical support.

PMID- 2407361
TI  - Donor management and matching.
AB  - Medical management of the multiorgan donor is an essential component of the
      success of heart transplantation. Appropriate management demands an understanding
      of the progressively changing pathophysiology of brain death such that rapid
      diagnostic and therapeutic intervention may be accomplished. Specific problems
      such as hypovolemia, diabetes insipidus, neurogenic pulmonary edema, electrolyte
      imbalance, and loss of temperature regulation require aggressive treatment. Early
      potential donor recognition, expedient diagnosis of brain death, careful
      maintenance of satisfactory end-organ function, and appropriate donor-recipient
      matching are important aspects in the management of the multiorgan donor that
      will maximize successful application of transplantation to the highest number of
      qualified recipients.

PMID- 2407362
TI  - The perioperative and surgical aspects of heart transplantation.
AB  - This article deals with the practical performance of both orthotopic and
      heterotopic heart transplantation. The surgical techniques, as well as the
      immediate preoperative and postoperative logistical management approaches to
      these procedures are presented.

PMID- 2407363
TI  - Immunosuppression following cardiac transplantation.
AB  - Immunosuppression following cardiac transplantation can be divided into early
      rejection prophylaxis, chronic maintenance, and the treatment of established
      episodes of allograft rejection. Early rejection prophylaxis is the
      immunosuppressive protocol administered in the first few weeks following
      transplantation and consists of cyclosporine, azathioprine, and corticosteroids
      with or without the addition of specific anti-T cell agents such as antithymocyte
      globulins, antilymphoblast globulins, or the murine monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody
      (OKT3). Most programs now use triple therapy (cyclosporine, azathioprine, and
      prednisone) as chronic maintenance immunosuppression, although the feasibility of
      corticosteroid-free maintenance has been demonstrated. The treatment of acute
      allograft rejection involves optimization of cyclosporine and azathioprine doses
      along with the augmentation in corticosteroids and with or without the addition
      of a specific anti-T cell agent, depending on the histological grade hemodynamic
      consequences of the rejection episode. Further individualization of
      immunosuppressive therapy is likely to occur in the future.

PMID- 2407364
TI  - The clinical role of OKT3.
AB  - The murine monoclonal anti-T-cell antibody, OKT3, has been used during the past 9
      years in various clinical transplantation studies. Its use in clinical organ
      transplantation has advanced the science of MoAb use in humans and has provided a
      vast amount of evidence substantiating the importance of MoAbs in clinical
      medicine. Undoubtedly OKT3 has proven to be the most effective and specific
      immunosuppressive drug widely available for use in organ transplantation.

PMID- 2407365
TI  - Coronary artery spasm after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty:
      pathophysiology and clinical consequences.

PMID- 2407366
TI  - Cine angiographic findings in young Iraqi men with first acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - Among 100 consecutive Iraqi men aged 40 years or less with first acute myocardial
      infarction, coronary angiography performed 8-12 weeks later showed single-vessel
      coronary artery disease in 64, multivessel disease in 26, and normal coronary
      arteries in ten patients. Most patients (90%) had one or more coronary risk
      factors. The left anterior descending artery was involved in 66 patients, the
      right coronary artery in 38, and the circumflex artery in 29. Total occlusion was
      seen in 37 patients and severe (greater than or equal to 90%) stenosis in 14
      patients. Severe wall motion abnormality (aneurysm formation) on left
      ventriculography was found in 33 patients. Thus, in developing countries as
      elsewhere, one-vessel coronary artery disease remains the most common
      angiographic finding in young men with first acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2407367
TI  - Isolated unruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm producing right ventricular
      outflow obstruction.
AB  - An unusual case of right ventricular outflow obstruction and right heart failure
      due to an isolated unruptured congenital sinus of Valsalva aneurysm originating
      from the right coronary sinus in a 75-year-old-man is described. The diagnosis
      was made by two-dimensional echocardiography and cardiac catheterization.
      Successful surgical resection of the aneurysm resulted in dramatic symptomatic
      improvement.

PMID- 2407368
TI  - Complete remission of brain metastases of ovarian cancer following high-dose
      carboplatin: a case report and pharmacokinetic study.
AB  - Brain metastases developed in a 40-year-old woman with relapsed ovarian cancer 2
      years after cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy. After a single dose of 800
      mg/m2 carboplatin, complete remission of the brain metastases occurred. A
      pharmacokinetic study during the second course revealed low levels of carboplatin
      in the cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 2407369
TI  - Endogenous adenosine restrains renin release in conscious rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that endogenous adenosine
      functions to restrain the renin release response to pharmacological and
      pathophysiological stimuli. To achieve this objective, we examined the effects of
      an adenosine receptor antagonist, 1,3-dipropyl-8-(p-sulfophenyl)xanthine (DPSPX),
      on the renin release response induced by acute administration of hydralazine or
      by chronic clipping of the left renal artery (renovascular hypertensive rats). In
      conscious, unrestrained rats, DPSPX significantly increased plasma renin activity
      (PRA) in control rats, in rats treated with hydralazine, and in renovascular
      hypertensive rats. The effect of DPSPX on PRA was significantly greater in rats
      treated with hydralazine or in renovascular hypertensive rats compared with
      control rats. DPSPX did not influence arterial blood pressure in any group, did
      not affect the measurement of PRA, and did not alter the elimination of renin
      activity from the circulation. Additional experiments were performed in the in
      situ autoperfused kidney so that the effects of DPSPX on renal hemodynamics and
      renal excretory function could be assessed. In this experimental model, DPSPX
      also increased PRA in hydralazine-treated rats and in renovascular hypertensive
      rats without affecting arterial pressure, renal blood flow, or sodium excretion.
      In a final set of studies in conscious, unrestrained rats, adenosine deaminase
      increased PRA in a dose-dependent manner in hydralazine-treated rats and
      significantly increased the slope of the relation between PRA and the depressor
      response to hydralazine. We conclude: 1) Although the kidney has both A1 and A2
      adenosine receptors mediating inhibitory and stimulatory actions, respectively,
      on renin release, the dominant effect of endogenous adenosine on renin release is
      inhibitory. 2) Even under basal physiological conditions, endogenous adenosine
      tonically inhibits renin release. 3) This inhibitory effect is augmented whenever
      the renin-angiotensin system is stimulated regardless of the approach used to
      activate renin release. 4) Endogenous adenosine negatively modulates renin
      release by a direct effect on juxtaglomerular cells.

PMID- 2407370
TI  - Importance of endogenous angiotensin II in the cardiovascular responses to
      sympathetic stimulation in conscious rabbits.
AB  - Pharmacological evidence indicates that angiotensin (Ang II) converting enzyme
      inhibitors attenuate cardiovascular responses to sympathetic stimulation. To
      investigate the physiological significance of this attenuation, the pressor and
      heart rate responses to bilateral carotid occlusion (BCO) were studied before and
      after administration of captopril and again during Ang II replacement in
      conscious, aortic nerve-sectioned rabbits with chronically implanted carotid
      occluders. In the control period, BCO produced increases (p less than 0.05) in
      mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) of 37.3 +/- 3.0 mm Hg and 21.7
      +/- 5.4 beats/min from baseline values of 79.1 +/- 2.5 mm Hg and 255.4 +/- 16.7
      beats/min. Captopril (5 mg/kg i.v.) markedly reduced (p less than 0.05) both the
      pressor (10.2 +/- 2.6 mm Hg) and HR (5.0 +/- 4.0 beats/min) responses to BCO, in
      parallel with a decrease in plasma Ang II of 75%. Infusion of a subpressor dose
      of Ang II (5-25 ng/kg/min i.v.) increased plasma Ang II to precaptopril levels
      and fully restored (p less than 0.05) the pressor (33.0 +/- 5.7 mm Hg) and HR
      (19.8 +/- 7.7 beats/min) responses to BCO. In two additional series of
      experiments, the mechanism of the effects of captopril and Ang II were
      investigated. In the first series, cardiac baroreflex curves (pulse interval
      versus MAP) were generated by increasing or decreasing blood pressure with
      phenylephrine or nitroprusside (5-20 micrograms/kg/min i.v.). The slope of the
      linear region of the curve (2.9 msec/mm Hg) was not changed significantly by
      captopril treatment (3.1 msec/mm Hg) or Ang II replacement (3.2 msec/mm Hg),
      indicating that cardiac baroreflex sensitivity was not altered by blockade of the
      renin-angiotensin system. In the second series, the effect of captopril on the
      pressor response to exogenous norepinephrine (0.1-2.5 micrograms/kg/min i.v.) was
      tested. The response was reduced by less than 40%, indicating only a modest
      postsynaptic component to the action of captopril. These results provide
      physiological evidence for an important action of endogenous Ang II in
      facilitating the cardiovascular responses to sympathetic stimulation in conscious
      rabbits. This facilitation is not due to an action upon the baroreflex per se but
      results, at least in part, from a presynaptic action of Ang II.

PMID- 2407371
TI  - Changes of left ventricular diastolic function in exercising dogs without and
      with ischemia.
AB  - Left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in the absence and presence of regional
      ischemia was examined in eight conscious dogs chronically instrumented with
      ultrasonic devices for measuring LV wall thickness and volume. During treadmill
      exercise, ischemia was induced (hydraulic occluder) to produce less than 10%
      systolic wall thickening in the ischemic zone. LV filling was assessed by the
      peak filling rate (PFR), mean filling rates in the first and second halves of
      filling (mFR1 and mFR2), an early filling index from mitral valve opening to
      minimal diastolic pressure (PDm), and the percentage of atrial filling. Also, LV
      relaxation (tau) and wall thinning rates during isovolumetric relaxation and the
      first and second halves of the filling phase were assessed. During control
      exercise without ischemia, PDm decreased by 2.61 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) to -1.1
      mm Hg and there was a downward shift of the entire LV diastolic pressure-volume
      (P-V) curve. The LV relaxation rate, PFR, mFR1, and mFR2 were enhanced. Early
      filling was increased by 116%, the percentage of atrial filling by 118%, and
      overall diastolic filling by 23% despite a 63% decrease in the filling period.
      During ischemic exercise, systolic function was depressed compared with the
      resting state, PDm increased by 4.84 mm Hg (p less than 0.005) associated with a
      pronounced rightward and upward shift of the early portion of the P-V curve. LV
      relaxation rate, PFR, and mFR1 were reduced, the early filling index fell sharply
      by 62% but percentage of atrial filling was unchanged, while overall diastolic
      filling decreased by 30%. The thinning rate of the control wall was enhanced,
      whereas that of ischemic wall was depressed. Multiple factors contributed to the
      markedly impaired early and overall diastolic LV filling during ischemia,
      including impaired systolic function, reduced relaxation rate, nonuniformity of
      wall motion, an upward shift of the early diastolic P-V curve, and absence of a
      compensatory increase in late diastolic filling.

PMID- 2407372
TI  - Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty--anatomic and
      pathophysiological mechanisms. Strategies for prevention.
AB  - Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) probably
      results from pathophysiological mechanisms that are initiated during PTCA.
      Platelet deposition or exposed subendothelial connective tissue initiates complex
      blood element and vessel wall interactions that are not completely understood and
      leads to a proliferative response at the site of injury. The incidence of
      restenosis is also related to clinical, anatomic, and procedural variables. An
      increased frequency of restenosis is seen in patients who have recent onset of
      angina, unstable angina, or vasospastic angina, and in those who have diabetes.
      Stenoses in the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery, the ostium of
      the right coronary artery, and the proximal portion of a bypass vein graft have
      higher rates of restenosis than lesions at other sites. Restenosis can be
      predicted by an incomplete PTCA, which is identified by a high residual pressure
      gradient across the stenosis. Mechanical and pharmacological methods of
      preventing restenosis are under investigation. Intravascular stenting with
      expandable metal sleeves and laser angioplasty have shown encouraging results.
      Longer balloon inflation time can help prevent early elastic recoil. Platelet
      inhibitors (e.g., aspirin, dipyridamole, and sulfinpyrazone) do not appear to
      have an effect on restenosis. Agents, however, that interfere with platelet
      deposition at the PTCA site and that modify the effect of platelet-derived growth
      factor and medial cell proliferation show promise for control of restenosis.

PMID- 2407373
TI  - Quantitative and qualitative ST segment monitoring during and after percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty.
AB  - Patients who undergo elective percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
      (PTCA) provide a unique human model, with fully defined coronary anatomy and
      known sites and periods of coronary occlusion. High-resolution, quantitative ST
      segment monitoring during PTCA procedures allows characterization of the first
      moments of coronary occlusion, as well as the effect of interventions intended to
      reduce ischemia during occlusion. Data from more than 1,000 coronary occlusions
      are reviewed in this presentation. Intracoronary interventions during acute
      myocardial infarction (MI) and elective PTCA create a potentially unstable
      coronary nidus through their therapeutic effect. Angiographic evidence of the
      anatomic appearance remains the "gold standard" for real-time assessment of
      success although angiography has limited ability to identify the 2-4% of patients
      who suffer morbidity or mortality in the coronary care unit (CCU) after an
      apparently successful intervention. Standard CCU monitoring of patient symptoms
      and rhythms underestimates transient ischemic activity in 87% of patients who
      experience ischemia after interventions. The capabilities of real-time multilead
      ST segment monitoring are reviewed from 8,331 hours of monitoring in 338 patients
      after intracoronary interventions. The documentation of persistent ischemia after
      angiographically successful PTCA and the clinical potential of qualitative
      patient-specific, coronary site-specific, precordial "fingerprinting" for
      identification of high-risk patients before or in the absence of anginal symptoms
      are discussed.

PMID- 2407374
TI  - Interventions in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Results of multiple studies have amply verified the benefit of urgent coronary
      revascularization for patients who have acute myocardial infarction (MI).
      Currently, intravenous thrombolytic therapy is the treatment of choice for many
      patients, especially those 75 years old or younger who present within 6 hours of
      symptom onset and who are without contraindications to thrombolytic therapy. Some
      patients treated within 6-24 hours of symptom onset may also benefit, but this
      remains unproven. The thrombolytic agents currently in use or being extensively
      evaluated include streptokinase, urokinase, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t
      PA), anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC or
      anistreplase), and single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (scu-PA).
      The agent t-PA has the potential advantage of being clot selective and, thereby,
      relatively fibrinogen sparing, and its efficacy in terms of restoration of vessel
      patency is less dependent on the time of administration as compared with that of
      streptokinase and urokinase. It is not yet known whether this will translate into
      improved patient survival as compared with that achieved by the less-expensive
      agents streptokinase and APSAC. Treatment regimens of combination thrombolytic
      agents have been developed, but the optimal combinations have not yet been
      determined. Patients who are in cardiogenic shock and those in whom thrombolytic
      therapy is contraindicated can probably benefit from angioplasty or bypass
      surgery. Results of several studies have suggested that immediate angioplasty
      after successful thrombolysis is not beneficial; however, the potential benefit
      of angioplasty or bypass surgery for failed thrombolytic therapy is yet to be
      evaluated. Although many advances have been made, further research is clearly
      needed in the area of reperfusion.

PMID- 2407375
TI  - Myocardial reperfusion injury. Histopathological effects of perfluorochemical.
AB  - Regional myocardial ischemic injury progresses as a "wave-front" phenomenon from
      the endocardium to the epicardium. Myocyte damage can be reversible or
      irreversible and is dependent on the duration of ischemia. Endothelial cell
      injury lags behind myocyte injury. Reperfusion of ischemic myocardium can result
      in the acceleration of endothelial injury with resultant conversion of
      surrounding reversibly injured myocytes to irreversible damage; this has been
      termed the "no-reflow" phenomenon. This process can be accelerated by the
      presence of neutrophils. Agents such as perfluorochemicals and adenosine, which
      attenuate endothelial injury and inhibit neutrophil infiltration, also reduce
      infarct size in animal models. Infarct size reduction with perfluorochemical was
      observed with both intracoronary and intravenous infusion. Infarct healing was
      not adversely affected except for the persistence of perfluorochemical-laden
      macrophages. These studies suggest that perfluorochemicals and adenosine might be
      beneficial adjuvants to thrombolytic therapy in the reduction of reperfusion
      injury.

PMID- 2407376
TI  - Mechanisms and therapy of myocardial reperfusion injury.
AB  - Recent advances in thrombolytic therapy and balloon angioplasty have resulted in
      reperfusion therapy as a logical maneuver in the treatment of evolving myocardial
      infarction. The introduction of electrolytes, oxygen, and cellular elements,
      especially neutrophils, however, into the previously ischemic bed may initiate
      cellular and biochemical changes that limit the amount of potentially salvageable
      myocardium (reperfusion injury). Experimental studies have demonstrated that
      microvascular damage may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this
      phenomenon. Reperfusion enhances the infiltration of activated neutrophils into
      the ischemic bed, and neutrophil plugging of capillary lumens in association with
      extensive disruption of endothelial cells results in a progressive decrease in
      blood flow (the "no-reflow" phenomenon). Activated neutrophils may potentiate the
      inflammatory response, produce cellular damage, and reduce capillary blood flow
      by producing chemoattractants, proteolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species,
      and arachidonate products, respectively. Therapeutic strategies that modify the
      interaction between neutrophils and endothelium have shown promising results in
      experimental preparations for reperfusion. The administration of both
      perfluorochemical (Fluosol, Alpha Therapeutic Corp., Los Angeles, California) and
      adenosine after reperfusion has resulted in enhanced myocardial salvage after 90
      minutes of ischemia in the canine model. Histological studies have shown reduced
      neutrophil infiltration and relative preservation of endothelial cells without
      neutrophil plugging with both agents. Both adenosine and perfluorochemical have
      been shown to reduce neutrophil adherence and cytotoxicity to endothelial cell
      cultures. These findings suggest that suppression of neutrophil activation,
      especially chemotaxis, might be an ideal step to reduce this component from the
      inflammatory response in the ischemic myocardium after reperfusion. Clinical
      trials seem warranted to determine the role of reperfusion injury in limiting
      myocardial salvage in patients undergoing reperfusion within the first few hours
      of a thrombotic event.

PMID- 2407377
TI  - Long-term outcome of patients after percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty.
AB  - The efficacy of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in
      relieving symptoms of coronary artery disease is well established, and the
      technique has become widely used in patients with multivessel as well as single
      vessel disease. The technique has only recently been widely applied, and long
      term outcome is, therefore, not well defined. Studies of patients who underwent
      the procedure early in its development were primarily of patients with single
      vessel disease. These studies demonstrated low mortality (1%/yr) and nonfatal
      myocardial infarction (MI) rates (1-3%/yr), with a majority of patients (85-90%)
      clinically improved after 5 years. More recent studies of patients with
      multivessel disease demonstrate higher mortality (2-4%/yr) and a similar
      incidence of nonfatal MI (2-3%/yr), with improvement in symptoms in the majority
      (70-80%). The degree of revascularization can be an important factor in
      symptomatic improvement as well as in the need for subsequent revascularization.
      A favorable outcome is most likely when all lesions attempted with PTCA are
      reduced by at least 20% and no significant residual lesions remain in any
      proximal vessels. The efficacy of PTCA as compared with bypass surgery in
      patients with multivessel disease is uncertain. The results of several large
      ongoing and planned clinical trials should provide the information necessary to
      more fully understand the use of angioplasty in this setting. Although no study
      has directly compared PTCA with coronary artery bypass surgery, nonrandomized
      comparisons indicate similar long-term outcomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407378
TI  - The management of presbyopia with contact lenses: a review.
AB  - Although presbyopes represent a large and growing fraction of the population,
      only 2% of them have tried bifocal contact lens correction. Bifocal contact
      lenses have in the past been notorious for the chair time they required and for
      low success rates. But now the picture is beginning to change. The growing number
      of new and innovative lens designs is expanding the fitter's options and greatly
      increasing the chances of success. Success, however, depends on the fitter being
      able to select an appropriate lens for each patient. This paper reviews contact
      lens options available for presbyopic patients and discusses the patients for
      whom specific lens designs are most advantageous.

PMID- 2407379
TI  - Immunoglobulin deposition on soft contact lenses: relationship to hydrogel
      structure and mode of use and giant papillary conjunctivitis.
AB  - Since the IgG to IgA ratio in the tear film increases dramatically during
      inflammation, the ratio of immunoglobulins deposited on the soft contact lens
      surface should provide some indication of biocompatibility of the hydrogel. To
      study this premise, 60 soft contact lenses of low and high water content and
      ionic and non-ionic compositions were recovered after their useful lifespan from
      asymptomatic lens wearers and those experiencing active giant papillary
      conjunctivitis (GPC). Lenses were exhaustively extracted with saline to remove
      loosely bound immunoglobulins, dissected, and qualitatively assayed by means of
      chromogenic horse radish peroxidase-linked antibody probes for tightly bound IgG
      and IgA. The intensity of reaction was scored visually in a random, masked
      fashion by two independent observers using a standardized scale. The results
      reveal a consistent, although not statistically significant, increase in IgG to
      IgA deposition on the pathological lens population as compared to normals. This
      change may be reflective of an immune specific lens response and/or the enhanced
      titer of tear IgG resulting from the inflammatory process present with GPC.
      Deposition correlated more strikingly with two other linked parameters: hydrogel
      structure and mode of use. A marked increase in immunoglobulin deposition and
      enhanced IgG to IgA ratio (P less than 0.001) was common to high water content
      lenses (especially of non-ionic composition) used on an extended wear basis, when
      contrasted with low water content lenses used on a daily wear basis. It is thus
      hypothesized that use of high water content lenses on an extended wear basis
      leads to a greater degree of inflammatory and/or immune stress.

PMID- 2407381
TI  - Physiologic neutralization mechanisms and the response of the corneal endothelium
      to hydrogen peroxide.
AB  - Several enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions play important roles in the
      physiologic neutralization of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the anterior segment of
      the eye. The nonenzymatic reactions are particularly important in the aqueous
      humor, where enzymes are normally absent and high levels of ascorbate are
      present. One of ascorbate's presumed functions is to protect the lens and retina
      from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation. It also appears to act as an
      antioxidant for the removal of H2O2. Although H2O2 is frequently a product of
      antioxidant reactions, the low oxygen tension of the aqueous humor and the
      absence of trace elements apparently account for the relatively low
      concentrations of H2O2. This property of aqueous humor is important because high
      concentrations of H2O2 are toxic to both the lens and the cornea. This damage is
      exacerbated by the removal of glucose or by inhibition of glutathione reductase-
      an indication of the importance of the glutathione redox cycle in protecting
      against endothelial damage induced by H2O2. Catalase also protects the tissues
      bordering the anterior chamber from H2O2-induced damage. Decreasing catalase
      activity by treatment with 3-aminotriazole increases the time required for H2O2
      clearance from the anterior chamber, thereby allowing more time for H2O2 to
      produce damage. A decline of catalase activity with age has been observed in the
      iris and corneal endothelium of rabbits.

PMID- 2407380
TI  - Confocal microscopy of the living eye.
AB  - Confocal microscopy is an imaging paradigm that allows optical sectioning of
      almost any material with increased axial and lateral spatial resolution and
      better image contrast. We have applied this technology to the study of the living
      eye of cats, albino rabbits, and humans. The technique allows in vivo,
      noninvasive, real time images of the eye at magnifications (630x) which allow
      resolution of anatomical detail at the cellular level. In this paper we report
      details of our current instrument techniques and some of our results. The past
      development, present state-of-the-art, and projected future advances and
      applications of this novel microscopy are discussed. Preliminary observations are
      reported for all layers of the cornea, the limbus, and wound-healing responses in
      single animals.

PMID- 2407383
TI  - Origin and development of hydrogen peroxide disinfection systems.
AB  - The discovery of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by Thenard in 1818, and the early phase
      of its development, are discussed. A brief description is given of the uses of
      this compound for purposes other than contact lens care. A detailed description
      of the first application of H2O2 to hydrophilic contact lenses is provided. A
      review of toxicologic and microbiologic issues and concerns follows, with
      specific emphasis on the decimal reduction rate (D-value) for H2O2 and the
      contribution of elements test as applied to any disinfection system. The role of
      pH and increasing concentrations of H2O2 in inducing ocular discomfort is
      described. After the introduction of the first H2O2 system, a number of
      competitive methods reached the marketplace. The unique qualities of one
      neutralization technique are noted. Hydrogen peroxide will continue for some time
      as a popular contact lens disinfection mechanism.

PMID- 2407382
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of peroxidative enzymes in ocular tissue.
AB  - Localization of the peroxidative enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase in
      rabbit ocular tissue was investigated by immunohistochemical methods. We raised
      antisera to both enzymes in rabbits using commercially available purified
      enzymes. Immunoreactive catalase and glutathione peroxidase were found in the
      corneal epithelium and endothelium, the choroid, the inner segment of
      photoreceptors, and the retinal pigmented epithelium.

PMID- 2407384
TI  - Clinical aspects of topical application of dilute hydrogen peroxide solutions.
AB  - Because hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a widely used microbicidal agent for contact
      lens disinfection, it is important to assess its effect on ocular tissues at the
      levels that can be associated with the use of these systems. Three recently
      reported clinical studies provide new information on this subject: In the first
      study, the discomfort threshold for a range of H2O2 concentrations administered
      to the eye was explored. The mean thresholds for 10 subjects were 267 ppm H2O2
      for 55% water content contact lenses soaked in the solution and 282 ppm for 38%
      water content contact lenses. Hydrogen peroxide disinfection systems are designed
      to have residual H2O2 concentrations in the eye of no more than 50-60 ppm,
      allowing for an adequate safety margin. The stinging occasionally reported after
      lens disinfection may be due to factors other than residual H2O2. In the second
      study, the rate of in vivo neutralization of H2O2 administered to the eye was
      studied. Removal of 50 ppm H2O2 from a hydrogel lens was completed within the
      first 30 seconds of human wear when the eyelids were held closed, and within 60
      seconds during wideopen gaze, with blinking every 5 seconds. In the third study,
      the corneal permeability to fluorescein was determined in 10 subjects after
      dosing with 50 ppm H2O2, 500 ppm H2O2, as well as negative and positive controls.
      There was no significant difference between the negative control and the two H2O2
      concentrations, whereas the positive control was different from all other
      treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407385
TI  - Practical considerations in the use of hydrogen peroxide disinfection systems.
AB  - Three studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide
      (H2O2) neutralization in returning the pH of the soft contact lens soaking
      solution to that of tears (pH 7.4). In the initial study, we evaluated seven
      different brands of H2O2 disinfection systems. The final pH of the seven systems
      ranged from 6.15 to 7.74, with two systems having values outside the threshold
      for ocular discomfort. The final residual H2O2 concentrations ranged from 0 to 70
      ppm (parts per million), five of the seven having residual concentrations of 0 to
      3 ppm. In the second part of the study, we evaluated the pH of four H2O2 systems
      over 4 weeks of daily use. The end-point pH of the H2O2 systems did not change
      significantly over the 4-week period, although two of the systems were
      consistently closer to the physiologic pH of tears than were the other two. In
      the third part of the study, four brands of over-the-counter (OTC) 3% H2O2 were
      substituted into six different H2O2 disinfection systems. The manufacturer's
      recommended H2O2 was used as a control. There were wide variations in initial pH
      and significantly lower end-point pH levels with the OTC preparations.

PMID- 2407386
TI  - A report card on hydrogen peroxide for contact lens disinfection.
AB  - Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is one of the best disinfectants for contact lenses.
      Despite the fact that hydrogen peroxide challenges microorganisms of all kinds,
      issues such as time of exposure, post-neutralization residuals, and lens
      stability remain. Data indicate that the currently recommended short exposure
      time (10 to 15 minutes) in inadequate for protection against fungi and
      Acanthamoeba and that at least 2 hours is necessary. The addition of weekly
      enzyme for lens cleaning is also essential in decreasing the incidence of contact
      lens-related conjunctivitis when lenses are not replaced frequently. In studies
      at the Cornea and Contact Lens Research Unit (CCLRU) of the University of New
      South Wales, daily wear of "disposable" lenses, mechanical cleaning, an H2O2
      system, and lens disposal on a monthly basis resulted in an adverse response rate
      of almost zero over the first year of use. Residual H2O2 levels are of concern
      with some systems. Although data indicate that 100 ppm of H2O2 is the threshold
      for ocular awareness in many individuals, post-neutralization pH at the end of
      the neutralization cycle plays an important role in the occurrence of residual
      effects. Lens material composition also may play a role in determining the rate
      and degree of post-neutralization parameter recovery. These issues underscore the
      need for continued clinical research of H2O2 to update our understanding of the
      best methods of use for this valuable disinfection regimen.

PMID- 2407387
TI  - Oxidation and aspects of ocular pathology.
AB  - Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a relatively stable oxidant, is present at low
      concentrations in the normal eye and is found at elevated concentrations in some
      patients with maturity-onset cataract. Recently, this laboratory has shown that
      H2O2 concentrations at levels only slightly above normal physiologic levels cause
      single-strand breaks in DNA within cultured lens epithelial cells obtained from
      calf lenses. It is hypothesized that such damage may contribute to the onset of
      cataract. The major enzyme which metabolizes H2O2 at the concentrations found in
      the eye is glutathione peroxidase. Since older individuals may have reduced
      activities of this enzyme and other enzymes involved in oxidative defense, this
      laboratory is synthesizing low-molecular-weight glutathione peroxidase mimics. It
      is possible that development of such compounds may improve the capacity of the
      lens to withstand oxidative stress in vitro.

PMID- 2407388
TI  - What are the indications for cholecystectomy?
AB  - Cholecystectomy is indicated in the presence of gallbladder trauma, gallbladder
      cancer, acute cholecystitis, and other complications of gallstones. More
      controversial are the indications for elective cholecystectomy. To properly
      determine the indications for elective cholecystectomy, the risk of the operation
      (taking into account the age and comorbid factors of the individual patient) must
      be weighed against the risk of complications and death without operation (taking
      into account the symptomatic status of the individual and the functional status
      of the gallbladder). Cholecystectomy (or some other form of gallstone therapy) is
      indicated in most patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis--especially those with
      non-functioning gallbladders. Cholecystectomy is not indicated in most patients
      with asymptomatic stones.

PMID- 2407389
TI  - Treatment of psoriasis with chronic subcutaneous administration of somatostatin
      analog 201-995 (sandostatin). II. Effect on pancreatic and thyroid hormone.
AB  - Nine patients with psoriasis vulgaris were treated for 12 weeks with somatostatin
      analog, octreotide acetate (SMS 201-995) 50 or 100 micrograms by subcutaneous
      injection every 12 hours. The purposes of the study were to determine: (1) levels
      of insulin, glucose, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and SMS 201-995 after
      a subcutaneous injection of SMS 201-995 and ingestion of a standardized meal; (2)
      nocturnal (0200 h) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels before, during, and
      after treatment; and (3) the pharmacokinetics of SMS 201-995. Insulin peaks at 30
      minutes were blunted from 65.8 +/- 11.0 mu U/mL without treatment to 26.7 +/- 8.6
      mu U/mL and 7.7 +/- 2.0 mu U/mL after the 50- and 100-micrograms doses,
      respectively. Glucagon levels remained constant during the meal and were not
      affected by the 50-micrograms dose. Mean glucose levels were significantly
      elevated during insulin suppression. PP was also rapidly suppressed by SMS 201
      995 and remained so for 4 hours after the injection. Nocturnal TSH was blunted
      after 12 weeks of treatment (P less than or equal to .05). T4 and T3 resin uptake
      showed no depression, and patients remained clinically euthyroid. The plasma peak
      of SMS 210-995 occurred 30 minutes postinjection and half-life was longer than 2
      hours. After chronic administration of SMS 201-995, insulin was suppressed with
      resultant mild carbohydrate intolerance that persisted throughout the treatment
      course.

PMID- 2407390
TI  - Disseminated aspergillosis presenting as a skin abscess.
AB  - An immunocompromised patient presented with chronic low back pain as the initial
      symptom and a subcutaneous abscess as the initial sign of disseminated
      aspergillosis. With the rising incidence of immunocompromised patients, cutaneous
      manifestation of aspergillosis may become more common.

PMID- 2407391
TI  - Comparison of the reactivity of micro-and macrovessels to noradrenaline and
      endothelin in rats with renal (2K1C) hypertension.
AB  - The response to noradrenaline and endothelin in isolated aortae in vitro and
      mesenteric microvessels in vivo - in situ was studied in 4-week 2K1C hypertensive
      rats. Enhanced reactivity to noradrenaline was observed in aortae with
      endothelium isolated from hypertensive rats, whereas in aortae without
      endothelium, noradrenaline induced similar responses in sham-operated control and
      hypertensive preparations. Endothelin responses were not altered in aortae with
      or without endothelium isolated from hypertensive rats. In mesenteric
      microvessels, both noradrenaline and endothelin evoked higher responses in 2K1C
      than in control animals. It is suggested that the enhanced reactivity observed
      could be involved in the maintainance of high blood pressure levels in 2K1C
      hypertension. The altered reactivity could be due to a dysfunction of the
      endothelial cells.

PMID- 2407392
TI  - The renin-angiotensin system in different stages of spontaneous hypertension in
      the rat (S H R).
AB  - The present study analyzed the concentration of renin-like activity and
      angiotensinogen concentration (AoC) in different brain areas related to
      cardiovascular control in SHR and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) animals. Male rats of both
      strains were studied at 8, 16 and 30 weeks of age. The following brain areas were
      isolated: anterior, medial and posterior hypothalamus, septal area,
      periaqueductal gray (PG) and the remaining brain stem; nucleus tractus solitarius
      (NTS) and the remaining medulla oblongata. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma
      and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AoC were determined. Renin-like concentration was
      higher in SHR than in WKY in the anterior hypothalamus, PG and NTS at different
      stages of hypertension development. AoC was also higher in some areas of the SHR
      brain during different periods. PRA, plasma and CSF angiotensinogen concentration
      showed significant differences between both strain of rats during the development
      of high blood pressure. Present data support the possibility that the central and
      peripheral renin-angiotensin system may participate in the maintenance of high
      blood pressure in the SHR animals.

PMID- 2407393
TI  - Baroreceptor reflex in elderly essential hypertensives: effect of chronic
      inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme.
AB  - Baroreflex function and plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) were examined in five
      elderly and five young or middle-aged essential hypertensive patients before and
      after enalapril treatment. Baroreflex sensitivity (BS) during blood pressure (BP)
      elevation by phenylephrine (PE) but not during BP reduction by sodium
      nitroprusside (SNP) was significantly attenuated in the elderly compared with the
      younger group, while plasma Ang II concentration was not different between the
      two groups. Enalapril treatment reduced BP without significant changes in heart
      rate and plasma norepinephrine in both groups, suggesting a leftward shift of
      barofunction curve. It also increased the BS in some cases in each group.
      However, plasma Ang II was not significantly reduced during enalapril treatment.
      The changes in BS did not correlate with changes in plasma Ang II. These results
      suggest that BS may be attenuated with increasing age independent of plasma Ang
      II and that ACE inhibitor influences the set point of the barofunction curve and
      BS by different mechanisms.

PMID- 2407394
TI  - Some aspects of the wideband recording of the electrocardiogram.
AB  - The physiological mechanisms responsible for the high frequency components of the
      electrocardiographic signals in different frequency ranges are still unknown.
      These components have been studied in the frequency domain as well as in the time
      domain. Numerous clinical and experimental studies have focused upon the
      incidence and interpretation of high frequency notches and slurs under different
      conditions in the myocardium. However, the analysis of the high frequency
      components appeared to be tedious and imprecise, and the interpretation of its
      results difficult and controversial, and strongly dependent upon empirically
      determined standards which still require thorough evaluation. Digital methods for
      processing electrocardiographic signals developed during the last decade have
      given rise to a variety of fast and reliable approaches for analyzing the
      information carried by the electrocardiogram. Many researchers have applied such
      methods to various clinical situations in human studies and to different kinds of
      interventions in animal studies. These developments prompted us to review
      research in the field of wideband recording of the electrocardiogram and to
      briefly discuss some of the aspects that still require elucidation.

PMID- 2407395
TI  - Catheter ablation using radiofrequency energy.
AB  - Recently, transvenous catheter ablation using radiofrequency impulses has been
      applied in experimental animals as well as in humans. This review describes the
      biophysics, mechanisms, and tissue effects of radiofrequency alternating current.
      Ablation of the AV-junction has been performed in experimental studies as well as
      in a growing number of patients. Complete AV-block or modification of the AV
      conduction by RF-current application can be achieved in about 45-65% of patients.
      Presently about 50% of patients with rightsided accessory pathways can be
      successfully managed using radiofrequency impulses. Certain limitations exist
      using a biopolar "epi-endocardial" electrode configuration for leftsided
      accessory pathways. Only few studies are available concerning the use of RF
      ablation of ventricular tachycardia foci. As most experimental investigations
      were carried out in structurally nondiseased myocardium, the use of this new
      technique in fibrotic or scarred tissue warrants further studies. Radiofrequency
      catheter ablation seems to be feasible and relatively safe for the treatment of
      otherwise drug-refractory supraventricular arrhythmias; further studies are
      needed to assess the safety and efficacy in patients with drug-refractory
      ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

PMID- 2407396
TI  - Karel Frederik Wenckebach, 1864-1940.

PMID- 2407397
TI  - Myocarditis: unresolved issues in diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - Myocarditis is an enigmatic disease. Lymphocytic myocarditis is most commonly
      viral in origin. Considerable evidence suggests that myocardial damage is due to
      an immune-mediated mechanism rather than to direct effects of the virus itself.
      The presentation is variable, ranging from a clinically inapparent or relatively
      benign illness to acute progressive heart failure and death. Although examination
      of the endomyocardial biopsy specimen is the "gold standard" for the diagnosis of
      myocarditis there are problems with this technique, relating particularly to
      sampling error and histologic interpretation. Considerable evidence, both animal
      and human, suggests that a link between viral myocarditis and dilated
      cardiomyopathy does exist. There is a rational basis for the use of
      immunosuppressive therapy in myocarditis. Although many favorable responses have
      been reported with the use of these agents, the results of more definitive
      studies are awaited to determine the role of immunosuppressive therapy in
      myocarditis more clearly. Recommendations for the practical management of
      patients with myocarditis are made. Whenever possible, patients with this
      diagnosis should be entered into the ongoing NIH trial.

PMID- 2407398
TI  - Indications for heart valve replacement.
AB  - Proper evaluation of the patient with valvular heart disease begins with a
      thorough history and physical examination. Today, sophisticated noninvasive tests
      -especially echocardiography with color flow Doppler imaging--complement the
      information gained at cardiac catheterization. Information previously available
      only through cardiac catheterization can now be obtained from these noninvasive
      techniques. Serial evaluations can be performed, which are important in managing
      lesions of borderline hemodynamic significance and in avoiding subclinical
      deterioration of left ventricular contractility. Improvements in surgical
      expertise and intraoperative myocardial preservation allow postoperative
      improvement for patients with aortic stenosis and aortic insufficiency despite
      the presence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Many traditional
      indicators of a poor operative result in aortic insufficiency appear less
      reliable today. Consequently, these indicators should never be viewed in
      isolation or be given preeminence over clinical judgment. The long-term results
      following aortic valvuloplasty have been disappointing. However, mitral
      valvuloplasty--for technically suitable types of mitral stenosis--is an
      attractive alternative to surgery. Echocardiography may be helpful in selecting
      patients best suited for this technique. The timing of valve replacement in
      mitral insufficiency is made difficult by the altered loading conditions which
      can mask underlying contractile dysfunction. In this regard, the use of end
      systolic measurements (e.g., end-systolic stress-volume ratio) more accurately
      characterized left ventricular contractility. When mitral insufficiency patients
      with left ventricular systolic dysfunction require surgery, valve repair appears
      superior to traditional mitral valve replacement. With valve repair, the
      postoperative left ventricular ejection fraction is usually higher, as left
      ventricular contractile reserve is better maintained.

PMID- 2407399
TI  - Native valve infective endocarditis in the 1970s versus the 1980s: underlying
      cardiac lesions and infecting organisms.
AB  - A retrospective review of the records of 135 patients with proven or suspected
      endocarditis, seen between January 1970 and December 1987, is presented. Among
      the findings: (1) Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) as an underlying lesion was more
      common in the 1980s group of patients (22%) than in the 1970s group (6%, p less
      than 0.01); (2) no significant difference was found in the occurrence of
      pathogens between the 1970s and the 1980s groups of patients; (3) in most
      patients (17 of 19) with MVP, the organisms isolated were Streptococci viridans;
      (4) most patients (15 of 17) with MVP had undergone a dental procedure without
      prior antibiotic treatment in the two months prior to admission. Prophylactic
      antibiotic treatment is suggested in patients with MVP undergoing dental
      procedure, especially in a subset of patients with flail or redundant valve
      leaflet as 16 of our MVP patients (out of 17) had this pathology on
      echocardiogram.

PMID- 2407400
TI  - Infantile olivopontocerebellar atrophy with spinal muscular atrophy (infantile
      OPCA + SMA).
AB  - We report three siblings (two boys and girl) with familial (autosomal recessive)
      infantile olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) associated with lower motoneuron
      involvement. Brain autopsy findings in two of the children revealed a multisystem
      degeneration characterized by marked hypoplasia of phylogenetically new parts of
      the brain stem (basis pontis and inferior olivary nuclei) associated with
      hypoplasia of the neocerebellum, both cerebellar and cerebral peduncle. All three
      infants died before six months of age. The clinical features are characterized by
      severe hypotonia, areflexia, failure to thrive, respiratory insufficiency in all
      cases, cardiomyopathy and dislocated hips at birth in two of the three siblings.
      Extensive serum, urinary and leukocyte enzyme assays in the second infant failed
      to disclose a specific metabolic abnormality. The diagnosis of OPCA was
      established prior to death by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the youngest
      infant. Since OPCA represents a heterogeneous group of diseases, correlation of
      neuropathologic, clinical, genetic and MRI findings at early stages of evolution
      becomes crucial in the understanding of the nosology of OPCA and its variants.

PMID- 2407401
TI  - Pontoneocerebellar hypoplasia: report of a case in a newborn and review of the
      literature.
AB  - A case of pontoneocerebellar hypoplasia (PNCH) in a 9-day-old child--the youngest
      in the literature--is described. Right after birth the child showed serious
      respiratory insufficiency and developed frequent episodes of apnea and
      cardiorespiratory arrests, dying on the 9th day. Postmortem examination showed
      significant alterations only in the brain. There was intense neuron reduction in
      the pontine, arcuate, inferior olivary and dentate nuclei, reduction of Purkinje
      cells and of the granular layer of the cerebellum and the disappearance of the
      pontocerebellar fibers, together with dense fibrillary astrocytosis, which seems
      to have first appeared in the pontine nuclei. This case is compared with others
      in the literature and attention is drawn to the more intense, and probably
      initial, involvement of the pontine nuclei. The time of appearance of
      pontoneocerebellar hypoplasia is commented upon, based on data concerning the
      ontogenesis of the structure and on the presence or absence of gliosis in the
      pontine nuclei and persistence of the fetal pattern in the inferior olivary and
      dentate nuclei. It is suggested that the process may start in the 2nd or 3rd
      month of fetal life, or even later, as probably occurred in the present case,
      during the second or third trimester of intrauterine life.

PMID- 2407402
TI  - Sudden death from choroid plexus vascular malformation hemorrhage: case report
      and review of the literature.
AB  - A case of primary intraventricular hemorrhage in a previously healthy 13-year-old
      boy due to rupture of a choroid plexus vascular malformation is described. Review
      of the literature reveals that individuals with choroid plexus malformations
      usually present under age 40 with serious neurological symptoms. Sudden death,
      however, is an unusual outcome. This case and literature review illustrate the
      importance of early clinical recognition and surgical intervention. Choroid
      plexus should be microscopically examined at autopsy in any individual in which
      the cause of intracerebral hemorrhage is not clear, since the gross recognition
      of choroid plexus vascular malformations may be quite difficult.

PMID- 2407403
TI  - Hemichorea and hemiballismus: recent concepts.
AB  - An unusual case of severe hemichorea in an elderly hypertensive woman,
      precipitating acute pulmonary edema, is presented. There were small cystic
      infarctions in the contralateral neostriatum and thalamus, and intact subthalamic
      nuclei. The clinicopathologic correlation of hemichorea and hemiballismus is
      reviewed, and its relationship with the results of recent neuroanatomic research
      is discussed.

PMID- 2407405
TI  - False-positive radionuclide venography caused by distended urinary bladder.
AB  - A 60-year-old man with a history of prostatic carcinoma presented with left lower
      extremity swelling. A massively distended urinary bladder produced a false
      positive radionuclide venogram.

PMID- 2407404
TI  - Nuclear scintigraphy in the evaluation of renal colic.
AB  - Forty patients with acute onset renal colic were studied using technetium-99m
      DTPA renal scintigraphy. Thirty-two were found to have varying degrees of
      obstruction. In the obstructed group the level was determined by the scan alone
      in 24 of 32 cases (75%). When the analysis included an abdominal radiograph, the
      level of obstruction was ascertained in 29 of 32 cases (91%). A delayed
      nephrogram, as evidenced by an "empty renal pelvis sign" at 5 minutes, was
      observed in all but one of the cases of obstruction (97%). Delayed clearance of
      activity from the pyelocalyceal system or ureter was also seen in 97%. In all
      cases of obstruction either one or both of these signs were observed. However,
      delayed clearance was found to be a nonspecific finding and was noted in 25% of
      nonobstructed cases. The finding of the "empty renal pelvis sign" at 5 minutes
      was found to be specific and was not seen in the nonobstructed group. The authors
      conclude that radionuclide renal scanning is an effective method for evaluating
      selected patients with suspected renal colic.

PMID- 2407406
TI  - Unusual cause of 'obstructed' appearance on diuretic Tc-99m DTPA renal scan.

PMID- 2407407
TI  - Indium-111 white blood cell scans: sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and normal
      patterns of distribution.
AB  - The UCLA Hospital experience with indium-111 labeled white blood cells was
      reviewed. There were a total of 345 consecutive cases covering a broad range of
      clinical indications. The overall sensitivity of the method was 79%, specificity
      was 62%, and accuracy was 73%. The sensitivity for suspected osteomyelitis cases
      was 84%, with a specificity of 65% and an accuracy of 75%. For other cases
      sensitivity was 77%, specificity was 60%, and accuracy was 72%. Furthermore,
      patterns of normal distribution were reviewed.

PMID- 2407408
TI  - Computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging. Of the pediatric central
      nervous system. Techniques, indications, and examples.
AB  - The techniques for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are
      described. Indications are given for the two procedures as well as the rationale
      for selection of one or the other in evaluation of the pediatric central nervous
      system. The benefits derived from each one are illustrated by a series of
      representative reproductions.

PMID- 2407409
TI  - Early diaphragmatic paralysis. In infants with genetic disorders.
AB  - Three infants with recently diagnosed genetic diseases presented with respiratory
      failure and required assisted ventilation. One infant had spinal muscular atrophy
      (Werdnig-Hoffmann disease), and two had acid maltase deficiency. The cause of the
      respiratory failure in all was diaphragmatic paralysis, and they became
      ventilator dependent. Early diaphragmatic paralysis must be considered as a
      manifestation of genetic neuromuscular disorders.

PMID- 2407410
TI  - Thrombocytopenia absent radius syndrome associated with renal insufficiency.
AB  - Thrombocytopenia absent radius (TAR) syndrome, associated with small, echogenic
      kidneys and subsequent end-stage renal disease, was seen in a full-term newborn.
      In this infant, renal insufficiency may have increased the known risk of bleeding
      that is associated with TAR syndrome. Renal abnormalities and dysfunction are
      unusual in TAR syndrome. When they are present, however, treatment with frequent
      transfusions and early dialysis may be necessary to prevent serious and life
      threatening hemorrhagic episodes.

PMID- 2407411
TI  - Varicella-associated arthritis occurring before the exanthem. Case report and
      literature review.
AB  - Varicella-associated arthritis represents an uncommon complication of varicella
      in children. In 20 previously reported cases, three were documented to be
      bacterial in origin. Viral isolation from synovial fluid was attempted in seven
      others, and varicella was isolated in just two. In all previous case reports, the
      arthritis occurred after or coincident with the onset of varicella. The current
      case is one in which joint involvement preceded the clinical onset of varicella.
      Clinicians should be alert to the possibility that varicella may manifest as an
      acute arthritis, even in the absence of the typical exanthem.

PMID- 2407412
TI  - Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration of ovarian cysts: diagnosis and
      treatment in pregnant and non-pregnant women.
AB  - Ovarian cysts are conventionally managed by laparoscopy or laparotomy. Twenty-two
      patients underwent fine needle aspiration of ovarian cysts under ultrasound
      control. Four patients were pregnant, and in two of these, aspiration of the cyst
      was performed transvaginally. The aspirate was examined cytologically and
      correlated with histology where available. The technique and results are
      discussed. No complications occurred. It is concluded that fine needle aspiration
      under ultrasound guidance is simple, safe and useful in the management of
      ultrasonically benign unilocular ovarian cysts in pre-menopausal women. It is of
      particular use in pregnancy, and in patients unsuitable for laparoscopy or
      surgery. Surgery can be reserved for cysts which recur after aspiration, cysts
      with a haemorrhagic aspirate, cysts in post-menopausal women and those with
      ultrasonic criteria of malignancy.

PMID- 2407413
TI  - The role of ultrasound in the detection of non-radiopaque foreign bodies.
AB  - Fifty consecutive ultrasound examinations performed for suspected non-radiopaque
      foreign bodies in extremities were reviewed to establish the value of this
      procedure. Ultrasound detected 21 of 22 foreign bodies found at operation. There
      were three false positive examinations. The sensitivity was 95.4%, the
      specificity 89.2%, the positive predictive value 87.5% and the negative
      predictive value was 96.2%. This study demonstrates that ultrasound is a reliable
      method for detecting non-radiopaque foreign bodies and makes a significant
      contribution to patient management.

PMID- 2407414
TI  - Ultrasound in the diagnosis of granulomatous liver disease.
AB  - Ultrasound is a widely used method of assessing the liver for space occupying
      lesions and, more recently, parenchymal liver disease. We have reviewed the
      ultrasound scans and reports of 11 patients with biopsy proven granulomatous
      liver disease. Multiple echogenic lesions 3-5 mm in diameter, each surrounded by
      an hypoechoic halo, were seen in the liver of all the patients and in the spleens
      of three patients. A specific diagnosis of granulomatous hepatitis was suggested
      at the time of scanning in seven patients. An abnormal liver was noted in the
      other four patients but no specific diagnosis was suggested. We believe that
      granulomata in the liver can be detected using ultrasound and, if the above
      appearances are seen during an ultrasound scan, a diagnosis of granulomatous
      hepatitis should be considered.

PMID- 2407415
TI  - Venous thrombosis and thromboembolism.

PMID- 2407416
TI  - Imaging the testis and scrotal structures.

PMID- 2407417
TI  - Children with urinary tract infection; a critical diagnostic pathway.
AB  - A protocol for the radiological investigation of children with urinary tract
      infection was introduced in a district general hospital in 1985. Every boy, and
      every girl under 5 years was investigated after one documented infection, and
      every girl over 5 years after two infections. Each child had an abdominal
      radiograph and a sonar scan of the urinary tract. Four years later the results
      were assessed by reviewing the radiology file or contacting the general
      practitioner of each of the first 200 children examined. Ten of 15 children
      diagnosed as not normal on screening and investigated further had an abnormality
      confirmed. Four of 25 children thought normal on screening had minor
      abnormalities shown on further examination. The results are assessed in the light
      of a review of recent literature and indicate that this screening protocol is
      efficient and effective.

PMID- 2407418
TI  - Ultrasound of the palpable abdominal mass.
AB  - A retrospective study was made of adult patients with a palpable abdominal mass
      referred by Hospital Practitioners to the ultrasound department over an 11 month
      period. One hundred and four patients were included in the study. Sixty-nine
      patients had an abnormality responsible for the clinically palpable mass and 35
      patients did not . There was one false positive ultrasound diagnosis and one
      false negative. The correct organ of origin was suggested in 60 patients and the
      correct pathological diagnosis in 53 patients. The high positive predictive value
      (99%) and negative predictive value (97%) for the presence or absence of a lesion
      in these patients compare very well with the investigation of such patients by
      computed tomography and we suggest that ultrasound should be the initial
      investigation.

PMID- 2407419
TI  - Medicare audits and sanctions. Post-payment review proceedings.

PMID- 2407420
TI  - Treatment of peritonitis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis.
AB  - The epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and pharmacotherapy of
      peritonitis in patients with end-stage renal disease treated with continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are reviewed. CAPD-associated peritonitis
      is a localized infection of the peritoneal cavity. Approximately 70% of the cases
      are caused by a single gram-positive microorganism indigenous to the patient's
      skin or upper respiratory tract that infects the peritoneal cavity. Gram-negative
      microorganisms cause 25% of the cases; fungi, anaerobes, and mycobacteria cause
      approximately 5%. Clinical manifestations include a cloudy, turbid peritoneal
      dialysate effluent and abdominal pain or tenderness. Diagnosis is confirmed by
      the detection and isolation of microorganisms in the peritoneal dialysate
      effluent. Of patients with CAPD-associated peritonitis, 70-80% can be
      successfully treated on an outpatient basis with intraperitoneal (i.p.)
      instillation of antimicrobials. Vancomycin, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides
      are the agents most commonly used to treat CAPD-associated peritonitis. Most
      recently, alternative dosing regimens using intermittent i.p. administration of
      vancomycin have been used. In certain types of CAPD-associated peritonitis (those
      caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or fungi), removal of the peritoneal catheter
      may be required to achieve a cure. Approximately two thirds of the patients
      transferring to another form of dialysis from CAPD do so because of peritonitis.
      Currently available data indicate that the most effective therapy for CAPD
      associated peritonitis is i.p. administration of antimicrobial agents with
      activity against the suspected microorganism.

PMID- 2407421
TI  - Antiplatelet agents in coronary artery disease.
AB  - Coronary artery disease pathophysiology and platelet physiology are summarized,
      and the use of antiplatelet drugs in coronary artery disease is reviewed.
      Aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, and most other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents
      alter platelet function by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase, an enzyme
      necessary for the production of prostaglandins. Drugs that inhibit thromboxane
      synthetase or antagonize thromboxane A2 at the receptor level are under
      investigation. Prostacyclin and dipyridamole inhibit platelet function by
      elevating the concentration of cyclic AMP in platelets, but proof of their
      efficacy is limited. Most clinical trials of antiplatelet drugs in coronary
      artery disease have been small and of short duration; many have demonstrated
      short-term benefits, but long-term benefits are less obvious. Retrospective
      studies of patients before initial myocardial infarction suggest that regular
      aspirin ingestion may reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular complications. In
      prospective trials, the benefit of aspirin therapy for primary prevention of
      coronary artery disease was balanced by an increased likelihood of stroke. For
      secondary--after initial infarction--prevention of cardiovascular complications,
      the administration of aspirin and other antiplatelet agents has consistently
      decreased the rate of nonfatal myocardial infarction, overall mortality, or both.
      In the Second International Study of Infarct Survival, patients treated with
      streptokinase plus aspirin showed the greatest reduction in mortality, while each
      drug alone was associated with significantly lower mortality than placebo.
      Aspirin may improve clinical outcome in patients with or without previous
      myocardial infarction or with unstable angina pectoris. The daily dose should not
      exceed 325 mg. Antiplatelet therapy should not be used in patients at high risk
      for bleeding.

PMID- 2407422
TI  - Cigarettes and drug therapy: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations.
AB  - Cigarette smoking-induced alterations in drug absorption, distribution,
      metabolism, excretion, and effectiveness are reviewed. Drug therapy can be
      affected pharmacokinetically by polyaromatic hydrocarbons and pharmacodynamically
      by nicotine. Pentazocine and phenylbutazone show increased metabolism in smokers
      and may have to be given in higher dosages. Smokers experience less pain relief
      with propoxyphene than do nonsmokers. Codeine, meperidine, and morphine are
      unaffected pharmacokinetically, and the effect on acetaminophen is probably not
      clinically important. Carbamazepine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital are not
      influenced. Heparin metabolism is elevated in smokers; this effect may
      necessitate modest increases in dosage. Warfarin clearance is increased, but this
      is not associated with a change in prothrombin time. Pindolol and propranolol are
      unaffected pharmacokinetically, but direct effects of nicotine may interfere with
      blood pressure control. Smoking transiently diminishes the diuretic effect of
      furosemide, inconsistently affects protein binding of lidocaine, and has no
      effect on prednisone, prednisolone, or dexamethasone. The metabolism of estrogens
      to less active metabolites is increased. Smoking is associated with decreased
      subcutaneous absorption of insulin and increased dosage requirements. Healing of
      GI ulcers with histamine H2-receptor antagonists may be compromised in smokers;
      sucralfate is probably more useful. Imipramine, benzodiazepines, chlorpromazine,
      and glutethimide may be influenced, and theophylline metabolism is accelerated.
      Cigarette smoking can affect the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties
      of many drugs.

PMID- 2407423
TI  - Antistreplase introduced for therapy of acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2407425
TI  - Retrieval performance in online search in thermal physiology.
AB  - Documents on four topics in thermal physiology were searched for in both BIOSIS
      and MEDLINE using both natural language and standard index words. The search by
      natural language retrieved more relevant documents than the search by standard
      index words in both databases. Overall, more relevant documents were retrieved in
      MEDLINE than in BIOSIS. Even in MEDLINE, however, only about 40% of the total
      existing documents (as estimated by an expert in thermal physiology) were
      retrieved.

PMID- 2407424
TI  - A program to estimate insulin sensitivity and pancreatic responsivity from an
      IVGTT using the minimal modeling technique.
AB  - A user-friendly program coded in PASCAL for the IBM PC has been developed to
      determine the etiology of impaired glucose tolerance using an intravenous glucose
      tolerance test (IVGTT). It makes use of the "minimal modeling technique," a
      method that has been shown to be adequate for the quantitative determination of
      insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance. Two models are used, the minimal
      model of glucose disappearance and the minimal model of insulin kinetics. The
      first model is described by two nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs)
      which are solved numerically, and which yield the insulin sensitivity index SI.
      The second model is described by an ODE for which an explicit solution was
      obtained, and which yields the pancreatic responsivity parameters phi 1 and phi
      2. The product SI.phi 2 can be used to segregate subjects into "good" and "low"
      tolerance types. The program provides best-fit plots along with numerical values
      of the parameters and their uncertainties, and requires little intervention from
      the user. The fact that it requires a noninvasive IVGTT as input and that it has
      been written for the ubiquitous IBM PC are added advantages.

PMID- 2407426
TI  - Some changes in medical informatics.

PMID- 2407427
TI  - Treatment of destructive behaviors in persons with developmental disabilities.
      National Institutes of Health.

PMID- 2407428
TI  - Familial cancer syndromes and clusters.
AB  - Familial aggregation has been reported for virtually every form of cancer in
      humans. In general, close relatives of a cancer patient appear to have a twofold
      to threefold increase in risk for that tumor. Among cancer families, however, the
      level of excess risk is heterogeneous and ranges up to 1000-fold. Familial
      clusters of cancer are often due to inherited susceptibility, but environmental
      influences and chance association also must be considered. The effect of chance
      is large, due to the 50% lifetime risk of developing cancer that is present in
      the general U.S. population. Thus, a family history of cancer is the rule rather
      than the exception, and special studies are needed to distinguish predisposition
      from chance. An inherited susceptibility to cancer often becomes apparent through
      the occurrence of the same neoplasm among multiple blood relatives. These
      neoplasms tend to occur at earlier ages than usual, to appear bilaterally in
      paired organs, and to develop in multiple primary foci within the predisposed
      organ. Hereditary cancers can also develop as multiple primary tumors in organs
      that share the same embryological origins, as in the multiple endocrine neoplasia
      (MEN) syndromes. In addition, neoplasia occurs as a feature of diverse inherited
      diseases, such as neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2, which predispose to tumors of
      the peripheral nerves and brain. Recent advances in molecular biology have
      greatly enhanced the importance of studying cancer families. Newly developed
      molecular probes have been applied to map the loci of several human cancer genes.
      The studies have also revealed a new class of human oncogenes, the tumor
      suppressor genes. These genes normally function by suppressing the tumor
      phenotype. When inactivated or deleted in germinal cells, they can be transmitted
      to subsequent generations and predispose to cancer among carriers in the family.
      At the molecular level, these carriers have inherited a structural abnormality in
      one allele of a recessive oncogene, and loss of the second allele at the locus
      results in tumor development. The first tumor suppressor that has been isolated
      is the retinoblastoma gene on chromosome 13q14. Studies indicate that this gene
      is involved in the development of many more human cancers than had been
      appreciated previously on the basis of clinical observations. Presently, the
      identification of cancer families can be applied to genetic counseling, the in
      utero diagnosis of carriers, and early disease detection. In familial cancers
      that are triggered by environmental carcinogens, patient education regarding the
      avoidance of harmful exposures can help prevent or delay the onset of neoplasia.

PMID- 2407429
TI  - Surgery for vascular access.

PMID- 2407430
TI  - Antigen reactivity and autoreactivity: two sides of the cellular immune response
      induced by mycobacteria.

PMID- 2407431
TI  - Development of BCG as a recombinant vaccine vehicle.

PMID- 2407432
TI  - Cell-mediated immune response to schistosomiasis.

PMID- 2407433
TI  - T-cell antigens and epitopes in schistosomiasis.

PMID- 2407434
TI  - T-cell antigens and epitopes in malaria vaccine design.

PMID- 2407435
TI  - Progress in the pathology of gastritis and duodenitis.

PMID- 2407436
TI  - Gastrointestinal biopsy diagnosis in the tropics.

PMID- 2407437
TI  - The gut-associated lymphoid tissue and its tumours.

PMID- 2407438
TI  - The place of quantitation in diagnostic gastrointestinal pathology.

PMID- 2407439
TI  - Collagenous colitis.

PMID- 2407440
TI  - Ischaemic colitis.

PMID- 2407441
TI  - Intestinal spirochaetosis.

PMID- 2407442
TI  - Biopsy diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease and related disorders.

PMID- 2407443
TI  - Malignant polyps--pathological factors governing clinical management.

PMID- 2407444
TI  - Prognostic factors in colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2407445
TI  - Barrett's oesophagus.

PMID- 2407446
TI  - Gastric dysplasia.
AB  - The morphological diagnosis of gastric dysplasia is based on the presence of
      changes in the architecture, cytology and differentiation of the epithelium and
      mucosal glands. Two morphological types exist: gastric (foveolar) and
      metaplastic. Definite morphological criteria for gastric dysplasias can be
      presented. The present morphological grading of dysplasia into mild, moderate or
      severe is, however, arbitrary and subjective. The available investigations show
      that dysplasia and overt carcinoma have several biological and epidemiological
      links that indicate that a dysplasia-cancer sequence operates in the pathogenesis
      of at least a proportion of gastric carcinomas. The data available in the
      literature strongly indicate that severe dysplasia is highly predictive for
      coexisting or shortly appearing carcinoma. The literature on the clinical
      significance of dysplasia of mild or moderate grade, however, is as yet scanty
      and inconsistent.

PMID- 2407447
TI  - Duodenal and peri-ampullary adenomas.

PMID- 2407448
TI  - Intra-epithelial neoplasia in the anal canal and peri-anal area.

PMID- 2407449
TI  - Old diagnostic friends revisited. An evaluation of cardiac enzymes.

PMID- 2407450
TI  - Post-test probability of asthma following methacholine challenge.
AB  - Using recently published data, a nomogram was constructed to estimate the
      likelihood of asthma following methacholine challenge. Based on Bayes' theorem,
      the nomogram makes use of the sensitivity and specificity of methacholine
      challenge to calculate the post-test probability of asthma once the physician
      makes a determination of the pretest probability, that is, the likelihood of
      asthma before the test results are considered. A family of curves is presented to
      cover several levels of cumulative breath units at which the test could become
      positive, and a single curve is presented for a negative test after 224
      cumulative breath units. Separate curves are presented for smokers and
      nonsmokers. The estimate of pretest probability is most crucial in negative tests
      where likelihood of asthma is considered high, and in positive tests in patients
      in whom asthma is considered unlikely. Although these curves will not apply
      precisely to a different data base, the concept of the relationship between
      pretest and post-test probability helps in the interpretation of the test results
      and stresses the importance of using all available information in making a
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2407451
TI  - Psychobiological aspects of asthma and the consequent research implications.
AB  - Recent research suggests that anxiety disorders are more common in asthmatic
      patients than in the population as a whole. There are a variety of biologic,
      psychologic, and social factors that suggest that the disorder of asthma may in
      itself be anxiogenic and that simply having asthma may give patients an increased
      vulnerability toward the development of anxiety disorders. These issues are
      reviewed and emphasis is placed on the need for further research into the
      apparent biologic areas of overlap between psychiatric disorders and asthma. It
      is hypothesized that a "lactate challenge test" may be used in asthmatics to see
      if they are predisposed to panic and suggested that a therapeutic trial of
      tricyclic antidepressants in anxious asthmatics is indicated. Research into the
      psychobiologic aspects of asthma is likely to clarify the role of "emotional"
      factors in asthma and may well have significant implications for the management
      of this disorder.

PMID- 2407452
TI  - Localized leukemic pulmonary infiltrates. Diagnosis by bronchoscopy and
      resolution with therapy.
AB  - Although commonly found at autopsy, leukemic infiltration of the lung is rarely
      recognized as a cause of respiratory symptoms or roentgenographic densities.
      Previously reported cases of patients who had symptomatic or roentgenographic
      acute leukemic lung diseases invariably presented with diffuse pulmonary
      infiltrates. We describe three patients with leukemic involvement of the lung who
      presented with cough, fever, and localized roentgenographic infiltrates
      suggestive of bacterial pneumonia. In each case, the diagnosis was made by
      transbronchial biopsy specimen and confirmed by complete response to
      chemotherapy. In common with the other reported cases, all of our patients had
      peripheral blast counts above 40 percent (greater than 6,000 blasts per ml3) at
      the time the pulmonary diagnosis was made. Leukemic invasion of the lung should
      be considered in patients with acute leukemia who develop lung infiltrates-
      whether diffuse or focal--in association with a high peripheral blast count.

PMID- 2407453
TI  - Tracheostomy ventilation. A study of efficacy with deflated cuffs and cuffless
      tubes.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of long-term
      tracheostomy intermittent positive pressure ventilation (TIPPV) with deflated
      cuffs or cuffless tracheostomy tubes for patients with neuromuscular ventilatory
      failure. One hundred four unweanable ventilator-dependent patients with
      neuromuscular ventilatory insufficiency were referred for pulmonary
      rehabilitation. Ninety-one of the 104 patients converted from TIPPV with an
      inflated cuff to either a deflated cuff (28 patients) or no cuff (63 patients).
      Arterial blood gas (ABG) and routine daytime monitoring of end-tidal PCo2 were
      performed on all patients during this transition. In addition, periodic daytime
      and continuous overnight oximetry were performed on 21 of these patients
      receiving TIPPV with deflated cuffs or cuffless tubes. Thirteen of the 21
      patients also had continuous overnight end-tidal PCo2 monitoring. Despite a mean
      vital capacity of 17 +/- 12.3 percent and the fact that 16 of the 21 patients
      could tolerate only 60 minutes or less of autonomous respiration (free time),
      ABG, daytime SaO2 and end-tidal PCo2 were within normal limits for all 21
      patients and mean overnight SaO2 was 94 percent or greater for all except one
      patient who used a cuffless tracheostomy tube. Six patients experienced very
      transient desaturations below 90 percent but no one had a maximum end-tidal PCo2
      greater than 47 mm Hg. Patients with adequate pulmonary compliance and sufficient
      oropharyngeal muscle strength for functional swallowing and articulation are
      candidates for conversion to TIPPV with deflated cuffs or cuffless tracheostomy
      tubes despite little or no autonomous respiration.

PMID- 2407454
TI  - Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Physiologic significance, mechanism, and
      clinical relevance.

PMID- 2407455
TI  - Medical management and therapy of bronchopleural fistulas in the mechanically
      ventilated patient.
AB  - Bronchopleural fistulas are associated with high morbidity and mortality and are
      particularly challenging in the ventilated patient. Familiarity with both basic
      and more technical medical management techniques may lessen morbidity and improve
      survival. Prompt recognition of BPFs and appropriate placement of a chest tube
      with an adequate suction device are crucial to prevent potential tension
      pneumothorax and to drain an infected pleural space. The chest tube may be used
      therapeutically to decrease BPF air leak and to promote fistula repair.
      Appropriate conventional ventilator manipulations aimed at decreasing fistula air
      leak and maintaining adequate oxygenation and ventilation may fail and
      necessitate a trial of HFV. Definitive therapy by the bronchoscopic application
      of a sealing agent to occlude the fistula site can be used, particularly in the
      poor surgical candidate.

PMID- 2407456
TI  - Overnight decrease in hematocrit after nasal CPAP treatment in patients with OSA.
AB  - To clarify the paradox of a decrease in urine and sodium excretion occurring
      along with the elimination of peripheral edema when patients with obstructive
      sleep apnea (OSA) are treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure
      (CPAP), we investigated the immediate effects of this treatment on the hematocrit
      and red blood cell count in eight patients with OSA. The hematocrit decreased in
      all patients, from a mean of 45.6 +/- 1.2 percent to 43.0 +/- 1.4 percent, with a
      parallel decrease in the red blood cell count from 4.777 +/- 0.168 millions/cu mm
      to 4.577 +/- 0.174 millions/cu mm (p less than 0.0005, one-tailed, in both
      cases). These results suggest that nasal CPAP treatment causes a hemodilution in
      patients with OSA, and are compatible with the hypothesis of an atrial
      natriuretic peptide-induced fluid shift from the intravascular to the
      extravascular volume in untreated patients with OSA. The reversal of these
      changes with CPAP treatment could explain the simultaneous decrease in sodium and
      urine excretion and the reduction of peripheral edema.

PMID- 2407457
TI  - Cholecystopleural fistula with cholelithiasis presenting as a right pleural
      effusion.
AB  - At autopsy, multiple gallstones were recovered from the right pleural space of an
      elderly patient who presented with a massive right pleural effusion and septic
      shock. The mechanisms of gallstone migration and fistula formation between the
      gallbladder and right pleural space are described. Despite atypical
      presentations, gallbladder disease remains an important differential
      consideration of right pleural effusion in the elderly.

PMID- 2407458
TI  - Aggressive pacemaker twiddler's syndrome. Dislodgement of an active fixation
      ventricular pacing electrode.
AB  - Pacemaker twiddler's syndrome is the phenomenon whereby a pacemaker patient may
      actively dislodge a pacing electrode by manipulating, often unconsciously, the
      permanent implanted pacemaker. This unusual case is remarkable in several
      respects: surgical precautions, originally taken to secure the pulse generator
      against migration, proved ineffective; the displaced lead featured an active
      fixation "screw-in" electrode; and the reported dislodgement occurred not in the
      early postimplant stage, but fully three months later. It can be concluded that
      even with advanced lead technology and operative precaution, electrode
      dislodgement cannot be absolutely prevented. Awareness of this phenomenon,
      especially by pacemaker follow-up care personnel, could lessen its occurrence.

PMID- 2407459
TI  - Clinical intervention in chronic respiratory failure.

PMID- 2407460
TI  - The act of breathing and how it fails.

PMID- 2407461
TI  - Chest wall afferent output.

PMID- 2407462
TI  - Central rhythm generation and spinal integration.

PMID- 2407463
TI  - The central nervous system and respiratory muscle coordination.

PMID- 2407464
TI  - Load responses, dyspnea, and respiratory failure.

PMID- 2407466
TI  - Sleeping and breathing.
AB  - Breathing is controlled by an automatic brain-stem controller acted on by higher
      neural influences that stabilize breathing and compensate for neuromechanical
      abnormalities. Loss of this wakefulness-dependent descending influences during
      nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep results in the appearance of a hypocapnic
      apnea threshold, which is associated with periodic breathing when the gain of
      chemical feedback loops is high. In addition, loss of the descending wakefulness
      influence leads to loss of motor compensation that results in a rise in upper
      airway resistance, obstructive sleep apnea or hypoventilation in patients with
      kyphoskoliosis or thoracic neuromuscular disorders. REM sleep poses different
      problems for the respiratory control system owing to muscular atomia and
      suppression of chemical feedback. These changes are associated with respiratory
      deterioration in patients with compromised diaphragmatic function, eg, patients
      with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2407465
TI  - Lessons from high altitude.
AB  - We have reviewed evidence that hypoxic chemosensitivity is variable and that this
      variation may be both endowed, partly through genetic mechanisms, and acquired,
      and may reflect fundamental changes in carotid body function. This variation may
      influence the nature and effectiveness of adaptation to high altitude and to
      hypoxic disease states such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. High
      chemosensitivity seems to be the choice for coping with the casual exposure to
      hypoxia; but fundamental, highly effective adaptations, presumably at the level
      of peripheral tissue, seem to be the strategy of choice for professionally
      adapted species.

PMID- 2407467
TI  - Intermittent positive-pressure ventilation via a nasal mask in patients with
      restrictive ventilatory failure.

PMID- 2407468
TI  - Adaptations and limitations in the pulmonary system during exercise.
AB  - In most circumstances in health, efficient alveolar ventilation and alveolar-to
      arterial exchange of O2 and CO2 are among the strongest of links in the gas
      transport chain during maximal exercise. Indeed, in most instances, the metabolic
      cost of ventilation represents the only significant contribution of the pulmonary
      system to the limitation of O2 transport of locomotor muscles and thus to the
      limitation of maximum performance. Of the "weaknesses" inherent in the healthy
      pulmonary system response to exercise, the most serious one may well be its
      absence of structural adaptability to physical training or to the trained state.
      Thus, the lung's diffusion capacity and pulmonary capillary blood volume remain
      unaltered in the highly trained human or horse, while maximum pulmonary blood
      flow rises linearly with the enhanced max VO2. Similarly, ventilatory requirement
      rises markedly, with no alteration in the capability of the airways to produce
      higher flow rates or of the lung parenchyma to stretch to higher tidal volumes,
      and little or no change in the pressure-generating capability of inspiratory
      muscles. The case of the elderly athlete who remains capable of achieving high
      maximum pulmonary blood flows and ventilatory requirements and whose lung
      undergoes a normal aging process underscores the importance of deficits (from
      "normal") on the capacity end of this continuum of cost versus capacity in the
      pulmonary system. The asthmatic athlete may represent another such example of
      limited flow-generating capacity; and the healthy, young, highly fit athlete who
      shows marked reductions in SaO2 and in max VO2 at even moderately high altitudes
      demonstrates that, in many situations, precious little room can be added to the
      demand side or removed from the capacity side before signs of failure can be
      seen.

PMID- 2407469
TI  - Pharmacologic strategies for treating respiratory failure.

PMID- 2407470
TI  - In vitro susceptibility of Salmonella to ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin compared
      with three other antibiotics.
AB  - The in vitro susceptibilities of 703 clinical isolates of Salmonella to
      ciprofloxacin (CIP) and pefloxacin (PEF) were compared with those to trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), chloramphenicol (CO) and ampicillin (AP). All
      isolates were susceptible to CIP, while PEF inhibited 90.7% of the strains. In
      contrast, resistance rates of 40, 29.2 and 27% were detected for AP, TMP-SMZ and
      CO, respectively. PEF resistance was detected in S. panama (1), S. typhi (3) and
      S. typhimurium (17), the latter representing the most frequently serovar isolated
      in our country. None of the S. typhi isolates was resistant to CO. Combined
      resistance was most frequently found among S. typhimurium isolates, with the
      patterns PEF-TMP-SMZ-AP (10) and PEF-TMP-SMZ-CO-AP (5) predominating.

PMID- 2407471
TI  - Analytical cytogenetics. Dedicated to the memory of Sam Latt. A symposium of the
      13th International Meeting of the Society for Analytical Cytology. Breckenridge,
      Colorado, September 4-9, 1988. Proceedings.

PMID- 2407472
TI  - In memoriam: Samuel A. Latt (1938-1988).

PMID- 2407473
TI  - Antigen absorption in rabbit bacterial diarrhea (RDEC-1). In vitro modifications
      in ileum and Peyer's patches.
AB  - Intestinal absorption of antigenic (intact) and degraded beta-lactoglobulin and
      horseradish peroxidase was studied in rabbits experimentally infected at weaning
      with the rabbit-specific Escherichia coli strain RDEC-1 (015:NM). Transepithelial
      fluxes of both proteins were measured at four stages after infection: early,
      peak, late, and recovery, on segments of ileum and Peyer's patches mounted in
      Ussing chambers. During this period of observation, absorption of antigenic beta
      lactoglobulin and intact horseradish peroxidase decreased significantly in the
      ileum and Peyer's patches of age-matched controls. No significant age-related
      decrease was observed in the controls for the transport of these proteins in
      degraded form. RDEC-1 infection caused, first, a rise in degraded protein fluxes
      across Peyer's patches only, during the early phase of the disease. Second,
      during the peak phase of infection, absorption of antigenic beta-lactoglobulin by
      the ileum rose to 74.0 ng/hr/cm2 (90% confidence interval: 63.1, 86.8) vs 15.8
      (5.8, 42.8) in the controls (P = 0.07), and absorption of intact horseradish
      peroxidase rose to 21.8 (16.5, 26.7) ng/hr/cm2 vs 4.4 (0.7, 26.6) in control
      ileum, (P = 0.09). These rises, which were similar in Peyer's patches, delayed
      the physiologic decrease in protein absorption that occurs with age. These
      results indicate that increased antigen absorption is observed during bacterial
      diarrhea and that it might interfere with the immune responses of the host.

PMID- 2407474
TI  - Molecular biology for nonmolecular biologists.
AB  - Molecular biology offers various powerful tools for understanding the etiology of
      diabetes mellitus. These methods can be understood by nonmolecular biologists.
      Topics briefly introduced include 1) control of gene expression, 2) cloning of
      genes, 3) how gene promoters work, 4) transgenic mice, 5) mutagenesis in vitro,
      6) human molecular genetics, and 7) the new powerful polymerase chain-reaction
      technique, which greatly simplifies many of the other methods.

PMID- 2407475
TI  - Molecular biology of mammalian glucose transporters.
AB  - The oxidation of glucose represents a major source of metabolic energy for
      mammalian cells. However, because the plasma membrane is impermeable to polar
      molecules such as glucose, the cellular uptake of this important nutrient is
      accomplished by membrane-associated carrier proteins that bind and transfer it
      across the lipid bilayer. Two classes of glucose carriers have been described in
      mammalian cells: the Na(+)-glucose cotransporter and the facilitative glucose
      transporter. The Na(+)-glucose cotransporter transports glucose against its
      concentration gradient by coupling its uptake with the uptake of Na+ that is
      being transported down its concentration gradient. Facilitative glucose carriers
      accelerate the transport of glucose down its concentration gradient by
      facilitative diffusion, a form of passive transport. cDNAs have been isolated
      from human tissues encoding a Na(+)-glucose-cotransporter protein and five
      functional facilitative glucose-transporter isoforms. The Na(+)-glucose
      cotransporter is expressed by absorptive epithelial cells of the small intestine
      and is involved in the dietary uptake of glucose. The same or a related protein
      may be responsible for the reabsorption of glucose by the kidney. Facilitative
      glucose carriers are expressed by most if not all cells. The facilitative glucose
      transporter isoforms have distinct tissue distributions and biochemical
      properties and contribute to the precise disposal of glucose under varying
      physiological conditions. The GLUT1 (erythrocyte) and GLUT3 (brain) facilitative
      glucose-transporter isoforms may be responsible for basal or constitutive glucose
      uptake. The GLUT2 (liver) isoform mediates the bidirectional transport of glucose
      by the hepatocyte and is responsible, at least in part, for the movement of
      glucose out of absorptive epithelial cells into the circulation in the small
      intestine and kidney. This isoform may also comprise part of the glucose-sensing
      mechanism of the insulin-producing beta-cell. The subcellular localization of the
      GLUT4 (muscle/fat) isoform changes in response to insulin, and this isoform is
      responsible for most of the insulin-stimulated uptake of glucose that occurs in
      muscle and adipose tissue. The GLUT5 (small intestine) facilitative glucose
      transporter isoform is expressed at highest levels in the small intestine and may
      be involved in the transcellular transport of glucose by absorptive epithelial
      cells. The exon-intron organizations of the human GLUT1, GLUT2, and GLUT4 genes
      have been determined. In addition, the chromosomal locations of the genes
      encoding the Na(+)-dependent and facilitative glucose carriers have been
      determined. Restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms have also been identified
      at several of these loci.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2407476
TI  - Molecular physiology of glucose transporters.
AB  - Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding the human erythrocyte facilitated-diffusion
      glucose transporter (GT) has elucidated its structure and has permitted a careful
      study of its tissue distribution and of its involvement in processes such as
      insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by adipose cells or transformation-induced
      increase in glucose metabolism. An important outcome of these studies was the
      discovery that additional isoforms of this transporter were expressed in a tissue
      specific manner; these comprise a family of structurally and functionally related
      molecules. Their tissue distribution, differences in kinetic properties, and
      differential regulation by ambient glucose and insulin levels suggest that they
      play specific roles in the control of glucose homeostasis. Herein, we will
      discuss the structure of three members of the GT family: erythroid/brain GT,
      liver GT, and adipose cell/muscle GT. In the light of their tissue-specific
      expression, kinetic parameters, and susceptibility to insulin action, we discuss
      their possible specific functions.

PMID- 2407477
TI  - Regulation of glucose-transporter function.
AB  - Glucose transport in mammals is mediated by a multigene family whose expression
      can be highly tissue specific. All cells express at least one transporter isoform
      in a constitutive fashion, because a certain level of glucose uptake is an
      absolute necessity, regardless of influences by various regulatory factors. The
      level of the constitutive transporter, usually the erythroid glucose-transporter
      isoform, can be regulated by environmental factors, e.g., nutrition and
      transformation. Certain cells express unique transporter isoforms, the
      quantitatively most important of which is the muscle-adipocyte glucose
      transporter isoform that functions in response to insulin to clear most of the
      blood glucose after a meal. The available data suggest that the major insulin
      target tissues are uniquely able to produce this transporter isoform, sequester
      it in a unique organelle, and bring it to the cell surface in response to
      insulin. This insulin response is dramatically different from that seen in
      various fibroblastic cells, quantitatively and qualitatively, and suggests the
      expression in adipose tissue and muscle of a multigene program that defines the
      insulin-stimulated glucose transport of relevance to organismal glucose
      homeostasis.

PMID- 2407478
TI  - Glucose transport and glucose transporters in muscle and their metabolic
      regulation.
AB  - Skeletal muscle is the primary tissue responsible for insulin-dependent glucose
      uptake in vivo; therefore, glucose uptake by this tissue plays an important role
      in determining glycemia. Glucose uptake in muscle occurs by a system of
      facilitated diffusion involving at least two distinct glucose transporters, GLUT
      1 and GLUT-4. Both bind the fungal metabolite and inhibitor of glucose transport
      cytochalasin B. In human skeletal muscle, both types of transporters are detected
      immunologically, and corresponding mRNA transcripts of both transporter forms are
      detected. In human skeletal muscle cells in culture, in which contamination by
      other tissues is ruled out, a 50,000-Mr polypeptide is photolabeled with
      cytochalasin B. In rat skeletal muscle, acute treatment with insulin in vivo
      increases glucose-transport activity and the number of specific cytochalasin B
      binding sites at the plasma membrane. In mildly diabetic (streptozocin-induced)
      rats, the number of cytochalasin B-binding sites is decreased in total membranes,
      and preferentially in the plasma membrane. In response to acute insulin
      treatment, however, there is still recruitment of glucose transporters to the
      plasma membrane from an intracellular membrane store. Hence, migration of
      transporters does occur in this form of diabetes. In L6 muscle cells in culture,
      acute treatment (1 h) with insulin causes recruitment of glucose transporters to
      the plasma membrane, and prolonged exposure to insulin or to glucose-deprived
      medium causes increased expression of GLUT-1 mRNA and GLUT-1 protein. Prolonged
      exposure (24 h) to high glucose in the medium causes a decrease in the number of
      glucose transporters in the plasma membrane. Hence, in those cells the expression
      of the GLUT-1 glucose transporter is modulated by insulin.

PMID- 2407479
TI  - Regulating insulin-receptor-gene expression by differentiation and hormones.
AB  - Insulin regulates cell function by first binding to the insulin receptor (IR)
      localized on the cell surface. With the cloning of IR cDNA and the IR-gene
      promoter, the regulation of the IR gene during differentiation and by various
      hormones can be studied. Muscle is a major target tissue for insulin action.
      BC3H1 cells, a mouse muscle cell line in culture, are a model cell type for
      studying insulin action. Differentiation in these cells results in a 5- to 10
      fold increase in IR binding and a 5- to 10-fold increase in IR content. Studies
      of IR mRNA by Northern and slot-blot analyses reveal a 10-fold increase in IR
      mRNA after differentiation. These studies indicate that there is a selective
      increase in IR-gene expression during muscle differentiation. A similar increase
      in IR-gene expression is observed for the IR during pancreatic acinar cell
      differentiation. Glucocorticoids increase IR content in several target tissues.
      Studies in cultured IM-9 lymphocytes indicate that glucocorticoids induce a 5
      fold increase in IR mRNA levels. Studies of IR mRNA half-life indicate that
      glucocorticoids do not alter IR mRNA stability. When the transcription of the IR
      is measured by elongation assays, glucocorticoids directly stimulate IR
      transcription 5- to 10-fold. The effect is detectable within 30 min of
      glucocorticoid treatment and is maximal within 2 h. Therefore, these studies
      demonstrate that the IR gene is under the direct regulation of glucocorticoids.
      Insulin downregulates the IR in various target tissues. Prior studies indicate
      that this downregulation was partly because of accelerated IR degradation.
      Studying AR42J pancreatic acinar cells, we also found that insulin accelerates IR
      degradation. Moreover, in these cells, insulin decreases IR biosynthesis by
      approximately 50%. Studies of IR mRNA indicate there is a concomitant decrease in
      IR mRNA levels after insulin treatment. Thus, insulin decreases IR-gene
      expression. The genomic structure of the IR promoter has been elucidated. Primer
      extension and nuclease S1 analysis indicate that IR mRNA has multiple start
      sites. The promoter fragment was ligated to a promoterless "reporter" plasmid
      containing the bacterial gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). When this
      plasmid is transfected into cultured cells, CAT activity is detected, indicating
      promoter activity. Various portions of a genomic fragment were ligated to a
      promoter to study glucocorticoid regulation of the IR promoter. These studies
      indicate that IR-gene expression is regulated by differentiation and hormonal
      agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2407480
TI  - PEPCK gene as model of inhibitory effects of insulin on gene transcription.
AB  - Regulation of gene transcription is a major action of insulin. Most of the
      greater than 20 examples of this effect involve the stimulation of transcription,
      but a few involve an inhibition. The inhibition of transcription of the
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene has been studied in detail. Most
      of this effect is exerted at the level of transcription initiation. Hormone
      effects on transcription are thought to be mediated through cis-acting DNA
      sequences located in the 5'-flanking sequence adjacent to the transcription
      initiation site. The techniques of transient and stable transfection of fusion
      genes containing various segments of the PEPCK-gene promoter are being used to
      locate the insulin-responsive sequences.

PMID- 2407481
TI  - Chronic undernutrition may accentuate the beta cell dysfunction of type 2
      diabetes.
AB  - Seven undernourished and seven obese, insulin-requiring type 2 diabetic subjects,
      who were matched for age, sex, and duration of diabetes, were subjected to oral
      glucose tolerance tests. Although fasting glucose and free insulin levels were
      similar in both groups, glucose tolerance was markedly worse in the
      undernourished subjects, with a mean incremental glucose area (+/- SE) of 22.8 +/
      2.3 mmol/l.h vs. 12.4 +/- 1.3 in the obese diabetic subjects (P less than
      0.001). The incremental insulin response (area under the curve) to oral glucose
      in the undernourished group (39.3 +/- 7.9 mU/l.h) was 50% lower than the response
      in both the obese group (89.2 +/- 19.9, P less than 0.001) and a group of non
      diabetic, normal weight-for-height subjects (77.1 +/- 5.7, P less than 0.01).
      Peak insulin levels were similarly reduced to approximately half the levels seen
      in the obese and control groups (P less than 0.01). Undernutrition is known to
      impair both glucose tolerance and insulin secretory reserve by reducing the beta
      cell number, size, and granulation. It is concluded that chronic undernutrition
      accentuates beta cell dysfunction in undernourished diabetics, leading to
      increased glucose intolerance.

PMID- 2407482
TI  - Delayed disappearance of human compared to porcine insulin in a patient with the
      insulin autoimmune syndrome.
AB  - The insulin autoimmune syndrome is characterised by high titres of autoantibody
      to insulin, a high circulating concentration of total insulin and later, reactive
      hypoglycaemia. We have studied a patient with this syndrome whose insulin
      autoantibody bound exclusively human insulin. This permitted us to investigate
      the disappearance of bound (human) and unbound (porcine) insulin in the same
      patient, using i.v. injections of 0.075 U/g of each insulin on separate days. The
      peak plasma free insulin concentration following porcine insulin was four times
      greater than that following the same dose of human insulin. The plasma
      disappearance half-time of porcine insulin following injection was 11 min
      compared with 32 min following human insulin injection, and the area beneath the
      disappearance curve of free insulin during the 120 min of sampling was greater
      for porcine insulin by a factor of 3.15. The nadir in plasma glucose occurred at
      45 min following porcine insulin and at 90 min following human insulin injection.
      The restoration of basal glucose concentration was correspondingly slower
      following human insulin, but the absolute fall in glucose achieved was no
      different. There was no evidence of insulin resistance. Insulin autoantibodies
      can seriously disturb the kinetics and effect of free insulin.

PMID- 2407483
TI  - Differential effects of dopamine on glucoregulatory hormones in rats.
AB  - The effect of dopamine at different doses on serum concentrations of insulin,
      glucose and corticosterone and on plasma glucagon concentration was investigated
      in rats. Dopamine was given intravenously over 6 h with infusion rates of 2.5,
      7.5, 15, and 60 micrograms/kg.min and in combination with phentolamine. Serum
      insulin concentration was unchanged at low doses of dopamine. It was
      significantly increased from 6.0 +/- 0.7 ng/ml to 13.7 +/- 2.3 ng/ml (P less than
      0.01) when 7.5 micrograms/kg.min of dopamine were used, whereas it was
      significantly depressed to 3.96 +/- 0.89 and to 4.0 +/- 0.34 ng/ml (P less than
      0.01), respectively, at the high doses of dopamine. This latter effect could be
      reversed to 6.7 +/- 1.19 ng/ml and inverted to 9.2 +/- 1.7 ng/ml (P less than
      0.01) by simultaneously applied phentolamine at appropriate dosages. Serum
      glucose levels were markedly elevated from 154 +/- 7 to 234 +/- 42 mg/dl (P less
      than 0.01) by the higher doses of dopamine. A significant alteration of glucagon
      plasma concentrations from 18.9 +/- 2.8 to 42.3 +/- 14 pg/ml (P less than 0.01)
      was elicited only by 7.5 micrograms/kg.min of dopamine. The data clearly
      demonstrate that exogenous dopamine acts differently on glucose homeostasis
      according to the dosage. The study provides strong evidence that dopamine
      decreases insulin levels via alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation. This effect
      may contribute to the deterioration of glucose homeostasis with high doses of
      dopamine.

PMID- 2407484
TI  - [Low-dose enalapril as additional medication in severe chronic heart failure].
AB  - A prospective, randomized efficacy study of low-dose enalapril was undertaken in
      38 outpatients (24 men, 14 women; mean age 58 [41-69] years) with chronic heart
      failure (NYHA functional class III-IV). All patients were pretreated with
      digitalis and diuretics, some also with conventional vasodilators. 19 patients
      (group E) received in addition to their previous medication, 5 mg enalapril
      daily, while the other 19 (group K) continued with their previous therapy. Three
      months later, 15 patients in group E improved by at least one NYHA functional
      class and none died (P less than 0.02). Four patients in group K died and only
      one patient improved by one class. After three months, left ventricular ejection
      fraction was significantly higher (P less than 0.0001) in group E (39 +/- 19%)
      compared to group K (30 +/- 14%). In group E, plasma aldosterone concentration
      decreased significantly (P less than 0.0001) by 33.4 +/- 6.5 ng/dl, while in
      group K no significant change occurred (delta 1.1 +/- 1.2 ng/dl). Thus, low-dose
      enalapril in addition to conventional therapy may improve the clinical status of
      patients in severe chronic heart failure. This improvement is associated with an
      increase in left ventricular ejection fraction and reduction in secondary
      hyperaldosteronism.

PMID- 2407486
TI  - [The diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma].

PMID- 2407485
TI  - [Burkitt's lymphoma in HIV infection].
AB  - One year after the diagnosis of HIV infection, a 34-year-old man developed marked
      but painless swelling of the left parotid of uncertain cause. The swelling
      completely regressed under 60Co gamma radiation. Subsequently subfebrile
      temperatures were noted, together with nausea and back pain. Hepatomegaly with
      signs of biliary stasis occurred, LDH levels rose to 808 U/l, and pleural
      effusion and pericarditis with pericardial effusion occurred. Histological
      examination of inguinal lymph nodes revealed HIV-associated Burkitt's lymphoma in
      stage IVb. A full but short remission set in during a six-drug COP-BLAM treatment
      regimen. The patient died six months after the diagnosis had been made of rapidly
      spreading recurrence.

PMID- 2407487
TI  - [The acute side effects of nonsteroidal antiphlogistics on the kidneys].

PMID- 2407488
TI  - [Vascular diagnosis using color-coded duplex sonography].

PMID- 2407489
TI  - Ageing and its effects on the cardiovascular system.
AB  - The study of the effect of ageing per se on cardiovascular structure and function
      is hindered by the occurrence of disease processes and lifestyle changes which
      are inextricably linked to the ageing process. Both autopsy data and non-invasive
      techniques such as echocardiography have revealed a progressive hypertrophic
      increase in left ventricular wall thickness from the third decade of life
      onwards, although ageing does not lead to wall thicknesses exceeding the upper
      limit of normal. However, ventricular cavity dimensions are relatively unaffected
      by age. Left ventricular hypertrophy is an adaptive response to the increase in
      cardiac afterload caused by age-related arterial dilatation and loss of vascular
      compliance. In the large arteries, clinically significant intimal thickening and
      loss of distensibility occur by the age of 60 years, resulting in increased pulse
      pressure through elevation of systolic pressure. By comparison, the contribution
      of increased peripheral resistance to the development of hypertension in the
      elderly is relatively small. With increasing age, prolongation of isovolumic
      cardiac relaxation and loss of ventricular compliance combine to reduce the
      efficacy of early ventricular diastolic filling, but an increased atrial
      contribution to late ventricular filling offsets this, and no loss of left
      ventricular end-diastolic volume results. Resting cardiac output declines with
      ageing in healthy subjects. With increasing age, alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated
      effects on the vasculature appear to predominate, resulting in net
      vasoconstriction. An age-related decline in cardiovascular performance under
      stress can be demonstrated by the measurement of maximal oxygen consumption
      during exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407491
TI  - Vascular effects of ACE inhibition by perindopril.
AB  - Hypertension and ageing are associated with decreased arterial compliance,
      increased thickening of the arterial wall, hypertrophy of arterial smooth muscle
      cells and an increase in the collagen content of the arterial wall. Increased
      blood pressure has been implicated as a causative factor in such adaptive
      vascular alterations, however, other factors, including angiotensin II and
      epidermal growth factor also induce one or more of these adaptations. Long term
      use of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor perindopril 1 mg/kg has
      been shown to reduce blood pressure in spontaneous and renovascular hypertensive
      rats. Associated with this antihypertensive effect, perindopril completely
      reversed aortic medial thickening, increased arterial compliance (by 42%) and
      decreased aortic smooth muscle cell nucleus density (by 13%), but had no
      significant effect on the elastin: collagen ratio of the arterial wall. In
      contrast, in spontaneously hypertensive animals, perindopril partially reversed
      aortic medial thickening and had no significant effect on arterial compliance,
      despite significantly increasing the arterial wall elastin: collagen ratio in
      this experimental group. The effect of ACE inhibition appears to directly reflect
      the role of angiotensin II in the pathogenesis of different hypertensive states.

PMID- 2407490
TI  - Biochemistry and pharmacology of the renin-angiotensin system.
AB  - Knowledge of the structure, function and distribution of the components of the
      renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) and the integrated physiological role
      of this hormonal system is rapidly increasing, although many questions remain
      unanswered. The primary structure and localisation of RAS such as renin,
      prorenin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and the
      angiotensins have now been described. Moreover, the genes for the production of
      renin and ACE have been cloned and their nucleotide sequences determined. In
      addition to its well-established role as a circulating endocrine system, the
      renin-angiotensin system has more recently been ascribed a local autocrine or
      paracrine function. Physiologically active levels of components such as renin and
      angiotensin, or their messenger RNAs, have been identified in several extrarenal
      tissues, notably the central nervous system. The components of such tissue renin
      angiotensin systems may be derived from de novo tissue synthesis and/or from the
      circulation by endocytosis. Angiotensin has pharmacological actions on a wide
      range of body tissues, including the kidney, heart, brain, gastrointestinal tract
      and reproductive organs. In many of these locations, angiotensin receptors have
      been isolated and characterised. The most firmly established roles of angiotensin
      are the control of blood pressure and local blood flow, and in salt and water
      homeostasis; the physiological significance of many of angiotensin's tissue
      effects is unknown. In some areas of clinical interest, such as the
      pathophysiology of left ventricular hypertrophy, ACE inhibitors are very useful
      for elucidating the possible influences of the renin-angiotensin system.

PMID- 2407492
TI  - Vascular haemodynamic effects of perindopril in essential hypertension.
AB  - Perindopril is an orally active non-thiol angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitor that is hydrolysed by esterases to a biologically active diacid
      metabolite. Perindopril decreases plasma concentrations of angiotensin II,
      increases plasma renin activity and reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure
      in patients with essential hypertension. Most data support the hypothesis that
      the beneficial haemodynamic effects of perindopril are caused by ACE inhibition
      and the consequent reduction in angiotensin II, which either directly or
      indirectly results in dilatation of peripheral vessels and reduced vascular
      resistance. The marked blood pressure reduction after perindopril administration
      in hypertensive patients has not been accompanied by significant changes in heart
      rate. Furthermore, the lack of reflex tachycardia does not appear to be related
      to a reduction in baroreceptor sensitivity.

PMID- 2407494
TI  - Perindopril safety and tolerance in at-risk patients.
AB  - The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are effective in the treatment
      of hypertension and congestive heart failure. They improve the quality of life
      when compared with other conventional antihypertensive drugs. Perindopril, a new
      ACE inhibitor, is well tolerated and associated with fewer side effects than
      other types of antihypertensive agents. Moreover, it does not induce adverse
      metabolic changes such as hyperglycaemia and/or alterations in the blood lipid
      profile that could negate the benefits of lowering blood pressure. In
      hypertensive diabetic patients, perindopril decreases microalbuminuria without
      affecting the quality of glycaemic control and thereby may delay the progression
      of nephropathy. Therefore, perindopril appears to be an alternative first-line
      antihypertensive agent which may be useful in hypertensive diabetics.

PMID- 2407493
TI  - Perindopril. A review of its pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacology.
AB  - Perindopril is an orally active, non-thiol angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitor, which in doses of 4 to 8mg is effective in the control of essential
      hypertension. As monotherapy it is as effective as once-daily atenolol and
      possibly more effective than twice-daily captopril. A synergistic response has
      been noted when perindopril is combined with a thiazide diuretic. Maximal
      pharmacodynamic effects (ACE inhibition, increase in plasma renin activity and
      angiotensin I, reduction in aldosterone and angiotensin II and blood pressure)
      are seen 4 to 6 hours after dosing, with substantial effects still present at 24
      hours. Perindopril is a prodrug which requires de-esterification to perindoprilat
      for useful ACE inhibition. Maximal plasma perindoprilat concentrations are
      reached 2 to 6 hours after oral administration of perindopril, and 70% of the
      active metabolite is cleared by the kidneys. The other major metabolite of
      perindopril is an inactive glucuronide. Ageing is associated with increased serum
      perindoprilat concentrations, which are probably caused by a combination of
      enhanced conversion to the active metabolite and diminished renal clearance.
      Compensated cirrhosis does not appear to have an independent effect. There is
      little published experience of the use of perindopril in patients with cardiac
      failure or other cardiac disease, but preliminary evidence would support the
      general value of this class of agent as adjunctive therapy.

PMID- 2407495
TI  - First-line treatment in hypertension. Role of perindopril.
AB  - Once-daily administration of perindopril 4mg has been compared with captopril
      25mg twice daily, atenolol 50mg once daily or a combination of
      hydrochlorothiazide 50mg plus amiloride 5mg once daily in double-blind studies of
      patients with supine diastolic blood pressures between 95 and 125mm Hg. After 3
      months' treatment, the average decrease in supine systolic blood pressure with
      perindopril (26.5mm Hg) was significantly greater than that obtained with
      captopril (18.9mm Hg) and atenolol (20.6mm Hg), and non-significantly different
      from that achieved with the diuretic combination (30.6mm Hg). Perindopril reduced
      diastolic blood pressure by a greater extent than captopril (18.1 vs 11.7mm Hg),
      whereas the reductions were similar when compared with atenolol (17.4 vs 15.6mm
      Hg) and the diuretics (19.1 vs 18.4mm Hg). Target blood pressure (supine
      diastolic less than or equal to 90mm Hg) was achieved in 49 to 72% of patients on
      perindopril 4 mg/day and in an additional 15% of patients by doubling the dosage.
      In patients on perindopril who required an additional antihypertensive agent, a
      diuretic was more effective than a beta-blocker. Withdrawal rates due to adverse
      effects were similar in all treatment groups and ranged between 4 and 6%.
      Perindopril was well tolerated. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that
      perindopril may be considered as a suitable first-line treatment for mild to
      moderate hypertension.

PMID- 2407497
TI  - [Are there curative interventions for myocardial infarction?].

PMID- 2407498
TI  - [Surgical management of myocardial infarction complication and the role of
      coronary angioplasty].

PMID- 2407496
TI  - Changes to the vascular system resulting from hypertension and their effects on
      response to therapy.
AB  - This review is concerned with the structure and function of resistance arteries
      in hypertension. By use of a variety of techniques, results indicate that raised
      blood pressure, in patients with essential hypertension and in animal models of
      hypertension, is associated with abnormalities in the structure of small
      arteries, expressed as an increased media: lumen ratio and reduced lumen.
      Functional changes, expressed as an increased sensitivity of resistance arteries
      to various agonists, have been seen in the spontaneously hypertensive rat, but
      there is no evidence for such increased sensitivity of resistance arteries in
      patients with essential hypertension. The role of resistance artery structural
      abnormalities in the long term control of peripheral resistance is not clear. On
      the one hand, resistance artery structure appears to be determined by the factors
      which produce the hypertension, both directly through neurohumoral influences and
      indirectly through the resulting raised intravascular pressure. On the other
      hand, the limited experimental evidence available suggests that small artery
      structure does not have a dominating effect on blood pressure and thus on the
      control of peripheral resistance. Furthermore, once produced, it is difficult to
      obtain regression of an abnormal structure. These results suggest that small
      artery structure is determined primarily by the prevailing intravascular pressure
      and the mechanisms which produce it. It is still not clear if small artery
      structure in itself is a major controller of peripheral resistance, but it
      appears that the effects of altered small artery structure may be overridden by
      extravascular factors.

PMID- 2407499
TI  - [Pathophysiology of myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2407500
TI  - [What post-infarction test before discharge home?].

PMID- 2407501
TI  - [Resuscitation guidelines].

PMID- 2407502
TI  - [Organization of first aid and intermediate management].

PMID- 2407504
TI  - [What is the multi-stage management of myocardial infarction?].

PMID- 2407503
TI  - [Diagnosis and evaluation of myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2407505
TI  - [Necessity and organization of cardiac monitoring].

PMID- 2407506
TI  - [Management of arrhythmia in myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2407507
TI  - [Monitoring and treatment hemodynamics].

PMID- 2407508
TI  - [Anti-thrombotic management of myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2407510
TI  - [Sports anemia].

PMID- 2407509
TI  - [Non-Q-wave infarction].

PMID- 2407511
TI  - [Laser treatment of glaucoma].

PMID- 2407512
TI  - [Isolation of the cystic fibrosis gene].

PMID- 2407513
TI  - [Autonomic nervous system aging and its clinical signs].

PMID- 2407514
TI  - [Evaluation of social activity potential in dementia].

PMID- 2407515
TI  - [Finnish eradication of measles, mumps and rubella].

PMID- 2407516
TI  - [Diagnosis of hematuria].

PMID- 2407517
TI  - Polyclonal antibodies against follitropin (FSH) receptor interfere with hormone
      binding, but mimic the effects of FSH.
AB  - We have raised polyclonal antibodies in rabbits against the FSH receptor,
      purified from calf testis and isolated the IgG fraction from the immune serum
      (immune IgG) by protein A affinity chromatography. When the immune IgG was
      incubated with purified, radioiodinated FSH receptor, the resulting complex could
      be immunoprecipitated by goat anti-rabbit gamma globulin. The immunoprecipitate,
      after dissociation of receptor from antibody, separation by SDS-PAGE under
      reducing conditions, and autoradiography, showed the presence of a approximately
      60 kDa protein previously identified as a component of the FSH receptor. Binding
      of 125I-hFSH to membrane-bound receptors was inhibited in a concentration
      dependent manner by immune IgG (Ed50 = 90 micrograms/ml). Nonimmune serum or
      IgM/IgA fractions from immune serum had no effect. 125I-labeled immune IgG bound
      specifically to testis membranes and the binding could be inhibited in a
      concentration-dependent manner by ovine FSH. These results suggest that the FSH
      binding site and the antibody-binding site on the receptor are proximate or
      identical. Immune IgG mimicked the ability of FSH to stimulate basal adenylate
      cyclase activity and conversion of androstenedione to estradiol in cultured
      immature rat Sertoli cells. Stimulatory but submaximal effects of FSH were
      augmented by immune IgG. Rat Sertoli cells treated with IgG fractions from immune
      serum showed an intense fluorescent staining of plasma membrane receptor. No
      fluorescent staining of receptor was seen when preimmune IgG was used or in the
      presence of excess ovine FSH. These observations suggest that the polyclonal
      receptor antibody capable of recognizing FSH receptor behaved as an FSH binding
      competitor, but was also active as an agonist producing the biological effect of
      FSH in vitro. The effectiveness of antibodies against FSH receptor in stimulating
      estradiol synthesis suggests that the information needed for FSH signal
      transduction resides in the membrane receptor rather than in the hormone
      molecule. Such antibodies may offer a useful probe for further study of FSH
      receptor structure and mechanism of hormone action.

PMID- 2407518
TI  - Interleukin-1-beta modulation of prolactin secretion from rat anterior pituitary
      cells: involvement of adenylate cyclase activity and calcium mobilization.
AB  - Recent findings indicate that interleukin-1 beta (IL1 beta), a monokine secreted
      by stimulated macrophages and monocytes, modulates neuroendocrine functions in a
      manner similar to classical hormones. In this study we show that IL1 modulates
      PRL secretion, assessed by reverse hemolytic plaque assay, and describe the
      effect of the monokine on adenylate cyclase activity and calcium fluxes in rat
      normal pituitary cells. In basal and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
      stimulated conditions, low doses of IL1 reduced the mean plaque area, a direct
      index of PRL secretion without affecting the percentage of PRL-secreting cells.
      Similarly, low concentrations of IL1 inhibited adenylate cyclase activity in both
      basal and VIP-stimulated conditions, while higher concentrations restored the
      enzymatic activity to the control value. IL1 also caused a biphasic effect on the
      free intracellular calcium increase induced by maitotoxin, a calcium channel
      activator, being inhibitory at low and stimulatory at high concentrations. The
      effects of IL1 on adenylate cyclase activity and calcium fluxes were reversed by
      preincubation of the monokine with its polyclonal antibody, thus confirming the
      specificity of the effects. In conclusion, our data show that IL1 modulates PRL
      secretion by acting directly on pituitary cells through interaction with the
      adenylate cyclase-cAMP system and calcium flux.

PMID- 2407519
TI  - Insulin-like growth factor-I at physiological concentrations is a potent
      inhibitor of insulin secretion.
AB  - Insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) are thought to primarily
      regulate the growth and development of a number of tissues. However, it has
      recently been observed that when IGF-I is infused into man and animals, plasma
      insulin levels fall, raising the possibility that IGF-I may also be an inhibitor
      of insulin secretion. This study used the in vitro perfused rat pancreas and
      recombinant human IGF-I and IGF-II to determine if either of these peptides
      affected insulin and/or glucagon secretion from normal rats. IGF-I given with 7.8
      mM glucose suppressed insulin secretion by as much as 65%, with the half-maximal
      effect occurring at less than 10 ng/ml. Glucose-induced insulin secretion (7.8 mM
      glucose) and arginine-induced insulin secretion (10 mM arginine plus 7.8 mM
      glucose) were inhibited equally (40%) by 2 ng/ml IGF-I. Insulin secretion
      returned to normal within minutes of stopping IGF-I. IGF-II (200 ng/ml) also
      suppressed insulin release, but the effect was less pronounced than for IGF-I and
      was present at 16.7 mM glucose, but not at 7.8 mM glucose. In contrast to the
      effects on insulin release, neither peptide altered glucagon secretion. We
      conclude from these results that 1) IGF-I at physiological concentrations is a
      potent inhibitor of both glucose- and arginine-induced insulin secretion; 2) the
      magnitude of the inhibition depends on the background glucose concentration; and
      3) the inhibition fully reverses when IGF-I is stopped. These results support an
      in vivo effect of IGF-I to modulate insulin output.

PMID- 2407520
TI  - Identification and quantification of renin and prorenin in the bovine eye.
AB  - Angiotensin-II, the most important biologically active product of the renin
      angiotensin system, has been reported to play a role in neovascularization, and
      prorenin has been found in the vitreous of human eyes, particularly in those
      affected by proliferative diabetic retinopathy, a disease characterized by
      neovascularization. The prorenin level in these eyes was, relative to that of
      plasma albumin, higher than in eyes without neovascularization. These findings
      suggested that an intraocular renin-angiotensin system exists, which might be
      involved in the development of retinal neovascularization in diabetes mellitus.
      In this study angiotensin-I-generating activity was measured in bovine aqueous
      humor and vitreous and in extracts of bovine retina, pigment epithelium-choroid,
      and anterior uveal tract before and after subjecting these extracts to procedures
      known to convert prorenin to renin. The measurements were made by incubation at
      37 C with plasma from nephrectomized rats at pH ranging from 5.0-8.5. True renin
      in the ocular samples could be separated from nonrenin acid protease by alpha
      casein-Sepharose affinity column chromatography at pH 3.5; true renin did not
      bind to the column, whereas acid protease did. True renin was further identified
      by its relatively high pH optimum (6.5-7.0) for angiotensin-I generation, its
      complete inhibition with specific renin antiserum, and its high affinity for
      specific renin inhibitors. More than 75% of angiotensin-I-generating activity of
      the ocular samples consisted of true renin. Approximately 90% or more of total
      renin (renin plus prorenin) in aqueous humor, vitreous, and ocular tissue could
      not be explained by trapped plasma. Total renin in aqueous humor and renin in
      vitreous were near the detection limit of the assay of angiotensin-I-generating
      activity. In vitreous prorenin comprised 99% of the total renin, in retina 81%,
      and in pigment epithelium-choroid and anterior uveal tract less than 50%.
      Prorenin in ocular fluids showed a concentration gradient, posterior vitreous
      greater than anterior vitreous greater than aqueous humor, suggesting that the
      main source of extracellular prorenin was in the posterior eye. These data
      support the contention of local renin and/or prorenin synthesis in the eye and
      are in accordance with the observations in other tissues that extrarenal
      synthesis of renin is often associated with the release of mainly, or
      exclusively, prorenin into extracellular fluid.

PMID- 2407521
TI  - Individual parathyroid cells are more sensitive to calcium than a parathyroid
      cell population.
AB  - Information on the secretory behavior of individual parathyroid cells within a
      cell population has not previously been available. We now report a technique for
      examining quantitative changes in hormone secretion in individual parathyroid
      cells. We have used a reverse hemolytic plaque assay to measure cumulative PTH
      release in single isolated cells. Bovine parathyroid cells were dispersed with
      trypsin and mixed with staphylococcal protein-A-linked ovine erythrocytes. Cells
      were plated in a monolayer in the presence of PTH antiserum. After stimulation by
      an agonist, complement was added to the cells. Lysis of ovine erythrocytes formed
      a plaque around each individual cell that releases PTH. Results indicate that
      inhibition of PTH release by calcium was not affected by trypsinization. Plaque
      formation was dependent on all reagents; serial dilution of antiserum reduces
      plaque formation. Cells had a markedly uniform secretory response to calcium. We
      compared PTH release in individual cells measured by the reverse hemolytic plaque
      assay with hormone release in a parathyroid cell population measured by RIA.
      There was an inverse relationship between extracellular calcium concentrations
      and plaque area. Individual cells were more sensitive to calcium (ED50 = 0.4 mM
      Ca2+) than cell populations (ED50 = 0.8 mM Ca2+). We demonstrate that PTH release
      can be quantitated in single viable parathyroid cells.

PMID- 2407522
TI  - The effect of hemopoietic growth factors on the generation of osteoclast-like
      cells in mouse bone marrow cultures.
AB  - Multinucleated cells containing tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase were produced
      in mouse bone marrow cultures in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. These
      cells resemble osteoclasts in their morphology, possess receptors for calcitonin,
      and resorb bone in culture. The effects of several hemopoietic regulatory
      proteins on the generation of these cells were examined in this study.
      Interleukin-3, granulocyte-macrophage-stimulating factor (GMCSF), and macrophage
      stimulating factor strongly inhibited generation of the tartrate-resistant acid
      phosphatase-containing multinucleated cells with approximate EC50 values of 3, 6,
      and 3 colony-forming units/ml, respectively. Granulocyte colony stimulating
      factor, interleukin-6, and leukemia inhibitory factor had no effect on the
      generation of these cells. In addition, we observed that the number of these
      cells was reduced when the bone marrow was plated at high cell density, and that
      this inhibitory effect was reversed by the addition of neutralizing antibodies
      directed against GMCSF. These findings suggest that GMCSF and other hemopoietic
      factors secreted by cells in the bone marrow regulate development of the
      osteoclast-like cells, possibly by diverting common precursor cells to alternate
      pathways.

PMID- 2407523
TI  - Neurohypophyseal hormone regulation of endothelin secretion from rabbit
      endometrial cells in primary culture.
AB  - Immunoreactive endothelin-1 (IR-ET-1) was detected in the cultured medium from
      endometrial but not myometrial cells of rabbits in primary culture using a
      specific radioimmuno assay (RIA). Similar results were obtained with a
      radioreceptor assay using myometrial membranes. In a reverse-phase HPLC synthetic
      ET-1 and IR-ET-1 of the extract medium from endometrial cells revealed
      essentially the same elution profiles, as determined by RIA. Two selective
      agonists of oxytocin (OT) or V1 vasopressin (VP) receptors produced,
      respectively, a 6- and 2-fold increase of IR-ET-1 release from endometrial cells.
      These effects were completely reversed by the addition of two specific
      antagonists of OT and V1 VP receptors. Our results indicate that ET-1 is produced
      and released in the culture medium of rabbit endometrial cells in primary
      culture. The release of ET-1 is under receptor-specific control by
      neurohypophyseal hormones.

PMID- 2407524
TI  - Endosonographic appearance of the esophagus in achalasia.
AB  - Primary motility disorders of the esophagus require the exclusion of intramural
      tumors. The procedures currently used for the differential diagnosis of achalasia
      such as endoscopy with biopsy, esophageal and gastric radiography, abdomino
      thoracic computed tomography and intraluminal esophageal manometry, are
      unsatisfactory when a tumor growing intramurally is suspected. A more recent
      method of studying the integrity of the gastrointestinal wall and its surrounding
      tissue is endoscopic ultrasonography. In 16 patients suspected of having
      achalasia, endosonography was performed in addition to the above-mentioned
      conventional examinations. Fifteen of them showed a normal ultrasonic structure
      of the wall of the gastro-esophageal junction, with no sign of hypertrophy of the
      smooth muscle layer. In the remaining case endoscopic ultrasonography was able to
      detect an intramural tumor, as evidenced by the inhomogeneous ultrasonic
      structure of the esophageal wall. Computed tomography and all the other
      conventional diagnostic procedures used failed to demonstrate this tumor. In
      conclusion, the findings presented strongly suggest that endosonography can
      contribute to the differential diagnosis of achalasia and intramural tumors.

PMID- 2407525
TI  - Use of endoscopic ultrasonography for the diagnosis of colorectal tumors.
AB  - Ultrasonographic evaluation of colorectal diseases has been realized by the
      development of echocolonoscopes. Endoscopic ultrasonography was performed in 90
      cases of colorectal tumor, and the diagnostic yields were assessed; the cases
      included 72 with cancer, 13 with polyp, and 5 with submucosal tumor. With respect
      to cancer extent, EUS correctly estimated the depth of cancer invasion in 84.9%
      of 53 cases in which the lesion was appropriately visualized. Paraintestinal
      lymph node metastasis was detected in 38.1%. EUS was not so successful in the
      evaluation of polyps, since the histological types could not be differentiated,
      nor could the focus of cancer in adenoma be demonstrated. EUS was effective in
      the differential diagnosis of submucosal tumors, since the ultrasonographic
      features varied by histological types.

PMID- 2407526
TI  - The colon in shigellosis: serial colonoscopic appearances in Shigella dysenteriae
      I.
AB  - Twenty-five patients (16 males and 9 females; mean age 24.7 +/- 8.4 years) with
      acute colitis caused by Shigella dysenteriae I were studied, a total of 115
      colonoscopic examinations being performed. Twenty-two patients had weekly
      colonoscopic examinations until the last procedure revealed normal colonic
      mucosa. Six abnormal colonoscopic appearances were documented, namely mucosal
      edema, ulcers, friability, punctate spots, erythematous areas and luminal
      exudate. Mucosal edema was the dominant finding in the first week of the disease.
      Star-shaped mucosal ulcers and friability were observed in the 2nd and 3rd weeks
      of the disease. Punctate hemorrhagic spots with normal intervening mucosa in
      patients with minimal constitutional and colonic symptoms were the hallmark of
      the disease from the 4th week onwards. None of the patients revealed granularity,
      cobblestoning, linear fissures, pseudopolyps, pseudomembrane or anal lesions. The
      colonic involvement was subtotal in 20 patients and total in 5 patients. The
      mucosal disease was continuous in the initial stage and became patchy during the
      later stage of recovery. The mucosal disease lasted for 38.8 +/- 12.1 (10-65
      days). All the patients followed-up by serial colonoscopy examinations eventually
      had normal colonic mucosa.

PMID- 2407527
TI  - A new ultrasonic probe for endosonographic imaging of the upper GI-tract.
      Preliminary observations.
AB  - A new ultrasonic probe (7.5 MHz, diameter 3.7 mm) was used in vitro in 3 gastric
      resection specimens and in vivo in 12 patients in an attempt to visualize normal
      and pathological wall structure of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum via the
      working channel of a gastroscope, and of the biliary tract via the percutaneous
      approach. In 5 of these patients conventional endosonography was performed. The
      probe visualizes the normal layer structure and pathological lesions of the upper
      GI-tract wall, since it can be accurately positioned at the structure of interest
      under visual control; water is instilled into the hollow organs to improve
      transmission of the ultrasound beam. Intra- and transmural changes such as blood
      vessels in the wall of the esophagus and stomach in portal hypertension, or
      gastric and esophageal tumors were demonstrated. The important advantage of the
      probe is that it can be used in stenosed or narrowed hollow organs, where
      conventional endosonography fails. However, the depth of penetration of the
      ultrasonic beam (10-15 mm) and circumferential imaging of the gastric wall are
      still inferior to those of conventional endoscopic ultrasound. As the focus
      distance of the ultrasound probe to the biliary ducts is too small, visualization
      of the biliary system is incomplete. Technical improvements could make this new
      probe an irreplacable diagnostic tool in the future.

PMID- 2407528
TI  - Mineral dust exposure and free radical-mediated lung damage.
AB  - Chronic exposure to several types of mineral dust particles induces an
      inflammatory reaction in the lung. Dust particles activate alveolar macrophages
      and prime leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), leading to an
      enhanced release of reactive oxygen species. Sometimes mineral dust particles
      also contain radicals. Reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion radical,
      hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxygen) may lead to tissue
      damage. These are able to break DNA strands, to destroy proteins, and to induce
      the process of lipid peroxidation. The effects of oxygen radicals on the beta
      adrenergic and muscarinic receptor response of the guinea pig and rat tracheal
      strip are described. The beta-adrenergic receptor response appeared to be more
      susceptible to oxidative stress than the muscarinic receptor response. This may
      lead to an autonomic imbalance on exposure to oxygen radicals. The lipid
      peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2,3-trans-nonenal diminished the beta-adrenergic
      responsiveness in guinea pig tracheal preparations. Histologic examinations
      indicated that at low concentrations of cumene hydroperoxide (10(-4) M) the
      epithelial layer of rat trachea was already destroyed, whereas no effect on the
      muscarinic response was found. Oxygen radical-mediated damage in lung tissue may
      lead to lung emphysema, hyperresponsiveness, and hypersensitivity.
      Pharmacotherapeutic interventions that prevent initiation or propagation of these
      free radical reactions may have a beneficial effect in mineral dust-associated
      lung disease.

PMID- 2407529
TI  - Pneumoconioses: the situation in developing countries.
AB  - In developing countries, the incidence and prevalence of pneumoconioses are high
      and appear to be increasing. The rapid expansion of mining, mineral extraction,
      construction, and other industries places many new workers at risk each year. The
      hygienically poor working conditions often expose workers to high concentrations
      of respirable dust, so that pneumoconioses can develop with rapid progression
      after a short latency period. The health risk is increased by the high prevalence
      of tuberculosis in most of those countries. Accurate statistical data on
      occupational diseases in developing countries are rare. Although some prevalence
      data are available from cross-sectional studies, incidence figures and risk
      estimates are usually lacking because of the absence of reliable information
      about the size of the population at risk and exposure measurements. Some figures
      on pneumoconioses from countries in Africa, Asia, and South America are
      presented. To prevent pneumoconioses, hygienic conditions at the workplaces
      should be controlled and improved and appropriate dust standards developed.
      Medical surveillance of exposed workers should be organized. Finally, research in
      the field of pneumoconioses in developing countries should be promoted.

PMID- 2407530
TI  - Mutational specificity of alkylating agents and the influence of DNA repair.
AB  - Alkylating treatments predominantly induce G: C = greater than A:T transitions,
      consistent with the predicted significance of the miscoding potential of the O6
      alG lesion. However, the frequency and distribution of these events induced by
      any one compound may be diagnostic. SN1 agents that act via an alkyldiazonium
      cation, such as the N-nitroso compounds, preferentially generate G: C = greater
      than A:T transitions at 5'-RG-3' sites, while the more SN2 alkylsulfates and
      alkylalkane-sulfonates do not. The precise nature of this site bias and the
      possibility of strand bias are target dependent. The extent of this site bias and
      the contribution of other base substitutions are substituent size dependent. A
      similar 5'-RT-3' effect is seen for A:T = greater than G:C transitions,
      presumably directed by O4-alT lesions. The 5'-RG-3' effect, at least, likely
      reflects a deposition specificity arising from some aspect of helix geometry,
      although it may be further exaggerated by alkylation-specific repair. Excision
      repair appears to preferentially reduce the occurrence of ethylation-induced G:C
      = greater than A:T and A:T = greater than G:C transitions at sites flanked by A:T
      base pairs. This may be due to an enhancement of the helical distortion imposed
      by damage at such positions. A similar effect is not seen for methylation-induced
      mutations and in the case of propyl adducts, the influence of excision repair on
      the ultimate distribution of mutation cannot be as easily defined with respect to
      neighbouring sequence.

PMID- 2407531
TI  - Comparison of three assays for genetic effects of antineoplastic drugs on cancer
      patients and their nurses.
AB  - Three assays have been compared for their ability to detect genetic damage caused
      by antineoplastic drugs in cancer patients and possible damage in the nurses who
      administered these drugs. The assays were sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and
      chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes, and the
      Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay on urine. Three comparisons were made: 1)
      patients before versus after treatment; 2) the administering nurses immediately
      after their work period versus after a few days off that followed (work and off
      work); 3) the exposed nurses versus other nurses who did not administer
      antineoplastic drugs (controls). The SCE assay detected the treatments in all
      eight patients from whom complete data were obtained, and was positive in two
      nurses with a long history of smoking. The Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay
      detected eight of ten treatments in patients but failed to detect smokers. Four
      of nine patients receiving treatment were detected by the analysis of chromosomal
      aberrations. The SCE assay did not distinguish between the work and off-work
      samples in either the exposed or control nurses. The exposed nurses, as a group,
      had slightly fewer SCEs than the controls due to the two smokers detected in the
      latter group. Chromosomal aberration was the only assay which showed significant
      difference between the two samples of the exposed nurses and, consequently,
      between the exposed and control nurses. These differences, however, arose
      primarily from a higher frequency of aberrations found among the exposed nurses
      in samples taken after a few days away from work, rather than at the end of their
      work period. There is no evidence that the increase was connected to occupational
      exposure.

PMID- 2407532
TI  - Comparative studies on the genotoxic activity of mainstream smoke condensate from
      cigarettes which burn or only heat tobacco.
AB  - The in vitro genotoxic activity of mainstream cigarette smoke condensate (CSC)
      from cigarettes which heat but do not burn tobacco was compared to that of CSC
      from cigarettes which burn tobacco. CSCs from five cigarettes were compared.
      Three of the cigarettes [the Kentucky reference research cigarette (1R4F), a
      commercially available ultra-low tar brand (ULT) and a commercially available
      ultra-low tar menthol brand (ULT-menthol]) burn tobacco while two of the
      cigarettes [a regular (TEST) and a menthol (TEST-menthol]) heat tobacco. CSC from
      all cigarettes were collected by identical standard techniques, which involved
      collecting mainstream smoke particulate matter on Cambridge filter pads under FTC
      smoking conditions. The pads were extracted with DMSO, and the CSCs obtained [10
      mg total particulate matter (TPM)/ml DMSO] were evaluated at identical
      concentrations in an in vitro genetic toxicology test battery. CSCs from 1R4F,
      ULT, and ULT-menthol cigarettes were mutagenic in Ames bacterial strains TA98,
      TA100, TA1537, and TA1538 in the presence of metabolic activation (S9 from
      Aroclor-induced rat liver) but negative in strain TA1535. In the absence of
      metabolic activation, 1R4F, ULT, and ULT-menthol CSCs were not mutagenic except
      for a weak response in strain TA1537 for the 1R4F and ULT CSCs. TEST and TEST
      menthol CSCs were nonmutagenic in all five bacterial strains, both with and
      without metabolic activation. CSCs from 1R4F, ULT, and ULT-menthol cigarettes
      were positive in the CHO-chromosomal aberration assay and in the CHO--sister
      chromatid exchange assay both with and without metabolic activation while TEST
      and TEST-menthol CSCs were negative in both assays, either with or without
      metabolic activation. CSCs from 1R4F, ULT, and ULT-menthol cigarettes were weakly
      positive in inducing DNA repair in cultured rat hepatocytes while TEST and TEST
      menthol CSCs were negative in this assay. All five CSCs were nonmutagenic in the
      CHO-HGPRT assay both with and without metabolic activation. CSCs from the 1R4F,
      ULT, and ULT-menthol cigarettes were cytotoxic in the CHO-HGPRT assay, both with
      and without metabolic activation, while TEST and TEST-menthol CSCs were not
      cytotoxic under either condition. These results demonstrate that mainstream CSCs
      from the TEST and TEST-menthol cigarettes are neither genotoxic nor cytotoxic
      under conditions where CSCs from 1R4F, ULT, and ULT-menthol cigarettes are
      genotoxic and/or cytotoxic in a concentration-dependent manner.

PMID- 2407533
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of intravenous sotalol in acute myocardial
      infarction: a double-blind placebo-controlled study.
AB  - Controlled studies of the electrophysiological effects of beta-blockade in acute
      myocardial infarction have not previously been published. In this controlled,
      double-blind study 20 patients were randomized to treatment with placebo or
      sotalol administered as a continuous infusion for 12 h. Programmed electrical
      stimulation was performed from the right atrium. After 60 min of infusion in the
      sotalol-treated patients (n = 10) there was a significant prolongation of sinus
      cycle length (+15%) and sinus node recovery time (+28%). The AV nodal effective
      refractory period was prolonged by 15% after 45 min of infusion. Variables
      reflecting myocardial repolarization, atrial effective refractory period and QT
      interval, were increased by 20% and 10%, respectively. In the placebo group,
      except at 12 h, there was a general pattern of slightly diminishing values for
      all measured variables. The electrophysiological changes in the sotalol-treated
      group could be explained by the combined Class II and III activities of this
      drug. The infusion of sotalol was well tolerated, and the anticipated
      electrophysiological and Class II and III antiarrhythmic effects were observed,
      despite the acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2407535
TI  - Scintigraphic findings and follow up in Erdheim-Chester disease.
AB  - Two cases of Erdheim-Chester disease are presented: a 26-year-old white male
      patient with lipoidgranulomatosis of numerous long and flat bones and
      infiltration of pericardium, pleura, liver, spleen, thyroid, skin, conjunctiva,
      gingiva, and false vocal cord; and a 54-year-old white male with involvement of
      bones, orbits, brain, pericardium, and retroperitoneum. The scintigraphic
      findings in this disease are described, and a comprehensive review of the 27
      previously reported cases is given including an assessment of the value of
      scintigraphy for diagnosis and follow up of this rare disease.

PMID- 2407534
TI  - Impact of bone mineral measurements on osteoporosis.
AB  - Dual photon absorptiometry enables measurement of bone mineral to be carried out
      at the clinically relevant sites of the spine and femur. Few would argue that it
      provides a powerful research tool, but defining its role in clinical practice has
      been somewhat more difficult. With the advent of X-ray based systems, studies can
      be rapidly carried out with improved precision, which has led to increased
      clinical interest. It is probable that this technology will be incorporated into
      routine use in the near future. In the present review we have addressed the role
      of dual photon absorptiometry in areas pertinent to osteoporosis and the
      direction in which recent developments are leading with regard to future
      research.

PMID- 2407536
TI  - Accessory factors involved in murine T cell activation. Distinct roles of
      interleukin 6, interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor.
AB  - Interleukin (IL) 6 was compared to other macrophage-derived products for its
      capacity to support the proliferation of accessory cell-depleted T cells.
      Monoclonal anti-IL6 antibodies were found to inhibit completely the "accessory
      activity" of macrophage supernatants, thus demonstrating the central role played
      by IL6 in T cell activation. IL6 was apparently more critical for initiating than
      in maintaining T cell proliferation because anti-IL6 antibodies lost all
      inhibitory activity when added late to the culture. Moreover, IL6 was not the
      only accessory factor required for optimal T cell proliferation. Using low
      density cultures to minimize the number of contaminating accessory cells, we
      found that significant proliferation of CD4 cells was obtained only in the
      presence of both IL6 and IL1. In contrast, with CD8 cells substantial
      proliferation was obtained with IL6 alone. This response could, however, be
      enhanced by IL1. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and granulocyte/macrophage colony
      stimulating factor showed no activity in these assays. The concentrations of IL1
      and of IL6 required to support optimal proliferation were 10 pg/ml and 1 ng/ml,
      respectively. Analysis of the mechanisms underlying T cell activation by IL1 and
      IL6 indicated that both cytokines were required for optimal production of IL2 but
      that IL6 alone was sufficient to confer IL2 responsiveness. For CD8 cells, this
      effect was observed with doses of IL6 about 100 times lower than those required
      for the induction of IL2 secretion (0.001 vs. 0.1 ng/ml). TNF, which was not
      capable of inducing IL2 secretion, was also found to induce IL2 responsiveness
      but only at a concentration approximately equal to 1000 times higher than that of
      IL6. In accordance with these observations, IL6 and to a lesser extent TNF were
      found to enhance IL2R expression by CD8 cells. Interestingly, this enhancing
      effect was totally dependent on the presence of IL2.

PMID- 2407537
TI  - Rat anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in toxin-induced autoimmunity
      and in chronic graft-vs.-host reaction share recurrent idiotypes.
AB  - Cross-reactive idiotypes (CRId) borne on autoanti-glomerular basement membrane
      antibodies of Brown-Norway (BN) rats with mercury-induced glomerulonephritis have
      been described in the preceding study (Guery, J.-C. et al., Eur. J. Immunol.
      1990. 20:93). BN rats treated with sodium aurothiopropanol sulfonate or D
      penicillamine, as well as (LEW X BN)F1 hybrids transferred with BN rat spleen
      cells, developed quite similar autoimmune abnormalities. In the present study, it
      is shown that immunoglobulins bearing such "public" idiotypes are also produced
      and deposited in the kidney in these three models. The CRId here described may,
      therefore, be considered as a marker of sets of recurrently expressed V region
      genes during the course of these autoimmune disorders. Anti-self class II T cells
      are present in the three models of toxin-induced autoimmunity and anti-allo class
      II T cells are responsible for the chronic graft-vs.-host reaction. The same B
      cell clones are probably triggered during these processes as a consequence of a
      polyclonal B cell activation mediated by anti-class II T cells.

PMID- 2407538
TI  - Murine macrophage precursor characterization. II. Monoclonal antibodies against
      macrophage precursor antigens.
AB  - The aim of the present study was the phenotypical analysis of early stages in
      macrophage (M phi) differentiation. For this purpose, we produced a panel of
      syngeneic rat hybridomas, which secreted antibodies (mAb) against M phi precursor
      antigens. As immunogens we used immortalized M phi precursors (P.J. M. Leenen et
      al., Eur. J. Immunol. 1990, 20: 15). We screened the obtained mAb in the
      following in vitro models of M phi differentiation: (a) a panel of M phi cell
      lines ordered in a linear differentiated sequence; (b) immature and mature
      mononuclear phagocytes obtained from bone marrow (BM) culture; (c) a panel of M
      phi precursor hybrids, and (d) differentiated and control M phi precursor hybrid
      cells. Four mAb, ER-MP12, ER-MP20, ER-MP54 and ER-MP58, were selected. These mAb
      recognize antigens which disappear in the course of M phi differentiation. Next,
      we investigated whether these mAb also recognized M phi precursors in normal BM.
      For this purpose, ER-MP-positive and -negative BM fractions were isolated using a
      fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Fractions were cultured in M phi-colony
      stimulating factor-containing conditioned medium, and the resulting mature M phi
      progeny was quantified using the MTT assay. The present experiments indicate that
      ER-MP12 and ER-MP20 detect a subpopulation of BM M phi precursors, whereas ER
      MP58 stains virtually all M phi precursors. Biochemical analysis of
      radioiodinated antigens revealed that these mAb recognize different molecules. ER
      MP12 and ER-MP20 bound to single-chain (glyco)proteins of 140 kDa and 14 kDa,
      respectively. ER-MP54 precipitated multiple polypeptides, of which the major
      chains have an apparent molecular mass of 90, 80-85 and 70-75 kDa. Based on the
      molecular mass of the recognized antigens and the mAb specificities we conclude
      that ER-MP12, ER-MP54 and ER-MP58 recognize hitherto unknown antigens of murine M
      phi precursor cells. The antigen detected by ER-MP20 is most likely identical to
      Ly-6C.

PMID- 2407539
TI  - Activation of bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages by bacterial lipopeptide:
      cytokine production, phagocytosis and Ia expression.
AB  - The lipopeptide N-palmitoyl-S-(2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl)-(R)-cysteinyl
      a lanyl-glycine (Pam3Cys-Ala-Gly), a synthetic analogue of the N-terminal part of
      bacterial lipoprotein, induces the secretion of interleukin (IL) 1, IL 6 and
      tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in bone marrow-derived macrophages that have
      been cultured in vitro for up to 20 days. IL 6 and TNF-alpha secretion increased
      from day 6 to day 20 whereas IL 1 secretion increased until day 13 and decreased
      on day 20. In contrast to the enhancement of cytokine production, phagocytosis of
      IgG-coated sheep erythrocytes and Ia expression were found to be diminished after
      treatment with lipopeptide for 24 h. Morphological studies revealed lipopeptide
      induced changes of macrophage cultures. The data presented here show the
      potential of the lipopeptide as a strong activator of bone marrow-derived
      macrophages.

PMID- 2407540
TI  - Specificity and cross-reactive idiotypes of anti-glomerular basement membrane
      autoantibodies in HgCl2-induced autoimmune glomerulonephritis.
AB  - Mercury-induced autoimmune glomerulonephritis in the Brown-Norway (BN) rat is
      characterized by the successive appearance of linear and granular glomerular IgG
      deposits. Anti-laminin autoantibodies represent the major part of the anti
      glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies produced in this model. Fusions
      were performed in this model and four anti-GBM monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were
      obtained. Three of them were laminin specific. Using rabbit anti-idiotype
      antibodies, cross-reactive idiotypes (CRId) were characterized on anti-laminin
      antibodies. They were expressed on the three anti-laminin mAb, on kidney-eluted
      and circulating anti-laminin antibodies. CRId-bearing immunoglobulins were
      detected transiently in the circulation and paralleled the anti-laminin antibody
      activity. By immunofluorescence studies on kidney cryostat sections two different
      CRId were defined. One was localized close to the antigen-combining site since it
      was not revealed on kidney-bound antibodies, in contrast with the second CRId.
      This latter CRId was also found deposited in a typical linear pattern in the
      early phase of the disease and in a granular pattern in the late phase,
      demonstrating that these CRId are components of immune deposits. Taken together,
      these results suggest that in this model of T-dependent polyclonal B cell
      activation, restricted sets of V genes encode for at least a part of the anti-GBM
      autoantibodies.

PMID- 2407542
TI  - The epidemiology of beta-haemolytic non-group A streptococci isolated from the
      throats of children over a one-year period.
AB  - The incidence of beta-haemolytic non-Group A streptococci (BHNAS) in the throats
      of a paediatric population was examined over a 1-year period. There was minimal
      seasonal fluctuation of Lancefield groups including species and biotypes within
      Groups C and G streptococci. A trend of increasing incidence with age of
      Streptococcus anginosus ('Streptococcus milleri') (possessing Groups C and G
      Lancefield antigens) was evident. A clinical impression of streptococcal
      pharyngitis was more common in patients with large-colony Groups C or G
      streptococci isolated from their throats compared with those patients where other
      BHNAS were isolated. This study is requisite to the planning of case control
      studies which are required to test the association of BHNAS (especially Groups C
      and G subgroups) and pharyngitis.

PMID- 2407541
TI  - Epidemiological aspects of human cryptosporidiosis.

PMID- 2407543
TI  - Prevalance of antibodies to 15 antigens of Legionellaceae in patients with
      community-acquired pneumonia.
AB  - Sera from 252 patients with community-acquired pneumonia were examined for the
      presence of antibodies to 15 antigens of 7 Legionella spp. by indirect
      immunofluorescent antibody testing. The sera had been collected as part of the
      British Thoracic Society/Public Health Laboratory Service study of community
      acquired pneumonia in adults. We also examined sera from 20 patients with gram
      negative sepsis. Using a limited range of antigens of L. pneumophila, nine cases
      of legionellosis were diagnosed in the original study. However, using antigens to
      other Legionella spp., we identified two further cases, caused by L. micdadei and
      L. gormanii respectively. Twenty-six other patients had titres of 16 or 32 to one
      or more antigens, most commonly L. bozemanii serogroup 1, L. micdadei and L.
      dumoffi. None of the patients with non-legionella pneumonia, however, had
      significant changes in legionella antibody titres. All of the patients with Gram
      negative sepsis had titres of less than 16.

PMID- 2407544
TI  - Serological response of chickens to Salmonella enteritidis infection.
AB  - Fifty-eight sera, from 29 chickens originating from two layer flocks known to be
      naturally infected with Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 4, were examined
      for antibodies to S. enteritidis. Using the techniques of immunoblotting and
      ELISA, antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of S. enteritidis were detected
      in 43 of 58 sera. Antibodies were of the IgG class and bound to the S.
      enteritidis LPS antigen O = 12. Bacterial agglutination reactions using whole
      cell preparations of S. enteritidis and S. pullorum, correlated with anti-LPS
      antibody reactions as detected by immunoblotting and ELISA. A rapid means of
      screening chicken sera for antibodies to the LPS of S. enteritidis as an
      indicator of infection is discussed.

PMID- 2407545
TI  - Rapid initiation of neurite outgrowth onto laminin from explants of adult mouse
      retina induced by optic nerve crush.
AB  - One optic nerve of an adult mouse was crushed in the orbit. After 8 days, both
      retinas were explanted onto laminin-coated coverslips. Within 24 h, neurites grew
      out onto this substrate from explants with prior crush and by 48 h two-thirds of
      explants had neurites. On polylysine or plain glass, outgrowth was generally not
      seen until 48 h and this was significantly reduced compared to laminin. Explants
      without optic nerve crush did not extend neurites until about 5 days later. We
      suggest that axotomy induces a time-dependent regenerative response in adult
      mammalian retinal ganglion cells which includes the expression of laminin
      responsiveness.

PMID- 2407546
TI  - Histopathological changes in reproductive organs of male Wistar rats following
      active immunization against LHRH.
AB  - Histopathological changes induced by immune responses generated against
      luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) were studied in adult male Wistar
      rats. Active immunization with a semisynthetic anti-LHRH vaccine, LHRH D-Lys6,
      (10, 40, and 80 micrograms/animal) conjugated with diphtheria toxoid, produced
      bioeffective antibodies as indicated by significant reduction in circulating
      testosterone levels. At the 14th week after immunization the animals were
      sacrificed and reproductive organs were evaluated. These organs were studied for
      histopathological changes and compared with those of nonimmunized control rats.
      Marked hypoplastic changes were observed in the genital organs. Testicular
      changes such as arrest of spermatogenesis at the spermatocyte level and atrophic
      changes in the interstitial Leydig cells were noticed in treated animals.
      Similarly attenuation of secretory epithelial cells with substantial increase in
      the stromal tissues was observed in the prostate and seminal vesicles. The
      current observation suggests the possible usefulness of this anti-LHRH vaccine
      under clinical conditions where reduction in androgenic response is desired as in
      the case of hormone-dependent prostatic carcinoma.

PMID- 2407547
TI  - Defensins.
AB  - Defensins are a family of small, variably cationic proteins which are highly
      abundant in the granules of mammalian phagocytes. Three defensins, HNP-1, 2, and
      3, comprise 30-50% of total protein in azurophil granules of human neutrophils.
      Some defensins are broadly antimicrobial, antiviral and cytotoxic, while others
      are chemotactic, opsonic, or may modulate hormonal responses. The defensin
      molecule typically consists of 29-34 amino acids with a conserved pattern of
      disulfide linkage among its 6 cysteines. The three-dimensional fold of defensins
      forms a highly amphiphilic molecule. Microbicidal and cytotoxic properties of
      defensins are most likely a consequence of their ability to insert into
      biological membranes and to generate pores. Defensins are synthesized by
      phagocytes or their precursors as a 94-95 amino acid charge-neutralized
      preprodefensin, an arrangement which may avoid cytotoxic injury to the phagocyte.
      Although defensins were recognized only recently, the existence of homologs in
      certain invertebrates suggests that they are ancestral components of the host
      defense system.

PMID- 2407548
TI  - Autoimmune cytopenias in pernicious anemia: a report of four cases and review of
      the literature.
AB  - Pernicious anemia appears to be autoimmune in origin and is associated with
      immune disorders of several organ systems. We report 4 patients with pernicious
      anemia and immune cytopenias, an association that may sometimes pose diagnostic
      problems unless specifically considered. Pernicious anemia coexisted with or was
      closely followed by idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in 3 patients and by
      autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a 4th patient. In addition to cobalamin therapy,
      all patients required corticosteroids (2 also received danazol), while 1 also
      required splenectomy. All 4 patients were women. The 3 patients with idiopathic
      thrombocytopenic purpura were also blood group O and were iron-deficient.
      Autoimmune cytopenias may occur in patients with treated or untreated pernicious
      anemia and require specific therapy.

PMID- 2407549
TI  - Normal mouse serum contains two erythroid stimulating activities differing by
      their mode of action.
AB  - We have previously shown that normal mouse serum contains two activities that
      increase the number of erythroid colonies obtained from murine bone marrow colony
      forming units-erythroid (CFU-E) cultured in the presence of saturating Epo
      concentrations (0.2 U/ml). These activities could be separated by gel filtration
      and were referred to as peak I and peak II. We report here that peak I increases
      the number of erythroid colonies in cultures of adult bone marrow cells depleted
      of cells expressing Mac-1 antigen. On the contrary, peak II has no stimulating
      effect in these cultures unless Mac-1-positive cells are added to the culture.
      This synergistic effect is mediated by an activity released in the culture medium
      by Mac-1-positive cells.

PMID- 2407550
TI  - Acanthocytosis and acute leukaemia.

PMID- 2407551
TI  - Large scale preparation of homogeneous bacteriorhodopsin.
AB  - Homogeneous bacteriorhodopsin was obtained preparatively (100 mg batches) from
      purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium cells. The homogeneity of the protein
      was considerably affected by variations in the growth conditions of the bacteria.
      Fully matured bacteriorhodopsin having a blocked N-terminus and a homogeneous C
      terminus, was reproducibly obtained when cells were grown in a sufficiently
      aerated medium.

PMID- 2407552
TI  - Presence of immunoreactive endothelin in human milk.
AB  - Endothelin-like immunoreactivity was detected in human milk at a concentration of
      6.8 +/- 1.6 pmol/l (mean +/- SEM; n = 16) using a highly sensitive
      radioimmunoassay. Gel filtration and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC)
      verified the identity of the endothelin. FPLC revealed 4 peaks, one eluting just
      after the void volume, and the other three in the positions of endothelin-1, -2,
      and -3, respectively.

PMID- 2407553
TI  - Simultaneous recordings of glucose dependent electrical activity and ATP
      regulated K(+)-currents in isolated mouse pancreatic beta-cells.
AB  - Membrane potential and membrane currents were recorded from single mouse
      pancreatic beta-cells using the perforated patch whole-cell recording technique
      at 30 degrees C. Single beta-cells maintained in primary tissue culture exhibited
      glucose-dependent electrical activity similar to that reported for freshly
      isolated intact islets. The resting input conductance (5.1 +/- 0.9 nS) was
      determined by ATP-regulated K+ (KATP) channels as it was blocked by 1 mM
      tolbutamide. 8 mM glucose decreased the input conductance by 80%. The input
      conductance at -70 mV was of a similar value during the plateau phase and during
      the silent phase of electrical activity in 8 mM glucose. This suggests that
      oscillations of KATP channel activity do not underlie the slow waves.

PMID- 2407554
TI  - Phosphorylation of a bacterial activator protein, OmpR, by a protein kinase,
      EnvZ, stimulates the transcription of the ompF and ompC genes in Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - The OmpR of Escherichia coli is a positive regulator specific for the ompF and
      ompC genes, which encode outer membrane proteins OmpF and OmpC, respectively. The
      EnvZ protein is a protein kinase which specifically phosphorylates the OmpR
      protein. In this study, the results of in vitro transcription experiments
      revealed that the phosphorylation of the OmpR protein by the EnvZ protein
      stimulates the transcription of both the ompF and ompC genes.

PMID- 2407555
TI  - Cluster of point mutations predetermined by a quasipalindromic nucleotide
      sequence in plasmid pBR322 DNA.
AB  - Development of a cluster of point mutations due to the correction of an imperfect
      hairpin in plasmid DNA was investigated. Plasmid pBR322 DNA containing opposite
      double-strand DNA lesions in the region of a quasipalindrome was constructed. For
      this aim plasmid DNA was cleaved at the BamHI site, and cytosine residues of the
      sticky ends were modified by O-methylhydroxylamine. Modified linearized plasmid
      DNA was ligated and used for transformation of E.coli cells. Tetracycline
      sensitive transformants were selected, and the mutants were characterized by
      restriction and sequencing analysis. One mutant contained a cluster of point
      mutations. The distribution of mutations was consistent with the cluster having
      arisen through correction of the imperfect hairpin formed by the quasipalindrome.

PMID- 2407556
TI  - Ligustrazine selectively blocks ATP-sensitive K+ channels in mouse pancreatic
      beta cells.
AB  - Ligustrazine potently inhibits hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. This effect
      can be mimicked by the sulphonylurea tolbutamide, a blocker of ATP-sensitive K+
      channels. Here we demonstrate that ligustrazine is a specific blocker of ATP
      sensitive K+ channels in mouse pancreatic beta cells. This suggests that
      ligustrazine may act in the pulmonary circulation by blocking ATP-sensitive K+
      channels.

PMID- 2407557
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against the presynaptic calcium channel antagonist omega
      conotoxin GVI A from cone snail poison.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies have been prepared against omega-conotoxin GVI A, a peptide
      isolated from marine snails of the genus Conus (Conus geographus and Conus
      magus). This toxin is a blocker of select presynaptic Ca2+ channels in the
      central nervous system. Antigenic omega-conotoxin GVI A was synthesized as a
      covalent conjugate with bovine serum albumin and injected s.c. An ELISA assay
      combined with a competitive inhibition assay was used to select and characterize
      monoclonal antibodies able to recognize and bind the free toxin. Several of the
      antibodies were found to block omega-conotoxin GVI A inhibition of 45Ca transport
      into rat brain synaptosomes and to block omega-conotoxin GVI A binding to
      membranes from the same preparation. The antibodies recognize native, synthetic
      toxin, and are useful for analysis of toxin in biological fluids.

PMID- 2407558
TI  - Enzymatic synthesis of dihydrosirohydrochlorin (precorrin-2) and of a novel
      pyrrocorphin by uroporphyrinogen III methylase.
AB  - Uroporphyrinogen III methylase was purified from a recombinant hemB-strain of E.
      coli harbouring a plasmid containing the cysG gene. N-terminal analysis of this
      purified protein gave an amino acid sequence corresponding to that predicted from
      the genetic code. From the u.v./visible spectrum of the reaction catalysed by
      this SAM dependent methylase it was possible to observe the sequential appearance
      of the chromophores of a dipyrrocorphin and subsequently of a pyrrocorphin.
      Confirmation of this transformation was obtained from 13C-NMR studies when it was
      demonstrated, for the first time directly, that uroporphyrinogen is initially
      converted into dihydrosirohydrochlorin (precorrin-2) and then, by further
      methylation, into a novel trimethylpyrrocorphin.

PMID- 2407559
TI  - Breast cancer stage, social class and the impact of screening.
AB  - Two studies were carried out to examine socio-economic factors in breast cancer:
      a random sample of all new cases in Edinburgh in 1979 was reviewed, and the
      control population of the Edinburgh randomized trial of breast screening was used
      to determine stage and survival in relation to social class. Small area
      statistics from census data were used as measures of social class, the method
      being now well accepted. More than one-third of women still present with
      obviously advanced or metastatic breast cancer, but both studies showed this has
      no association with socio-economic status. Late stage at presentation is a
      serious problem, and although mass screening is likely to cause an improvement in
      those who are screened, it cannot in those who do not attend for screening. As
      attendance is related to social class, less affluent women are less likely to
      benefit and will continue to be diagnosed with advanced disease.

PMID- 2407560
TI  - Fluid detection in the uterus during and after irradiation for carcinoma of the
      cervix--clinical implications.
AB  - The records of 16 patients with an obstructed, fluid-filled uterus due to
      carcinoma of the uterus or to its treatment by radiation therapy were analysed.
      In 12 uteri the presence of malignant tumor was simultaneously established, e.g.
      primary cervical carcinoma (1), recurrence of cervical (4), endometrial Stage II
      or III carcinoma (2), second primary tumors, MMT (2), and endometrial carcinoma
      (3). The uterine fluid consisted of blood (8), pus (3) or was serous (3). Twice
      the fluid could not be analysed. In our series the prognosis of patients with
      recurrent cervical cancer or a second primary tumor was poor. Improvement of the
      prognosis can result by intensifying the follow-up examinations with CT and/or
      ultrasound in the first 2 years, and not by prolongation of the follow-up period.
      Estrogen therapy was believed to be the causal factor in three cases of
      hemotometra. In the near future an increase of this complication is possible as a
      consequence of hormonal replacement therapy given to prevent osteoporosis after
      pelvic irradiation.

PMID- 2407561
TI  - Chondrosarcoma arising in an osteochondroma: an unusual cause of an abdominal
      mass.
AB  - Secondary chondrosarcomas are rare tumours, which can develop in up to 2% of
      patients with single osteochondromas. The rarity of presentation of these tumours
      to the general surgeon can lead to difficulty and delay in diagnosis. We describe
      such a tumour presenting as an abdominal mass and discuss the appropriate
      investigations necessary to establish the diagnosis and plan subsequent
      management.

PMID- 2407562
TI  - Legal aspects of involuntary sterilization.
AB  - The foregoing discussion was intended as a review of the pertinent literature of
      involuntary sterilization. It is by no means all-inclusive (the number of cases
      precludes an exhaustive compendium) but does include those cases that, in the
      authors' opinion, are most representative of the contemporary attitude of the
      courts. The discussion has been confined primarily to the legal aspects of
      involuntary sterilization. We have omitted any substantial discussion of the
      moral and ethical aspects of this complex topic but acknowledge the intimate role
      these issues may play in any decision to undertake involuntary sterilization. As
      outlined, the presence or absence of statutory guidelines mandates in part the
      legal channels to be pursued. In the presence of statutes for involuntary
      sterilization, strict adherence to the specified requirements provides the
      optimal means of protecting the legal interests of all involved parties. In the
      absence of statutory guidelines, extreme caution must be exercised. In these
      circumstances, a validly executed court order observing procedural due process
      should provide optimal protection of patient and physician interests. The
      decisions of New Jersey and Alaska courts represent one potential method of
      securing a consent by use of the parens patriae doctrine. Recent notable efforts
      at a state level to dispense with lengthy hearings and implement committee review
      have been encouraging and await further trials to determine their ultimate role
      in authorizing sterilization of mental incompetents. Given the current legal
      climate and available avenues, parental substituted consent without adequate
      hearing and due process should not be considered a fulfillment of legal
      responsibilities.

PMID- 2407563
TI  - Comparison of three modes of treatment for infertility patients with minimal
      pelvic endometriosis.
AB  - Minimal pelvic endometriosis can be the only pathology found in infertility
      patients undergoing an infertility work-up. Although the mechanism by which
      endometriosis causes infertility is not known, it is well established that
      pregnancy can be attained in many patients when this disease is treated. Three
      different modes of treatment were used in 167 infertility patients who had
      minimal pelvic endometriosis without other pelvic pathology. Group I (danazol)
      achieved 48.9% pregnancy rates (23/47), group II (CO2 laser) had 44.6% pregnancy
      rates (37/83), and group III (CO2 laser and danazol) achieved 51.4% pregnancy
      rates (19/37). Although the pregnancy rates in groups I and III were higher, they
      were not statistically significant when compared with group II.

PMID- 2407564
TI  - The optimal dose of oral norethindrone acetate for addition to transdermal
      estradiol: a multicenter study.
AB  - The effects of adding one of three doses (0.5, 0.75, or 1.0 mg/d) of
      norethindrone acetate for 12 days each month to continuous, transdermal estradiol
      (0.05 mg/d) have been determined in a prospective, randomized, multicenter study.
      Significant symptomatic and psychological improvements were observed and, with
      one exception, were not opposed by the added progestogen. Distinct redness at the
      site of last patch application was reported by 10% of patients and faint erythema
      by 30%. However, less than 5% of patients discontinued treatment because of skin
      problems. Breakthrough bleeding occurred infrequently and all three doses of
      norethindrone acetate induced a regular pattern of bleeding with secretory
      transformation in the endometrium. There was no hyperplasia or carcinoma.

PMID- 2407565
TI  - Luteal support after luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist for in vitro
      fertilization: superiority of human chorionic gonadotropin over oral
      progesterone.
AB  - It has been reported that the pregnancy rate after in vitro fertilization (IVF)
      after pituitary desensitization with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
      agonist (LH-RH-a) is twice as low if the luteal phase is not supported. We
      therefore tested the respective advantages of luteal support using human
      chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, 1,500 IU three times) and progesterone (P,
      micronized, oral administration, 400 mg/d) after 171 embryo transfers (ET) in
      which the cycle was stimulated with the LH-RH-a triptoreline. The type of luteal
      phase support was randomly selected except when the estradiol level exceeded
      2,700 pg/mL. The clinical pregnancy rate and the ongoing pregnancy rate were
      significantly higher using hCG (after the transfer of 3 embryos, 45% and 43% with
      hCG versus 23% and 17% with P). The same results were noted for the embryo
      implantation rate per ET (19% of embryos are viable after 6 months of pregnancy
      after hCG versus 7.5% after P). Adequate luteal support, therefore, significantly
      improves the results of IVF when LH-RH-a are used. The poor results obtained with
      P in this study might be related to its poor bioavailability after oral
      administration.

PMID- 2407566
TI  - Leukocytospermia is associated with poor semen quality.
AB  - Semen samples from 179 infertility patients were analyzed for type and number of
      white blood cells (WBC) by a combination of immunologic techniques. Forty-one
      (23%) had more than 10(6) WBC/mL semen (leukocytospermia). Semen parameters in
      patients with less than 10(6) WBC/mL were similar to those of 15 fertile donors.
      In contrast, the leukocytospermic group had significant reductions in total sperm
      number, percent sperm motility, sperm velocity, motility index, and total number
      of motile sperm. Patients with high concentrations of monocytes/macrophages
      (greater than 5 X 10(5)/mL; n = 27) had significantly reduced ejaculate volume;
      patients with high numbers of T lymphocytes (greater than 10(5)/mL; n = 19) had a
      significant reduction in sperm velocity; and patients with high levels of
      granulocyte elastase in semen (greater than 1,000 ng/mL; n = 26) had significant
      reductions in ejaculate volume, total sperm number, and total motile sperm
      number. There was no correlation between the presence of antisperm antibodies and
      leukocytospermia. Our data suggest that leukocytospermia may occur frequently in
      male infertility patients and show that elevated levels of WBC in semen are
      associated with poor semen quality. This provides further rationale for white
      blood cell testing in semen of male infertility patients, since antibiotic or
      anti-inflammatory therapy may be helpful in appropriately selected cases.

PMID- 2407567
TI  - Should ovulation be induced in women recovering from an eating disorder or who
      are compulsive exercisers?
AB  - The eating and exercise history of women with secondary amenorrhea and failure of
      ovulation using CC was studied in 14 consecutive women on a GnRH-a program. All
      had a history of an eating or exercise disorder. At the time of the interview, 7
      women continued to have an eating or exercise disorder. There were 15 pregnancies
      (12 women) with 12 live births, of which 4 weighed less than 2,500 g. Infertility
      specialists should inquire routinely about a woman's body weight and eating and
      exercise behaviors, and consider treatment for these before prescribing drugs to
      induce ovulation.

PMID- 2407568
TI  - Reversal of sterilization in women over 40 years of age: a multicenter survey in
      The Netherlands.
AB  - Microscopic reversal of sterilization in women is successful. Most infertility
      treatments, however, are bound to an age limit, which in the individual case is
      sometimes overstepped. To determine if reversal of sterilization in women greater
      than 40 years of age is justifiable, the data of nine centers of tubal surgery in
      the Netherlands were analyzed. In 78 women between 40 and 45 years, an
      intrauterine pregnancy rate of 45% and an ectopic pregnancy rate of 4% was
      reported. Whereas 26% of first pregnancies ended in a spontaneous abortion, the
      live birth rate (all healthy children) still amounted to 44%. The mean duration
      between operation and first pregnancy was 5.5 months. It is concluded that
      microscopical reversal of sterilization in women between 40 and 45 years is an
      acceptable infertility treatment.

PMID- 2407569
TI  - Effects of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on sexual behavior in male
      rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).
AB  - Low levels of sexual behavior persist in male rhesus monkeys treated with GnRH-a
      despite very low levels of T and gonadotropin that occur during such treatment.
      The behavior of male rhesus monkeys treated with GnRH-a resembles the behavior of
      surgically castrated male rhesus monkeys more closely than it does the behavior
      of reproductively quiescent males during the normal nonmating season. The normal,
      seasonal cessation of sexual behavior in male rhesus monkeys may result from
      changes in behavioral sensitivity to circulating androgens.

PMID- 2407570
TI  - Conservative surgical management of interstitial pregnancy.

PMID- 2407571
TI  - [The effect of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 14225) on plasma 18
      hydroxycorticosterone and aldosterone in sodium depleted conscious rats].
AB  - Altered sodium intake is known to cause a greater change in plasma 18
      hydroxycorticosterone (18-OHB) level than in plasma aldosterone level, resulting
      in an increase of plasma 18-OHB/aldosterone ratio in sodium-depleted man and
      rats. To evaluate the role of endogenous angiotensin II in the high plasma 18
      OHB/aldosterone ratio in sodium-depleted rats, we examined the effect of the
      angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor SQ 14225 on plasma 18-OHB and
      aldosterone in sodium-depleted (SD) and sodium-repleted (SR) conscious rats.
      Plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma angiotensin II were higher in the SD rats
      than in the SR rats. The ingestion of SQ 14225 caused an increase in PRA and a
      decrease in plasma angiotensin II, whereas these changes were more prominent in
      the SD rats than in the SR rats. Plasma 18-OHB and aldosterone levels were higher
      in the SD rats than in the SR rats. The plasma 18-OHB/aldosterone ratio was also
      higher in the SD rats than in the SR rats. The ingestion of SQ 14225 caused
      decreases in plasma 18-OHB and aldosterone levels in both the SR and SD rats,
      whereas the SQ 14225-induced decreases in plasma 18-OHB and aldosterone levels
      were more prominent in the SD rats than in the SR rats. Thus, the ingestion of SQ
      14225 induced a decrease in the plasma 18-OHB/aldosterone ratio in both the SR
      and SD rats. The decrease in plasma 18-OHB/aldosterone ratio was more prominent
      in the SD rats than in the SR rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407572
TI  - [A case of glucocorticoid-responsive hyperaldosteronism: follow-up study for 21
      years--comparison with cases of 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency in Japan].
AB  - A study of the pathophysiology in our previously reported case of glucocorticoid
      responsive hyperaldosteronism (Case E.H., 17 yrs old, female; JCEM, 28: 1807,
      1968), who had undergone a long-term successful treatment for 21 yrs of daily 0.5
      mg dexamethasone (Dex), suggested again that the patient had 17 alpha-hydroxylase
      deficiency (17-OH-D) in the adrenal with minimum enzyme deficiency in the ovary.
      When Case E.H. was injected with zinc-ACTH for 3 days with daily 0.5 mg Dex
      administration, plasma levels of 17-deoxy-steroids were moderately or
      dramatically increased, but those of 17 alpha-hydroxy-steroids (17-OH-steroids)
      responded poorly or not at all. Plasma level of estradiol and urine estrogens
      were found to be normal in repeated measurements. Plasma basal levels of LH and
      FSH were normal, and their responses to LH-RH were high normal or slightly
      exaggerated. Her menstruation was almost regular, and the basal body temperature
      was at least biphasic with daily 0.5 mg Dex treatment. However, she did not
      become pregnant during the 17 yrs of her married life. Then, we surveyed 31
      Japanese cases of 17-OH-D with suppressed plasma renin activity (PRA) to
      ascertain whether similar patients to our case, 17-OH-D with suppressed PRA and
      with hyperaldosteronism, has been reported or not. In this survey work, 9 such
      cases were found to have high plasma aldosterone (Ald) concentration (PAC) (group
      I). The other 21 cases had normal or low normal PAC, and the one remaining case
      had low urine Ald (group II). 17-Deoxy-steroids such as corticosterone, 11
      deoxycorticosterone and progesterone, which were elevated in this disorder, were
      added to control plasma, and PAC was measured with Dainabot's
      "ALDOSTERONE.RIAKIT" used for the measurement of PAC in all group I patients.
      With the total of large amounts of 600 ng of these 17-deoxy-steroids (200 ng for
      each), however, the incremental PAC value was much less than the lowest PAC value
      in patients of group I. PAC of one group I patient was measured directly by
      "ALDOSTERONE.RIAKIT" and also by RIA after extraction and purification procedure
      using LH-20 column chromatography. The PAC values obtained by both methods were
      high and the same (285 pg/ml). In 5 out of 22 group II patients, PAC was also
      measured with the same RIA kit "ALDOSTERONE.RIAKIT" mentioned above, and yet it
      was low or low normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2407573
TI  - The mutagenicity of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) preparations.
AB  - Different cassava products were found to contain mutagenic activities in the Ames
      test. This paper describes how the flavonol quercetin is released during the
      cooking of fresh cassava leaves, following a process very similar to culinary
      habits. The hydrolysis of the glucoside(s) and the release of free quercetin has
      been followed by the monitoring of mutagenic activities with a simultaneous
      isolation and purification by thin-layer chromatography. The fluorodensitometric
      method applied revealed that fresh leaves contained about 1300 mg quercetin per
      kg wet weight, of which 800 mg were released during a normal cooking process.

PMID- 2407574
TI  - The relevance of the mouse papilloma test as a predictor of retinoid activity in
      human psoriasis.
AB  - The combination of the results of mouse antipapilloma tests with those from
      hypervitaminosis A tests in mice as the basis for calculating a therapeutic index
      has been used for more than 20 years in the search for retinoids as useful drugs
      in human dermatology. A number of retinoids identified as active or inactive when
      administered systemically in these mouse systems have gone into clinical trials;
      clinical results on 11 retinoids were available for a retrospective analysis on
      the predictive relevance of the mouse models for retinoid activity in human
      psoriasis. This analysis revealed that the therapeutic index in mice correctly
      identified eleven compounds and differentiated them into markedly active,
      moderately active or inactive retinoids when subsequently used clinically in the
      treatment of various forms of psoriasis. Acidic retinoids were more difficult to
      assess than nonacidic ones and the therapeutic index appeared to underestimate
      their potency in humans. One retinoid, motretinide, showed a favorable
      therapeutic index but failed to demonstrate antipsoriatic activity in the clinic.
      The reason for this discrepancy is that humans and mice metabolize this compound
      differently. Thus, although chemically induced skin papillomas in mice reflect
      only certain analogies to human psoriasis and other keratinizing dermatoses, they
      may be considered a useful tool in the search for retinoids for the treatment of
      keratinization disorders.

PMID- 2407575
TI  - Activation of protein kinase C triggers premature compaction in the four-cell
      stage mouse embryo.
AB  - During mouse preimplantation development, the cells of the mouse embryo undergo a
      progressive subcellular reorganization at compaction, which eventually results in
      the formation of two distinct cell types. We have investigated the effect that
      activators of the Ca2(+)-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (PKC) have on
      mouse compaction. Phorbol ester activation of PKC caused premature compaction of
      four-cell embryos within a few minutes of addition followed by a prolonged
      decompaction phase after 1 hr. This response was dose-dependent to concentrations
      as low as 250 pg/ml. Diacylglycerides also caused compaction; however, it was
      more sustained than with phorbol esters and was not followed by a phase of
      decompaction. Inhibition of PKC with sphingosine blocks induced compaction in a
      dose-dependent manner and also blocks normal compaction of eight-cell embryos. A
      monoclonal antibody to the cell adhesion molecule, E-cadherin, which mediates
      mouse embryo compaction, completely blocks compaction induced by these activators
      of PKC. Indirect immunofluorescence with a monoclonal antibody to E-cadherin
      indicates that PKC activation causes a rapid shift in the localization of this
      cell adhesion molecule, which coincides with the observed compaction. These
      results suggest that PKC plays a role in the initiation of compaction through its
      effect either directly or indirectly on E-cadherin.

PMID- 2407576
TI  - A role for the neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM, in myoblast interaction
      during myogenesis.
AB  - The Ca2(+)-independent neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM, is expressed by both
      nerve and muscle cells and has been shown to mediate both nerve-nerve and nerve
      muscle cell interaction. A role for NCAM in muscle-muscle cell interaction has
      been proposed but not demonstrated. Here we report evidence that NCAM is
      expressed by embryonic chick muscle cells during in vitro development and
      functions together with Ca2(+)-dependent adhesion molecules in mediating myoblast
      interaction during the formation of multinucleate cells.

PMID- 2407577
TI  - Regulation of dopa decarboxylase gene expression in the larval epidermis of the
      tobacco hornworm by 20-hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone.
AB  - Dopa decarboxylase (DDC) which converts dopa to dopamine is important for
      cuticular melanization and sclerotization in insects. An antibody to Drosophila
      DDC was found to precipitate both DDC activity and a 49-kDa polypeptide
      synthesized by the epidermis of molting Manduca larvae. Using the Drosophila DDC
      gene, we isolated the Manduca DDC gene which on hybrid selection produced a 49
      kDa translation product precipitable by the Drosophila DDC antibody. The 3.1-kb
      DDC mRNA appeared 12 hr after head capsule slippage (HCS) and reached maximal
      levels 7 hr later. Peak expression was twofold higher in melanizing
      allatectomized larvae and could be depressed to normal levels by application of
      0.1 micrograms juvenile hormone I at HCS. Infusion of 1 microgram/hr 20
      hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) for 18 hr beginning 2 hr after HCS or addition of 1
      microgram/ml 20-HE to the culture medium for 24 hr prevented the normal increase
      in DDC mRNA. When Day 2 fourth instar epidermis was explanted before the molting
      ecdysteroid rise and cultured with 1-3 micrograms/ml 20-HE for 17 hr and then for
      24 hr in hormone-free medium, DDC expression was three- to fourfold higher than
      that in epidermis cultured in the absence of hormone. Twelve or more hours of
      incubation with 20-HE was required for an increase in DDC mRNA, but continuous
      exposure to 20-HE prevented the increase. In all cultures an initial rapid
      increase in DDC mRNA was observed which decayed with time in vitro and apparently
      was associated with the wound response. Thus, ecdysteroid during a larval molt is
      necessary to program the later expression of DDC, but the subsequent decline of
      the ecdysteroid is required for this expression to occur.

PMID- 2407578
TI  - Microtubule distribution in dv, a maize meiotic mutant defective in the prophase
      to metaphase transition.
AB  - Microsporogenesis in Zea mays, the meiotic reduction of diploid sporocytes to
      haploid microspores, proceeds through a well-defined developmental sequence. The
      ability to generate mutants that affect the process makes this an ideal system
      for elucidating the role of the cytoskeleton during plant development. We have
      used immunofluorescence microscopy to compare microtubule distribution in wild
      type and mutant microsporocytes. During normal meiosis the distribution of
      microtubules follows a specific temporal and spatial pattern that reflects the
      polar nature of microspore formation. Perinuclear microtubule staining increases
      and the nucleus elongates in the future spindle axis during late prophase I.
      Metaphase I spindles with highly focused poles align along the long axis of the
      anther locule. Cytokinesis occurs perpendicular to the spindle axis. The second
      division axis shifts 90 degrees with respect to the first division plane, thereby
      yielding an isobilateral tetrad of microspores. Microtubule distribution patterns
      during meiosis suggest that a nuclear envelope-associated microtubule organizing
      center (MTOC) controls the organization of cytoplasmic microtubules and
      contributes to spindle formation. The meiotic mutant dv is defective in the
      transition from a prophase microtubule array to a metaphase spindle. Instead of
      converging to form focused poles, the metaphase spindle poles remain diffuse as
      in prometaphase. This defect correlates with several abnormalities in subsequent
      developmental events including the formation of multinucleate daughter cells,
      multiple microspindles during meiosis II, multiple phragmoplasts, polyads of
      microspores, and cytoplasmic microtubule foci. These results suggest that dv is a
      mutation that affects MTOC organization.

PMID- 2407579
TI  - The role of cell adhesion molecules in neurite outgrowth on Muller cells.
AB  - The roles of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), L1, N-cadherin, and integrin
      in neurite outgrowth on various substrates were studied. Antibodies against these
      cell surface molecules were added to explants of chick retina and the neurites
      from retinal ganglion cells were examined for effects of the antibodies on
      neurite length and fasciculation. On laminin, an anti-integrin antibody
      completely inhibited neurite outgrowth. The same antibody did not inhibit neurite
      outgrowth on polylysine or Muller cells. Antibodies to NCAM, L1, and N-cadherin
      did not significantly inhibit neurite outgrowth on laminin but produced
      significant inhibition on Muller cells. The inhibition of neurite outgrowth on
      glia by anti-L1 antibodies supports the hypothesis that L1 is capable of acting
      in a heterophilic binding mechanism. On laminin, both anti-N-cadherin and anti-L1
      caused defasciculation of neurites from retinal ganglion cells, while anti-NCAM
      did not. None of these antibodies produced defasciculation on Muller cells. The
      results indicate that these three cell adhesion molecules may be very important
      in interactions with glia as axons grow from the retina to the tectum and may be
      less important in axon-axon interactions along this pathway. No evidence was
      found supporting the role of integrins in axon growth on Muller cells.

PMID- 2407580
TI  - Handicaps to host defense. Effects of hyperglycemia on C3 and Candida albicans.
AB  - The hyperglycemic patient remains persistently at risk for infectious
      complications. Whether ascribable to diabetes mellitus, to the administration of
      glucocorticoids, or to the infusion of hyperalimentation fluids, hyperglycemia
      may impair several mechanisms of humoral host defense, including such varied
      neutrophil functions as adhesion, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. In addition,
      binding of glucose to the biochemically active site of the third component of
      complement C3 inhibits the attachment of this protein to the microbial surface
      and thereby impairs opsonization. Last, several pathogens frequently encountered
      in hyperglycemic patients possess unique mechanisms of virulence that flourish in
      the hyperglycemic environment. Most notable in this regard is the yeast Candida
      albicans, which expresses a glucose-inducible protein that is structurally and
      functionally homologous to a complement receptor on mammalian phagocytes. This
      protein promotes adhesion in the yeast and subverts phagocytosis by the host.
      Thus, hyperglycemia serves as a central mechanism in the predisposition of
      hyperglycemic patients to infection.

PMID- 2407581
TI  - Incidence of type II diabetes in Mexican Americans predicted by fasting insulin
      and glucose levels, obesity, and body-fat distribution.
AB  - Few data exist on predictors of non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes
      mellitus. We examined body mass index (BMI), ratio of subscapular-to-triceps skin
      fold (centrality index), and fasting glucose and insulin concentrations as
      predictors of decompensation to type II diabetes in Mexican Americans, a
      population at high risk for this disorder. Twenty-eight of 474 initially
      nondiabetic Mexican Americans developed type II diabetes after 8 yr of follow-up.
      Converters to diabetes were older and had higher BMIs, centrality indices, and
      fasting glucose and insulin concentrations than nonconverters. Subjects in the
      highest quartile of the insulin distribution had 6.6 times the risk of developing
      type II diabetes as subjects in the remaining three quartiles combined (95%
      confidence interval [CI] = 3.14-13.7). In multivariate analysis, fasting glucose
      (odds ratio [OR] = 5.80, 95% CI = 2.57-13.1) and insulin (OR = 3.12, 95% CI =
      1.36-7.14) remained significantly related to conversion to diabetes. However, BMI
      and centrality index, which were significantly related to conversion in the
      univariate analysis, were no longer significant in the multivariate analysis once
      glucose and insulin concentrations were taken into consideration, suggesting that
      the effect of these variables may be mediated by insulin resistance. Nearly half
      of the incident cases developed in a subset of the population who were
      simultaneously in the highest quartile of both fasting insulin and glucose
      concentrations (population-attributable risk 44.2%). Our results support the
      insulin resistance/pancreatic exhaustion theory of type II diabetes.

PMID- 2407582
TI  - In vivo relationship between insulin clearance and action in healthy subjects and
      IDDM patients.
AB  - The relationship between plasma clearance rate of insulin (PCR) and insulin
      stimulated glucose disposal was investigated in 15 healthy subjects and 30
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients with the sequential
      euglycemic (5 mM) clamp technique (insulin infusion rates of 0.5, 1, 2, and 5
      mU.kg-1.min-1 in 2-h steps). In IDDM patients, insulin-stimulated glucose
      disposal was decreased at low insulinemia (steps 1-3), whereas at maximal
      insulinemia (step 4), insulin action was normal. In the healthy subjects, strong
      positive correlations were found for PCR versus steady-state glucose infusion
      rate (SSGIR): r = 0.71 (P less than 0.005), 0.72 (P less than 0.005), 0.72 (P
      less than 0.005), and 0.78 (P less than 0.001) for steps 1-4, respectively. In
      contrast, in the IDDM patients, no relationship was observed: r = 0.01, -0.03,
      0.06, and 0.01 (NS) for steps 1-4, respectively. In univariate analyses of PCR,
      no differences were found between patient subgroups with values for percentage of
      tracer binding below or above 5% or insulin-antibody-binding capacities and
      equilibrium constants below or above the median. In multiple regression models,
      adjusting for insulin antibodies, preceding glycemic control (HbA1 or
      fructosamine), and duration of IDDM, correlations for PCR versus SSGIR remained
      nonsignificant. In conclusion, insulin action is correlated to insulin clearance
      in healthy subjects, suggesting a functional relationship from an in vivo
      perspective. No such relationship was present in patients with IDDM, even after
      adjusting for insulin antibodies, preceding glycemic control, and duration of
      IDDM.

PMID- 2407583
TI  - Differential effects of IGF-I and insulin on glucoregulation and fat metabolism
      in depancreatized dogs.
AB  - The effects of equipotent glucose-lowering doses of insulinlike growth factor I
      (IGF-I) and insulin on tracer-determined glucose kinetics and several metabolites
      were compared in 14 experiments (7 in each group) in fasted, totally
      depancreatized dogs. This model prevented variations in insulin secretion induced
      by IGF-I and permitted evaluation of the effects of IGF-I on extrapancreatic
      glucagon. Steady-state moderate hyperglycemia (9.9 +/- 0.2 mM) was maintained by
      a subbasal intraportal infusion of insulin (1.29 +/- 0.17 pmol.kg-1.min-1). This
      was continued throughout the experiment, allowing evaluation of IGF-I effects on
      insulin clearance. Human recombinant IGF-I or insulin was given intravenously as
      a primed infusion for 90 min, followed by a 50-min recovery period. The dose of
      IGF-I was a 2.6-nmol/kg bolus plus 57.4 pmol.kg-1.min-1. The insulin dose
      required to induce the same plasma glucose decline as IGF-I (44 +/- 6 vs. 43 +/-
      5%, NS) was 9-12 times lower (0.06-nmol/kg bolus + 6.4 +/- 0.6 pmol.kg-1.min-1).
      However, the mechanism of this decline differed with IGF-I and insulin; glucose
      production was much less suppressed (25 +/- 9 vs. 42 +/- 11%, P less than 0.001)
      and glucose utilization was more stimulated (68 +/- 18 vs. 38 +/- 19%, P less
      than 0.05) with IGF-I.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407584
TI  - Sensitivity of pyruvate dehydrogenase to insulin in activated T lymphocytes. Lack
      of responsiveness to insulin in patients with polycystic ovarian disease and
      diabetes.
AB  - Using phytohemagglutinin-activated T lymphocytes, we studied possible mechanisms
      responsible for insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovarian disease
      (PCO) and acanthosis nigricans (AN) by examining insulin binding to erythrocytes
      and activated T lymphocytes and T-lymphocyte pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)
      responsiveness to insulin in three groups. These groups of subjects consisted of
      six PCO-AN patients with normal glucose tolerance, six PCO-AN patients with mild
      non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and six weight-matched control
      subjects. We found that insulin binding to both erythrocytes and activated T
      lymphocytes was significantly lower in PCO and PCO-NIDDM patients than control
      subjects but did not differ between the PCO groups. Insulin binding to
      erythrocytes and T lymphocytes varied inversely with basal insulin. In activated
      T lymphocytes of PCO-NIDDM patients, PDH responsiveness to both submaximal and
      maximal insulin concentrations was impaired, the extent of which varied in
      proportion to their degree of carbohydrate intolerance. In contrast, PDH
      responsiveness to maximal amounts of insulin in T lymphocytes of PCO patients
      without NIDDM was similar to the weight-matched control subjects. These data may
      suggest that lesions at the level of the receptor are primarily responsible for
      insulin resistance in patients with PCO but that both receptor and postreceptor
      defects (i.e., PDH responsiveness to insulin) contribute to the insulin-resistant
      state of PCO patients with NIDDM.

PMID- 2407585
TI  - Effect of plasma amino acid replacement on glucagon and substrate responses to
      insulin-induced hypoglycemia in humans.
AB  - A defective glucagon response impairs glucose recovery from insulin-induced
      hypoglycemia in some insulin-dependent (type I) diabetic patients. Our objective
      was to determine whether the glucagon response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia
      could be stimulated in nondiabetic humans. Because insulin reduces plasma amino
      acid concentrations, and amino acids are known to stimulate glucagon secretion,
      we investigated the effect of amino acid replacement during insulin infusion on
      the glucagon response to hypoglycemia in six healthy nondiabetic subjects. In two
      separate studies, blood glucose was clamped at the postabsorptive level during a
      constant infusion of insulin (0.05 U.kg-1.h-1) for 3 h. Blood glucose was then
      reduced to 45 mg/dl over 20 min. Hormone and substrate concentrations during
      recovery from hypoglycemia were monitored for 2 h. In the control study, normal
      saline was infused, and in the other study, an amino acid mixture was infused to
      prevent the insulin-induced fall in plasma amino acids. Amino acid replacement
      did not change the basal glucagon levels but resulted in a more robust glucagon
      response to hypoglycemia (from 184 +/- 24 to 292 +/- 36 pg/ml) than in the
      control study (from 176 +/- 30 to an average 229 +/- 32 pg/ml, P less than 0.01).
      Plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and growth
      hormones increased during hypoglycemia, but the magnitude of the response was not
      different between the control and amino acid-replacement studies.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407586
TI  - Chronic exposure to high glucose and impairment of K(+)-channel function in
      perifused rat pancreatic islets.
AB  - Prolonged exposure to high glucose levels impairs the ability of pancreatic
      islets to secrete insulin as a response to that stimulus. Because glucose, like
      other insulin secretagogues, elicits insulin secretion by inhibiting the ATP
      sensitive K+ channels, in this study, we investigated the effect of prolonged (24
      h) exposure of rat pancreatic islets to high (16.7 mM) glucose concentration on
      86Rb efflux (used as a tracer for K+). The data obtained indicate that islets
      exposed to high glucose concentration have impaired function of the glucose
      sensitive K+ channel, this phenomenon is temporarily related to a defective
      response of glucose-induced insulin release, and these alterations are
      reversible.

PMID- 2407587
TI  - Aggregin: a platelet ADP receptor that mediates activation.
AB  - ADP is known to induce platelet shape change, aggregation, and exposure of
      fibrinogen binding sites as well as inhibit stimulated adenylate cyclase. The
      platelet is unique in that its purinergic receptor prefers ADP over ATP, which
      functions as a competitive antagonist. The affinity reagent, 5'-p
      fluorosulfonylbenzoyl adenosine (FSBA), has been used to covalently label a
      single membrane protein, aggregin, on the external platelet surface with mol wt
      of 100 kDa. Concomitant with incorporation of FSBA, ADP-induced shape change,
      aggregation, and fibrinogen binding is inhibited. FSBA is also a weak agonist at
      short times and high concentration, which suggests that prior noncovalent binding
      to aggregin takes place before covalent modification. Aggregin differs from
      platelet glycoprotein IIIa in its physical and immunochemical properties.
      Aggregin is distinct from the receptor coupled to adenylate cyclase. Using FSBA
      as a probe, platelet aggregation by thromboxane A2 analogs and collagen was shown
      to be dependent on ADP but not the shape change induced by these agonists.
      Binding to aggregin is required for epinephrine-induced aggregation. In turn,
      epinephrine increases the affinity of ADP for its receptor. Thrombin at
      concentrations greater than 2 nM (0.2 units/ml) stimulates platelet aggregation
      independent of ADP, but by raising cytoplasmic Ca2+ it activates platelet
      calpain, which in turn cleaves aggregin. Thus aggregin, in addition to serving as
      the ADP receptor linked to shape change and aggregation, plays a role in
      fibrinogen receptor latency that is relieved entirely by ADP binding to or
      proteolysis of aggregin.

PMID- 2407588
TI  - Octamer transcription factors and the cell type-specificity of immunoglobulin
      gene expression.
AB  - Antibodies are produced exclusively in B lymphocytes. The expression of the
      antibody-encoding genes, the immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, is also restricted to B
      cells. The octamer sequence ATGCAAAT is present in the promoter and the enhancer
      of Ig genes, and plays an important role in its tissue-specific expression. This
      sequence motif is a binding site for nuclear proteins, the so-called octamer
      transcription factors (Oct or OTF factors). The Oct-1 protein is present in all
      cell types analyzed so far, whereas Oct-2A and Oct-2B are found mainly in B
      lymphocytes. All three proteins show the same sequence specificity and binding
      affinity. It appears that the B cell-specific expression of Ig genes is mediated
      at least in part by cell type-specific Oct factors, and that there are both
      quantitative and qualitative differences between Oct-1 and Oct-2 factors.
      Recently, a number of other octamer factor variants were identified. Many of
      these may be created by alternative splicing of a primary transcript of one Oct
      factor gene and may serve a specific function in the fine tuning of gene
      expression.

PMID- 2407589
TI  - Cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase.
AB  - Cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group
      from N5-methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine, producing tetrahydrofolate and
      methionine. Insufficient availability of cobalamin, or inhibition of methionine
      synthase by exposure to nitrous oxide, leads to diminished activity of this
      enzyme. In humans, severe inhibition of methionine synthase results in the
      development of megaloblastic anemia, and eventually in subacute combined
      degeneration of the spinal cord. It also results in diminished intracellular
      folate levels and a redistribution of folate derivatives. In this review, we
      summarize recent progress in understanding the catalysis and regulation of this
      important enzyme from both bacterial and mammalian sources. Because inhibition of
      mammalian methionine synthase can restrict the incorporation of
      methyltetrahydrofolate from the blood into cellular folate pools that can be used
      for nucleotide biosynthesis, it is a potential chemotherapeutic target. The
      review emphasizes the mechanistic information that will be needed in order to
      design rational inhibitors of the enzyme.

PMID- 2407590
TI  - Movement of proteins through the Golgi stack: a molecular dissection of vesicular
      transport.
AB  - A combination of cell-free biochemical and morphological studies has revealed
      that a coated bud-coated vesicle transport system shuttles newly synthesized
      proteins through the successive processing compartments of the Golgi apparatus.
      These Golgi-coated vesicles operate in a manner formally analogous to the
      clathrin-coated, pit-coated vesicle system responsible for receptor-mediated
      endocytosis; however Golgi-coated vesicles do not contain clathrin.

PMID- 2407591
TI  - Membrane morphogenesis from cloned fragments of bacteriophage PM2 DNA that
      contain the sp6.6 gene.
AB  - The formation of new membrane vesicles normally occurs during eukaryotic
      organellogenesis and maturation of bacteriophage PM2. This virus was studied as a
      simple model for membrane morphogenesis. Previous biochemical and genetic studies
      suggest that a major structural protein of PM2, sp6.6, is an integral membrane
      protein involved in viral membrane morphogenesis. To establish the necessity of
      sp6.6 in membrane formation, restriction fragments of PM2 that contained the
      sp6.6 coding sequence were cloned into several plasmid vectors for expression in
      Escherichia coli. A construction in pBR322 containing two HindIII fragments of
      PM2 DNA caused production of intracellular membrane vesicles of the same size as
      those produced in the course of natural infection of Alteromonas espejiana.
      Similar results were obtained with a smaller construct of HindIII fragments in
      the plasmid vector pPL-lambda. Expression of sp6.6 was detected via incorporation
      of 35S-labeled methionine after SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and with a
      specific rabbit antiserum on immunoblots. Other constructs did not produce
      recognizable vesicles or sp6.6. These results are the first to suggest that a
      hydrophobic membrane protein can cause development of new membrane structure.

PMID- 2407592
TI  - Frederick Goodwin is 1990 FASEB Public Service Award recipient.

PMID- 2407593
TI  - Max D. Cooper wins 1990 3M Life Sciences Award.

PMID- 2407594
TI  - Significance of adenocarcinoma-associated antigen YH206 levels in the pancreatic
      juice.
AB  - We measured the pancreatic juice levels of antigen YH206, which is a new tumor
      marker of adenocarcinomas detected by monoclonal antibody YH206 (Hinoda et al.,
      Int. J Cancer 24(5):653-658, 1988). Sandwich enzyme immunoassay revealed that
      samples from patients with pancreas cancer (n = 21) showed significantly higher
      values (P less than 0.01) than those of healthy controls (n = 15). Eight out of
      21 (38.1%) samples from patients with pancreas cancer showed more than 100 U/ml,
      whereas only one out of 20 (5.0%) from patients with chronic pancreatitis
      exhibited more than 100 U/ml of antigen YH206. Simultaneous measurement of
      antigen YH206 and CA19-9 demonstrated that although a higher incidence of
      positivity in the case of pancreas cancer was obtained for both antigens, antigen
      YH206 showed much lower incidence of positivity (14%) than CA19-9 (57%) in
      patients with chronic pancreatitis. Therefore, the measurement of antigen YH206
      in the pancreatic juice could be of use for the diagnosis of pancreas cancer.

PMID- 2407595
TI  - Bilateral intrahepatic lithiasis without extrahepatic bile duct stones.
AB  - Bilateral intrahepatic lithiasis is a rare condition, and for this reason a
      nationwide survey was conducted. Reports on 675 patients with bilateral
      intrahepatic lithiasis over a 10-year-period were collected. Among these, 258
      patients with bilateral intrahepatic lithiasis having no extrahepatic bile duct
      stones were analyzed. The peak incidence was seen in the fourth to sixth decades.
      Males and females were equally effected. The stones removed were mainly calcium
      bilirubinate stones (75.6%). The main clinical symptoms were abdominal pain,
      fever and jaundice. Charcot's triad was seen in 29.7%, while 12.4% of the
      patients had no symptoms. Visualization of each segmental duct of the liver by
      direct cholangiography was excellent in this survey and ranged from 88 to 97.3%
      of the patients. The most frequent site of stones was the left hepatic duct
      (60.1%). The site of bile duct dilatation coincided with the location of stones.
      The most common sites of stenosis were the central part of the lateral segmental
      duct (32.5%) and the left hepatic duct (37.6%). Hepatic resection was employed in
      49.2% of the patients, and drainage procedures were added in 95.6%. Follow-up
      studies of 236 patients treated by surgery revealed good results in 67.4%, fair
      in 13.6%, and poor in 7.6%. In these patients, however, endoscopic lithotomy was
      often employed intra- and/or post-operatively. Conducting hepatic resection, with
      adequate biliary drainage procedure and cholangiofiberscopic lithotomy may help
      to improve the therapeutic results of bilateral intrahepatic lithiasis.

PMID- 2407596
TI  - A study of secretory immunoglobulin A on membranous epithelial cells (M cells)
      and adjacent absorptive cells of rabbit Peyer's patches.
AB  - Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) on the surface of the membranous epithelial
      cell (M cell) is present in Peyer's patches, an important element of gut
      associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Little information about this immunoglobulin
      exists except for its scantiness inferred from electron microscopic examination
      of the relatively thin layer of glycocalyx on the cell surface. This study was
      undertaken to investigate SIgA on the M cell surface by immunohistochemical
      observations of specimens from 16-week-old rabbits, using anti-IgA antibody
      specifically directed to alpha-chain and anti-SIgA antibody specific to both
      alpha-chain and secretory component (SC). Areas of strongly positive reaction
      with these antibodies were demonstrable by electron, as well as light microscopy
      in the glycocalyx layer and on microfolds of M cells, contrasting with the
      glycocalyx layer and microvilli of the adjacent absorptive cells. The findings
      were suggestive of an abundant presence of SIgA in the glycocalyx layer and on
      microfolds of M cells. The results suggested the participation of SIgA on M cell
      surfaces through a mechanism in which M cells take up intestinal antigens,
      although the precise role of SIgA on M cells remains unclear.

PMID- 2407597
TI  - IgG subclass-containing cells in the human large bowel of normal controls, non
      IBD colitis, and ulcerative colitis.
AB  - IgG subclass-containing cells in colonic mucosa were examined in three groups; 1)
      normal controls 2) cases of ulcerative colitis (UC) 3) cases of colitis excluding
      UC and Crohn's disease (non-IBD colitis) by indirect immunoperoxidase staining
      method using mouse anti-IgG subclass monoclonal antibodies. The numbers (and
      proportions) of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4-containing cells in normal colonic
      mucosa was 80 +/- 29/mm2 (44.6%), 44 +/- 21 (24.1%), 44 +/- 24 (23.7%), 13 +/- 10
      (7.7%), respectively. The proportion of IgG subclass-containing cells in normal
      colonic mucosa was different from the known proportion of IgG subclass in serum.
      In UC, the numbers of all IgG subclasses-containing cells were significantly
      increased compared to controls and non-IBD colitis. However, only IgG1-containing
      cells were increased in proportion (50.3%) compared to normal controls. In non
      IBD colitis, the numbers of IgG1- and IgG2-containing cells were increased
      compared to the controls, but the increases were less than UC, and there was no
      difference in the proportion of IgG subclass compared to normal controls. The
      differences in the numbers and in the proportions of IgG subclass-containing
      cells between UC and non-IBD colitis may reflect differences in the underlying
      disease process.

PMID- 2407598
TI  - Immunohistochemical investigation of hepatitis B virus associated antigens, HLA
      antigens and lymphocyte subsets in type B chronic hepatitis.
AB  - HLA antigens, hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated antigens and lymphocyte subsets
      in liver tissue from 35 patients with HBs antigenemia were studied using an
      immunoperoxidase double staining method and immunoelectron microscopy in order to
      clarify the immune mechanism of hepatocyte lysis in type B hepatitis. Immune
      light and electron microscopy using monoclonal antibodies to lymphocyte subsets
      revealed that infiltrating lymphocytes in the areas of piecemeal necrosis and
      focal necrosis were predominantly CD8-positive, showing direct contact with
      hepatocytes. In contrast, CD4(+) cells were infrequently observed in necrotizing
      inflammatory lesions. HLA-A,B,C antigens were mainly found on hepatocytes in
      areas of piecemeal necrosis and focal necrosis, in association with CD8(+)
      lymphocyte infiltration. HLA-DR antigens were demonstrated on a few hepatocytes
      in the same lesions. In cases of CAH with serum HBeAg positive, HLA-A,B,C,
      antigens and HBV antigens simultaneously demonstrated on the same hepatocytes.
      Especially, hepatocytes expressing both HLA-A,B,C antigen and HBsAg on the plasma
      membrane showed direct contact with CD8(+)lymphocytes. This finding fulfilled the
      morphological requirements for HBsAg as a target antigen. On the other hand,
      HBcAg was hardly demonstrated in the liver cell membrane but was demonstrated
      mainly in the cytoplasm. Compared with the nuclear localization of HBcAg in cases
      of NSR, cytoplasmic localization of this antigen may be associated with
      membranous expression of new antigens induced by HBV infection.

PMID- 2407599
TI  - Circadian rhythms in the number of gastrin cells, DNA synthesizing cells and
      labelling index of gastrin cells in the antral mucosa of the rat.
AB  - Circadian variations of the gastrin cell (G-cell) number, the DNA synthesizing
      cell (S phase cell) number and labelling index of G-cell in antral mucosa were
      studied using the simultaneous double immunoenzymatic labelling method of gastrin
      and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) both in fed and 24 h fasted rats. No significant
      change was observed in the G-cell number. The S phase cell number and labelling
      index of G-cell showed significant circadian rhythms. Labelling index of G-cell
      markedly decreased in 24 h fasted rats in comparison to that in fed rats. These
      results suggest that DNA synthesis in G-cells has a circadian rhythm and that the
      activity is influenced by food ingestion.

PMID- 2407600
TI  - Absence of an effect of naloxone, an opioid antagonist, on luteinizing hormone
      release in vivo and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone I release in vitro in
      intact, castrated, and food restricted cockerels.
AB  - The possibility that the tonic secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and chicken
      luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone I (LHRH-I) is regulated by an inhibitory
      action of endogenous opioid peptides was investigated in cockerels using the
      opiate receptor antagonist, naloxone. Baseline concentrations of plasma LH in the
      experimental cockerels were increased by surgical castration or reduced by
      limiting food intake. Baseline and K(+)-induced releases of LHRH-I from perifused
      mediobasal-preoptic hypothalami from castrated cockerels were higher than those
      from hypothalami from intact cockerels. Similarly, baseline and K(+)-induced
      releases of LHRH-I from perifused mediobasal hypothalami from fully fed cockerels
      were higher than those from the hypothalami from fasting cockerels. Intravenous
      injections of 0.1, 1, or 10 mg naloxone/kg body weight failed to increase the
      concentration of plasma LH in castrated, intact, fully fed, or fasted cockerels.
      Perifusion of mediobasal-preoptic hypothalami from castrated or intact cockerels
      with 200 microM naloxone or mediobasal hypothalami from fully fed or fasted
      cockerels with 10 microM naloxone failed to stimulate the release of LHRH-I.
      These observations suggest in the cockerel that endogenous opioid peptides may
      not play an obligatory role in the inhibitory control of the tonic secretion of
      luteinizing hormone.

PMID- 2407601
TI  - Use of a pituitary cell dispersion method and primary culture system for the
      studies of gonadotropin-releasing hormone action in the goldfish, Carassius
      auratus. I. Initial morphological, static, and cell column perifusion studies.
AB  - Two cell dispersion methods for excised goldfish pituitary glands were tested,
      and a cultured dispersed cell system based on trypsin enzymatic tissue digestion
      was developed and characterized. Controlled trypsin/DNase treatment of goldfish
      pituitary gland yielded dispersed cells of high viability (trypsin blue exclusion
      test) that responded to gonadotropin (GTH)-releasing hormone (GnRH) challenges
      with GTH secretion in a time- and dose-dependent manner following overnight
      culture. Electron microscopy revealed that cell preparations produced by the
      trypsin dispersion were free of cell debris and nerve terminals. The dispersed
      pituitary cells also retained distinct morphological and immunological
      identities. Under static incubation conditions, 2-hr treatments with 0.1 nM to 1
      microM [Trp7,Leu8]-GnRH (sGnRH) and [D-Arg6,Pro9-N-ethylamide]-sGnRH (sGnRHa)
      stimulated GTH release with similar efficacy, but with ED50S of 1.92 +/- 0.48 and
      0.19 +/- 0.08 nM, respectively. [His5,Trp7,Tyr8]-GnRH (cGnRH-II) stimulated GTH
      release in a nonsigmoidal, but dose-dependent manner, and with a higher efficacy
      than sGnRH. In contrast, sGnRH, sGnRHa, and cGnRH-II were equipotent in inducing
      growth hormone (GH) secretion in static culture studies and with ED50S of 0.29 +/
      0.13, 0.18 +/- 0.11, and 0.19 +/- 0.17 nM, respectively. When trypsin/DNase
      dispersed cells cultured overnight with cytodex beads were tested in a cell
      column perifusion system, dose-related increase in GTH secretion, as well as GH
      release, were also observed with 0.5 to 50 nM sGnRH. These results suggest that
      trypsin-dispersed goldfish pituitary cells can be used effectively to study the
      actions of GnRH on teleost pituitary either in short-term static incubation or
      column perifusion studies. Differences in the GTH and GH responses to the two
      native GnRH forms, sGnRH and cGnRH-II, are also indicated.

PMID- 2407602
TI  - George Wells Beadle (1903-1989).

PMID- 2407603
TI  - Genetic instability of clathrin-deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains carrying a mutation in the clathrin heavy chain
      gene (CHC1) are genetically unstable and give rise to heterogeneous populations
      of cells. Manifestations of the instability include increases in genome copy
      number as well as compensatory genetic changes that allow better growing clathrin
      deficient cells to take over the population. Increases in genome copy number
      appear to result from changes in ploidy as well as alterations in normal nuclear
      number. Genetic background influences the frequency at which cells with increased
      genome content are observed in different Chc- strains. We cannot distinguish
      whether genetic background affects the rate at which aberrant nuclear division
      events occur or a growth advantage of cells with increased nuclear and/or genome
      content. However, survival of chc1-delta cells does not require an increase in
      genome copy number. The clathrin heavy chain gene was mapped 1-2 cM distal to
      KEX1 on the left arm of chromosome VII by making use of integrated 2 mu plasmid
      sequences to destabilize distal chromosome segments and allow ordering of the
      genes.

PMID- 2407604
TI  - Consequences of growth media, gene copy number, and regulatory mutations on the
      expression of the PRB1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Glucose represses PRB1 expression at the level of transcription. However, release
      from glucose repression initially does not result in accumulation of protease B
      (PrB) activity despite transcriptional derepression. PrB activity accumulates
      only upon a second transcriptional derepression as the cells approach stationary
      phase. Increasing the PRB1 gene dosage on 2 mu-based plasmids does not overcome
      glucose repression. Glucose-mediated repression of PRB1 is not subject to the
      same genetic controls as SUC2. Mutation of the HXK2 gene, which confers glucose
      insensitive expression of secreted invertase, had no effect on PRB1 expression at
      the level of PrB activity. Strains bearing a mutation in any of the SNF1-SNF6
      genes cannot derepress secreted invertase synthesis, but did derepress PrB
      synthesis when grown in the absence of glucose. Mutation of the SNF2 or SNF5 gene
      led to accumulation of PrB activity to levels ten times that of wild type.
      Polymorphism for a suppressor gene was observed: in snf5-bearing strains, one
      allele of this suppressor gene resulted in elevated levels of PrB and the other
      allele resulted in wild-type levels of PrB; neither allele suppressed the Suc-
      phenotype of the snf5 mutant. Re-examination of published data on SUC2 expression
      in snf2 and snf5 mutants and examination of PRB1 expression in these mutants
      paradoxically suggest that the SNF2 and SNF5 gene products might act as negative
      regulators of gene expression.

PMID- 2407605
TI  - Pedigree analyses of yeast cells recovering from DNA damage allow assignment of
      lethal events to individual post-treatment generations.
AB  - Haploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were treated with different DNA
      damaging agents at various doses. A study of the progeny of individual such cells
      (by pedigree analyses up to the third generation) allowed the assignment of
      lethal events to distinct post treatment generations. By microscopically
      inspecting those cells which were not able to form visible colonies we could
      discriminate between cells dying from immediately effective lethal hits and those
      generating microcolonies (three to several hundred cells) probably as a
      consequence of lethal mutation(s). The experimentally obtained numbers of lethal
      events (which we call apparent lethal fixations) were mathematically transformed
      into mean probabilities of lethal fixations as taking place in cells of certain
      post treatment generations. Such analyses give detailed insight into the kinetics
      of lethality as a consequence of different kinds of DNA damage. For example, X
      irradiated cells lost viability mainly by lethal hits (which we call 00
      fixations); only at a higher dose also lethal mutations fixed in the cells that
      were in direct contact with the mutagen (which we call 0-fixations), but not in
      later generations, occurred. Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-treated cells were hit
      by 00-fixations in a dose dependent manner; 0-fixations were not detected for any
      dose of EMS applied; the probability for fixation of lethal mutations was found
      equally high for cells of the first and second post treatment generation and,
      unexpectedly, was well above control in the third post-treatment generation. The
      distribution of all sorts of lethal fixations taken together, which occurred in
      the EMS-damaged cell families, was not random.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407606
TI  - Synapsis-mediated fusion of free DNA ends forms inverted dimer plasmids in yeast.
AB  - When yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is transformed with linearized plasmid DNA
      and the ends of the plasmid do not share homology with the yeast genome, circular
      inverted (head-to-head) dimer plasmids are the principal product of repair. By
      measurements of the DNA concentration dependence of transformation with a
      linearized plasmid, and by transformation with mixtures of genetically marked
      plasmids, we show that two plasmid molecules are required to form an inverted
      dimer plasmid. Several observations suggest that homologous pairing accounts for
      the head-to-head joining of the two plasmid molecules. First, an enhanced
      frequency of homologous recombination is detected when genetically marked
      plasmids undergo end-to-end fusion. Second, when a plasmid is linearized within
      an inverted repeat, such that its ends could undergo head-to-tail homologous
      pairing, it is repaired by intramolecular head-to-tail joining. Last, in the
      joining of homologous linearized plasmids of different length, a shorter molecule
      can acquire a longer plasmid end by homologous recombination. The formation of
      inverted dimer plasmids may be related to some forms of chromosomal
      rearrangement. These might include the fusion of broken sister chromatids in the
      bridge-breakage-fusion cycle and the head-to-head duplication of genomic DNA at
      the sites of gene amplifications.

PMID- 2407607
TI  - Mechanisms of gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - In red-white sectored colonies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, derived from mitotic
      cells grown to stationary phase and irradiated with a light dose of x-rays, all
      of the segregational products of gene conversion and crossing over can be
      ascertained. Approximately 80% of convertants are induced in G1, the remaining
      20% in G2. Crossing over, in the amount of 20%, is found among G1 convertants but
      most of the crossovers are delayed until G2. About 20% of all sectored colonies
      had more than one genotype in one or the other sector, thus confirming the
      hypothesis that conversion also occurs in G2. The principal primary event in G2
      conversion is a single DNA heteroduplex. It is suggested that the close contact
      that this implies carries over to G2 when crossing over and a second round of
      conversion occurs.

PMID- 2407608
TI  - Size selection identifies new genes that regulate Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell
      proliferation.
AB  - A centrifugation procedure to enrich for enlarged cells has been used to isolate
      temperature-sensitive cdc mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Among
      these mutants are strains containing mutations that arrest proliferation at the
      regulatory step start. These new start mutations define two previously
      unidentified genes, CDC67 and CDC68, and reveal that a previously identified
      gene, DNA33 (here termed CDC65), can harbour start mutations. Each new start
      mutation permits significant biosynthetic activity after transfer of mutant cells
      to the non-permissive temperature. The cdc68-1 start mutation causes arrest of
      cell proliferation without inhibition of mating ability, while the cdc65-1 and
      cdc67-1 mutations inhibit zygote formation and successful conjugation. The
      identification of new start genes by a novel selection procedure suggests that
      the catalog of genes that influence start is large.

PMID- 2407609
TI  - Anecdotal, historical and critical commentaries on genetics. R. A. Fisher, a
      centennial view.

PMID- 2407610
TI  - Mitotic chromosome transmission fidelity mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - We have isolated 136 independent mutations in haploid yeast strains that exhibit
      decreased chromosome transmission fidelity in mitosis. Eighty-five percent of the
      mutations are recessive and 15% are partially dominant. Complementation analysis
      between MATa and MAT alpha isolates identifies 11 chromosome transmission
      fidelity (CTF) complementation groups, the largest of which is identical to CHL1.
      For 49 independent mutations, no corresponding allele has been recovered in the
      opposite mating type. The initial screen monitored the stability of a centromere
      linked color marker on a nonessential yeast chromosome fragment; the mitotic
      inheritance of natural yeast chromosome III is also affected by the ctf
      mutations. Of the 136 isolates identified, seven were inviable at 37 degrees and
      five were inviable at 11 degrees. In all cases tested, these temperature
      conditional lethalities cosegregated with the chromosome instability phenotype.
      Five additional complementation groups (ctf12 through ctf16) have been defined by
      complementation analysis of the mutations causing inviability at 37 degrees.
      Twenty-three of the 136 isolates exhibited growth defects at concentrations of
      benomyl permissive for the parent strain, and nine appeared to be tolerant of
      inhibitory levels of benomyl. All of the mutant strains showed normal sensitivity
      to ultraviolet and gamma-irradiation. Further characterization of these mutant
      strains will describe the functions of gene products crucial to the successful
      execution of processes required for aspects of the chromosome cycle that are
      important for chromosome transmission fidelity in mitosis.

PMID- 2407611
TI  - Yeast mutants sensitive to antimicrotubule drugs define three genes that affect
      microtubule function.
AB  - Three new genes affecting microtubule function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were
      isolated by screening for mutants displaying supersensitivity to the
      antimicrotubule drug benomyl. Such mutants fall into six complementation groups:
      TUB1, TUB2 and TUB3, the three tubulin genes of yeast, and three new genes, which
      we have named CIN1, CIN2 and CIN4. Mutations in each of the CIN genes were also
      independently isolated by screening for mutants with increased rates of
      chromosome loss. Strains bearing mutations in the CIN genes are approximately
      tenfold more sensitive than wild type to both benomyl and to the related
      antimicrotubule drug, nocodazole. This phenotype is recessive for all alleles
      isolated. The CIN1, CIN2 and CIN4 genes were cloned by complementation of the
      benomyl-supersensitive phenotype. Null mutants of each of the genes are viable,
      and have phenotypes similar to those of the point mutants. Genetic evidence for
      the involvement of the CIN gene products in microtubule function comes from the
      observation that some tubulin mutations are suppressed by cin mutations, while
      other tubulin mutations are lethal in combination with cin mutations. Additional
      genetic experiments with cin mutants suggest that the three genes act together in
      the same pathway or structure to affect microtubule function.

PMID- 2407612
TI  - Distance-independence of mitotic intrachromosomal recombination in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - Many genetic studies have shown that the frequency of homologous recombination
      depends largely on the distance in which recombination can occur. We have studied
      the effect of varying the length of duplicated sequences on the frequency of
      mitotic intrachromosomal recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that
      the frequency of recombination resulting in the loss of one of the repeats and
      the intervening sequences reaches a plateau when the repeats are short. In
      addition, the frequency of recombination to correct a point mutation contained in
      one of these repeats is not proportional to the size of the duplication but
      rather depends dramatically on the location of the mutation within the repeated
      sequences. However, the frequency of mitotic interchromosomal reciprocal
      recombination is dependent on the distance separating the markers. The difference
      in the response of intrachromosomal and interchromosomal mitotic recombination to
      increasing lengths of homology may indicate there are different rate-limiting
      steps for recombination in these two cases. These findings have important
      implications for the maintenance and evolution of duplicated sequences.

PMID- 2407613
TI  - Identification and characterization of a mutation affecting the division arrest
      signaling of the pheromone response pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Mating pheromones, a- and alpha-factors, arrest the division of cells of opposite
      mating types, alpha and a cells, respectively. I have isolated a sterile mutant
      of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is defective in division arrest in response to
      alpha-factor but not defective in morphological changes and agglutinin induction.
      The mutation was designated dac2 for division arrest control by mating
      pheromones. The dac2 mutation was closely linked to gal1 and was different from
      the previously identified cell type nonspecific sterile mutations (ste4, ste5,
      ste7, ste11, ste12, ste18 and dac1). Although dac2 cells had no phenotype in the
      absence of pheromones, they showed morphological alterations and divided
      continuously in the presence of pheromones. As a result, dac2 cells had a mating
      defect. The dac2 mutation could suppress the lethality caused by the disruption
      of the GPA1 gene (previously shown to encode a protein with similarity to the
      alpha subunit of mammalian G proteins). In addition, dac2 cells formed prezygotes
      with wild-type cells of opposite mating types, although they could not undergo
      cell fusion. These results suggest that the DAC2 product may control the signal
      for G-protein-mediated cell-cycle arrest and indicate that the synchronization of
      haploid yeast cell cycles by mating pheromones is essential for cell fusion
      during conjugation.

PMID- 2407614
TI  - The CCR4 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for both nonfermentative
      and spt-mediated gene expression.
AB  - Mutations in the yeast CCR4 gene inhibit expression of the glucose-repressible
      alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH2), as well as other nonfermentative genes, and
      suppress increased ADH2 expression caused by the cre1 and cre2 alleles. Both the
      cre1 and ccr4 alleles were shown to affect ADH II enzyme activity by altering the
      levels of ADH2 mRNA. Mutations in either CRE1 or CRE2 bypassed the inhibition of
      ADH2 expression caused by delta insertions at the ADH2 promoter which displace
      the ADH2 activation sequences 336 bp upstream of the TATA element. These cre1 and
      cre2 effects were suppressible by the ccr4 allele. The cre1 and ccr4 mutations
      also affected ADH2 expression when all the ADH2 regulatory sequences upstream of
      the TATA element were deleted. The relationship of the CRE genes to the SPT
      genes, which when mutated are capable of bypassing the inhibition of HIS4
      expression caused by a delta promoter insertion (his4-912 delta allele), was
      examined. Both the cre1 and cre2 mutations allowed his4-912 delta expression.
      ccr4 mutations were able to suppress the ability of the cre alleles to increase
      his4-912 delta expression. CRE2 was shown to be allelic to the SPT6 gene, and
      CRE1 was found to be allelic to SPT10. We suggest that the CRE genes comprise a
      general transcriptional control system in yeast that requires the function of the
      CCR4 gene.

PMID- 2407615
TI  - The use of lithium in the medically ill.
AB  - Many patients taking lithium for the treatment of mood disorders suffer from
      concomitant medical illnesses. Because of its effects on multiple organ systems,
      extra caution is required when lithium is used in the presence of medical
      illness. Available data regarding the use of lithium in the presence of thyroid,
      renal, cardiovascular, dermatologic, and respiratory disease as well as in the
      presence of disorders of glucose and calcium metabolism are reviewed. In
      addition, recommendations regarding safe use, serum monitoring, and potential
      drug interactions are discussed.

PMID- 2407616
TI  - Biopsychosocial approach to the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic. A
      clinician's primer.
AB  - The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic has created a multidimensional
      crisis that is challenging the health care system. Individuals with or without
      risk behaviors have anxieties about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and
      need support and counseling. Once symptoms of HIV infection develop, crisis
      intervention and support need to be integrated into ongoing medical care. A
      biopsychosocial approach enables persons with AIDS to develop strategies for
      coping, to improve adherence, and to prevent transmission and suicide. Persons
      with AIDS are confronted with severe illnesses, neuropsychiatric disorders,
      discrimination, and death. Each person deserves the best medical and psychologic
      care available and the services of other disciplines where indicated. Caregivers,
      anxious about contagion, are devastated by the complexity, severity, and
      multiplicity of the illnesses that comprise AIDS and the lack of adequate
      resources to combat the epidemic. AIDS is a paradigm of a medical illness that
      requires a biopsychosocial approach. Psychiatric sequelae complicate the HIV
      epidemic, affecting both the uninfected and infected. The psychiatric
      manifestations of the uninfected include anxiety, phobia, factitious disorder,
      delusions, and Munchausen's AIDS. Psychiatric disorders associated with HIV
      infection include organic mental disorders, substance abuse disorder, affective
      disorders, adjustment disorders, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders.
      The consultation-liaison (C-L) psychiatrist is in a unique position to clarify
      and treat the psychiatric complications and to provide leadership for
      multidisciplinary programs. The biopsychosocial approach enables persons with HIV
      infection, their loved ones, and caregivers to meet the challenges of the HIV
      epidemic with compassion, optimism, and dignity.

PMID- 2407617
TI  - Localization of the sea urchin Spec3 protein to cilia and Golgi complexes of
      embryonic ectoderm cells.
AB  - Expression of the Spec3 gene of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is associated with
      ectodermal ciliogenesis. An antiserum was raised against the amino terminus of
      the deduced Spec3 amino acid sequence and used for immunofluorescent staining.
      Cilia and an apical structure at the base of the stained cilium of each
      ectodermal cell stained intensely in gastrula and later stage embryos.
      Microtubule-depolymerizing agents dispersed the concentrated spot of apical
      staining, suggesting a localization of Spec3 antigen to the Golgi complex.
      Immunogold electron microscopy confirmed the localization of Spec3 antigen on
      cilia and in the Golgi complex. Spec3 antigen showed a diffuse punctate staining
      pattern in the ectodermal cytoplasm of hatching blastula when Spec3 transcripts
      are most prevalent, suggesting that after synthesis, Spec3 is sequestered in the
      Golgi complex before appearing on cilia. Whereas the predicted Mr of the Spec3
      protein is 21,600, immunoblotting with S. purpuratus proteins indicated that a
      Spec3 antigen was concentrated in cilia and migrated as an SDS-resistant
      aggregate of Mr approximately 350,000. Spec3 is also concentrated in cilia of
      Lytechinus pictus but the protein migrated with an Mr approximately 23,000 in
      this species. The S. purpuratus Spec3 antigen remains associated with the ciliary
      axoneme after extraction of membrane proteins.

PMID- 2407618
TI  - Dealing with the real catastrophe.

PMID- 2407619
TI  - Skin changes of aging: pathological implications.
AB  - Skin changes caused by the natural aging process (intrinsic aging), as opposed to
      environmental assault (extrinsic aging), are now recognized and delineated. These
      alterations play a role in the etiopathogenesis of many of the skin problems that
      develop in elderly patients. Structural and functional changes that occur in
      normal aging skin are discussed with respect to their relationship to common skin
      disorders in the elderly.

PMID- 2407620
TI  - Managing pneumonia acquired in nursing homes: special concerns.
AB  - Lower respiratory tract infections are a significant cause of morbidity and
      mortality in the elderly nursing home population. Because the signs and symptoms
      of pneumonia in this population are frequently atypical, the clinician must
      maintain a low threshold for instituting therapy. In most cases the pathogenetic
      organism cannot be identified early in the course of the illness, necessitating
      the use of empiric, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. With the proper use of
      antibiotics and the resources available at most nursing homes, many patients with
      pneumonia probably can be successfully treated without the need for
      hospitalization.

PMID- 2407621
TI  - Disease-associated fractures: detection and management in the elderly.
AB  - Pathologic fractures in the elderly result from a variety of conditions,
      including malignancies and Paget's disease. Comprehensive laboratory and
      radiological evaluation is essential to analyze both the underlying etiology and
      the extent of the disease. Surgical intervention is critical in stabilizing these
      fractures so that pain is relieved and function is improved.

PMID- 2407622
TI  - Ambulatory management of urinary incontinence in the frail elderly.
AB  - Urinary incontinence is a common problem in the ambulatory frail elderly
      population. An evaluation of the incontinent patient, performed in the
      physician's office, can suggest an etiology and appropriate therapies. Behavioral
      therapies, patient and caregiver education, environmental supports, and a few
      carefully selected medications can help these frail patients to control
      incontinence and improve their quality of life.

PMID- 2407623
TI  - Hypoglycemia: still a risk in the elderly.
AB  - Hypoglycemia is an underappreciated and potentially fatal complication of insulin
      and sulfonylurea treatment of diabetes mellitus in the elderly. After several
      years of diabetes, patients typically lose glucagon and epinephrine responses to
      hypoglycemia, resulting in loss of adrenergic warning symptoms, as well as
      prolongation of hypoglycemic episodes. Also of pertinence to the elderly, renal
      disease, liver disease, congestive heart failure, hypothyroidism, hypoadrenalism,
      medications, and inadequate monitoring may also contribute to hypoglycemia. The
      benefits of tight control can be observed only if it is applied to appropriately
      selected patients.

PMID- 2407624
TI  - [The schizophrenic world view--psychopathologic aspects of ontogenetic
      regression].
AB  - If reality is represented in the neuronal structures of mans central nervous
      system, any disturbance of cognitive functions must necessarily change mans
      concept of his reality. The hypothesis presented in this study is that an
      ontogenetic regression of cognitive processes to an "actional-concretistic" level
      of "representations" is attached to a reduction of the "sphere of action" (by
      analogy with the territorial zones in ethology) to the immediate "individual
      area". The main features of the psychopathology of schizophrenic experience and
      behavior such as the concrete and the overinclusive thinking, the impairment of
      selective attention, hyper- and hyposensitivity, the ambivalence concerning
      separatism (minus) and egocentrism (plus), ideas of reference and the disturbance
      of identity are seen under this new aspect.

PMID- 2407625
TI  - [Anticonvulsants and their psychological effects--a review].
AB  - In a review of more than 200 studies over the last three decades, the manifold
      psychic effects of anticonvulsives on healthy persons, on patients with and
      without epilepsy, on patients with mental disorders with or without cerebral
      damages are analysed and summarized. The following results are mainly shown: 1.
      Carbamazepine: a positive effect on "expansive" behaviour and mood can be
      observed in about 50-60% of the patients. The cognitive and psychomotor
      performance is almost unchanged. 2. Valproinate: Negative psychic effects can
      rarely be seen for a longer time (exception: reversible encephalopathy). The
      behaviour can similarly be influenced as with carbamazepine. 3. Phenytoin:
      Cognitive and psychomotor performance is negatively influenced. The effects on
      behaviour are contradictory. 4. Phenobarbitone and Primidone: Diverse negative
      effects on performance and behaviour, especially as "expansive" disorders in
      children and adolescents, seemed to be proven. 5. Ethosuximide: Beside the drug
      specific provocation of psychotic disorders, both, positive and negative effects
      on behaviour and cognitive functions are discussed. 6. The psychic effects of
      other anticonvulsives such as Benzodiazepines, Sulthiame and Pheneturide are
      shortly summarized. 7. Polytherapy: Negative influences on psychic functions are
      significant. Finally the results are discussed concerning their clinical
      relevance.

PMID- 2407626
TI  - [Neurosarcoidosis. Comparative analysis of the clinical profile based on 537
      cases from the world literature up to 1963 and from 1976-1988].
AB  - Observation of neurosarcoidosis in a thirty-year-old black female characterised
      predominantly by bilateral facial nerve paralysis gave rise to a review of
      literature since 1978 and also to a comparison with an early study in 1963. As
      described 1963 the clinical picture is characterized by increased protein content
      of the CSF (33.8%), facial nerve paresis (25.5%), pleocytosis (23%), diabetes
      insipidus (21%), hemiparesis (17.2%), organic psychosis (16.9%), papilloedema
      (15.5%), ataxia (13%), convulsive seizures (12.5%), optic atrophy (12.5%), loss
      of hearing (12.2%), nystagmus (8.6%) and numerous other symptoms more rarely
      found. This corresponds to the symptoms of chronic basal meningitis with an
      infiltration in the neighbouring structures of brain and less frequently the
      spinal cord. In only 58.7% of the cases (presumably at the onset of sarcoidosis)
      was the bronchial tract (or the lungs) affected, in 11.5% the skin or the eyes.
      Although the clinical picture is clear enough the etiology has yet to be
      determined. Evidence of a pathogen or a pathogenic agent (analogous to
      berylliosis) has never been established to date. On the other hand there are some
      indications of a disturbance in the immune system, perhaps of a particular
      genetic foundation since sarcoidosis strikes black patients with conspicuous
      frequency. There exist more cases in one family. Exceeding expected random
      distribution, many patients have the HLA-Factor B 8 (on the chromosome 6) and DR
      3. The Kveim-Test was in 71 cases positive, in 12 cases negative. The
      possibilities of carrying out studies of CSF - analogous to the studies of
      bronchial lavage - in the most cases of neurosarcoidosis have not been exhausted
      as to determine the activity of the T-lymphocytes, the interleucines, the
      angiotensin-converting enzyme while the Gallium 67 scintigraphy and other methods
      to determine the non-specific activity of the inflammation. The efficiency of the
      treatment with corticosteroids (Prednison or Triamcinolonacetonid) depends of the
      phase of the inflammatory process. 12% of the registered cases died.

PMID- 2407627
TI  - Diabetic oculomotor mononeuropathy: involvement of pupillomotor fibres with slow
      resolution.
AB  - The third and sixth cranial nerves are most frequently affected in diabetic
      extraocular mononeuropathies. In diabetic oculomotor involvement the pupil is
      undisturbed. Of the 21 patients of diabetic oculomotor paralysis 4 patients (19
      percent) had dilated unreactive pupil suggestive of pupillomotor involvement. No
      other cause could be attributed to oculomotor paralysis. These patients showed
      complete but slow resolution as compared to those without pupil involvement.

PMID- 2407628
TI  - Increased growth hormone binding to liver membranes of obese Zucker rats.
AB  - Developmental changes in hepatic growth hormone binding sites were examined in
      the genetically obese male fa/fa rats and in the lean littermates. At 16 days,
      fa/fa pups are normoinsulinemic; the specific binding of 125I-hGH to liver
      membranes is comparable in the two genotypes. At 4 weeks and later on, plasma
      membranes and Golgi fractions of male obese Zucker rats have more GH binding
      sites than lean littermates. The GH pituitary content is comparable in the two
      genotypes from 2 to 8 weeks and in 14-week-old fa/fa rats it is half that in lean
      animals. In the two genotypes plasma IGFI dramatically increases during puberty.
      At 4 weeks, plasma IGFI level is significantly higher in fa/fa rats than in lean
      littermates. In this model of genetic obesity, an increased GH binding to liver
      membranes is observed after the third week of life, shortly after the onset of
      hyperinsulinemia in the fa/fa rat.

PMID- 2407629
TI  - Immunocytochemical and electron microscopic study of hepatitis B virus antigen
      and complete particle production in hepatitis B virus DNA transfected HepG2
      cells.
AB  - The relationship between the presence of hepatitis B virus antigens, their
      localization and hepatitis B virus replication was studied in different clones of
      cultured HepG2 hepatoblastoma cells transfected with cloned hepatitis B virus
      DNA. Intracellular hepatitis B virus antigens were detected by
      immunofluorescence. The production of these antigens was evaluated in the culture
      media by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Hepatitis B virus DNA was detected using dot
      blot hybridization. Three types of HBcAg staining were observed in transfected
      HepG2 cells: (a) cells with nuclear HBcAg, (b) cells with cytoplasmic HBcAg and
      (c) cells with both nuclear and cytoplasmic HBcAg. Cell types b and c also
      expressed hepatitis B virus DNA in their culture media. Our results suggest that
      cytoplasmic HBcAg may be more involved than nuclear HBcAg in hepatitis B virus
      replication. The site of hepatitis B virus formation in hepatocytes was studied
      by electron microscopic examination of a specific hepatitis B virus producer
      clone, thereby allowing detection of intracellular Dane particles more easily
      than liver biopsy samples from infected patients. Dane particles and HBsAg
      filaments were found in large, dilated structures probably related to the
      endoplasmic reticulum. Budding of core particles into cisternae of endoplasmic
      reticulum-related structures appears to be a possible mechanism for hepatitis B
      virus formation; our results suggest that the exocytosis of cisternae to
      extracellular spaces may be a mechanism for release of hepatitis B virus
      particles.

PMID- 2407630
TI  - An additional argument for a toxic mechanism of peliosis hepatis in man.

PMID- 2407631
TI  - Ascites in cirrhosis: a medical or surgical problem?

PMID- 2407632
TI  - Sclerotherapy with alcohol--a two-edged sword!

PMID- 2407633
TI  - Changing trends of inborn errors in Reye's syndrome: rarity is relative.

PMID- 2407634
TI  - Prognostic value of ovarian carcinoma grading methods--a method comparison study.
AB  - The prognostic value of subjective histological and morphometric grading was
      studied in 75 primary ovarian carcinomas. Histological grading methods
      recommended by Czernobilsky and by Russell and the morphometric method of Baak
      and co-workers were compared in a two-observer system. The 5-year survival could
      be correctly predicted in about two-thirds of the patients with all three
      methods. When mitotic counting (volume corrected mitotic index, M/V-index) was
      compared with the above grading methods by using a receiver operating
      characteristic curve) the M/V-index was generally superior in its prognostic
      power regardless of the sensitivity/specificity level chosen. The morphometric
      grading method and the grading method based on the M/V index were also shown to
      be readily reproducible.

PMID- 2407635
TI  - Dysplastic naevi--an alternative view.
AB  - The diagnosis of dysplastic naevus is in danger of falling into disuse in
      response to the continuing dispute as to its definition. This review tries to
      show that the lesion can be defined using histological and clinical criteria but
      that the individual features are not, by themselves, peculiar to dysplastic
      naevi. They are shared, in varying degrees, by other benign melanocytic naevi and
      by melanoma. The significance of these similarities is explained on the basis of
      the maturation of ordinary naevi and degrees of deviation from that common path.
      The recognition of severely aberrant differentiation in the form of classic
      dysplastic naevus is worthwhile, since in the appropriate clinical context and
      particularly in association with a family history of melanoma, it confers a very
      high risk of developing melanoma.

PMID- 2407636
TI  - 1990 directory.

PMID- 2407637
TI  - Congress gears up for annual tug-of-war on health spending.
AB  - Health policymakers on Capitol Hill are gearing up for a tug-of-war with the
      Administration on the FY 1991 budget. But beyond budget battles, Washington
      analysts do not view this year as a significant one for major health care
      legislation. Still, there are a surprising number--and variety--of health care
      bills being introduced in Congress this session, some of which could
      significantly affect hospitals.

PMID- 2407638
TI  - Expand LTC & Medicaid, says researcher.

PMID- 2407639
TI  - Hospital leadership is a family tradition for this CEO.

PMID- 2407641
TI  - Assignment by in situ hybridization of the angiotensinogen gene to chromosome
      band 1q4, the same region as the human renin gene.
AB  - A 1.8 kb human cDNA probe for angiotensinogen (renin substrate) was used to
      determine the chromosomal location of the angiotensinogen gene by in situ
      hybridization. The results show that human chromosome region 1q4 contains the
      angiotensinogen gene. The human renin gene has also recently been assigned to the
      same band of chromosome 1. Thus, the angiotensinogen and renin genes are located
      in the same region of chromosome 1.

PMID- 2407642
TI  - Chromosome localization of human ARH genes, a ras-related gene family.
AB  - The human ARH genes (previously called RHO) share several properties with the ras
      gene family. Three members of the ARH family, the H6, H9, and H12 genes, have
      been localized to human chromosomes 2, 5, and 3, respectively. Analysis of DNAs
      from a rodent-human somatic cell hybrid panel demonstrates linkage of H6 to
      chromosome region 2p12----2pter and H9 to region 5q33----5qter. In situ
      chromosome hybridization also showed that the primary site for H9 is in the 5q31-
      --qter region. The H12 gene was some-what difficult to localize using rodent
      human hybrids because the probe detects a family of rodent genes as homologous to
      the human probe as in the human cognate gene. However, chromosome in situ
      hybridization revealed grains clustered in region 3p14----3p22 with a significant
      peak in band 3p21. We conclude that H6 is in 2p12----pter, H9 in 5q31----5qter,
      and H12 in 3p21.

PMID- 2407644
TI  - Ultrasound in obstructive jaundice.
AB  - One hundred and twenty-five consecutive patients with obstructive jaundice were
      prospectively studied by ultrasonography to determine the level and cause of
      obstruction. These were diagnosed precisely in 80 (72%) and 52 patients (41.6%)
      respectively. The results were compared with cholangiography. The final diagnosis
      was established at surgery (97 cases) and fine needle aspiration cytology (28
      cases). While US is an excellent screening modality in distinguishing obstructive
      and non-obstructive jaundice, cholangiography is still the gold standard for
      determining the precise anatomic level and cause of obstruction.

PMID- 2407643
TI  - Identification of an IgA inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis and its membrane
      target for the metabolic burst.
AB  - Affinity-purified IgA from the serum of an 8-year-old boy with a 5-year history
      of recurrent facial nodules, intermittent neutropenia and elevated immunoglobulin
      levels, inhibited the chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) from both
      patient and normal adults. Preincubation of normal PMN with IgA from the
      patient's serum (0.5 mg/ml) inhibited chemotaxis to C5a and to the chemotactic
      peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) by 80%, while IgA or IgG
      from pooled human serum and IgG from the patient were without effect. Normal PMN
      chemotaxis was restored after IgA depletion of the patient's serum by affinity
      chromatography. The patient's IgA, but not IgA from pooled human serum, bound
      specifically to normal PMN by its antigen-binding sites and recognized a 62,000
      MW membrane protein on normal neutrophils, which was distinct from the FMLP
      receptor, the C5a receptor, or the Fca receptor. Attachment of the patient's IgA
      to the 62,000 MW protein activated intracellular oxidative metabolism on a parity
      with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and resulted in a significant up-regulation
      of membrane receptors for FMLP. After the binding of patient (Pt) IgA, normal
      neutrophils were rendered significantly less responsive to subsequent stimulation
      with phorbol esters. These results characterize a novel mechanism of chemotactic
      inhibition by serum IgA and also identify a neutrophil membrane protein that is
      linked to intracellular oxidative metabolism.

PMID- 2407645
TI  - Anorectal manometry, anal myography and rectal sensory testing in anorectal
      conditions.

PMID- 2407640
TI  - Potential genetic functions of tandem repeated DNA sequence blocks in the human
      genome are based on a highly conserved "chromatin folding code".
AB  - This review is based on a thorough description of the structure and sequence
      organization of tandemly organized repetitive DNA sequence families in the human
      genome; it is aimed at revealing the locus-specific sequence organization of
      tandemly repetitive sequence structures as a highly conserved DNA sequence code.
      These repetitive so-called "super-structures" or "higher-order" structures are
      able to attract specific nuclear proteins. I shall define this code therefore as
      a "chromatin folding code". Since locus-specific superstructures of tandemly
      repetitive sequence units are present not only in the chromosome centromere or
      telomere region but also on the arms of the chromosomes, I assume that their
      chromatin folding code may contribute to, or even organize, the folding pathway
      of the chromatin chain in the nucleus. The "chromatin folding code" is based on
      its specific "chromatin code", which describes the sequence dependence of the
      helical pathway of the DNA primary sequence (i.e., secondary structure)
      entrapping the histone octamers in preferential positions. There is no
      periodicity in the distribution of the nucleosomes along the DNA chain. The
      folding pathway of the nucleosomal chromatin chain is however still flexible and
      determined by e.g., the length of the DNA chain between the nucleosomes. The
      fixation and stabilization of the chromatin chain in the space of the nucleus
      (i.e., its "functional state") may be mediated by additionally unique DNA protein
      interactions that are dictated by the "chromatin folding code". The unique DNA
      protein interactions around the centromeres of human chromosomes are revealed for
      example by their "C-banding". I wish to stress that it is not my aim to relate
      each block of repetitive DNA sequences to a specific "chromatin folding code",
      but I shall demonstrate that there is an inherent potential for tandem repeated
      sequence units to develop a locus-specific repetitive higher order structure;
      this potential may create a specific chromatin folding code whenever a selection
      force exists at the position of this repetitive DNA structure in the genome.

PMID- 2407646
TI  - Alcohol is not a desirable sclerosant.

PMID- 2407647
TI  - Alcohol for endoscopic sclerotherapy: there is truth in wine.

PMID- 2407648
TI  - Ultrasonic demonstration of diminished respiratory caliber variation in portal
      vasculature: a sure sign of portal hypertension.

PMID- 2407649
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of neuraminidase in Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - A polyclonal antibody obtained against neuraminidase purified from Trypanosoma
      cruzi was used for the localization of the protein in whole cells by
      immunofluorescence microscopy and in thin sections of parasites (epimastigote,
      amastigote, and trypomastigote forms) embedded at a low temperature in Lowicryl
      K4M resin. The intensity of labeling, as evaluated by the number of gold
      particles associated with the parasite, varied according to the protozoan
      developmental stage. In the noninfective epimastigote forms, labeling of the cell
      surface was very weak. However, an intense labeling of some cytoplasmic vacuoles
      was observed. Labeling of the surfaces of most of the trypomastigote forms was
      weak, while gold particles were seen in association with the flagellar pockets of
      these forms, which suggests that the enzyme is secreted through this region.
      Intense labeling of the surfaces of many, but not all, transition forms between
      trypomastigote and amastigote forms was observed. Amastigote forms found in the
      supernatant of infected cell cultures had their surfaces intensely labeled, while
      few particles were seen on the surfaces of intracellular amastigotes. The results
      obtained are discussed in relation to the role played by T. cruzi neuraminidase
      in the process of parasite-host cell interaction.

PMID- 2407650
TI  - Experimental infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae in nonhuman primates.
AB  - To serially examine the immunopathogenesis and histopathology of infection with
      Chlamydia pneumoniae, we inoculated two cynomolgus monkeys in the conjunctival
      sac, nose, and nasopharynx with C. pneumoniae TWAR. After inoculation, C.
      pneumoniae was isolated from the inoculation sites and the rectums of both
      monkeys for a period of 5 weeks. After a second inoculation, C. pneumoniae was
      recovered from the inoculation sites and the rectums of both monkeys for 20
      weeks. A third inoculation with C. pneumoniae caused very little productive
      infection at any site. Prior C. pneumoniae infection did not prevent subsequent
      C. trachomatis serovar E (Bour strain) infection. Clinical and histopathologic
      ocular responses to C. pneumoniae infection were mild compared with those to
      infection with C. trachomatis serovar E. Rectal infection, demonstrated by
      culture isolation and immunohistopathology, occurred without direct experimental
      inoculation. Both immunofluorescent staining of mucosal smears with monoclonal
      antibodies and tissue culture were able to detect C. pneumoniae infection.
      Experimental nonhuman primate infection with C. pneumoniae appears to be
      clinically and histopathologically mild and can occur at extrapulmonary sites.

PMID- 2407651
TI  - Human natural killer cells do not inhibit growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in
      the absence of antibody.
AB  - The interaction between human natural killer (NK) cells and yeast cells of
      Cryptococcus neoformans was investigated because experiments in mice indicated
      that NK cells inhibited the growth of C. neoformans. Strains of C. neoformans
      serotype A that differed in both resistance to alveolar macrophages and the size
      and composition of their capsules were evaluated. Human NK cells, which were
      isolated from normal peripheral blood, were activated by preincubation with
      interleukin-2 and alpha interferon to generate lymphokine-activated killer (LAK)
      cells. Yeast cells of C. neoformans were incubated with effector cells (NK or LAK
      cells); and inhibition of yeast cell growth was measured at 4, 8, and 24 h by
      comparing quantitative plate counts with controls consisting of yeasts in the
      absence of effector cells. The cytolytic activity of effector cells against
      target cells was confirmed by the release of radiolabel from 51Cr-labeled K-562
      tumor cells. Neither NK nor LAK cells inhibited the growth of 13 strains of C.
      neoformans at effector to target cell ratios of as high as 500:1. Monocytes,
      which were isolated from the same populations of leukocytes as the NK cells,
      inhibited the growth of two strains of C. neoformans at effector to target cell
      ratios of 100:1 (92 and 46% inhibition), 50:1 (87 and 17%), and 1:1 (49 and 0%).
      NK cells could inhibit the growth of C. neoformans by an antibody-dependent
      cellular cytotoxicity mechanism in the presence of rabbit anticryptococcal
      antiserum at dilutions up to 1:4,000. Purified capsular polysaccharide of C.
      neoformans had no effect on the viability or tumoricidal activity of NK or LAK
      cells. These data suggest that human NK and LAK cells are not impaired by C.
      neoformans, and in the absence of antibody, which is rarely detectable in
      patients, they afford much less protection against C. neoformans than monocytes
      do.

PMID- 2407652
TI  - Synthesis and immunological properties of conjugates composed of group B
      streptococcus type III capsular polysaccharide covalently bound to tetanus
      toxoid.
AB  - A synthetic scheme for covalently binding group B streptococcus type III to
      tetanus toxoid (TT), using adipic acid dihydrazide as a spacer, is described.
      Type III alone or as a conjugate with TT was injected subcutaneously into
      laboratory mice, and the type-specific and TT antibody responses elicited by
      these immunogens were assayed. Type III-TT elicited significantly higher levels
      of type-specific antibodies after each immunization than did the type III alone.
      These levels were related to the dosage of the conjugate, enhanced by Freund
      adjuvant, and exhibited booster responses. Type III alone elicited only
      immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in Swiss albino mice and mostly IgM and low
      levels of IgG antibodies of the IgG3 subclass in BALB/c mice. Type III-TT
      conjugates, in contrast, elicited mostly IgG antibodies in both strains of mice.
      IgA type III antibodies were not detected. The first two immunizations with the
      conjugates elicited type III antibodies in the IgG1 and in the IgG3 subclasses.
      Low levels of IgG2a type III antibodies were detected after a third injection of
      type III-TT. Conjugate-induced antibodies facilitated opsonization of group B
      streptococcus type III organisms and did not react with the structurally related
      pneumococcus type 14. TT alone or as a component of type III-TT induced mostly
      antibodies of the IgG class: IgG1 levels were the highest of the four subclasses.
      No IgA TT antibodies were detected. The conjugation procedure, therefore,
      enhanced the immunogenicity of and conferred T-cell dependent properties to the
      type III while preserving the immunogenicity of the TT component. The T-cell
      dependent properties of the conjugates were responsible for stimulating IgG type
      III antibodies which could be boosted. Evaluation of type III-TT conjugates in
      antibody-negative women of child-bearing age is planned.

PMID- 2407653
TI  - Identification of an immunostimulating protein from Mycobacterium leprae.
AB  - Despite the recent identification of a number of Mycobacterium leprae proteins,
      the major immunogenic determinants of this organism remain obscure. We isolated
      from M. leprae a potent immunostimulatory preparation, designated the MLP
      fraction, which contains a major protein of 35 kilodaltons (kDa). This protein
      was precipitated by monoclonal antibody ML03-A1, which recognizes a 35-kDa
      protein of M. leprae, and by sera obtained from patients with lepromatous
      leprosy. Neither sera from healthy controls nor sera from patients with pulmonary
      tuberculosis recognized the 35-kDa protein, and only one of four serum samples
      from patients with borderline tuberculoid leprosy reacted with this protein. The
      MLP fraction stimulated T-cell proliferation in patients with leprosy whose T
      cells proliferate in response to whole M. leprae cells. Apparently, the T-cell
      epitope associated with MLP is also expressed on M. tuberculosis and M. bovis
      BCG, since patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and BCG-vaccinated individuals
      demonstrated significant responses to the MLP fraction. The 35-kDa M. leprae
      protein, purified to homogeneity in the laboratory of P. J. Brennan, stimulated T
      cell proliferative responses in all MLP-responsive subjects. These findings
      suggest that the 35-kDa protein present in MLP is an immunostimulatory component
      of M. leprae. In addition to serving as a useful probe for study of the T-cell
      anergy associated with lepromatous disease, this protein may ultimately be useful
      as a component of a vaccine designed to provide protection against infection with
      M. leprae.

PMID- 2407654
TI  - Effective vaccination of mice against leprosy bacilli with subunits of
      Mycobacterium leprae.
AB  - Model vaccines against leprosy bacilli have consisted of nonvirulent, live,
      attenuated Mycobacterium bovis BCG and irradiated, heat-killed, or autoclaved
      intact M. leprae. We report that immunization with various cell wall fractions of
      M. leprae, progressively depleted of lipids, carbohydrates, and soluble proteins,
      as well as a partially purified protein(s) derived from a pellet fraction of
      sonicated M. leprae, conferred significant protection against subsequent
      infection with live leprosy bacilli. Moreover, lymphocytes from regional lymph
      nodes and spleens of mice immunized with these M. leprae-derived subunits
      responded by proliferation when stimulated with M. leprae in vitro. Our results
      provide the first evidence that vaccination with M. leprae-derived fractions
      protects mice against leprosy bacilli.

PMID- 2407655
TI  - Construction and characterization in vivo of Bordetella pertussis aroA mutants.
AB  - A DNA fragment encoding a kanamycin resistance determinant was used to
      insertionally inactivate the cloned aroA gene of Bordetella pertussis in
      Escherichia coli K-12, and a conjugative shuttle vector system based on the
      suicide vector pRTP1 was used to deliver the mutations from E. coli back into B.
      pertussis CN2992FS and BP1. The aroA mutation was introduced by allelic exchange
      into the chromosome of B. pertussis, resulting in otherwise isogenic parental and
      aroA mutant pairs. The B. pertussis aroA mutants grew well on laboratory medium
      supplemented with aromatic compounds but failed to grow on unsupplemented medium.
      The B. pertussis aroA mutants expressed the normal B. pertussis extracellular,
      virulence-associated proteins; inactivated, whole-cell vaccines prepared from the
      mutants protected mice as efficiently as vaccines made from the parent strains
      against intracerebral challenge with the virulent B. pertussis 18323. Live B.
      pertussis aroA bacteria inefficiently colonized the lungs of NIH/S mice after
      they were challenged with aerosol, unlike the wild-type B. pertussis organism.
      Mice exposed to three separate aerosols of live B. pertussis aroA bacteria were
      protected against lung colonization after being exposed to an aerosol containing
      the virulent parental B. pertussis strain. High-level antibodies against B.
      pertussis rapidly appeared in the sera of mice immunized by aerosol with the B.
      pertussis aroA strains and challenged with the virulent parent.

PMID- 2407656
TI  - Protein phosphorylation by protein kinase C in HEp-2 cells infected with
      enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - Infection of HEp-2 monolayers with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli 2036-80
      (O119) stimulated phosphorylation of several target cell proteins, the most
      prominent of which had apparent molecular weights of 21,000 and 29,000. Proteins
      of the same size were phosphorylated in response to known activators of the
      calcium-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C. Screening of clinical isolates
      of various O serogroups revealed that all strains able to form the characteristic
      attaching and effacing lesion of enteropathogenic E. coli showed elevated
      phosphorylation of 21,000- and 29,000-dalton protein species.

PMID- 2407657
TI  - Demonstration and immunochemical characterization of natural, autologous anti
      idiotypic antibodies throughout the course of experimental syphilis.
AB  - Immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs) from serial bleeds obtained 1 week to 5 months after
      infection of rabbits with Treponema pallidum were examined for autologous anti
      idiotypic (auto-anti-Id) antibodies. The capacities of IgGs to bind 125I-IgG
      F(ab')2 anti-T. pallidum prepared from earlier bleeds were determined by using
      radioimmunoassays. Results obtained in these assays suggested that auto-anti-Id
      IgGs were demonstrable between 60 and 180 days postinfection. Following
      reinfection, 90 days after the initial infection, auto-anti-Id IgGs peaked 6 to 8
      weeks later, even though they were first noted as early as 2 weeks
      postreinfection. In the reinfection model the auto-anti-Id continued to persist
      throughout the remaining 3 months of the study. As auto-anti-Id antibodies to
      anti-fibronectin antibodies were demonstrable also in reinfected animals, our
      findings raise questions concerning the possible role of the anti-Id in
      modulating the Id expression of both T. pallidum-specific and autoimmune humoral
      responses.

PMID- 2407658
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor enhances neutrophil-mediated killing of Plasmodium
      falciparum.
AB  - We developed a radiometric assay by which the antiplasmodial effects of
      phagocytic cells can be quantitated. This assay was used to examine the effects
      of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) on the killing of
      Plasmodium falciparum by human neutrophils. Data presented demonstrated that
      neutrophils engulf and destroy P. falciparum, but substantial killing of
      parasites required the presence of either heat-labile or heat-stable opsonins.
      While recombinant TNF-alpha at concentrations of 5 to 50,000 U/ml showed no
      direct effects on the parasite, this cytokine augmented the antimalarial activity
      of neutrophils at doses of 20 to 250 U/10(6) neutrophils. The results suggest
      that TNF-alpha is an important component of the immune phagocytic effector
      mechanisms which are involved in destruction of the malarial parasite.

PMID- 2407659
TI  - Longevity of posterior restorations.
AB  - The efficacy of restorative dentistry is dependent on a number of factors,
      including material quality, operator proficiency and the oral hygiene of the
      patient. The sum effect of all factors can be measured by recording the longevity
      of the restorations. Many studies focus on the age of restorations at the time of
      failure, others include the longevity of restorations which remain in situ. The
      surveys may be either longitudinal, prospective or retrospective, or cross
      sectional retrospective studies of dental records. They are all hampered by the
      lack of uniform criteria defining when to place and replace restorations and by
      variations in decision-making between clinicians. The present review paper shows
      that the longevity of amalgam restorations has been studied most frequently.
      About 50 per cent of all amalgam restorations exceed 8-10 years in age, cast gold
      restorations may last longer and multisurfaced composite restorations have a
      shorter life-span. Glass ionomer cements lack the physical properties needed for
      large posterior restorations. The results of detailed longevity studies should be
      the basis for selection of materials and techniques in operative/conservative
      treatment. The cost of dental treatment should be related to the expected
      lifetime of the tooth rather than to the immediate cost of a simple restoration.

PMID- 2407660
TI  - A randomized double-blind clinical trial on the effectiveness of helium-neon
      laser in the prevention of pain, swelling and trismus after removal of impacted
      third molars.
AB  - The effect of helium-neon (He-Ne) laser on the prevention of pain, swelling and
      trismus following the removal of an impacted third molar was studied in 100
      patients randomly allocated to receive He-Ne laser, ibuprofen or placebo in a
      prospective double-blind parallel clinical trial. Trismus was significantly
      reduced in the He-Ne laser and ibuprofen treatment groups. Pain was significantly
      less in the ibuprofen group with regard to He-Ne laser and placebo groups.
      Swelling was the same in the three treatment groups.

PMID- 2407661
TI  - Side-effects of amalgam and its alternatives: local, systemic and environmental.
AB  - It is clearly established that dental restorative materials, like all other
      foreign materials introduced into the human body, may cause pathological changes
      both local and general in type. However, in a proper evaluation of the side
      effects occurring, their type, severity and frequency have to be considered.
      Local side-effects of dental restorative materials on oral mucosa are of either
      irritative or allergic nature while systemic effects are mainly due to allergic
      and other kinds of hypersensitivity reactions. Most side-effects of dental
      restorative materials seem to be insignificant and of short duration, although
      systemic hypersensitivity reactions may be most harmful to those affected.
      Although the frequency of side-effects seems to be low in comparison with the
      vast number of restorations that are placed, it is reasonable to assume that the
      more complex and diverse application of an increasing number of dental materials
      will increase the frequency. Study of a group of patients, referred for
      investigation of possible side-effects of dental materials, revealed that several
      of these patients showed allergic reactions to constituents of their dental
      restorations. Environmental problems associated with the handling of waste
      amalgam are discussed.

PMID- 2407662
TI  - Leadership role of dental associations: oral health promotion.
AB  - 'Promoting Oral Health: Guidelines for Dental Associations' is the product of
      Working Group 3 on Oral Health Promotion of the Commission on Oral Health,
      Research and Epidemiology of the FDI. This paper describes the guidelines
      document, its rationale and its potential utility. An organized planned sequence
      of activities, including policy formation and dissemination, planning group
      structure and function, information gathering, goal setting, strategic planning
      of objectives and interventions, implementation as well as monitoring and
      evaluation, are reviewed. Relevant to both industrialized and developing
      countries, these oral health promotion guidelines can be used to develop
      programmes to demonstrate the benefit of self-care and appropriate demand for
      dental services.

PMID- 2407663
TI  - The asphalt identikit: old age and the driver's license.
AB  - A recent study of fifty older adults from a small community is used to explore
      the asphalt identikit-possession of a valid driver's license and driving-and its
      use as a disidentifier of old age. Interview material is used to illustrate the
      substantive issues of identity that underlie the practical activity of driving.
      Resistance to giving up driving is strong even as self-imposed limits curtail the
      kind and amount of driving that is done. Older adults use and maintain this
      asphalt identikit to ward off the stigma of an old age identity.

PMID- 2407664
TI  - Social interaction and psychological well-being: comparison across stages of
      adulthood.
AB  - Using a national probability sample, this study examines the impact of social
      interaction on psychological well-being across stages of adulthood. Quality of
      social interaction measured by satisfaction with family life and friendship are
      found to be positively related to well-being of adults in all age groups. A
      further examination of this positive effect shows that the impact of family and
      friendship interaction on well-being are similar in each adulthood stage. These
      findings show that the positive impact of social interaction on psychological
      well-being is not unique to the elderly population but similar among all stages
      of adulthood.

PMID- 2407665
TI  - Measuring social support among older adults.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to introduce a measure of natural supportive
      behaviors for use in studies that examine the relationship between stress, social
      support, and health among older adults. The index improves on existing measures
      in three ways: it avoids problems arising from confounding potentially supportive
      relationships with support that is actually received; the scale also assesses
      variations in individual support needs; and it measures four distinct dimensions
      of social support (informational support, tangible help, emotional support, and
      integration). Based on data from a random community survey of 351 older adults,
      the basic psychometric properties and the factor structure of the scale are
      explored. The predictive validity of the scale is demonstrated by showing that
      the dimensions of support buffer the stressful effects of bereavement on
      depressive symptoms.

PMID- 2407666
TI  - Roles for aged individuals in post-industrial societies.
AB  - Cowgill and Holmes in their book, Aging and Modernization predicted an inverse
      relationship between industrialization and status accorded older persons. They
      argued that the more industrialized a country becomes the lower the status
      accorded older persons. A more careful examination of historical and
      anthropological work suggests that if we look at the status of the old over the
      course of history and make projections into the future an S curve is a more
      realistic pattern. The pattern projected would be one in which the old were
      accorded a low status in early nomadic tribes, a high status in settled
      agricultural communities, a low status in industrialized society and ultimately
      will receive a somewhat higher status in the post-industrial period.

PMID- 2407667
TI  - Cancer incidence among Swedish brewery workers.
AB  - In order to examine the risks of cancer, particularly of rectal cancer, among
      Swedish brewery workers, 6,230 men employed in the brewery industry in 1960 were
      followed-up during 1961-79 by the Swedish Cancer Registry. Using all Swedish men
      as a reference group, relative risks (RR) were computed with standardization for
      year of birth, year of follow-up, and geographic region. A total of 712 new cases
      of cancer were observed compared to 570.7 expected (p less than 0.001).
      Significantly increased risks were seen for several cancer sites, e.g. esophagus
      (RR = 2.5, 95% confidence interval (Cl) = 1.5-3.8), rectum (RR = 1.7, Cl = 1.3
      2.3), pancreas (RR = 1.7, Cl = 1.2-2.3), and lung (RR = 1.4, Cl = 1.1-1.7). An
      excess risk of liver cancer was almost significant (p = 0.053, RR = 1.7, Cl = 1.0
      2.8). The risk of colon cancer was not significantly increased (RR = 1.2, Cl =
      0.9-1.5), and the difference between the relative risk of colon cancer and that
      of rectum cancer was nearly significant (p = 0.07). Our results support the
      hypothesis that high beer consumption is associated with an increased risk of
      rectal cancer.

PMID- 2407668
TI  - Neoplastic transformation of a human kidney epithelial cell line transfected with
      v-Ha-ras oncogene.
AB  - We have recently shown that normal human kidney epithelial (NHKE) cells were
      immortalized by treatment with Ni(II) alone. In the present study the
      immortalized human kidney cell line (IHKE) was transfected with a plasmid
      construct containing the v-Ha-ras oncogene (pZipras). After transfection, the
      cell lines formed tumors in athymic nude mice, whereas the ZipNeoSV(X)
      transfected IHKE control cultures formed no tumors. Tumor cell lines (THKE) were
      established from the tumors in nude mice. These cells appear to be of human
      epithelial origin and express high levels of Ha-ras transcript. Karyotypic
      analysis was performed. The cell lines were tri-, tetra- or pentaploid. A
      consistent finding in the IHKE, IHKZE and THKE cells was increased numbers of
      chromosomes 17 and 7p+. Some marker chromosomes were identical in the IHKE and
      THKE cell lines, underlining their common origin and their possible importance in
      the carcinogenic process. This shows that the combined action of a chemical
      carcinogen [i.e., Ni(II)] and v-Ha-ras oncogene resulted in fully transformed
      human kidney epithelial cells, consistent with a step-wise progression of human
      epithelial cell transformation.

PMID- 2407669
TI  - Endogenous opioid peptides and epilepsy.
AB  - The discovery of the existence of opiate receptors in 1973 and of the endogenous
      opioid peptides, leu and met-enkephalin in 1975, has elicited an extensive search
      for the physiological and pathophysiological role of opioid systems. The role of
      endogenous opioid peptides in pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of epilepsies
      is one of the most exciting and stimulating new areas in the study of the
      endogenous opioid systems. The present understanding in this area is fragmentary
      and hence further attempts to elucidate the opioid function in epilepsies is of
      fundamental importance. The aim of this review is to summarize some of the recent
      findings on the link between the endogenous opioid peptides and epilepsy.

PMID- 2407670
TI  - Benazepril at incremental doses in essential hypertension.
AB  - The antihypertensive effect of the new non-sulphydryl ACE-inhibitor benzepril was
      studied in 30 patients (16 men, 14 women; mean age 50 +/- 7 years) with essential
      hypertension at WHO stage I or II. After a 2-week placebo treatment, patients
      with lying diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than or equal to 95 mmHg were
      given benzepril 10 mg once daily for 2 weeks. At the end of this period, patients
      with lying DBP less than 95 mmHg continued with the same dosage, while those with
      lying DBP greater than or equal to 95 mmHg were blindly up-titrated to benazepril
      20 mg once daily. In both cases treatment was continued for further 4 weeks. BP
      was measured every two weeks 24-26 h after last drug administration. After the
      run-in period, mean group lying BP was 160/104 +/- 8/5 mmHg. Benazepril
      significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) and DBP, both supine and
      standing (p less than 0.01), while heart rate (HR) did not change. After the
      first 2 weeks, 13 patients (43%) had lying DBP less than 95 mmHg ("fast
      responders"), while 17 patients (57%) had DBP greater than or equal to 95 mmHg.
      By increasing the dosage to 20 mg, a further 5 patients became responder and mean
      group blood pressure in patients up-titrated with benazepril dropped
      significantly (-16/-10 mmHg from baseline; p less than 0.01, "slow responders").
      Fast responders were younger (47 +/- 5 vs 54 +/- 8 years), had lower baseline BP
      (160/99 +/- 4/3 vs 173/107 +/- 7/3) and had shorter duration of hypertension (20
      +/- 14 vs 61 +/- 27 months) than "slow responders".(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2407671
TI  - The effect of chronic guanfacine administration on high plasma vasopressin levels
      in essential hypertension.
AB  - In the past several years, investigators have given evidence that vasopressin
      (VP), in addition to its antidiuretic function, may play an important role in
      cardiovascular regulation through other mechanisms. An increased plasma VP level
      has been reported in some patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension
      (EH). Additionally, yohimbine, a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, has
      been shown to increase the plasma VP level and blood pressure (BP) in man. The
      present study was performed to evaluate the effects of chronically administered
      guanfacine, a centrally acting alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, on high plasma VP
      levels in patients with mild-to-moderate EH in whom no other causes responsible
      for elevated plasma VP levels were present. The relations among VP, BP and renin
      angiotensin-aldosterone system were also investigated. Eleven patients (8 women
      and 3 men aged 62 +/- 3 years) with untreated and uncomplicated EH were included
      in the study after a 2-week placebo period and kept on a diet containing 120 mmol
      sodium and 80 mmol potassium daily. In all patients treated once daily with 1 mg
      of guanfacine for 4 weeks, the drug-induced changes in plasma levels of VP and
      aldosterone (ALD), plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma osmolality, BP and heart
      rate were determined. A marked reduction in plasma VP levels (p less than 0.001)
      was observed and this was accompanied by a significant fall in mean arterial
      blood pressure (p less than 0.001). No significant changes in heart rate, plasma
      osmolality, PRA and plasma ALD levels were found. The results suggest that
      guanfacine might suppress VP secretion via alpha 2-adrenoceptors without
      significantly affecting renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407672
TI  - Discussion of "The Jackson National Health Program".

PMID- 2407673
TI  - Rethinking homicide: violence, race, and the politics of gender.
AB  - Although homicide is the fourth leading cause of premature mortality in the
      United States and the leading cause of death for young blacks, the health
      professions have been largely oblivious to violence. Prevailing explanations
      contribute to this neglect by emphasizing biological or psychiatric factors that
      make homicide unpredictable and cultural and environmental factors such as the
      emergence of a new "underclass" that link violence to race. Focusing on instances
      where no other crime is involved, this article proposes that "primary" homicide
      be reconceptualized as a by-product of interpersonal violence, a broad category
      of social entrapment rooted in the politics of gender inequality and including
      wife abuse, child abuse, and assaults by friends and acquaintances. The data show
      that blacks are no more violent than whites, though they are arrested and die
      more often as the consequence of violence. In addition, a majority of homicides
      are between social partners or involve gender stereotypes, are preceded by a
      series of assaults that are known to service providers, and grow out of "intense
      social engagement" about issues of male control and independence. Professional
      failure to respond appropriately is a major reason why assaults become fatal,
      particularly among blacks. An international strategy that combines sanctions
      against interpersonal assault, gun control, and the empowerment of survivors
      might prevent half of all homicides.

PMID- 2407674
TI  - Real wages, the economic cycle, and mortality in England and Wales, 1870-1914.
AB  - The mortality rates of the various age groups within the population of England
      and Wales fell dramatically between 1870 and 1914, and this period has been used
      to examine McKeown's thesis of an inverse relationship between a population's
      mortality rate and its standard of living. Using real wages as a measure of
      living standards, McKeown's thesis is found to hold for most age groups for most
      of the period. Several anomalies are identified, however, and it is argued that
      these can best be reconciled with the original thesis by taking account of the
      economic cycle.

PMID- 2407675
TI  - Losing the war against cancer: who's to blame and what to do about it.
AB  - In 1971, the U.S. Congress launched a War on Cancer. Eighteen years and billions
      of dollars later, the United States is still in the grips of a cancer epidemic-
      and the number of victims grows every year. Much of the money has been squandered
      on a fruitless search for cancer "cures." Little has been done to prevent
      exposure to carcinogenic chemicals in the environment, despite ample evidence
      that chemical pollution of our air, water, food, and the workplace is the major
      cause of cancer. On the contrary, government, industry, and a small coterie of
      scientists have combined to stymie efforts to introduce preventive measures, such
      as strict pollution control standards. But cancer remains a preventable disease.
      It is up to citizens to push for action.

PMID- 2407676
TI  - Potential public health hazards of biosynthetic milk hormones.
AB  - The use of biosynthetic milk hormones raises fundamental ethical, social, and
      economic considerations, including the continued viability of the small family
      dairy farm and adverse veterinary effects. The past and expanding use of
      synthetic bovine growth hormone manufactured by the Agricultural Chemicals
      Division of Elanco (Eli Lilly and Co.) in conjunction with Dow Chemical Co. and
      Upjohn Co., and its methionyl analog, manufactured by American Cyanamid Co. and
      Monsanto Co., also poses significant potential public health hazards which have
      not so far been investigated. These concerns are exacerbated by the domination of
      synthetic hormone research by industry and its indentured academics, by failure
      of the industries concerned to disclose their unpublished data, by their
      manipulation of published data, and by refusal to label milk and meat from cows
      treated with biosynthetic hormones, and by denial of consumers' rights to know.
      These concerns are further exacerbated by the abdication of regulatory
      responsibility by the Food and Drug Administration and U.S. Department of
      Agriculture.

PMID- 2407677
TI  - The "corporatization" of U.S. hospitals: what can we learn from the nineteenth
      century industrial experience?
AB  - While broad parallels have been noted between the current "corporatization" of
      health care and developments in U.S. manufacturing in the late 19th century,
      there has been little in-depth analysis of these parallels. This article explores
      trends in the industrial organization of the hospital industry from the
      perspective of the manufacturing experience. Efforts to use corporate managerial
      techniques to rationalize hospitals have played an important role in the
      development of the modern structure of the hospital industry since the 1920s. But
      the emergence of multihospital systems is a new phenomenon. Some significant
      similarities exist between current conditions in the hospital industry and
      conditions in manufacturing at the time of the great industrial merger boom at
      the turn of the century. The subsequent experience of multiplant manufacturing
      firms created during the great industrial merger boom varied considerably. The
      characteristics of successful industrial consolidations are not present in the
      hospital industry; but motives for consolidation exist that were not present in
      manufacturing, while changes in the organization of production loom in the
      future.

PMID- 2407678
TI  - [Autoimmune diseases: an overview].

PMID- 2407679
TI  - [Autoimmune diseases of the heart].

PMID- 2407680
TI  - [Gastrointestinal diseases with autoimmune markers].

PMID- 2407681
TI  - [Autoimmune diseases of blood cells and hematopoiesis].

PMID- 2407682
TI  - [Systemic autoimmune diseases of the lung of unknown etiology].

PMID- 2407683
TI  - [Thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT): a marker for activation of
      intravascular coagulation].

PMID- 2407684
TI  - Future impacts of artificial neural systems on industry.

PMID- 2407685
TI  - Chemical specificity of effector cell/tumor cell bridging by a Viscum album
      rhamnogalacturonan enhancing cytotoxicity of human NK cells.
AB  - The component in Viscum album extract Iscador-M enhancing the NK cytotoxicity of
      human CD56+CD3- NK cells (87-95% enrichment) in cocultures with K562 tumor cells
      and increasing the formation of NK cell/tumor cell conjugates was identified as a
      rhamnogalacturonan. Both activities were abolished by treatment of V. album
      extract with poly-alpha-D-galacturonidase and alpha-rhamnosidase and both
      activities were inhibited in the presence of galacturonic acid and acetylated
      rhamnose (6-deoxymannose). Inhibition was also observed in the presence of
      structurally related derivatives such as acetylated mannose or acetylated
      mannonic acid gamma-lactone, the latter exhibiting a 5-10-fold higher inhibitory
      potential. The rapid formation of NK cell/tumor cell conjugates in the presence
      of V. album extract was based on the bridging of NK cells with tumor cells by
      rhamnogalacturonan. Using a specifically adapted agglutination assay, the
      saccharide residues of the rhamnogalacturonan interacting with NK cells and tumor
      cells could be identified by the formation of homologous cell conjugates induced
      by acetylated rhamnose or acetylated mannose conjugated to dextran and by
      polygalacturonic acid: terminal acetylated rhamnose or acetylated mannose bound
      only to NK cells in a dose-dependent manner but not to K562 tumor cells, and
      terminal galacturonic acid only to K562 tumor cells but not to NK cells. This
      type of bridging represents a novel mechanism of enhancement of NK cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2407686
TI  - Radiopharmaceutical evaluation of the hepatobiliary pathway.

PMID- 2407687
TI  - Radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and treatment of arthritis.

PMID- 2407688
TI  - Markers of myocardial blood flow.

PMID- 2407689
TI  - Pulmonary extraction and metabolism of leukocytes, amines and labeled colloids.

PMID- 2407690
TI  - Technical and biological considerations on the use of radiolabeled liposomes for
      diagnostic imaging.

PMID- 2407691
TI  - Radiolabeled blood cells: perspectives and directions.

PMID- 2407692
TI  - Antibody radiolabeling, problems and promises.

PMID- 2407693
TI  - Lymphoscintigraphy: radiopharmaceutical selection and methods.

PMID- 2407694
TI  - Use of metalloporphyrins in diagnostic imaging.

PMID- 2407695
TI  - Receptor binding: radiopharmaceutical studies.

PMID- 2407696
TI  - Radiolabeled agents for SPECT imaging of brain perfusion.

PMID- 2407697
TI  - Radiopharmaceuticals and the visual system.

PMID- 2407698
TI  - Facilitated positional release.
AB  - The facilitated positional release techniques described here introduce motion
      into the direction of freedom of movement. Achievement of neutral position is
      made easier by modifying sagittal posture, and a facilitating force is then
      applied. The treatment is directed at normalizing tissue texture changes but can
      be modified to influence the deep muscles involved in joint mobility. This
      modality is easily applied, nontraumatic, and efficient.

PMID- 2407699
TI  - War, politics, and osteopathic medicine.

PMID- 2407700
TI  - Deceptive appearances: television violence and aggressive behavior.

PMID- 2407702
TI  - Medicare Catastrophic Act repealed.

PMID- 2407701
TI  - Children, television, and gender roles. Messages and impact.
AB  - This review examines images relating to gender roles on television and the
      possible impact of these images. Numerous content analyses point to one basic
      finding: on television, women are underrepresented and the images of both men and
      women tend to be stereotypical and traditional, despite a number of programs with
      characterizations that present a more liberated view of gender roles. Studies
      examining the impact of these images have focused upon four specific areas: the
      perception of gender-typed behaviors and occupational roles; the tendency of
      children to identify with specific television characters; the notion of counter
      stereotypical portrayals; and the cultivation of gender-role attitudes in both
      adults and children.

PMID- 2407703
TI  - The war is over--let's go to school.

PMID- 2407704
TI  - Efficacy of a vaccine to prevent Chlamydia- or Campylobacter-induced abortions in
      ewes.
AB  - In a sheep flock, Chlamydia psittaci, Campylobacter fetus, Ca jejuni, and
      Salmonella dublin caused abortions. A vaccine that contained C psittaci type I
      from 2 sources: a cow with pneumonia and an aborted ovine fetus, Ca fetus, Ca
      jejuni, and 4 strains of K99 Escherichia coli was given to 240 ewes before they
      were bred. All fetuses, placentas, and lambs, that died within 36 hours of birth
      were examined for infectious agents. Of 55 abortions, 30 (55%) were caused by
      Chlamydia or Campylobacter spp; 25 of the 30 (83%) abortions took place in the
      nonvaccinated group (n = 240). Forty-five more lambs survived in the vaccinated
      group than in the nonvaccinated group. Abortion rates for Chlamydia and
      Campylobacter spp (2.1 vs 10.4% in vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups,
      respectively) were significantly different (P = 0.003). Abortion rates for S
      dublin were not significantly different between groups. The Salmonella epizootic
      was controlled quickly by sanitation and treatment procedures. The vaccine was at
      least 80% efficacious against Chlamydia and Campylobacter spp and appeared to be
      protective.

PMID- 2407705
TI  - Hypertrophic osteopathy in a dog with a chronic lung abscess.
AB  - A 2-year-old dog was examined because of gradual lameness of all 4 limbs and
      weight loss. Hypertrophic osteopathy was diagnosed. Radiography revealed a mass
      in the caudal lobe of the right lung. At necropsy, the mass was determined to be
      a chronic abscess. Corynebacterium pyogenes was cultured from the lesion.
      Although hypertrophic osteopathy in dogs is commonly associated with a thoracic
      lesion, most often neoplastic, the chronic lung abscess in this dog might have
      been formed as a result of a paralaryngeal abscess that was treated 3 months
      before the onset of the lameness.

PMID- 2407706
TI  - Treatment of lymphoma in dogs.

PMID- 2407707
TI  - Comparative chemotherapeutic activity of cefpirome and imipenem in experimental
      infections.
AB  - In systemic and local infections, the therapeutic efficacy of cefpirome was
      compared to that of imipenem and cefotaxime. Murine septicemia induced with
      methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains
      responded well to cefpirome and imipenem therapy, the ED50 values ranged from 0.8
      to 28.40 mg/kg and 0.5 to 15.58 mg/kg, respectively. The carbapenem also
      displayed high efficacy against Enterococci and was more potent than cefpirome.
      Cefotaxime, however, exhibited lower activity or proved to be inactive against
      these strains. With ED50 values of 0.03 to 31.33 mg/kg, cefpirome was the most
      active of the three antibiotics in protecting mice challenged with
      Enterobacteriaceae. The corresponding ED50 values of imipenem and cefotaxime
      ranged from 0.72 to 70.95 mg/kg and 0.06 to 66.30 mg/kg, respectively. Despite
      distinctly lower in vitro activity against the infecting organism, cefpirome
      showed efficacy similar to imipenem in the treatment of subcutaneous S. aureus
      abscesses in mice. It was more effective than imipenem and cefotaxime against
      experimental Klebsiella pneumonia in mice and the Escherichia coli infected
      granuloma pouch in rats.

PMID- 2407708
TI  - A new aminothiazolylcephalosporin having 1-carboxyethoxyimino group, ME1228.
AB  - Aminothiazolylacetamidocephalosporins having 1-carboxyethoxyimino groups were
      synthesized and found to have excellent antibacterial activities including anti
      pseudomonal activity and low toxicities. Among these cephalosporins, ME1228
      having (S)-1-carboxyethoxyimino substituent and being combined with an (N-ethyl-4
      pyridinio)thiomethyl group at C-3 showed marked therapeutic effects against
      systemic infections in mice and was selected as the best candidate for further
      evaluation.

PMID- 2407709
TI  - 6-(substituted methylene)penems, potent broad spectrum inhibitors of bacterial
      beta-lactamase. II. Racemic furyl and thienyl derivatives.
AB  - A series of racemic 6-(substituted methylene)penems have been prepared. These
      compounds contain a 5-membered monoheteroaromatic ring at C-8. The
      antibacterial/synergistic and beta-lactamase inhibitory activities of both E- and
      Z-isomers and 2-substituted derivatives are compared.

PMID- 2407710
TI  - Effects of flow on the synthesis and release of fibronectin by endothelial cells.
AB  - Human umbilical vein endothelial cells at confluence were subjected to steady
      shear flow. The effect of flow on the synthesis of fibronectin, its release into
      the medium, and incorporation into the extracellular matrix were investigated.
      The total content of fibronectin in endothelial cells exposed to flow was found
      to be lower than that in static controls after periods of 12 to 48 h. In the
      presence of cycloheximide there was no difference in the fibronectin content of
      sheared and unsheared cells. Our results suggest that the synthesis of
      fibronectin is inhibited by the flow-induced perturbation of endothelial cells.

PMID- 2407712
TI  - Sinusitis and asthma: a review.

PMID- 2407713
TI  - New approaches for physical mapping of small genomes.

PMID- 2407714
TI  - Location of purine genes on the physical map of Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2407711
TI  - Frontiers in mammalian cell culture.
AB  - For the past 60 years, fundamental discoveries in eukaryotic biology using
      mammalian cell cultures have been significant but modest relative to the enormous
      potential. Combined with advances in technologies of cell and molecular biology,
      mammalian cell culture technology is becoming a major, if not essential tool, for
      fundamental discovery in eukaryotic biology. Reconstruction of the milieu for
      cells has progressed from simple salt solutions supporting brief survival of
      tissues outside the body to synthesis of the complete set of structurally defined
      nutrients, hormones and elements of the extracellular matrix needed to
      reconstruct complex tissues from cells. The isolation of specific cell types in
      completely defined environments reveals the true complexity of the mammalian cell
      and its environment as a dynamic interactive physiological unit. Cell cultures
      provide the tool for detection and dissection of the mechanism of action of
      cellular regulators and the genes that determine individual aspects of cell
      behavior. The technology underpins advances in virology, somatic cell genetics,
      endocrinology, carcinogenesis, toxicology, pharmacology, hematopoiesis and
      immunology, and is becoming a major tool in developmental biology, complex tissue
      physiology and production of unique mammalian cell-derived biologicals in
      industry.

PMID- 2407715
TI  - Altered growth-rate-dependent regulation of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
      level in hisT mutants of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli.
AB  - In Escherichia coli, the level of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is directly
      proportional to the cellular growth rate during growth in minimal media. This
      contrasts with the report by Winkler et al. (M. E. Winkler, J. R. Roth, and P. E.
      Hartman, J. Bacteriol. 133:830-843, 1978) that the level of the enzyme in
      Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 strain SB3436 is invariant. The basis for the
      difference in the growth-rate-dependent regulation between the two genera was
      investigated. Expression of gnd, which encodes 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase,
      was growth rate uninducible in strain SB3436, as reported previously, but it was
      1.4-fold growth rate inducible in other S. typhimurium LT-2 strains, e.g., SA535.
      Both the SB3436 and SA535 gnd genes were growth rate inducible in E. coli K-12.
      Moreover, the nucleotide sequences of the regulatory regions of the two S.
      typhimurium genes were identical. We concluded that a mutation unlinked to gnd is
      responsible for the altered growth rate inducibility of 6-phosphogluconate
      dehydrogenase in strain SB3436. Transductional analysis showed that the altered
      regulation is due to the presence of a mutation in hisT, the gene for the tRNA
      modification enzyme pseudouridine synthetase I. A complementation test showed
      that the regulatory defect conferred by the hisT mutation was recessive. In E.
      coli, hisT mutations reduced the extent of growth rate induction by the same
      factor as in S. typhimurium. The altered regulation conferred by hisT mutations
      was not simply due to their general effect of reducing the polypeptide chain
      elongation rate, because miaA mutants, which lack another tRNA modification and
      have a similarity reduced chain growth rate, had higher rather than lower 6
      phosphogluconate dehydrogenase levels. Studies with genetic fusions suggested
      that hisT mutations lower the gnd mRNA level. The data also indicated that hisT
      is involved in translational control of gnd expression, but not the aspect
      mediated by the internal complementary sequence.

PMID- 2407716
TI  - Nucleotide sequencing of the Proteus mirabilis calcium-independent hemolysin
      genes (hpmA and hpmB) reveals sequence similarity with the Serratia marcescens
      hemolysin genes (shlA and shlB).
AB  - We cloned a 13.5-kilobase EcoRI fragment containing the calcium-independent
      hemolysin determinant (pWPM110) from a clinical isolate of Proteus mirabilis (477
      12). The DNA sequence of a 7,191-base-pair region of pWPM110 was determined. Two
      polypeptides are encoded in this region, HpmB and HpmA (in that transcriptional
      order), with predicted molecular masses of 63,204 and 165,868 daltons,
      respectively. A putative Fur-binding site was identified upstream of hpmB
      overlapping the -35 region of the proposed hpm promoter. In vitro transcription
      translation of pWPM110 DNA and other subclones confirmed the assignment of
      molecular masses for the predicted polypeptides. These polypeptides are predicted
      to have NH2-terminal leader peptides of 17 and 29 amino acids, respectively. NH2
      terminal amino acid sequence analysis of purified extracellular hemolysin (HpmA)
      confirmed the cleavage of the 29-amino-acid leader peptide in the secreted form
      of HpmA. Hemolysis assays and immunoblot analysis of Escherichia coli containing
      subclones expressing hpmA, hpmB, or both indicated that HpmB is necessary for the
      extracellular secretion and activation of HpmA. Significant nucleotide identity
      (52.1%) was seen between hpm and the shl hemolysin gene sequences of Serratia
      marcescens despite differences in the G+C contents of these genes (hpm, 38%; shl,
      65%). The predicted amino acid sequences of HpmB and HpmA are also similar to
      those of ShlB and ShlA, the respective sequence identities being 55.4 and 46.7%.
      Predicted cysteine residues and major hydrophobic and amphipathic domains have
      been strongly conserved in both proteins. Thus, we have identified a new
      hemolysin gene family among gram-negative opportunistic pathogens.

PMID- 2407717
TI  - Enhancement of protein translocation across the membrane by specific mutations in
      the hydrophobic region of the signal peptide.
AB  - The hydrophobic region of the signal peptide of the OmpA protein of the
      Escherichia coli outer membrane was extensively altered in its hydrophobicity and
      predicted secondary structure by site-specific mutagenesis. The mutated signal
      peptides were fused to nuclease A from Staphylococcus aureus, and the function of
      the signal peptide was examined by measuring the rate of processing of the signal
      peptide. Six of the 12 mutated signal peptides in the nuclease hybrid were
      processed faster than the wild-type. In particular, the processing of the mutated
      signal peptide in which the alanine residue at position 9 was substituted with a
      valine residue was enhanced almost twofold over the processing of the wild-type
      signal peptide. In addition, the production of nuclease A fused with this mutated
      signal peptide also increased twofold. However, these effects were not observed
      when the mutated signal peptide was fused to TEM beta-lactamase. Analysis of the
      present mutations suggests that both overall hydrophobicity and distinct
      structural requirements in the hydrophobic region have important roles in signal
      peptide function.

PMID- 2407718
TI  - Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression in Escherichia coli of the
      phospholipase D gene from Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.
AB  - The phospholipase D (PLD) gene from Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis has been
      cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. Analysis of DNA sequence
      data reveals a major open reading frame encoding a 31.4-kilodalton protein, a
      size consistent with that estimated for the PLD protein by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Comparison of these data with the amino
      terminal protein sequence indicates that the mature PLD protein is preceded by a
      24-residue signal sequence. Expression of the PLD gene in E. coli is initiated
      from the corynebacterial promoter, and the resulting protein has sphingomyelinase
      activity. Primer extension mapping localized the 5' end of the PLD gene mRNA to a
      site 5 to 7 base pairs downstream of a region similar to the consensus sequence
      for E. coli promoters. Northern and Southern blot analyses suggest that the gene
      is transcribed from mRNA approximately 1.1 kilobases in length and that it is
      present in a single copy within the C. pseudotuberculosis genome.

PMID- 2407719
TI  - Chromosomal rearrangements associated with morphological mutants provide a means
      for genetic variation of Candida albicans.
AB  - At frequencies as high as 1.4%, the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans
      spontaneously gave rise to morphological mutants exhibiting more than 20
      different types of abnormal colonies; approximately two-thirds of the mutants
      were stable, while the other one-third were unstable and produced mixtures of
      different colonial forms at very high rates. Abnormal electrophoretic karyotypes
      were observed for all of the 14 mutants that were examined, indicating that they
      were associated with different types of single and multiple gross chromosomal
      rearrangements. Because C. albicans is asexual and does not go through a meiotic
      cycle, we suggest that the high frequency of chromosomal rearrangements provides
      a means for genetic variation in this organism.

PMID- 2407720
TI  - Flagellar assembly in Salmonella typhimurium: analysis with temperature-sensitive
      mutants.
AB  - The process of flagellar assembly in Salmonella typhimurium was investigated by
      using temperature-sensitive mutants. The mutants were grown at the restrictive
      temperature and then at the permissive temperature, with radiolabel supplied in
      the first phase of the experiment and not the second, or vice versa. Flagellar
      hook-basal body complexes were then purified and analyzed by gel electrophoresis
      and autoradiography. The extent to which a given protein was labeled in the two
      phases of the experiment provided information as to whether it preceded or
      followed the block caused by the mutant protein. We conclude the following
      concerning flagellar assembly. The M-ring protein (FliF) is stably incorporated
      in the earliest stage detected, along with two previously unknown proteins, with
      apparent molecular masses of 23 and 26 kilodaltons, respectively, and possibly
      one of the switch components, FliG. Independent of that event and all other
      events, the P-ring and L-ring proteins (FlgI and FlgH) are synthesized and
      exported to the periplasm and outer membrane by the primary cellular export
      pathway. Rod assembly occurs by export (via the flagellum-specific pathway) of
      subunits of four proteins, FlgB, FlgC, FlgF, and FlgG, and their incorporation,
      probably in that order, into the rod structure; this stage requires the flhA and
      fliI genes, perhaps because they encode part of the export apparatus. Once rod
      assembly is complete, the FlgI and FlgH proteins assemble around the rod to form
      the P and L rings. The rod structure, which is only metastable while it is being
      constructed, becomes stable upon P-ring addition. Export (via the flagellum
      specific pathway) and assembly of hook protein, hook-associated proteins, and
      filament protein then occur successively. A number of flagellar proteins, whose
      genetic origin and structural role are not yet known, were identified on the
      basis of their dependence on the flagellar master operon for expression.

PMID- 2407721
TI  - Cir and Fiu proteins in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli catalyze transport
      of monomeric catechols: study with beta-lactam antibiotics containing catechol
      and analogous groups.
AB  - Recently, beta-lactam agents containing iron-chelating moieties, such as E0702,
      which contains catechol, and pirazmonam and U-78,608, which contain 3
      hydroxypyridone, have been developed. By determining the susceptibility to these
      agents of Escherichia coli mutants lacking various iron-repressible outer
      membrane proteins, we showed that two of these proteins with hitherto unknown
      functions, Fiu and Cir, were apparently involved in the transport of monomeric
      catechol and its analogs. These results confirm the conclusion of Curtis and co
      workers, which was obtained by using a different set of catechol-containing
      antibiotics (N. A. C. Curtis, R. L. Eisenstadt, S. J. East, R. J. Cornford, L. A.
      Walker, and A. J. White, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32:1879-1886, 1988). E0702
      was shown to enhance the uptake of radioactive ferric iron into wild-type cells
      but not into cir fiu double mutants. By combining the influx of E0702 with its
      hydrolysis by a periplasmic beta-lactamase, we showed that the wild-type cells
      transported unliganded E0702 at a rate comparable to or even higher than the rate
      of transport of the E0702-Fe3+ complex. We postulate that the main function of
      Cir and Fiu may be to recapture the hydrolytic products of enterobactin, such as
      2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoylserine.

PMID- 2407722
TI  - Purified Escherichia coli F-factor TraY protein binds oriT.
AB  - The traY gene of the Escherichia coli F plasmid has been shown by genetic studies
      (R. Everett and N. Willetts, J. Mol. Biol. 136:129-150, 1980) to be involved in
      the site-specific nicking reaction at oriT required for the initiation of DNA
      transfer during bacterial conjugation. In order to assign a biochemical function
      to TraY protein, the traY gene was cloned in a plasmid vector which utilizes the
      strong T7 phi 10 promoter to overproduce the protein. The plasmid-encoded TraY
      protein was specifically labeled with [35S]methionine, and purification of the
      polypeptide was accomplished by monitoring the radioactive label. Purified TraY
      protein had a relative molecular mass of approximately 17,000, as determined by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The
      amino terminus of the purified protein was sequenced to confirm that the protein
      was encoded by the traY gene. The protein sequence revealed that the start codon
      for the TraY protein was a UUG codon 36 base pairs upstream of the AUG start site
      originally deduced from the DNA sequence (T. Fowler, L. Taylor, and R. Thompson,
      Gene 26:79-89, 1983). This start sequence confirmed the premise of Inamoto et al.
      that the F-plasmid TraY polypeptide-coding sequence would begin with UUG,
      creating a reading frame which renders a large degree of amino acid sequence
      identity with the TraY polypeptide from R100 (S. Inamoto, Y. Yoshioka, and E.
      Ohtsubo, J. Bacteriol. 170:2749-2757, 1988). The purified TraY protein from F
      bound specifically to the origin of transfer region of the F plasmid. However, no
      nicking activity was detected at oriT by using TraY protein or TraY protein in
      conjunction with helicase I.

PMID- 2407723
TI  - Analysis of the Escherichia coli gene encoding L-asparaginase II, ansB, and its
      regulation by cyclic AMP receptor and FNR proteins.
AB  - Escherichia coli contains two L-asparaginase isozymes: L-asparaginase I, a low
      affinity enzyme located in the cytoplasm, and L-asparaginase II, a high-affinity
      secreted enzyme. A molecular genetic analysis of the gene (ansA) encoding the
      former enzyme has previously been reported. We now present a molecular study of
      the gene, ansB, encoding L-asparaginase II. This gene was isolated by using
      oligonucleotide probes, whose sequences were based on the previously determined
      amino acid sequence. The nucleotide sequence of ansB, including 5'- and 3'
      untranslated regions, was determined. The amino acid sequence of L-asparaginase
      II, deduced from this nucleotide sequence, contains differences at 11 positions
      when compared with the previously determined amino acid sequence. The deduced
      amino acid sequence also reveals a typical secretory signal peptide of 22
      residues. A single region of sequence similarity is observed when ansA and ansB
      are compared. The transcriptional start site in ansB was determined, allowing the
      identification of the promoter region. The regulation of ansB was studied by
      using ansB'-'lacZ fusions, together with a deletion analysis of the 5' region
      upstream of the promoter. Regulation by cyclic AMP receptor protein and
      anaerobiosis (FNR protein) was confirmed, and the presence of nucleotide sequence
      motifs, with homology to cyclic AMP receptor protein and FNR protein-binding
      sites, investigated.

PMID- 2407724
TI  - Molecular cloning of the C-terminal domain of Escherichia coli D-mannitol
      permease: expression, phosphorylation, and complementation with C-terminal
      permease deletion proteins.
AB  - We have subcloned a portion of the Escherichia coli mtlA gene encoding the
      hydrophilic, C-terminal domain of the mannitol-specific enzyme II (mannitol
      permease; molecular mass, 68 kilodaltons [kDa]) of the phosphoenolpyruvate
      dependent carbohydrate phosphotransferase system. This mtlA fragment, encoding
      residues 379 to 637 (residue 637 = C terminus), was cloned in frame into the
      expression vector pCQV2 immediately downstream from the lambda pr promoter of the
      vector, which also encodes a temperature-sensitive lambda repressor. E. coli
      cells carrying a chromosomal deletion in mtlA (strain LGS322) and harboring this
      recombinant plasmid, pDW1, expressed a 28-kDa protein cross-reacting with
      antipermease antibody when grown at 42 degrees C but not when grown at 32 degrees
      C. This protein was relatively stable and could be phosphorylated in vitro by the
      general phospho-carrier protein of the phosphotransferase system, phospho-HPr.
      Thus, this fragment of the permease, when expressed in the absence of the
      hydrophobic, membrane-bound N-terminal domain, can apparently fold into a
      conformation resembling that of the C-terminal domain of the intact permease.
      When transformed into LGS322 cells harboring plasmid pGJ9-delta 137, which
      encodes a C-terminally truncated and inactive permease (residues 1 to ca. 480;
      molecular mass, 51 kDa), pDW1 conferred a mannitol-positive phenotype to this
      strain when grown at 42 degrees C but not when grown at 32 degrees C. This strain
      also exhibited phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent mannitol phosphorylation activity
      only when grown at the higher temperature. In contrast, pDW1 could not complement
      a plasmid encoding the complementary N-terminal part of the permease (residues 1
      to 377). The pathway of phosphorylation of mannitol by the combined protein
      products of pGJ9-delta 137 and pDPW1 was also investigated by using N
      ethylmaleimide to inactivate the second phosphorylation sites of these permease
      fragments (proposed to be Cys-384). These results are discussed with respect to
      the domain structure of the permease and its mechanism of transport and
      phosphorylation.

PMID- 2407725
TI  - Crystallization of R-form lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella minnesota and
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Salmonella minnesota Re and Ra lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and Escherichia coli K
      12 LPS formed three-dimensional crystals, either hexagonal plates (preferential
      growth along the a axis) or solid columns (preferential growth along the c axis),
      when they were precipitated by the addition of 2 volumes of 95% ethanol
      containing 375 mM MgCl2 and incubated in 70% ethanol containing 250 mM MgCl2 at 4
      degrees C for 10 days. Analyses of crystals suggested that they consist of
      hexagonal lattices with the a axis (a side of the lozenge as a unit cell on the
      basal plane) of 0.462 nm for all these three kinds of LPSs and the c axes
      (perpendicular to the basal plane) of 5.85, 8.47, and 8.75 nm for S. minnesota Re
      and Ra LPSs and E. coli K-12 LPS, respectively, and that hydrocarbon chains of
      the lipid A portion play the leading part in crystallization, whereas the
      hydrophilic part of the lipid A (the disaccharide backbone) and R core exhibit a
      disordered structure or are in a random orientation. The phenomenon of doubling
      of the a axis to 0.924 nm was observed with crystals of S. minnesota Re LPS when
      they were incubated in 70% ethanol for an additional 180 days, but not with
      crystals of S. minnesota Ra LPS or E. coli K-12 LPS. S. minnesota S-form LPS
      possessing the O-antigen-specific polysaccharide and S. minnesota free lipid A
      obtained by acid hydrolysis of Re LPS did not crystallize under the same
      experimental conditions.

PMID- 2407726
TI  - Characterization of the Bacillus stearothermophilus manganese superoxide
      dismutase gene and its ability to complement copper/zinc superoxide dismutase
      deficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Recombinant clones containing the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene of
      Bacillus stearothermophilus were isolated with an oligonucleotide probe designed
      to match a part of the previously determined amino acid sequence. Complementation
      analyses, performed by introducing each plasmid into a superoxide dismutase
      deficient mutant of Escherichia coli, allowed us to define the region of DNA
      which encodes the MnSOD structural gene and to identify a promoter region
      immediately upstream from the gene. These data were subsequently confirmed by DNA
      sequencing. Since MnSOD is normally restricted to the mitochondria in eucaryotes,
      we were interested (i) in determining whether B. stearothermophilus MnSOD could
      function in eucaryotic cytosol and (ii) in determining whether MnSOD could
      replace the structurally unrelated copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD)
      which is normally found there. To test this, the sequence encoding bacterial
      MnSOD was cloned into a yeast expression vector and subsequently introduced into
      a Cu/ZnSOD-deficient mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Functional
      expression of the protein was demonstrated, and complementation tests revealed
      that the protein was able to provide tolerance at wild-type levels to conditions
      which are normally restrictive for this mutant. Thus, in spite of the
      evolutionary unrelatedness of these two enzymes, Cu/ZnSOD can be functionally
      replaced by MnSOD in yeast cytosol.

PMID- 2407727
TI  - Identification, cloning, and characterization of the Escherichia coli sohA gene,
      a suppressor of the htrA (degP) null phenotype.
AB  - Two extragenic suppressors which allow temperature-sensitive htrA mutant
      Escherichia coli bacteria to grow at 42 degrees C and simultaneously acquire a
      cold-sensitive phenotype at 30 degrees C were isolated. The cold-sensitive
      phenotype exhibited by one of the mutants was used to clone the corresponding
      wild-type copy of the suppressor gene. This was done through complementation with
      a mini-mu plasmid E. coli DNA library, by selection for colonies which were no
      longer cold sensitive, at 30 degrees C. The cloned suppressor gene was shown to
      complement the cold-sensitive phenotype of both suppressor mutations. It was
      mapped to 68 min on the E. coli chromosome through hybridization to the Kohara
      library of overlapping lambda transducing bacteriophages, which covers the entire
      E. coli chromosome. The complementing gene was further subcloned on an 830-base
      pair (bp) DNA fragment. DNA sequencing revealed the presence of an open reading
      frame (ORF) of 333 bp which could encode a protein of 12,359 Mr. Subcloning of
      various DNA fragments from within this 830-bp DNA fragment suggests that this ORF
      is most likely responsible for suppression of the cold-sensitive phenotype of the
      htrA suppressor bacteria. By using a T7 polymerase system to overproduce plasmid
      encoded proteins, a protein of approximately 12,000 Mr was produced by this
      cloned DNA fragment. This ORF defines a previously undiscovered gene in E. coli,
      called sohA (suppressor of htrA).

PMID- 2407728
TI  - Genetic organization of the hydrogen uptake (hup) cluster from Rhizobium
      leguminosarum.
AB  - In symbiosis with peas, Rhizobium leguminosarum UPM791 induces the synthesis of a
      hydrogen uptake (Hup) system that recycles hydrogen generated in nodules by
      nitrogenase. A cosmid (pAL618) containing hup genes from this strain on a 20
      kilobase-pair (kb) DNA insert has previously been isolated in our laboratory (A.
      Leyva, J. M. Palacios, T. Mozo, and T.Ruiz-Argueso, J. Bacteriol. 169:4929-4934,
      1987). Here we show that cosmid pAL618 contains all of the genetic information
      required to confer high levels of hydrogenase activity on the naturally Hup-
      strains R. leguminosarum UML2 and Rhizobium phaseoli CFN42, and we also describe
      in detail the organization of hup genes on pAL618. To study hup gene
      organization, site-directed transposon mutagenesis and complementation analysis
      were carried out. According to the Hup phenotype associated with the transposon
      insertions, hup genes were found to span a 15-kilobase-pair region within pAL618
      insert DNA. Complementation analysis revealed that Hup- mutants fell into six
      distinct complementation groups that define six transcriptional units, designated
      regions hupI to hupVI. Region hupI was subcloned and expressed in Escherichia
      coli cells under the control of a bacteriophage T7 promoter. A polypeptide of ca.
      65 kilodaltons that was cross-reactive with antiserum against the large subunit
      of Bradyrhizobium japonicum hydrogenase was detected both in E. coli cells
      carrying the cloned hupI region and in pea bacteroids from strain UPM791,
      indicating that region hupI codes for structural genes of R. leguminosarum
      hydrogenase.

PMID- 2407729
TI  - Cloning and expression of a structural gene from Chlorobium vibrioforme that
      complements the hemA mutation in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Escherichia coli SASX41B carries the hemA mutation and requires delta
      aminolevulinic acid for growth. Strain SASX41B was transformed to prototrophy
      with pYA1, a plasmid vector carrying a 5.8-kilobase insert of genomic DNA from
      the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium vibrioforme. Cell extracts prepared from
      transformed cells are able to catalyze transfer of label from [1-14C]glutamate or
      [3,4-3H]glutamyl-tRNA to delta-aminolevullinic acid at rates much higher than
      extracts of wild-type cells can, whereas extracts prepared from untransformed
      strain SASX41B cells lack both activities. By comparing the relative abilities of
      glutamyl-tRNAs derived from several heterologous cell types to function as
      substrates for the dehydrogenase reaction in extracts of HB101 and SASX41B cells
      transformed by pYA1, it was determined that the expressed dehydrogenase in the
      transformed cells resembled that of C. vibrioforme and not that of E. coli. Thus
      it can be concluded that plasmid pYA1 contains inserted DNA that codes for a
      structural component of C. vibrioforme glutamyl-tRNA dehydrogenase which confers
      glutamyl-tRNA substrate specificity.

PMID- 2407730
TI  - Possible involvement of the division cycle in dispersal of Escherichia coli from
      biofilms.
AB  - Growth rate control of adherent, sessile populations was achieved by the
      controlled perfusion of membrane-associated bacterial biofilms by the method of
      Gilbert et al. (P. Gilbert, D. G. Allison, D. J. Evans, P. S. Handley, and M. R.
      W. Brown, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1308-1311, 1989). Changes in cell surface
      hydrophobicity were evaluated with respect to growth rate for such sessile
      Escherichia coli cells and compared with those of suspended (planktonic)
      populations grown in a chemostat. Newly formed daughter cells shed at the various
      growth rates from the biofilm during its growth and development were also
      included in the study. Surface hydrophobicity decreased with growth rate
      similarly for both planktonic and sessile E. coli; no significant differences
      were noted between the two. Daughter cells dislodged from the biofilm, however,
      were significantly more hydrophilic than those remaining, indicating that
      hydrophobicity changed during the division cycle. Our data support the hypothesis
      that dispersal of cells from adhesive biofilms and recolonization of new surfaces
      reflect cell-cycle-mediated events.

PMID- 2407731
TI  - Rapid response of patients simultaneously treated with lithium and nortriptyline.
AB  - To shorten the latency-to-response time for antidepressant treatment, three
      patients diagnosed with major depression were treated simultaneously with lithium
      and nortriptyline. Symptoms responded markedly by Day 7 and completely resolved
      by Day 14. Patients experienced few side effects.

PMID- 2407732
TI  - Islet amyloid polypeptide. A new beta cell secretory product related to islet
      amyloid deposits.

PMID- 2407733
TI  - Fatty acid monooxygenation by cytochrome P-450BM-3.
AB  - Cytochrome P-450BM-3 is a catalytically self-sufficient enzyme which
      monooxygenates saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, alcohols, and amides. The
      protein has two domains: one which contains heme and is P-450-like and the other
      which contains FAD and FMN and is P-450 reductase-like. Both domains are on a
      single polypeptide chain. Utilizing a plasmid containing the gene encoding P
      450BM-3, we have transformed the Escherichia coli strain DH5 alpha. This clone
      overexpresses P-450BM-3 to make approximately 20% of the soluble protein of this
      organism under optimal conditions. P-450BM-3 can be purified to homogeneity from
      the soluble fraction of the protein of these cells with a recovery of 50% making
      this cell line an excellent source of this important enzyme. Purified
      preparations of P-450BM-3 hydroxylate palmitic acid at a rate of 1600 mol/min/mol
      of heme at 25 degrees C. The stoichiometry of NADPH to oxygen utilized was 1 for
      all conditions; however, the ratio of oxygen or NADPH utilized per molecule of
      fatty acid substrate metabolized was different for different homologs of
      saturated fatty acids, when low concentrations (less than 100 microM) of
      substrate were used. Lauric and myristic acids were metabolized to two
      hydroxylated products, irrespective of the initial concentration of fatty acid in
      the reaction mixture, and the ratio of oxygen consumed to fatty acid hydroxylated
      was 1. High concentrations of palmitic acid (greater than 200 microM) led to the
      formation of three polar metabolites and a stoichiometry of 1:1 was observed for
      oxygen and palmitic acid utilization. These results indicate that a single
      hydroxyl group was inserted into each of these molecules. Lower concentrations
      (less than 50 microM) of palmitic acid were metabolized to additional polar
      metabolites, and the ratio of oxygen consumed to fatty acid substrate consumed
      approximated 3:1. These results can be explained best by a hypothesis that the
      initial hydroxylated compounds, which accumulate during the oxidation of palmitic
      acid by P-450BM-3, can be further oxidized by this enzyme to polyhydroxy- or
      hydroxy-ketone products.

PMID- 2407734
TI  - Direct photolabeling of the EcoRII methyltransferase with S-adenosyl-L
      methionine.
AB  - Ultraviolet irradiation of EcoRII methyltransferase in the presence of its
      substrate, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet), results in the formation of a stable
      enzyme-substrate adduct. This adduct can be demonstrated by sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after irradiation of the enzyme in the
      presence of either [methyl-3H]AdoMet or [35S]AdoMet. The extent of photolabeling
      is low. Under optimal conditions, 4.5 pmol of [3H]AdoMet is incorporated into 100
      pmol of enzyme. Use of the 8-azido derivative of AdoMet as the photolabeling
      substrate increases the incorporation by approximately 2-fold. However, this
      adduct, unlike the one formed with AdoMet, is not stable when treated with thiol
      reagents or precipitated with trichloroacetic acid. A catalytically active
      conformation of the enzyme is needed for AdoMet photolabeling. Heat-inactivated
      enzyme or proteins for which AdoMet is not a substrate or cofactor do not undergo
      adduct formation. Two other methyltransferases, MspI and dam methylases are also
      shown to form adducts with AdoMet upon UV irradiation. The binding constant of
      the EcoRII methyltransferase for AdoMet determined with the photolabeling
      reaction is 11 microM, which is similar to the binding constant of 9 microM
      previously reported (Friedman, S. (1986) Nucleic Acids Res. 14, 4543-4556). The
      AdoMet analogs S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (Ki = 0.83 microM) and sinefungin (Ki =
      4.3 microM) are effective inhibitors of photolabeling, whereas S-adenosyl-D
      homocysteine (Ki = 46 microM) is a poor inhibitor. These experiments indicate
      that AdoMet becomes covalently bound at the AdoMet-binding site on the enzyme
      molecule. The EcoRII methyltransferase-AdoMet adduct is very stable and could be
      used to identify the AdoMet-binding site on DNA methyltransferases.

PMID- 2407735
TI  - Glutathione-S-transferase pi as a determinant of drug resistance in transfectant
      cell lines.
AB  - A series of glutathione S-transferase pi (GST-pi) transfectant cell lines have
      been constructed in activated c-H-ras-transformed NIH-3T3 cells (pT22-3) by using
      a pKOneo plasmid and an expression vector containing cDNA for GST-pi with a beta
      actin gene promoter. From the wild type pT22-3 cells, two clones were selected
      and designated RGN1 and RGN2. The degree of overexpression of GST-pi was
      estimated by Northern and Southern blot analysis to be incrementally higher in
      RGN2 compared with RGN1. Translation of mRNA was estimated by Western blot
      analysis using isozyme-specific polyclonal antibodies and confirmed the relative
      GST-pi levels. Each cell line, including the wild type, expressed alpha and mu
      class isozymes to the same degree and had similar but negligible expression of
      the mdr 1 gene. Sensitivity to various anticancer drugs and radiation was
      estimated by a series of cytotoxicity assays. The data confirmed that GST-pi
      provided a degree of protection against the toxicity of ethacrynic acid and
      adriamycin, but sensitivity to alkylating agents such as chlorambucil, melphalan,
      and cis-platinum was not influenced by GST-pi. Similarly, the response to
      ionizing radiation was similar for each line. Since the levels of intracellular
      GSH were also not significantly different, the availability of co-substrate was
      not a factor in determining response. In creating the GST-pi transfectants, these
      data establish that while increased isozyme levels can play a role in determining
      sensitivity to some agents, the protective effect is selective.

PMID- 2407736
TI  - Catalytic and regulatory site composition of yeast AMP deaminase by comparative
      binding and rate studies. Resolution of the cooperative mechanism.
AB  - Yeast AMP deaminase is allosterically activated by ATP and MgATP and inhibited by
      GTP and PO4. The tetrameric enzyme binds 2 mol each of ATP, GTP, and PO4/subunit
      with Kd values of 8.4 +/- 4.0, 4.1 +/- 0.6, and 169 +/- 12 microM, respectively.
      At 0.7 M KCl, ATP binds to the enzyme, but no longer activates. Titration with
      coformycin 5'-monophosphate, a slow, tight-binding inhibitor, indicates a single
      catalytic site/subunit. ATP and GTP bind at regulatory sites distinct from the
      catalytic site and their binding is mutually exclusive. Inorganic phosphate
      competes poorly with ATP for the ATP sites (Kd = 20.1 +/- 4.1 mM). However, near
      saturating ATP reduces the moles of phosphate bound per subunit to 1 PO4, which
      binds with a Kd = 275 +/- 22 microM. In the presence of ATP, PO4 cannot
      effectively compete with ATP for the nucleotide triphosphate sites. The PO4 which
      binds in the presence of ATP is competitive with AMP at the catalytic site since
      the Kd equals the kinetic inhibition constant for PO4. Initial reaction rate
      curves are a cooperative function of AMP concentration and activation by ATP is
      also cooperative. However, no cooperativity is observed in the binding of any of
      the regulator ligands and ATP binding and kinetic activation by ATP is
      independent of substrate analog concentration. Cooperativity in initial rate
      curves results, therefore, from altered rate constants for product formation from
      each (enzyme.substrate)n species and not from cooperative substrate binding. The
      traditional cooperative binding models of allosteric regulation do not apply to
      yeast AMP deaminase, which regulates catalytic activity by kinetic control of
      product formation. The data are used to estimate the rates of AMP hydrolysis
      under reported metabolite concentrations in yeast.

PMID- 2407737
TI  - Functional analysis of Arg-308 mutants of Flp recombinase. Possible role of Arg
      308 in coupling substrate binding to catalysis.
AB  - The arginine residue at position 308 in the Flp recombinase corresponds to the
      only invariant arginine within the Int family of recombinases. Alterations of
      this residue result in Flp variants that retain substrate recognition, but form
      weaker protein-DNA complexes than wild type Flp. Furthermore, their DNA cleavage
      activity is significantly diminished. A conservative change of R308K results in a
      functional Flp variant; however, this protein has a lowered temperature optimum
      for recombination. The Arg-308 mutants can be stabilized on the DNA substrate
      through cooperativity with a partner Flp mutant that is tight binding. Thus,
      interactions between Flp monomers must be a relevant feature of the normal
      recombination reaction.

PMID- 2407738
TI  - Phosphorylation-dependent binding of a 138-kDa myc intron factor to a regulatory
      element in the first intron of the c-myc gene.
AB  - A 138-kDa nuclear protein was identified from HeLa cell extracts as a factor
      which binds to a previously described 20-base pair cis element located in the
      intron I of the c-myc gene. This myc intron factor (MIF) binds to the wild type c
      myc sequence but does not bind under similar conditions to c-myc from Burkitt's
      lymphoma which contain point mutations in this binding region. We have
      demonstrated that the 138-kDa MIF is a phosphoprotein and that treatment of the
      purified MIF with potato acid phosphatase abolished binding to its 20-base pair c
      myc recognition sequence; binding activity was protected by inclusion of
      phosphatase inhibitors. These results suggest that phosphorylation is required
      for the specific DNA-MIF interaction in vitro and that the phosphorylation state
      of MIF may be an important factor in controlling c-myc expression in vivo.

PMID- 2407739
TI  - Detailed analysis of the repeat domain of dystrophin reveals four potential hinge
      segments that may confer flexibility.
AB  - Most of dystrophin, the protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus,
      is composed of spectrin-like repeats, suggesting that dystrophin is an elongated
      cytoskeletal molecule (Davison, M. D., and Critchley, D. R. (1988) Cell 52, 159
      160; Koenig, M., Monaco, A. P., and Kunkel, L. M. (1988) Cell 53, 219-228). We
      present here a detailed analysis of the repeat domain of human dystrophin and
      propose that it is composed of 24 rather than 26 repeat units as previously
      suggested. Moreover, spacer sequences which do not align with the repeat
      consensus are present at the beginning and at the end of the repeat domain. Two
      other non-repeat spacers are found between repeat elements 3 and 4 and 19 and 20.
      The high proline content of each spacer suggests that it might represent a hinge.
      Using five new anti-dystrophin antisera and two previously described antisera
      (Hoffman, E. P., Brown, R. H., Jr., and Kunkel, L. M. (1987a) Cell 51, 919-928)
      to detect different dystrophin peptides after proteolytic cleavage, we show that
      the four hinge segments are sensitive sites for proteolysis. We present a model
      for a membrane-associated network of dystrophin in which the hinges play a key
      role by conferring flexibility to the network and thus resilience to the
      membrane.

PMID- 2407740
TI  - The gene encoding the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein is essential for cell
      growth.
AB  - Phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PI-TPs) catalyze the transfer of
      phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine between membranes in vitro. However,
      the in vivo function of these proteins is unknown. In this paper, we use a
      combined biochemical and genetic approach to determine the importance of PI-TP in
      vivo. An oligonucleotide based on the amino-terminal sequence of the PI-TP from
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to screen a yeast genomic library for the gene
      encoding PI-TP (PIT1 gene). Positive clones showed overproduction of transfer
      activities and transfer protein in the 100,000 x g supernatants. The 5' terminus
      of the PIT1 gene correlates with the predicted codons for residues 3-30 of the
      determined protein sequence. A putative intron is located between the codons for
      residues 2 and 3 of the protein sequence. The codons for the first two amino
      acids of the protein and the presumptive initiation methionine precede the
      intron. Tetrad analysis of a heterozygous diploid (PIT1/pit1::LEU2) revealed that
      the PIT1 gene is essential for cell growth. Nonviable spores could be rescued by
      transformation of the above diploid prior to sporulation, with a plasmid-borne
      copy of the wild type gene.

PMID- 2407742
TI  - ras-transformation of MDCK cells alters responses to phorbol ester without
      altering responses to bradykinin.
AB  - The results of studies to evaluate the hypothesis that the 21 kDa GTP-binding
      protein derived from the ras oncogene is involved in regulation and coupling of
      hormone receptors to phospholipase activity have thus far been inconsistent. We
      therefore examined the effect of H-ras transformation on basal, tumor-promoting
      phorbol ester (TPA)-stimulated, and bradykinin-mediated phospholipid hydrolysis
      in Madin Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) by comparing H-ras-transformed MDCK
      cells (MDCK-RAS) to two non-transformed strains of MDCK cells (MDCK-D1 and MDCK
      ATCC). In unstimulated MDCK-RAS, diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol phosphate
      accumulation, and choline phosphate release were increased while arachidonic acid
      and arachidonic acid metabolite (AA) release was not increased, suggesting that
      ras transformation increased phospholipase C activity. Protein kinase C (PK-C)
      activity was decreased, and specific binding of [3H]phorbol ester was reduced in
      MDCK-RAS relative to the non-transformed MDCK cells suggesting that elevated DAG
      may activate and thereby down-regulate PK-C. Consistent with this finding in MDCK
      RAS, TPA-stimulated AA release and subsequent prostaglandin E2 production were
      decreased, while TPA-stimulated choline phosphate release was increased.
      Bradykinin receptor-stimulated phospholipid hydrolysis in MDCK-RAS was similar to
      that of non-transformed cells, suggesting that the ras-derived protein does not
      directly couple bradykinin receptors to phospholipases in MDCK cells. However,
      the ability of TPA-treatment to inhibit bradykinin-stimulated phosphoinositide
      hydrolysis and enhance bradykinin-stimulated AA release was attenuated in MDCK
      RAS. Additionally, in MDCK-RAS the conversion of arachidonic acid to
      prostaglandin E2 was substantially reduced. We conclude that ras transformation
      of MDCK cells increases DAG levels, thereby activating and, in turn, down
      regulating PK-C and certain responses to TPA. Since activation of PK-C may result
      in a variety of effects on signal transduction pathways, we propose that
      increased DAG and altered PK-C levels associated with ras transformation may
      account for the inconsistent effects previously observed in studies evaluating
      the effect of ras transformation on phospholipases and other signal transduction
      systems.

PMID- 2407741
TI  - Spatiotemporal segregation of endothelial cell integrin and nonintegrin
      extracellular matrix-binding proteins during adhesion events.
AB  - Bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) attachments to laminin, fibronectin, and
      fibrinogen are inhibited by soluble arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD)-containing
      peptides, and YGRGDSP activity is responsive to titration of either soluble
      peptide or matrix protein. To assess the presence of RGD-dependent receptors,
      immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting studies were conducted and demonstrated
      integrin beta 1, beta 3, and associated alpha subunits as well as a beta 1
      precursor. Immunofluorescence of BAECs plated on laminin, fibronectin, and
      fibrinogen reveals different matrix-binding specificities of each of these
      integrin subclasses. By 1 h after plating, organization of beta 1 integrin into
      fibrillar streaks is influenced by laminin and fibronectin, whereas beta 3
      integrin punctate organization is influenced by fibrinogen and the integrin
      spatial distribution changes with time in culture. In contrast, the nonintegrin
      laminin-binding protein LB69 only organizes after cell-substrate contact is well
      established several hours after plating. Migration of BAECs is also mediated by
      both integrin and nonintegrin matrix-binding proteins. Specifically, BAEC
      migration on laminin is remarkably sensitive to RGD peptide inhibition, and, in
      its presence, beta 1 integrin organization dissipates and reorganizes into
      perinuclear vesicles. However, RGD peptides do not alter LB69 linear organization
      during migration. Similarly, agents that block LB69--e.g., antibodies to LB69 as
      well as YIGSR-NH2 peptide--do not inhibit attachment of nonmotile BAECs to
      laminin. However, both anti-LB69 and YIGSR-NH2 inhibit late adhesive events such
      as spreading. Accordingly, we propose that integrin and nonintegrin extracellular
      matrix-binding protein organizations in BAECs are both temporally and spatially
      segregated during attachment processes. High affinity nonintegrin interaction
      with matrix may create necessary stable contacts for longterm attachment, while
      lower affinity integrins may be important for initial cell adhesion as well as
      for transient contacts of motile BAECs.

PMID- 2407743
TI  - Purification of core salt-extracted E. coli 30S ribosomal proteins by high
      performance liquid chromatography under non-denaturing conditions.

PMID- 2407744
TI  - Studies on subtype composition in natural leukocyte interferon preparations.
AB  - Antisera raised against partially purified human leukocyte interferon in goat and
      horse were exhaustively adsorbed and purified. Affinity chromatography using
      these antibodies gave 10,000-fold purification in one step without losing
      interferon activity. Then enzyme immunoassay was established with these
      antibodies and utilized for subtype analysis. Crude and affinity purified
      leukocyte interferons showed identical profiles of antiviral activity and
      immunoreactivity when fractionated by means of reversed phase high performance
      liquid chromatography. These results suggested the possibility of providing
      mixture of subtypes of leukocyte interferon occurring in natural host response,
      with comparable purity of recombinant ones.

PMID- 2407745
TI  - Rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus antigens in nasopharyngeal
      secretions.
AB  - The combined use of fluorescein-labelled monoclonal antibody and a cytocentrifuge
      for preparation of cell spots greatly reduced the time for rapid diagnosis, and
      improved the sensitivity and ease of detection of respiratory syncytial (RS)
      virus antigen in specimens of nasopharyngeal secretions.

PMID- 2407746
TI  - Detection of rubella antibody using an optical immunosensor.
AB  - Since the first biosensor was reported in 1962 different sensors have been
      developed in different areas; their attraction being that they hold out the
      possibility of a rapid test which can specifically detect the analyte, without
      the necessity for additional reagents. Immunosensors make use of antibodies and
      can be extremely specific if the appropriate monoclonal antibodies are used. We
      report on the development of an optical immunosensor used for the detection of
      rubella antibody in serum, plasma and whole blood. The assay time is less than 10
      min and requires no accurate measurement of the sample or any additional
      reagents. The sensitivity is in the region of 30 IU/ml; with a correlation of 94%
      with conventional assays.

PMID- 2407747
TI  - Use of recombinant hepatitis delta antigen in diagnostic assays for HDV antibody.
AB  - The gene encoding the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) structural antigen (HD Ag) was
      inserted into a Rous sarcoma virus expression vector and the recombinant plasmid
      used to direct the synthesis of recombinant HD Ag (rHD Ag) in a continuous
      hepatoma cell line. A competitive radioimmunoassay for serum antibody to HDV
      using rHD Ag was developed and was found to be equally suitable for diagnostic
      purposes to a radioimmunoassay using infected liver-derived HD Ag. Similarly, rHD
      Ag was shown to be serologically equivalent to liver-derived HD Ag within the
      limit of the blocking titrations performed. The rHD Ag-positive cell line was
      also used in an indirect immunofluorescence assay to detect anti-HD. Similar
      titres of anti-HD were detected by both radioimmunoassay and immunofluorescence
      and identical samples were positive for anti-HD by either assay. In a sample of
      prison inmates with high prevalence of both HBV and HDV, anti-HD was confined
      almost exclusively to those with persistent HBV infection and not to those in
      whom HBV infection had cleared. The availability of rHD Ag will permit wider
      development of diagnostic anti-HD assays, and the use of two such assays is
      presented in this study.

PMID- 2407748
TI  - Replication and plaque formation of swine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis
      virus (67N) in swine cell line, SK-K culture.
AB  - Swine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV), 67N strain, adapted to
      suckling mouse brain, grew readily in a porcine cell line, SK-K cell culture with
      cytopathic effect (CPE) consisting of syncytium formation and detachment of fused
      cells and round cells from glass surface. After further passages in SK-K cell
      monolayers with undiluted culture fluid, CPE developed earlier and became
      complete within 48 h postinoculation (p.i.). Viral specific antigen was detected
      in the cytoplasm of the infected SK-K cells by indirect immunofluorescence using
      rabbit antiserum against the mouse-passaged virus. The SK-K-passaged virus as
      well as the original mouse-passaged virus formed clear plaques on SK-K cell
      monolayers under simple overlay medium. The plaque assay system for HEV 67N was
      established by studying various factors influencing the plaque formation in the
      SK-K cell cultures. By this system more than 10(6) PFU/0.2 ml of the virus yield
      was detected in the fluid phase of the infected cultures at 48 h p.i. The SK-K
      passaged virus caused fatal infection in 4-week-old mice by intracerebral
      inoculation, but was inhibited by rabbit antiserum against the mouse-passaged
      virus. Plaque formation and hemagglutinating activity of the virus were
      specifically inhibited by antisera against the mouse-passaged and SK-K-passaged
      67N virus.

PMID- 2407749
TI  - Clinical review 6: Diagnosis and management of delayed puberty.

PMID- 2407750
TI  - Increase in luteinizing hormone content occurs in cultured human fetal pituitary
      cells exposed to gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
AB  - To investigate the mechanisms by which GnRH regulates LH production during
      intrauterine life, dispersed pituitary cells from second trimester human fetuses
      were cultured on extracellular matrix-coated plates for 48 h. Exposure of cells
      to 3 x 10(-10) mol/L GnRH for 1-48 h significantly increased cumulative LH
      secretion compared to that in respective controls (P less than 0.01). The rate of
      GnRH-stimulated LH release was accelerated during the first 6 h, after which it
      declined to a level similar to that of basal release. This phenomenon was
      associated with a decrease in the GnRH concentration of the medium. Exposure of
      cells to GnRH (3 x 10(-10) to 10(-6) mol/L) for 48 h induced a dose-dependent
      elevation of total LH which correlated with an increase in releasable, but not
      cellular, LH. Desensitization to GnRH (10(-7) mol/L) occurred when cells were
      cultured with pharmacological amounts of GnRH for 48 h. These results indicate
      that GnRH induces the increase in total and releasable LH in human fetal
      pituitary cells. These cells also appear to inactivate GnRH. Thus, GnRH may
      increase LH production in the human fetal pituitary and the pituitary receptor
      mechanism may be involved in GnRH action on LH release during intrauterine life.

PMID- 2407751
TI  - Patterns of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion before and during the onset
      of puberty in boys: a study using an immunoradiometric assay.
AB  - To study spontaneous pulsatile LHRH/LH secretion around the onset of puberty,
      nocturnal plasma LH was measured by means of a highly sensitive immunoradiometric
      assay in 30 boys (aged 5.6-16.8 yr) investigated for potential problems with
      growth and/or development. Blood was withdrawn at 10- to 20-min intervals from
      2000-0800 h. Pulse analysis was accomplished by a computerized peak detection
      algorithm. Pituitary and gonadal responsiveness was assessed by a standard
      exogenous LHRH challenge and testosterone. Subsequent clinical progress was
      monitored for a mean duration of 2.08 +/- 0.16 yr and used as the basis for
      classifying patients retrospectively into three groups: 1) prepubertal (n = 14),
      2) peripubertal (n = 11), and 3) pubertal (n = 5). LH pulses were undetectable in
      9 and present in 5 prepubertal subjects, the youngest of whom was aged 7.3 yr. In
      peripubertal and pubertal individuals, 2-7 LH pulses/12 h were detectable. LH
      pulses were detectable before sleep by midpuberty (Tanner stage 3). There was a
      highly significant (P less than 0.0001) increase in LH/LHRH pulse frequency from
      0.93 +/- 0.38 to 4.55 +/- 0.43/12 h (mean +/- SEM) between the prepubertal and
      peripubertal groups and a further increase to 6.20 +/- 0.37/12 h in the pubertal
      group. LH pulse amplitude remained under 1.0 U/L in both the prepubertal and
      peripubertal groups and only increased significantly to 2.02 +/- 0.17 U/L in
      pubertal boys. Response to LHRH increased significantly between the prepubertal
      (2.47 +/- 0.49 U/L) and peripubertal (6.53 +/- 2.02 U/L) patients. T increased
      significantly at each stage, with the greatest rise between the peripubertal and
      pubertal stages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407752
TI  - A glucose reduction challenge in the differential diagnosis of fasting
      hypoglycemia: a two-center study.
AB  - Investigation of patients with suspected or proven hypoglycemia is often a time
      consuming and expensive process. We describe a glucose reduction challenge test
      which may be useful as an out-patient screening procedure. Insulin is infused for
      3 h at 40 mU/kg.h. Plasma glucose was monitored at the bedside during the test,
      and blood samples were collected for measurement of C-peptide. Responses were
      examined in 17 normal controls, and 6 patients with insulinomas. In normal
      subjects, mean plasma glucose fell to a plateau value of 3.2 +/- 0.2 mmol/L (57
      +/- 2.6 mg/dL) and remained at that level with few symptoms. In contrast, five of
      six patients with insulinomas developed severe hypoglycemia, with plasma glucose
      levels between 1.9 (34 mg/dL) and 2.2 mmol/L (39 mg/dL). Plasma C-peptide
      concentrations were suppressed to 0.08 pmol/mL or less in normal subjects, but in
      insulinoma patients remained at 0.32-1.6 pmol/mL i.e. outside the normal range,
      and diagnostic of nonsuppressible insulin secretion. These data demonstrate that
      moderate reduction of serum glucose maintained for a prolonged period results in
      marked suppression of plasma C-peptide, permitting improved discrimination
      between normal subjects and patients with insulinomas. This glucose reduction
      challenge can, therefore, be used as a test of glucose-regulating ability, where
      failure (hypoglycemia) per se represents a measurable abnormality. C-Peptide
      measurements will determine whether the cause of hypoglycemia is due to
      hyperinsulinemia.

PMID- 2407753
TI  - Abrogation of resistance to Theiler's virus-induced demyelination in C57BL mice
      by total body irradiation.
AB  - Theiler's murine encephalitis virus (TMEV) produces an unusual biphasic disease
      in susceptible mice characterized by poliomyelitis with early viral replication
      in neurons, followed by chronic demyelination with viral antigen expression in
      spinal cord white matter. In addition, infectious virus persists in the central
      nervous system (CNS) throughout the chronic phase of disease. Previous studies
      have indicated an important role for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-gene
      products in determining resistance/susceptibility to disease. In particular,
      certain class I gene products of the D region of the H-2 gene complex render mice
      of the C57BL lineage resistant to induction of demyelination. Intracerebral
      infection of B10.S(DS) mice results in demyelination in the spinal cord while
      infection of C57BL/10(Db) or B10.S(9R)(Dd) fails to produce white matter
      destruction. In this study we showed that immunosuppression with gamma
      irradiation renders normally resistant B10.S(9R) and C57BL/10 mice susceptible to
      TMEV-induced demyelination and allowed for increased viral replication. In
      addition, the majority of irradiated C57BL/10 mice infected with virus showed
      extensive areas of CNS remyelination by oligodendrocytes beginning at 63 days
      post-infection. In contrast, immunosuppression of normally susceptible B10.S mice
      resulted in acute disease and high mortality accompanied by overwhelming
      destruction of neurons. The study supports the hypothesis that MHC-conferred
      resistance in C57BL mice is associated with MHC D region products and indicate an
      important active role for the immune system early in infection in limiting vital
      infection during disease induction in nonimmunosuppressed mice.

PMID- 2407754
TI  - The relationship of alprazolam dose to steady-state plasma concentrations.
AB  - Alprazolam is a widely used antianxiety agent, yet relatively little is known
      about the relationship between chronic oral doses and steady-state plasma levels.
      This study examines the relationship over a wide range of therapeutic doses. We
      conducted a parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 36 patients with
      agoraphobia with panic attacks, or panic disorder with limited phobic avoidance
      based on DSM-III criteria. Patients received alprazolam (N = 25) or placebo (N =
      11) beginning at 1 mg/day and increased weekly until either a maximum tolerated
      dose or 10 mg/day was achieved. Dosages were then gradually tapered according to
      a predetermined schedule. The entire study period lasted 14 weeks. Laboratory and
      clinical assessments were conducted weekly. Doses up to 6 mg/day were tolerated
      by 80% of patients on alprazolam and doses of 10 mg/day were tolerated by 40% of
      patients. Twenty-seven percent of the placebo patients reached 10 tablets/day. In
      the alprazolam group, the principal cause of intolerance was sedation. Throughout
      the study no significant changes in vital signs or laboratory parameters were
      observed. Steady state alprazolam, 4-hydroxy alprazolam, and alpha-hydroxy
      alprazolam plasma levels were linearly related to dose. A 1 mg dosage increment
      produced, on the average, a corresponding 10 ng/ml increase in steady state level
      of the parent drug. Significant response was observed in subjects who achieved
      concentrations greater than 20 ng/ml, with a maximum of 81% of the samples
      classified as responders within the 60 ng/ml and above group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407755
TI  - Is buspirone effective for panic disorder?
AB  - Buspirone was compared with imipramine and placebo in the treatment of panic
      disorder in an 8-week, double-blind controlled study of 52 randomly assigned
      patients. The side effect profile of buspirone was less disruptive than that of
      imipramine. Buspirone was not significantly superior to placebo in its antipanic
      or anxiolytic effects in panic disorder patients.

PMID- 2407756
TI  - Natural history of periodontal disease in adults: findings from the Tecumseh
      Periodontal Disease Study, 1959-87.
AB  - The purpose of this epidemiological study was to estimate the degree of change in
      periodontal attachment level in a sample of adults examined in 1959 and 1987 in
      Tecumseh, Michigan. Out of 526 individuals between the ages of five and 60 years
      in 1959, a sample of 325 resided within an 80-km-radius area in 1987. Of those,
      167 were re-examined. Loss of periodontal attachment (LPA) was determined with a
      Michigan #0 probe on four tooth sites (disto-buccal, mid-buccal, mesio-buccal,
      mid-lingual) for all teeth present. Of the individuals contacted, 28 had lost all
      their teeth during the 28 years. Of the 167 adults examined, two refused
      periodontal probing. Out of the 165 adults with LPA measurements in 1987, only 22
      (13.3%) had an average increased loss of 2 mm or more per person between 1959 and
      1987; five adults (3.0%) had an average LPA increase of 3 mm or more, and only
      two adults (1.2%) had an average LPA increase of 4 mm or more. The attachment
      level in 59.3% of all the tooth sites examined in 1959 in the 165 individuals
      either did not change or changed within +/- 1.0 mm. On the basis of bivariate
      analyses, the individuals with high LPA increase (greater than or equal to 2 mm)
      had the following characteristics significantly different from those with low LPA
      increase: They were older, smoked, had tooth mobility at baseline, higher
      gingivitis, plaque, calculus, and tooth mobility scores at follow-up, lower
      education level, and irregular dental attendance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2407757
TI  - The clinical effects of a mouthrinse containing 0.1% octenidine.
AB  - The purpose of this three-month clinical trial was to evaluate the effects of a
      0.1% octenidine mouthrinse on plaque, gingivitis, extrinsic dental stain, and the
      oral soft tissues. A total of 451 adult volunteer subjects was initiated into the
      study and given baseline dental examinations. The subjects were stratified into
      two balanced groups according to gender, plaque, and gingivitis scores. The
      subjects then received a dental prophylaxis and were provided with dentifrice,
      toothbrushes, and either a mouthrinse containing 0.1% octenidine dihydrochloride
      as the active ingredient or a similar placebo mouthrinse. Subjects were
      instructed to rinse with their assigned product for 30 s twice each day.
      Examinations were repeated at six weeks (soft-tissue assessment, gingivitis) and
      three months (soft tissues, plaque, gingivitis, dental stain). The results showed
      that the group rinsing with 0.1% octenidine had significantly less plaque (39%),
      gingivitis (50%), and bleeding sites (60%) than the group using the control
      product, but had significantly higher stain formation and experienced longer
      prophylaxis times to remove the stain. The oral soft-tissue examinations revealed
      no differences in the groups in either the numbers or types of lesions noted.

PMID- 2407758
TI  - A comparison of the influence of lanthanum and fluoride on de- and
      remineralization of bovine enamel in vitro.
AB  - The influence of fluoride and lanthanum on enamel softening was compared by
      hardness measurements and by determination of the calcium content in the
      solution. The addition of lanthanum to an acetate buffer solution (0.05 mol/L, pH
      = 5.0) had no significant influence on the change of the indentation length and
      on the calcium release, compared with those of the control group. In the fluoride
      group, a moderate increase of the indentation length and a reduced calcium loss
      were observed. In a second experiment, surface-softened bovine enamel was treated
      with calcifying solutions (Ca/P ratio = 1.67). Differences in treatment were
      created by the addition of traces (2 ppm) of lanthanum, fluoride, or both. The
      acid resistance of the treated enamel was evaluated by two successive softening
      steps (0.1 mol/L acetate buffer, pH = 5.5). Alterations of the enamel surface
      were longitudinally followed with a hardness tester. The addition of fluoride,
      lanthanum, or both significantly improved the rehardening of surface-softened
      enamel, compared with that of the control group. A 2 x 2 factorial analysis of
      variance showed that lanthanum and fluoride had a highly significant main effect
      and a significant negative interaction effect on the rehardening of surface
      softened enamel. Subsequent acid treatments revealed that only samples treated
      with a fluoride-containing solution were adequately protected from further
      dissolution. The enamel surfaces treated with a solution containing both
      lanthanum and fluoride were covered with an acid-resistant surface coating. SEM
      observation of this surface layer revealed the presence of globular and
      spherulite structures.

PMID- 2407759
TI  - Hearing-damage risk and communication interference in dental practice.
AB  - The use of high-speed air-turbine handpieces, operated at 300,000 to 400,000
      revolutions per minute, has led to concern over the possibility of noise-induced
      hearing loss. Sound levels were measured in clinical settings and in a pre
      clinical laboratory for estimation of hearing-damage risk among dentists, and the
      extent of communication interference. Octave-band sound pressure levels were
      obtained with use of a Fast-Fourier-Transform analyzer and associated
      instrumentation. The results of this study indicate that the sound energy
      contribution of a typical dental practice is about 8% to 12% of the dentist's
      average 24-hour noise exposure. However, noise levels during dental procedures
      result in an articulation index of 0.21 to 0.37, corresponding to understanding
      of about 18% to 48% of nonsense syllables and 52% to 90% of sentences. It appears
      that hearing-damage risk is slight among dentists using modern equipment.
      However, further noise control in handpieces is necessary so that error-free
      communication during dental procedures can be ensured.

PMID- 2407760
TI  - Discrimination training and formative evaluation for remediation in basic waxing
      skills.
AB  - In a quasi-experimental design the "experimental" group (n = 6) received
      discrimination training and self-evaluation exercises on four waxing projects and
      four handpiece projects over 13 hours. An equivalent "conventional" group (n = 7)
      received verbal feedback with models on seven waxing projects over 13 hours. Both
      groups took a posttest using plastic molars with two-surface preparations to be
      restored in wax. In blind evaluations of final products, the experimental group
      outperformed the conventional group. Results demonstrate the efficiency and
      effectiveness of structured discrimination and self-evaluation training in
      improving motor skills.

PMID- 2407761
TI  - Measurement of ultrasonic velocity and attenuation in bone tumors, in vitro.
AB  - Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation are determined in different types of bone
      tumors by using a double-probe-through-transmission ultrasonic technique. The
      average values of propagation velocity in different types of tumors are found as
      2106, 2304, 2677.5, and 3586 m/s with 1.49%, 1.04%, and 0.74% standard deviation
      in Giant Cell, Lymphoma, Chondro Sarcoma, and Osteogenic Sarcoma, respectively.
      Absorption coefficient of ultrasound is found to be minimum as 19.7 dB/cm with
      0.002% standard deviation in Lymphoma, and high in Osteochondroma and not
      measurable with the present setup. A direct technique for the diagnosis and
      differentiation of various types of tumors can be developed by standardization of
      the data.

PMID- 2407762
TI  - Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography.
AB  - Ultrafast computed tomography was used to detect and quantify coronary artery
      calcium levels in 584 subjects (mean age 48 +/- 10 years) with (n = 109) and
      without (n = 475) clinical coronary artery disease. Fifty patients who underwent
      fluoroscopy and ultrafast computed tomography were also evaluated. Twenty
      contiguous 3 mm slices were obtained of the proximal coronary arteries. Total
      calcium scores were calculated based on the number, areas and peak Hounsfield
      computed tomographic numbers of the calcific lesions detected. In 88 subjects
      scored by two readers independently, interobserver agreement was excellent with
      identical total scores obtained in 70. Ultrafast computed tomography was more
      sensitive than fluoroscopy, detecting coronary calcium in 90% versus 52% of
      patients. There were significant differences (p less than 0.0001) in mean total
      calcium scores for those with versus those without clinical coronary artery
      disease by decade: 5 versus 132, age 30 to 39 years; 27 versus 291, age 40 to 49
      years; 83 versus 462, age 50 to 59 years; and 187 versus 786, age 60 to 69 years.
      Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values for clinical coronary artery
      disease were calculated for several total calcium scores in each decade. For age
      groups 40 to 49 and 50 to 59 years, a total score of 50 resulted in a sensitivity
      of 71% and 74% and a specificity of 91% and 70%, respectively. For age group 60
      to 69 years, a total score of 300 gave a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of
      81%. The negative predictive value of a 0 score was 98%, 94% and 100% for age
      groups 40 to 49, 50 to 59 and 60 to 69 years, respectively. Ultrafast computed
      tomography is an excellent tool for detecting and quantifying coronary artery
      calcium.

PMID- 2407763
TI  - Clinical assessment of ventricular ejection dynamics with and without outflow
      obstruction.
AB  - With the advent of multisensor micromanometric/velocimetric catheterization,
      digital angiography and Doppler and color echocardiography, extensive fluid
      dynamic quantitation is now possible in cardiology. Such high fidelity
      instantaneous measurements offer the clinician the prospect of identifying phasic
      changes in ventricular ejection dynamics that may disclose contraction
      abnormalities before overt muscle or pump failure is manifested. Accordingly,
      this review provides a basis for interpreting these measurements and a conceptual
      framework for understanding ventricular ejection dynamics with and without
      outflow obstruction. Necessary terminology and fluid dynamic background,
      including properties of flows generated by large transient forces, Euler and
      unsteady Bernoulli equations and local and convective acceleration gradients, are
      reviewed first. Physiologic aspects of ejection dynamics and transvalvular and
      intraventricular gradients without obstruction are discussed. Maximal outflow
      acceleration, rather than ejection velocity, coincides with the attainment of the
      early peak of the nonobstructive pressure gradients. These gradients are
      characteristically even more asymmetric than are the associated ejection velocity
      signals. Clinical correlations are introduced, beginning with obstructive
      transvalvular and subvalvular gradients in aortic stenosis and the phenomenon of
      recovery of pressure loss in the poststenotic dilation. The large obstructive
      gradients tend to be distinctively symmetric, as are the ejection waveforms,
      whose configuration they track more or less closely, depending on the degree of
      stenosis and relative preponderance of convective effects throughout ejection.
      Pitfalls in some unwarranted applications of the "simplified Bernoulli equation"
      are pointed out. Polymorphic gradients of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, reflecting
      dynamically dissimilar intraventricular flow regimes in early, mid and late
      systole, are examined. Enormous late systolic gradients can be associated with
      progressive shrinkage of flow passage area and sharp increases in linear velocity
      while volumetric outflow is diminutive. The concept of ventriculoannular
      disproportion in dilated ventricles is defined and discussed. The implications of
      ejection fluid dynamics for systolic ventricular and myocardial loading are
      examined, and the concept of complementarity and competitiveness between
      intrinsic and extrinsic load components is introduced. Finally, critical research
      issues are identified and addressed. The primary emphasis is on using the basic
      principles of fluid dynamics to better understand ejection in the normal or
      abnormal human left ventricle and aortic root.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2407764
TI  - Action of ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate, ornithine hydrochloride, and calcium
      alpha-ketoglutarate on plasma amino acid and hormonal patterns in healthy
      subjects.
AB  - Ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate (OKG) has been useful as an adjuvant of enteral and
      parenteral nutrition. However, its metabolism and mechanism of action remain
      unclear although it is known that alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha KG) and ornithine
      (ORN) follow, in part, common metabolic pathways. Six fasting healthy male
      subjects underwent three separate oral load tests: (i) they received 10 g of OKG
      (i.e., 3.6 g of alpha KG and 6.4 g of ORN); (ii) 6.4 g of ORN as ornithine
      hydrochloride, and (iii) 3.6 g of alpha KG as calcium alpha-ketoglutarate. Blood
      was drawn 15 times over a five-hour period for measurements of plasma amino
      acids, alpha KG, insulin, and glucagon. After OKG and ORN administration, plasma
      ORN peaked at 60-75 min (494 +/- 91 and 541 +/- 85 mumol/L). The increase in
      plasma alpha KG was very small. OKG, alpha KG, and ORN all increased glutamate
      concentrations at 60 min (mean: +43%, +68%, +68%, respectively, p less than 0.05
      compared to basal values). However, only OKG increased proline and arginine
      levels at 60 min (mean: +35%, p less than 0.01 and mean: +41%, p less than 0.05).
      Furthermore, glutamate, proline, and arginine concentrations correlated linearly
      with ornithine levels at 60 min. Finally, OKG increased insulinemia and
      glucagonemia (mean: +24% at 15 min, p less than 0.05 and +30% at 60 min, p less
      than 0.01, respectively). These data provide evidence that the combination of ORN
      and alpha KG modifies amino acid metabolism in a way which is not observed when
      they are administered separately. In addition, the OKG-mediated increase in
      insulin levels probably does not appear to result from a direct action of ORN on
      pancreatic secretion.

PMID- 2407765
TI  - Expressions of some molecular cancer risk factors and their modification by
      vitamins.

PMID- 2407766
TI  - Magnesium bioavailability from magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide.
AB  - This study compared magnesium oxide and magnesium citrate with respect to in
      vitro solubility and in vivo gastrointestinal absorbability. The solubility of 25
      mmol magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide was examined in vitro in solutions
      containing varying amounts of hydrochloric acid (0-24.2 mEq) in 300 ml distilled
      water intended to mimic achlorhydric to peak acid secretory states. Magnesium
      oxide was virtually insoluble in water and only 43% soluble in simulated peak
      acid secretion (24.2 mEq hydrochloric acid/300 ml). Magnesium citrate had high
      solubility even in water (55%) and was substantially more soluble than magnesium
      oxide in all states of acid secretion. Reprecipitation of magnesium citrate and
      magnesium oxide did not occur when the filtrates from the solubility studies were
      titrated to pH 6 and 7 to stimulate pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.
      Approximately 65% of magnesium citrate was complexed as soluble magnesium
      citrate, whereas magnesium complexation was not present in the magnesium oxide
      system. Magnesium absorption from the two magnesium salts was measured in vivo in
      normal volunteers by assessing the rise in urinary magnesium following oral
      magnesium load. The increment in urinary magnesium following magnesium citrate
      load (25 mmol) was significantly higher than that obtained from magnesium oxide
      load (during 4 hours post-load, 0.22 vs 0.006 mg/mg creatinine, p less than 0.05;
      during second 2 hours post-load, 0.035 vs 0.008 mg/mg creatinine, p less than
      0.05). Thus, magnesium citrate was more soluble and bioavailable than magnesium
      oxide.

PMID- 2407767
TI  - Transketolase stimulation in fibromyalgia.

PMID- 2407768
TI  - Dietary intakes and biochemical markers of selected minerals: comparison of
      highly trained runners and untrained women.
AB  - Mineral status of highly trained (HT) women runners (n = 14) and untrained (UT)
      women (n = 11), as determined from 3-day dietary records, blood, and urine
      samples, was compared. HT women had significantly higher energy (HT: 2331 +/- 121
      vs UT: 1973 +/- 107 kcal/day; p less than 0.05), magnesium (Mg) (HT: 369 +/- 29
      vs UT: 262 +/- 18 mg/day, p less than 0.05), and potassium (K) (HT: 3874 +/- 384
      vs UT: 2646 +/- 244 mg/day; p less than 0.05) intakes than UT women. However,
      mean daily intakes of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and sodium (Na) were
      not different for the two groups. Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of
      Ca, Mg, and Cu of HT and UT women did not differ. Plasma Fe concentrations of the
      two groups were also similar (HT: 21 +/- 2 vs UT: 22 +/- 1 mumol/L), and,
      although serum ferritin concentrations of HT women were lower than UT women (HT:
      18 +/- 4 vs UT: 30 +/- 6 micrograms/L), the difference was not significant.
      Urinary Na excretion of the two groups did not differ. HT women had a higher K
      intake than UT women but urinary K excretion of the two groups did not differ.
      Whether present mineral intakes by HT women are adequate during periods of
      intensive training remains to be determined.

PMID- 2407769
TI  - Nerves and perisinusoidal cells in human liver.
AB  - Unmyelinated nerve fibres are visible in the human hepatic lobule. They extend
      through the Disse space, surrounded by Schwann cell processes, often close to
      perisinusoidal cell processes. A few bare nerve endings or varicosities are found
      contiguous to either hepatocytes or perisinusoidal cells. These nerve endings or
      varicosities contain large and small granular vesicles and small clear vesicles.
      This heterogeneity probably corresponds to the presence of various
      neurotransmitters (noradrenaline, acetylcholine, various neuropeptides...). The
      effect of nerves on perisinusoidal cells has not yet been elucidated. However,
      the location, shape, morphology and origin of perisinusoidal cells would suggest
      that they play a role in the hemodynamic regulation of sinusoidal blood flow. It
      has recently been shown how important non-parenchymal-parenchymal communication
      is in the action of nerves on glucose release by hepatocytes; the cell to cell
      communications may also apply to nerves and sinusoidal cells for the hemodynamic
      regulation of sinusoidal blood flow.

PMID- 2407770
TI  - Patterns of graft rejection following liver transplantation.

PMID- 2407771
TI  - The hepatitis B virus and the peripheral blood mononuclear cells: a brief review.

PMID- 2407772
TI  - Inhibitory effect of a new alpha-glucosidase inhibitor on fatty liver in Zucker
      fatty rats.
AB  - The livers of Zucker fatty (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/-) rats treated with standard rat
      chow diet containing 0, 10 or 50 ppm alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (AO-128) for 10
      weeks were studied morphologically and biochemically. Light microscopic
      examination of livers from untreated Zucker fatty rats showed severe steatosis.
      The triglyceride content in the livers from Zucker fatty rats was significantly
      higher than that from lean rats (73 +/- 9 micrograms/mg protein for Zucker fatty
      rats vs. 30 +/- 10 for lean rats, p less than 0.01). Administration of the
      inhibitor caused a marked decrease in the number and size of lipid droplets in
      the hepatocytes from Zucker fatty rats and a decrease in the triglyceride content
      in the liver (73 +/- 9 micrograms/mg protein for untreated, 54 +/- 16 for 10-ppm
      treated and 48 +/- 23 for 50-ppm-treated rats, p less than 0.05). This is the
      first report showing an inhibitory effect of an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor on
      steatosis in Zucker fatty rats.

PMID- 2407773
TI  - Effects of chlorpromazine and low calcium on the cytoskeleton and the secretory
      function of hepatocytes in vitro.
AB  - It has been established that the cytoskeleton plays an important role in the
      secretory function of hepatocytes. We studied the effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ)
      and low calcium (LC) on the cytoskeleton of primary cultured hepatocytes using
      double-labelling immunofluorescence and secretion of fluorescein diacetate (FD)
      into the bile canaliculi (BC). The hepatocytes were obtained from 14-day-old male
      rats. They were cultured for 24 h in serum-free William's E medium with insulin
      and dexamethasone added to induce differentiation including bile canaliculus
      formation. After incubation with CPZ (200 microM) for 1 h, the BC became dilated
      and distorted and formed diverticula. Actin filaments around the BC became more
      prominent and the stress fibers decreased. CPZ did not affect the microtubules or
      cytokeratin filaments. Exposure to LC (20 microM) for 24 h caused a slight
      dilation of the BC. Actin spread out over the cell periphery and appeared non
      filamentous. Actin filaments around the BC appeared unchanged and the stress
      fibers disappeared. Microtubules and cytokeratin filaments were unaffected.
      Secretion of FD into the BC occurred normally after treatment with CPZ or LC.
      These results support the idea that the integrity of actin is not necessary for
      secretory function and that microtubules and intermediate filaments play a role
      in this process. The dilatation and diverticular formation in the BC induced by
      CPZ treatment suggests that a cytochalasin-like loss of contraction of the BC may
      explain the CPZ-induced decrease in bile flow observed in vivo.

PMID- 2407774
TI  - Effects of ethanol on human monocyte/macrophage lysozyme storage and release.
      Implications for the pathobiology of alcoholic liver disease.
AB  - The effect of ethanol on the release and/or intracellular accumulation of
      lysozyme (LZM) by human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (mo) was
      investigated in vitro. A reverse haemolytic plaque assay, to detect and quantify
      LZM release by individual cells was combined with quantitative
      immunocytochemistry using LZM and the pan-macrophage monoclonal EBM/11 as
      markers. Ethanol had no effect on monocytes; however it reduced secretion of LZM
      by a mo subpopulation. Ethanol also reduced both the total number of mo
      immunoreactive for LZM, (but not EBM/11), and the proportion of LZM-secreting mo
      containing detectable LZM. The latter was correlated with an increase in the
      proportion of LZM-secreting mo that were not immunoreactive for this enzyme.
      These data suggest functional heterogeneity amongst human macrophages with a mo
      subpopulation which responds to ethanol exposure with a drop in both content and
      release of LZM. This might have implications for macrophage function in alcoholic
      liver disease.

PMID- 2407775
TI  - Now and future influenza vaccines.
AB  - Influenza is a modern day plague. In the young, the clinical picture is
      classical, but in the elderly, the disease may go unsuspected until complications
      such as pneumonia develop. Influenza A and B viruses are responsible, and these
      viruses mutate with great regularity. Antibodies to the HA and NA surface
      antigens of influenza viruses, both naturally and vaccine induced, are
      protective. The earliest influenza vaccines were crude, toxic, and ineffective.
      With modern purification techniques, the egg-grown viruses have been turned into
      safe, immunogenic, and effective killed-virus vaccines--whole virus and split
      virus. Surveillance permits the correct virus strains to be incorporated into
      each new vaccine. Those who have been experiencing the worst effects of influenza
      have been identified. These individuals need to be immunized each year. In the
      future, live influenza virus vaccines may offer the benefits of ease of
      administration and longer-lasting protection. Synthetic peptides, genetically
      engineered antigens, and even nonantigen (anti-idiotype) vaccines are possible,
      but such vaccines will require adjuvant enhancement. For the present, greater
      efforts must be made to use existing influenza vaccines.

PMID- 2407776
TI  - Pneumococcal vaccination. Controversies and opportunities.
AB  - The morbidity and mortality associated with pneumococcal infections are
      preventable in many high-risk individuals by immunization with 23-valent
      pneumococcal vaccine. While the clinical effectiveness of the current vaccine is
      less than ideal, use of the vaccine is cost effective. In spite of
      recommendations for pneumococcal vaccination of elderly and other high-risk
      persons, and federal reimbursement for vaccination Medicare enrollees, it was
      estimated in 1985 that only 10% to 15% of this target population was immunized.
      Strategies for immunizing high-risk individuals with pneumococcal vaccine need to
      involve physicians, public health professionals, health advocacy groups, and
      persons in the targeted populations.

PMID- 2407777
TI  - Military immunizations. Past, present, and future prospects.
AB  - The United States military immunizes its forces against a variety of infectious
      diseases of military importance. Military vaccines can be divided into several
      categories: (1) routinely administered vaccines for recruits and the total force;
      (2) deployment-specific vaccines, (3) occupational vaccines based on specific job
      associated risks, and (4) experimental limited use vaccines for special
      contingency situations. New vaccines based on new technological advances are
      being developed to meet the continuous requirements of the military.

PMID- 2407779
TI  - Poliomyelitis vaccines. Success and controversy.
AB  - The conquest of poliomyelitis by killed and live poliomyelitis vaccines is
      arguably the most successful American public health project. In 1950, 20,000
      cases of paralytic poliomyelitis were reported in the United States, whereas in
      recent years, fewer than 10 cases were reported. These few cases were largely
      associated with oral vaccine and despite their small number have led to a
      reconsideration of killed vaccine as a public health measure in the United
      States.

PMID- 2407778
TI  - Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines.
AB  - With widespread use of the live virus vaccines for measles, mumps, and rubella,
      there has been a dramatic decrease in the incidence of all three diseases. At the
      same time, an increasing proportion of the remaining cases are occurring in
      adolescents and adults. Thus, vaccinations for these three diseases of childhood
      must be included in a comprehensive program for adult immunization. The vaccines
      have a proven history of safety and efficacy and are usually administered
      together as combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Vaccination for
      measles, mumps, and rubella is particularly important for susceptible adults
      likely to come in contact with infected children. Adults at particularly high
      risk for exposure may include daycare center workers, teachers and other school
      employees, college students, medical personnel, and those planning to travel
      outside the United States.

PMID- 2407780
TI  - Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis immunizations in adults.
AB  - Although only few cases of diphtheria are reported annually in the United States,
      substantial numbers of adults have declining levels of protective serum
      antitoxin. A recent outbreak of diphtheria in Sweden emphasizes the importance of
      reimmunizing adults in diphtheria toxoid, included as part of routine use of
      tetanus/diphtheria toxoid. Tetanus is a completely preventable disease. Yet, most
      of the 60 to 100 annual cases of tetanus occur in older adults with no prior
      history of immunization. Tetanus immunization should be a routine part of medical
      care of all adults. Research currently is aimed at improving the efficacy and
      safety of pertussis vaccine. Future vaccines may be useful in protecting health
      care workers and other adults who have extensive contact with children against
      pertussis.

PMID- 2407781
TI  - Analysis of thymic stromal cell subpopulations grown in vitro on extracellular
      matrix in defined medium. I. Growth conditions and morphology of murine thymic
      epithelial and mesenchymal cells.
AB  - We report here the successful selective cultivation of murine thymic mesenchymal
      reticular cells (MTMC) and murine thymic epithelial cells (MTEC) grown on
      extracellular matrix in the presence of defined medium. The selective growth of
      these two cell types was based on 1) conditions of tissue disruption and 2)
      differential growth requirements. Both cell types were dependent on transferrin,
      high density lipoproteins, insulin, hydrocortisone, and epidermal growth factor,
      whereas MTMC was dependent also on selenium and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine. The
      elimination of single factors or extracellular matrix resulted in specific and
      different changes in the growth pattern of each cell subpopulation. Cells of both
      types exhibited the ultrastructural features of high metabolic activity. The
      epithelial nature of MTEC cultures was defined by bundles of tonofilaments and
      desmosomes and by positive staining to keratins and negative to vimentin. In
      addition MTEC were positively stained with mAb to thymic medullary epithelial
      cells and by Ulex europeus agglutinin, and were able to form Hassall's
      corpuscles, suggesting their medullary origin. MTEC were also H-2 and Ia
      positive. In contrast MTMC were positive for vimentin and periodic acid-Schiff,
      low positive for H-2, and negative for keratin and Ia. Both cells did not contain
      nonspecific esterase, nor did they phagocytize latex beads. With the use of all
      these criteria we classified MTEC as epithelial cells from the medullary
      compartment of the thymus and MTMC as reticular cells of mesenchymal origin.

PMID- 2407782
TI  - Analysis of thymic stromal cell subpopulations grown in vitro on extracellular
      matrix in defined medium. II. Cytokine activities in murine thymic epithelial and
      mesenchymal cell culture supernatants.
AB  - Two morphologically distinct primary cultures of murine thymic stroma were
      established and found to be of epithelial (MTEC) and mesenchymal (MTMC) origin.
      These cultures were generated by selective conditions of tissue disruption and
      were maintained on extracellular matrix in defined medium. Culture supernatants
      (CS) from these cultures (EC-CS and MC-CS respectively), were tested for cytokine
      production and for effects on thymocyte maturation. Both supernatants displayed
      the activities of IL-3 and of granulocyte/macrophage-CSF and not of IL-1, -2, -4,
      or IFN. In addition they were found to be mitogenic to murine thymocytes in a
      "spontaneous" [3H]TdR incorporation assay. The two supernatants differed,
      however, in their effect on Con A stimulation. EC-CS had a strong enhancing
      effect, both when used for preincubation (18 h) before Con A stimulation or when
      present simultaneously with it. MC-CS had a small inconsistent effect under these
      conditions. Also EC-CS enhanced IL-2 and IL-3 production by thymocytes. The
      responsive thymocyte subpopulation was the one that does not bind peanut
      agglutinin. CS of an established thymic epithelial cell line displayed only part
      of these activities at a considerably lower level. CS from primary kidney cell
      culture was completely devoid of activity. The results suggest that primary
      thymic stromal cell cultures, cultivated under the defined conditions described
      here, may better preserve physiologic secretory activities, and probably also
      other cell functions, compared with established cell lines. Furthermore, the
      results are compatible with the hypothesis that the soluble factors, secreted by
      thymic stromal cells, are active on either very early or late stages of thymic
      differentiation, whereas the main intrathymic stages of differentiation are
      conceivable dependent primarily on direct contact with stromal cells.

PMID- 2407783
TI  - Regulatory effects of transforming growth factor-beta on IL-2- and IL-4-dependent
      T cell-cycle progression.
AB  - Previous studies suggested that the potent immunosuppressive activities of
      transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) were mediated in part through the
      inhibition of IL-2-dependent S-phase progression and mitosis of activated T
      cells. To further investigate the mechanism of T cell growth inhibition by TGF
      beta, two constitutively activated murine T cell clones were employed as defined
      model systems for the growth factor-dependent phase of T cell proliferation. The
      Th cell line, HT-2, proliferated in response to either IL-2 or IL-4, whereas the
      cytotoxic T cell line, CT6, exhibited strict dependence on IL-2 for growth
      stimulation. In both cell lines, picomolar concentrations of TGF-beta inhibited S
      phase progression stimulated by IL-2 or IL-4. TGF-beta pretreatment decreased the
      expression of high affinity IL-2R on HT-2 cells, but not on CT6 cells. In
      contrast, IL-2-stimulated transferrin receptor expression was markedly inhibited
      by TGF-beta in both T cell lines. Analyses of growth factor-dependent specific
      mRNA accumulation revealed that TGF-beta exerted selective inhibitory effects on
      gene expression in HT-2 and CT6 cells. TGF-beta significantly reduced early (1 to
      2 h) increases in c-myc mRNA levels stimulated by IL-2 or IL-4 in both cell
      lines. In HT-2 cells, TGF-beta pretreatment also inhibited the early increase in
      granulocyte-macrophage CSF mRNA stimulated by IL-2 or IL-4. The inhibition of c
      myc and granulocyte-macrophage cyte-macrophage CSF gene expression by TGF-beta
      was explained, at least in part, by suppression of the growth factor-dependent
      transcriptional activation of these genes. These studies suggest that inhibition
      of c-myc gene transcription may play a fundamental role in the antiproliferative
      effect of TGF-beta on IL-2- or IL-4-stimulated T cells.

PMID- 2407784
TI  - Complement activation limits the rate of in vitro treponemicidal activity and
      correlates with antibody-mediated aggregation of Treponema pallidum rare outer
      membrane protein.
AB  - A modification of the in vitro immobilization assay together with freeze-fracture
      analysis was used to determine the factors responsible for the prolonged time
      required in vitro to achieve killing of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. The
      modified immobilization assay permitted separate determination of the time
      required for binding of antibody to the surface of T. pallidum and for C
      activation. Treponemes were preincubated in heat-inactivated immune rabbit serum
      (IRS) followed by washing the organisms in 2.5% BSA/PBS to remove unbound IRS
      antibody before the addition of C. The results showed that a comparable degree of
      C-dependent killing occurred when treponemes were preincubated in heat
      inactivated IRS for either 30 min or 16 h, indicating that treponemicidal
      antibody rapidly binds to the surface of T. pallidum. Preincubation of treponemes
      for 17 h in heat-inactivated IRS followed by a 1-h incubation in C resulted in
      the loss of 80% treponemal motility, indicating that C activation results in
      rapid killing of T. pallidum. Treponemes preincubated in IRS for 1 h, then
      incubated for 8 h and 16 h in heat-inactivated normal serum also lost a
      significant level of motility after the addition of C; in contrast, motility was
      unaffected after 30 min and 4 h of incubation in heat-inactivated normal serum
      under similar conditions. These results demonstrate that, whereas antibody
      binding to and C-mediated killing of treponemes can proceed rapidly, the
      prolonged time to C activation limits the rate at which treponemicidal activity
      occurs in vitro. In addition, treponemicidal activity using the modified
      immobilization assay could not be demonstrated with antiserum against T. pallidum
      endoflagella, antiserum against proteins solubilized from T. pallidum using the
      detergent Triton X-114, and a mAb to the T. pallidum r190-kDa "4D" protein,
      suggesting that these molecules are not accessible to surface binding antibody.
      Freeze-fracture analysis, recently used in our laboratory to demonstrate that the
      outer membrane of T. pallidum has rare constituent protein, was utilized to
      demonstrate outer membrane target Ag of IRS antibody. T. pallidum rare outer
      membrane protein (TROMP) molecules were shown in freeze-fracture electron
      micrographs to be consistently aggregated following a 16-h incubation of
      treponemes in IRS. In contrast, no aggregation of TROMP was present in treponemes
      incubated in normal rabbit serum for 16 h or in treponemes incubated in IRS for 2
      h. These findings suggest that the rate of C activation leading to in vitro
      treponemicidal activity is limited by the time required for aggregation of
      antibody-bound TROMP molecules.

PMID- 2407785
TI  - The specific 18-kilodalton antigen of Mycobacterium leprae is present in
      Mycobacterium habana and functions as a heat-shock protein.
AB  - A mAb previously thought to be specific for Mycobacterium leprae has been found
      to cross-react with a cultivable mycobacterium, Mycobacterium habana TMC5135. The
      epitope is present on a protein of identical molecular mass (18 kDa) in both
      species. When M. habana is subjected to heat shock, expression of the protein is
      significantly increased, whereas other forms of environmental stress do not
      increase its expression. Since immunization of mice with M. habana results in
      protection against infection with M. leprae, the possibility of using a molecular
      genetic approach to investigate the role of this protein in protective immunity
      is raised.

PMID- 2407786
TI  - Cutaneous dermal Ia+ cells are capable of initiating delayed type
      hypersensitivity responses.
AB  - The presence of Langerhans cells (LC) within the epidermis has been shown to be
      critical for inducing T-cell-mediated immune responses in the skin. The purpose
      of this study was to assess whether cells in the dermis can initiate T-cell
      mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in vivo. Initially, back skins
      from C3H mice were trypsinized to remove the epidermis. The dermis was
      enzymatically dispersed and filtered to obtain a cell suspension. However, dermal
      cells exposed to trypsin were contaminated with numerous disaggregated hair
      follicles. These hair follicles contained Ia+ cells (presumably LC), and upon
      haptenation in vitro with trinitrophenyl, initiated contact hypersensitivity
      reactions in vivo. We therefore used dispase in place of trypsin to prevent
      follicular disaggregation and to allow preparation of dermal cell suspensions
      free of hair follicles. These hair follicle-free dermal cells were haptenated
      with trinitrophenyl and injected intradermally. Elicitation of contact
      hypersensitivity by epicutaneous painting 6 d later revealed the mean +/- SEM
      incremental ear-swelling response to be 53 +/- 8 mm X 10(-3). In contrast, mice
      sensitized by injection with dermal cells depleted of Ia+ cells demonstrated only
      10 +/- 1 mm X 10(-3) of ear swelling. Thus, like dendritic LC of the epidermis,
      perivascular dendritic Ia+ cells of the dermis are capable of initiating T-cell
      mediated contact hypersensitivity in vivo and may be highly relevant for
      presentation of antigen to T cells trafficking through the dermis.

PMID- 2407787
TI  - Expression of extracellular and intracellular bullous pemphigoid antigens at the
      dermal-epibolic junction in organ culture of human skin.
AB  - Recent papers have reported that there are at least two distinct binding sites of
      bullous pemphigoid (BP) antibodies; one is the extracellular (lamina lucida) BP
      antigen (E-BPA) and the other is the intracellular (basal cell cytomembrane
      hemidesmosome-cytoskeleton) BP antigen (I-BPA). In attempting to characterize the
      properties of these two BP antigens (BPA), we have investigated the expression of
      E-BPA and I-BPA as well as other basement membrane zone (BMZ) components such as
      type IV collagen, laminin, and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) antigen at
      the dermal-epibolic junction as a model system for BMZ neogenesis. I-BPA was
      found along the dermal-epidermal junction and throughout the whole length of the
      dermal-epibolic junction. However, E-BPA and other BMZ components were found
      along the dermal-epidermal junction and along only the most proximal portion of
      the dermal-epibolic junction. These results suggest 1) that emergence of E-BPA
      varies from that of I-BPA in such a model system of BMZ neogenesis, and 2) that
      the emerged E-BPA may attach to the newly formed basement membrane complex.

PMID- 2407788
TI  - Intraepidermal formation of Merkel cells in xenografts of human fetal skin.
AB  - An experimental transplantation model using human fetal skin was applied to
      approach the question of the embryologic origin of human Merkel cells. Palmar and
      plantar skin from five fetuses, between 8 and 11 weeks of estimated gestational
      age (EGA), was xenografted to subcutaneous beds of nude mice. After 4 or 8 weeks
      of growth, biopsies were taken from these xenografts and examined for the
      presence of Merkel cells, using immunocytochemistry with antibodies specific for
      simple epithelial-type cytokeratins and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) as well as
      using electron microscopy. Skin from the same fetuses at the time of
      transplantation was screened in the same way. In all fetuses, no (or very scarce)
      epidermal Merkel cells were detected at the transplantation time, but in all
      cases abundant epidermal Merkel cells of apparent human origin were found after 4
      or 8 weeks in xenograft culture. Dermal nerve fibers, as recognized by
      neurofilament antibodies, were scarce or essentially absent in the xenografts.
      These results indicate that Merkel cells regularly develop in epidermis dissected
      and xenografted in an early fetal stage, although the dissection implies the
      interruption of the dermal nerves. The results strongly support the notion of the
      origin of Merkel cells from epidermal precursor cells. The apparent absence of
      dermal Merkel cells and dermal nerve fibers in the xenografts suggests that the
      presence of dermal sensory nerve fibers may be required for the dropping off of
      epidermal Merkel cells into the upper dermis, which occurs in normal fetal
      development.

PMID- 2407789
TI  - Factors secreted by untreated psoriatic monocytes enhance neutrophil functions.
AB  - Monocytes stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) release mediators
      that induce increased responses of human granulocytes. Recently we showed that
      psoriatic monocytes can stimulate neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and O2-
      production without addition of LPS and this effect is inhibited by cyclosporin A.
      We have now investigated the presence of cytokines in supernatants from cultures
      of psoriatic monocytes (resting monocytes). These cells were cultured for 24 h in
      endotoxin-free medium. Normal human neutrophils were then incubated for 1 h with
      the resulting supernatants (sMS, or conditioned media). The sMS from unstimulated
      psoriatic monocytes significantly enhanced neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide
      anion production. The enhancing factors are protein in nature and require ongoing
      protein synthesis, demonstrated by the facts that the activity in conditioned
      medium is labile to heat denaturation at 100 degrees C for 10 min, is not
      produced by monocytes cultured in the presence of puromycin, and is proteinase
      sensitive. Additional evidence suggested that extremes of pH inhibit activity.
      None of the conditioned media treated in these ways activated neutrophils. The
      neutrophil function-enhancing factors derived from psoriatic monocytes are in
      part cytokines, including TNF and GM-CSF. The support for this conclusion is the
      higher level of TNF and GM-CSF in media conditioned by psoriatic monocytes than
      in media conditioned by normal human monocytes, the inhibition of TNF production
      and neutrophil stimulating activity by cyclosporin A, and the inhibition of
      neutrophil stimulating activity in conditioned media preincubated with anti-TNF
      and anti-GM-CSF antibodies. It is concluded that psoriatic monocytes
      spontaneously produce higher than normal levels of TNF alpha, GM-CSF, and,
      perhaps, other cytokines that might be responsible for the enhanced activity of
      psoriatic neutrophils.

PMID- 2407790
TI  - Hands and the artist--Pablo Picasso.

PMID- 2407791
TI  - The sensational contributions of Erik Moberg.
AB  - Erik Moberg is the father of functional sensory testing. During the past three
      decades, his research into quantitative testing of hand sensibility has provided
      the insight to bring us from classic academic tests (permitting localisation of
      lesions within the central nervous system) to clinical capability of restoring
      sensation to the hand. He introduced the Ninhydrin test to document objectively
      innervation. He defined hand function as precision-sensory and gross-sensory
      grips. He correlated Weber two-point discrimination with hand function. He
      introduced the pick-up test to document hand function. He coined the term
      "tactile gnosis". He hypothesised that proprioception is principally due to skin,
      not joint, afferents. He classified the tetraplegic hand according to its
      combined sensory and motor capacity. He set the standard for sensory recovery
      after primary nerve repair, relating recovered two-point discrimination to age
      (Onne's line) and he inspired the present generation of researchers to quantify
      their own studies of sensation.

PMID- 2407792
TI  - Erik Moberg.

PMID- 2407793
TI  - Rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon after Colles fracture and by
      rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - During the period 1973-1986, 116 patients with rupture of the extensor pollicis
      longus tendon were operated upon. The lesions were categorised into three
      anatomical levels: proximal, intermediate and distal. Direct suture was performed
      for acute lesions; later reconstructive procedures were by means of tendon
      transfers or free tendon grafts.

PMID- 2407794
TI  - The neurone and its response to peripheral nerve compression.
AB  - In all types of peripheral nerve injury, it is important to realize that the
      lesion affects one extended cell, the neurone, which extends from the central
      nervous system down to the target tissue in the extremity. Compression of a
      peripheral nerve can disturb the intraneural transport (axonal transport) of a
      large variety of substances. This may be followed by morphological and
      biochemical changes in the nerve cell body. These central changes may effect the
      axon as a whole and confer on the nerve an increased susceptibility to trauma.
      Studies concerning the reaction of neurones to compression, relevant when
      discussing the double crush syndrome, are reviewed.

PMID- 2407795
TI  - Reliability of manual muscle testing with a computerized dynamometer.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of manual
      dynamometry. Three testers participated and performed the doctor- and patient
      initiated testing methods as described in the applied kinesiology literature.
      Three muscles from each subject were tested. Fifteen normal volunteer adults had
      their muscles tested by the doctor-initiated method and another 15 had their
      muscles tested by the patient-initiated method. Each tester took two observations
      per muscle. The testing procedures were repeated 7 days later. The results showed
      that the intratester reliability coefficients were 0.55, 0.75 and 0.76 for
      testers 1, 2 and 3, respectively, when the doctor-initiated method was used;
      0.96, 0.99 and 0.97 when the patient-initiated method was used. The intertester
      reliability coefficients were 0.77 and 0.59 on day 1 and day 2, respectively, for
      the doctor-initiated method; 0.95 and 0.96 for the patient-initiated method. It
      is concluded that manual dynamometry is an acceptable procedure for the patient
      initiated method and is not acceptable for the doctor-initiated method.

PMID- 2407796
TI  - A review of data reports published in the Journal of Manipulative and
      Physiological Therapeutics from 1986 to 1988.
AB  - Forty-six data reports which appeared in the Journal of Manipulative and
      Physiological Therapeutics from 1986 to 1988 were reviewed according to specific
      methodological criteria. There appears to be a need for improved study design in
      contemporary chiropractic research. Experimental and quasi-experimental studies
      were most commonly deficient in the areas of reliable methods of measurement, the
      use of blind assessors and blind, or at least naive, study subjects. Common flaws
      in surveys were: failure to test the survey instrument prior to the study, not
      stating the response rate, and omitting discussion of the question of
      confidentiality. The results confirmed findings obtained in a similar study of
      data reports of an Australian peer-reviewed chiropractic journal. The use of
      various types of checklists is recommended for authors and reviewers of
      chiropractic scientific material.

PMID- 2407797
TI  - Muscular hematomas: diagnosis and management.
AB  - This article compares intramuscular and intermuscular hematomas. Etiology and
      signs of symptoms of both types of hematomas are discussed. Physiology of muscle
      hematoma formation and progression is reviewed. Finally prognosis and treatment
      of both types of hematomas are discussed.

PMID- 2407798
TI  - Prey capture in the praying mantis Tenodera aridifolia sinensis: coordination of
      the capture sequence and strike movements.
AB  - Coordination of the complete capture sequence of the praying mantis has been
      studied in detail using several specially developed photographic techniques. The
      mantis was able to attack prey throughout a large three-dimensional capture zone
      by changing body orientation relative to its perch. This orientation centred prey
      on the median plane and brought it within an attack zone relative to the
      prothorax. Alignment with the median plane simplifies the attack since the prey
      can then be localized using only two dimensions. The attack comprised several
      stereotyped components which together formed a single movement sequence of all
      six legs. Although too rapid for visual feedback, a simple mechanism permits
      steering of these movements to capture prey at particular locations within the
      attack zone. These findings are contrasted with those from studies of mantis
      visual behaviour and a simple mechanism is suggested for how prey location is
      encoded to produce steering of the attack.

PMID- 2407799
TI  - A serum factor that suppresses the cytotoxic function of cytokine-stimulated
      human eosinophils.
AB  - A human subject (NR) was identified whose eosinophils and neutrophils failed to
      respond to TNF in vitro in 29 of 33 experiments, using several biological assays.
      There was a response rate to TNF of 100% among 37 control subjects whose
      leukocytes were tested in parallel. NR serum contained an activity that inhibited
      the cytotoxic function of TNF- and GM-CSF-stimulated normal human eosinophils. A
      similar activity was detected in 4 of 122 control sera and in sera of two
      subjects with hypereosinophilia. This activity (ECI) had an apparent molecular
      weight of 80,000-100,000 and was sensitive to heating at 80 degrees C or to
      trypsin treatment. HPLC sizing chromatography increased the titer of ECI by a
      factor of 50 to 2,000 in experiments using NR serum or other sera with detectable
      inhibitory activity. In seven experiments using sera with no inhibitory activity,
      HPLC generated ECI of the same apparent molecular weight. The effect of HPLC on
      ECI activity required the separation of serum components and did not result from
      exposure to HPLC system components or other sample processing methods. This
      suggests that ECI in serum can be stabilized in an inactive or partially active
      form and that HPLC removes the stabilizing component. ECI suppressed TNF
      stimulated eosinophil cytotoxic function when added to cultures up to 4 h after
      exposure of eosinophils to cytokine. However, ECI did not protect L929 cells from
      the toxic effects of TNF. Thus, ECI did not act by preventing the initial
      interaction of TNF with eosinophils or by interfering with the binding of TNF to
      its receptor on L929 cells. The results suggest that ECI is a component of a
      feedback mechanism that suppresses functions of cytokine-activated eosinophils in
      inflammation.

PMID- 2407800
TI  - Borderline personality disorder in primary care.
AB  - Management of borderline patients requires skills that are at the heart of
      successful continuity of care. These skills include alliance-building, educating
      patients about their symptoms, referral, encouraging communication and
      cooperation in the health care team, utilizing community resources to sustain
      one's own professional development, and foreseeing and preventing morbidity. As
      trying as it may be to have a borderline patient in a practice, and as slow as
      progress with the patient may be, successful management of such patients will add
      poise, confidence, and maturity to the exercise of these invaluable primary care
      skills. More clinical and empirical discussion of borderline personality disorder
      is needed in the family practice literature. Probably no other professional is
      more likely to see such patients. The informed, motivated family physician, with
      the help of a supportive multidisciplinary team, can make invaluable
      contributions to reducing morbidity in borderline patients and can help avoid
      misunderstanding, frustration, and exhaustion in the health care team of the
      patient with this challenging disorder.

PMID- 2407801
TI  - Benign intracranial hypertension.
AB  - Benign intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) is a syndrome of
      intracranial hypertension that classically presents with headaches and visual
      disturbance. Physical examination discloses papilledema. Diagnosis is confirmed
      by a normal cranial computed tomographic scan or magnetic resonance image and the
      presence of a markedly increased opening pressure on lumbar puncture. Treatment
      is directed to underlying causes, hypertension, and withdrawal of offending
      medications. Repeated lumbar puncture, diuretic therapy, and surgery are
      occasionally used. Careful follow-up and visual testing are imperative.

PMID- 2407802
TI  - Plucking sense from nonsense. A realistic look at the Florida physician mandatory
      assignment issue.

PMID- 2407803
TI  - Patient dumping.
AB  - Transfer of patients from one hospital to another for economic reasons or so
      called "patient dumping" is discussed. An estimated 250,000 persons per year may
      be affected. Patient dumping may be associated with increased morbidity as well
      as mortality. Federal legislation, including the Hill-Burton Act and an amendment
      to the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, has been enacted
      pertaining to emergency care for the poor. The efficacy of these laws, however,
      has been debated. Tough questions remain regarding viable ways to finance health
      care for the poor.

PMID- 2407804
TI  - Functional analysis of a 603 nucleotide open reading frame upstream of the
      polyhedrin gene of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus.
AB  - The sequence of the 2000 nucleotides immediately upstream of the polyhedrin gene
      of the Autographa californica multiple nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus
      has been determined. Comparative analysis of the data identified a 603 nucleotide
      open reading frame (ORF) separated from the polyhedrin gene coding sequences by
      156 nucleotides and in the opposite strand of DNA. Northern hybridization
      analysis of polyadenylated RNA from infected cells highlighted a 3.7 kb species
      produced maximally at 12 h post-infection, but not in the presence of
      cycloheximide. Preliminary nuclease S1 analysis of the 5' end of this RNA
      suggested that it initiated at a position very close to that of the polyhedrin
      mRNA start site. Deletion of a portion of the ORF 603 from viruses containing the
      normal polyhedrin gene and the lacZ gene in lieu of polyhedrin did not affect
      replication in cell culture or the production of beta-galactosidase protein. A
      virus which lacked the ORF 603 gene but produced polyhedrin had similar
      infectivity in Trichoplusia ni larvae compared to the wild-type virus. The
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene was also inserted in lieu of the ORF
      603 in a virus containing the lacZ gene instead of the polyhedrin (Ac.CAT.lacZ).
      Analysis of CAT expression revealed that a maximum level was reached at 16 h p.i.
      and that transcription was initiated in Ac.CAT.lacZ at the same site as for the
      normal gene.

PMID- 2407805
TI  - Cloning and expression of an immunodominant region of the hepatitis delta
      antigen.
AB  - A cDNA clone prepared from hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA extracted from human
      serum was subcloned in the bacterial expression vector pPL31 to produce a fusion
      protein consisting of the first 98 amino acids of MS2 polymerase and of 64 amino
      acids from near the N-terminal region of hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg). The
      fusion protein was shown to be related to HDAg by a commercial sandwich
      immunoassay (Abbott) and immunoblotting with human anti-HDAg serum. Antiserum
      against the fusion protein was raised in rabbits and used to identify HDAg
      extracted from the serum and liver of an HDV-infected woodchuck and chimpanzee
      and from the serum of an HDV-infected human, by immunoblotting and
      immunohistology. A single, major polypeptide of 24K was detected in both serum
      and liver extracts, with a minor polypeptide of 26K sometimes present. Liver
      extracts also contained lower Mr polypeptides thought to be degradation products,
      the major species being 22.5K. The same pattern of staining was obtained with
      human anti-HDAg serum. Absorption experiments with the expressed protein and
      cross-competition experiments with the rabbit antiserum suggest that a major
      immunodominant region of HDAg is present near the N-terminal end of the antigen,
      between positions 1561 and 1368 on the genome. Both the expressed protein and
      rabbit antiserum were shown to be good diagnostic reagents.

PMID- 2407806
TI  - Somatization. Theories and research.
AB  - The author lists the main theories of somatization and some of the pertinent
      empirical studies. The studies suggest that there is no single theory that can
      adequately explain somatization, which is not only multifactorially determined
      but is an exceedingly complex phenomenon. There is consistent empirical support
      for some of the theories, such as somatization being a function of depression or
      of anxiety, and little or inconsistent research support for some other theories,
      such as its being a symbolic method of communication or an attempt at conflict
      resolution. The contributions of the various etiological factors differ from one
      individual to the next, and it requires sometimes lengthy exploration before the
      extent of the various contributions can be gleaned.

PMID- 2407807
TI  - Age-related conversion of dystrophin-negative to -positive fiber segments of
      skeletal but not cardiac muscle fibers in heterozygote mdx mice.
AB  - Immunoreactive dystrophin was examined in muscle fibers of quadriceps,
      extraocular muscles and cardiac ventricular muscles of female heterozygote mdx
      mice at 10, 35 and 60 days of age, with microscopic immunoperoxidase method and
      by immunoblots. In quadriceps muscle fibers there was a marked gradual diminution
      of the dystrophin-negative fiber segments between age 10 and 60 days. We suggest
      that this was partly due to a spontaneous fusion of dystrophin-competent
      satellite cells into the dystrophin-negative fiber segments and partly to an
      expansion of the cytoplasmic domain of dystrophin expression related to the
      original myonuclei. In cardiac muscle that lacks satellite cells, there was
      persistence of a large number of dystrophin-negative fiber segments even at age
      60 days and probably beyond. The findings of this study have implications for the
      detection of heterozygote female carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
      and for the possible therapy of DMD muscles by myoblast transfer.

PMID- 2407808
TI  - Prognosis in children with rhabdomyosarcoma: a report of the intergroup
      rhabdomyosarcoma studies I and II. Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Committee.
AB  - Prestudy patient characteristics and specific therapy of all eligible patients
      with rhabdomyosarcoma entered into Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) Studies I
      (IRS-I) (1972 to 1978, n = 686) or II (IRS-II) (1978 to 1984, n = 1,002) were
      examined for their relationship to survival within each of the four clinical
      groups using univariate and multivariate analyses. The estimated survival at 5
      years from the start of treatment was 56% in IRS-I and 62% in IRS-II (P = .006).
      The largest survival difference between studies was in patients with group III
      tumors (52% v 65%). The clinical group was the most important patient
      characteristic related to survival in both studies. Survival progressively
      decreased for patients from clinical group I (localized disease, completely
      resected) to group IV (metastatic disease at the onset). In clinical group I, the
      only patient characteristic consistently related to survival was histology.
      Patients with alveolar tumors had the poorest survival, while those with
      botryoid/embryonal lesions had the best survival. In clinical group II, no
      characteristic was consistently related to survival. In clinical group III, an
      orbital primary site was associated with a favorable survival. In clinical group
      IV, patients with genitourinary tumors had a significant survival advantage. Use
      of disease-free survival as an end point gave very similar results. This
      information, from the largest available data base on prognostic indicators in
      childhood RMS in the context of aggressive multimodal therapies, is being used to
      plan therapy in the forthcoming study (IRS-IV).

PMID- 2407809
TI  - Renal cell carcinoma: treatment with recombinant interleukin-2 plus beta
      interferon.
AB  - Preclinical data have demonstrated synergy between interleukin-2 (IL-2) and beta
      interferon (IFN-beta) in stimulating natural-killer (NK) cell activity and in
      increasing expression of IL-2 receptors. Based on results of a phase I trial, a
      combination of IL-2 and IFN-beta was administered three times weekly by
      intravenous (IV) bolus injection with 5 x 10(6) Cetus U/m2 of IL-2 and 6 x 10(6)
      U/m2 of IFN-beta to 24 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Of 22
      assessable patients there were six (27%) objective responses including one
      complete remission (CR) and five partial responses (PRs). There were three minor
      responses (MRs), 11 stable disease (SD), and two progressive disease (PD). Two of
      the objective responses have continued for almost 2 years. Response sites include
      lymph nodes, lungs, and bone. Toxicities requiring dose reduction include
      arthralgia, weight loss, fatigue, decreased performance status, depression, and
      hypotension. Five of 10 patients who had a prior nephrectomy without local
      recurrence achieved an objective response as compared with only one of 12 without
      a prior nephrectomy or with a local recurrence (P = .04). Mean peak lymphokine
      activated killer (LAK) cell activity of the objective responders was 88 lytic
      units (LU) as compared with 4 LU in the nonresponders (P = .01). Mean peak NK
      cell activity was 288 LU in the objective responders as compared with 100 LU in
      the nonresponders (P = .10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407810
TI  - Prospective randomized comparison of fluorouracil versus fluorouracil and high
      dose continuous infusion leucovorin calcium for the treatment of advanced
      measurable colorectal cancer in patients previously unexposed to chemotherapy.
AB  - Seventy-nine patients with advanced, measurable, metastatic colorectal cancer
      previously unexposed to chemotherapy were randomly assigned to treatment with
      either fluorouracil (FUra) administered intravenously at a dose of 370 mg/m2/d
      for 5 days or the combination of FUra in the same dose and schedule with high
      dose continuous infusion leucovorin calcium (500 mg/m2/d) beginning 24 hours
      before the first dose of FUra and continuing for 12 hours after the completion of
      FUra therapy. Patients whose disease progressed on treatment with FUra alone
      were, if eligible, crossed over to receive leucovorin and FUra. Three patients on
      the FUra plus leucovorin arm of the study were excluded from the analysis because
      they did not meet eligibility requirements. The treatment arms were well balanced
      for prognostic criteria including performance status, age, prior radiotherapy,
      distribution of metastatic sites, and on-study carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA),
      lactic dehydrogenase, and serum albumin. FUra plus leucovorin was superior to
      FUra alone for response (P = .0019) and for time to progression or death (log
      rank, P = .045). Response rates were 16 of 36 (44%) versus five of 40 (13%), and
      median time to progression or death was 164 versus 120 days in the two arms of
      the trial, respectively. Overall survival, however, while longer in the FUra and
      leucovorin arm was not significantly so. An analysis of the toxicities
      experienced by the patients in the two treatment groups showed that, except for
      significantly more stomatitis in the leucovorin arm of the study, the side
      effects experienced by patients treated with either regimen were comparable.
      These results suggest that the efficacy of FUra in patients with advanced,
      measurable, metastatic colorectal cancer can be enhanced significantly by
      administration of a continuous high-dose infusion of leucovorin calcium.

PMID- 2407811
TI  - High-dose cisplatin combination chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced
      epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
AB  - We treated 25 newly diagnosed patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer
      with an intensive induction chemotherapy regimen using high-dose cisplatin in
      combination with cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin. All patients had either stage
      IIIC or stage IV disease. Two intensive induction courses of chemotherapy were
      administered at 28-day intervals, which consisted of cisplatin 40 mg/m2 daily for
      5 days, cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2 day 1, and doxorubicin 40 mg/m2 day 1. Four
      courses of chemotherapy using cisplatin 60 mg/m2, doxorubicin 40 mg/m2, and
      cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2 followed the high-dose induction therapy. Two of the
      first six patients died during high-dose induction therapy (one died of
      neutropenia and sepsis, one of intercurrent intracerebral hemorrhage).
      Doxorubicin was subsequently omitted from the induction therapy due to
      unacceptable myelosuppression; no deaths occurred in the remaining 19 patients,
      and myelosuppression was manageable. Peripheral neuropathy was the most severe
      side effect with this regimen. This complication was unpredictable, developed
      during the third or fourth month of treatment, and was disabling in five
      patients. Other toxicity included prolonged nausea and vomiting (eight patients),
      ototoxicity (five patients), and nephrotoxicity (two patients), but these did not
      compromise therapy. All 23 assessable patients had objective response to therapy.
      Four of 12 patients who underwent second-look laparotomy had pathologic complete
      response, while four additional patients had only microscopic residual disease.
      The median survival for the entire group was 25 months. Four patients remain
      continuously disease-free 23 to 48 months following completion of therapy.
      Although this regimen was tolerated by most patients, the unpredictable
      occurrence of disabling neuropathy may limit its usefulness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407812
TI  - Adjuvant systemic therapy for breast cancer in the elderly: competing causes of
      mortality. International Breast Cancer Study Group.
AB  - Between 1978 and 1981 we conducted a trial in which adjuvant endocrine therapy
      consisting of tamoxifen (T = 20 mg/d) and low-dose prednisone (p = 7.5 mg/d) for
      the duration of one year (p + T), was compared with no adjuvant therapy
      (observation) in 320 women with operable breast cancer aged 66 to 80 years
      (median age, 70 years). All patients had axillary lymph node metastases after at
      least a total mastectomy and axillary clearance. At 96 months median follow-up,
      9.1% of the patients died without apparent relapse from cancer. An additional
      1.9% had a second malignant neoplastic disease (not breast cancer). The 8-year
      disease-free survival (DFS) percentages (+/- SE) for the p + T and the
      observation groups were 36% (+/- 4%), and 22% (+/- 3%), (P = .004). The 8-year
      overall survival percentages were 49% (+/- 4%) and 42% (+/- 4%), respectively (P
      = .43). We conclude that despite a large proportion of deaths without relapse of
      breast cancer, a significant advantage for the p + T group in terms of DFS was
      demonstrated. We hypothesize that an endocrine therapy of longer duration might
      have an overall survival benefit in a population of elderly patients.

PMID- 2407813
TI  - Cellular DNA content and prognosis of high-grade soft tissue sarcoma: the
      Scandinavian Sarcoma Group experience.
AB  - The nuclear DNA content of 148 high-grade soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities
      and trunk was determined by flow cytometry, using tumor material from paraffin
      embedded tissue. The patients were part of a prospective randomized clinical
      trial on the efficacy of adjuvant single-agent chemotherapy with doxorubicin.
      Chemotherapy did not improve the metastasis-free survival (MFS). After a median
      follow-up time of 48 months (range, 2 to 97), a multivariate analysis of
      prognostic factors for developing metastatic disease was performed. DNA
      aneuploidy was found to be an independent prognostic risk factor in addition to
      histologic malignancy grade IV, intratumoral vascular invasion, tumor size over
      10 cm, and male sex. Patients with none or one risk factor had a 5-year MFS of
      79%, with two risk factors 65%, with three risk factors 43%, and with four and
      five risk factors 0%. About one half (78 of 148) of the patients with three
      factors or less belonged to a group with a MFS over 60%. The combination of
      different risk factors, including DNA aneuploidy, seems to be a useful prognostic
      model for soft tissue sarcomas, which could be of value to select high-risk
      patients for further trials with adjunctive therapy.

PMID- 2407814
TI  - Renin-secreting tumors.
AB  - Hypertension resulting from a renin-secreting tumor was first reported in 1967 by
      Robertson et al. Kihara and coworkers subsequently coined the term
      juxtaglomerular cell tumor for a similar tumor in a young woman with
      hyperreninemic hypertension. Since the description of these first two cases, it
      has become clear that renin-secreting tumors of both renal and nonrenal origin
      can cause surgically curable hypertension. Primary reninism has been suggested as
      a more appropriate term for the clinical syndrome associated with renin-secreting
      tumors, both renal and extrarenal, whether benign or malignant.

PMID- 2407815
TI  - Pioneer in medicine: Ralph Winfrey Holbrook, MD.

PMID- 2407816
TI  - Toxic shock syndrome: recent developments in pathogenesis.

PMID- 2407817
TI  - Long-term neurophysiologic outcome after neonatal extracorporeal membrane
      oxygenation.
AB  - We examined clinical and neurophysiologic measures in 10 children 4 to 9 years
      after neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Electroencephalograms did not
      correlate with clinical or other neurophysiologic measures of interhemispheric
      asymmetry. By ultrasound imaging, the right internal carotid artery velocity was
      approximately 62% of that on the left, and right internal carotid flow was
      reduced by 74% (p less than or equal to 0.01), whereas an age-matched control
      group showed no differences. A decrease in the amplitude of the long-latency
      auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials was noted over the right hemisphere
      after left-sided stimulation compared with the left hemispheric potentials after
      right-sided stimulation (p less than or equal to 0.005). No significant
      differences in hemispheric symmetry were noted in the amplitudes for wave V of
      the auditory brain-stem response or in the P30 component of the middle-latency
      auditory evoked potentials. Likewise, latency measures of the evoked potentials
      were symmetric. We conclude that (1) neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
      is associated with long-lasting decreased right internal carotid blood flow with
      compensatory increased flow through the left carotid system and (2) there is a
      consistent reduction in the amplitude of right hemispheric long-latency evoked
      potentials. These latter findings may reflect redirected cerebral blood flow
      patterns after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

PMID- 2407818
TI  - Neurosonographic features of periventricular echodensities associated with
      cerebral palsy in preterm infants.
AB  - We studied the value of neonatal neurosonograms in preterm infants for predicting
      the development of cerebral palsy (CP). All infants born at less than 33 weeks of
      gestation who were admitted to the intensive care nursery of Thomas Jefferson
      University Hospital from 1982 to 1986 were serially studied with cranial
      ultrasound methods that reliably detect neonatal periventricular echodensities
      (PVE) and cysts that are 2 mm in diameter or larger. PVE were graded as mild or
      as moderate to severe, and cyst size was classified by widest diameter as either
      large (greater than or equal to 3 mm) or small (less than 3 mm). All 127
      surviving infants with PVE or cyst formation or both were followed until spastic
      forms of CP could be diagnosed or excluded during late infancy. All 26 of the
      infants in whom spastic CP developed had moderate or severe PVE in the area
      superior and lateral to the caudothalamic notch as noted on the parasagittal
      images of the neonatal neurosonograms. All these infants also developed cysts in
      the periventricular region within the area of the previously noted PVE. Mild or
      moderate to severe PVE were not associated with the development of spastic CP in
      101 infants. Cysts developed in the area of PVE in the neurosonographic studies
      of 42 of these 101 infants. Mild PVE without cysts and moderate to severe PVE
      without cysts had negative predictive values for CP of 69% and 76%, respectively.
      By contrast, the presence of moderate to severe PVEs with large cyst formation
      had positive and negative predictive values of 90% and 93%, respectively, and was
      the most sensitive and specific neurosonographic finding for predicting CP, with
      an efficiency of 92%. The presence or absence of intracranial hemorrhage did not
      increase the efficiency of the ultrasound test results.

PMID- 2407819
TI  - In vitro diffusion in polyacrylamide embedded agarose microbeads.
AB  - 125I Sodium iodide, 125I insulin, 125I albumin, and 111indium IGG were employed
      to investigate release from, and penetration of different sized molecules into
      agarose/polyacrylamide microcapsules. The microcapsules were formed by
      photopolymerization of an acrylamide solution round agarose beads. The indium
      chelated antibody gave a particular low background count. The different release
      times were explained in terms of differences in diffusion coefficient. By
      retarding in vitro penetration of antibodies, these microcapsules could be of
      value for the encapsulation of living cells in bioartificial organs.

PMID- 2407821
TI  - Vaginal birth after cesarean section: a review of the literature.

PMID- 2407820
TI  - Controlled release captopril microcapsules: effect of ethyl cellulose viscosity
      grade on the in vitro dissolution from microcapsules and tableted microcapsules.
AB  - Captopril microcapsules were prepared using four different viscosity grades of
      ethyl cellulose (core: wall ratios 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) by temperature induced
      coacervation from cyclohexane. In vitro dissolution studies in 0.1 M hydrochloric
      acid showed that the drug release was dependent on the core to wall ratio, the
      viscosity grade of the ethyl cellulose and thus the total viscosity of the
      coacervation system. Viscosity grade of greater than 100 c.p. was unsuitable for
      microencapsulation by coacervation method at the concentration used. The surface
      characteristics of a 1:2 core to wall ratio were studied by scanning electron
      microscopy. The surface of the microcapsules prepared with 10 c.p. viscosity
      grade was comparatively more porous with larger size pores than 50 c.p. viscosity
      grade of ethyl cellulose. However, 300 c.p. viscosity grade showed incomplete
      wall formation. The microcapsules did not fragment during dissolution, alter in
      shape or size, or show evidence of enlargement of the surface pores. The tensile
      strength of tablets prepared at constant pressure from each batch of
      microcapsules (mean diameter 675 microns) increased as both the core to wall
      ratios and the viscosity of ethyl cellulose increased. The dissolution rate of
      the drug from tableted microcapsules was significantly delayed. The in vitro
      release gave best correlation with first order release kinetics when compared to
      zero-order and square-root-of-time equations.

PMID- 2407822
TI  - Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a physiologic approach to management.

PMID- 2407823
TI  - Prosthetic use of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin for esthetic crowns and
      fixed partial dentures.
AB  - The traditional alloys used as metal bases for fixed partial dentures are
      accompanied by various problems such as corrosion, allergy, toxicity, casting,
      and preparation for both patient and prosthodontist and in magnetic resonance
      imaging for diagnosis. A DGEBA-DDM type polyepoxide resin and carbon fibers
      composite has been introduced that addresses some of these considerations. A
      three-part study of the clinical behavior of a limited number of prostheses has
      shown positive results confirming the biofunctional capacity of polyepoxy-carbon
      materials and their gingival biocompatibility.

PMID- 2407824
TI  - An effect of tray design and material retention on the linear dimensional changes
      in polysulfide impressions.
AB  - One-unit fixed partial dentures, which fit accurately on the laboratory dies made
      from polysulfide impression materials, often pose a problem in seating completely
      in the mouth of the patient. Sectioning of the fixed partial denture units allows
      the individual units to seat accurately in the mouth but requires a soldering
      procedure. Linear distortion of the mercaptan (polysulfide) rubber base that
      takes place during setting is a cause of this problem. The distortion is directly
      related to (1) tray design, (2) area of adhesive placement, and (3) excessive
      bulk of material on the tray border during impression making. A controlled amount
      of adhesive and impression material in a new design for a custom tray must be
      used to minimize this distortion. When these factors are controlled, the
      resulting impression is unrestricted, and a more accurate working die is
      obtained. This results in a better fit of one-unit fixed partial dentures in the
      mouth.

PMID- 2407825
TI  - Reducing marginal leakage of posterior composite resin restorations: a review of
      clinical techniques.
AB  - It has been well established that composite resin restorations have leakage at
      the margins. The polymerization shrinkage of the material and its inadequate
      adhesion to the cavity walls are the primary causes. Unlike silver amalgam
      restorations, which are self-sealing with age, the gap at the composite-to-tooth
      interface tends to persist and invite postoperative sensitivity, adverse pulp
      reactions, and the development of recurrent caries. Many techniques or materials
      have been advocated to improve the clinical adaptation of this material and to
      reduce marginal leakage. They limit the effect of polymerization shrinkage and/or
      enhance the bonding of the composite material to the tooth structure. This
      article reviews the clinical techniques and materials that have been suggested
      and are presently available to improve the marginal quality of composite resins,
      with special reference to posterior restorations.

PMID- 2407826
TI  - Thermal removal of composite resin: effect on rebonding etched metal.
AB  - If a correctly etched-metal, resin-bonded fixed partial denture debonds, one
      recommendation for reuse is to clean the prosthesis by oven burnout, then to
      recement it without reetching. The purpose of this study was to determine whether
      the tensile strength of the bond of composite resin cement to either
      electrolytically or chemically etched metal was affected by earlier removal of
      residual resin with a burnout procedure. Pairs of rods made of nickel-chromium
      beryllium were electrolytically or chemically etched according to accepted
      techniques, then bonded end-to-end with an enamel bonding agent and composite
      resin cement in an alignment apparatus. The rods were stored for 24 hours in 37
      degrees C water, then debonded to determine the tensile bond strengths in
      megapascals. After debonding, the rods were placed in the burnout oven at 510
      degrees C for 30 minutes. The rods were then ultrasonically cleaned in ethyl
      alcohol for 6 minutes. The pairs were rinsed under running water and then
      rebonded and debonded nine more times under the same conditions. A linear
      regression analysis revealed that there was no statistically significant
      difference (p less than 0.05) in the tensile strength of the bonds after repeated
      thermal cleanings and bondings. Correctly etched metal, resin-bonded fixed
      partial dentures may be recemented without re-etching after thermal cleaning
      without a statistically significant loss in the tensile strength of the bonds.

PMID- 2407827
TI  - An in vitro study of the tensile strength of the resin bond between chemically
      etched non-noble alloy and enamel.
AB  - A model was made to represent the in vivo situation for resin-bonded restorations
      using metal bonded to enamel. The tensile bond strength of chemically etched
      metal bonded to enamel was compared with that obtained with electrolytically
      etched metal. Four resin luting agents were used with the following results: the
      tensile bond strength of chemically etched non-noble alloy bonded to enamel was
      lower than strengths obtained for electrolytically etched alloy. The differences,
      however, were not statistically significant. Of the four luting resins, Comspan
      Regular gave the highest mean bond strength.

PMID- 2407828
TI  - Liquid-supported dentures. Part I: Theoretical and technical considerations.
AB  - A complete denture is designed so that the base is covered with a preshaped,
      close fitting, flexible foil containing a thin film of high-viscosity liquid.
      This technique allows continued adaptation and eliminates the disadvantages of
      denture designs based on the application of temporary tissue conditioners or soft
      liners. In contrast to the traditional tissue conditioners and soft liners, the
      foil remains elastic and preserves the plasticity of the liquid.

PMID- 2407829
TI  - Indirect retainers in soft palate obturator design.
AB  - Definitive framework design for the maxillofacial patient with complete maxillary
      dentition who has had a soft palate resection requires the use of direct and
      indirect retainers. It is possible to retain these prostheses, however, with only
      two posterior clasps and indirect retainers without clasps. This design offers an
      esthetic, retentive, and functional restoration while preserving existing
      structures. Four clinical applications are described.

PMID- 2407830
TI  - The sleep apnea syndrome. Part II: Treatment.
AB  - An increase in the number of obstructive sleep apnea patients has brought a
      paralleled demand for timely and effective treatment. Conservative measures to
      maintain airway patency during sleep include weight loss, lateral decubitus sleep
      posture, drug therapy, nasal continuous positive airway pressure, and the use of
      intraoral prostheses. Surgical measures are used to correct gross anatomic
      defects that cause or contribute to obstruction, remove redundant tissues
      (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty), or provide an airway below the suspected area of
      obstruction (tracheostomy). Part II of this article examines the rationale,
      benefits, disadvantages, and potential complications of each modality of
      treatment.

PMID- 2407831
TI  - Devices for the diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Part II:
      Electromyography and sonography.
AB  - This second article in the three-part series on temporomandibular disorder (TMD)
      devices compares the claimed diagnostic usefulness of electromyography and
      sonography with the present scientific evidence. This review concludes that there
      is no evidence to support the use of either surface electromyography or silent
      period duration for the evaluation or diagnosis of TMD. Furthermore, in view of
      the available evidence, sonography and Doppler ultrasound have no particular
      advantage over a conventional stethoscope or direct auscultation.

PMID- 2407832
TI  - Wear of materials used in dentistry: a review of the literature.
AB  - This is a review of the literature concerning wear related to the following
      materials used in dentistry: dental amalgam, composite resins, and glass-ionomer
      cements, as well as natural tooth substance. Discussions are included on both in
      vivo and in vitro studies in which various methods were used to help determine
      wear resistance.

PMID- 2407833
TI  - Visible light-cured shoulder-porcelain application.
AB  - Direct shoulder-porcelain application to the tooth instead of to the die is
      accomplished by the use of a visible light-cured shoulder-porcelain mixture and a
      separating medium. This technique is described in a simple step-by-step procedure
      involving a maxillary central incisor.

PMID- 2407834
TI  - Immediate temporary fixed partial dentures.

PMID- 2407835
TI  - An efficient method to make surgical templates for immediate dentures.

PMID- 2407836
TI  - An analysis of rotational movement of asymmetrical distal-extension removable
      partial dentures.

PMID- 2407837
TI  - Clozapine: a new drug for schizophrenia.
AB  - Clozapine, a new drug for schizophrenia, was recently released for use. We have
      described the drug and nursing care involved for patients who are on acute
      inpatient unit for a trial of the drug. From our early observations, clozapine
      appears to be a promising drug for patients who have not responded to standard
      neuroleptics.

PMID- 2407838
TI  - Humoral autoimmunity in systemic rheumatic disease. A review.
AB  - 'Antinuclear antibody' is a term now encompassing more than a dozen
      specificities, and cheap tests for these autoantibodies are readily available.
      Taken together with the clinical picture the tests can help in the fine tuning of
      diagnosis and perhaps prognosis within the connective tissue diseases. Certain
      anticellular antibodies appear to identify particular disease subsets and overlap
      syndromes, and their detection in conditions such as congenital heart block and
      recurrent abortion points to the presence there of autoimmune mechanisms. The
      antibody-disease relationships are reviewed here and the underlying mechanisms
      are explored. Associations between antibodies themselves and the paucity of
      evidence for direct pathogenetic effects in many cases leave open the possibility
      that antinuclear antibodies are clues to aetiology, reporters of a past event
      initiating both disease and autoantibody production. Retroviruses are candidates
      fast coming under scrutiny. Arcane though names such as Ro, La, Sm and Jo-1 may
      appear, much is now known about the intracellular targets of the antibodies; most
      are enzymes or particles active in DNA replication and the synthesis of RNA and
      protein. Hence, autoantibodies are useful tools for the molecular biologist as
      well as the clinician. New knowledge about autoantibodies may yield insights into
      the aetiology, as well as the pathogenesis, of systemic rheumatic diseases.

PMID- 2407839
TI  - Leprosy: myth, melodrama and mediaevalism. The FitzPatrick lecture 1989.

PMID- 2407840
TI  - Immunity targeting common core antigens of gram-negative bacteria.
AB  - Antibodies against common gram-negative core antigens can provide protection
      against environmental, commensual, and contagious bacteria that cause life
      threatening gram-negative sepsis/endotoxemia. Cross-protective immunity may be
      effective against many common livestock diseases, including neonatal coliform
      septicemia, coliform mastitis, septic metritis, and severe enteritis. The
      greatest potential benefit of cross-protective immunity may be realized in the
      reduction of ill-thrift and mortality of neonates. The use of active and passive
      immunization against core antigens common to gram-negative bacteria has been
      successful in human beings, laboratory animals, and livestock. Protection has
      been observed following challenge with either heterologous endotoxin or
      unrelated, live, virulent gram-negative bacteria.

PMID- 2407841
TI  - Medical management of recurrent seizures in dogs and cats.
AB  - The problem of recurrent seizures is a common and challenging one in veterinary
      medical practice. The pathophysiology and pharmacologic suppression of focal
      seizure activity have been studied extensively in basic research settings, yet
      little is known of the genesis, modulation, and termination of generalized
      seizures, the most common form of seizures noted to occur in companion animals.
      Knowledge concerning the pharmacokinetic fate of anticonvulsant drugs currently
      used in veterinary medicine is adequate, though prospective clinical studies of
      the efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of various types of seizures are
      lacking. This study will review the available literature regarding the
      pharmacology, use, and side effects of anticonvulsant drugs currently available
      for control of recurrent seizures in companion animals. Alternative
      anticonvulsant drugs will also be described.

PMID- 2407842
TI  - Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in canine lymphoma.
AB  - Following an overnight fast, blood samples were obtained from 14 dogs with
      previously untreated lymphoma before and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes
      following an intravenous challenge with 500 mg/kg dextrose. Samples were assayed
      for glucose, lactate, and insulin concentrations and compared statistically with
      ten control dogs of similar weight and age undergoing an identical dextrose
      challenge. Dogs with lymphoma had similar glucose tolerance curves when compared
      with controls. Lactate concentrations were significantly higher (P less than
      0.001) at baseline and all time periods of the glucose tolerance test in dogs
      with lymphoma when compared with controls. Rise in lactate concentrations over
      baseline levels in the first 30 minutes of the glucose tolerance test were
      significantly higher in dogs with lymphoma (P = 0.011). Insulin concentrations
      were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) at baseline and at the 5-, 45-, 60
      , and 90-minute time periods of the glucose tolerance test in dogs with lymphoma.
      Rise in insulin concentrations over baseline in the first 5 minutes of the
      glucose tolerance test were also significantly greater in dogs with lymphoma (P =
      0.021). These results indicate carbohydrate metabolism is altered in dogs with
      lymphoma. Many of these alterations parallel those observed in human patients
      suffering from cancer cachexia making canine lymphoma a potential model for
      further study of the pathogenesis and therapy of cancer cachexia.

PMID- 2407843
TI  - Ischemia-induced reperfusion injury in muscle flaps: pathogenesis and major
      source of free radicals.
AB  - Experimental evidence available currently indicates that injury to the muscle
      during reperfusion is most likely mediated by oxygen-derived free radicals
      (oxyradicals). The major oxyradical generating system in the skeletal muscle has
      yet to be identified so that an appropriate oxyradical-generating inhibitor
      and/or scavenger can be selected for the prevention of ischemia-induced
      reperfusion injury to the skeletal muscle. In addition, apart from generating
      oxyradicals, the activated leukocytes, platelets, and vascular endothelial cells
      are also known to synthesize and release vasoconstrictive substances and/or
      chemoattractants for leukocytes. The role of these locally released chemical
      substances in the pathogenesis of ischemia-induced reperfusion injury in muscle
      flaps has yet to be elucidated. The pathophysiology of ischemia-induced
      reperfusion injury to the skeletal muscle in muscle flaps is reviewed.

PMID- 2407844
TI  - Molecular modeling software and methods for medicinal chemistry.

PMID- 2407846
TI  - The Schinzel-Giedion syndrome.

PMID- 2407845
TI  - The polymerase chain reaction: current and future clinical applications.
AB  - The polymerase chain reaction has undergone rapid improvement since its initial
      development, such that the technique currently permits rapid, accurate,
      predictive tests to be made in the field of prenatal diagnosis and has greatly
      aided forensic medicine. It is anticipated that the polymerase chain reaction
      will also facilitate advances in other fields, in particular preimplantation
      diagnosis, virology, bacteriology, and cancer therapy.

PMID- 2407847
TI  - Holoprosencephaly and polydactyly: a possible expression of the hydrolethalus
      syndrome.
AB  - We report two fetuses with hydrocephalus, features of holoprosencephaly, and
      postaxial polydactyly born to a consanguineous Mexican-American couple. The
      phenotype is consistent with the hydrolethalus syndrome, although
      holoprosencephaly has not previously been seen in this condition. We believe
      other similar cases with a trisomy 13 phenotype but normal chromosomes may also
      have the hydrolethalus syndrome.

PMID- 2407848
TI  - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on fixed necropsy material.

PMID- 2407849
TI  - Oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome.

PMID- 2407850
TI  - Yeast precursor ribosomal RNA. Molecular cloning and probing the higher-order
      structure of the internal transcribed spacer I by kethoxal and dimethylsulfate
      modification.
AB  - Plasmids were constructed in which a HindIII fragment of rDNA (6.4 x 10(3) base
      pairs) was inserted into vectors pGEM-1 and 2 in both orientations. The DNA
      insert encoded the yeast 35 S precursor rRNA beginning 180 bases upstream from
      the 5' end of the mature 18 S rRNA and ending 289 bases beyond the 3' end of the
      mature 25 S rRNA. The precursor rRNA molecules produced in vitro consisted of
      6430 nucleotides, with about 15 residues derived from the Gemini vector on both
      ends. The general extent of secondary structure of the precursor rRNA was
      examined by ethidium fluorescence and compared to that of the mature rRNAs. Both
      precursor and mature rRNAs responded similarly to changes in magnesium ion
      concentration and to digestion by cobra venom and T1 ribonucleases. The higher
      order structure of the internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) region of the 35 S
      rRNA molecule was further examined by kethoxal and dimethylsulfate modifications
      and primer extension. Accessible adenine and guanine residues were located by
      primer extension analysis with avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase.
      On the basis of experimental data and computer-generated structures, a secondary
      structure model was proposed for the ITS-1 region. In this model, six hairpin
      stems involving adjacent nucleotides are present. A long-range interaction
      between nucleotides at the middle of the ITS-1 region and an, as yet,
      unidentified sequence located at another region of the precursor rRNA is
      suggested also. A candidate for this interacting sequence is that previously
      proposed, on a theoretical basis, to be involved in the removal of the precursor
      18 S rRNA species for 35 S precursor molecule.

PMID- 2407851
TI  - Mutagenesis by proximity to the recA gene of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Escherichia coli recA (Prtc) strains, which produce protease constitutive RecA
      proteins in the absence of DNA-damaging treatments, display an increased
      frequency of spontaneous mutations. These mutations occurred preferentially in
      the neighborhood of the recA gene. This cis-like mutagenic effect was observed in
      the recA, rexAB, phoE and bio genes. The localized mutagenesis can be explained
      by the ease with which RecA(Prtc) proteins are activated to the protease state,
      which implies that there should be a relatively high concentration of activated
      RecA protein near the recA gene, where the protein is synthesized. The unusually
      high frequency of mutation in the recA gene is a novel example of an overactive
      gene preferentially turning itself down by mutation.

PMID- 2407852
TI  - N4 RNA polymerase II sites of transcription initiation.
AB  - The RNA polymerase responsible for the synthesis of coliphage N4 middle RNAs, N4
      RNA polymerase II, is composed of two subunits of 30,000 and 40,000 molecular
      weight. It is the smallest DNA-dependent RNA polymerase characterized to date. We
      have determined the sequences surrounding the sites of in vivo transcription
      initiation for this enzyme. Two regions of sequence homology are present: a box
      at +1, 3' AAAT 5', and a box, 3' TTCTGGAC 5' at a variable distance (16 to 24
      base-pairs) upstream from +1. Possible mechanisms for recognition of these
      sequences are discussed.

PMID- 2407853
TI  - Signal-regulator interactions. Genetic analysis of the effector binding site of
      xylS, the benzoate-activated positive regulator of Pseudomonas TOL plasmid meta
      cleavage pathway operon.
AB  - This study reports a genetic analysis of the interactions between a positive
      regulator of gene expression and its effector molecules. Transcription of the TOL
      plasmid meta-cleavage pathway operon is specifically stimulated by the XylS
      protein positive regulator either through activation of this regulator by
      benzoate effectors or through its hyperproduction. One xylS mutant that exhibits
      constitutive expression of the operon promoter has been characterized, together
      with six mutants encoding altered XylS proteins that recognize as effectors
      benzoate analogues that are non-effectors for the XylS wild-type protein. The
      changes in two mutant regulators are located at the N-terminal end of the
      protein, within a putative beta-pleated domain. These mutant proteins exhibit a
      markedly increased affinity for normal benzoate effectors, with K's values
      fivefold to 60-fold lower than those of the wild-type XylS protein. They are
      additionally activated by new effectors having certain substituents at position
      2, 3 and 4 of the aromatic ring. Two other mutant proteins recognize new
      effectors having substituents at position 4 and 5 of the aromatic ring, and
      contain mutations at their C-terminal end within a putative alpha-helix-rich
      domain. Three other mutations, one of which leads to constitutive expression from
      Pm, each result in an amino acid change in the central region of the regulator.
      These findings suggest but do not prove that the effector binding pocket of the
      XylS protein may be composed of two or more non-contiguous segments of its
      primary structure. The XylS protein exhibits homology with the AraC protein of
      Escherichia coli, a protein that stimulates transcription from ara promoters when
      it is activated by arabinose or benzoate. Mutations influencing effector
      activation of the XylS protein characterized in this study are all located in
      regions exhibiting a high degree of homology with the corresponding aligned
      sequence of AraC protein.

PMID- 2407854
TI  - Translational autocontrol of the Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S15.
AB  - When rpsO, the gene encoding the ribosomal protein S15 in Escherichia coli, is
      carried by a multicopy plasmid, the mRNA synthesis rate of S15 increases with the
      gene dosage but the rate of synthesis of S15 does not rise. A translational
      fusion between S15 and beta-galactosidase was introduced on the chromosome in a
      delta lac strain and the expression of beta-galactosidase studied under different
      conditions. The presence of S15 in trans represses the beta-galactosidase level
      five- to sixfold, while the synthesis rate of the S15-beta-galactosidase mRNA
      decreases by only 30 to 50%. These data indicate that S15 is subject to
      autogenous translational control. Derepressed mutants were isolated and
      sequenced. All the point mutations map in the second codon of S15, suggesting a
      location for the operator site that is very near to the translation initiation
      codon. However, the creation of deletion mutations shows that the operator
      extends into the 5' non-coding part of the message, thus overlapping the ribosome
      loading site.

PMID- 2407855
TI  - Target site of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S15 on its messenger RNA.
      Conformation and interaction with the protein.
AB  - The regulatory site of ribosomal protein S15 has been located in the 5' non
      coding region of the messenger, overlapping with the ribosome loading site. The
      conformation of an in vitro synthesized mRNA fragment, covering the 105
      nucleotides upstream from the initiation codon and the four first codons of
      protein S15, has been monitored using chemical probes and RNase V1. Our results
      show that the RNA is organized into three domains. Domains I and II, located in
      the 5' part of the mRNA transcript, are folded into stable stem-loop structures.
      The 3'-terminal domain (III), which contains the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the
      AUG initiation codon, appears to adopt alternative conformations. One of them
      corresponds to a rather unstable stem-loop structure in which the Shine-Dalgarno
      sequence is paired. An alternative potential structure involves a "pseudo-knot"
      interaction between bases of this domain and bases in the loop of domain II. The
      conformation of several RNA variants has also been investigated. The deletion of
      the 5'-proximal stem-loop structure (domain I), which has no effect on the
      regulation, does not perturb the conformation of the two other domains. The
      deletion of domain II, leading to a loss of regulatory control, prevents the
      formation of the potential helix involved in the pseudo-knot structure and
      results in a stabilization of the alternative stem-loop structure in domain III.
      The replacement of another base in domain III involved in pairing in the two
      alternative structures mentioned above should induce a destabilization of both
      structures and results in a loss of the translational control. However, the
      replacement of another base in domain III, which does not abolish the control,
      results in the loss of the conformational heterogeneity in this domain and yields
      a stable conformation corresponding to the pseudo-knot structure. Thus, it
      appears that any mutation that disrupts or alters the formation of the pseudo
      knot impairs the regulatory mechanism. Footprinting experiments show that protein
      S15 is able to bind to the synthesized fragment and provide evidence that the
      protein triggers the formation of the pseudo-knot conformation. A mechanism can
      be postulated in which the regulatory protein stabilizes this particular
      structure, thus impeding ribosome initiation.

PMID- 2407856
TI  - Secondary structure of the central region of bacteriophage MS2 RNA. Conservation
      and biological significance.
AB  - The RNA of the Escherichia coli RNA phages is highly structured with 75% of the
      nucleotides estimated to take part in base-pairing. We have used enzymatic and
      chemical sensitivity of nucleotides, phylogenetic sequence comparison and the
      phenotypes of constructed mutants to develop a secondary structure model for the
      central region (900 nucleotides) of the group I phage MS2. The RNA folds into a
      number of, mostly irregular, helices and is further condensed by several long
      distance interactions. There is substantial conservation of helices between the
      related groups I and II, attesting to the relevance of discrete RNA folding. In
      general, the secondary structure is thought to be needed to prevent annealing of
      plus and minus strand and to confer protection against RNase. Superimposed,
      however, are features required to regulate translation and replication. The MS2
      RNA section studied here contains three translational start sites, as well as the
      binding sites for the coat protein and the replicase enzyme. Considering the
      density of helices along the RNA, it is not unexpected to find that all these
      sites lie in helical regions. This fact, however, does not mean that these sites
      are recognized as secondary structure elements by their interaction partners.
      This holds true only for the coat protein binding site. The other four sites
      function in the unfolded state and the stability of the helix in which they are
      contained serves to negatively control their accessibility. Mutations that
      stabilize helices containing ribosomal binding sites reduce their efficiency and
      vice versa. Comparison of homologous helices in different phage RNAs indicates
      that base substitutions have occurred in such a way that the thermodynamic
      stability of the helix is maintained. The evolution of individual helices shows
      several distinct size-reduction patterns. We have observed codon deletions from
      loop areas and shortening of hairpins by base-pair deletions from either the
      bottom, the middle or the top of stem structures. Evidence for the coaxial
      stacking of some helical segments is discussed.

PMID- 2407857
TI  - Pausing, switching and speed fluctuation of the bacterial flagellar motor and
      their relation to motility and chemotaxis.
AB  - Wild-type Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium cells, tethered to glass by
      their flagella, rotate with brief intermittent pauses, the prevalence of which is
      decreased by attractants and increased by repellents. By attaching latex beads to
      filaments of a S. typhimurium mutant having straight rather than helical
      flagella, it was established that the flagella on free cells also pause
      intermittently. Pausing is therefore an intrinsic feature of the motor and not an
      artifact associated with tethering. In tethered cells of wild-type strains and
      non-chemotactic mutants defective in transducers, chemotaxis proteins, or the
      flagellar switch, both the classical response to chemotactic stimuli (change in
      direction of rotation from counterclockwise to clockwise or vice versa), and the
      pausing response to such stimuli, were linked together. No separate signal for
      pausing was found. In comparing different strains under different stimulation
      conditions, it was found that cells that never reversed seldom if ever paused,
      while cells that reversed frequently paused frequently. It is suggested that
      pausing is the result of futile switching events. A modified description of
      tumbling and chemotaxis is provided in which pausing, as well as reversal, has a
      role. Suppression of reversals and pauses by attractant stimuli commonly resulted
      in an increase in the speed of counterclockwise rotation; this may be because of
      suppression of pauses or reversals that are too brief to be detected. The
      clockwise rotation rate of unstimulated cells, which commonly was faster than
      their counterclockwise rate, was not further increased by repellent stimuli. The
      rotation rate of any given cell under any given condition was found to fluctuate
      on all time-scales measured. The study also revealed that some of the common
      repellents of E. coli and S. typhimurium slow down or stop the motor; these
      effects are not mediated by the chemotaxis machinery or intracellular pH.

PMID- 2407858
TI  - Secretion and membrane integration of a filamentous phage-encoded morphogenetic
      protein.
AB  - The filamentous phage-encoded gene IV protein is required at high levels for
      virus assembly, although it is not a constituent of the virion. It is an integral
      membrane protein that does not contain an extended hydrophobic region of the kind
      often required for stable integration in the inner membrane. Rather, like a
      number of Escherichia coli outer membrane proteins, pIV is rich in charged amino
      acid residues and is predicted to consist of extensive beta-sheet structures. In
      phage-producing cells, pIV is primarily detected in the outer membrane, while in
      cells that produce it from the cloned gene, pIV is found in both the inner and
      outer membranes. The protein is synthesized as a precursor. Following cleavage of
      the signal sequence and translocation into the periplasm, the mature form is
      initially found as a soluble species. Soluble pIV then integrates into the
      membrane with a half-time of one to two minutes. Neither phage assembly nor other
      phage proteins are needed for this membrane integration, and phage assembly does
      not require the presence of the soluble form. The gene IV protein may be part of
      the structure through which the assembling phage is extruded.

PMID- 2407859
TI  - Abnormal renal and splanchnic arterial Doppler pattern in premature babies with
      symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus.
AB  - The flow velocity pattern in the descending aorta, renal arteries, and celiac and
      superior mesenteric arteries was studied with pulsed Doppler in eight premature
      babies with symptomatic ductus arteriosus before and after ductal closure, as
      compared to nine premature babies without ductus arteriosus. There was a decrease
      or reversal of flow in diastole in the above arteries in babies with ductus and
      diastolic flow reappeared after ductal closure. This diastolic steal phenomenon
      has not been previously demonstrated in the abdominal arteries. It may contribute
      to proneness to ischemic damage of abdominal organs in premature babies.

PMID- 2407860
TI  - Anatomic relationship of intrahepatic bile ducts to portal veins.
AB  - To assess the anatomic relationship between the intrahepatic bile ducts and
      corresponding portal veins, we studied anterior-posterior relationship of the
      segmental bile ducts to the accompanying portal veins using sonograms and
      cadavers. On sonograms of the 64 segments in 16 patients with biliary dilation,
      the segmental bile ducts lay anterior to the corresponding portal veins in 34%,
      posterior in 39%, superior in 2%, tortuous in 13%, and undetermined in 13%. The
      relationship was inconsistent in terms of hepatic segments and thus bile ducts
      lay anterior to the portal vein in one segment and posterior in the other segment
      within the same liver. Sagittal sections in 11 segments of the 3 cadaveric livers
      revealed that the bile ducts were anterior to the corresponding portal veins in 1
      segment, posterior in 2 segments, superior in 5 segments, anterosuperior in 1
      segment, and posterosuperior in 2 segments. It is concluded that, contrary to the
      common belief, there is no constant anterior-posterior relationship between the
      intrahepatic bile ducts and the corresponding portal veins.

PMID- 2407862
TI  - Sonographic fetal growth standards. Are current data applicable to a racially
      mixed population?
AB  - Currently available sonographic growth standards for fetal head size, abdominal
      size, and limb length are based primarily on studies from white populations. To
      determine whether these published standards are appropriate for a racially mixed,
      indigent population, we compared our published data from a middle-class white
      population with data generated from a black/Hispanic population seen at a county
      hospital in Houston, Texas. No statistically significant differences were found
      for any of the following fetal sonographic parameters (20 to 41 weeks):
      biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length.

PMID- 2407861
TI  - Graded compression ultrasound in the diagnosis of appendicitis. A comparison of
      diagnostic criteria.
AB  - Four sonographic diagnostic criteria for appendicitis, (1) any visualization, (2)
      appendiceal diameter greater than 6.0 mm, (3) muscular wall thickness greater
      than or equal to 3.0 mm, and (4) presence of a complex mass, were compared in a
      series of 200 patients clinically suspected of having appendicitis. The diagnosis
      of appendicitis was confirmed histopathologically and included all forms of
      appendicitis with mucosal invasion by inflammatory cells. The sensitivities of
      all the criteria were low (11% to 75%) and the usefulness of this test as a
      screening procedure is questioned. The combined criteria of an appendix with a
      muscular wall thickness (MWT) greater than or equal to 3.0 mm and visualization
      of a complex mass (CM) separate from the adnexa in females proved most useful as
      a diagnostic test (sensitivity, 68%; specificity, 98%). We conclude that the
      diagnosis of appendicitis is still difficult, despite the addition of graded
      compression ultrasound as a diagnostic test. We do not recommend its use as the
      only screening test, but do recommend it, rather, in a diagnostic role after the
      initial clinical screening.

PMID- 2407863
TI  - Prenatal sonographic diagnosis and subsequent management of fetal adnexal
      torsion.

PMID- 2407864
TI  - Vaginal sonography in the diagnosis of uterine rupture.

PMID- 2407865
TI  - Antenatal sonographic appearance of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita.

PMID- 2407866
TI  - Cerebral resistance ratios.

PMID- 2407867
TI  - Reverse flow in arterial dissection.

PMID- 2407868
TI  - Possible intermittent umbilical cord occlusion.

PMID- 2407870
TI  - Thalidomide has 37-year history.

PMID- 2407869
TI  - Key witness against morning sickness drug faces scientific fraud charges.

PMID- 2407871
TI  - Projections of AIDS morbidity and mortality in San Francisco.
AB  - To develop a model for predicting acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
      morbidity in San Francisco, Calif, through June 1993, we combined annual human
      immunodeficiency virus seroconversion rates for homosexual and bisexual men and
      for heterosexual intravenous drug users with estimates of the cumulative
      proportion of the population with AIDS by duration of human immunodeficiency
      virus infection and with estimates of the size of the at-risk populations. We
      projected AIDS mortality by applying Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival time
      following diagnosis to the projected number of cases. The median incubation
      period for AIDS among homosexual and bisexual men infected with the human
      immunodeficiency virus was estimated to be 11.0 years (mean, 11.8 years; 95%
      confidence interval, 10.6 to 13.0 years). The model projects 12,349 to 17,022
      cumulative cases of AIDS in San Francisco through June 1993, with 9,966 to 12,767
      cumulative deaths.

PMID- 2407872
TI  - An assessment of diltiazem and hydrochlorothiazide in hypertension. Application
      of factorial trial design to a multicenter clinical trial of combination therapy.
AB  - This multicenter, factorial-design trial assessed the safety and additive
      antihypertensive efficacy of a slow-release (SR) formulation of diltiazem
      hydrochloride given alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide for
      treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. After a 4- to 6-week placebo run-in
      period, 297 qualifying patients were randomized to receive placebo, 1 of 4 doses
      of diltiazem SR monotherapy, 1 of 3 doses of hydrochlorothiazide monotherapy, or
      1 of 12 possible combinations of diltiazem SR and hydrochlorothiazide for 6
      weeks. A dose-related reduction in blood pressure was demonstrated for each drug
      as monotherapy and for the two drugs in combination. Absolute blood pressures of
      patients who received combination therapy were lower by an overall mean of 3.0 mm
      Hg diastolic and 8.0 mm Hg systolic vs diltiazem SR used alone and 3.5 mm Hg
      diastolic and 4.0 mm Hg systolic vs hydrochlorothiazide used alone. At the
      largest doses used, 50% of patients achieved goal blood pressure while taking
      hydrochlorothiazide, 57% while taking diltiazem SR, and 75% while taking
      combination therapy. Combination therapy was well tolerated. This trial clearly
      demonstrates that diltiazem SR and hydrochlorothiazide have additive
      antihypertensive effects.

PMID- 2407873
TI  - Diagnostic and therapeutic technology assessment. Transrectal ultrasonography-
      reassessment.

PMID- 2407874
TI  - Malaria: triple whammy for a traveler.

PMID- 2407875
TI  - The influence of diet on the appearance of new lesions in human coronary
      arteries.
AB  - The Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study, a randomized, placebo-controlled
      trial of blood lipid lowering, demonstrated significant benefit in 2-year
      coronary angiograms. Using angiograms of subjects in the Cholesterol Lowering
      Atherosclerosis Study who received a placebo and 24-hour dietary recall data, we
      performed an epidemiologic study of risk factors for formation of new
      atherosclerotic lesions. Age and baseline plus on-trial lipid levels, blood
      pressure levels, and diet variables were included. Significant dietary energy
      sources were protein, carbohydrate, alcohol, total fat, and polyunsaturated fat.
      Each quartile of increased consumption of total fat and polyunsaturated fat was
      associated with a significant increase in risk of new lesions. Increased intake
      of lauric, oleic, and linoleic acids significantly increased risk. Subjects in
      the Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study in whom new lesions did not
      develop increased dietary protein to compensate for reduced intake of fat by
      substituting low-fat meats and dairy products for high-fat meats and dairy
      products. These results indicate that when total and saturated fat intakes are
      reduced to levels recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Program,
      protein and carbohydrate are preferred substitutes for fat calories, rather than
      monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fat.

PMID- 2407876
TI  - Evaluation and management of menstrual dysfunction in athletes.
AB  - The prevalence of menstrual dysfunction is greater among athletes than in the
      general population. Many factors undergo change during the course of an athletic
      training program and any or all of these may contribute to disturbances in
      menstrual cyclicity. All athletes with oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, or menarcheal
      delay require thorough evaluation to rule out serious pathological conditions,
      since the diagnosis of exercise-associated menstrual dysfunction can be made only
      by excluding other etiologic factors. Most athletes who have these problems
      should be treated to prevent undesirable sequelae.

PMID- 2407877
TI  - Finding a better way.

PMID- 2407878
TI  - Of MDs and muscles--lessons from two 'retired steroid doctors'.

PMID- 2407879
TI  - [A case of malignant neuroepithelioma in the retroperitoneum].
AB  - Reported is a case of a malignant neuroepithelioma in the retroperitoneum. The
      patient was a 37-year-old male suffering from lumbago and edema of the lower
      extremities. After ultrasonography and a CT scan, a diagnosis of a
      retroperitoneal tumor was made and a surgical resection of the tumor was
      performed in October, 1985. The subsequent pathological diagnosis was malignant
      neuroepithelioma which showed epithelioid cell clusters that stained positively
      to NSE. Eleven months later, metastatic tumors were seen present in the lungs and
      the liver though they regressed markedly after adjuvant chemotherapy with ADM,
      CPM, and VCR. Forty-one months after his first operation, the patient continues
      to work. In this case, adjuvant chemotherapy has proved effective.

PMID- 2407880
TI  - Pharmacological studies on drug dependence in rodents: dependence on opioids and
      CNS depressants.
AB  - Physical and psychic dependence on opioids and CNS depressants in rodents were
      examined using the drug-admixed food (DAF) method. A comparison of several
      methods for developing physical dependence on opioids was made. The DAF method
      has the advantage of rapidly inducing a high degree of physical dependence
      without causing morbidity or mortality. When morphine-dependent rats were
      pretreated with several opioids, naloxone-precipitated weight loss was suppressed
      in a dose-dependent manner. A procedure for the development of severe physical
      dependence on CNS depressants was also established. Drug concentrations were
      rapidly increased until animals showed moderate to severe CNS depression, and
      then this condition was maintained for at least 10 days. With this procedure,
      animals became severely dependent on CNS depressants. Another technique,
      intermittent infusion, was developed that has been used to quantify short-acting
      CNS depressant dependence potential. The sedative effects of pentobarbital were
      used as an index in the determination of the injection intervals. These results
      suggest that the DAF method and the new approaches are useful tools for assessing
      the physical dependence potential of new drugs. Moreover, oral self
      administration and weight pulling procedures were utilized along with the DAF
      method. Procedures for the oral self-administration of opioids and CNS
      depressants were established. Opioid-dependent rats pulled the weight to obtain
      the DAF even though they had free access to normal food. This weight-pulling
      procedure may be useful for assessing the degree of reinforcing effects for drugs
      in rats.

PMID- 2407881
TI  - Developmental change in calcitonin secretory capacity of fetal rat thyroid C
      cells.
AB  - Developmental changes in calcitonin (CT) secretory capacity of C-cells were
      studied by using primary cultures prepared from the thyroid glands of rat fetuses
      at 16th, 18th and 20th day of gestation and the thyroid glands of 28-day-old
      rats. Both CT content of C-cells and high Ca2(+)-stimulated CT secretion
      increased with the age of the rats. The ratio of secreted CT to the CT content of
      C-cells also increased according to the age. These results demonstrated the
      functional development of C-cells during the fetal period.

PMID- 2407882
TI  - Vasoconstrictor effect of endothelin in isolated perfused stomach of the rat in
      comparison with noradrenaline and serotonin.
AB  - In the isolated rat stomach perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution at 36 degrees
      C, endothelin induced vasoconstriction in a dose-dependent manner. The threshold
      dose for inducing vasoconstriction was very small, and the pressor response to a
      bolus injection at 0.1 nmol lasted more than 1 hr. In contrast, the
      vasoconstrictor effects of noradrenaline and serotonin were transient. The
      magnitude of the maximal response to endothelin was almost the same as that to
      noradrenaline, but greater than that to serotonin. The pressor response to
      serotonin, but not noradrenaline, was greatly augmented after pretreatment with
      endothelin. These results suggest that endothelin causes a long-lasting
      vasoconstriction, which would be associated with its ulcerogenic activity,
      especially in combination with other vasoactive agents under some
      pathophysiological conditions.

PMID- 2407883
TI  - [A case of ventricular septal defect with tricuspid regurgitation complicating
      infective endocarditis].
AB  - A unique case of 52-year-old woman with a ventricular septal defect associated
      with tricuspid regurgitation complicating infective endocarditis was reported.
      Under cardiopulmonary bypass, the VSD was closed directly and tricuspid valve was
      replaced with a Carpentier-Edwards valve. Intraoperative examination showed that
      the VSD was perimembranous type (5 mm in diameter), all three leaflets were
      destroyed and one chordae of anterior leaflet was ruptured. Her postoperative
      course was uneventful and she has been well.

PMID- 2407884
TI  - Transforming growth factor-beta regulates production of proteoglycans by
      mesangial cells.
AB  - Accumulation of glomerular extracellular matrix is a prominent feature of most
      forms of progressive glomerular disease. Since some growth factors may play a
      role in extracellular matrix production, we examined the effects of transforming
      growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), interleukin 1, platelet derived growth factor, and
      tumor necrosis factor on the production of extracellular matrix components by
      cultured rat mesangial cells. In control experiments we found that mesangial
      cells produced two distinct proteoglycans identified as the small
      chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans biglycan (PG I) and decorin (PG II) by
      showing that their mobility on SDS-PAGE changed upon digestion by chondroitinase
      ABC, and that they reacted with antibodies raised against synthetic peptides from
      the core protein sequence of human biglycan and decorin. Exposure to TGF-beta for
      48 hours stimulated an 8- to 10-fold increase in the biglycan and decorin bands,
      and induced a structural change detected as a shift in electrophoretic mobility.
      TGF-beta did not demonstrably affect the production of other matrix proteins by
      the mesangial cells. The other growth factors tested had no comparable effect on
      the production of proteoglycans or other extracellular matrix components by these
      cells. Our results show that TGF-beta is unique among growth factors in its
      regulatory effects on mesangial cell proteoglycan production. The release or
      activation of TGF-beta during glomerular injury could mediate the accumulation of
      proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix and predispose the kidney to
      development of glomerulosclerosis.

PMID- 2407885
TI  - Fluid phase generation of terminal complement complex as a novel index of
      bioincompatibility.
AB  - Blood membrane interactions in hemodialysis have been shown to trigger complement
      (C) activation. As indicators of C-activation the anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a)
      are problematical because of methodological difficulties and their kinetic
      properties. We developed a sensitive and specific micro-ELISA using a monoclonal
      antibody against neoantigens on the terminal complement complex (TCC); highly
      purified human TCC served as standard. Concentrations of TCC were measured in
      single-path perfusion systems (in vitro) and in the blood lines (arterial inlet;
      venous outlet) of patients on hemodialysis using steam-sterilized or ETO
      sterilized dialyzers with the following membranes: cuprophan (CU), hemophan (HE)
      and polysulfone F6 (PS), respectively. All dialyzers with identical geometry were
      run under identical conditions. All membranes tested caused continuously ongoing
      net generation of TCC. In vitro, contact of serum with CU minidialyzers resulted
      in fivefold higher net release of TCC compared with HE and PS. In vivo TCC
      concentration-time profiles differed significantly between membranes in the rank
      order CU much much greater than HE greater than PS (mean basal concentration 58 x
      10(-11) M; peak increase over baseline with CU 40-fold, HE fourfold, PS
      threefold). In addition, more TCC was generated from the same dialyzers with ETO
      than steam sterilization. TCC differed from C3a and C5a in the following
      respects: (i) lower detection limit (4 x 10(-11) vs. less than 5 x 10(-9) M for
      both C-anaphylatoxins); (ii) higher relative increment (inlet) during CU dialysis
      (25-fold vs. eightfold and twofold, respectively); (iii) C-anaphylatoxins yielded
      the same ranking (CU much greater than HE greater than PS), but TCC
      concentrations were not a linear function of C3a or C5a concentrations,
      respectively. Kinetic analysis (Bateman function) showed significant differences
      of invasion constants between membranes, that is, CU 0.088 min-1, HE 0.09, PS
      0.168. The net amount of TCC released from the dialyzer was calculated under
      certain assumptions. It was 75.5 mg/4 hr for CU, 7.3 for HE and 5.0 for PS. The
      elimination constant was also dependent on the type of membrane. Using flow
      cytofluorometry and immunohistochemical methods (APAAP), TCC was demonstrated on
      membranes of granulocytes obtained during dialysis; this is compatible with
      potential in vivo cell activation. Generation of PGE2 and TNF alpha by adherent
      monocytes induced by cuprophan was C8 dependent: levels were significantly
      increased by addition of C8 to C8 deficient human serum concomitantly with
      generation of TCC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407886
TI  - Transport of organic compounds in renal plasma membrane vesicles of cadmium
      intoxicated rats.
AB  - Effects of cadmium intoxication on renal transport systems for various organic
      compounds were studied. Subcutaneous injections of CdCl2 (2 mg Cd/kg.day) for two
      to three weeks induced marked polyuria, glycosuria, and proteinuria without
      altering glomerular filtration rate. In renal cortical brush border membrane
      vesicles (BBMV) isolated from cadmium treated rats, Na(+)-dependent D-glucose
      uptake was markedly attenuated, and this was due to reduction in Vmax and not Km.
      Likewise, Na(+)-driven L-glutamate transport and H(+)-driven tetraethylammonium
      transport were significantly reduced. In renal cortical basolateral membrane
      vesicles (BLMV) of cadmium intoxicated rats, Na(+)-dependent succinate transport
      was drastically reduced. These results indicate that cadmium intoxication impairs
      various transport systems for organic compounds in the brush border and
      basolateral membranes of proximal renal tubules.

PMID- 2407887
TI  - Enalapril and low protein reverse chronic puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy.
AB  - The effects of dietary protein and converting enzyme inhibition (CEI) on chronic
      puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy (PAN) were studied. PAN was induced with
      seven SQ injections of puromycin aminonucleoside 20 mg/kg over 10 weeks in male
      Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into a 22.5% protein diet group (Gr
      1), a 6% protein diet group (Gr 2), and an enalapril-treated group on 22.5%
      protein diet (Gr 3). Group 4 animals served as age-matched controls. Both diets
      were isocaloric and had the same phosphorus content. Rats from groups 1, 2, and 4
      were sacrificed at 12, 18 and 24 weeks. Five rats of group 3 were sacrificed at
      12 weeks, and the others were divided in subgroups 3A (diet changed to 6%
      protein) and 3B (no changes); half of each subgroup was sacrificed at 18 and 24
      weeks, respectively. Group 2 had significantly less proteinuria than group 1 at
      all times. Group 3 had the same proteinuria as group 1 until 12 weeks and then
      began to decrease. In group 3A proteinuria decreased to group 2 levels, while in
      group 3B the decrease was slower but still prominent. Early lesions of focal and
      segmental glomerular sclerosis/hyalinosis (FSH) were present in groups 1, 2, 3 at
      12 weeks (16 +/- 1.2%, 15 +/- 1.3%, 7 +/- 1.3%, respectively, versus 1.3 +/- 0.4%
      in controls), but by 18 weeks a reversal in FSH was seen in groups 2 and 3A/B (3
      +/- 1.6%, 2 +/- 0.4%, and 3 +/- 0.9%, respectively, vs. 14 +/- 1.5% in group
      1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407888
TI  - Interleukin 1-alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induce oxygen radical
      production in mesangial cells.
AB  - Adherent human mesangial cells (HMC) were unable to phagocytose serum-treated
      zymosan (STZ), nevertheless this stimulus (1 mg/ml) induced a marked immediate
      increase of H2O2 and O2- release at a rate of 3.15 +/- 0.35 and 3.40 +/- 0.12
      nmol/10(6) HMC/hr, respectively. Zymosan alone resulted in no release of either
      H2O2 or O2-. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA, 2 X 10(-6) M) had only marginal
      effects on HMC leading to the generation of 0.273 +/- 0.014 nmol O2-/10(6)
      HMC/hr. After a lag period, human recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF
      alpha) and human recombinant interleukin 1-alpha IL-1 alpha) both induced
      significant O2- production measured as SOD inhibitable reduction of cytochrome c,
      5 X 10(-5) M, by adherent HMC for up to five hours, the maximum rates being 3.04
      +/- 0.08 and 3.2 +/- 0.08 nmol/10(6) HMC/hr for IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha,
      respectively. Significant O2- release was detectable at 0.625 ng/ml (37 pM) IL-1
      alpha or 1 ng/ml (59 pM) TNF-alpha (P less than 0.05). Catalase inhibitable H2O2
      production was also induced by IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha in a dose dependent
      manner. Using scopoletin (40 nM) and 1 microM peroxidase we fluorimetrically
      measured 1.73 +/- 0.14 and 1.49 +/- 0.19 nmol H2O2/10(6) HMC/hr induced by IL-1
      alpha (25 ng/ml) and TNF-alpha (20 ng/ml). Finally, we ascertained the type of
      radical species produced by HMC stimulated by cytokines employing ESR-spin
      trapping with DMPO.2+ These results demonstrated that O2- was the primary radical
      species formed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407889
TI  - Evaluation of phagocytic cell function in an ex vivo model of hemodialysis.
AB  - An ex vivo model of hemodialysis was used to evaluate the effect of dialysis
      membranes on phagocytic cell function. Blood was withdrawn continuously from
      healthy, non-uremic donors, heparinized, and pumped, single pass, through
      membrane modules under conditions which simulated normal dialysis conditions. The
      membrane modules contained membranes of cellulose, DEAE-substituted cellulose, or
      polysulfone. Blood was obtained from the module outlets for determination of
      complement activation, phagocyte elastase release, zymosan-induced phagocyte
      chemiluminescence, and monocyte interleukin-1 production. Significantly less
      complement activation occurred with the polysulfone and DEAE-substituted
      cellulose membranes than with cellulose membranes. Normal monocyte interleukin-1
      production was not stimulated by any of the membranes used. In contrast, the
      cellulosic, but not the polysulfone, membranes primed the oxidative burst of the
      phagocytes and caused them to release elastase. DEAE-substituted cellulose had a
      lesser effect on elastase release than did cellulose and elastase release
      correlated significantly with the degree of complement activation. However, the
      correlation between complement activation and priming of phagocyte oxidative
      burst was weak, suggesting that membranes affect phagocyte oxidative metabolism
      through more than one mechanism. We conclude that some dialysis membranes
      stimulate the bacteriacidal functions of normal phagocytic cells, in part through
      complement-dependent mechanisms.

PMID- 2407890
TI  - MHC class II, antigen presentation and tumor necrosis factor in renal tubular
      epithelial cells.
AB  - Proximal tubular (PT) epithelial cells express MHC class II (Ia) antigens in
      immunologically-mediated renal injury. To study the role of PT as accessory
      cells, we generated several murine PT-like epithelial cell lines by
      transformation with origin-defective SV40 DNA. These transformed cell lines
      display typical alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase enzyme
      activity, proliferation to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and sodium-dependent
      glucose uptake. Clonal lines of transformed tubular cells from both normal
      C3H/FeJ and autoimmune MRL-lpr mice do not constitutively express Ia antigens or
      mRNA for class II. However, stimulation with recombinant interferon-gamma(rIFN
      gamma) induces Ia mRNA and surface product in the cell lines. These Ia-positive
      cells can process and present hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) to antigen-specific
      Iak-restricted T cell hybrids. Unstimulated tubular cells do not express
      detectable IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, TNA-alpha, or IL-6 mRNA. However, stimulation
      with IL-1 alpha or LPS induces TNF-alpha transcripts. We conclude that these cell
      lines have characteristics most consistent with a proximal tubular origin. They
      also bear characteristics of accessory cells such as processing and presentation
      of antigen and TNF-alpha gene expression. We speculate that PT have the capacity
      to participate in the pathogenesis of immune renal injury.

PMID- 2407891
TI  - Idiopathic hypercalciuria: association with isolated hematuria and risk for
      urolithiasis in children. The Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group.
AB  - A prospective multicenter study was designed to determine the frequency and
      prognostic importance of hypercalciuria in children with hematuria. Urinary
      calcium excretion was examined in 215 patients with unexplained isolated
      hematuria (no proteinuria, urolithiasis, infection or systemic disorder).
      Hypercalciuria (urinary calcium excretion greater than 4 mg/kg/day) was
      identified in 76 patients (35%). Compared to patients with normal urinary calcium
      excretion, children with hematuria and hypercalciuria were characterized by male
      preponderance, white race, family history of urolithiasis, gross hematuria and
      calcium oxalate crystals. Renal biopsies were performed in 10 patients with
      urinary calcium excretion 0.4 to 2.5 mg/kg/day; three had IgA glomerulonephritis,
      three had glomerular basement membrane thinning, one had proliferative
      glomerulonephritis and three were normal. Renal biopsies in three patients with
      hypercalciuria showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, hereditary nephritis or
      no abnormalities. Oral calcium loading tests showed renal hypercalciuria in 26
      patients, absorptive hypercalciuria in 15 patients and were not diagnostic in 35
      patients. Serum parathyroid hormone, bicarbonate and phosphorus and urinary
      cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations were similar in the three groups of
      hypercalciuric patients. Urinary calcium excretion after one week of dietary
      calcium restriction was higher (5.8 mg/kg/day) in renal hypercalciuria than in
      other hypercalciuric patients (3.4 mg/kg/day), P less than 0.01. One to four
      years follow-up was available for 184 patients. Eight of 60 hypercalciuric
      patients developed urolithiasis or renal colic compared to 2 of 124 patients with
      normal urinary calcium excretion (P less than 0.001). Hypercalciuria is commonly
      associated with isolated hematuria and represents a risk factor for future
      urolithiasis in children with hematuria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407892
TI  - Assessing the adequacy of dialysis.

PMID- 2407893
TI  - Thomas Addis (1881-1949): mixing patients, rats, and politics.

PMID- 2407896
TI  - A possible solution for the uninsured and inadequately insured.

PMID- 2407894
TI  - Cancer, cytokines, and cytotoxic cells: interleukin-2 in the immunotherapy of
      human neoplasms.
AB  - Modern immunotherapy of human cancer has evolved as a rapidly expanding field of
      clinical and experimental research. Employing the systemic application of
      recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) in humans, Rosenberg and colleagues from the
      National Cancer Institute reported the regression of advanced metastatic tumors
      in approximately 10%-30% of patients treated. The additional adoptive transfer of
      autologous patient-derived activated lymphocytes was performed to enhance
      therapeutic efficacy. While the exact mechanisms of IL-2 based immunotherapy in
      cancer remain unclear, it has been hypothesized that both the IL-2 activated
      lymphocyte and its secretory products such as interferon-gamma or tumor-necrosis
      factor beta may contribute to the lysis of tumor cells in vivo. Accordingly,
      research has been directed toward enhancing both the activation state and the
      specificity of IL-2 induced killer cells in humans. Based on in vitro and animal
      data, the retransfusion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes has been shown to
      mediate the regression of metastatic neoplasms in up to 50% of patients receiving
      systemic IL-2. Considerable toxicity from the use of high-dose IL-2 has prompted
      attempts to develop low-dose regimens which allow for the outpatient treatment of
      patients presenting poor prognosis. While in most clinical trials involving IL-2,
      patient follow-up has been short, and no or only limited data have become
      available from controlled prospective and randomized clinical studies, IL-2 has
      shown some promise in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer or malignant
      melanoma. Novel approaches toward the improvement of clinical efficacy of IL-2
      include local (e.g., intracavitary) application or combinations with other
      cytokines such as interferon-alpha or cytostatic drugs.

PMID- 2407895
TI  - Low light level in vitro monitoring of cellular and antigen-antibody reactions
      using a photon detection camera system--new perspectives for clinical diagnosis
      and research.
AB  - This article briefly describes the use of a photon counting system (ARGUS-100) in
      the detection of low levels of light. The ARGUS-100 was used in determining ATP
      in cell sections from tumor tissues and in measuring a luminescence-enhanced
      immunoluminometric assay, using ferritin as the analyte, based on the luminol
      peroxide-4-iodophenol reaction with peroxidase as the enzyme. The aim is not so
      much the presentation of data, but rather to show the potentials of the photon
      counting camera in increasing our knowledge of the cellular and subcellular
      levels, as well as lowering the detection limits in already sensitive systems,
      such as immunoassays.

PMID- 2407897
TI  - Model studies of nonsteady flow using magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - A bolus-tracking magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method has been employed to
      measure velocity profiles for oscillatory flow with and without a steady flow
      component as well as pulsatile flow in an axisymmetric tube model. A range of
      flow conditions within normal physiological limits was tested. The imaged
      velocity profiles were observed to be generally in accord with theoretical
      predictions. Instantaneous flow rates calculated from the MR images agreed well
      with those assessed using an ultrasonic flowmeter. Because MRI is noninvasive and
      poses few risks to subjects, this technique is potentially useful for studying
      vascular hemodynamics in vivo.

PMID- 2407898
TI  - Paramedic and emergency medical technician clinical encounter management system
      for Tennessee.

PMID- 2407899
TI  - Weak estrogenic activity of phenol red in the pituitary gonadotroph: re
      evaluation of estrogen and antiestrogen effects.
AB  - Phenol Red (Phr) which is widely used as a pH indicator in cell culture media has
      recently been described to possess estrogenic activity in different cell types.
      In the present study we investigated if the dye shows such activity on LH
      secretion of cultivated rat pituitary cells and controlled the established
      effects of estradiol (E2) and keoxifene (K) in this model in the absence of
      Phenol Red. 24 h treatment of pituitary cell cultures with Phr led to enhancement
      of GnRH-stimulated LH secretion whereas 4 h treatment reduced LH secretion. When
      the cells received E2 instead of Phr for the indicated incubation periods we
      observed nearly identical results i.e. a short-term inhibitory and a long-term
      stimulatory effect on LH secretion. 24 h treatment of pituitary cell cultures
      with increasing concentrations of Phr led to a stimulatory effect on GnRH
      stimulated LH secretion an effect that occurred at 10 microM got maximal at 100
      microM and was lost at higher concentrations resulting in a bell-shaped dose
      response curve. The inhibitory action of Phr was present at concentrations
      greater than or equal to 10 microM. Both effects could be blocked by the
      antiestrogen K indicating their specificity. K has recently been described to
      induce an antigonadotrophic effect in this model. Although high concentrations of
      the antiestrogen were still able to inhibit LH secretion this effect was not
      present at lower concentrations when Phr-free culture medium was used in the
      experiments. Thus Phr showed weak estrogenic activity in the gonadotroph. The
      established actions of E2 and K on LH secretion were qualitatively reproducible
      when Phr was excluded from the culture medium.

PMID- 2407900
TI  - Differential effects of ovarian steroids and triphenylethylene compounds on
      macromolecular uptake and thymidine incorporation in the mouse uterus.
AB  - In the rodent uterus, estrogen elicits a biphasic response i.e. an early phase
      (Phase I) and a late phase (Phase II). Estradiol-17 beta (E2) and estriol (E3),
      as well as triphenylethylene (TPE) compounds, CI-628 and clomiphene citrate (CC),
      were used to characterize Phase I and Phase II responses in uterine preparation
      for implantation in the mouse. While uterine macromolecular uptake (vascular
      permeability), a Phase I response, was studied in progesterone (P4)-primed
      animals, uterine [3H]thymidine incorporation (DNA synthesis), a Phase II
      response, was investigated with and without P4-priming. In the P4-primed uterus,
      all compounds, except CC, significantly increased uterine macromolecular uptake
      as determined by interstitial tissue accumulation of [125I]bovine serum albumin
      [( 125I]BSA). DNA synthesis as determined by cellular incorporation of
      [3H]thymidine was modulated by P4, estrogens and TPE compounds in a cell-type
      specific and temporal manner. As a single injection and in the absence of P4, E2
      induced [3H]thymidine incorporation in the luminal and glandular epithelium at 18
      and 24 h. E3 was inferior to E2 in this response. On the other hand, treatment
      with P4 for 1 day or 4 days induced [3H]thymidine incorporation primarily in
      stromal cells. However, stromal cell incorporation was potentiated when P4
      treatment was combined with estrogens or TPE compounds. These results reveal the
      relative importance of Phase I and cell-type specific Phase II responses in
      uterine preparation for implantation.

PMID- 2407901
TI  - Characterization of the murine corticosteroid binding globulin: variations
      between mammalian forms.
AB  - Corticosteroid binding globulin (CGB) from term-pregnant mouse serum was isolated
      and characterized by peptide analysis after treatment with CNBr and Lys-specific
      protease, respectively. Amino acid sequence analysis of six segments, covering
      189 of 383 positions in different regions of the protein, showed unexpectedly low
      overall homology (60%) to the indirectly deduced human amino acid sequence
      previously reported. However, some segments displayed a greater resemblance to
      their human counterparts. Differences were observed in at least two of six
      potential glycosylation sites. The nature of electrophoretic CBG variants and
      their immunological properties are described.

PMID- 2407902
TI  - Effects of gender and sex steroids on the immune response.
AB  - Elevated immune responses and the higher incidence of autoimmune diseases in
      female (compared to male) humans and animals have been known for a long time.
      However, the scientific interest in this interrelationship has been limited both
      amongst immunologists and endocrinologists. It is mainly in the last ten years
      that investigations in this area have been intensifying. A number of fairly
      recent review articles confirm the increased interest in various aspects of this
      "interdiscipline" [1-4]. In the present paper we should like to make a new
      assessment of the state of knowledge. We shall firstly discuss heteroimmune
      response differences between males and females in humans, rodents and birds and
      then the roles of gender and sex hormones in autoimmune disease in various
      species. The general conclusions are the following. Gender and sex hormones have
      a clear effect on various hetero- and auto-immune responses but the mechanisms of
      action are still unknown; starting from sex hormones, steroids can be devised
      which have favourable effects on immune processes but lack undesirable hormonal
      effects; such hormonomimetics should be, in principle, applicable for the
      treatment of autoimmune disease.

PMID- 2407903
TI  - Immunoaffinity chromatography and a biotin-streptavidin amplified
      enzymeimmunoassay for sensitive and specific estimation of estradiol-17 beta.
AB  - A sensitive test system has been developed for estimation of estradiol-17 beta
      (E2) in bovine plasma. Plasma extracts are first purified by a selective
      immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) using an antibody raised against estradiol-6
      carboxymethyloxime-bovine serum albumin and immobilized to Sepharose. The eluate
      was analysed by a competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) on microtitration plates.
      For the assay the wells of microtitration plates were coated with affinity
      purified sheep IgG (antirabbit IgG) that binds the hormone specific antibody
      raised in rabbits against estradiol-17-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin. E2 is
      estimated by displacement of biocytinyl-E2, that was produced by ligation of
      estradiol-17 beta, D-glucuronic acid and biocytin. Bound biocytinyl-E2 is
      detected after binding of streptavidin-peroxidase and colour production by the
      enzyme. A very high amplification was possible with this technique and the
      absolute detection limit amounted to approximately 120 fg/well at 94% relative
      binding. By combination of IAC and EIA the following levels of E2 were found in
      bovine plasma: male or female calves less than 2.7 pg/ml, cycling cow 0.5-7
      pg/ml, cow during the last month of pregnancy 9-310 pg/ml, mature bull 5-30
      pg/ml. However, up to 1110 pg E2/ml were found in plasma of a calf after
      treatment with an illicit hormone preparation used for growth promotion; after 21
      days levels declined to 6 pg/ml which is hardly different from controls. In
      conclusion, the IAC/EIA can be used for sensitive estimation of estradiol-17 beta
      in plasma from all type of cattle and for control of improper use of E2 after
      commitment of a threshold level.

PMID- 2407904
TI  - Alcoholism: a disease of internal medicine.

PMID- 2407905
TI  - Trachea-innominate artery fistula complicating tracheal reconstruction.

PMID- 2407906
TI  - Primary idiopathic chylopericardium.

PMID- 2407907
TI  - Quantal vs. graded generalization in drug discrimination: measuring a graded
      response.
AB  - In drug discrimination research, detection of drug stimuli by animals is used for
      investigating various properties of psychoactive drugs. The major issue addressed
      by this paper is whether detection of drug stimuli by animals is a quantal or
      graded event. Some data suggest that detection of a drug stimulus by animals is
      quantal in nature. Thus, variations in drug stimulus substitution may only
      reflect variations in threshold for detecting the training stimulus rather than
      the current concept of these data reflecting graded responding to stimulus
      intensity. Therefore, drug discrimination procedures may have limited utility for
      detecting quantitative differences in the subjective effects of varying drug
      doses. In order to examine this problem, a method for measuring continuous
      response gradients in individual animals is needed. Tests for quantal responding
      generally use the distribution of responses on two manipulanda as the dependent
      measure. However, this variable may be inadequate for detecting a graded
      response, and may actually reflect loss of stimulus control or a deterioration in
      performance, rather than changes in response magnitude. Most alternative measures
      utilize response rate. Unfortunately, these measures are influenced by the direct
      rate-altering properties of some drugs. One possible alternative method is
      conditioned taste aversion as the discriminative task. This paradigm provides a
      means for not only ascertaining if graded discriminative responses occur in
      individual animals, but also more rapidly training a drug discrimination. Thus,
      using conditioned taste aversion techniques for measuring a drug discrimination
      may provide better indices for detecting response gradations.

PMID- 2407908
TI  - Stereotaxic preparation of circumscribed cortical areas from rat brain for
      biochemical studies.
AB  - A method for the rapid dissection of circumscribed areas of rat cortex is
      described. The technique does not depend on skull-derived landmarks but uses for
      stereotaxic orientation the cross-point of the interhemispheric gap with the
      caudal margin of the cortex. An application of this dissection method to the
      biochemical analysis of cholinergic markers within the hindlimb representation of
      the primary somatosensory cortex revealed that both the activity of the enzyme
      choline acetyltransferase as well as the binding of [3H] quinuclidinyl benzilate
      to muscarinic cholinergic receptors do not seem to be affected drastically three
      days after unilateral transection of the sciatic nerve. The only significant
      effect detected was a slight decrease in the activity of the choline
      acetyltransferase within the hindlimb representation of the primary somatosensory
      cortex contralateral to the transected sciatic nerve. In the primary visual
      cortex, the cholinergic markers investigated did not show significant alterations
      after sciatic nerve injury.

PMID- 2407909
TI  - Analysis of the age-related decline in alloreactivity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in
      CBA/RIJ mice.
AB  - CD4+ T cells from healthy old CBA/Rij mice were studied for their ability to
      respond to alloantigens by IL-2 production and proliferation. IL-2 production by
      these purified cells in response to BALB/c spleen cells was about 4 times lower
      than the IL-2 production (50 U/ml) by CD4+ T cells from young mice. After
      stimulation with concanavalin A only a two-fold difference in IL-2 production was
      found. The extent of proliferation by CD4+ T cells from old mice in response to
      allogeneic cells was at least 4 times lower than that by the cells from young
      mice. This difference was not influenced by the addition of IL-2 containing
      conditioned medium (CM). Proliferative responses by CD8+ T cells were only found
      after the addition of CM and then the response by cells from old mice was 2-10
      times lower than the response by cells from young mice. Limiting dilution
      analysis of the separate T cell subpopulations showed that these low responses to
      alloantigens by cells from old mice were only in part due to a decline in the
      frequency of antigen-specific CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. As far as old CD8+ T cells
      were concerned, an additional explanation for the low responsiveness was found in
      a diminished expression of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) alpha-chain. However, CD4+ T
      cells from old mice expressed normal levels of IL-2R alpha-chain. The observation
      that proliferative responses by CD4+ T cells may be low, despite a normal
      frequency of antigen-specific cells, an apparently normal IL-2R expression and
      despite the presence of exogenous IL-2, indicates that CD4+ T cells from old mice
      are not only impaired in their ability to produce IL-2, but are also impaired in
      their ability to handle the IL-2 signal.

PMID- 2407910
TI  - [The physician's status over time. Rapid changes in the 1990's].

PMID- 2407911
TI  - [A pilot study of treatment of alcohol abuse. Marked improvement of alcohol
      drinking habits of both treated and untreated persons].
AB  - The original aim of the study was to compare outcome in a randomised trial of the
      Minnesota model and of out-patient treatment for alcohol abuse. Owing to
      recruitment difficulties, and a high drop-out rate in the Minnesota treatment
      group, the trial had to be discontinued. Thus, the findings chiefly consist in a
      comparison between outpatient treatment and non-treatment for alcohol abuse after
      6, 12 and 18 months of follow-up; no significant differences in outcome between
      these two groups were found in terms of drinking behaviour or social adjustment.
      In the study, different methods of recruitment were used with varying results,
      and different treatment evaluation instruments were tested. An apparently
      beneficial effect was found of participation in the trial itself.

PMID- 2407912
TI  - [Hernia surgery today].

PMID- 2407913
TI  - [Disorders of microcirculation in colon anastomoses and their significance for
      the pathogenesis of suture dehiscence].
AB  - In this morphologic experimental study in the rabbit disturbances in the
      microcirculation at the site of colonic anastomoses were found in all suture
      techniques employed. They are caused by resection, intraoperative traumatization,
      the suture technique, and, secondarily, by abscess formation on the anastomosis.
      The suture-induced disturbances of the microcirculation lead to necroses of the
      mucosa, partial and complete necroses of the inverted cuff, and transmural
      necroses with destruction of the sero-serous contact zone. For the pathogenesis
      of anastomotic dehiscence only transmural and extensive complete necroses of the
      anastomotic bulge, including the serosal contact, are important. They result in
      transmural abscess formations which correspond to microscopic small secondary
      anastomotic leakages.

PMID- 2407914
TI  - [Extra-pleural approaches in the management of bronchial stump insufficiency
      following pneumonectomy].
AB  - Insufficiency of the bronchial stump is still a dreaded complication. The
      treatment with the use of extrapleural accesses led to a significant improvement
      of the therapeutical results. We have to distinguish between transpericardial
      techniques and the contralateral thoracotomy with transpleural or extrapleural
      access. If the pleural cavity is still sterile, immediate or four week
      postoperative insufficiency may be treated using rethoracotomy with resuturing
      the stump. Coverage of the stump with pedicled muscle tissue provides a rather
      good method for a secondary treatment of the bronchial stump. When the pleural
      cavity is already infected, extrapleural treatment of the bronchial stump should
      be undertaken immediately. In addition, all late insufficiencies are treated
      extrapleurally. If only a very small opening of a fistula is found, an
      endoscopical closure of the fistula should be attempted using acryl glue or
      fibrin glue. Our own therapeutic results concerning four right hand and one left
      hand stump insufficiency after pneumonectomy are presented in this study and we
      have classified the up to now published therapeutical results.

PMID- 2407915
TI  - [Late results following inguinal or femoral hernia surgery].
AB  - In a retrospective analysis the late results--mean follow-up 13.2 years--after
      herniotomy and Bassini repair are presented. The results of 837 interventions
      were evaluated with a questionnaire and among these 341 were clinically
      controlled. The overall recurrence rate was 10.5% with a cumulative recurrence
      rate of 26% after the first two years and 88% within 10 years. A testicular
      atrophy was observed in 1.1% and in 1.6% patients complained of pain in the groin
      or presented an entrapment of the nervus ilio-inguinalis. The personally
      conducted clinical evaluation showed a recurrence rate of 23%, a testicular
      atrophy in 1.2% and an entrapment in 2.9%. The recurrence rate was independent of
      sex, age, localisation, type of hernia, increased intraabdominal pressure or
      experience of the operator. Our results confirm that recurrences are only
      depicted by a clinical guided control after a sufficiently long follow-up period.

PMID- 2407916
TI  - Treatment-related toxicities with Fluosol-DA 20% infusion during radiation in
      advanced head and neck malignancies.
AB  - Fluosol-DA 20%, a synthetic perfluorocarbon emulsion first developed as a blood
      substitute, is currently being investigated as a radiation sensitizer.
      Theoretically, an oxygen-carrying perfluorocarbon emulsion combined with oxygen
      inhalation might be able to increase tumor response by decreasing the relative
      proportion of hypoxic tumor cells. Twenty-one patients with advanced head and
      neck malignancies receiving primary radiation therapy were evaluated for
      treatment-related toxicity. Mucosal reactions and weight loss during treatment in
      the group of patients who received the perfluorocarbon emulsion and the group who
      did not were comparable. Late sequelae appeared comparable. No patient in either
      group who completed radiation therapy required an interruption of the treatment
      course. We conclude that Fluosol-DA 20% is a tolerated adjunct to primary
      radiation therapy. Further study is needed to determine whether the agent will
      improve local/regional tumor control.

PMID- 2407918
TI  - Perceptual characteristics of tracheoesophageal voice produced using four
      prosthetic/occlusion combinations.
AB  - This study examined and compared perceptual characteristics of tracheoesophageal
      (TE) voice produced using four different prosthetic/occlusion combinations in 15
      tracheoesophageal speakers: 1. using the Blom-Singer duckbill prosthesis and
      digital occlusion of the tracheostoma; 2. using the Blom-Singer duckbill
      prosthesis and valve occlusion of the tracheostoma; 3. using the Blom-Singer low
      pressure prosthesis and digital occlusion of the tracheostoma; and 4. using the
      Blom-Singer low-pressure prosthesis and valve occlusion of the tracheostoma.
      Characteristics of speech produced in each condition were also compared to those
      of 19 normal speakers. Differences in perceptual ratings made by judges who
      varied in knowledge about laryngectomees were examined. Results revealed a number
      of speaking parameters that discriminated among normals and the four TE speaking
      conditions, and that differed according to the judge's expertise level. Clinical
      implications are emphasized.

PMID- 2407917
TI  - Asbestos and cancer of the larynx: is there a relationship?
AB  - A head and neck examination was conducted on 322 personnel in a plant that
      manufactures brake linings and disks where asbestos is a major component. The
      personnel were categorized according to occupational risk, duration of
      employment, and smoking and alcohol habits. Thirty-nine percent had
      abnormalities, the most common being laryngitis (15%), deviated nasal septum
      (13%), and neck mass (5.3%). Six members required a biopsy, but no cancer was
      discovered. Of 47 personnel with laryngitis, 46 were smokers (P less than .01).
      In regard to asbestos exposure, 20% of the high-risk group had laryngitis,
      compared to 11% in the low-risk group (P less than .05). The data were compared
      to a previously prepared longitudinal study of plant personnel (2057 individuals
      and 37,361.5 person years), where three cases of laryngeal cancer had been
      observed (0.77 expected). As these cases involved smokers with limited asbestos
      exposure, neither the longitudinal or cross-sectional data could support asbestos
      as an etiologic factor for laryngeal cancer, but it may act as an irritant.

PMID- 2407920
TI  - Mast cells: the immune gate to the brain.
AB  - Mast cells were originally considered wandering histiocytes, but are now known to
      derive from the bone marrow and enter the tissues as immature or precursor cells
      which then differentiate under micro-environmental influences such as interleukin
      3. At least three types of mature mast cells have been identified as serosal
      (lung, peritoneal, skin), mucosal (nasal, gastrointestinal) and brain (dural,
      perivascular, parenchymal) with their own distinct biochemical, morphological and
      functional characteristics. Mast cells are necessary for immediate
      hypersensitivity reactions where they release numerous biologically powerful
      mediators in response to immunoglobulin E (IgE) and antigen (Ag), and appear to
      be required for delayed reactions. Anaphylatoxins, basic peptides and drugs, as
      well as certain neuropeptides and hormones, can also trigger mast cell secretion.
      Recent evidence indicates that mast cells are found in close proximity to
      neurons, an association which may be regulated by nerve growth factor. Moreover,
      mast cells may be capable of selective release of mediators which could, in turn,
      regulate further secretion. This information suggests that mast cells may serve
      as a link between the immune, endocrine and nervous systems and could have an
      important role in the access of lymphocytes and pathogens to the brain. The
      possible role of such interactions in the pathophysiology of specific
      neuroinflammatory conditions is also discussed.

PMID- 2407919
TI  - Cardiorenal actions of endothelin, Part I: Effects of converting enzyme
      inhibition.
AB  - We have evaluated the effects of endothelin-1, with and without captopril
      administration, on the circulating concentration of aldosterone in pentobarbital
      (60 mg/kg) anesthetized rats. Following surgery, rats (N = 5/group) were infused
      with saline intravenously, at a rate of 0.024 ml/min, with or without captopril
      (5 mg kg-1 hr-1) administration throughout the entire experiment. All rats were
      allowed 60 min to stabilize and 3 X 20 min control clearances collected.
      Endothelin-1 (100 eta kg-1 min-1) was then added to the infusate for 30 min.
      Plasma aldosterone concentration increased from 60 +/- 7 eta/dl to 171 +/- 14
      eta/dl (p less than 0.01) with endothelin alone and from 101 +/- 6 eta/dl to 210
      +/- 54 eta/dl (p less than 0.01) in rats treated with endothelin plus captopril.
      The endothelin-induced increment in blood pressure was not altered by captopril
      treatment. However, the endothelin-induced decrement in renal function was
      markedly attenuated in rats treated with captopril. These data demonstrate that
      endothelin stimulates the release of aldosterone from the rat adrenal and that
      the angiotensin II is not involved in this response. These data also demonstrate
      that the endothelin-induced systemic vasoconstriction is not affected by
      captopril whereas the endothelin-induced changes in renal function are abolished
      by captopril.

PMID- 2407921
TI  - [239Pu metabolism after its intratracheal administration].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the results of distribution and kinetics of
      metabolism of 239Pu-citrate in the respiratory tracts. Time-periods of the
      accumulation and excretion of this radionuclide from various tissue systems were
      defined. Data on the time course of 239Pu resorption from the lungs to organs and
      tissues, first of all to the blood, especially at the early stage of metabolism
      (up to 1-3 days), are the basis for the optimization of a method of osseous
      tissue protection against the radionuclide by using competitive action of iron
      preparations.

PMID- 2407922
TI  - [The treatment of thyroid cancer].

PMID- 2407923
TI  - A neural network as an approach to clinical diagnosis.
AB  - During the past decade, artificial neural networks have been established as
      promising psychological and computational models. The proponents of neural
      computing believe that it offers new solutions to problems that have been
      intractable so far. To study the suitability of neural networks for performing
      sequential diagnostic classification, I have used a network that, over time,
      becomes increasingly proficient at diagnosing dementia. A description of the
      implementation, training, and behavior of this network illustrates how neural
      network technology might contribute to clinical computing.

PMID- 2407924
TI  - Planning processes and outcomes for an aging population with developmental
      disabilities.
AB  - Needs analysis research and planning projects were reviewed for the purpose of
      identifying planning concepts, processes, outcomes, and issues regarding the
      growing population of older adults with developmental disabilities. Themes and
      issues identified through a content analysis of planning reports and documents
      were presented along with goals for future planning and public social policy
      development efforts.

PMID- 2407925
TI  - [125I]-insulin metabolism by the rat liver in vivo: evidence that a neutral thiol
      protease mediates rapid intracellular insulin degradation.
AB  - The subcellular site where insulin is degraded by rat hepatocytes in vivo is
      controversial. While several potential insulin-degrading enzyme systems, each
      with its own characteristic cellular location, are known to exist in the liver,
      questions remain about which of them participates in the degradation of
      physiologic doses of insulin. These studies examine the proteases that degrade
      physiologic doses of [125I]-insulin in vivo to determine (1) when and where
      initial degradation occurs, and (2) which of the potential degradative enzymes is
      active. Following injection into the mesenteric veins of male rats, intact [125I]
      insulin and its labeled degradation products were analysed by reverse-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) of biopsy homogenates. [125I]-insulin
      was rapidly degraded in vivo; the t 1/2 of degradation was approximately 2.7
      minutes. To test for extracellular protease activity, an isolated perfused liver
      system was employed. [125I]-insulin (or [125I]-glucagon) uptake was controlled by
      changing the temperature of the perfusion medium. Five minutes after [125I]
      insulin injection, surface-bound label was recovered in an acidic (pH 3.5) wash.
      In perfusion at 15 degrees C, both the internalization and degradation of [125I]
      insulin were inhibited; 7.2% of unbound hormone was degraded and 5.1% of surface
      bound insulin was degraded. Only 11.4% of unbound insulin and 17.4% of surface
      bound insulin were degraded at 35 degrees C. In contrast, 95.5% of unbound
      glucagon and 89.9% of surface-bound glucagon were degraded at 35 degrees C. Thus,
      although glucagon degradation occurs at the sinusoidal plasmalemma of perfused
      livers, the same membrane does not mediate the rapid degradation of insulin
      observed in vivo. Analysis of the RP-HPLC [125I]-insulin elution profiles from
      liver biopsy homogenates, and comparison of them to profiles produced by purified
      proteases, suggested that insulin protease is responsible for most hepatic
      degradation of physiologic doses of insulin. Some cathepsin D-like activity was
      also observed in vivo, confirming that two pathways exist for insulin metabolism.
      The time course over which insulin was degraded was more rapid than previous
      studies in vitro would have predicted. This suggests that more insulin was
      receptor-bound at the time of its initial degradation, and that the active
      protease was soluble and was introduced into endocytic peripheral endosomes
      within seconds after their formation.

PMID- 2407926
TI  - Effects of dexamethasone on glucose-induced insulin and proinsulin release in low
      and high insulin responders.
AB  - We compared the effects of dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance on B-cell
      secretory performance in 12 low insulin responders (LIR) and in eight high
      insulin responders (HIR). A hyperglycemic clamp (120 minutes) was performed
      before and after the subjects had ingested dexamethasone 3 mg x 2 for 2 1/2 days.
      Fasting levels of blood glucose increased from 4.60 +/- 0.13 to 5.74 +/- 0.23
      mmol/L after dexamethasone in LIR and from 4.37 +/- 0.18 to 5.26 +/- 0.13 mmol/L
      in HIR. Dexamethasone treatment increased fasting levels of total immunoreactive
      insulin (IRI), C-peptide, and proinsulin, as well as the proinsulin to IRI ratio
      to a similar degree in LIR and HIR. The amount of glucose infused to uphold
      hyperglycemia during the clamp decreased by 54% after dexamethasone in LIR and by
      46% in HIR. Mean level of stimulated IRI during the clamp increased after
      dexamethasone by 43% in LIR and by 53% in HIR. Mean level of stimulated C-peptide
      increased by 11% (not significant) in LIR and by 24% in HIR. Mean level of
      stimulated proinsulin increased by 86% in LIR and by 93% in HIR. The effects of
      dexamethasone on insulin secretion varied among individuals, since steroid
      treatment failed to affect IRI responses to glucose in two LIR and two HIR. The
      magnitude of dexamethasone effects on secretion was not correlated to pre
      dexamethasone insulin sensitivity as assessed by a somatostatin-insulin-glucose
      infusion test (SIGIT) or by M/I (glucose infused/insulin level) ratios of the
      control clamp.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407927
TI  - Effect of biosynthetic human growth hormone on insulin action in individual
      tissues of the rat in vivo.
AB  - Excessive endogenous production or exogenous administration of human growth
      hormone (hGH) causes insulin resistance at both the hepatic and extrahepatic
      levels. However, which extrahepatic tissues are involved have not been defined.
      We have examined the diabetogenic action of authentic biosynthetic hGH on whole
      body glucose disposal, hepatic glucose output, and glucose metabolism in
      individual peripheral tissues. The use of a highly purified preparation of the
      hormone allowed us to examine the isolated effects of 22K hGH. The euglycemic
      hyperinsulinemic (approximately 100 mU/L) clamp plus 3H-2-deoxyglucose technique
      was used to quantitate the effects of hGH on insulin action in vivo.
      Administration of biosynthetic hGH at a dose of 10 IU/kg/24 h for 48 hours in
      male Wistar rats (approximately 340 g) produced a highly significant decrease in
      the steady state clamp glucose infusion rate (GIR) when compared with controls
      (8.1 +/- 0.6 v 18.7 +/- 0.7 mg/kg/min, P less than .001), reduced insulin
      mediated suppression of hepatic glucose output (Ra) (3.9 +/- 0.6 v 0.7 +/- 0.3
      mg/kg/min, P less than .05) and a decreased clamp glucose disposal rate (Rd)
      (12.0 +/- 0.4 v 18.10 +/- 1.1 mg/kg/min, P less than .001). There was a
      significant decrease in insulin-mediated glucose uptake as indicated by tissue
      accumulation of [3H]-2-deoxyglucose phosphorylation in diaphragm and hindlimb
      muscles. Insulin action was more substantially reduced in muscles (approximately
      50%) than in adipose tissues (approximately 20%). These studies confirm that the
      diabetogenic action of hGH in the rat is due to a combination of inhibition of
      insulin suppression of hepatic glucose output and inhibition of the uptake and
      subsequent utilization of glucose in skeletal muscles.

PMID- 2407928
TI  - Effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus on growth and hepatic insulin
      like growth factor I gene expression in the rat.
AB  - Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus in humans and animals is often accompanied by
      impaired growth. We undertook this study in young rats to determine whether the
      reduction in growth rate associated with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes
      might be related to changes in both serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)
      and IGF-II levels, and, if so, whether these changes reflect alterations in serum
      growth hormone (GH) and in hepatic IGF-I and IGF-II gene expression. Serum rat GH
      (rGH) levels were variable during the first 4 days after STZ administration, but
      during the subsequent 5- to 11-day period the mean (+/- SEM) levels in insulin
      treated (DI) (21.4 +/- 4.9 ng/mL) and untreated (D) (8.5 +/- 1.5 ng/ml) diabetic
      rats were significantly (P less than .001) lower than in controls (C) (117.8 +/-
      22.9 ng/mL). Multiple transcripts of IGF-I (7.0, 4.0, 1.9, 1.0 kb), but barely
      detectable amounts of IGF-II mRNA, were found in the livers of normal and
      diabetic rats by Northern blot analysis. Using dot blot analysis, we have shown
      that the abundance of total hepatic IGF-I mRNA in untreated, growth-retarded
      diabetic animals decreases rapidly over a period of 3 days after STZ
      administration. Both serum IGF-I and IGF-II levels are also diminished during
      this interval in these markedly hyperglycemic rats. Insulin treatment for 3 to 4
      days, started either immediately (6 hours) or within 3 days after administering
      STZ, blunts diabetes-induced impairment of growth and restores mean hepatic IGF-I
      mRNA abundance to control levels, but does not normalize serum IGF-I and IGF-II
      concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407929
TI  - The demise of the "Greek Oracle" model for medical diagnostic systems.

PMID- 2407930
TI  - The GP's dilemmas: a study of knowledge need and use during health care
      consultations.
AB  - For use in system development, a method based on both qualitative and
      quantitative data was employed to study the difficulties--the dilemmas--a general
      practitioner (GP) faces during daily consultations. Video recordings were used
      for stimulated recall of the consultation. From 46 consultations, 262 dilemmas
      were identified by the 12 GPs involved. Medical dilemmas were encountered during
      three out of four consultations. Dilemmas in the communication with the patient
      occurred during two consultations out of three, while dilemmas in the
      organizational environment and dilemmas challenging the GP's personal competence
      occurred during one consultation out of three, respectively. A phenomenological
      analysis of the comments showed that few dilemmas were described as problems
      during "hypothetico-deductive reasoning". In many cases the GP found it difficult
      to understand the situation as a whole. Based on these qualitative data, a model
      of the GP's management of ill-structured complex dilemmas is discussed and
      proposed, to be taken into account in the development of decision support systems
      for outpatient practice.

PMID- 2407931
TI  - Proposed methodology for knowledge acquisition: a study on congenital heart
      disease diagnosis.
AB  - This paper proposes a methodology for knowledge acquisition (KA) from multiple
      experts, in an attempt to elicit the heuristic rules followed by the physician in
      diagnosing twelve frequently occurring congenital heart diseases (CHD). Twenty
      two pediatric cardiologists and twenty-three general cardiologists were
      interviewed with this technique; 274 interviews were conducted, 169 with the 22
      experts, 105 with the 23 non-experts. A graph formalism was employed to represent
      their reasoning model, leading to the construction of a "mean reasoning model"
      for each diagnosis, separately for experts and non-experts. The results indicate
      that experts, compared to non-experts, tend to build knowledge representation
      models (KRM) that are smaller and less complex. Qualitative differences in
      information utilization between the two groups were also observed. Entropy
      analysis suggests a greater objectivity and cohesion of the experts' model.

PMID- 2407932
TI  - Some comments on teaching biostatistics in medical and health sciences.
AB  - The role of statistical methods is now well recognized in health sciences since
      these disciplines are concerned with the study of communities or populations
      where the principles of sampling and statistical inference are clearly
      applicable. However, many medical and health sciences teachers and students have
      been slower to perceive the need for knowledge of biostatistical methods, even
      though all aspects of medical diagnosis and prognosis are governed by the laws of
      probability. Some of them are still skeptical about the value and importance of
      biostatistical principles to their fields and raise questions about the meaning,
      content, and nature of biostatistics and relevance of its teaching to health
      sciences disciplines. The purpose of this essay is to address some of these
      issues with the hope to invoke comments and responses from other biostatistics
      instructors who have encountered similar predicaments in their teaching and
      consulting roles to health sciences students and professionals.

PMID- 2407933
TI  - The Delphi method to validate diagnostic knowledge in computerized ECG
      interpretation.
AB  - We investigated the applicability of the Delphi method for increasing the
      agreement among multiple cardiologists on, firstly, their classifications of a
      set of electrocardiograms and, secondly, their reasons for these classifications.
      Five cardiologists were requested to judge the computer classifications of a set
      of thirty ECGs. If a cardiologist disagreed with the computer classification, he
      had to provide a new classification and a reason for this change. The results of
      this first round were compiled and anonymously fed back to the cardiologists. In
      a second round the cardiologists were asked once again to judge the ECGs and to
      rate the reasons provided in the first round. The level of agreement was
      estimated by means of the kappa statistic. The Delphi procedure substantially
      increased the agreement on the classifications among the cardiologists. The final
      agreement was very high and comparable with the intraobserver agreement. There
      was also a high level of agreement on the reasons provided by the cardiologists.
      However, their use in improving the program's performance is hampered by the
      qualitative nature of many of the reasons. Suggestions are given for a more
      formalized elicitation of knowledge.

PMID- 2407934
TI  - Isolation of an inhibitor of cell-free protein synthesis from Salmonella
      enteritidis.
AB  - Sonic extracts of Salmonella enteritidis, serotype enteritidis, contain a factor
      which inhibits eukaryotic cell-free protein synthesis tested on a rabbit
      reticulocyte lysate system and on a poly(U)-dependent system from Artemia salina
      embryos. The factor is heat-labile, does not diffuse through dialysis bags and is
      precipitated by ammonium sulphate. A 78% recovery of the factor was obtained in
      the 60-80 per cent ammonium sulphate saturation range, with a 3.3-fold
      purification. The factor binds to DEAE-cellulose. In the fraction eluted at 0.55
      M NaCl, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows only two protein bands (Mr
      55,000 and 29,000). While the inhibitory activity on protein synthesis of the
      crude factor is fairly stable at 4 degrees C, it becomes very labile after DEAE
      cellulose chromatography. The ID50 of the partially purified factor was less than
      0.55 microgram (20-fold purification).

PMID- 2407935
TI  - A clinical evaluation of contrast-detail analysis for ultrasound images.
AB  - We report on the reproducibility of human observers' vanishing detection
      thresholds for visual targets in contrast-detail (C/D) analysis of ultrasound B
      mode images. The images used in this study contain visual targets which are
      circular cross sections of constant-contrast conical structures in the C/D
      phantom. The vanishing threshold diameters for these targets vary as a function
      of the perceived size of the imaged target, target-to-background contrast, image
      noise content, and reproducibility of the decision levels of human observers for
      repeated observations. Our study indicates that the determination of absolute
      vanishing threshold diameter values for several targets of different contrast by
      human observers yields a high degree of error that is not predicted by existing
      theoretical assumptions based on a static threshold detector. We find that
      systematic error is introduced by the observers during the course of the
      experiment and that the levels of sensitivity of the observers differ widely at
      all times, and increase the amount of total observer error. These results suggest
      that, due to the large total observer error, C/D analysis may be impractical in a
      clinical environment, unless there is access to a team of observers specifically
      and extensively trained in this task. We suggest that a computer-based observer
      may be more reliable for the objective performance of contrast-detail analysis as
      a method for evaluating ultrasound image quality and comparison of imaging
      systems.

PMID- 2407936
TI  - Image feature analysis and computer-aided diagnosis in digital radiography:
      effect of digital parameters on the accuracy of computerized analysis of
      interstitial disease in digital chest radiographs.
AB  - We are developing a computerized method for measurement of lung texture in
      digital chest radiographs for detection and characterization of interstitial
      disease. Physical texture measures are obtained from analysis of the power
      spectrum of the lung texture. We have investigated the effect of digital
      parameters such as pixel size, regions of interest size, the number of
      quantitation levels, and the peak frequency of the visual system response, as
      well as the effect of the unsharp masking technique on the performance of this
      computerized method. We calculated the texture measures by changing digital
      parameters for 100 normal lungs and 100 abnormal lungs in our database. Receiver
      operating characteristic (ROC) curves were employed for evaluation of the
      performance of this computerized method for distinguishing between normal and
      abnormal lungs. We used the area under the ROC curve to compare the detection
      accuracy for interstitial infiltrates. We believe that the results of this study
      may be useful as a guide in the design of computerized schemes for lung texture
      analysis in digital chest radiographs.

PMID- 2407937
TI  - No 'fruit' in Nazi data.

PMID- 2407938
TI  - Medicare is now denying services that were once covered.

PMID- 2407940
TI  - Reconstitution of rat liver 60S ribosomal subunits following disassembly by
      dimethylmaleic anhydride.
AB  - Modification of 60S ribosomal subunits from rat liver with dimethylmaleic
      anhydride (60 mumols/ml) is accompanied by release of 35% of the protein. The
      acidic ribosomal proteins, as well as 9 basic proteins, are selectively liberated
      from the ribosomal subunits. Reconstitution of the protein-deficient particles
      with the corresponding split proteins is accompanied by substantial recovery of
      the original polyphenylalanine synthetic activity. The described reconstitution
      procedure can be used to investigate the roles played by the released proteins
      and the functional similarities of proteins from different sources. Hybrid
      reconstitution of residual ribosomal particles from rat liver or yeast with the
      corresponding heterologous split proteins produces subunits which have
      incorporated heterologous proteins but are inactive in polyphenylalanine
      synthesis.

PMID- 2407941
TI  - Hepatic glycogen metabolism in the db/db mouse.
AB  - Knowledge of the metabolic changes that occur in insulin-resistant type 2
      diabetes is relatively lacking compared to insulin-deficient type 1 diabetes.
      This paper summarizes the importance of the C57BL/KsJ-db/db mouse as a model of
      type 2 diabetes, and illustrates the effects that insulin-deficient and insulin
      resistant states have on hepatic glycogen metabolism. A longitudinal study of
      db/db mice of ages 2-15 weeks revealed that significant changes in certain
      parameters of hepatic glycogen metabolism occur during this period. The liver
      glycogen levels were similar between diabetic and control mice. However, glycogen
      particles from db/db mice were on average smaller in mass and had shorter
      exterior and interior chain lengths. Total phosphorylase and phosphorylase a
      activities were elevated in the genetically diabetic mice. This was primarily due
      to an increase in the amount of enzymic protein apparently the result of a
      decreased rate of degradation. It was not possible to find a consistent
      alteration in glycogen activity in the db/db mice. Glycogen synthase and
      phosphorylase from diabetic liver revealed some changes in kinetic properties in
      the form of a decrease in Vmax and altered sensitivity to inhibitors like ATP.
      The altered glycogen structure in db/db mice may have contributed to changes in
      the activities and properties of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase. The exact
      role played by hormones (insulin and glucagon) in these changes is not clear but
      further studies should reveal their contributions. The db/db mouse provides a
      good model for type 2 diabetes and for fluctuating insulin and glucagon
      ratios.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2407942
TI  - Cell biology of tooth enamel formation. Functional electron microscopic
      monographs.

PMID- 2407943
TI  - [Pathobiology of human primary benign and malignant liver tumors].
AB  - Authors elaborated 35 surgically removed tumors of liver by morphological and
      biochemical methods. From tumors 5 proved to be hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), 12
      to focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and 18 to hepatocellular cancer (HCC). On the
      basis of enzyme histochemical and biochemical examinations, HCA is characterised
      by "normal" enzyme pattern. By the above method, FNH can be divided into two
      groups, characterized with "normal" and "abnormal" (tumor-like) enzyme change,
      while HCC proved to be very heterogeneous. Majority of HCA and FNH cases,
      according to data gained by flow cytometer, were of diploid DNA content. In
      majority of HCC cases, DNA diploid was aneuploid, but in three cases normal DNA
      content was observed. The above mentioned examination revealed several different
      characteristics of human hepatic tumors, compared to experimentally created
      tumors of liver.

PMID- 2407939
TI  - Immunochemical approaches to the study of histone H1 and high mobility group
      chromatin proteins.
AB  - This review is an attempt to summarize all existing data on histone H1 and high
      mobility group proteins obtained with immunochemical methods. The following
      issues are treated consecutively: production of specific antisera to these
      protein groups, antigenic structure of the polypeptide chains, use of antibodies
      for the identification, the quantitative estimation and the study of the tissue-
      and species-specificity of the proteins. Special attention is devoted to the
      studies of the localization of the respective antigens in the cell, the nucleus,
      the chromosomes and the interphase chromatin. The use of specific antibodies for
      the elucidation of the role these proteins play in such basic cellular processes
      as proliferation and differentiation, replication and transcription is also
      discussed. It becomes clear that the use of immunochemical approaches in the
      study of specific chromatin proteins both at the level of the protein molecule
      and at the level of chromatin can be a powerful tool for the resolution of a
      number of specific problems. The field is very promising and will undoubtedly
      develop intensely in the nearest future.

PMID- 2407944
TI  - [The effect of endothelial interaction on the binding capacity of DNA acridine
      orange in hypertension].
AB  - Interaction of monocytes and endothelial cells were examined by acridine orange
      reaction in arteries of normotensive and hypertonic rats. The method is suitable
      for electron microscope study of DNA template activity. Activity of gen was
      compared in surface bound and subendothelial and in nonadhesive endothelial cells
      bound to monocyte. Acridine orange positivity, indicative of genic activity, was
      not found in few monocytes adhered in arteries of normotensive animals, while 62%
      of adhesive monocytes of hypertonic and 86% of ones accessed to endothelial space
      contained the products of acridine-orange-chromatin reaction in its nuclear,
      showing with it the gene derepression quickly ensuing in acute hypertensive
      vascular lesions. Only 2% of endothelial cells of pseudo-operated normotensive
      animals showed acridine orange positivity, while 17% of endothelial cells of
      hypertonic animals were positive. In the latter animals, 57% of endothelial cells
      showed acridine orange positivity, if monocytes adhered to their surface. In 84%
      of monocyte-endothelial pairs connected to each other, the nuclei have activity
      of same sign. Results show intensive activation of genes of monocytes in relation
      with adhesion and migration to vascular wall. Presumably, both hypertonia and
      monocyte adhesion have contributed to the increase of template activity of
      endothelial cells.

PMID- 2407945
TI  - [Correlation between the extrarenal renin-angiotensin system and the mononuclear
      phagocyte system].
AB  - Authors survey the cyto-biological effect of extra-renal renin-angiotensin system
      on the basis of literature data and of their own previous results. It is
      established that renin and angiotensins in extra-renal localisation take part
      mainly in inflammatory process. In this respect, one of the important target cell
      group of angiotensin system is the certain elements of mononuclear phagocyte
      system, on which angiotensin II has cytokine-like effect. Renin-angiotensins
      detected by authors in non-activated alveolar mono-phages and monocytes raise the
      possibility, that these cells also have independent, intra-cellular regulating
      renin-angiotensin.

PMID- 2407946
TI  - [DNA cytometry and morphometry, based on TV image analysis, in the diagnosis of
      gastric carcinoma].
AB  - Cytological smears from gastric biopsies were studied by two types of TAS.
      Bocking's algorithm and a great number of form factors were used to separate the
      intact cells from the tumourous ones. The numerically expressed density features
      and morphometric parameters are able to indicate the possibility of malignant
      transformation even in dysplasia. These values become much higher in tumours and
      lead to unequivocal diagnosis. Both types of TAS render valuable help in
      assessing cases not reliably diagnosed by routine staining procedures.

PMID- 2407947
TI  - [Quackery, alternative medicine and the forensic expert].
AB  - The crime of charlatanism can be committed only by individuals having not
      qualified as physician, who perform regular healing activity or accept any kind
      of compensation for such activity. Health workers with secondary qualification
      and those who graduated from colleges of medicine also commit charlatanism if
      their healing activity is out of their professional competence. When a physician
      performs unprofessional activity breaking the rules of his profession, which is
      colloquially interpreted as charlatanism, the term "malpractice" is used.
      Charlatanism may directly endanger the patient in case the drug used is
      deleterious or the applied procedure causes damage. The indirect danger
      manifesting itself in the lack of setting the diagnosis and starting the
      necessary treatment is much more significant. Quite a few of the drugs applied in
      folk medicine and alternative medicine are undoubtedly useful and advantageous,
      they may well complement scientifically-based medication. Occasionally the
      improvement achieved in this way is objective and measurable, however, in cases
      it is subjective. In more than one cases the psycho-therapeutical effect is
      amazingly significant. Subjective improvement is of great importance from the
      patient's point of view. "Official" medicine should never ignore the psycho
      therapeutical effect. No negative preconception should be expressed about unknown
      new possibilities in advance, only checked experiments and scientific disputes my
      lead to taking objective stand-points. Any individual is in the right of doing
      scientific research, including making and discovering new medicaments. However,
      no-one is in the right of applying and selling drugs to patients by neglecting
      the national practice of medicament registration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2407948
TI  - Biochemical and cytogenetical characterization of Chinese hamster ovary X-ray
      sensitive mutant cells xrs 5 and xrs 6. V. The correlation of DNA strand breaks
      and base damage to chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges induced
      by X-irradiation.
AB  - The X-ray-sensitive Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) mutant cell lines xrs 5 and xrs 6
      were used to study the relation between X-ray-induced DNA lesions and biological
      effects. The frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid
      exchanges (SCE) were determined in wild-type CHO-K1 as well as mutants xrs 5 and
      xrs 6 cells following X-irradiation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
      Furthermore, we used a newly developed immunochemical method (based on the
      binding of a monoclonal antibody to single-stranded DNA) to assay DNA single
      strand breaks (SSBs) induced by gamma-rays in these CHO cells, after a repair
      time of up to 4 h. For all cell lines tested the frequency of X-ray-induced
      chromosomal aberrations was strongly increased after irradiation in air compared
      with hypoxic conditions. When compared to the wild-type line, the xrs mutants
      known to have a defect in repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) exhibited a
      markedly enhanced sensitivity to aerobic irradiation, and a high OER (oxygen
      enhancement ratio) of 2.8-3.5, compared with 1.8-2 in CHO-K1 cells. The induction
      of SCE by X-rays was relatively little affected in CHO-K1 irradiated in air
      compared with hypoxic conditions (OER = 0.8), and in xrs 5 (OER = 0.7). A dose
      dependent increase in the frequency of SCEs was obtained in xrs 6 cells treated
      with X-rays in air, and a further increase by a factor of 2 was evident under
      hypoxic conditions (OER = 0.4). With the immunochemical assay of SSB following
      gamma-irradiation, no difference was found between wild-type and mutant strains
      in the number of SSBs induced. The observed rate of rejoining of SSBs was also
      the same for all cell lines studied.

PMID- 2407949
TI  - UvrABC nuclease complex repairs thymine glycol, an oxidative DNA base damage.
AB  - The UvrABC nuclease complex recognizes a wide spectrum of DNA lesions including
      pyrimidine dimers, bulky chemical adducts and O6-methylguanine. In this study we
      have demonstrated that the UvrABC complex is also able to incise PM2 DNA
      containing the oxidative DNA lesion, thymine glycol. However, DNA containing
      dihydrothymine, a lesion with a similar structure to thymine glycol, was not
      incised. The UvrABC complex was also able to incise DNA containing reduced
      apurinic sites or apurinic sites modified with O-alkyl hydroxylamines, but not
      DNA containing apurinic sites or urea residues. In vivo, in the absence of base
      excision repair, nucleotide excision repair was operable on phi X-174 RF
      transfecting DNA containing thymine glycols. The level of the repair was found to
      be directly related to the level of the UvrABC complex. Thus, UvrABC-mediated
      nucleotide excision repair appears to play a role in the repair of thymine
      glycol, an oxidative DNA-base lesion that is produced by ionizing radiation or
      formed during oxidative respiration.

PMID- 2407950
TI  - Genotoxicity of chromium compounds. A review.
AB  - This article reviews approximately 700 results reported in the literature with 32
      chromium compounds assayed in 130 short-term tests, using different targets
      and/or genetic end-points. The large majority of the results obtained with Cr(VI)
      compounds were positive, as a function of Cr(VI) solubility and bioavailability
      to target cells. On the other hand, Cr(III) compounds, although even more
      reactive than Cr(VI) with purified nucleic acids, did not induce genotoxic
      effects in the majority of studies using intact cells. Coupled with the findings
      of metabolic studies, the large data-base generated in short-term test systems
      provides useful information for predicting and interpreting the peculiar patterns
      of Cr(VI) carcinogenicity.

PMID- 2407951
TI  - DNA-replication recovery inhibition and subsequent reinitiation in UV-radiation
      damaged E. coli: a strategy for survival.
AB  - Using the incorporation of [14C]thymine to measure DNA accumulation, it was shown
      that exposure of the B/r strain of Escherichia coli to 10 J/m2 of ultraviolet
      radiation (UV) inhibits replication for about 20 min, but then resumption of
      replication occurs. Pulse-labelling with [3H]thymidine after exposure of the WT
      strain to this fluence confirmed the transient inhibition and recovery of DNA
      replication. After recovery, the rate of accumulation of DNA in the culture
      increases, to exceed that of the exponentially growing culture, so that
      eventually the amount of DNA almost equals that of the unirradiated culture.
      After a higher fluence (20 J/m2), an inhibition of replication recovery was
      revealed. This fluence delays the reinitiation of DNA accumulation in the
      culture, measured by [14C]thymine incorporation, for 25 min more, in addition to
      the 20-min recovery period. This finding was confirmed with pulse-labelling
      studies, which revealed that the higher exposure represses the rates of
      replication for 45 min before replication at the normal rate reinitiates in the
      culture. It was proposed that the inhibition of recovery revealed by these
      investigations is effected by the UV-induction of an active DNA-replication
      recovery-inhibition process. With the uvrA strain, rate studies revealed that 1.5
      J/m2 of UV (a reduced fluence necessary because of the greater sensitivity of the
      strain) induces a transient inhibition of DNA replication, with considerable
      recovery following. Exposure to 3.0 J/m2 induces the transient inhibition of
      replication, followed by massive recovery inhibition after 20 min of incubation.
      With uvrA recA, both the lower and the higher fluence resulted in an immediate
      block of replication with no recovery, confirming the recA gene dependency of the
      recovery process. The decrease in rate of replication comparable to that seen in
      the uvrA strain after 20 min, and taken as evidence of the function of the
      recovery-inhibition process, was not seen. The evidence supports the concept that
      a process somehow triggered by higher UV fluences functions to repress
      replication temporarily, presumably allowing time for repair processes to take
      place before replication overruns closely linked pyrimidine dimers on opposite
      strands to create lethal lesions.

PMID- 2407952
TI  - Mutagenicity experiments on L-cysteine and D-penicillamine using V79 cells as
      indicators and for metabolic activation.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that cysteine and penicillamine induce gene mutations
      in Salmonella typhimurium, the effect being strongly potentiated in the presence
      of mammalian tissue preparations. It has now been demonstrated that homogenate of
      V79 Chinese hamster cells is an efficient activator of thiol amino acids as well.
      Nevertheless, L-cysteine and D-penicillamine did not induce gene mutations
      (acquisition of resistance towards 6-thioguanine) in V79 cells. This was true
      even in the presence of the most efficient activating system, kidney
      postmitochondrial fraction. The result suggests the existence of an effective
      protective system in mammalian cells against the natural amino acid L-cysteine
      and its therapeutically used derivative, D-penicillamine.

PMID- 2407953
TI  - Structure, chemical reactivity, and in vitro mutagenic activity in a series of
      fecapentaene analogues.

PMID- 2407954
TI  - Metabolic activation of 2,4-dinitrobiphenyl derivatives for their mutagenicity in
      Salmonella typhimurium TA98.
AB  - In order to elucidate the mechanisms of mutagenic activation of nitroarenes, we
      tested the mutagenic potency of 18 kinds of nitroarenes including nitrated
      biphenyl, fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the
      absence and presence of S9 mix. The mutagenicities of 2,4-dinitrobiphenyl
      derivatives and 4-nitrobiphenyl were enhanced by the addition of S9. 2,4,6
      Trinitrobiphenyl (3 net rev./10 micrograms without S9) was activated 60-fold by
      the mammalian metabolic system (181 net rev./10 micrograms with 10% S9). The
      mutagenic potency of 2,4,2',4'-tetranitrobiphenyl in TA98, TA98NR and TA98/1,8
      DNP6 was also enhanced by the addition of 10% S9. But 1-nitropyrene and 1,3
      dinitropyrene, which are well-known mutagens and carcinogens, were deactivated to
      3% and 0.4%, respectively, by the addition of 10% S9. Separate addition of
      microsomal and cytosolic fractions slightly activated the mutagenicity of 2,4,6
      trinitrobiphenyl, and 2,4,2',4'-tetranitrobiphenyl was activated not only by S9
      but also by the cytosolic fraction.

PMID- 2407955
TI  - Prognosis and management after a first myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2407956
TI  - The effects of hydrochlorothiazide and captopril on glucose and lipid metabolism.

PMID- 2407957
TI  - Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in postmenopausal women with
      osteoporosis.
AB  - Although fluoride increases bone mass, the newly formed bone may have reduced
      strength. To assess the effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in
      osteoporosis, we conducted a four-year prospective clinical trial in 202
      postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and vertebral fractures who were randomly
      assigned to receive sodium fluoride (75 mg per day) or placebo. All received a
      calcium supplement (1500 mg per day). Sixty-six women in the fluoride group and
      69 women in the placebo group completed the trial. As compared with the placebo
      group, the treatment group had increases in median bone mineral density of 35
      percent (P less than 0.0001) in the lumbar spine (predominantly cancellous bone),
      12 percent (P less than 0.0001) in the femoral neck, and 10 percent (P less than
      0.0001) in the femoral trochanter (sites of mixed cortical and cancellous bone),
      but the bone mineral density decreased by 4 percent (P less than 0.02) in the
      shaft of the radius (predominantly cortical bone). The number of new vertebral
      fractures was similar in the treatment and placebo groups (163 and 136,
      respectively; P not significant), but the number of nonvertebral fractures was
      higher in the treatment group (72 vs. 24; P less than 0.01). Fifty-four women in
      the fluoride group and 24 in the placebo group had side effects sufficiently
      severe to warrant dose reduction; the major side effects were gastrointestinal
      symptoms and lower-extremity pain. We conclude that fluoride therapy increases
      cancellous but decreases cortical bone mineral density and increases skeletal
      fragility. Thus, under the conditions of this study, the fluoride-calcium regimen
      was not effective treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis.

PMID- 2407958
TI  - Early management of shock and prophylaxis of acute renal failure in traumatic
      rhabdomyolysis.

PMID- 2407959
TI  - Preliminary report of the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation, even in the absence of rheumatic valvular disease,
      predisposes patients to embolic complications, but the role of antithrombotic
      therapy in the prevention of such complications has not been fully clarified. We
      therefore performed a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate warfarin
      and aspirin individually as prophylaxis against ischemic stroke and systemic
      embolism (the primary events) in such patients. Patients eligible to receive
      warfarin (group 1) were assigned to warfarin (open label), aspirin (325 mg per
      day), or placebo (aspirin and placebo were given in a doubleblind fashion). Those
      who were not eligible for warfarin (group 2) received either aspirin or placebo
      in a double-blind fashion. The placebo arm of group 1 was recently terminated,
      when evidence emerged that each active agent was superior to placebo. In this
      paper we report preliminary data on active therapy (with either warfarin or
      aspirin) as compared with placebo in group 1, and on aspirin as compared with
      placebo in groups 1 and 2 combined. By November 1989, 1244 patients had been
      followed for a mean of 1.13 years. The event rates were 1.6 percent per year in
      the 393 patients who made up the two active treatment arms (warfarin and aspirin)
      of group 1, and 8.3 percent per year in the 195 patients who made up the placebo
      arm (P less than 0.00005) (risk reduction, 81 percent; 95 percent confidence
      interval, 56 to 91). In all 517 patients given aspirin, the rate of primary
      events (3.2 percent per year) was lower than that in the 528 patients given
      placebo (6.3 percent per year; P = 0.014) (risk reduction, 49 percent; 95 percent
      confidence interval, 15 to 69). However, we were unable to show a benefit of
      aspirin in patients over 75 years of age. These preliminary data indicate that
      antithrombotic therapy with warfarin or aspirin is effective in the short term in
      reducing the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial
      fibrillation due to causes other than rheumatic valvular disease. The relative
      benefits of aspirin and warfarin remain unclear, and the trial is continuing in
      order to address this issue.

PMID- 2407960
TI  - Endothelin in myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2407961
TI  - Towards the evolution of ribozymes.

PMID- 2407962
TI  - New data on excisions of Mu from E. coli MCS2 cast doubt on directed mutation
      hypothesis.
AB  - According to the directed mutation hypothesis, certain mutations in bacteria
      occur more frequently in environments in which the resulting phenotype is
      selectively favoured than in non-selective environments. This hypothesis
      therefore challenges the fundamental tenet that mutations occur spontaneously,
      irrespective of effects on the organism's fitness. One purported case of directed
      mutation is the excision of a Mu sequence from Escherichia coli strain MCS2 in
      minimal lactose-arabinose medium. Here, we show that this case can be more simply
      explained by an accelerated rate of excision mutation in response to non-specific
      physiological stresses of starvation and by slight growth of MCS2 on minimal
      lactose-arabinose medium.

PMID- 2407963
TI  - AIDS drug tests: placebo or no placebo?

PMID- 2407964
TI  - Angiokeratoma of Fordyce.

PMID- 2407965
TI  - Roster. North Carolina Medical Society. 1989-1990.

PMID- 2407966
TI  - [Psychogenic and psychoreactive disorders of sleep. Occurrence, types, causes and
      therapy].

PMID- 2407967
TI  - [Nosologic status of schizoaffective psychoses. Problems and empirical findings].

PMID- 2407968
TI  - Automated percutaneous discectomy: a prospective multi-institutional study.
AB  - A prospective multi-institutional study was carried out to evaluate automated
      percutaneous discectomy in the treatment of lumbar disc herniations. Of the 327
      patients who prospectively met the study criteria and were followed for longer
      than 1 year, 75.2% were successfully treated. When patients (n = 168) who
      prospectively did not meet the study criteria were treated, the success rate was
      49.4%. One case of discitis was reported; otherwise, no other serious
      complications were noted, and specifically no vascular or nerve damage was
      encountered. This study indicates that automated percutaneous discectomy can be
      used successfully to treat lumbar disc herniations with minimal morbidity and
      emphasizes the need for proper patient selection.

PMID- 2407969
TI  - Transcranial Doppler ultrasound as a guide to graded therapeutic occlusion of the
      carotid artery.
AB  - Although gradual carotid artery occlusion is an accepted and effective treatment
      for some surgically inaccessible intracranial aneurysms, there are no specific
      guidelines to determine the optimal amount of carotid artery narrowing at each
      adjustment. The technique of transcranial Doppler ultrasound, however, allows
      continuous measurement of blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery as the
      carotid artery is narrowed, so that hemodynamic effects and development of
      collateral flow can be immediately assessed at the bedside at each adjustment of
      the carotid artery diameter. This case report describes the use of transcranial
      Doppler to guide the rate of carotid occlusion in a patient with an unclippable
      giant aneurysm of the carotid artery. Sudden carotid occlusion and gradual
      occlusion at the usual rate were not tolerated by the patient, but repeatedly
      tightening the clamp until the first signs of attenuation of the Doppler signal
      allowed an expedient occlusion without complication. Transcranial Doppler
      ultrasound can provide a useful dynamic guide to gradual therapeutic carotid
      occlusion.

PMID- 2407970
TI  - Ruptured aneurysm at the origin of the accessory middle cerebral artery: case
      report.
AB  - The accessory middle cerebral artery is a rare vascular anomaly of the brain. We
      describe a case of a ruptured aneurysm at the junction of the accessory middle
      cerebral artery and the horizontal portion of the anterior cerebral artery. The
      lesion was demonstrated by angiography and confirmed at surgery. No perforating
      arteries arising from this accessory artery were found. There have been only four
      previous reports of aneurysms located at the origin of the accessory middle
      cerebral artery. The relevant literature is briefly reviewed.

PMID- 2407971
TI  - Radiation-induced meningioma after treatment for pituitary adenoma: case report
      and literature review.
AB  - Radiation-induced meningiomas are becoming increasingly well-recognized. We
      report a case of a 35-year-old man who developed a suprasellar meningioma 9 years
      after receiving a radiation dose of 4480 cGy for a pituitary adenoma. The
      literature is also reviewed.

PMID- 2407972
TI  - Creative thought in neurosurgical research: the value of citation analysis.
AB  - Creative research thought, embodying original ideas that are adaptable and
      lasting, changes the scholarship and course of neurosurgery, and will be
      recognized by high citation frequency. Thirty-nine of 50 of the first American
      neurosurgeons were the first authors of 411 research papers, which were studied
      by analysis of citations between 1965 and 1979. Of all papers written by these
      authors between 1896 and 1976, 11% concerned research; this category received 22%
      of the aggregate of citations. The five research areas that received the largest
      number of citations were brain tumors (745), central nervous system physiology
      (279), experimental hydrocephalus (232), increased intracranial pressure (222),
      and head injury (107). Solutions to these problems were resolved with varying
      degrees of success. Interest in brain tumor research was reflected by the use of
      special staining techniques in 30% of these papers. Seventy percent of
      neurosurgical research papers appeared in clinical journals. The Archives of
      Neurology and Psychiatry had the largest number of papers and of total citations
      for journals. The paper cited most often was Dandy's, "Internal Hydrocephalus: An
      Experimental, Clinical, and Pathological Study." Cushing and Penfield each wrote
      3 of the 10 most cited research papers. The most productive research authors were
      also most often cited. They included Bailey (441), Cushing (431), Penfield (423),
      Dandy (246), and Davis (158). Among the 50 authors, the percentage of published
      research papers did not separate the neurosurgeon with laboratory experience from
      his clinically oriented counterpart with regard to productivity and creativity.
      The data suggest that neurosurgeons are generally not basic scientists but
      clinical investigators.

PMID- 2407973
TI  - Three-point skull clamp for infants.

PMID- 2407974
TI  - Mesmer and his critics.
AB  - The Medical History Society of New Jersey awarded the Stephen Wickes Prize in the
      History of Medicine to this original essay on Franz Anton Mesmer. Mesmer, the
      controversial Austrian doctor, was known for his theory of animal magnetism.

PMID- 2407975
TI  - Pasteurella multocida meningitis.
AB  - The diagnosis of Pasteurella multocida meningitis was confused by a false
      positive latex particle agglutination test implicating group B streptococcus.
      This illness and false-positive reactions in antigen detection are discussed.

PMID- 2407976
TI  - Nursing diagnosis as content organizer.
AB  - The junior year faculty in a baccalaureate nursing program reorganized nursing
      content around nursing diagnosis. This revision served to highlight nursing
      process better, made the sequence of classes more logical, reduced repetition and
      made the relationship of individual classes to each other clearer. Students and
      faculty concluded that skills in analysis, synthesis, and problem solving were
      greatly enhanced by this format.

PMID- 2407977
TI  - Acquisition of stable food preferences.

PMID- 2407978
TI  - A selective overview of the chemical senses.

PMID- 2407979
TI  - Control of appetite and satiety: insights from biologic and behavioral studies.

PMID- 2407980
TI  - Endocrinologic control of food intake.

PMID- 2407981
TI  - Metabolic regulation of food intake.

PMID- 2407982
TI  - Sensory influences on food intake.

PMID- 2407983
TI  - Restrained eating and human obesity.

PMID- 2407984
TI  - Assessment of the sensory properties of food.

PMID- 2407985
TI  - Effect of the composition of the diet on energy intake.

PMID- 2407986
TI  - Aging: physiological aspects and clinical implications.
AB  - Aging is not a new phenomenon, yet the physiology of aging is little understood.
      Several theories have been formulated to explain the aging process, ranging from
      immunological to free-radical theories of aging. Although the etiology of aging
      is important to understand, equally important is the differentiation of normal
      physiological changes from those associated with disease. The clinician's
      inability to recognize these differences may result in unnecessary testing,
      misdiagnoses and mismanagement of the elderly client. In addition, many of the
      changes associated with aging (e.g., decrease in visual acuity, impaired hearing)
      are potential hazards. One major role for the health care provider is to
      anticipate these changes, prepare the elderly client for them, and assist the
      elderly client in adapting to them. This article summarizes the physiological
      aspects of aging in the absence of disease and discusses some of the clinical
      implications related to these changes. Each system is addressed separately, as
      are the clinical implications related to that system.

PMID- 2407987
TI  - Repetitive strain syndrome--fact not fiction.

PMID- 2407988
TI  - Consensus on day surgery. MRC conference on hospital day surgery December 1989.

PMID- 2407989
TI  - Visual function with presbyopic contact lens correction.
AB  - All forms of ophthalmic correction for presbyopia require compromises in viewing
      flexibility and visual function. The unique effects on vision of contact lenses
      used in managing presbyopia are especially intriguing and potentially
      problematic. Bifocal contact lenses produce unique changes in the nature and
      quality of the retinal image. In monovision (MV) correction, anisometropia is
      intentionally created by fitting one eye to see clearly at optical infinity and
      the other eye to see clearly at the near working distance. Our review of the
      literature indicates that most visual functions are affected by these departures
      from the conventional optical correction strategies used on nonpresbyopes.
      Sensory functions such as contrast sensitivity and stereoacuity are affected
      most, whereas motor functions such as convergence and accommodation are not
      noticeably impaired. MV appears to produce a more widely acceptable visual
      compromise than currently available bifocal contact lenses for most patients.

PMID- 2407990
TI  - Lyme disease.
AB  - Lyme disease is an infectious, immune-mediated, multisystem disease. Recent
      epidemiologic data confirms that in the United States, Lyme disease is spreading
      faster than any other infectious disease except AIDS. The bacteria that causes
      Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, is transmitted to humans by the bite of the
      deer tick, Ixodes dammini. If diagnosed and treated in its early stages, Lyme
      disease is less likely to result in later cardiac, neurologic, and arthritic
      complications. Arthritic complications account for 60% of all late
      manifestations. Nurses can play a major role in the prevention and early
      recognition of this disease. Early treatment with antibiotics can prevent
      subsequent complications.

PMID- 2407991
TI  - [Effect of treatment with clindamycin, erythromycin, rifamycin or gentamicin on
      the ingestion capacity of peritoneal macrophages in mice].
AB  - The effect of treatment with clindamycin, erythromycin, rifamycin and gentamicin
      on the ingestion capacity of the mouse peritoneal macrophage was studied. Female
      six-eight week old OF1 mice were treated with minimum and maximum doses
      clinically used for the different antibiotics (15 and 40 mg/kg/day of
      clindamycin, 15 and 57.5 mg/kg/day of erythromycin, 10 and 30 mg/kg/day of
      rifamycin, 3 and 6 mg/kg/day of gentamicin). Two treatment periods of 72 hours
      and one week were assayed for each antibiotic-dose combination. Antibiotic was
      administered twice daily, every twelve hours. Twelve hours after the last dose
      was given, macrophages were obtained through peritoneal lavage and a kinetic
      study of Candida albicans blastospore ingestion was made. One week treatment with
      15 mg/kg/day and 72 hours treatment with 57.5 mg/kg/day of erythromycin produced
      a significant ingestion enhancement whereas one week treatment with 57.5
      mg/kg/day of erythromycin and all treatments with gentamicin gave rise to an
      ingestion depression. 72 hours treatment with 15 and 40 mg/kg/day and one week
      treatment with 15 mg/kg/day of clindamycin, 15 mg/kg/day of erythromycin and 10
      and 30 mg/kg/day of rifamycin did not modify macrophage ingestion capacity. One
      week treatment with 40 mg/kg/day of clindamycin and 10 and 30 mg/kg/day of
      rifamycin gave rise to an acceleration of the ingestion process.

PMID- 2407992
TI  - [Bone tissue and cancer].
AB  - Bone remodeling is a constant phenomenon balancing between osteoblastic bone
      formation and osteoclastic bone resorption in the neighbourhood of a cellular
      micro-environment including stromal and hemopoietic cells. Numerous local factors
      and hormones modulate such a mechanism and act synergistically, usually through
      the indirect production of osteoblastic coupling factors. The majority of the
      cytokines acting on bone remodeling possess both actions upon activation of
      mature osteoclasts and differentiation of hemopoietic osteoclast progenitors.
      Components from bone matrix which include non-collagenous bone proteins and other
      local factors are major products acting on bone remodeling. The presence of a
      cancer may determine changes in bone remodeling, directly through tumor-mediated
      resorption or indirectly through the action of local or systemic factors with or
      without tumor involvement of bone. Bone remodeling associated with cancer is
      usually an uncoupled phenomenon with decreased bone formation and increased bone
      resorption. In B-cell malignancies, abnormal bone remodeling is an early event
      linked to specific bone involvement. Abnormal osteoclast differentiation (micro-
      or macro-resorption) represents a major difference between myeloma and other B
      cell malignancies. Several synergistic factors produced by tumor cells and micro
      environment are usually implicated in the pathogenesis of bone lytic lesions,
      hypercalcemia or histomorphometric bone changes associated with cancers.

PMID- 2407993
TI  - Inborn errors of metabolism.
AB  - Because of our knowledge of their biochemical bases, the inborn errors of their
      biochemical bases, the inborn errors of metabolism have been especially amenable
      to specifically designed modes of therapy.

PMID- 2407995
TI  - Pediatric approach to the skeletal dysplasias.
AB  - Named for their common impact on bone histogenesis, the category of skeletal
      dysplasias contains over 100 entities of sporadic, teratogenic, or genetic
      etiology.

PMID- 2407994
TI  - Overgrowth syndromes.
AB  - The causes of these fascinating conditions and the mechanisms by which infants of
      such proportions are formed remain generally unknown. Future understanding of the
      overgrowth syndromes is likely to be gained from studies employing the exciting
      new methodology of molecular genetics.

PMID- 2407996
TI  - Office approach to the genetics patient.
AB  - Knowledge of a few disease categories and their associated laboratory tests can
      award the pediatrician full partnership in the management of genetic disease. The
      provision of a DNA test for cystic fibrosis is a recent example of the important
      advances occurring in genetics. Only the enlightened practitioner can ensure that
      patients have full and proper access to such advances.

PMID- 2407997
TI  - Evaluation of the cyanotic newborn.
AB  - In this article, the determinants of hypoxemia and cyanosis are analyzed and
      discussed. The pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and
      treatment of major cyanotic forms of congenital heart disease also are reviewed.

PMID- 2407998
TI  - Imaging congenital heart disease.
AB  - When defined in a broad sense, imaging is the most important aspect of modern
      pediatric cardiovascular medicine. Definition of anatomic defects is now
      accurately and easily obtained with physical inspection, x-ray technology
      (including roentgenology, fluoroscopy, and cineangiography), and
      echocardiography. Echocardiography, with the addition of Doppler and color flow
      Doppler, is the most important development in clinical cardiac imaging in the
      past decade. The exciting new areas of "imaging" are in cardiac functional
      analysis and metabolic evaluation. Viewing the heart at the cellular or
      biochemical level is the challenge of the future. The new technology offered by
      computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and nuclear magnetic resonance
      imaging begins to provide the ability to image the domain of cellular and
      biochemical function.

PMID- 2407999
TI  - Complete transposition of the great arteries: treatment in the current era.
AB  - Transposition of the great arteries usually can be diagnosed by fetal
      echocardiography, which is important because the arterial switch operation,
      currently the treatment of choice, must be performed very early in life. The
      results of the arterial switch operation have been good to date. The dilemma
      remains, however, whether a fetus in whom a diagnosis of transposition is made
      should be aborted or treated surgically soon after delivery.

PMID- 2408000
TI  - Balloon dilation catheters.
AB  - Catheter therapy has gained an important role in the treatment of congenital
      heart disease. The cumulative experience with vascular and valvular balloon
      dilations has demonstrated low mortality and morbidity with short-term results
      similar to surgery. Currently, balloon dilation is an accepted treatment for
      valvular pulmonary stenosis, distal pulmonary artery stenosis, recurrent
      coarctation, rheumatic mitral stenosis, congenital valvular aortic stenosis, and
      intra-atrial baffle obstruction. Except for patients at high surgical risk,
      balloon dilation of native coarctation is considered investigational at most
      institutions but accepted at others. No conclusive evaluation is yet possible for
      dilation of bioprosthetic valves and membranous subaortic stenosis. Individual
      pulmonary veins appear undilatable. Various devices are available for closure of
      extra- and intracardiac communications. Transcatheter closure of aortopulmonary
      collaterals and arteriovenous malformations is now well established at some
      centers. In selected patients, therapeutic embolization of surgical shunts can
      replace surgery. Transcatheter closure of the patent ductus arteriosus has become
      routine at some centers. Nonsurgical closure of atrial and ventricular septal
      defects has entered clinical trials, and preliminary results appear very
      promising. Blade atrioseptostomy and foreign body retrieval are well established.
      Improvement of existing procedures and implementation of new concepts will
      consolidate the role of catheter therapy in congenital and acquired heart
      disease.

PMID- 2408001
TI  - Sudden death in children and young adults.
AB  - Congenital cardiac lesions, whether unrepaired or postoperative, are among the
      most common diagnoses associated with sudden death in the 1- to 20-year-old
      range. In the general population, myocarditis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and
      coronary artery anomalies are common causes of sudden cardiac death. Within the
      subset of pediatric cardiology patients who have not undergone operation,
      patients at greatest risk of sudden death are those with hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy, Eisenmenger syndrome, and tetralogy of Fallot.

PMID- 2408002
TI  - Congenital heart disease: incidence and inheritance.
AB  - Congenital heart disease occurs in approximately 1 per cent of liveborn children,
      but in a much higher percentage of those aborted spontaneously or stillborn. To
      detect as many as possible with CHD, including those with mild lesions, very
      intensive studies are needed. Studies that are not so intensive, especially those
      done before modern diagnostic techniques were in general use, considerably
      underestimated the incidence of CHD in liveborn children. It appears that the
      incidence of CHD and of the various individual lesions does not differ in
      different countries or at different times, providing the ascertainment of CHD is
      complete and accurate. The commonest form of CHD is the ventricular septal
      defect, which occurs in 30 to 40 per cent of all children with CHD. The risks of
      recurrence in siblings and of transmission to future generations depends on the
      exact mode of inheritance involved. Approximately 5 to 8 per cent of CHD is due
      to gross chromosomal abnormalities, and the recurrence risk is that of the
      chromosomal derangement itself. Because many children with these chromosomal
      lesions die in infancy or have reduced fertility, the risk to future generations
      is relatively low. About 3 per cent of CHD is due to classical Mendelian gene
      effects, with correspondingly high recurrence risks in first-degree relatives.
      Most CHD has lower risks of recurrence and transmission than those predicted by
      Mendelian single-gene action. The popular explanation for their inheritance has
      been the interaction of polygenic effects and the environment, but recent studies
      of the recurrence and transmission risks of various forms of CHD do not fit this
      model well. The alternative model is a single gene defect modulated by random
      events. The recurrence risks for future siblings are 2 to 6 per cent, and for
      offspring are 1 to 10 per cent, but in a few families the recurrence and
      transmission risks may be much higher.

PMID- 2408003
TI  - Fetal echocardiographic diagnosis of congenital heart disease.
AB  - The delineation of the structural and functional abnormalities of the fetal heart
      by echocardiography has led to the emergence of a new and vital subspecialty,
      that of fetal cardiology. Its practitioners are from disciplines such as
      genetics, obstetrics, and pediatrics, the common interests of which in the well
      being of the unborn child have converged as technologic advances in ultrasound
      have enabled detailed evaluation and sometimes treatment of fetal hemodynamic
      abnormalities. Each discipline forms an entry point for the identification and
      referral of the high-risk patient or fetus with a suspected abnormality. As has
      been shown obstetric cardiac screening of the general population with ultrasound
      provides the highest yield of cardiac malformations when suspicious findings are
      referred to a subspecialist in fetal cardiac sonography. As we study the
      pathogenesis of congenital defects, it is likely that hitherto unidentified high
      risk populations will be found. The future holds the possibility of meaningful
      surgical interventions that may change the dismal outcome of fetuses with
      certain, now lethal cardiac malformations. Patients with hydrops fetalis due to
      congenital complete heart block are almost certain to die. Intrauterine cardiac
      pacing has been attempted and is a potentially life-saving procedure. Patients in
      whom pulmonary underdevelopment occurs because of the cardiac enlargement
      associated with some types of pulmonary atresia could potentially benefit from
      intrauterine surgery such as valvotomy. Serial fetal echocardiographic
      examination of the developing heart with higher resolution equipment during the
      first trimester may one day pinpoint the exact moment of teratogenesis and lead
      to more specific treatments designed to restore normal embryogenesis. Such
      examinations will, when known to be safe themselves, at the very least
      significantly advance our knowledge of normal cardiac embryogenesis and
      pathogenesis.

PMID- 2408004
TI  - Congenital complete atrioventricular block.
AB  - The various etiologies, pathologic findings, clinical concerns, and features of
      congenital complete atrioventricular block are presented and discussed. In
      addition, prenatal and antenatal diagnostic techniques are explained and
      analyzed. Lastly, treatment and the issues involved in deciding proper treatment
      are discussed in such a way that the general pediatrician can help the family to
      understand and handle the problem.

PMID- 2408005
TI  - Surgical treatment of dysrhythmias in infants and children.
AB  - The recognition of medically refractory dysrhythmias in children has necessitated
      the use of more invasive nonpharmacologic therapies. The role of ablative surgery
      in the management of pediatric rhythm disturbances is presented.

PMID- 2408006
TI  - Nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast psbA and trnH genes from cotton Gossypium
      hirsutum.

PMID- 2408007
TI  - A Chinese hamster ovary cyclophilin cDNA sequence.

PMID- 2408008
TI  - Binary vectors which allow the exchange of plant selectable markers and reporter
      genes.

PMID- 2408009
TI  - Complementation of the xeroderma pigmentosum DNA repair synthesis defect with
      Escherichia coli UvrABC proteins in a cell-free system.
AB  - A newly developed cell-free system was used to study DNA repair synthesis carried
      out by extracts from human cell lines in vitro. Extracts from a normal human
      lymphoid cell line and from cell lines established from individuals with
      hereditary dysplastic nevus syndrome perform damage-dependent repair synthesis in
      plasmid DNA treated with cis- or trans-diamminedichloro-platinum(II) or
      irradiated with ultraviolet light. Cell extracts of xeroderma pigmentosum origin
      (complementation groups A, C, D, and G) are deficient in DNA repair synthesis.
      When damaged plasmid DNA was pretreated with purified Escherichia coli UvrABC
      proteins, xeroderma pigmentosum cell extracts were able to carry out DNA repair
      synthesis. The ability of E. coli UvrABC proteins to complement xeroderma
      pigmentosum cell extracts indicates that the extracts are deficient in incision,
      but can carry out later steps of repair. Thus the in vitro system provides
      results that are in agreement with the incision defect found from studies of
      xeroderma pigmentosum cells.

PMID- 2408010
TI  - New photoactivatable structural and affinity probes of RNAs: specific features
      and applications for mapping of spermine binding sites in yeast tRNA(Asp) and
      interaction of this tRNA with yeast aspartyl-tRNA synthetase.
AB  - Aryldiazonium salts are shown to be useful as phototriggered structural probes
      for RNA mapping as well as for footprinting of RNA/protein interaction. In
      particular the yeast tRNA(Asp)/aspartyl-tRNA synthetase complex is shown to
      involve the variable loop face and the concave side of the L-shaped nucleic acid
      bound to a lipophilic area of the enzyme. When chemically linked to spermine, the
      photoactive group cleaves RNA at polyamine binding sites; 3-4 spermines have been
      located in the tRNA(Asp), stabilizing the central part of the molecule in regions
      where two ribose-phosphate strands are close to each other.

PMID- 2408012
TI  - Interaction of a selenocysteine-incorporating tRNA with elongation factor Tu from
      E.coli.
AB  - Selenocysteine-incorporating tRNA(Sec)(UCA), the product of selC, was isolated
      from E.coli and aminoacylated with serine. The equilibrium dissociation constant
      for the interaction of Ser-tRNA(Sec)(UCA) with elongation factor Tu.GTP was
      determined to be 5.0 +/- 2.5 x 10(-8) M. Compared with the dissociation constants
      of the two elongator Ser-tRNA(Ser) species (Kd = 7 x 10(-10) M), the
      selenocysteine-incorporating UGA suppressor tRNA has an almost hundred fold
      weaker affinity for EF-Tu.GTP. This suggests a mechanism by which the Ser
      tRNA(Sec) is prevented in recognition of UGA codons. This tRNA is not bound to EF
      Tu.GTP and is converted to selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec). We also demonstrate the
      lack of an efficient interaction of Sec-tRNA(Sec)(UCA) with EF-Tu.GTP. The
      results of this work are in support of a mechanism by which the selenocysteine
      incorporation at UGA nonsense codons is mediated by an elongation factor other
      than EF-Tu.GTP.

PMID- 2408011
TI  - The influence of different modifications of elongation factor Tu from Escherichia
      coli on ternary complex formation investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy.
AB  - A fluorescence titration assay was used to detect the effects of various
      modifications of E.coli elongation factor Tu on the formation of the ternary
      complex with aminoacyl-tRNAs. The treatment of EF-Tu.GDP with TPCK, an analogue
      of the 3'terminus of aminoacyl-tRNA, was found to have no influence on the
      conversion of EF-Tu.GDP to 'active' EF-Tu.GTP, but does decrease the affinity of
      the activated protein for yeast aminoacyl-tRNA by more than three orders of
      magnitude. Modification of the elongation factor by limited cleavage with
      trypsin, leading to the excision of amino acid residues 45-58, has only a minor
      influence on ternary complex formation. The equilibrium dissociation constant of
      the ternary complex with this trypsin-treated EF-Tu.GTP and E.coli Phe-tRNA(Phe)
      is only one order of magnitude higher than that of the ternary complex with
      native EF-Tu. Mutations in the amino acid residues 222 and 375 of EF-Tu also have
      little effect on ternary complex formation. Compared with TPCK-treated EF-Tu, the
      affinities of the two mutant species, designated EF-tuAR and EF-TuBO
      respectively, for [AEDANS-s2C]Tyr-tRNA(Tyr) are only slightly reduced and in the
      same range as trypsin-cleaved EF-Tu.

PMID- 2408013
TI  - Adenovirus and minute virus of mice DNAs are localized at the nuclear periphery.
AB  - The localization of adenovirus 2 (Ad2) and Minute Virus of Mice (MVM) DNAs was
      studied in situ in infected HeLa cell nuclei using fluorescent DNA probes and
      confocal microscopy. Ad2 DNA was found in multiple foci which were localized
      along the periphery of the infected cell nuclei. MVM DNA was found in HeLa cell
      nucleoli which are associated with the nuclear envelope, and when co-infected
      with Ad2 MVM DNA was compartmentalized to multiple foci which again were
      localized at the nuclear periphery. The data are discussed in terms of a model
      for the role of intranuclear compartmentalization in eukaryotic DNA structure and
      function.

PMID- 2408014
TI  - Reiterative copying by E.coli RNA polymerase during transcription initiation of
      mutant pBR322 tet promoters.
AB  - The major in vitro transcripts from the tet promoter of pBR322 derivatives pTA22
      and pTA33 have heterogeneous 5' ends consisting of variable lengths of oligo(A).
      Their structure is 5'pppAnU..., where n ranges from 1 to greater than 12, but the
      template strand can encode at most four A residues at the site of transcription
      initiation. The abundance of additional A residues at the 5' end of the pTA22 and
      pTA33 tet transcripts could be reduced by elevating the concentration of UTP, but
      even at high concentrations (greater than 1 mM) non-cognate A residues were still
      observed. Aberrant initiation was not artifactual since the major and minor
      transcripts of the pBR322 tet promoter region, and other transcripts arising from
      minor promoters on pTA22 or pTA33 DNA all had unique 5' termini. Mixing
      experiments showed that RNA polymerase did not utilize pppA2-4-OH produced by
      abortive initiation as primers. The data suggest that the initial nascent RNA
      chain 'slips' in the 5' direction during elongation opposite T4 on the template
      strand causing RNA polymerase to reiteratively add A residues to the 5' end of
      the transcript. The generality and possible significance of this mechanism is
      discussed.

PMID- 2408015
TI  - Molecular detrapping and band narrowing with high frequency modulation of pulsed
      field electrophoresis.
AB  - In high electric fields, megabase DNA fragments are found to be trapped, i.e. to
      enter or migrate in the gel only very slowly, if at all, leading to very broad
      electrophoretic bands and loss of separation. As a consequence, low electric
      fields are usually used to separate these molecules by pulsed field
      electrophoretic methods. We report here that high-frequency pulses eliminate the
      molecular trapping found in continuous fields. When high frequency pulses are
      used to modulate the longer pulses used in pulsed field electrophoresis, narrower
      bands result, and higher fields can be used. We suggest that this is due to
      effects that occur on the length scale of a single pore.

PMID- 2408016
TI  - The distribution of restriction enzyme sites in Escherichia coli.
AB  - A statistical analysis of physical map data for eight restriction enzymes
      covering nearly the entire genome of E. coli is presented. The methods of
      analysis are based on a top-down modeling approach which requires no knowledge of
      the statistical properties of the base sequence. For most enzymes, the
      distribution of mapped sites is found to be fairly homogeneous. Some
      heterogeneity in the distribution of sites is observed for the enzymes Pstl and
      HindIII. In addition, BamHI sites are found to be more evenly dispersed than we
      would expect for random placement and we speculate on a possible mechanism. A
      consistent departure from a uniform distribution, observed for each of the eight
      enzymes, is found to be due to a lack of closely spaced sites. We conclude from
      our analysis that this departure can be accounted for by deficiencies in the
      physical map data rather than non-random placement of actual restriction sites.
      Estimates of the numbers of sites missing from the map are given, based both on
      the map data itself and on the site frequencies in a sample of sequenced E. coli
      DNA. We conclude that 5 to 15% of the mapped sites represent multiple sites in
      the DNA sequence.

PMID- 2408017
TI  - Identification of the metalloregulatory element of the plasmid-encoded arsenical
      resistance operon.
AB  - The regulatory region of the plasmid-encoded arsenical resistance (ars) operon
      was cloned as a 727-bp EcoRI-HindIII fragment. When cloned into a promoter probe
      vector this fragment conferred arsenite inducible tetracycline resistance in
      Escherichia coli, indicating that the fragment carried a regulatory gene, the
      arsR gene. A single region corresponding to -35 and -10 promoter recognition
      sites was identified. The transcriptional start site of the mRNA was determined
      by primer extension. The sequence has an open reading frame for a potential
      13,179 Da polypeptide, termed the ArsR protein. The fragment was cloned into a
      temperature regulated expression vector. A protein with an apparent molecular
      mass of about 12 kDa was induced by either temperature or arsenite. This protein
      was purified and used to produce antibodies specific for the ArsR protein.

PMID- 2408018
TI  - Ambiguities in results obtained with 2D gel replicon mapping techniques.
AB  - Recently, two 2-dimensional (2D) gel techniques, termed neutral/neutral and
      neutral/alkaline, have been developed and employed to map replication origins in
      eukaryotic plasmids and chromosomal DNA (1-11). The neutral/neutral technique,
      which requires less DNA for analysis, has been preferentially used in recent
      studies. We show here that the signal predicted for an origin is not detected
      using the neutral/neutral technique if the origin is located near the end of the
      analyzed restriction fragment. We also demonstrate that analysis of the same
      batch of DNA by the two different mapping techniques can generate apparently
      contradictory results: in some situations where neutral/alkaline 2D analysis
      indicates that a certain origin is always used, neutral/neutral 2D analysis
      suggests that the origin is not always used. Several possible explanations for
      this type of disagreement between the two techniques are discussed, and we
      conclude that it is important to use both techniques in combination in order to
      minimize possible misinterpretations.

PMID- 2408019
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the aroP gene encoding the general aromatic amino acid
      transport protein of Escherichia coli K-12: homology with yeast transport
      proteins.

PMID- 2408020
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the MET8 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PMID- 2408022
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the yeast THR4 gene encoding threonine synthase.

PMID- 2408021
TI  - Structural homology between the human fur gene product and the subtilisin-like
      protease encoded by yeast KEX2.

PMID- 2408023
TI  - Complete cDNA sequence encoding human beta-galactoside alpha-2,6
      sialyltransferase.

PMID- 2408024
TI  - Sequence of E.coli K12 valU operon which contains 3 genes for tRNA(Val1) and 1
      gene for tRNA(Lys).

PMID- 2408026
TI  - Radiologic case study. Prostaglandin induced cortical hyperostosis.

PMID- 2408025
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of an apple nuclear gene encoding a light-harvesting
      chlorophyll a/b binding polypeptide of photosystem II.

PMID- 2408027
TI  - Hemangiomas and Spitz nevi.

PMID- 2408028
TI  - Cholelithiasis in infants, children, and adolescents.
AB  - During the past two decades, cholelithiasis has been recognized in increasing
      numbers of pediatric patients. This diagnosis should be considered in the event
      of upper abdominal complaints, particularly when one or more risk factors are
      evident. The etiology may be unknown or may be related to risk factors, including
      hemolytic conditions. In recent years, it has become evident that approximately
      80% of gallstones in children are not due to hemolytic disease and that the
      remaining 20% are related to recurring hemolysis. The diagnosis of gallstones is
      best confirmed with ultrasonography. Routine ultrasonographic evaluation should
      be performed at intervals for all children who received TPA for more than 4
      weeks, particularly those who have had ileal resection or have had chronic
      enteritis (Crohn disease). Cholecystectomy is the procedure of choice for
      symptomatic children with cholelithiasis, regardless of age. Cholecystectomy is
      recommended for the asymptomatic child younger than 3 years of age when echogenic
      shadows have been present for at least 12 months following resumption of oral
      feedings or when the gallstones are radiopaque. Also, cholecystectomy is advised
      for asymptomatic children who are older than 3 years of age if ultrasonographic
      studies confirm that echogenic foci with shadowing are true stones and not
      echogenic sludge. Complications of common bile duct obstruction, pancreatitis,
      perforation with bile peritonitis, and life-threatening sepsis may thus be
      prevented. Morbidity and mortality following cholecystectomy are expected to be
      relatively low in the pediatric age group.

PMID- 2408029
TI  - Recent advances in the management of the infant, child, and adolescent with
      chronic renal failure.

PMID- 2408031
TI  - Proposals for improving risk assessment in reproductive toxicology.

PMID- 2408030
TI  - Effects of absorption enhancers on human nasal tissue ciliary movement in vitro.
AB  - Sodium taurodihydrofusidate (STDHF) is one of the most promising absorption
      enhancers for nasal delivery of peptide drugs. Drugs and additives in nasal
      formulations should not interfere with the self-cleaning capacity of the nose by
      the ciliary epithelium. Measured in vitro on human adenoid tissue with a
      photoelectric method, STDHF was found to induce ciliostasis at concentrations of
      0.3% (w/v) and higher. STDHF (0.3%) is less ciliostatic than laureth-9 (0.3%) or
      deoxycholate (0.3%). Glyco- and taurocholate (0.3%) show only very mild effects
      on nasal ciliary movement. Human insulin (1%) has no ciliostatic potency in
      vitro, whereas a combination of human insulin (1%) and STDHF (1%) is ciliostatic
      but not as potent as STDHF (1%) alone.

PMID- 2408032
TI  - Aluminium toxicokinetics.

PMID- 2408033
TI  - [Current aspects of modern ergometry].

PMID- 2408034
TI  - [Short-term chemotherapy of tuberculosis in children].
AB  - The effectiveness of short-term drug treatment of tuberculosis is based on the
      use of INH, RMP and PZA (with or without SM or EMB), that have a pronounced
      bactericidal and sterilizing effect in all tissues and on all populations of
      mycobacteria which, depending upon the oxygen content and acidity of their
      surroundings, multiply at different rates. Treatment regimens over 6 or 9 months
      have proved effective in numerous studies involving 1500 children with pulmonary
      or extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. The recommended treatment of choice comprises a
      6-month regimen with INH, RMP and PZA, with or without EMB or SM, the drugs being
      administered daily for two months, followed by INH and RMP applied daily, or 2 to
      3 times a week for 4 months. If resistance to INH and/or SM is suspected,
      initially four suitable drugs are required, and are effective. Nine months of
      treatment with INH and RMP (with PZA and/or EMB if resistance is suspected)
      administered daily for two months and followed by INH and RMP applied daily or 2
      to 3 times a week, is also both effective and safe. Overall side effects were
      observed in fewer than two per cent of the cases, and were severe in fewer than
      one per cent. Recurrences occurred in fewer than one per cent of the cases.
      Complementary measures such as bronchological treatment in the case of bronchial
      invasion of lymph nodes, and surgical measures in tuberculosis of the bone,
      joints, body cavities, etc., are of decisive importance for the success of
      therapy.

PMID- 2408035
TI  - Harvard Resource-Based Relative Value Scale (RBRVS): an opportunity.

PMID- 2408036
TI  - Membranous glomerulonephritis in diabetic patients: a study of 15 cases and
      review of the literature.
AB  - Glomerular diseases other than diabetic glomerulosclerosis (DGS) occurring in
      diabetic patients may pose a diagnostic challenge to both clinicians and
      pathologists. We studied 15 cases of membranous glomerulonephritis (MG) in
      patients with diabetes mellitus focusing on the morphologic changes of the
      kidney. Light microscopic observation revealed nodular and/or diffuse DGS in 12
      cases and no DGS in three. Periodic acid-silver methenamine stain showed spikes
      or chain-like structures in the glomerular capillary wall in 13 cases, indicating
      the presence of MG. Ultrastructurally, MG was classified into Stage I (N = 2), II
      (N = 8), III (N = 4), or IV (N = 1). Six out of nine cases with Stages I and II
      MG showed a thickened lamina densa of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM),
      suggesting diabetic influence on the GBM. Moreover, MG in some of the cases
      suggested atypical ultrastructural features including (a) the presence of large
      immune type deposits separated by tall spikes (N = 4), (b) high electron density
      of deposits in spite of their intramembranous location (N = 4), and (c) the
      presence of immune type deposits of mesangial (N = 3) and subendothelial (N = 2)
      locations. It is postulated that these atypical features are caused by altered
      turnover of the GBM, impaired glomerular clearance of immune complexes, changes
      of the glomerular capillary wall as the result of hemodynamic alterations, and/or
      nonenzymatic glycosylation in diabetic milieu.

PMID- 2408037
TI  - B cells in thymomas.
AB  - Although previous studies demonstrated thymoma-associated lymphocytes to be T
      cells, six thymomas were identified with germinal centers (GC) inside the tumor
      capsule. Three were mixed lymphocytic and epithelial thymomas. These tumors
      contained GC interspersed throughout and were not associated with myasthenia
      gravis (MG) or with GC in adjacent thymus. Three other tumors were lymphocytic
      thymomas with subcapsular GC. These thymomas occurred in MG patients and were
      associated with GC in adjacent non-neoplastic thymus. Immunoperoxidase studies
      using antibodies LN1, LN2, and L26 confirmed the presence of B cells in thymomas,
      particularly those with germinal centers. The presence of B cells in certain
      thymomas must be considered when studying the association of Epstein-Barr virus
      with thymic tumors. Germinal centers in a thymoma are not necessarily associated
      with myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 2408038
TI  - Use of Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEAI) to distinguish vascular and
      "pseudovascular" invasion in transitional cell carcinoma of bladder with lamina
      propria invasion.
AB  - We used Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEAI)-immunoperoxidase staining of
      endothelium to study the accuracy of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) diagnosis,
      occurrence, and significance of lymphvascular invasion in transitional cell
      carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder invading the lamina propria (Stage T1). Original
      histologic slides from cases (1967 to 1985) with and without vascular invasion
      were destained and restained with UEAI-immunoperoxidase. Only 5 of 36 biopsies
      originally diagnosed with lymphvascular invasion had tumor nests within
      endothelium-lined spaces. The 31 negative biopsies had extensive retraction
      artifacts lined by connective tissue and fibroblasts around tumor nests. Thirty
      five control biopsies remained negative for lymphvascular invasion. Clinical
      follow-up of the five patients with proven lymphvascular invasion found three
      without progression of disease 3 to 10 yr postbiopsy, one dead of a local
      recurrence of TCC 1.67 yr postbiopsy, and one lost to follow-up. Based on this
      study, we feel that lymphvascular invasion by TCC in Stage T1 tumors is unusual,
      is frequently misdiagnosed on H&E stain, and does not necessarily portend a poor
      prognosis.

PMID- 2408039
TI  - Genomic subtraction for cloning DNA corresponding to deletion mutations.
AB  - We have developed a technique, called genomic subtraction, for isolating the DNA
      that is absent in deletion mutants. The method removes from wild-type DNA the
      sequences that are present in both the wild-type and the deletion mutant genomes.
      The DNA that corresponds to the deleted region remains. Enrichment for the
      deleted sequences is achieved by allowing a mixture of denatured wild-type and
      biotinylated mutant DNA to reassociate. After reassociation, the biotinylated
      sequences are removed by binding to avidin-coated beads. This subtraction process
      is then repeated several times. In each cycle we hybridize the unbound wild-type
      DNA from the previous round with fresh biotinylated deletion mutant DNA. The
      unbound DNA from the final cycle is ligated to adaptors and amplified by using
      one strand of the adaptor as a primer in the polymerase chain reaction. The
      amplified sequences can then be used to probe a genomic library. We applied
      genomic subtraction to a yeast strain that has a 5-kilobase deletion,
      corresponding to 1/4000th of the genome. In the experiment reported here, three
      rounds of subtraction were sufficient to accurately identify genomic clones
      containing sequences that are missing in the deletion mutant. We discuss the
      limitations and some potential applications of the method.

PMID- 2408040
TI  - Design of a membrane transport protein for fluorescence spectroscopy.
AB  - To modify the lac permease of Escherichia coli for fluorescence spectroscopy, six
      tryptophan residues at positions 10, 33, 78, 151, 171, and 223 were first
      replaced individually with phenylalanine by using oligonucleotide-directed site
      specific mutagenesis. None of the tryptophan residues is critical for activity,
      as evidenced by the finding that the mutant permease molecules catalyze
      lactose/H+ symport almost as well as wild-type permease. Subsequently, a permease
      molecule was designed in which all of the tryptophan residues were replaced with
      phenylalanine. Remarkably, the lac permease harboring all six mutations catalyzes
      active lactose transport about 75% as well as wild-type permease. The
      fluorescence emission spectrum of purified wild-type permease solubilized in
      octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside and phospholipid exhibits a broad maximum centered
      at 350 nm, and the peak is almost completely absent from the spectrum of permease
      devoid of tryptophan. Furthermore, a new maximum centered at about 306 nm is
      apparent in the spectrum of the modified permease, suggesting that tyrosine
      fluorescence in the native protein is quenched by internal energy transfer to
      tryptophan residues. By using site-directed mutagenesis to replace specified
      residues in the molecule without tryptophan, it should now be possible to utilize
      tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy to study static and dynamic aspects of
      permease structure and function.

PMID- 2408041
TI  - Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding a major pathogenic domain of the Heymann
      nephritis antigen gp330.
AB  - Heymann nephritis is an experimental autoimmune disease in rats that is
      characterized by accumulation of immune deposits (IDs) in kidney glomeruli. The
      disease is initiated by the binding of circulating antibodies to a membrane
      glycoprotein, gp330, which is a resident protein of clathrin-coated pits on
      glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes). We have defined a domain representing
      about 10% of gp330 that appears to be responsible for the formation of stable
      glomerular IDs. A cDNA clone (clone 14) was isolated from a rat kidney cDNA
      expression library by screening with IgG eluted from glomeruli of rats in early
      stages (3 days) of passive Heymann nephritis. The clone 14 cDNA contains an open
      reading frame encoding the C-terminal 319 amino acids of gp330. The predicted
      amino acid sequence contains four internal repeats of 11 amino acids, which are
      also found in the putative ligand-binding region of carbohydrate-binding lectin
      like receptors. An antibody raised against the clone 14 fusion protein recognized
      gp330 by immunoblotting and induced formation of subepithelial IDs typical of
      passive Heymann nephritis when injected into normal rats. When the clone 14
      fusion protein was used to immunize rats, subepithelial IDs of active Heymann
      nephritis were found after 12 weeks. No IDs were formed by active or passive
      immunization of rats with fusion proteins derived from other regions of gp330.
      These results demonstrate that clone 14 encodes a region of gp330 responsible for
      antibody binding and ID formation in vivo.

PMID- 2408042
TI  - lac repressor: crystallization of intact tetramer and its complexes with inducer
      and operator DNA.
AB  - The intact lac repressor tetramer, which regulates expression of the lac operon
      in Escherichia coli, has been crystallized in the native form, with an inducer,
      and in a ternary complex with operator DNA and an anti-inducer. The crystals
      without DNA diffract to better than 3.5 A. They belong to the monoclinic space
      group C2 and have cell dimensions a = 164.7 A, b = 75.6 A, and c = 161.2 A, with
      alpha = gamma = 90 degrees and beta = 125.5 degrees. Cocrystals have been
      obtained with a number of different lac operator-related DNA fragments. The
      complex with a blunt-ended 16-base-pair strand yielded tetragonal bipyramids that
      diffract to 6.5 A. These protein-DNA cocrystals crack upon exposure to the
      gratuitous inducer isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactoside, suggesting a conformational
      change in the repressor-operator complex.

PMID- 2408043
TI  - Modular mutagenesis of human placental ribonuclease inhibitor, a protein with
      leucine-rich repeats.
AB  - Human placental ribonuclease inhibitor (PRI) is a potent protein inhibitor of
      pancreatic ribonucleases and the homologous blood vessel-inducing protein
      angiogenin. Although inhibition by PRI occurs with a 1:1 stoichiometry, its
      primary structure is composed predominantly of seven internal leucine-rich
      repeats. These internal repeats were systematically deleted either singly or in
      combination by "modular" mutagenesis. Deletion of repeat units 3 plus 4 or repeat
      unit 6 results in mutants that both bind to and inhibit ribonuclease A.
      Therefore, the angiogenin/ribonuclease binding site in PRI must reside primarily
      or entirely in repeats 1, 2, 5, or 7, the short N- or C-terminal segments, or a
      combination of these. Deletion of repeat units 3-5, 5-6, or 5 alone results in
      mutants that exhibit only binding activity. Hence, the binding site cannot reside
      exclusively in repeat 5. Other internal deletions or N- or C-terminal deletions
      of 6-86% of the protein all abolish activity. These results suggest that PRI has
      a modular structure, with one primary structural repeat constituting one module.
      The approach taken may be applicable to other proteins with repeat structures.

PMID- 2408044
TI  - Clonal lymphoid progenitor cell lines expressing the BCR/ABL oncogene retain full
      differentiative function.
AB  - The early stages of hematopoiesis have been difficult to study due to problems in
      obtaining homogeneous populations of progenitor cells that retain both self
      renewal and differentiative capacities. We have developed an in vitro system in
      which transformation of murine bone-marrow cells with the BCR/ABL oncogene, a
      gene associated with stem-cell leukemias, leads to the outgrowth of clonal lines
      that have an early lymphoid progenitor cell phenotype. The progenitor cells
      retain immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes in a germ-line configuration.
      These cells give rise in vitro to pre-B cells that have diverse diversity-joining
      (D-J) region rearrangements, and on transfer to mice with severe combined immune
      deficiency, differentiate to surface IgM+, immunoglobulin-secreting B cells that
      respond to T-cell help and function in an antigen-specific fashion. Although
      their growth is stimulated by BCR/ABL, the progenitor cells depend for continued
      growth on a stromal cell-derived soluble factor distinct from the pre-B-cell
      growth factor, interleukin 7. These findings show that BCR/ABL can promote
      proliferation of an early hematopoietic progenitor cell without preventing its
      differentiation. This system provides a means of studying the complete B-cell
      developmental process from clonal progenitor cell to end-stage plasma cell.

PMID- 2408045
TI  - Identification of an enzyme in human kidney that correctly processes prorenin.
AB  - Using pure recombinant human prorenin as a substrate, we have identified an
      enzyme in human kidney that accurately processes prorenin to active renin (EC
      3.4.23.15). In the crude homogenate, the predominant activity of this potential
      renin-processing enzyme (RPE) converted the Mr 47,000 inactive prorenin to Mr
      44,000 active renin and had a pH optimum of approximately 6. The activity was
      blocked by cysteine protease inhibitors, but not by pepstatin, EDTA, or serine
      protease inhibitors. This RPE activity was not detected in a similarly prepared
      homogenate of human chorion decidua tissue, which produces primarily prorenin, or
      in human plasma. The activity was purified 100-fold by ammonium sulfate
      precipitation, p-chloromercuribenzoate affinity chromatography, and
      chromatofocusing. The partially purified enzyme has a Mr of approximately 27,000
      and an isoelectric point in the pH 4.8-5.6 range. The activity in the purified
      RPE preparation had the same pH optimum as that in crude homogenate, cleaved the
      prosegment at the same site used by the kidney in vivo based on amino-terminal
      sequencing of the processed renin, and did not degrade prorenin or renin. These
      data suggest that the cysteine protease we have isolated is a candidate for
      authentic renal RPE.

PMID- 2408047
TI  - Prediction of the three-dimensional structure of Escherichia coli 30S ribosomal
      subunit: a molecular mechanics approach.
AB  - We introduce a computer-assisted procedure for folding large RNA chains into
      three-dimensional conformations consistent with their secondary structure and
      other known experimental constraints. The RNA chain is modeled using pseudoatoms
      at different levels of detail--from a single pseudoatom per helix to a single
      pseudoatom for each nucleotide. A stepwise procedure is used, starting with a
      simple representation of the macromolecule that is refined and then extrapolated
      into higher resolution for further refinement. The procedure is capable of
      folding different random-walk chains by using energy minimization, allowing
      generation of a range of conformations consistent with given experimental data.
      We use this procedure to generate several possible conformations of the 16S RNA
      in the 30S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli by using secondary structure and
      the neutron-scattering map of the 21 proteins in the small subunit. The RNA chain
      is modeled using a single pseudoatom per helix. RNA-RNA and RNA-protein
      crosslinks, reported in current literature, are included in our model.
      Footprinting data for different ribosomal proteins in the 16S RNA are also used.
      Several conformations of the 16S RNA are generated and compared to predict gross
      structural features of the 30S subunit as well as to identify regions of the 16S
      RNA that cannot be well-defined with current experimental data.

PMID- 2408046
TI  - Overproduction and dissection of proteins by the expression-cassette polymerase
      chain reaction.
AB  - We report an efficient, general approach for the construction of protein
      overproducing strains of Escherichia coli. The method, expression-cassette
      polymerase chain reaction (ECPCR), allows the insertion of virtually any
      contiguous coding sequence between sequences that direct high-level protein
      biosynthesis in E. coli. The gene expression cassettes obtained by ECPCR are
      inserted into a regulated overexpression plasmid, and the resulting construct is
      used to transform E. coli. By effecting simultaneous 5' and 3' modification of a
      coding sequence, ECPCR permits the facile generation of mutant proteins having N-
      and/or C-terminal truncations. The method is a highly efficient way to dissect a
      multidomain protein into its component domains. The efficiency of the ECPCR
      approach is demonstrated in this study by construction of permuted overexpression
      vectors for the first two extracellular domains of the human CD4 protein.

PMID- 2408049
TI  - The impact of HIV on health care delivery in haemophilia.
AB  - The impact of HIV infection on health care delivery in haemophilia has been
      enormous and epoch making. Essential modifications and developments in blood
      product preparation have led to a shortage of FVIII concentrates and an increased
      cost to the consumer of the final product. The complexity and extent of the
      clinical complications in HIV positive haemophiliacs has opened up entirely new
      medical approaches to haemophilia care. The impact of the antibody positive
      haemophiliac on his immediate and extended family has been deeply emotional.
      Health care workers initially developed a negative and hostile approach to the
      haemophiliac group. This attitude has softened but there has been a drop-out of
      medical and paramedical staff involved in health care delivery in haemophilia.
      Finally, because of current viral safety and increased purity of factor VIII and
      IX concentrates, non infected haemophilic families may look to the future with
      increased optimism.

PMID- 2408048
TI  - Reconstitution of protein translocation from detergent-solubilized Escherichia
      coli inverted vesicles: PrlA protein-deficient vesicles efficiently translocate
      precursor proteins.
AB  - Proteoliposomes were reconstituted by detergent dialysis of a sodium cholate
      extract of inverted vesicles derived from Escherichia coli plasma membrane. The
      translocation of precursor proteins into reconstituted vesicles occurred at high
      efficiency and was SecB dependent. The protein composition of the reconstituted
      vesicles differed markedly from that of native vesicles. Immunoblot analysis of
      the sodium cholate extract and of the reconstituted vesicles indicated that PrlA
      (SecY) protein remained largely unsolubilized under the described conditions and
      was virtually absent from the reconstituted vesicles, suggesting that PrlA may
      not be required for in vitro translocation.

PMID- 2408050
TI  - Strategies for the validation of viral inactivation in biologic products.

PMID- 2408051
TI  - Evaluation of the risk of hepatitis from clotting factor concentrates.

PMID- 2408052
TI  - New concentrates of factors VII, IX and X.

PMID- 2408053
TI  - Pathogenesis and treatment of hemophilic arthropathy and deep muscle hemorrhages.

PMID- 2408054
TI  - Conservative treatment of chronic synovitis. Prevention--treatment--therapeutical
      outcome.

PMID- 2408055
TI  - Synoviorthesis with radioactive colloids in hemophiliacs.

PMID- 2408057
TI  - The epidemiology of HIV infection in hemophiliacs.

PMID- 2408056
TI  - Surgical management of advanced hemophilic arthropathy.

PMID- 2408058
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection in hemophilic adults.

PMID- 2408059
TI  - Preclinical evaluation of immunoconjugates consisting of doxorubicin linked to
      complement-fixing monoclonal antibody DLC-48 for bone marrow purging of B-cell
      lymphomas.
AB  - Complement-fixing monoclonal antibody DLC-48 was linked covalently to doxorubicin
      using two methodologies, and the resulting conjugates were evaluated for their
      usefulness in purging B-cell lymphomas from human bone marrow autografts using a
      clonogenic assay for the large cell lymphoma cell line SU-DHL-4. Conjugation did
      not impair the reactivity of the antibodies. The resultant molar ratios provided
      for maximal immunoreactivity at doxorubicin concentrations that would permit the
      growth of CFU-GM. Conjugate DLC-48D-G retained its complement-fixing capacity,
      and was more cytotoxic to SU-DHL-4 cells, even in the absence of complement, than
      equivalent doses of doxorubicin. This effect appeared to be non-specific, in that
      CFU-GM were eliminated, even at low concentrations. DLC-48D-G was no more
      effective than equivalent doses of doxorubicin, and equally cytotoxic to CFU-GM.
      Mixtures of unconjugated DLC-48 and doxorubicin, however, were more effective
      than doxorubicin alone. The mechanism of action of these conjugates is under
      study. Alternative methods of conjugation will be investigated.

PMID- 2408060
TI  - CD9 is an unreliable antibody for bone marrow purging.
AB  - Various procedures are useful in purging bone marrow of pre-B lineage
      contamination prior to autologous bone marrow transplantation. Specific
      monoclonal antibodies are used in combination with complement, magnetic
      microspheres, chemotoxins, phototherapy or lectins. In this setting, the usual
      monoclonal antibody cocktail consists of CD9 (DU-ALL-1), CD10 (WCMH 15.14) and
      CD19 (HD37). Antigens reacting with all three monoclonal antibodies are present
      on early and mature pre-B lymphocytes. However, CD9 positive antigens have also
      been shown to be present on megakaryocytes, platelets and mature granulocytes. In
      our studies, we have found that CD10 and CD19 expression predictably vary
      according to disease status, with low positivity in remission and higher
      positivity in relapse. CD9 expression, however, varies independently of disease
      status and is frequently inconsistent within individual patients. As such, use of
      CD9 for marrow purging may result in the removal of a broad range of cell
      populations not related to the underlying disorder.

PMID- 2408061
TI  - Immunomagnetic manipulation of bone marrow and tumour cells: an update.
AB  - The immunomagnetic separation procedure for the separation of neuroblasts from
      bone marrow harvested for autologous transplantation was first described in 1983
      (Treleaven et al., 1984). In the intervening period, the technique has been
      extended to other tumours and modified by several laboratories. In addition, the
      procedure has been used for the separation of different mammalian cell types
      (Nilsson et al., 1987), micro-organisms (Lund et al., 1988) and at the
      subcellular level, organelles (Howell et al., 1988), and DNA (Dudin et al.,
      1988). Although immunomagnetic separation techniques have been used extensively
      for bone marrow purging, the recovery of cells from the matrix has remained
      problematical. This manuscript is intended to offer an update on our experiences
      in the use of the immunomagnetic purging procedure. In addition, more detailed
      basic studies have been undertaken to characterize further the antigens
      recognized by the antibodies for the removal of neuroblasts from bone marrow. The
      information obtained in these studies may, in part, explain why it is
      intrinsically more difficult to separate neuroblasts from the magnetic matrix
      than haematopoietic cells such as either T or acute lymphoblastic leukaemic
      cells.

PMID- 2408062
TI  - The use of cultured bone marrow cells in autologous transplantation.
AB  - The feasibility of ex vivo purging with long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMC)
      for autologous transplantation in leukemia has been established. The procedure
      has been applied to patients with acute myeloid leukemia (in relapse or
      remission) and recently in one patient with chronic myeloid leukemia. The results
      in first remission AML are very encouraging with 4 out of 6 patients well and
      apparently disease free greater than 1 to 4 years post autograft. In patients
      transplanted with active disease, remissions of 6 to 8 months duration were seen
      in two patients transplanted in florid relapse. In a CML patient with 87% of his
      bone marrow cells Ph1 positive, there was a marked decline of karyotypically
      abnormal cells in culture. Reinfusion of the cultured cells into the patient
      resulted in engraftment with exclusively Ph1 negative cells. The therapeutic
      implications of LTBMC purging require further evaluation.

PMID- 2408063
TI  - Detection of minimal acute myeloid leukemia cells in bone marrow by probing for
      mutated ras oncogenes using the polymerase chain reaction.

PMID- 2408064
TI  - Bone marrow purging and processing--a review of ancillary effects.
AB  - This paper differs markedly from the others that are being presented at this
      symposium, in that it does not describe a particular technique, or have a single
      unifying theme. Its aim is to draw to the attention of the purging community a
      list of variables that we all have tended to regard as only secondarily important
      to our primary goal of target cell depletion, or collection. It is often
      difficult to remember that ex vivo purging treatments are composed of multiple
      steps, and that, in turn, purging is a single component of a complex treatment
      protocol. In order to cope with this diversity, the natural tendency has been to
      focus on manageable segments. While this can speed development, we need to
      constantly be aware that there are multiple factors, both within and outside of
      our own particular segment, that can impact on the final result. Variables that
      we often regard as unimportant, or techniques that are thought of as routine, may
      ultimately be influencing clinical outcome. It would be naive to suggest that we
      can ever have control over all of the variables in any procedure that is part of
      a clinical treatment. One purpose of this paper is simply to draw the existence
      of these factors to the attention of investigators, and suggest that their
      potential impact may not always be fully appreciated. Secondly, the selective
      separation of cells from bone marrow is sufficiently well established that it
      should now be possible to evaluate the technology, reagents and variables in a
      systematic and collaborative fashion. While we may not emerge from such an
      exercise with unity of option, we may at least lay the foundations for the
      further development of this type of therapy, and provide the framework for
      addressing future questions.

PMID- 2408065
TI  - Potassium channel architecture and channel blockers.

PMID- 2408066
TI  - Potassium channels in cardiac arrhythmias: focus on antiarrhythmic drug action.

PMID- 2408067
TI  - Voltage, ligand, and mechanically gated channels in freshly dissociated single
      smooth muscle cells.

PMID- 2408068
TI  - Ca2(+)-activated K+ channels in bovine aortic smooth muscle and GH3 cells:
      properties and regulation by guanine nucleotides.
AB  - Research directed towards discovering agents that enhance PKCa channel activity
      has followed two courses. One has been defining properties of the channel, as
      well as making use of toxins that are specific probes for characterizing channel
      binding sites and for isolating and purifying the channel. The second has been a
      study of the regulation of PKCa channels by guanine nucleotides. The following
      list summarizes the major findings and conclusions that have been drawn to date.
      (1) The high conductance (266 +/- 11.5 pS) PKCa channel of bovine aortic smooth
      muscle, which is the most abundant of the 3 kinds of PKCa channels observed, has
      properties very similar to high conductance PKCa channels found in other cell
      types. (2) Charybdotoxin (ChTX), a rather specific probe for PKCa channels, has
      been purified to homogeneity, characterized in terms of primary sequence, labeled
      with 125I, and used to study binding of ChTX to the receptor/channel complex. (3)
      A second high affinity toxin probe, with distinct biological activity, IbTX-I,
      has been purified to homogeneity, and its amino acid sequence determined. One of
      its distinct actions is to enhance channel activity at low nM levels, and to
      block the channel at concentrations above approximately 5 nM. (4) A number of
      vasodilators having the common action of increasing cytosolic cGMP levels, have
      been found to enhance PKCa channel activity in on-cell patches. (5) While all of
      the guanine nucleotides have been noted to enhance channel activity in excised
      patches at high concentrations (500 uM), only GMP is effective in the 10-100 uM
      range. (6) These data have led us to conclude that GMP is a physiological
      modulator of PKCa channels, and that it is most likely the second messenger for
      mediating the vasodilator-induced potentiation of channel activity.

PMID- 2408070
TI  - Snake and scorpion neurotoxins as probes of rat brain synaptosomal potassium
      channels.

PMID- 2408069
TI  - Regulation of renal proximal tubule basolateral potassium channels.
AB  - In summary, these studies report a voltage-gated, stretch-activated K channel at
      the basolateral membrane of amphibian proximal tubule. In the normal range of
      potential, any reduction in metabolic activity leading to membrane depolarization
      would reduce the open-probability of the basolateral K channel, thereby
      preventing excessive loss of K out of the cell. This type of voltage gating is
      consistent with the decrease in macroscopic K conductance observed in perfused
      frog tubules after cell depolarization (Messner et al., 1985). However, it does
      not account for the delayed increase in basolateral K conductance that
      accompanies Na-substrate cotransport across the apical membrane. The stretch
      activation property of basolateral K channels may explain both electrolyte and
      volume homeostasis in the amphibian proximal tubule. Na-substrate cotransport
      produces a gradual increase in cell volume in several preparations (Hempling and
      Hare 1961; Hacking and Eddy 1981; Hudson and Schultz 1988;). Hence, the observed
      increase in K conductance during luminal addition of Na-cotransported substrates
      may be mediated by small changes in cell volume. For example, a stretch-activated
      K channel, stimulated by a 1% increase in cell volume, would allow K to exit the
      cell down its electrochemical gradient, thereby balancing the increased K uptake
      associated with greater Na pump activity. A number of studies have provided
      evidence that cell swelling increases macroscopic K conductance (Davis and Finn
      1982; Germann et al. 1986; Grinstein et al. 1982; Grinstein et al. 1984; Hamill
      1983; Hoffmann 1985; Lau et al. 1984; Lopes and Guggino 1987; Richards and Dawson
      1986) as well as chloride channel activity (Hudson and Schultz 1988). However,
      the present study is the first to suggest that the swelling-induced increase in
      basolateral K conductance results from stretch-activated K channels. This same
      stretch-activation property may also be involved in the VRD that occurs during
      exposure of proximal tubule cells to hypotonic media (Dellesaga and Grantham
      1973; Welling et al. 1985; Lopes and Guggino 1987; Kirk et al 1987). Since cell
      swelling undoubtably increases membrane tension (Kelly and Macklem 1988), swollen
      amphibian proximal tubule cells would lose K because of an increase in the open
      probability of stretch-activated K channels. The additional exit of bicarbonate
      and water would restore the cells to their original volume.

PMID- 2408071
TI  - Speciation and evolution in the family Talpidae (Mammalia: Insectivora).

PMID- 2408072
TI  - The natural history of rhizomyid rodents.

PMID- 2408073
TI  - Adaptiveness of tunnel system features in subterranean mammal burrows.
AB  - Most moles and mole rats spend their lifetimes within the confines of tunnel
      walls, constructing, maintaining, and modifying burrow system structure in
      response to changing external circumstances and changing internal needs. Thus,
      anatomy, physiology, behavior, and distribution are all greatly affected by the
      burrow environment, with temperature, humidity, gas concentrations, living space,
      availability of food and mating partners, and protection from flooding and
      predation all being influenced by burrow architecture. Regrettably, the burrow
      structure of almost all subterranean mammals is unknown, or known only from
      several incomplete excavations. Moreover, existing data is often vague without
      any mention of particular structures or surrounding habitat, which makes the
      placing of burrow structure in an adaptive perspective difficult. Reasons for
      these short-comings are understandable: excavations require laborious excavation
      which can extend for hundreds of meters, reaching depths in excess of a meter; it
      is often difficult to remove the occupant prior to excavation which avoids
      modification of the system by the animal during excavation; particular types of
      subterranean mammals are limited in distribution to particular continents so that
      the literature is often localized and a global perspective difficult to obtain;
      and there is no standardization of terms relating to burrow structure, making
      intergroup comparison confusing. This paper addresses the above difficulties and
      encourages further investigation in this central area of study by making obvious
      the paucity of information for most subterranean mammals, presenting a synopsis
      of known burrow structures of major groups which will make particular gaps in our
      knowledge evident, providing a bibliography of major papers on burrow structure
      with coverage of most moles and mole rats, establishing a checklist of burrow
      features to better analyze future excavations and facilitate intergroup
      comparison, and lastly, to indicate possible adaptive significance of various
      burrow features to promote further observation, speculation and experimentation.

PMID- 2408074
TI  - Morphological evolution of subterranean mammals: integrating structural,
      functional, and ecological perspectives.
AB  - The widely recognized convergence of subterranean mammals offers unique
      opportunities for the study of patterns, causes and consequences of morphological
      integration. For example, behavioral and biomechanical observations have revealed
      a diversity of digging modes among subterranean mammals. In rodents, scratch
      digging and chisel-tooth digging, alone or combined, are widespread. This dual
      nature of the digging apparatus must be understood to avoid erroneous assessments
      of specializations based on forelimb modifications only. Additionally, bulldozing
      and disposal of loose soil is performed by head-lifting, by means of the
      forelimbs, or with the hindlimbs. Insectivores are known to resort to scratch
      digging, sand-swimming, or to a unique system known as humeral rotation. Semi
      fossorial species among rodents and insectivores are scratch-diggers. In
      contrast, fully subterranean taxa show further specializations for scratch
      digging and/or resort to some of the other digging modes. The ecological
      correlates of these morphological trends are still poorly known; work in geomyids
      suggests that scratch-digging specializations are efficient in friable soils,
      whereas tooth-digging allows the utilization of a much broader spectrum of soil
      types. This indicates that alternative pathways of morphological specialization
      are not equivalent in their ecological potentialities. Important morphological
      features, such as incisor procumbency among tooth-diggers, are shown to be
      constrained by structural, allometric, and mechanical factors. In geomyids, the
      same procumbent morphologies may be acquired as a byproduct of size increases, by
      means of adaptive shifts independent from size, or by a combination of both.
      Thus, geometric similarity may not be indicative of functional similarity.
      Further constraints result from the integration of different functions. For
      instance, it is suggested that mastication imposes limitations upon potential
      modifications of jaw morphology for tooth-digging. Scratch-digging appears to be
      less constrained by locomotion, but the effects of integration of various
      functions in fore- and hind-limbs are largely unexplored. Multiple approaches,
      combining behavioral, functional, ecological, structural, and phylogenetic data,
      are necessary for the study of morphological evolution among subterranean
      mammals.

PMID- 2408075
TI  - The Chrysochloridae: studies toward a broader perspective of adaptation in
      subterranean mammals.
AB  - Earliest chrysochlorids (from the Miocene) resemble contemporary members of the
      family. Unlike talpids, chrysochlorids have eyes covered with skin; pick-like
      foreclaws; a blunt, padded rostrum; and no external tail. Golden moles are an
      ancient lineage of mammals (related to tenrecs) with many unique features; it has
      been suggested that the Chrysochloridae constitute a separate order, the
      Chrysochloridea. In contrast, a constancy of structure within the group belies
      the wide range in habitat of the various species (including grassland, forest,
      and shifting desert sands), in contrast to the aquatic desmans and shrew-like
      talpids. Some species of golden mole are able to disperse over large distances,
      being accomplished swimmers (as are talpids) and having a wide range of diet;
      nonetheless, populations and species are patchily distributed throughout the
      range of the family (Africa south of the Sahara whereas talpids occur in the
      northern hemisphere). Diversity of chrysochlorid species is greatest in Southern
      Africa, from which emigrations to the north probably occurred. Although solitary,
      there is little evidence for competitive exclusion between the chrysochlorids,
      rhizomyids, or the more social and aggressive bathyergid rodent moles to explain
      the high incidence of endemism. Low litter sizes are indicative of the few
      predators known to effectively prey on golden moles. Physical factors which might
      restrict species from an area (such as food shortages and temperature extremes)
      may be overcome by becoming torpid, an ability unknown for other subterranean
      mammals. Clustering of largely immobile food resources and friable soils appear
      to be the major factors influencing chrysochlorid distribution. There is
      substantial need for basic studies on all aspects of the biology of
      chrysochlorids for a better understanding of evolutionary processes within the
      family, which will in turn contribute to a broader understanding and more
      balanced view of evolutionary processes in all subterranean mammals.

PMID- 2408076
TI  - Thermoregulation and energetics in subterranean mammals.

PMID- 2408077
TI  - Sensory adaptations in subterranean mammals.

PMID- 2408078
TI  - DNA hybridization as a guide to phylogenies: raw data in muroid rodents.
AB  - A strong criticism of raw data analysis in DNA/DNA hybridization studies (Marks
      et al., 1988; Sarich et al., 1989) states that a widely used statistic, T50H, can
      in some cases lead to spurious conclusions, as exemplified by some hominoid and
      bird DNA/DNA results found in Sibley and Ahlquist (1987a, b). To test this
      criticism and compare the phylogenetic information deduced from several
      alternative methods of analysis, I have re-analysed the melting curves of more
      than 150 hybrid comparisons among muroid rodents, including almost all of my
      previously published data (Catzeflis et al. 1987). Four major statistics have
      been compared: Mode, Tm, T50H and NPH (for definitions of terms: see Sibley and
      Ahlquist 1981). Although the T50H statistic was found to be more variable when
      compared to Mode and Tm, confirming the claims of Sarich et al. (1989), it
      nevertheless appeared to be, under certain technical conditions, the method of
      choice for analyzing distantly related hybrids. The Mode and Tm appeared to be
      the best indexes of genomic dissimilarity for analyzing more similar genomes. The
      use of Tm is not very useful for comparing dissimilar genomes, as its range of
      efficient use was shown to be much more limited towards the lower temperatures
      (i.e., -larger delta-values) than for the Mode. Mode was found to be the
      statistic of choice because of i) its large range of application (up to delta
      Mode values of 18-20 degrees C), ii) its reproducibility, and iii) its
      consistency between experiments and in reciprocal comparisons. For the data set
      on which our earlier conclusions concerning the very rapid rate of DNA change in
      muroid rodents (Catzeflis et al., 1987) were based, it appears that Mode, Tm and
      T50H do yield similar conclusions as far as the evolutionary tree of the muroid
      rodents is concerned. The fourth index, which is the Normalized Percent of
      Hybridization, appears to be strongly affected by experimental conditions, and
      should be used with caution.

PMID- 2408079
TI  - The eye of the blind mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi): regressive evolution at the
      molecular level.

PMID- 2408080
TI  - Geomyid evolution: the historical, selective, and random basis for divergence
      patterns within and among species.
AB  - Patterns of variation in life history, ecological distribution, genetic and
      morphological differentiation, and speciation of pocket gophers, family
      Geomyidae, have been examined in the context of the genetic demography of local
      populations. Emphasis has been placed on the structure of local breeding
      populations, dispersal potential leading to effective gene flow, and the
      influence of patchy distributions due to the availability of suitable soils. The
      focus of this paper is on those factors contributing to differentiation among
      geographic segments of species, or among different species--that is, to those
      processes responsible for converting phenotypically expressed variation within
      populations to that differentiating among them.

PMID- 2408081
TI  - An overview of evolution, systematics, population biology, cytogenetics,
      molecular biology and speciation in Ctenomys.

PMID- 2408082
TI  - The evolutionary history, population biology and social structure of African mole
      rats: family Bathyergidae.

PMID- 2408083
TI  - Medical literature of medieval Salerno: evolution of the modern medical
      professional.

PMID- 2408084
TI  - Medical school libraries in the United States: evolution to information
      management.

PMID- 2408085
TI  - The doctor's critic: the unorthodox practitioner.

PMID- 2408086
TI  - TCA poisoning treated in the intensive care unit.
AB  - Intoxication with tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) is a common cause of admission
      to an intensive care unit and a major cause of death due to drug overdose. It is
      difficult to identify at an early stage those patients for whom toxic events are
      likely. There is a poor correlation between the plasma concentration of TCAs and
      the risk of developing toxic symptoms. A better predictor of complications
      following tricyclic overdose is the level of consciousness on admission to
      hospital. It has been claimed that "newer" antidepressant agents are less toxic
      then the classic antidepressants when taken in overdoses. In Sweden, two of these
      "newer" antidepressants, maprotiline and lofepramine, have been marketed. Of
      these, only lofepramine is less toxic than the classic TCAs. Maprotiline has the
      same cardiotoxicity as the TCAs, convulsions are seen more often and a longer
      plasma half-life leads to longer time spent on a ventilator and longer time in an
      ICU when it is taken in overdose.

PMID- 2408087
TI  - Lofepramine overdosage.
AB  - Data presented show that lofepramine has lower acute toxicity for animals than
      other antidepressants tested. Review of 55 case reports of acute lofepramine
      overdose in man shows that hypotension was rare and convulsions did not occur,
      although in some cases large overdoses of several grams of drug had been taken.
      No deaths have been recorded due to overdose with lofepramine alone, and the
      fatal toxicity index for lofepramine (deaths per million prescriptions, England,
      Wales and Scotland, 1982-1986) is significantly lower than the mean of all
      antidepressants (P less than 0.001). It thus appears that the low toxicity of
      lofepramine in animal experiments applies also to man, and that this drug has a
      favourable safety profile when taken in acute overdose.

PMID- 2408088
TI  - Depression and suicide.
AB  - This article is a short review of associations between depression and suicide,
      and formed part of a symposium held in Munich in August 1988 to discuss toxicity
      in antidepressive therapy. The association between depressive disorders and
      suicide is well documented. The detailed characteristics of this association,
      however, are still under discussion. Phenomenological aspects of depression seem
      to be more important than nosological ones, especially associations between
      personality traits, aggression and depression. Differentiation of depressions
      into primary and secondary depressive disorders (the latter as consequences of
      somatic or especially other mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, personality
      disorder, or alcoholism) can be a fruitful approach to elucidating differences in
      the suicide pattern of these different disorders. Recurrent depressive episodes,
      although they may be short, may have as severe mental symptoms as more
      longstanding episodes and thus partly explain suicide in nonpsychiatric as well
      as psychiatric populations. Ways of preventing suicide are discussed from
      biological and clinical perspectives.

PMID- 2408089
TI  - Development, microevolution, and social behavior.
AB  - The central questions of social development--from the roots of mother-infant
      attachment to the plasticity of aggressive behavior--pivot on the relations
      between genetic and ontogenetic sources of variance. It is proposed that (a)
      developmental, experiential, and microevolutionary processes typically
      collaborate, rather than compete, in achieving social adaptation; (b) social
      behavior patterns are mostly closed to modification in the course of development
      and across generations, but avenues of vulnerability exist in ontogeny and
      microevolution for dynamic, rapid, and reversible changes in key features; (c) a
      general avenue for change is delay or acceleration in the developmental onset of
      one or more features of the behavior pattern, which in turn modifies the
      functions and properties of the adaptive configuration; and (d) the features of
      social behavior that are open to rapid change in ontogeny should be open as well
      to rapid changes in microevolution, although different underlying processes may
      be involved. Empirical findings from the investigation of aggressive interactions
      are used to illustrate this proposal on the dual genesis and coincident
      adaptation of social behaviors.

PMID- 2408090
TI  - A functional theory of the McCollough effect.
AB  - Pattern-contingent color aftereffects, or McCollough effects (MEs), are used to
      probe the visual brain's operations psychophysically. Their neural substrate is
      unknown, however, and theories about them are weak. Our theory proposes a strong
      functional role for MEs and a neuropsychological basis that accounts for "top
      down" (global) constraints ignored by other theories. The functional aspect of
      the theory is based on the concept of contingent adaptation level, following
      Helson (1964), and on the "error-correcting device" of Andrews (1964), which
      tracks and adjusts internal representation to external-world contingencies. The
      neuropsychological part of the theory postulates that global properties are the
      result of MEs being generated not at the individual detector level but in
      vectorfields of which the detectors are elements. It is an implementation of Lie
      transformation group theory (Hoffman, 1966). Evidence for this model is assessed.

PMID- 2408091
TI  - Suicide as escape from self.
AB  - Suicide is analyzed in terms of motivations to escape from aversive self
      awareness. The causal chain begins with events that fall severely short of
      standards and expectations. These failures are attributed internally, which makes
      self-awareness painful. Awareness of the self's inadequacies generates negative
      affect, and the individual therefore desires to escape from self-awareness and
      the associated affect. The person tries to achieve a state of cognitive
      deconstruction (constricted temporal focus, concrete thinking, immediate or
      proximal goals, cognitive rigidity, and rejection of meaning), which helps
      prevent meaningful self-awareness and emotion. The deconstructed state brings
      irrationality and disinhibition, making drastic measures seem acceptable. Suicide
      can be seen as an ultimate step in the effort to escape from self and world.

PMID- 2408092
TI  - Drug-induced lesions of the musculoskeletal system.
AB  - Drugs, whether prescribed by physicians or taken without the knowledge of the
      physician, may result in profound changes in the musculoskeletal system. Some
      drugs may produce teratogenic changes in the developing fetus frequently, but not
      necessarily, in association with anomalies of other systems. Other drugs may have
      their effects on the child or adult, whereas a number of drugs result in either
      teratogenic or nonteratogenic abnormalities. In the course of evaluating any
      diagnostic imaging study, it is essential that the radiologist be aware of any
      drugs that the patient may be taking and be knowledgeable of the radiologic
      changes that such drugs may produce in the musculoskeletal system.

PMID- 2408093
TI  - Radiologic reporting of skeletal trauma.
AB  - The radiologist's report of skeletal trauma should include accurate, appropriate
      comments directed to the clinical objectives of the referring physician. An
      organization of these reports is suggested, addressing general and specific
      description of fractures with a discussion of pertinent clinical considerations.

PMID- 2408094
TI  - Current and innovative methods for noninvasive bone densitometry.
AB  - This article summarizes a variety of noninvasive techniques for measuring bone
      density in the clinical setting. Although dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and
      quantitative computed tomography are currently the most widely used methods,
      older techniques such as radiogrammetry and single-photon absorptiometry continue
      to have research applications, and experimental approaches such as compton
      scattering and proton activation analysis may be important in the future. The
      evaluation of bone mass measurement underscores continuing progress in our
      understanding of bone metabolism and biomechanics, and has provided valuable
      insight into improvements in the therapy of osteoporosis and other forms of
      metabolic bone disease.

PMID- 2408095
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging is rapidly becoming the procedure of choice to
      evaluate the shoulder. This article reviews the relevant technical, anatomic, and
      pathologic features important in imaging the joint with magnetic resonance, with
      an emphasis on rotator cuff disease and shoulder instability.

PMID- 2408097
TI  - Advanced imaging of the wrist.
AB  - Abnormalities of the wrist present a difficult diagnostic challenge requiring
      thorough evaluation of both osseous and soft-tissue structures. Advanced
      techniques such as scintigraphy, computed tomography, three-phase arthrography,
      and, most recently, magnetic resonance imaging have added greatly to our
      understanding of wrist pathology. This article discusses the application of these
      techniques in imaging the wrist.

PMID- 2408096
TI  - Imaging of the elbow with an emphasis on trauma.
AB  - This article provides a review of imaging of the elbow with an emphasis on
      trauma. The pertinent bone and soft-tissue anatomy of the elbow is discussed,
      with particular attention paid to the soft-tissue anatomy of imaging importance.
      The pediatric patient is considered and the basic radiographic examination is
      outlined. Finally, selected problems of elbow trauma are addressed and the
      various types of fractures are detailed.

PMID- 2408098
TI  - Advances in spinal imaging.
AB  - Considerable technical advances in spinal imaging have been made that have
      greatly aided diagnosis, surgical planning, treatment, and posttreatment follow
      up of patients with spinal disorders. This article presents an update on the
      recent advances in magnetic resonance, digital, and radionuclide imaging
      techniques, three-dimensional computed tomography, and sonography of the spine.

PMID- 2408099
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the postoperative lumbar spine.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a powerful diagnostic tool for patients with
      the failed back surgery syndrome. The multiplanar imaging capability, superior
      soft-tissue contrast resolution, and excellent tissue characterization are its
      major advantages. It displays the changes caused by surgical intervention as well
      as associated postoperative findings, many of which cause the failed back surgery
      syndrome. Most recently, gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging of the spine,
      combined with noncontrast MR imaging, has shown heretofore unparallelled
      sensitivity and accuracy.

PMID- 2408100
TI  - Thoracic and lumbar spine trauma.
AB  - The frequency and distribution of fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine are
      reviewed. Classifications of thoracolumbar spine injuries are considered.
      Compression or wedge fractures, burst fractures, lap seat-belt-type injuries, and
      fracture-dislocations are considered with discussion of findings on conventional
      radiography and computed tomography. The concepts of stability and instability
      are briefly discussed and the relative advantages of computed tomographic imaging
      are reviewed.

PMID- 2408101
TI  - Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging of the knee.
AB  - The examination of the knee has rapidly become the most important non-neurologic
      application of MR imaging. The widespread availability of high signal-to-noise
      knee coils has made routine imaging with T2-weighted sequences in both coronal
      and sagittal planes possible in 30 minutes. The spin-echo sequence remains the
      most important imaging technique, although many newer sequences have also been
      applied to the knee, with varying degrees of success. Important pitfalls in
      diagnosis, such as high signal intensity in the posterior horn of the medial
      meniscus and the transverse meniscal ligament, displaced buckethandle meniscal
      tears, and discoid menisci, can be recognized with experience. Common clinical
      problems that are encountered include meniscal cysts, osteonecrosis, and bone
      bruises. Detection of subtle injuries of the medial collateral ligament, patellar
      tendon, and anterior cruciate ligament requires careful observation. Intra
      articular loose bodies can be reliably detected with MR imaging, and it should be
      recognized that localized pigmented villonodular synovitis can sometimes simulate
      the appearance of a loose body. MR imaging is a valuable noninvasive procedure
      that is complementary to arthroscopy in the evaluation of diseases of the knee.

PMID- 2408102
TI  - Ankle trauma.
AB  - Fractures and dislocations about the ankle joint are common injuries. The
      radiographic findings produced by these injuries are type-specific--that is,
      directly related to the mechanism that produced the injury. It is important for
      radiologists to recognize all of the aspects of a particular injury and to
      communicate this information to the orthopedic surgeon because treatment is
      predicated upon recognition of all the components of the injury. Treatment also
      depends upon restoration of anatomic contour to the articular surface of the
      ankle joint as well as to reestablishment of stability. Plain films,
      polydirectional tomography, CT, and MR imaging are useful for evaluating these
      abnormalities.

PMID- 2408103
TI  - Athletic injuries.
AB  - While athletic pursuits and exercise are intended to yield the physical rewards
      of endurance and muscular strength, abuse and overuse can result in
      musculoskeletal breakdown. The specific location and severity of an athletic
      injury depend on the activity or exercise, the age of the patient, and the
      enthusiasm and determination of the athlete. The denial of pain can result in
      chronic disability, extensive surgical repair, and eventual degenerative
      arthritis.

PMID- 2408104
TI  - Computed tomography of joint injuries.
AB  - CT has become the imaging modality of choice in most acute and chronic injuries
      involving the articular surfaces. Today's technology allows high resolution, fast
      scanning, and rapid reformatting, all of which contribute to prompt orthopedic
      evaluation and decision making. Our orthopedic colleagues have come to rely on
      high-quality CT scans in order to evaluate calcaneal and tibial plateau
      fractures, stress fractures, osteochondritis dissecans, acute and chronic
      shoulder trauma, and problems of the painful wrist--especially the distal
      radioulnar joint.

PMID- 2408105
TI  - The use of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of bone and soft-tissue
      tumors.
AB  - We believe that MR imaging should follow plain films in the imaging analysis of
      soft-tissue tumors and bone tumors suspected of malignancy. MR imaging is
      primarily useful in tumor staging, although it may aid in diagnosis and the
      detection of recurrent or residual disease. Gd-DTPA and MR spectroscopy are
      currently being evaluated in many medical centers; their utility in the work-up
      and management of tumors of bone and soft tissue has yet to be determined.

PMID- 2408107
TI  - [Bacteriophage T4 and general recombination].

PMID- 2408106
TI  - An integrated approach to the evaluation of metastatic bone disease.
AB  - The radionuclide bone scan is the most effective whole body screening test for
      bone metastases. Conventional radiography, although relatively insensitive to the
      presence of bone metastases, is the best modality for characterizing them once
      they are detected in radionuclide scans. When the radionuclide bone scan and
      appropriate correlative radiographs are analyzed and reported together, false
      positive scan findings are reduced, and scan specificity is increased. Valuable
      information on response to treatment may be obtained by correlating the changes
      seen in radiographs and radionuclide bone scans. CT or MR imaging may be useful
      for evaluating suspicious radionuclide bone scan findings that cannot be
      explained radiographically, and may influence the decision regarding the need for
      biopsy. CT can also be used to monitor needle-biopsy procedures. The use of CT or
      MR imaging is helpful in determining the local extent of metastatic disease when
      planning palliative surgery or radiotherapy. Although a positive diagnosis by
      needle biopsy is considered definitive, a negative result must be suspect and may
      eventually necessitate open surgical biopsy. An algorithmic approach to the
      workup of a possible skeletal metastasis is illustrated in Figure 12.

PMID- 2408108
TI  - [Vertebrate beta-galactoside-binding lectins].

PMID- 2408109
TI  - [Molecular aspects of autoimmune disease animal model MRL/lpr mice].

PMID- 2408110
TI  - Distribution of peptidergic nerves in the choroid plexus, focusing on coexistence
      of neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and peptide histidine
      isoleucine.
AB  - Choroid plexus from rat, guinea-pig, rabbit and pig was investigated by light
      microscopic immunohistochemistry and by radioimmunoassay for the presence of
      neuropeptides. A moderately dense supply of nerve fibers containing neuropeptide
      Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), respectively, was found
      around blood vessels and in close relation to the secretory epithelium in both
      pig and rabbit, while lower densities of nerve fibers were found in rat and
      guinea-pig. Peptide concentrations ranged from 10-40 pmolequivalents/g
      (pmoleqv/g) for NPY and 0.5-6 pmoleqv/g for VIP in all four species. Peptide
      histidine isoleucine (PHI) immunoreactive nerve fibers were present in pig
      choroid plexus at a lower density than NPY and VIP but with a similar
      distribution. Low concentrations of substance P (0.3-3 pmoleqv/g) and calcitonin
      gene-related peptide (0.1-3 pmoleqv/g) were found to a varying degree in choroid
      plexus tissue from the different species, while immunohistochemical investigation
      was unable to detect any immunoreactive nerve fibers. NPY was often found to
      coexist with VIP and PHI in pig choroid plexus, while a lesser amount of nerve
      fibers showed coexistence of NPY and the noradrenaline synthetizing enzyme,
      dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Surgical sympathetic denervation by excision of the
      superior cervical ganglion in the rabbit abolished NPY-containing nerve fibers,
      as revealed by immunohistochemistry, but only decreased NPY levels by one third,
      which may be due to different identity of the peptide being detected by the two
      techniques. It is concluded that NPY-containing nerve fibers have a dual origin
      in the choroid plexus and coexist with either noradrenaline or VIP/PHI.

PMID- 2408111
TI  - Daily changes of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic
      nucleus of the rat.
AB  - Most of the biochemical, physiological and behavioural events in living organisms
      show diurnal fluctuations, normally synchronized with 24-h environmental rhythms,
      such as the light-dark cycle. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the
      hypothalamus is considered to be a pacemaker of the circadian rhythms in several
      mammals. The light-dark cycle is the primary synchronizing agent for many of the
      circadian rhythms which are regulated by the SCN. The photic information reaches
      the SCN also through a neuropeptide Y(NPY)-like immunoreactive pathway from the
      ventro-lateral geniculate nucleus. We found that in 12-h-dark and 12-h-light
      housed rats the NPY-like immunoreactive innervation of the ventro-lateral part of
      the SCN shows a 24 h rhythm with values rising gradually during the light phase
      and falling during the dark phase. Besides this rhythm, we found two peaks
      corresponding to the switching on and switching off of the light. The average
      level of NPY-like immunoreactivity, as assessed by means of semiquantitative
      immunocytochemistry and expressed in 'arbitrary units', is reduced in rats housed
      in total darkness for 2 weeks. These results confirm the physiological role of
      NPY in the timing of the circadian activity of the SCN.

PMID- 2408112
TI  - Identification of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone-like immunoactivity in
      ovine cotyledons.
AB  - Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)-like immunoactivity has been
      identified in cotyledonary extracts prepared from pregnant ewes. This activity
      displayed similar physico-chemical properties as synthetic LHRH, as determined by
      reverse-phase HPLC and size-exclusion HPLC. Under reverse-phase conditions,
      cotyledonary LHRH-like immunoactivity displayed a retention time (10.5 +/- 0.1
      min) which was not significantly different from that of synthetic LHRH. When
      subjected to size-exclusion HPLC, cotyledonary LHRH-like immunoactivity eluted in
      fractions which corresponded to a molecular weight range of 1100-1200 Da, which
      was not significantly different from the elution profile observed for synthetic
      LHRH. The cotyledonary tissue content of LHRH-like immunoactivity averaged 94 +/-
      24 pg/mg (n = 6). The results of this study demonstrate the presence of LHRH-like
      immunoactivity in ovine cotyledons. Although placental synthesis of LHRH-like
      immunoactive material has been demonstrated in other species, it remains to be
      established whether this activity, demonstrated in ovine placenta, is the
      consequence of de novo placental synthesis or represents uptake from the maternal
      (and/or fetal) circulation.

PMID- 2408113
TI  - Cardiovascular responses induced by endothelin microinjection into area postrema.
AB  - The recently described endothelium derived constricting factor endothelin (ET) is
      a 21 amino acid peptide which is the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictor yet
      described. Binding sites for this peptide have been demonstrated within the
      circumventricular structures of the brain. One of these structures, the area
      postrema (AP), has been implicated in central cardiovascular control mechanisms.
      We have therefore examined the effects of AP microinjection of ET on blood
      pressure in urethane-anaesthetised rats. Such treatment resulted in dose
      dependent biphasic changes in arterial blood pressure (increases followed by
      decreases). Low doses of ET (0.2-1.0 pmol) induced significant increases (P less
      than 0.01), and high doses (5.0 pmol) significant decreases (P less than 0.01),
      while at intermediate concentrations (2.0 pmol) ET caused significant increases
      (P less than 0.05) followed by significant decreases (P less than 0.01) in mean
      blood pressure. Other vasoconstrictors were found to be without effect following
      AP administration, suggesting these changes to be the result of specific action
      of ET. In contrast, both ET and methoxamine had similar cardiovascular actions
      when microinjected into regions anatomically adjacent to the AP such as the NTS,
      indicating that vasoconstriction in these areas induces changes in femoral
      arterial blood pressure. These data suggest a specific role for ET as a chemical
      messenger involved in central nervous system control of the cardiovascular system
      within AP.

PMID- 2408114
TI  - Promoting effect of bombesin on the cell proliferation in the rat endocrine
      pancreas during the early postnatal period.
AB  - The present work investigated whether orally administered bombesin influences
      cell proliferation in the endocrine pancreatic islets of rats during the suckling
      period and after weaning. Four series of pups were given bombesin diluted in milk
      (20 micrograms/kg, 3 times daily) or milk alone for 5 days during either the
      first, second, third or fourth postnatal week of life. Oral administration was
      used because bombesin-like peptides have been identified in the breast milk of
      mammals. 45 min before death, animals were given a single [3H]thymidine pulse
      injection. Tissue sections were processed for radioautography; DNA labeling and
      mitotic indices were estimated after counting at least 1000 endocrine cells per
      rat pancreas. In control rats, the labeling and mitotic indices in pancreatic
      islets dropped regularly from the first week to the fourth week of life (3.6% +/-
      0.2% versus 1.9% +/- 0.1% and 0.46% +/- 0.09% versus 0.08% +/- 0.02%,
      respectively). Orogastric bombesin administration significantly increased the DNA
      labeling and mitotic indices at the end of the first week (+20% and +62%,
      respectively) and second week of life (+37.5% and +49%, respectively) (P less
      than 0.05 to P less than 0.005), but did not modify these parameters for the
      third and subsequent weeks of life. Therefore, this study provides evidence that
      bombesin stimulates DNA synthesis and cell division in pancreatic endocrine cells
      during the developmental period.

PMID- 2408115
TI  - Haematological effects of running. A brief review.

PMID- 2408117
TI  - Common injuries in horseback riding. A review.
AB  - The most common location of horse-related injuries is the upper extremity (24% to
      61%) with injuries to the lower extremity second in frequency (36% to 40%). The
      head and face sustain 20% of horse-related injuries. The most common type of
      injury is a soft tissue injury (92% to 1%), followed by a fracture (57% to 3%).
      Concussion is the third most common type of injury (63% to 2%). The most frequent
      cause of hospitalisation is concussion (38% to 4%) with fracture second. The most
      common injury which leaves residual impairment is injury to the central nervous
      system. The age at which most injury occurred is less than 21 years. In the
      latest NEISS report (1987-1988), injuries have decreased in the younger riders,
      but have increased in the older riders (above 24 years). More women are injured
      than men, but over the age of 44 years more men are injured than women, with the
      difference more marked in the 1987-1988 NEISS report. Previous horse-related
      injuries are reported frequently (37% to 25%). In mortality studies from
      Australia and the United States, head injuries caused the majority of deaths (78%
      and 60%), followed by chest injuries (9%). In the Australian study each sex had
      50% of the deaths. In the United States, 60% were male, 40% female. Above the age
      of 24 years male deaths increasingly predominate, being 15 male deaths to 1
      female above the age of 64. Concussion is divided into 3 divisions of severity
      which require different medical evaluation and treatment: mild in which rider is
      stunned or disoriented for a brief period; moderate in which there is loss of
      consciousness for less than 5 minutes; and severe in which there is a loss of
      consciousness for more than 5 minutes. Investigative need is cited in the areas
      of previous horse-related injury, lessons, experience vs knowledge, epilepsy,
      drowning, gender, deaths, safety helmets, stirrups, and body protectors. No horse
      is a safe horse; some are safer than others but the horse is a potentially lethal
      animal. Prevention of accidents and injuries is dependent upon using knowledge
      previously obtained from studying horse activities. Much more information is
      available than in the past through the medical studies that have been done and
      the recommendations made by these investigators. The medical community has a
      responsibility to educate the horse riding public and to participate in
      investigations requested by the horse organizations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2408116
TI  - Amino acid metabolism during exercise and following endurance training.
AB  - Exercise results in marked alterations in amino acid metabolism within the body.
      The branched-chain amino acids, especially leucine, are particularly important
      since they contribute as energy substrates and as nitrogen donors in the
      formation of alanine, glutamine and aspartate. Leucine oxidation increases during
      whole-body exercise. Nonetheless, leucine's contribution as a muscle energy
      substrate is amll, being 3 to 4% at rest, and even lower (1%) during exercise.
      Traditional energy substrates (carbohydrates, lipid) remain most important. These
      rates of leucine oxidation can be readily attributed to skeletal muscle.
      Following endurance training, whole-body leucine oxidation is increased at rest
      and during exercise. Since its oxidation by muscle is not augmented, this whole
      body increase is not due to muscle. Thus, other tissues within the body (i.e.
      liver) must account for this. Comparisons of leucine oxidation in rats and humans
      indicate that species differences exist. Much larger increases in leucine
      oxidation are brought about by exercise in humans. Calculations based on steady
      state rates of leucine oxidation at rest and during exercise indicate that the
      recommended dietary intake of leucine is inadequate, since it is lower than
      measured whole-body rates of leucine oxidation. This inadequacy is exacerbated in
      individuals who are physically active.

PMID- 2408118
TI  - Acute and recurrent effort-related compartment syndrome in sports.
AB  - An effort-related compartmental syndrome is a condition in which increased
      pressure in a muscle compartment impedes blood flow and compromises metabolic
      demands of the tissues within that space. One can clinically distinguish acute
      irreversible and chronic reversible types. The aetiology relates in most
      instances to a limiting noncompliant fascia surrounding the affected muscle
      compartment. Sports activity leads to increased muscle volume and if there is a
      noncompliant fascia this will result in an excessive intracompartmental pressure
      which interferes with muscle blood flow. As a consequence of a reduced
      intracompartmental blood flow a reversible (recurrent) or irreversible (acute)
      exercise ischaemia, a so-called 'compartmental syndrome' occurs. A compartment
      syndrome is typically encountered in the lower leg, but it can be also observed
      in the upper leg and even in the forearm. Clinical history plays a key role in
      the diagnosis. Pain, muscle tightness and cramp-like feeling are the most common
      complaints. Weakness, paralysis and numbness are seen, especially in the acute
      syndrome. Symptoms appear at a certain intensity of activity and disappear at
      rest in the chronic compartment syndrome, but in the acute type pain will persist
      and will be severe. It is clearly an effort-related pain syndrome. Physical
      examination is not always useful in diagnosing a recurrent syndrome, but in the
      acute syndrome one will find high sensitivity to pressure and tenseness over the
      involved muscle compartment. Decreased or loss of active motion and sensation in
      the involved compartment are frequently seen. Tissue pressure monitoring can
      confirm the diagnosis for both types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2408120
TI  - [Before we forget...].

PMID- 2408119
TI  - Drop jumping as a training method for jumping ability.
AB  - Vertical jumping ability is of importance for good performance in sports such as
      basketball and volleyball. Coaches are in need of exercises that consume only
      little time and still help to improve their players' jumping ability, without
      involving a high risk of injury. Drop jumping is assumed to satisfy these
      requirements. This assumption is supported by a review of results of training
      studies. However, it appears that regular jumping exercises can be just as
      helpful. The same holds for exercises with weights, provided the subjects have no
      weight-training history. In fact, for unskilled jumpers who have no weight
      training history, the effects of training programmes utilising these different
      exercises are additive. The most effective, efficient and safe way for a coach to
      improve the jumping achievement of his athletes may well be to submit them first
      to a training programme utilising regular jumps, then to a weight-training
      programme and finally to a drop jump training programme. In drop jump training
      programmes themselves, the improvement in jumping height varies greatly among
      studies. This variation cannot be explained satisfactorily with the information
      available on subjects and training programmes. Given the current state of
      knowledge, coaches seem to have no other option than to strictly copy a programme
      which has proved to be very effective. Obviously there is a need for more
      systematic research of the relationship between design and effect of drop jump
      training programmes. The most important variable to be controlled is drop jumping
      technique. From a review of biomechanical studies of drop jumping, it becomes
      clear that jumping technique strongly affects the mechanical output of muscles.
      The biomechanics of 2 techniques are discussed. In the bounce drop jump the
      downward movement after the drop is reversed as soon as possible into an upward
      push-off, while in the countermovement drop jump this is done more gradually by
      increasing the amplitude of the downward movement after landing. It is speculated
      that the bounce drop jump might trigger improvement of the power output capacity
      of muscles, whereas the repetition of the countermovement drop jump may help to
      improve coordination. Future training studies are needed to determine whether
      drop jumping technique really affects the outcome of the training, and if so,
      which technique should be preferred. Also, further biomechanical research is
      needed to determine kinematics and kinetics of other drop jumping techniques, and
      to trace potential dangers. The author urges for a close cooperation between
      coaches and scientists in future research.

PMID- 2408121
TI  - [Development in medicine in the Werdenberg-Sargans region].
AB  - The rich palette of medical services are as casual to us as our life expectancy
      of 70 years. We tend to forget that our ancestors benefitted from poorer health
      care than our contemporaries in third world countries. The districts of
      Werdenberg and Sargans were up to the French revolution subject to rule by the
      confederation, a frontier area and an under-developed country. Some facts from
      these times highlight the multifactorial conditions that have led to the
      improvement of our health care systems. These data and scenes serve to honor our
      ancestors and at the same time evoke thoughts about consequences and limits of
      such developments-thoughts, that incite us to reflect and act towards optimal
      conditions of life for our descendants.

PMID- 2408123
TI  - [Medicine of yore in the Moesano].
AB  - Through a series of walks with former colleagues and investigations in archives
      the author succeeded in reconstructing the medical past of the Moesano, a remote
      region of the italian speaking Grisons comprising the valleys of Calanca and
      Mesolcina. His analysis illustrates and reviews the demographic movements in a
      district of which certain parts are on the way of depopulation, the medical
      practitioners who followed one another during the last century, their daily
      activities under circumstances totally different from ours, the means at their
      disposal in particular the therapeutical possibilities an overview of the popular
      medicines of that time and a short historical report about the health resort of
      San Bernardino.

PMID- 2408122
TI  - [Father's medicine of the 40s].
AB  - A general practitioner practising from 1940 onwards on the Gruyere region
      describes visually his former task: permanence on call, daily journeys of 80 km
      for house calls, often on skis or by sleigh, surgery under most primitive
      conditions, serious decisions taken lonely, diphtheria-epidemics, frequent
      tuberculosis, penicillin as a major break-through, picturesque human
      encounters...A lively testimony of times gone by.

PMID- 2408124
TI  - [Medicine from the time of industrialization].
AB  - Last century's "Correspondenzblatt fur Schweizer Aerzte" printed clinical
      observations of four different case-histories. Illustrating the difficulties our
      predecessors were confronted with, it gives us a picture of their initiatives,
      their sense of responsibility, and at times of their inability. It explains: The
      failure of an experiment with an infusion of sodium chloride in the case of a
      state of shock, a cesarian operation--crowned with success--a case of Fungus
      haematodes (Schwannoma) in the fossa jugularis and a trepanation performed on a
      young woman with a serious skull fracture. A special train was made available to
      take Prof. U. Kronlein from Zurich to Bad Ragaz. The urgent operation took place
      at night, by candle light in the bathing halls of Bad Pfafers.

PMID- 2408125
TI  - [Internship, up there on the mountain, in 1945].
AB  - 44 years ago a young and inexperienced resident was the only physician in a
      country hospital with 80 beds. He describes his former working experience with
      amusing events alternating with dramatic ones, evoking problems and deficiencies
      with material and human resources and the impact of the newly introduced
      antibiotics in this setting. This hospital is actually served by 5 full-time
      specialists, a chief resident and 5 interns. This contribution testifies for the
      tremendous development of our clinics well within 50 years.

PMID- 2408126
TI  - [Encephalopathy caused by prions].
AB  - The concept of prion encephalopathy has emerged from such previous notions as
      slow virus infections, spongiform encephalopathies or transmissible dementias.
      The term prion (Prusiner, 1982) is now used in preference to unconventional
      agents. Proteins and genes of prions have recently been identified by molecular
      biology. Exactly how prion proteins are amplified in cells is still unknown. It
      has been demonstrated that amyloid deposits in scrapie-infected brain,
      Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Gerstmann-Straussler and Kuru diseases are composed of prion
      proteins. Prion encephalopathies are good models to study some immunopathological
      mechanisms observed in the central nervous system in degenerative diseases or
      ageing.

PMID- 2408127
TI  - [Obsessive-compulsive behavior and progressive supranuclear palsy].
AB  - A case of progressive supranuclear palsy characterized by a loss of self
      activation and a compulsive behaviour of the obsessive type is reported. The
      pathological examination was remarkable for the intensity of pallidal lesions and
      their diffusion to both the external and internal segments. While the loss of
      self-activation seemed to result from a damaged cortico-subcortical circuit
      forming a limbic loop, the compulsive behaviour of the obsessive type may have
      resulted from the interruption of a frontal-caudal-pallidal-luysian circuit.

PMID- 2408128
TI  - [Contribution of MRI to the topography of oculomotor disorders in multiple
      sclerosis].
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in 20 patients with multiple
      sclerosis and abnormal electro-oculographic examination. All but 2 patients
      showed MRI abnormalities in the infratentorial region: hypersignal on T2-weighted
      sequences and/or images of atrophy. Usually, each patient had multiple
      abnormalities, which could prevent anatomico-oculographic correlations. With
      oculomotor disorders of cerebellar origin, correlations between clinical findings
      and MRI images were satisfactory, but with disorders due to brainstem lesions
      correlations were not so good, as shown by the results in 9 patients with
      internuclear ophthalmoplegia.

PMID- 2408129
TI  - [Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis syndrome of syphilitic origin. 5 cases].
AB  - We studied 5 cases of syphilitic lateral amyotrophic sclerosis. The diagnosis was
      based on the presence of a lymphocytic reaction in the CSF and positive VDRL and
      TPHA reactions in both blood and CSF. Clinically, the disease affected the arms
      in 3 cases and produced paraplegia in 2 cases. The gradual extension of
      amyotrophy over several months, the diffusion of electromyographic abnormalities
      and the finding of spinal cord atrophy at myelography and CT suggested a subacute
      ischemic mechanism with meningo-myelic arteritis involving the anterior horns.
      After treatment with penicillin G in high doses, the outcome was constantly
      favourable, with improvement of motor deficit in 4 cases and stabilisation in 1
      case in a 5 to 13 years' follow-up.

PMID- 2408130
TI  - [Chiasmal radionecrosis after irradiation of the sella turcica using a
      conventional dosage. Contribution of magnetic resonance imaging].
AB  - A 47 year-old man developed rapid visual loss, visual field defects and memory
      disturbances after radiotherapy with conventional doses for a pituitary
      metastasis from a renal carcinoma. CT and MRI did not show recurrent tumour,
      pituitary apoplexy or empty sella. Eventually, T2-weighted MRI images showed
      abnormal high signals in the optic chiasm, the left mesial temporal lobe and the
      right inferior frontal lobe, supporting the diagnosis of delayed radionecrosis.
      The role of chemotherapy associated with radiotherapy is discussed.

PMID- 2408131
TI  - Tumor specificity of monoclonal antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen.
      Immunohistochemical analysis.
AB  - The tumor specificity of twelve different monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The Mabs had
      previously been classified into three specificity groups (I-III) on the basis of
      their reactivity with purified CEA-related antigens by ELISA. Mabs belonging to
      specificity group III (n = 4) did not cross-react with any CEA-related antigen,
      including normal cross-reactive antigen of 160 kD molecular weight (NCA-160 =
      meconium antigen). All Mabs, except one, gave positive immunohistochemical
      staining of 75-100% of individual tissue samples of colorectal carcinomas and
      gastric adenocarcinomas. However, when tested against different normal adult
      tissues, the Mabs displayed marked differences in reactivity. Group III Mabs
      stained normal colon epithelium, but not parenchymal cells in other organs or,
      with one exception, cells belonging to the granulocyte and/or macrophage series.
      Group I and II Mabs, in contrast, stained parenchymal cells in normal colon,
      submandibular salivary gland, placenta, and pancreas (group I Mab only). They
      also stained infiltrating and circulating granulocytes and/or macrophages. Lack
      of cross-reactivity with NCA-160 is the single-best criterion for selecting anti
      CEA Mabs with a high degree of tumor specificity. To ensure tumor specificity,
      CEA-positive, NCA-160-negative Mabs should be checked by immunohistochemistry
      against cryostat sections of colorectal carcinoma, normal pancreas, submandibular
      salivary gland, spleen, and liver and for reactivity against circulating
      granulocytes.

PMID- 2408132
TI  - [High-frequency ventilation: status of research and practical application].

PMID- 2408133
TI  - [First cystomanometries].

PMID- 2408134
TI  - Study of mandibular kinetics by COSIG. Computerized sirognathograph system.
AB  - Several programs for coupling Sirognathograph to personal computer are available
      on the market (Maruyama's SGG Analyzing System Radke's Bio-Pac-Software, Fabris's
      Computersystem for Sirognathograph S) or are in various non commercial versions
      used in research (Lewin, Micheler, Proeschel). The COSIG System consists of the
      software and the hardware (Sirognathograph S--Siemens, XY 575 Recorder Esterline
      Angus, Personal computer IBM XT, IBM Graphics, Printer, A/D converter Tecmar
      Labmaster, Roland Plotter 880 DXY). The COSIG software records simultaneously X,
      Y, Z data from SGG, store and retrieve them. Mandibular movements are presented
      in time plot mode, in the three planes, in speed and acceleration plots, using
      different magnifications, direction color code, deliberate observation times,
      enables zero adjustments and storing of particular situation with comments on it
      within the file. Simultaneously graphic presentation goes by XY recorder, while
      stored data are screen printed by Graphic printer or color and black and white
      plotted by XY plotter. Standard patient examination using COSIG comprises three
      files i.e. border movement potential, contact movements and chewing standard
      bolus has been proposed.

PMID- 2408135
TI  - Size of jejunal Peyer's patches and migration of lymphocyte subsets in pigs after
      resection or transposition of the continuous ileal Peyer's patch.
AB  - In pigs there are two types of Peyer's patches in the small intestine: discrete
      patches in the jejunum (jejPP) and a continuous patch in the terminal ileum
      (ilPP). The ilPP was resectioned or transposed into the upper jejunum. After the
      operation the size of the remaining jejPP showed no compensatory growth in either
      group within 10 months. However, the number of CD8+ lymphocytes in the blood,
      spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, tonsils, and Peyer's patches and the number of
      CD4+ cells in the spleen and tonsils was reduced in comparison to those of age
      matched control pigs. Autologous blood lymphocytes were labelled with fluorescein
      isothiocyanate and retransfused. In control animals the mid-portion of the ilPP
      showed a lower entry of lymphocytes and the migration pattern of lymphocyte
      subsets was different in the animals with resectioned or transposed ilPP as
      compared to controls. Thus, the removal of the ilPP (about 60% of all small
      intestinal PP) did not result in the remaining patches adapting their size, but
      it did influence other lymphoid organs.

PMID- 2408136
TI  - Bursin localization in mammalian bone marrow and epithelial cells of intrahepatic
      bile ducts.
AB  - Bursin is a tripeptide (lysyl-histidyl-glycyl-amide) found in follicular and
      dendritic reticular epithelial cells of the avian bursa of Fabricius that
      selectively induces the differentiation of committed B-lymphocyte precursor cells
      but not of committed T-lymphocyte precursor cells. We now show, in immunoassays
      with tissue extracts, that bursin is also present in avian and bovine bone
      marrow. There was, however, a categorical difference between avian liver (bursin
      negative) and bovine liver (bursin-positive). Bursin was therefore isolated from
      bovine liver and bone marrow and the structure of mammalian bursin was
      determined; it was identical to avian bursin. Immunohistochemical examination of
      bovine liver showed the presence of bursin within epithelial cells of the
      intrahepatic bile ducts. These cells have previously been suspected of having an
      endocrine function because of the rich periductal capillary plexus, which
      coalesces to form a portal system draining into the liver sinusoids. These
      findings suggest that bone marrow is a site of bursin production and associated B
      cell differentiation in both birds and mammals. The bursin-containing cells of
      the intrahepatic bile ducts are not associated with developing B cells and it
      would appear that mammals have evolved a local hepatic function for bursin.

PMID- 2408137
TI  - Expression of activation antigens on T cells in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
AB  - The aim of our study was to identify differences in cell surface marker
      expression between T cells taken from the peripheral blood (PB) of healthy
      individuals and T cells recovered from inflamed joints of rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA) patients. Out of 118 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) directed against
      activation antigens on haematopoietic cells, 12 MoAbs recognizing nine distinct
      surface molecules were selected after a screening procedure to study the
      expression of the corresponding antigens on T cells from the PB, synovial fluid
      and synovial tissue of RA patients, and also on T cells from PB and spleens of
      controls. Using two-colour flow cytometry and immunohistology we found the
      molecules B-C5, CD39, CD40, CD45 R0, CD54, CD76 and potentially 1D11 to be
      substantially up-regulated on T cells from various body compartments in RA
      patients. We thus could determine that the cell surface of T cells in RA patients
      not only differs in MHC class II expression, but also in a number of other
      activation-associated cell surface molecules from T cells in healthy individuals.

PMID- 2408140
TI  - Sleep in rheumatic patients.

PMID- 2408138
TI  - Comparison of biological and immunological activities of human monocyte-derived
      interleukin 1 beta and human recombinant interleukin 1 beta.
AB  - Recombinant human interleukin 1 beta (rhIL-1 beta) and supernatants of
      Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides-stimulated human monocyte (Mo) cultures,
      containing native human IL-1 beta (nhIL-1 beta), demonstrate significant
      differences when tested in the mouse co-stimulatory thymocyte (lymphocyte
      activating factor [LAF]) assay. The aims of the present study were to investigate
      this characteristic difference between rhIL-1 beta and Mo culture supernatants
      (Mo supernatants), and to compare the biological and the immunological activity
      of preparations of rhIL-1 beta and nhIL-1 beta during each step of an identical
      purification procedure. The biological activity of rhIL-1 beta/nhIL-1 beta
      preparations was characterized by the use of the LAF assay and the rat islet
      insulin release assay. An IL-1 beta enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was
      established in order to compare the biological and immunological responses of the
      IL-1 beta preparations. We report that the significant difference between rhIL-1
      beta and supernatants of Mo cultures, which was only demonstrable in the LAF
      assay, is due to the presence of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the Mo supernatants. We
      describe a simple cation exchange chromatography separating nhIL-1 beta and IL-6
      of Mo supernatants. The highly purified rhIL-1 beta possessing the correct amino
      terminal sequence and nhIL-1 beta have identical biological and immunological
      activities demonstrating a specific biological activity (SBA) of 3 x 10(2) U/ng
      IL-1 beta. Thus, we have no indications of secondary or tertiary structural
      differences between rhIL-1 beta and purified nhIL-1 beta. In contrast, both in
      the LAF assay and in the rat islet insulin release assay the SBA of an amino
      extended rhIL-1 beta form, Met-Glu-Ala-Glu-rhIL-1 beta, was only 1-2% of the SBA
      of rhIL-1 beta, suggesting that structural changes were introduced into the
      molecule by the amino-terminal extension. In the present study we have
      demonstrated that systematic combined testing of IL-1 beta preparations in two
      different biological assays and an immunological assay is useful for the
      characterization and comparison of the activity of recombinant and native IL-1
      beta preparations purified by the use of exactly the same procedures.

PMID- 2408139
TI  - A review of assignment criteria for rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - A comparative evaluation of existing assignment criteria for rheumatoid arthritis
      has been undertaken as a preliminary to exploring how simpler and more efficient
      standards could be developed. The performances of alternative formulations of
      individual criteria have been evaluated, and the various criteria have been
      assessed singly and in combination. The two individual criteria giving rise to
      the greatest difficulty are morning stiffness and pain and/or tenderness, with
      its optional formulation. An alternative criterion, pain in at least three sites
      on squeezing the MCP or MTP joints, performed well. Taken in combination, better
      epidemiological discrimination was achieved with the threshold for the 1958 ARA
      criteria midway between 'definite' and 'classical' disease, with six criteria
      fulfilled. Most of the discriminatory power of these criteria stemmed from
      inclusion of radiographic and serological characteristics, which is scarcely
      surprising. The Rome criteria for Inactive RA and the New York criteria for RA,
      which were derived from them, achieved better discrimination, which suggests ways
      in which improvements in assignment criteria might be approached. The 1987
      revision of the ARA criteria achieves disappointingly little, as important
      difficulties have not been resolved.

PMID- 2408141
TI  - Clinical and serological follow-up of patients with polyarthritis, Raynaud's
      phenomenon, and circulating RNP antibodies.
AB  - Fourteen patients with polyarthritis, Raynaud's phenomenon/sclerodactyly, and
      circulating (U1)RNP antibodies were followed up for 10 years. All patients could
      be classified as having the mixed connective tissue disease at the end of the
      follow-up. The immunoblotting analysis revealed marked heterogeneity in the
      ribonucleoprotein antibody profiles. The antibodies were mainly of the IgG
      isotype but in four sera only IgA and/or IgM type antibodies were demonstrated.
      Three patients who were found to have anti-RNP by the immunodiffusion assay
      proved negative for anti-U-RNP antibodies by immunoblotting. Patients with
      antibodies against the BB' polypeptides of U-RNP particles had a disease
      characterized by non-erosive arthritis, sclerodactyly and cutaneous
      manifestations. Patients who had antibodies against the 70 kD polypeptide of U1
      RNP particles only had an erosive polyarthritis. However, these patients did not
      tolerate treatment with either gold salts or with D-penicillamine. Thus, the
      classification of the RNP antibodies by immunoblotting technique seemed to define
      patient groups whose disease took differing courses.

PMID- 2408142
TI  - [Antibiotic therapy of Lyme borreliosis].
AB  - There are still no definite patterns for antibiotic therapy of Lyme borreliosis.
      Recent studies have shown that ceftriaxone or tetracyclines are superior to the
      conventional penicillin. Against erythema chronica migrans (stage I) oral
      therapy, preferably with tetracycline, is sufficient. In cases with stage II
      symptoms, such as arthritis or neurological affections, high dose parenteral
      treatment, preferably with ceftriaxone, is recommended, although its effect on
      the neurologic symptoms is not yet proven. Carditis also calls for high dose
      parenteral administration of antibiotics, even though there are no published
      studies on this treatment as yet. Opinion is divided on the cutaneous symptoms
      such as acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, morphea, lichen sclerosus et
      atrophicus (acute inflammatory stage) and lymphadenitis cutis benigna. Even if
      oral penicillin or tetracycline can cure existing symptoms, in the absence of
      longterm observations, it remains an open question whether oral treatment can
      prevent further complications or evolution to chronicity (stage III). For these
      clinical pictures there is also a tendency to give high dose parenteral
      antibiotics, and ceftriaxone is likely to win favour. In stage II Lyme
      borreliosis, autoimmune processes occur which scarcely respond to antibiotics any
      longer. Nevertheless, parenteral administration of high dose antibiotics remains
      sensible as a means of eradicating pathogens from the tissues, CSF or synovial
      fluids, and to avoid further complications. Evaluation of the therapeutic effects
      of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents would require prospective
      studies.

PMID- 2408143
TI  - [Indications for cesarean section].
AB  - Following introductory remarks on rates of cesarean section, the relative and
      absolute indications for the procedure are reviewed. The rise in the rate of
      cesarean sections is due to widening of the relative indications, such as
      dystocia, previous cesarean, fetal distress and breech presentation. Since 1974
      the cesarean section rate at Aarau Gynecologic and Obstetric Clinic has
      fluctuated between 6% and 8% and showed an increase for the first time, to 9.3%,
      in 1988. Breakdown by the main indications shows fetal distress, breech
      presentation and history of previous cesarean. Other indications, in particular
      dystocia, were statistically well in the background.-The question of stabilizing
      and lowering the cesarean section rate is discussed. A more restrictive approach
      to the dystocia indication is the first priority. Precise diagnostic procedures
      during the labour stage, e.g. fetal blood sampling and cardiotocography, are
      essential. Particular attention is focused on cesarean section in relation to
      preterm delivery and breech presentation.

PMID- 2408144
TI  - [Fertilization in vitro and embryo transfer].
AB  - After a brief historical survey and review of the main Swiss centres engaged in
      medically assisted procreation, the indications for in vitro fertilization and
      embryo transfer (IVF-ET) are discussed. This technique offers the sterility
      specialist a new approach in allowing separate investigation of the two gametes
      and study of their interactions. This therapeutic approach to infertility is thus
      supplemented by biological data which may modify or highlight some of the
      etiologic aspects and promote new treatments. The techniques employed at our
      centre and the results obtained over the past four years are presented. Analysis
      of IVF pregnancies shows that the obstetric risks can be associated with the
      characteristics of the groups treated rather than with the IVF technique.

PMID- 2408145
TI  - [The medical care of newborn infants in Switzerland].
AB  - Switzerland has one of the lowest neonatal mortalities in the world (5%) which
      has barely decreased during the last 10 years. The aim of care for newborn
      infants has therefore shifted from reducing mortality to reducing morbidity and
      increasing quality of life. Diseases which were frequent and severe some twenty
      years ago, such as rubella embryopathy and rhesus incompatibility, have almost
      disappeared today due to general prophylaxis. On the other hand, new, partly
      iatrogenic diseases, such as retinopathy of prematurity and bronchopulmonary
      dysplasia, considerably affect present morbidity of newborn infants. Due to newly
      developed imaging techniques and genetic, biochemical and immunological methods
      for screening of risk groups or all pregnant women or newborns, more and more
      diseases are detected earlier. Therefore the optimal procedure has to be settled
      early and on an interdisciplinary basis, and include prenatal investigation and
      possibly treatment, planning of delivery, and early and late postnatal diagnostic
      and therapeutic measures. The consequence of this development is close
      cooperation between obstetricians, neonatologists, and pediatric specialists, and
      a rapidly increasing need for neonatal beds, especially for intensive care. In
      spite of identification and centralization of women with high risk pregnancy
      before delivery, every newborn may develop sudden, unpredictable problems of
      adaptation which need immediate action. Therefore, at every delivery in a clinic
      or at home the necessary equipment and skilled staff must be available in order
      to cope with acute problems during adaptation from intrauterine to extrauterine
      life.

PMID- 2408146
TI  - Penn charges Retin-A inventor with conflict.

PMID- 2408147
TI  - Inhibition of serum- and ras-stimulated DNA synthesis by antibodies to
      phospholipase C.
AB  - Several immunologically distinct isozymes of inositol phospholipid-specific
      phospholipase C (PLC) have been purified from bovine brain. Murine NIH 3T3
      fibroblasts were found to express PLC-gamma, but the expression of PLC-beta was
      barely detectable by radioimmunoassay or protein immunoblot. A mixture of
      monoclonal antibodies was identified that neutralizes the biological activity of
      both endogenous and injected purified PLC-gamma. When co-injected with oncogenic
      Ras protein or PLC-gamma, this mixture of antibodies inhibited the induction of
      DNA synthesis that characteristically results from the injection of these
      proteins into quiescent 3T3 cells. However, when oncogenic Ras protein or PLC
      gamma was co-injected with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to Ras, only the
      DNA synthesis induced by the Ras protein was inhibited--that induced by PLC was
      unaffected. These results suggest that the Ras protein is an upstream effector of
      PLC activity in phosphoinositide-specific signal transduction and that PLC-gamma
      activity is necessary for Ras-mediated induction of DNA synthesis.

PMID- 2408148
TI  - Translation initiation and ribosomal biogenesis: involvement of a putative rRNA
      helicase and RPL46.
AB  - Cold-sensitive mutations in the SPB genes (spb1-spb7) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      suppress the inhibition of translation initiation resulting from deletion of the
      poly(A)-binding protein gene (PAB1). The SPB4 protein belongs to a family of
      adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent RNA helicases. The aberrant production of
      25S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) occurring in spb4-1 mutants or the deletion of SPB2
      (RPL46) permits the deletion of PAB1. These data suggest that mutations affecting
      different steps of 60S subunit formation can allow PAB-independent translation,
      and they indicate that further characterization of the spb mutations could lend
      insight into the biogenesis of the ribosome.

PMID- 2408150
TI  - A model of empathic understanding and adherence to treatment regimens in
      practitioner-patient relationships.
AB  - Empathic understanding in practitioner relationships is postulated as necessary
      for adherence to therapeutic regimens. It is considered to be one of the most
      important practitioner relationship skills leading ultimately to patient health
      benefit. Research literature from a wide-range of health disciplines including
      personality theory, social psychology, psychotherapy, psycho-analysis, and
      practitioner-patient communication highlights the key role of empathic processes
      in personal health care. A model of empathic understanding is described which
      attempts to integrate the substantive findings in the research literature and
      seeks to generate new ideas for further investigation. The model addresses
      theoretical relationships between practitioners' empathic understanding,
      patients' knowledge of their illness and motivation to get better, adherence to
      treatment advice, and outcome. Recent work on the selection and training of
      medical and nursing staff in empathic skills is reviewed. A number of areas for
      future research are outlined including the effect of individual practitioner
      differences in the components of empathy, empathic compatibility in practitioner
      patient dyads, fluctuations in levels of practitioner empathy during long-term
      care, specific practitioner behaviours which communicate empathy, and the
      relationship between factors of patient satisfaction and the perception of
      empathic understanding.

PMID- 2408149
TI  - Tyrosine kinase activity and transformation potency of bcr-abl oncogene products.
AB  - Oncogenic activation of the proto-oncogene c-abl in human leukemias occurs as a
      result of the addition of exons from the gene bcr and truncation of the first abl
      exon. Analysis of tyrosine kinase activity and quantitative measurement of
      transformation potency in a single-step assay indicate that variation in bcr exon
      contribution results in a functional difference between p210bcr-abl and p185bcr
      abl proteins. Thus, foreign upstream sequences are important in the deregulation
      of the kinase activity of the abl product, and the extent of deregulation
      correlates with the pathological effects of the bcr-abl proteins.

PMID- 2408151
TI  - Preventing alcohol related birth damage: a review.
AB  - Since 1974 numerous clinical studies have made it clear that heavy alcohol
      consumption during pregnancy (in excess of 80 g or 8 units daily) can result in a
      child being born with a specific combination of physical and mental disabilities
      known as the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. More moderate levels of intake (as little as
      10 g of 1 unit daily) are associated with other fetal problems known as Fetal
      Alcohol Effects. The most common of these is growth retardation. Reduction of
      alcohol consumption is beneficial to pregnancy outcome. However, despite this
      great clinical and research interest within the field there has been
      comparatively little attention paid to researching possible preventative
      strategies and appropriate policy development. This paper first describes the
      size of the problem posed by drinking in pregnancy in the U.S.A. and the U.K.,
      detailing the contrasting policy response on either side of the Atlantic. It
      examines the difficulties of formulating appropriate advice and then assesses the
      available research reports on preventative measures. The strategies described
      include general publicity and counselling for pregnant women. In addition,
      attention has been paid to the problems of dissemination by emphasising
      professional education. One major shortcoming is that most of these studies
      appear to have been carried out with little reference to existing knowledge on
      health education and promotion, or educational work in the antenatal or alcohol
      fields. In addition, little attention appears to have been paid to the
      characteristics of the groups at whom intervention might be targeted or the
      underlying social or psychological factors which maintain drinking in these
      groups. The second part of this paper, therefore, attempts to suggest appropriate
      avenues for developing preventative strategies by presenting a wide-ranging
      review with special reference to British experience. Particular attention is
      given to the issues of form and content of appropriate messages, targeting of
      risk populations, the venue for intervention, and media and the actual mechanisms
      involved in implementing the programme. We conclude that women should be advised
      to limit their alcohol consumption to no more than one unit a day when they are
      either pregnant or planning a pregnancy. We recommend that pregnant women should
      be asked about their alcohol and given appropriate advice during routine
      antenatal clinic visits. We suggest that the form of advice should be designed
      with the characteristics of the risk population in mind.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2408152
TI  - Inequalities in pregnancy outcome: a review of psychosocial and behavioural
      mediators.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on psychosocial factors in
      pregnancy outcome and to present a model which attempts to integrate the findings
      theoretically. There are four sections. The first presents published data on the
      incidence of early childhood mortality and low birth weight. Changes over time
      and differences between countries are noted and attention is drawn to the marked
      inequalities between occupational groups in the British data. The second section
      reviews the evidence that a variety of psychosocial risk factors influence
      pregnancy outcome, notably social, emotional, cognitive and behavioural factors.
      The third section develops the theme of inequalities and examines theories which
      have been advanced to account for the differences in adult mortality. We argue
      that material deprivation goes some way towards explaining inequalities in
      pregnancy outcome, but that any proper account will have to explain the links
      between inputs and outcomes--the processes and mechanisms by which material
      deprivation is translated into observable mortality and morbidity. In the
      concluding section, we argue that some of the principal links are the
      psychosocial risk factors described in the second section, and we present a model
      which traces the pathways of mediation.

PMID- 2408153
TI  - Problems and coping behaviour of facial cancer patients.
AB  - On the basis of an arrangement scheme by Cohen and Lazarus, an investigation has
      been made into the literature on problems patients experience after having
      undergone tumour surgery resulting in facial mutilation. Furthermore, the ways in
      which these patients cope with their problems have been looked at. The greatest
      problems arise at the interpersonal level, and in particular with intimate
      (sexual) relationships and with superficial, anonymous contacts. The face is
      found to be of essential importance in interpersonal relationships. During the
      first phase of the disease, when all attention is focused on the fact of having
      cancer, patients especially react with intrapsychic coping mechanisms. Later,
      after surgery, the problems are mainly concentrated on the inescapable necessity
      to live with a clearly visible mutilation. At this stage, in order to be able to
      talk about his experiences, to find recognition; and to adapt his self-image, the
      patient particularly turns to other people for support. It turned out that the
      ordering of Cohen and Lazarus' arrangement scheme gives a good outline of the
      difficulties patients encounter. In addition to this, several psychological
      theories and concepts offer good explanations for the facts as found.

PMID- 2408154
TI  - Determinants of active self-care behaviour of insulin treated patients with
      diabetes: implications for diabetes education.
AB  - The most important aim of diabetes education is to alter the self-care behaviour
      of patients with diabetes. In order to change their behaviour its determinants
      must be known. The pretest of a multicentre evaluation study with 558
      participating insulin treated patients with diabetes was analysed to test the
      usefulness of the attitude-behaviour theory of Fishbein & Ajzen in explaining and
      possibly changing diabetes related active self-care behaviour. The theory of
      Fishbein & Ajzen is based on the assumption that human behaviour is reasoned
      behaviour. The theory views a person's intention as the immediate determinant of
      action. Determinants of intention are attitude and social norm. The results
      showed that the attitude was the most important determinant of active self-care,
      while a sufficient level of knowledge and a low orientation on the powerful
      others health locus of control scale were prerequisites for a positive attitude.
      The influence of the social environment was detrimental; although people tried to
      motivate patients to active self-care, they could not provide any real help in
      performing this desired behaviour. According to the results of this study,
      diabetes education should first aim at improving the level of knowledge and the
      health locus of control of the patients and second, at a positive attitude to
      active self-care. It is necessary to educate the social environment to create a
      more supportive atmosphere for the patient with diabetes.

PMID- 2408155
TI  - Breast-feeding in the modern health sector in Indonesia: the mother's
      perspective.
AB  - This paper presents findings of a study of postpartum women in major hospitals
      throughout Indonesia. The objective was to assess the mothers' practices and
      attitudes regarding several key aspects of breast-feeding and 'rooming-in'. The
      study found that most of the women breast-fed their babies, with many believing
      infants should be breast-fed for 18 months or longer. However, many mothers
      lacked information about ideal infant feeding patterns and were unaware of how to
      solve problems that may arise. Only 38% recognized the value of feeding
      colostrum, and many feared the effect of breast-feeding on breast shape. They
      often gave supplementary formula. Almost none understood the importance of
      frequent suckling in promoting milk production. Only 50% of infants were kept in
      the same hospital room with their mothers for 24 hr a day, or full rooming-in.
      Women who kept their infants in the nursery (39%) were generally younger, better
      educated, primiparous, or had non-normal deliveries. They knew little about
      rooming-in, and if given more information to allay their doubts, they might
      consider rooming-in as a viable and safe arrangement. The results of this study
      reinforce the importance of identifying the perceptions and the knowledge of
      women concerning breast-feeding and rooming-in, so that hospital administrator,
      and health professionals can design programs and provide environments that
      encourage women to breast-feed their infants in optimal ways.

PMID- 2408156
TI  - Autonomous growth of lymphoid cells following IL-2 expression from retrovirus
      vectors containing HIV-1 trans-acting elements.
AB  - The human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) possesses powerful regulatory
      elements that control the rate of replication of HIV-1 and subsequent processing
      of HIV-1 genes. We have used this regulatory mechanism to drive expression of
      foreign genes inserted in retrovirus vectors. This approach was used to express
      the human IL-2 gene in IL-2-dependent mouse CTLL-2 cells to determine the role of
      autonomous growth in maintaining proliferation of virus-infected T lymphocytes
      during HTLV-1-induced adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Expression of IL-2 sequences
      in IL-2-dependent mouse CTLL-2 cells resulted in autonomous growth of IL-2
      independent CTLL-2 clones. Endogenous expression of IL-2 appeared to interrupt
      normal constraints of growth in that these IL-2-independent clones showed reduced
      cell-density-dependent inhibition but not a tumorigenic phenotype. IL-2
      independent CTLL-2 clones did not secrete detectable quantities of IL-2 into
      culture supernatant and exhibited reduced sensitivity to the inhibitory effects
      of both IL-2 and IL-2 receptor antibody. These results suggest that the IL-2
      autocrine loop within these cells involves intracellular IL-2/IL-2 receptor
      binding. The apparent lack of IL-2 production and poor responsiveness to IL-2 or
      IL-2 antibodies displayed by cell lines from ATL patients may be explained by an
      intracellular IL-2/IL-2 receptor autocrine loop.

PMID- 2408157
TI  - Susceptibility for N-ras-mediated transformation requires loss of tumor
      suppressor activity.
AB  - We have been using PA-1 human teratocarcinoma cells to study mechanisms by which
      oncogenes induce transformation. Tumorigenic PA-1 cells at passages greater than
      100 (greater than P100) contain a spontaneously activated N-ras oncogene, while
      earlier-passage preneoplastic cells contain only the germ-line protooncogene and
      are nontumorigenic. One preneoplastic cell clone of PA-1 cells can be transformed
      by introduction of the cloned PA-1 N-ras in gene-transfer experiments, while
      another earlier-passage clonal cell line cannot be transformed. The goal of this
      investigation was to determine how human cells progress from resistance to
      susceptibility to ras oncogene-induced transformation. Somatic cell hybridization
      experiments described in this report indicate that the resistance of the low
      passage cells to transformation is a dominant trait suppressing transformation.
      Loss of chromosomes from hybrid segregants suggested that tumor suppressors exist
      on chromosomes 1, 4, and 11. Extended in vitro passaging of somatic cell hybrids
      also resulted in the loss of chromosomes. Chromosome 1 was lost in these
      populations of cells, implying that reduction of this chromosome may promote
      proliferation and not specifically affect tumor formation.

PMID- 2408158
TI  - Some ras-transformed cells have increased radiosensitivity and decreased repair
      of sublethal radiation damage.
AB  - We examined the effect of 60Co irradiation on the clonogenic survival of rat NRK
      cells, NRK cells carrying a temperature-sensitive viral K-ras oncogene (tsK-NRK),
      mouse NIH 3T3 cells, and NIH 3T3 cells transformed with the human bladder cancer
      (T24) H-ras oncogene (PAP2). We tested the hypothesis that ras oncogene
      expression renders cells more resistant to radiation, but found in both systems
      that ras-transformed cells were more, not less, sensitive to radiation. We also
      found indications of altered repair of sublethal radiation damage. PAP2 cells
      were more sensitive to radiation than NIH 3T3 cells. Increased sensitivity was
      reflected in a decreased shoulder region of the survival curve with little effect
      on its slope (D0). TsK-NRK cells were also slightly more sensitive to radiation
      than NRK and exhibited decreased repair of sublethal damage at both the
      permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. Thus, we found that expression of ras
      oncogenes is not always associated with increased radiation resistance. In
      summary, our results suggest that (1) ras oncogene expression in some cells may
      be associated with increased, rather than decreased, radiation sensitivity, and
      (2) ras oncogene expression may alter the shoulder region of the dose response
      curve, suggesting changes in the repair of sublethal radiation damage.

PMID- 2408159
TI  - Overview of surgery.

PMID- 2408160
TI  - Advances in the management of fecal incontinence secondary to anorectal
      malformations.

PMID- 2408161
TI  - Endorectal sonography.

PMID- 2408162
TI  - The clinical value of anorectal motility.

PMID- 2408163
TI  - The status of radiation therapy in the management of carcinoma of the rectum.

PMID- 2408164
TI  - Recent advances in the treatment of acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 2408165
TI  - Adhesive interactions between malignant cells and the extracellular matrix.
      Importance of proteoglycans and the ras oncogene.

PMID- 2408166
TI  - Reversed gastric esophagoplasty.

PMID- 2408167
TI  - The retroperitoneal approach to abdominal aneurysms.

PMID- 2408168
TI  - Anastomotic aneurysms: facts and fancy.
AB  - One hundred and one anastomotic aneurysms were encountered in 74 patients over a
      25-year period (1963 through 1988). Ninety-three anastomotic aneurysms (92
      percent) were prosthesis-related, one followed a thromboendarterectomy, and seven
      (para-anastomotic aneurysms) occurred after the use of venous grafts. In the
      prosthesis-related anastomotic aneurysms, 50 percent of the patients had multiple
      anastomotic aneurysms. Most anastomotic aneurysms occurred at the femoral region
      (70.9 percent), but no suture line was immune. The most common cause of the
      anastomotic aneurysms was a defect in the host artery (90.2 percent), followed by
      suture failure (4.9 percent), and prosthetic failure (4.9 percent). Although most
      anastomotic aneurysms appeared about 5 years postoperatively, they may develop at
      any time. The early appearance of an anastomotic aneurysm (within 2 years)
      suggests infection as a cause. Because the incidence of complications of
      anastomotic aneurysms is high, regular follow-up assessment of all anastomoses is
      desirable. It is postulated that prostheses by virtue of their unphysiological
      characteristics cause abnormal stresses at the suture line leading to weakness of
      the host artery.

PMID- 2408169
TI  - Tissue expansion. An alternative technique in reconstructive surgery.

PMID- 2408170
TI  - Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and superficial bladder cancer. Clinical experience and
      mechanism of action.

PMID- 2408171
TI  - Splenic conservation.

PMID- 2408173
TI  - The psychological consequences of the surgical treatment of cancer of the breast.

PMID- 2408172
TI  - The importance of intestinal glutamine metabolism in maintaining a healthy
      gastrointestinal tract and supporting the body's response to injury and illness.
AB  - In critically ill surgical patients, a variety of therapeutic maneuvers are
      required to maintain a healthy GI tract. Provision of adequate amounts of
      glutamine to the gastrointestinal mucosa appears to be just one of these
      maneuvers. Other methods used to protect the GI tract from becoming a wound are
      (1) to avoid additional systemic and local insults (such as hypotension, sepsis,
      and multiple operative procedures); (2) to provide aggressive pulmonary care; (3)
      to use antibiotics judiciously; and (4) to provide aggressive enteral or
      parenteral feedings. The concept that the intestine is an organ of quiescence
      after surgical stress merits reconsideration. The intestinal tract plays a
      central role in interorgan glutamine metabolism and is a key regulator of
      nitrogen handling after surgical stress. Critically ill patients are susceptible
      to sepsis of GI origin, the incidence of which is diminished by instituting
      measures that support intestinal structure, function, and metabolism. Clearly,
      the biochemical and functional importance of the GI tract in surgical stress
      demands further elucidation of these factors.

PMID- 2408174
TI  - The current status of the surgical and medical treatment of the Zollinger-Ellison
      syndrome.

PMID- 2408176
TI  - Subclavian artery-to-innominate vein fistula.

PMID- 2408175
TI  - Bullet emboli to the systemic and venous circulation.
AB  - The rarity of bullet emboli leads to frequent delays in diagnosis and inadequate
      early management. Our recent experience with this entity is described, and 153
      cases reported in the English-language literature are reviewed and summarized.
      The majority of cases occurs as a consequence of civilian violence among men in
      their 20s and 30s. Most bullet emboli follow the direction of blood flow,
      although 15% of venous bullets cause embolization in a retrograde manner. One in
      10 arterial emboli follow a right-heart or venous injury. Arterial bullets are
      symptomatic in 80% of cases, venous bullets in only one third. The choice of
      surgical management must be individualized according to the symptoms caused by
      the bullet and its location in the vascular system. In general, arterial bullet
      emboli are removed because of symptoms or findings of acute peripheral ischemia.
      Arterial and venous emboli not causing symptoms should be removed according to
      the risk of possible displacement and further embolization. Selective
      intraoperative angiograms and phlebograms can precisely localize the migrating
      bullet and permit appropriate placement of incisions before removal.

PMID- 2408177
TI  - Pediatric AIDS: prevention of HIV infection in infants and children.
AB  - The Centers for Disease Control reported that 109,167 cases of AIDS had been
      diagnosed since 1981 and that approximately 40,000 persons were living with AIDS
      at the time of this writing. These numbers, however, are the tip of an iceberg
      that consists of approximately 1.5 million Americans who are infected by the
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As we described in earlier articles of this
      series, the HIV infection/AIDS epidemic has invaded the domain of the American
      family through heterosexual transmission, vertical transmission, drug abuse, and
      sexual abuse of children. Therefore, physicians for children are now facing the
      prospects of having to deal with this disease in their practices. If there is
      something unique about pediatrics and other specialties of the medical profession
      dealing with infants and children, it is that "prevention" of disease can be and
      has been used effectively. One only needs to remember the 1950s, when the
      poliomyelitis epidemic was causing the same, if not greater, concerns in the
      lives of the American families. The development and application of the "polio"
      vaccines has virtually eliminated the threat of poliomyelitis in our society.
      Similarly, the incidence of diphtheria, tetanus, and smallpox has decreased to
      the point that these diseases present practically no threat to the US population.
      Armed with these positive experiences, we need to examine what we can do today to
      curb the spread of the HIV infection/AIDS among infants and children, and by
      extension, among the general population of our country.

PMID- 2408178
TI  - [The pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus].
AB  - It is now widely accepted, that the development of type 1 diabetes is based on an
      autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing betacells of the pancreas;
      however, a genetic predisposition is required. 90 to 95% of patients with type 1
      diabetes are HLA-DR3 positive and/or HLA-DR4 positive. In addition, recent
      results from molecular-genetic research suggest an aspartate on position 57 of
      the HLA-DQ-beta protein, which seems to protect against the autoimmune
      destruction of the betacell, since it is not found in patients with type 1
      diabetes in contrast to control persons. Trigger substances inducing the initial
      betacell destruction are not known, but might not be necessary according to an
      actual hypothesis. Finally, all insulin-producing cells are destroyed, and
      lifelong insulin replacement therapy cannot be circumvented. Prevention of the
      autoimmune destruction is not possible today; especially, not using
      immunosuppressive drugs because of side effects.

PMID- 2408179
TI  - [Basal bolus therapy in adolescent diabetic patients].
AB  - Between April 1986 and December 1987 30 adolescent patients with type 1 diabetes
      were changed from a conventional twice daily insulin regimen to the basal-bolus
      system, using pen-injectors. Actually, 26 patients are still using the new
      system. A comparison was made over a three-year period with a group of 26
      patients on conventional therapy matched for age, sex and diabetes duration. A
      questionnaire was sent to the pen-injectors for subjective evaluation of the new
      system. The insulin dose remained unchanged. The incidence of hypoglycemic coma
      in the control group (4.3 per year/26 patients) was similar to the one in the pen
      injector group prior to installation of the new system (4.0 per year/26 patients)
      and increased, but not significantly, on the new system (8.9 per year/26
      patients). In both groups, the relative body weight increased significantly, the
      increase being greater in the pen-injectors (p = 0.001) than in the controls (p =
      0.042); however, the difference of weight gain between the two groups was not
      significant. Fasting plasma cholesterol and triglycerides did not change.
      Glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb-A1 corrected for Hb-F) dropped significantly in the
      pen-injectors three months after installation of the new system (p = 0.026), but
      reached the preceding level already after six months. In the controls, the Hb-A1
      remained constant over the three years. Greater flexibility in lifestyle, easier
      handling and better subjective diabetes control were the main advantages
      mentioned by the patients on the new system. Negative statements were the
      necessity for multiple injections, the high frequency of blood glucose control
      and strongly increased problems with weight control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2408180
TI  - [Practical aspects of intensified insulin therapy using the basal bolus
      principle].
AB  - In type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients, a good metabolic control can
      often be achieved only by means of an intensified insulin-giving regimen. This
      requires multiple insulin injections, whereby 60 to 70% of the total daily
      insulin amount are administered as preprandial boli of short or intermediate
      acting insulin. The remaining 30 to 40% of the daily insulin dosage are usually
      given as bedtime injection. With this form of therapy, sufficient metabolic
      control can be achieved in the majority of patients; however, due to the kinetics
      of subcutaneously injected insulin, there are some limitations to this
      therapeutic regimen. Physiological overnight insulin requirements, i.e.
      relatively small insulin requirement during the first part and increased insulin
      requirement during the second part of the night, are difficult to meet with
      currently available insulin preparations. It is, therefore, nearly impossible to
      achieve euglycemic fasting blood glucose levels without taking the risk of
      nocturnal hypoglycemia. Moreover, intensified insulin therapy requires regular
      selfmonitoring of blood glucose, and the patients have to stick to a quantitative
      diet and to a relatively fixed time schedule for meal ingestion. Several
      practical aspects as to the time and site of injection, postponing or "skipping"
      meals, etc., are discussed.

PMID- 2408181
TI  - [Are there problems in changing diabetic patients from animal to human insulin?].
AB  - In Switzerland it is still a debatable point whether diabetics whose treatment
      has been changed from animal to human insulin notice premonitory symptoms of
      hypoglycemia to a lesser degree and whether this could be hazardous for them. In
      a prospective study, 18 longstanding type 1 and type 2 diabetics, treated with
      insulin Lente MC, were selected and observed at frequent intervals for three
      months. This first period was followed by a transfer to human insulin (Protaphan
      HM) and a close observation for another three months. Before the transfer, all
      patients were well informed about a possible change in premonitory symptoms of
      hypoglycemia. The initial dose of Protaphan HM was 10% lower than in the
      treatment with Lente MC. During the three month period with human insulin, we
      observed no change with regard to blood-sugar regulation or Hb-A1. The most
      important observation was that the number of hypoglycemic episodes did not change
      after the transfer to human insulin. There were only mild to moderate degrees of
      hypoglycemia, the average being three episodes per patient. The change to human
      insulin was without any problems for the patients: they all preferred to stay on
      Protaphan HM for future treatment. Also, in general practice, patients can be
      changed without difficulties from animal to human insulin, provided that the
      above-mentioned precautions are respected.

PMID- 2408182
TI  - [Combination therapy with sulfonylurea plus insulin in "secondary failure" of
      type 2 diabetes].
AB  - In the treatment of 'secondary failure of sulfonylurea therapy' in type-2
      diabetes, the combination of insulin plus sulfonylureas is well established. The
      aim of this kind of therapy is to take advantage of the physiological way of
      endogenous insulin, stimulated by sulfonylureas. Furthermore, insulin deficiency
      in 'secondary failure' should be treated very early by small amounts of exogenous
      insulin to avoid hyperinsulinemia as a risk factor of cardiovascular disease.
      Long-term results in 16 type-2 diabetics show the combination of insulin plus
      sulfonylureas being advantageous as compared to only insulin treatment in both
      daily insulin dosage and serum insulin levels.

PMID- 2408183
TI  - [Orthopedic technical and surgical measures in the diabetic foot].
AB  - This is a short survey of orthotic and surgical possibilities as preventive
      measures and as used in the therapy of foot disorders in diabetic patients. Ample
      photographic illustrations point out especially the different orthotic devices
      and procedures.

PMID- 2408184
TI  - [Clinical significance, diagnosis and treatment of diabetes in pregnancy
      (gestational diabetes)].
AB  - Early diagnosis of glucose intolerance by glucosuria testing is unreliable and
      should be replaced by blood sugar screening in the 24th to 28th week of
      gestation. If screening results are pathological (blood sugar in capillary whole
      blood over 140 mg% one hour after oral ingestion of 50 g glucose), a standardized
      glucose tolerance test should be performed. This screening test will reveal a
      glucose intolerance in approx. 3% of pregnant women. High-risk patients for
      gestational diabetes (previous pregnancies, complicated by gestational diabetes,
      family history of diabetes mellitus (first degree relatives), obesity (greater
      than 120% of ideal body weight), maternal age greater than 30 years, unexplained
      stillbirths) should have their glucose tolerance checked in early pregnancy,
      possibly before conception, but also in the 32nd to 36th week, if blood sugar
      screening is normal in weeks 24 to 28. If the glucose tolerance test is abnormal,
      blood sugar values must be controlled by diet on levels below 5 mmol (90 mg%) and
      postprandial below 7 mmol (126 mg%), measured in capillary whole blood. If these
      values are higher, an insulin treatment has to be discussed, since high blood
      glucose values result in an increased risk of infant morbidity and mortality.
      During insulin treatment, it might be possible that higher doses become necessary
      in order to avoid fetal hyperinsulinism with consecutive macrosomy. Although
      after childbirth often a normal glucose tolerance is noted, a manifestation of
      diabetes within the next 20 years will occur in one third of all gestational
      diabetics. Regular control of the glucose tolerance, e.g. in yearly intervals, as
      well as preventive measures (regulation of body weight) are indicated.

PMID- 2408185
TI  - [Antihypertensive therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus].
AB  - A relative systemic hyperinsulinism, sodium retention as well as an increased
      cardiovascular reactivity to norepinephrine and angiotensin II in diabetics may
      explain the prognostically unfavorable frequent association of diabetes with high
      blood pressure. The first therapeutic approach against hypertension is omission
      of smoking and exaggerated alcohol consumption as well as of drugs which elevate
      blood pressure. An attempt to reach a normal body weight by means of a sodium
      restricted diabetes-diet is next. If blood pressures remain elevated an
      antihypertensive drug is prescribed in monotherapy, nowadays preferably a calcium
      antagonist or an ACE-inhibitor, because both of them cause few side effects, do
      not impair glucose and lipid homeostases and are easy to handle with a once-a-day
      regimen. A therapeutic algorithm is presented and consideration of the total
      risks of morbidity and mortality in these patients stressed.

PMID- 2408186
TI  - [Pancreas transplantation as treatment of diabetes mellitus].
AB  - Pancreatic transplantation is able to normalize blood glucose metabolism and
      achieve normoglycemia in a majority of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus. Hoping that normoglycemia will favorably influence development of late
      complications of diabetes, an increasing number of pancreas transplantations has
      been performed over the last years. However, the need for immunosuppressive
      therapy with its problems and possible complications confines pancreatic
      transplantation mainly to three groups of patients: patients who undergo kidney
      transplantation for diabetic nephropathy, patients who have already undergone
      kidney transplantation for diabetic nephropathy and, rarely, patients with
      extreme difficulties with metabolic control. The results of pancreatic
      transplantation have continuously improved over the last decade, and a limited
      number of controlled studies is providing some evidence of a favorable effect on
      late complications.

PMID- 2408187
TI  - [Prostatitis, vesiculitis and rectal ultrasonography].

PMID- 2408188
TI  - [Chronic non-bacterial prostatic vesiculitis. Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment].
AB  - We describe four case reports to illustrate the problems of diagnosing chronic,
      abacterial, prostato-vesiculitis. The study summarizes the most frequent symptoms
      and findings among 36 men in whom the condition was verified by rectal
      ultrasonography. Rectal scanning indicated a frequent connection between chronic
      prostatitis and vesiculitis. The results also indicate that symptoms such as pain
      or discomfort in the perineum, inguinal area or scrotum often reflect vesicular
      pathology. It is assumed that the ultrasonographic findings in the sex glands are
      the result of a chronic infection, despite the fact that the traditional criteria
      such as leucospermia and bacteriospermia are often not present.

PMID- 2408189
TI  - [Alcohol and infections].
AB  - For many years, chronic alcoholism has been associated with increased
      susceptibility to infectious diseases. This report reviews some of the current
      knowledge on this topic. Lung infections in particular occur frequently among
      alcoholics. Alcohol has been shown experimentally to inhibit many aspects of our
      defense mechanisms against infections. These mechanisms include unspecific
      external defense mechanisms such as mucociliary clearance and glottic reflexes.
      Reduced phagocytic functions have also been demonstrated, reflected in reduced
      reticuloendothelial clearance, and, in addition, proliferative responses of
      immunocompetent T-cells. Most studies have been carried out on individuals with a
      serious drinking problem, in most cases alcoholics. We still know little about
      the effect of a single large intake of alcohol, or of moderate alcohol
      consumption, on infections among normal individuals.

PMID- 2408190
TI  - [Alcohol and epileptic seizures].
AB  - Epileptic seizures in alcohol abusing patients have different pathogenetic
      mechanisms and may occur at different stages of alcohol induced illness. It may
      be difficult to separate withdrawal seizures from real epilepsy. Detailed
      knowledge of the differential diagnosis and the effect of alcohol on the central
      nervous system is essential for correct management of the seizures. We give a
      synopsis of the classification of alcohol-related seizures, and discuss the
      indications for anticonvulsive treatment.

PMID- 2408191
TI  - [Endoscopic hemostasis in hemorrhagic peptic ulcer. A review and pilot study of
      local thrombin injection combined with systemic fibrinolysis inhibition (with
      tranexamic acid)].
AB  - Today, most upper GI-haemorrhages can be handled without surgery. We discuss the
      available endoscopic haemostatic methods. Injection therapy seems to be as
      effective as laser-, heater probe- and bipolar electrocoagulation, and is often
      preferred because the equipment is inexpensive. In a pilot study of 37 patients
      with haemorrhage from peptic ulcer (13 with active bleeding and 24 with stigmata
      of recent hemorrhage) we injected thrombin in the ulcer base and treated the
      patients systemically with an antifibrinolytic drug (tranexamic acid) for five
      days. Endoscopic follow-up revealed stigmata of recent haemorrhage in 23 patients
      on day 1 and in eight patients on day 5. "Blood in stomach" was seen in eight
      patients on day 1 and in two patients on day 5. Four patients had clinical signs
      of rebleeding, but only one of them needed operation (definite hemostasis 97%).
      There were no obvious side effects of the treatment. Contrary to other endoscopic
      methods, local injection of thrombin does not damage the normal mucosa. However,
      the method has not been sufficiently explored as yet, and cannot be recommended
      without strict control and follow-up measures. Early control endoscopy seems to
      be a sensitive way of monitoring haemostasis.

PMID- 2408192
TI  - [Blood transfusion in cancer of the colon and rectum. Friend or foe of the
      surgeon? A review].
AB  - The article is a critical review of 14 studies on the effect of blood transfusion
      on recurrence of colo/rectal cancer after operation. Eight studies conclude that
      a detrimental effect does exist, while six studies deny this. Animal studies are
      not conclusive. This matter cannot be settled at present.

PMID- 2408193
TI  - [Torkildsen's operation--50 years later].
AB  - Arne Torkildsen performed the first ventriculocisternostomy in 1937. During the
      last 25 years hydrocephalic patients have been treated with standard
      ventriculoatrial or ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Since pneumoencephalography and
      ventriculography, have been replaced by CT scanning, often no differentiation is
      made between communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus. Today we realize
      that most shunted individuals become shunt-dependent for the rest of their lives.
      During a two year period we performed eight ventriculocisternostomies after
      aqueduct obstruction had been proven by ventriculography or by combined CT and
      magnetic resonance studies. In five of the patients this gave a satisfactory long
      term result. Since this procedure does not lead to serious cardiopulmonary
      complications nor overdrainage, the Torkildsen procedure is still a good
      alternative to ventriculoperitoneal or ventriculoatrial shunts in patients with
      proven non-communicating hydrocephalus.

PMID- 2408194
TI  - [Clinical trials of the new Norwegian vaccine against diseases caused by
      Meningococcus B].
AB  - Since 1974 Norway has experienced an epidemic of meningococcal disease. In
      October 1986 the National Institute of Public Health decided to develop and test
      out a vaccine against group B meningococci. This paper describes how the vaccine
      was tested through phase I and II trials, and how problems of safety and informed
      consent were handled. Two major protection trials are currently in progress.
      130,000 secondary school students have volunteered for a study simulating the use
      of a vaccine in the long-term protection of an age group at risk. Military
      recruits are involved in a study where instant protection is important, as in a
      situation where the vaccine is used in the vicinity of an outbreak of the
      disease. 20,000 soldiers are included so far, and the study will ultimately
      include 70,000.

PMID- 2408195
TI  - A hypothesis regarding the protective role of metallothioneins against the
      toxicity of DNA interactive anticancer drugs.
AB  - The therapeutic uses of antineoplastic agents are limited primarily due to two
      reasons: the drugs cause toxicity to non-malignant tissues and malignant tissues
      develop resistance to the toxic effects of the drugs. Many clinically effective
      antineoplastic agents are electrophilic and interact either covalently or non
      covalently with genomic DNA. Although the interactions with DNA are generally
      thought to mediate their cytotoxicity, these drugs may also react with other
      cellular nucleophiles. Recent efforts have focused on understanding the role of
      thiol-rich proteins, especially metallothioneins, in determining the response of
      cells and tissues to specific classes of cytotoxic antineoplastic agents. Studies
      with cells in culture demonstrate that increases in metallothionein can afford
      protection against the toxic actions of both alkylating agents and cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin). Tumors rich in metallothionein have also
      been reported to exhibit resistance to alkylating agents and cisplatin when grown
      in vivo. Pretreatment of mice with heavy metals, such as Bi salts, has been found
      to decrease the lethality and the renal and gastrointestinal toxicity associated
      with cisplatin. Some investigators have reported that the lethality of
      doxorubicin and its toxicity to the heart and bone marrow also have been
      significantly decreased by pretreatment of mice with Bi salts. We summarize these
      recent studies and discuss the proposition that intracellular metallothioneins
      may have a role in determining the toxicity of anticancer agents to non-malignant
      tissues.

PMID- 2408196
TI  - Immunohistochemical characterization of cerebrovascular amyloid in 46 autopsied
      cases using antibodies to beta protein and cystatin C.
AB  - Using immunohistochemical staining methods with antibodies to amyloid beta
      protein and human cystatin C, we examined cerebrovascular amyloid protein in the
      brains from 46 cases with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (seven with Alzheimer's
      disease, one with Down's syndrome, 18 with intracranial hemorrhage, 10 with
      cerebral infarction, and 10 elderly patients without any neurologic disorder).
      All cerebrovascular amyloid deposits in these 46 cases were consistently
      immunoreactive to anti-beta protein antibody. However, in nine cases some
      vascular walls with strong beta protein immunoreactivity also reacted less
      intensely with the anti-cystatin C antiserum. Of these nine cases, seven showed
      relatively heavy cerebrovascular amyloid deposition, and all seven had suffered a
      fatal subcortical hemorrhage presumably caused by cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
      Previous limited studies have suggested that the amyloid protein seen in elderly
      individuals with cerebral amyloid angiopathy is composed of beta protein.
      However, subcortical hemorrhage rarely occurs in such individuals. Our study
      shows that aged patients with different brain disorders commonly suffer from beta
      protein-type cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and we also suggest that the severity
      of beta protein-type cerebrovascular amyloid deposition is a fundamental factor
      in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-induced brain hemorrhage in the elderly. The
      nature of the cystatin C-immunoreactive substance in some of these vascular
      lesions is uncertain, but it might conceivably play an additional important role
      in the pathogenesis of brain hemorrhage in these cases.

PMID- 2408197
TI  - Detection of middle cerebral artery emboli during carotid endarterectomy using
      transcranial Doppler ultrasonography.
AB  - The purpose of our study was to define the signal characteristics and clinical
      circumstances associated with emboli detected in the middle cerebral artery using
      2-MHz pulsed transcranial Doppler ultrasound in patients undergoing carotid
      endarterectomy. Signals designating emboli were transients displaying harmonic
      qualities the signatures of which were clearly different from those of mechanical
      and electronic artifacts. We reviewed the audio/video tape recordings from 91
      patients for signals of air bubble emboli occurring upon release of common
      carotid artery crossclamps; recordings from 35 patients (38%) demonstrated air
      bubble emboli. Transients with signatures identical to those of air bubble emboli
      were also discovered when bubbles in the bloodstream were improbable; we defined
      these transients as representing formed-element emboli. Such signals were found
      in recordings from 24 patients (26%), and they occurred before (both
      spontaneously and upon common carotid artery compression), during, and after
      surgical dissection. Signals indicating formed-element emboli were associated
      with intraluminal platelet thrombus, with ulcerations in the carotid artery, and
      with transient ischemic attacks or stroke. Most postoperative formed-element
      emboli did not cause symptoms but, when persisting for hours, they were
      associated with strokes and cerebral infarction. This Doppler ultrasound method
      of detecting emboli will be useful in the study of stroke mechanisms and as a
      clinical test to guide the medical and surgical treatment of patients at risk of
      stroke.

PMID- 2408198
TI  - Effect of endothelin on cortical microvascular perfusion in rats.
AB  - We used laser-Doppler flowmetry to study the effects of endothelin-1 on local
      cortical microvascular perfusion and resistance in 29 pentobarbital-anesthetized
      rats. Intravenous administration of 10-300 pmol endothelin-1 reduced arterial
      blood pressure and microvascular resistance and increased microvascular
      perfusion. However, intracarotid administration of low doses of endothelin-1
      increased microvascular perfusion and reduced microvascular resistance and
      arterial blood pressure, whereas high doses (greater than or equal to 300 pmol)
      reduced microvascular perfusion and increased microvascular resistance and
      arterial blood pressure. Only the high dose/low flow response was associated with
      attenuation of the electrocorticogram. The low dose/high flow and high dose/low
      flow responses to endothelin-1 were not altered by blockade of muscarinic and
      adrenergic receptors. In addition, systemic metabolic changes (arterial pH,
      PaCO2, PaO2, and plasma glucose concentration) did not account for the
      cerebrovascular effects of endothelin-1. Platelet hyperaggregability also did not
      appear to be a causative factor in the high dose/low flow response to endothelin
      1. In fact, ex vivo rat platelet aggregation was inhibited by intracarotid
      administration of 300 pmol endothelin-1. In conclusion, the cerebral vasculature
      exhibits extreme sensitivity to the vasodilator properties of endothelin-1 at low
      doses. The ischemic vasoconstrictor effects observed at high doses implicate
      endothelin-1 as an important mediator of cerebral vasospasm and/or postischemic
      hypoperfusion.

PMID- 2408199
TI  - Implications of the angiographic string sign in carotid atherosclerosis.
AB  - We identified 60 patients (42 men and 18 women with an average age of 62.6 years)
      with angiographically documented carotid stenoses of greater than or equal to
      95%; a string sign was demonstrated in 28. Twenty of the 60 patients (33%) were
      asymptomatic on presentation, 26 (43%) had hemispheric transient ischemic
      attacks, 21 (35%) had amaurosis fugax, and nine (15%) had previous ipsilateral
      infarctions. Demographics, mode of presentation, and prevalence of
      atherosclerotic risk factors were not significantly different between patients
      with and without a string sign. Doppler frequencies recorded in patients with a
      string sign were less than 6 or greater than 16 KHz. Real-time ultrasonography
      imaged a patent lumen in all but three cases with a string sign. Surgery was
      performed in 26 patients with a string sign and in 21 patients without a string
      sign. The rate of major perioperative complications was not influenced by the
      presence of a string sign, contralateral extracranial stenosis, or ipsilateral
      siphon stenosis. Average lumen size of the endarterectomy specimens was 0.94 mm
      in those with and 1.7 mm in those without a string sign. We conclude that
      combined noninvasive testing has a sensitivity of 83% for demonstrating a
      residual lumen in patients with greater than or equal to 95% carotid stenosis and
      that the angiographic string sign does not affect the mode of presentation or
      surgical outcome of these patients.

PMID- 2408200
TI  - Reversed intracranial blood flow in patients with an intra-aortic balloon pump.
AB  - As a preliminary investigation into the cerebral effects of mechanical cardiac
      assist devices, using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography I examined the basal
      cerebral arteries in three patients placed on an intra-aortic balloon pump.
      Unassisted systoles had normal blood velocities and waveforms. When the pump was
      in use, diastolic blood velocity during balloon inflation increased. As the
      balloon was deflated and intra-aortic pressure was dramatically lowered,
      diastolic blood velocity within the intracranial vessels decreased sharply. In
      two patients there was a reversal of blood flow in the middle cerebral, anterior
      cerebral, basilar, and vertebral arteries during late diastole. Although the
      clinical effects of cessation and reversal of blood flow in the cerebral
      circulation while on an intra-aortic balloon pump remain to be determined,
      transcranial Doppler ultrasonography appears to be a useful tool for measuring
      these hemodynamic effects. It may also be helpful in quantifying the effects of
      such pumps on cerebral blood flow and devising inflation/deflation timing
      sequences that maximize forward blood flow.

PMID- 2408201
TI  - Paradoxical cerebral embolism secondary to pulmonary arteriovenous fistula.

PMID- 2408202
TI  - Measures to decrease HLA antibodies in immunized patients awaiting kidney
      transplantation.

PMID- 2408203
TI  - Plasma exchange and immunoadsorption prior to renal transplantation in
      allosensitized patients.

PMID- 2408204
TI  - Duplex ultrasound and acute allograft rejection.

PMID- 2408205
TI  - Ultrasonography with Doppler technique in the postoperative evaluation of the
      transplanted liver.

PMID- 2408206
TI  - Duplex-Doppler ultrasonography for evaluating pancreatic grafts.

PMID- 2408207
TI  - Efficacy of cyclosporine in renal transplantation from HLA haploidentical living
      donors: no benefit of transfusion or additional azathioprine.

PMID- 2408208
TI  - Pharmacological receptors: the need for a compendium of classification,
      nomenclature and structure.
AB  - In an attempt to contain the chaos of receptor nomenclature, the supplement
      distributed with this issue of TiPS catalogues cell surface receptors and their
      subtypes according to the most commonly used nomenclature and describes them in
      pharmacological, biochemical and molecular terms. This reporting of the status
      quo will be an invaluable aid to communication, but all scientists (not just
      pharmacologists) working on receptors would agree that a radical and rational
      classification of receptors also needs to be initiated. In this article, Jack
      Peter Green proposes a system of (and mechanism for) classification that should
      satisfy both the 'taxonomic realists' and the 'taxonomic skeptics'.

PMID- 2408209
TI  - Agonist potency and apparent affinity: interpretation using classical and steady
      state ternary-complex models.
AB  - The relative potencies of agonists have been used in the past to classify
      receptors. This could be justified on the basis of ideas and equations developed
      using the occupancy model of drug action. Although attempts have been made
      recently to develop methods of analysis based on other models, these have not
      been entirely satisfactory. In this article Dennis Mackay explores possible
      interpretations of relative potency, apparent affinity and efficacy on the basis
      of a steady-state ternary-complex model. He concludes that use of these
      quantities to classify receptor-transducer systems may not be entirely
      dependable. However the steady-state model can explain why use of agonists to
      classify receptors has been successful in the past and why properties of agonists
      deduced from ligand binding studies may differ from their properties deduced from
      experiments on intact tissues.

PMID- 2408210
TI  - P2 purinoceptors on vascular endothelial cells: physiological significance and
      transduction mechanisms.
AB  - The characterization of P2 gamma purinoceptors on vascular endothelial cells has
      progressed rapidly since their existence was first demonstrated in 1983. They
      transduce the actions of extracellular ATP and ADP--endothelium-dependent
      relaxation, prostacyclin synthesis, endothelial cell mitogenesis--which play a
      vital role in the interaction between platelets (a rich source of extracellular
      adenine nucleotides) and the vessel wall. Release of prostacyclin limits the
      extent of intravascular platelet aggregation following vascular damage and
      platelet stimulation, while the mitogenic effect may accelerate the repair of a
      lesion. P2 gamma receptors on endothelial cells are coupled to a phospholipase C
      by a GTP-binding protein. Jean-Marie Boeynaems and Jeremy Pearson explain how the
      increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+ and diacylglycerol resulting from this initial
      event mediate several further effects. In particular, activation of a Ca2(+)
      sensitive phospholipase A2 explains the increased synthesis of prostacyclin,
      while the phosphorylation of several proteins by calmodulin-dependent kinases
      modulates other endothelial cell functions.

PMID- 2408211
TI  - The contribution of drugs and toxins to understanding of cholinergic function.

PMID- 2408212
TI  - [Malignant arterial hypertension: apropos of 38 cases].

PMID- 2408213
TI  - [Asthma in allergic granulomatous angiitis of Churg and Strauss].

PMID- 2408214
TI  - [Alveolar microlithiasis--contribution of computerized scanning and bone
      scintigraphy].

PMID- 2408215
TI  - [Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin or Merkel cell tumor].

PMID- 2408216
TI  - [Calcium antagonists: an antihypertensive alternative].
AB  - From a pathophysiological point of view, antihypertensive therapy with a
      vasodilator is rational. However, since traditional vasodilators, such as
      hydralazine, may cause retention of sodium and water, tachycardia and excessive
      stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, they are not suitable
      for monotherapy. The Ca-antagonists include a number of drugs with quite
      different chemical structures. Ca-antagonists are powerful antihypertensive
      agents. This effect is due primarily to vasodilation caused by the interference
      with the excitation-contraction coupling in peripheral resistance vessels. All Ca
      antagonists possess a natriuretic effect which apparently counteracts the sodium
      and water retention that vasodilation per se entails. Ca-antagonists cause no
      (verapamil) or a transient tachycardia (dihydropyridines) and they only cause a
      moderate and transient increase in plasma concentrations of renin and angiotensin
      II, whereas plasma aldosterone concentration is unaffected. Ca-antagonists have
      no metabolic side effects and in general the frequency of side effects is
      relatively low. Therefore, it is suggested that Ca-antagonists should be
      considered as possible first-choice agents along with diuretics, beta-blockers
      and angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitors.

PMID- 2408217
TI  - [How do I control my insulin-dependent diabetes].

PMID- 2408218
TI  - [Biochemical examination of ascitic fluid in relation to malignant or benign
      etiology].
AB  - Routine cytological examination of ascitic fluid for presence of malignant cells
      is employed in the investigation of patients with ascites formation of unknown
      origin. Cytological examination of ascitic fluid from this group of patients is
      characterized by high specificity but low sensitivity. Attempts have therefore
      been made to find suitable simple biochemical examinations of ascitic fluid to
      supplement the cytological investigation. In a patient population in which benign
      liver disease and malignant intraabdominal disease are frequent, determinations
      of the albumin gradient, fibronectin concentration or total cholesterol
      concentration appear to be suitable supplements to the cytological examination.

PMID- 2408219
TI  - [Skin pigmentation, nevi and sunlight as etiologic factors of cutaneous malignant
      melanoma].
AB  - In this review, an attempt is made to provide a status on the current knowledge
      concerning the connection between skin pigmentation, naevi, sunshine and
      development of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Our knowledge is based partly on
      descriptive epidemiological reports, and partly on information obtained from case
      control investigations. The descriptive investigations have revealed
      characteristic geographical and ethnic differences in the distribution of the
      disease. Cancerregistry data have revealed a rapid increase in the incidence
      among white populations during the past 30-40 years with particularly pronounced
      increase for the areas of the body normally covered with clothes. Lacking
      consistency between indicators for cumulative exposure to sunlight and
      descriptive epidemiological studies have led to the hypothesis that intermittent
      exposure to sunlight is particularly harmful. Case control investigations have
      provided further support to this hypothesis and have demonstrated that sunbathing
      is associated with an increased risk for development of melanoma, particularly
      during childhood and particularly if it leads to sunburning. In addition, the
      risk of development of melanoma is increased in persons with a tendency to
      freckle and/or with many naevi. On this background, certain risk groups may be
      informed about prophylactic measures with subsequent possibility of reducing the
      number of new cases of cutaneous melanoma in the future. Finally, it is
      emphasized that the disease is multifactorial in origin and that the pathogenesis
      is not fully elucidated.

PMID- 2408220
TI  - [Distribution of serum total cholesterol in a population with varying risks of
      cardiovascular disease].
AB  - By means of search in the literature and subsequent meta-analysis, the authors
      have described the serum total cholesterol values in three different risk groups
      for cardiovascular disease. High total serum cholesterol levels were associated
      with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. In addition, it was found that
      serum total cholesterol increases with age in all groups. A distinct sex
      difference was observed in the majority of investigations: in the age groups
      under 25 years and over 50 years, women have higher serum total cholesterol
      values than men while, in the age group 25-50 years, men have higher values than
      women. In addition, administration of hormones produces higher serum total
      cholesterol levels in young women but lower serum total levels among older women.
      In Danish investigations of serum total cholesterol, the level of serum total
      cholesterol corresponds to the serum total cholesterol levels in high and middle
      risk groups for cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2408221
TI  - [Hyperlipidemia in diabetes mellitus. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and drug therapy--a
      review].
AB  - Atherosclerosis is the most prevalent long-term diabetic complication. The
      increased mortality and morbidity in diabetics caused by atherosclerosis has been
      related to the frequent occurrence of hyperlipidaemia in diabetes. Insulin
      regulates many processes in lipid metabolism via control of enzyme activity and
      receptor binding. It is important to establish a precise diagnosis of the lipid
      abnormalities before commencing treatment. The treatment begins with control of
      blood glucose, followed by dietary treatment of hyperlipidaemia. Hypolipidaemic
      drugs are first introduced when the dietary response is unsatisfactory. Optimal
      therapy with antidiabetic drugs should precede hypolipidaemic drug therapy.

PMID- 2408222
TI  - [C-peptide measurement in the classification of diabetes mellitus and in the
      assessment of requirements for insulin treatment].
AB  - C-peptide and insulin are secreted in equimolar amounts from the beta-cells in
      the pancreas. Therefore, measurement of C-peptide in plasma can be used to
      estimate endogenous insulin secretion also in insulin treated diabetic subjects.
      From a clinical point of view, it is of especial interest to use measurements of
      C-peptide in the discrimination between diabetic subjects with and without
      insulin requirements. Such measurements are, however, difficult to interpret.
      Thus, plasma C-peptide values depend apart from C-peptide secretion also on C
      peptide clearence, technical procedures, and during unsteady state conditions
      also on the C-peptide volume of distribution. In clinical practice, it is
      recommended only to measure basal plasma C-peptide and these values should be
      interpreted with caution. Generally, values below 0.2 nmol/l suggest insulin
      requirement while values above 0.5 nmol/l suggest non-insulin requirement.
      Patients with intermediate basal plasma C-peptide values should be evaluated more
      closely for example in hospital. Measurement of C-peptide should, however, be
      restricted to certain selected patients in whom the clinical classification is
      uncertain.

PMID- 2408223
TI  - [Endometrial cancer and steroid hormone receptors].
AB  - Endometrial carcinoma, now the most frequent female genital tract malignancy in
      Denmark, is generally accepted as an endocrine-related neoplasm. Like normal
      endometrium, many endometrial carcinomas contain estrogen receptors as well as
      progesterone receptors. The receptor content appears to correlate with several
      histopathological features, in particular with tumour differentiation. Well
      differentiated lesions are more frequently estrogen and progesterone receptor
      "positive" than poorly differentiated lesions. Several studies suggest that a
      high content of estrogen/progesterone receptors in primary endometrial
      carcinomas, regardless of other prognostic factors, affects the prognosis
      favourably. Furthermore, receptor status seems to correlate with response of the
      tumour to progestin therapy. It may be of particular importance, that nearly half
      of poorly differentiated endometrial carcinomas contain estrogen/progesterone
      receptors and thus might benefit from progestin therapy. Immunohistochemical
      receptor analysis directly on cryostat or formalin-fixed tissue sections
      increases the possibility to explore the histological and biological features,
      which are determinative for the receptor profile of endometrial carcinomas.

PMID- 2408224
TI  - Serological tests for Salmonella enteritidis in chickens.

PMID- 2408225
TI  - Real-time ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis and estimation of fetal age in
      farmed red deer.
AB  - Twenty-nine farmed red deer hinds two years of age or older were observed during
      mating in April, and the dates of oestrus and, or, mating were recorded. From May
      28 to August 13, at approximately weekly intervals, the deer's uteri and
      associated structures were examined by rectal ultrasound using a 5 MHz transducer
      while the deer were held standing in a restraining device. The uterine diameter,
      amniotic sac diameters, crown-rump length, head length, nose length, chest depth,
      chest width and placentome base-apex and width were measured for each scan.
      Quadratic regression equations were computed for each measurement with age, using
      data from hinds with known mating dates, and the chronological sequence of
      appearance of a range of uterine and fetal characteristics was recorded. There
      were significant quadratic regressions. (P less than 0.001) for each of the
      measurements. The accuracy of pregnancy detection to 117 days after conception
      was 99.3 per cent and to 132 days after conception 97.4 per cent. The
      confirmation of non-pregnancy was 96.5 per cent accurate. The regressions of each
      measurement by age should provide an accurate method for the estimation of fetal
      age in red deer.

PMID- 2408226
TI  - Salmonella typhimurium in various species.

PMID- 2408227
TI  - Purification and characterization of wild-type and ts 112 mutant protein IIIa of
      human adenovirus 2 expressed in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The expression of the protein IIIa gene from human adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) in
      Escherichia coli has been described previously (M. Cuillel, M. Milleville, and J.
      C. D'Halluin, 1987, Gene 55, 295-301). The same construct has now been used to
      express a protein IIIa gene from an Ad2 mutant ts 112 whose functional mutation
      occurs in this gene. The mutant virus is defective at nonpermissive temperatures
      in the latest stage of virus maturation. Both the wild-type and ts 112
      recombinant proteins are produced in E. coli in an insoluble form, but are
      readily solubilized in urea. They have the same molecular weight in sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), they sediment as a
      monomeric species in sucrose gradient centrifugation, and proteolytic digestion
      reveals a similar pattern for both proteins. Hydrodynamic studies and electron
      microscopy show that both proteins have an elongated shape, which can be
      approximated to a cylinder of 20 nm in length and 2.8 nm in diameter. The only
      well-established difference between the mutant and the wild-type recombinant
      protein is the higher solubility of the mutant.

PMID- 2408228
TI  - Cloning of the human parvovirus B19 genome and structural analysis of its
      palindromic termini.
AB  - We describe the molecular cloning of the entire 5.6-kb single-stranded DNA genome
      of the human parvovirus B19 in bacterial plasmids. Stable amplification of the
      recombinant plasmid DNA was achieved in Escherichia coli JC8111 but not in HB101
      cells. Sequence analysis of the cloned DNA shows that the terminal 383
      nucleotides at each end of the genome are identical inverted repeats. The distal
      365 nucleotides of the repeat represent an imperfect palindrome which presumably
      folds over to form a hairpin structure. The sequence of the hairpin occurs in two
      distinct configurations which are related in that one is the inverted complement
      of the other. Such alternative configurations of the terminal hairpins have been
      found for all parvoviruses analyzed so far and are referred to as flip and flop.

PMID- 2408229
TI  - The Sindbis virus 6K protein can be detected in virions and is acylated with
      fatty acids.
AB  - A small hydrophobic polypeptide is encoded within the genome of the alphaviruses
      by a set of 165 nucleotides which map between the sequences for the two virus
      glycoproteins. This polypeptide has been referred to as 6K and was previously
      found on membranes in virus-infected cells. We report here that this protein is
      heavily acylated with long chain fatty acids covalently attached in hydroxylamine
      sensitive ester bonds and that the 6K protein can be detected in purified
      preparations of virions. A polyclonal rabbit serum, raised against a peptide
      which contained the 16 amino acids at the amino-terminus of the 6K protein, was
      used to identify the 6K protein in infected cells and virions. This antibody also
      precipitated a 4K protein which was present in Sindbis virus-infected cells but
      not in virions. This latter protein was shown to be an underacylated form of the
      6K protein and infected cells contained about twice as much 4K as 6K. In the cell
      there was close to a 1:1 stoichiometry between the 4K + 6K proteins and the virus
      glycoproteins E1, p62, and E2, but in virions the ratio of 6K to E1 + E2 ranged
      from 0.08 to 0.12.

PMID- 2408230
TI  - Autographa californica M nuclear polyhedrosis virus: microtubules and
      replication.
AB  - Progressive reorganization and depolymerization of microtubules corresponded with
      virus-induced rounding of Autographa californica M nuclear polyhedrosis virus
      (AcMNPV)-infected Spodoptera frugiperda IPLB-Sf-21 cells, suggesting that
      microtubules were instrumental in maintaining the normal shape of these cells.
      Depolymerization of all cortical and most of the paranuclear microtubules with
      colchicine also resulted in cell rounding, confirming this hypothesis. Studies
      with aphidicolin and cycloheximide indicated the virus-induced effects on the
      microtubules were mediated by both early and late viral gene products.
      Microtubules in cells infected with a p10 deletion mutant depolymerized
      microtubules in a manner similar to those in wild-type virus-infected cells,
      indicating p10 was not responsible for virus-induced changes in the microtubules.
      Nevertheless, evidence for the association of p10 and microtubules was obtained
      by fluorescence microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. Colchicine
      depolymerization of microtubules before and throughout infection did not
      interfere with virus replication, but treatment of cells with taxol, a
      microtubule-stabilizing agent, both delayed and depressed virus replication. The
      taxol-induced effect was relieved by the addition of colchicine. These results
      suggested that AcMNPV-induced depolymerization of microtubules may be a necessary
      event in, rather than a tangential effect of, virus replication. Attempts to
      monitor the effects of virus infection on intermediate filaments were
      unsuccessful due to the lack of cross-reactivity between antibodies to
      intermediate filament proteins and IPLB-Sf-21 cells, indicating these proteins
      are not highly conserved in lepidopteran insect cells.

PMID- 2408231
TI  - Isolation of temperature sensitive mutants of Autographa californica nuclear
      polyhedrosis virus: phenotype characterization of baculovirus mutants defective
      in very late gene expression.
AB  - Temperature sensitive mutants of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis
      virus were isolated following exposure of parental replicating virus to 5-bromo
      2'-deoxyuridine. Two mutants designated ts317 and ts538 were characterized in
      detail. Both mutants synthesized viral DNA but were defective in infectious
      extracellular virus production at the nonpermissive temperature suggesting
      defects in late gene regulation. Pulse-labeling experiments indicated that a
      switch to late protein synthesis occurred but this synthesis was not maintained
      with either mutant since all protein synthesis was gradually inhibited by 20 hr
      postinfection at 33 degrees. Western blots probed with antisera directed against
      either extracellular virus proteins or very late proteins showed a reduction in
      late structural proteins, a 10-fold reduction in polyhedrin, and an absence of
      p10 at the nonpermissive temperature. Northern blots of total intracellular RNA
      showed that specific late and very late transcripts were synthesized in greatly
      reduced amounts at the nonpermissive temperature suggesting the absence of very
      late proteins was a result of inhibition of virus-specific transcription. The
      genetic analyses indicate that the mutations lie in two closely linked genes,
      both important in regulating the induction of very late transcription and
      translation.

PMID- 2408232
TI  - Nimodipine reduces morbidity, mortality after disruption of cerebral blood flow.
AB  - Nimodipine is a 1,4 dihydropyridine with Ca++ channel blocking properties. It is
      more lipophilic than most calcium channel blockers, and thus has a greater volume
      of distribution within the brain. Many actions of nimodipine have been proposed
      from work done in animal models following induction of complete or partial
      cerebral ischemia for varying lengths of time. However, these experimental
      results have not been sufficiently documented in patient populations, and there
      exists conflicting data as to nimodipine's mechanism of action in the cerebral
      ischemic patient. Regardless of the exact mechanisms of action, studies suggest
      that nimodipine may significantly reduce morbidity and mortality in patients
      following disruption of cerebral blood flow.

PMID- 2408233
TI  - The effect of chromium picolinate on serum cholesterol and apolipoprotein
      fractions in human subjects.
AB  - Chromium has been implicated as a cofactor in the maintenance of normal lipid and
      carbohydrate metabolism. A deficiency of chromium results from diets low in
      biologically available chromium. Picolinic acid, a metabolite of tryptophan,
      forms stable complexes with transitional metal ions, which results in an improved
      bioavailability of the metal ion chromium. To determine whether or not chromium
      picolinate is effective in humans, 28 volunteer subjects were given either
      chromium tripicolinate (3.8 micromol [200 micrograms] chromium) or a placebo
      daily for 42 days in a double-blind crossover study. A 14-day period off capsules
      was used between treatments. Levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein
      (LDL) cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B, the principal protein of the LDL
      fraction, decreased significantly while the subjects were ingesting chromium
      picolinate. The concentration of apolipoprotein A-I, the principal protein of the
      high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction, increased substantially during treatment
      with chromium picolinate. The HDL-cholesterol level was elevated slightly but not
      significantly during ingestion of chromium picolinate. Only apolipoprotein B, of
      the variables measured, was altered significantly during supplementation with the
      placebo. These observations show that chromium picolinate is efficacious in
      lowering blood lipids in humans.

PMID- 2408235
TI  - My favorite patients are on Medicaid.

PMID- 2408234
TI  - Bone marrow transplantation. Part II--autologous.
AB  - Autologous bone marrow transplantation provides an effective form of "rescue"
      following high-dose therapy used for treating certain malignant diseases. The
      high doses of radiotherapy or chemotherapy, or both, should allow for greater
      tumor cell kill if dose-response to therapy exists for that tumor. The use of
      autologous bone marrow obviates the need for an HLA-identical donor, and the need
      for pretransplant immunosuppression; no graft-versus-host disease would ensue. We
      review in part II the history and background, methods of obtaining autologous
      stem cells, and details of the results achievable with this type of therapy. We
      discuss potential difficulties with autologous transplantation, as well as
      possible future areas of research.

PMID- 2408236
TI  - [Sonography of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis--attempt at prognostic evaluation
      based on sonographic criteria].
AB  - Clinical and sonographic findings in 27 patients were analysed in a retrospective
      study in order to find sonographic criteria for the necessity of surgical
      treatment of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Thirteen patients underwent
      surgical treatment, 14 were cured by conservative management only. Patients did
      not differ as regards clinical or serological findings when first investigated by
      means of sonography. On first examination, carried out about three days after the
      onset of symptoms, most of the patients who necessitated surgical treatment
      showed 1) a long canal segestorius (greater than 20 mm), 2) a significantly
      elevated muscle to lumen ratio exceeding 2:1, 3) pathological "target sign" in
      the medium upper stomach measuring more than 18 mm, 4) no passage of stomach
      contents to the duodenum on real time sonography examination. However, this
      constellation of features was also observed in some patients who were treated
      successfully by conservative management. Thus, although statistically significant
      differences were found between these two groups of patients, a definitive
      prospective decision in the individual patient with regard to the necessity of
      surgical treatment could not be obtained on the basis of the above-mentioned
      ultrasound signs. Our study suggests that sonographic criteria are helpful in
      establishing the diagnosis of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and also in
      evaluation of the response to therapeutic management, but--at the time of initial
      investigation--cannot provide accurate prognostic information.

PMID- 2408237
TI  - [Modification of blood flow properties by physical stimuli].
AB  - The pharmacological modification of blood rheology is an accepted means of
      therapy for circulatory diseases. In the search for modes of physical treatment
      which induce similar rheological changes, various physical stimuli were tested
      under differing experimental conditions. Some show no rheological effects; others
      induce negative, or in some cases positive rheological changes. At present it
      seems premature to draw clinical conclusions from most of these observations. As
      regards regular physical training, however, the emerging picture is clearer.
      Training seems to enhance blood flow in ischaemic diseases partly due to its
      positive effects on blood rheology.

PMID- 2408238
TI  - [Abdominal actinomycosis. Ileo-vaginal fistula as a clinical manifestation. Case
      report and review of the literature].
AB  - In 1985, a resection of the sigmoid colon was performed on an 81-year-old patient
      with recurrent and stenotic sigmoid diverticulitis. Vaginal hysterectomy was
      carried out at the same time for adenomycosis. After an uneventful recovery,
      approximately 1 year later the patient was presented with fetial leucorrhoea.
      Radiologically, a fistula was apparent between the terminal ileum and the vagina.
      Adhesions between the terminal ileum and the vaginal stump were surgically
      resolved and an ileum segment resection performed. Postoperative recovery was
      smooth and the patient has remained symptom-free since then. The histological
      findings of actinomyces spores, thread-like foreign material and detritus drew
      out attention to the rare manifestation of abdominal actinomycosis. The relevant
      literature was compiled as completely as possible. Not included are publications
      of historical interest on therapeutic measures before the antibiotic era. The
      clinical picture, frequency and therapy of abdominal actinomycosis are discussed
      on the basis of this review of the literature.

PMID- 2408239
TI  - [Angiologic, neurologic and orthopedic findings in vibration exposed chain saw
      operators].
AB  - The present study was designed to evaluate and correlate angiological,
      neurological and orthopaedic findings in lumberjacks, professionally exposed to
      vibration by chain-saws with a frequency of 40 to 120 Herz. Raynaud's phenomenon
      was diagnosed in 16 of 33 subjects. The nerve conduction velocity was delayed in
      13 of 32 lumberjacks, the sulcus nervus ulnaris syndrome was diagnosed in 41%,
      the vibration threshold was abnormal in 10/32 cases. Orthopaedic examination and
      X-ray studies revealed spondylotic (59%) and spondyloarthritic (65%) alterations
      of the cervical spine; cysts in bones of the distal upper extremities were
      observed in 75% of cases. Frequency and severity of angiological, neurological,
      and orthopaedic pathological findings correlated with the total chain-saw
      operating time. However, there was no correlation between the presence of digital
      vascular hyperreactivity and the sulcus nervus ulnaris syndrome or changes in
      nerve conduction velocity.

PMID- 2408240
TI  - [Recurrent and relapsing course of borreliosis of the nervous system].
AB  - The clinical variability of chronic infections due to Borrelia burgdorferi is
      greater than previously thought. Three personal cases are presented in an
      overview, together with cases from the literature. Chronic spastic para- and
      quadriparesis, transverse myelitis and recurrent hemiparesis have been noted in
      such cases. Frequently, there is additional involvement of the cranial nerves.
      Chronic polyneuritis, mononeuritis multiplex, as well as plexus neuritis can also
      occur. Psychiatric manifestations can at times be predominant. Their spectrum
      ranges from agitated depressive states with suicidal ideas to the clinical
      picture of dementia. Due to the high percentage of positive antibody titre
      reactions in the normal population, reliable evidence of a chronic infection of
      the nervous system is based on the examination of the cerebrospinal fluid.
      Lesions seen on CT and MRI are mostly uncharacteristic and bear no clear-cut
      relationship to the disease. Neurological signs and symptoms can be improved by
      antibiotic treatment.

PMID- 2408241
TI  - [Internal medicine aspects of acquired immune deficiency syndrome].
AB  - An overview has been attempted of the internal complications, including
      infections, malignancies and other HIV-associated diseases, in patients with the
      acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and a comparison made between
      international data and our own experience in Austria. Moreover, the current
      therapeutic options of opportunistic infections and malignancies, their results
      and complications are given. Although the number of patients with AIDS in Austria
      is still relatively small and conclusions can be drawn only with caution, it
      seemed that our patients differed from international statistics not only
      concerning their distribution within the defined risk groups, but also with
      regard to the occurrence of infections and other diseases. The present analysis
      has to be viewed, therefore, as only an interim report of the internal
      manifestations of AIDS in patients from Austria until the data from larger
      numbers of patients are available.

PMID- 2408242
TI  - [Changes in the thoracic roentgen image in patients with acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome].
AB  - Since the earliest reports of what was later termed the acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome (AIDS) appeared in 1980/81, with the recognition of
      opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men and i.v. drug
      abusers, more than 60% of AIDS patients develop pulmonary manifestations at some
      time in the course of their disease. Radiographic evaluation of the chest plays
      an important role in diagnosis. In fact, radiological changes are unspecific and
      either bacteriological proof or histological verification needs to be confirmed.

PMID- 2408243
TI  - [AIDS of the central nervous system].
AB  - The central nervous system of nearly every HIV-positive patient becomes affected
      by the AIDS virus itself or by one of the associated diseases during the course
      of the illness. Early diagnosis of lesions which demand therapeutic consequences
      is of the most importance concerning prolongation of life and improvement in its
      quality. In spite of the frequent underestimation of cerebral involvement by
      imaging methods and their unspecific findings they are often the only diagnostic
      means which permit-timely diagnosis and, at least in some diseases, therapeutic
      monitoring. Indications for cranial computed tomography (CCT) or magnetic
      resonance tomography (MRT) are already present with mild or transient
      neurological or psychiatric symptoms or the extracerebral manifestation of
      neurotropic organisms or tumours which metastasize to the brain, even in patients
      without subjective complaints.

PMID- 2408244
TI  - [Austrian AIDS counseling: responsibilities and strategies].
AB  - The Austrian AIDS Foundation was founded in 1985 to satisfy the urgent needs of
      HIV-infected persons and those at increased risk of HIV infection, where such aid
      could not be met by existing medical institutions. Seven counselling centres with
      more than 100 members of staff provide services all over Austria. On the one hand
      the foundation offers help and support in all matters regarding HIV infection
      (counselling, social work, medical care). The second main task of the
      organization is the prevention of further spread of HIV through targeted
      information for the different groups (heterosexuals, homo/bi-sexual men, drug
      abusers, women, children and adolescents) to establish behaviour modification.

PMID- 2408245
TI  - [Clinical pharmacology of ACE inhibitors].
AB  - The main effect of the ACE-inhibitors is a reduction of the peripheral resistance
      and according to that an increase of blood-flow to the organs. Direct effects on
      the heart are of minor importance. The exact mechanism of action is not fully
      understood; the main role plays obviously the inhibition of the angiotensin
      converting enzyme itself; in addition may be effects on the kallikrein-bradykinin
      prostaglandin-system are of importance. The pharmacodynamical effects depend on
      the plasma-concentration and therefore on the pharmacokinetics. These are
      different with Captopril and Enalapril: Captopril acts directly whereas Enalapril
      is a "prodrug". With the nowadays used doses Captopril and Enalapril are widely
      free of side-effects. With the exception of patients with negative sodium-balance
      (salt-poor diet and/or treatment with diuretics) or patients with renal
      insufficiency (sometimes increase of creatinine and potassium). In the first
      group of patients the first dose of ACE-inhibitors should be administered in the
      evening before going to bed, in the second group creatinine and potassium must be
      checked 5 to 7 days after an initiation of treatment.

PMID- 2408246
TI  - [ACE inhibitors and kidney].
AB  - One of the major challenges for today's nephrology is to elucidate the mechanism
      of action of ACE-inhibitors in damaged kidneys. Clarification of the mechanisms
      involved will not only increase the understanding of the pathomechanisms involved
      in progression, but also enrich the therapeutic armamentarium available to the
      nephrologist.

PMID- 2408247
TI  - [Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in arterial hypertension].
AB  - Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors were developed to prevent the
      generation of angiotensin II and thereby to reduce peripheral vasoconstriction.
      These drugs have already proven their efficacy in the management of essential
      hypertension as well as of various forms of secondary hypertension. When given
      alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, they allow to
      normalize blood pressure of almost all patients. These compounds have favorable
      effects on hemodynamics and regional blood flow distribution. They do not affect
      lipid metabolism and have usually no deleterious influence on the quality of
      life. In view of their efficacy and tolerability profile, ACE inhibitors are
      likely to become widely used as first choice antihypertensive agents.

PMID- 2408248
TI  - [Converting-enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of elderly hypertension patients].
AB  - According to this review of available data on converting enzyme inhibitors in
      elderly hypertensives, the drugs' hypotensive action has been clearly established
      and seems to be similar in degree to that of diuretics. Adverse reactions during
      converting enzyme inhibitor treatment in the elderly may be slightly more
      frequent than in younger patients, but whether this is related to the drugs
      themselves or to the general characteristics of elderly hypertensives has not
      been established. Likewise, whether or not the hypotensive action of converting
      enzyme inhibitors is age-related is as yet unknown. Finally, studies on the
      impact of converting enzyme inhibitors on morbidity, mortality and general well
      being in elderly patients have not been carried out or published. Thus, while the
      drugs appear to have usefulness in the older hypertensive, their benefits and
      precise use in this age group are not as yet definitive.

PMID- 2408249
TI  - [ACE-inhibitors and glucose metabolism].
AB  - ACE-inhibitors exhibit their blood pressure-lowering activity not only via a
      reduction of angiotensin II but also via on increase of kinin levels. The latter
      are known to improve insulin action and hence carbohydrate metabolism in normal
      volunteers and diabetics. Accordingly, ACE-inhibitors display the same effects.
      As clinical trials show they are especially useful for the treatment of
      hypertension in diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2408250
TI  - [Heart insufficiency and life expectancy--the role of ACE inhibitors].
AB  - Before efficacy of therapy has been proven in large populations years or decades
      may pass. Meanwhile the medical profession has to rely on probabilities. This
      holds true regarding improvement of prognosis of CHF by ACE inhibition. While
      symptomatic improvement of CHF by addition of ACE-inhibition. While symptomatic
      improvement of CHF by addition of ACE-inhibitors has been demonstrated in
      numerous studies, improvement of prognosis has not yet been demonstrated entirely
      sufficiently. Only one trial has been published so far in a severely ill but not
      very exactly defined population (66). Animal studies and several small or interim
      published trials, however, show that the positive influence of ACE-inhibitors on
      CHF pathophysiology and symptomatology might favourable affect the prognosis as
      well. The SAVE trial and the SOLVD trial - both have randomized several thousand
      patients - will give answers concerning the influence of Captopril and Enalapril
      on prognosis of symptomatic as well as asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction
      and on progression of left ventricular dilatation. The VHEFT II trial will
      compare the effect of ACE-inhibitors with the combination of ISDN and
      Hydralazine. Results will be available within the first few years of this decade.

PMID- 2408251
TI  - The origins of electroconvulsive therapy.

PMID- 2408252
TI  - Patterns of food production and consumption in the ASEAN region.

PMID- 2408253
TI  - Nutritional energetics in fish: energy and protein utilization in rainbow trout
      (Salmo gairdneri).

PMID- 2408254
TI  - Metabolic adaptation to decreases in energy intake due to changes in the energy
      cost of low energy expenditure regimen.
AB  - (1) The energy content in food is used in the human body for three main purposes.
      The first is to maintain the dissipative structures. Most of the structures of
      the body are of this kind, i.e. they represent stationary non-equilibrium states,
      or (generalized) stationary potentials, and are inherently unstable. The second
      is to maintain a body temperature independent of and usually higher than that of
      the surroundings. The third is to provide energy for performance of external
      work. The functional structure of the system providing these results consists of
      a large number of coupled processes (chemical reactions and translocations), in
      series and in parallel, whose general nature is well understood but whose
      quantitative extents are mainly unknown. The coupled processes are driven by the
      spontaneous reaction of the main substrates with oxygen. Energy flows through the
      system and is converted to heat (and external work) with simultaneous creation of
      stationary generalized potentials. For each potential there is an associated flow
      of energy and the relation between the two is an expression of the efficiency
      with which the potential is maintained. The processes giving rise to the
      potentials are likely to be controlled with respect to the efficiency with which
      the potentials are maintained. The control is partly provided through feedback
      from the potentials themselves: the potentials are regulated. In this way, the
      system can respond in a non-linear fashion to perturbations in the energy intake
      (or energy expenditure): the potentials are maintained at constant, or nearly
      constant, values. The concept of metabolic adaptation implies that control of the
      efficiency by feedback from the potentials is an important element in the overall
      regulation of the potentials, including that of the body temperature. (2) The
      concept of metabolic adaptation can be framed in such a way that it becomes
      operational. Quantities such as maintained potentials and efficiency can be
      revealed in terms of their external manifestations: performance of tasks and
      associated costs (energy expenditure). A change in efficiency is defined as a
      change in cost for given tasks. Performances can be defined such that they are
      both reproducible and of physiological relevance and costs can be measured. There
      are several complications associated with this approach to operational
      definition, the most important being the effect on energy expenditure of changes
      (or differences) in body composition. (3) The FAO approach to estimation of
      prevalence of undernutrition is based on measurements of energy expenditure for
      given tasks. This approach requires knowledge of the extent of metabolic
      adaptation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2408255
TI  - Bioconversion of urban and agroindustrial residues into high quality protein
      through aquaculture.

PMID- 2408256
TI  - Nutritional needs assessment of rural agricultural migrants of southern Brazil:
      designing, implementing and evaluating a nutrition education program.
AB  - A nutritional needs assessment was conducted among rural agricultural migrant
      women (target group) and children (less than 5 years). The study was conducted in
      Vila Diogo, a slum located on the periphery of Nuporanga, a village in Sao Paulo
      state, Brazil. A nutrition education program was designed on the basis of
      evidence obtained from demographic/socioeconomic information of the study
      population and a nutritional needs assessment of women (target group) and
      children less than 5 years of age. The nutritional needs assessment consisted of
      anthropometry, dietary assessment, and nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and
      beliefs questionnaires. Formative and summative evaluation of the nutrition
      education program, using appropriately selected criteria and comparisons of
      nutrition knowledge scores before and after the program, were used to determine
      program effectiveness. Major findings of the study were: Diets of Vila Diogo
      residents were generally simplistic, consisting primarily of rice, beans, and
      coffee with sugar. Vila Diogo women appeared to be at a relatively high risk for
      vitamin A, iron, calcium, ascorbic, and riboflavin deficiencies, based on
      comparisons of 24-hour dietary intake data with FAO recommendations. Children (2
      5 years) appeared at high risk for vitamin A, iron, and ascorbic acid
      deficiencies, based on comparisons of 24-hour dietary intake data with FAO
      recommendations. All children less than 5 years of age had been breast-fed at
      birth, but more than one half of children had been weaned by the third month.
      Infant feeding practices during fever and diarrhea were nutritionally
      detrimental. Women generally recognized a relationship between dietary intake
      during pregnancy and fetal nourishment. Using weight-for-height index, a
      significant number of women were probably undernourished; a small percentage of
      women, however, were overweight or obese. Although children less than 5 years of
      age did not generally appear malnourished, a relatively large number were stunted
      in growth. Although Vila Diogo women reported many food taboos during various
      physiological states (menstruation, pregnancy, immediately post partum,
      lactation), relatively few food taboos had potentially negative nutritional
      consequences. For women who participated in the nutrition education program,
      nutrition knowledge scores after the program showed improvement which was
      statistically significant at alpha = 0.05, using Wilcoxon signed rank test.

PMID- 2408257
TI  - Imidazoles and triazoles in antifungal therapy.
AB  - Fungal infections range from superficial mycoses involving skin or mucous
      membranes to severe opportunistic infections that may be fatal. The selection of
      chemotherapeutic agents useful for the treatment of fungal infections includes
      many topical or systemic imidazoles and triazoles. This overview compares and
      contrasts the pharmacology and therapeutic use of these agents. This review will
      focus primarily on these agents' mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical
      studies, and adverse reactions.

PMID- 2408258
TI  - Norepinephrine in septic shock: renewed interest in an old drug.
AB  - Vasopressors are the mainstay after fluids in the hemodynamic support of patients
      with septic shock. Although dopamine is commonly used in this situation, it is
      sometimes ineffective. Because of its potential adverse vasoconstrictive effects,
      norepinephrine usually has been chosen only when all other drugs have failed in
      septic shock. However, several recent reports have suggested a beneficial effect
      of norepinephrine, often in doses higher than those commonly used. Specifically,
      these studies in 77 patients showed that norepinephrine effectively elevates
      blood pressure and increases systemic vascular resistance without decreasing
      cardiac output. Renal function in these patients appears to be maintained.
      Information on oxygen transport is variable; however, the mortality from sepsis
      remains high at between 17 and 50 percent. Until more information becomes
      available, norepinephrine appears to be a useful drug in maintaining blood
      pressure in patients with septic shock, but higher than usual doses may be
      needed.

PMID- 2408259
TI  - Nitrendipine: a new dihydropyridine calcium-channel antagonist for the treatment
      of hypertension.
AB  - Nitrendipine, an investigational dihydropyridine calcium-channel antagonist for
      the treatment of hypertension, is reviewed. Clinical trials report efficacy equal
      to that of hydralazine, diuretics, beta-blockers, and other calcium-channel
      blockers such as nifedipine, verapamil, and isradipine. Nitrendipine has a
      favorable pharmacokinetic profile in that it is well absorbed and has a half-life
      long enough to allow once-daily administration in some patients. However,
      considerable variation observed with some pharmacokinetic parameters has
      consequently delayed marketing approval by the Food and Drug Administration.
      Adverse effects are generally mild and transient, and result from nitrendipine's
      vasodilatory properties. Nitrendipine may increase digoxin plasma concentrations
      in some patients, but this may not be clinically significant. Other studies are
      required to ascertain which drugs interact with nitrendipine. In summary,
      nitrendipine is safe and effective for treatment of hypertension, and because of
      its longer duration of action as well as lack of metabolic side effects, may
      provide an alternative to the present antihypertensive armamentarium.

PMID- 2408260
TI  - [Genetically-induced variability of alcohol metabolism and its effect on drinking
      behavior and predisposition to alcoholism].
AB  - Alcoholism is one of the most challenging current health problems in the Western
      countries with far-reaching medical, social, and economic consequences. There are
      a series of factors that interact in predisposing or protecting an individual
      against alcoholism and alcohol-related disorders. This article surveys the state
      of our knowledge concerning the biochemical and genetic variations in alcohol
      metabolism and their implications in alcohol sensitivity, alcohol drinking
      habits, and alcoholism in different racial/ethnic groups. The major pathway for
      the degradation of ethanol is its oxidation to hydrogen and acetaldehyde--to
      which many of the toxic effects of ethanol can be attributed. Variations in
      alcohol and acetaldehyde metabolism via genetically determined polymorphisms in
      alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) seem to play an
      important role in individual and racial differences in acute and chronic
      reactions to alcohol, alcohol drinking habits, as well as vulnerability to organ
      damage after chronic alcohol abuse. Alcohol sensitivity and associated discomfort
      symptoms accompanying alcohol ingestion may be determinental for the
      significantly low incidence of alcoholism among the Japanese, Chinese and other
      Orientals of Mongoloid origin. An abnormal ALDH isozyme has been found to be
      widely prevalent among individuals of the Mongoloid race and is mainly
      responsible for the acute sensitivity to alcohol commonly observed in this race.
      Persons sensitive to alcohol by virtue of their genetically controlled ALDH
      isozyme deficiency may be discouraged from drinking large amounts of alcohol in
      their daily life due to the initial adverse reaction experienced after drinking
      alcohol. Indeed, a significantly low incidence of the mitochondrial ALDH isozyme
      deficiency has been observed in alcoholics as compared to psychiatric patients,
      drug dependents and healthy controls in Japan. How far any variation in ADH
      and/or ALDH activity among individuals of Caucasian origin will have similar
      effects has yet to be studied.

PMID- 2408262
TI  - Males in nursing: historical perspectives and analysis.

PMID- 2408261
TI  - [Immunohistochemical C5b-9-complement complex demonstration in early stages of
      myocardial necroses using paraffin sections].
AB  - With conventional staining techniques it was nearly impossible to differentiate
      with certainty between early ischemic myocardial lesions, autolytic changes and
      intact myocardium without a nuclear section. In 1986 it was introduced an
      immunohistochemical method, which presented C5b-9 Complement Complex as a
      necrosis marker in cryostat sections. Our further development of this process has
      resulted in a technique for application on routine paraffin sections: C5b-9
      Complement Complex is particularly well-suited for the exact and autolytically
      insensitive presentation of disseminated necroses of fiber bundels and single
      fibers of myocardium. The application of the technique on paraffin sections will
      lead to the use of the same in forensic medicine routine diagnostics of early
      ischemic myocardial lesions, even in cases of "sudden" cardiac death.

PMID- 2408263
TI  - Jubilee lecture. History of physiology in Scandinavia.

PMID- 2408264
TI  - Metastatic renal tumor from the lung with regional lymph node involvement: a case
      report.
AB  - We report a case of metastatic renal tumor from lung cancer. A 53-year-old man
      presented with gross hematuria 2 years after treatment of the primary lesion.
      Investigations suggested a metastatic tumor in the right kidney from the lung
      which was accompanied with regional lymph node metastasis. Surgical treatment was
      not performed because of his poor condition and the lymph node involvement.
      Therefore, the combination chemotherapy of 5-fluorouracil, vincristine and
      doxorubicin, OK-432 was applied. Although this conservative management was
      effective, he died of progression 6 months later and an autopsy confirmed the
      diagnosis of metastatic renal tumor.

PMID- 2408265
TI  - [A case of renal schwannoma].
AB  - A case of renal schwannoma is presented. A 51-year-old female was admitted to our
      hospital because of a left renal mass on April, 16, 1987. A drip infusion
      pyelogram showed encasement of the lower and medial calyx. An abdominal CT-scan
      showed a 2.5 cm mass with irregular density. Selective left renal arteriography
      showed the hypovascular tumor of the left kidney. Transperitoneal radical
      nephrectomy was performed on May, 1, 1987. Histological diagnosis was renal
      schwannoma arising from renal pelvis. The patient was well without recurrence 20
      months after operation. Our present case is the 12th case of renal schwannoma
      reported in the English and Japanese literature.

PMID- 2408266
TI  - [Renocolic fistula caused by xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a case report].
AB  - Renocolic fistulas caused by typical xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis are rare.
      We present a case of renocolic fistula caused by xanthogranulomatous
      pyelonephritis. A 58-year-old woman was admitted to the Department of Urology,
      Sakata City Hospital, with the chief complaint of pain in the left flank region.
      The plain film showed no calculi. An intravenous pyelogram showed left non
      functioning kidney. A left retrograde pyelogram demonstrated a communication
      between the left renal calyx and the descending colon. A computed tomography done
      after the retrograde pyelography revealed contrast medium in the descending colon
      and a heterogenous left renal mass and thickness of Gerota's fascia. On the basis
      of the radiologic studies a diagnosis of renocolic fistula was made. The patient
      underwent a nephrectomy with closure of the fistula of the colon. The
      pelvicaliceal system of the resected kidney was distended and contained yellow
      fatty like tissue. Histologically xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis was
      confirmed. The patient made an uneventful recovery.

PMID- 2408267
TI  - [A case of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine stone with a partial deficiency of adenine
      phosphoribosyltransferase].
AB  - A 37-year old female was admitted with a complaint of gross hematuria.
      Intravenous pyelography and retrograde pyelography showed right non-functioning
      kidney with a radiolucent stone in the ureter. Computerized tomographic scan
      revealed right hydronephrosis and ureteral stone. Ureterolithotomy was performed.
      Infrared spectrometric analysis of the stone revealed a 2,8-dihydroxyadenine
      calculus. The adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in red blood cells was
      partially deficient. After the operation the patient has been given 100 mg/day of
      allopurinol and is on a low purine diet. There have been no signs of recurrence.

PMID- 2408268
TI  - [A case of granulomatous orchitis in a hemodialysis patient].
AB  - A case of granulomatous orchitis in a 47-year-old patient is described. He had a
      history of recurrent pyelonephritis and subsequent chronic renal failure, and was
      under treatment with hemodialysis therapy. He presented with painful swelling of
      the right scrotal contents accompanied by fever. After the unsuccessful treatment
      with antibiotics, an exploration of the right scrotal contents revealed the
      testis replaced by a hard yellow mass. An orchiectomy was performed and
      granulomatous orchitis was diagnosed pathologically. The clinical and etiological
      aspects of this rare inflammatory disease of the testis are reviewed. It is
      important to recognize this disease, because this is often initially thought to
      be neoplastic. Although the cause of this disease is still controversial, it is
      supposed to be associated with sperm extravasation caused by urinary tract
      infection or trauma.

PMID- 2408269
TI  - Immunoaffinity purification of factor IX (Christmas factor) by using conformation
      specific antibodies directed against the factor IX-metal complex.
AB  - Factor IX is a vitamin K-dependent blood clotting zymogen that is functionally
      defective or absent in patients with hemophilia B. A method of immunoaffinity
      chromatography has been developed for a one-step high yield purification of
      factor IX directly from plasma. The technique utilizes conformation-specific
      antibodies that bind solely to the metal-stabilized factor IX conformer, but not
      to the conformer of factor IX found in the absence of metal ions. Anti-factor IX
      Ca(II) antibodies were immobilized on an agarose matrix. Human plasma in the
      presence of 7.5 mM MgCl2 was applied to the antibody-agarose column. The factor
      IX that binds to these antibodies was specifically eluted by metal chelation with
      EDTA. This immunopurification resulted in a 10,000-fold one-step purification of
      the fully functional zymogen. Purified factor IX yielded a single band upon gel
      electrophoresis in Na-DodSO4 and had a specific activity of 120-150 units/mg. The
      purified factor IX was separated from other vitamin K-dependent blood clotting
      proteins and hepatitis virus; no activated factor IX was detected. This method
      has application for the large scale purification of factor IX for the treatment
      of hemophilia B.

PMID- 2408270
TI  - Identification of substance P precursor forms in human brain tissue.
AB  - Substance P prohormones were identified in the caudate nucleus, hypothalamus, and
      substantia nigra of human brain. A polypeptide fraction of acidic brain extracts
      was fractionated on Sephadex G-50. The lyophilized fractions were sequentially
      treated with trypsin and a substance P-degrading enzyme with strong preference
      toward the Phe7-Phe8 and Phe8-Gly9 bonds. The released substance P(1-7) fragment
      was isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and quantitated by a specific
      radioimmunoassay. Confirmation of the structure of the isolated radioimmunoassay
      active fragment was achieved by electrophoresis and HPLC. By using this
      enzymatic/radioimmunoassay procedure, two polypeptide fractions of apparent Mr
      5000 and 15,000, respectively, were identified. The latter component was the
      major one of the two but was estimated to account for only about 5% of total
      substance P radioimmunoassay activity. Because it is of the size predicted from
      the nucleotide sequences of cDNA for substance P prohormones in bovine brain, the
      Mr 15,000 component may represent the full-length prohormone.

PMID- 2408271
TI  - Initiation of enzymatic replication at the origin of the Escherichia coli
      chromosome: primase as the sole priming enzyme.
AB  - The enzymatic replication of plasmids containing the unique (245 base pair)
      origin of the Escherichia coli chromosome (oriC) can be initiated with any of
      three enzyme priming systems: primase alone, RNA polymerase alone, or both
      combined (Ogawa, T., Baker, T. A., van der Ende, A. & Kornberg, A. (1985) Proc.
      Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 3562-3566). At certain levels of auxiliary proteins
      (topoisomerase I, protein HU, and RNase H), the solo primase system is efficient
      and responsible for priming synthesis of all DNA strands. Replication of oriC
      plasmids is here separated into four stages: (i) formation of an isolable,
      prepriming complex requiring oriC, dnaA protein, dnaB protein, dnaC protein,
      gyrase, single-strand binding protein, and ATP; (ii) formation of a primed
      template by primase; (iii) rapid, semiconservative replication by DNA polymerase
      III holoenzyme; and (iv) conversion of nearly completed daughter molecules to
      larger DNA forms. Optimal initiation of the leading strand of DNA synthesis, over
      a range of levels of auxiliary proteins, appears to depend on transcriptional
      activation of the oriC region by RNA polymerase prior to priming by primase.

PMID- 2408272
TI  - Opposite-strand RNAs from the 5' flanking region of the mouse dihydrofolate
      reductase gene.
AB  - We have characterized a transcription unit in the 5' flanking region of the mouse
      gene encoding dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3) that is oriented in the
      opposite direction to that of dihydrofolate reductase transcription. These
      opposite-strand RNAs are 180-240 nucleotides long, differing in length at their
      5' ends. They are abundant in nuclear RNA and are not polyadenylylated. We
      suggest that the promoter region of the dihydrofolate reductase gene functions in
      a bidirectional manner to produce both these RNAs and dihydrofolate reductase
      mRNAs.

PMID- 2408273
TI  - Initiation of DNA replication on single-stranded DNA templates catalyzed by
      purified replication proteins of bacteriophage lambda and Escherichia coli.
AB  - Initiation of bacteriophage lambda DNA replication at the chromosomal origin
      depends on the lambda O and P replication proteins. These two viral initiators,
      together with an Escherichia coli protein fraction, promote the replication in
      vitro of single-stranded circular DNA chromosomes such as that of bacteriophage
      M13. This nonspecific strand initiation reaction, which we have termed the
      "lambda single-strand replication reaction," has now been established with eight
      purified proteins, each of which is also required for replication of the phage
      lambda chromosome in vivo. An early rate-limiting step in the overall reaction is
      the ATP-dependent assembly of an activated nucleoprotein prepriming complex. In
      this step the lambda O and P initiators cooperate with the E. coli dnaJ and dnaK
      proteins to transfer the bacterial dnaB protein onto M13 DNA that is coated with
      the single-stranded DNA-binding protein. Multiple RNA primers are synthesized on
      each DNA circle when isolated prepriming complex is incubated with primase and
      rNTPs. In the complete system, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme extends the first
      primer synthesized into full-length complementary strands. Because the properties
      of this system are closely analogous to those found for the replication of phi
      X174 viral DNA by E. coli proteins, we infer that a mobile prepriming or priming
      complex (primosome) operates in the lambda single-strand replication reaction.

PMID- 2408275
TI  - Bacillus subtilis sigma factor sigma 29 is the product of the sporulation
      essential gene spoIIG.
AB  - Evidence is presented that the sporulation-essential locus spoIIG codes for both
      sigma 29 and a structurally related protein, P31. This demonstrates that at least
      one specific Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase binding protein provides a critical
      function in endospore formation. spoIIG-specific RNA is present in B. subtilis
      cultures that are synthesizing P31 and sigma 29 and is absent in those that are
      not. A monoclonal antibody specific for an antigenic determinant on P31/sigma 29
      detected crossreacting proteins (P25/P21) but not P31 or sigma 29 in a Spo- B.
      subtilis strain with a mutation at the spoIIG locus (spoIIG41). The appearance of
      P25 and P21 occurs in this mutant at a time when P31 and sigma 29 would normally
      appear and suggests that they are homologous proteins. Transformation of the
      spoIIG41 strain with plasmid DNA carrying the structural gene for spoIIG
      complements the Spo- phenotype and results in the synthesis of P31, sigma 29,
      P25, and P21 at the appropriate times during sporulation. In Escherichia coli,
      the cloned spoIIG sequence encoded a protein that reacted with the anti-P31/sigma
      29 monoclonal antibody and had the electrophoretic mobility of authentic P31.

PMID- 2408274
TI  - Alternative splicing patterns in an aberrantly rearranged immunoglobulin kappa
      light-chain gene.
AB  - Using a 15-nucleotide primer specific for the immunoglobulin kappa-chain gene, we
      synthesized cDNA from the mRNA of an anti-alpha(1----6)dextran hybridoma. The
      hybridoma had been produced using MPC-11 as the parental myeloma. Hybridization
      and sequence analysis of one clone showed that it was derived from a 1.2-kilobase
      (kb) kappa-chain mRNA that lacked a joining minigene segment (J). The mRNA had
      the leader region correctly spliced to the variable region (V) but, in the
      absence of a J, V kappa was flanked by 62 nucleotides (3202-3263) from the
      intervening sequence (between J5 and the kappa-chain constant region gene C
      kappa) before being spliced to C kappa. This mRNA originated from the kappa-chain
      fragment gene of MPC-11 but differed from the previously described 0.8-kb kappa
      chain-fragment mRNA [Choi, E., Kuehl, W.M. & Wall, R. (1980) Nature (London) 286,
      776-779; Seidman, J.G. & Leder, P. (1980) Nature (London) 286, 779-783] in which
      the leader sequence is spliced directly to C kappa. This 1.2-kb mRNA was present
      as a polyadenylylated species in total cellular RNA but could not be detected in
      cytoplasmic RNA. Thus, it either failed to be transported out of the nucleus or
      was rapidly degraded in the cytoplasm. These studies show that transcripts of the
      kappa-chain-fragment gene are processed by two distinct splicing pathways to
      yield either a 0.8-kb mRNA with the leader region spliced directly to C kappa or
      a 1.2-kb mRNA with leader, V, 62 nucleotides of the intervening sequence, and C
      kappa.

PMID- 2408276
TI  - Mapping of the C3d receptor (CR2)-binding site and a neoantigenic site in the C3d
      domain of the third component of complement.
AB  - The C3d domain of C3 contains the site that binds to the C3d receptor (CR2) which
      is expressed on B lymphocytes. It also contains a neoantigenic determinant that
      is recognized by monoclonal antibody (mAb) 130 and is expressed when C3b is
      cleaved to iC3b and subsequently to C3dg or C3d. mAb 130 inhibits the binding of
      C3d to CR2. In this study, the locations of the CR2-binding site and of the
      neoantigen recognized by mAb 130 within the C3d domain were investigated.
      Treatment of human C3d with CNBr generated two major fragments with Mrs of 12,500
      and 8600. Binding studies showed that only the Mr 8600 fragment was capable of
      binding to both CR2 and mAb 130. Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the Mr 8600
      fragment and comparison with the amino acid sequence derived from human C3 cDNA
      [de Bruijn, M. H. L. & Fey, G. H. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 708-712]
      placed it between residues 1199 and 1274 of the C3 sequence. Several peptides
      were synthesized according to the derived C3 sequence of amino acid residues 1209
      1236. Based on their differential binding to CR2 and mAb 130, we localized the
      CR2-binding site and mAb 130 neoantigenic site, respectively, to residues 1227
      1232 and 1217-1232 of the C3 sequence.

PMID- 2408277
TI  - Specific proteins associated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and scrapie share
      antigenic and carbohydrate determinants.
AB  - Small amounts of brain tissue (2 g) infected with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
      can be fractionated by using a simple 1-day method that includes lysis with N
      lauroylsarcosine. Unique fibrils have been identified previously in scrapie- and
      CJD-infected tissue. These fibrils were abundant in final fractions. Preparations
      from human CJD autopsy material and from experimental hamster and guinea pig CJD
      all displayed readily identifiable fibrils that were not seen in control
      preparations. Thus, these methods appear to be of value in biopsy diagnosis of
      suspected human cases of CJD. Lysis with N-lauroylsarcosine quantitatively
      solubilized infectivity from membrane-rich fractions. Significant infectivity was
      recovered in microfractionations. After proteinase K digestion, a diffuse band at
      29 kDa was detectable on NaDodSO4/PAGE. This 29-kDa material was not present in
      uninfected control brain and was similar to that seen in scrapie. Protein blots
      of human, guinea pig, and hamster CJD fractions were tested with an antibody
      raised against a 29-kDa band from mouse scrapie; 29-kDa proteins were labeled in
      all CJD and scrapie fractions but not in controls. These results indicate that
      specific proteins in both these diseases share common antigenic determinants.
      Ricin and wheat germ agglutinin, but not concanavalin A, also labeled a portion
      of the 29-kDa band from hamster CJD and hamster scrapie fractions, but they did
      not label any bands in normal hamster fractions at the same gel protein loads.
      When proteinase K treatment was omitted, specific bands of approximately equal to
      35 kDa were detected in CJD samples. These results are consistent with the idea
      that some CJD- and scrapie-specific proteins are glycoproteins or
      sialoglycoproteins that can reside in or possibly derive from cell membranes.

PMID- 2408278
TI  - Dual modulation of K channels by thyrotropin-releasing hormone in clonal
      pituitary cells.
AB  - Transmembrane electrical activity in pituitary tumor cells can be altered by
      substances that either stimulate or inhibit their secretory activity. Using patch
      recording techniques, we have measured the resting membrane potentials, action
      potentials, transmembrane macroscopic ionic currents, and single Ca2+-activated K
      channel currents of GH3 and GH4/C1 rat pituitary tumor cells in response to
      thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH, which stimulates prolactin secretion,
      causes a transient hyperpolarization of the membrane potential followed by a
      period of elevated action potential frequency. In single cells voltage clamped
      and internally dialyzed with solutions containing K+, TRH application results in
      a transient increase in Ca2+-activated K currents and a more protracted decrease
      in voltage-dependent K currents. However, in cells internally dialyzed with K+
      free solutions, TRH produces no changes in inward Ca2+ or Ba2+ currents through
      voltage-dependent Ca channels. The time courses of the effects on Ca2+-activated
      and voltage-dependent K currents correlate with the phases of hyperpolarization
      and hyperexcitability, respectively. During application of TRH to whole cells,
      single Ca2+-activated K channel activity increases in cell-attached patches not
      directly exposed to TRH. In contrast, TRH applied directly to excised membrane
      patches produces no change in single Ca2+-activated K channel behavior. We
      conclude that TRH (i) triggers intracellular Ca2+ release, which opens Ca2+
      activated K channels, (ii) depresses voltage-dependent K channels during the
      hyperexcitable phase, which further elevated intracellular Ca2+, and (iii) does
      not directly modulate Ca channel activity.

PMID- 2408279
TI  - Sympathetic neuron density differentially regulates transmitter phenotypic
      expression in culture.
AB  - The effects of cell density and aggregation on expression of transmitter traits
      were examined in dissociated, pure sympathetic neuron cultures, grown in fully
      defined, serum-free medium. After 1 week at a density of 7-8 X 10(3) neurons per
      35-mm dish, moderate levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, EC
      1.14.16.2) activity and substance P were detected. When neuron density was
      increased 4-fold, a 4-fold increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity was
      observed; i.e., there was no change in tyrosine hydroxylase activity per neuron.
      In contrast, substance P increased 30-fold, corresponding to a 7-fold increase in
      substance P per neuron. Choline O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) activity, not
      detected at low cell densities, was first detectable at a concentration of 15,000
      neurons per dish and increased 6-fold when this cell concentration was doubled.
      Medium conditioned by high-density cultures failed to reproduce these effects on
      low-density cultures, suggesting that diffusible factors are not involved in the
      density-dependent differential regulation. Time-lapse phase-contrast microscopy
      of high-density cultures showed neuronal migration and progressive aggregation,
      which did not occur in low-density cultures. Our observations suggest that cell
      contact may mediate differential expression of transmitter traits.

PMID- 2408280
TI  - Some properties of acetylcholine receptors in human cultured myotubes.
AB  - The distribution and single channel properties of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors
      in human myotubes grown in tissue culture have been examined. Radioautography of
      myotubes labelled with [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin showed that ACh receptors are
      distributed uniformly over the myotube surface at a density of 3.9 +/- 0.5
      receptors per square micrometre. Accumulations of ACh receptors (hot spots) were
      found rarely. The conductance and kinetics of ACh-activated channels were
      investigated with the patch-clamp technique. Cell-attached membrane patches were
      used in all experiments. A single channel conductance in the range 40-45 pS was
      calculated. No sublevels of conductance (substates) of the activated channel were
      observed. The distribution of channel open-times varied with ACh concentration.
      With 100 nM ACh, the distribution was best fitted by the sum of two exponentials,
      whereas with 1 microM ACh a single exponential could be fitted. The mean channel
      open-time at the myotube resting potential (ca. -70 mV, 22 degrees C) was 8.2 ms.
      The distribution of channel closed-times was complex at all concentrations of ACh
      studied (100 nM to 10 microM). With desensitizing doses of ACh (10 microM),
      channel openings occurred in obvious bursts; each burst usually appeared as part
      of a 'cluster' of bursts. Both burst duration and mean interval between bursts
      increased with membrane hyperpolarization. Individual channel open-times and
      burst durations showed similar voltage dependence (e-fold increase per 80 mV
      hyperpolarization), whereas both the channel closed-times within a burst and the
      number of openings per burst were independent of membrane potential.

PMID- 2408281
TI  - Primary afferent receptive field properties and neurotransmitter candidates in a
      vertebrate lacking unmyelinated fibers.

PMID- 2408282
TI  - Models for mechanoelectrical transduction by hair cells.

PMID- 2408283
TI  - Signal integration in the cortex.

PMID- 2408284
TI  - Transneuronal transport of protein in the visual system pathways.

PMID- 2408285
TI  - The parasympathetic neuroeffector junction of the heart.
AB  - This review has directed attention to the anatomical, biochemical, physiological,
      and pharmacological features of cardiac parasympathetic neuroeffector
      transmission. The relationships among these properties have permitted a synthesis
      of the operation of the parasympathetic nervous system at the subcellular,
      cellular, tissue, and organ level in the heart. However, the attempt to obtain a
      comprehensive model of parasympathetic neuroeffector transmission in the heart
      has not only unmasked many features of junctional activity that are poorly
      understood, but also indicated significant gaps between in vitro and in vivo
      experimental situations.

PMID- 2408286
TI  - Effect of CCK antibodies on food intake and weight gain in Zucker rats.
AB  - While exogenous administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) decreases food intake in
      many species, it has not been demonstrated conclusively that CCK is necessary for
      satiety to occur. In these experiments the role of CCK in eliciting satiety was
      further investigated by using endogenously produced and exogenously administered
      antibodies to CCK which were hypothesized to sequester circulating CCK. In the
      first experiment Zucker obese (n = 12, 192 +/- 16 g) and lean (n = 12, 152 +/- 11
      g) male rats were administered CCK-8 conjugated to bovine serum albumin or bovine
      serum albumin by subcutaneous administration in Freund's adjuvant. Average
      percent binding of 125I-gastrin-17 by serum taken 4, 8 and 12 weeks after
      treatment initiation was increased (19.9 vs. 2.1, p less than 0.001) in rats
      treated with CCK conjugate than controls, and the increase was greater in lean
      (27.5 vs. 1.9) than in obese (12.2 vs. 2.2, p less than 0.001) rats. In lean, but
      not obese rats, average daily food intake and weight gain were increased (9 and
      17% p less than 0.04 and p less than 0.02 respectively) in rats with CCK-AB
      compared with rats with no CCK-AB during the three months. Development of CCK-AB
      did not affect food intake response to exogenously administered CCK-8 or pancreas
      weight relative to body weight. In Experiment 2 increased food intakes of obese
      and lean rats 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of rabbit serum with CCK-AB
      were greater than those after intraperitoneal injection of rabbit serum without
      CCK-AB (1.92 vs. 1.41, g, p less than 0.007).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2408287
TI  - Special nursing considerations for the craniofacial patient.

PMID- 2408288
TI  - Nursing process for the cranio facial surgical patient.

PMID- 2408289
TI  - The 3' end of large ribosomal subunit RNA from mosquito mitochondria: homogeneity
      of transcribed moieties.
AB  - 3' Terminal sequences of mosquito mitochondrial 16 S ribosomal RNA, which is post
      transcriptionally polyadenylated, have been examined with the aim of determining
      the degree of homogeneity of transcribed moieties. 3' End-labeled samples were
      subjected to oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis and to ladder gel analysis
      after primary and secondary nuclease digestion; and products of reverse
      transcriptase reactions were characterized using 16 S RNA as template and
      selected oligodeoxynucleotides as primers. The results indicated a remarkable
      degree of homogeneity compared to homologous mammalian mitochondrial systems, and
      suggested differences in modes of expression of insect, versus mammalian,
      mitochondrial genomes.

PMID- 2408290
TI  - Serotonin and schizophrenia: correlations between serotonergic activity and
      schizophrenic motor behavior.
AB  - Increased serotonergic activity in animals has been associated with a variety of
      stereotyped motor behaviors. In addition, serotonin facilitates brainstem,
      reticular, and spinal motor neuronal activity implicated in the expression of
      these behaviors. This report presents positive correlations between both
      peripheral (platelet serotonin levels) and central (cerebrospinal concentrations
      of 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid) measures of serotonin metabolism and the symptom
      of peculiar or unusual mannerisms and posturing in schizophrenic patients. The
      findings are discussed in light of the animal behavioral correlates of increased
      serotonergic activity and the stereotyped affectomotor behavior seen in some
      schizophrenic patients.

PMID- 2408291
TI  - Aphasia, family history, and the longitudinal course of senile dementia of the
      Alzheimer type.
AB  - Aphasia, was present in a majority of subjects in a longitudinal study of 43
      subjects with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Aphasic subjects had a more
      rapidly progressive course but a lower prevalence of familial cases than the
      study group, other study groups, or the nonaphasic subjects. Conversely, the lack
      of aphasia was associated with a higher prevalence of familial cases and a slower
      rate of progression. It is concluded that senile dementia of the Alzheimer type
      is a heterogeneous disorder in which the presence of aphasia early in the course
      signifies a nonfamilial, rapidly progressive variety of illness.

PMID- 2408292
TI  - [Vascularization of regenerating bone in acute radiation sickness].

PMID- 2408293
TI  - Bleomycin-related lung damage: CT evidence.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) examinations of the chest were evaluated in 100 patients
      treated with bleomycin. The CT findings were compared with those of conventional
      chest radiographs and lung-function tests. Lung damage due to bleomycin was
      detected in 38% of patients by CT, while damage was detected in only 15% by
      radiography. Changes in appearance seen on CT scans due to bleomycin damage were
      compared with measurements of lung volume and gas transfer per unit lung volume.
      There was good correlation between severity of damage shown on CT scans and
      changes in lung volume (P less than 0.01). Gas transfer capabilities were reduced
      in most patients regardless of changes observed on CT scans. Sequential CT
      studies showed that complete resolution of bleomycin damage may occur within 9
      months in patients with minor or moderate damage. Residual abnormalities were
      seen in all patients with severe damage. CT can confirm lung damage in a patient
      with suspected toxicity but a normal chest radiograph and can define the anatomic
      extent of disease in a patient with an abnormal lung-function test.

PMID- 2408294
TI  - Benign prostatic hyperplasia: tissue characterization using suprapubic
      ultrasound.
AB  - Fifty-one patients with pathologically proved benign prostatic hyperplasia were
      examined with transabdominal ultrasound. The echo-textural patterns of the
      prostate were analyzed in detail. This analysis suggested various criteria that
      would be helpful in the diagnosis of this neoplasm. The most frequently
      encountered sonographic findings were the adenoma echo pattern (47 cases),
      shadowing echo-dense foci at any location, foci with an echo density brighter
      than that of the capsule, focal densities less than 6 mm thick, and location of a
      focus within the adenoma, junctional zone, or periurethral zone. Other suggestive
      signs included intact capsule (46 cases), uninvolved bladder (all but one case),
      and normal seminal vesicles (all cases). Based on these criteria, a definite
      diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia was made in 43 cases with a diagnostic
      accuracy of 84%.

PMID- 2408295
TI  - Prostatic carcinoma: detection and staging using suprapubic US.
AB  - Eighteen patients with pathologically proved carcinoma of the prostate were
      examined with suprapubic ultrasound (US) to assess the capability of the modality
      in the detection and staging of the disease. Five of the patients were evaluated
      for recurrent disease. A detailed, retrospective, echo-textural analysis of the
      prostate and periprostatic structures was performed. The most frequently
      encountered US findings were recorded and used as criteria in the diagnosis and
      staging. Most diagnostic of the echo patterns were the presence of a large
      (greater than 6 mm) focal density within the peripheral zone that was as bright
      as or less bright than the density of the capsule, a mixed or diffuse pattern,
      and loss of integrity of the capsule, seminal vesicles, or bladder. Using these
      criteria, we were able to correctly diagnose 17 of 18 cases, with an accuracy
      rate of 94%. US was also used to assess the extent of local disease in carcinoma
      of the prostate. The US staging was compared with the staging by digital rectal
      examination and by clinicopathologic results. We correctly staged 15 of 18 cases
      (83%) with US, while the rectal examination helped to stage correctly only 10 of
      18 cases (56%). All errors were due to understaging. We find suprapubic US to be
      very helpful in the diagnosis and staging of prostatic cancer. Since there is
      some overlap between the findings in benign and malignant disease, we cannot
      recommend US as an alternative to prostate biopsy. Further experience in
      detection and staging with prospective studies may be necessary before final
      conclusions can be made.

PMID- 2408297
TI  - [Cancer-associated metabolic change of glycolipid--glycolipid antigens to human
      cancer-associated monoclonal antibodies].

PMID- 2408296
TI  - Batrachotoxin as a tool to study voltage-sensitive sodium channels of excitable
      membranes.

PMID- 2408298
TI  - Ionophore-stimulated lipoxygenase activity and histamine release in a cloned
      murine mast cell, MC9.
AB  - A cloned murine mast cell line designated MC9 expresses a 5-lipoxygenase activity
      when stimulated with the ionophore A23187. Upon addition of 0.5 microM ionophore,
      MC9 cells produce 270 +/- 43 pmoles 5-HETE, 74 +/- 40 pmoles 5,12 diHETEs and 65
      +/- 31 pmoles LTC4/10(6) cells from 37 microM exogenously added [1
      14C]arachidonic acid in two minutes. 5-HETE and 5,12-diHETES, including LTB4 were
      identified by GC/MS whereas LTC4 was confirmed by HPLC mobility, bio-assay, RIA
      and enzymatic transformation. The principal cyclooxygenase products were PGD2 and
      TxB2 (8.5 +/- 2.4 and 5.4 +/- 1.2 pmoles/10(6) cells respectively). Prostanoids
      were identified by comigration with authentic standards on two-dimensional thin
      layer chromatograms. Production of arachidonic acid lipoxygenase metabolites
      stimulated with ionophore proved relatively insensitive to removal of
      extracellular Ca+2 and chelation by EGTA. In addition, MC9 5-lipoxygenase
      required only low micromolar amounts of exogenous arachidonic acid for maximal
      activity. Whereas production of arachidonic acid metabolites lasted only two to
      five minutes, histamine release stimulated with ionophore was not initiated until
      5 minutes (12 +/- 3% cellular histamine) and continued for 30 minutes (37 +/- 7%
      cellular histamine). Although these cells metabolize arachidonic acid differently
      from the classic peritoneal-derived mast cell, they resemble subpopulations found
      in certain tissues (such as mucosa) and should be useful in understanding the
      biochemistry of mast cell mediator release.

PMID- 2408300
TI  - [Remarks on the paper by H. Bause et al. Continuous peridural long-term morphine
      analgesia in an ambulatory cancer patient. Supplementary information on the use
      of an external portable dose-dispensing device for the treatment of unbearable
      cancer pain].

PMID- 2408299
TI  - Prostaglandin E2 mediated effects on the synthesis of fetal and adult hemoglobin
      in blood erythroid bursts.
AB  - The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in association with erythropoietin on the
      synthesis of fetal and adult hemoglobin in peripheral blood-derived erythroid
      burst colonies from normal adults and from patients with sickle cell anemia were
      investigated. The synthesized hemoglobin at the end of 8, 14 or 18 days in
      culture was separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography of 35S-methionine labelled
      hemoglobin. Quantitative estimation of the synthesized hemoglobin phenotypes, for
      the three indicated culture periods, showed preferential synthesis of Hb F in
      addition to an overall increase in hemoglobin synthesis in PGE2 treated colonies.
      Furthermore, the reactivation of fetal hemoglobin production by PGE2 was more
      pronounced when the adherent cells were included in the culture dishes. These
      results indicate that the addition of PGE2 to culture dishes presumably
      constitutes an environmental change to promote the functional changes seen in the
      blood erythroid bursts in terms of Hb synthesis and switching.

PMID- 2408301
TI  - [Stress situations. Hydrocortisone versus interferon].

PMID- 2408302
TI  - [Nervous system regulation of exocrine pancreatic secretion in the chicken].
AB  - Acute assays were carried out using broiler chickens in which a reentry catheter
      had previously been placed chronically in the main pancreatic duct. Samples of
      pancreatic juice were collected after manoeuvres of blockage and stimulation with
      different neurotransmitters and blocking agents, both cholinergic and adrenergic,
      as well as electrical stimulation of the left vagosympathetic trunk. Stimulation
      of the vagus nerve induced a marked increase in the pancreatic flow but with no
      changes in the enzyme content. Acetylcholine was seen to cause a slight but
      significant increase in pancreatic flow and a non-significant increase in amylase
      activity. The drop in the flow of pancreatic juice in response to adrenaline was
      not very sensitive to adrenergic blockers. The effect of adrenaline on pancreatic
      secretion cannot be attributed to vascular changes.

PMID- 2408303
TI  - [Acetylcholinesterase activity in blood plasma and various regions of the central
      nervous system of rats poisoned with lindane. Effect of sodium pentobarbital].
AB  - The effect of acute intoxication by lindane on the AChE activity in blood plasma
      and in crude synaptosomal fractions from six CNS areas of rats has been studied.
      The effect of sodium pentobarbital on the convulsive syndrome caused by the above
      organochlorine compound is also presented. The joint administration of sodium
      pentobarbital together with lindane prevented the convulsive reaction which had
      been produced by lindane alone. In the animals intoxicated by lindane a general
      increase in the AChE activity both in plasma and in the CNS areas studied has
      been observed. The combination of sodium pentobarbital and lindane produced a
      decrease in the AChE activity in all the studied areas with the single exception
      of the spinal cord. These results are discussed bearing in mind the possible
      interaction between the GABAergic and cholinergic neurotransmission systems in
      the CNS.

PMID- 2408304
TI  - Serological comparison of the Escherichia coli prototype strains for the F(Y) and
      Att 25 adhesions implicated in neonatal diarrhoea in calves.
AB  - Slide agglutination tests using single absorbed and double absorbed antisera
      indicated that the Att 25 prototype Escherichia coli strain 25 KH9 produces the
      F(Y) adhesion; that this E coli also produces at least one other surface antigen
      not found on the F(Y) prototype E coli strain 11a; and that F(Y)+ E coli strain
      28a produces at least one other surface antigen not produced by the prototype
      strains for the F(Y) and Att 25 antigens. These antigens were found on E coli
      isolated from outbreaks of calf diarrhoea in the United Kingdom.

PMID- 2408305
TI  - [Value of stereotaxic mesencephalic tractotomy in neoplastic cervicofacial pain].

PMID- 2408306
TI  - Tumor markers in urology.

PMID- 2408308
TI  - [Operating technics in total laryngectomy].

PMID- 2408307
TI  - Real-time gray-scale transrectal linear array ultrasonography in urodynamic
      evaluation.

PMID- 2408309
TI  - [Evaluation of the clearance of the maxillary sinus using the colored muco
      ciliary transport test].

PMID- 2408310
TI  - [Acridine orange: a fluorochrome of nucleic acids for the study of muscle and
      nerve cells].
AB  - Acridine orange renders nucleic acids fluorescent when forming complexes with
      them: D.N.A. is coloured luminous yellow while R.N.A. is a brilliant orange. Its
      application to sections of muscle biopsies permits the identification of certain
      muscle fibres, recognized by their bright orange fluorescence which contrasts
      with the pale green of mature, normal myofibrils in three specific situations:
      denervation, regeneration following injury, and the rapid growth and maturation
      of fetal muscle. Moreover, myopathic nonregenerative atrophy, as well as
      histochemical type-specific atrophies, do not exhibit this same orange
      fluorescence. Because neurons, particularly motor neurons, contain large amounts
      of R.N.A. (by contrast with glial cells which have very little) the application
      of acridine orange in the central nervous system might help in understanding the
      development of the fetal brain, the evolution of some neurologic diseases, and
      the maturation of brain tumors. Since the technique does not require the
      exclusive use of frozen tissues, but also may be applied to formalin-fixed tissue
      in paraffin sections, it is well adapted to the study of tissue obtained at
      autopsy.

PMID- 2408311
TI  - Human mycoplasmal infections: serologic observations.
AB  - Three species of mycoplasmas have been implicated in human disease. Mycoplasma
      pneumoniae, which causes upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, and other
      complications, is an uncommon isolate from the ororespiratory tract except during
      outbreaks of disease. Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum are the two
      principal species of genital mycoplasmas. These are responsible for some cases of
      urogenital infections, and more recent studies show that they are associated with
      perinatal disorders. Glycolipid antigens of M. pneumoniae dominated serologic
      studies of mycoplasmas until recently, when protein antigens were isolated. The
      latter isolations, the production of monoclonal antibodies to attachment
      proteins, and the demonstration of antibodies to these proteins will make it
      possible to identify specific pathogenic components involved in infection due to
      M. pneumoniae and will permit evaluation of the relative roles of the glycolipid
      and protein antigens. Serologic studies of the genital mycoplasmas have
      demonstrated seven serotypes of M. hominis and at least 16 serotypes of U.
      urealyticum, the latter falling into two large serogroups. Type-specific tissue
      invasion with genital mycoplasmas has been demonstrated, particularly in relation
      to perinatal morbidity. Surface antigens of genital mycoplasmas are in the early
      stages of definition and purification. Present data indicate that there are
      specific protein antigens, but other possible antigenic forms may exist.

PMID- 2408312
TI  - Cell-mediated immune response in rubella infections.
AB  - Cultures of lymphocytes from rubella-susceptible persons did not respond to
      stimulation with purified rubella antigen whereas those from persons who had
      experienced natural infection responded strongly to specific antigenic
      stimulation. The response of cultures of lymphocytes from vaccinees is weaker
      than that of naturally infected persons, and it appears that the response of
      lymphocytes from congenitally infected children depends on their gestational age
      at the time of interuterine infection. Vaccination or revaccination of immune
      subjects elicits a fast booster-type cell-mediated immune response. This property
      is useful for detecting the immune status of women exposed to rubella during
      pregnancy whose rubella history is unknown and whose humoral immune response is
      negative.

PMID- 2408313
TI  - [Antigen-antibody interaction].

PMID- 2408314
TI  - Vascular effects of phenylpropanolamine on human nasal mucosa.
AB  - The duration of the decongestant effect of phenylpropanolamine 2.5% as nose drops
      as well as the effect of the drug on nasal mucosal blood flow was studied in man.
      The nasal patency was significantly improved for up to three hours in patients
      with nasal congestion, while no effect on nasal mucosal blood flow was achieved.
      These results were discussed in relation to other more long-lasting nose-drops
      with blood flow-reducing effects.

PMID- 2408315
TI  - A better way to organize IV meds.

PMID- 2408316
TI  - [Parenteral nutrition and cancer].

PMID- 2408317
TI  - Platelet alpha granule release in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - We studied beta-thromboglobulin (BTG) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) plasma levels
      in 90 diabetic subjects; we found high plasma values of these proteins only in
      patients with complications. To provide further indications regarding the role of
      platelet activation in the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy, we also
      tested mobilizable platelet content of BTG and PF4; we found these similar to
      those of normal subjects.

PMID- 2408318
TI  - Visual tests for urinary amylase investigated in the routine laboratory.
AB  - Ninety-seven fresh urine specimens were tested in the routine laboratory with the
      Rapignost Amylase test strip, and the results were compared to those obtained
      using Phadebas Amylase test tablets to investigate the transferability of the
      results obtained by the Rapignost method to those of the Phadebas method under
      routine conditions. The fraction of conflicting negative results of Phadebas
      positive specimens was 9% and the corresponding fraction of conflicting positive
      results was 13%. An attempt to improve the transferability by changing the
      comparison scale slightly did not succeed. However, a visual binary test based on
      180 s incubation at 37 degrees C of 400 microliters urine in a suspension of a
      Phadebas Amylase test tablet seemed more suitable in selection of specimens with
      Phadebas amylase activity less than 2000 U/l (upper limit of the reference
      interval). These specimens amounted to approximately 75% of all amylase specimens
      in our laboratory.

PMID- 2408319
TI  - Dextran 70 versus donor plasma as colloid in open-heart surgery under extreme
      haemodilution.
AB  - Dextran 70 and donor plasma were compared as colloid in the priming solution
      during heart-lung perfusion in open-heart surgery. The patients underwent surgery
      for coronary artery or aortic valve disease. One group of nine patients had
      plasma in the priming solution, while ten patients received dextran 70. Prior to
      perfusion the patients in the dextran group received monovalent hapten to prevent
      anaphylactic reactions towards dextran. During the perfusion the same level of
      haemodilution was established in both groups; the haematocrit values fell from
      about 39 vol. per cent before perfusion to about 19 vol. per cent after 45 min of
      perfusion. Eighteen hours postoperatively, the haematocrit had increased to about
      35 vol. per cent. The mean concentrations of total serum protein in preoperative
      samples from the plasma and dextran group were 66.0 g/l and 66.3 g/l,
      respectively, and fell to 42.6 g/l and 28.3 g/l in samples taken after 45 min of
      perfusion. The serum-protein concentration in the dextran group remained
      significantly lower than that of the plasma group throughout the postoperative
      period. A similar pattern was seen for the albumin concentration. Preoperatively
      the mean values of the colloid osmotic pressure of plasma were 24.2 mmHg and 25.5
      mmHg in the plasma and dextran group, respectively. Corresponding figures 45 min
      after start of perfusion were 13.9 mmHg and 16.9 mmHg, respectively,
      significantly higher in the dextran group than in the plasma group. The colloid
      osmotic pressure exerted by dextran was about 9 mmHg during heart-lung perfusion
      and about 4 mmHg 18 h later.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2408320
TI  - Visualization of human predentin and hypomineralized areas of dentin by silver
      methenamine staining.
AB  - The light microscopic structure of human teeth was studied following silver
      methenamine staining, with and without previous oxidation in periodic acid.
      Predentin, hypomineralized dentin and carious dentin stained intensely, whereas
      highly mineralized dentin and calcospherites at the predentin-dentin junction did
      not show any reactivity when observed in the light microscope, even following
      demineralization in strong acid or in EDTA. The reactive sites of the pulp were
      confined to nuclei, nucleoli and a few thin fibers. This distribution of reactive
      sites is different from the distribution which is seen following von Kossa's
      silver stain, and from the distribution seen following silver stain methods for
      reticular fibers.

PMID- 2408321
TI  - Correlation among complement activation, protease inhibitors, and clinical course
      in acute pancreatitis in man.
AB  - Changes in complement levels and protease inhibitors were measured in
      plasma/serum and peritoneal fluid during 15 attacks of acute pancreatitis. The
      abnormalities found in the complement system and the protease inhibitors were
      most pronounced in severe attacks, especially in the peritoneal fluid. Depressed
      levels of C1q, C3, properdin, and factor I were found in blood on admission in
      severe attacks. A decrease during the first days of illness was found for C1q,
      C3, C4, properdin, factor I, and factor H levels in blood. There was a
      discrepancy between the low C1q and the high C1r and C1s levels in blood.
      Complexes of C1r-C1s-C1 inactivator and factor B conversion products were found,
      especially in the peritoneal fluid, denoting an activation of the complement
      system. High levels of trypsin in complex with alpha 1-protease inhibitor were
      found, both in blood and in peritoneal fluid, denoting the liberation of active
      trypsin in acute pancreatitis. The levels of the functional alpha 2-macroglobulin
      were low, especially in the peritoneal fluid. It is concluded that both classical
      and alternative complement activation take place in acute pancreatitis, starting
      in the peritoneal cavity. The magnitude of activation depends on the severity of
      the disease. Trypsin-induced activation of complement components may explain some
      of these changes.

PMID- 2408322
TI  - Recent advances in laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) of inner ear tissue.
AB  - Maintenance of ionic gradients within the various fluids compartments of the
      inner ear requires transport active cellular systems at different locations.
      LAMMA analysis is ideally suited for detection of ions in microquantity on
      cellular levels overcoming many technical difficulties. The present paper
      summarizes the results of microprobe analysis obtained with laser induced mass
      spectrometry (LAMMA) supplemented by X-ray microprobe analysis of epithelial cell
      layers adjacent to the endolymphatic space in the cochlear duct, in the
      vestibular organ and in the endolymphatic sac. The possible role of inner ear as
      well as ocular melanin in the mechanisms of active ion transport is discussed.

PMID- 2408323
TI  - The influence of different cryopreparations on the distribution of ions in
      bullfrog myocard cells.
AB  - Bullfrog heart muscle trabecula are shock-frozen in liquid propane cooled by
      liquid nitrogen and then processed for X-ray microanalysis in two different ways:
      1. Freeze-drying followed by vacuum embedding. 2. Cryoultramicrotomy and freeze
      drying. Stained sections of freeze-dried, embedded tissue exhibit detailed
      ultrastructure, but are useless for X-ray microanalysis. Unstained, dry cut
      plastic-sections are suitable for X-ray microanalysis, but the ultrastructure
      appears faint. Higher electron optical contrast and peak-to-background ratio of X
      ray spectra are generally obtained in freeze-dried cryosections. Both preparation
      methods show that the X-ray spectra are influenced by the quality of
      cryofixation. The phosphorus/potassium ratio in nuclei increases with increasing
      ice crystal size.

PMID- 2408324
TI  - Laparotomy and splenectomy in Hodgkin's disease: a reappraisal after twenty
      years.

PMID- 2408325
TI  - Hapten-specific unresponsiveness in mice. III. Study of the B-cell functions of
      tolerant mice.
AB  - The features of B-cell tolerance induced in mice with the chemically reactive
      hapten 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid were investigated after various
      antigenic challenges. A complete abolition of the IgG response was observed after
      challenge with trinitrophenol (TNP)-coupled haemocyanin (TNP-KLH) associated or
      not with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Carrier immunization with KLH (3
      micrograms) followed by challenge with TNP-KLH led to a normal IgG anti-TNP
      response. However, tolerant mice given 3 micrograms TNP-KLH (instead of KLH) and
      a repeat injection of TNP-KLH exhibited a depressed IgG anti-TNP response. These
      results are discussed within the framework of tolerance induction in adult mature
      B cells.

PMID- 2408326
TI  - Enriched Langerhans cells express more HLA-DR determinants than blood-derived
      adherent cells (monocytes and dendritic cells).
AB  - When used as antigen-presenting cells, enriched Langerhans cells (LC) are known
      to induce a stronger proliferative T-cell response towards antigens than blood
      derived adherent cells (a mixture of monocytes and dendritic cells). To study the
      mechanism behind this difference in accessory cell function, we have compared the
      quantitative expression of HLA-DR molecules on LC and adherent cells (AdC), using
      a radioimmunoassay system. The amount of HLA-DR determinants was calculated to be
      50-100 times higher on LC than on AdC.

PMID- 2408327
TI  - Enhanced breakdown in vitro of bovine articular cartilage proteoglycans by
      conditioned synovial medium. The effect of phenylglyoxal.
AB  - Addition of conditioned medium derived from fragment cultures of synovial tissue
      dissected from bovine knee joints (SM) to cultures of articular cartilage derived
      from the same animal resulted in enhanced breakdown of cartilage proteoglycans,
      measured as the release of [35S]sulphate from pieces of prelabelled cartilage.
      Addition of conditioned medium from synovial tissue that had been cultured with
      50 micrograms/ml dextran sulphate (DS-SM) to the cartilage cultures greatly
      enhanced cartilage degradation. Phenylglyoxal is an arginine-specific reagent
      which has been shown to destroy the activity of interleukin 1 (former called LAF,
      lymphocyte-activating factor). The addition of phenylglyoxal (0.01, 0.1 or 1.0
      mM) to the cartilage cultures did not affect cartilage degradation, whereas the
      addition of 2.5 mM phenylglyoxal seemed to inhibit cartilage breakdown. However,
      the cartilage degradation induced by SM was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner
      by the addition of phenylglyoxal (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mM). Also culturing the
      synovial tissue with phenylglyoxal (1.0 mM) inhibited the synovial-enhanced
      cartilage degradation. The addition of phenylglyoxal (1.0 mM) together with DS-SM
      to the cartilage cultures reduced cartilage degradation to that exerted by SM.
      Culturing the synovial tissue with both dextran sulphate (50 micrograms/ml) and
      phenylglyoxal (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mM) also dose-dependently reduced cartilage
      degradation to that exerted by SM. It is therefore suggested that the cytokines
      produced by synovial tissue in culture may be related to interleukin 1. However,
      the role of other proteins, such as degradative enzymes, cannot be completely
      ruled out.

PMID- 2408328
TI  - [Diagnosis and curative therapy in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome].
AB  - There have been new developments in the diagnosis and therapy of Zollinger
      Ellison syndrome. The main symptoms of the syndrome are ulcers at atypical sites
      and nocturnal hypersecretion. Diarrhea and steathorrhea are equally common and
      may be misinterpreted. Diagnosis is established by the paradoxical rise in plasma
      gastrin after intravenous secretin provocation. Fasting plasma gastrin levels
      alone may be misleading and suffer from both false positive and false negative
      results. Previously, total gastrectomy was necessary to prevent complications.
      Today the symptoms can be controlled by adequate H2-receptor blocker treatment,
      if necessary combined with an antimuscarinic drug such as pirenzepine.
      Exploratory surgical attempts to remove the tumor have a success rate of only 20%
      and only half of those may be cured. However, the new technique of transhepatic
      pancreatic vein catheterization, supplemented by determination of local hormone
      gradients, allows preoperative localization of even small tumors. In the last two
      years the author has had experience of 5 patients with endocrine tumors of the
      pancreas (1 insulinoma, 4 gastrinoma) who underwent this procedure. In every case
      the tumor was localized, removed by surgery and the patients subsequently cured
      of the syndrome, even including 2 patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN
      1). It is concluded that this chance of cure should be offered to every patient
      with this syndrome.

PMID- 2408329
TI  - [Palliative therapy of esophagus cancer with an endoscopically implanted
      endoprosthesis].
AB  - In the western world esophageal cancer accounts for only 2% of all cancers. With
      either surgical treatment or radiotherapy, the 5-year survival rate is no higher
      than 10%, and with a combination of the two about 20%. Palliation is the only
      alternative in most cases, and aims at minimizing dysphagia. This can be achieved
      by endoscopic implantation of a silastic tube through the neoplastic stricture,
      irrespective of the general condition of the patient. The recently developed
      flexible Dumon set offers considerable advantages over the traditional Nottingham
      introducer, and allows gentle implantation even in difficult cases.

PMID- 2408330
TI  - Status of the art in mucogingival surgery.

PMID- 2408331
TI  - [The calcium paradox in the heart].

PMID- 2408332
TI  - [Recombinant RNA technology].

PMID- 2408333
TI  - Molecular approaches to malaria vaccines.

PMID- 2408334
TI  - Pancreatic secretion by nonparallel exocytosis: potential resolution of a long
      controversy.
AB  - The idea that pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion can occur in a nonparallel
      manner has been controversial because of its presumed incompatibility with the
      exocytosis secretory mechanism. Correlation and regression analysis of enzyme
      output by the rabbit pancreas after it is stimulated with cholecystokinin and
      chymodenin revealed that digestive enzymes are secreted in a highly linked
      fashion, compatible with exocytosis and with nonparallel secretion. Thus,
      exocytosis and nonparallel secretion are not contradictory processes, but rather
      nonparallel secretion is due to exocytosis from heterogeneous sources within the
      pancreas.

PMID- 2408335
TI  - A catalytic RNA and its gene from Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - The gene for the RNA subunit (M1 RNA) of ribonuclease P from Salmonella
      typhimurium directs the synthesis of an RNA that can cleave transfer RNA
      precursor molecules. The mature M1 RNA coded for by Salmonella typhimurium is 375
      nucleotides long and has six nucleotide changes in comparison to M1 RNA from
      Escherichia coli. The regions for promotion and termination of transcription are
      closely conserved, but adjacent regions of nucleotide sequences show considerable
      drift.

PMID- 2408336
TI  - Enhanced immunogenicity of the pre-S region of hepatitis B surface antigen.
AB  - The 55 codons upstream of the gene sequence encoding the hepatitis B surface
      antigen (HBsAg) are called the pre-S(2) region. It has been proposed that
      polypeptides of high molecular weight that contain the pre-S(2) region should be
      included in future hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines. The pre-S(2) region and the
      S gene product [25 kilodalton (kD)] together compose a polypeptide of high
      molecular weight (33 kD). As an initial attempt to determine the relevance of the
      33-kD polypeptide to development of an HBV vaccine, the murine immune response to
      pre-S(2)-encoded determinants as compared to S-encoded determinants on the same
      polypeptide was examined. The results indicate (i) the pre-S(2) region is
      significantly more immunogenic than the S region of HBsAg, (ii) the 26 amino acid
      residues at the NH2-terminus of the 33-kD polypeptide represent a dominant
      antibody binding site on the pre-S(2) region, (iii) the immune response to the
      pre-S(2) region is regulated by H-2-linked genes distinct from those that
      regulate the response to the S region, and (iv) immunization of an S region
      nonresponder strain with HBV envelope particles that contain both the pre-S(2)
      and S regions can circumvent nonresponsiveness to the S region.

PMID- 2408337
TI  - Syrian hamster female protein: analysis of female protein primary structure and
      gene expression.
AB  - The concentration in plasma of the female protein (FP) of the golden Syrian
      hamster is regulated by sex steroids and by mediators of the acute-phase response
      to tissue injury or inflammation. A complementary DNA (cDNA) clone corresponding
      to FP was isolated from a hamster liver cDNA library and used to determine the
      nucleotide sequence and derived amino acid sequence of native FP. The primary
      sequence of FP is 69 percent identical to human serum amyloid P component and 50
      percent identical to human C-reactive protein. Evidence showed that sex-limited
      and acute-phase control of the FP gene is pretranslational. The FP protein is
      thus a useful model for investigating dual regulation of expression of a single
      gene.

PMID- 2408338
TI  - A new class of endogenous human retroviral genomes.
AB  - Human DNA contains multiple copies of a novel class of endogenous retroviral
      genomes. Analysis of a human recombinant DNA clone (HLM-2) containing one such
      proviral genome revealed that it is a mosaic of retroviral-related sequences with
      the organization and length of known endogenous retroviral genomes. The HLM-2
      long terminal repeat hybridized with the long terminal repeat of the squirrel
      monkey virus, a type D retrovirus. The HLM-2 gag and pol genes share extensive
      nucleotide sequence homology with those of the M432 retrovirus (a type A-related
      retrovirus), mouse mammary tumor virus (a type B retrovirus), and the avian Rous
      sarcoma virus (a type C retrovirus). Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed
      regions in the HLM-2 pol gene that were as much as 70 percent identical to the
      mouse mammary tumor virus pol gene. A portion of the putative HLM-2 env gene
      hybridized with the corresponding region of the M432 viral genome.

PMID- 2408339
TI  - Correlated measurements of DNA, RNA, and protein in individual cells by flow
      cytometry.
AB  - A cytochemical method was developed to differentially stain cellular DNA, RNA,
      and proteins with fluorochromes Hoechst 33342, pyronin Y, and fluorescein
      isothiocyanate, respectively. The fluorescence intensities, reflecting the DNA,
      RNA, and protein content of individual cells, were measured in a flow cytometer
      after sequential excitation by three lasers tuned to different excitation
      wavelengths. The method offers rapid analysis of changes in the cellular content
      of RNA and protein as well as in the RNA-protein, RNA-DNA, and protein-DNA ratios
      in relation to cell cycle position for large cell populations. An analysis of
      cycling cell populations (exponentially growing CHO cultures) and noncycling CHO
      cells arrested in the G1 phase by growth in isoleucine-free medium demonstrated
      the potential of the technique.

PMID- 2408340
TI  - Angiogenesis induced by degradation products of hyaluronic acid.
AB  - Partial degradation products of sodium hyaluronate produced by the action of
      testicular hyaluronidase induced an angiogenic response (formation of new blood
      vessels) on the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Neither macromolecular
      hyaluronate nor exhaustively digested material had any angiogenic potential.
      Fractionation of the digestion products established that the activity was
      restricted to hyaluronate fragments between 4 and 25 disaccharides in length.

PMID- 2408341
TI  - Towards a psychobiological model of cancer: biological considerations.
AB  - The control of tissue homeostasis is extremely complex and many factors
      contribute to the growth and development of tumours. Although the immune system
      has been regarded as an essential intermediary between putative psychological
      factors and the development or restraint of malignant tumours, this review
      indicates that many other possible mechanisms also exist. Current aspects of
      tumour biology, immunology and hormonal control systems are reviewed, and
      detailed psychobiological mediating mechanisms are considered at each stage of
      tumour development. An approach to the future investigation of this difficult
      field is proposed.

PMID- 2408342
TI  - beta-Thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 levels in a case of acute thrombotic
      thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - We have described a case of acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in which
      multiple therapeutic methods eventuated in recovery. We suggest that the ratio of
      the platelet marker proteins beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 may have
      value in the assessment of therapy and prognosis in following the clinical course
      of this disorder of platelets.

PMID- 2408343
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of nociceptors in the ligamentous structures of
      the lumbar spine.
AB  - Substance P, a physiologically potent neuropeptide is known to participate in the
      sensory, and especially nociceptive, transmission of neural impulses. On
      histologic grounds, the nerve terminals of the sinuvertebral nerve formerly have
      been suggested to be sensory in character and to mediate the low-back pain
      syndrome. Samples of paramedullary ligamentous structures were collected on disc
      operations. A positive immunoreaction as an indicator of substance P was
      confirmed in some nerve terminals of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Neither
      the yellow ligament nor the intervertebral disc showed such nociceptive-type
      nerves.

PMID- 2408344
TI  - Human alpha 2-macroglobulin gene is located on chromosome 12.
AB  - A cDNA clone encoding amino acids 809-1451 of the protease inhibitor alpha 2
      macroglobulin has been isolated from an adult human liver cDNA library. This cDNA
      was used to examine DNA samples prepared from a panel of human-mouse somatic cell
      hybrids with different numbers and combinations of human chromosomes for the
      presence of the human alpha 2-macroglobulin gene. The cosegregation of this gene
      and chromosome 12 in the cell hybrid panel indicated that the alpha 2
      macroglobulin structural gene (designated A2M) is on human chromosome 12.

PMID- 2408345
TI  - Oral acyclovir, palliative therapy for genital herpes: will it change the
      epidemiology?

PMID- 2408346
TI  - [Heterozygous beta thalassemia with increased HbF: independent segregation of
      beta thalassemia and hereditary persistent fetal hemoglobin (Swiss type) in a
      Spanish family].

PMID- 2408347
TI  - [Surgical interventions in breast cancer].

PMID- 2408348
TI  - Immunology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

PMID- 2408349
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to myelin-associated glycoprotein reveal antigenic
      structures and suggest pathogenic mechanisms.

PMID- 2408351
TI  - [Theory and practice in nursing. Are they focused together?].

PMID- 2408350
TI  - Immunoglobulins in epilepsy.

PMID- 2408352
TI  - [Functional state of the pancreas in workers exposed to the long-term action of
      lead].
AB  - Examination of the exocrine function of the pancreas in 52 workers exposed to
      lead, including 36 with the symptoms of intoxication (mild in 33 and marked in 3)
      revealed the primarily hyposecretory response of acinar cells stimulated with
      pancreozymin and secretin, while the hyposecretory and dyspancreatic responses
      were recorded less frequently. The endocrine function of the pancreas was
      revealed to be also lowered, which was confirmed by the decreased blood fasting
      insulin content and low blood insulin content after glucose intake as well. The
      changes in pancreatic function are among the pathogenetic mechanisms of the
      abdominal syndrome observable during lead intoxication.

PMID- 2408353
TI  - [Pseudoallergic reactions of drug origin].

PMID- 2408354
TI  - [Amantadine inhibits leukocytic histamine liberation].

PMID- 2408355
TI  - [Poisoning by disinfectants in the conservative treatment of 2 patients with
      omphalocele].
AB  - Two patients with complications of conservative omphalocele-treatment are
      described. A mercury-intoxication and an alcohol-intoxication were seen,
      respectively. It is concluded that generally a surgical treatment regimen is
      preferable, if the cele is not too large. When it is not possible to perform
      surgical treatment, alcohol application probably is the safest method. Dosage and
      frequency of application should be as limited as possible.

PMID- 2408356
TI  - An application of the high-iron diamine staining for detection of sulfated
      glycoproteins (glycopeptides) in electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane.
AB  - The high-iron diamine staining (HID), which has been used in histochemistry to
      stain sulfated glycoconjugates (SGC), was tested for detectability of authentic
      acidic substances (chondroitin sulfates A plus C, dermatan sulfate, heparan
      sulfate, chondroitin, hyaluronic acid, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and ribonucleic
      acid) in electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane (Separax). The results
      showed that only SGC were detectable by the HID, although all the above
      substances were stained with alcian blue. The glycoconjugate preparations
      obtained from the liver, kidney, lung, small intestine, colon, stomach, brain and
      spleen of rats were examined by two-dimensional electrophoresis on Separax. The
      new spots (or bands), besides those of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, were detected
      by the HID on the electrophoretograms of all the samples except for the kidney
      one. The substances giving the new spots (or bands) were indicated to be sulfated
      glycopeptides (SGP) by crude heparinase digestion of a representative sample. The
      present results revealed that the HID was applicable for detection of SGP in
      electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane. Also, it is a novel finding that
      the liver and spleen contain SGP.

PMID- 2408357
TI  - Effect of dextran sulfate on the survival time and mitochondrial function of
      Adriamycin (doxorubicin)-treated mice.
AB  - The effect of dextran sulfate on the survival time and mitochondrial function of
      adriamycin (ADM)-treated mice was studied. ADM-induced toxicity in mice was
      reduced by treatment with dextran sulfate (60, 100, 300, and 600 mg/kg, sc). The
      optimum dextran sulfate dose for protection against ADM-induced toxicity in mice
      was about 200 mg/kg/day (sc) and 100 mg/kg/day (po). Groups treated with dextran
      sulfate (300 mg/kg) had significantly improved mitochondrial function as measured
      by oxygen uptake of state 3 (p less than 0.01), dinitrophenol-altered respiration
      (p less than 0.01), and respiratory control index level (p less than 0.01). From
      these observations, it was concluded that ADM-induced toxicity due to reduced
      mitochondrial function can be ameliorated by the membrane stabilizing effect of
      dextran sulfate.

PMID- 2408358
TI  - Effects of sodium selenite and selenate on DNA and RNA synthesis in vitro.
AB  - The effects of sodium selenite and sodium selenate on DNA and RNA synthesis have
      been examined using intact HeLa cells, isolated nuclei and extracted polymerases.
      Selenate had no effect on any of the systems examined. Selenite inhibited DNA
      synthesis in intact cells and in isolated nuclei, and to a limited extent also
      inhibited DNA polymerase alpha. Selenite also inhibited RNA synthesis in intact
      cells and alpha-amanitin resistant RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei (i.e.,
      synthesis catalyzed by RNA polymerase I and III). It had no effect on alpha
      amanitin sensitive synthesis (catalyzed by RNA polymerase II) at concentrations
      up to 500 microM. However, transcription of exogenous DNA by extracted RNA
      polymerase II (as well as by polymerase I and III) was inhibited by selenite.

PMID- 2408360
TI  - Managing OR patients' fears.

PMID- 2408359
TI  - [Prognostic factors in the treatment of inoperable orofacial tumors with
      simultaneous radiotherapy and intra-arterial chemotherapy].
AB  - Between January 1973 and April 1982 66 evaluable patients with advanced
      inoperable orofacial tumours underwent intraarterial Bleomycin and Methotrexate
      with simultaneous radiotherapy in a prospective study. 32 patients had no
      previous treatment, 34 patients had initial surgery, radiotherapy and/or
      chemotherapy. 15 mg Bleomycin were administered through a catheter into the
      arteria externa carotis daily in the morning. 25 mg Methotrexate were given in
      the same way at night followed by 3 mg Calcium-Leucovorin i.m. every 8 hours. The
      cumulative dose was 300 mg Bleomycin and 500 mg Methotrexate. Four hours after
      the administration of Bleomycin the target volume was irradiated (single fraction
      2 Gy, total dose 60 to 65 Gy). The overall response rate was 65% containing 17%
      complete and 48% partial remission. Destruction of the bone appeared to be the
      most important index at the start of the therapy. Further prognostic determinants
      as previous treatment, localisation of the primary tumours (maxilla and mandibula
      respectively oral cavity and oropharynx) and local regional lymphnode stage
      missed statistically significance in the survival time, may be due to a possible
      radiosensitizing effect of the simultaneous chemotherapy. Complete remission
      turned out to be the most important prognostic factor after the end of treatment.
      Patients responding with complete remission show a median disease free survival
      of 56+ months and a median survival time of 82 months. Acute reactions were
      reversible. Only in 14% of the patients the treatment could not be finished.
      Better results could be obtained by electron-affinic radiosensitizers and high
      LET radiation.

PMID- 2408361
TI  - Influence of hydroxyethyl starch on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in
      mice.
AB  - The immunotoxicity of hydroxyethyl starch (HES), a reagent used in
      leukocytapheresis or as a plasma expander, was assessed. HES did not
      significantly alter host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes or Streptococcus
      pneumoniae. HES (4-32 ml/kg), as well as a physiological saline solution (32
      ml/kg), did inhibit the in vitro lymphoproliferation of spleen cells from mice
      intravenously injected 1 hour prior to removal of the spleens; the proliferation
      induced by a T-cell and B-cell mitogen was suppressed. However, this suppression
      was transient, in that, HES and saline injections given 4 and 24 hours prior to
      removal of the spleens produced no significant inhibition. Unlike the HES effects
      on lymphoproliferation, HES did suppress the in vivo humoral immune response to
      sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) when given 24 hours prior to antigen, but this
      inhibition was obtained only with the 32 ml per kg dose. Interestingly, a similar
      dose of mouse albumin significantly enhanced the response. In vitro analysis of
      humoral and cell-mediated immune responsiveness with in vivo treated spleen cells
      produced results that were not dose dependent. Although HES was more suppressive
      than saline, both saline and HES were inhibitory. The lack of a dose-dependent
      effect suggests that the in vitro analysis of in vivo treated cells was not a
      good index of their in vivo reactivities. The greater variability and apparent
      sensitivity of the in vitro analysis probably reflect the transient effects of in
      vivo dilution of serum factors by relatively large intravenous injections and/or
      the transient effects of injection trauma.

PMID- 2408362
TI  - Effects of hydroxyethyl starch on fibrinogen, fibrin clot formation, and
      fibrinolysis.
AB  - The effects of hydroxyethyl starch on the final stages of hemostasis were
      investigated in vivo and in vitro. When compared to control solutions of either 5
      percent albumin or isotonic (0.9%) NaCl, 6 percent hydroxyethyl starch (HES)
      exerted several effects. Results of in vivo studies were as follows: following
      infusion of 1 liter of 6 percent HES into healthy subjects, fibrinogen and
      antithrombin-III concentrations fell slightly due to plasma volume expansion and
      consequent dilution. Concentrations of fibrin monomer and fibrin-fibrinogen
      degradation products remained unchanged. Thrombin and reptilase clotting times
      were shortened to indicate rapid detection (and presumably accelerated formation)
      of fibrin clots. Urokinase-activated clot lysis times were shortened to suggest
      rapid fibrinolysis. Results of in vitro studies were similar. Shortened thrombin,
      reptilase, and urokinase-activated clot lysis times were reproduced in vitro by
      mixing HES, but not albumin or NaCl, with normal plasma. Although these findings
      qualitatively are similar to those reported previously for dextran, the molecular
      mechanisms involved and the clinical importance, if any, of the hemostatic
      effects remain to be defined. Thus, it would be premature to conclude either that
      HES or dextran exert identical biological effects on hemostasis or that the two
      agents possess similar clinical properties. HES has an excellent safety record
      when it has been used during leukocytapheresis and for plasma volume expansion in
      recommended doses. Its effects when given in larger doses remain to be defined.

PMID- 2408363
TI  - Hydroxyethyl starch accentuates von Willebrand's disease.
AB  - A healthy man with previously undiagnosed, mild von Willebrand's disease received
      one 1 of 6 percent hydroxyethyl starch solution intravenously. Following
      infusion, the bleeding time lengthened, platelet adhesion decreased, and the
      partial thromboplastin time was prolonged in association with decreased plasma
      levels of factor VIII coagulant activity, factor VIII-related antigen, and factor
      VIII ristocetin cofactor. Abnormalities persisted for days, but overt bleeding
      did not occur. Care should be taken to screen and possibly reject prospective
      granulocyte donors with positive personal or family bleeding histories. Caution
      should be used when administering hydroxyethyl starch as a colloidal plasma
      volume expanding agent to patients with underlying hemostatic defects.

PMID- 2408364
TI  - Mouse monoclonal antibodies reacting with M blood group-related antigens.
AB  - Four mouse monoclonal antibodies were produced with specificities related to
      human blood group M antigen. The antibodies react in direct hemagglutination
      systems, and their specificities were investigated by their reactions with
      variant and enzyme-modified red cells. The effects of temperature and pH on their
      hemagglutination reactions also were investigated, and all four were murine IgG
      antibodies. Physicochemical and serologic investigations showed them to be four
      distinct antibodies, and each one could be used for M blood grouping under
      appropriate conditions.

PMID- 2408365
TI  - Destruction of the S antigen by sodium hypochlorite.
AB  - Low concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (chlorine bleach) destroyed S antigen
      on intact fresh red cells (RBCs). At levels of 0.0005 percent sodium hypochlorite
      in a 3 percent RBC suspension, S+s+ cells immediately became nonreactive with
      anti-S. S+s- cells required approximately 1.5 times this level of sodium
      hypochlorite to destroy S antigen reactivity. Anti-S absorbed three times with
      treated S+RBCs demonstrated no significant reduction in titer. In addition to its
      effect on S, the Rh antigens D, C, E, and e appeared slightly reduced in strength
      after treatment with sodium hypochlorite. However, the c antigen, as well as 20
      other red cell antigens tested, appeared unaffected. Osmolality and pH
      determinations of supernatants from treated and untreated RBCs showed no
      significant differences. The proposed mechanism of S antigen destruction is an
      oxidation of the methionine residue in the S determinant. When sodium
      hypochlorite is used as a disinfectant, it should be rinsed thoroughly from all
      surfaces that might contaminate solutions that contact test RBCs. The destruction
      of the S antigen by sodium hypochlorite may be useful in testing complex antibody
      mixtures when a limited cell selection is available.

PMID- 2408366
TI  - T cell colony-forming frequency of mononucleated cells extracted from rejected
      human kidney transplants. Functional and phenotypic studies of the colonies.
AB  - One line of investigation of cellular events leading to rejection of an allograft
      has been to collect the cells infiltrating the rejected allograft and to subject
      them to in vitro functional and cell marker analysis. Outlined in this article is
      a description of the limiting dilution analysis technique applied to mechanically
      disrupted cells obtained from three different rejected human kidney allografts
      and a phenotypic cell surface marker, as well as a functional study of the
      progeny of such cells at a clonal level. Of the harvested cells, 65% were T11+,
      58% were OKT8+, and 14% were OKT4+. The frequencies of colony forming cells (CFC)
      were assessed in liquid medium supplemented with lectin-free purified IL-2
      (selecting in vivo activated cells) or with IL-2 plus PHA. The CFC frequencies
      ranged from 1/777 to 1/120 cells plated and from 1/250 to 1/90 cells plated in,
      respectively, IL-2 and IL-2 plus PHA. Only colonies with a probability of
      monoclonality more than 80% were further expanded in the presence of lectin-free
      IL-2. Among 31 colonies grown in the presence of IL-2 alone, all colony-cells
      were OKT11+, 4/31 were T4+T8-, 24/31 T4-T8+--and, finally, 3/31 were T4+T8+. On
      the other hand, 122 colonies grown in the presence of IL-2 plus PHA were also all
      OKT11+, but 47/122 were T4+T8-, and 62/122 were T4-T8+. In addition, expression
      of DR molecules was highly variable from colony to colony. Significant antidonor
      cytotoxicity was recorded in 24 colonies, most of them expressing T8 molecules at
      their surface. Moreover cytotoxic antidonor colonies seemed to recognize an
      antigen determinant different from the known HLA incompatibilities between donor
      and recipient. In three long-term-cultured colonies, we noticed a shift in
      surface marker: from the expression of T8 to either the coexpression of T4 or the
      loss of the T8 to the sole expression of the T4 molecules. This methodology is a
      step forward in the elaboration of techniques for determining the relationships
      between the surface marker identity and the immune function of cells activated in
      vivo, which are found in a rejected human kidney.

PMID- 2408367
TI  - Cell-mediated cytotoxicity patterns of cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
      Cytotoxicity directed against canine lymphoblasts, monocytes, and endothelial
      cells.
AB  - Knowledge of the antigens recognized during allograft rejection is still
      incomplete. Cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes were used to study the distribution of
      target determinants in the dog. CTL clones were obtained with a limiting dilution
      technique from effector cells generated in mixed lymphocyte culture. The clones
      have been tested for cell-mediated cytotoxicity against PHA-stimulated
      lymphoblasts, monocytes, and arterial and venous endothelial cells. A limited
      number of patterns of lysis of one, or more than one, of the four different
      target cells was observed. The nature of the possible target determinants
      recognized by these CTL-clones is discussed.

PMID- 2408369
TI  - [Action of high hydrostatic pressure on the fluorescence of respiratory metabolic
      components and on the staining capacity of the skeletal muscles in the frog].
AB  - The effect of high hydrostatic pressure (100-1400 at) on frog skeletal muscle was
      studied. Superthreshold pressures (above 600 at) accompanied by muscle
      contracture results in the intensification of sorption of both basic (neutral
      red) and acid (phenol red) dyes, and in the growth of the number of oxidated
      forms of respiratory metabolic components--flavoproteins and pyridine nucleotides
      under study. Subthreshold pressures reduce the tinctorial ability of muscles and
      decrease oxidative processes caused by the maintenance of muscle in small volume
      of the Ringer solution.

PMID- 2408368
TI  - [Surface properties of L cells studied by countercurrent distribution in a 2
      phase polymer system before and after cyochalasin B and colcemid exposure].
AB  - A study was made of the effect of cytochalazin B and cocemid on the line L cells
      of monolayer and suspension culture studied by the method of counter-current
      distribution in two-phase polymer system dextran-500 - polyethylenglycol-6000. It
      has been shown that cytochalazin B caused a decrease in the partition coefficient
      of both the subline cells irrespective of the growth phase of cell population.
      Colcemid decreases the partition coefficient in the log-phase of cell culture but
      increases it in the stationary phase. Effect of colcemid is not associated with
      the accumulation of metaphase cells in the cell population.

PMID- 2408370
TI  - Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study of twelve adenomatoid tumors.
AB  - Twelve adenomatoid tumors were examined immunohistochemically with antibody
      probes to keratin and factor VIII-related antigen (FVIII-RA). None of the tumors
      labeled with FVIII-RA antibodies, whereas all but one labeled for keratin.
      Electron microscopy was done on tissue from paraffin-embedded blocks from all but
      one of the adenomatoid tumors. Both the immunohistochemical and electron
      microscopic results favor a mesothelial origin of adenomatoid tumors.

PMID- 2408372
TI  - Dimethylsulphoxide-Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique for detection of
      cryptosporidial oocysts.

PMID- 2408371
TI  - [Immobilized enzymes in surgical practice].

PMID- 2408373
TI  - The integrity of host lymphocyte plasmalemma during its invasion by Theileria
      annulata sporozoites as demonstrated by ruthenium red staining.
AB  - The integrity of host lymphocyte plasma membrane during its invasion by Theileria
      annulata sporozoites was examined in an in vitro system using ruthenium red
      staining. It was demonstrated that during interiorisation of the sporozoites, the
      dye was completely excluded from the intracellular milieu, indicating that the
      continuity of the host-cell plasmalemma was not disrupted throughout the process
      of penetration, and confirmed a previous observation that the fragmentation of
      the host lymphocyte membrane only occurs later, after the parasite is
      intracellular.

PMID- 2408374
TI  - Cell-mediated cytotoxicity of bovine mononuclear cells to IBRV-infected cells:
      dependence on Sephadex G-10 adherent cells.
AB  - Following intranasal inoculation of cattle with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
      virus (IBRV) mononuclear cells that produced a genetically unrestricted cytotoxic
      response against IBRV-infected, but not against uninfected cells, were present in
      peripheral blood. Cytotoxicity was detected between 6 and 14 days after primary
      infection in a 20 h, but not in a 5 h, 51Cr-release assay. Cytotoxic activity was
      present in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from infected and subsequently
      hyperimmunized cattle for a considerably longer time. Neither natural
      cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, nor antibody produced during
      the assay was responsible for the cytotoxicity. However, cytotoxicity was
      dependent upon an adherent mononuclear cell that was partially removed by passage
      over nylon wool and completely removed by passage over Sephadex G-10.

PMID- 2408375
TI  - Central and local actions of opioids upon reticulo-ruminal motility in sheep.
AB  - The effects of opioids and naloxone on cyclical forestomach motility were
      determined in anaesthetized and conscious sheep. To assess central or peripheral
      opioid actions, differential routes of administration were used. Possible dynamic
      effects along the innervating vagovagal reflex arc were investigated
      electrophysiologically at the cervical level of the vagus nerve. Further, direct
      influences on the smooth muscle were evaluated in vitro on isolated longitudinal
      reticular strips. Additionally, the effects of some spasmogenic agents were
      studied for comparative purposes. In anaesthetized sheep, opioids depressed in an
      identical manner both the amplitude of spontaneous cyclical contractions and
      contractions evoked by electrical stimulation of the distal end of the cut
      cervical vagus. In conscious sheep, low doses of normorphine and loperamide
      inhibited frequency and amplitude centrally (20 micrograms/kg and 4 micrograms/kg
      via carotid artery respectively), whereas locally higher dose levels (200
      micrograms/kg and 10 micrograms/kg via coeliac artery respectively) affected only
      the amplitude of cyclical contractions. Furthermore the opioid peptides Leu-, Met
      enkephalin and [D-Ala2-Met5]-enkephalinamide preferentially depressed the
      amplitude of cyclical motility most efficiently if administrated via the coeliac
      artery. These results indicate the presence both of a central opioid action
      depressing frequency and amplitude and of a local opioid action depressing only
      the amplitude of cyclical reticulo-ruminal motility. Opioids did not alter the
      resting discharge of afferent tension units and similarly failed to modulate tone
      of reticular strips in vitro, suggesting that the opioids act locally on the
      intramural neuronal plexus, possibly by diminishing the output of excitatory
      transmitter. Whether substance P could play a role as a vagal excitatory
      transmitter besides the classically implicated acetylcholine has been discussed.
      The central opioid mechanism is probably not situated within the gastric centres
      but elsewhere in the brain. Naloxone (greater than or equal to 100 micrograms/kg,
      jugular vein) stimulated the frequency of cyclical ruminal motility only in well
      defined experimental conditions, probably via a central mechanism.

PMID- 2408376
TI  - [Changes in hemoglobin heterogeneity in sailors during a long cruise].

PMID- 2408377
TI  - [Comparative study of the properties of dicoumarin and its compounds with
      heparin].
AB  - After a single administration (intramuscular or per os) of a complex dicoumarin
      heparin into rats its hypocoagulation effect exceeded both in the rate and
      duration the effect of an equimolar doses of dicoumarin. After an intramuscular
      administration into rats the complex exhibited the hypocoagulation effect within
      55 hrs, dicoumarin--within 31 hr. The hypocoagulation effect of the heparin
      dicoumarin complex was maintained within 36 hrs, and the effect of dicumarol-
      within 14 hrs after administration per os.

PMID- 2408379
TI  - [Possibilities of increasing the number of patients with lung cancer undergoing
      radical treatment].
AB  - The report deals with certain factors preventing radical treatment of lung cancer
      as well as recommendations with respect to cutting down the number of totally
      untreated patients and those who are not treated radically. Out of the total of
      11,110 patients, radical treatment was carried out in 2,664; far-advanced cases-
      4,124; 2,527 patients refused to be operated on: surgery was contraindicated
      because of concomitant diseases in 840, and surgery was refused in consideration
      of advanced age in 1,157 cases. It was shown that the proportion of radically
      operated cases can be increased by 176,2% (2,264 surgical cases taken as 100%)
      provided that patients' mistrust of surgery leading to refusal is overcome,
      contraindications for surgery due to concomitant diseases are established on a
      more realistic basis and radical treatment is not contraindicated for the mere
      reason of advanced age.

PMID- 2408378
TI  - [Prostaglandin E2 as a lipophilic allosteric modulator of the Na pump].
AB  - Curves of inhibition of rat brain Na, K-ATPase and K-pNPPase by prostaglandin E2
      (PGE2) showed a sigmoidal shape with nH for PGE2 of 1.4 +/- 0.1 and 1.3 +/- 0.1,
      respectively. The desensitization of the enzymes with 0.25 M urea (4 degrees, 15
      min) caused a loss of their cooperative interaction with PGE2. 2.0 mM PGE2 shifts
      the temperature break in the Arrhenius plots for the ATPase from 19.8 degrees to
      23 degrees and simultaneously increased the Ea below the break by 9.5 kcal/mol.
      After treatment of the ATPase with phospholipase A2 PGE2 showed no cooperative
      interaction with the enzyme. Modulation of membrane enzymes by means of the
      surrounding lipid phasic state appears to be the general mechanism of their
      indirect allosteric regulation.

PMID- 2408380
TI  - [Experience in the treatment of pancreatic cancer].
AB  - Survival was followed in 143 cases of morphologically verified cancer of the
      pancreas and major duodenal papilla after surgical, radiation, cytostatic and
      combined treatment. Survival rates after radiation and complex chemoradiation
      treatment were shown to be close to those after radical surgery within the first
      two years of follow-up. However, only radically-operated patients survived at
      longer stages. Chemotherapy failed to show any significant advantage over
      symptomatic treatment.

PMID- 2408381
TI  - [Characteristics of cell cultures persistently infected with the measles virus].

PMID- 2408382
TI  - [Cultivation of the rabies virus in the continuous kidney cell line 4647 from the
      green marmoset].
AB  - Continuous cells of green monkey kidney 4647 were found to be highly sensitive to
      three variants of the Vnukovo-32 vaccine strain of rabies virus preliminarily
      adapted to the primary line of Syrian hamster kidney cells. The virus litre
      increased with passages in the 4647 cell culture. The resulting virus variants
      had sufficient immunogenic potency. The time course of virus replication at a
      temperature of 32 degrees C was studied. The heteroploid cell line 4647 was found
      to be promising for manufacture of medical and veterinary cultural rabies
      vaccines.

PMID- 2408383
TI  - [Effect of immunostimulants on the intensity of vaccinal antirabies immunity].
AB  - Experiments in BALB/c and CBA mice demonstrated that among 5 immunopotentiators
      (RFf2, a complex of polyguacylic and polycytidylic acids (GC),
      glucosomuramyldipeptide, levamisole, and dsRNA) a significant immunostimulating
      effect on the intensity of rabies immunity to intracerebral challenge with street
      rabies virus was exerted by RFf2 interferon inductor or by a combination of
      inosiplex + + GC + vaccine. A correlation between the immunostimulating and
      protective (therapeutic) activity of the drugs was established.

PMID- 2408384
TI  - [Reservoirs of the causative agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in
      Maritime Territory foci].
AB  - Examinations of 6362 small mammals of 18 species revealed the main reservoirs of
      the causative agent of hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome (HFRS) in foci
      of the Primorsky Krai, and demonstrated the importance of individual species in
      the epidemiology of the infection. Data on the circulation in the region of
      antigenically different serotypes of HFRS virus are presented.

PMID- 2408385
TI  - [Effect of immunomodulators on humoral antirabies immunity].
AB  - Studies of the effect of 10 immunopotentiators on humoral immunity to rabies in
      inbred and randombred mice demonstrated the most marked stimulation to be exerted
      by interferon inductors of the type of double -stranded RNA. A combination of
      inosiplex + dsRNA + vaccine enhanced both interferon production and humoral
      immunity to rabies.

PMID- 2408386
TI  - [Suppression of the proteolytic activation of myxoviruses in infected chick
      embryos by using aprotinin].
AB  - The mandatory step in reproduction of myxoviruses (influenza viruses and
      paramyxoviruses) is proteolytic shearing of viral glycoproteins activating the
      infectivity of virions. Such activation of myxoviruses is realized by trypsin
      like proteases of the host. This study demonstrated that proteolytic activation
      of virions could be inhibited by a physiological inhibitor of proteases,
      aprotinine. A single injection of aprotinine (preparations Gordox or Contrycal)
      into chick embryos infected with various influenza viruses (WSN/34, Udorn/72) and
      paramyxoviruses (Sendai/960, NDV/La Sota, NDV/Queensland) blocked shearing of
      viral glycoproteins, HA, FO, HNO as a result of which noninfectious virions with
      unsheared glycoproteins were predominantly synthesized. In aprotinine-treated
      embryos, multicycle virus infection was markedly decreased which led to the 10(4)
      fold or greater reduction of the virus yield. The antiviral effect of protease
      inhibitors and possibilities of their practical use in viral diseases are
      discussed.

PMID- 2408387
TI  - [Clinico-immunological aspects of chronic viral hepatitis].

PMID- 2408388
TI  - Structural changes of hair after incorporation of the proline analogue L
      azetidine-2-carboxylic acid. A model of hair disease by alteration of primary
      structure.
AB  - In order to correlate biochemical changes of the hair with physical properties we
      present a model for the examination techniques. L-azetidine was incorporated into
      the hair keratin complex and the resulting mechanoelastic properties were
      determined using the ultramicrohardness testing system on scanning electron
      microscopy. Structure was investigated by X-ray diffraction and incorporation of
      L-azetidine was detected by thin-layer chromatography. This system could possibly
      be introduced for examination of hair changes in humans. 8 white mice, 3 weeks of
      age, were given L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid in water (0.1 g/100 ml) as only
      source of fluid over a period of 5 weeks. They had free access to dry mouse cake
      only. 8 animals of the same strain, who had free access to tap water and mouse
      cake and were kept under the same conditions, served as controls. After 5 weeks,
      the animals were sacrificed and hair was obtained for analyses. 2 dimensional
      thin-layer chromatography of hair hydrolyzed with 6N HCl at 105 degrees C for 12
      hours revealed 2 additional spots in the chromatographic pattern in the
      experimental animals in comparison with the control group. 1 of the spots was
      identified as L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, while the second spot was possibly a
      degradation product of L-azetidine on acid hydrolysis at a high temperature. Hair
      of the animals was put into Mark capillaries and subjected to X-ray diffraction,
      which showed a markedly disordered orientation of keratin. Impression studies
      using scanning electron microscopy revealed a remarkably reduced elasticity of
      hair with incorporated L-azetidine. These findings may be explained on the basis
      of qualitative or quantitative changes in the helical structure of the keratin
      complex of hair, which is responsible for the elastic properties, whereas the
      globular matrix is responsible for the firmness of the hair.

PMID- 2408389
TI  - [Serum concentrations of tissue polypeptide antigen and alpha 1-fetoprotein in
      patients with primary liver cancer, liver metastasis and liver cirrhosis].
AB  - Tissue Polypeptide Antigen (TPA) and alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP) were determined in
      sera of 21 patients with hepatocellular carcinomas, in 20 patients with
      extrahepatic carcinomas and metastases of the liver, as well as in 26 patients
      with cirrhosis of the liver. TPA was increased (greater than 85 U/L) in all
      patients with malignant hepatomas, in 80% of patients with metastatic liver
      cancer and in 35% of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The critical serum TPA
      level, above which only malignant liver tumours lay, was statistically evaluated
      and found to be 187 U/L. All patients with benign liver disease and half of the
      patients with metastatic liver disease showed TPA values lower than 187 U/L. All
      of the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and half of the patients with
      metastatic liver cancer had TPA values greater than 187 U/L; all of our patients
      with cirrhosis of the liver, as well as half of the patients with metastatic
      liver cancer had lower TPA values. 86% out of all hepatoma patients showed
      increased AFP levels (greater than 9 ng/ml), whereby the AFP concentrations were
      in the range which is highly suggestive of hepatoma (greater than 174 ng/ml) in
      67% of all patients with malignant hepatomas. Patients with metastatic liver
      cancer and cirrhosis of the liver had AFP levels lower than 174 ng/ml AFP. TPA is
      an unspecific tumour marker, which can be used together with AFP in the diagnosis
      of unclear defects in liver parenchyma, in supervision of cirrhosis, as well as
      in control assessment during chemotherapy or after tumour resection.

PMID- 2408390
TI  - [Diabetes and the eye].

PMID- 2408391
TI  - [Secretory immunity of the nasal mucosa and its relevance to influenza].

PMID- 2408392
TI  - [Acute and long-term antiarrhythmia effect of encainide in chronic atrial
      extrasystole].
AB  - The antiarrhythmic effects of Encainide in acute intravenous and long-term oral
      therapy were investigated in 10 patients suffering from chronic atrial ectopic
      beats previously non-responsive to conventional therapy. The efficacy of
      Encainide was assessed by 24-hour ECG monitoring during the acute i.v.
      application and in 4 week intervals over a period of 4 to 6 months. Plasma
      concentrations of Encainide and the O-demethyl- (ODE) and 3-methoxy-O-demethyl
      metabolites (3-MODE) were determined after i.v. administration and during oral
      therapy. A significant reduction of arrhythmias by 76% was found after 1.0 mg/kg
      Encainide given intravenously. Atrial ectopic beats with bundle branch block QRS
      morphology were reduced by more than 90% after only 0.5 mg/kg. During long-term
      oral therapy 6 of the 9 patients were treated successfully. Following i.v.
      administration Encainide-plasma concentrations rapidly decreased with a half life
      of approximately 75 min in the final distribution phase. During oral therapy
      Encainide levels were not detectable under steady state conditions 4 to 6 hours
      after the last dose, or they were only minimal, but the average concentrations of
      ODE and 3-MODE were 71.3 +/- 21.3 and 75.6 +/- 13.5 ng/ml. Encainide increased PR
      interval and QRS duration significantly. QT-interval changed as a result of the
      QRS-prolongation. Encainide was well tolerated during acute and chronic therapy.
      No severe side effects were seen, except in one case, in which dose reduction by
      50% was necessary because of blurred vision.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2408393
TI  - [Prevalence, therapeutic modification and prognostic significance of ventricular
      arrhythmias in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome].
AB  - 82 patients clinically and echocardiographically identified as having mitral
      valve prolapse were examined with regard to the incidence of ventricular
      arrhythmias and their therapeutic and prognostic implications. 73 patients (89%)
      had ventricular extrasystoles in the 24 hour ambulatory ECG, 33 (40%) of them
      with an average of more than 30/h. Severe forms like multiform or paired
      ventricular extrasystoles and nonsustained ventricular tachycardias have been
      registered in 28 (34%), 26 (32%) and 9 patients (11%) respectively. There is a
      correlation between the incidence of the arrhythmias and time of registration
      which corresponds to a natural logarithm. A prolongation of the time of
      registration to more than 24 hours therefore implies no essential benefit. The
      incidence and the number of ventricular arrhythmias demonstrated a significant
      decrease during sleep. The incidence of ventricular pairs and/or ventricular
      tachycardias was 13% during the night (0-6 h) in comparison with at least 22%
      during the three daytime periods (6-12 h, 12-18 h and 18-24 h). There was no
      correlation between the incidence or severity of ventricular arrhythmias and the
      patients' ages of left ventricular performance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2408394
TI  - Muzolimine modification of renal vasoconstriction.
AB  - Utilizing an isolated perfused rat kidney preparation, we studied the
      modification by muzolimine of changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and
      renal vascular resistance (RVR). Superimposition of muzolimine upon
      norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction revealed that muzolimine returned RVR
      nearly to control values and increased GFR to supracontrol values. Muzolimine
      reversed norepinephrine-induced decreases in GFR at concentrations as low as 1
      microM, but reduced RVR only at concentrations of 500 microM or greater.
      Muzolimine also reversed, at least partially, the increased RVR and depressed GFR
      secondary to potassium-induced depolarization. Although muzolimine has not been
      shown to possess calcium antagonist activity, our data inicate that it elicits
      renal actions similar to calcium channel blockers at high concentrations. It also
      elicits a specific increase in GFR during intense norepinephrine-induced
      vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2408395
TI  - [Profundaplasty--a palliative operation in leg arterial occlusion of the aged?].
AB  - In a retrospective study the relevance of revascularisation of the deep femoral
      artery was evaluated in 100 geriatric patients with obliterative atherosclerosis.
      The results of profundaplasty were good in 91% of patients with claudication
      (follow-up 47 months). In patients with rest pain the limb salvage rate was 77%
      (follow-up 39 months). In comparison with femoropopliteal or femorocrural bypass
      the results were at least even but had lower lethality. In a state of gangrene
      the limb salvage rate was 39% overall (follow-up 31 months). Diabetics had a limb
      salvage rate of 28% versus 43% in non diabetics. In a state of claudication and
      rest pain with stenosis of the deep femoral artery its revascularisation is in
      our view the treatment of first choice. In a state of gangrene bypass
      implantation, especially in diabetics, seems to have better results, but as
      additional palliation before primary amputation profundaplasty should be
      performed.

PMID- 2408396
TI  - Pilus vaccines.
AB  - Bacterial pili (fimbriae) are protein appendages which extend from the cell
      surface and serve to adhere the microorganism to body surfaces. These appendages
      have been isolated, purified and characterized as vaccine candidates. These
      vaccines stimulate an immune response which serves at least with regards to
      Neisseria gonorrhoeae to block the adherence of the microorganism to epithelial
      cells. Thus far, these vaccines have proven effective in some animal studies and
      in a limited number of human challenge studies. The problems that remain are:
      lack of broad cross reactivity of the vaccines thus far developed poor
      immunogenicity of the important binding ligands both in terms of quality and
      quantity of antibody produced and inadequate stimulation of antibody response at
      the local site of infection.

PMID- 2408397
TI  - Anti-idiotope vaccines: can they exist?
AB  - Idiotopes and idiotypes are determinants on antibody molecules and lymphocyte
      receptors which confer a degree of uniqueness to these molecules; a number of the
      idiotypes are associated with the paratope (antigen-combining site) of the
      antibody. Since idotypic determinants can be recognized as 'foreign' by the
      autologous immune system, both antibodies and lymphocyte receptors which are anti
      idiotypic in function can be found. Hence, anti-idiotype antibodies against
      paratope-associated idiotypes (Idp) would themselves have paratopes of similar
      conformation to the epitope on the antigen with which the Idp-bearing antibody
      reacted. These are the 'internal image' anti-idiotype antibodies. Vaccination of
      animals with such anti-idiotype preparations should result in the production of
      Idp-bearing antibody molecules. If these Idp antibodies were protective against
      infection by a particular pathogen, then the anti-idiotope [anti-(Idp)]
      preparation would be considered a surrogate antigen. Such anti-idiotype surrogate
      antigens have been identified, but they were polyclonal and their composition is
      not, as yet, completely understood. Monoclonal 'internal image' anti-idiotype
      antibodies have not proved to be consistently successful surrogate antigens. This
      may reflect a requirement for a minimum avidity of reaction, and antibody
      specificities in addition to that of the 'internal image'. Further insight into
      the composition of the polyclonal surrogate antigen is required before
      elaboration on an 'anti-idiotope vaccine' can be provided.

PMID- 2408398
TI  - Rational design of vaccines against enveloped RNA viruses.
AB  - The enveloped RNA viruses are responsible for many important infectious diseases
      both in the UK and worldwide. The most familiar of these would probably be
      influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, rabies, dengue and yellow fever. Conventional
      vaccines against all of the most widespread diseases have been available for
      several years, although with widely varying degrees of safety and efficacy.
      Although vaccines against diseases such as measles, rubella, and yellow fever
      have been fairly successful, all vaccines against diseases caused by this group
      of viruses still have several drawbacks and are in need of improvement for a
      variety of reasons. During the past decade our knowledge in several diverse areas
      of the biological sciences has expanded to the extent that it can now be combined
      and serious attempts made to design and engineer biological molecules with
      immunogenic potential. First, significant advances have been made in elucidating
      the mechanisms operating in the immune defence network and in determining the
      structure of both immunogenic molecules and the components of the immune system
      with which they interact. Second, the development of recombinant DNA technology
      has enabled biological molecules to be synthesized under conditions not
      restricted by the characteristics of their parent organism. Such molecules can
      then be altered in such a way as to improve their efficiency and their level of
      production. It is the purpose of this paper to outline the problems associated
      with the production of vaccines against enveloped RNA viruses and to discuss how
      recent advances in knowledge and techniques can help to overcome these problems.

PMID- 2408399
TI  - Synthesis of Tacaribe virus polypeptides in an in vitro coupled transcription and
      translation system.
AB  - We have analyzed polypeptides synthesized in a coupled in vitro transcription and
      translation system in response to detergent-disrupted Tacaribe virus. Analysis of
      the major Tacaribe virus-specified product by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis indicated that it had an isoelectric point similar to that of the
      Tacaribe nucleocapsid polypeptide N; however, the in vitro product had an
      approximate mol. wt. of 73 000, compared to a mol. wt. of 68 000 for the N
      protein. The 73 000 dalton product was found to yield proteolytic cleavage
      products with similar electrophoretic mobilities to those obtained from the
      virion P and N proteins. These results, as well as pulse-chase experiments in
      Tacaribe virus-infected cells, suggest that a 73 000 dalton polypeptide may be
      processed to yield the N polypeptide. The polypeptides synthesized in the coupled
      system depended on the amount and type of virus added; addition of purified Shark
      River (SR) virus, a member of the Patois group of bunyaviruses, resulted in
      synthesis of a polypeptide of mol. wt. 22 000 which corresponds to the SR
      nucleocapsid protein.

PMID- 2408400
TI  - [Exhibitionism--a criticism of only biologically oriented interpretations of this
      sexual disorder].
AB  - Attempts at explaining exhibitionism as being a mere relic of an instinct which-
      characteristic of the earliest phylogenetic stages--reappears in a limited number
      of males, fail to recognize the nature of this sexual disorder which is so
      frequent in our civilization. Such an explanation not only remains vague and
      speculative but deserves criticism also for being incomplete. The organisation of
      exhibitionism is more complex than that. There is a striking resemblance to
      certain rituals of negative tropism. The motives of the delinquents originate in
      a deeply rooted disbelief in ever being recognized in their masculinity. Thus
      there are episodes when the genitals are practically utilized: After an
      humiliation for instance, the exposure of the genitals is employed to alleviate
      conflicts in connection with strong feelings of inferiority. By means of the
      phallic demonstration the person concerned attempts to regain his self-respect
      and to establish for himself the prestige of a normal of even superior male.

PMID- 2408401
TI  - [Hemorrhage requiring transfusion from the rectal venous plexus following
      transrectal punch biopsy of the prostate].
AB  - It is reported on the rare complication of a haemorrhage after transrectal punch
      biopsy of the prostate needing transfusion and it is referred to the necessity of
      a longer lasting observation of the patient after such an intervention.

PMID- 2408402
TI  - [Comparative study of the behavior of particulate emissions from diesel and
      gasoline engines in animal lungs: elimination rate and induction of
      benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase and ethoxycoumarin de-ethylase].
AB  - The emitted particulates of five diesel-engined and two gasoline-engined
      passenger cars were investigated for the elimination rate from hamster lungs
      after intratracheal instillation. In addition extracts of these particulates were
      studied for their influence on the mixed function oxidase activity (MFO;
      Benzo(a)pyrene Hydroxylase, Ethoxycoumarine Deethylase). Differences in the
      elimination rates of diesel soot and particulates from gasoline engines were not
      found. Compared with the blanc the extracts of diesel soot from two vehicles
      proved to give a moderate increase of the MFO activity, but a significant
      difference to the blanc was observed with the extracts of the gasoline engines.
      It should be mentioned that the effects were studied without taking into account
      the quantitative relations of the emissions in the ambient air. However, the
      amounts of particulates were extremely high in relation to the natural
      conditions. In the limits of our test model there is no indication of a higher
      toxicity of diesel-emissions.

PMID- 2408403
TI  - Comparison of the exoproducts of gram-negative bacteria by SDS-Page.
AB  - The protein exoproducts released during exponential growth of Gram-negative
      bacteria were analysed and compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-Page). The following bacterial strains were tested:
      Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter
      cloacae, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia rubidaea, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus
      vulgaris, Salmonella minnesota, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas
      fluorescens. It is demonstrated by SDS-Page that members of one species show
      identical protein pattern, whereas different species show besides comparable
      protein bands a species characteristic pattern. All members of Enterobacteriaceae
      were shown to release proteins whose molecular weights fell into the following
      size regions: Each strain was shown to synthesize a polypeptide of molecular
      weight 34,000 and one or more polypeptides within the molecular weight range
      25,000-29,000. This profile was shown to be clearly different from that of
      Pseudomonas strains where 20 or more distinct polypeptides ranging from 12,500 to
      160,000 Mr were detectable.

PMID- 2408404
TI  - The composition of liver chromatin proteins from embryos, chicks and adult
      chickens.
AB  - The chemical composition of chromatin from the livers of 12-, 15- and 19-day-old
      embryos, of 1-day-old chicks and of adult chickens was analysed. The process of
      embryonic development is accompanied by an increase in non-histone chromatin
      proteins and chromatin RNA, as well as in the phosphorus content of chromatin
      phosphoproteins. The amount of these components decreases in the livers of 1-day
      old chicks and adults. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of acid
      soluble chromatin proteins showed an increase in the amount of the H1 histone in
      19-day-old embryos and adult chickens. Non-histone proteins of embryo liver
      chromatin showed a high content of the fraction of Mr of about 40 000; this was
      not the case for adult chickens. The non-histone protein fraction of Mr of about
      120 000, characteristic of adult chicken liver proteins, was not found in the
      livers of 12- and 15-day-old embryos. Non-histone chromatin proteins isolated
      from the livers of animals of different age exhibited also quantitative
      differences.

PMID- 2408405
TI  - Light and electron microscopic characteristics of signet-ring adenocarcinoma
      cells in serous effusions and their distinction from mesothelial cells.
AB  - Signet-ring adenocarcinoma cells in serous fluids have been classically described
      as possessing vacuolated cytoplasm and eccentrically placed, crescent-shaped
      nuclei. We studied serous fluids from six patients that contained signet-ring
      adenocarcinoma cells by light microscopy; one case was also studied by
      transmission electron microscopy. We found that the adenocarcinoma cells were
      more often present in a non-signet-ring configuration. The typical crescent
      shaped nucleus was rarely displayed in smears and may be seen only in the cell
      block preparation. Special stains (PAS, mucicarmine and Diff-Quick) showed
      globular cytoplasmic positivity in signet-ring adenocarcinoma cells but not in
      mesothelial cells. Significant characteristic electron microscopic findings in
      the signet-ring adenocarcinoma cells included (1) cytoplasmic lumens or
      invaginations or both, (2) cytoplasmic protrusions and (3) mucin granules of
      various sizes and densities. Singly or in combination, all of the above features
      were located on one side of the nucleus, which suggests that signet-ring
      adenocarcinoma cells retain some degree of cellular polarity.

PMID- 2408406
TI  - Criteria for the cytologic assessment of hyperplasias in endometrial samples
      obtained by the Endopap Endometrial Sampler.
AB  - The Endopap Endometrial Sampler was used in 1,465 women, either just before
      endometrial biopsy or curettage (in 760 symptomatic patients) or as an office
      procedure (in 705 women). The samples were inadequate for interpretation in only
      8.7% of the cases. Although all malignant lesions were identified by this
      screening technique, about one-fourth were initially classified cytologically as
      hyperplasia. Endometrial hyperplasias presented the greatest difficulties in
      interpretation, with only slightly over half of the proven cases correctly
      assessed on the endometrial sample. In an attempt to improve the accuracy of the
      cytologic diagnosis of hyperplasias, ten morphologic features were examined
      retrospectively in 207 cases. Five of the criteria were shown to provide an
      increased probability of correctly diagnosing endometrial hyperplasias on the
      cytologic sample: (1) the overlapping of cells in the glandular clusters or
      sheets, (2) the presence of nucleoli, (3) anisokaryosis, (4) granularity of
      chromatin and (5) the presence of sheets of stromal cells. The more of these
      criteria observed in a given case, the better was the chance of cytologically
      identifying a hyperplasia in the Endopap sample.

PMID- 2408407
TI  - Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the pancreas diagnosed by aspiration cytology. A case
      report.
AB  - Cytologic criteria for distinguishing endocrine from exocrine carcinomas of the
      pancreas have not been previously elucidated. A case is presented in which the
      diagnosis of neuroendocrine carcinoma was made on fine needle aspirates of a
      pancreatic mass and hepatic metastases in a 33-year-old female. Cytologically,
      the aspirated tumor resembled an intermediate-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of
      the lung rather than the usual duct-cell adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.
      Histologic sections of the subsequently resected primary pancreatic mass revealed
      a neuroendocrine carcinoma of an intermediate-cell type. Ultrastructurally, the
      characteristic interlacing cytoplasmic processes with scanty granules were seen.
      Immunoreactive neuron-specific enolase (NSE), leuenkephalin, substance P and
      somatostatin were present in the tumor cells in Bouin's-fixed cell blocks of the
      aspirate; neuron-specific enolase, somatostatin and gastrin were detected in the
      paraffin-embedded sections of the resected tumor. This variant of pancreatic
      carcinoma merits recognition as a cytologically distinct group, which shares many
      of the features described in its bronchopulmonary and gastrointestinal
      counterparts.

PMID- 2408408
TI  - Plastic-embedded semi-thin sections of fine needle aspiration biopsies with
      dibasic staining. Diagnostic and didactic applications.
AB  - The diagnostic and didactic utility of plastic-embedded semi-thin sections of
      fine needle aspiration biopsies is presented using a case-study approach. The
      Spurr epoxy semi-thin sections were stained with a newly developed sequential
      basic fuchsin-methylene blue stain, which gives hematoxylin-and-eosin-like
      staining and simultaneously substitutes for a wide variety of special stains. The
      informational content of the sections can approach that of electron microscopy.
      The use of a direct off-the-slide "pop-off" technique in preparing the plastic
      embedded sections allows for a direct comparison between similar groups of cells
      embedded in plastic and present on the routine aspiration slides; retrospective
      analysis can discern subtle, previously unrecognized morphologic features in the
      alcohol-fixed, Papanicolaou-stained slides. The limitations of this comparative
      approach, however, become manifest when the effects of alcohol fixation on cells
      are directly compared in plastic and at the ultrastructural level to aldehyde
      fixation.

PMID- 2408409
TI  - Transepidermal water loss in dry and clinically normal skin in patients with
      atopic dermatitis.
AB  - To obtain data on the function of the epidermal barrier in patients with atopic
      dermatitis (AD) the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was studied. Measurements
      were made on three body locations in two clinically well defined groups of
      patients with AD and in a control group. The TEWL was found to be increased both
      in dry non-eczematous skin and in clinically normal skin in patients with AD. The
      TEWL was highest in patients with dry skin. The result of the study may indicate
      a primary defect in the epidermal barrier: the stratum corneum.

PMID- 2408410
TI  - The functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes emigrating into the skin.
AB  - The functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) emigrating into the skin and
      of others separated simultaneously from the circulation were determined and
      compared in healthy individuals. The PMNs emigrating into the skin were separated
      with a skin chamber technique. The C3 rosette forming capacities of the skin
      migrating and the circulating PMNs were similar. The chemotactic responsiveness
      was evaluated using three different chemoattractants: zymosan-activated serum,
      casein and lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor. The skin PMNs gave practically
      no chemotactic response in the Boyden chamber, irrespective of the
      chemoattractant used. On the other hand, the skin PMNs exhibited higher plastic
      surface adherence, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and Candida albicans killing
      activities. The data indicate that some functional activities of PMNs undergo
      alteration during in vivo emigration into the skin. The alterations, overall, may
      be of importance in the physiological protective function of the skin.

PMID- 2408411
TI  - Contact urticaria in laboratory technicians working with animals.
AB  - The occurrence of contact urticaria was studied in 101 laboratory technicians
      investigated for allergy to laboratory animals. Fourteen cases of contact
      urticaria caused by rat were found. Other animals causing contact urticarial
      reactions were mouse (7), guinea-pig (4), and cat (2). Hand eczema was not found
      in laboratory technicians with contact urticaria and IgE-antibodies to laboratory
      animals.

PMID- 2408412
TI  - Vascular changes in morphea.
AB  - Vascular changes in morphea were studied in skin biopsies from 14 patients. Small
      vessels with pericytes present the changes in three different patterns. The first
      was the endothelial cells in a stimulated condition and thickened vascular wall
      with infiltrating macrophages and mast cells. The second was characterized by
      thick basal lamina of pericytes and the third by activated pericytes with
      infiltrating lymphocytes and plasma cells. Otherwise, all patterns showed altered
      endothelial cells and infiltrating macrophages and mast cells similar to the
      first pattern. The first pattern was mostly found in uninvolved skin. The second
      and the third were found in the inflammatory and sclerotic areas. It seems,
      therefore, that activated pericytes are the most essential changes in vessels of
      morphea. Probably, muscular vessels are simply involved in the fibrotic process.

PMID- 2408413
TI  - Basement membrane components and keratin in the dominantly inherited form of
      cylindroma.
AB  - Specific antibodies against basement membrane associated, connective tissue
      components: type IV and V collagens, laminin, fibronectin and heparan sulphate
      proteoglycan were used to study the basement membrane-like structures in
      cylindroma lesions. All these components were immunohistochemically demonstrated
      as a band surrounding islands of epithelial cells and all except fibronectin also
      inside the islands. Antibodies to keratin filaments stained most of the cells
      inside the epithelial islands confirming the epithelial origin of the cells.

PMID- 2408414
TI  - Cowden's disease in three siblings: electron-microscope and immunological
      studies.
AB  - Cowden's disease was diagnosed in three siblings (two sisters and a brother) in a
      Jewish Israeli family of Yemenite origin. The typical mucocutaneous lesions of
      the disease were present in all three cases. There were hamartomas involving
      other body systems, including euthyroid multinodular goiter (in all 3 cases),
      gastrointestinal polyposis (in 2 cases) and hemangioma (in one case).
      Developmental anomalies were found in all 3 cases. Histological examination of
      mucocutaneous lesions was in accordance with previous descriptions, including the
      findings compatible with trichilemmoma observed in cutaneous facial papules.
      Extensive electron-microscope studies of these facial lesions yielded no evidence
      of viral particles. Immunological studies, carried out mainly in two cases,
      revealed a decrease in complement level in the serum and impairment of T cell
      function.

PMID- 2408415
TI  - Pityriasis rosea (Gibert): abnormal distribution pattern of antigen presenting
      cells in situ.
AB  - Pityriasis rosea is a skin disease which is obscure in its etiology and
      pathogenesis. We studied its immunopathology by immunophenotyping the
      inflammatory cells in situ using monoclonal antibodies that define leukocyte
      subsets. Findings as to T-cells and their major subsets did not reveal disease
      specific data. Monocytes stained only rarely. Neither natural killer cells, B
      cells nor plasma cells were ever found. An unexpected finding was the presence
      within the infiltrates and rarely within the epidermis of cells having the
      immunophenotype of interdigitating cells (RFD1+). Intense and dendritic staining
      with anti-T6 and anti-HLA-DR indicated Langerhans cells to be present in the
      dermal infiltrates, in between these infiltrates in the papillary dermis, and
      focally within the parakeratotic horny layer. This Langerhans' cell pattern
      provides evidence for dermal Langerhans cell compartmentalization and
      transepidermal Langerhans' cell elimination. Such a distribution indicates a
      change in Langerhans' cell migration processes in pityriasis rosea pathogenesis.

PMID- 2408416
TI  - Dietary treatment of nickel dermatitis.
AB  - During a 5-year period, 61 patch-test-negative patients whose dermatitis flared
      after oral challenge with 2.5 mg nickel and 143 patients with positive patch
      tests to nickel who were not challenged orally adhered to a diet intended to
      reduce the daily intake of nickel for at least one month. After 1 to 2 months of
      dieting the dermatitis in 121 of the 204 patients had cleared or was markedly
      improved. One to 5 years after the initial diet treatment a questionnaire was
      sent to the 204 patients to inquire about the long-term results of the diet
      treatment. 150 patients responded to the questionnaire. 90 of these patients had
      continued to diet constantly or intermittently for a year or more. 88 patients
      felt that there was a long-term improvement as a result of diet treatment.

PMID- 2408417
TI  - Oral ketoconazole as an alternative to griseofulvin in recalcitrant dermatophyte
      infections and onychomycosis.
AB  - In an open study 58 patients with chronic dermatophytosis mainly caused by
      Trichophyton rubrum and five patients with Tinea capitis were treated with
      ketoconazole. The indications were ineffectiveness of or side effects to
      griseofulvin. Response to treatment varied from 1 week in scalp infections to 11
      weeks in toe-nail lesions. Dermatophytosis of hands and feet were cured in 25%,
      marked improvement observed in further 30%. Toe- and finger-nail infections were
      cured in 20% and 43%, respectively, and marked improvement seen in further 36%
      and 14%, respectively. All scalp infections were cured without relapse.
      Recurrence of infections before 6 months after treatment was seen in 55-60% of
      hand and foot lesions and 33-38% of finger and toe-nail infections. In a double
      blind study 20 patients with onychomycosis caused by T. rubrum the efficacy of
      ketoconazole was compared to that of griseofulvin. Cure rates in the griseofulvin
      group were 25% for finger-nails and zero for toe-nails, while 50% and 57%
      experienced marked improvement. In the ketoconazole group, 25% of finger-nail
      infections were cured and 75% markedly improved, while the corresponding figures
      for toe-nails were 11% and 89%, respectively. Adverse reactions to ketoconazole
      were seen in 29 (46%) of the patients in the open study and in 2 (20%) in the
      double-blind study and comprised mainly minor complaints. Side effects caused
      discontinuation in 12 patients, in two of whom due to toxic hepatitis.

PMID- 2408418
TI  - Condylomata acuminata in women: the effect of concomitant genital infection on
      response to treatment.
AB  - 316 women with genital warts were studied to relate treatment response to
      concomitant genital infection at presentation. There was a highly significant
      difference between the response patterns of those patients who presented with
      warts alone, and those presenting with other infections (most commonly
      candidiasis and non-specific vaginitis). The diagnosis and treatment of
      associated infections hastens the response of warts to cytotoxic therapy, but
      there appears to be a subgroup amongst women presenting with warts alone, who
      require a considerably longer course of treatment. The relevance of these
      findings to the pathogenesis and management of genital warts is discussed.

PMID- 2408419
TI  - Production of 6-hydroxydopa by human tyrosinase.
AB  - A tyrosinase obtained from cultured human melanoma cells was found to oxygenate
      2,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine to the strongly cytotoxic amino acid 6-hydroxydopa
      (2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine). The oxygenation was dependent on the presence of
      a reducing co-substrate such as dopa or dopamine. The rate of oxygenation of 2,4
      dihydroxyphenyl-D,L-alanine was similar to that of L-tyrosine, the normal
      substrate of tyrosinase. The enzymatic reaction demonstrated may prove of value
      in the chemotherapy of human melanoma.

PMID- 2408420
TI  - Direct evidence for the cytomembrane derivation of Birbeck granules: the membrane
      sandwich effect.
AB  - Digitonin, which is known to cause extensive damage to cytomembranes in general,
      was found to have a most remarkable effect on epidermal Langerhans' cells. Thus,
      it generates a membrane-sandwiching process resulting in the formation of large
      discs which except for the differences in size have the same morphology as
      ordinary Birbeck granules. This demonstrates that the cytomembrane of the
      Langerhans' cell has the inherent ability to superimpose upon itself, leaving
      little doubt that the normal Birbeck granules derive from the cytomembrane.

PMID- 2408421
TI  - Merkel cells express desmosomal proteins and cytokeratins.
AB  - Indirect immunofluorescence experiments performed on various mammalian tissues
      rich in Merkel cells show that these cells contain keratin intermediate filaments
      and desmosomal proteins, which demonstrates their epithelial nature. Although
      they share desmosomes with neighbouring keratinocytes, Merkel cells differ from
      them, since they contain keratin polypeptides usually found in simple epithelia.
      In that respect, Merkel cells resemble fetal keratinocytes.

PMID- 2408422
TI  - Functional and morphological analysis of the horny layer of pityriasis alba.
AB  - The affected skin of pityriasis alba showed functional defects in both
      hygroscopicity and water-holding capacity detectable by water sorption-desorption
      test. Furthermore using skin surface biopsy technique in 5 patients, we noted
      that the mean area of corneocyte obtained from the affected skin of pityriasis
      alba was smaller and that the surface of that area showed a more prominent
      villous pattern than the adjacent normal skin in scanning electron microscopical
      observation. In this study we demonstrated the abnormalities of the horny layer
      in pityriasis alba, which suggest that the condition is similar to a dermatitic
      change and that its hypopigmentation may be due to postinflammatory mechanisms.

PMID- 2408423
TI  - Juvenile xanthogranuloma: an analysis of 45 cases by clinical follow-up, light-
      and electron microscopy.
AB  - Juvenile xanthogranuloma is a benign, nevoid histiocytosis not related to
      histiocytosis X. The lesions wrinkle, then flatten out and in 40% of the cases
      they leave no trace without any treatment. It is more frequent in boys. One
      patient also had granulomatous lesions of the eye, 8 had cafe-au-lait spots and 3
      epilepsy.

PMID- 2408424
TI  - Plasma 5-S-cysteinyldopa concentrations in oculocutaneous albinism.
AB  - 5-S-cysteinyldopa concentrations were determined by high-pressure liquid
      chromatography and electrochemical detection in plasma from normally pigmented
      patients and patients with oculocutaneous albinism, both tyrosinase-positive and
      tyrosinase-negative. The plasma 5-S-cysteinyldopa concentrations were similar in
      all three groups, suggesting that 5-S-cysteinyldopa can be produced by mechanisms
      which do not involve tyrosinase.

PMID- 2408425
TI  - Topical minoxidil for extended areate alopecia.
AB  - A double-blind cross over study on the effect of 3 months' treatment with 1%
      topical minoxidil on 23 individuals with alopecia areata was performed. Thirteen
      of the patients showed some increase in terminal hair growth, the difference
      between the number of responders to placebo and minoxidil lotion being
      significant (p less than 0.005). However, in one case only, the result was
      cosmetically satisfying. In two male patients the blood pressure increased
      coinciding with the withdrawal of the minoxidil lotion.

PMID- 2408426
TI  - Familial alopecia areata--genetic susceptibility or coincidence?
AB  - Three generations of a not consanguineous Italian family and 40 subjects
      suffering from alopecia areata (AA) and residing in Northern Italy were studied.
      There were 321 healthy control subjects of both sexes. Six family members from
      three generations were affected with alopecia universalis. The subjects were HLA
      phenotyped using different HLA-A, B and C antigen specificities. No significant
      association was found between HLA-A, B and C antigens and AA patients at the
      population level. Segregation analysis showed that affected members shared a
      common haplotype, HLA-Aw32, B18,-.

PMID- 2408427
TI  - Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis and abnormal bone marrow chromosomes as a
      marker for preleukemia.
AB  - Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis or Sweet's syndrome is a rare disease,
      which occasionally is seen in patients with myeloid leukemia. We present a case
      of Sweet's syndrome in a patient with an abnormal chromosome pattern in bone
      marrow aspirate. Initially the patient had flu-like symptoms with high fever. Two
      weeks later raised, erythematous and painful plaques appeared on the skin.
      Various antibiotics were ineffective, but the symptoms vanished after
      administration of prednisone. Six months later a fulminant acute myeloid leukemia
      developed, the course of which was complicated by a fatal subdural bleeding. It
      is concluded that Sweet's syndrome may be a cutaneous sign of a neoplastic
      myeloid proliferation and that a complete hematological examination including
      chromosome analysis is mandatory in these patients.

PMID- 2408428
TI  - Systemic polychemotherapy in patients with mycosis fungoides and lymph node
      involvement: a follow-up study of 17 patients.
AB  - Seventeen patients with mycosis fungoides and lymph node involvement were treated
      with polycytostatic courses consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristin (Oncovin)
      and prednisone (COP). A response rate of 76% was found. In 7 patients (41%) a
      complete remission and in 6 patients (35%) a partial remission was obtained. The
      actuarial survival rate at 5 years was 64%. This treatment was well-tolerated by
      most patients and severe side effects were not observed.

PMID- 2408429
TI  - Single exposure to ultraviolet irradiation and elicitation of human allergic
      contact dermatitis.
AB  - Ultraviolet radiation has been stated to inhibit afferent as well as efferent
      phases of allergic contract dermatitis. In this controlled study 17 female
      patients with nickel allergy were studied by three different protocols after an
      initial determination of their degree of hypersensitivity. They were patch tested
      with nickel sulfate immediately after UVB, 4-6 days after UVB, or immediately
      after external PUVA. Neither depressing nor enhancing of the allergic reaction
      was observed when compared to non-irradiated controls. The role of Langerhans
      cells as antigen-presenting cell playing an important role in the elicitation
      phase of allergic contract dermatitis is discussed and questioned.

PMID- 2408430
TI  - Langerhans' cells in patients with psoriasis: effect of treatment with PUVA, PUVA
      bath, etretinate and anthralin.
AB  - Suction blisters were raised in lesions and normal appearing skin of patients
      with psoriasis. The blister roof which contains the epidermis separated at the
      dermal-epidermal junction was stained with ATPase, OKT-6 and anti-HLA-DR
      monoclonal antibodies. The technique permits the counting of the Langerhans'
      cells per mm2. Their mean number varied between 888-987 cells per mm2 in control
      subjects with the three staining procedures. In patients with psoriasis, the
      number of cells before treatment was between 1110-1179 in uninvolved skin and 521
      1001 per mm2 in the lesions as measured using both monoclonal antibodies and
      ATPase. However, the latter technique seemed to be inappropriate for lesional
      skin. After treatment with PUVA bath or oral PUVA with or without etretinate,
      fewer Langerhans' cells were seen in both lesions and normal appearing skin with
      the appearance of giant Langerhans' cells with long dendrites. In patients healed
      with anthralin + UV-B the Langerhans' cells appeared normal in number and size.

PMID- 2408431
TI  - Cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase activity and histamine release in cord blood
      leukocyte preparations.
AB  - Atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and asthma are a common group of diseases
      with a familial predisposition. At present there is no suitable predictive or
      diagnostic marker. Adults with atopic dermatitis or allergic respiratory disease
      have elevated mononuclear leukocyte cAMP-phosphodiesterase activity. This
      activity correlates closely with histamine release from basophils. We
      investigated newborn leukocyte phosphodiesterase activity and histamine release
      in umbilical cord blood. Phosphodiesterase activity was significantly elevated in
      cord blood leukocytes of 81 children with a positive history of atopy in first
      degree relatives, compared to 33 children with a negative history (p less than
      0.025). In contrast to adults there was no correlation between phosphodiesterase
      activity and histamine release. Our studies suggest that elevated
      phosphodiesterase activity is a primary, genetically linked defect. Fetal
      basophils would appear to possess cytophilic IgE since they are capable of
      immunologically stimulated histamine release even without passive, in vitro IgE
      sensitization. In addition, there are functional differences between adult and
      cord blood basophils. Longitudinal studies may determine if elevated
      phosphodiesterase is predictive of atopic states.

PMID- 2408432
TI  - Basophil histamine release in atopic dermatitis and its relationship to
      disordered cyclic nucleotide metabolism.
AB  - Maximal histamine release (HR) from leucocytes, in response to Concanavalin A
      (Con A) was significantly higher in a group of 16 adults with moderate to severe
      atopic dermatitis (AD) when compared to 13 non-atopic adults. In a further 4
      adults with AD, HR was similar to that in the normals, suggesting the existence
      of 'high releaser' and 'low releaser' subsets within the AD group. Leucocyte
      cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity was significantly higher in the 'high
      releaser' group compared to the 'low releaser' and normal groups. High and low HR
      responses showed strong correlations with high and low PDE. Pre-treatment of
      leucocytes from 'high releasers' with the experimental PDE PDE inhibitor RO-20
      1724 reduced the HR to normal levels. These findings suggest that increased
      histamine 'releasability' in AD is related to abnormalities in cyclic nucleotide
      regulation. No significant HR could be demonstrated in response to a range of
      concentrations of methacholine in 'high releaser' atopics and normals.
      Methacholine also did not affect HR in response to maximal Con A stimulation in
      'high releaser' atopics. Basophil percentages within the leucocyte preparation
      and the histamine content per basophil, were not significantly different between
      the atopics and normals. Con A-stimulated histamine release did not correlate
      significantly with serum IgE levels.

PMID- 2408433
TI  - Altered releasability of vasoactive mediator secreting cells in atopic eczema.
AB  - A summarizing survey of different studies in atopic eczema involving three types
      of cells (platelets, neutrophils, basophils) and their mediators is given.
      Platelets were found to release normal amounts of serotonin upon stimulation with
      epinephrine, thrombin and slightly reduced amounts after aggregated IgG
      stimulation. Serotonin uptake by washed platelets was found to be slower in
      atopics than in normals. Neutrophils showed a decreased release of beta
      glucuronidase to stimuli like zymosan or aggregated IgG in atopics compared to
      controls. This might be regarded as a contributory factor to the well-known
      decreased resistance to infections observed in atopic eczema. Basophils in most
      studies released increased amounts of histamine in the atopic population compared
      to controls, especially after stimulation with anti-IgE. Concomitantly to the
      histamine release there was a slight increase in prostaglandin E2 production both
      in atopics and normals, which was increased by preincubation with reduced
      glutathion-a coenzyme of PGE2 isomerase. Histamine release tended to occur faster
      in atopics. Two possible factors influencing releasability characteristics were
      studied, namely the cyclic nucleotide system and arachidonic acid (AA) dependent
      mechanisms. Leucocytes of atopics showed a decreased response of cAMP to beta
      adrenergic and an increased response of cGMP to cholinergic stimulation.
      Significant augmentation of anti-IgE-induced histamine release was observed after
      cholinergic stimulation. AA metabolites obviously play a regulating role in
      mediator release. PGE2 inhibited histamine release to various stimuli both in
      atopics and in normals. Indomethacin enhanced histamine release, especially after
      anti-IgE stimulation in atopics, while it inhibited complement-dependent release
      reactions both in atopics and in normals. The exogenous inhibitors of
      lipoxygenase eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA) and nordihydroguaretic acid (NDGA)
      inhibited histamine release equally in atopics and normals. The endogenous
      lipoxygenase inhibitor 15-HETE showed no inhibitory but rather a slight enhancing
      effect upon histamine release. It is concluded that patients with atopic eczema
      often exhibit altered releasability patterns to a variety of stimuli. On the
      basis of our findings we describe "altered releasability" as one factor of a
      vicious cycle between increased IgE-production, mediator secretion and T cell
      regulatory disturbances in the pathogenesis of atopic eczema.

PMID- 2408434
TI  - Beta-thromboglobulin and fibrinopeptide A in diabetes mellitus as markers of
      vascular damage.
AB  - Beta-thromboglobulin (BTG) and fibrinopeptide A (FpA) were studied in 68 non
      insulin dependent diabetic patients (NIDD) aged 32-81 with a mean duration of
      diabetes of 9 +/- 0.8 SEM years and 44 healthy controls, comparable for age and
      sex. Diabetic patients were subdivided into subsets according to the presence of
      microvascular disease, macrovascular disease or the absence of these lesions.
      Patients with microangiopathy (micro- and/or macrovascular disease) had higher
      HbA1 (a-c) (p less than 0.01), higher blood pressure (p less than 0.05) than both
      healthy controls and uncomplicated diabetics. Plasma BTG was higher in diabetic
      patients than in healthy controls (p less than 0.02), and was higher in
      complicated than in non-complicated diabetic subjects. Fpa was higher in
      complicated than in non-complicated diabetes (p less than 0.05). No differences
      were observed between the two subsets of complicated patients. In conclusion, we
      have shown that increased plasma- and platelet-BTG levels are present in non
      insulin dependent diabetic subjects, with normal renal function and that plasma
      BTG is higher in patients with than in those without vascular disease.
      Fibrinopeptide A, a sensitive marker of in vivo fibrin formation, was
      significantly increased in NIDD with vascular complications.

PMID- 2408435
TI  - Effects of somatostatin on the behaviour of thromboxane B2 and beta
      thromboglobulin in type I diabetes.
AB  - Pharmacological studies have shown that the addition of somatostatin to insulin
      promotes a more rapid recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis. However, contradictory
      results have been reported concerning the action of somatostatin on platelet
      function, frequently deranged in diabetes. Therefore the plasma levels of
      thromboxane B2, a stable metabolite of proaggregatory thromboxane A2 and of beta
      thromboglobulin, a marker of platelet activation, were studied in 9 control
      subjects and in 13 insulin-dependent diabetic patients before and during
      somatostatin injection, administered as an initial 250 micrograms iv bolus
      followed by infusion of 300 micrograms over 3 h. In both groups, after
      somatostatin infusion thromboxane B2 and beta-thromboglobulin levels showed,
      respectively, a progressive fall and an increase up to the second hour. Over the
      next hour thromboxane B2 increased and beta-thromboglobulin decreased but their
      levels did not return to basal values. During this experiment beta
      thromboglobulin plasma values in diabetic patients did not differ from those of
      control subjects. In contrast, thromboxane B2, decreased in relation to
      pharmacological treatment, maintained elevated levels. Our data, however,
      demonstrate that the dose of somatostatin used, produced in the diabetic patients
      a normal fall of thromboxane B2 in terms of percentage of base-line values, but
      increases of beta-thromboglobulin lower than in control subjects. It is suggested
      that platelet function should be evaluated when somatostatin is used in the
      treatment of poorly controlled type I diabetes.

PMID- 2408436
TI  - Human peripheral lymphocytes defined by anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein
      antiserum in healthy individuals and in patients with multiple sclerosis.
AB  - We investigated both the association between MAG-positive cells and active
      natural killer cells stained by anti-Leu-11 and the percentage of MAG-positive
      cells in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) by indirect immunofluorescence
      study. Eighty percent of MAG-positive cells were stained with anti-Leu-11. The
      percentage of MAG-positive cells of 41 healthy individuals was from 5.1 to 16.1%
      (8.5 +/- 2.7%). The percentage of Leu-7-positive cells (13.8 +/- 4.9%) was always
      greater than that of MAG-positive cells. In 5 of 17 samples from 14 patients with
      MS, the percentage of MAG-positive cells was reduced. This finding was not
      related to disease activity and was not a pathognomonic feature of MS. The
      percentage of Leu-7-positive cells in patients with MS was not statistically
      different from that in healthy individuals; however, 4 patients showed a normal
      number of Leu-7-positive cells and a reduced number of MAG-positive cells. These
      studies suggest that MAG-positive cells are closely related to active natural
      killer cells and that "MAG" is a useful marker of human natural killer cells.

PMID- 2408437
TI  - Daunomycin-induced nephropathy in rats.
AB  - A single intravenous injection of daunomycin into rats induced severe glomerular
      injury with massive proteinuria. Mesangial thickening due to an increase in the
      matrix appeared as early as 5 weeks after injection. Focal and segmental
      glomerular tuft distortion developed by 10 weeks associated with a progressive
      mesangial change, which was accompanied by detachments of endothelial cells and
      podocytes from the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) resulting in obliteration
      of the affected tufts. After 20 weeks, the lesion ultimately progressed to cause
      diffuse and global glomerular obliteration. Scattered glomeruli also showed frank
      shrinkage with a mild obliterative change. By observing a number of isolated
      glomeruli in scanning electron microscopy, it was revealed that podocyte
      alterations were variable from case to case and foot processes remained discrete
      in some cases until 10 weeks, despite the presence of marked proteinuria. Anionic
      sites distributed throughout the GBM and on the surface of podocytes were usually
      preserved in proteinuric rats as far as evaluated by ruthenium red and colloidal
      iron stainings. Our results indicate that loss of foot processes and of
      glomerular anionic sites are not causative factors but consequences of
      proteinuria.

PMID- 2408438
TI  - Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study on erythropoiesis in
      hepatoblastoma.
AB  - Eighteen cases of hepatocellular carcinoma in children were examined, and it was
      found that erythropoiesis exclusively appeared in the well differentiated type of
      hepatoblastoma. In such foci large immature erythroblasts were found among the
      tumor cells, whereas mature forms tended to gather in the subendothelial spaces
      or within sinusoids. Desmosome-like attachments were frequently found between
      immature erythroblasts and tumor cells. The tumor cells were well differentiated
      and had a distinct polarity. The erythropoietic foci were never found in lymph
      nodes, spleens and in the non-neoplastic hepatic tissues obtained by surgery or
      autopsy. Erythroblastic cells did not show an increase in number in the bone
      marrows. These findings indicate that hepatoblastoma cells in certain stages of
      differentiation have the capacity to induce the differentiation of pluripotent
      hemopoietic stem cells into the cells of erythrocytic series, or that the
      microenvironment composed of one or more tumor cells offer good soil for the
      differentiation of erythroblastic cells. There seems to be no intimate
      relationship between the production of alpha-fetoprotein by tumor cells and the
      appearance of erythropoiesis.

PMID- 2408439
TI  - Immunomodulatory effects of interferons on human mononuclear cells with special
      reference to the expression of cell surface antigens.

PMID- 2408440
TI  - Increased protective effect of cystamine and mexamine against radiation after
      activation of the haemopoiesis by dextran sulphate in mice.
AB  - The effect gained by activation of haemopoietic cell populations by a single
      injection of dextran sulphate (DS) on the protective effect of cystamine and
      mexamine administered in small doses was monitored in mice. On irradiation 24
      hours after the injection of DS the number of endogenous spleen colonies
      increased following the administration of mexamine and cystamine, the number of
      haemopoietic stem cells surviving in the femur after irradiation increased, and
      recovery of the cellularity of irradiated bone marrow was accelerated. Both
      substances administered 24 hours after the injection of DS significantly reduced
      the lethal effects of gamma rays. The maximum values of the dose reduction
      factor, for combined radiation protection, reached 1.48 as regards decreased
      lethal effects and 1.6 as regards equieffective E-MSC exposure.

PMID- 2408441
TI  - Myosins A & B in the organization of myofilaments.

PMID- 2408442
TI  - Myosin isozymes in developing chicken muscles.

PMID- 2408443
TI  - Structure, function, and genetics of human class II molecules.

PMID- 2408444
TI  - Renal prostaglandins and hypertension.

PMID- 2408445
TI  - Influence of antiplatelet drugs on beta tg and PF4 levels in patients with
      transient ischemic attacks.

PMID- 2408446
TI  - Platelet responses observed during and after infusions of the prostacyclin analog
      ZK 36 374.

PMID- 2408447
TI  - Control of human and animal platelet aggregation by a new prostacyclin analog.
AB  - The in vitro effects of ZK 36 374, a new chemically stable prostacyclin (PGI2)
      analog, on platelet aggregation were studied and compared to those of PGI2.
      Significantly lower concentrations of ZK 36 374, versus prostacyclin, were
      required to inhibit collagen and epinephrine-induced aggregation in human
      platelet-rich plasma. In contrast, in rat and rabbit platelet rich plasma, PGI2
      was more effective than ZK 36 374 in inhibiting the aggregation elicited by ADP
      and collagen. It is concluded that ZK 36 374 is a potent antiaggregatory compound
      and may be useful in the prevention of cardiovascular disorders.

PMID- 2408448
TI  - Effect of calmodulin inhibitors on histamine secretion from mast cells.
AB  - Histamine secretion from isolated peritoneal mast cells was inhibited by a number
      of calmodulin antagonists. The characteristics of the inhibition were consistent
      with an action after calcium influx. The rank order of potency of the compounds
      correlated approximately with their reported anti-calmodulin activity. These data
      provide tentative support for the involvement of calmodulin in stimulus-secretion
      coupling in the mast cell.

PMID- 2408449
TI  - [Experimental study of the occurrence of iris neovascularization in monkey eyes].

PMID- 2408450
TI  - [Fluorophotometric changes in fast axonally transported proteins in
      experimentally diabetic rabbits].

PMID- 2408451
TI  - [Analysis of orthograde rapid axonal transport of the optic pathway. Biochemical
      analysis of adult albino rabbit optic pathway (I)].

PMID- 2408452
TI  - Deproteinization of influenza virus in the presence of rimantadine.
AB  - Virion deproteinization and viral RNA transport to the isolated cell nuclei have
      been studied in the presence of rimantadine with rimantadine-sensitive influenza
      viruses fowl plague (H7N7), A/Krasnodar/101/59 (H2N2) and rimantadine-resistant
      influenza strains (WSN/H1N1 and A/Krasnodar/101/59-R). Rimantadine failed to
      affect deproteinization during incubation with the isolated cellular plasma
      membranes as well as the transport to isolated cell nuclei of the viral RNA of
      either sensitive or resistant strains of influenza virus. Using photosensitive
      viruses (labelled with neutral red) rimantadine exerted dissimilar effects on
      deproteinization of the sensitive and resistant influenza virus strains. The
      possible effects of rimantadine on influenza virus deproteinization is discussed.

PMID- 2408453
TI  - Rickettsiae and hosts.
AB  - Protective immunity to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in a murine model is dependent
      upon the development of cell mediated immunity, as demonstrated by lymphocyte
      transfer, production of lymphokines and -interferon by thymus-derived
      lymphocytes, activation of macrophages by lymphokines and demonstration of
      delayed-type hypersensitivity response following exposure to these organisms.
      Infection of mice with small numbers of Rickettsia typhi inoculated by a
      peripheral route leads to a more complex pattern of immune development, with a
      distinction between resistance to local and systemic infection. Nevertheless,
      thymus-derived lymphocytes and activated macrophages play a major role in
      modulating pathogenesis of infection, and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses
      are evident. Spotted fever group rickettsiae also elicit a cell-mediated response
      in rodents, and protection against Rickettsia conorii infection has been achieved
      by adoptive transfer of thymus-derived lymphocytes from immune animals. Limited
      studies with Rickettsia akari suggest that activation of mouse macrophages is
      critical to host survival following infection with this organism.

PMID- 2408454
TI  - The effects of transfer factor in adjuvant diseases in rats.
AB  - The improvement of the course of adjuvant arthritis by thymosin led us to use the
      transfer factor (biological active fraction of the homogenate of human tonsillar
      leukocytes) in this reported experiment. Transfer factor administered in the
      amount 200 micrograms (analogy of 10' leukocytes) 3 times a week was able to
      completely prevent the development of adjuvant arthritis. In the period of
      maximum development of adjuvant arthritis, symptoms were observed in control rats
      not treated with transfer factor (on day 21 after complete Freund adjuvants
      application) while in the transfer factor treated rats, swelling of the paws was
      not demonstrated and the mobility was the same as in that of the healthy ones.
      Signs of bone lesions were not present in these animals as well. Transfer factor
      has only a weak effect on interferon production in vivo.

PMID- 2408455
TI  - Ketotifen effect on secretion of histamine from basophils and on proliferative
      response of mononuclear cells of human peripheral blood.
AB  - Within the concentrations tested (0.125-1 mM), Ketotifen KT did not release
      histamine from the basophils, but, depending on dosage, inhibited release induced
      by anti-IgE antibodies or Con A. KT action developed without a latent period and
      was maintained for all time intervals used in the experiments (up to 40 min).
      Cell washing for histamine resulted in a rapid (not longer than 5 min) recovery
      of their sensitivity to histamine releasers. KT did not affect histamine release
      induced by cytotoxic releasers (chlorpromazine and melittin). In low
      concentrations (5 and 50 microM), KT potentiated mononuclear cell (MNC) response
      to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) evaluated by 3H-thymidine incorporation, and, in high
      concentrations, blocked it. In doses blocking the proliferative response to PHA,
      KT also blocked MNC proliferation induced by Con and PWM. Within the tested
      concentrations, KT inhibited the PHA-induced increase of MNC protein synthesis
      evaluated by 14C-L-leucine incorporation, and, in high concentrations-blocked it.
      The obtained findings show that KT does not affect the induction stages of the
      proliferative response, but rather the stages preceding the cells transmission
      into the "S-phase". KT action was accompanied by a change in the cells
      electrophoretic mobility (EPM): in low concentrations (5 microM) KT was found to
      intensify the cells EPM and in high ones (250-500 microM)-to inhibit the EPM of
      MNC.

PMID- 2408457
TI  - [The histamine liberation test as a diagnostic parameter and its possible
      modification following specific immunotherapy].
AB  - It is generally accepted that the allergic reaction depends on the levels of
      specific IgE, on the concentration of blocking antibodies and on the capacity of
      the basophils to release mediators. The fact that in the histamine release test
      (HRT) all of the elements intervening in an allergic reaction (antigens, IgE,
      basophils and mononuclear cells of a lymphoid origin) have been found, has led
      some authors to consider it as the most suitable method of "in vitro" diagnosis.
      This is a reflection of what biologically occurs "in vivo". Furthermore, the HRT
      can be used as a control parameter following immunotherapy, permitting us not
      only to quantify the level of blocking antibodies but also to study the possible
      presence of a control mechanism of histamine release. Accordingly, in a group of
      50 patients with extrinsic asthma we carried out a HRT, skin tests (prick test)
      and Rast with house dust, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides
      farinae. In another group comprising 74 subjects with extrinsic allergic asthma
      (45 with perennial allergic rhinitis) we performed a HRT with aeroallergens. This
      group was subjected to immunotherapy (dust with mites) for a year. Following this
      treatment another HRT was carried out with house dust, Dermatophagoides
      pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae. With regard to our results in the
      first group we obtained 80% agreement in the HRT/prick test/Rast for house dust
      and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and 78% agreement for Dermatophagoides
      farinae.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2408456
TI  - Prevention of experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis by specific
      inactivation of immunoreactive cells.
AB  - In a previous experiment we were able to induce in rabbits a state of specific
      tolerance against bovine serum albumin (BSA) by pretreatment with highly hot
      labelled BSA-125 I thus preventing immune complex glomerulonephritis. Despite
      successful suppression of antibody production, the question remained to be
      answered if this was due to an nonspecific effect of immunosuppression by radio
      iodinated BSA or caused by the elimination of the corresponding lymphocyte clone
      according to the clonal deletion theory. Therefore, rabbits, rendered tolerant
      BSA antigen were treated with another antigen, bovine gamma globulin (BCG) and
      developed classical immune complex glomerulonephritis and vice versa. These
      results strongly suggest a specific elimination of the effector cell clones only,
      the exact mechanism of which still remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2408458
TI  - Concealed skipping extrasystoles as a mechanism of concealed atrial bigeminy.

PMID- 2408459
TI  - Intermittent ventricular bigeminy as an expression of modulated parasystole.

PMID- 2408460
TI  - Dietary fiber and intestinal adaptation: effects on intestinal and pancreatic
      digestive enzyme activities.
AB  - Male Wistar rats were fed for four weeks on defined diets containing no fiber
      additions, 10% levels of insoluble fiber derivatives (cellulose or alfalfa), or
      5% levels of viscous fiber derivatives (pectin, guar gum, or metamucil). After an
      overnight fast, the pancreas was assayed for protein, amylase, lipase, trypsin,
      and chymotrypsin. Homogenates of small intestinal mucosa were analyzed for
      protein, alkaline phosphatase, invertase and thymidine kinase. There were, with
      few exceptions, no dietary effects on the exocrine pancreatic enzymes. The
      specific activities of the villus marker enzymes (invertase and alkaline
      phosphatase) tended to be higher in the proximal (but not middle or distal)
      intestines of the fiber-fed groups, while total activities were the same in all
      groups. In contrast, the activity of the crypt marker, thymidine kinase, was
      highest in the distal intestinal segments, and even higher in animals given the
      alfalfa, guar gum or metamucil-supplemented diets.

PMID- 2408461
TI  - Embolic tubular epithelial cells in percutaneous renal biopsies.
AB  - Four percutaneous renal biopsies with intravascular embolic tubular epithelial
      cells are presented. This unusual finding is presumably the result of the needle
      biopsy procedure and can be a puzzling and misleading artifact. It is postulated
      that dislodged tubular epithelial cells are pushed forward into or pulled back
      into punctured intrarenal arteries and subsequently transported to distant
      glomeruli.

PMID- 2408462
TI  - A fluorochromic stain for nucleic acids to demonstrate submucosal and myenteric
      neurons in Hirschsprung's disease.
AB  - Acridine orange, a rapid and technically simple fluorochromic stain of nucleic
      acids, was applied to sections of 18 specimens of resected distal colon in
      infants with Hirschsprung's disease. Neurons were readily identified in the
      submucosal and myenteric plexuses of normal ganglionic segments because of their
      intense orange cytoplasmic fluorescence of ribonucleic acid (RNA) that contrasted
      with the pale green of the smooth muscle and connective tissue. This technic,
      which may be applied to both frozen and paraffin-embedded sections, is a useful
      adjunct in the confirmation of aganglionic segments of bowel wall.

PMID- 2408463
TI  - Discordances of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin G staining with the immunoperoxidase
      technic in plasma cells from bone marrow, tonsils, and appendix.
AB  - Plasma cell cytoplasmic immunoglobulin was stained using the peroxidase
      antiperoxidase technic in Bouin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human tissues from
      different origins. Bone marrow (BM), tonsils, and appendices were examined. IgA-,
      IgD-, and IgM-secreting plasmocytes were easily studied using highly diluted
      rabbit antihuman antisera in all tissues, including BM. IgG plasmocytes showed
      good stainability in tonsils and appendices, but variable results were obtained
      in BM. Bone marrow IgG plasmocytes from persons without infection required a
      tenfold higher concentration of rabbit antihuman IgG than plasmocytes derived
      from patients with infection. Stainability of BM plasmocytes from patients with
      infection was equal to BM plasmocytes from myeloma patients. Because the same
      rabbit antihuman IgG concentration could be applied for staining plasmocytes
      derived from tonsils and appendices, it is most probable that the difference in
      staining ability is due to a difference in activity of the plasmocytes, i.e., a
      different IgG concentration in the plasmocytes.

PMID- 2408464
TI  - Chronic relapsing pancreatitis with pseudocyst erosion into the portal vein and
      disseminated fat necrosis.
AB  - A 63-year-old man with the triad of chronic relapsing pancreatitis, disseminated
      fat necrosis with subcutaneous nodular panniculitis, and polyarthritis was found
      to have a pseudocyst which had eroded into the portal vein. These lesions were
      associated with markedly elevated serum pancreatic enzymes. Although recent
      immunological studies by others suggest a possible contribution of immune
      mediated tissue injury, clinical and pathological evidence in the present case
      including direct tissue immunofluorescent findings do not support an immune
      pathogenesis of this association. The present study further substantiates the
      concept of physiochemical tissue injury by circulating pancreatic enzymes as the
      primary pathogenetic mechanism.

PMID- 2408465
TI  - Clinical and pathological comparison of young adult women with hepatocellular
      carcinoma with and without exposure to oral contraceptives.
AB  - We compared the clinical characteristics and histological classifications of
      young adult women with hepatocellular carcinoma with and without exposure to
      increased amounts of sex steroids in order to investigate the possibility that
      sex steroids changed the behavior of the tumor. Fifteen women were found to have
      a history of exposure to increased levels of sex steroids while 14 did not. One
      of the women in the exposed group had elements of adenoma next to her carcinoma,
      allowing speculation as to whether the malignancy arose from a previous adenoma.
      Statistically significant differences between the two groups were that the
      exposed group had a higher number of gravida (2.2 compared to 0.9, p = 0.013) and
      suffered tumor rupture with hemoperitoneum more frequently (4/15 compared to 0/4,
      p = 0.037). Trends worth noting were that the exposed group tended to survive
      longer, complain of pain and weight loss less frequently, and have lower alpha
      fetoprotein levels. These findings indicate that exposure to sex steroids may
      change the clinical behavior of hepatocellular carcinoma, producing among other
      things a hypervascularity and tendency for hemoperitoneum.

PMID- 2408466
TI  - Spleen irradiation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): palliation in patients
      unfit for splenectomy.
AB  - In 22 patients with CLL given 30 courses of spleen irradiation, 23 responses were
      observed (77%, 95% confidence limits, 58-90%). Response was defined as reduction
      in palpable spleen size accompanied by relief of symptoms (pain, abdominal
      discomfort, and sweating) or improvement in hypersequestration or hemolytic
      anemia. Reduction in leukocyte count alone was not regarded as response. All
      responses were partial. The median response duration was 1 year. Subsequently,
      three patients underwent splenectomy. The median survival from the beginning of
      spleen irradiation was 2.5 years (range: 1 month-greater than 5 years). Only six
      patients had minor side effects from the gastrointestinal tract. The hematologic
      effect was most pronounced on the white blood cell count, but also the platelet
      count was affected. It is concluded that spleen irradiation is a gentle and
      effective alternative in CLL patients suffering from splenomegaly (pain and
      hypersplenism), refractory to chemotherapy and glucocorticosteroids and unfit for
      splenectomy. Splenic irradiation may also be used with benefit preoperatively
      before splenectomy in patients with excessive splenomegaly and hypersplenism.

PMID- 2408467
TI  - Correction of uremic cellular injury with a protein-restricted amino acid
      supplemented diet.
AB  - Untreated patients with uremia show an abnormally low resting transmembrane
      potential (Em) of skeletal muscle cells. This finding corresponds to impaired
      sodium transport. Adequate hemodialysis corrects this abnormality. Toxins derived
      from protein precursors have been implicated as the hypothetical cause of
      impaired transport and membrane depolarization in untreated uremia. To
      inferentially examine this hypothesis in further detail, we deliberately reduced
      dialysis time until Em fell in six uremic patients in whom it had been previously
      corrected. When Em fell, we examined the effect of reducing crude protein in
      their diet in conjunction with adding an essential amino acid supplement. Five of
      six patients who complied with the diet showed correction of their abnormally low
      Em despite continued reduction of dialysis time. These findings support the
      notion that in patients with uremia, a product of crude dietary protein may be
      responsible for membrane depolarization and, in addition, direct measurement of
      resting muscle transmembrane potential may be a useful index to determine
      adequacy of dialysis therapy.

PMID- 2408468
TI  - An unstable giant satellite associated with chromosomes 21 and 22 in the same
      individual.
AB  - The short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes are among the most common sites in
      which to find human chromosomal heteromorphisms. Heteromorphic chromosomes are
      noted for their variability between individuals and populations; however, they
      generally are consistent within an individual. Contrary to this general rule, a
      normal female was found to have a giant satellite on the short arm of a
      chromosome 22 in most lymphocytes and fibroblasts, but in other cells, it was
      attached to a chromosome 21. Furthermore, in some cells, it was found on multiple
      chromosomes, that is, on both 22's or on a 21 and a 22. The familial nature of
      this heteromorphism was established when it was found in the woman's mother,
      where it was confined exclusively to chromosome 22. These results suggest an
      unstable giant satellite associated with both G-group chromosomes of a normal
      individual. Results are discussed in the light of the patient's occupational
      exposure to insecticides at a mushroom farm.

PMID- 2408469
TI  - Hyperexpression of HPRT induced by 5-azacytidine in mouse-human hybrid
      reactivants.

PMID- 2408470
TI  - Inhibition of RNA synthesis by benzene metabolites and their covalent binding to
      DNA in rabbit bone marrow mitochondria in vitro.
AB  - Mitoplasts from rabbit bone marrow cells in vitro incubated with benzene
      metabolites showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial RNA
      synthesis. The 50% molar inhibitory concentration for each metabolite was
      determined to be p-benzoquinone, 2 X 10(-6); phenol, 2.5 X 10(-5); hydroquinone,
      5 X 10(-5); catechol, 2 X 10(-3); benzene, 1.6 X 10(-2). Activated metabolites of
      radiolabeled benzene covalently bound to mitochondrial DNA in vitro. Labeled
      deoxynucleosides, enzymatically produced from DNA isolated from mitoplasts
      prelabeled in DNA with [3H]dGTP and exposed to [14C]benzene in vitro, were
      chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column to obtain deoxynucleoside-adducts. The
      elution profiles indicated that mtDNA contained seven deoxyguanosine-adducts. A
      similar experiment in which the mtDNA was prelabeled with [3H]dATP indicated that
      two deoxyadenosine-adducts of mtDNA were formed from benzene in vitro. Tentative
      identification of several deoxyguanosine-adducts indicates that p-benzoquinone,
      hydroquinone, phenol, and 1,2,4-benzenetriol produced from benzene form adducts
      with guanine.

PMID- 2408471
TI  - The current status of non-A, non-B viral hepatitis.
AB  - It is probable that two or more different viruses account for non-A, non-B
      hepatitis throughout the world, with a third agent causing epidemic hepatitis in
      India and neighboring countries. NANB virus(es) is the major cause of transfusion
      associated hepatitis, and is responsible for roughly 20% of sporadic hepatitis
      cases. NANB postransfusion hepatitis progresses to chronic hepatitis in half or
      more of cases. This form of chronic hepatitis, while usually minimally
      symptomatic, causes progressive liver destruction and eventual cirrhosis in a
      significant proportion of cases. To date, the NANB virus(es) has not been
      specifically identified, either serologically or by electron microscopy. When
      developed, serologic assays will find their most immediate application in the
      identification of NANB virus carriers among blood donors, thereby being applied
      to the prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis. No specific therapy is available
      for NANB virus infection. Gamma globulin is of uncertain prophylactic efficacy.

PMID- 2408472
TI  - Is intraperitoneal dextran 70 safe for routine gynecologic use?
AB  - The routine use of intraperitoneal 32% dextran 70 has been suggested as an
      adjuvant to prevent postsurgical pelvic adhesions. Two hundred thirty-four women
      received an antiadhesion regimen consisting of intraperitoneal 32% dextran 70,
      dexamethasone, and promethazine. Ten women (4%) experienced spontaneous leakage
      of the dextran-peritoneal fluid mixture through their abdominal incisions.
      Painless bilateral swelling of the labia was noted in 18 women (8%). Mild
      abdominal bloating and weight gain of from 2.5 to 11 pounds were common. No
      anaphylactic reactions, peritonitis, or wound infections were experienced by any
      woman. Intraperitoneal dextran 70 appears to be a safe, well-tolerated
      antiadhesion adjuvant for routine use in gynecologic operations.

PMID- 2408473
TI  - The relationship between perinatal hypoxia and newborn encephalopathy.
AB  - Newborn encephalopathy was observed in 30% of 303 selected high-risk preterm and
      term newborn infants. The newborn encephalopathy was mild or moderate in 65
      children and severe in 27. The predictive significance of newborn encephalopathy
      to motor and cognitive deficits at 1 year was evident from the incidence of
      deficits in the children with no encephalopathy (17%), in children with mild or
      moderate encephalopathy (25%), and in children with severe encephalopathy (55%).
      The biologic risk factors with a significant association with newborn
      encephalopathy included severe intrapartum fetal hypoxia, moderate and severe
      newborn respiratory complications, and major infections. Perinatal hypoxia was
      associated with, and may have contributed to, 26% of the cases of mild and
      moderate newborn encephalopathy and 66% of the cases of severe newborn
      encephalopathy. Fetal and newborn hypoxia occurred with equal frequencies in
      cases of mild and moderate encephalopathy; however, newborn hypoxia was twice as
      frequent as fetal hypoxia in cases of severe newborn encephalopathy.

PMID- 2408474
TI  - Actinomyces and the intrauterine contraceptive device: aspects of the fluorescent
      antibody stain.
AB  - Using fluorescein-conjugated globulins specific for Actinomyces israelii and
      Arachnia propionica, we observed large dispersed actinomycete populations in
      vaginal smears of several asymptomatic women. Mycelial granules, commonly
      revealed by the Papanicolaou stain, were not seen. These observations are
      discussed in regard to the threat of infection and sensitivity of the fluorescent
      stain.

PMID- 2408475
TI  - Doubling times of human chorionic gonadotropin increase in early viable
      intrauterine pregnancies.
AB  - Although the doubling time of serum human chorionic gonadotropin has been assumed
      to be constant in early viable intrauterine pregnancy (prior to 6 to 7 weeks
      after menses), the range has varied between 1.4 and 3.5 days in the literature.
      To evaluate this variability of the doubling time, the mean doubling times at
      different ranges of human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations were determined
      in 49 normal pregnancies, and the doubling times at different intervals of
      gestation from both the day of the basal body temperature shift and the last
      menstrual period. The data obtained from the three different methods indicate
      that the doubling time of human chorionic gonadotropin is not constant but rather
      increases with increasing human chorionic gonadotropin concentration or
      gestational age. In addition, statistical analysis of the semilogarithmic plots
      of serum human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations indicated that the
      exponential rate of increase of serum human chorionic gonadotropin significantly
      decreases with gestational age. Since serum human chorionic gonadotropin doubling
      times increase and the exponential rate decreases with gestational age, estimates
      of normal values should be established for small sampling ranges and/or short
      intervals of gestation.

PMID- 2408476
TI  - Neovascular glaucoma and carotid artery obstructive disease.
AB  - Carotid artery obstructive disease, although infrequently diagnosed as a primary
      or contributing cause of neovascular glaucoma, can produce distinctive
      characteristics. Decreased perfusion of the ciliary body may decrease aqueous
      humor production. As a result, such eyes with neovascular glaucoma may
      occasionally be normotensive or even hypotensive. Fluorescein angiography may
      show an increased arm-to-retina time and leakage from the major retinal
      arterioles. Panretinal photocoagulation may not eliminate the anterior segment
      neovascularization because of anterior segment ischemia. Endarterectomy can
      significantly increase intraocular pressure as perfusion to the ciliary body
      returns to normal. These characteristics were found in two patients, a 67-year
      old woman and a 49-year-old man, with diabetes and hypertension. In both cases
      cyclocryotherapy significantly reduced the intraocular pressure and the rubeosis
      iridis regressed.

PMID- 2408477
TI  - Mechanisms involved in alpha-adrenergic phenomena.
AB  - Epinephrine and norepinephrine exert many important actions by interacting with
      alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in their target cells. Activation of
      alpha 2-adrenergic receptors causes platelet aggregation and other inhibitory
      cellular responses. Some of these responses are attributable to a decrease in
      cAMP due to inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Activation of alpha 2-adrenergic
      receptors promotes their coupling to an inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding
      protein (Ni). This coupling promotes the binding of GTP to Ni, causing it to
      dissociate into subunits. This results in inhibition of the catalytic component
      of adenylate cyclase. Activation of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors stimulates the
      contraction of most smooth muscles and alters secretion and metabolism in several
      tissues. The primary event is a breakdown of phosphatidylinositol-4,5
      bisphosphate in the plasma membrane to produce two intracellular "messengers":
      myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 causes
      the release of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum, producing a rapid rise in
      cytosolic Ca2+. Ca2+ binds to the regulatory protein calmodulin, and the
      resulting complex interacts with specific or multifunctional calmodulin-dependent
      protein kinases and other calmodulin-responsive proteins, altering their
      activities and thereby producing a variety of physiological responses. DAG also
      produces effects by activating a Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase
      (protein kinase C) that phosphorylates and alters the activity of certain
      cellular proteins. Frequently there is synergism between the IP3 and DAG
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2408478
TI  - Ca antagonists do not alter aldosterone secretion during established Na
      depletion.
AB  - Conscious sheep whose sole adrenal gland had been transplanted to the neck to
      allow access to the adrenal vasculature were used to study the effect of calcium
      antagonists on aldosterone secretion. All animals were sodium depleted by
      uncompensated loss of parotid saliva. The drugs EDTA, verapamil,
      methoxyverapamil, nisoldipine, lanthanum, propylmethylenedioxyindene, and
      ryanodine were infused on separate occasions in three or four increasing dose
      levels. All infusions were made to produce known concentrations directly into the
      adrenal arterial blood supply. None of these infusions had any significant effect
      on aldosterone secretion rate, cortisol secretion rate, and little or no effect
      on plasma [Na], [K], or blood pressure. At high infusion rates some agents
      (verapamil, methoxyverapamil) caused tachycardia. In contrast, angiotensin II
      stimulation of aldosterone secretion is inhibited by both verapamil and
      nisoldipine. The data demonstrate that the sustained elevation of aldosterone
      secretion caused by sodium depletion is not dependent on a sustained alteration
      in transmembrane calcium flux. Furthermore, if circulating angiotensin II is the
      primary stimulus to aldosterone during sodium depletion, its mechanism of action
      appears to switch to one which is not dependent on calcium alone.

PMID- 2408479
TI  - Specific interaction of fatty acyl-CoA esters with brown adipose tissue
      mitochondria.
AB  - The ability of low concentrations of long-chain fatty acyl coenzyme A (CoA)
      esters to act as inhibitors of purine nucleotide action in hamster brown adipose
      tissue mitochondria was observed to result from a specific interaction. Palmitoyl
      CoA was found to be a competitive inhibitor of nucleotide binding with an
      apparent Ki of 2.46 +/- 1.09 microM for GDP and 2.98 +/- 0.538 microM for ATP and
      was able to counteract GDP-inhibited mitochondrial swelling. A minimum acyl-CoA
      carbon chain length of 12 was necessary for any significant inhibition of GDP
      binding or induction of swelling to be observed. The effect of palmitoyl-CoA on
      reversing GDP-inhibited chloride permeability of brown adipose tissue
      mitochondria was found to be the result of a specific interaction with the brown
      adipose tissue mitochondrial uncoupling protein. Mitochondria pretreated with
      N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, which binds covalently to the uncoupling protein
      and partially inhibits brown adipose tissue mitochondrial swelling, underwent a
      nonspecific increase in swelling in the presence of phenylmercuric acetate.
      However, with palmitoyl-CoA no further increase in permeability could be
      mediated. In addition, under certain experimental conditions, palmitoyl-CoA was
      found to partially inhibit the high halide permeability of brown adipose tissue
      mitochondria but to a lesser extent than that observed with GDP, suggesting it
      may be acting as a partial agonist.

PMID- 2408480
TI  - Long-term regulation of hexose uptake by isoproterenol in cultured 3T3
      adipocytes.
AB  - Catecholamines are known to have short-term regulatory effects on fat cell hexose
      uptake. We examined the long-term effects of catecholamines on the insulin
      sensitive 2-deoxyglucose (dGlc) uptake in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Prolonged
      exposure (48 h) to isoproterenol (beta-adrenergic agonist) stimulated the basal
      dGlc uptake up to 90%. The effect was specific, time, concentration, and protein
      synthesis dependent and reversible. The effect of insulin was unaltered and
      superimposed on the increase in basal dGlc uptake. The long-term effect of
      isoproterenol was mimicked by epinephrine, dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP), and 1-methyl
      3-isobutylxanthine (IBMX). By contrast, short-term exposure to isoproterenol (and
      epinephrine) induced a protein synthesis-independent increase in basal dGlc
      uptake (30%) not accompanied by an increase in insulin responsiveness. Moreover,
      on short-term basis, DBcAMP and IBMX suppressed both the basal and insulin
      stimulated uptake up to 50%. Determination of the intracellular nonphosphorylated
      dGlc during the uptake and of the hexokinase activity revealed that the long-term
      effect of isoproterenol was most likely due to alterations low in dGlc transport.
      In conclusion, long-term regulators of hexose uptake are in cultured 3T3-L1
      adipocytes, isoproterenol, and other cAMP stimulators. The long-term effect is
      independent from the short-term regulatory effect of the agents and from the
      effect of insulin.

PMID- 2408481
TI  - Ion transport studies with H+-K+-ATPase-rich vesicles: implications for HCl
      secretion and parietal cell physiology.
AB  - A summary of recent studies on relations between the properties of the membrane
      incorporating the H+-K+-ATPase, the H+ motive force in gastric acid secretion,
      and the secretory state of the parietal cell is presented. Depending on tissue
      secretory state, two distinct H+-K+-ATPase-rich membranes predominate in tissue
      homogenates, the gastric microsomes derived from the intracellular tubulovesicles
      of the resting cell and the stimulation-associated (SA) vesicle derived from the
      apical membrane of the acid-secreting cell. Structural and chemical differences
      between both vesicular types lend support to the notion that the formation of an
      expanded, elaborated apical membrane in the secreting parietal cell results from
      fusion of tubulovesicles containing the H+-K+-ATPase to an apical membrane of
      different chemical composition. Comparison of polypeptide composition of
      microsomes and SA membranes provides a way to identify and isolate membrane and
      cytoskeletal components putatively involved in the membrane interconversion
      process. Comparison of transport properties between gastric microsomes and SA
      vesicles demonstrates that stimulation triggers the appearance of rapid K+ and Cl
      permeabilities in the H+-K+-ATPase membrane, allowing efficient acid
      accumulation in SA vesicles by the combination of rapid KCl influx followed by
      ATPase-driven H+ for K+ exchange, i.e., by K+ recycling. These stimulation
      triggered conductances are functionally independent. Nevertheless, their
      concurrent inhibition by certain divalent cations (Mn2+,Zn2+) suggests their
      location within a single physical domain. The compatibility of the K+-recycling
      model for HCl accumulation in SA vesicles with gastric HCl secretion and selected
      electrophysiological observations and certain implications of the findings for
      cellular mechanisms of transport regulation in the context of a membrane fusion
      and recycling model are discussed.

PMID- 2408482
TI  - Taurocholate transport by basolateral plasma membrane vesicles isolated from
      developing rat liver.
AB  - Taurocholate transport was characterized in basolateral plasma membrane vesicles
      prepared from the livers of 14-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats using a self
      generating Percoll gradient method. Liver plasma membrane protein yield,
      intravesicular volume, and enrichments of various marker enzymes were similar to
      those obtained for vesicles from adult rat liver. The basolateral marker enzyme
      Na+-K+-ATPase was enriched 26-fold in the suckling rat basolateral membrane
      fraction while the bile canalicular marker enzymes alkaline phosphatase and Mg2+
      ATPase were enriched only 3- and 5-fold, respectively. The activities of marker
      enzymes for endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, or lysosomes were not enriched
      compared with homogenate. In the presence of an inwardly directed 100 mM Na+
      gradient, vesicle accumulation of taurocholate transiently reached a
      concentration 1.5- to 2-fold higher than that at equilibrium ("overshoot") in
      suckling and adult membrane vesicles, but the initial rate of taurocholate entry
      and peak intravesicular accumulation were markedly decreased in suckling compared
      with adult membrane vesicles. In the presence of an inwardly directed 100 mM K+
      gradient, the rate of uptake was slower, and no overshoot occurred in either
      suckling or adult rat vesicles. The decreased rate of Na+-coupled taurocholate
      uptake by membrane vesicles from suckling rat liver could not be explained on the
      basis of more rapid dissipation of the transmembrane Na+ gradient. Kinetic
      studies demonstrated saturable, Na+-dependent taurocholate uptake for both
      suckling and adult vesicles. However, the Vmax for taurocholate uptake in
      suckling rat vesicles was less than half of the adult rate (2.46 +/- 0.13 vs.
      5.25 +/- 0.22 nmol X mg prot-1 X min-1, respectively, P less than
      0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2408483
TI  - Capsaicin effects on muscularis mucosa of opossum esophagus: substance P release
      from afferent nerves?
AB  - The effects of capsaicin on the function and structure of muscularis mucosa of
      opossum esophagus were studied. In this tissue there are numerous nerves
      containing a substance P-like immunoreactive substance (SPLS), and electrical
      field stimulation (EFS) leads to a phasic response that appears to be due to
      release of acetylcholine, followed by a tonic response at higher frequencies of
      stimulation that appears to be due to release of a SPLS. The acetylcholine
      released by EFS and exogenous muscarinic agonists inhibits release of this SPLS
      (8). In the present study capsaicin (5 X 10(-5) M) was shown to cause a tonic
      submaximal contraction in most cases. This was prevented by substance P
      tachyphylaxis and by pretreatment with the partial agonist [D-Pro2, D
      Trp7,9]substance P, the antagonist [D-Arg1, D-Trp7, Leu11]substance P, and
      tetrodotoxin. This response to capsaicin could not be repeated even after 2 h.
      Capsaicin also abolished the tonic response to high-frequency EFS without
      affecting phasic responses and reduced markedly the enhanced tonic response after
      atropine had abolished the phasic response. This occurred with or without a
      preliminary contraction to capsaicin. This tonic response to high-frequency EFS
      recovered completely 1-2 h after washing out capsaicin. Then, a further
      administration of capsaicin had no direct effect but again abolished tonic
      responses to EFS. Capsaicin reduced responses to exogenous substance P or
      carbachol only partially. When tissues were fixed and studied after capsaicin had
      abolished tonic responses to EFS, specific damage to nerve varicosities or
      synaptic vesicles in nerve varicosities could not be demonstrated.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2408484
TI  - Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and calcium channel blockers on cecal calcium transport in
      the rat.
AB  - To determine whether calcium transport across rat cecum is vitamin D dependent,
      we measured in vitro bidirectional calcium fluxes under short-circuited
      conditions across cecum from rats that were vitamin D deficient, vitamin D
      replete, or vitamin D deficient or vitamin D replete and injected with either 10,
      25, or 75 ng of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] daily for 4 days before
      study. Vitamin D deficiency decreased net calcium absorption (Jnet) by reducing
      the mucosal-to-serosal absorptive flux (Jm----s) from 168 +/- 18 to 33 +/- 5 nmol
      X cm-2 X h-1 (mean +/- SE, P less than 0.0001). Twenty-five nanograms of
      1,25(OH)2D3 raised Jm----s to 124 +/- 17 nmol X cm-2 X h-1, not different from
      values in vitamin D-replete rats. Although active calcium absorption by cecum
      appears to respond to vitamin D, calcium Jm----s is near maximal under normal
      conditions, and further stimulation follows only pharmacological doses of
      1,25(OH)2D3. The in vitro addition of the calcium channel blocker verapamil (5 X
      10(-5) M) to the mucosal side of cecum from vitamin D-replete rats reduced
      calcium Jm----s, but lower concentrations of verapamil or nitrendipine (10(-5) to
      10(-9) M) did not reduce calcium Jm----s. The lack of inhibition by low
      concentrations of channel blockers suggest that the plasma membrane channels for
      calcium translocation across intestinal epithelium may not be analogous to
      voltage-dependent calcium channels in excitable tissue. The inhibition of cecal
      calcium transport that was blocked by high concentrations of verapamil may
      represent a nonspecific effect of the agent.

PMID- 2408485
TI  - Hepatic transport and binding of rose bengal in the presence of albumin and gamma
      globulin.
AB  - Gamma globulin and albumin are compared with respect to their effects on the
      hepatic transport of rose bengal and with respect to the rates and affinities
      with which they bind this dye. The apparent intrinsic clearance of rose bengal is
      greater in the presence of albumin than in the presence of gamma globulin, and
      this difference increases with the protein concentration. Because the binding
      affinities of these proteins also differ, however, it cannot be concluded
      decisively that the mechanisms of dye removal are distinct. For both proteins the
      binding reaction rates as measured by stopped-flow spectrophotometry are much
      faster than the rate of convection along the sinusoid or the rate of removal of
      free dye by liver cells. The transport data and the binding rate constants are
      the basis for an extended theoretical model developed and analyzed in an
      accompanying report.

PMID- 2408486
TI  - Studies on role of calmodulin in Ca2+ regulation of rabbit ileal Na and Cl
      transport.
AB  - To study the role of calmodulin in regulation of rabbit ileal active electrolyte
      transport by Ca2+, the effects of the Ca2+-calmodulin antagonist
      naphthalenesulfonamides W12 and W13 and the weak Ca2+-calmodulin antagonist
      promethazine, a phenothiazine, were studied on basal ileal Na and Cl transport
      and on secretion stimulated by Ca2+ and by cAMP. The naphthalenesulfonamides and
      promethazine all stimulated basal ileal Na and Cl absorption. The stimulation of
      Na absorption was dependent on Cl in the bathing solutions, and the stimulation
      of Cl absorption was Na dependent. This suggests that the transport process
      stimulated was the neutral, linked NaCl absorptive process. W13, which is a
      better Ca2+-calmodulin antagonist but has similar hydrophobic properties to W12,
      stimulated active ileal absorption at a lower concentration than W12, suggesting
      that the naphthalenesulfonamide-induced stimulation of active ileal absorption
      was not due to the hydrophobic properties of these drugs but could be due to
      their effects on the calcium-binding protein calmodulin. W12, W13, and
      promethazine did not alter paracellular transport, not affecting dilution
      potentials or structural features of the paracellular pathway. W12 and W13 did
      not decrease the changes in active ileal Na and Cl transport caused by increasing
      ileal cAMP content or intracellular Ca2+. This suggests that calmodulin is not
      directly involved in the active electrolyte secretion caused by increased
      intestinal Ca2+ or cAMP.

PMID- 2408487
TI  - ATP-dependent H+ pump in membrane vesicles from rat kidney cortex.
AB  - The presence of membrane vesicles containing an ATP-driven H+ pump was
      demonstrated in rat kidney cortex homogenate using the delta pH-sensitive dye
      acridine orange (AO). These vesicles were purified by differential and Percoll
      density gradient centrifugation. ATP-driven H+ uptake was about 20-fold enriched
      compared with the homogenate. Determination of marker enzyme activities indicated
      that these vesicles do not originate from brush border and basolateral membranes,
      lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi membranes, or red blood
      cells. The identity with brush border membranes was further excluded by the
      absence of Na+-H+ exchange. Renal cortical endocytotic vesicles that had taken up
      horseradish peroxidase or fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (FITC
      dextran) after injection of these substances into rats in vivo comigrated with
      the H+ pump activity on the Percoll gradient. Similar characteristics of the H+
      pump demonstrated by the AO method and by fluorescence changes of in vivo trapped
      FITC-dextran proved the identity of H+ pump-containing vesicles with endocytotic
      vesicles. ATP-driven H+ uptake into endocytotic vesicles was stimulated by Cl-
      and weakly inhibited by oligomycin. N-ethylmaleimide, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide,
      and Dio-9 were stronger inhibitors. Histochemical studies revealed that
      horseradish peroxidase-filled endocytotic vesicles are localized in the apical
      region of proximal tubule cells. An H+ pump with similar characteristics, but
      much lower activity, was found in brush border membranes, basolateral membranes,
      and mitochondria isolated by standard techniques, suggesting a possible
      contamination of these preparations with endocytotic vesicles.

PMID- 2408488
TI  - In vitro versus in vivo mitochondrial calcium loading in ischemic acute renal
      failure.
AB  - Progressive mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation and respiratory dysfunction have been
      observed during reperfusion after renal ischemia. The present study demonstrated
      that normal mitochondria, isolated in the presence of high Ca2+ concentrations,
      are capable of accumulating large amounts of Ca2+ in vitro and exhibit depressed
      respiratory rates. Since mitochondria isolated from reperfused ischemic tissue
      may be exposed to high concentrations of Ca2+ during the isolation procedure, the
      present study examined the effect of in vitro versus in vivo mitochondrial Ca2+
      loading on mitochondrial function during ischemic acute renal failure (ARF) in
      anesthetized rats. When ruthenium red was added during isolation to prevent
      mitochondrial Ca2+ exchange with the medium, mitochondrial Ca2+ increased from
      10.8 +/- 0.3 to 65.6 +/- 11.6 nmol/mg (P less than 0.001) after 24 h of
      postischemic reperfusion; this resulted in a 47% reduction in the acceptor
      control ratio (ACR) from 4.19 +/- 0.09 to 2.70 +/- 0.13 (P less than 0.001).
      These data were compared with an increase in mitochondrial Ca2+ from 52.5 +/- 2.9
      to 167.6 +/- 25.4 nmol/mg (P less than 0.001) and a 95% fall in ACR (3.84 +/-
      0.40 to 1.15 +/- 0.08, P less than 0.001) at 24 h of reperfusion when no
      ruthenium red was added. However, at each time point examined, in vivo
      mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation was shown to account for 50% or more of the
      mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction observed during ischemic ARF.

PMID- 2408489
TI  - Regulation of gap junctional conductance.
AB  - Gap junctional conductance is regulated by the number of channels between coupled
      cells (the balance between formation and loss of these channels) and by the
      fraction of these channels that are open (gating mechanisms). A variety of
      treatments are known to affect junction formation. Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic
      monophosphate (cAMP) is involved in some cases, and protein synthesis may be
      required but precursor molecules can also exist. Junction removal occurs both by
      dispersion of particles and by internalization of junctional membrane. Factors
      promoting removal are not well understood. A variety of gating mechanisms exist.
      Coupling may be controlled by changes in conductance of nonjunctional membranes.
      Several kinds of voltage dependence of junctional conductance are known, but rat
      ventricular junctions at least are electrically linear. Cytoplasmic acidification
      decreases conductance of most gap junctions. Sensitivity in rat ventricular
      myocytes allows modulation of coupling by moderate changes near normal internal
      pH. Increasing intracellular Ca also decreases junctional conductance, but in the
      better studied cases sensitivity is much lower to Ca than H. A few data support
      low sensitivity to Ca in cardiac cells, but quantitative studies are lacking.
      Higher alcohols such as octanol block junctional conductance in a wide range of
      tissues including rat ventricular myocytes. An antibody to liver gap junctions
      blocks junctions between rat ventricular myocytes. Cross reactivity indicates at
      least partial homology between many gap junctions. Although differences among gap
      junctions are known, a general physiology is being developed, which may have
      considerable relevance to normal cardiac function and also to conduction
      disorders of that tissue.

PMID- 2408490
TI  - Functional modulation of cell coupling: evidence for a calmodulin-driven channel
      gate.
AB  - Much of the capacity of tissues to respond to signals as well integrated systems
      is due to the existence of direct cell-to-cell communication pathways. This type
      of communication, usually referred to as cell coupling, is based on the presence
      of cell-to-cell channels permeable to ions, metabolites, and regulatory
      compounds. The cell-to-cell channels are located at specialized regions of cell
      contact known as gap junctions or communicating junctions. An important aspect of
      cell coupling is channel permeability modulation. In recent years this feature of
      cell coupling has received a great deal of attention, most efforts being aimed at
      identifying uncoupling treatments and uncoupling agents and at determining the
      elements of the channel gating mechanism. This review focuses on recent studies
      suggesting the participation of calmodulin-like proteins in channel gating and on
      the application of in vitro approaches to cell coupling research-the study of
      permeability and gating of cell-to-cell channels incorporated into liposomes and
      the determination of conformational changes in isolated channel protein.

PMID- 2408491
TI  - Cell biology and protein composition of cardiac gap junctions.
AB  - The gap junctions that electrically couple mammalian myocardial cells have high
      (12,000-17,000/micron2)surface densities of channel-containing elements
      (connexons), undulating surfaces, and approximately hexagonally arrayed connexons
      disposed in small domains rotated with respect to one another. Optical
      diffraction combined with image processing of negatively stained isolated rabbit
      heart gap junctions shows six protein subunits surrounding the cell-to-cell
      channel and suggestive (but not conclusive) evidence for protein connections
      between connexons. Biochemical studies indicate that the six identical relative
      molecular weight (Mr) 47,000 subunits of mammalian cardiac gap junctions differ
      from liver gap junctions in the presence of a covalently bound Mr 17,500
      cytoplasmic surface component that can be visualized electron microscopically in
      thin-sectioned and freeze-etched hearts. The cytoplasmic surface component is
      susceptible to cleavage by an alkaline serine protease released from mast cell
      granules by high ionic strength solutions (0.6 M KI) used to extract myofibrils
      during gap junction purification. Interlocking of connexons from coupled cells in
      the gap involves hydrogen bonding between protein subunits of the connexons.

PMID- 2408492
TI  - Physiological effects of pH changes on colloid osmotic pressures.
AB  - Our purpose was to explore the effects of variations in pH, particularly in the
      physiological range, on the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of the body's fluids.
      Theoretically, changing pH would alter the electrical charge density on plasma
      proteins and the interstitial ground substance, thereby altering plasma and
      interstitial protein osmotic pressure as well as interstitial fluid pressure. We
      found that the COP of human plasma, human albumin, bovine albumin, and Wharton's
      jelly from human umbilical cords increased linearly as pH increased over the
      range of 6.0-8.0. COP of plasma and the albumins all displayed essentially the
      same sensitivity to pH. At equal concentrations, hyaluronate in umbilical cords
      was approximately 16 times more sensitive to pH than was plasma. Dextran 70
      displayed no COP dependency on pH. For plasma, the albumins, and hyaluronate the
      pH dependence of COP on pH also decreased linearly with concentration (C in
      g/dl). For plasma and the albumins over the physiological range of pH, COP =
      COPpH 7.4 [1.00 + 0.01C (pH -7.40)] at 37 degrees C. The data suggest that,
      relative to the normal net transcapillary pressure gradient, physiological
      variations in pH affect plasma COP as well as interstitial fluid pressure and
      thus may play a significant role in regulating the body's fluid distribution.

PMID- 2408493
TI  - Apamin, a highly specific Ca2+ blocking agent in heart muscle.
AB  - Apamin, a bee venom polypeptide, was recently reported to block specifically the
      Ca2+-dependent K+ channels that are not blocked by tetraethylammonium chloride in
      muscle cells. We report here that apamin blocked the naturally occurring slow
      action potentials (APs) in cultured cell reaggregates from chick hearts. The
      effects of apamin were not reversible on washout with Tyrode solution only (up to
      24 h), but quinidine (10(-8) M) reversed the apamin blockade of the slow
      channels. Apamin also blocked the isoproterenol-induced slow APs in freshly
      isolated chick ventricular cells depolarized by 22 mM extracellular K+
      concentration ([K+]o) in a dose-dependent fashion (10(-12) to 10(-10) M). Apamin
      at 5 X 10(-11) M blocked the isoproterenol-induced slow APs without affecting the
      membrane potential. Washout (with Tyrode solution containing 22 mM [K+]o and 10(
      6) M isoproterenol) did not recover the slow APs. However, recovery of the slow
      APs was possible only when quinidine (10(-8) M) was added to the superfusion
      medium. The fast APs were rapidly restored by washout with Tyrode solution only.
      The present data show that apamin is a highly specific compound that tightly
      binds to the Ca2+ slow channels, thus blocking the slow APs in heart muscle. In
      addition, quinidine antagonizes the apamin binding on the slow APs.

PMID- 2408494
TI  - Lost boys wandering around the Peter pantheon.

PMID- 2408495
TI  - Effects of combinations of maternal agents on the fetal cerebrum in rat--ethanol
      or caffeine with X-irradiation in utero.
AB  - Fetal cerebral development influenced by maternal ethanol or caffeine either
      singly or in combination with X-irradiation was investigated in rat. Female
      Wistar rats were given 20% ethanol, 0.04% caffeine and water during the premating
      period and pregnancy, and 0.03% vitamin E only during pregnancy. Pregnant rats
      were X-irradiated with 100R or sham-irradiated on gestational day 13. Ethanol
      treatment alone much reduced the fetal body and cerebral weights, and X
      irradiation alone resulted in great reductions in weight and DNA concentration in
      the fetal cerebrum. The reduction in body weight with ethanol exceeded that with
      X-irradiation, therefore, the addition of X-irradiation had no effect on that of
      ethanol. The reduction in cerebral weight on X-irradiation exceeded that with
      ethanol, thus the addition of ethanol had only a slight effect on that with X
      irradiation. The decrease in body and cerebral weights and the increase in lipid
      peroxide (LP) formation on caffeine-treatment and the decrease in cerebral weight
      and the increase in LP on vitamin E-treatment were inhibited by X-irradiation as
      compared to the combined effects of the other drink treatments. The increase in
      placental weight and the decrease in cerebral weight on ethanol-treatment and the
      decrease in placental, body and cerebral weights on caffeine-treatment, which
      findings were covered by the addition of X-irradiation, became much clearer on
      single drink treatment. Independently of X-irradiation, ethanol-treatment
      resulted in increased fetal mortality and LP, and decreased body weight. These
      results suggest that the combined effects of maternal agents on live fetuses
      should be investigated as to whether they act independently of or dependently
      with each other and how the effects appear either singly or mixed.

PMID- 2408496
TI  - Clinical and immunological aspects of a case of monoclonal hyper-IgE. Isolation
      of IgE-protein, estimation of basophil cell bound IgE and histamine release.
AB  - A case of monoclonal IgE type lambda with IgE levels about 1 mg/ml has been
      followed for 6 years. Except for a slight asthma no signs of malignancies,
      parasitic infestations or other known diseases compatible with hyper-IgE have
      been found. By the combination of fractional ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel
      filtration, chromatofocusing, and subtraction affinity chromatography the IgE
      protein was isolated in an immunochemically pure and homogeneous form.
      Immunofluorescence of bone marrow cells showed about 1% IgE plasma cells. The
      amount of basophil bound IgE was 42 ng/10(6) cells, and histamine release from
      basophils challenged with anti-IgE was not different from that in atopic control
      persons, indicating a within-allergic-patients normal amount of IgE receptors.
      The protein-A reactivity was 0.4% equivalent to well-known IgE myeloma proteins.
      No antigen specificity of the IgE protein was found. Only a few cases of
      asymptomatic hyper-IgE are known, and it cannot be ruled out that this represents
      a premyeloma condition, since a similar case terminated in a malignant lymphoma.

PMID- 2408497
TI  - Review of domiciliary consultations for pain relief.
AB  - Three hundred consecutive requests for a domiciliary visit for pain relief were
      reviewed to assess the type of case referred by general practitioners and what
      treatment was instituted. Two hundred and thirty one (77%) were requested for
      lumbago/sciatica. In total 179 caudal epidurals and 49 other injections were
      performed in the patient's home. The safety of the procedures are discussed
      emphasising careful history taking, physical examination and meticulous attention
      to injection techniques as 12 patients (7%) were wrongly diagnosed as suffering
      from lumbago and sciatica from the 231 referred with that diagnosis.

PMID- 2408498
TI  - Possible histamine release after vecuronium.

PMID- 2408499
TI  - Determination of collagen band positions on polyacrylamide gel without staining.
AB  - Protein band positions on a slab polyacrylamide gel were determined without
      staining, by blotting the bands onto a nitrocellulose membrane which was then
      stained to visualize the electrophoretic pattern. The unfixed, unstained bands
      were cut from the gel according to the copy pattern placed underneath the slab
      gel. Collagen alpha 1 and alpha 2 chains were separately extracted from the gel
      using this procedure.

PMID- 2408500
TI  - Fluorographic detection of [3H]thymidine-labeled deoxyribonucleic acid using
      agarose gels infused with 2,5-diphenyloxazole prior to electrophoresis.
AB  - A fluorographic procedure for the detection of [3H]thymidine-labeled
      deoxyribonucleic acids electrophoresed in agarose gels was developed. 2,5
      Diphenyloxazole (PPO) was added to the agarose solution before pouring of the gel
      for electrophoresis. This procedure did not interfere with the electrophoretic
      mobility of the DNA molecules. The radioactive detection efficiency was found to
      be improved over an existing procedure whereby the agarose gel was infused with
      PPO after electrophoresis with the aid of acetic acid.

PMID- 2408501
TI  - On the teratogenesis of round-headed spermatozoa: investigations with antibodies
      against acrosin, an intraacrosomally located acrosin-inhibitor, and the outer
      acrosomal membrane.
AB  - Acrosin, the outer acrosomal membrane (OAM) and an acrosin inhibitor were studied
      in testicular cells and ejaculated spermatozoa of fertile men and in those of an
      infertile patient with exclusively round-headed spermatozoa in his ejaculates.
      The investigations were performed with the aid of immunohistochemical techniques
      using specific antibodies against the three acrosomal markers isolated from boar
      spermatozoa. The spermatozoa of fertile men exhibit staining for acrosin, the OAM
      and the acrosin inhibitor in the cap region while the round-headed spermatozoa of
      the patient are totally negative for the three markers, clearly supporting the
      conclusions of other authors that round-headed spermatozoa lack acrosomes. The
      lack of the acrosin system was further substantiated by the gelatin substrate
      film technique. In the course of normal human spermatogenesis acrosin, the OAM
      and the acrosin inhibitor we first demonstrable in early round spermatids, namely
      in identical compartments adjacent to the cell nucleus. During spermatid
      differentiation the staining for the three markers becomes flattened over the
      nucleus, resulting in a cap-like structure in testicular spermatozoa. In contrast
      to the ejaculated round-headed spermatozoa, the early round spermatids in the
      testis of the infertile patient exhibit fluorescent staining for the three
      markers in the region adjacent to the nuclear membrane. In the course of further
      spermiogenesis, the staining did not extend over the nuclear membrane, as was
      observed during normal spermiogenesis, but became separated from the nuclear
      membrane, as was observed during normal spermiogenesis, but became separated from
      the nuclear membrane, was translocated at various locations in the cytoplasm and
      was finally eliminated with the loss of the cytoplasm. These results are in
      accordance with the results of electron microscopically investigations on the
      teratogenesis of round-headed spermatozoa. Furthermore, the developmental pattern
      of the acrosin inhibitor during normal and abnormal spermiogenesis supports the
      intraacrosomal location of the acrosin inhibitor recently described by Tschesche
      et al. (1982).

PMID- 2408502
TI  - Role of the spinal monoaminergic systems in suppression of ejaculation by alpha
      methyldopa.
AB  - Alpha-methyldopa causes inhibition of ejaculation by suppressing the dopaminergic
      system in the brain. The spinal mechanism which works together with this brain
      inhibitory mechanism was persued by determining the changes of spinal monoamines
      in dogs. As a result, it was found that suppression of the dopaminergic system by
      alpha-methyldopa is caused also in the spinal cord just as in the brain and that
      this suppression can be a direct origin of the inhibition of ejaculation.

PMID- 2408503
TI  - Selected enzyme histochemistry of Sertoli cells. 2. Adult rat Sertoli cells in co
      culture with peritubular fibroblasts.
AB  - Sertoli cells and peritubular fibroblasts were collected from sexually mature
      Wistar rats and incubated by themselves (ASC) or in co-culture (AS/PC) for ten
      days with or without follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Freshly collected cells
      and those of the ASC and AS/PC cultures were processed for histochemical
      detection of three esterases and four dehydrogenases. The relative staining
      intensities of azo dye and formazan reaction products were recorded for the cell
      cultures, co-cultures and appropriate controls. Freshly collected Sertoli cells
      stained heavily for lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH),
      glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), non-specific esterase (Est.) and 3
      beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-OLDH). For Sertoli cells alone in
      culture (ASC) there was a marked decline of enzyme reaction product
      deposition/cell for LDH and Est. and absence of cellular staining for SDH, G-G
      PDH, B-Est. and 3 beta-OLDH. The addition of FSH did not change this
      histochemical staining pattern for the adult cells in vitro. The presence of
      peritubular cells in adult Sertoli cell cultures (AS/PC) resulted in the
      maintenance of metabolic enzyme staining (i.e., LDH, SDH, G-6-PDH and Est.) in
      Sertoli cells, minimal staining for B-Est., but absence of detectable enzyme
      reaction product for 3 beta-OLDH. Sertoli cells co-cultured with other
      fibroblasts or in medium pre-conditioned with peritubular cells but not
      containing them stained minimally for LDH and Est. and did not generate reaction
      product for any of the other enzymes. The addition of FSH to the AS/PT co-culture
      as in the ASC cultures did not affect the enzyme histochemical staining profile
      of Sertoli cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2408505
TI  - [Cellular histamine liberation and mediators of anaphylaxis].
AB  - A study of the release of histamine from basophils and mast cells is clearly
      important to understand the mechanisms of activation of these cells and the anti
      allergic mechanisms of the drugs in use. Important information has been gained
      through the study of highly purified rodent mast cells as well as human mast
      cells and basophils of low purity, in many fields: morphology, triggering
      mechanisms, degranulation and mediator release. Recent findings obtained with
      purified human mast cells and basophils could better identify the specific
      potential mediators of these two cells. Many biochemical events have been
      associated with anaphylactic mediator release: recent evidence suggested that an
      elevation of intracellular calcium level was an essential event in the processes
      by which mediators are released.

PMID- 2408504
TI  - Local anesthetics: a century of progress.
AB  - One century after the clinical introduction of cocaine, local anesthesia remains
      the most important method of pain control in dentistry. Many local anesthetics
      have been marketed since 1884, and it is likely that attempts to produce drugs
      that enhance anesthetic efficacy, reduce systemic and local toxicity, and
      increase nociceptive selectivity, will continue. In addition, new methods of drug
      administration have been and will be developed to achieve these goals. Of
      fundamental importance to such improvements are investigations into the
      pharmacology of drugs with local anesthetic activity and anatomical and
      physiologic studies pertaining to the reasons why local anesthetics sometimes
      fail to achieve desired results. This paper reviews recent advances in our
      understanding of these drugs and their clinical use.

PMID- 2408506
TI  - [Role of the autonomic nervous system in the modulation of anaphylaxis].

PMID- 2408507
TI  - [Histamine liberation induced by anesthetics or their solvents: specific or non
      specific?].
AB  - Histamine release is a frequent event in the perioperative period. The reasons
      for its occurrence are complex; they include pseudoallergic and allergic
      phenomena--and probably a mixture of both. Some drugs and solvents seem to
      modulate histamine release induced by other drugs. Thus the terms "specific and
      nonspecific" or "selective and nonselective" histamine release which have their
      well appreciated place in experimental immunology and pharmacology should be
      avoided in describing histamine release responses in clinical conditions. The
      clinical relevance of histamine release in the perioperative period is
      considerable and can be compared with that of perioperative thrombosis and
      thromboembolism. Far too many drugs and anaesthetic and surgical procedures give
      increased plasma histamine levels; premedication with H1- + H2-histamine receptor
      antagonists is therefore recommended in patients who have a history of
      hypersensitivity reactions to intravenous agents; a history of atopy, who are to
      be given the same drug a few days later, undergo surgery with a high risk of
      histamine release, are more than 70 years old or are poor risk patients with
      perioperative cardiac, respiratory or liver failure and shock.

PMID- 2408508
TI  - Modulation of histamine release by fatty acids. A new in vitro model
      investigating adverse drug reactions in various species.
AB  - Histamine release caused by drugs and/or their solvents is a well known
      phenomenon. In this study, both in vivo (anaesthetized and conscious dogs) and in
      vitro (isolated rat peritoneal, human and guinea-pig lung mast cells) models were
      used. Cremophor E1 and six derivatives of 12-hydroxystearic acid were compared
      for their histamine releasing abilities. Although the three types of isolated
      mast cells responded similarly, histamine release being observed with DH (the
      diester of 12-hydroxystearic acid with polyethylene glycol), TN (12
      hydroxystearic acid polymerized with ethylene oxide) and ME (the monoester of 12
      hydroxystearic acid esterified with polyethylene glycol), the anaesthetized dog
      exhibited elevated blood histamine levels and clinical symptoms after
      administration of all the solubilizing agents, except TN and ME. The reasons for
      this discrepancy are not known. The addition of the drugs (Althesin or
      propanidid) to their solubilizing agents caused histamine release, which was not
      observed with the solubilizing agent alone. This is the first demonstration of an
      in vitro model, which copies the clinical situation, i.e. solvent does nothing
      but the solvent plus drug combination causes histamine release and hence adverse
      reactions.

PMID- 2408509
TI  - Role of IgE in anaphylactoid reactions during anaesthesia.
AB  - As diagnostic methods of detecting drug-specific IgE antibodies become more
      sophisticated, the evidence implicating specific IgE in anaesthetic allergy has
      increased. To implicate IgE in reactions, a history resembling anaphylaxis, the
      demonstration of drug-specific histamine release by intradermal testing and the
      demonstration of specific antibodies are necessary. Such evidence is seen in 70%
      of muscle relaxant reactors. Basophil histamine release studies suggest that
      histamine release is allergen-induced, not direct, and the final evidence
      necessary is to demonstrate the role of drug-specific antibodies in such
      histamine release.

PMID- 2408510
TI  - [Mechanisms of the liberation of mediators in immediate allergy to muscle
      relaxants].

PMID- 2408511
TI  - [Risk factors in anaphylactoid reactions to muscle relaxants. A retrospective
      study of 103 cases of shock].
AB  - A homogeneous series of 103 cases of shock due to muscle relaxants has been used
      to identify the risk factors in anaphylactoid shocks due to either true
      anaphylaxis or to non-specific histamine release. Clinical atopy (asthma) and sub
      clinical atopy as shown up by skin tests with mites and pollens, as well as a
      history of IgE-dependent drug allergy, were present with a significantly greater
      frequency in the history of patients presenting with anaphylaxis. Abnormal
      histamine release and reactivity to histamine, as assessed by skin tests with
      48/80 and histamine, were often found in those patients who presented with non
      specific histamine release induced by muscle relaxants. Whatever the mechanism
      for the shock, the frequency of spasmophilia was increased. A history of non
      immunological intolerance to acetyl salicylic acid and other non-steroid anti
      inflammatory drugs was more often found than in the reference drugs was more
      often found than in the reference population. However, 25% of the patients
      studied did not have any of these risk factors. Several possibilities of
      preventing anaphylactoid reactions are given, if one or more of these risk
      factors are found in the history: a better choice of anaesthetic drugs, in the
      light of previous anaesthetic protocols, the relief of anxiety by appropriate
      premedication, antihistamine premedication and the prevention of bronchospasm.

PMID- 2408512
TI  - [Risk factors in histamine liberation: a prospective study in an anesthetized
      population].
AB  - 23,444 anaesthetic files were collected over a 12-month period from all the
      anaesthetic departments of the Regional Hospital in Nancy and three private
      clinics in town. The data were set out on a computer data-sheet aimed at defining
      the risk factors for histamine release. As a result, two groups are defined: a
      group of patients who released histamine (HL+; n = 212) and a group of patients
      who did not release histamine (HL-; n = 23,232). In increasing order of severity,
      the incidence of reactions were 1 in 143 for chest erythema, 1 in 630 for
      generalized erythema and Quincke's oedema, 1 in 230 for generalized erythema and
      hypotension, and 1 in 23,444 for fatal shock. The two groups were compared one
      with the other for each factor, using the chi-squared test or Fisher's test of
      exact probabilities. The statistically significant risk factors were: female
      patients, patients aged between 15 and 25 years, patients with an allergic
      history, a history of multiple anaesthesias, close one after the other, and
      exaggerated preanaesthetic anxiety. The drugs most often incriminated were:
      Althesin, propanidid, suxamethonium, alcuronium, gallamine and Haemaccel. A
      multifactorial analysis is being carried out to determine the part played by each
      factor in the release of histamine.

PMID- 2408513
TI  - Histaminoid responses to atracurium, vecuronium and tubocurarine.
AB  - Sixty patients scheduled for elective surgery underwent intradermal testing with
      0.1 ml of the following solutions diluted in 0.9% saline: vecuronium and
      tubocurarine (1 in 1,000), atracurium (1 in 1,000 and 1 in 10,000), thiopentone
      (1 in 100) and also a 0.9% saline control. Thirty minutes later, an area of
      erythema of greater than 1.5 cm, or a wheal exceeding 1.0 cm in diameter, was
      recorded as a positive reaction. The patients then randomly received equipotent
      doses of atracurium, vecuronium or tubocurarine during a standardized anaesthetic
      induction. Any cutaneous reaction and the percentage fall in systolic pressure
      three minutes after administration of the relaxant were recorded. In 51 patients
      plasma IgE levels were measured. The incidence of positive cutaneous reactions to
      intradermal and intravenous relaxants was significantly different with each agent
      (p less than 0.01). The percentage fall in systolic pressure after tubocurarine
      was significantly different relative to the other two agents (p less than 0.01).
      This was regarded as reflecting potency in releasing histamine and placed the
      relaxants in the same order: tubocurarine, atracurium and vecuronium. The
      response to intradermal administration was no guide to the subsequent response
      after intravenous administration of the three relaxants. IgE levels below 15 IU X
      ml-1 occurred significantly more often in females and were associated with a
      significantly higher incidence of cutaneous reactions after intradermal
      atracurium (1 in 1,000 and 1 in 10,000) (p less than 0.05 and 0.001 respectively)
      and tubocurarine (1 in 1,000). With these two agents, generalized flushing after
      intravenous administration was also more common in this group, relative to the
      normal/high IgE group.

PMID- 2408514
TI  - [Reassessment of the respective risks of anaphylaxis and histamine liberation
      with anesthetic substances].
AB  - A search of the French and English language literature of the last 20 years (1964
      1984) yielded 975 cases of immediate anaphylactoid reactions due to anaesthetic
      drugs given parenterally. The accident mechanism was confirmed in only half the
      patients, and nearly always at a later date. The immunoallergological tests most
      often used in the diagnostic process were skin tests and Prausnitz-Kustner tests.
      Although all drugs could be responsible for an anaphylactic reaction, the
      greatest number of cases was due to muscle relaxants (51%) and hypnotic drugs
      (42.3%). The signs most often described were cutaneous, cardiovascular,
      respiratory and occasionally gastro-intestinal. Whilst hypnotic drugs were
      responsible for cutaneous signs, muscle relaxants gave cardiovascular signs. A
      past history of drug allergy was found in 37% of cases, and atopy in 38%;
      virtually all patients had already had one or more anaesthetics.

PMID- 2408516
TI  - [Toward others medications?].

PMID- 2408515
TI  - [Effect of tritoqualine on the histamine levels of whole blood].
AB  - For ten years now, tritoqualine, a histidine decarboxylase inhibitor, has been
      advocated in a prevention protocol for anaphylactoid reactions occurring during
      general anaesthesia. The present double-blind study aimed to quantify the effects
      of the drug on whole blood histamine levels. 44 patients were assigned at random
      to two different groups, one taking 300 mg t.i.d. tritoqualine for three days,
      and the other taking a placebo. The histamine levels were measured before the
      treatment and 12 h after the last dose of the drug after haemolysis of the
      sample, by the fluorometric technique preceded by column chromatography. In the
      group taking tritoqualine, the histamine level fell from a mean of 109 +/- 61 to
      91 +/- 41 ng X ml-1, whereas it rose from a mean of 92 +/- 55 to 105 +/- 62 ng X
      ml-1 in the control group taking placebo. These variations were not statistically
      significant. In both groups were present four volunteers with a history of
      allergy; their histamine level fell from 107 +/- 35 to 71 +/- 36 ng X ml-1 after
      tritoqualine intake (p less than 0.05), whereas it rose from 76 +/- 19 to 162 +/-
      36 ng X ml-1 after placebo (p less than 0.05). The small differences found in the
      whole blood histamine level 12 h after the last oral dose of the drug suggested
      that the present tritoqualine dose regimen was inadequate to achieve the aims of
      its prescription.

PMID- 2408517
TI  - [Value of leukocytic histamine liberation tests and intradermal tests in the
      diagnosis of anaphylactoid reactions to anesthetic products].
AB  - Skin tests and leukocyte histamine release (LHR) were carried out in 14 patients
      who had presented an anaphylactic reaction during general anaesthesia; they were
      compared with a control group of 14 normal subjects. Histamine release was
      measured by a fluorimetric method after contact in vitro between patient's
      basophils and native drug at various concentrations. More than 10% LHR and a
      diphasic release curve were considered to be mandatory to certify an anaphylactic
      origin. The reliability and the specificity of the LHR seemed excellent. The
      discriminative power between the two groups was statistically significant (p less
      than 0.0001). Except for two cases, investigated soon after the accident, in
      which the total histamine level was too low, LHR appeared reliable and its
      association with skin tests gave the diagnosis of anaphylaxis in 13 of the 14
      cases.

PMID- 2408518
TI  - [Evolution of plasma histamine after midazolam in patients at risk of histamine
      liberation].
AB  - Changes in plasma histamine levels 2 min (t1) and 10 min (t2) after the
      intravenous injection of 0.2 mg X kg-1 midazolam were measured in 10 subjects at
      risk of releasing histamine (group I) and compared with those of 15 other
      subjects free from any risk of releasing histamine (group II). There was mean
      increases in plasma histamine levels of 0.78 ng X ml-1 between t0 and t1 (p less
      than 0.01), and of 0.41 ng X ml-1 between t0 and t2 (p less than 0.01) in group
      I; they only rose by 0.18 ng X ml-1 between t0 and t2 (p less than 0.01) in group
      II. The only statistically significant variation between the two groups was that
      at t1 (p less than 0.03): plasma histamine levels rose higher at the second
      minute in those cases at risk. This was a rather small increase, within
      physiological limits, and without any clinical or haemodynamic manifestation.

PMID- 2408519
TI  - Comparative studies on three isolates of Breda virus of calves.
AB  - Three isolates of Breda virus of calves were compared morphologically and
      antigenically. The isolates demonstrated similar morphology and shared common
      antigens, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoelectron
      microscopy. On the basis of results of the hemagglutination-inhibition test,
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunoelectron microscopy, the 3 isolates
      were further subdivided into 2 serotypes: serotype 1 (Breda virus 1) represented
      by the Iowa isolate 1; and serotype 2 (Breda virus 2), by the Ohio isolate and
      the Iowa isolate 2. The 3 isolates caused diarrhea in gnotobiotic calves.

PMID- 2408520
TI  - Immunogenicity of Moraxella bovis hemolysin.
AB  - Anti-Moraxella bovis hemolysin activity was observed in 35 cattle exposed to
      field infections of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). All cattle in
      infected herds seroconverted with respect to antihemolysin whether or not
      clinical IBK was noted. Cattle previously exposed to IBK possessed higher
      antihemolysin titers than did younger, nonexposed cattle. Antihemolysin activity
      was noted in bovine sera up to 7 years after exposure to IBK. Sera from
      experimentally infected calves were found to possess antihemolytic activity
      against all 33 strains of M bovis tested. Antihemolytic activity could be
      demonstrated in random-bred mice inoculated with whole doxycycline-treated M
      bovis, frozen or lyophilized whole M bovis, and membrane fractions treated with
      sodium lauryl sarcosinate, Triton X 100, and Triton X 100 + EDTA, but not with
      formalin-treated whole M bovis.

PMID- 2408521
TI  - Lipids of normal and osteochondritic cartilage of the immature canine humeral
      head.
AB  - Specimens of cartilage removed from the shoulder joint of dogs with
      osteochondritis dissecans were compared with the articular-epiphyseal cartilage
      from the same location of healthy dogs. The pathologic cartilage lost the
      lamination pattern of articular-epiphyseal cartilage from healthy dogs.
      Chondrocytes of healthy and pathologic cartilage contained lipid inclusions.
      However, in pathologic samples, the lipid inclusions were more prominent,
      particularly in the superficial region of the presumptive articular cartilage.
      Lipids in the interterritorial matrix of the pathologic cartilage were observed.
      The pathologic cartilage contained large groups of chondrocytes and areas of
      mineralization of variable magnitude. Although lipid inclusions were found in the
      chondrocytes of cartilage of healthy dogs, the increase in magnitude of lipids in
      the cartilage from dogs with osteochondritis dissecans was considered to result
      from a metabolic response of the chondrocyte to an altered microenvironment. The
      loss of sudanophilic lipids in areas of chondrolysis may be used to explain the
      retardation of osteogenesis of chondrolytic cartilage.

PMID- 2408522
TI  - DNA hybridization procedure to detect pseudorabies virus DNA in swine tissue.
AB  - A DNA hybridization technique was developed to detect the presence of
      pseudorabies virus (PRV) DNA. P Nick translated probes of high specific activity
      were prepared from transformed Escherichia coli plasmids into which Bacillus
      amyloliquefaciens H (Bam H1) restriction fragments of PRV DNA had been inserted.
      Swine cellular DNA and tissue culture PRV DNA were digested with Bam H1,
      separated by agarosegel electrophoresis, transferred onto nitrocellulose paper,
      hybridized to the radioactive probes, and washed under high stringency
      conditions; autoradiographs were then prepared. Under the optimal hybridization
      conditions described, the detection limit of these probes was 10(-11)g of PRV
      DNA. In reconstruction experiments, 3 of the selected probes cross hybridized
      with digested swine cellular DNA, and 4 probes did not. The addition of
      polyuridylic acid and polyguanylic acid to the hybridization reactions did not
      alter the amount of hybridization. The results indicated that this procedure may
      be useful for studying the latency of pseudorabies viral infection.

PMID- 2408523
TI  - Detection of papillomaviruses in cutaneous fibromas of white-tailed and mule
      deer.
AB  - Naturally occurring cutaneous fibromas affecting white-tailed deer (Odocoileus
      virginianus) and mule deer (O hemionus), and cutaneous fibropapillomas of
      domestic cattle were tested for papillomavirus using indirect immunofluorescence
      (IF), peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP), and negative-stain electron microscopic
      techniques. Papillomavirus was consistently detected using rabbit antiserum
      against papillomavirus group-specific antigen in all mule deer fibromas and
      bovine fibropapillomas; only 16 of 28 white-tailed deer fibromas tested by IF and
      9 of 15 tested by PAP were detected. Normal skin from white-tailed deer or cattle
      was consistently negative for virus. Similar results were obtained by negative
      stain electron microscopic examination of partially purified tumor homogenates.
      Using deer fibroma virus or bovine papillomavirus type 1-specific antisera,
      viruses were typed by IF, PAP, and immunoelectron microscopy.

PMID- 2408524
TI  - Stimulated human alveolar macrophages secrete interferon.
AB  - Alveolar macrophages were isolated by bronchoalveolar lavage from normal subjects
      to determine whether these cells can be activated to produce interferon.
      Macrophages were incubated for 24 h, and the supernatants were assayed for
      interferon using a plaque reduction assay (vesicular stomatitis virus and human
      amnion cells). The macrophages did not spontaneously release detectable amounts
      of interferon, but macrophages stimulated with either mitogens or classic
      inducers did release antiviral activity (titer range, 32 to 962 units/ml).
      Interferon activity was detectable after 4h incubation. In general, macrophages
      that responded to one stimulating agent responded to all tested, and concanavalin
      A (25 micrograms/ml) produced the highest titer (mean, 335 units/ml). Peripheral
      blood lymphocytes at cell densities (1 X 10(5)/ml) comparable to that present in
      the macrophage suspension did not produce detectable amounts of interferon using
      identical culture and assay conditions. There was no difference between monocytes
      and alveolar macrophages in the amounts of interferon produced after 24 h, and
      there was also no apparent effect of cigarette smoking on the production of
      interferon by alveolar macrophages. Alveolar macrophages appeared to release
      gamma-interferon with mitogen stimulation (Con A) and alpha-interferon with UV
      inactivated influenza A virus stimulation. We conclude that stimulated human
      alveolar macrophages can secrete both alpha- and gamma-interferon. This capacity
      for interferon production by alveolar macrophages may have important implications
      for antiviral defenses in the lung and may modulate certain pulmonary
      inflammatory and immune processes.

PMID- 2408525
TI  - Identification of rat alveolar type II epithelial cells with a tannic acid and
      polychrome stain.
AB  - Alveolar type II epithelial cells are identified by the presence of
      characteristic lamellar inclusions visualized by transmission electron
      microscopy. We developed a tannic acid and polychrome stain that can visualize
      these intracellular inclusions in rat alveolar type II cells by light microscopy
      and that can be used for autoradiography. This method of staining and fixation
      provides more cellular detail than other methods that use light microscopy.

PMID- 2408526
TI  - The effect of split virus influenza vaccination on theophylline pharmacokinetics.
AB  - The effects of split virus influenza vaccine on the pharmacokinetics of
      theophylline and the in vivo and in vitro induction of interferon were studied in
      23 volunteers. No effect on the total body clearance, half-life, or mean
      residence time of theophylline was found as a result of influenza virus vaccine.
      Additionally, no interferon activity was detected in vivo for as long as 24 h
      after vaccination. Finally, no production of interferon occurred in tonsil or
      peripheral lymphocyte cultures inoculated with split virus vaccine. We conclude
      that split virus influenza vaccine does not affect theophylline pharmacokinetics.
      In addition, we find no evidence that split virus influenza vaccine functions as
      an interferon inducer in humans.

PMID- 2408527
TI  - Standardization of dyes and stains for automated cell pattern recognition.
AB  - An extensive review is presented of the various factors involved in the
      standardization of dyes and stains for cytologic material, which is a crucial
      point in achieving objective and reproducible measurements of cells for
      recognition by automated microscopy (high-resolution cell image analysis;
      automated cell pattern recognition [ACPR]). Two principal methods of
      standardization are considered at length: (1) standardization based on the
      physical and chemical characterization of the dyes (physicochemical
      standardization), as adopted by the German Bureau of Standards, and (2)
      standardization based on direct visual assessment of stain performance
      (performance standardization), as adopted by the United States Biological Stain
      Commission. The procedures, achievements and problems of both methodologies are
      discussed, as are such related matters as staining time, solution pH, etc.,
      especially with regard to the two most important stains in diagnostic cytology:
      the Papanicolaou stain and the Romanowsky-Giemsa stain. The standardization of
      these two stains is considered in detail, with an eye towards their suitability
      for ACPR. The mechanisms of the staining results produced by these stains are
      examined, as are the extant problems with each. The Papanicolaou stain, while
      neither standardized nor stoichiometric, has proven to be of use in
      cytophotometry. Similarly, the Romanowsky-Giemsa stain, while standardized, is
      also not a stoichiometric stain. Yet both have been successfully used in some
      aspects of ACPR; no "ideal" stain has yet been found that would make cell samples
      ideally suited for machine evaluation. It is concluded that the standardization
      of biologic dyes and stains, which can contribute to the success of ACPR, should
      be undertaken by multidisciplinary expert panels, in which the current concerned
      organizations could play a role. It is also concluded that ACPR may, in fact,
      contribute to the standardization of dyes and stains: that computer-directed
      morphometry and automated image analysis with sophisticated statistical analysis
      may become major tools in the validation of data on staining. For example,
      computer analysis could be used to pinpoint the particular variant of the
      Papanicolaou stain that leads to the best overall reproducibility of cell
      descriptors, in effect achieving "preliminary standardization by computer
      judgment of stain performance."

PMID- 2408528
TI  - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Recent advances in biology and treatment.
AB  - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a hematologic neoplasm characterized by
      proliferation and accumulation of mature-appearing lymphocytes. Most cases
      involve a clonal proliferation of B lymphocytes. The cells typically have low
      levels of surface immunoglobulin; usually mu or mu and delta heavy chains, and
      either kappa or lambda light chains. The cells also show receptors for mouse
      erythrocytes, Fc receptors for IgG, complement receptors, Ia antigens, and B-cell
      associated antigens. Although chronic lymphocytic leukemia is usually a stable
      disease over months to years, transformation of both clinical and biological
      features may occur. Prognostic factors include the leukemia cell count (greater
      than 40 X 10(9)/L), anemia, thrombocytopenia, chromosome abnormalities, and the
      pattern of bone marrow involvement. Alkylating agents, radiation therapy, and
      corticosteroids are commonly used to treat patients with chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia. Although these agents are useful, few data show that survival has been
      substantially improved. Recently, biological response modifiers such as
      monoclonal antibodies and interferon have been studied.

PMID- 2408529
TI  - Chemotherapy for large-cell lymphoma: optimism and caution.

PMID- 2408530
TI  - [Immunologic thrombopenic purpura in children: therapeutic trial with high dose
      of intravenous gamma globulins].
AB  - Fifteen children with immunological thrombocytopenic purpura were treated by
      first intention with high dose intravenous gammaglobulins (Venoglobulins and
      Sandoglobulins). Nine children recovered after the first injection with platelet
      counts greater than 50,000/mm3 after 2 days' treatment, so countering the risk of
      haemorrhage. One child required a second course of treatment and was then cured.
      Three children had temporary rises in their platelet counts and then relapsed;
      two children did not react at all to the treatment. The most interesting feature
      of this new therapeutic approach is the possibility of preventing serious
      haemorrhagic complications in cases of severe thrombocytopaenia (less than
      10,000/mm3) by inducing a rapid rise in the platelet count.

PMID- 2408531
TI  - [Inhibition of DNA repair, major objective of anticancer chemotherapy. Apropos of
      680 cases with continuous platin bleomycin combination].
AB  - Six hundred and eighty seven cases of cancers of various sites, essentially of
      squamous structure are presented. Their treatment consisted of a combination of
      cisplatinum, given 5 days in a row every 3 weeks and of continuously infused
      bleomycin, also 5 days every 3 weeks. Objective (greater than 50 p. 100)
      regressions were seen in 70 p. 100 of cases, a significantly greater proportion
      than obtained by other chemotherapies or by cisplatinum and bleomycin given for
      one day. This difference is attributed to the fact that bleomycin, a potent
      inhibitor of type II DNA polymerase, inhibits DNA repair. The authors evaluate
      the extent of DNA repair to be about 80 p. 100 of all the lesions created by
      platinum salts and consider DNA repair to be a major limitation of cytostatic
      therapy, often neglected in the design of chemotherapy protocols.

PMID- 2408532
TI  - Vitreous hemorrhage secondary to presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome.
AB  - Hemorrhagic retinal pigment epithelium detachment caused by choroidal neovascular
      membrane progressed to massive vitreous hemorrhage in two patients with presumed
      ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. When the hemorrhage cleared, a diskiform mass
      became visible. In one patient, this was located near the midnasal periphery. In
      endemic areas of histoplasmosis, presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome should
      be considered as a possible cause of spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage.

PMID- 2408533
TI  - [Induction chemotherapy in cancer of the upper respiratory and digestive tract.
      Preliminary results of the protocol combining cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil and
      bleomycin (CFB)].
AB  - Prognosis in cancer of the upper respiratory-digestive tract (URDT) is dominated
      by the importance of local and regional spread, of second localizations or
      metastases and of any underlying clinical condition. Stable results are obtained
      using local and regional treatment (surgery and/or chemotherapy) alone, and the
      use of chemotherapy has been evaluated since 1965, neo-adjuvant cancer
      chemotherapy being adapted in 1970 for cancer of URDT. From november 1982 to
      december 1983, 184 patients with epidermoid cancer of URDT were treated by
      combined therapy with Cisplatin, 5 Fluoro-uracil, Bleomycin as a continuous
      infusion. Results are presented of the different tumoral responses as a function
      of localization and stage, excluding any glandular responses.

PMID- 2408534
TI  - [Raynaud's phenomenon after chemotherapy. Apropos of 3 cases].
AB  - Raynaud's phenomenon is studied in three patients after cancer chemotherapy. In
      these cases, Raynaud's phenomenon occurs as: a true coincidence, a secondary
      complication of which neoplastic biological signs are thrombocythemia,
      hyperfibrinemia, immune complexes, cryoglobulinemia..., a therapeutic
      implication. The rate of therapeutic implication is difficult to precise.
      Raynaud's phenomenon is a little symptom over a severe illness. Several drugs are
      responsible for this fact. A literature review mentions Vincristine, Bleomycin,
      Cisplatin... For our three patients as in the literature review the tumoral
      nature is less important than the drug type. For us Bleomycin alone as in
      association is able to induce Raynaud's phenomenon. The occurrence of single
      Raynaud's phenomenon may be a systemic scleroderma is first sign. However it is
      important to affirm the true single Raynaud's phenomenon. In this case there is a
      lack of signs: scleroderma may be paraneoplastic, drugs may be pulmonary toxic,
      anticentromere antibodies may be positive during antineoplastic treatment. The
      pathogenesis for Raynaud phenomenon drug induction is unknown. For Bleomycin
      action the role of skin concentration, fibroblastic lesion, and vascular
      disturbance is discussed.

PMID- 2408535
TI  - [200 total breast reconstructions performed at the Institut Gustave-Roussy since
      1976 (excluding subcutaneous mastectomies)].

PMID- 2408536
TI  - [Breast mutilations and reconstructions. Psychological effects].

PMID- 2408537
TI  - [Possibilities for using musculocutaneous flaps of the pectoralis major in
      reconstructive surgery. Apropos of 14 patients].

PMID- 2408538
TI  - [Use of a musculocutaneous fascia lata flap in the treatment of radiotherapeutic
      lesions of the abdominal wall].

PMID- 2408539
TI  - [The trident maxillary osteotomy. Technic, indications and results].

PMID- 2408540
TI  - [Rhinophyma. Clinical and surgical considerations. Risk of degeneration].

PMID- 2408541
TI  - [Arterial vascularization of the brachioradial muscle].

PMID- 2408542
TI  - [Pathology of punching].

PMID- 2408543
TI  - [Analysis of 56 breast reconstructions using the latissimus dorsi flap].

PMID- 2408544
TI  - [Use of the internal plantar flap to cover losses of substance of the heel].

PMID- 2408545
TI  - [Reconstruction of a large chest defect with a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap
      combined with a prosthetic implant].

PMID- 2408546
TI  - [The main beam in nasal reconstruction].

PMID- 2408547
TI  - [Arterialization of venous flaps].

PMID- 2408548
TI  - [Surgical possibilities in the treatment of hepatic metastases].
AB  - 314 patients with liver metastases were admitted to the Department of Surgery.
      University of Angers, from 1963 to 1983. The primary sites include tumors of the
      colon and rectum (129 patients), pancreas (74 patients), stomach (51 patients),
      extrahepatic bile ducts (38 patients), esophagus (7 patients), small intestine (4
      patients), ovaries (4 patients), kidney (3 patients) and 4 malignant melanomas.
      Surgical management of liver metastases was hepatectomy (23 cases) or wedge
      resection (4 cases) when metastases were solitary or multiple but unilateral,
      selective (2 patients), total (4 patients), temporary (4 patients),
      desarterialization or regional intraarterial chimiotherapy (12 patients) were
      performed for non resectable metastases. Most of the resections (22 cases) were
      done for apparently solitary metastases from colorectal cancer, while a
      palliative treatment was utilized for some hypervascular deposits from renal,
      ovarian and endocrine primary tumors. The operative mortality rate was 4 per cent
      (2 of 49 patients): one right, and one left hepatectomies. Nine patients survived
      more than 2 years after liver resection, two lived more than 4 years; the longest
      survival (62 months) occurred after plurisegmentectomies for carcinoid
      metastases. The results of palliative surgery were deceptive, 14 patients died
      within one year, 2 patients survived 2 years, and 1 patient had a 68 months
      survival after liver desarterialization for carcinoid metastases. We conclude
      that an agressive surgical approach in the treatment of solitary or multiple
      resectable liver metastases is based upon several tenets. The primary tumor, when
      the site is the colon or the rectum preferendly must be well differentiated,
      Dukes B class, especially with no evidence of extrahepatic metastases.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2408549
TI  - [Embolization of hepatic metastases].
AB  - The results of 42 cases of arterial embolisation in patients with hepatic
      metastases are reported. In two-thirds of the cases the primary tumor was found
      in the gut. In eight cases endocrine tumor dissemination was incriminated.
      Arterial occlusion called for use of various inert substances (e.g. Spongel,
      Duremere) or cyanoacrylate, but in this instance chemical embolisation was
      excluded. The antalgic effect of embolisation (72 percent success rate) and
      antipyretic effect on persistent fever (60 percent success rate) constituted the
      usual indications. Metastases of secreting tumors are verily more rare,
      nevertheless they are indubitably a major indication for embolisation, since good
      results are achieved concerning inopportune secretions and repeat embolisations
      possible are a super advantage. The good symptomatic results of embolisation must
      incite its consideration in unoperable but nonterminal cases whose medical
      therapy is no longer or simply not effective.

PMID- 2408550
TI  - [Radiotherapy of secondary liver cancers].
AB  - Indications for radiotherapy radiotherapy of hepatic metastases are limited. Only
      secondary hepatic focii in clinical or subclinical disseminated cancer of the
      ovary are systematically irradiated after curative chemotherapy. Liver
      radiotherapy in all patients with cancer of the ovary and its beneficial effect
      permitted a lifting of the longstanding ban on irradiation of this organ. Other
      indications are the hepatic metastases of lymphomas, seminomas, radiosensitive
      tumors and carcinoid tumors. For hepatic metastases of other histopathological
      origins, the indications are much more restrained. Principal interest is
      palliation of pain. High-energy cobalt 60 unit or linear accelerator delivered
      doses up to a maximum of 25 gray over 2 1/2 to 3 weeks in daily fractions through
      two portals of entry irradiating the total liver biomass. Use of flashes
      apparently must be eliminated because they may speed up the fatal outcome of
      disease in severe cancer patients. Radiotherapeutical tolerance is generally very
      satisfactory, nonetheless this depends upon the overall health picture in
      patients debilitated by disease and sometimes adjuvant chemotherapies. Finally,
      concomitant combination therapeutical modalities, such as local or regional
      chemotherapies administered by catheterisation of the hepatic artery associated
      with radiotherapy, have not yielded encouraging enough results to be proposed.

PMID- 2408551
TI  - Production of a monoclonal antibody against a major allergen of Dactylis
      glomerata pollen (Dg1).
AB  - A mouse monoclonal antibody was produced against the most frequent allergen Ag
      Dg1ief, purified from the Dactylis glomerata grass pollen by isoelectric
      focusing. Using the immunoprint technique, this monoclonal antibody detected Ag
      Dg1ief in D. glomerata pollen and some cross-reacting molecules in four other
      grass pollens. This hybridoma was grown in ascitic fluid. An immunosorbent was
      made from it and, by affinity chromatography, was used to purify monoclonal Ag
      Dg1m from the pollen extract. Ag Dg1m (6,000 to 8,000 daltons) appeared to be 4
      to 5 times smaller than Ag Dg1ief. It appeared as a weak allergen in passive
      cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats, but was more potent in triggering histamine
      release on human basophils from grass-pollen sensitive patients. These results
      suggest that Ag Dg1m could be a part of the Ag Dg1ief used to induce production
      of this monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 2408552
TI  - [An immunological technic (ABC immunoperoxidase) demonstrating hepatic
      differentiation in teratocarcinomas of the mouse].
AB  - The present work shows that hepatic tissue occasionally appears in certain mouse
      teratocarcinomas: the presence of hepatic structures in these tumours, suspected
      on the basis of routine histological examination, is confirmed here by the use of
      anti-mouse alpha-foetoprotein serum and the ABC immunoperoxidase technique.

PMID- 2408553
TI  - Protein export in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Hyperproduction of phosphate-binding protein (PhoS) resulted in saturation of
      export sites, and pre-PhoS was accumulated both in the inner membrane and in the
      cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic pre-PhoS could not be exported post-translationally;
      only the membrane-associated precursor could be matured and exported. Preliminary
      evidence has been obtained for the existence of a translation stop. The pause
      site in pre-PhoS mRNA translation occurs when 70 to 80 amino acids have been
      assembled, and appears to be related to the coupling of synthesis and export.

PMID- 2408554
TI  - Differentiation events in Rhodomicrobium vannielii.

PMID- 2408555
TI  - Analysis of nutritional shift-up of Streptococcus faecium.
AB  - Three-dimensional reconstruction methods were applied to electron micrographs of
      Streptococcus faecium to study the initiation of cell wall growth sites during a
      nutritional shift-up experiment. Upon lowering the mass doubling time from 76 to
      33 min by the addition of excess glutamate, the formation of new cell wall growth
      sites was studied in relation to other growth parameters (autolytic capacity,
      cell number, mass, RNA, DNA and peptidoglycan). The findings from these studies,
      to be described below, support a model in which new sites are introduced when
      cells grow to a relatively constant, growth-rate-independent size, while the rate
      at which sites form and grow increases with growth rate. In this model,
      chromosome synthesis does not regulate the formation of new sites of cell wall
      growth, but existing sites cannot be completed until rounds of chromosome
      synthesis are completed.

PMID- 2408556
TI  - Ethanol effect on the membrane protein pattern of Zymomonas mobilis.

PMID- 2408557
TI  - Brain neurotransmitter abnormalities in neuronal intranuclear inclusion body
      disorder.
AB  - Biochemical markers for the major neurotransmitter systems were measured in the
      brain of a patient who died with neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease. A
      severe nigrostriatal dopamine deficiency constitutes the basis for the
      parkinsonian features in the patient. A marked loss of brain norepinephrine and
      serotonin was found in the basal ganglia and hypothalamus. Brain amino acid
      (gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate) and cholinergic (choline
      acetyltransferase activity) systems were either normal or less severely affected.

PMID- 2408558
TI  - The relationship between levels of cerebrospinal fluid myelin basic protein and
      IgG measurements in patients with multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) myelin basic protein (MBP) levels, CSF/serum albumin
      ratio (CSF/S alb), and 4 CSF IgG measurements--absolute CSF IgG level (CSF IgG),
      CSF IgG/albumin ratio, the Tibbling-Link IgG index, and the daily rate of
      intrathecal IgG synthesis--were measured in patients with multiple sclerosis and
      control subjects. In four clinical subgroups of patients, including 22 with
      polysymptomatic exacerbations, 22 with monosymptomatic exacerbations, 41 with
      chronic progressive disease, and 21 in remission, there was no correlation
      between CSF MBP and either CSF/S alb or the CSF IgG measurements. This finding
      was also observed in longitudinal studies of patients. CSF MBP levels, as
      determined in a cross-sectional study of 325 patients with multiple sclerosis,
      are an excellent indicator of disease activity.

PMID- 2408559
TI  - Occupational exposures associated with male reproductive dysfunction.

PMID- 2408560
TI  - The mechanisms of acrylamide axonopathy.

PMID- 2408561
TI  - Pseudomonas pili. Studies on antigenic determinants and mammalian cell receptors.
AB  - P. aeruginosa PAK pili are thin 5.2 nm diameter filaments containing a single 15
      kd polypeptide subunit which is 144 amino acid residues in length. Studies on
      pili binding to a variety of synthetic sugars representing many di- tri- and
      tetra-saccharide structures found in mammalian glycoproteins and glycolipids
      failed to reveal any significant binding activity. On the other hand, a wide
      spectrum of binding activities was observed when a variety of structural proteins
      and enzymes were used as binding substrates. Of 30 proteins tested, phosphorylase
      b, pyruvate kinase and aldolase showed highest pilus binding activity. It was
      concluded that the PAK pilus receptor is probably a polypeptide rather than an
      oligosaccharide. Using arginine-specific cleavage to produce four large peptides,
      several proteases to produce subfragments of the large peptides, and antipilus
      rabbit antiserum, PAK pilin was found to contain four antigenic determinants.
      Epitopes near the NH2- and COOH-termini were only weakly immunogenic, whereas two
      epitopes near the center of the pilus protein titrated about 85% of the antipilus
      antibodies. Cleavage of the pilus protein into smaller peptides resulted in
      marked decreases in the affinity of antigenic peptides for their specific
      antibodies, suggesting that the immunodominant epitopes of PAK pilin are
      conformation-specific.

PMID- 2408562
TI  - Quantitative measurement of single- and double-strand breakage of DNA in
      Escherichia coli by the antitumor antibiotics bleomycin and talisomycin.
AB  - We developed an assay in which single-strand breakage (ssb) and double-strand
      breakage (dsb) of intracellular DNA by chemical agents can be accurately
      quantitated and differentiated. Escherichia coli cells containing plasmid pBR322
      DNA were incubated with the antitumor antibiotics bleomycin A2 (BLM A2) or
      talisomycin A (TLM A). The plasmid DNA was isolated and then analyzed by
      electrophoresis on 1% agarose gels to separate the following conformational forms
      of plasmid DNA: (i) native, covalently closed, super helical, form I; (ii)
      nicked, relaxed circular, form II; and (iii) double-strand broken, linear, form
      III. Quantitation by densitometric analysis of the gels showed that BLM A2 and
      TLM A were equally active in terms of the concentrations of drug necessary to
      reduce equivalent amounts of form I DNA in the cells, whereas in vitro (using
      isolated pBR322 DNA as a drug substrate) twofold more TLM A than BLM A2 was
      required to produce an equivalent amount of reduction in form I DNA. TLM A
      produced more intracellular dsb than did BLM A2. The intracellular dsb activities
      (dsb/ssb ratio) measured from BLM A2 and TLM A were equivalent to those measured
      for the respective agents when isolated pBR322 DNA was used as the substrate. In
      E. coli both ssb and dsb were repaired, but TLM A damage was repaired more slowly
      and to a lesser extent, which may reflect the relative frequency of dsb.

PMID- 2408563
TI  - Microcin E492, a low-molecular-weight peptide antibiotic which causes
      depolarization of the Escherichia coli cytoplasmic membrane.
AB  - Microcin E492 is a 5,000- to 7,000-molecular-weight peptide antibiotic which
      depolarizes the cytoplasmic membrane of sensitive Escherichia coli K-12 cells.
      The microcin has many features in common with colicin V but is distinguished from
      it by the absence of microcin E472 immunity in ColV+ strains and by the fact that
      colicin V-insensitive Cir mutants of E. coli K-12 are microcin sensitive. Neither
      of the two plasmids detected in the producing strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae
      appear to carry the determinants for microcin E492 production or immunity, which
      is in contrast to the situation found hitherto with other microcins and colicins.

PMID- 2408564
TI  - Detection, enumeration, and sizing of planktonic bacteria by image-analyzed
      epifluorescence microscopy.
AB  - Epifluorescence microscopy is now being widely used to characterize planktonic
      procaryote populations. The tedium and subjectivity of visual enumeration and
      sizing have been largely alleviated by our use of an image analysis system
      consisting of a modified Artek 810 image analyzer and an Olympus BHT-F
      epifluorescence microscope. This system digitizes the video image of
      autofluorescing or fluorochrome-stained cells in a microscope field. The
      digitized image can then be stored, edited, and analyzed for total count or
      individual cell size and shape parameters. Results can be printed as raw data,
      statistical summaries, or histograms. By using a stain concentration of 5
      micrograms of 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole per ml of sample and the optimal
      sensitivity level and mode, counts by image analysis of natural bacterial
      populations from a variety of habitats were found to be statistically equal to
      standard visual counts. Although the time required to prepare slides, focus, and
      change fields is the same for visual and image analysis methods, the time and
      effort required for counting is eliminated since image analysis is instantaneous.
      The system has been satisfactorily tested at sea. Histograms of cell silhouette
      areas indicate that rapid and accurate estimates of bacterial biovolume and
      biomass will be possible with this system.

PMID- 2408566
TI  - A stable plasmid vector and control of its copy number in Bacillus brevis 47, a
      protein-producing bacterium.
AB  - A low-copy-number plasmid vector, pHY481, was constructed by combining a
      macrolide resistance gene of a Staphylococcus aureus plasmid with a cryptic
      plasmid found in a Bacillus brevis strain isolated from soil. The plasmid
      introduced into B. brevis 47, an extensively investigated protein-producing
      bacterium, was maintained very stably in the absence of selective antibiotics. A
      Bacillus megaterium alpha-amylase gene subcloned into pHY481 was retained much
      more stably in B. brevis 47 than one subcloned into a plasmid of S. aureus
      origin. B. brevis 47 mutants were also isolated in which the copy number of
      pHY481 was amplified about 10-fold. The copy number of pHY481 with the inserted
      amylase gene also increased in the mutants. As a result, a severalfold-higher
      amount of the enzyme was produced in the mutants compared with that produced in
      wild-type B. brevis 47. Thus, the plasmid vector constructed here and the copy
      number mutants of B. brevis 47 are useful for cloning foreign genes and
      performing genetic engineering in the protein-producing bacterium.

PMID- 2408565
TI  - Mechanism of action of lactostrepcin 5, a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus
      cremoris 202.
AB  - The mechanism of bactericidal activity of lactostrepcin 5 (Las 5), a bacteriocin
      produced by Streptococcus cremoris 202, was investigated. Las 5 did not kill
      protoplasts of sensitive cells, and its activity was decreased about 10-fold
      after pretreatment of the cells with trypsin, suggesting the involvement of the
      cell wall in the activity of this bacteriocin. In susceptible cells, the
      bacteriocin slowed down and then stopped synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein,
      although this did not appear to be the primary effect of Las 5 action. Las 5 also
      inhibited uridine transport in susceptible cells and induced leakage of K+ ions
      and ATP. Survival of cells treated with Las 5 in phosphate buffer was higher in
      the presence of K+, CA2+, or Mg2+ ions.

PMID- 2408567
TI  - Plasma protein and liver mRNA levels of two closely related murine alpha 1
      protease inhibitors during the acute phase reaction.
AB  - Plasma levels of alpha 1-PI(T) and alpha 1-PI(E), two closely related murine
      alpha 1-protease inhibitors, having affinities for trypsin and elastase,
      respectively, were compared to changes in specific liver mRNA levels after
      induction of the acute-phase reaction by subcutaneous injection of turpentine. In
      earlier, qualitative experiments an increase in plasma levels of alpha 1-PI(E),
      but not alpha 1-PI(T), during the acute-phase reaction had been shown. It is now
      shown that stimulation of plasma alpha 1-PI(E) levels reaches a maximum of 35-50%
      above baseline 12 h after induction of the acute-phase response using either a
      functional or immunological assay to measure protease inhibitor activity.
      Consistent with earlier observations, little or no change in plasma levels of
      alpha 1-PI(T) is seen. Determination of mRNA levels in the mouse liver specific
      for alpha 1-PI(E) and alpha 1-PI(T) was accomplished using a cell-free
      translation system followed by immunoprecipitation of the 35S-labeled protease
      inhibitors. The apparent Mr's of alpha 1-PI(E) and alpha 1-PI(T) synthesized in
      vitro are 42K and 46K, respectively. Apparent Mr's of the native proteins in
      plasma are 55K and 65K. Unexpectedly, mRNA levels for both alpha 1-PI(E) and
      alpha 1-PI(T) were found to increase after induction of the acute-phase reaction.
      Maximal stimulation for both mRNAs was approximately 300% and occurred 9 h after
      turpentine administration. Under these conditions, levels of translatable albumin
      mRNA in the mouse liver decreased to 40% of baseline in 6-9 h.

PMID- 2408568
TI  - Demonstration of separate phosphotyrosyl- and phosphoseryl- histone phosphatase
      activities in the plasma membranes of a human astrocytoma.
AB  - A plasma membrane preparation from a human astrocytoma contained p-nitrophenyl
      phosphate (pNPP), phosphotyrosyl histone, and phosphoseryl histone hydrolysis
      activities. The pNPPase and phosphotyrosyl histone phosphatase activities were
      inhibited by vanadate, whereas the phosphoseryl histone phosphatase activity was
      not; the latter activity was inhibited by pyrophosphate and nucleoside di- and
      triphosphates. When the membranes were solubilized by Triton X-100 and the
      solubilized proteins were subjected to column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex,
      Sepharose 6B-C1, and wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose 4B columns, the pNPPase
      activity from the phosphoseryl histone phosphatase activity. The results from
      column chromatography also indicated that there may be multiple phosphotyrosyl
      and phosphoseryl protein phosphatases in the plasma membranes.

PMID- 2408569
TI  - Effect of amines on fibrinogen synthesis.
AB  - L-Epinephrine, serotonin, and isoproterenol stimulate the incorporation of
      [14C]leucine into thrombin-induced clottable protein; this stimulation was
      abolished by actinomycin D. The incorporation of 32P into total RNA of rat liver,
      the site of fibrinogen synthesis, was stimulated by epinephrine and was highest
      at 2 h after 32P administration. [14C]Orotic acid incorporation into polysomal
      RNA of liver was also increased significantly by epinephrine and serotonin. The
      immunoprecipitation of newly synthesized protein by monospecific antibody raised
      against pure rat fibrinogen clearly demonstrates that L-epinephrine increased
      fibrinogen formation in vivo under the experimental condition. Translation of
      poly (A)-containing RNA from total polysomal RNA clearly indicates that L
      epinephrine increased mRNA specific for fibrinogen.

PMID- 2408570
TI  - The secretion of apolipoprotein E by human monocyte-derived macrophages.
AB  - The secretion of newly synthesized apolipoprotein E (apo E) by human monocyte
      derived macrophages (HMD macrophages) was measured in the medium of cells which
      had been incubated for 24 h with or without either native or acetylated low
      density lipoproteins (LDL or AcLDL, respectively), and subsequently with
      [35S]methionine in the presence of high-density lipoproteins (HDL, 350
      micrograms/ml) for 24 h, by isolating the lipoprotein fraction by centrifugation
      for 48 h at a density adjusted with KBr to 1.21 g/ml (d = 1.21). The d less than
      1.21 medium was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) or precipitation with trichloroacetic acid (TCA).
      Fluorography of the gels demonstrated that the d less than 1.21 fraction of the
      medium contained one major labeled band, which migrated with an apparent
      molecular weight of approximately 35,000. Immunoprecipitation of the d less than
      1.21 fraction showed that the labeled band was precipitated by anti-apo E, but
      not by anti-HDL. As the apo E band appeared to be the only labeled band in the d
      less than 1.21 fraction, the amount of apo E secreted by the cells was
      quantitated by scintillation counting of the TCA-precipitable radioactivity in
      the d less than 1.21 fraction as compared with that in the whole medium. The
      proportion of secreted apo E to the total secreted protein was similar whether
      the cells had been in culture for 3 or 16 days, but was increased if the cells
      had been incubated with LDL or AcLDL. The proportion of apo E of the secreted
      proteins was always more than 6% and was as much as 16% when the cells were
      preincubated with lipoproteins, suggesting that the increased cholesterol influx
      induced apo E secretion.

PMID- 2408571
TI  - Ribosomal activity of the 16 S.23 S RNA complex.
AB  - It has been demonstrated in this laboratory that 16 S and 23 S RNAs form a binary
      complex like 30 S and 50 S ribosomes under certain specific conditions, and 5 S
      RNA can be incorporated into the complex in stoichiometric amounts in presence of
      three ribosomal proteins, L5, L18, and L15/25. These studies raised the basic
      question of whether such complex will have biological activity. Therefore, the
      following steps in protein synthesis were examined with the complex in place of
      the ribosomes: (i) poly-U-dependent binding of phenylalanyl tRNA; (ii) EF-G
      dependent GTPase activity; (iii) initiation complex formation; (iv) peptidyl
      transferase activity; and (v) poly-U-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis. All
      the steps could be unequivocally demonstrated by the addition of a limited number
      of proteins although the complex had comparatively much less activity than 70 S
      ribosomes. It appears that rRNAs are directly involved in various steps of
      protein synthesis. Furthermore, the 16 S.23 S RNA complex might have acted as a
      primitive ribosome, as suggested by Crick and Orgel.

PMID- 2408572
TI  - Purification and properties of a quinone-dependent p-nitrophenylphosphatase from
      Clostridium sticklandii.
AB  - A highly specialized phosphatase that depends on both a quinone (e.g., 2-methyl
      1,4-napthoquinone) and a sulfhydryl compound for activity was purified to
      homogeneity from extracts of Clostridium sticklandii. Selective adsorption to
      Cibacron Blue-Sepharose 4B followed by elution with p-nitrophenylphosphate was an
      effective enrichment procedure. An affinity matrix containing vitamin K5 (4-amino
      2-methyl-1-naphthol) covalently attached to Sepharose 4B selectively retained the
      enzyme and was also used in its purification. The only known substate for the
      enzyme, p-nitrophenylphosphate, is hydrolyzed to equivalent amounts of
      orthophosphate and p-nitrophenol. Although a protein phosphotyrosine residue
      seemed a likely candidate as the natural substrate, the enzyme failed to
      hydrolyze 32P-labeled phosphotyrosine residues in casein, in vinculin, or in
      denatured glutamine synthetase. Also, free O-phosphotyrosine and numerous
      phosphate esters that serve as substrates for common phosphomonoesterases were
      not hydrolyzed. The molecular weight of the native enzyme, estimated by Sephacryl
      S-200 gel chromatography, is 27,600. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoretic analysis showed a single component with a molecular weight of
      28,600. From the amino acid composition, a minimum molecular weight of 28,000 was
      calculated.

PMID- 2408573
TI  - Oxidation rates of some desialylated glycoproteins by galactose oxidase.
AB  - Patterns of oxidation of dilute solutions of desialylated fetuin and submaxillary
      mucin by galactose oxidase have been examined. A significant portion (20-40%) of
      the terminal galactosyls exposed on the glycoproteins, which theoretically were
      expected to be accessible to the enzyme, was not oxidized. In comparison,
      galactosyls in oligosaccharides released from completely desialylated
      glycoproteins were oxidized more effectively with an apparently lower degree of
      crypticity to the enzyme. Partial desialylation usually resulted in a reduction
      of both the rate and the final level of substrate oxidation. A second cycle of
      oxidation of a desialylated substrate earlier oxidized by galactose oxidase and
      then reduced by NaB3H4 revealed a selectivity in the pattern of galactosyl
      oxidation. The same galactosyl residues oxidized in the first cycle were again
      the most susceptible to oxidation in the second cycle, leaving unmodified the
      same fraction of galactosyls throughout both cycles. The relevance of these
      results to the application of the galactose oxidase-NaBH4 procedure for detecting
      and measuring desialylated glycoconjugates in solution and in biological
      membranes is discussed.

PMID- 2408574
TI  - Cholera toxin A subunit: functional sites correlated with regions of secondary
      structure.
AB  - The A subunit of cholera toxin contains the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity in
      its major constituent polypeptide A1 (Mr 23,000) which is responsible for the
      elevation of cAMP typically observed with most mammalian cell types after
      exposure to the toxin. The primary structure of the A subunit, recently
      established by sequence analyses, is presented and used as the basis for the
      secondary structure prediction according to the method of Chou and Fasman. The
      results indicated the presence of 27% alpha-helix, 25% beta-structure, 12% beta
      turn, and 36% random coil. The majority of the beta-structure consisted of six
      strands located in the NH2-terminal portion of the molecule (residues 33-106)
      covering one-half of the region corresponding to the A1 polypeptide portion. The
      beta-sheet domain led immediately into the active site region characterized by
      the alternating structures of beta-pleated sheet and alpha-helix (residues 95
      140) similar to that reported for other NAD+ binding proteins. The presence of
      this structural feature in the region was confirmed by the use of another
      predictive method (J. Garnier et al., J. Mol. Biol. 1978, 120, 97-120). In
      addition, two regions (residues 14-18 and 200-214), previously identified to
      contain binding sites for the B subunit as evidenced by chemical modification and
      monoclonal antibody studies, were found to be in alpha-helix configuration.

PMID- 2408575
TI  - [In vitro sensitivity test of anti-neoplastic agents and their enhancement by
      biscoclaurine alkaloid].
AB  - We tried an in vitro sensitivity test for the purpose of examining the effect of
      anti-neoplastic agents and their enhancement by Biscolaurine Alkaloid
      (Cepharanthin). Methods, HeLa cells were synchronized by excess of thymidine and
      hydroxyurea, and resuspended in Eagle's MEM with 10% FCS. The cells were mixed
      with Mitomycin C or Bleomycin and added to the wells of a microtiter plate. When
      required, Cepharanthin (the effect of this drug is considered to change the
      plasma membrane liquidity) was added to the medium, and then cultured for 24
      hours in a CO2 incubator. After culture, each well received 3H-thymidine, and was
      incubated for 8 hours. The cells were harvested for the assay of 3H-thymidine.
      RESULTS: MMC or BLM suppressed the uptake of 3H-thymidine in relation to its
      concentration. MMC or BLM with various concentrations of Cepharanthin showed
      strong suppression compared with the same concentrations of MMC or BLM alone.
      From the above results, this experimental method is regarded as an useful model
      for selecting sensitive anti-neoplastic agents. In addition, Cepharanthin showed
      enhancing effects on anti-neoplastic agents.

PMID- 2408576
TI  - [Topical application of mitomycin C conjugated with dextran (MMC-D): a high
      molecular weight derivative of mitomycin C].
AB  - Mitomycin C conjugated with dextran (MMC-D), with a molecular weight of about
      500,000, was synthesized for intraoperative topical application. MMC-D contained
      approximately 10% mitomycin C (MMC) and released active MMC by hydrolysis with a
      half-life of 24 hours in vivo. In experimental studies, MMC-D was retained at the
      injection site for about 48 hours and transferred to the lymphatic system.
      Sixteen patients suffering from advanced abdominal cancers were treated with MMC
      D (5-10mg eq. MMC) by intraoperative direct injection or percutaneous injection
      under sonography. Objective tumor responses were observed in 9 of 16 cases. No
      serious side-effect was observed other than temporary fever, localized pain and
      mild leukopenia. MMC-D diffused from the center of the tumor releasing active MMC
      which was transferred to the lymphatic system. Local application of MMC-D was
      therefore considered to be effective for the treatment of solid tumors.

PMID- 2408577
TI  - [Cytogenetic techniques for the observation of chromosomes from the cultured
      cells of the blood and amniotic fluid].
AB  - Cytogenetical techniques of the observation of chromosomes in mammals (human) by
      the cultivation of the peripheral blood cells and also cells suspending in the
      amniotic fluid are described in this paper. In the blood cell cultivations, the
      common technique by use of the leukocytes and also a small amount of the whole
      blood are introduced. The culture methods of the cells including in the amniotic
      fluid are also described with the technique of the chromosome preparations.

PMID- 2408578
TI  - [Control of melanogenesis by glycosylation inhibitors and the inhibitory effect
      of interferon on melanoma metastasis].
AB  - The Glycosylation inhibitors, glucosamine or tunicamycin induced a marked loss of
      pigment within melanoma cells in addition to their reduced metastatic ability.
      Electrophoresis of tyrosinase demonstrated the disappearance of or a marked
      decrease in membrane-bound tyrosinase, T3 in the small and large-granule
      fractions. Glycoprotein synthesis in the melanogenic subcellular compartments of
      pigment cells seems to play an integral role in melanogenesis which is
      principally enhanced in their carcinogenic status. The effect of interferon (IFN)
      on melanoma metastasis was investigated using B16-F10 melanoma cells. The
      inhibitory effect was maximal when given 3 h prior to tumor cell inoculation. IFN
      given 12 and 24 h prior to, as well as simultaneously with, tumor cell
      inoculation, also reduced metastases, but to a lesser extent. When given 2 h
      after the inoculation, no effect was shown. The salutary effect of IFN was
      abolished by anti-asialo GMI, but NK activity was enhanced equally throughout 3
      to 24 hrs. This indicates that the effect is substantially dependent on NK cell
      activity, although the implication of other factors is not excluded.

PMID- 2408579
TI  - [Combination chemotherapy with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) and other
      anticancer agents for patients with advanced esophageal cancer].
AB  - Combination chemotherapy with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) and other
      anticancer agents was performed in patients with advanced esophageal cancer. From
      July 1982 to September 1984, 16 patients were entered into this study and divided
      into two regimens. In regimen I, 5 patients were treated with a daily dose of 20
      mg CDDP and 10 mg Peplomycin for five consecutive days and 10 mg Mitomycin C on
      the first day. This course was repeated 2 or 3 times every 4 weeks. As for
      evaluation, 1 PR (20%) and 4 NC (80%) were observed. In regimen II, nine patients
      were treated with daily doses of 25 mg CDDP and 2 mg Vindesine for 5 consecutive
      days, a course which was repeated every 4 weeks. As for evaluation, 1 CR (9%), 1
      PR (9%), 4 MR (36%), 2NC (18%), and 3 PD (27%) were observed. Major side effects
      were renal failure, bone marrow suppression, nausea and vomiting, which were
      mostly transient. However, more severe bone marrow suppression was observed in
      regimen I composed with regimen II.

PMID- 2408580
TI  - [Comparative study of chemosensitivity tests of human urogenital tumors between a
      clonogenic assay and a novel dye exclusion test].
AB  - There is a need for chemosensitivity tests of human tumors to become simpler and
      to have a better correspondence with their therapeutical record. We examined and
      compared two chemosensitivity tests in vitro. One was a clonogenic assay
      performed using a double agar system and the other was a novel dye exclusion
      method that was a modification of the traditional dye exclusion method of
      Weisenthal. Cultured cells and surgical speciners of urogenital tumors were used
      for the present experiments. Comparison of chemosensitivity between the
      clonogenic assay and the novel dye exclusion test resulted in a similar dose
      response for each, and both tests were suitable not only for cultured cells but
      also surgical speciners. Among surgical speciners, 17 of 25 cases (68%) tested by
      clonogenic assay and 8 of 11 cases (73%) tested by novel dye exclusion test were
      successful in detecting drug sensitivity. Renal cell carcinomas had higher
      plating efficiency and showed a higher success rate in the clonogenic assay than
      any other urogenital tumors. On the other hand, the novel dye exclusion method
      depended on tumor cell growth in suspension culture. Among 11 cases on which both
      the clonogenic assay and the novel dye exclusion method were performed, only in
      one case was there failure to estimate drug sensitivity. Therefore, more
      successful results in examining the chemosensitivity of urogenital tumors might
      be expected by using both the clonogenic assay and the novel dye exclusion
      method.

PMID- 2408581
TI  - Immunodiagnosis in dermatopathology.

PMID- 2408582
TI  - Antibodies to intermediate filament proteins. The differential diagnosis of
      cutaneous tumors.
AB  - One hundred cutaneous tumors were investigated immunohistopathologically for the
      expression of intermediate filament (IF) proteins. Epithelial tumors, such as
      basocellular and squamous cell carcinomas, cutaneous adnexal tumors, and
      metastatic carcinomas showed keratin positivity in a varying number of tumor
      cells with two keratin antibodies with different specificities. Neoplastic cells
      of fibrohistiocytic tumors, pigmented nevi, melanomas, hemangiomas, glomus
      tumors, and lymphomas were positive for vimentin, but not for keratin or desmin.
      Cutaneous leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas, on the other hand, were positive for
      desmin. The results show that the typing of IFs enables the differential
      diagnosis between carcinomas and sarcomas or melanomas, epidermal appendage
      tumors, and mesenchymal tumors, and between fibrohistiocytic and leiomyocytic
      tumors, and therefore are of diagnostic value in histopathologic problems of the
      skin.

PMID- 2408583
TI  - Differentiation of metastatic breast carcinoma from Stewart-Treves angiosarcoma.
      Use of anti-keratin and anti-desmosome monoclonal antibodies and factor VIII
      related antibodies.
AB  - A chronic brawny edema developed in the shoulder and arm ipsilateral to the site
      of a previous mastectomy in a 68-year-old woman. Bluish nodules and
      telangiectasia admixed with more superficial papules and plaques developed
      subsequently. Histologically, many of these lesions showed angiocentric clusters
      of large hyperchromatic tumor cells, often with lumina in the center. It was
      difficult to differentiate two possibilities, ie, postmastectomy angiosarcoma in
      lymphedema (Stewart-Treves syndrome) and nodulotelangiectatic metastasis of the
      original breast carcinoma. Monoclonal anti-keratin antibody and anti-desmosome
      antibody identified keratin and desmosomes in the tumor cells, whereas staining
      with factor VIII-related antigen yielded negative results. Electron microscopy
      revealed, in addition to keratin filaments and desmosomes, typical secretory
      cells and lumen formation. A combined use of specific monoclonal and polyclonal
      antibodies is helpful in the determination of tumor origins.

PMID- 2408584
TI  - Extramammary Paget's disease of the perianal and perineal regions. Evidence of
      apocrine derivation.
AB  - A case of perianal and perineal extramammary Paget's disease in a male is
      reported. The presence of gross cystic disease fluid protein--a new marker of
      apocrine epithelia--in Paget's cells provides additional insight into the
      histopathogenesis of this condition. This marker may be a valuable diagnostic
      adjunct in evaluating intra-epithelial malignancies at a variety of anatomic
      sites.

PMID- 2408585
TI  - Adenosquamous carcinoma of the skin. An aggressive mucin- and gland-forming
      squamous carcinoma.
AB  - Two cases of an aggressive cutaneous carcinoma showed both squamous and
      adenomatous differentiation. These neoplasms invaded subcutaneous structures with
      a sclerosing pattern, making surgical resection difficult. Unlike the usual
      squamous carcinoma, glands and epithelial mucin (sialomucin) were produced. This
      mucin stained with mucicarmine and was sensitive to sialidase and resistant to
      hyaluronidase digestion. No mucin with similar histochemical properties was found
      in a study of 50 consecutive cutaneous squamous carcinomas and 50 consecutive
      basal cell epitheliomas from our files. Literature reports of histologically
      similar cutaneous carcinomas together with our experience with these two cases
      suggest aggressive behavior for this category of neoplasm.

PMID- 2408586
TI  - Keratitis, ichthyosis, and deafness syndrome with glycogen storage.
AB  - Electron microscopy performed in a young girl suffering from keratitis,
      ichthyosis, and deafness syndrome showed pathologic storage of glycogen in
      various types of tissues. This finding may be interpreted as evidence of an
      underlying inborn error of metabolism.

PMID- 2408587
TI  - Prospective study of children exposed to variable amounts of alcohol in utero.
AB  - Forty children exposed to variable amounts of alcohol in utero and 40 control
      children were studied. All mothers had been enrolled in an antenatal programme
      aiming to identify and reduce alcohol use and abuse during pregnancy. Follow up
      was at the median age of 22 (18 to 27) months. A significant reduction in
      intrauterine growth was seen in children born to alcoholic mothers. Three of six
      children continuously exposed to high amounts of alcohol throughout fetal life
      showed growth retardation and physical abnormalities characteristic of fetal
      alcohol exposure, while infants whose mothers had stopped drinking did not suffer
      these effects. Psychological or behavioural disturbances were found in all but
      one of 13 children born to alcoholic mothers. The home environment during the
      first two years did not compensate for the effects of fetal alcohol exposure.
      Mothers classified as excessive drinkers but not abusers all reduced their
      alcohol consumption after the first trimester. Their children did not differ from
      controls with regard to physical development or behaviour but many were retarded
      in speech and, in addition had a more unstable family background.

PMID- 2408588
TI  - Inhibition of platelet aggregation by a new stable prostacyclin introduced in
      therapy of patients with progressive scleroderma.

PMID- 2408589
TI  - Chemical and biological characterization of volatile components of environmental
      samples after fractionation by vacuum line cryogenic distillation.

PMID- 2408590
TI  - The role of antiplatelet drugs in carotid reconstructive surgery.
AB  - Neurologic events following carotid reconstructive surgery for symptomatic
      cerebral occlusive disease are generally reported to be one to two per cent. One
      of the events leading to this incidence is thrombosis of the endarterectomized
      internal carotid artery (ICA) after surgery. Since antiplatelet drugs have been
      found to be effective in altering platelet-induced thrombosis, we undertook a
      clinical trial of administration of aspirin (or aspirin-like) drugs to a group of
      patients who were to undergo ICA endarterectomy. This group was then compared to
      a comparable group from the previous year in whom drugs had not been
      administered. Thrombosis resulting in hemiparesis occurred on six occasions in
      five patients in the group that did not receive drugs. Thrombosis was not
      observed in two patients exhibiting hemiparesis in the drugs group. On the basis
      of these results, we concluded that the incidence of neurological complications
      following carotid reconstructive surgery can be further reduced by the use of
      aspirin and aspirin-like drugs.

PMID- 2408591
TI  - A spiral-grooved endoesophageal tube for management of malignant esophageal
      obstruction.
AB  - Dysphagia is common in patients with cancer of the esophagus or cardia. The rate
      of resectability of the lesion is low, and the majority of patients require
      palliation to relieve the dysphagia. Esophageal intubation is a simple, safe
      method at present. However, migration of the tube is a frequently reported
      complication. To prevent dislodgment of the tube, an esophageal tube with spiral
      grooves and a distal ring has been devised and used in 334 patients in the
      Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. There have been no operative deaths.
      The postoperative complication rate was 15%; migration of the tube comprised only
      2.7% of that figure.

PMID- 2408592
TI  - Dysdifferentiative nature of aging: age-dependent expression of mouse mammary
      tumor virus and casein genes in brain and liver tissues of the C57BL/6J mouse
      strain.
AB  - Many aspects of the aging process could be the result of cells slowly drifting
      away from their proper state of differentiation. This possibility has been
      studied by searching for an age-dependent increase in the expression of specific
      genes in tissues where expression of these genes would not normally be expected.
      In these studies, cDNA probes of specific genes are used in a DNA X NA
      hybridization assay to detect possible complementary RNA sequences in tissues of
      different-aged animals. Using this technique in past experiments, a qualitative
      increase in the RNA sequence complexity of mouse leukemia virus (MuLV) and a
      quantitative increase in the amount of alpha- and beta-globin RNA were found with
      increasing age in the brain and liver of the C57BL/6J mouse strain. We report
      here a similar age-dependent qualitative increase in the RNA sequence complexity
      for mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) but no quantitative or qualitative age
      dependent change in casein RNA sequences for the same tissues and mouse strain.

PMID- 2408593
TI  - The mechanism of gentamicin-inhibited insulin release by isolated islets.
AB  - These experiments were performed in order to determine the mechanism of action of
      the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin on insulin release by isolated islets.
      Gentamicin significantly reduced the insulin release in the absence as well as in
      the presence of increasing concentrations of glucose. This effect was immediate
      and promptly reversible. In the presence of glucose plus high concentrations of
      K+ the antibiotic did not affect insulin secretion. Gentamicin did not change
      86Rb efflux from perifused islets or the glucose metabolism in incubated islets.
      These data show that gentamicin does not alter the recognition and subsequent
      metabolism of glucose, and the system responsible for insulin secretion. We
      suggest that gentamicin reduces glucose-induced insulin release by blocking the
      entry of Ca2+ into the B-cells.

PMID- 2408595
TI  - [Tumoral vascularization in a case of asymptomatic myxoma].
AB  - A 67 year old woman was admitted for assessment of asymptomatic aortic stenosis.
      A large left atrial myxoma was demonstrated by 2D and M mode echocardiography.
      Coronary angiography was performed as part of the investigation of the aortic
      stenosis and showed that the tumour depended on the right coronary artery for its
      blood supply. Careful frame-by-frame study showed the presence of a true right
      coronary-left coronary fistula through the tumour. The authors discuss the
      different clinical presentations of left atrial myxomas and their vascularisation
      in the rare cases in which it has been described.

PMID- 2408594
TI  - 2-Chloro-[3H]-adenosine binding in isolated rat kidney membranes.
AB  - Binding sites for 2-chloro-[3H]-adenosine were found to be present in rat kidney
      membranes. Binding was inhibited by adenosine receptor agonists (5'-N
      ethylcarboxamide adenosine, NECA; L-phenylisopropyl adenosine, L-PIA) and
      antagonists (theophylline; 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, IBMX) but unaffected by
      an adenosine uptake inhibitor (papaverine). The binding sites exhibited the
      properties of an adenosine A2 receptor: micromolar affinity for 2
      chloroadenosine; nearly identical potencies of theophylline and IBMX for
      inhibition of binding; NECA more potent than L-PIA for inhibition of binding.

PMID- 2408597
TI  - [Supplementary photochemical luminescent staining of impregnated sections].

PMID- 2408596
TI  - [Vitamin A requirements of growing swine. 3. Effect of vitamin A supply on the
      state of health of piglets and fattening swine].
AB  - Diseases and losses were registered in dependence on vitamin A supply with 2,035
      pigs (6.5-114 kg live weight). The histologic examinations comprised various
      organs of 72 animals. The content of the main protein fractions as well as
      antibody titre after supplementing antigenes were determined in the serum of 104
      animals. The feeding of a vitamin-A- and carotinefree casein-starch-respectively
      a Vitamin-A-free cereal-soybeanmeal-diet led to deficiency symptoms after 7-8
      respectively 16-19 weeks of experiment particularly in the shape of nervous
      disturbances and voice affectations. Histologically a hyperplasia and a
      metaplasia of the epithelium of the big ducts in the salivory gland could be
      proved. The repletion of a part of the avitaminotic animals by means of oral (500
      I.U./kg feed) and parenteral (500,000 to 1,000,000 I.U. i.m.) vitamin A
      administration is proof of a lack of vitamin A. Vitamin A and provitamin dosage
      did not influence diseases and losses with the exception of the occurrence of
      deficiency symptoms. The protein content of the serum as well as that of the
      globulin fractions alpha, beta, gamma did not change, the albumin content was
      lower in the groups without vitamin A (p greater than 0.05). Antibody titre
      against the lipopolysaccharide of salmonella dublin and human gamma globulin were
      diminished in piglets and fattening pigs fed vitamin A free (p less than 0.05).
      Taking the criterion of animal health, a vitamin A requirement higher than for
      growth (250 I.U./kg feed) cannot be derived.

PMID- 2408598
TI  - [Argyrophilic cells in endometrial adenocarcinoma with foci of squamous cell
      metaplasia (adenoacanthoma)].
AB  - A case of well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma with squamous cell
      metaplasia (adenoacanthoma) is described. Numerous argyrophilic cells in the
      squamous cell and glandular structures of the tumour-were detected by the
      Grimelius method. The tumour developed in a woman of 42, and was combined with
      uterine fibromyoma and ovarian mucinous cystadenoma. The data in favour of the
      common source of epithelial and argyrophilic cells are provided. The rationality
      of subdividing the tumours of this type into separate entries of different
      onconosological unities is discussed.

PMID- 2408599
TI  - Modification of the original technique of Champy: a simple procedure for staining
      melanocytes.
AB  - A simple osmium-potassium-iodide post-fixation procedure for brightly and
      specifically visualizing melanocytes of human epidermis on semithin sections is
      described.

PMID- 2408600
TI  - The use of erythrocytes for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to the
      reticuloendothelial system.
AB  - The object of our work is to define the possible role of hypotonically loaded
      erythrocytes as carriers to target drugs to the reticuloendothelial system. We
      have examined choices of drugs for loading into the erythrocytes and have
      considered methods of altering potentially useful agents so that they will load.
      We have demonstrated that the delivery of bleomycin to the reticuloendothelial
      system of mice, inside erythrocyte carriers, potentiates the effect of this drug
      on phagocytosis. We speculate, that this targeted delivery of bleomycin to
      phagocytes could be beneficial in the treatment of diseases characterized by an
      important phagocytic component.

PMID- 2408601
TI  - Isolation of a novel cell-attachment and spreading-promoting protein from human
      serum.
AB  - A protein with potent cell-attachment and spreading-promoting activity was
      isolated from fibronectin-free human serum. The purification steps included
      affinity chromatography on heparin-agarose and preparative isoelectric focusing.
      The purified protein was homogeneous as judged from dodecyl
      sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. It had an isoelectric point of 5.0
      and an Mr of 52 000. The protein promoted the spreading of Chinese-hamster ovary
      cells to plastic in a manner similar to that observed with fibronectin.

PMID- 2408602
TI  - Characterization of a ribonuclease-sensitive nucleoside triphosphatase activity
      from HeLa nuclei.
AB  - Approximately one-third of the total ATP-hydrolysis activity in isolated HeLa
      nuclei is sensitive to RNAase (ribonuclease). This activity is selectively
      extracted with pulse-labelled RNA. In the extracts it co-sediments with various
      particles with sedimentation coefficients from 10S to 50S, but especially with
      24S and 40S particles. ATP hydrolysis by the isolated particles was inhibited
      extensively (greater than 80%) by RNAase A, heparin and 0.2 M-NaCl. The activity
      of RNAase-treated particles was recovered when poly(A) was added, but not when
      DNA was added. The isolated particles exhibited RNAase-sensitive hydrolysis
      activities for dATP, GTP, CTP and UTP as well as for ATP, and the UTPase activity
      in the extracts showed nearly the same sedimentation distribution as the ATPase
      activity. When samples of isolated particles were irradiated with u.v. light in
      the presence of [alpha-32P]ATP, a 39 kDa polypeptide with a broad distribution
      from 10S to 50S like that of the ATPase and a 55 kDa polypeptide with a sharp
      distribution at 24S were photolabelled. Taken together, the data suggest that ATP
      hydrolysis activity found in nuclear ribonucleoprotein subfractions appears to be
      the result of one or two RNA-dependent NTPases that are normally associated with
      endogenous RNA in a wide variety of particles.

PMID- 2408603
TI  - The effects of monensin on secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein and
      metabolism of asialofetuin by cultured rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were used to study secretion of very-low
      density lipoproteins and metabolism of asialofetuin. The ionophore monensin
      inhibited both secretion of very-low-density lipoproteins and binding and
      degradation of asialofetuin in a concentration-dependent manner. Secretion as
      well as receptor binding were markedly decreased after 15 min treatment with
      monensin. The inhibitory effect of the ionophore was fully reversible, and no
      effect on protein synthesis was observed at concentrations up to 50 microM. The
      secretion of apoproteins (B-small, B-large and E) and that of albumin were
      inhibited to the same extent as was triacylglycerol secretion. Secretion of very
      low-density lipoproteins was more sensitive to low concentrations of monensin
      than was the metabolism of asialofetuin. Maximum inhibition of very-low-density
      lipoprotein secretion was obtained at 5-10 microM-monensin, whereas 25 microM was
      required to obtain maximum inhibition of binding and degradation of asialofetuin.
      The number of surface receptors for asialofetuin decreased to about half when the
      cells were exposed to 25 microM-monensin. It is possible that monensin inhibits
      endo- and exo-cytosis via a similar mechanism, e.g. by disturbing proton
      gradients. Since secretion of very-low-density lipoproteins was more sensitive to
      low concentrations of monensin, it is likely that monensin independently inhibits
      endocytic and secretory functions in cultured hepatocytes.

PMID- 2408604
TI  - Isolation, characterization and possible mode of action of antiseminalplasmin, a
      new protein that inhibits the antimicrobial activity of seminalplasmin.
AB  - The isolation from bovine seminal plasma and purification of a new protein called
      'antiseminalplasmin', which reverses the inhibition of the growth of, and RNA
      synthesis in, Escherichia coli by seminalplasmin (another protein of bovine
      seminal plasma), is described. Antiseminalplasmin, a weakly acidic protein, has a
      minimum Mr of about 39 000 and appears to consist of three acidic peptide chains
      that move close to each other on electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips or
      on sodium dodecyl sulphate/18%-(w/v)-polyacrylamide gels. Antiseminalplasmin has
      a tendency to oligomerize at slightly alkaline pH values; it does not bind to
      seminalplasmin or to DNA, and does not reverse the inhibition by seminalplasmin
      of transcription in vitro by purified E. coli RNA polymerase. It appears that
      antiseminalplasmin may act by binding to the cell surface and preventing the
      entry of seminalplasmin into the cells. By itself, antiseminalplasmin has no
      effect on the growth of E. coli.

PMID- 2408605
TI  - Synthesis of retinyl phosphate mannose in vitro. Non-enzymic breakdown and
      reversibility.
AB  - Hamster liver microsomal membranes catalyse the synthesis of retinyl phosphate
      mannose (Ret-P-Man) from GDP-mannose and exogenous retinyl phosphate (Ret-P). We
      have previously shown that maximal Ret-P-Man synthesis occurs in vitro at 20-30
      min, followed by a subsequent loss of mannose from Ret-P-Man, suggestive of an
      intermediary function of Ret-P-Man and/or Ret-P-Man breakdown [Shidoji, Silverman
      Jones & De Luca (1982) Biochem. J. 208, 865-868; Creek, Morre, Silverman-Jones,
      Shidoji & De Luca (1983) Biochem. J. 210, 541-547). To monitor Ret-P-Man
      synthesis and breakdown carefully, we developed a chromatographic system in which
      mannose, Ret-P-Man, mannose phosphate and GDP-mannose are separated in a single
      analysis on a Mono Q column eluted with a gradient of NaCl. Using this
      chromatographic system, we have determined that 80-90% of the Ret-P-Man made in
      vitro by hamster liver membranes in 30 min is recovered with the membranes upon
      centrifugation. Subsequent incubation of Ret-P-Man-loaded membranes at 37 degrees
      C results in a non-enzymic breakdown of Ret-P-Man to beta-mannopyranosyl
      phosphate and anhydroretinol. However, incubation of the Ret-P-Man-loaded hamster
      liver membranes with GDP, but not GMP, ADP, CDP or UDP, results in a loss of
      mannose from Ret-P-Man and the formation of GDP-mannose and Ret-P. These results
      demonstrate that Ret-P-Man synthesized in vitro is subject to non-enzymic
      breakdown to beta-mannopyranosyl phosphate and anhydroretinol and that the GDP
      mannose:retinyl phosphate mannosyltransferase reaction is reversible.

PMID- 2408606
TI  - Cytochrome b-245 from human neutrophils is a glycoprotein.
AB  - Cytochrome b-245 is a glycoprotein. It runs as a broad band on sodium dodecyl
      sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and its apparent Mr varies with the
      concentration of acrylamide. It stained positively with Schiff reagent and with
      silver stains after oxidation with periodic acid. It preferentially bound the
      lectin of Phaseolus vulgaris (type III), and cleavage of carbohydrate with
      endoglycosidase F resulted in a sharp band on sodium dodecyl
      sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis with an apparent Mr of 55000 G.l.c.
      analysis of carbohydrate showed this to account for about 15% of the Mr and N
      acetylglucosamine and galactose to be the major sugars.

PMID- 2408607
TI  - Interactions of soya-bean agglutinin with purified glycoconjugates and soya-bean
      seed components.
AB  - A radioaffinity assay for lectin binding to receptors was developed and
      characterized by using the interactions between soya-bean agglutinin and four
      glycoconjugates, namely thyroglobulin, galactomannan, fetuin and asialofetuin. On
      application of the assay to soya-bean extracts a wide range of seed components
      were found to have the capacity to interact with soya-bean agglutinin. These
      included both trichloroacetic acid-soluble and trichloroacetic acid-insoluble
      glycoconjugates and two classes of particulate matter distinguished by their
      differential solubility in Triton X-100.

PMID- 2408608
TI  - Quantitative aspects of mucus glycoprotein biosynthesis in rat gastric mucosa.
AB  - The synthesis of the polypeptide backbone of mucus glycoproteins in rat stomach
      was studied. CsCl centrifugation of the homogenate of [3H]serine pulse-chase
      labelled stomach or mucosal scrapings showed that [3H]serine was mainly
      incorporated into molecules having a density identical to that of proteins and
      that only 8-12% was incorporated into macromolecules with the density of mucus
      glycoproteins. [3H]-Galactose, however, was almost exclusively incorporated into
      macromolecules with a density identical to that of mucus glycoproteins.
      Electrophoretic analysis of the CsCl fraction containing the mucus glycoprotein
      revealed that 78% of the [3H]serine-labelled macromolecules had an
      electrophoretic behaviour identical to that of mucus glycoproteins. Thus, only a
      small portion (about 6-10%) of incorporated [3H]serine was present in the
      backbone of the mucus glycoprotein. Translation in a wheat germ cell-free system
      of total RNA derived from both whole stomach and superficial mucosal scrapings,
      using either [35S]methionine or [35S]cysteine as radioactive amino acid, yielded
      a wide range of proteins. On sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel
      electrophoresis, one major translation product of whole stomach RNA had an
      apparent Mr (43000) identical to that of rat pepsinogen. As this polypeptide
      could not be found amongst the translation products of RNA from scrapings it
      probably was pepsinogen. The present data provide strong evidence that the
      backbone polypeptide of mucus glycoproteins only accounts for a small part of the
      proteins synthesized by mucus-producing cells.

PMID- 2408609
TI  - Re-utilization of pyrimidine nucleotides during rat liver regeneration.
AB  - The changes in the specific radioactivities of the pool of total acid-soluble
      uridine nucleotides and of uridine and cytidine components of total cellular and
      nuclear RNA were monitored in regenerating rat liver for 12 days after partial
      hepatectomy. Evidence is presented for the re-utilization of pyrimidine
      nucleotides derived from cytoplasmic RNA degradation for the synthesis of new
      RNA. The extent of recycling was assessed and the true rate of rRNA turnover
      determined more accurately. The reutilization of the uridine components of RNA
      was 7.0%/day during the proliferative and 3.2%/day during the post-proliferative
      phase, whereas that of the cytidine nucleotides was more pronounced (9.6%/day and
      18.1%/day respectively). The results reveal the existence of partial
      compartmentalization of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate pools in the
      nucleus and cytoplasm of rat liver cells.

PMID- 2408610
TI  - Association and release of the major intrinsic membrane glycoprotein from
      peripheral nerve myelin.
AB  - Hypo-osmotic homogenization of the endoneurium from the adult-rat sciatic nerve
      and subsequent evaluation of the 197 000 g aqueous supernatant by sodium dodecyl
      sulphate pore-gradient electrophoresis (SDS-p.g.e.) revealed a release of the
      major glycoprotein (P0) (29 000 Mr) from peripheral nerve myelin. Immunological
      verification of the presence of this asparagine-linked glycoprotein in the
      aqueous supernatant was obtained by immune overlay after SDS-p.g.e. and
      electrophoretic transfer to nitrocellulose using anti-P0 gamma-globulin followed
      by autoradiographic detection with 125I-protein A. A comparison of successive
      hypo- and iso-osmotic extractions of the endoneurium revealed that the hypo
      osmotic extraction released increasing amounts of P0 into the supernatant
      fraction, whereas the iso-osmotic treatment revealed lower levels of P0 extracted
      from the myelin and lesser amounts with each successive extraction. Three
      successive hypo-osmotic extractions resulted in a 2.0-, 2.9-, and 9.5-fold
      increase in the amount of P0 released compared with the successive iso-osmotic
      extractions. Although these results suggest that this major myelin glycoprotein
      has properties similar to those of extrinsic membrane proteins, temperature
      dependent phase-partitioning experiments with Triton X-114 revealed that this
      glycoprotein is recovered in the detergent-enriched lower phase. These results
      indicate that this major myelin glycoprotein is an amphipathic integral membrane
      protein with a distinct hydrophobic domain and yet has solubility characteristics
      typical of an extrinsic membrane protein. P0 labelled in vitro with [3H]mannose
      could be immunoprecipitated from the aqueous supernatant with anti-P0 gamma
      globulin by centrifugation at 197000g without the addition of second antibody or
      protein A. Analysis of such an immune precipitate after incorporation in vitro
      with [14C]acetate to label endoneurial lipids revealed that all major endoneurial
      lipid classes contained radioactive label, as determined by fluorography after
      high-performance t.l.c. The mechanism of release of this intrinsic glycoprotein
      from the myelin membrane, therefore, involves the osmotic-dependent formation of
      mixed micelles or membrane vesicles with endogenous membrane lipids.

PMID- 2408611
TI  - Proton-n.m.r. study of interaction of myelin basic protein with a monoclonal
      antibody.
AB  - Proton n.m.r. at 400 MHz has been applied to study the interactions of bovine or
      porcine myelin basic protein (b- or p-MBP) with a monoclonal antibody to human (h
      ) MBP. The antibody, an IgG immunoglobulin that contains a sequential epitopic
      region, cross-reacts with b-MBP but not with p-MBP, the presumed epitope being
      identical in h- and b-MBP. N.m.r. spectra were recorded from the Fab fragment of
      the antibody and for mixtures of Fab and MBP at various molar ratios. The n.m.r.
      spectrum of MBP in the mixture consists mostly of well resolved peaks against a
      broad background due to the Fab. With b-MBP, but not p-MBP, specific interactions
      are observed at the residue tyrosine-135, which is part of the epitopic sequence.
      Other interactions occur between the Fab and both b- and p-MBP at residues
      distant from the epitopic region. Standard radioassay techniques were employed to
      calculate the binding constants of both basic proteins with the immunoglobulin.
      The binding constant, Kb, for IgG to column-immobilized b-MBP at 298K is (0.95 +/
      0.07) X 10(7) dm3/mol. The value of Kb decreases with the ionic strength of the
      medium, suggesting a coulombic interaction between antigen and antibody. N.m.r.
      spectra were also measured for mixtures of the Fab fragment and peptides
      containing the epitopic site, with results in agreement with those for the whole
      protein.

PMID- 2408612
TI  - Effect of interferon and double-stranded RNA on B-cell function in mouse islets
      of Langerhans.
AB  - The direct effects of alpha- and beta-interferons on isolated mouse pancreatic
      islets were investigated in vitro and found to be similar. After 7 h incubation
      with interferon concentrations above 350 units/ml, glucose-stimulated
      (pro)insulin biosynthesis was significantly inhibited, with only a slight
      inhibition of total protein biosynthesis. Inhibition could be abolished in the
      additional presence of an anti-interferon antibody. Interferon did not affect
      insulin release, total insulin content, or glucose oxidation of the islets. The
      stimulation of (pro)insulin biosynthesis by adenosine, D-glyceraldehyde, mannose,
      N-acetylglucosamine and leucine was also inhibited by interferon, with no effect
      on insulin release. At concentrations of dsRNA (double-stranded RNA) said to
      induce interferon (1-100 micrograms/ml), glucose-stimulated (pro)insulin
      biosynthesis was inhibited without significantly affecting insulin release. The
      dsRNA may itself inhibit stimulated (pro)insulin biosynthesis or may function
      indirectly by the induction of interferon.

PMID- 2408613
TI  - An electron microscopy study of the quarternary structure of yeast
      phosphofructokinase.
AB  - Homogeneous phosphofructokinase from yeast with a molecular weight of 835 000 and
      composed of eight subunits (four alpha and four beta subunits) was examined by
      electron microscopy and image computer processing. Three types of particles were
      seen representing different projections of the phosphofructokinase molecule. A
      structural model of the enzyme was developed, each of the subunits having two
      oblong "domains" with a length of 8 and 4.5 nm, respectively. The smaller
      "domain" is attached to the center of the larger one. One alpha and one beta
      subunit are regarded to form a heterodimer. Four heterodimers (alpha beta) are
      tetrahedrally assembled giving rise to point group symmetry 222.

PMID- 2408614
TI  - The somatomedin-binding protein isolated from a human hepatoma cell line is
      identical to the human amniotic fluid somatomedin-binding protein.
AB  - Serum-free medium conditioned by the human hepatoma cell line HEP G2 was shown to
      contain a somatomedin-binding protein with a relative molecular mass of about
      35,000. This binding protein was purified to homogeneity by the use of
      immunoaffinity chromatography and subsequent size exclusion chromatography.
      Antibodies for the immunoaffinity step were raised in rabbits against a
      previously isolated human amniotic fluid somatomedin-binding protein. The total
      composition and N-terminal amino acid sequence showed the protein to be identical
      to the binding protein from human amniotic fluid. Both have the N-terminal
      structure Ala-Pro-Trp-Gln-. The HEP G2 cell line offers a useful model to study
      the regulation of the synthesis and secretion of human somatomedin-binding
      proteins.

PMID- 2408615
TI  - Selective binding of elliptinium acetate onto the 3'-terminal ribose of
      diribonucleosides monophosphates.
AB  - We report the full structure of two elliptinium diribonucleosides monophosphate
      adducts: the oxidized form of this antitumor agent alkylates very selectively the
      pX ribose of ApX (X = G or U) leading to a spiro derivative, where the C10 atom
      of ellipticine skeleton is linked to both sugar oxygen atoms 2' and 3'. No other
      adducts could be detected, specially the expected ones corresponding to the usual
      alkylation sites of bases.

PMID- 2408616
TI  - Nitrendipine potentiates Bay k 8644-induced contraction of isolated porcine
      coronary artery: evidence for functionally distinct dihydropyridine receptor
      subtypes.
AB  - Bay k 8644 and nitrendipine, dihydropyridines classified as calcium channel
      agonist and antagonist, respectively, produced concentration-dependent biphasic
      responses (contraction and relaxation) in porcine coronary artery rings.
      Nitrendipine relaxed rings (IC50 = 60 nM) that were contracted with 100 nM Bay k
      8644. Pretreatment of rings with 60 nM nitrendipine caused paradoxical
      potentiation of Bay k 8644-induced contraction. The data are consistent with a
      model that consists of two functionally-distinct dihydropyridine "receptors" with
      which Bay k 8644 and nitrendipine interact as partial agonists. We propose that
      these excitatory and inhibitory dihydropyridine receptor subtypes mediate
      contraction and relaxation, respectively, by dihydropyridines.

PMID- 2408617
TI  - Observations on the suramin-mediated inhibition of cellular and viral DNA
      polymerases.
AB  - We have examined the sensitivity of various cellular and viral DNA polymerases to
      Suramin, an antitrypanosomal drug, which has been reported to exhibit antireverse
      transcriptase activity. We find that Suramin is a nonspecific inhibitor of all
      the viral and cellular DNA polymerases, including terminal deoxynucleotidyl
      transferase, and that the inhibition is most readily reversed by the addition of
      serum albumin. The drug appears to bind to all the enzyme proteins with no
      apparent selectivity. Binding of Suramin to enzyme has been found to result in
      the loss of both substrate and templateprimer binding abilities of various
      enzymes, confirming the nonspecific nature of protein-Suramin interaction.

PMID- 2408618
TI  - A synthetic fragment of rat transforming growth factor alpha with receptor
      binding and antigenic properties.
AB  - A fragment of rat transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) comprising the
      third disulfide loop (residues 34-43) was selected as a potential antigenic and
      receptor binding region. Immunization of rabbits with a peptide conjugate
      resulted in antibodies which were specific for both the peptide and rat TGF
      alpha, but not for the homologous epidermal growth factor (EGF). The synthetic
      decapeptide exhibited low affinity for EGF receptors on human cells. Affinity was
      increased 100x to 0.2% of EGF or TGF alpha binding by blocking the peptide ends.
      The blocked decapeptide had no mitogenic activity but prevented the mitogenic
      effect of EGF and TGF alpha on fibroblasts. This decapeptide is an antagonist and
      contains an important receptor binding region of TGF alpha.

PMID- 2408619
TI  - Establishment of hybridomas secreting human monoclonal antibodies against tetanus
      toxin and hepatitis B virus surface antigen.
AB  - Mouse-human heterohybrids (M X H) were constructed and compared with other cell
      lines (human or mouse) as parental cells to obtain hybrids secreting human
      monoclonal antibody (MoAb). One of the M X H lines, HM-5, was far superior to the
      others and useful for establishing hybrids secreting human MoAb. Using HM-5 as a
      parental cell line, we have obtained 2 hybrids secreting human anti-tetanus
      toxoid MoAb with neutralizing activity and a hybrid secreting human anti
      hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) MoAb which recognizes the a-determinant
      of HBsAg.

PMID- 2408620
TI  - Amylase secretion from isolated pure acinar cells.
AB  - Isolation of pure acinar cells of the rat pancreas was achieved employing
      counterflow sedimentation filtration technique (CSFT). The preparation of
      purified acinar cells contained an occasional red blood cell (RBC, 200:1) with
      total absence of endocrine and duct cells. A significant stimulation of amylase
      secretion from isolated pure acinar cells was produced by octapeptide of
      cholecystokinin (CCK8) and insulin produced potentiation of the effect of CCK8.
      Synthetic glucagon inhibited basal and CCK8 stimulated amylase secretion. Non
      synthetic purified glucagon stimulated amylase secretion and potentiated the
      effect of CCK8. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) did not stimulate amylase
      secretion but potentiated the effect of CCK8. No leakage of lactic dehydrogenase
      (LDH) was detected from the cells in any of the secretion studies. Thus a highly
      purified preparation of isolated pure acinar cells of rat pancreas could be
      obtained with excellent morphologic and functional integrity.

PMID- 2408621
TI  - Effect of depletion of cellular glutathione on methotrexate influx, efflux and
      retention in hepatocytes.
AB  - In isolated hepatocytes the influence of cellular glutathione (GSH) on initial
      influx, net uptake and efflux of methotrexate (MTX) was determined. Endogenous
      glutathione in rat liver cells was depleted by either fasting of rats or by in
      vivo administration of phorone prior to cell preparation. The initial rate of
      influx of MTX was found to be higher in hepatocytes of fasted and phorone-treated
      rats than in those of untreated, fed control rats. The Km values for the
      methotrexate influx in GSH-deficient hepatocytes were up to 3 times lower than in
      normal cells, whereas Vmax remained unchanged. These results disclose an
      increased efficiency of the MTX transport system in cells with diminished
      cellular GSH levels. On the other hand, titration of external membrane SH groups
      by 203Hg p-CMBS revealed up to three times higher amounts of free SH groups on
      cells from starved and phorone-treated rats than on hepatocytes of fed rats.
      Increased efficiency of the MTX transport system in GSH-deficient cells may,
      therefore, be interpreted as increased capacity of the MTX transport carrier for
      which free membrane SH groups are known to be essential. Despite activation of
      initial transport of MTX here, later net accumulation of MTX became smaller than
      in cells with normal GSH levels. Efflux of MTX from liver cells was not
      influenced by fasting or phorone treatment of rats, however, the
      "nonexchangeable" pool of MTX was found to be decreased, which indicates
      inhibition of formation of MTX polyglutamates here. This inhibition was most
      likely responsible for the decreased amounts of MTX finally accumulated in GSH
      deficient hepatocytes.

PMID- 2408622
TI  - The influence of cellular ATP levels on receptor-mediated endocytosis and
      degradation of asialo-glycoproteins in suspended hepatocytes.
AB  - Receptor-mediated endocytosis in suspended hepatocytes was studied in conjunction
      with ATP levels of the cells, which were decreased by the use of metabolic
      inhibitors. The receptor system studied was the asialo-glycoprotein receptor, and
      multiple aspects of the endocytic pathway were examined: binding of ligand,
      internalization, intracellular transport and proteolysis. Moderate concentrations
      of the inhibitors (e.g. 30 microM rotenone or 200 microM iodoacetamide) produced
      only a transient decline in the ATP levels of the cells. Two to four times higher
      concentrations reduced the ATP levels to about 1/10 of control cells. At low
      levels of ATP (less than 30% of controls) the uptake ceased completely after 10
      20 min. Moderate reductions brought about by rotenone reduced the uptake roughly
      in proportion to the ATP levels; iodoacetamide and sodium fluoride had little
      influence on the energy production by the cells, but the rate of asialo
      glycoprotein uptake was reduced to a small fraction of controls. The effect of
      rotenone on the rate of uptake was mainly due to a lower rate of internalization
      of occupied receptors; the half-time for internalization of surface-bound ligand
      was increased from 2.9 to 6.2 min in the presence of 42 microM rotenone. The
      binding capacity of the cell surface was also somewhat lower. There was no
      degradation of the asialo-glycoproteins which were taken up by cells treated with
      high concentrations of rotenone or iodoacetamide. This was shown to be due to a
      low rate of transport of the endocytosed protein into those endosomes (at density
      1.15 g/ml in a sucrose gradient) which were delivering their contents to the
      lysosomes; coincidentally, there was an accumulation of ligand in light endosomes
      (density 1.11 g/ml), in which the ligand appears immediately after endocytosis.

PMID- 2408623
TI  - A monoclonal antibody raised to rat liver cytochrome P-448 (form C) which
      recognises an epitope common to many other forms of cytochrome P-450.
AB  - A murine monoclonal antibody has been raised against a partially purified
      preparation of hepatic cytochrome P-448 (form c) from beta-naphthoflavone-treated
      rats. The monoclonal origin of the antibody was established by limiting dilution
      culture and isoelectricfocusing. The antibody has been designated 3/4/2. It
      reacts with apparently homogeneous cytochrome P-448 from rat liver in solid phase
      assay. It also cross reacts with a number of other cytochromes P-450, from rat
      and rabbit. In addition, a positive reaction was obtained with microsomal
      fractions from a variety of species, including man. None of the species tested
      was negative. The antibody does not react appreciably with purified haemoproteins
      other than cytochromes P-450. Antibody 3/4/2 is not inhibitory, either in
      reconstituted systems or with intact microsomal fraction. However, evidence was
      obtained that the antibody does cause some perturbation of the tertiary structure
      of the apoprotein at or near the haem.

PMID- 2408624
TI  - Mechanism of protection against "reperfusion injury" by aprotinin. Roles of
      polymorphonuclear leucocytes and oxygen radicals.
AB  - We have proposed that reperfusion injury results from the overproduction of
      reactive oxygen metabolites by PMN as a result of increased sensitivity to oxygen
      during the low oxygen phase. Aprotinin was demonstrated to inhibit this
      overproduction and also radical production evoked by chemotactic peptide, 50%
      inhibitions occurring in the range 5-20 microM. Over this range, no effect on
      cell viability was observed. This inhibitory effect may provide a scientific
      basis for the protective effect of aprotinin in reperfusion induced injury.

PMID- 2408625
TI  - [Changes in subunit conformation and their reciprocal configuration in the
      transition from the pretranslocated to the posttranslocated state].
AB  - RNA-protein contacts in pretranslocated and posttranslocated states of E. coli
      ribosomes have been determined by means of UV-induced cross-linking. In the two
      functional states as well as in free 70C ribosome, the same proteins are involved
      in RNA-protein intersubunit contacts, located in the region of L1 protuberance
      (left side of 70S ribosome). The transition from pre- to posttranslocated state
      is accompanied by disappearance of RNA-protein contacts in the region of L7/L12
      stalk. This favours the locking-unlocking model of the translating ribosome.

PMID- 2408626
TI  - [The role of sulfhydryl groups in the functioning of DNA-dependent RNA
      polymerase].
AB  - Sulfhydryl groups of Escherichia coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase were
      chemically modified with alkylating and mercuric-containing compounds. Iodoacetic
      acid and iodoacetamide were shown not to affect the enzymatic activity, whereas N
      ethylmaleimide and mercuric-containing compounds completely inhibit the RNA
      synthesis. RNA polymerase modified with mercuric ions looses the ability of
      binding with promoter--containing DNA fragments. Moreover, mercuric ions inhibit
      the RNA elongation stage. Suggestion is made the Cys residues of RNA polymerase
      play a key role in double-stranded DNA unwinding. It is shown that SH-groups of
      beta- and beta'-subunits participate in the binding with double-stranded
      fragments of DNA.

PMID- 2408627
TI  - [Antigenic bacterial polysaccharides. 13. The structure of the O-specific
      polysaccharide chain of the lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas cepacia strain
      IMV 4137].
AB  - On mild acid degradation of a lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas cepacia strain
      IMV 4137, a serologically active O-specific polysaccharide was obtained and shown
      to contain L-rhamnose and D-galactose. According to 1H- and 13C-NMR data as well
      as methylation analysis, the polysaccharide is made up of disaccharide repeating
      units of the following structure:----2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1----4)-alpha-D-Galp-(1---
      .

PMID- 2408628
TI  - [Theoretical conformation analysis of tetrasaccharide-repeated links of the
      Shigella flexneri O-antigenic polysaccharide].
AB  - Theoretical conformational analysis of four tetrasaccharide repeating units of
      the Shigella flexneri serogroup Y polysaccharide has been carried out.
      Interdependency of conformational states of neighbouring disaccharide units in
      the oligosaccharides has been investigated and conformational distribution of
      tetrasaccharides in solution calculated. Taking into account the entropy of
      oligosaccharide chains is shown to lead to significant correction of the results.

PMID- 2408629
TI  - Proteoglycan depletion, rather than fibrillation, determines the effects of
      salicylate and indomethacin on osteoarthritic cartilage.
AB  - The effects of salicylate and indomethacin on glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis
      by atrophic and osteoarthritic (OA) canine cartilage were examined in vitro by
      transecting distal femora at the metaphysis and incubating the knuckle, with its
      overlying cap of articular cartilage, in medium containing sodium salicylate or
      indomethacin, and 35SO4. Atrophic cartilage had an intact articular surface, but
      its uronic acid content averaged 65% of the control level, and GAG synthesis was
      decreased to 50% of control values. Both salicylate and indomethacin decreased
      net GAG synthesis in the atrophic cartilage by an additional 10%. OA cartilage
      showed surface disruption, a uronic acid content 49% of the control value, and a
      49% increase in net GAG synthesis. Salicylate and indomethacin profoundly
      decreased GAG synthesis in the OA cartilage. However, GAG synthesis and uronic
      acid content of cartilage which had been lacerated in vitro immediately prior to
      culture (to stimulate fibrillation) were normal and not affected by either drug.
      The data emphasize the importance of matrix proteoglycan content in protecting
      the chondrocyte from the suppressive effects of salicylate and indomethacin on
      GAG metabolism, and suggest that the lower proteoglycan content of OA cartilage
      may be more important than fibrillation in rendering it vulnerable to the
      metabolic effects of these drugs.

PMID- 2408630
TI  - Relationship between circulating interferon and anti-interferon antibodies and
      impaired natural killer cell activity in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Interferon (IFN) production and response are impaired in a high percentage of
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. In addition, elevated serum levels
      of alpha-IFN or anti-alpha-IFN antibodies are present in some SLE patients. This
      study examined the relationship of circulating IFN and anti-IFN antibodies to the
      impairment of natural killer (NK) cell function in SLE. All 15 SLE patients
      studied had measurable circulating alpha-IFN, while the normal controls had
      minimal serum IFN. Neither patient nor control sera contained any detectable anti
      alpha-IFN activity. However, most of the SLE patients demonstrated defects in NK
      cell function. Because these defects in NK cell function appeared to be
      associated with circulating IFN, but not anti-IFN, antibodies, the effect of
      prolonged in vitro IFN exposure on NK cell function of peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells was determined. It was found that prolonged exposure to IFN
      induced both an apparent defect in IFN response and a definite impairment of
      baseline NK cell function. These results suggest that prolonged elevation of
      circulating alpha-IFN levels could be responsible, in part, for the defects in
      natural cytotoxicity present in SLE.

PMID- 2408631
TI  - Immunoglobulins and complement components in human aortic atherosclerotic intima.
AB  - Concentration and preferential retention of immunoglobulins and complement
      components were studied in comparison with other plasma proteins in 42 human
      aortae with atherosclerosis. Saline and acid extracted IgG, IgA, IgM, C1q, C3c,
      C4, C9, C3A, C-reactive protein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin,
      albumin, transferrin and fibrinogen were quantitatively determined using the
      radial immunodiffusion. The fibrous plaques and their adjacent areas contained
      higher levels of each protein than intima with only fatty streaks. No significant
      differences were found between the fibrous plaques and their adjacent areas
      presenting intimal thickenings. Saline eluted IgG and IgA were significantly
      higher in the fibrous plaque intima than in intimal samples with fatty streaks
      and were the only proteins detected in the acid eluates. The complement
      components were present in all saline eluates, while C-reactive protein was found
      in 23 samples. Crossed immunoelectrophoretic studies showed the activation of
      saline C3 and C4. In 8 cases serum levels of the studied proteins were compared
      with their concentration in saline eluates obtained from intima and media. The
      immunoglobulins and complement components presented higher intima/serum and lower
      media/intima retention ratios than the other studied proteins suggesting their
      preferential retention in the intima. The presence of immune related proteins in
      the atherosclerotic intima and their preferential retention might be explained
      not only by an altered permeability but also in relation to their function.

PMID- 2408632
TI  - Molecular dynamics of ion transport through transmembrane model channels.

PMID- 2408633
TI  - Properties of reconstituted ion channels.

PMID- 2408634
TI  - [Virology of rotaviruses and the epidemiology of diarrhea caused by rotaviruses].

PMID- 2408635
TI  - Monoamine activity correlates with psychometric deficits in Korsakoff's disease.
AB  - Korsakoff's psychosis is associated with impairments of memory and perception but
      not global dementia. We have previously reported diminished concentrations of
      catecholamine metabolites in the CSF of patients with Korsakoff's psychosis. In
      this study, we compared CSF monoamine metabolite data with performance on
      psychometric tests for 26 patients with this disease. We report that patients
      with more severe neurobehavioral deficits have lower concentrations of monoamine
      metabolites. Our data also provide evidence that diminished brain noradrenergic
      and dopaminergic activities are related to impairments on different psychometric
      tasks.

PMID- 2408636
TI  - Differential turnover of tRNAs of the queuosine family in Dictyostelium
      discoideum and its possible role in regulation.
AB  - In its natural environment the protist Dictyostelium discoideum grows on bacteria
      and queuosine-containing tRNAs of the bacteria serve as source of the nutrient
      factor queuine. This deazaguanine derivative is inserted into tRNAAsp, tRNAAsn,
      tRNAHis and tRNATyr of the amoebae. The axenic strain AX-2 of D. discoideum grows
      equally well in a defined medium with or without exogenous queuine. When queuine
      is omitted, changes occur in lactate levels, lactate dehydrogenase patterns and
      cytochromes and the amoebae cannot differentiate after a metabolic stress. In
      this report we show that growing cells contain two-fold higher levels of tRNAAsp
      and tRNATyr when sufficiently supplied with queuine, than those lacking queuine.
      In tRNAAsp a new, as yet unidentified, derivative of queuine has been discovered.
      When RNA synthesis is totally inhibited by actinomycin, tRNAAsp and tRNATyr
      remain stable in queuine-containing, but not in queuine-lacking cells. In
      contrast, tRNAAsn and tRNAHis become partially degraded in both conditions. We
      suggest that free queuine can be obtained from endogeneous tRNA and that
      differential salvage of queuine by tRNAs of the Q-family plays a role in the
      regulation of genes encoding components of redox chains.

PMID- 2408637
TI  - Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors derived by limited proteolysis of the inter
      alpha-trypsin inhibitor, X. The amino-acid sequences of the trypsin-released
      inhibitors from horse and pig inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitors.
AB  - The amino-acid sequences of the acid-resistant inhibitors released from horse and
      pig inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (ITI) by tryptic proteolysis were determined.
      They are composed of two covalently linked Kunitz-type domains. In both cases the
      reactive site of their C-terminal antitryptic domains is occupied by arginine as
      in the homologous human and bovine inhibitors. The reactive site of their N
      terminal domain exhibits only a weak interaction with polymorphonuclear
      granulocytic elastase and is occupied by leucine as in the strong elastase
      inhibitor released from bovine ITI. The differences between inhibitory activities
      of the ITI-derived inhibitors from horse, pig, and cattle are discussed on the
      basis of sequence differences in position P'2.

PMID- 2408638
TI  - Human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor: localization of the Kunitz-type domains in
      the N-terminal part of the molecule and their release by a trypsin-like
      proteinase.
AB  - The N-terminal amino-acid sequence of human ITI has been found to be identical
      with that of the acid-stable human 30-kDa inhibitors (HI-30) from urine, serum,
      and those released from inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor by trypsin or chymotrypsin.
      Serum HI-30 and HI-30 released by trypsin differ from the urinary inhibitor by an
      additional C-terminal arginine residue. Compared to these two inhibitors the
      inhibitor released by chymotryptic proteolysis is elongated C-terminally by an
      additional phenylalanine residue. These results strongly favour HI-30 as the N
      terminus of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and its release from this inhibitor
      in vivo by cleavage of the Arg123-Phe124 peptide bond by trypsin-like
      proteinases.

PMID- 2408639
TI  - On the state of calcium ions in isolated rat liver mitochondria IV. Prevention of
      phosphate-induced mitochondrial destruction by ruthenium red-insensitive calcium
      release.
AB  - Ruthenium red prevented the spontaneous calcium release and the accompanying
      mitochondrial destruction occurring in calcium-loaded mitochondria in the
      presence of phosphate. Under these conditions delta pH and membrane potential
      delta psi were preserved and the ruthenium red-induced calcium efflux was low and
      at a constant rate. On prolonged incubation with calcium prior to addition of
      ruthenium red increasingly more mitochondrial calcium developed into a pool
      rapidly dischargeable by ruthenium red. This development was accompanied by
      stimulation of respiration which was, however, not abolished by ruthenium red as
      could have been expected if it had been caused by calcium cycling. Calcium
      therefore altered mitochondria by a different mechanism than by cycling across
      the inner membrane.

PMID- 2408640
TI  - [Role of receptor- and calmodulin-dependent processes in the regulation of
      cellular activity and in the development of cardiovascular pathology].

PMID- 2408641
TI  - [NMR imaging of an infant's brain: II. Psychomotor retardation].

PMID- 2408642
TI  - [Recent advances in research on substance P and related neuropeptides].

PMID- 2408643
TI  - [Localization of lesions in aphasia--clinical-CT scan correlations (Part III):
      Paraphasia and meaningless speech].
AB  - According to the result of the visual naming task of 100 realistic pictures, 51
      cases were selected from 450 cases with various types of aphasia and divided into
      two groups, namely, meaningless speech group and paraphasic group. Subsequently,
      on the basis of the quantitative and qualitative valuation of the spontaneous
      speech and the naming task, the two groups were subdivided with meaningless
      speech group being recurring utterance (RU group), undifferentiated jargon (UJ
      group), asemantic jargon (AJ group) and paraphasic group being literal paraphasia
      (LP group), verbal paraphasia (VP group). Using a microcomputer, the locus and
      extent of the lesions, as demonstrated by computed tomography for each group were
      superimposed onto standardized matrices. The relationship between the focus and
      the extent of the lesions and the various groups was investigated. RU group (n =
      8): The size of the lesions of this group was very large and almost all patients
      had extensive lesions involving frontal-temporal-parietal lobes. There was marked
      concentration of the lesions in the area of the insula, lenticular nucleus and
      the deep structures of the frontal lobe. UJ group (n = 9): In general, the size
      of the lesions was large and highly involved lesions were located in the
      lenticular nucleus and operculum as well as the superior and middle temporal gyri
      and the supramarginal gyrus. Because of the large variability in lesion patterns,
      it has proved to have little localizing value. AJ group (n = 11): The size of the
      lesions was significantly smaller than any other group. At least 80% of the
      patients had the superior temporal lesions involving Wernick's area and
      subcortical lesions of the supramarginal gyrus. LP group (n = 8): The lesions
      were relatively large in size. While there was some concentration of the lesions
      in the area of the lenticular nucleus, posterior parts of the insula and anterior
      temporal gyrus, it was difficult to localize in a definite region. VP group (n =
      15): The lesions of this group were a little smaller and located slightly deeper
      than those of the LP group. The finding has proved to have little localizing
      value.

PMID- 2408644
TI  - Atracurium: clinical strategies for preventing histamine release and attenuating
      the haemodynamic response.
AB  - This study was designed to determine the effects of a rapid bolus dose of
      atracurium 0.6 mg kg-1 on arterial pressure, heart rate and plasma histamine
      concentration (n = 9), and to compare these values with those obtained by (a)
      giving the same dose of atracurium slowly (over 75 s) (n = 9), or (b) pre
      treating with H1- and H2- antagonists (n = 9). The rapid (5-s) bolus dose of
      atracurium i.v. resulted in a significant increase in plasma histamine
      concentration (P less than 0.05) and was associated with a decrease in mean
      arterial pressure and an increase in heart rate. Administering the same dose of
      atracurium slowly (over 75 s) prevented the increase in plasma histamine
      concentration, and abolished the subsequent haemodynamic response. Pretreatment
      with cimetidine 4 mg kg-1 i.v. and chlorpheniramine 0.1 mg kg-1 i.v. abolished
      the haemodynamic response despite a moderate increase in histamine concentration
      (0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05).

PMID- 2408646
TI  - Ranitidine does not potentiate mediator release from human lung in vitro.

PMID- 2408645
TI  - Inhibition of histamine release from dispersed human lung and tonsillar mast
      cells by nicardipine and nifedipine.
AB  - Calcium entry blocking drugs attenuate antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in
      asthma which is mast cell mediated. We have investigated the effects of two
      calcium uptake blockers, nicardipine and nifedipine on histamine secretion from
      human mast cells dispersed from lung and tonsillar tissue. Mast cells were
      activated for secretion with anti-human IgE or calcium ionophore, A23187.
      Nicardipine and nifedipine caused a concentration-related inhibition of IgE
      dependent histamine release from both lung (IC30 10 microM and 4.4 microM) and
      tonsillar (IC30 21 microM and 47 microM) mast cells. Nicardipine and nifedipine
      also inhibited mast cell histamine release induced by A23187 with IC30 values of
      14 microM and 67 microM for lung and 15 microM and 30 microM for tonsillar mast
      cells. In the absence of drugs, increasing the extracellular calcium
      concentrations from 0.2 to 5 mM caused a concentration related increase in IgE
      dependent histamine release from tonsillar mast cells. Both nicardipine and
      nifedipine (50 microM) displaced the concentration-effect curve to the right.
      Nicardipine (0.01-100 microM) caused a concentration related inhibition of rat
      kidney histamine methyltransferase activity used in the radioenzymatic assay of
      histamine (ki of 7.5-12 microM) whereas nifedipine was only a weak inhibitor.
      Nicardipine also interfered with the spectrofluorimetric assay after exposure to
      ultraviolet light. These observations demonstrate that nicardipine and nifedipine
      inhibit IgE-dependent and ionophore stimulated mediator secretion from human mast
      cells. The lack of stimulus-related specificity and the high drug concentrations
      required suggest that classical calcium channel blockade is not responsible for
      inhibition of mast cell mediator release. Furthermore, we suggest that inhibition
      of mast cell mediator release is unlikely to be the mechanism by which these
      drugs alleviate asthma.

PMID- 2408647
TI  - The uptake of alpha-foetoprotein by C-1300 mouse neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - Recent immunocytochemical and biochemical studies have shown the intracellular
      uptake of alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) by most neural crest and neural tube
      derivatives of developing mammals and birds. The neural crest origin of
      neuroblastomas has been known for a long time. While many mouse neuroblastoma
      cell lines can express several neuronal properties, other lines lack specialized
      neural functions and may re-express embryonal or foetal antigens, suggesting some
      reversion towards an earlier stage of differentiation. We have therefore tested
      the C-1300 Jackson mouse neuroblastoma cell line for its ability to incorporate
      AFP. The results obtained confirm the significant internalization of protein by
      these cells, both in vitro and in vivo. External photoscans of mice bearing
      tumours after injection with [131I]-AFP have proven the usefulness of the protein
      as a radiotracer for neuroblastoma localization.

PMID- 2408648
TI  - An immunohistological study of HLA antigen expression by gestational
      choriocarcinoma.
AB  - Two cases of gestational choriocarcinoma have been examined for the expression of
      HLA and trophoblast antigens using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique on
      frozen tissue sections. Approximately 40-70% of tumour cells express MHC Class I
      antigen as detected by a panel of antibodies to monomorphic, or framework, MHC
      Class I antigenic determinants. Evidence in one case suggests that most of these
      cells may not express the paternal, polymorphic HLA antigenic determinants but
      that a small subpopulation do carry the fully antigenically active molecule.
      These latter may give rise to patient anti-paternal HLA antibodies. Class II (HLA
      DR or DC) antigens are expressed by none, or very few, tumour cells.

PMID- 2408649
TI  - A comparison of retinol binding in human hyperplastic and malignant prostate.

PMID- 2408650
TI  - Modifications of host defence mechanisms by an acute non-immunological
      inflammatory reaction.
AB  - Mice developing an acute non-immunological inflammatory reaction were examined
      for modification of specific and non-specific defence mechanisms on the basis of
      previous observations that these animals displayed an increased resistance to
      bacterial and parasitic infections but an impaired resistance to neoplasia. Local
      acute inflammation was induced by injection into the pleural cavity of a non
      antigenic, endotoxin-free irritant--calcium pyrophosphate microcrystals or low
      molecular-weight dextran. Effector functions of macrophages at remote sites from
      the inflammatory focus were markedly stimulated. This was shown by: (a) an
      accelerated elimination of Listeria monocytogenes in the liver and spleen of mice
      with inflammation; (b) the acquisition of cytostatic activity for tumour cells by
      peritoneal macrophages; and (c) an enhancement of chemiluminescence emission and
      superoxide production in response to phagocytosis. Natural killer activity of
      spleen and peritoneal cells was stimulated in a biphasic manner. In contrast,
      cytolytic T cell differentiation upon in vitro immunization of spleen cells
      against allogeneic tumour cells was impaired. All these effects were observed
      very early (2 h) after the onset of inflammation and were still detectable at
      least 3 days after the inflammatory process had disappeared.

PMID- 2408651
TI  - Effects of mononuclear phagocyte system modulating agents on Fc and C3 receptors
      of adherent cells.
AB  - Agents which modulate the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) were examined for
      their effects on Fc and C3 receptors of adherent cells (A-cells) as judged by
      rosette formation. Dextran sulphate, carrageenan, and immune complexes, known as
      MPS suppressants, reduced the percentage of receptor-positive A-cells, while
      levamisole, known as a MPS-activator, increased the percentage in vitro. The
      changes in the percentage of Fc receptor were parallel to those of the C3
      receptor in vitro. The effects of these agents were also examined in vivo.

PMID- 2408652
TI  - Non-enzymatic glycosylation of keratin from the stratum corneum of the diabetic
      foot.
AB  - Non-enzymatic glycosylation of keratin from the stratum corneum of the sole of
      the foot was measured by the thiobarbituric acid technique in thirty diabetic and
      thirty control subjects. A significant increase in the level of glycosylation was
      demonstrated in the diabetic subjects (P less than 0.001). HbA1 levels were
      measured in a further eighteen subjects at the same time as keratin was removed,
      and in this group a significant association between non-enzymatic glycosylation
      of that protein and diabetic control was demonstrated (P less than 0.01). In
      vitro incubation of keratin in the presence of free glucose produced increased
      non-enzymatic glycosylation (P less than 0.01) and this effect was blocked by
      incubation in the presence of increasing concentrations of aspirin (P less than
      0.01). Measurement of non-enzymatic glycosylation of keratin in a further group
      of twenty diabetics with neuropathic ulceration showed a significant increase in
      levels when compared with a group of diabetics without ulcers (P less than 0.05).
      As keratin is the principle structural protein of the stratum corneum of the sole
      of the foot, it is possible that changes in this protein associated with non
      enzymatic glycosylation may contribute to abnormalities seen in the skin of the
      feet of diabetics.

PMID- 2408653
TI  - Platelet hyperaggregability occurring during prolonged continuous intravenous
      infusions of prostacyclin analogue ZK 36374.
AB  - We describe two patients suffering from vascular problems refractory to
      conventional treatment, who received prolonged continuous infusion of ZK 36374, a
      stable prostacyclin analogue. During the infusion, the patients' platelets became
      progressively refractory to the in vitro inhibitory action of exogenous ZK 36374.
      During the early stages of the infusions, platelet aggregability studied ex vivo
      was inhibited, but this effect too diminished progressively as the infusions
      continued. The platelets of one patient become spontaneously aggregable and
      hyperaggregable to standard agonists during the last 2 d of his 9 d infusion.
      This effect was not seen during an initial 10 d infusion in our second patient,
      who was concurrently receiving indomethacin, a reversible cyclo-oxygenase
      inhibitor. However, such hyperaggregability became evident in the platelets of
      this patient during a second, shorter continuous infusion after cessation of the
      indomethacin. The hyperaggregability was accompanied in each case by a
      significant rise in serum thromboxane B2 levels.

PMID- 2408654
TI  - A sensitive cytochemical staining method for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
      activity in individual erythrocytes. II. Further improvements of the staining
      procedure and some observations with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
      deficiency.
AB  - A cytochemical method for staining glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
      activity in individual erythrocytes as reported previously has been optimized
      further by the incorporation of a number of technical improvements. Analysis of
      the enzyme content in erythrocytes of normal individuals as well as patients
      suffering from G6PD deficiency in the homozygous and heterozygous forms allows
      these three categories to be easily distinguished. Considerable formazan
      production occurs in most erythrocytes of a healthy person and only a small
      percentage of the cells appeared to be negative. Two cell populations of almost
      equal size could be discerned in heterozygotes for G6PD deficiency, one
      completely negative, the other with a variable amount of formazan per cell.
      Homozygous deficiency leads to a population of negative cells with a few positive
      ones after staining. It is concluded that a reliable method has been found for
      analysis of G6PD deficiency in erythrocytes at the single cell level.

PMID- 2408656
TI  - A genetic marker for elevated levels of haemoglobin F in homozygous sickle cell
      disease?
AB  - Ten patients with sickle cell (SS) disease from a Jamaican family were found to
      have unusually high levels of haemoglobin F for this population. Each of them has
      inherited one sickle cell gene on a chromosome characterized by an arrangement of
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms (haplotype) which is very rare in the
      Jamaican population. Genetic analysis of the family suggests that there is a
      determinant linked to the beta-globin gene cluster, characterized by this
      haplotype, which is responsible for increased haemoglobin F production in
      response to anaemia. Interestingly this particular haplotype appears to be common
      in patients with SS disease in eastern Saudi Arabia in whom a high level of
      haemoglobin F is the rule rather than the exception. Hence it is possible that
      this haplotype (++-++) acts as a genetic marker for elevated levels of
      haemoglobin F in sickle cell disease.

PMID- 2408655
TI  - Non-benign sickle cell anaemia in western Saudi Arabia.
AB  - Seventy-one Saudi and Yemeni Arabs with sickle cell anaemia from western Saudi
      Arabia aged between 1 1/2 and 42 years were studied. The mean steady state
      haemoglobin concentration of 8.1 g/dl was lower than that of 10.7 g/dl reported
      previously for sickle cell anaemia in eastern Saudi Arabia. The patients were
      divided into an SSLF group with fetal haemoglobin (HbF) of 10.0% or below (44
      patients) and an SSHF group having HbF above 10.0% (27 patients). No significant
      differences were found in the haemoglobin concentrations, haematological indices
      and incidences of bone changes of the two groups. SSLF patients were
      significantly more prone to infections (P less than 0.01), however. Also, there
      was an overall high incidence of hepatomegaly (69.0%) and splenomegaly (54.9%)
      and hepatomegaly was significantly more common in the SSLF group (P less than
      0.02). Many of the patients, even with HbF levels over 10.0%, did not follow a
      benign course and suffered from severe anaemia, infections of the respiratory and
      urinary tracts, bone pains and infarcts, or bossing of the skull. Rarer
      complications included hepatic crisis, chest syndrome, retinal haemorrhage,
      epistaxis and hemiplegia. It is therefore apparent that Saudi Arabian sickle cell
      anaemia, even in patients with raised haemoglobin F levels, may be as clinically
      severe as in African patients.

PMID- 2408657
TI  - ADCC lysis of human erythrocytes sensitized with rhesus alloantibodies. IV.
      Characterization of anti-D sera which are inactive in ADCC.
AB  - Certain anti-D sera, selected on the basis of their agglutination characteristics
      in vitro, fail to induce lysis of Rh(D) positive red cells by lymphocyte mediated
      antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Further investigation
      revealed that the non-lytic anti-D blocked in an antigen specific manner the
      effect of other anti-D sera which were normally lytic in ADCC. Absorption
      selection studies and fractionation of a non-lytic anti-D serum showed that the
      blocking effect was associated with IgG anti-D. Antigen binding and lymphocyte Fc
      receptor binding studies indicated that the non-lytic anti-D was bound to Rh(D)
      positive red cells and enabled them to be bound by lymphocytes, but failed to
      mediate ADCC.

PMID- 2408658
TI  - Suppressor cell function after intravenous gammaglobulin treatment in adult
      chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - Intravenous gammaglobulin (IVIgG) was given to seven adults with chronic
      idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). In parallel with platelet count, we
      studied Con A induced suppressor cell function for the autologous in vitro B cell
      response, T cell subsets and PAIgG levels, immediately before and 3-4 d after
      completion of treatment. Before treatment all patients had normal T cell subsets,
      decreased T suppressor cell function and increased levels of PAIgG. After IVIgG
      infusions, two patients were unresponsive and neither suppressor cell function
      nor PAIgG levels varied. In contrast, in the five responding patients we found an
      improvement in suppressor cell function and a decrease in PAIgG levels, while T
      cell subsets remained unmodified. Such results were reproducible in three
      patients after a second series of gammaglobulin infusions. Our results support
      the hypothesis that IVIgG infusion, apart from its effects on the
      reticuloendothelial system, may modulate the immune response by enhancing
      suppressor T cell function.

PMID- 2408659
TI  - Retinal pigment epithelial detachments in the elderly: classification and
      outcome.
AB  - Sixty-four eyes of 57 elderly patients with pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs)
      were studied with the aim of describing their morphological features and
      identifying prognostic factors. They were classified into four groups according
      to the following characteristics: early fluorescence, late fluorescence, shallow
      detachment with limited fluorescence ('drusen type'), irregular fluorescence. The
      following conclusions were drawn: 30% developed demonstrable subretinal new
      vessels; all groups except the drusen type were susceptible, the irregular group
      being particularly prone. 10% developed retinal pigment epithelial tears, and
      these occurred almost exclusively in the slow fluorescent group. Flattening of
      PEDs was a feature of drusen type and early fluorescent groups. Most patients
      lost vision. RPE tears occurred within a few months of presentation with
      immediate loss of vision; likewise rapid loss of vision followed the development
      of demonstrable new vessels, though not necessarily in those with changes thought
      to imply the presence of new vessels. Flattening after prolonged detachment was
      associated with pigment epithelial atrophy and invariable loss of vision. Visual
      acuity was maintained consistently only in those eyes with persistent detachment.

PMID- 2408660
TI  - Natural history of peripheral neovascularisation in diabetic retinopathy.
AB  - A study of 62 untreated eyes of 54 diabetic patients with peripheral
      neovascularisation is reported. The study shows that neovascularisation rarely
      remains confined to one sector of the retina; 18% of eyes had developed disc new
      vessels within one year, 27% had a vitreous haemorrhage within five years, and
      10% developed either macular traction or a retinal detachment.

PMID- 2408661
TI  - Odontogenic keratocyst of the maxilla: a case report.
AB  - Remnants of odontogenic epithelium persist in oral tissues after odontogenesis is
      complete, and from these remnants a variety of tumours and cysts can arise.
      Squamous metaplasia can occur in this epithelium which in turn may produce
      keratin. Although keratin production is a feature of many odontogenic cysts, a
      specific entity, the odontogenic keratocyst has been defined. The term was first
      introduced by Philipsen in 1956 and has been used synonymously with that of the
      primordial cyst. Its capacity for aggressive growth and recurrence even after
      many years makes it of special interest. In this case report these behavioural
      characteristics are well demonstrated. The long natural history of the condition
      in this case and its site and size involved oral, ophthalmic and ultimately
      otolaryngologic surgeons.

PMID- 2408662
TI  - A pigmented odontogenic keratocyst.
AB  - A pigmented odontogenic keratocyst arising in a white Caucasian female is
      reported. Melanocytes in the basal cell layer were identified by light and
      electron microscopy.

PMID- 2408663
TI  - Primary structure of papain-solubilized human histocompatibility antigen HLA-B27.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of papain-solubilized HLA-B27, an antigen that
      presents a very strong association to the development of ankylosing spondylitis,
      has been determined. The overall sequence homology with the cross-reactive
      allelic products HLA-B7 and HLA-B40 (Bw60) is 93% and 92%, respectively. Half of
      the differences between HLA-B27 and -B7 are located in segments 63-83 and 113
      116. Most of the known HLA class I antigens are different in these segments, and
      it is suggested that the corresponding residues may be involved in the
      alloantigenic determinants of HLA-B27. A free cysteine residue is present at
      position 67, and it is at least partially exposed to solvent. In addition, other
      differences are found in various areas of the two N-terminal domains. The
      comparison with available HLA class I sequences allows an evaluation of their
      contribution to the antigenic polymorphism of these molecules. The relevance of
      these data is discussed in connection with the mapping of functional sites of HLA
      class I antigens and with the association between HLA-B27 and ankylosing
      spondylitis.

PMID- 2408664
TI  - Interactions between core histones and chromatin at physiological ionic strength.
AB  - Addition of core histones to chromatin or chromatin core particles at
      physiological ionic strength results in soluble nucleohistone complexes when
      polyglutamic acid is included in the sample. The interaction between nucleosomes
      and added core histones is strong enough to inhibit nucleosome formation on a
      closed circular DNA in the same solution. Complexes consisting of core particles
      and core histones run as discrete nucleoprotein particles on polyacrylamide gels.
      Consistent with the electrophoretic properties of these particles, protein cross
      linking with dimethyl suberimidate indicates that added core histones are bound
      as excess octamers. Histones in the excess octamers do not exchange with
      nucleosomal core histones at an ionic strength of 0.1 M and can be selectively
      removed from core particles by incubating the complexes in a solution containing
      sufficient DNA. Under conditions where added histones are confined to the surface
      of chromatin, the excess histones are mobile and can migrate onto a contiguous
      extension of naked DNA and form nucleosomes.

PMID- 2408665
TI  - delta-mu H-buffering by Na+ and K+ gradients in bacteria. Model and experimental
      systems.

PMID- 2408666
TI  - Red cell membrane sialoglycoprotein beta in homozygous and heterozygous 4.1(-)
      hereditary elliptocytosis.
AB  - Sialoglycoprotein beta, a minor sialoglycoprotein of the red cell membrane, was
      studied in homozygous and heterozygous 4.1(-) hereditary elliptocytosis, a
      variety of hereditary elliptocytosis characterized by total or partial absence of
      protein 4.1. Erythrocytes were treated with the periodic acid-NaB3H4 procedure.
      Following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS, labelled
      sialoglycoproteins were revealed by fluorography. (i) In the ghosts from the 4.1(
      ) homozygote, sialoglycoprotein beta was sharply decreased. It is not sure
      whether the residual material is sialoglycoprotein beta itself, or a distinct
      sialoglycoprotein migrating in the same place. In long exposure fluorograms,
      sialoglycoprotein gamma (a sialoglycoprotein related to sialoglycoprotein beta)
      also turned out to be reduced. In the homozygote's Triton-shells,
      sialoglycoprotein beta and gamma appeared completely absent. (ii) In the 4.1(-)
      heterozygote, sialoglycoprotein beta appeared slightly reduced, whereas
      sialoglycoprotein gamma appeared normal. Both of these proteins were extracted in
      seemingly normal amounts in the Triton-shells. These observations bring further
      support to the view that there is an interaction between skeletal membrane
      protein 4.1 and sialoglycoprotein beta, that is additional to other interactions
      between the former protein and the lipid bilayer and/or other transmembrane
      proteins.

PMID- 2408667
TI  - Inhibitors of Ca2+ release from the isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum. I. Ca2+
      channel blockers.
AB  - The effects of Ruthenium red and tetracaine, which inhibit Ca2+-induced Ca2+
      release from the isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum (e.g., Ohnishi, S.T. (1979) J.
      Biochem. (Tokyo) 86, 1147-1150), on several types of Ca2+ release in vitro were
      investigated. Ca2+ release was triggered by several methods: (1) addition of
      quercetin or caffeine, (2) Ca2+ jump, and (3) replacement of potassium gluconate
      with choline chloride to produce membrane depolarization. The time-course of Ca2+
      release was monitored using stopped-flow spectrophotometry and arsenazo III as a
      Ca2+ indicator. Ruthenium red inhibited all of these types of Ca2+ release with
      the same concentration for half-inhibition C1/2 = 0.08-0.10 microM. Similarly,
      tetracaine inhibited these types of Ca2+ release with C1/2 = 0.07-0.11 mM.
      Procaine also inhibits both types of Ca2+ release induced by method 2 and 3 with
      C1/2 = 0.67-1.00 mM. These results suggest that Ruthenium red, tetracaine and
      procaine interfere with a common mechanism of the different types of Ca2+
      release. On the basis of several pieces of evidence we propose that Ruthenium red
      and tetracaine block the Ca2+ channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 2408668
TI  - Interaction of myelin basic protein and polylysine with synthetic species of
      cerebroside sulfate.
AB  - The effect of myelin basic protein on the myelin lipid cerebroside sulfate was
      studied by differential scanning calorimetry and use of the fatty acid spin
      label, 16-S-SL, in order to determine (i) the effect of basic protein on the
      metastable phase behavior experienced by this lipid, and (ii) to determine if
      basic protein perturbs the lipid packing as it does with some acidic
      phospholipids. The effects of basic protein on the thermodynamic parameters of
      the lipid phase transition were compared with those of polylysine which has an
      ordering effect on acidic phospholipids as a result of its electrostatic
      interactions with the lipid head groups. Different synthetic species of
      cerebroside sulfate of varying fatty acid chain length and with and without a
      hydroxy fatty acid were used. The non-hydroxy fatty acid forms of cerebroside
      sulfate undergo a transition from a metastable to a more ordered stable state
      while the hydroxy fatty acid forms remain in the metastable state at the cation
      concentration used in this study (0.01 M Na+ or K+). The non-hydroxy fatty acid
      forms were still able to go into a stable state in the presence of both basic
      protein and polylysine. At low concentrations, basic protein increased the rate
      of the transition to the stable state, while polylysine decreased it for the
      longest chain length form studied. However, at high concentrations, basic protein
      probably prevented formation of the stable state. The hydroxy fatty acid forms
      did not go into the stable state in the presence of basic protein and polylysine.
      It is argued that the increased rate of formation of the stable state in the
      presence of basic protein and decreased rate in the presence of polylysine are
      consistent with interdigitation of the lipid acyl chains in the stable state.
      Basic protein also had a small perturbing effect on the lipid. It decreased the
      total enthalpy of the lipid phase transition. When added to the non-hydroxy fatty
      acid forms it increased the temperature of the liquid crystalline to metastable
      phase transition and decreased the temperature of the stable to liquid
      crystalline phase transition. It significantly decreased the transition
      temperature of the hydroxy fatty acid forms but only a portion of the lipid was
      affected. In contrast, polylysine increased the transition temperature of the
      metastable and stable states of all forms of cerebroside sulfate but had a
      greater effect on the non-hydroxy fatty acids forms than on the hydroxy fatty
      acid forms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2408669
TI  - Characteristics of adenosine binding sites in atrial sarcolemmal membranes.
AB  - The studies reported here involve an exploration of the sites on atrial myocyte
      membranes with which adenosine interacts to produce its potent physiological
      effects in atrial muscle. Specific, high affinity binding of the stable adenosine
      analogs 2-chloro[3H]adenosine (2-ClAdo) and [3H]adenosine 5'-N-ethylcarboxamide
      (NECA) to atrial sarcolemmal membranes was measured in kinetic and equilibrium
      studies at 4 degrees C and 35 degrees C. Analysis of the [3H]2-ClAdo binding
      isotherm indicated the presence of two classes of binding site with equilibrium
      Kassoc values estimated to be 5.7 X 10(7) M-1 and 2.7 X 10(6) M-1. Displacement
      of bound [3H]2-ClAdo by adenosine 5'-N-cyclopropylcarboxamide (NCPCA) and by
      several N6-substituted adenosine analogs confirmed the presence of two classes of
      binding site. Analysis of the [3H]NECA binding also revealed the presence of two
      types of binding site for this ligand. The methylxanthines isobutylmethylxanthine
      and theophylline displaced bound [3H]2-ClAdo whereas adenosine uptake inhibitors
      and several other purines showed little activity. These atrial membrane binding
      sites exhibit many of the characteristics of the physiological adenosine
      receptors studied in intact atria. Furthermore, the [3H]2-ClAdo binding sites
      were sensitive to treatment with proteolytic enzymes, suggesting that these sites
      exist on sarcolemmal membrane proteins.

PMID- 2408670
TI  - Plasma membrane potential of neutrophils generated by the Na+ pump.
AB  - The plasma membrane potential of human neutrophils was monitored using the
      anionic dye oxonol-V. The cells maintain a potential of -75 +/- 17 mV when
      suspended in physiological saline solutions. The cells are scarcely depolarized
      by extracellular K+ and the depolarization induced by the chemotactic peptide
      fMet-Leu-Phe is of similar magnitude for cells suspended in 5 or 155 mM K+.
      Neutrophils are, however, depolarized by suspension in K+-free media or after
      treatment with ouabain. Neutrophils catalyse Na+-H+ exchange and possess other
      electroneutral ion transport systems. We propose that the neutrophil membrane
      potential is generated by an electrogenic Na+ pump, that osmotic stability is
      achieved by electroneutral ion transport systems and that electrical stability is
      maintained by anion leakage. Similar mechanisms may also operate in other
      biological membranes.

PMID- 2408671
TI  - Lipids of mitochondria.

PMID- 2408672
TI  - Differential inhibition of DNA and RNA biosynthesis in HeLa S3 cells by tetaine,
      a dipeptide antibiotic.
AB  - A dipeptide antibiotic, tetaine, was found to diminish the rate of incorporation
      of 3H-labelled precursors into nucleic acids of intact and permeabilized HeLa S3
      cells with concomitant negligible effect on protein synthesis. Comparison of the
      inhibitory effects of tetaine indicates that the antibiotic at 0.03-0.1 mM is a
      selective inhibitor of cellular DNA biosynthesis and, at higher concentration, of
      DNA and RNA biosynthesis. Tetaine is also an inhibitor of DNA and RNA polymerase
      reactions in a cell-free system, as determined using partially purified extracts
      from HeLa S3 cells that served as a source of the enzymes. The pretreatment
      experiments showed that tetaine inactivated the polymerases without affecting DNA
      template function. The tetaine effect on biosynthesis of nucleic acids in HeLa S3
      cells can be attributed rather to the intact antibiotic than to the product of
      its enzymatic cleavage, anticapsin.

PMID- 2408673
TI  - The prostacyclin analogue iloprost and prostaglandin E1 suppress sterol synthesis
      in freshly isolated human mononuclear leukocytes.
AB  - The effects of the stable prostacyclin analogue iloprost, prostaglandin E1 and
      prostaglandin F2 alpha on sterol synthesis were investigated in freshly isolated
      human mononuclear leukocytes. Incubation of cells for 6 h in a medium containing
      lipid-depleted serum led to a 3-fold rise in the rate of sterol synthesis from
      [14C]acetate or tritiated water. Iloprost and prostaglandin E1 added in
      increasing concentrations at zero time resulted in an inhibition of the synthesis
      of sterols, the suppression being 50 and 55% at a concentration of 1 mumol/1,
      respectively. Both prostaglandins yielded a sigmoidal log dose-effect curve. In
      contrast, prostaglandin F2 alpha had no influence on sterol synthesis up to a
      concentration of 1 mumol/1. The action of the prostacyclin analogue and
      prostaglandin E1 on the relative rate of sterol synthesis was not immediate,
      since the prostaglandins had no effect when given at 6 h to the incubation
      medium, and the incorporation of [14C]acetate into sterols was measured
      thereafter. The results suggest that prostacyclin and prostaglandin E1 affect
      cholesterol synthesis and therefore may play a role in the regulation of cellular
      cholesterol homeostasis and in the development of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2408674
TI  - Apolipoprotein A-I from normal human plasma: definition of three distinct
      antigenic determinants.
AB  - We have prepared, selected and cloned four mouse hybridomas that secreted
      monoclonal antibodies against human plasma apolipoprotein A-I. These antibodies
      are all of the IgG-I subclass, and were named anti-A-I 6B8, 5G6, 3D4 and 5A6. We
      characterized the specificity of the antibodies, finding that all four of them
      reacted similarly, and with only the major proteins having the molecular weight
      and isoelectric focusing characteristics of apolipoprotein A-I. The antibodies
      reacted with all known charge-polymorphs of apolipoprotein A-I and pro
      apolipoprotein A-I. Thus, the polymorphs of apolipoprotein A-I are alike in that
      they all contain the antigenic sites of these four antibodies. In a solid-phase,
      antibody competition radioimmunoassay we found inhibition or enhancement of
      antibody binding to apolipoprotein A-I, according to the pair of antibodies
      tested. Antibodies 6B8, 5G6 and 3D4 were different from one another and reacted
      with different antigenic determinants, but 5A6 was similar to 3D4 and reacted at
      the same site. We compared the reactions of the four antibodies with CNBr-cleaved
      fragments of apolipoprotein A-I separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
      We found three different patterns of reaction with the apolipoprotein A-I
      fragments; 6B8, 5G6 and 3D4 were different, but 5A6 resembled 3D4. Thus, the four
      antibodies reacted with at least three different antigenic sites in
      apolipoprotein A-I, which were present in different CNBr fragments of
      apolipoprotein A-I, but not on fragment 4 which forms the carboxy-terminal
      segment.

PMID- 2408675
TI  - Tangier disease apolipoprotein A-I compared with normal plasma A-I using
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The molecular defect in Tangier disease is unknown. We have compared the
      electrophoretic and immunoreactive properties of Tangier disease and normal
      apolipoprotein A-I using four monoclonal antibodies. We verified that the
      molecular weight, pI and CNBr-cleaved fragments of Tangier disease and normal
      apolipoprotein A-I were not different, excluding the possibility that dimers,
      aggregates or fragments of apolipoprotein A-I could be responsible for its rapid
      catabolism in this disease.

PMID- 2408676
TI  - Association of alpha 2-macroglobulin-thrombin and alpha 2-macroglobulin-plasmin
      complexes with isolated hepatocytes.
AB  - 125I-labelled alpha 2-macroglobulin complexed with thrombin or plasmin bound to
      hepatocytes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The apparent Kd values
      calculated from displacement experiments were 7.9 X 10(-8) M for alpha 2
      macroglobulin-thrombin and 8.5 X 10(-8) M for alpha 2-macroglobulin-plasmin.
      Association of these complexes was only partially reversible; after a 180 min
      incubation period, 50-60% of the bound radioactivity was internalized by the
      cells. alpha 2-Macroglobulin itself bound also to hepatocytes, but the affinity
      of the alpha 2-macroglobulin complexes was higher than that of the inhibitor
      alone, and alpha 2-macroglobulin was not internalized, either. 125I-labelled
      thrombin or plasmin bound to hepatocytes as well. These bindings were also
      concentration-dependent and could be decreased with an excess of unlabelled
      ligands. Binding rates and amounts of the bound proteinases were higher than
      those of their alpha 2-macroglobulin complexes. The alpha 2-macroglobulin
      thrombin complex competed with the alpha 2-macroglobulin-plasmin complex in
      binding to hepatocytes, whereas there was no competition between these complexes
      and the antithrombin III-thrombin complex. These results suggest that the binding
      sites of hepatocytes for alpha 2-macroglobulin-proteinase and antithrombin III
      proteinase complexes are different.

PMID- 2408677
TI  - Ouabain- and potassium-induced stimulation of amylase release in fragments and
      acini of rabbit pancreas.
AB  - Ouabain increases the enzyme secretion from the isolated rabbit pancreas and
      pancreatic fragments, but not from isolated pancreatic acini. The increase occurs
      after a delay of 45-60 min and is not accompanied by an increase in lactate
      dehydrogenase release. The stimulatory effect of ouabain (10(-5) M) is dependent
      on the presence of extracellular calcium, and is not antagonized by 10(-4) M
      atropin, 10(-4) M propranolol, 10(-5) M phentolamine, 10(-3) M dibutyryl-cyclic
      GMP, 10(-6) M tetrodotoxin, 10(-4) M verapamil or 10(-4) M D-600. Elevation of
      the extracellular potassium concentration to 120 mM in the presence of 10(-4) M
      atropin also increases the enzyme secretion from rabbit pancreatic fragments. The
      increase is again dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium and is
      resistant to adrenergic blockade and to tetrodotoxin, verapamil or D-600.
      Forskolin also stimulates a Ca2+-dependent release of amylase from pancreatic
      fragments but not from pancreatic acini. In the presence of the phosphodiesterase
      inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IMX), ouabain (10(-5) M) and K+ (120 mM)
      cause an immediate increase in the cyclic AMP content of pancreatic fragments
      which does not occur in the absence of extracellular calcium. In pancreatic
      acini, the cAMP production is only slightly increased by ouabain. In the absence
      of IMX, the cAMP levels in fragments or acini are not detectably altered by
      ouabain or K+. The results suggest that the stimulation of enzyme secretion by
      ouabain and high K+ is an indirect effect, mediated by the release of an
      endogenous transmitter from non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic nerves in the intact
      preparations. The release and/or the effect of the transmitter appears to be
      mediated primarily by Ca2+ and secondarily by cyclic AMP.

PMID- 2408678
TI  - Metabolism and salvage of adenine and hypoxanthine by myocytes isolated from
      mature rat heart.
AB  - Adenine and hypoxanthine can be utilised by cardiac muscle cells as substrates
      for the synthesis of ATP. A possible therapeutic advantage of these compounds as
      high-energy precursors is their lack of vasoactive properties. Myocytes isolated
      from mature rat heart have been used to establish in kinetic detail the capacity
      of the heart to incorporate adenine, hypoxanthine and ribose into cellular
      nucleotides. Maximum rates of catalysis by enzymes on the salvage pathways have
      been established. Whilst the rate of incorporation of adenine into the ATP pool
      appears to depend upon intracellular concentrations of adenine and
      phosphoribosylpyrophosphate, for hypoxanthine the pattern is more complex.
      Hypoxanthine is salvaged at a slow rate compared with adenine, and is
      incorporated into GTP and IMP as well as into adenine nucleotides. The rate of
      incorporation of hypoxanthine into both IMP and ATP is accelerated in myocytes
      incubated with ribose. However, the rate-limiting reaction appears to be that
      catalysed by adenylosuccinate synthetase, for the rate of ATP synthesis is not
      accelerated when hypoxanthine concentration is increased from 10 to 50 microM,
      while the rate of IMP synthesis is more than doubled. Adenine and hypoxanthine
      phosphoribosyl transferases are present in equal catalytic amounts, but rat
      cardiac myocytes have very little adenylosuccinate synthetase activity. Exogenous
      ribose is incorporated into adenine nucleotides in amounts equimolar with adenine
      or hypoxanthine.

PMID- 2408679
TI  - [Mechanisms of the regulation of the biological activity of the cell by 2',5
      oligoadenylate].
AB  - The problems of regulation of biological activity of the cell, in particular, of
      such complicated processes as cell growth, differentiation, etc., rank highest
      among the most burning problems of present-day biology. A great majority of
      regulatory systems have been discovered, which control the biological activity of
      the cell. Among those, a most multifunctional and thoroughly investigated one is
      the cAMP system. The mechanisms of cAMP-dependent regulation, cAMP-dependent
      enzymes and other aspects of the system function have become the subject of
      numerous experimental papers, reviews and monographs. Another regulatory system
      which presently attracts the wide attention of investigators is the 2',5'
      oligoadenylate system. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current
      data on the action mechanism and biological significance of 2',5'-oligoadenylate.
      Besides, the authors analyze some experimental results concerning the mechanisms
      of interaction and mutual regulation of the two above-mentioned systems.

PMID- 2408680
TI  - [Structural and antigenic differences of pancreatic RNAse preparations modified
      by dextran ethers in an azo-combination reaction].
AB  - Preparations of pancreatic RNAase modified by dextrane derivatives were obtained
      in an azocombination reaction. The UV absorption spectra and amino acid analysis
      of the preparations revealed quantitative and qualitative differences in the
      sites of the enzyme binding to the polymeric matrix depending on modification
      conditions. The observed differences in the binding sites of modified RNAase may
      be related both to the differences in the primary structure or even in the
      secondary and ternary structure of the enzyme. The latter observation was
      confirmed in studies of the antigenic properties of modified preparations. The
      interrelationship of these preparations with antibodies raised against native
      RNAase and the comparison of the degree of their antigenicity suggest the
      influence of modification on the antigenic properties of the protein. The number
      of binding sites of the enzyme to the support can be determined, which would
      neutralize the antigen-stimulated effect of the support due to the screening of
      protein antigenic determinants.

PMID- 2408681
TI  - [Hybridization of low molecular weight nuclear RNA with pre-mRNA from erythroid
      bone marrow cells and rabbit mRNA].
AB  - Hybridization of labeled low molecular weight (LMW) nuclear RNA's to pre-mRNA
      from rabbit non-matured erythroid bone marrow cells or globin mRNA from
      reticulocytes revealed three RNA species having approximately 90, 100 and 160
      nucleotides which are were specifically hybridized with purified cytoplasmic
      globin messenger RNA, while one (100 nucleotides) was also hybridized with rabbit
      18S rRNA. The identity of these rabbit RNAs to LMW RNAs described for other
      animal species, as well as their possible hybridization sites and function are
      discussed.

PMID- 2408682
TI  - [Histamine release from human leukocytes after treatment with 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl
      sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (platelet activating factor) and its structural
      analogs].
AB  - The influence of 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, a platelet
      activating factor (PAF), and its structural analogs--1-acyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3
      phosphocholine and 1-(1'-alkenyl)-glycero-3-phosphocholine--on the histamine
      release from human leukocytes of healthy and allergic individuals was
      investigated. It was found that within the concentration range of 10(-10) to 10(
      7) M PAF and its analogs induce a moderate histamine release from the leukocytes.
      However, at higher concentrations (greater than 10(-7) M) PAF induces an enhanced
      release of histamine from the leukocytes of allergic patients as compared to
      healthy individuals. PAF and its analogs significantly potentiate the allergens
      induced release of histamine from the leukocytes of allergic patients. It was
      assumed that PAF induces the expression or demasking of additional numbers of IgE
      receptors on the surface of basophils, which leads tot he stimulation of
      histamine release from the leukocytes in the presence of allergens.

PMID- 2408684
TI  - [Effect of 5-azacytidine on E. coli cells with different DNA-methylases].
AB  - A correlation was found between the bacteriocide effect of 5-aza-C and the amount
      of cytosine DNA-methylases in E. coli cells. 5-Aza-C-DNA induced partial or
      complete inhibition of bacterial DNA-methylases with different site specificity;
      cytosine DNA-methylases were inhibited by the DNA more effectively than adenine
      DNA-methylase Eco dam. The inhibitory influence of 5-aza-C-DNA on cytosine DNA
      methylases was due to the formation of stable inactive complexes between the
      enzyme and the non-methylating cytosine analog in the recognition sites. Cytosine
      DNA-methylase Eco RII formed a relatively firm bond with 5-aza-C-DNA, which could
      be disrupted by 1 M KCl; this disruption restores the DNA-methylase activity and
      the inhibiting capacity of 5-aza-C-DNA. Thus, the binding of cytosine DNA
      methylase to 5-aza-C in DNA is noncovalent; the inhibition of the enzyme by 5-aza
      C-DNA is reversible.

PMID- 2408683
TI  - [Heterogeneity of binding proteins of proteoglycan aggregates from human hyaline
      cartilage under normal conditions and in systemic bone dysplasias].
AB  - Using SDS electrophoresis and subsequent densitometry, the link proteins (LP) of
      proteoglycan aggregates of the knee joint hyaline cartilage, rib and/or the iliac
      crest cartilage were investigated. Both the control and experimental samples (n =
      9 and n = 16, respectively) contained three LP with Mr 48.0 (LP-1), 44.0 (LP-2)
      and 41.5 KD (LP-3); however, their ratio varied within very broad limits. Low
      molecular weight forms of LP were also observed in the infundibulum-like
      deformation of the thorax. The considerable decrease of LP-3 and the elevated
      content of LP-2 were observed in lethal osteochondrodysplasias, which probably
      reflects the genetically determined disorder of limb morphogenesis, eventually
      resulting in the maintenance of embryonic ratio of LP. Almost all the
      preparations contained a protein with Mr 52 KD that was previously unknown for
      the LP system. The content of this protein was the highest in the exostose
      cartilage and in newborns. Possible mechanisms of LP heterogeneity and the
      significance of this parameter for the regulation of chondrogenesis and
      realization of certain physical properties of cartilages from different parts of
      the skeleton are discussed.

PMID- 2408685
TI  - [Antigenic properties of HMG proteins from rat brain and liver chromatin in
      adaptation to hypoxia].
AB  - The antigenic properties of rat brain and liver chromatin were studied under
      conditions of prolonged adaptation to hypoxia. The results obtained indicate the
      increase in the accessibility of the HMG proteins antigenic determinants in rat
      brain chromatin.

PMID- 2408686
TI  - Biochemical consequences of follicle-stimulating hormone binding to testicular
      macrophages in culture.
AB  - The present studies demonstrate that testicular macrophages respond to follicle
      stimulating hormone (FSH) by: 1) stimulating the rate of incorporation of amino
      acids into secreted proteins; 2) increasing the rate of incorporation of uridine
      into RNA; and 3) enhancing the accumulation of intracellular cyclic adenosine
      monophosphate (cAMP; which was potentiated by the addition of 1 mM 3-isobutyl-1
      methylxanthine; MIX). In addition, dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) enhanced the
      incorporation of amino acids into secreted proteins; however, this cAMP analog
      had no effect on the incorporation of uridine into RNA. Finally, it was
      demonstrated that testicular macrophages possess specific receptors with a high
      affinity for FSH.

PMID- 2408687
TI  - In vivo effects of follicle-stimulating hormone on testicular macrophages.
AB  - The effect of an intraperitoneal injection of various hormones on the
      incorporation of amino acids and uridine into acid-precipitable material by
      subsequently isolated testicular macrophages was investigated. It was found that
      treatment with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), but not luteinizing hormone
      (LH) or insulin, significantly increased incorporation of amino acids into
      secreted (but not cellular) protein and uridine incorporation into cellular RNA
      in a dose-dependent manner. Maximal responsiveness was observed at a dose of 50
      micrograms of the hormone. These studies demonstrate that FSH has an action on
      testicular macrophages in vivo.

PMID- 2408688
TI  - Anticoagulant activity of dextran derivatives. Part II: Mechanism of thrombin
      inactivation.
AB  - The mechanism of anticoagulant activity of dextrans substituted with carboxylic
      and benzylamide sulphonate groups is studied by various coagulation tests. These
      derivatives exhibit a heparin-like antithrombic activity which requires the
      presence of antithrombin III; however they are less effective than heparin on a
      weight basis. They also exert a direct antithrombic activity by an antithrombic
      III independent pathway; but this action is negligible compared to the thrombin
      inhibition observed in the presence of antithrombin III. Dextran derivatives have
      been prepared with antithrombic properties similar to those of heparin.

PMID- 2408689
TI  - A note on the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test for 2 X kappa ordered tables.
AB  - Biological and medical investigations often use ordered categorical data. When
      two groups are to be compared and the data for the groups fall in three or more
      ordered categories, the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney (WMW) test uses information in the
      ordering to give a test that is usually powerful against shift alternatives.
      However, such applications of WMW often involve distributions for which extensive
      ties play an important role. Newly available computer programs for performing
      exact tests give deeper insights into the characteristics of the exact WMW
      distributions and the suitability of normal approximations. We offer practical
      advice, based on experience with published biomedical data sets and on numerical
      studies of hypothetical ordered tables, for the use of WMW and its normal
      approximations.

PMID- 2408690
TI  - Concentration-dependent clearance of procainamide in normal subjects.
AB  - Four normal volunteers each received two intravenous doses of PA. The mean low
      dose was 3.30 mg kg-1 (infused over 20 minutes) while the mean high dose was 12.5
      mg kg-1 (infused over 60 minutes). Blood samples were collected for 12 hours and
      urine was collected for 48 hours after each dose. PA concentrations were
      determined by both HPLC and fluorescent immunoassay methods. The reported
      concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters are from the HPLC data unless
      otherwise indicated. The mean peak serum PA concentrations resulting from the low
      and high doses were 3.18 and 9.07 micrograms ml-1, respectively. Total PA
      clearance averaged 763 ml min-1 and 577 ml min-1 while renal clearance averaged
      360 ml min-1 and 318 ml min-1 after the low and high doses, respectively.
      Concentration-dependent decreases in nonrenal PA clearance ranged from 31 to 43
      percent (p less than 0.05) in the four subjects. Total clearance decreases ranged
      from 4.7 to 36 per cent (p less than 0.05). Differences between doses in renal
      clearance, elimination rate constant, and volume of distribution were not
      statistically significant. This study demonstrates that the nonrenal and total
      clearances of PA are concentration-dependent in normal subjects at therapeutic
      plasma PA concentrations and suggests that the total clearance changes are of
      sufficient magnitude to be clinically important.

PMID- 2408691
TI  - [Action of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors on the acetylcholine
      potential].
AB  - A study was made of the action of theophylline, isobutyrylmethylxanthine and
      caffeine on the sensitivity of mouse diaphragmatic muscle fibers to
      iontophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh). It was shown that these substances
      at concentrations of 5 X 10(-4) -5 X 10(-3) M reduced the amplitude and increased
      the duration of the ACh potential as well as accelerated desensitization of the
      cholinoceptor at repetitive application of ACh. As regards the action on the ACh
      potential amplitude two phases which differed in the time-course of development
      and washing were recognized: rapid and slow. Addition of dibutyryl-cAMP (5 X 10(
      4) M) after theophylline (10(-3) M) potentiated the latter's action on the ACh
      potential amplitude but did not influence its duration and the rate of
      desensitization. It is assumed that the action of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on
      the duration of the ACh potential and the rate of desensitization is not mediated
      by an elevation in the muscle cAMP content. Apparently, cAMP accumulation may be
      responsible but for the phase of a slow decrease in the ACh potential amplitude.

PMID- 2408692
TI  - [Interaction of pregnancy proteins with phytohemagglutinin P and concanavalin A
      (con A)].
AB  - It has been established that trophoblast-specific beta-glycoprotein and pregnancy
      associated alpha 2-glycoprotein specifically react with non-fixed PHA and Con A.
      Affinity to the former protein is significantly higher than to the latter one.
      alpha-Fetoprotein has a low affinity to Con A alone. Affinity to this lectin is
      in an agreement with the content of carbohydrates contained by pregnancy
      proteins. A considerable part of human serum proteins bind with Con A; receptors
      for PHA possess only some serum proteins. As the above-mentioned lectins are
      often used for stimulation of lymphocyte blast transformation, in is recommended
      that the constituent parts of the culture medium should be preliminarily tested
      to specify more accurately their affinity to PHA and Con A.

PMID- 2408693
TI  - [Inhibition of liver lysosomal cholesterol esterase activity in rats by dextran
      blue in vivo and in vitro].
AB  - Dextran blue decreases the activity of lysosomal acid cholesteryl esterase of rat
      liver at a concentration from 0.25 M to 10 M without altering acid phosphatase,
      acid beta-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase activities. The dextran blue filled
      lysosomes with a high degree of purity prepared by centrifugation over the linear
      sucrose density gradient contained insignificant impurities (up to 19%) of
      protein from other organelles. The specific activity of acid phosphatase, beta
      galactosidase and beta-glucosidase was increased 35-40-fold in this fraction,
      whereas the activity of acid cholesteryl esterase rose but 14.7-fold.
      Chromatography on a Sepharose 2B column of the digitonin-digested native and
      dextran-containing lysosomes attests to the formation of large dextran aggregates
      with lysosomal matrix proteins. Since aggregation of dextran blue with acid
      phosphatase, beta-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase does not affect their
      activities, it is concluded that to bring about hydrolysis of lipoprotein
      cholesterol esters, it is necessary that cholesteryl esterase be associated with
      hydrophobic macromolecules. Moreover, dextran blue can be used for simulation
      cholesterol esters deposition in lysosomes.

PMID- 2408694
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against bovine tissue factor, which block interaction with
      factor VIIa.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies that recognize bovine tissue factor (coagulation factor
      III) have been obtained following the fusion of hyperimmune mouse spleen cells
      with NS-1 plasmacytoma cells. Both antibodies, TF1-E2 and TF1-F7, have gamma 1
      heavy chains and lambda light chains. TF1-E2 and TF1-F7 have each been used to
      purify bovine tissue factor from a crude detergent extract of bovine brain by
      immunoaffinity chromatography. Both antibodies inhibit tissue factor procoagulant
      activity and block the association of factor VIIa with tissue factor. The
      association of TF1-F7 and tissue factor solubilized in Triton X-100 was measured
      under equilibrium conditions. The Kd for this antibody-antigen interaction was
      2.1 +/- 0.2 nmol/L. TF1-E2 effectively competes with TF1-F7 for tissue factor
      binding, indicating that the monoclonal antibodies recognize overlapping sites on
      the protein. These antibodies will be useful reagents for large-scale
      purification and for structure-function studies of bovine tissue factor. In
      particular, since they appear to bind to the same region of the tissue factor
      molecule as factor VIIa, they will be useful as specific probes for studying the
      kinetics of tissue factor-initiated coagulation and for immunocytochemical
      localization of tissue factor in bovine cells.

PMID- 2408695
TI  - Late expression of M and N antigens on glycophorin A during erythroid
      differentiation.
AB  - The M/N blood groups are carried by the major human red cell sialoglycoprotein,
      glycophorin A. O-glyosidic carbohydrate is needed for the activity, but the M/N
      specificity is due to amino acid replacements in the NH2-terminal portion of the
      molecule. We have used monoclonal antibodies specific for M and N blood groups to
      study their expression during normal erythropoiesis. Here we report that the M/N
      blood group activities are very weakly or not at all expressed before the
      polychromatic normoblast stage. Using polyclonal anti-glycophorin A antiserum, it
      was shown that glycophorin A molecules are already abundantly present on the
      earliest morphologically recognizable erythroid precursor, the proerythroblast.
      These findings can be explained by our previous observation that the O
      glycosylation of glycophorin A gradually increases during erythroid maturation.

PMID- 2408696
TI  - Evidence of an antigen common to human intestine, endocervix and mucinous ovarian
      cysts present exclusively in ALeb patients.

PMID- 2408697
TI  - Permeability and changes in carbohydrate moiety in rat endometrial epithelium
      during oestrus as revealed by ruthenium red.
AB  - We have used four different methods of ruthenium red (RuR) staining (RuR-Lumen,
      RuR-Glu, Glu/CB-RuR and RuR-OsO4) in order to study the permeability of the
      uterine epithelial cells of the rat during oestrus. The best results were
      obtained with the application of RuR-OsO4, and this test was used for the
      statistical analysis. In addition, the dialyzed iron and diamine test (HID)
      techniques corroborated the nature of the acid glycoconjugate part of luminal
      surface of the uterine epithelium stained by the RuR. By means of the Thiery
      technique we detected the presence of neutral glycoconjugates. These results,
      together with statistical analysis, lead us to suggest a) that the uterine
      epithelial cells present a greater permeability to RuR during early oestrus
      (Stage II) than during the later part (Stage III) and b) that sulphate group
      bearing glycoconjugates decrease in the course of the oestrus, whereas the
      neutral glycoconjugates remain constant.

PMID- 2408698
TI  - Relationship between the stereoselective negative inotropic effects of verapamil
      enantiomers and their binding to putative calcium channels in human heart.
AB  - Ventricular preparations from patients with mitral disease and hypertrophic
      obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) were set up to contract isometrically.
      Ventricular membrane particles were also prepared and putative calcium channels
      were labelled with [3H]-nimodipine. Positive staircase was induced by varying the
      rate of stimulation of isolated strips from 6 min-1 to 120 min-1 in the presence
      of 6-60 microM (-)-adrenaline or (-)-noradrenaline. (-)-Verapamil 3-5 microM or
      (+)-verapamil 20-30 microM reversed the force-frequency relationship (i.e. caused
      negative staircase) in preparations from patients with mitral disease or HOCM. In
      subendocardial strips of ventricular septum from 5 patients with HOCM paced at 60
      min-1, both (-)-verapamil and (+)-verapamil caused cardiodepression. Half-maximal
      cardiodepression was observed with 0.4 microM (-)-verapamil and with 3 microM (+)
      verapamil. [3H]-nimodipine bound to ventricular membrane particles in a
      saturable, reversible fashion to a high affinity site with an equilibrium
      dissociation constant of 0.23 nM. The density of these sites was 95 fmol mg-1 of
      membrane protein. Binding of the tritiated 1,4-dihydropyridine was
      stereoselectively inhibited by 1,4-dihydropyridine enantiomers and nifedipine. (
      )-Verapamil and (+)-verapamil inhibited high affinity [3H]-nimodipine binding in
      a negative heterotropic allosteric manner with (-)-verapamil being 5 times more
      potent than (+)-verapamil on an IC50 basis. At a given [3H]-nimodipine
      concentration, (+)-verapamil inhibited a greater fraction of specific [3H]
      nimodipine binding. The allosteric mode of (+)-verapamil inhibition of [3H]
      nimodipine binding was confirmed by kinetic studies. (-)-Verapamil shifted (+)
      verapamil-binding inhibition curves to the right in an apparently competitive
      fashion. The inversion of staircase caused by both verapamil enantiomers suggests
      that they cause a use-dependent channel blockade. The similar potency ratios for
      binding and for cardiodepression are indicative of a common locus of action for
      both verapamil enantiomers within the calcium channel.

PMID- 2408699
TI  - Screening for Down's syndrome using serum alpha fetoprotein: a retrospective
      study indicating caution.
AB  - A report was made on the outcome of a four year retrospective study in 27 064
      pregnancies, of the clinical efficiency, sensitivity, and specificity of a
      screening programme for Down's syndrome based on reported strategies related to
      the measurement of maternal serum alpha fetoprotein. This study identified 27
      pregnancies affected by Down's syndrome with a median multiple of the median
      maternal serum alpha fetoprotein concentration of 0.82. This figure is
      considerably higher than that obtained from previous reports on this subject.
      With an age related multiple of the median maternal serum alpha fetoprotein
      strategy, 30.8% of Down's affected pregnancies were identified as well as 11.6%
      of unaffected pregnancies. Perhaps a United Kingdom collaborative study should
      begin to investigate the reasons for such wide population variance in the reports
      for the median multiple of the median for Down's affected pregnancies. Until such
      studies are carried out, screening for Down's syndrome based on low maternal
      serum alpha fetoprotein concentration is premature.

PMID- 2408700
TI  - Substance P and the sensory innervation of intracranial and extracranial feline
      cephalic arteries. Implications for vascular pain mechanisms in man.
AB  - Substance P, a putative neurotransmitter peptide present in a subpopulation of
      small sensory neurons, was measured in the walls of feline cranial arteries and
      systemic veins and arteries using a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay.
      Substance P immunoreactivity exhibited a retention time identical to that of
      synthetic substance P when vessel extracts were subjected to reverse phase high
      performance liquid chromatography. Levels in cephalic arteries (453-1083 fmol/mg
      protein) were at least twice as high as amounts in systemic arteries and veins,
      and were significantly higher than those measured in the cornea and lip.
      Unilateral excision of the trigeminal ganglion decreased the peptide by 44 to 86
      per cent in ipsilateral intracranial and extracranial arteries (e.g. external and
      internal maxillary, lingual, temporal, anterior, middle and posterior cerebral,
      superior cerebellar and posterior communicating arteries). Extracranial arteries
      were decreased on average by 78 per cent, whereas intracranial arteries were
      reduced by 55 per cent. Unilateral removal of the superior cervical sympathetic
      ganglion was without effect. The described pattern of sensory innervation
      provides a possible explanation for the referral of pain to the forehead and
      anterior scalp during attacks of migraine, and with arteritis and thrombosis
      involving vascular structures within the posterior fossa, the circle of Willis
      and the external carotid system of man.

PMID- 2408701
TI  - Proteins in fast axonal transport are differentially transported in branches of
      sensory nerves.
AB  - Radioactively labeled, fast-transported proteins were collected at ligatures
      placed on peripheral and central branches of spinal sensory nerves of the
      bullfrog. In agreement with previous studies, we found that the same species of
      proteins were transported down each branch. For each protein species analyzed we
      have measured the amount of radioactivity reaching each ligature, and calculated
      the ratio of radioactivity reaching the peripheral ligature to that reaching the
      central ligature. Not all protein species have the same ratio. This suggests that
      there may be differential transport of fast-transported proteins in axonal
      branches.

PMID- 2408702
TI  - A comparison of the effects of serotonin, substance P and thyrotropin-releasing
      hormone on excitability of rat spinal motoneurons in vivo.
AB  - Lumbar spinal motoneurons of urethane-anesthetized rats were driven at stable low
      firing rates by automatically cycled iontophoretic applications of glutamate or
      aspartate. The effects of iontophoretically applied serotonin, substance P or
      thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on glutamate or aspartate-evoked activity
      were then tested. All 3 substances were found to enhance both glutamate- and
      aspartate-induced excitation of the motoneurons. This enhancement of excitability
      was usually preceded by a brief period of inhibition at current onset. Although
      the effects of serotonin and substance P were qualitatively remarkably similar,
      TRH differed in that TRH occasionally inhibited motoneuron excitability without
      subsequent facilitation, and tachyphylaxis developed for the facilitatory effects
      of TRH. After TRH desensitization, serotonin could still enhance spinal
      motoneuron excitability.

PMID- 2408703
TI  - Substance K excites dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons in rat substantia
      nigra.
AB  - Substance K (SK) is a newly discovered neuropeptide which is a member of the
      tachykinin family that includes substance P (SP). As it is present in high
      concentrations in substantia nigra, we have investigated the electrophysiological
      activity of SK microiontophoresed onto single neuronal units in this region. SK
      microiontophoresed onto single units in the substantia nigra caused excitation of
      approximately 50% of both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons. This
      relatively high proportion of responsivity correlates with the reported high
      density of SK receptors in the substantia nigra.

PMID- 2408704
TI  - Substance P depolarizes nerve terminals in an autonomic ganglion.
AB  - The effect of substance P on presynaptic nerve terminals was examined by
      intracellular impalements of calyciform terminals within the chick ciliary
      ganglion. Substance P produced a slow depolarization of the nerve terminals which
      was associated with an increase in input resistance. The postsynaptic ciliary
      neurons were unaffected by exposure to substance P, indicating that at this
      synapse the physiological effects of substance P may be largely presynaptic in
      nature.

PMID- 2408705
TI  - Release of substance P from peripheral nerve terminals following electrical
      stimulation of the sciatic nerve.
AB  - Substance P is a putative mediator of neurogenic inflammation, where it is
      postulated to be released from nerve terminals in the skin in response to noxious
      and electrical stimulation. To demonstrate release of substance P from cutaneous
      nerve terminals a blister model has been established. Electrical stimulation of
      the sciatic nerve for 20 min at 50 V, 15 Hz, 0.5 ms, resulted in a significant
      increase in substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) in blister fluid, which was
      abolished after neonatal pretreatment of rats with capsaicin. There was no
      increase of SPLI, following stimulation of the sciatic nerve at 4 V. There was a
      corresponding decrease in skin SPLI following nerve stimulation at 50 V.
      Characterization of blister fluid SPLI after stimulation at 50 V demonstrated a
      peak of immunoreactivity, which co-eluted with synthetic substance P and SPLI
      from rat skin. These results confirm the hypothesis that electrical stimulation
      results in release of substance P from nerve terminals in the skin, and therefore
      fulfils an important criterion of its role as a mediator of neurogenic
      inflammation.

PMID- 2408706
TI  - The effect of a conditioning lesion on the regeneration rate of peripheral nerve
      axons containing substance P.
AB  - The regeneration rate of peripheral nerve axons containing substance P-like
      immunoreactivity (SPLI) was measured in rat sciatic nerve by radioimmunoassay of
      SPLI in nerve segments 2, 4 and 6 days after a test lesion made by briefly
      crushing the nerve at the hip. The regeneration rate of the fastest growing
      sensory axons was also measured in the same nerves using the pinch-reflex
      procedure. Three groups of animals were compared: group S, which received only
      the single test lesion, had regeneration rates of 3.57 +/- 0.26 (S.E.) mm/day for
      SPLI-containing axons and 3.53 +/- 0.14 mm/day for the fastest growing sensory
      axons. Group A/H, which received a conditioning lesion on the tibial nerve at the
      ankle 7 days prior to the test lesion at the hip, had a regeneration rate for
      SPLI-containing axons which was not significantly different from group S, of 3.35
      +/- 0.17 mm/day. However, the regeneration rate for the sensory axons was
      significantly increased to 4.60 +/- 0.23 mm/day. Group H/H, which received both
      conditioning and test lesions at the hip, once again separated by 7 days, showed
      a significant increase in regeneration rate of SPLI-containing axons to 5.50 +/-
      0.33 mm/day and a further increase over group A/H in the regeneration rate of
      sensory axons to 6.70 +/- 0.25 mm/day. We conclude that the small-diameter,
      unmyelinated axons containing SPLI in peripheral nerve normally regenerate at the
      same rate as the fastest growing sensory axons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2408707
TI  - Immunoreactive somatostatin in the rat retina: light microscopic
      immunocytochemistry and chromatographic characterization.
AB  - The retinas of adult, male Long-Evans rats contain somatostatin-like
      immunoreactive material (SLI) as detected by radioimmunoassay. The SLI co
      chromatographs with synthetic somatostatin-14 on both gel permeation
      chromatography and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography; no
      somatostatin-28-like material or higher molecular weight forms have been
      detected. Immunocytochemical methods detect SLI in at least two cell populations.
      The more abundant stained cells are at the inner margin of the inner nuclear
      layer and give off processes which form a dense meshwork of fine, varicose fibers
      at the outer border of the inner plexiform layer, as well as processes which pass
      into other sublaminas of the inner plexiform layer. Varicose immunoreactive
      fibers run vertically or obliquely through the inner nuclear layer and bifurcate
      at its outer margin, giving rise to horizontally running fibers in the outer
      plexiform layer. These observations are consistent with rat retinal SLI being
      contained within amacrine cells, at least some of which are interplexiform cells.
      With cholchicine pretreatment, a more sparse population of stained cells is
      detected in the ganglion cell layer. These cells give rise to processes which
      enter the inner plexiform layer. It is not known if these are ganglion cells or
      displaced amacrine cells.

PMID- 2408708
TI  - Basal forebrain innervation of rodent neocortex: studies using
      acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, Golgi and lesion strategies.
AB  - Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-rich projections from basal forebrain to neocortex
      cerebri were characterized in the present study. The purpose was to investigate 3
      aspects of these projections in rats and mice that have been incompletely
      described in previous work: intracortical organization of the fibers, subcortical
      pathways and axonal branching patterns of individual basal forebrain neurons.
      AChE histochemistry, lesions and Golgi impregnations were the principal
      strategies employed in this light microscopic study. The moderately dense, AChE
      stained innervation of neocortex can be altered by intracortical lesions. The
      results depended on the region involved and the orientation of the lesion.
      Sagittal knife cuts had barely detectable effects, regardless of sites. Coronal
      knife cut lesions in medial cortex resulted in substantial loss of staining in
      cingulate and medial occipital fields. In contrast, coronal lesions of lateral or
      anterior cortex produce only small zonal reductions in staining. The
      interpretation of the latter findings that we favor is that AChE-rich basal
      forebrain fibers enter lateral/anterior cortex and branch densely there, but in
      tangentially limited and overlapping terminal domains. Observations on the
      topography and targets of AChE-rich basal forebrain cortical afferents revealed
      that the fibers could be grouped based on certain characteristics. Three sets of
      fibers were distinguishable: anterior pathway innervating cortex of the frontal
      pole. These fibers were traceable to the region of the substantia
      innominata/nucleus basalis. They crossed the neostriatum and external capsule in
      the sagittal plane, forming in 3 dimensions an orderly sheet-like array of fibers
      bridging the anteroventral surface of the neostriatum with nearby polar cortex
      medial pathway innervating cingulate and medial occipital cortex. Emerging
      predominantly from the region of the diagonal band, the fibers run caudally as a
      triangular bundle in deep layer VI of cingulate cortex. lateral pathway
      innervating most of remaining lateral neocortex. The fibers radiate out from
      substantia innominata/nucleus basalis with a complex 3-dimensional organization.
      In all pathways, fibers enter and initially run within layer VI before ascending
      pialward, although the intracortical course in layer VI differs between pathways.
      These fibers primarily terminate in layer V with a secondary concentration in
      layer I. However, the latter appears to receive substantial AChE-stained inputs
      from other sources, possibly intracortical, as well. The pathways overlap at
      their respective boundary zones. This system is comparably organized in rats and
      mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2408709
TI  - Rat optic nerve: disruption of gliogenesis with 5-azacytidine during early
      postnatal development.
AB  - The normal sequence of gliogenesis in the rat optic nerve was disrupted by
      neonatal treatment with the mitotic inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-AZ). This protocol
      caused a marked reduction in the number of glial cells, especially
      oligodendrocytes, seen in 11- and 14-day-old animals. Myelin formation was also
      greatly reduced in animals of this age compared to controls, but optic nerve
      axons appeared to be well preserved. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated
      similar excitability properties and activity-evoked [K+] changes in normal and 5
      AZ-treated nerves prior to 5 days of age. However, in older nerves there were
      striking changes in the compound action potential and activity-dependent K+
      accumulation in 5-AZ-treated nerves compared to controls. This simple model of
      disrupted central nervous system gliogenesis should prove useful in analyzing a
      variety of questions regarding neuroglial interactions including the role of
      glial cells in ionic homeostasis of brain extracellular space.

PMID- 2408710
TI  - Primary vestibular projections in the hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri.
AB  - The VIIIth cranial nerve projections in the hagfish, which has only one circular
      canal in the ear, were studied by transganglionic HRP transport. This nerve has
      two branches, the nervus utricularis (N. utr.) and the nervus saccularis (N.
      sac.), each with its own ganglion, the ganglion utriculare (G. utr.) and the
      ganglion sacculare (G. sac.), respectively. Although the G. sac. has uniformly
      small cells, the G. utr. consists of two separate cell masses, a ventral mass of
      large cells and a dorsal mass of small cells. The small cells were labeled in
      both ganglia after horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection into the endolymphatic
      space. The greater part of the terminal areas of these two branches overlapped in
      the ventral nucleus of the area acoustico-lateralis, but the terminals of the N.
      sac. extended slightly further in a caudal direction. No projections to the
      primordial cerebellum and no retrogradely labeled cells in the brain were found.
      The large cells in the ventral part of the G. utr. seem to be general cutaneous
      neurons, and the dorsal part of the area acousticolateralis seems to receive
      lateral line input.

PMID- 2408711
TI  - Intravesicular localization of zinc in rat telencephalic boutons. A histochemical
      study.
AB  - A transition metal (presumably zinc) has been localized inside the synaptic
      vesicles of rat telencephalic boutons which make asymmetric synaptic contacts
      (Gray type I). A modification of Timm's sulphide-silver method for electron
      microscopy was applied to different areas of the rat forebrain: olfactory bulb,
      septum, caudate-putamen, amygdaloid complex, neocortex, entorhinal cortex and
      different parts of the hippocampal formation, viz. subiculum, stratum radiatum
      and oriens of both regio superior (CA1) and regio inferior hippocampi (CA3), the
      mossy fibre zone and the hilus fascia dentata and stratum moleculare in the gyrus
      dentatus. It was observed that the Timm staining in all these areas was located
      in synaptic boutons. Labelled boutons displayed a population of round clear
      vesicles and few dense core vesicles and made asymmetric synaptic contacts on
      dendritic spines. Silver granules in these boutons were confined to only a minor
      fraction of the round clear vesicles (approximately 10%). Labelled boutons
      occasionally showed silver granules in the synaptic clefts. The possible
      involvement of vesicular zinc in synaptic transmission is discussed.

PMID- 2408712
TI  - Ultrastructural visualization of Na+-channel associated [125I]alpha-scorpion
      toxin binding sites on fetal mouse nerve cells in culture.
AB  - Purified neurotoxin II from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector (alpha
      ScTx) has previously been shown to bind specifically to the voltage-sensitive Na+
      channels of excitable cells. Recent studies, using high specific activity 125I
      labeled alpha-ScTx, demonstrated specific binding to neuronal cells derived from
      fetal mouse brains. In the present study, 125I-labeled alpha-ScTx was used to
      localize the voltage-sensitive Na+ channels in cultured fetal mouse brain cells.
      By quantitative electron microscope autoradiography we demonstrate that specific
      alpha-ScTx binding sites are selectively located at the plasma membrane.
      Estimates of their density revealed that neurites at 13 days in vitro carry at
      least 6 X more specific alpha-ScTx sites than cell body membrane.

PMID- 2408713
TI  - The postnatal development of the rat primary visual cortex during optic nerve
      impulse blockade by intraocular tetrodotoxin: a quantitative electron microscopic
      analysis.
AB  - The effect of tetrodotoxin (TTX)-induced monocular impulse blockade on various
      parameters of synaptogenesis during the first 3 postnatal weeks of the developing
      rat visual cortex was investigated by quantitative electron microscopy. During
      the injection period, beyond 14 days postnatal (dpn), the effectiveness of TTX in
      blocking optic nerve impulses was monitored by loss of the pupillary light
      reflex. Between 5 and 21 dpn, TTX treatment reduced the number of type I
      axodendritic synapses by approximately 23%, when compared to sham-injected
      controls. These reductions were found in layers III, IV, and the superficial
      region of layer V. Layer IV exhibited the greatest decrease (24%) while layers
      III and V showed reductions of 20% and 18%, respectively. At 21 dpn, the number
      of type II axodendritic synapses decreased by 19% in the same layers, but no
      reductions were found at earlier ages. TTX also reduced the mean number of
      synaptic vesicles within type I and type II terminals by 27% and 15%,
      respectively. At 9 dpn, reductions were first found in layers IV and V, but by 21
      dpn significant decreases were found in layers II/III, IV and V. TTX had no
      effect on the length of the postsynaptic density of both synaptic types or on
      cortical thickness at any age. These data indicate that optic impluses are
      important mediators of synaptogenesis in the developing visual cortex, the loss
      of which induces localized and specific synaptic alterations, possibly due to a
      change in cortical circuitry.

PMID- 2408714
TI  - Electrophysiological studies on the postnatal development of intracerebellar
      nuclei neurons in rat cerebellar slices maintained in vitro. II. Membrane
      conductances.
AB  - The development of membrane conductances of intracerebellar nuclei neurons was
      studied in the rat since birth up to the weaning period by the use of thick
      sagittal cerebellar slices maintained in vitro. Mature nuclear neurons express
      fast sodium and slowly inactivating sodium conductances, as well as calcium
      conductances. As early as birth, fast sodium and calcium conductances appear well
      developed whereas slowly inactivating sodium conductances mature within the first
      postnatal week.

PMID- 2408715
TI  - [Interaction of local anesthetics with secretory cells at the membrane level].

PMID- 2408716
TI  - [Immune response to basic myelin proteins in herpes simplex virus infections].

PMID- 2408717
TI  - Herpes simplex virus latency: adaptation to the peripheral nervous system. I.

PMID- 2408718
TI  - The recovery of organelle transport and microtubule integrity in myelinated axons
      that are frozen and thawed.
AB  - Myelinated axons of Xenopus laevis were rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen and
      thawed in a potassium glutamate based medium. Organelles within isolated, thawed
      axons were visualized by light microscopy. After thawing, organelles were
      stationary for about 5 min. Following this quiescent period, organelles exhibited
      a low frequency oscillation in the longitudinal direction of the axon; some of
      the organelles then began to move in either the anterograde or retrograde
      directions. Electron microscopic examination of axonal cross sections showed that
      few microtubules were present immediately after thawing, but the numbers of
      microtubules recovered to approximately normal levels with a time course
      resembling that of the recovery of organelle transport. The effects of colchicine
      and taxol on the recovery of organelle transport and the microtubule content of
      axons was consistent with the hypothesis that the recovery in microtubule numbers
      was related to the recovery of organelle transport. Vanadate ions inhibited the
      recovery of organelle transport at concentrations known to inhibit dynein ATPase.

PMID- 2408719
TI  - Characterization of two surface-localized antigenic sites on porin protein F of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AB  - A rapid colony immunoblot screening procedure was used to demonstrate the surface
      localization of porin protein F on bacterial colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
      By this method, we demonstrated that protein F was accessible to four different
      specific monoclonal antibodies in a wide variety of both mucoid and nonmucoid P.
      aeruginosa strains. Controls were performed to demonstrate that, using this
      procedure, only surface-exposed epitopes bound monoclonal antibodies and that
      nonspecific binding of monoclonal antibodies either to cells lacking protein F or
      to mucoid exopolysaccharide did not occur. Monoclonal antibodies MA4-4, MA2-10,
      and MA4-10, specific for protein F, also interacted with colonies of Pseudomonas
      putida and Pseudomonas syringae, whereas the protein F specific monoclonal
      antibody MA5-8 interacted only with P. aeruginosa strains. Using the above-named
      monoclonal antibodies, we investigated the antigenic structure of protein F.
      Monoclonal antibodies MA4-4, MA2-10, and MA4-10 bound to 29-31 kilodalton
      proteolytic fragments produced after papain or trypsin digestion of purified
      protein F or of protein F in outer membranes or intact cells. Antibody MA5-8 did
      not interact with proteolytically digested protein F but did interact with two of
      the six fragments produced after partial cyanogen bromide cleavage of protein F.
      Antibodies MA4-4, MA2-10, and MA4-10 did not interact with protein F after
      reduction of its internal disulphide bonds with 2-mercaptoethanol; in contrast,
      the reactivity of MA5-8 was unaffected. This data suggests that there are at
      least two distinct highly conserved surface epitopes on porin protein F.

PMID- 2408720
TI  - Production of RNA-dependent haemolysin by Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae.
AB  - Five strains of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae, out of eight strains tested,
      produced extracellular haemolysin(s) when grown in liquid culture in the
      presence, but not in the absence, of RNA. The haemolysin produced by the neotype
      strain was unstable, heat labile, and sensitive to degradation by pronase,
      trypsin, and chymotrypsin; moreover, trypan blue treated haemolysin preparations
      were less effective at causing erythrocyte lysis than were untreated
      preparations. Following growth in the absence of RNA, washed suspensions of the
      neotype strain produced extracellular haemolysin when incubated in the presence
      of RNA, glucose, and casein acid hydrolysate; extracellular haemolysin could not
      be detected if the incubation mixture contained chloramphenicol. The haemolysin
      produced by washed bacterial suspensions was similar to that produced by growing
      cultures in that it was unstable, heat labile, and sensitive to inactivation by
      the same complement of enzymes. Erythrocyte lysis induced by either haemolysin
      preparation was preceded by a prelytic phase, the duration of which was dependent
      upon haemolysin concentration and the initial temperature of the haemolysin-
      erythrocyte mixture. It is concluded that the haemolysin(s) produced by the
      neotype strain of H. pleuropneumoniae is distinct from, but closely related to
      both streptolysin S and the haemolysin produced by Treponema hyodysenteriae.

PMID- 2408721
TI  - Legionnaires' disease in the immunocompromised host: usefulness of Gram's stain.

PMID- 2408722
TI  - Severe adverse reactions to urography in patients taking beta-adrenergic blocking
      agents.

PMID- 2408723
TI  - Ca2 and Ca3. New monoclonal antibodies evaluated as tumor markers in serous
      effusions.
AB  - Ca2 and Ca3 are new monoclonal antibodies of IgG1 class, directed against the Ca
      antigen, a mucus-type glycoprotein expressed on the surface of a wide range of
      malignant human cells and certain specialized normal epithelia. These antibodies
      were produced by immunization with purified preparations of the Ca antigen. They
      were tested to assess their value in the diagnosis of malignant effusions. Immuno
      alkaline-phosphatase staining was used. Smears of pleural and peritoneal
      effusions were chosen to show: undoubted malignant cells of various types; and
      mesothelial cells in effusions from cases in which cancer was not in question.
      The Ca2 antibody, at 1 in 20 dilution of the culture supernatant, was the most
      specific, giving no reactions with benign mesothelial cells from any of the 35
      cases tested. Malignant cells were clearly stained in 35 of 40 cases of carcinoma
      or mesothelioma. The staining was negative in two cases of oat cell bronchial
      carcinoma, and in three of four cases of carcinoma of the colon. Ca3 gave
      similar, but somewhat stronger, reactions with carcinoma cells, but was less
      specific, reacting weakly with mesothelial cells in 8 of 35 benign effusions.
      Because the false-negative reactions given by the Ca series of antibodies are to
      some extent complementary to those given by monoclonal antibodies directed
      against the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a combination of Ca2 and anti-CEA is
      recommended as a most useful addition to the normal cytologic examination of
      effusions.

PMID- 2408724
TI  - Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in precancerous lesions and carcinomas of oral,
      pharyngeal, and laryngeal mucosa.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine whether gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
      (GGT) histochemical activity is expressed during the development of human oral,
      pharyngeal, and laryngeal squamous neoplasms. Surgical specimens from 46 patients
      were sampled and unfixed frozen sections were prepared and processed for
      histopathologic evaluation and histochemical localization of GGT. The patients'
      tobacco exposure, alcohol intake, and previously diagnosed neoplastic disease
      were documented. Generalized or patchy GGT histochemical activity was observed in
      each of 22 squamous cell carcinomas and in each of 33 dysplastic samples. Thus,
      GGT appears to be expressed during the development of malignant squamous
      epithelial neoplasms of the oral-pharyngeal-laryngeal region. In addition, the
      detection of GGT activity in several samples of nondysplastic epithelium,
      obtained from patients at high risk of developing cancer in this region, raises
      the possibility that this marker is expressed in very early precancerous sites
      that have not yet developed the histologic hallmarks of premalignancy.

PMID- 2408725
TI  - Clinical and pathologic review of 48 cases of chordoma.
AB  - The results of treatment of 48 patients with the diagnosis of chordoma during the
      period 1931 to 1981 at the Massachusetts General Hospital were reviewed. Fourteen
      patients were treated with surgery alone: eight patients with primary tumors in
      the sacrococcygeal region were treated with radical surgery and four are alive
      with no evidence of disease (NED) with follow-up of 8 to 20 years. Recurrent
      tumors in six patients were treated with surgery alone resulting in long
      palliation (3-25 years). The actuarial survival rate at 5 years for all patients
      treated with surgery was 76%. Radiation therapy was used in patients after either
      a biopsy (15), partial excision (17), or before radical excision in 2 patients.
      To achieve a worthwhile level of palliation, doses greater than 4000 cGy were
      required. High-dose levels (greater than 6500 cGy) were achieved in nine cases by
      a combination of photon and 160 MeV proton beams. The results to date of this
      approach for lesions of the base of skull and cervical vertebral body are
      encouraging: high local control and low morbidity. The 5-year actuarial survival
      rate of all patients treated with radiation was 50%.

PMID- 2408726
TI  - Hepatic irradiation in the management of metastatic hormone-secreting tumors.
AB  - Three patients with extensive liver metastases from hormone-secreting tumors were
      treated with external beam radiation therapy to palliate signs and symptoms of
      tumor mass and/or hormone secretion. These patients experienced an objective
      response of 3, 14, and 24 months duration, respectively, as measured by plasma
      hormone levels and/or computed tomography (CT) scanning. Using conventional
      fractionation, a dose of 2400 to 3000 rad was delivered without significant acute
      or late toxicity. Although these tumors have a long natural history (many years),
      even after the development of liver metastases, radiation therapy can provide
      effective palliation and should be considered as a therapeutic option.

PMID- 2408727
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies reactive with B-lymphocytes and histiocytes in paraffin
      sections.
AB  - Representative sections of normal lymph nodes, cases of reactive lymphadenopathy,
      and Hodgkin's disease were examined using two monoclonal antibodies reactive in
      paraffin sections using an immunoperoxidase technique. Antibody LN-1 recognizes B
      lymphocytes in follicles; antibody LN-2 recognizes a broader spectrum of B-cells,
      and also shows positivity with some monocytes/histiocytes. The pattern of
      immunostaining with these antibodies is described with particular reference to
      Hodgkin The pattern of immunostaining with these antibodies is described with
      particular reference to Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. Some of the
      implications are discussed.

PMID- 2408728
TI  - Early resection of residual tumor during cisplatin, vinblastine, bleomycin
      combination chemotherapy in stage III and bulky stage II nonseminomatous
      testicular cancer.
AB  - Sixty consecutive patients with Stage III or bulky Stage II nonseminomatous
      germinal testis tumors were treated with cisplatin, vinblastine, bleomycin
      combination chemotherapy (PVB). One patient died of acute toxicity after the
      first course of therapy, 16 entered complete remission (CR) after two or three
      inductions, and 36 underwent surgery for removal of residual masses after the
      third cycle. No residual tumor was found in 16 cases, 10 had mature teratoma, and
      residual malignant tumor was completely resected in 8 of 10 patients. On the
      whole, 52 of 59 cases (88%) who completed the therapy entered CR, 34 (58%) with
      PVB and 18 (30%) with PVB and resection of the residual disease. The major
      beneficiaries of surgery were patients with bulky metastases (17 of 45, 38%) and
      those with primary teratocarcinoma (13 of 24, 54%). All of the patients who
      entered CR received two additional inductions and no maintenance. After a median
      follow-up period of greater than 3 years, 40 patients (68%) remain continuously
      disease-free, 1 died in CR, and 3 of the 11 who had relapse were salvaged. All of
      the 32 patients with lung deposits less than 5 cm and/or lymph node metastases
      less than 10 cm entered CR after the combined treatment modality, and 29 (91%)
      are alive disease-free. Also, 20 of 27 patients (74%) with far-advanced disease
      (lung and lymph node metastases larger than 5 and 10 cm, respectively,
      extrapulmonary disease) entered CR after PVB and surgery, but only 11 (41%) are
      continuously disease-free. Early resection of the residual tumor during PVB
      combination chemotherapy greatly increased the CR rate, but relapses were very
      frequent in patients with far-advanced disease.

PMID- 2408729
TI  - Measurement of a monoclonal-antibody-defined antigen (CA19-9) in the sera of
      patients with malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Comparison with
      carcinoembryonic antigen.
AB  - Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) using monoclonal antibody for colon cancer cell
      surface antigen (CA19-9) was compared with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) with
      regard to sensitivity and specificity in 730 patients. In the 341 patients who
      had no evidence of malignant disease, CA19-9 levels ranged between less than 1.5
      to 49 U/ml. Specificity of CA19-9 at a cutoff of 20 U/ml was similar to that of
      CEA at a cutoff of 5.0 ng/ml; CA19-9 was more sensitive than CEA in pancreatic
      cancer, whereas CEA was more sensitive than CA19-9 in breast, colon, and gastric
      cancer. Of 17 patients with pancreatic cancer, 13 had elevated levels of CA19-9
      (sensitivity, 76%), whereas only 8 had elevated levels of CEA (sensitivity, 47%)
      and 15 had elevated levels of either CEA or CA19-9 (sensitivity, 88%). These
      findings suggest that, like CEA, CA19-9 is detectable in nonmalignant diseases
      and is not specific for gastrointestinal tumors, and has higher sensitivity than
      CEA only in pancreatic cancer. However, further prospective studies are required
      to verify its value in the diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 2408730
TI  - The natural-killer-cell-associated HNK-1 (Leu-7) antibody reacts with
      hypertrophic and malignant prostatic epithelium.
AB  - While using the natural killer (NK) cell-associated HNK-1 antibody in a panel of
      hematopoietic cell markers, the authors found that metastatic tumor cells in the
      bone marrow of a patient with disseminated prostatic carcinoma stained strongly
      with this antibody using an indirect immunofluorescence technique. More than 50%
      of cells from the patient's prostate also reacted with HNK-1. Subsequent study of
      frozen sections of prostate tissue from patients with benign prostatic
      hypertrophy (BPH) showed that HNK-1 reacted with prostatic epithelium and the
      contents of the glandular lumina. Two other markers associated with NK cells
      (OKM1 and OKT3) were not detected on nonneoplastic or neoplastic prostatic
      epithelial cells using a two-color immunofluorescence technique. Recent reports
      have shown that the HNK-1 antibody also detects an antigen on cells of
      neuroectodermal origin. The authors have concluded that HNK-1 also reacts with
      prognostic epithelium in patients with BPH and may be useful as another marker
      for metastatic carcinoma of the prostate.

PMID- 2408731
TI  - Intraperitoneal administration of interferon beta in ovarian cancer patients.
AB  - Eight patients with advanced ovarian carcinomas resistant to conventional
      chemotherapy were injected with interferon (IFN) beta (3 X 10(6) U)
      intraperitoneally twice a week. Seven subjects had ascites. Side effects included
      abdominal pain, fever, and constipation, but no hematologic toxicity was
      observed. Growth of solid tumor lesions was unaffected by IFN beta, with the
      possible exception of one patient who had stable disease. IFN beta
      intraperitoneally inhibited completely the formation of ascites in four of seven
      patients with effusions. Natural killer (NK) cell activity was measured in
      peripheral blood and tumor-associated lymphocytes (PBL and TAL). Using stringent
      criteria that included repeated assessment of baseline activity, a clear cut
      increase in NK cytotoxicity of TAL was detected in two of six subjects from whom
      TAL could be purified. Augmentation of NK activity was restricted to the
      peritoneal compartment with no effect on PBL. Studies on biologic response
      modifiers encompassing an analysis of events taking place at sites directly
      involved by neoplasia may provide an opportunity for generating information on
      the in situ regulation of tumor-associated host defense mechanisms in humans.

PMID- 2408732
TI  - Tumor-associated antigen, TA-4, in the monitoring of the effects of therapy for
      squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Serial determinations and tissue
      localization.
AB  - The level of tumor-associated antigen (TA-4) was determined in the serum and
      tumor tissue of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix by
      radioimmunoassay and immunoperoxidase techniques. Using an arbitrary limit of 2.5
      ng/ml of serum, positive values were observed in 5.5% of healthy controls and
      53.6% of patients with cervical squamous carcinoma. The mean value and incidence
      of elevation of serum TA-4 increased significantly with advancing disease stage.
      There was, however, no significant increase in serum TA-4 in the early stages of
      disease. Elevated TA-4 in serum rapidly fell to normal within 72 hours after
      radical surgery, but remained elevated if complete excision could not be
      performed. In case of radiotherapy, TA-4 levels in serum and tumor tissue often
      increased during the administration of the initial 2000 rad, and subsequently
      declined after the administration of a total of more than 4000 rad. The decline
      of serum TA-4 to normal observed during radiotherapy was found to be closely
      correlated with the disappearance of viable cancer cells in histopathologic
      specimens from the cervix. Immunohistochemical TA-4 staining was present in large
      cell nonkeratinizing carcinoma, but not in small cell nonkeratinizing carcinoma.
      These results indicate that the expression of TA-4 antigen in cervical squamous
      carcinoma is related to differentiation of the tumor cells and that serum TA-4
      determination, despite its limitation for early diagnosis, provides a potential
      means for monitoring the effects of individual therapy for cervical squamous cell
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2408733
TI  - Macrophage-histiocytes in Hodgkin's disease. The relation of peanut-agglutinin
      binding macrophage-histiocytes to clinicopathologic presentation and course of
      disease.
AB  - The authors studied the occurrence of peanut agglutinin (PNA)-binding cells in
      paraffin-embedded specimens of 145 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD). The
      staining reaction of lymphocytes was consistently negative. A positive staining
      reaction was observed in two types of cells: macrophage-histiocytes (M-H), and
      Reed-Sternberg (R-S) cells and their variants. Diffuse or globular cytoplasmic
      staining was found in M-H, which was easily distinguished from a unique "cell
      surface and cytoplasmic" staining pattern of R-S and related cells. Thus defined,
      M-H were numerous in lymphocyte depletion and mixed cellularity, less common in
      lymphocyte predominance, and least frequent in the nodular sclerosis type.
      Numerous M-H correlated with B-symptoms and a poor response to therapy. Among the
      asymptomatic patients with localized disease at presentation, the presence of
      large numbers of M-H was associated with a high incidence of relapse within 2
      years of therapy. These findings suggest that the number of non-neoplastic M-H in
      HD may be an important determinant in the clinical presentation and course of
      disease. Peanut agglutinin staining may be useful for the detection of M-H in
      routine diagnosis and classification of HD, which has not been feasible by
      conventional methods.

PMID- 2408734
TI  - Carcinoma of the stomach in young persons.
AB  - The clinical and morphologic characteristics of gastric carcinoma occurring in
      young persons were studied retrospectively and compared with a control group of
      older individuals. Immigrants from high-risk countries were found to have a
      higher incidence of the disease. There was a significantly longer delay in
      diagnosis and a significantly shorter survival when the disease in young
      individuals was compared with the control group. However, this difference in
      survival was due to a larger number of clinically advanced tumors and disappeared
      when the groups were matched stage for stage. As expected, diffuse carcinomas
      were the commonest morphologic type seen in young persons. In contrast with other
      studies, carcinomas in young people were found to produce larger amounts of
      sulphomucins than those occurring in older people. However, in the adjacent
      nonneoplastic epithelium, sulphomucin production and incomplete metaplasia was
      seen less commonly in the younger age group. These mucins' secretion patterns
      were more closely related to the histologic type of neoplasm than to the age of
      the patient.

PMID- 2408735
TI  - A randomized prospective comparison of methotrexate with a combination of
      methotrexate, bleomycin, and cisplatin in head and neck cancer.
AB  - Combination chemotherapy with methotrexate, bleomycin, and cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum (II) was compared to weekly therapy with methotrexate
      alone in a randomized prospective trial in 163 patients with recurrent or
      metastatic squamous cancer of the mucous membranes of the head and neck. The
      combination produced responses in 48% compared to 35% for methotrexate alone,
      with 16% complete remissions versus 8%, respectively. The difference in overall
      and complete remission rates is significant (P = 0.04) using a one-sided binary
      regression test. Median time to disease progression among responders was 5.8
      months for the combination and 5 months for methotrexate, and median survival was
      5.6 months in each group. Toxicity was similar in the two groups. Ambulatory
      patients, those without fixed neck nodes and those without distant metastases,
      responded more often. Poor performance status, distant metastases, history of
      heavy smoking, and adjacent organ invasion by the primary tumor were associated
      with shorter survival, as were weight loss, the presence of tumor in the neck,
      and heavy alcohol consumption. The addition of bleomycin and cisplatin to
      methotrexate produces more remissions, and especially complete remissions, but
      has not made a major impact on the course of far-advanced head and neck cancer.

PMID- 2408736
TI  - Phenotypic heterogeneity at the DNA level in childhood leukemia with a
      mediastinal mass.
AB  - Although phenotypic heterogeneity of childhood T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia
      (T-ALL) which bear receptors for sheep red blood cells (E-rosettes) and/or T-cell
      associated antigens has been reported, there are certain clinical features which
      are shared by most patients. A mediastinal mass is one of the most characteristic
      presentations in this particular disorder. This report describes four children
      with ALL, who presented with a mediastinal mass. Three patients were E-rosette
      negative and one was E-rosette-positive. Individual surface phenotypes, defined
      by a panel of monoclonal antibodies, were quite different. Since Ig gene
      organization is an essential property of cells of B-lineage, it was surprising to
      find that analysis of genomic DNA revealed immunoglobulin (Ig) gene
      rearrangements in two of them. These findings suggest that there is significant
      heterogeneity even among those leukemias associated with a mediastinal mass, and
      that a mediastinal mass may not clearly indicate origin from cells of T-lineage.
      This heterogeneity may reflect differences in leukemogenesis and may have
      prognostic and therapeutic implications.

PMID- 2408737
TI  - Occult papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. A "normal" finding in Finland. A
      systematic autopsy study.
AB  - The thyroids from 101 consecutive autopsies from Finland were subserially
      sectioned at 2- to 3-mm intervals. From 36 thyroids, 52 foci of occult papillary
      carcinoma (OPC) were found, giving a prevalence rate of 35.6%, the highest
      reported rate in the world. The rate was higher, although not significantly, in
      males (43.3%) than in females (27.1%), but it did not correlate to the age of the
      patients. Twenty-six glands contained one tumor focus and ten glands contained
      two to five tumor foci. Only a minority of the smallest tumors can be detected
      with the method used. The probable number of OPCs over 0.15 mm in diameter was
      calculated to be about 300 in this material. The tumor diameter varied from 0.15
      mm to 14.0 mm, with 67% of tumors under 1.0 mm. The smallest tumors were usually
      circumscribed and were composed almost solely of follicles. Larger tumors had
      more papillary structures and were often invasive. Fibrosis and, in the largest
      OPCs, lymphocytic reaction were seen around the invasive islands. All tumors were
      positively stained for thyroglobulin and all but one of the tumors stained
      positively for epidermal keratin. OPC appears to arise from follicular cells of
      normal follicles. Apparently the great majority of the tumors remain small and
      circumscribed and even from those few tumors that grow larger and become invasive
      OPCs only a minimal proportion will ever become a clinical carcinoma. According
      to the study, OPC can be regarded as a normal finding which should not be treated
      when incidentally found. In order to avoid unnecessary operations it is suggested
      that incidentally found small OPCs (less than 5 mm in diameter) were called
      occult papillary tumor instead of carcinoma.

PMID- 2408738
TI  - Fibromatosis hyalinica multiplex (juvenile hyalin fibromatosis). Light
      microscopic, electron microscopic, immunohistochemical, and biochemical findings.
AB  - Fibromatosis hyalinica multiplex juvenilis (juvenile hyalin fibromatosis) is a
      very rare mesenchymal dysplasia, probably inherited as an autosomal-recessive
      trait. Two nonrelated cases are reported. Among the clinical features, the most
      impressive lesions are multiple slowly growing subcutaneous nodules, hypertrophic
      gingiva, flexural contractures with joint stiffness and radiolucent bone
      destructions. Light microscopic examination of the nodules reveals tumor-like
      deposits of an amorphous hyaline ground substance with delicate staining
      properties situated partly between cellular and vascular areas. Ultrastructural
      characteristics are cystic, dilated rough endoplasmatic reticulum and cystic
      Golgi vesicles which contain a fine fibrillar material that is also found in the
      ground substance. Immunohistochemical examination shows collagen type I and type
      III in the hyaline material, but not type II and type IV. Quantitative
      biochemical investigation reveals a normal ratio of collagen types I and III.

PMID- 2408739
TI  - Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma by real-time ultrasonography. A
      prospective study.
AB  - For early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), real-time ultrasonography
      (US) was performed prospectively in 528 patients, including 236 with cirrhosis,
      81 with chronic hepatitis, 168 asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers,
      and 43 with a family history of HCC. Simultaneous measurement of serum alpha
      fetoprotein (AFP) level was also done. In addition, 233 patients had regular
      controls at 3- to 6-month intervals, with an average follow-up period of 1.4
      years. On initial screening, a total of 17 patients were found to have HCC: 13 in
      the cirrhotic group, 3 in the HCC family group, and 1 in the asymptomatic
      carriers. Of these HCCs, 7 were smaller than 3 cm, 6 were between 3 to 5 cm, and
      4 were larger than 5 cm. In patients with tumors smaller than 5 cm, the AFP
      levels were normal in 46.2%, between 20 to 400 ng/ml in another 46.2%, and only
      7.6% were over 400 ng/ml. On follow-up, another seven patients, all in the
      cirrhotic group, were found to have HCCs varying from 1.6 to 4.7 cm; three of
      them had normal serum AFP level. The authors conclude that real-time US is more
      sensitive than AFP assay in early detection of HCC, and the high-risk subjects
      should receive this procedure at regular intervals.

PMID- 2408740
TI  - A case of spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma with bone
      metastasis.
AB  - A 78-year-old Japanese man with chronic liver disease developed hypervascular
      liver tumors accompanied by marked elevation of alphafetoprotein value (the
      highest level; 26200 ng/ml) and pathologic fracture of the femur. After an
      operation for the fracture followed by gastrointestinal bleeding and repeated
      transfusions of blood, the tumors disappeared with normalization of the alpha
      fetoprotein level, and the radiolucent area around the fracture site of the femur
      became consolidated. The necrotic tissue responsible for the fracture
      histologically showed an appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma. The patient
      survives 62 months after the initial increase in alpha-fetoprotein level. This is
      a case of spontaneous regression of both hypervascular liver tumors which are
      highly suggestive of hepatocellular carcinoma and their metastasis.

PMID- 2408741
TI  - Diaplacental carcinogenic effects of 5-azacytidine in NMRI-mice.
AB  - 5-Azacytidine was applied to NMRI-mice (1-2 mg/kg) either on gestation day 12,
      14, or 16. In the first case it mainly induced leukemias, while in the latter
      experiments leukemias, lung adenomas and soft tissue sarcomas represent the main
      effects. The experiments performed on gestation day 14 led to tumor rates below
      the spontaneously occurring tumor frequencies in NMRI-mice. There is a clear-cut
      inverse dose-response relationship in leukemia induction, as the higher dose
      principally shows a lower degree of effectiveness. This, as well as a reduction
      of tumor frequency below control levels after application of this drug on day 14,
      can be explained by an "overkill" effect. The cytotoxic and embryolethal efficacy
      of the agent thus surpasses the transformation effects at the cellular genome.
      While a negative correlation between the general embryotoxicity of azacytidine
      and the simultaneous tumor inducibility is to be observed, there is no
      correlation at the target organ level between the embryotoxic and the
      carcinogenic effects.

PMID- 2408742
TI  - Autologous tumor killing and natural cytotoxic activity of tumor-associated
      macrophages in cancer patients.
AB  - Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) isolated from pleural effusions and ascites
      fluids of cancer patients were tested for cytotoxicity against freshly isolated
      autologous tumor cells and K562 in a 4-h 51Cr-release assay, and in vitro effects
      of OK432 (a streptococcal preparation) and partially purified human leukocyte
      interferon (IFN) on their cytotoxicities were examined. Positive cytotoxicities
      against K562 were recorded for TAM samples from 2 of 23 pleural effusions and 3
      of 10 ascites specimens. Tumor-associated macrophages were not cytotoxic to
      autologous tumor cells, while low but significant lysis was observed with tumor
      associated lymphocytes (TAL) samples from 2 of 13 pleural effusions and 1 of 6
      ascites specimens. In vitro treatment with OK432 resulted in an enhancement of
      natural cytotoxicity in 4 of 13 TAM and 10 of 15 TAL samples. An induction or
      augmentation of autologous tumor killing activity by OK432 was observed in 2 of
      10 TAM and 8 of 11 TAL samples. In contrast, IFN failed to induce autologous
      tumor killing activity, although IFN-enhanced lysis of K562 was detected in 1 of
      7 TAM and 2 of 9 TAL samples. These results indicated that autologous tumor
      killing and natural cytotoxic activities were defective in macrophages and
      lymphocytes at the site of the tumor growth, and both activities were strongly
      enhanced by OK432 rather than IFN.

PMID- 2408743
TI  - Evaluation of in vivo and in vitro effectivity of immune defense against a
      spontaneously arising, nonlymphoid rat tumor. II. T cell response after induction
      of immunogenicity.
AB  - It was evaluated in vitro whether it is possible to induce immunogenicity by
      haptenization of a nonlymphoid rat tumor, BSp6AS, which is known to be antigenic,
      but non-immunogenic, in the syngeneic host. The effectivity of 'induced
      immunogenicity' was tested in vivo. BSp6AS, an NK- and macrophage-resistant
      variant of a spontaneously arising fibrosarcoma in the BDX rat strain, does not
      induce a primary or a secondary T cell response after in vivo or in vitro
      priming. This deficiency in cytotoxic response is due solely to failure of
      activation of helper T cells (TH), since (a) cytotoxic T cells (CTL) can be
      detected after in vitro stimulation in the presence of interleukin 2 (IL-2)
      containing medium; and (b) there are no indications for down-regulation of a
      potential specific immune response by suppressor T cells (TS). The lack of
      activation of tumor-specific TH can be bypassed by activation of hapten-specific
      TH. Upon coculture with haptenized tumor cells as a stimulator population, both
      hapten-specific and tumor-specific CTL are activated by hapten-specific TH. In
      line with the findings in vitro, no transplant rejection of naive tumor cells was
      seen after a variety of immunization schedules. But immunized F1 hybrids did
      reject tumor grafts, supporting the hypothesis of lacking help in the syngeneic
      situation. This could be confirmed in the syngeneic system by adoptive transfer
      experiments. Tumor-specific CTL, educated in vitro in the presence of IL-2, were
      ineffective. But complete protection against haptenized, and partial protection
      against native tumor cells was achieved in the additional presence of hapten
      specific TH. To our knowledge these experiments prove for the first time that
      hapten-specific TH are efficient in inducing an immune response even against a
      nonlymphoid, nonimmunogenic tumor, i.e., it is possible (a) to activate tumor
      specific CTL and (b) to initiate tumor graft rejection via hapten-specific TH.

PMID- 2408744
TI  - Hyperthermia and human leukocyte functions: DNA, RNA, and total protein synthesis
      after exposure to less than 41 degrees or greater than 42.5 degrees hyperthermia.
AB  - Hyperthermia is being used clinically in the treatment of neoplasms, and
      mononuclear leukocytes are commonly present in a heated tumor or in surrounding
      tissues. Therefore, we examined the effects of exposure of human mononuclear
      leukocytes to less than 41 degrees or greater than 42.5 degrees hyperthermia for
      2 h. The ability of the cells to exclude dyes, used as a measurement of leukocyte
      viability, was not altered by such exposures. Exposure of the cells to less than
      41 degrees hyperthermia generally did not alter unstimulated or mitogen
      stimulated DNA, RNA, or total protein synthesis. In contrast, exposure to greater
      than 42.5 degrees hyperthermia resulted in decreased unstimulated RNA and total
      protein synthesis, as well as delayed synthesis of DNA, RNA, and total protein in
      response to stimulation with the optimal concentration of mitogen and decreased
      synthesis in response to suboptimal concentrations of mitogen.

PMID- 2408745
TI  - Biochemical characterization of 1-butanol-extracted murine tumor-specific
      transplantation antigens.
AB  - This investigation sought to characterize biochemically the tumor-specific
      transplantation antigens (TSTA) expressed on the cell surface of a panel of
      chemically induced fibrosarcomas of C3H/HeJ mice. Results suggest a uniform
      antigenic framework upon which individual specificities are superimposed. The
      antigens expressed by the 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas MCA-D, MCA
      F, and MCA-2A fulfill the requirements of a TSTA; namely, immunization of
      syngeneic hosts with irradiated cells or soluble extracts engenders a tumor
      specific immune response such that animals resist challenge with the same, but
      not another, tumor. Brief incubation of intact tumor cells in single-phase
      aqueous solutions of 2.5% (v/v) 1-butanol extracts an immunoprotective TSTA, but
      not alloantigenic activity, from MCA-F cells. This extraction protocol was
      extended to the two other MCA-induced neoplasms. The butanol-extracted TSTA from
      the three tumors displayed isoelectric pHs of 6.4 to 6.6 following preparative
      isoelectric focusing. The tumor-specific immunoprotective activity from all three
      tumors displayed an apparent molecular weight of 150,000 (150 kDa) during high
      performance gel permeation chromatography. The chromatographic properties of the
      150 kDa antigens were unaffected by reduction using dithiothreitol, but
      incubation in acetate buffer, pH 3.0, dissociated the 150 kDa complex into at
      least two components with molecular weights of 70 to 100 kDa and 20 to 40 kDa.
      Only the smaller component displayed TSTA activity. The presence of two major
      components in the 150-kDa antigen was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. TSTA activity was sensitive to digestion with
      pronase, papain, chymotrypsin, and alpha-mannosidase, but resistant to DNase,
      RNase, neuraminidase, trypsin, endoglycosidase H, and a mixed-function
      glycosidase. In addition, the TSTA activity was unaffected by heating. These data
      demonstrate that MCA carcinogenesis results in the expression of immunologically
      unique epitopes on biochemically related glycoproteins and suggest a unified
      mechanism for the generation of TSTA polymorphism.

PMID- 2408746
TI  - DNA alkali-labile sites induced by incorporation of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine into
      DNA of mouse leukemia L1210 cells.
AB  - The effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine on DNA in mouse L1210 leukemia cells were
      investigated using the alkaline elution technique. By comparing the DNA elution
      rate at pH 12.1 and 12.6, it was found that the drug produced DNA alkali-labile
      lesions. Alkali-labile sites were present only in DNA strands that were
      synthesized in the presence of the drug. They persisted for at least 48 h after
      drug treatment, and only after 72 h did the number of alkali-labile sites
      decline, thus suggesting a slow repair process. The production of alkali-labile
      sites was found to be concentration dependent and observable at concentrations
      which were effective in inhibiting the clonogenic viability of L1210 cells and
      which are attainable in vivo. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine did not cause other DNA
      lesions such as DNA double-strand breaks or DNA-protein cross-links. Two
      hypotheses were considered to explain the origin of alkali-labile lesions in DNA
      that has incorporated 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine: (a) the production of apyrimidinic
      sites by a glycosylase that recognizes and removes aza-cytosine from DNA and (b)
      the alkali-catalyzed decomposition of azacytosine residues to ring-opened
      products which could lead to alkali-induced DNA strand scission through a beta
      elimination mechanism. The second hypothesis was considered to be the more
      probable and suggests that the alkali lability may be a means by which one could
      determine the extent of substitution and precise location of azacytosine residues
      or their ring-opened products in DNA.

PMID- 2408747
TI  - Effect of sodium butyrate on alpha-fetoprotein gene expression in rat hepatoma
      cells in vitro.
AB  - Sodium butyrate has been reported to induce cellular differentiation and reduce
      the tumorigenicity of certain tumor cells. We have examined the effects of
      butyrate on alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) gene expression in 7777 and McA-RH8994 rat
      hepatoma cells and have found that nontoxic concentrations of the drug decrease
      AFP mRNA levels in both cell lines. However, McA-RH8994 requires a 10-fold lower
      concentration (0.5 mM) of butyrate to affect a 50% reduction in AFP mRNA levels
      within 48 h. At 2 mM, sodium butyrate reduces AFP mRNA levels in McA-RH8994 cells
      by at least 90% after 48 h, while having little effect on the expression of
      either the 7S RNA or Harvey-ras genes. Time-course studies show that the effect
      of butyrate on McA-RH8994 AFP mRNA levels is immediate and is accompanied by an
      accumulation of cells in the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle. Sodium butyrate was
      found to reduce AFP mRNA levels in both dexamethasone-treated 7777 and McA-RH8994
      cells; dexamethasone decreases AFP mRNA levels in the former cell line and
      increases AFP mRNA levels in the latter. Therefore, it is unlikely that butyrate
      acts simply by reducing the dexamethasone receptor concentration in 7777 cells.

PMID- 2408748
TI  - Evidence for homology of normal and neoplastic human placental alkaline
      phosphatases as determined by monoclonal antibodies to the cancer-associated
      enzyme.
AB  - The HeLa TCRC-1 human adenocarcinoma cell line expresses a form of alkaline
      phosphatase that is similar to the common S-variant of placental alkaline
      phosphatase (PLAP) on the basis of electrophoretic mobility, catalytic
      properties, and reactivity with polyclonal antibodies. More sensitive probes of
      changes in protein structure than polyclonal antibodies are monoclonal antibodies
      (MAbs) which recognize individual antigenic sites on molecules. Therefore, we
      produced MAbs to HeLa TCRC-1 cells and selected those which bound to the alkaline
      phosphatase expressed by the cancer cells. Seven MAbs were obtained and
      characterized by (a) fine specificity analysis using allelic variants of PLAP and
      other human alkaline phosphatase isozymes, (b) immunoglobulin isotype, and (c)
      relative binding affinities to PLAP from two sources, placental tissue and HeLa
      TCRC-1 cells. The seven MAbs bind the enzymes from both sources with equal
      affinity indicating a high degree of structural homology if not identity between
      the normal S-variant of PLAP and its cancer-associated counterpart. We note that
      most of the MAbs to cancer cell surface-bound PLAP express either Ig
      (immunoglobulin) G2a or IgG2b heavy-chain isotypes, a higher incidence of these
      classes of IgG than has been observed with the purified and soluble PLAP
      immunogen which yields MAbs predominantly of the IgG1 isotype. Finally, some of
      these antibodies, like the ones prepared from purified PLAP, recognize
      differences between allelic variants.

PMID- 2408749
TI  - A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of dihydro-5-azacytidine (NSC 264880).
AB  - 5,6-Dihydro-5-azacytidine (DHAC; NSC 264880) is an analogue of 5-azacytidine that
      does not possess the hydrolytically unstable 5,6-imino bond of the parent
      compound. Thus, unlike 5-azacytidine, DHAC is stable in aqueous solution and may
      be administered by prolonged i.v. infusion, potentially avoiding acute toxicities
      associated with bolus administration of 5-azacytidine. In this study, patients
      with advanced cancer were treated with DHAC administered as a 24-h constant i.v.
      infusion every 28 days. Treatment began at a dose of 1 g/sq m and was escalated
      to the maximum-tolerated dose of 7 g/sq m, where the limiting toxicity was
      pleuritic chest pain. Other toxicities included nausea and vomiting, which were
      not limiting. There was no evidence for myelosuppression, nephrotoxicity, or
      hepatotoxicity. DHAC was measured in plasma, urine, and ascites by a sensitive
      and specific reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography assay capable
      of detecting 50 ng of drug per ml. Steady-state plasma levels were achieved with
      8 h and ranged from 10.0 to 20.5 micrograms of DHAC per ml at the maximum
      tolerated dose. Total-body clearance of 311 +/- 76 ml/min/sq m and postinfusion
      half-lives between 1 and 2 h were observed. Between 8 and 20% of the administered
      dose was excreted unchanged in urine. While ascites DHAC levels in a patient with
      ovarian cancer were comparable to plasma levels, postinfusion elimination was
      slower from this compartment than from plasma. No correlation was observed
      between DHAC plasma levels and duration or intensity of dose-limiting pleuritic
      chest pain. One patient with progressive Hodgkin's lymphoma demonstrated
      stabilization of disease for seven treatment cycles, and two patients with
      aggressive lymphoma demonstrated dramatic, although transient, disease responses.
      A dose of 7 g/sq m is recommended for Phase II trials of DHAC using this
      schedule.

PMID- 2408750
TI  - Etoposide and cisplatin with or without bleomycin as first-line chemotherapy for
      patients with small-volume metastases of testicular nonseminoma.
AB  - Between December 1981 and September 1982, a phase II study of etoposide and
      cisplatin was carried out in 17 patients with small-volume metastases of
      testicular nonseminoma to see whether the toxicity associated with bleomycin
      could be avoided without loss of therapeutic effect. Of 16 evaluable patients
      followed for 13-23 months (median, 18.5), four failed to achieve complete
      remission and three had disease progression. Conversely, all 18 equivalent
      patients treated with bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin between January 1981
      and November 1982 (observation time, 12-34 months; median, 25) achieved complete
      remission and have been continuously disease-free since treatment (P = 0.07). The
      results suggest that bleomycin contributes significantly to the combination
      chemotherapy for testicular nonseminoma, and although its omission led to a
      marked reduction in toxicity, loss of therapeutic activity was also apparent.
      Prolongation of the intervals between cycles of etoposide and cisplatin from 3 to
      4 weeks may significantly reduce the effectiveness of the two-drug combination,
      whereas no evidence of this was seen in patients treated with bleomycin,
      etoposide, and cisplatin.

PMID- 2408751
TI  - Localized subcutaneous toxicity following bleomycin administration.

PMID- 2408752
TI  - [Immunohistologic detection of keratin in epithelial cells of the skin and
      thymus].

PMID- 2408754
TI  - Determination of binding parameters in the presence of coupled reactions.
AB  - Components of a binding reaction may undergo nonbinding reactions: receptors may
      be degraded, internalized, or exchanged with cryptic sites; ligand may be
      degraded or compartmented. In such cases the parameters that characterize the
      system are not obtained from the usual equilibrium analyses. We have simulated
      the reactions of such systems and generated association curves, "Scatchard"
      plots, and "Scatchard-like" plots that permit the calculation of binding affinity
      and receptor number not normally calculable under nonequilibrium binding
      conditions. In particular, we show that certain coupled reactions produce local
      maxima and sigmoid shapes in association curves and that the maxima can be used
      to obtain affinities and receptor numbers.

PMID- 2408753
TI  - Neutron microscopy. The low-damage imaging of specialized organic materials.
AB  - It is shown that, insofar as radiation damage is concerned, transmission neutron
      microscopy using neutrons in the energy range approximately 0.0001-1.0 eV is
      extremely attractive for the imaging of specialized organic materials. By
      "specialized organic materials" is meant organic specimens composed entirely of
      specific isotopes that have been selected on the basis of their favorable
      properties with regard to radiation damage. In connection with such specimens, it
      is demonstrated that at a resolution of, for example, 100 A, neutrons will have
      an advantage over soft X-rays in terms of radiation damage, provided that the
      inherent (neutron) bright field image contrast turns out to be greater than 10(
      5). Suggestions relating to (a) the comprehensive calculation of the radiation
      damage sustained by specialized organic specimens under slow neutron irradiation,
      (b) the construction of a theory of image formation in the neutron microscope,
      (c) the development of neutron lenses/focusing devices, and (d) the development
      of a brighter neutron source (essential for neutron microscopy) are outlined in
      some detail. The paper concludes with two appendices, which provide important
      background material.

PMID- 2408755
TI  - The ac field patterns about living cells.
AB  - The presence of the small ac electric fields produced by living cells is shown by
      the gentle dielectrophoretic force on tiny dielectric particles. The beauty of
      the field patterns is made evident as the cell and particles settle in a hanging
      drop. Patterns characteristic of repulsion and of attraction, as well as of a
      dipolar and quadripolar nature, are observable.

PMID- 2408757
TI  - Control of cell locomotion: perturbation with an antibody directed against
      specific glycoproteins.
AB  - A murine monoclonal antibody, SLOW-1, was selected, which inhibits the locomotion
      of chick embryo fibroblasts (the immunizing cells) in tissue culture. The
      antibody, an IgM, cross-reacts in locomotion assays with a number of tumor and
      untransformed cells, and on fixed and permeabilized cells binds 1-5 X 10(5)
      target sites with an affinity of 10(-8) M. The antigen can be extracted from
      cells with isotonic buffers containing EGTA, binds to Concanavalin A, and when
      analyzed on SDS gels by immunoblotting, two major antigenic glycoproteins are
      detected at 57 kd (isoelectric point, 5.1) and at 44 kd (isoelectric point, 5.4).
      The antigenic site involves galactosyl or mannosyl residues, or both, within a
      complex, N-linked carbohydrate tree. The possible contribution of the SLOW-1
      antigen to a common control system of locomotion operating over the cell surface
      is discussed.

PMID- 2408756
TI  - Packaged DNA. An elastic model.
AB  - We review and deepen a theory of elastic bending of DNA on a persistence length
      scale. In a regime of extensive charge neutralization the axis of the double
      helix is elastically unstable when straight. Its stable bent conformation allows
      nucleation of DNA toruses and in principle could direct the supercoiled
      (solenoid) form of a polynucleosome. The Euler theory of elastic instability of
      macroscopic rods gives a partial description of the intrinsic ability of DNA to
      form locally stable bends. A different, quasi-Eulerian theory can be based on
      what is probably the dominant bending mechanism of DNA in solution-flexible
      kinking at the sites of open base pairs. This predictive theory is in
      quantitative agreement with the observed value (about 16 nm) for the minimum
      radius of torus holes. Stability of the inner torus ring is achieved when DNA
      phosphate groups are about 90% neutralized by trivalent cations, another
      prediction that is consistent with the observed formation of toruses in these
      conditions. The predicted stable radius of curvature of charge-neutralized DNA is
      also equal to the radial dimension of a maximally contracted polynucleosome
      supercoil as measured by neutron scattering (17 nm), but further experimental
      investigation of the geometrical disposition of the spacer DNA regions in the
      solenoid will be necessary to rule out the possibility of accidental agreement
      for this complex system. We stress again the experimental reality and probable
      importance of open base pairs in the equilibrium solution conformation of DNA.

PMID- 2408758
TI  - The role of RNA priming in viral and trypanosomal mRNA synthesis.

PMID- 2408759
TI  - The c-fms proto-oncogene product is related to the receptor for the mononuclear
      phagocyte growth factor, CSF-1.
AB  - The feline c-fms proto-oncogene product is a 170 kd glycoprotein with associated
      tyrosine kinase activity. This glycoprotein was expressed on mature cat
      macrophages from peritoneal inflammatory exudates and spleen. Similarly, the
      receptor for the murine colony-stimulating factor, CSF-1, is restricted to cells
      of the mononuclear phagocytic lineage and is a 165 kd glycoprotein with an
      associated tyrosine kinase. Rabbit antisera to a recombinant v-fms-coded
      polypeptide precipitated the feline c-fms product and specifically cross-reacted
      with a 165 kd glycoprotein from mouse macrophages. This putative product of the
      murine c-fms gene exhibited an associated tyrosine kinase activity in immune
      complexes, specifically bound murine CSF-1, and, in the presence of the growth
      factor, was phosphorylated on tyrosine in membrane preparations. The murine c-fms
      proto-oncogene product and the CSF-1 receptor are therefore related, and possibly
      identical, molecules.

PMID- 2408760
TI  - Transformation of cells by an inhibitor of phosphatases acting on phosphotyrosine
      in proteins.
AB  - Vanadate has been shown to inhibit phosphatases that remove phosphate groups from
      phosphotyrosine in cell-free systems. Addition of vanadate to the culture medium
      of NRK-1 cells resulted in a maximal 40-fold increase in the level of
      phosphotyrosine in cell protein. Also, vanadate induced transformation as
      evidenced by four criteria: generation of a highly refractile morphology,
      decreased density-dependent growth inhibition, increased rates of uptake of 2
      deoxyglucose, and growth in the absence of a solid support. The effects were dose
      dependent and reversible, and similar effects were seen in two other cell lines
      and in secondary mouse embryo fibroblasts. Vanadate did not appear to induce
      increased rates of phosphatidylinositol turnover in exponentially growing
      transformed cells.

PMID- 2408761
TI  - Accurate cleavage and polyadenylation of exogenous RNA substrate.
AB  - Purified precursor RNA containing the L3 polyadenylation site of late adenovirus
      2 mRNA is accurately cleaved and polyadenylated when incubated with nuclear
      extract from HeLa cells. The reaction is very efficient; 75% of the precursor is
      correctly processed. Cleavage is rapidly followed by polymerization of an initial
      poly(A) tract of approximately 130 nucleotides. Additional adenosine residues are
      added during further incubation. In the presence of the ATP analog alpha-beta
      methylene-adenosine 5' triphosphate, the precursor RNA is cleaved but not
      polyadenylated, suggesting that processing is not coupled to the synthesis of the
      initial poly(A) tract. In the absence of free Mg2+, a small RNA of approximately
      46 nucleotides is stabilized against degradation. Fingerprint analysis suggests
      this RNA is produced by endonucleolytic cleavage at the L3 site. Like the in
      vitro splicing reaction, the in vitro polyadenylation reaction is inhibited by
      adding antiserum against the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle containing
      U1 RNA.

PMID- 2408762
TI  - Insertion of a foreign nucleotide sequence into mitochondrial DNA causes
      senescence in Neurospora intermedia.
AB  - The kalilo variants of Neurospora contain a cytoplasmic genetic factor that
      causes senescence. This factor is a 9.0 kb transposable element (kalDNA) that
      lacks nucleotide sequence homology with mtDNA and is inserted into the
      mitochondrial chromosome, often at sites located within the open reading frame in
      the intron-DNA of the mitochondrial 25S-rRNA gene. Genomes containing the
      "foreign" DNA insert accumulate during growth, and death occurs as the cells
      become deficient in functional large and small subunits of mitochondrial
      ribosomes. The kalDNA transposon may be an "activator" element that causes breaks
      in mtDNA. Nonsenescing [+] strains of Neurospora do not contain kalDNA.

PMID- 2408763
TI  - The positive transcription factor of the 5S RNA gene induces a 5S DNA-specific
      gyration in Xenopus oocyte extracts.
AB  - We report that TFIIIA, the positive transcription factor of the 5S RNA gene,
      induces DNA gyration in Xenopus oocyte extracts. The reaction uses one molecule
      of TFIIIA per molecule of DNA and is highly specific for 5S DNA plasmids. DNA
      gyration also requires the oocyte supernatant, ATP, and Mg2+, and is inhibited by
      novobiocin, suggesting that it is catalyzed by a type II DNA topoisomerase. The
      chromatin assembled with TFIIIA is dynamic and rapidly relaxed by novobiocin; the
      chromatin assembled without TFIIIA is static and unaffected by novobiocin. The
      torsionally strained DNA is produced in a novel concerted reaction: all of the 5S
      DNA molecules gyrate at TFIIIA-5S DNA ratios equal to or above 1, and none of
      them gyrate at TFIIIA-5S DNA ratios below 1. We discuss the biological
      implications of this eukaryotic DNA gyration.

PMID- 2408764
TI  - B lymphocyte receptors and polyphosphoinositide degradation.
AB  - Resting B lymphocytes can be activated and induced to proliferate by antibodies
      against their antigen receptors (anti-lg). We demonstrate an early increase in
      the level of [3H]inositol trisphosphate in [3H]inositol-labeled murine B cells,
      which suggests breakdown of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate by phospholipase C.
      In line with this, the level of [3H]1,2-diacylglycerol was also elevated after
      incubation of [3H]arachidonic-acid-labeled B cells with anti-Ig. Anti-lg also
      caused a rapid increase in the level of cytosolic Ca2+ in B cells. In contrast,
      two other polyclonal B cell activators, lipopolysaccharide and phorbol myristate
      acetate, failed to induce any of these effects. Our results suggest that anti-lg
      may induce B cell growth via phosphoinositide degradation and Ca2+ mobilization,
      and that phorbol myristate acetate, and possibly lipopolysaccharide, bypass these
      initial events.

PMID- 2408765
TI  - Carbohydrate and other epitopes of the contact site A glycoprotein of
      Dictyostelium discoideum as characterized by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - A series of monoclonal antibodies against a developmentally regulated protein of
      Dictyostelium discoideum, the contact site A glycoprotein, were used in
      immunoblots to label proteins of cells harvested at three stages of development:
      during the growth phase, at the aggregation competent stage, and at the slug
      stage. The antibodies fell into two groups according to their reactivity with
      partially or fully deglycosylated forms of the 80 kDa glycoprotein. Group A
      antibodies reacted not only with a 66 kDa, but also with a 53 kDa product of
      tunicamycin-treated wild-type cells, and they reacted with a 68 kDa component
      produced by HL220, a mutant that carries a specific defect in glycosylation. The
      68 kDa product of the mutant was not completely unglycosylated. Like the 80 kDa
      glycoprotein of the wild type, which carried sulfate at carbohydrate residues,
      the mutant product was sulfated. In the presence of tunicamycin, the mutant
      produced a 53 kDa component indistinguishable from that of the wild type, which
      represents, most likely, the non-N-glycosylated protein portion of the contact
      site A glycoprotein. The group A antibodies showed almost no cross-reactivity
      with other proteins of the developmental stages tested, in accord with their
      postulated specificity for the protein moiety of the contact site A molecule.
      Group B antibodies did not react with the 53 kDa product of tunicamycin-treated
      cells, nor with the 68 kDa component of mutant HL220. These antibodies were of
      varying specificity. Some of them were almost as specific as group A antibodies,
      others cross-reacted with many proteins, particularly of the slug stage.
      Competition or non-competition between various group B antibodies for binding to
      the contact site A glycoprotein allowed sub-classification of these antibodies.
      According to two criteria, group B antibodies were characterized as anti
      carbohydrate antibodies: (1) some of these antibodies were blocked by N
      acetylglucosamine; (2) none of them reacted with the 68 kDa product or any other
      protein of mutant HL220. These results indicate that the 80 kDa glycoprotein
      carries two types of carbohydrate: type 1 carbohydrate that is sulfated and
      present on the 68 kDa product of mutant HL220, and type 2 carbohydrate that
      reacts with group B antibodies and is present on the 66 kDa product of
      tunicamycin-treated wild-type cells. Type 2 carbohydrate moieties are also
      present on many glycoproteins that are enriched in the prespore area of the
      slugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2408766
TI  - I-region restriction of alloantigen recognition: alloantigen expressed on the
      surface of a hybridoma cell must be presented in the context of self class II
      major histocompatibility complex determinants for recognition by a dual-reactive
      T-cell clone.
AB  - A helper-T-lymphocyte clone, designated A10, proliferated in response to both hen
      egg ovalbumin (OVA) presented in the context of self I-Ak and to the alloantigen
      I-As. The alloantigen source could be provided by irradiated H-2s spleen cells
      and also by paraformaldehyde-fixed H-2s spleen cells. However, for fixed
      allogeneic spleen cells to stimulate proliferation of the cloned cells, it was
      necessary to add irradiated syngeneic I-Ak-bearing spleen cells, as fixed H-2s
      spleen cells added, by themselves, to A10 cells were nonstimulatory. We have
      extended these findings by generating a monoclonal hybridoma cell which expressed
      the I-As allodeterminant. Similar to our results with fixed allogeneic spleen
      cells, this source of alloantigen could stimulate A10 cells to proliferate only
      if irradiated syngeneic spleen cells were added to the cultures. These
      proliferative responses were effectively inhibited by anti-I-Ak monoclonal
      antibody (mAb) and by anti-I-As mAb. Furthermore, the response of A10 cells to
      the alloantigen-bearing hybridoma cells were also inhibited by the anti-L3T4 mAb
      GK1.5. Collectively, these data indicate that, in some situations, alloreactivity
      may be mediated by self class II major histocompatibility complex restriction of
      alloantigen-driven proliferation.

PMID- 2408767
TI  - Adjuvant actions of polyclonal lymphocyte activators. V. Proliferation of
      macrophage colony-forming cells in the draining lymph node.
AB  - We investigated the action of various polyclonal lymphocyte activators (PLA) on
      the proliferation of macrophage colony-forming cells in vivo at the local site.
      As PLA, Klebsiella pneumoniae 03 lipopolysaccharide (K03 LPS), Escherichia coli
      0111 lipopolysaccharide (E. coli LPS), dextran sulfate (DS), concanavalin A (Con
      A), phytohemaggulutinin (PHA), polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid (poly(A:U],
      polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C], and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were used.
      All PLA tested acted to proliferate macrophage colony-forming cells in the
      draining lymph node at a late stage after subcutaneous injection. The order of
      strength of this action of PLA was K03 LPS greater than E. coli LPS greater than
      Con A greater than DS greater than PHA, PWM, poly(I:C), and poly(A:U), which
      corresponded to the order of strength of their adjuvant action in initiating
      helper-T-cell response to subcutaneous injection of aggregate-free bovine gamma
      globulin. The detailed relationship between the proliferation of macrophage
      colony-forming cells and the adjuvant action of PLA is discussed.

PMID- 2408768
TI  - Hapten-specific T-cell response to azobenzenearsonate-N-acetyl-L-tyrosine in the
      Lewis rat. IV. Rat dendritic cells present soluble and insoluble
      azobenzenearsonate conjugates to T cells.
AB  - We have used a fractionation procedure involving bovine serum albumin gradient
      floatation, adherence to glass, and rosetting with antibody-coated sheep
      erythrocytes to purify an accessory cell fraction from Lewis rat spleens. The
      fraction which is of light buoyant density, nonadherent, and FcR- is markedly
      Ia+, lacks phagocytic ability, is nonspecific esterase negative and under
      scanning electron microscopy has a heterogeneous morphology with a variety of
      protuberences described for rat dendritic cells. This putative dendritic cell
      preparation is very effective at stimulating proliferative responses with
      concanavalin A and allogeneic cells. When used to reconstitute the reactivity of
      peritoneal exudate cells of rats immunized with azobenzenearsonate-N-acetyl-L
      tyrosine (ABA-Tyr) and subsequently depleted of Ia+ cells, it was shown to be
      highly effective with ABA conjugates of tyrosine, Ficoll, and polystyrene beads.
      Thus, despite the apparent absence of phagocytic or degradative abilities, this
      cell was very efficient at presenting large soluble and insoluble antigens. It is
      suggested that processing may occur at the cell surface without requiring
      internalization.

PMID- 2408769
TI  - Antigen-dependent heterogeneity of human migration inhibitory factor.
AB  - Human migration inhibitory factor (MIF) produced by peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells stimulated with purified protein derivative, tetanus toxoid, streptokinase
      streptodornase, or Candida albicans antigen was analyzed by gel filtration and
      isoelectrofocusing. In all cases, supernatants harvested after a 24-hr exposure
      of the mononuclear cells to the antigen yielded only one MIF species with an
      isoelectric point of 5. In contrast, isoelectrofocusing of supernatants obtained
      from cells exposed to the antigen for an additional 24 hr demonstrated that
      different antigens induce the elaboration of different MIF species. Streptokinase
      streptodornase and tetanus toxoid induced the production of one MIF species with
      an isoelectric point of 5 (pH 5-MIF). Stimulation of cells with Candida antigen
      elaborated a MIF species with an isoelectric point of 3 (pH 3-MIF). In contrast,
      stimulation of cells with purified protein derivative induced the production of
      both pH 3-MIF and pH 5-MIF.

PMID- 2408770
TI  - Ca2+ translocation across liposomal membranes enhanced by unsaturated long-chain
      fatty acids.
AB  - The putative ionophoretic action of phosphatidic acid or arachidonic acid
      metabolites for Ca2+ has offered an attractive explanation for stimulation
      coupled mobilization of cytoplasmic Ca2+. We have examined the effects of Ca2+
      ionophore and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids on the translocation of Ca2+
      across the liposomal membrane by using Quin II-entrapped liposomes, a sensitive
      assay system for ionophoresis of Ca2+. A23187 increased Quin II fluorescence
      intensity corresponding to the translocation of Ca2+ into liposomes. Similar
      translocation was observed with unsaturated long-chain fatty acids but not with
      saturated fatty acids. Thus, when phospholipases of cell membrane are activated
      by certain stimuli, unsaturated long-chain fatty acids are liberated and might
      mediate the mobilization of cytoplasmic Ca2+.

PMID- 2408771
TI  - The treatment of recurrent and metastatic cervical carcinoma. Evaluation of an
      antiblastic combination of methotrexate-adriamycin-bleomycin (MAB).
AB  - Thirty patients with local recurrent and/or distant metastatic cervical carcinoma
      were treated by combined chemotherapy with methotrexate, adriamycin and bleomycin
      (MAB). Among the 25 evaluable patients 1 CR (4%), 5 PR (20%), 9 SD (36%) and 10
      PD (40%) were obtained. A high incidence of cardiotoxicity (20%) and alopecia
      (32%) was observed. Both phenomena are linked to the anthracyclinic component of
      the regimen. As the results are not better than those reported by using only
      methotrexate and bleomycin, the authors did not find it useful to insert
      adriamycin in this regimen.

PMID- 2408772
TI  - Testicular cancer and the legacy of chemotherapy.
AB  - The treatment of testicular cancer has undergone considerable evolution since the
      introduction of cisplatin and the widespread recognition of its curative
      potential in all stages of disease. Chemotherapy developments that have taken
      place include substitution of etoposide for vinblastine in some primary
      combinations and high-dose cisplatin regimens for patients with otherwise poor
      prognosis. Definition of timed survival restaging and reassessment of the role of
      radiation has taken place. In early disease stages, dissection of retroperitoneal
      nodes combined with either a short course of adjuvant chemotherapy or careful
      monitoring followed by salvage chemotherapy has yielded impressive results
      (greater than 90% cures) in node positive patients. These results have encouraged
      trials including careful follow up for patients with negative retroperitoneal and
      other findings (markers, computerized tomography) on clinical staging alone.
      Evolution of these treatment strategies should take place within the context of
      prospectively designed studies. In this brief overview of developments, we point
      out how the legacy from the successful application of chemotherapy will form the
      basis for additional achievements which will include the introduction of second
      generation drugs and optimization of combined modality strategies.

PMID- 2408773
TI  - Biochemical mechanisms for the scheduled synergism of (alpha S, 5S)-2 amino-3
      chloro-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid and 5-fluorouracil in P388 leukemia.
AB  - A study was made of the in vivo effects of equitoxic doses of AT-125 and 5-FU
      combination, being administered either simultaneously (% ILS 152) or with a 6-h
      pretreatment with AT-125 (% ILS 184). To examine the biochemical basis for the
      scheduled synergism, measurements were made of the concentration of PRPP, the
      specific activities of CPS II, cytidine, thymidine, uridine, deoxyuridine
      kinases, and fluorinated nucleotide formation in P388 tumors and the small
      intestine. Two hours after in vivo simultaneous treatment of mice bearing tumors
      the concentration of PRPP increased 9- and 6-fold above baseline in the tumor and
      the small intestine, respectively. In the AT-125 pretreatment arm the
      concentration of PRPP increased 18- and 7-fold above baseline in the tumor and
      the small intestine, respectively. CPS II activity was reduced to 28%-18% of
      control in the tumors in the simultaneous and pretreatment groups, respectively,
      whereas it remained unchanged in the small intestine. Specific activities of
      cytidine kinase (5.5 +/- 1), thymidine kinase (4.0 +/- 1.6), uridine kinase (35.6
      +/- 6.5), and deoxyuridine kinase (2.4 +/- 1.1) nmol/mg protein/h remained
      unchanged with treatment. In concert with the increased intratumor concentration
      of PRPP, fluorinated nucleotide formation was proportionally increased in the
      treatment arms. These results indicate the importance of drug scheduling of the
      above two agents in treating P388 leukemia.

PMID- 2408774
TI  - Effects of nucleoside triphosphates and ferrous ions on bleomycin-induced
      unscheduled DNA synthesis.
AB  - Bleomycin-induced, unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in Triton X-100-permeabilized
      mouse ascites sarcoma cells was enhanced 2- to 5-fold by addition of
      ribonucleoside triphosphates at 0.2-2.0 mM and 1.5- to 3-fold by addition of
      ferrous ions at 10 microM. Sensitivity to deferoxamine, a specific iron chelator,
      suggested that iron was essential to nucleotide-enhanced, bleomycin-induced UDS.
      Enhancement by nucleotides was not attributed to iron impurities in the
      nucleotide preparations, because ferrous ions did not substitute for nucleotides,
      but nucleotides further enhanced bleomycin-induced UDS which was maximally
      stimulated by the optimal concentration of ferrous ions. The effects of
      nucleotides and ferrous ions on bleomycin-induced UDS were thought to be due to
      increased bleomycin-induced DNA damage rather than enhanced DNA synthesis. The
      results suggest that pharmacological action of bleomycin is affected by the
      concentrations of nucleotides as well as ferrous ions.

PMID- 2408775
TI  - Acetyl coenzyme A-dependent binding of carcinogenic and mutagenic dinitropyrenes
      to DNA.
AB  - Dinitropyrenes are mutagenic and carcinogenic environmental pollutants found in
      diesel emissions and urban air particulates. In Salmonella typhimurium these
      compounds appear to be activated to mutagens by sequential nitroreduction and
      acetylation. We have examined whether or not similar activation pathways occur
      with mammalian nitroreductases and acetylases. When rat liver cytosol, NADPH and
      calf thymus DNA were incubated with [4,5,9,10(-3)H]1-nitropyrene, [4,5,9,10(
      3)H]1,3-, 1,6- or 1,8-dinitropyrene very low levels of nitrated pyrene binding
      with DNA were detected. Addition of acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) to these
      incubations increased the binding of dinitropyrenes 20- to 40-fold while the
      binding of 1-nitropyrene was not affected. The extent of AcCoA-dependent binding
      of dinitropyrenes reflected the amount of nitroreduction, as measured by
      aminonitropyrene formation. However, the increase in binding of dinitropyrenes to
      DNA in the presence of AcCoA did not occur with dog liver cytosol which is known
      to be deficient in N-acetylases. These results suggest that cytosolic
      nitroreductases catalyze the formation of N-hydroxy arylamine intermediates which
      in the case of dinitropyrenes are converted to reactive N-acetoxy arylamines by
      cytosolic AcCoA-dependent acetylases.

PMID- 2408776
TI  - Vascular and adrenal receptors for atrial natriuretic factor in the rat.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that atrial natriuretic factor, a powerful
      vasorelaxant of precontracted vessels, inhibits the secretion of aldosterone
      stimulated by angiotensin II, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and potassium. We now
      report the presence of specific binding sites for atrial natriuretic factor in
      rat blood vessels (mesenteric and renal arteries) and adrenal capsules.
      Radioiodinated synthetic atrial natriuretic factor bound to a single class of
      high-affinity (KD = 0.1 nM) low-capacity receptors in a particulate fraction from
      blood vessels and adrenals. Unrelated peptides did not displace atrial
      natriuretic factor. Fragments of atrial natriuretic factor displaced the labeled
      ligand with decreasing potency after cleavage at the N-terminal. The cleavage of
      the C-terminal tyrosine did not decrease the potency of atrial natriuretic
      factor, but further cleavage at the C-terminal dramatically reduced the affinity
      of the resulting peptides. The potency of the atrial natriuretic factor fragments
      in the radioligand assay was in proportion to their potency to inhibit
      aldosterone secretion by isolated rat glomerulosa cells. Our results suggest that
      these binding sites mediate the biological actions of atrial natriuretic factor
      in blood vessels and the adrenal, and that both receptors have similar
      specificities.

PMID- 2408777
TI  - Differences in norepinephrine activation and diltiazem inhibition of calcium
      channels in isolated rabbit aorta and mesenteric resistance vessels.
AB  - The mechanisms of norepinephrine stimulation of calcium ion entry in isolated
      rabbit aorta and mesenteric resistance vessels were studied through measurements
      of effects on calcium-45 influx, tension, and membrane potential. The resistance
      vessels were considerably less sensitive to norepinephrine than the aorta. The
      aorta exhibited complex dose-response curves for norepinephrine-stimulated
      calcium influx and contraction, whereas these were simple in the arterioles. Both
      vessels were depolarized with increasing concentrations of potassium.
      Norepinephrine did not depolarize the aorta, whereas it did depolarize the
      mesenteric resistance vessels. This result supports the contention that
      norepinephrine opens receptor-operated channels to induce calcium entry in the
      aorta, while it may activate potential sensitive calcium channels in the
      mesenteric resistance vessels. However, the maximum depolarization with
      norepinephrine (10(-4) M) in the arterioles was completely blocked by 10(-5) M
      diltiazem, whereas that induced by 80 mM potassium was unaltered by the
      diltiazem. Furthermore, 10(-4) M norepinephrine was able to stimulate virtually
      the same contraction and calcium influx in 80 mM potassium-depolarized arterioles
      as in normal polarized tissues. These results are consistent with norepinephrine
      opening of receptor-operated channels to allow calcium entry in the rabbit
      mesenteric resistance vessels. That the behavior of norepinephrine-activated
      channels in the aorta is more complex than in the arterioles is further
      illustrated by a dramatically decreasing sensitivity of norepinephrine-stimulated
      calcium influx to diltiazem with increasing norepinephrine in the aorta but not
      in the arterioles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2408778
TI  - The calcium channel blocker nitrendipine blocks sodium channels in neonatal rat
      cardiac myocytes.
AB  - The dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, nitrendipine, was studied for its
      effects on the sodium current of single cultured ventricular cells from neonatal
      rats. The patch-clamp method of recording whole cell currents was used, and
      sodium currents were isolated by suppressing potassium and calcium currents.
      Potassium currents were blocked by replacing potassium with cesium in the
      internal and external solutions and by adding tetraethylammonium chloride and 4
      aminopyridine in the external solution; calcium current was blocked by replacing
      calcium with cobalt in the external solution. At low frequencies (0.1 Hz),
      nitrendipine reduced sodium currents without any significant change in the
      current-voltage relation. The block was dose dependent, and assuming a single
      occupancy model with complete block, had a half-maximum value of 3 X 10(-6) M at
      a holding potential of -80 mV where half the sodium channels are activatable.
      This value is within the range of the Kd's that have been reported for low
      affinity dihydropyridine-binding sites found in cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles. In
      the presence of nitrendipine, the inactivation curve was shifted to
      hyperpolarized potentials. The block was greater with pulse intervals shorter
      than 1000 msec, and repriming was prolonged in the presence of the drug. These
      effects are similar to those of local anesthetics of the tertiary amine class,
      such as lidocaine. The block was relieved by the dihydropyridine agonist Bay
      K8644. The results are interpreted as indicating that dihydropyridines react with
      sodium channels.

PMID- 2408780
TI  - Comments on "Maximal upstroke velocity as an index of available sodium
      conductance: comparison of maximal upstroke velocity and voltage clamp
      measurements of sodium current in rabbit Purkinje fibers".

PMID- 2408779
TI  - Effect of sodium-potassium pump inhibitors and membrane-depolarizing agents on
      sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation and cyclic guanosine monophosphate
      accumulation in rat aorta.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sodium
      nitroprusside-induced relaxation, inhibition of the sodium-potassium pump, and
      cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Exposure of rat thoracic aorta to ouabain, or
      potassium- or magnesium-free Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution, procedures which
      presumably inhibit the sodium-potassium pump, or to potassium chloride or
      tetraethylammonium, membrane-depolarizing agents, inhibited relaxation to
      nitroprusside. These conditions had little or no effect on the elevated cyclic
      guanosine monophosphate levels at a concentration of nitroprusside (0.1 microM)
      that relaxed norepinephrine contracted tissues by 80%. However, at a maximum
      relaxant concentration of nitroprusside (1.0 microM), these conditions decreased
      the elevation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate. The inhibition of elevated
      cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels was independent of the endothelium,
      extracellular calcium, and the cyclic guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase
      inhibitor, M&B 22,948. The inhibitory effects of ouabain and of potassium- and
      magnesium-free solution on the increased levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate
      caused by 1.0 microM nitroprusside were abolished when tissues were incubated
      without norepinephrine, or with norepinephrine in the presence of the alpha
      adrenergic blocker, phentolamine. In contrast, a beta-adrenergic blocker,
      propranolol, had no effect on the ouabain-induced inhibition of elevated cyclic
      guanosine monophosphate levels, with norepinephrine present. These results are
      consistent with the hypothesis that membrane events regulate cyclic guanosine
      monophosphate synthesis. At nitroprusside concentrations greater than 0.1 microM,
      the formation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate appears to be coupled to the
      status of the smooth muscle cell membrane and integrity of the sodium-potassium
      pump.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2408781
TI  - Transient outward current carried by potassium and sodium in quiescent
      atrioventricular node cells of rabbits.
AB  - Single atrioventricular node cells were dispersed by treating the rabbit heart
      with collagenase. In Tyrode's solution, the cells became rounded, and about 20%
      of them showed spontaneous activity, whereas the rest remained quiescent. When
      those quiescent cells were whole-cell clamped, depolarizing clamp pulses from the
      holding potential of -83 mV induced an outward current which decayed quickly,
      with a time course similar to that of the transient outward current in the
      Purkinje fiber. The amplitude of the current became larger when progressively
      more positive clamp pulses were given from a very negative holding potential. The
      inactivation time course of this current consisted of two exponential components.
      Single-channel current recordings from those cells revealed a class of channels
      that activated more frequently during the initial part of depolarizing pulses.
      Summation of those unitary currents reproduced activation and inactivation time
      courses of the macroscopic current well, suggesting that this channel corresponds
      to the transient outward current. The current-voltage relationship of the channel
      was linear with the slope conductance of 19.9 +/- 1.8 pS (n = 7), and the
      reversal potential was near the resting potential of the atrioventricular node
      cell with 5.4 mM potassium chloride and 134.6 mM sodium chloride in the pipette.
      The channel was passing mainly potassium ions, but sodium ions also seemed to
      carry a fraction of the current. The possible role of the transient outward
      current in the quiescent node cell is discussed.

PMID- 2408783
TI  - [Rapid staining methods for the detection of malaria parasites].

PMID- 2408782
TI  - Passage of ions and dextran molecules across the rete mirabile of the eel. The
      effects of charge.
AB  - The countercurrent-perfused rete mirabile of the eel is a preparation in which
      capillary permeability values can be determined accurately in broadscale fashion.
      To provide insight into charge effects on transendothelial passage, the
      permeability values of small inorganic cations (labeled sodium and rubidium, and
      stable potassium) and anions (labeled chloride, iodide, sulfate, and
      ferrocyanide) were compared to those expected for neutral solutes with
      approximately matched diffusion coefficients, and that of a neutral dextran
      fraction was compared to that of a negatively charged dextran sulfate with a
      similar diffusion coefficient. In the small ion experiments, the labeled iodide
      values were unexpectedly high, apparently due to the contamination of the labeled
      iodide solution with I-3. The permeabilities of the rest of the ions clustered at
      a level about 0.5 of the values which would have been expected for neutral
      solutes with similar diffusion coefficients. The decrement was interpreted to
      reflect the presence of both positive and negative charges along the
      transendothelial pathway, which effectively decrease the dimensions of the
      limiting part of the pathway for the charged microions relative to that
      accessible to comparable nonelectrolytes. The larger negatively charged dextran
      sulfate was also reduced in its passage, in comparison with its matching neutral
      dextran; this was taken to indicate the presence of a larger scale average net
      negative charge along its pathway. The data indicate the presence of a staggering
      of positive and negative charges along the transendothelial pathway accessible to
      the microions, and a net negative charge in the more restricted part of the
      pathway available to the dextrans.

PMID- 2408784
TI  - [The use of methylene blue-eosin-borax stain in determining the viability of
      Ascaris ova].

PMID- 2408785
TI  - Fibrin formation and platelet aggregation in patients with severe coronary artery
      disease: relationship with the degree of myocardial ischemia.
AB  - Fibrinopeptide A (FpA) concentrations in plasma and in 24 hr urine specimens as
      well as beta-thromboglobulin (BTG) in plasma were measured in 17 patients with
      severe angina pectoris, including both stable and unstable angina, and in 19
      patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients with unstable angina had
      plasma FpA and BTG levels of 5.2 +/- 1.7 ng/ml and 91 +/- 23 ng/ml, respectively.
      The corresponding concentrations of FpA in the 24 hr urine specimens were 8.2 +/-
      1.4 micrograms/24 hr. These values were similar to those measured in patients
      with acute myocardial infarction and higher than the corresponding levels in
      patients with stable angina (p less than .05) and in normal control subjects (p
      less than .01). The similarity of the platelet and coagulation findings in
      patients with unstable angina and in those with myocardial infarction favors the
      hypothesis that coronary thrombosis may play a major role in the pathogenesis of
      acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2408786
TI  - Mast cells, mediators and asthma.

PMID- 2408787
TI  - IgE and IgG4 antibodies to bovine milk fat globule membrane in atopic eczema
      patients: a study of their occurrence, relevance and antigenic specificity.
AB  - IgE and IgG4 antibodies to bovine milk fat globule membrane (FGM) were measured
      in atopic eczema patients to determine whether their presence would account for
      allergy to milk in cases where whole or individual milk protein-specific
      antibodies are not detectable. The study demonstrates that the measurements of
      IgE and IgG4 antibodies to FGM do not offer any additional diagnostic value in
      milk exacerbated cases of atopic eczema. Furthermore, cross-inhibition studies
      with four milk proteins showed that these FGM-reactive IgE and IgG4 antibodies
      are directed against alpha-casein.

PMID- 2408788
TI  - Immunoreactive phospholipase A2 in serum in acute pancreatitis and pancreatic
      cancer.
AB  - Immunoreactive phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) was measured by a new sensitive time
      resolved fluoroimmunoassay in the serum of 58 healthy subjects and 103 patients
      with acute pancreatitis. Patients with acute pancreatitis were grouped according
      to the etiology and clinical severity of the disease. The mean phospholipase A2
      concentration in the reference (healthy) group was 5.5 (SD 1.9) micrograms/L. In
      acute pancreatitis the mean phospholipase A2 concentration was increased on the
      first day after hospital admission in all groups, and returned to normal somewhat
      more slowly than did serum amylase, especially in the patients with severe
      alcoholic pancreatitis. In this latter group the mean concentration of serum
      phospholipase A2 on the first day was 42.6 (SD 29.5) micrograms/L. In patients
      with pancreatic cancer, serum phospholipase A2 was 29.2 (SD 21.3) micrograms/L.
      The phospholipase A2 and amylase values were closely associated in all groups.
      The clinical sensitivities were 90.9% for severe alcoholic pancreatitis and 87.5%
      for pancreatic cancer. Immunochemical determination of phospholipase A2 in serum
      provides fast and specific detection of injury to pancreatic acinar cells. In
      addition to the early diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, follow-up determinations
      of phospholipase A2 seem to be useful in differentiating between mild and severe
      forms of pancreatitis.

PMID- 2408789
TI  - Immunochemical qualitative latex agglutination test for pancreatic lipase in
      serum evaluated for use in diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.
AB  - In 417 patients (213 men, 204 women) consecutively hospitalized with acute
      abdominal pain we evaluated the clinical usefulness of a latex-agglutination test
      at admission to screen for concentrations of pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) in
      serum greater than 300 micrograms/L. The diagnoses of acute pancreatitis (in 25
      patients, 6%) and other diseases were made without knowledge of the results of
      the latex test or of quantification of pancreatic lipase in the serum by enzyme
      immunoassay. In the latex assay, when agglutination was taken as a positive test
      for acute pancreatitis, we found a diagnostic efficiency of 0.986 (95% confidence
      limits: 0.971-0.997) for acute pancreatitis. The predictive value of a positive
      latex test result with respect to acute pancreatitis was 0.807 (0.625-0.926); the
      predictive value of a negative test was 1.000 (0.991-1.000). Six patients had
      false-positive test results. No false-negative test results were found by enzyme
      immunoassay. We conclude that the latex agglutination test is useful as an
      emergency test for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in patients with acute
      abdominal pain; negative results virtually exclude acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 2408790
TI  - Serum amylase and lipase values in acute renal failure.

PMID- 2408791
TI  - CSF alpha 2-macroglobulin and C-reactive protein as aids to rapid diagnosis of
      acute bacterial meningitis.
AB  - alpha 2-Macroglobulin (AMG) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) of patients with bacterial and aseptic meningitis have been analyzed
      by a rate nephelometric method to determine if these acute phase proteins can aid
      in differentiation of bacterial from aseptic meningitis. The mean CSF
      concentrations of AMG and CRP were 15 and 3.5 times greater, respectively, in the
      bacterial compared to the aseptic meningitis group. Also, the range of AMG levels
      showed minimal overlap between the two groups. The elevated levels of the
      proteins persisted after CSF cultures became negative. Quantitation of specific
      acute phase proteins in CSF may assist the differentiation of bacterial from
      aseptic meningitis.

PMID- 2408792
TI  - An HbF enrichment procedure for the HPLC analysis of gamma chains.
AB  - A rapid and inexpensive method is described for the enrichment of fetal
      hemoglobin (HbF) which eliminates the interference of other hemoglobins in the
      HPLC analysis of gamma chains when HbF is less than or equal to 20-30% of the
      total Hb. The enrichment procedure, which is carried out on 1 ml hemolysate, is
      based on the alkaline denaturation of the other Hbs followed by Zn2+
      precipitation. Samples are injected into the HPLC apparatus without further
      treatment. The method was validated by HPLC analysis of hemolysates with high
      levels of HbF and mixtures prepared by diluting the high HbF hemolysates with
      adult hemolysates. The relative proportions of gamma chains as well as their
      chromatographic behavior were unaltered by the HbF enrichment procedure. The
      method is illustrated by the analysis of hemolysates of normal newborns and of
      patients with thalassemia, sickle cell diseases and aplastic anemia containing
      3.4 to 100% HbF. For the four hemolysates containing greater than 20% HbF, the
      same quantitative and chromatographic results were obtained by direct analysis
      and after enrichment. Although reproducible and accurate results were obtained
      for the enrichment method and HPLC analysis when HbF was greater than or equal to
      3%, at lower concentrations the variability of both was unacceptably high,
      indicating the need for additional or improved methodology for hemolysates
      containing very low levels of HbF.

PMID- 2408793
TI  - Enkephalins in pheochromocytoma: studies in a rat model.
AB  - Enkephalins, endogenous opioid pentapeptides which are found in high
      concentration in normal chromaffin tissue, may play a role in blood pressure
      regulation. We therefore examined the presence and actions of enkephalins in
      pheochromocytoma in a rat model. Transplantable norepinephrine-rich tumors, which
      gave rise to significant blood pressure elevations, contained measurable
      immunoreactive enkephalins as determined by specific radioimmunoassays for
      leucine-enkephalin and methionine-enkephalin. Enkephalin immunoreactivity
      paralleled the enkephalin assay standard curves and was not abolished by boiling
      or by protease inhibitors (EDTA, PMSF). Authenticity of the immunoreactive
      enkephalins was confirmed by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography.
      The amount of enkephalin immunoreactivity present initially in these tumors was
      greatly augmented by the prohormone activators trypsin or trypsin plus
      carboxypeptidase B, suggesting that most of the immunoreactive enkephalin was
      present in higher molecular weight precursor form. Enkephalin determinations on
      human pheochromocytoma and catecholamine measurements in both rat and human
      pheochromocytoma, demonstrated certain similarities and differences in enkephalin
      and catecholamine content between rat and human tumors. Total tumor enkephalins
      correlated (r = 0.91, p less than 0.05) with total tumor catecholamines in rat
      pheochromocytoma, suggesting co-regulation of synthesis of these 2 chromaffin
      tissue substances. Physiologic studies, in which intravenous leucine-enkephalin
      and the opioid antagonist nalaxone were administered to pheochromocytoma
      implanted rats and sham-operated controls, failed to uncover an opioid peptide
      influence upon blood pressure in this animal model of pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2408794
TI  - The hypotensive action of 4-(5,6-dimethyl-2-benzofuranyl) piperidine HCl (CGP
      6085 A) in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - CGP 6085 A, [4-(5,6-dimethyl-2-benzofuranyl)piperidine HCl], has been found to be
      a mild to moderately potent hypotensive agent. One hour following CGP 6085 A
      administration (10 mg/kg, i.p.), a maximal reduction in blood pressure of
      approximately 20-30 mm Hg is observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The
      maximal reduction in blood pressure was observed at a dose of 3 mg/kg. CGP 6085 A
      blocks 5-HT uptake in the brainstem when assessed in vivo by use of the serotonin
      depletor, H 75/12 (3-hydroxy-4-methyl-alpha-ethyl-phenylethylamine). The maximal
      inhibitory effect on 5-HT uptake occurred at 10 mg/kg CGP 6085 A. The reduction
      in blood pressure correlates well with the ability of the drug to inhibit 5-HT
      uptake as assayed by H 75/12, with a correlation coefficient of 0.71 for SH rats.
      However, since the drug has not been widely characterized, alternate explanations
      for the cardiovascular pharmacological properties of CGP 6085 A are also
      proposed.

PMID- 2408795
TI  - Antenatal diagnosis of infantile Refsum's disease.

PMID- 2408796
TI  - Differences in the fine specificities of monoclonal (Class A) antibodies to human
      myeloid cells.
AB  - Among 13 monoclonal antibodies to human myelomonocytic cells, six could be
      assigned to a group designated Class A with the following properties: (a) they
      react almost exclusively with granulocytes among cells of the peripheral blood,
      (b) they resemble the previously described anti-granulocyte antibodies, VEP8 and
      VEP9, and the anti-mouse embryo, anti-SSEA-1, in their strong reactions with
      human meconium glycoproteins and ovarian cyst mucins of non-secretor type and (c)
      they recognize the carbohydrate antigen 3-fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine (alpha 1---
      3fucosylated Type 2 blood group chains). The binding of these anti-myeloid
      antibodies is more strongly inhibited by lacto-N-fucopentaose III than by the
      trisaccharide-fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine, in contrast to anti-SSEA-1 which is
      more strongly inhibited by the trisaccharide. These observations suggest that the
      myeloid Class A antibodies recognize additional determinants on the neolacto (Gal
      beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----3Gal beta 1----4) backbone of the pentasaccharide
      which occurs on the glycoproteins and glycolipids of myeloid cells. However, no
      two of the anti-myeloid antibodies were identical in their inhibition patterns
      with the glycoproteins and the two oligosaccharides. They also differed in their
      cellular reactivities, for example, the proportion of cells in the K-562 cell
      line reacting with each antibody ranged from 15-57%.

PMID- 2408797
TI  - Inverse relationship between interferon production by mononuclear leucocytes and
      oxidative metabolism of neutrophil granulocytes in infection prone children.
AB  - The ability of neutrophil granulocytes (PMN) from 15 infection prone children to
      produce luminol enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) was disturbed to varying extents
      in eight patients, two of whom were diagnosed as having chronic granulomatous
      disease (CGD). The ability of peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes (PBL) to
      produce interferons (IFN) was normal, as tested with the inducers Sendai virus,
      E. coli, concanavalin A and L. culinaris lectin. However, the IFN response to the
      inducer S. aureus Cowan I (SACoI) was decreased in patients with normal CL and
      tended to be increased in those with decreased CL. There was a significant
      inverse relation between the CL of PMN and the SACoI-induced IFN responses by PBL
      of the patients. A regulatory effect of products of oxidative metabolism on SACoI
      induced IFN production is therefore suggested. Patients, including those with CGD
      and controls showed similar basal and in vitro IFN enhanced natural killer (NK)
      activity of PBL against K-562 erythroleukaemia cells.

PMID- 2408798
TI  - Selective depression of thymus-independent anti-DNP antibody responses induced by
      adult but not neonatal splenectomy.
AB  - The effect of splenectomy was assessed on rats' capacity to respond to 2,4
      dinitrophenol (DNP) conjugated to spider crab haemocyanin (MSH) or hydroxyethyl
      starch (HES). The response to DNP-HES was profoundly suppressed in all
      immunoglobulin classes and subclasses by adult splenectomy. This loss of
      responsiveness increased with time after removal of the spleen. By contrast no
      significant effect on the anti-DNP-MSH response was caused by splenectomy.
      Experiments in congenitally athymic rats confirmed the thymus dependency of anti
      DNP antibody responses of all classes and subclasses induced by DNP-MSH. DNP-HES
      responses, however, were elevated in athymic animals. The effect of adult
      splenectomy in these animals was considerably less than that produced in euthymic
      rats. Neonatal splenectomy in euthymic rats only resulted in minor impairment of
      these rats' capacity to respond to DNP-HES as adults, indicating the ability of
      rats to compensate after neonatal but not adult splenectomy. These data are taken
      to show that the spleen plays an important role in responses against this thymus
      independent type II antigen which is only partially replaceable by other
      compartments of the immune system.

PMID- 2408799
TI  - Demonstration of a shared epitope among mycobacterial antigens using a monoclonal
      antibody.
AB  - An IgM monoclonal antibody designated TB-C-1 which is broadly reactive with
      mycobacteria has been studied to characterize the antigens with which it reacts.
      Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) demonstrated reactivity not only with
      culture filtrates of several mycobacterial species but with several purified
      antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including protein antigens 5 and 6 and
      polysaccharides arabinogalactan and arabinomannan. Immunoblotting demonstrated
      reactivity with four distinct components of M. tuberculosis. Reactions with
      components of similar mol. wt were demonstrated for several other mycobacterial
      species, although fewer components bound with TB-C-1 in these other mycobacteria
      than in M. tuberculosis. Immunoabsorbents were prepared from TB-C-1 and used to
      isolate antigens with which the antibody reacted. Multiple antigens were
      identified in the eluates from M. tuberculosis, including protein antigens 6 and
      7, arabinomannan, and arabinogalactan. Fewer components were recovered from other
      species of mycobacteria. Affinity of binding of immunoabsorbents was similar for
      all antigens bound. These results indicate that a common epitope is widely shared
      among antigens of M. tuberculosis and other mycobacteria and they suggest that
      species specificity of mycobacterial antigens may rest with individual epitopes
      rather than intact antigenic molecules.

PMID- 2408800
TI  - Interferon deficiency syndrome.
AB  - Activation of the interferon (IFN) system is an early defence mechanism against
      viral infections. The virus stimulates production of IFN by nucleated cells
      including the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and this IFN in turn
      activates several IFN-dependent immune mechanisms including the induction of an
      anti-viral state in cells, which prevents or retards further intracellular viral
      replication. In an ongoing study of 1,500 individuals of all ages and with
      various illnesses, we found 15 cases (representing 5% of patients with acute
      viral disease) in whom the IFN system response during an acute viral illness was
      absent or grossly deficient. There was no detectable IFN in the blood, PBMC did
      not produce IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma or produced minimal amounts of one of them in
      vitro following appropriate stimulation, and the patients' PBMC were not in an
      anti-viral state. These patients had severe progressive or fulminant viral
      disease, often ending fatally. IFN therapy appears to be beneficial in these
      cases, as it rapidly induced a cellular antiviral state in most cases, stimulated
      in vitro IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma production by PBMC, and led to rapid recovery in
      seven of the nine patients who received treatment for at least 3 days. In our
      opinion IFN replacement therapy should be commenced as early as possible in such
      cases, and before irreversible cell and organ damage occur.

PMID- 2408801
TI  - In vitro production of different interferon types by cloned human NK cells.
AB  - Human peripheral blood null cells were conjugated in vitro with K-562 cells and
      expanded into continuous cell lines using IL-2 containing medium (CM) and
      periodical restimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Most of these lines were
      made up of granular blasts expressing high natural killer (NK) activity. When
      analysed for different surface markers, the large majority of the blasts were E
      rosette+, T3+, Tac+, DR+, Leu7+ with a variable proportion of cells expressing T8
      and M1 antigens (range: 20-80%). In contrast, T4 antigen was expressed by the
      majority of cells of the control cell lines originated in the absence of K-562
      cells. Twenty-nine clones were obtained from one of the above lines using the
      limiting dilution technique and subsequently maintained in CM for 4 months or
      more. The majority of these clones maintained their cytotoxic potential and were
      able to produce different interferon (IFN) types (IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma or both)
      when growing in CM. In addition in a number of selected clones, simultaneous
      stimulation with PHA and K-562 cells was able to induce or support the production
      of both IFN types.

PMID- 2408802
TI  - Specificity of mouse hybridoma antibodies to DNA. III. Antigenic determinants of
      nucleic acids recognized by poly(dG) specific monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Immunochemical properties of monoclonal autoantibodies to single stranded DNA
      (ssDNA), which were derived from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) prone mice
      and were specific for poly(dG), were studied using a hapten inhibition assay with
      oligo- and mononucleotides. Deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP) completely
      inhibited the ssDNA binding of poly(dG) specific monoclonal antibodies. The
      affinity to deoxyguanosine was approximately 70% of dGMP, and to guanosine
      monophosphate (GMP) and to guanosine was 38% and 24%, respectively. In contrast,
      other purine monomers such as deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), adenosine
      monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine exhibited virtually no inhibitory effect on the
      ssDNA binding of these monoclonal hybridoma autoantibodies. By the same
      competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay using deoxyguanosine oligonucleotides
      of various chain lengths, the minimal antigenic size of ssDNA encompassed by the
      combining site of the Fab portion of anti-ssDNA monoclonal autoantibodies was
      determined to be the tetra- or pentanucleotide.

PMID- 2408803
TI  - (T,G)-A-L specific immune response potential and HLA typing of Israeli patients
      with systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Thirty-three Israeli patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were
      studied for their ability to respond to the synthetic polypeptide poly (Tyr,Glu)
      poly (DLAla)-poly(Lys) [( T,G]-A-L) as measured by the production of a T cell
      helper factor by their antigen activated T cells. Twenty-seven of the patients
      were typed for their HLA phenotypes. Nineteen patients were with more active
      disease and 14 with a milder non-active disease. All the patients of the two
      groups responded to (T,G)-A-L by the production of an antigen specific helper T
      cell factor, in contrast to only 50% responders among healthy donors. Thus, lack
      of normal regulation of T cell helper function was observed among all patients
      with SLE, independently of their disease activity and/or treatment. A higher
      frequency of DR5 (75%) was observed in patients with a milder non-active disease
      (vs 46.6% in normal healthy control individuals) while 53.3% of patients with
      active disease possessed DR7 (21.8% in controls). These findings may suggest a
      possible association between the severity of the disease and a specific DR
      determinant.

PMID- 2408804
TI  - Effect of cyclosporine A on procoagulant activity in mononuclear blood cells and
      monocytes in vitro.
AB  - Monocytes and macrophages synthesize thromboplastin when induced by a number of
      compounds. Our experiments show that cyclosporine A (CyA) enhances the synthesis
      of procoagulant activity in monocytes and in whole mononuclear cells (MNC) about
      two-fold when phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) is the stimulant. The enhancement is
      inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. CyA alone had no effect, but in the
      presence of PHA or phorbol ester CyA induces or enhances the synthesis of a
      vitamin K-dependent procoagulant in the MNC cultures. This procoagulant acts
      synergistically with thromboplastin synthesized in the same cultures.

PMID- 2408805
TI  - Angiotensin converting enzyme and substance P changes in blister fluid following
      afferent nerve stimulation in the rat.
AB  - We have examined the effect of electrical nerve stimulation on substance P and
      angiotensin converting enzyme activity in the interstitial fluid of rat skin
      using a blister model. Following sciatic nerve stimulation, blister fluid
      immunoreactive substance P (fmol/ml) was increased from 118 (unstimulated side,
      s.e.m. = 13, n = 15) to 197 (stimulated side, s.e.m. = 26, n = 15, P less than
      0.0125, paired t-test, 14 d.f.). Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity
      (nmol HL/ml per h) was reduced in blister fluid from 26.5 (unstimulated side,
      s.e.m. = 2.4, n = 12) to 22.4 (stimulated side, s.e.m. = 1.4, P less than 0.05,
      paired t-test, 11 d.f.). Electrical stimulation of afferent nerves inhibits
      angiotensin converting enzyme activity in vivo. This may contribute to the
      process of neurogenic inflammation.

PMID- 2408806
TI  - The diagnostic value of the neurodevelopmental examination.
AB  - The neurodevelopmental examination is a pediatric approach to developmental
      diagnosis that relies on evaluation of multiple streams of development. The value
      of the neurodevelopmental examination for the early diagnosis of cerebral palsy
      and mental retardation was studied by a retrospective analysis of prospectively
      (longitudinally) collected data. Both conditions were found to be accurately
      diagnosed in the first year of life. For cerebral palsy, sensitivity was 0.81 and
      specificity 1.00; for mental retardation, sensitivity was 0.56 and specificity
      0.96. The trained pediatrician can make early diagnoses of developmental
      disabilities.

PMID- 2408807
TI  - Effects of prazosin on platelet aggregation and plasma beta-thromboglobulin in
      essential hypertension.
AB  - Platelet aggregation in response to adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) and plasma
      levels of beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) were followed in 10 subjects with
      essential hypertension without any manifest vascular complications and in 14 age
      matched normotensive controls. The effects of prazosin on blood pressure and
      platelet function were also examined in the subjects with hypertension. Platelet
      aggregation in response to 5 microM ADP was significantly greater in the subjects
      with hypertension than in the controls. Plasma beta-TG levels were 30% higher in
      the subjects with hypertension than in the controls. The increased platelet
      aggregation and plasma levels of beta-TG in the subjects with hypertension
      returned to normal after the blood pressure had been controlled by prazosin
      therapy. Our data suggest that the aggregation and release reactions of platelets
      increase in uncomplicated essential hypertension, and that prazosin may have some
      beneficial effects on the prevention of vascular complications in hypertension by
      normalizing platelet function as well as by lowering blood pressure.

PMID- 2408808
TI  - Conversion from intravenous to oral mexiletine in the acute management of
      repetitive ventricular arrhythmia.
AB  - We evaluated the safety and efficacy of intravenous mexiletine and a method for
      converting from intravenous to oral mexiletine therapy. Fifteen patients with
      repetitive ventricular ectopy (13 had ventricular tachycardia) received
      intravenous mexiletine at a rate of 10 mg/min for 30 to 60 minutes. Ventricular
      ectopy was suppressed with minimal side effects in 10 of 15 subjects. Oral
      mexiletine was begun immediately after completion of the intravenous infusion at
      a dose of 10 mg/kg/24 hr in the 10 responders to intravenous therapy. In eight,
      the oral dose was effective in suppressing the arrhythmia, but it induced side
      effects in three of them. In one of these three, dose reduction resulted in
      adequate arrhythmia control with acceptable toxicity. In the two who did not
      respond to the original dose, a larger dose (15 mg/kg/24 hr) induced arrhythmia
      control with acceptable side effects in one subject. Thus rapid control of
      nonsustained repetitive ventricular arrhythmia can be achieved with intravenous
      mexiletine in about two thirds of patients, and conversion to oral therapy can
      often be achieved smoothly without significant arrhythmia recurrence.

PMID- 2408809
TI  - Myocardial ischemia induced by prostacyclin and iloprost.
AB  - Vasodilators of resistive vessels may induce ischemia in patients with coronary
      artery disease. To evaluate this possibility during prostacyclin (PGI2; scalar
      doses up to 10 ng/kg/min) and prostacyclin analog (iloprost; scalar doses up to 6
      ng/kg/min) infusions, we studied 33 patients with angina pectoris and proved
      coronary artery disease. Patients were also submitted to dipyridamole (0.15
      mg/kg/min for 4 minutes) and exercise stress testing (starting at 25 W and
      increasing 25 W every 2 minutes). In a preliminary study the hemodynamic and side
      effects of iloprost were studied in seven healthy subjects. At an iloprost dose
      of 4 to 6 ng/kg/min, these subjects had a significant decrease in mean arterial
      pressure and total peripheral and pulmonary vascular resistances. Side effects
      were limited to facial flushing and slight headache and were readily reversible.
      PGI2 induced typical chest pain and significant ST segment depression in six
      patients with severe coronary artery disease (three with left main and three with
      triple vessel disease) and poor exercise tolerance (means +/- SD = 362 +/- 99
      seconds). All six patients had had angina during the dipyridamole infusion.
      Similar findings were observed after iloprost infusion in four of these.
      Aminophylline (125 mg iv) completely relieved chest pain. Although the rate
      pressure products occasionally rose during PGI2 and iloprost infusions, there
      were no significant changes between ischemic (11.3 +/- 2.3 and 10.6 +/- 1.4 X 10(
      3) U) and preischemic (10.8 +/- 1.5 and 10.7 +/- 1.4 X 10(-3) U) rates of
      infusion. Our data indicate that PGI2 and iloprost may induce ischemia
      independently of changes in oxygen demand, and suggest that these drugs dilate
      small coronary vessels. This may result in decreased subendocardial perfusion
      pressure and/or "coronary steal."

PMID- 2408810
TI  - Immunopharmacologic bases of immunotherapy.
AB  - Secondary immune deficiency generally involves more profound defects in cellular
      than humoral immunity. This type of immune deficiency occurs in acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, malnutrition, aging and following
      immunosuppressive therapy. Immunorestorative therapies were developed for use in
      the immunotherapy of cancer. Their experimental use in cancer and other diseases
      such as infections and autoimmunity has demonstrated their safety and their
      capacity to improve host responses to disease particularly when the host is
      immunocompromised. Biologicals such as the thymic hormones and interferon have
      been intensively studied and are briefly reviewed in this paper. Chemically
      defined drugs such as levamisole, isoprinosine, azimexon, and muramyl dipeptides
      have also been extensively analyzed and the action of certain purine-related
      compounds are discussed to exemplify their immunopharmacologic features. The
      combined uses of biologicals and drugs are suggested to improve the efficiency of
      immunotherapy.

PMID- 2408811
TI  - Diagnostic procedures for pleural disease.
AB  - Using a systematic approach based upon findings obtained from the patient's
      history, physical examination, routine laboratory studies, and chest
      roentgenograms, the clinician will establish the presence and location of pleural
      effusion in the majority of cases. The selective use of tests based upon the
      clinician's initial diagnostic impressions will allow accurate separation of
      transudative from exudative effusions; exudative effusions will be diagnosed in
      over 85 per cent of patients. There remain many unanswered questions regarding
      the diagnosis of pleural effusion. Prospective studies are needed to establish
      diagnostic algorithms that minimize under- and overutilization of tests. The
      introduction of Medicare Prospective Reimbursement under Diagnosis-Related Groups
      (DRGs) on October 1, 1983, may provide the appropriate incentives to hospitals
      and clinicians to carry out these important studies.

PMID- 2408812
TI  - Management of chronic pain.

PMID- 2408813
TI  - Hemorrhagic endovasculitis of the placenta: a clinicopathologic entity associated
      with adverse pregnancy outcome.

PMID- 2408814
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against chick gp 115, a matrix glycoprotein with broad
      distribution.
AB  - Hybridoma cell lines were generated producing monoclonal antibodies to chick gp
      115, a 115,000-dalton glycoprotein widely distributed in the connective tissue.
      The specificity of the antibodies was determined by indirect radioimmunobinding:
      the extent of binding was a function of i) antigen and ii) antibody
      concentration; iii) inhibition of binding of radiolabelled antibody by unlabelled
      antibody and iv) among many known extracellular collagenous or noncollagenous
      glycoproteins tested only gp 115 gave a strong positive binding reaction. The
      antibodies were used for indirect immunofluorescence and a strong staining
      reaction was detected in all blood vessels, around smooth muscle cells in several
      organs, and in the connective matrix of other tissues such as the liver, and the
      lung. Based on the competition of binding of [125I]-labeled purified antibody by
      unlabeled antibodies, two separate epitopes were identified on gp 115. Further
      analysis of the localization of the epitope was obtained by CNBr cleavage and
      partial digestion of gp 115 with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease and alpha
      chymotrypsin digestion. Following CNBr cleavage a major fragment of Mr = 35,000
      was recognized by 4 monoclonal antibodies, and fragments of comparable Mr were
      detected following V8 protease and alpha-chymotrypsin digestion.

PMID- 2408815
TI  - Enzymatic digestion of human plasma inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor by snake venom
      metalloproteinases.
AB  - Incubation of human plasma inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor with crotalid, viperid,
      colubrid or elapid venoms resulted in random cleavage of the intact inhibitor
      (200,000 mol. wt) and formation of inhibitor of 130,000, 77,000, 58,000, and
      38,000 mol. wt, along with several minor products. The overall patterns of
      digestion varied among the venoms studied. However, a 77,000 mol. wt inhibitor
      cleavage product was formed by all venoms tested, and this fragment was resistant
      to proteolysis even after a 24 hr incubation with the venoms. Venom pre-treated
      with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride digested inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor;
      however, pre-treatment with EDTA completely stopped the reaction, indicating that
      venom metalloproteinases were responsible for the inhibitor digestion. The
      inhibitor cleavage products retained the ability to inhibit trypsin, but had no
      inhibitory activity against venom proteinases.

PMID- 2408816
TI  - The influence of glutathione on the resistance to lindane of the migratory locust
      Locusta migratoria cinerascens.
AB  - Injection of glutathione into locusts reduces their mortality to lindane. HPLC
      with electrochemical detection allowed measurement of glutathione in locust. It
      was, in mu moles X g-1, 1.73 male 2.01 female fat body, 1.20 in muscle and in
      haemolymph 0.13 mu moles X ml-1. The role of glutathione in determining the
      greater sensitivity of gregarious vs solitary locusts to lindane is discussed.

PMID- 2408817
TI  - The influence of testosterone in the brain of the male rat on levels of serotonin
      (5-HT) and hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA).
AB  - There were two groups of rats: one was injected with testosterone propionate (10
      mg/kg) every 7 days starting from weaning (23 days old); the other group had
      gonadectomy on the same day. The levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA were measured by
      spectrofluorometry. The concentrations of 5-HT in the diencephalon of the
      testosterone propionate injected rats decreased significantly at 45 days, tending
      to become reestablished at 60 days; the rest of the brain followed the same
      pattern, but was less pronounced. The concentrations of 5-HIAA in the
      diencephalon and the rest of the brain decrease throughout postnatal development,
      although the differences are not significant. The castrated rats showed a marked
      increase at 45 days and later decreased at 60 days without recovering their
      initial values, in both brain areas. 5-HIAA concentrations were similar to those
      found in the injected animals. These facts can have various interpretations:
      early modifications in the brain, feed-back regulation mechanisms at the level of
      the hypothalamus, decrease in the release of the amine or reduction of its
      catabolism.

PMID- 2408818
TI  - In vivo distribution of dimethylnitrosamine metabolites in mouse liver and their
      binding to micrococcal nuclease sensitive and resistant chromatin.
AB  - Mice were injected i.p. with a single dose (5 mg/kg body wt) of
      [14C]dimethylnitrosamine and killed at time intervals between 15 and 120 min.
      Isolated nuclei were incubated with micrococcal nuclease and the chromatin
      separated into a 1100 g pellet P1 and supernatant fraction S1. The incorporation
      of 14C from [14C]dimethylnitrosamine into chromatin was significantly higher in
      the P1 than the S1 fraction. The purine bases of the P1 DNA showed a lower
      methylation than those of the S1 DNA. In contrast, radioactivity of the proteins
      was higher in the P1 than the S1 fraction. It is concluded that the open
      structures of the S1 chromatin were preferentially attacked by the hepatotoxin
      leading to a high 14C-labelling of the DNA relative to that of the proteins.

PMID- 2408819
TI  - Removal of hormones by hemofiltration and hemodialysis with a highly permeable
      polysulfone membrane.

PMID- 2408821
TI  - D-penicillamine effects on inflammatory and normal connective tissues in rats.
      Studies on collagen, glycosaminoglycans and nucleic acids with particular
      reference to antirheumatoid therapy.

PMID- 2408820
TI  - Interpretation of serum amylase levels in the critically ill patient.
AB  - To understand better the incidence and meaning of hyperamylasemia in the
      intensive care setting, cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis was used to
      measure the isoenzymes of serum amylase in 192 patients with a variety of
      critical illnesses. Seventy of these patients had elevated serum amylase levels,
      but none had clinical or biochemical evidence of acute pancreatitis or renal
      failure. Of the 70 patients who had hyperamylasemia, in only 18 (26%) was it due
      solely to an elevation of the pancreatic isoamylase fraction. The remaining 52
      patients were hyperamylasemic due to elevations in the nonpancreatic isoamylase
      fraction or elevations in both pancreatic and nonpancreatic isoamylase fractions.
      These data indicate that hyperamylasemia in the absence of clinical pancreatic
      disease is common in the ICU and is frequently caused by nonpancreatic production
      of serum amylase. Caution is, therefore, advised in interpreting elevated serum
      amylase levels in critically ill patients.

PMID- 2408822
TI  - Chemotherapy-induced eosinophilic pneumonia. Relation to bleomycin.
AB  - Three cases of eosinophilic pneumonia are associated with bleomycin chemotherapy.
      As opposed to the more common picture of diffuse alveolar damage, these cases
      appear to represent a hypersensitivity reaction resembling eosinophilic
      pneumonia.

PMID- 2408823
TI  - Endodermal sinus tumors.

PMID- 2408824
TI  - Successful treatment of mediastinal germ cell/endodermal sinus tumors.
AB  - Three patients with endodermal sinus tumor of the mediastinum and two with
      endodermal sinus tumor mixed with other histologies were treated with CEBA
      (cisplatin, etoposide, bleomycin, and doxorubicin [Adriamycin]) and by
      cytoreductive surgery. Three patients treated with CEBA followed by surgery
      achieved a complete remission and remain free of disease at 36+, 35+, and 28+
      months, respectively, from diagnosis. Two patients were treated initially with
      vinblastine, bleomycin, cisplatin, and surgery, and neither achieved a complete
      remission. Both then received CEBA, and one achieved a complete remission
      (duration 47 + months). Bone marrow toxicity from CEBA was severe, abrupt, and
      cumulative. All patients experienced neutropenic fever, anemia, and
      thrombocytopenia requiring platelet transfusions. The CEBA followed by vigorous
      cytoreductive surgery is effective treatment for germ cell tumors of the
      medastinum containing endodermal sinus tumor elements.

PMID- 2408825
TI  - Current status of treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

PMID- 2408826
TI  - [Space-occupying rectal cancer. Concept of the operation and early results in 15
      patients].
AB  - In 1982 and 1983, 15 patients (14 women, 1 man) suffering from large tumors of
      the rectum and of the rectosigmoidal junction totally filling the small pelvis,
      underwent operation. Depending on the extent of the tumor, 8 patients underwent a
      hysterectomy (53.3%), 7 a resection of the small intestine (46.6%), five a
      resection of part of the bladder (33.3%), three a resection of the vagina (20%),
      two an extirpation of the bladder (13.3%), and one each a nephrectomy, a
      resection of the ureter, a resection of the pelvic vein, and a resection of the
      abdominal wall. In two cases an ileal conduit was applied, in three an ureter
      splint. Hospital lethality rate was 20% (3 patients) with an average hospital
      stay of 53 days. After an average observation period of 18.3 months, 8 patients
      were still alive. The probability of surviving 12 months was 63%. - The surgical
      concept applied is presented.

PMID- 2408827
TI  - [Rare dislocation of an esophagus endoprosthesis in front of the ileocecal valve
      with deep small intestine ileus].

PMID- 2408828
TI  - [Clinical values of the radioimmunoassay of serum thyroxine binding globulin].

PMID- 2408829
TI  - Mechanisms by which cyclic nucleotides and other intracellular mediators regulate
      secretion.
AB  - The regulation of Na+ and Cl- transport across surface membranes and tight
      junctions of intestinal epithelium is mediated through at least three
      intracellular messengers: (i) 3',5'-cyclic AMP, activating two types of cyclic
      AMP-dependent protein kinase, (ii) 3',5'-cyclic GMP, binding to a unique
      isoenzyme of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase, enriched in the intestinal
      brush border, and (iii) Ca2+ ions, partially acting through calmodulin and a
      Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (C kinase). Recent data on the
      subcellular distribution and molecular properties of the high affinity cyclic
      nucleotide and Ca2+ receptors, their influence on the phosphorylation state of
      specific membrane proteins, and the possible role of these target proteins in ion
      transport regulation, are reviewed. The following aspects are accentuated: (1)
      the asymmetrical compartmentation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase
      isoenzymes in the enterocyte and its functional implications; (2) the structure
      and function of microvillous cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase; (3) the
      integration of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP signals through co-phosphorylation of a
      25 000 Mr protein in the intestinal-microvilli; (4) the identification of C
      kinase in villous and crypt cells; (5) various levels of interaction between
      cyclic nucleotide and Ca2+ signals; and (6) priority areas for future studies on
      stimulus-secretion coupling.

PMID- 2408830
TI  - Regulation of water and ion movement in intestine.
AB  - The direction of net fluid transport in the gut is determined by the algebraic
      sum of Na+ absorption and Cl- secretion. Na+ absorption by small intestinal
      villous cells and colonic surface cells is controlled primarily by electrically
      neutral (NaCl) and electrogenic (Na+-glucose, Na+-amino acid, amiloride
      insensitive, and amiloride-sensitive Na+ conductance) entry processes in the
      apical membrane. Neutral NaCl entry appears to be the result of parallel Na+:H-
      and Cl-:HCO3- exchangers operating at equal stoichiometry. Uncoupled exchangers
      operating at different stoichiometry may result in net HCO3- absorption
      (jejunum), net HCO3- secretion (ileum and proximal colon) or HCO3-:Cl- exchange
      (distal colon). Increases in intracellular cyclic nucleotides and/or ionized Ca2+
      inhibit NaCl entry and, in vivo, promote HCO3- and Cl- secretion. Cl- secretion
      by crypt cells is the result of cyclic nucleotide-mediated or Ca2+-mediated Cl-
      conductance channels in the apical membrane which allow Cl- to exit down an
      electrochemical gradient created by a basolateral NaKCl2 entry process. Cyclic
      nucleotides may act via specific A and G protein kinases. They also release Ca2+
      from intracellular stores and thus could alter transport via Ca2+ (and
      calmodulin)-activated kinases. Ca2+-dependent secretory agents initiate
      phospholipid hydrolysis and stimulate secretion via the resulting hydrolytic
      products: arachidonic acid metabolites when bradykinin is the stimulus or
      diacylglycerol and/or inositol trisphosphate when acetylcholine is the stimulus.
      The arachidonic acid metabolites may then stimulate cyclic nucleotide production,
      while diacylglycerol activates a specific Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein
      kinase (C kinase), and inositol trisphosphate releases Ca2+ from the endoplasmic
      reticulum. The interrelationships between these intracellular messengers and
      their exact modes of action remain to be clarified.

PMID- 2408831
TI  - The pharmacological modification of secretory responses.
AB  - Electrolyte transport across the intestinal mucosa can be modulated by several
      neurotransmitters, hormones and drugs. Opiate agonists and endogenous opioid
      peptides inhibit electrolyte secretion both in vitro and in vivo. These drugs
      appear to act at several levels. Thus, opioid effects can be elicited at the
      local mucosal level. Secondly, antisecretory effects can be demonstrated when
      opioids are administered into the brain. These central effects appear to involve
      activation of the sympathetic innervation of the intestine. Thirdly, some
      antidiarrhoeal drugs such as loperamide may have ancillary non-opiate-like
      actions that contribute to their effectiveness. In cases of inflammatory bowel
      disease where local concentrations of inflammatory mediators such as kinins and
      eicosanoids may be high, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be effective
      in treating diarrhoeal symptoms. The existence of many types of receptors on
      mucosal cells indicates that several pharmacological approaches exist for the
      potential modulation of electrolyte transport.

PMID- 2408832
TI  - Effect of substance P on opossum duodenal smooth muscle.
AB  - Opossum duodenum was cut into strips measuring 2.0 X 15.0 mm. Strips cut along
      the oral-caudal axis were called longitudinal strips, while those cut 90 degrees
      to that axis were called circular strips. Each strip was placed in a heated,
      oxygenated organ bath and attached to a force-displacement transducer. Substance
      P produced tonic contraction in longitudinal strips and tonic and phasic
      contraction in circular strips. The ED50 for longitudinal and circular muscle was
      1.9 X 10(-7) M and 2.8 X 10(-7) M, respectively. Longitudinal muscle was 1.3
      times more sensitive to substance P than circular muscle. Phenoxybenzamine,
      atropine, curare, propranolol, haloperidol, and tetrodotoxin had no effect on the
      substance P-produced contractions in circular and longitudinal muscle.
      Trifluoperazine (10(-5) and 10(-4) M), D600 (10(-7) M), and nifedipine (10(-8)
      and 10(-7] inhibited both tonic and phasic contraction in circular and
      longitudinal strips. These studies suggest that substance P acts on both muscle
      layers at a site located at the muscle cell and that it produces tonic and phasic
      contraction through similar calcium-activating pathways.

PMID- 2408833
TI  - A computer method for scanning and analysis of dot blots.
AB  - A system is described for computer analysis of autoradiograms produced from dot
      blots. The autoradiograms are first digitized on a rotating drum densitometer.
      The system automatically locates, integrates, and corrects the intensity of each
      spot for background. A linear range of exposures for each series of dilutions on
      the dot blot is calculated, and the amount of specific RNA is reported relative
      to other samples or to an internal standard. Without operator intervention, the
      system can directly scan and analyze all possible spots produced by the
      commercial filtration devices which use the geometry of a 96-well microtiter
      plate.

PMID- 2408834
TI  - Flat preparations of ocular structures.
AB  - We employ a technique which has been used for in vitro studies of the vascular
      endothelium for obtaining flat preparations of different ocular structures such
      as corneal endothelium, epithelium of cornea, iris, ciliary body, lens and
      retinal pigment epithelium. The described method is relatively simple and allows
      evaluation of the overall state of these cellular sheets. After staining of the
      preparations with silver nitrate, we found intercellular lines to be present in
      all specimens studied except in the outer layers of the corneal epithelium. This
      method could be useful for in vitro studies of different pathological conditions
      of ocular tissues, both in animal models and in enucleated human eyes.

PMID- 2408835
TI  - [Flow cytometry (FCM) in the assay of DNA content of normal and malignant
      epithelial cells of human uterine cervix and the prognostic significance of DNA
      content: I. Methodology].

PMID- 2408836
TI  - [RNA-protein cross-links in the 30S ribosome subunit of Escherichia coli induced
      by high-intensity laser ultraviolet radiation].

PMID- 2408837
TI  - [Stable changes in the nuclear matrix activity and DNA structure of the liver in
      rats due to neonatal induction of gene expression].

PMID- 2408838
TI  - [Dependence of the protonophore and channel-forming capacity of gossypol on the
      pH].

PMID- 2408839
TI  - [Single anomalous-rectification potassium channels in the cardiomyocyte membrane
      of the rat].

PMID- 2408840
TI  - [Co2+ activation and D-600 inhibition of sodium transport across the apical
      membrane of skin epithelial cells in the frog].

PMID- 2408841
TI  - [Hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatitis B surface antigen-negative patients with
      chronic liver disease].

PMID- 2408842
TI  - [Idiopathic ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Spontaneous variability and effect of
      various antiarrhythmic agents].
AB  - 20 patients with idiopathic complex ventricular arrhythmias received propafenone
      450 mg/d, disopyramide 600 mg/d and metoprolol 100 mg/d. Before commencement of
      the 3-week treatment period the 95% normal range for spontaneous changes in
      ventricular extrasystoles (VES), as couplets and runs, were determined from three
      24 h-ECG recordings in each patient under drug-free conditions. A drug effect was
      assumed when the rate of VES/24 h for the control period decreased by greater
      than or equal to 83.5% or increased by greater than or equal to 505% in the test
      period. The frequency dependent normal range for couplets varied between a
      decrease from 100% to 92% (greater than or equal to 16 to greater than or equal
      to 44/d) and an increase from 650% to 1000% (greater than or equal to 3 to
      greater than or equal to 38/d) and for runs between a decrease from 100% to 85%
      (greater than or equal to 6 to 32/d) and an increase from 600% to 1000% (greater
      than or equal to 1 to 14/d). A decrease in all rhythm disturbances under the
      action of the 3 drugs could be shown for the whole group (P less than 0.01). On
      the basis of the calculated normal range, ventricular extrasystoles in the
      patients decreased significantly by 26-37%, couplets by 13-33% and runs by 0-55%
      depending to the drug. A drug dependent arrhythmogenic effect occurred in 4
      patients. A preference for one or other of the drugs could not be established
      statistically.

PMID- 2408843
TI  - [Hyperhaptoglobinemia in plasmacytoma and amyloidosis].
AB  - Massive hyperhaptoglobinaemia (more than 8 g/l) was seen in a 58-year-old female
      patient with plasmocytoma and amyloidosis. In the literature,
      hyperhaptoglobinaemias of up to the three- or fourfold of the upper normal limit
      have been reported. However, they are very rare. In the present case it might be
      speculated that extrahepatic formation of haptoglobin occurred within
      paraproteinaemia of plasmocytoma.

PMID- 2408844
TI  - A hierarchic approach for experimental investigations into the pathogenesis of
      acute pancreatitis.
AB  - The complexity of pathogenesis and clinical observations of acute pancreatitis
      demands a simultaneous experimental investigation at various structural and
      functional levels. The induction of acute pancreatitis by transformation of a
      pancreatic edema after short-term pancreatic ischemia was used for studies on the
      contribution of an alteration of energy metabolism to pathogenesis. The
      experiments demonstrate that in 70 percent of the rats the pancreatic edema was
      transformed into acute pancreatitis by 20 min ischemia. This was checked by
      morphological and enzymic means. For studying the influence of short-term
      ischemia in the cellular metabolism of acinar cells, pancreatic exocrine cells
      have been isolated from normal pancreas or that altered by ischemia. These cells
      were morphologically characterized and their capacity of energy metabolism was
      quantified.

PMID- 2408845
TI  - Cocaine increases EEG beta: a replication and extension of Hans Berger's historic
      experiments.
AB  - The effects of cocaine by two routes of administration were studied on the
      resting, awake human EEG during a 2 min sequential subtraction task. Fifty
      subjects were given 1 of 3 intravenous cocaine doses (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg).
      Thirty-three subjects received 1 of 3 oral doses of cocaine (2, 3 and 4 mg/kg).
      The EEG was analyzed as spectral power for delta, theta, alpha and beta bands. At
      each dose for both routes of administration, cocaine increased beta power. The
      increase was observed at the 5 min post-drug test session for the subjects given
      intravenous cocaine and at both 45 and 75 min test sessions for subjects given
      oral doses. In addition, a decrease in delta power was found at the 5 min test
      for the intravenous group and theta power was decreased at the 45 min test
      session. The increase in beta power was correlated with the area under the
      cocaine plasma versus time curve, but not with the cardiovascular effects of
      cocaine. The increased beta activity observed with cocaine may be a consequence
      of the direct stimulation of a central noradrenergic arousal system.

PMID- 2408846
TI  - Effect of clonidine and yohimbine on sleep in man: polygraphic study and EEG
      analysis by normalized slope descriptors.
AB  - An all-night polygraphic study of sleep was carried out in 6 healthy volunteers
      acutely medicated with clonidine (225 micrograms), yohimbine (15 mg), a
      combination of both drugs or with placebo at random order under simple blind
      conditions. The conventional scoring of sleep stages was extended by an on-line
      analysis of the EEG according to Hjorth. Clonidine, an agonist at alpha2
      receptors, induced increases of the stages 2 and 3 + 4 but a decrease of REM
      sleep; the reduction of the parameters mobility and complexity during non-REM
      sleep signified synchronization of the EEG. Yohimbine, an antagonist at the same
      receptor sites, enhancing noradrenaline release, increased stage 1 and REM sleep,
      but decreased the stages 2 and 3 + 4; increases of mobility during REM and non
      REM sleep signified desynchronization. The combined treatment with clonidine +
      yohimbine reduced REM sleep, but not as extensively as clonidine alone; the
      Hjorth parameters were without significant alterations compared to placebo. The
      physiological hypotonia was enhanced by clonidine and the combined treatment with
      clonidine + yohimbine. These results favour the hypothesis of a noradrenergic
      facilitation of REM sleep.

PMID- 2408847
TI  - Surface EMG profiles during different walking cadences in humans.
AB  - The ensemble electromyogram (EMG) patterns associated with different walking
      cadences were examined in 11 normal subjects. Five muscle groups were studied:
      the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, lateral hamstring, tibialis anterior and
      soleus muscles of the right lower extremity. The myoelectric signals were
      telemetered, full-wave rectified and smoothed. Subjects walked at cadences of
      115, 95 and 75 steps/min. Footswitches indicated the different phases of the
      stride. Six or more strides per subject were averaged for each cadence. Cadence
      related changes in (1) mean EMG amplitude during stance, and during swing, and
      (2) the shape of the EMG patterns, were analyzed. One-way repeated-measures
      analyses of variance on the mean EMG amplitude in stance and in swing revealed
      significant changes with cadence (P less than 0.05) in all muscles examined. The
      magnitude of these changes could be related to the mechanical function of the
      muscles involved. The shape of the EMG patterns generally remained similar at the
      different cadences. The timing of EMG activity was closely related to the
      normalized stride time and remained invariant at different cadences.

PMID- 2408848
TI  - Alterations in H reflex magnitude by variations in baseline EMG excitability.
AB  - The effect of systematic variations in the baseline level of electromyographic
      activity of the flexor carpi radialis muscle on the magnitude of its H reflex was
      studied in 4 normal subjects. H reflex magnitude increases with variations in the
      baseline EMG activity corresponding to a range of 0.1-7.4% of the motoneuron pool
      as estimated by the maximum M response (Mmax) to peripheral nerve stimulation.
      Variations in H reflex magnitude with changes in baseline EMG activity were
      evident for all median nerve stimulus voltages examined ranging from 29% to 72%
      of that necessary to evoke an Mmax. H reflex magnitude increased with increases
      in baseline EMG activity, or net tension which provided an alternate estimate of
      pre-existing motoneuron activity. The greatest increase occurred when the H/M
      ratio was less than 50%, where the H reflex magnitude was found to increase by as
      much as 400%. The research establishes that baseline EMG activity and/or the net
      force being exerted by the muscles must be controlled and measured at different
      H/M ratios in order to interpret unambiguously studies using single stimuli to
      construct H-M recruitment curves or paired stimuli to evaluate changes in reflex
      excitability.

PMID- 2408849
TI  - Lateralisation of the flash visually evoked cortical potential in albino babies.
AB  - Flash VECPs have been reported in 3 albino babies ranging in age from 1 to 7
      months. The responses were dominated by a large positive component preceded by an
      earlier negative. The amplitude of this positive component measured from the peak
      of the preceding negative wave had a greater amplitude over the contralateral
      hemisphere on monocular stimulation indicative of the misrouting present in the
      albino visual system.

PMID- 2408850
TI  - Serial waking-sleep EEGs and evolution of somatosensory potentials in Creutzfeldt
      Jakob disease.
AB  - We have analysed the serial sleep and waking EEGs of 3 patients with Creutzfeldt
      Jakob disease (CJD), demonstrated by pathology studies. The presence of periodic
      complexes (PCs) was a constant finding in all the records, including those made
      on admission (1-3 months after the onset of symptoms) although at this stage the
      PCs were not as persistent of generalized as in the more advanced stages. The
      physiological states of sleep were replaced by cyclic changes which initially
      consisted of phases with PCs alternating with theta-delta activity. As the
      disease progressed, brief periods of suppression of background rhythm were added,
      followed by slower PCs. In case 3, the SEPs obtained on stimulating the median
      nerves were normal at the first test. However, 17 days later a further test
      revealed two types of abnormality. On the one hand, using a non-cephalic
      reference, the SEPs were of lesser amplitude and had become disorganized. On the
      other hand, with a cephalic reference, a potential of enormous amplitude was
      obtained unilaterally. On the contrary, the SEPs obtained with a cephalic
      reference on stimulating the posterior tibial nerves were of small amplitude and
      disorganized. These findings, in combination with the EEG anomalies, suggest a
      progressive dysfunction of the cerebral cortex. The recording of a giant
      potential only at C'3-Fz on stimulating the median nerve could be related to a
      pathological facilitation of long-loop transcortical stretch reflexes of the
      hand.

PMID- 2408851
TI  - Stationary negative potentials near the source vs. positive far-field potentials
      at a distance.
AB  - We studied the field distribution of referentially recorded negative potentials
      after stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist in 15 normal subjects. When
      recorded from multiple sites along the lateral aspect of the arm with the
      reference electrode at the knee, 3 negative peaks, N3, N6 and N9, appeared at
      fixed latencies. Of these N3 and N6 were highest in amplitude at the distal
      insertion of the brachioradialis and the distal end of the deltoid, respectively,
      and N9, at the acromion. With stimulation of the finger, the negative peaks
      shifted in latency by about 3 msec, indicating an anatomically fixed generator
      source for each component. When compared to far-field potentials, N9 was of the
      same latency as scalp recorded P9, that extended to the arm contralateral to the
      side of stimulation and to the upper half of the trunk. In contrast, N6 extended
      to the scalp with P6 spreading to the lower half of the body. When two subjects
      were connected by the arm, stationary negative or positive peaks were
      transmissible from the stimulated to the non-stimulated subject. When the
      stimulated arm of the first subject was in contact with the second subject, N3,
      N6 and N9 were recorded in the latter. Only P9 was registered when the
      unstimulated arm was in contact with the second subject. We conclude that N3, N6
      and N9 are stationary negative potentials generated at certain points along the
      nerve pathway, probably representing a negative counterfield for positive far
      field peaks, P3, P6 and P9. These stationary potentials can spread widely in a
      volume conductor and can even be detected in a non-stimulated subject making a
      close contact to the generator source.

PMID- 2408852
TI  - Habituation of the blink reflex: computer assisted quantitative analysis.
AB  - The electrically evoked blink reflex (BR) was elicited in 20 healthy volunteers,
      varying the stimulus interval by a computer JN 110. Latencies, amplitudes, reflex
      duration and reflex areas of early and late components of the BR were analysed by
      a computer program testing the signal-to-noise ratio, the response configuration
      and frequency distribution. Changes in habituation related to the stimulus
      interval can be illustrated best by the progressive diminution of R2 areas.
      Computing the habituation in relation to the stimulation frequency by a
      standardized program seems to be a quantitative method to assess habituation in
      various diseases and during treatment studies.

PMID- 2408853
TI  - Power spectral analysis of the surface electromyogram before and after a warning
      signal in a reaction movement.
AB  - The present study was performed to substantiate the premise that frequency
      components of the surface EMG before a reaction movement change after a warning
      signal (S1). Twelve subjects extended rapidly the trunk from a bent position in
      response to a moving signal (S2) 2 sec after S1. The movement was repeated 20
      times. Bipolar surface EMG recordings were made from the erector spinal muscle. A
      minicomputer calculated power spectra of the surface EMGs for 2 sec before S1 and
      for 2 sec from S1 until S2 in each trial. From each spectrum, the mean frequency
      (MF) was calculated. EMG itself was examined. Statistical comparisons of
      differences between the mean values of the MF before and after S1 showed that a
      significant difference was found in 5 subjects. For the subjects, the mean value
      of the MF after S1 was a lower value than that of the MF before S1. Increase of
      EMG power in frequency range from 30 to 50 Hz was observed in the averaged EMG
      spectrum after S1 in the subjects. Slowing of the surface EMG during the
      preparatory period from S1 until S2 was often observed in the subjects. These
      results show that the power spectrum of the surface EMG after S1 shifted to lower
      frequencies and suggest that the EMG spectral shift is due to the slowing of the
      surface EMG in association with motor preparation to perform the movement.

PMID- 2408854
TI  - The different intracellular action potentials of fast and slow muscle fibres.
AB  - The time course of the intracellular action potential was studied quantitatively,
      because it is an important factor in the generation of electromyographic signals.
      In in vivo preparations of the m. EDL and m. soleus of the rat single motor units
      were stimulated and intracellular action potentials were recorded in muscle
      fibres belonging to those motor units. In this arrangement it was possible to
      relate the intracellular action potential to the fibre type. The intracellular
      action potentials of fast twitch glycolytic (FTG) EDL and of slow soleus fibres
      were described, using 8 characteristics. All characteristics but one differed
      significantly between the two fibre populations. Comparing characteristics of
      intracellular action potentials of FTG fibres with slow fibres, it is concluded
      that: the resting membrane potential is more negative; the amplitude of the
      action potential is larger; the maximum rates of depolarization and
      repolarization are higher; and the shape of the repolarization phase is more
      variable.

PMID- 2408855
TI  - Alumina cream induced focal motor epilepsy in cats. VI. Excision of the
      perilesional cortex.
AB  - The effect of surgical excision of dorsolateral, ventromedial and combined
      (dorsolateral-ventromedial) perilesional cortices on EMG-EEG patterns of alumina
      cream induced focal motor seizures was studied in cats with chronically implanted
      electrodes. EMG patterns included clinical convulsions and related EMG-multiple
      unit activity. EEG patterns included number, amplitude, polarity and
      contralateral propagation of type B isolated spikes and type C tonic-clonic
      paroxysmal discharges. (1) Dorsolateral decortications abolished isolated jerks
      and related EMG-multiple unit activity and blocked propagation with no effect on
      number, amplitude and polarity of EEG spikes of type B seizures (epilepsia
      partialis continua). Dorsolateral decortications reduced contraversion and
      repetitive jerks and related EMG-multiple unit activity with no changes in
      number, amplitude, polarity and propagation of EEG tonic-clonic paroxysmal
      discharges of type C seizures (adversive epilepsy). (2) Ventromedial
      decortications decreased the number but neither changed jerks and related EMG
      multiple unit activity nor amplitude, polarity, propagation of EEG spikes of type
      B seizures. Ventromedial decortications abolished contraversion and jerks and
      related EMG-multiple unit activity and reduced number, amplitude and duration
      with no changes in polarity and propagation of EEG paroxysmal discharges of type
      C seizures. (3) Combined decortications abolished jerks, contraversion and
      related EMG-multiple unit activity with a variable effect on EEG patterns of type
      B and C seizures. In 4 cats, combined decortications abolished while in other 2
      cats decreased the amplitude and reversed the polarity of type B spikes and
      reversed the polarity and blocked the propagation of type C paroxysmal
      discharges.

PMID- 2408856
TI  - Beta 1 and beta 2 adrenergic receptors: their role in the regulation of
      paradoxical sleep in the rat.
AB  - The influences of beta adrenergic transmission on the regulation of paradoxical
      sleep (PS) were analysed in the rat. Pharmacological experiments have used beta
      1,2 as well as preferential beta 1 or beta 2 compounds. The blockade of the beta
      1 adrenoceptors induced a dose-related PS decrease, and stimulation of these
      preblocked receptors prevented this PS insomnia. SWS was generally not affected.
      It is concluded that beta 1 neurotransmission is directly involved in the
      regulation of PS.

PMID- 2408857
TI  - Mechanisms of epileptogenesis in photosensitive epilepsy implied by the effects
      of moving patterns.
AB  - The triggering of epileptiform EEG discharges by pattern is thought to depend on
      the intensity of excitation within the visual cortex. The present study
      investigates the role of the synchronisation of neuronal activity by the
      stimulus. In 10 pattern-sensitive subjects the effects of the following patterns
      have been compared: (1) static gratings, (2) gratings oscillating in a direction
      orthogonal to the lines (which should synchronise activity in direction-sensitive
      cortical units), and (3) gratings drifting at the same angular velocity (which
      should produce little or no synchronisation, because the contours enter and leave
      the overlapping receptive fields of individual neurones asynchronously). The
      oscillating gratings were most, and the drifting least, epileptogenic. In 2
      further subjects oscillating and phase-reversing patterns were more epileptogenic
      than drifting gratings. Although open to alternative explanations, the findings
      conform with predictions from the hypothesis that synchronisation of individual
      cortical neurones by the stimulus contributes to epileptogenesis in
      photosensitive subjects.

PMID- 2408858
TI  - Changes in the recruitment pattern of single motor units in the blink reflex of
      patients with parkinsonism and hemiplegia.
AB  - The recruitment pattern of single motor units (SMUs) was studied in the early
      (R1) and late (R2) blink reflex components in normal subjects (15), patients with
      parkinsonism (10) and with hemiplegia due to hemispheral lesions (5). Reflexes
      were evoked by constant current stimuli applied to the supraorbital nerve. SMU
      discharges were recorded in the preseptal part of the lower eyelid using a
      bipolar needle electrode. Thresholds of R1 and R2, latencies at the thresholds
      and the number of discharges in R2 were determined. In parkinsonism, the
      recruitment of SMUs in R1 was impaired, suggesting that the malfunction of the
      basal ganglia in this disorder is associated with a reduced excitability of
      neurons in the pontine brain-stem. In hemiplegia, the recruitment in both R1 and
      R2 could be impaired. The orderly function of neurones in the pontine and
      medullary pathways of these components appears to require facilitatory
      hemispheral influences. Signs of disinhibition occasionally found in R1 may point
      to an imbalance between facilitatory and inhibitory hemispheral influences upon
      the pontine pathway.

PMID- 2408859
TI  - Cerebral bigeminy: alternating periodic epileptiform discharges.
AB  - The EEG of a patient in coma after an anoxic event showed brief episodes in which
      two distinct epileptiform discharges of different amplitudes alternated with each
      other at regular intervals of approximately 1 sec. We have used the term
      'cerebral bigeminy' to describe this pattern because its electrographic
      appearance is similar to cardiac bigeminy. The pattern was present for only part
      of the entire tracing and was not seen on earlier or later EEGs. This finding
      suggests that under appropriate circumstances periodic EEG events can occur as a
      result of reciprocal excitation of spike generators.

PMID- 2408860
TI  - On the effect of cross-hearing and clinical masking on the auditory brain-stem
      evoked response.
AB  - The effects of cross-hearing from the non-test ear were examined during the
      acquisition of the auditory brain-stem evoked response (ABR). Effective masking
      levels were derived from a normal hearing subject and the results used to obtain
      masked versus unmasked ABR thresholds in varying types of unilateral hearing
      loss. The results indicate that in the presence of a hearing loss adequate
      masking of the non-test ear is essential for valid ABR results.

PMID- 2408861
TI  - Anticipatory response-relevant muscle activity, CNV amplitude and simple reaction
      time.
AB  - The present experiment was aimed at whether subjects, performing a forewarned
      simple reaction time (RT) task, do voluntarily tense agonist and antagonist
      muscles during the foreperiod; if so, would such muscle tension co-vary with CNV
      amplitude or RT? Although excessive eye movements caused 30% of the subjects to
      be removed from the analysis, it was still possible after the experiment to
      differentiate between subjects who gradually tensed their agonist during the
      foreperiod and subjects who did not. The former group showed higher CNV early and
      late wave amplitudes as compared with the latter group. A similar effect was
      found on the N1 amplitude of the potential evoked by the warning stimulus. The
      increased EMG in the agonist muscle at the end of the foreperiod was not
      concomitant with faster RTs. In addition, fast RTs were preceded by higher CNV
      late wave amplitudes at pre- and postcentral electrode positions. The observed
      relationships between CNV, EMG, and RT were discussed in terms of specific and
      general motor preparation.

PMID- 2408862
TI  - Geniculate spikes during epileptic seizures induced in dogs by pentylenetetrazol
      and bicuculline.
AB  - Previous studies have indicated that in cats generalized seizures induced by
      pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) or bicuculline (BIC) may be preceded by high frequency
      multi-unit activity in brain-stem structures. This activity is not readily
      demonstrable using conventional EEG recording bandwidths and precedes the onset
      of spikes and spikes-wave activity in thalamo-cortical systems. Recording with
      chronic subdural and depth electrodes during PTZ and BIC-induced seizures in 18
      dogs essentially replicated these results. However, a new and consistent finding
      was that the high frequency discharges accompanying seizure onset were most often
      seen, and most often appeared first, in the lateral geniculate body, neocortex
      and hippocampus being involved later. The findings are considered to suggest a
      significant role for subcortical structures in this particular model of
      generalized cortico-reticular epilepsy.

PMID- 2408863
TI  - Intra- and extracranially recorded auditory evoked potentials in the cat. I.
      Source location and binaural interaction.
AB  - Auditory field potentials (AFPs) were recorded stereotactically from the superior
      olivary complex and from the exposed inferior colliculus in the Nembutal
      anaesthetized cat. The brain-stem evoked response (BSER) was recorded
      simultaneously between an electrode on the dura mater at the vertex and an
      electrode on one bulla or in the neck musculature. A closed condenser microphone
      sound system was used to deliver monaural and binaural clicks. The binaural
      difference potential (BDP) was calculated by subtracting the sum of both
      monaurally evoked potentials from the binaurally evoked potential. The first
      binaural interaction was a reduction of BSER wave P4, arising in the superior
      olivary complex. The large extracellular AFPs generated in both inferior
      colliculus and superior olivary complex do not correspond to BSER waves, whereas
      the small volleys preceding the main waves do. These small waves show a much
      smaller change with recording distance than do the main AFP waves, i.e., the
      sources and sinks generating these waves appear to be more widely separated. We
      suggest that, in contrast to extracellular field potentials, the BSER is
      generated by action potentials in fibre tracts rather than postsynaptic
      potentials in nuclei. The implications for stimulation and recording laterality
      of late BSER waves are discussed.

PMID- 2408864
TI  - Electroencephalographic correlates of cataplectic attacks in narcoleptic canines.
AB  - Cataplectic attacks were monitored behaviorally and polygraphically in 4
      narcoleptic dogs, of which three inherited the disorder. The recorded EEG signals
      were evaluated by power spectral analysis. We found 3 distinct stages of
      cataplexy: an initial stage which resembled wakefulness with tonic suppression of
      EMG activity, a later stage which was highly similar to REM sleep, and a final
      transitional stage to wakefulness or NREM sleep. The first stage of cataplexy was
      characterized by full postural collapse, a waking-like EEG spectrum, visual
      tracking, and a hypotonic EMG. The second stage of cataplexy differed
      electrographically from the previous stage by the onset of hypersynchronous
      hippocampal theta activity, a REM-like EEG spectrum, larger amplitude EEG
      signals, and a higher peak theta frequency. Glazed eyes, sporadic rapid eye
      movements and muscle twitches were also present. The final stage of cataplexy was
      characterized by mixed amplitude, mixed frequency EEG activity, and by the
      absence of rapid eye movements, visual tracking, directed movements, and muscle
      twitches. The EEG spectra of two other narcoleptic phenomena, sleep-onset REM
      periods and NREM sleep onsets from cataplexy, were nearly identical to the
      spectra of the normally occurring REM and NREM sleep periods.

PMID- 2408865
TI  - The acute deafness of definite multiple sclerosis: BAEP patterns.
AB  - Of 705 patients with or suspected of multiple sclerosis who underwent evoked
      potential recording during a 5 year period, 12 patients with definite multiple
      sclerosis experienced an acute hearing loss during a relapse of the demyelinating
      disease. Hearing loss was unilateral in all of the 12 cases but one; tinnitus was
      associated with hearing loss in 9 of the 12 patients. Deafness is an unfrequent
      symptom in the course of multiple sclerosis, being estimated to be no more than
      3% in large series of multiple sclerosis. Brain-stem auditory evoked potentials
      were recorded in all 12 patients, during the relapse with acute hearing loss in 4
      of them, after the relapse with hearing loss in the 8 others. During the relapse
      with hearing loss, BAEP abnormalities were present ipsilateral to the hearing
      loss in all 4 patients, wave I being absent in 2 of them. BAEPs were drastically
      improved when recorded after the relapse with hearing loss in 2 of the 3 patients
      in whom repeated records were made. BAEPs were abnormal on the side of the
      previous hearing loss in 5 out of the 8 patients recorded after the relapse with
      hearing loss. Clinical and BAEP data suggest that, in accordance with the
      anatomical organization of the auditory pathways, the lesion causing unilateral
      hearing loss in multiple sclerosis could be situated in the cochlear nerve or
      close to its entry zone in the brain-stem. However, dissociation between
      unilateral hearing loss and a normal peak I and I-III interval may occur.

PMID- 2408866
TI  - The spontaneous eye movements in the awake kitten.
AB  - The spontaneous eye movements were analysed comparatively in the kitten and in
      the cat. The eye movements were recorded in the dark by a magnetic search coil
      technique. The spatio-temporal organization of eye movements in the kitten has a
      prevailing vertical orientation and differs completely from that of the cat. In
      the kitten the amplitude of eye movements is smaller than in the cat and only a
      few movements are followed by fixation. It results, by correlating amplitude-peak
      velocity, that rapid eye movements in the awake kitten are saccades. From our
      results we conclude that the eye movements in the kitten and in the cat differ in
      many aspects and that the visual system is responsible for the development of the
      correct oculomotor behaviour.

PMID- 2408867
TI  - Depth profiles of hippocampal rhythmic slow activity ('theta rhythm') depend on
      behaviour.
AB  - Wave shape patterns and spectral properties of hippocampal slow wave activity
      (RSA) were studied in behaving rats equipped with stationary
      recording/stimulating electrodes and a movable microelectrode. RSA waves had
      maximum power at about the hippocampal fissure, and two minima just below the
      pyramidal cells of CA1 and the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus,
      respectively. The phase profile of RSA was gradual during both running and lever
      pressing, but the two profiles showed phase differences in the stratum radiatum
      of CA1 and the hilus. Averaged RSA waves consisted of fast rising and slow
      decaying components, giving a saw-tooth like pattern. RSA waves were more
      asymmetric during running than during lever pressing. The slow component showed a
      sudden polarity reversal below the pyramidal layer of CA1. The fast component of
      RSA showed a gradual shift and change of the slope with depth. An additional
      small amplitude wave riding on the slow component ('notch') was present during
      running. The amplitude increase of the 'notch' occasionally caused frequency
      doubling of RSA and consequent high power of the second harmonic. The gradual
      shift and change of the fast component are explained by the hypothesis that
      somatic inhibitory and dendritic excitatory RSA dipoles in CA1 and dentate gyrus
      are active at different times of the RSA cycle.

PMID- 2408868
TI  - Moments of the power spectral density estimated from samples of the
      autocorrelation function (a robust procedure for monitoring changes in the
      statistical properties of lengthy non-stationary time series such as the EEG.
AB  - Accurate estimates of the statistical moments of the power spectral density (PSD)
      are obtained without computing the Fourier transform of the associated time
      series. An innovative analytical procedure is derived which reduces the problem
      to that of summing a small number of weighted samples of the autocorrelation
      function (ACF). This result significantly reduces the computational requirements
      for generating meaningful PSD shape descriptors and thus is especially important
      in biomedical applications where the cost and effort of monitoring lengthy non
      stationary time series is a serious practical limitation. In addition the
      procedure is robust and therefore can be rigorously applied to any stochastic
      process to estimate its fundamental statistical properties.

PMID- 2408869
TI  - A simple inexpensive, hydraulic microdrive for recording neocortical unit
      activity in the unanesthetized rat.

PMID- 2408870
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials in Huntington's chorea.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials were measured in 21 patients with Huntington's
      chorea and 12 controls. Central brain conduction time was normal. Early cortical
      component amplitudes were reduced in the patient group, latencies were normal.
      These abnormalities probably can be attributed to cortical dysfunction in
      Huntington's chorea. No indication of brain-stem dysfunction was found.

PMID- 2408871
TI  - Developmental assessment of spinal cord and cortical evoked potentials after
      tibial nerve stimulation: effects of age and stature on normative data during
      childhood.
AB  - Somesthetic information from lower extremities is processed by cerebral cortex
      after traversing the sensory pathways of peripheral nerve, spinal cord, brain
      stem and thalamus. Clinical utility of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs)
      during human development requires systematic analysis of normative data acquired
      during various stages of body growth and nervous system maturation. Accordingly,
      SSEPs after tibial nerve stimulation were studied in 32 normal awake children (1
      8 years old) and compared with values obtained in young adults (18-40 years old).
      Potentials were recorded from the tibial nerve (N5), first lumbar spinous process
      (N14), seventh cervical spinous process (N20) and from the scalp, 2 cm behind the
      vertex (P28). In all children studied, the N5, N14 and N20 latencies were
      positively correlated with age and height yielding a predictive nomogram. An
      extremely variable electropositive cortical SSEP was recorded from Cz' which did
      not show a highly predictable linear relationship in association with a
      relatively poor correlation coefficient for height and age. It may be concluded
      that between 1 and 8 years of normal postnatal development, latencies reflecting
      peripheral nerve and lumbar spinal cord vary directly with height and age and can
      be represented by a simple cable model of a lengthening myelinated pathway. In
      contrast, the latency of the cortical SSEP reflects asynchronous maturation of
      elongating polysynaptic pathways and apparently requires a more complex model for
      prediction in order to enhance its clinical utility.

PMID- 2408872
TI  - Effects on median nerve SEPs of tactile stimulation applied to adjacent and
      remote areas of the body surface.
AB  - Study of the influence of continuous tactile stimulation on somatosensory evoked
      potentials (SEPs) following electrical stimulation of the median nerve revealed
      an effect due to interfering input from both adjacent and remote regions of the
      body surface. The distribution of the effect was demonstrated by subtracting the
      'interference' from the 'control' response to derive a 'difference' wave form.
      Tactile stimulation of the thumb ipsilateral to the stimulated median nerve
      produced a difference wave form in which a marked phase reversal was apparent
      between pre- and post-central areas for 2 complexes, at latencies of
      approximately 20 and 30 msec. It is proposed that this may have been due to
      partial 'saturation' of a generator in the hand region of area 3b in the primary
      somatosensory cortex (SI), which was then unable to respond fully to the median
      nerve impulse. A similar effect was observed when the interfering stimulus was
      applied to the ipsilateral little finger, possibly reflecting a process of
      'surround inhibition.' Tactile stimulation of more remote regions (principally
      the face and contralateral hand) resulted in consistent difference wave forms in
      which the early components (less than 30 msec latency) had scalp distributions
      differing from one another but consistent with influence on generators in the
      face or hand region of the second somatosensory cortex (SII). Later potentials
      consistently identifiable in the difference wave forms were similar for all
      locations of the interfering stimulus apart from the ipsilateral thumb and were
      distributed in accordance with a proposed generator in the parietal 'association'
      cortex.

PMID- 2408873
TI  - Observations upon the evoked responses to natural vestibular stimulation.
AB  - Repetitive rotational stimuli simulating natural head movements have been applied
      to the study of the vestibular evoked response in normal subjects and 12 patients
      with complete loss of vestibular function. Special precautions were taken to
      eliminate all possible sources of artefacts, in particular, all eye movements
      were restrained by requiring the subject to fixate upon a target light attached
      to the rotating chair throughout the course of the test. With a stimulus of 2 sec
      duration the typical response took the form of a slow negative wave with a mean
      peak amplitude of approximately 24 microV and maximally recorded from the vertex.
      It was characteristically absent in the patient group. Occasionally, both in
      normal subjects and patients it was preceded by a long latency complex thought to
      be non-vestibular in origin. Tests carried out both in total darkness and in the
      light show a statistically significant increase in the potential in the latter
      condition indicating an influence of the optokinetic effect exerted by the visual
      surround. Further studies have explored the phase changes brought about by
      varying the amplitude and duration of the stimulus. These have revealed certain
      parallels in the results of recent animal experimental studies.

PMID- 2408874
TI  - Cerebral events preceding self-paced and visually triggered saccades. A study of
      presaccadic potentials.
AB  - The cerebral potentials preceding self-paced and visually triggered saccadic eye
      movements were studied using multichannel recording and spatio-temporal mapping
      techniques, and the contribution to these potentials of stimulus-evoked activity
      and the electro-oculographic field was investigated. A premotor positivity (PMP)
      and negativity (PMN) comparable to those associated with movements of the
      extremities were found with both self-paced and triggered saccades, but there
      were differences in the amplitude, duration and topography of these potentials in
      the different types of eye movement. The slope of the PMP was greater for
      visually triggered than for self-paced saccades and its slope and duration were
      influenced by the predictability of the triggering stimulus, the slope being
      greater and the duration shorter with predictable than with unpredictable
      stimuli. The characteristics of this potential are compatible with an origin from
      saccade-related and visually sensitive neurons in parietal and occipital cortex
      and it is suggested that in a visually triggered eye movement, the PMP may be a
      correlate of visuomotor interactions. A PMN was associated with both self-paced
      and visually triggered saccades, and in the case of triggered saccades is thought
      to reflect anticipation of the cuing stimulus in addition to preparatory movement
      related activity. When the precise timing of the cuing stimulus was not known by
      the subject, a PMN still developed but then plateaued until the arrival of the
      stimulus and execution of the movement. In this situation the PMN therefore
      appears to reflect an increasing level of arousal and preparedness to move which
      is then maintained pending the final motor command.

PMID- 2408875
TI  - A new interpretation of the generators of BAEP waves I-V: results of a spatio
      temporal dipole model.
AB  - Brain-stem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) scalp distribution, recorded in 10
      normal subjects, was analysed using a spatio-temporal dipole model. This model
      can simulate surface wave forms due to overlapping activity from multiple dipolar
      sources within a 3-shell head model. The conventional 5-peak (I-V) hypothesis
      could not fully account for the experimental BAEP distribution, particularly
      around waves I- and III-. When the temporal course of dipole strength was
      modelled according to a triphasic compound action potential, 6 dipolar sources
      were sufficient to fit all BAEP wave forms. Location, orientation and latency of
      the dipoles indicated generation of dipole 1 at the distal end of the auditory
      nerve (AN), of dipole III in, or near to, the cochlear nucleus (CN), of dipole
      III- in the trapezoid body and of dipoles IV and V in the superior olivary
      complexes and in the lateral lemnisci. Dipole I-, peaking only 0.65 msec after
      wave I, is suggested to result from the electric inhomogeneity at the porus
      acusticus internus. Wave II required no extra model dipole, but was attributable,
      in part, to the second peak of dipole I. Estimation of latencies based on AN
      conduction velocity, synaptic delay and differences in AN length amongst species
      confirmed that second order neuronal activity cannot arise before wave III.
      Second order axons, spreading widely through the brain-stem, apparently cause
      major contributions also to waves III-, IV and V. The new source hypothesis must
      leave open questions concerning the amount of contribution from third order
      neurones or from ipsi- versus contralateral structures to the IV/V wave complex.

PMID- 2408876
TI  - Intracortical generators of the flash VEP in monkeys.
AB  - Flash visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in unanesthetized monkeys were recorded
      from the cortical surface and from closely spaced intracortical sites together
      with associated multiple unit activity (MUA). The VEP depth profiles were
      subjected to current source density (CSD) analysis to delineate the laminar
      pattern of transmembrane current flows manifested by extracellular source and
      sinks. The initial surface recorded components (P15 and P18) were generated
      subcortically within the thalamocortical radiations. The distribution of current
      sources and sinks associated with two subsequent surface negative components. N24
      and N40. demonstrates their generation within laminae IVA and IVCb respectively,
      both parvocellular thalamorecipient layers. Oscillatory potentials resembling
      those seen in human VEPs are observed riding on N40; analysis of MUA in
      conjunction with sources and sinks coincident with these wavelets provides
      evidence that they derive from both thalamocortical and cortical activity. MUA in
      the 20-60 msec range shows phasic increases throughout lamina IV, which are
      maximum in amplitude within lamina IVA. This increased firing is concurrent with
      the sinks observed within the parvocellular thalamorecipient sublaminae IVCb and
      IVA. A subsequent component, P65, coincident with a decrease in MUA to below the
      spontaneous level co-located with a lamina IVCb current source, probably arises
      from intracortically generated inhibitory activity within IVCb. The next VEP
      component, a surface negative potential at 95 msec, is coincident with current
      sources and sinks in lamina III, and is consistent with stellate cell input to
      supragranular elements. VEP components after N95 are not associated with either
      MUA or CSD activity and are probably generated in extrastriate cortex. Human
      counterparts of the simian VEP are proposed.

PMID- 2408877
TI  - Localization of sensory levels in traumatic quadriplegia by segmental
      somatosensory evoked potentials.
AB  - We studied the usefulness of cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs)
      elicited by segmental sensory stimulation in traumatic quadriplegia. By
      stimulating sensory branches of musculocutaneous (C5, C6), median (C7, C8), and
      ulnar nerves (C8), we studied 10 chronic traumatic quadriplegics and compared
      them with age-matched controls. In all traumatic quadriplegics tested, the SEP
      abnormalities provided a direct linear relationship with clinical localization of
      posterior column sensory levels. Our findings suggest that segmental SEPs can
      enhance the clinical assessment of posterior column sensory levels in chronic
      traumatic quadriplegia. Further studies may find this technique useful in acute
      quadriplegia, particularly during surgical monitoring.

PMID- 2408878
TI  - Expression of chorionic gonadotropin alpha- and beta-genes in normal and
      neoplastic human tissues: relationship to deoxyribonucleic acid structure.
AB  - We have investigated whether the expression of hCG genes can be attributed to
      changes in the structure of the alpha- and beta hCG genes, such as
      rearrangements, duplications, or methylation patterns. Various tissues and cell
      lines were studied: two term placentae, three trophoblastic tumor cell lines, two
      tumor cell lines ectopically producing alpha-subunit, normal cells not producing
      hCG or subunits, and a nonproducing malignancy. Gene structure was explored by
      restriction enzyme analysis and Southern blotting of DNA, using as probes 32P
      labeled plasmids containing alpha- and beta hCG cDNAs. Similarly, methylation was
      evaluated using the restriction enzymes Msp I, Hpa II, and Hha I, each sensitive
      to a different pattern of cytosine methylation. No structural changes were
      observed in alpha- and beta hCG genes, although certain polymorphisms were
      observed. Analysis of methylation patterns revealed variation of the methylated
      cytosines; however, no clear correlation was seen between overall methylation or
      a specific pattern of methylation of these genes and their expression. Although
      specific methylated nucleotides of regulatory importance may not have been
      detected by our methods, we can still conclude that neither DNA structural
      alterations nor patterns of cytosine methylation appear to be major determinants
      of hCG expression.

PMID- 2408879
TI  - Role of transglutaminase in insulin release. Study with glycine and sarcosine
      methylesters.
AB  - The Ca2+-responsive enzyme transglutaminase, which catalyzes the cross-bridging
      of proteins, is present in pancreatic islet cells, but its participation in the
      process of insulin release remains to be documented. Glycine methylester (1.0
      10.0 mM) inhibited, in a dose-related manner, transglutaminase activity in rat
      pancreatic islet homogenates, decreased [14C]methylamine incorporation into
      endogenous proteins of intact islets, and caused a rapid and reversible
      inhibition of insulin release evoked by D-glucose, while failing to affect D-[U
      14C]glucose oxidation. Glycine methylester also inhibited insulin release induced
      by other nutrient or nonnutrient secretagogues. Sarcosine methylester failed to
      affect transglutaminase activity, [14C]methylamine incorporation, and insulin
      release. Both methylesters mobilized 45Ca from prelabeled intact islets, from
      membranes of islet cells, liver or brain, and from artificial lipid multilayers,
      this Ca mobilization being apparently unrelated to changes in transglutaminase
      activity. It is proposed that, in the pancreatic B cell, transglutaminase
      participates in the machinery controlling the access of secretory granules to the
      exocytotic sites.

PMID- 2408880
TI  - Cytochemical and cytophysiological studies of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
      (GnRH) target cells in the male rat pituitary: differential effects of androgens
      and corticosterone on GnRH binding and gonadotropin release.
AB  - Steroid hormones can differentially modify gonadotropin release stimulated by
      GnRH. Decreased GnRH-mediated gonadotropin release has been observed in vitro
      after pretreatment with androgens or glucocorticoids. In this study, we tested
      this phenomenon further with the use of a new cytochemical stain for a potent
      biotinylated analog of GnRH ([Biotinyl D-Lys6]GnRH) combined with stains for LH
      and FSH and gonadotropin RIAs. The first phase of the study involved
      characterization of the GnRH target cells in monolayer cultures from male rats.
      Dose-response curves (measured as the ability to release both LH and FSH) showed
      that biotinylated GnRH (Bio-GnRH) was equipotent with or more potent than
      unlabeled [D-Lys6]GnRH in parallel cultures. The avidin-biotin complex stain
      demonstrated that 16% of the 2- to 3-day pituitary monolayer cells were labeled
      for Bio-GnRH within 10 min of exposure. Double stains for gonadotropins showed
      that 37% of the LH gonadotropes and 42% of the FSH gonadotropes did not stain for
      Bio-GnRH. During the second phase of these studies, the cultures were pretreated
      for 48 h with 1-100 nM 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 100 nM corticosterone
      (CT), or 100 nM epitestosterone (ET) to test the effects of these steroids on the
      number of cells to which Bio-GnRH bound and the gonadotrope secretory response.
      Compared with ET- or vehicle-pretreated control cultures, DHT and CT both reduced
      the amount of LH and FSH release stimulated by GnRH. The magnitude of the
      reduction in LH release was much greater than that in FSH release, especially
      after pretreatment with CT. DHT and CT had remarkably different effects on the
      percentages of cells stained for GnRH. Pretreatment with DHT caused a reduction
      in the percentages of cells staining for bound Bio-GnRH to 9% compared with 14.3%
      after CT treatment and 16% after vehicle or ET treatment. The counts of the
      stained gonadotropes suggested that most of the reduction occurred in the LH
      gonadotrope population. Because both DHT and CT reduced GnRH-mediated
      gonadotropin release, but only DHT reduced the percentage of cells that bound Bio
      GnRH, it is suggested that the two steroids affect gonadotropin release by
      separate mechanisms.

PMID- 2408881
TI  - Interaction between sodium channels in mouse neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - Single sodium channels in mouse neuroblastoma cells (N1E 115) were studied in
      cell-attached patches. During a series of consecutive responses to depolarizing
      pulses, records with and without channel opening were seen to form clusters
      rather than appearing randomly. The probability of finding open channels on a
      record seemed to increase with increasing number of channel openings. The open
      times of channels became shorter with increasing closed time interval measured
      between consecutive channel openings. Overlapping openings showed a voltage
      dependent open time, in contrast to single openings which had voltage-independent
      open time. On the basis of these observations interaction between neighbouring
      sodium channels is suggested.

PMID- 2408882
TI  - Precise epitope mapping of the murine transformation-associated protein, p53.
AB  - Murine p53 cDNA sequences were cloned into an in vitro expression vector, Protem
      Hind. Four deletion libraries were generated using Bal31 double-stranded
      exonuclease; two being made from constructs encoding a fusion protein constructed
      from SV40 small t sequences and the p53 clone, p27.la; and two from the full
      length p53 clone, pp53-5. Both 5'- and 3'-terminal deletions of the p53 gene were
      made. Transcription of these constructs using Escherichia coli RNA polymerase
      holoenzyme, followed by translation in mRNA-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate,
      gave in vitro, truncated protein products which were immunoprecipitated by a
      panel of anti-p53 monoclonal antibodies. This approach enabled us to map
      accurately the binding sites of seven different monoclonal antibodies,
      demonstrating four distinct antigenic sites on p53. A synthetic peptide was
      constructed corresponding to the predicted amino acid sequence of one of these
      epitopes. This peptide competes with the epitope on the full length p53 protein
      for the relevant monoclonal antibodies and dissociates the corresponding
      p53/antibody complexes.

PMID- 2408883
TI  - Expression of the human calcitonin/CGRP gene in lung and thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - Nucleotide sequence analysis of a partially processed polyadenylated precursor
      RNA transcript shows that the human calcitonin gene in common with the rat
      calcitonin gene, encodes calcitonin and the calcitonin gene related peptide
      (CGRP). Using hybridisation probes specific to calcitonin mRNA, intron, coding
      and non-coding regions of the CGRP mRNA, we demonstrate by Southern blotting the
      existence of a second human CGRP gene, and by RNA blotting and S1 mapping, the
      differential expression of calcitonin and CGRP in medullary thyroid carcinoma and
      human lung tumour cell-lines. These studies implicate the requirement for
      separate post-transcriptional events in the differential expression of calcitonin
      and CGRP from a single gene, the preferential use of splice acceptor sites for
      the synthesis of CGRP mRNA, and post-transcriptional cleavage modulated by a
      trans-acting gene product for the synthesis of calcitonin mRNA. Studies using
      antisera raised against CGRP and calcitonin, demonstrate elevated circulating
      levels of plasma CGRP in medullary thyroid carcinoma which do not parallel
      calcitonin levels, and the presence of CGRP in secretions from lung tumour cell
      lines. These studies indicate that CGRP is a tumour marker of diagnostic and
      possibly prognostic value in the management of lung and thyroid tumours.

PMID- 2408884
TI  - Molecular cloning and sequencing of cDNA for yeast porin, an outer mitochondrial
      membrane protein: a search for targeting signal in the primary structure.
AB  - We have cloned a full-length cDNA for yeast porin, the major outer mitochondrial
      membrane protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and determined its nucleotide
      sequence. The primary structure of the protein, deduced from the nucleotide
      sequence, consisted of 283 amino acid residues and its NH2-terminal sequence, Met
      Ser-Pro-Pro-Val-Tyr-Ser, coincided with that determined by Edman degradation for
      yeast porin, except that the initiator methionine was missing in the mature
      protein. The deduced sequence had an overall polarity index of 46.3%, a value
      which falls in the normal range for soluble proteins. An evaluation of hydropathy
      of the protein indicated that the NH2-terminal one third was relatively
      hydrophilic and the rest of the molecule was rather hydrophobic. An interesting
      finding was that the NH2-terminal region of yeast porin (consisting of some 50
      amino acid residues) shows structural features that resemble those of the
      corresponding portion of 70-kd protein, which is also a yeast outer mitochondrial
      membrane protein. We postulate that this NH2-terminal sequence, like that of 70
      kd protein, is required for targeting the porin to the outer mitochondrial
      membrane.

PMID- 2408885
TI  - 2' phosphomonoester, 3'-5' phosphodiester bond at a unique site in a circular
      viral RNA.
AB  - Solanum nodiflorum mottle virus (SNMV) RNA2 is a single-stranded, covalently
      closed circular molecule. RNase T2 or nuclease P1 digests of this RNA contain a
      minor nucleotide of unusual chromatographic and electrophoretic mobility. This
      nucleotide is resistant to further digestion by T2 or P1 ribonucleases, or by
      alkali, but is sensitive to venom phosphodiesterase digestion. Alkaline
      phosphatase digestion yields a product which is RNase T2 and P1 sensitive. The
      products of these various digests show that the minor nucleotide is a
      ribonuclease-resistant dinucleotide carrying a 2' phosphomonoester group with the
      core structure C2'p3'p5'A. This dinucleotide is found in a unique RNase T1
      product of SNMV RNA2, thus establishing a unique location in the sequence for the
      2' phosphomonoester group at residue 49. Identical results have been obtained
      with a second related virus. The phosphomonoester group probably results from the
      RNA ligation event by which the molecules were circularised.

PMID- 2408886
TI  - Close structural resemblance between putative polymerase of a Drosophila
      transposable genetic element 17.6 and pol gene product of Moloney murine
      leukaemia virus.
AB  - We have made a computer-assisted search for homology among polymerases or
      putative polymerases of various viruses and a transposable element, the
      Drosophila copia-like element 17.6. The search revealed that the putative
      polymerase (second open reading frame) of the copia-like element 17.6 bears close
      resemblance in overall structural organization to the pol gene product of Moloney
      murine leukaemia virus (M-MuLV): they show significant homology to each other at
      both the N- and C-terminal portions, suggesting that the 17.6 putative polymerase
      carries two enzymatic activities, related to reverse transcriptase and DNA
      endonuclease. The putative polymerase of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) shows
      striking homology with the putative polymerase of 17.6 over almost its entire
      length, but it lacks the DNA endonuclease-related sequence. Furthermore, it was
      shown that the N-terminal ends of the M-MuLV pol product and the CaMV and 17.6
      putative polymerases exhibit strong sequence homology with the gag-specific
      protease (p15) of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) as well as the amino acid sequence
      predicted from the gag/pol spacer sequence of human adult T-cell leukaemia virus
      (HTLV). These p15-related sequences contain a highly conserved stretch of amino
      acids which show a close similarity with sequences around the active site amino
      acids Asp-Thr-Gly of the acid protease family, suggesting that they have an
      activity similar to acid protease. On the basis of the alignment of reverse
      transcriptase-related sequences, a dendrogram representing phylogenetic
      relationships among all the viruses compared together with 17.6 was constructed
      and its evolutionary implication is discussed.

PMID- 2408887
TI  - Immunotherapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies against Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa protein F.
AB  - To unambiguously demonstrate the immunotherapeutic potential of outer membrane
      porin protein F from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a series of monoclonal antibodies
      have been isolated and demonstrated to be specific for protein F by Western
      blotting procedures. The antibodies recognize a surface-exposed antigenic site
      that is conserved on all Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains tested to date. One of
      these monoclonal antibodies named MA4-4 resulted in passive protection against
      subsequent infections by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in two different mouse infection
      models. In vitro studies using human polymorphonuclear leukocytes suggested that
      this antibody opsonized Pseudomonas aeruginosa for phagocytosis. The data suggest
      that immunotherapy based on porin protein F has definite potential for success.

PMID- 2408888
TI  - Nucleotide sequence, secondary structure and evolution of the 5S ribosomal RNA
      from five bacterial species.
AB  - The nucleotide sequences of the 5S ribosomal RNAs of the bacteria Agrobacterium
      tumefaciens, Alcaligenes faecalis, Pseudomonas cepacia, Aquaspirillum serpens and
      Acinetobacter calcoaceticus have been determined. The sequences fit in a
      generally accepted model for 5S RNA secondary structure. However, a closer
      comparative examination of these and other bacterial 5S RNA primary structures
      reveals the potential of additional base pairing and of multiple equilibria
      between a set of slightly different alternative secondary structures in one area
      of the molecule. The phylogenetic position of the examined bacteria is derived
      from a 5S RNA sequence alignment by a clustering method and compared with the
      position derived on the basis of 16S ribosomal RNA oligonucleotide catalogs.

PMID- 2408890
TI  - Effects of lidocaine, procainamide, metoprolol, digoxin and atropine on the
      conduction of premature ventricular beats in man.
AB  - The acute electrophysiologic effects of clinical doses of procainamide,
      lidocaine, metoprolol, digoxin and atropine upon the conduction of ventricular
      premature beats, were studied in 48 healthy volunteers. The conduction time of
      the first premature beat, induced 1 ms after the ventricular effective refractory
      period (VERP) was longer than that of the basic paced beats in 41 of the 48
      subjects (85%); in 31 (65%) the delay was greater than 5 ms, indicating subnormal
      conduction. Digoxin decreased the delay so that it became insignificant, while,
      after procainamide, the delay increased significantly. The other agents did not
      significantly affect the subnormal conduction. The mean conduction times of
      premature beats, induced 30-50 ms after the VERP, were shorter than the basic
      conduction time in 43 of the 48 subjects (90%), and in 25 (52%) the decrease was
      greater than 5 ms, showing supernormal conduction. Lidocaine abolished the
      supernormal conduction. The other agents did not significantly alter the
      supernormal conduction. In the healthy heart, sub- and supernormal conduction of
      premature beats seem to be common phenomena, and seem, with few exceptions, to be
      largely unaffected by clinical doses of procainamide, lidocaine, metoprolol,
      digoxin and atropine.

PMID- 2408889
TI  - Reconstitution and fusogenic properties of Sendai virus envelopes.
AB  - Sendai virus membranes were reconstituted by detergent dialysis, using the non
      ionic detergents Triton X-100 and octyl glucoside. Membrane reassembly was
      determined by measuring the surface-density-dependent efficiency of resonance
      energy transfer between two fluorescent phospholipid analogues, which were co
      reconstituted with the viral envelopes. The functional incorporation of the viral
      proteins was established by monitoring the ability of the reconstitution products
      to fuse with erythrocyte membranes, utilizing assays based on either resonance
      energy transfer or on relief of fluorescence selfquenching. The persistent
      adherence of residual Triton X-100 with the reconstituted membrane was revealed
      by an artificial detergent-effect on the resonance energy transfer efficiency and
      the occurrence of hemolysis of human erythrocytes under conditions where fusion
      does not occur. Properly reconstituted Sendai virus envelopes were obtained with
      octyl glucoside. The fusion activity of the viral envelopes was dependent on the
      initial concentration of octyl glucoside used to disrupt the virus and the rate
      of detergent removal. Rapid removal of detergent by dialysis against large
      volumes of dialysis buffer (ratio 1:850) or by gel filtration produced
      reconstituted membranes capable of inducing hemagglutination but significant
      fusion activity was not detected. By decreasing the volume ratio of dialysate
      versus dialysis buffer to 1:250 or 1:25, fusogenic viral envelopes were obtained.
      The initial fusion kinetics of the reconstituted viral membrane and the parent
      virus were different in that both the onset and the initial rate of fusion of the
      reconstituted membranes were faster, whereas the extents to which both particles
      eventually fused with the target membrane were similar. The differences in the
      initial fusion kinetics lead us to suggest that the details of the fusion
      mechanism between Sendai virus and the target membrane involve factors other than
      the mere presence of glycoproteins F and HN in the viral bilayer. Finally, the
      results also indicate that determination of the viral fusion activity in a direct
      manner, rather than by an indirect assay, such as hemolysis, is imperative for a
      proper evaluation of the functional properties retained upon viral
      reconstitution.

PMID- 2408891
TI  - Ventricular premature beats and mortality in elderly subjects.

PMID- 2408892
TI  - Short-term outcome of medically treated patients with transient ischemic attacks,
      reversible ischemic neurologic deficits and strokes with minimum residuum.
AB  - 62 patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA), 60 with reversible ischemic
      neurologic deficit (RIND) and 57 with stroke with minimum residuum (SMR) were
      followed, in a retrospective survey, from the first 7 days to the 3rd month of
      evolution. 90 received anticoagulant treatment, 66 antiplatelet treatment and 23
      other or no treatment. 5 patients developed strokes with moderate or severe
      disability; no patient suffered a myocardial infarction or died. No influence of
      the type of treatment or of the clinical group (TIA, RIND and SMR) on the follow
      up complications could be detected. There seems to be a group with a greater risk
      of developing further cerebral infarction, which is characterized by the
      occurrence of multiple TIAs for several days before the event.

PMID- 2408893
TI  - Tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies for renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies, tumor-specific for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), were
      produced in Balb/C mice, hyperimmunized with tumor cell suspensions from a
      histological grade II tumor. Boosting with lectin-immobilized tumor-antigen
      rendered high yields of specific antibody-producing hybrids. Hybridoma
      supernatants were screened for specificity using a solid-phase enzyme-linked
      immunoassay. Testing in parallel for reactivity with tumor tissue and
      corresponding autologous normal kidney material, only those hybrids producing
      antibodies exclusively reactive with RCC were propagated, resulting in 4 stable,
      highly productive subclones. Using the immunoperoxidase staining technique,
      tissue sections from 97 different RCC specimens and corresponding normal kidneys
      were evaluated for reactivity with the monoclonal antibodies. Over 90% of RCC
      were strongly positive, whereas normal kidney tissue did not react. Other normal
      human organ sections, including pancreas, liver, lung, stomach, small intestine,
      spleen, lymph node, arteries, veins, skeletal muscle, heart, skin and fetal
      tissues were negative for tumor-associated antigens. Mucous substances and
      Panet's granular cells in colon mucosa showed nonspecific binding suppressible by
      addition of normal human serum. Adenocarcinoma of the stomach, colon, pancreas or
      breast did not demonstrate cross-reactivity with the antibodies to RCC. These
      monoclonal antibodies apparently recognize a tumor-associated antigen possibly
      specific for RCC. They could prove to be potent tools in the search for specific
      tumor markers applicable in the early diagnosis of the disease and
      immunotargeting cancer therapy.

PMID- 2408894
TI  - Leiomyosarcoma of the prostate.
AB  - 3 cases of prostatic leiomyosarcoma, observed over a 15-year period, are
      reported. 2 patients underwent radical surgical treatment only and succumbed to
      metastatic diffusion after 13 and 29 months, respectively. After palliative
      surgery, a 3rd man received subsequent radiation therapy for pelvic and pulmonary
      recurrences, and is alive with tumor after 6 years and 8 months. The diagnostic
      and therapeutic aspects of this uncommon and aggressive prostatic neoplasm are
      discussed.

PMID- 2408895
TI  - Immunohistochemical diagnosis of the metastasizing prostatic carcinoma.
AB  - Metastases of 47 known prostatic carcinomas were subjected to the unlabeled
      immunoperoxidase procedure to localize prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) and
      prostate-specific antigen (PSA). PAP was found in 64% and PSA in 78% of bone
      marrow, lymph node, lung and liver metastases investigated. There was no
      significant difference between the intensity of staining in primary and
      metastatic neoplasms. Staining of PAP and PSA was found to be less intense in
      poorly differentiated metastases of prostatic adenocarcinomas. The data suggest
      that the demonstration of PAP and PSA is a practical and sensitive test for
      determining the prostatic origin of a clinically and histologically
      unclassifiable metastasis.

PMID- 2408896
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies and human tumours: pathological and clinical aspects.

PMID- 2408897
TI  - Gonadal toxicity after combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease.
      Comparative results of MOPP vs ABVD.
AB  - The comparative gonadal toxicity following two equally effective and non-cross
      resistant regimens (MOPP and ABVD) was prospectively evaluated in 53 males with
      Hodgkin's disease. The median age was 29 yr (range 16-45). MOPP produced
      azoospermia in 28/29 patients (97%) while ABVD induced oligoazoospermia in 13/24
      patients (54%). Follicle-stimulating hormone levels were consistently and
      significantly increased after MOPP while their median value remained within
      normal range after ABVD. Sperm count was repeated in 34 patients. Recovery of
      spermatogenesis occurred in 3/21 cases treated with MOPP and in all 13 cases
      given ABVD. Present findings confirm that the two alkylating agents,
      mechlorethamine and procarbazine, included in the MOPP regimen cause sterility in
      most patients while the drugs included in ABVD are not associated with permanent
      gonadal dysfunction.

PMID- 2408898
TI  - Thymus-independent induction of idiotype suppression in newborn mice by syngeneic
      anti-idiotype antisera.
AB  - BALB/c and BALB/c nu/nu mice were shown to express to a variable extent in their
      response against dextran B1355S (Dex), an idiotype which is present on the Dex
      reactive BALB/c myeloma protein MOPC 104E. Injection of minute amounts of
      syngeneic anti-MOPC 104E idiotype antisera into neonatal euthymic or athymic
      BALB/c mice suppressed this idiotype in the Dex-specific response of the adult
      animals. When spleen cells from suppressed BALB/c mice were transferred into
      irradiated BALB Ighb mice the state of suppression persisted. Data are discussed
      with respect to possible mechanisms regulating expression of this idiotype.

PMID- 2408899
TI  - Purine nucleotide metabolism in resident and activated rat macrophages in vitro.
AB  - The overall purine metabolism was studied in detail in resident peritoneal
      macrophages (M phi) and in thioglycolate elicited peritoneal M phi in vitro. The
      salvage of purine bases (adenine, hypoxanthine and guanine) was active in both M
      phi populations, whereas purine biosynthesis de novo was low. Purine nucleosides
      (inosine, guanosine and adenosine) were efficiently degraded to uric acid and
      only adenosine was directly salvaged into nucleotides. Purine salvage was
      markedly increased in elicited M phi as compared to resident M phi whereas purine
      degradation pathways were enhanced only slightly. These results clearly indicate
      that salvage of purine bases is the main source for purine nucleotide
      biosynthesis in M phi, but nucleotide catabolism is the predominant pathway.

PMID- 2408900
TI  - Antibodies against the transferrin receptor block the induction of cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes. A new method for antigen-specific negative selection in vitro.
AB  - The induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for alloantigen in a
      primary mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) was used as a model system to study the
      potential usefulness of monoclonal antibodies directed against the murine
      transferrin receptor in eliminating antigen-activated T cells. Two monoclonal
      antibodies were used which are able to block the transferrin-mediated uptake of
      iron by growing cells. One of these antibodies is cytotoxic in the presence of
      complement (C). Treatment of MLC cells from control, uninhibited cultures with
      the cytotoxic anti-transferrin receptor antibody plus C completely knocked out
      all CTL effector activity showing that all of the effector cells expressed the
      receptor. However, surviving cells from such antibody-plus C-treated populations
      were not depleted of precursors since they were able to mount a strong CTL
      response to the original alloantigen upon restimulation. Blocking antibody
      against the transferrin receptor, in the absence of C, when present during the
      course of a primary MLC, completely inhibited the generation of effector CTL.
      Conditions were optimized such that antibody present during the course of the MLC
      could completely and specifically eliminate all antigen-activated T cells
      including precursors as assessed by secondary restimulation with the original,
      plus third-party antigens, in the absence of blocking antibody. This method for
      producing specifically unreactive T cell populations appears to be superior to
      previously described techniques.

PMID- 2408901
TI  - Activation/suppression of the immune response in vitro by antigen and dextran
      sulfate. I. Analysis by limiting dilution methods.
AB  - Spleen cells of normal mice which were stimulated with either T-dependent or T
      independent antigens and dextran sulfate (DxS) in microcultures at limiting
      dilution show at low cell densities an increased frequency of responding units (B
      cells) with both types of antigens. At higher cell densities, DxS induces a
      suppression of the immune response as assessed by a declining frequency of
      expressed B cells. When T cells were decreased in number, the stimulating effect
      of DxS on T-independent responses remained unaltered while the suppressive effect
      (dependent on cell density) was eliminated. It is suggested that DxS lowers the
      threshold of activation for regulatory T cells, i.e. of cells which under
      standard in vitro conditions remain unactivated, and which in the presence of DxS
      become activated. We conclude that the regulatory cells are rare and that they
      are not present in most low cell density cultures. The net effect is a potent
      activation in dilute cultures and lack of response in dense cultures.

PMID- 2408903
TI  - Regulation of interleukin 2 (IL2) receptor expression: IL2 as an inducing signal
      for the expression of its own receptor on a murine T helper cell line.
AB  - The interleukin 2 receptor (IL2R) expression of a terpolymer of L-Glu60, L-Ala30,
      L-Tyr10 (GAT)-specific T helper (Th) cell line, L14, was studied using two
      different rat monoclonal antibodies specific for the murine IL2R, 7D4 and 5A2-2.
      L14 T cells expressed IL2R transiently, but contrary to the general assumption
      that IL2R expression is maintained only by periodic antigen stimulation, we
      observed that IL2 itself was able to regulate the level of IL2R on L14 Th
      lymphocytes. In particular, it was found that L14 T cells, which had not been
      recently stimulated and which expressed a very low level of high affinity IL2R,
      could be induced to exhibit a high level of this receptor after exposure to
      recombinant IL2, in the absence of any specific signal. In contrast, the Th cell
      line 52.3 used as control could be induced to express high levels of IL2R only
      after exposure to GAT; nevertheless, IL2 seems to play a critical role in the in
      vitro survival of the resting state of 52.3 T cells.

PMID- 2408902
TI  - Age-dependent isotype variation during secondary immune response in MRL/lpr mice
      producing autoanti-gamma-globulin antibodies.
AB  - A profound inability to produce IgG anti-2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP) antibodies
      during the secondary immune response elicited by a T-dependent antigen was
      observed in aged MLR/lpr mice. This unresponsiveness is associated with a
      significantly low indirect anti-TNP plaque-forming cell response and a weak in
      vitro anti-TNP response upon the culture of keyhole limpet hemocyanin-primed T
      cells and TNP-primed B cells in the presence of TNP. The markedly low IgG anti
      TNP response observed in aged MLR/lpr mice cannot be related to the presence of
      rheumatoid factors which are observed during the secondary response, since MRL
      +/+ and 129/J mice, (non-autoimmune disease strains), also produce significant
      amounts of anti-gamma-globulin antibodies yet mount a strong IgG anti-TNP
      response.

PMID- 2408904
TI  - T15-specific helper T cells: analysis of idiotype specificity by competitive
      inhibition analysis.
AB  - Optimal activation of T15 idiotype-bearing B cells has been shown previously to
      be influenced by two subsets of Thy-1+, Ly-1+,2-sIg- helper T cells. One of the
      helper T cell sets appears to be T15 specific in that its presence results in a
      selective augmentation of T15-bearing anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) plaque-forming
      cell responses. To determine the precise specificity of the idiotype-specific
      helper T cell (ThId), Ly-1 T cells were tested in an in vitro anti-PC response
      for their ability to bind directly to T15 myeloma protein-coated plastic plates.
      Specificity of this binding was ascertained by competitive inhibition of plate
      binding using idiotypically related myeloma or hybridoma proteins. These data
      suggest that the Ly-1 T cells which augment T15-bearing plaque-forming cell
      responses can bind to T15-coated plates and are T15 idiotype specific. This
      approach is being used currently to attempt to clone ThId cells to further
      analyze their activation requirements and specificities.

PMID- 2408905
TI  - Major surface protein of Toxoplasma gondii (p30) contains an immunodominant
      region with repetitive epitopes.
AB  - Four monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against surface antigens of tachyzoites of
      Toxoplasma gondii were produced. Immunoprecipitation of extracts of 125I-labeled
      tachyzoites identified the same polypeptide with apparent molecular weight of 30
      000 (p30). A competition binding assay indicated that a single region of p30 was
      recognized by all 4 of the mAb. Furthermore, we found that single mAb inhibited
      25-50% of the specific binding of antibodies of patients with toxoplasmosis to
      the antigenic extract of tachyzoites. It appears, therefore, that p30 is the most
      immunogenic constituent of tachyzoites, and that a single region of this molecule
      contains most of the immunogenic activity. Finally, a two-site/one-antibody
      immunoradiometric assay with the same mAb indicated that the p30 molecule is
      multivalent with respect to the expression of a single epitope.

PMID- 2408906
TI  - The effects of amiflamine on cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites in the rhesus
      monkey.
AB  - Amiflamine, a drug reported to be a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase
      type A (MAO-A) selective for serotonergic neurons in rodents, was administered to
      rhesus monkeys over a 12-fold dosage range (0.5-6 mg/kg). Amiflamine produced
      small, essentially equivalent reductions in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA, 1-28%), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG,
      4-26%), and homovanillic acid (HVA, 7-29%), suggesting that the effects of
      amiflamine are approximately equal on serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine
      metabolism in nonhuman primates. Concentrations of amiflamine were very low in
      CSF 3-6 h after drug administration (less than 7 nmol/l), while those of its two
      major, biologically active metabolites were higher (22-150 nmol/l) and varied in
      relative proportions among the monkeys. Further investigation is required of some
      preliminary observations of a possible association between drug metabolite
      variations and the substantial individual differences in the amine metabolite
      changes following amiflamine treatment. MAO-B in platelets was not inhibited by 6
      mg/kg amiflamine, indicating that MAO-A selectivity was maintained. At low
      amiflamine doses, early and transient increases in CSF 5-HIAA and HVA
      concentrations were observed, suggesting an amine-releasing effect of the drug
      within brain serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons.

PMID- 2408907
TI  - Block of the hyoscine-resistant opiate withdrawal contracture of ileum by a new
      substance P antagonist [D-Arg1,D-Phe5,D- Trp7,9,Leu 11]substance P.

PMID- 2408908
TI  - Characterization of spinal actions of four substance P analogues.
AB  - Four substance P (SP) analogues were tested on reaction time (RT) in the tail
      flick test and on the decrease in RT produced by the SP homologue physalaemin.
      The four analogues were [D-Trp7,9,10]SP, denoted A, [D-Pro4,D-Trp7,9,Nle11]SP-(4
      11), denoted B, [D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9,10]SP, denoted C and [D-Pro4,D
      Trp7,9,10,Phe11]SP-(4-11), denoted D. Physalaemin alone (1.89 nmol) reduced RT.
      The analogue A, at 3.25 nmol, blocked the effects of physalaemin without altering
      basal RT. The analogues B and D, which block the action of physalaemin in
      peripheral tissues, had neither agonistic nor antagonistic effects in doses up to
      6.5 nmol. The replacement of L-Pro2 by D-Pro2 in the analogue A yielded the
      analogue C, which had no antagonistic activity. All analogues produced a flaccid
      paralysis of the hindlimbs and the tail; this effect was inconsistent, though,
      occurring only in some rats, and appearing in some cases after the first
      administration of the analogue yet in other cases only after a subsequent
      administration. Because B and D are inactive in the spinal cord, our results
      suggest that physalaemin activates receptors in the spinal cord different from
      those it activates in peripheral tissues. Furthermore, because all four analogues
      produced a flaccid paralysis none is suitable for use as an SP antagonist in vivo
      in the CNS.

PMID- 2408909
TI  - Evidence for a relationship between DNA methylation and DNA replication from
      studies of the 5-azacytidine-reactivated allocyclic X chromosome.
AB  - We examined the sequence of DNA synthesis of the human active, inactive and
      reactivated X chromosomes in mouse-human hybrid cells. The two independent
      reactivants, induced by 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), expressed human
      hypoxanthinephosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), and one also expressed human
      glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK).
      Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA methylation at the re-expressed loci revealed
      hypomethylation of CpG clusters, that characterizes the relevant genes on the
      active X. The transfer of active and inactive X chromosomes from the native
      environment of the human fibroblast to the foreign environment of the hybrid cell
      did not affect the specific replication sequence of either human X chromosome.
      The silent X chromosome when reactivated, remained allocyclic, and the first
      bands to replicate were the same as prior to reactivation. In one reactivant,
      however, further progression of replication was significantly altered with
      respect to the order in which bands were synthesized. This alteration in the
      replication of the silent X following 5-azaC-induced reactivation suggests that
      DNA methylation may modulate the replication kinetics of chromosomal DNA.

PMID- 2408910
TI  - Kinetics of macromolecules injected into the subretinal space.
AB  - Small, experimental, non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (blebs) in rabbit
      eyes resorbed 50% more slowly when filled with autologous serum than with Hanks'
      solution. To study the fate of large molecules in the subretinal space,
      carboxyfluorescein and several sizes of FITC-dextrans were injected into blebs
      and their movement followed by fluorophotometry. Carboxyfluorescein diffused
      quickly into the vitreous and was gone from the space after 8 hr. FITC-dextran 10
      S (smaller than albumin) also diffused readily into the vitreous and took about
      30 hr to be eliminated from the subretinal space. The diffusion of FITC-dextran
      70-S and 150-S (both larger than albumin) was markedly slower, and roughly 80% of
      the 150-S was still present in the subretinal space after 3 days. Since the
      subretinal fluid in all of these blebs resorbed within 10 hr, the physiologic
      mechanisms for fluid resorption and elimination of large substances appear to be
      independent. Damaging the RPE barrier with sodium iodate allowed even the larger
      FITC-dextrans to exit from the subretinal space.

PMID- 2408911
TI  - Postnatal development of the superficial layers in the rat superior colliculus: a
      study with Golgi-Cox and Kluver-Barrera techniques.
AB  - The postnatal development of the superficial (optic) layers of the rat superior
      colliculus has been studied using Kluver-Barrera staining and Golgi impregnation
      in rats aged 3-45 days. The Kluver-Barrera staining reveals that the SC of 3 day
      old rats is morphologically immature with no obvious lamination. It contains
      densely packed cells of uniform size. The packing density of the cells gradually
      decreases between 9 and 15 days as the thickness of the layers increases. The
      first myelinated fibres in the SC appear at 15 days but the stratum opticum is
      still not recognizable. By 30 days, the SC has a distinctly laminated appearance,
      but the thickness of the superficial layers continues to increase until day 45
      postnatal. Golgi-Cox impregnation displays the range of neuronal types in the
      superficial layers of the SC previously described by Langer and Lund (1974).
      Using the morphological criteria of these authors for classification of the
      neurons, the developmental changes of the marginal cells, horizontal cells,
      ganglion cells types I, II, III and stellate cells have been followed. The SC of
      3 day old rats contains immature neurons; only a few larger cells have branched
      dendrites. In 9 days old SC the neuronal types present in the adult are
      recognizable, although their appearances are still immature. By 15 days neurons
      have adult-looking dendritic trees but dendritic growth continues beyond 30 days.
      The visual part of the SC has a protracted period of postnatal development, the
      sequence of developmental changes being similar for the different types of
      collicular neurons. Features common to development are the increasing size of
      neuronal somata, the increasing length of dendrites and the acquisition of a
      complex pattern of dendritic arborization. Larger cells appear to commence
      development earlier than small cells, although the rate of developmental changes
      is different for each of the various types of collicular neurons.

PMID- 2408912
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of T-lymphocyte subsets in tissue sections
      using monoclonal antibodies: a 3-layer PAP system and comparison of three
      immunoperoxidase methods.
AB  - Several immunohistochemical systems have been described to study T cells and
      their subsets in cryostat sections using monoclonal antibodies. In this report
      tonsils were studied by 2-layer and 4-layer immunoperoxidase techniques. In
      addition a 3-layer immunoperoxidase method using mouse PAP is proposed. The 2
      layer technique proved unsatisfactory due to insufficient sensitivity. The other
      methods were characterized by comparably high sensitivity. The mouse PAP 3-layer
      system gave the most specific results due in particular to the complete absence
      of immunoglobulin staining in the germinal centers.

PMID- 2408913
TI  - Establishment and characterization of a new clonal strain derived from human
      benign gastric teratoma.
AB  - Various kinds of cell-types such as squamous epithelial cells, columnar
      epithelial cells, sarcomatous cells and fibroblast-like cells proliferated in
      vitro during the initial period of the primary culture from the human benign
      gastric tridermal teratoma. The fibroblast-like cells designated HOGT clonal
      strain were established from a single cell of primary cultures. The HOGT clonal
      strain grew well and 70 serial passages were successively carried out within 17
      months. Although the HOGT cells are karyologically normal, when transplanted into
      the subcutis of nude mice they produced a benign tridermal teratoma. The results
      obtained from cell culture and heterotransplantation of teratoma strain enabled
      us to hypothesize that the graft (tridermal teratoma) in mice may arise from a
      pluripotent stem cell.

PMID- 2408914
TI  - Isoprenaline-like effects of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1
      methylxanthine on mechanical, biochemical and electrophysiological parameters in
      the mammalian heart.
AB  - The phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) mimicked the
      effects of isoprenaline on the force of contraction, the cAMP content and the
      slow Ca++ inward current (Isi) in isolated guinea pig papillary muscles. The
      results support the hypothesis that phosphodiesterase inhibitors and beta
      adrenoceptor agonists exert their positive inotropic effects by increasing Isi
      via the common mediator cAMP.

PMID- 2408915
TI  - Calcium transport by red blood cell membranes from young and adult cattle.
AB  - It is shown using inside-out membrane vesicles that cattle red cells extrude
      calcium by means of a calmodulin sensitive Ca-pump whose activity is high in
      calves and extremely low in adult cows. The decline is not due to loss of
      calmodulin susceptibility nor to a drop in Ca-affinity.

PMID- 2408916
TI  - Patch and whole-cell voltage clamp of single mammalian visceral and vascular
      smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Dispersal of the constituent cells of mammalian visceral and vascular smooth
      muscles has permitted recordings both of membrane currents under whole-cell
      voltage clamp, and of currents through single ionic channels using the patch
      clamp technique. A rectangular depolarizing step applied to a single cell under
      voltage clamp yielded a net inward current followed by a net outward current in
      normal physiological solution. In isolated, 'inside-out' patches of cell membrane
      a calcium- and potential-sensitive K channel (100 pS conductance) and a calcium
      insensitive, potential-sensitive K+ channel (50 pS conductance) with slow
      kinetics have so far been identified and characterized.

PMID- 2408918
TI  - Abnormal cilia in the small airways of mice induced by bleomycin.
AB  - The frequency and types of abnormal cilia in the small airways before and after
      parenteral administration of bleomycin were examined by transmission electron
      microscopy. Bleomycin was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 40 mg/kg twice
      weekly for 6 weeks. Bronchioles less than 0.1 mm in diameter from animals
      sacrificed 1 day after a single dose, 1 day after three doses, 3 days after 8
      doses, and 13 days after 12 doses were selected for evaluation. Although ciliated
      cells proper did not show pronounced alterations, abnormal cilia such as swollen
      cilia, compound cilia, and cilia with abnormal axonemes frequently occurred.
      Repeated injections did not necessarily induce much more abnormal cilia than one
      dose. The results suggested that ciliated cells remain undamaged and that normal
      cilia can be restored. The specific type of abnormal cilia induced by bleomycin
      was not identified.

PMID- 2408917
TI  - Ca-exchange, Ca-channels and Ca-antagonists.

PMID- 2408919
TI  - Cyclic AMP and c-myc gene expression in PY815 mouse mastocytoma cells.
AB  - The possibility was examined that inhibition of growth of PY815 mouse mastocytoma
      cells by N6,O2'-dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (DB cyclic AMP)
      results from inhibition of c-myc gene expression. Temporary increases in c-myc
      RNA which occurred soon after DB cyclic AMP treatment and upon removal of the
      drug were not consistent with direct inhibition of c-myc gene expression by DB
      cyclic AMP. The increases in c-myc RNA coincided with the passage through, or
      accumulation of cells in late G1-early S phase. It is proposed that cyclic AMP
      may stimulate c-myc gene expression which normally occurs only in late G1-early S
      phase in PY815 cells and that cyclic AMP prevents c-myc expression in cells at
      other phases of the cell cycle by inhibiting their progression past a cyclic AMP
      sensitive restriction point in early G1 phase.

PMID- 2408920
TI  - 1H-NMR study of gramicidin A transmembrane ion channel. Head-to-head right
      handed, single-stranded helices.
AB  - The structure of [Val1]gramicidin A incorporated into sodium dodecyl-d25 sulphate
      micelles has been studied by two-dimensional proton NMR spectroscopy. Analysis of
      nuclear Overhauser effects, spin-spin couplings and solvent accessibility of NH
      groups show that the conformation of the Na+ complex of gramicidin A in detergent
      micelles, which in many ways mimic the phospholipid bilayer of biomembranes, is
      an N-terminal to N-terminal (head-to-head) dimer (Formula: see text) formed by
      two right-handed, single-stranded beta 6.3 helices with 6.3 residues per turn,
      differing from Urry's structure by handedness of the helices.

PMID- 2408921
TI  - Agonists stimulate divalent cation channels in the plasma membrane of human
      platelets.
AB  - Agonists such as thrombin, PAF (platelet-activating factor) and ADP are known to
      cause a larger elevation in [Ca2+]i in quin2-loaded platelets in the presence of
      extracellular Ca2+ than in its absence. The simplest interpretation of these
      observations is that in the presence of extracellular calcium there is an influx
      component across the cell surface. In the presence of Mn2+, a divalent cation
      which is known to avidly bind to quin2 and to quench its fluorescence, the
      agonists produce a small initial rise in quin2 fluorescence followed by a
      decrease in fluorescence to well below the resting level. The result indicates
      entry of Mn2+, presumably through some form of receptor-operated Ca2+ channel.

PMID- 2408922
TI  - B-Z transition in poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) in the presence of formaldehyde amino
      derivatives.
AB  - It was shown by circular dichroism that the B-Z transition of poly(dG-dC).poly(dG
      dC) in high NaCl concentrations occurred more rapidly in the presence of
      formaldehyde and Tris. The product of formaldehyde and glycine interaction
      induces changes in the poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) CD spectral characteristics of a
      'B-like' conformation. It is supposed that the B-Z transition occurs without
      large-scale hydrogen bond breakage.

PMID- 2408923
TI  - Dihydropyridine Ca2+ agonists and channel blockers interact in the opposite
      manner with photogenerated unpaired electrons.
AB  - Interaction of Ca2+-channel antagonists (felodipine, ryocidil, verapamil,
      diltiazem) and agonists (dihydropyridine derivatives Bay K 8644 and CGP 28392)
      was studied by the methods of absorption spectroscopy. Ca2+-channel antagonists
      were found to act as electron donors, the agonists being electron acceptors in
      the interaction with dye free radicals in solution. Redox transitions in channel
      forming protein were proposed as a possible mechanism of the modulation of
      channel activity by the compounds tested.

PMID- 2408924
TI  - Ca2+ channel agonist BAY-k 8644 does not elicit Ca2+ release from skeletal muscle
      sarcoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - BAY-k 8644, a nifedipine analogue, promotes Ca2+ influx into excitable cells via
      plasma membrane voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. We report here that sarcoplasmic
      reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channels are insensitive to BAY-k 8644, as studied in
      highly purified isolated fractions and in chemically skinned fibers of rabbit
      skeletal muscle. This result suggests that a subcellular heterogeneity exists
      among Ca2+ channels, at least with respect to drug-receptor sites. In the course
      of this study, however we found that BAY-k 8644 reversibly inhibits the SR Ca2+
      pump, i.e., it decreases Ca2+ influx into the SR lumen, although at
      concentrations (IC50 = 3-5 X 10(-5) M) much higher than those effective on
      voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels.

PMID- 2408925
TI  - Anticonvulsant drug mechanisms of action.
AB  - The effects of clinically used anticonvulsant drugs on high-frequency sustained
      repetitive firing (SRF) of action potentials and on postsynaptic responses to
      iontophoretically applied gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been compared to
      establish a classification of anticonvulsant drugs based on cellular mechanisms
      of action. By using concentrations in the range of therapeutic cerebrospinal
      fluid values in humans, drugs have been separated into three categories:
      Phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproic acid limited SRF, but did not alter GABA
      responses. Phenobarbital, clonazepam, and diazepam augmented GABA responses and
      limited SRF only at concentrations above the therapeutic range in ambulatory
      patients but that are achieved in the acute treatment of status epilepticus.
      Ethosuximide failed to affect SRF or GABA responses even at supratherapeutic
      concentrations. Ability of an anticonvulsant to limit SRF correlated well with
      efficacy against generalized tonic-clonic seizures clinically and against maximal
      electroshock seizures in experimental animals. Augmentation of GABA responses and
      lack of limitation of SRF correlated with efficacy against generalized absence
      seizures in humans and against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in animals.
      However, ethosuximide must act against generalized absence seizures and against
      pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures by a third, as yet unknown, mechanism. Other
      actions occurring at supratherapeutic concentrations correlated with clinical
      toxicity.

PMID- 2408926
TI  - Sitting position to reduce postoperative shoulder pain associated with
      intraperitoneal dextran.
AB  - Having the sitting position begun at the time of intraperitoneal instillation of
      dextran and maintained for 48 hours postoperatively was found to significantly
      reduce the frequency and intensity of shoulder pain in 40 (+/- 42) women
      undergoing fertility surgery.

PMID- 2408927
TI  - Monitoring of postimplantation embryo viability following successful in vitro
      fertilization and embryo transfer by measurement of placental proteins.
AB  - Serum levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG), and pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1) were
      measured in 21 women after successful in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.
      Of the 21 pregnancies, 14, including 1 twin gestation, progressed successfully to
      term. The remaining seven, composed of tubal (n = 3), anembryonic (n = 1), and
      spontaneously aborted (n = 3) pregnancies, failed during the first half of
      pregnancy. Placental protein measurement was of no diagnostic value in the
      detection of anembryonic pregnancy. Similarly, measurement of hCG and SP1 could
      not readily distinguish tubal ectopic from normal intrauterine pregnancies. By
      contrast, the predictive value (38.9%) of a depressed PAPP-A level in conjunction
      with superior diagnostic sensitivity (70%) and relative risk factor (23.6) proved
      to be of greater diagnostic value in this potentially lethal condition. In the
      absence of ultrasonography, the biochemical diagnostic indices were comparable in
      the prediction of spontaneous abortion. However, in the presence of a live fetus,
      PAPP-A levels were consistently depressed (sensitivity, 91.7%) many weeks before
      pregnancy demise. The relative risk factor of depressed PAPP-A levels was 29
      times greater than the risk associated with a depressed hCG level. These findings
      further demonstrate the potential diagnostic value of PAPP-A measurement for
      monitoring postimplantation embryo viability.

PMID- 2408928
TI  - Cyclic changes in human endometrial surface glycoproteins: a quantitative
      histochemical study.
AB  - We used histochemical methods specific for carbohydrates on accurately timed
      endometrial biopsies to examine changes in quantity or electronegativity of the
      endometrium's luminal glycocalyx through the menstrual cycle in normal fertile
      women. Electronegative glycocalyx was detectable light-microscopically throughout
      the menstrual cycle. On the third day after the luteinizing hormone peak, a
      significant increase (P = 0.005) in endometrial surface glycocalyx was evident
      along with the appearance, in endometrial glands, of material having the staining
      properties of acid mucus glycoprotein (MGP), which implies that after this
      material's production by the glands or by the surface epithelium, it becomes
      adsorbed onto the surface glycocalyx. This phenomenon was accompanied by an
      apparent decrease in glycocalyceal electronegativity as indicated by a shift from
      high iron diamine (pH 1.0) to alcian blue (pH 2.5) staining reactivity. Because
      the timing of the appearance of endometrial moderately acid MGP coincides with or
      precedes the time that the early fertilized embryo enters the endometrial cavity,
      a role for the MGP in embryo nutrition or in implantation is suggested.

PMID- 2408929
TI  - [Change in the blast transformation of rat blood lymphocytes during experimental
      actions on the liver].

PMID- 2408930
TI  - [Effectiveness of different methods and agents for increasing the reproductive
      ability of sows].

PMID- 2408931
TI  - [Mast cells, histamine and serotonin release in the early phase of hyperergic
      pleuritis in albino rats].

PMID- 2408932
TI  - Audiovisuals. Be resourceful and you will find them.

PMID- 2408933
TI  - Patient education in an ambulatory surgery center.

PMID- 2408934
TI  - [Studies of progestin specific binding protein in the human prostate (II): The
      possibility of non-specific binding protein disturbance for the accurate
      quantitative assay of 4S specific binding protein].
AB  - The R5020 specific binding protein in the human prostate was studied to elucidate
      the cause for the poorer reproducibility of 4S high affinity complex sediment
      than that of 7-8S high affinity complex sediment. The sucrose density gradient,
      with a low ionic strength buffer including sodium molybdate, was used. Charcoal
      assay is one of the most common methods used in steroid receptor studies.
      However, there is a possibility that the high amount of non-specific binding
      protein common in the human prostate disturbs the charcoal function which removes
      the free and also the loosely bound steroids from low affinity protein. In the
      sucrose density gradient process, charcoal treatment is necessary to obtain the
      apparent 7-8S peak from the 4S one because 7-8S is covered with huge 4S when the
      charcoal treatment is not performed. 4S complex is proved to be more sensitive
      than 7-8S to this form of treatment in this study. In addition, the R5020
      specific binding protein is found in not only 7-8S complex but also 4S. The
      dissociation constant of 4S protein is identified with that in 7-8S in the low
      range of [3H]-R5020(0.4-5.2 nM) using Scatchard plots, but not in the high range
      (1.3-10.4 nM). Thus, it seems possible that the high amount of non-specific
      binding protein disturbs the accurate quantification of specific binding protein
      in 4S. In conclusion, the poor reproducibility of 4S complex through charcoal
      treatment is caused by the presence of the high amount of non-specific binding
      protein in the human prostate.

PMID- 2408935
TI  - Histone H1(0): a maintainer of the differentiated cell state?
AB  - Functional and structural effects of histones H1 and H1(0) were studied on
      isolated chromatin and nuclei from embryonic skeletal muscle as well as on
      cultured cells. The results showed that: H1 was responsible for a greater
      compaction of chromatin than H1(0) as evidenced by sedimentation. In contrast,
      H1(0) inhibited DNA synthesis in chromatin and cells to a greater extent than H1.
      No significant difference between the two histones on RNA synthesis inhibition
      was observed. histones H1 and H1(0) evidenced a quantitative increase in
      developing muscle cells. The results indicate that H1(0) may not be the inducer
      of the differentiated cell state, but rather assists in the maintenance of that
      state.

PMID- 2408936
TI  - Variation of the poly(A) size classes in the rat mammary gland during the
      lactation cycle.
AB  - The sizes of the poly(A) tracts associated with rat mammary RNA were determined
      at several time points in the lactation cycle. The poly(A) tracts in the
      lactating gland displayed two predominant size class peaks at 80-85 and 45-47
      residues. The 9S whey protein mRNA and the 15S casein mRNA purified from the 12
      day lactating mammary gland both contained poly(A) tracts displaying a similar
      size distribution. The 45 residue tracts were a characteristic of lactation; they
      were not found at 8 days of pregnancy and only small amounts of these shorter
      poly(A) tracts were found in the 16 day pregnant gland. The poly(A) tracts of the
      involuted gland displayed the same size characteristics as those of late
      pregnancy. At all the developmental stages that were examined, the fraction of 45
      residue poly(A) tracts was always proportional to the total poly(A) content of
      the mammary cells.

PMID- 2408937
TI  - Metabolism of uridine and determination of liver ribonucleic acid synthesis in
      developing and adult mice.
AB  - The metabolism of [5-3H]uridine and the incorporation of the precursor into liver
      RNA was studied in developing (13-day-old) and adult (45-day-old) mice. Different
      time-courses of labelling and increased amounts of labelled catabolic products of
      uridine were found in liver and blood of developing mice compared with adult
      animals. This is suggested to be a consequence of enlarged metabolite pools
      resulting from a lower total amount of uracil-degrading enzymes in the developing
      mice. The labelling of the uracil nucleotides was decreased in the developing
      liver. However, in spite of a lower specific radioactivity of UTP, the RNA
      specific radioactivity of developing liver was increased compared with adult
      liver. Also the labelling of liver RNA with [6-14C]orotic acid was found to be
      increased in developing mice, thus indicating a higher rate of RNA synthesis in
      these animals. A more pronounced difference in liver RNA labelling between the
      developing and the adult mice obtained with the use of [14C]orotic acid than with
      [3H]uridine may suggest that the de novo pathway, relative to the salvage
      pathways, is more important in developing than in adult liver.

PMID- 2408938
TI  - Further characterization of the iodide inhibitory effect on the cyclic AMP system
      in dog thyroid slices.
AB  - Iodide inhibits cyclic AMP accumulation in the thyroid by a process which is
      prevented by inhibition of iodide uptake and of thyroid peroxidase. By a similar
      process, it also exerts other independent effects such as the enhancement of
      iodinated protein release. Iodide inhibited the stimulation of adenylate cyclase
      by prostaglandin E1, cholera toxin and forskolin. The action of iodide was not
      relieved by phosphodiesterase inhibitors and was not additive with the effect of
      norepinephrine or adenosine. Iodide did not decrease the cellular level of ATP.
      The data are compatible with an inhibition of adenylate cyclase beyond the level
      of the receptor, presumably at the level of the catalytic unit or its interaction
      with the positive transducing unit NS. The effect of iodide required TSH for its
      expression but not for its installation. It was decreased under all conditions in
      which iodide organification was decreased: decreased iodide or increased
      methimazole concentration, absence of calcium in the medium, etc. However, the
      relation between iodide binding to proteins and effect was not linear. The effect
      was not relieved by washing in the absence of iodide and in the presence of
      perchlorate, but it was partly reversible in the presence of methimazole
      propylthiouracyl or thiourea. It was not relieved by cooling to 20 degrees C and
      cytochalasin b, which block stimulated thyroglobulin hydrolysis and iodothyronine
      release, nor by actinomycin D, cycloheximide, puromycin, mepacrine or
      indomethacin. The data suggest that iodide binds to a saturable cell component by
      a reaction which is reversible only in the presence of thiol-containing drugs.

PMID- 2408939
TI  - Hormonal regulation of protein synthesis in cultured kidney cells.
AB  - Calcitonin-induced changes in gene expression at the level of protein synthesis
      were examined in cultured porcine kidney cells (LLC-PK1) using two-dimensional
      gel electrophoresis of [35S]methionine-labeled polypeptides. Twelve intracellular
      polypeptides showed reproducible changes in the relative intensity of labeling.
      From that set of polypeptides ten showed an increase and two a decrease in the
      labeling intensity after calcitonin treatment. One of the induced polypeptides
      was identified as plasminogen activator and two others were shown to be related
      to cytokeratins. The labeling of two induced and well-separated polypeptides of
      70K and 95K Mr was quantitated and correlated with an increase in secretion of
      plasminogen activator.

PMID- 2408940
TI  - Major changes in gene expression occur during at least four stages of development
      of Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - The spectrum of proteins synthesized at different stages of development of the
      cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum was analyzed by two-dimensional (2D)
      gel electrophoresis. Of the approximately 400 proteins detected by this method
      189 show changes in their relative rate of synthesis. Most of these changes occur
      during four distinct stages of development: commencement of development
      immediately following removal of nutrients (early interphase), early aggregation,
      late aggregation, and culmination. During commencement the synthesis of 19
      proteins begins, the relative rate of synthesis of 21 other proteins increases,
      and 16 proteins show a rapid decrease in their synthetic rate. During early
      aggregation the largest change occurs in the spectrum of proteins being
      synthesized. Specifically, the synthesis of 29 new proteins begins and an
      increase occurs in the relative synthetic rate of 43 others. During late
      aggregation, when tight cell-cell contacts form, a reduction takes place in the
      synthetic rate of most of these induced proteins in addition to the synthesis of
      12 new proteins. At least two of these induced proteins are synthesized
      exclusively in prespore and eventually spore cells. Finally, during culmination,
      23 new proteins begin to be synthesized and the synthetic rate of 12 other
      proteins increases. Five of the 23 newly synthesized proteins appear to be stalk
      cell specific. In general, synthesis of spore-cell specific proteins begins just
      following the formation of tight aggregates while stalk-cell specific proteins
      are induced during culmination. The relative amounts of mRNAs coding for most of
      the early developmentally regulated proteins have been estimated by their
      translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and subsequent analysis of protein
      products by 2D gel electrophoresis. For most of those proteins whose rate of
      synthesis increases in vivo following starvation there is a parallel increase in
      the cellular level of the functional mRNAs encoding them. This suggests that the
      genes coding for these mRNAs may be under transcriptional control. In contrast,
      the mRNAs coding for most of the proteins whose synthetic rate decreases early in
      development are under translational control and persist in the cell in an
      inactive state.

PMID- 2408941
TI  - Action potentials dependent on monovalent cations in developing mouse embryos.
AB  - Action potentials were examined using intracellular recording techniques to study
      the ionic mechanisms of excitability in oocytes and embryos of the mouse from the
      1-cell through to the 16-cell stages of development. At all stages examined,
      action potentials dependent on monovalent cations (Na+ or Li+) were observed
      under Ca2+-free conditions, and the maximum rate of rise (MRR) of the Na action
      potential was larger than that of the Li action potential at a given
      concentration of monovalent cations. Both the Na and Li action potentials were
      insensitive to tetrodotoxin, and they were blocked by inorganic (Co2+, Cd2+,
      Mn2+, La3+) and organic (diltiazem) Ca antagonists. These properties were exactly
      the same as those of the Ca channels present in the membranes of the mouse
      embryos. In addition, competition was observed between permeant monovalent and
      divalent cations: the overshoot and MRR of the Na or Li action potentials were
      reduced in the presence of Ca2+. These results suggest that Na+ or Li+ go through
      the Ca channels when the external Ca2+ concentration was very low, and that the
      Ca channels are more permeable to Na+ than to Li+. Separate Na channels could not
      be detected or induced at any stages of development.

PMID- 2408942
TI  - An early role of maternal mRNA in establishing the dorsoventral pattern in pelle
      mutant Drosophila embryos.
AB  - Mutations of the maternal effect locus pelle (pll) cause dorsalized Drosophila
      embryos. In extreme mutants, the embryo develops into a long hollow tube of
      dorsal cuticular structures with no sign of ventral pattern elements. Injection
      of wild-type cytoplasm or poly(A)+RNA into mutant pll embryos partially restores
      the normal pattern. Rescuing activity is present in the wild-type cytoplasm until
      the late blastoderm stage, but is already absent from the poly(A)+RNA fraction by
      the time of pole cell formation. At the same time, pll embryos fail to respond to
      injected biologically active poly(A)+RNA. This indicates that pll+ mRNA is lost
      early from the pool of maternal RNA and that there is a non-RNA component of
      rescue. This component, most likely the pll+ protein, appears to be unequally
      distributed in wild-type embryos.

PMID- 2408943
TI  - Phylogeny of a neural cell adhesion molecule.
AB  - The phylogeny of adhesion among cells derived from neural tissue has been
      examined using a combination of functional and immunological analyses. The
      presence of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) was evaluated with respect
      to NCAM-specific antigenic determinants attached to a polypeptide chain with
      appropriate electrophoretic properties. By these criteria, NCAM-like molecules
      were detected in all embryonic and adult vertebrates tested, and an adult
      mollusc, but not in an adult insect, crustacean, or nematode. The functional
      assays measured adhesiveness by simple aggregation of neural membrane vesicles,
      as well as by NCAM-specific binding between membranes from different species. The
      presence of the NCAM antigen in vertebrate membranes correlated with binding
      activity in both the NCAM-specific and general adhesion assays, implying that the
      adhesiveness of these membranes largely reflects NCAM-mediated binding. The
      results also indicate that NCAM function has been conserved during the evolution
      of vertebrates, and supports the possibility that mechanisms of nerve-nerve,
      nerve-muscle, and nerve-glial interaction, which have been demonstrated
      previously to involve NCAM, may be similar for many chordates. Whereas NCAM was
      not detected in adult fly and worm, these species did express NCAM-like antigens
      transiently during early development. These results are consistent with the
      hypothesis that NCAM is required during several periods of development, and that
      the functions of this molecule in nematodes and insects may be distinct from or a
      subset of those that occur in vertebrates. The expanded role of the molecule
      represented by its expression during later stages of vertebrate development may
      thus have been an important contribution to the evolution of chordates.

PMID- 2408944
TI  - Co-expression of specific acid and basic cytokeratins in teratocarcinoma-derived
      fibroblasts treated with 5-azacytidine.
AB  - Epithelial cells always co-express acidic and basic keratin polypeptides.
      Mesenchymal cells, which do not normally contain keratins, can be induced by the
      inhibitor of DNA methylation 5-azacytidine to synthesize the basic keratin Endo
      A. In the present paper we show that the acidic keratins Endo B and Endo C can
      also be induced by 5-azacytidine in teratocarcinoma-derived fibroblasts.
      Furthermore, individual cells in which Endo B and/or Endo C keratins are found,
      always co-express the basic polypeptide Endo A. Other cytokeratins are not or
      very rarely found. Interestingly, Endo A, B, and C are usually associated in vivo
      and are known to be the first keratin polypeptides appearing during the
      development of the mouse embryo.

PMID- 2408945
TI  - Analysis of cytoplasmic 19 S ring-type particles in Drosophila which contain hsp
      23 at normal growth temperature.
AB  - Cytoplasmic 19 S particles were isolated from postpolysomal supernatants of 25
      degrees C Drosophila embryos and culture cells. The particles were purified by
      salt extraction and sucrose gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopic
      investigation showed that the 19 S particles possess a ring-shaped morphology
      with an outer diameter of 12 nm and a hollow core of 3 nm. Biochemically the
      particles are characterized by a group of 16 polypeptides within the molecular
      weight range of 35 to 23 kDa, and small RNA molecules in the size range of 200 to
      60 nucleotides. The RNP character of the particles is also shown by their buoyant
      density in Cs2SO4 of rho = 1.29 g/cm3 and their susceptibility to uv crosslinking
      and density in CsCl of rho = 1.38 g/cm3. Antibodies were raised against the
      proteins of the 19 S particles isolated from 25 degrees C cells and tested by
      immunoblotting after one- and two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis. Two of the
      antibodies raised cross react with the small heat-shock proteins hsp 28/27 and
      hsp 23. Comparative protease V8 cleavage of hsp 23 and the 23-kDa particle
      protein demonstrates that these two proteins are identical and that the small hsp
      of Drosophila must be a genuine part of the 19 S cytoplasmic ring-shaped
      complexes at normal growth temperature. The data support the idea of a general
      developmental role of some of the so-called heat-shock proteins.

PMID- 2408946
TI  - Application of monoclonal antibodies and genetically-engineered hybrid B-subunit
      proteins to the analysis of the cholera/coli enterotoxin family.
AB  - Single amino acid substitutions, introduced by genetic engineering, significantly
      modify the behavior of the B-subunits of the cholera/coli enterotoxin family in
      SDS-PAGE and also markedly affect the reactivity of the proteins with mouse
      hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibodies raised against H-LT. The results indicate
      that single amino acids play an important role in defining epitopes in these
      proteins.

PMID- 2408947
TI  - Development of novel hepatitis B vaccines.

PMID- 2408948
TI  - Abnormal insulin secretion in a streptozocin model of diabetes. Effects of
      insulin treatment.
AB  - We have proposed that chronic hyperglycemia causes the abnormal glucose influence
      on arginine-stimulated insulin secretion in the neonatal streptozocin (STZ) rat
      model of NIDDM and therefore studied the effect of 24 h of mild insulin-induced
      hypoglycemia on this defect. Ultralente insulin, 20 U/kg, was given at 9 a.m. and
      10 U/kg at 5 p.m., and insulin and glucagon secretion were then studied the next
      morning using the in vitro isolated, perfused pancreas. The fed plasma glucose
      concentrations decreased in the STZ rats from 191 +/- 13 to 101 +/- 9 mg/dl and
      from 133 +/- 4 to 99 +/- 8 mg/dl in the controls. As expected, 10 mM arginine
      caused a trivial insulin response at 2.8 mM glucose in the treated and untreated
      control groups compared with the marked one at 16.7 mM. The response to arginine
      at 2.8 mM glucose in the untreated STZ rats, however, was strikingly elevated
      (7.65 +/- 2.29 versus 0.41 +/- 0.16 ng/ml in the untreated controls) and it was
      not potentiated by the high glucose background, but the result at 2.8 mM glucose
      in the treated STZ rats was similar to that of the treated controls (0.46 +/-
      0.12 versus 0.16 +/- 0.03 ng/ml). A return of glucose influence on IBMX
      stimulated insulin secretion was also noted. Glucose-induced insulin release,
      however, was not restored in the treated STZ rats, but it was markedly suppressed
      in the controls by the insulin treatment. Glucose influence on the glucagon
      response to arginine was maintained in the STZ model even though the glucagon
      release to a lowered glucose concentration was lost.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2408949
TI  - Stimulation of insulin secretion from isolated rat islets by SaRI 59-801.
      Relation to cAMP concentration and Ca2+ uptake.
AB  - The mechanism of stimulation of insulin release from isolated rat islets by 0.3
      mM SaRI 59-801 (DL-alpha-dimethylaminomethyl-2-[ 3-ethyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazoyl]-1H
      indole-3-methanol) was investigated, considering cAMP concentration and Ca2+
      uptake. Ten millimolar theophylline or 1 mM 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, which
      inhibit cAMP phosphodiesterase, each greatly increased the stimulation of insulin
      release by 59-801. Forskolin (0.1 mM), an activator of adenylate cyclase, or 1 mM
      dibutyryl cAMP also potentiated 59-801, suggesting that 59-801 does not elevate
      islet cAMP but is potentiated by other compounds that do. Measurement of cAMP in
      islets by radioimmunoassay confirmed that it was not significantly elevated by 59
      801 but was increased sevenfold by forskolin or 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine. SaRI
      59-801 was not effective in the absence of Ca2+ and presence of 1 mM EGTA. Agents
      that block entry of Ca2+ into beta-cells, verapamil, nifedipine, or CoCl2,
      inhibited the release of insulin in response to 59-801. Studies of 45Ca2+ uptake
      by isolated islets revealed an increased uptake in the presence of 59-801 and
      blockage of this effect by 50 microM verapamil. Thus, the stimulation of insulin
      secretion by 59-801 appears to involve a stimulation of Ca2+ uptake rather than
      an increase of cAMP concentration. The mechanism of stimulation of Ca2+ uptake by
      59-801 requires further investigation.

PMID- 2408950
TI  - Neonatal rat islet cell cultures synthesize insulin-like growth factor I.
AB  - Monolayer cultures of islet B-cells were established from neonatal rat pancreas.
      Serum-free media conditioned by these cultures for 72 h were concentrated and
      fractionated on Sephadex G-50 at acid pH into a high-molecular-weight pool
      containing binding protein for insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and a low
      molecular-weight pool containing IGFs. IGF activity in the IGF pool was
      demonstrated by a specific radioreceptor assay using rat liver plasma membranes
      and 125I-labeled rat IGF-II. The IGF in islet cell media was characterized
      further by radioimmunoassays specific for human IGF-I and for rat IGF-II. Islet
      cell IGF was identified as predominantly IGF-I or a closely related species and
      not IGF-II. Levels of approximately 15-50 ng IGF-I (based on human IGF-I
      standard)/10(6) islet cells accumulated in media after 72 h, and presumably
      represented synthesis by the islet cells. Concentrations of IGF-I attained in
      culture media, approximately 0.1 ng/ml, were sufficient to stimulate
      [3H]thymidine incorporation into B-cells. Growth hormone did not consistently
      increase IGF-I synthesis, suggesting that the previously described effects of
      growth hormone on islet cell replication do not result from stimulation of IGF-I
      synthesis by islet cells. Thus, although the IGF-I synthesized by islet cells may
      be a physiologically relevant growth factor for these cells, the mitogenic
      effects of growth hormone in islet cells appear to be independent and not
      mediated by IGF-I.

PMID- 2408951
TI  - Inhibition of pancreatic secretory and trophic response to caerulein by the H2
      receptor antagonist ranitidine in the rat.
AB  - The effect of ranitidine (20 mg . kg-1) and cimetidine (50 mg . kg-1) on
      pancreatic secretory and trophic responses to caerulein (1 microgram . kg-1) was
      studied in the rat. Ranitidine or cimetidine were administered alone or combined
      with caerulein twice a day for 7 days. Saline-treated rats were used as controls.
      At the end of treatment animals were anesthetized and pancreatic juice was
      collected for 1 h after intravenous secretin plus CCK-PZ (8 U . kg-1). Afterwards
      rats were sacrificed and growth and composition of pancreatic tissue were
      determined. Compared with control (saline) values, volume of pancreatic juice and
      output of trypsin and amylase were increased by treatment with caerulein.
      Ranitidine, when given combined with caerulein, completely abolished the
      secretory response induced by the peptide, whereas it was totally ineffective
      when given alone. Cimetidine (alone or combined with caerulein) was always
      ineffective. Caerulein increased pancreatic weight, total pancreatic trypsin,
      amylase and RNA content. Here again ranitidine, combined with caerulein,
      abolished almost completely the trophic effect of caerulein on the pancreas, but
      when given alone it did not influence pancreatic growth and composition. Also in
      this case, cimetidine was completely inactive. These results suggest that
      ranitidine affects exocrine pancreas with an action independent of the H2
      receptor blockade.

PMID- 2408952
TI  - Nonparallelism of digestive enzymes in rat pancreatic hypersecretion.
AB  - During a 4 days' cannulation of the pancreatic duct in conscious rats, pancreatic
      hypersecretion developed. The enzymic composition of the juice altered with time.
      Amylase secretion reached a plateau after 24 h, whereas the lipase secretion
      continued to increase for 48 h. The mean trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen output
      was three times greater on the 4th day than during the first 24 h. The
      intrapancreatic content of the enzymes diminished with a different disappearance
      rate for each enzyme. After 96 h the pancreas contained only 15% of the initial
      amounts of amylase; lipase also decreased to 15%, chymotrypsinogen to 32% and
      trypsinogen to 42% of the basal value. Comparison of the rates of synthesis of
      enzymes on the 1st and the 4th days of study showed an increase of 89% for
      amylase, 291% for trypsinogen, 300% for chymotrypsinogen and 759% for lipase. It
      is concluded that the nonparallel content and secretion of digestive enzymes
      during the course of several days pancreatic hypersecretion is due to different
      synthesis rates for each enzyme.

PMID- 2408953
TI  - Structural evaluation of the respiratory system.
AB  - The theoretical and practical bases for morphological evaluation of the
      respiratory system useful for inhalation toxicology are reviewed. For most
      studies we recommend a comprehensive gross examination followed by in vitro
      tracheal infusion of a fixative containing both glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde
      in cacodylate buffer. Lungs fixed in this manner are suitable for LM, SEM, and
      TEM and lung volumes can be determined. The airway orientation of many lesions
      and the potential for gradients of damage are considered in the lung sampling
      plan. While LM of paraffin sections continues to be the basic method for
      evaluation, the SEM and TEM, especially when ancillary methods are used, provide
      valuable additional information. The use of backscattered electrons and energy
      dispersive X-ray analysis in the SEM provides information concerning the
      localization and elemental analyses of particles. Cytochemical procedures
      characterize biological activities of specific cell types and are becoming more
      widely used. Morphometry permits correlation of quantified structure with
      physiological and biochemical data.

PMID- 2408954
TI  - Potentiation by squalene of the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents against
      cultured mammalian cells and murine tumor.
AB  - Squalene (SQ) was examined for ability to potentiate the cytotoxicity and
      antitumor activity of anticancer agents. The dose-response curves of cell
      survival of cultured HeLa or V79 cells in the presence of various anticancer
      agents [adriamycin (ADM), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), bleomycin (BLM) and cis
      dichlorodiamminoplatinum (CDDP)] showed that SQ potentiated the cytotoxicity of
      these anticancer agents. SQ may enhance the cytotoxic effect of ADM by
      interfering with the efflux of ADM from the cells. The antitumor activities of
      these anticancer agents combined with SQ were tested against sarcoma 180 (S180)
      ascites cells. Some combinations were found to show synergistic antitumor
      effects: ADM, BLM or CDDP with SQ was effective against S180, but only slight if
      any synergistic effect was observed with the combination of 5-FU and SQ. The
      antitumor activity of BLM was most strongly potentiated by SQ, among the tested
      agents.

PMID- 2408955
TI  - [Radiotherapy in adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Results].

PMID- 2408956
TI  - Human pancreatic acinar cells: studies of stimulus-secretion coupling.
AB  - Elements of stimulus-secretion coupling were studied in human pancreatic acinar
      cells by using tissue samples obtained from cadaver organ donors. In pancreatic
      fragments, acetylcholine evoked amylase secretion as well as potassium release
      and increased the outflux of 45Ca and 86Rb from the prelabeled tissue. In patches
      of basolateral plasma membrane excised from acinar cell clusters, single-channel
      potassium currents were recorded. The inside of the plasma membrane faced the
      bath solution, allowing the effects of changes in the free ionized calcium
      concentration in contact with the membrane interior to be tested. Two types of
      calcium-activated potassium-selective channels were found with unit conductances
      of about 250 and 50 picosiemens (pS), respectively. In both cases channel opening
      was determined by the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane
      and the free ionized calcium concentration in the bath solution. The probability
      of channel opening was markedly increased by elevation of the free ionized
      calcium concentration in contact with the membrane inside. The results suggest
      that the acetylcholine-evoked cellular potassium release occurs via selective
      membrane potassium channels opened by calcium released intracellularly after the
      action of the secretagogue.

PMID- 2408957
TI  - Abnormal natural killer cytotoxicity in primary biliary cirrhosis: evidence for a
      functional deficiency of cytolytic effector cells.
AB  - The in vitro cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients
      with primary biliary cirrhosis was investigated to determine the mechanism of
      deficient spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity in this disease. Using 51Cr
      labeled Chang or K562 target cells, it was found that patients' lymphocytes
      mediated less natural killer cytotoxicity than lymphocytes from normal controls.
      Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity was normal in primary biliary cirrhosis. The
      natural killer activity of normal lymphocytes was inhibited neither by serum nor
      by lymphocytes from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. The percentage of
      lymphocytes from patients that bound to target cells was normal. Furthermore, the
      percentages of lymphocytes that reacted with the monoclonal antibodies anti-Leu-7
      and anti-Leu-11 were normal in patients. The percentage of lymphocytes that
      reacted with both anti-Leu-2 and anti-Leu-7, a subpopulation of cells that has
      low natural killer activity, was also normal in primary biliary cirrhosis.
      Interferon and interleukin-2 both augmented cytotoxic function of lymphocytes
      from primary biliary cirrhosis patients, however, the levels of cytotoxicity
      induced by these agents were less than corresponding levels exhibited by normal
      lymphocytes when similarly stimulated. These findings indicate that patients with
      primary biliary cirrhosis have diminished natural killer activity due to a
      functional defect of cytolytic effector cells.

PMID- 2408958
TI  - Peptide-containing nerve fibers in the stomach wall of rat and mouse.
AB  - Peptide-containing nerve fibers were found to be numerous in the glandular
      stomach of the rat and mouse. The immunoreactive neuropeptides demonstrated
      included vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine
      (PHI), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), substance P (SP), enkephalin,
      somatostatin, cholecystokinin, and neuropeptide Y (NPY). The density and
      distribution of the various peptide-containing fibers did not differ overtly
      between the pyloric and oxyntic gland areas except for the GRP fibers, which were
      fewer in the pyloric than in the oxyntic mucosa. The entire VIP nerve fiber
      population was found to also contain PHI. Immunoreactive NPY was found to occur
      in the VIP/PHI fibers (VIP/PHI/NPY fibers) in the smooth muscle and intramural
      ganglia of both rat and mouse and in the mucosa of the mouse. Mucosal VIP/PHI
      fibers in the rat did not contain any NPY-like material. Perivascular NPY fibers
      in both species and mucosal NPY fibers in the rat did not contain VIP or PHI. The
      mucosa harbored numerous GRP fibers and VIP/PHI (rat) or VIP/PHI/NPY (mouse)
      fibers, and a modest number of NPY (rat) and SP fibers. In the submucosa the
      peptide-containing nerve fibers were found mainly in the ganglia and around blood
      vessels. Blood vessels received a rich supply of NPY fibers; the number of
      perivascular VIP/PHI, GRP, and SP fibers was much lower by comparison. The smooth
      muscle and myenteric ganglia harbored not only VIP/PHI/NPY, GRP, and SP fibers
      but also enkephalin, somatostatin, and cholecystokinin fibers. Gastrin-releasing
      peptide, VIP/PHI/NPY, SP, and enkephalin nerve cell bodies occurred in the
      myenteric ganglia. As studied in the rat, vagal denervation did not affect the
      density and distribution of the various peptide-containing nerve fibers. After
      sympathectomy, mucosal and perivascular NPY fibers disappeared. The other types
      of peptide-containing nerve fibers were not affected.

PMID- 2408959
TI  - Inflammatory component of celiac sprue mucosa. I. Mast cells, basophils, and
      eosinophils.
AB  - To study mast cell, basophil, and eosinophil populations within celiac sprue
      mucosae in comparison with various disease-control specimens, toluidine blue
      stained 1-micron plastic sections were analyzed morphometrically by light
      microscopy. Within lamina propria of celiac sprue mucosae each population of
      cells was markedly expanded and fell to control levels during gluten restriction.
      Changes within surface and crypt epithelium, however, were not significantly
      different from those in the severer, "flat" disease-control lesions, and were not
      affected by gluten restriction. Basophils were not identified within surface or
      crypt epithelium of any specimen analyzed. The influx of eosinophils and
      basophils into lamina propria occurred by emigration via pericryptal venules.
      Mature mast cells were not seen within the microvasculature, neither were these
      cells undergoing mitosis: thus their origin was from unidentified precursors. The
      gluten-dependent alterations in each of these cell populations in celiac sprue
      mucosae are consistent with secondary effector mechanisms, probably resulting
      from cell-mediated reactions that occur primarily within the lamina propria,
      rather than the epithelium.

PMID- 2408960
TI  - Growth rate of asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical
      implications.
AB  - The growth rate of 31 asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinomas (diameter less than
      or equal to 5 cm) discovered in 28 patients by a prospective screening program
      was determined by real-time ultrasonography over 36-860 days. Except for one
      tumor that shrank on follow-up, the doubling time ranged from 29 to 398 days,
      with a median of 117 days, an arithmetic mean of 136 days, and a geometric mean
      of 110 days. In 17 tumors with more than two measurements, the growth rate
      remained exponential in nine, declined in growth in seven, and showed an initial
      lag period in one. Doubling time correlated with initial tumor diameter but was
      independent of the patient's age, sex, hepatitis B surface antigen status, tumor
      location, liver function tests, stage of liver cirrhosis, histologic type, or
      grade of malignancy. Although initial alpha-fetoprotein levels did not correlate
      well with growth rate, in 14 patients with an exponential increase of serum alpha
      fetoprotein, the alpha-fetoprotein doubling time was closely related to the tumor
      doubling time. Based on the above data, the median detectable subclinical period
      of hepatocellular carcinoma was deduced to be 3.2 yr, and the suitable screening
      interval for its early detection in our area was 4-5 mo.

PMID- 2408961
TI  - Comparative inhibitory effects of pirenzepine and atropine on cholinergic
      stimulation of exocrine and endocrine rat pancreas.
AB  - The effects of pirenzepine on carbamylcholine-stimulated exocrine and endocrine
      pancreatic functions were compared with those of atropine in both the isolated
      pancreatic acini and the isolated perfused pancreas of rats. In the isolated
      acini pirenzepine and atropine produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of
      amylase secretion initiated by carbamylcholine. This inhibition resulted in a
      rightward shift in the dose-response curve for carbamylcholine-stimulated amylase
      secretion without altering the maximal increase in amylase secretion. Pirenzepine
      was, however, approximately 300 times less potent than atropine in inhibiting the
      stimulated amylase release. A similar difference in potency was observed with
      respect to carbamylcholine stimulation of pancreatic juice, amylase, and insulin
      release from the isolated perfused pancreas. The maximal inhibitory concentration
      of pirenzepine on a maximal effective concentration of pirenzepine on a maximal
      effective concentration of carbamylcholine for stimulating pancreatic exocrine
      secretion was 10 microM, whereas that of atropine was 30 nM. The present data
      define the pirenzepine receptors in the exocrine and endocrine pancreas as low
      affinity-type receptors.

PMID- 2408962
TI  - [Experiences with CA 125, a tumor marker for malignant epithelial ovarian
      tumors].
AB  - CA 125 (Cancer Antigen 125) is an antigen identified by means of a monoclonal
      antibody on the surface of epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells. The serum
      concentration levels of CA 125 were measured in 41 women with benign and 95
      patients with malignant tumours of the ovary. Immunoradiometric determination was
      effected by means of a kit supplied by Centocor. 35 U/ml was assumed as limit
      values of the standard range. Enhanced serum concentrations of CA 125 were seen
      in 5 per cent of the healthy volunteers of a standard group of persons, in 17 per
      cent of women with benign and in 78 per cent of women with malignant ovarian
      tumours. Patients without recurrence of tumour after successful primary treatment
      showed values above 35 U/ml in only 3 per cent of the cases. The incidence of
      pathological CA 125 serum concentration levels depended upon the histological
      type of the ovarian tumour and was highest in women with epithelial carcinomas,
      especially those with serous cystadenocarcinomas (87 per cent). In follow-up
      examinations of 30 patients with ovarian carcinoma over a period of one to 60
      months, CA 125 concentrations correlated with the disease pattern in 90 per cent
      of the cases. The increases in CA 125 values preceded clinical diagnosis of the
      relapse by 1-8 months in seven out of twelve women. Routine determination of CA
      125 appears advisable in the control of patients with ovarian carcinoma on
      account of the high sensitivity and specificity during follow-up.

PMID- 2408963
TI  - How many processed pseudogenes are accumulated in a gene family?
AB  - A simple kinetic model is developed that describes the accumulation of processed
      pseudogenes in a functional gene family. Insertion of new pseudogenes occurs at
      rate v per gene and is countered by spontaneous deletion (at rate delta per DNA
      segment) of segments containing processed pseudogenes. If there are k functional
      genes in a gene family, the equilibrium number of processed pseudogenes is
      k(v/delta), and the percentage of functional genes in the gene family at
      equilibrium is 1/[1 + (v/delta)]. v/delta values estimated for five gene families
      ranged from 1.7 to 15. This fairly narrow range suggests that the rates of
      formation and deletion of processed pseudogenes may be positively correlated for
      these families. If delta is sufficiently large relative to the per nucleotide
      mutation rate mu (delta greater than 20 mu), processed pseudogenes will show high
      homology with each other, even in the absence of gene conversion between
      pseudogenes. We argue that formation of processed pseudogenes may share common
      pathways with transposable elements and retroviruses, creating the potential for
      correlated responses in the evolution of processed pseudogenes due to direct
      selection for control of transposable elements and/or retroviruses. Finally, we
      discuss the nature of the selective forces that may act directly or indirectly to
      influence the evolution of processed pseudogenes.

PMID- 2408964
TI  - Alterations in the number of rRNA operons within the Bacillus subtilis genome.
AB  - Deletions and additions of rRNA gene sets in Bacillus subtilis were observed by
      Southern hybridizations using cloned radiolabeled rDNA sequences. Of the ten rRNA
      gene sets found in B. subtilis 168M or NCTC3610, one was deleted in strains
      possessing the leuB1, ilvC1, argA2 and pheA1 mutations. Among EcoRI restriction
      fragments of genomic DNA products, a 2.9-kb 23S rRNA homolog was missing. In
      HindIII digest, both 5.5- and 5.1-kb hybrid bands were lost with 16S and 23S
      probes, respectively. Similarly, genomic DNAs digested with SmaI showed the
      absence of both 2.1- and 2.0-kb fragments that hybridized to 16S and 5S
      sequences, respectively, in wild-type genomes. In contrast, B. subtilis strain
      166 and its derivatives displayed a gain of a 3.3-kb HindIII fragment homologous
      to 16S rRNA. Transforming the ilvC1 and leuB1 mutations into new genetic
      backgrounds revealed in some clones the concomitant introduction of the ribosomal
      defect. Transformations with the slightly heterologous donor DNA from strain W23
      yielded some Leu+ and Arg+ transformants with altered hybridization patterns when
      probed with cloned sequences. We propose that the deletion of the rRNA operon
      occurred in the ilv-leu gene cluster of the B. subtilis genome as a result of
      unequal recombination between redundant sequences.

PMID- 2408965
TI  - Use of primer-restriction-end adapters in a novel cDNA cloning strategy.
AB  - We introduce a class of synthetic oligonucleotides, referred to as primer
      restriction-end (PRE) adapters, which are bifunctional, one end serving as a
      primer for a polymerase reaction, while the other end can be ligated to
      restriction endonuclease digested DNA. Use of such adapters forms the basis of a
      new method for inserting single-stranded cDNA into cloning vectors, which
      involves very few separate biochemical modifications of the cDNA and so is
      appropriate when extensive fractionation of cDNA is desired prior to cloning.
      This novel methodology is highly efficient in producing full-length cDNA cloned
      in a predictable orientation within vectors, as we demonstrate by constructing
      and analysing clones of immunoglobulin lambda light chain cDNA in Escherichia
      coli.

PMID- 2408966
TI  - PVCs in the elderly: when to start worrying.
AB  - Recent studies using electrophysiologic testing have established that effective
      antiarrhythmic therapy does indeed prolong survival in the high-risk group of
      survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ideally, the initial antiarrhythmic
      agent is selected on the basis of its efficacy, side effects, ease of
      administration, cost, and interaction with other medications. To a large extent,
      however, selection remains empiric. In patients without QT prolongation, long
      acting procainamide or quinidine are usually tried first.

PMID- 2408967
TI  - Tear histamine during allergic conjunctivitis challenge.
AB  - Tear histamine was measured in 14 patients with allergic conjunctivitis during a
      challenge test performed at a symptom-free point in time. The allergen challenge
      caused a rapid increase in the amount of tear histamine in only two-thirds of the
      patients, but there was a clinical reaction in all. The increase in the tear
      histamine content occurred in both the challenged and contralateral non
      challenged eye, and the increase was also equally high in both. It is probable
      that the histamine release in the challenged eye takes place in the conjunctiva,
      whereas in the contralateral eye it is possibly induced by some sympathetic
      mechanism in the lacrimal gland.

PMID- 2408968
TI  - Senile macular degeneration: the involvement of immunocompetent cells.
AB  - Senile macular degeneration (SMD) is a leading cause of legal blindness in
      western countries. The role of immunocompetent cells in the pathogenesis of this
      disease has not been widely recognised. In this work specimens were studied by
      electron microscopy to provide ultrastructural details of the role of
      immunocompetent cells in early, intermediate and late stages of the disease.
      Additionally, we have analysed the frequency and distribution of inflammatory
      cellular infiltrates using wax histology. The results illustrate the involvement
      of macrophage-series cells, fibroblasts, lymphocytes and mast cells in
      neovascularisation, atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and the breakdown
      of Bruch's membrane. These observations, together with previous
      clinicopathological studies, have led us to suggest that SMD has a chronic
      inflammatory component.

PMID- 2408969
TI  - [Protecting the sanitary quality of atmospheric air].

PMID- 2408970
TI  - (2'-5') oligo adenylate synthetase activity in leucocytes of patients with
      inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - The activity of an interferon induced enzyme, (2',5') oligo adenylate synthetase,
      was determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and granulocytes of patients
      with inflammatory bowel disease and compared with its activity in cells isolated
      from normal subjects. In spite of the fact that circulating interferon is
      detected in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, we failed to see any
      increase in (2',5') oligo adenylate synthetase activity in these patients. The
      mean +/- SE enzyme activity given in nmol ATP incorporated into (2',5')
      isoadenylate oligomers by extracts of 10(5) peripheral blood mononuclear cells/21
      hours was in normal subjects 1.84 +/- 0.30 (n = 27), in patients with active
      Crohn's disease 1.38 +/- 0.15 (n = 20) and in patients with active ulcerative
      colitis 1.14 +/- 0.23 (n = 21). (2',5') oligo adenylate synthetase activity in
      granulocytes was also similar in normal subjects and in patients with active
      ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. The enzyme activity in patients with
      active disease was similar both prior to and during steroid therapy. The low
      (2',5') oligo adenylate synthetase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      and granulocytes of patients with active inflammatory bowel disease may reflect
      decreased cellular response to interferon or a difference in the type of
      interferon elevated in viral diseases and in inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2408971
TI  - Pressure, volume and the pancreas.
AB  - The effects of injection volume and pressure on the rat pancreas have been
      investigated. An experimental model using transduodenal cannulation of the rat
      bile-pancreatic duct was used. Injection volumes of 100 microliter or above
      produced gross ductal extravasation regardless of pressure. With a 50 microliter
      volume leakage from the ducts occurred via intercellular clefts at a pressure of
      20 cmH2O and via duct ruptures at 50 cmH2O. Survival experiments (24 hours) were
      carried out using the 50 microliter volume. Infusion of 50 microliter saline at
      increasing pressures produced rises in amylase concentrations, pancreatic gland
      weights and water content of the gland at pressures of 20 cmH2O or above. These
      changes were maximal when 50 cmH2O of pressure was maintained for 60 minutes. The
      changes correlated with extravasation shown by Indian ink. Histological oedema
      related closely to pressure (r = 0.92), and was the most pronounced histological
      change observed. In experiments using intraduct injection into the rat pancreas a
      volume of 50 microliter or less should be used with careful consideration given
      to pressure. Unless these prerequisites are followed the results of experimental
      investigation cannot be extrapolated to acute gall stone pancreatitis in man.

PMID- 2408972
TI  - [Interdisciplinary cooperation with anesthesiology].

PMID- 2408973
TI  - Gamma-immunoglobulins and adeno-splenomegaly in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
      (CLL).

PMID- 2408975
TI  - Genetic heterogeneity of beta zero-thalassemia intermedia in Southern Sardinia.

PMID- 2408974
TI  - Amsacrine alone or in combination with 5-azacytidine and etoposide in refractory
      or relapsed acute non lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL).

PMID- 2408976
TI  - [High-dose intravenous gammaglobulin in the treatment of immune thrombocytopenic
      purpura].

PMID- 2408977
TI  - [High-dose intravenous gammaglobulin therapy in autoimmune diseases].

PMID- 2408978
TI  - [Pharmacological studies on N-(2-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl)-L-cysteine(SA96).
      IV. Effects of SA96 and its main metabolite, SA679, on denaturation of human
      gamma-globulin and adjuvant arthritis in rats].
AB  - SA96 and its main metabolite, SA679, were investigated for their effects on
      denaturation of human gamma-globulin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) and on
      adjuvant arthritis in Lewis rats. The heat denaturation of human gamma-globulin
      and BSA enhanced by Cu2+ was inhibited by SA96, SA679 and D-penicillamine, and
      the inhibitory effect of SA96 was the most potent. In adjuvant arthritis rats,
      SA96 given orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg from the same day as the adjuvant
      injection inhibited significantly the swelling of adjuvant treated foot and
      untreated foot, increase of the relative organ weights of the adrenals, liver and
      kidney, and increase of serum Cu concentration; but at a dose of 100 mg/kg, it
      did not show any effects on these parameters. On the other hand, SA96 given from
      three days before the adjuvant injection showed the inhibitory effects at a dose
      of 100 mg/kg as well as 10 mg/kg. These results suggest that the effect of SA96
      on adjuvant arthritis in rats depends on its administration schedule. SA679 also
      inhibited the adjuvant arthritis at a dose of 100 mg/kg, but its effect was less
      potent than that of SA96.

PMID- 2408979
TI  - Role of antigen and antibody in the regulation of the immune response.
AB  - The enzyme dextranase could degrade antigenic dextran in vivo even when given 6
      15 d after the antigen. Dextranase injected after the antigen suppressed the
      immune response when given 24 but not 48 h after the antigen, indicating that the
      antigen must interact with the immune system for 48 h to initiate a response.
      Thereafter, the B cells are independent of further antigen stimulation. To show
      whether antibody-mediated suppression of the immune response was determinant
      specific FITC-conjugated SRC were applied as immunogen and antibodies were raised
      both against the carrier (SRC) and the FITC hapten. When these antibodies were
      injected 1-3 h after the immunogen they only suppressed the immune response to
      the corresponding determinant. Anti-carrier antibodies usually enhanced the
      response to the hapten. Therefore, antibody-mediated suppression of the immune
      response is determinant-specific and cannot be mediated in vivo to a detectable
      extent by the Fc part of the antibodies.

PMID- 2408981
TI  - [Palliative endoscopic laser therapy of gastrointestinal tumors].

PMID- 2408980
TI  - Lectin-binding ability of immunoglobulin E and its participation in triggering of
      mast cells.
AB  - Eleven purified lectins were compared in their IgE-precipitating, mast-cell
      degranulating and histamine-releasing activity and in eliciting skin allergic
      reactions in atopic or normal people. A significantly positive relationship could
      be proved between their IgE-precipitating activity and degranulation of IgE
      sensitized rat mast cells. A similar and often significant relation was observed
      in skin reactions and histamine released from human leukocytes. Soybean lectin
      reacted with concanavalin A by a precipitation line in coalescence with the IgE
      showing the possibility of a common structural component. Correlation tests
      between different lectins show that all but three elicit the cell activation by
      similar ways, but different from IgE antiserum. Soybean lectin, Triticum vulgare
      and Vicia cracca reacted in other ways and correlated better with histamine
      release caused by the IgE antiserum. A certain degree of the heterogeneity in the
      IgE sugar component together with the complexity of the lectin structure may be
      responsible for a wide mode of activation on cell membranes. The significance of
      this non-immunological binding for sensitization, natural desensitization and
      cell regulation by physiological histamine release was discussed.

PMID- 2408982
TI  - Failure of secretin to prevent or ameliorate cerulein-induced pancreatitis in the
      rat.
AB  - Infusion of supramaximal concentrations of the synthetic pancreozymin analog
      cerulein induces acute edematous pancreatitis in the rat. Vacuolization and
      necrosis of acinar cells is paralleled by an almost complete reduction of
      pancreatic secretion from the cannulated duct. Preinfusion or coinfusion of
      synthetic secretin slightly increases pancreatic volume and protein secretion.
      This effect is only transient, and is always overcome by the actions of cerulein.
      Secretin does not prevent or improve the cellular destruction of the acinar
      cells. The results suggest that secretin has no beneficial effect on hormone
      induced pancreatitis.

PMID- 2408983
TI  - Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy: comparative effects of conventional and
      enteric-coated microspheric pancreatin and acid-stable fungal enzyme preparations
      on steatorrhoea in chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - The therapeutic effectiveness of a conventional (Pankreon-Granulat) and an acid
      protected (Kreon) porcine pancreatic enzyme preparation, and an acid-stable
      fungal enzyme preparation (Nortase) in the treatment of severe pancreatogenic
      steatorrhoea was investigated. The study comprised 17 patients with chronic
      pancreatitis and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency with (A) or without (B) a
      previous Whipple's procedure (B II resection + partial duodenopancreatectomy).
      With all three enzyme preparations, a significant (p less than 0.05) reduction in
      the total faecal fat excretion/day was achieved. In therapy group A, this
      reduction was, on average, 58% for Kreon (100,000 U lipase/day), 67% for Pankreon
      Granulat (360,000 U lipase/day) and 54% for Nortase (75,000 U lipase/day), the
      respective figures for therapy group B being 58%, 52% and 46% at identical
      dosages. Thus, in both groups, the effect produced by the conventional porcine
      pancreatic enzyme preparation and the acid-protected porcine or the acid-stable
      fungal enzyme preparation was largely equivalent, although the latter two
      preparations were administered at only 1/4 of the dosages of the former
      preparation. On the basis of the respective average reduction in total faecal fat
      excretion and average number of stools/day, it would appear that in patients with
      chronic pancreatitis and prior Whipple's procedure, Pankreon-Granulat should be
      administered for enzyme replacement while in patients with an intact upper
      gastrointestinal tract, Kreon should be administered, in the treatment of
      steatorrhoea in chronic pancreatitis.

PMID- 2408984
TI  - "In vitro" effects of bovine growth hormone on RNA labelling in brain and liver
      slices of neonatal hypothyroid rats.
AB  - The present studies were performed in order to analize the "in vitro" effects of
      bovine growth hormone upon the RNA labelling slices from cerebrum and liver of
      neonatal hypothyroid rats. The [3H]-uridine incorporation was significantly
      enhanced by bovine growth hormone in both tissues. The stimulation was higher in
      liver than in cerebrum. The present results confirm the direct action of growth
      hormone on the RNA synthesis in liver and cerebrum during the postnatal
      development of the rat.

PMID- 2408985
TI  - Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. An immunohistochemical and
      ultrastructural study.
AB  - Two cases of fibrolamellar carcinoma of the liver are reported in young female
      patients of 12 and 21 years of age. Small amounts of perinuclear alpha
      fetoprotein were found, unrelated to hyaline globules, as well as alpha 1
      antitrypsin in a periglobular fashion in isolated cells. Ferritin was present in
      a large number of cells. Ultrastructurally, the well differentiated nature of the
      neoplasm was substantiated by previously unreported findings such as
      intercellular lumina analogous to bile canaliculi and peroxisome-like bodies
      containing a central crystalloid. Filamentous material resembling Mallory's type
      of hyaline was also found. We conclude that both immunohistochemical and
      ultrastructural features reflect a high degree of differentiation.

PMID- 2408986
TI  - Objective assessment of the malignant potential of intraocular melanomas with
      standard microslides stained with hematoxylin-eosin.
AB  - A method for extracting prognostic information from the cytologic details of
      intraocular melanomas was developed. With computer assistance, a technician
      measures the nucleolar area of 200 tumor cells randomly selected from a standard
      paraffin-embedded microsection stained with hematoxylin-eosin, a procedure that
      requires approximately 40 minutes with an apparatus that costs less than +30,000.
      Standard deviation of nucleolar area (SDNA), computed from these measurements,
      provides an objective assessment of nucleolar pleomorphism. Previous studies
      showed that second measurements of the same microsection or of the same tumor at
      different levels yield SDNA values that closely approximate the original
      measurements. The application of this method to 540 cases from three independent
      laboratories yielded a correlation of SDNA with death from tumor that was high (P
      much less than 0.001) and consistent among cases from all three sources. Thus,
      SDNA provides a clinically useful cytologic measure of the malignancy of
      intraocular melanomas and may ultimately prove valuable in the assessment of
      other types of tumors.

PMID- 2408987
TI  - On the mechanism of differential Giemsa staining of bromodeoxyuridine-substituted
      chromosomes. II. Differences between the demonstration of sister chromatid
      differentiation and replication patterns.
AB  - Experiments were performed to find out whether different mechanisms are involved
      in FPG-(fluorescent plus Giemsa) staining for the demonstration of replication
      patterns and sister chromatid differentiation (SCD) after bromodeoxyuridine
      (BrdU)-substitution of V79 Chinese hamster chromosomes. The influence of
      variations of the staining procedure on the quality of both SCD and replication
      patterns was comparatively investigated and differences in the demonstration of
      these two phenomena within the same chromosome were studied using various BrdU
      labeling protocols. The results show that at least graduated differences exist.
      For a good differentiation of replication patterns a stronger FPG-treatment is
      necessary than it is for SCD. Partial BrdU substitution only leads to replication
      patterns in the next mitosis. A further round of replication either in the
      presence or absence of BrdU causes a reduced staining of the complete chromatid
      and three-way differentiation is seen in third generation mitoses. These results
      support the view that alterations of chromosomal proteins during BrdU
      incorporation and replication of BrdU-substituted DNA are decisive for
      differential staining.

PMID- 2408989
TI  - Combined and individual effects of isoniazid and thiacetazone on human lymphocyte
      chromosomes in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 2408990
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies specific for a tumor-associated membrane phosphoprotein in
      human cell hybrids.
AB  - Four monoclonal antibodies, 5/138, 5/32, BD6 and 6/266, are reported which
      recognize a previously described membrane associated dimeric protein of Mr = 2 X
      75,000 and whose expression is correlated with malignant phenotype in HeLa-normal
      fibroblast hybrids.

PMID- 2408988
TI  - Cerebro-hepato-renal (Zellweger) syndrome, adrenoleukodystrophy, and Refsum's
      disease: plasma changes and skin fibroblast phytanic acid oxidase.
AB  - Cerebro-hepato-renal (Zellweger) syndrome, adrenoleukodystrophy, and Refsum's
      disease patients can be divided into at least five distinct groups, according to
      the nature of their plasma changes and their fibroblast phytanic acid oxidase
      activities. The biochemical changes in the plasma vary from an increase in a
      single metabolite or group of structurally related metabolites, such as in X
      linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and classical Refsum's disease, to an increase
      in a number of structurally distinct metabolites, as in neonatal ALD/Zellweger
      syndrome, and infantile Refsum's disease. All patients, with the exception of
      those with the X-linked form of adrenoleukodystrophy are deficient in phytanic
      acid oxidase activity. The great similarity observed in neonatal
      adrenoleukodystrophy/Zellweger syndrome and infantile Refsum's disease suggests
      that the basic biochemical lesion in each may be similar or at least closely
      related.

PMID- 2408991
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to digoxin: comparison of in vitro and in vivo
      immunization.
AB  - We compared the primary response in vitro with the secondary response in vivo of
      A/J inbred and CD-1 outbred mice to digoxin-HSA. The frequencies of hybrid
      formation and growth, and of the hybridomas that secreted antibody to digoxin
      were similar in both strains regardless of the immunization procedure. The
      patterns of cross-reactivity of the monoclonal antibodies to two compounds
      structurally related to digoxin (ouabain and digitoxin) were likewise similar for
      both strains and immunization procedures.

PMID- 2408992
TI  - A monoclonal antibody 7G7/B6, binds to an epitope on the human interleukin-2 (IL
      2) receptor that is distinct from that recognized by IL-2 or anti-Tac.
AB  - Murine splenocytes immune to influenza virus-activated human T-cells were fused
      with SP2/0 cells, selected in chemically defined HAT media, and subcloned to
      yield a monoclonal antibody (MAb) termed 7G7/B6. 7G7/B6 binds to lectin- and
      antigen-activated T-cells, but not resting T-cells or B-lymphoblastoid lines from
      the same donor. 7G7/B6 immunoprecipitates a 50-55 kD band from cell surface
      iodinated PHA-activated T-cells or the T-cell leukemia line HUT 102B2, as shown
      on SDS-PAGE. Cross-clearing studies demonstrate that 7G7/B6 binds the same cell
      surface molecule(s) as anti-Tac, a MAb which has been shown previously to
      recognize the human receptor for IL-2. 35S-methionine pulse chase experiments in
      HUT 102B2 cells reveal that 7G7/B6 binds to an early (less than 30 min) 35-37 kD
      and late (greater than 4 h) 50 kD protein. Sequential immunoprecipitations
      demonstrate that these are identical to the molecules identified by anti-Tac
      under similar conditions. However, only anti-Tac coprecipitates a higher
      molecular band at 110 kD. 7G7/B6 and anti-Tac do not competitively inhibit the
      binding of each other to PHA-activated T-cells. Functional studies reveal that in
      contrast to anti-Tac, 7G7/B6 has almost no inhibitory effect in vitro on IL-2
      driven proliferation of IL-2-dependent T-cell lines, or alloimmune cytotoxic T
      cell generation (however, once generated, these cytotoxic T-cells were both
      7G7/B6 and anti-Tac positive). Finally, IL-2 does not inhibit the binding of
      7G7/B6 to activated T-cells under conditions which result in up to 75% inhibition
      of anti-Tac binding. Therefore, 7G7/B6 is another MAb recognizing the human IL-2
      receptor, but binding to an epitope distinct from that recognized by either IL-2
      or anti-Tac.

PMID- 2408993
TI  - [Infection rate with adenivirus 1 to 39 in infants and adults].
AB  - To study the infection rate with adenoviruses (Ad) in infants, sera from 75
      infants aged 8 to 26 months were tested for neutralizing antibodies against Ad 1
      to 39. Antibodies against Ad 1, 2, 5, and 6 were frequently found, against Ad 7
      more rarely, whereas one serum reacted with each Ad 3, 4, 18, 31, and 37 and none
      with all other types. A significant association of positive reactions against
      several or all of Ad 1, 2, 5, and 6 was observed in neutralization, but not in
      hemagglutination inhibition, probably due to a subgenus-specific antibody
      response. The titer of neutralizing antibodies in human gammaglobulin was
      determined as an estimate for the prevalence of Ad 1 to 39 in the general
      population.

PMID- 2408994
TI  - Effect of multiple sclerosis alpha 2-macroglobulin on mitogen induction of
      lymphocyte proliferation.
AB  - Electrophoretic studies on microheterogeneity of alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M)
      have revealed the presence of an abnormal acidic form of alpha 2M in multiple
      sclerosis (MS). In the present study we have characterized alpha 2M chemically
      and compared the inhibitory effect of MS and normal alpha 2M on the mitogen
      induction of lymphocyte proliferation. The antitrypsin activity and total
      reducing sugar content of MS alpha 2M were comparable with those of normal alpha
      2M. However, the sialic acid content of MS alpha 2M was found to be significantly
      higher than that of normal alpha 2M. In agreement with previous studies, normal
      alpha 2M was found to inhibit the mitogen induction of lymphocyte proliferation
      in more than 90% cell cultures. However, MS alpha 2M was found to inhibit the
      mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in less than 35 percent cell cultures.
      The effects of MS or normal alpha 2M on the lymphocyte cultures of either groups
      were found to be apparently the same. The possible explanations for the loss of
      the above-mentioned inhibitory effect of MS alpha 2M have been discussed.

PMID- 2408995
TI  - Antigenic and immunogenic characteristics of subcellular fractions and whole
      cells of a rough E. coli 0111 (J5) mutant.
AB  - Little information is available on the antigenic and immunogenic properties of an
      E. coli rough mutant: J5 derived from E. coli 0111:B4, and the relationship of J5
      to other cross-reacting antigens of Enterobacteriaceae. Subcellular fractions of
      J5 and various antigen preparations were tested against antisera to
      Enterobacterial Common Antigen (ECA-Kunin) and to the Re mutant of S. minnesota
      (R595). ECA-Kunin was demonstrated in all subcellular fractions of the J5 mutant
      by means of indirect hemagglutination and by hemagglutination inhibition tests.
      This common antigen was separable from J5 LPS by ethanol fractionation and by
      phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether extraction. Treatment with alkali destroyed the
      hemagglutinating reactivity of ECA-Kunin and revealed the complex nature of J5
      surface antigens; an alkalinized 20p30 fraction (containing cell wall components)
      contained both specific J5 antigen and an antigen which cross-reacted with S.
      minnesota and S. typhimurium. This antigen was shown by absorption studies to be
      a new common antigen other than Re LPS or ECA-Kunin. Studies of J5 LPS by ELISA
      demonstrated that there was a shared cross-reactive immunodeterminant between the
      glycolipids of J5 and Re. Accordingly, heat-killed J5 preparations were complex
      vaccines which were able to elicit an antibody response with at least two
      specificities: ECA-Kunin and the specific J5 antigen.

PMID- 2408996
TI  - Attempts to correlate interferon induction and activation of natural killer cells
      by Corynebacterium parvum.
AB  - Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of Poly I:Poly C resulted in high interferon
      titers in the peritoneal wash fluid and in the serum of mice, which was maximal
      at 4 to 6 h after injection. In contrast, no interferon could be measured in the
      peritoneal fluid at various times after injection of C. parvum. Also, all
      attempts to induce serum interferon by C. parvum were unsuccessful. However, both
      Poly I:Poly C and C. parvum were causing the activation of Natural Killer (NK)
      cells in the cell population recovered from the peritoneal cavity. From adoptive
      transfer experiments, there was no indication that C. parvum induced a soluble
      mediator causing the activation of NK cells. There was also no indication that
      the interferon activity in the peritoneal cavity of C. parvum-treated mice might
      have been masked by the presence of an inhibitory molecule interfering with the
      antiviral effect of interferon in the assay. Our data may suggest activation of
      NK cells by C. parvum to be independent of interferon induction. Accordingly, we
      have observed that the injection of anti-interferon did not abolish NK cell
      activation by C. parvum. Thus, there is the interesting possibility of an
      interferon-independent mechanism of NK cell activation. However, we have
      additionally shown that doses of murine alpha/beta interferon as low as 1 IU per
      mouse caused a significant activation of NK cells in the peritoneal cavity upon
      i.p. injection. Thus, interferon itself is extremely potent in activating NK
      cells.

PMID- 2408997
TI  - Production of lymphokines and interferon by immune cells involved in recovery of
      mice from herpes simplex virus type 2 hepatitis.
AB  - Adoptive transfer of spleen cells from mice 4 days after infection with herpes
      simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) reduced the virus titer in the liver of recipient
      mice infected 24 h before transfer. Macrophage chemotactic factor (CF) and
      macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) were produced by day 3 of infection
      in spleen cell cultures stimulated with HSV-2, but not with control antigen, i.e.
      1 day before the cells are active in adoptive transfer. Interferon was produced
      in cultures established throughout the infection but not in normal spleen cells.
      From days 1 to 5 of infection interferon was produced irrespective of in vitro
      restimulation, although the highest amounts were always produced after
      stimulation with the specific antigen. Spleen cells from mice infected for 6 days
      produced interferon only when stimulated with HSV-2. The cells from 6-day-immune
      mice active in adoptive transfer and CF and MIF production were found to be Thy
      1+, Ig- and Lyt2-. Both Thy 1+ and plastic adherent cells were necessary for
      interferon production, whereas Ig+ and Lyt2+ cells did not produce interferon.
      The interferon was acid stable and neutralized by antiserum against alpha/beta
      interferon and thus has the characteristics of alpha-interferon. The data
      indicate that a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction with lymphokine-induced
      macrophage recruitment into infectious foci may be a central feature of the
      recovery process in HSV-2-induced hepatitis. A possible role of interferon
      produced by the accumulated cells needs further investigation.

PMID- 2408998
TI  - Modulation of natural killing by tumor promoters: the regulatory influence of
      adherent cells varies with the type of target cell.
AB  - We have analyzed the regulatory effects of two classes of tumor promoters,
      phorbol diesters and indole alkaloids, on human natural killer (NK) cell activity
      in vitro. In accordance with previous reports, we found that 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) inhibited natural killing against K 562
      targets by unseparated mononuclear cells. Here, suppression of NK required the
      presence of adherent cells (macrophages). Contrary to the results obtained with K
      562, tumor promoter-induced suppression of NK activity tested against U 937,
      another cell line of known NK susceptibility, was independent of the presence of
      adherent cells. Thus, NK cytotoxicity of effector cells rigorously depleted of
      adherent and Ia-positive cells was still inhibited when assayed against U 937,
      while it was generally enhanced when tested against K 562. Identical results were
      obtained with teleocidin and dihydroteleocidin B, two members of the recently
      discovered indole alkaloid class of tumor promoters. Therefore, we demonstrate
      that the regulatory effect of tumor promoters on human NK activity (suppression
      or stimulation) is determined not only by macrophages at the effector cell level
      but also by the type of target cell under study.

PMID- 2408999
TI  - Monoclonal 'internal image' anti-idiotypic antibodies of hepatitis B surface
      antigen.
AB  - The hypervariable regions of the immunoglobulin molecule which function as the
      antigen-combining site are, themselves, capable of provoking an antibody
      response. These antigenic determinants on the immunoglobulin are termed the
      'idiotype', and antibodies directed against them 'anti-idiotype'. In
      circumstances where there is a close complementarity of shape between antigen and
      idiotype, and subsequently between idiotype and anti-idiotype, it would be
      predicted that anti-idiotype would be like an 'internal image' of the antigen.
      Starting with a monoclonal antibody (idiotype) to the protective a determinant of
      the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), we have succeeded in raising two
      monoclonal anti-idiotypes which mimic HBsAg in their ability to bind polyclonal
      antibodies to HBsAg produced in a variety of species. These internal image anti
      idiotypes may provide a strategy for immunization without the need for antigen.

PMID- 2409000
TI  - Immunogenicity and antigenicity of immunoglobulins. XII. Intact light chain and
      heavy chain isotype-restricted Vk-associated epitopes.
AB  - Immunization with intact IgG has allowed the isolation of four hybridomas
      producing antibodies recognizing epitopes expressed within subpopulations of
      human kappa light chains unrelated to known polymorphisms (Km) and previously
      defined V-region subgroups. The V-region-associated epitopes recognized are
      conformation-dependent, being expressed on intact light chain but not on isolated
      VK or CK fragments. The frequency of expression within paraprotein panels of
      different heavy chain isotypes varied between individual antibodies. An epitope
      recognized by B2A6, expressed by greater than 85% IgGK paraproteins, was not
      represented in 16 IgM paraproteins tested, suggesting that association of VK with
      mu chains does not result in display of the epitope recognized, or alternatively,
      that selective association between VK and CH gene products occurs. These data
      contrast with the reactivity of other McAb for CK epitopes which were reactive
      with isolated CK fragments, and for all kappa-bearing paraproteins, regardless of
      heavy chain isotypes.

PMID- 2409001
TI  - Bovine alloreactive cytotoxic cells generated in vitro: target specificity in
      relation to BoLA phenotype.
AB  - Cytotoxic cells of bovine origin were generated in primary MLC using stimulator
      cells of BoLA w8/w11 phenotype. Bovine lymphoblasts transformed by the protozoan
      parasite Theileria parva parva acted as target cells in studies of the
      specificity of cytotoxicity. When responder cells in MLC did not share w8 or w11
      with stimulator cells, cytotoxicity was evident with all targets bearing w8 or
      w11, or both, and was almost entirely restricted to these products of the BoLA-A
      locus. When responder and stimulator cells shared both w8 and w11, cytotoxicity
      was also generated. Whether this was specific for the products of other putative
      Class I loci in cattle, or for the products of a Class II region, remains to be
      determined. These results suggest that the determinants recognized by
      appropriately generated bovine alloreactive cytotoxic cells are identical with,
      or closely related to, determinants characterized by BoLA w8 and w11 defining
      alloantisera.

PMID- 2409002
TI  - A new thymocyte membrane differentiation antigen for mouse and rat.
AB  - A new thymocyte membrane-brain antigenic system is defined for the mouse and rat.
      Monoclonal antibody NIM-M129 recognizes a membrane antigen that has a similar
      size to Thy-1 (20-23 kd) but entirely different tissue distribution. It is absent
      from cortisone-resistant thymocytes, murine peripheral T cells, T-cell blasts,
      and T-cell lymphomas, or rat bone marrow. However, the determinant exhibits a
      quantitative difference in expression on thymocytes of Thy-1a (low) and Thy-1b
      (high) mice, with intermediate values for their F1 progeny. Backcross and F2
      segregation tests between CBA and CBA-Thy-1a congenic lines established firm
      genetic linkage between Thy-1 and the level of epitope expression on the
      thymocyte cell surface.

PMID- 2409004
TI  - Nissl & Golgi analysis of the developing human cerebellar nuclei in the early
      prenatal period.

PMID- 2409003
TI  - Affinity of antibody at a secretory site in the rat.
AB  - Sprague-Dawley rats were administered DNP-BGG on day one of pregnancy by either
      local mammary gland vicinity injection or by gastric intubation. All rats later
      received local mammary gland vicinity injection of DNP-BGG on day 11 of
      pregnancy. Milk and serum were collected post-parturition. IgA and IgG antibody
      was separated in the milk and IgG antibody in the serum. The relative average
      affinity constant (KO) was determined by a modification of the Farr assay. Milk
      IgG affinity was found to be considerably higher than the affinity of IgG in the
      serum. IgA affinity in the milk of rats which received the antigen by gastric
      intubation demonstrated antibody affinity much greater than the affinity of milk
      antibody in rats which simply received mammary gland vicinity injection (1.8 x
      10(8) vs. 1.4 x 10(6) l/M). The results indicate that much of the IgG antibody in
      milk may be locally synthesized. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue may act as a
      source of antigen specific memory cells for peripheral secretory tissues.

PMID- 2409005
TI  - Alpha 2-macroglobulin secretion enhanced in rat hepatocytes by partially
      characterized factor from Kupffer cells.
AB  - Isolated rat Kupffer cells produced a factor which stimulated the synthesis of
      alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Although
      Kupffer cells placed in culture produced the factor without stimulation by
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the LPS-stimulated cells produced larger amounts of the
      factor. On the other hand, the production of the factor was inhibited by addition
      of actinomycin D. The induction of alpha 2M synthesis by cultured hepatocytes was
      enhanced in the presence of dexamethasone (Dex), in that hepatic synthesis of
      alpha 2M increased by addition of the factor alone and with Dex 1.5 and three- to
      four-fold, respectively. The factor was nondialyzable and stable at 60 degrees C
      for 30 min. When the factor was fractionated using the molecular sieve method,
      the activity recovered in the fraction had a molecular weight of over 30,000.

PMID- 2409006
TI  - Antibodies against the light chain of tetanus toxin in human sera.
AB  - Tetanus toxoid elicits protective antibodies against tetanus toxin in humans and
      animals. It has been reported that antitoxin from immunized humans contains no
      anti-light chain antibodies, based on immunodiffusion and quantitative precipitin
      analyses. We confirmed the absence of precipitating anti-light chain antibodies
      in tetanus immune globulin. However, the presence of antibodies against the light
      chain of the toxin was shown by direct binding and inhibition analyses, using
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Using a neutralization inhibition test, we
      also found that about one-fourth of the neutralizing antibodies in tetanus immune
      globulin are directed against the light chain. These results suggest that the
      light chain of tetanus toxin contains immunogenic determinants and that
      antibodies directed against it may have a role in the prevention of tetanus or
      treatment of tetanus or both.

PMID- 2409007
TI  - Normal blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and natural inhibitors of coagulation.

PMID- 2409008
TI  - Studies on human basophil releasability.
AB  - Basophil releasability is an important parameter in several pathophysiological
      conditions. In normal donors, the maximum percent histamine release and cell
      sensitivity to rabbit anti-Fc epsilon (anti-IgE) is correlated with the age of
      cell donors. A positive correlation between serum IgE level and anti-IgE-induced
      histamine release was found in subjects below 20 years old. The response to
      formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (f-met peptide) was significantly reduced in subjects above 60
      years old. In twins, IgE-mediated releasability and serum IgE levels appear to be
      controlled by two different genetic mechanisms. Basophils of patients with atopic
      dermatitis were more responsive than those of control subjects of matched ages to
      anti-IgE.

PMID- 2409009
TI  - Role of bacterial adherence and toxin production from Escherichia coli on
      leukotriene generation from human polymorphonuclear granulocytes.

PMID- 2409010
TI  - Pharmacologic regulation of mediator generation and release from the murine bone
      marrow derived mast cell.
AB  - Mucosal mast cells constitute the subclass of IgE-FcR-bearing cells for which the
      murine bone marrow derived mast cell (BMMC) is an in vitro model. BMMC can be
      induced by an IgE-dependent mechanism to biosynthesize prostaglandin D2, several
      5-lipoxygenase products, and an alkyl-ether phospholipid metabolite, as well as
      to degranulate. By introduction of selective enzyme inhibitors, it was determined
      that the bioavailability of each mediator class occurred without regulatory
      effects on the others. Additionally, since BMMC divide in culture, cell
      responsiveness for secretion of each mediator class was shown to be independent
      of the state of proliferation by employing three different nontoxic inhibitors of
      cell division.

PMID- 2409011
TI  - Mediator release from human basophils and mast cells from lung and intestinal
      mucosa.

PMID- 2409012
TI  - Unique features of human basophilic granulocytes developed in in vitro culture.
AB  - Human basophilic granulocytes were obtained in suspension culture of mononuclear
      cells from umbilical cord blood. Precursors of basophils in the cord blood are
      nonadherent cells and bear neither surface Ig nor T cell marker. Cultured
      basophils contain chondroitin-4-sulfate proteoglycan, 1.74 micrograms histamine
      per 10(6) cells in average, and bear 120,000-380,000 IgE receptors per cell. The
      IgE receptor molecule has a molecular weight of approximately 64,000 daltons.
      Human, rat and mouse IgE bind to the receptors with comparable high affinity and
      passively sensitize the cells for mediator release. Challenge of sensitized
      basophils with anti-IgE resulted in stimulation of phospholipid methylation, 45Ca
      uptake, release of both histamine and free arachidonic acid, and enhancement of
      phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover. Evidence was obtained that the activation of
      membrane-associated proteolytic enzyme and methyltransferases is involved in
      subsequent IgE-mediated biochemical cascades such as PI turnover, Ca2+ uptake and
      mediator release.

PMID- 2409013
TI  - Naturally occurring flavonoids and human basophil histamine release.
AB  - Naturally occurring plant flavonoids, normal dietary constituents, affect a
      variety of cell activation phenomena including the secretion of histamine from
      human basophils stimulated by a variety of agents (antigen, anti-IgE,
      concanavalin A, ionophore A23187, formyl-Met-Leu-Phe and tetradecanoyl phorbol
      acetate). Variable profiles of inhibition are seen depending on the nature of the
      stimulus and the chemical structure of flavonoids.

PMID- 2409014
TI  - Recognition of species-specific and cross-reacting antigenic determinants on
      house dust mite (Dermatophagoides) allergens using monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2409015
TI  - Histamine and human heart.
AB  - Heart fragments obtained from human right atrium contain 1.5 +/- 0.2 micrograms
      of histamine per gram of wet tissue. Human heart spontaneously synthesizes
      significant amounts of PGI2, PGF2 alpha, PGE2 and TxA2. The Ca2+ ionophore A
      23187 (0.5-3 micrograms/ml) dose-dependently induces histamine release and
      prostanoid production. Histamine (0.5-1 micrograms/kg/min) infusion in 10 normal
      donors produced an increase in heart rate and a significant depression of the ST
      segment. Selective H1 receptor stimulation in patients undergoing cardiac
      catheterization resulted in a decrease of the mean aortic pressure and of
      coronary vascular resistance.

PMID- 2409016
TI  - The human adenoidal mast cell. Susceptibility to different secretagogues and
      secretion inhibitors.
AB  - Mast cells from adenoid tissues of man do not form a homogeneous population but
      differ in size and ultrastructure. They degranulate on stimulation with specific
      antigen, ionophore A 23187, Concanavalin A and, under certain conditions,
      antihuman IgE or acetylcholine. Compound 48/80, dextran, purified C3a or C5a are
      ineffective. Adenosine exerts either an enhancing or inhibiting effect on the
      stimulated histamine release, depending on the actual conditions of the mast
      cells. The study of a range of known mast cell degranulation inhibitors revealed
      important differences between human adenoidal mast cells and human basophils or
      animal mast cell systems. The efficacies of the drugs or drug combinations so far
      tested correspond well with the established therapeutic effects in man.

PMID- 2409017
TI  - Mast cell heterogeneity in response to cholinergic stimulation.
AB  - Mast cell heterogeneity in response to acetylcholine has been evidentiated by the
      virtual lack of sensitivity or by the full reaction to nanomolar concentrations
      of acetylcholine, observed in samples of serosal mast cells isolated from the
      same animal species. The incubation with IgE of isolated rat mast cells renders
      the originally heterogeneous response homogeneous, the release of histamine
      evoked by acetylcholine being proportional to the IgE concentration. The
      histamine release induced by acetylcholine is due to the activation of muscarinic
      receptors, since it is blocked by atropine, not reproduced by acetylthiocholine
      and potentiated by exposure of the cells to the specific antigen.

PMID- 2409018
TI  - Activation of human basophils by bacterial products.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (Cowan Staph A+), which synthesizes protein A
      (Staph A), induced histamine release from human basophils. In contrast, S. aureus
      Wood 46 (Wood Staph A-), which does not synthetize Staph A, did not induce
      histamine secretion. Soluble Staph A and Cowan Staph A+ induced histamine release
      by interacting with the alternative F(ab')2-binding site of IgE and/or IgG
      present on human basophils. Pepstatin A, a pentapeptide synthetized by various
      actinomycetes, induced histamine secretion by activating a specific membrane
      receptor, which is also activated by synthetic formylmethionine-containing
      peptides.

PMID- 2409019
TI  - Donor sensitivity to basophil activation by eosinophil granule major basic
      protein.
AB  - Leukocytes of 22 individuals were incubated with a suboptimal concentration of
      eosinophil granule major basic protein and the amount of histamine release was
      determined. Cells from 20 of the 22 donors had a histamine release of greater
      than or equal to 15%. The use of selected donors on repeated occasions revealed
      significant variability in individual donor responsiveness. The findings support
      a role for major basic protein activation of human basophils in allergic
      reactions.

PMID- 2409020
TI  - Histamine release by esterase inhibitors. The regulation of histamine release
      from human leukocytes of allergic and non-allergic individuals by the serine
      esterase inhibitors diisopropyl fluorophosphate and pinacolyl
      methylphosphorofluoridate.
AB  - The serine esterase inhibitor diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) has been shown to
      inhibit IgE-dependent histamine release. Recently, it has been demonstrated that
      lower concentrations of DFP enhanced IgE-dependent histamine release and
      inhibited desensitization. This manuscript describes the ability of another
      esterase inhibitor, pinacolyl methylphosphorofluoridate (soman), to directly
      cause release of histamine from human leukocytes (basophils) by a process that is
      IgE-independent. This release process requires calcium and is also temperature
      dependent but occurs over a longer period of time than IgE-dependent release.
      These data suggest that there is a serine esterase which controls histamine
      release, and inhibition of this esterase causes histamine release.

PMID- 2409021
TI  - Differential inhibition of histamine release from human basophils induced by
      antigen, anti-IgE or N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine.
AB  - We report differential effects of various compounds on inhibition of histamine
      release from washed leukocytes stimulated through IgE (using antigen or anti-IgE
      antibody) or N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP) receptors.
      Inhibition of IgE-induced release was seen for several compounds listed in order
      of potency (IC50 in microM): CI-922 (3,7-dimethoxy-4-phenyl-N-(1-H-tetrazol-5-yl)
      4-H-furo-[3, 2-b]-indole-2-carboxamide, 1-arginate) less than NDGA less than
      BW755c less than proxicromil less than isamoxole less than phenidone. Other
      compounds including FPL 55712, meclofenamate, and indomethacin were inactive or
      enhanced IgE-mediated release. When FMLP was used to stimulate histamine release
      the order of potency (IC50) changed: meclofenamate = FPL 55712 = proxicromil less
      than CI-922 less than NDGA = BW755c less than indomethacin less than isamoxole =
      phenidone. The inhibition of FMLP-induced histamine release by FPL 55712,
      meclofenamate and indomethacin in the absence of inhibition (or even enhancement)
      of histamine release by the IgE mechanism suggests that different pathways of
      activation and/or control are critical in the release process when different
      stimuli are used to activate basophils.

PMID- 2409022
TI  - Indomethacin enhances in vitro histamine release induced by anti-IgE and Ca
      ionophore but inhibits C5a-induced release reactions from basophils of atopics
      and normals.
AB  - Preincubation of peripheral leukocytes from atopics and normals significantly
      enhanced histamine release induced by anti-IgE and calcium ionophore. On the
      other hand, there was a significant inhibition (ca. 40%) of C5a-induced histamine
      release by indomethacin both in atopics and controls. In the group of patients
      with atopic eczema, anti-IgE-induced histamine release was significantly higher
      than in controls both without and with indomethacin.

PMID- 2409023
TI  - The inhibition mechanism of histamine release by N-(3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl)
      anthranilic acid.
AB  - N-(3,4-Dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5') is an inhibitor of IgE
      mediated histamine release from mast cells. To elucidate inhibition mechanism,
      effects of N-5' were examined under various conditions using peritoneal exudate
      cells and isolated mast cells of rats. N-5' inhibited histamine release induced
      by antigen, ionophore A23187, ATP, dextran and phospholipase A2. But the release
      induced by compound 48/80 or ionophore X537A was not inhibited. Influx of Ca++
      into mast cells and ATP consumption were inhibited. Based on these results, it is
      presumed that N-5' interferes with the energy-requiring system and/or Ca++ influx
      resulting in the inhibition of histamine release.

PMID- 2409024
TI  - Regulation of human IgE response by T cells and their products.
AB  - An in vitro experimental system for the induction of human IgE production has
      been established with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). For the
      assessment of IgE produced in vitro, a sensitive ELISA method has been developed
      by employing monoclonal anti-IgE antibodies. The stimulation of PBL with pokeweed
      mitogen plus Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I induced polyclonal IgE
      response. T cells from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, after activation
      with purified protein derivative and/or IgE, suppressed selectively IgE response,
      and the suppressive activity was found to be mediated by IgE-specific suppressor
      factor with affinity for IgE molecules. The suppressive activity was effective
      both on spontaneous IgE production as well as on mitogen- or antigen-induced IgE
      response in the PBL culture from atopic patients. The affinity of the suppressor
      factor for IgE was suggested to be due to the structural similarity with Fc
      epsilon R on B cells. Absorption experiment suggest that the factor may bear
      class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, although its effect
      was not MHC-restricted.

PMID- 2409025
TI  - Functional characteristics of mucosal and connective tissue mast cells of man,
      the rat and other animals.
AB  - Mast cells from different species and even from given tissues within a particular
      animal are shown to differ in their responsivity to histamine liberators and anti
      allergic drugs. The significance of these findings is discussed.

PMID- 2409026
TI  - Relationship between mediator release from human lung mast cells in vitro and in
      vivo.
AB  - There is now compelling evidence to incriminate bronchial mast cells in the
      pathogenesis of bronchoconstriction of allergic asthma. Human mast cells isolated
      from lung tissue or bronchoalveolar lavage release histamine and generate
      eicosanoids upon IgE-dependent activation. In this paper we present data that
      raise doubts about the significance of phospholipid methylation in IgE-dependent
      activation-secretion coupling and provide evidence that drugs such as 3
      deazaadenosine inhibit mediator secretion by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, in
      addition to inhibiting putative methylation pathways. Activation of human mast
      cells and basophils also stimulates adenylate cyclase to increase levels of
      cyclic AMP, which, on the basis of pharmacological manipulation with purine
      nucleosides, we believe is involved in the progression of the secretory response.
      Human lung cells also generate both cyclo- and lipoxygenase products of
      arachidonate upon Ca++-dependent stimulation with complex interactions occurring
      between these pathways in the presence of the leukotriene inhibitor, Piriprost.
      The role of mast cells in the immediate airway response to inhaled allergens in
      asthma was demonstrated by showing an interaction between nonspecific bronchial
      reactivity and mast cell reactivity in predicting the airway response upon
      antigen inhalation. Further confirmation of this concept was obtained by showing
      an inverse relationship between the release of histamine and neutrophil
      chemotactic factor (NCF) into the circulation induced by antigen challenge, and
      nonspecific airway reactivity. The identification of significant increases in
      circulating mediators following antigen provocation of patients with seasonal
      asthma enabled the effects of drugs used in the treatment of asthma to be
      compared on airway calibre and mast cell mediator release. Sodium cromoglycate
      partially inhibited the airway and plasma histamine responses with antigen, but
      totally inhibited the increases in NCF. Salbutamol completely inhibited all
      responses, while ipratropium bromide, which produced the same bronchoconstriction
      as achieved with salbutamol, had no effect. The potent H1-antagonist astemizole
      partially inhibited bronchoconstriction without affecting histamine release.
      Antigen provocation produced a significant increase in circulating levels of the
      13,14-dihydro-15-keto metabolite of PGF2 alpha which could originate from mast
      cell-derived PGD2. In both retrospective and prospective studies, a close
      relationship was shown between nonspecific bronchial reactivity and resting
      airway calibre in asthma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2409027
TI  - Mediator release after allergic and physical nasal challenges.
AB  - Intranasal challenge of allergic subjects with the allergen to which they are
      sensitive rapidly produces sneezing, rhinorrhea, and airway obstruction. Nasal
      washings during the response reveal increased amounts of histamine, leukotrienes,
      prostaglandin D2 (PgD2), kinins and TAME-esterase in secretions. Although
      appearance of these mediators ceases shortly after challenge, many patients have
      a recrudescence of symptoms 3-11 h later, with a reappearance of the same
      mediators with the notable exception of PgD2. Subjects who respond to exposure to
      cold with rhinorrhea and nasal stuffiness were subjected to a 15-min nasal
      challenge with cold (-3-10 degrees C) dry (10% relative humidity) air and also
      responded with typical symptoms and the appearance of histamine, PgD2, TAME
      esterase and leukotrienes. Nasal challenge with ragweed pollen by patients on
      immunotherapy showed that the threshold for response was greater and the amount
      of mediator found was less after treatment.

PMID- 2409028
TI  - Assessment of histamine release and kinin formation in man: identification of
      kinin degradation products and characterization of a lymphocyte-dependent
      histamine releasing factor.
AB  - Factors traditionally associated with histamine release include IgE antibody plus
      antigen and the anaphylatoxins C3a, C4a, and C5a. Yet histamine release is
      thought to occur in disorders such as chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis, and
      contact dermatitis in which the above mechanisms do not appear operative. We have
      partially purified a factor from stimulated human mononuclear cells which causes
      basophil histamine release. It is homogeneous by gel filtration with a molecular
      weight of about 35,000 daltons and has two molecular forms when assessed by ion
      exchange chromatography, isoelectrofocusing in gels and chromatofocusing. The
      purified material, when radiolabeled, gives a single band upon two-dimensional
      gel electrophoresis and radioautography. This factor may therefore represent one
      mechanism in which delayed hypersensitivity and histamine release are linked. We
      are also developing methods to better assess the kinin-forming system in allergic
      diseases. Assays for enzyme inhibitor complexes are the most sensitive and
      specific methods for inferring activation in plasma. These include quantitation
      of activated Hageman factor-C1 INH complexes and kallikrein-C1 INH complexes each
      of which appears elevated in cutaneous late-phase reactions. However, bradykinin
      assessment is fraught with difficulties including spurious generation and rapid
      inactivation. Using high performance liquid chromatography we have separated
      bradykinin from kallidin, des-Arg9-bradykinin (the degradation product of
      carboxypeptidase N) as well as the fragments Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe, Ser-Pro, and
      Phe-Arg, the degradation products formed by angiotensin-converting enzyme. These
      can be assayed in purified mixtures, can be detected upon addition of bradykinin
      to human plasma and are formed by kaolin treatment of plasma.

PMID- 2409029
TI  - Demonstration of allospecific differences in human stratum corneum autoantibodies
      by blocking immunofluorescence.
AB  - Stratum corneum antibody titers of six normal human sera were determined by
      indirect immunofluorescence on three different epidermal substrates with and
      without preincubation of the substrates with one monkey serum. In three out of
      six human sera the reaction of stratum corneum antibodies was inhibited on all
      three substrates, in one serum the inhibition was noted on two out of three
      substrates and no effect was observed in two sera. These findings provide further
      evidence for the existence of allospecific stratum corneum antibodies in human
      sera and for the presence of both species-specific and species-nonspecific
      glycoprotein stratum corneum antigens in human epidermis.

PMID- 2409030
TI  - Detection of antigen-specific suppressor T cell factor by sandwich
      radioimmunoassay using two monoclonal antibodies with different specificities.
AB  - We established a sandwich radioimmunoassay using two monoclonal antibodies
      specific for the distinct allotypic determinants on heavy and light chains of
      antigen-specific suppressor T cell factors (TsF). By use of this assay system, we
      confirmed our previous findings that the allotypic determinants (Ct) detected by
      BALB/c anti-CB-20 (7C5 and 7D1) were shared in various TsF with different antigen
      specificities, and also that the genes coding for the Ct determinants were
      indicated to be located on the right side of the Igh-V gene cluster, because the
      assay system equally detected either KLH-TsF or OVA-TsF from Ighb mice, such as
      C57BL/6, CB-20 and BAB-14, but not from BALB/c or C3H with other Igh allotypes.
      Furthermore, the radioimmunoassay, when used with two different anti-Ct (7C5 and
      7D1), preferentially detected the extracted form of TsF, whereas the secreted TsF
      was easily detected by the combination of anti-Ct (7D1) and anti-I-Jb. In fact,
      the assay system defined two types of Ts hybridomas: one producing TsF in
      cytoplasm or on the membrane but not secreting and another secreting in the
      culture supernates. We also demonstrated that materials bound to the plate coated
      with anti-Ct antibody that had been incubated with different concentrations of
      cell-free extracts exhibited the dose-dependent suppression of antibody
      responses.

PMID- 2409031
TI  - Inhibition by amoxanox (AA-673) of the immunologically, leukotriene D4- or
      platelet-activating factor-stimulated bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs and
      rats.
AB  - We studied the effects of amoxanox (AA-673) on allergic asthma and spasmogen
      induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs and rats. Amoxanox given orally or
      parenterally inhibited allergic asthma mediated by IgE, IgG1, or heterologous IgG
      in guinea pigs and by IgE in rats. This compound also reduced leukotriene D4- and
      platelet-activating factor-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs, strongly
      suggesting an antagonistic activity against slow reacting substance of
      anaphylaxis (SRS-A). Histamine- or acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction was
      not significantly affected by amoxanox. These antiasthmatic effects of amoxanox
      seem to be associated with an inhibition of the release of chemical mediators
      such as histamine and SRS-A and with an antagonism against SRS-A.

PMID- 2409032
TI  - Immunological studies on tartrazine and its metabolites. I. Animal studies.
AB  - Tartrazine is occasionally associated with some clinical changes which have been
      attributed to allergy. In tests on laboratory animals with tartrazine and its
      metabolites by methods which should have detected potential to induce antibody
      formation, no antibodies were detected except by methods which are artificial in
      terms of human exposure. Similarly, laboratory methods have shown that the
      metabolites of tartrazine, and in some cases tartrazine itself, can induce
      contact sensitization in guinea pigs, although there is little evidence that
      tartrazine can induce similar changes in man.

PMID- 2409033
TI  - Non-IgG1 nature of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity factor in contact
      sensitivity. III. Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity factor promotes histamine
      release from guinea pig bone marrow basophils after antigenic stimulation.
AB  - Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity factor (CBH-F) from the sera of 1-fluoro-2,4
      dinitrobenzene contact-sensitized guinea pigs promoted histamine release from
      bone marrow basophils in the presence of the antigen, dinitrophenylated epidermal
      microsomes as well as in vivo activity to induce CBH reaction in naive recipients
      and in vitro activity to mediate antigen-dependent basophil chemotaxis. The
      amount of histamine released was around 20% of the total release when compared to
      that of concanavalin A-induced basophil degranulation (50-60%). Divalent cations
      were required in this reaction because addition of EDTA completely suppressed
      histamine release from passively sensitized basophils with CBH-F. Though it is
      not known at present whether the same molecule is involved in basophil chemotaxis
      and histamine release, this histamine-releasing activity was recovered in the
      same preparations with basophil chemotactic activity after several purification
      steps.

PMID- 2409034
TI  - The use of multicellular spheroids in establishing human sarcoma cell lines in
      vitro.
AB  - By a new procedure stable monolayer cultures were derived from spheroids in 8 out
      of 17 different human sarcomas (16 soft-tissue and I osteogenic sarcoma). Eleven
      of the sarcomas were obtained from patients undergoing surgery, and 6 from BALB/c
      nude mice carrying s.c. growing xenografts. The new procedure involves
      aggregation of single-cell suspensions into spheroids and cultivation of these in
      agar-coated flasks until the growth rate levels off, at which time the spheroids
      are transferred to uncoated flasks. Cells proliferating from the rim of adhering
      spheroids are trypsinized and aggregated to form new spheroids. By 3 to 5 such
      alternations, monolayer cultures were obtained that have now been subcultured for
      about 6 months. The cell lines all gave rise to colonies in a clonogenic soft
      agar system, and upon s.c. injection into athymic nude mice 3 lines tested formed
      growing tumors. The histology of spheroids formed from late monolayer passages
      closely resembled that of the original tumors. That the new procedure is superior
      to other methods of establishing sarcoma cell lines is indicated by the fact that
      a stable monolayer culture could be obtained directly from the tumors in only 1/8
      cases where the above procedure was successful, and in only 2 instances from soft
      agar colonies derived from the tumors.

PMID- 2409035
TI  - Characterization of murine hepatoma BW7756. III. Hematological profile of a tumor
      associated anemia.
AB  - A severe anemia develops in recipient C57L/J mice after syngeneic transplantation
      of the BW7756 murine hepatoma. The tumor undergoes an exponential growth spurt in
      the 14-21 days post-implantation, accompanied by a parallel increase in serum
      alpha-fetoprotein levels and a significant decrease of hemoglobin concentration
      and hematocrit extending to the 28th day. Concomitant with the decreased
      hematocrit, the blood volume displayed a 10% increase. The blood cell population
      was generally one of reticulocytosis and leukocytosis. Mild icteric plasma was
      observed and both "cold" and "warm" antibodies were detected in the sera of tumor
      bearing mice. An elevation of IgM was observed by day 7, followed by a depletion
      of IgG1 and IgG2 throughout the tumor growth period. When RBCs of tumor-bearing
      mice were compared to those of normal mice, the same degree of osmotic fragility
      was found. However, the lifespan of the transfused RBC was shorter in tumor
      bearing mice than in normal mice (half-life: 2 days vs. 4 days). The data suggest
      a type of auto-immune hemolytic anemia which is analogous to various
      hematopoietic disturbances described for murine hosts bearing solid tumors distal
      to hematopoietic sites.

PMID- 2409036
TI  - Isoprinosine enhances the activation of sensitized lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr
      virus antigens.
AB  - Isoprinosine, a synthetic purine derivative and a potentially useful
      immunostimulating agent, was tested for its ability to enhance lymphocyte
      responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens and to autologous EBV-transformed
      lymphocytes. Isoprinosine significantly enhanced the response of sensitized
      lymphocytes (i.e. from EBV-seropositive individuals) to EBV antigens, while it
      has no effect on the lack of response of unsensitized lymphocytes (i.e. from EBV
      seronegative individuals) to these antigens. In addition, isoprinosine enhanced
      lymphocytes response to autologous EBV-transformed cells, and potentiated the
      generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. From these observations, and since
      immunosuppression is commonly observed in EBV-associated malignancies and other
      EBV-induced disorders, it may be important to point out that the use of
      isoprinosine as an immunostimulating agent in patients with these diseases
      deserves serious consideration.

PMID- 2409037
TI  - In vitro restoration of immune responses in aging humans by isoprinosine.
AB  - The in vitro effects of isoprinosine (ISO) on the immune responses of aging
      humans were investigated. 64 healthy elderly humans (65 yr of age or over) were
      included in this study. Four immune parameters were measured, namely,
      Concanavalin A (ConA)-induced lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell (NK)
      activity, neutrophil chemotaxis, and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. The ConA
      induced lymphocyte proliferation was depressed in 55 of the 64 individuals
      (85.9%%), while the NK activity was depressed in 41 of the 64 individuals (64%).
      Neutrophil chemotaxis was depressed in 52 of the 64 individuals (81.1%) and IL-2
      production was depressed in 35 of the 64 individuals (54.6%). In the presence of
      ISO, ConA-induced lymphocyte proliferation, NK activity, neutrophil chemotaxis,
      and IL-2 production were restored to normal or near normal levels in 50 of the 55
      (90.0%), 35 of the 41 (85.3%), 44 of the 52 (84.6%), and 25 of the 35 (71.4%)
      aging humans, respectively. Our results indicate that ISO acts as an immune
      potentiator in these in vitro immune assays.

PMID- 2409038
TI  - Lipoid proteinosis.
AB  - Lipoid proteinosis is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that can affect the
      majority of organ systems, but most frequently presents due to its characteristic
      skin and mucous membrane changes. This was illustrated in a 27-year-old patient.
      Because its manifestations are easily misinterpreted, one might reasonably assume
      that the incidence of lipoid proteinosis may be higher than previously reported.

PMID- 2409039
TI  - WHO guidelines for the use of analgesics in cancer pain.
AB  - The growing incidence of cancer pathology all over the world implies not only
      problems of prevention and cure, but also of pain control. Pain appears in more
      than 50% of cancer patients, mainly because analgesic opioids are not available
      or adequately administered. For this reason, the World Health Organization (WHO)
      has created a Collaborating Centre for Cancer Pain Relief at the Division of Pain
      Therapy of the National Cancer Institute, Milan. Experts in pain therapy have
      drafted guidelines on the sequential use of analgesic drugs by identifying three
      steps: non-narcotics, weak narcotics, narcotics, all in association with adjuvant
      drugs. After a positive pilot trial, field testing will be conducted in developed
      and developing countries. The first step of the analgesic ladder is represented
      by the use of non-narcotics; the adequate use of these substances in advanced
      cancer patients does not exceed 6 months of treatment. Treatment is then either
      discontinued or changed to a following step because of side-effects (40%) or
      inefficacy (44%). The reduction in the use of non-narcotics corresponds to a
      successive increase in the use of opioids, particularly direct agonists. Through
      an adequate use of the analgesic ladder, pain can be relieved in the great
      majority of cancer patients.

PMID- 2409040
TI  - Nonspecific defense mechanisms of the eye.

PMID- 2409041
TI  - Immunotherapy of herpetic infections.

PMID- 2409042
TI  - Exons and the evolution of proteins.

PMID- 2409043
TI  - The origin and evolution of retroposons.

PMID- 2409044
TI  - Cooperation between fibronectin and heparin in the mobilization of capillary
      endothelium.
AB  - Angiogenesis is indispensable to sustain promotion and growth of metastases. As a
      contribution to the understanding of the angiogenesis process, the experiments
      reported showed that: (a) fibronectin is involved in the mobilization of
      capillary endothelium which is the first event in angiogenesis; (b)
      antifibronectin serum can block the mobilization, and neutralization of the
      antiserum can restore it; (c) the combination of fibronectin + heparin is a
      powerful mobilizer of capillary endothelium, and (d) fragments of the fibronectin
      and heparin molecules in combination can mobilize capillary endothelium as
      effectively as the intact molecules. The results are interpreted to indicate that
      molecules normally present in the extracellular matrix like heparin and
      fibronectin, may act as angiogenesis effectors when the physiological structure
      of the tissue is altered, for instance by lytic enzymes released by metastatic
      neoplastic cells.

PMID- 2409045
TI  - Characterization of a high-grade malignant murine B-cell lymphoma and a study of
      its dissemination pattern after intraperitoneal or intravenous inoculation.
AB  - A high-grade malignant lymphoma that arose spontaneously in a C57BL mouse has
      been transplanted by intraperitoneal injection of a single cell suspension for
      over 20 years. In the current study it was characterized cytohistologically and
      immunologically and was found to be a high-grade malignant (immunoblastic) B
      lymphoma. The distribution in the various organs and the peripheral blood was
      investigated after intraperitoneal and intravenous injection and the effect of
      splenectomy was studied. The findings suggest that the major initial
      proliferation of lymphoma cells occurs in the spleen both after intraperitoneal
      and intravenous injection. The second, final stage is characterized by leukemic
      infiltration throughout the body organs. The current observations are compared to
      those concerning the previously described, low-grade malignant murine BCL1
      lymphoma.

PMID- 2409046
TI  - Uveoscleral outflow following cyclodialysis in the monkey eye using a fluorescent
      tracer.
AB  - Cyclodialysis was performed in one eye of each of eight cynomolgus monkeys. Two
      days later, the intraocular pressure was 1.6 +/- 0.7 mmHg in eyes with
      cyclodialysis and 12.0 +/- 0.7 mmHg in fellow control eyes. 10(-4) M fluorescein
      isothiocyanate dextran (70,000 molecular weight) was perfused into the anterior
      chamber of each eye for 30 min. The eyes were enucleated and dissected into
      sclera, choroid, retina, iris, and ocular fluid. Samples were homogenized and
      centrifuged, and the fluorescence of the supernatant was measured. Expressed as
      equivalent volumes of aqueous, the rate of anterior chamber movement of tracer
      via uveoscleral pathways was 1.40 +/- 0.17 microliter/min in cyclodialysis eyes
      and 0.34 +/- 0.10 microliter/min in control eyes. Cyclodialysis results in a
      fourfold increase in uveoscleral outflow, contributing to the observed hypotony.

PMID- 2409047
TI  - Change in epithelial keratin expression during healing of rabbit corneal wounds.
AB  - Corneal epithelial wound healing following full-thickness trephination and
      transcorneal freeze injury was studied by electron microscopy and
      immunofluorescent microscopy using monoclonal antibodies AE1, AE2, and AE3 to
      human epithelial keratin. Wounds were evaluated at various time intervals between
      4 hr and 2 mo after injury. By scanning and transmission electron microscopy,
      epithelial migration was evident 4 hr after injury and was characterized by
      thinning of the epithelium and extension of filopodial processes. AE1 monoclonal
      antibody, which stains specifically the superficial cells of normal corneal
      epithelium, reacted to cells at the leading edge of the migrating epithelium. By
      24 hr, all cells migrating over the wound displayed positive fluorescence with
      AE1 while the epithelium over the undamaged cornea exhibited normal fluorescence
      limited to the superficial epithelial cells. In full-thickness corneal wounds,
      reepithelialization was complete by 1-2 wk; however, all epithelial cells
      covering the wound remained positive for the AE1 antikeratin antibody. By 2 mo,
      the AE1 fluorescence returned to normal. In transcorneal freeze injuries,
      reepithelialization was complete by 4 to 7 days after injury, with all cells
      overlying the wound reacting with the AE1 antibody. By 2 wk after freeze injury,
      all epithelial cells appeared to express a normal AE1 staining pattern. No change
      was noted in the fluorescent distribution of either AE2 antibody, which did not
      react with the corneal epithelium, or AE3, which reacts with all corneal
      epithelial cells. These results suggest that healing of corneal epithelial wounds
      involves changes in keratin expression of the corneal epithelium.

PMID- 2409048
TI  - Localization of lectin receptors on bovine photoreceptor cells using dextran-gold
      markers.
AB  - Using a newly developed dextran-gold particle preparation combined with both pre-
      and post-embedding labeling techniques, three lectins were investigated for their
      surface and intracellular binding patterns in bovine retinal photoreceptor cells.
      Concanavalin A staining revealed heavy labeling of both the inner and outer
      segment plasma membranes (preembedded labeling), and intense labeling of the
      outer segment with lower levels in the inner segment (postembedded labeling).
      Rods and cones had similar patterns. Ricinus communis agglutinin-120 revealed
      only sparse to moderate labeling of the rod inner and outer segments (preembedded
      labeling). Much heavier labeling was apparent on the cone outer and inner
      segments. Direct labeling of thin sections revealed generally sparse labeling of
      inner and outer segments, but there was a noticeably greater intensity of binding
      in the basal region of rod outer segments. Wheat germ agglutinin revealed heavy
      labeling of rod and cone outer segments, with much reduced binding in the
      corresponding inner segments (preembedded labeling). A similar pattern was
      visible in directly labeled thin sectioned tissue, with the additional appearance
      of heavy binding to the proximal region of the connecting cilium. This latter
      binding is suggestive of a specialized connecting cilium region, possibly
      involved in regulation of rhodopsin transport to or prevention of backflow from
      the outer segment.

PMID- 2409049
TI  - Retinal S-antigen epitopes in vertebrate and invertebrate photoreceptors.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies specific for the retinal S-antigen were obtained by
      hybridization of spleen cells from a BALB/c mouse immunized with bovine S-antigen
      and NS-1 myeloma cells. Five selected antibodies specifically labeled the
      photoreceptor cells of the retina by immunofluorescence. Whereas antibody S9E2
      only reacted with bovine S-antigen, the other antibodies showed interspecies
      cross-reactivity. They were used for the characterization of specific epitopes of
      S-antigen in photoreceptors from a wide range of species representative of
      various classes of vertebrates and invertebrates. The presence of S-antigen in
      distant species (vertebrates, Amphioxus, nemerteans, annelids, molluscs)
      indicates a high phylogenetic stability and suggests an important role for this
      protein in photoreceptor function.

PMID- 2409050
TI  - The comparison of human lens crystallins using three monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies against lens crystallin have been used to study the
      accumulation of specific polypeptides during development of the human lens. One
      antibody which recognizes an antigen common to three polypeptides with molecular
      weights close to 31,000 reacted equally well to the human lens cortex and nucleus
      and had a similar binding activity to proteins isolated from embryonic and older
      human lenses. This suggests that the antigen accumulates to the same degree in
      human lenses during development. The second monoclonal antibody to the 24,000
      molecular weight gamma-crystallin showed increased binding at the older ages
      indicating the increased accumulation of this protein during lens development.
      The third monoclonal antibody to a beta-crystallin of 27,000 molecular weight
      showed little if any reactivity at the embryonic age and revealed a clear
      difference between the binding with cortical and nuclear protein at older ages.
      It appears that the 27,000 molecular weight beta-crystallin may not be
      synthesized in the embryonic human lens.

PMID- 2409051
TI  - Intracellular calcium concentration and calcium transport in the rabbit lens.
AB  - Calcium-sensitive microelectrodes have been employed to determine that the free,
      intracellular concentration of calcium in the lens is approximately 30 microM.
      Additionally, active extrusion of intracellular calcium has been demonstrated.

PMID- 2409052
TI  - Localization of potassium and sodium fluxes in the rat lens.
AB  - A three chambered Ussing-type apparatus was devised so that a lens could be
      exposed to test media at the anterior surface, the posterior surface, and the
      equatorial surface. Potassium and sodium fluxes were estimated with double
      isotope labeling. 86Rb, which behaves like potassium, or 22Na were used for flux
      measurements, and 3H-inulin was used to correct for extracellular space and to
      rule out leakages of medium between compartments. Lenses were paired in media
      with and without ouabain. In the absence of ouabain, 86Rb influx is greater at
      the anterior and equatorial surfaces than it is at the posterior surface. In the
      presence of ouabain, the differences in 86Rb influx are less pronounced. In the
      absence of ouabain, the net efflux of 86Rb at the anterior and equatorial
      surfaces, but not at the posterior surface, is less (P less than 0.01) than it is
      in the presence of ouabain. In the presence of ouabain, 86Rb efflux is the same
      at each of the surfaces. 86Rb efflux is not altered if the medium is changed
      every 30 min to decrease the uptake of isotope that is entering the medium while
      the efflux is being measured. 86Rb efflux is tripled in a Ca-free medium and the
      increase is limited to the surface that is exposed to the Ca-free medium. 22Na
      uptake from the posterior or anterior surface is the same in the presence or
      absence of ouabain. 22Na uptake from the anterior or the posterior surface
      results in an accumulation of 22Na in the equatorial chamber.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409053
TI  - Factors influencing the development of visual loss in advanced diabetic
      retinopathy. Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) Report No. 10.
AB  - Natural history data from the Diabetic Retinopathy Study were examined by
      multivariate methods to determine which baseline characteristics could predict
      the occurrence of severe visual loss (SVL) in eyes originally assigned to no
      treatment. The presence and extent of new blood vessels on the optic disc (NVD)
      had the strongest association with SVL. Several other ocular characteristics also
      were strongly associated with visual outcome. In the absence of NVD at baseline,
      the degree of intraretinal hemorrhages and microaneurysms (HMA) had the strongest
      association with development of SVL. Macular edema was a factor in determining
      visual loss to 20/200 but not SVL (less than 5/200). Among systemic
      characteristics, urinary protein was the best predictor of visual outcome, but
      none were as good as the major ocular variables.

PMID- 2409054
TI  - Delineation of antigenic determinants of adenovirus hexons by means of monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - 60 hexon-specific mouse hybridoma clones were selected by using crystallized
      hexon capsomers of human adenovirus type 1 as immunizing and selecting antigen.
      The reactivities of the monoclonal antibodies were tested with purified hexon
      preparations from 10 human adenovirus types by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      and passive hemagglutination techniques. The reactivity patterns delineated a
      total of 41 adenovirus-type-1-related determinants present on a number of
      heterologous hexons in different interspecies combinations. The pattern of
      interspecies specificities did not coincide with the current grouping of
      adenoviruses into subgenera.

PMID- 2409056
TI  - Factors affecting nurses' decisions to medicate pediatric patients after surgery.

PMID- 2409055
TI  - Is rinderpest virus the archevirus of the Morbillivirus genus?
AB  - Groups of 6-39 monoclonal antibodies identifying 3-18 distinct epitopes on the
      nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase (P), hemagglutinin (H; equivalent in canine
      distemper and rinderpest viruses), and fusion (F) components of measles and
      canine distemper viruses were characterized in immunofluorescence tests with
      fixed Vero cell cultures infected with measles, canine distemper and rinderpest
      viruses. The majority of NP-specific monoclonal antibodies reacted with all three
      viruses, but one-third of the antibodies only reacted with the homologous virus.
      A few antibodies detected epitopes uniquely shared between either measles and
      rinderpest viruses or canine distemper and rinderpest viruses. Of the P-specific
      antibodies, two-thirds only reacted with the homologous virus, one antibody
      detected an epitope shared between canine distemper and rinderpest viruses, and
      the rest reacted with all three viruses. Also, the majority of antibodies against
      the H component were type-specific, but four antibodies reacted both with measles
      and rinderpest viruses. In contrast, the F component was antigenically highly
      conserved. 17 of 21 antibodies against this component reacted with all three
      viruses; one antibody reacted only with measles and rinderpest virus F
      components, and three antibodies reacted only with the homologous virus. No
      monoclonal antibody of any specificity selectively reacted with only measles and
      canine distemper viruses. Furthermore, the measles virus H component appeared to
      be more closely related to the equivalent rinderpest virus component than to the
      canine distemper virus component. Thus, it is proposed that rinderpest virus is
      the archevirus of the morbillivirus group from which canine distemper virus was
      first to evolve and, more recently (perhaps about 5,000 years ago), measles
      virus.

PMID- 2409057
TI  - Current chemical concepts of acids and bases and their application to anionic
      ("acid") and cationic ("basic") dyes.
AB  - In biomedical studies, dyes are divided into "acid" and "basic" dyes. This
      classification cannot be reconciled with current chemical definitions of acids
      and bases. Bronsted-Lowry acids are compounds that can donate protons; bases are
      proton acceptors. The definition of acids and bases is independent of the
      electric charge, i.e. acids and bases can be neutral, anionic or cationic.
      Reactions between acids and bases result in formation of new acid-base pairs.
      Lewis acids and bases do not depend on a particular element, but are
      characterized by their electronic configurations. Lewis bases are electron
      donors; Lewis acids are electron acceptors. This classification is also unrelated
      to the electric charge. Lewis acids and bases interact by formation of coordinate
      covalent bonds. In histochemistry and histology, dyes containing -SO3-, -COO-
      and/or -O- groups are classified as "acid" dyes. However, such compounds are
      electron pair donors and hence Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis anionic bases. Dyes
      carrying a positive charge are termed "basic" dyes. Chemically, many cationic
      dyes are Lewis acids because they can add a base, e.g. OH-, acetate, halides. The
      hypothesis that transformation of -NH2 into ammonium groups imparts "basic"
      properties to dyes is untenable; ammonium groups are proton donors and hence
      acids. Furthermore, conversion of an amino into an ammonium group blocks a lone
      electron pair and the color of the dye changes drastically, e.g. from violet to
      green and yellow. It appears therefore highly unlikely that ammonium groups are
      responsible for binding of cationic ("basic") dyes. In histochemistry, it is
      usually not of critical importance whether anionic or cationic dyes are
      chemically acids or bases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409058
TI  - Fine-granular cationic iron colloid. Its preparation, physicochemical
      characteristics and histochemical use for the detection of ionized anionic
      groups.
AB  - In order to obtain distinct and reliable information concerning the localization
      of ionized anionic groups in tissues, fine-granular cationic ferric hydroxide
      colloid solution (Fe-Cac-f) was newly devised. This can be obtained by boiling a
      mixture of ferric chloride and ammonium cacodylate solutions. The colloid
      particles of Fe-Cac-f are about 1.0 nm in size, i.e., one-fifth of the size of
      ferric cacodylate colloid (Fe-Cac; Seno et al. 1983a). As with Fe-Cac, Fe-Cac-f
      particles in the pH range of 1.6-7.6 carry a positive electric charge, but the
      latter show a better permeation of tissues. Using the Prussian blue reaction, Fe
      Cac-f gives a distinct deep-blue color and can be used for the detection of
      anionic groups of acid mucopolysaccharides and proteins by light microscopy. It
      is also useful for detecting the exact sites of ionized anionic groups in deep
      tissue areas using electron microscopy.

PMID- 2409059
TI  - Increased sensitivity in immunocytochemistry. Effects of double application of
      antibodies and of silver intensification on immunogold and peroxidase
      antiperoxidase staining techniques.
AB  - Sensitivity and detection efficiency of immunocytochemical methods were tested on
      cytochemical models and tissue material, respectively. Use of silver
      intensification procedures revealed that staining with immunogold reagents could
      be rendered equally or even more sensitive than the standard peroxidase
      antiperoxidase (PAP) method. Further increases in sensitivity with both methods
      could be obtained by double application of the primary antiserum. Combined use of
      the immunogold techniques and the PAP method with development in diaminobenzidine
      and subsequent silver intensification resulted in the most sensitive procedures.
      The procedures were applied to a wide variety of tissue preparations, including
      whole mount preparations of the external longitudinal muscle layer of the gut
      wall and were found not to produce any unspecific staining in any tissue tested.
      Use of immunogold-silver and, particularly of the combined immunogold-silver-PAP
      methods may be valuable for analyzing tissues and tumours containing small
      amounts of antigen, for testing the quality of immunogold staining procedures
      intended for ultrastructural studies and for electroblotting techniques.

PMID- 2409060
TI  - HLA class II restriction repertoire of antigen-specific T cells. I. The main
      restriction determinants for antigen presentation are associated with HLA-D/DR
      and not with DP and DQ.
AB  - In order to study the HLA class II restriction repertoire in antigen presentation
      to T cells, T lymphoblasts (T-LB) of ten different HLA class II donors were
      generated by a simple and rapid technique; peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL)
      were restimulated in vitro with purified protein derivative (PPD) or tetanus
      toxoid (TET), and then propagated in interleukin-2 containing conditioned medium
      (IL2-CM). These T-LB appeared to be antigen specific and devoid of
      alloreactivity. Antigen was presented to these T-LB by allogeneic irradiated PBL
      as antigen-presenting cells (APC) in 179 combinations. T-LB proliferative
      responses were restricted mainly by determinants associated with HLA-DR and not
      with -DP or -DQ; in 102 fully DR mismatched T-LB/APC combinations matching for DP
      or DQ determinants had no significant influence on T-LB responses. For PPD,
      preferential DR1 restriction was observed, and the results suggest a preferential
      DRw11 vs. DRw12 restriction for TET. Moreover, DRw13 may be associated with low
      anti-PPD T-LB responsiveness.

PMID- 2409061
TI  - HLA class II restriction repertoire of antigen-specific T cells. II. Evidence for
      a new restriction determinant associated with DRw52 and LB-Q1.
AB  - We have studied the HLA class II restriction repertoire of antigen-specific T
      lymphoblasts (T-LB) in response to purified protein derivative (PPD) and tetanus
      toxoid (TET), presented by allogeneic antigen-presenting cells (APC). In 102
      fully DR(1-w14) mismatched T-LB/APC combinations matching for DRw53 (MT3) had a
      significant influence on T-LB proliferation (p = 0.0005). Moreover, the
      supertypic specificity DRw52 (MT2) and LB-Q1 (a new class II determinant in
      strong linkage disequilibrium with DRw52) appeared to be markers for a new RD (p
      less than 0.0005). LB-Q1 was most strongly associated with this RD and among
      DRw52 identical T-LB/APC combinations additional LB-Q1 sharing significantly
      increased T-LB responsiveness (p = 0.02). DRw52- and LB-Q1-restricted responses
      could be inhibited by an anti-DRw52 and an anti-DR framework monoclonal antibody,
      indicating that DR(w52), LB-Q1, and the new RD are located at the same molecule.

PMID- 2409063
TI  - Office microscopic examination for sexually transmitted diseases. A tool to lower
      costs.
AB  - Practical information is provided in the use of four office-oriented microscopic
      examinations--the Gram stain, the wet mount examination, the Tzanck test, and
      skin scraping techniques--to screen for the maximal number of sexually
      transmitted organisms at the least cost. Emphasis is placed on helping the
      primary care provider improve her or his technique.

PMID- 2409062
TI  - Inhibition of anti-class I cytotoxicity by anti-class II monoclonal antibodies
      (MoAb). II. Blocking of anti-class I CTL clones by anti-DR MoAb.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies directed at monomorphic determinants on A,B,C (w6/32) or DR
      (L243, S4/24, S8/8) HLA antigens were used to inhibit the cytotoxic activity of
      class I- or class II-reactive CTL clones. Anti-class I (HLA-Bw62) cytotoxic T
      lymphocyte CTL clones were inhibited by w6/32, but not by L243, when tested on
      PHA blasts and LCL as targets. Interestingly, S4/24 and S8/8 demonstrated a
      differential blocking ability of class I reactive clones; these two monoclonal
      antibodies could not block Bw62-directed CTL clones when using PHA blasts as
      targets but strongly inhibited the cytotoxic activity of the same clones on LCLs
      as targets.

PMID- 2409064
TI  - Mildiomycin: a nucleoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis.
AB  - Mildiomycin, a new nucleoside antibiotic, selectively inhibits protein synthesis
      in HeLa cells, and is less active in the inhibition of RNA or DNA synthesis. An
      increased inhibition of translation by mildiomycin is observed in cultured HeLa
      cells when they are permeabilized by encephalomyocarditis virus. This observation
      suggests that this antibiotic does not easily pass through the cell membrane, as
      occurs with other nucleoside and aminoglycoside antibiotics. The inhibition of
      translation is also observed in cell-free systems, such as endogenous protein
      synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate or the synthesis of polyphenylalanine
      directed by poly (U). Finally the mode of action of mildiomycin was investigated
      and the results suggest that the compound blocks the peptidyl-transferase center.

PMID- 2409065
TI  - 5'-Hydroxy-2"-N-demethyl-dihydrostreptomycin produced by a Streptomyces.

PMID- 2409066
TI  - Chromostin, a novel specific inhibitor against reverse transcriptase.

PMID- 2409067
TI  - The Garrod lecture 1984. Strategies of antiviral chemotherapy.

PMID- 2409068
TI  - Lung damage and pulmonary uptake of serotonin in intact dogs.
AB  - We examined the influence of glass bead embolization and oleic acid, dextran, and
      imipramine infusion on the pulmonary uptake of trace doses of [3H]serotonin and
      the extravascular volume accessible to [14C]antipyrine in anesthetized dogs.
      Embolization and imipramine decreased serotonin uptake by 53 and 61%,
      respectively, but no change was observed with oleic acid or dextran infusion. The
      extravascular volume accessible to the antipyrine was reduced by 77% after
      embolization and increased by 177 and approximately 44% after oleic acid and
      dextran infusion, respectively. The results suggest that when the perfused
      endothelial surface is sufficiently reduced, as with embolization, the uptake of
      trace doses of serotonin will be depressed. In addition, decreases in serotonin
      uptake in response to imipramine in this study and in response to certain
      endothelial toxins in other studies suggest that serotonin uptake can reveal
      certain kinds of changes in endothelial function. However, the lack of a response
      to oleic acid-induced damage in the present study suggests that serotonin uptake
      is not sensitive to all forms of endothelial damage.

PMID- 2409069
TI  - Modification of pulmonary oxygen toxicity by bleomycin treatment.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether pretreatment of rabbits with
      bleomycin would modify their response to 100% O2 and, if so, to identify the
      mechanism of this action. A single intratracheal injection of bleomycin (5 U/kg)
      resulted in a transient decrease of the arterial Po2, its mean value (+/- SE) 7
      days postinjection being 59 +/- 3 Torr. All animals were either killed or exposed
      to 100% O2 35 days postinjection. At this time, arterial Po2 had returned to its
      control level. On the other hand, lung hydroxyproline content had doubled and
      static compliance and the total lung capacity had decreased by 22 and 31%,
      respectively, indicating the existence of significant lung fibrosis. Furthermore,
      activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in lung homogenates were higher
      than control and were further augmented by exposure to 100% O2 for 64 h. These
      biochemical changes may account, at least in part, for the mitigation of the
      toxic effects of hyperoxia, as shown by the delayed appearance of arterial
      hypoxemia, and the 50% increase in survival time when bleomycin injected rabbits
      were exposed to 100% O2 35 days postinjection.

PMID- 2409070
TI  - Growth and myelination of explant cultures in defined medium.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the development of organotypic cultures
      in defined medium versus nutrient containing serum and embryo extract (EE).
      Explant cultures of cerebellum with or without locus ceruleus were grown in the
      Maximow system and monitored in the living state and with histological stains.
      Thinner explants, fibronectin and a more frequent feeding schedule were required
      to overcome the growth differences encountered using a defined medium. The final
      medium formulation was arrived at by evaluation of living cultures and consisted
      of a basal medium (Dulbecco's minimal essential medium), a number of hormones and
      other supplements, and a final glucose concentration of 750 mg%. Using a Golgi
      stain and histofluorescence, it was shown that the three major types of neurons -
      Purkinje, deep nuclear, and locus ceruleus - developed similarly in the defined
      medium and in serum-EE cultures. Myelination occurred in virtually all cerebellar
      cultures in defined medium and the onset was earlier than in serum-EE cultures.
      These results indicate that differentiation of oligodendroglia and maturation of
      neurons occur in a defined medium. Elimination of thyroid hormone delayed the
      maturation of the cultures, both neurons and myelin, by 3-4 days.

PMID- 2409071
TI  - Location and possible function of fibronectin and laminin in clones of chick
      retinal pigmented epithelial cells.
AB  - Distribution and organization of the extracellular glycoproteins, fibronectin and
      laminin, in clonal cultures of chick retinal pigmented epithelial cells have been
      investigated using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Fibronectin is located
      on the apical and basal cell surfaces and between the cells in the
      undifferentiated regions of the colony (outer edge and stratified region). It
      seems to run parallel to intracellular microfilament bundles and to be associated
      with them across the cell membrane. In the differentiated region of the colony
      (center), it is located exclusively on the basal cell surface and seems to be
      primarily associated with the collagen bundles of the basement membrane. The
      locations suggest that it may be necessary to permit rapid division and movement
      of the undifferentiated cells in the outer region of the colony, while
      stabilizing the sheet of differentiated cells in the colony center. In all
      regions except the outer edge of the colony, laminin is associated with the basal
      cell surfaces where it forms a meshwork of short, fine strands. The laminin has a
      totally different staining pattern from the fibronectin and does not seem to be
      associated with collagen bundles. The location suggests that laminin may be
      present in the basal lamina and may be involved in adhesion of the cells to the
      substratum.

PMID- 2409072
TI  - Tissue culture of human and canine thoracic duct endothelium.
AB  - Endothelial cells from the canine or human thoracic duct were harvested using
      0.2% collagenase digestion and grown in Media 199 supplemented with fetal bovine
      serum. The canine endothelial cells grew to confluence (4.4 to 12 X 10(4)
      cells/cm2) in 6 to 10 d; doubling times ranged from 1.5 to 2.8 d. There was a
      minimum critical density for cell growth between 5000 and 10 000 cells/cm2. The
      canine endothelial cells have been maintained in culture for periods up to 11 mo.
      The human thoracic duct endothelial cells are more difficult to grow and
      maintain. Endothelial cells were isolated from 5 out of 35 human thoracic ducts
      and grew for periods of up to 2 wk before degenerating. Both human and canine
      endothelial cells were Factor VIII positive. It has thus been demonstrated that
      it is possible to grow canine and, less easily, human thoracic duct endothelium
      in tissue culture.

PMID- 2409073
TI  - Major antigenic determinants of F and ColB2 pili.
AB  - F-like conjugative pili are expressed by plasmids with closely related transfer
      systems. They are tubular filaments that are composed of repeating pilin subunits
      arranged in a helical array. Both F and ColB2 pilin have nearly identical protein
      sequences, and both contain an acetylated amino-terminal alanine residue.
      However, they differ by a few amino acid residues at their amino termini. Rabbit
      antisera raised against purified F and ColB2 pili are immunologically cross
      reactive by only 25%, as measured by a competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA). A tryptic peptide corresponding to the first 15 amino acid
      residues of ColB2 pilin was isolated and found to remove nearly 80% of ColB2
      pilus-directed rabbit antibodies. The corresponding tryptic peptide from F pilin,
      which reacted with anti-F pilus antibodies to remove 80%, was less than 20%
      reactive with anti-ColB2 pilus antiserum. Cleavage of these peptides with
      cyanogen bromide (at a methionine residue approximately in the middle of the
      peptide) did not affect the antigenicity of these peptides. Synthetic N alpha
      acetylated peptides corresponding to the first eight amino acids of F pilin (Ac
      Ala-Gly-Ser-Ser-Gly-Gln-Asp-Leu-COOH) and the first six amino acids of ColB2
      pilin (Ac-Ala-Gln-Gly-Gln-Asp-Leu-COOH) were prepared and tested by competition
      ELISA with homologous and heterologous anti-pilus antisera. The F peptide F(1-8)
      inhibited the interaction of F pili and anti-F pilus antiserum to 80%, while the
      ColB2 peptide ColB2(1-6) inhibited anti-ColB2 pilus antiserum reacting with ColB2
      pili by greater than 60%. The two peptides F(1-8) and ColB2(1-6) were inactive by
      competition ELISAs with heterologous antisera. These results suggest that the
      major antigenic determinant of both F and ColB2 pili is at the amino terminus of
      the pilin subunit and that 80% of antibodies raised against these pili are
      specific for this region of the pilin molecule.

PMID- 2409074
TI  - Induction of stringent response by streptomycin in Bacillus subtilis cells.
AB  - A stringent response was induced in Bacillus subtilis vegetative cells by
      streptomycin. This was confirmed as follows: In B. subtilis stringent cells
      (BR16S), stable RNA synthesis was repressed, and pppGpp and ppGpp were
      transiently synthesized in the presence of required amino acids and streptomycin.
      However, these phenomena were not observed in the isogenic relaxed strain (BR16R)
      under the same conditions. On the other hand, tetracyclines did not induce the
      response, and, moreover, the stringent response to streptomycin upon pretreatment
      of the stringent cells with the antibiotics was released.

PMID- 2409075
TI  - DNA amplification in antifolate-resistant Leishmania. The thymidylate synthase
      dihydrofolate reductase gene and abundant mRNAs.
AB  - Leishmania tropica promastigotes selected for resistance to the dihydrofolate
      reductase inhibitor, methotrexate, or the thymidylate synthase inhibitor, 5,8
      dideaza-10-propargyl folate, overproduce a bifunctional thymidylate synthase
      dihydrofolate reductase and possess a 30-kilobase region of amplified DNA. Five
      fragments, resulting from BglII digestion of this amplified DNA, were cloned into
      vectors and utilized as probes to examine mRNA in these organisms. Four mRNA
      species which hybridize to the amplified DNA sequences were found in both
      resistant and wild-type Leishmania, but were about 40-fold more abundant in the
      drug-resistant cells. Three of the four mRNAs are transcribed from the same
      strand of DNA, are clustered, and appear to have partial overlapping sequences.
      The thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase gene was localized to a specific
      region of the amplified unit of DNA by hybridization with mouse cDNA containing
      thymidylate synthase sequences and with a synthetic oligonucleotide 41
      nucleotides in length, prepared on the basis of the partial amino acid sequence
      of the Leishmania enzyme. Furthermore, mRNA hybrid-selected using a plasmid
      containing sequences of the putative gene was shown to direct in vitro synthesis
      of the bifunctional protein.

PMID- 2409076
TI  - Chemical reactivities of bleomycin.
AB  - Ferric bleomycin was tested for its ability to catalyze a set of six oxidative
      reactions characteristic of the heme-containing proteins, cytochrome P-450 and
      chloroperoxidase. These reactions included peroxyacid decarboxylation and
      aliphatic hydroxylation as typical cytochrome P-450 chemistries. Peroxyacid
      supported oxygen evolution and hydrogen peroxide-mediated chlorination were
      utilized as characteristic chloroperoxidase reactivities. A typical peroxidative
      reaction and heteroatom dealkylation, common to both O2 activating enzymes, were
      also studied. Bleomycin was found to catalyze peroxidation of o-dianisidine. The
      ferric drug complex was found competent in carrying out N-demethylation of N,N
      dimethylaniline when peroxides or peroxyacids or iodosobenzene were used as the
      oxidants. N-Demethylation was not achieved when N,N-dimethylaniline-N-oxide was
      substituted as the oxidant under similar conditions. Hydroxylation of cumene and
      decarboxylation of phenylperacetic acid were not found to be catalyzed by
      bleomycin. Oxygen evolution from m-chloroperbenzoic acid and chlorination of
      monochlorodimedone from chloride ion and hydrogen peroxide were found to be
      catalyzed by bleomycin. Cytochrome P-450cam was also evaluated for O2 evolution,
      and halogenation activity and was found not to demonstrate such reactivities. The
      results of this initial survey, along with those of previous studies, appear to
      indicate that the chemical reactivity of bleomycin can be more closely aligned
      with the reactivities demonstrated by chloroperoxidase than those of cytochrome P
      450.

PMID- 2409077
TI  - Novel ATP-dependent calcium transport component from rat liver plasma membranes.
      The transporter and the previously reported (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase are different
      proteins.
AB  - An ATP-dependent calcium transport component from rat liver plasma membranes was
      solubilized by cholate and reconstituted into egg lecithin vesicles by a cholate
      dialysis procedure. The uptake of Ca2+ into the reconstituted vesicles was ATP
      dependent and the trapped Ca2+ could be released by A23187. Nucleotides,
      including ADP, UTP, GTP, CTP, GDP, AMP, and adenyl-5'-yl beta, gamma
      imidophosphate, and p-nitrophenylphosphate did not substitute for ATP. The
      concentration of ATP required for half-maximal stimulation of Ca2+ uptake into
      the reconstituted vesicles was 6.2 microM. Magnesium was required for calcium
      uptake. Inhibitors of mitochondrial calcium-sequestering activities, i.e.
      oligomycin, sodium azide, ruthenium red, carbonyl cyanide p
      trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, and valinomycin did not affect the uptake of
      Ca2+ into the vesicles. In addition, strophanthidin and p-chloromercuribenzoate
      did not affect the transport. Calcium transport, however, was inhibited by
      vanadate in a concentration-dependent fashion with a K0.5 of 10 microM. A calcium
      stimulated, vanadate-inhibitable phosphoprotein was demonstrated in the
      reconstituted vesicles with an apparent molecular weight of 118,000 +/- 1,300.
      These properties of Ca2+ transport by vesicles reconstituted from liver plasma
      membranes suggest that this ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport component is different
      from the high affinity (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase found in the same membrane preparation
      (Lotersztajn, S., Hanoune, J. and Pecker, F. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 11209
      11215; Lin, S.-H., and Fain, J.N. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 3016-3020). When the
      entire reconstituted vesicle population was treated with ATP and 45Ca in a buffer
      containing oxalate, the vesicles with Ca2+ transport activity could be separated
      from other vesicles by centrifugation in a density gradient and the ATP-dependent
      Ca2+ transport component was purified approximately 9-fold. This indicates that
      transport-specific fractionation may be used to isolate the ATP-dependent Ca2+
      transport component from liver plasma membrane.

PMID- 2409078
TI  - Effect of calcium on the stability of the platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa
      complex.
AB  - Platelet membrane glycoproteins IIb and IIIa form a Ca2+-dependent heterodimer
      complex that contains binding sites for fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and
      fibronectin following platelet stimulation. We have studied the effect of Ca2+ on
      the stability of the IIb-IIIa complex using a IIb-IIIa complex-specific
      monoclonal antibody A2A9 to detect the presence of the complexes. Soluble IIb and
      IIIa interacted with A2A9-Sepharose only in the presence of Ca2+ with 50% IIb
      IIIa binding requiring 0.4 microM Ca2+. In contrast, at 25 degrees C 125I-A2A9
      binding to intact unstimulated platelets suspended in buffers containing EDTA or
      ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid was
      independent of the presence of Ca2+. However, the effect of Ca2+ chelators on
      125I-A2A9 binding varied with temperature. At 37 degrees C, 125I-A2A9 binding to
      intact platelets became Ca2+-dependent with 50% binding requiring 0.4 microM
      Ca2+. This effect of temperature was not due to a change in platelet membrane
      fluidity because enrichment or depletion of platelet membrane cholesterol did not
      influence antibody binding. But, 125I-A2A9 binding to intact platelets at 25
      degrees C did become Ca2+-dependent when the pH was increased above 7.4. Thus, at
      1 nM Ca2+ and 25 degrees C, 50% antibody binding occurred at pH 9.0. Our studies
      demonstrate that Ca2+-dependent IIb-IIIa complexes are present on unstimulated
      platelets and that the Ca2+ binding sites responsible for the stability of these
      complexes are located on the external platelet surface. Our experiments also
      suggest that changes in platelet cytosolic Ca2+ do not regulate the formation of
      IIb-IIIa complexes.

PMID- 2409079
TI  - Chloroquine impairs the interferon-induced antiviral state without affecting the
      2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase.
AB  - Chloroquine, a weak base which raises the pH in acidic cellular compartments such
      as lysosomes and endosomes, counteracts the induction by interferon of the
      antiviral state but not that of the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in three
      different types of cell lines (MDBK, WISH, and L929). Active interferon is
      recovered in crude extracts of cells which have been treated with interferon and
      chloroquine together, but not in extracts of cells treated with interferon alone,
      indicating that chloroquine has inhibited the intralysosomal proteolysis of
      interferon. A low pH-dependent event in the intracellular fate of interferon
      (perhaps its intralysosomal degradation) is, therefore, necessary for the
      establishment of the antiviral state but not for the induction of the 2',5'
      oligoadenylate synthetase.

PMID- 2409080
TI  - Separation and partial characterization of three functional steps in
      transcription initiation by human RNA polymerase II.
AB  - We have used Sarkosyl to study the events comprising specific transcription
      initiation in vitro by HeLa RNA polymerase II. On the basis of different
      sensitivities to the Sarkosyl concentration, we have defined three functional
      steps in initiation at the adenovirus major late promoter: 1. a template
      commitment step that occurs in the presence of 0.015% Sarkosyl; 2. a nucleotide
      independent conversion of the committed complex to a "rapid start complex"
      capable of initiating an RNA chain, a step blocked by 0.015% Sarkosyl; and 3. a
      step that requires nucleoside triphosphates, converts the rapid start complex to
      a stably initiated complex, and is sensitive to Sarkosyl concentrations greater
      than 0.05%. The subsequent elongation of the initiated RNA chain is resistant to
      Sarkosyl, except that Sarkosyl causes pausing or premature termination at a
      specific site about 186 nucleotides downstream of the major late cap site. Using
      this assay, we have further characterized these steps and the resulting
      intermediate complexes.

PMID- 2409081
TI  - Epidermal growth factor stimulates the phosphorylation of the calcium-dependent
      35,000-dalton substrate in intact A-431 cells.
AB  - We have previously reported the isolation of a 35-kDa protein from A-431 cells
      that, in the presence of Ca2+, is an excellent in vitro substrate for the
      epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor/kinase present in membrane preparations
      (Fava, R. A., and Cohen, S. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 2636-2645). In this
      communication we demonstrate that the phosphorylation of the 35-kDa protein is
      markedly enhanced in intact, 32P-labeled, A-431 cells following exposure of the
      cells to EGF. The 35-kDa protein immunoprecipitated from cells treated with EGF
      is phosphorylated to a 20-120-fold greater extent than comparable preparations
      from control cells. Both phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine residues are detected
      in the protein after treatment of the cells with EGF. EGF-dependent
      phosphorylation of the 35-kDa protein is barely detected unless the intact cells
      are exposed to EGF for periods greater than 5 min. We suggest that endosomes
      containing internalized EGF X receptor/kinase complexes are primarily responsible
      for the observed phosphorylation of the 35-kDa protein in intact cells.

PMID- 2409082
TI  - Mechanism of interferon action. The interferon-induced phosphoprotein P1
      possesses a double-stranded RNA-dependent ATP-binding site.
AB  - Protein P1, the interferon-induced protein phosphorylated in the presence of
      dsRNA in human amnion U-cells, was covalently labeled with [alpha-32P]ATP
      following ultraviolet irradiation. The photoaffinity labeling of protein P1 was
      dependent upon double-stranded RNA. Antibody prepared against phosphorylated
      protein P1 immunoprecipitated the double-stranded RNA-dependent photoaffinity
      labeled product. The extent of photoaffinity labeling was significantly decreased
      by the addition of unlabeled ATP, GTP, or AMP; adenosine had little effect on the
      photoaffinity labeling of protein P1. These results suggest that protein P1
      possesses a site capable of binding an adenine nucleotide in a double-stranded
      RNA-dependent manner.

PMID- 2409083
TI  - Identification of phosphotyrosine in yeast proteins and of a protein tyrosine
      kinase associated with the plasma membrane.
AB  - [32P]Phosphotyrosine was detected in a hydrolysate of yeast proteins after in
      vivo labeling with [32P]phosphoric acid. The phosphoamino acid was present in
      cells exponentially growing on glucose as well as in cells that had reached the
      stationary phase of growth. Also, a plasma membrane preparation was shown to
      phosphorylate casein on tyrosine residues.

PMID- 2409084
TI  - Mutants of the Rous sarcoma virus reverse transcriptase gene are nondefective in
      early replication events.
AB  - The functional domains of the avian retrovirus polymerase gene are at least
      tripartite in nature. Three enzymatic domains exist; the RNase H and DNA
      polymerase activities are located on the alpha subunit while the DNA endonuclease
      is located on the pp32 moiety. Virus mutants possessing deletions in the pp32
      region demonstrated that this region encodes function(s) essential for
      replication of the virus while separate point mutations generated near the NH2
      terminus of pp32 resulted in decreased replication and cell transformation.
      Molecular analysis of various steps in the virus replication cycle demonstrated
      that the synthesis of linear viral DNA, transport of viral DNA to the nucleus,
      and its subsequent circularization and integration into cellular DNA are
      apparently not affected in these point mutants. However, the synthesis of viral
      RNA from the integrated provirus of these point mutants appears less than that
      observed in wild type virus-infected cells. What role the mutated pp32 protein
      might have on viral transcription is discussed.

PMID- 2409085
TI  - Refined crystal structure of deoxyhemoglobin S. II. Molecular interactions in the
      crystal.
AB  - The refined crystal structure of deoxyhemoglobin S (Padlan, E. A., and Love, W.
      E. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 8272-8279) was used to analyze in detail the
      molecular interactions between hemoglobin tetramers in the crystal. The analysis
      confirms the close similarity and also the nonequivalence of the molecular
      interactions involving the two independent tetramers in the asymmetric unit of
      the crystal. The residue at the site of the hemoglobin S mutation, beta 6, is
      intimately involved in the lateral contacts between adjacent molecules. The
      molecular contacts in the crystals of deoxyhemoglobin S, deoxyhemoglobin A, and
      deoxyhemoglobin F were compared; some contacts involve the same regions of the
      molecule although the details of the interactions are very different. The effect
      of introducing an R state tetramer into the deoxyhemoglobin S strands was
      investigated using the known structure of carbon monoxyhemoglobin A. It was found
      that substituting a molecule of carbon monoxyhemoglobin A for one of the
      deoxyhemoglobin S tetramers results in extensive molecular interpenetration.

PMID- 2409086
TI  - Inhibition of membrane-bound chloroplast coupling factor 1 by a dephosphorylated
      derivative of dialdehyde ADP.
AB  - Periodate-oxidized ADP, if left in aqueous solution, loses its phosphates by beta
      elimination. This dephosphorylated dialdehyde compound caused rapid and
      irreversible inhibition of membrane-bound spinach chloroplast coupling factor 1
      (CF1). Inhibition was 2.5 times faster in the light than in the dark. A high
      concentration of uncoupler eliminated the light stimulation. Light could be
      replaced by an acid-base transition. Therefore, the dialdehyde reacts with a site
      or sites on CF1 that become exposed by a high-energy state-induced conformational
      change. The substrate nucleotides ADP, ATP, GDP, and GTP protected against
      inhibition while Pi and the non-substrate nucleotides AMP, GMP, CTP, and UTP did
      not. The protection by GTP was competitive and magnesium-dependent, suggesting
      that the dialdehyde binds to a nucleotide-binding site. However, the
      corresponding UDP and CDP dialdehyde derivatives also inhibited CF1 and showed
      the light-stimulation effect, indicating that the adenine is not important for
      the binding. These derivatives could be binding to a nucleotide-binding site or
      to another reactive site that becomes exposed during the light-induced
      conformational change. In the latter case the protection by substrate nucleotides
      would be due to prevention of the energy-dependent conformational change.

PMID- 2409087
TI  - Ca2+-dependent, temperature-sensitive regulation of Na+ channels in tight
      epithelia. A study using membrane vesicles.
AB  - Na+ fluxes were measured in toad bladder microsomes. Under favorable conditions,
      60-90% of the tracer uptake was blocked by amiloride (Ki = 2.3 X 10(-8) M), i.e.
      mediated by the apical Na+-specific channels. Vesicles derived from cells
      maintained at 0 degrees C exhibited relatively small amiloride-sensitive fluxes.
      However, incubating the scraped cells at 25 degrees C prior to homogenization
      induced a nearly 5-fold increase of the amiloride-blockable flux in vesicles.
      This activation was fairly slow (t 1/2 = 5-10 min), irreversible, and strongly
      dependent on the incubation temperature. On the other hand, the Na+-specific
      apical conductance measured in mounted bladders was only slightly affected by the
      incubation temperature. The above activation process could be observed only in
      Ca2+-free EGTA-containing solutions. Adding Ca2+ (1 mM) to the cell suspension
      and subsequently removing it before homogenization blocked almost completely the
      amiloride-sensitive tracer uptake in the vesicles. The data are compatible with
      the model that the epithelial Na+ channels are down-regulated by a Ca2+-dependent
      reaction. The incubation of scraped, somewhat permeabilized cells in a Ca2+-free
      solution releases channels from this down-regulation and increases the Na+
      conductance in a temperature-dependent process. The regulation of channels
      appears to involve a cytoplasmic factor which induces a stable modification of
      the apical membrane, preserved by the isolated vesicle.

PMID- 2409088
TI  - Immunologic detection of a protein homologous to chicken progesterone receptor B
      subunit.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody described previously by us (Edwards, D. P., Weigel, N. L.,
      Schrader, W. T., O'Malley, B. W., and McGuire, W. L. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 4427
      4435) was used to study progesterone receptor B subunits of chick and hen
      oviduct. We find that the antibody does not recognize the form of receptor B able
      to bind [3H]progesterone in vitro. Rather, it reacts exclusively with a
      homologous protein of the same molecular weight, termed B antigen. The antigen is
      present in both immature estrogen-treated chicks and in egg-laying hens. This
      antigen is indistinguishable from the hormone-binding receptor species (termed
      receptor B) as shown by peptide mapping techniques using either Staphylococcus
      aureus V8 protease or trypsin. The B antigen and the hormone binder can be
      resolved by ion-exchange chromatography. Sedimentation velocity data show that
      the two proteins are present in distinct, separable cytosolic entities. The
      functional relationship between the two proteins has not been established.

PMID- 2409089
TI  - Tumor-promoting phorbol esters and cell proliferation stimulate secretion of
      basement membrane (type IV) collagen-degrading metalloproteinase by human
      fibroblasts.
AB  - The secretion of a type IV collagen-specific proteinase is stimulated in cultured
      human skin fibroblasts by the phorbol ester tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl
      phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and during cell proliferation. Exposure of the cells at
      the late log phase of growth to 10(-9) to 10(-6) M TPA resulted in the secretion
      of type IV collagenase activity to the medium, this effect being reversible.
      Incubation of intact type IV procollagen with TPA-induced fibroblast medium
      protein produced six peptides, four of which corresponded in size to the
      fragments produced by a type IV collagen-specific collagenase (Fessler, L.,
      Duncan, K., Fessler, J., Salo, T., and Tryggvason (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 9783
      9789). The TPA-induced type IV collagen-degrading enzyme could be activated by
      trypsin, was inhibited by EDTA, but was not affected by soybean trypsin
      inhibitor, N-ethylmaleimide, aprotinin, or cysteine. Therefore, in human skin
      fibroblasts, TPA can induce a type IV collagen-specific, metal-dependent
      collagenase as was previously described in some invasive tumor cells.
      Furthermore, another metalloprotease is apparently secreted under the same
      conditions of TPA exposure. The production of metal-dependent, type IV collagen
      degrading activity was also studied at different stages of cellular
      proliferation. In early log phase, a significant amount of enzyme activity was
      observed in the control cell medium; this activity disappeared during both late
      log and stationary growth phases. This activity could be markedly increased by
      the addition of 10(-8) M TPA to the culture medium. The production of matrix
      degrading proteinases is therefore likely to be associated with rapid cell
      proliferation in both transformed and untransformed cells.

PMID- 2409090
TI  - Analysis of in vivo RNA transcription products of the ilvGEDA attenuator region
      of Escherichia coli K12.
AB  - The precise points of in vivo transcription initiation and termination in the
      leader region of the ilvGEDA operon of Escherichia coli K12 have been determined.
      Leader RNA transcription products from either side of the attenuator have been
      identified and quantitated by T1 fingerprint analyses under growth conditions
      which affect operon expression. The results provide in vivo confirmation of the
      ilvGEDA attenuation model. Previous DNA sequence and in vitro transcription
      analyses have demonstrated that this operon is preceded by two strong in vitro
      promotors. The studies reported here show that transcription is initiated in vivo
      only from the downstream promotor and that no detectable in vivo expression from
      the upstream promotor is observed under conditions which affect operon
      regulation.

PMID- 2409091
TI  - Physical and immunochemical studies of the globular domain of type IV collagen.
      Cryptic properties of the Goodpasture antigen.
AB  - The globular domain of type IV collagen from bovine glomerular basement membrane
      was isolated under nondenaturing conditions. It was shown to exist in a hexameric
      form comprising monomeric and dimeric subunits, with the Goodpasture antigen
      residing in monomer M2 and dimer D2 as previously described (Butkowski, R. J.,
      Wieslander, J., Wisdom, B. J., Barr, J. F., Noelken, M. E., and Hudson, B. G.
      (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 3739-3747). The epitope, however, is sequestered
      inside the hexamer, but becomes exposed and binds with the Goodpasture antibody
      upon dissociation of the hexamer into its subunits after treatment with
      concentrated guanidine HC1 or dilute acetic acid (pH less than 3.0). The process
      is completely reversible even from the denatured state. Circular dichroism
      studies show that the conformation of each subunit is unusually resistant to
      change in 6 M guanidine HC1 at 25 degrees C. This suggests that exposure of the
      epitope by dissociation requires minimal or no unfolding of subunits. The results
      provide additional evidence for localization of the Goodpasture antigen to the
      globular domain of type IV collagen. Moreover, these studies extend the
      conclusion (Weber, H., Engel, J., Wiedemann, H., Glanville, R., and Timpl, R.
      (1984) Eur. J. Biochem. 139, 401-410) about a tumor basement membrane, to an
      authentic physiological membrane, that the globular domain is a major cross
      linking site in the type IV collagen matrix.

PMID- 2409092
TI  - Secondary structure analysis of apolipoprotein II mRNA using enzymatic probes and
      reverse transcriptase. Evaluation of primer extension for high resolution
      structure mapping of mRNA.
AB  - Primer extension has been employed to locate sites of cleavage made in
      apolipoprotein II (apo-II) mRNA by structure-specific nucleases. This approach
      permits structural analysis of specific mRNAs within a complex population.
      Electrophoretic analysis of cDNAs synthesized from T1 RNase-treated and mock
      treated apo-II mRNA revealed that most cleavage sites can be mapped with single
      nucleotide accuracy. However, some T1 RNase-dependent cDNAs demonstrated
      mobilities corresponding to one nucleotide longer than the mRNA template,
      suggesting that reverse transcriptase can add a single nucleotide to full-length
      cDNAs in a template-independent reaction. This approach has been used to map
      double-stranded and single-stranded accessible domains of the 3' noncoding region
      of apo-II mRNA with cobra venom, T1, and S1 ribonucleases. Cleavage profiles of
      apo-II mRNA renatured under a variety of buffer and temperature conditions were
      identical and in no case was overlap observed between sites of cleavage by double
      strand- and single strand-specific enzymes. These results suggest that apo-II
      mRNA possesses a predominant, stable secondary structure. A computer-generated
      structure model, consistent with these nuclease cleavage data, is presented. In
      addition to the analysis of mRNA higher order structure in mixed RNA populations,
      this approach also appears suitable for the analysis of protein-mRNA
      interactions. Termination sites of incomplete cDNAs produced when untreated or
      mock-treated RNA is used as a template for primer extension were also mapped.
      This analysis revealed an over-representation of termination at the dinucleotides
      CA and CU, suggesting that termination of some incomplete apo-II cDNAs is related
      to primary and not secondary structure. Such sequence dependence could reflect in
      vivo degradation by an endogenous cytidine-specific nuclease.

PMID- 2409093
TI  - Carcinogenic effects of cadmium on the prostate of the rat.
AB  - The carcinogenic effects of cadmium were tested in an animal experiment to check
      the results of epidemiological studies showing that the incidence of prostatic
      carcinoma is above average in workers industrially exposed to high cadmium
      levels. For this purpose 1.9 mg CdCl2 (1.2 mg Cd/kg body weight) was injected
      into the right ventral prostatic lobe of 12-month-old male inbred rats of the
      Okamoto-toki strain. Simple hyperplasia was found in 38, atypical hyperplasia in
      29, atypical hyperplasia with severe dysplasia in 11 and invasive prostatic
      carcinoma in 5 of 100 animals 270 days after the injection. Various mechanisms
      are discussed in connection with the carcinogenic action of cadmium.

PMID- 2409094
TI  - Phenylarsine oxide-induced increase in alveolar macrophage surface receptors:
      evidence for fusion of internal receptor pools with the cell surface.
AB  - Rabbit alveolar macrophages which were treated at 0 degrees C with phenylarsine
      oxide and then incubated at 37 degrees C for 10 min exhibited a two- to threefold
      increase in surface receptor activity for macroglobulin.protease complexes,
      diferric transferrin, and mannose-terminal glycoproteins. Analysis of the
      concentration-dependence of ligand binding indicated that changes in ligand
      binding activity were due to changes in receptor number rather than alterations
      in ligand-receptor affinity. Surface receptor number could also be increased by
      treatment of cells with three other sulfhydryl reagents, N-ethylmaleimide, p
      chloromercurobenzoate, and iodoacetic acid. The increase in receptor activity was
      maximal after 10 min and decreased over the next hour. This decrease in cell
      associated receptor activity was due to the release of large membrane vesicles
      which demonstrated a uniform buoyant density by isopycnic sucrose gradient
      centrifugation. Treatment of cells with phenylarsine oxide did not decrease the
      cellular content of lactate dehydrogenase or beta-galactosidase, indicating that
      cell integrity was maintained and lysosomal enzyme release did not occur. Our
      studies indicate that phenylarsine oxide treatment in the presence of
      extracellular Ca2+ results in the fusion of receptor-containing vesicles with the
      cell surface.

PMID- 2409095
TI  - Normal and perturbed Chinese hamster ovary cells: correlation of DNA, RNA, and
      protein content by flow cytometry.
AB  - Quantitative, correlated determinations of DNA, RNA, and protein, as well as RNA
      to DNA and RNA to protein ratios, were performed on three-color stained cells
      using a multiwavelength-excitation flow cytometer. DNA-bound Hoechst 33342
      (blue), protein-fluorescein isothiocyanate (green), and RNA-bound pyronin Y (red)
      fluorescence measurements were correlated as each stained cell intersected three
      spatially separated laser beams. The analytical scheme provided sensitive and
      accurate fluorescence determinations by minimizing the effects of overlap in the
      spectral characteristics of the three dyes. Computer analysis was used to
      generate two-parameter contour density profiles as well as to obtain numerical
      data for subpopulations delineated on the basis of cellular DNA content. Such
      determinations allowed for analysis of RNA to DNA and RNA to protein ratios for
      cells within particular regions of the cell cycle. The technique was used to
      study the interrelationship of DNA, RNA, and protein contents in exponentially
      growing Chinese hamster ovary cells as well as in cell populations progressing
      the cell cycle after release from arrest in G1 phase. The sensitivity of the
      method for early detection of conditions of unbalanced growth is demonstrated in
      the comparison of the differential effects of the cycle-perturbing agent,
      adriamycin, on cells treated either during exponential growth or while reversibly
      arrested in G1 phase.

PMID- 2409096
TI  - Cytoskeletal architecture and immunocytochemical localization of microtubule
      associated proteins in regions of axons associated with rapid axonal transport:
      the beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile-intoxicated axon as a model system.
AB  - Axons from rats treated with the neurotoxic agent beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile
      (IDPN) were examined by quick-freeze, deep-etch electron microscopy. Microtubules
      formed bundles in the central region of the axons, whereas neurofilaments were
      segregated to the periphery. Most membrane-bounded organelles, presumably
      including those involved in rapid axonal transport, were associated with the
      microtubule domain. The high resolution provided by quick-freeze, deep-etch
      electron microscopy revealed that the microtubules were coated with an extensive
      network of fine strands that served both to cross-link the microtubules and to
      interconnect them with the membrane-bounded organelles. The strands were
      decorated with granular materials and were irregular in dimension. They appeared
      either singly or as an extensive anastomosing network in fresh axons. The
      microtubule-associated strands were observed in fresh, saponin-extracted, or
      aldehyde-fixed tissue. To explore further the identity of the microtubule
      associated strands, microtubules purified from brain tissue and containing the
      high molecular weight microtubule-associated proteins MAP 1 and MAP 2 were
      examined by quick-freeze, deep-etch electron microscopy. The purified
      microtubules were connected by a network of strands quite similar in appearance
      to those observed in the IDPN axons. Control microtubule preparations consisting
      only of tubulin and lacking the MAPs were devoid of associated strands. To learn
      which of the MAPs were present in the microtubule bundles in the axon, sections
      of axons from IDPN-treated rats were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy
      using antibodies to MAP 1A, MAP 1B, MAP 2, and tubulin. Anti-MAP 2 staining was
      only marginally detectable in the IDPN-treated axons, consistent with earlier
      observations. Anti-MAP 1A and anti-MAP 1B brightly stained the IDPN-treated
      axons, with the staining exclusively limited to the microtubule domains.
      Furthermore, thin section-immunoelectron microscopy using colloidal gold-labeled
      second antibodies revealed that both anti-MAP 1A and anti-MAP 1B stained fuzzy
      filamentous structures between microtubules. In view of earlier work indicating
      that rapid transport is associated with the microtubule domain in the IDPN
      treated axon, it now appears that MAP 1A and MAP 1B may play a role in this
      process. We believe that MAP 1A and MAP 1B are major components of the
      microtubule-associated fibrillar matrix in the axon.

PMID- 2409097
TI  - Localization and topography of antigenic domains within the heavy chain of smooth
      muscle myosin.
AB  - We have produced and characterized monoclonal antibodies that label antigenic
      determinants distributed among three distinct, nonoverlapping peptide domains of
      the 200-kD heavy chain of avian smooth muscle myosin. Mice were immunized with a
      partially phosphorylated chymotryptic digest of adult turkey gizzard myosin.
      Hybridoma antibody specificities were determined by solid-phase indirect
      radioimmunoassay and immunoreplica techniques. Electron microscopy of rotary
      shadowed samples was used to directly visualize the topography of individual
      [antibody.antigen] complexes. Antibody TGM-1 bound to a 50-kD peptide of
      subfragment-1 (S-1) previously found to be associated with actin binding and was
      localized by immunoelectron microscopy to the distal aspect of the myosin head.
      However, there was no antibody-dependent inhibition of the actin-activated heavy
      meromyosin ATPase, nor was antibody TGM-1 binding to actin-S-1 complexes
      inhibited. Antibody TGM-2 detected an epitope of the subfragment-2 (S-2) domain
      of heavy meromyosin but not the S-2 domain of intact myosin or rod, consistent
      with recognition of a site exposed by chymotryptic cleavage of the S-2:light
      meromyosin junction. Localization of TGM-2 to the carboxy-terminus of S-2 was
      substantiated by immunoelectron microscopy. Antibody TGM-3 recognized an epitope
      found in the light meromyosin portion of myosin. All three antibodies were
      specific for avian smooth muscle myosin. Of particular interest is that antibody
      TGM-1, unlike TGM-3, bound poorly to homogenates of 19-d embryonic smooth
      muscles. This indicates the expression of different myosin heavy chain epitopes
      during smooth muscle development.

PMID- 2409099
TI  - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of some ultra-heterogeneous
      and covalently-modified proteins from human hair.
AB  - A new procedure for the fractionation of the heterogeneous cystine-rich proteins
      from human hair, utilizing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography,
      is described. Of these proteins 27 fractions have been collected and analyzed for
      amino acid composition. There seems to be little correlation between the elution
      order and the hydrophobicity of the fraction constituents except for the late
      eluting fractions. Based on the elution profiles and amino acid contents, these
      fractions appear to fall into four families. The effects of alkyl chain length,
      flow-rate and gradient slope, as well as various additives to the organic
      modifier on the separation have also been investigated. A low flow-rate (0.4
      ml/min) and a shallow gradient were essential for the separation of these
      proteins as was the use of short alkyl chain (C4) or medium alkyl chain (C8)
      columns. However, with the C4 column reproducibility and recovery were excellent.

PMID- 2409098
TI  - Identification of two lysosomal membrane glycoproteins.
AB  - Two murine lysosome-associated membrane proteins, LAMP-1 of 105,000-115,000 D and
      LAMP-2 of 100,000-110,000 D, have been identified by monoclonal antibodies that
      bind specifically to lysosomal membranes. Both glycoproteins were distinguished
      as integral membrane components solubilized by detergent solutions but not by
      various chaotropic agents. The lysosome localization was demonstrated by indirect
      immunofluorescent staining, co-localization of the antigen to sites of acridine
      orange uptake, and immunoelectron microscopy. Antibody binding was predominantly
      located at the limiting lysosomal membrane, distinctly separated from colloidal
      gold-labeled alpha-2-macroglobulin accumulated in the lumen during prolonged
      incubation. LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 also appeared to be present in low concentrations
      on Golgi trans-elements but were not detected in receptosomes marked by the
      presence of newly endocytosed alpha-2-macroglobulin, or in other cellular
      structures. LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 were distinguished as different molecules by two
      dimensional gel analysis, 125I-tryptic peptide mapping, and sequential
      immunoprecipitations of 125I-labeled cell extracts. Both glycoproteins were
      synthesized as a precursor protein of approximately 90,000 D, and showed a marked
      heterogeneity of apparent molecular weight expression in different cell lines.
      LAMP-2 was closely related or identical to the macrophage antigen, MAC-3, as
      indicated by antibody adsorption and tryptic peptide mapping. It is postulated
      that these glycoproteins, as major protein constituents of the lysosomal
      membrane, have important roles in lysosomal structure and function.

PMID- 2409100
TI  - The use of polylysine during negative staining of viral suspensions.
AB  - The use of 0.1% aqueous solution of polylysine (poly-L-lysine) is proposed as a
      prior step to negative staining of viral or particle suspensions. Particles
      spread better on films precoated with polylysine than with other substances used
      for the same purpose. This applies particularly to samples from sucrose or CsCl
      gradients. The use of negative contrast substances is discussed.

PMID- 2409101
TI  - Experimental in ovo transmission of duck hepatitis B virus.
AB  - Inoculation of fertile Pekin duck eggs with diluted serum containing DHBV into
      eggs incubated for 24 h and into the extra-embryonic cavities of 14-day-old
      embryos resulted in a high proportion of viraemic ducklings irrespective of the
      route of inoculation. Long-term observation of som of the ducks established that
      the viraemia induced experimentally is long-lasting and has persisted for periods
      up to 16 mth post-hatch. Separation of DHBV from the plasma of carrier ducks by
      rate zonal centrifugation was examined by DNA polymerase (DNAP) activity.
      Particles in the fraction with peak DNAP activity had a buoyant density of 1.16 g
      X cm-3 in sucrose and an estimated sedimentation coefficient, S20.w of 77. DHBV
      particles, the morphology of which could be resolved under the electron
      microscope, consisted of a coat (about 10 nm in thickness) surrounding a core
      with a diameter measuring 40 nm but not 27 nm as previously reported. Spike-like
      projections were found on the surface of the core as described previously by W.S.
      Mason, G. Seal and J. Summers, 1980, J. Virol. 36, 829-836.

PMID- 2409102
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to thyroglobulin elucidate differences in protein structure
      of thyroglobulin in healthy individuals and those with papillary adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies specific for human thyroglobulin (Tg) from normal subjects
      were prepared by the hybridoma technique. Antibodies from three clones (clones
      B2F, C6E, and C6G) were found to produce linear Scatchard plots, as predicted for
      homogeneous antibodies. Based on different patterns of cross-reactivity with Tg
      from various species, these monoclonal antibodies recognized different
      determinants on the Tg molecule. Moreover, antibodies from clone B2F bound
      simultaneously with clone C6E or C6G to Tg. Therefore, antibody from clone B2F
      must bind to a site on Tg distant from those recognized by clone C6E or C6G. The
      monoclonal antibodies C6G and C6E bound almost equally to normal Tg and Tg from
      patients with Graves' disease, adenoma, follicular carcinoma, and papillary
      adenocarcinoma. In contrast, whereas clone B2F bound equally well to normal Tg
      and Tg from patients with Graves' disease, adenoma, and follicular carcinoma,
      this clone bound poorly to Tg from patients with papillary adenocarcinoma. Since
      the binding activity of clone B2F for unfolded or degenerated Tg was remarkably
      decreased, these differences in binding activities to native Tg may reflect
      changes in conformation of the Tg molecule. Thus, the results indicate there may
      be conformational changes in Tg from patients with different thyroid diseases.

PMID- 2409103
TI  - The human T-cell receptor.
AB  - Recent studies using cloned antigen-specific T lymphocytes and monoclonal
      antibodies directed at their various surface glycoprotein components have led to
      the identification of the human T-cell antigen receptor as a surface complex
      comprised of a clonotypic 90-kD Ti heterodimer and the invariant 20- and 25-kD T3
      molecules. Approximately 30,000-40,000 Ti and T3 molecules exist on the surface
      of human T lymphocytes. These glycoproteins are acquired and expressed during
      late thymic ontogeny, thus providing the structural basis for immunologic
      competence. The alpha and beta subunits of Ti bear no precursor-product
      relationship to one another and are encoded by separate genes. Moreover, the
      presence of unique peptides following proteolysis of different Ti molecules
      isolated by non-cross-reactive anticlonotypic monoclonal antibodies supports the
      notion that variable regions exist within both the alpha and the beta subunits. N
      Terminal amino acid sequencing and molecular cloning of the Ti beta subunit
      further show that it bears an homology to the first V-region framework of
      immunoglobulin light chains and represents the product of a gene that rearranges
      specifically in T lymphocytes. Triggering of the T3-Ti receptor complex gives
      rise to specific antigen-induced proliferation through an autocrine pathway
      involving endogenous IL-2 production, release, and subsequent binding to IL-2
      receptors. The implications of these findings for understanding human T-cell
      growth and its regulation in disease states are discussed.

PMID- 2409104
TI  - Evaluation of the Wayson variation of a methylene blue staining procedure for the
      detection of microorganisms in cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - Meningitis of bacterial origin is a severe infection that must receive immediate
      attention and prompt treatment. We evaluated a basic fuchsin-methylene blue,
      ethyl alcohol-phenol staining procedure (Wayson stain) and compared it with the
      Gram stain procedure for evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid. All smears were
      prepared within 30 min of receiving the specimen and examined without knowledge
      of the results of the companion smear or culture. Of 546 specimens entered into
      the study, 84 were culture positive. Based on the culture results, the
      sensitivity and specificity of Wayson stain were 90 and 98%, respectively,
      compared with 73% sensitivity and 99% specificity by Gram stain. We observed that
      Wayson staining is a particularly sensitive method for screening clinical
      specimens that contain proteinaceous background material. The Wayson staining
      procedure is a simple and sensitive technique for early detection of meningitis.

PMID- 2409105
TI  - Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP): the major protein of glial intermediate
      filaments in differentiated astrocytes.
AB  - The glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA protein or GFAP) is the major protein
      constituent of glial intermediate filaments in differentiated fibrous and
      protoplasmic astrocytes of the central nervous system. Proteins having similar
      molecular weights, isoelectric points, and immunoreactivity with GFAP have been
      found in cells of neural crest and ectodermal origin. A putative function
      ascribed to glial filaments is its role as a component of the cytoskeleton in
      defining and maintaining the shape of the astrocyte. Since 1980, over 350 reports
      have utilized antisera to GFAP for immunochemical and immunocytochemical studies.

PMID- 2409106
TI  - Expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein by immature oligodendroglia and its
      implications.
AB  - Correlative immunocytochemical and electron-microscopic studies of the subpial
      region of the human fetal spinal cord between 12-18 weeks of ovulation age
      revealed immature oligodendroglial cells showing immunoreactive GFAP within both
      the cytoplasm and its processes. By 17-18 weeks, however, GFAP immunoreactivity
      is no longer evident within such cells. The expression of GFAP by immature
      oligodendroglial cells in the developing human fetal spinal cord prior to the
      formation of compact myelin sheaths supports the hypothesis that
      oligodendrocytes, along with astrocytes, are ultimately derived from radial glial
      cells.

PMID- 2409107
TI  - Intermediate glial cells and reactive astrocytes revisited. A study in
      organotypic tissue culture.
AB  - The existence of cells sharing features of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes has
      been repeatedly proposed. We have studied this problem ultrastructurally in
      organotypic tissue culture together with light-microscopic immunocytochemistry
      for the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and for 2
      oligodendrocyte markers, myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin-associated
      glycoprotein (MAG). Large numbers of GFAP+ cells (astrocytes) were seen,
      invariably giving rise to a wealth of tapering processes. In contrast,
      oligodendrocytes were found far less frequently either immunocytochemically or
      ultrastructurally, and showed smooth contours and scarcity of processes.
      Ultrastructurally, the cells corresponding to the intermediate glial cells in the
      literature which were far more numerous in culture than MBP-stained cells, were
      identified as reactive astrocytes by their numbers, location and morphological
      similarity with the GFAP-stained cells. Other characteristics were the presence
      of bundles of intermediate filaments and the covering of the plasmalemma adjacent
      to the collagen substrate by a basal lamina, in spite of the content of
      microtubules and the density of the cells. It was possible to demonstrate the
      difference between the wrapping of axons by astrocytic digitiform processes, and
      true myelination by processes identifiable as oligodendrocytes. We conclude that
      in this model the astrocytic and oligodendrocytic cell lines appear separate from
      the time of initial differentiation; in other systems such as dissociated cell
      culture, this may not be so. The cells with 'intermediate' features are in fact a
      reactive form of astrocyte.

PMID- 2409108
TI  - Antigen expression by glial cells grown in culture.
AB  - Cell type-specific markers are currently available for identifying major cell
      types in neural cell cultures. The markers considered specific for glial cells
      are numerous, but only galactocerebroside and myelin basic protein for
      oligodendrocytes, and glial fibrillary acidic protein for astrocytes are widely
      adopted by investigators for that purpose. Other surface and intracellular
      markers which are specific for oligodendrocytes or astrocytes in vitro are
      briefly described. The possibility of using different classes of gangliosides as
      cell type-specific markers in neural cell culture is discussed. The presence of
      "transitional" or "bipotential" glial cells that express both oligodendrocytic
      and astrocytic phenotypes in human glial cell cultures and the regulatory effect
      of cyclic AMP derivatives on these cells are reported. In addition, the presence
      of Ia antigens on the surface of a selected population of cultured human
      oligodendrocytes and astrocytes is described.

PMID- 2409109
TI  - Does the immune system communicate with the central nervous system? Interferon
      modifies central nervous activity.
AB  - The present investigation determined whether an immunomodulator agent modified
      the central nervous system activity as measured behaviorally and
      neurophysiologically. Two types of interferons (IFNs), alpha (alpha) and gamma
      (gamma), were applied locally (microiontophoretically) into various regions of
      the rat brain simultaneously with single neuron recording from the cerebral
      cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and hypothalamus. Of the various IFNs, only alpha
      IFN altered single cell activity in all brain structures in a dose-dependent
      manner. Moreover, systemic administration of alpha-IFN altered the naloxone
      induced abstinence syndrome in morphine-dependent rats. These observations
      suggest that immunomodulators such as alpha-IFN are capable of influencing
      directly central nervous system function as well as the immune system.

PMID- 2409110
TI  - Evidence that mouse astrocytes may be derived from the radial glia. An
      immunohistochemical study of the cerebellum in the normal and reeler mouse.
AB  - Astrocytic cells of unusual aspect can be detected in the cerebellum of normal
      mice during the first 4 weeks of life. They are visualized with anti-GFAP (glial
      fibrillary acidic protein), anti-S100 and anti-vimentin immune sera. Their
      perikaryons, located in the white matter or in the granular layer, extend long
      processes which are inserted onto the pial surface. These cells may be
      transitional forms between the radial glial cells and some of the differentiated
      astroglial elements. These unusual astrocytes are more numerous and heavily
      stained in the reeler mutant than in the normal mouse and it is suggested that
      our observations signify some degree of glial immaturity in the cerebellum of the
      mutant.

PMID- 2409111
TI  - Fuel-mediated teratogenesis. Use of D-mannose to modify organogenesis in the rat
      embryo in vivo.
AB  - The unique embryotoxic properties of D-mannose have been used as the basis for a
      new technique to secure precise temporal correlations between metabolic
      perturbations during organogenesis and subsequent dysmorphogenesis. Conscious,
      pregnant rats were infused with D-mannose or equimolar amounts of D-glucose by
      "square wave" delivery during the interval in which the neural plate is
      established and early fusion of neural folds takes place, that is, days 9.5-10.0
      of gestation. Infusions of mannose to maternal plasma levels of 150-200 mg/dl did
      not elicit any toxicity in the mothers: motor activity, eating behavior, and
      serum components (electrolytes, osmolality, bilirubin) did not differ in glucose-
      vis-a-vis mannose-infused dams. Embryos were excised by hysterotomy on day 11.6
      for evaluation of development. Examination with a dissecting microscope did not
      disclose developmental abnormalities in any of the 136 embryos from glucose
      infused mothers or in 62 additional embryos from mothers that had not received
      any infusions. By contrast, dysmorphic changes were seen in 17 of 191 embryos
      (8.9%) from mannose-infused mothers. 14 of the 17 had abnormal brain or neural
      tube development with incomplete neural tube closure in 9 instances. Abnormal
      axial rotation was present in 8 of the 191 embryos (4.2%) and lesions of the
      heart or optic vesicles were seen in 4 (2.1%) and 3 (1.6%), respectively. Embryos
      from mannose-infused mothers displayed significant retardations in somite number,
      crown-rump length, and total protein and DNA content. These stigmata of growth
      retardation were more marked in the 17 dysmorphic embryos. The experiments
      indicate that D-mannose may be employed in model systems with rodents for
      precisely timed interruptions of organogenesis in vivo. Initial applications are
      consistent with our earlier suggestion that multiple dysmorphic changes may
      supervene after interference with communally observed metabolic dependencies
      during organogenesis. The studies do not identify the vulnerable site(s) within
      the conceptus (e.g., investing membranes, embryos, or both). However, the
      findings suggest that dysmorphic events are manifest most markedly in a general
      setting of embryo growth retardation.

PMID- 2409112
TI  - Influence of cell cycle phase-specific agents on simian fetal hemoglobin
      synthesis.
AB  - To determine the influence of cell cycle-specific agents on primate hematopoiesis
      and fetal hemoglobin production, two juvenile cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca
      fascicularis) were repeatedly bled to maintain their hemoglobins at approximately
      6.5 g/dl and fetal hemoglobin levels at 3-5%. Six separate 5-d courses of
      hydroxyurea at 100 mg/kg per d were then administered over the next 200 d while
      phlebotomy was continued. These courses of hydroxyurea progressively raised the
      fetal hemoglobin levels to 17 and 18%, respectively. The drug had very little
      effect on the frequency of immature erythroid progenitors (BFU-E) in the bone
      marrow, but caused a marked reduction in the frequency of later progenitors (CFU
      E) and a transient fall in the reticulocyte count. Following the courses of
      hydroxyurea, the number of F cells and the fetal hemoglobin level fell to base
      line over a period of 4 wk. Two control animals which were not phlebotomized
      showed no detectable increase in F cells or fetal hemoglobin when treated with
      the same regimen of hydroxyurea. A 5-d course of 5-azacytidine at 8 mg/kg per d
      was then given to each of the phlebotomized animals. This produced a more
      profound, albeit transient, reticulocytopenia, a fall in the CFU-E/BFU-E ratio,
      and a prompt increase in the fetal hemoglobin to levels even higher than were
      seen following a single 5-d course of hydroxyurea at 100 mg/kg/d. Subsequently,
      the animals were given a single dose of vinblastine at 0.4 mg/kg which reduced
      reticulocytes and CFU-E to the same extent as hydroxyurea; however, vinblastine
      at this dose had no effect on hemoglobin F (HbF) production. In contrast, when
      vinblastine was administered to the phlebotomized monkeys as a 5-d course at 0.2
      mg/kg/d, prolonged reticulocytopenia followed by dramatic F cell and HbF
      responses were seen. Combinations of single dose vinblastine and a 5-d course of
      hydroxyurea were subsequently administered using two different schedules. When
      the animals received vinblastine on the first day of a 5-d course of hydroxyurea,
      the F cell response was double that seen following hydroxyurea treatment alone.
      In contrast, when vinblastine was administered on the final day of hydroxyurea
      treatment, the magnitude of the F cell response was the same as that which
      occurred following hydroxyurea treatment alone, but the onset of the rise was
      delayed for 4 d and HbF/F cell response was much higher. These results establish
      several important features of the fetal hemoglobin response to cytotoxic agents
      in the primate model. The response requires accelerated erythropoiesis and is
      preceded by transient reticulocytopenia. The response is produced by S phase- and
      M phase-specific agents when given in sufficient doses and at appropriate
      schedules. Passage of erythrocyte progenitors through M phase appears to be
      necessary for expression of the effect produced by S phase agents. The fetal
      hemoglobin response induced by cytotoxic drug administration occurs during the
      recovery of erythropoiesis following marrow suppression.

PMID- 2409113
TI  - Metabolism of heptadecapeptide gastrin in humans studied by region-specific
      antisera.
AB  - The metabolism of synthetic human heptadecapeptide gastrin (G17) in vivo, and in
      serum in vitro, was studied by radioimmunoassay using region specific antisera,
      gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and high performance liquid
      chromatography. After infusion of G17 intravenously in normal human volunteers,
      COOH-terminal and NH2-terminal immunoreactive G17 fragments were generated. At a
      steady state, approximately 15% of COOH-terminal immunoreactivity was
      attributable to G14-like material and up to 25% of total NH2-terminal
      immunoreactivity was attributable to two NH2-terminal fragments; one had the
      chromatographic properties of 1-13 G17, and the other was less acidic and less
      hydrophobic. After stopping the infusion of G17, the latter fragments accounted
      for progressively greater proportions of total gastrin activity. When G17 was
      incubated in serum in vitro, there was time-dependent and temperature-dependent
      loss of immunoreactivity, and again COOH-terminal and NH2-terminal immunoreactive
      fragments were formed. Removal of the NH2-terminal pyroglutamic acid was probably
      the rate limiting step because synthetic 2-17 G17 was degraded more rapidly in
      serum (t1/2, 2-3 h) than G17 (t1/2, 3-5 h). EDTA blocked degradation at the COOH
      terminus of both 2-17 G17 and G17 but cleavage at the NH2-terminus still
      occurred, giving rise to a G14-like peptide. The rate of conversion of G17 in
      serum was not enough to account for the production of fragments in vivo, and it
      is proposed that these are formed when G17 encounters enzymes on cell surfaces,
      perhaps during passage through the capillary circulation. The production of these
      fragments needs to be considered in interpreting studies of the identity,
      metabolism, and release of gastrin in health and disease.

PMID- 2409114
TI  - Sympathetic modulation of biochemical and physiological response to immune
      degranulation in canine bronchial airways in vivo.
AB  - The effect of sympathetic stimulation on bronchial smooth muscle contractile
      response after mast cell degranulation with Ascaris suum antigen was studied in
      36 natively allergic dogs in situ. Bronchial smooth muscle response was measured
      isometrically in a single right middle lobe bronchus. A dose of antigen causing
      maximal release of mediator was administered to the bronchus through the
      bronchial arterial circulation. Serial plasma histamine concentrations were
      determined at 15-s intervals after intra-arterial (i.a.) administration of
      antigen. Samples of blood were obtained simultaneously from right heart and
      femoral artery, and arteriovenous difference (AVd) in histamine concentration
      across the bronchus was determined during mast cell degranulation. In nine dogs
      showing bronchial mast cell degranulation to antigen challenge, bronchial smooth
      muscle contraction was 22.3 +/- 2.95 g and the mean AVd in histamine
      concentration across the bronchus was 188 +/- 41.5 ng/ml. Six other dogs having
      muscarinic blockade with 0.75-1.0 mg/kg intravenous atropine were given i.a.
      antigen after 1 min of steady-state sympathetic stimulation with intravenous 1,1
      dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide (DMPP). Sympathetic stimulation during
      Ascaris suum antigen challenge caused complete inhibition of bronchial smooth
      muscle contractile response to i.a. antigen (P less than 0.001), and a
      significant AVd in histamine concentration across the bronchus (9.8 +/- 16.0
      ng/ml; P less than 0.01 vs. control) was not detected. Peak plasma histamine
      concentration in control dogs was 1,138 +/- 237 ng/ml vs. 310 +/- 135 ng/ml in
      animals receiving sympathetic stimulation (P less than 0.01). In four dogs
      undergoing systemic anaphylaxis to i.v. antigen, subsequent sympathetic
      stimulation with i.v. DMPP reduced bronchomotor tone to approximately 70% of base
      line control. Exogenously induced sympathetic stimulation can substantially
      inhibit systemic mast cell degranulation to Ascaris suum antigen in allergic
      dogs. Maximal stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes substantial
      inhibition of respiratory mast cell secretion of histamine and bronchial smooth
      muscle contraction to circulating mediator.

PMID- 2409115
TI  - Intestinal metaplasia in endoscopic biopsy specimens of gastric mucosa.
AB  - A total of 1412 consecutive cases of endoscopic gastric biopsy, carried out over
      a four year period, were reviewed and specimens were examined histochemically to
      determine the prevalence of intestinal metaplasia and its variants. Three types
      were characterised: complete intestinal metaplasia and two classes of incomplete
      intestinal metaplasia (type IIa and type IIb) depending on the absence or
      presence, respectively, of sulphomucins within mucin secreting columnar cells.
      Type IIb intestinal metaplasia was significantly more common in patients with
      gastric carcinoma (p less than 0.001) and in those with dysplasia (p less than
      0.001) than in patients with benign gastric pathology. No such association was
      found with either type I or type IIa intestinal metaplasia. In addition to those
      present in the columnar cells of type IIb intestinal metaplasia, sulphomucins
      were also commonly found in goblet cells of all three types of metaplasia. The
      presence of sulphomucins in goblet cells, however, was not significantly
      associated with gastric carcinoma or dysplasia. The significance of the different
      types of intestinal metaplasia in relation to the pathological findings is
      discussed.

PMID- 2409116
TI  - Detection of specific IgG and IgM antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii with a
      commercially available enzyme immunoassay kit system.
AB  - A total of 138 serum samples submitted for toxoplasma serology have been examined
      by enzyme immunoassay using kits produced by Labsystems Oy for the detection of
      specific antibodies of the IgG and IgM class. Results were compared with the dye
      test, an indirect haemagglutination test, and an indirect immunofluorescence test
      for specific IgM. The enzyme immunoassay was less sensitive than the dye test,
      but by running both IgG and IgM enzyme immunoassays, 92.4% sensitivity was
      achieved. The specificity of the enzyme immunoassay was good, with only one dye
      test negative serum giving a positive (but weak) IgG enzyme immunoassay reaction.
      Thirty serum samples from patients with no evidence of exposure to Toxoplasma
      gondii gave negative results in the IgM enzyme immunoassay. Enzyme immunoassay
      results were expressed in enzyme immunoassay units, as a percentage value of a
      standard serum. This convention will be of value in the direct comparison of
      assay systems and in the application of quality control procedures.

PMID- 2409117
TI  - P(h)thirus pubis and lindane resistance.

PMID- 2409118
TI  - Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans resected by Mohs' surgery (chemosurgery). A 5
      year prospective study.
AB  - The results of a prospective 5-year study of four cases of dermatofibrosarcoma
      protuberans resected by Mohs' surgery, fresh-tissue technic, are presented. The
      literature is reviewed with regard to the incidence of metastasis and the cell
      type of origin of this rare tumor. The application of immunohistochemical
      technics to this tumor is discussed.

PMID- 2409119
TI  - Localization and diagnosis in aphasia with the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological
      Battery.

PMID- 2409120
TI  - Effects of chlorpyrifos and environmental factors on the distribution of German
      cockroaches (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) in Ebeling choice boxes.

PMID- 2409121
TI  - Skin test reactivity in infancy.
AB  - Skin tests represent a major tool in the diagnosis of reaginic allergy; however,
      their interpretation does not appear to be without difficulty in children under
      the age of 3 yr. Seventy-eight infants from birth to 24 mo were prick tested and
      compared with 30 nonallergic adult subjects. Skin tests were performed without
      bleeding by use of two strengths of histamine hydrochloride (1 and 10 mg/ml), a
      mast cell degranulating agent (codeine phosphate, 50 mg/ml), and allergenic
      extracts. Negative control solution elicited a small wheal (less than 1.5 mm) in
      two infants who were excluded from further results. A clear and significant (p
      less than 0.001) hyporeactivity to both histamine and codeine phosphate was
      observed in infancy, especially before the age of 6 mo. Six infants were allergic
      and presented positive prick tests to either food or inhalant allergens. These
      tests were confirmed by serum specific IgE and a suggestive clinical history. The
      size of the allergen-induced prick test wheal ranged from 2 to 5 mm in diameter,
      suggesting that prick test wheals may be smaller in infants. This study confirms
      that prick tests can be performed and interpreted without difficulty in infants,
      keeping in mind the small wheal size induced by both positive control solutions
      and allergen-induced prick tests.

PMID- 2409122
TI  - Anaphylaxis after contact with a jellyfish.
AB  - We report a case of an anaphylactic reaction to a jellyfish sting. The episode
      was manifested by hypotension and bronchospasm. The patient's basophils released
      histamine in response to nematocyst venom from the Chesapeake Bay sea nettle;
      this sensitivity could be passively transferred by a heat labile serum factor.
      This appears to be the first case report of such a reaction.

PMID- 2409123
TI  - In situ degranulation of human nasal mucosal mast cells: ultrastructural features
      and cell-cell associations.
AB  - Mucosal mast cells in human nasal turbinates obtained at surgery were studied by
      electron microscopy before and after exposure en bloc to a degranulating
      stimulus. Mast cells occurred as solitary cells and in islets typically
      containing one mast cell and one to three mononuclear cells. All islets and most
      solitary mast cells were associated with thin cytoplasmic processes of
      distinctive, branched stromal cells that also phagocytosed debris from pyknotic
      mast cells. Mast cells were grouped into three categories based largely on
      published ultrastructural criteria. Resting (nondegranulating) mast cells
      possessed secretory granules that typically packed the cytoplasm and contained a
      densely stained amorphous material and scroll-like crystalline profiles. Granules
      in some resting cells were larger, more polymorphic, and appeared nearly
      homogeneous. Secretory granules of degranulating mast cells possessed
      crystalline, scroll-like, or reticular constituents predominantly with
      interspersed amorphous material. Granules were fewer in number and were often
      concentrated in the peripheral cytoplasm. Few degranulating mast cells exhibited
      labyrinth formation or exocytosis of granule contents. Largely degranulated mast
      cells had few if any typical granules but possessed small vacuoles containing
      recognizable granule remnants. Resting and degranulating mast cells possessed
      very long cell surface projections that, in places, interdigitated to form stacks
      of parallel folds above the plasmalemma, resulting in a threefold increase in
      cell-surface area. The surface membrane of the folds appeared to be continuous
      with that lining intracytoplasmic channels extending from the cell surface to the
      Golgi zone.

PMID- 2409124
TI  - Fast and sensitive detection of protein and DNA bands by treatment with potassium
      permanganate.
AB  - A silver stain technique using treatment with potassium permanganate for
      visualisation of proteins and DNA separated by gel electrophoresis was developed
      and applied both to the very thin (thickness 0.1-0.2 mm) and to the usual 1-2 mm
      thick gels. The technique is reproducible, only stable chemicals are used and it
      is shortened to about 1 h even for the 1 mm gel (30 min for the 0.2 mm gel). It
      is applicable to gels thicker than 2 mm with somewhat longer washes. Amounts as
      low as 2 X 10(-10) g of protein per band have been detected. Protein bands of
      different colours are obtained. The technique has been used with success in
      continuous, discontinuous and 2D-gel systems. Bands have been detected which were
      not observed when the other silver staining techniques were used.

PMID- 2409125
TI  - [Exudative retinopathy with dominant transmission. Report of a new pedigree].
AB  - A family with the syndrome of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy is described.
      A 7-year-old presented a non-perfused, avascular periphery in the temporal
      retina. The father is blind and his fundus was described in childhood as showing
      vitreoretinal traction, retinal telangectasia and temporal fibrotic changes. A
      cousin of our patient, a 5-year-old girl, was seen with vitreoretinal traction of
      the posterior pole. Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy is sometimes confused
      with retrolental fibroplasia. The family history and a fluorescein angiographic
      study of non-affected members are useful for confirmation of this diagnosis:
      pathophysiologic mechanisms and optimal treatment of the disease still remain
      about discussion.

PMID- 2409126
TI  - [Use of the eye-derived growth factor in the treatment of ulcer of the cornea. A
      veterinary medicine study in the dog].
AB  - A growth factor purified from adult bovine retina and named Eye Derived Growth
      Factor (EDGF) has been shown to stimulate proliferation of target cells in vitro
      and in vivo, and to increase the rate of wound healing of experimentally induced
      corneal ulcers in rabbits. In the present report, dogs (mainly boxers) with
      chronic recurrent ulcers resistant to various treatments, including
      chloramphenicol and reputed wound healing drugs, were treated by morning and
      evening instillations of drops containing 10 stimulation units of EDGF in
      phosphate buffer saline. Stable healing of the ulcer was obtained in all cases
      after 12 days of treatment, and no sign of relapse was detected after three
      months. During the healing period, as well as during the period of increase in
      cellular proliferation, transitory inflammation accompanied by neovascularization
      was observed. EDGF represents a new drug for treatment of ulcer.

PMID- 2409127
TI  - Characterization and cell cycle kinetics of hepatocyte populations isolated from
      adult liver tissue by a nonenzymatic procedure.
AB  - Suspensions of liver cells enriched in lobular parenchymal hepatocytes were
      isolated from adult mouse hepatic tissue by nonenzymatic dispersion in chelating
      buffer and sedimentation of the released cells at unit g. Single cell suspensions
      so obtained were suitable for flow cytometric measurements of hepatic ploidy
      class distributions. The more quickly sedimenting cell population consisted of
      88% albumin/transferrin-positive epithelial hepatocytes, the nuclei of which were
      bimodally distributed with respect to RNA content. This dual G1 population was
      observed in 2C DNA content liver nuclei prepared by several methods and appears
      to be a general cytochemical characteristic of adult liver parenchymal cells.

PMID- 2409128
TI  - Heterogeneity of thymic epithelial cell (TEC) keratins--immunohistochemical and
      biochemical evidence for a subset of highly differentiated TEC in the mouse.
AB  - The mouse thymic epithelial network was studied using three different anti
      keratin antibodies. One of these antibodies, KL1, exclusively recognized a small
      subset of medullary epithelial cells characterized by its content of a high
      molecular weight keratin (63 kD). Since epithelial differentiation is known to be
      associated with the acquisition of high molecular weight keratins, KL1-positive
      cells, which express the Ia antigen and secrete thymulin, may represent a subset
      of highly differentiated cells among mouse thymic epithelial cells (TEC). These
      data reflect the heterogeneity of the thymic epithelium and support the concept
      that distinct TEC subsets might provide the thymus with different
      microenvironments.

PMID- 2409129
TI  - Photometric analysis of antifading reagents for immunofluorescence with laser and
      conventional illumination sources.
AB  - Bleaching of stained objects is a major problem in immunofluorescence. The
      prevention of fluorescence fading would allow longer observation times,
      photographic documentation, fluorometry, and pattern recognition. Fluorescein
      kinetics and fluorescence intensities (FI) of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)
      conjugate-stained Sephadex beads were studied with previously described
      "antibleaching" reagents using an argon laser as the excitation light source.
      Eight antibleaching reagents were tested (sodium azide (NaN3), sodium iodide
      (NaI), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 1,4-di-azobicyclo
      (2,2,2)-octane (DABCO), p-phenylenediamine (PPD), n-propylgallate, and sodium
      dithionite (Na2S2O4]. Sodium azide and sodium iodide were found to increase FI.
      This was likewise found with mercury arc illumination and hence they may prove
      useful for routine immunofluorescence tests. PPD was found to accumulate on the
      surface of the beads and to disturb immunofluorescence by autofluorescence. The
      value of any of the other reagents in immunofluorescence is questionable.

PMID- 2409130
TI  - Use of nonfat dry milk to block nonspecific nuclear and membrane staining by
      avidin conjugates.
AB  - The use of fluorescein-avidin or rhodamine-avidin conjugates in conjunction with
      biotinylated secondary antibodies for indirect immunohistology frequently results
      in pronounced nonspecific nuclear staining in kidney sections. This nonspecific
      nuclear staining can be effectively blocked by using 5% (w/v) nonfat dry milk in
      buffered saline as the diluent for the avidin conjugates. In contrast, 5% (w/v)
      bovine serum albumin, a commonly used blocking agent, has only a modest effect.
      Nonfat dry milk is also effective as a blocking agent and carrier when used in
      fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis. These results emphasize the
      broad usefulness of milk-based blocking reagents.

PMID- 2409131
TI  - Improved immunocytochemical staining through the use of Fab fragments of primary
      antibody, Fab-specific second antibody, and Fab-horseradish peroxidase.
AB  - A modification of the unlabeled antibody method of immunocytochemistry is
      described here that offers increased immunoreagent penetration and greatly
      reduced background staining. The method involves the following alterations to the
      conventional technique; the use of Fab fragments of primary antibody, rather than
      whole immunoglobulin G (IgG) or serum; the use of a second, or link, anti-rabbit
      IgG serum that is Fab fragment-specific, rather than directed against the whole
      rabbit IgG molecule; the use of the Fab--horseradish peroxidase complex described
      by JR Slemmon, PM Salvaterra, and K Saito (J Histochem Cytochem 28:10, 1980),
      rather than peroxidase--antiperoxidase (PAP). Steps 2 and 3 alone brought about a
      significant reduction in background staining, but did not increase the depth of
      immunostaining, as compared to the PAP technique. When all three steps were
      combined, however, background staining was further reduced, and there was a five-
      to tenfold increase in the depth of immunostaining. These readily made changes
      should be useful in preembedding immunocytochemistry whenever enhanced reagent
      penetration is required.

PMID- 2409132
TI  - Fifty years with histochemistry and cytochemistry.

PMID- 2409133
TI  - Cloned allospecific human helper T cell lines induce an MHC-restricted
      proliferative response by resting B cells.
AB  - To analyze helper T (Th) cell-induced B cell proliferation in man, we have cloned
      allospecific Th cells, grown them as long-term IL 2-dependent T cell lines (TCL),
      and analyzed their phenotypic and functional properties. The two TCL described in
      this report, A-7 and A-57, are both composed exclusively of T3+, T4+, T8- T cells
      blasts. In proliferative assays, with a panel of x-irradiated allogeneic
      stimulator cells, A-7 was found to proliferate in response to DR3-bearing cells,
      whereas A-57 responds to DR2-positive stimulators. Both TCL are capable of
      providing MHC-restricted polyclonal help for allogeneic B cells, as measured in
      the reverse hemolytic plaque assay. Of greater interest, x-irradiated A-7 and A
      57 cells are capable of inducing a proliferative response by allogeneic B cells
      that is absolutely MHC restricted at the inductive (Th-APC) level. Thus, x
      irradiated A-7 cells only trigger proliferation by DR3+ B cells, whereas A-57
      cells selectively activate DR2+ B cells. In contrast, after antigen-specific
      activation, x-irradiated A-7 and A-57 cells can recruit a significant
      proliferative response by allogeneic B cells bearing "irrelevant" DR antigens.
      The possibility that Th-induced B cell proliferation may be restricted at the
      effector (Th-B cell) level was addressed by fractionating B cell populations into
      "activated" and "resting" subsets by discontinuous Percoll density gradient
      centrifugation and further purification by employing a monoclonal antibody
      directed against an antigen expressed on activated B cells (4F2). These studies
      demonstrate that activated B cells are readily and nonspecifically recruited to
      proliferate by activated Th cells, whereas optimal proliferative responses by
      resting B cells require MHC restricted Th-B cell interaction.

PMID- 2409134
TI  - Decidual cell-specific surface antigen(s) recognized by monoclonal antibodies:
      tissue and species distribution.
AB  - Decidual cells are direct descendants of endometrial stromal cells and the
      ultimate progeny of bone marrow-derived precursors. In view of their bone marrow
      genealogy and demonstrated immunoregulatory role during pregnancy, this study
      attempted to identify a lineage-specific differentiation marker(s) on murine
      decidual cells with the hope of tracing their developmental pathway and exploring
      their familial relationship to other lymphomyeloid cells. Two protein A-binding,
      IgG2b isotype monoclonal antibodies (secreted by clones 16F12 and 2G4F8) were
      raised by immunizing virgin CBA mice with syngeneic decidual cells. The presence
      and the density of the antigenic marker(s) recognized by these antibodies were
      examined by radioautography on various cell types in single cell suspensions of
      the decidua, placenta, and lymphomyeloid organs after a sandwich labeling with
      hybridoma supernatants followed by 125I-protein A. Both antibodies appeared to
      recognize antigen(s) unique for the decidual cell lineage in mice, humans, and
      rats. The incidence of antigen-bearing decidual cells increased with gestational
      age in CBA, C3H, and CD1 mice between days 8 and 14, and in humans between 6 and
      10.5 wk; in rats, however, some decline was noted between days 8 and 14. The
      binding was always higher with 16F12 than with 2G4F8 supernatants. No significant
      binding of either antibody to trophoblast cells of the placenta or leukocytes
      within the decidua was noted in any of the above mouse strains or species. Little
      or no labeling of any cell type was seen on lymphomyeloid cells of the virgin or
      pregnant CBA mice, but a consistent labeling of a rare blast-type cell in the
      blood was observed with both antibodies, raising the possibility that this cell
      may represent the circulating precursor of the decidual cell lineage. It remains
      to be investigated whether these antibodies are recognizing the same or different
      differentiation antigen(s) on the decidual cells, and whether a conservation of
      this antigen(s) during speciation signifies its functional importance.

PMID- 2409135
TI  - Cellular immunity in Q fever: modulation of responsiveness by a suppressor T cell
      monocyte circuit.
AB  - Human infection with the rickettsia Coxiella burnetii presents as an acute
      flulike primary Q fever, as a subacute granulomatous hepatitis, or, rarely, as
      chronic endocarditis. We have previously described lymphocyte unresponsiveness to
      Coxiella antigen in patients with Q fever endocarditis. This unresponsiveness was
      antigen specific and was mediated in part by adherent suppressor cells. In this
      report we show that the adherent suppressor cells work via prostaglandin E2
      (PGE2)4 production. Addition of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin to
      cultures of PBMC from patients with endocarditis or chronic laboratory exposure
      resulted in consistent increases in Coxiella-specific lymphocyte proliferation.
      The degree of increase in proliferation induced by indomethacin correlated
      strongly with the amount of PGE2 produced in a 4-hr culture stimulated by
      Coxiella antigen, but it also correlated with the sensitivity to inhibition of
      mitogenesis by PGE2. The suppressor mechanism was antigen nonspecific, because
      induction of suppression in vitro by Coxiella antigen also suppressed Candida
      induced proliferation when both antigens were present in the same culture.
      Addition of indomethacin to these antigen cocultures totally reversed the
      Coxiella-induced suppression, confirming the evidence above that the nonspecific
      effector mechanism of suppression was prostaglandin (PG)-mediated. Elicitation of
      suppression, however, was antigen specific and involved a T cell-monocyte
      suppressor circuit. Supernatants from Coxiella-stimulated immune T cells and from
      the suppressor subset (OKT8+-enriched) of those T cells, but not unstimulated
      immune cells, induced augmented PGE2 production by unrelated nonimmune PBMC. We
      conclude that the lymphocyte unresponsiveness characterizing patients with Q
      fever endocarditis is modulated in part by an antigen-specific T suppressor cell
      which secretes a lymphokine to stimulate PGE2 production by adherent cells.

PMID- 2409136
TI  - Systematic comparison of antibody-mediated mechanisms of keratinocyte lysis in
      vitro.
AB  - We have conducted a systematic comparison of lysis of TNP-coated keratinocyte
      targets by TNP-specific antibody, by antibody plus complement, by antibody
      dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and by natural killing with the use of
      monocyte, lymphocyte, and neutrophil effectors. With chromium-release assays,
      human keratinocytes, HEp-2 cells (transformed human keratinocytes), PAM 212 cells
      (transformed mouse keratinocytes), and RSC (transformed rabbit keratinocytes)
      were all susceptible to monocyte- and lymphocyte-mediated ADCC (p less than 0.01
      to p less than 0.02). All trypsinized keratinocyte targets were also susceptible
      to natural killing by monocyte or lymphocyte effectors (p = 0.05 to p less than
      0.001). Antibody and antibody plus complement were poor mediators of keratinocyte
      lysis. If protein and complex lipid synthesis of keratinocytes were inhibited by
      16-hr cycloheximide preincubation, then keratinocytes were susceptible to
      complement-mediated lysis, implying that the resistance of these cells to
      complement may be due to repair of transmembrane pores. Comparison of chromium
      release assays with fluorescein diacetate dye uptake viability assays showed that
      human keratinocytes were still susceptible to monocyte and lymphocyte ADCC but
      not to antibody, antibody plus complement, or natural killing. The reproducible
      and uniform susceptibility of normal and transformed keratinocyte targets from
      three different species to monocyte and lymphocyte ADCC supports the hypothesis
      that this mechanism of cellular lysis may be important in antibody-associated
      diseases of epidermal cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2409137
TI  - Establishment of a nucleoside-specific suppressor T cell line from SLE prone
      (NZB/NZW)F1 mice.
AB  - A long-term cultured suppressor T cell line (GTS-124) was established from an
      autoimmune mouse strain, (NZB X NZW)F1, by a two-part procedure: a) B/W F1 mice
      were made tolerant to guanosine (G) by administration of a tolerogen, the G
      modified copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (G-D-GL); and b) the spleen
      cells obtained from tolerant mice were repeatedly stimulated with mitomycin C
      treated G-modified syngeneic spleen cells. The GTS-124 cells suppressed the
      secondary in vitro response to G-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (G-KLH) but did not
      suppress the response to unrelated antigens, sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), or
      trinitrophenyl-KLH (TNP-KLH). The expression of Thy-1 antigen on the cell surface
      of GTS-124 was demonstrated by flow cytometry. Growth of GTS-124 cells was
      dependent on IL 2. To determine whether GTS-124 cells could suppress the response
      to nucleosides other than G, KLH coupled with four nucleosides (adenosine [A], G,
      cytidine [C], and thymine riboside [T]) collectively (AGCT-KLH) was first used as
      the antigen in the assay system. The PFC response to the individual nucleosides
      (anti-A, -G, -C, and -T PFC) were effectively inhibited by GTS-124 cells,
      suggesting that the GTS-124 cells mediated cross-suppression toward all four
      nucleosides. A more stringent cross-suppression test was conducted by using only
      the T moiety bound to KLH (T-KLH) as antigen. The results showed that GTS-124
      cells were capable of suppressing the T-specific response. The cross-suppression
      could be seen after repeated selection on a G-BSA-coated dish. These results
      provide direct evidence that the suppressor T cells induced by in vitro
      stimulation with G-modified self can indeed suppress the response to nucleosides
      other than G.

PMID- 2409138
TI  - In vivo activation of autoreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes after bone marrow
      transplantation: evidence for the prethymic specificity of T cells?
AB  - The light density fraction (A + B, i.e., remaining above the 26% concentration in
      the discontinuous BSA gradient) of BCF1 (H-2b X H-2k) mouse bone marrow contains
      cells that after injection into irradiated syngeneic recipients give rise to
      autoreactive Lyt-2+, Thy-1+ CTL. After injection of unfractionated bone marrow
      cells, the levels of these CTL were low or undetectable, suggesting that either
      the precursors were highly enriched in the A + B fraction or that bone marrow
      cells with higher density have a suppressive function. The specificity of the
      killing was not directed toward all the available class I MHC antigens: only
      targets carrying H-2Kb-coded determinants were killed. There was no overlapping
      between the autoreactive and alloreactive precursors: cells from the A + B
      fraction could not respond to an alloantigen in vitro, not even in the presence
      of an interleukin 2-containing supernatant, and the autoreactive CTL activated in
      vivo could not kill allogeneic targets. The induction of the autoreactive CTL did
      not require the presence of the appropriate MHC antigen in the maturation
      environment, thus differing from the activation of mature T cells. The observed
      CTL specificity, together with the previous findings showing that prethymic T
      cells are locating in the same BSA fraction as the precursors for these
      autoreactive cells, support the idea that the prethymic T cell repertoire is, at
      least partially, directed to recognize self-MHC antigens.

PMID- 2409139
TI  - Type II collagen-reactive T cell clones from mice with collagen-induced
      arthritis.
AB  - Certain strains of mice develop a symmetrical polyarthritis after immunization
      with type II collagen. The incidence of arthritis after such immunization is
      variable. To study the arthritogenic potential of T cells reactive with type II
      collagen, we isolated draining lymph node cells from mice that had developed
      arthritis after immunization with bovine type II collagen. From these immune
      lymph node cells we were able to clone T cells reactive with type II collagen.
      Two separate sets of T cell clones were isolated. The first set reacted with
      either native bovine or native chick type II collagen, but did not react with
      type I collagen. The second set of T cell clones reacted with bovine type II
      collagen, but did not respond to either native chick type II collagen or type I
      collagen. These clones will be tested for their influence on the development of
      arthritis in vivo.

PMID- 2409140
TI  - Natural killer activity in cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes: regulation by
      interleukin 2, interferon, and specific antigen.
AB  - It has previously been shown that monoclonal antigen-specific mouse CTL lines can
      be induced to express cytolytic activity with the same specificity as that of
      splenic natural killer (NK) cells following culture in high concentrations of
      concanavalin A-induced spleen cell supernatants. In the present experiments, we
      made use of this in vitro system to explore the regulation of NK activity at the
      clonal level. Interferon-alpha and interferon-beta and interleukin 2 (IL 2) were
      potent inducers of NK activity in CTL, demonstrating that these substances can
      activate NK functions directly without the participation of other cell types. By
      comparison, IFN-gamma was a poor activator of NK activity in CTL (and also in
      fresh spleen cells). Three major differences between induction of NK activity by
      IFN-alpha,beta and IL 2 were noted: IFN induced NK activity selectively without
      affecting specific cytolysis, whereas IL 2 also enhanced specific killing; IFN
      acted much more rapidly than IL 2; and IFN did not induce the cells to enter the
      cell cycle nor were there any obvious morphologic changes. Specific antigen was
      also a strong inducer of NK activity in CTL, but studies with antisera against
      the various classes of IFN revealed that this effect was mediated, at least in
      part, via the release of IFN-beta. By contrast, the same antisera had no effect
      on NK induction by crude TCGF or by highly purified IL 2, indicating that the
      regulation of NK activity by IL 2 occurs at the clonal level in an IFN
      independent manner. Although, IL 2, IFN, and Ag could apparently act alone to
      induce NK activity, much greater (synergistic) induction was obtained by various
      combinations of these regulators, suggesting that the delivery of two (or more)
      signals to the responder cell was required for full expression of the NK state.
      As with fresh splenic NK cells, the induced NK state in cloned CTL was
      intrinsically labile as revealed by its rapid decay in the absence of inducers,
      but it could nonetheless be maintained indefinitely at very high levels in the
      continued presence of inducers. This clonal system thus displays a responsiveness
      to regulatory signals exactly analogous to that of splenic NK cells and provides
      a unique and exciting opportunity to evaluate the biochemistry of the regulation
      of NK activity.

PMID- 2409141
TI  - Selective improvement of thymus and some T cell dysfunctions in NZB mice by in
      utero thymulin treatment.
AB  - NZB mice were treated during gestation with thymulin, a thymus-secreted, zinc
      associated nonapeptide. Control pregnant NZB mice received either zinc alone or
      saline alone. Offspring from all three groups of NZB mothers, and age-matched
      DBA/2 mice, were tested for the following immunologic parameters: thymulin serum
      levels at 2 and 5 wk of age; splenic anti-sheep red blood cell (anti-SRBC) plaque
      forming cell (PFC) numbers after immunization at birth or at 2 wk of age; anti
      human gamma-globulin (anti-HGG) antibody titers after immunization at 2 wk of
      age, with or without prior tolerance induction at birth with deaggregated HGG;
      spontaneous IgM serum levels at 2 and 5 wk of age; spontaneous splenic anti
      trinitrophenyl (anti-TNP) PFC numbers at 2 wk of age. As compared with DBA/2
      mice, young NZB mice exhibited low circulating thymulin titers, high antibody
      responses to SRBC and to HGG, resistance to tolerance induction by deaggregated
      HGG, increased spontaneous IgM serum levels, and increased spontaneous anti-TNP
      PFC numbers. However, marked reductions in anti-SRBC and anti-HGG antibody
      production, both thymus-dependent responses, were observed in the young NZB
      offspring of thymulin-treated mothers as compared with NZB controls born from
      zinc- or saline-treated mothers. A delay in the postnatal decrease of serum
      thymulin levels was also noted in the offspring of thymulin-treated mothers.
      Interestingly, these effects of in utero thymulin treatment tended to become more
      pronounced with advancing age during the postnatal period. Conversely, IgM serum
      levels, spontaneous anti-TNP PFC and sensitivity to tolerance induction were not
      affected by thymulin treatment during fetal life. Taken together, the data
      suggest that in utero exposure to pharmacologic concentrations of thymulin
      induces a persistent and selective improvement of some thymus and T cell
      dysfunctions but has no effect on intrinsic B cell abnormalities of NZB mice.

PMID- 2409142
TI  - An immunochemical study of the combining site specificities of C57BL/6J
      monoclonal antibodies to alpha (1----6)-linked dextran B512.
AB  - This is the first report of an immunochemical study of the combining site
      specificities of a set of monoclonal antibodies to dextran B512 from C57BL/6J
      mice. The results confirm previous observations on antidextran combining sites
      and reveal specificities not seen earlier extending the observed repertoire of
      antibody combining sites to the single alpha (1----6)-linked glucosyl antigenic
      determinant. Eight C57BL/6J anti-dextran B512 hybridomas, four IgM,kappa and four
      IgA,kappa, were produced by PEG fusion of immune spleen cells with the
      nonproducer myeloma cell line P3X63Ag8 6.5.3. Antibody combining site
      specificities were determined by quantitative precipitin assays with 14 dextrans.
      Native dextrans with high percentages of linear alpha (1----6)-linked glucoses,
      similar to the immunogen B512, were the best precipitinogens; dextrans with
      alternating alpha (1----3), alpha (1----6) linkages, and highly branched dextrans
      were less effective. All antibodies precipitated with a synthetic, unbranched
      alpha (1----6)-linked dextran, suggesting their combining sites were "groove
      like" and directed toward internal sequences of alpha (1----6)-linked residues,
      rather than "cavity-like" and directed toward a nonreducing terminal glucose. Two
      of the IgA hybridomas gave biphasic precipitin curves with dextran B512; this was
      shown to be due to differences in the precipitability of IgA monomers and
      polymers. Differences were observed in the reactivities of several dextrans
      considered previously to be structurally similar, and a newly proposed structural
      model of dextran B1299S was assessed. Quantitative precipitin inhibition studies
      with alpha (1----6)-linked isomaltosyl (IM) oligosaccharides, IM2 to IM9, showed
      that maximum inhibition was reached with IM6 or IM7, consistent with earlier
      estimates of the upper limit for the sizes of anti-B512 combining sites. Two IgM
      hybridomas showed a unique pattern, with inhibition being obtained only with IM5
      or larger IM oligosaccharides. Association constants of the antidextrans for
      dextran B512 and for IM7, determined by affinity gel electrophoresis, ranged from
      10(2) to 10(4) ml/g, comparable to earlier findings with antidextrans and other
      anticarbohydrate antibodies.

PMID- 2409143
TI  - Igh restriction of the anti-alpha (1-3) dextran response: polyclonal B cell
      activators induce the synthesis of anti-alpha (1-3) dextran antibodies in
      lymphocytes from Igha mice only.
AB  - The only strains of mice which are able to synthesize lambda 1-bearing antibodies
      in response to alpha (1-3) Dextran are those expressing the Igha allotypic
      haplotype or those having an Igh V region identical to Igha mice. The experiments
      reported here were designed to investigate whether the nonresponsiveness of mice
      which do not express the Igha haplotype is a consequence of an absence of a
      polyclonal B cell receptor for the alpha (1-3) Dextran TI-antigen. B cells of
      several mouse strains were stimulated with polyclonal B cell activators (PBA)
      known to either stimulate non-overlapping B cell subsets or to stimulate B cells
      at different stages of maturation, i.e., lipopolysaccharide, Nocardia delipidated
      cell mitogens and alloreactive T helper cells. Whereas all three PBA induced B
      cells from Igha mice to secrete lambda 1-bearing anti-alpha (1-3) antibodies, the
      PBA were incapable of inducing B cells from non-Igha mice to mount an anti-alpha
      (1-3) Dextran response. The data suggest that non-Igha mice lack a functional VH
      Dex gene for the lambda 1-bearing anti-alpha (1-3) Dextran response.

PMID- 2409144
TI  - The association between murine beta 2-microglobulin and HLA class I heavy chains
      results in serologically detectable conformational changes of both chains.
AB  - HLA-A3-, HLA-B7-, and HLA-CW3-transfected L cells, maintained in medium
      supplemented with murine serum so as to ensure that the human heavy chains were
      associated with murine beta 2-microglobulin, were subjected to a systematic
      serologic analysis for an evaluation of the structural consequences of such an
      heterologous association. The hybrid molecules exhibited alterations of their
      serologic reactivities that suggest the occurrence of structural modifications of
      both light and heavy chains. Thus, reactivity of HLA-A3-, HLA-B7-, and HLA-Cw3
      transfected L cells with a monoclonal antibody (B1.1G6) directed at a human beta
      2-microglobulin specific antigenic determinant was observed; this implies
      structural modifications of murine beta 2-microglobulin after its association
      with HLA class I heavy chains. Conversely, a profound reduction of the reactivity
      of the same transfectants with a monoclonal antibody (W6/32) directed at a
      monomorphic heavy chain related epitope was observed. The W6/32 reactivity was
      restored after replacement of the murine by the human light chain, indicating
      that the conformation adopted by the HLA class I heavy chain depends on the
      origin of the beta 2-microglobulin associated. Therefore it appears that the
      complex interactions that develop between the extracellular domains (including
      the one formed by the light chain) markedly influence the overall structure and
      the antigenic properties of HLA class I molecules.

PMID- 2409145
TI  - Induction of prostanoid synthesis in human platelets by the late complement
      components C5b-9 and channel forming antibiotic nystatin: inhibition of the
      reacylation of liberated arachidonic acid.
AB  - Treatment of human platelets by the purified late complement components C5b-9
      results in a dose- and time-dependent release of prostaglandin E (PGE) and
      thromboxane B2 (TXB2). To study the mechanism underlying the complement-induced
      prostanoid synthesis, we examined whether C5b-9 affected the enzyme acyl
      coA:lysolecithin acyltransferase (E.C.2.3.1.2.3) that catalyzes the reinsertion
      of liberated arachidonic acid, the precursor molecule of the prostanoids. With
      C5b-9 doses sufficient to induce prostanoid synthesis, the activity of
      lysolecithin acyltransferase, measured as conversion of lysophosphatidyl choline
      to phosphatidyl choline, was inhibited. For comparison, another channel-forming
      substance, nystatin, was studied. Nystatin had an effect similar to C5b-9: PGE
      and TXB2 release was stimulated, whereas acyltransferase activity was inhibited.
      These finding support the concept that inhibition of lysolecithin acyltransferase
      might be the prerequisite for prostanoid production.

PMID- 2409146
TI  - Mast cell heterogeneity: effects of neuroenteric peptides on histamine release.
AB  - Recent reports suggesting that the actions of certain neuroenteric peptides may
      be mediated in part by the secretion of histamine and other mast cell contents
      could have important implications for gastrointestinal motility and secretion.
      However, evidence for a mast cell-hormonal interaction is based on studies using
      peritoneal or cutaneous mast cells. Because intestinal mucosal mast cells (MMC)
      differ functionally from peritoneal mast cells (PMC), we compared the effects of
      several neurotransmitters and intestinal hormones on histamine secretion from two
      mast cell types in the rat. MMC hyperplasia was induced in rats by infection with
      the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, and MMC were isolated from the small
      intestine by collagenase digestion. Substance P, somatostatin, vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neurotensin, and bradykinin had a potent
      secretagogue effect on (10(-7) to 10(-4)M) PMC which was temperature-, energy-,
      and calcium-dependent. In contrast to PMC, MMC released significant amounts of
      histamine only when challenged with substance P. Acetylcholine, bombesin,
      motilin, and pentagastrin had no secretory effect on either PMC or MMC. The
      differences between PMC and MMC in responsiveness to peptides could not be
      attributed to the MMC isolation procedure because PMC treated similarly or mixed
      with MMC suspensions retained their responsiveness to these stimuli. Our results
      extend the concept of neurocrine control of mast cell function, but indicate that
      mast cells from different sites have distinct profiles of responsiveness to
      regulatory peptides.

PMID- 2409147
TI  - Characterization of the beta-adrenergic receptor of the rat peritoneal
      macrophage.
AB  - The beta-adrenergic receptor was characterized on BCG-activated rat peritoneal
      macrophage membranes by radio-ligand binding studies. Saturable binding with
      [125I]iodocyanopindolol (125I-ICYP) was demonstrated. With Scatchard analysis,
      rat macrophages demonstrate approximately 1000 receptors per cell with a Kd of 5
      X 10(-11) M for 125I-ICYP. Competition curves with (-) and (+) propranolol at
      concentrations below 10(-6) M confirmed stereospecificity. The potency of various
      ligands to compete for 125I-ICYP binding sites followed the order: propranolol
      greater than isoproterenol greater than epinephrine greater than norepinephrine
      with apparent Kd of 2.0 X 10(-9), 3.9 X 10(-7), 1.0 X 10(-5), and 2.5 X 10(-5) M,
      respectively. Isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was two-fold
      above basal activity. The potential physiologic significance of a beta-adrenergic
      receptor on rat peritoneal macrophages was suggested by a dose-dependent decrease
      in phagocytosis of soluble, model immune complexes (aggregated gamma-globulin) by
      macrophages incubated with metaproterenol. We conclude that the rat macrophage
      has a beta-adrenergic receptor and that catecholamines may thereby modulate
      macrophage function.

PMID- 2409148
TI  - The T cell response to the glycoprotein D of the herpes simplex virus: the
      significance of antigen conformation.
AB  - Synthetic peptides corresponding to the first 23 amino acids of the glycoprotein
      D molecule of herpes simplex virus have been used to immunize mice and examine
      the role of antigen conformation in T cell responses. The structure of the
      peptides was determined by circular dichroism studies and was shown to be
      consistent with theoretical structure predictions. T cell clones were found that
      could respond to peptides that were nonhelical, and this response, which was
      directed to the C-terminal determinant (residues 8-23), could be modified by a
      constrained N-terminal sequence (residues 1-7) of the peptide. Namely,
      substitution of Ala for Pro at position 7 induced an alpha-helix and inhibited
      the response. Furthermore, a response to the N-terminal part of the molecule
      seemed to be directed to the alpha-helix and correlated positively with
      calculated degree of helicity. This response was also modified, in this case, by
      the C-terminal part of the molecule. These results suggest that local secondary
      structure of an antigen may regulate T cell responses and that structural changes
      in the peptide antigen downstream from the determinant modify recognition of that
      determinant. Furthermore, antigen processing by the macrophage and antigen
      presentation of T cells appears to conserve antigen structural integrity.

PMID- 2409149
TI  - A synthetic decapeptide of influenza virus hemagglutinin elicits helper T cells
      with the same fine recognition specificities as occur in response to whole virus.
AB  - The immunogenicity of an isolated murine helper T cell determinant was studied.
      Mice were immunized with a synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acid residues
      111-120 of the influenza PR8 hemagglutinin (HA) heavy chain, a region previously
      identified as a major target of the helper T cell response to the HA molecule in
      virus-primed BALB/c mice. Lymph node T cells from these mice were fused with BW
      5147 cells to produce T hybrids for clonal analysis of their recognition
      specificities. Three T cell hybridoma clones, obtained from two different mice,
      responded to the immunizing peptide when presented by syngeneic antigen
      presenting cells. All of these clones responded also to antigen provided as
      intact wild-type PR8 virus. The fine specificity of the peptide-induced T cell
      hybridomas, in response to a panel of mutant and variant influenza viruses, was
      indistinguishable from the fine specificities of T cells to the corresponding
      region of the HA1 chain of the HA molecule which had been generated by priming of
      mice with intact wild-type virus. These results suggest that an immunogenic
      determinant is contained within the 111-120 sequence that is able to elicit anti
      influenza virus T cells with a similar repertoire to those elicited by
      immunization with whole virus.

PMID- 2409150
TI  - Immunostimulation by cytomegalovirus (CMV): helper T cell-dependent activation of
      immunoglobulin production in vitro by lymphocytes from CMV-immune donors.
AB  - Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the cause of a number of different diseases ranging from
      self-limited benign infections in healthy adults to life threatening illnesses
      among immunocompromised hosts and newborns. Suppression of cell-mediated immunity
      is often found in cases of acute CMV infection, and in addition, the virus may
      also be a potent stimulant of lymphoid cells in vivo. We studied cellular
      proliferation and immunoglobulin (Ig) production induced by CMV to determine its
      effect on human lymphocytes in vitro. The CMV that was added to cultures of
      lymphocytes from CMV-seronegative donors failed to induce either significant
      cellular proliferation or Ig production. By contrast, CMV-stimulated cultures
      from CMV-seropositive donors induced both prominent cellular proliferation and Ig
      production. B cell differentiation into Ig-secreting cells required the presence
      of T cells, and this T cell help was sensitive to irradiation with 2000 rad and
      to treatment with cyclosporin A. When T cells were depleted of OKT4+ cells with
      monoclonal antibody and complement, the co-cultured B cells failed to produce Ig,
      whereas the depletion of OKT8+ cells had no effect on the Ig-secreting cell
      response. Inactivation of CMV before culture did not result in a reduction of
      either cellular proliferation or Ig production. Thus, infection of target cells
      is not required for in vitro lymphocyte activation by CMV. These results
      demonstrate that CMV is a potent activator of B cells inducing Ig production in
      vitro, and that this process requires the presence of virus-specific memory T
      cells.

PMID- 2409151
TI  - Characterization of developmentally regulated epitopes of Schistosoma mansoni egg
      glycoprotein antigens.
AB  - The chemical and antigenic composition of a major group of concanavalin A-binding
      glycoprotein antigens of Schistosoma mansoni eggs was examined by the use of
      monoclonal antibodies. The individual glycoproteins of this group each displayed
      a very wide range of apparent m.w. and had isoelectric points of less than 5 when
      analyzed by two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. These glycoproteins could be chemically labeled with 125Iodine
      by two different methods and biosynthetically labeled with 35S-methionine during
      in vitro synthesis by isolated eggs. By using five monoclonal antibodies, the
      individual egg glycoproteins were shown to share several antigenic determinants
      when analyzed by radioimmunoprecipitation and solid-phase binding assays. These
      epitopes were present in a high level, and the degree of expression appeared to
      be developmentally regulated. In addition, Schistosoma haematobium and
      Schistosoma japonicum eggs contained antigenically related glycoprotein antigens.
      Preliminary evidence suggests that the epitopes involve carbohydrate moieties.

PMID- 2409152
TI  - A heat-modifiable outer membrane protein carries an antigen specific for the
      species Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.
AB  - The outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria are considered to be of importance
      in host-bacteria interaction, in protective immunity, and occasionally in
      subclassification within a species. In this study, the outer membranes of several
      strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis were analyzed by
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). It was
      found that the appearance of the major proteins depended on the temperature at
      which they were solubilized in SDS. A protein was identified with the use of two
      dimensional gels and preparative SDS-PAGE, which was equivalent to the "heat
      modifiable protein" (protein II) of other Enterobacteriaceae species. A
      monoclonal antibody, 4G1, was generated against an isolated preparation of this
      Y. enterocolitica protein. This antibody was tested with whole cell bacterial
      antigens of 46 individual bacterial strains. The reactive strains included only
      Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis. In addition, the reactivity of the
      4G1 monoclonal antibody preparation could be absorbed only with Y. enterocolitica
      and Y. pseudotuberculosis, and not with other strains of bacteria. The reactivity
      of this 4G1 monoclonal antibody was also tested by the Western Blot technique.
      Six individual strains were tested: a Y. enterocolitica serotype 0:3, a Y.
      enterocolitica serotype 0:9, an Escherichia coli, a Salmonella typhimurium, a
      Shigella flexneri, and a Klebsiella pneumoniae. The 4G1 antibody reacted with
      only the proteins of the two Y. enterocolitica strains. In conclusion, the
      equivalent of the heat-modifiable protein was present in Y. enterocolitica and Y.
      pseudotuberculosis. Moreover, this protein also carried a species-specific
      antigenic determinant.

PMID- 2409153
TI  - The mechanism of human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Mode of action of surface
      associated proteases in the early stages of the lytic reaction.
AB  - The possible involvement of cell surface-associated proteolytic enzymes in human
      NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the mechanism by which such enzymes exert their
      activity have been studied. The treatment of intact cells with 3H-DFP under
      restricted conditions that predominantly bind surface-associated enzymes resulted
      in the labeling of five to six enzyme bands. Among these were a 35,000-dalton
      enzyme, which may be a previously identified trypsin-like proteinase engaged in
      cytotoxicity, and a 58,000-dalton elastase. The latter seems not to be involved
      in the reaction, as potent inhibitors of this enzyme have negligible effect on
      cytotoxicity. Of the membrane-associated enzymes, those engaged in cytotoxicity
      seem to be concealed from the external environment, as pretreatment of the
      effector cells with protease inhibitors such as trasylol and PMSF have no effect
      on the reaction. Immediately upon addition of the target cells and the initiation
      of cytotoxicity, the reaction becomes highly sensitive to inhibitors for a
      limited time interval of 2 to 5 min when trasylol is employed and 5 to 10 min
      when TPCK is the inhibitor, suggesting that target cell binding triggers the
      exposure of the enzymes to the external environment, rendering them accessible to
      the inhibitors. This short sensitivity period parallels the interval in which the
      reaction is sensitive to the microfilament inhibitor cytochalasin B. As the
      reaction proceeds, it becomes increasingly resistant to inhibitors of both
      proteolysis and cytoskeleton, at the same time suggesting that microfilament
      action and the unraveling of proteases may be processes that bear a close linkage
      with one another. The surface-associated elastase on the other hand maintains a
      constitutive mode of activity distinctive and unrelated to that of enzymes
      engaged in cytotoxicity. These findings suggest the existence on the surface of
      the NK lymphocyte of a mechanism that associates the receptor for target cells
      with an array of enclaved proteolytic enzymes via microfilaments. The resting
      cytotoxic structures become activated as the receptor attaches to the target
      cell, triggers the exposure of the proteolytic moiety, and initiates the lytic
      phase of the reaction.

PMID- 2409154
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against human myelomonocytic cells: detection of certain
      lineage-specific antigens on CFU-GM progenitor cells.
AB  - A series of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were raised against nonlymphoid leukemic
      cell lines. Three of them have been characterized in detail. mAb H8 (IgG2), mAB
      U2 (IgG1), and mAb ML143 (IgM) were established with HEL, an erythroleukemia cell
      line, U937, a monocytoid (histiocytic) line, and ML-1, a myeloid cell line as
      immunogen, respectively. A 65 to 75 KD polypeptide was precipitated from
      monocytes by mAb H8, a 160 KD protein from monocytes by mAb U2, and two broad
      bands in the regions of 150 and 195 KD from granulocytes by mAb ML143. All three
      mAb stained peripheral blood monocytes and granulocytes, but not lymphocytes,
      platelets, and erythrocytes. The mAb reacted with immature myeloid cells in bone
      marrow, ranging from myeloblasts to mature myelomonocytic cells. They also were
      reactive with various nonlymphoid cell lines and leukemia of myelomonocytic
      origin. They did not react with B cell lines and B cell CLL cells. By complement
      mediated cytolysis and/or an immune rosette method, antigens H8 and U2 were found
      to be expressed on the vast majority of CFU-GM (14 days) progenitors but not on
      BFU-E. Antigen ML143 was not expressed by either progenitor. Furthermore, ML143
      antigen was found on T leukemia cell lines, a subpopulation of mitogen-activated
      T cells, and certain non-T/non-B ALL cells. This reactivity was not found with
      mAb H8 and U2. The relationship between these mAb and those reported are
      discussed. The possibility of using these mAb to obtain a markedly enriched CFU
      GM progenitor population is also raised.

PMID- 2409155
TI  - Tolerance induction in antigen-specific helper T cell clones and lines in vitro.
AB  - The induction of T cell tolerance in vitro was investigated by using HGG-specific
      murine helper T cell (Th) clones and cell lines. It was found that exposure of Th
      to monomeric HGG (tolerogen) for 18 hr rendered the Th unable to reconstitute the
      PFC response of HGG-primed B cells. The tolerant state was not a result of Th
      cell death, as up to 100% of Th could be recovered after exposure to the monomer,
      and in addition, the recovered cells proliferated in response to IL2. B cells
      were shown not to be significantly affected by the presence of monomeric HGG in
      amounts calculated to be carried over from the tolerization cultures into the
      assay cultures. Consequently, it was concluded that interaction between Th and
      monomeric HGG induced unresponsiveness at the T cell level. A comparison of the
      tolerogenic potential of monomeric, soluble, and aggregated HGG revealed that
      only the monomer could induce tolerance in Th. Monomeric HGG was also shown to
      induce tolerance in an antigen-specific manner. Th reactive to HGG could be
      tolerized by monomeric HGG, but not Th reactive to FGG or OVA. Helper function of
      Th was also shown to be antigen specific in that HGG-reactive Th helped only HGG
      primed B cells. Certain HGG-specific Th clones were found to be refractory to
      tolerization with monomeric HGG, whereas other clones derived from the same
      uncloned cell line were tolerizable.

PMID- 2409156
TI  - Clonal analysis of cytolytic T lymphocyte-mediated lysis of target cells with
      inducible antigen expression: correlation between antigen density and requirement
      for Lyt-2/3 function.
AB  - The lysis by allospecific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) of the BALB/c lymphoma ST
      4.5, a cell line that can be induced by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to express
      increased amounts of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens, was
      investigated. Culture of ST-4.5 in IFN-gamma increased the surface expression of
      Kd molecules from originally low levels and Dd from undetectable amounts by
      approximately fivefold as determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS)
      analysis, whereas the levels of several other antigens (Ld, I-Ad, Thy-1, Lyt-2,
      L3T4, and LFA-1) were not affected. The lysis of ST-4.5 by Dd- and Ld-specific
      CTL clones correlated with the expression of those antigens on target cells as
      determined by both FACS and biochemical analysis. Lysis of ST-4.5 by CTL clones
      specific for Kd antigen fell into two distinct groups: those that could lyse
      targets cultured either normally or in IFN-gamma, and those that could only lyse
      targets that had been precultured in IFN-gamma. The apparent sensitivity to
      antigen exhibited by the Kd-specific CTL clones predicted their sensitivity to
      inhibition of target lysis by anti-Lyt-2/3 antibody. Those CTL clones that were
      only active against ST-4.5 expressing higher amounts of surface antigen
      (resulting from IFN-gamma preculture) were readily inhibited by anti-Lyt-2/3
      antibody, whereas those CTL capable of lysing normally cultured targets having
      lower amounts of surface antigen were heterogeneous in their sensitivity to anti
      Lyt-2/3; some were inhibitable, whereas others were resistant. In addition,
      another CTL clone that was resistant to inhibition by anti-Lyt-2/3 alone was
      readily inhibited by a synergistic combination of anti-Lyt-2/3 plus anti-Kd (but
      not anti-Dd or Ld) antibodies. These results indicate that CTL antigen receptor
      sensitivity to (or affinity for) antigen and the level of specific antigen
      expression by the target cell may both be important criteria in assessing Lyt-2/3
      molecule function in CTL-mediated cytolysis. The function of recognition
      associated molecules such as Lyt-2/3 may be to strengthen and increase the number
      of receptor-ligand binding events that facilitate CTL-target membrane
      interactions that lead to the lysis of the target cell.

PMID- 2409157
TI  - Multiple epitopes on human and murine cells expressing HLA-B7 as defined by
      specific murine cytotoxic T cell clones.
AB  - Eleven cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones were derived from C57BL/6 spleen cells
      immunized with HLA-B7 expressing human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Reactivity
      against HLA-B7 was initially established because the clones lysed 2 target cells
      that shared only HLA-B7 with the immunizing cell line and they did not lyse five
      other cell lines that were HLA-B7 negative but expressed other class I or class
      II antigens found on the immunizing cell. Six of the clones were subsequently
      shown to lyse all tested HLA-B7-positive B and T lymphoid cell lines, peripheral
      blood lymphocytes, and a murine L cell that expressed HLA-B7 as a consequence of
      DNA-mediated gene transfer. On the basis of the inability of the clones to lyse a
      panel of HLA-B7-negative cell lines, up to 18 other class I antigens could be
      eliminated as being cross-reactively recognized. However, two of the clones
      recognized a single HLA-B7-negative cell line. It is suggested that in these
      cases the clones were cross-reactively recognizing the HLA-B27 or HLA-B40
      antigens that were present on these target cells. The remaining five CTL clones
      failed to lyse one out of seven tested HLA-B7-positive lymphoid lines (either
      RPMI-1788 or DR1B) and failed to lyse peripheral blood lymphocytes from one out
      of three tested HLA-B7-positive individuals. These five clones also did not
      recognize the HLA-B7-positive murine L cell. However, based on analysis with a
      large target cell panel, the reactivity pattern of these five clones could only
      be correlated with recognition of HLA-B7. This conclusion is further supported by
      antibody-blocking studies to be reported elsewhere. As before, lysis of single
      HLA-B7-negative target cells by two of the clones could be ascribed to
      recognition of HLA-B27 or HLA-B40. The results show that murine clones raised
      against HLA-B7 exhibit a high degree of specificity for determinants that are
      unique or largely confined to the HLA-B7 alloantigen. In addition, these clones
      define different antigenic determinants on the molecule. Thus, such clones appear
      to be excellent candidates for use as human tissue typing reagent. The results
      further show that there is a strong correlation between recognition of particular
      HLA-B7-positive human cell lines and recognition of the HLA-B7 expressing murine
      L cell. Possible reasons for such a correlation and their relationship to the
      general phenomenon of CTL recognition are discussed.

PMID- 2409158
TI  - The interaction of nominal antigen with T cell antigen receptors. I. Specific
      binding of multivalent nominal antigen to cytolytic T cell clones.
AB  - In this report, we describe an experimental strategy for analyzing the
      interaction of nominal antigen with antigen-specific T cell clones. Our approach
      was based on the notion that low affinity interactions between nominal antigen
      and T cell antigen receptors might be detected by using a highly multivalent form
      of the antigen in which a large number of identical, appropriately spaced
      epitopes are attached to a polymer backbone. Antigens of this kind should be
      capable of multivalent binding to receptors on the T cell, resulting in a marked
      enhancement of the overall avidity of the interaction. To examine this
      possibility, we established a series of murine cytolytic T cell (Tc) clones
      specific for the readily detectable hapten fluorescein isothiocyanate (FL). These
      clones lysed FL-conjugated target cells in an antigen-specific fashion and also
      showed specificity for target cell MHC gene products. The interaction of these
      clones with the nominal antigen FL was assessed by flow cytometry, using a series
      of water-soluble FL-conjugated polymers varying in polymer backbone and FL
      isomer. High m.w. (600 to 2000 Kd) polymers of acrylamide, dextran, or Ficoll
      conjugated with 300 to 800 FL groups/molecule bound specifically to anti-FL Tc
      clones. There was little binding to syngeneic spleen cells, thymocytes,
      noncytolytic T cell clones, or T cell clones specific for other haptens such as
      NIP. Polymer concentrations in the 1 to 10 micrograms/ml range produced readily
      detectable binding within minutes at 20 degrees C, and the binding approached
      plateau levels at polymer concentrations of between 100 and 300 micrograms/ml.
      Studies with closely related FL isomers showed that the same antigen fine
      specificity was operative in both lysis of FL-conjugated target cells and in
      binding of FL-conjugated polymers. The functional significance of the observed
      binding was assessed by measuring the effect of FL-conjugated polymers on
      lymphokine secretion by the clones. High m.w. FL-conjugated polymers caused a
      dose-dependent increase in the production of macrophage activation factor (MAF)
      by anti-FL Tc clones, but did not increase MAF production by an NIP-specific
      clone. In contrast, concanavalin A induced MAF production by both FL-specific and
      NIP-specific clones. Thus, the observed binding is both specific and functionally
      significant. These results suggest that soluble nominal antigen, in an
      appropriately multivalent form, can bind specifically to antigen receptors on Tc
      clones.

PMID- 2409159
TI  - Mechanism controlling the genetic restrictions of an NP-specific suppressor
      factor that inhibits B cell responses.
AB  - The mechanism of B cell suppression by a T cell hybridoma-derived monoclonal
      effector suppressor factor (TsF3) was studied in the 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl
      acetyl (NP) system. The NP-specific effector suppressor cells that produce TsF3
      are Lyt-1-, 2+, I-J+, NP-binding T cells and are induced by immunization with NP
      conjugates. Monoclonal TsF3 inhibits both T cell activity as measured by
      suppression of contact sensitivity responses and B cell function as measured by
      suppression of antibody production to both T-independent and T-dependent
      antigens. The present studies were designed to specifically investigate the
      mechanisms and genetic restrictions that govern the interactions between TsF3 and
      its target cells in the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response. The results show that
      the target of TsF3 is a splenic adherent cell. Suppression will occur only if the
      restriction specificity of the TsF3 matches the H-2 genotype of the adherent
      population. Once this TsF3-adherent cell interaction has occurred, suppression of
      NP-specific B cells can occur across an H-2 barrier. The data also demonstrate
      that Igh-linked gene products do not appear to play a part in the TsF3-mediated
      suppression of in vitro PFC responses, which contrasts with the requirements for
      regulation of T cell-mediated contact sensitivity responses.

PMID- 2409160
TI  - Presence of an antigen-specific T cell subset that forms IgE-suppressive factor
      and IgG-suppressive factor on antigenic stimulation.
AB  - B6D2F1 mice were given three i.v. injections of ovalbumin (OA), and antigen
      specific T cell clones were established from their spleen cells. One of the FcR+
      T cell clones formed IgE-binding factors on incubation with OA-pulsed syngeneic
      macrophages. Neither soluble antigen nor macrophages alone induced factor
      formation. T cell hybridomas were constructed by fusion of the antigen-specific T
      cell clone with BW 5147 cells. Among 11 T cell hybridomas established, six clones
      produced IgE-binding factors on incubation with OA-pulsed BDF1 macrophages. Mouse
      IgE also induced the same hybridoma to form IgE-binding factors. The majority of
      IgE-binding factors formed by two T hybridomas and by those produced by the
      parent T cell clone had affinity for peanut agglutinin but for neither lentil
      lectin nor Con A. These hybridomas and the original T cell clone spontaneously
      released glycosylation-inhibiting factor, which inhibits the assembly of N-linked
      oligosaccharide(s) on IgE-binding factors. On antigenic stimulation, the T cell
      hybridomas produced both IgE-binding factors and IgG-binding factors. The IgE
      binding factors consisted of three species with m.w. of 60,000, 30,000, and
      15,000. Both the 60K and 15K IgE-binding factors selectively suppressed the IgE
      response of DNP-OA-primed rat mesenteric lymph node cells, whereas IgG-binding
      factors selectively suppressed the IgG response. The results indicate that
      antigen-primed FcR+ T cells produced IgE-suppressive factors and IgG-suppressive
      factors on antigenic stimulation. However, the T cell hybridomas were not
      committed to suppressive activity. When the hybridomas were stimulated by antigen
      in the presence of glycosylation-enhancing factor (GEF), the 60K, 30K, and 15K
      IgE-binding factors formed by the cells selectively potentiated the IgE response.
      IgG-binding factors formed by the cells in the presence of GEF failed to suppress
      the IgG response. It appears that antigen-specific FcR+ T cells regulate the
      antibody response through the formation of Ig-binding factors, but that the
      function of the cells could be switched from suppression to enhancement,
      depending on the environment of the cells.

PMID- 2409161
TI  - Information transfer between T cell subsets is directed by I-J+ antigen
      nonspecific molecules.
AB  - T cell antigen-specific suppressor factors (TsF) consist of two distinct
      polypeptide chains: one that binds antigen (ABM) and one that bears I-J region
      markers (I-J+ chain). We studied the functional role of these two molecules in
      delivering the biologic message of suppression to its appropriate target cell.
      Two different biologically active TsF were used in these studies: TsiF, a T
      suppressor-inducer factor consisting of an ABM secreted by Ly-1 T cells (Ti-ABM)
      and an I-J+ subfactor secreted by Ly-1 T cells (I-Ji), which initiates the
      suppressor circuit by inducing an Ly-1,2 T cell; and TseF, a T suppressor
      effector factor consisting of an ABM secreted by Ly-2 T cells (Te-ABM) and an I
      J+ subfactor secreted by Ly-1 T cells (I-Je), which delivers the biologic message
      of suppression to the T helper (TH) cell. In both TsF, the ABM and I-J+ chain are
      noncovalently associated and can be easily separated. Both molecules must be
      present, however, for biologic activity of the TsF to be manifest. We studied the
      role of each chain in delivering these biologically active messages by
      constructing "hybrid" factors made from mixing the ABM from TsiF with I-J+ chains
      from either TsiF or TseF and determined which of these chains could reconstitute
      functional TsiF activity. Likewise, we mixed the AMB from TseF with I-J+ chains
      of TsiF or TseF to determine which I-J+ chain could reconstitute TseF activity.
      We found that I-J+ chain from TsiF (I-Ji) can reconstitute ABM from TsiF to form
      a functional TsiF capable of inducing suppression but cannot reconstitute ABM
      from TseF to form a functional TsiF capable of suppressing the activity of TH
      cells. Likewise, the addition of I-J+ chain from TseF to ABM from TseF can
      reconstitute its ability to suppress TH responses, but I-J+ chain from TsiF plus
      ABM from TseF has no effect on these TH cell responses. We did find, however,
      that this hybrid TsF composed of the ABM from TseF and the I-J+ chain from TsiF
      is capable of suppressing the Ly-1,2 Ttrans cell, the cell normally induced by
      the ABM + I-J+ suppressor inducer complex from T suppressor-inducer cells
      (TsiF).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2409162
TI  - Transplantation of cultured thymic fragments. VI. H-2 recombinant donors.
AB  - Athymic (nude) mice were transplanted with cultured thymic fragments from
      syngeneic, allogeneic, and partially allogeneic (recombinant) mice. Lymphocyte
      proliferation and cytotoxicity in vitro were measured to assess immunologic
      reconstitution. Transplanted nude mice were immunocompetent whether donor and
      recipient were disparate for class I, class II, or both H-2 gene types.
      Furthermore, allotolerance for thymic H-2 class I antigens was achieved
      independently of class II antigen allotolerance. Class I antigen tolerance was
      not broken during lymphocyte responses to unrelated alloantigens, ruling out
      insufficient help as the tolerance mechanism. Splenocytes, isolated from nude
      mice transplanted with fully allogeneic or syngeneic thymic fragments and
      stimulated in vitro with trinitrophenyl-modified cells, displayed H-2-restricted,
      hapten-specific cytotoxicity. Cytotoxic cells from allotolerant mice were
      restricted to either host or thymic H-2 antigens, depending on the stimulating
      cell haplotype. Response levels for thymic and host trinitrophenyl-modified cells
      were comparable. We have shown that allogeneic thymic epithelium transplanted
      into adult nude mice can induce allotolerance to class I and II H-2 antigens
      equally, and permits T lymphocyte interaction with cells bearing thymic donor or
      host H-2 antigens. Our results are consistent with a model wherein T lymphocyte
      self-receptors retain their genomic repertoire but can be selectively mutated or
      expanded by appropriate H-2 antigen presentation by the thymus.

PMID- 2409163
TI  - In vivo maturation of pre-B cells derived from long-term cultured bone marrow.
AB  - Long-term culture of a nonadherent pre-B cell line was established from BALB/c
      bone marrow by the method of Whitlock and Witte. Adherent filler cells, also
      derived from bone marrow, were required for the growth of such pre-B cells. The
      surface phenotypes of the nonadherent cells determined by FACS analysis were
      negative for mu-chain, kappa-chain, and Ia, but 50% of nonadherent cells
      expressed a marker recognized by the monoclonal 14.8. Analysis of cytoplasmic
      immunofluorescent staining revealed the presence of cytoplasmic mu-chain but
      absence of kappa-chain. These pre-B cells did not respond in vitro to such
      mitogens as LPS or DxSO4 and were not stimulated by allospecific helper T cells.
      However, when such BALB/c derived pre-B cells were transferred to irradiated BDF1
      mice, recovered spleen cells expressed mu-chain as well as the marker recognized
      by 14.8. Such in vivo passaged pre-B cells were able to respond to LPS in vitro.
      Moreover, the response observed was diminished markedly by anti-H-2d antiserum
      and complement (C) but not anti-H-2b and C, indicating that the responder cells
      were of donor rather than host origin. Because the reconstitution of irradiated
      mice was limited to cells of the B lymphocyte lineage, it would appear that cells
      recovered from in vivo passage are the progeny of in vitro cultured pre-B cells
      and not that of in vitro contaminating stem cells.

PMID- 2409164
TI  - Antigen-specific B cells efficiently present low doses of antigen for induction
      of T cell proliferation.
AB  - Previous experiments suggested a role for specific B cells in the induction of
      antigen (SRBC)-specific T cell proliferation. Two models were proposed: in the
      first, B cells directly presented antigen to T cells; alternatively, B cells
      secreted antibody, which opsonized antigen for presentation by macrophages.
      Experiments to distinguish between these possibilities are presented here. Three
      lines of evidence support the conclusion that antigen is presented directly by
      specific B cells. First, nonimmune splenic adherent cells (SAC), which
      efficiently induced proliferation of appropriately primed T cells to antigens
      such as OVA and GAT, were unable to induce SRBC-specific proliferation. Secondly,
      a slope analysis of the logarithmic plot of T cell proliferation vs the number of
      irradiated B cells suggested that two cells were limiting within the presenting
      population. The addition of IL 1 or SAC reduced the slope to 1 (although in serum
      free conditions, the addition of IL 1, but not SAC, reduced the slope of the
      line). Specificity of the B cells for the antigen continued to be required in the
      presence of exogenous IL 1 or SAC. These results suggested that presentation by
      specific B cells and the amount of IL 1 were the limiting requirements for the
      induction of SRBC-specific T cell proliferation. The third line of evidence was
      the demonstration of a restricted interaction between T cells and B cells. The
      addition of irradiated, allogeneic SRBC-specific B cells to T cell lines and
      syngeneic SAC failed to support proliferative responses. We further show that a
      GAT-specific T cell clone was triggered to proliferate by either SAC or B cells,
      but that antigen-specific B cells were necessary at low doses of antigen. This
      finding is important in two respects. First, the T cell clone previously has been
      shown to act as a helper; secondly, when low doses of antigen are used, the
      requirement for priming of the B cells to the specific antigen is true for a
      soluble, as well as a particulate, antigen. We propose that at low (physiologic)
      doses of antigen, presentation to secondary T cells takes place mainly at the
      surface of antigen-specific B cells. At high doses of antigen,h presentation can
      also be accomplished by nonspecific cells such as other B cells, macrophages, or
      dendritic cells.

PMID- 2409165
TI  - Different antigen-presenting cells differ in their capacity to induce lymphokine
      production and proliferation of an apo-cytochrome c-specific T cell clone.
AB  - The activation of an apo-cytochrome c-specific T cell clone was found to differ,
      depending on the antigen-presenting cell population. Whereas total syngeneic
      spleen cells and bone marrow macrophages could be shown to trigger proliferation,
      IL 2, and MAF production by the T cell clone, a B cell lymphoma only induced MAF
      secretion. Further studies demonstrated that this effect was not due to a
      different antigen processing by the B lymphoma or to limiting amounts of Ia and
      antigen molecules on the B lymphoma cell surface. The dissociation of induction
      of MAF production from IL-2 production/proliferation found with the different
      antigen-presenting cells indicates strongly that molecules other than Ia and
      antigen may be required for the complete functional activation of antigen
      specific T cell clones.

PMID- 2409166
TI  - Modulation of lymphocyte function by sensory neuropeptides.
AB  - Neuropeptides present in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous
      system (CNS) modify diverse functions of human, murine and guinea pig mononuclear
      leukocytes in vitro and in vivo by receptor-mediated mechanisms. Both stimulatory
      and inhibitory effects on lymphocytes and macrophages have been demonstrated for
      different neuropeptides in vitro at concentrations which are similar to those in
      the circulation and in tissues. The dissociation constant (KD) for the binding of
      a neuropeptide to its lymphocyte receptor is within the range of concentrations
      that evoke lymphocyte responses critical to immunity and hypersensitivity. The
      receptor-mediated interactions of diverse neuropeptides with immunocompetent
      cells provide one mechanism through which the PNS may influence localized immune
      responses and the CNS may alter systemic immunity.

PMID- 2409167
TI  - Electroimmunology: the physiologic role of ion channels in the immune system.
AB  - The recent development of the gigaohm seal voltage clamp technique has provided
      an approach to study individual cells of the immune system. Six distinct types of
      ion channels, most resembling channels found in nerve and muscle, have been
      identified in immune cells. Some of these channels appear to play important roles
      in various aspects of immune function. This article summarizes recent studies on
      ion channels in lymphocytes and macrophages.

PMID- 2409168
TI  - Neuropeptide regulation of the expression of immediate hypersensitivity.
AB  - Peptide mediators of sensory nerves that are released in tissues by noxious
      chemical and physical insults and by diverse biologic challenges rapidly elicit
      local and systemic responses similar to those of immediate hypersensitivity. The
      sensory neuropeptides have direct effects on the functions of smooth muscles,
      blood vessels, leukocytes, and epithelial glands and indirect effects through the
      actions of mediators released from mast cells stimulated by the peptides. Sensory
      neuropeptides exhibit cellular specificity, as exemplified by the greater potency
      of substance P in activating mucosal mast cells than connective tissue mast
      cells. The capacity of somatostatin to inhibit release of mediators from
      basophils challenged by IgE-dependent mechanisms, but not by basic peptides or
      ionophores, illustrates the biochemical specificity of the neuropeptides. The
      selective release of distinct sensory neuropeptides from different subsets of
      nerve endings, the specificity of neuropeptide recognition by mast cells,
      basophils, and other target cells, and the diversity of direct and indirect
      activities of the neuropeptides suggest that sensory nerves may initiate and
      modulate immediate hypersensitivity by unique mechanisms.

PMID- 2409169
TI  - Role of tachykinins in neurogenic inflammation.
AB  - Recent observations on the distribution, release, and biologic properties of
      neuropeptides connected to sensory neurons have added new information about the
      mechanism of hyperemia, plasma extravasation, and increase in smooth muscle tone
      induced by sensory nerve stimulation and by mechanical, physical, or chemical
      stimuli. To date, Substance P (SP) is the best characterized of these peptides.
      Using the skin, eye, and respiratory tract as experimental models, it has been
      shown that: 1) SP is widely distributed in primary sensory neurons as well as in
      afferent sensory fibers in the vagus, 2) SP is released from sensory nerve
      terminals during antidromic stimulation, 3) local administration of SP mimics the
      effect of sensory nerve stimulation, and 4) hyperemia, plasma leakage, and smooth
      muscle contractions, normally induced by nerve stimulation or noxious stimuli,
      are absent in tissues pretreated with the SP depleting agent capsaicin or with SP
      antagonists. These findings indicate that peptidergic nerve fibers are involved
      in the local regulation of blood flow, vascular permeability, and the tone of
      smooth muscles. In addition, they give new insights in the pathophysiology of
      hyperreactive disorders and neurogenic inflammation.

PMID- 2409170
TI  - Neural antigens and the development of autoimmunity.
AB  - Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an autoimmune demyelinating
      disease of the CNS. The disease, EAE, is similar to acute multiple sclerosis in
      man. Induction and regulation of EAE is governed by immune responses to specific
      regions of the myelin basic protein (MBP). These regions are species specific
      with defined sequence boundaries that are not subject to modification without
      loss of activity. The region which induces EAE in guinea pigs is defined by a
      nine-residue sequence and, like the parent MBP, activates a T lymphocyte subset
      responsible for demyelination. Substitution and/or deletion of specific amino
      acids from the nine-residue sequence destroys its ability to induce disease and
      gives rise to a sequence, normally subsumed within the disease-inducing one,
      capable of activating T suppressor cell function responsible for EAE-regulation.
      Thus, the development of EAE is contingent upon recognition of the complete, but
      not a portion of the disease-inducing determinant of the MBP. Recognition of a
      portion of the determinant generates a particular type of delayed type
      hypersensitivity incapable of inducing disease but capable of regulating disease
      development.

PMID- 2409171
TI  - The contribution of neurogenic inflammation in experimental arthritis.
AB  - The release of the peptide neurotransmitter substance P from the peripheral
      terminals of nociceptive afferent neurons and the release of catecholamines from
      postganglionic sympathetic efferent neurons produce physiologic changes
      associated with acute inflammation. The contribution of these neurogenic
      mechanisms to inflammatory diseases has not been determined. Activation of
      central neural circuits elicits similar physiologic changes, and lesions of the
      peripheral and central nervous system are associated with alteration in activity
      of inflammatory diseases. We have evaluated the contribution of neurogenic
      inflammation to the severity of joint injury in experimentally induced arthritis
      in the rat. The finding of a greater density of substance P-containing
      nociceptive afferents in a joint that develops more severe arthritis (ankle)
      suggests a role of substance P in joint injury. Direct evidence that the
      proinflammatory factor released from these nociceptors is substance P is provided
      by the finding that the injection of substance P into a joint which normally
      develops less severe arthritis (knee) increases the severity of arthritis in that
      joint. A contribution of catecholamines to the severity of joint injury was
      suggested by the finding that both guanethidine-induced sympathectomy and
      reserpine-induced depletion of catecholamines attenuated the severity of joint
      injury. Finally, a contribution of central neural circuits to inflammatory
      processes was studied in a model in which activation of nociceptive afferents
      elicited swelling and tenderness at a remote site. This reflex neurogenic
      inflammation was inhibited by intracerebroventricular injections of morphine,
      which also attenuated the severity of arthritis. These studies provide evidence
      that elements of the peripheral afferent and sympathetic efferent neurons and of
      descending supraspinal, opioid-mediated, circuits in the central nervous system
      modulate the severity of joint injury in experimental arthritis in the rat.

PMID- 2409172
TI  - Triple immunological staining with colloidal gold, fluorescein and rhodamine as
      labels.
AB  - Colloidal gold particles are detectable by light microscopy with polarized light
      in the same epi-illumination system as for fluorescence microscopy. Colloidal
      gold particles can thus be used in combination with a fluorochrome for the
      combined immunological detection of surface membrane and cytoplasmic markers. We
      analyzed human bone marrow cells by a triple immunological staining for 3
      different markers, using colloidal gold, fluorescein and rhodamine as labels. Our
      results demonstrate that such a triple immunological staining provides a powerful
      tool for study of the heterogeneity of small cell populations.

PMID- 2409173
TI  - Calibration by ellipsometry of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was analyzed with regard to
      possible diffusion limitations of the binding reaction. The absorbance values of
      the assay were found to follow the time and concentration relations that would
      occur when diffusion of antibody to the surface is the rate limiting step. This
      relationship was used in order to calibrate the absorbance values of the ELISA
      with antibody concentration by ellipsometry, which itself allows direct
      measurement of the amount of antibody bound to the solid phase.

PMID- 2409174
TI  - A novel in vitro assay for mouse IgE.
AB  - A simple and sensitive assay for screening mouse IgE-producing hybridomas is
      described. Rat basophil leukemia (RBL) cells (either live or glutaraldehyde
      fixed) were sensitized by mouse monoclonal IgE and then rosetted with antigen
      coated sheep red blood cells. The assay was established using a mouse monoclonal
      IgE anti-DNP and was able to detect as little as 5 ng/ml IgE. The rosette assay
      is also a useful technique for studying the binding of mouse IgG monoclonal (MC)
      antibodies to RBL cells.

PMID- 2409175
TI  - Solid-phase competitive and sandwich-type erythro-immunoassays for human
      chorionic gonadotropin.
AB  - A simple '1-step' competitive erythro-immunoassay for human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG) employing V-shaped well microtitration plates coated with
      monoclonal anti-beta-hCG antibody has been described. hCG of the test sample
      competes with the antigen-coupled sheep erythrocytes for binding to the antibody
      on the solid surface. The assay is able to detect up to 31.25 ng hCG/ml. A higher
      sensitivity enabling detection up to 0.25 ng hCG/ml is attained by the sandwich
      erythro-immunoassay using a chimera antibody prepared by coupling monoclonal anti
      alpha-hCG antibody to an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody specific for sheep
      erythrocytes. This assay is amenable to the qualitative as well as quantitative
      use as described. The urinary components do not interfere in the assay. Results
      obtained by this assay on 47 human urine samples correlated well with the values
      obtained by '2-step' sandwich enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay.

PMID- 2409176
TI  - Preparative scale separation of functionally distinct murine B cell
      subpopulations.
AB  - Mouse splenic B cells were found to be rapidly and reproducibly fractionated by
      adherence at 4 degrees C to plastic dishes pretreated with an alkaline buffer.
      The cell subsets obtained exhibited marked differences in size, surface
      immunoglobulins (sIg), and responses to B mitogens. Adherent B lymphocytes,
      bearing high densities of sIg, responded particularly to LPS whereas non-adherent
      B lymphocytes, with low densities of sIg, responded especially to dextran
      sulfate. The correlations between the separated populations and subsets at
      distinct maturation stages are discussed.

PMID- 2409177
TI  - SLO4, a new interferon inducer isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae and
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - A product isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, coded SLO4,
      has been shown to be effective in endogenous interferon induction in vivo in
      mouse when administered IP or IV, and in vitro with human leukocyte cultures. In
      these two systems induced interferon was defined. The inducer has not yet been
      characterized but seems not to belong to any components known to be interferon
      inducers such as viral particles, nucleic acids or endotoxins. An analytical
      study will be carried out to specify the constitution of this interferon inducer.

PMID- 2409178
TI  - [Ultrasonic high frequency probes in urology].
AB  - The authors report on their experience with Ultrasonic high frequency
      ultrasonography probes. The endorectal and the endourethral probes were designed
      and developed by the authors. High resolution imaging, easy handling of the
      probes with a range of several scanners are the major qualities of this material.

PMID- 2409179
TI  - High-yield purification of plasma membranes from transformed human keratinocytes
      in culture.
AB  - The density pertubation technique with cationic silica microbeads was applied to
      prepare highly purified plasma membranes from cultured human keratinocytes.
      Trypsinized cells were coated successively with the beads (diameter approximately
      50 nm, gravity greater than 2 g/cm3) and polyacrylic acid before they were lysed
      by osmotic shock and mechanical shear. The plasma membranes remained in the form
      of large open sheets which could easily be separated from other cell organelles
      and the cytosol by low-speed centrifugation. The membrane preparation was
      characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, marker enzyme
      activities, one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide
      electrophoresis, and the specific beta-adrenergic receptor count. A yield of 79
      +/- 9% was calculated by comparing the amount of beta-adrenoceptors in the
      purified membrane preparation with that of a crude cellular particulate fraction.
      The specific beta-adrenoceptor count of these two preparations was 1.2 +/- 0.02
      and 0.2 +/- 0.05 pmol/mg protein, respectively, indicating a 6-fold improved
      purification with this microbead technique. The purified membranes were
      essentially free from contamination of other cell organelles.

PMID- 2409180
TI  - Antigen presentation by spleen dendritic cells.
AB  - It is now recognized that dendritic cells (DC) isolated from mouse spleen play an
      important role in activating T lymphocytes. These DC, which show many
      similarities to veiled cells found in the paracortical regions of spleen and
      lymph node, may be closely related to the epidermal Langerhans cells. It is known
      that DC are extremely effective allostimulators. We have also found that although
      DC lack demonstrable phagocytic ability, they are extremely potent at presenting
      soluble polypeptide antigens to primed T cells. Since T lymphocytes comprise
      several distinct subsets (particularly cytotoxic, helper, and suppressor) in our
      most recent studies we have asked whether DC are able to trigger all these
      different subsets of T cells. We examined the ability of different spleen cell
      types coupled with the hapten NP to induce antigen-specific T suppressors for a
      delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. It was found that T suppressors
      were generated only when hapten was conjugated to a spleen-derived antigen
      presenting cell. Further analysis revealed that macrophages but not DC were able
      to induce defined sets of suppressor cells in vivo (although DC were able to
      trigger a very powerful DTH response). We also examined the ability of DC to
      activate T cells which are required to cooperate with B cells in the production
      of antibody. Even though DC were able to trigger T lymphocytes to produce
      lymphokines, these activated T cells did not act as helper cells in a standard
      hapten-carrier system. Possible mechanisms for this dichotomy of DC function are
      discussed.

PMID- 2409181
TI  - Nucleoprotein autoantibodies in lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Autoantibodies against deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
      proteins are commonly detected in patients with lupus erythematosus (LE).
      Antibodies against native DNA are frequently detected in a subset of LE patients
      with a high prevalence of renal disease. Single-stranded DNA antibodies are also
      commonly detected in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but recent
      evidence indicates that approximately 25% of patients with benign, cutaneous
      (discoid) lupus also possess single-stranded DNA IgM autoantibodies. LE patients
      also frequently possess antibodies directed against a variety of ribonuclear
      proteins (RNP). These RNA protein autoantibodies are generally divided into two
      groups. One group is termed snRNPs (small nuclear ribonuclear protein); the other
      is termed scRNPs (small cytoplasmic ribonuclear protein). Anti-RNA protein
      autoantibodies occur as frequently in patients with SLE as do native DNA
      antibodies. Furthermore, in contradistinction to nDNA antibodies, lupus patients
      generally make large quantities (detected by gel precipitin techniques) of anti
      RNP antibodies. The anti-RNP antibodies are directed against proteins that bind
      with specific RNA nucleotides. The best evidence at present indicates that these
      RNA proteins containing the specific RNA nucleotides are involved in RNA
      processing and post-translational activities such as protein synthesis.
      Furthermore, these SLE autoantibodies are now being employed, together with other
      autoantibody systems detected in other connective tissue diseases, to define the
      biological role of the respective RNA proteins.

PMID- 2409182
TI  - Action spectrum and mechanisms of UV radiation-induced injury in lupus
      erythematosus.
AB  - Photosensitivity associated with lupus erythematosus (LE) is well established.
      The photobiologic basis for this abnormal response to ultraviolet radiation,
      however, has not been determined. This paper summarizes the criteria for
      elucidating possible photobiologic mechanisms and reviews the literature relevant
      to the mechanism of photosensitivity in LE. In patients with LE, photosensitivity
      to wavelengths shorter than 320 nm has been demonstrated; wavelengths longer than
      320 nm have not been adequately evaluated. DNA is a possible chromophore for
      photosensitivity below 320 nm. UV irradiation of skin produces thymine
      photodimers in DNA. UV-irradiated DNA is more antigenic than native DNA and the
      antigenicity of UV-irradiated DNA has been proposed, but not proven, to be
      involved in the development of clinical lesions. UV irradiation of mice
      previously injected with anti-UV-DNA antibodies produces Ig deposition and
      complement fixation that appears to be similar to the changes seen in lupus
      lesions. Antibodies to UV-irradiated DNA occur in the serum of LE patients
      although a correlation between antibody titers and photosensitivity was not
      observed. Defective repair of UV-induced DNA damage does not appear to be a
      mechanism for the photosensitivity in LE. Other mechanisms must also be
      considered. The chromophore for photosensitivity induced by wavelengths longer
      than 320 nm has not been investigated in vivo. In vitro studies indicate that 360
      400 nm radiation activates a photosensitizing compound in the lymphocytes and
      serum of LE patients and causes chromosomal aberrations and cell death. The
      mechanism appears to involve superoxide anion. Further research is required to
      establish the action spectrum for long wavelength photosensitivity in vivo and to
      elucidate the mechanisms for the photosensitivity at all wavelengths.

PMID- 2409183
TI  - Immunopharmacology of the atopic diseases.
AB  - The atopic conditions, atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis, may
      arise as a result of infiltrating bone marrow-derived cells into skin or
      respiratory mucosae. Release of inflammatory factors from these cells could
      account for cutaneous vascular instability and pruritus in atopic dermatitis.
      Erythema and itch have been induced by experimental stress interviews and by
      blind food challenges. In the latter, increased plasma histamine was detected and
      correlated with cutaneous reactions. Basophils from patients with atopic
      dermatitis have increased histamine release after exposure to immunologic or
      nonimmunologic lectin stimuli. This increased releasability may relate to
      inadequate cyclic AMP regulation of cell function. We have found that leukocytes
      of patients with atopic dermatitis have elevated phosphodiesterase activity and
      consequently reduced intracellular cyclic AMP. Exposure of the cells to a
      phosphodiesterase inhibitor caused considerable reduction in histamine release.
      Similarly, exposure of atopic B lymphocytes to a phosphodiesterase inhibitor
      greatly reduced the high spontaneous IgE synthesis in mononuclear leukocyte
      cultures. Elevated leukocyte phosphodiesterase activity may also serve as a
      marker for the atopic diathesis. We have found elevated enzyme activity in
      umbilical cord blood from newborns with atopic parents, suggesting that this
      defect may relate to a genetically determined defect. These studies have provided
      insight into basic abnormalities associated with atopic dermatitis and the atopic
      diathesis. Defects of regulatory mechanisms in immune and inflammatory cells may
      help explain the seemingly disparate disorders of physiologic, pharmacologic, and
      immunologic systems in atopy.

PMID- 2409184
TI  - Origin and function of Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells in mice.
AB  - The epidermis of normal mouse skin incorporates a newly-recognized population of
      dendritic cells which express relatively large amounts of the cell surface
      glycoprotein, Thy-1 antigen. These cells, termed Thy-1+dEC, are distinct from
      both epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) and melanocytes, and they populate cutaneous
      sites in surface densities which range to as high as 580 cells/mm2, approximately
      two-thirds that of LC. Studies of lethally irradiated mice which were
      reconstituted with semiallogeneic bone marrow cells and mice which received
      grafts of semiallogeneic skin have demonstrated that some, if not all, Thy-1+dEC
      are of bone marrow origin, and that they are capable of migrating into epidermis
      from a vascular source. Thy-1+dEC expressed both asialo GM1 and a cell surface
      determinant recognized by the monoclonal antibody 20-10-5S, further suggesting
      their functions will be included among those normally ascribed to lymphoreticular
      cells. Isolation of epidermal cells with the Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter
      (FACS) was successful in producing relatively pure populations of Thy-1+dEC and
      LC. Such technological advances as this should facilitate testing several
      hypotheses concerning the ultimate function of these cells, including the
      possibilities that they are antigen-presenting cells which selectively activate
      down-regulating signals, T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, or natural
      suppressor (NS) cells.

PMID- 2409185
TI  - Morphological and phenotypical characterization of bone marrow-derived dendritic
      Thy-1-positive epidermal cells of the mouse.
AB  - Increasing evidence exists that the spectrum of dendritic cells within the
      epidermis is more complex than previously thought. In addition to Langerhans
      cells, Merkel cells, and melanocytes, the murine epidermis contains a dendritic
      cell population whose most prominent phenotypic feature is the Thy-1 antigen.
      These cells are now generally referred to as dendritic Thy-1+ epidermal cells
      (dThy-1+EC). The ultrastructural features of these cells do not resemble those of
      other resident epidermal cells (EC). In particular, their cytoplasm contains
      abundant intermediate-sized filaments of the vimentin type as well as membrane
      limited organelles with a central granular core. The bone marrow derivation of
      dThy-1+EC is now well established: dThy-1+EC carry Ly-5 determinants whose
      expression is restricted to cells of the hemopoietic differentiation pathway, and
      studies using Thy-1-disparate radiation bone marrow chimeras have revealed the
      presence of donor-type Thy-1+ cells within the epidermis; by immunoelectron
      microscopy, these cells represent dThy-1+EC. dThy-1+EC repopulate the epidermis
      at a slower rate than Langerhans cells as evidenced by a direct comparison of the
      repopulation kinetics of both cell systems in radiation bone marrow chimeras, and
      by experiments studying the emergence of either Ia+- or dThy-1+EC in an epidermis
      which had been previously depleted of either Langerhans cells
      (glucocorticosteroids) or of dThy-1+EC (PUVA). The phenotypical features of dThy
      1+EC differ from those of thymus-derived lymphocytes, B cells, dendritic cells,
      and mononuclear phagocytes. The surface marker repertoire of dThy-1+EC (Thy-1, Ly
      5, asialo-GM1) resembles certain members of the rather heterogeneous natural
      killer (NK) cell system but functional studies are needed to ascertain this
      contention.

PMID- 2409186
TI  - Restriction-endonuclease analysis of DNA from 15 Giardia isolates obtained from
      humans and animals.
AB  - The DNA banding pattern of 11 human and four animal isolates (two beaver, one
      cat, and one guinea pig) of Giardia were compared by using two related
      techniques. Patterns were compared after endonuclease restriction of DNA followed
      by agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining and after Southern
      blot analysis using recombinant plasmids containing Giardia DNA as probes. Two
      major groups could be distinguished with ethidium bromide staining of eight
      isolates. Southern blot analysis, however, could distinguish nine different
      patterns among the 15 isolates studied. One common banding pattern was seen in
      six isolates (two animal and four human); the remainder of the isolates were
      unique, with the exception of two identical isolates from sisters. Three isolates
      (one from a beaver and two from humans) were markedly different from Giardia with
      the common banding pattern, whereas the other six unique isolates varied
      moderately. Beavers and other mammals do not seem to possess their own species of
      Giardia. This methodology introduces a way of distinguishing one species of
      Giardia isolate from another and promises to be helpful in epidemiological
      investigations.

PMID- 2409187
TI  - Comparison of gram stain, DNA probe, and culture for the identification of
      species of Mobiluncus in female genital specimens.
AB  - The detection of species of Mobiluncus in female genital specimens by DNA probe
      (with whole-chromosomal bacterial DNA), culture, and gram stain were compared by
      using specimens obtained from hospital patients, college students, and women
      attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Culture purification and
      speciation required an average of 37 days to complete, whereas the DNA-probe
      assay required five days. Gram stain was also rapid but did not allow speciation.
      There was 100% correlation between species identification by DNA probe and by
      conventional biochemical tests. Gram stain alone detected 90% of the samples that
      were positive by any method, whereas culture detected 77%-83% and DNA probe
      detected 52%-83%.

PMID- 2409188
TI  - Differential identification of mouse granulocyte (CFU-g) and macrophage (CFU-m)
      precursors in plasma clots.
AB  - Because benzidine and its derivatives have possible carcinogenic activity, a safe
      method is needed to demonstrate endogenous peroxidase activity. Colonies derived
      from mouse bone marrow cells in plasma clot culture were classified as
      granulocyte (CFU-g) or macrophage (CFU-m) precursors by peroxidase and naphthol
      AS acetate (NASA) esterase staining, respectively. Endogenous peroxidase activity
      was measured using benzidine or p-phenylenediazine-pyrocatechol (PPD-PC). The
      effectiveness of peroxidase staining with both reagents was evaluated under
      several conditions, and the enzyme property was confirmed by inactivation with a
      variety of inhibitors. The level of peroxidase activity did not differ
      significantly between PPD-PC and benzidine. Colony number and number of cultured
      cells were strongly correlated (P greater than 0.983). We conclude that PPD-PC
      safely demonstrates peroxidase activity in cultured cells and is as accurate,
      reliable, and efficient as benzidine.

PMID- 2409189
TI  - Chronic induction of interferon by continuous infusion of
      polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidilic acid.
AB  - In an attempt to induce circulating interferon (IFN) chronically, C57BL/6 or
      Balb/cBy mice received daily injections or continuous infusion of
      polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidilic acid [poly(I:C)] i.p. for 7 days.
      Significantly higher plasma IFN was present in C57BL/6 mice receiving poly(I:C)
      via continuous infusion compared with daily injections. Spleen and bone marrow
      natural killer (NK) cells were elevated only in the group receiving poly(I:C)
      continuously. Little IFN was induced acutely in Balb/cBy mice and none was
      present after chronic infusion of poly(I:C). NK cells were not elevated.
      Continuous infusion of poly(I:C) appears to overcome the hyporesponsiveness to
      repeated IFN induction in a susceptible mouse strain.

PMID- 2409190
TI  - Characterization of lymphocyte interferons with different species specificities
      from normal and genetically dystrophic chickens.
AB  - Lymphocytes from thymus and spleen of normal (Line 412) and genetically
      dystrophic (Line 413) chickens produce two types of interferons (IFNs) with
      different host cell specificities. The first type, referred to as ChIFN-alpha,
      demonstrates antiviral activity on primary normal chicken embryo (CE) cells. This
      activity is stable at 60 degrees C for 1 h and, in this respect, ChIFN-alpha is
      similar to the standard ChIFN-beta. In contrast, the second type, referred to as
      ChIFN-alpha 1, demonstrates antiviral activity in human and simian cells but not
      in primary CE cells. This activity is labile at 60 degrees C for 1 h. The amount
      of these two types of IFNs produced in lymphocytes from the spleen of dystrophic
      chickens was fourfold greater than that produced from normal chickens under
      similar experimental conditions. In contrast to the lymphocytes from thymus and
      spleen, the lymphocytes from the bursa of both the normal and dystrophic chickens
      produced only one type of IFN, namely ChIFN-alpha 1. The development of antiviral
      state in human cells by ChIFN-alpha 1 requires host RNA synthesis. Although ChIFN
      alpha 1 has antiviral properties similar to HuIFN-alpha in human cells, the two
      IFNs are not antigenically related.

PMID- 2409191
TI  - Interferon-sensitive coxsackievirus variants in nature.
AB  - Variants of a clinical isolate of coxsackie B-4 virus that differ in interferon
      (IFN) sensitivity were selected from virus stock both before and after passage in
      mice. IFN sensitivity was a stable property on subsequent plaque selection. The
      IFN-sensitive variant was less virulent than its IFN-insensitive counterpart,
      whether from the original virus stock or from mouse passaged virus. None of these
      variants was diabetogenic in mice. These studies demonstrate that coxsackievirus
      variants of differing IFN sensitivity exist in nature and that this property can
      modulate virus virulence.

PMID- 2409192
TI  - Growth of wild-type and interferon-sensitive mengovirus in tk- L cells.
AB  - Cells lacking thymidine kinase (tk) have been reported to fail to respond to the
      action of interferon (IFN). While some laboratories have confirmed this
      observation, others have failed to do so. We studied the effect of IFN on four
      freshly isolated tk- lines of mouse L cells infected with mengovirus. In all
      cases, normal antiviral activity was induced. The antiproliferative activity of
      IFN was studied using the parental L cell line, a tk- derivative, and a tk- (tk+)
      subline into which the tk gene of herpes simplex virus was introduced. All three
      lines had a doubling time of about 20 h. In all cases, 2,000 U/ml of IFN
      increased this time to about 50 h. In contrast to the above results, an IFN
      sensitive mutant of mengovirus (is-1) grew much better in protected tk- cells
      than in protected normal cells. This phenomenon appears to be dependent on the
      fact that tk- cells were routinely maintained in medium containing 5
      bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR). In the absence of this drug, the virus behaved
      normally. The implications of this observation are discussed.

PMID- 2409194
TI  - [Antigenic relationships among strains of Japanese encephalitis virus by using
      monoclonal antibodies].

PMID- 2409193
TI  - Characteristics of the induction of two double-stranded RNA-dependent enzymes by
      interferon in parental and variant L cells.
AB  - The interferon (IFN)-dependent induction of two double-stranded RNA-dependent
      enzymes was examined in L cells and an L-cell variant (WDIFN) which is highly
      resistant to the inhibitory effects of IFN on cellular multiplication. IFN, in a
      concentration-dependent manner, inhibited the multiplication of parental L cells
      and induced increased levels of the double-stranded RNA-dependent enzymes in
      parental L cells. Although WDIFN cells were resistant to the antiproliferative
      effects of IFN, the cells responded to IFN by increasing their levels of the
      double-stranded RNA-dependent enzymes. However, the level of activity of each
      enzyme was lower in the WDIFN line than the parental line when both lines were
      treated with similar concentrations of IFN. The reduced response of the WDIFN
      line was not the result of the line being a heterogeneous population of cells nor
      of IFN being more unstable in the presence of WDIFN cells. In addition there was
      no evidence that WDIFN cells produced a mitogenic factor that could overcome the
      antiproliferative effects of IFN, nor that sodium butyrate could increase the
      sensitivity of WDIFN cells to the antiproliferative effects of IFN.

PMID- 2409195
TI  - [Sensitive enzyme-immunostaining and densitometric determination on thin-layer
      chromatography of glycosphingolipids by using affinity-purified
      antiglycosphingolipid antibodies].

PMID- 2409196
TI  - [Reorganization of stressed periodontal and gingival fibers during tooth movement
      and retention in rats. Histological and histochemical study].

PMID- 2409197
TI  - Variable major proteins of Borrelia hermsii. Epitope mapping and partial sequence
      analysis of CNBr peptides.
AB  - The variable major proteins (VMP) of serotypes 7 and 21 of the relapsing fever
      agent Borrelia hermsii were isolated by detergent extraction and high performance
      liquid chromatography. Cyanogen bromide (CNBr) digestion of the isolated VMP
      yielded two peptides of apparent molecular weights 20,000 (20 K) and 16 K from
      VMP7, and three peptides of 14.5, 14, and 7 K mol wt from VMP21. Serotype
      specific monoclonal antibodies bound in Western blots to one of each of the two
      or three CNBr fragments from the homologous VMP. A single monoclonal antibody
      bound to the whole cells, the isolated VMP, and a CNBr fragment of both serotype
      7 and serotype 21. (This crossreactive antibody did not, however, bind to any of
      four other serotypes examined.) Regional conservation of structure between VMP7
      and VMP21 was also shown by amino acid sequence analysis of the N-termini of the
      five CNBr fragments. One pair of aligned fragments from VMP7 and VMP21 had 80%
      amino acid homology in sequence; a second pair had 40% homology. The partial
      amino acid homologies between two VMP suggest that these proteins are products of
      members of a polygene family.

PMID- 2409198
TI  - Molecular analysis of T cell receptor (Ti) variable region (V) gene expression.
      Evidence that a single Ti beta V gene family can be used in formation of V
      domains on phenotypically and functionally diverse T cell populations.
AB  - We examine the rules governing Ti beta variable (V) gene segment usage in the
      formation of T cell antigen-MHC receptors in diverse regulatory and effector T
      lymphoid subpopulations. To this end, a single Ti beta V gene family and its
      products were analyzed. A monoclonal antibody, termed anti-Ti3A, which was shown
      to be reactive with an epitope encoded by members of the REX cell line Ti beta V
      gene family, and which was expressed on 2% of human T lymphocytes was used in
      selection of clones from unprimed peripheral T lymphocytes. Both T4+, as well as
      T8+ T cell clones with inducer, suppressor, and/or cytotoxic function were
      defined. Southern analysis, isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional peptide
      mapping indicated that individual members of the REX V gene family were linked to
      different Ti beta diversity and/or joining and constant region segments.
      Moreover, the Ti alpha chains of such clones were distinct. These results imply
      that Ti beta V gene usage is not restricted to any functionally or phenotypically
      defined T cell subsets, and there is presumably little, if any, restriction on
      the mechanisms that generate combinational, junctional or chain association
      mediated diversity.

PMID- 2409199
TI  - Size variation of the M protein in group A streptococci.
AB  - In addition to the type-specific antigenic variation that is a well-known
      characteristic for the group A streptococcal M protein, we have now found that
      the M molecules vary with respect to their molecular size, both between M types
      and within an M type. By the use of an M6 monoclonal antibody, which crossreacts
      with 20 different M protein types, and antibodies to the N-acetyl glucosamine
      determinant of the cell wall, we have been able to identify the M protein
      molecules released from the streptococcal cell wall with muralytic enzymes,
      particularly group C phage-associated lysin. Immunoblot analysis of the cell
      extract identified M protein molecules bound to various cell wall fragments,
      suggesting a peptidoglycan linkage for the M molecule. M protein extracted from
      20 different streptococcal serotypes revealed size variations from 41,000 to
      80,000 in molecular weight. This extreme variation is unusual for related
      proteins. Similar size variations in the M molecule were also found in random
      clinical isolates of type 6 streptococci. No size change was seen in M6 protein
      isolated from: (a) strains within a limited epidemic, (b) a strain passaged in
      mice 192 times, and (c) a strain passaged in the laboratory for 156 generations,
      suggesting that the observed variation is not a rapid process. The results
      indicate that, within the broad limits observed in this study, the size of the M
      protein may not be critical to the antiphagocytic activity of the molecule.

PMID- 2409200
TI  - Deposition of C3b and iC3b onto particulate activators of the human complement
      system. Quantitation with monoclonal antibodies to human C3.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were used to determine the number and molecular form of C3
      bound to particulate activators of the complement (C) system by human serum.
      Sheep erythrocytes (E) coated with IgM (EIgM) and IgG (EIgG) were used to study
      activation of the classical pathway (CP). Yeast (Y), rabbit erythrocytes (ER),
      and five species of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,
      Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Hemophilus
      influenzae type b) were used to study activation of the alternative pathway (AP).
      The deposition of C3b onto EIgM and EIgG incubated in C7-deficient human serum
      was dependent on the serum concentration. At all serum concentrations tested,
      there was complete conversion of C3b to iC3b. Kinetic analysis of C3b deposition
      and conversion to iC3b indicated that these events occurred almost
      simultaneously; the reaction was completed by 15 min. The deposition of C3 onto
      the AP activators ER and Y was also dependent on serum concentration, and ER, but
      not Y, required the presence of Mg-EGTA and thus the activation of only the AP.
      C3b deposition and conversion to iC3b on Y was complete in 15 min, with 82% of
      bound C3 converted to iC3b. For ER, maximum C3 deposition required 30 min in both
      the presence and absence of Mg-EGTA. However, after 1 h of incubation, 74% of
      bound C2 was iC3b in the absence of Mg-EGTA, compared with only 52% in the
      presence of Mg-EGTA. Thus, even on AP activators, a large portion of C3b may be
      converted to iC3b, and this conversion is probably controlled by elements on the
      particle's surface. Studies with the five species of bacteria yielded similar
      results. Approximately 3-5 X 10(4) molecules of C3 were bound per microorganism,
      with opsonization being completed in 30 min. Remarkably, only 16-28% of bound C3
      was in the form of iC3b, even after 2 h of incubation. The presence or absence of
      Mg-EGTA, or the addition of purified CR1 to the reaction mixture, did not
      significantly effect the ratio of C3b to iC3b. Finally, SDS-PAGE and
      autoradiography of particle-bound 125I-C3 fragments confirmed that there was no
      conversion of iC3b to C3d,g or C3d. The data obtained about the opsonization of
      bacteria suggest that the predominant form of C3 that is encountered by
      inflammatory phagocytes may be C3b.

PMID- 2409201
TI  - Suppression of in vivo tumor formation induced by simian virus 40-transformed
      cells in mice receiving antiidiotypic antibodies.
AB  - This study characterizes four private idiotypes (Id) associated with monoclonal
      antibodies (mAb) to simian virus 40 (SV40) tumor antigen (T-Ag), and to a
      cellular protein, p53. Anti-Id recognized Id determinants associated with the
      antibody-combining site. BALB/c mice receiving a pool of anti-Id directed against
      mAb recognizing distinct amino and carboxyl terminal epitopes of T-Ag before
      receiving a tumorigenic dose of SV40-transformed cells showed suppression of
      tumor formation. Serum obtained from these mice before tumor challenge contained
      anti-anti-Id that failed to bind T-Ag. These data support the potential role of
      regulatory idiotopes in tumor immunity.

PMID- 2409202
TI  - Stimulation of a subset of normal resting T lymphocytes by a monoclonal antibody
      to a crossreactive determinant of the human T cell antigen receptor.
AB  - A previous study from this laboratory described a monoclonal antibody, S511, that
      reacted with the T cell antigen receptor on a human T cell leukemia and also on 1
      2% of circulating T lymphocytes in all normal individuals tested. The data
      presented in the present study demonstrate that, when normal T lymphocytes are
      cultured with or without irradiated non-T cells in the presence of soluble S511
      antibody, a concentration- and time-dependent proliferation of the S511-reactive
      population occurred. Proliferation indices as high as 184 times greater than
      control were observed, which represents a major stimulatory effect on the
      initially minor S511+ subset. When S511+ cells were studied for evidence of prior
      activation, they were shown to be unresponsive to interleukin 2 (IL-2) unless
      exposed to S511 antibody, and were shown to be in the G0/G1 phase of the cell
      cycle. Thus, the S511 antibody activated resting normal T cells in a manner
      analogous to specific antigen binding to the T cell antigen receptor. The
      leukemic S511 molecule has been shown previously to differ from most other
      antigen receptors in the mobility of the two chains at 43 and 38 kD and the
      neutral isoelectric point of each chain. Expansion of reactive normal cells by
      S511-Sepharose permitted the development of IL-2-dependent T cell lines enriched
      for S511-bearing cells. The antigen receptor molecules on one such polyclonal
      S511-enriched T cell line were immunoprecipitated with S511 antibody and shown to
      have comparable mobility to that present on the leukemic cells, but to possess a
      greater heterogeneity of mobility. Thus, the leukemic cells and normal cells
      express similar T cell receptor molecules. The differences in the S511 T cell
      antigen receptor molecule possibly relate to differences in glycosylation or
      polypeptide structure.

PMID- 2409204
TI  - Identification, at the genomic level, of an HLA-DR restriction element for cloned
      antigen-specific T4 cells.
AB  - Two T4 cell clones (TLC) specific for antigenic epitopes on Chlamydia trachomatis
      were studied. Using a panel of allogeneic antigen-presenting cells (APC), both
      TLC were found to be restricted by HLA class II elements closely associated with,
      but not identical to the DRw5S specificity, as determined by highly selected
      alloantisera, a monoclonal antibody (mAb), 109d6, and confirmed on the DNA level
      by determination of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) with a DR
      beta probe. Furthermore, HLA-DR-specific mAb, including 109d6, but not other HLA
      class II- or class I-specific antibodies inhibited the two TLC, strongly
      suggesting that the restriction element is expressed by a DR molecule. Using
      digestion with Hind III restriction enzyme and a DR beta probe, we found a
      complete concordance between the appearance of a 9.3 kilobase band and the
      ability of allogeneic APC to restimulate the T cell clones. Thus, the restriction
      element for these T cell clones appear to be expressed by DR molecules, but can,
      at present, only be detected at the genomic level.

PMID- 2409203
TI  - Pili of Neisseria meningitidis. Analysis of structure and investigation of
      structural and antigenic relationships to gonococcal pili.
AB  - To provide information useful for the design of a pilus vaccine effective for the
      prevention of both meningococcal and gonococcal disease, the electron microscopic
      morphology of meningococcal pili and the structural and antigenic relationships
      of meningococcal pili to gonococcal pili were investigated. Meningococcal pili
      were 4-6 nm in width, extended 500-6,000 nm from the organism surface, and
      occurred singly or in bundles composed of 8-10 pili per bundle. Meningococcal
      pilin varied between 17,250 and 20,600 daltons. Pilin was present in outer
      membrane preparations of some meningococcal isolates that were nonpiliated by
      electron microscopic examination. Antibodies to gonococcal pili, cyanogen bromide
      cleavage fragments of gonococcal pilin, or synthetic peptide analogues
      corresponding to regions of the gonococcal pilin sequence, were used to detect
      common meningococcal and gonococcal antigenic determinants that might indicate
      the existence of a conserved sequence beyond residue 29. Antibody to intact
      gonococcal pili or to the variable CNBR-3 region of gonococcal pilin detected
      little shared antigenicity with meningococcal pilin. However, pilin from all
      tested meningococcal isolates reacted with antibody to the CNBR-2 fragment of
      gonococcal pilin, a region highly conserved among gonococcal strains.
      Meningococcal pilins were also broadly crossreactive with antibody to a synthetic
      peptide corresponding to residues 69-84 of the gonococcal sequence, a part of the
      CNBR-2 region that appears to be critical for gonococcal receptor-binding
      function. If a sequence similar to 69-84 is also important for receptor-binding
      function in meningococcal pili, a peptide corresponding to this region may elicit
      antibodies that block the adherence function of pili elaborated by both Neisseria
      gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis.

PMID- 2409205
TI  - Serological and immunochemical analysis of the products of a single HLA DR-alpha
      and DR-beta chain gene expressed in a mouse cell line after DNA-mediated
      cotransformation reveals that the beta chain carries a known supertypic
      specificity.
AB  - Using a mouse cell line transformed with and expressing a single HLA DR-alpha and
      DR-beta chain gene, we present evidence that the product of the DR-beta chain
      gene carries a supertypic determinant, BR3, previously defined by serology. The
      amino acid sequence of this beta chain gene is determined from the DNA sequence.
      Another DR-associated supertypic specificity defined by monoclonal antibody MCS7
      was not encoded by this DR-beta chain gene. This provides formal proof that a
      supertypic specificity can be associated with a product of a distinct DR-beta
      locus. We propose that haplotypes sharing such specificities are evolutionarily
      related.

PMID- 2409206
TI  - Expression of specific cytolytic activity by H-2I region-restricted, influenza
      virus-specific T lymphocyte clones.
AB  - Among murine class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxic
      T lymphocyte (CTL) clones specific for type A influenza virus, we have identified
      both noncytolytic clones and clones exhibiting H-2 I region-restricted cytolytic
      activity. After appropriate antigenic stimulation, both cytolytic and
      noncytolytic clones proliferated in the absence of exogenous interleukin 2. All
      of the clones possess the Thy-1.2+, Lyt-1+2-, L3T4+ phenotype. The class II MHC
      restriction of viral recognition by the CTL clones was mapped by proliferation
      using recombinant mouse strains and by inhibition of cytotoxic activity with
      monoclonal antibodies directed to class II MHC products and L3T4a. The
      restriction specificity of two CTL clones was unambiguously assigned to the E
      beta d chain by using L cell transfectant lines expressing E alpha kE beta d or E
      alpha kE beta k gene products. Analysis of the viral specificity of the cloned
      lines revealed subtype-specific and crossreactive patterns of viral antigen
      recognition; the pattern of viral antigen specificity exhibited by each clone in
      proliferation and cell-mediated cytotoxicity was identical. Each CTL clone also
      demonstrated antigen-dependent release of helper factor(s) that promoted in vitro
      primary anti-SRBC responses. Finally, the cytotoxic effector function of the
      class II MHC-restricted CTL clones was mediated by direct lysis of virus-infected
      cells, and not by secretion of a cytolytic lymphokine.

PMID- 2409207
TI  - Allospecific cytolytic T lymphocytes recognize conformational determinants on
      hybrid mouse transplantation antigens.
AB  - Alloreactive cytolytic T cell (CTL) lines and clones have been used to identify
      the sites of polymorphism of antigens of the major histocompatibility complex
      (MHC). Specific CTL were generated against wild-type H-2b products by cells from
      H-2b mutant mice that had one or a few amino acid changes in either the alpha 1
      or alpha 2 domains of the Kb or Db class I molecules. These CTL populations,
      which might be expected to react with determinants expressed on single MHC
      domains, were examined for lytic activity on L cells expressing newly constructed
      hybrid class I molecules. Transformed cell lines expressing native class I
      molecules or hybrid class I molecules in which the alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains of
      H-2Kb had been substituted by those domains of H-2Db were lysed by H-2Db-specific
      CTL. Similarly, all H-2Kb-specific CTL recognized hybrid molecules in which the
      alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains of H-2Kb were inserted into the H-2Db molecule. In
      contrast, exchange of the alpha 1 domains of H-2Kb and H-2Db resulted in a total
      loss of recognition by Kb and Db-specific CTL. These results suggest that the
      allodeterminants recognized by H-2 mutant CTL are influenced by interactions
      between the alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains, findings similar to those seen using
      conventional alloreactive T cells (11). These results were compared to the
      binding of alloreactive mAbs, including 5 new mAbs specific for the Kb molecules.
      Finally, it was shown that primary and secondary CTL responses could be generated
      by direct sensitization against hybrid class I molecules, demonstrating that
      these molecules express neoantigenic determinants recognized by alloreactive CTL.

PMID- 2409208
TI  - Repertoires of T cells directed against a large protein antigen, beta
      galactosidase. II. Only certain T helper or T suppressor cells are relevant in
      particular regulatory interactions.
AB  - 11 cyanogen bromide (CB) peptides, comprising 70% of the large protein,
      Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (GZ), were studied for their ability to
      induce T suppressor (Ts) cells capable of strongly suppressing the in vitro anti
      fluorescein (FITC) response to GZ-FITC. Only CB-2 (amino acid residues 3-92) and
      CB-3 (residues 93-187) were found to bear such Ts-inducing epitopes. In examining
      the specificity of T helper cell (Th) targets susceptible to CB-2 and CB-3
      specific Ts, it appeared that only nearly Th targets could be suppressed. Thus,
      CB-10-primed Th were not suppressed by either Ts; even CB-3-primed Ts did not
      suppress CB-2-specific Th, although CB-2-specific Ts were effective. Furthermore,
      analysis of the suppression pattern revealed a hierarchical use of potential
      epitopes on native GZ in triggering functional regulatory T cells. A dominant Th
      epitope near the amino terminus of GZ tops a hierarchy of potential Th, most of
      which are never engaged. The dominant determinant seems to exist on the peptide
      CB-2-3 (residues 3-187), and presumably is destroyed by its cleavage at Met 92;
      the Th cells that it induces are suppressible by each of the Ts-inducing
      peptides. In the GZ system, where the native antigen is quite large, the
      interactions between Th and Ts are highly circumscribed. This may be attributable
      to the topology of antigen fragments produced during processing; any relevant
      fragment must bear at least a Ts- and Th-reactive determinant to permit
      intercellular regulation. A final implication of these results is that, not only
      does the existence of a Th-inducing determinant depend on its being an
      appropriate distance from a B cell epitope, but the existence of Ts-inducing
      determinants likewise depends on the existence of a neighboring Th-B cell
      association.

PMID- 2409210
TI  - The nature of antiidiotype molecules induced by antiallotype. Presence of both
      latent allotype and allotypic internal images.
AB  - Previously (9), I found that immunization of rabbits with antibody directed
      against variable region heavy chain VH polypeptides of a1 allotype induced the
      production of antiidiotype (anti-Id) molecules that appeared to bear images of
      the original a1 allotype. I now show that these anti-Id molecules can be
      fractionated into two populations: one population (a2a3- anti-Id) that lacks the
      nominal VH a2 or a3 allotype of the rabbit from which it was derived, and another
      population (a2a3+ anti-Id) that expresses these allotypes. Both anti-Id
      populations display epitopes that resemble a1 since: (a) they were capable of
      inhibiting 125I-a1 Ig binding to rabbit anti-a1, goat anti-a1, and mouse anti-a1
      mAb; and (b) immunization of normal a2a3 rabbits with either anti-Id fraction led
      to the formation of specific anti-a1 antibody. Reductive cleavage of the anti-Id
      molecules showed that the a1 determinants in the a2a3- population were fully
      displayed on isolated H chains, consistent with the presence of latent a1 Ig. On
      the other hand, as expected for internal images encoded by the antigen-combining
      site, the a2a3+ anti-Id population required intact H and L chains for maximal a1
      expression. The a1-like images within the a2a3+ anti-Id population do not appear
      to be identical to nominal or latent a1, however, since a2a3- anti-Id was
      invariably a more efficient inhibitor of a 1 Ig-anti-a1 binding than a a2a3+ anti
      Id. These results indicate that immunization with antiallotype can result in the
      simultaneous production of both latent allotypes and allotypic internal images.

PMID- 2409209
TI  - Distinct recognition phenotypes exist for T cell clones specific for small
      peptide regions of proteins. Implications for the mechanisms underlying major
      histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen recognition and clonal deletion
      models of immune response gene defects.
AB  - Using synthetic peptides as antigens, it was found that T cell clones of a given
      haplotype specific for 13-16 amino acid peptides could be clearly distinguished
      by the varied influence of amino acid substitutions on recognition. This was true
      for different antigenic determinants within peptides 81-96 and 74-86 of hen egg
      white lysozyme, recognized in the context of the I-Ab and I-Ak molecules,
      respectively. Considerable complexity was demonstrated in the induced T cell
      repertoire specific for apparently single determinants, which implies that
      diversity of T cell recognition approaches that for B cells. The implications of
      the degeneracy of T cell recognition are discussed in the context of mechanisms
      through which Ia molecules restrict recognition and theories of Ir gene defects.

PMID- 2409212
TI  - Analysis of major histocompatibility complex haplotypes of t-chromosomes reveals
      that the majority of diversity is generated by recombination.
AB  - t-chromosomes are natural polymorphisms in feral populations of mice that are
      thought to be descended from a single ancestral chromosome. They carry an
      inversion of at least 10 cM surrounding the major histocompatibility complex
      (MHC) that effectively prevents recombination between a t-bearing chromosome and
      wild type chromosomes. However, on the rare occasion when two different t
      chromosomes meet in a wild female, recombination occurs at an apparently normal
      rate. Since they contain the highly polymorphic MHC, their limited origin and
      restricted chances for recombination make t-chromosomes a valuable tool for
      studying the relative contributions of mutation and recombination to the
      generation of diversity. Using 13 different serological reagents to class I
      antigens, and studying restriction enzyme polymorphisms detected with three
      molecular probes for class II genes examined with three endonucleases, we present
      data indicating that the major factor responsible for the diversity of class I
      antigens is recombination, but that for class II genes, mutation must play an
      important role in addition to recombination.

PMID- 2409213
TI  - [Fibrinogen as a source of interference in heterogeneous enzyme immunoassays].
AB  - Fibrinogen interferes in heterogeneous enzyme immunological in vitro tests. The
      effect on the test result is variable and depends on the test principle
      (competitive binding analysis or sandwich technique). In the tests for digoxin,
      cortisol, alpha 1-fetoprotein and acid prostate phosphatase, the use of plasma as
      sample material resulted in varying degrees of interference. In the case of the
      digoxin determination, using the Enzymun-Test Digoxin, it is possible to abolish
      interference by fibrinogen by thermal coagulation (plasma is heated at 56 degrees
      C for 30 min) and removal of the fibrinogen. Alternatively, addition of urea to
      the antigen-antibody reaction mixture decreases the interference caused by
      fibrinogen. The added quantity of urea and the time of incubation must be
      optimized for each sample material.

PMID- 2409211
TI  - Distribution of decay-accelerating factor in the peripheral blood of normal
      individuals and patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
AB  - Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) is a 70,000 Mr protein that has been isolated
      from the membrane of red cells. The function of DAF is to inhibit the assembly of
      amplifying enzymes of the complement cascade on the cell surface, thereby
      protecting them from damage by autologous complement. We raised monoclonal
      antibodies to DAF and used them to study its distribution in cells from the
      peripheral blood of normal individuals and of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal
      hemoglobinuria (PNH), a disease characterized by the unusual susceptibility of
      red cells to the hemolytic activity of complement. The results of
      immunoradiometric assays and of fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis
      showed that DAF was present not only on red cells but was widely distributed on
      the surface membrane of platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and B and T
      lymphocytes. By Western blotting, we observed small but consistent differences in
      the Mr of DAF from the membranes of various cell types. Quantitative studies
      showed that phagocytes and B lymphocytes, which presumably enter more frequently
      in contact with immune complexes and other potential activators of complement,
      had the highest DAF levels. As previously reported by others, the red cells from
      PNH patients were DAF deficient. When the patients' red cells were incubated in
      acidified serum (Ham test), only the DAF-deficient cells were lysed. In addition,
      we detected defects in DAF expression on platelets and all types of leukocytes.
      The observed patterns of DAF deficiency in these patients were consistent with
      the concept that the PNH cells were of monoclonal origin. In one patient,
      abnormal and normal cells were found only in the erythroid, myeloid, and
      megakaryocytic lineages. In two other patients, the lymphocytes were also DAF
      deficient, suggesting that a mutation occurred in a totipotent stem cell. It
      appears, therefore, that the lesion leading to PNH can occur at various stages in
      the differentiation of hematopoietic cells.

PMID- 2409214
TI  - Cellulose acetate and electroendosmosis-low agarose electrophoresis: advanced
      methods for the separation and quantitative determination of serum creatine
      kinase isoenzyme levels.
AB  - Two methods for the separation and demonstration of creatine kinase isoenzymes
      are described i.e. electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and on electroendosmosis
      low agarose. The fluorescence of NADPH as an indicator for the creatine kinase
      bands was used in both methods. The methods proved to be specific, reliable and
      highly reproducible, and allow a rather large number of samples (12-18) to be
      analysed in one run within a relatively short time. The prominent advantage of
      the proposed methods over others is their extreme sensitivity. Both methods allow
      linear quantification of creatine kinase isoenzymes up to 700 U/l at 25 degrees C
      with a lower detection limit of 3 U/l, using a minute amount of sample (2
      microliters). The diagnostic value of the methods was shown by their application
      to sera of patients with myocardial infarction or other diseases.

PMID- 2409215
TI  - Active calcium responses recorded optically from nerve terminals of the frog
      neurohypophysis.
AB  - Voltage-sensitive dyes were used to record by optical means membrane potential
      changes from nerve terminals in the isolated frog neurohypophysis. Following the
      block of voltage-sensitive Na+ channels by tetrodotoxin (TTX) and K+ channels by
      tetraethylammonium (TEA), direct electric field stimulation of the nerve
      terminals still evoked large active responses. These responses were reversibly
      blocked by the addition of 0.5 mM CdCl2. At both normal and low [Na+]o, the
      regenerative response appeared to increase with increasing [Ca++]o (0.1-10 mM).
      There was a marked decrease in the size of the response, as well as in its rate
      of rise, at low [Ca++]o (0.2 mM) when [Na+]o was reduced from 120 to 8 mM
      (replaced by sucrose), but little if any effect of this reduction of [Na+]o at
      normal [Ca++]o. In normal [Ca++]o, these local responses most probably arise from
      an inward Ca++ current associated with hormone release from these nerve
      terminals. At low [Ca++]o, Na+ appears to contribute to the TTX-insensitive
      inward current.

PMID- 2409216
TI  - Permeation and interaction of divalent cations in calcium channels of snail
      neurons.
AB  - We have studied the current-carrying ability and blocking action of various
      divalent cations in the Ca channel of Lymnaea stagnalis neurons. Changing the
      concentration or species of the permeant divalent cation shifts the voltage
      dependence of activation of the Ca channel current in a manner that is consistent
      with the action of the divalent cation on an external surface potential.
      Increasing the concentration of the permeant cation from 1 to 30 mM produces a
      twofold increase in the maximum Ca current and a fourfold increase in the maximum
      Ba current; the maximum Ba current is twice the size of the maximum Ca current
      for 10 mM bulk concentration. Correcting for the changing surface potential seen
      by the gating mechanism, the current-concentration relation is almost linear for
      Ba2+, and shows only moderate saturation for Ca2+; also, Ca2+, Ba2+, and Sr2+ are
      found to pass through the channel almost equally well. These conclusions are
      obtained for either of two assumptions: that the mouth of the channel sees (a)
      all or (b) none of the surface potential seen by the gating mechanism. Cd2+
      blocks Lymnaea and Helix Ca channels at concentrations 200 times smaller than
      those required for Co2+ or Ni2+. Ca2+ competes with Cd2+ for the blocking site;
      Ba2+ binds less strongly than Ca2+ to this site. Mixtures of Ca2+ and Ba2+
      produce an anomalous mole fraction effect on the Ca channel current. After
      correction for the changing surface potential (using either assumption), the
      anomalous mole fraction effect is even more prominent, which suggests that Ba2+
      blocks Ca current more than Ca2+ blocks Ba current.

PMID- 2409217
TI  - Voltage-dependent chloride conductance of the squid axon membrane and its
      blockade by some disulfonic stilbene derivatives.
AB  - When giant axons of squid, Sepioteuthis, were bathed in a 100 mM Ca-salt solution
      containing tetrodotoxin (TTX) and internally perfused with a solution of 100 mM
      tetraethylammonium-salt (TEA-salt) or tetramethylammonium-salt (TMA-salt), the
      membrane potential was found to become sensitive to anions, especially Cl-.
      Membrane currents recorded from those axons showed practically no time-dependent
      properties, but they had a strong voltage-dependent characteristic, i.e., outward
      rectification. Cl- had a strong effect upon the voltage-dependent membrane
      currents. The nonlinear property of the currents was almost completely suppressed
      by some disulfonic stilbene derivatives applied intracellularly, such as 4
      acetoamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) and as 4,4'
      diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), which are blockers of
      chloride transport. On the basis of these experimental results, it is concluded
      that a voltage-dependent chloride-permeable channel exists in the squid axon
      membrane. The chloride permeability (PCl) is a function of voltage, and its value
      at the resting membrane (Em = -60 mV) is calculated, using the Goldman-Hodgkin
      Katz equation, to be 3.0 X 10(-7) cm/s.

PMID- 2409218
TI  - Activation of squid axon K+ channels. Ionic and gating current studies.
AB  - We have used data obtained from measurements of ionic and gating currents to
      study the process of K+ channel activation in squid giant axons. A marked
      improvement in the recording of K+ channel gating currents (IKg) was obtained by
      total replacement of Cl- in the external solution by NO-3, which eliminates
      approximately 50% of the Na+ channel gating current with no effect on IKg. The
      midpoint of the steady state charge-voltage (Qrel - V) relationship is
      approximately 40 mV hyperpolarized to that of the steady state activation (fo -
      V) curve, which is an indication that the channel has many nonconducting states.
      Ionic and gating currents have similar time constants for both ON and OFF pulses.
      This eliminates any Hodgkin-Huxley nx scheme for K+ channel activation. An
      interrupted pulse paradigm shows that the last step in the activation process is
      not rate limiting. IKg shows a nonartifactual rising phase, which indicates that
      the first step is either the slowest step in the activation sequence or is
      voltage independent. These data are consistent with the following general scheme
      for K+ channel activation: (formula; see text)

PMID- 2409219
TI  - Autoregulation of apical membrane Na+ permeability of tight epithelia. Noise
      analysis with amiloride and CGS 4270.
AB  - Noise analysis of the Na+ channels of the apical membranes of frog skin bathed
      symmetrically in a Cl-HCO3 Ringer solution was done with amiloride and CGS 4270.
      Tissues were studied in their control states and after inhibition of
      transepithelial Na+ transport (Isc) by addition of quinine or quinidine to the
      apical solution. A critical examination of the amiloride-induced noise indicated
      that the single channel Na+ currents (iNa) were decreased by quinine and
      quinidine, probably because of depolarization of apical membrane voltage. Despite
      considerable statistical uncertainty in the methods of estimation of the Na+
      channel density with amiloride-induced noise (NA, see text), the striking
      observation was a large increase of NA with amiloride inhibition of the rate of
      Na+ entry into the cells. NA was increased to 406% of control, whereas Isc was
      inhibited to 8.6% of control by 6 microM amiloride. Studies were done also with
      the Na+ channel blocker CGS 4270. Noise analysis with this compound was
      advantageous, permitting iCGSNa and NCGS to be measured in individual tissues
      with a relatively small inhibition of Isc. As with amiloride, inhibition of Isc
      with CGS 4270 caused large increases of the Na+ channel density (approximately
      200% at approximately 35% inhibition of the Isc). Quinine and quinidine caused an
      approximately 50% increase of Na+ channel density while inhibiting iNa by
      approximately 60-70%. As inhibition of Na+ entry leads to an increase of Na+
      channel density, a mechanism of autoregulation appears to be a major factor in
      adjusting the apical membrane Na+ permeability of the cells.

PMID- 2409220
TI  - Interactions of monovalent cations with sodium channels in squid axon. I.
      Modification of physiological inactivation gating.
AB  - Inactivation of Na channels has been studied in voltage-clamped, internally
      perfused squid giant axons during changes in the ionic composition of the
      intracellular solution. Peak Na currents are reduced when tetramethylammonium
      ions (TMA+) are substituted for Cs ions internally. The reduction reflects a
      rapid, voltage-dependent block of a site in the channel by TMA+. The estimated
      fractional electrical distance for the site is 10% of the channel length from the
      internal surface. Na tail currents are slowed by TMA+ and exhibit kinetics
      similar to those seen during certain drug treatments. Steady state INa is
      simultaneously increased by TMA+, resulting in a "cross-over" of current traces
      with those in Cs+ and in greatly diminished inactivation at positive membrane
      potentials. Despite the effect on steady state inactivation, the time constants
      for entry into and exit from the inactivated state are not significantly
      different in TMA+ and Cs+. Increasing intracellular Na also reduces steady state
      inactivation in a dose-dependent manner. Ratios of steady state INa to peak INa
      vary from approximately 0.14 in Cs+- or K+-perfused axons to approximately 0.4 in
      TMA+- or Na+-perfused axons. These results are consistent with a scheme in which
      TMA+ or Na+ can interact with a binding site near the inner channel surface that
      may also be a binding or coordinating site for a natural inactivation particle. A
      simple competition between the ions and an inactivation particle is, however, not
      sufficient to account for the increase in steady state INa, and changes in the
      inactivation process itself must accompany the interaction of TMA+ and Na+ with
      the channel.

PMID- 2409222
TI  - Nucleocapsid disassembly and early gene expression by positive-strand RNA
      viruses.

PMID- 2409221
TI  - Interactions of monovalent cations with sodium channels in squid axon. II.
      Modification of pharmacological inactivation gating.
AB  - The time-, frequency-, and voltage-dependent blocking actions of several cationic
      drug molecules on open Na channels were investigated in voltage-clamped,
      internally perfused squid giant axons. The relative potencies and time courses of
      block by the agents (pancuronium [PC], octylguanidinium [C8G], QX-314, and 9
      aminoacridine [9-AA]) were compared in different intracellular ionic solutions;
      specifically, the influences of internal Cs, tetramethylammonium (TMA), and Na
      ions on block were examined. TMA+ was found to inhibit the steady state block of
      open Na channels by all of the compounds. The time-dependent, inactivation-like
      decay of Na currents in pronase-treated axons perfused with either PC, 9-AA, or
      C8G was retarded by internal TMA+. The apparent dissociation constants (at zero
      voltage) for interaction between PC and 9-AA with their binding sites were
      increased when TMA+ was substituted for Cs+ in the internal solution. The
      steepness of the voltage dependence of 9-AA or PC block found with internal Cs+
      solutions was greatly reduced by TMA+, resulting in estimates for the fractional
      electrical distance of the 9-AA binding site of 0.56 and 0.22 in Cs+ and TMA+,
      respectively. This change may reflect a shift from predominantly 9-AA block in
      the presence of Cs+ to predominantly TMA+ block. The depth, but not the rate, of
      frequency-dependent block by QX-314 and 9-AA is reduced by internal TMA+. In
      addition, recovery from frequency-dependent block is not altered. Elevation of
      internal Na produces effects on 9-AA block qualitatively similar to those seen
      with TMA+. The results are consistent with a scheme in which the open channel
      blocking drugs, TMA (and Na) ions, and the inactivation gate all compete for a
      site or for access to a site in the channel from the intracellular surface. In
      addition, TMA ions decrease the apparent blocking rates of other drugs in a
      manner analogous to their inhibition of the inactivation process. Multiple
      occupancy of Na channels and mutual exclusion of drug molecules may play a role
      in the complex gating behaviors seen under these conditions.

PMID- 2409224
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay of interferon with peroxidase-labelled virus-specific
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - To quantify the antiviral effect of interferon (IFN) we applied a mixture of two
      horseradish peroxidase-labelled monoclonal antibodies, specific for the E1
      glycoprotein of Semliki Forest virus, in a direct enzyme immunoassay. This assay
      is suitable for detection of virus replication in L-cells, seeded as monolayers
      in 96-well plates. Inhibition of absorbance values caused by IFN was determined
      in a Flow Titertek Multiskan. Three IFN samples from different sources were
      titrated simultaneously in the enzyme immunoassay and in the vesicular stomatitis
      virus plaque reduction test in five consecutive experiments. Titres were
      calculated as the inverse value of the dilution of IFN causing 25% inhibition of
      absorbance values and 50% reduction of plaque counts respectively. The results
      show equality of precision and reproducibility between and within the two assays.
      However, the enzyme immunoassay is more convenient and objective than the plaque
      reduction assay.

PMID- 2409223
TI  - Antigenic cross-reactivity between caprine arthritis-encephalitis, visna and
      progressive pneumonia viruses involves all virion-associated proteins and
      glycoproteins.
AB  - Antigenic relatedness between the virion-associated proteins of caprine arthritis
      encephalitis, visna and progressive pneumonia viruses was examined. Antigenic
      cross-reactivity was assessed by immunoprecipitation of disrupted, radiolabelled
      virus with goat, sheep and rabbit antisera, followed by resolution of the
      immunoprecipitation products by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The
      results indicate that antigenic cross-reactivity between the caprine and ovine
      virus isolates involves all of the major virion-associated proteins and
      glycoproteins. The common antigenic determinants exhibited by virion structural
      proteins are immunogenic in goats, sheep and rabbits.

PMID- 2409225
TI  - The immune response to herpes simplex virus: comparison of the specificity and
      relative titers of serum antibodies directed against viral polypeptides following
      primary herpes simplex virus type 1 infections.
AB  - Employing an immunoblotting technique, the polypeptide specificity and relative
      titers of anti-HSV IgG reactive with denaturation-resistant epitopes on HSV
      proteins were determined in patients experiencing primary HSV-1 infections at
      various anatomical sites. Early sera from previously seronegative patients with
      primary HSV-1 infections were found to have comparatively low levels of antibody
      directed against the major viral glycoprotein antigens (gB, gC, and gD) relative
      to titers present in sera of individuals with long-standing, latent orofacial HSV
      1 infections. Patients with primary infections did however have high titers of
      antibody directed against a series of low molecular weight HSV polypeptide
      antigens. These antigens were found to be antigenically related to a structural
      component of virion nucleocapsids. At later times postinfection, titers of
      antibodies directed against other viral polypeptides including the major
      glycoproteins increased to levels more closely approximating those observed in
      latently infected individuals. These results indicate that the anti-HSV IgG
      detected by immunoblot analysis which appears earliest following primary
      infection is not directed against the known major infected cell or virion
      glycoprotein surface antigens but rather against an internal capsid protein of
      HSV.

PMID- 2409226
TI  - Inhibition of the retrograde axonal transport of acetylcholinesterase by the anti
      calmodulin agents amitriptyline and desipramine.
AB  - The possible involvement of calmodulin in mediating the calcium requirement for
      retrograde axonal transport of acetylcholinesterase was studied in vitro in
      bullfrog spinal nerves, with the use of the calmodulin inhibitors amitriptyline
      and desipramine. When nerves were preincubated with 0.2 mM amitriptyline or
      desipramine for 5 h, and were then ligated and incubated for an additional 17-18
      h in drug-containing medium, the accumulation of acetylcholinesterase distal to
      the ligature was significantly reduced as compared to contralateral control
      nerves maintained in drug-free medium. The identical degree of transport
      inhibition observed for both drugs is consistent with their similar anti
      calmodulin activity.

PMID- 2409227
TI  - Isolation of neuropeptide-containing vesicles from the guinea pig ileum.
AB  - Three distinct vesicle fractions enriched 40-60 times in the neuropeptides
      substance P, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were prepared
      from the myenteric plexus of guinea pig ileum by density gradient centrifugation
      in a small zonal rotor. Mean densities (in g X ml-1) and diameters (in nm) of the
      three classes of vesicles were: substance P, 1.123, 65; somatostatin, 1.138, 37;
      VIP, 1.148, 110; standard deviations were about 5%. These peaks were distinct
      from the peak of acetylcholine-containing vesicles of density 1.066 g X ml-1 and
      diameter 61 nm. When a relatively mild method of homogenization was used a second
      peak of acetylcholine appeared in the same region of the gradient as VIP and the
      VIP was larger. This may represent a class of vesicles containing both
      acetylcholine and VIP, though cosedimentation of two classes of vesicles of
      almost the same density and similar fragility, one containing VIP and the other
      acetylcholine, cannot be entirely excluded on present evidence.

PMID- 2409228
TI  - Tryptamine concentrations in areas of 5-hydroxytryptamine terminal innervation
      after electrolytic lesions of midbrain raphe nuclei.
AB  - The possible existence of tryptamine-containing neurons originating in the
      midbrain raphe is suggested by several reports of tryptamine-mediated responses
      to electrical stimulation of the raphe nuclei. To assess this hypothesis, we have
      investigated the effects of electrolytic lesions of the median and dorsal raphe
      nuclei on striatal, hypothalamic, and hippocampal concentrations of tryptamine, 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. In addition, the rat
      striatal tryptophan concentrations were also determined. No changes in the
      concentrations of tryptamine were observed at 1 or 2 weeks after lesioning the
      dorsal and median raphe nuclei, at which time the other 5-hydroxyindoles were
      markedly reduced; furthermore, no reductions were observed in tryptamine
      concentrations in the striatum, hypothalamus, or hippocampus of rats pretreated
      with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. The only change observed in these rats was a
      limited increase in striatal tryptamine and tryptophan observed at 1 day after
      lesioning. The results indicate that tryptamine concentration is independent of
      the integrity of 5-HT-containing neurons of the midbrain raphe nuclei.
      Furthermore, if tryptamine-containing neurons that have terminal projections to
      the striatum, hypothalamus, and hippocampus exist, their cell bodies are located
      in regions outside the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. Another possibility could
      be that tryptamine is located in glial cells.

PMID- 2409229
TI  - Interaction of hyaluronectin with hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides.
AB  - Hyaluronic acid was digested by bovine testicular hyaluronidase, and oligomers
      were fractionated by gel permeation using AcA 202 Ultrogel, an acrylamide-agarose
      matrix. Oligosaccharides composed of from two to six disaccharide repeating units
      were isolated. Two nonasaccharides were prepared by enzymatic or chemical
      modification of the decasaccharide. Oligosaccharides were compared by a
      competitive inhibition in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for their ability
      to inhibit the interaction of hyaluronectin (a hyaluronic acid-binding brain
      glycoprotein) with hyaluronic acid. Among these oligosaccharides, decasaccharides
      were the smallest fragments that strongly inhibited the interaction.
      Octasaccharides inhibited with 700-fold lower affinity than decasaccharides.
      Dodecasaccharides had the same effect as decasaccharides. Nonasaccharides
      obtained by beta-glucuronidase splitting of decasaccharides inhibited the
      interaction more than nonasaccharides prepared by an alkaline treatment.

PMID- 2409230
TI  - Indoleamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in rabbit retina: characterization and
      distribution.
AB  - Previous histological, electrophysiological, and biochemical reports have
      addressed the hypothesis that serotonin functions as a neurotransmitter in
      mammalian retinas. We have tested the effect on the levels of cyclic AMP of the
      application of exogenous serotonin, 5-methoxytryptamine, melatonin, and 5
      methoxydimethyl-tryptamine to isolated, incubated rabbit retinas. All
      indoleamines tested significantly elevated intracellular levels of cyclic AMP in
      both light- and dark-adapted, incubated, intact retinas, provided a
      phosphodiesterase inhibitor was present. In homogenates of rabbit retina, all
      indoleamines tested also markedly increased adenylate cyclase activity over basal
      levels. Maximal activity was observed with 50 microM indoleamine; addition of GTP
      augmented this increase. The increase in enzyme activity persisted in the
      presence of known antagonists of dopamine and serotonin 5-HT2-receptors, but was
      blocked by the mixed 5-HT1, 5-HT2-antagonist lysergic acid diethylamide. The
      retinal locations of this response have also been identified using layer
      microdissection techniques on freeze-dried samples obtained from rabbit eyecups
      suprafused with indoleamine plus phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Cyclic AMP levels
      were measured in discrete retinal layers of both light- and dark-adapted
      suprafused eyecups, and increased levels were observed primarily in the inner and
      outer plexiform layers, which contain the synapses of the retinal neurons.

PMID- 2409231
TI  - 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethylamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in the rat:
      acidic metabolites in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid before and after giving
      probenecid.
AB  - 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethylamine (DA, dopamine) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
      turnover values were determined in freely moving male rats by measuring the rates
      of accumulation of the acidic metabolites of the above transmitters, i.e., 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples
      after probenecid (200 mg/kg i.p.) administration. Determinations on samples
      before and after acid hydrolysis showed that the latter procedure was necessary
      for DA turnover determination. Thus whereas total (DOPAC + HVA) increased
      linearly with time after probenecid, free (DOPAC + HVA) did not. This was because
      the percentage of DOPAC + HVA in conjugated form increased with time.
      Determinations on a group of 28 rats during the dark (red light) period showed
      that cisternal amine metabolite concentrations before probenecid injection did
      not parallel turnover values. This was probably because individual differences in
      metabolite egress strongly affect the pre-probenecid values. The poor
      correlations between CSF tryptophan and 5-HT turnover suggested that differences
      of brain tryptophan concentration were not major determinants of differences of
      brain 5-HT metabolism within this group of normal rats. Considering that the rats
      were of similar weight and that the turnover values were all determined at
      approximately the same time of day, the three- to fourfold ranges of the turnover
      values are remarkable. The positive correlation between the DA and 5-HT turnovers
      of individual rats suggests the existence of common effects on DA and 5-HT
      turnover in normal rats.

PMID- 2409232
TI  - Demonstration and distribution of kassinin-like material (substance K) in the rat
      central nervous system.
AB  - Antiserum was raised against kassinin in rabbits. Cross-reactivity with other
      tachykinins was determined; these included substance K (100%) and substance P
      (0.1%). Peptides extracted from rat brain and synthetic tachykinins were
      chromatographed by reverse-phase HPLC. The major peak of kassinin-like material
      eluted at a time different from that of synthetic kassinin, eledoisin,
      physalaemin, neurokinin beta, and substance P but coeluted with substance K.
      Measurement of kassinin-like material in macrodissected and microdissected brain
      regions indicated that the distribution of kassinin-like material was similar to
      that of substance P.

PMID- 2409233
TI  - Electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of myelin proteolipid
      protein and myelin basic protein to oligodendrocytes in rat brain during
      myelination.
AB  - Electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies were carried out to localize
      myelin basic protein and myelin proteolipid protein during the active period of
      myelination in the developing rat brain using antisera to purified rat brain
      myelin proteolipid protein and large basic protein. The anti-large basic protein
      serum was shown by the immunoblot technique to cross-react with all five forms of
      basic protein present in the myelin of 8-day-old rat brain. Basic protein was
      localized diffusely in oligodendrocytes and their processes at very early stages
      in myelination. The immunostaining for basic protein was not specifically
      associated with any subcellular structures or organelles. The ultrastructural
      localization of basic protein suggests that it may be involved in fusion of the
      cytoplasmic faces of the oligodendrocyte processes during compaction of myelin.
      Immunoreactivity in the oligodendrocyte and myelin due to proteolipid protein
      appeared at a later stage of myelination than did that due to basic protein.
      Staining for proteolipid protein in the oligodendrocyte was restricted to the
      membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and apparent
      Golgi vesicles. The early, uncompacted periaxonal wrappings of oligodendrocyte
      processes were well stained with antiserum to large basic protein whereas
      staining for proteolipid protein was visible only after the compaction of myelin
      sheaths had begun. Our evidence indicates that basic protein and proteolipid
      protein are processed differently by the oligodendrocytes with regard to their
      subcellular localization and their time of appearance in the developing myelin
      sheath.

PMID- 2409234
TI  - Expression of myelin basic protein genes in several dysmyelinating mouse mutants
      during early postnatal brain development.
AB  - Northern blot and "dot" blot analyses using a myelin basic protein (MBP) specific
      cDNA probe and in vitro translation techniques were utilized to estimate the
      relative levels of myelin basic protein messenger RNA (mRNA) in the brains of
      C57BL/6J control mice, three dysmyelinating mutants (qk/qk, jp/Y, and shi/shi),
      and three heterozygote controls (qk/+, jp/+, and shi+) during early postnatal
      development. In general, the MBP mRNA levels measured directly by Northern blot
      and "dot" blot analyses correlated well with the indirect in vitro translation
      measurements. The Northern blots indicated that the size of MBP mRNAs in quaking
      and jimpy brain polysomes appeared to be similar to controls. Very low levels of
      MBP mRNAs were observed in shi/shi brain polyribosomes throughout early postnatal
      development. Compared to C57BL/6J controls, accumulation of MBP mRNAs in qk/qk
      and qk/+ brain polyribosomes was delayed by several days. That is, whereas MBP
      mRNA levels were below normal between 12 and 18 days, normal levels of message
      had accumulated in both qk/qk and qk/+ brain polyribosomes by 21 days.
      Furthermore, normal levels of MBP mRNAs were observed to be maintained until at
      least 27 days. MBP mRNA levels remained well below control levels in jp/Y brain
      polyribosomes throughout early postnatal development. The levels did, however,
      fluctuate slightly and peaked at 15 days in both jp/Y and jp/+ brains, 3 days
      earlier than in normal mice. Thus, it appears that jimpy and quaking mice exhibit
      developmental patterns of MBP expression different from each other and from
      C57BL/6J control mice.

PMID- 2409235
TI  - Calcium-stimulated proteolysis in myelin: evidence for a Ca2+-activated neutral
      proteinase associated with purified myelin of rat CNS.
AB  - Incubation of myelin purified from rat spinal cord with CaCl2 (1-5 mM) in 10-50
      mM Tris-HCl buffer at pH 7.6 containing 2 mM dithiothreitol resulted in the loss
      of both the large and small myelin basic proteins (MBPs), whereas incubation of
      myelin with Triton X-100 (0.25-0.5%) and 5 mM EGTA in the absence of calcium
      produced preferential extensive loss of proteolipid protein (PLP) relative to
      MBP. Inclusion of CaCl2 but not EGTA in the medium containing Triton X-100
      enhanced degradation of both PLP and MBPs. The Ca2+-activated neutral proteinase
      (CANP) activity is inhibited by EGTA (5 mM) and partially inhibited by leupeptin
      and/or E-64c. CANP is active at pH 5.5-9.0, with the optimum at 7-8. The
      threshold of Ca2+ activation is approximately 100 microM. The 150K neurofilament
      protein (NFP) was progressively degraded when incubated with purified myelin in
      the presence of Ca2+. These results indicate that purified myelin is associated
      with and/or contains a CANP whose substrates include MBP, PLP, and 150K NFP. The
      degradation of PLP (trypsin-resistant) in the presence of detergent suggests
      either release of enzyme from membrane and/or structural alteration in the
      protein molecule rendering it accessible to proteolysis. The myelin-associated
      CANP may be important not only in the turnover of myelin proteins but also in
      myelin breakdown in brain diseases.

PMID- 2409236
TI  - Natural products as probes for nucleic acid structure and sequence.
AB  - Double helical DNA exists in a dynamic equilibrium among various forms, including
      partially unwound ones. The binding of molecules, including drugs and other
      natural products, influences this equilibrium. It produces changes in the
      physical properties of both the molecule and the DNA. Chemical changes such as
      covalent binding and DNA strand scission also occur. These changes can affect the
      replication and transcription of the DNA. The specific sites at which drugs bind
      to DNA can be determined by sequencing methods, including the Maxam-Gilbert and
      the "footprinting" technique of Galas and Schmitz.

PMID- 2409237
TI  - Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs induced by
      proteolipid protein.
AB  - A chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was produced in Hartley
      guinea pigs with bovine white matter proteolipid protein (PLP), in which the
      levels of myelin basic protein (MBP) and galactocerebroside (GC) were less than
      0.014% and 0.13%, respectively, by our method of purification. Cells of an MBP
      specific T-cell line did not proliferate in the presence of 100 micrograms of PLP
      and antigen-presenting cells. Eleven animals were sensitized with 250 micrograms
      of PLP in Freund's complete adjuvant. Three guinea pigs developed paraplegia
      about 45 days after sensitization. Histological examination of the three animals
      revealed marked demyelinating lesions in the spinal cord, particularly in the
      dorsal columns and subpial regions of the lateral and anterior columns. Another
      guinea pig without apparent clinical symptoms had demyelinating plaques in the
      dorsal columns of the spinal cord and periventricular white matter of the brain.
      Antibodies to PLP were highly elevated in the animals with demyelinating plaques
      but antibodies to MBP and GC were not elevated in the serum samples. Skin
      response to PLP was positive in sensitized animals, but was not related to the
      clinical state. Since none of four strain 13 guinea pigs developed chronic EAE,
      it seems to be strain specific. These results suggest that PLP is
      encephalitogenic and produces demyelination in the central nervous system without
      contamination by MBP or GC in Hartley guinea pigs.

PMID- 2409238
TI  - Resistance to natural killer cytolysis and neutral glycolipid composition of
      cultured human glioma and fetal brain cells.
AB  - Natural killer cells (NK) demonstrate cytotoxicity against a wide range of
      cultured cells without prior sensitization, and the sensitivity of many target
      cells to NK attack is altered by exposure to interferon. The structures on the
      target cells conferring sensitivity or resistance to NK are not known, but
      glycolipids are suggested to be related to NK susceptibility. To determine
      possible relationships between target cell glycolipids and NK cytolysis, the
      effects of human beta-interferon (IFN) on the neutral glycolipid composition and
      sensitivity to NK cytolysis of cultured cells from four human gliomas and two
      fetal brains were analyzed. Compared to MOLT-4 and Raji cells all six neural cell
      lines were quite resistant to NK, and IFN slightly increased this resistance. IFN
      also caused increases in the amounts of non-hydroxy fatty acid cerebroside,
      ceramide trihexoside, asialo-GM1, asialo-GM2 and globoside. Increased molar
      proportions of ceramide tri- and tetra-saccharides occurred in the two glioma
      lines which had the greatest increases in NK resistance following IFN exposure.
      It is concluded that neutral glycolipids may play a role in the mechanisms
      responsible for resistance of some glioma cells to NK cytolysis.

PMID- 2409239
TI  - Localization of the Na-K pump in turtle retina.
AB  - The kinetics of ouabain binding to Na-K pump and the distribution of pump sites
      were examined in the retina of Pseudemys scripta elegans. Binding to retinal
      slices followed bimolecular kinetics characterized by a KD of 1.5 X 10(-6) M and
      a maximum binding capacity of 11.2 X 10(-8) mol g-1 of protein. Quantitative
      autoradiography of slices revealed a high concentration of bound ouabain in the
      inner segment, outer plexiform, inner plexiform and optic nerve layers, and
      correspondingly, a low level of binding in layers containing cell bodies. In the
      few instances that outer segments remained attached to cones, little or no
      binding to outer segments was observed. The membrane density of inner segment
      binding sites was measured by combining autoradiographic measurements of pump
      site concentration with stereological measurements of membrane concentration. The
      densities were 6.3 and 3.7 X 10(3) sites micron-2 of cone-ellipsoid and cone-fin
      cell membrane, respectively. The density of Muller cell microvilli was measured
      similarly but in enzymatically isolated cells and found to be 600 sites micron-2
      of membrane. Measurements of Measurements of cone-ellipsoid pump site density in
      enzymatically isolated cones were not different from measurements in slices.
      Calculation of Na-K pump site turnover number for the cone inner segment from
      pump site densities and published dark current measurements yielded a value of 30
      Hz.

PMID- 2409240
TI  - A reevaluation of nonhormonal cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of
      prostatic carcinoma.
AB  - The palliative role of nonhormonal cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of
      endocrine-resistant prostatic carcinoma has not been established. Conventional
      means of quantifying tumor response are most frequently not applicable in this
      disease because of the lack of measurable objective parameters to allow for a
      reliable estimation of antitumor effects. While this problem is not unique to
      prostatic carcinoma, this review illustrates its magnitude in this disease. Only
      approximately 5% of patients studied fulfill the various criteria for complete
      response (CR), partial response (PR), or both, while the vast majority of
      patients reported as responders are actually in the stable disease category.
      Stable disease is highly questionable as an indicator of antitumor response and
      should not be used as a criterion for response in conventional phase II studies
      unless it is convincingly demonstrated that it occurs as a result of treatment. A
      study design that may allow a more reliable assessment of the value of the stable
      disease category is described in the text. More effective means for assessing
      tumor responses and better instruments to measure aspects of quality of life are
      needed. Review of several prospective randomized clinical trials showed that no
      treatment program tested during the last decade resulted in a survival advantage
      when compared with a concurrently treated control group. Furthermore, in two such
      trials, four different single chemotherapeutic agents widely used in the
      treatment of this disease (cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, estramustine
      phosphate, and streptozocin) either alone or in combination, did not produce any
      prolongation of survival when compared to a no chemotherapy (standard treatment)
      control arm. Survival curves for endocrine-resistant patients fall within a
      relatively narrow and possibly predictable range that may be used as an
      additional endpoint in conjunction with response (CRs and PRs only) in phase II
      trials. More definitive evidence of therapeutic efficacy in this disease should
      derive from phase III trials using survival as one of the major endpoints.
      Because of the poor results observed with chemotherapy thus far, we suggest that
      the appropriate control arm for phase III testing in endocrine-resistant patients
      continues to be a no chemotherapy control arm consisting of a best symptomatic
      care or a uniformly applied second-line endocrine manipulation.

PMID- 2409241
TI  - Extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma: case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - A case of extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma in a 62-year-old woman is
      reported. This unusual sarcoma was localized in the right thigh (quadriceps) and
      treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Sixty-three
      cases were found in the literature, with neurologic localization in 29 cases and
      muscular localization in 34 cases. Among clinical features, a significant
      difference in age at the time of diagnosis was found between the two
      localizations, which strongly suggests the possibility of two different types of
      extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma.

PMID- 2409243
TI  - Development and subsequent neural tube effects on the excitability of cultured
      Xenopus myocytes.
AB  - We examined both the development of electrical excitability in cultured Xenopus
      muscle over a period of 7 days, and the effects of neural tube on the muscle
      action potential. During muscle development, delayed and anomalous rectification
      were present in most cases within 24 hr. The action potential was dependent on Na
      at all times examined, and the rate of rise of the action potential (Vmax)
      increased substantially (seven-fold) from the first 2 days to 6 to 7 days in
      vitro, reflecting an increase in Na current density. In order to determine the
      mechanism for the increase in Vmax, we examined single-channel Na currents using
      the gigaseal technique. Single-channel conductance (gamma) did not increase
      substantially when measured using the patch clamp technique: gamma = 24 pS at 1
      to 2 days, and gamma = 28 pS at 4 to 6 days. The channel open time at 14 degrees
      C was 0.6 msec for 1- to 2-day-old cells and 0.5 msec in 4- to 6-day-old cells at
      a step potential 40 mV from rest. The time constant for current decay as well as
      the time-to-peak current also did not change over time. Thus, channel kinetics
      appear unchanged. The maximum inward current from summed records was
      statistically greater for older cells, and the frequency of patches displaying
      single-channel events increased from 75 to 98%. Thus, we conclude that during
      development in vitro, Na current density increases as a result of an increase in
      channel density without detectable alterations in single-channel properties.
      Neural tube addition led to a further increase in Vmax (two-fold), even in muscle
      cells with no apparent nerve contact. Single channel analysis of cells in
      coculture revealed gamma to be 28 pS in three cells displaying a single amplitude
      peak for individual Na currents. In the majority of cases (9/12), however, there
      appeared to be two classes of Na channels present which were difficult to
      separate. The larger conductance channel likely corresponds to the 28 pS class.
      The smaller channels, when present, did not contribute substantially to the
      population of events comprising the amplitude histogram. Other single-channel
      kinetic parameters also did not change. We, therefore, conclude that neural tube
      addition does not effect activation or inactivation kinetics but likely causes a
      further increase in channel density and possibly the induction of a second type
      of Na channel.

PMID- 2409242
TI  - Tumor-associated antigens--an overview.

PMID- 2409244
TI  - Octopamine enhances dark-adaptation in Limulus ventral photoreceptors.
AB  - Limulus ventral photoreceptors receive synaptic input from fibers that emerge
      from the brain and that appear to use octopamine as a transmitter. Exogenous
      application of octopamine has been shown to increase levels of intracellular cAMP
      in ventral photoreceptors, but the resulting physiological effects have been
      unclear. In this report, we show that octopamine increases the rate of dark
      adaptation following a bright light. Since a similar increase in the rate of dark
      adaptation is produced by IBMX (1 mM) and forskolin (100 microM), drugs shown
      previously to raise the concentration of cAMP, the octopamine effect may be
      mediated by cAMP. Our results suggest that dark-adaptation, a fundamental process
      of photoreceptors, is under efferent neural control.

PMID- 2409245
TI  - Cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate and cytosolic calcium exert opposing effects
      on biosynthesis of tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels in rat muscle cells.
AB  - We have previously presented evidence that electrical activity and increased
      cytosolic calcium reduce the density of sarcolemmal tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive
      sodium channels in cultured rat muscle cells (Sherman, S. J., and W. A. Catterall
      (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 81: 262-266). We show here that growth of
      cells in ryanodine has a biphasic effect on sodium channel number. At low
      concentrations (0.3 to 10 microM) where this drug releases calcium from the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm, sodium channel number is reduced 62%;
      whereas, at higher concentrations where total cellular calcium is depleted, the
      density of sodium channels is increased 40% above control. These results provide
      further evidence for modulation of sodium channel number by cytosolic calcium.
      Growth of muscle cells in the presence of agents that mimic cyclic AMP (cAMP)
      action or increase intracellular cAMP levels including 8-bromo-cyclic AMP (8
      BrcAMP), cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and forskolin increased
      sodium channel density up to 125%. This action did not involve changes in
      spontaneous electrical activity. Dibutyryl cGMP had no effect. Measurement of the
      turnover rate of sodium channels after block of channel accumulation by
      tunicamycin (1.5 micrograms/ml) gave a half-time of 18 hr for exponential decay
      of TTX-sensitive sodium channels in cultured rat muscle cells after an initial 6
      hr lag period. Treatments which modulate sodium channel number through changes in
      cytosolic calcium or cAMP had no effect on the rate of channel turnover. The
      increase of sodium channel number after inhibiton of electrical activity or
      treatment with 8-BrcAMP was half-maximal at 17 hr, consistent with an increase in
      the rate of sodium channel biosynthesis and/or incorporation into the sarcolemma
      without a change in channel turnover time. We conclude that cytosolic calcium
      decreases and cAMP increases sodium channel number by modulating the rate of
      biosynthesis and/or processing of channel components. The biochemical mechanisms
      of these regulatory effects are considered.

PMID- 2409246
TI  - Selective damage to large cells in the cat retinogeniculate pathway by 2,5
      hexanedione.
AB  - The neurotoxic hexacarbon 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD), which produces transport
      abnormalities and swellings in the large diameter fibers of the peripheral
      nervous system, was administered to cats in an attempt to produce similar
      selective effects in the optic tract. Anatomical findings indicate damage to one
      type of retinal ganglion cell, the large (alpha) or Y-cell class, both during
      dosing and after a long recovery period. This selective involvement of the large
      ganglion cells during dosing was shown by decreased retrograde transport of HRP
      in these cells relative to smaller cells. Such selectivity was not apparent in
      axonal swellings and neurofilament accumulations which were present in fibers of
      all diameters in the distal optic tract. Visual threshold studies during dosing
      showed a loss of flicker resolution with preservation of visual acuity, a result
      consistent with the different physiological properties of alpha and beta ganglion
      cells. In one cat, which survived dosing for a period of 8 months, there was a
      dramatic reduction in the number of large cells and a pronounced shrinkage of
      those that remained, but no observed changes in other cell types. Thus, this
      intoxication caused (1) axonal swellings which were not selective for fiber size;
      (2) a selective defect in axonal transport with later neuronal degeneration and
      shrinkage that were limited to large cells; and (3) a loss of flicker resolution
      that may reflect dysfunction of large ganglion cells.

PMID- 2409247
TI  - Autoradiographic localization and characterization of spinal cord substance P
      binding sites: high densities in sensory, autonomic, phrenic, and Onuf's motor
      nuclei.
AB  - The presence of the neurotransmitter or neuromodulator, substance P (SP), in the
      spinal cord implies that a discrete localization of SP receptors also occurs. To
      map the distribution of and to characterize SP binding sites in the spinal cord,
      light microscopic autoradiography was used. SP binding sites occurred in the
      dorsal horn, intermediolateral cell column (IML) and lamina X-region. In the
      ventral horn, the phrenic, Onuf's and sacral ventromedial motor nuclei were
      densely labeled. Other regions of the ventral horn were moderately labeled for SP
      binding sites. The localization of binding sites parallels the regional
      distribution of SP-containing nerve fibers in the spinal cord. A close
      correlation between the binding sites for SP and the presence of cholinesterase
      stained neurons occurred, and suggest that the SP receptors are located on or
      proximal to cholinergic neurons. The density of the binding sites in the dorsal
      horn was highest in the sacral section, followed by the lumbar, thoracic and
      cervical section. In the lamina X region, however, the density was highest in the
      thoracic followed by the sacral, lumbar and cervical sections. The high density
      binding of 125I-Bolton-Hunter reagent labeled SP was inhibited, in a dose
      dependent manner, by unlabeled SP. Quantification of the dose-dependent
      inhibition binding, using computer densitometry, showed differences in the
      inhibition curves for the cervical lamina X-region and the IML as compared with
      the other loci containing high density binding sites. The differential
      sensitivity of the SP receptors to unlabeled SP suggests that there are
      heterogeneous receptors for SP in the spinal cord, which may be relevant to the
      role of SP in different spinal cord functions. The binding to specific motor
      nuclei in the ventral horn also suggest that SP may play a role in the function
      of specialized striated muscles.

PMID- 2409248
TI  - Applications of monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis and treatment of primary
      brain tumors.
AB  - The development of monoclonal antibodies has resulted in marked expansion in
      understanding the central nervous system (CNS). This has been especially true in
      the study of human neuroectodermal tumors where monoclonal antibodies have been
      used as physiological probes to define and characterize human neuroectodermal
      tumor-associated antigens. Utilizing monoclonal antibodies, neuroectodermal tumor
      associated antigens have been described in four broad categories; biochemically
      defined markers, shared nervous system-lymphoid cell markers, shared
      neuroectodermal-oncofetal markers, and putative restricted tumor markers.
      Preliminary data have demonstrated the ability to localize animal and human
      tumors in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Early application of monoclonal antibody
      technology to neuroimmunology and neuro-oncology has resulted in a new awareness
      of the complex relationships that exist within the CNS. Their specificity and
      reproducibility may provide the means to qualitatively and quantitatively define
      the phenotypic heterogeneity of human neuroectodermal tumors. Potentially,
      monoclonal antibodies, alone or as carriers of radionuclides, drugs, or toxins,
      may allow successful diagnosis and treatment of human neuroectodermal tumors.

PMID- 2409249
TI  - Idiopathic spasmodic torticollis.
AB  - Idiopathic spasmodic torticollis (IST) is discussed from the perspective of
      definition and description, clinical presentation, and modes of treatment
      including a new, innovative, surgical approach. The role of the physician and the
      neurosurgical nurse in the management of idiopathic spasmodic torticollis is
      considered.

PMID- 2409250
TI  - Factors related to length of stay of laminectomy patients.
AB  - A retrospective record audit was done to address the following research question:
      Are there factors associated with the length of hospital stay of laminectomy
      patients? According to the information on their records, patients with the
      following characteristics tended to have longer stays: were of the black race,
      had other medical diagnoses, had cervical region procedure, had "partial"
      procedure, had "extensive" pathology, and had greater use of pain medications.
      Those who were employed prior to admission, who were permitted to be more active,
      and who had muscle spasms had significantly shorter stays. The implications for
      nursing practice are discussed.

PMID- 2409251
TI  - Effect of DTPA conjugation on the antigen binding activity and biodistribution of
      monoclonal antibodies against alpha-fetoprotein.
AB  - Indium-111-(111In) labeled monoclonal antibodies (Ab) prepared with a
      bifunctional chelating agent, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), have
      been used for the radioimmunoimaging of cancer. In the present experiment, using
      monoclonal Ab against human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) as a model, we have studied
      the effect of DTPA conjugation on the antigen binding activity and the
      biodistribution in nude mice transplanted with AFP-producing human testicular
      tumor. In Ab heavily conjugated with DTPA, the Scatchard plot analysis
      demonstrated that the maximum binding capacity rather than the affinity constant
      was affected. Under selected conditions, 111In-labeled Ab were made available
      with almost full retention of the antigen binding activity and scintigrams of
      nude mice clearly delineated the site of the tumor. However, the number of DTPA
      molecules incorporated per Ab molecule markedly influenced the in vivo
      biodistribution as well as the in vitro antigen binding activity.

PMID- 2409252
TI  - Use of an example flow sheet in teaching the nursing process to beginning
      baccalaureate students.

PMID- 2409253
TI  - Effect of dietary restriction on liver protein synthesis in rats.
AB  - At 6 wk of age, male Fischer F344 rats were fed a purified, casein-based diet
      either ad libitum or in the amount of 60% of the diet consumed by the rats fed ad
      libitum (restricted diet). Hepatocytes were isolated from the rats between 2.5
      and 19 mo of age. The protein content of the hepatocytes isolated from the rats
      fed the restricted amount of diet was significantly lower than that of
      hepatocytes isolated from rats fed ad libitum. The DNA and RNA content of the
      hepatocytes were similar for the rats fed the two dietary regimens. The absolute
      rate of protein synthesis for hepatocytes isolated from rats fed ad libitum
      decreased 55% between 2.5 and 19 mo of age. However, the rate of protein
      synthesis by hepatocytes from rats fed the restricted amount of diet decreased
      only slightly with increasing age. At 19 mo of age, the rate of protein synthesis
      by hepatocytes from the rats fed the restricted amount of diet was significantly
      higher than the rate of protein synthesis for hepatocytes from rats fed ad
      libitum. Therefore, dietary restriction retards the age-related decline in liver
      protein synthesis.

PMID- 2409254
TI  - Nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy.
AB  - Women who require nonobstetric surgery during their pregnancy, regardless of the
      date of gestation, present a complicated and enigmatic clinical picture for the
      nurse. The clinical picture is challenging by virtue of the existence of
      pregnancy, compounded by the implications of surgical disease. The impact of
      surgery on the mother and fetus is described. Information on how the physiologic
      changes of pregnancy interact with surgical processes and nursing interventions
      to improve the outcome of surgery are presented.

PMID- 2409255
TI  - Inverted follicular keratosis.
AB  - Inverted follicular keratosis, a benign tumor of the skin believed to arise from
      the infundibular portion of the hair follicle that can involve perioral skin, has
      a unique histologic picture. It can be confused with forms of skin cancer; with
      knowledge of this entity, oral and maxillofacial surgeons may be able to avoid
      unnecessary surgery. The clinical and microscopic findings of 12 cases of
      inverted follicular keratosis are reported.

PMID- 2409256
TI  - Intra-epithelial hyaline bodies in odontogenic cysts: an immunoperoxidase study.
AB  - Fourteen dental cysts containing intra-epithelial hyaline bodies were stained for
      keratin, Factor VIII-related antigen, haemoglobin and fibrinogen using
      immunoperoxidase methods. Although the hyaline bodies were negative for all
      tested antigens fibrinogen was detected in the cores of some circular and
      polycyclic forms. These observations do not provide support for the proposed
      keratin, capillary endothelium or erythrocyte nature of these structures. The
      core staining for fibrinogen may support the theory that hyaline bodies are
      produced by a cellular reaction to extravasated serum.

PMID- 2409257
TI  - Invasiveness of enteropathogenic bacteria. Effect of some host cell modulating
      agents on bacterial invasiveness.

PMID- 2409258
TI  - Understanding and treatment of childhood depression.

PMID- 2409259
TI  - Macromolecular synthesis in Leishmania donovani amastigotes.

PMID- 2409260
TI  - Differences in the structure of alpha-fetoprotein and its clinical use in
      pediatric surgery.
AB  - Techniques have been studied which distinguish two variants of human alpha
      fetoprotein (AFP) on the basis of characteristics of the carbohydrate moiety of
      this glycoprotein. AFP in serum samples from six children with tumors of yolk sac
      origin showed little concanavalin-A (Con A) binding. In contrast, Con A binding
      of AFP was almost complete in serum samples from 14 other subjects with elevated
      AFP, including two with liver-cell tumors, eight with neonatal cholestasis, and
      four normal newborn infants. Differences were confirmed by immunoelectrophoretic
      studies. Thus, AFP from cells of yolk sac origin can be distinguished from AFP
      from liver cells or from tumors of hepatic cell origin.

PMID- 2409261
TI  - Immunohistochemical investigations of gut hormones in the colon of patients with
      Hirschsprung's disease.
AB  - The distributions of gut hormones in the colon of Hirschsprung's disease were
      investigated by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical method.
      Three colonic segments (ganglionic, oligoganglionic, and aganglionic) were
      stained by the unlabeled antibody enzyme method. The immunoreactivity of
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was found to be reduced in the
      oligoganglionic and aganglionic segments. Antisera to substance P and met
      enkephalin demonstrated immunoreactive cells and fibers in the ganglionic
      segment, whereas these cells and fibers were almost completely absent in the
      oligoganglionic and aganglionic segments. A similar distribution was seen for the
      mucosal endocrine cells with somatostatin immunoreactivity. Antisera to
      neurotensin, motilin, bombesin, and cholecystokinin revealed no immunoreactivity
      in the normal colon or the three segments. The differences in these peptides
      between normal and impaired colonal segments may be one of the causes of colon
      constriction in Hirschsprung's disease.

PMID- 2409262
TI  - Fate of porcine and human insulin at the subcutaneous injection site. II. In
      vitro degradation of insulins in the subcutaneous tissue of the rat.
AB  - We compared the in vitro degradation of porcine and human insulin in the
      subcutaneous tissue of rat. The insulin degrading activity was largely confined
      to the 160000 X g supernatant fraction of subcutaneous tissue. The degradation of
      human insulin was approximately half that of porcine insulin in the supernatant
      fraction. The degradation of porcine insulin in subcutaneous tissue was inhibited
      by bacitracin, leupeptin, phosphoramidon, and Z-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly, though the human
      insulin degradation was not. The degradation of both insulins was accelerated by
      glutathione. While the proteolytic enzyme activities of cathepsin-B and
      collagenase-like peptidase were detectable in subcutaneous tissue, chymotrypsin,
      elastase, kallikrein, alpha-thrombin, and trypsin activities were almost
      negligible. These in vitro studies suggest that human insulin is comparatively
      stable against proteolytic enzymes, probably collagenase-like peptidase or
      cathepsin-B, in the subcutaneous tissue, which support the in vivo evidence.

PMID- 2409263
TI  - Chronic effects of arotinolol (S-596) in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Arotinolol (S-596, ARL) is a beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug with weak alpha
      adrenoceptor blocking activity, and may be classified into the fourth generation.
      Antihypertensive effects of ARL were studied for 12 weeks in spontaneously
      hypertensive (SHR) rats. Propranolol (PPL) was used as the reference drug. ARL
      (20 and 100 mg/kg per day, p.o.) and PPL (100 mg/kg per day, p.o.) treatments
      significantly decreased heart rate, within a week after the drug treatments had
      started and thereafter. Tail blood pressure (BP), determined by prewarming the
      rat at 50 degrees C for 3 min, was slightly higher in the two ARL treated groups
      than in the control. Tail BP was slightly lower in the PPL treated group than in
      the control. Mean BP determined directly at the 12th week was lower in the two
      ARL and PPL groups than in the control by more than 20 mmHg. Both ARL (100 mg/kg
      per day) and PPL (100 mg/kg per day) treatments significantly reduced incidences
      of the vascular lesions, and also prevented the decrease of kidney weights
      usually associated with mild vascular lesions. Furthermore, these treatments
      showed a tendency to decrease plasma renin (PRC) and aldosterone (PAC)
      concentrations determined 20 h after the last administration. As mean BP must be
      more reliable than tail BP, it was concluded that ARL (20 and 100 mg/kg per day)
      showed almost the same chronic antihypertensive activity in SHR rats as PPL (100
      mg/kg per day). Preventive effects of ARL on development of vascular lesions also
      supported the above view.

PMID- 2409264
TI  - Antiviral activity, antimetabolic activity, and cytotoxicity of 3'-substituted
      deoxypyrimidine nucleosides.
AB  - The antiviral activity, effect on cellular DNA and RNA synthesis, and
      cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-methoxymethyl
      2'-deoxyuridine, 2'-deoxythymidine, and their corresponding 3'-p
      nitrophenylphosphate and 3'-p-aminophenylphosphate derivatives were determined.
      The 3'-p-aminophenylphosphate-2'-deoxy-5-methoxymethyluridine derivative was as
      potent as 5-methoxy-methyl-2'-deoxyuridine in inhibiting herpes simplex viruses;
      however, 3'-p-aminophenylphosphate-2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine was less potent than
      5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine in inhibiting viral replication. The results suggest
      that the deoxypyrimidine ribonucleoside kinase has bulk tolerance for
      substituents at the 3-position of the ribofuranose moiety. The effect on cellular
      DNA and RNA synthesis and cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells were monitored by
      studying the incorporation of radioactive precursors. 5-Methoxymethyl-2'
      deoxyuridine and 3'-p-aminophenylphosphate-2'-deoxy-5-methoxymethyluridine failed
      to inhibit DNA or RNA synthesis. 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine and 3'-p
      aminophenylphosphate-2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine decreased incorporation of
      [3H]deoxyuridine by 50% at 1.0 and 40 microM, respectively. Cytotoxicity
      (microscopic lesions using monolayer cells) on exposure to 5-methoxymethyl-2'
      deoxyuridine, 3'-p-aminophenylphosphate-2'-deoxy-5-methoxymethyluridine, 5-fluoro
      2'-deoxyuridine, and 3'-p-aminophenylphosphate-2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine was
      observed at 3800, 1600, 1.6, and 110 microM, respectively.

PMID- 2409265
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay for elcatonin, a synthetic analogue of eel calcitonin, in
      plasma.
AB  - An enzyme immunoassay for the direct measurement of elcatonin, a synthetic
      analogue of eel calcitonin with hypocalcemic activity, in rat and dog plasma was
      developed. Elcatonin was conjugated to beta-galactosidase using an N-succinimidyl
      ester, and the product was used as the tracer. The antibody-bound tracer was
      precipitated using a second antibody. The nonequilibrated procedure gave better
      sensitivity and precision than the equilibrated procedure. The nonequilibrated
      method was sensitive at quantifiable concentrations as low as 0.2 ng/mL using 0.1
      mL of plasma and was also reproducible, with RSD values generally less than +/-
      10%. Plasma levels in rats and dogs were determined by this competitive enzyme
      immunoassay after intramuscular or intravenous injection of 40 U/kg (8
      micrograms/kg) of elcatonin.

PMID- 2409266
TI  - Topical effect of aloe with ribonucleic acid and vitamin C on adjuvant arthritis.

PMID- 2409267
TI  - Role of dopamine in the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine.
AB  - Multiple administrations of high doses of methamphetamine to rats cause long-term
      depression of both dopamine and serotonin synthesis. Coadministration of the
      catecholamine synthesis inhibitor, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, antagonizes this
      effect of methamphetamine on both neurotransmitter systems. However, when
      catecholamine synthesis was maintained by the administration of L-dopa and the
      peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor R04-4602, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine no longer
      prevented the effects of methamphetamine on either dopamine or serotonin
      synthesis. In addition, the administration of the specific dopamine uptake
      blocker, amfonelic acid, significantly attenuated the changes in the serotonin
      synthesizing enzyme, tryptophan hydroxylase, resulting from multiple high doses
      of methamphetamine. The ability of a single administration of methamphetamine to
      depress tryptophan hydroxylase was also dependent on catecholamine synthesis.
      These results suggest that dopamine plays an important role in the changes
      mediated by the administration of methamphetamine in both the dopaminergic and
      serotonergic systems.

PMID- 2409268
TI  - Effects of isoproterenol on histamine release induced from monodispersed guinea
      pig lung cells by different secretagogues.
AB  - The effects of isoproterenol on histamine release induced by specific antigen
      (ovalbumin), a calcium ionophore (A23187) and a phorbol ester 4 beta-phorbol-12
      beta-myristate-13 alpha-acetate (TPA) were examined using passively sensitized,
      monodispersed guinea-pig lung cells containing 2 to 5% mast cells. Ovalbumin
      evoked histamine release in a manner dependent on added calcium. Isoproterenol
      inhibited this release and the inhibition was not overcome by increasing the
      concentration of calcium. The small amount of histamine release above spontaneous
      release induced by ovalbumin in the absence of added calcium was not altered by
      isoproterenol. Incubating the cells with ovalbumin in the absence of added
      calcium resulted in a time-dependent desensitization of histamine release induced
      by subsequent exposure to calcium. Isoproterenol did not affect either the rate
      or the maximum magnitude of antigen desensitization. Antigen-induced histamine
      release at maximum desensitization was not inhibited by isoproterenol. A23187
      induced histamine release in a manner dependent on added calcium. This dependency
      was inversely related to the concentration of A23187. Isoproterenol had no affect
      on either the rate or magnitude of histamine release by A23187 regardless of the
      concentration of added calcium. TPA evoked histamine release in a manner
      independent of added calcium. Isoproterenol did not alter the rate or magnitude
      of histamine release induced by TPA. Both forskolin (10(-5) M) and dibutyryl
      cyclic AMP (10(-3) M) inhibited ovalbumin-induced histamine release, but neither
      substance altered A23187-induced release. Forskolin also failed to alter TPA
      induced histamine release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409269
TI  - Adenosine receptors on canine parietal cells modulate gastric acid secretion to
      histamine.
AB  - Administration of theophylline has been shown to enhance gastric acid secretion
      in humans. Because theophylline has been reported to be a poor inhibitor of
      phosphodiesterase but a better adenosine receptor antagonist, we tested the
      hypothesis that there are inhibitory "R site" adenosine receptors on parietal
      cells. Utilizing isolated dispersed canine parietal cells, we measured acid
      secretion by the [14C]aminopyrine accumulation technique. We tested the effect of
      increasing concentrations of 2-chloroadenosine (10(-7), 10(-6), 10(-5) M) and L
      N6-phenylisopropyl adenosine (L-PIA) (10(-7), 10(-6), and 10(-5) M), stable
      analogs of adenosine with specificity for the R sites, on aminopyrine uptake
      produced by submaximal stimulating concentrations of histamine (1 microM) plus
      isobutyl methylxanthine (3 microM) or carbachol (1 microM). Histamine-stimulated
      parietal cell aminopyrine uptake was 4.3- +/- 0.4-fold above basal; 2
      chloroadenosine inhibited this response in a dose-dependent fashion with a 57 +/-
      6% inhibition at 10(-5) M.L-PIA also inhibited histamine-stimulated aminopyrine
      uptake with a 67 +/- 11% inhibition at 10(-5) M. Carbachol-stimulated aminopyrine
      uptake was 5.8- +/- 1.6-fold above basal, but 2-chloroadenosine had no
      significant effect on this response. Theophylline, 300 microM, and 8
      phenyltheophylline, 10 microM, reduced the inhibitory effect of 2
      chloroadenosine. 8-Phenyltheophylline was inactive in inhibiting the parietal
      cell phosphodiesterase activity and the IC50 of theophylline for
      phosphodiesterase was 1 mM. Because prostaglandins inhibit parietal cell uptake
      of aminopyrine in a pattern similar to 2-chloroadenosine, we also tested the
      possibility that prostaglandins are involved in the 2-chloroadenosine
      response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409270
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of spinal cord substance P: studies with a stable receptor
      agonist.
AB  - The role of spinal cord substance P (SP) in regulating sympathetic outflow to the
      cardiovascular system was assessed with the stable active analog
      [pGlu5,MePhE8,MeGly9]-SP(5-11) (DiME-SP). The interaction of DiME-SP with spinal
      cord SP receptors was evaluated initially in binding studies. Saturable, high
      affinity binding of [125I]Bolton-Hunter-SP to rat spinal cord membranes was dose
      dependently inhibited by DiME-SP (IC50 = 1.5 microM). Intrathecal (i.t.)
      injections of DiME-SP (1.0-33 nmol) in anesthetized rats produced dose-dependent
      increases in blood pressure and heart rate that were accompanied by increases in
      plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine. Intravenous injections of the ganglionic
      blocker pentolinium blocked the cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses
      to i.t. injections of DiME-SP. Bulbospinal sympathoexcitatory pathways
      originating in the ventral medulla and their mediation by SP were also assessed.
      As demonstrated previously, application of bicuculline, the gamma-aminobutyric
      acid receptor antagonist, to the ventral surface of the medulla produced
      sympathetic mediated increases in blood pressure and these effects were blocked
      by i.t. injection of the SP receptor antagonist [D-Arg1,D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9,Leu11]
      SP. In this study, we studied the specificity of the SP antagonist for SP
      receptors by attempting to alter the actions of the SP antagonist with a SP
      agonist. Administration of DiME-SP (33 nmol i.t.) blocked the effects of [D
      Arg1,D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9,Leu11]-SP (3.3 nmol i.t.). Specifically, the SP agonist
      countered the SP antagonist-mediated 1) hypotensive response and 2) inhibitory
      effect on bicuculline-induced sympathoexcitatory responses elicited from the
      ventral surface of the medulla. These data provide further evidence that SP
      transmits excitatory information to the cardiovascular system via spinal
      sympathetic pathways.

PMID- 2409271
TI  - Pharmacological experiments on the binding and internalization of the 50,000
      dalton carboxyterminus of tetanus toxin at the cholinergic neuromuscular
      junction.
AB  - Experiments were done to compare the binding and subsequent internalization of
      the intact tetanus toxin molecule and of the isolated binding component from the
      molecule (i.e., 50,000 dalton carboxyterminus). In all respects, the isolated
      component behaved like the intact molecule. Both the holotoxin and the isolated
      carboxyterminus bind to neuromuscular preparations in a way that is only poorly
      dissociable. At low temperature (4 degrees C), the holotoxin remains at or near
      the cell surface and thus remains accessible to the neutralizing effects of
      polyclonal antibody. At the same temperature, the isolated binding component
      remains associated with receptors and thus antagonizes binding of the intact
      toxin. Warming tissues (35 degrees C) slowly promotes internalization of the
      toxin and of the isolated binding component, and nerve stimulation more rapidly
      promotes internalization. Ammonium chloride and methylamine hydrochloride
      antagonize the process by which nerve stimulation promotes internalization of
      bound protein. Data from chase experiments suggest that the receptor for tetanus
      toxin either has a relatively rapid turnover rate or exists in relative excess.
      Data from monoclonal antibody experiments show that, even when the toxin is bound
      to nerve endings, antibodies directed against epitopes in the carboxyterminus can
      cause appreciable neutralization. The most important implication of the data is
      that the isolated carboxyterminus of tetanus toxin can be used as a
      pharmacological tool to target drugs of interest to nerve endings.

PMID- 2409272
TI  - Comparative interactions of organic Ca++ channel antagonists with myocardial Ca++
      and K+ channels.
AB  - Dose-dependent inhibition by three organic calcium channel antagonists, D-600,
      nisoldipine and diltiazem, of the inward calcium current (iCa) and the delayed,
      outward potassium current (iK) in single frog atrial cells was examined using a
      voltage clamp technique. At holding potentials of -60 mV, low concentrations of
      these antagonists produced considerable inhibition of iCa without significant
      alterations in iK, suggesting that iK in single frog atrial cells is not a
      calcium-activated K+ conductance. Higher concentrations of each of these
      antagonists, however, inhibited iK. The estimated Kd values for inhibition of iCa
      and iK, respectively, were 3.7 X 10(-7) M and 8.2 X 10(-4) M for D-600, 1.6 X 10(
      8) M and 1.6 X 10(-5) M for nisoldipine and 4.4 X 10(-6) M and 3.3 X 10(-4) M for
      diltiazem. Under these experimental conditions, D-600 and nisoldipine interact
      more selectively with myocardial Ca++ channels than K+ channels compared to
      diltiazem, which is less selective. In addition, the inhibition of iK by each of
      these antagonists was found to exhibit an apparent voltage dependence; block was
      enhanced at more negative membrane potentials and relieved at more positive
      membrane potentials. This voltage-dependent block of iK is, therefore, opposite
      to the voltage-dependent inhibition of iCa produced by these compounds, where
      block of iCa is accentuated at positive membrane potentials.

PMID- 2409273
TI  - Dynorphin and neoendorphin peptides decrease dorsal root ganglion neuron calcium
      dependent action potential duration.
AB  - Opioid peptides decrease somatic calcium-dependent action potential duration of a
      subpopulation of mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons grown in dissociated
      cell culture. Based on rank order of potency and naloxone sensitivity, both mu
      and delta opioid receptors were demonstrated on the somata of DRG neurons and
      were shown to have a heterogeneous distribution. The purpose of the present
      investigation was to determine the actions of dynorphin gene products, dynorphin
      A, dynorphin B, dynorphin A(1-8), dynorphin A(1-9), alpha-neoendorphin and beta
      neoendorphin on DRG neuron somatic calcium-dependent action potentials and to
      compare the actions of dynorphin and neoendorphin peptides to the action of
      morphiceptin, a mu receptor-selective ligand, and Leu-enkephalin, a delta
      receptor-preferring ligand. We report that the dynorphin and neoendorphin
      peptides decreased DRG neuron somatic calcium-dependent action potential duration
      in a portion of DRG neurons, an action that was dose-dependent and was
      antagonized by naloxone. DRG neuron responses to the dynorphins and neoendorphins
      differed from responses to morphiceptin and Leu-enkephalin. First, many DRG
      neurons responded to dynorphin A but not to morphiceptin or Leu-enkephalin.
      Second, dynorphin A responses, unlike responses to morphiceptin or Leu
      enkephalin, were present after intracellular injection of cesium, a potassium
      channel blocker. Dynorphin A effectiveness was decreased after deletions at the
      carboxy-terminus and Leu-enkephalin [dynorphin A(1-5)] was inactive at 10 microM.
      Thus, on DRG neurons in cell culture, dynorphins and neoendorphins act at opioid
      receptors distinct from mu and delta receptors, possibly kappa
      receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409274
TI  - Bepridil hydrochloride alters potential-dependent and receptor-operated calcium
      channels in vascular smooth muscle of rabbit aorta.
AB  - The effects of the new calcium blocker (CAB), bepridil hydrochloride (BP), on
      calcium influx and isometric tension development resulting from activation of
      both the potential-dependent (60 mM KCl) and the receptor-operated (10 microM
      norepinephrine) calcium channel were studied in rings of rabbit thoracic aorta.
      BP was compared to nifedipine (NF), verapamil hydrochloride (VP) and diltiazem
      hydrochloride (DZ). The effects of the CABs were compared to those of alpha-1
      adrenergic receptor blocker, prazosin (0.01, 0.1 and 10.0 microM), and to those
      of the inorganic nonspecific calcium channel blocker, lanthanum chloride (0.1,
      1.0 and 5.0 mM). All organic CABs tested between 0.1 and 10.0 microM
      significantly inhibited potential-dependent activity with respect to both calcium
      influx and development of isometric tension (NF greater than BP = VP greater than
      DZ). However, only BP additionally inhibited both aspects of receptor-operated
      activity in a concentration-dependent fashion. In an isolated guinea-pig
      Langendorff heart preparation, all CABs increased coronary flow (NF greater than
      DZ greater than BP = VP) and reduced cardiac contractile force (VP = NF greater
      than DZ greater than BP) without significantly altering spontaneous rate. In the
      absence of extracellular calcium ion (0 calcium solution + 2 mM ethylene glycol
      bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid), norepinephrine caused a phasic
      contractile response in rabbit thoracic aorta which was suppressed by VP and NF
      but not by DZ or BP. These results suggest that the four calcium blockers have
      differential effects on calcium channel activity and on intracellular calcium
      release in vascular smooth muscle.

PMID- 2409275
TI  - The biochemistry and functional morphology of the Entamoeba.

PMID- 2409276
TI  - Operation of the National Preventive Dentistry Demonstration Program.
AB  - Operation of large-scale, multiple-site demonstration programs is an infrequent
      activity, one for which most investigators have had little previous experience.
      The success of a demonstration program, however, often rests on operational
      aspects. Following the completion of a major demonstration, the writers discuss
      the design of their program, the problems they encountered in its operation, and
      the aspects they would change in future demonstrations.

PMID- 2409277
TI  - Effect of secular decline in caries on the evaluation of preventive dentistry
      demonstrations.
AB  - Studies of dental preventive interventions often do not incorporate a concurrent,
      longitudinal control group in their study design. The existence of a secular
      decline in dental caries during the conduct of these studies may result in an
      overstatement of the effectiveness of the preventive intervention. Results of a
      recent large caries preventive study are analyzed using both a concurrent,
      longitudinal control group and an historical comparison group to demonstrate this
      effect. Differences in effectiveness of preventive procedures determined using
      the two types of control groups are sufficient to suggest a probable
      misinterpretation of results of studies using only historical comparisons.

PMID- 2409278
TI  - Effect of intraperitoneal 32% dextran 70 on blood coagulation and serum
      electrolytes.
AB  - The most promising intraperitoneal agent for preventing adhesion formation is 32%
      dextran 70. To investigate its effect on blood coagulation and serum
      electrolytes, 22 women who required surgery for infertility were studied. No
      significant difference was seen in prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time,
      platelet count or red-blood-cell indices between the dextran group (n = 12) and
      the control group (n = 10) on day 0 (before surgery) and postoperative days 1 and
      3. In both groups the decrease in hematocrit and a proportionate decrease in
      serum albumin 24 hours after the operation suggested hemodilution. There was no
      further decrease in hematocrit on postoperative day 3. The dextran had no effect
      on serum electrolytes. These results suggest that intraperitoneal 32% dextran 70
      does not impair blood coagulation and is not associated with an electrolyte
      inbalance.

PMID- 2409279
TI  - Old genes for new: a possible approach to the management of some genetic
      diseases?

PMID- 2409280
TI  - Opioid agonists and antagonists. 6-Desoxy-6-substituted lactone, epoxide, and
      glycidate ester derivatives of naltrexone and oxymorphone.
AB  - Synthesis and opioid radioreceptor assay data on analogues closely related to 6
      desoxy-6-spiro-alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone 5a, a compound with irreversible
      activity in this assay, are reported. Saturated lactones (7a,b), endocyclic
      alpha, beta-unsaturated gamma-lactones (8a,b and 9a), and 6 alpha,7 alpha-fused
      alpha-methylene-gamma-lactones (10a and 11a) were prepared. Related 6-desoxy-6
      methylene 6 beta- and 6 alpha-oxides (12a,b and 13a) and glycidate esters 14a,b
      and 15a,b were also prepared with use of naltrexone (1a) and oxymorphone (1b) as
      starting material. Compounds in the N-cyclopropylmethyl (N-CPM) series were more
      potent than those in the N-Me series in displacing [3H]naltrexone in the opioid
      radioreceptor assay, usually by 2-16-fold in the absence of Na ion. The most
      potent N-CPM analogues were epoxides 12a and 13a and glycidate esters 14a and
      15a, showing IC50's of 2-6 nM, similar to that of 5a. Of the N-Me analogues, 6
      beta-oxide 12b was most active, with an IC50 of 8 nM in the absence of Na ion.
      For the N-CPM analogues, the Na ion ratios were generally less than 1, with two
      exceptions. The N-Me analogues showed expected larger Na ion effects of 7 or
      greater. None of the lactone analogues had irreversible effects when preincubated
      in the rat brain membrane preparation, even at 37 degrees C for 30 min, i.e.,
      washing restored [3H]naltrexone binding to control levels. These results clearly
      show that the alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone moiety of 5a is required for
      irreversible effects, consistent with it serving as a conjugate addition acceptor
      of a nucleophilic group from a ligand at or near the receptor. The epoxides and
      glycidate esters also had no irreversible activity, indicating more electrophilic
      functional groups are needed and/or these electrophiles are not properly aligned
      to react with nucleophilic groups at or near the opioid receptor.

PMID- 2409281
TI  - 10-Ketonaltrexone and 10-ketooxymorphone.
AB  - Ethylketocyclazocine (1) has greater kappa/mu selectivity than cyclazocine in
      brain binding assays. 10-Ketonaltrexone (11) and 10-ketooxymorphone (10) were
      prepared from naltrexone 3-methyl ether and oxycodone, respectively. Bioassays in
      the myenteric plexus longitudinal muscle preparation of the guinea pig ileum and
      in the mouse vas deferens, in addition to brain binding assays, demonstrated that
      10 and 11 were far less potent than naltrexone (2) and oxymorphone (3) at mu
      sites and also had little affinity for kappa and delta sites. It is concluded
      that introduction of the 10-keto group in naltrexone and oxymorphone diminished
      opioid effects at all binding sites.

PMID- 2409282
TI  - Polymorphism of DNA sequence in the human pro alpha 2(I) collagen gene.
AB  - The human pro alpha 2(I) collagen gene was analysed for the presence of
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms. DNA from randomly selected unrelated
      persons of three Southern African populations was cleaved with one of eight
      different restriction enzymes, electrophoresed, blotted, and hybridised with cDNA
      and genomic probes specific for the pro alpha 2(I) gene. An MspI polymorphism was
      detected which results from the loss of a cleavage site within the 3' half of the
      gene. In two of the populations studied, the polymorphism occurred at significant
      frequencies, and should therefore prove useful as a genetic marker for the study
      of inherited disorders of connective tissue involving collagen structure or
      biosynthesis.

PMID- 2409283
TI  - Clinical and haematological evaluation of beta thalassaemia intermedia with
      increased Hb F and Hb A2 in heterozygotes: beta thalassaemia intermedia I.
AB  - Family studies were performed in 10 patients from seven different families with
      homozygous beta zero thalassaemia intermedia and in three patients with
      homozygous beta+ or compound heterozygous beta+ and beta zero thalassaemia
      intermedia. In nine of the 10 families at least one of the parents was found to
      have raised Hb A2 and Hb F. In the heterozygotes with increased Hb A2 and Hb F,
      the means of Hb F and MCV were significantly higher than those observed in
      regular Hb A2 thalassaemia heterozygotes. However, the severity of imbalance in
      in vitro haemoglobin synthesis was similar in these two groups. The imbalance in
      the alpha/non-alpha synthetic ratio was heterogeneous in the patients, being 2.1
      and 4.0. Segregation of the raised Hb F from the Hb A2 beta thalassaemia
      determinant was found to be possible in only one of the 36 heterozygotes. This
      may exclude the possibility of the presence of an additional determinant
      responsible for the activation of the gamma chain. The G gamma/A gamma ratio of
      Hb F was that of the fetal type (G gamma was between 50 and 71% of the total
      gamma chain). The A gamma T variant of gamma chain was not detected in cis of the
      beta zero thalassaemia determinant characterised by increased Hb F and Hb A2. A
      retrospective study of 180 patients with beta thalassaemia and their parents
      indicated that the combined rise in Hb A2 and Hb F was more common in the
      heterozygous parents (11 out of 30 parents) of the patients with beta zero
      thalassaemia than it was in the parents of patients with beta+ thalassaemia
      (three out of 140 parents). The presence of increased Hb A2 and Hb F in the
      heterozygote may in some cases determine the relative mildness of the disease.

PMID- 2409284
TI  - Clinical and haematological evaluation of beta thalassaemia intermedia
      characterised by unusually low Hb F and increased Hb A2: beta thalassaemia
      intermedia II.
AB  - A total of 15 patients from different families with thalassaemia intermedia was
      studied. Haematological studies showed that the fetal haemoglobin was only
      slightly raised, being between 2 and 11.5% of the total haemoglobin. Haemoglobin
      A2 was high in all cases. The family study indicated that homozygosity or
      compound heterozygosity for beta thalassaemia was present in five patients, while
      dominant inheritance was observed in three. In seven patients family studies were
      not sufficient to predict the genotype. Haematological findings in the parents of
      the homozygous patients were as severe as those seen in common Hb A2 beta
      thalassaemia traits. The decrease in MCH and MCV was more severe and the Hb A2
      higher in homozygous patients than in cases of common beta thalassaemia major (p
      less than 0.01, p less than 0.01, and p less than 0.001 respectively). The
      imbalance in in vitro globin synthesis was more severe in classical beta
      thalassaemia major than in homozygous patients in this study (p less than 0.01).
      However, the imbalance in alpha/non-alpha synthetic ratios showed variation among
      the homozygous and heterozygous patients in this study (2.1 to 4.0).
      Haematological severity and Hb F value showed some slight variation among
      affected persons of the same family in the case of patients with severe beta
      thalassaemia heterozygosity. The G gamma/A gamma ratio of haemoglobin F was found
      to be close to that of the adult level. Haematological studies suggested that
      clinical and haematological findings were more severe in patients with homozygous
      beta thalassaemia than in patients with heterozygosity for beta thalassaemia. The
      prevalence of thalassaemia intermedia with low Hb F and increased Hb A2 was found
      to account for 3% of the Turkish beta thalassaemic patients diagnosed before the
      age of 8 years.

PMID- 2409285
TI  - Antibody responses in acute and chronic Q fever and in subjects vaccinated
      against Q fever.
AB  - An analysis is made of the antibody response to Coxiella burnettii Phase-1 and
      Phase-2 antigens, as measured by immunofluorescence in the IgM, IgG or IgA
      immunoglobulin classes, or by complement-fixation, in patients with acute and
      chronic Q fever and in vaccinated or skin-tested subjects. In acute (primary) Q
      fever, IgM specific antibodies to Phase-1 antigen are present in early
      convalescence together with IgM, IgG, IgA and CF antibodies to Phase-2 antigen.
      IgM specific antibody may persist for at least 678 days after onset of the acute
      illness. Patients with chronic Q fever have no IgM specific antibody to Phase-1
      or -2 antigens, or only at very low levels; high levels of specific antibody in
      the IgG and IgA classes, together with CF antibody to both antigenic phases,
      appear to be characteristic. The serological response in initially seronegative,
      vaccinated subjects is mainly to Phase-1 antigen in the IgM fraction, and to a
      lesser degree to Phase-2 antigen by CF and in IgM and IgG classes. Subjects who
      were equivocally seropositive before vaccination showed IgA and IgG specific
      antibody responses to Phase-1 antigen and CF and IgG class responses to Phase-2
      antigen. Similar antibody profiles were observed in patients who seroconverted
      after a positive skin-test. Data are also presented on the suitability of C.
      burnettii antigens for use in immunofluorescence and on the binding of IgM
      specific antibody by Phase-1 antigen but its failure to fix complement.

PMID- 2409286
TI  - Observations by light microscopy and transmission electronmicroscopy on
      intestinal spirochaetosis in baboons (Papio spp.).
AB  - Spirochaetes were recognised in the large bowel of 57 of 59 baboons as a
      basophilic fringe at the microvillous brush border of the epithelial cells. Both
      caecum and colon were usually affected, but seven animals had spirochaetes in the
      caecum alone. Examination of three animals by transmission electronmicroscopy
      revealed only one type of spirochaete; ring forms and cross-walls were present.
      Inflammatory changes were not seen in association with the infection, and the
      distribution of spirochaetes in 10 animals with soft or diarrhoeic faeces
      resembled that in normal animals.

PMID- 2409287
TI  - Immunoassays of field isolates of Mycobacterium bovis and other mycobacteria by
      use of monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Antigen extracts obtained by sonication of 22 strains of Mycobacterium bovis from
      cattle and badgers together with extracts of strains of M. tuberculosis, M.
      paratuberculosis, M. avium, M. africanum, M. kansasi, M. leprae and BCG were
      examined with a panel of 10 monoclonal antibodies to M. tuberculosis or M.
      leprae. Antigen extracts were coated in aqueous solution (wet coating) and the
      extracts were also dried on to the polyvinyl plates (dry coating). When dry
      coating was compared to wet coating, there was a major increase in the binding of
      monoclonal antibody ML03 to M. avium and M. paratuberculosis, monoclonal antibody
      ML02 to M. paratuberculosis, and monoclonal antibodies TB71 and TB72 to the
      majority of M. bovis isolates. The study confirmed that on wet-coated plates,
      monoclonal antibodies TB71 and TB72 bind poorly or not at all to M. bovis and
      that monoclonal antibodies TB68, TB78, TB77 and TB23 each bind to field strains
      of M. bovis while TB23 binds poorly to BCG in wet-coating conditions. Antibodies
      TB72 and TB71, originally thought to be specific for M. tuberculosis, each
      reacted with M. africanum. Antibody TB78 bound to M. paratuberculosis but did not
      react with M. avium, and M. avium and M. paratuberculosis were distinguished from
      M. bovis and M. tuberculosis by the binding of antibody ML03 to dry-coated
      plates. When wet-coated plates were used, ML03 bound strongly only to M. leprae.
      The panel of monoclonal antibodies did not demonstrate distinct serotype
      differences between the field isolates of M. bovis.

PMID- 2409288
TI  - Analysis of the requirements for transcription pausing in the tryptophan operon.
AB  - RNA polymerase pausing during transcription of the tryptophan (trp) operon leader
      region is postulated to be the key event that synchronizes transcription of this
      region with translation of the coding region for the trp leader peptide. Coupling
      of transcription to translation enables the cell to monitor the intracellular
      concentration of charged tRNATrp and determine whether polymerase should
      terminate transcription at the attenuator or proceed into the structural genes of
      the operon. We used mutant templates containing deletions of DNA segments
      corresponding to sequences that are predicted to form alternative RNA secondary
      structures to show that formation of an RNA hairpin in the leader transcript, and
      the concentration of the next nucleoside triphosphate to be added to the paused
      transcript, both markedly affect the kinetics of pausing in vitro. A model is
      presented that accounts for many of the findings obtained in this and other
      pausing studies.

PMID- 2409289
TI  - Nucleotide sequences responsible for the thermal inducibility of the Drosophila
      small heat-shock protein genes in monkey COS cells.
AB  - The promoter regions of the Drosophila melanogaster small heat-shock protein
      genes have been analysed in order to localize those sequences responsible for
      their heat-shock transcriptional inducibility. Different lengths of the 5' DNA
      sequences of these four genes were each fused individually to the Herpes simplex
      virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) transcription unit. These hybrid genes were
      constructed in a simian virus 40 recombinant vector for transfection in
      permissive monkey COS cells and tested for their heat-shock inducibility. The
      hsp22/HSV-tk and hsp26/HSV-tk fusion genes were found to be heat-inducible at 43
      degrees C, giving rise to correctly initiated transcripts, but transcriptionally
      quiescent at 37 degrees C (control temperature). The hsp23 and hsp27 fusion gene
      constructs are, however, not heat-shock-inducible; no transcripts being
      detectable from hsp27/HSV-tk constructs at either temperature and all hsp23/HSV
      tk clones being faithfully but constitutively expressed at low levels at both
      temperatures. By testing a series of 5' deletion mutants in hsp22/HSV-tk, a
      homologous sequence located adjacent to the TATA box in both the hsp22 and hsp26
      genes was identified as being responsible for their heat-shock activation. This
      control element corresponds to the Pelham "consensus sequence", previously
      described for the Drosophila hsp70 genes. The possible modes of transcriptional
      induction of all four genes are discussed.

PMID- 2409290
TI  - Autogenous regulation of transcription termination factor Rho.
AB  - We present evidence that the transcription termination factor Rho is autogenously
      regulated in Escherichia coli. The steady-state level of Rho is increased
      approximately tenfold in rho mutant cells. In the rho+ revertants, the content of
      Rho is similar to the wild-type level. A rho-/rho+ merodiploid produces equimolar
      amounts of the mutant and the wild-type Rho polypeptides, both at a reduced level
      compared to the mutant. The steady-state level of rho messenger RNA is also
      increased in a rho mutant. A rho-galK transcriptional fusion produces at least
      tenfold more galactokinase in a rho- strain than in a rho+ strain. In vitro, in a
      coupled transcription-translation system, the synthesis of Rho protein is
      specifically inhibited by wild-type Rho but not by Rho15 mutant protein. Anti-Rho
      antibody specifically stimulates Rho synthesis in the rho+ extract but not in a
      rho- extract. We suggest that the autogenous regulation of Rho involves premature
      transcription termination within the rho gene. Regulation of Rho level may
      provide the cell a mechanism to modulate the expression of genes which are
      separated from their promoters by Rho-dependent termination signals.

PMID- 2409291
TI  - Ribonucleoprotein organization of eukaryotic RNA. XXXII. U2 small nuclear RNA
      precursors and their accurate 3' processing in vitro as ribonucleoprotein
      particles.
AB  - Biosynthetic precursors of U2 small nuclear RNA have been identified in cultured
      human cells by hybrid-selection of pulse-labeled RNA with cloned U2 DNA. These
      precursor molecules are one to approximately 16 nucleotides longer than mature U2
      RNA and contain 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine "caps". The U2 RNA precursors are
      associated with proteins that react with a monoclonal antibody for antigens
      characteristic of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. Like previously
      described precursors of U1 and U4 small nuclear RNAs, the pre-U2 RNAs are
      recovered in cytoplasmic fractions, although it is not known if this is their
      location in vivo. The precursors are processed to mature-size U2 RNA when
      cytoplasmic extracts are incubated in vitro at 37 degrees C. Mg2+ is required but
      ATP is not. The ribonucleoprotein structure of the pre-U2 RNA is maintained
      during the processing reaction in vitro, as are the 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine
      caps. The ribonucleoprotein organization is of major importance, as exogenous,
      protein-free U2 RNA precursors are degraded rapidly in the in vitro system. Two
      lines of evidence indicate that the conversion of U2 precursors to mature-size U2
      RNA involves a 3' processing reaction. First, the reaction is unaffected by a
      large excess of mature U2 small nuclear RNP, whose 5' trimethylguanosine caps
      would be expected to compete for a 5' processing activity. Second, when pre-U2
      RNA precursors are first stoichiometrically decorated with an antibody specific
      for 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine, the extent of subsequent processing in vitro is
      unaffected. These results provide the first demonstration of a eukaryotic RNA
      processing reaction in vitro occurring within a ribonucleoprotein particle.

PMID- 2409292
TI  - Interaction of RNA polymerase with lacUV5 promoter DNA during mRNA initiation and
      elongation. Footprinting, methylation, and rifampicin-sensitivity changes
      accompanying transcription initiation.
AB  - We have used enzymatic and chemical probes to follow the movement of Escherichia
      coli RNA polymerase along lacUV5 promoter DNA during transcription initiation.
      The RNA polymerase does not escape from the promoter but remains tightly bound
      during the synthesis of the initial bases of the transcript. This initial phase
      of RNA synthesis involves the reiterative synthesis and release of RNA chains up
      to ten bases long via the RNA polymerase cycling reaction and the enzyme remains
      sensitive to rifampicin inhibition. When longer chains are made, promoter
      specific binding is disrupted and the enzyme forms a rifampicin-resistant
      elongation complex with downstream DNA sequences. This elongation complex covers
      less than half as much DNA and lacks the DNase I-hypersensitive sites and the
      base-specific contacts that characterize promoter-bound RNA polymerase. These
      results lead us to suggest that lacUV5 mRNA synthesis is primed by a promoter
      bound enzyme complex that synthesizes the initial nine or ten bases in the mRNA
      chain. Subsequently, when a chain of ten bases, or slightly longer, is made,
      contacts with promoter DNA are irreversibly disrupted, sigma subunit is lost, and
      a "true" elongation complex is formed.

PMID- 2409293
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of myelin basic protein in the developing optic
      system of trout.
AB  - Immunofluorescent localization of basic protein (BP) in the CNS of trout was
      performed using a heterologous antiserum raised against human BP. Bright specific
      fluorescence was confined to the myelin sheath of axons in most regions of the
      brain, whereas neuronal pericarya and dendrites as well as glial cells were
      entirely negative. In the tectum immunofluorescence was characteristically
      distributed in two rows of horizontally aligned patches, most evidently
      reflecting the orderly array of myelinated fiber bundles in the stratum opticum
      and stratum album. During development of the retino-tectal pathway, the
      appearance of BP followed a distinct rostro-caudal gradient firstly reaching the
      anterior ventral border of the tectum by larval stage 34. Furthermore, on cross
      sections through the optic nerve a specifically organized pattern of myelin
      formation was revealed by immunohistochemistry, which strikingly coincided with
      the pattern of fiber outgrowth.

PMID- 2409294
TI  - Synthesis of myelin proteins and ultrastructural investigations in regenerating
      rat sciatic nerve.
AB  - Myelin protein synthesis, as well as ultrastructural and morphometric changes in
      regenerating peripheral nerve, was studied. Sciatic nerves of rats were crushed
      unilaterally; sham-operated nerves of the contralateral side served as controls.
      For the in vivo experiments, rats were killed at selected periods after the
      nerves were crushed (30, 60, 90, and 120 days); seven days prior to killing, the
      animals were injected intravenously with L-[4,5-3H]leucine. For the in vitro
      experiments, proximal and distal segments of sciatic nerve and equivalent sham
      operated nerves were labeled with 3H-amino acid mixture 90 days after axotomy.
      Purified myelin was isolated from nerve segments; specific radioactivity and gel
      electrophoretic patterns of proteins were analyzed. Cross-sectional electron
      microscope (EM) preparations of proximal, distal, and contralateral segments of
      nerves also were examined. Results showed that the incorporation of labeled amino
      acids into total myelin proteins was enhanced significantly in the distal segment
      of sciatic nerves at all of the periods of regeneration studied. The yield of
      myelin protein per mm distal nerve segment increased as regeneration proceeded.
      The remyelination of fibers early after nerve crush was weak, whereas it
      gradually attained the normal range 90-120 days after axotomy. Morphometric
      analysis of myelin sheath thickness of regenerating axons was consistent with the
      data obtained for myelin protein synthesis.

PMID- 2409295
TI  - Sonography, a complementary examination to alpha-fetoprotein testing for fetal
      neural tube defects.
AB  - Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common congenital anomalies in the
      United States, with an estimated prevalence of 16 per 10,000 births. The
      measurement of amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AF-AFP) concentration has been
      used to detect NTDs since the early 1970s. When the AF-AFP concentration is
      elevated, ultrasonography is commonly used to confirm the presence of a NTD. In
      this study, patient charts, amniocentesis records, and ultrasound reports from a
      three-year period were reviewed. The 97 fetuses identified as being at high risk
      for NTDs were divided into four groups: those with high AF-AFP concentrations
      (Groups 1 and 2, with from 3 to 5 standard deviations (SD) above the mean and
      with more than 5 SD above the mean, respectively): those referred from other
      institutions because of suspicious sonographic results (Group 3); and those at
      risk because of a previous sibling with a NTD (Group 4). Ultrasonography was 100
      per cent sensitive and 100 per cent specific in diagnosing NTDs. Thus, in
      pregnancies with an elevated AF-AFP concentration, ultrasonography can reliably
      identify normal fetuses as well as differentiate between those with NTDs and
      those with other congenital anomalies. Also, since AF-AFP concentrations decline
      after 20 weeks' gestation, ultrasonography may be a better test than a repeat
      amniocentesis in equivocal cases of AF-AFP elevation.

PMID- 2409296
TI  - Characterization of nucleic acids in membrane vesicles from scrapie-infected
      hamster brain.
AB  - This study reports the partial characterization of nucleic acids present in
      gradient fractions enriched for large membrane vesicles from scrapie-infected and
      uninfected hamster brains. Labeling of phenol-extracted nucleic acids at the 3'
      or 5' ends revealed abundant amounts of low-molecular-weight RNA and little or no
      DNA. These nucleic acids survived nuclease treatment of membrane vesicles but
      were sensitive to RNase after phenol extraction. Analysis of 5'-end-labeled
      nucleic acids by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed an RNA of
      ca. 100 bases in preparations from scrapie-infected hamster brain that could not
      be detected in uninfected brain. The possibility that this apparently unique
      small RNA may result from tissue damage or abnormal RNA processing or may be a
      component of the infectious complex is discussed.

PMID- 2409297
TI  - Identification of hepatitis B virus polypeptides encoded by the entire pre-s open
      reading frame.
AB  - The open reading frame (ORF) that encodes the 226-amino-acid coat protein
      (hepatitis B virus surface antigen [HBsAg]) of hepatitis B virus has the
      potential to encode a 400-amino-acid polypeptide. The entire ORF would direct the
      synthesis of a polypeptide whose C-terminal amino acids represent HBsAg with an
      additional 174 amino acids at the N terminus (pre-s). Recently, virus particles
      have been shown to contain a polypeptide that corresponds to HBsAg with an
      additional 55 amino acids at the N terminus encoded by the DNA sequence
      immediately upstream of the HBsAg gene. A novel ORF expression vector containing
      the TAC promoter, the first eight codons of the gene for beta-galactosidase, and
      the entire coding sequence for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase was used in
      bacteria to express determinants of the 174 amino acids predicted from the pre-s
      portion of the ORF. The resulting tribrid protein containing 108 amino acids
      encoded by pre-s was expressed as one of the major proteins of bacteria harboring
      the recombinant plasmid. Single-step purification of the tribrid fusion protein
      was achieved by fractionation on a chloramphenicol affinity resin. Polyclonal
      antiserum generated to the fusion protein was capable of detecting 42- and 46
      kilodalton polypeptides from virus particles; both polypeptides were also shown
      to contain HBsAg determinants. The ability of the polyclonal antiserum to
      identify polypeptides with these characteristics from virus particles presents
      compelling evidence that the DNA sequence of the entire ORF is expressed as a
      contiguous polypeptide containing HBsAg. The presence of multiple promoters and
      primary translation products from this single ORF argues that the function and
      potential interaction of the encoded polypeptides play a crucial role in the life
      cycle of the virus. Furthermore, the procedure and vector described in this
      report can be applied to other systems to facilitate the generation of antibodies
      to defined determinants and should allow the characterization of the epitope
      specificity of existing antibodies.

PMID- 2409298
TI  - Development and characterization of antisera specific for amino- and carboxy
      terminal regions of pp60src.
AB  - Antisera to the Rous sarcoma virus transforming protein pp60src were produced in
      rabbits immunized with p60src purified from recombinant Escherichia coli.
      Immunization with isolated V8 proteolytic fragments of p60src resulted in
      antisera specific for the amino- and carboxy-terminal domains. The reactions of
      these antisera with pp60v-src and the normal cell protein p60c-src were
      characterized.

PMID- 2409299
TI  - Two Shope papillomavirus-associated VX2 carcinoma cell lines with different
      levels of keratinocyte differentiation and transplantability.
AB  - Two cell lines, named VX2T and VX2R, were isolated from the transplantable VX2
      carcinoma, a wholly anaplastic tumor established from a carcinoma induced by the
      Shope cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) (J.G. Kidd and P. Rous, J. Exp.
      Med. 71:813-838, 1940). The CRPV genome was found to be maintained and
      transcribed in both cell lines, as in the VX2 carcinoma. The VX2T cells retained
      the tumor-producing capacity in the rabbit and the low expression of epidermal
      keratinocyte differentiation of the VX2 tumor cells. The VX2R cells, although
      tumorigenic for nude mice, were no longer serially transplantable in the rabbit
      and expressed differentiated functions of keratinocytes. These data indicate that
      the anaplastic characteristic and the transplantability of VX2 carcinoma cells to
      immune competent allogenic hosts may be lost without any detectable modification
      of the physical state and transcription of the CRPV genome.

PMID- 2409300
TI  - Vinblastine, actinomycin D, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and cis-platinum for
      advanced germ cell testis tumors: Brazilian experience.
AB  - Disseminated germ cell testicular cancer proved to be highly sensitive to
      platinum-containing chemotherapy regimens. We present data concerning the
      treatment of advanced seminoma and nonseminomatous tumors in a developing
      country. We treated 30 patients with advanced germ cell testis tumors with 3 or 4
      cycles of vinblastine, actinomycin D, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and cis
      platinum. Surgical resection of residual masses was done 30 days after completion
      of chemotherapy in 18 patients. The histology of the primary tumor was seminoma
      in 13 patients and nonseminomatous tumors in 17. Toxicity was mild and no
      treatment-related deaths occurred. All 13 patients (100 per cent) with seminoma
      and 12 of 17 patients (71 per cent) with nonseminomatous tumors had a complete
      response to chemotherapy, and 1 of 17 patients was free of disease after a
      debulking operation and additional chemotherapy. A total of 3 patients with
      seminoma and 2 with nonseminomatous tumors had recurrences 5 to 8 months after an
      initial complete response and received additional chemotherapy (VP-16 regimen)
      with or without radiotherapy. Complete clinical response was achieved in 4 of 5
      patients. Median followup was 24 months (range 8 to 38 months) in the 13 patients
      with seminoma and 28 months (range 9 to 58 months) in those with nonseminomatous
      tumors, and 13 (100 per cent) and 12 (71 per cent), respectively, are alive
      without evidence of disease. These data suggest that the protocol of vinblastine,
      actinomycin D, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and cis-platinum is highly effective
      and minimally toxic in the treatment of disseminated germ cell testicular cancer,
      inducing an 83 per cent long-lasting clinical remission. Seminomas seem to be
      equally or even more sensitive than nonseminomatous tumors to this platinum
      containing chemotherapy regimen. Recurrence after initial complete response can
      be treated successfully with regimens containing VP-16.

PMID- 2409301
TI  - Surgical treatment of patients with stages I and II nonseminomatous testicular
      cancer.
AB  - We analyzed treatment outcomes for 98 consecutive patients who underwent
      retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer
      between 1972 and early 1979. There were no surgical deaths. Major and minor
      complications occurred in 8 and 15 patients, respectively. Of the 57 patients
      with pathological stage I tumors 9 (16 per cent) had recurrences and were given
      chemotherapy, and all 57 are well 2 or more years after completion of treatment.
      Of the 12 patients with stage IIA disease who received no adjuvant treatment 5
      had relapse, 2 of whom died. Relapse occurred in 13 of 14 patients with stage IIB
      disease who received no adjuvant treatment and 2 of 4 who received adjuvant
      radiation. All 3 patients with stage IIC tumor who received no adjuvant treatment
      had relapse. In contrast, none of the 7 patients with stage II disease who
      received adjuvant vinblastine and bleomycin with or without cisplatin had
      relapse. Our long-term survival rates are 100 per cent for patients with stage I
      and 88 per cent with stage II disease, and all of the patients who died either
      were treated before the introduction of cisplatin-based chemotherapy or did not
      complete the treatment protocol as recommended. In experienced hands
      retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy with chemotherapy, either as adjuvant or as
      needed for patients with stage I, IIA and IIB disease, remains the most cost
      effective treatment for nonseminomatous testicular cancer and has the least short
      term and long-term morbidity.

PMID- 2409302
TI  - The efficacy of dextran 40 in preventing early postoperative thrombosis following
      difficult lower extremity bypass.

PMID- 2409303
TI  - Effect of chemically defined formula diets on pancreatic mass in the rat.
AB  - To establish the effect of chemically defined formula diets on pancreatic mass,
      58 male Wistar rats, weighing approximately 200 g, were fed orally one of the
      following diets for 20 days: standard diet; partially hydrolyzed diet; elemental
      diet. The diets were isocaloric and provided 73 cal/day per rat. At the end of
      the experiment, the rats were killed and pancreas removed to assess wet weight
      and DNA and RNA content. Compared to the controls, the elemental diet caused a
      reduction in pancreatic wet weight (p less than 0.005), pancreatic DNA (p less
      than 0.001), and RNA content (p less than 0.001). In the group fed partially
      hydrolyzed diet, only pancreatic DNA content showed an highly significant
      reduction when compared with the reference group (p less than 0.001), whereas the
      value of RNA failed to reach the statistical significance. We found an increase
      of the ratio mg RNA/mg DNA in the partially hydrolyzed and elemental diet groups.
      These results suggest that long-term nutrition with the partially hydrolyzed
      diet, and more strongly with the elemental diet, may induce pancreatic
      hypoplasia.

PMID- 2409304
TI  - Endogenous inhibitor (s) of platelet aggregation.

PMID- 2409305
TI  - [The anti-shock effects of several drugs, with special reference to the effect of
      lidocaine].

PMID- 2409306
TI  - [Effect of iron concentrations on the DNA-degradation reaction by bleomycin].
AB  - DNA-degradation reaction by bleomycin was conducted with form I of SV40 DNA as
      the substrate under "iron-limited conditions" and "iron-sufficient conditions".
      For "iron-limited conditions", the iron ions in reaction mixtures were derived
      from contaminant iron in the bleomycin preparation, the molar ratio of
      bleomycin/iron being 1/0.05. For "iron-sufficient conditions", Fe(II) was added
      to reaction mixtures to attain the molar ratio of bleomycin/iron at 1/1 to 1/29.
      DNA-degradation reaction by Fe(II) without bleomycin, or "Fe(II) alone", was also
      run for comparison. In any case, the reaction was allowed to proceed at such low
      rates that other products than form II and form III, due to further
      fragmentation, were negligible. The mass of DNA in each form was quantitatively
      determined by spectrofluorometry after agarose gel electrophoresis and staining
      with ethidium bromide. "Iron-limited conditions" and "iron-sufficient conditions"
      showed similar reaction characteristics as follows. As form I decreased with
      incubation time, form II increased faster than form III, hit a plateau (ca. 65%
      of total DNA) and decreased gradually thereafter. Form III kept increasing
      throughout the incubation. The reaction was dependent on incubation time and on
      doses of both bleomycin and Fe(II) but rather independent of temperature. The
      reaction was inhibited by acidic pH, Tiron (a specific chelator of iron) and
      Cu(II) but not EDTA. Octanucleotides with specific base sequence inhibited the
      reaction. DNA-degradation reaction by "Fe(II) alone" showed different
      characteristics as follows. The reaction proceeded rapidly at first, but ceased
      within 2 minutes. The extent of reaction was dependent on dose of Fe(II). The
      reaction product was form II accompanied by little amount of form III. The
      reaction was highly dependent on temperature, inhibited by EDTA, and not
      inhibited by Cu(II) and acidic pH. Octanucleotides, irrespective of their base
      sequences, inhibited the reaction.

PMID- 2409307
TI  - Morphology of ectopic ventricular beats and their relationship to ventricular
      tachycardia in acute myocardial ischemia.
AB  - The features of ventricular arrhythmia in coronary spasm induced by ergonovine
      were examined to elucidate the characteristics of ventricular arrhythmia in acute
      myocardial ischemia. The coupling intervals and configurations of the QRS wave of
      the premature ventricular beats (PVBs) were extremely variable, even in the same
      individual and at the closer time phases. The prematurity index (R-R'/QT) of PVBs
      with the right bundle branch block (RBBB) pattern was significantly smaller than
      with the left bundle branch block (LBBB) pattern. The vulnerability index (R-RX
      QT/R-R') of PVBs with the RBBB pattern was significantly larger than with the
      LBBB pattern. The incidence of PVBs with the RBBB pattern (50.4%) was slightly
      larger than with the LBBB pattern (40.5%). PVBs deteriorated into ventricular
      tachycardias (VTs) in 29 (24.8%) of 117 cases with the RBBB pattern and in 11
      (11.7%) out of 94 cases with the LBBB pattern. Thus, PVBs with the RBBB pattern
      were more likely to progress to VT than with the LBBB pattern. But it is
      difficult to assess the clinical significance of PVBs from their QRS morphology
      alone, because 11 (27.5%) of 40 cases of VT were initiated by PVBs with the LBBB
      pattern.

PMID- 2409308
TI  - [Current perspectives in the management of non-small cell lung cancer].
AB  - Unfortunately, unlike small cell lung cancer, clinical trials of chemotherapy for
      the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have not consistently
      demonstrated a clinical benefit. However, recent studies have indicated some
      progress in the development of drug combinations using several active
      antineoplastic agents with no overlapping toxicity, and, in recent years,
      clinical trials of combination chemotherapy with such agents as VDS and CDDP have
      consistently produced response rates of 40 approximately 50%. In this review, we
      are focusing on the details of updated treatment schedules of combination
      chemotherapy against NSCLC.

PMID- 2409309
TI  - [So-called "carcinoid tumor of the breast"--a case report].
AB  - A 70-year-old woman underwent modified radical mastectomy following excisional
      biopsy of a right breast mass. The excised tumor was 1.4 cm in diameter. The
      mastectomy specimen and lymph nodes were negative for malignancy. Histologically,
      the tumor cells were mainly oval and had formed solid nests in the thick fibrous
      stroma. The cytoplasm was fine granular and contained many argyrophilic granules.
      The argentaffin reaction was negative. Electron microscopy revealed oval-shaped
      light cells and stellate-shaped dark cells. Both types of tumor cells contained
      abundant filaments, well-developed rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and many
      neurosecretory-type granules measuring 190 approximately 360 nm in diameter.
      Intracytoplasmic lumina were not discerned. The relationship between carcinoid
      and conventional breast carcinoma was discussed.

PMID- 2409310
TI  - [Two cases of advanced seminoma treated with Einhorn's regimen].
AB  - A combination regimen consisting of cis-platinum, vinblastine and bleomycin was
      evaluated in two patients with huge metastasis to the retroperitoneal lymph
      nodes. Both cases were seminoma histologically. Preliminary or subsequent therapy
      included radiotherapy and salvage surgery. The two patients achieved complete
      remission. They have been free of disease for more than six and more than 30
      months, respectively.

PMID- 2409311
TI  - [Demonstration of seminal stains by enzyme immunoassay using peroxidase
      conjugated anti-gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) Fab'--forensic immunological
      studies of body fluids and secretion, report XXIV].

PMID- 2409312
TI  - [Patient care following abdominal surgery--with special reference to early
      ambulation following surgical procedures involving the liver and pancreas].

PMID- 2409313
TI  - Effects of Ca antagonists on the norepinephrine release and contractile responses
      of isolated canine saphenous veins to high KCl.
AB  - Effects of verapamil, diltiazem and nicardipine on tritium overflow and
      contraction evoked by 40 mM KCl were evaluated using canine saphenous vein strips
      preloaded with [3H]norepinephrine. Phentolamine, 10(-6) M, almost completely
      inhibited the contraction induced by KCl, while it significantly enhanced the
      evoked tritium overflow. These responses to KCl were dependent on external Ca2+.
      All Ca antagonists tested significantly increased the spontaneous tritium
      overflow in a concentration-dependent manner without any changes in basal
      tension. Verapamil at 10(-6) M significantly inhibited the contraction with no
      significant effect on the evoked overflow; and at concentrations above 10(-5) M,
      it inhibited the contraction much more strongly than the evoked tritium overflow.
      Diltiazem and nicardipine at concentrations above 3 X 10(-6) M significantly
      inhibited both tritium overflow and contraction evoked by KCl. A significant
      correlation between inhibitions of both responses to KCl by the three Ca
      antagonists was observed, although the y-intercept and slope of the regression
      line for verapamil obtained by plotting the inhibition of the KCl-evoked
      contraction as a function of the inhibition of the evoked tritium overflow were
      greater than those for the other two antagonists. The inhibitory effects of
      verapamil and diltiazem on the tritium overflow and contraction evoked by KCl
      were not related to their local anesthetic activities. Neither the increase in
      the spontaneous tritium overflow nor inhibitions of the evoked tritium overflow
      and contraction by nicardipine were related to its phosphodiesterase inhibiting
      activity. These results suggest that diltiazem and nicardipine may inhibit the
      KCl-evoked contraction mainly by inhibiting Ca2+-dependent transmitter release
      from the nerve endings, while verapamil may inhibit it by acting on the
      postsynaptic sites and at the relatively higher concentrations used, by further
      inhibition of transmitter release.

PMID- 2409314
TI  - Surgical treatment for carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct.
AB  - Eighty-six patients with primary extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma operated on in
      the Second Department of Surgery at Nagasaki University Hospital during a recent
      13.5-year period were reviewed. The patients were divided into five groups
      depending upon the site of the tumor. The operative mortality, resectability,
      postoperative survival period, and five-year survival rate in each group were
      studied. The lower third group had the highest resectability, lowest operative
      mortality and longest post operative survival period. The hepatic duct, the upper
      third and the extended groups, however, showed extremely poor results. The
      pathological features of these three groups are discussed here and an operative
      procedure for resection of the tumor is proposed. We emphasize that the
      development of methods of early diagnosis is necessary, and recommend aggressive
      surgical treatment for tumors of the hepatic duct, upper third, and extended
      groups.

PMID- 2409315
TI  - Synergistic effect of K-18 and concomitant hyperthermia for treatment of Lewis
      lung carcinoma in mice.
AB  - We investigated the synergistic anti-tumor effects of K-18 (conjugate of human
      gamma-globulin and melphalan) and concomitantly administered hyperthermia on
      Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. The antitumor effect of a subeffective dose of K-18
      or an equivalent dose of melphalan alone was enhanced by local hyperthermia. K-18
      administration demonstrated a greater potentiation for inhibition of tumor growth
      than that of melphalan alone. Local hyperthermia plus K-18 reduced the dose of
      melphalan required for tumor growth inhibition by melphalan alone. The combined
      application of K-18 and hyperthermia for treating cancer warrants further study.

PMID- 2409316
TI  - [A case of mediastinal embryonal carcinoma].

PMID- 2409317
TI  - [Studies on the structure and function of thymic cells, with special reference to
      the histogenesis of thymus related tumors].

PMID- 2409318
TI  - [Combination chemotherapy of vincristine, ifosfamide and peplomycin in patients
      with advanced stage D adenocarcinoma of the prostate].

PMID- 2409319
TI  - [Study on the Intravesical Stick. I. Development of Intravesical Stick and its
      applicator].

PMID- 2409320
TI  - [Identification of lymphocyte subpopulations in testicular and bladder tumors].

PMID- 2409321
TI  - Ultrastructure of mycoplasmal capsules as revealed by stabilization with
      antiserum and staining with ruthenium red.

PMID- 2409322
TI  - [Arrhythmogenic dysplasia of the right ventricle. Personal observations].

PMID- 2409323
TI  - [Arrhythmogenic dysplasia of the right ventricle].

PMID- 2409324
TI  - Hidden IgA subclass determinants in human renal disease.

PMID- 2409326
TI  - [Physiological significance of bronchial mucus].

PMID- 2409325
TI  - [Results of the COSS-77 and COSS-80 studies on adjuvant chemotherapy in
      osteosarcoma of the extremities].
AB  - In the first study, COSS-77, 100 patients with OS were treated for 12 months
      according to a CT-protocol consisting of high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX),
      adriblastine (ADR) and cyclophosphamide (CP). At 40 months the expected
      continuous disease-free survival (CDFS) rate of the 71 evaluable patients was
      55%. After exclusion of local recurrences (n = 2) and fatal chemotherapy
      toxicities (n = 0) a reduced group of 69 patients remained and the expected CDFS
      rate at 40 months became 56%. In the second study, COSS-80, the MTX dose was
      doubled. Two groups were randomly selected, one of which received cisplatinum
      (CPL) and the other the triple drug combination bleomycin + CP + dactinomycin
      (BCD) in addition to MTX and ADR, both groups being treated for 8 months.
      Furthermore some randomly selected patients received fibroblaste-interferon (IF).
      The expected CDFS rate at 40 months of the 115 evaluable COSS-80 patients was
      67%. 106 patients remained in a reduced group defined as above (4 local
      recurrences and 5 CT toxicities) in which the expected CDFS rate at 40 months was
      73%. This is significantly better (p less than 0.05) than the results obtained
      from the COSS-77 group. No differences were found between the CPL and BCD arms of
      the COSS-80 group or between the arms receiving or not receiving IF. A
      significant increase in the CDFS rate for young (less than 12 years) and male
      patients over that in COSS-77 was observed in COSS-80, probably due to the
      increased MTX dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409327
TI  - [Organization of laboratory work during World War II, 1941-1945].

PMID- 2409328
TI  - [Blood calcium: methodological and technical aspects].

PMID- 2409329
TI  - [Ionometric determination of potassium in blood plasma].

PMID- 2409330
TI  - [Determination of haptoglobin (hemoglobin-binding capacity) of blood serum by the
      peroxidase method].

PMID- 2409331
TI  - [Blood haptoglobin in patients with myocardial diseases].

PMID- 2409332
TI  - [Evaluation of the intravenous glucose tolerance test using a simple mathematical
      model].

PMID- 2409333
TI  - [Diagnostic significance of the water-soluble bilirubin fraction].

PMID- 2409334
TI  - [Morphology of mast cells in bone marrow smears and their diagnostic
      significance].

PMID- 2409335
TI  - [Dynamics of peripheral blood indices in patients with severe mechanical trauma].

PMID- 2409336
TI  - [Method of determining platelet monoamine oxidase activity].

PMID- 2409337
TI  - [Clinical and laboratory indices in urologic patients during the preparation of
      blood for autotransfusion].

PMID- 2409338
TI  - [Use of the crystalline film method in the diagnosis of pathological processes].

PMID- 2409339
TI  - [Characteristics of the cytogram in precancerous conditions of the skin].

PMID- 2409340
TI  - [Cytophotometric and autoradiographic study of transplantable strains of cervix
      and breast cancers. II].

PMID- 2409341
TI  - [Analysis of industrially produced diagnostic meningococcal agglutinating sera].

PMID- 2409342
TI  - [Bacteriological diagnosis of meningococcal infections in children from autopsy
      material].

PMID- 2409343
TI  - [Rapid biochemical identification of enterobacteria on plates].

PMID- 2409344
TI  - [Identification of the causative agent of pasteurellosis].

PMID- 2409346
TI  - [Determination of bilirubin in small quantities of blood serum].

PMID- 2409345
TI  - [Identification of Pseudomonas and other similar gram-negative non-glucose
      fermenting bacteria using a minimal number of tests].

PMID- 2409347
TI  - [Preparation of smear prints of bronchial secretions].

PMID- 2409348
TI  - Use of freeze-dried paraffin-embedded sections for immunohistologic staining with
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Most diagnostically valuable monoclonal antibodies recognize antigens that do not
      survive conventional tissue processing. The use of frozen tissue sections for
      immunohistologic studies overcomes this obstacle but introduces a number of
      practical problems, e.g., the necessity to store material in the frozen state,
      poor morphologic preservation, etc. In the present paper we report that antigenic
      denaturation during conventional tissue processing appears to occur during
      exposure to aldehyde-containing fixatives and to alcohol but not as a result of
      heating or exposure to melted paraffin wax. In consequence, we have developed a
      technique by which tissue is freeze-dried and then embedded directly in paraffin
      wax. All but one of the 40 monoclonal antibodies investigated stained the freeze
      dried paraffin sections with an intensity equal to or greater than that observed
      on frozen sections. There was less diffusion artifact and less background
      staining than in cryostat sections, and cellular morphology was better preserved.
      One of the most important advantages of this new method is that antigens in
      freeze-dried paraffin-embedded tissue are stable, and tissue blocks may be
      handled in the same manner as conventional paraffin blocks. An additional finding
      was that, once the tissue has been freeze-dried, paraffin embedded, and
      sectioned, the antigens it contains are resistant to fixatives (e.g., formol,
      formol sublimate, alcohols) which would very rapidly cause their destruction in
      frozen sections.

PMID- 2409349
TI  - Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and extensive necrosis. Clinically
      significant predictors of early recurrence in stage I estrogen receptor-negative
      breast carcinoma.
AB  - Despite advances in the detection of early breast cancer, 25 to 35% of patients
      with stage I disease die from metastatic breast carcinoma. To identify those
      patients at risk for early recurrence, we reviewed 33 clinical and pathologic
      features as well as immunoperoxidase-staining characteristics for
      carcinoembryonic antigen, human chorionic gonadotrophin, pregnancy specific beta
      1 glycoprotein, and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), in 40
      patients with stage I estrogen receptor-negative breast carcinoma. Sixteen of the
      40 patients (40%) developed tumor recurrence within 2 years. Pairwise
      correlations between recurrence and clinicopathologic features, including tumor
      marker immunostaining, revealed significant correlations between extensive
      necrosis, nuclear atypia, mitoses, and PAPP-A staining. In multivariant linear
      discriminant analysis, only PAPP-A staining and extensive necrosis entered as
      significant independent predictors. In the recurrent group, nine of 16 (56%) were
      PAPP-A positive compared with one of 24 (4%) in the nonrecurrent group (p less
      than 0.001), whereas nine of 16 (56%) contained extensive necrosis compared with
      three of 24 (11%) in the nonrecurrent group (p less than 0.005). When the
      independent risk factor of PAPP-A positivity and extensive necrosis were
      combined, 13 of 16 (81%) of the recurrent tumors were either PAPP-A positive or
      extensively necrotic compared with four of 24 (16%) of the nonrecurrent group.
      Thus, positive immunostaining for PAPP-A and the presence of extensive necrosis
      are clinically significant independent predictors of early recurrence in patients
      with stage I, estrogen receptor-negative breast carcinoma. These risk factors for
      early recurrence may be helpful in prospectively selecting patients most eligible
      to receive adjuvant chemotherapy.

PMID- 2409350
TI  - Temporal relationship between glycosaminoglycan accumulation and amyloid
      deposition during experimental amyloidosis. A histochemical study.
AB  - The temporal relationship between glycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation and
      amyloid deposition was determined in two models of amyloid induction. In the
      first model amyloid was induced rapidly using amyloid-enhancing factor and AgNO3
      as an inflammatory stimulus. In the second model amyloid was induced by daily
      injections of azocasein. Congo red staining was used to demonstrate amyloid, and
      both the sulfated Alcian blue and Alcian blue (pH 5.7)-MgCl2 methods were used to
      demonstrate GAGs. In the rapid model, amyloid was first detected in the splenic
      perifollicular areas 36 hours after induction. The initial presence of GAGs was
      also seen at 36 hours and in the exact locale where the amyloid was found.
      Amyloid was first seen in the liver about the central veins at 48 hours. GAGs in
      the liver appeared coincidentally with and in the same location as the amyloid.
      In the traditional model (azocasein injections) amyloid did not appear in the
      spleen until day 6 to 7, again with coincidental GAG deposition. The present
      study shows that amyloid-associated GAGs appear in the tissues together with the
      AA protein and are not a function of the tissue type. The appearance of the GAGs
      is also not a function of the nature of the inflammatory agent or its length of
      action but appears to be part of the process involved in the deposition of the AA
      protein.

PMID- 2409351
TI  - Effects of linguistic and extralinguistic context on semantic and syntactic
      processing in aphasia.
AB  - This study assessed whether the comprehension of specific lexical items (a
      semantic judgment) and reversible passive sentences (a syntactic judgment) would
      be facilitated by preceding them with either linguistic or extralinguistic
      context. Twenty aphasic subjects were compared for their ability to comprehend
      semantic and syntactic components of target sentences presented in isolation and
      when the sentences were preceded by either a single sentence or a picture that
      predicted the target information. The results revealed that the subjects who
      demonstrated low comprehension skills on standard tests of auditory comprehension
      performed better when the target information was preceded by the contextual
      information than when it was presented in isolation. A similar effect was not
      seen for those subjects with higher level auditory comprehension skills. These
      results support the effective use of linguistic and extralinguistic context by
      some aphasic subjects during the decoding of literal meanings.

PMID- 2409352
TI  - Effect of a cyclic hexapeptide analog (L363,586) of somatostatin on the function
      of pancreas grafts in dogs.
AB  - Complications related to the exocrine secretions cause some pancreas grafts to
      fail in the early postoperative period. Somatostatin inhibits exocrine secretion,
      as well as insulin and glucagon release. L363,586 is a cyclic hexapeptide analog
      of somatostatin that is 50 to 100 times more potent than the native hormone in
      inhibiting islet hormone release. In a preliminary experiment in which permanent
      fistulas were created in two dogs, we demonstrated that L363,586 (0.3
      micrograms/kg/60 min) results in a fourfold decrease in pancreatic exocrine
      secretion when measured for 210 min following a beef meal. In a separate
      experiment, five totally pancreatectomized dogs who received segmental pancreas
      autografts with pancreaticoductocystostomy 10 months previously had L363,586 (0.3
      micrograms/kg/hr) administered by the Alzet osmotic pump subcutaneously for 7
      days. Mean (+/-SE) daily serum amylase activity (IU/dl) during the week before
      the implant was 78 +/- 3, during the week of infusion was 65 +/- 2 (P less than
      0.001), and during the week afterward was 76 +/- 2. In a prospective experiment,
      12 totally pancreatectomized dogs received segmental pancreas autografts with
      anastomosis of the graft vessels to the iliac vessels and of the pancreatic duct
      to the bladder. L363,586 was administered by osmotic pump for 7 days to seven
      dogs at a dose of 0.3 micrograms/kg/hr. Mean (+/-SE) daily serum amylase levels
      at 1, 2, and 3 weeks posttransplant were 223 +/- 17, 81 +/- 3, and 82 +/- 5 in
      the L363,586-treated dogs and 229 +/- 18, 108 +/- 5, and 90 +/- 5 in the five
      untreated dogs (P less than 0.001 at 2 weeks).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409353
TI  - A comparison of estrogen and androgen receptor levels in human prostatic tissue
      from patients with non-metastatic and metastatic carcinoma and benign prostatic
      hyperplasia.
AB  - Estrogen receptors (ER, N = 72) and androgen receptors (AR, N = 33) were
      determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 72 human prostatic
      tissues obtained at prostatectomy, and exploratory statistical analyses of the
      resulting data were performed. To facilitate use of these data as well as other
      pertinent information from the patient charts, a program for a comparatively
      large data base was implemented on a Wang minicomputer. The median values of
      cytosolic AR in the four cancer stages examined were statistically different from
      each other (P = 0.01), with AR increasing from stages A through D. Even though ER
      differences between the four stages were not significant (P = 0.13), there was a
      trend, in the data examined, for median ER values to decrease with stages B
      through D. On the other hand, median BPH values for both ER and AR were found to
      lie mid-scale compared with the respective cancer stages, leading to the
      conclusion that receptor measurements probably cannot distinguish between CA and
      BPH in human prostatic tissue, at least as measured by competitive binding
      techniques.

PMID- 2409354
TI  - Cardiovascular morbidity and large arteries in essential hypertension.

PMID- 2409355
TI  - Focus on the large arteries in hypertension.
AB  - Considerable progress in the treatment of hypertension has been made in the last
      few years. Thanks to medical treatments, blood pressure can be reduced and the
      incidence of renal, cerebral, and cardiac accidents, i.e., cardiovascular
      morbidity and mortality can be decreased. If it is to be effective, an
      antihypertensive drug must induce dilation of the small arterial vessels, namely
      the arterioles. When these vessels are dilated, blood pressure falls. However,
      cardiovascular morbidity and mortality arise from accidents that occur in the
      large arterial vessels (coronary, intracerebral, carotid arteries), which are
      subject to thickening, stenosis, and ischemia. The aim of this symposium is to
      describe the state of the large arteries in the hypertensive patient, a subject
      on which few studies have been carried out in the last few years, and to propose
      suitable therapeutic measures to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
      further.

PMID- 2409356
TI  - Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in mild hypertension: the Australian
      Trial.
AB  - The Australian Therapeutic Trial in Mild Hypertension was a controlled trial in
      which mildly hypertensive patients, aged between 35 and 65 years (diastolic blood
      pressure 95-109) were randomly assigned to take antihypertensive drugs or matched
      placebos for periods of up to 6 years. The overall data showed that the treated
      group had a lower incidence of both death and of nonfatal cardiovascular events.
      The differences in the incidence of noncardiovascular deaths did not differ
      significantly between the two groups. Univariate analysis of possible prognostic
      factors at the time of entry into the study showed a higher incidence of trial
      endpoints--mostly events due to ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular
      disease--in older subjects, men, cigarette smokers and those with higher systolic
      blood pressures, and in thinner subjects than in others. There was a lower
      incidence of these events in actively treated persons than in control subjects at
      each level of incidence of each covariate measured. Treatment benefit was
      greatest in persons with lower systolic blood pressures and lower serum
      cholesterol levels. Multivariate regression analyses confirmed that the incidence
      of trial endpoints increased with age and with systolic blood pressures. There
      was a higher incidence in smokers than in nonsmokers, especially in those with
      low body weights. Treatment benefited thin smokers most, and the effects of
      treatment seemed to be reduced in those with higher serum cholesterol levels.
      There was a substantial fall in blood pressure in many of the placebo group.

PMID- 2409357
TI  - Effects of beta-blockers on plasma lipids during antihypertensive therapy.
AB  - Several drugs used for antihypertensive therapy may interact with lipoprotein
      metabolism and may increase associated coronary risk levels. beta-Blocker
      monotherapy with selective or nonselective beta-blockers without intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity (ISA) usually increases serum triglyceride and decreases
      high-density lipoprotein (HDL), especially HDL2 cholesterol concentration. With
      the exception of the nonselective beta-blocker sotalol, beta-blocker therapy has
      little influence on the serum total cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
      cholesterol concentrations. The magnitude of these changes in serum lipids did
      not distinctly differ between selective and nonselective beta-blockers. Two beta
      blockers possessing ISA, acebutolol, and pindolol did not show the increase in
      serum triglycerides and in serum total cholesterol or LDL cholesterol. Acebutolol
      showed the nonsignificant decrease in HDL cholesterol level. Pindolol with marked
      ISA exhibited the most favorable lipid profile, increasing serum HDL cholesterol
      and the ratio of HDL cholesterol to total cholesterol. The concentration of
      apolipoprotein A-I increased slightly during pindolol therapy. beta-Blockers with
      the exception of pindolol decrease the concentration of serum free fatty acids.
      beta-blocker therapy has little influence on the adipose tissue lipoprotein
      lipase activity, but lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase activity may increase
      during pindolol therapy.

PMID- 2409359
TI  - Vasodilatation of small and large arteries in hypertension.
AB  - In patients with essential hypertension, vasodilating antihypertensive drugs act
      differently on small and large arteries. For similar blood pressure reductions,
      the diameter of the brachial artery may be unchanged (alpha- and beta-blocking
      drugs), decreased (dihydralazine), or increased (nitrates, renin-angiotensin and
      calcium-entry inhibitors). Increase in blood flow is due preferentially to an
      increase in blood flow velocity and is caused additionally by an increase in the
      diameter of the large artery. Increase in arterial compliance is observed only
      with nitrates, calcium-entry, and renin-angiotensin inhibitors. It is concluded
      that blood pressure reduction due to arteriolar vasodilatation may have various
      effects on the conducting function and the buffering function of large arteries,
      a point of importance in the prognosis of hypertensive cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2409358
TI  - Plasma lipoproteins, antihypertensive drugs and coronary heart disease.
AB  - There is now a large body of evidence that susceptibility to coronary
      atherosclerosis is inversely related to the plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
      cholesterol concentration, in addition to being directly related to blood
      pressure and the plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level. Studies of the
      effects of drugs on coronary disease in humans and on experimental
      atherosclerosis in animals have provided evidence that the associations with HDL
      and LDL are causal, reflecting an atherogenic effect of one lipoprotein and a
      protective effect of the other. Interest in the effects of antihypertensive drugs
      on plasma lipoproteins was stimulated by the failure of these drugs in several
      clinical trials to reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease in hypertensive
      subjects, even though the incidence of other complications of high blood pressure
      were reduced. Many beta-blocking drugs and thiazides have now been shown to have
      a theoretically adverse effect on the plasma lipoprotein profile, measured in the
      terms of the ratio of HDL cholesterol to LDL. Although the consequences of these
      changes and their mechanisms remain to be established, they may explain the
      negative outcome of the prevention trials, the protection against coronary
      disease offered by the reduction of blood pressure being offset by the associated
      changes in lipoprotein metabolism.

PMID- 2409360
TI  - Effects of antihypertensive drugs on atherogenic factors: possible importance of
      drug selection in prevention of atherosclerosis.
AB  - The treatment of hypertension is clearly beneficial. Blood pressure reduction
      with antihypertensive drugs reduces mortality and the incidence of complications
      such as stroke, renal failure, and congestive failure. However, analysis of long
      term studies using different antihypertensive drugs indicates that the outcome of
      patients treated in those studies may be determined by effects of the
      antihypertensive drugs other than the lowering of blood pressure. Evidence is
      increasing that certain antihypertensive drugs have adverse effects on plasma
      lipid profiles that are of sufficient magnitude to offset the benefit of
      antihypertensive treatment in mild hypertensives. Furthermore, the effects of
      antihypertensive drugs on arterial flow disturbances, although they have received
      scant attention until now, may be important in the progression of atherosclerosis
      or even in the primary prevention of atherosclerosis. This article highlights
      differences in the effects of antihypertensive drugs on plasma lipids and on
      arterial flow disturbances as they may pertain to prevention of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2409361
TI  - Hemodynamic and antihypertensive treatment responses with calcium antagonists.
AB  - Calcium antagonists induce vasodilation and a consequent fall in blood pressure
      that initially is associated with baroreflex-mediated stimulation of the
      sympathetic nervous and renin-angiotensin system, resulting in increased heart
      rate and cardiac output. During chronic treatment, baroreflex-mediated
      stimulatory effects subside, probably because of a resetting of baroreflexes or
      inhibition of neuronal noradrenaline release. Ultimately, the antihypertensive
      response is codetermined by the responsiveness of these counterregulatory systems
      in the individual patient. In older patients who have blunted baroreflex and beta
      adrenoceptor-mediated functions, a greater fall in blood pressure results as
      compared with younger patients in whom counterregulatory reflexes are more vivid.
      Therefore, older patients respond particularly well to calcium antagonists,
      whereas younger patients respond better to beta-blockers. In patients with
      essential hypertension, free cytosolic calcium concentration in platelets is
      elevated and calcium influx-dependent vasoconstriction is enhanced.
      Antihypertensive treatment with calcium antagonists and beta-blockers results in
      a normalization of both calcium influx-dependent vasoconstriction as well as free
      calcium concentration in platelets. Free cytosolic calcium concentration in
      platelets may reflect free calcium concentration in vascular smooth muscle cells,
      its reduction leading to vasodilation and antihypertensive response.

PMID- 2409363
TI  - Basic concepts for the understanding of large arteries in hypertension.
AB  - The conventional approach to hypertension considers only the peak and trough of
      the pressure wave in the brachial artery (systolic and diastolic pressure). An
      alternate (or supplementary) approach considers mean pressure and fluctuation
      around this mean. Such an approach permits separation of pulsatile phenomena from
      steady flow phenomena; it is the basis for description of hydraulic load as
      vascular impedance and for application of engineering principles to the study of
      fatigue and degeneration of arteries; it readily explains disturbed arterial
      function in hypertension in terms of increased peripheral resistance and of
      increased arterial stiffness. The major effects of hypertension on pressure wave
      contour, on arterial degeneration, and on left ventricular load are consequences
      of arterial stiffening rather than of increased resistance. Logical therapy for
      hypertension should include measures to increase arterial distensibility as well
      as those to decrease peripheral resistance.

PMID- 2409362
TI  - New perspectives in the treatment of hypertension with arterial disease.
AB  - The results of large-scale clinical trials of the therapy of mild hypertension
      have cast some doubts upon the routine use of current approaches in those at
      relatively low risk. Therefore, we must consider both the relative degree of risk
      for the individual patient and the potential risks of the therapy to be used.
      Those patients with preexisting arterial disease are, by nature, at a higher
      degree of risk. Their arterial disease likely reflects the interactions of
      multiple risk factors, all of which must be considered. Therefore, they will more
      likely need active drug therapy as well as multiple changes in diet, physical
      activity, and other life habits. The degree and nature of preexisting arterial
      disease may also influence the choice of drug therapy. In particular, further
      aggravation of hypercholesterolemia and glucose intolerance must be avoided and
      more careful attention must be given to avoid hypokalemia. The use of beta
      adrenergic blocking drugs may be particularly well-suited to those with coronary
      disease although here, too, attention must be given to their potential for
      elevation of serum triglycerides and decrease in renal blood flow. Newer types of
      therapy, including calcium-entry blockers, converting enzyme inhibitors, and
      serotonin antagonists will probably be of particular use in such patients.

PMID- 2409364
TI  - Hemodynamic mechanisms of and therapeutic approach to systolic hypertension.
AB  - Using noninvasive measurements of arterial diameter, compliance, and
      distensibility permits the mechanisms of increased systolic pressure in
      hypertensive humans to be better understood. Reduced arterial compliance causing
      a disproportionate increase in systolic pressure is a characteristic feature not
      only of pure systolic hypertension in the elderly but also of sustained essential
      systolodiastolic hypertension, mainly in persons aged over 50 years.
      Antihypertensive drugs should improve the status of large vessels through an
      active effect on the tone of the vascular smooth muscle of large arteries, a
      field as yet poorly investigated in hypertensive humans.

PMID- 2409365
TI  - Systemic arterial compliance in normotensive and hypertensive rats.
AB  - A decreased compliance of the large arteries is generally associated with
      hypertension. However, it has not been determined if the increased stiffness of
      the arterial wall is related to etiology or if it represents the response of the
      arterial wall to elevated arterial pressure. We attempted to measure the arterial
      compliance (SAC) and the aortic diameter in 10 normotensive (WKY) rats and 10
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) before and after injection of an alpha
      blocker (Nicergoline 2 mg/kg). SAC was calculated from the diastolic decay of the
      aortic pressure, using a simple Resistance Capacitance model of the arterial
      system. The end diastolic diameter of the aorta was measured with a
      macrophotographic method. In basal conditions, SAC was significantly lower in the
      hypertensive rats (2.25 +/- 0.81 X 10(-3) ml/mm Hg) than in normotensive rats
      (5.09 +/- 1.29 X 10(-3) ml/mm Hg). The external diameter of the aorta was larger
      in SHR: 1.61 +/- 0.04 vs. 1.32 +/- 0.13 mm in WKY. After infusion of Nicergoline,
      there was no significant difference in blood pressure in either strain. SAC
      increased significantly in SHR and WKY rats (+60 and +43%, respectively), whereas
      the aortic diameter did not change significantly in either group. These data
      suggest that (a) the arterial wall has stiffer intrinsic mechanical properties in
      SHR as compared with WKY rats, and (b) the alpha-blocking agent used produces a
      more marked smooth muscle relaxation in the arterial wall of SHR as compared with
      control animals.

PMID- 2409366
TI  - Arterial compliance in essential hypertension.
AB  - Arterial compliance as evaluated by three different indices (pulse wave velocity,
      pulse pressure stroke volume, and an exponential analysis of the diastolic
      pressure decay) was found to be abnormal in patients with established essential
      hypertension and particularly in elderly hypertensive patients. Two of the three
      indices reflected significantly impaired arterial compliance already in
      borderline hypertension. Age, systolic, and diastolic pressures evolved as
      independent determinants of pulse wave velocity. It is concluded that arterial
      compliance becomes impaired early in hypertensive cardiovascular disease at the
      time when arterial pressure is only to the borderline level. However, age per se
      seems to be the most predominant risk factor for systemic arterial disease.

PMID- 2409367
TI  - Changes in left ventricular performance during chronic pressure or volume
      overload: importance of physical properties of the arterial system.
AB  - The present study was aimed at evaluation of changes in systolic and diastolic
      left ventricular function during chronic pressure of volume overload, in
      comparison with normal subjects. Sixty-two patients were included: group 1 was
      composed of 25 normal subjects, group 2 was composed of 20 subjects with
      essential hypertension, and group 3 was composed of 17 subjects with aortic
      regurgitation without congestive heart failure. Cardiac output, aortic and left
      ventricular pressures (micromanometers), ventricular volume and ascending aortic
      radius (cineangiography), ejection fraction (EF), mean velocity of fiber
      shortening (VCF), ventricular mass (m), and the ratio m/EDV (EDV, end diastolic
      volume) were determined. Also measured were maxima for end systolic pressure
      (ESP), end systolic stress (ESS), and end systolic volume (ESV) and radius (ESR),
      as well as the modulus of left ventricular chamber and muscle stiffness (method
      of Gaash et al.) (1) and characteristic impedance of the ascending aorta (Zc). In
      hypertensive patients, m and m/EDV were increased, as was the ESP/ESV ratio,
      whereas EF and VCF were not modified and the ESS/ESR was normal or sometimes
      decreased. The systolic "pump" function thus appeared to be increased, whereas
      the muscle function appeared normal or decreased. The moduli of left ventricular
      chamber stiffness and muscle stiffness were increased. Zc was increased because
      of a greater pulse wave velocity, although aortic radius was larger. A close
      relationship was found between Zc and the ratio m/EDV. In patients with aortic
      regurgitation, the increased left ventricular mass was closely related to the
      regurgitant fraction (RF). The m/EDV ratio was normal. EF was unmodified and VCF
      and the ESP/ESV ratio were decreased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409368
TI  - Left ventricular hypertrophy and pressure generating capacity in aging
      genetically hypertensive rats.
AB  - Alterations in the relationship between the degree of left ventricular
      hypertrophy and the maximum pressure generating capacity were assessed in two
      models of genetic hypertension in rats. Both the spontaneously hypertensive rat
      (SHR) and the Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rat developed systemic hypertension and
      progressive increases in left ventricular mass. In the DS rat, the magnitude of
      the hypertension and ventricular hypertrophy produced was in direct relation to
      the level of dietary sodium intake. At 6 months of age, the pressure generating
      capacity of all hypertensive rats was directly related to the left ventricular
      weight/body weight ratio. With the moderate level of hypertrophy observed in the
      12-month-old SHRs and DS rats on a low salt diet, the correlation between left
      ventricular weight and augmented pressure generating capacity during isovolumic
      contractions was maintained. With the more severe degrees of left ventricular
      hypertrophy observed in 18- and 24-month-old SHRs and 12-month-old DS rats on a
      moderate salt diet, the further addition of ventricular mass was no longer
      associated with a proportional augmentation in maximal pressure development.
      These studies suggest that in genetic hypertension in rats, both the magnitude
      and duration of the hypertension are important determinants of the degree of
      hypertrophy and the functional status of the ventricle.

PMID- 2409369
TI  - Pathogenesis and reversibility of the aortic changes in experimental
      hypertension.
AB  - In renal hypertensive female rats (Goldblatt one-kidney, one-clip model) (G 1K
      1C), an increase in DNA and collagen synthesis, in the proliferation fraction of
      smooth muscle cells, and in wet weight were observed in the aorta as early as 4
      days after the renal artery was clipped at a time when blood pressure increased
      rapidly. When blood pressure stabilized at high values, the metabolism of nucleic
      acid within the aortic media resumed its normal level. When the blood pressure
      level was corrected either by removal of the clip or by antihypertensive drugs, a
      modification of the course of the aortic proliferation changes could only be
      obtained when the treatment was started, at the earliest phase of hypertension.
      Once the proliferation changes were established, they could not be corrected even
      after normalization of blood pressure, at least in such short-term experiments.
      Moreover, some dissociation between the effect of antihypertensive drugs on blood
      pressure level and on arterial hypertensive disease were observed. These data
      illustrate the complexity of the mechanisms involved in the response of the
      vascular wall to high blood pressure and in its correction as well.

PMID- 2409370
TI  - Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in HDFP patients 50-69 years old at entry.
AB  - Five-year morbidity and mortality in the Hypertension Detection and Follow-Up
      Program (HDFP) were stratified by age groups at entry to the study and by Stepped
      Care (SC) and Referred Care (RC) treatment groups. Although the incidence of
      stroke increased with age in both treatment groups, the greatest reduction in
      strokes for SC versus RC occurred in the older age groups: 44.3% for ages 60-69,
      33.0% for ages 50-59, and 24.6% for ages 30-49. Conversely, the 30-49-year SC
      group showed a greater reduction of myocardial infarction than their RC
      counterparts, with only marginal benefit in the older SC patients. There was a
      lower rate of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) or cardiomegaly and a higher
      rate of reversal in those who had LVH or cardiomegaly at baseline in all SC age
      groups versus RC. HDFP patients 50 years and older at entry in the SC group had a
      substantial reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality as compared with
      age-matched RC patients. It is likely that these benefits were the result of
      successful lowering of blood pressure.

PMID- 2409372
TI  - Regression of cardiac hypertrophy after therapy in animal hypertension.
AB  - Studies on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), which represent a model of
      genetically determined arterial hypertension, revealed that cardiac hypertrophy
      can be controlled by blood pressure normalization by use of various
      antihypertensive drugs such as hydralazine, captopril, metoprolol, guanethidine,
      and alpha-methyldopa. Adrenergic influences seem to play a part except for left
      ventricular (LV) systolic unloading on cardiac hypertrophy, because LV
      hypertrophy was quantitatively less expressed after a combined therapy with both
      metoprolol and hydralazine than after a single hydralazine treatment, although
      blood pressure was not different between the groups. To study whether nifedipine
      can cause an already existing cardiac hypertrophy to regress, 20-week-old SHR
      were treated with nifedipine for a period of 20 weeks. After nifedipine
      treatment, LV muscle mass/body weight ratio was significantly less than before
      therapy (2.13 +/- 0.18 vs. 2.37 +/- 0.30 mg/g; p less than 0.05). Mass to volume
      ratio, i.e., quotient of LV muscle mass and LV end-diastolic volume, dropped from
      3.40 +/- 0.66 to 3.07 +/- 0.30 mg/microliters (p less than 0.05) after therapy.
      Accordingly, an antihypertensive treatment with the calcium channel blocker
      nifedipine can cause an already existing LV hypertrophy in SHR to regress.
      Because blood pressure reduction resulting from therapy with beta-receptor
      blockers, vasodilators, sympatholytic drugs, angiotensin converting enzyme
      inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers has qualitatively similar effects with
      respect to causing regression of hypertrophy, reversal of cardiac hypertrophy
      seems to be mainly related to the reduced LV systolic load. Specific
      pharmacodynamic effects may only modulate the extent of LV mass reduction along
      with blood pressure normalization.

PMID- 2409371
TI  - Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: comparative effects
      of three different drugs.
AB  - We examined the effect of three antihypertensive agents with differing modes of
      action on blood pressure, heart rate, plasma catecholamines, plasma renin
      activity, and echocardiographic left ventricular mass. Twenty-six patients were
      studied; nine were treated with nifedipine, a calcium antagonist, nine were
      treated with timolol, a nonselective beta-blocker, and eight were treated with
      indapamide, a diuretic with some probable calcium antagonist properties. All
      drugs reduced blood pressure satisfactorily; the reduction of systolic blood
      pressure was not significantly different among the three drugs, but timolol
      reduced diastolic blood pressure by a greater amount than did either indapamide
      or nifedipine. Left ventricular (LV) mass was reduced equally by all three drugs.
      However, there were markedly different effects on the other parameters measured.
      Heart rate was reduced to a greater extent by timolol than by the other two
      drugs. Plasma renin activity was reduced by timolol, unchanged by nifedipine, and
      increased by indapamide. There were no significant changes in either adrenaline
      or noradrenaline with any of the three drugs. We conclude that these data do not
      support the hypothesis that the sympathetic nervous system is primarily
      responsible for left ventricular hypertrophy, and suggest that reduction of left
      ventricular mass with antihypertensive agents is not the property of any one
      class of drug.

PMID- 2409373
TI  - Coronary hemodynamics in hypertensive heart disease: basic concepts and clinical
      consequences.
AB  - Myocardial hypertrophy may influence coronary hemodynamics variably. Therefore,
      coronary blood flow (CBF) (gas chromatic argon technique) was determined in
      patients with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, with or without dilatation,
      associated with exclusively normal coronary arteriogram: 12 patients with
      hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOC) (LV mass to volume (M/V) ratio:
      3.66 + 0.52 g/ml), 22 patients with hypertensive heart disease due to essential
      hypertension (EH) (LV M/V ratio: 2.12 + 0.26 g/ml), 18 patients with hypertensive
      dilatation (M/V ratio: 1.6 + 0.48 g/ml), 6 patients with aortic stenosis (LV M/V
      ratio: 1.99 + 0.41 g/ml), 12 patients with aortic incompetence (AI), 20 patients
      with normal heart function. CBF was determined as (A) controls and (B) following
      the intravenous injection of dipyridamole (0.5 mg/kg body weight). Coronary
      reserve (CR) was calculated as the ratio of coronary resistance before and after
      dipyridamole. Normal CR averaged 4.89 + 0.11 similar values despite marked LV
      hypertrophy, were present for both HOC (4.4 + 0.19) and as (4.66 + 0.12), whereas
      CR was considerably reduced in the concentrically hypertrophied hypertensive
      hearts (3.22 + 0.19) (p less than 0.001). Moderate decrease of CR was found in AI
      and in dilated EH. The results indicate that nonhypertensive hypertrophy, despite
      LV mass augmentation, may have normal CR, whereas at a comparable degree of LV
      hypertrophy, hypertensive hypertrophy has specific reduction in CR. Independent
      from vascular effects, ventricular dilatation may deteriorate CR because of an
      abnormal component of coronary vascular resistance.

PMID- 2409374
TI  - Improvement of coronary blood flow by augmentation of coronary vascular
      compliance.
AB  - Coronary blood flow occurs predominantly during the diastolic period of the
      cardiac cycle. This study investigated the effects of increasing the diastolic
      coronary perfusion pressure by artificially increasing the epicardial coronary
      capacitance function, using a buffer chamber. The left anterior descending (LAD)
      coronary artery was cannulated in six dogs and perfused by tubing via the carotid
      artery. A significant stenosis was produced with a screw clamp, resulting in a
      distal coronary pressure of about 35 mm Hg. A buffer chamber was placed on the
      perfusion line distal to the stenosis to buffer the distal coronary perfusion
      pressure. Myocardial blood flow as measured by microspheres showed a 39.6%
      increase in blood flow during buffered perfusion as compared to nonbuffered
      perfusion: 0.415 +/- 0.279 versus 0.316 +/- 0.238 ml/min/g. The calculated
      diastolic pressure time index (DPTI) increased 54.1% during buffered perfusion.
      Flow increased significantly in the endocardial and mid-wall layers but not in
      the epicardium. It is concluded that coronary blood flow can be augmented by
      increasing the coronary capacitance function in this model.

PMID- 2409375
TI  - Can inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system have a cardioprotective effect?
AB  - The inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has important effects on
      different parameters of left ventricular function. Chronic inhibition of the RAS
      avoids hypokalemia and potassium losses by increasing aldosterone release. This
      potassium-sparing effect is likely to prevent cardiac arrhythmia. Inhibition of
      the RAS reverses cardiac hypertrophy in renovascular and in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR), but not in DOCA salt hypertensive rats. Inhibition of
      the RAS also reverses the decrease in myocardial contractility, as demonstrated
      by the reversion of isoenzyme profile of cardiac myosin in renovascular
      hypertensive rats. In DOCA salt hypertensive rats, RAS inhibition has no effect
      on blood pressure or on cardiac contractility. Despite its peripheral
      vasodilatory property, inhibition of the RAS does not increase heart rate in
      relation to a direct negative chronotropic effect of angiotensin II inhibition
      and to the absence of activation of the baroreflex system. When RAS is activated,
      its inhibition has a coronary vasodilatory effect, but this coronary vasodilation
      is associated with a decrease in perfusion pressure and with an increase in
      intrinsic cardiac contractility. These concomitant effects lead us to conclude
      that inhibition of RAS probably has no important beneficial effect on the oxygen
      demand/oxygen supply ratio in the myocardium distal to the coronary artery
      stenosis.

PMID- 2409376
TI  - Coronary insufficiency and beta-blockade.
AB  - Beta-blocking drugs were specifically introduced for the treatment of exercise
      induced angina pectoris. Their therapeutic utility in this specific presentation
      of coronary insufficiency is undoubted. However, since they were introduced,
      evolution of the pathological, haemodynamic, and electrophysiological
      understanding of the disease syndrome has undergone considerable reappraisal, in
      no small measure owing to the physiological tool that these drugs have furnished.
      Their influence on the various aspects of the syndrome of exercise-induced
      ischaemic myocardial pain is widely known. The physiological conflict posed by
      unopposed blockade of one sympathetic outflow pathway remains the source of many
      of their clinical disadvantages. Many important questions directly related to
      their therapeutic use remain unanswered. The potential benefits and hazards of
      their long-term administration in patients with advanced coronary heart disease
      remains to be established.

PMID- 2409377
TI  - Cerebral arteries in hypertension: structural and hemodynamic aspects.
AB  - Chronic hypertension is associated with structural alterations in the
      cerebrovascular bed, with increased vessel wall thickness and media/lumen ratio
      over a large range of arterial sizes. In the relaxed cortical surface arteries of
      spontaneously hypertensive rats and in some segments of the basal arteries, the
      enlarged media encroaches on the lumen. The altered vessel geometry increases the
      steepness of the resistance curve and enables the blood vessels to withstand
      higher intraluminal pressure. On the other hand, the risk for ischemic
      complications is increased because of an elevated minimal resistance.
      Pathological, degenerative changes occur when the compensatory mechanisms are
      insufficient to protect the microvessels from the pressure increases. Small
      intraparenchymatous cerebral arteries develop hyaline degeneration, fibrinoid
      necrosis, and microaneurysms with the appearance of hemorrhages and lacunae.
      Hypertension predisposes for atherosclerosis in the cervicocranial and
      intracranial basal arteries, increasing the risk for large hemispheric infarcts
      and transitory ischemic attacks. Stenosis/occlusion of the arteries and
      embolization from an atheromatous plaque might have a larger impact on the
      hypertensive than the normotensive brain because of less efficient collateral
      circulation related to the altered vessel geometry.

PMID- 2409378
TI  - Cerebral blood flow in hypertension.
AB  - The most important aspect of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in hypertension is the
      change that occurs in CBF autoregulation: increased cerebrovascular resistance
      causes the lower and upper limits of CBF autoregulation to be at higher pressure
      levels. The mechanism seems to be mainly structural thickening and luminal
      narrowing of cerebral resistance vessels. These adaptive changes, while
      protecting the brain against high intravascular pressure, render the brain more
      susceptible to ischemia at low blood pressure. An obvious consequence of the
      shift in the lower limit of CBF autoregulation in hypertension is that if the
      hypertensive patient's blood pressure is lowered acutely to "normal" levels, the
      pressure is below the patient's lower limit of autoregulation and ischemic damage
      may result. Basically, antihypertensive drugs can be placed into four groups as
      regards their effects on the cerebral circulation. First are the drugs without
      any direct effect: in this case, CBF remains constant until pressure reaches the
      lower limit of autoregulation and then decreases with any further pressure
      decrease. Diazoxide is in this category. Second are the drugs that directly
      dilate the small resistance levels in such a way that CBF is higher than normal
      at every pressure including pressures below the lower limit of autoregulation.
      However, perfusion may be uneven and autoregulation may be lost; an example of
      this kind of drug is dihydralazine. Third are the drugs which by alpha-or
      ganglion-blockade prevent the sympathetic vasoconstriction of large cerebral
      arteries (pial and larger), which can compromise CBF during a fall in blood
      pressure and hence shift the lower limit of autoregulation to a higher pressure
      than during blockade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409379
TI  - Pulsed Doppler evaluation of diameter, blood velocity and blood flow of common
      carotid artery in sustained essential hypertension.
AB  - Diameter, blood flow velocity, and volumic flow of the common carotid artery were
      measured in 38 patients with sustained essential hypertension and compared with
      those of 38 age-matched normal subjects. Both hypertensive and control subjects
      were classified according to age into those younger and those older than 45
      years. For the determinations, a pulsed Doppler velocimeter with an adjustable
      range-gated time system and a double transducer probe was used. In the younger
      group, the diameter of the common carotid artery had a similar value in
      hypertensive patients (0.639 +/- 0.014 cm) and in controls (0.651 +/- 0.015). The
      same level of blood flow velocity in hypertensive patients (19.7 +/- 0.9 cm/s)
      and in controls (21.2 +/- 0.9 cm/s) was observed. Therefore, the volumic flow was
      equal in the common carotid artery of the hypertensive patients (385 +/- 20
      ml/min) and of the normotensive subjects (410 +/- 23 ml/min). In the older group,
      blood flow velocity was reduced in the common carotid artery of the hypertensive
      patients (19.4 +/- 1.0 cm/s vs. 15.6 +/- 0.6 cm/s; p less than 0.01), but the
      diameter was unchanged (0.653 +/- 0.018 cm in hypertensive patients and 0.665 +/-
      0.018 cm in controls). Thus, there was a significant reduction of volumic blood
      flow in common carotid artery of the hypertensive patients over 45 years (321 +/-
      14 ml/min). A negative relationship was observed between common carotid artery
      blood flow and age in elderly hypertensive patients (r = -0.42; p less than
      0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409381
TI  - Ingelheim workshop series on precapillary vessels, part III.

PMID- 2409380
TI  - Functional bases for individualities among vascular smooth muscles.
AB  - This review deals with cellular factors that contribute to individualities of
      vascular smooth-muscle function in different organ systems and at different
      levels of the vascular tree. Particular attention has been given to: membrane
      receptors responsive to catecholamines, serotonin, angiotensin II, dopamine, and
      acetylcholine; membrane properties, including resting and action potentials, and
      the Na+, K+ ATPase electrogenic pump; regulation of cellular Ca2+; contractile
      proteins; metabolism, and cell messengers. Differences in membrane receptors
      appear to be the major basis for the individualities found in various vascular
      smooth muscles. Differences in cell-membrane properties and Ca2+ regulation are
      also significant causes of variability. Cell metabolism and contractile proteins
      contribute relatively less to the individualities of vascular smooth muscle. Too
      little is known about cell messengers to assess their contribution to this
      individuality.

PMID- 2409382
TI  - Na+-K+ ATPase, Na-Ca exchange, and excitation-contraction coupling in smooth
      muscle.
AB  - The evidence in favor of a direct role of active Na transport in the regulation
      of excitation-contraction coupling in vascular smooth muscle has been examined.
      The observations in vivo and those obtained in isolated tissues do not always
      lead to the same conclusions. The changes of the membrane potential obtained in
      vitro by slight reductions in, or increases of [K]o do not modify the resting
      potential of the cells sufficiently to make them contract. Applying K-free or Na
      free medium on isolated tissues is a much more vigorous procedure than the
      limited changes of [K]o that can occur in vascular beds in situ. The Na-Ca
      exchange-mechanism does not seem to play a major role in those smooth-muscle
      cells that have been analyzed in detail, but even here the experimental
      procedures have neither given precise information about the composition of the
      intracellular compartment nor allowed sufficient control of the parameters
      studied. The comparison of membrane vesicles from smooth muscle and from cardiac
      muscle indicates that important differences exist in Na-Ca exchange and in
      activities of Na+-K+ ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+ ATPase. These findings suggest a poor
      development of Na-Ca exchange in smooth muscle as compared to cardiac muscle.
      Finally, the changes in the Na metabolism of erythrocytes from hypertensives are
      mentioned, and the present difficulties of linking those changes to an increased
      reactivity of vascular smooth-muscle cells are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2409383
TI  - Role of cyclic-GMP in relaxations of vascular smooth muscle.
AB  - Relaxation of rat aorta segments with sodium nitroprusside and endothelium
      dependent vasodilators, such as acetylcholine, histamine, A23187, ATP, thrombin,
      and trypsin, is associated with cyclic-GMP (cGMP) accumulation in a concentration
      and time-dependent fashion. With rat aorta segments, these agents also increase
      cyclic GMP-dependent protein-kinase activity and alter the incorporation of 32P
      into numerous smooth-muscle proteins. Identical patterns of protein
      phosphorylation were observed with both classes of relaxants on two-dimensional
      gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The effects of nitroprusside were
      observed with or without the endothelium present. In contrast, the effects of the
      endothelium-dependent agents on all of these parameters (cGMP, cGMP-dependent
      protein kinase and protein phosphorylation) required the integrity of the
      endothelium. Various inhibitors of phospholipase and lypoxygenase prevented the
      effects of the endothelium-dependent agents, suggesting that a metabolite of
      arachidonic acid is the endothelium-relaxant factor and responsible for guanylate
      cyclase activation. A smooth-muscle protein with decreased 32P incorporation
      after treatment with either class of relaxants has been identified as myosin
      light chain. A model is presented suggesting that the effects of endothelium
      dependent vasodilators and directly acting nitrovasodilators converge at the
      level of guanylate-cyclase activation and cGMP accumulation, which explains the
      common biochemical and physiological effects on smooth muscle of these two
      classes of vasodilators.

PMID- 2409384
TI  - Electrophysiological aspects of regulation of precapillary vessel tone in smooth
      muscles of vascular tissues.
AB  - The tone of precapillary vessels is regulated by free-Ca concentrations in the
      myoplasm. If the concentration of Ca decreases below 10(-7) M, the muscle
      relaxes. Maximal amplitudes of contraction are recorded when the concentration of
      Ca is higher than 5 X 10(-6) M. Certain aspects of Ca regulation require
      electrical activity of the cell membrane. To measure the electrical response
      under resting and active conditions, microelectrode, double-sucrose (current and
      voltage-clamp techniques), and single-current recording (patch-clamp) methods
      have been used. Measurements of membrane potential and conductance using the
      microelectrode method are essential to understand the property of the voltage
      dependent Ca influx. It is also essential to make electrophysiological
      investigations for the analysis of the receptor-activated Ca influx. Excitatory
      junction potentials are one indicator of the activities of the pre- and
      postjunctional receptors as well as of the relative amount of transmitter
      released. Single currents have been recorded with the patch-clamp technique in
      isolated vascular smooth-muscle cells.

PMID- 2409385
TI  - Heterogeneity of endothelium-dependent responses in mammalian blood vessels.
AB  - A number of naturally occurring substances can evoke endothelium-dependent
      responses in isolated blood vessels. In most arteries studied, acetylcholine,
      adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), arachidonic acid,
      bradykinin, and thrombin cause endothelium-dependent relaxations. In veins,
      however, the endothelium-dependent inhibitory effect of acetylcholine, ATP, and
      thrombin often is transient and/or modest, as it is masked by the direct
      stimulating action of these substances on the venous smooth muscle; arachidonic
      acid evokes endothelium-dependent augmentation of the contractile response to
      norepinephrine. Aggregating platelets cause an endothelium-dependent relaxation
      of certain but not all arteries and veins that is probably mediated by released
      serotonin and ADP. The endothelium of the coronary artery may enhance the
      relaxations caused by catecholamines. Vasopressin causes endothelium-dependent
      relaxations in cerebral and coronary arteries but not in systemic blood vessels.
      Hypoxia causes endothelium-dependent increases in tension in systemic arteries
      and in pulmonary arteries and veins but not in limb veins. The heterogeneity in
      endothelium-dependent responsiveness may reflect variations in sensitivity of
      either endothelial or vascular smooth-muscle cells of different anatomical
      origin.

PMID- 2409386
TI  - Vascular myogenic or stretch-dependent tone.
AB  - Myogenic tone is an important source of vascular resistance, which appears to
      depend upon stretch of the vessel wall. It contributes to autoregulation, is
      dependent upon external calcium, and may involve a calcium-entry mechanism
      different from that associated with the action of agonists and changes in the
      membrane potential.

PMID- 2409387
TI  - Neurohumoral control of blood vessels: some future directions.
AB  - The recent discoveries of vascular neuroeffector control mechanisms, involving a
      wide variety of neurohumoral agents, pre- and postjunctional neuromodulation, and
      cotransmission, leave the field poised for growth in new directions. Some of
      these are outlined in this article, including: the development of methods for
      quantitation of the pattern and density of different types of perivascular
      nerves; exploration of the potent actions of purine nucleotides and nucleosides
      on vascular smooth muscle and/or endothelial cells, particularly in relation to
      the development of drugs of therapeutic potential; expansion of studies of the
      regulatory implications of cotransmitter release of ATP together with
      noradrenaline from some sympathetic perivascular nerves and of VIP together with
      acetylcholine from some parasympathetic nerves; autoradiographic localization of
      receptors for monoamines, peptides of and purines in blood vessels; wider studies
      of "axon reflex" control of the circulation and of the roles of substance P;
      investigation of development, aging, and regeneration of different perivascular
      nerve types, and the long-term "trophic" actions of some neurohumoral agents.
      Lastly, the time is ripe to study abnormalities in neurohumoral control of
      vessels in disease and after chronic exposure to drugs.

PMID- 2409388
TI  - Function of the precapillary vessels in peripheral vascular disease.
AB  - This article reviews the present knowledge of vasomotion in skin capillaries of
      patients with peripheral vascular disease, in particular Raynaud's disease and
      acrocyanosis. The data are based on measurements of red blood-cell velocity and
      of fluorescent-dye distribution in capillary areas obtained by videomicroscopy in
      combination with videodensitometric evaluation. Normally, adjacent skin
      capillaries exhibit similar flow patterns and are filled at the same time after
      i.v. Na-fluorescein injection, whereas in acrocyanosis, pathological vasomotion
      occurs frequently (different flow patterns in adjacent capillaries, delayed
      filling of single capillaries or capillary groups). Inhomogeneous perfusion is
      also common in microangiopathy caused by scleroderma. Hypersensitivity to a
      standardized cold stimulus is the main feature of primary Raynaud's disease.

PMID- 2409389
TI  - Reflex cardiovascular regulation in humans.
AB  - Although studies of the cardiovascular control exerted by arterial baroreceptors
      in man are limited by technical and ethical problems, the variable-pressure neck
      chamber technique has provided a considerable amount of information about this
      topic. This paper focuses on the carotid baroreceptor reflex as evaluated by
      studies using the neck-chamber technique and examines this control in a number of
      physiological and pathophysiological states. The results of these studies suggest
      that in normotensive subjects the set-point of the reflex is located
      eccentrically toward its saturation, which makes this homeostatic mechanism more
      effective in counteracting a blood-pressure fall than a blood-pressure rise. They
      also suggest that the concept of an impairment of the arterial baroreflex in
      aging, exercise, and hypertension, though valid for the baroreceptor control of
      heart rate, is no longer tenable for the baroreceptor control of arterial
      pressure. The paper also reviews in humans the effects of arterial baroreceptors
      on regional circulations and on the excretion of humoral substances such as
      renin, and compares them with those of the cardiopulmonary receptors. It is
      suggested that the latter predominate over the former in the reflex modulation of
      plasma-renin activity, and that this is part of a homeostatic mechanism for blood
      volume control.

PMID- 2409390
TI  - Brain-stem mechanisms governing resting and reflex tone of precapillary vessels.
AB  - The sympathetic drive to the cardiovascular system depends on the integrity of
      neurons in the medulla oblongata. The adrenergic neurons of the C1-area of the
      cortical ventrolateral medulla are tonically active and provide the background
      excitation of the spinal preganglionic neurons, which relay to the postganglionic
      sympathetic neurons. The noradrenergic neurons of the A1-area of the caudal
      ventrolateral medulla act as tonic inhibitors of the sympathetic discharge; they
      mediate the depressor response to centrally acting alpha-adrenergic agonists such
      as clonidine. Imbalance between those two types of neuronal control systems leads
      to increased sympathetic discharge and hence elevated arterial blood pressure.

PMID- 2409391
TI  - Local modulation of adrenergic neurotransmission in blood vessels.
AB  - Norepinephrine, released from sympathetic nerve terminals, has a key role in
      adjusting continuously the performance of the cardiovascular system. Although the
      amount of transmitter released depends primarily on the degree of activation of
      postganglionic sympathetic fibers, local metabolites and circulating vasoactive
      substances, in addition to affecting smooth-muscle cells directly, alter the
      amount of norepinephrine released. Thus, metabolic acidosis, an increase in
      potassium ions and in osmolality reduce the output of norepinephrine in the face
      of a constant frequency of stimulation of the postganglionic fibers. Many
      receptors have been identified on the prejunctional nerves which, when activated,
      can increase or decrease transmitter release. Those agonists which decrease it
      include adenosine and the adenine nucleotides, and norepinephrine, acetylcholine,
      histamine, and serotonin, acting on purinergic, alpha 2-adrenoceptors,
      muscarinic, H2-histaminergic and S1-serotoninergic receptors, respectively. Those
      that increase transmitter release include epinephrine (acting on beta 2
      adrenoceptors) and angiotensin II. Part of the action of certain drugs is due to
      their prejunctional effects. Thus, cardiac glycosides cause a release of
      norepinephrine, and the antidepressant drug amitriptyline causes inhibition of
      prejunctional alpha-adrenoceptors and muscarinic receptors. Local changes in
      temperature also have complex actions on the neuroeffector junction and the
      vascular smooth muscle, which are of prime importance for cutaneous vessels.

PMID- 2409393
TI  - Platelets, platelet-derived growth factor, growth control, and their interactions
      with the vascular wall.
AB  - The response-to-injury hypothesis of atherosclerosis describes how risk factors
      associated with atherogenesis may alter endothelial function, creating
      opportunities for endothelial cell separation and interactions with blood
      monocyte/macrophages and platelets that result in the intimal proliferative
      smooth-muscle lesions of atherosclerosis. Growth factors derived from platelets
      (platelet-derived growth factor) and macrophages (macrophage-derived growth
      factor) are described and their possible role in atherogenesis is presented.
      Possible approaches for the prevention of atherosclerosis include the development
      of means of interfering with the activity of these growth factors.

PMID- 2409392
TI  - Pathological significance of the thromboxane-prostacyclin hypothesis.
AB  - Disturbances in the balance between the production of thromboxane A2 by the
      platelets and that of prostacyclin by the vessel wall may play a major role in
      disease and be a target for therapeutic agents. Acetylsalicylic acid, given in
      small doses, may inhibit the production of thromboxane A2 without affecting that
      of prostacyclin. Even if it reduces prostacyclin synthesis, the drug is
      beneficial as an antithrombotic agent, possibly because it has actions not
      related to inhibition of cyclooxygenase. Dazoxiben not only inhibits the
      production of thromboxane A2 by platelets, but also facilitates that of
      prostanoids, in part by diverting endoperoxides to the blood vessel wall and to
      leukocytes. Although reduced production of prostacyclin may contribute to the
      etiology of atherosclerosis, the blood vessel wall of hypercholesterolemic
      animals exhibits an increased production of prostacyclin. The latter has been
      given successfully in patients with accelerated turnover of platelets or with
      peripheral vascular disease. However, its very short t1/2 limits its practical
      use. The availability of stable prostacyclin derivates, such as ZK 36374, may
      bypass this problem.

PMID- 2409394
TI  - Prevention of thrombosis in arteries: novel approaches.
AB  - A number of drugs such as unfractionated heparin, oral anticoagulants, and agents
      inhibiting platelet function, are being used in the prevention of arterial
      thrombosis; novel antithrombotic substances are in the making. Among the latter
      are low-mol-wt heparin and semisynthetic heparin analogs, unfractionated and low
      mol-wt heparin covalently complexed or not with anti-thrombin III, pyridoxal
      phosphate, scavengers of free radicals, synthetic inhibitors of serine proteases,
      and stimulators of endogenous fibrinolysis.

PMID- 2409395
TI  - Changes in cardiovascular responsiveness caused by age and high blood pressure:
      implications for therapy.
AB  - With older age and higher blood pressure, defective cardiovascular responses to
      beta-adrenergic activation allow unopposed alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      mediated vasoconstriction to occur. This helps to explain the transition from
      early hypertension resulting from an increase in cardiac output and renin
      secretion to a later form caused by an augmented peripheral vascular resistance.
      The status of the beta-adrenoceptors aids in determining the response to
      antihypertensive drugs. Thus, the predominance of beta-adrenergic responses to
      sympathetic stimulation renders the younger patient more susceptible to
      antihypertensive therapy with beta-adrenergic blockers or inhibitors of
      converting enzyme; the latter eliminates the amplifying effect of angiotension II
      on sympathetic neurotransmission. The blunted cardiovascular counterregulation
      observed in the older patients favors a response to antihypertensive drugs acting
      mainly by peripheral vasodilatation, including alpha-adrenergic antagonists and
      calcium-entry blockers.

PMID- 2409396
TI  - Pre- and postglomerular arterioles of the kidney.
AB  - Characteristics of the structural organization of the afferent and efferent
      glomerular arterioles of the mammalian kidney, that have so far escaped adequate
      functional discussion, include: presence and distribution of myoendothelial
      junctions in afferent and efferent arterioles and their possible functional
      relevance as stretch receptors; distribution of smooth-muscle cells around
      cortical efferent arterioles and, in particular, the presence of a contractile
      segment at the beginning of the efferent arterioles; elaboration of a basement
      membrane-like material beneath the endothelium of efferent arterioles and the
      continuity of this material with the mesangial and extramesangial matrix
      material; and structural organization of the endothelium of juxtamedullary
      efferent arterioles, consisting of up to 30 longitudinally arranged endothelial
      cells, and its possible functional significance.

PMID- 2409397
TI  - Heterogeneity in the coronary circulation.
AB  - The blood flow to the subendocardial layers of the left ventricle is
      approximately 10% higher than that to the outer layers. The larger subendocardial
      blood flow reserve results from a higher vascular density within that layer. The
      systolic coronary inflow is the result of the net forward flow and a concealed
      backflow. The blood flow at the microcirculatory level is not homogeneous, as
      certain interventions can recruit "dormant" capillaries. When coronary artery
      occlusion occurs, the resistance of the collateral channels, which is high,
      becomes the major determinant of the blood flow to the ischemic tissues. The
      blood flow in such ischemic tissues is heterogeneous, as the extravascular forces
      on these collateral channels vary. Reperfusion after occlusion is characterized
      by marked heterogeneity. If reflow is reinstituted late after cell death, the
      sudden rush of blood under normal pressure ruptures the microvessels, resulting
      in hemorrhagic infarction and the no-reflow phenomenon.

PMID- 2409398
TI  - Local chemical, neural, and humoral regulation of cerebrovascular resistance
      vessels.
AB  - Local chemical factors, such as H+, K+, Ca2+, adenosine, and osmolarity, affect
      cerebral resistance vessels. Their participation in the regulation of cerebral
      blood flow is suggested by changes in their concentration in the interstitial
      space during increased neuronal activity, strong hypoxia, and transient of
      incomplete ischemia. Such changes are not observed during autoregulation.
      Possible interactions between several factors must be considered when estimating
      their role. Autonomic nerves innervating cerebral vessels include: sympathetic
      nerves releasing the constrictor transmitter noradrenaline; parasympathetic
      nerves (liberating the dilator transmitter acetylcholine) and other dilator
      fibers (containing either serotonin, substance P, or vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide). Participation of these systems in the adjustment of cerebral blood
      flow is still a matter of discussion, except for the protective effect of
      sympathetic nerves on the upper limit of autoregulation and on the blood--brain
      barrier. Humoral compounds, generated and released within the brain, which can
      affect cerebral blood flow include: histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins.
      Histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandin E2, and prostacyclin dilate cerebral
      arteries in situ, while prostaglandin F2 alpha reduces cerebral blood flow.
      Histamine and bradykinin alter the permeability of the blood--brain barrier and
      might be involved in pathological events, such as edema.

PMID- 2409400
TI  - Dynamics of skin microcirculation in humans.
AB  - The human cutaneous microcirculation has so far been studied by rather crude
      methods, such as plethysmography and 133Xn clearance. New sophisticated and
      noninvasive techniques are now available, with which the microcirculation of the
      skin can be continuously studied and measured for hours. With two such methods,
      i.e., Laser-Doppler flowmetry and dynamic capillaroscopy, fast dynamic
      fluctuations of the microcirculation can be followed. Under resting conditions,
      the total skin flow of a small area (1-2 mm2) varies consistently with time.
      These variations are caused by the arterial pulse, but also by active vasomotion
      with a frequency of about 4-8 cycles/min. These fluctuations can also be seen in
      single skin capillaries, but with a somewhat faster frequency: 6-10 cycles/min.
      The reaction of the cutaneous microcirculation to provocation tests, such as
      postocclusive reactive hyperemia response and venous occlusion (50 mm Hg), can
      also be studied. The time to peak during postocclusive reactive hyperemia is very
      consistent. In response to venous congestion, capillary flow rate falls
      drastically, whereas Laser-Doppler flow is much less dramatically reduced. These
      discrepancies suggest that the Laser-Doppler flowmeter records blood flow in skin
      vessels in addition to the superficial, nutritional capillaries. The dynamic
      pattern of the skin microcirculation is altered in patients with hypertension,
      diabetes, and obstructive arterial disease.

PMID- 2409399
TI  - Differences in contractile responses to electrical stimulation and alpha
      adrenergic binding sites in isolated cerebral arteries of humans, cows, dogs, and
      monkeys.
AB  - The neurogenic responses of cerebral arteries of humans and the monkey were
      compared with those of the dog. alpha-Adrenoceptors in these cerebral arteries
      were also characterized by radioligand-binding studies. In human posterior
      communicating arteries, the contractile response to electrical transmural
      stimulation was attenuated by treatment with phentolamine in 41% of preparations
      tested, but not affected by aspirin. The responses in the monkey and canine
      arteries were not attenuated by treatment with phentolamine, but were reduced by
      aspirin in 60 and 73% of the cases, respectively. Reactivity and affinity to
      exogenous noradrenaline were comparable in human and monkey arteries, but greater
      than those of canine arteries. Radioligand-binding assays revealed binding sites
      for [3H]prazosin in the human and monkey cerebral arteries; the KD and Bmax
      values were not significantly different between the two species. Such binding
      sites were not detected in canine arteries. Binding sites for [3H]yohimbine were
      present in the arteries of the three species. Thus, the neurogenic contractile
      response of human cerebral arteries may be at least in part adrenergic in nature,
      while that of monkey and canine arteries may be due to neurogenically occurring
      arachidonate. alpha-Adrenoceptors in the monkey arteries are similar to those in
      humans.

PMID- 2409401
TI  - Metabolic factors involved in regulation of muscle blood flow.
AB  - Muscles with various compositions of muscle fibers show a different degree of
      functional hyperemia. This can be caused by either a different pattern of
      vascular recruitment, a release of various metabolites, or a heterogeneous
      sensitivity of vessels in different muscles to individual metabolites. The
      possible involvement of hypoxia, adenosine, ATP, lactate, pH, hyperosmolarity,
      potassium, and inorganic phosphate in functional hyperemia is discussed. It is
      concluded, on the basis of the data from the literature as well as on that of our
      own experiments, that potassium and inorganic phosphate are equally involved in
      functional hyperemia in mixed muscles during short-lasting isotonic or isometric
      rhythmic or tetanic contractions. Potassium seems to be more important in long
      lasting contractions, whereas inorganic phosphate seems to be more important in
      muscles with a high proportion of oxidative fibers. Other factors, such as low
      pH, might enhance the vasodilating potency of phosphate, and adenosine seems to
      be involved only to a small extent.

PMID- 2409402
TI  - Precapillary control of the splanchnic vascular bed.
AB  - The accessibility of the mesenteric vasculature of the rat permits it to be used
      for intravital microscopy. Venous-arteriolar response and autoregulation are
      localized in the precapillary and terminal arterioles. Responses to intravasal
      application of noradrenaline are not influenced by arteriolar tone, induced by a
      venous-arteriolar response. This indicates a strong regulatory influence on the
      precapillary vessels originating from the venous side. Arteriolar and venous
      arteriolar autoregulations are differentially effective in the individual organ
      circulations. Noradrenaline dose-response curves and frequency-response curves in
      the saline-perfused mesenteric vascular bed were analyzed with respect to the
      reactivity of the different groups of precapillary vessels. The sensitivity to
      noradrenaline, quantified by the ED50, was significantly smaller in the
      arterioles than in small precapillary arterioles or in larger arteries.
      Autoregulatory escape was recognized as a typical mechanism of flow
      redistribution consisting partially of vascular adjustment. Escape from
      vasoconstrictor influences was more pronounced during electrical stimulation than
      during responses to noradrenaline. The data suggest that distribution of
      splanchnic blood flow to individual organs is governed by venous-arteriolar and
      arteriolar autoregulation, whereas the sympathetic nerves and autoregulatory
      escape are major factors in controlling the redistribution of blood flow within
      the tissue or tissue layers.

PMID- 2409403
TI  - Autonomic regulation of the pulmonary circulation.
AB  - Responses to vagal stimulation, acetylcholine, catecholamines, and sympathetic
      nerve stimulation were investigated in the feline pulmonary vascular bed under
      conditions of controlled pulmonary blood flow and constant left atrial pressure.
      Results of these studies suggest that, in the cat, the vagus is composed of
      efferent fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The data
      also suggest that the feline pulmonary vascular bed is functionally innervated by
      cholinergic nerves, and that vagal stimulation dilates the pulmonary vascular bed
      by releasing acetylcholine, which acts on muscarinic receptors in pulmonary
      vessels. alpha and beta 2-adrenoceptors appear to be present in the feline
      pulmonary vascular bed, and both types of adrenergic receptors are innervated by
      the sympathetic nervous system. Selective alpha 1- and alpha 2-receptor agonists
      produce pulmonary vasoconstrictor responses, suggesting the presence of both
      alpha 1- and alpha 2-receptor subtypes in the feline pulmonary vascular bed. The
      pulmonary vascular response to norepinephrine, dopamine, and dobutamine is the
      algebraic summation of activation of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors. Dopamine
      possesses greater alpha-(vasoconstrictor) activity when compared to dobutamine,
      whereas dobutamine has greater beta-(vasodilator) activity.

PMID- 2409404
TI  - Control of ocular blood flow.
AB  - The eye has a dual vascular supply. The uveal vessels are distributed within the
      choroid, the ciliary body, and the iris; and the retinal vessels within the inner
      parts of the retina. The vascularization of the uvea is very rich and the blood
      flow is high, which stabilizes the temperature of the eye. The vascularization of
      the retina is relatively sparse, which is an obvious advantage for the optics.
      The perfusion pressure in the eye can be defined as the local arterial blood
      pressure minus the intraocular pressure. Reductions in perfusion pressure, caused
      by increments in intraocular pressure, or reductions in mean arterial pressure
      reduce the blood flow in the choroid. In the retina, there are efficient
      autoregulatory mechanisms that prevent changes in flow within a wide range of
      perfusion pressures. Stimulation of the cervical sympathetic chain causes
      vasoconstriction in the uvea, with near-maximal effects as 10 Hz. The sympathetic
      nerves are not activated during moderate hemorrhage. They apparently prevent
      overperfusion and breakdown of intraocular barriers under conditions of acute
      elevation of the arterial blood pressure. Electrical stimulation of the
      oculomotor nerve causes cholinergic vasoconstriction in the anterior uvea. Near
      maximal vasoconstriction is obtained between 10 and 20 Hz. In conscious animals,
      muscarinic blockade causes vasodilatation in the iris, indicating that there is a
      basal traffic in the vasomotor fibers of the oculomotor nerve. Electrical
      stimulation of the facial nerve causes vasodilatation in the uvea that cannot be
      prevented by muscarinic blockade: near-maximal vasodilatation is obtained between
      10 and 20 Hz.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409405
TI  - A mathematical model of tumour-induced capillary growth.
AB  - The corneal limbal vessels of an animal host respond to the presence of a source
      of Tumour Angiogenesis Factor (TAF) implanted in the cornea by the formation of
      new capillaries which grow towards the source. This neovasculature can be easily
      seen and studied and this paper describes a mathematical model of some of the
      important features of the growth. The model includes the diffusion of TAF, the
      formation of sprouts from pre-existing vessels and models the movement of these
      sprouts to form new capillaries as a chemotactic response to the presence of TAF.
      Numerical results are produced for various values of the parameters which
      characterize the model and it is suggested that the model might form the
      framework for further theoretical work on related phenomena such as wound healing
      or to develop strategies for the investigation of anti-angiogenesis.

PMID- 2409406
TI  - Surgical management of double-outlet right ventricle.
AB  - From 1977 to 1983, 32 consecutive patients, ranging in age from 15 days to 24
      years, underwent operations for double-outlet right ventricle. Twenty patients
      had a palliative operation either to increase (12 cases) or to reduce (eight
      cases) pulmonary blood flow: Ten of them have subsequently undergone total
      repair, and in another six correction was delayed because of possible incremental
      operative risk factors, such as multiple ventricular septal defects or the need
      for an extracardiac conduit. Four patients with multiple, complex associated
      intracardiac anomalies are currently considered to have uncorrectable defects. A
      total of 22 patients underwent correction either primarily (12) or after
      palliation (10). Intraventricular tunneling was performed in 16 patients with a
      subaortic ventricular septal defect and in one with a doubly committed
      ventricular septal defect. Seven of these had pulmonary stenosis and five had
      reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow by means of a patch (three) or a
      conduit (two); among this group, five also had enlargement of the ventricular
      septal defect. In three patients with a subpulmonary defect and in one with a
      remote ventricular septal defect, all of them without pulmonary stenosis, total
      repair was achieved by a Senning, a Mustard, or an arterial switch operation.
      Finally, the only patient with atrioventricular discordance and pulmonary
      stenosis had insertion of a left ventricle-pulmonary artery conduit. No operative
      deaths were observed after palliation, but one patient died of intrapulmonary
      hemorrhage after total repair (4.5%). Major postoperative complications included
      detachment of the ventricular septal defect patch in one patient and late
      progression of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease in another. No late deaths
      have been recorded. Surgical repair of double-outlet right ventricle can be
      accomplished with gratifying early and late results, the risk of operative death
      being below 5%. The outcome in patients with subaortic ventricular septal defect
      appears particularly favorable, despite the extensive intracardiac procedures
      required for total correction. An early intervention is recommended to prevent
      development of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease and to avoid massive
      cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, which may cause late rhythm disturbances and
      impede the intracardiac repair.

PMID- 2409407
TI  - A comparison of membrane marker phenotypes in hairy-cell leukemia and phorbol
      ester induced B-cll cells using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The neoplastic cells from 14 cases of hairy-cell leukemia were investigated in
      order to determine their membrane phenotype on the basis of their reactivity with
      a large panel of B-, T-, myeloid/monocytic- and non-lineage restricted monoclonal
      antibodies. The data were compared to those from monoclonal antibody studies on
      phorbol-ester (TPA) induced cells from 10 patients with B-type chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia. The study has so far revealed further evidence for the B
      cell nature of hairy-cells leukemia and demonstrates a developmental link between
      the two cell types, suggesting that hairy-cells represent a more advanced
      differentiation stage along the B-cell lineage.

PMID- 2409408
TI  - A new set of monoclonal antibodies against acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - Six monoclonal antibodies produced by immunization of Balb/c mice with common
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia (cALL) cells were tested against various types of
      normal and malignant tissues. ALB1 and ALB2 are directed to the cALL antigen
      (CALLA gp100); ALB6 recognizes a determinant of p24; ALB7, ALB8 and ALB9 have a
      pattern of reactivity similar to Ba1. None of these antibodies specifically
      identify cALL but they should be useful tools for diagnosis or depletion of bone
      marrow in autologous therapy in transplantation. In addition, the example of ALB6
      which acts as a platelet aggregating agent, suggests that the study of other cell
      systems expressing the antigens associated with cALL may shed light on the
      function of these antigens and subsequently on the physiopathology of the
      leukemic cells.

PMID- 2409409
TI  - A new technique for differential and simultaneous staining of nerve cells and
      fibers.
AB  - A new and simple method for the simultaneous staining of nerve cells and fibers
      is described. The use of formol-thionin under controlled conditions of
      concentration and pH provides a highly reliable method for the staining of nerve
      cells in blue and fiber tracts in red, making any posterior differentiation
      redundant. This technique provides constant and reproducible results allowing
      simultaneous staining of many sections.

PMID- 2409410
TI  - [Improvement of classroom teaching in medical-surgical nursing].

PMID- 2409411
TI  - [Task of instructors in the practice of medical-surgical nursing].

PMID- 2409412
TI  - Pulmonary disease in the immunocompromised host. 1.
AB  - With few exceptions, pulmonary complications in the immunocompromised host will
      proceed to death unless the clinician intercedes. The differential diagnosis of
      diffuse pulmonary disease in this setting includes (1) infection, most commonly
      from opportunistic organisms; (2) recurrence or extension of the basic underlying
      disease process to involve the lungs; (3) adverse pulmonary reaction to drugs;
      (4) a new, unrelated disease process such as cardiac pulmonary edema or pulmonary
      emboli; and (5) any combination of these categories. Up to a third of these
      patients have two or more complications, such as pneumonitis from two different
      opportunistic organisms or an opportunistic infection and a drug-induced
      pulmonary complication. An understanding of the host defense that is compromised
      enables the clinician to narrow the differential diagnosis. The most common types
      of impairment of defense mechanisms are reductions in the number of granulocytes,
      B-lymphocytes, or T-lymphocytes, and not uncommonly, two or all three of these
      types of cells are involved. Impairment of each of these cell types is associated
      with an increased frequency of infection by a particular group of organisms.
      Consequently, the clinician can be somewhat selective if empiric therapy is being
      considered. In the immunocompromised patient, most pulmonary complications,
      including drug-induced pulmonary disease and pulmonary emboli, are associated
      with fever that mimics an infection. Up to 25% of the pulmonary complications in
      these patients are noninfectious.

PMID- 2409413
TI  - Monitoring amylase.

PMID- 2409415
TI  - Reliability of Dill-Glazko test.

PMID- 2409414
TI  - Inhibition of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III in vitro by
      phosphonoformate.
AB  - Phosphonoformate, an inhibitor of reverse transcriptase in a number of
      retroviruses, was shown to have a dose-related inhibitory effect on human T-cell
      lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) replication in the H9 cell line in vitro.
      HTLV-III replication was eliminated at a concentration of 680 mumol, a non
      cytotoxic dose. A lower dose of 132 mumol inhibited HTLV-III replication by more
      than 98%, as measured by reverse transcriptase activity, compared with untreated
      infected cultures. Reverse transcriptase activity in HTLV-III particles was
      completely inhibited by 5.0 mumol phosphonoformate.

PMID- 2409416
TI  - Interaction between pancreas transplant and native pancreas.

PMID- 2409418
TI  - Palliative laser surgery for melanoma metastatic to the larynx: report of two
      cases.
AB  - Melanoma metastatic to the larynx is an extremely rare entity. This paper
      describes two patients previously treated for cutaneous melanoma who developed
      recurrent melanoma involving their larynges. Surgical excision of these lesions
      was accomplished with the carbon dioxide laser. Apparently, these two patients
      are the first reported cases of successful management of melanoma metastatic to
      the larynx using laser surgery. The paper also discusses the evolving history and
      diagnosis of laryngeal melanoma, the use of the carbon dioxide laser in the
      treatment of other laryngeal and tracheobronchial lesions, the incidence of
      cutaneous and mucosal melanoma of the head and neck, and the diagnostic
      evaluation and management of melanoma.

PMID- 2409417
TI  - Use of stable prostacyclin analogue ZK 36 374 to treat severe lower limb
      ischaemia.

PMID- 2409419
TI  - The effect of epinephrine and serotonin on hepatic poly(A)+ RNA synthesis.
AB  - In vivo administration of epinephrine or serotonin has been shown to stimulate
      the incorporation of 14C-orotic acid into Poly(A)+ RNA. However, only epinephrine
      and not serotonin could stimulate DNA dependent RNA polymerase activity of
      isolated hepatic nuclei in in vitro experiments.

PMID- 2409420
TI  - Hexamethonium increases the excitability of sympathetic neurons by the blockade
      of the Ca2+-activated K+ channels.
AB  - Effects of hexamethonium (C6) on the excitability of sympathetic ganglion cells
      were examined by means of intracellular recording. When DC currents were
      injected, high concentrations of C6 significantly augmented the repetitive firing
      of the cells without any change in threshold voltage for initiation of the spike.
      The Ca2+-sensitive component of the after-hyperpolarization following a spike was
      reduced by C6 in a dose-dependent fashion (0.3 to 10 mM). C6 slightly affected
      parameters for the spike but neither the resting membrane potential nor the input
      membrane resistance. The amplitude of the Ca2+ spike (in the presence of 1 microM
      tetrodotoxin and 10 mM tetraethylammonium) was not affected even by 30 mM C6. Bee
      venom (0.3 micrograms/ml) which contains apamin showed similar effects. These
      results suggest that C6 blocks the Ca2+-activated K+ channels, resulting in an
      increase in excitability of the cells.

PMID- 2409421
TI  - The effects of interferon on murine erythropoiesis.
AB  - The effects of interferon (IF) on erythropoietin (Ep) action and production were
      studied in mice. In comparison to control animals, Ep action in exhypoxic,
      polycythemic mice was significantly decreased (p less than 0.05) following two
      low dose injections of IF (2.9-3.5 X 10(4) units). In addition, renal Ep
      production in normal intact mice was also significantly decreased (p less than
      0.01) following a single injection of IF (5.4-6.3 X 10(4) units) and hypoxic
      exposure.

PMID- 2409422
TI  - The effects of a single acute dose of dexamethasone on monoamine and metabolite
      levels in rat brain.
AB  - Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with either 20
      micrograms of dexamethasone or an equivalent volume of saline. The rats were then
      sacrificed at either one or four hours after the injections and their brains
      analyzed for monoamine and metabolite content using High Performance Liquid
      Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection. Significant effects were seen in
      dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, but these effects varied depending on the
      area of rat brain studied. Significant increases in dopamine (DA) levels were
      seen in the hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens of the dexamethasone treated rats
      when compared with saline treated rats. There was no significant effect of
      dexamethasone on DA levels in frontal or striatal brain areas. In the
      dexamethasone treated rats a significant increase in serotonin (5-HT) was
      observed in the hypothalamus; a significant decrease in 5-HT was observed in the
      frontal cortex. Biological and clinical implications of these findings are
      discussed.

PMID- 2409423
TI  - High affinity receptors for bombesin/GRP-like peptides on human small cell lung
      cancer.
AB  - The binding of a radiolabeled bombesin analogue to human small cell lung cancer
      (SCLC) cell lines was investigated. (125I-Tyr4)bombesin bound with high affinity
      (Kd = 0.5 nM) to a single class of sites (2,000/cell) using SCLC line NCI-H446.
      Binding was reversible, saturable and specific. The pharmacology of binding was
      investigated using NCI-H466 and SCLC line NCI-H345. Bombesin and structurally
      related peptides, such as gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), but not other
      peptides, such as substance P or vasopressin, inhibited high affinity (125I
      Tyr4)BN binding activity. Finally, the putative receptor, a 78,000 dalton
      polypeptide, was identified by purifying radiolabeled cell lysates on bombesin or
      GRP affinity resins and then displaying the bound polypeptides on sodium
      dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gels. Because SCLC both produces bombesin/GRP-like
      peptides and contains high affinity receptors for these peptides, they may
      function as important autocrine regulatory factors for human SCLC.

PMID- 2409424
TI  - Central nervous system action of bombesin to inhibit gastric acid secretion.
AB  - Bombesin or gastrin releasing peptide injected into the lateral, third, or fourth
      ventricle, or into the cisterna magna, inhibited gastric acid secretion induced
      by a wide variety of gastric acid stimulants in several animal models. Studies of
      bombesin microinfusion into specific hypothalamic nuclei of intact rats, or
      injection into the cisterna magna of midbrain transected rats, indicated that the
      peptide can trigger inhibition of gastric acid secretion from both forebrain and
      hindbrain structures. The neural pathways mediating bombesin action required the
      integrity of the cervical spinal cord; the vagus did not play an important role.
      Spantide, a substance P and bombesin receptor antagonist, was not useful in
      studying the physiological role of bombesin. This was due both to its inability
      to reverse the central action of bombesin on gastric secretion, and to its in
      vivo toxicity.

PMID- 2409425
TI  - Centrally-mediated bombesin effects on gastrointestinal motility.
AB  - Administration of bombesin into the lateral cerebral ventricle (i.c.v.) of rats
      results in a dose-related delay in gastric emptying and small intestinal transit.
      Recordings of intestinal intraluminal pressure in this species show that the
      i.c.v. peptide produces a dose-related increase in the frequency of duodenal
      contractions, and a complex inhibitory/excitatory jejunal effect at low and high
      doses, respectively. Intrathecal (i.th.) or i.c., but not intraperitoneal (i.p.),
      bombesin produces a dose-related slowing of gastrointestinal and colonic transit
      in mice. I.c.v. bombesin is 13.5 and 3406 times more potent in inhibition of
      gastrointestinal transit than when given by the i.th. or i.p. routes,
      respectively. Similarly, the i.c.v. peptide is 1.54 and over 11000 times more
      potent in slowing mouse colonic transit than when given by the i.th. or i.p.
      routes, respectively. The substance P analogue, D-Arg1, D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9, Leu11
      Substance P (DAPTL-SP)(a reported bombesin antagonist in vitro) was not effective
      in blocking the gastrointestinal transit effects of the peptide in vivo.
      Transection of the spinal cord at the level of the second thoracic vertebra (T2)
      eliminates the gastrointestinal and colonic effects of i.th., but not i.c.v.
      bombesin. Thus, bombesin can affect motor function of the gut via activity within
      the brain or spinal cord of rats and mice; the activity of the peptide when given
      at the supraspinal level depends on an intact vagus nerve and adrenal-pituitary
      axis, while the activity of the peptide given at the spinal level appears to
      depend on the integrity of ascending spinal-supraspinal pathways.

PMID- 2409426
TI  - Effects of bombesin on behavior.
AB  - This report describes the influence of bombesin on the gross behavior of
      goldfish, frogs, mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, chicks, pigeons and monkeys.
      Goldfish, frogs, chicks and pigeons were overtly unaffected by bombesin given
      centrally and/or peripherally. Mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and monkeys
      responded quickly to intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and/or intrathecal (i.th.)
      administration of bombesin by displaying a range of behaviors suggestive of
      altered skin sensation. In mice, bombesin was essentially equipotent as a scratch
      inducer by i.c.v. and i.th. routes (A50 = 0.010-0.019 microgram) but 6800 times
      less potent i.p. In rats, bombesin-induced grooming and scratching behaviors were
      shown to be qualitatively different from those associated with ACTH-(1-24) and
      thyrotropin releasing hormone. Spantide and [D-Arg1, D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9,
      Leu11]substance P (both at 0.20, 0.50 and 0.80 microgram i.c.v.), two proposed
      bombesin receptor antagonists, did not markedly influence bombesin-induced
      scratching or hypothermia in rats.

PMID- 2409427
TI  - Cholinergic stimulation of pancreatic amylase release and muscarinic receptors:
      effect of ionophore A23187.
AB  - Dispersed rat pancreatic acini were incubated in 0.5mM calcium medium with
      increasing concentrations of carbamylcholine, with or without the ionophore
      A23187 (10(-6)M). Addition of the ionophore reduced maximal amylase release,
      increased the maximal effective concentration of carbamylcholine and dramatically
      impaired the agonist's capacity to induce enzyme secretion at low concentration.
      The ionophore also abolished the inhibition of secretion observed at high
      carbamylcholine concentrations. These effects of the ionophore on the cholinergic
      secretory response cannot be explained by interaction at the muscarinic receptor
      since neither the Bmax, the affinity of the receptor for the [3H]QNB nor the
      binding of carbamylcholine were affected by the ionophore. It is suggested that
      for the conditions studied, the ionophore can interact with the secretory process
      at one or several points ulterior to the initial recognition site of
      carbamylcholine on its receptor.

PMID- 2409428
TI  - The effect of gamma-type endorphins on alpha-MSH release in the rat.
AB  - Neuroleptic drugs increase the level of alpha-melanotropin (alpha-MSH) in the
      blood of the rat. We have investigated whether neuroleptic-like peptides, the
      gamma-type endorphins, also affect alpha-MSH release. A structure-activity study
      revealed that (des-enkephalin)-gamma-endorphin (DE gamma E, beta-LPH-(66-77),
      beta-endorphin-(6-17)) is able to increase plasma alpha-MSH levels after
      intracerebroventricular injection, while the longer gamma-type endorphins, i.e.
      gamma E (beta-LPH-(61-77)), beta-endorphin-(1-17)), and DT gamma E (beta-LPH-(62
      77), beta-endorphin-(2-17)) were without effect in the dosage used. A dose
      response study revealed a more or less bell-shaped relationship for the effect of
      DE gamma E on plasma alpha-MSH levels. The effect of DE gamma E could not be
      counteracted by apomorphine or naloxone. The observations indicate that DE gamma
      E increases plasma alpha-MSH levels in a way distinct from that of haloperidol
      and the opiate peptide beta-endorphin. On the other hand, a time-course of plasma
      alpha-MSH levels after DE gamma E administration resembled the one which has been
      seen after haloperidol injection. From experiments performed on pituitary
      neurointermediate lobes incubated in vitro, it seems not likely that DE gamma E
      acts directly on the dopamine receptors of the pituitary in affecting alpha-MSH
      release. In conclusion, it appears that DE gamma E affects alpha-MSH levels in
      plasma in a way distinct from that of the neuroleptic drug haloperidol and of the
      opiate-peptide beta-endorphin.

PMID- 2409429
TI  - Ca2+-dependent modulation of renin release from isolated glomeruli: apparent
      independence from alterations in cGMP.
AB  - This study examined the role of cGMP in the control of renin release from
      isolated rat glomeruli. An inverse correlation between renin release and cGMP
      content of isolated glomeruli was found under several conditions of incubation.
      Thus, incubation of isolated glomeruli in Ca2+-free media containing EGTA, or the
      addition of the Ca2+ and calmodulin (CaM) antagonists trifluoperazine (TFP), N-(6
      aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalene-sulfonamide hydrochloride (W-7), or (8-N, N
      diethylamino)-octyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate-HCI (TMB-8) to glomeruli incubated
      in Ca2+ replete buffer lowers cGMP and stimulates renin release. These same
      incubation conditions enhance the release of renin induced by isoproterenol
      (DBcAMP) in isolated glomeruli. By contrast, raising media K+ to 60 mmol/L, or
      the incubation of glomeruli with angiotensin II (A-II) or ouabain--all of which
      are thought to increase intracellular Ca2+--increased glomerular cGMP and
      suppressed basal glomerular renin release and the increases in renin release
      induced by isoproterenol (DBcAMP). However, neither exogenous DBcAMP nor
      nitroprusside, an agent that increased the endogenous cGMP, content of glomeruli
      mimicked the suppressive effects of high K+, A-II, or ouabain on renin release.
      Moreover, DBcGMP and nitroprusside also failed to reverse the stimulatory effects
      of Ca2+ deprivation, TFP, W-7, or TMB-8 on glomerular renin release, even though
      nitroprusside clearly enhanced cGMP under these conditions of incubation. The
      results suggest that changes in glomerular cGMP and renin release occur
      concomitantly in response to alterations in glomerular Ca2+ homeostasis, but that
      cGMP does not mediate the changes in glomerular renin release.

PMID- 2409430
TI  - Transcription and its regulation in the basic replicon region of plasmid R1.
AB  - The transcriptional units in the basic replicon of plasmid R1 were defined by
      means of gene fusions. It was found that in the wild-type plasmid there is one
      large mRNA encoding both the control factor copB and the positive replication
      factor repA. A second, internal transcription initiation site, the repA promoter,
      is usually repressed by the copB protein, and is therefore only of significance
      in the absence of this control factor. By induction of the repA promoter through
      gradual dilution of the copB repressor it was shown that translation of repA
      mRNA, controlled by the copA-RNA, is significantly increased only when the rate
      of repA transcription is above a certain level. No indication was found for a
      possible interference from convergent copA transcription on repA transcription.

PMID- 2409431
TI  - Establishment and characterization of a persistent infection of MDBK cells with
      herpes simplex virus.
AB  - A persistent, dynamic-state infection of a variant of herpes simplex virus type 1
      strain MP [HSV-1 (MP)] in MDBK cells was established without supportive measures
      and maintained for over three years by routine passaging of the cells at 7-9 day
      intervals. The infection was characterized by a cyclic pattern of monolayer
      damage and reconstitution, correlated with virus production, which was most
      evident when the interval between subcultures was intentionally prolonged and the
      cells were left undisturbed. Occasional periods of cell crisis, with increased
      virus replication and extensive cytopathology, occurred. Passaging of the cells
      at higher density avoided eventual loss of the culture during the most severe
      crises. Presence of specific antibodies did not alter the course of infection.
      Interferon was constantly found during periods of cell crisis; it appeared on the
      second day after subculture, reached a maximum in correspondance of the first
      peak of cytopathology, and disappeared well before the onset of the second wave
      of cytopathology. Addition of exogenous interferon cured the cells of infection.
      Defective interfering particles could not be found. Virus isolated during
      persistence differed from parental virus regarding plaque morphology, temperature
      sensitivity of growth, and electrophoretic pattern of infected cells
      glycoproteins. A discussion on the possible mechanisms of persistence is
      provided.

PMID- 2409432
TI  - Calcium channel blockers cardiovascular versus skeletal muscles.

PMID- 2409433
TI  - The twenty fourth Wilder Penfield lecture. Behavioral neurology the neurology of
      higher brain functions.

PMID- 2409434
TI  - Hybridoma antibodies produced against bromelain derived cores of influenza virus.
AB  - Splenic lymphocytes from BALB/c mice immunized with "cores" of influenza virus,
      obtained after bromelain cleavage of the surface glycoprotein, were fused with
      the P3-NS1/1-Ag-1 mouse cell line to yield hybridoma cultures. Among 20 stable
      cloned hybrid cells secreting monoclonal antibodies, one was specific for the
      nucleoprotein (NP), 11 were specific for the membrane (M) protein and eight were
      specific for the hemagglutinin (HA). These "cores" used as immunogen contained
      only the internal proteins of the influenza virus, namely the three polymerases,
      the NP and the M protein and no HA when examined by standard procedures of SDS
      PAGE, electron microscopy and hemagglutination activity. It thus appeared that a
      small amount of contaminating antigens can sensitize a sufficient number of mouse
      B cells to be selected as hybrid partners. These antibodies were provisionally
      assigned as anti-carbohydrate attached to the HA.

PMID- 2409435
TI  - [Organization and chemical composition of the cell wall of gramicidin S-producing
      Bacillus brevis].
AB  - The morphology of cells and cell walls was studied in the Bacillus brevis G.-B. R
      form during its growth and gramicidin S accumulation in it. The membrane
      apparatus became more complicated and certain other morphological changes were
      detected in the cells with aging. The cell wall was rather complex even in young
      cells and consisted of three electron-dense layers where the external and
      internal layers had an ordered structure. Only the external layer underwent some
      modifications in the course of growth and these coincided in time with the
      beginning of intensive gramicidine S biosynthesis. However, the three-layer
      structure of the cell wall and the ordered organization of the external and
      internal layers remained unchanged. A preparation of cell walls and preparations
      of their external and internal layers were isolated from cells synthesizing
      gramicidine S in the amount of 20 micrograms/ml of the cultural broth. An acid
      protein having the molecular mass of 100 kD was shown to be the major component
      of the external layer according to the data of electrophoresis in PAAG with SDS.
      The middle layer was sensitive to lysozyme, did not have a ordered structure on
      electron micrographs, and consisted mainly of peptidoglycan.

PMID- 2409436
TI  - [Growth limitations and biosynthesis of gramicidin in Bacillus brevis var. G.-B].
AB  - Gramicidin S biosynthesis was studied in Bacillus brevis var. G.-B. during its
      batch and continuous cultivation when the culture growth was limited with
      nutrient sources (glycerol, ammonium nitrogen, phosphate), oxygen deficiency and
      the action of a physical factor (a low temperature). The antibiotic biosynthesis
      was shown to be induced by a change in the growth rate caused by the action of
      any factor decelerating the growth. The authors propose a mathematical model for
      the antibiotic synthesis, biomass accumulation and the utilization of a substrate
      limiting the growth. The model is based on the age separation of cells. The model
      is analyzed in terms of optimizing the one-stage continuous cultivation process.
      The model allows one to calculate optimal conditions of the antibiotic synthesis
      in the process of one-stage continuous cultivation.

PMID- 2409437
TI  - The anatomical synapse in mammals by light and electron microscopy.
AB  - The original descriptions of synapses by light microscopy are examined, and their
      widths and numbers per neuron soma are compared in light and electron
      micrographs. Electron micrographs show the synaptic cleft very frequently normal
      to the plane of section. It is rare to find any connection of the synaptic knobs
      to any dendrite of another axon, and the granular appearance on the surface of
      unfixed mammalian neurons can be shown to be due to intracellular particles-
      probably mitochondria. It is concluded that the anatomical synapse is an
      artifact. This raises questions about the nature of chemical transmission and the
      vesicle hypothesis. It may require a reinterpretation of transmission, but does
      not affect physiological or pharmacological findings about the effects of
      transmitters.

PMID- 2409438
TI  - [Immune response to specific and erythrocytic antigens in experimental
      echinococcosis in inbred mice].

PMID- 2409440
TI  - [Methyl green-pyronine staining].

PMID- 2409441
TI  - Genotoxicity of 5-azacytidine in somatic cells of Drosophila.
AB  - The newly developed somatic mutation and recombination test, utilizing the wing
      hair mutations mwh and flr3, was used to evaluate the genotoxicity of the base
      analog 5-azacytidine in larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. Third instar larvae
      were fed media wetted with various concentrations of the compound, and wings of
      surviving adults were removed and scored for the presence of clones of cells
      possessing malformed hairs. Wings of exposed flies trans-dihybrid for mwh and
      flr3 had significantly increased frequencies of twin spots, small single spots
      and large single spots. Significant linear regression of twin-spot frequencies
      upon concentration was also obtained. Induction of twin spots by 5-azacytidine
      unambiguously demonstrates its recombinogenic activity in somatic cells of
      Drosophila. Significantly increased frequencies of large single spots on wings of
      inversion-heterozygous flies were also observed and suggest that 5-azacytidine
      may also be inducing somatic gene mutations (or deletions).

PMID- 2409442
TI  - Diagnosis of organophosphate intoxication.

PMID- 2409443
TI  - Shared antigens on acetylcholine receptor and bacterial proteins.

PMID- 2409439
TI  - Molecular biology of trypanosome antigenic variation.

PMID- 2409444
TI  - Amylase and growth characteristics of Papulaspora thermophilia.
AB  - Mycelial dry weight of Papulaspora thermophilia reached a maximum of about 96 mg
      after six days of growth in a starch-yeast medium. Extracellular amylase activity
      was not measurable during this growth period and remained thereafter only about
      0.1 unit per ml for 30 days, yet starch concentration reduced rapidly, and
      reducing sugar appeared in the extracellular medium within the first few days of
      incubation.

PMID- 2409445
TI  - Novel pathway connecting the outer and inner vertebrate retina.
AB  - In many fish retinas, thin axons from the external horizontal cells extend
      through the inner nuclear layer and expand into large terminal processes that lie
      along the border of the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers. Although the
      horizontal-cell axon terminals are structurally very prominent, their function is
      unknown. Here we report morphological and functional evidence that signals from
      catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) horizontal-cell axon terminals can be transmitted
      directly to amacrine cells. Current injected into horizontal-cell axon terminals
      produces responses from both transient and sustained amacrine cells very similar
      to those elicited by light stimuli. Electron microscope observations show
      chemical synapses from the axon terminals onto amacrine cell perikarya and
      processes. These data suggest that amacrine cells in the catfish retina receive
      two inputs, one from bipolar cells and the other from horizontal-cell axon
      terminals.

PMID- 2409446
TI  - A novel immune system against bacteriophage infection using complementary RNA
      (micRNA).
AB  - The "operon' theory of gene regulation, in which protein repressor molecules bind
      to the operator site of a gene to prevent its transcription, is now well
      established. Recently, however, cases have been discovered in which gene
      expression is regulated by complementary RNA molecules that are able to bind to
      the transcripts of particular genes and consequently prevent their translation.
      For example, the synthesis of OmpF protein (a major outer membrane protein) in
      Escherichia coli is regulated by a short RNA complementary to a region of ompF
      RNA encompassing the "Shine-Dalgarno' sequence and the translation initiation
      codon. This RNA has been termed micRNA (messenger-RNA-interfering complementary
      RNA), and its discovery has prompted us to construct an artificial micRNA system
      designed to regulate gene expression in E. coli. A given target gene can be
      repressed by artificially producing an RNA (micRNA) complementary to the mRNA
      encoded by that gene. A micRNA system has also been used successfully in tissue
      cultured mammalian cells. The use of artificial micRNAs to specifically regulate
      individual genes has great potential as a novel cellular immune system for
      blocking bacteriophage or virus infection. Here, we report that on induction of
      micRNAs directed against the coat protein and/or the replicase of the E. coli
      bacteriophage SP, phage proliferation was effectively prevented. We propose that
      the micRNA immune system provides an effective means of preventing viral
      infection as well as the expression of harmful genes in both prokaryotes and
      eukaryotes.

PMID- 2409447
TI  - Intracellular Ca indicator Quin-2 inhibits Ca2+ inflow via Na/Ca exchange in
      squid axon.
AB  - Until recently, intracellular free calcium has been amenable to measurement and
      investigation only in cells large enough to permit either microinjection of a
      suitable Ca sensor such as a aequorin or arsenazo III or insertion of a Ca
      sensitive microelectrode. This constraint on cell size was removed by the
      development of the fluorescent Ca2+ -sensitive dye Quin-2 and its acetoxymethyl
      ester, which can be introduced into a wide range of cell types. A major
      requirement of any intracellular Ca2+ indicator is that it should not disturb
      intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and Quin-2 is generally considered to be
      satisfactory in this respect. We now report that injection of Quin-2 into squid
      (Loligo forbesi) axons can almost completely abolish one component of Ca2+ entry-
      intracellular Na+ (Nai)-dependent Ca2+ inflow, which occurs via Na/Ca exchange.
      Mixtures of Ca and Quin-2 that buffer an ionized Ca2+ at close to physiological
      concentrations also block Nai-dependent Ca2+ influx but these same mixtures fail
      to block the extracellular Na+ (Na0)-dependent extrusion of Ca2+, showing that
      Quin-2 acts specifically on Ca2+ inflow.

PMID- 2409448
TI  - Expression of a mammalian Na-H exchanger in muscle fibres of the giant barnacle.
AB  - It is now well established that the internal pH (pHi) of mammalian cells is
      regulated by means of a plasma membrane transport system that exchanges
      extracellular Na+ for intracellular H+ (ref. 1). Furthermore, modulation of the
      activity of the Na-H exchanger seems to have a crucial role in the action of
      various mitogens and growth factors. The possibility that such a mammalian Na-H
      exchanger might be efficiently expressed in a giant invertebrate cell was
      suggested to us by recent results of Barnard and Miledi and colleagues, who
      demonstrated in frog oocytes the expression of various plasma membrane channels
      that presumably were encoded by the mammalian messenger RNA wih which the oocytes
      had been injected. We used muscle fibres of the giant barnacle, which normally
      have no demonstrable Na-H exchanger activity, and report here that, when injected
      with poly(A)+ RNA isolated from rabbit liver, the muscle fibres express a Na-H
      exchanger. No such expression is observed, however, when the injected material is
      pretreated with ribonuclease A. As hepatocytes are known to possess a Na-H
      exchanger, the most straightforward interpretation of our data is that a
      mammalian Na-H exchanger has been expressed in the muscle fibre of an
      invertebrate.

PMID- 2409449
TI  - The nucleotide sequences of copia and copia-related RNA in Drosophila virus-like
      particles.
AB  - We have shown previously that Drosophila cells contain virus-like particles
      (VLPs) containing 5-kilobase (kb) RNA that hybridizes to a transposable element,
      termed copia. We have suggested that VLPs and copia are derivatives of viral
      particles and proviral forms, respectively, of 'copia' retrovirus, a putative
      Drosophila retrovirus. To further clarify the relationship between copia and
      copia-related RNA in VLPs (VLP H-RNA), we determined and compared their
      nucleotide sequences. VLP H-RNA was found to be an unspliced, genome-sized
      transcript of copia, and, like retroviral genome RNA, VLP H-RNA is terminally
      redundant with termini localized in the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of copia.
      VLP H-RNA contains two long open reading frames (ORFs), one of which includes the
      coding sequence for a predominant VLP protein of relative molecular mass (Mr)
      31,000 (31K). Here we show that, in contrast to 17.6 ORF2, ORFs of copia have no
      extensive amino-acid sequence homology to the RT region of the reverse
      transcriptase of retrovirus in vertebrates. Because of a one-base
      insertion/deletion, the two ORFs in VLP H-RNA are fused and become a single,
      longer ORF in a genomic copia.

PMID- 2409450
TI  - Expression of the c-fms proto-oncogene during human monocytic differentiation.
AB  - The McDonough strain of the feline sarcoma virus contains a transforming gene (v
      fms) which contains partial nucleotide homology with proto-oncogenes encoding
      tyrosine kinases. One of the v-fms-encoded products, gp140fms, is a cell surface
      transmembrane glycoprotein that may function as a growth factor receptor.
      Although c-fms transcripts have been detected in placental trophoblasts and
      normal human bone marrow, the role of the c-fms gene product is unknown. We now
      report that induction of monocytic, but not granulocytic, differentiation of
      human HL-60 leukaemic cells is associated with expression of c-fms, preceded by
      that of c-myc and c-fos. Because c-fms transcripts are also detectable in
      peripheral blood monocytes and in blasts from certain patients with
      myelomonocytic leukaemia, the c-fms gene product may play a role in monocytic
      differentiation.

PMID- 2409451
TI  - Functional expression of a microinjected Ed alpha gene in C57BL/6 transgenic
      mice.
AB  - The class II major histocompatibility antigens, I-A and I-E, have been detected
      on the surface of certain immunocompetent cells, including B lymphocytes and
      monocytes. These molecules are involved in cell-cell interactions in the immune
      responses. Each class II antigen consists of two subunits, alpha and beta chains,
      and the genes encoding these subunits have been well characterized at the
      molecular level. To analyse the regulatory mechanism of E alpha gene expression
      and the role of the I-E antigen in the regulation of the immune responses, we
      have produced transgenic mice by microinjecting cloned Ed alpha genes into
      fertilized eggs of C57BL/6 mice of b haplotype. This strain of mouse carries a
      deletion in the upstream (5') region of the E alpha gene covering the
      transcriptional promoter and, therefore, does not express this gene.
      Interestingly, this genetic defect of the E alpha gene is accompanied by the
      inability of the host mouse to respond to a certain set of antigens, phenomena
      generally termed Ir gene control. We report here that the Ed alpha genes are
      expressed in these transgenic mice to form the I-Ed alpha Eb beta antigen on the
      surface of B lymphocytes and monocytes and that these I-E antigens are functional
      in terms of the induction of a mixed lymphocyte reaction and the restoration of
      immune responsiveness to poly(L-glutamic acid-L-lysine-L-phenylalanine) (GL-Phe).

PMID- 2409452
TI  - The J1 glycoprotein--a novel nervous system cell adhesion molecule of the L2/HNK
      1 family.
AB  - The neural cell adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM share a common carbohydrate
      epitope that is recognized by the monoclonal antibodies L2 and HNK-1. The L2/HNK
      1 epitope is also present on the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) which is
      thought to mediate surface interactions between the axon and myelinating cell.
      Other, as yet unidentified, cell-surface glycoproteins are recognized by the two
      antibodies and are believed to belong to a family of neural cell adhesion
      molecules. To test this hypothesis, we have prepared polyclonal antibodies to a
      prominent member of the L2/HNK-1 family, the 160K (relative molecular mass
      (Mr)160,000) glycoprotein. Here we report that these antibodies, designated J1
      antibodies, react with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and interfere with neurone
      astrocyte adhesion, but not with neurone-neurone or astrocyte-astrocyte adhesion.
      This result suggests the involvement of the J1 antigen in cell-cell interactions.

PMID- 2409453
TI  - An enhancer-like sequence within the Xenopus U2 gene promoter facilitates the
      formation of stable transcription complexes.
AB  - Enhancers are eukaryotic promoter elements that increase transcriptional
      efficiency in a manner relatively independent of their position and orientation
      with respect to a nearby gene. There is growing evidence that enhancer action is
      mediated by transacting factors, but the mode of action of these factors is not
      yet known. We report here on the Xenopus U2 gene promoter, which contains two
      sequence elements. The distal sequence element increases promoter activity 20
      fold by facilitating the formation of stable transcription complexes. A synthetic
      14-base-pair (bp) oligonucleotide corresponding to part of the distal sequence
      element, which shows homology to an immunoglobulin gene promoter element and to
      both the simian virus 40 (SV40) and the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene
      enhancers, stimulates transcription in an orientation-independent manner.

PMID- 2409454
TI  - Pharmacology in vivo of the phenylindan derivative, Lu 19-005, a new potent
      inhibitor of dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake in rat brain.
AB  - Behavioural effects on dopaminergic transmission of a phenylindane derivative, Lu
      19-005 [(+/-)-trans-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methyl-l-indanamine, HCI], with
      potent inhibitory effect on dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5
      HT) uptake in rats and the effect on DA, NA and 5-HT activity in mice have been
      studied and compared with those of other known DA, NA and 5-HT uptake inhibitors
      with different selectivity ratios. Lu 19-005 induced stereotyped behaviour after
      parenteral and oral administration with a duration of action of more than 24 h.
      The stereotyped licking and biting induced by Lu 19-005 was antagonized by
      reserpine and cis(Z)-flupentixol, but not affected by prazosin, p
      chlorophenylalanine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine pretreatments. Metergoline
      slightly facilitated the onset of stereotypy. Lower doses of Lu 19-005 induced
      ipsilateral circling in unilaterally 6-hydroxy-DA-lesioned rats. Finally, Lu 19
      005 antagonized the catalepsy induced by perphenazine. In mice, Lu 19-005
      potentiated the apomorphine-induced gnawing, reversed tetrabenazine-induced
      ptosis and potentiated the behavioural effects of 5-HTP within a similar dose
      range. The effects of Lu 19-005 were compared with those of other reference
      compounds. Nomifensine had qualitatively similar effects in rats although of much
      shorter duration. In mice, nomifensine selectively reversed tetrabenazine-induced
      ptosis. Weaker effects in all test models were found with bupropion, LR 5182 and
      GBR 13.069, compounds with inhibitory effect on DA and NA uptake. The DA-, NA-
      and 5-HT-uptake inhibitor diclofensine, however, had no effect in rats except in
      the 6-hydroxy-DA-circling test and had low potency in mice. The specific 5-HT-
      and NA-uptake inhibitors citalopram and talsupram, respectively, were ineffective
      in all rat models.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409456
TI  - Effects of changes in serum calcium and parathyroid hormone on plasma renin in
      intact mongrel dogs.
AB  - Studies were undertaken to extend previous experiments of the interaction between
      calcium and parathyroid hormone on renin synthesis by the kidney. Intact
      normovolemic mongrel dogs between 15 and 25 kg were used for all studies. Plasma
      renin activity (PRA) was measured by radioimmunoassay. Hypocalcemia produced by
      thyroparathyroidectomy or chelation with EDTA resulted in an elevated PRA of 3.76
      +/- 0.85 ng/ml/h in 17 normotensive dogs compared to 1.52 +/- 0.29 ng/ml/h in 14
      normocalcemic normotensive dogs (p less than 0.05). In 5 renovascular dogs,
      calcium-channel antagonism with nifedipine resulted in a higher PRA of 31.8 +/-
      0.5 compared to 11.9 +/- 1.1 ng/ml/h in 23 control renovascular dogs not
      receiving nifedipine (p less than 0.001). The reactive hyperreninemia following
      angiotensin blockade was greater in 22 hypocalcemic (10.94 +/- 2.03 ng/ml/h)
      normotensive dogs compared to 14 normocalcemic normotensive dogs (1.32 +/- 0.34
      ng/ml/h, p less than 0.001). Similar results were obtained with angiotensin
      blockade in nifedipine-treated animals compared to angiotensin blockade in
      nonnifedipine-treated normotensive dogs. Results with angiotensin blockade on PRA
      levels in renovascular dogs were found similar to those described with
      angiotensin blockade in normotensive dogs. We conclude from these studies that
      calcium reduction, independent of a rise in parathyroid hormone, or calcium
      channel blockade was associated with an elevation of PRA in normotensive and
      renovascular hypertensive dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409455
TI  - Influence of phosphate, sulfonic, and sulfamic acids on sulfoconjugate release in
      the vascularly perfused mouse small intestine.
AB  - An in vitro vascularly and luminally perfused preparation of the murine small
      intestine was used to investigate the interference of isethionate, cyclamate and
      HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid) with the luminal
      transport of the isoprenaline-sulfoconjugate as well as with the basolateral
      transport of naphthol-sulfoconjugate. The sulfonates and sulfamates when
      administered from the luminal as well as from the contraluminal side of the
      epithelium inhibited the transport of isoprenaline-sulfoconjugate. Inhibition of
      the naphthol-sulfoconjugate transport across the contraluminal epithelial
      membrane was less pronounced, but a countertransport phenomenon could be induced
      with cyclamate in the vascular medium. The presence of phosphate at the luminal
      side is essential for the transport of the isoprenaline-sulfoconjugate across the
      luminal membrane. This is not the case for bicarbonate. The conclusion is drawn
      that different transport systems for sulfoconjugates exist in the luminal and in
      the contraluminal membranes of the intestinal mucosa, which can be inhibited by
      structurally related compounds. The luminal transport system can be activated
      from the luminal side by phosphate.

PMID- 2409457
TI  - The concentration of dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and some of their acid
      metabolites in the brain of genetically diabetic rats.
AB  - This is a report of the concentrations of DA, DOPAC, HVA, 5-HT, and 5-HIAA in the
      brain of spontaneously diabetic male Wistar rats. These rats showed a marked
      increase in blood and urine glucose, polydipsia, polyuria, and weight loss that
      had an onset 11-23 days earlier. Controls were litter mates with no
      hyperglycemia, glucosuria or weight reduction. The spontaneously diabetic rats
      showed a significant reduction of DOPAC in the striatum, and DOPAC, HVA, and
      5HIAA in the olfactory tubercles (to 69, 61, 62, and 65% of their respective
      controls). No changes were found in the concentrations of DA or 5-HT. Thus the
      spontaneously diabetic rats showed a marked reduction in striatal and mesolimbic
      DA and mesolimbic 5-HT metabolism. This reduction in metabolism could be the
      consequence of a reduction in the formation of DA and 5-HT.

PMID- 2409458
TI  - Ribonuclease activities in rat sympathetic ganglia: evidence for the presence of
      an endogenous inhibitor of alkaline ribonuclease.
AB  - Using 3H-labeled rat brain mature RNA as substrate, substantial ribonuclease
      activity was detected in homogenates of rat superior cervical ganglia with acidic
      (pH 5.5) and neutral (pH 7.0-7.5) optima. Very little activity could be measured
      at greater than pH 8. The acidic and neutral activities differed in the optimal
      conditions required for assay, and showed differential sensitivity to the
      sulfhydryl blocking agent, N-ethylmaleimide. Only the neutral activity was
      stimulated, optimally by 2 mM N-ethylmaleimide, and the magnitude of stimulation
      indicated that the contributing ribonucleases exist largely in a latent form in
      the ganglion. Ribonucleases in other tissues with neutral pH dependence, known
      usually as "alkaline" ribonucleases, are subject to an N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive
      endogenous inhibitor protein. The existence of a similar inhibitor in rat
      superior cervical ganglia was indicated by the latency of neutral ribonuclease
      activity and confirmed by observing the effect of a soluble fraction from the
      ganglia on the activity of pancreatic ribonuclease A.

PMID- 2409459
TI  - [Immunocytochemical localization of factor VIII-related antigen and tubular
      bodies (Weibel-Palade bodies) in blood vessels of human gliomas].

PMID- 2409461
TI  - [Computerized tomography-guided stereotaxic implantation of deep brain
      stimulating electrodes].

PMID- 2409460
TI  - [Various immunological parameters studied in patients with malignant brain tumor.
      Correlation between clinical stage and T cell subsets].

PMID- 2409462
TI  - [Conservative treatment for the acute stage traumatic intracranial hematoma].

PMID- 2409463
TI  - [An indirect computerized tomography sign of chronic subdural hematoma
      demonstrated in the posterior fossa].

PMID- 2409464
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of fetal hydrocephalus. Problems in evaluation of the
      hydrocephalic state and selection for intrauterine shunt procedure].

PMID- 2409465
TI  - [Coagulation-fibrinolysis abnormalities in acute stage hypertensive intra
      cerebral hemorrhage and head injury (preliminary report). With special reference
      to fibrinopeptides A and B beta 15-42].

PMID- 2409466
TI  - [von Recklinghausen's disease associated with occlusion of bilateral middle
      cerebral artery, moyamoya phenomenon, and anterior communicating artery aneurysm.
      Report of an autopsy case].

PMID- 2409467
TI  - [Azygos anterior cerebral artery aneurysm. Report of two cases].

PMID- 2409468
TI  - [Postoperative intracerebral hematoma remote from the site of craniotomy].

PMID- 2409469
TI  - [Benign osteoblastoma of the atlas. Case report].

PMID- 2409470
TI  - [Cranial metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Report of three cases].

PMID- 2409471
TI  - Neurobehavioral outcome after gunshot wounds to the head in adult civilians and
      children.
AB  - To assess the quality of long term outcome of civilian gunshot wounds to the head
      after intensive neurosurgical management, particularly with regard to the
      possibility of subtle problems due to diffuse injury, we administered
      neuropsychological tests to six survivors (four adults and two children) at about
      1 year after injury. Five patients were moderately disabled, and one patient
      achieved a good recovery. Residual neurobehavioral sequelae were present in all
      cases. Defects in long term memory for new information were the most common
      sequelae, whereas the persistence of linguistic and visuospatial deficits was
      related to the hemispheric lateralization of injury. In comparison with the
      outcome reported for patients with closed head injuries who had similar Glasgow
      coma scale scores, our patients exhibited more severe impairment due to
      significant focal brain injuries and less evidence of diffuse damage.

PMID- 2409472
TI  - Complications of use of the neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser in
      neurosurgery.
AB  - Review of the clinical records of 32 patients who underwent operation for brain
      tumors with the use of the neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser
      during a 4-month period revealed 5 cases of complications related to laser use.
      One death was presumed to be due to intratumor explosion (the popcorn effect)
      after excessive Nd:YAG laser application. The other death was due to heat
      necrosis of the brain stem after radiation of an ependymoma of the 4th ventricle.
      Two patients suffered neurological deficits. One had facial palsy after radiation
      of the site of attachment of a meningioma to the petrous bone. The other suffered
      aphasia and hemiparesis due to heat damage to the cerebral cortex after laser
      coagulation of the overlying dura mater. The fifth patient suffered postoperative
      hemorrhage in a residual necrotic chromophobe adenoma after a transsphenoidal
      approach using the Nd:YAG laser. These complications are preventable. Suggestions
      are made for the safe use of this laser.

PMID- 2409473
TI  - Computer simulation of action potentials and afterpotentials in mammalian
      myelinated axons: the case for a lower resistance myelin sheath.
AB  - Depolarizing afterpotentials, recorded in peripheral nerves [Barrett and Barrett
      (1982) J. Physiol., Lond. 323, 117-144] and spinal axons [Blight and Someya
      (1985) Neuroscience 15, 1-12], have been interpreted as representing passive
      discharge of axolemmal capacitance. This interpretation requires a lower
      resistance pathway through the myelin sheath than previous measurements have
      suggested. A computer model was used to examine the contribution of the
      electrical characteristics of nerve fibers to action potential conduction and
      afterpotential generation. The model consisted of a resistance-capacitance
      network representing a chain of 20 internodes. The resistances of node, internode
      and myelin sheath, deduced from observations in the accompanying paper, [Blight
      and Someya (1985) Neuroscience, 15] were found to produce suitable length and
      time constants, and prolonged afterpotentials, when inserted into the model.
      Similar length and time constants were found using a conventional model of the
      axon, based on measurements from isolated peripheral fibers, but this did not
      reproduce the afterpotentials. Action-potential conduction velocity is enhanced
      by reducing the time constant and increasing the length constant. The problem of
      minimizing the internodal time constant was met in the conventional model through
      the low parallel resistance of the node, while in the new model it was met by
      reducing the resistance of the myelin sheath. The latter strategy required the
      nodal leakage resistance to be higher than values from single fiber measurements
      (ca 250 M omega rather than ca 50 M omega) in order to maintain the length
      constant similar to the conventional model. Simulation of the recorded potentials
      required the resistance of the myelin lamellae to be approx. 100 omega cm2. The
      model quantitatively reproduced the voltage response of the axon to injected
      current pulses and to propagated action potentials, using Frankenhaeuser-Huxley
      kinetics. [Frankenhaeuser and Huxley (1964) J. Physiol., Lond. 171, 302-315;
      Frankenhaeuser and Moore (1963) J. Physiol., Lond. 169, 431-437]. The short
      duration components of the afterpotential, observed in mammalian recordings were
      reproduced by assuming a leakage pathway in the myelin sheath, at the impalement
      site. The calculated lower resistance of the myelin sheath was such that it
      minimized the effective internodal time constant for a given nodal resistance.
      This appears to free the myelinated fiber from the alternative requirement for a
      high nodal leakage conductance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2409474
TI  - Influx of 22Na through acetylcholine receptor-associated Na channels:
      relationship between 22Na influx, 45Ca influx and secretion of catecholamines in
      cultured bovine adrenal medulla cells.
AB  - The effects of carbachol, veratridine and high K on the influx of 22Na were
      investigated in relation to the influx of 45Ca and the secretion of
      catecholamines in cultured bovine adrenal medulla cells, in which stimulation of
      nicotinic but not muscarinic acetylcholine receptor causes the secretory
      response. (1) Carbachol caused a rapid influx of 22Na, influx of 45Ca and
      secretion of catecholamines, all of which occurred within 1 min and leveled off
      thereafter. Influx of 45Ca and secretion of catecholamines caused by carbachol
      were not inhibited by tetrodotoxin, but were greatly reduced in Na-free medium.
      Nicotine evoked an influx of 22Na and it was antagonized by hexamethonium and d
      tubocurarine but not by tetrodotoxin. Muscarine had no effect on 22Na influx. The
      concentration-response curve of carbachol for 22Na influx was quite similar to
      that for 45Ca influx. (2) Veratridine induced a sustained influx of 22Na, influx
      of 45Ca and secretion of catecholamines, all of which were antagonized by
      tetrodotoxin. Influx of 45Ca and secretion of catecholamines due to veratridine
      were not observed in Na-free medium. (3) High K caused an influx of 45Ca and
      secretion of catecholamines but did not cause an influx of 22Na. High K-induced
      influx of 45Ca and secretion of catecholamines were not inhibited by tetrodotoxin
      nor by Na removal. (4) Magnesium, an inhibitor of voltage-dependent Ca channels,
      inhibited the influx of 45Ca and secretion of catecholamines caused by carbachol,
      veratridine and high K. These results indicate that cultured bovine adrenal
      medulla cells have at least three distinct ion channels: (1) nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptor-associated Na channels which are not inhibited by
      tetrodotoxin, (2) voltage-dependent Na channels which are kept activated by
      veratridine and inhibited by tetrodotoxin and (3) voltage-dependent Ca channels.
      Influx of Ca through voltage-dependent Ca channels is the common ionic event for
      the secretion of catecholamines caused by either carbachol, veratridine or high
      K. It seems that the influx of Na through acetylcholine receptor-associated Na
      channels as well as voltage-dependent Na channels, activates voltage-dependent Ca
      channels which triggers the secretion of catecholamines.

PMID- 2409475
TI  - Synaptic density on the axonal tree of a pyramidal cell in the cortex of the
      mouse.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the density and distribution of synapses
      on the axonal tree of a pyramidal cell in the mouse cortex. The method used was a
      new variation of Golgi-electron microscopy involving the modification of
      Colonnier, the photochemical method of Blackstad and the use of phosphotungstic
      acid. A segment of axon collateral of 87 microns carried 17 synapses, the
      proximal 27 microns being free of synapses. The main axon was postsynaptic down
      to a length of 30 microns. On the following 163 microns there were six
      presynaptic elements. On the proximal parts of four other collaterals, five
      synapses were found; a few synapses might, however, have been missed on these
      ramifications. Most of the synapses were located on thickenings already visible
      in the light microscope. The synaptic size varied by a factor of 2.7. The results
      are compared to estimates derived from former statistical investigations with
      other light and electron microscopical methods.

PMID- 2409476
TI  - Anti-MAG antibody and antibody complexes: detection by radioimmunoassay.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for measuring isotype-specific antibodies to the myelin
      associated glycoprotein (MAG) was developed using radiolabeled CNS MAG in a
      double-antibody precipitation system. Anti-MAG activity was detected by RIA only
      in patients with neuropathy and anti-MAG M proteins. Anti-MAG IgM or IgG
      antibodies were not detected in serum of patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome,
      chronic relapsing polyneuritis, or multiple sclerosis (MS). Some patients with
      anti-MAG IgM M proteins also had complexes of IgG or IgA bound to the M protein.
      In one patient, anti-CNS MAG activity was detected by RIA, but not by ELISA or
      immunoblot. Anti-MAG antibody activity in patients with neuropathy seems to be
      isotypically restricted, and there is no evidence for antibody reactivity to MAG
      in other demyelinating diseases.

PMID- 2409477
TI  - [Primary neoplasms of the hilus hepatis. Radical treatment].

PMID- 2409478
TI  - [Neoplastic obstruction of the hilus hepatis: the strategy of palliation].

PMID- 2409479
TI  - [Differential erythrocyte parameters in thalassemia minor and hyposideremic
      syndromes].
AB  - In order to estimate the validity of the discriminant function suggested by
      England e Fraser, we have determined the number of red cells (RBC) mean cell
      volume (MCV), hemoglobin mean concentration (MCV) and red cells distribution
      (RDW) in normal subjects, iron-deficient patients and uncomplicated thalassemia
      minor. The results obtained allow us to point out that RDW in the patients with
      thalassemia are higher than in normal subjects. In patients with iron-deficiency,
      instead, RDW medium is increased, but with a remarkable distribution of values.
      These results point out that anisocytosis is higher in iron-deficiency than in
      thalassemia.

PMID- 2409480
TI  - Co-localization of substance P- and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-like
      immunoreactivity in neurons of ventrolateral medulla that project to the spinal
      cord: potential role in control of vasomotor tone.
AB  - Both substance P (SP)- and epinephrine-containing neurons in the rostral
      ventrolateral medulla have been thought to play a role in regulating vasomotor
      tone. The combination of retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye (Fast Blue)
      and immunofluorescent staining for SP- and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
      (PNMT)-immunoreactivity was used to determine the relationships of these two
      groups of ventrolateral medullary neurons which project to the spinal cord. The
      majority of spinally projecting neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla
      contain both PNMT-like and SP-like immunoreactivity. The presence of PNMT
      immunoreactive material in a neuron implies that epinephrine is a probable
      neurotransmitter for such a cell. Earlier work demonstrated that epinephrine and
      SP have opposite effects on the firing of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Our
      results raise the possibility of a novel mechanism of synaptic regulation of the
      sympathetic preganglionic vasomotor neurons.

PMID- 2409481
TI  - Quantitative autoradiographic evidence for axonal transport of imipramine
      receptors in the central nervous system of the rat.
AB  - Interruption of the ascending serotonin axons of the medial forebrain bundle
      (MFB) in the rat brain produced a progressive time-dependent accumulation of
      imipramine receptors (labeled for autoradiography with [3H]imipramine). The
      largest accumulation of receptors occurred during the first 12 h at the caudal
      aspect of the lesion. An electrolytic lesion of the nucleus raphe dorsalis,
      administered 24 h prior to interruption of the medial forebrain bundle, markedly
      reduced the number of imipramine receptors on the caudal side of the lesion,
      while a significant accumulation was still evident on the rostral aspect. These
      results suggest that imipramine receptors are undergoing the process of
      orthograde axonal transport to terminals in the forebrain from the neuronal
      perikarya found in the nucleus raphe dorsalis. These receptors may also be
      undergoing retrograde transport back to their cell bodies of origin.

PMID- 2409482
TI  - A projection from the deep layers of the entorhinal area to the hippocampal
      formation in the rat brain.
AB  - The methods of retrograde fluorescent tracing and anterograde transport of the
      lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) were used to demonstrate the
      existence of projections from layers IV and VI of the entorhinal area to the
      hippocampal formation in the rat brain. These two layers of the medial and
      lateral entorhinal area innervate the molecular layer of Ammon's horn and the
      area dentata. In the area dentata the projection from layer IV follows that of
      the perforant path, while that from layer VI innervates the outer two-thirds of
      the molecular layer, the subgranular zone and the deep part of the hilus of the
      area dentata.

PMID- 2409483
TI  - Binding sites for [3H]substance P on neurons of cultured rat spinal cord and
      brain stem: an autoradiographic study.
AB  - Binding of substance P (SP) was studied in organotypic cultures of rat central
      nervous system by means of autoradiography. In spinal cord cultures, binding
      sites for [3H]SP were observed on many interneurons located in the dorsal horn,
      whereas in the ventral horn, mainly large neurons, probably, motoneurons, were
      labelled. Almost no binding was detected on neurons of attached dorsal root
      ganglia. Binding of [3H]SP was also found on a relatively great number of brain
      stem neurons of various sizes. In contrast, glial cells did not reveal binding
      sites for [3H]SP. These binding studies together with electrophysiological
      investigations provide strong evidence for the existence of SP receptors on
      spinal and brain stem neurons but not on glial cells.

PMID- 2409484
TI  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid-induced depression of calcium currents of chick sensory
      neurons.
AB  - The effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on calcium currents were
      investigated in avian dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. GABA was applied to the
      vicinity of the cells by ejection pipettes using constant-pressure pulses. GABA
      concentrations between 5 and 100 mu M reduced and slowed the calcium current in a
      dose-dependent manner. A contribution of K and Cl outward currents to the
      reduction of the inward current was minimized by using identical caesium chloride
      concentrations on both sides of the membrane. The onset of the effect was rapid
      and 80% of the effect was observed within 1 s. The attenuation of the Ca slope
      conductance by GABA was found to be independent of the membrane potential between
      -50 and +50 mV.

PMID- 2409486
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase and substance P in
      the lateral cervical nucleus: a light and electron microscopic study in the cat.
AB  - Using immunocytochemical technique, the light and electron microscopic
      localization of substance P and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
      immunoreactivity in the feline lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) has been
      investigated. A dense substance P labeling, confined mainly to boutons contacting
      dendritic profiles, was demonstrated in the ventromedial part of the LCN. GAD
      positive boutons, frequently in contact with cell bodies, were found scattered
      throughout the nucleus. The results suggest that gamma-aminobutyric acid is an
      inhibitory transmitter in the LCN. The role of the substance P is unclear. Its
      distribution, however, supports the concept of a separate function of the
      ventromedial part of the LCN.

PMID- 2409485
TI  - Corticoliberin, somatocrinin and amine contents in normal and parkinsonian human
      hypothalamus.
AB  - We have compared hypothalamic contents of various neurotransmitters (dopamine
      (DA), norepinephrine and serotonin) and their metabolites (dihydroxyphenyl acetic
      acid, homovanilic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) in post-mortem human controls
      and parkinsonian hypothalami. Neurotransmitters and their metabolites were
      measured in 0.1 N HCl hypothalami extracts using electrochemical detection after
      high performance liquid chromatography. Using specific radioimmunoassays we have
      also measured corticoliberin and somatocrinin contents in these hypothalami.
      Despite a 50% decrease of DA contents in parkinsonian hypothalami, no variations
      of corticoliberin and somatocrinin contents were found: 16.6 +/- 1.78 pg/mg
      tissue in Parkinson disease vs 16.71 +/- 1.89 in controls for human corticotropin
      releasing factor (hCRF 1-41) and 37.38 +/- 11 vs 45.16 for human growth-hormone
      releasing factor (hGRF 1-44).

PMID- 2409487
TI  - Accelerated regenerative neurite formation by a neuronal surface epitope reactive
      with the monoclonal antibody, Leu 7.
AB  - A family of glycoproteins sharing an epitope with myelin associated glycoprotein
      as recognized by the monoclonal antibody Leu 7 (HNK-1) has been found to be
      present on neurons grown in culture from embryonic chicks and rats.
      Immunofluorescent staining demonstrates that, in vitro, 100% of the neurons from
      dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord from 7-8 day chick embryos react with Leu 7.
      Analysis of in vitro regenerative neurite formation by neurons on substrates
      enriched with Leu 7 showed accelerated regenerative process formation under
      limiting conditions. These results indicate that the Leu 7 epitope on neurons is
      appropriate for substrate adhesion and promotes rapid process extension.

PMID- 2409489
TI  - Cytologic identification of trophoblastic epithelium in products of first
      trimester abortion.
AB  - A cytologic method is described for the identification of trophoblastic
      epithelium in products of first-trimester abortion. In material from 50
      consecutive induced first-trimester abortions, trophoblast was identified
      cytologically in 46 cellular samples (93.9%). In addition, nucleated fetal
      erythrocytes were found in 26 cellular samples (53%). There were no false
      positives, and three false negatives occurred. One negative examination,
      confirmed by histologic study, led to procedures that diagnosed ectopic tubal
      pregnancy. The cytologic method is easily performed and is rapid, sensitive,
      certain, inexpensive, and permanent. Cytologic study should not supplant
      meticulous macroscopic examination of abortion products by the clinician.

PMID- 2409488
TI  - Practical aspects of immunohistochemistry.

PMID- 2409490
TI  - [Gamma-globulin adsorption to aluminum oxide ceramics].

PMID- 2409491
TI  - [Thyroid function in glaucoma].

PMID- 2409492
TI  - [Effect of rheopolyglucin on the hemodynamics and visual functions of the eye in
      patients with open-angle glaucoma].

PMID- 2409493
TI  - [Regulation of ophthalmic tonus in unsubstituted and substituted blood loss].

PMID- 2409494
TI  - An amylase-producing serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary.
AB  - A patient with an amylase-producing serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary had
      elevated serum and urine amylase levels and high levels of amylase in pleural and
      ascitic fluids. Serum and urine amylase levels reflected both surgical removal of
      tumor mass and response to chemotherapy. Tumor homogenates had pronounced amylase
      activity. Salivary type amylase isozyme patterns were found in electrophoresis of
      samples from all sources. Ascites tumor cells were successfully cultured and
      salivary type amylase was found in the culture media throughout 5 passages. The
      tumor was classified by light microscopy as poorly differentiated serous
      cystadenocarcinoma. Ultrastructural studies on the tumor were consistent with
      that diagnosis. Amylase was detected in the cells of the tumor examined by the
      immunoperoxidase technique.

PMID- 2409495
TI  - Treatment of disseminated testicular tumors with combination of cis-platinum,
      vinblastine, bleomycin and actinomycin D.
AB  - Cis-platinum, vinblastine, bleomycin and actinomycin D were used in the treatment
      of 24 patients with advanced testicular tumors. There were 8 seminomas and 16
      nonseminomas. 19 patients were in stage III B, 2 in stage III A and 3 in stage II
      B. 7 patients were previously treated. Complete remission was obtained in 12
      patients (50%), partial remission in 8 (33%) and treatment failed in 4 (16.7%).
      According to localization of metastases best results were obtained in patients
      with lung metastases (11 complete remissions out of 16 patients). Nausea,
      vomiting and alopecia were the most frequent toxic side effects of treatment. The
      authors hope that the 9 patients who are still in complete remission have good
      chances for complete recovery.

PMID- 2409496
TI  - Clinical usefulness of serum ferritin measurements in patients with testicular
      germ cell tumors.
AB  - In 50 patients with seminoma and in 50 with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of
      the testis, serum levels of conventional markers (CEA, AFP, hCG) and ferritin
      were measured at the time of admission and during management. The conventional
      markers behaved as reported previously. After orchiectomy, elevated levels of
      ferritin were found in the presence as well as in the absence of tumor; the
      extent of these elevations was highly variable. Serial determinations of serum
      ferritin showed two patterns of variation. First, in patients treated with
      retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, irradiation, and chemotherapy regimens
      without platinum, decreasing levels of the conventional markers and serum
      ferritin were associated with response to therapy and increasing levels with
      relapse of tumor. Second, in patients treated with chemotherapy regimens
      containing cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, the conventional markers returned to
      normal values while the ferritin level doubled or tripled and returned to
      pretreatment or normal values only several weeks after therapy. Thus, it appears
      that hyperferritinemia was a sensitive index of platinum toxicity. We conclude
      that the serum ferritin level has no value in staging after orchiectomy but is a
      useful index of response to therapy during treatment with retroperitoneal lymph
      node dissection, irradiation or chemotherapy without platinum or relapse of
      tumor. During treatment with platinum, elevated levels might be explained as a
      possible toxic side effect of this drug.

PMID- 2409497
TI  - Purification of monospecific antibodies from heterogeneous antisera by using
      "protein blotting" and their application to immunohistochemistry.

PMID- 2409498
TI  - Anti-myelin basic protein antibody in experimental allergic optic neuritis and
      encephalomyelitis.
AB  - We produced demyelinating optic neuritis and encephalomyelitis in juvenile strain
      13 guinea pigs by sensitization with optic nerve myelin. Three distinct clinical
      courses were noted: a severe, acute optic neuritis associated with a rapidly
      fatal encephalomyelitis; a mild, chronic optic neuritis with a nonfatal
      encephalomyelitis; and an initially mild disease followed by an acute
      exacerbation of optic neuritis and fatal encephalomyelitis. Clinically mild
      disease was associated with elevated levels of anti-myelin basic protein
      antibody, while severe disease was associated with extremely low antibody levels.

PMID- 2409499
TI  - Choroidal (subretinal) neovascularization secondary to choroidal nevus and
      successful treatment with argon laser photocoagulation. Case reports and review
      of literature.
AB  - Retinal detachment secondary to choroidal nevus may be caused by subretinal fluid
      accumulation or neovascularization. Foveal subretinal fluid or leakage of
      choroidal neovascularization may impair visual acuity. 10 cases of nevus with
      serous sensory retinal detachment successfully treated with laser
      photocoagulation are reviewed. 2 additional cases of successful laser therapy for
      retinal detachment secondary to choroidal neovascularization with nevus of the
      choroid are presented.

PMID- 2409500
TI  - Intraocular ossification.
AB  - Intraocular ossification was investigated in a series of 20 eyes. Only 12 eyes
      were phthisical. The etiological factors were trauma, inflammation, glaucoma and
      massive intraocular gliosis. Bone tissue was of the compact and spongy type. A
      correlation was found between the intraocular ossification and retinal
      detachment, intraocular hemorrhage, intraocular neovascularization and uveitis.

PMID- 2409501
TI  - Aging macular degeneration. Clinical features of treatable disease.
AB  - Argon laser treatment reduces visual loss in patients with aged macular
      degeneration and extrafoveal subretinal neovascular membranes (SRNVM).
      Ophthalmologists must now educate patients concerning the symptoms of subretinal
      neovascularization and give them an Amsler grid. If a patient develops symptoms
      he should be examined promptly. High quality fluorescein angiograms and
      meticulous contact lens examinations of the macula should be performed to detect
      subtle neovascularization. Ophthalmologists must be familiar with the clinical
      and fluorescein angiographic changes of drusen, retinal pigment epithelial
      atrophy, and retinal pigment epithelial detachments in order to differentiate
      them from subretinal neovascular membranes.

PMID- 2409502
TI  - Early detection of extrafoveal neovascular membranes by daily central field
      evaluation.
AB  - Argon laser photocoagulation can reduce the risk of severe vision loss in
      patients with age-related macular degeneration, ocular histoplasmosis, and
      idiopathic neovascularization. Early detection of neovascularization soon after
      the onset increases the likelihood of identifying patients with a new vessel
      membrane in a potentially treatable position. Patients with one or both eyes at
      risk for the development of a new vessel membrane should assess their central
      visual fields on a daily basis by occluding first one eye and then the other. Any
      disturbance in distance vision or reading vision or the appearance of distortion
      in the patient's field or on the Amsler grid should prompt an eye examination at
      the earliest feasible time, in an effort to detect neovascularization in a
      treatable position.

PMID- 2409503
TI  - Important points in management of patients with choroidal neovascularization.
AB  - The efficacy of argon blue-green laser treatment for extrafoveal choroidal
      neovascularization (CNV) in aging macular degeneration, presumed ocular
      histoplasmosis syndrome and idiopathic choroidal neovascularization has recently
      been proven by the Macular Photocoagulation Study. These results are applicable
      only to eyes managed according to certain principles of therapy and post
      treatment follow-up. These include the use of a recent fluorescein angiogram and
      retrobulbar anesthetic, aiming for complete obliteration of the CNV. Meticulous
      post-treatment follow-up is critical. This includes daily patient monitoring of
      the Amsler grid, and prompt examinations if distortion is noted. Excellent
      quality fluorescein angiography is mandatory. This is repeated frequently and
      studied promptly. Residual or recurrent extrafoveal CNV requires prompt re
      treatment.

PMID- 2409504
TI  - Pathologic features of senile macular degeneration.
AB  - Senile macular degeneration (SMD) has several morphologic forms that may exist
      singly or in various combinations. Patients with drusen are at an increased risk
      to develop SMD. Types of drusen that have been recognized clinically and
      histopathologically include hard or nodular, soft, glistening or calcified, and
      diffuse. Hard drusen are probably a consequence of extrusion of material from one
      or a cluster of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Soft drusen are a sign of
      more widespread disease of the RPE, develop in eyes with hard drusen, and
      represent small areas of serous detachment of the RPE and the thickened inner
      aspect of Bruch's membrane. RPE areolar atrophy can occur in the setting of hard
      and soft drusen and in larger RPE detachments. From the morphologic point of
      view, we propose that the process leading to disciform scar formation in SMD
      begins with thickening of the inner aspect of Bruch's membrane due to production
      of abnormal basement membrane by the RPE. This thickened area is weakly attached
      and allows the development of localized detachments (soft drusen). These
      localized detachments become confluent into large detachments of the RPE.
      Choroidal neovascularization occurs in association with diffuse and soft drusen
      and larger serous RPE detachments. Bleeding from neovascular tissue leads to
      disciform scar formation.

PMID- 2409505
TI  - Pathogenetic factors of aging macular degeneration.
AB  - In order to explore the pathogenetic factors of aging macular degeneration, risk
      factors from epidemiologic studies and causative factors from clinical and
      laboratory studies were reviewed. From the epidemiologic studies, the risk
      factors of senile macular degeneration included: personal characteristics such as
      age, sex, race, height, family history, and strength of hand grip; ocular
      characteristics such as hyperopia, color of iris and senile cataract; and
      systemic diseases and environmental exposure such as cardiovascular diseases,
      smoking, lung infections, and chemical exposures. The causative factors suggested
      from clinical and laboratory studies include: drusen, choroidal vascular
      diseases, photic injury, and vitamin C deficiency. It is postulated that aging
      macular degeneration is a multifactorial syndrome. Different etiologic factors
      may inflict damaging effect on the macula, resulting in a common set of clinical
      manifestations that are interpreted as aging macular degeneration.

PMID- 2409506
TI  - [Local cooling in the treatment of Sudeck's syndrome].

PMID- 2409507
TI  - Purification and characterization of a specific antigen from Echinococcus
      multilocularis.
AB  - A polypeptide (Em2a) purified by affinity chromatography from the Echinococcus
      multilocularis metacestode showed a high degree of purity as assayed by SDS-PAGE
      and analytical isoelectrical focusing. A minor contamination with host albumin
      was revealed. Estimation of relative mol. mass gave a value of 54,000. The
      isoelectric point was found to be 4.8. Antigenic activity of the polypeptide was
      demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and western blotting. In these assays the
      protein was recognized only by homologous sera from patients infected with larval
      E. multilocularis. This antigen (Em2a) did not react in the ELISA with sera from
      patients infected with heterologous helminths; these sera were highly cross
      reacting with antigen from E. granulosus hydatid fluid. Seventy-three (94%) from
      78 investigated patients (alveolar echinococcosis) showed a seropositive reaction
      with the polypeptide Em2a.

PMID- 2409508
TI  - IgG response of rats and humans to the released products of schistosomula of
      Schistosoma mansoni.
AB  - The participation of products released from Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula
      (SRP-A) in the IgG antibody response of infected Brown-Norway rats and infected
      humans has been studied using immunoprecipitation with various antigenic
      preparations and in in vitro cytotoxicity assays. A large number of SRP-A
      molecules with a wide range of molecular weights was recognized by infected rat
      and human sera. Anti-SRP-A antibodies appeared in rat sera from day 28 after
      infection. In infected humans, a variable pattern of SRP-A recognition was
      observed between individuals. IgG antibodies obtained by immunization of rats
      with SRP-A without addition of adjuvants reacted with 3 major schistosomula
      surface proteins with molecular weights of 38, 32 and 21 kDa. These latter
      molecules were also revealed strongly by infected rat sera. Moreover, these
      antibodies were able to kill schistosomula in vitro in the presence of complement
      or eosinophils.

PMID- 2409509
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of abnormalities of the neuroectodermal tube. Limitations of
      the assay of amniotic alpha fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase and value of the
      qualitative study of cholinesterases. Apropos of 6 cases of anencephaly].
AB  - Measurement of amniotic fluid alpha-foetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase for the
      detection of neural tube defects has been used in 285 normal or neural tube
      defects affected pregnancies: 18 false positive results (with non neural tube
      defects fetal malformations) have been reported. A qualitative polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis technique has been used to identify the acetylcholinesterase
      isoenzyme derived from foetal cerebrospinal fluid. Results illustrate the value
      of amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase electrophoresis. Amniotic cholinesterase
      presence may serve as a valuable marker for the detection of neural tube defects.

PMID- 2409511
TI  - The surgical pathologist examines the placenta.
AB  - In this chapter, placental development, morphology, and indications for its
      examination have been reviewed. Techniques for placental examination with
      practical suggestions applicable to the surgical pathology laboratory have been
      pointed out. Several specific examples of clinical conditions in which
      morphologic alterations within the placenta assist with or establish a diagnosis
      have been presented. It is hoped that this information will encourage
      pathologists to use this important organ more fully as a resource in diagnoses
      and patient care.

PMID- 2409510
TI  - [Acute pancreatitis and biochemical markers. Isoamylase].
AB  - Amylase activity in blood and urine, lipase activity in blood, and
      amylase/creatinine clearance ratio have been prospectively compared in order to
      test these parameters against estimation of pancreatic isoamylase. Pancreatic
      isoamylase had been evaluated by inhibition methodology and not by
      electrophoresis. One hundred patients admitted for strictly sus-umbilical
      abdominal pain in emergency unit have been studied. Results show that we do not
      have in blood specific biochemical marker for acute pancreatitis. Lipase and P
      isoamylase activity evaluation have about the same specificity. In emergency
      situation the choice of routine investigation will be rather based on
      methodological simplicity and lower cost.

PMID- 2409512
TI  - Thymoma. A clinicopathologic study of 23 cases.

PMID- 2409513
TI  - Rational use of cold and cough preparations.

PMID- 2409515
TI  - Depolarization elicits two distinct calcium currents in vertebrate sensory
      neurones.
AB  - The calcium currents of rat sensory neurones (of the IX and X cranial nerves)
      grown in culture were studied using whole cell recordings. In cells loaded with
      CsCl, and bathed in a solution where Na was replaced by choline or Tris, a step
      depolarization from -80 mV to 0 mV elicited the well-documented sustained Ca
      current (iCa,s). In contrast, depolarization from -80 mV to -60 mV and up to -20
      mV evoked a distinct transient inward current (iCa,t) which could be isolated by
      imposing an internal pCa 7. It relaxed in about 100 ms and could possibly occur
      independently of the former current. The transient current was only affected by
      manipulation of the Ca concentration in the external medium and therefore was
      considered to be also a transfer of Ca. Ba was shown to act as a substitute with
      a lower affinity than Ca. The maximal amplitude of this current was in the order
      of a few hundred pA in Ca 5 mM and Mg 2 mM. Both activation and inactivation
      occurred in the same voltage span. The underlying event was studied using noise
      analysis and compared to the Ca transfer occurring during the sustained current
      as measured in chromaffin cells by Fenwick et al. (1982). We found them to be of
      similar amplitude.

PMID- 2409514
TI  - Two components of Ca-dependent potassium current in identified neurons of Aplysia
      californica.
AB  - Outward tail currents measured in Aplysia neurones after termination of
      depolarizing voltage-clamp pulses consist of rapidly decaying voltage-dependent K
      currents and slow tail currents of much slower time course. The rapidly decaying
      voltage-dependent tail currents were blocked with aminopyridines, and
      measurements of the slow tail currents were made following decay of any residual
      rapid tail currents. The slow tail current exhibited two components of differing
      sensitivity to externally applied tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions. In some neurones
      of the abdominal ganglion (L-2, L-4), virtually all of the slow tail current was
      resistant to blockage by TEA, while in others (L-3, L-6) 80% or more of the slow
      tail current was blocked by low TEA concentrations (KD less than 1 mM), the
      remaining slow tail current being resistant to TEA. This TEA-resistant slow tail
      current was identified as a K current because it reversed near the K equilibrium
      potential (EK), the reversal potential was shifted by changes in the external K
      concentration, and it could be blocked by injection of Cs+. It was abolished by
      replacement of external Ca2+ by Co2+ or Ba2+, by addition of Cd2+, or by
      injection of EGTA, and thus determined to be a Ca-dependent current.
      Intracellular injection of TEA or external application of aminopyridine or
      apamine had little or no effect on the TEA-resistant slow tail current. Quinidine
      reduced the TEA-sensitive, but not the TEA-resistant current. Both the TEA
      sensitive and the TEA-resistant components of the slow tail current exhibited
      similar time courses of decay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409516
TI  - Changes in the ionic currents sensitivity to inhibitors in twitch rat skeletal
      muscles following denervation.
AB  - Under voltage clamp conditions, using the double mannitol gap technique, ionic
      currents developed by fast (e.d.l.) and slow (soleus) twitch muscle fibers of the
      rat were analysed at different times following denervation and the results
      compared with those obtained in normal cells. In slow fibers, denervation caused
      the appearance of a new population of TTX-resistant Na+ channels (dissociation
      constant K2 = 2,800 nM) compared with the normal TTX-sensitive Na+ channels (K1 =
      9 nM). This new population of Na channels appeared in 5 days and contributed
      about 32% of the total Na conductance. Denervated fast fibres developed a slow
      component in the delayed outward current which was found to be typical of slow
      innervated muscles. This component appeared 5 to 20 days after nerve section.
      These changes are associated with modifications of potassium channels'
      sensitivity for specific inhibitors (TEA and 4-AP). After denervation, the
      delayed outward current in the two types of muscles becomes resistant to 4-AP
      whereas TEA, which blocks the total delayed outward current in innervated fibers
      (dissociation constant of 21.4 mM) becomes more effective in blocking the fast
      component (dissociation constant of 0.61 mM) and less effective in blocking the
      slow component in denervated cells. The analysis of the characteristics of the
      TEA sensitive and TEA insensitive components of the outward current leads to the
      proposal that these components were related to the fast and to the slow
      components previously described in fast and slow twitch mammalian skeletal
      muscles.

PMID- 2409517
TI  - The electrical basis for enhanced potassium secretion in rat distal colon during
      dietary potassium loading.
AB  - Previous studies in rat distal colon provide evidence for an active absorptive
      process for potassium under basal conditions, and for active potassium secretion
      during chronic dietary potassium loading. The present studies were performed with
      conventional and potassium-selective microelectrodes to determine the electrical
      basis for the increase in transcellular (active) potassium secretion observed
      during potassium loading. Compared to control tissues, potassium loading resulted
      in a 5-fold increase in transepithelial voltage (VT) and a 52% decrease in total
      resistance (RT) in the distal colon. The rise in VT was due to a decrease in
      apical membrane resistance and an increase in basolateral membrane voltage from 
      45 +/- 2 mV (cell interior negative) in control to -56 +/- 2 mV (p less than
      0.001) in potassium loaded tissues. This difference in basolateral membrane
      voltage reflected in increase in intracellular potassium activity from 86 +/- 4
      mM to 153 +/- 12 mM (P less than 0.001). In control tissues, the sequential
      mucosal addition of the sodium channel blocker amiloride (0.1 mM) and the
      potassium channel blocker tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA: 30 mM) produced no
      effect on the electrical measurements. However, in potassium loaded tissues,
      amiloride and TEA produced transepithelial changes consistent with inhibition of
      apical membrane conductances for sodium and potassium, respectively, reflected by
      increases in the resistance ratio, alpha (ratio of apical to basolateral membrane
      resistances). These data indicate that the decrease in apical membrane resistance
      during potassium loading was caused by an increase in apical membrane conductance
      for both potassium and sodium.

PMID- 2409518
TI  - Cl- -channels in the apical cell membrane of the rectal gland "induced" by cAMP.
AB  - Isolated rectal gland tubules (n approximately equal to 1000) of dogfish (Squalus
      Acanthias) were perfused in vitro. Individual channels in the apical and
      basolateral cell membrane were recorded with the patch clamp method. K+-channels
      were present in excised membrane patches of the basolateral membrane in
      stimulated (dbcAMP + forskolin + adenosine) and in nonstimulated state. Cl- 
      channels were found only in patches of the apical cell membrane when the tubule
      was stimulated. Cell attached recordings and simultaneous transepithelial PD
      measurements were obtained while the segment was stimulated. It is shown that
      concomitant with the increase in lumen negative PD "silent" membrane patches of
      the apical cell membrane suddenly develop Cl- -channel activity. It is concluded
      that stimulation of rectal gland tubules "activates" Cl- -channels in the apical
      cell membrane.

PMID- 2409519
TI  - Removal of Ca current inactivation in dialysed guinea-pig atrial cardioballs by
      Ca chelators.
AB  - Ca currents flowing during voltage clamp depolarizations were studied in cultured
      guinea-pig atrial cardioballs by means of single low resistance patch clamp
      pipettes. The pipettes were filled with solutions containing Cs+ as major cation
      in order to block K+ currents and high concentrations of various Ca chelating
      agents (EGTA, nitrilotriacetic acid, citrate, dipicolinic acid) to prevent rises
      of the intracellular Ca-activity by Ca-entry. Ca currents of myocytes loaded with
      20 mM of either EGTA [(ethylenedioxy)-diethylenedinitrilo)tetra-acetic acid] or
      NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid) display a biphasic time course of inactivation at
      membrane potentials between -25 and +45 mV. The fast phase is reduced with
      increasingly positive membrane potentials. In cells loaded with either citrate or
      DPA (dipicolinic acid, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid) inactivation is negligible
      or absent for small depolarizations. In the range of membrane potentials where
      maximum current flows (0-+10 mV) a monophasic slow time course of inactivation is
      observed. At more positive membrane potentials inactivation is slowed. The amount
      of inactivation under this condition is related to the current density of the
      cell. Conditions, which for a given membrane potential reduce the amplitude of
      ICa such as extracellular application of blocking ions (Co2+, Cd2+), a
      conditioning depolarization, or 'rundown' of Ca-channels lead to a slowing or a
      complete removal of inactivation in cells dialysed with citrate or DPA
      respectively. Cells loaded with these Ca chelators did not show any symptom of
      voltage dependent inactivation of ICa. Under the conditions described action
      potentials were recorded in the current clamp mode. Upon dialysis with EGTA the
      typical 'triangular shaped' atrial action potential develops a plateau of 500 to
      800 ms in duration. With citrate-containing pipette solutions the action
      potential duration usually is several seconds. The results for the first time
      demonstrate that inactivation of cardiac ICa can be considerably slowed or even
      removed. They provide further strong support for the hypothesis that inactivation
      of this current depends on Ca entry rather than membrane potential. The fast
      phase of inactivation observed with EGTA (NTA) possibly reflects the slow
      kinetics of the binding reaction of this type of Ca chelators.

PMID- 2409520
TI  - Behaviour of chemically modified sodium channels in frog nerve supports a three
      state model of inactivation.
AB  - Voltage clamp experiments were done on single myelinated nerve fibres of the
      frog, Rana esculenta, with 10 mM TEA+ in the external solutions to block
      potassium channels. Sodium current inactivation was measured in TEA-Ringer
      solution and after treatment with Anemonia sulcata toxin II (5 microM), internal
      iodate (20/40 mM), glutaraldehyde (10 mM), chloramine-T (0.6 mM), and 2,4,6
      trinitrophenol (1 mM). The diphasic inactivation time course, observed in
      untreated membranes, is slowed by all these agents in a very similar way. Both
      time constants are increased and the proportion of inactivation components is
      changed favouring the slowly inactivating one. Trinitrophenol only slows
      inactivation, whereas in Anemonia toxin II, internal iodate, glutaraldehyde and
      chloramine-T inactivation becomes incomplete, so that a persistent current is
      flowing during depolarizations. None of these agents even at high concentrations
      however, totally removes inactivation. These modifications of inactivation time
      course are interpreted as changes of rate constants in a three-state inactivation
      model with one open and two closed states (o-c-c). After chemical treatment the
      access to the closed states is impeded and the transitions into the open state
      are accelerated. If the membrane is depolarized during drug application
      chloramine-T fails to modify inactivation. The curve relating the steady state
      inactivation parameter, h infinity, to the conditioning potential, V pp becomes
      non-monotonic in chloramine-T, i.e. dh infinity/dV pp greater than 0 for V pp
      greater than 60 mV. Trinitrophenol, which per se fails to produce a persistent
      current component, increases the persistent current in a fibre pretreated with
      chloramine-T.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409521
TI  - Potentiation of a transient outward current by Na+ influx in crayfish neurones.
AB  - In voltage-clamped "motor-giant" neurones of the crayfish Orconectes limosus a
      depolarizing voltage step elicits a transient inward current carried by Na+ which
      is followed by an early and a delayed outward current. The early outward current
      is reduced if the Na+ current is suppressed by tetrodotoxin or the removal of
      external Na+. It is also abolished if the K+ channel blocking agents
      tetraethylammonium and 3,4-diaminopyridine are applied to the neurone. The
      outward current was not depressed if Li+ was substituted for Na+ in the external
      solution or if the Na-K pump was inhibited by ouabain or the removal of external
      K+. Ionophoretic injections of EGTA did not depress the early outward current.
      Short ionophoretic injections of Na+ into the neurone increased the outward
      current elicited by a depolarization but did not affect the leakage current. It
      is suggested that the influx of Na+ leads to a transient increment of the Na+
      concentration near K+ channels and that internal Na+ ions exert an activating or
      modulating effect on K+ channels.

PMID- 2409522
TI  - Fast decrease of the peak current carried by barium ions through calcium channels
      in the somatic membrane of mollusc neurons.
AB  - In experiments on nonidentified intracellularly perfused snail neurons the
      effects of replacing external divalent cations on the function of potential
      dependent Ca channels have been studied. Ba substitution for Ca in the external
      medium caused a rapid decline (with half-times of about 2-3 min) in peak inward
      current amplitude when the current was activated from holding potential levels
      close to the resting potential. The decline could be reversed by membrane
      hyperpolarization. Barium current declined to a steady-state level which
      resembled in both relative amplitude (10-30% of the initial current amplitude)
      and insensitivity to intracellular introduction of exogenous cAMP the steady
      state Ca current reached during the "wash out" process. It is suggested that two
      populations of Ca channels exist in snail neuronal membrane, one of which is
      dependent on cAMP metabolism and is reversibly switched off by the passage of Ba
      ions.

PMID- 2409523
TI  - Anemonia sulcata toxins modify activation and inactivation of Na+ currents in a
      crayfish neurone.
AB  - The effects of three toxins (ATX I, II, III) isolated from the sea anemone
      Anemonia sulcata were studied in the soma membrane of a crustacean neurone under
      voltage-clamp conditions. All three toxins affected the action potentials and the
      Na+ currents in a similar manner. The lowest concentrations tested (10 nM, 20 nM
      and 50 nM for ATX I, II and III, respectively) had pronounced selective effects
      on the Na+ current. No effect on K+ or Ca2+ currents was observed with
      concentrations up to 5 microM. In the presence of ATX the Na+ inactivation was
      incomplete even with pulses of 700 ms length or strong depolarizing prepulses.
      Besides the effects on the inactivation process ATX affected also the activation
      of the Na+ current. In cells treated with ATX the negative resistance branch of
      the peak Na+ current voltage relation was shifted by -5 mV to -20 mV. The time to
      peak was increased for small depolarizations (up to -30 mV) and the rate of rise
      (delta I/delta t) was enlarged by ATX. A slow activating current component was
      also observed after depolarizing prepulses or if the Na+ current was outward. The
      decay of the Na+ tail currents was considerably prolonged after the application
      of ATX if the membrane was repolarized to potentials more positive than about -60
      mV. Repetitive stimulation led to a shortening of the action potential in ATX II
      treated neurones. A simultaneous and parallel decrement of the peak and plateau
      current was observed with depolarizing voltage steps.

PMID- 2409524
TI  - Effects of chemical modification of amino groups by two different imidoesters on
      voltage-clamped nerve fibres of the frog.
AB  - Voltage clamped single nerve fibres of the frog Rana esculenta were treated with
      the amino groups specific reagents ethyl acetimidate and isethionyl acetimidate.
      Ethyl acetimidate is lipid soluble, relatively non-polar and can penetrate a
      membrane. Isethionyl acetimidate is lipid-insoluble, polar and membrane
      impermeant. Treatment with ethyl acetimidate caused an irreversible reduction of
      Na currents and a shift of the voltage dependence of the steady-state sodium
      inactivation, h infinity (E), in the hyperpolarizing direction. The voltage
      dependence of sodium activation was much less affected and a small shift into the
      depolarizing direction was observed. By contrast, the non-permeant reagent did
      not reduce the sodium currents and the shifts of the h infinity (E) curve were
      smaller than the shifts caused by ethyl acetimidate. Furthermore, a small shift
      of the voltage-dependence of activation in the hyperpolarizing direction was
      observed. As the modification procedure with imidoesters does not cause a change
      of net charge, the results cannot be explained by an effect of surface charge
      modification; rather, they seem to be due to a direct effect of amino group
      modification on the voltage dependence of inactivation.

PMID- 2409525
TI  - Sodium current in single myocardial mouse cells.
AB  - Morphologically intact single myocardial cells of the adult mouse show a length
      of 132 +/- 20 microns, a width of 21 +/- 5 microns, and a height of 10 +/- 4
      microns (all mean +/- SD) and are brick-like in shape. A one suction pipette
      method is used for voltage clamp of those single cells. The determined time
      constant of capacitive current tau = 35 +/- 14 microseconds is very short. Series
      resistance rs, membrane resistance rm, and membrane capacity Cm are calculated to
      be 192 +/- 48 k omega, 6.1 +/- 1.1 M omega, and 186 +/- 92 pF (all mean +/- SD),
      respectively. Assuming the specific unit membrane capacitance of 1 microF/cm2, a
      total membrane area of 1.86 X 10(-4) cm2 is determined yielding a specific
      membrane resistance Rm of 1,134 omega cm2. Settling time of voltage clamp is 30
      microseconds. TTX-block of sodium current is described by 1:1 binding with a KD
      value of 1.4 X 10(-6) M. Using a reduced extracellular sodium concentration the
      maximum Na current is between 25 and 40 nA at voltages between -40 and -30 mV.
      Currents of between +20 and +30 mV reverse in an outward direction. Inward
      currents are approximated by a m3h model. The time constant of activation
      decreases from 0.7 ms at -60 mV to 0.12 ms at +20 mV. The time constant of
      inactivation falls from 9.1 ms at -60 mV to 0.6 ms at + 20 mV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409526
TI  - RNA sequence and secondary structure requirements for rho-dependent transcription
      termination.
AB  - The interaction of E. coli termination factor rho with the nascent RNA transcript
      appears to be a central feature of the rho-dependent transcription termination
      process. Based on in vitro studies of the rho-dependent termination of the
      transcript initiated at the PR promoter of bacteriophage lambda, and on earlier
      studies, Morgan, Bear and von Hippel (J. Biol. Chem. 258, 9565-9574, 1983)
      proposed a model defining the features of a potential binding site for rho
      protein on transcripts subject to rho-dependent termination. This model suggested
      that an effective rho binding site on a nascent RNA transcript should be: (i)
      greater than 70-80 nucleotide residues in length; (ii) essentially unencumbered
      with stable secondary structure; (iii) relatively sequence non-specific; and (iv)
      located within a few hundred nucleotide residues upstream of the potential rho
      dependent terminus. In this paper we examine the sequences and secondary
      structures of several transcripts that exhibit rho-dependent termination to test
      this hypothesis further. Unstructured regions of approximately the expected size
      and location were found on all the transcripts examined. Though several short
      specific sequence elements were found to occur in a very similar arrangement on
      the lambda PR- and lambda PL-initiated transcripts of lambda phage, no such
      elements of sequence regularity were found on any of the other rho-dependent
      transcripts. The results of the sequence comparisons reported here strongly
      support the generality of the "unstructured binding site" hypothesis for rho
      dependent termination.

PMID- 2409527
TI  - Dexamethasone inhibits alpha-fetoprotein gene transcription in neonatal rat liver
      and isolated nuclei.
AB  - The effect of dexamethasone on rat alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) expression has been
      further examined. Quantitation of serum AFP levels from newborns treated with
      dexamethasone showed a dose-response relationship between the quantity of
      dexamethasone administered and the reduction in AFP serum level. RNA blots,
      utilizing cloned AFP cDNA as probe, showed a marked reduction in AFP mRNA in
      dexamethasone treated livers. The extent of AFP mRNA depletion was correlated
      with dexamethasone dosage. The effect of dexamethasone on AFP mRNA concentration
      was relatively rapid; a substantial reduction occurred 12 hours after a single
      injection. The effect of dexamethasone appeared to be irreversible as hormone
      withdrawal did not cause AFP mRNA levels to rise. One putative AFP nuclear RNA
      precursor was identified which rapidly disappeared following dexamethasone
      treatment. AFP mRNA synthesis was also diminished in nuclei transcribed in vitro.
      The direct inhibitory effect of glucocorticoid hormone on AFP gene transcription
      was demonstrated in a reconstituted cell-free nuclear system.

PMID- 2409528
TI  - Cloning of cDNA sequences for an Artemia salina hnRNP protein: evidence for
      conservation through evolution.
AB  - A cDNA clone was isolated for Artemia salina protein HD40, a component of
      heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoproteins. Enriched Artemia 15S poly(A)+ RNA was
      used as a template and double-stranded cDNA sequences were inserted into the Pst
      I restriction endonuclease site of E. coli plasmid pBR322. Recombinant colonies
      were analyzed by positive hybrid selection of poly(A)+ RNA that directs the
      synthesis of protein HD40 in an in vitro assay. In vitro translation of the mRNA
      selected by recombinant clone 87HD yields a protein that is immunoprecipitated by
      anti-HD40 antibodies and that comigrates with authentic HD40 on gel
      electrophoresis. Partial proteolysis of protein HD40 and the in vitro translated
      product selected by clone 87HD produces the same peptide patterns. The size of
      the cloned insert is about 820 bp. The length of HD40 mRNA as determined by
      Northern blot analysis, is about 1500 nucleotides. Southern blot analysis
      performed with DNA of different species (plant, avian, mammal) shows cross
      hybridizing bands when probed with clone 87HD DNA suggesting that the HD40 gene
      is evolutionarily conserved.

PMID- 2409529
TI  - Structure of the human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein gene: sequence homology with
      other human acute phase protein genes.
AB  - We have determined the sequence coding for human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein from
      two independently isolated cDNA clones and a genomic clone. The aminoacid
      sequences deduced from the three clones, deriving from three different
      individuals, are identical. Southern blot analysis on human DNA indicates that
      there are at least two genes coding for alpha 1-AGP. We propose that alpha 1-AGP
      found in plasma is a mixture of the products of these two different genes. This
      is the simpler explanation for the heterogeneity in the aminoacid composition in
      purified alpha 1-AGP observed by Schmid et al. (1). DNA sequence comparison with
      cDNA clones coding for human alpha 1-antitrypsin and haptoglobin shows a
      conserved sequence within the 5' untranslated region which may play a role in the
      acute phase response.

PMID- 2409530
TI  - Essential structure of E. coli promoter II. Effect of the sequences around the
      RNA start point on promoter function.
AB  - Starting from a synthetic E. coli promoter with the consensus sequences at -35
      and -10 regions, a sequence CAT frequently occurred in the RNA start points of
      natural promoters was introduced in the downstream of the consensus sequences,
      and the sequences around the RNA start points as well as the relative positions
      of CAT from the consensus sequences were altered. Analysis of the RNA start
      points and strength of these synthetic promoters in an in vitro transcription
      system provided evidence that the RNA start point was principally fixed by
      distance from the -10 consensus sequence (TATAAT). Neither the promoter strength
      nor the RNA start point was significantly influenced by the CAT sequence. The
      sequences around the RNA start points rather seemed to exert influence on the
      response of promoter to temperature and salts.

PMID- 2409531
TI  - Further characterization of the extremely small mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs from
      trypanosomes: a detailed comparison of the 9S and 12S RNAs from Crithidia
      fasciculata and Trypanosoma brucei with rRNAs from other organisms.
AB  - We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a maxi-circle segment from the
      insect trypanosome Crithidia fasciculata mitochondrial DNA, on which the genes
      for the major maxicircle transcripts of 9S and 12S are localized. The 5'-terminal
      sequences of these RNAs were determined by wandering spot analysis. The map
      coordinates of the 9S and 12S RNAs from Trypanosoma brucei were adjusted with
      respect to a previous report with the aid of primer extension analysis with
      reverse transcriptase. This approach allowed us to align the corresponding genes
      from both organisms which show an overall sequence homology of 77%. The 9S and
      12S RNA genes from the two trypanosome species contain sequences, closely related
      to some of the regions that are universally conserved among ribosomal RNAs from
      members of the three primary kingdoms and their organelles, even though the
      overall level of sequence homology is extremely low. These universal sequences
      occur at positions in the 9S and 12S RNAs that are analogous to those occupied by
      their counterparts in authentic ribosomal RNAs. The characteristic secondary
      structure elements flanking these universal sequences in genuine ribosomal RNAs
      can also be formed in the trypanosomal 9S and 12S RNAs. These results provide
      unequivocal evidence for a ribosomal function of the 9S and 12S RNAs of
      trypanosomal mitochondria, notwithstanding their extremely small size (estimated
      to be 612 and 1141 nucleotides in C. fasciculata, 611 and 1150 nucleotides in T.
      brucei) and their unusual base composition (83% A+U).

PMID- 2409532
TI  - Characterisation of P. falciparum antigenic determinants isolated from a genomic
      expression library by differential antibody screening.
AB  - A genomic expression library of P.falciparum has been differentially screened
      with a number of immune sera. The response of 9 clones to the various sera is
      presented, together with the DNA sequence encoding the epitopes. All but one
      clone are extremely A+T rich and unlike the other P.falciparum epitopes
      described, are not composed of amino acid repeats. One clone, which responds
      specifically with a protective serum, has been analysed in detail. The epitope is
      carried on a 160kd antigen which is transcribed from a single gene to give a
      protein expressed in all of the erythrocytic forms. DNA sequence of this clone
      reveals it to have more than one open reading frame, only one of which is
      transcribed in the blood stages. The possible significance of the other open
      readings frames is discussed.

PMID- 2409533
TI  - Small nuclear RNAs in the ciliate Tetrahymena.
AB  - We have isolated and partially characterized a family of small nuclear RNAs
      (snRNAs) from three different species of the protozoan Tetrahymena. We find six
      distinct snRNAs ranging in size from 100 to 250 nucleotides. The two largest
      snRNAs, as well as an abundant, heterogenous group of smaller snRNAs are found in
      the nucleolar RNA fraction. None of the snRNAs are transcription products of the
      ribosomal RNA gene or its flanking regions, as shown by hybridization tests. The
      snRNAs are metabolically stable as determined by pulse/chase experiments and
      several of them contain a number of modified nuclotides. The snRNAs from
      Tetrahymena all have slightly different sizes from mammalian snRNAs. The cap
      structure of the snRNAs from Tetrahymena differs from that of the snRNAs from
      mammalian cells, but has not yet been fully characterized. The relative amount of
      snRNAs to total RNA is less in Tetrahymena (greater than 0.1%) than in mammalian
      cells (2%).

PMID- 2409534
TI  - Mature mRNAs of Trypanosoma brucei possess a 5' cap acquired by discontinuous RNA
      synthesis.
AB  - Mature mRNAs of Trypanosoma brucei have a common 5' terminal sequence of 35
      nucleotides. This is acquired by an unknown mechanism from the 5' end of a
      separately transcribed precursor RNA of about 140 nt called the mini-exon-derived
      RNA or medRNA. We have investigated the nature of the 5' ends of mature mRNAs and
      of the medRNA by chemical decapping and enzymic recapping. We infer that a 5' cap
      is present on both of these RNAs and conclude that the mini-exon-derived RNA
      donates its 5' cap along with the mini-exon sequence to the pre-mRNA. Using
      nuclear run-on experiments we show that medRNA synthesis is much more sensitive
      to alpha-amanitin than 5S RNA synthesis and only slightly less sensitive than
      tubulin gene transcription. This result, together with the presence of a cap at
      the 5' end of the medRNA indicates that the mini-exon is transcribed by an RNA
      polymerase II type enzyme. Our experiments also confirm the existence of a second
      minor medRNA of about 125 nt and show the presence of other small capped RNAs
      possibly analogous to the small nuclear RNAs of other organisms.

PMID- 2409535
TI  - Copia is transcriptionally responsive to environmental stress.
AB  - Adult Drosophila subjected to a variety of environmental stresses that induce
      classic Drosophila heat shock response simultaneously exhibit a rapid and
      significant rise in copia homologous transcripts. Levels of Drosophila Adh
      (alcohol dehydrogenase gene) and 18s ribosomal RNA were unaffected by
      environmental stress. Copia's ability to be induced by stress is correlated with
      the presence of sequences homologous to the heat shock promoter consensus
      sequence which appear to be appropriately positioned within the element's long
      terminal repeat (LTR). Although the copia-like element 297 also contains
      homologous sequences within its LTR, they are atypically positioned relative to
      the element's transcription start site and are non-functional in that the 297
      element was not stress inducible. Hence, the position of the consensus sequence
      relative to a gene's transcription start site may be a factor in stress
      inducibility.

PMID- 2409536
TI  - Isolation of a fraction from cauliflower mosaic virus-infected protoplasts which
      is active in the synthesis of (+) and (-) strand viral DNA and reverse
      transcription of primed RNA templates.
AB  - Sub-cellular fractions, isolated from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)-infected
      turnip protoplasts, are capable of synthesising CaMV DNA in vitro on an
      endogenous template and of reverse transcribing oligo dT-primed cowpea mosaic
      virus RNA. The activity was not detected in mock-inoculated protoplasts. In vitro
      labelled DNA hybridized to single-stranded M13 clones complementary to the
      putative origins of (-) and (+) strand CaMV DNA synthesis and to restriction
      endonuclease fragments encompassing more than 90% of the CaMV genome. The
      synthesis of (-) and (+) strand DNA appeared asymmetric. The template(s) for in
      vitro CaMV DNA synthesis are in a partially nuclease-resistant form. Fractions
      capable of in vitro CaMV DNA synthesis contained CaMV RNA both heterogeneous and
      as discrete species; they also contained a range of different sizes of CaMV DNA.
      Several lines of evidence indicate that this range of in vitro-labelled CaMV DNA,
      extending from 0.6kb to 8.0kb in length, represents elongating (-) strand DNA.
      These are discussed in relation to their role as possible replicative
      intermediates.

PMID- 2409537
TI  - Apocytochrome b and other mitochondrial DNA sequences are differentially
      expressed during the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei.
AB  - Cytochromes and Krebs cycle enzymes are not detected in bloodstream forms of
      Trypanosoma brucei but are present in procyclic forms. We have analyzed
      transcription of mitochondrial sequences which contain the apocytochrome b gene
      and several other open reading frames (ORFs). Multiple transcripts map to
      individual DNA sequences located on both DNA strands. Larger low abundance
      transcripts map to multiple ORFs and may be precursor RNAs. Small abundant
      transcripts map to G + C rich sequences that do not have obvious protein coding
      functions. The larger of two presumptive apocytochrome b transcripts is
      strikingly more abundant in procyclic than bloodstream forms and other
      mitochondrial transcripts are also differentially abundant between these two
      forms. In addition, many mitochondrial transcripts appear to be differentially
      polyadenylated between bloodstream and procyclic forms. We suggest that the
      mechanisms which regulate the production of the mitochondrial respiratory system
      in T. brucei involve differential expression of mitochondrial genes.

PMID- 2409539
TI  - Nurse as patient. Ministering angels?. Interview by Charlotte Alderman.

PMID- 2409538
TI  - Stress in ICU and non-ICU nurses.
AB  - This study focused on the degree of burnout experienced by nurses in intensive
      care units and nonintensive care units. Nurses in both the surgical and medical
      ICUs, as well as nurses in the intermediate surgical and medical units and
      general surgical and medical units of a large, university hospital were the
      subjects. The data indicated that nurses in the ICUs did not differ in level of
      burnout from nurses in the other units. Across units, however, nurses who were
      characterized as more "hardy" experienced lower levels of burnout than nurses
      lower in this construct.

PMID- 2409540
TI  - Just a bit on the side?

PMID- 2409541
TI  - Rich resources.

PMID- 2409542
TI  - Problems in diagnosing and managing giardiasis.

PMID- 2409543
TI  - Evaluation of the efficacy of flecainide acetate in the treatment of ventricular
      premature contractions.
AB  - The efficacy of flecainide acetate in suppressing ventricular premature
      contractions in 14 patients was evaluated in a double-blind, cross-over, placebo
      controlled, randomized and balanced study. Each treatment period was 2 weeks
      followed by a 3-4 d placebo washout period and the study lasted 5 weeks.
      Flecainide was given in a dose of 200 mg twice daily. A significant reduction in
      the total number of QRS complexes in a 24 h period was observed during the active
      compared with placebo treatment (P less than 0.05). In comparison with placebo,
      flecainide reduced the number of aberrant and premature aberrant QRS complexes (P
      less than 0.01). The mean suppression rate of aberrant QRS complexes during
      flecainide treatment was 85.4% and that of premature aberrant complexes was
      93.2%. Maximum heart rate measured by 24 h ECG decreased significantly during
      flecainide therapy (P less than 0.01), although no change occurred with resting
      heart rate measured clinically or by ECG. Severe dizziness associated with
      flecainide therapy necessitated withdrawal of 2 patients from the study. A
      proarrhythmic effect of flecainide, ventricular tachycardia, was observed in one
      patient.

PMID- 2409544
TI  - A comparison of two techniques for determining glomerular size distributions in
      domestic fowl.
AB  - Nephrons in the avian kidney have an extremely heterogeneous size distribution.
      The shortest nephrons have very small glomeruli, and the larger nephrons have
      very large glomeruli. Physiological, nutritional, and disease factors may be
      correlated with the functioning of different sized nephrons. The present study
      was conducted to compare two techniques for measuring glomerular size
      distributions. A postmortem India ink infusion technique gave results that were
      highly comparable to an in vivo alcian blue infusion technique. Single Comb White
      Leghorn pullets were found to have approximately 270,000 glomeruli per kidney;
      glomerular circumferences and diameters ranged between .07 to .42 mm and .02
      to.14 mm, respectively. A unimodal size distribution was found, with most
      glomeruli falling within the circumference range of .15 to .26 mm. The alcian
      blue technique should provide a quantitative in vivo method for evaluating
      selective tubular damage or physiological glomerular intermittency.

PMID- 2409545
TI  - Fluorometry of poultry semen: its application in the determination of viability,
      enzyme leakage, and fertility.
AB  - The accuracy of fluorometry for estimating percentages of dead chicken
      spermatozoa was investigated by comparing this technique with the eosin-nigrosin
      differential staining procedure and with glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT)
      concentration in seminal plasma. The relationship between percent dead sperm
      measured by fluorometry and fertility was also examined. The correlation
      coefficient of percentage of dead spermatozoa determined by fluorometry with
      eosin-nigrosin counts was highly significant (r = .99; P less than .001).
      Similarly, the correlation coefficient of GOT activity with percentage of dead
      spermatozoa was .99 (P less than .001). Percent fertility, fertile egg
      production, and duration of fertility were negatively correlated with percent
      dead spermatozoa; 4 = -.55, -.51, and -.44 (P less than .001), respectively.

PMID- 2409546
TI  - Relaxation therapy for far-advanced cancer.

PMID- 2409547
TI  - [ACTH cell hyperplasia of the adeno- and neurohypophysis and its relation to
      arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2409548
TI  - [Role of pentosan polysulfate in initiating 2 cases of thrombopenic
      complications].

PMID- 2409549
TI  - Liver transplant program: nursing administration issues (continuing education).

PMID- 2409550
TI  - Tuboplasty: use, resources, and nursing implications.

PMID- 2409551
TI  - Free flap transfer (continuing education).

PMID- 2409552
TI  - Research: developing a research problem from a clinical problem.

PMID- 2409553
TI  - [Angiography of the lungs in patients with chronic bronchitis].

PMID- 2409554
TI  - [Results of treatment, including the local use of contrical, of patients with
      newly detected pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by endobronchitis].

PMID- 2409555
TI  - Amino acid sequence of the alpha subunit of transducin deduced from the cDNA
      sequence.
AB  - Transducin, a GTP-binding protein involved in phototransduction in the vertebrate
      retina, belongs to a family of homologous coupling proteins that also includes Gs
      and Gi, the regulatory proteins of adenylate cyclase. Here we report the cDNA
      sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of transducin's alpha subunit (T alpha).
      The cDNA was isolated, by screening with an antibody probe, from a bovine retinal
      cDNA library in the expression vector lambda gt11. The 2.2-kilobase cDNA insert
      hybridized to a single 2.6-kilobase poly(A)+ RNA species present in extracts of
      bovine retina but not of bovine heart, liver, or brain. The nucleotide sequence
      of the cDNA revealed an open reading frame long enough to encode the entire 39
      kDa T alpha polypeptide. The polypeptide sequence deduced from the cDNA would be
      composed of 350 amino acids and have a molecular weight of 39,971. Portions of
      the sequence matched reported amino acid sequences of T alpha tryptic fragments,
      including sites specifically ADP-ribosylated by cholera and pertussis toxins. The
      predicted sequence also includes four segments, ranging from 11 to 19 residues in
      length, that exhibit significant homology to sequences of GTP-binding proteins,
      including the ras proteins of man and yeast and the elongation factors of
      ribosomal protein synthesis in bacteria, EF-G and EF-Tu. In combination with
      previous functional studies of tryptic fragments of T alpha, the deduced amino
      acid sequence makes it possible to predict which portions of the polypeptide
      interact with other molecules involved in retinal phototransduction.

PMID- 2409556
TI  - Processing of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) RNA in vivo.
AB  - Nuclear RNA precursors to the mRNA for rat cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate
      carboxykinase (GTP) (EC 4.1.1.32) and nuclear RNA species smaller in size than
      the mature enzyme mRNA have been identified by using hybridization probes
      specific for introns and exons from the gene. A number of processing
      intermediates, including an intact intron, were noted. Based on the size and
      distribution of the precursors observed, we propose a pathway for
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase RNA processing that involves splicing of
      introns starting at the 5' end of the RNA transcript and proceeding toward the 3'
      end.

PMID- 2409558
TI  - The transformation-related p53 protein: a potential regulator of cell
      proliferation.

PMID- 2409557
TI  - Differential expression of intermediate filament proteins distinguishes classic
      from variant small-cell lung cancer cell lines.
AB  - The expression of intermediate filament proteins in classic and variant-type
      small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cell lines was studied using immunocytochemical
      techniques, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting assays.
      Classic SCLC cell lines contain cytokeratin proteins but no neurofilaments. In
      contrast, variant cell lines do not contain detectable amounts of cytokeratins
      but partly express neurofilaments and vimentin. These results explain apparent
      discrepancies on the intermediate filament content of SCLC described in the
      recent literature. The application of antibodies to fresh biopsy specimens of
      SCLC may in the future allow the identification of the variant type of cells in
      clinical SCLC specimens and may have a major impact on therapeutic strategy and
      prognosis in these patients.

PMID- 2409559
TI  - X-linked mental retardation.

PMID- 2409560
TI  - The use of monoclonal antibodies to detect genetic polymorphism: application to
      apolipoprotein B.

PMID- 2409561
TI  - Brain amines and effects of chlordiazepoxide on motor activity in response to
      stress.
AB  - The effect of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) on emotional responsiveness to stress was
      determined in CD-1 male mice. The relationship of the monoamines to the mediation
      of emotional behavior was examined with drugs having selective actions on
      serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA). Emotional behavior as
      measured by locomotor activity was increased by stress. This activation enhanced
      the stimulatory effect of low doses of CDP (5 and 10 mg/kg) and attenuated the
      depressant action of higher doses (20 and 40 mg/kg). Quipazine (0.5 mg/kg)
      reduced the depressant effect of CDP in stressed animals. Its action failed to
      support a proposed anti-serotonergic action of CDP and implicated possible
      dopaminergic involvement. In stressed mice, apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg) and clonidine
      (0.1 mg/kg) antagonized the stimulatory action of low doses of CDP. Behavioral
      effects of clonidine provide support for the notion that the stimulatory effects
      of CDP may be due to enhanced catecholamine (CA) neurotransmission. Whole brain
      levels of NE and DA were significantly increased when clonidine was combined with
      CDP. This indicated a possible reduction in CA turnover and activity.

PMID- 2409562
TI  - Clonidine reverses methylxanthine-induced potentiation of baclofen
      antinociception.
AB  - The effect of clonidine on the antinociceptive effect of methylxanthine/baclofen
      and dopamine antagonist/baclofen combinations was examined to determine if
      alterations in noradrenaline turnover might mediate the potentiating effect of
      these agents. Clonidine alone had intrinsic activity in the tail flick test, so a
      dose and treatment schedule which produced a plateau effect was chosen. Clonidine
      pretreatment did not significantly alter the effect of baclofen alone, but
      reversed the potentiation of the action of baclofen produced by both theophylline
      and isobutylmethylxanthine. The intrinsic effect of isobutylmethylxanthine also
      was reversed. Combinations of dopamine antagonists and baclofen were potentiated
      or unaffected by clonidine. A possible interpretation of these results is that
      mutual interactions by baclofen and methylxanthines with descending noradrenergic
      pathways mediate the methylxanthine-induced potentiation of the antinociceptive
      effect of baclofen. A more specific determination of noradrenergic pathways
      involved in the action of baclofen will require the use of more specific
      alternative approaches.

PMID- 2409563
TI  - Free radicals from the photodecomposition of bleomycin.

PMID- 2409564
TI  - Ion transport mechanisms in thick ascending limb of Henle's loop of mammalian
      nephron.

PMID- 2409565
TI  - Optimum perception of odor intensity by humans.
AB  - The sniff duration that provides optimum perception of odor intensity was
      determined for 17 humans. Subjects were trained to match the duration of their
      sniff to the duration of a buzzer that sounded for 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 sec.
      Sniff characteristics were monitored with a hot wire anemometer and an
      oscilloscope. Intensity estimates were obtained at the four durations for three
      concentrations of phenyl ethanol, butanol and propionic acid. Optimum perception
      of intensity occurred between 0.39 and 0.64 sec for phenyl ethanol and propionic
      acid and a value of no more than 1.63 sec is proposed for butanol. The longer
      duration for butanol is attributed to the delayed response of nerves in the
      throat which appear to respond to this odorant but not to the others. The
      complexity of the intensity sensation and implications of the results for
      neurophysiological studies of intensity coding are discussed and the properties
      of an olfactometer for odor intensity measurements are outlined.

PMID- 2409566
TI  - The plastic surgical clinical nurse specialist and the plastic surgeon: a model
      for collaborative practice.

PMID- 2409567
TI  - Inhibition of mast cell histamine release by flavonoids and biflavonoids.

PMID- 2409568
TI  - Binding of 3H-spiperone to human lymphocytes: a biological marker in
      schizophrenia?
AB  - The specific binding of the dopamine antagonist 3H-spiperone to lymphocytes from
      a healthy control group (n = 40), a group of acute, unmedicated schizophrenic
      patients (n = 27), and a psychiatric control group (n = 16) was investigated.
      There were no differences in binding parameters between the healthy controls
      (Bmax 2.6 +/- 0.7 fmoles/10(6) cells; Kd 0.17 +/- 0.07 nM) and the psychiatric
      control group. Binding capacity of 3H-spiperone was significantly increased in
      lymphocytes from the schizophrenic patients (Bmax 14.4 +/- 9.3 fmoles/10(6)
      cells). Moreover, a slight decrease in affinity was observed (Kd 0.44 +/- 0.21
      nM). Because the increase in binding appeared only in schizophrenic patients,
      this peripheral model could prove valuable as a diagnostic criterion.

PMID- 2409570
TI  - Recent advances in cochlear physiology.

PMID- 2409569
TI  - Anechoic halo in solid liver tumors: sonographic, microangiographic, and
      histologic correlation.
AB  - The origin of the sonographic halo sign in liver metastases was studied after
      autopsy in 33 livers with macroscopic tumoral involvement. For 20 lesions a
      detailed comparison of findings from high-resolution 7.5- and 10-MHz sonography,
      microangiography, and histology was carried out. Histologic study focused on the
      tumor periphery and its relationship to the adjacent liver parenchyma. In
      particular, the type of tumor infiltration, the presence or absence of
      peritumoral fibrosis, and the degree of liver cell compression were assessed. In
      all but two cases the halo was extratumoral and was caused by peritumoral liver
      cell compression. In the remaining two cases the halo was tumoral and was caused
      by irregular fibrosis or vascularization.

PMID- 2409571
TI  - The complexity and diversity of synaptic transmission in the prevertebral
      sympathetic ganglia.

PMID- 2409572
TI  - [Control survey of radioimmunoassay-alpha-fetoprotein and a study on reference
      standard].

PMID- 2409573
TI  - Serum antielastase and neutrophil elastase levels in PiM phenotype cigarette
      smokers with airflow obstruction.
AB  - In order to assess blood factors which might explain why some cigarette smokers
      develop airflow obstruction while others do not, we compared two groups of PiM
      phenotype volunteers matched for age, sex and total pack-years of cigarette
      smoking; one group had airflow obstruction and the other did not. Functional
      levels of alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha-2-M) and alpha-1-protease inhibitor (alpha
      1-PI) were separately assessed by a protease binding procedure. Neutrophils were
      isolated from blood by counterflow centrifugation, and their elastase content was
      assayed with 3H-elastin-SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate). The obstructed and
      nonobstructed groups were not different with respect to functional or
      immunoreactive levels of alpha-1-PI and alpha-2-M or elastase levels in their
      neutrophils. We do not find imbalances of circulating elastase or antielastase
      levels in PiM phenotype smokers with airflow obstruction.

PMID- 2409574
TI  - Relationship between circulating immune complexes, serum interferon and clinical
      features in sarcoidosis.
AB  - In order to assess the importance of circulating interferons and immune complexes
      as hypothetical mediators of some immune derangements observed in sarcoidosis, we
      evaluated serum interferon and immune complex levels in 45 patients with active
      disease. In none of our patients could circulating interferon be detected,
      suggesting that an infectious (viral) etiology is very unlikely, and that a great
      difference exists between sarcoidosis and true autoimmune diseases. On the other
      hand, circulating immune complexes could be found in 64.4% of our patients. A
      good correlation could be found with disease stage and duration, but only with
      67Ga lung scan among other activity indexes.

PMID- 2409575
TI  - Effectiveness of aprotinin in blocking a hypotensive factor of pancreatic origin
      from the pig, dog and monkey.
AB  - Minced pancreas or a collagenase solution alone had no effect on blood pressure
      when infused into experimental animals. However, collagenase digested fragments
      or the digested pancreatic supernatant (PSF) produces profound hypotension.
      Previously we have shown that aprotinin, a proteolytic enzyme inhibitor,
      successfully blocked PSF-induced hypotension in the pig but did not alter this
      hypotension in the dog or monkey. Species variability of aprotinin blockade was
      further investigated by infusing PSF from either the pig, dog, or monkey into
      five animals of the other two species ("across species"). PSF alone produced
      hypotension in every animal "across species" but PSF "across species" and in
      combination with aprotinin did not produce a hypotensive reaction in each "across
      species" combination. These species differences of the aprotinin blockade should
      be considered when seeking reasons why aprotinin has not proven effective in
      preventing the morbidity and mortality of human pancreatitis.

PMID- 2409576
TI  - [Grading of ventricular premature contraction].

PMID- 2409577
TI  - [Limitation of joint mobility and diabetic microangiopathy].

PMID- 2409578
TI  - [Therapeutic value of intravenous diphenylhydantoin in digitalis arrhythmia].

PMID- 2409579
TI  - [Mechanism of action of calcium antagonists].

PMID- 2409580
TI  - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy and early damage of carpal bones.
AB  - A 56-year-old woman presented with changes characteristic of the reflex
      sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS) but also frank synovitis of the left wrist,
      an elevated ESR and early damage of the left carpus on radiographs, suggesting
      septic arthritis. A dynamic scan showed changes characteristic of RSDS. A sample
      of synovium and bone from the wrist showed non-specific inflammation with partial
      destruction of cartilage by synovial pannus and involvement of subchondral bone
      by the inflammatory process. The search for the cause of infection was
      unsuccessful. Patchy osteopaenia developed 3 months after onset. At the 12 month
      follow-up, the course of disease was compatible with RSDS and destruction of the
      carpus had not progressed. Attention is drawn to the difficulty in reaching a
      precise diagnosis in early stages and the need to exclude infection.

PMID- 2409581
TI  - Radioimmunoassay of haemoglobin F in K 562 cells following induction with renin
      substrate and erythropoietin.
AB  - To test the hypothesis of renin substrate (RS; angiotensinogen) being a precursor
      of erythropoietin (EP), the capacity of RS and EP to induce Hb synthesis was
      compared in cultured human erythroid leukaemia cells of the K 562 line after
      prestimulation with haemin. For this purpose a radioimmunoassay for haemoglobin F
      (HbF) was developed. This assay was shown to be specific for HbF, reproducible,
      and sensitive for 0.1 ng of HbF. The cells were induced by RS and EP to increased
      HbF production. Cells stimulated with RS or EP showed increased benzidine
      staining. This data, corroborating our earlier observations on immunological
      similarities between RS and EP, supports the hypothesis that renin substrate is a
      likely precursor of erythropoietin.

PMID- 2409582
TI  - Adaptation of the pancreas during treatment with enzyme inhibitors in rats and
      man.
AB  - This report deals with the effect of feeding inhibitors of pancreatic and brush
      border enzymes on pancreatic growth and enzyme composition and secretion. Raw
      soybean flour containing trypsin inhibitors caused pronounced growth of the
      pancreas which was accompanied by increased enzyme content and increased CCK and
      gastrin concentration in the plasma. Feeding of an amylase inhibitor to a starch
      rich diet induced a marked fall in amylase content and secretion without changing
      growth parameters of the pancreas, indicating that not starch but glucose is the
      trigger for the maintenance of amylase content and secretion of the pancreas. The
      addition of an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (acarbose) to a sucrose- or maltose
      rich semisynthetic diet did not cause significant alteration in pancreatic growth
      or enzyme composition or secretion. In man pancreatic function was also unaltered
      by 8 weeks' intake of 3 X 200 mg acarbose.

PMID- 2409583
TI  - Mechanism of pancreatic growth induced by pancreatico-biliary diversion in the
      rat. Inhibition by proglumide, benzotript, and ranitidine.
AB  - Pancreatico-biliary diversion (PBD) stimulates pancreatic growth in the rat. The
      present experiment was designed to investigate the mechanism of this phenomenon.
      The potential roles of endogenous CCK, gastrin, and secretin were studied.
      Hormone measurements by specific RIA's show that PBD was associated with higher
      CCK plasma concentrations and, conversely, with lower gastrin circulating levels.
      Secretin and pancreatic polypeptide were unaffected by PBD. Seven days'
      subcutaneous administration of proglumide (1000 mg/kg/day), benzotript (100
      mg/kg/day), two CCK and gastrin receptor antagonists, and Ranitidine (100
      mg/kg/day) resulted in a significant inhibition of PBD-induced pancreatic growth,
      assessed by measurements of pancreatic weight, DNA, RNA and protein content.
      These results suggest, therefore, that CCK plays a central role in the
      development of the pancreatic adaptive response to PBD.

PMID- 2409584
TI  - Characterisation of the tolerant state in a patient with haemophilia B after
      removal of high-titre factor IX antibodies.
AB  - In a patient with severe haemophilia B and antibodies against factor IX in high
      titre, and known for many years to be a really high responder, it was possible to
      suppress the secondary antibody response after treatment with high doses of
      intravenous IgG (Gammonativ, KabiVitrum AB) combined with factor IX and
      cyclophosphamide. After 2 further treatments, including IgG, a total
      disappearance of the IX:C inhibitor was noted. The patient now treats himself at
      home with weekly infusions of only factor IX concentrate. Survival of IX:C is
      normal, though IX antigen (IX:Ag), as measured with the original antibody in an
      immunoradiometric assay, persists for at least a week after concentrate infusion.
      We have not been able to demonstrate an antiidiotypic antibody. Instead the
      antigenic factor IX material circulates complexed to a 'new' antibody without
      anticoagulant activity. Theoretically at least, the persistence of such immune
      complexes may be important for sustaining the patient's tolerance to the
      anticoagulant antibody's epitope. The initial IgG treatment appears as a crucial
      factor for induction of tolerance in this case.

PMID- 2409585
TI  - Early postoperative changes with different priming solutions in open-heart
      surgery.
AB  - The consequences of substituting dextran 70 (Macrodex) for human plasma in the
      priming solution were studied during the first 48 hours after open-heart surgery.
      Twenty patients undergoing elective surgery for coronary artery disease were
      selected for the study. Clinical, haemodynamic, metabolic and roentgenologic
      parameters were monitored. No major differences were found between results with
      use of plasma or dextran (each in 10 patients). The lower pulmonary capillary
      wedge pressure in the dextran group may indicate better left ventricular
      performance. As human plasma is a limited resource and is a potential disease
      transmitter, dextran 70 may with advantage replace human plasma in the priming
      solution, and at much lower cost.

PMID- 2409586
TI  - [Early childhood autism and schizophrenia].
AB  - The lecture is based on the phenomenalism of autism and schizophrenia.
      Essentially their mutual appearance is described: the contact and relation
      disability. According to Merleau-Ponty, "etre au monde" means "etre ouvert au
      monde" and to be possible to be open "a soi-meme". The clinical reports of the
      autism and of the schizophrenia may be understood as particularly phenomenons of
      the interpersonal relations. Three examples illustrate the amplified theory.
      Finally the autors emphasize the importance of the contact and of the relation in
      the therapeutic work with those autistic children as to give them a new access to
      the world.

PMID- 2409587
TI  - [Anamnesis of adolescent schizophrenics. A contribution on the problem of the
      etiology of schizophrenia].
AB  - We discussed 13 patients, 10 boys and 3 girls-aged 12-17, who fell ill of
      schizophrenia. 12 of them had a schizophrenic parent, 2 of them other
      schizophrenic relatives. All grew up in an isolated and facadelike family. Their
      education was limited and rigid. They often lived in strained relations. There
      was no delimination between the family-members-as familytherapists describe it as
      typical in families with a schizophrenic member. They were conspicuous long
      before the outbrake of their schizophrenia: 8 without initiative, overadapted and
      well behaving, 3 overactive, 2 aggressive towards their mothers, 8 boys heavily
      depending on their mothers, the 2 girls correspondingly on their fathers. 5 were
      overprotected by their mothers and 5 affectively isolated within their families.
      There is strong evidence they were MBD-patients. All were isolated at school,
      could not meet basic requirements, 7 were retarded in their speech development.
      It is assumed that MBD-patients develop schizophrenia when confronted and
      affectively and perceptively overstressed due to our society's role-change
      demands; for this age leads to different social relationships (own family,
      peergroup, professional position). This unbearable situation leads to panic and
      auto-sensory deprivation. And so they became less capable to perceive
      distinctively, and they lost a part of their toilsamly conditioned reactions.
      These reactions can be compared with those of normals, who get into panic, are
      flooded by irritations or sensorily deprivated. The loss of the conditioned
      reactions corresponds with the observations made on animals being overstressed in
      their discriminatory capability. Contrary to these normal reactions the symptoms
      of schizophrenia remain unchanged, because the return into reality for them
      creates an unbearable demand. Therefore contrary to normal it is possible that
      the loss of conditioned reactions of these patients goes on for a long time,
      which equals a schizophrenic defect.

PMID- 2409588
TI  - [The role of parents in the treatment of psychotic children].
AB  - Five psychotic children and their families were examined with regard to the
      development of the disease and the diagnostic and therapeutic steps. The psychic
      disorders of the child were recognized by the parents very early, but were denied
      because of own feelings of guilt. Therapeuts tend to interpret this denial as a
      reference to disorders of the family system. Instead of taking in the parents in
      the therapeutic process, they more or less exclude them of the treatment of the
      child. The development of a trustful therapeutic relationship between parents,
      child and therapeut is thus rendered more difficult.

PMID- 2409589
TI  - [Bibliography Jakob Lutz 1929-1983].

PMID- 2409590
TI  - [Spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the internal carotid artery. General review
      of 205 published cases with 10 personal cases].
AB  - Spontaneous dissecting aneurysms of the internal carotid artery occur almost
      exclusively in the extracranial segment of the artery. The incidence is higher
      among males and the average age is relatively low (mean: 45 years). The existence
      of a lesion involving the wall of the carotid artery must be considered in the
      patient presenting with atypical facial neuralgia or incomplete but painful
      Horner's syndrome which may or may not be associated with a controlateral
      neurological deficit. Spontaneous dissecting aneurysms of the internal carotid
      artery cannot be diagnosed on the basis of a single angiogram. Definite diagnosis
      requires repeated ultrasonography and/or angiography. Spontaneous recanalization
      justifies the use of medical therapy (anticoagulant or antiplatelet aggregation
      therapy) in preference to surgical intervention.

PMID- 2409591
TI  - [Scientific nature, dialogic aspects and psychosis].
AB  - This paper tries to point out the analogy of development of science which is also
      attributed to the psychosis. Belonging to this are the loss regarding relation to
      reality and to the whole of reality, development of subcultures, role
      establishment, double messages, exaggerated defence mechanisms towards views
      outside its own system, repeating and stereotype tendencies and finally
      segregation of affect and misconstruction of reality. In conclusion the author
      names a few tendencies which he deems necessary to counteract such a development.

PMID- 2409592
TI  - [Regulation of hepatic bile secretion].

PMID- 2409593
TI  - [Voltage clamp in stimulatable membranes].

PMID- 2409594
TI  - Selenium in the Paneth cells.
AB  - Two histochemical methods, Timm's sulphide silver method and the selenium method
      reveal the presence of two pools of metal ions in the Paneth cells.
      Ultrastructurally one pool is located in the secretion granules, the other in the
      cytoplasm.

PMID- 2409595
TI  - Rationale for development of a synthetic vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum
      malaria.
AB  - Protective immunity against malaria can be obtained by vaccination with
      irradiated sporozoites. The protective antigens known as circumsporozoite (CS)
      proteins, are polypeptides that cover the surface membrane of the parasite. The
      CS proteins contain species-specific immunodominant epitopes formed by tandem
      repeated sequences of amino acids. Here it is shown that the dominant epitope of
      Plasmodium falciparum is contained in the synthetic dodecapeptide Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro
      Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro-Asn-Ala-Pro or (NANP)3. Monoclonal antibodies and most or all
      polyclonal human antibodies to the sporozoites react with (NANP)3, and polyclonal
      antibodies raised against the synthetic peptide (NANP)3 react with the surface of
      the parasite and neutralize its infectivity. Since (NANP)3 repeats are present in
      CS proteins of P. falciparum from many parts of the world, this epitope is a
      logical target for vaccine development.

PMID- 2409596
TI  - Organization of ion channels in the myelinated nerve fiber.
AB  - The functional organization of the mammalian myelinated nerve fiber is complex
      and elegant. In contrast to nonmyelinated axons, whose membranes have a
      relatively uniform structure, the mammalian myelinated axon exhibits a high
      degree of regional specialization that extends to the location of voltage
      dependent ion channels within the axon membrane. Sodium and potassium channels
      are segregated into complementary membrane domains, with a distribution
      reflecting that of the overlying Schwann or glial cells. This complexity of
      organization has important implications for physiology and pathophysiology,
      particularly with respect to the development of myelinated fibers.

PMID- 2409597
TI  - Analysis of T-cell receptor gene rearrangement and expression in human natural
      killer clones.
AB  - A series of clones of human natural killer (NK) cells was characterized with
      respect to expression of the Ti alpha and Ti beta genes of the T-cell receptor.
      T11+T3+ NK clones contained Ti alpha and Ti beta RNA transcripts and expressed
      disulfide-linked heterodimers, demonstrating the presence of a functional T-cell
      receptor. In contrast, T11+T3- NK clones expressed only 1.0-kilobase truncated Ti
      beta transcripts, without a Ti alpha transcript and no detectable surface Ti
      protein. Since previous studies demonstrated that Ti beta gene activation
      precedes Ti alpha gene activation in thymic ontogeny, the T11+T3- NK cells appear
      to be derived from T-lineage precursors.

PMID- 2409598
TI  - Prostacyclin synthesis induced in vascular cells by interleukin-1.
AB  - Supernatants from cultures of human monocytes that had been stimulated with
      endotoxin or silica induced the synthesis of prostacyclin in endothelial and
      smooth muscle cells. The lymphokine mediating these effects on the cells of the
      blood vessel wall was identified as interleukin-1; interferons and interleukin-2
      were inactive. Interleukin-1-induced prostacyclin synthesis represents a new
      aspect of the interaction between the immune system (as well as other tissues)
      and the vessel wall and may serve as a basis for the development of new
      strategies in antithrombotic therapy.

PMID- 2409599
TI  - Neurotrophic factors.
AB  - In addition to nerve growth factor (NGF), many proteins present in soluble tissue
      extracts and in the extracellular matrix influence the survival and development
      of cultured neurons. The structure, synthesis, and mechanism of action of NGF as
      a neurotrophic factor are considered along with the experiments on the new
      putative trophic molecules.

PMID- 2409600
TI  - Ca2+ and Ca2+-activated K+ currents in mammalian gastric smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Inward movement of calcium through voltage-dependent channels in muscle is
      thought to initiate the action potential and trigger contraction. Calcium
      activated potassium channels carry large outward potassium currents that may be
      responsible for membrane repolarization. Calcium and calcium-activated potassium
      currents were identified in enzymatically isolated mammalian gastric myocytes.
      These currents were blocked by cadmium and nifedipine but were not substantially
      affected by diltiazem or D600. No evidence for a tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium
      current or an inwardly rectifying potassium current was found.

PMID- 2409601
TI  - U1 small nuclear RNA genes are subject to dosage compensation in mouse cells.
AB  - Multiple copies of a gene that encodes human U1 small nuclear RNA were introduced
      into mouse C127 cells with bovine papilloma virus as the vector. For some
      recombinant constructions, the human U1 gene copies were maintained
      extrachromosomally on the viral episome in an unrearranged fashion. The relative
      abundance of human and mouse U1 small nuclear RNA varied from one cell line to
      another, but in some lines human U1 RNA accounted for as much as one-third of the
      total U1. Regardless of the level of human U1 expression, the total amount of U1
      RNA (both mouse and human) in each cell line was nearly the same relative to
      endogenous mouse 5S or U2 RNA. This result was obtained whether measurements were
      made of total cellular U1 or of only the U1 in small nuclear ribonucleoprotein
      particles that could be precipitated with antibody directed against the Sm
      antigen. The data suggest that the multigene families encoding mammalian U1 RNA
      are subject to some form of dosage compensation.

PMID- 2409602
TI  - Sequence homology between certain viral proteins and proteins related to
      encephalomyelitis and neuritis.
AB  - Post-infectious or post-vaccinal demyelinating encephalomyelitis and neuritis may
      be due to immunological cross-reactions evoked by specific viral antigenic
      determinants (epitopes) that are homologous to regions in the target myelins of
      the central and peripheral nervous systems. Such homologies have been found by
      computer searches in which decapeptides in two human myelin proteins were
      compared with proteins of viruses known to infect humans. These viruses include
      measles, Epstein-Barr, influenza A and B, and others that cause upper respiratory
      infections. Several regions identified in myelin basic protein and P2 protein can
      be related to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis or neuritis in laboratory
      animals.

PMID- 2409603
TI  - Uromodulin: a unique 85-kilodalton immunosuppressive glycoprotein isolated from
      urine of pregnant women.
AB  - Crude fractions of urine from pregnant women are immunosuppressive in vitro. An
      85-kilodalton immunosuppressive glycoprotein purified to homogeneity from such
      urine inhibited in vitro assays of human T-cell and monocyte activity at
      concentrations of 10(-9) to 10(-11) molar. This material was nontoxic and blocked
      early events required for normal T-cell proliferation in vitro. On the basis of
      its tissue source and its in vitro activity, the name "uromodulin" is proposed
      for this glycoprotein.

PMID- 2409605
TI  - [Ruptured aneurysms of the sub-renal aorta].

PMID- 2409604
TI  - Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults.

PMID- 2409606
TI  - [Prevention of postoperative thyrotoxic crisis].

PMID- 2409607
TI  - [Disorders of cardiac rhythm in patients with ischemic heart disease during
      isometric exercises].

PMID- 2409608
TI  - [Platelet aggregation during the intake of sex steroids in patients with
      dysfunctional uterine hemorrhages in the climacteric].

PMID- 2409609
TI  - Metastasizing pineal germinoma. A case report and review.
AB  - A patient with biopsy-proven pineal germinoma was treated successfully by
      craniospinal irradiation. Lung and hilar node metastases developed 22 months
      after therapy. These were subtotally resected and further cis-platinum,
      vinblastine and bleomycin chemotherapy given with control 8 months later. Twenty
      cases of metastases from pineal tumours are documented. The role of chemotherapy
      as adjuvant therapy, and in recurrent and metastatic disease is reviewed.

PMID- 2409610
TI  - Hypophosphataemia in acute pancreatitis.
AB  - Serum phosphate levels were measured in a group of 78 patients admitted to
      hospital with a confirmed diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Forty-seven (60%) of
      these patients developed significant hypophosphataemia (less than 0,8 mmol/l)
      within 4 days of admission. Serum phosphate levels were generally normal on
      admission, declined on the 2nd-5th days, and returned to normal within 3-14 days.
      A history of previous excessive alcohol intake was obtained from 42 patients
      (89%) in the hypophosphataemic group and from 28 (90%) in the normophosphataemic
      group. In view of the close similarities between the complications of acute
      pancreatitis and those of hypophosphataemia, including 'toxic psychosis',
      haematemesis, haematological disturbances, bone infarcts, respiratory failure,
      abnormal liver function and hyperglycaemia, it is suggested that at least some of
      these complications could be due to phosphate depletion. Phosphate replacement
      may be of benefit in their prevention.

PMID- 2409611
TI  - Characterization of Candida antigens by crossed-immunoaffinoelectrophoresis.
AB  - The antigens of three Candida albicans strains (3153 A, 3156 B and CBS 1905) and
      one C. tropicalis strain were studied by means of crossed
      immunoaffinoelectrophoresis with the corresponding polyvalent antisera. Most
      antigens (from 63.8% to 77.7% depending on the strain) were bound to concanavalin
      A-sepharose and about 20% to blue cibacron-sepharose for all the strains tested.
      Free concanavalin A, wheat germ lectin-sepharose and Helix pomatia lectin
      sepharose revealed differences between C. albicans 3153 A and C. albicans CBS
      1905 on the one hand and C. albicans 3156 B and C. tropicalis on the other, since
      affinity percentages were from 4.2 to 10.2 and from 14.2 to 20.0 respectively.
      Among 10 previously described species-specific antigens of C. albicans, 4 were
      never bound and 5 were bound to concanavalin A-sepharose which was considered an
      unsuitable agent for antigen purification since it retained 77% of C. albicans
      antigens. One important species-specific antigen was bound to blue cibacron
      sepharose and the corresponding purification could be undertaken. Similar results
      were found for 12 species-specific antigens of C. tropicalis. Blue cibacron
      sepharose as well as wheat germ lectin or Helix pomatia lectin-sepharose were
      found suitable agents for purification of some of them.

PMID- 2409612
TI  - [Serum ferritin and other biological parameters as indicators of tumor activity
      in Hodgkin's disease].

PMID- 2409613
TI  - Prevention of fatal pulmonary embolism in patients with fractures of the neck of
      the femur.
AB  - Patients with fractures of the neck of the femur have an extremely high incidence
      of venous thrombosis and pulmonary emboli, if not receiving prevention with
      drugs. From a prospective, randomized multicenter trial comparing the
      effectiveness of two methods for the prevention of postoperative fatal pulmonary
      emboli, we analyzed those patients having been operated upon for a fracture of
      the neck of the femur. One hundred and seventy-two patients having had heparin
      DHE prevention and 157 having had dextran prevention are compared with 150
      patients in the control group and 165 patients who were given phenindione for
      anticoagulation orally. The data from the latter two groups stem from a study
      done in 1959 by Sevitt and Gallagher which for the first time established the
      value of oral anticoagulation for reducing pulmonary emboli. All three
      prophylactic methods reduce the incidence of pulmonary emboli to the same degree.
      The mortality associated with pulmonary emboli is 2 per cent in the phenindione
      group, 2.3 per cent in the heparin-DHE group and 3.8 per cent in the dextran
      group, in contrast with 10 per cent in the control group. Total mortality has
      been lowered significantly in all three groups as compared with the control
      group. Fatal pulmonary emboli were found only when prophylaxis had been stopped
      or was incomplete and were not found when prophylactic regimen was done properly.
      In 1980, the hospital stay was about one week shorter than in 1959.

PMID- 2409614
TI  - Interaction of complement S-protein with thrombin-antithrombin complexes: a role
      for the S-protein in haemostasis.
AB  - Complement S-protein is known to function as an inhibitor of the terminal
      complement sequence (Bhakdi, S. and Tranum-Jensen, J., Biochim. Biophys. Acta
      737, 343, 1983). We here report that the S-protein may also play a functional
      role in haemostasis. Electro-immunoassays performed with the use of poly- and
      monoclonal antibodies to the protein revealed that it binds to thrombin-anti
      thrombin III (T X AT-III) to form stable S X T X AT-III complexes. These
      complexes form naturally during blood coagulation. They have been identified in
      human serum and have also been generated in vitro with the respective purified
      proteins. Formation of the complexes is paralleled by a net protection of
      thrombin towards the inactivating effects of AT-III, demonstrable in functional
      assays using a synthetic polypeptide or fibrinogen as substrates for the
      protease. S-protein may thus exert a promoting effect on blood coagulation and
      could emerge as a novel component of the blood coagulation system in the future.

PMID- 2409615
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against human platelet membrane glycoproteins IIb-IIIa. II.
      Different effects on platelet function.
AB  - Preincubation of human platelets with two pairs of immunologically identical
      monoclonal antibodies (mab) directed against epitopes on the membrane
      glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex - two of them (Gi3 and Gi5) precipitating
      glycoproteins IIb-IIIa, and two (Gi4 and Gi6) recognizing glycoprotein IIIa -
      induced slightly different inhibitory effects on platelet function. Gi3 and Gi5
      blocked platelet aggregation and 14C-serotonin release from platelets induced by
      ADP, collagen, thrombin, arachidonic acid, ionophore A 23187, platelet activating
      factor and ristocetin (in the presence of divalent ions). Ristocetin-induced
      platelet agglutination (in the presence of EDTA) was not inhibited by these mab.
      Gi4 had no effect on platelet aggregation and release. Gi6 had the same effect on
      platelet function as Gi3 and Gi5, but only when incubated with Zw(a) (PlAl)
      positive platelets with the exception that collagen-induced aggregation was not
      affected. We conclude that the similar, though not identical, effects on platelet
      function induced by mab against different epitopes on the glycoprotein complex
      IIb-IIIa indicate an "unspecific" interference with platelet membrane function
      possibly due to steric hindrance by mab of the fibrinogen receptor or by
      inhibition of conformational changes in the GP IIb-IIIa complex necessary for
      exposure of the fibrinogen binding site.

PMID- 2409616
TI  - [Blood platelet-specific antigens and antibodies. Clinical significance in blood
      platelet deficiency in neonates and after transfusion].

PMID- 2409617
TI  - [Treatment of pancreatic cancer].

PMID- 2409618
TI  - Pleural involvement by hydatid cysts of the lung.
AB  - Hydatid cyst disease is encountered in Turkey frequently. Rupture of a pulmonary
      cyst into the pleural cavity is rare, but represents the most serious
      complication of the hydatid disease. Surgical intervention was carried out in all
      cases in our clinic when expansion of the lungs could not be achieved. Open ends
      of the bronchus were closed and the pericyst layer was sutured after the removal
      of the germinative layer. We here present 5 cases of hydatid cysts with the above
      mentioned complication.

PMID- 2409619
TI  - Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the mediastinum.
AB  - A case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma in the right postero-superior
      mediastinum in a 43-year-old male patient is presented. He was operated on and a
      part of the tumor including the infiltrated second segment of the lung was
      resected. At reoperation, the great vessels were found infiltrated by the tumor
      and radical exstirpation could not be carried out. The patient died 4 months
      after discovery of his disease due to further growth of the tumor. This case is
      the fifth malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the mediastinum described in the
      world literature.

PMID- 2409620
TI  - Congenital coarctation of the distal thoracic aorta: clinical and pathological
      evaluation of a case successfully operated on.
AB  - We report on a case of thickenings of the distal thoracic aorta in a young woman
      with hypertension. There were no associated vascular lesions or any evidence of
      an inflammatory process. The intima combined with a normal media was assessed by
      histopathology. These findings would strongly indicate a congenital origin of the
      disease. Blood supply to the spinal cord was studied preoperatively by selective
      angiography of intercostal and lumbar arteries. A simple endarteriotomy and a
      Dacron patch enabled normalization of the blood pressure. The etiological
      problems in pulseless disease are discussed as well as means of therapy.

PMID- 2409621
TI  - Combined therapy of re-coarctation of the aorta and coronary heart disease.
AB  - We report on an uncommon case of recoarctation of the aorta 36 years after
      resection and end-to-end anastomosis associated with coronary heart disease.
      Since a two-staged surgical therapy implies an increased risk of life for the
      patient, we decided to perform a combined surgical procedure. Exposing the heart
      by a median sternotomy we implanted a 16 mm synthetic graft from the ascending to
      the descending thoracic aorta and performed a prosthesio-coronary bypass in one
      session. The patient had an uneventful recovery. In our opinion this procedure is
      the method of choice for similar cases.

PMID- 2409622
TI  - Abnormal communication between the left atrium and the coronary sinus.
      Presentation of 2 cases and review of the literature.
AB  - A large communication between coronary sinus and left atrium is a rare cardiac
      anomaly. Twenty-four cases from the literature and 2 of our own observations are
      presented. In most cases a considerable left-to-right shunt may exist on the
      atrial level that can be misinterpreted as an atrial septal defect. The anomaly
      may be isolated or in combination with an atrial septal defect or complex cardiac
      malformations. It is difficult to diagnose this abnormality by cardiac
      catheterization and even during surgery. Continuous oximetry during a fiberoptic
      catheter pull-back in the coronary sinus ensures the diagnosis in the case of
      atrial left-to-right shunt. The anatomy, hemodynamics, diagnostic procedures, and
      the therapy of the cases reported are discussed.

PMID- 2409623
TI  - Pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle following cardiac surgery. Report of 3 cases
      and review of the literature.
AB  - Three cases of pseudoaneurysms of the left ventricle after aneurysmectomy are
      presented. Pseudoaneurysm formation was evidently caused by infection in one
      case. In the 2 other cases the pathogenetic mechanism remains uncertain. Both
      local infection or a superimposed new myocardial infarction might have been
      responsible for pseudoaneurysm formation. In each instance diagnosis was
      suggested by one or more noninvasive techniques (echocardiography, isotopic
      ventriculography, CT-scanning) and confirmed by cineangiocardiography. Two
      patients were successfully reoperated while the third died shortly after surgery.
      Special attention is drawn to the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying
      postoperative pseudoaneurysm formation. Finally, the diagnostic value of non
      invasive technique is discussed.

PMID- 2409624
TI  - Congenital aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva. Surgical repair in an infant.
AB  - We report the case of a 5-month-old infant with cardiac failure and an unruptured
      aneurysm of the right coronary sinus of Valsalva. Emphasis is put on the
      diagnostic value of the echocardiogram. Cardiac failure was probably due to a
      combination of aortic regurgitation and compression of the outflow tract of the
      right ventricle. The surgical approach is discussed. The defect was repaired
      through an aortotomy. The aneurysmal sac was resected and an aortic valvuloplasty
      was performed. Twelve months postoperatively the patient continues to be
      asymptomatic; an aortic root angiogram shows only trivial aortic insufficiency.

PMID- 2409625
TI  - Late pulmonary embolization of a retained pacemaker electrode fragment after
      attempted transatrial extraction.
AB  - Embolization of pacemaker electrode fragments into the pulmonary circulation is a
      rare complication following transvenous pacemaker implantation. One such case is
      reported here. In a 67-year-old patient, a battery pocket infection developed
      after transvenous pacemaker implantation and subsequent surgical revision. After
      removal of the pacemaker and ventricular pacing lead, the atrial lead broke
      within the superior vena cava when prolonged traction was applied after
      frustrating attempts to extract the electrode. Attempts to extract the fragment
      transvenously using endoscopic forceps were unsuccessful. Due to firm fixation of
      the electrode by extensive fibrous scar tissue in the atrial wall, a further
      attempt to remove the retained electrode fragment by atriotomy also failed. On
      the first postoperative day, the fragment migrated to the left pulmonary artery,
      from where it was successfully extracted by means of a Dormier basket.

PMID- 2409626
TI  - Steroids and cardioplegia. An experimental evaluation of glucocorticoid
      supplementation to cardioplegic solutions in clinical use.
AB  - The influence of glucocorticoid supplementation to cardioplegic solutions is
      still open to debate. The isolated working rat heart model was used to test the
      efficacy of glucocorticoid (methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS]
      supplementation to 2 clinical cardioplegic solutions. Hearts were subjected to
      either 80 minutes or 120 minutes of hypothermic (18.5 degrees C) global ischemia
      after single-dose administration (4 degrees C) of one of the cardioplegic
      solutions A ("Hamburg" solution) or B (simple potassium-based solution). Each
      cardioplegic solution was infused containing either MPSS in the clinically used
      concentration (250 mg/l or 500 mg/l for solution A and B, respectively) or
      without MPSS. The recovery of aortic flow, coronary flow, peak aortic pressure
      and heart rate was compared with preischemic control values. Creatine kinase (CK)
      release was measured in the early reperfusion period and the myocardial content
      of ATP was measured at 30 minutes of reperfusion. Solution B provided only a
      moderate protection against ischemic damage. Inclusion of MPSS 500 mg/l slightly
      improved the recovery of physiological indices, reduced CK leakage and increased
      myocardial ATP. Solution A provided a more effective protection against ischemia.
      The addition of MPSS in this situation did not affect the overall postischemic
      recovery. We suggest that the addition of MPSS may improve the protective
      properties of a cardioplegic solution when the ischemic injury is rather severe.

PMID- 2409627
TI  - Clinical advantages of papaverine cardioplegia.
AB  - To determine the efficacy of papaverine in improving myocardial protection by
      causing a uniform distribution of the cardioplegic solution, a prospective study
      was carried out in 200 consecutive patients undergoing various open heart
      procedures. Several parameters (creatine kinase MB, electron microscopy of
      myocardium, perioperative myocardial infarction rate, frequency of postoperative
      arrhythmias) were monitored and compared with those of a control group which
      consisted of the previous 200 consecutive patients in whom the same cardioplegic
      solution was used, but without papaverine. In the papaverine group the operative
      mortality due to low cardiac output was 0.5% compared to 3%, and the spontaneous
      recovery of the heart after release of the aortic cross-clamp was 89% compared to
      47% in the control group (P less than 0.01). The perioperative myocardial
      infarction rate was 5% and the incidence of postoperative temporary arrhythmias
      was also 5% in the papaverine group, while in the control group the perioperative
      myocardial infarction rate was 10% and the postoperative arrhythmia incidence was
      13% (P less than 0.01).

PMID- 2409628
TI  - Computerized system for the follow-up of patients with heart valve replacements.
AB  - A system is described which will accept, store, retrieve and analyze information
      on large numbers of patients who undergo valve replacement surgery. The purpose
      of the database is to yield readily available facts concerning the patient's
      clinical course, prosthetic valve function, length of survival, and incidence of
      complications. The system uses the Apple Macintosh computer, which is one of the
      current examples of small, desk-top microprocessors. The software for the input,
      editing and analysis programs has been written by a professional software writer
      in close collaboration with a cardiac surgeon. Its content is based on 8 years'
      experience of computer-based valve follow-up. The system is inexpensive and has
      proved easy to use in practice.

PMID- 2409629
TI  - Hemoconcentration during open heart operations.
AB  - During surgical procedures with extracorporeal circulation the method of
      hemoconcentration by means of blood ultrafiltration was employed to control
      hemodilution in 84 patients. Disposable plate or hollow fiber dialyzers and a
      specially designed hemoconcentrator were used. The amount of ultrafiltrate
      received from one patient varied between 750 and 6250 cc, with a mean of 2588 +/-
      221 cc, which was almost similar to the amount of cardioplegic solution given to
      the patients. Hemoconcentration by means of ultrafiltration is a relatively
      simple, safe and effective method of hemodilution control during extracorporeal
      circulation. In contrast to the centrifuging method (plasmapheresis) it preserves
      plasma proteins. The method is indicated for patients undergoing surgical
      procedures with heart-lung bypass and uncontrolled profound hemodilution,
      especially for patients with renal insufficiency. Hemoconcentration helps to
      reduce blood loss and bank blood usage. The employment of this method is not
      accompanied by any significant disturbances in humoral homeostasis.
      Hemoconcentration requires a larger volume of electrolyte solutions (sodium
      bicarbonate, potassium chloride) during heart-lung bypass. The method can be
      recommended for routine use in clinics operating on the open heart.

PMID- 2409630
TI  - Surgical treatment of the post-infarction left ventricular aneurysm. Factors
      influencing early and late results.
AB  - The early and late results of a 4 year surgical experience with 119 left
      ventricular aneurysms (LVA) are analyzed. The most common indication for surgery
      was angina in 78 patients, congestive heart failure (CHF) in 34, arrhythmia in 5
      and recurrent embolism in 1. One patient was operated on prophylactically. There
      were 112 "anterior" and 7 "posterior" aneurysms. Preoperative ventricular
      function was significantly worse in the CHF group. LVA resection was carried out
      in 105 patients and a plicature in other 14. In 92 cases the procedure was
      combined with a myocardial revascularization. Additional cardiac procedures were
      performed in 14 patients. Overall early (5.9%) and late mortality (18.7%) was
      significantly higher in the CHF group than in the angina group (14.7% versus
      1.3%, p less than 0.01, and 37.9% versus 12.9%, p less than 0.01, respectively).
      Associated surgical procedures (p less than 0.001) and acuity of the LVA (p less
      than 0.05) also increased the operative risk. The 5 year-survival was better for
      the angina group (85.7 +/- 4%) and arrhythmias group (80 +/- 22%) than for CHF
      patients (46.7 +/- 19%) (p = 0.052). Functional improvement was uniform between
      survivors of all groups (73.2%). In 15 patients with pre- and postoperative
      studies hemodynamic parameters were found improved although only a global
      contractile score did reach significant levels (p less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409631
TI  - Changes in myocardial oxygen demand and instantaneous ventricular vascular volume
      during prolonged cross-clamping and reperfusion of the abdominal aorta.
AB  - In 47 animals (rats, rabbits) the cardiac side effects of prolonged (3 to 6
      hours) abdominal aortic cross-clamping and unclamping (3 to 6 hours) were
      investigated. The relative instantaneous ventricular vascular volume (IVVV), a
      factor reflecting myocardial blood supply and the rate pressure product (RPP)
      representing myocardial oxygen demand were used as parameters. Following cross
      clamping the IVVV showed an initial decrease while the myocardial oxygen demand
      revealed a sudden increase. After unclamping, the myocardial oxygen demand
      decreased and IVVV improved. Minimal levels of both IVVV and RPP occurred at 6
      hours following unclamping. This may be an effect of a myocardial inhibiting
      substance, released by ischemia and necrosis of the lower extremity.

PMID- 2409632
TI  - The treatment of low retrosternal tracheal stenosis in the neonate and small
      children.
AB  - In the years 1979 to 1983, 8 infants or small children under 2 years of age were
      treated for severe low retrosternal (carinal) tracheal stenosis. The etiology was
      iatrogenic (postintubation) in 7 cases and congenital in one. Low tracheal
      stenosis was seen in 0.4% of all intubated (1607 patients) neonates during the
      same time period. In 6 cases of acute obstruction, diagnostic bronchoscopy was
      used to relieve the stenosis by forcefully dilating the trachea. One patient died
      and all had severe complications, but 3 children are living and doing well
      without further treatment. Only short granular retrosternal stenoses appeared to
      be suitable for violent dilatation, which is indicated if the patient is
      otherwise facing death due to suffocation. All other operative facilities must be
      at hand. Resection of low retrosternal trachea under cardiopulmonary bypass was
      performed in 4 patients - 2 of them had had earlier unsuccessful dilatations. One
      patient, aged 1.5 months, died. In this case the obstruction extended into both
      bronchi. Another patient was re-resected with success. The follow-up time of the
      3 living patients with resection is already 2.4, 4.5 and 4.7 years respectively.
      The patients are living a normal life and the anastomoses are growing normally.

PMID- 2409633
TI  - A F(ab')2 fragment blocking study of the HLA-B14 antigen.
AB  - The HLA-B14 antigen exists in two serologically distinct forms termed Bw64 and
      Bw65. These two B14 subgroups were studied using the ability of F(ab')2 fragments
      from HLA-B14 and Bw6 antisera to block the binding of cytotoxic HLA antibodies
      directed towards the same or an adjacent antigenic site. The findings suggest
      that the B14 antigen consists of several antigenic determinants some of which are
      spatially distinct and others which are closely associated. A "common"
      determinant possessed by both B14 subtypes is proposed which is separate from a
      Bw64 (or Bw65) site. Additional determinants that B14 shares with B8, B18 and
      B38/B39 appear to be distinct from the Bw64/Bw65 site, variably associated with
      the B14 "common" determinant but closely adjoining the Bw6 antigen.

PMID- 2409634
TI  - Ultrastructure of nematocyst discharge in catch tentacles of the sea anemone
      Haliplanella luciae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa).
AB  - The mature nematocyst lies just beneath the cnidodyte plasma membrane. A
      microtubule array surrounds the nematocyst capsule just beneath the capsule tip.
      We propose that the array helps to hold the capsule at the cnidocyte cell surface
      until discharge. The undischarged capsule tip is sealed by three apical flaps,
      joined together along complex radial seams. The seams are filled with subunits
      that appear to bind the flaps together. Upon discharge, the flaps separate along
      the radial seams to permit thread eversion. The everted thread is lined on both
      sides by subunits that are stained by antimonate, indicating that they bind
      calcium. We suggest that, together, the subunits hold the uneverted thread in its
      folded and coiled configuration. Thread eversion would follow subunit uncoupling.
      The capsule and thread interiors of partially discharged nematocysts are stained
      by antimonate. In contrast, the capsule and thread interiors of fully discharged
      nematocysts are not stained by antimonate. Thus, nematocyst calcium might be
      injected into the target tissue where it is presumed to act in conjunction with
      nematocyst venom to promote cell death.

PMID- 2409635
TI  - [Diagnosis of prostatic diseases in the dog using ultrasonics].
AB  - The use of sonography in diagnosing prostate gland diseases has proven very
      helpful. In contrast to x-raying, it allows the exact determination of the size
      and position of the prostate, without invasive methods or the danger of side
      effects. It also allows the evaluation of its inner construction. For the
      veterinarian, this is important when weighing the different therapeutic
      possibilities. Through sonographic findings the kind, extent and localisation of
      necessary surgery can be decided before hand. The prognosis is facilitated and a
      continuous control of the intraprostatic process can be carried out, (for
      example; regression after castration, marsupialisation or antibiotic therapy).
      One must point out that, when judging prostate gland diseases, the diagnosis
      should never be made solely on sonographic results, but only in combination with
      clinical and laboratory examinations.

PMID- 2409636
TI  - [The importance of veterinary medical research for human medicine. History of
      coagulation inhibition by dicumarol (analogs)].
AB  - Veterinarians and physicians are frequently not fully aware of the
      interdependencies of veterinary and human medicine. This short outline of the
      history of anticoagulation by dicumarol(analogues) beginning with the observation
      in 1922 of a previously unknown illness in cattle is intended to point out this
      important interrelation.

PMID- 2409637
TI  - Transmission and scanning electron microscopic study of chlordecone (Kepone)
      induced changes in the male mouse choroid plexus.
AB  - To investigate the effects of the estrogenic insecticide chlordecone on the
      morphology of mouse choroid plexus, 4 different doses (100.0, 250.0, 500.0 and
      1000.0 micrograms) of the chemical were administered intraperitoneally to groups
      of adult males. Concurrent with the chlordecone treatments, another group of
      males received 10.0 micrograms estradiol-17 beta; the control group was treated
      with sesame oil vehicle. After 15 days of daily chemical injections, the mice
      were terminated and the choroid plexus from fourth ventricle examined
      morphologically. Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopic
      examination of control choroid plexus showed the cuboidal epithelium profusely
      covered with microvilli. SEM examinations of choroid plexus epithelium after
      chlordecone treatments revealed dose-dependent, cell alterations that effected
      the microvilli and cell surfaces. After the highest chlordecone dose, microvilli
      were no longer visible, the choroidal cell membrane appeared either smooth or
      pitted and there was evidence of increased luminal debris. TEM observations of
      the same choroid plexus cells revealed vacuolated cytoplasm, dilated endoplasmic
      reticulum, vacuolated mitochondria with disrupted cristae and cellular
      degeneration. SEM and TEM examination of choroid plexus after estradiol
      treatments revealed similar cellular alterations to those recorded after
      chlordecone treatments. The possible significance of these data are discussed.

PMID- 2409638
TI  - Comparison of known sodium-channel blockers in DFP toxicity.
AB  - Research on potential therapeutic agents for organophosphate toxicity has
      traditionally been directed toward blocking the action of acetylcholine on its
      muscarinic receptors or on reactivating the inhibited catalytic enzyme. Here, we
      used a whole-animal lethality paradigm to study another potential antidotal
      mechanism: pharmacological disruption of the sodium channel conductance
      associated with agonist action on cholinergic receptors. Mice were injected with
      several drugs which have in common the ability to block sodium-channels. Drugs
      tested were ketamine, phenobarbital, lidocaine, morphine, prednisolone, and
      lithium. All mice were injected with DFP (7.6 mg/kg) plus atropine; the treatment
      groups were simultaneously injected with the test drug, while controls received
      an equal volume of physiological saline. All the test drugs, at one or more
      doses, revealed protection, not only in terms of prolonging symptom onset but
      also in terms of mortality. The reduction in mortality was quantitatively similar
      for each drug. Although the various drugs could have protected by many different,
      coincidental mechanisms, a more parsimonious explanation is that the effect could
      have been due to one property which all had in common; namely, sodium-channel
      blockade.

PMID- 2409639
TI  - Sister chromatid exchanges in Tradescantia paludosa.
AB  - A modified fluorescence-plus-Giemsa technique is described that allows
      differential staining of sister chromatids in root tip cells from cuttings of
      Tradescantia paludosa. With this staining technique, chromatids with both DNA
      strands unsubstituted are differentiated from chromatids containing 5-bromouracil
      in place of thymine in one of the strands of the DNA duplex. The baseline level
      of sister chromatid exchanges was shown to be dependent on the concentration of 5
      bromodeoxyuridine in the treatment solution, the mean frequency being 43.5 sister
      chromatid exchanges per cell for the experimental protocol suggested.

PMID- 2409640
TI  - An improved method for identifying 8-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid.
AB  - The periodic acid/thionin-Schiff/potassium hydroxide/periodic acid/fuchsin-Schiff
      sequence developed by Culling et al. frequently causes damage to sections and
      gives inconsistent results because of insufficient primary oxidation and
      difficulties in making the thionin-Schiff reagent. These disadvantages have been
      largely eliminated by more thorough primary oxidation and by replacing the
      original thionin-Schiff with a new cold thionin-Schiff. The effect of alkaline
      hydrolysis on thionin-aldehyde complexes was also studied and the reduction of
      color caused by this treatment was restored by a second thionin-Schiff reaction.
      The new sequence gives consistent results and imparts greater color to the
      thionin-Schiff reaction.

PMID- 2409641
TI  - A new slide holder for immune staining.
AB  - The construction of a Perspex slide holder for use in immune staining is
      described. The apparatus allows large numbers of slides to be stained at once and
      makes the procedure less tedious than it would otherwise be.

PMID- 2409642
TI  - Tannic acid in histology: an historical perspective.
AB  - The development of tannic acid as a reagent in histological methods is traced
      against a background of widespread use in science and technology from times of
      antiquity. Numerous light microscopic methods involving tannic acid, particularly
      in conjunction with iron and silver, have been described for a variety of tissue
      components. In most applications, tannic acid functions as a mordant. Current use
      is generally restricted to methods based on its affinity for collagen. The most
      significant histological use of tannic acid in contemporary times is as an
      adjunct to conventional glutaraldehyde-osmium-heavy metal fixation and staining
      for ultrastructural studies of tissue structures not normally clearly
      demonstrated. Tannic acid reacts with various components by mechanisms which are
      often not fully understood.

PMID- 2409643
TI  - Lycramine brilliant blue JL: a new stain for human megakaryocytes.
AB  - Using the acrylic textile dye Lycramine brilliant blue JL, mature and immature
      megakaryocytes from human bone marrow specimens stained metachromatically bright
      lavender. This coloration was not observed in other types of bone marrow cells.
      After digestion with either diastase or ribonuclease, subsequent staining of
      marrow specimens did not reveal a significant diminution of the intensity of
      staining of megakaryocytes. However, after incubation with hyaluronidase followed
      by staining with Lycramine brilliant blue JL, staining of megakaryocyte cytoplasm
      was either imperceptible or very pale blue. Accordingly, at least one of the
      substances responsible for the staining reaction is acid mucopolysaccharide in
      the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes. With further experience and comparison with
      established immunologic and cytochemical techniques, staining of megakaryocytes
      with Lycramine brilliant blue JL may be a useful addition to the cytochemistry of
      blood and bone marrow cells.

PMID- 2409644
TI  - Colorimetry for the stain technologist. IV. Analysis of the components of color
      difference.
AB  - Total color differences have been calculated for various pairs of stained
      microscopic substrates. The latter include azure B/eosin stained blood cells and
      Papanicolaou stained cells from the uterine cervix. Both the CIE L*u*v* and
      L*a*b* color spaces have been used. Total color differences have been analyzed in
      terms of lightness, hue and chroma components. Various discrepancies have been
      noted among these components, especially the chroma difference, for the two
      spaces. It is concluded that current color-difference formulae are less than
      perfect, although they can provide much useful information.

PMID- 2409645
TI  - Implication of the Thy-1 antigen on mouse thymus cells in the recognition of
      'self' structures.
AB  - Thymus cells of mice form rosettes with autologous and allogeneic erythrocytes.
      The nature of the thymus cell receptors which mediate the binding of erythrocytes
      is not known. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of various
      antisera to T-cell specific antigens on the formation of rosettes by mouse thymus
      cells. In all strains of mice tested, the exposure of thymus cells to rabbit anti
      mouse brain serum (RABR) was found to inhibit autorosette formation. Similarly,
      monoclonal Thy-1 antibodies inhibited the formation of autorosettes by thymus
      cells in all strains tested. Monoclonal antibodies against Lyt-1, Lyt-2, and TL
      determinants had no such effect. Monoclonal Thy-1 antibodies inhibited the
      formation of rosettes with allogeneic erythrocytes only when the thymus contained
      the Lyt-2.2 allele (BALB/c, C57BL), but not when it contained the Lyt-2.1 allele
      (AKR/J, C3H, DBA/2). These results indicate that Thy-1 determinants on thymus
      cells are involved in the recognition of 'self' structures, shared by
      erythrocytes of all strains of mice. Lyt-2 determinants may play a role in the
      recognition of 'non-self', allogeneic determinants, but the thymus cell surface
      structures encoded by the two Lyt-2 alleles may differ in their affinity to
      allogeneic erythrocytes.

PMID- 2409646
TI  - Let the camera teach in the OR.

PMID- 2409647
TI  - Hemispheric retinal vein obstruction.

PMID- 2409648
TI  - Central retinal vein obstruction in the young adult.

PMID- 2409649
TI  - Didemnin B: a new immunosuppressive cyclic peptide with potent activity in vitro
      and in vivo.
AB  - Didemnin B (DB) is a 7-amino-acid, cyclic polypeptide with potent (10(7)-10(10)M)
      antiproliferative effects in vivo and in vitro against a variety of viruses and
      tumor cell lines. Because lymphocyte blastogenesis is essential for many immune
      responses, DB appeared likely to exert immunosuppressive effects as well. Using
      primary cultures of murine (Balb/c) splenic mononuclear cells to evaluate this
      possibility, we found that DB was a potent (IC50 = 190 ng/ml) inhibitor of
      lymphocyte protein synthesis, although RNA synthesis and cell viability were
      unaffected. However, it markedly inhibited blastogenesis stimulated by
      concanavalin A (IC50 = 50 pg/ml), lipopolysaccharide (IC50 = less than 100 pg/ml)
      and alloantigen (IC50 = less than 10 pg/ml) when added to cultures immediately
      after stimulation. DB added later, at the time of thymidine labeling was much
      less potent (1/46-1/1430), suggesting that the lymphocyte activation process is
      particularly sensitive to this agent. Our finding that alloantigen-driven
      proliferation was exquisitely sensitive to DB (greater than 90% inhibition at 10
      pg/ml) led us to test its effects in vivo using the Simonsen parental-to-F1 graft
      versus-host reaction (GVHR). Treatment of graft recipients with 0.05, 0.10, and
      0.20 mg DB/kg/day for 7 days produced 51%, 40%, and 60% inhibition of
      splenomegaly induced by the GVHR, and treatment with 0.3 mg/kg/day on days 1, 2,
      4, and 6 inhibited 71%. These data show that the in vitro inhibition of
      alloantigen-driven blastogenesis by DB was reproduced by in vivo treatment as
      well, even across major histocompatibility differences. This leads us to conclude
      that DB has potent immunosuppressive activity both in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 2409650
TI  - [Parameters of incurability in urinary bladder cancer].
AB  - Curative treatment of bladder cancer is limited to superficial tumors (Ta-T2).
      Advanced stages (T3a + T3b) can be treated only palliatively even when confined
      to the bladder (N0, M0). Nevertheless the differentiation between curable and
      incurable tumors is difficult. The classification of patients into the two
      different categories is usually done on the basis of tumor infiltration and lymph
      node involvement. In this retrospective study all available data of patients with
      bladder cancer were evaluated for their prognostic reliability in order to obtain
      a safe basis for further therapeutic approaches. The principal aim was to define
      parameters of reliable prognostic significance to prevent under- or overtreatment
      during the entire course of the disease.

PMID- 2409651
TI  - [Analysis of the surgical treatment of patients with prostatic adenoma].

PMID- 2409652
TI  - [State of local renal hemostasis in experimental nephritis after the
      administration of heparin, antithrombin III and prodectin].

PMID- 2409653
TI  - Comparison between bladder wall's strain analysis and CMG in clinical
      urodynamics: preliminary report.
AB  - On the basis of data obtained in previous experimental investigations, the
      application of a new physical entity, "strain" (sigma), was evaluated in bladder
      dynamics. In this preliminary study 12 cases of urodynamically evaluated subjects
      are reported; the significance of the traditional P(V) curves is critically
      compared with the new sigma (V) curve, proposed by the authors.

PMID- 2409656
TI  - Dynamic approach to transurethral resection of large prostate adenoma.
AB  - Since it is not how much tissue is removed but rather how much is left behind
      that attests to the quality of a TURP, an explanation of four common
      complications is offered hoping that with this increased understanding the
      resectionist will be more comfortable with the procedure and undertake careful
      resection of larger prostate glands. The following guidelines are offered: (1)
      allow time after the initial resection of easily reached adenoma for the delivery
      by the contracting capsule of the peripheral adenoma and the apical masses. One
      can always return to these areas for further rapid resection. (2) Do not resect
      within 0.5 or 1.0 cm of the bladder neck until the very end of the procedure.
      This will minimize the undermining of the vesicle neck and the "climbing" of the
      trigone. It will also allow for the preservation of vesicle mucosa up to or over
      the bladder neck thus lessening the chance of later contracture at this site. (3)
      Do not resect the juxta capsular adenoma in the "levator ani area" until near the
      end of the procedure.

PMID- 2409654
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of tumor-associated antigens with the aid of
      monoclonal and polyclonal antisera in carcinoma of the bladder.
AB  - Keratin was identified with the aid of polyclonal antisera in the cytoplasm in
      over 90% of the transitional cell carcinomas investigated. The intensity of
      staining increased with the degree of dedifferentiation. Detection of cytokeratin
      with monoclonal antibodies was successful in over 80% of samples. All squamous
      cell carcinomas of the bladder were strongly positive for keratin and
      cytokeratin. CEA was found in 20% of the G1 and 40% of the G2 and G3 carcinomas
      of the bladder. Both the prostatic epithelium markers PSA and PAP and the
      monoclonal antibody Ca1 were negative in all cases.

PMID- 2409655
TI  - Lipids in human benign prostatic hypertrophy.
AB  - Lipids in human prostate have been the subject of limited research and the most
      complete studies were published forty years ago. In this study we report on the
      total lipid, total cholesterol, free cholesterol and triglyceride content in
      human benign prostatic hypertrophy. By means of thin-layer chromatography, we
      separated the cholesterolesters in five fractions. The effect of treatment with
      anti-androgens before prostatectomy was examined.

PMID- 2409657
TI  - [Surgical treatment of pancreonecrosis].

PMID- 2409658
TI  - [Bile-diverting anastomoses in tumorous obturation of the bile ducts].
AB  - The authors make an analysis of the operative treatment of 525 patients with
      cancer of the hepato-biliary and pancreatoduodenal zones. The distal, central and
      proximal obturations of bile ducts were found which determined the indications to
      formation of various bilio-digestive anastomoses. The operation of choice for
      distal obturation is a wide areflux cholecystogastrostomy with the use of blanket
      suture with the chromium-coated catgut. In the central and proximal obturation
      the precision suture with an atraumatic suture material and magnifying optics are
      recommended.

PMID- 2409659
TI  - Approaches to cancer therapy using biological response modifiers.

PMID- 2409660
TI  - Haemagglutination inhibition antibody titres in chickens vaccinated with
      infectious bronchitis virus vaccines.

PMID- 2409661
TI  - Histometric and chemical methods for determining collagen in meats.
AB  - In this paper we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using histometric
      and chemical methods for detecting collagenous connective tissue in meat
      products. Twelve samples of different kinds of smoked sausage meat of known
      recipe were examined chemically and by two histometric procedures. The results
      obtained with the histometric procedures were almost identical (r = .96) and
      there was a strong correlation (r = .88) between the results of one histometric
      procedure and those obtained with the chemical method. It is concluded that
      histometric and chemical testing methods are equally valuable in that they both
      provide an objective quality judgement of the meat under investigation. However,
      since both methods have certain drawbacks and involve certain errors they should
      be used in conjunction with each other and not independently. In this way it
      should be possible to obtain a more complete picture of the composition and/or
      quality of meats than that obtained via chemical analysis alone.

PMID- 2409662
TI  - [Production of a specific gamma globulin against infectious atrophic rhinitis in
      swine].
AB  - A specific gamma globulin against infectious atrophic rhinitis in swine was
      produced following a pattern that was worked out for the hyperimmunization of
      serum-producing swine. Used were strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica and
      Mycoplasma hyorhinis isolated by the authors. The hyperimmune serum obtained was
      processed after Cohn's method which was improved by Ponamarova and Nechaeva. The
      preparation obtained was innocuous and immunogenic for both test animals and
      pigs. It rendered protection when applied at the rate of 0.4 cm3 per kg body
      mass. At 1 cm3, i/m, it was found to act therapeutically.

PMID- 2409663
TI  - [Detection of Hexamita meleagridis in Bulgaria].
AB  - Protozoa of the Hexamita meleagridis species were isolated for the first time in
      this country. The infection was observed in turkeys at the age of 2 to 5 weeks.
      The parasite was shown to have oval body measuring 8.16 Mm (length) and 3.55 Mm
      (width) two nuclei, and eight symmetrically attached filaments. The latter were
      shown to serve Hexamita organisms which exhibit exclusive motility. The
      identification of the parasite was made through the study of smears (of the
      content of small intestines with catarrhal inflammation) under the microscope in
      a dark field or with staining after Giemsa. Demonstration proved possible only
      with the use of either freshly killed turkeys that were clinically affected with
      the disease or dead turkeys that were still warm. At the second hour following
      death no Hexamita were found.

PMID- 2409664
TI  - The immunogold-silver staining method. A powerful tool in histopathology.
AB  - Immunostaining of routinely fixed, wax embedded tissues may present problems to
      the pathologist since destruction of antigens can lead to false negative results.
      In an attempt to overcome this problem, we have compared the results of the
      standard peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) method with those obtained using the
      newly developed and very sensitive immunogold-silver staining (IGSS) method.
      Sections from routine histopathological material as well as from normal tissue
      specimens were used in the comparison. Antisera to a variety of antigens commonly
      employed in pathology were used, including regulatory peptides and a range of
      other markers. In all cases the IGSS method was found to give superior or at
      least equal results to those obtained with the PAP technique. In some cases
      staining was obtained with IGSS method when the PAP technique gave no result. The
      intense black reaction product allowed much easier and more rapid screening of
      immunostained preparations as well as permitting sections to be counterstained
      with routine histological stains such as haematoxylin and eosin. It is therefore
      suggested that immunogold-silver staining is a valuable technique for the
      pathologist, particularly when examining overfixed or badly processed tissues.

PMID- 2409665
TI  - Adenosquamous carcinoma of the ileum. Report of a case and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Adenosquamous carcinomas of the intestine are rare tumours, especially those
      occurring in the small bowel. We report the first case of a metastasizing
      adenosquamous carcinoma of the ileum in a 74 year old male. The tumour mainly
      consisted of squamous cells, many of which reacted with antikeratin antibody. A
      review of the pertinent literature is given.

PMID- 2409666
TI  - Immunohistochemical characterization of an anti-epithelial monoclonal antibody
      (mAB lu-5).
AB  - A mouse monoclonal antibody (mAB lu-5) was prepared using a lung cancer cell line
      as an antigen. The selected clone produces an IgG with a gamma-1 heavy chain and
      a kappa-light-chain. Immunohistochemical testing of mAB lu-5 on 117 normal tissue
      biopsies and 474 tumours revealed reactivity with an intracytoplasmic,
      formaldehyderesistant antigen present in most epithelial and mesothelial cells,
      but absent in mesenchymal cells. The antibody can therefore be used as a first
      order, pan-epithelial marker. It proved also useful for fast tumour diagnosis on
      frozen sections.

PMID- 2409667
TI  - Anti-PHF antibodies: an immunohistochemical marker of the lesions of the
      Alzheimer's disease. Characterization and comparison with Bodian's silver
      impregnation.
AB  - An immune serum raised against paired helical filaments (PHF) was able to stain
      senils plaques (SP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) specifically, the two
      characteristic lesions of the dementia of Alzheimer-type. This polyclonal
      antibody against PHF was characterized by immunochemistry and also compared with
      the classical Bodian silver staining. NFT and SP were observed where they were
      expected: in the fronto-temporal neo-cortex and hippocampus of Alzheimer-type
      patients, and also in hippocampus of non-demented elderly subjects. The pattern
      of SP visualized by the two methods was identical whereas NFT were not detected
      specifically by silver salts, specially in the nervous tissue where NFT were in
      discrete quantities. Since the preparation of the antigen is very easy and the
      resulting antibodies are specific, we conclude that this technique will be of
      considerable interest for routine neuropathological diagnosis. Finally, the
      properties of our anti-PHF antibody are compared with those reported in the
      literature. This antibody will probably be a good tool for the identification of
      the chemical nature of PHF components.

PMID- 2409668
TI  - Heterogeneity of p15(E)-related polypeptides expressed by MuLV-infected cells.
AB  - The p15(E)-related polypeptides of radiation leukemia virus (RadLV)-derived
      viruses and of cells infected with prototype MuLV were analyzed by
      immunoprecipitation, SDS-PAGE, and immunofluorescence analyses. It was found that
      the p15(E)-related molecules of ecotropic and xenotropic viruses derived from
      RadLV lymphoma cell lines were distinguishable by reactivity with monoclonal anti
      p15(E) antibodies and by SDS-PAGE profile. Ecotropic MuLV of RadLV origin encoded
      the p15(E)a antigen and produced a Pr15(E) of 20K MW. In contrast, xenotropic
      virus derived from RadLV did not express the p15(E)a antigen and by SDS-PAGE its
      Pr15(E) migrated at 21K. A previously undescribed, p15(E)-related molecule of
      18.5K MW was associated with xenotropic RadLV. These differences were also
      reproduced by the prototype ecotropic, xenotropic, and dualtropic viruses.

PMID- 2409670
TI  - Human cytomegalovirus polypeptides stimulate neutralizing antibody in vivo.
AB  - At least three human cytomegalovirus polypeptides are targets for virus
      neutralizing antibody; a single protein of 86,000 molecular weight (p86) and two
      coimmunoprecipitating proteins of 130,000 and 55,000 molecular weight (p130/55).
      These polypeptides have been isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography and tested
      for immunogenicity in guinea pigs. Neutralizing antibody was detected after
      immunization with both p86 and p130/55. Hyperimmune sera to p130/55, but not p86,
      were dependent upon guinea pig complement for virus neutralization.

PMID- 2409669
TI  - Inhibition of Rous sarcoma virus production by formycin.
AB  - The effect of formycin, an adenosine analog, on the growth of chick embryo
      fibroblasts and on Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) production was studied. An adverse
      effect on cell proliferation was observed in the presence of 10 microM formycin.
      Treatment with 5 microM formycin for 24 hr reduced by a factor of about 1000 the
      yield of infections progeny whereas the cell growth remained unaltered. Moreover
      the few particles released in the presence of formycin showed a markedly
      decreased ability to synthesize viral cDNA. This impairment was shown to be
      related to a nonfunctional primer tRNA.

PMID- 2409671
TI  - Antigenic determinants of influenza virus hemagglutinin. XI. Conformational
      changes detected by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - At pH 5 influenza virus hemagglutinin undergoes an irreversible conformational
      change (J.J. Skehel, P. M. Bayley, E. B. Brown, S. R. Martin, M. D. Waterfield,
      J. M. White, I. A. Wilson, and D. C. Wiley (1982). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79,
      968-972) which parallels the appearance of fusion activity of this molecule. This
      paper describes experiments which explore the conformational change using a panel
      of monoclonal antibodies which define four of the major antigenic sites of this
      protein. The results indicate that three of the major antigenic sites of
      hemagglutinin undergo changes when exposed to acid pH. These changes have little
      effect on the binding avidity of influenza virus to glycophorin, the major
      receptor present on the red blood cell surface. These findings have been used to
      postulate a mechanism where the molecule flexes around a central region resulting
      in rearrangement in space of its component domains on exposure to low pH.

PMID- 2409672
TI  - Sequences in the gag-pol-5'env region of avian leukosis viruses confer the
      ability to induce osteopetrosis.
AB  - DNA sequences encoding the genomes of three subgroup E avian leukosis viruses
      have been molecularly cloned. Virus recovered from one of these cloned DNAs (pRAV
      0) caused no osteopetrosis while virus recovered from the second (lambda NY203)
      caused late onset osteopetrosis and virus recovered from the third (lambda NTRE
      2) caused intermediate onset osteopetrosis. Restriction endonuclease fragments of
      the cloned viral DNAs were used to construct recombinant viruses that could be
      used to test for the role of gag-pol-5'env and 3'env-LTR sequences in the
      induction of osteopetrosis. The results of the pathogenicity tests indicate that
      gag-pol-5'env sequences confer the ability to induce osteopetrosis while 3'env
      LTR sequences influence the time of onset and the severity of osteopetrosis.

PMID- 2409673
TI  - [Therapeutic use of electro-aerosols and alternating magnetic fields in cardiac
      rhythm disorders in children].

PMID- 2409674
TI  - [Monoclonal antibodies in the radioimmunological diagnosis of malignant tumors of
      the gastrointestinal tract and ovaries].
AB  - The report deals with the clinical significance of application of two procedures
      of radioimmunologic assay of levels of monoclonal CA-19-9 and CA-125 antigens in
      diagnosing gastrointestinal and ovarian malignancies. The CA-19-9 antigen test
      appeared to be ineffective at the early stages of development of malignant tumors
      of the stomach, rectum and colon. The level of the antigen showed an increase in
      37% of cases of hepatic metastases only. However, the test may be instrumental in
      differentiating between inflammatory processes and malignancies in the
      pancreatohepatoduodenal area. CA-125 antigen serves as a discriminating marker
      for tumor involvement of the ovaries. However, its specificity in differentiating
      between benign and malignant tumors of this organ is under 63%.

PMID- 2409675
TI  - Detection of combined ABH and Lewis glycosphingolipids in sera of H-deficient
      donors.
AB  - The sera of H-normal, H-weak and H-deficient individuals transferred the same
      amounts of ABH and Lewis antigens to lymphocytes in culture, confirming that the
      circulating ABH and Lewis antigens detected by lymphocytotoxicity are independent
      of the H-h system. These antigens were, as expected, under the control of the
      secretor and Lewis systems in the same way as exocrine secretions. These results
      suggest that both circulating ABH and Lewis glycosphingolipids and exocrine ABH
      and Lewis glycoproteins can be synthesized by the same tissues.

PMID- 2409676
TI  - [Prospects for the prevention of viral infections by vaccination (review of the
      literature)].

PMID- 2409677
TI  - [Anesthesia of the celiac plexus in analgesia in cases of inoperable epigastric
      tumors].

PMID- 2409678
TI  - [Case of Whipple's disease].

PMID- 2409679
TI  - [Responsibility and risk of operations in aged tumor patients].

PMID- 2409680
TI  - [Identification of an amino acid conjugate in urine following the administration
      of lindane to rats].

PMID- 2409681
TI  - [Does cadmium play a role in the etiology and pathogenesis of prostate cancer?].

PMID- 2409682
TI  - [Reactivation of the alpha 1-fetoprotein synthesis in systemic lupus
      erythematosus].
AB  - Serum concentrations of AFP have been determined in patients suffering from
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or other "collagenoses" using fluorescence
      ELISA adapted to the chamber analytical technique. 20% of the SLE patients showed
      elevated AFP levels (range 30-233 ng/ml), some of them repeatedly. Only 2 of the
      14 patients without SLE had AFP levels above 30 ng/ml (37 resp. 40 ng/ml). In SLE
      sera there was a significant correlation of raised AFP to higher anti-dsDNA
      antibody concentrations (Mann-Whitney U-test: p = 0.042). The mean dosage of
      azathioprin and prednisone in patients with SLE did not significantly differ from
      the non-SLE group. We discuss the possible reactivation of AFP synthesis on
      account of SLE itself.

PMID- 2409683
TI  - [Vegetating basalioma].
AB  - A huge nodular and ulcerous basal cell carcinoma in a 78-year-old male patient
      slowly developed over a period of 10 years. Although the tumor had existed such a
      long time, there was no indication for destructive deep growth or formation of
      metastases.

PMID- 2409684
TI  - [Ventricular arrhythmias in left coronary main branch stensosis].
AB  - It is far from clear whether ischemia plays a major role in the genesis of
      ventricular arrhythmias in patients with chronic coronary heart disease. Since
      patients with left main coronary artery disease suffer from transient or even
      chronic ischemia including significant parts of the left ventricular muscle mass,
      it seems worthwhile looking for spontaneous arrhythmias in this particular
      clinical setting. Therefore we studied 56 patients (53 males, 3 females) with
      documented left main coronary artery disease (20 patients (35%) with 30-50%
      luminal narrowing, 36 patients (65%) with greater than or equal to 50% stenosis)
      using 24-hour continuous ambulatory electrocardiography. Only 5 patients were
      without ectopic activity. 32 patients (57%) showed ventricular extrasystoles
      (VES) of uniform or multiform configuration according to Lown class I-III,
      whereas 19 patients (34%) demonstrated consecutive VES equivalent to Lown class
      IV. In ten of the latter short runs of ventricular tachycardia (Lown IVb) were
      the maximal finding. No relation could be assessed between spontaneous
      ventricular arrhythmias and the extent of coronary artery disease, neither with
      regard to the degree of narrowing of the left main coronary artery, nor with
      regard to the additional coronary involvement in terms of 1-, 2- or 3-vessel
      disease. In contrast, there was a significant relationship between impaired left
      ventricular function in terms of biplane left ventricular ejection fraction and
      frequent VES (chi 2 = 11.272; p less than 0.01) as well as complex, namely
      consecutive forms (chi 2 = 9.548; p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2409685
TI  - [Electrophysiologic findings in patients with Kearns-Sayre syndrome--report on 2
      cases].
AB  - The Kearns-Sayre syndrome is identified by the triad of progressive external
      ophthalmoplegia, atypical pigmentary retinopathy, and conduction disturbances. In
      addition, clinical manifestations may include mental retardation, sensorineural
      deafness, cerebellar ataxia, and facial and peripheral muscle weakness.
      Morphologic alterations in skeletal muscle may be characterized by ragged-red
      fibers. Two patients with Kearns-Sayre syndrome underwent electrophysiological
      examination. The first patient had a first and second degree AV block (Mobitz
      type II), right bundle branch block, and left axis deviation. The His-bundle
      electrogram showed a prolonged HV interval as a hint at an intraventricular
      conduction delay. The signal-averaging technique and endocardial mapping revealed
      ventricular after-depolarizations. The second patient had an unsuspicious ECG,
      recurrent atrial tachycardias, normal atrial and ventricular conduction, and
      after-depolarizations in endocardial mapping. Two months later he showed a second
      degree AV block combined with clinical symptoms. Pacemakers were implanted in
      both patients. Beside disturbances of the conduction system in both patients
      signs of electrical instability of the myocardium were found. In this way the
      Kearns-Sayre syndrome may be seen as a form of cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2409686
TI  - [Gastrin receptors in the human gastrointestinal tract--behavior in cancer and
      gastroduodenal ulcer].

PMID- 2409687
TI  - [Stable isotopes in gastroenterology research and diagnosis].

PMID- 2409688
TI  - [Hepatitis progress report 1984].

PMID- 2409689
TI  - [Further education and general practice in the specialty of gastroenterology in
      Hessen].

PMID- 2409690
TI  - [Rational organization of gastroenterologic practice].

PMID- 2409691
TI  - [Gastroenterologic specialty practice: possibilities and limits].

PMID- 2409692
TI  - [Tasks in therapy and after care; a binding link to the clinic].

PMID- 2409693
TI  - [Quantitative methods for the functional activity of the liver].

PMID- 2409694
TI  - [Gastrointestinal motility: motility--secretion--resorption--transit: integrated
      processes in the digestive tract].

PMID- 2409695
TI  - [Severe reflux exophagitis. Conservative versus operative treatment. The
      internist viewpoint].

PMID- 2409696
TI  - [Severe reflux esophagitis--conservative versus operative treatment. The surgical
      viewpoint].

PMID- 2409697
TI  - [Ulcus pepticum ventriculi et duodeni--medicamentous recurrence prevention versus
      operation. The internist--surgical controversy].

PMID- 2409698
TI  - [Fistulas in Crohn disease--conservative versus operative treatment. The
      internist viewpoint].

PMID- 2409699
TI  - [Fistulas in Crohn disease--conservative versus operative treatment. [The
      surgical viewpoint].

PMID- 2409700
TI  - [Angiodysplasia--coagulation, sclerosing, operation? The internist viewpoint].

PMID- 2409701
TI  - [Angiodysplasia--coagulation, sclerosing, operation? The surgical viewpoint].

PMID- 2409702
TI  - [Liver abscess--conservative versus operative treatment. The internist
      viewpoint].

PMID- 2409703
TI  - [Liver abscess--conservative versus operative treatment. The surgical viewpoint].

PMID- 2409704
TI  - [Acute pancreatitis in choledocholithiasis--papillotomy versus operation. The
      internist viewpoint].

PMID- 2409705
TI  - [Acute pancreatitis in choledocholithiasis--papillotomy versus operation. The
      surgical viewpoint].

PMID- 2409706
TI  - [Monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis and therapy of gastrointestinal
      diseases].

PMID- 2409707
TI  - [Possibilities of tracer-kinetic image diagnosis using positron emission
      tomography].

PMID- 2409708
TI  - [Significance of glycoproteins and lectins in gastroenterology and hepatology].

PMID- 2409709
TI  - [In-vitro induced histamine liberation from mucous membrane of the stomach and
      duodenum before and following vagotomy].
AB  - In 13 patients suffering from duodenal ulcer and undergoing vagotomy biopsies
      were taken from mucosa of the gastric fundus and of the duodenum. Histamine
      release from the samples upon challenge to different food was assayed before and
      after vagotomy. Generally, more histamine was set free from gastric mucosa than
      from the duodenal one. However, in 11 of 13 subjects there was an alternative
      shift in the fundus and in the duodenum after vagotomy.

PMID- 2409710
TI  - [Regional enterocolitis--a problem rich disease picture in diagnosis and
      therapy].
AB  - Etiology, symptoms and diagnosis of Crohn's disease are described in a clinical
      study based on 37 patients. Drug therapy, surgery and their indications are
      discussed. Among 37 patients suffering from Crohn's disease of the complicated
      chronic type postoperative lethality amounted to 8.1%, the rate of complications
      came up to 37.8%. Recurrences after surgical therapy were observed in 40%. Toxic
      megacolon should be treated by the procedure of Turnbull.

PMID- 2409711
TI  - [External-internal bile duct drainage].

PMID- 2409712
TI  - Production of broad-spectrum bacteriocin-like activity by group A streptococci of
      particular M-types.
AB  - Application of a bacteriocin production (P)-typing scheme to group A streptococci
      has shown that approximately 10% of the tested strains inhibit the growth of all
      9 indicator bacteria, an activity referred to as P-type 777. Production of such
      activity was found to be restricted to 14 M-serotypes and within these M-types
      the incidence of P-type 777 activity was very high. There was no evidence of any
      correlation with the T-antigenic composition of the bacteria. Investigations of
      the conditions for production of P-type 777 activity and of its spectrum of
      activity indicate that the same inhibitory substance(s) are responsible for this
      inhibition in the various M-types of streptococci. Group C streptococcus strain
      T277 produces an inhibitor which has a similar activity spectrum to that of the P
      type 777 group A streptococci, but there were considerable differences in the
      production conditions. Whereas the group C inhibitor was particularly dependent
      on conditions of incubation (37 degrees C, anaerobic) the group A activity was
      more dependent on the composition of the test medium (source of blood agar base
      and blood requirement). All of the tested P-type 777 group A streptococci had
      identical inhibitory spectra. This was principally directed against gram-positive
      bacteria, including the producer strains themselves. Of interest was the
      occurrence of some insensitive strains in otherwise susceptible species of
      bacteria and the discovery of one sensitive gram-negative strain, Bacteroides
      intermedius. Production of P-type 777 activity does not appear to correlate with
      production of various streptococcal enzymes, including protease, hemolysin, DNase
      and amylase. Many P-type 777 strains are producers of opacity factor, another M
      type-associated product of group A streptococci. It is suggested that by the
      combined testing of group A streptococci for P-type 777 activity and for opacity
      factor it would be possible to narrow the choice of M-antisera to be used for
      typing purposes.

PMID- 2409713
TI  - The type-specific polysaccharide and the R protein antigens of the L-phase from a
      group B, type III Streptococcus.
AB  - The type-specific polysaccharide and the R protein antigens from filtered culture
      supernatants of the bacterial phase and L-phase of the group B, type III
      streptococcal strain 76-043 were studied by several immunological methods. In the
      L-phase of growth, the two antigens were separate and distinct molecules which
      were found principally in the culture supernatant even on the 254th serial
      subculture in the cell-wall-defective state. Only trace amounts of these antigens
      were detected in extracts of L-phase cells. The type III polysaccharide antigens
      in the supernatant of cultures of the parent bacterium and the L-phase gave
      reactions of identity in immunodiffusion. Precipitin bands obtained by
      immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) revealed that the type-specific antigen of the
      bacterial phase of growth migrated toward the anode, whereas that of the L-phase
      remained near the antigen well. The R protein antigen in the L-phase supernatant
      was immunologically identical to the R protein of the supernatant and 1% trypsin
      extracted antigens from whole cells of the parent bacterial strain, and other
      groups A, B and C streptococcal strains sharing a common R antigen.
      Immunologically, the R antigen appeared to be the species R4. The R protein of
      the L-phase and bacterial phase cultures was resistant to 5% trypsin but
      sensitive to 0.5% pepsin at 37 degrees C/2hr. Antiserum prepared in rabbits
      against L-phase cells contained an antibody reactive with the R protein antigens
      of the bacterial and L-phase cultures. The soluble, naturally released type III
      and R protein streptococcal antigens of the L-phase of growth permitted
      immunological confirmation of its bacterial origin.

PMID- 2409714
TI  - [Time requirements for positive blood cultures with reference to different
      methods of determining bacteria in blood cultures].
AB  - The time required for the first detection of bacteria in 926 blood-cultures has
      been evaluated for different methods. The microscopical examination of samples
      after staining with acridine-orange has been found to be a rapid and simple
      method, which may reduce in 88% of the samples the time required for the
      processing and thus increase the value of blood-cultures for the treatment of
      patients with bacteremia significantly. The results demonstrate that a rapid
      detection of bacteria in blood-cultures by chemical or microscopical methods is
      an indispensable part of the processing of blood-cultures, although it has been
      used only in few bacteriological laboratories until now.

PMID- 2409715
TI  - Interactions of plasma proteins with group A, B, C and G streptococci.
AB  - Streptococci of serological groups A, B, C and G displayed different binding
      activities for plasma proteins. Most of the streptococci studied, except those of
      group B, bound immunoglobulin G. All streptococci reacted with fibrinogen and,
      except those of group B, with fibronectin. The majority of streptococci, but none
      of group B, had an affinity for alpha 2-macroglobulin. Albumin was bound by all
      cultures of group G and a few of group C. Haptoglobulin interacted with only 1
      group A culture. None of the streptococci bound transferrin. The specificity of
      binding sites for 125I-labelled plasma proteins was revealed in a series of
      inhibition experiments with the unlabelled proteins. The binding sites on
      streptococci of group G showed different sensitivities to trypsin and pepsin.
      Reactivities for immunoglobulin G, however, remained unaffected after treatments
      of the streptococci with trypsin. Exposure to heat (30 min, 80 degrees C)
      partially inactivated binding activities for the plasma proteins. Sodium dodecyl
      sulphate and acetylimidazole strongly reduced binding of albumin and to a lesser
      extent that of alpha 2-macroglobulin. They had no or little effect on the
      interaction with the other plasma proteins. Dioxane decreased almost all binding
      activities. Ethanol partially diminished the binding of immunoglobulin G,
      fibrinogen, fibronectin and alpha 2-macroglobulin. Treatments of group G
      streptococci with guanidine, urea, formamide or methanol-HC1 did not affect their
      plasma protein binding activities.

PMID- 2409716
TI  - Cross protection of mice against different rabies virus isolates.
AB  - In an attempt to identify "atypical" strains which could account for vaccination
      failures, 10 street, one intermediate (DR19) and 4 fixed rabies virus isolates
      from men, cattle, dogs, cats, mongoose and vampire bats in five countries
      (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, and France) were studied by cross-protection
      tests in mice. For the purpose of this study, any virus that killed more than 20%
      of the vaccinated mice challenged with that virus was considered "atypical". When
      the suckling mouse brain rabies vaccine was used, two "atypical" isolates were
      found: one, from a human case in Chile (91, 125 mouse passages) and the other,
      from a vampire bat in Brazil (DR19, 22 mouse passages). However, when mice
      immunized with a cell culture vaccine (PV-BHK) of a higher antigenic value than
      the brain vaccine, were challenged with those same isolates, mortality was below
      20%. The fact that these two isolates killed enough vaccinated mice to be
      considered "atypical" could be related to antigenic differences between these
      viruses and those included in the vaccine. However, since this mortality was
      observed only in the mice immunized with the vaccine with a lower antigenic
      value, reasons are given why it could be attributed to other biological
      characteristics of those strains than antigenic differences. Causes for vaccines
      failures other than immunological differences of rabies virus strains are also
      analyzed and discussed.

PMID- 2409717
TI  - [Cell wall antigenic determinants in ribosomal preparations of Streptococcus
      group A].
AB  - As revealed by double immunodiffusion and the competitive immunoenzyme assay, the
      immunization of animals with ribosomes isolated from group A streptococci leads
      to the formation of antibodies to M-protein and does not lead to the formation of
      antibodies to A-polysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid, which is seemingly caused
      by the presence of M-protein in ribosomes. Antiribosomal serum has permitted the
      detection of more antigenic determinants in M-protein than commercial antiserum
      to homologous M-protein. The immunoenzyme assay for the quantitative
      determination of ribosomes has been developed.

PMID- 2409718
TI  - [Antigenic structure of Salmonella L forms studied by an immunoferritin method].
AB  - The antigenic structure of the L-forms of salmonellae (S. typhimurium and S.
      typhi) in comparison with that of the initial bacterial cultures and revertant
      cultures was studied with the use of the immunoferritin method. The L-forms of
      salmonellae were found to retain an insignificant amount of O-antigen, as well as
      to have K-antigen on the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane, but in a lesser
      amount than the initial strains. In the cultures reverting from the L-forms of S.
      typhimurium and S. typhi the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of O-
      and K-antigens were completely restored.

PMID- 2409719
TI  - [Protective action of a corpuscular polyvalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine
      against representative enterobacteria].
AB  - Animal experiments have demonstrated that P. aeruginosa vaccine is capable of
      protecting animals from experimental P. aeruginosa infection, as well as
      rendering a protective effect with respect to some representatives of the family
      Enterobacteriaceae. The comparative study of the antigenic spectra of the vaccine
      strains and some representatives of Enterobacteriaceae (Enterobacter, Serratia,
      Citrobacter and Klebsiella) has revealed no direct relationship between the
      degree of this protective effect and the presence of common antigenic
      determinants in them.

PMID- 2409720
TI  - [Polish preparations for preventing and treating infections caused by Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa].
AB  - Three preparations, viz. sheep serum for local application ("Sanoserum"), anti
      Pseudomonas sheep immunoglobulin for passive immunization ("Immunoglobulin
      Pseudomonas") and Pseudomonas vaccine for active immunization ("Pseudovac"), have
      been obtained at the Central Laboratory of Sera and Vaccines in Warsaw, Poland.
      The laboratory study and clinical trial of these preparations have been carried
      out. The preparations have proved to be effective as supplement to the
      conventional methods for the early diagnosis and treatment of P. aeruginosa
      infection in burn patients.

PMID- 2409721
TI  - [Rapid immunoenzyme analysis].
AB  - A variant of the immunoenzyme assay, reducing the duration of the assay procedure
      by 3 hours in comparison with the standard technique, is presented. This rapid
      variant is sufficiently sensitive and reproducible.

PMID- 2409722
TI  - [Increased specificity of immunoenzyme analysis for diagnosing meningococcal
      infection].
AB  - The ELISA test system for the detection of polysaccharide antigens of
      meningococci, groups A and C, on the basis of the neutralization of specific
      antibodies has been developed. The specificity of this reaction is determined by
      the chemically pure preparations of group A and C meningococcal polysaccharides.
      The sensitivity of this test system based on the neutralization of antibodies is
      not inferior to that of ELISA with the use of double antiserum.

PMID- 2409723
TI  - Increased alpha-2-macroglobulin in opiate addicts: further evidence of an
      alteration in the coagulation system due to opiate addiction.

PMID- 2409724
TI  - [A semiquantitative method of determining alkaline phosphatase activity in human
      arterial wall].
AB  - A new method of semi-quantification of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity
      in human vascular tissue is described. An index is derived from the number of
      alkaline positive cells and the different levels of intensity of the staining
      reaction. In the autopsy and surgical material of male and female subjects aged
      between 40 and 60 a, we evaluated the alkaline phosphatase enzyme reaction of
      normal and atherosclerotic arteries after various incubation intervals. Tissue
      samples were obtained from aorta, common carotid artery, renal artery, splenic
      and anterior tibial artery, and Sparks prosthetic graft.

PMID- 2409725
TI  - [Gold-silver technic--a new immunohistochemical method for detecting cell
      membrane antigens].
AB  - The gold-silver technique is presented as a new method for immunohistochemical
      labelling of cell membrane antigens. At first, membrane antigens of mouse
      lymphocytes, human leukaemic cells, and experimental brain tumour cells are
      labelled by immunoglobulin- or anti-immunoglobulin-gold complexes. Secondarily,
      gold colloid particles are made visible in the light microscope by means of
      subsequent precipitation of metallic silver around the colloid particles
      according to the principle of photographic development. The gold-silver reaction
      can be used after direct or indirect gold-labelling of cell membrane antigens.
      The technique is suitable for both vital and prefixed cells. Labelling of
      membrane antigens of vital and prefixed cells, however, results in a different
      pattern of the gold-silver grains. The gold-silver method is easy and quickly to
      perform, sensitive and not expensive.

PMID- 2409726
TI  - Detection of antigens in lung biopsies by immunoperoxidase staining in extrinsic
      allergic bronchiolo-alveolitis (EABA).
AB  - Open lung biopsy specimens of 14 patients with extrinsic allergic bronchiolo
      alveolitis (EABA) were studied by immunoperoxidase staining with avidin-biotin
      complex method using nonconjugated antisera to Micropolyspora faeni,
      Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus umbrosus.
      Antigenic intracellular material was found in macrophages and giant cells of
      granulomas in the lung tissue of 8 patients. This finding supports the hypothesis
      which suggests that macrophages and T-lymphocytes contribute to the tissue injury
      in EABA.

PMID- 2409727
TI  - Present status of estrogen-receptor immunohistochemistry.
AB  - Anti-estradiol is used as the primary antibody in the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase
      (PAP) immunoperoxidase (IP) method to visualize putative estrogen-binding sites
      in potential hormone-dependent tissues and tumours. Basically, 2 different
      methods are used. The 1st is carried out on fresh-frozen cryostat sections; the
      2nd has the advantage to be applicable on current laboratory material, i.e.
      formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material. The various steps of both
      techniques are analyzed and compared: the potential influence of tissue
      processing, the necessity of preincubation in estrogens, the physico-chemical
      conditions of incubation, and the specificity of controls. Van Bogaert (1983)
      analyzed the drawbacks of the presently available cytochemical techniques used to
      stain putative estrogen binding sites (EBS) in human breast cancer. In the
      present paper, a similar investigation is carried out with the aim to evaluate
      both the technical advantages and possible pitfalls of immunohistochemistry of
      estrogen receptors (ER) in human mammary carcinoma.

PMID- 2409728
TI  - Cytochemical study on the localization of interchromatin granules during the cell
      division.
AB  - The localization of interchromatin granules during cell division in some
      mammalian cells was studied applying the bismuth staining method of Brown and
      Locke (1978). During the metaphase and the anaphase, the interchromatin granules
      remain in the cytoplasm in the form of conglomerations. In the telophase they
      undergo disintegration. In this process, the vacuolar system seems not to be
      involved.

PMID- 2409729
TI  - Observations on the orcein fluorescence.

PMID- 2409730
TI  - Light microscopical localization of enzymes by means of cerium-based methods. I.
      Detection of acid phosphatase by a new cerium-lead-technique (Ce-Pb-method).
AB  - Cerium-III-ions are more and more used as capturing reagent and opaque marker for
      the electron microscopic localization of a number of H2O2-generating enzymes as
      well as phosphohydrolases. Contrary to its advantages over common lead methods in
      the histochemical detection of enzyme activities at the electron microscopic
      level, cerium-based methods proved to be a failure for light microscopic
      investigations. Therefore, our cerium-based method for the ultrahistochemical
      detection of acid phosphatase was developed for further observations at the light
      microscopic level. The principle of that new Ce-Pb-method is the conversion of
      light microscopic not visible cerium phosphate into lead phosphate by the
      secondary capture reagent alkaline lead citrate. Finally, the lead phosphate can
      be visualized as lead sulfide in the section. The Ce-Pb-method in its finally
      proposed manner was compared with a common lead method and showed a range of
      advantages. Because of that fact, the new Ce-Pb-method is recommended for a
      broader use in histochemistry, e.g. for the light microscopic enzyme
      investigation parallel to ultrahistochemical preparations.

PMID- 2409731
TI  - Effects of adjuvants to local anaesthetics on their duration. I. Studies of
      dextrans of widely varying molecular weight and adrenaline in rat infraorbital
      nerve block.
AB  - Local anaesthetics of the amide type were studied in a modified rat infraorbital
      nerve block model, with which it was possible to determine varying degrees of
      sensory block. Of the agents investigated, 0.5% bupivacaine tended to give a
      longer duration of block than 2% prilocaine or 2% lidocaine, while 0.5%
      etidocaine had the shortest duration. The duration of prilocaine was prolonged by
      addition of adrenaline, 5 micrograms/ml, more than that of the other agents.
      Addition of dextrans of Mw 40-110 X 10(3) did not cause any prolongation of block
      induced by bupivacaine. When mixed with dextrans over a wide range of Mw (40-4900
      X 10(3), prilocaine exhibited significant prolongations of its action by up to
      200%. The extent of prolongation was dependent on the degree of block, the
      concentration of dextrans in the local anaesthetic solution, and the Mw of the
      dextran although in a less uniform way. An increase in the relative viscosity of
      the solutions might be a factor of importance for the prolonging effect of
      addition of dextran to local anaesthetics. Since a formulation providing
      analgesia of a long duration would be of clinical value, further studies on
      combinations of the comparatively low-toxicity agent prilocaine and
      macromolecular substances are of interest.

PMID- 2409732
TI  - Effects of adjuvants to local anaesthetics on their duration. II. Studies of some
      substituted dextrans and other macromolecules in rat infraorbital nerve block.
AB  - The effects of adding various macromolecular substances to 2% prilocaine on
      duration of rat infraorbital nerve block were investigated. The tested substances
      consisted of dextrans with lipophilic or charged substituents as well as other
      neutral or highly charged macromolecules. Most of the adjuvants caused
      significant prolongations of sensory block. For substituted dextrans the duration
      of sensory block degree 3 amounted to between 120% (3% capryldextran II) and 350%
      (3% carboxymethyldextran) in comparison to prilocaine plain. The corresponding
      values for hydroxypropylstarch (3%) alginic acid (0.5%), beta-cyclodextrin (1.5%)
      and hyaluronic acid (0.25%) were about 170%, 285% and 380%, respectively. The
      results suggest that the increased duration of local analgesia by prilocaine is
      related to increased viscosity of the solution produced by the macromolecular
      compounds. The mechanism seems to be of a physical character, and hyaluronic acid
      seems to be worthy of further studies.

PMID- 2409733
TI  - CSF levels of neurotransmitters in Alzheimer-type dementia. Effects of ergoloid
      mesylate.
AB  - The cerebrospinal fluid level of homovanilic acid (HVA), 5 hydroxyindolacetic
      acid (5HIAA) and 3 methoxy-4-hydroxy phenylglycol (MHPG) was determined twice at
      12 to 15-day intervals in 23 patients with Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD). No
      correlation was found with the degree of dementia as assessed by psychometric
      testing. In most of the patients, the CSF levels of 5HIAA, MHPG and to a lesser
      extent HVA were found to be rather stable within a period of 2 weeks. The
      observation of a decrease in the concentration of HVA but not of 5HIAA or MHPG in
      10 out of 12 patients treated with ergoloid mesylate may therefore be of interest
      in elucidating the mechanism of action of this drug in ATD.

PMID- 2409734
TI  - Immunocytochemical studies in canine neuroectodermal brain tumors.
AB  - Seventy-four canine neuroectodermal tumors were examined immunocytochemically for
      the presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Eleven oligodendrogliomas
      were examined for the presence of myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin
      associated glycoprotein (MAG). Twenty-three tumors, including ten astrocytomas,
      one ependymoma, two glioblastomas, one case of gliomatosis, and nine poorly
      differentiated gliomas were positive for GFAP. Two astrocytomas, eleven
      oligodendrogliomas, eight ependymomas, four choroid plexus papillomas, two
      medulloblastomas, one glioblastoma, nine poorly differentiated gliomas, six cases
      of gliomatosis, and three unclassified tumors were GFAP-negative. In six tumors
      (including four that were classified as astrocytoma) GFAP staining was equivocal.
      All oligodendrogliomas were MBP-negative but three expressed MAG. It was
      concluded that many canine gliomas are not only morphologically but also
      immunocytochemically similar to human gliomas, but that a larger proportion of
      canine neuroectodermal growths are undifferentiated tumors.

PMID- 2409735
TI  - Maternal and fetal alphafetoprotein (AFP) levels at term. Relation to sex, weight
      and gestation of the infant.
AB  - Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was measured in maternal, cord arterial and venous
      blood. Samples were collected at the time of vaginal delivery from 105 women at
      36-42 weeks' gestation. There was a significant correlation between maternal,
      cord arterial and venous AFP. Umbilical cord arterial and venous AFP levels were
      considerably higher in male infants than in females. Umbilical AFP levels
      declined with lengthening gestation and increasing birthweight for both male and
      female infants and a similar pattern was seen in the mother. Fetal AFP levels
      were significantly higher in subjects giving birth at 40 weeks whose infants had
      a birthweight below the population mean vis-a-vis those above the mean. It is
      concluded that the absolute size of the fetus as well as gestational age may play
      a significant role in determining maternal and fetal AFP concentration.

PMID- 2409736
TI  - Association between unaccountably high maternal alpha feto-protein and increased
      fetal risk.
AB  - An unaccountably high maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein level at 16-18 weeks of
      pregnancy is associated with increased risk to the fetus in a continuing
      pregnancy. Thirty-one pregnancies with confirmed high levels at 16-18 weeks
      produced 10 preterm live and 8 liveborn small-for-date babies and 3 early
      neonatal deaths. Although the incidence of neural tube defects is decreasing,
      routine assay of maternal serum AFP at 16- 18 weeks should be continued to give
      possible warning of extra risk to the fetus.

PMID- 2409737
TI  - The meaning of life-threatening disease in the area of the head and neck.
AB  - The revelation that one has a life-threatening disease creates a sentient flood
      of emotions that infuse the patient with fear, confusion and depression. It
      contains the spectrum of pain, suffering, deterioration of life-style, crippling
      and possible annihilation. This burden falls first on the patient and his family,
      and then on his doctor. The drama is a dilemma of cure or palliation wrapped
      about the emotional core of that person with science, drugs, technology,
      mysticism and hope. The ongoing process is the most dynamic encounter of being
      alive, and before it is finished will have used and drained a large percentage of
      the vulnerable emotions that identify our humanness. An overview of these
      involvements as they relate to the area of the head and neck shows how complex
      the process has become, the remoteness of its solution and the truth of its
      experience.

PMID- 2409738
TI  - Junctions of squamous epithelium with middle ear mucosa.
AB  - Specimens obtained from the middle ear during surgery for cholesteatoma showed
      either abrupt junctions without metaplasia or junctions of varying width with
      metaplastic epithelium. Another form of junctional area showed pronounced
      inflammatory cell reaction with squamous epithelium projections growing into the
      stroma under the columnar epithelium. Immunofluorescent staining for cytokeratins
      showed distinct decoration of the columnar and metaplastic epithelia as well as
      of the basal cells of squamous epithelium. Prekeratin staining showed decoration
      of both squamous and metaplastic epithelium and no staining of the columnar
      epithelium. The findings suggest that metaplasia forms part of the migrating
      front of the squamous epithelium and alone plays no major role in cholesteatoma
      genesis.

PMID- 2409739
TI  - Neurochemical basis of auditory fatigue: a new hypothesis.
AB  - Neuroactive polypeptides such as substance P and enkephalin have recently been
      demonstrated in the neuronal elements of the inner ear. It has been suggested
      that the same neuropeptides have a transmitter role in various sensory systems.
      Transmitter roles for the neuropeptides in the cochlear processes could provide
      new explanations for many physiological phenomena of hearing. The neuropeptides
      are particularly well suited to explain such a noise-induced auditory overloading
      condition as temporary threshold shift.

PMID- 2409740
TI  - Baseline and interferon-enhanced natural killer cell activity in rheumatoid
      arthritis.
AB  - Natural killer (NK) cell activity against the leukemia cell line K-562 was tested
      in 45 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who either had not received any
      remission-inducing drugs for more than 6 months or had received penicillamine for
      at least 6 months. Baseline NK cell activity and interferon (IF)-enhanced NK cell
      activity did not differ from that observed in 45 controls matched for age and
      sex, and neither NSAID (non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) nor penicillamine
      influenced NK cell activity. There was no correlation between NK cell activity
      and acute-phase reactants.

PMID- 2409741
TI  - Phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans by blood monocytes from patients
      with non-seminomatous testicular carcinoma: effect of chemotherapy.
AB  - Blood monocytes were isolated from 14 patients with non-seminomatous testicular
      carcinoma and tested for phagocytic and fungicidal activity towards Candida
      albicans. Before chemotherapy, monocyte function in the patients was not
      different from that of normal controls. However, patients with alpha-foetoprotein
      in their serum had a lower phagocytic activity compared with patients without
      alpha-foetoprotein. No correlation with the histology of the tumor, the clinical
      stage or the presence in serum of human chorionic gonadotropin was observed.
      Serum from the patients had no influence on the functions of normal monocytes.
      During intensive chemotherapy with cisplatinum, bleomycin and vinblastine, a
      reversible impairment in phagocytosis and killing of C. albicans occurred which
      had no correlation with the development of febrilia. Two months after the
      completion of chemotherapy the monocyte functions were unchanged as compared with
      pretreatment values. In conclusion, the temporary depression of monocyte
      functions towards C. albicans during chemotherapy might, in addition to other
      risk factors, predispose the patient to fungal infection.

PMID- 2409742
TI  - [A new polynuclear iron (III)-mixed ligand complex--for use in parenteral iron
      therapy].

PMID- 2409743
TI  - The solubility of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl in heparinized blood and
      plasma and in solutions of different plasma components.
AB  - The solubility of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB) in heparinized blood
      from guinea-pig, heparinized plasma from mouse and in solutions of Intralipid,
      bovine serum albumin (BSA) and in gammaglobulin was examined by studying the
      equilibrium between HCB adsorbed to a test tube wall and HCB in the aqueous
      phase. After 24 hours of incubation at 37 degrees the highest concentration of
      HCB was found in the Intralipid solution, the lowest one in the gammaglobulin
      solution. Blood and plasma were able to dissolve equivalent concentration of HCB.
      One conclusion of these experiments is that the largest part of HCB in blood is
      bound to albumin. The explanation of different patterns of uptake to solutions of
      Intralipid and BSA is discussed.

PMID- 2409744
TI  - Relationship between myometrial cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE)
      activity and the RNA/DNA ratio at various stages of gestation in primates.
AB  - Cyclic AMP and cGMP PDE activities were assayed in crude homogenates prepared
      from biopsies excised between day 39-162 of gestation (normal length of
      gestation, 165 days) in outer and inner layers of the macaque myometrium. In both
      layers, kinetic analysis of PDE indicated high (app Km approximately equal to 2 X
      10(-6)M) and low (app Km approximately equal to 2 X 10(-5)M) affinity component
      for each substrate. Measured in high affinity conditions, specific activities
      were increased around day 40 and beyond day 130 of gestation. By contrast, low
      values were observed between days 50 and 100. No significant differences were
      observed between outer and inner layers. In both layers, the RNA/DNA ratio, which
      presumably reflects the rate of protein synthesis, culminated at the same time as
      the PDE activity. These variations were observed in the myometrium at specific
      stages of gestation. In late pregnancy, the human myometrium also displayed
      biphasic kinetics for cAMP and cGMP PDE activities. Non-human primates may be a
      partially representative model of what happens in the human myometrium.

PMID- 2409745
TI  - Concentrations and contractile effects of substance P in the human ampullary
      isthmic junction.
AB  - From 20 women undergoing hysterectomy, strip preparations were isolated from the
      outer, longitudinal and the inner, circular smooth muscle layer of the ampullary
      isthmic junction (AIJ), together with small arterial segments dissected as ring
      preparations from the root of the mesosalpinx. The specimens were mounted in
      organ baths and isometric tension was recorded. In addition, tissue
      concentrations of substance P (SP) in the ampulla, AIJ and utero-tubal junction
      were determined by radioimmunoassay. Tissue concentrations of SP expressed as
      pmol X g tissue-1 (wet weight, +/- SE) amounted to 3.09 +/- 1.40 in the utero
      tubal junction, 1.08 +/- 0.299 in the AIJ and 0.742 +/- 0.299 in the ampulla. In
      strips of circular muscle, SP at concentrations of 10(-7) -3 X 10(-6) mol X l-1
      elicited a combined phasic and tonic response and in longitudinal muscle a mainly
      tonic contraction was produced. In both tissues, contractions elicited by SP were
      rapidly abolished in calcium-free medium. Nifedipine abolished the phasic
      contraction elicited in circular muscle by SP while the tonic response was
      resistant. The contraction in longitudinal muscle was reduced by 20-30%.
      Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) decreased tension in preparations
      contracted by SP, prostaglandin F2 alpha and K+-depolarization (124 mmol X l(-1).
      In unstimulated oviductal arterial preparations, SP had no effect, while the
      peptide induced a transient relaxation of noradrenaline contracted preparations,
      and slightly decreased tension of K+-depolarized vessels. The results suggest
      that SP may be involved in the control of motility of the human AIJ.

PMID- 2409746
TI  - Ba2+-induced changes in the Na+- and K+-permeability of the isolated frog skin.
AB  - Addition of the K+-channel blocking agent Ba2+ to the basolateral solution (in a
      concentration which is assumed to block the K+-flux via the K+-channels
      completely) resulted initially in a two-thirds reduction in the short-circuit
      current (SCC), followed by a complete recovery of the SCC. To examine the reason
      for this recovery, experiments were carried out which made it possible to
      calculate the Na+-permeability of the apical membrane (PaNa) and the K+
      permeability of the basolateral membrane (PbK). The presence of Ba2+ had no
      significant effect on the cell volume and the cellular Na+- and K+-concentration.
      Addition of Ba2+ resulted in a depolarization of the intracellular potential
      (VSCC) from a control value of -76.3 +/- 2.8 mV to -15.1 +/- 1.7 mV. Although a
      complete recovery in the SCC was observed, VSCC did not recover. The K+-flux
      across the basolateral membrane was estimated from washout experiments. The
      washout of 42K+ (the K+-efflux) could be described by a single exponential
      component with a half time of 30-70 min. The addition of Ba2+ during the washout
      resulted in a transient decrease in 42K+-efflux from the epithelium. From VSCC
      and the cellular K+ and Na+-concentration and the coupling ratio of the Na-K
      pump, it was found that Na+-permeability of the apical membrane was 6.5 X 10(-7)
      cm X s-1 before the addition of Ba2+ and 1.7 X 10(-6) cm X s-1 when the SCC had
      recovered after the addition of Ba2+ and PbK changed from 8.8 X 10(-6) cm X s-1
      to 1.5 X 10(-6) cm X s-1. Thus, the observed recovery in SCC was due to a
      considerable increase in Na+-permeability of the apical membrane and the presence
      or appearance of a small Ba2+-insensitive K+-permeability in the basolateral
      membrane.

PMID- 2409747
TI  - Effects of digitoxin and hypokalaemia on pancreatic NaHCO3 secretion and
      pancreatic Na,K-ATPase activity.
AB  - To study the role played by Na,K-ATPase in the pancreatic secretion of NaHCO3,
      experiments were performed in 20 anaesthetized, secretin-infused pigs (3.0
      clinical units X kg b. wt. X h-I). The relationship between pancreatic NaHCO3
      secretion and arterial pH was obtained before and during Na,K-ATPase inhibition
      by digitoxin and hypokalaemia. Na,K-ATPase activity in pancreatic tissue
      homogenate averaged 5.45 (5.02-6.68) mumol Pi X mg X protein X h-I. Retrograde
      injection of 0.5 ml 1.4 X 10(-4) mol X l-I digitoxin into pancreatic ducts
      reduced pancreatic Na,K-ATPase activity by 3I(I8-47)%, while intra-arterial
      injection of 0.2 mg X kg b. wt-I digitoxin reduced pancreatic Na,K-ATPase
      activity by 50(45-56)%. Digitoxin and hypokalaemia reduced the rate of pancreatic
      NaHCO3 and shifted the normal, proportional relationship between NaHCO3 secretion
      and arterial pH towards higher pH. Hypokalaemia reduced Na,K-ATPase activity and
      NaHCO3 secretion in proportion. These effects indicate that Na,K-ATPase helps to
      sustain the requisite electrochemical potential gradients for driving H+ ions,
      and hence HCO-3 ions, out of secretory cells.

PMID- 2409748
TI  - Stimulus-secretion coupling of parathyroid hormone release: studies of 45Ca and
      86Rb fluxes.
AB  - Pieces of rat parathyroid glands were used to study fluxes of 45Ca and 86Rb. The
      uptake of 45Ca increased with the extracellular Ca2+ concentration up to at least
      5 mM. A rise of extracellular Ca2+ had dual effects on 45Ca efflux in terms of an
      initial stimulation and a subsequent inhibition. However, K+ depolarization
      neither affected the uptake nor the efflux of 45Ca indicating a lack of voltage
      dependent Ca2+ channels. The depolarization obtained with exposure to Ca2+ cannot
      be attributed to a decreased K+ permeability, since the 86Rb concentrating
      ability diminished and the efflux of the isotope increased when parathyroid
      pieces were exposed to a raised Ca2+ concentration. A stimulation of 86Rb efflux
      by the Ca2+ ionophore A-23187 indicated that the parathyroid cells possess a K+
      permeability activated by cytoplasmic Ca2+. It is suggested that Ca2+ fluxes
      through channels sensitive to activation by Ca2+ are important both for the
      membrane potential and the cytoplasmic Ca2+ activity.

PMID- 2409749
TI  - Carbonic anhydrase in epithelia and fenestrated juxtaepithelial capillaries of
      Macaca fascicularis.
AB  - Thirty-nine epithelia of the monkey Macaca fascicularis and their underlying
      connective tissue were stained for carbonic anhydrase (CA) and studied by light
      microscopy. The capillaries immediately adjacent to the epithelium,
      'juxtaepithelial', were also studied by electron microscopy with special
      attention to presence or absence of fenestrations. Only juxtaepithelial
      capillaries stained. These were fenestrated under many epithelia and all
      fenestrated juxtaepithelial capillaries stained. Often staining and fenestration
      were limited to the part of their circumference facing the epithelium. There was
      a strong association P less than 0.002 between CA-staining and fenestration of
      the capillaries, a moderately strong association P less than 0.02 between CA
      staining of the membrane of the epithelium and the adjacent capillaries, and no
      association between staining of the epithelial cytoplasm on the one hand and the
      epithelial membrane or the capillaries on the other. Fenestrated capillaries
      containing CA despite unstained epithelia were found in the thyroid, parathyroid,
      adrenal cortex, islets and anterior pituitary, and also, but not consistently, in
      the prostatic and the seminal glands. Unfenestrated capillaries containing CA
      were found in the stomach, colon and lung, and in the Graffian follicle and
      Fallopian tube. The hypothesis is advanced that capillary CA besides conventional
      functions plays a part in conserving the state of fenestration of the endothelium
      and that CA-inhibitors could exert part of their therapeutic and side actions by
      reducing fenestrations.

PMID- 2409750
TI  - Plasma total prekallikrein/kallikrein activity in rheumatoid arthritis with and
      without amyloidosis. Increased kaolin-stimulated activity in patients with
      amyloidosis.
AB  - Following exposure to kaolin, plasma samples were assayed for total
      prekallikrein/kallikrein activity in 19 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA),
      39 patients with RA complicated by amyloidosis, 13 patients with nonamyloid
      nephropathy and 54 healthy subjects. Increased total kallikrein activity was
      found in RA patients with amyloidosis and in patients with nonamyloid
      nephropathy. The concentrations of the plasma kallikrein inhibitors C1
      inactivator and alpha 2-macroglobulin were normal in RA patients without
      amyloidosis, whereas they were increased in patients with amyloidosis as well as
      in patients with nonamyloid nephropathy. The results suggest that the increased
      activity of plasma kaolin-stimulated kallikrein in RA patients with amyloidosis
      is due to the nephropathy per se and probably reflects increased levels of
      prekallikrein.

PMID- 2409751
TI  - Affective disorders: biological aspects.

PMID- 2409752
TI  - [Prostate-specific antigen in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma].

PMID- 2409753
TI  - [Study of zinc using X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy in
      human prostatic and neoplastic cells].

PMID- 2409754
TI  - Inhibitory effect of analogous electro-acupuncture on experimental arrhythmia.
AB  - Rabbits were used to study the inhibitory effect of analogous electro-acupuncture
      on the experimental arrhythmias, i.e. hypothalamic stimulation-induced
      ventricular extrasystole (HVE). The result revealed that HVE, which was due to an
      increased cardiac sympathetic activity, could be inhibited by deep peroneal nerve
      stimulation with an electrical current of low frequency and low intensity. Such
      effect is related to endogenous opioid peptides and serotonin in the arcuatus
      area, the periaqueductal gray and and the medial medulla. The acupuncture
      correction of arrhythmias may have the same mechanism.

PMID- 2409755
TI  - Plasma membrane fluidity studies by fluorescence polarization in rat mast cells
      stimulated by compound 48/80.
AB  - Plasma membrane fluidity measurements were performed on purified living mast
      cells using a novel non-permeant fluorescence polarization probe TMA-DPH, upon
      stimulation by compound 48/80. The fluorescence anisotropy increased rapidly
      after treatment by 48/80 in a dose-dependent way. The effect was found to be
      specific for mast cells; it was inhibited by the histamine release antagonist FR
      7534 in a correlative manner. The role of calcium was examined. The results
      brought evidence for a plasma membrane fluidity decrease induced by 48/80; a
      biphasic mechanism was inferred for the histamine release process.

PMID- 2409756
TI  - Inhibitory effect of lysophosphatidylcholine on the histamine release from rat
      peritoneal mast cells.
AB  - Histamine release from isolated rat peritoneal mast cells induced by compound
      48/80 (0.5 microgram/ml) or antigen-antibody reaction was inhibited by
      lysophosphatidylcholine in a dose-dependent fashion at concentrations up to 4
      microM. Within the same range of concentration, lysophosphatidylcholine exhibited
      a membrane-stabilizing action on the model membrane systems decreasing the
      permeability of lipid bilayer and the fluidity of liposomal membrane in the
      liquid crystalline state. At concentrations higher than 8 microM,
      lysophosphatidylcholine damaged the cell membrane and subsequently histamine was
      released. It was assumed that lysophosphatidylcholine may act as an endogenous
      membrane stabilizer inhibiting histamine release in normal mast cells.

PMID- 2409757
TI  - Calcium dependent modulation of histamine release from mast cells by sodium and
      potassium.
AB  - The inhibition of sodium-potassium ATPase by ouabain or potassium-deprivation led
      to a potentiation of histamine release induced by antigen or compound 48/80 from
      rat mast cells. The fullest potentiation required 30 min preincubation of cells
      with ouabain or without potassium before adding the triggering agent. The
      potentiation was observed provided that the calcium concentration was less than
      0.5 mM. The effect of sodium-potassium ATPase blockade was reversed slowly by
      washing out ouabain or by adding potassium. Metabolic inhibition with
      deoxyglucose and dinitrophenol-blocked histamine release observed under all
      conditions described. Histamine release from rat mast cells was also elicited
      when the cells were incubated in sodium-deficient media where sodium was replaced
      by sucrose. Potassium-deprivation potentiated this secretion process previously
      shown to be dependent upon metabolic energy and sensitive to millimolar calcium
      concentrations.

PMID- 2409758
TI  - Calmodulin in mast cells and its role in histamine secretion.
AB  - Calmodulin content and distribution in rat peritoneal mast cells was determined
      by radioimmunoassay. Isolated pure mast cells were disrupted by sonication and
      the total calmodulin content and its distribution were determined. Calmodulin
      bound to the membranes was released by heating with 0.1% Lubrol PX to 95 degrees
      C for 5 min. The total calmodulin content of mast cells was found to be 160 +/-
      14 ng/10(6) cells (9.4 +/- 0.82 pmoles/10(6) cells). The highest amount (68%) was
      present in the supernatant representing the cytosol. The next highest amount
      (26%) was found in the composite fraction consisting of mitochondria, endoplasmic
      reticulum, Golgi vesicles and plasma membrane (100,000 g pellet). The mast cell
      granules contained 4% of the total calmodulin. Trifluoperazine (TFP) was used as
      an antagonist to explore the role of calmodulin in histamine secretion. At 10
      microM concentration, TFP caused a negligible spontaneous histamine release by
      its membrane effect. TFP (10 microM) inhibited histamine release by all the three
      secretagogues used, but the degree of inhibition varied: 60% with antigen, 40%
      with compound 48/80 and 20% with ionophore A23187. It is suggested that the TFP
      effect is due to calmodulin-antagonism and interference with the activation of
      enzymes, essential to the secretory process.

PMID- 2409759
TI  - Role of cyclic AMP in the induction of histamine secretion from mast cells.
AB  - Immunological activation of rat peritoneal mast cells induced a transient
      elevation in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP. Enhancement or
      suppression of this rise by appropriate adenosine analogues produced parallel
      changes in histamine secretion. However, pharmacological activation of the cell
      with a number of diverse ligands induced histamine release without any
      accompanying changes in cyclic AMP. Moreover, this release was modulated by
      adenosine analogues in identical fashion to IGE-directed ligands but again
      without affecting cyclic AMP. On the basis of these results, the possible role of
      cyclic AMP in the induction of histamine secretion is critically considered.

PMID- 2409760
TI  - Cation-induced histamine release from a synthetic weak (carboxylic) cation
      exchanger resin (IRC-50) and from isolated mast cell granules show identical
      kinetics.
AB  - Comparative studies between synthetic weak cation exchanger resins and rat mast
      cell granules have shown that the cation-induced release of histamine from both
      materials follows the kinetics characteristic of cation exchange. Since also
      cation-induced release of amines from chromaffin granules in vitro and chromaffin
      cells in vivo, as also nerve granules of peripheral and central neurons, run
      according to cation exchange kinetics, cation exchange might be a general
      principle in the storage and release of biogenic amines.

PMID- 2409761
TI  - Isolation and properties of cardiac and other mast cells from the rat and guinea
      pig.
AB  - A method is described for the enzymic dispersion into their component cells of
      cardiac tissues from the rat and guinea-pig. The resulting suspensions contain
      ca. 1% free mast cells and exhibit a low spontaneous release of histamine. The
      reactivity of these cells towards a number of defined chemical histamine
      liberators is compared with that of other connective tissue mast cells from the
      same animals. The results obtained are discussed in terms of the general
      functional heterogeneity of mast cells from different locations.

PMID- 2409762
TI  - The effects of adenosine and of some adenosine analogues on the concanavalin A-or
      acetylcholine-induced histamine release from human adenoidal mast cells.
AB  - Histamine release induced by concanavalin A (Con A) or acetylcholine is enhanced
      by adenosine or the adenosine analogues PIA and NECA. The enhancement is not
      affected by preincubation with adenosine deaminase. The degree of the Con A
      induced histamine release decreases with increasing incubation time. Under these
      conditions, the enhancing effect of adenosine on histamine release is either
      abolished or even reversed to inhibition.

PMID- 2409763
TI  - Histamine secretion induced by N-acetyl cysteine.
AB  - The mucolytic drug N-acetyl cysteine has been shown to release histamine from
      cultured mouse mast cells and from human basophils. At neutral pH the release was
      moderate and non-cytotoxic. If the acidity of the drug was not neutralized, this
      histamine release was markedly potentiated, but was then associated with a
      reduction in the viability of the cells. However, the high level of release could
      not be reproduced by simply exposing the cells to an acidic medium. The results
      are discussed in terms of a possible mechanism for the adverse reactions
      sometimes observed during N-acetyl cysteine therapy.

PMID- 2409764
TI  - Kinetics of the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on histamine secretion from mast
      cells.
AB  - The effect of cromoglycate and of natural flavonoids on histamine release from
      peritoneal rat mast cells induced by compound 48/80 and ionophore A23187 was
      studied according to preincubation time of mast cells with drugs and to
      incubation time of cells with the triggering agent. Preincubation of cells with
      cromoglycate, dihydroquercetin and amentoflavone, a biflavonoid, decreased the
      potency of drugs to inhibit the ionophore-induced release; the optimal
      inhibitions were observed when drugs were added simultaneously with the ionophore
      A23187. In contrast, a short preincubation (2 min) of cells with quercetin or
      luteolin decreased their inhibitory effect on the ionophore-induced release,
      whereas a longer preincubation increased the inhibition. When compound 48/80 was
      used to trigger histamine secretion, the inhibitory potencies of all the
      compounds used were decreased according to preincubation time. Dihydroquercetin
      (taxifolin), previously considered as inactive, showed an interesting
      cromoglycate-like behaviour.

PMID- 2409765
TI  - Immunological modulation of cholinergic histamine release in isolated rat mast
      cells.
AB  - Isolated purified rat mast cells release histamine when exposed to acetylcholine
      according to different patterns of sensitivity. The degree of histamine release
      is correlated with the levels of reaginic antibodies presumably bound to the mast
      cell membrane. In fact, mast cells passively sensitized with mouse myeloma IgE
      against egg albumin or DNP2-lysine, react to acetylcholine with a release of
      histamine, which is proportional to the IgE concentration in the incubation
      medium. The histamine release induced by acetylcholine is due to the stimulation
      of a muscarinic receptor. Accordingly, acetylthiocholine is unable to evoke
      histamine release and preincubation of sensitized cells with atropine fully
      inhibits the cholinergic histamine release. The histamine release evoked by
      acetylcholine is potentiated by the exposure of sensitized cells to the specific
      antigen. The present results suggest that sensitization of mast cells is a
      crucial factor in modulating their sensitivity to acetylcholine.

PMID- 2409766
TI  - Rat mast cell activation and inactivation: differences when various ligands are
      used to induce secretion.
AB  - The relationship between rat peritoneal mast cell activation and inactivation
      (desensitization) was studied for a variety of stimuli acting via IgE and IgG
      receptors on the cell surface. Anti-IgE, antigen (ovalbumin), anti-IgG1, anti
      IgG2a and dimers, trimers and higher oligomers of IgE were used to induce
      histamine release from rat mast cells. All produced similar characteristics of
      cell activation, with a rapid rate of histamine release from the cells, release
      being 90% complete within 5 minutes and with calculated doubling times between
      21.6 +/- 3.6 s (+/- SEM) for ovalbumin and 93.0 +/- 18.6 s (+/- SEM) for anti
      IgG1. The characteristics of inactivation, however, varied with the releasing
      agent used. Of all the stimuli used only ovalbumin showed a rapid rate of
      desensitization (t 1/2 = 330 +/- 34.8 s) which correlated with the cessation of
      histamine release. The other stimuli showed slow rates of desensitization (t 1/2
      between 1068 +/- 40.2 s for dimer and 3576 +/- 660 s for anti-IgE) even though
      the rate of release was rapid. Thus, although these stimuli are thought to be
      stimulating the cells by cross-linking of either IgE or IgG receptors, the
      difference in subsequent response of the cells would indicate that the
      transduction mechanism bringing about release can distinguish between these
      various stimuli. Also, it seems that the idea that duration of histamine release
      is determined by the rate of desensitization may need revising as with most of
      these stimuli, release has terminated when the cells are still in a fully
      activated state.

PMID- 2409767
TI  - Inhibition of anaphylactic histamine release in vitro by GABA.
AB  - Inhibitory effect of GABA on anaphylactic histamine release in vitro is not
      mimicked by 2-aminoethansulphonic acid (taurine), an aminoacid unrelated to GABA
      neuro-transmission. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) 6 X 10(-7) M, a concentration known to
      block neuronal mechanism but not to modify muscle membrane and anaphylactic
      histamine release, strongly prevented the inhibition caused by GABA in the
      Schultz-Dale reaction and in anaphylactic histamine release. The inhibitory
      effect of GABA on anaphylactic reaction in vitro thus appears to be specific for
      this aminoacid and is neurogenic in nature, in that it requires integrity of
      neuronal mechanisms.

PMID- 2409768
TI  - Early stages of anaphylactic reaction in rat mast cells revealed with freeze
      fracturing.
AB  - The aim of this study was to find the early exocytotic signs in passively
      sensitized rat mast cells stimulated with antigen using freeze-fracturing
      technique and to establish if histamine release precedes or follows exocytosis.
      It has been shown that histamine release was detectable as early as 5 sec, and
      completed in approx. 20-30 sec, after challenge with antigen. However, the
      earliest membrane changes were observed after 20 sec exposure to the releaser.
      They were manifested with fusion between granule membranes and etchable pores in
      the plasma membrane. Areas exhibiting depletion or aggregation of intramembrane
      particles have not been seen. It can be concluded, that during anaphylactic
      reactions histamine secretion precedes the process of granule exocytosis.

PMID- 2409769
TI  - Potential anti-anaphylactic activity of clenbuterol, a beta-agonist with calcium
      antagonist properties.
AB  - Clenbuterol 10(-8) to 10(-6) M inhibited antigen-induced histamine release from
      passively sensitized human lung tissue. This inhibition was not antagonized by
      propranolol, whereas the inhibitions observed with isoprenaline and fenoterol
      were reduced by propranolol. Clenbuterol also inhibited compound 48/80-induced
      histamine release and immunological histamine secretion from actively sensitized
      peritoneal rat mast cells. High concentrations of clenbuterol were required (10(
      5) to 10(-3) M) and propranolol did not antagonize these inhibitions of histamine
      release. Isoprenaline and salbutamol did not modify the secretion from rat mast
      cells. The potential anti-anaphylactic activity of clenbuterol, might be partly
      related to its calcium antagonist property.

PMID- 2409770
TI  - Dual effect of antihistamines on rat peritoneal mast cells: induction and
      inhibition of histamine release.
AB  - A variety of H1- and H2-receptor agonists and antagonists are shown to have a
      dual effect on isolated rat peritoneal mast cells. At high concentrations the
      drugs induce histamine release while at low concentrations they inhibit the
      secretion of the amine evoked by antigen. These effects do not appear to be
      directly related. The ability of the H1-antagonists to inhibit histamine release
      does not appear to correlate in simple fashion with their recorded pA2 values as
      measured on the guinea pig ileum, suggesting that the effect is not mediated
      through H1-receptors. These results are discussed in terms of the clinical
      utility of antihistaminic drugs.

PMID- 2409771
TI  - Histamine content and release of isolated rat gastric mucosal cells.
AB  - Enzymatically dispersed rat gastric cells were subdivided (Percoll) in fractions
      (F1, F2, F3) with different number of parietal cells (PC) and the intracellular
      histamine content was estimated (ng/10(6) cells): F1 (9% PC): 17 +/- 4 (SEM), F2
      (26% PC): 80 +/- 9 and F3 (77% PC): 134 +/- 15. Histidinedecarboxylase showed the
      same pattern of distribution, F1 low, F2 medium, F3 high activity. Incubated F3
      cells constantly released histamine (19 +/- 3 ng/10(6) cells/h), a process which
      could be stimulated by carbachol, forskolin and hexoprenaline. The data suggest:
      rat gastric histaminocytes copurify with PC, background stimulation by histamine
      should be considered in isolated cell systems, vagal stimulation may release
      histamine within the gastric mucosa.

PMID- 2409772
TI  - Histamine release during an experimental coronary thrombosis in awake dog.
AB  - Histamine is released into the systemic circulation during anaphylaxis, by drugs
      and surgical procedures. Studies in animal models have shown that released
      histamine is one of the major mediators of arrhythmia occurring during
      anaphylaxis or the administration of histamine-releasing drugs. The variations in
      plasma histamine levels in dogs with a subacute coronary thrombosis were
      investigated and the effects of dimaprit and cimetidine on the
      electrocardiographic consequence of this thrombosis and on histamine release were
      assessed. During the first day after the myocardial infarction a ventricular
      arrhythmia developed and plasma histamine levels were found significantly
      increased, returning to the basal values when the sinusal rhythm was restored.
      Dimaprit was able to decrease the number of ventricular extrasystoles and to
      modulate plasma histamine levels. The action of dimaprit on ECG was not reversed
      by pretreatment with cimetidine, which on the contrary was able to antagonize the
      decrease in plasma histamine concentrations induced by dimaprit perfusion.

PMID- 2409773
TI  - Inhibition of histamine release from basophil leucocytes of asthmatic patients
      treated with corticosteroids.
AB  - We studied the protective effect of corticosteroids in asthmatic patients both in
      vivo and in vitro. Steroid treatment of patients inhibited the in vivo response
      to bronchial challenge with the specific allergen as shown by the substantial
      rise in allergen-threshold. It also produced inhibition of the in vitro elicited
      release of histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis from blood
      leucocytes. This effect was apparent within 24 h of starting treatment with
      prednisolone in a daily dose of 30 mg, and reached a maximum after 48 h. In
      addition, in peripheral venous blood basophil count and total leucocyte histamine
      content were reduced, eosinophils disappeared and neutrophils increased.

PMID- 2409774
TI  - Mast cell and neutrophil interactions: a role for superoxide anion and histamine.
AB  - Histamine inhibits superoxide anion (O-2) production from human neutrophils
      stimulated by N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). The effects of
      histamine are dose-dependent and competitively antagonized by cimetidine. When
      passively sensitized rat serosal mast cells and human neutrophils are mixed
      together, O-2 production from FMLP-activated granulocytes is significantly
      reduced, following mast cell degranulation by acetylcholine. These inhibitory
      effects can be counteracted by cimetidine. Exposure of non-sensitized rat mast
      cells to FMLP-stimulated human neutrophils causes histamine release. These
      results suggest bidirectional control mechanisms between mast cells and
      neutrophils, that further stress the role of histamine in regulating inflammatory
      processes.

PMID- 2409775
TI  - Comparison of the histamine-releasing activity of cremophor E1 and some of its
      derivatives in two experimental models: the in vivo anaesthetized dog and in
      vitro rat peritoneal mast cells.
AB  - Histamine release caused by drugs and/or their solvents in clinical conditions is
      a well documented observation but the mechanism of this reaction is poorly
      understood. Hence in this study, the histamine releasing ability of cremophor E1
      and six derivatives of 12-hydroxystearic acid (12-HSA) were compared in two
      models: the in vivo anaesthetized dog and the in vitro isolated rat peritoneal
      mast cells. The results obtained in both systems differed markedly. Only one
      compound DH (the diester of 12-HSA with polyethylene glycol) released histamine
      in both systems. The two substances, which exhibited the weakest histamine
      releasing ability in the dog model (almost inactive at the doses given) were
      powerful releasers of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells (TN, 12-HSA
      polymerized with ethylene oxide; and ME, the monoester of 12-HSA esterified with
      polyethylene glycol). The release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells was
      potentiated as the temperature was elevated above 37 degrees C. Due to the
      heterogeneity of mast cells from both different species and different tissues in
      the same animal, it is important to choose the appropriate predictive model for
      clinically important adverse reactions to drugs and/or their solvents. Agents
      which release histamine by non-specific mechanisms are not uninteresting for the
      clinical situation.

PMID- 2409776
TI  - The histamine-releasing effect of dynorphin and other peptides possessing Arg-Pro
      sequences.
AB  - The basic opioid peptide dynorphin was tested for histamine-releasing activity on
      peritoneal rat mast cells. Dynorphin was found to induce a dose-dependent
      histamine release from the mast cells. The threshold concentration was 2 X 10(-7)
      M and release was maximal (40% of total) at 2 X 10(-6) M of the peptide. The
      dynorphin-induced histamine release was a very rapid process completed within 10
      seconds at 37 degrees C. The release was independent of extracellular calcium.
      Experiments with naloxone and a specific kappa-agonist (U-50,488H) gave results
      indicating that the dynorphin induced histamine release was probably not mediated
      through opioid kappa-receptors. A couple of other Arg-Pro containing peptides of
      different origin were also screened for histamine-releasing activity. Most of
      these peptides elicited a more or less pronounced histamine release, provided the
      peptide contained more than 5 amino acids, suggesting that the Arg-Pro sequence
      is of importance for the histamine-releasing effect of peptides such as
      dynorphin.

PMID- 2409777
TI  - Bacteria-induced histamine release. Examination of the bacterial cell wall
      components peptidoglycan, teichoic acid and protein A.
AB  - The histamine-releasing capability of whole bacteria was examined in leukocyte
      suspensions from normal individuals. Both gram-positive and gram-negative
      bacteria caused basophil histamine release. It is probably the bacterial cell
      wall which interacts with the basophil cell surface leading to release of
      histamine, since cell walls showed higher histamine releasing capability than the
      whole bacteria. The releasing effect of the bacterial cell wall components
      peptidoglycan, teichoic acid and protein A was examined. The peptidoglycan
      preparations were found to be more potent than the corresponding whole bacteria
      and cell walls. Since peptidoglycan is found in the cell wall of both gram
      positive and gram-negative bacteria, it might be a common factor responsible for
      histamine release by different bacteria. No release was obtained by teichoic
      acid, whereas protein A caused histamine release in leukocytes from allergic
      patients, but only a poor release in normal individuals. The initial step in
      protein A-induced histamine release might be a binding of protein A to IgE on the
      cell surface, since removal of cell-bound IgE reduced the release and a high
      correlation was found between protein A- and anti-IgE-induced histamine release.

PMID- 2409778
TI  - Evidence of mast-cell histamine being mitogenic in intact tissue.
AB  - We have reported previously that secretion by connective tissue mast cells (MCs)
      causes mitogenesis in adjacent cells in diverse rat tissues. In cultured rat
      mesentery there was a spontaneous release of about 45% of the histamine in 2
      days, and a spontaneous marked increase in basal proliferation of the mesentery.
      The MC secretagogues, compound 48/80 and polymyxin B, released additional
      histamine and stimulated mitogenesis further. In contrast, 48/80 added to
      cultures of guinea-pig mesentery, the MC of which are unresponsive to the drug,
      did not affect the basal proliferation. However, exogenous histamine at 10(-10) M
      mitogenically stimulated the cultured guinea-pig mesentery. A histamine H2
      receptor antagonist, which itself was mitogenically inert, significantly
      suppressed the 48/80-induced MC-mediated mitogenesis in rat mesentery in vivo and
      in vitro. On the other hand, a histamine H1-receptor antagonist did not affect
      this MC-mediated mitogenesis in rat. Our findings indicate that histamine is one
      of possibly several mitogens which are released or activated by the secreting MC.

PMID- 2409779
TI  - The European Histamine Research Society. Thirteenth annual meeting, May 16-19,
      1984, Florence (Italy).

PMID- 2409780
TI  - Measurement of N tau-methylhistamine concentrations in plasma and urine as a
      parameter for histamine release during anaphylactoid reactions.
AB  - N tau-methylhistamine concentrations in plasma and urine were determined using a
      newly developed simultaneous determination for histamine and N tau
      methylhistamine, based on isotope dilution mass fragmentography. Three groups of
      patients were investigated: patients receiving intravenously-administered
      iodamide for excretory urography, patients receiving a wasp-sting challenge, and
      patients treated with an intravenously-administered muscle relaxant. In all
      patients showing a distinct systemic anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reaction
      histamine and N tau-methylhistamine concentrations were found to be elevated.
      From the results of this study it can be concluded that N tau-methylhistamine in
      plasma and urine is a good parameter for histamine release, and that the
      determination of this histamine metabolite are less hampered by possible
      artefacts (due to basophil disrupture, a very short half-life time or bacterial
      production) than determinations of histamine itself.

PMID- 2409781
TI  - Tumor markers in germinal testis tumors.

PMID- 2409782
TI  - Immunocytochemistry and search for a functional classification of germ cell
      tumours.

PMID- 2409783
TI  - Radioimmunodetection of primary and metastatic germ cell tumours containing alpha
      foetoprotein.

PMID- 2409784
TI  - Chemotherapy of disseminated testicular cancer.

PMID- 2409785
TI  - The chemotherapy of disseminated testicular non-seminomatous germ cell tumors and
      the clinical research of the EORTC Genitourinary Group.

PMID- 2409786
TI  - [Study on the prostatic tissue levels of cefmenoxime (CMX)].
AB  - The concentrations of Cefmenoxime (CMX) were examined in the serum and prostatic
      tissue of 25 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy and of 1 patient with
      prostatic carcinoma. The CMX levels were measured at scheduled intervals after 2
      g CMX administration by one hour drip infusion prior to prostatectomy.
      Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed based on the two compartment open model
      theory. 1) Maximum serum level of CMX was 124 micrograms/ml at the end of drip
      infusion and the biological half-life was 1.07 hrs. 2) CMX concentration in
      prostatic tissue reached a maximum level of 35.7 cg/g at 1.16 hrs after the start
      of CMX administration. Ratio of prostatic tissue to serum level in the area under
      curve (AUC) was 33% and biological half-life was 1.07 hrs. These results
      suggested that the CMX concentration in the prostatic tissue was higher than the
      MIC80 against pathogenic bacteria, particularly E.coli and Klebsiella sp. for a
      relatively long time. For this reason CMX is one of the more preferred drugs for
      treatment of chronic prostatitis and post-operative infection of prostate.

PMID- 2409787
TI  - [Reactivation of prostatic cancer and chemotherapy in reactivated prostatic
      cancer].
AB  - From January, 1960 to March, 1984, we studied 65 cases of prostatic cancer
      resistant to endocrine therapy. Treatment with ifosfamide or combination
      chemotherapy with vincristine, ifosfamide and peplomycin was performed in some of
      the 65 cases above mentioned. More cases were systemic reactivation than local
      reactivation. Poorly differentiated cancer accounted for the majority of the
      reactivated cancer. Concerning adjacent effects, treatment with ifosfamide was
      superior to combination chemotherapy. There was no difference between the distant
      effects of both chemotherapies. The patients with no effects showed predominance
      of pathologically low differentiated cell type. The 6-month survival rate of
      patients with chemotherapy was significantly higher than that of patients with
      other therapies. Toxicities of chemotherapies were leucopenia, digestive
      disturbances and falling out of hair. Hematuria and pulmonary fibrosis occurred
      in some cases.

PMID- 2409788
TI  - [Clinical application of a new fibrin adhesive (Tisseel) in urologic surgery].
AB  - Our experience with the use of a new biological tissue adhesive (Tisseel)
      consisting of highly concentrated human fibrinogen, thrombin and factor XIII in
      urologic surgery is reported. In 21 operations (18 patients), Tisseel was used
      for the purpose of tissue adhesion and reduction of sutures of the renal
      parenchymal wound in nephrolithotomy, water tight sealing in suture part of
      expanded pyelolithtomy and vasovasostomy, and local hemostasis of oozing in
      prostatectomized fossa. Tisseel was not responsible for the two unsuccessful
      trials; and, undesirable complications due to this adhesive were few. Our results
      revealed that this new fibrin adhesive will be useful for urologic surgery.

PMID- 2409789
TI  - Antiarrhythmic drug classification: new science and practical applications.

PMID- 2409790
TI  - Immunocytochemical demonstration of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in human lung
      cancers.
AB  - An anti-serum against human neuron-specific enolase (NSE), raised in sheep, has
      been characterized and used for immunocytochemical localization of NSE in
      paraffin sections of normal tissues and lung cancers. Of the small cell
      carcinomas (SCC), 69 out of 99 (70%) cases stained with the anti-serum.
      Maltreated biopsies showed a lower frequency of positive staining (19/39),
      indicating the importance of well-preserved biopsies. There was no clear
      difference in the staining between the oat cell and intermediate cell type of
      SCC. A majority (14 out of 21) of the non-SCC:s (large cell, adenocarcinoma and
      squamous cell carcinoma) were also stained by the anti-serum. Generally, this
      staining was weak and it could be blocked by preabsorption of the anti-serum by
      purified NSE. It is concluded that NSE expression, in conjunction with
      traditional histology, serves as a useful but not exclusive marker for SCC.

PMID- 2409791
TI  - Distribution of a new myelomonocytic antigen (L1) in human peripheral blood
      leukocytes. Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining features in
      comparison with lysozyme and lactoferrin.
AB  - The L1 antigen is a highly immunogenic protein of about 36,500 daltons that can
      be purified from granulocytes with good yield. Immunocytochemistry with a rabbit
      anti-serum raised against L1 showed it to be present in the cytoplasm of
      virtually all resting peripheral neutrophils and monocytes. Moreover,
      immunofluorescence staining demonstrated variable expression of L1 on the plasma
      membrane of both these cell types, usually along with lysozyme. This indicated
      that L1 represents a secretory product like lysozyme as their coexpression on the
      surface of vital cells was contrasted by the absence of lactoferrin. Cytoplasmic
      L1 was well preserved by both precipitating and cross-linking fixatives, the
      latter being preferable to avoid leaching out of antigenic material and to obtain
      good cellular morphology. Thus, fixation for 3 minutes at room temperature in
      glutaraldehyde (1%)-formaldehyde (3%) afforded excellent immunoperoxidase
      staining, particularly when a calcium-containing buffer was used. L1 was not
      found in eosinophilic granulocytes or in resting B- and T-lymphocytes. Neither
      did blast transformation of lymphocytes seem to induce L1 expression.

PMID- 2409792
TI  - Zygomycosis. Report of four cases with formation of chlamydoconidia in tissue.
AB  - The authors describe spheric to ovoid chlamydoconidia and mucoraceous hyphae in
      tissues from four patients, two with cutaneous and two with pulmonary
      zygomycosis. The diagnosis in each case was confirmed by immunofluorescence
      staining and the presence of characteristic hyphae in tissue. It is important
      that these conidia be recognized, because they can easily be mistaken for other
      fungi, nematode ova, or other microorganisms in tissue sections, thereby
      resulting in the potential for misdiagnosis.

PMID- 2409793
TI  - Incontinentia pigmenti. A longitudinal study.
AB  - We describe 15 patients with incontinentia pigmenti whom we have followed up from
      two to 11 years. This longitudinal approach allowed us to observe the course of
      the skin lesions and developmental progress of these children. We found that in
      contrast to what has been previously reported in most of the literature, the
      bullous and verrucous lesions do not always resolve during the first or second
      year of life and may recur throughout childhood. Although most patients with
      incontinentia pigmenti are of normal intelligence, those with neonatal seizures
      have a poor prognosis for normal development.

PMID- 2409794
TI  - Human placenta-eluted gammaglobulins in immunomodulating treatment of rheumatoid
      arthritis.
AB  - Thirty-one patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis were treated with
      intravenous perfusion of human placenta-eluted gammaglobulins. These
      gammaglobulins, which are IgG eluted from placental tissue, have strong
      immunomodulating properties in vitro. Several clinical trials were tested to find
      the optimal useful dosage. A 50 percent improvement was considered a good result
      and was obtained in 60 percent of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The best
      results were obtained in patients receiving 1,500 mg daily seven days each month.
      Six subjects had a long remission of their disease after the end of treatment.
      The side effects were usually minor. In all patients, an immunostimulation of
      lymphocyte function was shown, even when they had no improvement. A control group
      of patients underwent perfusion with IgG from placental blood without any
      clinical or immunologic effect. It is suggested that the in vivo effects of
      placenta-eluted gammaglobulins might be mediated by polyspecific anti-HLA-DR
      antibodies.

PMID- 2409795
TI  - The significance of meconium in midtrimester genetic amniocentesis.
AB  - Since the advent in recent years of midtrimester amniocentesis for genetic
      testing, there has been an increasing number of reports of occasional instances
      of meconium-stained amniotic fluid of uncertain prognostic significance. Previous
      reports have suggested a fetal mortality of 30%. With larger series now available
      for study, more accurate information on the incidence of this occurrence and its
      significance is presented. The present series consists of 4709 consecutive
      amniocenteses performed from 1978 to 1983, at two genetic testing centers in
      Portland, Oregon. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid was found in 79 cases, for an
      incidence of 1.67%. Contrary to previously published reports, the fetal mortality
      was 5.06%. Thus the finding of meconium-stained amniotic fluid during
      midtrimester genetic amniocentesis may not carry the ominous prognosis that
      originally might have been predicted.

PMID- 2409796
TI  - Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening: the effect of participation on
      anxiety and attitude toward pregnancy in women with normal results.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the psychological impact of maternal
      serum alpha-fetoprotein screening on pregnant women with normal results and their
      male partners. Assessments of anxiety (as measured by the state-trait anxiety
      inventory) and attitudes toward pregnancy (as measured by the maternal attitude
      to pregnancy instrument) were conducted sequentially beginning at 16 weeks'
      gestation in women participating in the maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein
      screening with normal results and in women without access to screening. Screened
      subjects exhibited similar or lower levels of anxiety at each point in time as
      compared to unscreened subjects. In addition, they exhibited a similar or more
      positive attitude toward pregnancy. No differences in anxiety were observed
      between male partners in the two groups. Participation in screening appeared to
      have no adverse psychological effect on the subjects studied.

PMID- 2409797
TI  - Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein in twin pregnancies uncomplicated by neural tube
      defect.
AB  - The maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration was measured between 16 and 20
      weeks in 145 twin pregnancies in which neither fetus had a neural tube defect.
      When the maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration was less than two
      multiples of the singleton median, pregnancy outcome was good; the extended
      perinatal mortality rate was 32.6/1000, mean birth weights for the first and
      second twins were 2507 and 2443 gm, respectively, and mean gestation at delivery
      was 36 weeks, 6 days. When the maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration was
      greater than four multiples of the singleton median, the outcome was poor; the
      extended perinatal mortality was 400/1000, mean birth weights were 1963 and 1523
      gm, and mean gestation at delivery was 32 weeks, 4 days. The negative
      correlations of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration with birth weight
      and gestation at delivery were highly significant. Maternal serum alpha
      fetoprotein concentration in midpregnancy is a useful predictor of outcome in
      twin pregnancy, independent of the occurrence of neural tube defect, and it
      appears to be related to the timing of delivery rather than fetal growth.

PMID- 2409798
TI  - Zinc and alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid from early pregnancies with fetal
      malformations.
AB  - Zinc and alpha-fetoprotein concentrations were quantitated in second-trimester
      amniotic fluid from 111 normal pregnancies and 29 pregnancies with various fetal
      malformations. The zinc level varied between 0.3 and 4.0 mumol/L (median 1.3) in
      the normal samples and between 1.8 and 17.9 mumol/L (median 5.0) in cases with
      malformations. The level was above 2.5 times the normal median in 23 of the 29
      (79%) gestations with the malformations. Amniotic fluid zinc and alpha
      fetoprotein levels showed a positive correlation (r = 0.78), and the alpha
      fetoprotein level was elevated in all gestations with fetal disorders and
      elevated zinc levels, as well as in five of the six cases with fetal defects but
      normal zinc concentrations. The elevation of zinc was more marked than that of
      alpha-fetoprotein in three cases of fetal malformations. Five samples were false
      positive on alpha-fetoprotein assay but contained normal zinc levels. Removal of
      alpha-fetoprotein from amniotic fluid had no effect on the zinc concentration,
      indicating that zinc is not bound to amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein.

PMID- 2409799
TI  - Diffuse drusen and associated complications.
AB  - An eye of a patient with an unusual form of diffuse drusen was studied by light
      and electron microscopy. Examination disclosed marked diffuse and nodular
      thickening of the inner portion of Bruch's membrane by vesicular and curvilinear
      membranous profiles and basement membrane-like material that was apparently
      derived from the retinal pigment epithelium. Deposition of this abnormal material
      suggests a diffuse abnormality of the retinal pigment epithelium and predisposes
      to serous detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium, choroidal
      neovascularization, hemorrhagic detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium, and
      disciform scarring. The features of this case are similar to previously reported
      cases of diffuse drusen, but differ in the early age of onset, intensity of
      changes, and, in part, by the nature of the abnormal material observed.

PMID- 2409800
TI  - Nodular adenomatosis of iris pigment epithelium.
AB  - A 62-year-old man manifested multiple nodular growths in his left iris and
      unilateral glaucoma. Detailed clinical and pathologic studies showed that these
      lesions were adenomas derived from the spurs of Fuchs, Michel, and Grunert in the
      iris pigment epithelium. We suggest terming this newly described entity nodular
      adenomatosis of the iris pigment epithelium and propose a classification of
      primary neoplastic lesions of the iris.

PMID- 2409801
TI  - A simple grating visual acuity test for impaired children.
AB  - Twenty-five developmentally delayed or neurologically impaired nonverbal
      children, aged 2 to 15 years, referred for visual acuity assessment, were beyond
      the age at which standard preferential-looking techniques are considered to be
      effective and none could be tested with Snellen letters, illiterate Es, or Allen
      pictures. Our method, in which the children learn to point to grating stimuli,
      enabled us to obtain monocular visual acuity estimates in 19 of the 25 patients.
      When indicated, patching therapy was begun and was monitored with this method.
      Similar testing of 31 unimpaired children showed good prediction of recognition
      visual acuities except in patients with visual acuities worse than 20/160. The
      grating method accurately identified or excluded amblyopia in 26 of 31 children
      (84%). We consider this a clinically useful test of visual acuity in nonverbal
      impaired children.

PMID- 2409802
TI  - The effect of triamcinolone acetonide on a refined experimental model of
      proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
AB  - Animal models of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in which the intact vitreous
      body is injected with large numbers of fibroblasts do not resemble the human
      situation. Using a refined rabbit model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in
      which the vitreous is compressed and partially detached from the retinal surface
      and small amounts of tissue-cultured homologous fibroblasts (25,000) are
      scattered over the vascularized part of the retina, we reevaluated the effect of
      intravitreally injected triamcinolone acetonide. We found that 2 mg of the
      corticosteroid reduced the incidence of retinal detachments from 90% to 56%. The
      effect was less than in previous models with intact vitreous. Large doses of the
      corticosteroid had no additional effect on the reduction of retinal detachments,
      indicating an optimal dosage of 2 mg. The effect of the corticosteroid on
      neovascularization was considerable; with 8 mg it could almost be prevented
      (reduction from 74% to 8%).

PMID- 2409803
TI  - The absence of corneal toxicity with low-level topical anesthesia.
AB  - By means of an osmotic pump we infused 0.3% proparacaine solution continuously
      into the central stroma of a rabbit cornea. An area of anesthesia about 6 mm in
      diameter was maintained for several days. The epithelium remained unaffected and
      healed normally where it was scraped away in the anesthetic area. Similarly, the
      repeated instillation into the rabbit's eye of 0.05% proparacaine eyedrops at ten
      minute intervals throughout the day resulted in continual anesthesia without
      signs of epithelial dystrophy. It seems that the toxic level of proparacaine is
      above that required for anesthesia.

PMID- 2409804
TI  - Rosette formation in malignant lymphoma.
AB  - Lymph node biopsies in a patient with follicular lymphoma showed rosette
      structures as seen in neuroepithelial neoplasms. These specimens were studied by
      histologic, immunoperoxidase (for immunoglobulins, intermediate filaments (IF),
      actin and neuron-specific enolase), immunofluorescence (for immunoglobulins, and
      with a panel of monoclonal antibodies), and electron-microscopic examination. The
      rosettes were formed by neoplastic lymphocytes arranged around eosinophilic
      fibrillary material. Ultrastructurally, this was composed of cytoplasmic
      processes, projecting from the lymphocytes and containing thin and intermediate
      filaments. Immunohistochemically, it stained for monoclonal IgM lambda, all other
      antigens present on the neoplastic cells, and weakly for vimentin and actin.
      Based on recent information about lymphocyte surface changes, it is speculated
      that the rosettes might represent an aggregation of neoplastic lymphocytes
      activated by a microenvironmental stimulus, perhaps antigen-antibody binding at
      the cell membrane. The practical implication of this hitherto unreported finding
      is that the presence of rosettes cannot be used to rule out a lymphoma.

PMID- 2409805
TI  - Pancreatic ganglioneuronal amyloid. Occurrence in diabetic cats with islet
      amyloidosis.
AB  - Amyloid in pancreatic ganglia and nerves (ganglioneuronal amyloid) was
      demonstrated in 4 of 8 diabetic cats with islet amyloid deposits. Eighteen
      nondiabetic cats (including 4 with islet amyloid) did not have detectable amyloid
      in pancreatic nerves or ganglia. Ganglioneuronal amyloid had staining
      characteristics identical to those previously reported for islet amyloid,
      including 1) congophilia, 2) resistance to oxidation by KMnO4, 3)
      immunoreactivity (PAP technique) with antiserum to a B-chain-rich insulin
      fraction, and 4) no reactivity with antisera to insulin, glucagon, or
      somatostatin. Nonneuronal cells with insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin
      immunoreactivity were seen in many pancreatic ganglia and nerves; and in a few
      instances, B cells were found near ganglioneuronal amyloid deposits. The premise
      that these ganglioneuronal amyloid deposits (like islet amyloid) are insulin
      related is supported by their immunoreactivity with antiserum to B-chain-rich
      insulin and the demonstration of B cells in pancreatic ganglia and nerves.

PMID- 2409806
TI  - Lung microvascular permeability to dextran in alpha-naphthylthiourea-induced
      edema. Sites of filtration, patterns of accumulation, and effects of fixation.
AB  - The detailed topography of filtration and of accumulation of the tracer dextran
      75 was studied in 3 control dogs and in 9 experimental dogs in which edema was
      induced with 27 mg/kg alpha-naphthylthiourea. When moderately severe edema was
      present, 15-20 ml/kg of 6% dextran 75 was infused over 10-15 minutes; lung lobes
      were then fixed immediately by immersion, airway instillation, or vascular
      perfusion with 5% glutaraldehyde, 3% paraformaldehyde, or by freeze-substitution.
      For light microscopy, sections were embedded in methacrylate and stained with
      periodic acid-Schiff; for electron microscopy, they were embedded in Epon. The
      tracer was confined to the vasculature in controls. In all but one animal with
      edema, the tracer was seen in relation to capillaries, nonmuscular and partly
      muscular arteries, and veins, not in the walls of muscular arteries or around
      bronchial vessels. The dextran rapidly entered alveoli, lymphatics, and the
      interstitium around small vessels; there was much less tracer in the interstitium
      around larger vessels and essentially none around airways, consistent with the
      notion the interstitium acts as a sequestered pool. Furthermore, it was found
      that significant artifacts resulted from airway instillation and vascular
      perfusion fixation.

PMID- 2409808
TI  - Liver perisinusoidal fibrosis in BB rats with or without overt diabetes.
AB  - Perisinusoidal fibrosis is a vascular lesion observed in the liver of type I
      diabetic patients. To investigate whether this liver lesion is secondary to
      hyperglycemia or whether it represents a separate collagen vascular disorder, the
      authors studied the structure of liver sinusoids in genetically susceptible BB
      rats in which a spontaneous diabetes develops similar to human type I diabetes.
      Seven diabetic insulin-treated BB rats, 7 nondiabetic BB rats, and 6 control non
      BB rats were studied. Histologic abnormalities of the collagen network were
      detected on trichrome-stained sections. Perisinusoidal collagen fibers were
      quantified ultrastructurally by the point-counting method. All control non-BB
      rats had normal livers; 86% of the diabetic as well as 71% of the nondiabetic BB
      rats displayed localized sinusoidal thickening corresponding ultrastructurally to
      perisinusoidal fibrosis; in these abnormal rats the percentage of collagen fibers
      per sinusoid unit was significantly higher than that in controls. Fibrous septa
      (2 diabetic and 5 nondiabetic BB rats) and liver nodulation (3 diabetic and 1
      nondiabetic BB rats) were also observed. Perisinusoidal fibrosis is a frequent
      liver vascular abnormality in a strain of rats genetically predisposed to the
      development of type I diabetes. The lesion is independent of the presence of
      diabetes. These observations suggest that liver perisinusoidal fibrosis in
      patients with type I diabetes might be linked to a genetic abnormality rather
      than to hyperglycemia per se.

PMID- 2409807
TI  - The acute phase response of C3, C5, ceruloplasmin, and C-reactive protein induced
      by turpentine pleurisy in the rabbit.
AB  - Concentrations of five serum proteins, C3, C5, ceruloplasmin, C-reactive protein,
      and albumin, have been measured during the acute phase response in rabbits with
      turpentine-induced pleurisy. C-reactive protein concentrations in the circulation
      rose abruptly between 12 and 36 hours to a level greater than 50 times the
      pretreatment concentration, then returned to undetectable amounts by 96 hours. C3
      and ceruloplasmin both showed some increase in concentration by 12 hours and
      reached their maximum concentrations of two to three times the baseline levels 48
      72 hours after the turpentine treatment. Concentrations were still elevated at
      120 hours, after which time they gradually returned to normal. C5 and albumin
      concentrations in the turpentine-treated rabbits did not differ from the baseline
      concentrations. The same five proteins were measured in the inflammatory exudate.
      C-reactive protein was not detectable at any of the time points. C3, C5,
      ceruloplasmin, and albumin were present in normal pleural fluid at roughly half
      their serum concentrations. The activities of C3, C5, and ceruloplasmin were low
      in the early exudate, but C3 and C5 activity rose relative to their
      concentrations in the later samples of pleural fluid. The specific activities of
      C3 and C5 were higher in the pleural fluid at 72 hours than in plasma, while that
      of ceruloplasmin remained less in the pleural fluid than in plasma throughout the
      experiment. The involvement of these proteins and their relation to the
      inflammatory response are discussed.

PMID- 2409809
TI  - Nodular alteration of the paracortical area. An in situ immunohistochemical
      analysis of primary, secondary, and tertiary T-nodules.
AB  - With the use of in situ immunohistochemical techniques on freshly frozen and
      paraffin-embedded material from 63 reactive lymph nodes, the cellular composition
      of T-nodules observed in 30 cases with nodular alteration of the paracortical
      area was analyzed. T-nodules were composed of S-100 beta + interdigitating
      reticulum cells (IDRCs), variable numbers of OKT6+ dendritic cells (DCs), high
      endothelial venules, and a very high T helper/T suppressor ratio because of an
      enrichment of OKT4+, Leu3a+ helper/inducer T cells in these nodules. According to
      their localization in the paracortical area, and the arrangement of IDRCs and
      high endothelial venules, T-nodules could be divided into "primary" and
      "secondary" T nodules. In all cases of dermatopathic lymphadenitis, very large
      aggregates of S-100 beta + and OKT6+ DCs, admixed with few high endothelial
      venules and variable numbers of OKT4+, Leu3a+ helper/inducer T cells, were
      observed and were termed "tertiary T-nodules." It is suggested that T-nodules
      represent the paracortical counterparts of B-lymphoid follicles and are the in
      vivo equivalents of DC/T-cell clusters observed in vitro. According to their
      cellular composition and localization in the lymph node, "primary" and
      "secondary" T-nodules probably represent subsequent maturation stages of
      distinctive nodular paracortical structures, which play an important role in the
      presentation of antigens to helper/inducer T cells and in the proliferation of
      antigen-responsive T cells. Their close topographic relationship to B-lymphoid
      follicles may indicate their role in the extrafollicular generation of antibody
      forming cells.

PMID- 2409810
TI  - Comparison of the neovascular effects of stimulated macrophages and neutrophils
      in autologous rabbit corneas.
AB  - The ability of peritoneal exudate macrophages and neutrophils to induce
      neovascularization was tested in autologous rabbit corneas. Macrophages and
      neutrophils elicited by proteose peptone or glycogen and macrophages activated by
      C parvum were purified, pelleted, and implanted 1-2 mm from the corneal limbus.
      Neovascular responses were evaluated by daily slit-lamp observations and terminal
      whole-mount and histologic examinations of colloidal carbon-perfused vessels.
      Pellets of elicited macrophages (5 X 10(5) - 6 X 10(6) cells, 92-98% macrophages)
      or activated macrophages (2 X 10(6) cells, 87-97% macrophages) induced
      neovascularization by 4 days in 72-82% of cases. In contrast, pellets of
      neutrophils (1 X 10(5) - 8 X 10(6) cells, 92-98% neutrophils) did not induce
      neovascularization in any case. Histologic examinations at 4-24 hours revealed
      diapedesis and substantial infiltration of peripheral blood neutrophils in
      response to implants of either macrophages or neutrophils. Infiltration was
      diminished by 48 hours and negligible at later times. The finding that
      neovascular responses were not evoked by implantation of neutrophils or by the
      accompanying infiltration of neutrophils indicates that neutrophils do not
      initiate neovascularization in this model. Under similar test conditions,
      neovascular responses were initiated by implantation of either elicited or
      activated macrophages.

PMID- 2409811
TI  - Cation channels from Tetrahymena cilia incorporated into planar lipid bilayers.
AB  - A single cation channel from Tetrahymena cilia was incorporated into planar lipid
      bilayers. This channel selected for K+, Na+, and Li+ over Cl- and gluconate-, and
      its single channel conductance (at +25 mV) was 211 +/- 8 pS (mean +/- SE) in 100
      mM K+-gluconate. The channel was not voltage dependent and may contribute to the
      resting K+ conductance of ciliary membrane.

PMID- 2409812
TI  - Insulin stimulation of an electrogenic pump at high extracellular potassium
      concentration.
AB  - There is no agreement about the immediate mechanism by which insulin
      hyperpolarizes skeletal muscle, adipocytes, and myocardium. Of three candidates,
      one has been eliminated; the hyperpolarization is not secondary to an increase in
      intracellular [K]. There are reports that insulin hyperpolarizes by increasing
      relative permeability to K compared with that to Na ions, and other reports that
      insulin stimulates an ouabain-sensitive electrogenic Na-K exchange pump. Our
      evidence has been interpreted to support the former and deny the latter, when rat
      skeletal muscle is bathed at normal [K]. Crucial evidence for the latter has not
      been reported: insulin hyperpolarizes to a potential more negative than the K
      equilibrium potential. We now report that when rat caudofemoralis muscle is
      incubated with insulin at normal extracellular [K], then depolarized by
      increasing extracellular [K] to 38.4 mM, by equimolar substitution of KCl for
      NaCl, there is hyperpolarization compared with potentials of muscles treated
      similarly with respect to [K] but without insulin. Under these circumstances, the
      membrane potential in the presence of insulin is more negative than the new K
      equilibrium potential, and, in contrast to our previous experience with muscles
      bathed only in normal [K], the hyperpolarization in high [K] is reduced or
      eliminated by ouabain.

PMID- 2409813
TI  - Relation between blood flow and morphology in islet organ of rat pancreas.
AB  - By intra-arterial postmortem staining of the pancreas with hematoxylin after the
      administration of nonradioactive microspheres to anesthetized unfasted rats, the
      following values (+/-SE) were obtained: mean single islet volume, 1.00 +/- 0.12
      nl (median 0.32 +/- 0.04 nl, n = 14); pancreatic intensity of perfusion, 1.18 +/-
      0.14 ml X min-1 X g-1 (n = 10); percentage of pancreatic flow to islets, 6 +/- 1%
      (n = 10); single islet blood flow, 20 +/- 3 ml X min-1 (n = 10); and islet
      perfusion, 19 +/- 3 ml X min-1 X g-1 (n = 10). Perfusion of islet tissue was
      calculated to be above average for very small islets and to decrease with
      increasing islet size to become below average for very large ones. Details of the
      distribution of the total islet flow to subpopulations of islets grouped
      according to single islet size are shown pictorially.

PMID- 2409814
TI  - In vitro recovery of insulin binding after downregulation in cultured normal
      human monocytes.
AB  - When normal human peripheral blood monocytes were treated with insulin in vitro,
      surface insulin receptors disappeared rapidly, but total insulin receptors
      (surface and internalized receptors), measured in detergent-solubilized extracts
      of total cellular membranes, decreased slowly. Surface receptors decreased to 51
      +/- 4, 36 +/- 12, and 34 +/- 12%, of control levels after 2, 6, and 18 h of
      insulin pretreatment, respectively. Total receptors decreased to 86 +/- 12, 69 +/
      17, and 34 +/- 12% of control levels in the same periods. Chloroquine, a
      lysosomotropic agent, inhibited the removal of surface receptors, indicating that
      lysosomal proteases play a role in this process. Unlike monocytes, IM-9
      lymphocytes lost surface receptors and total receptors at the same rate when
      incubated with insulin. Monocytes treated with insulin for 18 h, washed free of
      unbound insulin and recultured for 48 h regained 94 +/- 7% of control insulin
      binding, indicating that cultured monocytes are competent to regenerate their
      insulin receptors. Monocytes treated with insulin for 6 h also required 48 h to
      recover their insulin binding, despite the fact that substantial numbers of
      insulin receptors remained intact within these cells. Two-hour pretreated
      monocytes recovered somewhat faster, attaining control levels of receptors after
      24 h of reculture. This suggests that internalized insulin receptors pass from a
      recyclable pool to a nonrecyclable one.

PMID- 2409815
TI  - Effects of proglumide on ductal and basolateral secretion of pancreatic digestive
      enzymes.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that proglumide acts as a cholecystokinin (CCK)
      receptor antagonist in isolated pancreatic acini. To establish the effect of
      proglumide in the intact organ, its effects on both CCK-stimulated ductal and
      basolateral secretion of digestive enzymes were studied in the in vitro rabbit
      pancreas. CCK-stimulated ductal secretion of chymotrypsinogen, amylase, and total
      protein, as well as basolateral secretion of amylase, was inhibited by proglumide
      in a dose-dependent manner. Regression lines comparing ductal chymotrypsinogen
      and amylase outputs also were altered significantly by proglumide in a dose
      dependent manner, with amylase secretion inhibited to a lesser degree. Similarly,
      the relative rates of amylase secretion across the ductal versus the basolateral
      cell surface were altered, with basolateral secretion inhibited to a lesser
      degree. The effects seen with increasing concentrations of proglumide at a given
      concentration of CCK mirrored the effects seen with decreasing the concentration
      of CCK in the absence of proglumide. Proglumide did not affect ductal or
      basolateral secretion stimulated by a cholinergic agonist and did not affect
      unstimulated pancreatic secretion. Thus, proglumide appears to act as a selective
      antagonist of CCK-stimulated secretion in the intact organ. The results further
      indicate that interactions of an agonist and an antagonist at the CCK receptor
      can alter not only the overall amount of enzymes secreted but their relative
      proportions as well.

PMID- 2409816
TI  - Receptor for calcitonin gene-related peptide: binding to exocrine pancreas
      mediates biological actions.
AB  - In the present study we demonstrate by immunohistochemical techniques that
      calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is present in nerve terminals in the
      islets of Langerhans. Furthermore, binding studies with 125I-CGRP indicate that
      dispersed acini from guinea pig pancreas contain a single class of high-affinity
      binding sites for CGRP with an apparent dissociation constant of 18 nM.
      Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), rat growth hormone-releasing factor (rGRF),
      cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-OP), and bombesin do not interact with these
      receptors. Interaction of CGRP with these receptors leads to release of amylase
      from the acinar cells. Amylase release is half maximal at 0.3 nM CGRP and maximal
      at 3 nM CGRP. Maximal amylase release with CGRP is one-third of that observed
      with VIP. CGRP-induced amylase release is dependent on theophylline in the
      incubation medium. CGRP potentiates the amylase release stimulated by bombesin
      and CCK-OP but has no effect on amylase release stimulated by VIP, rGRF, and
      natural glucagon. CGRP stimulates a 25% increase in basal cellular cAMP. These
      results indicate that guinea pig pancreatic acinar cells contain a novel receptor
      for CGRP and that interaction of CGRP with this receptor leads to digestive
      enzyme secretion through a cAMP-mediated pathway. The presence of CGRP in the
      islets of Langerhans suggests a pathway for CGRP to reach the exocrine pancreas
      through an insuloacinar portal system.

PMID- 2409817
TI  - Attenuation of trophic response to gastrin after inhibition of ornithine
      decarboxylase.
AB  - The mechanism by which the hormone gastrin induces growth of the gastrointestinal
      mucosa is unknown. Many hormones are inducers of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC),
      the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of the polyamines putrescine,
      spermidine, and spermine. Although the exact biochemical function of the
      polyamines is not completely understood, they appear to be required for normal
      cell growth and differentiation. Rats were maintained on a liquid diet for 5 days
      and treated with difluoromethylornithine (DFMO, 200 mg/kg ip, 3 times/day), a
      selective, irreversible inhibitor of ODC, for 5 days. Half of these animals also
      received pentagastrin (250 mg/kg ip) during the final 3 days of the treatment
      schedule. DFMO alone had no effect on body weight or mucosal growth. Pentagastrin
      increased total RNA, DNA, and protein in the oxyntic gland and duodenal and
      colonic mucosa. Concurrent treatment with DFMO completely inhibited the trophic
      response to pentagastrin in the oxyntic gland area of the stomach and the
      duodenal mucosa. In contrast, DFMO was without effect on response of the colonic
      mucosa to pentagastrin. Pentagastrin treatment did not induce the mucosal ODC
      activity of the oxyntic gland area of the stomach, the duodenum, the ileum, or
      the proximal colon of either animals fasted for 48 h or animals maintained on a
      liquid diet. ODC activity was measured at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after administration
      of hormone. These results suggest that, in at least the proximal bowel, the
      stimulation by gastrin of nucleic acid and protein synthesis requires intact
      polyamine synthesis but that gastrin itself does not induce ODC.

PMID- 2409819
TI  - pH gradient-dependent increased Na+-H+ antiport capacity of the rabbit remnant
      kidney.
AB  - The adaptative response of the renal proximal tubule to a reduction of renal mass
      was studied in brush border membrane vesicles prepared from the solitary remnant
      kidney (RK) of subtotally nephrectomized rabbits. The in vivo acid-base status of
      RK and sham-operated controls (SK) was similar. In the absence of organic
      solutes, Na+ flux across the membrane demonstrated features of Na+-H+ antiport,
      i.e., stimulation by a transmembrane pH gradient and inhibition by amiloride.
      Kinetic parameters for Na+-H+ antiport were derived with different experimental
      protocols. In the presence of an opposing H+ gradient and over a limited range of
      Na+ concentration, JNamax was enhanced 65% in RK vesicles compared with SK
      vesicles and KtNa was unchanged. The enhanced JNamax was not apparent under H+
      equilibrium conditions, Comparable values for JNamax and KtNa were obtained by
      studying RK vesicles at external Na+ concentrations of 0-200 mM and resolving
      uptake into a substrate component, representing Na+-H+ antiport, and a
      nonsaturable diffusive component. The apparent Na+ permeability (P'Na) of RK
      vesicles was identical to the P'Na of normal kidney vesicles, under both H+
      gradient and H+ equilibrium conditions. H+ permeability, measured with acridine
      orange, was also the same in RK and SK vesicles. These studies demonstrate that
      in the remnant kidney model of chronic renal insufficiency there is an increase
      in the JNamax of the Na+-H+ antiporter in the luminal membrane of the proximal
      tubule that is revealed only under transmembrane H+ gradient conditions.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409818
TI  - NMR measurements of intracellular sodium in the rabbit proximal tubule.
AB  - The present study evaluated the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
      spectroscopy to monitor directly and continuously intracellular sodium levels in
      rabbit renal cortical tubule suspensions. When the paramagnetic shift reagent
      dysprosium tripolyphosphate was added to the extracellular medium it was possible
      to resolve signals from intracellular and extracellular sodium without adversely
      affecting cellular viability. An efflux of intracellular sodium against a
      significant concentration gradient was observed when sodium-loaded cells were
      warmed from 4 to 37 degrees C. At 37 degrees C in steady state, inhibition of Na+
      K+-ATPase activity by ouabain increased intracellular sodium content in a dose
      dependent and time-dependent manner. A biphasic time course of increased
      intracellular sodium following ouabain (10(-3) M) suggested that the sodium
      permeability of the plasma membrane may decrease following pump inhibition, thus
      limiting sodium influx. Nystatin, an agent known to facilitate sodium entry
      across cell membranes, increased intracellular sodium fivefold. In another series
      of experiments several maneuvers were performed to ascertain the fraction of
      intracellular sodium that was NMR visible. Quantitative assessment of either an
      efflux or influx of sodium indicated that the NMR visibility of the transported
      sodium was 100%. Furthermore, disruption of the cell membranes with Triton X-100
      showed that the entire pool of intracellular sodium was 100% NMR
      visible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409820
TI  - Aldosterone binding in isolated tubules. IV. Autoradiography along the nephron of
      the spontaneously hypertensive rat.
AB  - The binding of aldosterone was studied in tubular segments isolated by
      microdissection from kidneys of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR, n = 8), Kyoto
      normotensive (KWR, n = 8), and normal Wistar (NWR, n = 6) rats with an
      autoradiographic technique on dry film. All animals had been previously
      adrenalectomized. Kidney pyramids were incubated in vitro before microdissection
      with collagenase and 2 X 10(-9) M [3H]aldosterone in the presence or absence of
      an excess of unlabeled aldosterone. In addition, the displacement of the binding
      by 10 times excess dexamethasone or aldosterone was examined in the cortical and
      medullary collecting tubule of SHR and KWR to assess the specificity of binding
      sites. In the three groups, no specific nuclear labeling was detectable in the
      proximal tubule. The highest specific nuclear labeling was found in the distal
      portions of the nephron, and intermediate values were present along the loop of
      Henle. In the cortical collecting tubule, the most specific mineralocorticoid
      segment, the specific nuclear binding, expressed in silver grains per unit
      surface, was significantly elevated in SHR (16.1 +/- 1.5) and KWR (13.7 +/- 1.5)
      as compared with NWR (10.2 +/- 0.8, P less than 0.001 and less than 0.05,
      respectively). The difference between SHR and KWR did not reach statistical
      significance. In the medullary collecting tubule, binding was higher in SHR (14.3
      +/- 1.6) than in both KWR (8.7 +/- 1.0, P less than 0.005) and NWR (10.1 +/- 0.9,
      P less than 0.025).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409821
TI  - Reversal of thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 and ADP-induced calcium release in
      intact platelets.
AB  - We previously demonstrated that thromboxane A2 and/or prostaglandin H2
      (TXA2/PGH2), ADP, and A23187 cause calcium mobilization in intact human
      platelets. Other studies have also shown that platelet shape change and
      aggregation induced by a variety of platelet agonists can be reversed by specific
      antagonists. In the present study, we used the fluorescent calcium probe
      chlortetracycline to evaluate whether the reversal of platelet activation
      involves a resequestration of intraplatelet calcium. It was found that the
      TXA2/PGH2 receptor antagonist 13-azaprostanoic acid (13-APA) reversed calcium
      mobilization and shape change induced by AA but not that induced by ADP. A
      similar specificity of action was observed using the specific ADP receptor
      antagonist, ATP, in that ATP only reversed ADP-induced calcium release and shape
      change. In contrast, prostacyclin reversed both AA and ADP-induced calcium
      redistribution and shape change. In the latter experiments, a net calcium
      sequestration was actually observed on prostacyclin addition. These findings
      indicate that the resequestration of released calcium leads to platelet
      deactivation. Furthermore, there appear to be at least two mechanisms by which a
      reduction in cytosolic calcium can be produced: specific interruption of the
      agonist-receptor interaction, for example, 13-APA antagonism of TXA2/PGH2; and
      stimulation of platelet adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate production by
      prostacyclin and consequent calcium sequestration.

PMID- 2409822
TI  - Endotoxin alters biochemical and morphological responses to pneumonectomy in
      adult rats.
AB  - Adult rats treated with endotoxin, like untreated neonatal rats, are resistant to
      O2 toxicity and manifest very similar lung biochemical responses. We hypothesized
      that endotoxin might also alter the adult pneumonectomy response to resemble the
      accelerated response of younger animals. Adult and 19-day rats underwent
      pneumonectomy, followed in 24 h by endotoxin or saline injection.
      Pneumonectomized rats, shams, and controls were killed 72 h after surgery for
      lung biochemistry and morphometry. Compared with adult saline-pneumonectomized
      rats, adult endotoxin-pneumonectomized rats, adult endotoxin-pneumonectomized
      rats demonstrated a significantly greater growth response and a lung biochemical
      response pattern (increased RNA, markedly increased RNA/DNA) similar to 19-day
      rats. Morphologically, endotoxin-pneumonectomized rats showed a different pattern
      of lung regrowth (significantly larger air spaces). Saline pressure-volume curves
      were not different between the two groups. We conclude that endotoxin
      administration to pneumonectomized adult rats resulted in accelerated lung
      regrowth, a lung biochemical response pattern similar to 19-day rats, but a
      paradoxical morphological pattern resembling more closely that of the adult than
      the neonatal animal.

PMID- 2409823
TI  - Analysis of amiloride inhibition of chorda tympani taste response of rat to NaCl.
AB  - The kinetics of inhibition by amiloride of the integrated chorda tympani response
      were investigated in rats subjected to lingual stimulation with NaCl. In one
      series of experiments the time of exposure to amiloride was varied at fixed
      amiloride concentration. Exposure to 10(-4) M amiloride for 2 s reduced the
      response to 0.5 M NaCl by approximately 50%. The time course of recovery from
      amiloride inhibition was first order (relaxation time approximately equal to 4
      min) for all exposure times. For exposure to 10(-4) M amiloride for less than or
      equal to 30 s recovery was better than 90% in 20 min. Not all of the chorda
      tympani response was inhibited by amiloride. With 0.5 M NaCl there was a 70%
      reduction in response, whereas at 0.05 M NaCl the reduction was only 30%.
      Parallel effects of amiloride were seen in the short-circuit current of an in
      vitro preparation of canine lingual epithelium. Amiloride reduced the short
      circuit current by the same percentage as it inhibited the chorda tympani
      response. These results suggest that gustatory transduction is mediated in part
      by an apical membrane transport system that can be inhibited by amiloride. There
      exists, however, a second transducing element that is amiloride insensitive. A
      model is developed, assuming, in part, that the neural response reflects the
      flows of Na through amiloride-sensitive apical pathways.

PMID- 2409824
TI  - The psychotherapy of a modern warlock: rapprochement in a coven of white witches.
AB  - This paper describes the complex psychotherapy of a young man involved with white
      witchcraft and a coven of white witches during crucial phases of therapeutically
      activated processes of separation-individuation. Psychoanalytic concepts are
      applied toward a theoretical and technical understanding of such a unique therapy
      and of white witchcraft in general.

PMID- 2409825
TI  - Common specificities of auto- and iso-antibodies to human spermatozoa.
AB  - The specificities of antispermatozoal antibodies in humans were compared using
      the ability of F(ab')2 fragments prepared from sera containing spermatozoal
      antibodies to block access to antigenic sites on spermatozoa. Reciprocal blocking
      experiments were carried out on a panel of 13 sera which came from both men and
      women, had different modes of agglutination, and came from widely separated
      population centers. The blocking experiments confirmed that specificities of
      antispermatozoal antibodies bear little relation to those suggested by observed
      modes of agglutination. F(ab')2 fragments from head-agglutinating sera could
      inhibit the immobilizing activity of a tail-agglutinating sera and vice versa.
      Similarly, the sera from men and women could inhibit each other, as could sera
      collected from patients living in widely separated localities. It is concluded
      that there are more than one, but a limited number, of antigens on the
      spermatozoal surface capable of generating antibodies with antifertility effects.
      It is also concluded that these antigens occur all over the sperm surface but may
      be concentrated in certain areas and that the observed modes of agglutination
      depend at least as much on the characteristics of the antibodies as on their
      specificities.

PMID- 2409826
TI  - Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland.
AB  - Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland is one of the least common
      morphologic variants of prostatic carcinoma. A lack of precision in the
      definition of these mucinous neoplasms has resulted in reports which have
      overstated the incidence of this lesion. Of approximately 1,600 carcinomas of the
      prostate gland seen at Memorial Hospital from 1963 to 1983, excluding cases with
      only needle biopsy material, six mucinous prostatic adenocarcinomas were
      identified. Mucinous prostatic carcinomas were diagnosed when at least 25% of the
      resected tumor contained lakes of extracellular mucin, and an extraprostatic
      tumor site was ruled out. In five of the six cases, a cribriform pattern
      predominated in the mucinous areas. All of the mucinous prostatic tumors had
      prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
      immunoreactivity. Our experience and our review of the literature indicate that
      these tumors do not respond well to hormonal therapy. Contrary to prevalent
      opinion, they have an aggressive biologic behavior and, like nonmucinous prostate
      carcinomas, have a propensity to develop bone metastases and increased serum acid
      phosphatase levels with advanced disease.

PMID- 2409827
TI  - Effects of jejunoileal bypass on food intake, amino acid levels, and indoleamine
      metabolism in rats.
AB  - Adult rats were subjected to either a 90 to 95 percent jejunoileal bypass or a
      sham operation and were sacrificed 35 days after surgery. Rats with jejunoileal
      bypass lost 33 percent of their original weight, whereas the sham operated rats
      gained 14 percent. Food intake per 100 g body weight was significantly increased
      between postoperative days 14 and 35 in the jejunoileal bypass rats. Levels of
      tryptophan were significantly reduced in the cortex, hypothalamus, striatum,
      hippocampus, mesencephalon, diencephalon, pons-oblongata, and cerebellum, whereas
      serotonin concentrations were lowered in the diencephalon, pons-medulla, and
      cerebellum in jejunoileal rats compared with control rats. Levels of 5-HIAA were
      reduced in the hypothalamus, cortex, mesencephalon, and diencephalon. In the
      plasma of bypassed rats, concentrations of valine, leucine, isoleucine,
      tryptophan, methionine, threonine, and tyrosine were significantly lower than in
      the control rats. In the cerebral cortex, levels of phenylalanine, tyrosine,
      histidine, and glutamine were increased. The results suggest involvement of
      indoleamine metabolism in disrupted eating after jejunoileal bypass. The elevated
      brain levels of glutamine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and histidine resemble
      similar changes seen after portosystemic shunting in rats.

PMID- 2409828
TI  - Carcinoid tumors of the colon. A study of 72 patients.
AB  - Since carcinoid tumors rarely originate in the colon (excluding those that arise
      in the appendix and rectum), there are few large clinical series describing these
      neoplasms. Seventy-two patients with colonic carcinoids treated over a 40 year
      period have been reviewed. The peak incidence was in the seventh decade and
      females outnumbered males 2:1. Virtually all patients were symptomatic, usually
      complaining of abdominal pain. The symptom duration averaged 3.6 months. Thirty
      eight percent of patients had masses in the right lower quadrant and 16 percent,
      hemoccult-positive stools. Three patients had a documented elevation of the
      urinary 5-HIAA level. Nearly 70 percent of the lesions were situated in the right
      segment of the colon. Barium enemas usually detected the neoplasms. Most patients
      had colon resections and five had resection of adjacent organs. Forty-four
      percent of the lesions had spread to regional sites and 38 percent to distant
      points. Most lesions were bulky. The operative mortality was 19 percent overall.
      Chemotherapy and radiotherapy did not appear to provide good palliation.
      Synchronous or metachronous neoplasms developed in 30 patients, especially in the
      colon, during the period of follow-up. The crude survival rates were 58, 51, 25
      and 10 percent at 1, 2, 5, and 10 years, respectively.

PMID- 2409829
TI  - Combined laser therapy and endobronchial radiotherapy for unresectable lung
      carcinoma with bronchial obstruction.
AB  - Over a 4 year period, we refined a protocol for treatment of airway obstruction
      due to recurrent lung carcinoma. Patients undergo bronchoscopy with the Nd:YAG
      laser available on standby. If bronchial obstruction is found to be due to
      extrinsic compression, an endobronchial catheter is inserted for iridium 192
      brachytherapy, treating a cylindrical volume 7.5 to 15 mm in radius. If an
      endobronchial lesion is found, the presence of complete versus partial bronchial
      obstruction determines the course of treatment. Total airway obstruction is
      treated with the laser until a channel is created and then an endobronchial
      catheter is placed for adjuvant endobronchial radiotherapy to treat a cylindrical
      volume 5 mm in radius. Partial airway obstruction is treated with an
      endobronchial catheter and radiotherapy alone. Segmental obstruction is also
      treated with a distally placed endobronchial catheter instead of the laser. Using
      this protocol, we hope to minimize risk to the patient by restricting the use of
      the laser with its inherent higher potential rate of complications to cases of
      total obstruction. In addition, we expect to prolong the duration of palliation
      with endobronchial radiotherapy. The laser is an excellent tool to reopen
      occluded bronchi, but it is relatively ineffective in producing long-term tumor
      control. Instead, we have found that placement of a temporary transtracheal
      endobronchial catheter for radiotherapy is a simple, low-risk procedure that can
      be safely performed even in critically ill patients. The endobronchial catheter
      can provide good to excellent long-term palliation for patients with both
      partially and totally obstructed endobronchial lesions or malignant extrinsic
      compression of major airways.

PMID- 2409830
TI  - New perspectives in the direct microscopic examination of middle ear effusions.
AB  - Detection and identification of bacteria in middle ear effusions from patients
      with otitis media with effusion requires sensitive bacteriologic techniques.
      Direct microscopic examination is very important in this respect. Three staining
      methods--Gram, Giemsa and the fluorescent acridine orange stain--were evaluated
      and compared by examining 112 middle ear effusions. Purulent effusions showed
      more bacteria than mucoid, and mucoid effusions showed more bacteria than serous
      in the direct microscopic examination of the smears. Acridine orange stain proved
      superior in detecting bacteria compared with Gram and Giemsa stains and
      distinguished dead from living bacteria. It is even more sensitive in this way
      than aerobic and anaerobic cultures. Giemsa stain was superior in the
      identification of inflammatory cells. Acridine orange and Giemsa stains are
      recommended in the bacteriocytologic examination of middle ear effusions; Gram
      stain may provide additional information.

PMID- 2409831
TI  - Mast cells and middle ear effusion.
AB  - The mast cell--an important component of connective tissue--carries in its
      cytoplasmic granules various biologically active substances, such as heparin,
      histamine, and a broad spectrum of enzymes. This cell type plays a prominent role
      in inflammatory and allergic conditions. In the middle ear, the mast cells are
      mainly localized in the pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane and beneath the
      tracts of secretory and ciliated cells in the middle ear mucosa. Degranulation of
      the mast cells by the histamine liberator compound 48/80 causes histamine-rich
      effusion material to accumulate in the middle ear. Plugging of the eustachian
      tube and/or tympanic isthmus will bring about a similar accumulation. It would
      thus seem that mast cells in some way participate in the production of middle ear
      effusion, probably via their potent mediators.

PMID- 2409832
TI  - Mechanisms in middle ear effusion production caused by irritation of the external
      auditory canal.
AB  - In an animal model, a stream of chilled air blown into the external auditory
      canal evoked an edematous pars flaccida and accumulation of a serous effusion in
      the attic. The degree of inflammatory changes depended on the temperature of the
      stimuli. The nervous system appears to mediate the observed changes, as the vagus
      nerve, representing the parasympathetic system, potentiates vascular leakage, and
      the sympathetic nerves inhibit leakage.

PMID- 2409833
TI  - [Pulmonary gas exchange via the placenta].

PMID- 2409834
TI  - Nonfluorescent negative stain for alanopine dehydrogenase activity on starch
      gels.
AB  - A two-step procedure for negative staining NADH-dependent alanopine dehydrogenase
      (ALPDH) activity on starch gels is described, using nitroblue tetrasolium and
      phenasine methosulfate. This method gives a blue background with unreacted NADH,
      and white areas where ALPDH is located. Using this technique the first reliable
      evidence of the existence of true ALPDH isoenzymes is obtained.

PMID- 2409835
TI  - Sensitive colloidal metal (gold or silver) staining of protein blots on
      nitrocellulose membranes.
AB  - A sensitive staining method for protein blots on nitrocellulose membranes is
      described and compared with commonly used dye staining methods. It uses colloidal
      metal sols (gold or silver) stabilized with Tween 20 and adjusted to pH 3. It is
      based on the selective high-affinity binding of colloidal metal particles to the
      proteins and produces a red-purplish color (gold) or dark grey (silver). The
      sensitivity of this new staining method is in the same range as silver staining
      of polyacrylamide gels and matches the sensitivity of overlay assays. It will
      therefore be a useful tool for correlating the position of bands or spots of
      proteins detected with overlay assays with the complete electropherogram in a
      duplicate protein blot.

PMID- 2409836
TI  - Fluorescent staining of sialidases in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      ultrathin-layer isoelectric focusing.
AB  - Polyacrylamide gels were stained with the sialidase substrate 2'-(4
      methylumbelliferyl)-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid showing the activity of
      Vibrio cholerae and Clostridium sordellii sialidases in the gels after
      electrophoresis. With this fluorogenic method minimum sialidase activities of 5
      microU could be determined. The sensitivity of this staining is about 10,000-fold
      higher compared to protein-staining with Coomassie brilliant blue. For the
      visualization of other proteins than sialidases the specific sialidase staining
      could be followed by a protein-staining method in the same gel.

PMID- 2409837
TI  - The determination of the anomeric configuration of glycosyl-phosphoryl linkages
      of immunogenic phosphoglycans.
AB  - Phosphoglycans from the cell wall of many strains of Streptococci contain
      terminal carbohydrate units linked by phosphodiester bridges to other residues of
      the glycans. In the immune response to phosphoglycans, the terminal carbohydrate
      phosphate moieties function as antigenic determinants and induce the synthesis of
      antibodies with specificity for the glycosyl-phosphoryl units. It has now been
      found that such terminal carbohydrate units can be removed by treatment of the
      glycans with appropriate glycosidases. Thus, an almond beta-glucosidase releases
      glucose from a streptococcal Group D phosphoglycan with beta-glucosyl phosphate
      units, a jack bean N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase releases N-acetylglucosamine
      from a streptococcal Group L phosphoglycan with N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl
      phosphate units, and a rice alpha-glucosidase releases glucose from a yeast
      phosphoglycan with alpha-glucosyl phosphate units. The glycosidases also
      hydrolyze the hexose phosphates of the proper anomeric configuration and
      structure. The preparations of glycosidases used in this study exhibit
      specificity for single types of carbohydrate residues and are devoid of
      phosphatase and phosphodiesterase activities. The glycosidases act on glycosyl
      phosphoryl linkages by a stereospecific mechanism and can therefore be used for
      the determination of the anomeric configuration of glycosyl-phosphoryl units of
      complex carbohydrates.

PMID- 2409838
TI  - Analysis of RNA structure by ultraviolet crosslinking and denaturation gel
      electrophoresis.
AB  - Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing both formamide and urea is a
      high-resolution technique for the analysis of crosslinked RNA species. Combined
      with a specific crosslinking agent like uv irradiation, it allows a rapid
      fingerprint of structural differences between RNA forms. The technique reveals
      significant differences in the pattern of uv crosslinking of free Escherichia
      coli 16 S ribosomal RNA compared with the RNA in active or inactive 30 S
      subunits. Ultraviolet photocrosslinks seen only in the 30 S particle are likely
      to be tertiary structure contacts.

PMID- 2409839
TI  - Purification and characterization of keratin hydrolase in psoriatic epidermis:
      application of keratin-agarose plate and keratin-polyacrylamide enzymography
      methods.
AB  - Keratin-agarose plate and keratin-polyacrylamide enzymography methods were
      developed to demonstrate proteolytic digestion of epidermal keratin. By applying
      these methods, keratin hydrolase was purified from Tris-buffered saline extract
      of psoriatic scales by 50% ammonium sulfate precipitation, passage through a
      lysine-Sepharose column, DEAE-Sepharose, Sephacryl S-200, high-performance cation
      exchange chromatography on Mono S, and aprotinin-Sepharose affinity
      chromatography. The final preparation demonstrated a single protein band at
      molecular weight 30,000 judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. Furthermore, in keratin-polyacrylamide slab gels, the purified
      enzyme preparation showed a translucent band at molecular weight 30,000,
      indicating keratin digestion. Keratin hydrolase digested reassembled epidermal
      keratin as well, whereas it had no effect on guinea pig hair keratin. The enzyme
      demonstrated a high level of hydrolytic activity on Ile-Pro-Arg-p-nitroanilide
      and other peptidyl arginine substrates, while it showed a low level of activity
      on Val-Leu-Lys-p-nitroanilide, and no activity on Arg-Pro-Tyr-p-nitroanilide, Glu
      Pro-Val-p-nitroanilide, or Ala-Ala-Ala-p-nitroanilide. The keratin hydrolase was
      a serine proteinase, inactivated by diisopropylfluorophosphate,
      phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, tosyl-lysyl-chloromethyl ketone, antipain,
      leupeptin, soybean trypsin inhibitor, aprotinin, and p-aminobenzamidine. The
      keratinolytic activity was not detected in normal epidermal extract.

PMID- 2409840
TI  - Applicability of agarose gel electrophoresis to the physical characterization of
      clathrin-coated vesicles.
AB  - Agarose gel electrophoresis was found to be applicable to the physical
      characterization of clathrin-coated vesicles from bovine brain and rat liver. The
      vesicles from brain are smaller and, at pH 6.4, more highly charged than those
      from liver. Using a standard curve for spherical viruses, the mean radii of the
      brain vesicles averaged 40 +/- 3 nm for two preparations, and those of liver
      vesicles 53 +/- 5 nm. When the comparison between the two species is made within
      the same experiment, the size difference between rat liver-derived and bovine
      brain-derived clathrin-coated vesicles is significant at the 95% confidence
      level. The sizes are compatible with electron microscopy measurements. The
      mobilities (uncorrected for electroendosmosis), extrapolated to 0% agarose on the
      Ferguson plot, mu'0 (cm2/sec/V), were 0.76 +/- 0.04 for brain vesicles and 0.61
      +/- 0.09 for liver vesicles. These are measures of the average surface net charge
      of the vesicles. The higher net charge of brain vesicles, compared to liver
      vesicles, is significant at the 95% confidence level whether the two species are
      compared intra- or interexperimentally. Charge differences between two different
      preparations from the same organ were significant at the 95% confidence level,
      while size differences were not.

PMID- 2409841
TI  - Automated determination of DNA using the fluorochrome Hoechst 33258.
AB  - An automated method for the determination of DNA content in fractions from the
      alkaline filter elution assay of DNA damage has been developed. DNA-containing
      fractions are mixed with a fluorochrome (Hoechst 33258) and the DNA concentration
      is measured fluorometrically in a continuous-flow system. The lower limit of
      detection is 0.05 micrograms DNA/ml, and the linearity range under the conditions
      used is 0-8 micrograms DNA/ml. The standard deviation (n = 10) was found to be +/
      0.83%. The results are compared with the manual method.

PMID- 2409842
TI  - Contribution to the study of connective fibers in human mitral valve.
AB  - 8 hearts of male and female, white and non-white Brazilians of different ages
      were studied. The histological arrangement of the collagen and elastic tissue of
      the leaflets of the left atrioventricular valve was studied. The histological
      study of the leaflets under polarized light, showed that the collagen from the
      chordae tendineae fans out in its interior and reaches a fibrous ring from the
      valve. Specific staining for elastic fibers revealed that these fibers are
      chiefly concentrated on the free margin of the leaflets. These findings were
      discussed based on the physiology of the papillary muscle contraction and on the
      proposed mechanisms of the valve closure.

PMID- 2409843
TI  - Further evidence of bilateral cervical projection from the snout primary sensory
      neurons by HRP method.
AB  - This report is concerned with a counter-proof of the bilateral pathway of the
      transganglionic degeneration fibers projecting to the cervical segment following
      the transection of the infraorbital nerve of the rat and mouse.

PMID- 2409844
TI  - A study of the myenteric plexus of the congenital aganglionosis rat (spotting
      lethal).
AB  - The entire bowel of a mutant strain of rats, the congenital aganglionosis rat
      (spotting lethal), was investigated using the acetylcholinesterase reaction and
      immunohistochemical staining for tyrosine hydroxylase and substance P in whole
      mount preparations. The histology of the bowel of mutant rats was also studied by
      light- and electron microscopy. In all examined mutant rats, a constricted region
      of intestine followed a dilated region of the bowel. In 29 cases constricted
      segments extended from rectum to distal ileum; in 3 cases from rectum to middle
      colon. In controls the myenteric plexus appeared as a mesh-work consisting of
      ganglion strands and internodal strands, showing a rather regular ladder-like
      pattern from duodenum to rectum. The myenteric plexus of mutants was very
      different from that of controls, showing conspicuous regional differences. Even
      in the duodenum, where there was no macroscopical disorder, the plexus showed an
      irregular pattern, the meshes varying greatly in size and shape. Ganglion strands
      were shorter than those in controls. The plexus in the dilated segment gradually
      decreased in density, finally disappearing above the proximal terminal of the
      constricted segment. In some areas below this transition, i.e., the anal portion
      of the constricted segment in 29 cases (long constricted segment type only),
      there were neither ganglion cells nor nerve fibers except for scarcely
      distributed tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve fibers. In the distal part
      of the upper colon some fine nerve bundles appeared to run irregularly. These
      nerve bundles gradually increased in number and mixed with thicker nerve bundles
      in the lower portion of the colon. Finally, at the level of the rectum, nerve
      bundles of various sizes interlaced irregularly with one another to form a
      network. However, this network was free from ganglion cells.

PMID- 2409845
TI  - Effects of colloid or crystalloid administration on pulmonary extravascular water
      in the postoperative period after coronary artery bypass grafting.
AB  - The effect of postoperative fluid management on pulmonary extravascular thermal
      volume (ETVL) as in index of pulmonary extravascular water after coronary artery
      bypass grafting was compared, using the thermal-dye technique, among five
      patients who received 5% albumin (group A), five patients who received 6%
      hydroxyethyl starch (group H), and five who received lactated Ringer's solution
      (group C). Intraoperatively, all patients received lactated Ringer's solution
      intravenously, and the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit prime included 5%
      albumin. No statistically significant changes in ETVL occurred postoperatively in
      any group, nor did ETVL differ significantly between groups. After CPB, colloid
      osmotic pressure (COP) significantly decreased and pulmonary artery wedge
      pressure (WP) and the WP-COP gradient significantly increased in each group,
      implying an increase in transcapillary fluid flux. Cardiac index changed
      variably. Pulmonary shunt fraction (Qsp/Qt) did not change in groups A and C but
      decreased during CPB in group H (from 0.22 +/- 0.03 to 0.16 +/- 0.11).
      Postoperatively, patients in the three groups received similar volumes of fluids
      and had similar perioperative weight gains. By the next morning (AM1), COP
      increased in all groups, returning to levels noted before CPB in group C, and
      exceeding these levels in groups A and H. Wedge pressure was similar in all three
      groups on AM1. PaO2 decreased significantly, and alveolar-arterial oxygen partial
      pressure difference increased significantly in all groups on AM1. In Group H,
      Qsp/Qt returned to levels observed before CPB by AM1 (0.27 +/- 0.09). We conclude
      that in patients without postoperative increases in WP, ETVL changes minimally
      during CPB and is not influenced by the type of fluid administered as the primary
      volume replacement in the postoperative period.

PMID- 2409846
TI  - Interaction among agents that block end-plate depolarization competitively.
AB  - The influence of gallamine, metocurine, pancuronium, and tubocurarine on
      depolarization of a mammalian muscle end-plate region was examined to determine
      whether the antagonists given in combination exerted a degree of block consistent
      with the simple classical competitive model. Depolarization was produced by
      carbachol in isolated guinea pig lumbrical muscles and recorded by the moving
      fluid electrode technique. The dose-response values obtained were fitted to a
      regression embedded in a split plot factorial experimental design such as both to
      control and to measure effects of variation among preparations, order of
      administration, time, and level of block. Of the six possible pairings of the
      four drugs, four showed the simple additivity expected from a competitive
      mechanism, while two (pancuronium plus metocurine and metocurine plus gallamine)
      showed potentiation beyond additivity. In these latter two pairs the combination
      shifted the carbachol dose-response curve, respectively, 41 and 21% further than
      predicted from the classical model. The significance of this deviation in the
      light of alternative receptor models is discussed, and a model consistent with
      the observed results is outlined.

PMID- 2409847
TI  - Pertussis booster vaccination and immediate hypersensitivity.
AB  - Twelve non-atopic and 27 atopic preschool children were studied to determine the
      effect of pertussis booster vaccination on cutaneous histamine sensitivity and
      IgE antibody response to the naturally-occurring ragweed aeroallergen. Prick
      tests of histamine and ragweed extract, as well as ragweed-RAST, were performed
      prior to, and after, their booster injections. Ragweed skin tests and RAST were
      not repeated until 2 weeks after the end of ragweed pollination. None of the
      parameters changed significantly in either group regardless of the type of
      immunization administered.

PMID- 2409848
TI  - Spontaneous loss of hypersensitivity in patients allergic to bee or wasp stings;
      detection by venom-induced histamine release.
AB  - Patients with bee or wasp sting allergy can lose their hypersensitivity
      spontaneously. The suitability of venom-induced histamine release for evaluating
      the actual allergic risk in untreated patients with a history of systemic
      allergic reactions following bee or wasp stings is demonstrated by successfully
      deliberate sting challenges.

PMID- 2409849
TI  - The allergic irritability syndrome: four case reports and a position statement
      from the Neuroallergy Committee of the American College of Allergy.
AB  - Allergic irritability syndrome is a concise, quantifiable way to define the
      decreased ability to concentrate, bouts of irritability and temper tantrums that
      sometimes occur as side effects of allergic rhinitis. Diagnostic tests are
      presented, as well as four case histories to further document this syndrome.

PMID- 2409850
TI  - Suppressive effects of oral ketotifen on skin responses to histamine, codeine,
      and allergen skin tests.
AB  - Nine healthy subjects were given 1 mg ketotifen orally and were skin tested with
      histamine (4, 10, and 20 micrograms/mL), codeine (0.001%, 0.01%, and 0.1%) and
      normal saline at varying time intervals up to 96 hours. Seven subjects allergic
      to tree and dust allergens were studied in the same way and were skin tested with
      both allergens. The suppression of skin responses in both studies occurred
      maximally between 4 and 24 hours, and did not disappear until 72 hours. The
      control subjects not taking ketotifen did not show any suppression. These results
      suggest that oral ketotifen should be withheld for 72 hours prior to immediate
      type hypersensitivity skin tests.

PMID- 2409851
TI  - Measurement of antigen-specific IgE in nasal secretions of patients with
      perennial rhinitis.
AB  - Sixteen of 53 patients with rhinitis had positive skin tests corresponding with
      serum-specific IgE (RAST). Concomitant positive nasal secretion (NS) RAST was
      found in 10/16. Four patients with both negative skin tests and serum RAST had
      positive NS RAST. In a subset of patients with perennial rhinitis, specific IgE
      may be detected only in NS. Further studies are necessary to document the
      clinical relevance of such NS IgE antibodies.

PMID- 2409852
TI  - Dermal responses to Ostertagia ostertagi in Ostertagia ostertagi- and Cooperia
      punctata-inoculated calves.
AB  - Calves harboring patent Ostertagia ostertagi or Cooperia punctata were given
      intradermal injections of O ostertagi 3rd-stage larval antigen. The initial
      injections were followed 30 days later by a 2nd series of injections. Skin
      thickness was measured at injection sites for 72 hours after injection. Selected
      injection sites including saline solution control sites were biopsied at 30
      minutes, at 3, 24, 48, and 72 hours, and at 30 days after injection. After the
      1st series of injections, there was a clear distinction in dermal reactions
      between O ostertagi-inoculated calves and C punctata-inoculated calves; after 24
      hours, reactions were not seen in the C punctata-inoculated calves. Marked dermal
      reactions occurred in the O ostertagi-inoculated calves. The reactions at 30
      minutes and 3 hours were characterized by slight-to-extensive infiltration of
      neutrophils and dermal edema. The 24-hour cellular reaction was principally due
      to neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration with edema and necrosis. Reactions at
      48 to 72 hours were due to eosinophils and perivascular accumulations of
      macrophages and lymphocytes. Necrosis, neutrophils, and edema were present in
      foci where fragments of nematodes were located. On reinjection, a clear
      distinction in dermal reactions between calves was not seen based on the type of
      nematode infection. Thirty days after dermal inoculation, large nodules developed
      at the site of the initial antigen injection. The nodules were characterized by
      marked intradermal proliferation of lymphocytes in a follicular pattern with
      occasional macrophages and rare multinucleated giant cells.

PMID- 2409853
TI  - Specificity and distribution of alpha antigens of Mycobacterium avium
      intracellulare, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, and related species of mycobacteria.
AB  - Specificity of antigenic determinants in alpha antigens of Mycobacterium avium,
      M. intracellulare, M. scrofulaceum, M. gordonae, and M. szulgai was investigated
      by the agar gel diffusion technique using the respective absorbed antialpha serum
      on a total of 225 strains classified into 13 species of slowly growing
      mycobacteria. The specific antigenic determinants in alpha antigen of M.
      scrofulaceum, M. gordonae, and M. szulgai were species specific, whereas those of
      M. avium and M. intracellulare were M. avium-M. intracellulare complex specific.
      Alpha antigens were found to be stable. These results suggest that the absorbed
      serums of antialpha- M. avium-intracellulare, -M. scrofulaceum, -M. gordonae, and
      -M. szulgai are useful for serologic identification of these species of slowly
      growing mycobacteria.

PMID- 2409854
TI  - [Hyposensitization therapy: current status].

PMID- 2409855
TI  - Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in preovulatory, nonovulatory
      healthy, and atretic human ovarian follicles during the natural cycle.

PMID- 2409856
TI  - Biocides in human follicular fluid.

PMID- 2409857
TI  - Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and placental protein 5 in human ovarian
      follicular fluid.
AB  - By sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays PAPP-A and PP5 were detected in
      follicular aspirates obtained from women undergoing ovarian hyperstimulation for
      oocyte harvest prior to in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Follicular
      and pregnancy-derived PAPP-A were immunologically and physicochemically
      indistinguishable. Similarly, pregnancy- and nonpregnancy-derived PP5 were
      immunologically indistinguishable. However, in addition to the 18- and 36-K
      species, a larger species having a molecular size greater than 140K was found in
      the follicular fluid. Mean follicular PAPP-A and PP5 concentrations were 727
      mIU/L and 1376 mAU/L, respectively, with no significant correlation between
      follicular PAPP-A, PP5, and steroid concentrations. There was, however, a
      significant but negative relationship with follicular volume. Preliminary in
      vitro studies indicated that both proteins were synthesized by granulosa cells in
      preparation for follicular rupture. Follicular PP5, like antithrombin III,
      interacted reversibly with heparin and thrombin affinity matrices, suggesting a
      potential biological role as a follicular anticoagulant, whereas PAPP-A, a
      specific and potent inhibitor of leukocyte elastase, contributes to the
      maintenance of proteolytic homeostasis and the protection of spermatozoa and
      embryo against proteolytic attack originating from the maternal leukocytes.

PMID- 2409858
TI  - Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and placental protein 5 in human seminal
      plasma.
AB  - Human seminal plasma contains two glycoproteins which are physiochemically and
      immunologically indistinguishable from pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and
      placental protein 5. Seminal concentrations of both glycoproteins did not
      correlate with clinical assessment of semen quality. Furthermore, analysis of
      split ejaculates indicated a nontesticular origin for both proteins, which are
      possibly secreted into the distal portions of the tract by the accessory glands
      (prostate gland and seminal vesicles). The physiological significance of these
      findings has yet to be determined. However, it is suggested that pregnancy
      associated plasma protein-A, a known potent inhibitor of leukocyte elastase,
      protects the deposited sperm against proteolytic attack originating from the
      localized leukocyte reaction within the female reproductive tract, thus
      contributing towards sperm survival within this immunologically hostile
      environment and enabling fertilization to occur.

PMID- 2409859
TI  - Aspects of multiple embryo transfer.
AB  - Three hundred seventy-two patients underwent laparoscopy for in vitro
      fertilization and embryo transfer. Of these, 156 were treated with clomiphene
      citrate alone, 203 with clomiphene citrate and hMG, and 13 with hMG alone. Two
      hundred seventy-two of these patients underwent embryo transfer, and 55
      pregnancies resulted. Of these, 30 were ongoing, 14 biochemical, 6 ectopic, and 5
      aborted. Where four embryos were transferred, the pregnancy rate was found to be
      significantly higher than when a lesser number were transferred. When the embryos
      transferred were analyzed, however, it was found that fewer than 10% of all
      transferred embryos implanted and it was largely a function of multiple embryo
      transfer per patient that led to success. When the type of hyperstimulation was
      compared, clomiphene citrate cycles were found to be less successful in that they
      produced fewer oocytes and embryos than did cycles in which hyperstimulation was
      achieved by supplementary hMG. It is conceded that this is an overall analysis
      and that individuals, especially those producing twins, had more than one good
      embryo transferred into a receptive uterus. The data suggest that unsuccessful
      cycles had somewhat poorer quality embryos, nonreceptive endometria, or a
      combination of these factors when compared with those of the successful embryo
      transfer cycles. The only predictive factor as to outcome relates to the
      multiplicity of embryos transferred. The fact that some IVF cycles produce
      multiple pregnancies indicates that a predictor of embryo health is urgently
      required. However, until such a reliable predictor is obtained, multiple embryo
      transfer remains a major advance in the success of IVF and ET.

PMID- 2409860
TI  - Maternal recognition of pregnancy prior to implantation: methods for monitoring
      embryonic viability in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 2409861
TI  - Monitoring of postimplantation embryo viability by measurement of PAPP-A, SP1,
      and hCG.
AB  - After successful in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, chorionic
      gonadotropin, pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein, and pregnancy-associated
      plasma protein-A were measured in serum samples collected serially from 21
      patients. While 14 pregnancies, including one twin pregnancy, progressed
      successfully to term, the remaining seven pregnancies failed during the first
      half of gestation. This latter group consisted of three tubally implanted, one
      anembryonic, and three spontaneously aborted pregnancies. Circulating levels of
      hCG, SP1, and PAPP-A in the patient with an anembryonic pregnancy were within
      normal limits. Similarly, 90.5% of the serum samples obtained from women with
      tubal pregnancies showed hCG levels within normal limits. By contrast, only two
      of these samples had detectable PAPP-A, of which only one was within normal
      limits. Of the samples obtained from the patients who spontaneously aborted,
      including one patient with normal ultrasonic findings up to 48 hours prior to the
      event, 85.7% had PAPP-A concentration below the 10th percentile, whereas only
      16.7% of these samples showed depressed hCG levels. These data suggest that PAPP
      A measurement has great clinical potential in the management of compromised early
      pregnancies.

PMID- 2409862
TI  - Use of a modified test system to determine early pregnancy factor (EPF) levels in
      patients with normal first trimester pregnancy and after therapeutic abortion.
AB  - Human pregnancy can be recognized as early as 48 hours after conception using the
      rosette inhibition test (RIT) to detect early pregnancy factor (EPF). A
      modification of the test as originally described by Morton et al. is demonstrated
      using a monoclonal pan T-cell antibody. Studies were performed to investigate the
      relationship between EPF levels during normal first trimester intact pregnancies
      and therapeutic abortions. The change in EPF levels is compared with those of
      hormones after interrupted pregnancy.

PMID- 2409863
TI  - Spatial aspects of memory implicated in face drawings of alcoholic men.

PMID- 2409864
TI  - Memory from infancy to old age: implications for theories of normal and
      pathological memory.

PMID- 2409865
TI  - Multiple molecular bases for thalassemia intermedia in east Sicily.

PMID- 2409866
TI  - The silent carrier of beta-thalassemia.

PMID- 2409867
TI  - Clinical and molecular heterogeneity of delta, beta-thalassemia in Sicily.

PMID- 2409868
TI  - Molecular analysis of deletion and nondeletion hereditary persistence of fetal
      hemoglobin and identification of a new mutation causing beta-thalassemia.

PMID- 2409869
TI  - Heterogeneity of delta, beta-thalassemia and hereditary persistence of Hb F in
      the Mediterranean area.

PMID- 2409870
TI  - Regulation of fetal hemoglobin synthesis in the hemoglobinopathies.

PMID- 2409871
TI  - Hb F production in stressed erythropoiesis: observations and kinetic models.
AB  - The mechanism of stimulation of Hb F in stressed erythropoiesis is examined.
      Conditions known to produce a transient elevation of F-cells (acute anemia; acute
      expansion; treatment with cytotoxic compounds) have a common element, the acute
      kinetic perturbations of erythroid differentiation/maturation they trigger. Cell
      cycling must be shortened and the total time of differentiation (from BFUe to
      erythroblast) must be shortened. We propose that F-cells are formed either
      because of the shortening of erythroid differentiation time or because of
      shortening of cell cycle of erythroid cells. With the model of shortened
      differentiation time F-cell formation is attributed to "premature commitment" of
      progenitors. gamma-gene expression occurs either because chromatin changes that
      normally inactivate the gamma genes are not completed or because critical
      divisions in which the gamma genes are normally inactivated are skipped. The
      model of faster cycling explains F-cell formation by assuming that gamma-gene
      transcription is activated when the cycle (and especially the duration of G0/G1)
      of progenitors or erythroblasts falls below a critical time. The proposed models
      can readily explain the F-cells of the normal adult as the products of random
      deviation from normal erythroid kinetics. The two models can also explain F-cell
      formation in chronic erythropoietic stress (chronic hemolytic anemias, patients
      with hemoglobinopathies). Differences in the degree of F-cell elevation in such
      patients may reflect differences in the intensity of kinetic perturbation of
      their erythropoiesis.

PMID- 2409872
TI  - Pharmacological manipulation of fetal hemoglobin synthesis in patients with
      severe beta-thalassemia.

PMID- 2409873
TI  - Progress toward increasing fetal hemoglobin production in man: experience with 5
      azacytidine and hydroxyurea.

PMID- 2409874
TI  - A model for hemoglobin F synthesis in adult life: evidence for regulation at the
      level of erythroblasts.

PMID- 2409875
TI  - The ratio of the G gamma and A gamma chains: variations due to anomalies at the
      molecular level.

PMID- 2409876
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of thalassemia and Hb S syndromes in Greece: an evaluation of
      1500 cases.

PMID- 2409877
TI  - Attempts at gene therapy in beta-thalassemic mice.

PMID- 2409878
TI  - Genetic and molecular analysis of mild forms of homozygous beta-thalassemia.

PMID- 2409879
TI  - Physical and biological properties of cyclopolymers related to DIVEMA ("pyran
      copolymer").
AB  - A series of copolymers related in structure to the 1:2 alternating cyclocopolymer
      of divinyl ether and maleic anhydride (DIVEMA) have been shown to possess
      antitumor properties. The synthesis and structures of these copolymers are
      discussed, and their effectiveness as antitumor agents is presented. Certain of
      the copolymers have been prepared in controlled molecular weight ranges using
      chain transfer agents, and the resultant copolymers finally fractionated via use
      of solvent-nonsolvent systems. These samples of narrow molecular weight
      distribution have been evaluated for their antitumor properties and have been
      found to be quite effective.

PMID- 2409880
TI  - Use of polysaccharides as drug carriers. Dextran and inulin derivatives of
      procainamide.

PMID- 2409881
TI  - Interaction of macromolecular drugs with beta-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2409882
TI  - Targeting of liposomes to accessible cells in vivo.

PMID- 2409883
TI  - Uptake and intracellular processing of targeted and nontargeted liposomes by rat
      Kupffer cells in vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 2409884
TI  - In vitro and in vivo studies of drug-releasing poly(amino acids).
AB  - Preliminary efforts directed toward the synthesis and characterization of steroid
      polyamino acid conjugates indicate that the preparation of these systems is
      feasible. Studies have indicated that the steroids may be released from the
      macromolecule resulting in long-term controlled release systems. Table 4 lists
      several of the variables that are important in controlling biocompatibility,
      biodegradation, and drug release characteristics. The biocompatibility,
      biodegradation, and drug release characteristics are all important in the design
      and preparation of a drug-polyamino acid delivery system. The variables listed in
      Table 4 may interact and interrelate to varying degrees when considering each of
      these factors independently. Although perhaps preliminary, efforts to date
      indicate that steroids bound to polyglutamic acid or polyglutamic acid
      derivatives are biocompatible, capable of undergoing biodegradation, and can
      release drugs at appropriate rates for extended periods of time.

PMID- 2409885
TI  - Human chromosome analysis by flow cytometry.

PMID- 2409886
TI  - Expression of genes on human chromosome 21.
AB  - Gene sequences were isolated from a lambda library containing inserts originating
      from human chromosome 21. One phage, CP21G1, had been selected on the basis of
      its lack of middle-repetitive sequences and its ability to hybridize with 32P
      labeled cDNA synthesized from the cytoplasmic poly A+ RNA of cultured
      fibroblasts. Further experiments revealed that the human insert in this phage is
      unique-sequence DNA, maps to the long arm of chromosome 21, and is expressed in
      fibroblasts and T cells. A panel of 127 "unique-sequence" phage were also
      selected from the lambda library and were tested for hybridization to 32P-labeled
      cDNA synthesized from the cytoplasmic poly A+ RNA of CCRF-HSB-2, a T-blast
      leukemic line. Seventeen recombinants hybridized to the probe. One of these
      phages, CP8, contains a human unique-sequence DNA expressed in T cells and
      neuroblastoma cells. One phage (CP5) in the "unique-sequence" panel that had not
      hybridized to cDNA from T-cell RNA was found to carry a low-repeat sequence and
      to hybridize specifically to RNA from a neuroblastoma line. This phage appears to
      carry a brain-specific gene. Many of the genomic sequences related to the low
      repeat sequence contained in CP5 map to the short arm of chromosome 21. The
      cloned genes described here represent new markers for the detailed mapping of
      human chromosome 21 and may prove valuable in studying tissue-specific gene
      regulation.

PMID- 2409887
TI  - [Arterial embolization in tumor pathology].

PMID- 2409888
TI  - G-11 staining in Turner's syndrome with mos 45,X/46,X,r(?).
AB  - Mos 45,X/46,X,r(?) in 4 patients with Turner's syndrome and no signs of
      virilization, and in one pair of monozygotic twins, one of them with clitoral
      hypertrophy, was studied using combined cytogenetic techniques and specially G-11
      staining for the characterization of the X or Y origin of the rings. In all 6
      patients the ring was G-11 positive, attesting its Y origin. Both twins were
      operated and bilateral streak gonads with a bilateral nodule of testicular tissue
      were found. Similar small rings were also studied in one patient with mos
      46,XX/46,X,r(X) and in one nonvirilized Turner's syndrome patient with a larger
      ring; in these two cases the ring was G-11 negative. It seems that the small
      rings occasionally found in Turner's syndrome are more frequently from Y origin
      and therefore prophylactic gonadectomy should be considered.

PMID- 2409889
TI  - [Genetic polymorphism of drepanocytosis].
AB  - The pathophysiological mechanism of sickle cell anemia has been thoroughly
      studied and is now well understood, in contrast to the extreme clinical
      heterogeneity of the disease. A possible genetic explanation for this diversity
      arose from the discovery of an HpaI restriction polymorphism 3' to the beta
      globin gene, in linkage disequilibrium with the Hb S mutation. This linkage is
      unequally distributed among ethnic groups in Africa and predominantly found in
      Central West Africa. A multipolymorphic analysis spanning 60 Kb of the beta
      globin gene cluster demonstrated that the sickle mutation arose at least 3 times
      in 3 different geographical areas (Atlantic West Africa, Central West Africa and
      Equatorial Central Africa) and expanded by malaria selection. Two genetic factors
      seem to have epistatic effects which differ when comparing the two first groups.
      The alpha thalassemia gene (-alpha) is distributed equally among African Black
      control populations (0.10). The frequency is significantly higher in the SS
      patients of the Benin area (Central West Africa), whereas it is unmodified in the
      patients of Senegal (Atlantic West Africa). Alpha thalassemia does not seem
      therefore to have exercised the same selective effect in this latter group.
      Secondly, fetal hemoglobin is quantitatively and qualitatively different in both
      groups. A high G gamma phenotype (greater than 60%) is found in Senegal, whereas
      a low G gamma phenotype is constant in Benin, without overlap between the two
      series. The total production of fetal hemoglobin is statistically higher,
      although only moderately, so in the first group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409890
TI  - The possible role of stromal influences in tumor cell heterogeneity. Histology
      and fibronectin pattern of the Yoshida sarcoma of the rat.
AB  - Yoshida tumors implanted subcutaneously in the rat are conspicuously
      heterogeneous. A definite zoning can be discerned. Cell nuclei range from uniform
      epitheloid (type I) via pleomorphic (type II) to compact (type III). Type III is
      seen to detach at the rim of the tumor and to infiltrate the dermis. Type I is
      characterized by positive pericellular fibronectin staining, type II and III are
      fibronectin-negative. A marked spatial relationship was seen between types II and
      III on one hand and the presence of collagenous stroma on the other. It is
      conjectured that stromal components play a role in tumor promotion or
      progression.

PMID- 2409891
TI  - Transitional diarrhoea in newborn infants.
AB  - A self-limited acute fluid diarrhoea was seen in 80 of 3550 (2.2%) live-born
      infants not kept in a nursery in this hospital. Rotavirus and enteropathogenic
      serotypes of E. coli were detected with equal frequency with and without
      diarrhoea. It is suggested that this self-limited episode of diarrhoea occurring
      soon after birth is not necessarily due to rotavirus infection but could also be
      due to failure of adaptation to enteral feeding and microbial colonization during
      this transitional period.

PMID- 2409892
TI  - Vertical transmission of enteric pathogens at birth.
AB  - To determine how frequently mothers infect their infants with enteric pathogens
      at birth, stools were collected from 75 Thai mothers immediately before delivery
      and from their infants 24-48 h later. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC)
      were isolated from 25 of the 75 mothers just prior to delivery (32%),
      enteroviruses from six (8%), enterotoxigenic E. coli from five (7%), and
      shigella, salmonella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus each from one (1%). EPEC
      serotype 0128:K67 was isolated from one mother and from her infant, neither of
      whom had diarrhoea. Cultures from the other 74 mother-infant pairs did not detect
      identical enteric pathogens. Eighteen infants, nine of whose mothers submitted
      stools prior to delivery, developed diarrhoea within 5 days of birth. Five
      infants were infected with ETEC (28%), three with EPEC serotype 020a020cK61
      (17%), one with Campylobacter jejuni (6%), and one with rotavirus (6%). None of
      these enteropathogens was found in 66 infants without diarrhoea. ECHO viruses of
      two different serotypes were isolated from two of 18 newborns with diarrhoea and
      unidentified enteroviruses from three of 66 without diarrhoea. Mothers and nurses
      are frequently infected with enteric pathogens in Thailand, but transmission to
      newborns at birth appears to be uncommon.

PMID- 2409893
TI  - Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterotoxigenic (ETEC) related
      diarrhoeal disease in a neonatal unit.
AB  - In an outbreak of summer diarrhoea in the neonatal unit, King Edward VIII
      Hospital, Durban, 25 (69%) of the 36 infants had organisms demonstrated in their
      stools. Four (11%) had EPEC alone, six (17%) ETEC alone, six (17%) EPEC plus
      rotavirus and nine (25%) all three organisms. Eleven (30%) infants had no
      organisms in their stools. Rotavirus alone was not present in any of the stools.
      Seven infants had septicaemia. The overall mortality was 22% and 62.5% of the
      deaths occurred in low birthweight infants. In a study of 41 infants without
      diarrhoea during the following winter and summer periods 55% of winter, 43% of
      summer controls, and four of 12 (33%) mothers had rotavirus. Only two (4.8%) of
      41 infants had E. coli (EPEC). The findings suggest that E. coli (EPEC strain
      044/K74[c], and ETEC) was the major cause of the outbreak and it was associated
      with a high mortality.

PMID- 2409894
TI  - Epidemiological aspects of rotavirus infection in young Gambian children.
AB  - Rotavirus gastro-enteritis in young Gambian children has its maximum impact on
      infants after the age of one month, in whom it produces short, well-defined
      annual winter epidemics with clinical dehydration in up to 18% of those infected.
      Sporadic infection was observed in neonates who were often asymptomatic,
      throughout one year but not in the subsequent year. In two consecutive years
      studied there was a major change from subgroup I, serotype 2 to subgroup II,
      serotypes 1 and 3. This could have contributed to the failure of children to
      develop protective immunity against sequential disease following an infection
      during infancy. If rotavirus morbidity in this community is to be notably reduced
      by a vaccination programme it would need to be carried out in early infancy prior
      to the winter season. Evaluation of a type-specific vaccine should include
      monitoring secular changes in rotavirus serotypes throughout subsequent
      epidemics.

PMID- 2409895
TI  - BCG test reaction in previously BCG vaccinated children.
AB  - BCG test reactions were studied in 1095 non-tuberculous children from 6 months to
      5 years of age, who had received BCG vaccination in the newborn period, in order
      to find out the diagnostic value of the BCG test in previously BCG vaccinated
      children. Previous BCG vaccination has an effect on the BCG test reaction in the
      form of an accelerated BCG reaction. Although the degree of reaction decreases
      with time, 51.4% of children still showed a strongly accelerated BCG reaction 4
      1/2-5 years after BCG vaccination. It is concluded that the BCG test cannot be
      used as a diagnostic test for tuberculosis in children under 5 years of age who
      have had previous BCG vaccination.

PMID- 2409896
TI  - Use of non-carbonated soft drinks to provide safe drinking water.
AB  - Non-carbonated, low-calorie soft drink concentrates (cordials), when diluted
      according to manufacturers' instructions, had significant antibacterial effects
      in vitro. Bacteria affected include Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonas hydrophila,
      Shigella sonnei, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. With vibrios,
      bacterial counts were reduced from 10(6)/ml to undetectable numbers in less than
      10 min. Escherichia coli in an initial concentration of 10(6)/ml became
      undetectable after incubation for 1 h with one brand of cordial. Naturally
      contaminated water can be rendered potable by incubation with cordials at room
      temperature for 1 h. This may be a way to reduce the risk of water-borne
      diarrhoea, particularly where the cleanliness of drinking waters cannot be
      otherwise assured, for example when making up oral rehydration fluids and for
      travellers in high-risk areas.

PMID- 2409897
TI  - Latex agglutination: an appropriate technology for the diagnosis of bacterial
      meningitis in developing countries.
AB  - We evaluated prospectively the utility of a latex agglutination technique for the
      diagnosis of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in a paediatric ward in
      India. Eight of 44 children had H. influenzae grown from cerebrospinal fluid.
      These proven cases plus four additional cases of H. influenzae meningitis were
      detected by the latex agglutination test. There were no cross reactions with
      other organisms. The high degree of sensitivity and specificity, combined with
      the speed and simplicity of this technique make it an appropriate method for
      developing countries.

PMID- 2409898
TI  - The specificity and sensitivity of CSF and blood glucose concentration in the
      diagnosis of neonatal meningitis.
AB  - In a prospective study of high-risk newborn infants, the specificity and
      sensitivity of CSF/blood glucose ratio were studied in 35 newborn infants with
      meningitis and 100 high-risk neonates without meningitis. High CSF/blood glucose
      ratios of 0.93 (0.17) (Mean (S.D.) ) for preterm infants and 0.96 (0.30) (Mean
      (S.D.) ) for term infants were observed. The CSF/blood glucose ratios of less
      than 0.6 for preterm meningitic and less than 0.5 for term meningitic infants had
      the highest specificity (100%). The corresponding sensitivity of these ratios in
      the diagnosis of meningitis was 74.3% and 71.4% respectively. Similarly, an
      absolute CSF glucose value of less than 1.3 mmol/l in infants with meningitis was
      highly specific. Nevertheless, complete clinical evaluation of the infant is
      important if bacterial meningitis is suspected and the decision to treat should
      not be based on CSF glucose findings alone.

PMID- 2409899
TI  - Growth in weight of African babies, aged 0-24 months, living in a rural area at
      the Lake Tumba, Zaire.
AB  - Weight charts in two rural African populations (Ntomba Oto and Twa) have been
      constructed on the basis of 26,330 measurements of weight of babies aged from
      birth to 24 months. Centile lines were produced by fitting the Jenss-Bayley
      growth curve to the respective centile values calculated at each age. The average
      patterns of increase in weight in boys and girls in the two populations are
      compared with those in other populations.

PMID- 2409900
TI  - Response of early disseminated Herpes simplex to acycloguanosine: a case report.
AB  - Acycloguanosine, an anti-viral agent with few side effects and good activity in
      vitro against Herpes simplex, has not produced a consistently high cure rate in
      clinical practice (1). This may in part be related to delayed initiation of
      therapy (2). We describe a case of disseminated Herpes simplex (DHS) in an
      immunocompromised child (which is normally associated with a fatal outcome) who
      responded rapidly and completely to treatment with acycloguanosine.

PMID- 2409901
TI  - Age of measles vaccination.

PMID- 2409902
TI  - Reduction of child hospital mortality in Mozambique through a nurse training
      programme.
AB  - The impact on child mortality of a 6-month paediatric nurse training programme,
      carried out during the routine ward time-table, was evaluated in a provincial
      hospital in Mozambique which serves a population of 40,000. Following the
      training, mortality fell significantly in comparison with previous years, and the
      hospital set up a scheme for continuing in-service training of paediatric nurses.

PMID- 2409903
TI  - Separating the factors in measles vaccine failure.
AB  - Three possible reasons for failure of measles vaccine were identified as follows:
      (a) circulating maternal antibodies, (b) administration of non-viable vaccine,
      and (c) misdiagnosis. A study designed to test the role played by each of these
      in the high measles vaccine failure rate was carried out at the Oguntolu Street
      Clinic, Lagos, from October 1982 to February 1983. Failure to seroconvert was the
      cause of 67.7% of measles vaccine failure, particularly at ages 6-7 months,
      though this was not associated with high prevaccination titres. In 32.3%
      incorrect diagnosis was responsible. Non-viable vaccine was found not to be a
      reason because all vials of measles vaccine were potent at the time of
      administration.

PMID- 2409904
TI  - Adrenal insufficiency possibly due to lipoid adrenal hyperplasia: a case report.
AB  - An infant who presented with adrenal insufficiency possibly due to lipoid adrenal
      hyperplasia at the age of 66 days is described. This is the first time that this
      very rare disorder is reported from Saudi Arabia. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
      (ACTH) stimulation test is useful in the ante-mortem diagnosis of this condition.

PMID- 2409905
TI  - Evaluating the impact of mother and child health (MCH) services at village level:
      a survey in Tanzania, and lessons for elsewhere.
AB  - An evaluation has been carried out of the impact at village level of seven Mother
      and Child Health (MCH) programmes on problems of health and nutrition in
      Tanzania. The evaluation highlighted the problem of shortage of base-line data in
      attempting to measure the impact of programmes quantitatively. The results
      obtained indicate that apart from immunization coverage, ranging from 70% for BCG
      problems to 30% for measles, the programmes were having limited impact on the
      principal problems health and nutrition problems of mothers and children. The
      evaluation emphasises the need to move from the package approach to MCH to
      programmes based on a more objective assessment of the priority problems in a
      specific area, and on a realistic assessment of community awareness of their
      health problems.

PMID- 2409906
TI  - Low birthweight in an urban community in Nigeria.
AB  - Six thousand, one hundred and thirty-five consecutive live births in six major
      health centres in the city of Ibadan were studied between September 1982 and
      March 1983 in order to assess the incidence, distribution and causes of low
      birthweight (LBW) in an urban community in Nigeria. Of the 6135 live births, 504
      (8.2%) were of LBW. Two hundred and thirty-six (62%) of the LBW were small-for
      gestational-age (SGA), while 146 (38%) were appropriate-for-gestational-age
      (AGA). Two hundred and five (87%) of the SGA were term while 115 (79%) of the AGA
      infants were preterm. Multiple pregnancy was an important cause of LBW, occurring
      in 4.4% of pregnancies. One hundred and forty-six (2.6%) of the 5631 infants who
      weighed 2500 g or over and 122 (24.2%) of the LBW infants were products of
      multiple pregnancy (P less than 0.001). The young (less than 20 years), short
      statured (less than 155 cm) and primigravid mothers were more likely than the
      others to give birth to LBW infants (P less than 0.001). Of the obstetric and
      medical factors examined, pre-eclamptic toxaemia (PET) (P less than 0.01), ante
      partum haemorrhage (APH) (P less than 0.01) and anaemia (P less than 0.02)
      significantly increased the risk of LBW. Pre-eclamptic toxaemia, eclampsia,
      hypertension and renal diseases tended to be associated with SGA while APH and
      anaemia were found more often with prematurity. Multiple pregnancy contributed
      equally to the delivery of preterm and growth-retarded infants. Although no
      obvious cause could be identified in about two-thirds of the cases, pre
      conceptional maternal malnutrition and poor diet in pregnancy might play an
      important role.

PMID- 2409907
TI  - Assessment of gestational age in Sudanese newborns.
AB  - Gestational age was assessed in 200 Sudanese newborns using the method of
      external superficial characteristics. Breast size, skin texture and ear firmness
      were found to be the best. Skin colour was not found to be of value.

PMID- 2409908
TI  - Brachial plexus injuries in babies born in hospital: an appraisal of risk factors
      in a developing country.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to evaluate the magnitude of risk factors
      associated with brachial plexus in infants born in hospital in Benghazi. A total
      of 7829 babies were examined over a period of 6 months. Twenty-eight had brachial
      palsy, giving an incidence of 3.6 per 1000 livebirths. Significant (P less than
      0.001) perinatal risk factors observed were maternal parity greater than or equal
      to 6, maternal diabetes, instrumental deliveries, shoulder dystocia and foetal
      macrosomia. Other risk factors observed included breech extraction, postmaturity
      and prematurity (P less than 0.02). Complete brachial plexus injury was seen in
      12 cases and six infants had residual handicap on follow-up at 18-24 months.

PMID- 2409909
TI  - Reliability of present-day glucose test strips in the neonatal settings of a
      developing country.
AB  - To estimate the accuracy of glucose test strips in measuring glucose
      concentrations estimations were done in 100 full-term neonates, using Reflotest
      Hypoglycemie, Dextrostix, and BM-test-Glycemie. Results were compared with those
      obtained by laboratory methods. None of the glucose test strips was found to be
      completely reliable but the Reflomat system was found to be the least inaccurate.

PMID- 2409910
TI  - BCG lymphadenitis: a report of eight cases.
AB  - An increase in incidence of regional lymphadenitis following BCG vaccination of
      newborns at King Abdel Aziz University Hospital, Riyadh has been observed. Eight
      cases are described. One case also had infraclavicular gland enlargement. The
      only change in routine was the introduction of a Japanese strain of BCG. It is
      suggested that this might be a cause for the increase in the condition. All
      patients were given isoniazid. Discharge and scar formation followed aspiration
      in five cases, whereas in the two cases subjected to surgical excision there was
      uncomplicated healing. It is suggested that the latter combined with
      antituberculous therapy may be a more satisfactory form of treatment.

PMID- 2409911
TI  - Fat and energy content of breast milk of malnourished and well nourished women,
      Brazil 1982.
AB  - An investigation of the fat content of breast milk was carried out in 71
      Brazilian women from a poor socio-economic background and in 10 from a high
      social class. All were breastfeeding their infants without supplements. Of the 81
      women, 28 "poor" women were assessed as "malnourished" according to weight-for
      height criteria, and varying proportions as "malnourished" when other criteria
      were used. The milk of "malnourished" mothers, even when malnutrition was severe,
      was slightly (but not statistically significantly) richer in fat than that of
      well-nourished women. The proportion of primiparous women was similar in both
      nutritional groups, and multiparity up to five pregnancies was associated with an
      increased fat concentration. Infants from all groups gained weight in a similar
      "normal" way, demonstrating that poor maternal nutritional status in this
      population had no adverse effect on the adequacy of lactation. It was concluded
      that the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months was a
      realistic objective of the Brazilian National Breastfeeding Programme.

PMID- 2409912
TI  - Hereditary chronic nephritis in India.
AB  - Forty-six patients from 23 Indian families with hereditary chronic nephritis
      (HCN) with or without Alport's syndrome are presented. The occurrence of this
      disease in diverse Indian races, communities and castes is now documented.
      Clinical and laboratory findings in these patients are similar to those reported
      from temperate regions.

PMID- 2409913
TI  - Pyogenic liver abscess in children: a report of three patients and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Three children with pyogenic liver abscess seen over a period of 2 years are
      reported. Their immune status was normal and no underlying causes were detected.
      The clinical picture was characterized by fever, abdominal pain and tender
      hepatomegaly. Abscesses were solitary in two children and multiple in the third.
      One child died within 12 h of admission, the other two recovered completely.
      Recent literature on pyogenic liver abscess is reviewed.

PMID- 2409914
TI  - [Simple method of determining the antiproliferative activity of human
      interferons].
AB  - A simple method for quantitative estimation of the antiproliferative activity of
      human interferon is described. The method is based on direct visual estimation
      (with the use of an inverted microscope) of various doses of interferon with
      respect to proliferation and colony formation of human transplantable tumor HeLa
      cells grown in Nells of plastic plates for microcultures. Single HeLa cells
      (target cells) are plated out on a monolayer of human embryo fibroblasts (HEF),
      which morphologically differ from the target cells (HeLa) and play the role of
      feeders. After that the cells are incubated at 37 degrees C in the atmosphere of
      5 per cent of CO2 and humidity of 98 per cent for 4-5 days. With the use of this
      method for determining the anticellular activity of interferon it was shown that
      human gamma-interferon had a 30 times more pronounced antiproliferative activity
      than natural alpha- and beta-interferons and alpha-F and alpha-F/D plasmid
      interferons. The method provides also investigation of other aspects of the
      antiproliferative activity of interferon: it was shown that the physicochemical
      factors or antiinterferon sera inactivating the antiviral properties of the
      interferons were also the cause of simultaneous inhibition of their
      antiproliferative activity.

PMID- 2409915
TI  - Response of Legionella pneumophila to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AB  - Legionella pneumophila Philadelphia strain 1 grown in vitro contained five
      penicillin-binding proteins that were accessible to the antibiotic in membrane
      preparations and in live cells as well. The bacterium had reasonably low MICs of
      several beta-lactam antibiotics and was susceptible to both the bactericidal and
      the lytic activity of these drugs. An unusual feature of the response of this
      bacterium to penicillin treatment was that cell lysis as determined by decrease
      in culture turbidity and release of intracellular macromolecules was not
      accompanied by degradation of the peptidoglycan.

PMID- 2409917
TI  - Interferon inducibility in mice treated with Corynebacterium parvum.
AB  - Mice were given single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of Corynebacterium
      parvum, followed, after different time intervals, by i.p. injections of the
      interferon inducers polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly-I:poly-C), 10
      carboxymethyl-9-acridanone (CMA) or herpes simplex virus. With all three inducers
      production of interferon in the peritoneal cavity was enhanced in C. parvum
      pretreated mice. Production of circulating interferon in C. parvum-pretreated
      mice was enhanced with CMA and depressed with poly-I:poly-C as inducers. This
      modulation of the interferon response was prominent for at least 10 weeks after
      C. parvum injection and then gradually reverted. The increased local interferon
      production seemed to be caused by macrophages still activated several weeks after
      treatment with C. parvum.

PMID- 2409916
TI  - Relationship between butirosin biosynthesis and sporulation in Bacillus
      circulans.
AB  - The relationship between butirosin biosynthesis and certain biochemical
      characteristics related to sporulation in a strain of Bacillus circulans NRRL B
      3313 was examined. The cellular content of dipicolinic acid increased while the
      amount of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate decreased with changes in antibiotic
      productivity. Oligosporogenous mutants failed to synthesize the antibiotic and to
      degrade poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. These observations suggest that spore
      formation may be related to antibiotic production in this strain of B. circulans.

PMID- 2409918
TI  - Intraspinal narcotics. A new method of pain management.

PMID- 2409919
TI  - Renal transplantation. Nursing management of the recipient.

PMID- 2409920
TI  - Characterization of a Yellowstone hot spring microbial community by 5S rRNA
      sequences.
AB  - The microorganisms inhabiting a 91 degrees C hot spring in Yellowstone National
      Park were characterized by sequencing 5S rRNAs isolated from the mixed, natural
      microflora without cultivation. By comparisons of these sequences with reference
      sequences, the phylogenetic relationships of the hot spring organisms to better
      characterized ones were established. Quantitation of the total 5S-sized rRNAs
      revealed a complex microbial community of three dominant members, a predominant
      archaebacterium affiliated with the sulfur-metabolizing (dependent) branch of the
      archaebacteria, and two eubacteria distantly related to Thermus spp. The
      archaebacterial and the eubacterial 5S rRNAs each constituted about half the
      examined population.

PMID- 2409921
TI  - A monoclonal antibody to dopamine beta-monooxygenase: detection of biosynthetic
      intermediates.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody to dopamine beta-monooxygenase (DBH) has been produced by
      an in vitro immunization technique. This antibody has been found to react with an
      epitope common to both soluble DBH (SDBH) and membrane-bound DBH (MDBH). A single
      CNBr fragment contains this antigenic site. Examination of electrophoretograms of
      chromaffin granule membrane and lysate by the immunoblot procedure revealed
      additional complexity. A 58-KDa polypeptide in low abundance was stained which
      could not be detected with the polyclonal antiserum. Chemical deglycosylation of
      SDBH produces two new polypeptides of 67 and 58 KDa. The entirety of this data
      suggests that the 58-KDa band is an unglycosylated form of DBH, proteolytically
      cleaved after biosynthesis.

PMID- 2409922
TI  - Effects of beta-lapachone, a peroxide-generating quinone, on macromolecule
      synthesis and degradation in Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - Incubation of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes with beta-lapachone (3,4-dihydro
      2,2-dimethyl-2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran-5,6-dione), a lipophilic o-quinone, produced
      inhibition of [3H]thymidine, [3H]uridine, and L-[3H]leucine incorporation into
      DNA, RNA, and protein, respectively. With 1.6 microM beta-lapachone, DNA
      synthesis was preferentially inhibited. The inhibition was irreversible, and time
      and concentration dependent. Other effects of beta-lapachone were (a) inhibition
      of 3H precursor uptake into epimastigotes, (b) exaggerated degradation of DNA,
      RNA, and protein, (c) increased unscheduled synthesis of DNA, and (d) increased
      number of strand breaks in nuclear and kinetoplast DNA. DNA damage by 1.6 microM
      beta-lapachone was repaired by reincubating the drug-treated epimastigotes in
      fresh medium for 24 h, but with 7.8 microM beta-lapachone DNA damage was
      irreversible. The p-quinone isomer alpha-lapachone (3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H
      naphtho[2,3-b]pyran-5,10-dione), was less effective than beta-lapachone,
      especially on DNA and RNA synthesis, and did not stimulate unscheduled DNA
      synthesis. Since beta-lapachone redox cycling in T. cruzi generates oxygen
      radicals while alpha-lapachone does not (A. Boveris, R. Docampo, J. F. Turrens,
      and A. O. M. Stoppani (1978) Biochem. J. 175, 431-439), the summarized results
      support the hypothesis that oxygen radicals contribute to beta-lapachone toxicity
      in T. cruzi.

PMID- 2409923
TI  - The interaction of platelet factor four and glycosaminoglycans.
AB  - The interaction of platelet factor four (PF-4) with glycosaminoglycans (GAG) was
      evaluated using fluorescence spectroscopy, a radioligand binding assay, and a
      functional assay utilizing antithrombin III and factor Xa. In these studies, we
      have (i) characterized the binding parameters for PF-4 to several forms of
      heparin and to dextran sulfate; (ii) examined the structural features of these
      glycosaminoglycans which support PF-4 binding; and (iii) examined the effects of
      selective digestion of the carboxy terminus of PF-4 on binding. The binding of PF
      4 to unfractionated porcine intestinal mucosal heparin ([Mr] = 11,000) was
      specific and saturable, with a molar stoichiometry of PF-4 to heparin of
      approximately 4:1 and an apparent estimated Kd of 3 X 10(-8) M. Heparin fractions
      ([Mr] = 6,000) with either low or high affinity for antithrombin III bound to PF
      4 with a similar apparent Kd. PF-4 also bound to dextran sulfate ([Mr] = 22,500)
      with an estimated apparent Kd of 6 X 10(-8) M and a molar stoichiometry of
      approximately 16:1. Carboxypeptidase Y (CP-Y) digestion of PF-4 progressively
      decreased GAG binding. After 30 min of digestion, by which time all of the
      carboxyterminal serine and glutamate, both of the two leucines, and approximately
      one-quarter of the four lysines were removed, the IC50 for heparin binding
      shifted from 10 to 150 nM. These studies demonstrated the effect of GAG polymer
      size and degree of sulfation on the affinity and stoichiometry of PF-4 binding,
      and the critical importance of the carboxy-terminal amino acids of PF-4 for
      binding to natural and synthetic GAGs.

PMID- 2409924
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of mediastinal teratoid tumors].
AB  - Among anterior mediastinal tumors affecting male patients of around 20 years old,
      mediastinal malignant teratoid tumor must be considered as one of the
      possibilities. Malignant teratoid tumor can be classified as seminoma, non
      seminoma or mixed, according to clinical behavior. In the non-seminoma group, AFP
      and/or HCG can be the specific markers in the diagnosis or assessment of the
      effect of treatment. Chemotherapy with CDDP must be the first choice of treatment
      in these types of tumor, just as chemotherapy is the first choice of therapy in
      the treatment of small cell lung cancer, and surgery must be the adjuvant
      treatment to chemotherapy. On the other hand, seminoma can be treated by surgery
      and radiation, which has been proven to yield a good prognosis. In cases of
      seminoma which produces HCG and/or AFP, chemotherapy with CDDP must be added to
      surgery and radiation as in non-seminomatous mediastinal teratoid tumors, because
      the production of such markers in seminoma is considered to be one of the poor
      prognostic factors in the treatment of seminomatous mediastinal teratoid tumors.

PMID- 2409925
TI  - [Multitherapy of advanced esophageal carcinoma with special reference to pre- and
      post-operative administration of cis-platinum].
AB  - We discussed the results of multitherapy after pre- and post-operative
      administration of cis-platinum (CDDP) in resected cases of advanced esophageal
      carcinoma. The patients were, pre-operatively, dosed in the following ways; 1)
      CDDP (50 mg, 1/week) X 2-3, 2) CDDP (50 mg, 1-week) +BLM (15 mg, 1/week) X 2-3 or
      +MTX (30mg, 1/week) X 2-3. The patients under went surgery 1 to 2 weeks later.
      Post-operative administration of CDDP + MTX, or CDDP + BLM was performed 3-4
      times about 3 weeks after surgery. Intra-operative and/or post-operative
      irradiation was also performed. CDDP was administered pre-operatively in 11 cases
      who ranged in age 45 to 71. Regarding stage, 2 were stIII and 9 were stIV; and
      curabilities where cIII in 2 cases, c I in 5 and c 0 in 4. With regard to
      surgery, the right thoracic and abdominal approach was adopted in 7 cases and the
      left thoracic and abdominal approach adopted in 3. Blunt dissection was performed
      in 1 case. We have never experienced post-operative complication of histological
      effects noticed in resected specimens, Ef1 was evaluated in 3/11 and Ef2 was
      noticed in 2/11. Patients who achieved an Ef2-1 effect due to the administration
      of CDDP as part of the multitherapy made satisfactory progress. On the other
      hand, patients who did not react to CDDP and who had marked vascular invasion
      died after a short period.

PMID- 2409926
TI  - [A neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for carcinomas of the hypopharynx and cervical
      esophagus].
AB  - Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, followed by definitive surgery and/or radiotherapy was
      utilized in nine patients with carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical
      esophagus starting in December, 1983. They were treated with combination
      chemotherapies which included CDDP, PEP (BLM), and MTX. The patients' ages ranged
      from 52 to 70 years with an average of 57. The histologic types were all squamous
      cell carcinoma and performance status was 1 in all cases. There were 7 stage III
      and 2 stage IV. Of 9 patients, 3 showed complete response and 6 showed partial
      response of the primary tumor with an overall response rate of 100%. Of 8
      patients, 3 showed complete response and 2 showed partial response of the
      metastatic node with an overall response rate of 62.5%. Toxic effects included
      alopecia in 9 patients, nausea/vomiting in 7, eczema in 4, RBC below 350 X
      10(4)/mm3 in 5, WBC below 3000/mm3 in 1, peak serum creatinine above 2 mg/dl in
      1. All patients except one with renal toxicity were able to start definitive
      treatment soon after chemotherapy, the primary and regional lesions being
      subsequently well controlled in all 9 patients. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy appears
      to be very effective for the reduction of tumor bulk. This multidisciplinary
      therapy should be expected to increase survival rate.

PMID- 2409927
TI  - [By-pass surgery with infusion therapy for non-resectable esophageal cancer].
AB  - In principle, the following three steps are considered for by-pass surgery; I. A
      gastric tube is moved up to the retro-sternal or to the ante-thoracic position. A
      T-tube is the inserted in the mid position of the gastric tube for decompression
      and drainage. 2. A retention vinyl tube is inserted in to the excluded esophagus
      for the purpose of post infusion therapy and for evaluation of the therapy. 3. A
      Roux-Y anastomotic internal fistula is placed at the distal site of the excluded
      esophagus. As a plan for combined therapy, PANa-Oil bleomycin (oil bleomycin 30
      mg, PANa 0.5 g) is the infused into the isolated esophagus after the by-pass
      operation and the clinical effect is evaluated by introducing a radiopaque medium
      into the excluded esophagus via an inserted vinyl tube. Such infusion therapy
      after by-pass surgery was given to 3 patients and in 1 patient it was very
      effective. This suggested a positive effect on survival in cases of non
      resectable esophageal cancer without side effects.

PMID- 2409928
TI  - [Application of renal subcapsular assay to human malignant glioma--a new
      screening method in vivo for antitumoral drugs].

PMID- 2409929
TI  - Port-wine stains.

PMID- 2409930
TI  - Cell interactions in psoriasis.
AB  - Products of the HLA-D gene, the la or DR antigens, have been shown to control
      interactions between certain cells with immune functions. Three HLA-D alleles
      have been reported to be associated with a markedly increased relative risk in
      psoriatic individuals. We report the existence of apparently unique anatomic
      interactions between lymphocytes and basal keratinocytes, between Langerhans'
      cells and basal keratinocytes, and between Langerhans' cells and lymphocytes,
      deduced on the basis of (1) characteristic cytoplasmic processes extending from
      one cell into the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, with frequent absence of the
      intervening plasma membrane at the apexes of these processes, and (2) intimate
      apposition of the plasma membranes between the interaction cells over a large
      surface area. These interactions were noted in five of ten untreated psoriatic
      patients (three of four patients with Koebner's phenomenon) and in one of six
      treated psoriatic patients, but in none of 17 controls. Intercellular space
      abnormalities, probably secondary to excessive proteolytic enzyme release, and
      basal keratinocyte herniations in psoriasis may result from these anatomic
      interactions.

PMID- 2409931
TI  - Colloid body formation in bullous pemphigoid.
AB  - Thirty-eight biopsy specimens from 18 cases of bullous pemphigoid (BP) were
      observed using direct immunofluorescence (IF) techniques with fluorescein
      isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled antisera against human serum factors. In addition
      to deposits of immunoglobulins and serum components at the basement-membrane zone
      (BMZ), 15 specimens from eight cases displayed homogeneous and globular
      fluorescent bodies in the uppermost dermis and/or the blisters when FITC-labelled
      antisera to human IgM and other serum factors were used. Using immunoperoxidase
      staining, haematoxylin/eosin (HE) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, these
      immunoglobulin and/or complement-positive cell-sized bodies were shown to be
      slightly eosinophilic and PAS positive. Electron microscopy revealed entangled
      networks of microfilaments approximately 7-8 nm in diameter. These homogeneous,
      fibrillar bodies were histologically, immunohistologically and ultrastructurally
      indistinguishable from the colloid bodies found in lesional skins of lichen
      planus, lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis and several other dermatoses. In BP,
      degenerated keratinocytes adjacent to the blister roof, may, after undergoing a
      filamentous change, drop off into the dermis and subsequently form homogeneous,
      fibrillar bodies in the uppermost dermis when reepithelization is completed.

PMID- 2409932
TI  - Antibodies to orthokeratotic keratinocytes in monitoring the drug-induced
      inhibition of parakeratotic differentiation in adult and infant mice.
AB  - Parakeratosis (PK) is a common feature of the abnormal epidermis in several
      disorders of keratinization. Tar phenols, retinoids and steroids which cause the
      inhibition of PK and the restoration of orthokeratosis (OK) are used for treating
      psoriasiform conditions. In this work, we studied two experimental models of the
      drug-induced inhibition of PK: (1) the suppression of the normal development of
      PK in the infant mouse tail and (2) the OK conversion of established PK in the
      adult tail. Two markers of OK were studied: the histological evaluation of the
      granular layer and the expression of cytoplasmic antigens linked to OK
      differentiation. It was demonstrated that high-boiling tar phenols cause a more
      potent inhibition of PK than betamethasone valerate. Most importantly,
      immunofluorescence showed that the switch to OK differentiation was located in
      the cells situated in a suprabasal position. The use of these immunological
      markers to investigate and anti-parakeratotic mechanisms has revealed that these
      drugs act at stages of keratinocyte differentiation which are distinct from those
      previously suggested.

PMID- 2409933
TI  - Studies on the fibrinolytic activity of the human female genital tract.
AB  - The success of a fibrin glue depends on the correct admixture of fibrinogen,
      thrombin, and the proteinase inhibitor aprotinin. Using a modification of Astrups
      method we measured the fibrinolytic activity of surgical specimens of human
      fallopian tube and uterus. Increasing concentrations of aprotinin were added
      until there was complete inhibition of fibrinolysis. The fallopian tube and the
      uterus had higher intrinsic fibrinolytic activity than peripheral nerve tissue.
      At concentrations of between 10 and 20 KIU of aprotinin, fibrinolysis was blocked
      in all tissues studied.

PMID- 2409934
TI  - AFP-producing Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of the ovary.
AB  - A tumor of the right ovary in a 21-year-old single woman is reported. Secondary
      amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne and deepening of the voice were associated with the
      tumor. Light and electron microscopic examinations showed that the tumor was
      composed of cells resembling Sertoli and Leydig cells of the testis in their
      cytology features and growth patterns. High levels of circulating
      dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
      were found preoperatively. Preoperative estrogen and progesterone levels were all
      slightly above the upper limits of normal for females. These hormone and AFP
      levels fell to within the normal range after removal of the tumor. Direct hormone
      and AFP production of this tumor was confirmed by immunohistochemical techniques
      and long-term cell cultures in vitro. This is possibly the first report on a
      Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor in which AFP has been identified in the patient's
      plasma, in part of the tumor cells and the culture fluid.

PMID- 2409935
TI  - Fibrolamellar carcinoma of the liver. Review of three cases and the presentation
      of a characteristic set of tumor markers defining this tumor.
AB  - This study demonstrates the unique clinical and histologic aspects of
      fibrolamellar hepatic carcinoma, a rare variant of hepatocellular carcinoma.
      Three cases are reviewed and an extensive study of immunologic and intracellular
      substances defining this tumor is presented. Length of survival was considerably
      longer than typical hepatoma. The cause of death generally is due to a lack of
      control of the primary tumor. Successful treatment appears to relate to the
      ability to perform a total excision of the primary hepatic tumor. Chemotherapy
      should be used only in the presence of metastatic disease. Surgical resection of
      metastatic disease, unlike the usual hepatocarcinoma, may have some beneficial
      use. Fibrinogen was found in all tumors. It is possible that this tumor produces
      fibrinogen to create its unique histologic appearance. Carcinoembryonic antigen
      is described for the first time in this tumor. Both deposits of alpha-1
      antitrypsin and copper were found in most of the tissues studied. The presence
      and amounts of these substances differ markedly from the common type of hepatoma.
      This unique composition of intracellular components may both facilitate
      histologic diagnosis, particularly if the amount of tissue is limited, and give
      further insight into the etiology of this tumor.

PMID- 2409936
TI  - Zancolli's "lasso" operation in intrinsic palsy of leprous origin. A study of
      twenty-six cases.
AB  - Twenty-six cases of Zancolli's "lasso" procedure are presented. They were part of
      a series of 122 operations performed for leprosy in Central Africa. Nineteen
      cases with a follow-up of more than 6 months were reviewed. Fifteen of these
      patients had good or very good results. When claw hand deformities are supple,
      one flexor superficialis tendon may be used for two fingers; when the fingers are
      partially stiff, one tendon for each finger should be used. The "lasso" procedure
      is simple and the results are satisfactory, particularly in this series of
      patients who did not follow any rehabilitation program.

PMID- 2409937
TI  - Belgian Society of Biochemistry. 128th meeting, Ghent, 23 February 1985.
      Abstracts.

PMID- 2409938
TI  - Belgian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology. Meeting at Ghent, November 1984.
      Abstracts.

PMID- 2409939
TI  - Effects of an acute administration of nickel upon blood glucose compartmentation
      in pregnant rats.
AB  - The effects of a nickel injection i.p. to male, female virgin and 12- and 19-day
      pregnant rats upon plasma glucose concentration as well as blood cell free
      glucose content have been determined. The hyperglycaemic response to nickel of
      female rats was more marked than that of males, with an increase in intracellular
      glucose, more marked during pregnancy, which even surpassed the plasma
      concentration of glucose. Twelve-day pregnant rats maintained huge intracellular
      glucose concentrations even after the beginning of the decline in plasma levels,
      whereas this was not observed in 19-day pregnant rats. The possible role of the
      conceptuses in the removal of excess circulating glucose at this age is
      discussed.

PMID- 2409940
TI  - Effect of prolactin and bromocriptine administration on testicular metabolism in
      albino rats.
AB  - Prolactin (PRL) and bromocriptine were administered subcutaneously to adult male
      albino rats and their effects on testicular metabolism have been analysed. PRL
      enhanced the activities of testicular androgen-dependent enzymes. In contrast,
      bromocriptine inhibited these enzyme activities, which was correlated to the
      blocking of PRL release by this agent. Hence, direct participation of PRL on the
      testicular function was evident.

PMID- 2409941
TI  - Pattern of protein profiles of reproductive organs after induced bilateral
      cryptorchidism in albino rats.
AB  - Bilateral cryptorchidism was induced surgically in albino rats and pattern of
      protein profiles was studied in reproductive organs. Cryptorchidism activated
      tissue proteolysis leading to overall degradation in soluble and structural
      protein fractions and in amino acids leading to prevalence of negative nitrogen
      balance in the reproductive organs. The testicular hypoalbuminic and
      hypoglobulinic conditions seem to be responsible for oligo-astheno-spermia
      associated with cryptorchidism.

PMID- 2409942
TI  - Effect of extracellular space on kallikrein excretion in the rat.
AB  - Urinary kallikrein excretion was positively correlated with urine flow and
      negatively with urinary osmolality, it was also positively correlated with inulin
      space and its both components, plasma volume and interstitial space. We postulate
      that increased extracellular fluid increases kallikrein excretion and kallikrein
      avoids water reabsorption leading to a decrease in the extracellular fluid.

PMID- 2409943
TI  - The interplay between cyclic AMP and ions in the stimulus-secretion coupling in
      pancreatic B-cells.

PMID- 2409944
TI  - Activation of cytosol aldosterone receptors in rat kidney.
AB  - Cytosolic aldosterone-protein complexes are isolated from rat kidney slices after
      incubation with [3H]aldosterone and dexamethasone. Activated and unactivated
      forms of the complex are characterized by gel electrophoresis and hydroxyapatite
      chromatography after incubation at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C respectively. It
      is found that the activated form reaches a maximum after 30 min at 25 degrees C
      and can be separated as an homogeneous peak by electrophoresis. Intermediate
      forms can also be identified. In the presence of 10 mM ATP, activation
      immediately occurs at 4 degrees C and is almost complete. In the presence of 10
      mM molybdate, the activation is strongly enhanced and the increase in activated
      form may be about fifteen-fold whether molybdate is added during kidney
      homogenization or just before incubation at 25 degrees C. On the other hand
      molybdate reduces to one third the binding of the aldosterone-receptor complexes
      to nuclei. In the presence of the steroid RU 26988 which is a pure
      glucocorticoid, experiments done on aldosterone-receptors complexes and their
      binding to nuclei are confirmed. This proves that aldosterone is specific for
      mineralocorticoid sites. The general pattern of the mineralocorticoid receptor
      activation is discussed and its resemblance to the case of other steroid hormones
      is emphasized.

PMID- 2409945
TI  - [Long-term gentamicin ototoxicity in the rat: research on retro-cochlear
      involvement by study of evoked auditory potentials of the brain stem].
AB  - Four groups of rats treated with single (50 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) or multiple (3 X
      200 mg/kg and 5 X 200 mg/kg) doses of gentamycin were studied over a 6-month
      period and compared with a control group. At 50 mg/kg no significant changes were
      observed. Significant signs of intoxication were observed at 200 mg/kg doses and
      at multiple doses. A significant lengthening of the latencies with changes in
      amplitude and a transitional increase in the auditory threshold were observed as
      early as the end of treatment. This was followed by a phase of amplitude
      decrease, a rise in auditory threshold and a decrease in latencies which remains
      unexplained.

PMID- 2409946
TI  - Human prostatic endocrine-paracrine (APUD) cells. Distributional analysis with a
      comparison of serotonin and neuron-specific enolase immunoreactivity and silver
      stains.
AB  - Prostatic endocrine-paracrine (PEP) cells from the prostates of 25 radical
      cystectomy specimens were studied using serotonin and neuron-specific enolase
      immunocytochemistry and argyrophil and argentaffin silver stains. Three
      populations of PEP cells were identified as follows: (1) serotonin-positive only,
      (2) serotonin-positive and argyrophil-positive (the largest population), and (3)
      serotonin-positive, argyrophil-positive, and argentaffin-positive. Neuron
      specific enolase immunoreactivity correlated closely with serotonin
      immunoreactivity. The entire PEP cell cytoplasm was serotonin and neuron-specific
      enolase immunoreactive, while the silver stains only stained the granulated
      cytoplasm. The PEP cells were present in all areas of all prostates with a
      surprisingly large number in the large periurethral ducts with somewhat fewer PEP
      cells in the prostatic urethra and smaller ducts and ductules. The peripheral
      acini generally contained the smallest number of PEP cells. Prostatic endocrine
      paracrine cells were of the open (luminal extension), closed, and dendritic
      types.

PMID- 2409947
TI  - Histochemical studies of dense-core granulated tumors of the lung. Neuron
      specific enolase as a marker for granulated cells.
AB  - It is well known that carcinoid tumors and some small-cell carcinomas of the lung
      contain dense-core granules (DCGs). Moreover, a small number of tumors presenting
      with epidermoid, large-cell, or adenocarcinoma histologic characteristics (so
      called atypical endocrine tumors), also contain DCGs. Herein, we describe certain
      histochemical features of DCG tumors and compare them with other major lung tumor
      types that lack DCGs (non-DCG tumors). All DCG tumors contained neuron-specific
      enolase and many contained serotonin. These markers were not present in any non
      DCG tumor. Other histochemical markers (glycogen, mucosubstances, corticotropin,
      beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, keratin, somatostatin, and calcitonin) were
      found in a proportion of DCG and non-DCG tumors, but were, in general, more
      common in non-DCG tumors and atypical endocrine tumors than in carcinoids and
      small-cell carcinomas. alpha-Fetoprotein was rarely found in non-DCG tumors, and
      was never observed in DCG tumors. The atypical endocrine group represents a class
      of tumors with a remarkably mixed and varied phenotype. Their potential
      significance is discussed and methods to facilitate their diagnosis are
      suggested.

PMID- 2409948
TI  - Immunohistochemical studies of keratin in human bronchus and lung tumors.
AB  - Lung tumors of various types, fixed in 4% formaldehyde-1% glutaraldehyde, were
      stained for keratin proteins. The results were compared with previous
      ultrastructural evidence of intermediate filament bundles (IFBs), presumed to be
      keratin. Electron and light microscopic methods were largely complimentary and
      the results were in agreement in 79% of cases. Light microscopy was superior for
      demonstrating keratinizing foci containing numerous well-developed IFBs, whereas
      electron microscopy was superior when keratin filaments were sparsely distributed
      in cells throughout a tumor. Fetal and adult bronchial specimens were also
      studied. Normal adult bronchus, fixed in aldehydes, was unreactive but keratin
      was observed in similarly fixed bronchi that showed epidermoid metaplasia and/or
      intraepithelial carcinoma. Keratin was demonstrated in normal adult bronchi fixed
      in ethanol. Keratin was not observed in fetal lung until the 14th week of
      gestation, when it appeared in basal cells and a few columnar cells of the larger
      bronchi. Thereafter, keratin progressively appeared in the more distal branches.
      As specimens from gestations of less than 14 weeks were fixed in aldehydes, the
      apparent lack of immunoreactivity may have been artifactual. Nevertheless,
      keratin was demonstrable in aldehyde-fixed fetal bronchi at 16 and 23 weeks'
      gestation.

PMID- 2409949
TI  - Adenomatoid tumors. Immunohistochemical study and histogenesis.
AB  - Four testicular adenomatoid tumors were studied by immunohistochemistry, using
      the following antibodies to cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen,
      carcinoembryonic antigen, and factor VIII-related antigen. Cytokeratin and
      epithelial membrane antigen demonstrated a different pattern of positive
      immunostaining while carcinoembryonic antigen and factor VIII-related antigen
      proved constantly negative. Our findings support a mesothelial origin for
      adenomatoid tumors.

PMID- 2409950
TI  - Vasculature in the walls of human coronary arteries.
AB  - Casts were produced of the arterial networks of 25 human hearts obtained at
      autopsy from subjects who were not diagnosed as having cardiovascular disease.
      Many casts showed imprints of atherosclerotic plaques, remnants of calcified
      masses, and fine vascular meshes near the lumen of the major coronary arteries.
      Of 25 casts produced, 14 contained one or more of these anomalies, seven
      contained vascular meshes, and five of these related to imprints and/or calcified
      masses. Analysis of these findings in the context of atherosclerosis, intramural
      hemorrhage, and vascular spasm, suggests possible relationships between them. The
      findings support the hypothesis that neovasculature in the walls of coronary
      arteries may play a role in the pathogenesis of vascular disease and malfunction.

PMID- 2409951
TI  - Staining procedure to aid in assessment of bucrylate histotoxicity in tissue
      sections.
AB  - Isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate (bucrylate) is commonly used as a material for
      therapeutic embolization. Histologic sections of embolized tissue routinely
      stained with hematoxylin-eosin show the bucrylate as a translucent material. We
      outline a staining procedure that demonstrates bucrylate in tissue sections. It
      is useful in routinely prepared paraffin-embedded tissue, and it is also
      effective after embolized tissues have been processed with petroleum ether rather
      than xylene. This stain may be effectively utilized to assess harmful tissue
      reactions to bucrylate.

PMID- 2409952
TI  - Cyclovinylogues of some antimuscarinic drugs.

PMID- 2409953
TI  - Management of obstructive carcinoma of the left colon. Comparative study of
      staged and primary resection.
AB  - Of 82 patients who had obstructing cancer of the left colon, 22% had incurable
      disease and 36.5% had advanced cancer at presentation. All methods of treatment
      carried a high morbidity and mortality. The mean survival rate with palliative
      operations was 8.7 months. Twenty-four poor-risk patients treated with staged
      operations had a 25% operative mortality and a 20.8% five-year survival rate.
      Forty primary resections, with or without anastomosis, were followed by a 27.5%
      operative mortality and by more than a twofold five-year survival rate (47.5%)
      compared with that of staged resection. These results suggest that delay of cure
      may reduce the late survival rate and justify primary resection as the operation
      of choice in selected good-risk patients.

PMID- 2409954
TI  - Characterization of reference strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and NDV
      like isolates by monoclonal antibodies to HN subunits.
AB  - The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) subunits of NDV and NDV-like isolates were
      analyzed antigenically by monoclonal antibodies to the HN of Miyadera and Taka
      viruses. In immuno-double-diffusion (IDD) tests, all NDVs examined gave clear
      lines of precipitation with some of the potent monoclonal antibodies, but it was
      difficult to determine with certainty the immunological properties of HN subunits
      due to a rare disagreement with the results obtained in other immunological
      tests. Monoclonal antibodies used in the tests were found to show different
      immunological reactivities with the viruses. Monoclonal antibodies belonging to
      the 1st group (1/29) inhibited the hemagglutinating (HA) activity of all strains
      but not the neuraminidase (NA) activity. The second monoclonal antibody (5/205)
      inhibited both the HA and NA activities of the restrictive NDV strains,
      indicating antigenic changes in HN molecules. However, the inhibitory activity of
      this monoclone to neuraminidase appeared to be greatly diminished when neuraminyl
      lactose was used as substrate. Although the 3rd type of monoclonal antibody
      (5/220) showed HI activity against several strains, this antibody did not inhibit
      NA activity of any viruses. The remaining monoclone to the HN of Taka virus
      inhibited the HA activity of all reference strains of NDV and many NDV-like
      isolates but did not affect NA activity. Two inhibitory activities of four
      monoclonal antibodies against different viruses, HI and hemolysis-inhibition,
      were not always consistent with inhibition of virus growth. HI and NI tests with
      the above four monoclonal antibodies showed that the strains tested fell into
      five antigenic groups according to their reaction patterns with mouse hybridoma
      antibodies.

PMID- 2409955
TI  - Vitreous hemorrhage following paracentesis in a diabetic with epipapillary
      neovascularization.

PMID- 2409956
TI  - Metabolism of atherogenic lipoproteins by smooth muscle cells of different
      phenotype in culture.
AB  - Smooth muscle cells of the rabbit aorta, when grown in vitro, express three
      distinguishable forms of phenotype (contractile, reversible synthetic, and
      irreversible synthetic). We compared the interactions of these three smooth
      muscle phenotypes with rabbit very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density
      lipoprotein (LDL), and very low density lipoprotein from cholesterol-fed rabbits
      (beta-VLDL). beta-VLDL showed saturable. high-affinity binding characteristics
      with each phenotype predominantly through the B/E receptor. The irreversible
      synthetic cells displayed the greatest binding capacity and the contractile
      cells, the least. Binding and degradation of normal VLDL was less than that of
      beta-VLDL and higher than that of LDL. Only the irreversible synthetic cells
      showed substantial (about threefold) cholesteryl ester formation and cholesterol
      accumulation, and then only when incubated with beta-VLDL. Substantial stainable
      lipid, shown chemically to include triglyceride, cholesterol and cholesteryl
      ester, was also observed only when irreversible synthetic cells were exposed to
      beta-VLDL. The high capacity of irreversible synthetic-state, smooth muscle cells
      to bind and accumulate beta-VLDL in contrast to the relative immunity of
      contractile cells may be relevant to the genesis of atherosclerosis in the rabbit
      and possibly also in humans.

PMID- 2409957
TI  - Biogenic amine/metabolite response during in-flight emergencies.
AB  - Urine excretion of epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin
      (5HT) and the metabolites vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 4-hydroxy-3
      methoxyphenylglycol (MHPG), homovanillic acid (HVA), 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic
      acid (DOPAC), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was determined for students
      (n = 19) and instructors (n = 21) involved in flying training in-flight
      emergencies. Timed urine samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection. Basal excretion rates were
      determined at a later date. Four indices showed significant alteration during the
      emergencies. Epinephrine and the sum of epinephrine plus norepinephrine
      increased, the ratio dopamine/norepinephrine decreased and the ratio
      norepinephrine/serotonin increased. Instructors and students differed only in
      that VMA and the sum VMA plus MHPG were higher in students. Among the emergencies
      monitored, smoke and fumes in the cockpit and mechanical problems caused the
      greatest stress responses.

PMID- 2409958
TI  - Construction of Co1E1 RNA1 mutants and analysis of their function in vivo.
AB  - We have carried out experiments designed to investigate the relationship between
      structure and function for the Co1E1 RNA1 species. RNA1 is a small RNA (108
      nucleotides) that has been implicated in copy number control of the multicopy
      plasmid Co1E1. In vitro, RNA1 inhibits the processing of the primer precursor
      required for initiation of DNA replication. The RNA1 gene is entirely
      complementary to the 5'-terminal region of the primer. We have functionally
      separated these 2 RNA species by cloning the RNA1 gene downstream from the S.
      marcescens trp promoter. When cloned in a Co1E1-compatible plasmid, a trp-RNA1
      fusion has been shown to mediate Co1E1-type incompatibility in vivo. The
      construction scheme described here also generates mutant RNA1 species with
      altered sequences at the 5' terminus of RNA1 which have been assayed for function
      in vivo. These experiments have indicated that sequences at the 5' terminus play
      a critical role in RNA1 function.

PMID- 2409959
TI  - Rat alpha 2u-globulin mRNA expression in the preputial gland.
AB  - Rat alpha 2u-globulin and the mouse major urinary proteins (MUP) are encoded by
      homologous multigene families whose members exhibit diverse tissue-specific,
      developmental, and hormonal controls of expression. Although their patterns of
      expression and hormonal control appear to be very similar in many respects, we
      have found high levels of alpha 2u-globulin mRNA in rat preputial glands, whereas
      MUP mRNA could not be detected in the male mouse preputial gland. Male and female
      rat preputial have similar concentrations of alpha 2u-globulin mRNA, suggesting
      an absence of endocrine regulation as occurs in the liver and lachrymal glands.
      Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins encoded by hybrid
      selected alpha 2u-globulin mRNA indicates that the liver and lachrymal
      translation products have different mobilities. However, many of the preputial
      gland products comigrate with most or all of the liver and lachrymal products.
      Among the possibilities suggested by these results is that alpha 2u-globulin
      genes expressed in liver and lachrymal glands under endocrine control are also
      expressed constitutively in the preputial gland.

PMID- 2409960
TI  - Antibodies against erythrocyte Ca2+-transport ATPase specifically inhibit the
      calmodulin-dependent fraction of the enzyme's activity.
AB  - Antibodies against purified Ca2+-transport ATPase from human erythrocytes were
      raised in rabbits. Immunodiffusion experiments revealed that precipitating
      antibodies had been developed. The immunoglobulin fraction inhibited solely the
      calmodulin-dependent fraction of erythrocyte Ca2+-transport ATPase activity,
      whereas the basal (in the absence of added calmodulin) activity of the enzyme was
      not significantly affected by the antibodies. The antibodies produced similar
      doseresponse curves for the calmodulin- and the oleic acid-stimulated enzyme.
      However, the immunoglobulin fraction was considerably less effective in
      inhibiting Ca2+-transport ATPase activated by limited proteolysis. The results
      obtained with our antibodies are compatible with the interpretation that at least
      one subpopulation of the antibodies attacks the enzyme at or close to the
      calmodulin-binding site of the ATPase. The antibodies also inhibited the
      calmodulin-regulated Ca2+-transport ATPase from pig smooth-muscle plasma
      membrane, though with lower potency. However, the immunoglobulin fraction failed
      to suppress pig cardiac sarcoplasmicreticulum Ca2+-transport ATPase activity in
      the concentration range investigated. In addition, the activity of
      phosphodiesterase from rat brain, another enzyme modulated by calmodulin, was not
      at all affected by the immunoglobulin fraction.

PMID- 2409961
TI  - The metabolism of neuropeptides. Endopeptidase-24.11 in human synaptic membrane
      preparations hydrolyses substance P.
AB  - Synaptic membrane preparations from human striatum and human diencephalon were
      shown to contain a phosphoramidon-sensitive metalloendopeptidase that appeared
      identical with endopeptidase-24.11. The activity of endopeptidase-24.11 was
      determined with an enzymic assay employing [D-Ala2,Leu5]enkephalin as substrate,
      and its distribution in human brain was similar to that in pig brain, with the
      striatum containing the highest levels. The choroid plexus and pons also
      contained substantial activity. A good correlation (r = 0.97) was obtained for
      the distribution of the endopeptidase in pig brain and pituitary by the enzymic
      assay and by an immunoradiometric assay specific for pig endopeptidase-24.11.
      Synaptic membrane preparations from human striatum and diencephalon hydrolysed
      substance P at the same sites as did preparations of pig striatal synaptic
      membranes, and hydrolysis was substantially abolished by phosphoramidon. These
      results suggest that endopeptidase-24.11 is the principal enzyme hydrolysing
      substance P in human synaptic membrane preparations.

PMID- 2409962
TI  - Respiration-dependent uptake of dihydrostreptomycin by Escherichia coli. Its
      irreversible nature and lack of evidence for a uniport process.
AB  - The transport of [3H]dihydrostreptomycin into the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli
      was distinguished, by its respiration-dependent nature, from binding within the
      cell envelope. 1. Of the radiolabel in the cytoplasm, 70-90% was dissolved in, or
      quickly equilibrated with, the cytoplasmic aqueous phase because this proportion
      rapidly left cells treated with toluene or with butan-1-ol. 2. After a period of
      respiration-dependent uptake of [3H]dihydrostreptomycin, cells were washed
      repeatedly by centrifugation and resuspension. Radiolabel did not leave the cells
      at any appreciable rate. 3. Uptake of dihydrostreptomycin (at an exogenous
      concentration of 1 mg of base/ml) was monitored for 2h to an apparent
      equilibrium. Then the specific radioactivity of exogenous dihydrostreptomycin was
      raised without significantly altering its chemical concentration. There was no
      exchange of radiolabel between the exogenous pool and the cytoplasmic pool. 4.
      Dihydrostreptomycin was not taken up by respiring, cytoplasm-free membrane
      vesicles which accumulated L-proline in control experiments. These data support
      the view that respiration-dependent uptake of dihydrostreptomycin by E. coli is
      not simply a secondary translocation process such as uniport.

PMID- 2409963
TI  - Functional relationship of ammonia with RNA, DNA, and protein in rat muscle.
AB  - The acid proteinases, neutral proteinases, protein, RNA, and DNA were estimated
      along with the ammonia content in muscle in rats subjected to experimental
      hyperammonemic states (acute and chronic) by the administration of ammonium
      acetate intraperitoneally. It was observed that there was a decrease in the
      activities of acid proteinases and neutral proteinases in muscle in acute as well
      as in chronic hyperammonemic states. A rise in protein content was observed in
      muscle under these conditions. No changes were seen in the DNA content while RNA
      showed a slight increase in muscle. These results were discussed with reference
      to the possible role of ammonia in lysosomal protein degradation as well as to
      its probable effect on protein synthesis through its action on transcription.

PMID- 2409964
TI  - Effective DNA cleavage by bleomycin-vanadium(IV) complex plus hydrogen peroxide.
AB  - It has been firstly found that the bleomycin-vanadyl(IV) complex is effectively
      capable of cleaving DNA in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The 1:1 bleomycin
      VO(IV) complex has been characterized by ESR and electronic absorption spectra,
      and its ESR parameters (go = 1.982 and Ao = 93.5 G) are indicative of VO(N5)
      coordination type for the metal-binding environment. The mode of nucleotide
      sequence cleavage induced by the present bleomycin-VO(IV)-H2O2 complex system was
      appreciably different from the corresponding Fe(III) complex system. Of special
      interest is the fact that the bleomycin-vanadium complex system more
      preferentially attacked G-A(5'----3') sequences than the bleomycin-iron complex
      system.

PMID- 2409965
TI  - Human IgE antibody to the carbohydrate-containing third domain of chicken
      ovomucoid.
AB  - Two kinds of the third domain, either with or without a carbohydrate chain, were
      prepared from chicken ovomucoid. The immunoreactivity of the domain preparations
      to human IgE antibody directed against ovomucoid was examined by using the sera
      from patients of egg allergy. About 30% of the serum antibody to ovomucoid
      reacted with the carbohydrate-containing domain, whereas little or no antibody
      with reactivity to the carbohydrate-free domain was detected, suggesting that the
      carbohydrate chain attached to the third domain played an important role in
      antigenic determinants of the carbohydrate-containing third domain against the
      human IgE antibody.

PMID- 2409966
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies identify multiple epitopes on maize leaf nitrate reductase.
AB  - Nine hybridoma cell lines secreting antibodies against the maize leaf nitrate
      reductase have been distinguished by reciprocal competition for binding to the
      antigenic site. Inhibition of enzymatic activities, and western blots of native
      enzyme and denatured subunits revealed different behaviors of individual
      antibodies towards the antigen. Two classes of monoclonal antibodies are
      inhibitory of NADH and methyl viologen nitrate reductase activities, but only one
      affects also NADH cytochrome c reductase activity. The associated epitopes are
      sensitive to antigen conformation. Among the 4 other classes, one is specific for
      the native conformation of the molecule, another binds more strongly to the
      denatured antigen, and two recognize equally well the two forms.

PMID- 2409967
TI  - Degradation of substance P by the neuroblastoma cells and their membrane.
AB  - Cells of the N-18 line of mouse neuroblastoma and their membrane degrade
      substance P added exogenously. The degradation by the cells and their membrane,
      examined by high-performance liquid chromatography, is strongly inhibited by EDTA
      but scarcely inhibited by captopril and phosphoramidon. Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 is the
      major cleavage product among C-terminal fragments of substance P in both cases.
      Thus, the degradation of substance P by the neuroblastoma cells and their
      membrane seems to take place mainly through the hydrolysis between Phe8-Gly9 by
      EDTA-sensitive protease(s).

PMID- 2409968
TI  - Identification of a surface epitope of human erythropoietin with anti-peptide
      antibodies.
AB  - Antibodies reactive with human erythropoietin were isolated from the serum of
      rabbits immunized with a twenty-six amino acid synthetic polypeptide
      corresponding to a proposed NH2-terminal sequence of the hormone. As shown by
      inhibition with peptide fragments, those antibodies that bound to erythropoietin
      recognized the (8-15) domain, strongly suggesting tht this region is exposed on
      the hormone's surface. This was confirmed by affinity purification of these
      antibodies on immobilized fragment (8-15). These results provide insight into the
      tertiary structure of human erythropoietin and suggest uses for the sequence
      specific antibodies in labeling the hormone.

PMID- 2409969
TI  - Deficient repair of DNA lesions in Alzheimer's disease fibroblasts.
AB  - DNA strand breaks, resulting from treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidine, were repaired more slowly in four strains of familial
      Alzheimer's disease fibroblasts than in five strains of fibroblasts from age
      matched normals. These results were not due to differences between the two cell
      types in in vitro ages, in the initial DNA damage or in drug-induced cell lysis.
      Bleomycin-induced DNA double-strand breaks were repaired equally efficiently by
      both types of cells. Alzheimer's disease cells may have a DNA repair defect,
      which may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.

PMID- 2409970
TI  - Modulation of cyclic AMP accumulation in GH3 cells by a phorbol ester and
      thyroliberin.
AB  - 4 beta phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu) stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in GH3
      pituitary tumour cells in the presence of isobutylmethylxanthine. This effect
      persisted after preincubation of cells with cholera or pertussis toxins. In
      contrast, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-stimulated cyclic AMP
      accumulation was inhibited by PDBu in a dose dependent fashion (IC50 = 5.1 nM).
      Thyroliberin (TRH) had a similar, but non-additive, stimulatory effect on cyclic
      AMP accumulation with PDBu, however it did not inhibit VIP stimulation. These
      results suggest that TRH may stimulate cyclic AMP accumulation through protein
      kinase C and that stimulation of adenylate cyclase by PDBu and TRH may occur
      distal to the guanine nucleotide binding regulatory proteins, Ns and Ni.

PMID- 2409971
TI  - Excitation contraction coupling in skeletal muscle: evidence for a role of slow
      Ca2+ channels using Ca2+ channel activators and inhibitors in the dihydropyridine
      series.
AB  - Ca2+ current and tension have been simultaneously recorded from single twitch
      fibres of the semi-tendinosus of Rana esculenta in a medium containing a
      physiological Ca2+ concentration (1.8 mM). Under appropriate conditions it can be
      shown that tension develops in two phases. The first is rapid and reaches its
      maximum before activation of the inward Ca2+ current. The second phase is slower
      and with a time course which appears to be correlated with that of the inward
      current. Nifedipine, a specific Ca2+ channel inhibitor greatly reduced ICa2+ and
      the slower component of tension. Bay K8644 a Ca2+ channel activator, which has
      receptors on T-tubule, increased ICa2+ and the slow component of tension. These
      results indicate that a slow component of skeletal muscle contraction is related
      to the inward Ca2+ current flowing through dihydropyridine sensitive voltage
      dependent Ca2+ channels.

PMID- 2409972
TI  - High and low affinity states of the dihydropyridine and phenylalkylamine
      receptors on the cardiac calcium channel and their interconversion by divalent
      cations.
AB  - Drug receptors associated with Ca2+-channels in isolated chick heart membranes
      were found to exist in high and low affinity states. When assays were conducted
      in the presence of EDTA most of the receptors detected with the dihydropyridines
      (+)[3H]PN 200-110 or [3H]nitrendipine appeared to be in the lower affinity state.
      Inclusion of either Mg2+ or Ca2+ in the binding reactions resulted in the
      disappearance of the lower affinity state and the conversion of the receptors to
      a single high affinity state. Similar results were obtained with the
      phenylalkylamine derivative [3H]desmethoxyverapamil (D888). The results suggest
      that both the dihydropyridine and phenylalkylamine receptors on the cardiac Ca2+
      channel can exist in interconvertible high and low affinity states in vitro, and
      that the proportion of receptors in each affinity state can be altered by the
      absence or presence of divalent cations.

PMID- 2409973
TI  - Direct effect of parathyroid hormone on the proliferation of osteoblast-like
      cells; a possible involvement of cyclic AMP.
AB  - Serum-starved chick osteoblast-like cells (OB cells) and periosteal fibroblasts
      (PF cells) were used to study the proliferative effects of parathyroid hormone
      (PTH) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Both PTH (10(-11) to 10(-8) M) and PGE2 (10(
      9) to 10(-5) M) had a direct, dose-related effect on the de novo synthesis of DNA
      in OB cells. The PF cells only showed a dose-dependent effect in the presence of
      PGE2 (10(-9) to 10(-5) M). The hormonally induced proliferation of these cells
      was shown to be dependent on cell density and stimulation time. An optimal
      response for both cell types was observed in the cell density range 1.5 to 3.5
      micrograms DNA/2 cm2, when stimulated for 18 hours. As cAMP-enhancing substances
      (N6-dBcAMP, forskolin and IBMX) could mimic the PTH- and PGE2-induced
      proliferation in OB cells, the increased DNA synthesis was concluded to be mainly
      caused by enhanced cAMP concentrations.

PMID- 2409974
TI  - Bacterial lipopeptides induce ion-conducting pores in planar bilayers.
AB  - Bacterial lipopeptides, known for their antibiotic activities, have been tested
      for their ability to interact with lipid membranes. These lipopeptides, Iturin A,
      Bacillomycin L and D and Peptidolipin NA present analogous structural
      characteristics: a heptapeptidic cycle is linked to a hydrocarbon chain. We
      present evidence that these lipopeptides modify the conductance of planar
      bilayers by forming ion-conducting pores.

PMID- 2409975
TI  - Catalase enhances damage to DNA by bleomycin-iron(II): the role of hydroxyl
      radicals.
AB  - Bleomycin degrades DNA under aerobic conditions when a ferrous salt is added.
      This reaction is enhanced by catalase and certain hydroxyl radical scavengers but
      inhibited by the addition of hydrogen peroxide. A ferricbleomycin complex is,
      however, stimulated by addition of hydrogen peroxide. These findings suggest that
      catalase removes hydrogen peroxide and in so doing prevents loss of ferrous ions
      and formation of hydroxyl radicals (OH.) by a Fenton-type reaction. It further
      suggests that OH. radicals, when formed, are more involved in the inactivation of
      bleomycin than in the release of thiobarbituric acid reactive material from DNA.

PMID- 2409976
TI  - Concentrations of murinoglobulin and alpha-macroglobulin in the mouse serum:
      variations with age, sex, strain, and experimental inflammation.
AB  - Serum levels of murinoglobulin and alpha-macroglobulin were low in newborn mice
      but increased during the prepubertal development. The adult levels of the two
      inhibitors were higher in males than in females in 8 inbred strains tested.
      Gonadectomy at 2 w of age did not significantly affect the prepubertal rise in
      the levels not only of the above two inhibitors but of contrapsin and alpha-1
      antiprotease. The gonadectomy, however, abolished the sex differences seen in the
      adult levels of these inhibitors. The levels of murinoglobulin and alpha
      macroglobulin reached their minimum at 12 h after inducing inflammation and
      returned to normal at 24 h. Little change was observed in the levels of
      contrapsin and alpha-1-antiprotease under the same inflammatory conditions.

PMID- 2409977
TI  - In vitro translation of polyadenylated RNA isolated from control and interferon
      treated human promyelocytic HL-60 leukemic cells.
AB  - Polyadenylated RNA has been isolated from control and interferon-treated HL-60
      cells by centrifugation through cesium chloride and oligo(dT)-cellulose column
      chromatography. The affinity column-purified RNA is poorly translated in the mRNA
      dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysates but is an excellent template for in vitro
      protein synthesis using the wheat germ cell extracts. The discrepancy in the
      efficiency of HL-60 mRNA utilization in the two commonly used cell-free protein
      synthesizing systems is attributable to an inhibitory component present in the
      polyadenylated RNA. This contaminant is most likely double-stranded RNA based on
      (i) the ability of 2-aminopurine (3-5 mM) or high concentrations of penicillium
      chrysogenum double-stranded RNA (10-15 micrograms/ml) to overcome the inhibition
      exerted by the component, and (ii) the ability of the component to promote the
      enzymatic conversion of ATP into 2-5A by the highly purified rabbit reticulocyte
      2-5A synthetase.

PMID- 2409978
TI  - Factors essential for desensitization of pigeon erythrocyte adenylate cyclase
      responsiveness in a cell-free system.
AB  - Cell-free desensitization of the pigeon erythrocyte adenylate cyclase-coupled
      beta-adrenoreceptor system requires soluble cellular factors. Desensitization is
      observed when a mixture of cell membranes and the cytosol fraction are incubated
      with isoproterenol or cAMP and IBMX for 20 min at 37 degrees C. Mg2+ and ATP are
      also required for cell-free desensitization. When adenylate cyclase is maximally
      stimulated by isoproterenol or GTP-gamma-S, the decrement of activity is 45-50%
      and 20-25%, respectively. Adenylate cyclase desensitization may be also produced
      by preincubation of plasma membranes with the catalytic component of cAMP
      dependent protein kinase. Cell-free desensitization is associated with functional
      uncoupling of the beta-receptor. This is evidenced by an impaired ability of
      receptors to form a high affinity, guanine nucleotide-sensitive complex with the
      agonist and by the increase of the lag-phase of adenylate cyclase activation by
      isoproterenol and GTP-gamma-S. These findings suggest that one possible mechanism
      for the development of desensitization in adenylate cyclase systems may be the
      phosphorylation of a component(s) of the beta-receptor-adenylate cyclase complex
      which results in impaired receptor-cyclase coupling.

PMID- 2409979
TI  - Effect of actinomycin-D on the fat body RNA content in Dysdercus koenigii
      (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae).
AB  - The effect of actinomycin-D on the RNA content of the total fat body was studied
      on day 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the first reproductive cycle in the females. Actinomycin
      D exhibited its highest inhibitory effect in insects injected on day 4 and a
      lower degree of the effect was seen in insects injected on day 5. These results
      suggest that by the end of day 4, a major quantity of DNA-dependent RNA,
      necessary for vitellogenin synthesis, has already been synthesised and
      accumulated.

PMID- 2409980
TI  - Partial purification of two distinct enkephalin-degrading aminopeptidases from
      human cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - In human cerebrospinal fluid, aminopeptidase, dipeptidyl aminopeptidase,
      dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase, and carboxypeptidase which were capable of
      hydrolyzing enkephalins were detected. Among these enzymes, two distinct
      aminopeptidase, designated C-AP1 and C-AP2, were partially purified. These
      enzymes were not purified thoroughly, but the characteristics of C-AP2 were
      similar to those of an aminopeptidase purified from monkey brain. But the
      inhibitory activity of amastatin on C-AP2 was stronger, and that of substance P
      was negligible. On the other hand, characteristics of C-Ap1 were extremely differ
      from those of C-AP2 or an aminopeptidase purified from monkey brain. C-AP1 had an
      optimum pH more in the acidic range (the highest at pH 6.0) and was not inhibited
      by any of the protease inhibitor tested including bestatin and amastatin.

PMID- 2409981
TI  - Vascular, plasma membrane aminopeptidase M. Metabolism of vasoactive peptides.
AB  - Aminopeptidase M (EC 3.4.11.2), an enzyme present on the cell surface of vascular
      endothelium and/or smooth muscle, rapidly hydrolyzes leucyl- and arginyl-2
      naphthylamides and a number of vasoactive peptides at physiologic pH. Utilizing
      both thin-layer chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography, it was
      found that vascular aminopeptidase M converted kallidin to bradykinin and
      inactivated des(Asp1)angiotensin I, angiotensin III, hepta(5-11)substance P and
      hexa(6-11)substance P. Aminopeptidase M did not, however, hydrolyze bradykinin,
      angiotensin I, angiotensin II, saralasin, vasopressin, oxytocin or any form of
      substance P containing a component of the Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro sequence. Both the
      naphthylamidase and peptidase activities were inhibited similarly by known amino
      peptidase M inhibitors including o-phenanthroline, amastatin, bestatin and
      puromycin. However, inhibitors of angiotensin I converting enzyme (captopril),
      carboxypeptidase N (MERGETPA), neutral endopeptidase (phosphoramidon), post
      proline cleaving enzyme and dipeptidyl(amino)peptidase IV
      (diisopropylphosphofluoridate, DFP) were without effect. These results
      demonstrate that vascular, cell surface aminopeptidase M can selectively
      metabolize vasoactive peptides and may play a role in modulating their levels in
      the circulation and/or within the vessel wall.

PMID- 2409982
TI  - Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

PMID- 2409983
TI  - Binding of GABA receptor channel drugs to a putative voltage-dependent chloride
      channel in Torpedo electric organ.

PMID- 2409984
TI  - Metabolism and action of neplanocin A in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - Neplanocin A is a naturally occurring carbocyclic analog of adenosine which
      contains a cyclopentene moiety in place of ribose and has demonstrated antitumor
      and antimicrobial activity. This compound was highly toxic to Chinese hamster
      ovary (CHO) cells; the approximate minimum inhibitory concentration of neplanocin
      A for inhibition of clone formation was 0.1 microM. The toxicity of the agent was
      greatly reduced by prior treatment with adenosine deaminase. [3H]Uridine
      incorporation into perchloric acid insoluble material in growing cells was
      inhibited by neplanocin A more dramatically than that of [3H]thymidine or
      [3H]leucine. Treatment with the drug resulted in a marked depression of ATP pool
      levels. High pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of cellular nucleotide
      pools from cells treated with neplanocin A revealed the formation of an apparent
      drug metabolite (NpcTP) that eluted in the triphosphate region of the
      chromatographic profile. Treatment of NpcTP with alkaline phosphatase produced a
      nucleoside with properties similar to neplanocin A. An adenosine-kinase-deficient
      cell line formed little, if any, NpcTP but demonstrated only slight resistance to
      the agent. These observations suggest that neplanocin A was efficiently
      metabolized to the triphosphate level but that this metabolite was responsible
      for only a fraction of the observed toxicity.

PMID- 2409985
TI  - The association between Mi-2 antibodies and dermatomyositis.
AB  - Antibodies to Mi, an antigen in calf thymus extract, have been demonstrated by
      complement fixation inhibition in polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) sera
      but not in the sera of individuals without myositis. The original Mi reference
      serum defined 2 precipitating antibodies, using immunodiffusion (ID). Anti-Mi-1
      was not active in complement fixation. We have now studied in further detail anti
      Mi-2, which appears to be the antibody in Mi serum that fixes complement. Mi-2
      antigen was purified by immuno-affinity chromatography. An enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure Mi-2 antibody, using this antigen, was
      used to test the sera of 139 myositis patients: 52 had DM and 87 had PM. Control
      sera from 35 normal subjects and 93 patients with other connective tissue
      diseases were also tested. Only 13 sera were considered definitely positive for
      anti-Mi-2. All were from patients who had myositis, 11 of whom had DM. Only DM
      sera had anti-Mi-2 by ID, and all sera with anti-Mi-2 by ID were positive by
      ELISA. A number of other sera, including many from patients with other connective
      tissue diseases and 2 from normal subjects (all without precipitating antibodies)
      had lower elevations which were of uncertain significance. Detection of anti-Mi-2
      by ID as well as by ELISA was significantly more frequent in DM than in PM. Anti
      Mi-2 appears to be closely linked to DM, and is the first specific serologic
      marker for this form of myositis.

PMID- 2409986
TI  - Intranuclear location of the myositis-specific Jo-1 antigen: hopping histidyl
      tRNA synthetase?

PMID- 2409987
TI  - Hormonal regulation of glandular kallikrein activity and its inhibitor in human
      plasma.
AB  - Plasma glandular kallikrein (GK) activity, serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3),
      thyroxine (T4), reverse T3, thyroid-stimulating hormone, plasma alpha 2
      macroglobulin (alpha 2M) and alpha 1 antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) levels were
      determined in 29 non-diabetic female subjects given normal ad-lib diet or one of
      several kinds of caloric composition for more than 7 days after an overnight
      fast. Positive exponential correlation was found between serum T3 level and
      plasma GK activity (r = 0.54), and there was positive linear correlation between
      serum T3 level and plasma alpha 2M level (r = 0.51). Positive natural logarithmic
      correlation was found between plasma GK activity and plasma alpha 2M level (r =
      0.47). There was no correlation between plasma GK activity and plasma alpha 1AT
      level, and between serum T3 level and plasma alpha 1AT level. No correlation was
      found between serum T4 level and plasma GK activity, and between serum T4 level
      and plasma alpha 2M level. There was no correlation between serum T4 and T3
      level, but positive exponential correlation was found between serum T4 and
      reverse T3 level (r = 0.82). These data suggest that T3 responds to dietary
      carbohydrate through Kallikrein-Kinin system, and T3 regulates both GK activity
      and its inhibitor (alpha 2M) in human plasma.

PMID- 2409988
TI  - Proteoglycan distribution in catheter-induced aortic lesions in normolipaemic
      rabbits. An ultrastructural study.
AB  - The aortic lesions induced in normal-fed rabbits by an indwelling catheter were
      examined for changes in lipid content shown by oil red O-stained sections and
      associated proteoglycan distribution and ultrastructural changes by transmission
      electron microscopy of ruthenium red-stained sections, during an 8-week period of
      regression. Compared to normal aorta there was a highly significant increase in
      proteoglycan in lipid-containing lesions, which was also associated with the
      presence of regenerated endothelium. In the lesions which had regressed in terms
      of size and lipid content, the proteoglycan concentration, especially in
      superficial regions, was significantly reduced compared to early lesions and was
      similar to that seen in the normal vessel. Proteoglycan concentration decreased
      before lipid content of lesions was reduced. Proteoglycan was not associated with
      lipid-containing macrophages. These observations support the hypothesis that an
      increased glycosaminoglycan concentration is associated with lipid deposition in
      the vessel wall in response to injury in the absence of hyperlipaemia.

PMID- 2409989
TI  - Relationship between platelet aggregation and plasma beta-thromboglobulin levels
      in arterio-vascular and renal diseases.
AB  - The incidence of second wave of platelet aggregation induced by a small dose of
      ADP (1 mumol/l) was compared with plasma levels of beta-thromboglobulin in 81
      normal individuals, 34 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 11 patients
      with acute cerebrovascular disease and 26 patients with renal disease. Platelet
      hyperaggregability was observed in 7% of normal individuals. Plasma levels of
      beta-thromboglobulin were higher in normal individuals over 60 years of age (48
      vs. 32 micrograms/l). In contrast, hyperaggregability was observed in 79% of
      patients with acute myocardial infarction and in 64% of those with acute
      cerebrovascular disease. Median plasma levels of beta-thromboglobulin were also
      significantly elevated in patients with acute myocardial infarction (82
      micrograms/ml) or acute cerebrovascular disease (99 micrograms/l). Levels of beta
      thromboglobulin in plasma were significantly higher in those patients who
      demonstrated hyperaggregability. In patients with renal disease only 12% had
      signs of hyperaggregability. Nevertheless their plasma levels of beta
      thromboglobulin were elevated (76 micrograms/l) and correlated with the serum
      creatinine values. These investigations indicate that patients with acute
      myocardial infarction or stroke have hyperreactive platelets and evidence of
      increased platelet inactivation in the circulation. However, evaluation of
      increased levels of beta-thromboglobulin requires consideration of renal
      function.

PMID- 2409990
TI  - Different actions of intravenous ethanol on basal (= interdigestive) secretion of
      gastric acid, pancreatic enzymes and bile acids and gastrointestinal motility in
      man.
AB  - The action of an intravenous infusion of ethanol (10% v/v; given in a dose of 300
      mg kg-1 body weight for 30 min followed by 3 mg kg-1 min-1 for 2 hr) on the basal
      (= interdigestive) gastrointestinal motor activity and the basal gastric acid,
      pancreatic amylase and bile acid secretion was determined in 6 healthy human
      volunteers. Ethanol did not affect the duration of the interdigestive motor
      complex and the output of bile acids into the duodenum. Ethanol significantly (P
      less than 0.05) stimulated the gastric acid output by about 2.2-fold and
      inhibited the pancreatic amylase output by about 43% as compared to control
      experiments in which an intravenous infusion of 0.15 M NaCl was given. Ethanol
      did not alter the mean plasma levels of gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide as
      compared to prestimulatory values and to control experiments. In conclusion,
      these results show that intravenous ethanol given in a moderate dose stimulates
      gastric acid output and inhibits pancreatic amylase output in fasting non
      alcoholic human beings. The mechanism(s) of these different actions of ethanol is
      unknown since release of gastrin or pancreatic polypeptide by ethanol does not
      account for the observed effects of intravenous ethanol.

PMID- 2409991
TI  - Enhanced [3H]-noradrenaline release in synaptosomes from ethanol-tolerant
      animals: the role of nerve terminal calcium ion concentrations.
AB  - Cortical slices from brains of ethanol-tolerant rats have previously been shown
      to release a greater fraction of uptake [3H]-noradrenaline ([3H]-NA) on K+
      depolarisation than slices from control animals. In the present experiments, when
      stimulated with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (30 microM), untreated cortical
      synaptosomes release only a very small fraction of uptaken [3H]-NA. Under these
      conditions synaptosomal preparations from ethanol-tolerant animals released a
      greater fraction of uptaken [3H]-NA but the difference was not significant.
      However, after incubation with ouabain (100 microM, to increase intrasynaptosomal
      [Ca2+]) A23187 now produced a much greater enhancement of [3H]-NA release in
      preparations from ethanol-tolerant rats. Further, after superfusion of the
      synaptosomal preparation with 1mM EGTA and A23187 for 30 min (a procedure which
      should reduce intrasynaptosomal [Ca2+]) the reintroduction of Ca2+ to the
      superfusing fluid caused a marked release of [3H]-NA which was also significantly
      greater in preparations from ethanol-tolerant animals. Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase activity
      was also higher in these synaptosomes but no difference could be detected in the
      release of [3H]-NA from a combined synaptic vesicle: synaptic plasma membrane
      preparation. The results suggest that the development of ethanol tolerance is
      associated with a fundamental change in the dynamic control of Ca2+
      concentrations within the nerve terminal which potentiates the depolarisation
      induced release of neurotransmitters.

PMID- 2409992
TI  - [Kaposi's sarcoma: comparative immunohistochemical study and histogenic
      significance of endothelial markers].
AB  - The origin of spindle-shaped cells in Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) remains
      controversial. Non-specific histochemical reactions, electron microscopic
      examinations and immunostainings using antibody against factor VIII-related
      antigen (F VIII-RAG) and Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEAI) lectin as endothelial
      markers have given contradictory results. Immunohistochemical techniques were
      applied to 7 frozen skin biopsy specimen of KS from 5 elderly Mediterranean
      people and 1 renal allograft recipient, and a group of 27 other frozen cutaneous
      tumours including haemangio and lymphangiosarcomas, benign vascular lesions and
      various epithelial, melanocytic, fibrohistiocytic, fibrosarcomatous and muscular
      tumours. Using UEAI and antibodies against F VIII-RAG, HLA-DR and vimentin, a
      large proportion of positive KS spindle cells was found in all cases whereas
      cells were negative for keratin. Among the various immunoreactivity patterns
      observed in this study, a unique immunohistochemical profile was demonstrated for
      KS, angiosarcoma and endothelial cell, which strongly supports the endothelial
      origin of spindle cells in KS. Whereas F VIII-RAG, HLA-DR, vimentin and UEAI were
      sensitive endothelial markers, only F VIII-RAG appeared specific for endothelial
      cells since UEAI stained 2 squamous cell carcinomas and HLA-DR and vimentin were
      present in various mesenchymal and melanocytic tumours.

PMID- 2409993
TI  - Effects of ethanol on 5-hydroxytryptamine release from rat corpus striatum in
      vivo.
AB  - The effects of ethanol administration on the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5
      HT) within the corpus striatum of the rat was investigated using in vivo dialysis
      cannulae. Fifteen-minute dialysate samples were continuously collected from up to
      5.25 hr from individual, urethane-anesthetized rats and analyzed for their
      content of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) by HPLC-electrochemical detection.
      Ethanol injected intraperitoneally caused an increase of 5-HT release reflected
      as an increase in the concentrations of 5-HIAA in perfusion samples. Comparison
      of two doses of ethanol resulting in maximum blood ethanol concentrations of 50
      mM versus 80 mM, showed that the lower dose elicited a more rapid, longer lasting
      and significantly greater increase in release. The results emphasise the
      importance of monitoring the time courses of neurochemical events associated with
      alcohol treatment in individual animals, and demonstrate the value of the in vivo
      dialysis cannula technique in that context.

PMID- 2409994
TI  - Cognitive mechanisms in number processing and calculation: evidence from
      dyscalculia.
AB  - This article presents a framework for the cognitive analysis of number processing
      and calculation. Within this framework the primary objective is the development
      of a model that is sufficiently detailed to serve as a basis for explaining the
      number-processing/calculation performance of both normal and cognitively impaired
      subjects. First a general model of the cognitive mechanisms for number processing
      and calculation is outlined. It is shown that patterns of impairments observed in
      brain-damaged patients support the major assumptions of the model and that the
      model provides a theoretically motivated framework for interpreting the deficits.
      A single case is then discussed in some detail, to demonstrate that through
      detailed analyses of impaired performance the preliminary model can be elaborated
      to specify not only the general architecture of the number-processing and
      calculation systems, but also the inner workings of specific components and the
      consequences of damage to these components. The article concludes with a
      discussion of several general issues arising from the presented arguments.

PMID- 2409995
TI  - Massive choroidal haemorrhage as a complication of krypton red laser
      photocoagulation for disciform degeneration.
AB  - A 78-year-old man with perifoveal subretinal neovascularization originally
      treated with krypton red laser was re-treated. An attempt was made to produce a
      "chalky white" burn at the site of the neovascular frond. Immediately after a
      burn, a brisk choroidal haemorrhage followed, apparently from a ruptured
      choroidal vessel. Bleeding occurred subretinally and into the vitreous, blinding
      the patient. While the krypton red laser carries advantages over the argon laser
      in the treatment of subretinal neovascular fronds, this case indicates that hard
      burns with the krypton laser carry a risk of massive subretinal haemorrhage.

PMID- 2409996
TI  - [Latency, duration and persistence of Fersen reflex in infants].

PMID- 2409997
TI  - [Tubular bodies (Weibel-Palade) in the endothelial cell of glioblastoma].
AB  - Authors have studied the ultrastructure of endothelial cells in the microvessels
      of malignant and benign gliomas and in particular, the numbers of tubular bodies
      (Weibel-Palade) in endothelial cells of glioma microvessels in related with blood
      vessel proliferation. Glioblastoma 6, astrocytoma grade II 1, oligodendroglioma 1
      and 2 samples of non-tumor brain tissue were analyzed quantitatively using light
      and electron microscope with Karnovski fixative. All tissues were obtained from
      the center, the intermediate and the margin in each tumor tissue and just outside
      of the tumor at operation. 389 microvessels were examined in the total gliomas
      electronmicroscopically. Tubular body was first described by Weibel and Palade in
      the vascular endothelial cells of various organs in both man and animals. This is
      now considered to be an organelle specific to the endothelial cell, but its
      function is still unknown. Tubular body observed in the endothelial cells of the
      gliomas vessels consisted of a membrane-limited round, oval or elongated shaped
      intra cytoplasmic body (about 0.1-0.2 micron) which contained tubules of 150-200
      A outer diameter. Tubular bodies were classified in the two types. One of them
      (mature type) was relatively electron dense to be more compact, the other
      (immature type) had relatively pale matrix. In the immature type they are located
      in close proximity to the Golgi complex or endoplasmic reticulum.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2409998
TI  - The effect of trauma on serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in patients
      with hip fracture.
AB  - In a previous study we observed lower serum concentrations of 25(OH)D,
      24,25(OH)2D, and 1,25(OH)2D in patients with hip fracture than in aged control
      subjects. In order to evaluate the effect of trauma on vitamin D metabolite
      levels, we measured serum concentrations of vitamin D binding protein (DBP) in
      118 patients with hip fracture and 71 aged control subjects. Serum DBP was lower
      in the patients than in the controls (mean +/- SD 315 +/- 60 vs 371 +/- 44 mg/l,
      P less than 0.001). Serum DBP correlated positively with serum total protein,
      albumin, alpha 2-globulin, and the vitamin D metabolite levels in the patients.
      When correcting for differences in serum DBP, serum 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D still
      were significantly lower in patients than in controls, whereas serum 1,25(OH)2D
      was not. The free 1,25(OH)2D index (10(5) x molar ratio 1,25(OH)2D/DBP) was lower
      in patients than in controls, but the level of significance was marginal. This
      difference was not significant when patients and controls with impairment of
      renal function were excluded. It is concluded that the difference in serum
      25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D between patients and controls is largely preexistent.
      However, the lower serum 1,25(OH)2D in the patients is mainly caused by the
      trauma. The free 1,25(OH)2D concentrations are almost similar in the two groups
      when renal function is normal.

PMID- 2409999
TI  - Comparative effects of an antiviral drug, inosiplex, and diphosphonates in
      Paget's disease of bone.
AB  - The effects of the antiviral agent, inosiplex, were assessed in four patients
      with Paget's disease of bone. Treatment for 6 months did not suppress disease
      activity as judged by serum alkaline phosphatase and hydroxyprolinuria, and viral
      inclusions persisted in the one patient from whom a bone biopsy was taken. These
      results contrasted markedly with the suppressive effects of diphosphonate
      treatment in these same patients.

PMID- 2410000
TI  - Probable histamine liberation with atracurium. A case report.
AB  - An histaminoid reaction after the administration of thiopentone and atracurium is
      described. Serial blood sampling showed no evidence of complement activation.
      Intradermal testing 6 weeks later yielded a positive result with atracurium (1 in
      1000), but not with thiopentone. The clinical course of the reaction and the
      subsequent investigations suggest a direct pharmacological liberation of
      histamine.

PMID- 2410001
TI  - Suppression of human alpha-foetoprotein-producing hepatocellular carcinoma growth
      in nude mice by an anti alpha-foetoprotein antibody-daunorubicin conjugate with a
      poly-L-glutamic acid derivative as intermediate drug carrier.

PMID- 2410002
TI  - Lectin-binding abnormalities in the stromal and epithelial components of basal
      cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2410003
TI  - A new marker for testicular cancer.

PMID- 2410004
TI  - CA19-9 as a marker for ovarian cancer: alone and in comparison with CA125.

PMID- 2410005
TI  - Psoriasis: maintenance of an intact monolayer basal cell differentiation
      compartment in spite of hyperproliferation.
AB  - Frozen sections of punch biopsies from normal epidermis and psoriatic involved
      and uninvolved epidermis have been examined immunocytochemically using a panel of
      anti-keratin monoclonal antibodies with various specificities in the skin. Since
      psoriasis is thought to involve hyperproliferative expansion of the basal
      compartment from one to about three cell layers in thickness, the samples were
      screened with antibodies to intermediate filament determinants associated with
      basal cells, suprabasal cells and hyperproliferating keratinocyte-derived cell
      lines, respectively. The basal-suprabasal division was observed to be intact,
      with only one layer of basal cells demarcated by the specific antibodies used
      under all circumstances. This suggests that (a) psoriatic "basal cell
      hyperproliferation' may not specifically involve the basal cell compartment
      containing the stem cells, but rather a population of amplifying transit cells
      which are predominantly suprabasal, and that (b) while keratinocyte
      differentiation begins as the cells lose contact with the basal lamina, the first
      stages at least of differentiation are not dependent on the loss of the capacity
      to divide.

PMID- 2410006
TI  - Antigen-presenting properties of human epidermal cells compared with peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells.

PMID- 2410007
TI  - Hapten-specific T-cell lines in guinea-pig contact sensitivity: carrier
      specificity and specific accumulation.
AB  - Dinitrophenyl-specific T-cell lines were established by culturing lymph node
      derived lymphocytes from dinitrochlorobenzene-sensitized guinea-pigs with
      dinitrophenyl-modified macrophages. Cells from this line were all Ia-positive and
      formed E-rosettes with rabbit erythrocytes; no Ig-positive cells were present in
      this suspension. Expanded cells exhibited enhanced in vitro and in vivo activity
      as demonstrated by DNA synthesis and systemic adoptive transfer of contact
      sensitivity. In vitro DNA synthesis was elicited not only be specific hapten
      modified macrophages but also by conjugates of the hapten with homologous (GPA)
      and even heterologous (BGG, HSA) proteins, thus demonstrating the loss of carrier
      specificity. Moreover, the proliferative response of expanded cells was elicited
      not only with hapten-modified syngeneic (strain 2) but also with allogeneic
      (strain 13) macrophages. Cells from hapten-modified T-cell lines, but not from
      lymph nodes from in vivo primed guinea-pigs, showed specific accumulation in
      contact sensitivity skin test sites. Attempts to establish hapten-specific T-cell
      clones were also at least partially successful.

PMID- 2410008
TI  - Prognostic value of B-cell mitogen-induced and spontaneous thymidine uptake in
      vitro in chronic B-lymphocytic leukaemia cells.
AB  - Blood lymphocytes from 50 patients with chronic B-lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL)
      were cultured in vitro with and without the polyclonal B-cell activators (PBA)
      dextran sulphate (DxS), lipopolysaccharide from E. coli (LPS), and Epstein Barr
      virus (EBV). Patients with blood lymphocytes that showed a high spontaneous or
      PBA-induced 3H-thymidine uptake in 4 d cultures had a significantly shorter
      therapy-free survival than patients whose lymphocytes showed a low thymidine
      uptake. The DxS-induced cellular thymidine uptake was the most powerful predictor
      of prognosis. Eighteen patients with leukaemic cells responding to DxS
      stimulation had a median therapy-free survival of 17 months and a probability of
      5 year therapy-free survival of less than 0.1, whereas for 30 patients with DxS
      unresponsive cells the corresponding figures were greater than 120 months and
      greater than 0.7, respectively (log rank, P less than 0.0001). A multivariate
      Cox's regression analysis revealed that the DxS-induced leukaemic cell response
      was of greater prognostic importance than clinical features such as blood counts
      and staging according to Rai and Binet. Therefore PBA-induced leukaemic cell
      thymidine uptake seems valuable in the prediction of prognosis in B-CLL.

PMID- 2410009
TI  - A monoclonal antibody against a Burkitt lymphoma associated antigen has an anti
      Pk red blood cell specificity.
AB  - The blood group specificity of a rat IgM monoclonal antibody (38-13) directed
      against most EBV-positive or -negative Burkitt's lymphoma was investigated. The
      target antigen was previously identified as the neutral glycolipid ceramide
      trihexoside (CTH), a substance which accumulates in red cells from very rare
      individuals of the Pk phenotype and which appears as a normal intermediate in the
      biosynthetic pathway of the P blood group antigen (globoside). The 38-13 antibody
      agglutinated Pk1 and Pk2 red cells at 4 degrees C with a very high titre but was
      inactive against native P1, P2 and p erythrocytes, although a very weak activity
      was noticed towards papain-treated P1 and P2 erythrocytes. These results were
      confirmed by an indirect radio-binding assay which also demonstrated that the 38
      13 antibody reacted with lymphocytes, fibroblasts and EBV-positive lymphoblastoid
      cell lines derived from Pk1 and Pk2 individuals but not from other donors. These
      findings demonstrate that the 38-13 monoclonal antibody previously considered as
      specific of Burkitt cells could be routinely used as an anti-Pk blood group
      typing reagent. The mechanism of CTH accumulation in Burkitt cells and Pk red
      cells is probably different and might be associated respectively with the
      activation of an alpha-4-galactosyltransferase or the genetic blockage of a beta
      3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase.

PMID- 2410010
TI  - Mortality among members of a heavy construction equipment operators union with
      potential exposure to diesel exhaust emissions.
AB  - A historical prospective mortality study was conducted on a cohort of 34 156 male
      members of a heavy construction equipment operators union with potential exposure
      to diesel exhaust emissions. This cohort comprised all individuals who were
      members of the International Union of Operating Engineers, Locals 3 and 3A, for
      at least one year between 1 January 1964 and 31 December 1978. The mortality
      experience of the entire cohort and several subcohorts was compared with that of
      United States white men, adjusted for age and calendar time. The comparison
      statistic was the commonly used standardised mortality ratio (SMR). Historical
      environmental measurements did not exist, but partial work histories were
      available for some cohort members through the union dispatch computer tapes. An
      attempt was made to relate mortality experience to the union members' dispatch
      histories. Overall mortality for the entire cohort and several subgroups was
      significantly lower than expected. When cause specific mortality was examined,
      however, the study provided suggestive evidence for the existence of several
      potential health problems in this cohort. Mortality from liver cancer for the
      entire cohort was significantly high. Although mortality from lung cancer for the
      entire cohort was similar to expected, a positive trend by latency was observed
      for lung cancer. A significant excess of mortality from lung cancer was found
      among the retirees and the group for whom no dispatch histories were available.
      Other dispatch groups showed no evidence of lung cancer excess. In addition, the
      total cohort experienced significant mortality excess from emphysema and
      accidental deaths.

PMID- 2410011
TI  - Comparison of SMR, PMR, and PCMR in a cohort of union members potentially exposed
      to diesel exhaust emissions.
AB  - A comparison of cause specific standarised mortality ratios (SMRs) and
      proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) or proportionate cancer mortality ratios
      (PCMRs) was made based on the mortality experience of a cohort of 34 156 members
      of a heavy equipment operators union. Two types of PMRs or PCMRs were used in the
      comparison: those based on all deaths and those based on deaths known to the
      union only. The comparison indicated that, for the entire cohort, both types of
      PMRs were poor indicators for cancer risk and produced a large number of false
      positives. On the other hand, PCMRs appeared to be better than PMRs for assessing
      the direction of site specific cancer risk, but they tended to overstate the
      magnitude of risk. Analysis by duration of union membership or latency indicated
      that PMRs or PCMRs based on deaths known to the union tended to overestimate the
      risk of lung cancer by disproportionately larger amounts in groups with shorter
      time than in groups with longer time. This differential bias had the net effect
      of reducing the gradient of any trend or eliminating the trend entirely. In
      conclusion, PMR or PCMR, based on reasonably sufficient death ascertainment, has
      a certain usefulness in generating hypotheses, but they are not useful or
      reliable in measuring the magnitude of risk or in detecting trends in dose
      response analysis. No conclusion should be drawn from either PMR or PCMR.

PMID- 2410012
TI  - Fetoscopy in the assessment of unexplained fetal hydrops.
AB  - Pure fetal blood samples, obtained fetoscopically from 30 patients with
      unexplained fetal hydrops at 16 to 32 weeks gestation were investigated for
      cytogenetic, haematological, biochemical and virological properties. In two
      patients with oligohydramnios, the fetoscope was introduced transabdominally into
      the fetal peritoneal cavity and sampling was undertaken from the intra-abdominal
      portion of the umbilical vein; in all the other patients an umbilical cord vessel
      was sampled. Ten (33%) of the fetuses had chromosomal abnormalities, one an
      erythroblastic process, possibly erythroleukaemia, one alpha-thalassaemia and one
      cytomegalovirus infection. Blood-film abnormalities were seen in 23 (88%) of 26
      fetuses that had this examination. Biochemical analysis of fetal plasma was
      undertaken in 18 fetuses and hypoproteinaemia was found in all cases. One fetus
      was subsequently found to have a paroxysmal tachyarrhythmia that responded to
      digitilization. Three (10%) of the fetuses survived.

PMID- 2410013
TI  - Assessment of bleomycin, adriamycin and mitomycin-C in the treatment of recurrent
      cervical cancer.
AB  - Twenty women with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix were treated
      with bleomycin followed by adriamycin and mitomycin-C. Treatment was repeated
      every 28 days. In 18 patients who could be assessed there was one complete
      response and five partial responses (response rate 33%). Two partial responses
      were seen in 13 lesions arising from previously irradiated sites of disease
      (response rate 23%). Three complete responses and three partial responses were
      observed in 10 lesions arising from non-previously irradiated sites of disease
      (response rate 60%). In all responding cases tumour regression was noted before
      the end of the third cycle of treatment. Toxicity was predictable and manageable.
      These results suggest that chemotherapy may be used as a cytoreductive procedure
      before radical local treatment.

PMID- 2410014
TI  - Self-inflicted corneal injuries in children with congenital corneal anaesthesia.
AB  - Severe corneal ulceration related to self-inflicted injury in the presence of
      congenital corneal anaesthesia is described in four boys under 2 1/2 years of
      age. The ulcers had failed to heal until it was recognised that the children were
      scratching their own eyes. The application of arm splints allowed rapid healing.
      Although corneal ulceration is a recognised complication of congenital corneal
      anaesthesia, this preventable cause of the ulceration has not previously been
      recognised. In two cases there were isolated recurrences which healed quickly
      with the reapplication of splints. All four children had good vision initially,
      and, although there were no overt gross development abnormalities, two had
      neurological signs on detailed investigation suggesting cerebellar or brain stem
      malformation and one had unilateral anophthalmos, talipes equinovarus, and patent
      ductus arteriosus. All the children showed normal intellectual development.
      Whether the eye scratching behaviour was the primary cause of the ulceration or
      merely an aggravating factor, the identification of this abnormal behaviour is
      important in any child with idiopathic corneal ulceration, as even in the
      presence of congenital corneal anaesthesia the eyes heal quickly with effective
      splinting of the elbows. It is therefore important to test sensation of the
      cornea and face and to consider the possibility of self-inflicted injury in
      children with refractory corneal ulceration, as in our cases there were no other
      consistent diagnostic features.

PMID- 2410015
TI  - Purification and characterization of frog alpha-macroglobulin: receptor
      recognition of an amphibian glycoprotein.
AB  - Frog alpha-macroglobulin was purified to apparent homogeneity by Ni2+ chelate
      affinity chromatography. Frog alpha-macroglobulin migrated as an alpha 1-globulin
      in cellulose acetate electrophoresis. A molecular weight of 730 000 was obtained
      by equilibrium sedimentation, and in sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the protein migrated as a single band of Mr
      approximately 360 000 before reduction and Mr approximately 180 000 after
      reduction. Treatment with trypsin resulted in subunit cleavage to yield a
      fragment of Mr approximately 90 000. After being heated, the protein fragmented,
      migrating in SDS-PAGE as two bands of Mr approximately 120 000 and 60 000. This
      fragmentation was inhibited by prior reaction of the protein with methylamine. In
      native pore-limit electrophoresis the protein exhibited the characteristic "slow"
      to "fast" conformational change of protease-treated alpha-macroglobulins. In
      contrast, typical "slow" to "fast" conformational change was not observed in
      native PAGE with this preparation. Moreover, the protein incorporated
      approximately 2 mol of [14C]methylamine/mol of inhibitor without demonstrating a
      change in mobility in native PAGE. In circular dichroism studies, the protein
      exhibited a spectrum similar to that of human alpha 2M. Reaction with trypsin
      resulted in a broadening and decrease in the magnitude of the spectrum. Reaction
      with methylamine resulted in similar changes, but of smaller magnitude. The
      inhibitor bound approximately 0.7 mol of trypsin in both radiolabeled protease
      binding and amidolytic titration studies. 125I-Labeled native frog alpha 1M was
      removed slowly from the circulation of mice with a t1/2 greater than 2h.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410016
TI  - Gramicidin K, a new linear channel-forming gramicidin from Bacillus brevis.
AB  - A new gramicidin has been isolated from a commercial mixture of gramicidins A, B,
      and C. This new molecule, designated gramicidin K, contains formyl and
      ethanolamine blocking groups, has a molecular weight approximately 20% higher
      than gramicidin A, and is strongly retained on reversed-phase liquid
      chromatographic columns. Gramicidin K can be resolved into two components, one of
      which contains tyrosine. In lipid bilayer membranes, both components form
      channels of considerably longer lifetime and somewhat lower conductance than
      gramicidin A. Gramicidin K appears to be a lipopeptide that consists of a fatty
      acyl chain attached to the ethanolamine of gramicidin A.

PMID- 2410017
TI  - Thrombin-induced conformational changes of human alpha 2-macroglobulin: evidence
      for two functional domains.
AB  - The interaction of thrombin with alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) was
      characterized by monitoring conformational changes and measuring the increase of
      free sulfhydryl groups during the reaction. Under experimental conditions where
      [thrombin] greater than [alpha 2M], the conformational change, measured by
      increases in the fluorescence of 6-(p-toluidino)-2-naphthalenesulfonate, and
      thiol group appearance displayed biphasic kinetics. The initial rapid phase
      results in the formation of a stable complex, the appearance of two sulfhydryl
      groups, the cleavage of approximately half of the Mr 180 000 subunits, and a
      conformational change that is not as extensive as that which occurs with trypsin.
      The slower phase is associated with the appearance of two additional sulfhydryl
      groups, increased cleavage of the Mr 180 000 subunit, and additional
      conformational changes. The available evidence suggests that the slow phase
      results from hydrolysis of the Mr 180 000 subunit(s) due to proteolysis of the
      alpha 2M-thrombin complex by free thrombin. Experiments with 125I-thrombin
      document the binding of 1 mol of thrombin/mol of alpha 2M that is not dissociated
      upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the complex. At
      higher ratios of thrombin to alpha 2M, a second mole of thrombin will reversibly
      associate with the 1:1 alpha 2M-thrombin complex. Under conditions where
      [thrombin] less than [alpha 2M], biphasic kinetics were not observed, and the
      conformational change, sulfhydryl appearance, and hydrolysis of the Mr 180 000
      subunit were found to follow second-order kinetics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2410018
TI  - Secondary structure of the murine histocompatibility alloantigen H-2Kb:
      relationship between heavy chain, beta 2-microglobulin, and antigenic reactivity.
AB  - The far-ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the extracellular portion
      (papain-cleaved fragment) of the histocompatibility antigen H-2Kb and its
      noncovalently associated components, heavy chain and beta 2-microglobulin (beta
      2m), indicate that the antigen is highly structured, containing about 30% alpha
      helix, 41% beta-sheet, and 29% random coil. Separation of beta 2m from the heavy
      chain produced a decrease in heavy chain alpha-helix and beta-sheet structure
      which correlated with a loss of alloantigenic reactivity. Reconstitution of the
      heavy chain-beta 2m complex resulted in an increase in secondary structure which
      was greater than the sum of the free chains and the recovery of considerable
      alloantigenic reactivity. This suggests that some of the secondary structure and
      much of the alloantigenic reactivity may depend on conformation associated with
      the binding of beta 2m to heavy chain. A prediction of heavy chain secondary
      structure based on Chou-Fasman analysis of the primary amino acid sequence agreed
      with results from CD measurements and suggested that the segments of alpha-helix
      and beta-sheet structure are distributed throughout the molecule.

PMID- 2410019
TI  - Diffusion-enhanced lanthanide energy-transfer study of DNA-bound cobalt(III)
      bleomycins: comparisons of accessibility and electrostatic potential with DNA
      complexes of ethidium and acridine orange.
AB  - Energy transfer in the "rapid-diffusion" limit reflects the equilibrium
      properties of a donor-acceptor system. Rates of energy transfer from freely
      diffusing terbium chelates to DNA-binding chromophores change dramatically when
      DNA is added; energy transfer from an electrically neutral chelate is reduced
      because the energy acceptor becomes partially buried in DNA, while energy
      transfer from a positive chelate is increased because of electrostatic
      attraction. The rate constants for energy transfer to DNA-bound chromophores from
      a positively charged terbium chelate, relative to those from a neutral chelate,
      were used to estimate the following values for the electrostatic potential near
      the surface of each DNA-bound acceptor at 298 K in the presence of 1.0 mM added
      salt (in units of -e/kT): acridine orange, 4.54 +/- 0.11; ethidium, 4.66 +/-
      0.07; green Co(III) bleomycin A2, 4.06 +/- 0.11; orange Co(III) bleomycin A2,
      3.11 +/- 0.10. Smaller numbers indicate less negative potentials; these can be
      due to a combination of (1) positive charge on the chromophore, (2) location of
      the chromophore [particularly Co(III) bleomycin] away from the DNA phosphates,
      and/or (3) separation of DNA phosphate negative charges by an intercalator. The
      magnitudes of the individual rate constants indicate that all the DNA-bound
      chromophores can be directly encountered by the terbium probes. Energy-transfer
      rate constants from a neutral terbium chelate to DNA-bound and free acceptors can
      provide a measure of the accessibility of the terbium probe to each bound
      chromophore. The ratios of these rate constants were as follows: acridine orange,
      0.17 +/- 0.01; ethidium, 0.27 +/- 0.02; green form of Co(III) bleomycin A2, 0.48
      +/- 0.06; orange form of Co(III) bleomycin A2, 0.71 +/- 0.06. These results are
      consistent with the probable differences in binding mechanisms for the
      intercalating chromophores (ethidium and acridine orange) as compared to the
      Co(III) bleomycins (in which the relevant chromophores are nonintercalating metal
      centers). In addition, all the results imply that the green Co(III) bleomycin
      chromophore binds closer to DNA than the orange; this provides a first step
      toward understanding the structural basis for the different biological properties
      of these metallobleomycins. Control experiments and theoretical considerations
      necessary to establish the validity of the results are also presented.

PMID- 2410020
TI  - Biochemical properties of phosphatidylcholine-binding proteins that share common
      antigenic determinants with Fc gamma 2b receptor.
AB  - Biochemical and immunological properties of biosynthetically radiolabeled
      phosphatidylcholine-(PC-) binding proteins were investigated. The PC-binding
      proteins were extracted from the detergent lysate of biosynthetically
      radiolabeled P388D1 cells by affinity chromatography on PC-Sepharose and filtered
      through a Sephadex G-100 gel column in the presence of 6 M urea. Isoelectric
      focusing of the gel-filtered materials in the presence of 6 M urea revealed the
      presence of a major protein component of pIe of 5.8 and minor heterogeneous
      cellular proteins. The yield of the electrofocused PC-binding proteins based on
      protein determination by Lowry's method ranged from 0.7 to 4 mg per 10(9) cells.
      The purified PC-binding proteins appeared to be tightly associated with Triton X
      100 and phospholipids in the weight ratio of 0.57 and 0.05 g/g of proteins,
      respectively. The majority of lipids that could be extracted from the PC-binding
      proteins by chloroform/methanol (2:1 v/v) are free fatty acids, whereas lipids
      extracted from Pronase-treated PC-binding proteins contained
      phosphatidylethanolamine. By amino acid analysis, the purified PC-binding
      proteins were found to consist of a minimum of 417 amino acid residues,
      suggesting a minimum molecular weight of about 38 000 for this protein. Results
      of radiolabeling experiments with [3H]glucosamine and amino acid analysis both
      showed the presence of a mole of glucosamine per a mole of the PC-binding
      proteins, suggesting their glycoprotein nature. About 40% of the purified PC
      binding proteins coprecipitated with monoclonal anti-Fc gamma 2bR antibody
      (2.4G2) in detergent-containing buffer, whereas only 6% of the isolated IgG
      binding proteins reacted with this antibody.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410021
TI  - Effect of bovine basic protein charge microheterogeneity on protein-induced
      aggregation of unilamellar vesicles containing a mixture of acidic and neutral
      phospholipids.
AB  - Two of the charge isomers (components 1 and 2) normally found as microheteromers
      of myelin basic protein were isolated, and their abilities to aggregate vesicles
      consisting of mixed phospholipids were studied. Component 1 (the most cationic of
      the microheteromers) aggregated phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles containing 7.8
      mol% phosphatidylserine (PS) more rapidly and at lower protein concentrations
      than component 2, which differs from component 1 by 1 net positive charge.
      Modification of components 1 and 2 in vitro by phosphorylation with rabbit muscle
      protein kinase decreased the ability of both components to aggregate vesicles.
      The greater the extent of phosphorylation, the less effective were the isomers at
      inducing aggregation. Decreasing the charge of either component 1 or component 2
      by removal of the two C-terminal arginyl residues also decreased the ability of
      the isomers to induce aggregation. Therefore, charge microheterogeneity, whether
      arising in vivo or generated in vitro, markedly affected the ability of these
      microheteromers to aggregate PC vesicles containing 7.8 mol% PS. Because a small
      difference in the charge of the protein had a marked effect on vesicle
      aggregation, we propose that charge microheterogeneity may play an important and
      dynamic role in the structure and function of normal myelin.

PMID- 2410022
TI  - Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity in rat corpora luteal tissue by
      glycopeptides of human chorionic gonadotropin and the alpha-subunit of human
      chorionic gonadotropin.
AB  - Indirect evidence has indicated that the carbohydrate moieties of the
      glycoprotein hormones are involved in the activation of the receptor-adenylyl
      cyclase system of reproductive tissues. In the present study, we have isolated
      the glycopeptides (GP) from human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), the alpha-subunit
      of hCG, fetuin, and bovine gamma-globulin (b gamma G). These along with a number
      of synthetic oligosaccharides were tested for their ability to inhibit adenylyl
      cyclase (AC). There was less than 0.001% cross-reactivity of the GP from hCG, hCG
      alpha, fetuin, and b gamma G when tested in a double-antibody hCG
      radioimmunoassay or rat corpora lutea radioreceptor assay. The GP of fetuin, b
      gamma G, and the synthetic oligosaccharides did not inhibit AC activity of 2000 g
      corpora lutea membranes when coincubated with 100 ng of hCG/mL (ED50). However,
      when the GP of hCG and hCG alpha were included with intact hCG, there was a dose
      related inhibition. Inhibition of cyclase activity was enhanced when the hCG GP
      were desialylated. This occurred without a change in the lag time of hCG
      activation which was calculated to be 1-1.5 min. Changing the concentration of
      ATP and Mg2+ did not affect the inhibitory effects of the hCG alpha GP on hCG
      stimulated AC activity. Inhibition by hCG GP followed uncompetitive kinetics. The
      inhibition by the GP of hCG seems to be restricted to the LH/hCG-stimulatable AC
      system because the same dosage of hCG GP which inhibited the rat luteal AC system
      did not have any effect on the rat hepatocyte AC system when coincubated with
      glucagon or on NaF-stimulated activity in luteal membranes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410023
TI  - Spectroscopic assessment of secondary and tertiary structure in myelin basic
      protein.
AB  - Myelin basic protein conformation and hydrophobicity, along with the protein's
      behavior in the presence of the fluorescent probe 6-(p-toluidino)-2
      naphthalenesulfonate, have been studied by using Fourier transform infrared (FT
      IR) and Raman spectroscopy. The FT-IR and Raman spectra provided compelling
      evidence for the presence of a small amount of beta structure, ca. 25%, in the
      aqueous solution and solid-state forms of myelin basic protein. The enhanced
      fluorescence and shift in the emission maximum of 6-(p-toluidino)-2
      naphthalenesulfonate when bound to myelin basic protein are consistent with the
      presence of at least one hydrophobic region in the molecule. Loss of the
      fluorescence enhancement in the presence of denaturing agents indicates that
      native myelin basic protein has a folded structure in solution. All of the
      results provide support for conformational predictions derived from the
      application of Edmundson wheels to the primary structure.

PMID- 2410024
TI  - Characterisation of channels induced in planar bilayer membranes by detergent
      solubilised Escherichia coli porins.
AB  - Purified OmpF, OmpC, NmpC, PhoE and Lc (Protein 2) porins from the Escherichia
      coli outer membrane were incorporated into planar phospholipid bilayer membranes
      and the permeability properties of the pores studied. Triton X-100 solubilised
      porin samples showed large and reproducible increases in membrane conductivity
      composed of discreet single-channel events. The magnitude of the cation
      selectivity found for the porins was in the order OmpC greater than OmpF greater
      than NmpC = Lc; PhoE was anion selective. For the cation selective porins the
      cation/anion permeability ratios in a variety of solutes ranged from 6 to 35.
      Further information on the internal structure of the porins was obtained by
      examination of the single-channel conductance and this was used to interpret
      macroscopic observations and to estimate single-channel diameters. The same
      porins solubilised in SDS exhibited slight conductance increase with no
      observable single-channel activity. Use of on-line microcomputer techniques
      confirmed the ohmic current vs. voltage behaviour for all the single porin
      channels examined.

PMID- 2410025
TI  - The role of microtubules and microfilaments in the hydrosmotic response to
      antidiuretic hormone.
AB  - To test the effects of colchicine and cytochalasin B on the ADH-induced response,
      unidirectional and net water fluxes were measured at one or two minutes intervals
      in frog urinary bladder. The action of these agents on the appearance of
      intramembrane particles aggregates in the luminal membrane of target cells under
      oxytocin stimulation and the changes in the tissue ultrastructure induced by
      cytochalasin B were also studied. It was observed that: the time-course of the
      response to oxytocin was strongly slowed by colchicine while the washout was not
      affected; the time-course of the 'on and off' of the response to oxytocin was not
      modified by cytochalasin B; cytochalasin B pretreatment proportionally reduced
      unidirectional and net water fluxes measured after glutaraldehyde fixation; the
      combined action of colchicine and cytochalasin B proportionally reduced the net
      water flux and the number of intramembrane particles aggregates, observed in
      freeze-fracture studies; after cytochalasin B action the dilation of
      intercellular spaces classically observed under oxytocin stimulation is strongly
      reduced. It is concluded that: microtubules probably play an important role in
      the water channels plug-in, but not in their removal; microfilaments integrity is
      necessary for the mechanisms inducing intercellular space dilation and the
      observed results confirm that water permeability is controlled by the number of
      permeation units present in the luminal border of granular cells and probably
      represented by the intramembrane particle aggregates.

PMID- 2410026
TI  - Dication and trication which can increase the permeability of Escherichia coli
      outer membrane.
AB  - Recent success in the preparation of the monomer, dimer and trimer in compound
      48/80 prompted us to investigate the action of these compounds on Escherichia
      coli cells. It was found that compound 48/80 inhibited growth of E. coli cells,
      while the monomer, dimer and trimer in 48/80 did not. However, the following
      experiments showed that the dimer and trimer disrupted the permeability barrier
      of the outer membrane of E. coli. First, addition of the dimer or trimer in cell
      suspension stimulated the uptake of tetraphenylphosphonium cation. Second, the
      synergistic effect of the dimer on the action of gramicidin caused the efflux of
      K+. In experiments using isolated cytoplasmic membrane vesicles, addition of
      gramicidin alone caused the efflux of K+. Thus, it was speculated that, with
      whole cells, the dimer formed some defect structure in the outer membrane,
      through which gramicidin reached the cytoplasmic membrane and increased the K+
      permeability. The temperature dependence of efflux K+ showed that the dimer in
      48/80 rendered the outer membrane permeable to gramicidin at temperatures above
      the phase transition of the outer membrane.

PMID- 2410027
TI  - The head activator: discovery, characterisation, immunoassays and biological
      properties in mammals.

PMID- 2410028
TI  - In vitro synthesis of pig pancreas ribonuclease.
AB  - From studies on the in vitro synthesis of the heavily glycosylated pig pancreas
      ribonuclease (molecular weight of the protein moiety is 13 786, on the basis of
      the amino acid composition), the following points emerge: (1) the enzyme is
      synthesized as a precursor having an apparent molecular weight about 7000 higher
      than that of the mature non-glycosylated protein; (2) the mRNA coding for the
      enzyme protein consists of about 950 nucleotides.

PMID- 2410029
TI  - Action of beta-galactosidase on novel synthetic macromolecular substrates. A
      processive enzymic reaction controlled by coulombic interactions.
AB  - Macromolecular beta-galactosidase substrates were prepared by attaching o
      nitrophenyl-beta-galactoside to carboxymethyldextran with positively charged
      linking groups. Almost all of the substituents were susceptible to enzymic
      hydrolysis by two distinct pathways. Under some conditions, there was random
      reaction to give a soluble product. In other conditions, in the initial stages of
      the reaction, most of the substituents of some, but not all, of the substrate
      polymers were hydrolyzed to give a product which precipitated as a second aqueous
      phase. Kinetics of hydrolysis were studied with respect to charge and molecular
      weight of both the enzyme and substrate. Factors that caused a decrease in Km
      favored formation of the second phase product. The reaction has similarities to
      the processive catalytic reactions found in naturally occurring enzyme systems
      with polymeric charged substrates.

PMID- 2410030
TI  - Mechanism of cytoskeletal regulation (I): functional differences correlate with
      antigenic dissimilarity in human brain and erythrocyte spectrin.
AB  - Human erythrocyte and brain spectrin (fodrin, calspectin) have been compared
      quantitatively with respect to the extent and sites of antigenic and functional
      similarity. Brain spectrin cross-reacts strongly with approx. 1% of the epitopes
      in erythrocyte spectrin, but weakly with at least 50%. The distribution of shared
      determinants is not uniform. Brain spectrin is most deficient in epitopes
      characteristic of the 80 kDa and 52 kDa domains of the alpha-subunit (alpha-I and
      alpha-III) and of terminal portions of the 28 kDa and 74 kDa domains of the beta
      subunit (beta-I and beta-IV). The functions associated with these domains also
      differ between the two proteins. Brain spectrin does not undergo extensive
      polymerization and binds calmodulin at a different site. The unique ability of
      erythrocyte spectrin to oligomerize beyond the tetramer reflects its role in the
      membrane skeleton. Non-erythroid spectrins probably function as specific linkers
      between membrane receptors and the filamentous cytoskeleton. In this sense, they
      may act as regulated transducers of information flow between the membrane and the
      cytoplasmic matrix.

PMID- 2410031
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies raised against NeuAc alpha 2-6neolactotetraosylceramide
      detect carcinoma-associated gangliosides.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies wee obtained by the immunization of mice with 6'LM1
      (IV6NeuAc-nLcOse4Cer) adsorbed to Salmonella minnesota. The monoclonal antibodies
      showed a specificity for gangliosides with a terminal NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal
      substitution, which was demonstrated in solid-phase binding assay and in liposome
      inhibition assay. Gangliosides with a NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal substitution were minor
      components of different normal tissues. However, these gangliosides were enriched
      in carcinomas of many tissues, and were particularly enriched in most colorectal
      carcinomas and in lung carcinomas. 6'LM1 is a characteristic ganglioside in fetal
      intestinal mucosa (meconium). This ganglioside and other gangliosides with a
      terminal NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal substitution might represent oncofetal antigens
      expressed in carcinomas owing to an activation of a "fetal' sialyltransferase.

PMID- 2410032
TI  - Purification of an 86-70 kDa nuclear DNA-associated protein complex.
AB  - In the course of studies on nucleolar antigens, monoclonal antibodies were
      developed, one of which recognized an 86 kDa antigen as shown by analysis of
      nuclear extracts from HeLa or Namalwa cells. Immunofluorescence studies on HeLa
      cells showed a nucleoplasmic and phase-dependent nucleolar localization of the
      monoclonal antibody was decreased after digestion with DNAase I but not with
      RNAase A. For purification, the antigen was released from nuclei by digestion
      with DNAase I and then purified by chromatography on DEAE cellulose,
      phosphocellulose and antibody-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Interestingly,
      the immunoaffinity purified product contained two polypeptide chains; the
      immunoreactive polypeptide had an Mr of 86 000 and a pI of 6.0. The complex also
      contained a 70 kDa, pI 6.5 nonantigenic polypeptide in a 1:1 ratio. The overall
      purification of the complex was 5700-fold. Both polypeptides contained approx. 15
      mol% glutamic acid and the 70 kDa polypeptide contained approx. 15 mol% serine.

PMID- 2410033
TI  - Analysis of the mechanism of histamine release induced by substance P.
AB  - Substance P causes release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells; the
      structure-activity relationship shows that N-terminal residue is essential and
      the hydrophobic region of C-terminal plays an important role. Electrical
      conductivity of black lipid membrane containing phosphatidic acid was augmented
      by substance P. In this case, N-terminal residues and C-terminal hydrophobicity
      were also unavoidable. The partitioning of substance P into the organic phase
      increased in the presence of phosphatidic acid. The CD spectrum of substance P
      was changed from the unordered form to beta-form by coexistence of phosphatidic
      acid/PC liposomes in the medium. The addition of calcium or magnesium in the test
      solution is effective to prevent either of these phenomena. These findings
      indicate that substance P probably binds to negatively charged sites of membrane
      lipids, and subsequent penetration of C-terminal into the hydrophobic core of
      lipid bilayer may induce an increase of membrane permeability and the following
      histamine release.

PMID- 2410034
TI  - Fetuin modulates growth and differentiation of Ob17 preadipose cells in serum
      free hormone-supplemented medium.
AB  - A serum-free hormone-supplemented medium able to support the growth of rodent
      adipose precursor cells has been used to characterize additional components from
      serum required for the differentiation of preadipose Ob17 cells into adipose-like
      cells. Fetuin is shown to behave as a growth-promoting agent for these cells. In
      addition to growth hormone, triiodothyronine and a low-molecular weight
      component(s) also purified from serum, fetuin is required for the full expression
      of the differentiation program. Other serum proteins as well as other mitogenic
      factors are unable to substitute for fetuin. A possible role of fetuin in the
      development of adipose tissue is discussed.

PMID- 2410035
TI  - Glycosphingolipid carriers of carbohydrate antigens of human myeloid cells
      recognized by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Six monoclonal antibodies with known specificities for the carbohydrate antigens
      i, X or Y, and seven anti-myeloid antibodies (determinants unknown) selected for
      their differing reaction patterns with human leucocytes were tested in
      chromatogram binding assays for reactions with myeloid cell glycolipids derived
      from normal human granulocytes and chronic myelogenous leukemia cells.
      Antigenicities were found exclusively on minor glycolipids which were barely or
      not at all detectable with orcinol-sulphuric acid stain. Among these, a neutral
      glycosphingolipid bound the anti-i antibody Den and chromatographed as the
      ceramide octasaccharide, Gal beta 1----4GlcNac beta 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNac
      beta 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----3Gal beta 1----4Glc-Cer. Several
      species of neutral glycosphingolipids with six to more than ten monosaccharides
      were detected which carry the X antigen and others the Y antigen: Gal beta 1---
      4(Fuc alpha 1----3)GlcNAc and Fuc alpha 1----2Gal beta 1----4(Fuc alpha 1---
      3)GlcNAc, respectively. In addition, three new types of carbohydrate
      specificities were detected among the myeloid cell glycolipids. Two were
      associated with neutral glycolipids: the first, recognised by anti-myeloid
      antibodies VIM-1 and VIM-10, was expressed on a distinct set of glycolipids with
      six or more monosaccharides, and the second, recognized by VIM-8, was expressed
      on glycolipids with more than ten monosaccharides. The third specificity,
      recognised by the anti-myeloid antibody VIM-2, was expressed on slow migrating
      sialoglycolipids with backbone structures of the poly-N-acetyllactosamine type
      that are susceptible to degradation with endo-beta-galactosidase. Thus, we
      conclude that the i and Y antigens occur among the glycolipids of normal myeloid
      and chronic myelogenous leukemia cells and that a high proportion of hybridoma
      antibodies raised against differentiation antigens of myeloid cells are directed
      at carbohydrate structures.

PMID- 2410036
TI  - The plasma clearance of human alpha 2-macroglobulin-trypsin complex in the rat is
      mainly accounted for by uptake into hepatocytes.
AB  - Rats were given intravenous injections of 125I-labelled human alpha 2
      macroglobulin X trypsin. The half-time of disappearance of radioactivity from
      arterial blood was 2 min. External counting showed that radioactivity in the
      liver was maximal by 10 min and then decreased slowly. 87% of the injected dose
      was recovered in the liver by 10 min. Light- and electron microscopic
      autoradiography carried out on samples of liver fixed with glutaraldehyde 3 min
      or 30 min after the injection showed that 85-90% of the grains were over the
      hepatocytes and 4-9% were over the Kupffer cells. Thus, uptake into hepatocytes,
      and not into Kupffer cells as believed previously, appears to account for the
      major part of the uptake of alpha 2-macroglobulin X trypsin by the liver and
      thereby for its rapid removal from the blood.

PMID- 2410037
TI  - Effect of various agents on ovarian plasminogen activator activity during
      ovulation in pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin-primed immature rats.
AB  - The plasminogen activator/plasmin synthetic substrate S-2251 was used to measure
      the effect of indomethacin, cycloheximide, colchicine, dexamethasone, tranexamic
      acid, and aprotinin on the elevation of ovarian plasminogen activator (PA) that
      normally occurs during ovulation in the rat. Young Wistar rats were weaned on the
      morning of Day 21, given 4.0 IU of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) s.c.
      at 0800 h on Day 22, and given 10.0 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on
      Day 24. These animals normally began ovulating between 0000 and 0200 h on Day 25.
      The induced ovulation rate was 11.5 +/- 2.2 ova/rat, based on the number of ova
      in the oviducts of control animals at 0900 h on Day 25. In the controls, PA
      activity in extracts of homogenized ovaries increased 3-fold from 0.125 +/- 0.010
      OD units just before the administration of hCG to 0.371 +/- 0.021 at 12 h after
      hCG, i.e., near the time of ovulation. Indomethacin, in doses of 0.1-1.0 mg/rat,
      inhibited ovulation but did not inhibit the normal increase in PA activity,
      whereas indomethacin at the high dose of 10.0 mg/rat inhibited both ovulation and
      PA activity. Cycloheximide, at a dose of 0.1 mg/rat, was given at 12 h before
      hCG, immediately after hCG, and at 9 h after hCG. This agent inhibited ovulation
      most effectively when given at 12 h before hCG, yet it inhibited PA activity most
      effectively when given immediately after or at 9 h after hCG. Colchicine, at a
      dose of 0.1 mg/rat, inhibited ovulation, but not PA activity, when it was given 1
      h before hCG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410038
TI  - Human chorionic gonadotropin alpha-subunit of normal placenta: characterization
      of synthesis and association with beta-subunit.
AB  - The forms of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) alpha-subunit synthesized and
      released by normal placental tissue were examined in explants of first trimester
      placenta that had been incubated for 30 min with [35S]methionine and then
      incubated for 6 h in medium containing unlabeled methionine. The media and tissue
      extracts collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after the exposure to
      [35S]methionine were chromatographed on Sephadex G-100 and the amounts of
      radioimmunoassayable alpha-subunit and immunoprecipitable 35S-labeled alpha
      subunit were determined. In tissue extracts, a single form of alpha-subunit was
      observed at 0 h that had an apparent molecular weight smaller (Ve/Vo = 1.90) than
      that of a urinary hCG alpha reference preparation (Ve/Vo = 1.81). With chase
      times of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h, a second peak of alpha-subunit was detected that had
      a larger apparent molecular weight (Ve/Vo = 1.68), and the ratio of large to
      small forms increased progressively with incubation time. In contrast to that in
      the extracts, the 35S-labeled alpha-subunit in the culture medium consisted
      entirely of the large form. Large and small intracellular forms of free alpha
      subunit exhibited less than 2% recombination with beta-subunit, as evidenced by
      gonadotropin receptor binding activity. These studies suggest that normal
      placental tissue synthesizes a small precursor form of free hCG alpha-subunit
      that is converted to a larger form prior to secretion and that the free forms of
      alpha-subunit do not bind to purified hCG beta-subunit.

PMID- 2410039
TI  - Identification of a spectrin-like protein in Sertoli cells.
AB  - Sertoli cells prepared from rats ages 15 and 25 days were shown to contain a
      spectrin-like protein. Indirect immunofluorescence with monospecific antimouse
      erythrocyte immunoglobulin G (IgG) and with monospecific antimouse brain spectrin
      IgG revealed specific staining in Sertoli cells. Both antibodies precipitated two
      spectrin-like peptides of 240,000 and 235,000 daltons from cells solubilized with
      octyl glucoside. Proteins from Sertoli cell membranes were separated by
      electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and
      electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. Incubation of
      nitrocellulose membrane with either of the two antibodies, followed by
      horseradish peroxidase conjugated to second antibody, revealed only the larger,
      or alpha, spectrin subunit (Western blots). Both antibodies were used to provide
      immunoautoradiographic identification of the spectrin-like protein. In this
      procedure, spectrin and Sertoli cell membranes were shown to compete with [125I]
      labeled spectrin from mouse erythrocytes for binding to antimouse erythrocyte
      spectrin IgG. Finally, two-dimensional proteolytic mapping of the 240,000- and
      235,000-dalton peptides demonstrated limited spot homology with rat erythrocyte
      spectrin. However, subcellular fractions from Sertoli cells all contained a
      spectrin-like protein showing high homology from fraction to fraction. It is
      concluded that Sertoli cells contain a spectrin-like protein that is seen in cell
      fractions prepared by centrifugation, i.e., mitochondria, microsomes, nuclei,
      cytoplasm, and plasma membranes. Although homology with spectrin from
      erythrocytes or brain is not seen in peptide maps, the alpha subunit shares
      antigenic determinants with spectrin from erythrocytes. The beta subunit is
      believed to be precipitated by antispectrin as the result of binding to the alpha
      subunit, since the beta subunit shows no detectable antigenic homology with that
      of spectrin.

PMID- 2410040
TI  - Binding of antibodies against antigenic domains of murine lactate dehydrogenase
      C4 to human and mouse spermatozoa.
AB  - Peptide fragments of lactate dehydrogenase-C4 (LDH-C4) that contain antigenic
      sequences of the native protein have been identified. The present study describes
      the binding to murine and human spermatozoa of antibodies that were produced
      against synthetic peptides containing two of these sequences. Rabbits were
      immunized with peptides designated MC5-15 and MC211-220, conjugated to diphtheria
      toxoid (DT). Antisera from these rabbits were tested for binding to washed mouse
      epididymal sperm or human ejaculated spermatozoa using a solid-phase
      radioimmunoassay. Antisera bind to mouse sperm in this system at dilutions of
      1:64,000. When these antisera are first absorbed with the native LDH-C4 molecule,
      significant inhibition of binding to sperm results. Antisera to both DT-MC5-15
      and DT-MC211-220 bind to human sperm with similar but weaker patterns than seen
      with mouse sperm. These data indicate that the immune response to synthetic
      peptides containing antigenic sequences of LDH-C4 includes antibodies that
      specifically bind to this enzyme on the surface of sperm. In addition, there are
      shared antigenic sequences between mouse and human LDH-C4, including the MC5-15
      and MC211-220 peptides.

PMID- 2410041
TI  - Alterations in mast cell degranulation and ovarian histamine in the proestrous
      hamster.
AB  - Mast cells in the ovary of cyclic hamsters were observed exclusively in the hilum
      and in the vicinity of blood vessels that enter and exit the ovary. Ovaries were
      collected on proestrus from hamsters at 0900 h preluteinizing hormone (LH) surge,
      1500 h (peak LH surge), and 2100 h (post-LH surge) and processed for routine
      histologic staining with toluidine blue. A significant increase in the percentage
      of extensively degranulating mast cells was observed coincident with the
      gonadotropin surge (0900 h: 5.39 +/- 0.97%; 1500 h: 20.39 +/- 2.76%). At the peak
      of the LH surge the ovarian histamine concentration was also significantly higher
      than those before and after the surge (1500 h: 5.13 +/- 0.94 ng/mg ovary; 0900 h
      and 2100 h: 2.84 +/- 0.35 and 3.02 +/- 0.48 ng/mg, respectively). The results
      indicate that a major source of ovarian histamine may be mast cells residing in
      the ovarian hilum and surrounding the ovarian blood vessels that enter and exit
      the ovary. In addition, the gonadotropin surge on the day of proestrus may be a
      trigger for release of mast cell histamine.

PMID- 2410042
TI  - Ionic channels with conformational substates.
AB  - Recent studies of protein dynamics suggest that ionic channels can assume many
      conformational substates. Long-lived substates have been directly observed in
      single-channel current records. In many cases, however, the lifetimes of
      conformational states will be far below the theoretical limit of time resolution
      of single-channel experiments. The existence of such hidden substates may
      strongly influence the observable (time-averaged) properties of a channel, such
      as the concentration dependence of conductance. A channel exhibiting fast,
      voltage-dependent transitions between different conductance states may behave as
      an intrinsic rectifier. In the presence of more than one permeable ion species,
      coupling between ionic fluxes may occur, even when the channel has only a single
      ion-binding site. In special situations the rate of ion translocation becomes
      limited by the rate of conformational transitions, meaning that the channel
      approaches the kinetic behavior of a carrier. As a result of the strong coulombic
      interaction between an ion in a binding site and polar groups of the protein,
      rate constants of conformational transitions may depend on the occupancy of the
      binding site. Under this condition a nonequilibrium distribution of
      conformational states is created when ions are driven through the channel by an
      external force. This may lead to an apparent violation of microscopic
      reversibility, i.e., to a situation in which the frequency of transitions from
      state A to state B is no longer equal to the transition frequency from state B to
      state A.

PMID- 2410043
TI  - Na channel activation gate modulates slow recovery from use-dependent block by
      local anesthetics in squid giant axons.
AB  - The time course of recovery from use-dependent block of sodium channels caused by
      local anesthetics was studied in squid axons. In the presence of lidocaine or its
      quaternary derivatives, QX-222 and QX-314, or 9-aminoacridine (9-AA), recovery
      from use-dependent block occurred in two phases: a fast phase and a slow phase.
      Only the fast phase was observed in the presence of benzocaine. The fast phase
      had a time constant of several milliseconds and resembled recovery from the fast
      Na inactivation in the absence of drug. Depending on the drug present, the
      magnitude of the time constant of the slow phase varied (for example at -80 mV):
      lidocaine, 270 ms; QX-222, 4.4 s; QX-314, 17 s; and 9-AA, 14 s. The two phases
      differed in the voltage dependence of recovery time constants. When the membrane
      was hyperpolarized, the recovery time constant for the fast phase was decreased,
      whereas that for the slow phase was increased for QX-compounds and 9-AA or
      unchanged for lidocaine. The fast phase is interpreted as representing the
      unblocked channels recovering from the fast Na inactivation, and the slow phase
      as representing the bound and blocked channels recovering from the use-dependent
      block accumulated by repetitive depolarizing pulse. The voltage dependence of
      time constants for the slow recovery is consistent with the m-gate trapping
      hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the drug molecule is trapped by the
      activation gate (the m-gate) of the channel. The cationic form of drug molecule
      leaves the channel through the hydrophilic pathway, when the channel is open.
      However, lidocaine, after losing its proton, may leave the closed channel rapidly
      through the hydrophobic pathway.

PMID- 2410044
TI  - Open channel noise. I. Noise in acetylcholine receptor currents suggests
      conformational fluctuations.
AB  - The random passage of ions through an open channel is expected to result in shot
      noise fluctuations in the channel current. The patch-clamp technique now allows
      fluctuations of this size to be observed in single-channel currents. In the
      experiments reported here the acetylcholine-induced currents in cultured rat
      muscle cells were analyzed; fluctuations were found that were considerably larger
      than expected for shot noise. A low-frequency component, which was fitted with a
      Lorentzian, was examined in detail; it appears to arise from fluctuations in
      channel conductance of approximately 3% on a time scale of 1 ms. The
      characteristic relaxation time is voltage dependent and temperature dependent
      (Q10 approximately equal to 3) suggesting that the fluctuations arise from
      conformational fluctuations in the channel protein.

PMID- 2410045
TI  - The effects of double-layer polarization on the conductance of gramicidin
      channels.

PMID- 2410046
TI  - Further evidence that membrane thickness influences voltage-gated sodium
      channels.
AB  - The short-chain phospholipid, diheptanoyl phosphatidylcholine, at 520 microM,
      reduced the maximum inward sodium current in voltage-clamped squid giant axons by
      greater than 50%. Analysis of these currents by means of the Hodgkin-Huxley
      equations showed this reduction to be mainly the result of a large depolarizing
      shift in the voltage dependence of the steady state activation parameter, m
      infinity. The voltage dependence of the steady state inactivation parameter, h
      infinity, was also moved in the depolarizing direction and the axonal membrane
      capacitance per unit area measured at 100 kHz was increased. A longer chain
      length derivative, didecanoyl phosphatidylcholine, had no significant effect on
      the axonal sodium current at concentrations of 3.7 and 18.5 microM. Dioctanoyl
      phosphatidylcholine was intermediate in its effects, 200 microM producing
      approximately the same current suppression as 520 microM diheptanoyl
      phosphatidylcholine, together with depolarizing shifts in m infinity and h
      infinity. These effects may be contrasted with those of the normal and cyclic
      alkanes (1-3), which tend to move both m infinity and h infinity in the
      hyperpolarizing direction and to reduce the capacitance per unit area at 100 kHz.
      The above results are all consistent with the hypothesis that small hydrocarbons
      thicken, while short-chain phospholipids thin, the axonal membrane. Thus membrane
      thickness changes may be of considerable importance in determining the behavior
      of the voltage-gated sodium channel.

PMID- 2410047
TI  - A general solution to the time interval omission problem applied to single
      channel analysis.
AB  - To obtain the open or closed time interval distributions of patch clamp signals,
      several workers have used a half-amplitude minimum time interval criterion.
      Within this framework, no transition between states of different conductance
      levels is considered to have taken place if it leads to a time interval smaller
      than a certain critical value. This procedure modifies substantially the open or
      closed time interval distribution of the random signal to be analyzed, since time
      intervals well above the time resolution of the recording system may be
      interrupted by short gaps that may or may not satisfy the minimum time interval
      criterion. We present here a general theoretical framework by means of which the
      effect of time interval omission on time interval distributions can be taken into
      account. Based on the mathematical formalism provided by the Kolmogorov forward
      equation, special matrix operators are first defined. The general solution to the
      time omission problem in its integral form is then derived. In view of the poor
      computational feasibility of the resulting solution, a first-order approximation
      is also presented. This approximation consists essentially in neglecting the
      contribution of the undetected gaps to the total length of the resulting time
      interval. The exact and approximate solutions are then applied to two special
      kinetic schemes commonly found in single-channel studies, namely the O-C and C-O
      C models. The applicability of the proposed formalism to the time interval
      distribution problem of a damped random signal is finally discussed.

PMID- 2410048
TI  - Strong electrolyte continuum theory solution for equilibrium profiles, diffusion
      limitation, and conductance in charged ion channels.
AB  - The solution for the ion flux through a membrane channel that incorporates the
      electrolyte nature of the aqueous solution is a difficult theoretical problem
      that, until now, has not been properly formulated. The difficulty arises from the
      complicated electrostatic problem presented by a high dielectric aqueous channel
      piercing a low dielectric lipid membrane. The problem is greatly simplified by
      assuming that the ratio of the dielectric constant of the water to that of the
      lipid is infinite. It is shown that this is a good approximation for most
      channels of biological interest. This assumption allows one to derive simple
      analytical expressions for the Born image potential and the potential from a
      fixed charge in the channel, and it leads to a differential equation for the
      potential from the background electrolyte. This leads to a rigorous solution for
      the ion flux or the equilibrium potential based on a combination of the Nernst
      Planck equation and strong electrolyte theory (i.e., Gouy-Chapman or Debye
      Huckel). This approach is illustrated by solving the system of equations for the
      specific case of a large channel containing fixed negative charges. The following
      characteristics of this channels are discussed: anion and mono- and divalent
      cation conductance, saturation of current with increasing concentration, current
      voltage relationship, influence of location and valence of fixed charge, and
      interaction between ions. The qualitative behavior of this channel is similar to
      that of the acetylcholine receptor channel.

PMID- 2410049
TI  - Vibrational circular dichroism in amino acids and peptides. 10. Fourier transform
      VCD and Fourier self-deconvolution of the amide I region of poly(gamma-benzyl-L
      glutamate).

PMID- 2410050
TI  - Active site dynamics in protein molecules: a stochastic boundary molecular
      dynamics approach.

PMID- 2410051
TI  - Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric methodology for simultaneous assay of
      salsolinol, dopamine, norepinephrine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and
      dihydroxyphenylethanol.
AB  - Synthesis of deuterated (2H4)salsolinol from (2H4)dopamine via a Pictet-Spengler
      condensation is described. This (2H4)salsolinol is an ideal internal standard to
      determine picomole (ng) amounts of salsolinol (SAL) in a variety of sample types
      including urine, plasma, beverages and fruits. The deuterated standard is
      completely free of contamination by the non-deuterated species. The extraction
      procedure described is fast, highly efficient and does not lead to artifactual
      salsolinol formation even in the face of high dopamine concentrations. As well as
      SAL the method described allows simultaneous determination of norepinephrine
      (NE), dopamine (DA) and its two metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)
      and dihydroxyphenylethanol (DOPET). Each of the analytes is measured as its
      trifluoroacetyl derivative. Using trifluoroacetic anhydride in conjunction with
      trifluoroethanol allows simultaneous one-step derivatization of the acid function
      of DOPAC. All compounds were measured in the single ion monitoring (SIM) mode and
      quantified using appropriate deuterated internal standards. SAL, DA, DOPET, DOPAC
      and NE have been quantified in a variety of food and beverage sources. Soy sauce
      and dried banana have been identified as rich dietary sources of SAL. These data
      suggest diet should be considered a potentially important source of 'mammalian
      alkaloids' such as SAL, and the presence of SAL in mammalian systems is not
      necessarily evidence for an in vivo Pictet-Spengler condensation.

PMID- 2410052
TI  - Pulmonary function assessment during bleomycin therapy.
AB  - 20 male patients were treated for various tumors, most of them by combination
      therapy program including Cis-diammino-dichloroplatinum, Methotrexate and
      Bleomycin, the mean total dose for this last drug being 225 mg in 3 months (75 mg
      300 mg). Spirometric tests, carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) and its
      components Dm (membrane diffusing capacity) and Vc (capillary blood volume) were
      performed before each course and at the end of the chemotherapy, to assess their
      value in detecting Bleomycin pulmonary toxicity. There was no statistically
      significant change in any ventilatory nor diffusional test among these 20
      patients, carefully selected for the absence of cardiopulmonary history. There
      was a slight decrease of DLCO for 3 patients having received 300 mg of Bleomycin.
      The lack of cardiopulmonary history, the mean total dose under the toxic
      threshold, and perhaps the insufficient delay between the end of the treatment
      and the last control test, may explain this absence of variability of functional
      tests.

PMID- 2410053
TI  - [Rod-shaped inclusions in the heart and brain in the experimental alcoholization
      of rats].
AB  - Experiments were made on rat alcoholized by inhalation. Electron microscopy of
      the myocardium and brain cortex showed the dystrophically altered cells of these
      organs to contain unusual rod-shaped and sagittal cytoplasmic inclusions
      unrelated to organelles and having a certain structural similarity to alcoholic
      hyaline detected in men. The necessity of further studies to identify the
      inclusions in question is discussed.

PMID- 2410054
TI  - [Differences in the action of Ca2+ ions on a cumulative Na-channel blockade due
      to tertiary and quaternary amines].
AB  - In voltage-clamp experiments on frog myelinated fibres it has been established
      that the increase in Ca2+ concentration from 2 to 20 mM does not effect the use
      dependent (cumulative) inhibition of sodium channels (INa) produced by the
      tertiary local anesthetics (lidocaine, tetracaine, etidocaine) and the quaternary
      antiarrhythmic drug N-propyl ajmaline (NPA). The NPA-induced inhibition of sodium
      channels does not undergo any essential changes as the (Ca)0 is raised from 2 to
      20 mM. On the contrary, the cumulative blockade produced by the tertiary local
      anesthetics under such an elevation of the (Ca)0 is sharply reduced. This
      reduction is caused by the inhibitory action of the (Ca)0 on the local
      anesthetics-induced transition of sodium channels from the state of rapid to slow
      inactivation. The (Ca)0 does not affect the interaction of the quaternary NPA
      with open sodium channels. The data obtained provide evidence in favour of the
      hypothesis about the existence of the different binding sites responsible for
      cumulative blockade of the INa induced by tertiary and quaternary amines.

PMID- 2410055
TI  - [Use of a protein-cellulose complex for inducing intensive antibody formation in
      mice].
AB  - The protein-cellulose complex prepared by covalent immobilization of single
      protein molecules on insoluble cellulose particles was used for priming C57BL/6
      and BALB/c mice. The serum antibody content and the number of spleen AFC were
      assayed after animals' boosting with the soluble protein. Such a complex was
      shown to have marked advantages over the same protein injected both in complete
      Freund's adjuvant and in a soluble form, in particular. The immune response of
      BALB/c mice was more than 10-fold higher than that of C57BL/6 animals.

PMID- 2410056
TI  - [Substance P in the central mechanisms of the escape reaction].
AB  - The role of substance P in the central mechanisms of escape reaction elicited by
      electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus was investigated in
      chronic experiments on rabbits. Intravenous injection of substance P (30
      micrograms/kg) led to a short-term (less than 10 min) increase in the threshold
      of stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus and to more stable (up to 1.5 h)
      disorders of the hippocampal-hypothalamic relations. After substance P injection
      the inhibitory effects of the dorsal hippocampus but not the facilitating
      influences of the midbrain reticular formation on excitability of the
      hypothalamic motivation center were found to be lacking. Disorders of the central
      mechanisms of escape reaction after substance P injection correlated with new
      patterns of the main EEG rhythms in different areas of the brain cortex in
      response to the ascending excitations of the limbic-midbrain structures.
      Interpreting the mechanisms of substance P involvement in escape reaction the
      authors point to the ability of the given peptide to interact with different
      transmitter systems of the brain and opiate receptors and to alter the brain
      blood circulation.

PMID- 2410057
TI  - [Potential use of exogenous RNAs for the analysis of the complex effects of
      biologically active substances].
AB  - It has been established in rat experiments that RNA obtained from the liver and
      renal cortex of animals given hydrocortisone produces in recipients the rise of
      physical endurance evoked by the hormone. RNA obtained from other organs of these
      animals and from any test organs of control donors did not influence physical
      endurance. The key role of the liver and kidneys in the realization of the
      hydrocortisone effect is likely to be connected with activation of the synthesis
      of gluconeogenesis enzymes. RNA obtained from the organs of donors premedicated
      with hydrocortisone reproduced stimulation of gluconeogenesis with
      hydrocortisone. The use of exogenous RNA holds promise for analysis of complex
      effects of biologically active substances, since it permits studying separately
      the components of the effects determined by activation of protein synthesis in
      definite organs.

PMID- 2410058
TI  - [Contractile capacity of isolated flaps from the aorta of rats with stable
      arterial hypertension caused by the prolonged administration of cerebrosides].
AB  - A study was made of the contractility of smooth muscle cells of abdominal aorta
      strips of noninbred white rats with stable arterial hypertension induced by
      protracted intraperitoneal injection of cerebrosides isolated from cattle brain.
      It was demonstrated that as compared with normotensive animals, smooth muscle
      cells of the animals' arteries are characterized by the increased influx of
      extracellular calcium via slow potential-dependent calcium channels and
      hypersensitivity to noradrenaline and serotonin.

PMID- 2410059
TI  - [Action of hydrocortisone on the cytotoxic reactions in delayed hypersensitivity
      to microbial antigens].
AB  - A study was made of the effect of hydrocortisone (HC) injected to animals with
      delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to BCG antigens on the cytotoxic activity of
      lymphocytes and production of lympho- and macrophage toxins. The cytotoxic test
      with the use of sensitized lymphocytes and preparation of lympho- and macrophage
      toxins were performed in vitro in the presence of specific microbial antigens. It
      was shown that HC exerts the most intense inhibitory action on the production of
      macrophage toxin. High doses of the hormone also inhibited the production of
      lymphotoxin. At the same time the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes of the lymph
      nodes in DH was not inhibited by the employed doses of HC. No reduction was seen
      either in the sensitivity of autologous adhesive cells (macrophages) used as
      target cells for studying the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes.

PMID- 2410060
TI  - [Cytophotometric analysis of the chromatin structural conformity in interphase
      nuclei detected in UV light and by gallocyanine staining].
AB  - Geometric and optical parameters of chromatin of hepatocyte nuclei have been
      examined before (UV, lambda = 265 nm) and after gallocyanine staining.
      Quantitative parameters of the chromatin structure in the same nuclei measured in
      situ by a scanning microscope-photometer (step size 0.125 micron) before and
      after staining were equal. Tinctorial properties of chromatin granules (condensed
      part of the nuclear material) and its diffuse part were different. It is
      suggested that the difference between granules and the nongranular part of
      chromatin is not only of optical but also of chemical nature.

PMID- 2410061
TI  - [Method for isolating single cardiac cells in the guinea pig using pronase. The
      role of calcium ions].
AB  - A method for isolation of guinea-pig cardiomyocytes with pronase has been
      developed. The method has been assessed in hearts perfused with solutions
      containing pronase (1 U/ml) and 200 microM Ca2+. Eighty per cent of the cells
      released were rod-shaped and 1.2 mM Ca2+ tolerant. Enriched medium 199 was used
      for all solutions. Sodium and slow inward currents recorded from cells dispersed
      with pronase were similar to those recorded from cells isolated after prolonged
      exposure to collagenase. Two principal factors are to be marked: (a) presence of
      high enough amounts of Ca2+ in enzyme solution (up to 200 microM); (b) use of the
      enriched medium in all the stages of the procedure.

PMID- 2410062
TI  - Hematopoietic factor production by a cell line (TC-1) derived from adherent
      murine marrow cells.
AB  - An adherent cell line, termed TC-1, has been isolated from long-term liquid
      culture of murine marrow cells by repeated exposure of the adherent cells to 0.1%
      trypsin. This is an alkaline phosphatase-positive cell line showing variable
      staining with acid phosphatase and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase. On electron
      microscopy, the cells have moderate amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and
      variable numbers of polyribosomes. Some cells contain large clusters of laked
      glycogen particles. Intermediate junctions are present between some cells.
      Conditioned medium from this cell line produced from 384 to 638 units of CSF-1
      per milliliter by radioimmunoassay and a CSF-1-dependent synergistic activity,
      which stimulates giant macrophage colony formation of marrow cells in soft agar.
      The conditioned medium also stimulates 3H-TdR incorporation by marrow cells in
      liquid culture and induces secondary adherent cell lines. The growth factor(s)
      produced by the TC-1 stromal cell line may be important in the regulation of
      early stages of hematopoietic differentiation. Two subclones, TC-1-C-11 and TC-1
      C-3, have been isolated from passage 25 of the TC-1 cells by a penicylinder
      separation technique. The TC-1-C-11 is phenotypically like the parent TC-1 line
      and produces macrophage growth factors. The TC-1-C-3 grows as an epithelioid
      monolayer with visible junctions among adjacent cells under phase contrast
      microscopy. This subclone produces retrovirus and is capable of providing
      anchorage support for hematopoietic stem cells. The TC-1 cell line and its
      subclones may provide models for the control of early stem cell proliferation and
      differentiation.

PMID- 2410063
TI  - Favism: disordered erythrocyte calcium homeostasis.
AB  - The biochemical events that take place during acute hemolysis of G6PD-deficient
      subjects in favism are far from being elucidated. Evidence is here reported for a
      constantly and heavily disordered calcium homeostasis in the erythrocytes from
      seven favic patients. The abnormality, ie, a significantly impaired calcium
      ATPase activity and a parallel marked increase of intracellular calcium levels,
      was characteristic of the acute hemolytic crisis although unrelated to the
      attendant reticulocytosis. Concomitantly, a remarkable decrease of intracellular
      potassium was also observed. The mean +/- SD Ca2+-ATPase activity in the favic
      patients was 20.8 +/- 7.8 mumol Pi/g Hb/h compared with 37.2 +/- 8.5 in the
      matched controls represented by 12 healthy G6PD-deficient subjects (P less than
      .001). The mean +/- SD intraerythrocytic calcium content was 288 +/- 158 mumol/L
      of erythrocytes in the favic patients as compared with 22.0 +/- 8.2 in the G6PD
      deficient controls (P less than .001). The intraerythrocytic potassium content
      was 76.6 +/- 19.3 mmol/L of erythrocytes in the favic patients and 106.6 +/- 8.2
      in the G6PD-deficient controls (P less than .001). In vitro incubation of normal
      and G6PD-deficient erythrocytes with divicine, a pyrimidine aglycone present in
      fava beans and strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of favism, reproduces most
      of these events, including drop of calcium ATPase, increased intracellular
      calcium, and leakage of erythrocyte potassium.

PMID- 2410064
TI  - Heterogeneity of human peripheral blood eosinophil-type colonies: evidence for a
      common basophil-eosinophil progenitor.
AB  - We have recently shown that a proportion of previously designated human
      eosinophil "(Eo)-type" colonies in methylcellulose contain basophils and
      histamine (Denburg et al Blood 61:775, 1983). In the present studies, individual
      Eo-type colonies have been analyzed by cell morphology as well as by biochemical
      assays for histamine, Charcot-Leyden crystal protein (CLC), and eosinophil
      granule major basic protein (MBP). Clonal origin of single Eo-type colonies was
      confirmed by G6PD isoenzyme analysis. Morphological observations of such colonies
      revealed the existence of two distinct colony types: (1) Eo type containing 100%
      basophils and (2) Eo type containing mixtures of basophils and eosinophils,
      including cells with mixed basophil-eosinophil granulation. Histamine was not
      detected in pure, mature peripheral blood eosinophils. Immunofluorescent studies
      demonstrated bright staining for CLC and MBP in 95% +/- 3% of cells in Eo-type
      colonies but only in 5% +/- 4% of cells in GM-type colonies. Radioimmunoassay for
      MBP was positive in 5/9 Eo-type and 0/10 neutrophil-macrophage ("GM-type")
      colonies, with a mean level (nanogram/colony) of 11.6 +/- 4.2 per Eo-type colony;
      four of the latter colonies were doubly positive for both histamine and MBP.
      These and previous findings point out the morphological and biochemical
      heterogeneity of peripheral blood Eo-type colonies and provide direct evidence
      for the existence of a common, circulating basophil-eosinophil progenitor.

PMID- 2410065
TI  - Prognostic implications of tumor cell DNA and RNA content in multiple myeloma.
AB  - Flow cytometric studies of bone marrow DNA and RNA content were conducted in 71
      previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma. There was a progressive
      increase in response rate with rising plasma cell RNA content. The DNA-derived
      ploidy level also affected chemotherapy sensitivity: only one of 11 patients with
      either hypodiploidy or biclonal DNA stemlines responded. DNA-RNA-defined marrow
      plasmacytosis was the only tumor mass-related variable adversely affecting
      remission induction. Survival was longer in patients with low tumor burden and
      favorable DNA features. The availability of objective and quantitative
      pretreatment variables associated with both initial response and survival should
      permit a risk-based selection of patients for novel treatment approaches.

PMID- 2410066
TI  - Cytochemistry of acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3): leukemic promyelocytes
      exhibit heterogeneous patterns in cellular differentiation.
AB  - Cytochemical investigation of leukemic promyelocytes from 25 cases of acute
      promyelocytic leukemia (M3) disclosed two major cellular differentiation
      categories: (1) the pure neutrophilic (N) type (16 cases) with strong
      myeloperoxidase (MPO) and naphthol-ASD chloroacetate esterase (Es-chl), but
      lacking the monocytic enzyme NaF-sensitive alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase (Es
      b), and (2) the mixed neutrophilic/monocytoid (N/M) type (seven cases) with
      strong Es-b as well as strong MPO, all cases exhibiting Es-dual (Es-b + Es-chl)
      positive cells. Two more cases with unusual phenotypes were noted: one with
      intense lysozyme activity but without Es-b and the other with toluidine blue
      methachromasia and negative MPO. Promyelocytes from the control group, consisting
      of nine cases of t(8;21) M2 AML and ten cases with normal bone marrow, lacked
      such cytochemical heterogeneity. HL-60, an M3 cell line that can be induced to
      differentiate toward monocytic lineage in vitro, was almost negative for Es-b in
      the uninduced condition. Cytogenetically, eight cases of N type and five of N/M
      type had the t(15;17) abnormality. Thus at least two differentiation patterns
      were observed in M3 leukemia with fidelity (N type) and infidelity (N/M type) for
      normal granulocytic differentiation. In this series, there was no statistically
      significant difference in clinical features (remission rate and survival) between
      the two types. Our study suggests that the development of M3 leukemia is not
      exclusively restricted to the neutrophilic pathway, but more heterogeneously
      related to myelomonocytic differentiation.

PMID- 2410067
TI  - Diagnostic and prognostic significance of Sezary cells in peripheral blood smears
      from patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma.
AB  - Blood smears stained with Wright-Giemsa were obtained from 124 patients with
      pathologically confirmed cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), 70 patients with
      various other cutaneous disorders, and ten healthy adult volunteers. These were
      examined in a blinded fashion for atypical lymphocytes with cerebriform nuclei
      (CLs), which were characterized further according to cell diameter. CLs,
      comprising up to 15% of lymphocytes in smears, were observed in 20% of the
      patients with benign dermatitis. CLs, comprising up to 89% of lymphocytes in
      smears, were found in 22%, 30%, 50%, and 96% of patients with patch, plaque,
      tumor, and erythrodermic CTCL, respectively. Large-diameter CLs (15 to 20 micron)
      were observed only in smears from patients with CTCL. Total CL counts above 15
      per 100 lymphocytes and/or the presence of large CLs occurred in 33 of 49 (67%)
      patients with erythrodermic disease and in only two patients with other skin
      manifestations. Blood smears obtained at the time of cytogenetic studies
      indicated that a total CL count above 15% was the smear criterion that correlated
      best with the demonstration of a chromosomally abnormal malignant clone in the
      blood. The presence of large CLs per se, although also predictive of a malignant
      clone, was less useful. Multivariate survival analysis showed that the duration
      of disease before the blood smear and the proportion of large CLs within the
      total CL population were the covariates that correlated most significantly with
      survival. We speculate that the reduced survival of patients with increased
      proportions of large CLs in smears reflects the presence of polyploid malignant
      lymphocytes in the blood.

PMID- 2410068
TI  - The effect of hydroxyurea on hemoglobin F in patients with myeloproliferative
      syndromes.
AB  - Fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) may increase in patients receiving chemotherapeutic
      drugs, a result of potential use in patients with symptomatic hemoglobinopathies.
      We examined Hb F in 13 patients with myeloproliferative disease (six polycythemia
      vera, five polycythemia vera with myeloid metaplasia, one agnogenic myeloid
      metaplasia, and one chronic myelogenous leukemia) who were treated with
      hydroxyurea. Four patients showed an increase in Hb F from less than 1% to
      between 5% and greater than 8% while on hydroxyurea, and a decline to less than
      1% when the drug was discontinued. This group of "responders" received a higher
      average daily dose of hydroxyurea, which was administered continuously rather
      than intermittently, when compared to the "nonresponders." Mean corpuscular
      volumes (MCVs) rose in most patients, and i antigen remained elevated or
      decreased; neither parameter correlated with Hb F levels. Both responders and
      nonresponders had therapeutically desirable suppression of WBCs and platelets,
      and almost all had no depression of reticulocytes or Hb.

PMID- 2410069
TI  - In vitro culture of leukemic cells in t(4;11) acute leukemia.
AB  - In the present study we utilized a semisolid culture system with feeder cells and
      enriched media to evaluate the growth of acute leukemia associated with the 4;11
      chromosomal translocation. We compared growth of t(4;11) leukemia to typical
      acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANL) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). The two
      cases of t(4;11) leukemia tested exhibited the highest cloning efficiency of
      cells tested. The growth characteristics of t(4;11) leukemia were more similar to
      ANL than ALL.

PMID- 2410070
TI  - Treatment of baboon with vinblastine: insights into the mechanisms of
      pharmacologic stimulation of Hb F in the adult.
AB  - Vinblastine was administered to anemic baboons to test whether stimulation of Hb
      F takes place following distortion of erythropoiesis by an M-stage-specific
      compound. The treatments elicited erythroid cell cytoreduction followed by
      regeneration. During the phase of reticulocyte reduction, gamma/gamma + beta
      biosynthetic ratios increased without increment in F reticulocytes, suggesting
      that there was increased production of Hb F per F cell. The phase of reticulocyte
      regeneration was associated with sharp increments in relative (percentage) and
      absolute F reticulocytes. These data suggest that perturbations of erythropoiesis
      underlie the stimulation of Hb F synthesis by vinblastine. Accelerated or
      abnormal precursor maturation may account for the release of shift F
      reticulocytes with higher Hb F content, during the reduction phase. Accelerated
      total erythroid differentiation/maturation may account for the increment in F
      reticulocyte numbers during the phase of regeneneration.

PMID- 2410071
TI  - Impact of flow cytometry on predicting recurrence and survival in breast cancer
      patients.

PMID- 2410073
TI  - International workshop on monoclonal antibodies and breast cancer. San Francisco,
      California; November 8 and 9, 1984.

PMID- 2410074
TI  - Immunolocalization of the 100 kDa nucleolar protein during the mitotic cycle in
      CHO cells.
AB  - The localization of a major nucleolar protein with a molecular weight of 100,000
      has been followed during mitosis in Chinese hamster ovary CHO cells using
      specific antibodies to this protein and immunocytochemical techniques. The 100
      kDa protein was visualized at discrete sites on metaphase chromosomes,
      corresponding to nucleolus organizer regions, and in large, immunostained
      nucleolar remnants that are discarded in the cytoplasm after nucleolar
      disintegration. After mitosis, the 100 kDa protein was shown to play an early
      role in nucleolar reformation. It was first detected in small deposits around the
      anaphase chromosomes. In telophase, the protein accumulated simultaneously in
      prenucleolar bodies and in the reforming nucleoli. The early presence of the 100
      kDa protein in the telophase nucleus suggests that it is essential for the
      reestablishment of nucleolar function after mitosis. Thus this protein is present
      throughout the CHO cell cycle, an observation which supports the hypothesis that
      it plays a fundamental role in cell organization.

PMID- 2410072
TI  - Short term high density systemic therapy for metastatic breast cancer.
AB  - Twenty-three patients with metastatic breast carcinoma were induced with a
      complex systemic therapy regimen in an attempt to ascertain if a complete
      remission rate greater than 50% could be obtained with intensive drug exposure.
      The durability of the remissions was observed by discontinuing therapy after 3
      cycles in complete remission or after 6 cycles of treatment, whichever was
      longer. In 13 patients consolidation radiation therapy to the pre-treatment sites
      of disease was administered after discontinuing systemic therapy. Each 28 day
      cycle of the drug regimen consisted of pulses of adriamycin, vincristine,
      dibromodulcitol, prednisone, methotrexate with leukovorin rescue,
      hexamethylmelamine, bleomycin (discontinued after entry #17), fluoxymesterone,
      and tamoxifen. Eighteen of the 23 patients achieved complete remissions (78%) and
      3 had partial remissions. The median times to treatment failure and survival
      were, respectively, 12.3 and 19.4 mos. The times for complete remission patients
      were, respectively, 13.5 and 23.9 mos. Consolidation radiotherapy at greater than
      or equal to 40 Gy to drug induced pre-study sites of complete remission was
      associated with first relapses at pre-study sites in 5/30 (17%) instances,
      compared to 21/35 (60%) in sites not receiving radiotherapy. Side-effects were
      commensurate with the intensity of the treatment program and are detailed in the
      text. Although the achievement of a high complete remission rate is promising,
      the failure to extend their duration beyond that of historical data suggests that
      additional conceptual and therapeutic approaches need to be explored.

PMID- 2410075
TI  - [Treatment of choroid neovascularization by monochromatic argon laser in
      maculopathies].

PMID- 2410076
TI  - [Choroidal neovascularization].

PMID- 2410077
TI  - Peripheral neovascularisation of muscle and musculocutaneous flaps.
AB  - The collateral vascularisation of muscle flaps covered by a skin graft and of
      musculocutaneous island flaps was studied in a pig model using the latissimus
      dorsi muscle. Vascular ingrowth from the underlying bed was stopped by using
      silastic sheeting. The time taken for peripheral vascularisation of flaps to
      render them independent of pedicle blood supply was studied. In addition
      microangiograms were performed at the time of sacrifice of the animals (4 weeks
      postop.) to give a visual conception of the sites and sizes of new vessel growth
      at the periphery of the flaps. Results showed significant delay, in muscle flaps
      with skin grafts reset onto a poor bed, in obtaining a blood supply independent
      of the pedicle supply.

PMID- 2410078
TI  - Lack of evidence for retrovirus infection in schizophrenic patients.

PMID- 2410079
TI  - Protection against thrombo-embolism.

PMID- 2410080
TI  - Screening for acute pancreatitis: a rapid assay for plasma lipase.
AB  - A simple agglutination test for plasma immunoreactive lipase has been evaluated
      in 101 patients. A positive agglutination reaction was observed if, and only if,
      plasma lipase exceeded 300 micrograms/l. The test was positive in all 23 patients
      with acute pancreatitis who were tested on the day of admission to hospital, in
      one patient with a pancreatitic pseudocyst and in one patient with
      hyperamylasaemia and hyperlipasaemia due to a perforated duodenal ulcer. The
      simplicity and reliability of this test make it suitable as an urgent diagnostic
      investigation for acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 2410081
TI  - Urinary amylase testing.

PMID- 2410082
TI  - Increased serum pancreatic enzymes after treatment with methylprednisolone:
      possible evidence of subclinical pancreatitis.

PMID- 2410083
TI  - Care of the dying in general practice.
AB  - The hospice movement has improved the care for the dying patient. But can the
      hospice experience be easily applied to general practice? In one year in this
      practice 10 patients were terminally ill, and three of these died at home. The
      clinical problems encountered over four years are described to illustrate the
      factors that affect prescribing, which makes caring for a dying patient at home
      different from that in hospital or even in a hospice.

PMID- 2410084
TI  - Screening for Down's syndrome using serum alpha fetoprotein.

PMID- 2410085
TI  - [Antigenic relation between thyroid peroxidase and the microsomal antigen
      implicated in auto-immune diseases of the thyroid].
AB  - Pools of sera from patients with Graves' disease or Hashimoto's thyroiditis
      highly inhibit the binding to human thyroid membranes of one of 19 monoclonal
      antibodies raised against preparations of human thyroid membranes. This
      monoclonal antibody reacts with human and bovine thyroid peroxidase and bovine
      lactoperoxidase but not with human hemoglobin, cytochrome c and other related
      molecules. These results indicate that the thyroid peroxidase and the microsomal
      antigen are antigenically related. These data taken together with those from
      other groups, highly suggest that thyroid peroxidase is the microsomal antigen
      involved in autoimmune thyroid diseases.

PMID- 2410086
TI  - [Prognostic factors for amputation in arteritis].

PMID- 2410087
TI  - Studies on the primary structure and antigenic determinants of pilin isolated
      from Pseudomonas aeruginosa K.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa K (PAK) pilin was
      determined using a combination of automated and manual Edman degradation
      techniques. Suitable peptides were derived from cyanogen bromide, tryptic,
      chymotryptic, peptic, thermolytic, and citraconylated tryptic cleavages of
      unmodified or carboxymethylated pilin. The protein, a single polypeptide chain,
      has N-methylphenylalanine at the NH2-terminus, a total of 144 residues, a
      molecular weight of 15013, and an equal number of acid and basic amino acids. The
      NH2-terminal region (residues 1-43) is very hydrophobic with only three charged
      residues, suggesting a possible role in subunit-subunit interaction. The two half
      cystines, residues 129 and 142, are shown to be linked through a disulfide bridge
      in the native protein. To delineate the antigenic regions of pilin, the protein
      was cleaved at Arg-30, Arg-53, and Arg-120 to produce peptide fragments cTI
      (residues 1-30), cTII (residues 31-53), cTIII (residues 54-120), and cTIV
      (residues 121-144). cTIII and cTIV were further degraded into several
      subfragments. The purified peptides were subjected to immunological analysis
      using direct and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedures. A
      major antigenic determinant was delineated in a region of the protein
      encompassing residues 82-101. Three other epitopes were also identified, but
      reacted with only minor amounts of antibody in the rabbit polyclonal antiserum.

PMID- 2410088
TI  - Biochemical changes in progressive muscular dystrophy. XIII. Nucleic acids,
      proteins, and total nucleotides in the thymus and spleen of dystrophic mice.
AB  - Assessments were made of the thymus and spleen weights and the total nucleotide,
      nucleic acid, and protein content as well as the incorporation of [14C]leucine
      into protein and of [3H]orotate into RNA, in the thymus, spleen, liver, brain,
      kidney, lungs, heart, pancreas, and skeletal muscle of normal (+/+) and
      dystrophic (dy/dy) 129 ReJ mice aged 40, 60, or 90 days. The weights of the
      thymus and spleen were lower at all stages of dystrophy. Total nucleotide and RNA
      levels per thymus were reduced at 90 days, while total DNA content was decreased
      at 60 and 90 days. Protein concentrations per thymus were diminished at each
      stage of the disease. The specific activity of the free amino acid pool and total
      free nucleotide pool did not show any significant variations in the thymus at any
      phase of dystrophy. Incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein and of [3H]orotate
      into RNA was considerably lower in the thymus at each stage of the disease. Total
      nucleotide content per spleen was decreased at 40 days, with no change at 60 days
      and followed by an increase at 90 days in the dystrophic mice. DNA, RNA, and
      protein levels were all reduced in the spleen at each stage of the disease. The
      specific activity of the free amino acid pool and total free nucleotide pool, as
      well as the incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein and of [3H]orotate into
      RNA, showed similar changes in the spleen as noted in the thymus at each phase of
      dystrophy. These observations indicate that significant alterations in cellular
      growth occur not only in skeletal muscle and other nonlymphoid organs, but also
      in the lymphoid organs of dystrophic mice. Such changes in the cellular growth of
      lymphoid organs could be responsible for an impairment of immunologic responses
      reflecting thymic atrophy in murine muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2410089
TI  - Calcium mediation of the pig jejunal secretory response.
AB  - The involvement of Ca++ ions as secretory mediators in pig jejunal epithelia has
      been investigated with an in vitro system. Omission of Ca++ from the Ringer-HCO3
      bathing media on both sides of the tissue had minor effects on the basal
      electrical activity of pig jejunal mucosa. There were only slight decreases in
      transepithelial potential difference and increases in conductance with Ca++ free
      media. Low EGTA concentrations which reversibly blocked potential difference
      responses to secretory agents also had minimal effects on basal electrical
      activity. The in vitro secretory responses to A23187, to theophylline, and to
      Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin were all eliminated by Ca++ depletion
      and restored by replacing normal Ca++ concentrations in the bathing media.
      Dantrolene prevented the secretory response but not the potential difference
      increases caused by heat-stable enterotoxin and A23187, suggesting that
      intracellular Ca++ stores may be reservoirs of secretory signal agent. Verapamil
      only blocked the secretory response to heat-stable enterotoxin. Chlorpromazine
      had negligible effects on basal conditions, but totally blocked both the
      secretory response and the Ca++-dependent effects of A23187 and heat-stable
      enterotoxin on potential difference. The response to theophylline was only
      partially inhibited by chlorpromazine, implying some involvement of both cAMP and
      Ca++ as secretory signals for theophylline. Cytoplasmic Ca++ concentrations
      appear to be at least as important as cyclic nucleotides in regulating the
      secretory effects of pig jejunum.

PMID- 2410090
TI  - Is age alone a contraindication to major cancer surgery?
AB  - The question of whether major cancer operations are worthwhile in elderly
      patients is becoming more important, as we are faced with a progressively aging
      population. From Jan. 1, 1978 to Dec. 31, 1983, 268 elderly patients underwent
      major operations for esophageal, gastric, intestinal, pancreatic and
      retroperitoneal cancer. The patients were divided into three age groups: group A,
      65 to 74 years (163 patients), group B, 75 to 84 years (81 patients) and group C,
      85 to 92 years (24 patients). The overall operative mortality was 11.2%, 8.6% in
      group A, 13.6% in group B and 20.8% in group C. The higher rates in groups B and
      C resulted from two major factors: (a) the presence of serious cardiopulmonary
      disease preoperatively and (b) the development of one or more serious
      complications postoperatively. When these two factors were compensated for, the
      rates became comparable at 6.1%, 6.6% and 8.3%, respectively. The effect of
      preexisting cardiorespiratory compromise was approximately equal in each group.
      The effect of postoperative surgical complications became more pronounced with
      advancing age. Most patients enjoyed substantial palliation of symptoms. The
      average length of hospital stay was not unduly prolonged. Major cancer surgery
      can be safe and beneficial for elderly patients, but concerted attempts must be
      made to improve their status preoperatively. The minimum effective operation
      should be performed and postoperative care should be intensified.

PMID- 2410092
TI  - Serum vitamin B12 binders in South African blacks with hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Sera from 242 South African blacks with hepatocellular carcinoma were assayed for
      unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity (UBBC) and vitamin B12 activity. Six
      patients were younger than 20 years of age, and 24% were younger than 30 years of
      age. Eighty-four percent of the patients had a slightly raised UBBC and 86% had a
      slightly elevated vitamin B12 value, but in no patient was an exceptionally high
      UBBC present. Serum UBBC and vitamin B12 were not higher in younger patients, and
      raised UBBC values were not related to serum alpha-fetoprotein values. Serum UBBC
      and vitamin B12 concentrations were not significantly different in patients with
      and without coexisting cirrhosis. In none of the patients with a UBBC above 3000
      pg/ml was the fibrolamellar variant of hepatocellular carcinoma present. The
      authors conclude that South African blacks with hepatocellular carcinoma do not
      secrete an abnormal vitamin B12 binding protein.

PMID- 2410091
TI  - Problems in allergen standardization.

PMID- 2410093
TI  - An AFP-producing gastric carcinoma with features of hepatic differentiation. A
      case report.
AB  - A patient with primary gastric adenocarcinoma with extremely high serum alpha
      fetoprotein (AFP) levels (12,000 ng/ml) is described. Histologically, foci
      strongly resembling hepatocellular carcinoma with hyaline globules were noted.
      Within tumor cells, AFP was identified with both light and electron microscopy,
      showing the production of AFP by tumor cells themselves. Furthermore, 88% of
      serum AFP combined with Concanavalin A (ConA), revealing that it was hepatic-type
      AFP and not germ-cell-type. Localization of alpha-1-antitrypsin within tumor
      cells was also noted. Ultrastructural study showed that there were two types of
      structures corresponding to periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive globules, one of
      which, the proteinaceous material in intracytoplasmic lumina, was found to
      contain AFP. Among gastric adenocarcinomas with a high serum AFP level (several
      thousand or more ng/ml of AFP), foci resembling hepatocellular carcinomas have
      been reported by several investigators. Those gastric carcinomas, together with
      the current case, may constitute a clinicopathologic entity, hepatoid
      adenocarcinoma of the stomach.

PMID- 2410094
TI  - Differential mutagen susceptibility in cultured lymphocytes of normal individuals
      and cancer patients.
AB  - When cultured human lymphocytes were treated with a radiomimetic chemical
      bleomycin, metaphase chromosomes from different individuals exhibited a wide
      spectrum of responses in terms of number of chromatid lesions. This variability
      is interpreted as the result of capability for DNA repair. Among 100 healthy,
      normal individuals tested, nearly 60% showed a mean breaks per cell rate in the
      range of 0.20-0.60, whereas, only 12% showed breaks per cell rates above 1.00. On
      the other hand, among 75 cancer patients, 60% showed breaks per cell rates above
      1.00. It is believed that differential responses to a mutagen have genetic
      implications. Individuals with DNA repair deficiencies may be more susceptible to
      carcinogens and, therefore, are more susceptible to neoplastic induction.

PMID- 2410095
TI  - Role of reactive oxygen intermediates in the interferon-mediated depression of
      hepatic drug metabolism and protective effect of N-acetylcysteine in mice.
AB  - Interferon (IFN) and IFN inducers are known to depress hepatic microsomal
      cytochrome P-450 levels, and the liver toxicity of IFN was reported to be lethal
      in newborn mice. We have observed that administration to mice of IFN and IFN
      inducers caused a marked increase in liver xanthine oxidase activity. Because
      this enzyme is well known to produce reactive oxygen intermediates and cytochrome
      P-450 was reported to be sensitive to the oxidative damage, we have tested the
      hypothesis that a free radical mechanism could mediate the depression of
      cytochrome P-450 levels by IFN. Administration to mice of the IFN inducer
      polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (2 mg/kg i.p.) caused a 29 to 52% decrease in
      liver cytochrome P-450. Concomitant p.o. administration of the free radical
      scavenger, N-acetylcysteine (as a 2.5% solution in drinking water), or the
      xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol (100 mg/kg), protected against the IFN
      mediated depression of P-450 kg), protected against the IFN-mediated depression
      of P-450 levels. The results suggest that an increased endogenous generation of
      free radicals, possibly due to the induction of xanthine oxidase, is implicated
      in the IFN-mediated depression of liver drug metabolism. The relevance of these
      data also extends to cases in which this side effect is observed in pathological
      situations (e.g., viral diseases and administration of vaccines) associated with
      an induction of IFN.

PMID- 2410096
TI  - Metabolism of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-azacytosine and incorporation into DNA
      of human T-lymphoblastic cells (Molt-4).
AB  - 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyl-5-azacytosine (ara-5-aza-Cyd) had potent cytotoxicity
      against human T-type lymphoblastic cells in culture. When Molt-4 cells were
      exposed to ara-5-aza-Cyd for 24 h, clonogenic survival was reduced by 50 and 98%
      at initial concentrations of 10(-7) and 10(-6) M, respectively, compared to 3 X
      10(-8) and 10(-6) M, respectively, for the same effect with 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C). The analogue is chemically unstable, with a
      t1/2 of 12 h at 37 degrees C in phosphate-buffered saline. ara-5-aza-Cyd is not
      significantly deaminated by human Cyd-deoxycytidine (dCyd) deaminase, in contrast
      to ara-C. It is phosphorylated by human cytoplasmic dCyd kinase, with a Km of 55
      microM and a relative Vmax of 310% compared to dCyd. The primary metabolite (70%)
      in Molt-4 cells was identified as ara-5-aza-Cyd triphosphate. Thymidine but not
      uridine or amino acid incorporation was inhibited by ara-5-aza-Cyd. ara-5-aza-Cyd
      was incorporated in a dose-dependent manner into DNA, but not RNA, primarily in
      internucleotide linkage as the original compound. Incorporation into the cellular
      methanol-insoluble fraction was 3- to 5-fold higher at 8 h than was ara-C
      incorporation. ara-5-aza-Cyd may have a unique activity against tumor cells
      resistant to ara-C, particularly where high Cyd-dCyd deaminase activity is a
      factor. The mode of action, like that of ara-C, is probably mediated through its
      incorporation into DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.

PMID- 2410097
TI  - Treatment regimen and host T-cell-dependent therapeutic effect of interferon in
      mouse solid tumors.
AB  - A highly purified hybrid human interferon (IFN)-alpha A/D, was used to define
      optimum treatment regimens for Meth A fibrosarcoma intradermally inoculated in
      syngeneic BALB/c mice. Treatments from the sixth day post-tumor inoculation were
      most effective, and 10 consecutive injections of IFN completely suppressed the
      tumor growth for a prolonged time without recurrence after the last injection of
      IFN. Intraperitoneal and intravenous injections were similarly effective. The
      therapeutic effect of IFN was abrogated by the injection of rabbit alpha-mouse
      thymocyte globulin but not normal rabbit globulin. The therapeutic effect of IFN
      was much poorer in BALB/c nu/nu mice, which are athymic and defective in T-cell
      immunity, than in BALB/c +/+ mice. Mice in which Meth A growth was completely
      suppressed by IFN were refractory to Meth A, but not Meth 1 tumor, another
      antigenically distinct fibrosarcoma, whereas mice in which Meth 1 growth was
      suppressed completely by IFN were refractory to Meth 1 but not Meth A tumor.
      These three findings suggest that the therapeutic effect of IFN depended on host
      T-cell immunity and that tumors were eventually eliminated by tumor-selective
      antitumor immunity provoked during IFN therapy. Under the present experimental
      conditions, the direct anticellular activity of IFN was presumed to contribute
      very little to the therapy for solid tumors, since the therapeutic effect of IFN
      on three different solid tumors was not correlated with their in vitro
      sensitivity to this substance: Colon 26, which was as sensitive to IFN as Meth A
      in the in vitro antiproliferation, responded most poorly to IFN therapy, while
      Meth A and Meth 1 responded similarly well to IFN therapy, although there was
      more than a 2500 times difference in their in vitro IFN sensitivity.

PMID- 2410098
TI  - Metabolic basis of arabinonucleoside selectivity for human leukemic T- and B
      lymphoblasts.
AB  - Purine analogues are potentially useful agents for selective chemotherapy of
      lymphoproliferative diseases. We compared the toxic effects of various
      arabinonucleosides against eight human T- and B-lymphoblastoid lines. The
      arabinosides of cytosine (ara-C), 2-fluoroadenine (F-ara-A), adenine (ara-A) and
      guanine (ara-G) all inhibited the growth of T-lymphoblasts at concentrations
      below 2 microM. Only ara-G showed strong selectivity for T-cells, as indicated by
      a 15- to 250-fold greater toxicity toward T-cell lines than B-cell lines. To
      investigate the biochemical basis for ara-G selectivity, we compared the
      metabolism of the arabinonucleosides in CCRF-CEM (T-) versus PF-2S (B-)
      lymphoblasts. Comparison of arabinonucleoside triphosphate accumulation indicated
      differences favoring selective ara-GTP formation in T-cells. In contrast, ara-C,
      ara-A, and F-ara-A formed almost corresponding amounts of their triphosphates in
      both cell types. Triphosphate accumulation correlated directly with inhibition of
      DNA synthesis in CCRF-CEM and PF-2S cells. PF-2S cells accumulated less than 20%
      ara-GTP from the nucleoside than did CCRF-CEM cells. Nucleoside kinase
      measurements showed no significant differences in arabinonucleoside
      phosphorylation that could account for the preferential ara-GTP accumulation in T
      cells. After removal of arabinonucleoside-containing medium, ara-GTP levels in PF
      2S cells declined with a half-life of 49 min whereas, in CCRF-CEM cells, the
      level of analogue triphosphate remained unchanged. Furthermore, the half-life of
      ara-CTP, ara-ATP, and F-ara-ATP in the B-cells was 3- to 5-fold longer than that
      of ara-GTP. These results indicate that ara-G is more selective than other known
      arabinonucleosides; such selectivity warrants further assessment of the
      therapeutic potential of this agent against T-cell malignancies and other
      lymphoid disorders.

PMID- 2410099
TI  - Keratin immunoreactivity in the benign and neoplastic human prostate.
AB  - Keratin immunoreactivity in the benign and neoplastic human prostate was examined
      immunohistochemically using two monoclonal antibodies with differing
      specificities. One of these antibodies stained only the basal cells of the normal
      and hyperplastic prostatic epithelium, with no reactivity in tumor cells of
      prostatic adenocarcinoma. The other monoclonal antibody recognized a keratin
      protein present in all normal and hyperplastic columnar (secretory) epithelial
      cells, as well as in all cancer cells regardless of degree of tumor
      differentiation. In addition, the second antibody stained acinar and ductal
      epithelial cells exhibiting premalignant changes. Our findings indicate that
      keratin immunoreactivity differs among the epithelial cell populations of the
      human prostate, probably reflecting expression of different keratin proteins. The
      distinctive patterns of staining obtained with these two antibodies may assist in
      distinguishing hyperplastic from neoplastic prostatic epithelium, as well as in
      the recognition of basal cell hyperplasia, transitional cell metaplasia, and
      premalignant changes.

PMID- 2410100
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies recognizing oval cells induced in the liver of rats by N-2
      fluorenylacetamide or ethionine in a choline-deficient diet.
AB  - In this paper, we describe the production of a panel of monoclonal antibodies
      which define antigens which distinguish between hepatocytes and oval cells. These
      antibodies were obtained from hybridomas constructed from the spleens of mice
      immunized by a novel protocol designed to suppress response to unwanted or
      immunodominant epitopes. Of the antibodies obtained, four, 258.7, 270.11, 258.34,
      and 270.38, were directed to antigens of morphologically defined oval cells,
      while two, 258.26 and 270.26, defined cytoplasmic antigens of hepatocytes.
      Examination of frozen sections of normal, regenerating adult and fetal liver and
      livers from rats fed 2-acetylaminofluorene or ethionine in a choline-deficient
      diet indicates that morphologically defined oval cells may in fact comprise a
      phenotypically complex set of cells composed of at least three antigenically
      distinct subpopulations. The patterns of expression of the antigens defined by
      these antibodies suggest two possible pathways of liver cell differentiation.

PMID- 2410101
TI  - Factors affecting passive monoclonal antibody therapy of Moloney sarcoma in
      BALB/c mice.
AB  - We have developed a syngeneic monoclonal antibody (MoAb) (244-19A) which retards
      growth and contributes to cures of BALB/c mice bearing Moloney sarcoma cell (MSC)
      tumors (S.J. Kennel, T. Lankford, and K.M. Flynn, Cancer Res., 43: 2843-2847,
      1983). The 244-19A epitope has not been detected in normal tissue or in any
      cultured cell (other than MSC) tested, including 15 different BALB/c sarcomas.
      MoAb 244-19A remains in circulation for a relatively long time in normal mice
      (t1/2 = 3.8 days), but it is cleared faster from tumor-bearing mice (t1/2 = 1.7
      days), indicating a specific interaction of the antibody with the tumor. The 244
      19A epitope is very labile. Osmotic lysis of cells or fixation with ethanol
      abolishes antibody binding. Trypsin treatment or fixation with gluteraldehyde
      reduces activity by 80 to 90%. Results from immunoprecipitation of radioiodinated
      MSC surface proteins indicate that the 244-19A epitope may reside on a Mr 65,000
      protein, distinct from the major C-type virus glycoprotein 70 of these cells.
      Several factors affecting passive MoAb therapy have been evaluated. Doses as low
      as 24 micrograms/ mouse demonstrated a significant therapeutic effect; however,
      larger doses up to 1.5 mg/mouse produced progressively more cures. Since MoAb 244
      19A is syngeneic in BALB/c mice, fractionated doses of antibody can be given over
      long periods of time without a host response to the MoAb. Fractionated doses
      showed a slight advantage over single dose therapy, but the difference was not
      statistically significant (P less than 0.2). Passive MoAb therapy has been
      effective in nu/nu mice, in BALB/c mice depleted of complement with cobra venum
      factor, and in BALB/c mice irradiated with 399 rads of X-rays; thus, therapy did
      not require complement, B-cells, or a cytotoxic T- cell response. Although tumor
      growth was retarded in nu/nu mice (T-cell-deficient), complete cures of tumored
      animals could not be accomplished even with large, multiple doses of antibody,
      indicating that cytotoxic T-cells eliminate residual tumor cells resulting in
      cures of BALB/c mice. Treatment of BALB/c mice with silica to deplete macrophage
      function did not affect therapy with MoAb 244-19A; however, treated animals still
      retained about 30% of their original phagocytic function, so macrophages cannot
      be eliminated as a possible host effector function.

PMID- 2410102
TI  - Central nervous system toxicity and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of
      intraventricularly administered bleomycin in beagles.
AB  - The neurotoxic effects and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pharmacokinetics of
      bleomycin were evaluated in beagles after chronic intraventricular administration
      twice a week for 8 consecutive weeks. Bleomycin was reasonably well tolerated at
      doses of 0.067 to 0.3 mg/week. Doses higher than 0.3 mg/week produced marked
      elevation of CSF protein levels and a necrotizing vasculitis within the central
      nervous system. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed approximately 1 month
      after the completion of the toxicity studies. [3H]inulin was used as a reference
      compound. Both [3H]inulin and bleomycin were cleared from the CSF more slowly
      than in previous studies and more slowly than in normal dogs, which suggests that
      bulk CSF absorption was reduced by the drug, probably secondary to protein
      induced blockage of the arachnoid granulations through which CSF is normally
      absorbed. Because a "minimally toxic" dose of bleomycin (approximately 0.1
      mg/week) produces a CSF C X t of only 1.9 mg/min/ml, we believe that a Phase I
      clinical trial would be too dangerous given the limited therapeutic potential
      that a dose of 0.1 mg/week could achieve.

PMID- 2410103
TI  - Loss of production of myoepithelial cells and basement membrane proteins but
      retention of response to certain growth factors and hormones by a new malignant
      human breast cancer cell strain.
AB  - Digestion of primary breast cancers and their metastases with collagenase yields
      cell clusters which can be selectively isolated from stromal cells and from the
      less malignant-looking epithelium of the primary tumors by their failure to
      attach as rapidly to collagen gel. Continued passage in culture of one
      preparation of cell clusters has yielded a continuously growing cell strain,
      termed Ca2-83. This strain continues to grow mainly as cell clusters with
      doubling times of 10 to 14 days, although some clusters eventually adhere to
      plastic substrata. Two morphological extremes of cell were observed, smaller
      polygonal or cuboidal cells and larger, often-multinucleated cells which contain
      fat droplets. Cell clusters grew in a gland-like pattern similar to those of the
      original carcinoma and formed small nodules in 50% of recipient nu/nu mice. Both
      morphological forms of Ca2-83 in culture or in tumor nodules stained
      immunocytochemically with epithelial cell-specific antisera to epithelial
      membrane antigens and to human keratins but not to laminin or actin. Cultures of
      Ca2-83 failed to synthesize laminin under conditions where its synthesis was
      observed in a rat myoepithelial cell line. Ultrastructural analysis of the cell
      clusters has identified microvilli coated with epithelial membrane antigens and
      junctional complexes typical of secretory epithelia in both morphological forms,
      but no characteristics of myoepithelial cells or basement membranes were
      observed. The DNA content of the cultures increased in response to serum, a
      bovine pituitary fraction, and insulin. Numbers of cell clusters were also
      increased in the presence of culture medium exposed to preadipocytes,
      myoepithelial- or mesothelial-like cells/stromal cells, or to prostaglandin E2.

PMID- 2410104
TI  - Intermediate-sized filaments and specific markers in a human salivary gland
      adenocarcinoma cell line and its nude mouse tumors.
AB  - The adenocarcinoma cell line HSG from human salivary gland, which proliferates in
      vitro or in nude mice, was examined by the immunoperoxidase method for the
      expression of three different types of intermediate-sized filaments (IFs) and of
      specific antigens such as carcinoembryonic antigen, S-100 protein, secretory
      component, lactoferrin, myosin, tropomyosin, and actin. The cultured HSG cells
      were found to express three different types of IFs defined by antibodies to
      keratin, vimentin, and desmin. In HSG cells proliferating in vitro at 34 degrees
      C and 37 degrees C but not at 39 degrees C, the expression of tropomyosin and
      carcinoembryonic antigen was observed, although myosin and S-100 protein were not
      detected. The expressions of actin, lactoferrin, and secretory component were
      restricted to cultured HSG cells at 39 degrees C and 37 degrees C, respectively.
      Transplantation of HSG cells into nude mice resulted in the establishment of a
      nude mouse system with malignant characteristics such as invasion and metastasis.
      The expression of IFs in the primary tumors was restricted to keratin and desmin
      IFs, whereas coexpression of keratin, vimentin, and desmin IFs was observed in
      some neoplastic cells present in the metastatic tumors in regional lymph nodes
      and lung. In addition, expression of actin, myosin, tropomyosin, and S-100
      protein was found in the metastatic tumors, whereas myosin and S-100 protein were
      not detected in the primary tumors. Moreover, the metastatic tumors were almost
      occupied by the neoplastic cells with oncocytic changes, although oncocytic
      change was not found in the cultured HSG cells and their primary tumors.

PMID- 2410105
TI  - Redistribution of phospholipid/calcium-dependent protein kinase and altered
      phosphorylation of its soluble and particulate substrate proteins in phorbol
      ester-treated rat pancreatic acini.
AB  - The biological activity of phorbol esters, such as 12-O-tetra-decanoylphorbol-13
      acetate, have been associated with activation of phospholipid/Ca2+-dependent
      protein kinase. Treatment of rat pancreatic acini with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol
      13-acetate (10(-6) M) resulted in a sustained translocation of phospholipid/Ca2+
      dependent protein kinase activity to the membrane site. The pattern of
      phosphorylation of at least two substrate proteins (Mr 22,000 and 18,000) for
      this Ca2+-dependent protein kinase was also altered following exposure to phorbol
      ester, these phosphoproteins disappearing from the soluble fraction and appearing
      in the particulate. Concurrently, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate stimulated
      amylase release from intact acini in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. These
      results suggest a potential role for phospholipid/Ca2+-activated protein kinase
      in the regulation of pancreatic exocrine function.

PMID- 2410106
TI  - Immunological properties of HTLV-III antigens recognized by sera of patients with
      AIDS and AIDS-related complex and of asymptomatic carriers of HTLV-III infection.
AB  - A high correlation was found among antibodies to human T-cell leukemia virus type
      III (HTLV-III), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome-related complex. With the Western blot technique the antigens (shown as
      proteins with molecular weights given in thousands) in HTLV-III lysates
      recognized by positive sera have been identified as p120, p66, p51, p41, p31,
      p24, and p17. The most common reactivity was toward p41. Lectin fractionation
      identified p120 and p41 as glycoproteins. Studies using mouse monoclonal
      antibodies to the p24 proteins of HTLV-I, -II, and -III showed that HTLV-I and 
      II have common epitopes in p24 molecule, but these are not the cross-reactive
      epitopes present on HTLV-III p24.

PMID- 2410107
TI  - Bovine leukemia virus, a versatile agent with various pathogenic effects in
      various animal species.
AB  - The bovine leukemia virus is the etiological agent of a chronic lymphatic
      leukemia in cows, sheep, and goats. The same virus seems to induce a kind of
      wasting disease in experimentally infected rabbits. Antibodies to highly purified
      bovine leukemia viral Mr 51,000 glycoprotein and Mr 24,000 protein cross-react
      with human T-lymphotropic virus III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus antigens
      present in cultured lymphocytes of African patients suffering from acquired
      immune deficiency syndrome. Bovine leukemia virus has many structural and
      functional characteristics in common with the human T-lymphotropic viruses. The
      most striking feature of these retroviruses is the existence of a long open
      reading frame located at the 3' side of the provirus between the right end of the
      3' side of env gene and the left end of the long terminal repeat. It is believed
      that the long open reading frame protein product acts in trans upon a number of
      genes to account for the biological effects of the virus.

PMID- 2410108
TI  - Quantitative assays for evaluation of HTLV-III inactivation procedures: tri(N
      butyl)phosphate:sodium cholate and beta-propiolactone.
AB  - Human T-lymphotropic retrovirus type III (HTLV-III) can be quantitatively assayed
      for infectivity by inoculation of serial dilutions into cultures of the H-9 cell
      line and testing for reverse transcriptase in the culture supernatants.
      Sequential harvests revealed that 14 days of incubation of cultures fed twice
      weekly was sufficient to reveal maximal titers. Stocks prepared from
      unconcentrated H9:HTLV-IIIb supernatants have contained from 10(4.5) to 10(6.0)
      (TCID50)/ml. Stocks prepared by 100-fold concentration of such fluids by
      pelleting or by polyethylene glycol precipitation followed by pelleting onto
      sucrose cushions contained 10(6.0)-10(6.5) TCID50/ml. Preliminary studies are
      under way to utilize this system for evaluation of sterilization processes which
      can be applied to blood derivatives. Exposure of HTLV-III suspended in Factor
      VIII preparations to 0.3% tri(n-butyl)phosphate-0.2% sodium cholate resulted in
      inactivation of greater than or equal to 10(4.5) TCID50 in 2.5 h at 27 degrees C.
      Exposure of HTLV-III suspended in 4 g of gamma-globulin per 100 ml to 0.14% beta
      propiolactone for 4 h at room temperature at pH 8.0 inactivated greater than or
      equal to 10(4.5) TCID50. However, exposure to gamma-globulin alone inactivated
      about 99% of HTLV-III infectivity.

PMID- 2410109
TI  - Evidence for HTLV-III in T-cells from semen of AIDS patients: expression in
      primary cell culture, long-term mitogen-stimulated cell cultures, and cocultures
      with a permissive T-cell line.
AB  - The development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or of acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex by transmission of human T-lymphotropic
      retrovirus III by semen has previously been implicated by epidemiological
      studies. In vitro investigations were performed on mononuclear cells obtained
      from the semen of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome to identify
      human T-lymphotropic retrovirus III or related retrovirus. The presence of human
      T-lymphotropic retrovirus III was demonstrated (a) in primary cell cultures, by
      the detection of the Mr 24,000 protein by indirect immunofluorescence assays by
      Day 6; (b) in activated long-term cell culture by reverse transcriptase activity,
      by indirect immunofluorescence (Mr 24,000 protein); and (c) in cocultures of T
      cells from semen of AIDS patients and H9 cells by reverse transcriptase activity,
      indirect immunofluorescence, and the presence of virus particles by electron
      microscopy.

PMID- 2410110
TI  - Immunohistopathology of lymph nodes in HTLV-III infected homosexuals with
      persistent adenopathy or AIDS.
AB  - Lymph node biopsies from 43 male homosexuals with persistent generalized
      lymphadenopathy and from ten acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, all
      with serum antibodies to human T-cell leukemia virus III, were studied with
      regard to histopathology, immunohistology, and T-cell subsets in cell
      suspensions. All acquired immunodeficiency syndrome biopsies except one with
      Kaposi's sarcoma had the same histopathological pattern of follicular depletion,
      whereas the persistent generalized lymphadenopathy nodes showed a spectrum of
      changes characterized as follicular hyperplasia, involution with follicular
      fragmentation, or involution with follicular atrophy. Immunohistology showed a
      temporal and structural relation between follicular involution, disappearance of
      follicular dendritic reticulum cells, and follicular invasion by T-cells. These
      observations suggest elimination of dendritic reticulum cells as part of a
      pathogenic mechanism in follicular involution. Angiogenesis measured by staining
      of endothelial cells with antibodies to Factor VIII was increased in many
      biopsies in stages of involution and depletion. Our observations indicate the
      occurrence of marked changes not only in T-cells but also in the B-cell
      compartment of patients with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy or acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome. The possibility of staging lymph nodes of these
      patients by combined histopathology and immunohistology is indicated. This might
      improve the evaluation of prognosis in these patients. A possible importance of
      angiogenesis for the tumorigenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma is suggested.

PMID- 2410111
TI  - Isoprinosine and Imuthiol, two potentially active compounds in patients with AIDS
      related complex symptoms.
AB  - Isoprinosine and Imuthiol are immunomodulators with a unique effect on T-cells.
      The possibility of using them in treating patients with acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome related complex (ARC) was initially examined regarding their in vitro
      effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In six ARC patients Isoprinosine
      (100 micrograms/ml) and Imuthiol (10 pg/ml) induced in vitro an early chromatin
      activation as measured by nuclear refringency test and potentiated
      phytohemagglutinin (5 micrograms/ml) in the same 20-min assay in the absence of
      fetal calf serum. In all patients an early phytohemagglutinin induced chromatin
      dispersion was observed with a dose related response before interleukin 2
      production can occur. Isoprinosine and Imuthiol increased significantly both the
      percentage and the absolute number of T4+ cells when peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells were incubated for 4 days in RPMI supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum.
      No changes in T8+ cells were noted. Three homosexual ARC patients were then
      treated p.o. with Imuthiol (5-10 mg/kg/week) for 4 to 6 months. Without any
      deleterious effect a clinical improvement (in terms of adenopathy and
      opportunistic infection regression) and restoration of the response to recall
      antigens were observed in all three patients. One patient with less than 500 T4+
      lymphocytes/mm3 exhibited a complete restoration of OKT profiles. In such
      patients clinical and immunological effects of Isoprinosine have already been
      reported by others. Altogether these preliminary results indicate that more data
      should be obtained on the effects of these two agents in ARC patients.

PMID- 2410112
TI  - Inhibitors of retroviral DNA polymerase: their implication in the treatment of
      AIDS.
AB  - Compared to other T-lymphotropic human retroviruses, human T-cell leukemia
      (lymphotropic) virus I (HTLV-I) and HTLV-II, the acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome (AIDS)-associated virus, HTLV-III, is a nontransforming cytopathic virus
      without immortalizing activity. Thus the virus replication is an important event
      in the manifestation of this disease, and the interruption of viral replication
      offers an important strategy for the control of AIDS. For this reason we have
      purified the reverse transcriptase (RT) from HTLV-III and from HTLV-III infected
      cells to study the structure-activity relationship of RT inhibitors developed in
      our laboratory. The cellular DNA polymerases from H9 cells were also purified to
      study the selectivity of RT inhibitors. Purified HTLV-III RT has several
      distinguishing features: (a) unlike the HTLV-I enzyme it is highly stable and can
      be kept for several weeks without any loss of activity; (b) using identical
      procedures of isolation the HTLV-III enzyme shows a much higher activity than
      does the enzyme from HTLV-I; (c) the Vmax for HTLV-III RT is by severalfold
      higher than that for the HTLV-I enzyme in the presence of (rC)n X (dG)12 and
      (rCm)n X (dG)12, and besides the usual template-primers used for RT assay this
      enzyme has a relatively high affinity for (rAm)n X (dT)12; and (d) the cationic
      requirements for the transcription of various template-primers are unusual. The
      purified enzyme has a molecular weight of 95,000-98,000, as judged by the gel
      filtration method. The purified HTLV-III RT was inhibited by a partially
      thiolated polycytidylic acid (5-mercaptopolycytidylic acid); the cellular DNA
      polymerase beta from H9 cells was not sensitive to 5-mercaptopolycytidylic acid.
      Germanin (synonym, suramin), an antiprotozoan drug, also inhibits HTLV-III RT
      activity, but the DNA polymerase alpha activity was also sensitive to Germanin.
      The nonspecific effect of Germanin is probably due to the high content of
      sulfonic acid residues. This paper describes new approaches for designing
      specific inhibitors of retroviral reverse transcriptases which may be useful in
      developing a potential drug against AIDS.

PMID- 2410113
TI  - Implications of the discovery of HTLV-III for the treatment of AIDS.
AB  - The recent discovery of HTLV-III, a cytopathic member of the family of human T
      cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV), and its identification as the etiological agent
      of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have important implications for the
      treatment of this disorder. The pathogenesis of AIDS involves the destruction of
      helper/inducer T-lymphocytes by active viral infection, and drugs which inhibit
      the replication of HTLV-III or monoclonal antibodies directed at viral antigens
      may be important components of future therapeutic strategies. There are a number
      of steps in the replication of HTLV-III which might potentially be susceptible to
      antiviral agents. One drug, suramin, which was originally developed as an
      antitrypanosomal agent, has been found to be an inhibitor of reverse
      transcriptase. This drug has been shown to block the infectivity and cytopathic
      effect of HTLV-III [Mitsuya, H., Popovic, M., Yarchoan, R., Matsushita, S.,
      Gallo, R. C., and Broder, S. Science (Wash. DC), 266: 172-174, 1984]; in
      addition, it is able to block the in vitro replication of another member of the
      HTLV family, HTLV-I, at concentrations of 25 to 75 micrograms/ml. Lymphocyte
      proliferation in vitro is minimally inhibited at these concentrations of suramin,
      and the ratios of helper/inducer to cytotoxic/suppressor T-lymphocytes are not
      affected. Clinical trials are being initiated to study the effect of suramin on
      patients with AIDS. Evaluation of this and other antiviral treatments for AIDS
      will optimally involve direct assessment of its effects on HTLV-III replication
      in vivo. Recent evidence, however, suggests that these patients have a low level
      of viral replication in lymphoid tissue which may spontaneously fluctuate, making
      such evaluation complex.

PMID- 2410114
TI  - Subunit vaccines against exogenous retroviruses: overview and perspectives.
AB  - Vaccines prepared from purified viral envelope complexes are effective against
      certain animal model tumors induced by exogenous retroviruses. Related viruses
      have recently been isolated from humans and obviously cause adult T-cell leukemia
      and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Knowledge accumulated in experiments
      with subunit vaccines against animal retroviruses could help to develop
      immunopreventive regimens against human retroviruses.

PMID- 2410115
TI  - Current status and strategies for vaccines against diseases induced by human T
      cell lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-I, -II, -III).
AB  - The continuous increase in the number of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) cases for whom no effective therapy is currently possible mandates
      attempts at developing primary prevention by a vaccine. Two basic unknowns are
      considered important: the identification of virus-exposed, protected individuals;
      and the isolation of the antigen which contains epitopes which induce a
      protective response. Although almost all individuals exposed to human T-cell
      leukemia-lymphoma virus type III (HTLV-III) develop antibody, most of these do
      not have neutralizing antibody. The antigen which can induce the response is the
      major external glycoprotein, which is highly glycosylated (Mr 120,000). Based on
      past attempts at developing vaccines against retroviruses, the most feasible
      configuration will be the glycoprotein linked to its transmembrane protein and
      assembled into micelles or rosettes by hydrophobic bonding. Any virus preparation
      containing nucleic acids could be considered less safe. An advanced version of
      such a viral subunit presentation is matrices composed of immunostimulating
      complexes. This format could also be useful for the inoculation of sequence
      determined synthetic peptides or genetically engineered readout products of the
      viral envelope (env) gene. Potential problems exist in that there is extensive
      heterogeneity among various HTLV-III isolates, particularly in the env gene. This
      fact and the known relationship of HTLV-III to some lentiviruses suggest that
      functional antigenic variation could be encountered. The methodology of
      developing a vaccine against the retroviruses causing AIDS should also be helpful
      in designing vaccine strategies against human leukemia and lymphomas caused by
      other members of this virus family.

PMID- 2410116
TI  - Prospects for treatment of human retrovirus-associated diseases.
AB  - Overwhelming evidence has been obtained over the past 2 years that human T-cell
      leukemia virus type III (HTLV-III) is the primary cause of acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome. The direct cytopathic effect of the virus on T4 helper
      cells demonstrated in vitro is probably responsible for the depletion of this
      critical population of cells in affected individuals which results in a series of
      devastating immunological abnormalities. It follows that any approaches effective
      in suppressing the virulent virus would be of benefit to the infected patient.
      The vast amount of knowledge about retroviruses in general, and the rapidly
      accumulating information about HTLV-III in particular, makes it likely that a
      targeted approach for development of antiviral agents will bear fruit. General
      strategies further making use of chemical and biological agents as well as
      genetic manipulations are discussed.

PMID- 2410117
TI  - Action of oral methylprednisolone in terminal cancer patients: a prospective
      randomized double-blind study.
AB  - A 14-day, randomized, double-blind crossover trial was carried out comparing an
      oral glucocorticoid, methylprednisolone (MP), against placebo for the relief of
      pain and other symptoms in 40 terminally ill cancer patients. After the 14-day,
      double-blind phase was completed, all patients were given MP for 20 days. The
      daily dose of MP was 32 mg, and end points of the study were pain, psychiatric
      status, appetite, nutritional status, daily activity, and performance. Mean
      intensity of pain (visual analogue, 0-100 +/- SD) was 36.8 +/- 14 after MP
      treatment and 57.7 +/- 15 after placebo (P less than 0.01). Following the 14-day,
      double-blind phase, appetite and daily activity increased in 24 of 31 patients
      (77%) and in 21 of 31 patients (68%) with MP, respectively; depression and
      analgesic consumption decreased in 22 of 31 patients (71%) and in 16 of 28
      patients (57%) with MP, respectively. MP was preferred over placebo by 23 of the
      31 patients (74%), and, in 22 of the 31 cases (71%), the investigator chose MP
      over placebo. No serious toxicity was found at the dose of MP used. It is
      concluded that MP increases the comfort of terminally ill cancer patients.

PMID- 2410118
TI  - Etoposide, carmustine, bleomycin, and methotrexate with leucovorin rescue as re
      treatment for unfavorable non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - Fifteen patients with unfavorable, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma refractory to front
      line chemotherapy were treated with etoposide, carmustine, bleomycin, and
      methotrexate with leucovorin rescue. Four patients achieved complete response and
      two achieved partial response. The durations of the complete responses were 4,
      12, 24, and 32 months, respectively. Three of the four complete responses
      occurred in five patients who failed to respond to initial combination
      chemotherapy. The major toxic effects were severe myelosuppression in eight of 52
      courses and pulmonary fibrosis in two patients. This regimen is useful in
      inducing durable remissions in patients with refractory, unfavorable, non
      Hodgkin's lymphomas.

PMID- 2410119
TI  - Sequentially administered 5-azacitidine and amsacrine in refractory adult acute
      leukemia: a phase I-II trial of the Southeastern Cancer Study Group.
AB  - The Southeastern Cancer Study Group conducted a phase I-II trial of sequentially
      administered 5-azacitidine and amsacrine in patients with refractory adult acute
      leukemia from September 1980 to March 1983. The 5-azacitidine was administered by
      continuous iv infusion on Days 1-4 at doses ranging from 112 to 200 mg/m2/day,
      while amsacrine was given at doses ranging from 75 to 150 mg/m2/day on Days 5-8.
      The doses of 5-azacitidine and amsacrine were alternately escalated through six
      dose levels during the phase I portion of the trial. Of 128 patients entered, 102
      (80%) were evaluable for response. Remission was achieved in 13 of 80 evaluable
      patients with acute myeloid leukemia, in one of 12 evaluable patients with acute
      lymphoid leukemia, and in none of 11 patients with blastic transformation of
      chronic granulocytic leukemia. Three remissions occurred in patients with acute
      myeloid leukemia who were refractory to initial induction chemotherapy with
      cytarabine and anthracycline combination chemotherapy. Remissions were relatively
      durable, lasting a median of 28 weeks in the 13 patients with refractory acute
      myeloid leukemia (range, 14-54 weeks). Toxic effects included universal severe
      myelosuppression, hyperbilirubinemia at a frequency and severity similar to those
      seen with amsacrine used as a single agent, moderately severe stomatitis and
      diarrhea, three incidents of amsacrine-related cardiac dysrhythmia, and a single
      case of probable drug-related cardiomyopathy. This combination has activity in
      the treatment of myeloid leukemia, which is primarily resistant to cytarabine and
      anthracyclines, and could have a role in primary management.

PMID- 2410120
TI  - Cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin in the treatment of metastatic melanoma: a
      phase II study of the Southeastern Cancer Study Group.
AB  - Fifty-one patients with metastatic melanoma were treated with cisplatin,
      vinblastine, and bleomycin. Of the 50 evaluable patients, 11 (22%) achieved an
      objective response, including three complete (6%) and eight partial (16%)
      responses. Four of the 11 responding patients had previously received
      dacarbazine; the remaining patients had received no prior chemotherapy. Responses
      were noted in cutaneous and lymph node sites as well as visceral metastases.
      However, with one exception, all responding patients with visceral involvement
      had lung metastases. Response durations were brief and toxicity was substantial.
      Nadir leukocyte counts less than 0.5 X 10(9)/L occurred in 28% of the patients.
      Debilitating neurotoxicity, primarily paralytic ileus, and severe nausea and
      emesis were experienced by 24% of the patients. The combination of cisplatin,
      vinblastine, and bleomycin is not sufficiently beneficial to warrant its use in
      metastatic melanoma.

PMID- 2410121
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetics of vindesine infusion.
AB  - Fifteen patients were given vindesine (VDS) either by iv bolus injections at
      doses ranging from 0.7 to 1.2 mg/m2 or by 5-day infusions (total dose: 5 mg/m2),
      in combination with cisplatin (20 mg/m2/day) and bleomycin (6 mg/m2/day) for 5
      days. For bolus injections, the total dose of VDS in one treatment was completed
      to 5 mg/m2 by infusion on Days 4 and 5. Drug concentrations in plasma and urine
      were measured by radioimmunoassay. Plasma concentration decay curves after bolus
      injection presented the expected triphasic shape, whereas for infusions, plasma
      concentrations increased and reached steady-state after about 30 hours and
      declined in a biphasic way after infusion discontinuation. Steady-state
      concentrations ranged from 4 to 15 micrograms/L and showed important variations
      among patients. Clearances estimated from the area under the concentration-time
      curves were significantly smaller for infusions than for bolus injections. This
      observation was interpreted as an indication of VDS pharmacokinetic nonlinearity.
      Terminal half-lives and renal clearances were not significantly different for the
      two types of administration. Toxicity of the treatment was generally limited,
      except for one major renal failure; two patients showed objective tumor
      regression after therapy.

PMID- 2410122
TI  - Analysis of "early" thymidine/inosine protection as an adjunct to methotrexate
      therapy.
AB  - The feasibility of "early" thymidine and inosine protection of methotrexate (MTX)
      toxicity is evaluated in this paper. This approach is based on the proposition
      that the most vulnerable period for susceptible host cells to MTX toxicity is an
      interval following a pulse of MTX when the MTX monoglutamate level is high. In
      contrast, tumor cells that accumulate active MTX polyglutamyl derivatives are
      exposed to the cytotoxic effects of MTX, not only when the monoglutamate levels
      are high, but also over the much longer interval during which polyglutamyl
      derivatives are retained within these cells. The protecting agents employed,
      thymidine and inosine, circumvent the antipurine and antipyrimidine effects of
      MTX, but neither agent inhibits the transport or the polyglutamylation of MTX.
      Nucleoside protection given over 6 hours after MTX markedly decreased toxicity to
      normal BDF1 mice at MTX doses up to 150 mg/kg/day for 3 consecutive days. The
      LD10 for unprotected mice was 14 mg/kg/day, while the LD10 for the protected mice
      was 114 mg/kg/day, a greater than eightfold increase in the drug dose delivered.
      MTX with early nucleoside protection produced a 50% increase in median life span
      in tumor-bearing mice at doses of drug that were toxic to unprotected mice. Flow
      cytometric analyses indicated that consecutive daily pulses of MTX with early
      nucleoside protection alter the cell cycle distribution. By 24 hours after the
      last of three daily pulses of MTX, the G1 component was maximal (80% of the cell
      population), with less than 2% of the cells in G2M and 17% of the cells in S
      phase. This distribution persisted for 24 hours, after which a normal pattern
      emerged, a process that was accelerated by neither thymidine/inosine nor
      leucovorin. These studies support the concept that toxicity to the host is
      initiated largely in the interval shortly after MTX administration. The data
      indicate that early nucleoside protection permits the repetitive administration
      of much higher doses of MTX than can be given with MTX alone. This approach may
      be useful not only in the treatment of human neoplasms but in the treatment of
      other disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, or psoriasis.
      Finally, this paper considers the potential advantages of early thymidine/inosine
      protection in comparison to leucovorin rescue with the administration of low or
      moderate doses of MTX.

PMID- 2410123
TI  - Bleomycin, mitomycin, and cisplatin therapy for advanced squamous carcinoma of
      the uterine cervix: a phase II study of the Northern California Oncology Group.
AB  - Twenty-eight patients with advanced squamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix
      received cisplatin, bleomycin, and mitomycin after failure of surgery and/or
      irradiation to control disease. Six patients (21%) achieved responses (two
      complete; four partial), ranging from 3 to 7+ months. Toxicity was acceptable for
      most patients; however, dose reduction because of myelosuppression was frequently
      required. Bleomycin was delivered by continuous iv infusion, and no significant
      pulmonary toxicity was observed. Although this combination of drugs has activity
      in advanced squamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix, the addition of cisplatin
      to bleomycin and mitomycin did not significantly increase the clinical response
      rate.

PMID- 2410124
TI  - Complications of renal tumor embolization.
AB  - In 121 renal tumor embolizations with four different embolic agents (Gelfoam,
      Ivalon, ethanol, coils) the mean complication rate was 9.9%, with a mortality of
      3.3%. Because of the large embolized tumor mass and the severely impaired health
      of patients, the complication rate in palliative embolizations was about four
      times as high as in preoperative procedures. Complications most commonly
      encountered were renal failure and unintentional embolization of nontarget
      organs.

PMID- 2410125
TI  - Effects of electrical stimulation and an intracellular calcium chelator on
      calcium movement in suspensions of isolated myocardial muscle cells.
AB  - The procedure of Haworth RA, Hunter DR and Berkoff HA (J Mol Cell Cardiol, 1980;
      12:715-23) for the isolation of myocardial muscle cells from rat hearts has been
      modified by the addition of a step which involves centrifugation of the cells
      through a Percoll gradient. This increased the proportion of rod-shaped cells
      from 47 +/- 2.2 to 80 +/- 1.3% (mean +/- SEM, n = 7). In the absence of
      electrical stimulation but in the presence of 1.3 mmol . litre-1 Ca2+ less than
      2% of the cells beat spontaneously. This number was not increased by addition of
      the Ca2+-selective ionophore A23187. A method in which isolated myocytes
      suspended in a cyclindrical incubation chamber are stimulated to beat by
      electrical impulses is described. At 1.3 mmol . litre-1 extracellular Ca2+,
      electrical stimulation increased by 30% the amount of 45Ca2+ exchanged in the
      period 0.25 to 3 min following addition of 45Ca2+. For myocytes subjected to
      electrical stimulation, the amount of 45Ca2+ exchanged increased as the
      concentration of extracellular Ca2+ increased. At 0.5 mmol . litre-1
      extracellular Ca2+ verapamil reduced the amount of 45Ca2+ exchanged by 15% while
      La3+ reduced the amount of 45Ca2+ exchanged by 80%. Incubation of myocytes with
      the acetoxymethyl ester of the intracellular Ca2+ chelating agent bis (o
      aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N'N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) for 45 min led to an
      inhibition of contraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410126
TI  - Endocytosis by platelets during cationized ferritin-induced aggregation.
AB  - Localization of cationized ferritin (CF) particles in the process of CF-induced
      aggregation of rabbit platelets was investigated by electron microscopy. CF
      particles attached to the surface membrane of discoidal platelets immediately
      after the addition of CF. Some platelets were connected to each other through the
      CF particles located on their surfaces. At 30 s after the addition of CF,
      aggregation of platelets in round form was observed. During the time course of
      aggregation, CF particles moved to the interplatelet spaces. Also CF particles
      were found in the open canalicular system, the membrane component of which was
      stained with ruthenium red. On the other hand, CF particles were also found in
      ruthenium-red-negative vesicles in platelets. At 180 s after, CF particles
      containing vacuoles, which showed acid phosphatase activity, were observed in the
      aggregates. These results suggest that part of CF particles may be incorporated
      into the cytoplasma by endocytosis.

PMID- 2410127
TI  - Electron-microscopic study of the collagen fibrils of the rat tail tendon as
      revealed by freeze-fracture and freeze-etching techniques.
AB  - The ultrastructure of the collagen of rat tail tendon was investigated by the
      freeze-fracture technique. Collagen fibers were pretreated with the digestive
      enzymes, alpha-amylase, elastase and collagenase to remove matrix substances.
      Some of the samples were etched for 20 min. Fibrils had an average diameter of
      318 +/- 12 nm and a banded structure with a mean periodicity of 64.2 +/- 0.9 mm;
      the banding was most marked in alpha-amylase/elastase-treated specimens, although
      the periodicity was independent of pretreatment. Microfibrils were well-displayed
      following alpha-amylase/elastase and collagenase pretreatments. A difference in
      the diameters of microfibrils was, however, observed between etched specimens
      (8.3 +/- 0.3 nm) and those prepared by other experimental methods (11.4 +/- 0.5
      nm). In replicas of collagenase-treated and etched specimens, the interconnecting
      filaments in the interfibrillar region formed a network that was continuous with
      the microfibrils of collagen fibrils. The diameter of the interconnecting
      filaments was the same as that of microfibrils. Microfibrillar bundles were
      observed in the interfibrillar region.

PMID- 2410128
TI  - Oligodendrocytes in the pons and middle cerebellar peduncle of the cat.
      Topographical relations to neurons and transverse axon bundles.
AB  - Morphology, microtopography and numerical density of oligodendrocytes were
      analyzed by light microscopy in the pontine gray and middle cerebellar peduncle
      of adult cats. The cells were selectively stained by use of the dicyanoargentate
      technique (Ogawa et al. 1975) that visualizes the entire cell population
      including perikarya and characteristic features of processes. On the basis of
      different microtopographical relations to neuronal perikarya and/or transversely
      oriented axon bundles, six groups of oligodendrocytes were separately analyzed:
      interfascicular, intrafascicular, perifascicular, perineuronal satellite,
      perifascicular-perineuronal, and "neuropil" cells. The cell morphology did not co
      vary with any of these groups, but the shape of oligodendrocytes was on an
      average more elongated in the peduncle than in the pontine gray. The average cell
      density was similar in the gray and white matter (55000-56000 cells/mm3).
      However, 76% of the cells were concentrated near neuronal perikarya and axon
      bundles in a volume fraction of only 34%. Between adjacent neurons and axon
      bundles the cell density was even higher suggesting an additive behavior of these
      two topographical groups of oligodendrocytes. Axon bundles within the pontine
      gray contained only very few oligodendrocytes (density 6% that of the peduncle).
      These observations and quantitative data suggest that the perifascicular cells
      belong to the group of oligodendrocytes that are topographically related to axons
      (similar to interfascicular glia of the white matter) rather than to neuronal
      perikarya or neuropil.

PMID- 2410129
TI  - Reissner's fiber and the wall of the central canal in the lumbo-sacral region of
      the bovine spinal cord. Comparative immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study.
AB  - Reissner's fiber (RF) of the subcommissural organ (SCO), the central canal and
      its bordering structures, and the filum terminale were investigated in the bovine
      spinal cord by use of transmission electron microscopy, histochemical methods and
      light-microscopic immunocytochemistry. The primary antisera were raised against
      the bovine RF, or the SCO proper. Comparative immunocytochemical studies were
      also performed on the lumbo-sacral region of the rat, rabbit, dog and pig. At all
      levels of the bovine spinal cord, RF was strongly immunoreactive with both
      antisera. From cervical to upper sacral levels of the bovine spinal cord there
      was an increasing number of ependymal cells immunostainable with both antisera.
      The free surface of the central canal was covered by a layer of immunoreactive
      material. At sacral levels small subependymal immunoreactive cells were observed.
      From all these structures sharing the same immunoreactivity, only RF was stained
      by the paraldehyde-fuchsin and periodic-acid-Schiff methods. At the
      ultrastructural level, ependymal cells with numerous protrusions extending into
      the central canal were seen in the lower lumbar segments, whereas cells
      displaying signs of secretory activity were principally found in the ependyma of
      the upper sacral levels. A few cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons were
      observed at all levels of the spinal cord; they were immunostained with an anti
      tubulin serum. The lumbo-sacral segments of the dog, rat and rabbit, either fixed
      by vascular perfusion or in the same manner as the bovine material, did not show
      any immunoreactive structure other than RF. The possibilities that the
      immunoreactive ependymal cells might play a secretory or an absorptive role, or
      be the result of post-mortem events, are discussed.

PMID- 2410130
TI  - Ca-pumps in smooth muscle: one in plasma membrane and another in endoplasmic
      reticulum.
AB  - For several years it has been debated whether the Ca-pump in smooth muscle is
      located in the plasma membrane or in the endoplasmic reticulum (alias
      sarcoplasmic reticulum). Experimental evidence using skinned smooth muscle cells
      and subcellular membrane fractions isolated from a number of smooth muscles is
      reviewed here to hopefully resolve this issue. The inescapable conclusion is that
      there are two modes of nonmitochondrial ATP-dependent Ca-transport. The first
      one, unaffected by oxalate, is localized in the plasma membranes and the second,
      potentiated by oxalate, is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Clear
      experiments to delineate the roles of the two pumps in the excitation-contraction
      cycle of the smooth muscle remain to be conducted.

PMID- 2410131
TI  - The effect of ETH 1001 on ion fluxes across red blood cell membranes.
AB  - The calcium selective ionophore, ETH 1001, and the divalent cation ionophore,
      A23187, promoted Ca2+ flux across RBC membranes under various experimental
      conditions. ETH 1001 did not promote the passive movement of Mg2+ whereas A23187
      did. The results confirm the potential application of ETH 1001 as a Ca2+
      selective ionophore for biological membranes.

PMID- 2410132
TI  - Symptomatologic interdependence or interindependence as a key alternative in
      migraine and cluster headache mechanisms.

PMID- 2410133
TI  - Neurogenic control of cerebral circulation.
AB  - The cerebral vascular neuromuscular apparatus consists of a varicose perivascular
      nerve plexus at the adventitial-medial border and smooth muscle cells in the
      medial coat that are functionally connected. In addition to noradrenaline and
      acetylcholine, a number of putative non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic
      neurotransmitters have been identified in cerebral perivascular nerves, including
      serotonin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, gastrin-releasing
      peptide, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, neurotensin, calcitonin gene-related
      peptide and neuropeptide Y. The role of adenosine-5'-triphosphate as a
      cotransmitter with noradrenaline in some perivascular sympathetic nerves, and of
      endothelial cells in mediating the vasodilatation produced by some neurohumoral
      agents is discussed. Speculations are made about the relation between vascular
      neuroeffector mechanisms and migraine, including the possibility of local
      vasospasm by serotoninergic nerves, reactive hyperaemia involving purine
      nucleotides and nucleosides, release of substance P from sensory nerve
      collaterals during antidromic ('axon reflex') impulses and secondary release of
      local agents such as prostanoids, histamine and bradykinin.

PMID- 2410134
TI  - Vascular headaches and cerebral circulation: an overview.
AB  - A complex network of neurotransmission systems underlies the control of the
      cerebral circulation. Classical neurotransmitters, vasoactive peptides and
      receptors have been found in cerebral arteries. Central and peripheral structures
      are also probably involved in the neurogenic control of the cerebral circulation.
      Vascular and neurotransmission changes reported in vascular headaches suggest
      that an alteration of the neurogenic control of the brain circulation may be
      implicated in vascular headaches. In particular, locus coeruleus, which may
      control the intracerebral adrenergic pathway, can induce vascular changes similar
      to those of migraine. Moreover, the trigeminal ganglion, which may induce the
      release of substance P, can change the extracranial and intracranial vasodilator
      activity. The vascular theory of migraine, proposed by Wolff, is re-evaluated on
      the grounds of a possible mediation of the vascular responses by
      neurotransmitters. It is hypothesized that a deficient modulation by enkephalins
      may cause alterations of locus coeruleus and/or trigeminal ganglion. The problem
      of pain in vascular headaches is also considered: whether it is of vascular
      origin or whether it is due to a dysfunction of the central nociceptive pathway.
      Knowledge of the neurogenic control of the cerebral circulation may be useful in
      understanding some pathogenetic mechanisms of vascular headaches.

PMID- 2410135
TI  - Stable reduction of thymidine kinase activity in cells expressing high levels of
      anti-sense RNA.
AB  - Anti-sense thymidine kinase (TK) RNA was expressed as part of a chimeric
      dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) anti-sense TK transcript. High level expression
      was obtained by selection of cells resistant to progressively higher levels of
      methotrexate, provided by overproduction of DHFR. The result was a concomitant
      increase in intracellular anti-sense TK RNA level owing to its presence on the
      same transcription unit as DHFR. In several cell lines expressing high levels of
      anti-sense TK RNA, thymidine kinase activity was reduced by 80%-90%. RNA:RNA
      duplexes were detected in the nuclear fraction. The results suggest a mechanism
      for diminution of TK activity; anti-sense RNA hybridizes with sense TK RNA in the
      nucleus, and duplex containing TK transcripts fail to enter the cytoplasm with
      normal efficiency.

PMID- 2410136
TI  - Cloning and characterization of the myelin basic protein gene from mouse: one
      gene can encode both 14 kd and 18.5 kd MBPs by alternate use of exons.
AB  - A mouse cosmid library was screened with a cDNA clone for rat small (M, 14,000)
      myelin basic protein (MBP). The entire MBP gene was isolated. Five exons were
      detected with the cDNA clone, which encode the Mr 14,000 MBP. A sixth exon,
      detected using a synthetic oligonucleotide, encodes the 41 amino acids specific
      to the Mr 18,500 form of MBP. Splicing together all six exons would give rise to
      Mr 18,500 MBP, while an mRNA omitting exon V would be translated to produce Mr
      14,000 MBP. Further experiments indicate that there is probably a single MBP gene
      in the mouse genome, and that there is a single major 5' end for mouse MBP
      transcripts, 47 bp 5' of the initiator methionine codon.

PMID- 2410137
TI  - Chromosomal mapping of mouse myelin basic protein gene and structure and
      transcription of the partially deleted gene in shiverer mutant mice.
AB  - The gene for mouse myelin basic protein (MBP) was mapped to chromosome 18 by
      hybridization of cloned MBP probes to DNA from hamster-mouse hybrid cell lines,
      showing it to be linked to the shiverer mutation which causes abnormal CNS
      myelination. Genomic blotting experiments show that in the mutants five of six
      exons which constitute the wild-type gene have been deleted. In shiverer brains
      the steady state level of transcripts that initiate correctly at the 5' end of
      the remaining exon 1 is reduced 16-fold. These RNAs are not spliced correctly and
      are not efficiently polyadenylated. It is proposed that the partial deletion of
      the MBP gene is an important part of the shiverer lesion.

PMID- 2410138
TI  - Sequences required for 3' end formation of human U2 small nuclear RNA.
AB  - Xenopus oocytes injected with human U2 snRNA genes synthesize mature U2 as well
      as a U2 precursor with about 10 extra 3' nucleotides (human pre-U2 RNA).
      Formation of the pre-U2 3' end requires a downstream element located between
      position +16 and +37 in the U2 3'-flanking sequence. The distance between this
      element and the U2 coding region can be increased without affecting formation of
      the pre-U2 3' end. When the natural sequence surrounding the pre-U2 3' end is
      changed, novel 3' ends are still generated within a narrow range upstream from
      the element. The 3' terminal stem-loop of U2 snRNA is not required for pre-U2 3'
      end formation. A sequence within the 3' element (GTTTN0-3AAAPuNNAGA) is conserved
      among snRNA genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Our results suggest that the
      3' ends of pre-U2 RNA and histone mRNA may be generated by related but distinct
      RNA processing mechanisms.

PMID- 2410139
TI  - Mapping the major transcripts of ground squirrel hepatitis virus: the presumptive
      template for reverse transcriptase is terminally redundant.
AB  - The ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV) belongs to a recently defined class of
      viruses with open circular DNA genomes that encode proteins in extensively
      overlapping reading frames and appear to replicate via RNA intermediates. We have
      determined the primary structure of the major GSHV transcripts in the livers of
      infected ground squirrels. Both major classes of transcripts, 2.3 kb and 3.5 kb,
      are plus-stranded, unspliced, polyadenylated at a common position, and display
      heterogeneous 5' ends that can encode proteins with different amino termini. The
      2.3 kb transcripts, like their structural analogs transcribed from human
      hepatitis B virus DNA, are likely mRNAs for products of the major surface antigen
      and presurface coding domains. The 3.5 kb transcripts are likely mRNAs for one or
      more products of the core antigen reading frame; these transcripts also encompass
      the entire genome and contain terminal redundancies of 130-160 nucleotides that
      include a putative initiation site for reverse transcription.

PMID- 2410140
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the visna lentivirus: relationship to the AIDS virus.
AB  - We have determined the complete 9202 nucleotide sequence of the visna lentivirus.
      The deduced genetic organization most closely resembles that of the AIDS
      retrovirus in that there is a novel central region separating pol and env.
      Moreover, there is a close phylogenetic relationship between the conserved
      reverse transcriptase and endonuclease/integrase domains of the visna and AIDS
      viruses. These findings support the inclusion of the AIDS virus in the retroviral
      subfamily Lentivirinae.

PMID- 2410141
TI  - Purification and characterization of vaccinia virus growth factor.
AB  - A growth factor detected in the medium of vaccinia-virus-infected cells was
      purified to homogeneity. Sequence analysis shows it to be a processed form of a
      polypeptide encoded in the vaccinia virus genome which is related to epidermal
      growth factor (EGF) and alpha-transforming growth factor (alpha TGF). The amino
      terminus of the processed vaccinia virus growth factor (VVGF) begins at residue
      20 of the primary translation product, indicating a signal sequence has been
      removed. The amino acid composition of purified VVGF predicts the carboxyl
      terminus is at, or near, residue 96, suggesting a transmembrane sequence has also
      been removed from secreted VVGF, which is, therefore, approximately 77 amino
      acids. VVGF, unlike EGF or alpha TGF, is glycosylated. VVGF binds to the EGF
      receptor and stimulates its autophosphorylation, suggesting that vaccinia virus
      has acquired sequences encoding a growth factor that may allow it to subvert EGF
      receptor-dependent functions.

PMID- 2410142
TI  - E. coli ribosomal protein operons: the case of the misplaced genes.

PMID- 2410143
TI  - The T cell receptor: the alpha and beta chains define idiotype, and antigen and
      MHC specificity.
AB  - Three independent T cell hybridomas were isolated that have identical
      specificities for antigen and products of the major histocompatibility complex
      (MHC). All three react with the same clone-specific antireceptor antibody, and
      Southern blots show all three contain the same rearranged alpha and beta genes.
      Variants of one of these hybridomas, DO-11.10, were isolated that had lost the
      ability to respond to antigen plus MHC. These proved to have lost the DO-11.10
      specific alpha or beta genes or both. Fusion of alpha-loss variants to beta-loss
      variants restored reactivity. These results indicate that the specific
      recognition of antigen plus MHC is determined solely by the alpha/beta-containing
      T cell receptor.

PMID- 2410144
TI  - V beta gene polymorphism and a major polyclonal T cell receptor idiotype.
AB  - Genetic polymorphism in the beta variable gene pool (V beta) is responsible for
      the strain-specific distribution of the KJ16 T cell receptor (TcR) marker on 20%
      of peripheral T cells. KJ16+ strains carry two homologous V beta genes that are
      absent in KJ16- strains. All functional KJ16+ T cell hybrids tested express a
      member of this V beta subset. mRNA hybridizing to this variable-region probe can
      be easily detected in total splenic T cells of a prototype KJ16+ strain. Thus,
      20% of the TcR from the cytotoxic and helper T cell population, with various MHC
      restrictions and antigen reactivities, can be generated from two V beta genes.
      However, their deletion appears to have no effect on the functionality of the T
      cell repertoire.

PMID- 2410145
TI  - Modulation of fetal and neonatal rat hepatocyte functional activity by
      glucocorticoids in co-culture.
AB  - Fetal and neonatal rat hepatocytes were cultured alone or in association with
      another liver epithelial cell type, in a medium with or without hydrocortisone.
      Secretion of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein decreased in pure hepatocyte culture,
      whereas in co-culture it remained stable for several days. Furthermore, addition
      of hydrocortisone to the co-culture medium induced a rapid increase in albumin
      production which was maintained at a high level. In contrast, alpha-fetoprotein
      production was inhibited. At the same time, an abundant extracellular material
      was secreted between and around hepatocyte colonies. The results demonstrate that
      the reciprocal relation between albumin and alpha-fetoprotein production which
      occurs during in vivo perinatal hepatocyte maturation is also observed in vitro.
      Both cell-cell contacts and glucocorticoids play a key role in this process. It
      appears that fetal and neonatal hepatocytes can maturate when maintained in a co
      culture system.

PMID- 2410146
TI  - The cytotoxicity of bleomycin A2 on adult rat liver epithelial cell lines at
      different stages of spontaneous cell transformation.
AB  - Cytotoxic effects of Bleomycin A2 on adult rat liver epithelial cell lines were
      evaluated by three methods: the incorporation rate of (3H) thymidine for DNA
      biosynthesis, the incorporation rate of L-(3H) leucine for protein biosynthesis
      and Giemsa dye staining of surviving cells. Chromosome investigations at
      successive passages of cell lines have shown that spontaneous chromosome
      abnormalities in distribution and structure after 15-20 passages, i.e. 50 to 60
      cell generations, were the earliest morphological sign of spontaneous
      transformation. In this study a highly spontaneously transformed cell line was
      very sensitive to the drug. Another cell line at the beginning of spontaneous
      transformation appeared to be insensitive although on further passage it became
      more sensitive. The use of microtitration plates made it easier for us to
      undertake a comparative study of the different parameters. Following Bleomycin A2
      exposure, Giemsa staining gave the best evaluation of cell killing whereas
      thymidine incorporation allowed the estimation of cell recovery. The
      antineoplastic effect of Bleomycin A2 can probably be used to evaluate the
      malignant potential of different rat liver epithelial cell lines.

PMID- 2410148
TI  - [Dextran and its use in the control of sterility in transfusion preparations].

PMID- 2410147
TI  - Histochemical detection of DNA strand scissions in mammalian cells by in situ
      nick translation.
AB  - A method to visualize in situ of single strand scissions of DNA in fixed
      mammalian cells has been developed. Using the nuclear nick translation with
      biotin-labeled dUTP followed by binding to avidin-biotin-peroxydase complex, the
      nuclei of HeLa cells which had been treated with a DNA-damaging antibiotic
      bleomycin were specifically stained, implicating that the histochemical detection
      of single strand scissions (nicks) of DNA in fixed cells was completed without
      destroying the morphology, and without using autoradiography.

PMID- 2410149
TI  - [Blood levels of acute phase reactants in threatened premature labor].

PMID- 2410150
TI  - Accumulation and elimination of macromolecular lesions in susceptible and non
      susceptible rat tissues after repeated administration of trans-4
      acetylaminostilbene.
AB  - Trans-4-acetylaminostilbene (trans-AAS) is a potent carcinogen and quite
      specifically produces sebaceous gland tumors, predominantly in the Zymbal's gland
      of rats. It is also acutely toxic to the rat glandular stomach. Recent results
      have shown that these target tissues are not notably exposed to reactive
      metabolites after single administration of the compound. Therefore, experiments
      were designed to test whether multiple exposures cause changes in metabolic
      activation or repair of DNA-bound metabolites to the effect that target and non
      target tissues accumulate macromolecular damage differently. Trans-[3H]AAS was
      orally administered to female Wistar rats in 12 doses over 6 weeks and binding of
      metabolites to proteins, RNA and DNA in several tissues as well as the pattern of
      adducts in liver nucleic acids were measured. In addition, the elimination of
      macromolecular-bound metabolites was determined at various intervals during the
      treatment. Metabolism and clearance of bound metabolites remained unaltered. As a
      consequence, DNA-bound metabolites accumulated in all tissues measured; to the
      greatest extent in the non-target tissues liver and kidney. Tissue exposure, as
      estimated by protein-binding, differed by a factor of 10 and decreased in the
      following order: liver, kidney, lung, Zymbal's gland, glandular stomach, mammary
      tissue. The results support the notion that neither the extent nor the
      persistence of DNA-binding correlate with the biological effects of trans-AAS.

PMID- 2410151
TI  - Synthetic studies on an antitumor antibiotic, bleomycin. XII. Preparation of an L
      2,3-diaminopropionic acid derivative as a synthetic intermediate.

PMID- 2410152
TI  - Synthetic studies on an antitumor antibiotic, bleomycin. XIII. Synthesis of 2
      formylpyrimidine, a key intermediate for the pyrimidine moiety of bleomycin.

PMID- 2410153
TI  - Synthetic studies on an antitumor antibiotic, bleomycin. XIV. The synthesis of
      Boc-pyrimidoblamic acid.

PMID- 2410154
TI  - Medicinal chemical studies on synthetic protease inhibitors, trans-4
      guanidinomethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid aryl esters.

PMID- 2410155
TI  - Studies on the activities of tannins and related compounds from medicinal plants
      and drugs. VI. Inhibitory effects of caffeoylquinic acids on histamine release
      from rat peritoneal mast cells.

PMID- 2410156
TI  - The use of monoclonal antibodies for the antigenic analysis of influenza A
      viruses.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies have been found to provide useful additional information
      for the antigenic analysis of influenza A viruses of the H3N2 and H1N1 subtypes.
      They have been particularly useful in the interpandemic period when multiple
      variants circulate concurrently.Apparently heterogeneous isolates can be placed
      in fairly clear-cut groups on the basis of their reactivity with certain
      monoclonal antibody preparations. It is thought likely that variants reacting
      with the least number of monoclones are the most different antigenically from the
      fully reactive strains.

PMID- 2410157
TI  - Antigenic and amino acid sequence analyses of influenza viruses of the H1N1
      subtype isolated between 1982 and 1984.
AB  - Since the reintroduction of influenza viruses of the H1N1 subtype into the human
      population in 1977, antigenically distinguishable viruses have been isolated each
      year from outbreaks of respiratory disease in young people. In this paper the
      antigenic properties of viruses representative of isolates made in 1982, 1983,
      and 1984 are compared, and the amino acid sequences of their haemagglutinins are
      presented. The results provide a complete description of the 1982 and 1983 H1N1
      influenza virus haemagglutinins and allow correlation of specific amino acid
      sequence differences with antigenic differences.

PMID- 2410159
TI  - Responses of human cervical keratinocytes in vitro to tumour promoters and
      diethylstilboestrol.
AB  - We have compared the responses of normal human cervical keratinocytes (HCE) to
      diethylstilboestrol (DES), and the promoting agents, phorbol-12-myristate-13
      acetate (PMA) and mezerein using the loss of cloning efficiency as a measure of
      terminal differentiation in vitro. Dose-response studies showed that normal HCE
      are growth inhibited by chronic exposure to DES at concentrations greater than or
      equal to 2.5 X 10(-5) M, to PMA at concentrations greater than 10(-8) M and
      mezerein at concentrations greater than 10(-9) M. Compared to acetone controls,
      promoter or DES-treated cells exhibited a 10- to 12-fold increase in cornified
      envelope formation. Normal HCE exhibit a heterogeneous response to PMA in that 85
      90% of colony-forming cells lose their colony-forming ability after a 24-h
      exposure to 10(-6) M PMA. The PMA-resistant subpopulation, PMAR, remains constant
      and is not reduced even after 96 h chronic exposure to PMA. In contrast, the
      colony-forming ability of normal HCE is almost totally suppressed after 24 h
      exposure to 10(-6) M mezerein. After 24 h incubation with 5 X 10(-5) M DES, 20%
      of normal HCE are capable of colony formation but this resistant fraction is
      eliminated after 96 h chronic exposure. Cornified-envelope formation was
      negligible in malignant cervical keratinocytes grown in the presence of DES or
      promotors and these cells were characterised by a very large PMAR fraction - 85 -
      90% of cells retained colony-forming ability after exposure to 10(-6) M PMA for
      24 h. Furthermore, 90-100% of malignant cervical keratinocytes retained their
      colony-forming capacity after exposure to 10(-6) M mezerein. However, colony
      forming ability declined steadily in the presence of 5 X 10(-5) M DES and after
      96 h only a tiny fraction, 1% of malignant cervical keratinocytes could form
      colonies on replating. The mechanisms by which DES inhibits growth and induces
      cornified-envelope formation in HCE would appear to be distinct from those
      activated by PMA and mezerein.

PMID- 2410158
TI  - Differential calcium leucovorin protection of human lymphoid cell lines from
      methotrexate.
AB  - Human lymphoid cell lines were studied for leucovorin requirements to protect
      from methotrexate (MTX)-induced growth suppression. Over a 72h continuous
      exposure leucovorin provided better protection to the cell lines LAZ-007 and RAJI
      than to the cell lines CCRF-CEM and MOLT-4. The lower leucovorin requirement for
      LAZ-007 protection versus CCRF-CEM was also seen over a 3h exposure period in
      which leucovorin protection was assessed by measuring its effect on MTX-induced
      suppression of 3H-deoxyuridine incorporation into acid-precipitable material.
      Growth experiments with addition of hypoxanthine or thymidine did not abolish
      differential protection, suggesting that the phenomenon is not related to
      selective differences in the tolerance of these cells to an MTX-induced
      purineless or thymineless state. Preloading of cells with calcium leucovorin
      caused an identical shift of the CCRF-CEM and LAZ-007 MTX dose - response curves,
      suggesting that differential catabolism of leucovorin does not contribute to
      differential protection. The same degree of differential protection was observed
      for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate as for leucovorin, suggesting that differences in
      the metabolism of leucovorin do not contribute to differential protection. To
      elucidate the mechanism of differential protection the influence of leucovorin on
      [3H]MTX transport and polyglutamylation were studied. Although the Km(MTX) influx
      and the Ki(leucovorin) for MTX uptake were lower in CCRF-CEM compared with LAZ
      007 cells, the size of the difference does not seem adequate to explain
      differential protection. The extent of MTX polyglutamylation in CCRF-CEM and LAZ
      007 cells was identical and the influence of leucovorin on MTX polyglutamylation
      was the same in both cell lines.

PMID- 2410160
TI  - Cell specificity of rat cytokeratin p39 during azo dye-induced
      hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - Monoclonal or affinity-purified antibodies specific to Novikoff hepatoma
      cytokeratin p39 were employed to study the origin and fate of p39-containing cell
      types during hepatocarcinogenesis induced with N,N-dimethyl-p(m-tolylazo)aniline.
      Frozen sections were obtained from the livers of animals autopsied temporally
      during carcinogen feeding and were assayed immunohistochemically. In normal,
      untreated liver or in liver from animals fed the hepatotoxin alpha-naphthyl
      isothiocyanate, the localization of p39 was restricted to bile duct epithelial
      cells while hepatocytes were non-reactive. However, during carcinogen treatment
      we observed a sequential appearance of immunoreactive cells which were similar
      morphologically to the classical 'oval' cells of hepatocarcinogenesis; eventually
      these cell types were enriched around the preneoplastic hepatocyte nodules.
      Occasional transformed hepatocytes within the nodules exhibited strong
      immunoreactivity. In the later stages of hepatocarcinogenesis, these antibodies
      stained the epithelial cells in areas of severe adenosis as well as the
      neoplastic epithelial cells of cholangiomas and some, but not all, hepatocellular
      carcinomas. Our results document the presence of p39 in the 'oval' cells of
      hepatocarcinogenesis and indicate that some populations of transformed
      hepatocytes exhibit this cytokeratin after transformation.

PMID- 2410161
TI  - The blood-brain barrier. Transport across the cerebral endothelium.

PMID- 2410162
TI  - Acute hypotension due to platelet serotonin-induced chemoreflexes after
      intravenous injection of dextran sulfate in the rabbit.
AB  - The hypotension and bradycardia observed after intravenous injection of dextran
      sulfate in rabbits was prevented by prior depletion of circulating platelets, but
      was not prevented by depletion of the third component of complement or Hageman
      factor. Dextran sulfate injection caused immediate thrombocytopenia with
      temporary localization of platelets within lungs. Morphological analysis revealed
      platelet aggregates in lung capillaries. The platelets had changed shape and were
      in the process of degranulating. Serotonin and histamine levels in blood
      increased approximately 5-fold and 7-fold, respectively, after dextran sulfate
      injection. The cardiovascular events following dextran sulfate injection were
      mimicked by intravenous serotonin but not by intravenous histamine injection,
      although a combination of serotonin and histamine reproduced the pattern of blood
      pressure changes better than did either agent alone. Quantification of platelets
      trapped in lung revealed that the potential release of serotonin from trapped
      platelets could account for the rise in plasma serotonin concentration and the
      hemodynamic changes observed. Both the dextran sulfate-induced cardiovascular
      effects and serotonin-induced hypotension were markedly diminished by cutting
      vagus and depressor nerves, and were virtually abolished by carotid ligation in
      addition to nerve section. These results support the concept that platelet
      activation within rabbit lungs may cause hypotension via serotonin-induced
      chemoreflexes.

PMID- 2410163
TI  - Amylase assay and diagnosis of pancreatic disease.

PMID- 2410164
TI  - Epitope-selective, monoclonal-antibody-based immunoradiometric assays of
      predictable specificity for differential measurement of choriogonadotropin and
      its subunits.
AB  - Knowing the epitope specificities of our monoclonal antibodies (MCA) to human
      choriogonadotropin (hCG), we could design three classes of two-site
      immunoradiometric assays (IRMA): a combination of two MCA recognizing two
      separate alpha-epitopes (alpha-MCA) provides a system (i.e., an alpha-IRMA) that
      measures holo-hCG plus free alpha-subunits plus follitropin, lutropin, and
      thyrotropin, whereas a beta-IRMA, consisting of two beta-MCA, quantifies holo-hCG
      plus free beta-subunits. The amount of either of the two subunits can be
      calculated by subtracting the amount of holo-hCG determined in parallel in a holo
      hCG-IRMA. In the latter, one of the alpha- or beta-MCA may be either cross
      combined or, preferably, paired with an MCA specific for a conformational
      epitope. These analytical specificities, predicted from our previously
      established epitope map of hCG, could be experimentally verified. With these
      IRMAS we could demonstrate that in certain choriocarcinoma cell lines the
      earliest and quantitatively predominant tumor marker is the free alpha-subunit.
      Similar results showing an unbalanced secretion of hCG and its subunits were
      obtained for patients with related tumors. These findings challenge the present
      diagnostic practice of relying solely on "beta-hCG" radioimmunoassays and at the
      same time offer a novel analytical strategy.

PMID- 2410165
TI  - Which prostate antigen is which?

PMID- 2410166
TI  - Artificial macroamylases and monoclonality of macroenzymes.

PMID- 2410167
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to a 28,000 mol. wt protein antigen of Mycobacterium
      leprae.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) have been used to analyse a protein antigen from
      Mycobacterium leprae with a subunit mol. wt of 28,000 daltons. Three different
      patterns of species specificity were observed with two antibodies being specific
      for M. leprae, two partially specific, and one broadly cross-reactive amongst all
      mycobacteria. Competitive binding and sandwich assays demonstrated that the
      specific and partially specific antibodies recognized closely related regions of
      the molecule while the cross-reactive antibody recognized a spatially separate
      epitope on the same polypeptide chain. Identification of specific and cross
      reactive epitopes on a single antigenic molecule may be of considerable
      importance for understanding the functioning of the cell-mediated immune system
      during leprosy infection and the use of MoAb for such analyses is discussed.

PMID- 2410168
TI  - Absence of correlation between the degree of alveolitis and antibody levels to
      Micropolysporum faeni.
AB  - Specific IgG antibody (Ab) levels to Micropolysporum faeni (MF) antigen were
      measured in three study groups: 29 farmers of whom one had acute, two chronic and
      26 with a past history of Farmer's lung disease (FLD), 91 clinically asymptomatic
      but exposed farmers and 23 unexposed donors. This study confirms the greater
      sensitivity of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) over double
      immunodiffusion (DID): 34 (37%) sera negative by DID were positive by ELISA and
      only two (4%) were positive by DID and negative by ELISA. Antibody levels to MF
      were higher in the serum of farmers whether symptomatic (113.2 +/- 196.1 u) or
      not (25.2 +/- 64.7 u) than in that of unexposed donors (1.05 +/- 1.46 u), (P less
      than 0.001). In a subgroup of farmers, antibody levels were compared in the serum
      and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid; the levels were higher in the serum than
      in BAL fluids in all farmers except the only patient with acute FLD. A
      significant correlation was seen between Ab levels of the serum and BAL fluids.
      Finally, no correlation was seen between the serum antibody levels and the total
      number of cells or the percentage of lymphocytes found in BAL fluids, either in
      the subjects with a history of FLD or the asymptomatic group.

PMID- 2410169
TI  - Acetylcholine receptor antibody characteristics in myasthenia gravis. III.
      Patients with low anti-AChR antibody levels.
AB  - Twenty-five myasthenia gravis (MG) patients whose anti-acetylcholine receptor
      (anti-AChR) titres against denervated human leg AChR fell in the range of less
      than 0.1-2.0 nM were tested against AChR preparations from normal human leg
      muscle, and from human extra-ocular muscle, and the results compared with those
      of sera with titres greater than 2.0 nM. Seven sera failed to react appreciably
      with any of the AChR. Many of the remaining 18 low titre sera reacted better with
      normal leg and ocular AChR than with denervated AChR. In contrast, sera from
      patients with high anti-AChR titres generally reacted better with denervated,
      AChR, and as a group this was significantly different from the low titre
      patients. Sera reacting better with ocular AChR are not restricted to patients
      with purely ocular symptoms. The results indicate a subgroup of myasthenia gravis
      patients who have low titres, tend to be male and have relatively mild disease.
      The aetiology of the autoimmune disorder in this subgroup may differ from that in
      other MG patients.

PMID- 2410170
TI  - Inhibition of natural killing and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
      by the plasma protease inhibitor alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) and alpha 2M
      protease complexes.
AB  - Over the past few years increasing attention has been given to the relationship
      between the immune response and proteases. The aim of our present study was to
      examine the dose-response effect of purified alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M)
      with varying degrees of protease (trypsin) saturation on natural killing (NK) and
      antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The results demonstrated
      that alpha 2M with 50% trypsin saturation (fast alpha 2M) was more inhibitory in
      both assays than alpha 2M with no bound protease (slow alpha 2M).

PMID- 2410171
TI  - Side effects of synthetic salmon calcitonin given by intranasal spray compared
      with intramuscular injection.
AB  - Side effects are the most frequent reason for discontinuing treatment with
      Calcitonin. Having been assessed in a previous report that the intranasal
      administration of Synthetic Salmon Calcitonin (SSCT) is as effective as its
      intramuscular administration, the aim of this work was to investigate the side
      effects of intranasal administration of SSCT in patients who are known to show
      intolerance after intramuscular administration of the drug. The results show that
      intranasal administration of SSCT does not give rise to side-effects even in
      patients known to be intolerant to SSCT by the intramuscular route.

PMID- 2410172
TI  - Ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy has become precise and reliable. Consequently,
      the management of ectopic pregnancy has progressed to the point where the
      physician is often able to preserve fertility. Therefore, conservative surgery is
      indicated if the patient desires future fertility and conditions are appropriate.
      The combination of ultrasound, beta-hCG pregnancy testing, and laparoscopy has
      led to a rising incidence of diagnosed ectopic pregnancy prior to rupture. This
      has greatly facilitated the use of the conservative approach to the management of
      tubal pregnancy. Although ectopic pregnancy can be diagnosed early and managed
      conservatively, it is, and will remain a potentially life-threatening disease and
      must be approached as such. Table 3 summarizes our proposed surgical management
      of tubal pregnancy. Table 4 summarizes the results of conservative surgery for
      tubal pregnancy.

PMID- 2410173
TI  - Venous thromboembolism and gynecologic surgery.

PMID- 2410174
TI  - Myelin basic protein (MBP) in human gliomas: a study of twenty-five cases.
AB  - Twenty five gliomas (5 oligodendrogliomas, 8 oligoastrocytomas, 5 astrocytomas
      grades I-II, and 7 malignant astrocytomas-glioblastomas) were studied with the
      immunohistochemical technique avidin-biotin complex (ABC) for myelin basic
      protein (MBP). We found four patterns of positivity with variable degrees and
      frequencies in the different types of tumors. We believe this method can help in
      the diagnosis of non-characteristic gliomas, particularly oligoastrocytomas.

PMID- 2410175
TI  - [Subsets of human natural killer cells in neurological disorders].

PMID- 2410176
TI  - Teenage mothers and their infants.
AB  - The outcomes of the IS/MT pilot project and the expanded services program as well
      as program replications in other geographic areas suggest that efforts to support
      the teenage mother in the care of her firstborn infant can have a demonstrable
      effect. Completing school, securing employment, going off welfare, and acting on
      a decision to prevent subsequent unwanted pregnancies were all secondary effects
      of a 20-week postnatal mother-infant class program designed to positively
      influence infant development. Similar treatment effects have been reported by
      IS/MT replications in St. Louis and Genesee County, Michigan. Other program
      innovations, however, lacking the funds and/or the expertise to conduct adequate
      evaluations, are nonetheless significant because they provide a groundswell
      capable of establishing a climate for social change. At the community level, this
      is expressed in the creation of new service paradigms, as in Norfolk and Memphis,
      where individuals and agencies are transformed and experiment with new solutions
      to thorny problems. At the national level, it is expressed in coalitions and
      political alliances around a single issue, as with the Children's Defense Fund
      and adolescent and single-parent families. As one who has spent almost 20 years
      addressing the consequences of teenage parenthood, it is heartening to know that
      the time is near to address the prevention of the problem. Let us hope that the
      Children's Defense Fund agenda accurately reflects the beliefs and feelings of
      the majority of our citizenry and that our national priorities will change to
      include the reduction of teen pregnancy and teen parenthood.

PMID- 2410177
TI  - Pentosane polysulfate: the effect on hemostasis of a continuous 3-day infusion.
AB  - Pentosane polysulfate (PP) is a sulfated polysaccharide known to exhibit
      anticoagulant properties that are in part independent of antithrombin III
      activity. These effects have only been studied in vitro or after single
      injections in healthy subjects. Our objective was to evaluate the modification of
      hemostasis induced by a 3-day continuous infusion of PP (4 mg/kg body weight/24
      hr) in 10 subjects. No hemorrhagic complication was observed in any patient.
      Bleeding time was not modified by the infusion, despite a slight decrease in the
      platelet number. Among the other parameters measured, the automated partial
      thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and anti-Xa activity were the most
      affected by PP. The kinetics of their modifications were quite uniform: clotting
      times and the anti-Xa effect increased gradually until reaching steady state 24
      hours after the start of the infusion. A progressive return to the pretreatment
      level was then observed during the 6 hours after the end of the infusion. A
      significant decrease in the factor V concentration was found at day 4. Finally,
      in contrast with other reported results, no activation of fibrinolysis was
      induced by PP under the conditions we used, which suggests that discontinuous
      administration or the route of administration of the drug influences the
      fibrinolytic effect. In conclusion, we show the excellent tolerance of continuous
      infusion of PP, detail the modifications in biologic parameters of hemostasis
      during and after PP infusion, and demonstrate that PP decreases factor V
      activity.

PMID- 2410178
TI  - Self-administration of clonidine, oxazepam, and hydromorphone by patients
      undergoing methadone detoxification.
AB  - The extent to which hydromorphone, clonidine, and oxazepam alleviate the symptoms
      of opioid withdrawal and the extent and pattern of self-administration of these
      drugs during methadone detoxification were examined within a residential
      laboratory in three groups of patients dependent on methadone. Six times over the
      course of detoxification, acute effects of orally administered placebo and a
      single active drug (hydromorphone HCl, 3 mg, clonidine HCl, 0.3 mg, or oxazepam,
      30 mg, all given twice daily) were tested, followed by an opportunity for
      subjects to self-administer the drug and dose of their choice. Hydromorphone
      significantly decreased opioid withdrawal symptoms and was more preferred for
      self-administration than the placebo. Clonidine and oxazepam did not
      significantly decrease withdrawal symptoms, nor was either drug self-administered
      significantly more than placebo. Clonidine, however, did induce side effects.

PMID- 2410179
TI  - [Decompression punctures in cystic organic degeneration (liver, kidneys) under
      ultrasonic control].
AB  - Basing on the case of a woman patient with marked cystic degeneration of the
      liver and both kidneys, it is shown that the meaningful use of sonographically
      monitored relief punctures every 3 to 5 months, can render effective help of a
      palliative nature over a period of presently more than 5 years, in a simple
      manner which is free from complications.

PMID- 2410180
TI  - [Long-term therapy of ventricular extrasystole with verapamil].

PMID- 2410181
TI  - [The modification of postprandial blood insulin after acute administration of
      dextran chlorhydrate].

PMID- 2410182
TI  - Utilization of labelled uridine, cytidine and orotic acid for determination of
      ribonucleic acid synthesis in mouse liver.
AB  - [3H]uridine and [3H]orotic acid were equally utilized for labelling of RNA in
      mouse liver. Incorporation of [3H]cytidine was 2-3 times as high as that of [3H]
      labelled uridine or orotic acid. These results differ from findings in rat liver,
      where both cytidine and orotic acid are better utilized for RNA labelling than is
      uridine. The ratio between liver RNA [3H]-activity and volatile [3H]-activity was
      2, 3 and 13, respectively, at 300 min after injection of labelled uridine, orotic
      acid and cytidine, indicating an efficient chanelling of cytidine into liver
      anabolic pathways.

PMID- 2410183
TI  - Investigations into the identity of the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic
      excitatory transmitter in the smooth muscle of chicken rectum.
AB  - ATP and substance P were examined as possible mediators of non-adrenergic, non
      cholinergic excitatory transmission in chicken rectum. ATP and the non-degradable
      ATP analogue, alpha, beta-methylene ATP, mimicked the response to nerve
      stimulation. Substance P either produced a maintained contraction after a long
      latency or was inactive. After desensitization of the P2-purinoceptor by alpha,
      beta-methylene ATP, the responses to ATP and nerve stimulation were abolished,
      while the response to carbachol was little affected. It is concluded that ATP may
      be the transmitter in non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic excitatory nerves supplying
      the chicken rectum.

PMID- 2410184
TI  - Sensitivity of the resting sodium conductivity of leech Retzius nerve cells to
      tetrodotoxin.
AB  - Simultaneously, the effect of sodium-free medium and tetrodotoxin (3 X 10(-8)
      M/ml) were investigated on some passive electrophysiological properties of leech
      Retzius nerve cells. Complete replacement of Na+ with Tris or addition of
      tetrodotoxin to the leech Ringer was followed by an increase of input resistance
      in contrast to the cell-to-cell interaction which was not affected by such a
      procedure. At the same time tetrodotoxin was not able to block repetitive spike
      activity. The data imply the existence of two types of Na+ channel in leech
      Retzius nerve cells.

PMID- 2410185
TI  - Temporal characterization of growth of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)
      larvae during sublethal hydrogen cyanide exposure.
AB  - Growth of fathead minnow yolk sac larvae was characterized from changes in dry
      weight and total content and concentrations of RNA, DNA and protein in fish
      exposed to a sublethal level of HCN (58 micrograms/l) and in age matched
      controls. Cyanide toxicosis occurred within 24 hr of exposure as evidenced by
      significant reductions in protein and RNA content and RNA/DNA ratio of larvae.
      After 96 hr exposure to HCN, larvae exhibited the same growth rate and protein
      synthetic rate (RNA/DNA) as control fish. HCN toxicosis and recovery is rapid and
      at least partial tolerance to HCN develops within 96 hr of exposure in larval
      fathead minnows.

PMID- 2410186
TI  - Effects of poly I:C in porcine iron deficient neutropenia.
AB  - Withholding iron dextran treatment normally given to pigs at 1-3 days of age to
      prevent anemia resulted also in neutropenia. Polyinosinic acid:polycytidylic acid
      (poly I:C) at 0.5 mg/kg IV at 25 days of age resulted in induction of putative
      interferon 2 to 24 hours later, with significantly (P less than 0.05) lower
      concentrations in iron-deficient (Fe-) female pigs than in iron-supplemented
      (Fe+) female pigs. Poly I:C caused several transient toxic manifestations,
      including elevations in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, aspartate
      aminotransferase, potassium (K), total bilirubin and phosphorus (P), marked
      leukopenia (both neutropenia and lymphopenia), and declines in serum albumin,
      calcium, cholesterol, glucose and globulin. Certain blood chemistries before poly
      I:C were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) different: albumin,
      globulin, cholesterol and K were higher in females than in males; albumin,
      globulin, glucose, P and K were higher in Fe- than in Fe+ pigs; and total carbon
      dioxide was higher in Fe+ than in Fe- pigs.

PMID- 2410187
TI  - Effect of plasma colloid osmotic pressure on fluid filtration rate in isolated
      rabbit lungs.
AB  - The relationship between fluid filtration rate (FFR) and plasma colloid osmotic
      pressure (COP) was studied in isolated rabbit lungs perfused at constant flow. A
      50% to 60% decrease in COP increased FFR more when left atrial pressure (LAP) was
      12.8 to 15 mm Hg than when it was 7.5 to 9 mm Hg. When LAP was zero, FFR did not
      increase until COP had been reduced from 18.8 to 7 mm Hg. The increase in FFR
      produced by step increases in LAP was eliminated by similar increases in COP.

PMID- 2410188
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a novel nucleic acid binding protein from calf
      lenses.
AB  - The transitional process of lens cellular differentiation is accompanied by
      several unique morphological and biochemical changes. Pyknosis or apoptosis of
      the nucleus involves extensive degradation of genetic materials. In an attempt to
      search for a gene product responsible for such a regulatory process, we have
      adopted DNA-cellulose affinity chromatography to enrich the specific binding
      protein. A binding protein was isolated by high salt (0.8M KCl) wash of the lens
      polysomal fraction and purified to apparent homogeneity by DNA-cellulose affinity
      column and chromatofocusing. The nucleic acid binding protein has an apparent
      molecular weight of 36,000, designated as regulatory factor 36 (RF-36), as
      determined by SDS/PAGE. Amino acid composition analysis indicated that RF-36
      contains high proportions of glycine, alanine, characteristic of the core
      heteronucleus RNP proteins. Comparative immunological studies with other DNA
      binding protein antigen (e.g. helix destabilizing protein) suggest the existence
      of some common overlapping determinant. However, when monoclonal anti-RF-36 was
      used as immunoprobe, no cross immunoactivity was detected between these
      homologous binding proteins, suggesting some antigenic diversity among these two
      nucleic acid binding proteins from different organisms.

PMID- 2410189
TI  - Virus-specific, early appearing neutralizing activity and interferon in tears of
      patients with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis.
AB  - Virus-specific, early appearing neutralizing activities (ENA) and interferon
      (IFN) were detected in tears collected from patients during epidemics of acute
      hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC). In one study, ENA that neutralized enterovirus
      type 70 (EV70) was detected in tears collected from 114 of 130 AHC patients in
      Florida. In another study, ENA against coxsackievirus type A24 (CA24) was
      detected in tears collected from 39 of 57 patients in Singapore with AHC caused
      by CA24. No tear samples contained ENAs to both EV70 and CA24. Tear samples from
      uninfected eyes did not contain ENA to EV70 or CA24. ENA to EV70 was detected in
      6 of 11 patients 1-6h before the onset of AHC. In addition, tears of 68% of
      patients seen on the day of onset produced tears that contained ENA to EV70.
      Thus, ENA to EV70 may be detected less than 24h after infection (based on 24h
      incubation period). IFN beta was detected in 30% of tear samples collected from
      patients on the day of onset of AHC caused by EV70. This finding suggested that
      ENA and IFN could act together to inhibit primary infections of AHC. It was found
      that the combination of ENA and IFN inhibited virus replication synergistically
      (greater than or equal to 300 fold reduction) in preinfected cells. Our findings
      suggest that ENA represents a previously unreported early defense mechanism of
      the eye, that endogenous ENA and endogenous IFN could inhibit viruses
      synergistically in vivo, and that ENA in tears could be useful in identifying the
      agent causing AHC.

PMID- 2410190
TI  - Calcium-pump and its modulator in the lens: a review.

PMID- 2410191
TI  - Transport in cultured epithelia.
AB  - Recent progress in studying epithelia in culture indicates that techniques
      already available and applied to naturally occurring epithelia can be applied
      effectively to cultured epithelia. Studies using this approach are summarized as
      well as new information the studies have yielded regarding the mechanism of
      action of aldosterone and the regulation of expression of the sodium-coupled
      hexose transporter. In addition, special features of cultured epithelia should
      lead to new approaches to understanding epithelial biology as well as epithelial
      transport.

PMID- 2410192
TI  - The application of patch clamp methods to ocular epithelia.
AB  - The techniques of patch voltage clamping and whole cell clamping have been
      applied to the lenses and corneas of several species of animals. Numerous ion
      channels have been found in the basal and apical membranes of lens epithelial
      cells, anterior and posterior surface lens fibers, apical membrane of corneal
      endothelial cells, and apical membrane of the second layer of corneal epithelial
      cells. No ion channels have been found in deep lens fiber membranes to date.
      There are 9-11 different kinds of potassium channels in ocular epithelial
      membranes, several different kinds of non-selective cation channels, and one non
      selective channel with a large unit conductance. Sodium selective channels are
      seen only rarely while chloride selective channels have not been seen at all.
      Several channels have not yet been identified unequivocally. Using the gigohm
      seal technique, it is possible to show that the frog lens epithelial cell
      membrane is dominated by potassium channels. Also, a technique is described for
      using the reversal potential of a 25-30 pS non-selective cation channel to
      measure the resting voltage of epithelial cells without penetrating them. The
      results of lens ion channel localization studies are in only qualitative
      agreement with previous lens channel localization studies which used whole lens
      impedance and ion substitution techniques. Limitations of using the patch clamp
      for ion channel localization are presented.

PMID- 2410193
TI  - Permeability and gating of lens gap junction channels incorporated into
      liposomes.
AB  - The lens junction protein (MIP26), and its trypsin cleavage product (MIP21),
      isolated from calf fiber cells, are incorporated into liposomes and the
      permeability and gating of the resulting channels are studied
      spectrophotometrically by an osmotic swelling assay. Liposomes incorporated with
      either protein and loaded with Dextran T-10 swell when placed in isotonic or
      hypertonic KCl, sucrose or polyethyleneglycol (PEG), indicating the presence of
      channels permeable to molecules as large as MW 1500. In the absence of calmodulin
      (CaM), the permeability of either MIP26 or MIP21 channels is not altered by Ca++.
      On the contrary, MIP26-CaM channels reversibly close in the presence of Ca++ (10(
      5)M). Preliminary experiments show channel closure with lowered pH (5.5) as well.
      While MIP26-CaM channels close to all the permeants tested, MIP21-CaM channels
      close only partially with Ca++, becoming impermeable to large probes (PEG) while
      remaining permeable to sucrose and KCl. This indicates that the trypsin-cleaved C
      terminal arm of MIP26 is the channel gate. Evidence from spectrophotofluorometry
      and circular dichroism spectroscopy indicates that activated CaM changes the
      conformation of isolated MIP26, suggesting that channel occlusion could result
      from a change in protein configuration.

PMID- 2410194
TI  - Drug effects on the neovascularization response to silver nitrate cauterization
      of the rat cornea.
AB  - Neovascular growth into the cornea induced by silver nitrate cauterization is the
      basis of this experimental model developed to test potential anti-inflammatory
      drugs for ocular use. Cauterization of the rat cornea with a silver nitrate
      applicator stick provides the stimulus for neovascularization, which is scored by
      a "blinded" investigator. Burn stimulus intensity is also scored to substantiate
      a consistent stimulus among the groups. Compounds showing activity in this model
      include topical dexamethasone, prednisolone, ticabesone propionate, ketorolac,
      and phenidone. This model is presented as a practical method for testing anti
      inflammatory drugs in the eye.

PMID- 2410195
TI  - Regulation of anterior chamber fibrinolysis.
AB  - Levels of plasminogen activator (PA), plasminogen (Plg), and antiplasmin activity
      (APli) were compared in feline aqueous humor obtained from normal eyes, eyes
      inflamed by chronic mycobacterial-induced uveitis (CMIU), opposite eyes, and in
      plasma. Fibrin-agar plate microassays were utilized to visually confirm the
      extent of differences in in vitro fibrinolysis, per se. Chromogenic peptide
      (S2251) microassays were utilized to quantify differences. Normal AH showed much
      more available PA than did plasma. However, when APli activity was first
      neutralized their levels of total PA were comparable. Available PA activity in
      both normal and CMIU AH was considerably amplified in the presence of trace
      amounts of free plasmin. Plasma failed to show this response. AH levels of
      circulating Plg and APli in normal eyes were far below plasma levels. During
      CMIU, total PA levels remained approximately normal while levels of Plg and APli
      were greatly increased. The net effect of these concurrent rises was that
      antiplasmin activity (APli) prevailed over free plasmin formation; i.e., in vitro
      fibrinolysis was suppressed. Plasma levels of PA, Plg and APli did not change
      during CMIU. Changes in the normal PA+Plg/APli balance induced by CMIU suggested
      a hypothetical model of AH fibrinolysis wherein exclusion of APli from the normal
      anterior chamber and the high levels attained during CMUI are posited as key
      determinants of AH fibrinolytic capability.

PMID- 2410196
TI  - Light induced shift and binding of S-antigen in retinal rods.
AB  - S-antigen has been quantitated in bovine and rat retina by electroimmunoassay.
      The molar ratios S-antigen to rhodops in in photoreceptor cells were close to
      1:1. Immunofluorescence studies show that light induces a shift of S-antigen
      towards the rod outer segments where it concentrates. Assays indicate that S
      antigen becomes largely water insoluble but detergent soluble under these
      conditions. On basis of previous ultrastructural and present results, this has
      been interpreted as a light induced binding of S-antigen to the rod outer segment
      membranes. The data support evidence from literature that S-antigen interacts
      with (rhod) ops in and we conclude that S-antigen plays a major role in the
      phototransduction process.

PMID- 2410197
TI  - Characteristics and hormonal regulation of amino acid transport system A in
      isolated rat hepatocytes.

PMID- 2410198
TI  - The regulatory functions of proline and pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid.

PMID- 2410199
TI  - The persulfates: a triple threat. Part II: Occupational exposures.

PMID- 2410200
TI  - Clinical value of the Gram-stain smear of respiratory secretions.

PMID- 2410201
TI  - Reactivation of bleomycin lung toxicity following oxygen administration. A second
      response to corticosteroids.
AB  - We report a patient who had two episodes of bleomycin lung toxicity with a good
      clinical response following corticosteroid therapy. The first episode followed
      treatment with 120 units of bleomycin and was characterized by cough and dyspnea.
      The second resulted in ARDS following a surgical procedure that used an FIO2
      level of 0.33.

PMID- 2410202
TI  - Mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in pulmonary disease.
AB  - This article reviews the multiple mechanisms by which glucocorticoids influence
      the pathophysiology of pulmonary disease. Particular emphasis is given to the
      influence of glucocorticoids on the release and action of mediators that promote
      inflammation and that modulate other pathophysiologic processes in the lung. The
      time course and mechanisms of action that contribute to glucocorticoid effects on
      pulmonary function are also discussed.

PMID- 2410203
TI  - Role of calcium-channel blockers in obstructive airway disease.

PMID- 2410204
TI  - Effect of theophylline on respiratory muscle function.
AB  - Theophylline improves diaphragmatic contractility of the respiratory muscles both
      in isolated muscle preparations, as well as in animals and normal human beings.
      Furthermore, theophylline restores diaphragmatic fatigue and prevents fatigue of
      the diaphragm when given prophylactically. Finally, it was recently shown that
      theophylline improves diaphragmatic function in COPD patients, all of whom were
      CO2 retainers (PaCO2 53 +/- 3 mm Hg) and hypoxemic (PaO2 57 +/- 8 mm Hg).
      Patients improved transdiaphragmatic pressure and were less susceptible to
      fatigue. Presently the mechanisms of action of theophylline regarding its effects
      on diaphragmatic function are not fully elucidated. Experimental evidence,
      however, suggests that theophylline may have an effect on transmembrane calcium
      movements by blocking adenosine receptors.

PMID- 2410205
TI  - A follow-up study: what happens to families after they leave the program?

PMID- 2410206
TI  - Flow cytometric fluorescence emission spectrum analysis of Hoechst-33342-stained
      DNA in chicken thymocytes.
AB  - Hoechst-33342-stained chicken thymocytes were analysed simultaneously on two
      fluorescence wavelength bands (green and violet) in our custom-built flow
      cytometer, and two major subsets were identified. In one subset (33% of the
      total) the emission spectrum remained constant with time, with little change in
      the respective green and violet fluorescence intensities. In the other subset
      (42% of the total) the green fluorescence increased during staining, resulting in
      a considerable change in the green-to-violet ratio, due to a change in the
      "shape" of the fluorescence emission with time. The data indicate that two
      binding sites, or two types of binding at the same site, exist in DNA for this
      dye and that these have different binding energies and, consequently, different
      fluorescence emission properties.

PMID- 2410207
TI  - RNA content and chromatin structure of CHO cells arrested in metaphase by
      colcemid.
AB  - To evaluate the stability of cells arrested in metaphase, cell viability, RNA
      content, and chromatin structure (the latter probed by the DNA in situ
      sensitivity to acid-induced denaturation) were studied in uniform-age mitotic CHO
      cell populations maintained either at 37 degrees C (in the presence of Colcemid)
      or at 0-4 degrees C for up to 6 h. No significant changes in cell viability and
      RNA content were seen throughout the experiment for both groups of cells. The
      sensitivity of DNA in situ to denaturation was significantly increased during the
      initial 40 min of cell arrest in mitosis. However, no further chromatin changes
      for up to 6 h were evident regardless of whether cells were kept at 37 degrees C
      with Colcemid or at 0-4 degrees C in its absence. The data indicate that neither
      significant deterioration of metaphase cells nor progressive chromatin changes
      are expected during stathmokinesis experiments in vitro or during the metaphase
      cell arrest in cytogenetic studies lasting up to 6 h. Also, no RNA turnover can
      be detected in mitotic cells during this time interval.

PMID- 2410208
TI  - Vascular evolution of single-layer end-on colonic anastomosis. A
      microangiographic study of 180 anastomoses in the rat from two to 180 days.
AB  - One hundred eighty left colonic single-layer end-on anastomoses performed on 90
      rats by microsurgical techniques, using polydioxanone monofilament absorbable
      sutures, were examined histopathologically and microangiographically at nine
      different times, from two to 180 days. There was no anastomotic leakage. The
      vascular state after suturing and the evolution of the neovascularization are
      described. The neovascularization appeared to follow the same process of
      evolution as tissue restoration. It began early, was greatest on the seventh day,
      and diminished thereafter. When granulation tissue was narrow, the anastomoses
      were barely hypervascular, the neovascularization assured by submucosal plexus. A
      voluminous granulation tissue was hypervascular, had a slower evolution, and
      neovascularization was then assured above all by the peritoneal formations
      adherent to the suture.

PMID- 2410209
TI  - [Positive cooperation in the binding of tetrodotoxin by sodium channels of
      neurons of the spinal ganglia of rats induced by anemotoxin RTX-III].

PMID- 2410210
TI  - [Isolation and characteristics of the neurotoxin from the spider Segestria
      florentina].

PMID- 2410211
TI  - [Monoclonal antibodies to antigens of mouse erythroblasts].

PMID- 2410212
TI  - Disposition of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in protein-calorie
      malnutrition.
AB  - The influence of dietary protein deficiency on the disposition of procainamide
      (PA) and its major metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) was investigated in
      male Sprague-Dawley rats fed for 4 weeks on a 23 (control) or a 5% (low) protein
      diet ad libitum. Procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in plasma and urine were
      determined by a sensitive and specific HPLC assay using a cation-exchange column.
      After an iv dose of 50 mg/kg procainamide hydrochloride, the average mean
      residence time (MRT) was approximately 82% higher, while the total plasma
      clearance (CI) per kg of body weight and terminal elimination rate constant (k)
      were significantly decreased by 46 and 49%, respectively, in the protein
      deficient animals. No significant differences were found in the two groups of
      animals with respect to the apparent steady state volume of distribution (Vss).
      Although the percentage of PA recovered unchanged in the urine over 48 hr was not
      significantly different between control and protein-deficient animals, rats on a
      low protein diet excreted a smaller percentage of the administered PA dose (mean
      +/- SE, 19.0 +/- 4.0 vs. 30.8 +/- 1.4%) as NAPA. In addition to the apparent
      decrease in metabolic clearance (CIm) to NAPA (6.8 +/- 1.4 vs. 19.9 +/- 2.3
      ml/min/kg) in the protein-deficient rats, there was a 55% decrease in the renal
      clearance of PA. There appeared to be no significant difference in the
      disposition characteristics of NAPA (i.e. MRT, Vss, CI, and k) between the two
      groups of animals after a 25 mg/kg dose of N-acetylprocainamide
      hydrochloride.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410213
TI  - Cynomolgus monkeys and morphine tolerance and dependence.
AB  - Cynomolgus monkeys readily developed tolerance to and physical dependence on
      morphine indistinguishable from that produced by an identical dose regimen in
      rhesus monkeys.

PMID- 2410214
TI  - Atracurium--a novel muscle relaxant.

PMID- 2410215
TI  - [Sudden cardiac death in long-term electrocardiography].
AB  - An analysis has been made of long-term ECG recordings in 11 patients, 9 men and 2
      women, mean age 69 +/- 7 years, who were carrying ECG recording equipment at the
      time of sudden death. Nine patients had coronary heart disease, one patient a
      dilatative cardiomyopathy and another one a combined aortic valve defect. Seven
      patients had a history of syncope. All patients had signs of cardiac
      insufficiency (NYHA index 3.0 +/- 0.6, heart-thorax quotient 0.55 +/- 0.05).
      Sudden death occurred predominantly whilst resting. In one patient it was due to
      bradyarrhythmia, in 10 to tachyarrhythmia, mostly ventricular tachycardia
      (initial heart rate 198 +/- 43/min; n = 8) which degenerated into ventricular
      fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation was present in 8 patients at the time of sudden
      death. Premonitory warning arrhythmias were not consistently detectable:
      comparison of arrhythmias in the first and last hour showed significant increases
      only in single ventricular extrasystoles (135 vs. 278 VES/h, P less than 0.05),
      not however in repetitive arrhythmias. An R-on-T phenomenon, as trigger mechanism
      of ventricular tachycardia, occurred in 5 cases. A synopsis of the published
      reports on approximately 110 patients with sudden death during long-term
      electrocardiographic monitoring confirmed that acute death is caused by
      bradyarrhythmias in approximately 15% (17 patients), and by tachyarrhythmias in
      85% (94 patients). An increase in ventricular arrhythmias in the hour prior to
      death was observed in about 50% of patients and the R-on-T phenomenon, as the
      initiating mechanism for ventricular tachycardia, in 42%.

PMID- 2410216
TI  - [Hemoperfusion--a therapeutic alternative to early treatment of acute lindane
      poisoning].
AB  - Rapid lowering of serum concentrations to subtoxic values was seen in a 16-year
      old girl with acute intoxication with the organochloroinsecticide gamma
      hexachlorocyclohexane to subtoxic values using haemoperfusion over amberlite XAD
      4. In vitro, an extraction coefficient of 0,99 for gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane
      using amberlite XAD-4 was determined. On the basis of this experience
      haemoperfusion is recommended as effective treatment in the early phase of acute
      gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane intoxication.

PMID- 2410217
TI  - [Recurrent urticaria--a difficult challenge].

PMID- 2410218
TI  - [Role of oncogenes in the genesis of hemoblastoses].
AB  - The recent data on cellular oncogenes and their significance in the origin of
      leukemias and lymphomas are reviewed. A brief historical note of the discovery of
      cellular oncogenes on the example of the Rous sarcoma virus and its cellular
      homologue is presented. The connection between chromosome translocations and
      oncogene activation as well as implication of carcinogens and genetic factors is
      elucidated. The proteins encoded by cellular oncogenes are described and possible
      pathways of their transforming activity are analyzed.

PMID- 2410219
TI  - A longitudinal EEG study of mild senile dementia of Alzheimer type: changes at 1
      year and at 2.5 years.
AB  - This longitudinal study of resting EEGs compared patients with senile dementia of
      Alzheimer type (SDAT) and healthy controls at 3 times of testing over a 2.5 year
      period. Measures included the mean EEG frequency as well as the percentage of
      power in alpha, beta, theta, and delta frequency bands obtained from power
      spectral analysis. The values from occipital to vertex derivations were averaged
      for the left and right hemispheres. In healthy older adults delta increased, and
      both beta and mean frequency decreased over the study period; there was no
      significant change in theta or alpha. In the SDAT group, all 5 EEG measures
      changed significantly; there were increases in delta and theta, and decreases in
      beta, alpha and mean frequency. Theta percentage power distinguished between all
      4 stages of dementia (control, mild, moderate and severe). Other EEG measures
      discriminated only at certain stages. In the mild stage of SDAT theta, beta and
      mean frequency were already different from control values. In the moderate stage,
      these differences persisted, and alpha became different. Delta was the last to
      change, and in the present small sample of those with severe SDAT the difference
      had not yet reached significance.

PMID- 2410220
TI  - EEG features of the apallic syndrome resulting from cerebral anoxia.
AB  - Three victims of severe cerebral anoxia developed the apallic syndrome, and
      clinical neurophysiological examinations documented slow evolution of a diurnal
      behavior pattern. Marked EEG attenuation was the primary finding, but all the
      patients exhibited clustering of quiescent periods at night, during which EEG
      waves were generated, and two stages suggested REM and non-REM sleep. The results
      seemed to confirm the notions that brain-stem mechanisms control occurrence of
      REM and non-REM sleep, and that forebrain mechanisms are required for development
      of differential EEG features of non-REM sleep stages (I through IV). It is also
      suggested that an extreme degree of attenuation resulting from EEG
      desynchronization in certain patients may closely resemble ECS.

PMID- 2410221
TI  - Excessive fragmentary myoclonus in NREM sleep: a report of 38 cases.
AB  - We report 38 consecutive patients referred to a sleep disorder clinic who on
      diagnostic polysomnography showed excessive amounts of brief fragmentary
      myoclonus throughout all stages of NREM sleep. Almost all patients were male
      despite a reasonably equal sex distribution of referral. The phenomenon was found
      associated with sleep-related respiratory problems, periodic movements in sleep
      (PMS), narcolepsy, intermittent hypersomnia and (rarely) insomnia. It also
      occurred associated with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) as an isolated
      polysomnographic finding apart from some degree of sleep fragmentation.

PMID- 2410222
TI  - Homeostatic changes during post-nap sleep maintain baseline levels of delta EEG.
AB  - It has been hypothesized that visually scored stage 4 EEG (dense, high amplitude
      0.5-3 Hz (delta) waves) is a correlate of a metabolic process that reverses some
      of the effects of waking on the brain. The results of nap studies appear
      inconsistent with this hypothesis since late naps produce a disproportionate loss
      of stage 4 during subsequent sleep. We show here with direct computer measurement
      that the integrated amplitude (and other measures) of 0.5-3 Hz EEG waves are
      conserved across a nap and post-nap sleep. Thus, the metabolic model remains
      tenable. However, the homeostatic adjustments involve changes in the periods,
      durations and distributions of delta waves that are not predictable by any
      existing model. This study also demonstrates the limitations inherent in visual
      estimates (sleep stage scoring) of delta wave amplitude and abundance.

PMID- 2410223
TI  - Intracranially recorded compound action potentials from the human trigeminal
      nerve.
AB  - Potentials from the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve in the cerebello-pontine
      angle, evoked by electrical stimulation of the different trigeminal divisions,
      were recorded during neurosurgical operations. Two components of the compound
      action potential could be distinguished: one early with large amplitude and one
      late with small amplitude. It is concluded that the two components represent
      activity in A alpha and A delta fibers respectively.

PMID- 2410224
TI  - Dependence of the auditory evoked magnetic field (100 msec signal) of the human
      brain on the intensity of the stimulus.
AB  - The intensity dependence of the 100 msec magnetic field signal evoked by
      contralateral application of a tone burst stimulus has been examined for both
      hemispheres and for a number of frequencies. In all cases the component of the
      magnetic field normal to the skull was measured; in some cases this component was
      oriented in the outward direction (group 1 and some group 2 subjects), in the
      other cases in the inward direction (group 2). The experimental results were
      analysed in terms of an equivalent current dipole model. The analysis gave rise
      to the introduction of a transit time (tau 0 approximately 60 msec) from the
      onset of the stimulus to the activation of the current dipole and to the
      introduction of a functional relationship between the dipole moment and a
      'reduced' intensity, and between the latency and the 'reduced' intensity.
      Further, the reproducibility of the signal was verified.

PMID- 2410225
TI  - Inhibitory effect of acupuncture on the vibration-induced finger flexion reflex
      in man.
AB  - Experiments were performed on 12 young and healthy subjects. The palmar side of
      the index finger was vibrated with a triangular wave form at randomly changed
      inter-stimulus intervals. This vibratory stimulation elicited a flexion movement
      of the index finger, which was depressed by acupuncture at 'Wai-Kuan.' It was
      generally observed that the depressive effect developed slowly and lasted for a
      long time. The depressive effect of acupuncture on this reflex was analyzed using
      a cross-correlation between the vibratory stimuli and motor unit spikes recorded
      from the flexor digitorum communis muscle. Cross-correlograms revealed two types
      of reflex responses. One of them showed a peak of time-locked spikes to the
      vibratory stimuli at a latency of 25 msec, which indicates monosynaptic activity
      of the motoneuron, and also showed time-unlocked spikes distributed in both sides
      of the peak, which implies polysynaptic activity. This type of response was
      frequently observed and was supposed to be elicited by the proprioceptive tonic
      vibration reflex. The other revealed no peaks, which indicates that only time
      unlocked spikes to the stimuli are generated, and that these spikes are evoked
      via polysynaptic pathway. This type of response was supposed to be elicited by so
      called exteroceptive vibration-induced finger flexion reflex. Since both types of
      reflex responses, i.e., mono- and polysynaptic ones, were equally depressed
      during acupuncture, it was concluded that the excitability of the motoneuron, a
      common output of this reflex, is lowered by acupuncture.

PMID- 2410226
TI  - Differential visual evoked cortical responses to direct and peripheral
      stimulation in man.
AB  - Clearly defined differential summated cortical evoked responses are demonstrated
      for central and peripherally applied visual stimuli. Central vision is associated
      with a low amplitude positive peak at 75 msec and a prominent high voltage
      positive peak at around 100 msec; later relatively low amplitude positive peaks
      are generally also observed. With peripheral stimulation at 15 degrees and
      greater the 75 msec positive peak is accentuated; the 100 msec positive peak
      becomes inconspicuous, and the later positive peaks at 165 msec and greater are
      strongly enhanced. These data support the hypothesis that the positive peaks are
      the cortical responses to the differential actions of the rod and cone cell
      components of the retina.

PMID- 2410227
TI  - The persistence of somatosensory and auditory pathway evoked potentials in severe
      hypoglycemia in the cat.
AB  - In a previous study it was shown that during severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia
      in rats and cats (0.38 mmol/l, i.e., 6.8 mg% and 0.8 mmol/l, i.e., 14 mg%
      respectively) with isoelectric EEG, the latency and amplitude of the auditory
      nerve-brain-stem evoked responses were not affected. In the present study on
      cats, the above evoked responses were complemented by recording in addition the
      cortical auditory evoked potential and the peripheral, brain-stem and cortical
      components of the somatosensory evoked potentials. Each of these evoked
      potentials remained in the presence of 0.75 mmol/l glucose in plasma. The
      persistence of the somatosensory cortical evoked potential was unexpected since
      two other groups have reported the disappearance of this potential during
      hypoglycemia. The types of neuronal activity which can still be recorded in
      severe hypoglycemia are probably generated by neuronal structures with lower
      metabolic demands such as axons and oligosynaptic pathways, surviving on the
      consumption of endogenous substrates with compensatory elevation of local
      cerebral blood flow.

PMID- 2410228
TI  - Automatic detection of spike-and-wave bursts in ambulatory EEG recordings.
AB  - The spike-and-wave detection scheme described in this report is based on the
      recognition of groups of spikes and sharp waves with loosely defined temporal and
      inter-channel relationships; presence of a slow wave is required only with spikes
      of low amplitude. Particular attention is paid to artefacts. This method allows
      the detection of classical 3/sec spike-and-wave activity as well as irregular
      patterns. The analysis produces a standard EEG tracing containing only the
      detected bursts, allowing conventional visual examination by an
      electroencephalographer. After interactive editing of false detections, a
      quantitative display of burst distribution can be obtained. The rate of false
      detections due to artefacts or non-epileptiform patterns was evaluated on eight
      20 h cassette recordings; an average of 2.4-10 false detections were made per
      hour. When tested against hand-scoring by two EEGers of eight 2 h recordings
      which included very irregular spike-and-wave patterns, the computer detected 70%
      of the spike-and-wave activity identified by both readers (i.e., 30% false
      negatives), while 12% of the computer detections were not identified by either
      reader (false positives). The context in which such a computer method with
      imperfect performance can be clinically useful is discussed.

PMID- 2410229
TI  - The transfer of EOG activity into the EEG for eyes open and closed.
AB  - The transfer of EOG activity into the EEG is investigated for eyes open (EO) eyes
      closed (EC), relying on spontaneously produced EOG activity. Blinks were
      prominent with EO and eye movements with EC. A frequency domain approach is more
      appropriate compared to treating the EOG influence as constant over frequency
      (i.e., assuming that a fraction of the EOG amplitude is present at EEG
      derivations). A major problem is to take into account the coherent EEG activity
      present at the EOG derivations, and this holds true in particular for the higher
      frequency bands were EOG power is relatively low. Blinks and eye movements have
      different spectral patterns and are also transferred differently to the locations
      on the skull. Eye movements are transferred best at low frequencies. The gains of
      blinks peak in the theta band. Due to high random variability in the individual
      gain functions, sample average gain functions ('grand means') rather than
      individual ones were studied.

PMID- 2410230
TI  - Evaluation of transducers for obtaining intraoperative short-latency auditory
      evoked potentials.
AB  - Operative monitoring of short-latency auditory evoked potentials during posterior
      fossa surgery requires audio transducers of small physical size so as to not
      interfere with the operative field. There are many relatively inexpensive
      transducers in the commercial audio hifi market of appropriate size. Some produce
      suitable biological responses and tolerate long term use without failure. The
      authors describe factors to consider and methods used in testing such
      transducers.

PMID- 2410231
TI  - XIth International Congress of Electroencephalography and Clinical
      Neurophysiology. London, U.K., August 25-30, 1985. Abstracts.

PMID- 2410232
TI  - Traumatic transection of the thoracic aorta as presented at Nursing Grand Rounds.

PMID- 2410233
TI  - Kinetic and quantitative relationships between insulin release and 65Zn efflux
      from perifused islets.
AB  - The kinetics of zinc release and insulin secretion were compared in perifused
      islets previously loaded for 24 h with 65Zn. In the absence of detectable insulin
      secretion, fractional basal 65Zn release was constant at 3-5%/h throughout the
      experimental periods, suggesting that basal efflux of zinc is primarily from a
      single extragranular compartment. Glucose (25 mM) alone caused a prompt release
      of both 65Zn and insulin. Previous studies using cell fractionation showed that
      approximately one third of islet 65Zn is in the granular fraction. Thus, if zinc
      efflux represents only that being cosecreted from the granule, a 65Zn to insulin
      fractional secretion ratio of approximately 0.33 would be expected. However, the
      ratio of 65Zn to insulin fractional secretion was only 0.16, indicating that
      glucose not only causes cosecretion of zinc associated with stored insulin, but
      also independently decreases 65Zn efflux from extragranular sources. At low
      glucose concentrations, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX; 1 mM) did not affect
      either insulin or 65Zn efflux; however, the combination of glucose plus IBMX
      caused a large and parallel biphasic release of both 65Zn and insulin at ratios
      approximating 0.33. Similar results were obtained with glucose plus forskolin.
      Leucine (20 mM) plus IBMX caused a characteristic rapid secretion of insulin
      which waned with time. Efflux of 65Zn was also prompt; however, the ratio of
      secreted 65Zn to insulin gradually increased during stimulation from a near
      theoretical value for cosecretion at the initial peak to 0.70 by the end of the
      stimulation. 65Zn efflux was sustained even after termination of the leucine plus
      IBMX stimulus. alpha-Ketoisocaproic acid caused a similar stimulation and waning
      of insulin secretion, but with a consistent 65Zn to insulin fractional secretion
      ratio of about 0.33. With both leucine and alpha-ketoisocaproic acid,
      poststimulatory 65Zn efflux remained elevated. Perifusion of unlabeled zinc (1
      mM; a concentration that inhibits insulin secretion) caused prompt and sustained
      release of 65Zn; efflux remained high at least 30 min after termination of zinc
      administration. Results expand previous batch islet experiments to show that zinc
      and insulin can be temporally cosecreted at ratios quantitatively consistent with
      their storage ratio in the granules without conservation or intracellular
      reutilization. In addition, there is 65Zn efflux from nongranular compartments
      which is stimulated or inhibited, depending on the secretagogue.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2410234
TI  - Pineal ultrastructure and indole profiles spanning the summer rise in arginine
      vasotocin immunoactivity.
AB  - A correlative radioimmunological-biochemical-ultrastructural study of the rat
      pineal gland was undertaken during the summer months when pineal arginine
      vasotocin (AVT) immunoactivity increases up to 200-fold. RIA confirmed a rapid
      rise in AVT activity during mid-August regardless of the time of day sampled.
      Pineal indoles were separated by HPLC and measured using electrochemical
      detection. Serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were
      consistently elevated in daytime samples, and there was a significant trend for
      increased day and nighttime levels of 5-HT from July to September. Mid-dark
      levels of melatonin also exhibited a significant increase over the sample period.
      Nighttime levels of N-acetylserotonin mirrored fluctuations in 5-HT in the
      preceding photoperiod. Ultrastructural components implicated in peptide/protein
      and/or indole biosynthesis were quantified by stereological morphometry. The
      greatest amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum stacks, lipid droplets, and
      annulate lamellae-like bodies coincided with peak AVT activity. Dense-cored
      vesicles and synaptic ribbons were consistently more frequent during the dark
      period. The number of dense-cored vesicles and nucleolar size tended to be
      greatest before and after the peak in AVT immunoactivity. These observations are
      consistent with the hypotheses that endoplasmic reticulum and lipid are
      functionally related to the synthesis and/or storage of peptide/protein factors
      and that numerical changes in synaptic ribbons and dense-cored vesicles are more
      closely related to day/night differences in indole metabolism.

PMID- 2410235
TI  - Prediction of antigenic sites in follicle-stimulating hormones: difference
      profiles enhance antigenicity prediction methods.
AB  - A method of predicting antigenic sites in proteins using only the information
      provided by primary structure has been reported. The basis of this method is that
      hydrophilic regions of a polypeptide should contain antigenic sites, since
      hydrophobic sites should be buried and inaccessible. However, if the antigen is
      homologous with a naturally occurring polypeptide in the immunized animal, the
      immune system may not recognize the predicted antigenic site as non-self.
      Therefore, a modification of the prediction scheme has been developed which can
      simultaneously examine a protein and its homolog. This method would predict as
      epitopes those sites that are hydrophilic (accessible) and unrelated to the host
      homolog (non-self). A computer program has been developed to compare polypeptides
      and generate difference profiles for antigenic sites. The method has been used to
      distinguish the antigenic determinants of ovine and human FSH.

PMID- 2410236
TI  - Stimulation of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate production enhances
      hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release without increasing
      prostaglandin E2 synthesis: studies in prepubertal female rats.
AB  - A role for cAMP in the process of LHRH release was suggested several years ago,
      but only recently has the validity of this notion come under close scrutiny. In
      the present experiments we have used three probes, which stimulate adenylate
      cyclase activity via different mechanisms, to determine whether an increase in
      endogenous cAMP results in LHRH release from the hypothalamus of prepubertal
      female rats. Median eminences from juvenile, 28-day-old animals were incubated in
      vitro with either forskolin (F), cholera toxin (CT), or pertussis toxin (PT). All
      three substances enhanced LHRH release. The estimated ED50 values were 28.7
      microM and 20.0 ng/ml, for F and PT, respectively. The effect of CT appeared
      biphasic and thus no ED50 could be calculated. None of these agents increased the
      release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an obligatory component in the process of
      norepinephrine-induced LHRH secretion. Doses of PGE2 and F, which were maximally
      effective in stimulating LHRH release when administered separately, did not
      produce any further response when administered concomitantly, thus suggesting
      that PGE2 and F act along a common pathway. Blockade of phosphodiesterase
      activity with 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine increased LHRH secretion without
      enhancing PGE2 release, implying that cAMP metabolism was elevated in the median
      eminence nerve terminals in vitro. Addition of 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
      augmented the LHRH response to CT and PT, but it did not increase further the
      already marked LHRH response to PGE2 or F. The results indicate that both an
      increase in adenylate cyclase activity and a decrease in phosphodiesterase
      activity lead to LHRH release from the median eminence. They also suggest that,
      upon proper (neurotransmitter?) stimulation, cAMP production increases subsequent
      to the activation in PGE2 synthesis, which itself causes LHRH release.
      Furthermore, the capacity of PT to induce LHRH release suggests the involvement
      of an inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein in transducing
      inhibitory inputs impinging on LHRH-secreting neurons.

PMID- 2410237
TI  - Beta-adrenergic stimulation of aldosterone production by rat adrenal capsular
      explants.
AB  - Adrenal glomerulosa was examined for the presence of an adrenergic influence on
      aldosterone production. Cultured rat adrenal capsular explants were transferred
      to a perifusion system where the effect of exposure to catecholamines on
      aldosterone production was assessed. At 10(-6) M, isoproterenol greater than
      epinephrine greater than norepinephrine significantly stimulated aldosterone
      production, whereas at 10(-8) M only isoproterenol showed significant
      stimulation. Propranolol, a beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist, inhibited stimulation
      by epinephrine, and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine,
      enhanced stimulation by a submaximal dose of epinephrine. Epinephrine and
      norepinephrine were found by radioenzymatic assay to be present in fresh as well
      as cultured capsular tissue, although levels were considerably lower in tissue
      that had been in culture (about one tenth that of fresh tissue). The epinephrine
      norepinephrine ratio was similar in capsule and medulla, suggesting a medullary
      source of capsular catecholamines. Whether catecholamines in the capsule arose
      from the in vitro manipulation of adrenal tissue or existed in vivo is unclear.
      In summary, beta-agonists stimulate aldosterone production in cultured rat
      capsular explants.

PMID- 2410238
TI  - Constitutive biosynthesis of bone Gla protein in a human osteosarcoma cell line.
AB  - A human osteosarcoma cell line derived from cells obtained from a patient with
      Paget's disease is shown to synthesize and secrete bone Gla protein (BGP);
      (osteocalcin), a noncollagenous bone matrix protein. Using a human BGP-specific
      RIA, we show that the human osteosarcoma cells synthesize significant amounts of
      BGP without any prior induction of BGP synthesis by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.
      After specific immunoprecipitation of poly-A+ RNA in vitro translation products
      with antibodies to BGP, we found that BGP is synthesized as a precursor with an
      apparent mol wt of 13.5K, as demonstrated on 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gels. Finally, pulse labeling of the osteosarcoma cells with
      [3H]proline reveals that the cells synthesize mature BGP of 12,000 mol wt as well
      as a higher mol wt precursor (13,500) of the protein.

PMID- 2410239
TI  - Activity of the insulo-acinar axis in the isolated perfused rat pancreas.
AB  - The object of the present investigation was to determine whether insulin secreted
      by the endocrine pancreas and carried in the insulo-acinar portal system has a
      direct effect on pancreatic enzyme secretion. For this purpose, the isolated rat
      pancreas was perfused in a nonrecirculating system. The perfusate contained 3 mM
      glucose, and either caerulein or vaso-active intestinal polypeptide was used to
      stimulate exocrine secretion. The amount of insulin reaching the exocrine
      pancreas was reduced by two different experimental procedures. In the first, use
      was made of streptozotocin-diabetic rats treated with insulin in vivo. Treatment
      was such that the contents of amylase and lipase, vastly altered in the untreated
      diabetic state, were normalized before the perfusion studies. In the second
      procedure, insulin reaching the exocrine pancreas was reduced by antiinsulin
      serum in the perfusate. In these procedures, the reduced insulin bioavailability
      was associated with a reduction in caerulein- and vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide-stimulated enzyme release, which was shown as a reduction of maximum
      responsiveness to caerulein without alteration of sensitivity. By contrast, in
      dispersed pancreatic acini where the insulo-acinar axis was completely disrupted,
      amylase secretion from diabetic and nondiabetic tissue was identical over a wide
      range of caerulein concentrations, showing that the secretory defect seen in the
      perfusion studies was not inherent to the exocrine tissue. The results show that
      basal insulin secretion has a direct effect on pancreatic enzyme output and that
      the insulo-acinar axis may play an important role in the regulation of acinar
      cell function.

PMID- 2410240
TI  - Rapid simultaneous measurement of rat alpha- and thyrotropin (TSH) beta-subunit
      messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) by solution hybridization: regulation of TSH
      subunit mRNAs by thyroid hormones.
AB  - Using a sensitive method for the simultaneous measurement of TSH subunit mRNAs,
      we have investigated their hormonal regulation in the pituitary glands of normal
      and hypothyroid rats. Oligodeoxyribonucleotides (probes) complementary to coding
      regions of rat alpha- and TSH beta-subunit mRNAs were synthesized. These probes
      were 5'-end labeled with gamma-[32P] ATP and hybridized with total pituitary RNA
      obtained from T3-treated and untreated normal and hypothyroid rats. The samples
      were then exposed to S1 nuclease to digest single stranded nucleic acids.
      Specific hybridization of probes to the TSH subunit mRNAs would yield double
      stranded structures resistant to this enzyme. Measurement of the amount of
      undigested probes by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
      autoradiography, and densitometry permits quantification of these mRNAs. Both rat
      alpha and TSH beta mRNAs were detected with as little as 0.1 microgram total
      pituitary RNA, representing a more than 10-fold increase in sensitivity compared
      to a standard RNA blot hybridization assay. Thyroidectomy resulted in a 3- to 5
      fold increase, whereas T3 treatment caused a significant decrease in the subunit
      mRNAs in both normal and hypothyroid animals. However, in all treatment groups,
      the TSH beta mRNA was affected to a greater extent than the alpha mRNA by the
      changes in thyroid status. The ratio of alpha- to beta-subunit mRNAs was
      decreased with hypothyroidism and increased with T3 treatment. This assay allows
      simultaneous quantification of multiple mRNAs from a single pituitary gland
      within 48 h and should facilitate studies of the regulation of mRNAs encoding TSH
      subunits specifically and other pituitary proteins in general.

PMID- 2410241
TI  - Regulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels in the pancreatic B cell.
AB  - The poor glucose-induced insulin release from single purified B cells has been
      attributed, in part, to the low cellular cAMP levels. The present study
      demonstrates that isolated B cells exhibit a markedly lower cAMP formation than B
      cells lodged in intact islets and suggest that this deficiency is caused by their
      separation from glucagon-containing A cells. cAMP levels in purified B cells are
      rapidly and potently elevated by glucagon from 10(-10) M on, reaching the values
      of islet B cells at 10(-9) M. In contrast, exogenous glucagon stimulates cAMP
      formation in isolated islets only from 3.10(-9) M on, suggesting that
      endogenously released glucagon is mainly responsible for the higher cAMP levels
      in islet B cells. Somatostatin counteracts glucagon-induced cAMP production in
      purified B cells and, therefore, has also the potential to mediate an intra-islet
      regulation of B cell functions. Neither insulin nor pancreatic polypeptide affect
      cAMP formation in pancreatic B cells. Glucose alone does not influence cAMP
      levels in purified B cells, but enhances glucagon-induced cAMP formation in these
      cells. The glucose-dependent increase in islet cAMP is therefore not considered
      as the nutrient-induced mediator for hormone release but as a minor amplification
      of the glucagon-dependent signal. Experiments on reaggregated islet cells permit
      the reconstruction of the events which regulate cAMP levels in isolated islets.
      Further support is hereby given to the hypothesis that a normal glucose-induced
      insulin release from intact islets requires the simultaneous synarchic
      participation of a nutrient-dependent and a hormone-dependent messenger system.

PMID- 2410242
TI  - Pituitary alpha-subunit messenger ribonucleic acid remains elevated during the
      latter stages of the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge.
AB  - In this study, pituitary alpha-subunit mRNA amounts were assessed during the
      latter stages of the preovulatory LH surge in the normal cycling ewe. The times
      chosen were 15 and 25 h after the onset of behavioral estrus, designated E+15 and
      E+25. These mRNA values were correlated with pituitary and serum LH
      concentrations to assess the possible role of subunit synthesis during these
      times of the cycle, and then compared to values obtained from hybridizations of
      RNAs from animals in other groups representing defined stages of the cycle. One
      of these groups included animals during the midluteal phase (day 12), whose
      amounts were assigned a value of 1. It was observed that the amounts of alpha
      subunit mRNA in E+15 and E+25 groups, as measured by translations and cDNA
      hybridizations, were approximately 10-fold higher than the day 12 values and were
      roughly similar to those observed in a group examined 5 h after estrus. Thus, it
      is evident that the alpha mRNA levels are not only elevated during the LH surge,
      but also remain high at a time when both serum and pituitary LH concentrations
      have fallen dramatically, suggesting the involvement of changing mRNA amounts in
      the feedback systems associated with the maintenance of pituitary and serum
      gonadotropin amounts.

PMID- 2410243
TI  - Effects of thyroid hormone on regulation of lipolysis and adenosine 3',5'
      monophosphate metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
AB  - We have used cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes to assess direct effects of T3 on beta
      adrenergic-mediated regulation of lipolysis and adenylate cyclase and
      phosphodiesterase activities. Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were maintained
      under four conditions: in the presence of medium containing serum from a
      hypothyroid calf (hypothyroid medium), hypothyroid medium supplemented with T3
      (T3-supplemented hypothyroid medium), medium with serum from a normal calf
      (control medium), and control medium supplemented with excess T3 (hyperthyroid
      medium). Compared to the two control groups, i.e. cells maintained in control
      medium or T3-supplemented hypothyroid medium, cells maintained in hypothyroid
      medium exhibited lower basal rates of lipolysis and lower sensitivity to
      isoproterenol. Hyperthyroid cells exhibited higher basal rates of lipolysis and
      higher sensitivity to isoproterenol. In the presence of maximally effective
      concentrations of isoproterenol, rates of lipolysis were similar in the four
      groups. Similarly, basal cAMP content and cAMP accumulation in the presence of
      isoproterenol were reduced in hypothyroid and increased in hyperthyroid
      adipocytes compared to those adipocytes maintained in control or T3-supplemented
      hypothyroid medium. Basal adenylate cyclase activity was similar in the four
      groups. Sensitivity to isoproterenol and maximal isoproterenol-stimulated cyclase
      activity were diminished in membrane preparations from hypothyroid adipocytes and
      increased in preparations from hyperthyroid adipocytes. Cyclase activity in the
      presence of NaF, however, was similar in preparations from cells maintained in
      hypothyroid, T3-supplemental hypothyroid, or control medium. NaF-stimulated
      activity was increased in preparations from hyperthyroid adipocytes. Thyroid
      status did not affect beta-receptor number of affinity for
      iodohydroxybenzylpindolol. Compared to control cells or cells maintained in T3
      supplemented hypothyroid medium, both soluble and particulate cAMP
      phosphodiesterase activities were increased in hypothyroid cells and decreased in
      hyperthyroid cells. These results indicated that in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, some of
      the effects of thyroid hormone on cAMP content and lipolysis can be explained by
      alterations in both production and degradation of cAMP.

PMID- 2410244
TI  - Binding of mibolerone to androgen receptor of benign hypertrophic human prostate.
      Comparison with R1881.
AB  - The binding nature of mibolerone in cytosols and nuclear extracts from
      hypertrophic human prostate was examined in comparison with that of R 1881. The
      binding of mibolerone in the cytosol and nuclear extract was single and of high
      affinity when evaluated by the method of Scatchard (1949). Binding of mibolerone
      with testosterone-binding globulin was not detected. The sedimentation
      coefficients of the binder for mibolerone in the cytosol and nuclear extract were
      10.6 S and 3.6 S, respectively. When triamcinolone acetonide was induced in the
      binding medium, inhibition of mibolerone binding in the cytosol by testosterone
      and dihydrotestosterone was potentiated and this may imply that the binding
      observed in the presence of triamcinolone acetonide was responsible for the
      binding of the androgen receptor. In the nuclear extract, the binding was
      attributable mainly to the androgen receptor irrespective of the presence or
      absence of triamcinolone acetonide. These properties of the binding observed in
      the hypertrophic human prostate were almost same as those of the binding with R
      1881. Although maximum binding sites measured using mibolerone were correlated
      with those using R 1881 in the cytosols as well as in the nuclear extracts, the
      values obtained with mibolerone were slightly greater than those with R 1881.
      Thus, mibolerone seems to be a suitable ligand for measuring the androgen
      receptor, but when compared with R 1881 no special merits in using mibolerone
      were detected.

PMID- 2410245
TI  - Pharyngeal placement of the funnel of an esophageal prosthesis in advanced
      squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - Cervical location of esophageal carcinoma is generally accepted as a contra
      indication for palliative intubation. Seven patients with a cervical neoplasm
      were treated by placement of a tube. Four patients tolerated the tube well, 2
      patients complained of a persistent sensation of pressure and had their tube
      removed. The 4 successfully treated patients were able to swallow normal food. We
      are of the opinion that cervical esophageal cancer does not represent an absolute
      contra-indication for palliative intubation.

PMID- 2410246
TI  - Experimental study of biliary endoprosthesis efficiency.
AB  - Insertion of biliary prosthesis permits palliative drainage; unfortunately,
      cholangitis and clotting induced a large amount of side effects. We set up an
      experimental model with a view to testing in vitro efficiency of available
      stents, then we designed a new prosthesis with improved mechanical performance.

PMID- 2410247
TI  - Ca2+-activated K+ permeability in human erythrocytes: modulation of single
      channel events.
AB  - Elevated levels of intracellular Ca2+ activate a K+-selective permeability in the
      membrane of human erythrocytes. Currents through single channels were analysed in
      excised inside-out membrane patches. The effects of several ions that are known
      to inhibit K+ fluxes are described with respect to the single-channel events. The
      results suggest that the blocking ions can partly move into the channels (but
      cannot penetrate) and interact with other ions inside the pore. The reduction of
      single-channel conductance by Cs+, tetraethylammonium and Ba2+ and of single
      channel activity by quinine and Ba2+ is referred to different rates of access to
      the channel. The concentration- and voltage-dependent inhibition by ions with
      measurable permeability (Na+ and Rb+) can be explained by their lower
      permeability, with single-file movement and ionic interactions inside the pore.

PMID- 2410248
TI  - Molecular shape and dipole moment of alamethicin-like synthetic peptides.
AB  - The peptides Boc-(L-Ala-Aib-L-Ala-Aib-L-Ala)n-OMe, with n = 2 (P10) and n = 4
      (P20), have been synthesized as purely hydrophobic models of the antibiotic
      alamethicin, which is known to be a voltage-dependent pore former in membranes
      and is apparently alpha-helical in lipophilic media. These peptides were
      investigated in 1-octanol, a solvent which resembles the membrane environment.
      From dielectric dispersion studies quantitative information on the molecular
      shape and dipole moments could be derived. Further independent data concerning
      conformation and extent of aggregation of the peptides were obtained by circular
      dichroism and ultracentrifuge measurements. The results suggest that the peptides
      assume the form of elongated particles having a significant amount of ordered
      secondary structure and carrying a dipole parallel to the long axis. Apparently
      the monomeric peptide molecules undergo, to some extent, a head-to-tail
      aggregation which is slightly enhanced at lower temperatures. Based on the high
      frequency parts of the dielectric dispersion curves the lengths, diameters, and
      dipole moments of the monomer particles have been determined as 22.5A, 10A, 36 D
      (P10) and 28.5A, 12A, 64D (P20).

PMID- 2410249
TI  - Genotoxicity studies of rodents exposed to coal dust and diesel emission
      particulates.
AB  - Genotoxicity studies with mice and/or rats have been conducted to evaluate the
      potential mutagenic hazard associated with exposures of coal miners to diesel
      emission particulates (DEP) and/or coal dusts (CD). Rats and mice were exposed to
      filtered air, DEP, and/or CD for periods ranging from 3 months to 2 years. Levels
      of respirable particulates were maintained at 2 mg/m3 in all exposed groups. DEP
      and/or CD were collected in the inhalation chambers in which animals were
      exposed. Urine samples were collected for 5 consecutive days from rats exposed to
      DEP and/or CD for 3, 6, and 24 months. The particulate samples extracted with
      dichloromethane and the urine samples concentrated with XAD-2 columns were
      analyzed for mutagenic activity by the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay system.
      Peripheral blood lymphocytes from rats exposed for 3 months were analyzed for
      sister chromatid exchanges (SCE). The femur bone marrow cells from rats exposed
      for 24 months and mice exposed for 6 months were analyzed for micronuclei in both
      polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes. The results indicate that the
      solvent extract of DEP was mutagenic, while no mutagenic activity was found for
      the CD extract. Combination of CD and DEP did not show any synergistic effect. No
      mutagenic activity was found for urine samples from rats exposed to DEP and/or CD
      for up to 2 years. A slight increase in the micronucleated polychromatic
      erythrocytes over the control level was found in mice exposed to DEP and DEP plus
      CD for 6 months but the increase was not statistically significant. No increase
      in micronuclei was detected in rats exposed for 24 months. The frequencies of SCE
      in the peripheral lymphocytes of the 3-month-exposed rats were similar for
      control and DEP plus CD-exposed groups.

PMID- 2410250
TI  - A case-control study of diesel exhaust exposure and bladder cancer.
AB  - The relationship between bladder cancer and employment in occupations involving
      exposure to diesel exhaust was examined using data from a hospital-based case
      control study of men aged 20 to 80 years in 18 hospitals in six U.S. cities, from
      January 1981 to May 1983. In this analysis, 194 cases and 582 controls were
      compared according to occupation, smoking history, alcohol and coffee
      consumption, and various demographic variables. No difference was found in the
      proportion of bladder cancer cases employed in occupations with exposure to
      diesel exhaust compared to controls. This relationship did not change after
      taking smoking habits into account. Bladder cancer cases were significantly more
      likely to be current smokers of cigarettes than were controls.

PMID- 2410251
TI  - Divergence and differential expression of soybean actin genes.
AB  - DNA sequence analysis as well as genomic blotting experiments using cloned
      soybean actin DNA sequences as probes show that large sequence heterogeneity
      exists among members of the soybean actin multigene family. This heterogeneity
      suggested that the members of this family might be diverged in function and/or
      regulation. Five of the six soybean actin gene family members examined are shown
      to be significantly more diverged from one another than members of other known
      actin gene families. This high level of divergence was utilized in the
      preparation of actin gene-specific probes in the analysis of the complexity and
      expression of these members of the soybean actin gene family. Hybridization
      studies indicate that the six soybean actin genes fall into three classes with a
      pair of genes in each class. These six genes account for all but two actin gene
      fragments detected in the soybean genome. We have compared the relative steady
      state mRNA levels of these classes of soybean actin genes in three organs of
      soybean. We find that actin genes SAc6 and SAc7 are most highly expressed
      accounting for 80% of all actin mRNA with respect to the six soybean actin genes
      examined. Actin genes SAc3 and SAc1 are expressed at intermediate and low levels
      respectively; and SAc2 and SAc4 are expressed at barely detectable levels. Four
      of the six soybean actin genes appear to be expressed at the same level in root,
      shoot and hypocotyl. SAc3 and SAc7 genes appear to be more highly expressed in
      shoot and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-induced hypocotyl than in root and
      hypocotyl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410252
TI  - The detection of Jonah gene transcripts in Drosophila by in situ hybridization.
AB  - The Jonah genes constitute a family of approximately 20 genes expressed at two
      periods during the development of Drosophila melanogaster. They are expressed
      only in the midgut, where they yield very abundant transcripts of approximately
      900 bases. The function of their products is not known. We have used in situ
      hybridization to show that transcripts homologous to two members of the Jonah
      family have quite different distributions within the midgut. Transcripts closely
      homologous to Jon65Aiv are expressed throughout most of the anterior midgut and
      in the posterior section of the middle midgut. Transcripts closely homologous to
      Jon99C beta are expressed only in the anterior region of the posterior midgut.

PMID- 2410253
TI  - In vitro synthesis of full-length influenza virus complementary RNA.
AB  - Influenza virus-specific RNA has been synthesized in vitro, using cytoplasmic or
      microsomal fractions of influenza virus-infected MDCK cells. The RNA polymerase
      activity was stimulated 5-30 times by priming with ApG. About 20-30% of the
      product was polyadenylated. Most of the in vitro product was of positive
      polarity, as shown by hybridization to strand specific probes and by T1
      fingerprinting of the poly(A)+ and poly(A)- RNA segments encoding haemagglutinin
      and nucleoprotein. The size of poly(A)- RNA segments, determined on sequencing
      gels, was indistinguishable from that of virion RNA, whereas poly(A)+ RNA
      segments contain poly(A) tails approximately 50 nucleotides long. The size of in
      vitro synthesized RNA segments was also determined by gel electrophoresis of S1
      treated double-stranded RNAs, obtained by hybridization of poly(A)+ or poly(A)-
      RNA fractions with excess of unlabelled virion RNA. The results of these
      experiments indicate that poly(A)- RNA contains full-length complementary RNA.
      This conclusion is further substantiated by the presence of additional
      oligonucleotides in the T1 fingerprints of in vitro synthesized poly(A)-
      haemagglutinin or nucleoprotein RNA, selected by hybridization to cloned DNA
      probes corresponding to the 3' termini of the genes.

PMID- 2410254
TI  - The T3/T cell receptor complex: antigenic distinction between the two 20-kd T3
      (T3-delta and T3-epsilon) subunits.
AB  - Clonally distributed (clonotypic) antigen receptors on human T lymphocytes (alpha
      and beta chains) are associated with three invariable T3 polypeptide chains (T3
      gamma, delta and epsilon), together forming the T3/T cell receptor complex.
      Monoclonal antibodies prepared against the two 20-kd T3 polypeptide chains
      demonstrated that T3-delta and T3-epsilon are distinct polypeptide chains. Only
      one monoclonal antibody (anti-T3-delta chain) reacted with the T cell surface as
      judged by indirect immunofluorescence, and by its mitogenicity for quiescent
      peripheral blood lymphocytes. Immunohistological staining and immunoprecipitation
      experiments showed that both the T3-delta and T3-epsilon chains are T cell
      specific. As seen with the anti-alpha/beta chain reagent WT-31, anti-T3-delta
      chain monoclonal antibodies stained medullary thymocytes more intensely than
      cortical thymocytes, whereas the difference between the staining of cortical and
      medullary thymocytes was generally not apparent with anti-T3-epsilon chain
      antibodies. Because of this specificity and their ability to react with both the
      denatured and the native forms of each polypeptide chain, these new monoclonal
      reagents will be useful tools in studies of the biosynthesis and cell surface
      expression of the T3/T cell receptor complex during normal and malignant thymic
      differentiation.

PMID- 2410255
TI  - Three distinct epitopes within the loop region of hen egg lysozyme defined with
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Five monoclonal antibodies specific for the loop region of hen egg lysozyme were
      prepared by immunisation with a synthetic conjugate of a proteolytic fragment of
      lysozyme coupled to bovine serum albumin. Their fine specificities were
      investigated using a panel of variant lysozymes and peptide fragments of lysozyme
      in a quantitative radio-immunoassay procedure. Knowledge of the structure of hen
      lysozyme to high resolution and the use of computer graphics enables the
      localisation of the epitopes recognised by the antibodies with some precision.
      The antibodies were shown to define three distinct, overlapping epitopes within
      what was previously considered to be a single antigenic site. These results are
      discussed in relation to current ideas of the antigenic nature of proteins and
      other recent studies in which anti-protein antibodies have been elicited by
      immunisation with small peptides.

PMID- 2410256
TI  - Nucleotide sequences of five anti-lysozyme monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The nucleotide sequences of the heavy and light chain immunoglobulin mRNAs
      derived from five hybridomas (Gloop 1-5) secreting IgGs specific for the loop
      region of hen egg lysozyme were determined. These monoclonal antibodies recognise
      three distinct but overlapping epitopes within the loop region. The sequences of
      two pairs of antibodies with indistinguishable fine specificities were similar in
      both chains whereas the sequences of antibodies of non-identical specificities
      were very different. It is proposed that the D-segments expressed in two of the
      antibodies (Gloop3 and Gloop4) are the products of one, or perhaps two,
      previously unidentified germ line D-genes. Gloop1 and Gloop2 use a D-segment
      previously identified in antibodies specific for the hapten 2-phenyloxazolone;
      however it is recombined in a different reading frame in the anti-lysozyme
      antibodies, producing a different amino acid sequence.

PMID- 2410257
TI  - Characterization of the prosome from Drosophila and its similarity to the
      cytoplasmic structures formed by the low molecular weight heat-shock proteins.
AB  - We have identified and characterized a ribonucleoprotein structure from the
      cytoplasm of Drosophila melanogaster tissue culture cells which is equivalent to
      the prosome, a recently described ribonucleoprotein particle of duck and mouse
      cells. During the recovery period following heat shock, the low mol. wt. heat
      shock proteins form cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein particles which co-purify with
      the Drosophila prosome. Both ribonucleoprotein particles share several structural
      properties but their protein constituents differ in their metabolism and cellular
      localization during the heat treatment. We also report the partial nucleotide
      sequences of several small RNA species associated with the Drosophila prosome.
      One of them has a strong sequence homology with the U6 mammalian small nuclear
      RNA.

PMID- 2410258
TI  - Analogue inhibitor of 2-5A action: effect on the interferon-mediated inhibition
      of encephalomyocarditis virus replication.
AB  - Chemically synthesised CH3Sp(A2'p)2A2'pp3'OCH3 has been used to assess the
      importance of the ppp(A2'p)nA (n greater than or equal to 2: 2-5A) system in the
      antiviral action of interferon against encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC). It
      inhibits activation of the 2-5A-dependent RNase by 2-5A in intact mouse L929
      cells and cell-free systems. In interferon-treated, EMC-infected L929 cells it
      inhibits 2-5A-mediated rRNA cleavage and partially restores EMC RNA synthesis and
      virus yield. Activation of the 2-5A-dependent RNase must, therefore, play some
      part in interferon action against the growth of EMC virus in such cells.

PMID- 2410259
TI  - The conserved CAAGAAAGA spacer sequence is an essential element for the formation
      of 3' termini of the sea urchin H3 histone mRNA by RNA processing.
AB  - Analysis of cDNA sequences obtained from the small nuclear RNA U7 has previously
      suggested specific contacts, by base pairing, between the conserved stem-loop
      structure and CAAGAAAGA sequence of the histone pre-mRNA and the 5'-terminal
      sequence of the U7 RNA during RNA processing. In order to test some aspects of
      the model we have created a series of linker scan, deletion and insertion mutants
      of the 3' terminus of a sea urchin H3 histone gene and have injected mutant DNAs
      or in vitro synthesized precursors into frog oocyte nuclei for interpretation. We
      find that, in addition to the stem-loop structure of the mRNA, the CAAGAAAGA
      spacer transcript within the histone pre-mRNA is required absolutely for RNA
      processing, as predicted from our model. Spacer sequences immediately downstream
      of the CAAGAAAGA motif are not complementary to U7 RNA. Nevertheless, they are
      necessary for obtaining a maximal rate of RNA processing, as is the ACCA sequence
      coding for the 3' terminus of the mature mRNA. An increase of distance between
      the mRNA palindrome and the CAAGAAAGA by as little as six nucleotides abolishes
      all processing. It may, therefore, be useful to regard both these sequence motifs
      as part of one and the same RNA processing signal with narrowly defined
      topologies. Interestingly, U7 RNA-dependent 3' processing of histone pre-mRNA can
      occur in RNA injection experiments only when the in vitro synthesized pre-mRNA
      contains sequence extensions well beyond the region of sequence complementarities
      to the U7 RNA. In addition to directing 3' processing the terminal mRNA sequences
      may have a role in histone mRNA stabilization in the cytoplasmic compartment.

PMID- 2410260
TI  - All three subunits are required for the reconstitution of an active proton
      channel (F0) of Escherichia coli ATP synthase (F1F0).
AB  - The membrane-integrated, proton-translocating F0 portion of the ATP synthase
      (F1F0) from Escherichia coli is built up from three kinds of subunits a, b and c
      with the proposed stoichiometry of 1:2:10 +/- 1. We have dissociated the F0
      complex by treatment with trichloroacetate (3 M) at pH 8.0, in the presence of
      deoxycholate (1%) and N-tetradecyl-N, N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate
      (Zwittergent 3-14, 5%). The subunits were separated by gel filtration with
      trichloroacetate (1 M) included in the elution buffer. The homogeneity of the
      fractions was checked by rechromatography and SDS-gel electrophoresis. After
      integration into phospholipid vesicles each subunit alone as well as all possible
      combinations were tested for H+ translocating activity and binding of F1. A
      functional H+ channel could only be reconstituted by the combination a1b2c10
      which corresponds to that of native F0.

PMID- 2410261
TI  - The generative grammar of the immune system.

PMID- 2410262
TI  - Adenovirus VA RNAI mediates a translational stimulation which is not restricted
      to the viral mRNAs.
AB  - The effect of adenovirus VA RNAI on the translation of mRNAs expressing the
      bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) enzyme was studied by a
      transient expression assay in 293 cells. The CAT activity was determined in
      extracts prepared from cells transfected with mixtures of plasmids encoding CAT
      and VA RNA. The results showed that VA RNAI co-transfection resulted in a
      significant increase in CAT expression from a variety of constructs. Thus,
      expression of CAT from a SV40 mRNA, a beta-globin mRNA and a chimeric mRNA
      containing the adenovirus-2 tripartite leader were all stimulated approximately 6
      fold by VA RNAI. Based on these results we conclude that the tripartite leader
      sequence is not required for the VA RNA-mediated stimulation of translation. Our
      results indicate instead that VA RNAI probably functions as a general enhancer of
      mRNA translation. A2- to 3-fold stimulation of CAT expression was also obtained
      following transient expression of HeLa and CV-1 cells. The reduced efficiency was
      correlated with a 10- to 20-fold lower level of VA RNA expression in HeLa
      compared with 293 cells. Thus, it is likely that a product from region E1
      indirectly enhances the translational efficiency by stimulating VA RNA
      transcription.

PMID- 2410263
TI  - The neuromuscular junction: recent developments.

PMID- 2410264
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies: a potentially powerful tool in the diagnosis and treatment
      of infectious diseases.

PMID- 2410265
TI  - Rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae O:1 by motility inhibition and
      immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies against the group and type specific antigens of Vibrio
      cholerae O:1 lipopolysaccharide were used for the rapid detection of Vibrio
      cholerae strains by motility inhibition and immunofluorescence. Motility
      inhibition of live Vibrio cholerae O:1 was obtained with group specific
      monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies against the type specific antigens B
      (Ogawa) and C (Inaba) inhibited motility of strains of homologous serotypes only.
      Indirect immunofluorescence of heatfixed bacteria with monoclonal antibodies and
      fluorescein-isothiocyanate conjugated rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin was also
      shown to be suitable for the rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae O:1. Both tests
      were highly specific and no cross-reactions were observed with strains of non-O:1
      vibrios, Escherichia coli or Salmonella spp. tested. However, a weak fluorescence
      of some Ogawa strains was observed when high concentrations of Inaba specific
      monoclonal antibodies were used.

PMID- 2410266
TI  - Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry (NC-IUB).
      Nomenclature for incompletely specified bases in nucleic acid sequences.
      Recommendations 1984.

PMID- 2410267
TI  - Inhibition of substance P degradation in rat brain preparations by peptide
      hydroxamic acids.
AB  - A peptidase activity of rat diencephalon membranes, which acts on the C-terminal
      hexapeptide sequence of substance P, was characterized using the radiolabeled
      substrate N alpha-[( 125I]iododesaminotyrosyl)-substance P (6-11)-hexapeptide.
      This activity presents certain characteristics similar to those of the substance
      P-degrading enzyme purified from human brain by Lee et al. [Eur. J. Biochem. 114,
      315-327 (1981)]. It is inhibited by metal chelators and some thiol reagents, but
      is insensitive to inhibitors of serine proteases and aminopeptidases. The
      activity is different from angiotensin-converting enzyme and enkephalinase, since
      it is not affected by specific inhibitors of these enzymes. Substance P and
      substance P C-terminal fragments longer than the pentapeptide inhibited the
      degradation of the radiolabeled substrate with inhibition constants around 200
      microM. Short fragments of the substance P sequence, such as Boc-Phe-Phe-OMe and
      Boc-Phe-Phe-Gly-OEt, were also found to inhibit the degradation of the substrate.
      When the metal-chelating hydroxamic acid moiety was attached to the carboxyl
      terminus of these short peptides, potent inhibitors of the substance-P-degrading
      activity were obtained, with inhibition constants in the micromolar range. The
      most potent of these compounds, iododesaminotyrosyl-Phe-Phe-Gly-NHOH (IBH-Phe-Phe
      Gly-NHOH), is a competitive inhibitor, with a Ki value of 1.9 microM. The
      degradation of substance P by rat diencephalon slices was inhibited to the same
      extent (40-50%) by IBH-Phe-Phe-Gly-NHOH (20 microM) and by phosphoramidon (1
      microM). A combination of both reagents reduced the degradation rate by 75-80%,
      suggesting that both enkephalinase and the substance-P-degrading activity are
      involved in the metabolism of substance P in this preparation. IBH-Phe-Phe-Gly
      NHOH seems to be quite specific for the latter enzyme, since at a high
      concentration (0.1 mM) it did not affect the degradation of the radiolabeled
      substrate by alpha-chymotrypsin, papain, or thermolysin.

PMID- 2410268
TI  - Identification of a 60-kDa phosphoprotein that binds stored messenger RNA of
      Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - Rapidly labelled, polyadenylated RNA is contained in three distinct fractions
      isolated from homogenized amphibian oocytes: (a) in ribonucleoprotein particles
      that are associated with a fibrillar matrix, the complexes sedimenting at greater
      than 1500S; (b) in ribonucleoprotein particles that sediment at 20-120S and have
      the characteristics of stored (maternal) messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) and
      (c) in polyribosomes that sediment at 120-360S. We have compared the RNA and
      protein components of the first two of these RNP fractions. The polyadenylated
      RNA extracted from the two RNP fractions differs in that the RNA from fibril
      associated RNP contains a much higher content of repeat sequences than does the
      RNA from mRNP. In other words, the RNA from fibril-associated RNP is largely
      unprocessed and may constitute a premessenger state, which for convenience is
      referred to as premessenger RNP (pre-mRNP). RNA-binding experiments demonstrate
      that the polypeptide most tightly bound in pre-mRNP is a 54-kDa component (p54),
      whereas the polypeptide most tightly bound in mRNP is a 60-kDa component (p60).
      Antibodies raised against p60 are used to show that this polypeptide is a common
      major component of pre-mRNP and mRNP and that it is also located in oocyte
      nuclei. However the state of p60 is modified between the premessenger and stored
      message levels: the polypeptide in mRNP is heavily phosphorylated whereas the
      equivalent polypeptide in pre-mRNP is completely unphosphorylated. The relative
      roles of the presence of repeat sequences and phosphorylation of mRNA-associated
      protein in blocking translation are discussed.

PMID- 2410269
TI  - The amino acid sequence of a lambda light chain presenting abnormal
      physicochemical and antigenic features.
AB  - The amino acid sequence of the light chain of a human monoclonal IgA1 (Mem) was
      established, in part by analogy with already known sequences. By homology its
      variable part was shown to belong to the V lambda I subgroup while the isotype
      associated amino acid residues characterized it as Mcg+, Kern+ and Oz-. The
      normal primary structure of this chain was in contrast to its abnormal physical
      and antigenic properties: (a) its apparent molecular mass estimated by
      SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, by gel filtration chromatography and by
      gradient ultracentrifugation was found to be lower by approximately equal to 10%
      than the values (23.5 kDa) of 'normal' light chain used as controls; (b) the
      lambda I chain Mem, when tested in native state was not antigenically reactive.
      These abnormalities were reverted when the chain was treated with 8 M urea. These
      data suggest that the abnormal behaviour of lambda I chain Mem is at a
      conformational level.

PMID- 2410270
TI  - Modifications of the expression of liver-specific and non-specific messenger RNAs
      during azo-dye hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - The expression of specific and non-specific rat liver messenger RNAs has been
      studied during 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene (3'-MeDAB) carcinogenesis,
      using cDNA probes complementary to mRNAs encoding aldolase A and B, L-type
      pyruvate kinase, albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, transferrin and an unidentified 2.7
      X 10(3)-base mRNA. mRNAs specific for undifferentiated cells, such as those
      encoding aldolase A and the unidentified 2.7 X 10(3)-base species were re
      expressed very early, being easily detectable at the 1st week of 3'-MeDAB
      treatment. They reached a maximum of expression at the 4th week. Simultaneously
      the levels of aldolase B and L-type pyruvate kinase mRNAs dramatically decreased
      as compared to controls, but remained responsive to induction by a high
      carbohydrate diet. Albumin and transferrin mRNA levels were only slightly
      modified in the course of the carcinogenic diet. At the terminal stage of
      hepatocarcinogenesis, i.e. in malignant hepatoma cells, expression and
      inducibility of aldolase B and L-type pyruvate kinase mRNAs were similar to those
      in normal adult rats while mRNAs specific for undifferentiated or foetal stages
      were also synthesized. The very early changes in gene expression for aldolases A
      and B, L-type pyruvate kinase and the 2.7 X 10(3)-base mRNA species could
      indicate that carcinogenic diet modifies gene control mechanisms long before
      inducing hepatoma.

PMID- 2410271
TI  - Insulin receptors and bioresponses in a human liver cell line (Hep G-2).
AB  - A newly developed human hepatoma cell line, designated Hep G-2, expresses high
      affinity insulin receptors meeting all the expected criteria for classic insulin
      receptors. 125I-insulin binding is time-dependent and temperature-dependent and
      unlabeled insulin competes for the labeled hormone with a half-maximal
      displacement of 1-3 ng/ml. This indicates a Kd of about 10(-10) M. Since
      Scatchard analysis of the binding data results in a curvilinear plot and
      unlabeled insulin accelerates the dissociation of bound hormone, these receptors
      exhibit the negative cooperative interactions characteristic of insulin receptors
      in many other cell and tissue types. Proinsulin and des(Ala, Asp)-insulin compete
      for 125I-insulin binding with 4% and 2%, respectively, of the potency of insulin.
      Anti-(insulin receptor) antibody competes fully for insulin binding. The two
      insulin-like growth factors, multiplication-stimulating activity and IGF-I are 2%
      as potent as insulin against the Hep G-2 insulin receptor. Furthermore, Hep G-2
      cells respond to insulin in several bioassays. Glucose uptake, glycogen synthase,
      uridine incorporation into RNA and acetate incorporation into lipid are all
      stimulated to varying degrees by physiological concentrations of insulin. In
      addition, these cells 'down-regulate' their insulin receptor, internalize 125I
      insulin and degrade insulin in a manner similar to freshly isolated rodent
      hepatocytes. This is the first available human liver cell line in permanent
      culture in which both insulin receptors and biological responses have been
      carefully examined.

PMID- 2410272
TI  - Identification of multiple variants of fast muscle troponin T in the chicken
      using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies, T1/7 and T1/61, have been prepared which are specific
      for chicken fast muscle troponin T. Both are of the IgG gamma 1 subclass. Both
      antibodies cross-react strongly with human fast and chicken cardiac troponin T,
      but while T1/7 reacts weakly with rabbit fast troponin T, T1/61 does not. The
      antibodies can be used for fibre typing of both chicken and human muscle. The
      antibodies have been used to identify fast troponin T on two-dimensional maps of
      proteins from a variety of chicken muscles by electrophoretic transfer to
      nitrocellulose followed by immunoperoxidase staining. Using this technique five
      variant forms of fast troponin T have been identified. Two variants, fBT1 and
      fBT2, are expressed in breast muscle, while the other three, fLT1, fLT2 and fLT3
      are expressed in leg muscle. Of the leg muscle variants, fLT1 and fLT2 correspond
      to the two forms described previously [Wilkinson, J.M., Moir, A.J.G. and
      Waterfield, M.D. (1984) Eur. J. Biochem. 143, 47-56]. The third variant, fLT3,
      has not been described before and is expressed in muscles which have a high
      content of slow fibres. In addition to these clearly defined variant forms
      immunostaining reveals multiple minor variants of troponin T present in leg
      muscle which may reflect complex RNA processing of the troponin T gene
      transcript.

PMID- 2410273
TI  - Structural studies on O-specific polysaccharides of lipopolysaccharides from
      Yersinia enterocolitica serovars O:1,2a,3, O:2a,2b,3 and O:3.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharides from Yersinia enterocolitica serovars O:1,2a,3, O:2a,2b,3 and
      O:3 have been isolated and characterized. 6-Deoxy-L-altrose residues were shown
      to be the main constituents of lipopolysaccharides isolated in addition to
      residues of L-rhamnose, D-glucose, D-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, 2
      acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose, D-glycero-D-manno-heptose and L-glycero-D-manno
      heptose, 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid being minor components of sugar chains.
      Mild hydrolysis of lipopolysaccharides with acetic acid furnished O-specific
      polysaccharides, which are composed of 6-deoxy-L-altrose. Using 13C-NMR
      spectroscopy and methylation data, the structural features of backbones have been
      elucidated as follows: ----2)-6d-L-Altp(beta 1----2)-6d-L-Altp(beta 1----3)-6d-L
      Altp)(beta 1----for serovars O:1,2a,3 and O:2a,2b,3;----2)-6d-L-Altp(beta 1---
      for serovar O:3. In addition, O-polysaccharide of serovar O:2a,2b,3 was found to
      contain an O-acetyl group at the C-3 position of some 1,2-linked sugar residues.

PMID- 2410274
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to Torpedo acetylcholine receptor. Characterisation of
      antigenic determinants within the cholinergic binding site.
AB  - Thirteen monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) from
      Torpedo marmorata showed high avidity for the receptor but none exhibited binding
      to muscle AChR solubilised from seven other animal species. Five mAb and Fab
      monomer fragments prepared from two of them, inhibited alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha
      BuTx) binding to receptor by a maximum of 50%. In the presence of excess mAb the
      125I-alpha BuTx bound could be precipitated by anti-IgG indicating that the mAb
      bound to only one of the two alpha BuTx binding sites on each AChR monomer. This
      site appeared to have a lower affinity for d-tubocurarine and decamethonium than
      the non-mAb site. Binding of five anti-site mAb was mutually competitive and four
      of them (AS2-AS5) were inhibited by other cholinergic ligands and influenced by
      four non-toxin binding site antibodies. One (AS1) bound within the toxin binding
      site yet outside the main neurotransmitter binding region. It is concluded that
      these five mAb distinguish between the two alpha BuTx binding sites on the
      Torpedo AChR, and bind only to the site which displays lower affinity for d
      tubocurarine and other competitive ligands.

PMID- 2410275
TI  - Somatic antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The structure of the O-specific
      polysaccharide chains of lipopolysaccharides of P. aeruginosa serogroup O4
      (Lanyi) and related serotype O6 (Habs) and immunotype 1 (Fisher).
AB  - Acidic O-specific polysaccharides were isolated on mild acidic degradation of
      lipopolysaccharides of Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotypes O4a,b, O4a,c, O4a,d
      (Lanyi classification) and serologically related to them serotype O6 (Habs
      classification) and immunotype 1 (Fisher classification). The polysaccharides had
      identical monosaccharide composition and were built up of L-rhamnose, 2-acetamido
      2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose,2-formamido-2-deoxy-D-galacturonic acid and 2-acetamido-2
      deoxy-D-galactouronamide residues. The latter two derivatives of D
      galactosaminuronic acid were found in nature for the first time. All the
      polysaccharides, but Lanyi serotype O4a,c, contained O-acetyl groups. The
      polysaccharides were readily de-O-acetylated with aqueous triethylamine and de-N
      formylated with dilute hydrochloric acid. De-N-formylated polysaccharide of
      serotype O4a,c was selectively cleaved with nitrous acid upon 2-amino-2
      deoxygalacturonic acid residues to form a tetrasaccharide with a 2,5
      anhydrotaluronic acid residue on the reducing end. The tetrasaccharide
      represented a modified repeating unit of the polysaccharide. Solvolysis of all
      intact polysaccharides with hydrogen fluoride selectively split the glycosidic
      linkages of 6-deoxy sugars to give the same trisaccharide, including both
      derivatives of galactosaminuronic acid and having 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxyglucose
      on the reducing end. Structural investigation of the oligosaccharides obtained
      together with methylation analysis and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance data
      revealed the following structures of the O-specific polysaccharides: (Formula:
      see text) An independent confirmation of the structures of the repeating units
      was obtained as the result of full interpretation of the 13C nuclear magnetic
      resonance spectra of the intact and modified polymers. Spectral data analysis
      revealed a number of regularities in the effects of glycosidation connecting
      their values with the anomeric and absolute configuration of pyranose residues.
      The data on the structures of the O-specific polysaccharides indicated that each
      of the five P. aeruginosa strains under study should be considered as an
      individual O-serotype within one O-serogroup.

PMID- 2410276
TI  - Somatic antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The structure of the O-specific
      polysaccharide chains of P. aeruginosa O11 (Lanyi) lipopolysaccharides.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharides were isolated from the phenol layer on aqueous phenol
      extraction of cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O11 (Lanyi classification), strains
      170021 and 170040. On mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharides, with the
      subsequent gel-filtration on Sephadex G-50, neutral O-specific polysaccharides
      made up of 6-deoxysugars alone were obtained. Two 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-L
      galactose (LFucNAc), 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose (DQuiNAc) and L-rhamnose
      (LRha) residues were found to be the components of the strain 170021
      polysaccharide repeating units; those of strain 170040 contained the same
      monosaccharides, but, instead of 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose residue, that
      of 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-D-galactose (DFucNAc) was present. On the basis of the
      13C nuclear magnetic resonance data, methylation analysis and three successive
      Smith degradations the following structures were determined for the
      polysaccharide repeating units: strain 170021----2) LRha(alpha 1---
      3)LFucNAc(alpha 1----3)LFucNAc(alpha 1----3)DQuiNAc(beta 1----; strain 170040,---
      2)LRha(alpha 1----3)LFucNAc-(alpha 1----3)LFucNAc(alpha 1----3)DFucNAc(beta 1---
      ; differing from one another by configuration of C-4 of 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-D
      hexopyranose only.

PMID- 2410277
TI  - Decreased vigilance and neurotransmitter synthesis after discontinuation of
      dietary treatment for phenylketonuria in adolescents.
AB  - Four adolescent or young adult patients with phenylketonuria were examined before
      and after discontinuation of dietary treatment. Plasma and CSF phenylalanine
      concentrations increased about two-fold in three patients. In these patients the
      CSF concentration of the dopamine and serotonin metabolites homovanillic acid
      (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) decreased markedly; 5-HIAA to
      extremely low values. The reaction time variability increased in these patients.
      In the fourth case plasma phenylalanine levels, CSF HVA and 5-HIAA levels, and
      reaction time variability were essentially unchanged. The relationship between
      reaction time variability and the CSF 5-HIAA level for all four patients could be
      presented as a linear function. However, a causal relationship is still unproven.
      These preliminary findings demonstrate that there may be hazards in the
      discontinuation of dietary treatment, even in adolescents or young adults, for
      neurotransmitter metabolism and mental function.

PMID- 2410278
TI  - Phase II trial of bleomycin in patients with advanced ovarian cancer: an EORTC
      Gynecological Cancer Cooperative Group Study.
AB  - Bleomycin was administered by continuous i.v. infusion at a dose of 20 mg/m2/day
      for 7 days to 18 evaluable patients with advanced ovarian epithelial cancer
      resistant to conventional chemotherapy. The toxicity pattern was no different
      from that known from earlier studies using continuous infusion of bleomycin with
      the exception of the occurrence of a life-threatening allergic reaction in one
      patient, which led to discontinuation of treatment after 3 days. Only one patient
      showed a partial response for 2 months (5.5%), indicating that the drug has no
      significant activity in this unfavorable group of patients.

PMID- 2410279
TI  - A reduction in pulmonary capillary blood volume in patients with disseminated
      testicular carcinoma.
AB  - Pulmonary function tests, including the transfer factor for carbon monoxide of
      the lungs (T1CO) and pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc), were measured in 43
      patients with disseminated testicular carcinoma and in eight patients with
      disseminated malignant melanoma before the start of a bleomycin-containing
      cytostatic combination. Their relation to the development of bleomycin-induced
      pulmonary toxicity was evaluated. We found two subgroups of patients, one group
      with and one group without an abnormal pretreatment T1CO and Vc. In the latter
      group the risk of bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity is not increased.
      Reduction in bleomycin dose during treatment is not necessary. The hypothesis is
      formulated that tumor embolism could be the explanation for this phenomenon.

PMID- 2410280
TI  - Monoclonal anti-cytokeratin antibody from a hybridoma clone generated by
      electrofusion.
AB  - Hybridomas producing mouse monoclonal antibodies to antigens of the human mammary
      carcinoma cell line, MCF-7, have been generated by electric field-mediated fusion
      at a frequency ten times higher than by polyethylene glycol. One of the
      monoclonal antibodies obtained recognizes a cytoskeletal structure restricted to
      epithelial cells and carcinomas with a distribution pattern resembling
      cytokeratin 19.

PMID- 2410281
TI  - Bronchodilator and antiallergy activity of forskolin.
AB  - Forskolin is a diterpene from the roots of Coleus forskohli which directly
      activates the adenylate cyclase and raises cyclic AMP levels in a variety of
      tissues. Forskolin was studied for its effects on the tone of airway smooth
      muscle and the immunologic release of leukotrienes and histamine. The
      bronchospasm induced by inhaled antigen in sensitized guinea pigs was prevented
      in a dose-related fashion by the intravenous (i.v.) or intratracheal
      administration of forskolin. Forskolin was more potent than aminophylline and
      less potent than salbutamol. There was no evidence that forskolin would
      potentiate the in vivo bronchodilator effects of either salbutamol or
      aminophylline. Forskolin was approximately 100 times more potent than
      aminophylline by the i.v. and intratracheal routes to reverse an established
      allergic bronchospasm. Forskolin given intratracheally also inhibited the
      bronchospasm to i.v. histamine, with a short duration of action. In vitro
      forskolin (less than 1 microM) inhibited contractions of lung parenchyma provoked
      by histamine, LTC4 or antigen. Forskolin (1 microM) also inhibited the
      immunologically stimulated release of LTD4 and histamine from sensitized guinea
      pig lung. These studies show that forskolin shares with other agents that elevate
      cyclic AMP levels the ability to relax airway smooth muscle and inhibit mediator
      release in vitro and elicit a bronchodilation in vivo.

PMID- 2410282
TI  - Central and peripheral sites for cardiovascular actions of dynorphin-(1-13) in
      rats.
AB  - Dynorphin-(1-13) (i.v.) induced bradycardia and hypotension in artificially
      ventilated anaesthetized rats. These effects were prevented by MRZ 2266 BS. The
      bradycardia was inhibited by bilateral vagotomy whereas the fall in blood
      pressure was not sensitive to bilateral vagotomy and chlorpheniramine treatment.
      In pithed rats, dynorphin-(1-13) reduced heart rate. This bradycardia was
      prevented by MRZ 2266 BS but not by tertatolol and cimetidine. It is suggested
      that the dynorphin-(1-13)-induced effects result from the stimulation of central
      and cardiac kappa-opiate receptors.

PMID- 2410283
TI  - [3H]diltiazem binding to calcium channel antagonists recognition sites in rat
      cerebral cortex.
AB  - The presence of a diltiazem recognition site within the macromolecular complex of
      the calcium channel in the brain had been hypothesized on the basis of binding
      studies with [3H]dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists. In the present
      study, we therefore characterized [3H]diltiazem binding sites in the rat cerebral
      cortex. Saturable high affinity (Kd = 50-170 nM) [3H]diltiazem binding to the rat
      cerebral cortex was stereospecifically inhibited by the enantiomers of diltiazem
      according to their activity as calcium channel antagonists and modulators of
      [3H]dihydropyridine binding. An association between the [3H]diltiazem binding
      site and the calcium channel was further corroborated by the effects of
      chemically heterogeneous calcium channel antagonists on [3H]diltiazem binding.
      Dihydropyridines appeared to allosterically affect [3H]diltiazem binding
      according to their pharmacological effects; e.g. at 37 degrees C nitrendipine
      enhanced whereas the calcium agonist Bay K 8644 failed to affect [3H]diltiazem
      binding at concentrations fully inhibiting [3H]nitrendipine binding. The effect
      of nitrendipine may, at least in part, be explained by an increase in the
      affinity of [3H]diltiazem.

PMID- 2410284
TI  - Activities and antagonism of bombesin on urinary smooth muscles.
AB  - Substance P (SP), bombesin (BB) and bradykinin (BK) induce dose-dependent
      contractions of the rat and guinea-pig urinary bladders (RUB, GPUB). The three
      peptides differ in their affinities and intrinsic activities, BB being the most
      active both in terms of affinity (pD2 8.33 in the RUB and 8.83 in the GPUB), SP
      (8.03 and 7.53), BK (7.20 and 7.35), and of intrinsic activity. The myotropic
      effects of BB and SP are not modified by antagonists of neurotransmitters and
      autacoids that occur in peripheral organs, but that of BK is reduced in the
      presence of both the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors. Undeca- and
      octapeptide antagonist analogues of SP and SP-(4-11) show similar pA2 values
      against BB and SP and are inactive against BK: the compound [D-Pro4, Lys6, D
      Trp7,9,10, Phe11] SP-(4-11) is however more active (pA2 6.36 in the RUB and 6.18
      in the GPUB) against BB than against SP (pA2 5.33 and 5.65 respectively), while
      it is inactive against BK. These results confirm data from the literature as to
      the ability of some tachykinin-antagonists to act against BB and shows chemical
      modifications that can improve the antagonist potency selectively against BB.

PMID- 2410285
TI  - Immunoreactive substance P and LH-RH content in median eminence and pituitary
      gland during proestrus, oestrus, lactation and after anterior hypothalamic
      deafferentation.
AB  - Substance P (SP) and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) content were
      measured by radioimmunoassay in median eminence of female rats, SP only in rats
      pituitary after decapitation on the day of oestrus (E), on the first and second
      day of dioestrus (D1 and D2), on the day of proestrus (P) and in "constant
      oestrus" (AD) caused by anterior hypothalamic deafferentation and in lactation
      (L). During four days of oestrus cycle the highest SP and LH-RH content of median
      eminence was found in dioestrus. Both during cyclic oestrus and "constant
      oestrus", SP and LH-RH were significantly lower than on the second day of
      dioestrus. These results may suggest the reciprocal functional relation of both
      hypothalamic peptides in the mechanism of the control of gonadotropin release.
      The highest LH-RH concentration of the median eminence was found in the animals
      on the 11th to 15th day of lactation, while the SP content in the median eminence
      of these animals is not significantly different from those of the remaining
      groups except the value for dioestrus (D2) rats. The SP content in pituitary of
      lactating rats was significantly higher than those of rats during cyclic or
      "constant oestrus".

PMID- 2410286
TI  - Influence of phytogenic substances with thyreostatic effects in combination with
      iodine on the thyroid hormones and somatomedin level in pigs.
AB  - Growing pigs were given 8% rape seed meal (RSM), which was offered without or
      with different iodine-supplements and further trace elements. RSM without I
      supplementation reduced food intake and weight gains by more than 50%, thyroid
      weight increased by the factor 6, T4 declined below the detectable limit, T3 by
      two thirds and somatomedin activity by 50% compared to the control group (soy
      bean meal). In spite of supplementation with iodine and further trace elements
      the T3-level reached the level of the control group in no variant due to nutrient
      deficiency (reduced food intake) and the conversion-impeding effect of
      goitrogenic substances. The same is true for Sm-activity and weight gains,
      whereas the T4-level increased even above the level of control animals due to I
      supplementation. There are significant correlations (correlation coefficients
      0.77 and 0.64 resp.; p less than 0.001) between food intake and T3-concentration
      resp. and Sm-activity. This study demonstrate that the reduced growth in case of
      the intake of phytogenic substances with thyreostatic effects is directed by the
      diminished food consumption and the peripheral hypothyroid situation via
      decreased Sm-synthesis. The high content of thyreostatic substances in tissues of
      rape seed fed animals is a potential danger for the human consumer.

PMID- 2410287
TI  - Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity: a reliable indicator of bleomycin-induced
      pulmonary toxicity.
AB  - Seventy-seven untreated patients with germ-cell tumors, of whom 20 had no
      pulmonary involvement, no clinical or radiological evidence of pulmonary disease,
      received 6 courses of cisplatin, vinblastine and bleomycin. Pulmonary function
      tests were performed before, every 3 weeks during treatment, and once a month
      from then on. The carbon monoxide diffusion capacity tests were normalized with
      respect to the actual hemoglobin concentration. During treatment a nonsignificant
      decrease (P greater than 0.05) was seen in the flow volume relationships, but as
      it was reversible it was attributed to the strenuous treatment. In contrast a
      significant decrease of 35% (P less than 0.01) in the corrected carbon monoxide
      diffusion capacity was seen in 15 of 18 evaluable patients with neither clinical
      nor radiological signs of pulmonary toxicity. The decrease was correlated to the
      increasing dose of bleomycin (r = 0.63).

PMID- 2410288
TI  - Autonomic innervation of the human respiratory tract as revealed by histochemical
      and ultrastructural methods.
AB  - The major findings and conclusions of this study are the following: Indirect
      evidence for the presence of the bronchoconstrictive transmitter acetylcholine in
      the human bronchial smooth muscle was obtained by demonstration of
      acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibers and nerve profiles of cholinergic
      type. Acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibers and nerve profiles of
      cholinergic type were found in human bronchial glands. A sparse adrenergic
      innervation of the human bronchial smooth muscle and glands was found by using
      catecholamine histofluorescence. This observation was supported by finding
      ultrastructurally adrenergic-like nerve profiles close to smooth muscle cells.
      Direct evidence for the presence of a new possible bronchodilating transmitter
      VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) in the human bronchial smooth muscle was
      obtained both by light microscopical demonstration of VIP immunoreactive nerve
      fibers and by localization of VIP like immunoreactivity in granules in nerve
      profiles. Nerve fibers containing VIP-immunoreactivity were found in the human
      bronchial glands by light microscopy. Substance P-immunoreactive nerves were
      found in the lower respiratory tract of the rabbit but not of man by light
      microscopy. Intraepithelial nerves were demonstrated in man from trachea to
      segmental bronchi and their concentration was established. The intraepithelial
      nerves seem to have two predominant locations: either close to the airway lumen
      or near the basement membrane. Nerves near the lumen were found only in larger
      airways e.g. trachea and lobar bronchi.

PMID- 2410289
TI  - Reversal of deficits in axonal transport and nerve conduction velocity by
      treatment of streptozotocin-diabetic rats with myo-inositol.
AB  - This study examined the effects of myo-inositol treatment on the deficits of
      motor nerve conduction velocity and of axonal transport of choline
      acetyltransferase in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Motor nerve
      conduction velocity was measured in seven groups of male rats. Two groups formed
      nondiabetic controls; one survived for 3 and the other for 6 weeks, then motor
      nerve conduction velocity was again measured and the accumulation of choline
      acetyltransferase activity proximal to a 24-h sciatic nerve constriction was
      estimated. The other five groups were rendered diabetic and subjected to similar
      measurements. Two diabetic groups were untreated and survived 3 or 6 weeks. The
      other three groups received myo-inositol for 1, 2, and 3 weeks, respectively,
      commencing 21 days after induction of diabetes. These groups survived for 4, 5,
      or 6 weeks, respectively. In all groups surviving for longer than 3 weeks an
      interim measurement of motor nerve conduction velocity was made 21 days after the
      start of the experiment (immediately before onset of treatment in the treated
      groups). In these groups a third measurement was made on the day before death. At
      death, choline acetyltransferase accumulation was measured and the remainder of
      the sciatic nerves was assayed for sorbitol and myo-inositol. In the two
      untreated diabetic groups we found reduced motor nerve conduction velocity, a
      deficit in the accumulation of choline acetyltransferase proximal to the sciatic
      nerve constriction, and a marked build-up of nerve sorbitol and a depletion of
      nerve myo-inositol. All three treated groups showed a reversal of this myo
      inositol depletion without a reduction in the nerve sorbitol content.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410290
TI  - Theileria parva: expression of a sporozoite surface coat antigen.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody specific for the Theileria parva sporozoite, which
      recognizes a determinant on the surface coat and blocks sporozoite infectivity,
      was used to investigate the presence of the determinant on other stages of the
      parasite lifecycle. Immunofluorescence techniques did not demonstrate this
      determinant on the kinete, schizont, merozoite, or piroplasm stages of the
      parasite. Immunoautoradiography, using a tritiated form of the monoclonal
      antibody, on sections of infected salivary glands collected from ticks that had
      fed for 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 days revealed that the determinant recognized was
      synthesized predominantly during sporogony, between 2 to 3 days after the tick
      started feeding. Immunoelectron microscopy was performed on ultrathin frozen
      sections of infected tick salivary glands incubated with the monoclonal antibody
      followed by Protein-A--colloidal gold. The antigen or its precursor could be
      detected in the developing parasite. In ticks fed 2 days, the sporoblast was
      labeled, both in the cytoplasm and on parasite membranes, often including the
      nuclear envelope. In sections from ticks fed 4 days, the sporozoite surface
      membrane was labeled, as were membrane-bounded sporozoite organelles identified
      as micronemes. Observation by immunofluorescence, on sporozoites incubated with
      bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes, suggested that the antigen recognized by the
      monoclonal antibody does not enter the lymphocyte during sporozoite endocytosis.
      We conclude that synthesis of the antigen or its precursor(s) occurs during
      sporogony in the feeding tick, at the time of maximal parasite proliferation, and
      precedes the formation of morphologically mature sporozoites; the antigen's role
      in the parasite life cycle also appears to be limited to events associated with
      the sporozoite entry process.

PMID- 2410291
TI  - Chemiosmotic coupling in cytochrome oxidase. Possible protonmotive O loop and O
      cycle mechanisms.
AB  - Using the principle of specific vectorial ligand conduction, we outline directly
      coupled protonmotive O loop and O cycle mechanisms of cytochrome oxidase action
      that are analogous to protonmotive Q loop and Q cycle mechanisms of QH2
      dehydrogenase action. We discuss these directly coupled mechanisms in the light
      of available experimental knowledge, and suggest that they may stimulate useful
      new research initiatives designed to elucidate the osmochemistry of protonmotive
      oxygen reduction in cytochrome oxidase.

PMID- 2410292
TI  - Inhibition by forskolin of cytosolic calcium rise, shape change and aggregation
      in quin2-loaded human platelets.
AB  - The adenylate cyclase stimulator forskolin was used to study the inhibitory
      effects of elevated cAMP on the activation of washed human platelets loaded with
      the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator quin2. In the presence of 10 microM
      isobutylmethylxanthine forskolin inhibited rises in [Ca2+]i evoked by thrombin
      and platelet-activating factor (PAF) due to both Ca2+ influx and release from
      internal stores with similar potency. Aggregation evoked by thrombin and PAF was
      suppressed whilst partial shape-change persisted, even in the absence of a
      measurable rise in [Ca2+]i. Forskolin did not affect the rise in [Ca2+]i evoked
      by Ca2+ ionophore; aggregation was suppressed but shape-change persisted.

PMID- 2410293
TI  - Light-induced activation of the rod phosphodiesterase leads to a rapid transient
      increase of near-infrared light scattering.
AB  - The so-called AT-signal described here is a transient light-induced increase of
      the near-infrared scattering from isolated bovine rod outer segments (ROS).
      Freshly prepared ROS are permeabilized with 0.01% Triton X-100 immediately before
      measurement in the presence of 1 mM GTP. The signal amplitude is saturated when
      approximately 2 rhodopsin molecules out of 30 000 are photo-excited. The signal
      recovers rapidly (approximately 90 s) and can be repeated in a succession of
      flashes. The AT-signal can be prevented by pre-activation of the
      phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzyme cascade at various levels: either at the level of
      G-protein, using ALF4- in darkness or GTP gamma S plus light; or at the level of
      the PDE catalytic unit, using protamine as an activator. The light sensitivity
      and kinetics of the AT-signal are similar to published parameters of PDE
      activation. These data suggest that light-induced activation of the PDE is the
      key reaction for the generation of the signal. On the other hand, blocking of the
      catalytic cGMP binding site by isobutylmethylxanthine only slightly affects the
      signal. We propose that the AT-signal reflects a structural change linked to the
      transient removal of the PDE inhibitory subunit from the catalytic unit.

PMID- 2410294
TI  - Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone coding for rat brain
      myelin proteolipid.
AB  - A cDNA library from rat brain was constructed in pBR322 and screened with a 14
      mer mixed oligonucleotide probe based on residues 231-235 of bovine proteolipid
      (PLP). A positive clone was isolated: it contained a 1334-base-pair cDNA insert
      and was subjected to DNA sequence analysis. The cDNA encoded information for the
      276 amino acids of rat PLP. Comparison with bovine PLP sequence showed a complete
      amino acid sequence homology except for 4 amino acid residues.

PMID- 2410295
TI  - Heparin induces Ca2+ release from the terminal cisterns of skeletal muscle
      sarcoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - Using a Ca2+-selective electrode and the chlorotetracycline fluorescence
      technique, the effects of heparin on Ca2+ transport in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
      (SR) of skeletal muscles in the absence of oxalate were investigated. It was
      shown that heparin (0.5-10 micrograms/ml) causes a rapid release of 40-50 nmol
      Ca2+/mg protein from the terminal cistern SR vesicles bound to 130-150 nmol/mg
      protein of Ca2+ in the presence of ATP. However, heparin has practically no
      effect on the longitudinal cistern fraction of SR. The effects of heparin can be
      prevented by ruthenium red. No influence of heparin is observed in the case of
      the Ca2+-induced release of Ca2+ from the terminal cisterns. When the Ca2+
      release is induced by heparin, no Ca2+-induced release of Ca2+ takes place.

PMID- 2410296
TI  - Localization of the continuous allergenic sites of ragweed allergen Ra3 by a
      comprehensive synthetic strategy.
AB  - A comprehensive synthetic approach, previously introduced by this laboratory for
      the localization of the full profile of the continuous antigenic sites on
      proteins, was applied here to localize the continuous sites of ragweed allergen,
      Ra3, that are recognized by human anti-Ra3 IgE antibodies. The following 10
      uniform and overlapping peptides were synthesized and purified: 1-15, 11-25, 21
      35, 31-45, 41-55, 51-65, 61-75, 71-85, 81-95 and 91-101. Quantitative radiometric
      titrations of protein and peptide adsorbents with human IgE, established the full
      profile of allergenic (IgE binding) sites on Ra3. It was found that Ra3 has four
      continuous allergenic sites. Antibodies prepared against the IgE binding peptides
      bound to native Ra3. The findings are briefly discussed in relation to other
      protein antigenic structures and in terms of design of vaccines using synthetic
      sites.

PMID- 2410297
TI  - Structure-function relationships in H+-secreting epithelia.
AB  - Stimulation or inhibition of H+ secretion has been associated with characteristic
      ultrastructural changes in various epithelial cells, including the parietal cell
      of the gastric mucosa, the carbonic anhydrase (CA)-rich cell of the turtle
      urinary bladder, and the intercalated (I) cell of the mammalian collecting duct.
      An electroneutral potassium-activated H+-ATPase is responsible for H+ secretion
      in the stomach, whereas acidification in the turtle bladder and the mammalian
      collecting duct is mediated by an electrogenic H+-translocating ATPase. Despite
      these differences, the parietal cell, the CA-rich cell, and the I cell have
      several morphological features in common. They are rich in mitochondria, contain
      numerous tubulovesicular membrane structures in the apical region of the cell,
      and possess a variable number of microprojections on the luminal surface. After
      stimulation of H+ secretion there is a significant increase in the surface area
      of the apical membrane concomitant with a decrease in the tubulovesicular
      membrane compartment in these cells, as revealed by morphometric analysis. These
      findings suggest that membrane (possibly containing an H+ pump) is being
      transferred from the tubulovesicular compartment to the apical plasma membrane on
      stimulation of H+ secretion. A hypothesis of membrane recycling is proposed to
      account for the observed morphological changes.

PMID- 2410299
TI  - Adaptation of proximal tubular structure and function: insights into compensatory
      renal hypertrophy.
AB  - Hypertrophy of the renal tubular cells, especially those of the proximal tubule
      (PT), accounts for the majority of the increase in kidney size that follows
      partial removal of renal mass. The propensity of PTs to enlarge appears to be
      closely linked to an elevation in glomerular filtration rate and may be related
      to altered tubular fluid flow rate. Hypertrophied PTs reabsorb fluid at an
      increased rate in vitro, which indicates an intrinsic adaptation of their
      transport capacity. The hypertrophied cells demonstrate a predominant increase in
      basolateral membrane area with little change in luminal surface area. This
      asymmetric structural hypertrophy does not, however, appear to be accompanied by
      functional asymmetry, for basolateral Na+-K+ pump activity increases roughly in
      proportion to the increase in cell protein. The activity of the Na+-H+
      antiporter, on the other hand, is increased in the brush-border membrane of
      proximal tubules derived from animals with reduced renal mass. In view of the
      reported association of Na+-H+ antiport stimulation and mitogenesis in a variety
      of cell types, the increased activity of this transporter, possibly induced by an
      increase in tubular fluid flow rate, could be the local stimulus that initiates
      hypertrophy and determines the organ specificity of the response.

PMID- 2410298
TI  - Role of adrenal hormones in regulating distal nephron structure and ion
      transport.
AB  - Mineralocorticoid levels are an important determinant of membrane area and ion
      transport in the renal initial (ICT) and cortical (CCT) collecting tubules.
      Adrenalectomy leads to a dramatic and specific decrease in basolateral membrane
      area of principal (P) cells and depresses sodium reabsorption and potassium
      secretion. Although aldosterone replacement for 10 days restores basolateral
      membrane area and ATPase activity to control levels and dramatically elevates ion
      transport, glucocorticoids have no effect on basolateral membrane area, ion
      transport, or ATPase. It is suggested that the aldosterone-induced amplification
      of membrane area occurs as a mechanism whereby cells increase the number of
      ATPase pumps in the basolateral membrane. An acute (of 2-3 h) increase in
      aldosterone, but not dexamethasone, also stimulates potassium transport by the
      ICT. Future studies will have to establish whether the acute stimulation of
      transport by aldosterone involves a change in basolateral membrane area. It is
      concluded that mineralocorticoids, but not glucocorticoids, regulate sodium and
      potassium transport by P cells of the ICT and CCT, in part, by determining the
      number of ATPase pumps available for transport.

PMID- 2410300
TI  - Current use of ancillary modalities for adhesion prevention.

PMID- 2410301
TI  - The efficacy of early pregnancy monitoring with serial chorionic gonadotropin
      determinations and real-time sonography in an infertility population.
AB  - Ninety-one pregnancies were monitored prospectively with serial human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG) determinations and real-time sonography. The monitoring
      process included an initial hCG doubling time (DT) followed by sonographic
      examination for fetal heart motion at 7 to 8 weeks in the asymptomatic patient.
      In women with an abnormal DT or who developed symptoms, repeat hCG determinations
      and/or sonography were performed. A single DT correctly identified 95% of the
      successful pregnancies (58) and 64% of the abnormal pregnancies (25 abortions and
      8 ectopic gestations) in asymptomatic women. With repeat hCG determinations
      and/or sonography, 88% of the spontaneous abortions (before aborting) and 100% of
      the ectopic pregnancies (before tubal rupture) were identified. As a result of
      the early diagnosis, conservative surgery was performed in six of eight women
      with tubal pregnancies. The presence of fetal heart motion was a reliable
      indicator that an intrauterine pregnancy will progress to viability in both the
      symptomatic (89%) and asymptomatic patient (93%). We conclude that the combined
      use of serial hCG determinations and real-time sonography provides efficacious
      monitoring of the early high-risk pregnancy.

PMID- 2410302
TI  - Renin-like activity in ovarian follicular fluid.
AB  - Angiogenesis is a feature of ovarian follicle and corpus luteum development.
      Ovarian homogenates and follicular fluid (FF) contain factors that stimulate new
      vessel formation. Because the renin-angiotensin system has been shown to
      facilitate angiogenesis, renin activity was measured in FF and plasma from 20
      normal, ovulatory women who were undergoing in vitro fertilization and were
      therefore stimulated with human menopausal gonadotropin/human chorionic
      gonadotropin. Serum estradiol (E2) and FF E2 and progesterone (P) were also
      determined and correlated with FF and plasma renin activity. FF renin activity
      was significantly higher than plasma renin activity (55.8 +/- 7.9 versus 3.8 +/-
      0.7 ng of angiotensin I/ml/hour, P less than 0.001). Positive correlations were
      found between FF E2 and renin activity (r = 0.53, P less than 0.05). There was
      also a correlation between plasma renin activity and serum E2 (r = 0.69, P less
      than 0.05). No correlation was present between FF P and renin activity. The high
      renin-like activity present in FF after stimulation with gonadotropins could be
      involved in the mechanism of angiogenesis and may play an important role in
      events related to reproductive processes.

PMID- 2410303
TI  - [Effect of Na+, K+ and Ca++ ions on catecholamine release in the caudal
      mesenteric ganglion].
AB  - In isolated superfused caudal mesenteric ganglions of dogs, release of adrenaline
      (A) and noradrenaline (NA) under the effect of stimulation of lumbar splanchnic
      and subsplanchnic nerves and acetylcholine administration was studied during
      pharmacological blockade of ion-selective channels and main ions deprivation.
      Removal of Na+ or K+ increased the release of A and NA whereas Ca++ deprivation
      reduced it. Blockade of Na+ channels sharply increased the amount of released A
      and NA. Blockade of Ca++ conduction eliminated completely all kinds of the
      catecholamines release. Addition of ouabain induced the A and NA release. Both
      verapamil and ouabain increased the A and NA release in response to the nerves
      stimulation and acetylcholine administration.

PMID- 2410304
TI  - [Role of the kallikrein-kinin system and prostaglandins in the action of dopamine
      on blood flow and sodium transport in the rat kidney].
AB  - In anesthetized rats, dopamine (1 mg/kg) increased the blood flow in adrenal and
      external medullary layers of kidneys with accompanying obvious sodium-uretic
      response due to inhibition of sodium reabsorption, PO2 not changing, at that.
      Haloperidol (1 mg/kg) prevented the hemodynamic shift and its depressing effect
      on the sodium transport in the kidney channels. The inhibiting agent for
      kallikrein-kinin system contrical and inhibiting agent for prostaglandin
      synthetase indomethacin did not alter the kidney response to the neurotransmitter
      under study. The intrarenal hemodynamic shift and inhibition of sodium transport
      induced with dopamine seem to be due to stimulation of renal postsynaptic
      dopamine receptors and unrelated to activation of the renal kallikrein-kinin
      system or augmentation of prostaglandins synthesis.

PMID- 2410305
TI  - A case of squamous cell carcinoma treated by intralesional injection of oil
      bleomycin.
AB  - The case of a 70-year-old man with squamous cell carcinoma on the glabella which
      markedly responded to intralesional injections of oil bleomycin (to a total dose
      of 115 mg) is reported. Adverse reactions to oil bleomycin comprised fever of 37
      38 degrees C immediately after injection, local redness, and swelling and
      induration of 1-2 months' duration in the marginal area of the injection site.
      Biopsy of the induration revealed oleogranuloma. The advantages of oil bleomycin
      are that this dosage form of bleomycin is not accompanied by severe systemic
      toxicities such as pulmonary fibrosis and that the effective dose is smaller than
      that of aqueous bleomycin.

PMID- 2410306
TI  - Eosinophilic granular cells (EGC) and histamine responses to Aeromonas
      salmonicida toxins in rainbow trout.
AB  - The function of eosinophilic granular cells (EGCs) in salmonids is unknown. In a
      previous study of the pathogenesis of A. salmonicida, injection of crude
      exotoxins into rainbow trout were shown to reproduce the lesions associated with
      furunculosis and an accompanying lesion, the dispersion and degranulation of EGCs
      in the intestinal wall was reported. The present study investigated this
      phenomenon in relationship to the histamine content of the gut. In fish injected
      i/p with A. salmonicida exotoxins in a dose causing death in six hours, a
      coincidental decrease in the histamine content of the gut, appearance of
      histamine in the blood, and degranulation of the EGCs in the intestinal wall was
      observed 45 minutes post-injection. The fish developed behaviour patterns similar
      to that described by other workers for fish undergoing systemic anaphylaxis.
      Other features were pale gills, defaecation and widespread vasodilatation. The
      possible role of the EGC as a histaminogenic cell in rainbow trout is discussed.

PMID- 2410307
TI  - Amphibian lymphokines: 2. Migration inhibition factor produced by antigenic and
      mitogenic stimulation of amphibian leucocytes.
AB  - Migration of Rana temporaria peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) was examined in vitro
      using both direct and indirect assay systems. After sensitization in vivo
      followed by in vitro challenge 7-21 days later with the appropriate sensitizing
      antigen, spleen cell culture supernatants were obtained which inhibited the
      normal in vitro migration of PEC from non-sensitized animals. Cultures of spleen
      cells with mitogen also gave rise to supernatants with migration inhibitory
      properties. Sephadex separation of supernatants showed that maximum inhibitory
      activity was present in the 27-50,000 MW range and, furthermore, that this
      inhibition was blocked by alpha-L-fucose, but not by beta-D-galactose. The
      inhibition did not appear to be species specific. The results indicate that
      following appropriate stimulation amphibian leucocytes produce a soluble,
      migration inhibition factor (MIF) with characteristics similar to those described
      for the mammalian lymphokine MIF.

PMID- 2410308
TI  - Corneal preservation: present state, methods, results, complications.

PMID- 2410309
TI  - Minnesota system corneal preservation.

PMID- 2410310
TI  - Classic illustration. Kleihauer-Betke technique.

PMID- 2410311
TI  - Biosynthesis of rat alpha 2-macroglobulin.

PMID- 2410312
TI  - A carbohydrate differentiation antigen of granulocytes, brain and many tumours.

PMID- 2410313
TI  - Electron microscopy of monoclonal antibody-linked chains of thyroglobulin
      molecules.
AB  - Negative staining electron microscopy visualized immune complexes of hog
      thyroglobulin produced by 3 monoclonal antibodies, each towards a different
      conformation-dependent antigenic structure of the thyroglobulin. Equimolar
      mixtures of the thyroglobulin and any one of the 3 antibodies formed peculiar
      unbranched chains of 'ovoid' thyroglobulin molecules linked by the antibody
      molecules in an 'end to end' fashion. A mixture of the thyroglobulin and the 2
      different antibodies produced branched chains. A set of 3 conformation-dependent
      antigenic structures was thus located near each end of the elongated
      thyroglobulin molecule. The results also indicated a topological similarity
      between the 2 subunits of thyroglobulin.

PMID- 2410314
TI  - Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in Xenopus muscle.
AB  - Xenopus adult muscle, whole Xenopus embryos, and cultured embryonic myocytes
      together contain five acetylcholinesterase forms which can be resolved by sucrose
      density gradient centrifugation. These are identified as the collagenase
      sensitive asymmetric forms A12 and A8, and the globular forms G4, G2, and G1.
      Asymmetric forms rise in whole embryos during the period of neuromuscular synapse
      formation, but their rise is not prevented by tricaine methanesulfonate, which
      abolishes motor activity. Aneural myocyte cultures synthesize primarily
      asymmetric acetylcholinesterase, much of which is extracellular. Prior nerve
      contact is not required for its expression. The proportion of asymmetric forms is
      neither decreased by tetrodotoxin, nor enhanced by veratridine and aconitine. We
      conclude that muscle activity does not modulate the expression of asymmetric
      acetylcholinesterase in Xenopus.

PMID- 2410315
TI  - Cerulein-induced pancreatitis in rats: increased lysosomal enzyme activity and
      autophagocytosis.
AB  - The involvement of lysosomes in the normal secretory process of the exocrine
      pancreas and in the onset of acute, hormone-induced pancreatitis was studied. The
      enzymatic activities of cathepsin B and beta-galactosidase were determined in the
      pancreas of rats that had been stimulated by either maximal (0.25 microgram X kg
      1 h-1) or supramaximal (5 micrograms X kg-1 h-1) concentrations of cerulein.
      Maximal stimulation led to a moderate increase in cathepsin B activity and the
      ultrastructural appearance of multivesicular bodies. Supramaximal stimulation
      resulted in formation of large cytoplasmic vacuoles and progressive destruction
      of acinar cells which was paralleled by a marked increase of lysosomal enzyme
      activity.

PMID- 2410316
TI  - The effect of pancreatic acinar atrophy upon the concentration of vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide, substance P, somatostatin and glucagon in the pancreas
      and gastrointestinal tract of the rat.
AB  - Atrophy of the exocrine pancreas was induced in rats by feeding a copper
      deficient diet combined with penicillamine. The treatment resulted in significant
      decreases in the weights of pancreas and stomach but an increase in the weight of
      the small intestine compared with control animals receiving the same amount of
      food. Despite almost total destruction of acinar cells, the content of vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide, (VIP) and substance P in the pancreas was not different
      from controls but the total somatostatin increased by 258% and the glucagon
      content by 370%. Significant decreases (p less than 0.05) in the concentrations
      (pmol/g) of VIP, substance P and somatostatin in the small intestine were
      observed but the total amount (pmol/organ) of the peptides was unchanged.
      Similarly, an increase (59%) in the concentration of gastric somatostatin in
      exocrine atrophy was not reflected in a significant difference in the total
      amount. The content of enteroglucagon in the small intestine was not different in
      the two groups suggesting that this material was not the trophic influence
      leading to increased intestinal weight.

PMID- 2410317
TI  - Moderate intake of sucrose does not impair metabolic control in pump-treated
      diabetic out-patients.
AB  - The effects of dietary intake of sucrose versus the use of sodium cyclamate were
      studied in 10 Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients on continuous
      subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. After a 4-week run-in period, the patients
      were randomly assigned to a cross-over protocol with two 4-week periods during
      which they used sucrose or sodium-cyclamate as sweetener. During the experimental
      periods, 24 +/- 13 g/day sucrose and 348 +/- 270 mg/day of sodium cyclamate were
      consumed, respectively. Metabolic control was monitored by the patients
      performing blood glucose self-monitoring several times daily. Bi-weekly, all
      patients were followed-up in our outpatient clinic. Mean daily blood glucose
      concentrations as well as the average daily insulin dose did not differ between
      the three experimental periods. HbA1c-levels, serum lipids and body weight
      remained unchanged and within the normal ranges throughout the study. Thus,
      moderate dietary intake of sucrose did not affect metabolic control in these
      normal weight, near-normoglycaemic, normolipidaemic, pump-treated Type 1 diabetic
      patients during a 1-month period. Whether similar conclusions apply to less well
      controlled diabetic patients remains to be seen.

PMID- 2410318
TI  - Distribution of vimentin, cytokeratins, and desmosomal-plaque proteins in human
      nephroblastoma as revealed by specific antibodies: co-existence of cell groups of
      different degrees of epithelial differentiation.
AB  - The distribution of cytokeratins, desmosomal-plaque proteins (desmoplakins), and
      vimentin in nephroblastoma tissue was studied by immunofluorescence microscopy
      using specific antibodies. In undifferentiated blastema cells, desmosomes, as
      revealed by antibodies to desmoplakins, preceded the advent of significant
      amounts of cytokeratins, indicating that desmosomes are early and sensitive
      markers of epithelial differentiation. Cytokeratin-positive tumor cells were seen
      in the following distribution patterns: groups of loosely arranged and scattered
      cells containing only scant cytokeratin fibrils surrounded by negative stroma
      cells; focal accumulation of cytokeratin-positive cells with cytokeratin-specific
      cytoplasmic fibril meshwork staining; rosettes of cytokeratin-positive cells
      without formation of distinct lumina, showing concentration of cytokeratin
      staining in the center; tubules with distinct lumina made up of cytokeratin
      positive cells, with cytokeratin staining concentrated in the subapical cell
      portions. In cytokeratin-positive cells, the numbers of desmoplakin-positive dots
      were generally increased; in well-formed tubules, enrichment of desmoplakin
      positive spots, corresponding to the subapical skeletal disks, was most
      conspicuous. Vimentin was demonstrated in stromal areas, but also in blastema
      cells showing coexpression of desmosomes and vimentin filaments. Moreover, in
      certain blastema cells, an overlap of cytokeratin and vimentin immunostaining was
      observed. Epithelial cells of nephroblastoma tubules did not react with vimentin
      antibodies. Our results show that the appearance of desmosomal plaques, as
      demonstrated by antibodies to desmoplakins, may be a very early feature of
      epithelial differentiation, and they also emphasize the value of antibodies to
      desmoplakins in tumor cell typing and diagnosis.

PMID- 2410319
TI  - [Visceral pain: recent aspects].

PMID- 2410320
TI  - Effect of oral dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate on intake-output studies of human
      small and large intestine.
AB  - Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS) is an anionic detergent that is used widely
      as a laxative and promoted as a stool softener. Although many anecdotal reports
      attest to the laxative and stool softening efficacy of DSS, no controlled trials
      have been performed to document the effect of DSS on small or large bowel
      function in humans. We have compared, therefore, the effects of 100 mg of DSS
      three times daily (the maximum recommended dose) with placebo in a randomized,
      single blind, crossover study in two groups of subjects. First, 6 healthy
      ileostomates were studied while they ate a constant diet for 8 days. Dioctyl
      sodium sulfosuccinate administered for 4 days did not increase the daily ileal
      output of carbohydrate, total fatty acids, bile acids, nitrogen, or water.
      Cholesterol excretion was decreased while taking DSS (p less than 0.05). Second,
      6 healthy volunteers were studied while eating a constant diet of 20 g of fiber
      plus 30 radiopaque markers daily so that mean daily transit time could be
      measured. After equilibration, a 7-day collection of stool was weighed and
      lyophylized to measure fecal water. Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate had no effect
      on stool weight, stool frequency, stool water, or mean transit time. We conclude
      that 300 mg/day of DSS does not increase ileal or colonic output of solids or
      water in healthy human subjects.

PMID- 2410321
TI  - Effects of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and prostaglandins on Na+- and HCO3-
      induced dissipation of a proton gradient in isolated gastric mucosal surface
      cells of rabbits.
AB  - One mechanism that surface cells can use to regulate intracellular pH is Na+/H+
      exchange. The presence of another means to modify intracellular pH, HCO3-, was
      investigated, as were the effects of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and
      prostaglandins on an intracellular proton gradient. Isolated surface cells were
      preincubated in NH4+ to establish an intracellular proton gradient, which was
      measured using acridine orange. The addition of HCO3- causes gradient
      dissipation, an effect sensitive to 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'
      disulfonic acid but not to extracellular chloride. The HCO3--evoked dissipation
      of the proton gradient is diminished by cyclic adenosine monophosphate, isobutyl
      methylxanthine, and prostaglandin E2, but not by prostacyclin. The Na+-evoked
      dissipation of the gradient is diminished by cyclic adenosine monophosphate and
      isobutylmethylxanthine, but not by prostaglandin E2 or prostacyclin. Cyclic
      adenosine monophosphate, isobutylmethylxanthine, and the prostaglandins are
      without effect in the absence of Na+ or HCO3-. The data suggest that
      extracellular HCO3- influences an intracellular proton gradient, but the precise
      mechanism involved is not established in this study. The data may also explain
      why prostaglandins are in some instances not cytoprotective for surface cells.

PMID- 2410322
TI  - [Antithyroid drug therapy in pregnancy. An indication for pregnancy interruption
      based on fetal indications?].
AB  - Antithyroid drugs can pass the placenta, in contrast to thyroid hormones.
      Therefore, their application in pregnancy carries the potential risks of
      teratogenic effects and foetal hypothyroidism. The actual danger to the foetus,
      however, is controversial. The history of a hyperthyroid patient treated with
      carbimazole and referred for termination of pregnancy in the 8th week of
      gestation gave rise to review the literature in order to elucidate the foetal
      risks. Data of 278 pregnant women treated with imidazole derivatives (group I)
      and 192 women, who received thiouracil derivatives (group II) during pregnancy,
      were found in the literature. The rates of foetal malformations and foetal goitre
      in group I were 3.6% and 3.2%, respectively. In group II the corresponding rates
      were 3.6% for foetal malformation and 7.8% for foetal goitre. From these figures
      we conclude that antithyroid therapy in pregnancy does not warrant termination of
      pregnancy for foetal reasons if there is meticulous control of maternal thyroid
      metabolism.

PMID- 2410323
TI  - [Chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes of persons working with
      nitrogases].

PMID- 2410324
TI  - Different effects of local anesthetics on calcium influx into rat mast cells.
AB  - Lidocaine, W49091, procaine and benzocaine inhibited mast cell secretion induced
      by concanavalin A and A23187. They inhibited Ca influx stimulated by concanavalin
      A, suggesting that they inactivate Ca channel of mast cells. Lidocaine and
      procaine inhibited Ca influx stimulated by A23187, but W49091 and benzocaine did
      not.

PMID- 2410325
TI  - Study of beta-adrenoceptors and beta-adrenergic responsiveness in cultured
      "preneoplastic-like" and neoplastic rat hepatocytes.
AB  - The presence of specific binding sites for tritiated CGP-12177, a beta-adrenergic
      antagonist, was investigated in the preneoplastic-like C1I cell-line and in
      Morris hepatoma MH3924 cells. It was found that C1I cells possess beta
      adrenoceptors with the following characteristics: KD = 1.58 +/- 0.56 nM and Bmax
      = 4.41 +/- 0.88 fmol/10(6) cells. No specific binding sites could be found on
      MH3924 cells. Stimulation of the C1I cells beta-adrenoceptors by isoprenaline,
      salbutamol, adrenaline and noradrenaline induced cyclic AMP accumulation.
      Noradrenaline was, however, a hundred times less efficient than adrenaline, as is
      the case in normal rat hepatocytes. The order of potency of beta-antagonists
      either to displace the bound radioligand or to counteract isoprenaline induced
      cyclic AMP accumulation (IPS-339 greater than propranolol much greater than
      atenolol) indicates that the adrenoceptors present on the C1I cells are of the
      beta 2-subtype.

PMID- 2410326
TI  - Effects of analogues of substance P fragments on the MAO activity in rat brain.
AB  - The influence in vitro of analogues of Sp5-11 and SP6-11 substance P fragments on
      the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in homogenates and crude mitochondrial
      fractions of rat brain was examined. The rat brain was divided into: I--cerebral
      cortex, II--hippocampus, III--midbrain, IV--thalamus with hypothalamus, V-
      cerebellum and VI--medulla oblongata. The obtained results proved that the
      analogues of SP fragments inhibit selectively the activity of the enzyme in the
      homogenates of cerebral cortex, hippocampus, midbrain and cerebellum. In the
      crude mitochondrial fractions the applied analogues of SP fragments caused a
      slight increase of the enzyme activity. The most significant changes in the
      activity of MAO were observed in hippocampus homogenate fraction.

PMID- 2410327
TI  - Ion transport and oxygen consumption in kidney cortex slices from young and old
      rats.
AB  - The effects of aging on active Na+ extrusion and oxygen consumption associated
      with it were studied in rat kidney cortex cells. It was found that (a) the active
      extrusion of Na+ undergoing Na/K exchange and the active extrusion of Na+ with Cl
      and water were diminished in old rats (24 months) as compared with young rats (3
      months); (b) the oxygen consumption associated with each of the two active
      mechanisms of Na+ extrusion was also diminished in the old rats; (c) the
      calculated turnover rate of the Na/K pump was significantly lower for the old
      rats.

PMID- 2410328
TI  - Randomised controlled trial of adenine arabinoside 5'-monophosphate (ARA-AMP) in
      chronic hepatitis B virus infection.
AB  - A randomised controlled trial was conducted in 29 HBV carriers who had been HBs
      and HBe antigen positive for more than six months. Fifteen patients were treated
      with ARA-AMP 10 mg/kg/day given as intramuscular injections 12 hours apart for
      five days followed by 5 mg/kg/day for 23 days. The 14 controls received no
      treatment. Serum HBV-DNA polymerase, and HBV-DNA decreased in all patients during
      therapy. Six treated patients lost serum HBV-DNA polymerase, HBV-DNA and HBeAg,
      HBsAg concentrations decreased, and five developed anti-HBe. One of these six
      patients lost HBsAg and developed anti-HBs. No such changes were observed in the
      control group over a similar 18 month period of observation. A four week course
      of ARA-AMP inhibits HBV replication and in a significant minority of patients
      this is long lasting and is associated with a reduced level of inflammatory
      activity in the liver.

PMID- 2410329
TI  - Elevation of serum CA 125 prior to diagnosis of an epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
AB  - In a single fortuitous case it has been possible to measure serum levels of CA
      125 during 3 years preceding the diagnosis of an epithelial ovarian carcinoma. CA
      125 levels were elevated 10-12 months prior to clinical detection of the
      malignancy. CA 125 deserves further evaluation as a marker for early detection of
      ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2410330
TI  - Comparison of different markers on blood lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia.
AB  - Mononuclear cells (MNC) of 17 patients suffering from B chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia (B-CLL) were analysed by various immunological methods. The B cell
      nature of CLL cell was determined by classical tests (MRBC-rosette-test,
      immunofluorescence test for detection of membrane bound immunoglobulins). The
      cytochemical detection of the new T-cell marker dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV)
      was found to be suitable for the characterization of B-CLL. The B-CLL cells
      showed granular pattern of alpha-naphthylacetate esterase (ANAE) reaction and
      binding of the monoclonal pan T antibody BL-T2. These non typical reactions for
      normal B lymphocytes can be used for differential diagnosis of B-CLL in
      combination with other reliable T cell markers. Avoiding the separation of T
      cells, the mixed rosette assay was used to enumerate Fc-IgG-receptor bearing
      T(TG) and non T cells. Both cell populations were found to be significantly
      elevated in MNC of B-CLL.

PMID- 2410331
TI  - "Smouldering" and symptomatic forms of central nervous system involvement in the
      course of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children.
AB  - 34 children with Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were treated with LSA2L2 protocol
      from 1978 to 1981. In 12 cases (31.4%) the central nervous system (CNS) was
      involved, including 3 cases at the onset of the disease. CNS involvement was
      always diagnosed by the presence of blast cells in cerebro-spinal fluid, also in
      cases with normal pleocytosis and no neurological symptoms. Such cases were
      called "smouldering" CNS involvement. Four children had a smouldering form of CNS
      involvement. 3 of them are in continuous complete remission with cessation of
      therapy, while all those 6 patients with symptomatic CNS involvement died.
      "Smouldering" CNS involvement seems to have a better prognosis than the
      symptomatic one.

PMID- 2410332
TI  - [Histochemical determination of peroxidases in isolated leukocytes and
      lymphocytes in human blood].
AB  - These investigations show that beside granulocytes human lymphocytes, too contain
      peroxidase, which is visible after reaction with benzidine. It can be established
      that all of the phenoloxidase positive cells contain also peroxidase.

PMID- 2410333
TI  - Morphology of mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood of rats after single
      irradiation.
AB  - The morphology of nucleated cells in the peripheral blood of rats after single
      dose irradiation with a dose of 5.5 Gy was followed during 28 days after
      irradiation. During profound agranulocytopenia and granulocytopenia the number of
      lymphocyte-like mononuclear cells was increased from the days 7-10 after
      irradiation and the number of monocyte-like mononuclear cells increased from day
      14. The cell population discussed in the paper differed markedly from typical
      lymphocytes and monocytes in particular cytomorphologic parameters.

PMID- 2410334
TI  - [Problem zones of treatment in the primary leukemic course of non-Hodgkin
      lymphomas].
AB  - In 22 cases of primarily leukemic courses in malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas we
      have seen a marked relevance to the clinical course by analysing cellularity. In
      contrast to mixed cell pictures an unequivocally better prognosis can be expected
      by uniform cellularity.

PMID- 2410335
TI  - Problems of differential diagnosis in a case of bone lesions caused by
      myelosclerosis associated with hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - The authors present a report on the case of a female patient with myelofibrosis
      where X-ray examinations of the bone skeleton predominantly showed such
      osteolytic changes which are no typical of myelosclerosis. Morphological criteria
      rather would have corresponded to osteitis fibrosa cystica generalisata.
      Laboratory examinations partially indicated primary hyperparathyroidism, this
      assumption could not be confirmed by other examinations. Also histological
      findings of repeated bone biopsies did not lead to a uniform diagnosis. Autopsy
      confirmed the presence of both diseases. The authors consider the synergistic
      effect of both diseases to be the cause for the development of those bone changes
      mentioned above.

PMID- 2410336
TI  - [Erythrocyte-associated plasma proteins, a further aspect of erythrocyte
      function?].
AB  - The amount of plasma proteins associated to erythrocytes was determined or
      calculated by using three different techniques. Thus, there are 3.48 X 10(12) g
      of protein in a single erythrocyte or 94.12 g of protein respectively in the
      total of all erythrocytes in a healthy man with a body weight of 70 kg. The mass
      of plasma protein associated to erythrocytes will decrease in case of
      immunocomplex aggregates or otherwise denatured plasma proteins being fixed to
      the erythrocyte surface so that from a purely calculating point of view protein
      amounts on a scale of up to 46% of all plasma proteins may enter the free blood
      plasma under extreme conditions. In this, an immediately efficient possibility of
      compensation is seen by the authors in case of an acute consumption of blood
      proteins.

PMID- 2410337
TI  - [NK and K cell activity in children with leukemias and aplastic anemias before
      and after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation].
AB  - Mononuclear leukocytes from the peripheral blood and bone-marrow of children
      affected with aplastic anemia and leukemia were investigated for K-cell activity
      (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) and NK-cell activity before and after
      allogenous bone-marrow transplantation. 51Cr liberation test against murine
      Graffi erythroblast leukemic cells covered with xenoantibodies and K-562 cells
      were used for identification. Strongly lowered NK- and K-cell activities could be
      found in aplastic anemia prior to bone-marrow transplantation. However, NK-cell
      activity was only lowered significantly in leukemic patients with indication of
      bone-marrow transplantation. K-cell and NK-cell activities normalised after bone
      marrow transplantation. K-cell and NK-cell activities could be observed to be
      reconstituted very early after bone-marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2410338
TI  - Use of some snake venoms in the diagnostics of paroxysmal nocturnal
      hemoglobinuria (PNH).
AB  - The crude toxin of Agkistrodon piscivorus was found to produce hemolysis of PNH
      erythrocytes by way of complement activation, however the degree of PNH blood
      cell lysis was lower than in other techniques used. The crude toxins of Naja naja
      and Naja oxiana cause much higher hemolysis though lower hemolysis takes place in
      normal blood cells. In some normal persons and different blood diseases it is
      responsible for high hemolysis even when the complement is absent. From Naja naja
      toxin a fraction can be isolated which has a "specific" complement effect only on
      PNH blood cells. This fraction can thus be utilized in a specific test for this
      disease.

PMID- 2410339
TI  - Nitroblue tetrazolium test in patients with breast cancer undergoing mastectomy
      and radiotherapy.
AB  - The reduction of nitrotetrazolium blue with stimulated and unstimulated
      granulocytes was performed in 40 patients with breast cancer. Blood was collected
      from peripheral vein before surgical intervention, during surgery from vein
      draining of tumor, two weeks after surgery and three months after surgery when
      radiotherapy was finished. In parallel experiments the NBT test was made in the
      peripheral blood of 20 healthy individuals. We have observed decreased reduction
      of nitrotetrazolium blue in stimulated granulocytes, which may indicate that
      granulocytes from these patients are unable for efficient stimulation. No evident
      effect concerning the advancement of disease and applied therapy could be found.
      The importance of determining the NBT test in cancer patients is briefly
      discussed.

PMID- 2410340
TI  - [The effect of selected drugs on the interpretation of hemostasis- related study
      results].
AB  - By applying in vitro and additional in vivo investigations of analysing
      coagulation in human beings with the routine methods TPZW, PTT and TZ it was
      possible to exclude influences of hemostasis described in literature and often
      uncritically generalised in papers and articles as well as assumed influences for
      such medicaments as acetylsalicylic acid, ascorbic acid, chlorpromazine,
      fluphenazine, gentamycin, haloperidol, lincomycin, methyldopa, sodium fluoride
      and penicillin G in therapeutic doses or concentrations in vitro respectively
      which correspond to therapeutic or toxic doses. For such solutions of infusion as
      infucoll 6% and gelafusal there exist these influences in the sense of an
      acceleration of coagulation in vitro. They can be regarded as shiftings within
      the normal range of methods which have no clinical relevance. Infucoll M 40 will
      to a concentration of 0.25 mmol/l of blood which corresponds to therapeutic
      conditions, to a shortening of Tz falling below the normal range of the method.
      These findings correlate with data in literature and could be identified even in
      lower concentrations by excluding the effect of dilution. According to literature
      these relations are identical with those in vivo some minutes after infusion.

PMID- 2410341
TI  - [The plasma protein film on rat erythrocytes after application of
      methylcholanthrene].
AB  - By means of a special procedure of preparing and colouring blood smears of adult
      male Wistar rats the plasma protein film (PPF) on erythrocytes was investigated
      before and after injecting 3 mg of 20-methylcholanthren per animal. It was as
      early as on the 14th day post injection that a significant alteration of PPF
      towards initial and control values could be found. Causes and possible
      consequences are discussed.

PMID- 2410342
TI  - Excess of factor X antigen versus clotting counterpart in coumarin treated
      patients as determined by an Elisa method.
AB  - Factor X antigen was assayed by means of an Elisa (sandwich) method in 36
      patients on long-term anticoagulant therapy. The average value observed was 31.4%
      +/- 12.2. In almost every instance the antigen level was higher than the clotting
      counterpart (14.4% +/- 4.5). In a few instances no major difference was noted
      between factor X antigen and factor X activity. The method correlated fairly well
      with other immunological methods (electroimmunoassay and Laser Nephelometer).
      Therefore, factor X Elisa method appears to be a suitable method for factor X
      antigen evaluation.

PMID- 2410343
TI  - Contact phase of coagulation in diabetes mellitus after aspirin administration.
AB  - The purpose of our study was to investigate the connection between platelets and
      the contact phase of coagulation. In 17 patients affected by diabetes mellitus we
      studied the behaviour of prekallikrein, factor XII and factor XI before and after
      aspirin administration. To evaluate the activity of aspirin we measured platelet
      production of thromboxane B2 using a radioimmunoassay. In our diabetic patients a
      hypercoagulable state was confirmed: PK, factor XII and XI levels were
      significantly higher as compared with normal controls. After aspirin
      administration a significant decrease of PK levels was found. After 7 days of
      aspirin administration and 7 days after stopping aspirin a modest but not
      significant improvement of factor XII and factor XI was observed. In conclusion,
      we believe that the contact phase of coagulation is another index of the
      hypercoagulable state in diabetes mellitus. In addition, the decrease of PK
      obtained by aspirin administration could support the possible connection between
      the contact phase of coagulation and platelets.

PMID- 2410344
TI  - [Determinants of the prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy: significance of
      ventricular cardiac arrhythmias].
AB  - The prognostic value of ventricular arrhythmias on the natural history of
      idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy remains controversial. Our findings in 105
      patients suggest that those with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (less
      than 40%) in whom frequent episodes of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular
      pairs (greater than 10 to 20/24 hours) were detected by 24 hour Holter monitoring
      are at risk of sudden death.

PMID- 2410345
TI  - Biological measurements of Crohn's disease activity--a reassessment.
AB  - Fifty-eight patients with Crohn's disease were studied in order to compare
      disease activity as measured by a clinical scoring system, with nutritional
      status, the laboratory measurements reflecting nutritional status, and the serum
      levels of acute phase proteins, using principal component analysis and stepwise
      multiple regression analysis. We confirmed that orosomucoid is the laboratory
      measurement which correlates best with clinical assessment of disease activity,
      followed by ESR and C-reactive protein. Serum albumin correlated poorly with
      clinical disease activity, although body weight showed an inverse correlation.
      Serum fibronectin, a protein involved in the production of fibrous tissue, did
      not detect the presence of fibrous strictures in the intestine.

PMID- 2410346
TI  - Multiparametric tumor marker (CA 19-9, CEA, AFP, POA) analyses of pancreatic
      juices and sera in pancreatic diseases.
AB  - With respect to their diagnostic utility CA 19-9, CEA, AFP and POA were
      determined in pancreatic secretions and serum of patients suffering from
      pancreatic cancer (n = 76/55) or chronic pancreatitis (n = 79/45) and of controls
      (n = 81/42), respectively. While the determination of AFP and POA both in
      pancreatic secretions and serum does not permit a differential diagnosis, serum
      CEA (greater than 10 ng/ml) and CA 19-9 (greater than 50 U/ml) levels were
      indicative of pancreatic cancer in 30% and 83%, respectively, with a rate of
      false positive results of 5% and 8.5% confined to the chronic pancreatitis
      patients. A combination of tumor marker analyses, that is, serum CA 19-9 (greater
      than 50 U/ml) and pancreatic secretion CEA (greater than 70 ng/ml), proved to be
      positive in 92.9% of tumor patients with a maximum of 10.5% false positives.
      Likewise, values of serum CA 19-9 (greater than 50 U/ml) and serum CEA (greater
      than 10 ng/ml) were found in 85.8% of the pancreatic cancer patients with only
      8.8% false positives, which were confined to the chronic pancreatitis patients.
      These results indicate the superiority of multiparametric tumor marker analyses
      for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, especially when including new monoclonal
      antibody defined tumor markers.

PMID- 2410347
TI  - [Histopathological diagnosis of early stages of myocardial infarction-
      applications of the improved hematoxylin basic fuchsin picric acid (HBFP)
      staining method to human autopsy hearts].
AB  - In the early stage of myocardial infarction, the mortality rate is very high and
      its diagnosis is difficult not only clinically but also pathologically.
      Hematoxylin basic fuchsin picric acid (HBFP) staining method has been
      controversial on reliability for the morphologic diagnosis of early stages of
      myocardial ischemia. We applied HBFP staining method improved hematoxylin
      staining and differentiating solution to 42 human autopsy hearts. In eight cases
      with diagnosed acute myocardial infarction clinically and/or pathologically and 4
      cases that suffered from post-infarction angina and died suddenly at home or
      outdoors, HBFP stain showed positive. Other cases, including non-ischemic heart
      disease and sudden death due to non-cardiac disease and ventricular arrhythmia,
      were HBFP staining negative. In conclusion, improved HBFP staining method is
      useful in identifying early myocardial ischemia and extent of early infarcts, and
      explaining for sudden death due to re-attack of myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2410348
TI  - Heterogeneity of response and survival in diffuse histiocytic lymphoma after
      BACOP therapy (bleomycin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine,
      prednisone).
AB  - Diffuse 'histiocytic' lymphoma (DHL) is heterogeneous pathologically, consisting
      of four subtypes within Lukes-Collins; large-cleaved (LC), large non-cleaved
      (LNC), immunoblastic sarcoma of B cells (B-IBS), and immunoblastic sarcoma of T
      cells (T-IBS). This heterogeneity is also recognized in the Cooperative Working
      Formulation on non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Prior studies have suggested clinical
      heterogeneity of DHL as well, although conclusions were hampered by small
      numbers, and lack of therapeutic uniformity. We treated 57 patients with advanced
      DHL, using BACOP: 22 LNC, 16 T-IBS, 13 B-IBS, six LC. Complete remission rate for
      LNC was 64 per cent (14/22); B-IBS was 54 per cent (7/13); LC was 33 per cent
      (2/6); T-IBS was 25 per cent (4/16). (p = 0.10). Median survival for LNC was 27.8
      months, B-IBS was 25.9, LC was 14, T-IBS was 12.0. The survival was significantly
      shorter for T-IBS patients when compared to the others (p = 0.01). By multi
      variate analysis, histologic subtype (p = 0.02), age (p = 0.03), and stage (p =
      0.06) were significant and independent prognostic variables in predicting
      survival. We conclude that LNC may respond the most favourably to BACOP, whereas
      alternative regimens appear necessary for patients with T-IBS.

PMID- 2410350
TI  - Is the airport symbol sufficient to convey route information?

PMID- 2410349
TI  - Variant of ataxia-telangiectasia with low-level radiosensitivity.
AB  - In the present study we examined cells from several patients clinically diagnosed
      as having ataxia-telangiectasia (AT), for the capacity of their cells to inhibit
      DNA synthesis following exposure to gamma irradiation, and for the rate of
      spontaneous or bleomycin-induced chromosomal aberrations. Cells from two patients
      showed normal inhibition of DNA synthesis and levels of induced chromosomal
      aberrations intermediate between normal and AT cells. These two patients had only
      minimal immunologic impairment. These findings appear to define one distinct
      subset of AT.

PMID- 2410351
TI  - I-J as an inducible T cell receptor for self.

PMID- 2410352
TI  - "I-J" as an idiotypic marker on the antigen-specific suppressor T cell factor.

PMID- 2410353
TI  - I-J as a restriction element in the suppressor T cell system.
AB  - This review attempts to sort out the differences between macrophage and T cell I
      J determinants. We propose that suppressor T cells have receptors for self-I-J
      determinants which are expressed on macrophage-like accessory cells. The I-J
      determinants associated with accessory cells are responsible for the selection of
      the Ts receptors. Although the major histocompatibility complex is involved in
      the selection of Ts receptors, the receptors themselves need not be encoded by
      genes which reside within the MHC. In fact, the molecular genetic evidence
      presently available has established that suppressor T cell factors do not express
      gene products associated with the postulated I-J region of the H-2 complex. In
      spite of the failures of biochemists and molecular geneticists to identify I-J
      genes and gene products, there is extensive biological data demonstrating the
      existence of I-J. The activity of anti-I-J reagents has been verified by numerous
      laboratories. Sera containing anti-I-J activity have been prepared in many strain
      combinations. Immunization between a variety of strains differing at the
      purported I-J region produce active anti-I-J antibodies (Murphy et al. 1976, Tada
      et al. 1976, Pierres et al. 1977, Tada et al. 1978). Furthermore, in many
      suppressor cell systems the interactions of Ts cells and factors are restricted
      by I-J (Tada & Okumara 1980, Sorensen & Pierce 1982, Green et al. 1983, Dorf &
      Benacerraf 1984). Most investigators who have attempted to detect I-J have
      analyzed T cells. Since we propose that T cells express a complementary anti-I-J
      receptor, subsequent efforts at identifying I-J should include analysis of
      macrophage I-J determinants. In spite of extensive biological data, we still do
      not know if I-J is a protein, carbohydrate or lipid. In addition, the role of H-2
      in determining I-J structure is unknown. Nevertheless, the overwhelming
      biological data demonstrate that I-J is an important structure for suppressor T
      cell interactions. Much remains to be accomplished, including the
      characterization of I-J products and locating the I-J genes.

PMID- 2410354
TI  - Activation and proliferation signals in mouse B cells. VI. Anti-Ig antibodies
      induce dose-dependent cell cycle progression in B cells.
AB  - Recent studies from several laboratories have shown that the concentrations of
      anti-immunoglobulin antibodies required to induce B lymphocytes to synthesize DNA
      are quite different from those needed to activate these cells, i.e. to cause
      resting B cells to leave G0. The present experiments examine this difference in
      detail. Thus, stimulation of DNA synthesis in mouse B cells requires prolonged
      (greater than 30 hr) exposures to high (greater than or equal to 10
      micrograms/ml) concentrations of soluble F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit anti-Ig
      antibodies. However, as little as 50 ng/ml antibody caused B cells to enlarge, to
      express increased levels of Ia antigens, and to become primed to synthesize DNA
      more rapidly in response to restimulation with mitogenic concentrations of anti
      Ig. The results of kinetic experiments suggested that the 'distance' that cells
      progress from G0 towards S depends not only on the time of exposure to anti-Ig,
      but also on its concentration. Concentrations of antibody less than 1
      microgram/ml did not induce detectable RNA synthesis, and hence do not drive
      cells into the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Instead, under these conditions, B
      cells appear to enter a transitional, primed state (which has been termed GIT).
      This may well reflect the state into which T-dependent antigens drive resting B
      cells.

PMID- 2410355
TI  - Allogeneic lymphocyte stimulation in rabbits: induction of a low MW inhibitor for
      trypsin and for a concurrently induced alpha-macroglobulin-proteinase complex.
AB  - We have shown previously that the i.v. inoculation of allogeneic lymph node cells
      in rabbits induces the appearance in the serum of an alpha M-serine proteinase
      complex which behaves in an Ig-turnover assay as any polyclonal B-cell activator
      (PBA), and that this PBA activity is due to the enzyme. Here, we show that the
      allogeneic stimulation also induces the appearance in the low molecular weight
      fraction of the serum (1000-110,000 MW) of an inhibitor which blocks the PBA
      activity of the complex without affecting the PBA activity of LPS or dextran
      sulphate. The inhibitor blocked the ability of the enzyme associated with alpha M
      to degrade Chromozym TRY, a low MW trypsin substrate. The inhibitor also blocked
      the enzymatic activity of trypsin for large as well as for low MW substrates.
      Thus, allogeneic stimulation in vivo results in the production, not only of an
      alpha M-proteinase complex, but also of an inhibitor for this proteinase as well
      as for trypsin. The appearance of the inhibitor, along with the alpha M-serine
      proteinase complex as a result of allogeneic stimulation in rabbits, is of
      interest since a similar alpha M-serine proteinase complex and inhibitor may
      appear in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2410356
TI  - Killed Listeria-induced suppressor T cells involved in suppression of delayed
      type hypersensitivity and protection against Listeria infection.
AB  - Pretreatment of mice by intravenous injection with killed Listeria provided
      neither delayed-type hypersensitivity to Listeria protoplasm nor protection
      against Listeria infection. Assuming that this suppression is due to suppressor
      cells, we attempted to clarify their induction and characterization. Pretreatment
      with killed BCG instead of killed Listeria suppressed the induction of DTH and
      protection in subsequent Listeria-immunized mice. Conversely, pretreatment with
      killed Listeria suppressed subsequent induction of DTH to PPD or protection from
      tuberculosis. Thus, these suppressions were induced antigen nonspecifically.
      Transfer of splenic non-adherent cells from killed Listeria-injected mice which
      had been treated with anti-BA theta serum plus complement, or had been passed
      through Sephadex G-10 columns, resulted in both afferent and efferent DTH
      suppression, suggesting that the DTH suppression is closely associated with
      suppressor T cells. Moreover, the splenic nonadherent cells from killed Listeria
      injected mice showed suppression in vitro of listericidal activity of PEC from
      Listeria-immune mice in the presence of Listeria protoplasm.

PMID- 2410357
TI  - Two-chain disulphide-bonded structure of antigen-specific T-helper factor: both
      chains are necessary for activity and their interaction is I-A restricted.
AB  - The molecular structure of the antigen-specific T-helper factor (ThF) which
      augments contact sensitivity in mice was studied. ThF was split into two types of
      polypeptide chain by mild reduction and alkylation; one antigen binding (which
      determined the specificity), the other non-antigen binding. The two chains were,
      by themselves, inactive but complemented each other and reconstituted biological
      activity. In addition, a genetic restriction was observed in the complementation
      of the two chains which mapped to the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex.

PMID- 2410358
TI  - Intestinal mucosal mast cells: isolation from rat lamina propria and purification
      using unit gravity velocity sedimentation.
AB  - Mucosal mast cell (MMC) suspensions obtained from the rat intestinal lamina
      propria by collagenase digestion (35.2 +/- 3.2% MMC) were enriched to 65.5 +/-
      5.2% MMC by the use of a discontinuous gradient (30%/80%) of Percoll. Further
      purification to 95.7 +/- 1.3% MMC was achieved using velocity sedimentation at
      unit gravity (Sta-Put). Analysis of the cells throughout the purification
      procedure confirms that the purified MMC are representative of the MMC in the
      initial isolated cell suspension. No differences were seen in terms of size,
      histamine content, protease content and responsiveness to secretagogues among the
      initial isolated population, the Percoll-enriched population and the Sta-Put
      purified population. This study represents a major advance in mast cell research
      in that, for the first time, mast cells isolated from a homogeneous in vivo
      mucosal source have been obtained at levels of purity sufficient for specific
      biochemical characterization. Such characterization will aid in the
      interpretation of the role of MMC in disease and will provide a firm basis of
      knowledge of the form and function of intestinal MMC for comparison with mast
      cells derived from other mucosal sites or cultured in vitro from various organs.

PMID- 2410359
TI  - Polymorphisms within the HLA-DRw6 haplotype. II. Protein charge heterogeneity
      reflects MLC subtyping of HLA-DRw6 homozygous cells.
AB  - We have analyzed the HLA class II gene products from HLA-DRw6 homozygous cells.
      Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-cell lines were internally labeled with [35S]
      methionine. An NP-40 lysate of the cells was subjected to immunoprecipitation,
      first with a DRw52-like-specific monoclonal antibody and subsequently with a DR
      specific framework antibody. The DR region-encoded gene products were analyzed by
      one-dimensional gel isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
      It is shown that DRw6 homozygous cell lines contain at least two nonallelic DR
      beta chains, one carrying a DRw52 determinant and one DRw52-negative population.
      Both chains appear to be polymorphic between the cellularly defined subtypes of
      DRw6. The determinant responsible for the differential mixed lymphocyte culture
      reactivity of Dw18 and Dw19 cells resides on the DRw52-positive population,
      whereas the Dw6-Dw9 differences are attributed to determinants on both
      populations of DR light chains. The Dw16-derived DRw52+ chain much resembles the
      Dw18 DRw52+ light chain whereas there is a clear-cut difference between these two
      subtypes in the DRw52- population. We conclude that, for DRw6 homozygous cells,
      the cellularly recognized D determinants are probably located on DR-encoded
      molecules, both DRw52+ and DRw52-, and that charge shift of these chains is at
      least partly responsible for differential recognition of these cells in mixed
      lymphocyte cultures.

PMID- 2410360
TI  - Characteristics of monoclonal anti-alpha-human chorionic gonadotropin antibody.

PMID- 2410361
TI  - Specificity & cross reactivity of anti-RNA antibodies reactive with mammalian RNA
      in systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2410362
TI  - Immunological characterization of Vibrio cholerae O:1 lipopolysaccharide, O-side
      chain, and core with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was extracted from Vibrio cholerae O:1 strains of the
      serotypes Ogawa, Inaba, and Hikojima and delipidated by mild-acid hydrolysis. Two
      polysaccharide fragments with the molecular weights of approximately 9,000 and
      900, respectively, were isolated by gel permeation chromatography. The LPS
      preparations and the polysaccharide fragments were studied in enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay inhibition, rocket immunoelectrophoresis, and sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by electroblotting with
      monoclonal antibodies directed against the group-specific antigen A, the type
      specific antigens B (Ogawa) and C (Inaba), and the core region. Antigen A was
      demonstrated in all LPS preparations and all 9,000-molecular-weight fragments
      tested. The type-specific antigens B and C were demonstrated in LPSs and 9,000
      molecular-weight fragments from Ogawa and Inaba, respectively. Furthermore,
      antigens B and C were both demonstrated in LPSs and 9,000-molecular-weight
      fragments from two of four Hikojima strains tested. Core antigen was demonstrated
      in the LPS and in the 9,000- and 900-molecular-weight fragments. The results
      indicate that the 9,000-molecular-weight fragment represents the complete
      polysaccharide chain, including group- and type-specific antigens as well as core
      antigens, whereas the 900-molecular-weight fragment constitutes the main part of
      the core region.

PMID- 2410363
TI  - Surface proteins of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae identified from an Escherichia coli
      expression plasmid library.
AB  - A genomic library of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was constructed by cloning random
      DNA fragments approximately 300 base pairs long in a fusion expression plasmid,
      pEx29, containing the N terminus of the phage MS2 polymerase under the control of
      the PL promoter of phage lambda. Clones that produced fusion proteins carrying
      surface-specific antigenic determinants were identified by using antiserum raised
      in a pig by intranasal inoculation of viable mycoplasmas. Rabbit antisera
      produced against gel-purified fusion proteins synthesized in Escherichia coli
      were analyzed by Western blotting to identify antigenically related mycoplasma
      components. Distinct mycoplasma proteins termed P90, P68, P50, P30, and P26 were
      identified. Evidence for the surface location of P90, P68, and P50 was provided
      by their sensitivity to trypsin and their comigration with lactoperoxidase
      catalyzed iodinated proteins of intact mycoplasmas. Immune electron microscopy,
      performed with antiserum against the hybrid MS2-mycoplasma protein produced in E.
      coli and corresponding to P90, also showed that its antigenic determinant is
      associated with the mycoplasma surface.

PMID- 2410364
TI  - Antibody specificity and antigen characterization of rat monoclonal antibodies
      against Streptococcus mutans cell wall-associated protein antigens.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies to Streptococcus mutans OMZ175 (serotype f) cell wall
      associated antigens (wall-extracted antigens [WEA]) were derived from the fusion
      of Lou C plasmocytoma rat cells (IR 983 F) and spleen cells from Wistar R inbred
      rats immunized with WEA. Four cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies directed
      against a component of S. mutans WEA have been established. All four monoclonal
      antibodies reacted only with two antigens of WEA from S. mutans OMZ175 by Western
      blotting and immunoprecipitation techniques, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA), and competitive ELISA. Western blot analysis of WEA showed that the four
      monoclonal antibodies recognized two related cell wall-associated proteins with
      apparent molecular weights of 125,000 and 76,000. Immunoprecipitation of whole
      cells with the monoclonal antibodies confirmed the surface localization of the
      two antigens. The ELISA and competitive ELISA were used to analyze the
      distribution of the epitopes on seven S. mutans serotypes. All S. mutans
      serotypes were found to express the recognized epitopes; however, different
      reactivity patterns could be distinguished among the various strains tested, and
      the four monoclonal antibodies reacted only weakly with S. mutans serotypes d and
      g.

PMID- 2410365
TI  - Antibodies to O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide are protective against neonatal
      infection with Escherichia coli K1.
AB  - Monoclonal IgM specific for the O18 antigen conferred passive protection to 1
      week-old rats against bacteremia and killing after oral challenge with O18:K1
      Escherichia coli. Specific protection of the pups was also achieved by immunizing
      the pregnant rats with purified O18 lipopolysaccharide. We suppose that most
      human newborns that are colonized by potentially invasive K1 E. coli are
      protected by the transplacental transfer of anti-lipopolysaccharide
      immunoglobulin G, and we suggest that treatment with such antibodies might in the
      future be considered a therapeutic option. Rat serum from 1-week-old animals had
      only about one-third of the complement hemolytic activity of adult rat serum.
      This low level of hemolytic activity correlated with a relatively poor
      bactericidal activity in antibody-dependent and antibody-independent bactericidal
      in vitro assays. Monoclonal anti-O18 immunoglobulin M, although protective in
      vivo and bactericidal when added to adult rat serum, only poorly inhibited the
      multiplication of O18:K1 cells in serum from 1-week-old rats. This suggests that
      other elements of host defense besides complement participate in antibody
      mediated in vivo protection.

PMID- 2410366
TI  - Genetic diversity in relation to serotype in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The extent of chromosomal-gene diversity among 261 isolates of Escherichia coli
      sharing single O, K, or H antigens and various combinations thereof was estimated
      by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, which detects allelic variation in
      structural genes. The results of this study indicate that the genetic diversity
      among isolates sharing single antigenic determinants can approach or equal that
      observed among randomly chosen strains; that the magnitude of the diversity
      varies among antigens; and that the genetic diversity is reduced, but not
      eliminated, among isolates sharing two antigenic determinants. With one
      exception, isolates of the same O:K:H serotype were of identical or closely
      related electrophoretic types (ETs). Isolates of the same ET generally shared the
      same combination of antigenic determinants, but some ETs included isolates of
      different serotypes. The implications of these findings for epidemiological
      research and the clone hypothesis of population structure are discussed, and
      possible evolutionary mechanisms causing antigenic divergence and convergence are
      considered.

PMID- 2410367
TI  - Immunoglobulin A subclass distribution of naturally occurring salivary antibodies
      to microbial antigens.
AB  - The distribution of immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) and IgA2 antibodies to various
      microbial antigens was determined in human parotid saliva by using monoclonal
      antibodies to the IgA subclasses in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. In 12
      subjects examined, antibodies to Streptococcus mutans glucosyl transferase,
      protein antigen I/II, and cell wall carbohydrate, as well as dextrans B1355
      fraction S and B512 and phosphorylcholine, occurred predominantly in the IgA1
      subclass. In contrast, antibodies to lipoteichoic acid from Streptococcus
      pyogenes and whole lipopolysaccharides from Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides
      fragilis, and Escherichia coli were predominantly of the IgA2 subclass. The data
      indicate that in most individuals naturally occurring antibodies to a given
      antigen are predominantly associated with one of the two subclasses of IgA.

PMID- 2410369
TI  - Interferon: a model for future biologicals.

PMID- 2410368
TI  - Evolution of interferon genes.

PMID- 2410370
TI  - Interferons and cell differentiation.

PMID- 2410371
TI  - How does interferon inhibit tumor growth?

PMID- 2410372
TI  - Allergenic cross-reactivity among pollens of Urticaceae.
AB  - Common antigenic determinants have been observed between Parietaria and Urtica
      dioica pollen. The four Parietaria pollens selected (P. judaica, P. officinalis,
      P. lusitanica and P. mauritanica) are shown to possess a high allergenic
      homology. IgE-binding structures, homologous to the P. judaica main allergenic
      polypeptide (Pj10), were found in the other species by immunodetection.
      Monoclonal antibodies specific to the Pj10 polypeptide recognized proteins from
      the four Parietaria pollens. Skin prick test and RAST inhibition yielded results
      that also indicated a high allergenic cross-reactivity among these pollens, with
      homologous peptides bearing common antigenic and allergenic determinants. On the
      other hand, U. dioica pollen showed only a slight allergenic similarity to
      Parietaria. The potential allergenic activity of these pollens is discussed.

PMID- 2410373
TI  - Immunoglobulin E antibodies against budgerigar and canary feathers.
AB  - In 212 sera from budgerigar and canary fanciers with symptoms of rhinitis and/or
      bronchial asthma, IgE antibodies against budgerigar feathers (Budf) or canary
      feathers (Canf) were determined. In 25 of 98 Canf-specific IgE antibody
      measurements, and in 28 of 154 Budf-specific IgE antibody measurements, a
      significant (6% or more binding of 125I-anti-IgE) level of specific IgE was
      found. In 3 sera with the highest levels of Canf- or Budf-specific IgE, IgE
      antibodies against sera from both birds were present. It is concluded that IgE
      antibodies against canary and/or budgerigar feathers are present in about 20% of
      canary and budgerigar fanciers with symptoms of atopic disease. Canary and
      budgerigar feathers contain IgE-binding antigens that are not present in the
      corresponding bird sera and droppings.

PMID- 2410375
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization and molecular characteristics of three
      monoclonal antibody-defined epitopes detectable on carcinoembryonic antigen
      (CEA).
AB  - Three murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reactive to different epitopes on CEA
      were selected according to their ability to bind to various human tissue
      sections. The most selective MAb, BW 431/31, bound to the majority of colon
      carcinomas but only faintly to normal colon mucosa. In addition to the tissues
      stained by MAb BW 431/31, MAb BW 250/183 reacted with granulocytes, colon mucosa
      and faintly with pancreatic ducts. The third MAb, BW 374/14, reacted with
      granulocytes, colon mucosa, strongly with pancreatic ducts and with alveolar and
      bronchial epithelium. The antigenic determinants recognized by the 3 MAbs in
      human tissue sections were resistant to formaldehyde fixation and paraffin
      embedding as well as to periodic acid oxidation and neuraminidase treatment. The
      last two treatments suggest that the epitopes are protein in nature. Using MAb
      affinity chromatography, 3 antigen preparations were isolated from a human colon
      carcinoma xenograft with an approximate molecular weight of 180 kd. These
      preparations were shown to bear the epitopes from each of the MAbs and from a
      polyclonal antiserum specific for purified CEA. Furthermore, the ability of MAb
      BW 431/31 to localize its antigenic determinant in vivo on a human colon
      carcinoma xenograft is evaluated and its possible application in the patient is
      suggested.

PMID- 2410374
TI  - Inhibition of allergic histamine release by azelastine and selected antiallergic
      drugs from rabbit leukocytes.
AB  - The ability of azelastine to inhibit allergic histamine release from rabbit mixed
      leukocytes was studied and compared with selected antiallergic drugs. Azelastine,
      ketotifen, diphenhydramine, theophylline and disodium cromoglycate (DSCG)
      produced concentration-dependent inhibition of allergic histamine release from
      rabbit basophils. The concentrations inhibiting histamine release by 50% (IC50;
      microM) were as follows: azelastine = 4.5; ketotifen = 9.5; diphenhydramine =
      18.9; theophylline = 56.9; DSCG = greater than 1,000. DSCG was added to the cells
      immediately prior to antigen challenge. All other drugs were preincubated for a
      period of 10 min prior to antigen challenge. At the IC50 level, azelastine is
      about 2, 4, 13 and greater than 200 times as effective as ketotifen,
      diphenhydramine, theophylline and DSCG, respectively. The IC50 of azelastine
      following 0, 10 and 30 min preincubation were 2.4, 1.9 and 3.5 microM,
      respectively. These observations showed: (1) azelastine is capable of acting
      rapidly on basophils and of inhibiting allergic histamine secretion, and (2) the
      prolongation of the preincubation time of azelastine up to 30 min with rabbit
      leukocytes did not exhibit any sign of tachyphylaxis (loss of activity). In
      conclusion, azelastine is a potent inhibitor of allergic histamine secretion from
      the leukocytes of ragweed-sensitized rabbits.

PMID- 2410376
TI  - Elevated expression of the cellular src gene in tumors of differing etiologies in
      Xiphophorus.
AB  - In the fish Xiphophorus we have detected elevated levels of pp60c-src kinase
      activity in a variety of tumors (n = 34) of neurogenic, epithelial, and
      mesenchymal origin either of hereditary etiology or induced by carcinogens. This
      elevation ranged from 2-fold up to 50-fold compared to the corresponding non
      tumorous tissue and up to 6-fold compared to the highest activities found in any
      of the normal organs. The level of elevation parallels the degree of malignancy
      in melanoma and in tumors of mesenchymal origin. In fish bearing tumors of
      hereditary etiology kinase activity was also elevated in the non-tumorous brain,
      while in fish bearing induced tumors, kinase activity was elevated only in the
      cells of the neoplasia.

PMID- 2410377
TI  - Selection and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the idiotype-like
      structure of an interleukin-2-producing human leukemia T-cell line.
AB  - A variant of the Jurkat leukemia cell line termed JA3 (surface phenotype: T11+.,
      T3+, T4-, T8-, T6-, T1+, 3A1+, HLA-DR-, Tac-, 4F2+) has been used for mouse
      immunization and production of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to molecules carrying
      clonotypic determinants that are thought to serve as receptor for antigen on
      human T cells. JA3 had been selected because of its ability to release large
      amounts of IL-2 following stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or anti-T3
      antibody in the presence of phorbolmyristate acetate (PMA). This functional
      property has been exploited for screening of MAbs potentially directed to
      idiotype-like structures of JA3 cells. Thus supernatants of hybridomas (obtained
      by fusing mouse splenocytes with P3-UI myeloma cells) were analyzed for their
      ability to induce JA3 cells to release IL-2 in the presence of PMA. Four
      stimulatory antibodies reacted with JA3 but not with polyclonal T-cell
      populations, T-cell clones, or T and B tumor cell lines as assessed by indirect
      immunofluorescence and fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis. All 4
      antibodies immunoprecipitated the same disulphide-linked heterodimeric molecules
      having a molecular mass (Mr) of approximately 85,000 under non-reducing
      conditions that was resolved in 2 major peptides of 40,000 and 45,000 under
      reducing conditions. These data indicate that these antibodies (termed anti-JTi)
      were directed to the clonotypic-restricted structures of the JA3 T-cell-receptor
      molecules. Unlike the anticlonotypic antibodies described so far, anti-JTi MAbs
      were capable of triggering IL-2 production even in unbound, soluble form, in the
      absence of adherent cells or PMA. Competitive inhibition experiments, in which
      35S-labelled anti-JTi MAbs have been used, provided evidence that they may be
      directed against different epitopes on the same clonotypic structure.

PMID- 2410378
TI  - The effect of synovectomy on the articular cartilage of the knee joint in
      rabbits.
AB  - Subtotal synovectomy was performed on the right knee joints of 20 immature and 20
      mature rabbits, and articular cartilage from the femoral and tibial condyles and
      the patellae was examined at 1, 3, 5 and 12 weeks after operation. Specimens from
      the unoperated left knees provided the controls. Each specimen was examined
      macroscopically and with histological (H-E stain) and histochemical (safranin-O
      stain) techniques for abnormalities in structure, cell population, stain
      intensity and distribution. The femoral articular cartilage was most affected by
      synovectomy. The tibial articular cartilage was only moderately affected and the
      patellar articular cartilage was even less affected. The histochemical changes
      were transient and reversible, being more severe and prolonged in the mature
      animals. No changes in either group were noted on gross inspection or in the H-E
      stained sections.

PMID- 2410379
TI  - Adverse cutaneous reactions to antituberculosis drugs.

PMID- 2410380
TI  - Conformational preferences and binding to neurophysins of oxytocin analogs with
      sarcosine or N-methylalanine in position 7.
AB  - The 600 MHz proton n.m.r. spectra of (sarcosyl7)-oxytocin and (N-methylalanyl7)
      oxytocin in 2H2O solution have been recorded and completely assigned. In each
      case the spectrum indicates the presence of two slowly interconverting
      conformers, which are the cis-trans isomers about the peptide bond between
      residues six and seven. The trans isomer is energetically favored in both cases.
      When neurophysin is added to a solution of (N-methylalanyl7) oxytocin or
      (sacrosyl7)-oxytocin at pH 3.0, the proportion of minor conformer remains
      constant, indicating that the cis and trans conformers are equally tightly bound
      to the protein.

PMID- 2410381
TI  - Rips of the retinal pigmentepithelium.
AB  - A rip or rupture of the detached retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with subsequent
      retraction of that layer is an often misdiagnosed affection of the posterior pole
      of the eye. The histologic appearance of this entity has to our knowledge not yet
      been published, but the fundus aspect and fluorescein angiography show that the
      focal absence of the pigmentepithelial layer is very likely. A rip is only seen
      in older age and it always appears in a detached RPE that often exists in
      combination with other features of a senile macular degeneration. Mostly the rip
      arises spontaneously but it may develop sometimes directly after laser
      coagulation of the detached RPE.

PMID- 2410382
TI  - Peripheral retinal neovascularization in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The cases of seven patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral proliferative
      retinopathy (retinal neovascularization at or anterior to the equator) were
      studied. Associated abnormalities found included systemic arterial hypertension
      in five, a positive fluorescent treponemal antibody titer in four, and benign
      monoclonal gammopathy, intravenous drug abuse and hemoglobin AS each in one
      patient. The presence of additional systemic diseases should be suspected in
      diabetic patients with predominantly peripheral proliferative retinopathy.

PMID- 2410383
TI  - On potential space.
AB  - In this paper, I have proposed that Winnicott's concept of potential space might
      be understood as a state of mind based upon a series of dialectical relationships
      between fantasy and reality, me and not-me, symbol and symbolized, etc., each
      pole of the dialectic creating, informing, and negating the other. The
      achievement of such a dialectical process occurs by means of a developmental
      advance from the 'invisible oneness' of the mother-infant unit to the subjective
      'three-ness' of the mother-and-infant (as symbolic objects) and the infant (as
      interpreting subject). Failure to create or maintain the dialectical process
      leads to specific forms of psychopathology that include the experience of the
      fantasy object as a thing in itself, the defensive use of reality that forecloses
      imagination, the relationship to a fetish object, and the state of 'non
      experience'. The 'processing' of a projective identification is understood as the
      re-establishment of the recipient's capacity to maintain a dialectical process
      (e.g. of me and not-me) that had been limited in the course of the recipient's
      unconscious participation in the projector's externalized unconscious fantasy.

PMID- 2410384
TI  - Identification in the theory and technique of psychoanalysis. Some thoughts on
      its farther reaches and functions.
AB  - A re-valuation of the concept of identification appears pertinent as it has come
      to embrace a multitude of psychoanalytic notions. Historically Freud has already
      differentiated meaning and function of identification. The original choice of
      object in the infant is coupled with his narcissism; identification is
      unconscious, partial and ambivalent; both determine the outcome if object loss
      occurs. Through identification the individual is being constituted. This notion
      culminated in Klein's concept of projective identification, among her other
      metapsychological extensions. By projecting not only phantasies and impulses but
      also part of its self the infant becomes capable of understanding and using
      symbols. Klein's notions on thought processes are commented upon here, with the
      inclusion of some language research, and it is argued that they are in line with
      Freud's paper 'Negation'. The traditional notion of identification is then
      extended to an 'autoplastic' one which discusses autochthonic intrapersonal
      processes and hereditary factors. Autoplastic identification is primary, it
      becomes modified by the traditionally accepted mechanism of (alloplastic)
      identification. A vignette from an analysis is given for illustration. The paper
      concludes with a discussion of the death-instinct in so far as it touches upon
      identification.

PMID- 2410385
TI  - Impaired spatial structures.
AB  - Our knowledge of the very early processes of human development, such as how the
      body becomes experienced as a three-dimensional spatial structure containing
      different functional cavities that communicate with the outer world via bodily
      orifices which are regulated by appropriate sphincter control, is far from being
      complete. Analysing spatial aspects of psychodynamic phenomena can bring us
      closer to understanding the nature of internal and external spaces and their role
      in harmonious and disturbed psychic development. In the paper attention is called
      to special symbolic connexions between open and strictly closed spaces,
      malfunctioning boundaries in the outside world and insufficient-containing
      functions and respective disorders in the development of the ego and ego
      boundaries. Specific defensive manoeuvres, aimed at annihilating inner spaces and
      bringing the organism to a 'thing-like', two-dimensional way of existence, are
      demonstrated in the material of patients with severe psychosomatic diseases and
      identity problems.

PMID- 2410386
TI  - Psychoanalytic theory and the problem of creativity.
AB  - The current crisis of psychoanalysis also involves studies of various forms of
      creativity. After having pointed out the need for distinction between clinical
      empirical theory and hypothetical theory (such as metapsychology) the author
      identifies and summarizes a number of trends of investigation as reported in our
      literature: libidinal-energetic, contenutistic (unconscious fantasies),
      anthropomorphic (of the ego), aggression-reparation, phenomenological, and object
      relationship approaches. The role played by metapsychological concepts (the
      author, in agreement with those who consider them unacceptable, discusses some of
      the most well-known criticisms), and the confusion between theoretical levels are
      responsible for having made the psychoanalytical contribution entirely
      unsatisfactory at a higher explanatory level and for having hindered adequate
      reorganization of data of an empirical nature. After having examined several
      elements involved in creativity (symbolism, role of pathology and body
      experience, etc.), the author outlines a personal theoretical hypothesis of the
      structural type as a basis for the establishment of a clinical-empirical theory
      which, as regards research on creativity too, may constitute the chief field of
      investigation for psychoanalysis.

PMID- 2410387
TI  - The univariate and multivariate relationships among environmental, sociocultural,
      biological, and developmental variables and the identification of learning
      disabled children.
AB  - Multivariate techniques were used to study the relationships among environmental,
      sociocultural, biological, and developmental variables, and their ability to
      discriminate between learning disabled (LD) and regular education students.
      Univariate analyses were employed to identify variables that were included in a
      discriminant analysis. Through this combination of analyses, variables that might
      be considered as risk factors were isolated. Variables which contributed to the
      separation of LD children from those not placed in special education were
      developmental delays, baby's length at birth, and sex of child. Developmental
      delays and serious illness of the child were variables most contributing to the
      separation of LD from low achieving children. While not increasing the accuracy
      of classification, these antecedent variables appear to predict probability of LD
      placement as accurately as academic performance or clinical decision, thus
      allowing early intervention rather than procedures used after learning problems
      have been identified.

PMID- 2410388
TI  - Daytime noise stress and subsequent night sleep: interference with sleep
      patterns, endocrine and neurocrine functions.
AB  - The effects of strong daytime noise stress on subsequent undisturbed night sleep
      were studied in six male volunteers. They slept for seven consecutive nights in
      the laboratory, two nights being preceded by an 8 h exposure to 83 dB (A) pink
      noise. Continuously during all nights EEG, EOG, EMG, ECG and respiration were
      recorded. Additionally, during five nights, blood samples were taken every 30 min
      by an indwelling venous catheter for the determination of ACTH, hGH, PRL, TRP, 5
      HT and 5-HIAA. After daytime noise load, increased sleep stage 4 stability,
      partly elevated hGH and PRL levels and decreased levels of the metabolites of the
      serotonergic system were found. This result may be explained by the assumption
      that high daytime noise stress is an additional load for the CNS which demands an
      intensification of recovery processes during the sleep of the subsequent night.

PMID- 2410389
TI  - Muscarinic receptor subtypes in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2410390
TI  - Surgical treatment of proximal bile duct tumors.
AB  - A new classification of proximal bile duct tumors mainly based on endo- and
      exobiliary neoplastic invasion, indicating radical or palliative surgery is
      proposed. Fifty-eight patients underwent radical (12) or palliative (46) surgery.
      The 5-year survival rate of patients treated radically is 40% compared to 0% in
      patients treated palliatively; all the patients of this latter group died within
      22 months. The authors stress the need for a standard anatomical classification
      for proximal bile duct tumors.

PMID- 2410391
TI  - Structural and functional aspects of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) of human
      chromosomes.

PMID- 2410392
TI  - Ontogeny and evolution of salmonid hemoglobins.

PMID- 2410393
TI  - Development of mitoxantrone.
AB  - Mitoxantrone (Novantrone; dihydroxyanthracenedione) belongs to a new structural
      class of antineoplastic agents, the anthracenediones. It was the outcome of a
      program in synthetic chemistry, at the Medical Research Division of the American
      Cyanamid Company, which started from a molecule with structural features
      predicted to favor intercalation with double stranded DNA. The initial lead
      compound had immunomodulatory effects and was subsequently found also to possess
      significant activity against transplantable murine tumors. A large series of
      analogues was synthesized and mitoxantrone was selected for clinical trial on the
      basis of its potency and excellent antitumor activity in mice. It is a cytotoxic
      agent that will kill both proliferating and non-proliferating cells. A variety of
      experiments conducted with both intact cells and cell-free systems have revealed
      mitoxantrone's ability to bind to single stranded and double stranded RNA and
      DNA. The drug inhibits cellular RNA and DNA synthesis to about the same extent
      and causes chromosomal aberrations. In vivo experiments using murine models have
      demonstrated good activity for mitoxantrone against a variety of transplantable
      tumors including both leukemias and solid types, in many cases giving putative
      cures. Surprisingly, it is effective when given up to 30 days before tumor
      implantation. Combination studies with standard anticancer agents gave evidence
      of therapeutic synergy in a number of cases. Preclinical studies in several
      animal models indicate that mitoxantrone does not have the cumulative cardiotoxic
      liability associated with anthracycline antibiotics such as doxorubicin.

PMID- 2410394
TI  - Use of the fluorescent staining method for determining the viability of
      Mycobacterium lepraemurium.

PMID- 2410396
TI  - The effects of preliminary proteolysis on the immunohistochemical and dye
      staining properties of elastic fibres.
AB  - Antibodies to alpha-elastin peptides, amyloid P component, lysozyme and plasma
      protease inhibitors have been used in an immunoperoxidase method to stain elastic
      fibres in frozen sections of human breast tissues. A loss of immunoreactivity
      seen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections was reversed by a preliminary
      proteolysis. Differences in the tinctorial dye and immunohistochemical staining
      patterns following proteolysis by a variety of enzymes suggests a selective
      unmasking or removal of elastic fibre components and thus the presence of
      separate binding sites for individual antibodies and tinctorial dyes. Antibody
      blocking experiments and double immunoenzymatic labelling support the existence
      of several different epitopes within elastic fibres.

PMID- 2410395
TI  - Demonstration of sialic acid groups in the glomerular basement membrane of the
      rat with phosphotungstic acid at low pH.
AB  - This paper reports an unrecognized aspect of phosphotungstic acid staining at low
      pH. It provides an on-section staining method in which sialic acid-containing
      molecules can be demonstrated in the laminae rarae of the rat glomerular basement
      membrane. The staining in the basement membrane became negative after perfusion
      with the following cations: protamine sulphate, hexadimethrine, Alcian Blue,
      Ruthenium Red and Toluidine Blue. Blocking was not achieved with Alcian Blue at
      about pH 1. The staining was also abolished after mild methylation and
      demethylation restored the contrast. This is suggestive of the involvement of
      carboxyl groups. Prior digestion with pronase, trypsin and neuraminidase rendered
      the laminae rarae negative, whereas hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC and crude
      heparinase were without effect. This indicates that sialic acid groups are
      detected by this method and that heparan sulphate does not interfere. The
      staining of the epithelial plasma membrane, also carrying sialic acid groups,
      remained positive after neuraminidase treatment. It is presumed that this method
      can be applied successfully for detecting changes in the sialic acid content of
      the laminae rarae in rat glomerular basement membranes under normal and
      pathological conditions.

PMID- 2410397
TI  - Biological activity of cadeguomycin. Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis,
      immunostimulation, and potentiation of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine.
AB  - Cadeguomycin retarded growth of sc solid IMC carcinoma in CDF1 mice, and
      pulmonary metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL/6 mice. The antibiotic
      enhanced phagocytic activity of murine peritoneal macrophages and IL-1 production
      by P388D1 cells. Delayed type hypersensitivity was stimulated and interferon was
      induced by the drug. The results suggest that cadeguomycin inhibits tumor growth
      and metastasis in association with modification of the immune system. The
      cytotoxicity of arabinosylcytosine to K562 and YAC-1 cells was markedly enhanced
      by cadeguomycin in culture. The combined administration of arabinosylcytosine and
      cadeguomycin displayed potentiation in the inhibition of growth of ip-implanted
      P388 leukemia and metastasis of sc-implanted P388 leukemia to the regional lymph
      nodes. Cadeguomycin showed low toxicity for mice.

PMID- 2410398
TI  - Inhibition of reverse transcriptase by limocrocin.

PMID- 2410399
TI  - The cell coat of inner ear sensory and supporting cells as demonstrated by
      ruthenium red.
AB  - The ultrastructure of the cell coat of sensory and supporting cells of chinchilla
      and lizard inner ears was studied using ruthenium red. On the apical surface of
      both cell types, in both animals, the glycoproteins in the cell coat stain
      positively with this cationic dye. The apical surface of the sensory hair cells
      displays no regional variations in cell coat thickness. The uniform staining
      along the length of the stereocilia is not influenced by the normal presence or
      absence of a tectorial membrane. Although no micro-domains in the glycoproteins
      that stain positively with ruthenium red were observed that might correlate with
      the ultrastructural localization of sites of initiation of the transduction
      event, the cell coat material on the apical cell surface might play an important
      role in sequestering ions (particularly calcium) which are required for the
      transduction process.

PMID- 2410400
TI  - Reducing behavior problems through functional communication training.
AB  - It is generally agreed that serious misbehavior in children should be replaced
      with socially appropriate behaviors, but few guidelines exist with respect to
      choosing replacement behaviors. We address this issue in two experiments. In
      Experiment 1, we developed an assessment method for identifying situations in
      which behavior problems, including aggression, tantrums, and self-injury, were
      most likely to occur. Results demonstrated that both low level of adult attention
      and high level of task difficulty were discriminative for misbehavior. In
      Experiment 2, the assessment data were used to select replacements for
      misbehavior. Specifically, children were taught to solicit attention or
      assistance or both verbally from adults. This treatment, which involved the
      differential reinforcement of functional communication, produced replicable
      suppression of behavior problems across four developmentally disabled children.
      The results were consistent with an hypothesis stating that some child behavior
      problems may be viewed as a nonverbal means of communication. According to this
      hypothesis, behavior problems and verbal communicative acts, though differing in
      form, may be equivalent in function. Therefore, strengthening the latter should
      weaken the former.

PMID- 2410401
TI  - Early expression of vimentin in human mammary cultures.
AB  - The intermediate filaments of most epithelial cells in vivo consist solely of
      cytokeratins. Using monoclonal antibodies to vimentin or keratin, we have
      examined the expression of vimentin in homologous specimens of frozen tissue
      sections and primary cultures of normal human mammary epithelium. In frozen
      sections, only epithelial cells reacted with the antikeratin antibody, whereas
      antivimentin reactivity was associated with stromal cells. All epithelial
      cultures were positive for cytokeratin and in addition coexpressed vimentin as
      strongly as cultured fibroblasts and as early as the 4th d after initiation of
      the culture. Two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis of cytoskeletal preparations of secondary
      cultures of normal mammary epithelium have also demonstrated the appearance of a
      moiety identical to the vimentin found in cultured fibroblasts. Our observations
      are consistent with the hypothesis that vimentin expression is induced, possibly
      as a result of changes in cell shape or growth rate, when cells are freed from
      three-dimensional restrictions imposed by the tissue of origin.

PMID- 2410402
TI  - Synthesis and localization of a development-specific protein in sclerotia of
      Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
AB  - A development-specific protein (SSP) makes up about 35 to 40% of the total
      protein in sclerotia of the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The protein consists
      of three charge isomers, with one isomer making up 80 to 90% of the total. In
      vitro translation of poly(A)+ RNA isolated from cells in early stages of
      sclerotia formation revealed that 44% of the amino acids incorporated was into
      SSP. In vivo- and in vitro-synthesized forms of SSP migrated at identical rates
      on both isoelectric focusing and denaturing polyacrylamide gels, indicating that
      SSP was not synthesized as a larger precursor. This was significant because SSP
      accumulated in membrane-bound, organellelike structures which resemble protein
      bodies found in seeds of many higher plants.

PMID- 2410403
TI  - Effects of heparin and polyamines on the phosphorylation of high mobility group
      proteins by cyclic nucleotide-independent phosvitin kinase from pig testis.
AB  - In order to study the physiological role played by cyclic nucleotide-independent
      phosvitin kinase in pig testis, effects of heparin (an inhibitor of RNA
      synthesis) and polyamines (stimulators of the synthesis) on the enzyme,
      distribution in nuclei of the enzyme, and identification of endogenous substrates
      for the enzyme were examined. The enzyme was shown to be inhibited by heparin, nd
      the inhibition was removed by the addition of polyamines, when phosvitin (the
      best exogenous substrate for the enzyme) was used as substrate. The inhibition by
      heparin and inhibition removal by polyamines was dependent on Mg2+ concentration.
      The enzyme was found to be present in pig testis nuclei as well as in the
      cytosol. The enzyme phosphorylated chromatin-associated non-histone proteins in
      the testis nuclei. Of the non-histone proteins, high mobility group (HMG) 14 and
      17 were identified as substrates for the enzyme. Phosphorylation of HMG 14 and 17
      was also inhibited by heparin and inhibition of HMG 14 phosphorylation was
      removed by the addition of polyamines, although the effect was less dependent on
      Mg2+ concentration. These results suggested that phosvitin kinase was involved in
      the regulation of RNA synthesis int he testis.

PMID- 2410404
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to the glucose transporter from human erythrocytes.
      Identification of the transporter as a Mr = 55,000 protein.
AB  - Using the preparation of purified glucose transporter from human erythrocytes as
      antigen, we have prepared and characterized six monoclonal antibodies. Three of
      these antibodies have been shown to be to the glucose transporter by several
      criteria: they immunoprecipitate the transport activity, the cytochalasin B
      binding activity, and 75% of the protein from the solubilized purified
      preparation. The remaining three antibodies were shown to recognize the same
      polypeptide by a Western blot procedure. All of the antibodies reacted with the
      deglycosylated transporter and are thus against peptide determinants; most bound
      to the cytoplasmic domain of the transporter. The antibodies exhibited a range of
      effects on cytochalasin B binding, from slight enhancement to modest inhibition
      to strong inhibition; for this reason they must bind to at least three different
      epitopes. Western blot analysis of erythrocyte membranes prepared in the presence
      of protease inhibitors showed that all six antibodies bound to a polypeptide of
      average Mr = 55,000. Moreover, by immunological assay this polypeptide accounted
      for 5.3% of the membranes protein, a value similar to that given by cytochalasin
      B binding. Thus, the proposal that the native transporter is a Mr = 100,000
      polypeptide is highly unlikely. The antibodies also react with the glucose
      transporter in other human cell types, but not with that in rodent or avian
      cells.

PMID- 2410405
TI  - Two isozymes of the Na,K-ATPase have distinct antigenic determinants.
AB  - Two isozymes of the Na,K-ATPase were purified from rat renal medulla and rat
      brainstem axolemma, and antisera were raised in rabbits. When antibody titers
      were measured, two sera showed specificity for either the kidney or axolemma Na,K
      ATPases and had limited cross-reactivity which could be removed by cross
      adsorption. In blots of polyacrylamide gels, these sera reacted with only the
      alpha or alpha (+) Na,K-ATPase catalytic subunits, while they cross-reacted with
      both types of beta subunits. Two other sera each recognized both alpha and alpha
      (+), indicating that the catalytic subunit isozymes have additional shared
      antigenic determinants. A comparison of the Na,K-ATPases from the brains of
      different vertebrate species indicates that birds and fish differ from mammals
      and amphibians in the manifestation of Na,K-ATPases isozymes. Neither
      neuraminidase nor endoglycosidase F treatment eliminated specific antibody
      reaction or affected the electrophoretic mobilities of the alpha and alpha (+)
      subunits, although endoglycosidase F increased the mobilities of the two types of
      beta subunits to similar final apparent molecular weights. Blots of the peptide
      fragments produced by incomplete papain and trypsin digests of the alpha and
      alpha (+) subunits were stained with the specific sera, and the patterns of
      immunoreactive fragments were found to be markedly different. The results suggest
      that the antigenic differences reside in differences in the primary protein
      sequences of the two isozymes.

PMID- 2410406
TI  - Regulation of apolipoprotein E synthesis in rat ovarian granulosa cells.
AB  - Apoprotein E (apo-E) is a surface component of several classes of plasma
      lipoproteins. It functions as a ligand for receptor-mediated uptake of
      lipoproteins. Granulosa cells from ovaries of diethylstilbestrol-stimulated
      hypophysectomized immature rats cultured in serum-free medium with
      [35S]methionine secretes a 34-kDa protein which reacts with a monospecific anti
      rat apo-E antibody and represents 0.2% of total secreted protein. Protease
      mapping confirms that this protein is apoprotein E. The secreted apoprotein E may
      be complexed with lipid since it floats in the ultracentrifuge at density less
      than 1.21 micrograms/ml. Freshly isolated granulosa cells contain receptors for
      follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) but not for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
      or prolactin. Apoprotein E secretion is stimulated 2-fold by FSH, but hCG and
      prolactin have no effect. When granulosa cells develop hCG and prolactin
      receptors after 48 h of culture with FSH, apoprotein E secretion is not
      stimulated by addition of FSH, hCG, or prolactin although steroidogenesis is
      induced. The addition of 10(-7) M androgen plus FSH stimulates a marked increase
      in progestin synthesis over FSH alone, but androgen has little added effect on
      apoprotein E secretion. Cholera toxin (1.25 micrograms/ml) and dibutyryl cAMP (5
      mg/ml), both of which increase intracellular cAMP, stimulate apo-E secretion 9
      fold and 12-fold, respectively. The dibutyryl cAMP effect is dependent on both
      dose (greater than or equal to 0.5 mg/ml required) and time (onset at 24 h,
      maximum at 48 h, and back to near baseline at 96 h). Isobutylmethylxanthine, a
      phosphodiesterase inhibitor, augments FSH-stimulated apoprotein E synthesis 2.5
      fold, supporting a role for cAMP in mediating the FSH effect. This is the first
      demonstration of the hormonal regulation of apoprotein E synthesis in an
      extrahepatic tissue.

PMID- 2410407
TI  - Thermal regulation of beta-galactosidase synthesis using anti-sense RNA directed
      against the coding portion of the mRNA.
AB  - The in vivo production of RNA that is complementary to the mRNA of a particular
      target gene (anti-sense RNA) appears to be an effective tool for the regulation
      of genes in Escherichia coli (Coleman, J., Green, P.J., and Inouye, M. (1984)
      Cell 37, 429-436). These investigators demonstrated that short anti-sense
      transcripts which are complementary to the ribosome binding site of the target
      mRNA are overwhelmingly the most effective in blocking protein synthesis. We have
      constructed plasmids which produce thermally regulated anti-sense transcripts of
      three regions of the E. coli lac Z gene coding sequence, and have examined the
      relative effects of these constructs on the synthesis of the lac Z gene product,
      beta-galactosidase. We conclude that there is a strong correlation between the
      length of RNA complementarity and the suppression of beta-galactosidase
      synthesis. Furthermore, a significant inhibition of translation can be obtained
      when the anti-sense transcript lacks complementarity to the 5' noncoding region
      of the mRNA, provided that the extent of complementarity with the coding sequence
      is considerable.

PMID- 2410408
TI  - Heparin-binding properties of human serum spreading factor.
AB  - Human serum spreading factor (SF) is a blood glycoprotein that promotes
      attachment and spreading and influences growth, migration, and differentiation of
      a variety of animal cells in culture. SF purified from human plasma or serum by
      chromatographic methods reported previously (Barnes, D. W., and Silnutzer, J.
      (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 12548-12552) does not bind to heparin-Sepharose under
      conditions of physiological ionic strength and pH. In a further examination of
      the heparin-binding properties of human serum SF, we found that exposure of
      purified SF to 8 M urea altered several properties of the protein, including
      heparin affinity, and these alterations remained after removal of the urea from
      SF solutions. Urea-treated SF bound to heparin under physiological conditions,
      and salt concentrations of 0.4 M or higher were required for elution of urea
      treated SF from heparin-Sepharose at pH 7.0. The alteration of heparin-binding
      properties of SF also was observed upon exposure of the protein to heat or acid.
      Treatment of SF with urea, heat, or acid resulted additionally in greatly
      decreased cell spreading-promoting activity of the molecule. The decreased
      biological activity was associated with a reduced ability of the treated SF to
      bind to the cell culture substratum, a prerequisite for the attachment-promoting
      activity of the molecule. Experiments examining the heparin-binding properties of
      native SF in unfractionated human plasma indicated that the major portion of SF
      in blood did not bind to heparin under conditions of physiological ionic strength
      and pH.

PMID- 2410409
TI  - A structural and functional analysis of the docking protein. Characterization of
      active domains by proteolysis and specific antibodies.
AB  - Docking protein is a 73-kDa integral membrane protein of the rough endoplasmic
      reticulum. It is essential for translocation of nascent secretory proteins into
      the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies have
      been generated which, in conjunction with limited proteolysis, have been used to
      characterize several subspecies of docking protein. These proteolytic fragments
      have been analyzed with respect to the various functions ascribed to docking
      protein which can be assayed in vitro. Proteolytic digestion of membrane
      associated or of affinity-purified intact docking protein showed that: elastase
      cleavage generates a 59-kDa soluble fragment and one of 14 kDa which contains the
      membrane anchoring domain; trypsin as well as endogenous proteolysis generates a
      46-kDa fragment, leaving a 27-kDa domain containing the membrane anchor. This 27
      kDa fragment can be reduced to a 13- and a 14-kDa piece by elastase digestion.
      The characteristics of these various subspecies were examined. The 59-kDa soluble
      fragment, which can reconstitute full translocation activity to docking protein
      depleted microsomes (Meyer, D. I., and Dobberstein, B. (1980) J. Cell Biol. 87,
      503-508) was capable of releasing a signal recognition particle-mediated
      translation arrest. The 46-kDa fragment was neither able to reassociate with nor
      to reconstitute the activity of docking protein-depleted microsomes. Moreover
      this fragment was unable to release a signal recognition particle-mediated
      arrest. This suggests that the 13-kDa fragment (the difference between 46 and 59
      kDa) is both essential for association with the membrane, and for the release of
      translation arrests.

PMID- 2410410
TI  - Characteristics of angiotensin II-, K+- and ACTH-induced calcium influx in
      adrenal glomerulosa cells. Evidence that angiotensin II, K+, and ACTH may open a
      common calcium channel.
AB  - The characteristics of angiotensin II-, K+-, and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
      induced calcium influx were studied in isolated adrenal glomerulosa cells. Basal
      calcium influx rate is 0.64 +/- 0.09 nmol/min/mg of protein. Addition of
      angiotensin II (1 nM) causes a rapid 230% increase in calcium influx rate. This
      angiotensin II-induced calcium influx is sustained and is rapidly reversed by
      angiotensin II antagonist, [Sar1,Ala8]angiotensin II. Addition of either K+ or
      ACTH (1 nM) causes a 340 or 160% increase, respectively, in the rate of calcium
      influx. The effect of either angiotensin II, K+, or ACTH on calcium influx is
      dependent on extracellular calcium. The apparent Km for calcium is 0.46, 0.35,
      and 0.32 mM, respectively. When the extracellular concentration of K+ is 2 mM,
      neither angiotensin II nor ACTH stimulates calcium influx. Conversely, when
      extracellular K+ is increased to 6 mM, both angiotensin II and ACTH cause a
      greater stimulation of calcium influx than at 4 mM K+. When extracellular K+ is
      increased to 10 mM, calcium influx is 360% of the basal influx seen at 4 mM K+,
      and neither angiotensin II nor ACTH further stimulates the influx rate.
      Nitrendipine (1 microM) blocks both angiotensin II- and K+-induced calcium influx
      completely. In contrast, 10 microM nitrendipine does not completely block ACTH
      induced calcium influx. The calcium channel agonist, BAY K 8644, also stimulates
      calcium influx; 10 nM BAY K 8644 leads to a rate of calcium influx which is 185%
      of basal. This BAY K 8644-induced increase in calcium influx and that caused by
      either angiotensin II or ACTH are additive. In contrast, BAY K 8644 has more than
      an additive effect on the calcium influx when paired with 6 mM K+. These results
      suggest that angiotensin II, K+, and ACTH stimulate calcium influx via a common
      calcium channel but act by different mechanisms to alter its function.

PMID- 2410411
TI  - Role of calcium fluxes in the sustained phase of angiotensin II-mediated
      aldosterone secretion from adrenal glomerulosa cells.
AB  - When angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion, it causes a rapid but
      transient mobilization of calcium from an intracellular pool and a sustained
      increase in the influx of calcium in adrenal glomerulosa cells. The present
      studies were undertaken to determine the respective roles of the two angiotensin
      II-induced changes in cellular calcium metabolism in modulating events during the
      sustained phase of cellular response which is thought to be mediated by the C
      kinase branch of the calcium messenger system. The sustained response to
      angiotensin II is only 50% of maximal in cells pretreated with dantrolene in a
      concentration sufficient to inhibit the angiotensin II-induced mobilization of
      intracellular calcium. Also, if A23187 is added to cells simultaneously with 1
      oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol (OAG), the aldosterone secretory response is similar to
      that seen after angiotensin II. However, if A23187 is added first and the
      transient aldosterone secretory response allowed to decay, and OAG then added,
      the sustained aldosterone secretory response is only 45-50% of maximal. Addition
      of the calcium channel agonist, BAY K 8644, with OAG leads to an aldosterone
      secretory response which is only 50% of maximal, but if upon addition of OAG and
      BAY K 8644 the cells are also exposed for 5 min to media containing 8 mM K+, then
      the sustained secretory response is maximal. These data imply that the initial
      transient rise in the [Ca2+] of the cell cytosol plays a role in determining the
      extent to which C-kinase is shifted from its calcium-insensitive to its calcium
      sensitive form. The second group of experiments examined the relationship between
      the sustained angiotensin II-induced increase in plasma membrane calcium influx
      and the sustained aldosterone secretory response. The results show that in the
      presence of 1 microM nitrendipine or 2 mM extracellular K+, angiotensin II causes
      no increase in calcium influx and only a transient rather than a sustained
      increase in the rate of aldosterone secretion indicating that the sustained phase
      of the response is dependent upon a continued high rate of Ca2+ influx which
      regulates the rate of turnover of the activated C-kinase.

PMID- 2410412
TI  - Conus geographus toxins that discriminate between neuronal and muscle sodium
      channels.
AB  - We describe the properties of a family of 22-amino acid peptides, the mu
      conotoxins, which are useful probes for investigating voltage-dependent sodium
      channels of excitable tissues. The mu-conotoxins are present in the venom of the
      piscivorous marine snail, Conus geographus L. We have purified seven homologs of
      the mu-conotoxin set and determined their amino acid sequences, as follows, where
      Hyp = trans-4-hydroxyproline. GIIIA
      R.D.C.C.T.Hyp.Hyp.K.K.C.K.D.R.Q.C.K.Hyp.Q.R.C.C.A-NH2 [Pro6]GIIIA R.D.C.C.
      T.P.Hyp.K.K.C.K.D.R.Q.C.K.Hyp.Q.R.C.C.A-NH2 [Pro7]GIIIA
      R.D.C.C.T.Hyp.P.K.K.C.K.D.R.Q.C.R.Hyp.Q.R.C.C.A-NH2 GIIIB
      R.D.C.C.T.Hyp.Hyp.R.K.C.K.D.R.R.C.K.Hyp.M.K.C.C.A-NH2 [Pro6]GIIIB
      R.D.C.C.T.P.Hyp.R.K.C.K.D.R.R. C.K.Hyp.M.K.C.C.A-NH2 [Pro7]GIIIB
      R.D.C.C.T.Hyp.P.R.K.C.K.D.R.R.C.K.Hyp.M.K.C.C.A-NH2 GIIIC
      R.D.C.C.T.Hyp.Hyp.K.K.C.K.D.R.R.C.K.Hyp.L.K.C.C.A-NH2. Using the major peptide
      (GIIIA) in electrophysiological studies on nerve-muscle preparations and in
      single channel studies using planar lipid bilayers, we have established that the
      toxin blocks muscle sodium channels, while having no discernible effect on nerve
      or brain sodium channels. In bilayers the blocking kinetics of GIIIA were derived
      by statistical analysis of discrete transitions between blocked and unblocked
      states of batrachotoxin-activated sodium channels from rat muscle. The kinetics
      conform to a single-site, reversible binding equilibrium with a voltage-dependent
      binding constant. The measured value of the equilibrium KD for GIIIA is 100 nM at
      OmV, decreasing e-fold/34 mV of hyperpolarization. This voltage dependence of
      blocking is similar to that of tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin as measured by the same
      technique. The tissue specificity and kinetic characteristics suggest that the mu
      conotoxins may serve as useful ligands to distinguish sodium channel subtypes in
      different tissues.

PMID- 2410413
TI  - Purification and characterization of murine retroviral reverse transcriptase
      expressed in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Expression of a region of the Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) pol gene in
      Escherichia coli resulted in the synthesis of reverse transcriptase activity
      which could be detected in crude extracts. Construction of deletions at the 3'
      terminus of this gene resulted in a 4-fold increase in the level of the reverse
      transcriptase activity in the soluble fraction of crude lysates and yielded the
      high level production of a stable protein species of Mr = 71,000. Purification of
      this protein by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose,
      polyribocytidylic acid-agarose, and hydroxylapatite indicated that it was a
      multifunctional enzyme containing RNase H and reverse transcriptase activity. The
      Mr = 71,000 species had a sedimentation coefficient of 4.65 S by glycerol
      gradient centrifugation, indicating that the enzyme was a monomer. Using poly(A)+
      mRNAs primed with oligo(dT), the enzyme synthesized double-stranded DNA copies
      between 1.3 and 9.9 kilobases in length. Synthesis of long cDNA required 8 mM
      Mg2+, 4 mM Mn2+, 2 mM dNTPs, and saturating levels of enzyme. Actinomycin D
      efficiently limited the enzyme to the first strand synthesis. Additional
      characteristics of the fusion protein are described.

PMID- 2410414
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies as probes for the complexity, phylogeny, and chromatin
      distribution of high mobility group chromosomal proteins 1 and 2.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were prepared against the high mobility group (HMG)
      proteins 1, 2a, and 2b from hen erythrocyte chromatin. One antibody that
      recognized multiple sites along HMG-1, -2a, and -2b reacted strongly with HMG
      proteins from all vertebrates tested. In contrast, five antibodies that detected
      unique epitopes on chicken HMG-1 and -2a recognized antigenic sites that
      exhibited restricted phylogenic distributions. The differential reactivity of
      these antibodies on vertebrate proteins was in agreement with traditional
      taxonomy in that the avian HMGs were most closely related to those from reptiles
      and less related to those from mammals, amphibians, bonyfish, and especially the
      jawless fish. Mononucleosomes generated by mild digestion of erythrocyte
      chromatin with micrococcal nuclease were highly enriched in HMG-2a. One antigenic
      determinant located within the N-terminal domain of HMG-2a was freely accessible
      to its antibody when the protein was bound to these mononucleosomes. In contrast,
      two antibodies that recognized determinants in the central region of HMG-2a
      exhibited little chromatin binding activity. The masking of the central domain by
      DNA binding was presumably not responsible for these results because all three
      determinants were available for antibody binding when HMG-2a was bound to DNA in
      vitro. Therefore, the central region of HMG-2a may be masked from antibody
      binding by protein-protein interactions in chromatin.

PMID- 2410415
TI  - Anti-substance P anti-idiotypic antibodies. Characterization and biological
      activities.
AB  - Antibodies to substance P (SP) produced in rabbits have been characterized for
      their specificity toward SP and some 30 SP-related peptides. For each compound,
      we observed a close correlation between capacity of binding to anti-SP antibodies
      and biological activity, namely their spasmogenic effect on guinea pig ileum in
      vitro and their hypotensive effect in the rat in vivo, indicating that the
      combining sites of anti-SP and SP receptor(s) are structurally very similar.
      Further immunization of five rabbits with anti-SP immunoglobulins elicited in two
      allotype-matched animals the production of anti-SP anti-idiotypic antibodies.
      These latter antibodies were found to strongly inhibit the spasmogenic action of
      SP on the guinea pig ileum. In contrast, they specifically enhanced, like SP,
      phospholipid turnover in rat parotid gland cells, a physiological function
      mediated through an activation of SP receptors. Immunocytochemical studies
      actually revealed the presence of specific membranous binding sites for anti
      idiotypic antibodies on the parotid gland-dissociated cells. The anti-idiotypic
      antibodies described here, which thus behave either as agonists or antagonists
      for SP depending on the biological test, might be used as original and powerful
      tools not only in studies of the receptor stereospecificity but also in attempts
      to purify the membranous SP receptors.

PMID- 2410416
TI  - Enhanced inhibition of thymidylate synthase by methotrexate polyglutamates.
AB  - We have studied the effects of methotrexate (MTX-Glu1) and the polyglutamate
      derivatives of methotrexate (MTXPGs) with 2, 3, 4, and 5 glutamyl residues on the
      catalytic activity of thymidylate synthase purified from MCF-7 human breast
      cancer cells and on the kinetics of the ternary complex formation by 5-fluoro-2'
      deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate, folate cofactor, and thymidylate synthase. MTX
      Glu1 exhibited uncompetitive inhibition of thymidylate synthase when reaction
      kinetics were analyzed by either double reciprocal plots or a computerized
      mathematical model based on nonlinear least-squares curve fitting. The Ki for MTX
      Glu1 inhibition was 13 microM and the I50 was 22 microM, irrespective of the
      degree of polyglutamation of the folate. In contrast, the polyglutamated
      derivatives of MTX all acted as noncompetitive inhibitors. The MTXPGs had 75-300
      fold greater potency than MTX-Glu1 as inhibitors of thymidylate synthase
      catalytic activity, with Ki values from 0.17 to 0.047 microM for MTX-Glu2 to MTX
      Glu5, respectively. Neither MTX-Glu1 nor MTXPGs promoted the formation of a
      charcoal-stable ternary complex with thymidylate synthase and 5-fluoro-2'
      deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate. CH2-H4PteGlu5 (where PteGlu represents
      pteroylglutamic acid) was found to be 40-fold more potent than CH2-H4PteGlu1 in
      participating in the formation of a ternary complex, and 10 microM MTX-Glu5
      significantly inhibited the formation of a ternary complex containing this folate
      as cofactor. The inhibition was determined to be due to a reduction in the kon.
      The potency of this inhibition was markedly greater in the presence of CH2
      H4PteGlu1 as compared to CH2-H4PteGlu5. This finding suggests that the degree of
      interference with complex formation in intact cells would depend on the state of
      polyglutamation of available folate cofactor. Ternary complex formation with
      H2PteGlu5 as the folate cofactor was also investigated, and a 50% reduction in
      complex formation was found in the presence of a 2 microM concentration of MTX
      Glu5. These findings have significant implications regarding the mechanism of
      action of MTX-Glu1 and contribute to an understanding of the complex interactions
      of MTX-Glu1 and 5-fluorouracil.

PMID- 2410417
TI  - Androgen regulation of MAK mRNAs in mouse kidney.
AB  - Androgen-regulated changes in the abundance of two mRNAs in mouse kidney have
      been studied with the aid of a cDNA clone. The clone was isolated from a library
      prepared using poly(A+) RNA from kidneys of androgen-induced mice and is
      designated MAK-I. Unique DNA sequence from MAK-I hybridizes to multiple RNAs
      which are approximately 1600 and 2200 nucleotides long, and Southern blot
      analysis of genomic DNA suggests that there is a single gene from which the RNAs
      are transcribed. When the MAK RNAs are isolated by hybrid selection and
      translated in a cell-free system, one polypeptide of 42,000 daltons is obtained.
      The transcripts, in combination, comprise approximately 0.2% of poly(A+) RNA in
      the kidneys of male mice. Following treatment with testosterone, this level
      increases 3-fold. The uninduced level of MAK mRNA in female kidneys is half of
      that exhibited by males and is increased 8-fold by testosterone. The mRNAs are
      also present and their abundance is hormonally controlled in the liver. Levels of
      MAK RNA detected in submaxillary gland, heart, brain, muscle, and testes are
      unaffected by testosterone treatment. Differences in the relative amounts of the
      different sized mRNAs are observed for several tissues. In addition, brain and
      muscle contain an intermediate sized mRNA instead of the smaller one seen in
      other tissues. Functional androgen receptor is required for expression of MAK RNA
      in kidney as shown by reduced levels in Tfm mice. Hormones produced by or
      controlled by the pituitary gland do not appear to be involved in the regulation
      of MAK RNA levels.

PMID- 2410418
TI  - Regulation of galactokinase gene expression in Tetrahymena thermophila. I.
      Intracellular catecholamine control of galactokinase expression.
AB  - The addition of glucose to the medium of Tetrahymena thermophila results in a 7
      fold repression of galactokinase (EC 2.7.1.6; ATP:D-galactose-1
      phosphotransferase). The presence of millimolar amounts of the catecholamines
      dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine or the hormone glucagon also
      results in the repression of galactokinase in the absence of glucose. The
      addition of millimolar amounts of adrenergic agonists (isoproterenol, tyramine, 2
      amino-6,7-dihydroxytetrahydronaphthalene) results in significant repression of
      galactokinase in the absence of glucose; concentrations of 2-amino-6,7
      dihydroxytetrahydronaphthalene less than or equal to 10(-4) M result in a
      derepression of galactokinase specific activity. Addition of adrenergic
      antagonists (propranolol, dichloroisoproterenol) have no effect on galactokinase
      activity at concentrations less than 10(-4) M but do arrest cell growth at
      greater concentrations. The addition of the cAMP analogs caffeine or theophylline
      in millimolar amounts results in repression of galactokinase activity; however,
      cell growth is greatly slowed or completely arrested at these concentrations.
      Analysis of the repression response of several mutants demonstrates that mutants
      deficient in catecholamine biosynthesis are altered in their regulation of
      galactokinase. Measurements of intracellular cAMP levels for 0-24 h following the
      addition of several of the above compounds to exponentially growing cells did not
      demonstrate any change over this period. Measurement of intracellular cAMP levels
      for 24 h following the addition of glucose or galactose to exponentially growing
      wild-type and mutant cell strains did not demonstrate any difference in cAMP
      concentrations over this period although a wide range of galactokinase activity
      was exhibited. Starvation of wild-type cells prior to the addition of glucose in
      minimal medium without added carbohydrate resulted in a significant increase in
      cAMP following the addition of glucose. This increase is demonstrated to be
      dependent upon the ability of the cells to resume division after the arrest of
      growth and is not correlated with galactokinase regulation. These results support
      the conclusion that cAMP is not involved in the repression of galactokinase gene
      expression initiated by glucose or hormone-like effectors and demonstrate the
      participation of an adrenergic control system in galactokinase regulation which
      is subordinate to the regulation by glucose. A possible model is discussed.

PMID- 2410419
TI  - Role of free cytosolic calcium in secretagogue-stimulated amylase release from
      dispersed acini from guinea pig pancreas.
AB  - To determine the role of free cytosolic calcium ([Ca+2]i) in stimulated enzyme
      secretion from exocrine pancreas, we determined the effects of various pancreatic
      secretagogues on [Ca+2]i and amylase release in dispersed acini from the guinea
      pig pancreas. Cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-OP), carbachol, and bombesin, but
      not vasoactive intestinal peptide, stimulated rapid increases in [Ca+2]i from 100
      to 600-800 nM that were independent of extracellular calcium. The increases in
      [Ca+2]i were transient (lasting less than 5 min) and correlated with an initial
      rapid phase of amylase release. After 5 min, secretagogue-stimulated amylase
      release occurred at basal [Ca+2]i. Carbachol pretreatment of the acini abolished
      the effects of CCK-OP and bombesin on [Ca+2]i and the initial rapid phase of
      amylase release. 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) had no effect on
      [Ca+2]i but stimulated an increase in amylase release. The addition of CCK-OP or
      A23187 to PMA-stimulated acini caused an increase in [Ca+2]i and PMA-stimulated
      amylase release only during the first 5 min after addition of these agents. These
      results indicate that CCK-OP, carbachol, and bombesin release calcium from an
      intracellular pool, resulting in a transient increase in [Ca+2]i and that this
      increase in [Ca+2]i mediates enzyme secretion during the first few minutes of
      incubation. The results with PMA suggest that secretagogue-stimulated secretion
      not mediated by increased [Ca+2]i (sustained secretion) is mediated by 1,2
      diacylglycerol.

PMID- 2410420
TI  - Trypsin cleavage of chick 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors. Generation of
      discrete polypeptides which retain hormone but are unreactive to DNA and
      monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Intestinal cytosol receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) were
      subjected to limited trypsin digestion, and the properties of the resulting
      discrete polypeptide fragments were identified and contrasted with the native
      1,25(OH)2D3 receptor. Physical characterization was achieved through
      sedimentation analysis, gel filtration chromatography, and DEAE anion exchange
      high performance liquid chromatography. Intactness of functional ligand-binding
      domains was evaluated by assessing macromolecular retention of 1,25(OH)2D3 as
      well as by determining reactivity to DNA and monoclonal antibody. While two
      differentially trypsin-sensitive effects on the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor were noted,
      both produced a major polypeptide fragment which retained 1,25(OH)2D3. Action
      within region I (1 microgram of trypsin/A280-A310) had no effect on net charge
      but significantly decreased the Stokes radius of the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor from
      3.6 nm (60,000 daltons) to 3.2 nm, concomitant with a significant reduction in
      receptor aggregational capacity. This large hormone-bound fragment did not elicit
      detectable DNA-binding activity, and only a portion displayed reactivity to
      monoclonal antibody. Activity within region II (25 micrograms of trypsin/A280
      A310) resulted in a less charged, more globular macromolecule with a Stokes
      radius of 2.9 nm which was completely unreactive to monoclonal antibody.
      Immunoblot methodology confirmed the protease-dependent loss of immunologic
      reactivity of the 60,000-dalton 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor and correspondingly
      identified receptor fragments of 50,000 and 20,000 daltons displaying positive
      immunologic reactivity. These studies provide the first evidence for the distinct
      nature of the molecular domains for 1,25(OH)2D3 and DNA on 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors
      while confirming the close spatial relationship between interactive sites for DNA
      and monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 2410421
TI  - Reaction of methylamine with human alpha 2-macroglobulin. Mechanism of
      inactivation.
AB  - The human protease inhibitor alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2 M) is inactivated by
      reaction with methylamine. The site of reaction is a protein functional group
      having the properties of a thiol ester. To ascertain the relationship between
      thiol ester cleavage and protein inactivation, the rates of methylamine
      incorporation and thiol release were measured. As expected for a concerted
      reaction of a nucleophile with a thiol ester, the rates were identical.
      Furthermore, both rates were first order with respect to methylamine and second
      order overall. The methylamine inactivation of alpha 2M was determined by
      measuring the loss of total protease-binding capacity. This rate was slower than
      the thiol ester cleavage and had a substantial initial lag. However, the
      inactivation followed the same time course as a conformational change in alpha 2M
      that was measured by fluorescent dye binding, ultraviolet difference
      spectroscopy, and limited proteolysis. Thus, the methylamine inactivation of
      alpha 2M is a sequential two-step process where thiol ester cleavage is followed
      by a protein conformational change. It is the latter that results in the loss of
      total protease-binding capacity. A second assay was used to monitor the effect of
      methylamine on alpha 2M. The assay measures the fraction of alpha 2M-bound
      protease (less than 50%) that is resistant to inactivation by 100 microM soybean
      trypsin inhibitor. In contrast to the total protease-binding capacity, this
      subclass disappeared with a rate coincident with methylamine cleavage of the
      thiol ester. alpha 2M-bound protease that is resistant to a high soybean trypsin
      inhibitor concentration may reflect the fraction of the protease randomly cross
      linked to alpha 2M. Both the thiol ester cleavage and the protein conformational
      change rates were dependent on methylamine concentration. However, the thiol
      ester cleavage depended on methylamine acting as a nucleophile, while the
      conformational change was accelerated by the ionic strength of methylamine. Other
      salts and buffers that do not cleave the thiol ester increased the rate of the
      conformational change. A detailed kinetic analysis and model of the methylamine
      reaction with alpha 2M is presented. The methylamine reaction was exploited to
      study the mechanism of protease binding by alpha 2M. At low ionic strength, the
      protein conformational change was considerably slower than thiol ester cleavage
      by methylamine. Thus, at some time points, a substantial fraction of the alpha 2M
      had all four thiol esters cleaved, yet had not undergone the conformational
      change. This fraction (approximately 50%) retained full protease-binding
      capacity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2410422
TI  - Purification of recA-based fusion proteins by immunoadsorbent chromatography.
      Characterization of a major antigenic determinant of Escherichia coli recA
      protein.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies to Escherichia coli recA protein were prepared,
      characterized, and used as affinity reagents for the purification of recA and
      recA:somatostatin fusion proteins. The monoclonal antibodies recognize an
      antigenic determinant or determinants located between amino acids 260 and 330 of
      recA. Addition of a fragment of the recA gene coding for these amino acids to an
      unrelated gene (beta-galactosidase) allowed the resulting beta-galactosidase
      fusion protein to be recognized by the recA monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2410423
TI  - Identification of functional murine adenosine deaminase cDNA clones by
      complementation in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Total poly(A+) RNA derived from a mouse cell line with amplified adenosine
      deaminase genes was used as template to synthesize double-stranded cDNA. The
      cDNAs were inserted into the PstI site of the beta-lactamase gene in plasmid
      pBR322 following G-C tailing. After transformation into adenosine deaminase
      deficient Escherichia coli hosts, recombinant plasmids containing functional
      murine adenosine deaminase cDNAs were identified by selecting for functional
      complementation. Analysis of plasmids containing functional adenosine deaminase
      cDNA sequences strongly suggested that adenosine deaminase expression resulted
      mainly from beta-lactamase/adenosine deaminase fusion proteins even when the
      adenosine deaminase codons were out-of-frame with respect to the beta-lactamase
      gene codons upstream. The nucleotide sequence of a 1.65-kilobase pair cDNA insert
      in one of the functional recombinant clones was determined and found to contain a
      1056-nucleotide open reading frame. When this 1056-nucleotide open reading frame
      was inserted into a mammalian expression vector and introduced into monkey kidney
      cells, a high level of authentic mouse adenosine deaminase was produced. Nucleic
      acid blot analysis using a full-length adenosine deaminase cDNA clone as probe
      revealed that the mouse adenosine deaminase structural gene was at least 21
      kilobase pairs in size and encoded three polyadenylated mRNAs. Analysis of the
      cDNA library from which the functional clones were isolated suggested that this
      approach of cloning functional mammalian adenosine deaminase cDNA clones by
      genetic complementation of enzyme-deficient bacteria could be accomplished even
      if the abundance of the adenosine deaminase mRNA sequences were as low as
      approximately 0.001%.

PMID- 2410424
TI  - Structure and function of human C5a anaphylatoxin. Selective modification of
      tyrosine 23 alters biological activity but not antigenicity.
AB  - Reaction of either human C5a or its des-Arg74 derivative (des-Arg74-C5a) with
      tetranitromethane under nondenaturing conditions results in selective nitration
      of only 1 of the 2 tyrosine residues found in these glycopolypeptides. This
      reactive tyrosyl residue was identified as that found in position 23 of the
      sequence. Nitrotyrosyl23-C5a and -des-Arg74-C5a were separated from their
      respective unmodified precursors by cation-exchange fast protein liquid
      chromatography. These purified derivatives served as reagents for the subsequent
      preparation of both aminotyrosyl23-C5a and -des-Arg74-C5a as well as
      photoreactive analogs of C5a. Radioimmunoassays performed with C5a derivatives
      serving as competing ligands and a murine antihuman C5a monoclonal antibody
      employed as first antibody demonstrated that selective modification of tyrosine23
      did not produce a detectible alteration in the antigenic properties of C5a. By
      contrast, either nitro- or aminotyrosyl23-C5a was approximately 3-fold less
      active than native C5a in both bioassays and competitive ligand-receptor binding
      assays. Additionally, photoreactive derivatives prepared by coupling either N
      succinimidyl-6-(4'-azido-2'-nitrophenylamino)-hexanoate or p-nitrophenyl-2-diazo
      3,3,3-trifluoropropionate to aminotyrosyl23-C5a at pH 5.0 failed to interact with
      the neutrophil C5a receptor. These observations suggest that the tyrosyl23
      residue of C5a may participate importantly in the binding interactions of this
      chemotactic factor and its granulocyte receptor.

PMID- 2410425
TI  - Possible involvement of substance P in the contraction produced by periarterial
      nerve stimulation in the rat ileum.
AB  - The effect of substance P (SP) on the contractile responses produced by
      periarterial (mesenteric) nerve stimulation was studied in the rat isolated
      ileum. Periarterial nerve stimulation at 1-50 Hz, with 10 V (maximum) and 0.2
      msec pulse duration, for 15-20 sec, produced frequency-dependent contractions in
      the rat ileum. In the presence of guanethidine (10 microM) and 6-hydroxydopamine
      (1 microM), to block noradrenergic responses, periarterial nerve stimulation at 1
      20 Hz still produced small contractions which were reduced by atropine (1 microM)
      and morphine (1 microM). In the presence of atropine, morphine, guanethidine and
      6-hydroxydopamine, the contraction produced by periarterial nerve stimulation was
      readily abolished by tetrodotoxin (1 microM), capsaicin (3.3 microM) and an SP
      antagonist (SPA1, 10 microM). SP in low concentrations (0.01-1.0 microM)
      potentiated the contractions produced by periarterial nerve stimulation at 1-2 Hz
      by 20-30%. High concentrations of SP (1.0-10.0 microM) reduced the contractile
      response by 40-50%. Indomethacin (2.8 microM) amd mepyramine (1 microM) had no
      effect on these responses. When the mesenteric nerve supply to the gut was cut,
      periarterial nerve stimulation produced no contraction in the rat ileum. However,
      SP in low concentrations, still produced small contractions which were abolished
      by an SP-antagonist but not by tetrodotoxin. SP in low concentrations, slightly
      increased the contractions produced by ACh (0.5-50 microM) or TEA (2.4-12 mM).
      High concentrations of SP significantly reduced the ACh and TEA-induced
      contractions in the rat ileum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410426
TI  - Prophylaxis of deep-vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. Dextran and
      external pneumatic compression compared with 1.2 or 0.3 grams of aspirin daily.

PMID- 2410427
TI  - Circulating immune complexes of Hodgkin's disease contain an antigen that is
      present in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells.
AB  - Circulating immune complexes (CIC), isolated from the serum of a patient with
      Hodgkin's disease (HD) and from control serum (CS) of healthy adults, were used
      to generate heterologous antisera in rabbits. The antiserum directed against CIC
      from HD (AS-HD) and the antiserum directed against CIC from CS (AS-CS) were used
      to identify immunoglobulins, complement factors and alpha2-macroglobulin as
      immune complex components. After adsorbing both antisera with normal human sera,
      we found that the adsorbed AS-HD was immunoreactive with radio-labelled CIC from
      HD serum but not with radiolabelled CIC from CS. Sera of patients with different
      diseases and sera of healthy adults were assessed for the occurrence of this
      Hodgkin immune complex-associated antigen (HIC-Ag). The HIC-Ag was present in 37%
      (12/33) of sera from patients with HD, 8% (8/101) of sera from patients with
      nonmalignant diseases, and 0% (0/6) of sera from healthy adults. This antigen was
      equally distributed among HD patients with and without symptoms, but its
      occurrence correlated with an advanced clinical stage of the disease. Using the
      adsorbed AS-HD in the immunoperoxidase technique, we identified the HIC-Ag as a
      cytoplasmic antigen in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells; whereas, the adsorbed AS
      CS did not reveal any staining. These data indicate the presence of an HIC-Ag in
      the sera of patients with HD and suggest that the adsorbed AS-HD might be useful
      for isolation and characterization of this antigen for future use as a tumour
      marker.

PMID- 2410428
TI  - Acute-phase-proteins and parameters of humoral immunity in patients with advanced
      Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Serum concentrations of acute-phase-proteins C-reactive protein (CRP), alpha 1
      antitrypsin (AAT), alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) as well as levels of
      immunoglobulins G, A and M and of complement components C3 and C4 were evaluated
      in 15 patients with advanced (stages III and IV) Hodgkin's disease. Of these
      patients 9 suffered from B symptoms including pruritus, night sweats and fever.
      While all patients had highly increased concentrations of CRP and AAT and 11
      patients also had elevated levels of AGP in their sera, these concentrations were
      significantly (P less than 0.001) reducible by the administration of
      chemotherapy. Patients with B symptoms also had significantly higher
      concentrations of CRP (P less than 0.02), AAT (P less than 0.05) and AGP (P less
      than 0.05) in their sera than patients without. Plasmapheresis which was
      performed in 3 patients did not achieve a long-lasting reduction of serum
      concentrations of any acute-phase-protein tested. Complement components C3 and C4
      exhibited a similar behaviour as acute-phase-proteins in that they were elevated
      in patients with B symptoms and reducible by the administration of chemotherapy
      (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.02, respectively). We conclude that serum
      concentrations of CRP, AAT and AGP can serve as useful markers for the assessment
      of tumour activity in patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease. Whereas the
      concentrations of immunoglobulins G and A in patients were comparable to normal
      controls, IgM was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced in patients who had
      received chemotherapy, but not in those who were newly diagnosed and had not
      received any treatment. Thus, chemotherapy lowered serum concentrations of IgM
      without influencing levels of IgG and IgA.

PMID- 2410429
TI  - Electron microscopic and optical diffraction analysis of the structure of
      scorpion muscle thick filaments.
AB  - We rapidly and gently isolated thick filaments from scorpion tail muscle by a
      modification of the technique previously described for isolating Limulus thick
      filaments. Images of negatively stained filaments appeared to be highly periodic,
      with a well-preserved myosin cross-bridge array. Optical diffraction patterns of
      the electron micrograph images were detailed and similar to optical diffraction
      patterns from Limulus and tarantula thick filaments. Analysis of the optical
      diffraction patterns and computed Fourier transforms, together with the
      appearance of the filaments in the micrographs, suggested a model for the
      filaments in which the myosin cross-bridges were arranged on four helical strands
      with 12 cross-bridges per turn of each strand, thus giving the observed repeat
      every third cross-bridge level. Comparison of the scorpion thick filaments with
      those isolated from the closely related chelicerate arthropods, Limulus and
      tarantula, revealed that they were remarkably similar in appearance and helical
      symmetry but different in diameter.

PMID- 2410430
TI  - Three-dimensional reconstruction of thick filaments from Limulus and scorpion
      muscle.
AB  - We have produced three dimensional reconstructions, at a nominal resolution of 5
      nm, of thick filaments from scorpion and Limulus skeletal muscle, both of which
      have a right-handed four-stranded helical arrangement of projecting subunits. In
      both reconstructions there was a distinct division of density within projecting
      subunits consistent with the presence of two myosin heads. Individual myosin
      heads appeared to be curved, with approximate dimensions of 16 X 5 X 5 nm and
      seemed more massive at one end. Our reconstructions were consistent with the two
      heads in a projecting subunit being arranged either antiparallel or parallel to
      each other and directed away from the bare zone. Although we cannot exclude the
      second of these interpretations, we favor the first as being more consistent with
      both filament models and also because it would enable easy phosphorylation of
      light chains. The antiparallel interpretation requires that the two heads within
      a subunit derive from different myosin molecules. In either interpretation, the
      two heads have different orientations relative to the thick filament shaft.

PMID- 2410431
TI  - Intracellular sodium activity in the sea urchin egg during fertilization.
AB  - Fertilization of the sea urchin egg triggers a sequence of events that are
      necessary for metabolic derepression and stimulation of proliferation. Changes in
      intracellular Ca2+ and H+ activities regulate the sequence of events.
      Intracellular sodium activity is important in the regulation of the intracellular
      activities of these ions and may directly regulate metabolic events. Using Na+
      sensitive microelectrodes we continuously measured the intracellular Na+ activity
      during fertilization. The results show an increase in intracellular sodium
      activity medicated by two pathways of Na+ entry: Na+ permeability increase during
      the fertilization potential and initiation of Na+-H+ exchange activity.
      Intracellular Na+ activity returned to unfertilized levels by 20 min after
      fertilization. This decrease was inhibited by ouabain, which suggests the
      activation of Na+, K+ ATPase during fertilization.

PMID- 2410432
TI  - Effect of TPA on ion fluxes and DNA synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Previous reports have suggested that phorbol esters can decrease the affinity of
      epidermal growth factor (EGF) for its cellular receptors. Investigations of the
      consequences of the interaction between phorbol esters and EGF, however, have
      been limited to EGF-stimulated Na/H exchange in A431 cells (Whitely, B., D.
      Cassel, Y.-X. Zuang, and L. Glaser, 1984, J. Cell Biol., 99:1162-1166). In the
      present study, the effect of the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13
      acetate (TPA) on EGF-stimulated ion transport and DNA synthesis was determined in
      cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (A7r5). It was found that TPA stimulated
      Na/H exchange when added alone (half-maximal stimulatory concentration, 25 nM).
      However, when cells were pretreated with TPA and then challenged with EGF, TPA
      significantly inhibited EGF-stimulated Na/H exchange (78%; half-maximal
      inhibition [Ki] at 2.5 nM). Subsequently the effects of TPA on Na/K/Cl co
      transport were measured. TPA was observed to inhibit Na/K/Cl co-transport (half
      maximal inhibitory concentration, 50 nM) and also to inhibit EGF-stimulated
      Na/K/Cl co-transport (100%; Ki at 5 nM). Finally, the effects of TPA on DNA
      synthesis were assessed. TPA had a modest stimulatory effect on DNA synthesis
      (half-maximal stimulatory concentration, 6 nM), but had a significant inhibitory
      effect on EGF-stimulated DNA synthesis (56%; Ki at 5 nM). These findings suggest
      that the inhibitory effect of TPA on EGF-receptor functions goes beyond
      previously reported effects on Na/H exchange in A431 cells and extends to EGF
      stimulation of Na/K/Cl co-transport and DNA synthesis in vascular smooth muscle
      cells.

PMID- 2410434
TI  - Determination of thiamazole in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography
      with electrochemical detection.
AB  - A simple and sensitive method for the determination of thiamazole in serum by
      high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection is
      described. Thiamazole in serum was quantified without an extraction procedure at
      concentrations down to 10 ng/ml. This method was applied to determine the serum
      concentration of the drug in two healthy volunteers given a single oral dose of
      10 mg of thiamazole. The concentration of the drug reached a maximum at 3-4 h
      after the oral dose and two elimination phases were observed.

PMID- 2410433
TI  - Characterization and immunocytochemical distribution of calmodulin in higher
      plant endosperm cells: localization in the mitotic apparatus.
AB  - In this study we have examined the immunocytochemical distribution of calmodulin
      during mitosis of higher plant endosperm cells. Spindle development in these
      cells occurs without centrioles. Instead, asterlike microtubule converging
      centers appear to be involved in establishing spindle polarity. By indirect
      immunofluorescence and immunogold staining methods with anti-calmodulin
      antibodies, we found endosperm calmodulin to be associated with the mitotic
      apparatus, particularly with asterlike and/or polar microtubule converging
      centers and kinetochore microtubules, in an immunocytochemical pattern distinct
      from that of tubulin. In addition, endosperm calmodulin and calcium showed
      analogous distribution profiles during mitosis. Previous reports have
      demonstrated that calmodulin is associated with the mitotic apparatus in animal
      cells. The present observation that calmodulin is also associated with the
      mitotic apparatus in acentriolar, higher plant endosperm cells suggests that some
      of the regulatory mechanisms involved in spindle formation, microtubule
      disassembly, and chromosome movement in plant cells may be similar to those in
      animal cells. However, unlike animal cell calmodulin, endosperm calmodulin
      appears to associate with kinetochore microtubules throughout mitosis, which
      suggests a specialized role for higher plant calmodulin in the regulation of
      kinetochore microtubule dynamics.

PMID- 2410435
TI  - Evidence for the degradation of sugars during the resin hydrolysis of
      glycoproteins.

PMID- 2410436
TI  - Drug level monitoring: cytostatics.
AB  - The present review on the quantification of cytostatic drugs has mainly been
      focussed on chromatographic techniques. Special attention has been paid to the
      precautions that have to be taken into account to ensure the selectivity and
      accuracy of the various methods. The various cytostatics that have been dealt
      with are: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, vinca alkaloids, antibiotics, cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum, podophyllotoxine derivatives, and nitrosoureas.

PMID- 2410437
TI  - Chromatographic analysis of antituberculosis drugs in biological samples.
AB  - Numerous chromatographic and non-chromatographic methods of analysis for anti
      tuberculosis drugs and metabolites in biological tissues have been discussed in
      this review. Depending upon the analytical methodology selected, limits of
      detection range from microgram to picogram levels. A number of examples have been
      given of the correlation between different types of assay procedures. The
      metabolism and pharmacokinetics have been described along with some of the
      commonly associated problems of sample collection and storage.

PMID- 2410438
TI  - Determination of urinary 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid using solid-phase
      extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with
      electrochemical detection.

PMID- 2410439
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tranilast in plasma.

PMID- 2410440
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic assay and preclinical pharmacological
      studies of pibenzimol (bisbenzimidazole).
AB  - A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic assay with
      ultraviolet or fluorescence detection has been developed for the experimental
      antitumor agent pibenzimol. Drug is isolated from plasma or other aqueous
      solutions with reversed-phase C18 disposable extraction columns and
      chromatography afforded with a deactivated reversed-phase C18 column and
      phosphate buffer--methanol mobile phase. Plasma standard curves are linear for
      concentrations for pibenzimol from 0.01 to 5.0 micrograms/ml. Pibenzimol is
      stable in fresh human plasma and whole blood. Pibenzimol appears to bind to
      plasma proteins; however, drug adsorption to glass, plastic, membranes, and
      filters precludes accurate determination of pibenzimol plasma protein binding.
      Plasma concentrations of pibenzimol fall rapidly following rapid intravenous
      administration to rabbits, but parent drug is detectable in plasma 24 h after
      drug administration. The 24-h urinary recovery of pibenzimol is 10-20%.

PMID- 2410441
TI  - Preparation of complementary DNA by direct synthesis on plant virus RNAs from
      agarose gels.

PMID- 2410442
TI  - A double labeling technique for performing immunocytochemistry and in situ
      hybridization in virus infected cell cultures and tissues.
AB  - This report describes a combined immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization
      procedure which allows visualization of cellular or viral antigens and viral RNA
      in the same cell. Cultures infected with visna or measles virus were fixed in
      periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde, stained by the avidin-biotin
      peroxidase technique using antibodies to viral or cellular proteins and then
      incubated with radiolabeled specific DNA probes (in situ hybridization). The
      immunoperoxidase stain was preserved through the hybridization procedure.
      Nonspecific 'sticking' of probes over peroxidase stained cells was prevented by
      incorporation of 0.1% Triton X-100 into the hybridization solution and the post
      hybridization washes. The in situ hybridization signal (silver grains/cell) on
      peroxidase-stained cells was reduced relative to hybridization with unstained
      cells. The double labeling technique was also applied to sections of paraffin
      embedded tissues from a sheep infected with visna virus and mice infected with
      the HNT strain of measles virus. Visna virus RNA was detected in
      immunocytochemically identified macrophages in the synovium. A greater number of
      these cells had viral RNA than had viral protein. In measles virus-infected
      brains viral RNA was detected only in cells with viral protein. This technique
      provides a new approach to the study of viral pathogenesis by: identifying the
      types of cells which are infected in the host and identifying points of blockade
      in the virus life cycle during persistent infections.

PMID- 2410443
TI  - Glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit response to growth hormone (GH)-releasing
      hormone in patients with active acromegaly. Evidence for alpha-subunit and GH
      coexistence in the same tumoral cell.
AB  - Basal serum concentrations of glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit and its response
      to GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) were studied in 22 acromegalic patients and in
      normal subjects. Four out of 22 patients had a basal alpha-subunit concentration
      (1.2-3.5 ng/ml) clearly above the upper limit of the normal range. GHRH injection
      (1 microgram/kg body weight, bolus dose iv) produced a clear alpha-subunit
      response [mean % increase: 120 +/- 37 (SD)] in the 4 patients with elevated basal
      alpha-subunit levels. No increase in serum glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and
      FSH) occurred. Selective adenomectomy in 2 patients resulted in normalization of
      both serum GH and alpha-subunit levels, as well as disappearance of the abnormal
      alpha-subunit response to GHRH. In in vitro studies, only these 2 adenomas
      secreted alpha-subunit in large amounts (534 and 388 ng/mg protein . 30 min) and
      was it further stimulated by GHRH (% increase: 83 and 126). Morphological studies
      done with protein A-gold particle immunotechnique demonstrated that in these
      adenomas the great majority of the cells contained secretory granules positive
      for both GH and alpha-subunit. We conclude that: 1) alpha-subunit hypersecretion
      is present in some acromegalic patients (about 20%), 2) GHRH stimulates alpha
      subunit release both in vivo and in vitro only in patients with elevated basal
      alpha-subunit levels, and 3) in these patients alpha-subunit derives from a
      common adenomatous cell secreting both alpha-subunit and GH molecules.

PMID- 2410444
TI  - Follicle-stimulating hormone- and alpha-subunit-secreting pituitary tumor treated
      with bromocriptine.
AB  - Glycoprotein-secreting pituitary tumors are uncommon. With increased awareness
      that pituitary tumors may secrete FSH, LH, TSH, and the alpha-subunit, either as
      a sole product or in any combination, these tumors are more likely to be
      recognized. The standard therapy is surgical resection and, possibly,
      postoperative radiotherapy for residual tumor mass or persistent hormonal
      secretion. We report a patient with a FSH- and alpha-subunit-secreting tumor who
      refused surgery and was treated with the dopamine agonist bromocriptine as
      primary therapy. Bromocriptine treatment resulted in reduction of serum FSH and
      alpha-subunit levels to normal, improvement of visual field defects, and
      improvement in hypogonadism despite lack of demonstrable change in tumor size, as
      assessed by computed tomographic scan. Chromatographic analysis of the serum
      revealed distinct peaks corresponding to those of labeled FSH and alpha-subunit.
      The clinical and biochemical responses in this patient suggest that some
      glycoprotein-secreting tumors may be responsive to dopamine agonist therapy.

PMID- 2410445
TI  - Interaction of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli with lectins and blood
      group antibodies.
AB  - Lectins and blood group antibodies were used to probe the surface structures of
      Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Of the 29 strains tested, there were
      distinct reaction patterns. The lectin-reactive and blood group antibody-reactive
      sites on the bacterial surface were distinguishable from the heat-stable
      (lipopolysaccharide) antigenic determinants. The interactions were strain
      specific. The reactive sites were stable with respect to culture media and
      passage and may be useful as additional markers for strain characterization.

PMID- 2410446
TI  - Preparation and use of cytoplasmic antigens for the serodiagnosis of
      paracoccidioidomycosis.
AB  - A cytoplasmic antigen of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (strain MTC) prepared from
      the yeast phase grown in the chemically defined medium of McVeigh and Morton is
      described. This antigen can be easily prepared, does not vary from lot to lot,
      and can be lyophilized without loss of activity or potency. In the
      immunodiffusion test, the cytoplasmic antigen demonstrated a sensitivity of 97%
      and a specificity of 100% when tested against 218 sera from 139 cases of
      paracoccidioidomycosis. When 177 sera from patients with fungal diseases other
      than paracoccidioidomycosis were tested by immunodiffusion, there were no false
      positive reactions. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the antigen was
      equally effective in identifying cases, giving a sensitivity of 100% and a
      specificity of 99% when a 1:640 titer was considered the threshold for clinical
      significance. Antigenic components in the cytoplasmic extract of P. brasiliensis
      were examined after fractionation by concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B column
      chromatography. The fraction of the cytoplasmic antigen that binds to the
      concanavalin A column is material identical to the specific b1 (antigen 1)
      precipitin band described by A. Restrepo and L. H. Moncada (Appl. Microbiol.
      28:138-144, 1974).

PMID- 2410447
TI  - Cell type specificity and developmental expression of the L2/HNK-1 epitopes in
      mouse cerebellum.
AB  - The developmental expression of carbohydrate epitopes recognized by monoclonal
      antibodies HNK-1 and L2 was studied in tissue sections and cultures of mouse
      cerebellum. At all ages studied the 2 antibodies had identical staining patterns.
      In cultures of embryonic and early postnatal mice some, but not all cells of all
      3 major neural cell types, neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, but not
      fibronectin-positive fibroblast-like cells were labeled by the antibodies. The
      most intensely labeled cells were those with antigenic marker profiles
      characteristic of immature glia. L2/HNK-1 epitope expression on neuron precursors
      was detected most convincingly in sections, where the band of migrating granule
      cell precursors in the external granular layer of the embryo and outer part of
      the external granular layer at early postnatal ages were strongly labeled by the
      antibodies. In sections of adult cerebella an overall reduced, but detectable
      level of L2/HNK-1 epitope expression was seen in all layers, but slightly more
      prominently in granular layer and white matter. At embryonic ages ventricular
      cells did not express detectable levels of epitopes. Most of the present data
      support the notion that the L2/HNK-1 epitopes are most strongly expressed on cell
      types with properties of glial and neuronal precursor cells.

PMID- 2410448
TI  - Delayed type hypersensitivity to gangliosides in the Lewis rat.
AB  - Systematic study of the immunologic properties of gangliosides has been hampered
      by the lack of a suitable assay. In this study, significant delayed type
      hypersensitivity reactions to gangliosides were observed in Lewis rats immunized
      with whole guinea pig spinal cord (GP-SC) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA).
      The reaction was manifested by an increase in ear thickness after intradermal
      injection of a mixture of gangliosides and methylated bovine serum albumin
      (mBSA). No responses were observed to either gangliosides or mBSA alone. The
      reaction to gangliosides increased after immunization, persisted for 48 h, and
      was characterized by perivascular infiltration of mononuclear cells. Further
      evidence for a cellular response was demonstrated by the transfer of ganglioside
      specific ear swelling by cultured spleen cells. The response to gangliosides was
      not due to contamination with myelin basic protein (BP) since no reaction to
      gangliosides was observed in GP-BP/CFA-immunized rats, and no reaction to BP was
      observed in ganglioside/CFA-immunized rats. In BP-immunized rats, responsiveness
      to BP persisted after recovery from clinical EAE for at least 60 days. However,
      no response to gangliosides was observed in BP-immunized animals after recovery
      from clinical EAE, suggesting the lack of autosensitization to gangliosides due
      to the disease process itself.

PMID- 2410449
TI  - Macrophage procoagulant activity as a measure of cell-mediated immunity to P2
      protein of peripheral nerves in the Guillain-Barre syndrome.
AB  - Cell-mediated and humoral immunity to purified nerve proteins has been assessed
      in GBS patients and compared with that of patients with other neurological
      diseases and healthy controls. A strong and specific cell-mediated response to
      the neuritogenic basic protein P2 occurred in 13/16 GBS patients tested.
      Extremely low levels of P2 (0.01 micrograms/culture) induced monocyte/macrophage
      procoagulant activity (MPCA) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) from GBS
      patients (P = 0.007) whereas higher concentrations (2 micrograms/culture) of
      myelin basic protein (MBP) and sciatic nerve myelin (SNM) were required to
      stimulate similar levels of activity. These concentrations of nerve antigens
      failed to induce significant MPCA on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of
      patients with other neuropathies or healthy controls. Lipopolysaccharide, a non
      specific stimulant of macrophage procoagulant activity, induced similar
      procoagulant levels on PBM from each group. The MPCA assay was a sensitive,
      quantitative and specific indicator of cell-mediated immunity to the neuritogenic
      peptide, P2 in GBS patients. Serum antibodies to P2, P0 and SNM were detected by
      a sensitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Naturally occurring antibodies to
      peripheral nerve antigens were observed in sera of healthy subjects and these
      levels were not significantly different from patients with GBS or those with
      other neuropathies. Our results indicate that the autoimmune cell-mediated
      response to the neuritogenic peptide P2 plays a major role in the pathogenesis of
      GBS.

PMID- 2410450
TI  - Strategies for the modulation of neuroimmunological disease at the level of
      autoreactive T-lymphocytes.
AB  - Cell lines of autoimmune T-lymphocytes have been established in several
      neuroimmunological model diseases and also in a human neurological autoimmune
      disease, myasthenia gravis. These cell lines generally have the T helper/inducer
      phenotype and recognize autoantigen in the context of class II histocompatibility
      antigens. Autoreactive helper T cell lines may become useful tools for the
      evaluation of new immunotherapeutic strategies. (1) Treatment with anti-Ia
      monoclonal antibodies presumably interferes with the interaction between Ia on
      the surface of antigen-presenting cells and the autoreactive T cell receptor; (2)
      Therapy with unmodified or modified autoantigen may be used to tolerize or delete
      the autoimmune T cells; (3) Monoclonal antibodies against the 'T cell domains' of
      autoantigen may prevent its recognition by the autoreactive T cells; (4)
      Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against T cell clonotypic or differentiation
      antigens may effectively delete or inactivate the autoreactive T cells.
      Furthermore, autoreactive helper T cells may be used to induce and establish anti
      idiotypic suppressor T cell lines, or the autoimmune helper T cells may
      themselves display suppressive effects in an allogeneic system.

PMID- 2410451
TI  - Leukocytes from multiple sclerosis patients respond to alpha- and gamma
      interferons.
AB  - Blood mononuclear leukocytes from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients were evaluated
      for reactivity to alpha- or gamma-interferon (IFN), using a response whereby IFN
      treated (primed) cells synthesize higher levels of IFN than untreated cells.
      Leukocytes were treated in vitro with natural alpha-IFN, recombinant alpha-IFN,
      recombinant gamma-IFN, or no IFN, then exposed to measles virus to induce IFN
      synthesis. With no IFN treatment, IFN production by cells from the MS patients
      was significantly less than normal (P less than or equal to 0.025). However, with
      IFN treatment, cells from MS patients were primed as well as cells from normal
      controls: IFN synthesis for the MS patients' cells was increased 10-11-fold with
      either alpha-IFN preparation and 3.6-fold with gamma-IFN. These findings verify
      the presence of leukocyte reactivity to alpha-IFN and provide the first
      demonstration of responsiveness to gamma-IFN in MS.

PMID- 2410452
TI  - The species distribution of nervous system antigens that react with anti-myelin
      associated glycoprotein antibodies.
AB  - The reactivity of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies directed against human
      central nervous system (CNS) myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) was
      investigated in a number of animal species. The antibodies included mouse
      monoclonal antibodies obtained by immunization with human MAG; HNK-1, a mouse
      monoclonal antibody raised against a human lymphoblastoma and used to identify a
      subset of lymphocytes with natural killer function; human IgM paraproteins
      associated with neuropathy; and polyclonal antibodies obtained from rabbits
      immunized with rat or human MAG. Following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of
      CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) tissue from human, bovine, cat, rabbit,
      guinea pig, rat, mouse, frog, gold fish and chicken, proteins were
      electrophoretically transferred onto nitrocellulose. The immune-staining of
      electroblots showed distinct interspecies variation in the reactivity of the
      antibodies with MAG. In addition, the species distribution of several low
      molecular weight glycoproteins present in PNS tissue that cross-react with anti
      MAG antibodies was determined. These low molecular weight antigens are not
      present in CNS homogenates or in purified human CNS myelin. It was also shown
      that IgM from a patient with peripheral neuropathy and paraproteinemia associated
      with anti-MAG antibodies recognized these low molecular weight antigens. The
      results suggest that IgM paraproteins, HNK-1 and some mouse monoclonal antibodies
      react with carbohydrate determinants shared by MAG and several lower molecular
      weight glycoproteins present only in human, bovine, cat and chicken PNS. Rabbit
      polyclonal anti-rat MAG antisera and mouse monoclonal antibodies reacting with
      peptide epitopes of MAG are much more specific for detecting MAG than antibodies
      reacting with carbohydrate epitopes of human MAG. The results are discussed in
      relation to human demyelinating peripheral neuropathy associated with IgM
      paraproteinemia.

PMID- 2410453
TI  - Ia restriction of murine encephalitogenic T-cell lines in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - To clarify the functional role of the I region-associated (Ia) antigen in
      autoimmune central nervous system disorders, we generated long-term cultured
      lines of encephalitogenic T cells responsive to myelin basic protein from SJL
      strain mice (H-2s) and investigated genetic restriction in proliferative and
      encephalitogenic activities of the lines. These cell lines bear a Lyt 1+,2-
      phenotype, and show antigen-specific and I-As restricted proliferative responses
      in vitro. These lines induced full-blown experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
      (EAE) in immuno-compromised recipients carrying the I-As genotype. These data
      demonstrate that encephalitogenic T lymphocytes recognize the antigen in
      combination with the Ia antigen to induce EAE.

PMID- 2410454
TI  - In vitro synthesis of immunoglobulins and autoantibodies by lymphocytes from
      various body compartments during chronic relapsing experimental allergic
      encephalomyelitis.
AB  - Mononuclear cells extracted from regional lymph nodes, blood, spleen and central
      nervous system of guinea pigs with chronic relapsing experimental allergic
      encephalomyelitis (r-EAE), adjuvant immunized and untreated controls were
      cultured for 16 h in microtitre plates, and culture supernatants were then used
      to measure IgG and IgM, as well as IgG class anti-myelin antibody production by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Increased synthesis of these immunoglobulins
      and antibodies was found during the course of r-EAE both in intra- and
      extrathecal compartments. Long-term cultures carried out for 7 days gave similar
      results but anti-myelin, anti-myelin basic protein and IgG synthesis was most
      pronounced intrathecally. Agarose isoelectric focusing of supernatants from these
      cultures showed oligoclonal IgG. These findings indicate in vivo synthesis of
      autoantibodies within the target for immune attack and a partial sequestration of
      the immune response to this compartment.

PMID- 2410455
TI  - A question of epitope.

PMID- 2410456
TI  - Human factor VIII procoagulant protein. Monoclonal antibodies define precursor
      product relationships and functional epitopes.
AB  - The human Factor VIII procoagulant protein (VIII:C) purified from commercial
      Factor VIII concentrate consisted of a polypeptide doublet of 80,000 mol wt, a
      92,000-mol wt polypeptide, and additional polypeptides of up to 188,000 mol wt.
      Thrombin digests contained a doublet of 72,000 mol wt, as well as 54,000- and
      44,000-mol wt fragments. Proteolysis studies of purified VIII:C using thrombin
      and activated protein C have suggested that the 92,000- and 80,000 (or 72,000)
      mol wt polypeptides comprise activated VIII:C. We have now used seven monoclonal
      antibodies raised against purified VIII:C to construct a preliminary epitope map
      of these VIII:C polypeptides. The specific VIII:C polypeptides with which the
      monoclonal antibodies reacted were determined by immunoblotting of VIII:C onto
      nitrocellulose sheets after reduced NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
      A minimum of five distinct epitopes were defined by these monoclonal anti-VIII:C
      antibodies. Identification of polypeptides bearing these epitopes allowed
      localization of distinct thrombin cleavage sites to the 92,000- and 80,000-mol wt
      chains, helped define polypeptide chain precursor-product relationships, and
      suggested that both the 92,000- and 80,000-mol wt polypeptides are necessary for
      VIII:C function. These data and their interpretation are consistent with the
      published description of the complete primary structure of VIII:C and its
      thrombin cleavage products. The 92,000- and 80,000-mol wt chains have been
      located at the amino- and carboxy-terminal ends of the molecule, respectively.

PMID- 2410457
TI  - Rat lung fibroblast collagen metabolism in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
AB  - Endotracheal bleomycin administration in rats and other animal species causes
      rapid development of pulmonary fibrosis, characterized by increased lung collagen
      synthesis and deposition. To clarify the mechanism, lung fibroblasts from
      bleomycin-treated rats (BRF) were isolated and maintained in tissue culture. They
      were then compared with those from normal untreated control animals, with respect
      to several key parameters of collagen metabolism. BRF synthesized collagen at a
      rate 35-82% above normal rat lung fibroblasts (NRF). This difference did not
      appear to be due to the selection of a clone by the subculture process.
      Furthermore, analysis of newly synthesized collagen type composition, revealed a
      significantly lower ratio of type III to type I collagen. Noncollagenous protein
      synthesis, however, was not significantly different from normal. Collagenase
      production and growth rate were also unaffected. BRF, however, was
      morphologically indistinguishable from NRF, even at the ultrastructural level.
      Upon further bleomycin (1 microgram/ml) exposure in vitro, BRF could be further
      stimulated to synthesize collagen at 82% above the rate for untreated BRF. This
      is comparable to the 90% increase in NRF treated in vitro (compared with
      untreated NRF). These results would favor the conclusion that bleomycin induces
      pulmonary fibrosis, by causing directly and/or indirectly lung fibroblasts (or a
      certain line of lung fibroblasts) to synthesize collagen at a higher rate without
      any associated increase in growth rate. The data, however, do not rule out the
      possibility that the fibroblast isolation procedure has selected for a certain
      population of fibroblasts that may not be typical of the in vivo situation.

PMID- 2410459
TI  - Radioimmunoassay of tricyclic antidepressant and some phenothiazine drugs in
      forensic toxicology.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay suitable for screening blood and urine samples for tricyclic
      antidepressant and some phenothiazine drugs in forensic toxicology is described.
      The assay displays a remarkably broad spectrum of cross-reactivity that enables
      therapeutic or subtherapeutic levels of most tricyclic antidepressants and a
      number of phenothiazines in blood to be detected. The antiserum is commercially
      available and the radioligand, a radioiodinated conjugate of N-acetyl-L-histidine
      and nortriptyline, is easily prepared. Blood samples require prior extraction to
      reduce the background but urine may be assayed directly. 75 microliters of blood
      or 100 microliter of urine are required. Haemolysis or decomposition of the
      samples, common anticoagulants and sodium fluoride do not affect the results.
      Data for 57 compounds are presented.

PMID- 2410458
TI  - Discordance between surface and cytoplasmic expression of the Leu-4 (T3) antigen
      in thymocytes and in blast cells from childhood T lymphoblastic malignancies.
AB  - We have examined the expression of the Leu-4 (T3) antigen on the cell surface and
      in the cytoplasm of blast cells from 23 patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia and T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. In the majority of cases (17), the
      Leu-4 antigen was absent from the cell surface; however, in 16 of these 17 cases,
      blast cells demonstrated cytoplasmic expression of Leu-4. This discordance
      between surface and cytoplasmic expression of Leu-4 was also found in thymocytes
      and appeared to be restricted to Leu-4, in that tests of other T cell antigens
      rarely revealed discordance between surface and cytoplasmic expression. To study
      further the cytoplasmic determinant identified by anti-Leu-4 in malignant T
      lymphoblasts, immunoprecipitation studies were performed that utilized
      biosynthetic labeling of established T cell lines derived from T lymphoblastic
      malignancies. By one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, identical Leu-4 polypeptide families were immunoprecipitated
      from surface Leu-4+ and surface Leu-4-/cytoplasmic Leu-4+ cell lines. Because T
      lymphoblastic malignancies represent proliferations of immature T cells, and
      because the cases studied demonstrated surface phenotypes corresponding to all of
      the proposed stages of T cell ontogeny, it appears that cytoplasmic expression of
      Leu-4 occurs early in T cell development. The reason for the failure of these
      immature T cells to transport the Leu-4 molecule to their surface remains to be
      elucidated.

PMID- 2410460
TI  - An immunohistochemical study of branchial cysts.
AB  - Twenty five specimens of branchial cyst from the same number of patients have
      been examined. On staining with haematoxylin and eosin a consistent finding was
      that the mural lymphoid follicles were always aligned with their mantle zones
      towards the luminal epithelium. With conventional staining lymphatic sinuses were
      noted in 17 of the specimens, but with immunohistochemical staining these
      structures were apparent in 23 cysts. Their frequent occurrence in branchial
      cysts supports the theory that these lesions are derived from epithelial
      inclusions in lymph nodes. Immunohistochemical techniques for a range of other
      markers, using polyclonal and monoclonal antisera, showed a distribution of
      lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissue elements, as seen in lymph nodes and, for
      example, palatine tonsils. The lining luminal epithelium also shared many
      features in common with the crypt epithelium of tonsils.

PMID- 2410461
TI  - Factors influencing the survival of patients with testicular teratoma.
AB  - The histology of 51 cases of testicular teratoma, with or without seminoma, was
      reviewed and classified according to the World Health Organization criteria. Full
      pathological and clinical details were obtained, and patients were followed up
      for periods varying from one to 10 years from orchidectomy. Multiple factors were
      studied in order to discover which affected prognosis. The pathological stage of
      the tumour proved to be the most important indicator. The previously described
      poor prognosis associated with yolk sac tumour was not confirmed.

PMID- 2410462
TI  - Versatile Field's stain.

PMID- 2410463
TI  - Depression and serotonin metabolism: rationale for neurotransmitter precursor
      treatment.
AB  - The authors review evidence suggesting that some depressed patients have
      disturbances in serotonin metabolism. Research supporting the serotonin
      hypothesis includes: cerebrospinal fluid studies; postmortem examination of
      neurotransmitters, their metabolites, and their receptors; platelet studies;
      neuropharmacologic data; neuroendocrine perturbations; and reports that serotonin
      precursor compounds (tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan) may benefit some
      depressed patients. The authors conclude that better designed studies are needed
      to test whether serotonin precursor compounds have antidepressant properties.

PMID- 2410464
TI  - An investigation of the efficiency of blissymbolics vs. print in symbol learning
      by nonreading preschool pupils.
AB  - This experiment investigated whether a selected list of Blissymbols were easier
      to learn than corresponding printed words by reading-naive but alphabet
      knowledgeable, nonhandicapped, preschool children. Pupils learned either a list
      of 20 Blissymbols or an identical list of 20 printed words over a period of
      instructional sessions. The Blissymbol learning group acquired the list
      significantly faster than did the printed symbol group. Results are discussed in
      terms of the theoretical assumptions made by Blissymbol proponents and the
      applicability of using the symbols for handicapped populations. Attributes of
      Blissymbols that might contribute to their learnability are also discussed.

PMID- 2410465
TI  - Diseases of amyloid, colloid, and hyalin.

PMID- 2410467
TI  - Mitosis and hypertrophy of intercalated duct cells and endothelial cells in the
      isoproterenol-treated rat parotid gland.
AB  - Chronic treatment of rats with isoproterenol (IPR) induces mitosis and
      differentiation of intercalated duct cells, and mitosis and hypertrophy of
      endothelial cells of the microvasculature in the parotid gland. Mitoses occurred
      in duct cells situated at or near the acinar-intercalated duct junction, and were
      most numerous after six IPR injections. These cells increased in size, contained
      numerous electron-lucent granules, and were incorporated into the hypertrophic
      acini. The granules contained branching filamentous or finely reticulated
      material, and did not react with histochemical stains for carbohydrate. Capillary
      and venule endothelial cell mitoses were frequently seen after four to six IPR
      injections. The endothelial cells increased in thickness, contained abundant
      cytoplasmic organelles, lacked fenestrations, and had few pinocytotic vesicles.
      These results demonstrate the extensive nature of the response to chronic IPR
      treatment, and are consistent with the concept that the intercalated ducts have
      an important role in salivary gland physiology.

PMID- 2410466
TI  - Effects of forskolin on adenylate cyclase activity and amylase secretion in the
      rat exocrine pancreas.
AB  - Forskolin stimulated adenylate cyclase activity 55-fold in crude rat pancreatic
      plasma membranes. Dose-response curves were better fitted by a two-component
      model with apparent Ka for forskolin of 0.8 microM and 85 microM corresponding,
      respectively, to 15% and 85% of total activity. Gpp (NH)p alone or the combined
      presence of GTP plus a hormone (secretin, VIP or CCK-8) potentiated activation
      through the high affinity forskolin component. These results are in favour of a
      dual mode of action of forskolin: a high affinity component related to the
      stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory subunit, and a low affinity
      component more closely related to the catalytic subunit of the enzyme. In
      dispersed rat pancreatic acini, forskolin increased cyclic AMP levels 26-fold and
      potentiated the increase induced by secretin, VIP, and CCK-8. It also stimulated
      the phosphorylation of three particulate proteins (Mr = 21K, 25K and 33K). In
      terms of secretion, it raised amylase secretion by 60%, a weak effect comparable
      to that exerted by VIP but much lower than that of secretin or CCK-8. Forskolin
      did, however, potentiate the secretory effect of CCK-8 (a hormone inducing a
      redistribution of cellular calcium) while being without influence on the
      secretory effects of secretin and VIP.

PMID- 2410468
TI  - Antigenic variation of indigenous streptococci.
AB  - Isolates of Group D streptococci indigenous to the murine oral cavity were
      studied to detect the occurrence of antigenic variation. Group D streptococci
      cultured from molar homogenates of Balb/c mice were randomly selected for study
      on the basis of distinctive colony morphology. Isolates obtained over a 12-week
      period were biotyped using the API 20S system, and subjected to Lancefield
      extraction and rocket immunoelectrophoresis for serotyping. All isolates were
      compared with an arbitrarily selected standard test strain (W1S-1) isolated the
      first week of the first experimental series. Four biotypes were encountered
      during the first week of two experimental series. Two very unusual biotypes
      detected during the first experimental series persisted throughout that series,
      as did two more common biotypes throughout the second experimental series. Anti
      W1S-1 serum produced three precipitin bands (antigens O, D, and K) against W1S-1
      Lancefield extract and against the respective biotypes detected during the first
      week of the two series. Of the three antigens detected, only the group antigen
      (D) did not vary during either experimental series. Antigenic variants lacking
      the O or K antigen and bearing these distinctive phenotypes were repeatedly
      isolated in subsequent weeks. Ultimately, 16% of 190 strains isolated during the
      first series and 26% of 167 strains isolated during the second series proved to
      be antigenic variants of the predominant biotypes detected in both series.

PMID- 2410469
TI  - Diurnal mutagenicity of airborne particulate organic matter adjacent to a heavily
      traveled West Los Angeles freeway.

PMID- 2410470
TI  - The neurochemistry of mania. The effect of lithium on catecholamines,
      indoleamines and calcium mobilization.
AB  - In an attempt to elucidate the chemical pathology of mania one has to consider
      the pharmacology of the two most effective treatments for this illness: lithium
      and the neuroleptics. Some of the possible mechanisms of action of these drugs on
      catecholamine and indoleamine mechanisms are discussed. The majority of this
      article is based on my and my colleagues' work which has been carried out in this
      MRC Laboratory on the effect of lithium on biological variates in bipolar
      patients and the effects of the administration of antidepressant treatments in
      these patients. It is concluded that lithium has a similar action on these
      mechanisms in both unipolar and bipolar patients which might suggest a common
      pathology in both unipolar and bipolar illness. It is suggested that in order to
      maintain an euthymic state in a bipolar patient one should maintain a certain
      degree of sensitivity of 5-HT2 receptors. This sensitivity may be related to the
      activity of calcium channels and to the polyphosphoinositide system. The former
      system can be regulated by the administration of calcium channel antagonists
      which have been shown to be effective in the treatment of mania. The
      polyphosphoinositide system is one that can be regulated by therapeutic
      concentrations of lithium. It is concluded that co-administration of a calcium
      channel antagonist and lithium may be a very effective treatment for mania.

PMID- 2410471
TI  - Lithium prophylaxis of recurrent affective disorders.
AB  - The mode of action of lithium is reviewed in the light of advances in the
      understanding of calcium channelling and calmodulin-activated Ca ATPase. The
      relevance to changes in receptor sensitivity is discussed.

PMID- 2410472
TI  - Hallucinations in patients with major depression. Interactions between CSF
      monoaminergic and endorphinergic indices.
AB  - CSF levels of radioreceptorassayed endorphins Fraction I (EndFI, n = 92) and
      homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) (n = 118) were
      measured in patients with major depressive disorders according to Research
      Diagnostic Criteria (18% were psychotic; 11% hallucinated during the peak of the
      depressive episode). CSF measures (both "raw" variables and ranks) were uni- and
      multivariately correlated with both dichotomized and scored measures of
      hallucinations of any type. Hallucinations were statistically strongly associated
      with higher HVA levels, irrespective of prior medication with neuroleptics, and
      with the interactive product HVA X EndFI and the interactive ratio HVA/5-HIAA.
      Results suggest interactions between dopaminergic, serotonergic and
      endorphinergic neurotransmission being involved in the biochemical substrate of
      depressive hallucinatory episodes.

PMID- 2410473
TI  - Anaphylactic reactions to suxamethonium prevention of mediator release by
      choline.
AB  - IgE antibodies cross-reacting with choline and suxamethonium were found in the
      sera of 15 of 22 patients with life-threatening sensitivity to suxamethonium, one
      of the most commonly used muscle relaxants. Furthermore, choline that is one of
      the metabolites of acetylcholine and a monovalent part of the suxamethonium
      molecule could act as a hapten inhibitor in vitro and in vivo, blocking
      specifically the basophil histamine release induced by suxamethonium and the
      positive skin tests to the drug in allergic patients. These results confirm the
      IgE dependency of allergic reactions to suxamethonium and suggest a possible way
      of preventing such reactions with choline.

PMID- 2410474
TI  - Heterogeneity of mammalian mast cells differentiated in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - The evidence for mast cell heterogeneity in vivo has grown in the last several
      years from the initial morphologic and histochemical observations to biochemical
      and functional criteria. In several species, there appear to be at least two
      distinct classes of tissue mast cells that differ in their content of
      intragranular amines, proteoglycans, and proteases and in their metabolism of
      arachidonic acid after cell activation. With the recent discovery of
      differentiation/growth factors for mast cells in vitro, it has been shown that a
      discrete subpopulation of cells resembling one of the two in vivo classes can be
      derived in culture. The diversity of mast cell mediators synthesized by these
      various populations and their potential functions in vivo imply that mast cells
      may be involved not only in allergic responses but also in other inflammatory
      processes, including tissue repair and growth.

PMID- 2410475
TI  - Pulmonary synthesis, release, and metabolism of prostaglandins.
AB  - Immunologic or calcium-dependent activation of proteolytically dispersed human
      lung cells containing 5% mast cells causes the release of large amounts of PGD2
      and TxB2. In cell purification experiments, only those fractions containing mast
      cells had the capacity to generate PGD2 and release histamine with IgE-dependent
      activation. The cells of origin of T X B2 are likely to be cells of the monocyte
      macrophage series, although additional eicosanoid release may occur from
      immunologically activated lymphocytes and eosinophils. In men who have asthma,
      inhalation of low concentrations of PGD2 results in bronchoconstriction, whereas
      higher concentrations of PGD2 are needed to produce bronchoconstriction in normal
      subjects. Subjects with asthma exhibited 3.5-fold greater responsiveness to
      inhaled PGD2 than to PGF2 alpha. These observations demonstrate that PGD2 is the
      most potent bronchoconstrictor prostanoid tested in man. In both normal subjects
      and subjects with asthma, a single inhalation of PGF2 alpha resulted in a
      doubling in plasma levels of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha. Plasma levels of
      this metabolite did not change after PGD2 inhalation. These results indicate that
      the 11-keto reduction of PGD2 to PGF2 alpha with subsequent inactivation is not
      important in the initial metabolism of PGD2.

PMID- 2410477
TI  - Calcium antagonists and asthma.
AB  - Calcium ions participate in the pathogenesis of asthma. Increased cytosolic
      concentrations of free Ca2+ must develop to trigger smooth muscle contraction,
      mast cell mediator release, mucous gland secretion, vagal nerve activity, and the
      movement of inflammatory cells into the walls of the airways. Recent interest has
      centered on the possibility that Ca2+ antagonists might be useful in the
      treatment of asthma. Evidence now exists that airway smooth muscle contraction
      and mast cell and basophil mediator release may be inhibited by the calcium
      channel blockers nifedipine and verapamil. Other experiments indicate that these
      drugs may interfere with EIA and bronchoconstriction provoked by cold air and
      methacholine, for example. CaM antagonists may also interfere with smooth muscle
      contraction and mediator release. It is possible that more specific calcium
      antagonists, both Ca2+ channel blockers and CaM-active compounds, will be
      developed and find use as effective antiasthmatic agents.

PMID- 2410476
TI  - Mechanisms of glucocorticosteroid action in bronchial asthma.
AB  - Although their precise mechanisms of action are undefined, the usefulness of CCS
      in the treatment of asthma is unquestioned. It is clear that they act at multiple
      sites. Among the general actions of CCS felt to be applicable to asthma are their
      ability to facilitate beta-adrenergic responsiveness and to suppress
      inflammation. More specific actions relevant to asthma are their inhibition of
      eicosanoid formation (e.g., reduction in leukotriene formation), prevention and
      reversal of LPR (probably through CCS anti-inflammatory effects), and reduction
      in mucus secretion. Actions that have not yet been clarified but that may be
      useful include possible reductions in airway hyperreactivity (or at least the
      prevention of increases in reactivity superimposed upon overreactive airways) and
      suppression of basophil (but not mast cell) mediator release.

PMID- 2410478
TI  - Role of human basophils and mast cells in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases.
AB  - The role of human basophils and mast cells in the pathogenesis of allergic
      diseases has been analyzed. Purified human basophils and mast cells release
      several known mediators of allergic reactions, including histamine,
      sulfidopeptide leukotrienes, kinin-forming enzymes, and, in the case of the mast
      cell, PGD2. These same mediators are released in vivo after experimental
      challenge in the upper airways with either allergen or cold, dry air, a stimulus
      used to simulate exercise-induced bronchospasm. The appearance of mast cell
      mediators in vivo after such challenges further implicates mast cells in the
      pathogenesis of allergic diseases of the airways that occur as a result of
      exposure to allergen or physical stimuli. During the LPR after experimental
      challenge of the upper airways, the pattern of mediators released (i.e.,
      histamine, leukotrienes, and others, but no PGD2) suggests that basophils may
      contribute to the LPR. Antiallergic drugs that prevent mediator release in vitro,
      such as antihistamines, also prevent the appearance of mediators in vivo,
      strengthening both the validity of the in vitro test as a model of the disease
      and the hypothesis that mediator release is an essential element of the disease
      process. A model discussing the pathogenetic mechanism is presented.

PMID- 2410479
TI  - Immunotherapy of asthma.
AB  - Immunotherapy of allergic diseases can be effective. The injection of allergen
      into the sensitized host induces a number of cellular and humoral changes
      associated with clinical improvement. Although studies demonstrating clear
      efficacy are available for immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis, additional
      information is needed for complete evaluation of immunotherapy in asthma.

PMID- 2410480
TI  - A simple micromethod for collagen and total protein determination in formalin
      fixed paraffin-embedded sections.
AB  - A simple, sensitive, and quantitative procedure is described for the measurement
      of collagen and protein content in tissue sections prepared from formalin-fixed
      paraffin-embedded samples. The method can detect as little as 5.7 micrograms of
      collagen per mg of protein. It is based on the selective binding of Sirius red
      F3BA and Fast green FCF to collagen and noncollagenous components, respectively,
      when the sections are stained with both dyes dissolved in aqueous saturated
      picric acid. Both dyes are eluted readily and simultaneously with NaOH-methanol
      and the absorbances obtained at 540 and 605 nm can be used to determine the
      amount of collagen and protein. The color equivalence of each dye was determined
      after destaining the sections and measuring the collagen content by
      hydroxyproline analysis and the amount of protein by the micro-Kjeldahl
      procedure. When several sections prepared from five rat tissues were analyzed
      first by the dye binding method and then by the chemical procedure, comparable
      results were obtained. This method could be of use in measuring collagen in
      tissue specimens and could be helpful in assessing the degree of fibrosis in
      tissue samples and in evaluating the effects of antifibrogenic drugs currently in
      use.

PMID- 2410481
TI  - Characterization of a monoclonal antibody (SBU-1) made to the thymic rudiment of
      sheep.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (SBU-1) was raised to sheep thymic rudiment by fusion of
      NSI myeloma cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with thymic
      rudiment isolated from fetal sheep between 25-30 days of gestation. By employing
      the indirect immunoperoxidase technique the antigen recognized by SBU-1 was found
      to be present in the epithelial reticular cells of the fetal sheep thymus. The
      intensity of staining decreased as gestation progressed. In the adult thymus the
      antigen was mainly restricted to Hassall's corpuscles and occasional epithelial
      cells in the medulla. In addition, the antigen was also shown to be present in
      epithelial cells of the small intestine, the bronchiole, the keratinized
      epithelium of the rumen, and the epithelial cells of the kidney tubules. By use
      of immunofluorescence the antigen was shown to be present in most of the cells of
      wool follicles and the cortex of developing wool fibers. Western blotting of SBU
      1 against the low-sulfur alpha-keratin proteins of wool confirmed that the
      antigen recognized by SBU-1 belongs to a family of keratins. It was concluded
      that SBU-1 was raised against alpha-keratin expressed by the epithelial cells of
      the thymic rudiment and that the expression of this antigen on the reticular
      network of the thymus declined with advancement of pregnancy.

PMID- 2410482
TI  - Applicability of imprints to immuno-ultrastructural studies of lymphoid tissues.
AB  - In order to evaluate the applicability of imprints to immuno-ultrastructural
      studies of lymphoid tissues, we compared distribution pattern and morphology of B
      cells, T cells, T-cell subsets, and follicular dendritic reticulum cells (DRC) at
      the light and ultrastructural level in imprints and sections of tonsils and lymph
      nodes. The surface antigenic profile of lymphoid cells was revealed with
      monoclonal antibodies in an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method.
      Distribution of lymphoid cells in coherent areas of imprints recapitulated their
      disposition in sections of respective lymphoid tissues. Preservation of
      microanatomical relationships and ultrastructure of lymphoid cells in imprints
      allowed evaluation of associations and fine structural detail of lymphoid cells.
      Morphologic configurations of B cells in imprints, confined to round aggregates,
      were similar to fine structural morphology of B cells in mantle zones (MZ) and
      germinal centers (GC). Processes of DRCs in imprints formed conformations
      resembling their meshwork within follicles and mantled lymphoid cells. In
      imprints and sections, lymphocytes of cytotoxic/suppressor phenotype had a large
      amount of cytoplasm with many organelles. In contrast, cells of helper/inducer
      phenotype displayed a high nucleocytoplasmic (N/C) ratio and small numbers of
      organelles. Thus, imprints represent an easy, fast, and reliable method that
      lends itself to immunoultrastructural studies of lymphoid tissues.

PMID- 2410483
TI  - Presence of an alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like epitope in the 150,000
      dalton neurofilament subunit from diverse regions of the central nervous system:
      an immunohistochemical and immunoblot study in guinea pig.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies specific for the two higher molecular weight neurofilament
      (NF) subunits (NF200 and NF150), and antiserum to alpha-melanocyte-stimulating
      hormone (alpha-MSH) were used to probe the distribution of an alpha-MSH-like
      epitope in NF proteins of the guinea pig central nervous system using immunoblot
      and immunohistochemical methods. The anti-alpha-MSH antiserum recognized the same
      protein band as an anti-NF150 monoclonal antibody in immunoblots of proteins
      extracted from guinea pig cerebellum, spinal cord, retina, optic nerve, and
      neurohypophysis; it also stained axons and dendrites in sections of cerebellum,
      retina, and optic nerve. Although all cells of the pars intermedia and some in
      the pars distalis exhibited immunoreactivity with this antiserum, it did not
      stain axons in the neurohypophysis. Our immunoblot data demonstrate an alpha-MSH
      like epitope in NF150 extracted from each of the regions studied. The lack of in
      situ recognition of this alpha-MSH-like epitope in neurophypophyseal axons, using
      the same immunohistochemical methods that demonstrate this epitope in axons of
      the cerebellum, retina, and optic nerve, suggests that NF150 is immunochemically
      heterogeneous in different regions of the guinea pig central nervous system.

PMID- 2410484
TI  - Flow-cytometric determination of fluorescence ratios between differently stained
      particles is dependent on excitation intensity.
AB  - By use of a flow cytometer, the fluorescence of cells stained with
      hematoporphyrin derivative and the fluorescence of plastic beads stained with
      different dyes were analysed as a function of the intensity of the exciting laser
      light. The ratios of the fluorescence values of stained and unstained cells as
      well as of stained cells and beads were sensitively dependent on excitation
      intensities. As a consequence of this finding, the normalization of cellular
      fluorescence by use of reference particles needs to be made on a well-defined and
      reproduced intensity of the exciting laser light.

PMID- 2410485
TI  - On layer III pyramidal cells in the parastriate borderzone of man.
AB  - The parastriate borderzone in the human occipital cortex is made conspicuous by
      clusters of large pyramidal cells in layer III (limen parastriatus
      gigantopyramidalis: von Economo and Koskinas 1925). Experiments in higher
      primates provide evidence that the vertical meridian is represented in this
      region and that these large pyramidal cells connect the parastriate borderzone of
      both hemispheres via callosal fibres. Golgi preparations of the human parastriate
      borderzone reveal that the large pyramidal cells generate a stout apical dendrite
      which gives rise to several side branches in layer III and terminal ramifications
      in layer II. An unusual feature is that the apical dendrite is almost devoid of
      spines and that its side branches are only sparsely spined as well. Both the
      basal and lateral portions of the cell body give rise to spiny dendrites having
      their domain within layers III and IV. In pigment-Nissl preparations, the large
      layer III pyramids are marked by coarse and distinct Nissl bodies and a bowel
      shaped accumulation of faintly tinged lipofuscin granules located close to the
      nucleus. Electron micrographs show that up to 30% of the soma membrane are
      covered by large boutons which make multiple synaptic contacts. This contrasts to
      the appearance of most other types of cortical pyramydal cells which normally
      show only a few axo-somatic contacts.

PMID- 2410486
TI  - Connections of the mesencephalic, thalamic and telencephalic auditory centers in
      turtles. Some structural bases for audiosomatic interrelations.
AB  - The organization of auditory projections at the mesencephalic, thalamic and
      telencephalic brain levels was studied utilizing the method of horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP) transport in two species of the turtle--Emys orbicularis and
      Testudo horsfieldi. It was shown that the torus semicircularis receives bilateral
      afferents from the brain stem auditory centers. They arise predominantly from the
      contralateral cochlear nuclei, the ipsilateral superior olive, the dorsal and
      ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus and from the symmetrical torus
      semicircularis. These connections appear to be reciprocal. After the enzyme
      injections correspondingly into the torus semicircularis and n. reuniens
      anterograde and retrograde HRP transports show that the central nucleus of the
      torus semicircularis projects to n. reuniens throughout its rostro-caudal extent
      mainly ipsilaterally. In turn, n. reuniens projects to the medioventral part of
      the dorsal ventricular ridge. A following common principle of the organization of
      the auditory system was revealed at the three brain levels explored. Auditory
      relay centers occupy the most medial positions at every level (n. centralis of
      the torus semicircularis, n. reuniens, the medioventral part of the dorsal
      ventricular ridge). Immediately lateral to them are somatic centers
      (correspondingly, n. intercollicularis, n. ventralis, the central part of the
      dorsal ventricular ridge). These together with the auditory centers form united
      functional complexes at every level. In these complexes auditory and somatic
      projections overlap, thus constituting a basis for the interaction between
      auditory and somatic afferent inputs. Mesencephalic and thalamic auditory centers
      were shown to receive direct somatic (cervical spinal) projections and non-direct
      from the underlying somatic center as well as from the adjacent somatic center at
      the same level (n. intercollicularis in the mesencephalon, n. ventralis in the
      thalamus). Somatic centers in the complexes described get no direct auditory
      projections. Auditory impulses however can enter them via two pathways: along
      neuron axons from the neighbouring auditory center reaching the adjacent somatic
      center and along somatic neuron dendrites which pass into the adjacent auditory
      center. The morphological basis for the auditory-somatic interactions primarily
      in the auditory center and also in the somatic center was demonstrated in Golgi
      like HRP labeled and Golgi-impregnated neurons of these centers. The organization
      of the auditory-somatic projections at the three brain levels in turtles in to a
      degree comparable to the auditory system in mammals which is structured according
      to the core-belt principle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2410487
TI  - Localization of some neuropeptide- and serotonin-like immunoreactivities in the
      vegetative network of guinea pig spinal cord.
AB  - The localization of Substance P(SP)-, Methionine-Enkephalin(met-Enk)-,
      Somatostatin(SOM)- Serotonin(SER)-, Cholecystokinin(CCK)-, and Vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity (-LIR) has been determined
      immunocytochemically in the thoracic spinal cord intermediate zone of male and
      female guinea pigs. All neuroactive substances studied are exclusively localized
      in nerve fibre varicosities and terminals building up the vegetative network of
      the thoracic spinal cord intermediate zone. This network is situated dorsally to
      the central canal as a longitudinal plate of approximate thickness of 90-100
      microns. Immunoreactive fibres are observed in the two Fasciculi longitudinales
      laterales and the two Fasciculi longitudinales mediales which are interconnected
      by transverse and oblique peptide-containing bundles (the terminology used by
      Petras and Cummings 1972; Galabov and Davidoff 1976). All these bundles
      interconnect the nuclei intermediolaterales principales and funiculares, the
      nuclei intercalates spinales and the nuclei intercalates paraependimales in ipsi-
      and contralateral as well as in rostral and caudal direction. The neurones of
      these nuclei are surrounded by immunoreactive varicosities and terminals. The
      quantity of the immunoreactive structures and intensity of the staining varied
      for the different neuroactive substances. As to the origin of the vegetative
      network immunoreactive fibres three main possibilities exists: a). From primary
      afferent neurones situated in the dorsal root ganglia, which send their axons via
      the dorsal roots (mainly for SP and perhaps for CCK); b). From supraspinal
      neurones which send their axons descending in the white matter funiculi and in
      the fasciculi longitudinales laterales and mediales and c). From intrinsic spinal
      cord neurones, which send their neurites in ascending and descending directions,
      ipsi- and contralaterally and interconnect the spinal cord segments. The
      different origin of the vegetative network immunoreactive fibres as well as the
      complex innervation of the preganglionic sympathetic nerve cells in the
      intermediate zone of the spinal cord suggests that this network may play an
      important role in the integration of the central and peripheral vegetative
      nervous system as well as probably in the integration of the somatic and the
      vegetative nervous system.

PMID- 2410488
TI  - [Types of neurons in the visual cortex of the rat, identified in Nissl- and
      deimpregnated Golgi preparations].
AB  - Neuronal types of the rat's visual cortex were identified in Nissl stained and
      deimpregnated Golgi sections (rapid Golgi method modified by Fairen et al. 1977,
      Golgi-Bubenaite, Golgi-Kopsch and modified by Braitenberg; deimpregnation after
      FAIREN et al. 1977 and Braak and Braak 1982, respectively). Cytoplasm and nucleus
      become visible in deimpregnated neurons and can then be counter-stained with
      methylene blue or toluidin blue. Somal and nuclear features of Nissl stained and
      deimpregnated neurons were compared. Provided that these features as well as the
      specific localization, the relative size and the shape of the soma agree the
      neurons are identical. We could find that the following neuronal types are
      identical in Golgi and Nissl stained sections: pyramidal cells of layers II-VI,
      pyramid-like neurons of layers VI and VII (VIa, b, c) (type C, Werner et al.
      1982), multiangular neurons of layer I (type A, Werner et al. 1982), spiny
      stellate cells of layer IV, sparsely spined neurons with ascending axons
      (Martinotti cells) (type H, Werner et al. 1982), large and medium-sized spine
      free, multipolar neurons (basket cells) (type B, Werner et al. 1982). Bipolar
      neurons and chandelier cells are identical with neurons poor in cytoplasm (types
      E, F, G, Werner et al. 1982). Until today two neuronal types could not be
      identified: type D of L I (Werner et al. 1982) and small, sparsely-spined neurons
      of layer IV with variable axons (Hedlich and Winkelmann 1982; Hedlich et al.
      1984). Characteristics of somata, dendrites and axons of neurons identified in
      this paper are summarized in table 1. In most cases, these findings confirm
      earlier suppositions concerning the identity of neuronal types of the rat's
      visual cortex in Golgi and Nissl stained sections (Werner et al. 1979) and verify
      the values of their frequency and distribution pattern (Werner et al. 1982).

PMID- 2410489
TI  - Distinguishing rat brainstem reticulospinal nuclei by their neuronal morphology.
      I. Medullary nuclei.
AB  - While cytoarchitectonic and hodological investigations suggest that the brainstem
      reticulospinal nuclei (BRN) are complexly organized, previous Golgi studies
      claimed that BRN comprise a homogeneous population with respect to neuronal
      morphology. To determine whether this is indeed the case, neurons of the various
      BRN of adult albino or hooded rats were either backfilled with horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP) from spinal injections, stained with a Nissl method or
      impregnated with a Golgi-Kopsch variant. The results suggest that at least
      thirteen BRN can be distinguished in the medulla. Some medullary BRN contain
      neurons whose dendritic arborizations (DA) are radially symmetric (e.g., nucleus
      reticularis (NR) ventralis pars beta (RVb), NR gigantocellularis (RGc) and
      nucleus raphe magnus (RaM]. Some BRN contain neurons whose DA exhibit a
      pronounced dorsomedial to ventrolateral slant (e.g., NR dorsalis (RD) and NR
      parvocellularis (RPc). The DA of NR paragigantocellularis dorsalis (RPgcd)
      neurons tend to course dorsally. The DA of nucleus raphe obscurus (RaO) neurons
      course vertically, while those of NR magnocellularis pars alpha (RMca) and NR
      magnocellularis pars beta (RMcb) course horizontally. The DA of NR ventralis pars
      alpha (RVa) may be oriented horizontally also, but sometimes slant from
      dorsolateral to ventromedial. The DA of NR paramedianus neurons (RPm) are
      cruciform. The neurons of NR paragigantocellularis lateralis (RPgcl) and of the
      nucleus raphe pallidus (RaP) exhibit a variety of DA patterns. The neurons of RD,
      RVa, RMcb and RMca project to the spinal cord with a strong ipsilateral
      predominance, while those of RVb, RPgcl and RGc project to the spinal cord with a
      weak ipsilateral predominance. The axons of RPc, RaO, RaP, and RaM neurons
      exhibit no lateral predominance. RPm neurons project to the cord with a weak
      contralateral predominance, and RPgcd neurons project to the cord with a strong
      contralateral predominance. Most medullary BRN project to the spinal cord via the
      medial longitudinal fasciculus (mlf) and sulcomarginal fasciculus. However,
      RPgcl, RMca and RMcb also project to the spinal cord via the lateral funiculus.
      The neurons of RD, RPm and RaM project to the spinal cord exclusively via the
      lateral or dorsolateral funiculus. Since the various medullary BRN are
      distinguishable on the basis of neuronal morphology, they may play distinct roles
      in brainstem modulation of spinal motor, sensory or autonomic activity.

PMID- 2410490
TI  - On the heterogeneity of Purkinje neurons in vertebrates. Cytochemical and
      morphological studies of chromatin during eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) life cycle.
AB  - The relationship between the heterogeneity of Purkinje cell chromatin and the
      functional involvement of cerebellum has been analyzed comparing two stages of
      eel life cycle (yellow eel and silver eel) which are characterized by a different
      degree of swimming activity. The DNA content and the chromatin condensation have
      been studied by means of microdensitometry (Feulgen-DNA, Feulgen-DNA/area),
      microfluorometry (DNA after intercalation with Propidium Iodide at low and high
      concentration) and electron microscopy. In the transition from the yellow eel to
      the silver eel, the Purkinje cell heterogeneity undergoes variations. In the
      silver eel, which shows a higher swimming activity, high Feulgen-DNA and
      Propidium Iodide-DNA (H2c to 4c) were more frequent and a greater heterogeneity
      in the chromatin condensation was observed. In particular, the changes were more
      evident in the lobus vestibulolateralis; mainly in this area, which receives
      inputs from the lateral line, the Purkinje cells are scattered in the molecular
      layer. On the contrary, in the yellow eel these large cells occupy the zone near
      or within the granular layer. The data suggest a relationship between the degree
      of heterogeneity of Purkinje cells and the afferent systems of the cerebellar
      areas examined. The changes of cerebellar cytoarchitectonics may be expression of
      the higher degree of the swimming activity of silver eel.

PMID- 2410491
TI  - Demonstration of cross-reactive antigens in F38 and related mycoplasmas by enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting.
AB  - The ELISA and an immunoblotting technique were used to study F38-type mycoplasmas
      - an important cause of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia - and a number of
      related mycoplasma species, subspecies, types or serogroups. Two-way ELISA cross
      reactivity was demonstrated between five mycoplasmas, namely strain F38,
      Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (LC strain), M. equigenitalium, M. primatum
      and bovine serogroup 7. In addition one-way cross-reactivity was demonstrated
      between F38 and each of the following mycoplasmas: M. mycoides subsp. mycoides
      (two SC strains), M. mycoides subsp. capri, and bovine serogroup L. F38 and M.
      capricolum did not cross-react. Immunoblot analysis, unlike ELISA, revealed that
      F38 and M. capricolum were closely related. At least four major protein antigens
      were shared between F38, M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (SC and LC strains), M.
      mycoides subsp. capri and bovine serogroup 7. The ELISA cross-reactions (above)
      shown by M. equigenitalium and M. primatum with each other, with F38 and with
      other mycoplasmas were not apparent by immunoblotting.

PMID- 2410492
TI  - Experiences with serology of Plesiomonas shigelloides. 1. O-antigenic structure.
AB  - With a set of 30 O-antisera, O-antigens were identified in 80% of 158 Plesiomonas
      shigelloides strains. Only strains of one serovar (018) regularly contained
      capsular antigen that caused their inagglutinability in the live state. Two
      groups of serovars displayed some O-antigenic relationship: 03 and 029; 08, 011
      and 012. Each serovar in either group possessed a specific O-antigen and "group
      common" minor antigens, which were designated I, II and III. Serovar 017
      possessed O-antigen identical with that of Shigella sonnei phase I; this serovar
      was the most frequent one. Some serovars seemed to be ubiquitous; this was
      indicated by their wide geographic distribution and findings in man, domestic and
      feral animals, and water.

PMID- 2410493
TI  - Na-Ca exchange in vascular smooth muscle.
AB  - The above section makes it clear that even if an Na-Ca exchange exists in
      vascular smooth muscles, the clear involvement of Na ions in the generation of
      tension can in many cases be explained by the operation of mechanisms other than
      Na-Ca exchange. Readers who have got this far may still be unclear whether we
      believe that smooth muscle cells do possess the exchange mechanism or not. In the
      next section we will briefly describe two more recent approaches which have
      convinced us that at least some smooth muscles do possess an Na-Ca exchange
      mechanism, one involving isolated smooth muscle membranes and the mechanisms they
      possess for transporting Ca, and one using ion-sensitive microelectrodes to
      follow in more detail changes in intracellular Na activity and membrane potential
      that occur when the extracellular ionic environment is manipulated.

PMID- 2410494
TI  - 5-Azacytidine treatment of a murine cytotoxic T cell line alters interferon-gamma
      gene induction by interleukin 2.

PMID- 2410495
TI  - Defining cytolytic T lymphocyte recognition of chemically modified self. I.
      Response to trinitrophenyl-H-2Kk.
AB  - We used purified class I antigen incorporated into liposomes to examine the
      response of secondary cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) to chemically modified self.
      By generating the secondary response in the presence of T cell helper factor, the
      level of CTL response was limited by CTL recognition of added antigen rather than
      by helper cell generation of lymphokines. We found a strong secondary response
      against chemically modified self when spleen cells from trinitrophenyl (TNP)
      primed C3H/HeJ mice were stimulated with a) TNP-modified liposomes containing H
      2Kk, b) liposomes containing H-2Kk purified from TNP-modified RDM-4 (H-2k) cells,
      or c) liposomes containing the limited trypsin proteolysis product of H-2Kk that
      had been directly modified with TNP. In contrast, we were not able to generate a
      significant CTL response with unmodified H-2Kk incorporated into vesicles along
      with TNP-modified membrane components lacking H-2Kk. These results suggest that
      TNP-modified H-2Kk is a major antigenic site recognized by CTL from C3H/HeJ mice
      after priming against TNP-modified self.

PMID- 2410496
TI  - T cell activation via CD2 [T, gp50] molecules: accessory cells are required to
      trigger T cell activation via CD2-D66 plus CD2-9.6/T11(1) epitopes.
AB  - Binding monoclonal antibodies (MAb) both to D66 and 9.6/T11(1) epitopes on the
      CD2 [T,gp50]-defined molecule produces a high level of T cell mitosis. This was
      observed with a battery of MAb of different isotypes. In contrast, none of the
      anti-D66 or anti-9.6/T11(1)Ab could trigger T cell proliferation in combination
      with anti-T11(3). Moreover, all anti-D66-9.6/T11(1) pairs of MAb tested required
      monocytes to activate T cells which were recruited through their Fc receptors.
      Variations among normal individuals were observed in the level of response to
      anti-D66-9.6/T11(1) pairs of Ab, 75% of a population of French Caucasians giving
      a high response. The level of response of a given individual was determined by
      his accessory cells. However, the level of response of an individual appeared to
      be minimally influenced by the isotype of a peculiar anti-D66 or anti-9.6/T11(1)
      Ab. The addition of exogeneous IL 2 could overcome the removal of accessory cells
      or the modulation of CD3 molecules. In contrast, IL 2 receptor appearance was not
      overcome by removal of monocytes. Thus, T cell activation via CD2 seems to be
      produced by "touching" several definite regions of this molecule which trigger a
      cascade of events similar to those produced by mitogenic lectins. One can assume
      that the appropriate conformational changes of the CD2 molecule induced by anti
      D66-9.6/T11(1) pairs of Ab are solely produced when they are presented by
      accessory cells. This leaves open the question of whether accessory cells would
      also play a more active role.

PMID- 2410497
TI  - GVHR elicited by products of class I or class II loci of the MHC: analysis of the
      response of mouse T lymphocytes to products of class I and class II loci of the
      MHC in correlation with GVHR-induced mortality, medullary aplasia, and
      enteropathy.
AB  - A lethal graft-vs-host reaction (GVHR) was elicited by the injection into
      irradiated (700 rad) mice, reconstituted with T-depleted bone marrow cells (BM),
      of T lymphocytes incompatible for different loci of the major histocompatibility
      complex (MHC). The number of T cells needed to kill more than 50% of the
      recipients by day 40 was about 10(6) for GVHR elicited across the product of the
      K, D, or E locus, but about 10(5)--10--fold less-when the A locus was involved.
      The mortality was associated with a medullary aplasia in all strain combinations,
      but enteropathy was observed only in GVHR elicited by the products of class II,
      and not class I, loci. Mortality and medullary aplasia were diminished or absent
      in recipients reconstituted with BM cells from T cell donors instead of cells of
      the host genotype, which suggests a direct (cytolytic) T-hematopoietic cell
      interaction. Lymphoproliferation was evident within the host spleen and lymph
      node 5 days after injection of T lymphocytes incompatible for class II but not
      class I loci. Spleens from mice suffering from a lethal GVHR were examined by
      culture in limiting dilution to evaluate the frequency of anti-host T cells and
      to derive anti-host T cell clones and lines, whose properties were explored. In
      the GVHR elicited across the A or E region of the MHC, examined between days 7
      and 19, a high frequency (10(-2] of anti-host cells was observed. The polyclonal
      cell lines isolated (16) all displayed MLR responsiveness, antigen-driven IL 2
      production, and cytolysis for LPS blasts of the host genotype. However, among 13
      clones isolated, two categories were observed: Lyt-2-, which were MLR responders
      and IL 2 producers (four of 13), and Lyt-2+, which were cytolytic but neither MLR
      responders nor IL 2 producers (nine of 13). In the GVHR elicited by the K or D
      region, examined between days 7 and 90, the frequency of anti-host cells was low
      (10(3) to 10(4], with a tendency to decrease during the progression of the
      disease. The lines (11) or clones (26) isolated from different mice were all Lyt
      2+ and strongly cytolytic but proliferated poorly and produced no IL 2 in MLR.
      These findings suggest that the Lyt-2+ lymphocytes, recognizing the products of
      the class I loci, function in vivo without proliferation and without requiring
      helper T cells. Cell lines specific for class I or class II loci of the MHC
      produced interferon and colony-stimulating factors.

PMID- 2410498
TI  - Antigen presentation by hapten-specific B lymphocytes. II. Specificity and
      properties of antigen-presenting B lymphocytes, and function of immunoglobulin
      receptors.
AB  - The studies described in this paper were designed to examine the ability of
      hapten-binding murine B lymphocytes to present hapten-protein conjugates to
      protein antigen-specific, Ia-restricted T cell hybridomas. BALB/c B cells
      specific for TNP or FITC presented hapten-modified proteins (TNP-G1 phi, TNP-OVA,
      or FITC-OVA) to the relevant T cell hybridomas at concentrations below 0.1
      microgram/ml. Effective presentation of the same antigens by B lymphocyte
      depleted splenocytes, and of unmodified proteins by either hapten-binding B cells
      or Ig spleen cells, required about 10(3)-to 10(4)-fold higher concentrations of
      antigen. The use of two different haptens and two carrier proteins showed that
      this extremely efficient presentation of antigen was highly specific, with hapten
      specificity being a property of the B cells and carrier specificity of the
      responding T cells. The presentation of hapten-proteins by hapten-binding B
      lymphocytes was radiosensitive and was not affected by the depletion of plastic
      adherent cells, suggesting that conventional APCs (macrophages or dendritic
      cells) are not required in this phenomenon. Antigen-pulsing and antibody-blocking
      experiments showed that this hapten-specific antigen presentation required
      initial binding of antigen to surface Ig receptors. Moreover, linked recognition
      of hapten and carrier determinants was required, but these recognition events
      could be temporally separated. Finally, an antigen-processing step was found to
      be necessary, and this step was disrupted by ionizing radiation. These data
      suggest a role for B cell surface Ig in providing a specific high-affinity
      receptor to allow efficient uptake or focusing of antigen for its subsequent
      processing and presentation to T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2410499
TI  - Molecular events in B cell activation. I. Signals required to stimulate G0 to G1
      transition of resting B lymphocytes.
AB  - Anti-immunoglobulin antibodies (anti-Ig) can stimulate a majority of resting B
      cells via their receptor Ig. Evidence suggests that the signals generated after
      this ligand-receptor interaction may be transduced via hydrolysis of inositol
      phospholipids. In other systems, the ability of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis
      to link receptor-ligand interactions to subsequent activational events has been
      suggested to relate to the ability of metabolic intermediates of this hydrolytic
      process to facilitate activation of protein kinase C and mobilization of Ca+2. In
      this study, we investigated the importance of protein kinase C and Ca+2
      mobilization in the signaling mechanism by which anti-Ig drives B cells to
      undergo G0 to G1 transition. Our results show that pharmacologic inhibition of
      either protein kinase C activity or channel-mediated Ca+2 influx completely
      abrogates the increase in RNA synthesis associated with B cell activation after
      stimulation by anti-Ig. This suggests that pathways leading to both protein
      kinase C activation and elevation of intracellular Ca+2 are critical for receptor
      Ig-mediated G0 to G1 transition. Furthermore, studies in which anti-Ig-induced
      signaling could be bypassed by directly facilitating Ca+2 mobilization and
      protein kinase C activation using Ca+2 ionophore and phorbol diester show that
      these events are sufficient to drive the majority of resting B cells into G1 in
      the absence of additional signaling from accessory cells or extra-cellular
      factors. However, like anti-Ig-induced stimulation, Ca+2 ionophore and phorbol
      diester are relatively inefficient in driving B cells that have entered G1 into S
      phase. We discuss the relevance of these results towards the transduction
      mechanism linking B cell membrane-associated Ig-generated signals with subsequent
      activation events.

PMID- 2410500
TI  - Failure of PFC inhibition assays to distinguish idiotypically between clonotypes
      that are readily distinguishable by RIA analysis.
AB  - Two different hemolytic plaque assay protocols that are commonly used to
      quantitate idiotype-positive antibody-secreting cells have been compared to a
      standard radioimmunoassay (RIA) to test for their ability to discriminate between
      related, but idiotypically distinct, clonotypes. The idiotype proband used in
      this analysis is the individual specific idiotype associated with the dextran
      binding myeloma protein M104E (M104E IdI). Antibodies specific for this private
      idiotype (anti-M104E IdI) were purified by a combination of adsorption and
      affinity chromatography of the immunoglobulin fraction isolated from the sera of
      rabbits repeatedly immunized with M104E. The same affinity-purified anti-M104E
      IdI antibodies were used in the hemolytic plaque assays and in the RIA. In one of
      the plaque assays, the putative idiotype-positive antibody-forming cells were
      scored by lysis of target erythrocytes to which the anti-idiotype had been
      covalently coupled. In the other plaque assay, the idiotype-positive cells were
      determined indirectly by anti-idiotype inhibition of PFC produced on dextran
      coupled target erythrocytes. The fidelity of these two assays to quantitate the
      M104E private idiotype expression in individual BALB/c mice after a single
      immunization with dextran B-1355S was determined by comparing the plaque assay
      data to the data generated by a double-antibody, post-precipitation RIA of either
      the antibodies in the serum or of monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridomas.
      Our data indicate that both plaque assay protocols reflect an overestimate of the
      actual expression of M104E private idiotype. By using a library of dextran
      specific hybridomas (that have been characterized in an RIA with respect to their
      M104E IdI cross-reactivity), we have shown that the PFC overestimate of the M104E
      expression observed in dextran-immune mice is due to the inability of both plaque
      assay protocols to distinguish between dextran-specific clonotypes that express
      idiotypes cross-reactive with, but not identical to, the 104E IdI. We conclude
      that the plaque assay should be used only in conjunction with an RIA to estimate
      the idiotype expression. This is especially true in situations where closely
      related cross-reactive idiotype families exist.

PMID- 2410501
TI  - Antibody response of BALB/c mice to dextran B1355S: alterations in the expression
      of an idiotype associated with the depletion of idiotype-binding cells.
AB  - In this study, we established that BALB/c mice recognize and respond to the
      idiotype (M104E IdI) of a major dextran-specific clonotype within the BALB/c
      mouse repertoire. This idiotype recognition is established by demonstrating the
      presence of idiotype-binding cells and by the production of antibodies specific
      for the private M104E idiotype. To determine whether or not the idiotype
      recognizing cells play a regulatory role during an immune response to dextran,
      the idiotype-binding cells were selectively removed either by panning or by
      radiation-induced killing. Two significant effects are observed when the depleted
      spleen cells are immunized with dextran. First, there is a substantial increase
      in the proportion of anti-dextran antibodies that are M104E IdI+. The second
      effect of the idiotype-specific cell depletion is the production of significant
      amounts of M104E IdI+ immunoglobulin molecules which do not bind dextran. The
      depletion experiments produced no alteration in the concentration of anti-dextran
      antibodies found in the serum or in the number of dextran-specific PFC in the
      spleen. The data indicate that idiotype-reactive cells can play a role in
      regulating the level of individual clonotype expression (i.e., the M104E
      clonotype), but that an alternative mechanism must exist for regulating the
      absolute amount of anti-dextran antibody produced after immunization.

PMID- 2410502
TI  - Association between the Ro and La antigenic determinants: immunodiffusion
      analysis of human spleen extract.
AB  - The Ro (SS-A) and La (SS-B) antigenic determinants appear to be related to one
      another because of the frequent coincidence of spontaneous anti-Ro and anti-La in
      the same autoimmune sera, and because of a tendency of the Ro and La
      immunoprecipitin lines in double immunodiffusion analysis to fuse. We have
      developed an enzyme immunodiffusion staining (EIS) procedure that permitted us to
      identify the specific antigenic determinants found in an immunoprecipitin line.
      By using this technique with human spleen extract, we showed that the Ro and La
      particles are found together as a complex, as well as individually. The EIS
      technique insured that our results were not confounded by lack of monospecificity
      of our autoantibody and antigenic reagents. Ro-La antigenic complexes exist at
      physiologic pH, and are dissociated by high ionic strength. They may be formed in
      vivo either intracellularly or extracellularly. Such Ro-La complexes could be
      immunogenic, and thereby might account for the frequent coincidence of the anti
      La and anti-Ro autoantibody specificities.

PMID- 2410503
TI  - Reactivity of anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis:
      definition of two novel mitochondrial polypeptide autoantigens.
AB  - Sera that contained autoantibodies to mitochondria (AMA) by immunofluorescence
      were examined by immunoblotting for reactivity with mitochondrial polypeptides
      from various mammalian species, yeast, and E. coli. Mitochondrial polypeptides
      were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were immobilized on
      nitrocellulose, and were exposed to sera. The sera tested included 18 AMA
      positive sera from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), two AMA
      positive sera from patients without PBC, and 53 AMA-negative sera. All AMA
      positive sera reacted with either one or the other, or usually both of two human
      mitochondrial polypeptides of 70 kilodalton (kD) and 45 kD. The 53 AMA-negative
      sera were not reactive with the 70 kD polypeptide, but six reacted with the 45 kD
      polypeptide. The reactivity of the 70 kD and the 45 kD polypeptide was destroyed
      by brief exposure to trypsin. The counterpart of the 70 kD reactive polypeptide
      in human mitochondria was a 65 to 70 kD polypeptide in rat and mouse
      mitochondria, and a 55 kD polypeptide in yeast and in E. coli. The apparent 45 kD
      polypeptide was similar in all mitochondrial preparations tested, but no
      counterpart could be identified in E. coli. Beef heart mitochondria were used to
      show that the reactive polypeptides were present in a semipurified preparation of
      the F1 portion of mitochondrial H+ ATPase; however, sera did not react with the
      beta subunit of ATPase, proposed as a candidate mitochondrial autoantigen. The
      present molecular characterization of two particular antigens should lead to the
      more precise identification of these antigens, and also to a clearer insight into
      the pathogenesis of PBC.

PMID- 2410504
TI  - Lipopolysaccharide receptors on lymphocytes. I. Lack of immunologic recognition
      of a putative LPS receptor on LPS-responder lymphocytes by LPS-nonresponder mice.
AB  - We have examined the potential immunogenicity of viable lymphocytes from
      C3HeB/FeJ responder mice adoptively transferred into congenic nonirradiated
      C3H/HeJ nonresponder mice. Immunologic rejection or acceptance of donor cells was
      employed as indirect evidence for the presence or absence of an antigenically
      distinct "LPS receptor" present on donor lymphocytes. Immunogenicity was
      evaluated by in vitro assessment of the subsequent proliferative response of
      recipient splenocytes to protein-free LPS after multiple i.p. injections of
      responder lymphocytes. Control experiments have made use of syngeneic donor
      lymphocytes differing immunologically by the presence of the H-Y minor
      histocompatibility antigen. The results of these experiments provide evidence for
      the concept that if the phenotypic difference between LPS responder and
      nonresponder mice is also expressed antigenically in the form of an LPS receptor,
      that antigenic difference is significantly less immunogenic than a minor
      histocompatibility antigen.

PMID- 2410505
TI  - Carbohydrate determinants associated with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).
AB  - The reactivities of eight purified preparations of carcinoembryonic antigen with
      monoclonal antibodies directed to tumor-associated carbohydrate determinants have
      been studied. All eight preparations showed strong reactivities with AH6, which
      defines Y structure (Fuc alpha 1----2Gal beta 1----4[Fuc alpha 1----3] GlcNAc
      beta 1----R), whereas only a few preparations showed reactivity with FH4-defining
      dimeric X determinants, (Gal beta 1----4 [Fuc alpha 1----3]GlcNAc beta 1----3Gal
      beta 1----4 [Fuc alpha 1----3]GlcNA beta 1----3Gal beta 1----R). No other
      antibodies tested showed any reactivity with these preparations. These
      carbohydrate markers associated with carcinoembryonic antigen will be useful to
      enhance the diagnostic value of the antigen.

PMID- 2410506
TI  - Analysis of idiotope variability as a function of distance from the binding site
      for anti-streptococcal group A carbohydrate antibodies.
AB  - We have extended our analysis of rat monoclonal anti-idiotopes (anti-Id) specific
      for previously mapped binding site-associated (distal) and less-or nonbinding
      site-associated (proximal) idiotopes on a murine monoclonal anti-streptococcal
      group A carbohydrate (GAC) antibody. By utilizing other monoclonal anti-GAC
      antibodies and anti-idiotypic antibodies as radiolabeled probands in both
      competitive and direct radioimmunoassays, we have detected previously unsuspected
      reactivities of some of the anti-Id. Although the anti-Id recognizing the most
      proximal idiotopes manifest relatively narrow ranges of binding strengths for
      anti-GAC antibodies, the anti-Id recognizing the most distal idiotopes display
      broader, more continuous distributions of binding strengths. These results
      suggest that mimicry of antigen structure by anti-Id might best be understood
      from a quantitative perspective, and that idiotopes intimately associated with
      binding sites display a broader range of variants than those not associated with
      binding sites. In addition, for one monoclonal anti-Id recognizing a distal
      determinant, changing the radiolabeled proband in inhibition radioimmunoassays
      results in dramatic changes in relative inhibitory efficacies for certain anti
      GAC antibody inhibitors. This observation suggests the possibility that this anti
      Id represents an example of a multispecific (polyfunctional) anti-idiotypic
      antibody.

PMID- 2410508
TI  - A reevaluation of rabbit anti-allotype antibody for the presence of cross
      reactive idiotypes. I. A species-specific idiotype on rabbit anti-a1 antibody is
      recognized by guinea pig anti-IdX antibody.
AB  - Rabbit reagents previously thought to display specificity for a cross-reactive
      idiotype on anti-VHa allotype antibody from all tested rabbits have recently been
      shown to be contaminated with an induced (latent) molecule similar or identical
      to the original antigen (rabbit a1 or a2 allotype). In an attempt to circumvent
      this problem, we have immunized guinea pigs with rabbit anti-a1 allotype antibody
      to produce heterologous anti-idiotype antibody. The resulting guinea pig antibody
      (GP anti-R IdX) recognizes anti-a1 antibody from each of 17 immunized rabbits,
      and in four tested samples reacts with 22 to 100% of the molecules. Neither goat
      nor guinea pig anti-a1 reacts with the guinea pig anti-R IdX antibody, even
      though the goat, guinea pig, and rabbit anti-a1 Ab all recognize a similar set of
      a1 determinants. The reaction between IdX-bearing rabbit anti-a1 and guinea pig
      anti-R IdX is inhibited by the original antigen (a1 IgG), demonstrating that the
      IdX is at or near the antigen combining site of anti-a1 antibody. Immunoelectron
      microscopy of immune complexes supports this conclusion and demonstrates that the
      reactive site on the GP anti-R IdX is at or near its antigen combining site.

PMID- 2410507
TI  - Characteristics of a monoclonal antibody (WT-31) that recognizes a common epitope
      on the human T cell receptor for antigen.
AB  - We describe a monoclonal antibody, WT-31, that reacted with all human T
      lymphocytes. Electrophoretic analysis of the material reacting with WT-31
      revealed that it precipitated predominantly an 80-kD disulfide-linked heterodimer
      from the cell surface-labeled T leukemic cell line HPB-ALL. This heterodimer was
      identical to the one precipitated with a recently described monoclonal reagent,
      T40/25, which recognizes a clonotypic structure on HPB-ALL. The target antigen of
      WT-31 comodulated with T3 after incubation of T cells with excess anti-T3
      antibody, indicating that the WT-31 target antigen is associated with T3. We also
      found that anti-T3 reagents, but not the clonotypic reagent T40/25, blocked
      binding of FITC-labeled WT-31 to HPB-ALL cells. This indicates that the T cell
      receptor epitope recognized by WT-31 is located close to the epitopes recognized
      by the anti-T3 reagents anti-Leu-4 and SPV-T3b but distal from the clonotypic
      T40/25 epitope. Functional studies showed that WT-31 reacts similar to anti-T3
      antibodies. It is mitogenic for resting T cells, blocks cytolysis mediated by
      alloantigen-specific CTL clones, and induces antigen-nonspecific cytolysis by CTL
      clones against Daudi target cells. WT-31 did not inhibit the formation of
      conjugates, but it blocked cytolysis just before or during the Ca2++-dependent
      programming for lysis. We conclude that WT-31 is an antibody that recognizes a
      common determinant on the T cell receptor for antigen. The present results
      support the notion that the two chains of the T cell receptor (alpha and beta)
      form a functional protein ensemble with the three invariable T3 polypeptide
      chains (T3-gamma-, delta-, epsilon).

PMID- 2410510
TI  - Detection of a neoantigen on human C3bi and C3d by monoclonal antibody.
AB  - A neoantigen was detected on human C3bi and C3d by using the monoclonal antibody
      (MoAb) 130. The antibody bound to EC3bi and EC3d cells but not to EC3b. Although
      highly purified C3bi or C3d strongly inhibited the binding of the antibody to
      EC3d, highly purified C3c had no such effect. Native C3, C3b, or C3(H2O)
      inhibited this binding only weakly. The neoantigen was also detected in serum
      after activation with zymosan or heat-aggregated IgG, and it was found bound to
      the aggregated IgG and zymosan particles. Plasma samples from patients with
      immunologic disorders were tested for this neoantigen, and 25 out of 43 samples
      tested were found to have levels of neoantigen corresponding to 2 to 11.5%
      complement activation, whereas 13 out of 14 normal donor plasmas contained
      amounts of neoantigen indicating much less than 1% complement activation.

PMID- 2410509
TI  - A reevaluation of rabbit anti-allotype antibody for the presence of cross
      reactive idiotypes. II. Expression of rabbit a1-like images on goat antibody
      after immunization with anti-a1 antibody.
AB  - In an effort to generate heterologous anti-idiotype (Ab2) molecules to a
      suspected IdX on rabbit anti-a1 antibody (Ab1), goats were immunized with either
      rabbit or guinea pig Ab1. The goat Ab2 preparations reacted with each of 13
      rabbit Ab1, as well as two goat Ab1 samples in serologic assays. From 8 to 50% of
      the molecules in purified rabbit Ab1 preparations reacted with each goat Ab2.
      Electron microscopy of immune complexes composed of rabbit Fab anti-a1 and goat
      Ab2 reveals that the Fab anti-a1 binds to the side of the variable region of most
      goat Ab2 molecules, rather than at the tip (i.e. in the CDR) as expected. This
      configuration indicates that the goat Ab2 actually represents a population of
      induced or enhanced Ig molecules expressing a1-like allotypic or isotypic
      determinants, rather than an anti-IdX Ab or a paratope-associated internal image
      of a1.

PMID- 2410511
TI  - The histologic and functional characterization of enzymatically dispersed
      intestinal mast cells of nonhuman primates: effects of secretagogues and anti
      allergic drugs on histamine secretion.
AB  - Despite the apparent involvement of gastrointestinal mast cells in
      hypersensitivity reactions in the mucosa, remarkably little information is
      available concerning the characteristics of these cells from man and higher
      animals. To study the characteristics of gastrointestinal mast cells from
      nonhuman primates, a previously described technique which uses a combination of
      mechanical and enzymatic methods to obtain mast cells from the tissues of rodents
      required modification to permit the successful dispersion of normal
      gastrointestinal tissues of higher animals. This modified procedure, as described
      in this report, appears to be relatively selective for mast cells located in the
      mucosal site, and typically yields ca 9 X 10(5) mast cells per gram of tissue.
      The mucosal mast cells obtained comprised ca 2% of the total nucleated cells,
      contained approximately 1 pg of histamine per cell, and stained metachromatically
      with toluidine blue only at low pH. The cells exhibited a dose-dependent release
      of histamine on challenge with goat anti-human IgE or the ionophores A23187 and
      Br-x537A but were refractory to the action of compound 48/80. IgE-mediated
      histamine release from monkey intestinal mast cells differed from that observed
      from rat intestinal mast cells in that release was inhibited not only by
      quercetin but also by theophylline. Disodium cromoglycate gave variable results.
      The data indicate that viable nonhuman primate mucosal mast cells can be obtained
      for study, and that these cells, although sharing some characteristics of mucosal
      mast cells from lower species, have distinct and unique properties. The
      availability of this nonhuman primate model for the study of mast cell function
      in higher animals should contribute to the understanding of mast cell-mediated
      diseases in man.

PMID- 2410512
TI  - A histamine-releasing factor from activated human mononuclear cells.
AB  - Human mononuclear cells activated by streptokinase-streptodornase have been shown
      to elaborate a factor capable of releasing histamine from human basophils. We
      have developed reproducible methods for its production in large quantities by
      using cells obtained from leukapheresis packs, by detection utilizing donor
      basophils known to release well with anti IgE, and by quantitation of histamine
      by the radioenzyme method. Human histamine-releasing factor (HRF) gave a single
      peak upon gel filtration with an estimated m.w. of 32,000; SDS gel
      electrophoresis revealed a single major band as seen at m.w. 30,000. HRF can be
      resolved into at least two forms separable by ion-exchange chromatography on QAE
      Sephadex, and two peaks of activity were obtained by chromatofocusing or
      isoelectric focusing in gels at pH 6.9 and between 7.4 and 8.3. This factor
      represents an important potential link between cellular immunity and immediate
      hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2410513
TI  - Interaction of alpha 1 with alpha 2 region in class I MHC proteins contributes
      determinants recognized by antibodies and cytotoxic T cells.
AB  - The structure-function relationship of individual coding regions of class I mouse
      major histocompatibility complex proteins was studied by a combination of
      recombinant DNA, gene transfer techniques, and serologic and functional
      characterization. To examine the role of alpha 1 and alpha 2 regions in antibody
      and CTL recognition, the third exon of H-2Dd, Kd, and Ld transplantation antigen
      genes was replaced by the homologous coding region of the Qa-2-coded class I
      gene, Q6. We have chosen to carry out the exon shuffling experiments between
      these two different types of class I genes, because they are structurally similar
      and did not evolve to carry out identical functions. Therefore, it is less likely
      that the hybrid proteins will fortuitously recreate alpha 1-alpha 2 controlled
      functionally important determinants. The replacement of H-2 alpha 2 coding region
      with its Q6 counterpart had different effects on the expression of the three
      genes. The mutant H-2Dd gene transfected into L cells was expressed at high
      levels and retained several of the serologic determinants found on parental H-2Dd
      and Q6 domains. The serologic epitopes on the mutant H-2Kd-transfected cells were
      detectable at very low levels, whereas the product of the mutant H-2Ld gene could
      not be identified at all. Analysis of cells transfected with mutant H-2Dd gene
      with alloreactive and minor antigen(s)-restricted cytotoxic T cells indicated
      that the hybrid proteins lost the ability to be recognized by T cells. Our data
      suggest that cytotoxic T cells recognize conformational determinants composed of
      amino acids from alpha 1 and alpha 2 regions. Alternatively, it could be proposed
      that T cell recognition sites located in a single alpha 1 or alpha 2 protein
      region are susceptible to distortion upon alpha 1-alpha 2 interactions. Such
      susceptibility to conformational changes of the amino-terminal domain of
      transplantation antigens could be of functional importance for H-2-restricted
      antigen presentation.

PMID- 2410514
TI  - The major histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen receptor on T cells: the
      genetics of expression of an allotype.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody KJ16-133 binds an allelic determinant expressed on the
      antigen-specific, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted receptors on
      approximately 20% of T cells in most mouse strains. The locus controlling the
      presence or absence of the determinant mapped 9.8 +/- 2.2 centimorgans from the
      Igk/Ly-2 locus on chromosome 6 in mice, and may be the beta-chain locus. Other
      genetic loci were identified that controlled the frequency of cells that
      expressed the allele in positive mice. One of these was the MHC itself, which may
      control expression of the beta-chain allele by controlling T cell repertoire. The
      identity of the other, as yet unmapped locus is unknown. KJ16-133 was used to
      show that T cell receptor gene products are expressed in a manner consistent with
      allelic exclusion.

PMID- 2410515
TI  - A radioimmunoassay for thymosin alpha 1 that detects the native polypeptide,
      prothymosin alpha.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay, developed for thymosin alpha 1, can also be utilized for the
      quantitation of the intact native polypeptide, prothymosin alpha, which contains
      the thymosin alpha 1 sequence at its NH2-terminus (Haritos et al., 1984a). The
      major epitope was characterized and found to include residues 1-10 at the NH2
      terminus of thymosin alpha 1. As little as 5 pmol of prothymosin alpha can be
      detected in tissue extracts with this radioimmunoassay.

PMID- 2410516
TI  - [What is the use of the radioimmunoassay of prostatic acid phosphatase?].
AB  - Radioimmunoassay (RIA) of prostatic acid phosphatases (PAP) using the Gammadab
      (R) PAP pack supplied by Clinical Assays in an effective method for determining
      extension of prostatic cancer. In patients with lymph node or metastatic invasion
      serum assay values are almost always elevated (sensitivity = 94%), especially
      with well differentiated cancer. Elevated levels of this variable are practically
      pathognomonic of external extension (specificity = 94%). This is of importance in
      therapy since the degree of invasion determines the choice between palliative and
      curative treatment. Strategy leading to this therapeutic choice can be greatly
      simplified and thus modified by RIA of PAP.

PMID- 2410517
TI  - [Clinical results of intra-aortic balloon pumping in 51 patients following
      cardiac surgery].

PMID- 2410518
TI  - [A new method of vital staining of the conduction system].

PMID- 2410519
TI  - [Clinical value of immunotherapy for gynecological cancer by BRM (biological
      response modifier)].

PMID- 2410520
TI  - Relapse rate and incidence of dapsone resistance in lepromatous leprosy patients
      in Addis Ababa: risk factors and effect of short-term supplementary treatment.
AB  - A clinical trial was initiated at ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to study the
      effect of one-year supplementary treatment on the incidence of dapsone-resistant
      leprosy in lepromatous patients already on dapsone monotherapy. A total of 806
      patients on dapsone therapy were assigned to one of four groups. The first group
      served as a control group, the second received a combination tablet of
      thiacetazone and INH (Thiazina) daily for 12 months, the third group received
      Thiazina daily for 12 months plus rifampin daily during months 1 and 7, and the
      fourth group received rifampin daily during months 1 and 7 but no Thiazina.
      Eighty-three percent of the patients were followed for five years after
      discontinuation of the supplementary treatment. The annual incidence of relapses
      and dapsone-resistant leprosy in the control group appeared to be 2.3% and 0.7%,
      respectively. The Thiazina treatment had no significant effect on either the
      overall relapse rate or the incidence of dapsone-resistant leprosy. The rifampin
      treatment, on the other hand, did significantly lower the relapse rate and only a
      single case of dapsone resistance was detected. A high incidence of relapse was
      found in young female patients. Nineteen of the 45 relapsed patients were
      bacteriologically negative at the start of the supplementary treatment and six
      had already been negative for over five years.

PMID- 2410521
TI  - [Antigenicity of alumina ceramic and calcium phosphate ceramics--genetic control
      of the immune response].
AB  - Antigenicity of alumina ceramic, hydroxyapatite ceramic and tricalcium phosphate
      ceramic was studied by induction of footpad swelling in C57BL/6 mice immunized by
      ceramics with Freund's complete adjuvant. Significant footpad swelling was
      observed in mice immunized with tricalcium phosphate ceramic at 2 and 4 weeks
      after immunization. Antigenic specificity was demonstrated between tricalcium
      phosphate ceramic and fetal bovine serum in crisscross. Time course of the
      reaction suggested that delayed-type hypersensitivity played an important role in
      footpad swelling. These results indicate that tricalcium phosphate ceramic has
      antigenicity to C57BL/6 mice. Antigenicity of alumina ceramic and hydroxyapatite
      ceramic was not demonstrated in this study. A positive footpad reaction to
      tricalcium phosphate ceramic was shown in C57BL/10 (H-2b) and C57BL/10 X BR (H
      2k), but was not observed in C57BL/10 X D2(H-2d). These results suggest that this
      response to tricalcium phosphate ceramic was under control by a gene located
      within the major histocompatibility complex.

PMID- 2410522
TI  - Low rate of bone formation with or without histologic appearance of osteomalacia
      in patients with aluminum intoxication.
AB  - We analyzed transiliac bone biopsy specimens obtained after tetracycline double
      labeling from 24 patients with aluminum-related bone disease who had undergone
      long-term hemodialysis. The specimens were selected by the following criteria: Al
      deposits at the mineralization fronts, a dramatic reduction in double-labeled
      surfaces, reflecting a low mineralization rate, and a significant increase in
      osteoid volume and osteoid surfaces. The bone formation rate at the tissue level
      and at the basic multicellular unit level was decreased in all patients.
      Seventeen biopsy specimens (group 1) showed morphologic and dynamic evidence of
      osteomalacia, as defined by an increase in the osteoid seam thickness and a
      decreased mineralization rate. In one specimen from group 1, thickened osteoid
      seams were present only in a small part of the specimen. In seven specimens
      (group 2), the osteoid seam thickness index was normal, indicating "aplastic
      bone." Two specimens from group 2, however, showed morphologic and dynamic
      evidence of focal osteomalacia either in trabecular or in cortical bone.
      Specimens from group 2 patients differed from those in group 1 in their
      significantly lower values of osteoid volume and lower levels of serum alkaline
      phosphatase and parathyroid hormone. These data show that the absence of
      significant increase in osteoid seam thickness and the focal distribution of
      thickened osteoid seams in patients with Al overload and low rate of bone
      formation reflect the marked reduction of bone matrix formation at the cellular
      level. It is suggested that low parathyroid activity might play a role in the
      reduction of bone matrix formation.

PMID- 2410523
TI  - Impaired cell-mediated immunity in hemophilia. II. Persistence of subclinical
      immunodeficiency and enhancement of natural killer activity by lymphokines.
AB  - We performed follow-up studies in 11 patients with asymptomatic classic
      hemophilia, who on initial study 8 to 12 months previously had demonstrated
      abnormalities of lymphocyte phenotype and function. Although all subjects
      remained well, diminished lymphocyte proliferative responses, natural killer
      activity, and decreased ratios of OKT4 helper/OKT8 suppressor lymphocytes
      persisted. Moreover, the absolute number of OKT4 helper lymphocytes fell in the
      patients from a mean of 745 +/- 73/microliter in the first study to 585 +/-
      50/microliter in the follow-up study, which was lower than the control value of
      857 +/- 87 (P less than 0.02). Despite diminished natural killer activity,
      patients with hemophilia had at least normal numbers of natural killer cells as
      determined by the presence of the OKM1 antigens and Giemsa staining to identify
      large granular lymphocytes. Patients with hemophilia had more Leu 11a-positive
      cells than controls. Lymphocyte binding to tumor targets was not diminished, and
      removal of adherent cells did not increase patients' natural killer activity to
      control levels. Incubation of patients' lymphocytes with alpha-interferon, gamma
      interferon, or interleukin-2 resulted in enhancement of natural killer activity
      but did not reach control levels. Thus the diminished natural killer activity in
      patients with hemophilia retained responsiveness to lymphokines and was caused
      either by an intrinsic or acquired defect in the natural killer cell or by
      modulation by a nonadherent cell. Subclinical immunodeficiency in patients with
      hemophilia is not transient and is associated with a diminished number of OKT4
      helper cells, a finding often associated with clinical immunodeficiency.

PMID- 2410524
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to rat C apolipoproteins: production and characterization
      of a unique antibody whose binding to apoC-I is inhibited by nonionic detergents.
AB  - Four monoclonal antibodies to rat apo (apolipoproteins) C were produced. Three of
      the monoclonals reacted to apoC-I and one to apoC-III. The IgG monoclonals LRB 21
      and LRB 45 recognized a spatially close together or identical apoC-I epitope. The
      monoclonal LRB 80, however, recognized an epitope that is close to, but distinct
      from, that recognized by LRB 45 and LRB 21. The antibody LRB 45 recognized an
      apoC-I epitope that is specific for rat apoC-I, and the antibody did not cross
      react with dog or human lipoproteins. Rat apoC-I could be detected in all
      lipoprotein density fractions, but not in the d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction.
      Freezing and thawing of serum did not alter the antibody antigen binding.
      However, lipolysis of whole serum resulted in a 30% increase in antigenic epitope
      expression. Antibody antigen reaction could be inhibited by subcritical micellar
      concentration of nonionic detergents. The inhibition was specific but could be
      partially reversed if lipid-containing serum was used as a dilution buffer. On
      feeding animals a diet of olive oil and cholesterol for 2 weeks, apoC-I levels
      decreased.

PMID- 2410525
TI  - The management of maxillo-facial injuries in vagrant alcoholics.
AB  - 12 cases of serious complications of mandibular fractures in 16 vagrant alcohol
      dependent patients are described. Psycho-social and metabolic factors contributed
      to the high frequency of infections, including osteomyelitis. The severe
      difficulties encountered in the treatment of patients with mandibular fractures
      and alcoholism are discussed.

PMID- 2410526
TI  - Lupus autoantibodies target ribosomal P proteins.
AB  - All nine SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) sera with antiribosomal antibody
      activity targeted the same three ribosomal protein antigens, of molecular masses
      38 and 17/19 kD when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and Western blotting. One serum reacted with an additional
      protein of approximately kD. Ribosomal subunit fractionation by composite gel
      electrophoresis and sucrose density ultracentrifugation showed that these
      proteins were part of the large subunit. Isoelectric focusing in agarose, and two
      dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the antigens had pI
      between 4.5 and 6.5, but that the 17/19 kD antigens were more acidic than the 38
      kD antigen. Similarities in the molecular masses, charges, as well as the
      presence of highly conserved crossreactive epitopes, failure to bind to
      carboxymethylcellulose at pH 4.2, and extractability of the 17/19 kD proteins by
      400 mM NH4Cl-ethanol at 0 degrees C indicated that these antigens were analogous
      to the proteins P0 (38 kD) and P1/P2 (17/19 kD) described previously (25, 36). Co
      identity was confirmed using reference antibodies and antigen. Although
      antibodies to these proteins were only found in 5-10% of more than 50 sera
      screened by radioimmunoassay or Western blotting, the selective production of
      antibodies to epitopes on three (out of a total of more than 80) ribosomal
      proteins may provide further clues to autoantibody induction of SLE.

PMID- 2410527
TI  - Characterization of human rheumatoid factors with seven antiidiotypes induced by
      synthetic hypervariable region peptides.
AB  - Recently, we have used synthetic peptides corresponding to the complementarity
      determining regions (CDR) of Ig molecules to induce antiidiotypic antisera.
      Peptide PSH3, representing the third CDR of the IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) Sie
      heavy (H) chain, induced a private antiidiotype that reacted with only one out of
      five IgM-RF. Peptide PSL2, corresponding to the second CDR of Sie light (L)
      chain, induced an antibody against a crossreactive idiotype (CRI), expressed by
      10 out of 12 human IgM-RF analyzed. Herein, we report that five additional
      antiidiotypic antibodies were generated by immunization with synthetic peptides
      identical to the third L chain CDR of IgM-RF Sie (PSL3), the second and third H
      chain CDR of IgM-RF Wol, and the second and third CDR of IgM-RF Pom. As analyzed
      by immunoblot assay, both anti-PSL3 and anti-PSL2 reacted with the majority of 16
      IgM-RF. In contrast, all five antiidiotypes induced by the H chain peptides
      reacted only with the parent proteins, except anti-PSH3, which reacted weakly
      with one additional RF. These results suggest that one (or very few) VL gene(s),
      but a larger number of VH genes, are used to encode IgM-RF autoantibodies.

PMID- 2410528
TI  - Gamma interferon is the lymphokine and beta interferon the monokine responsible
      for inhibition of fibroblast collagen production and late but not early
      fibroblast proliferation.
AB  - Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells activated with concanavalin A (Con A) or
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produce, respectively, lymphokines (LK) of 50,000 Mr or
      monokines (MK) of 20,000 Mr that inhibit the growth and collagen production of
      cultured human dermal fibroblasts. Because antigenic typing of the antiviral
      activity of these LK and MK preparations revealed that LK contained mainly gamma
      interferon (IFN-gamma), and MK, primarily IFN-beta, we investigated if any of the
      fibroblast-inhibiting activities could be attributed to human IFN. Unlike LK and
      MK, which act within 24 h to inhibit the growth of subconfluent foreskin and
      adult dermal fibroblasts, samples of purified, natural derived IFN-alpha, -beta,
      and -gamma and recombinant DNA-derived IFN-alpha 2 and -gamma were ineffective
      inhibitors at 24 h and required 48-72 h to significantly inhibit growth. However,
      all IFN did mimic LK/MK action in causing concentration-dependent inhibition of
      collagen production by confluent fibroblast microcultures. Furthermore, the
      collagen production-inhibiting activity of Con A-induced LK supernatant and its
      50,000 Mr fraction was completely suppressed by 10(3) neutralizing U/ml of either
      polyclonal or monoclonal antibody to IFN-gamma, while polyclonal antibodies to
      IFN-alpha and -beta had no effect. Similarly, the collagen production-inhibiting
      activity of LPS-induced MK supernatant and its 20,000 Mr fraction was suppressed
      by polyclonal anti-IFN-beta but not by anti-IFN-alpha or -gamma. Anti-IFN failed
      to reverse early-acting LK or MK growth-inhibiting activities. These data suggest
      collagen production-inhibiting LK and MK are IFN-gamma and IFN-beta,
      respectively, and that early acting, growth-inhibiting LK and MK are not IFN.

PMID- 2410529
TI  - Human natural anti-alpha-galactosyl IgG. II. The specific recognition of alpha (1
      ---3)-linked galactose residues.
AB  - A natural IgG antibody (anti-Gal) with alpha-galactosyl binding specificity has
      been found in large amounts (0.5 - 1.0% of serum IgG) in all individuals tested.
      It has been purified by affinity chromatography on a column of melibiose
      Sepharose. In addition to its affinity for normal and pathological senescent
      human red cells, the antibody readily interacts with rabbit red blood cell (RRBC)
      glycolipids with alpha-galactosyl terminal residues. Two types (glycosidic
      linkages of 1----3 vs. 1----4) of rabbit red cells glycolipids with terminal
      alpha-galactosyl residues were tested for antibody binding. The antibody
      specifically bound to glycolipids with Gal alpha 1----3 terminal residues, and
      treatment of these glycolipids with alpha-galactosidase abolished binding.
      Hemagglutination inhibition studies with oligosaccharides of known structure also
      showed that the antibody binds specifically to glycoconjugates with an alpha 1---
      3 terminal galactose residue. Anti-Gal did not bind to a human B-active
      glycolipid, indicating that fucose-linked alpha 1----2 to the penultimate
      galactose prevents anti-Gal binding. The anti-Gal specificity for RRBC
      glycolipids also paralleled that of the alpha-galactosyl-specific Bandeiraea
      simplicifolia lectin. The possible reasons for the occurrence of this unique
      antibody in human serum are discussed.

PMID- 2410530
TI  - Epitopes of streptococcal M proteins shared with cardiac myosin.
AB  - We present evidence that M proteins from three different serotypes of group A
      streptococci share epitopes with cardiac myosin. Rabbit antisera evoked by a
      purified fragment of type 5 M protein crossreacted with myosin, but not alpha
      tropomyosin, actin, or myosin light chains. In enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assays, the myosin-crossreactive antibodies were totally inhibited by type 5 M
      protein and partially inhibited by types 6 and 19 M proteins. The affinity
      purified myosin antibodies opsonized type 5 streptococci, indicating that they
      were directed against protective M protein epitopes on the surface of the
      organisms. Immunoblot analyses demonstrated the binding of the crossreactive
      antibodies to myosin heavy chains. Sera from patients with acute rheumatic fever
      showed significantly stronger reactions with myosin than did sera from their
      siblings, hospitalized controls, or patients with poststreptococcal
      glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2410531
TI  - Expression of murine Lm-1 locus. Lm-1 determinants on lymphocytes and
      macrophages, and effects of Lm-1 incompatibility on bone marrow grafts.
AB  - Lm-1 is an Igh-linked locus that codes for cell surface alloantigens (Lm-1
      determinants) recognized by T lymphocytes. Using Lm-1 congenic strains and cold
      target inhibition of anti-Lm-1-specific lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, we were
      able to demonstrate differential expression of two distinct Lm-1 antigenic
      determinants. One determinant is expressed on the surface of T cell blasts, the
      other on a number of pre-B cell lines. Both determinants are present on B cell
      blasts. Macrophages also bear Lm-1 determinants, and possibly express a
      determinant not found on lymphocytes. Fibroblasts, (unstimulated) thymocytes, and
      immature T cells lack detectable Lm-1 determinants. These data indicate that
      expression of the Lm-1 locus is dependent on cell lineage and the stage of cell
      differentiation or activation. We propose that Lm-1 is a lymphocyte-macrophage
      differentiation locus containing a number of structurally and functionally
      related genes. Evidence was presented that Lm-1 may also serve as a
      histocompatibility locus of major importance for bone marrow transplantation.
      Specifically, when Lm-1-incompatible bone marrow cells and spleen cells (from
      normal or anti-Lm-1 immune mice) were transplanted into X-irradiated recipients,
      the maturation and/or function of bone marrow-derived donor B cells was delayed
      or inhibited.

PMID- 2410532
TI  - Collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Localization of an arthritogenic determinant
      to a fragment of the type II collagen molecule.
AB  - Purified chick type II collagen was cleaved with cyanogen bromide (CB), and the
      resulting peptides isolated and renatured. Sera from arthritic DBA/1 mice,
      immunized with chick type II collagen, were tested for reactivity with each
      peptide. The sera preferentially recognized peptides 11, 10, and 8, in that
      order. Some reactivity was also detected to peptides 9, 7, and 12. Because
      arthritis depends upon binding of antibody to autologous type II collagen in the
      joint, sera were also tested for reactivity with mouse type II collagen. There
      was a strong positive correlation between reactivity with peptide 11 and
      reactivity with mouse collagen, but no correlation was found with any of the
      other peptides. Peptides 11, 10, and 8 were also used for immunization.
      Antibodies were detected in response to each of these peptides, but arthritis
      developed only in mice immunized with peptide 11. We conclude that a major
      immunogenic and arthritogenic epitope on type II collagen resides in the region
      of the molecule represented by CB peptide 11.

PMID- 2410533
TI  - Pilus- gonococcal variants. Evidence for multiple forms of piliation control.
AB  - Pilus+ to pilus- transitions of gonococci (Gc) that involve rearrangement of
      pilin gene DNA yield the P-n phenotype, which is incapable of reversion (to
      pilus+). Reversion to pilus+ is found for nonpiliated Gc that have undergone no
      apparent pilin gene rearrangement. Among the reverting, nonpiliated Gc, two
      distinct phenotypes (P-rp- and P-rp+) occur and are differentiated according to
      their synthesis (or lack) of pilin subunits; both P-rp- and P-rp+ Gc contain
      pilin-specific mRNA. The occurrence of these different pilus- phenotypes strongly
      suggests that several mechanisms can account for changes in the piliation status
      of Gc; one of these involves pilin gene rearrangement but the others apparently
      operate at posttranscriptional levels. Reverting pilus- Gc may have a pathogenic
      advantage in being able to reversibly alter their host cell adherence-promoting
      surface properties through high frequency transitions in piliation status.

PMID- 2410535
TI  - [Reference intervals for serum amylase isoenzymes in normal adults].

PMID- 2410534
TI  - Antigen valence determines the binding of nominal antigen to cytolytic T cell
      clones.
AB  - We have shown that cytotoxic T cell clones specific for the nominal antigen FL
      will bind high molecular weight (600,000 to 2,000,000) polyacrylamide and Ficoll
      polymers conjugated with 200-600 FL groups per molecule. Low molecular weight
      polymers (40,000) with the same epitope density did not give stable binding. A
      high molecular weight polymer with a lower epitope density also failed to bind.
      Taken together, these results suggest that a substantial degree of multivalence
      is a necessary factor in the stable binding of nominal antigen to T cell clones.

PMID- 2410536
TI  - The influence of chemical agents on the level of ionized [Ca2+] in squid axons.
AB  - Squid giant axons injected with either aequorin or arsenazo III and bathed in 3
      mM Ca (Na) seawater were transferred to 3 mM Ca (K) seawater and the response of
      the aequorin light or the change in the absorbance of arsenazo III was followed.
      These experimental conditions were chosen because they measure the change in the
      rate of Na/Ca exchange in introducing Ca into the axon upon depolarization; [Ca]o
      is too low to effect a channel-based system of Ca entry. This procedure was
      applied to axons treated with a variety of compounds that have been implicated as
      inhibitors of Na/Ca exchange. The result obtained was that the substances tested
      could be placed in three groups. (a) Substances that were without effect on Ca
      entry effected by Na/Ca exchange were: D600 at 10-100 microM, nitrendipine at 1-5
      microM, Ba2+ and Mg2+ at concentrations of 10-50 mM, lidocaine at 0.1-10 mM,
      cyanide at 2 mM, adriamycin at a concentration of 3 microM, chloradenosine at 35
      microM, 2,4-diaminopyridine at 1 mM, Cs+ at 45-90 mM, and tetrodotoxin at 10(-7).
      (b) Substances that had a significant inhibitory effect on Na/Ca exchange were:
      Mn2+, Cd2+, and La3+ at 1-50 mM, and quinidine at 50 microM. (c) There were also
      blocking agents and biochemical inhibitors whose action appeared to be the
      inhibition of nonmitochondrial Ca buffering in axoplasm rather than an inhibition
      of Na/Ca exchange. These were the general anesthetic l-octanol at 0.1 mM and 1 mM
      orthovanadate plus apyrase.

PMID- 2410537
TI  - Electrophysiology of flounder intestinal mucosa. I. Conductance properties of the
      cellular and paracellular pathways.
AB  - We evaluated the conductances for ion flow across the cellular and paracellular
      pathways of flounder intestine using microelectrode techniques and ion
      replacement studies. Apical membrane conductance properties are dominated by the
      presence of Ba-sensitive K channels. An elevated mucosal solution K
      concentration, [K]m, depolarized the apical membrane potential (psi a) and, at
      [K]m less than 40 mM, the K dependence of psi a was abolished by 1-2 mM mucosal
      Ba. The basolateral membrane displayed Cl conductance behavior, as evidenced by
      depolarization of the basolateral membrane potential (psi b) with reduced serosal
      Cl concentrations, [Cl]s. psi b was unaffected by changes in [K]s or [Na]s. From
      the effect of mucosal Ba on transepithelial K selectivity, we estimated that
      paracellular conductance (Gp) normally accounts for 96% of transepithelial
      conductance (Gt). The high Gp attenuates the contribution of the cellular pathway
      to psi t while permitting the apical K and basolateral Cl conductances to
      influence the electrical potential differences across both membranes. Thus, psi a
      and psi b (approximately 60 mV, inside negative) lie between the equilibrium
      potentials for K (76 mV) and Cl (40 mV), thereby establishing driving forces for
      K secretion across the apical membrane and Cl absorption across the basolateral
      membrane. Equivalent circuit analysis suggests that apical conductance (Ga
      approximately equal to 5 mS/cm2) is sufficient to account for the observed rate
      of K secretion, but that basolateral conductance (Gb approximately equal to 1.5
      mS/cm2) would account for only 50% of net Cl absorption. This, together with our
      failure to detect a basolateral K conductance, suggests that Cl absorption across
      this barrier involves KCl co-transport.

PMID- 2410538
TI  - Electrophysiology of flounder intestinal mucosa. II. Relation of the electrical
      potential profile to coupled NaCl absorption.
AB  - We characterized the hyperpolarization of the electrical potential profile of
      flounder intestinal cells that accompanies inhibition of NaCl cotransport.
      Several observations indicate that hyperpolarization of psi a and psi b (delta
      psi a,b) results from inhibition of NaCl entry across the apical membrane: (a)
      the response was elicited by replacement of mucosal solution Cl or Na by
      nontransported ions, and (b) mucosal bumetanide or serosal cGMP, inhibitors of
      NaCl influx, elicited delta psi a,b and decreased the transepithelial potential
      (psi t) in parallel. Regardless of initial values, psi a and psi b approached the
      equilibrium potential for K (EK) so that in the steady state following inhibition
      of NaCl entry, psi a approximately equal to psi b approximately equal to ECl
      approximately equal to EK. Bumetanide decreased cell Cl activity (aClc) toward
      equilibrium levels. Bumetanide and cGMP decreased the fractional apical membrane
      resistance (fRa), increased the slope of the relation of psi a to [K]m, and
      decreased cellular conductance (Gc) by approximately 85%, which indicates a
      marked increase in basolateral membrane conductance (Gb). Since the basolateral
      membrane normally shows a high conductance to Cl, a direct relation between
      apical salt entry and GClb is suggested by these findings. As judged by the
      response to bumetanide or ion replacement in the presence of mucosal Ba,
      inhibition of Na/K/Cl co-transport alone is not sufficient to elicit delta psi
      a,b. This suggests the presence of a parallel NaCl co-transport mechanism that
      may be activated when Na/K/Cl co-transport is compromised. The delta psi a,b
      response to reduced apical NaCl entry would assist in maintaining the driving
      force for Na-coupled amino acid uptake across the apical membrane as luminal
      [NaCl] falls during absorption.

PMID- 2410539
TI  - Extracellular K+ activity changes related to electroretinogram components. II.
      Rabbit (E-type) retinas.
AB  - Electroretinogram (ERG) and extracellular potassium activity (K+o) measurements
      were carried out in isolated superfused rabbit eyecup preparations under control
      conditions and during the application of pharmacological agents that selectively
      modify the light-responsive retinal network. Light-evoked K+o changes in the
      rabbit (E-type) retina resemble those previously described in amphibian (I-type)
      retinas. Different components of the light-evoked K+o changes can be
      distinguished on the bases of retinal depth, V vs. log I properties, and their
      responses to pharmacological agents. We find two separable sources of light
      evoked increases in extracellular K+: a proximal source and a distal source. The
      properties of the distal light-evoked K+o increase are consistent with the
      hypothesis that it initiates a K+-mediated current through Muller cells that is
      detected as the primary voltage of the electroretinographic b-wave. These
      experiments also support previous studies indicating that both the corneal
      positive component of c-wave and the corneal-negative slow PIII potential result
      from K+-mediated influences on, respectively, the retinal pigment epithelium and
      Muller cells.

PMID- 2410540
TI  - Electroneutral Na-H exchange does not depolarize the resting membrane potential.

PMID- 2410541
TI  - Effect of gramicidin S on the transcription system of the producer Bacillus
      brevis Nagano.
AB  - The effect of the peptide antibiotic gramicidin S, produced by Bacillus brevis
      Nagano, was tested on the transcription system of the producer by using in vivo,
      semi in vitro and in vitro systems for studies of RNA synthesis. The effects of
      other peptide antibiotics (linear gramicidin, tyrocidine and tyrothricin) were
      also tested for comparison. It was found that (a) RNA polymerase isolated from
      either gramicidin S-producing or non-producing strains had a similar structure
      and requirements and that (b) the presence of gramicidin S caused a very strong
      inhibition of the in vitro transcription system. We present evidence that this
      inhibition is most probably through formation of a complex between the antibiotic
      and the DNA. In vivo studies indicate that transcription during growth and
      sporulation is not affected by gramicidin S and the implication is made that
      gramicidin S inhibits transcription during germination and outgrowth.

PMID- 2410542
TI  - Competence-specific autolysis in Streptococcus sanguis.
AB  - Streptococcus sanguis strain Wicky activated to competence for genetic
      transformation is known to undergo a rapid decrease in optical density upon
      transfer to an alkaline buffer containing reducing agents. We studied the
      mechanism of this autolysis-like process and made the following observations. The
      process was specific because preincubation of the competence inducing factor with
      a specific inactivating protein prevented both cellular lysis and acquisition of
      competence for genetic transformation. The optical density decrease of competent
      bacteria involved the release of a large fraction of intracellular protein, RNA
      and lipid. However, no hydrolysis of phospholipid and no degradation of cell wall
      polymers including peptidoglycan could be detected. No peptidoglycan hydrolase
      activity capable of degrading radiolabelled S. sanguis cell walls was detected in
      unfractionated S. sanguis extracts. It is suggested that autolysis of competent
      S. sanguis involves the activity of a novel type of murein hydrolase that
      introduces only a limited number of bond breaks into the peptidoglycan.

PMID- 2410543
TI  - The phylogenetic position of Streptococcus and Enterococcus.
AB  - Streptococcus pyogenes, S. equinus, S. bovis, S. salivarius, S. sanguis, S.
      mutans, S. rattus, S. cricetus, S. lactis, S. raffinolactis and Enterococcus
      faecalis have been characterized by oligonucleotide cataloguing of their 16S
      ribosomal RNA. All the organisms form a loose but coherent group that is
      phylogenetically equivalent to those of lactobacilli, bacilli, the Brochothrix
      and Listeria group, and related taxa that constitute one of several sublines
      within the 'Clostridium' branch of Gram-positive eubacteria. Within the
      Steptococcus-Enterococcus group, organisms fall into three moderately related
      clusters defined by Enterococcus, the lactic acid streptococci and streptococci
      of the pyogenic and oral groups, respectively.

PMID- 2410544
TI  - Association of resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to killing by human phagocytes
      with outer-membrane proteins of about 20 kilodaltons.
AB  - The determinant(s) of gonococcal resistance to killing by human phagocytes has
      been extracted from outer membrane vesicles (OMV) of a phagocyte-resistant
      strain, BS4 (agar), with sodium cholate (1%, w/v). The extracts, like the OMV,
      nullified the effect of antiserum raised against whole BS4 (agar) to promote
      intracellular killing of the latter by human peripheral blood phagocytes.
      Fractionation of the extract on Sephadex G75 produced an active fraction with
      much less protein and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) than in the original extract.
      Furthermore, crude LPS prepared from the resistant gonococci was inactive. These
      results imply that the factor(s) promoting intracellular resistance is a protein.
      SDS-PAGE of the active fraction suggested that the factor was not a principal
      outer membrane protein nor one of three proteins previously thought to be
      associated with resistance. In contrast to a similar preparation from a phagocyte
      susceptible strain, BSSH, the active fraction from BS4 (agar) showed faintly
      staining proteins in the regions of 20 and 60 kDal. When eluted from the gels,
      the former but not the latter neutralized the above effect of antisera, thus
      associating the 20 kDal protein(s) with resistance to intracellular killing.

PMID- 2410545
TI  - Immunochemical studies on the lipoteichoic acids of Bifidobacterium bifidum
      subsp. pennsylvanicum.
AB  - Antisera to lipoteichoic acid of Bifidobacterium bifidum subsp. pennsylvanicum
      were obtained by injecting lipoteichoic acid/methylated BSA complexes into
      rabbits. Precipitin tests showed that the glycerol phosphate backbone is
      primarily responsible for serological specificity while the polysaccharide part
      of the molecule plays a minor role. Whole cells of B. bifidum subsp.
      pennsylvanicum were capable of absorbing antibodies, indicating the presence of
      lipoteichoic acid (14% of the total content) at or near the bacterial surface.
      Cross-reactivity with strains of the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus was
      tested using absorption of antiserum by whole bacteria and reactivity of phenol
      extracts. The results indicated that lipoteichoic acid is a common antigen within
      the genus Bifidobacterium. The cross-reactivity with the lactobacilli tested was
      very low.

PMID- 2410546
TI  - Ultrastructure of bacilli and the bacillary origin of the macrophagic inclusions
      in Whipple's disease.
AB  - An electron microscopic and cytochemical study of the Whipple bacillus in jejunal
      biopsies from three untreated patients was made using fixation procedures
      developed for the satisfactory preservation of bacterial ultrastructure. The
      envelopes of the normal-looking bacilli present free in the lamina propria
      consisted of the following layers. (i) A cytoplasmic membrane with a triple
      layered profile and a mean thickness (peak-to-peak distance) of 6.08 nm. (ii) A
      thick (20 nm) cell wall containing peptidoglycan; the wall had a hitherto
      undescribed inner layer that contained polysaccharides, possibly teichoic acids.
      (iii) Surrounding the cell wall, a surface membrane with a symmetric profile and
      a mean peak-to-peak distance of 4.74 nm. The ultrastructural pattern of the
      Whipple bacillus wall corresponds to that of Gram-positive bacteria, but with an
      additional surface membrane. This membrane is different from the outer membrane
      of Gram-negative bacteria because it has a symmetric profile, is thinner and has
      no periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive components. Normal-looking bacilli were
      seen very rarely inside jejunal macrophages, but degenerating bacteria were
      abundant in these phagocytes. Electron microscopy and ultrastructural
      cytochemistry of Whipple bacilli inside jejunal macrophages of the three
      untreated patients showed that the degenerative process is a sequence that leads
      to the loss of bacillary forms and to the accumulation of bacterial remnants
      resistant to degradation by the macrophage. These remnants correspond to the
      innermost, polysaccharide-containing portion of the bacillus wall. The
      progressive accumulation of these PAS-positive wall remnants is the origin of the
      intramacrophagic inclusions that are important in the histological diagnosis of
      Whipple's disease. The reported results indicate that in the three patients
      studied, the Whipple bacillus multiplies extracellularly, the bacteria that are
      phagocytosed by macrophages being degraded.

PMID- 2410547
TI  - Preliminary characterization of an antibiotic produced by Xanthomonas albilineans
      which inhibits DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Chlorosis-inducing isolates of Xanthomonas albilineans, the sugarcane leaf scald
      pathogen, produced a mixture of antibacterial compounds in culture. The
      antibiotic mixture, which eluted as a single strongly retarded peak from Sephadex
      LH-20 in methanol, was bactericidal to Escherichia coli. Inhibition of E. coli
      was not reversed by added nutrients, and affected cells were not lysed but many
      accumulated polyphosphate granules. The major antibacterial component, isolated
      in crystalline form after HPLC, is given the trivial name albicidin. Near the
      minimum inhibitory concentration, albicidin caused a complete block to DNA
      synthesis, followed by partial inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis, as
      assessed by incorporation of radioactive precursors. Spontaneous antibiotic
      resistant mutants of E. coli showed no cross-resistance between albicidin and
      inhibitors of either subunit of DNA gyrase. Mixing albicidin with purified DNA
      from E. coli did not alter the thermal denaturation behaviour of the DNA, or the
      absorption spectrum of the antibiotic. PolA+ and PolA - strains of E. coli were
      equally sensitive to albicidin, indicating that the antibiotic does not bind to
      or modify DNA. Selective inhibition of DNA synthesis without evidence of DNA
      binding suggests a specific interaction of albicidin with an essential
      replication protein.

PMID- 2410548
TI  - Identification of an agent in cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus displaying anti
      phagocytic and immunomodulating activity in vitro.
AB  - When cultured in vitro, Aspergillus fumigatus generated a metabolite(s) with anti
      phagocytic activity as tested by macrophage adherence to plastic and phagocytosis
      of particulate matter. The metabolite(s) appeared after 3 d culture and reached a
      peak concentration after 5-6 d. The action of the anti-phagocytic agent(s) was
      rapid (5-15 min) and appeared not to alter membrane permeability or cause rapid
      cell death. Treatment of stimulator spleen cells with the agent(s) inhibited
      their ability to induce alloreactive and major histocompatibility complex
      restricted cytotoxic T cells. The metabolite(s) was chloroform-soluble and
      separated into three biologically active compounds on thin-layer chromatography.
      These compounds were purified greater than 1000-fold and one of them was
      identified as gliotoxin, a known metabolite of A. fumigatus, based upon NMR and
      IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, biological properties and other data.

PMID- 2410549
TI  - Examination of the immunological relationships between flaviviruses using yellow
      fever virus monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies prepared against vaccine strains of yellow fever (YF) virus
      were initially characterized by fluorescence microscopy of Vero cells infected
      with YF virus strain 17D. When similarly tested against representatives of all
      flavivirus subgroups, the antibodies produced a wide spectrum of reactions
      ranging from the monospecific to the broadly cross-reactive; at least five
      antigenic domains in the YF virus envelope glycoprotein were identified.
      Monoclonal antibodies differentiated between YF virus vaccine strains (17D, 17DD,
      FNV), wild-type viruses and plaque variants selected from a 17D pool. One isolate
      from a patient with YF was antigenically similar to the Brazilian vaccine strain
      17DD. Several of the antibodies reacting with the YF viral envelope glycoprotein
      in biological tests identified the 54K envelope glycoprotein; 45K and 26K
      polypeptides in YF 17D virus-infected cells were also identified by
      radioimmunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Neither of these
      polypeptides was found in uninfected cells. They may represent short-lived
      precursors of the 54K protein, post-translational cleavage or breakdown products.
      Other antibodies reacted with a 48K polypeptide in virus-infected cell lysates.
      This may be the non-structural NV3 protein described for YF virus. Its appearance
      on the surface of unfixed infected cells, but not on released virions, was
      demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy.

PMID- 2410550
TI  - Properties and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to Tacaribe virus.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies prepared against Tacaribe and Junin viruses have been used
      to define further the serological relationships between arenaviruses of the
      Tacaribe complex. A close relationship was found between these two viruses and
      the heterologous Amapari and Machupo viruses, with Pichinde virus and Parana
      virus being more distantly related. Among the antibodies specific for Tacaribe
      virus, five were found to react with viral antigens at the surface of infected
      cells and to neutralize virus infectivity in vitro. These five antibodies could
      be differentiated by competitive immunoassay as recognizing at least two
      antigenically distinct epitopes. The kinetics of reaction between antibody and
      virus were examined for all five neutralizing antibodies. One antibody (2.25.4)
      effectively neutralized all infectious virus. The remaining four directed against
      a second epitope gave significant persistent fractions which could be reduced by
      addition of complement, anti-mouse immunoglobulin, or antibody 2.25.4. Variants
      of Tacaribe virus resistant to neutralization by antibody 2.25.4 were obtained by
      growth in the presence of this antibody and neutralization kinetics were
      reexamined using the heterologous monoclonal neutralizing antibodies. Several
      different neutralization profiles were obtained, suggesting that point mutations
      resulted in conformational changes at topographically selected distinct epitopes
      recognized by the remaining antibodies.

PMID- 2410551
TI  - Characterization of major structural proteins of measles virus with monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - We have prepared and characterized monoclonal antibodies against five major
      structural proteins, i.e. the HA, P, NP, F and M proteins, of measles virus. At
      least three non-overlapping antigenic sites were delineated on the HA protein,
      three on the P, four on the NP, four on the F and five on the M proteins by
      competitive binding assays. Antigenic sites on the HA and F proteins roughly
      represented functional domains defined by serological tests. The reactivity of
      monoclonal antibodies with various measles virus strains including those from
      subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and other members of the morbillivirus
      family was studied by immunofluorescence. A monoclonal antibody or set of
      monoclonal antibodies to each of the antigenic sites showed a characteristic
      pattern of cross-reactivity with heterologous strains. The HA and NP proteins
      were antigenically the most variable, followed by the F and M proteins, while the
      P protein was relatively stable. None of the 14 anti-M monoclonal antibodies
      reacted with non-virus-producing SSPE cells, strongly suggesting the absence of M
      protein in these cells.

PMID- 2410552
TI  - Propagation and preliminary characterization of a chicken candidate calicivirus.
AB  - The present paper reports the propagation and partial characterization of calici
      like virus particles previously observed in gut homogenates obtained from stunted
      broiler chicks. Radiolabelling experiments with [3H]uridine showed that the virus
      possesses an RNA genome and that it can replicate in primary chick embryo
      fibroblasts in the presence of actinomycin D. In vivo studies showed that the
      virus can be serially passaged in specific pathogen-free chicks and virus
      particles can be recovered from the gut and excreta of infected birds. The
      morphological appearance and biophysical properties of the virus were similar to
      those of feline calicivirus, which supports the view that it should be
      tentatively classified as a member of the Caliciviridae.

PMID- 2410553
TI  - Phosphorylation of recombinant interferon-gamma by kinases released from various
      cells.
AB  - Recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in contact with human embryonic
      fibroblasts or with a great variety of cells from different animal species was
      phosphorylated in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP and magnesium ions by a protein
      kinase released in the culture medium. Using SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, we found that both the monomeric (17 000 to 18 000) and dimeric
      (34 000 to 35 000) molecular weight forms of IFN-gamma became intensely
      radioactive. Serine, but not threonine or tyrosine, was phosphorylated. It is of
      interest that the kinase released from reputedly insensitive cells also
      phosphorylated IFN-gamma. The process did not noticeably degrade the antiviral
      functions of the molecule nor did it affect, at least in a detectable manner, its
      anti-proliferative effect on WISH or Daudi cells. Furthermore, the antigenic
      structure and its capacity to react with monoclonal antibodies were also
      unaltered. It is presently not known which biological function is regulated by
      the phosphorylating process.

PMID- 2410554
TI  - Purification and characterization of the major envelope glycoprotein of simian
      foamy virus type 1.
AB  - Simian foamy virus type 1 (SFV-1), the prototype of the Spumavirinae, was
      subjected to disruption and serial purification procedures. Separation of SFV-1
      envelope components from viral cores was verified by electron microscopy, density
      gradient centrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After affinity
      chromatography of the envelope polypeptides on a concanavalin A-Sepharose column,
      a highly purified 70 000 mol. wt. protein was recovered. Glycosylation of this
      gp70 was confirmed by glucosamine labelling. Immunological studies with anti-SFV
      antisera confirmed the type-specificity of this envelope gp70.

PMID- 2410555
TI  - Characterization by Western blotting of the immunogens of infectious bursal
      disease virus.
AB  - The Australian isolate of infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus (002/73) was
      purified from infected bursae by rate-zonal and density-equilibrium
      centrifugation and characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two major
      polypeptides having approximate mol. wt. of 32 000 (32K) and 37K and three other
      polypeptides of approximate mol. wt. 29K, 41.5K and 91.5K were present in all
      preparations of virus having a buoyant density of 1.33 g/ml. Western blotting of
      the polypeptides of IBD virus showed that the initial antibody response of
      chickens infected with live virus or injected with an inactivated oil-emulsion
      vaccine was directed primarily towards the 32K polypeptide. Only sera obtained
      late in the response to live virus or following hyperimmunization contained
      antibodies recognizing the 29K, 37K and 41.5K polypeptides. An antibody response
      to the 91.5K polypeptide was not detected routinely by this technique. It was
      concluded that the 32K polypeptide is a major immunogen of IBD virus.

PMID- 2410556
TI  - The ribonucleotide reductase induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 involves
      minimally a complex of two polypeptides (136K and 38K).
AB  - Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encodes a polypeptide of apparent mol. wt.
      136 000 (Vmw136) known to be a component of the virus-specified ribonucleotide
      reductase. Monoclonal antibodies that precipitate this polypeptide also
      precipitate a polypeptide of mol. wt. 38 000 (Vmw38) from extracts of HSV-1
      infected cells. The basis for this co-precipitation has been investigated using a
      monoclonal antibody directed against Vmw136 and an oligopeptide-induced antiserum
      directed against the carboxy terminus of Vmw38. We have also made use of a
      temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of HSV-1 which maps within the sequences
      encoding Vmw136 and which induces a thermolabile ribonucleotide reductase. Our
      experiments show (i) Vmw136 and Vmw38 form a complex in infected cells and (ii)
      the mutation in the ts mutant results in the two polypeptides being unable to
      form the complex at the non-permissive temperature. We speculate that association
      of the two polypeptides is necessary for ribonucleotide reductase activity. No
      evidence was found for involvement of host proteins in the proposed virus-induced
      ribonucleotide reductase complex. The terms RR1 and RR2 are suggested for the
      large and small subunits of the HSV-induced enzyme.

PMID- 2410557
TI  - Myxovirus replication in chicken embryos can be suppressed by aprotinin due to
      the blockage of viral glycoprotein cleavage.
AB  - Injection of the protease inhibitor, aprotinin, into the allantoic cavity of
      embryonated eggs infected at low m.o.i. with different influenza viruses and
      paramyxoviruses markedly reduced multiplication by at least 100-fold. Under these
      conditions, most viral particles produced were non-infectious and contained
      uncleaved glycoproteins, presumably resulting from aprotinin suppression of
      protease activity.

PMID- 2410558
TI  - A mutant of fowl plague virus (influenza A) with an enhanced electrophoretic
      mobility of RNA segment 8.
AB  - A temperature-sensitive mutant (ts 1/9) obtained by undiluted passage of fowl
      plague virus (FPV) at 33 degrees C carried a strong ts defect in RNA segment 6
      [neuraminidase (NA) gene] and a weak ts defect in RNA segment 8 [non-structural
      (NS) protein Although the viral proteins have normal migration rates, the NS gene
      migrated during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) significantly faster
      than the NS gene of wild-type FPV, even after denaturation by glyoxal. Despite
      this observation, the NS gene of ts 1/9 did not carry a deletion as shown by
      sequence determination. There were only five base replacements which resulted in
      three changes in amino acids. Three of the base replacements led to a more
      compact secondary structure of RNA segment 8, which seems to be responsible for
      the faster migration rate during PAGE and which seems to resist, at least
      partially, the treatment with glyoxal.

PMID- 2410559
TI  - Antigenic determinants of influenza virus haemagglutinin. X. A comparison of the
      physical and antigenic properties of monomeric and trimeric forms.
AB  - Haemagglutinin prepared from influenza virus A/Memphis/1/71 by bromelain
      digestion was centrifuged through continuous sucrose gradients buffered at pH 7.4
      or pH 4.9. From these gradients were isolated two forms of the protein which
      displayed different equilibrium sedimentation properties. One species behaved as
      a molecule with a mol. wt. of 190 000, the other with a mol. wt. of 70 000. These
      results are consistent with the separation of trimeric and monomeric
      haemagglutinin. A comparison of their antigenic properties, using monoclonal
      antibodies raised against intact virus, showed that major antigenic differences
      occur between the two forms of haemagglutinin. None of the monoclonal antibodies
      reacted with haemagglutinin denatured by reduction and alkylation.

PMID- 2410560
TI  - [Genetic heterogeneity and pathology of congenital nephrotic syndrome and its
      significance in prenatal diagnosis].
AB  - Familial occurrence of congenital nephrotic syndrome (CN) has been most
      extensively studied in Finland where it is known to be inherited as an autosomal
      recessive disease. In this Finnish type of congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNF)
      prenatal diagnosis by alphafetoprotein (AFP) determination in the amniotic fluid
      has been reported to be conclusive. Within the last six years we observed 10
      cases of CN occurring in 5 families. In all patients renal histology has been
      studied. Although each family presented a different type of CN, the appearance
      within the same sibship was always identical.

PMID- 2410561
TI  - Measurement of 5-HIAA levels in ventricular CSF (by LCEC) and in striatum (by in
      vivo voltammetry) during pharmacological modifications of serotonin metabolism in
      the rat.
AB  - The relationship between the concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5
      HIAA) in the CSF and in the striatum has been evaluated in the rat by measuring
      the levels of this metabolite in ventricular CSF (by liquid chromatography
      coupled with electrochemical detection) and in the striatal extracellular fluid
      (by in vivo voltammetry) after administration of inhibitors of serotonin
      synthesis or degradation. Pargyline, NSD 1015 and alpha-propyldopacetamide all
      caused an exponential decline of 5-HIAA in both CSF and striatum. For a given
      drug, the rate constants for 5-HIAA disappearance were identical in the CSF and
      in the striatal extracellular fluid. These results confirm the view that CSF 5
      HIAA may serve as a good index of brain serotonin turnover.

PMID- 2410562
TI  - The measurement of changes in pH associated with electrochemically driven
      respiration in rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - Using an optically transparant thin layer electrode, it has been possible to
      measure the pH changes associated with the electrochemical turnover of horse
      heart cytochrome c in the presence of rat liver mitochondria and oxygen. Direct
      electrochemistry of cytochrome c at a gold electrode modified with bis(4
      pyridyl)bisulfide allowed electron flux (current) to be measured simultaneously
      with the differential change in absorbance associated with phenol red, a pH
      sensitive dye. Although the alkalinization due to the reduction of oxygen to
      water was readily observed, any initial acidification associated with proton
      pumping was not detected. It is suggested that at the high ratios of oxidized-to
      reduced cytochrome c present during the steady state attained, proton pumping may
      be absent or more localized.

PMID- 2410563
TI  - Characteristics and nature of redox-linked proton transfer reactions in
      cytochrome c oxidase of mitochondria.
AB  - A discussion is presented of the characteristics of proton transfer reactions
      associated to redox catalysis in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. These
      properties are examined in the light of the mechanisms proposed for the
      conversion of redox energy into a transmembrane proton gradient. It is concluded
      that this energy transfer process is first of all due to the anisotropic
      arrangement of the reduction of oxygen to H2O in the oxidase. The experimental
      observations available seem, on the other hand, to raise doubts on the capacity
      of cytochrome oxidase to function under steady-state conditions, in the native
      membrane, as a proton pump.

PMID- 2410564
TI  - What is the essential proton-translocating molecular machinery in cytochrome
      oxidase?
AB  - Pulses of O2 added to anaerobic mitochondria in the presence of antimycin, but in
      the absence of exogenous reductants, led to H+ translocation until the amount of
      oxidizing equivalents exceeded the number of endogenous reducing equivalents
      capable of rapid reduction of cytochrome oxidase. This demonstrates that either
      the heme of cytochrome alpha or that CuA is the redox center, the function of
      which is coupled to proton translocation in cytochrome oxidase. Chemical labeling
      of subunit III of cytochrome oxidase by dicyclocarbodiimide (DCCD), or removal of
      this subunit by treatment of the enzyme at high pH, results in loss of proton
      translocation by the isolated and membrane-reconstituted enzyme. Possible roles
      of subunit III in proton translocation are discussed.

PMID- 2410565
TI  - Action of DCCD on the H+/O stoichiometry of mitoplast cytochrome c oxidase.
AB  - The mechanistic H+/O ejection stoichiometry of the cytochrome c oxidase reaction
      in rat liver mitoplasts is close to 4 at level flow when the reduced oxidase is
      pulsed with O2. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) up to 30 nmol/mg protein fails to
      influence the rate of electron flow through the mitoplast oxidase, but inhibits
      H+ ejection. The inhibition of H+ ejection appears to be biphasic; ejection of 2
      3 H+ per O is completely inhibited by very low DCCD, whereas inhibition of the
      remaining H+ ejection requires very much higher concentrations of DCCD. This
      effect suggests the occurrence of two types of H+ pumps in the native cytochrome
      oxidase of mitoplasts.

PMID- 2410566
TI  - Molecular properties of reconstituted cytochrome c oxidase: new evidence supports
      vectorial proton translocation.

PMID- 2410567
TI  - The stoichiometry of H+ pumping in cytochrome oxidase and the mechanism of
      uncoupling.
AB  - It is suggested that loose coupling in free energy transducing organelles is due
      partly to leaks through the phospholipid bilayer (extrinsic uncoupling) and
      partly to "slipping" of the proton pumps (intrinsic uncoupling). The flow ratio
      of the redox pumps (JH/JO) measured at level flow is not affected by extrinsic
      uncoupling, but it will be lower the higher the extent of intrinsic uncoupling.
      During operation of cytochrome oxidase with ferrocyanide or N,N,N',N'-tetraphenyl
      p-phenylenediamine as substrates, the rate of resting respiration depends on
      substrate concentration and does not exhibit control by delta muH; the available
      data strongly suggest that the enzyme is intrinsically uncoupled to a high and
      variable (substrate concentration-dependent) extent. It is concluded that flow
      ratios (at level flows) provide underestimates of the cytochrome oxidase pump
      stoichiometry.

PMID- 2410568
TI  - Cytochrome c oxidase depleted of subunit III: proton-pumping, respiratory
      control, and pH dependence of the midpoint potential of cytochrome a.
AB  - An examination of respiratory control, proton pumping, and the pH dependence of
      the redox potential of cytochrome a is reported for subunit III-depleted rat
      liver cytochrome oxidase prepared by chromatography in laurylmaltoside. The
      results indicate a facilitating rather than essential role for subunit III in
      these properties related to energy conservation.

PMID- 2410569
TI  - Functional equivalence of monomeric (shark) and dimeric (bovine) cytochrome c
      oxidase.
AB  - Cytochrome c oxidase isolated from hammerhead shark red muscle is monomeric in
      relation to the dimeric form of isolated bovine cytochrome c oxidase but in other
      ways bears a close resemblance to the enzyme isolated from mammalian tissue [1,
      2]. Comparative studies of shark and bovine cytochrome c oxidase were extended to
      address the degree of functional similarity between the monomeric (shark) and
      dimeric (bovine) enzymes in the kinetics of peroxide binding and in the extent to
      which the catalytic action of the enzymes in vesicles can establish a proton
      gradient. Although the kinetics of peroxide binding and the proton pumping
      processes are complex, the dimeric and monomeric forms are quite similar with
      respect to these functional attributes. The kinetic heterogeneity of the process
      of peroxide binding is expressed in the shark enzyme as well as in the bovine
      enzyme, and both types of enzymes in vesicles can generate transmembrane proton
      gradients. On this basis we conclude that the dimeric state of isolated
      cytochrome c oxidase from mammalian sources is not essential for its function in
      vitro.

PMID- 2410570
TI  - Stopped-flow studies of cytochrome oxidase reconstituted into liposomes: proton
      pumping and control of activity.
AB  - The transient kinetics of proton pumping and the electron transfer properties of
      cytochrome oxidase inserted into small unilamellar vesicles have been
      investigated by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. In the presence of valinomycin,
      proton pumping and cytochrome c oxidation by cytochrome oxidase are synchronous
      up to rate constants of approximately 9 sec-1. Moreover, the enzyme depleted of
      subunit III ("three-less oxidase") was also shown to pump protons, although with
      a significantly smaller stoichiometry. Thus, subunit III is not the only (or even
      the main) proton channel, although it may be involved in the regulation of
      activity. The kinetics of cytochrome c oxidation by COV in the absence and in the
      presence of ionophores have been investigated. Analysis of the time course of the
      process in the transient and steady state phases indicates that the onset of
      control by the electrochemical gradient follows the transfer of four electrons,
      i.e., one complete turnover of the oxidase. Two possible alternative
      interpretations for the control of the turnover phase are presented and
      discussed.

PMID- 2410571
TI  - Relief of pain from a phantom limb by peripheral stimulation.
AB  - In the present study, 24 patients suffering pain from a phantom limb were given
      vibratory stimulation or placebo as a pain-relieving measure. During stimulation,
      a reduction in pain was reported by 75% of the patients as compared to 44% during
      placebo. Depending on the phantom sensation, the best pain-reducing site was
      found to be either the area of pain or the antagonistic muscle. In 90% of the
      patients the best pain-reducing effect was obtained when stimulation was applied
      with moderate pressure over a large area. The results of the present study
      suggest that vibratory stimulation may be a valuable symptomatic treatment
      measure in patients suffering pain from a phantom limb.

PMID- 2410572
TI  - Isolation perfusion for malignant melanoma of the extremity: a review.
AB  - The role of perfusion, normothermic and hyperthermic, in the curative treatment
      of melanoma remains controversial. Survival appears to be somewhat improved over
      that of surgery alone in all stages, especially with hyperthermic perfusion, but
      all comparisons have been retrospective and uncontrolled. In addition to the
      usual problems with historical controls, melanoma presents its own special
      problems because of its unpredictable natural history in any given individual and
      the multiplicity of factors known to affect prognosis. It is unfortunate that
      hundreds of patients have been treated in uncontrolled studies. Randomized trials
      continue to be necessary to define this role and even then careful attention will
      have to be paid to the distribution of known prognostic factors in each group to
      insure a comparable cohort of patients. The response of melanoma to perfusion is
      clearly significant, however, and the response rate seems to be improved with
      hyperthermic perfusion. Hyperthermic perfusion appears to be a useful palliative
      treatment for locally advanced melanoma of the extremity, especially for which
      the alternative surgical therapy would be amputation.

PMID- 2410573
TI  - A pilot study of adjuvant therapy in patients with cervical cancer at high risk
      of recurrence after radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy.
AB  - The prognosis after surgical therapy (radical hysterectomy and pelvic
      lymphadenectomy) of stages IB and IIA carcinoma of the cervix is affected by
      several histopathologic findings within the resected specimen. Patients at high
      risk of recurrence include those with involved pelvic lymph nodes, lymphatic or
      vascular invasion in the cervix, tumor size greater than 4 cm, grade 3 lesions,
      adenosquamous histology, parametrial invasion, and evidence of locally metastatic
      (noncontiguous) disease. We report the results of adjuvant chemotherapy
      (cisplatin and bleomycin) and pelvic radiotherapy in 32 patients with cervix
      cancer deemed to be at high risk of recurrence after radical hysterectomy and
      pelvic lymphadenectomy. The continuous disease-free survival rate for the 32
      evaluable patients in 84% at a mean and median follow-up time of 28 months. Three
      patients are dead of disease and two patients are alive after treatment of local
      recurrences giving a survival rate of 91%. The two patients who are alive after
      disease recurrence demonstrated only locally recurrent disease while the three
      patients who have died with recurrent disease relapsed both locally and
      systemically. Complications of this treatment program were not significantly
      greater than those observed in prior studies using the combination of surgery and
      adjuvant radiotherapy without chemotherapy. When compared with the results from
      historical controls in a large series of similar patients at the same
      institution, the results in this pilot study are encouraging and would seem to
      justify a randomized prospective clinical trial.

PMID- 2410574
TI  - The results of chemotherapy for extragonadal germ-cell tumors in the cisplatin
      era: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience (1975 to 1982).
AB  - Thirty-eight patients with extragonadal germ-cell tumors treated at Memorial
      Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (New York) between 1975 and 1982 received high-dose
      cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Complete response was achieved in 89% of patients
      with pure seminoma and all complete responders are alive without evidence of
      disease (median follow-up time, 29+ months). Complete response was achieved in
      only 41% (12 of 29) of patients with extragonadal nonseminomatous germ-cell
      tumors; only four patients are alive and free of disease (median survival time,
      18 months). Although patients with extragonadal seminoma respond well with
      current cisplatin-based chemotherapy, minimal improvement in CR rates has been
      achieved in patients with extragonadal nonseminomatous tumors. Patients with
      extragonadal nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors have a relatively poor prognosis
      when compared to patients with primary testicular tumors and investigational
      trials of innovative therapy should be considered.

PMID- 2410575
TI  - Slow axonal transport in acrylamide neuropathy: different abnormalities produced
      by single-dose and continuous administration.
AB  - Alterations in axonal caliber and neurofilament content have been associated with
      altered neurofilament transport in several models of neurofibrillary
      degeneration. Acrylamide intoxication provides a prototype of distal axonal
      degeneration, the most frequent pattern of axonal pathology in human and
      experimental neurotoxic injury. Neurofibrillary changes are a variable and often
      minor aspect of the early pathological changes observed in acrylamide
      intoxication, and previous studies of slow axonal transport have produced
      conflicting results. In this study, we have correlated slow axonal transport,
      specifically neurofilament transport, with structural changes in the sciatic
      nerve complex of rats exposed to acrylamide. To study direct toxic effects of
      acrylamide, young rats were given a single dose of acrylamide (75 mg/kg, i.p.). A
      second group received daily injections of acrylamide at a lower dose (30 mg/kg,
      i.p.) in order to study animals with established acrylamide neuropathy. The slow
      component of axonal transport was labeled by intraspinal injections of [35S]
      methionine. Transport of individual slow component polypeptides was compared to
      profiles obtained from age-matched controls. Similarly intoxicated rats were
      perfused for morphometric and morphological studies. Results demonstrate that two
      different abnormalities of the slow component of axonal transport arise at
      different stages during the development of experimental acrylamide neuropathy.
      Both patterns of altered transport have structural correlates which reflect the
      changes in neurofilament transport. Following a single high dose, there was a
      modest retardation of the leading edge of the slow component. At this time,
      neurofilaments accumulated in proximal axons with formation of axonal swellings.
      During chronic administration, when distal axonal degeneration was present, the
      proportion of neurofilaments in the slow component was markedly reduced, and
      there was prominent loss of caliber in proximal axons. We suggest that these
      early changes represent a direct toxic effect of acrylamide on slow transport,
      whereas the later changes reflect reordering of slow transport as a neuronal
      response to toxin-induced axonal injury. This latter effect is of sufficient
      magnitude to obscure the acrylamide-induced retardation of slow transport.

PMID- 2410576
TI  - Immunocytochemical studies of the peptidergic content of fibers and terminals
      within the lateral spinal and lateral cervical nuclei.
AB  - As part of a series of studies in which we are attempting to determine the roles
      of the lateral spinal (LSn) and lateral cervical (LCn) nuclei in somatic
      sensation, we have examined the fibers and terminals within these nuclei in the
      rat using the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Eleven antisera were used.
      Within the LSn, antisera against dynorphin 1-8 (DYN), substance P (SP), and Met
      enkephalin (ENK) produced labeling of a large number of processes in all
      segmental levels examined. Processes labeled with these antisera frequently
      apposed the cell bodies and dendrites of LSn neurons. Antisera against
      somatostatin (SOM) and FMRF-NH2 (FMRF) labeled smaller numbers of processes
      within the LSn. Few, if any, processes in the LSn were labeled using antisera
      against serotonin, cholecystokinin octapeptide, oxytocin, neurotensin,
      corticotrophin-releasing factor, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. In
      contrast to the LSn, the LCn contained virtually no labeled processes
      irrespective of the antiserum employed. An area was found adjacent to the LCn in
      the medial portion of the dorsal lateral funiculus (DLf) of C2 that resembled the
      LSn in several of its anatomical characteristics: like the LSn, the medial
      portion of the C2 DLf contained small multipolar neurons; it was similar to the
      LSn in its medial-lateral extent; and following staining with each antiserum, the
      LSn and the medial DLf of C2 contained a similar number of labeled processes. The
      peptide-containing area in the medial DLf of C2 was found to be continuous with
      the LSn. We therefore propose that this region is a rostral extension of the
      LSn.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410577
TI  - The effects of a myasthenic serum on the acetylcholine receptors of C2 myotubes.
      II. Functional inactivation of the receptor.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of antibodies from a myasthenic serum on the
      physiological properties of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in myotubes of a
      mouse muscle cell line, C2. The antibodies in this serum blocked the binding of
      125I-alpha-bungarotoxin to the myotubes to an extent of about 50%. The antibodies
      also inhibited the increase in 22Na influx caused by carbamylcholine (CARB). At a
      concentration of antibody that blocked about 50% of toxin binding, greater than
      80% of the AChR-mediated 22Na influx was blocked. The apparent KD for CARB,
      estimated from the dose-response curve for 22Na influx, was unaffected. The
      effect of the antibodies was further examined by patch-clamp recording. In
      greater than 30% of the patches from antibody-treated cells, no channel activity
      in response to acetylcholine was seen; in contrast, every patch from control
      cells showed activity. The channels that were seen after antibody treatment were
      indistinguishable from those seen in normal cells, both in their single-channel
      conductance and in the kinetic constants used to describe channel opening and
      closing. We conclude that the antibodies in this serum inhibit the functional
      response of AChRs in C2 myotubes to acetylcholine and do so by inactivating
      individual receptors.

PMID- 2410578
TI  - Dendritic transport. I. Colchicine stimulates the transport of lysosomal enzymes
      from cell bodies to dendrites.
AB  - Injection of colchicine into the lateral cerebral ventricle of the rat was found
      to induce a paradoxical translocation of two lysosomal enzymes, dipeptidyl
      peptidase II (Dpp II) and acid phosphatase, from the soma of neurons to the
      dendrites. Following a single injection of colchicine, neuronal somata, which
      normally contain the bulk of these lysosomal enzymatic activities, become
      depleted of these enzymes, whereas dendrites become abnormally enriched. All
      neurons which contained these enzymes, except those of the mesencephalic nucleus
      of the trigeminal nerve, displayed this phenomenon. Lysosomal enzyme
      translocation into dendrites was observed in the mitral cell layer within 1 hr
      after a colchicine injection and could be induced in most neuronal populations by
      injections of colchicine as low as 25 micrograms. Five days after a 100
      micrograms colchicine injection, a normal pattern of enzyme distribution was
      observed, indicating that the effect of colchicine was reversible. Enzyme
      translocation was not accompanied by gross changes in cell morphology, nor did it
      result in the specific loss of neuronal cell bodies which contained these
      enzymes. The results indicate that colchicine, under conditions known to inhibit
      axoplasmic transport, stimulates the transport of lysosomal enzymes from the cell
      body to the dendrites.

PMID- 2410579
TI  - An immunohistochemical and quantitative examination of dorsal root ganglion
      neuronal subpopulations.
AB  - Sensory neurons of adult rat lumbar dorsal root ganglia were labeled in cryostat
      sections with antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), substance P (SP), and
      somatostatin (SOM), and with a monoclonal antibody (RT97) that labels the 145-
      and 200-kilodalton (kd) subunits of neurofilaments. These neurons were also
      histochemically stained for fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP), and the
      size and distribution of each population were determined. In addition, the double
      label immunoperoxidase technique of Sternberger and Joseph (Sternberger, L.A.,
      and S.A. Joseph (1979) J. Histochem. Cytochem. 27: 1424-1429) was employed to
      determine whether these antibodies labeled distinct or overlapping populations of
      neurons. The results indicate that the dopaminergic (TH+) cells constitute a
      separate population from the SP+ and SOM+ neurons and that the size distributions
      of the SP+, SOM+, TH+, and FRAP+ cells are all different despite the fact that
      all of these subpopulations are part of the "small dark" subpopulation as
      indicated by their size and by the fact that they are RT97-. RT97 is a putative
      marker for the "large light" population (Anderton, B., H.B. Coakham, J. A.
      Garson, A.A. Harper, and S.N. Lawson (1982) J. Physiol. (Lond.) 334: 97-98P).
      Furthermore, the distribution data indicate that all of the "small dark" cell
      subpopulations are not evenly distributed within the ganglion, and the staining
      with RT97 and with another antibody which recognizes the 68-kd neurofilament
      subunit indicates heterogeneity among the "large light" population. These results
      are discussed in terms of the significance of the "small dark"-"large light"
      classification.

PMID- 2410580
TI  - Effects of potassium channel-blocking agents on spontaneous discharges from
      neuromas in rats.
AB  - Thirty-five Sprague-Dawley rats with saphenous neuromas underwent acute
      microfilament recording in the proximal nerve. The effect of the potassium
      channel-blocking agents, tetraethylammonium bromide (TEA) and 4-aminopyridine, on
      spontaneous activity in A fibers terminating in the neuroma was observed. The
      effects of gallamine were also tested. Of the two channel-blocking agents, TEA
      reliably increased spontaneous firing in active fibers and initiated spontaneous
      activity in some fibers with no spontaneous baseline discharge. 4-Aminopyridine
      had no effect on baseline activity of either spontaneously active or quiescent
      fibers: however, it inhibited spontaneous activity induced by prior TEA
      treatment. Gallamine application produced effects similar to TEA in that
      spontaneous activity was dramatically increased. These results imply that a tonic
      potassium conductance is present in regenerating fibers in the neuroma and that
      this conductance moderates the tendency toward hyperexcitability and spontaneous
      firing. Spontaneous activity in nociceptive afferent fibers may represent the
      mechanism of chronic pain and paresthesias that often accompany peripheral nerve
      injury. These results suggest that agents which either increase potassium
      conductance or selectively inhibit the sodium current in regenerating axons might
      be effective in the treatment of these chronic pain syndromes.

PMID- 2410581
TI  - Extraneural metastasis of choriocarcinomatous element in pineal germ-cell tumor.
      Case report.
AB  - A case of pineal germ-cell tumor producing human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and
      alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is reported in a 23-year-old man. Extraneural metastasis
      developed during a course of combined chemotherapy after radiation therapy.
      Postmortem examination revealed that the metastatic pulmonary tumor was a
      choriocarcinoma, producing only HCG.

PMID- 2410582
TI  - Parabrachial modulation of pain and blood pressure.

PMID- 2410583
TI  - Increased serum beta2-microglobulin levels in active celiac disease.
AB  - Sixty-eight sera from 36 children with celiac disease (CD) were collected in a 4
      year study, and the levels of beta2-microglobulin (beta2M), orosomucoid, alpha1
      antitrypsin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. A simultaneous
      intestinal biopsy was taken in all the patients and used to classify them. The
      values of beta2M were 1.94 +/- 0.49 mg/L in group A (inactive CD with normal
      intestinal biopsy) and 2.58 +/- 0.76 mg/L in group B (active CD with flat
      mucosa). These levels were higher than in the normal controls (1.87 +/- 0.49
      mg/L, p less than 0.005) and in the other 19 patients with chronic diarrhea of
      another cause (1.72 +/- 0.63 mg/L, p less than 0.005). CRP values were generally
      normal; orosomucoid and alpha1-antitrypsin were variable and they did not
      correlate with beta2M levels. Beta2M was increased at the time of diagnosis in
      seven of eight (87.5%) of the CD children and only in three of 19 (15.7%) of
      nonceliac patients with chronic diarrhea of another cause (p less than 0.005). In
      12 children with CD, serial studies were possible. The highest beta2M level
      coincided with a flat mucosa in 10 cases. The increase of beta2M could be related
      to the intestinal infiltration or even to the lymphocyte activation. It may also
      be a useful noninvasive method for evaluating the activity of CD.

PMID- 2410584
TI  - Patterns of behavioral disturbance in developmentally disabled and
      psychiatrically referred children: a cluster analytic approach.

PMID- 2410585
TI  - A clinically interpretable method for analyzing the Bayley Infant Behavior
      Record.

PMID- 2410586
TI  - Modulation of substance P-induced bronchoconstriction by lipoxygenase
      metabolites.
AB  - In anaesthetized, mechanically ventilated guinea-pigs, substance P induces a
      bronchoconstrictor response comprising increases in airway resistance and
      decreases in dynamic compliance. Eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA, 20 mg kg-1 i.v.) or
      BW755c (20 mg kg-1 i.v.) potentiated the substance P-induced bronchoconstriction.
      Neither indomethacin (1 or 5 mg kg-1 i.v.) nor aspirin (20 mg kg-1 i.v.)
      significantly altered the potency of substance P on bronchomotor responses. These
      observations are consistent with the existence of a bronchodilator lipoxygenase
      metabolite(s).

PMID- 2410587
TI  - Evidence against VIP or substance P being the transmitter in non-cholinergic
      excitatory nerves supplying the guinea-pig bladder.
AB  - In the guinea-pig bladder, contractile responses to substance P (0.3 microM) and
      VIP (3 microM) were unaffected by P2-purinoceptor desensitization with alpha,beta
      methylene ATP (3 X 10(-6) M), while the responses to stimulation of the non
      cholinergic excitatory nerves (4-16 Hz) were abolished. The evidence presented
      suggests that ATP or a related purine nucleotide, and not VIP or substance P, is
      responsible for the non-cholinergic excitatory component of the nerve-mediated
      response.

PMID- 2410588
TI  - Comparative potencies of calcium channel antagonists and antischizophrenic drugs
      on central and peripheral calcium channel binding sites.
AB  - Dihydropyridines are potent agents on [3H]nitrendipine binding sites in heart and
      brain membranes. Like the phenylalkylamines, they are slightly more active on
      heart than on brain [3H]nitrendipine binding sites. On the other hand, the
      diphenylalkylamines, the diphenylpiperazines and the antischizophrenic drugs of
      the diphenylbutylpiperdine type are more potent on brain [3H]nitrendipine binding
      sites. The findings suggest tissue heterogeneity of [3H]nitrendipine binding
      sites and the possible development of diphenylbutylpiperidine
      diphenylbutylpiperazine analogues that could selectively act on brain calcium
      channel antagonist binding sites.

PMID- 2410589
TI  - [Radiosensitizing effect of pepleomycin on the mouse].

PMID- 2410590
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of two potential beta-hydroxylase inhibitors.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular effects of two
      potential beta-hydroxylase inhibitors, a dithiocarbamate and a thiourea
      derivative of d-amphetamine, 1 and 2, respectively. These compounds when given
      intravenously elicited a significant dose-dependent depressor effect in
      normotensive rats and dogs anesthetized with chloralose-urethane. The hypotensive
      effect of these compounds appears to be the result of a combination of two action
      components: (a) the major component, which can be blocked by atropine, exerted
      through the parasympathetic division and (b) a decreased availability of
      sympathetic neurotransmitter at the synaptic cleft. A CNS-stimulant effect of
      these compounds is suggested by their ability to reduce hexobarbital sleeping
      time in mice and their analeptic effect in all anesthetized animals employed.

PMID- 2410591
TI  - Intrinsic release rate from matrix-type drug delivery systems.
AB  - A simple method was presented for evaluation of the intrinsic release rate from a
      matrix-type drug delivery system. The effect of the hydrodynamic diffusion
      boundary layer on the rate of drug release was corrected to obtain the release
      profile without any diffusion boundary layer effect. The experimental release
      data was logically explained in terms of the intrinsic rate of release evaluated
      from the present method.

PMID- 2410592
TI  - Effects of Goniopora toxin on crayfish giant axons.
AB  - The effects of Goniopora toxin (GPT), isolated from the coral Goniopora species,
      on the crayfish giant axon have been studied by means of microelectrode and
      sucrose-gap voltage clamp techniques. When applied externally at a concentration
      of 0.1 microM or higher, the falling phase of the action potential was prolonged
      markedly. At concentrations over 0.3 microM, GPT gradually depolarized the
      membrane to 0 mV. The depolarization was not reversed by 1 microM tetrodotoxin or
      low-Na (1 mM) solution. The amplitude of action potential was slowly decreased in
      a manner dependent upon the concentration even in the absence of membrane
      depolarization. Voltage clamp experiments with internally perfused axons have
      revealed that the falling phase of the sodium current is prolonged markedly and
      is expressed by two exponential functions. The peak amplitude was first increased
      and then slowly decreased, and the tail sodium current associated with a step
      repolarization was slowed. The reversal potential for peak current was not
      changed by GPT, and the steady-state sodium inactivation was not shifted along
      the voltage axis. Leakage current gradually increased in the course of GPT
      action, while the steady-state potassium current was not affected. These effects
      of GPT were exerted only when it was applied externally and not reversed by
      washing with toxin-free medium. It is concluded that GPT modifies a fraction of
      sodium channels to give rise to a prolonged sodium current which is responsible
      for the prolongation of action potential.

PMID- 2410593
TI  - Specific binding of [3H]substance P to the rat submaxillary gland. The effects of
      ions and guanine nucleotides.
AB  - [3H]Substance P ([3H]SP), in a high ionic strength incubation medium, binds to a
      single class of saturable, noninteracting binding sites on rat submaxillary gland
      membranes with a KD = 2.8 +/- 0.34 nM and maximum binding (Bmax) = 220 +/- 31
      fmol/mg of protein. The rank order of potency of various tachykinins, SP
      fragments and analogs to compete against [3H]SP is correlated with their potency
      to induce salivation. These findings indicate that, under the conditions
      described, [3H]SP binds to a physiologically relevant tachykinin receptor of the
      SP-P subtype. [3H]SP binding increases by 35% in the presence of optimal
      concentrations of Mn++ and Mg++ whereas guanine nucleotides reduce [3H]SP
      binding. The effect produced by either divalent cations or guanine nucleotides is
      due to increasing or decreasing the Bmax, respectively, without changing the
      affinity of [3H]SP. Guanine nucleotides reduce the Bmax of [3H]SP to the same
      level in the presence or absence of divalent cations, indicating that divalent
      cations increase the population of SP receptors that are sensitive to guanine
      nucleotides. In low ionic strength media, and when the nonspecific binding is
      defined by 1 microM SP, [3H]SP binds to two sites: a high affinity site with a KD
      of 0.14 nM and a Bmax of 370 fmol/mg of protein and a low affinity high capacity
      site. When the nonspecific binding is defined by 1 microM physalaemin, the high
      affinity is the only detectable site. However, in low ionic strength media,
      physalaemin has about one-fiftieth the potency of SP in competing with [3H]SP.
      These results prove that increasing the ionic strength of the media reduces the
      affinity of SP and some of its fragments and allows the determination of
      physiologically relevant SP-P binding sites.

PMID- 2410594
TI  - Phasic and tonic components in 5-HT2 receptor-mediated rat aorta contraction:
      participation of Ca++ channels and phospholipase C.
AB  - The mechanisms of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced contraction of rat aorta
      were investigated in vitro. The 5-HT-induced contraction could be analyzed into
      two distinct components (phasic and tonic) by the use of appropriate inhibitors;
      nifedipine, an inhibitor of voltage-dependent Ca++ channels, inhibited only the
      phasic component of 5-HT-induced contraction while totally blocking the KCl
      induced contraction. 2-Nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-N,N-diphenylcarbamate, an inhibitor
      of phospholipase C, inhibited the tonic components of 5-HT-induced contraction as
      well as the 5-HT-induced stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat aorta.
      This component of contraction was mimicked by a protein kinase C activator 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. These results suggest that 5-HT2 receptors
      differentially regulate a voltage-dependent Ca++ channel and phospholipase C
      activity; the voltage-dependent Ca++ channel is involved in the phasic component
      of contraction whereas the phosphoinositide hydrolysis that results in the
      activation of protein kinase C and calcium mobilization by inositol triphosphate
      plays a physiologically important role in the tonic component of the aortic
      contraction.

PMID- 2410595
TI  - Effects of dimethylpropranolol (UM-272) on the electrophysiological properties of
      guinea-pig ventricular muscles.
AB  - The effects of dimethylpropranolol (UM-272) on transmembrane action potentials
      were examined in isolated right ventricular papillary muscles of the guinea pig.
      UM-272 (10(-5) to 3 X 10(-4) M) caused a dose-dependent decrease in the Vmax of
      the action potential. At 3 X 10(-4) M, a slight decrease in the amplitude of
      action potential was also observed. The resting potential and the action
      potential duration were not affected by the drug. In the presence of UM-272,
      trains of stimuli at rates higher than 0.1 Hz led to an exponential decline in
      Vmax (onset rate, 0.13-0.28 per action potential) to a new plateau level. This
      use-dependent block was augmented at the higher stimulation frequency. The time
      constant for the recovery of Vmax from the use-dependent block (offset) was 7.1
      to 7.3 sec. In depolarized papillary muscles with 8 or 10 Mm [K+]0, the
      inhibitory action of UM-272 on Vmax of the first action potential after a long
      quiescent period (tonic block) was augmented markedly, but the rates of onset and
      offset of the use-dependent block were similar to those in normally polarized
      preparations under 5 mM [K+]0. The curves relating membrane potential and Vmax in
      preparations stimulated infrequently were shifted by 7.2 mV with UM-272 at 10(-4)
      M in the direction of more negative potentials. These findings suggest that UM
      272 has kinetically similar use-dependent inhibitory action of the fast sodium
      channels of cardiac muscles as other Class Ia antiarrhythmic drugs like quinidine
      or procainamide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410596
TI  - Cerebellar hypoplasia in the Gunn rat is associated with quantitative changes in
      neurotypic and gliotypic proteins.
AB  - We are characterizing toxicant-induced injury to the nervous system by measuring
      nervous system, cell-type specific proteins together with accompanying changes in
      morphology and behavior. In the present study, cerebellar neurotoxicity was
      assessed in the Gunn rat, an autosomal recessive mutant that exhibits
      degeneration of Purkinje cells due to hereditary hyperbilirubinemia. Five
      proteins associated with neuronal or glial cell types were chosen for evaluation
      as follows: G-substrate, a Purkinje cell-specific phosphoprotein that serves as
      the endogenous substrate of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase; PCPP-260, a
      Purkinje cell-specific phosphoprotein that serves as an endogenous substrate of
      cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase; synapsin I, a synapse-specific
      phosphoprotein present in all neurons; glial fibrillary acidic protein, an
      astrocyte-specific protein; and myelin basic protein, a protein unique to myelin.
      In comparison to heterozygote (Jj) controls, homozygous (jj) rats showed
      alterations in the amounts of neurotypic and gliotypic proteins in cerebellum
      that were consistent with the neuropathological effects associated with
      development of hyperbilirubinemia in the Gunn rat. Decreased cerebellar cyclic
      GMP, but not cyclic AMP, alterations in indices of motoric competence and
      increased responsiveness to a nociceptive stimulus also were observed in jj rats.
      In general, the degree of cerebellar hypoplasia was predictive of the degree of
      biochemical, morphological or behavioral change observed. The results indicate
      that neurotypic and gliotyic proteins may be used as biochemical indicators of
      neurotoxicity.

PMID- 2410597
TI  - Calcium-dependent inward current in Aplysia bursting pace-maker neurones.
AB  - Depolarizing voltage-clamp pulses elicit a triphasic series of tail currents
      (phase I, II and III) in Aplysia burst-firing neurones L2-L6. The sequence and
      time course of the tail currents resemble slow changes in membrane potential
      which follow bursts in the unclamped cell. The phase II tail current is an inward
      current with a time course similar to that of the depolarizing after-potential
      (d.a.p.) which follows bursts in the unclamped cell. The phase II tail current is
      suppressed by depolarizing pulses which approach ECa, is blocked by Ca2+ current
      antagonists (Co2+ and Mn2+), and is blocked by intracellular injection of EGTA.
      The phase II tail current is not blocked by agents which block Na+-dependent
      action potentials, the Na+-Ca2+ exchange pump, or the Na+-K+ exchange pump. The
      phase II tail current is not blocked by the elimination of large outward K+
      currents which can lead to extracellular K+ accumulation. Thus, the phase II tail
      current is not generated by any of these processes. The phase II tail current is
      reduced by about 60% following substitution of tetramethylammonium (TMA+) for
      external Na+, but is unaffected by reducing external Cl-. The phase II tail
      current is distinct from a persistent inward Ca2+ current which underlies the
      negative resistance region of the steady-state current--voltage relation of
      bursting cells. The persistent inward current is only slightly reduced by TMA+
      substitution for Na+, and is enhanced by EGTA injection. Injection of Ca2+ into
      Aplysia bursting cells elicits a biphasic (inward-outward) current. The inward
      current can be observed in isolation after blocking the outward component (Ca2+
      activated K+ current) with 50 mM-external tetraethylammonium. The Ca2+-elicited
      inward current has a reversal potential near -22 mV, and is non-selective for
      Na+, K+ and Ca2+. The reversal potential is unaffected by changes in Cl- and pH.
      The Ca2+- activated conductance is apparently voltage independent. We propose
      that the phase II tail current, and hence the d.a.p., is due to the Ca2+
      dependent activation of a voltage-independent non-specific cationic conductance.
      This conductance participates in generating the depolarizing phase of bursting
      pace-maker activity.

PMID- 2410598
TI  - Calcium-induced inactivation of calcium current causes the inter-burst
      hyperpolarization of Aplysia bursting neurones.
AB  - A triphasic series of tail currents which follow depolarizing voltage-clamp
      pulses in Aplysia neurones L2-L6 was described in the preceding paper (Kramer &
      Zucker, 1985). In this paper, we examine the nature of the late outward component
      of the tail current (phase III) which generates the inter-burst hyperpolarization
      in unclamped cells. The phase III tail current does not reverse between -30 and 
      90 mV, and is relatively insensitive to the external K+ concentration. In
      contrast, Ca2+-dependent K+ current (IK(Ca)), elicited by intracellular Ca2+
      injection, reverses near -65 mV, and the reversal potential is sensitive to the
      external K+ concentration. Addition of 50 mM-tetraethylammonium (TEA) to the
      bathing medium causes a small increase in the phase III tail current. In
      contrast, IK(Ca) is completely blocked by addition of 50 mM-TEA. The phase III
      tail current is suppressed by depolarizing pulses which approach ECa, is blocked
      by Ca2+ current antagonists (Co2+ and Mn2+), and is blocked by intracellular
      injection of EGTA. The phase III tail current is reduced by less than 10% after
      complete removal of extracellular Na+. These bursting neurones have a voltage
      dependent Ca2+ conductance which exhibits steady-state activation at a membrane
      potential similar to the average resting potential of the unclamped cell (i.e. 
      40 mV). The steady-state Ca2+ conductance can be inactivated by Ca2+ injection,
      or by depolarizing pre-pulses which generate a large influx of Ca2+. The steady
      state Ca2+ conductance has a voltage dependence similar to that of the phase III
      tail current. The Ca2+-dependent inactivation of the steady-state Ca2+
      conductance occurs in parallel with the phase III tail current; both have a
      similar sensitivity to Ca2+ influx, and both processes decay with similar rates
      after a depolarizing pulse. Hence, we propose that the phase III tail current is
      due to the Ca2+- dependent inactivation of a steady-state Ca2+ conductance. The
      decay of IK(Ca) following simulated spikes or bursts of spikes is rapid (less
      than 1 s) compared to the time course of the phase III tail current and the inter
      burst hyperpolarization (tens of seconds). Thus, we conclude that IK(Ca) does not
      have a major role in terminating bursts or generating the inter-burst
      hyperpolarization in these cells. We present a qualitative model of the ionic
      basis of the bursting pace-maker cycle. The central features of the model are the
      voltage-dependent activation and the Ca2+-dependent inactivation of a Ca2+
      current.

PMID- 2410599
TI  - Ionic conductance associated with electrical activity of guinea-pig red nucleus
      neurones in vitro.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from red nucleus (r.n.) neurones in guinea-pig
      slice preparations in vitro. In the control solution, a fast action potential was
      elicited by a depolarizing current pulse. This fast action potential was
      abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX). When tetraethylammonium (TEA) was added to the
      perfusing solution, a TTX-resistant slow action potential was elicited by a large
      depolarizing current pulse. This TTX-resistant slow action potential was
      abolished by Co2+ or Mn2+. In the control solution, the action potential was
      followed by a fast and a slow after-hyperpolarization (a.h.p.). The fast a.h.p.
      was abolished by TEA. The amplitude of the fast a.h.p. was dependent on the
      extracellular K+ concentration. The slow a.h.p. was reversibly abolished by Co2+
      or Mn2+. The reversal potential of the slow a.h.p. was dependent on the
      extracellular K+ concentration. When the membrane potential was hyperpolarized, a
      time-dependent inward rectification was observed. This inward rectification was
      inhibited by Cs+ but not by Ba2+, TTX, TEA or Co2+. It is concluded that the fast
      action potential is produced by a voltage-dependent Na+ conductance, the TTX
      resistant slow action potential is produced by a voltage-dependent Ca2+
      conductance, the fast a.h.p. is produced by a voltage-dependent K+ conductance,
      the slow a.h.p. is produced by a Ca2+-activated K+ conductance and the inward
      rectification is produced by a time-dependent inward rectifier in r.n. neurones.

PMID- 2410600
TI  - Effect of ouabain on tone, membrane potential and sodium efflux compared with
      [3H]ouabain binding in rat resistance vessels.
AB  - To investigate the mechanism by which ouabain causes acute increase in peripheral
      resistance, the effect of ouabain on vessel tone, 22Na efflux and membrane
      potential has been compared with the binding of [3H]ouabain in rat isolated
      mesenteric resistance vessels (lumen diameter approximately 200 microns). Ouabain
      at concentrations between 1 X 10(-8) and 1 X 10(-3) M had no effect on the tone
      of resting vessels but caused potentiation of the tone of vessels which were
      submaximally contracted with noradrenaline. In the entire concentration range,
      these acute potentiating effects of ouabain on vessel tone correlated well with
      an acute inhibitory effect on 22Na efflux and with acute [3H]ouabain binding,
      consistent with the vasoconstrictor effect of ouabain being associated with
      inhibition of the Na-K pump. At all concentrations, in both resting and activated
      vessels, ouabain exposure caused an acute concentration-dependent depolarization
      of the membrane. At low ouabain concentrations (1 X 10(-6) and 1 X 10(-5) M) the
      potentiating effect on vessel tone and the inhibitory effect on 22Na efflux were
      transient, so that after 10 min no effect of ouabain was seen. This was
      consistent with these ouabain concentrations failing to cause a measurable
      increase in the intracellular Na concentration ([Na]i) after longer term (up to 2
      h) exposure. The recovery of 22Na efflux was due to a recovery of the ouabain
      sensitive part of the 22Na efflux, suggesting that the transitory nature of these
      effects is due to stimulation of uninhibited Na-K pumps. The transient effects of
      low ouabain concentrations contrasted with binding experiments where, with 1 X
      10(-6) M-ouabain, the binding first peaked after 30 min with only a small decline
      thereafter. With higher concentrations of ouabain (1 X 10(-4) and 1 X 10(-3) M),
      the potentiating effect was also transitory, but 22Na efflux was permanently
      inhibited and the [Na]i rose. The possibility of there being two populations of
      ouabain binding sites having different affinities, was supported by the
      observation of shoulders in the ouabain concentration-effect characteristics
      obtained with respect to the mechanical potentiation of noradrenaline responses,
      the 22Na efflux and the acute ouabain binding. In all cases a shoulder was seen
      between 1 X 10(-6) and 1 X 10(-5) M-ouabain. The results are consistent with the
      vasoconstrictor effect of ouabain being due to depolarization of the membrane as
      a consequence of inhibition of the Na-K pump.

PMID- 2410601
TI  - Intracellular pH regulation in the sensory neurone of the stretch receptor of the
      crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis).
AB  - The ionic mechanisms of intracellular pH (pHi) regulation were studied in the
      slowly adapting sensory cell of the crayfish stretch receptor by using pH-, Na+-
      and Cl(-)-sensitive liquid ion exchanger electrodes. Under control conditions a
      mean pHi of 7.23 +/- 0.12 (S.D.) at a mean membrane potential of 68.3 +/- 4.1 mV
      S.D. was found in sixteen cells. Thus pHi is about 1 pH unit more alkaline than
      predicted from passive distribution, implying the presence of an acid extrusion
      mechanism. In order to acidify the cytoplasm, the cell was either acid-loaded by
      NH4Cl or exposed to CO2 and CO2/HCO3- solutions. During CO2 exposures pHi was
      regulated only if calculated amounts of HCO3- were added to keep external pH
      (pHo) constant. The pHo per se was found to be an important determinant of pHi
      and its regulation. Substitution of external Na+ by choline inhibited pHi
      recovery almost completely. As soon as Na+ was readmitted H+ extrusion occurred
      immediately at a rate similar to that of the control. The internal Na+ activity
      (aiNa) ranged between 6 and 13 mM with a mean of approximately 9.1 +/- 2.5 mM
      (S.D.; n = 8). The effects of various solutions on aiNa and the temporal
      relationship between aiNa and pHi in NH4Cl acid-loaded cells were investigated.
      The amount of aiNa increased during cell internal acidification and recovered in
      parallel with pHi recovery in NH4Cl acid-loaded cells. Experiments with 10(-4) M
      ouabain and K+-free conditions suggest that neither the Na+-K+ pump nor external
      K+ are directly involved in pHi regulation. The internal chloride activity
      (aiCl), which was lower than predicted from a passive distribution, fell during
      exposure to HCO3-/CO2. Regulation of pHi was inhibited if the cell was completely
      depleted of Cl- by prolonged exposures to Cl(-)-free solution (isethionate and/or
      gluconate substituted). The pHi-regulating system of the sensory cell requires
      Na+ and Cl- which probably operate in a combined mechanism such as Na+ -H+-Cl(-)
      HCO3- or an equivalent.

PMID- 2410602
TI  - Substance P provoked gamma-aminobutyric acid release from the myenteric plexus of
      the guinea-pig small intestine.
AB  - The release of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from the isolated small
      intestine of the guinea-pig pre-loaded with [3H]GABA was measured in the presence
      of substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Substance P (10(-10)
      10(-7) M) produced a dose-dependent increase in the fractional rate of [3H]GABA
      release. VIP, even at 10(-7) M, did not affect the spontaneous [3H]GABA release
      nor the release of [3H]GABA evoked by electrical transmural stimulation (0.5 ms,
      15 V, 10 Hz for 30 s). The release of endogenous GABA from the isolated small
      intestine was measured in the presence of substance P (10(-9) M). After 60 min
      superfusion, the spontaneous release of GABA was 4.61 +/- 0.14 pmol min-1 g-1 wet
      wt. (n = 20). Substance P (10(-9) M) produced an approximate 2-fold spontaneous
      release of endogeneous GABA (8.74 +/- 0.21 pmol min-1 g-1 wet wt. (n = 10)).
      Perfusion with Ca-free medium containing 1 mM-EGTA and tetrodotoxin (3 X 10(-7)
      M) inhibited the release of endogenous GABA evoked by substance P (10(-9) M). (D
      Pro2, D-Trp7,9) substance P (10(-6) M) antagonized the release of endogenous GABA
      evoked by substance P (10(-9) M). These results indicate that substance P induces
      a neuronal release of GABA through its receptor located in the guinea-pig small
      intestine. Substance P (10(-11)-10(-7) M) produced a dose-dependent increase in
      the fractional rate of [3H]acetylcholine (ACh) release from the isolated small
      intestine pre-loaded with [3H]choline. The release of [3H]ACh evoked by substance
      P (10(-9) M) was inhibited by perfusion with Ca-free medium containing 1 mM-EGTA,
      tetrodotoxin (3 X 10(-7) M) and (D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9)substance P (10(-6) M).
      Bicuculline (10(-6) M) inhibited the release of [3H]ACh evoked by substance P
      (10(-9) M) by 68.1 +/- 4.6% (n = 5), thereby suggesting that the substance P
      evoked ACh release is partly mediated through the endogenous GABA released by
      substance P. These results provide evidence for the neurotransmitter role of GABA
      and a possible excitatory role of substance P on the GABAergic neurones in the
      myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine.

PMID- 2410603
TI  - Acetylcholine receptors of skeletal muscle cells in cultures of rat thymus
      glands.
AB  - Skeletal muscle fibres develop in cultures established from dissociated rat
      thymus glands. The properties of their acetylcholine receptors were compared with
      those on fibres in skeletal muscle cultures. Acetylcholine depolarized the thymus
      derived muscle cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Under voltage clamp the
      reversal potential was determined to be -0.4 mV, which was not significantly
      different from the reversal potential of cells in the muscle cultures. In both
      types of cultures, sensitivity to ionophoretically applied acetylcholine
      decreased during the period when fibres were growing rapidly and then increased.
      The mean channel lifetime of acetylcholine-activated channels was similar in both
      types of muscle fibre (3-4 ms at -40 mV), but the single channel conductance was
      significantly higher in the thymus-derived cells (70-75 pS compared to 55-60 pS).
      The cholinoceptors on both types of muscle fibre had nicotinic properties as
      judged by their preferential activation by acetylcholine rather than by acetyl
      beta-methylcholine and oxotremorine and by the selective blockade by tubocurarine
      and erabutoxin b rather than by atropine.

PMID- 2410604
TI  - Ionic and electrophysiological properties of retinal Muller (glial) cells of the
      turtle.
AB  - The ionic and electrophysiological properties of Muller cells, the principal
      glial element of the vertebrate retina, were investigated. The membrane potential
      of enzymatically dissociated and in situ Muller cells was about -80 mV and
      depended on external K+ concentration in a manner that was described by the
      Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation with a Na+-K+ permeability ratio of 0.037. The
      current-voltage relation showed marked inward rectification, with the input
      resistance at the resting potential being about 30 M omega for dissociated cells
      and about 3 M omega for in situ cells. In situ Muller cells were found to be
      electrically coupled to each other which could explain their lower resistance. We
      conclude that Muller cells are similar to other types of glia. In spite of a
      finite Na+ permeability their membrane potential is determined mainly by K+, they
      are electrically inexcitable and form an electrically coupled network in the
      retina.

PMID- 2410605
TI  - Mechanotransducer ion channels in chick skeletal muscle: the effects of
      extracellular pH.
AB  - The membrane of tissue-cultured chick pectoral muscle contains an ionic channel
      which is activated by membrane tension. With 150 mM-external K+ and 150 mM
      internal Na+, the channel has a conductance of 70 pS and a reversal potential of
      +30 mV. With 150 mM-external Na+ and 150 mM-internal K+ (normal gradient) the
      channel has a conductance of 35 pS and a reversal potential of -30 mV. The ratio
      of K+ permeability to Na+ permeability, PK:PNa, is 4 based upon reversal
      potentials and is 2 based upon conductance. Kinetic analysis of single-channel
      records indicates that there are one open (O) and three closed (C) states. When
      analysed according to a linear sequential model: C1-C2-C3-O4, only the rate
      constant that governs the C1-C2 transition (k1,2) is found to be affected by
      stretch or voltage. The effects of stretch and voltage on k1,2 can be summarized
      as k1,2 = k1,2(0) exp (alpha V + theta P2), where K1,2(0) is the voltage and
      stretch-independent part of the rate constant, alpha is the voltage sensitivity,
      V is the transmembrane potential, theta is the stretch sensitivity and P is the
      applied suction. Increasing extracellular pH from 7.4 to 10.0 increases both
      alpha and theta in a manner suggesting titration of site(s) with a pK of 9.1. A
      single lysine of N-terminal amino acid may be be responsible for modulating both
      the voltage and pressure responses. Extracellular pH does not affect k1,2(0), the
      voltage- and stretch-independent part of k1,2, suggesting that pH in the range
      7.4-10 does not alter the local surface charge. The conductance and reversal
      potential of the s.a. channel are unaffected by pH, suggesting that the titrated
      site(s) is not close to the mouth of the channel.

PMID- 2410606
TI  - The effect of vitamin D deficiency on secretion of saliva by rat parotid gland in
      vivo.
AB  - The role of vitamin D in parotid gland function was investigated by measuring the
      composition and rate of production of parotid saliva in response to pilocarpine
      injection in vitamin-D-deficient and replete rats in vivo. Rats fed a vitamin-D
      free diet from weaning (G1) were studied after 8 weeks of diet at which time they
      had a decreased rate of growth, were hyperparathyroid and hypocalcaemic but still
      had detectable serum 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3). Rats which were
      the offspring of vitamin-D-deficient mothers and which were maintained on a
      vitamin-D-free diet from weaning (G2) had a decreased rate of growth from birth,
      were hypocalcaemic and hyperparathyroid and at no time had any detectable serum
      1,25(OH)2D3. In response to pilocarpine, the volume of parotid saliva produced by
      G1 animals was no different from the controls (G1 animals receiving supplemental
      vitamin D) whereas that produced by G2 animals was reduced more than 65%. The
      total amount of amylase secreted was unchanged in either group of experimental
      animals so that the concentration of amylase in the parotid saliva from G2
      animals was increased. The concentration of calcium in parotid saliva changed in
      parallel with the changes in serum calcium in G1 and G2 animals. It is concluded
      that the primary source of parotid saliva calcium is the extracellular fluid and
      not zymogen granules and the transepithelial transport of this calcium is
      independent of vitamin D; the secretion of electrolytes and water, which in the
      parotid gland require extracellular calcium, is dependent on vitamin D. It is
      proposed that the vitamin is necessary for the synthesis of a protein(s) which is
      essential for the utilization of extracellular calcium in this secretion process.

PMID- 2410607
TI  - Ionic permeabilities of the gill lamina cuticle of the crayfish, Astacus
      leptodactylus (E).
AB  - The cuticle of the gill lamina of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (E),
      mechanically isolated, was mounted in an Ussing chamber and examined for its
      electrical properties. The cuticle of the gill lamina obtained from exuviae had
      similar properties. When perfused with artificial fresh water (AFW) outside and
      Van Harreveld solution (VH) inside, the transcuticular potential Voi was negative
      with respect to the inside, and close to the equilibrium potential for Cl- (ECl
      ). CH3COO-, HCO3-, SO4(2-) and cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and NH4+) behaved as
      impermeant ions with respect to Cl-. A decrease of pH (brought about with CO2)
      from 8.5 to 6.0 in AFW, VH or both had no effect on the potential. The cuticle
      area specific conductance was 20-30 mS/cm2 when superfused with AFW outside and
      VH inside. The conductance decreased linearly with log [Cl-] when Cl- was
      replaced by CH3COO-. Rectification was obvious when internal Cl- was reduced to 5
      mmol/l. The Cl- selectivity of the cuticle could also be demonstrated in
      perfusing the cuticle with a single salt (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 or LaCl3) and
      in diluting that salt on one side of the preparation or in replacing Cl- by
      CH3COO-, SO4(2-) and HCO3-. The potential changed almost linearly with log [Cl-]
      and was close to ECl-. The inner face of the cuticle was found to be slightly
      less selective than the outer face. The relative permeabilities were calculated
      to be: PCl- = 1, PNa+ = 0.001, PHCO3- = 0.0006, PCH3COO- = 0.0002. The dilution
      of a Cl- -free salt resulted in a cationic potential. The relative permeabilities
      of cations (NH4+, K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) were found to range within a factor 2.
      The permeability of the cuticle to HCO3-, CH3COO- and SO4(2-) was 2-5 times
      lower. The cuticle conductance was linearly related to the activity of the salt
      perfusing the two sides of the preparation at equal concentrations. The molar
      area specific conductance to chloride salts was 14 (mS/cm2)/(mmol/l). That of Cl-
      -free salts ranged from 1 to 20 (microS/cm2)/(mmol/l) depending on the salt used.
      It was deduced that PCl- is 2 X 10(-3) cm/s and that all the other ions tested
      have permeabilities of 10(-7)-10(-6) cm/s. With large intensity current pulses
      the cuticle exhibited rectifying properties and an asymmetrical behaviour.
      Increasing the pH of the perfusing solution reduced the transcuticular potential
      established with a Cl- gradient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2410608
TI  - Properties of adenosine-triphosphate-regulated potassium channels in guinea-pig
      ventricular cells.
AB  - A class of K channels in cardiac muscle is reversibly blocked by intracellular
      adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). The characteristics of this K channel were
      studied by recording single-channel currents in ventricular cells isolated
      enzymatically from guinea-pig heart. The reversal potential of single-channel
      currents agreed well with the K equilibrium potential. Blockers of other K
      channels, such as tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine, decreased the mean open
      time of the channel. The chord conductance increased as the 0.24th power of the K
      concentration on the outer surface of the membrane, and showed a marked inward
      going rectification on strong depolarizations. The degree of rectification was
      larger with increasing Na concentration on the inner side of the membrane. The
      kinetics of the channel were almost voltage independent, but depended on the
      concentration of intracellular ATP. The conductance of the channel was not
      affected by ATP. When channel kinetics were examined in the presence of ATP, the
      distribution of open times and closed times was fitted well with a sum of two
      exponential components. When ATP concentration was increased, the time constants
      obtained from the open-time histogram decreased and those from the closed-time
      histogram increased, resulting in a decrease of the open-state probability. The
      channel was blocked by ATP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate,5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate,
      guanosine 5'-triphosphate and uridine 5'-triphosphate, but not by adenosine 5'
      monophosphate, creatine phosphate, creatine or adenosine. Plots of the open-state
      probability versus the ATP concentration revealed Michaelis-Menten saturation
      kinetics with strong co-operativity of multiple receptor sites (Hill coefficient
      3-4, concentration of half-saturation 0.5 mM). It was concluded that this K
      channel has three or four receptor sites selective for triphosphate nucleotide on
      the inner surface of the membrane, and that the channel is blocked through the
      binding of agonists to the receptors.

PMID- 2410609
TI  - Membrane current through adenosine-triphosphate-regulated potassium channels in
      guinea-pig ventricular cells.
AB  - The question whether activation of the ATP-regulated K channel is responsible for
      macroscopic anoxia-induced outward currents was examined in ventricular cells
      isolated enzymatically from guinea-pig heart. Gigaseal patch-clamp electrodes
      were used for a whole-cell voltage clamp. Membrane currents were compared in the
      same cell while the cell interior was dialysed by perfusing the electrode with
      different solutions. When the cell was dialysed with various ATP-deficient (less
      than or equal to 2 mM) internal solutions, the Ca current decreased in a dose
      dependent manner to less than 10% of control at 0.5 mM-ATP. A slight (ca. 25%)
      decrease of the slope conductance for hyperpolarizing current was observed. When
      a delayed rectification on depolarization followed by a marked outward current
      tail on repolarization was present under control conditions, this time-dependent
      outward current was also depressed. An increase in a time-independent outward
      current was observed accompanied by marked current fluctuations. The outward
      current showed a reversal potential near the K equilibrium potential, inward
      rectification, and no relaxation on voltage jumps. The power density spectrum of
      the current fluctuations showed a pattern similar to the spectrum calculated from
      the single-channel currents of ATP-regulated K channels. The amplitude of the
      single-channel current, estimated from the fluctuations, was almost equal to that
      of the single-channel current. The total number of channels within one cell was
      estimated as 2000-3000. It is concluded that the ATP-regulated K channels are
      responsible for the increase in the outward current and the shortening of the
      action potential duration under various anoxic conditions.

PMID- 2410610
TI  - Calcium-activated potassium channels in rat muscle inactivate from a short
      duration open state.
AB  - Single channel recording techniques were applied to the study of activation and
      inactivation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels in excised patches of membrane from
      rat muscle grown in culture. The concentration of intracellular surface Ca2+ was
      0.6 microM in all experiments. The time course of the averaged open probability
      during depolarizing voltage steps of 1 s duration was biphasic for steps more
      positive than 20 mV; a rapid activation phase was followed by a much slower
      apparent inactivation with a single exponential time constant in the range of 400
      800 ms. The peak open probability and degree of inactivation increased as the
      steps were made more positive (+30 to +80 mV) or the holding potential more
      negative (+30 to -40 mV). A conditional probability analysis of the open
      intervals immediately adjacent to the long-duration shut intervals resulting from
      inactivation revealed that transitions to and from the inactivated state occurred
      almost exclusively via a short-duration open state (mean lifetime less than 200
      microseconds). The rate of transition from the short-duration open state to the
      inactivated state was rapid (typical rate constant 1879/s) and was sufficiently
      probable that as many as one out of every three short-duration openings were
      followed by inactivation. Normal (non-inactivating) closure of the channel from
      this open state was also rapid (rate constant 4003/s). At constant voltage (+50
      mV) and Ca2+ (0.6 microM), the channel opened to the short-duration open state
      approximately every 75 ms, suggesting that the slow inactivation of the averaged
      open probability might have been limited in part by the rate at which the channel
      entered the short-duration open state.

PMID- 2410611
TI  - The reduction of calcium current associated with early differentiation of the
      murine embryo.
AB  - Membrane currents of intact oocytes and early embryos of the mouse and the
      hamster were analysed with voltage-clamp techniques. In both mouse and hamster
      the amplitude of Ca inward currents decreased with time during early development,
      and they were undetectable by the 8-cell stage, while the threshold potential,
      alkaline earth cation selectivity, and activation-inactivation kinetics remained
      unchanged. The reduction of Ca currents was further confirmed in the 2-cell
      embryo whose cleavage was arrested with use of cytochalasin D, but the process
      was slightly delayed by comparison with that of the intact embryo. Early
      differentiation of cytochalasin-D-treated embryos was comparable to that of the
      intact embryo in terms of intercellular couplings and intercellular fluid
      accumulation. But these processes were also delayed as in the case of Ca current
      reduction. The outward current in the hamster embryo which was reflected in the
      resting membrane conductance began to increase abruptly after the 2-cell stage
      and seemed to reach the maximum at the end of the 4-cell or 8-cell stage. The
      increase apparently occurred reciprocally with the decrease in Ca inward current.
      A similar but much smaller increase in resting membrane conductance also occurred
      in the cleavage-arrested mouse 2-cell embryo almost at the same development stage
      at which the abolition of Ca current was found. The possibility is discussed that
      Ca channels have a role in cell differentiation in early murine embryos.

PMID- 2410612
TI  - Long term results of Heller's operation for achalasia.

PMID- 2410613
TI  - Immunochemical detection and characterization of pregnancy-associated endometrial
      alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulins secreted by human endometrium and decidua.
AB  - Antisera raised against the soluble antigens of the endometrium of early
      pregnancy detected two antigenic proteins of alpha 1 and alpha 2 mobility in
      extracts of this tissue and were termed antigens A and B. Neither antigen was
      detected in pregnancy sera or extracts of proliferative endometrium, but antigen
      B was detected in extracts of secretory endometrium and both were present in
      amniotic fluid and medium from in-vitro incubations of pregnancy endometrium.
      Fractionation of radiolabelled medium on ion-exchange chromatography demonstrated
      that antigens A and B co-eluted with the proteins from which EP14 and EP15 were
      derived and which were the major secretory polypeptides of pregnancy endometrium
      in vitro. Further biochemical purification revealed that EP14 (Mr 32 000) was
      derived from a protein of native molecular weight 36 000 which existed in two
      forms, whereas EP15 (Mr 28 000) was derived from a dimeric glycoprotein of native
      molecular weight 56 000. Immunochemical studies demonstrated that antigens A and
      B are identical to these two secretory proteins and have been termed pregnancy
      associated endometrial alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulins (alpha 1- and alpha 2-PEG).

PMID- 2410614
TI  - Comparison of the cellular cytotoxic activities of colostral lymphocytes and
      maternal peripheral blood lymphocytes.
AB  - Colostral lymphocytes (CL) from mothers 2 to 4 days post-partum and autologous
      maternal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were investigated for (1) natural
      killer (NK) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic (ADCC) activities, (2)
      target binding ability, (3) interferon (IFN)- and interleukin 2 (IL2)-induced
      augmentation of NK activity, (4) lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (LDCC),
      and (5) the ability of culture-derived soluble suppressor factor(s) to inhibit
      the NK activity of normal allogeneic lymphocytes. CL depleted of adherent cells
      and Percoll-separated NK-enriched subpopulations of CL demonstrated significantly
      lower NK and ADCC activities compared to autologous PBL. However, the target
      binding ability of CL was comparable to autologous PBL. Although the residual NK
      activity of CL was augmented by IFN and IL2, the activity was not enhanced to the
      same level shown by autologous PBL. CL also demonstrated a significant
      enhancement of LDCC activity, although the activity was not stimulated to the
      levels shown by PBL. Culture supernates of CL manifested greater suppression of
      the NK ability of allogeneic PBL than culture supernates produced by autologous
      PBL. These results are consistent with a model that suggests differential
      partitioning of lymphocyte subpopulations between colostrum and peripheral blood.

PMID- 2410615
TI  - Pancreatic pleural effusion with normal serum amylase levels.

PMID- 2410616
TI  - Neurochemical changes in the brain and spinal cord of sheep: a basis for the
      immobilizing action of etorphine.
AB  - Clinical and pharmacological analyses showed a full immobilizing action of
      etorphine in adult sheep +/- 7 min. after a deep i.m. injection of the drug at a
      dosage rate of 20 micrograms/kg. Neurochemical analyses of motoric CNS-structures
      done within 30 min. after i.m. injection of etorphine in an immobilizing dose,
      showed the following: A significant decrease of dopamine (DA) and homovanilic
      acid (HVA) concentrations in the corpus striatum, the frontal motor cortex,
      cerebellum and in the lumbo-sacral portion of the spinal cord. A decrease of DA
      concentration with a simultaneous increase of HVA-concentration in the pons. A
      significant decrease of noradrenaline (NA) concentration in the cerebellum and
      lumbo-sacral portion of the spinal cord and an insignificant decrease of amine
      concentration in the pons. A significant increase of adrenaline (A) concentration
      in the frontal motor cortex. A significant decrease of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
      concentration in the frontal motor cortex and cerebellum and an equally
      significant increase in its concentration in the pons.

PMID- 2410617
TI  - Antigenic relationships among type-3 fimbriae of Enterobacteriaceae revealed by
      immunoelectronmicroscopy.
AB  - Antigenic relationships among type-3 fimbriae of 31 strains, representing 19
      species and eight genera of Enterobacteriaceae, were investigated by
      immunoelectronmicroscopy in tests with 17 different type-3 fimbrial antisera. At
      least nine antigenically distinct groups among type-3 fimbriae were
      distinguished. The constituent membership of some groupings did not conform with
      current views on the taxonomy of Enterobacteriaceae.

PMID- 2410618
TI  - Serum factors for opsonisation of non-typable Haemophilus influenzae.
AB  - Neutrophil chemiluminescence was used to assess the opsonins required for
      phagocytosis of non-typable Haemophilus influenzae isolated from sputum samples
      of patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia. Immunoglobulin was the major opsonin,
      whereas complement was relatively unimportant. Evidence was found for a heat
      labile opsonin other than complement that enhanced phagocytosis of these
      organisms. Tuftsin was shown to aid phagocytosis of H. influenzae without
      triggering chemiluminesence.

PMID- 2410619
TI  - Vibrating probe analysis of teleost opercular epithelium: correlation between
      active transport and leak pathways of individual chloride cells.
AB  - We have utilized the vibrating probe technique to examine transport by individual
      chloride cells in the short-circuited fish opercular epithelium. Variability in
      the steady state and in response to rapid perturbations, including fast-acting
      hormones and ion replacement, was analyzed. Negative short-circuit currents,
      corresponding to chloride secretion, were associated with the apical crypts of
      all but five of 386 chloride cells sampled. Average chloride cell short-circuit
      current and conductance were 2.7 +/- 0.1 nA and 87.7 +/- 3.8 nS, respectively, or
      19 mA cm-2 and 620 mS cm-2 (resistance = 1.6 omega cm2) when normalized to apical
      crypt surface area. Exposure to 1 microM epinephrine rapidly inhibited the tissue
      short-circuit current by inhibiting the current pumped by all chloride cells,
      i.e. all chloride cells have adrenergic receptors. The time course of inhibition
      for each cell mirrored that of the whole tissue. Reversal of epinephrine
      inhibition of the tissue short-circuit current by glucagon and phosphodiesterase
      inhibition was by reversal of epinephrine's inhibition of individual chloride
      cells, and not by turning on cells which were previously inactive or uninhibited,
      or by stimulating nonchloride cells. A great amount of variability existed among
      chloride cells in the ability of these agents to reverse epinephrine-inhibited
      current. Likewise, considerable variability in the response of chloride cell
      conductance to these perturbations was observed, and in many instances a clear
      dissociation between current and conductance was noted. In the steady state,
      variability among cells in a single tissue always defined a linear relationship
      between chloride cell current and conductance with zero-current conductance
      intercept at zero. Equivalent circuit modeling indicates that the leak
      conductance of chloride cells within a single tissue always contributes the same
      proportion to the total individual chloride cell conductance, such that the ratio
      between the conductances of the active and leak pathways of chloride cells is
      constant. The leak pathway is almost certainly dominated by a sodium-selective
      paracellular pathway. The results suggest that these cells control the
      permeability of their paracellular pathway. A possible mechanism for this control
      is discussed.

PMID- 2410620
TI  - The molecular and crystal structure of dextrans: a combined electron and X-ray
      diffraction study. II. A low temperature, hydrated polymorph.
AB  - The crystal and molecular structure of a dextran hydrate has been determined
      through combined electron and X-ray diffraction analysis, aided by stereochemical
      model refinement. A total of 65 hk0 electron diffraction intensities were
      measured on frozen single crystals held at the temperature of liquid nitrogen, to
      a resolution limit of 1.6 A. The X-ray intensities were measured from powder
      patterns recorded from collections of the single crystals. The structure
      crystallizes in a monoclinic unit cell with parameters a = 25.71 A, b = 10.21 A,
      c (chain axis) = 7.76 A and beta = 91.3 degrees. The space group is P2(1) with b
      axis unique. The unit cell contains six chains and eight water molecules, with
      three chains of the same polarity and four water molecules constituting the
      asymmetric unit. Along the chain direction the asymmetric unit is a dimer
      residue; however, the individual glucopyranose residues are very nearly related
      by a molecular 2-fold screw axis. The conformation of the chain is very similar
      to that in the anhydrous structure, but the chain packing differs in the two
      structures in that the rotational positions of the chains about the helix axes
      (the chain setting angles) are considerably different. The chains still pack in
      the form of sheets that are separated by water molecules. The difference in the
      chain setting angles between the anhydrous and hydrate structures corresponds to
      the angle between like unit cell axes observed in the diffraction diagrams
      recorded from hybrid crystals containing both polymorphs. Despite some beam
      damage effects, the structure was determined to a satisfactory degree of
      agreement, with the residuals R''(electron diffraction) = 0.258 and R(X-ray) =
      0.127.

PMID- 2410621
TI  - Identification and characterization of mutants affecting transcription
      termination at the threonine operon attenuator.
AB  - Mutations that map in or delete the attenuator of the threonine (thr) operon of
      Escherichia coli were isolated and characterized. These mutations disrupt or
      delete the transcription termination structure encoded by the attenuator leading
      to increased transcriptional readthrough into the thr operon structural genes.
      Most of the base substitutions and single base-pair insertions and deletions map
      in the G + C-rich region of dyad symmetry in the attenuator and decrease the
      calculated stabilities of the attenuator RNA secondary structures to similar
      extents (from -30.8 kcal/mol to approximately -21 kcal/mol). Most of the mutants
      showed a three- to fourfold increase in homoserine dehydrogenase (thrA gene
      product) synthesis relative to the wild-type parent strain. The mutation in one
      mutant (thrL153 + G) lowered the calculated stability of the RNA secondary
      structure only slightly (from -30.8 to 27.8 kcal/mol) but the mutant still
      exhibited high levels of homoserine dehydrogenase synthesis. In addition, three
      base substitution mutants (thrL135U, thrL139A and thrL156U) showed only slightly
      (1.5 to 2-fold) elevated levels of homoserine dehydrogenase activity, even though
      the calculated stabilities of the attenuator RNA secondary structures were
      reduced as much as most of the other mutants. Two of the mutations (thrL135U and
      thrL156U) mapped in the G + C-rich-A + T-rich junction of the attenuator. The
      third mutation (thrL139A) creates an A X C pair in the center of the G + C-rich
      region of the attenuator stem. The results obtained for these mutants show that
      the stability of the RNA secondary structure does not always correlate with the
      efficiency of transcription termination. Finally, analysis of the base changes in
      the substitution mutations showed that the mutational changes do not appear to be
      random.

PMID- 2410622
TI  - Isoproterenol inhibits residual fast channel via stimulation of beta
      adrenoceptors in guinea-pig ventricular muscle.
AB  - When perfused with high K+ (8.1 to 14.9 mM)-Tyrode's solution, the upstroke of
      action potentials in the isolated guinea-pig ventricular muscle is composed of
      two components and there are two separable peaks in the first derivative, i.e.,
      Vmax, fast and Vmax, slow. The Vmax, fast was a measure of activation of the
      residual fast channel, while the Vmax, slow was that of the slow channel.
      Isoproterenol depressed Vmax, fast with increase in Vmax, slow, in a
      concentration-dependent manner (10(-8) to 10(-6) M). This depression of Vmax,
      fast was greater at more depolarized levels of membrane potential. Therefore, the
      isoproterenol-induced depression of Vmax, fast may be due to a negative shift of
      the curve relating Vmax, fast to the take-off potential (Em) (Vmax--Em
      relationship), along the voltage axis. The negative shift of Vmax--Em
      relationship by isoproterenol was also recognized in small preparations the size
      of which is well within the space constant. The negative shift was inhibited in
      the presence of beta-blockers (pindolol 1 microgram/ml or atenolol 10
      micrograms/ml) but not by a calcium antagonist, 1-verapamil (1 microgram/ml).
      These results suggest that isoproterenol blocks sodium channels in the
      depolarized ventricular muscle via stimulation of the beta-adrenoceptors and that
      the depression of Vmax, fast is not mediated by the well-known effects of
      isoproterenol on Vmax, slow, i.e., increased influx of Ca2+ ions.

PMID- 2410623
TI  - Oligodendrocytes, key cells in myelination and target in demyelinating diseases.

PMID- 2410624
TI  - The ultrastructural labelling of keratin proteins in normal human colonic mucosa
      by a low temperature embedding, protein A-gold technique.
AB  - A low temperature embedding technique using protein A-gold as a marker was used
      to define the distribution of keratin proteins at the ultrastructural level in
      normal colonic epithelial cells. In both goblet and absorptive cells, keratin
      proteins were found at the base and lateral borders of the cell and inserting
      into desmosomes. There was a network of keratin filaments which surrounded cell
      organelles. In goblet cells, bundles of keratin filaments surrounded mucin
      droplets. In absorptive cells, a fine network of keratin filaments interdigitated
      with the terminal web. These studies with an immunochemical technique defined the
      keratin cytoskeleton at the ultrastructural level.

PMID- 2410625
TI  - Actin localization in rat ventral prostate glandular cells with an immunogold
      staining technique.
AB  - Actin immunoreactive sites have been localized in rat ventral prostate secretory
      cells at electron microscope level by an immunogold staining technique. The
      labelling was found over the cell web, within the microvilli, in association with
      the apical plasma membrane and junctional complex. Immunogold staining was also
      found closely associated with the secretory granules limiting membrane. These
      results suggest that actin besides its role in the orientation and motility of
      microvilli may participate in the exocytosis process of the rat ventral prostate
      secretory granules.

PMID- 2410626
TI  - Viral polypeptides detected by a complement-dependent neutralizing murine
      monoclonal antibody to human cytomegalovirus.
AB  - Murine monoclonal antibodies were produced which coimmunoprecipitated, under
      reducing conditions, 130,000- and 55,000-dalton (Da) polypeptides from cells
      infected with human cytomegalovirus (CMV) strain AD169. A 92,000-Da species,
      possibly a biosynthetic intermediate, was also detectable. One of the monoclonal
      antibodies, 15D8, neutralized CMV AD169 only in the presence of guinea pig
      complement. A second monoclonal antibody, 14E10, coimmunoprecipitated the 130,000
      and 55,000-Da polypeptides but did not neutralize viral infectivity. By
      sequential immunoprecipitation, both monoclonal antibodies have been shown to
      recognize the same polypeptides. Monoclonal antibody 15D8 detected the 130,000-
      and 55,000-Da polypeptides in five of six clinical strains and three laboratory
      strains tested. The 14E10 monoclonal antibody detected the 130,000-Da protein in
      four of six CMV clinical isolates and in strain AD169 but did not
      immunoprecipitate any polypeptides from extracts of cells infected with either
      Towne or Davis laboratory strains. In kinetic studies, the synthesis of the
      130,000-Da polypeptide preceded the appearance of the 55,000-Da polypeptide. In
      infected cells radiolabeled with a pulse of L-[35S]methionine, the isotope was
      initially detected in the 130,000-Da polypeptide but could be chased into the
      55,000-Da polypeptide. These polypeptides exist in the intracellular and
      extracellular virus as disulfide-linked multimers. Extracellular virus contained
      a high-molecular-weight (greater than 200,000 Da) multimer composed entirely of
      55,000-Da polypeptides. In extracts from infected cells an additional high
      molecular-weight multimer was detected consisting of disulfide-linked 130,000-Da
      polypeptides.

PMID- 2410627
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to the M protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana
      serotype) and to a cDNA M gene expression product.
AB  - Twenty-nine independent hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies to the matrix
      (M) protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana serotype) were prepared by
      fusion of SP2/0 myeloma cells with spleen lymphocytes obtained from BALB/c mice
      which had been immunized with the purified M protein. The specific reactivity of
      each monoclonal antibody was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      and a competitive binding assay. Most of the antibodies were of the
      immunoglobulin G2a and G2b isotypes, although some were immunoglobulin M. By
      measuring the competitive binding of 125I-antibody, we identified four antigenic
      determinants in the M protein of the virus; two of these determinants, however,
      exhibited a large degree of overlap. Western blot analysis revealed little or no
      cross-reactivity of the antibodies with other viral proteins or with the M
      protein of the New Jersey serotype. Prolonged trypsin proteolysis removed the
      first 43 amino acids from the amino-terminal region of the M protein, but it
      retained its reactivity with monoclonal antibodies to each epitope, except for
      diminished reactivity with one. To aid in future mapping of these epitopes, we
      inserted a cDNA clone of the mRNA encoding the M protein of vesicular stomatitis
      virus into an inducible lac expression vector; the M protein produced in the
      JM103 strain of Escherichia coli under induced conditions was found to be
      approximately the same size as native M protein and was recognized by the
      monoclonal antibodies. These monoclonal antibodies and the cDNA clone should be
      useful for studying the role of M protein in virus maturation and the regulation
      of viral transcription.

PMID- 2410628
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies detect different forms of influenza virus hemagglutinin
      during viral penetration and biosynthesis.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies specific for the influenza virus A/PR/8/34 hemagglutinin
      (HA) were used to examine the structure of the HA glycoprotein by
      immunofluorescence techniques during infection of MDCK cells. One antibody (Y8
      10C2), shown previously to detect conformational alterations in the HA coinciding
      with the acid induction of viral fusion activity, bound to internalized virus but
      not to virus adsorbed to the cell surface. The binding of Y8-10C2 was completely
      inhibited by ammonium chloride treatment of the cells. These findings are
      consistent with the idea that Y8-10C2 detects conformational changes in the HA
      which accompany the acid-induced fusion of viral and endosomal membranes. The
      same antibody also bound to newly synthesized HA but not to later forms of
      cytoplasmic HA or to HA incorporated into the cell membrane during virus
      maturation. A possible common denominator of the antigenic changes detected by
      antibody Y8-10C2 during virus entry and replication may be alterations in the
      structural relationship among the three HA monomers which form the mature HA
      molecule.

PMID- 2410629
TI  - Identification and characterization of the Epstein-Barr virus receptor on human B
      lymphocytes and its relationship to the C3d complement receptor (CR2).
AB  - In pursuing studies on the early events in the infection of human B cells by
      Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), we examined the host cell attachment phase with a panel
      of B-cell-specific monoclonal antibodies. One of the monoclonal antibodies, OKB7,
      directly blocked the attachment of purified EBV to B lymphocytes in the absence
      of a second anti-immunoglobulin antibody and thereby prevented EBV infection of
      tonsil and peripheral blood B cells. Although earlier studies have shown a close
      association of the EBV and complement receptor (CR2), an anti-CR2 monoclonal
      antibody, anti-B2, did not directly block the binding of EBV to B cells. A
      comparison of the structures recognized by these monoclonal antibodies on various
      cell types and their functional and physiochemical properties was undertaken.
      Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the molecules detected by OKB7 and anti-B2
      were coexpressed to the same extent on B cells but were not expressed on T-cell
      lines. OKB7 and anti-B2 both immunoprecipitated a 145,000-molecular-weight
      membrane protein with an isoelectric point of 8.2 from membrane extracts of Raji
      lymphoblastoid cells. OKB7 and, to a lesser extent, anti-B2 directly blocked the
      attachment of C3d,g-coated fluorescent microspheres and sheep erythrocytes
      bearing C3d to B cells, indicating that these antibodies also react with CR2.
      These studies indicate that the EBV-CR2 receptor is a single membrane
      glycoprotein which possesses multiple antigenic and functional epitopes.

PMID- 2410630
TI  - Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III: immunologic characterization and
      primary structure analysis of the major internal protein, p24.
AB  - The major internal structural protein of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III
      (HTLV-III), a virus etiologically implicated in acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome (AIDS), was purified to homogeneity. This 24,000-molecular-weight
      protein (p24) was shown to lack immunologic cross-reacting antigenic determinants
      shared by other known retroviruses, including HTLV-I and HTLV-II, with the
      exception of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). A broadly reactive
      competition immunoassay was developed in which antiserum to EIAV was used to
      precipitate 125I-labeled HTLV-III p24. Although the major structural proteins of
      HTLV-III and EIAV competed in this assay, other type B, C, and D retroviral
      proteins lacked detectable reactivity. Thus, HTLV-III is more related to EIAV
      than to any other retroviruses. That the HTLV-III isolate is very distinct from
      HTLV-I and HTLV-II was further confirmed by the amino acid compositions of the
      major internal antigens of all three isolates. Moreover, comparison of the amino
      terminal amino acid sequence of HTLV-III p24 with analogous sequences for HTLV-I
      and HTLV-II p24 showed that these proteins do not share significant sequence
      homology. In an attempt to evaluate immune response in individuals exposed to
      HTLV-III, sera from AIDS and lymphadenopathy syndrome patients as well as from
      clinically normal blood donor controls were tested for antibodies to HTLV-III
      p24. The results showed that sera from 93% of lymphadenopathy syndrome patients
      and 73% of AIDS patients exhibited high-titered antibodies to HTLV-III p24. In
      contrast, none of the normal control sera showed detectable reactivity to HTLV
      III p24.

PMID- 2410631
TI  - Coevolution of cells and virus as a mechanism for the persistence of lymphotropic
      minute virus of mice in L-cells.
AB  - Infection of L-cells with minute virus of mice (i), a lymphotropic strain of
      minute virus of mice, resulted in the emergence of host range mutant viruses
      capable of a lytic infection that destroys the initially restrictive parental
      cells. Despite that, the culture was not lysed completely; instead, a persistent
      infection resulted which lasted at least 150 days. Throughout the persistent
      infection, extensive changes occurred in both the tissue tropism of the progeny
      virus and in the phenotypic properties of the cells. Mutant cells were selected
      which were increasingly restrictive to the replication of the resident virus, but
      concomitant changes in the virus enabled it to replicate in a subpopulation of
      the restrictive cells. The persistent infection could be reconstructed by
      infection of mutant cells with mutant virus; in contrast, neither infection of
      parental cells with mutant virus nor infection of mutant cells with parental
      virus led to persistence. On the basis of these results, we suggest that virus
      cell coevolution provides the primary mechanism for the initiation and the
      maintenance of the persistent infection.

PMID- 2410632
TI  - Role of complement and the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G in immunity to
      Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection with glycoprotein-specific
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - We have previously characterized with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) seven unique
      epitopes on the two envelope glycoproteins of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
      (VEE) virus vaccine strain TC-83. The epitopes important in protection from VEE
      virus infection were determined in passive antibody transfer studies, with
      virulent VEE (Trinidad donkey) virus as the challenge virus. Selected high
      avidity MAbs to the three major protective epitopes (E2c, E1b, and E1d) were
      assayed for in vitro complement activity. All three fixed murine complement to
      high titer. Limited pepsin digestion of the anti-E2c in the presence of cysteine
      resulted in a rapid decrease and complete loss of complement-fixing ability by 2
      h, but the majority of mice, except at the lowest dilution of MAb, were protected
      until the Fc termini were cleaved at 3 h. Anti-E2c F(ab')2 would neutralize VEE
      (Trinidad donkey) virus more efficiently than either Fab' or Fab; none of the
      fragments would fix complement or was effective in passive protection. C5
      deficient mice and mice depleted of C3 with cobra venom factor were still
      protected from VEE (Trinidad donkey) virus challenge after passive transfer of
      either anti-E2c or anti-E1b MAb. The results show that the anti-E2c MAb mediates
      neutralization through bivalent binding at a critical site on the virion and that
      Fc effector functions, other than complement, are necessary for protection.
      Although the ability of the anti-E2c MAb to fix complement was associated with
      its ability to protect in vivo, no direct cause-and-effect relationship was
      found. Since the epitope defined by the anti-E1d antibody is found on the cell
      membrane, but is not expressed on the infectious virion, protection in mice was
      most likely mediated at the cellular level, possibly by inhibition of the final
      stages of virion maturation.

PMID- 2410633
TI  - Temperature-sensitive mutants of Japanese encephalitis virus.
AB  - Ten stable temperature-sensitive mutants of Japanese encephalitis virus were
      isolated after mutagenesis by growth of cloned wild-type virus in the presence of
      the nucleic acid precursor analogs 5-fluorouracil and 5-azacytidine. Mutants were
      selected which grew at least 100-fold better at 33 degrees C than at 41 degrees
      C. The 5-fluorouracil was found to be more effective at inducing temperature
      sensitive mutations than was 5-azacytidine. Analysis of the virus-specific RNA
      and proteins synthesized by each mutant at the nonpermissive temperature was used
      to determine biochemical phenotypes. The mutants were analyzed for abilities to
      complement in mixed infections. Although inefficient and sometimes nonreciprocal,
      complementation occurred at higher levels than previously reported for flavivirus
      mutants. Interference between mutants in some mixed infections was also observed.
      Seven complementation groups were defined. Three groups contained mutants
      incapable of synthesizing virus-specific RNA at the nonpermissive temperature,
      whereas the remaining complementation groups displayed an RNA+ phenotype. Levels
      of protein synthesis comparable to that of wild type were observed at the
      nonpermissive temperature in three groups. Two other groups were represented by
      mutants which synthesized only low levels of virus-specific proteins at the
      higher temperature. Mutants in the remaining two groups did not produce
      detectable levels of proteins under nonpermissive conditions.

PMID- 2410634
TI  - Successful treatment of yolk sac tumor of the lower abdominal wall with lymph
      node metastases.
AB  - We report a case of a primary yolk sac tumor of the lower abdominal wall with
      inguinal lymph node metastases. To our knowledge, this is the first documented
      case originating in the lower abdominal wall. Radical surgery was performed,
      followed by combination chemotherapy consisting of bleomycin, vinblastine and cis
      platinum. The patient has been free of disease for more than 2 years.

PMID- 2410635
TI  - Localization of a normal prostatic secretory product using the monoclonal
      antibody KR-P8.
AB  - We previously reported that the monoclonal antibody KR-P8 detects a prostate
      organ-specific antigen that is distinct from other markers such as prostatic acid
      phosphatase and prostate specific antigen. In this report we demonstrate that the
      antigen recognized by KR-P8 is among the secretory products of both normal and
      malignant prostatic epithelium. Immunoperoxidase staining patterns showed that
      the antigen was concentrated on the luminal surfaces of the glandular epithelial
      cells of prostate, and also that the antigen was localized within secretory
      vacuoles of cells of the prostate tumor line PC3. In addition, using an
      immunoblotting assay the KR-P8 binding antigen was detected in the growth media
      of PC3 cells and also found to be present in human urine and seminal plasma. The
      data suggest that the antigen recognized by KR-P8 may be a useful marker for
      studying the secretory processes of the prostate gland.

PMID- 2410636
TI  - Correlated biochemical and stereological studies on testosterone metabolism in
      the stromal and epithelial compartment of human benign prostatic hyperplasia.
AB  - The growth and function of the human prostate is dependent upon a continuous
      supply of androgens, mainly 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, the 5 alpha-reduced
      metabolite of testosterone. Within the human prostate dihydrotestosterone is
      thought to be the intracellular mediator of androgen action. Although it is well
      documented that dihydrotestosterone is evenly distributed between the stromal and
      epithelial compartment of the prostate, the anatomical localization of
      dihydrotestosterone formation within the normal and hyperplastic prostate is
      still not established. To provide further insight into this problem we have
      measured, under conditions approximating the in vivo state, dihydrotestosterone
      formation in prostates obtained from 4 men with normal prostates and 36 men with
      benign prostatic hyperplasia. In addition to this we have performed histometric
      analysis of the cellular composition of the samples incubated, in order to
      correlate the morphological and the histochemical findings. Dihydrotestosterone
      is the major metabolite, and androstanediol and androstenedione were formed in
      smaller quantities. Under the given conditions metabolite formation from
      testosterone increased linearly for 60 minutes and the half maximum rate of
      dihydrotestosterone formation (Km) was observed at about 1.25 X 10(-6) M
      testosterone, a value similar to that reported for rat prostatic nuclei and human
      prostatic tissue. Dihydrotestosterone formation was higher in hyperplastic
      prostates than in the normal prostate. (Student's t test: p less than 0.05). The
      stroma in both the normal and hyperplastic tissue converts testosterone to
      dihydrotestosterone very actively. No significant relation was found between
      dihydrotestosterone formation and the per cent distribution of the stromal and
      epithelial compartment in any sample studied. In conclusion, our results are
      compatible first with the thesis that the rate of dihydrotestosterone formation
      is increased in the hyperplastic prostate and secondly with the concept that the
      rate of dihydrotestosterone formation is approximately the same in the epithelial
      and stromal compartments of the prostate.

PMID- 2410637
TI  - Renal preservation following severe ischemia and prophylactic calcium channel
      blockade.
AB  - The ability of the calcium channel blocker verapamil to prevent renal ischemic
      damage was assessed in a randomized double blind study of 41 rats. Study animals
      received either intravenous verapamil or placebo prior to renal pedicle occlusion
      and contralateral nephrectomy. Rats receiving verapamil pretreatment demonstrated
      significantly greater functional preservation 48 hours after ischemia (p less
      than 0.005) and exhibited better overall survival rates. In this study verapamil
      provided protection against renal damage following ischemia.

PMID- 2410638
TI  - [Transformation of ovarian yolk sac tumor to immature teratoma following
      chemotherapy].
AB  - The patient, a 28-year-old woman, in her ninth week of pregnancy, was operated on
      for stage Ia, mixed germ cell tumor (grade 3 immature teratoma + yolk sac tumor)
      of AFP decreased to the normal level. Eight months later, an intrapelvic mass and
      raised AFP were found. The extirpated recurrent tumor in the pouch of Douglas was
      a grade 2 immature teratoma with no yolk sac element. FAM chemotherapy was given
      again, and the patient is alive and well after taking oral UFT. As in testicular
      germ cell tumors, ovarian germ cell tumors can be converted to a more
      differentiated tumor following chemotherapy.

PMID- 2410639
TI  - Leukocyte migration inhibition in relation to nuclear pleomorphism and lymphoid
      infiltration in breast cancer.
AB  - Leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) in patients with breast cancer was examined
      by using 3 M-KCl tissue extracts of breast tumors. Tumor extracts were obtained
      from 12 breast carcinomas of various histological types. In 20 of 65 (30.8%)
      leukocyte preparations from 25 patients with breast cancer migration was
      inhibited by breast cancer tissue extracts. In 26 leukocyte preparations from
      eight healthy persons and 22 preparations from eight patients with benign
      diseases of the breast migration was not inhibited by the breast cancer extracts.
      In only two of 47 (4.3%) leukocyte preparations from 12 patients with other
      cancers migration was inhibited by the extracts. The occurrence of LMI was the
      highest in leukocytes from the patients with breast cancer showing marked nuclear
      pleomorphism (10/19, 52.6%) or showing marked mononuclear cell infiltration
      (6/12, 50.0%). These results suggest that 3 M-KCl tissue extracts of breast
      cancer may contain tumor-associated antigens in solubilized form and that there
      may be a correlation between LMI and nuclear pleomorphism of cancer cells of the
      leukocyte donor as well as mononuclear cell infiltration in the tumor of the
      leukocyte donor.

PMID- 2410640
TI  - A new method of preparing specimens for cytodiagnosis of lung cancer.
AB  - A simple and effective method for concentrating sputum in the preparation of
      smears for cytodiagnosis of lung cancer was developed. The procedure, which
      utilizes a fixative consisting of 2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-dithiol-butane, 3,5-ditert
      butyl-4-hydroxy-toluene, polyoxyethylene-cetyl-ether, polyethylene glycol 1540,
      and ethyl alcohol in distilled water permitted preparation of an amucoid, thin
      smear. Sputum was collected in a screw-cap plastic tube containing the fixative.
      After 12 hours mucus in the sputum was liquefied and the cellular elements were
      obtained from the bottom of the tube. Cellular morphology was well preserved for
      cytodiagnosis. Microscopic observation was facilitated by lysis of the mucus.
      Estimation of cellular origin was rather easy because of the distinct fixation.
      Cells from the sputum sediment following liquefaction were more representative of
      the entire specimen than with a random selection method. The new method should be
      useful not only in hospitals but also in mass surveys.

PMID- 2410641
TI  - Large cell carcinoma of the lung--ultrastructural and immunohistochemical
      studies.
AB  - Twenty-seven cases of surgically resected large cell carcinoma of the lung
      including nine cases of giant cell carcinoma were examined ultrastructurally and
      immunohistochemically. Ultrastructurally, of 18 large cell carcinomas other than
      giant cell carcinoma eight showed characteristic differentiation toward
      adenocarcinoma, four toward adenosquamous carcinoma, and one each toward squamous
      cell carcinoma and neuroendocrine cell carcinoma, but the remaining four were
      undifferentiated. Six of the nine giant cell carcinomas also showed features of
      adenocarcinoma, two showed features of squamous cell carcinoma, and one was
      undifferentiated carcinoma. Immunohistochemically, secretory component (SC) was
      observed in seven of 14 cases with features of adenocarcinoma and two of four
      cases with features of adenosquamous carcinoma. Carcinomas with only squamous
      cell differentiation did not stain for SC. Keratin staining was positive in five
      of the 14 with features of adenocarcinoma, three of the four cases with features
      of adenosquamous carcinoma and two of the three cases with features of squamous
      cell carcinoma. The numbers of tumor cells positive for keratin and/or SC were
      small. One carcinoma with neurosecretory type granules was stained positively for
      calcitonin. These findings indicate that many large cell carcinomas showed
      differentiation toward glandular cells and/or squamous cells, and some did not
      show any differentiation ultrastructurally or immunohistochemically, indicating
      that the majority of large cell carcinomas are poorly differentiated form of
      either adenocarcinomas or squamous cell carcinomas.

PMID- 2410642
TI  - [An immunohistochemical study on the normal human skin using an anti-hair keratin
      monoclonal antibody (HKN-2)].

PMID- 2410643
TI  - [Postsecretory changes of pancreatic juice trypsinogen in the duodenum. II.
      Trypsin to amylase ratio in duodenal aspirates indicates the degree of activation
      of trypsinogen].

PMID- 2410644
TI  - [Radioimmunoimaging using F(ab')2 fragment of monoclonal antibodies against human
      alpha-fetoprotein].

PMID- 2410645
TI  - [Standards of nursing of patients with ovarian and uterine cancer--through the
      nursing actions toward patients with cervical and ovarian cancer scheduled for
      total hysterectomy].

PMID- 2410646
TI  - Serum proteins and bioregulation.

PMID- 2410647
TI  - Role of natural killer (NK) cells and interferon in self-defense mechanisms.

PMID- 2410648
TI  - Stimulating effect of duodenal alkalinization on pancreatic exocrine secretion in
      rats.
AB  - Intraduodenal instillations of 1.0 M NaHCO3, 0.1 M Na2CO3, and 0.1 M NaOH in
      anesthetized rats stimulated significantly the pancreatic exocrine secretion
      showing 3.8-, 7.1-, and 19.0-fold increase of the pancreatic juice flow,
      respectively. Protein concentration and amylase activity in pancreatic juice
      increased after injecting NaOH, but decreased after injecting Na2CO3.

PMID- 2410649
TI  - Potassium-related membrane currents in the bullfrog atrial muscle differentiated
      in the presence of barium.
AB  - Effects of Ba on the potassium-related currents were studied on the bullfrog
      atrial muscle under voltage clamp with double sucrose-gap techniques. Ba, in a
      dose over 0.1 mM, abolished the anomalous rectification of the membrane by
      inhibiting the background current which reversed sign nearly at the K equilibrium
      potential (IK1). Ba, thus reducing the K-depletion current for
      hyperpolarizations, revealed the presence of funny inward current (If or Ih) in
      the proper atrial muscle. An increase in [K]0 increased If, and the current
      showed a threshold at about -80 mV and was saturated at above -160 mV in 5 mM
      [K]0. The delayed outward current (Ix) for depolarizations was also depressed by
      Ba. The depression occurred in a voltage- and time-dependent manner, manifesting
      an unblocking for stronger depolarizations. An analysis of the current tail,
      however, disclosed that low concentrations of Ba (up to 0.1 mM) inhibited the
      accumulation component (Ia) of the current without diminishing the next slow
      component of Ix (Ixs). The remaining Ixs showed a reversal potential of -82 mV,
      suggesting that this current is largely carried by potassium ions. These data
      clearly show that in the presence of Ba, If and Ixs can be differentiated from
      other membrane currents in the frog atrial muscle.

PMID- 2410650
TI  - Potential dependency of the electrogenic Na+-pump current in bullfrog atrial
      muscles.
AB  - Experiments were designed to evaluate the concept that the activity of the
      electrogenic Na+-pump is dependent on the transmembrane potential. Cardiac muscle
      preparations were used because the electrogenic Na+-pump current can be recorded
      at different potentials with the voltage clamp method in this preparation.
      Electrogenic Na+-pump current was identified as the membrane current which was
      abolished by ouabain (5 microM) and induced by the addition of K+ or an alkali
      metal cation, such as Rb+, Cs+, or Li+, to the extracellular K+-free solution.
      Alkali metal cations other than K+ were used to eliminate the possibility that a
      passive membrane K+ current might be altered by changes in the K+ concentration
      in the vicinity of the membrane due to activation of the Na+-pump. It was
      concluded that the activity of the electrogenic Na+-pump current is dependent on
      the membrane potential.

PMID- 2410651
TI  - Inhibitory effect of a novel anticomplementary agent, K-76COONa, on the release
      of histamine induced by zymosan and compound 48/80.
AB  - A novel sesquiterpene anticomplementary agent, K-76COONa, if locally applied, was
      revealed to have an activity to prevent histamine release from rat connective
      tissue mast cells not only in a zymosan-induced inflammation of the air pouch
      type (zymosan-air-pouch inflammation) but also in compound 48/80-induced air
      pouch inflammation. Moreover, K-76COONa inhibited in vitro histamine release from
      rat peritoneal mast cells induced by compound 48/80.

PMID- 2410652
TI  - A novel leukemia T-cell line (PF-382) with phenotypic and functional features of
      suppressor lymphocytes.
AB  - A human leukemia T-cell line (PF-382) spontaneously derived from the pleural
      effusion of a child with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is described. The
      cell line, which has been maintained in culture for over 10 months, has a modal
      number of 46 chromosomes and is characterized by a chromosomal abnormality,
      present in most of the cells, consisting of a translocation between chromosome X
      and chromosome 15 (46X,Xq-,15p+). The cells are not recognized by the OKT3 and
      OKT11 monoclonal antibodies (MoAb), nor do they form rosettes with sheep
      erythrocytes. By contrast, they react with the OKT6, Leu-1, and Leu-9 MoAb, which
      detect early T-lymphocytes, and express the more mature OKT8 antigen. The
      presence of the OKT8 marker is associated with suppressor activity on the
      pokeweed mitogen-induced proliferation and differentiation of normal B-cells,
      both by the PF-382 cells and by their supernatant. However, no cytotoxic activity
      against natural killer (NK)-sensitive target cells (K562) was found, indicating
      that the proliferating cells do not correspond to the subset of NK cells
      expressing the OKT8 antigen. Furthermore, the cells are incapable of both
      spontaneous and mitogen-induced interleukin-2 and interferon production. The
      ability of the PF-382 cell line to release a soluble factor(s) capable of
      modulating the differentiation of the B-cell compartment suggests that this new
      cell line represents a valuable model for the investigation of the
      interrelationships between T-cell subsets and other hematopoietic cell lineages.

PMID- 2410653
TI  - Enhanced expression of class I major histocompatibility complex gene (Dk)
      products on immunogenic variants of a spontaneous murine carcinoma.
AB  - Both immunogenic and nonimmunogenic variant clones were isolated from a recently
      obtained spontaneous murine adenocarcinoma after treatment (xenogenization) with
      either the mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate or the DNA hypomethylating agent, and
      "gene activator," 5-azacytidine. Clonal analysis of the untreated tumor
      population confirmed that immunogenic variants arose as a consequence of the
      xenogenization protocol. At a dose of 10(6) cells per mouse, nonimmunogenic
      variants, like the parental tumor line, grew progressively in normal syngeneic
      recipients. In contrast, immunogenic variants were rejected in normal syngeneic
      mice and grew progressively only in T-cell-deficient nude mice. Serologic
      analysis of the respective clonal variants revealed that immunogenic variants
      expressed substantially elevated (fourfold to tenfold) levels of class I H-2Dk
      antigen relative to parental or nonimmunogenic cell lines. Two variants
      exhibiting marginal immunogenicity expressed high and low levels of major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen, respectively suggesting that elevated
      MHC expression, although possibly a contributing factor, did not account for the
      immunogenic phenotype in all cases. Finally, the immunogenic phenotype of two
      variants decayed with time in culture. Clones in the process of reversion lost
      their elevated Dk gene expression and became progressively more tumorigenic in
      normal syngeneic mice. Together, these data are consistent with a hypothesis that
      elevated MHC expression can contribute to the immunogenic phenotype of originally
      low MHC-expressing tumors and that the reduced level of MHC observed in certain
      clinical cancers may have significant implications with regard to immunologic
      aspects of the tumor-host relationship.

PMID- 2410654
TI  - [Comparison of the results of ethacizin pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in
      a single intravenous administration].
AB  - A single intravenous injection of 30-50 mg ethacizin produces a favourable
      antiarrhythmic effect in 80-85% of patients with ventricular disorders of cardiac
      rhythm. The drug's action already begins "on the needle", reaches its peak within
      3-5 minutes and lasts for 1-2 hours. A two-compartment model adequately
      represents ethacizin pharmacokinetics. The average ethacizin half-distribution
      and half-elimination periods are 4.7 and 154.4 minutes, respectively, and its
      clearance rate is 0.99 1/min. Therapeutic plasma concentration of the drug varies
      between 30-50 and 300-400 ng/ml.

PMID- 2410655
TI  - [Sudden coronary death].

PMID- 2410656
TI  - [Mechanisms of the occurrence of parasystole and extrasystole].
AB  - Mechanisms involved in the development of parasystole and extrasystole are
      substantiated on the basis of vast clinical material (261 patients with
      parasystole and 45 with extrasystole). The use of functional tests employing
      exercise and atropine contributed to both the correct diagnosis of parasystole
      and extrasystole and a logical explanation of the mechanisms governing their
      development. Prolonged ECG recording identified, for the first time ever, the
      limits of the maximum admissible coupling interval for normotopic extrasystole,
      as the preliminary diagnosis of the nature of the arrhythmia was only made after
      the said tests. Parasystole was shown to be rooted in a pathologic automatism,
      and extrasystole, in the summation of extrasystolic focus potentials and the
      principal pacemaker potential during movement as well as the principal pacemaker
      impulse along the route of the minor circular wave on Purkinje' level. The
      localization of ectopic foci in parasystole and extrasystole confirms the
      hypothesis of the mechanisms involved in these arrhythmias. A parallel study of
      parasystole and extrasystole defined parasystole as active heterotopia, and
      extrasystole, as passive heterotopia incapable of generating a rhythm.

PMID- 2410657
TI  - [Pyromecaine--a new anti-arrhythmia preparation improving myocardial blood
      supply].
AB  - Pyromecaine is a local anesthetic used for surface anesthesia. Its marked
      antiarrhythmic activity has been established in various models of experimental
      cardiac arrhythmia in doses of 0.1-2.5 mg/kg. Pyromecaine has a wide spectrum of
      antiarrhythmic action, exerts a favourable effect on the intracardiac and
      systemic hemodynamics, on the contractility of the left ventricle and on the
      myocardial blood flow following the ligation of the coronary artery. Other
      positive properties of pyromecaine include its anesthetic activity and a
      relatively low toxicity.

PMID- 2410658
TI  - [Mechanism of the occurrence and differential diagnosis of para- and
      extrasystole, paroxysmal tachycardia and rebound contractions].

PMID- 2410659
TI  - Effect of cisplatin on the transepithelial potential difference of rat distal
      tubule.
AB  - Cisplatin, an effective anti-tumor agent, has significant effects on renal
      function including reduced glomerular filtration rate and potassium and magnesium
      wasting. It has been shown recently that cisplatin increases sodium conductance
      across the isolated frog skin, an effect which was inhibited by amiloride. The
      present study investigates the influence of cisplatin on the transepithelial
      potential difference (PD) of distal nephron segments of the rat kidney.
      Measurements were made under free-flow conditions and during distal
      microperfusion. When cisplatin was infused intravenously in a dose of 2 mg/kg/hr,
      the mean free-flow PD in late distal segments (cortical collecting tubules)
      increased from -18.5 +/- 1.4 mV (N = 37) to -31.2 +/- 1.4 mV (N = 36) (P less
      than 0.001). The large negative PD seen with cisplatin was abolished with
      intravenous amiloride, a mean PD of +0.9 +/- 1.5 mV (N = 22) (P less than 0.001)
      being obtained, similar to a PD of +1.9 +/- 1.5 mV (N = 39) found in control
      animals infused with amiloride. Perfusion of individual late distal segments with
      artificial plasma ultrafiltrate yielded a mean control PD of -12.4 +/- 1.2 mV (N
      = 21) and a significantly higher PD of -17.5 +/- 1.5 mV (N = 24) (P less than
      0.01) when cisplatin (10(-3) M) was added to the perfusate. The addition of
      amiloride to these perfusates reduced the mean PDs to -3.2 +/- 0.5 mV (N = 19)
      and -3.6 +/- 0.7 mV (N = 17), respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410660
TI  - Cortical collecting tubule potassium secretion: effect of amiloride, ouabain, and
      luminal sodium concentration.
AB  - The present study examined the effect of sodium transport inhibition by
      amiloride, ouabain, and luminal sodium removal on potassium secretion in isolated
      cortical collecting tubules from adrenalectomized and DOCA-stimulated rabbits.
      Collecting tubules from adrenalectomized rabbits had a mean potassium secretion
      of 3.62 +/- 0.37 pmoles X mm-1 X min-1, which significantly decreased to 1.52 +/-
      0.21 pmoles X mm-1 X min-1 after addition of amiloride, but no additional effect
      was observed after the addition of ouabain. The transepithelial voltage (VT)
      became less positive after exposure to amiloride. Cortical collecting tubules
      from DOCA-treated animals exhibited significantly greater potassium secretion
      (28.6 +/- 9.4 pmoles X mm-1 X mm-1). Amiloride totally inhibited potassium
      secretion, and VT reversed polarity in these tubules. In tubules from
      adrenalectomized rabbits the removal of luminal sodium inhibited potassium
      secretion by approximately 44% but had no effect on VT. There remained, however,
      a substantial amount of potassium secretion in the absence of transepithelial
      sodium flux. Thus, potassium secretion in the cortical collecting tubule is
      highly dependent on sodium reabsorption under conditions of mineralocorticoid
      stimulation but significantly less so in adrenalectomized animals. Potassium
      secretion in the cortical collecting tubule of adrenalectomized rabbits is
      inhibited independent of VT and occurs, in part, by an apparent electroneutral
      process. Chronic exposure to mineralocorticoids appears to stimulate electrogenic
      sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.

PMID- 2410661
TI  - [Immediate results of the surgical treatment of complicated stomach cancer in the
      elderly].

PMID- 2410662
TI  - Yolk sac tumor in the cerebellum--a case report.

PMID- 2410663
TI  - Morphologic study on experimental allergic neuritis mediated by T cell line
      specific for bovine P2 protein in Lewis rats.
AB  - Light and electron microscope studies were performed on experimental allergic
      neuritis (EAN) passively induced in Lewis rats by the intravenous injection of T
      line cells specific for bovine P2 protein. Histologic changes were almost
      entirely restricted to the peripheral nervous system, being most severe in the
      sciatic nerve and lumbosacral nerve roots, whereas the brachial nerve and
      cervical nerve roots were involved to a lesser extent. The lesions were composed
      of edema, cellular infiltrates, demyelination, and, subsequently, axonal
      degeneration. Infiltrated macrophages were observed actively stripping the
      myelin, and the Schwann cell cytoplasm of affected nerve fibers was pushed to the
      periphery without distinct evidence of degeneration. The first evidence of
      pathologic change was severe edema in the sciatic nerve 4 days postinoculation.
      This edema was demonstrated immunohistochemically by the presence of albumin and
      fibrinogen in the endoneurial space. Mast cell degranulation was observed in
      these edematous nerve lesions. The cellular infiltrates which formed perivascular
      cuffs were composed of not only mononuclear cells but also many granulocytes. In
      the central nervous system, meningeal cell infiltration was also observed in the
      spinal cord, and after 7 days postinoculation degeneration of the posterior
      column was also found. This latter observation is thought to represent
      degeneration due to axonal damage of lumbosacral posterior roots. These
      pathologic findings in a T cell-mediated model of EAN were essentially the same
      as those previously reported in conventionally induced EAN or human Guillain
      Barre Syndrome. Thus, T cells specific for bovine P2 protein can induce typical
      EAN lesions in the Lewis rat. The further investigation of this transfer model of
      EAN will enable us to clarify the pathogenesis of EAN and Guillain-Barre
      syndrome.

PMID- 2410664
TI  - Immunohistologic pattern of type 1 (Lea, Leb) and type 2 (X, Y, H) blood group
      related antigens in the human pyloric and duodenal mucosae.
AB  - Type 1 antigens (Lea and Leb) of the pyloric mucosa are restricted to the mucus
      cells of the surface epithelium and the neck. In the duodenum they are present in
      absorptive and goblet cells of duodenal villi as well as in the glands of
      Lieberkuhn. Type 2 antigens (X, Y, and H) are also present in these areas of the
      mucosa, and both type 1 and type 2 antigens, in this superficial location, are
      under the control of the secretor gene. In addition, type 2 antigens are also
      present in the mucus cells of pyloric and Brunner's glands, but in this deep
      location they are not controlled by the secretor gene. These results suggest the
      existence of two differentiation patterns for the expression of
      glycosyltransferases in the stem cells. The upward differentiation process would
      favor the expression of the alpha-2-L-fucosyltransferase coded by the Se gene,
      and the downward differentiation process would favor the expression of the alpha
      2-L-fucosyltransferase coded by the H gene. The knowledge of the distribution and
      the genetic control of type 1 and type 2 antigenic determinants in normal
      gastrointestinal tract may help to interpret the modifications in the expression
      of these antigens in pathologic conditions such as neoplasia.

PMID- 2410665
TI  - Effects of short physical exercise on the concentrations of alpha 1-microglobulin
      and beta 2-microglobulin in human plasma.

PMID- 2410666
TI  - A controlled pore glass bead assay for the measurement of cytoplasmic and nuclear
      glucocorticoid receptors.
AB  - An assay for the quantitation of cytoplasmic and nuclear glucocorticoid receptors
      in lymphoid tissue has been developed using controlled pore glass (CPG) beads.
      Soluble receptor--3H-steroid complex (cytosol or nuclear extract) is adsorbed
      quantitatively within the crevasses of porous glass beads. Excess labeled steroid
      as well as most non-specifically bound steroid is easily washed away, leaving the
      hormone-receptor complex retained by the beads. Bound 3H-steroid is eluted with
      ethanol and measured for radioactivity. This procedure which is simple, rapid,
      and highly reproducible is carried out using frozen samples (stable for many
      months) containing as few as 1 X 10(7) cells. A comparison of the CPG assay to
      dextran coated charcoal and a whole cell assay demonstrates that CPG and dextran
      coated charcoal give equivalent measurements of cytosolic receptor concentration,
      while the CPG and whole cell assays provide equivalent values for total receptor
      content.

PMID- 2410667
TI  - Effect of ribonuclease on the physico-chemical properties of estrogen receptor.
AB  - Estrogen receptors (ER) from rat and rabbit uterine cytosol were examined for
      their sensitivity to ribonuclease (RNase). After RNase treatment, a major part of
      rabbit uterine ER was converted from the 7S to 3-4S form, and its binding to DNA
      cellulose was increased by 40%. Similar treatment on rat uterine ER showed a
      shift from 7S to 4.5S, and the DNA-cellulose binding was stimulated by 20%.
      Measurement of endogenous RNase levels showed that lower RNase concentration in
      rabbit uterine cytosol coincided with larger stimulation of DNA-cellulose binding
      by exogenous RNase. These results indicate that a major part of 7S ER is
      susceptible to RNase, and cleavage of bound RNA seems to uncover additional
      binding sites for DNA. In contrast to the general thinking that 4S to 5S
      transformation is essential for nuclear binding, we have observed that RNase
      treated rat uterine ER did not undergo such a transformation by warming at 25
      degrees C, while DNA-cellulose binding of the receptors increased. Thus,
      temperature activation could occur independent of 4S to 5S transformation.

PMID- 2410668
TI  - Relationship of cardiac muscle tension to Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase
      activity after chronic digitoxin administration in cats.
AB  - To obtain a better understanding of the mechanism of action of the cardiac
      glycosides, we examined inotropic and biochemical effects of digitoxin in
      myocardium from cats chronically exposed to the drug. The mechanical function of
      papillary muscles was tested isometrically and left ventricular tissue was
      analyzed for Na+,K+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase ATPase activity. Muscles
      from control cat hearts developed tension at 2.5 +/- 0.7 g/mm2; muscles from cats
      that received subcutaneous digitoxin--100 micrograms/kg on day 1, followed by 40
      micrograms/kg/day for 4 days (group A), and 75 micrograms/kg on day 1, followed
      by 25 micrograms/kg/day for 9 days (group B)--developed significantly greater (p
      less than 0.05) tension of 4.8 +/- 0.3 and 3.6 +/- 0.6 g/mm2, respectively.
      Further, in vitro maximal responsiveness to digitoxin was greater in the muscles
      from digitalized groups than in controls (p less than 0.05): Muscles from control
      cats had a maximal response to in vitro addition of digitoxin of 3.5 +/- 0.1
      g/mm2; muscles from cats in group A reached 4.9 +/- 0.3 g/mm2, and those from
      group B, 4.5 +/- 0.7 g/mm2. Specific activity of microsomal Na+,K+-ATPase from
      hearts of digitalized groups A and B was inhibited by 50-70% (p less than 0.01).
      Developed tension, specific Na+,K+-ATPase activity, and in vitro maximal
      responsiveness to digitoxin in a third group (C) of cats receiving the least
      daily digitoxin (75 micrograms/kg on day 1, followed by 15 micrograms/kg/day for
      29 days) were not different from controls. Mean plasma digitoxin concentrations
      were 33, 16, and 3 ng/ml in groups A, B, and C, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410669
TI  - In vitro studies on responses to noradrenaline, serotonin, and potassium of
      intramyocardial and mesenteric resistance vessels from Wistar rats.
AB  - We compared the responses to noradrenaline, serotonin, and potassium of isolated
      intramyocardial (flow-regulating) coronary and mesenteric resistance vessels of
      similar internal diameter (approximately 200 microns) from Wistar rats. The
      coronary but not the mesenteric resistance vessels had spontaneous basal tone,
      which was reduced by elimination of extracellular calcium, by increasing the
      extracellular potassium concentration up to 22 mM, and by stimulation of coronary
      vessels with noradrenaline. Noradrenaline always caused contraction of mesenteric
      resistance vessels and in coronary vessels after incubation with propranolol (3 X
      10(-6) M). The noradrenaline and potassium concentration-response characteristics
      of the mesenteric resistance vessels were modulated by perivascular adrenergic
      nerve terminals, whereas no influence of nerve terminals could be shown in the
      coronary resistance vessels. The sensitivity of mesenteric vascular smooth muscle
      to noradrenaline [concentration required to give half maximal response (EC50)
      approximately 0.4 X 10(-6) M] and serotonin (EC50 approximately 0.3 X 10(-6) M)
      was higher (p less than 0.001) than the sensitivity of coronary smooth muscle
      (EC50 values 1.6 X 10(-6) and 1.3 X 10(-6) M, respectively). The potassium
      sensitivity of the coronary smooth muscle (EC50 approximately 35 mM) was higher
      than that of the mesenteric smooth muscle (EC50 approximately 41 mM; p less than
      0.01). The respective maximal noradrenaline and serotonin responses relative to
      the maximal potassium response were 35 and 55% in the coronary and 127 and 120%
      in the mesenteric resistance vessels (p less than 0.001).

PMID- 2410670
TI  - Coronary vascular hemodynamic and permeability changes during reperfusion after
      no-flow ischemia in isolated, diltiazem-treated rabbit hearts.
AB  - Effects of diltiazem on coronary vascular functional integrity were assessed in
      isolated rabbit hearts during reperfusion after 30 min of global, no-flow
      ischemia. External detection of radiolabeled albumin, [125I]bovine serum albumin
      ([125I]BSA), and compartmental-model analysis were used to estimate the mean
      transit time of [125I]BSA (tBSA), vascular volume (V1), and vascular into
      extravascular space clearance (F21) for [125I]BSA. Perfusion pressure, left
      ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure, LV developed pressure, maximum +dP/dt,
      and V1 remained constant during 5 h of continuous perfusion, while tBSA and F21
      gradually increased (1.5 and 2.4 times baseline, respectively). Diltiazem, 4
      microM, increased total water content (8.5%) and decreased perfusion pressure
      (11%), LV developed pressure (22%), and +dP/dt (24%) in nonischemic control
      experiments, but did not significantly affect estimates of V1, extracellular
      space, tBSA, or albumin permeation. During reperfusion after 30 min of ischemia,
      V1 increased 40% and perfusion pressure increased 60%, while tBSA and F21
      increased three and eight times baseline, respectively. LV developed pressure and
      +dP/dt returned to control levels, even though the water content and
      extracellular space of ischemic hearts were increased significantly. Diltiazem, 4
      microM, blocked ischemia-reperfusion-induced increases in water content,
      extracellular space, vascular resistance, V1, and vascular permeability to
      [125I]BSA, without reducing LV developed pressure or +dP/dt relative to
      nonischemic diltiazem controls. These results suggest that protection of ischemic
      myocardium by diltiazem is mediated, at least in part, by preservation of
      vascular functional integrity.

PMID- 2410671
TI  - Effects of antihypertensive agents propranolol, metoprolol, nadolol, prazosin,
      and chlorthalidone on ACAT activity in rabbit and rat aortas and on LCAT activity
      in human plasma in vitro.
AB  - Various antihypertensive agents were studied in vitro to determine their effects
      on cholesterol esterification by arterial ACAT (acylCoA:cholesterol
      acyltransferase; E.C. 2.3.1.26) and on the activity of plasma LCAT
      (lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase; E.C. 2.3.1.43). Propranolol inhibited ACAT
      in normal rat aorta, atheromatous rabbit aorta, and in isolated microsomes from
      atheromatous rabbit aorta, and in isolated microsomes from atheromatous rabbit
      aorta. Inhibition reached 50% in microsomes at approximately 0.8 mM. Metoprolol,
      prazosin, and chlorthalidone also inhibited microsomal ACAT, but to a lesser
      extent than propranolol; nadolol had no effect on the enzyme. Propranolol,
      metoprolol, prazosin, and chlorthalidone also inhibited LCAT in human plasma,
      whereas nadolol showed no inhibitory effect. Fifty percent inhibition occurred at
      2 mM with prazosin and chlorthalidone and at 4-5 mM with propranolol. Metoprolol
      showed a weak dose-dependent inhibition that ranged from 2 to 10% over the
      concentration range 0.5-5 mM. The data suggest a mechanistic basis for altered
      lipoprotein profiles observed clinically with certain antihypertensive therapies
      and suggest that a direct effect of beta-blockers on arterial wall metabolism may
      account for their recognized ability to reduce the development of experimental
      atherosclerosis and to improve survival in post-myocardial infarction patients.

PMID- 2410672
TI  - Effects of various antihypertensive agents on lipid metabolism: alterations in
      the pattern of lipids synthesized from [14C]oleate in rat liver in vitro.
AB  - The effects of five antihypertensive agents on lipid biosynthesis from [1
      14C]oleate were studied in rat liver minces. At a level of 1 mM, propranolol and
      prazosin increased the incorporation of [14C]oleate into diglycerides and
      cholesteryl esters by two- to fourfold and increased total phospholipid labeling
      by 20-30%. Chlorthalidone and metoprolol at 1 mM also stimulated the
      incorporation of [14C]oleate into phospholipids and diglycerides (20-50%) but did
      not affect its incorporation into triglycerides or cholesteryl esters. All four
      of the compounds statistically significantly inhibited the incorporation of
      [14C]oleate into phosphatidylcholine by 12-37% but stimulated incorporation into
      phosphatidylinositol by 17-95%. Nadolol differed from the other compounds in that
      it did not show selective effects but rather inhibited the incorporation of
      [14C]oleate into all lipid classes by approximately 50%. The data are discussed
      in terms of possible mechanisms involved in the lipid synthesis patterns and
      suggest the possibility that plasma lipid/lipoprotein changes observed in
      patients undergoing antihypertensive therapy may reflect, in part, altered
      hepatic lipid synthesis.

PMID- 2410673
TI  - The effects of encainide and its major metabolites, O-demethyl encainide and 3
      methoxy-O-demethyl encainide, on experimental cardiac arrhythmias in dogs.
AB  - Encainide (E) is a class I antiarrhythmic agent which is metabolised in humans,
      with the formation in the majority of patients of O-demethyl encainide (ODE) and
      3-methoxy-O-demethyl encainide (MODE). As it has been suggested that these
      metabolites may contribute to the antiarrhythmic effect of E in humans, we have
      investigated the effects of E, ODE, and MODE on ventricular arrhythmias produced
      by ouabain and by coronary artery ligation. In the ouabain model, E restored
      sinus rhythm (SR) in eight of 13 dogs after a mean dose of 0.81 +/- 0.19 mg/kg
      (mean +/- SEM). ODE returned SR in five of 10 dogs after 0.30 +/- 0.06 mg/kg, and
      MODE returned SR in two of nine dogs after doses of 0.40 and 0.68 mg/kg,
      respectively. For comparison, mexiletine returned SR in six of six dogs after
      3.50 +/- 1.02 mg/kg. In conscious dogs with ventricular arrhythmias 24 h after
      two-stage coronary artery ligation E restored SR in four of four dogs after 2.38
      +/- 0.50 mg/kg. ODE restored SR in four of four dogs after 0.63 +/- 0.14 mg/kg,
      and MODE restored SR in four of four dogs after 1.39 +/- 0.30 mg/kg. Thus, ODE
      and MODE have antiarrhythmic activity which may contribute to the effects of E in
      patients with cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 2410674
TI  - Comparison of the calcium antagonistic activity of nifedipine and FR34235 in the
      canine saphenous vein.
AB  - The effects of FR34235 (FR) on contractions and 45Ca2+ uptake stimulated by
      depolarization (80 mM KCl) and activation of postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptors
      in the canine saphenous vein (CSV) were studied and compared with those of
      nifedipine. The 45Ca2+ uptake and contractions evoked by KCl were inhibited in a
      dose-dependent fashion by FR [concentration producing 50% inhibition [(IC50 = 2.0
      +/- 0.5 and 1.2 +/- 0.3 X 10(-8) M, respectively)] and nifedipine (IC50 = 6.0 +/-
      1.0 and 4.0 +/- 0.9 X 10(-8) M, respectively). FR was a potent inhibitor of the
      45Ca2+ uptake and contractions of CSV induced by the selective alpha 1-agonist,
      SK&F l-89748 (l-[1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-8-methoxy-5-(methylthio)-2-naphthalenamine] )
      (IC50 = 7.2 +/- 0.7 and 7.0 +/- 1.8 X 10(-8) M, respectively). In contrast, the
      contractions and 45Ca2+ uptake elicited by SK&F l-89748 were much less sensitive
      to nifedipine (IC50 = 6.0 +/- 1.4 and 6.6 +/- 0.4 X 10(-6) M, respectively). The
      results suggest the following: (a) both FR and nifedipine are potent antagonists
      of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in CSV; and (b) FR is a more effective
      antagonist of receptor-operated Ca2+ entry in the saphenous vein than nifedipine.

PMID- 2410675
TI  - Impact of 70% nitrous oxide administration on regional distribution of brain
      blood flow in unmedicated healthy swine.
AB  - Regional distribution of brain blood flow was examined in 11 healthy,
      spontaneously breathing swine using 15 micron in diameter radionuclide-labeled
      microspheres that were injected into the left atrium. Measurements were made
      during inhalation of 30% O2/70% nitrogen (control) and at 15, 45, 75, and 120 min
      of 30% O2/70% nitrous oxide breathing. The animals were surgically prepared 10-12
      days before the hemodynamic study. Arterial blood-gas tensions, arterial pH, mean
      aortic pressure, and cardiac output remained near their respective control values
      during exposure to 70% nitrous oxide. Control values of blood flow in the
      cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brain stem were 68.5 +/- 4.7, 75.6 +/- 4.2, and
      54.2 +/- 4.0 ml . min-1 X 100 g-1, respectively. At 15 min of exposure to nitrous
      oxide, blood flow in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brain stem was 169, 127,
      and 145% of the control values, respectively. For the caudate nuclei and the
      corpus callosum, the corresponding figures were 141 and 131% of control, while
      that for remainder of the cerebrum was 178% of the control value. In the medulla,
      pons, and thalamus-midbrain, blood flow was 151, 157, and 141% of the respective
      control values. In all regions of the porcine brain, elevated levels of blood
      flow persisted throughout the 2 h of exposure to 70% nitrous oxide and no marked
      fluctuations occurred. It is concluded that administration of 70% nitrous oxide
      to healthy pigs caused pronounced cerebrovascular vasodilatation in all regions
      of the brain. This persisted throughout the 2 h of its administration.

PMID- 2410676
TI  - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of d- and dl-verapamil in rabbits.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of d- and dl-verapamil were studied in
      conscious rabbits in randomized cross-over fashion. Following a single
      intravenous dose, there was a biexponential decline in plasma concentration with
      time. No differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic properties of the
      compounds. The mean (+/- SD) clearances of d- and dl-verapamil were 0.13 +/- 0.03
      and 0.12 +/- 0.05 L/min/kg, respectively. The mean (+/- SD) steady-state volume
      of distribution was 9.7 +/- 5.2 L/kg for d-verapamil and 8.1 +/- 4.1 L/kg for dl
      verapamil. No difference was observed between the compounds in their binding to
      plasma proteins. The mean (+/- SD) half-life in plasma was 98.7 +/- 63.8 min for
      d-verapamil and 96.3 +/- 38.0 min for dl-verapamil. In contrast to the lack of
      stereoselective differences in the pharmacokinetic properties of verapamil, there
      were marked differences in the pharmacodynamics of d- and dl-verapamil. dl
      Verapamil appeared to prolong the PR interval to a greater degree than did d
      verapamil, consistent with the more potent calcium channel effects of the l
      enantiomer. Similarly, dl-verapamil had more potent hypotensive effects compared
      with the d-enantiomer, which produced no effects on systemic arterial pressure.
      Chronotropic effects, judged to be caused by autonomic reflexes in response to
      the hypotensive effects of the compound, were also statistically greater for dl
      verapamil than for d-verapamil. These results demonstrate stereo-selective
      pharmacodynamic effects in vivo of verapamil.

PMID- 2410677
TI  - Effects of Na+ on the muscarinic cholinergic receptor of rat ventricular
      myocytes.
AB  - The effects of Na+ on alpha 2-adrenergic receptors coupled to inhibition of
      adenylate cyclase have been well studied. Effects of Na+ on other receptor types
      also linked to adenylate cyclase inhibition are not clear. We therefore studied
      the effects of Na+ on the muscarinic cholinergic receptor of rat ventricular
      myocardium. Intact ventricular myocytes bound the muscarinic receptor antagonist
      radioligand [3H]quinuclidinyl benzylate with high affinity (Kd 72 +/- 18 pM) to a
      large number of sites (138,000 +/- 25,000/cell). In ventricular membranes, Na+
      (100 mM) increased receptor affinity for radioligand two-fold and decreased
      receptor affinity for agonist (carbachol) twofold. Sodium was not required for
      and did not alter the pattern of cholinergic inhibition of adenylate cyclase in
      ventricular membranes. We conclude that Na+ has minimal effects on both binding
      and function of cardiac cholinergic receptors in rat. Our results suggest that
      monovalent cations are not important regulators of agonist binding and function
      of cardiac muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

PMID- 2410678
TI  - Frequency-dependent effects of several class I antiarrhythmic drugs on Vmax of
      action potential upstroke in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers.
AB  - Vmax of the action potential upstroke in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers was
      studied in the presence of seven class I antiarrhythmic drugs--lidocaine (4
      micrograms/ml), mexiletine (4 micrograms/ml), propranolol (0.9 micrograms/ml),
      procainamide (30 micrograms/ml), quinidine (5 micrograms/ml), flecainide (4
      micrograms/ml), and disopyramide (3.1 micrograms/ml)--at constant cycle lengths
      (CCL) and after abrupt changes in cycle length (ACCL). The time constant of Vmax
      recovery after ACCL at a basic cycle length of 500 ms was 0.09 +/- 0.01 s for
      lidocaine, 0.18 +/- 0.03 s for mexiletine, 1.35 +/- 0.20 s for propranolol, 4.4
      +/- 0.8 s for procainamide, 8.3 +/- 1.2 s for quinidine, 11.0 +/- 0.9 s for
      flecainide, and 37.9 +/- 9.4 s for disopyramide. These values were similar to
      those reported by others in guinea pig papillary muscle, and, with the exception
      of flecainide, conformed to the scheme proposed by Courtney (J Mol Cell Cardiol
      1980; 12:1273-86) based on the molecular weight and lipid solubility hypothesis.
      Each drug altered the Vmax differently at CCL from after ACCL at the same
      diastolic intervals. The magnitude of these differences and the range of
      diastolic intervals at which they were present varied among different drugs.
      These observations explain differences in the drug effects on the Vmax of the
      regularly and prematurely occurring depolarizations. In the presence of lidocaine
      and mexiletine, the recovery kinetics of Vmax were not altered by CCL within the
      300-1,500-ms range, and the magnitude of Vmax depression was not influenced by
      action potential duration within the 200-270-ms range.

PMID- 2410679
TI  - Modulation of calcium ion influx by the 1,4-dihydropyridines nifedipine and BAY K
      8644.
AB  - We examined the effects of the new dihydropyridine calcium agonist BAY K 8644 on
      calcium influx and mechanical activity in rabbit aortic rings and compared them
      with those of the classical calcium antagonist nifedipine. The vasodilating
      effects of nifedipine and the vasoconstricting effects of BAY K 8644 can be
      explained by the calcium influx modulating activity of these two
      dihydropyridines. Only at the high concentration of 3 X 10(-6) mol/L BAY K 8644
      is there a marked difference between increased calcium influx and reduced
      contraction.

PMID- 2410680
TI  - Reduced glycolysis by nisoldipine treatment of ischemic heart.
AB  - Calcium entry blockers seem useful for energy conservation in the ischemic heart.
      Their exact mechanism of action, however, remains uncertain. In this study we
      investigated the effect of 30 nM nisoldipine on carbohydrate metabolism in
      isolated rat heart perfused with glucose-containing medium. Nisoldipine increased
      flow 1.5-fold and reduced apex displacement 60%. We induced ischemia by lowering
      the perfusion pressure from 72 to 14 mm Hg, which resulted in a flow reduction in
      untreated hearts by 80%. Lactate production rose 16-fold, glucose utilization
      increased fourfold, and the heart glycogen content decreased by 32%. Nisoldipine
      treatment diminished ischemic lactate release by 77%. It decreased glucose
      utilization to normoxic levels and reduced glycogen breakdown to a value
      intermediate to the ischemic and normoxic ones. We conclude that nisoldipine
      reduces glycolysis in the ischemic heart. Consequently, it appears that the ATP
      saving effect of nisoldipine during ischemia, reported elsewhere, is due to a
      lower energy demand rather than increased ATP production.

PMID- 2410681
TI  - Evaluation of combined administration of verapamil and disopyramide in dogs.
AB  - The electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects of concurrent administration of
      verapamil and disopyramide were studied in morphine-chloralose-anesthetized dogs.
      Twenty-one dogs were studied; seven received verapamil alone, seven received
      disopyramide alone, and seven received the two drugs in combination. Both drugs
      were administered by intravenous infusion, resulting in sustained plasma levels
      within the therapeutic range. Effects were measured every 30 min and compared
      with baseline (pretreatment) values. In all three groups heart rate and cardiac
      output decreased slightly; however, the effect produced by the combination was
      not significantly different from that produced by either drug alone. Most of the
      electrophysiologic changes observed in the combined-treatment dogs could be
      attributed to the individual effects of either verapamil or disopyramide and were
      not suggestive of any interaction between these two drugs. In the combined
      treatment dogs the atrial and ventricular refractoriness increased in the same
      way as with disopyramide alone, and the spontaneous discharge rate of the sinus
      node and the conduction through the atrioventricular node were slowed as with
      verapamil alone. However, a significant prolongation of the sinus node recovery
      time occurred in the combined-treatment dogs. Five of the seven dogs experienced
      at least one episode of sinus arrest following pacing. The profile of effects
      observed may be dependent, in part, on the model we utilized. However, our data
      suggest that the combination of verapamil and disopyramide may produce severe
      sinus node depression.

PMID- 2410682
TI  - The mechanism underlying the vasodilator action of bunitrolol: contribution of
      alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking action.
AB  - The mechanism of the vasodilator action of bunitrolol was investigated in
      pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. When injected intraarterially, bunitrolol
      increased blood flow through the femoral arterial bed more effectively than that
      through the vascular bed of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD).
      The former is rich in alpha-adrenoceptors and tonically controlled by the
      sympathetic nerves, whereas the latter is not. Intraarterial prazosin increased
      femoral flow but not LAD flow, whereas intraarterial nitrendipine increased
      equieffectively both femoral and LAD flows. In the saphenous arterial bed of dogs
      that also underwent spinal anesthesia and received atropine and nadolol,
      intravenous bunitrolol suppressed more effectively vasoconstrictor responses to
      saphenous nerve stimulation than those to intraarterial norepinephrine. These
      effects of bunitrolol were similar to those of prazosin and dissimilar to those
      of yohimbine. In similarly treated dogs, bunitrolol suppressed more effectively
      increases in mean systemic arterial pressure in response to methoxamine than
      those to B-HT 920. From these results, it was concluded that an alpha 1
      adrenoceptor blocking action is mainly involved in the acute vasodilator effect
      of bunitrolol. This action may also contribute to the decrease in total
      peripheral resistance seen in hypertensive patients treated chronically with
      bunitrolol.

PMID- 2410683
TI  - Prazosin does not alter levels of plasma lipids, glucose, and insulin.
AB  - In a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study involving 15 mild hypertensive
      patients, the effects of prazosin (5.7 mg/day) and placebo on plasma levels of
      lipids, lipoproteins, glucose, and insulin were compared. After 5 weeks of
      treatment, prazosin had not significantly altered the mean levels of plasma
      cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides in the high-density lipoprotein or
      low-density lipoprotein plus very low-density lipoprotein subfractions. Fasting
      and postload plasma levels of glucose and insulin were also unaffected.

PMID- 2410684
TI  - Improved recovery of cardiac function after 24 h of hypothermic arrest in the
      isolated rat heart: comparison of a prostacyclin analogue (ZK 36 374) and a
      calcium entry blocker (diltiazem).
AB  - The effects of a stable prostacyclin analogue (ZK 36 374; 4 nM) and a calcium
      entry blocker (diltiazem; 50 nM) on the recovery of cardiac function after 24 h
      of hypothermic (10 degrees C) cardiac arrest were studied in the isolated rat
      heart. Recovery of the pressure-rate index of treated hearts was significantly
      better [59 +/- 10% for diltiazem (p less than 0.05) and 51 +/- 7% for ZK 36 374
      (p less than 0.05)] than in untreated hearts (27 +/- 9%). Untreated hearts had
      second- and higher-degree atrioventricular block, with an average ventricular
      rate of 60 +/- 6% of control. All drug-treated hearts, however, were in sinus
      rhythm at their initial frequency without a significant alteration in PQ
      interval. Moreover, the incidence of severe arrhythmias was significantly reduced
      by ZK 36 374 (p less than 0.02) and diltiazem (p less than 0.01). ZK 36 374
      reduced total purine overflow upon reperfusion (503 +/- 51 vs. 223 +/- 22 nmol
      min-1 g dry weight-1; p less than 0.0005). The delayed overflow of adenosine, a
      proposed marker of reperfusion damage, was not affected by ZK 36 374 treatment.
      In contrast, diltiazem had no effect on total purine overflow upon reperfusion,
      but nearly abolished delayed adenosine overflow. It is concluded from these
      results that both ZK 36 374 and diltiazem improve myocardial recovery after 24 h
      of hypothermic cardiac arrest.

PMID- 2410685
TI  - Mepindolol reduces myocardial necrosis in rats with coronary artery occlusion.
AB  - Mepindolol is a newly developed beta-adrenergic blocking agent reported to
      counteract the chronotropic effect of catecholamines, with only little effect on
      contractility. This study was designed to assess whether or not mepindolol is
      effective in reducing infarct size. Accordingly, 16 rats, serving as controls,
      underwent coronary artery occlusion and did not receive any treatment; an
      additional 19 were treated with mepindolol (1 mg/kg s.c. t.i.d.) for 48 h.
      Finally, a third group (n = 18) underwent sham operation. Forty-eight hours
      later, infarct size was calculated from left ventricular creatine phosphokinase
      activity and found to average 52.4 +/- 7.8% (mean +/- SEM) of the left ventricle
      in control rats and 35.6 +/- 5.4% in treated rats (p less than 0.05). Left
      ventricular phospholipid content averaged 0.79 +/- 0.08 microgram P/mg protein in
      sham-operated rats and 0.61 +/- 0.04 microgram P/mg protein in control animals.
      In contrast, in mepindolol-treated rats, phospholipid concentration was 0.70 +/-
      0.04 microgram P/mg protein (p less than 0.05), this suggesting a protective
      effect of the drug on ischemia-induced phospholipid degradation. The long-term
      effect of mepindolol on left ventricular hydroxyproline concentration was
      assessed 21 days post-coronary occlusion. Infarct size calculated by this method
      was 30.2 +/- 4.8% of left ventricle in 21 control animals and 18.2 +/- 4.2% in 28
      treated rats (p less than 0.05), indicating that, as for the acute necrosis, the
      extent of scar development after coronary artery occlusion can be reduced by
      mepindolol.

PMID- 2410686
TI  - Application of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling for the comparison of
      quinazoline alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in normotensive volunteers.
AB  - Prazosin, doxazosin, and trimazosin are structural analogues with relatively
      selective peripheral alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist properties. The
      relationships between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for these three
      drugs have been studied following acute intravenous administration in
      normotensive subjects. The mean terminal elimination half-life (+/- SD) for
      prazosin was 2.0 +/- 0.4 h, and that for trimazosin was comparable at 3.1 +/- 0.3
      h, whilst the mean terminal elimination half-life for doxazosin was significantly
      longer at 9.4 +/- 1.5 h. The clearance of prazosin (mean, 327 +/- 78 ml/min) was
      greater than that of both doxazosin (139 +/- 30 ml/min) and trimazosin (67 +/- 29
      ml/min). The hypotensive effects of prazosin and doxazosin were fitted to an
      integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model with similar resulting values
      for the parameter describing responsiveness. The pharmacodynamic profile of
      trimazosin was subjected to similar analysis and was most appropriately fitted to
      a model incorporating an effect compartment associated with both parent drug and
      its major metabolite 1-hydroxy trimazosin.

PMID- 2410687
TI  - Transient drug-induced myocardial dysfunction is not ameliorated by PGI2 in dogs.
AB  - Prostacyclin (PGI2), a potent vasodilatory substance that effectively inhibits
      platelet aggregation is under clinical investigation for the treatment of angina
      pectoris. We studied the effects of PGI2 on transient drug-induced myocardial
      dysfunction in anesthetized, thoracotomized dogs. Regional myocardial function
      was assessed using two pairs of piezoelectric transducers and a multidimensional
      measuring gauge; one pair was implanted in the distribution area of the left
      circumflex branch (LCX) and the other in the distribution area of the descending
      branch (LAD) of the left coronary artery. After intravenous injection of
      isoproterenol (ISO), which led to an increase in systolic shortening in the LCX
      and LAD areas, a critical stenosis was performed on the LCX and maintained at
      this level. Intravenous ISO injection now induced regional dysfunction in the LCX
      dependent segment with the occurrence of systolic bulging. Infusion of PGI2 at a
      dosage of 100 ng/kg/min caused a decrease in arterial blood pressure and an
      increase in heart rate, but had no effect on regional myocardial function. ISO
      induced myocardial dysfunction in the critically stenosed LCX segment, which was
      observed before PGI2 administration, was not ameliorated, but rather aggravated,
      by PGI2. It may be concluded that PGI2 does not improve normal or ISO-stimulated
      myocardial function in pressure-dependent perfused areas of the heart.

PMID- 2410688
TI  - Systemic and renal hemodynamic effects of single oral doses of felodipine in
      patients with refractory hypertension receiving chronic therapy with beta
      blockers and diuretics.
AB  - In 12 patients with primary hypertension (World Health Organization stage 2)
      inadequately controlled by chronic standard triple therapy, hydralazine was
      replaced by felodipine, a new vasodilating dihydropyridine derivative, and the
      acute effects of the drug on central and renal hemodynamics were monitored.
      Following baseline measurements, an oral solution of felodipine (0.075-0.1 mg/kg)
      was given. Fifteen minutes after intake of felodipine, a significant hypotensive
      response was observed, and the maximal response (23% reduction of mean arterial
      pressure) occurred after 30 min. There was a linear relationship between the
      changes in mean arterial pressure and log plasma concentration of felodipine.
      Cardiac output (dye dilution) increased during maximal blood pressure reduction,
      from 5.3 +/- 1.0 to 6.6 +/- 2.4 L/min (p less than 0.01), partly because of
      increased heart rate from 57 +/- 4 to 65 +/- 9.1 beats/min (p less than 0.01) and
      partly because of increased stroke volume from 93 +/- 14 to 104 +/- 33 ml (p less
      than 0.05). Renal plasma flow (para-aminohippuric acid clearance) increased
      significantly (p less than 0.05) from 343 +/- 138 to 391 +/- 154 ml/min, while
      glomerular filtration rate ([51Cr]EDTA clearance) did not change. Arteriovenous
      noradrenaline difference increased 36% during felodipine therapy, when corrected
      for blood flow increase. We conclude that felodipine is a calcium inhibitor with
      potent vasodilating properties.

PMID- 2410689
TI  - Antiarrhythmic and electrophysiological effects of ICS 205-930, an antagonist of
      5-hydroxytryptamine at peripheral receptors.
AB  - We assessed the antiarrhythmic activity of ICS 205-930 [(3 alpha-tropanyl)-1H
      indole-3-carboxylic acid ester], a selective antagonist at neuronal 5
      hydroxytryptamine M-receptors, against the arrhythmias that occur following
      occlusion of the left main coronary artery in anaesthetised rats and subsequent
      release (reperfusion). The incidence of reperfusion-induced ventricular
      fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia was significantly reduced by
      pretreatment with ICS 205-930 (0.3 and 1.0 mg kg-1 i.v. and 10 and 30 mg kg-1
      p.o.). The arrhythmias that occurred during 30 min of coronary artery occlusion
      were also less severe in animals given ICS 205-930 (1.0 and 5.0 mg kg-1 i.v.).
      Arterial blood pressure was not altered by the drug, and heart rate was only
      slightly reduced by the highest intravenous dose. In vitro, ICS 205-930 reduced
      the maximum rate of rise of phase 0 of normal sheep Purkinje fibre action
      potentials in concentrations from 0.5 to 5.0 mg L-1. Action potentials depressed
      by superfusion with a physiological salt solution modified to mimic the
      conditions occurring during mild ischaemia were similarly affected by ICS 205
      930. The highest drug concentration studied under these conditions was 1.5 mg L-1
      since, in combination with the modified physiological salt solution, this
      rendered some of the Purkinje fibres inexcitable. These results indicate that ICS
      205-930 possesses marked antiarrhythmic activity against ischaemia-induced
      arrhythmias in anaesthetised rats and that a direct electrophysiological effect
      of the drug may, at least in part, underlie its protective action.

PMID- 2410690
TI  - Acute energetic effects of daunomycin on rabbit heart muscle.
AB  - The acute effects of daunomycin on the mechanical and energetic outputs of rabbit
      papillary muscles have been examined at 27 degrees C using a myothermic
      technique. Contrary to expectations, daunomycin, in concentrations ranging from
      10 to 160 micrograms/ml, acted as a positive inotropic agent in terms of peak
      stress development and work output. The rate of stress development was, however,
      slightly depressed, and the major mechanical effect of the drug was to prolong
      the relaxation phase so that there were large drug-dependent increments in the
      stress-time integral. Daunomycin at a concentration of 80 micrograms/ml produced
      a 22% increment in peak stress development and a 74% increment in stress-time
      integral. The linear relationship between total (active + passive) stress and
      heat production was altered such that there was a 73% increment in the activation
      heat component (intercept) and a 37% increase in the energy cost per unit stress
      development (slope). In afterloaded isotonic contractions, daunomycin increased
      the mean work output (W; averaged over all load levels) by 49%, but there was an
      even greater increment in the associated energy expenditure, ET, which rose by
      66%. Consequently, the overall mechanical efficiency (W/ET X 100%) fell slightly.
      It is concluded that, in the rabbit, daunomycin in the acute situation increases
      total calcium delivery to the myofilaments and decreases the "apparent"
      transduction efficiency. These acute effects are the opposite of those reported
      in papillary muscles taken from rabbits in cardiac failure induced by chronic
      daunomycin administration. The short-term effects of daunomycin in the rabbit
      differ substantially from those seen in the rat and guinea pig.

PMID- 2410691
TI  - Dilatation of coronary stenosis as the salutary effect of nitroglycerin in relief
      of myocardial ischemia in the dog.
AB  - To clarify the role of coronary responses to nitroglycerin (NTG) in relieving
      myocardial ischemia, we examined the effects of NTG in canine models of dynamic
      and fixed coronary stenoses. Application of coronary stenosis in the proximal
      left circumflex artery decreased resting coronary blood flow by approximately 40%
      and caused a significant depression of left ventricular (LV) dP/dt. During fixed
      coronary stenosis created with an externally applied constrictor device,
      intravenous NTG, 5 micrograms/kg, reduced mean aortic pressure by 12 +/- 1.1 mm
      Hg (mean +/- SEM, p less than 0.01) and coronary blood flow by 9 +/- 1.0% (p less
      than 0.01) but did not affect stenosis resistance and LV dP/dt. During dynamic
      coronary stenosis produced with an intraluminal microballoon occluder,
      intravenous NTG caused a marked increase in coronary blood flow by 40 +/- 8.3% (p
      less than 0.01) and a decrease in stenosis resistance by 62 +/- 9.3% (p less than
      0.01), as compared with postocclusion values, concomitant with a significant
      improvement in LV dP/dt. Intracoronary infusion of NTG, 1.0 microgram/kg/min, had
      few systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects during fixed coronary stenosis,
      whereas intracoronary NTG increased coronary blood flow and reduced stenosis
      resistance, depending on its dose, during dynamic coronary stenosis. These
      results indicate that NTG is capable of increasing coronary blood flow and
      alleviating myocardial ischemia due to direct stenosis-dilating effects related
      to the vasomobility of the coronary stenosis.

PMID- 2410692
TI  - Biological properties of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor cilazapril.
AB  - Cilazapril is the monoethyl ester prodrug form of a potent, specific. long-acting
      antihypertensive inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). The
      biochemical and pharmacological properties of this compound have been compared
      with those of captopril and enalapril. In all test systems, cilazapril was the
      most potent and the longest acting. The active diacid of cilazapril was more
      potent than the corresponding diacid of enalapril in inhibiting the cleavage of
      angiotensin I and of Hip-His-Leu by ACE in vitro, in antagonising the angiotensin
      I-induced contractions of the isolated ileum of the guinea pig, in potentiating
      the vasodepressor responses to bradykinin, and in reducing the angiotensin I
      induced rise in blood pressure of the rat. Parent drug absorption and diacid
      bioavailability in the rat were higher than for enalapril, and the inhibition of
      plasma ACE of longer duration. Single doses of cilazapril were more potent than
      enalapril in lowering the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)
      and two-kidney renal hypertensive rats. On repeated daily oral dosing to SHR,
      both compounds had a cumulative antihypertensive effect. The acute
      antihypertensive effect was enhanced by simultaneous treatment with
      hydrochlorothiazide.

PMID- 2410693
TI  - Inhibitory effect of calcium antagonists on the depletion of cardiac
      norepinephrine during postischemic reperfusion.
AB  - We have investigated whether Ca2+ antagonists of the dihydropyridine type
      (nifedipine, nisoldipine, and nitrendipine) attenuate or abolish the ischemia
      reperfusion-induced depletion of the cardiac stores of norepinephrine (NE). The
      experiments were performed using isolated, Langendorff-perfused rat hearts.
      Ischemia (global) was induced for 15 or 60 min at 37 degrees C and was followed
      by normothermic reperfusion. Left ventricular NE content was assayed by high
      performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The continued
      presence of nifedipine (0.03 microM), nisoldipine (0.03 microM), or nitrendipine
      (0.03 microM) before and after the ischemic episode abolished the loss of NE
      caused by 15 min but not 60 min of ischemia and reperfusion. Nifedipine, 0.03
      microM, but not diltiazem, 0.24-1.22 microM, or verapamil, 0.22-1.09 microM,
      attenuated (p less than 0.05) NE depletion when added only on reperfusion.

PMID- 2410694
TI  - Pharmacological actions of APP 201-533, a novel cardiotonic agent.
AB  - APP 201-533 [3-amino-6-methyl-5-phenyl-2(1H)-pyridinone] was investigated in vivo
      in anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs and pithed open-chest cats and in vitro
      in guinea pig atria and papillary muscles, skinned muscle fibers from pig hearts,
      and rat myocardium. Left ventricular dP/dt was increased in anesthetized dogs
      after intravenous injection of 0.2 and 2 mg/kg APP 201-533 (34 +/- 3 and 132 +/-
      28%, respectively) and in unanesthetized dogs after oral doses of 1.5-7.5 mg/kg
      (34 +/- 11-138 +/- 43%). The substance induced moderate tachycardia. Large
      intraduodenal doses of APP 201-533 reduced afterload in anesthetized dogs. The
      compound does not seem to act either by stimulation of alpha- or beta
      adrenoceptors or histamine receptors or by liberation of catecholamines. APP 201
      533 up to 10(-5) M had no electrophysiological effect on normal action potentials
      in guinea pig papillary muscles. A phosphodiesterase-inhibiting activity (IC50 =
      1.6 X 10(-4) M) may be responsible for the positive inotropic action. Another key
      to the mechanism of action may be based on our observation of a shift of the
      relationship between cardiac force and intracellular Ca2+ concentration. In
      contrast to amrinone and ouabain, APP 201-533 increases Ca2+ sensitivity of the
      myocardial contractile structures.

PMID- 2410695
TI  - Positive inotropic and electrophysiological effects of APP 201-533 can be
      explained by an increase of cardiac cyclic AMP.
AB  - The possible mechanism of action of the positive inotropic agent APP 201-533 [3
      amino-6-methyl-5-phenyl-2(1H)-pyridinone] was investigated. In guinea pig
      papillary muscles, APP 201-533 increased force of contraction concentration
      dependently at 10(-4)-10(-3) M. The effect was associated with an abbreviation of
      contraction and relaxation time. In guinea pig papillary muscles partially
      depolarized with 22 mM K+, APP 201-533 in concentrations of 10(-4) and 10(-5) M
      restored slow action potentials, which were not influenced by cimetidine,
      propranolol, and prazosin but were blocked by the Ca2+ antagonist PY 108-068 and
      by carbachol in an atropine-sensitive manner. The concentration-effect curve of
      histamine was shifted to the left in the presence of APP 201-533. These actions
      can be explained by the increase in cardiac cyclic AMP level that was found in
      rabbit papillary muscles and guinea pig left atria treated with APP 201-533 due
      to the known phosphodiesterase inhibitory effect of pyridinones. APP 201-533
      increased the inotropic potency of dihydroouabain in guinea pig papillary
      muscles. It seems possible that this effect is based on an increased Ca2+
      sensitivity of myocardial contractile structures as described previously for APP
      201-533.

PMID- 2410696
TI  - Half-life of digoxin in myocardium after stopping maintenance treatment.
AB  - The rate of decline of digoxin level in myocardium was estimated from operative
      samples of atrial and ventricular tissue from 40 patients undergoing cardiac
      surgery 1-20 days after maintenance digoxin treatment was stopped. Linear
      regression of myocardial log concentration-time curves for the group as a whole
      gave half-lives of 2.9 and 3.1 days in ventricular and atrial myocardium,
      respectively. Serum concentrations of digoxin were measured twice in each patient
      in this study: once while receiving treatment and once at the time of operation.
      Analysis of the 22 pairs of serum samples in which the second sample contained
      measurable levels of digoxin gave an estimated half-life of 2.3 days. The serum
      half-life was shorter than either the ventricular or the atrial myocardial half
      life when data were analysed by unpaired statistics. Considering data only from
      those patients in whom the serum half-life was measured, to allow comparison by
      paired statistics, estimated ventricular and atrial half-lives were 1.5 and 1.3
      days, respectively, which are significantly less than the respective serum half
      lives of 2.3 and 2.1 days. Relatively slow clearance of digoxin from myocardium
      received further, anecdotal support from its demonstration in one patient 20 days
      after treatment was stopped.

PMID- 2410697
TI  - Myocardial bethanidine kinetics after single-dose intravenous infusion:
      correlation with plasma kinetics in closed-chest dogs.
AB  - Myocardial and plasma bethanidine kinetics were determined in five dogs after an
      intravenous dose of 6 mg/kg/10 min. Serial myocardial drug concentrations were
      determined from endomyocardial samples obtained by transvenous biopsies between
      15 min and 72 h. Tissue and plasma samples were assayed by gas-liquid
      chromatography. Bethanidine was rapidly concentrated in myocardium within 15 min.
      Tissue/plasma drug ratios averaged 131 +/- 35 between 15 min and 2 h and 53 +/-
      10 between 6 and 48 h. Parallel biexponential decay then occurred for both tissue
      and plasma compartments; the terminal half-life approximated 16 h. Based on
      differences in rates of myocardial drug kinetics, the cardiac antifibrillatory
      effects of bethanidine may occur more rapidly than those of bretylium.

PMID- 2410698
TI  - Effects of nicardipine, a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, on regional
      myocardial blood flow, myocardial oxygen tension, and electrical abnormalities
      during acute coronary artery occlusion in dogs.
AB  - Effects of nicardipine, a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, on regional
      myocardial blood flow (RMBF), myocardial oxygen tension (PO2), and excitation and
      conduction abnormalities during the occlusion of the left anterior descending
      coronary artery (LAD) were examined in anesthetized dogs, and compared with those
      of nifedipine and dipyridamole. RMBF was calculated from the H2 gas clearance
      curves, and PO2 was measured using a membrane-coated Pt wire. Excitation and
      conduction abnormalities during the LAD occlusion were represented in terms of
      the degree of ST-T alternans (STTA), TQ depression, and conduction delay, which
      appeared in epicardial electrograms. Nicardipine and nifedipine in a dose of 10
      micrograms/kg increased RMBF and PO2 levels in nonischemic and mildly ischemic
      tissues, but not in severely ischemic tissues. Nicardipine in a dose of 100
      micrograms/kg and nifedipine in a dose of 10 micrograms/kg attenuated the degree
      of STTA, TQ depression, and conduction delay observed in severely ischemic
      tissues. In mildly ischemic tissues where only TQ depression was observed without
      STTA, nicardipine in a dose of 30 micrograms/kg attenuated TQ depression.
      Dipyridamole in a dose of 1 mg/kg produced only a slight attenuation of STTA and
      conduction delay. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of
      nicardipine as well as of nifedipine on myocardial ischemia are due to the
      increase in the myocardial PO2 levels caused by the increased RMBF and also to
      direct protecting effects on ischemic myocardial cells. In the severely ischemic
      tissues, the latter is a main effect of the drugs. In increasing the PO2 level,
      nicardipine was similarly potent as nifedipine, but in the direct effect,
      nicardipine was less potent, and dipyridamole was almost ineffective.

PMID- 2410699
TI  - Protective action of cimetidine against ouabain-induced pressor effects,
      arrhythmias, and lethality in guinea pigs.
AB  - The effect of the H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine on ouabain cardiotoxicity was
      studied in anesthetized guinea pigs. Ouabain, infused intravenously at 3.0
      micrograms X kg-1 X min-1, was lethal in a dose of 44.0 +/- 3.5 micrograms (n =
      6). All control animals died in ventricular fibrillation. Cimetidine, infused
      concurrently at 10, 30, and 100 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1, significantly
      increased the lethal dose of ouabain and delayed the onset of various arrhythmias
      and fibrillation. Cimetidine abolished ouabain-induced pressor effects that have
      been reported to be neurally mediated; the course of heart-rate changes in
      ouabain-treated animals, however, was unaffected by cimetidine. In vitro,
      cimetidine had no effect on the inotropic action of ouabain at concentrations as
      high as 10(-4) M, whereas serum levels of cimetidine in protected animals did not
      exceed this concentration. When the ouabain infusion rate was reduced by 50% (to
      1.5 microgram X kg-1 X min-1), the lethal dose increased to 72.7 +/- 4.7
      micrograms (n = 6), the predominant mode of death changed from fibrillation to
      cardiac standstill, ouabain-induced pressor effects were absent, and cimetidine
      no longer exhibited a protective action. Taken together, these findings support
      the hypothesis that cimetidine acts primarily against indirect components of
      digitalis toxicity, and so may be potentially valuable for increasing the margin
      of safety of the cardiac glycosides.

PMID- 2410700
TI  - Coronary collateral blood flow in acute myocardial ischemia is not increased by
      dihydropyridine-induced coronary vasodilatation.
AB  - The effect of two dihydropyridine derivatives, nifedipine and felodipine, on
      myocardial blood flow distribution 1 h after ligation of the left anterior
      descending coronary artery (LAD) was studied in open-chest dogs by means of
      radioactive microspheres. The myocardium normally perfused from the LAD was first
      labeled with 125I-labeled microspheres injected directly into the LAD before
      ligation. Microspheres used for blood flow measurements were given in the left
      atrium. An intravenous infusion rate of 0.3 nmol/kg/min felodipine slightly
      depressed mean aortic blood pressure (approximately 5 mm Hg) and decreased
      coronary vascular resistance in normal myocardium. Nifedipine, at three times the
      dose of felodipine, had a comparable hypotensive effect, but the decrease in
      coronary vascular resistance was not statistically significant. The two
      dihydropyridines were also compared in a dose range that was four times higher.
      The mean arterial blood pressure reduction (approximately 30% for both drugs) was
      counterbalanced by inflation of an intraaortic balloon to avoid a drastic
      decrease in afterload and coronary perfusion pressure. Under these circumstances,
      felodipine and nifedipine decreased coronary vascular resistance and increased
      blood flow to nonischemic myocardium comparably. However, in severely ischemic,
      truly collateral-dependent myocardium without admixture of interdigitating
      healthy myocardium, the blood flow was unaffected after administration of both
      felodipine and nifedipine. Although felodipine was three times more potent than
      nifedipine with regard to vasodilatation in the normal myocardium, the difference
      in vascular selectivity between the two agents did not influence the effect on
      the "true" collateral blood flow in acute myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2410701
TI  - Ethacrynic acid: acute hemodynamic effects and influence on the in vivo and in
      vitro response to nitroglycerin in the dog.
AB  - We examined the hemodynamic effect of ethacrynic acid (EA), a diuretic, and
      sulfhydryl binding reagent in the dog to determine whether EA attenuated the
      response to nitroglycerin (GTN) in vivo or in vitro in rings of dorsal pedal
      artery (DPA). Six dogs (group A) received infusions of GTN (21 micrograms/min
      i.v.) before and after EA (0.75 mg/kg). EA produced a marked diuresis [289 ml +/-
      41 (SD) urine during 60 min]; 10 min after EA and before substantial diuresis,
      there was a transient increase in heart rate (HR) from 117 beats/min +/- 29 to
      143 beats/min +/- 28 and in mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 137 mm Hg +/- 18 to
      144 mm Hg +/- 17 (p less than 0.005). Intravenous GTN resulted in a similar
      decline in systolic blood pressure before (14.7% +/- 6.4) and after (9.4% +/-
      8.1) EA. We also studied two additional groups of dogs that received either EA
      (0.75 mg/kg) or saline, and urine output was replaced with saline. Similar
      results were obtained as with group A. In the in vitro studies, 75 rings of DPA
      from 14 dogs were pretreated with EA at low (1.6 X 10(-5) M), medium (8.3 X 10(
      5) M), or high (1.7 X 10(-4) M) doses or EA solvent (control) for 30 min, and
      dose-response curves were performed for GTN (10(-9) to 10(-5) M). In control
      rings, the maximum relaxation achieved with GTN was 89% +/- 5.8 inhibition of
      phenylephrine-induced tone; with both the medium and high EA doses, the response
      to GTN was partially attenuated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410702
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of amiodarone on isolated rabbit heart muscles.
AB  - We studied the electrophysiological effects of amiodarone on isolated rabbit
      heart muscles by conventional microelectrode techniques. It significantly
      suppressed not only sinus node functions (basic cycle length, sinus recovery
      time, and corrected sinus recovery time) but also atrioventricular node functions
      (AH interval, effective refractory period, and functional refractory period) by
      both superfusion (10 micrograms/ml amiodarone in Tyrode solution) and long-term
      oral administration (50 mg/day for 2 weeks, then 25 mg/day for 4-6 weeks). On the
      other hand, oral administration significantly lengthened the action potential
      duration and effective refractory period of the left atrium and the right
      ventricle, while superfusion did not. The maximum rate of depolarization, action
      potential amplitude, and diastolic resting potential were not changed by either
      route of administration. It is thought that the action of amiodarone on the sinus
      node and on the atrioventricular node is mainly due to its noncompetitive
      sympathetic inhibition, and that its action on the left atrium and on the right
      ventricle is mainly due to reduction of serum triiodothyronine, which requires
      long-term administration of amiodarone.

PMID- 2410703
TI  - Multiple sites for the cardiovascular actions of fentanyl in rats.
AB  - We studied the cardiovascular effects of intravenously administered fentanyl in
      normotensive rats anesthetized with pentobarbital and artificially ventilated.
      Fentanyl induced an immediate and short-lasting fall in blood pressure and heart
      rate by an action on opiate receptors localized at vagal nerve endings. Bilateral
      vagotomy suppressed these effects. The bradycardia, suppressed by bilateral
      vagotomy and reduced by previous administration of atropine, seemed to be due to
      a vagovagal reflex. Inhibition of the sympathetic outflow may also occur, because
      in pithed rats fentanyl failed to lower blood pressure. This masks a direct
      central stimulation of sympathetic outflow, because in bilaterally vagotomized
      rats fentanyl induced an alpha-adrenoceptor-blocking drug-sensitive hypertension
      which was insensitive to adrenalectomy. In addition, stimulation of cardiac
      opiate receptors by high doses of fentanyl lead to bradycardia in pithed rats. We
      conclude that in the rat, fentanyl administered intravenously can act at three
      different levels on cardiovascular regulation: the vagal nerve endings, the
      brain, and the heart.

PMID- 2410704
TI  - Inhibition by prostaglandins of adrenergic transmission in the left ventricular
      myocardium of anesthetized dogs.
AB  - In the intact left ventricle of pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, we have
      investigated the influence of prostaglandins on cardiac adrenergic neuroeffector
      events. The positive inotropic response (dP/dtmax) and the coronary sinus output
      of norepinephrine (NE) elicited by left cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation as
      well as the contractile response produced by intracoronary injections of NE were
      studied before and after prostaglandin synthesis inhibition, and also before and
      during intracoronary infusion of PGE2 and PGI2. Cardiac sympathetic nerve
      stimulation (1-4 Hz) and intracoronary injections of NE (30-120 ng/kg) produced
      frequency- and dose-related positive inotropic effects, respectively.
      Administration of indomethacin (10 mg/kg i.v.) augmented the increase in left
      ventricular dP/dtmax elicited by left cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation or
      intracoronary NE injection. In indomethacin pretreated dogs, intracoronary PGE2
      (30 ng kg-1 min-1) or PGI2 (60 ng kg-1 min-1) attenuated the positive inotropic
      effect produced by left cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation or intracoronary
      injections of NE. The increase in coronary sinus output of NE elicited by cardiac
      sympathetic nerve stimulation was enhanced by indomethacin and attenuated during
      intracoronary infusion of PGE2 and PGI2. These data suggest that prostaglandins
      synthesized in the heart inhibit cardiac adrenergic transmission in the left
      ventricle in vivo by reducing release of NE elicited by left cardiac sympathetic
      nerve stimulation and also by attenuating the action of the neurotransmitter at
      effector cells.

PMID- 2410705
TI  - Effects of serotonin antagonists on blood pressure in mineralocorticoid
      hypertensive sheep.
AB  - The serotonin antagonist methysergide has a partial agonistic action on isolated
      vascular smooth muscle from hypertensive animals, whereas ketanserin, another
      serotonin antagonist, does not. The goal of this study was to determine the
      effects of these two agents on blood pressure in the conscious,
      deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertensive sheep. Adult sheep maintained on
      a standard laboratory diet and 0.1% NaCl/0.25% KCl drinking water developed
      hypertension following DOCA implantation (mean arterial pressure: control = 83 mm
      Hg, DOCA = 108 mm Hg). Methysergide (40 micrograms/kg--i.v. bolus) produced a
      greater pressor response in hypertensive sheep than in normotensive sheep
      (control = 8 +/- 1 mm Hg, DOCA = 18 +/- 3 mm Hg). Ketanserin (50 micrograms/kg-
      i.v. bolus), on the other hand, caused a similar decrease in blood pressure
      (approximately -16 mm Hg) in both control and DOCA sheep. Pressor responses to
      infusions of serotonin were greater in DOCA sheep compared with controls. Both
      methysergide and ketanserin were equally effective antagonists of a serotonin
      induced pressor response (75% inhibition) in control and DOCA sheep. Methysergide
      had no effect on a norepinephrine-induced pressor response, but ketanserin caused
      a 20% attenuation of this response. These results demonstrate an enhanced
      responsiveness to serotonin and methysergide in DOCA hypertensive sheep.

PMID- 2410706
TI  - Cardioprotective effects of carbocromen in awake and anesthetized dogs with
      amitriptyline poisoning.
AB  - We studied the effects of the antianginal drug carbocromen (4 mg/kg bolus plus 80
      micrograms/kg/min i.v.) on amitriptyline (400 micrograms/kg/min i.v.) toxicity.
      In anesthetized dogs, amitriptyline increased heart rate, left ventricular (LV)
      end-diastolic pressure, and the PR and QT intervals, the QRS complex, and the S-T
      segments of the peripheral electrocardiogram. Blood pressure, LV pressure, and LV
      dP/dtmax fell considerably. Survival time was 37 +/- 4 min in amitriptyline
      treated dogs and 64 +/- 3 min (p less than 0.05) in those receiving amitriptyline
      plus carbocromen. The amount of amitriptyline consumed until death increased from
      14.8 to 25.6 mg/kg (p less than 0.05) with carbocromen. In conscious dogs, the
      hemodynamic impact of intraatrial amitriptyline was similar to that in
      anesthetized animals, and changes in stroke volume resembled those of dP/dt.
      Cardiac output was not altered, and peripheral resistance decreased moderately.
      Carbocromen prevented most of the typical amitriptyline effects on the heart and
      circulation. Sustained ventricular arrhythmia occurred at 29 +/- 4 min with
      amitriptyline infusion but was delayed to 58 +/- 3 min (p less than 0.05) when
      carbocromen was added. These experiments demonstrate (a) amitriptyline
      intoxication produced ventricular tachyarrhythmia and cardiac failure if high
      agent concentrations were achieved; (b) these rhythm disorders were associated
      with slowing of intraventricular conduction, which could be enhanced by
      carbocromen; and (c) carbocromen might be an effective therapy for amitriptyline
      caused arrhythmia with cardiovascular collapse.

PMID- 2410707
TI  - Effects of cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation during adrenergic blockade on
      infarct size in anesthetized dogs.
AB  - beta-Adrenergic blockade has been shown to limit myocardial infarct size (IS) in
      anesthetized dogs. The objective of the present study was to determine whether
      sympathetic activation in the presence of beta-adrenergic blockade would alter
      IS. Chloralose-anesthetized dogs were divided into five groups. All hearts were
      neurally decentralized and paced at 150 beats/min. The circumflex coronary artery
      was ligated distal to the first major branch. Group 1 (n = 5) had no treatment.
      Group 2 (n = 6) received timolol (0.2 mg/kg) intravenously before and throughout
      occlusion. Group 3 (n = 7) underwent left stellate stimulation (LSS; 8 Hz, 5 ms,
      7-10 V) immediately following coronary artery occlusion and for the duration of
      occlusion. Group 4 (n = 5) received timolol in addition to LSS. Group 5 animals
      (n = 6) received prazosin (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) and timolol before circumflex
      occlusion and LSS following coronary artery occlusion. After 6 h, Evans blue dye
      was injected into the left atrium while the circumflex artery distal to the
      ligation was simultaneously perfused with saline. Hearts were rapidly excised,
      and the left ventricle was sliced and photographed. IS was determined and
      expressed as a percentage of the area at risk by planimetry. The following mean
      +/- SEM values were measured: Group 1, 23.5 +/- 5.3; Group 2, 34.2 +/- 1.4; Group
      3, 31.4 +/- 7.8; Group 4, 59.3 +/- 3.9; and Group 5, 25.6 +/- 5.3%. Significant
      differences were found between Group 4 and all other groups (p less than
      0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410708
TI  - Endothelium-mediated dilations contribute to the polarity of the arterial wall in
      vasomotion induced by alpha 2-adrenergic agonists.
AB  - We tested whether or not an endothelium-mediated dilation is involved in the
      response of intact arteries to alpha-adrenergic stimulation, by separately
      applying agonists to the luminal or adventitial side of the arterial wall.
      Cumulative dose-response curves of the alpha 1-agonists l-phenylephrine or
      cirazoline applied luminally in rat tail arteries and in side branches of canine
      femoral arteries were identical to those obtained by adventitial application in
      the intact arteries, and were not modified by removal of the endothelium
      (eliminating acetylcholine-induced dilations). Constrictions induced by the alpha
      2-agonists UK-14,304 or azepexole applied luminally were significantly lower than
      those induced by adventitial application, and were augmented significantly by
      removal of the endothelium. Half-maximally precontracted arteries were dilated by
      addition of alpha 2-agonists to the luminal perfusate; these dilations were
      abolished by removal of the endothelium. It is concluded that the functional
      polarity of the vascular wall of these arteries in response to alpha 2-agonists
      results from the release of a dilatory signal from the endothelial cells,
      counteracting the direct contractile activation of the adjacent smooth muscle
      cells by the agonists.

PMID- 2410709
TI  - Stereoselectivity at the calcium channel: opposite action of the enantiomers of a
      1,4-dihydropyridine.
AB  - The stereoisomers of the new dihydropyridine derivative 202-791 [isopropyl 4
      (2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-3 
      pyridinecarboxylate] were synthesized separately and tested on isolated rabbit
      aortic rings for effects on depolarization-induced contraction and depolarization
      stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+. The racemic mixture enhanced contraction of rabbit
      aortic rings at low levels of depolarization but inhibited contraction and 45Ca2+
      uptake at high levels of depolarization. The IC50 values were 2.0 X 10(-7) and
      1.7 X 10(-7) M, respectively. The R enantiomer inhibited contraction and 45Ca2+
      uptake with IC50 values of 3.2 X 10(-8) and 4.3 X 10(-8) M, respectively. This
      compound showed no stimulant activity. By contrast, the S enantiomer of 202-791
      shifted the concentration-response curve for depolarization-induced contraction
      in an almost parallel fashion to the left, thus enhancing contraction. The EC50
      value for this effect at a KCl concentration of 16 mM was 1.8 X 10(-7) M. This
      compound enhanced 45Ca2+ uptake concentration dependently at all levels of
      depolarization tested. Thus, the stereoisomers of a dihydropyridine derivative
      may behave as a calcium entry blocker or a calcium entry enhancer on vascular
      smooth muscle, depending only on the stereochemistry. If asymmetric compounds
      elicit effects suggesting a dualistic action at the calcium channel, then the
      stereoisomers should be prepared.

PMID- 2410710
TI  - Effect of ouabain on the responses to vasoconstrictor agents in isolated perfused
      rat tail arteries.
AB  - In isolated rat tail arteries perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution, ouabain, in
      concentrations of less than 10(-5) M, caused a concentration-dependent,
      noncompetitive inhibition of the vasoconstrictor response to phenylephrine.
      Concentrations of 10(-8) and 10(-6) M caused 30 and 61% inhibition, respectively.
      The inhibition was gradual in onset, with a maximal effect at 45 min. In
      concentrations greater than 10(-5) M, ouabain caused a parallel shift to the left
      of the phenylephrine dose-response curve, indicating potentiation. The
      potentiation was rapid in onset (within 1 min), and was approximately 1.4-fold.
      The cutoff point between inhibition and potentiation of vasoconstrictors occurred
      at a ouabain concentration of 10(-5) M. Ouabain-induced potentiation was
      nonspecific in regard to the vasoconstrictor used. Phenylephrine, clonidine, and
      serotonin were each potentiated. Potentiation probably resulted from a reduction
      in the smooth muscle membrane potential as a consequence of inhibition of Na-K
      ATPase. The mechanism of the inhibitory effect of ouabain on vasoconstrictors was
      not resolved but may operate via stimulation of Na-K ATPase. The results are
      consistent with a "partial agonist" action of ouabain on Na-K ATPase.

PMID- 2410711
TI  - Effect of dopamine and blockade of dopaminergic and adrenergic receptors on
      coronary blood flow in ischemic rabbit myocardium.
AB  - The effect of a broad dose range of dopamine on coronary blood flow was studied
      in rabbits with coronary artery occlusion. Dopaminergic and adrenergic receptor
      blockade was established to distinguish the mechanism of the dopamine-induced
      increase in coronary blood flow. Dopamine, 10, 100, or 1,000 micrograms/kg/min,
      was infused in the presence of dopaminergic, beta-, or alpha-adrenergic receptor
      blockade. Coronary blood flow, as measured by radiolabeled microspheres, and
      hemodynamic parameters were monitored in 60 anesthetized open-chest rabbits.
      Dopamine, 1,000 micrograms/kg/min, significantly increased coronary blood flow
      157% in normal and 118% in occluded rabbit myocardium. Propranolol (2 mg/kg)
      prevented the dopamine-induced increases in coronary blood flow within occluded
      and nonoccluded myocardium. Practolol (2 mg/kg) blunted the coronary blood flow
      increases within occluded myocardium, but flow within normal myocardium remained
      significantly elevated. In animals given phenoxybenzamine (2 mg/kg), dopamine
      infusion produced significant blood pressure reductions along with no change in
      either occluded or nonoccluded coronary blood flow. Bulbocapnine (8 mg/kg), a
      dopamine receptor antagonist, did not block blood flow increases in normal
      myocardium, but prevented significant increases in blood flow within occluded
      myocardium. It can be concluded that direct or indirect vasodilator receptors
      (dopaminergic, beta 1-, and beta 2-adrenoceptors) must be stimulated and
      perfusion pressure must not fall in order for dopamine to produce increases of
      coronary blood flow within occluded myocardium.

PMID- 2410712
TI  - Hemodynamic actions of nicorandil, a new antianginal agent, in the conscious dog.
AB  - We studied the hemodynamic effects of nicorandil (SG-75) and nitroglycerin in
      conscious dogs before and after beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. Nicorandil (25
      300 micrograms/kg/min) and nitroglycerin (5-60 micrograms/kg/min) produced
      increases in heart rate and decreases in aortic and left ventricular pressures.
      In the doses studied, nicorandil caused greater decreases in aortic and left
      ventricular systolic pressure than nitroglycerin; however, nitroglycerin reduced
      left ventricular end-diastolic pressure to a greater degree. Nicorandil but not
      nitroglycerin produced an increase in cardiac output secondary to an increase in
      heart rate. Global contractility (peak positive dP/dt) was increased in a dose
      related manner during nicorandil infusion before beta-blockade. In spite of
      marked hypotensive responses to higher doses, mean coronary blood flow and
      coronary conductance were increased by nicorandil. In contrast, both parameters
      were reduced during nitroglycerin infusion. The effects of nicorandil on coronary
      blood flow were unaltered by beta-adrenergic blockade, suggesting that metabolic
      autoregulation is not an important mediator of the response. Nicorandil (75-300
      micrograms/kg/min) produced a dose-related increase in transmural myocardial
      blood flow with the greatest increases in perfusion occurring in the
      subepicardium and midmyocardium. The results of the present study demonstrate
      that despite structural similarities, nicorandil and nitroglycerin have varying
      hemodynamic spectra.

PMID- 2410713
TI  - Comparison of systemic and intrarenal converting enzyme inhibition by MK-422 on
      renal hemodynamics in conscious dogs.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of intrarenal angiotensin
      converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition with that of systemic ACE inhibition in
      conscious, instrumented dogs. Intrarenal ACE inhibition was achieved by infusing
      the potent ACE inhibitor MK-422 into the renal artery in a dose (0.32
      micrograms/kg/min) that in dogs fed a normal sodium (n = 11) and low sodium (n =
      10) diet markedly attenuated the renal blood flow response to intrarenal arterial
      angiotensin I (0.4 and 0.8 micrograms, respectively). Intrarenal arterial
      infusion of MK-422 decreased the responses by 76 and 72% in the normal and low
      sodium groups, respectively, but only decreased renal vascular resistance
      slightly (-9 and -8%, respectively) in the infused kidney. Following termination
      of intrarenal arterial infusion of MK-422, the inhibitor was administered
      intravenously, 0.2 mg/kg. This dose of MK-422 maximally inhibited systemic ACE,
      as evidenced by the complete abolition of the renal blood flow response to
      intravenous angiotensin I; the responses were decreased by 95 and 96% in the
      normal and low sodium groups, respectively. In contrast to the negligible
      reduction in renal vascular resistance seen during intrarenal arterial infusion
      of MK-422, systemically administered inhibitor decreased renal vascular
      resistance by 16 and 39%, respectively, in the normal and low sodium groups.
      These results lend additional support to our contention that systemically rather
      than intrarenally formed angiotensin II is mainly responsible for regulation of
      renal vascular resistance.

PMID- 2410714
TI  - Neuroinhibitory effects of SK&F 85174, a novel dopamine receptor agonist.
AB  - SK&F 85174 (3-allyl-6-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetra-hydro-1-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-1-H-3
      benzaze pine-7, 8-diol methanesulfonate) the N-allyl derivative of SK&F 82526, a
      selective postjunctional dopaminergic agonist, retains the potent agonist
      activity of the parent molecule at the postjunctional dopamine receptor, as
      evidenced by activation of the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in rat
      caudate homogenates (EC50 = 11 nM). However, unlike SK&F 82526, SK&F 85174 is a
      potent inhibitor of adrenergic neurotransmission. This neuroinhibitory effect can
      be demonstrated both in isolated vascular preparations, and in in situ
      preparations in the anesthetized dog measuring both cardiac and vascular
      neurotransmission. In each of these preparations, the effect of SK&F 85174 can be
      blocked by the dopamine receptor antagonists, metoclopramide, or 1-sulpiride,
      showing that its action occurs via activation of prejunctional dopamine
      receptors. Inhibition of the responses to sympathetic nervous system activation,
      when combined with the ability to increase renal blood flow by stimulation of
      postjunctional dopamine receptors, could make SK&F 85174 an effective therapeutic
      agent for a variety of cardiovascular disorders, including angina pectoris,
      hypertension, and congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2410715
TI  - Platelet depletion and infarct size in an occlusion-reperfusion model of
      myocardial ischemia in anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The formation of platelet aggregates and release of platelet-derived vasoactive
      mediators have been suggested to aggravate ischemic myocardium. The contribution
      of platelets to myocardial damage induced by 90-min occlusion and 5-h reperfusion
      in chloralose-anesthetized dogs was assessed after depletion of platelets with
      specific antidog platelet antiserum. Dogs treated with antiplatelet antiserum
      showed greater than 90% reduction in circulating platelets and serum TxB2 levels,
      but showed no reduction in infarct size (58 +/- 3 vs. 51 +/- 3% of risk area for
      control and thrombocytopenic dogs, respectively). Platelet depletion had no
      hemodynamic effect during the occlusion or reperfusion phases, nor reduced the
      incidence of arrhythmias. These results indicate that platelet aggregates or
      platelet-derived mediators do not contribute directly to the extent of damage in
      this occlusion-reperfusion model of myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2410716
TI  - Augmentation of streptokinase-induced thrombolysis by heparin and prostacyclin.
AB  - The ability of heparin and prostacyclin to improve streptokinase-induced
      recanalization was examined in open-chest dogs subjected to thrombotic occlusion
      of the left circumflex coronary artery. Vessel injury was produced by electrical
      stimulation of the intimal surface at the site of a noncircumferential fixed
      stenosis. Animals were divided into three treatment groups as follows: group 1
      received intracoronary streptokinase alone (75,000 units/80 min starting 30 min
      postocclusion; n = 8); group 2 received streptokinase plus heparin (300 units/kg
      i.v. at 20 min postocclusion; n = 7); group 3 received streptokinase plus heparin
      plus prostacyclin (500 ng/kg/min, intracoronary, given intermittently during
      reperfusion; n = 7). Overall, the groups did not differ with respect to
      preocclusion coronary blood flow (27 +/- 1 ml/min; +/- SEM), the duration of
      streptokinase infusion required to achieve reflow (15 +/- 2 min), and the
      percentage of animals recanalized (85%). They did differ in the average rate of
      reflow, which was greater in group 2 (16 +/- 2 ml/min) and group 3 (20 +/- 4
      ml/min) as compared with group 1 (6 +/- 1 ml/min; p less than 0.05). The
      intermittent reocclusions which persisted during reperfusion in group 1 and 2
      dogs were diminished during the periodic infusions of prostacyclin. Thrombus mass
      at the site of injury was comparable among groups. In contrast, distal circumflex
      thrombi, about twice the weight of the proximal mass, were observed in all group
      1 dogs and were undetectable in group 2 and 3 animals. Transient improvements in
      contractile force during reperfusion were observed only with groups 2 and
      3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410717
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of the positive inotropic effect of piroximone in cat
      papillary muscle.
AB  - The mechanism of the inotropic effect of piroximone HCl [MDL 19205A, 4-ethyl-1,3
      dihydro-5-(4-pyridinylcarbonyl)-2H-imidozol-2-on e HCl] was studied in the cat
      papillary muscle paced electrically in vitro. Piroximone produced a concentration
      dependent positive inotropic effect accompanied by an increase in rate of
      contraction and rate of relaxation, but abbreviated time to peak tension and
      relaxation time. The positive inotropic effect produced by piroximone was
      antagonized by carbachol, 3 X 10(-6) M, whereas that produced by increasing
      calcium concentration was not affected by carbachol. In potassium chloride (22
      mM) depolarized muscle, piroximone restored contractility, which was not affected
      by propranolol (10(-6) M) or by tetrodotoxin (2 X 10(-5) M), but was inhibited by
      nifedipine (10(-7) M). Piroximine also elevated tissue cyclic AMP (cAMP) content
      in the papillary muscle. Although nifedipine inhibited the restoration of
      contractility, it did so without altering the increase of cAMP produced by
      piroximone. These results suggest that piroximone causes an increase in calcium
      influx that is mediated by an increase in cAMP, and the results are consistent
      with the hypothesis that specific inhibition of the high affinity cAMP
      phosphodiesterase (PDE III) plays a role in the positive inotropic effect of
      piroximone.

PMID- 2410718
TI  - Effects of converting-enzyme inhibition on cardiorenal hemodynamics in patients
      with chronic congestive heart failure.
AB  - The role of the renin-angiotensin system in cardiorenal function in patients with
      severe chronic congestive heart failure was investigated. A single oral dose of
      captopril in 16 patients significantly increased cardiac index and reduced
      arterial blood pressure and total systemic vascular resistance. These changes
      were significantly greater in subjects with higher baseline plasma renin activity
      (PRA). During 7-day captopril therapy, renal plasma flow distinctly increased in
      10 patients in whom renal function was followed. The increase found in renal
      plasma flow was greater in subjects with higher PRA. Yet, the reduction in renal
      vascular resistance was much greater than that of total systemic vascular
      resistance, even in patients with lower PRA. Simultaneous infusion of aprotinin
      in eight of these subjects did not affect the captopril-induced increase in renal
      plasma flow, despite the suppression of plasma bradykinin levels; these responses
      were the same in both PRA subgroups. The results suggest that captopril reduces
      total systemic vascular resistance in patients with chronic congestive heart
      failure through inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system and that the
      preferential renal vasodilator effect of captopril might be the sole result of
      this inhibition, with the kallikrein-kinin system or kinin-mediated
      prostaglandins not playing a major role.

PMID- 2410719
TI  - Nitroglycerin improves the distribution of regional oxygenation in partially
      ischemic canine myocardium.
AB  - The effect of nitroglycerin administration on regional oxygen supply and
      consumption of partially ischemic areas of myocardium was investigated in 14 open
      chest anesthetized dogs. Flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery
      (LAD) was reduced by 50% with the aid of a specially designed screw clamp placed
      below the first bifurcation. Seven animals received nitroglycerin (20
      micrograms/kg i.v.) 5 min following partial occlusion. The remaining animals
      served as controls. Regional blood flow as measured with radioactive microspheres
      (15 +/- 3 micron in diameter) was determined before and 10 min following partial
      occlusion. Regional O2 saturations in small arteries and veins were determined
      using a microspectrophotometric technique. Oxygen supply, A-V O2 difference, and
      consumption were calculated in both subepicardial and subendocardial regions of
      ischemic and non-ischemic myocardium after occlusion. Tissue blood flow to the
      partially occluded regions was reduced by about 40% in both treated and untreated
      animals. Nitroglycerin prevented a significant reduction in arterial and venous
      O2 saturation of the partially occluded region. In the occluded subendocardium,
      nitroglycerin reduced the skewness of the venous O2 saturation distribution. The
      O2 supply/consumption ratio was significantly improved by nitroglycerin in the
      ischemic subendocardium, compared with the same region in the control group. It
      is suggested that nitroglycerin improves the microregional relationship between
      blood flow and metabolism even in the absence of a change in total regional blood
      supply.

PMID- 2410721
TI  - Prevention and reversal of tolerance to nitroglycerine with N-acetylcysteine.
AB  - A recent study demonstrated that the sulfhydryl donor N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
      potentiated hemodynamic responsiveness to nitroglycerine (NTG) in patients with
      ischaemic heart disease. The interaction between NTG and NAC in rings of bovine
      coronary artery was examined. Vasodilator responses to NTG were determined after
      elevation of tone with the thromboxane mimetic U46619 [(15S)-hydroxy-11 alpha, 9
      alpha-(epoxymethano) prosta-5Z, 13E-dienoic acid]. NAC (1 microM-3 mM) induced no
      changes in tone of the preparation, but 10 microM NAC significantly potentiated
      responses to NTG (EC50 reduced from 0.69 +/- 0.19 microM to 0.22 +/- 0.06 microM;
      p less than 0.01). Increasing degrees of tolerance to NTG were produced at pH 7.4
      by preincubating coronary rings with NTG in concentrations of 4.4 and 44 microM,
      and 0.22 mM. With 0.22 mM NTG, EC50 for subsequently administered NTG was
      increased to 11.0 +/- 1.8 microM (p less than 0.001 vs. control vessels). The
      degree of tolerance produced with this concentration of NTG was markedly
      attenuated by simultaneous (EC50 = 0.50 +/- 0.30 microM; p less than 0.001 vs.
      tolerant vessels) or subsequent (EC50 = 1.17 +/- 0.59 microM, p less than 0.001
      vs. control vessels) incubation with 10 microM NAC. These data confirm that
      responses to NTG are modulated by sulfhydryl (or specifically cysteine)
      availability and suggest that in vitro tolerance to NTG is related to sulfhydryl
      (or cysteine) depletion. It is therefore possible that in vivo potentiation of
      NTG responses by NAC will be of clinical benefit in preventing or reversing loss
      of hemodynamic responsiveness to NTG.

PMID- 2410720
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enalapril in patients with congestive
      heart failure and patients with hypertension.
AB  - The clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enalapril and its de
      esterified active metabolite, MK 422, were determined in eight patients with
      congestive cardiomyopathy and five patients with hypertension. After
      administration of single doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg enalapril in the congestive
      heart failure patients and 20 or 40 mg in the hypertensive patients, serum levels
      and urine elimination of enalapril and MK 422 were determined. Standing and
      supine heart rate and blood pressure were measured as was ejection fraction in
      the congestive heart failure group and renin activity, aldosterone levels, and
      converting enzyme activity in the hypertensive group. Apparent oral clearance
      after administration of 5 and 10 mg enalapril was lower in the congestive heart
      failure patients (0.6 +/- 0.2 and 0.7 +/- 0.4 L/min) than after 20 and 40 mg
      given to hypertensive patients (2.5 +/- 1.3 and 2.7 +/- 2.7 L/min). The
      elimination of MK 422 was also slower in the congestive heart failure patients
      (7.8 +/- 5.0 and 6.8 +/- 2.5 h after 5 and 10 mg enalapril, respectively, vs. 4.6
      +/- 2.0 and 5.3 +/- 1.1 h after 20 and 40 mg, respectively, in the hypertension
      group). The enalapril area under the concentration-time curve increased
      disproportionately to dose increments in both groups, but was more pronounced in
      congestive heart failure. Twenty and 40 mg enalapril lowered the blood pressure
      by 2 h after dosing in the hypertension group, and peak effects were seen 4-5 h
      after dosing. Peak effects correlated with peak serum MK 422 concentrations but
      not with enalapril (MK 421) levels. Supine heart rates were unchanged after 20
      mg, but increased after 40 mg; standing heart rates were transiently increased
      after 20 and 40 mg enalapril. Blood pressure was not significantly changed in the
      congestive heart failure group, and cardiac ejection fraction was unchanged. In
      the hypertension group, renin stimulation and converting enzyme activity
      inhibition were seen at 4 h and persisted for at least 24 h after administration
      of 40 mg enalapril. In summary, the clearance of enalapril and elimination of MK
      422 was slower in congestive heart failure patients versus hypertensive patients.
      Therefore, slower onset and longer duration of drug effect might be anticipated
      in patients with congestive heart failure versus patients with hypertension
      during enalapril administration.

PMID- 2410722
TI  - Comparative effects of dobutamine and corwin, a beta 1-adrenergic partial
      agonist, in experimental left ventricular failure.
AB  - Corwin is a new, long-acting beta 1-adrenergic partial agonist for oral and
      intravenous (i.v.) use. The effects of corwin were compared with those of
      dobutamine in acute ischemic left ventricular failure in dogs. Failure was
      produced by embolization of the left main coronary artery with 50 micron plastic
      microspheres. This induced severe depression in left ventricular function, as
      evidenced by a marked increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure,
      reduction in left ventricular dP/dtmax, and cardiac output. After 45 min was
      allowed for stabilization, the 27 dogs were randomly assigned to three groups:
      control (n = 9), dobutamine-treated (5-10 micrograms/kg/min i.v., n = 9), and
      corwin-treated (0.025-0.10 mg/kg i.v., n = 9). The doses of dobutamine and corwin
      were adjusted to give an increase in left ventricular dP/dtmax of 50%. Both drugs
      similarly increased cardiac output (p less than 0.01), lowered left ventricular
      end-diastolic pressure (p less than 0.01) and total peripheral vascular
      resistance (p less than 0.01), but did not affect the heart rate. Only dobutamine
      increased the mean arterial pressure (p less than 0.01). Both drugs also
      increased the arterial concentrations and myocardial uptake of fatty acids (p
      less than 0.05) but caused only a small and nonsignificant increase in myocardial
      oxygen consumption. Our findings indicate that the hemodynamic and metabolic
      profiles of corwin and dobutamine are similar, and both drugs should be of
      special value in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Since corwin can be
      given orally and has a longer duration of action, it is potentially useful in the
      long-term treatment of heart failure.

PMID- 2410723
TI  - Local release of myocardial norepinephrine during acute ischemia: an experimental
      study in the isolated perfused rat heart.
AB  - The appearance of an early ischemia-induced local release of myocardial
      norepinephrine (NE) was examined in the isolated Langendorff-perfused rat heart
      prelabeled with [3H]NE. Either glucose or lactate was used as the perfusion
      substrate. Ischemia for a 60-min period was produced by global flow reduction (by
      90%) or left coronary artery ligation followed by a 15-min reperfusion period.
      During the first 20 min of ischemia both the concentration of [3H]NE and the
      fraction of total 3H representing nonmetabolized [3H]NE were increased in the
      coronary venous effluent. This early increase in [3H]NE concentration was most
      pronounced in hearts with global ischemia perfused with lactate as substrate
      (from 19 +/- 2 to 524 +/- 76 fmol/ml/g after 20 min of ischemia). The quantity of
      [3H]NE released was then further increased during the 60-min period of ischemia.
      Reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium was associated with a marked outflow of
      [3H]NE and [3H]NE metabolites, primarily representing a washout from the ischemic
      tissue. Under the present experimental conditions the ischemia-induced release of
      NE was attenuated by glucose, probably owing to an ongoing glycolytic ATP
      formation. This effect was most pronounced during global low-flow ischemia. It is
      concluded that ischemia is associated with a local release of myocardial NE. In
      the nonworking Langendorff heart preparation, clear evidence of such a local
      release was already obtained after 10-20 min of ischemia.

PMID- 2410724
TI  - Comparative metabolic effects of halothane and enflurane in rat heart cell
      culture.
AB  - The effects of halothane and enflurane on the oxygen consumption rates and
      substrate utilization by beating and nonbeating rat heart myocytes in cell
      culture were compared. Halothane, on an equal dose and equal MAC (minimum
      alveolar concentration producing immobilization of 50% of subjects) basis, was
      significantly more effective than enflurane in reducing total myocyte oxygen
      consumption and contractile rate. The greater effect of halothane on oxygen
      consumption was not due entirely to its effect on myocyte contractile rate, since
      quiescent (nonbeating) cells and cells rendered nonbeating by large doses of
      halothane also showed greater reductions in oxygen consumption than with large
      doses of enflurane. Both halothane and enflurane reduced glucose and palmitic
      acid metabolism by myocytes when compared with controls. However, there were no
      significant differences between halothane or enflurane with regard to glucose
      metabolism. Halothane was significantly more effective than enflurane in reducing
      cellular palmitic acid metabolism. Although palmitic acid uptake by myocytes was
      reduced to the same extent by both anesthetics when compared with control uptake
      values, halothane reduced myocyte uptake of glucose to a greater degree than
      enflurane. The results of this study indicate that halothane is a more potent
      myocardial metabolic depressant than enflurane.

PMID- 2410725
TI  - Serum creatine phosphokinase levels during treatment with beta-adrenoreceptor
      blocking agents.
AB  - We administered four beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents--pindolol (15 mg/day),
      propranolol (60 mg/day), carteolol (15 mg/day), and labetalol (150 mg/day)--to
      essential hypertensive patients, and followed the changes in levels of serum
      creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and its isoenzymes for 1 year. Blood pressure was
      reduced almost equally by all drugs, but the changes in serum CPK levels
      differed. During treatment with pindolol, 20 of 25 patients showed a 20-760%
      increase in CPK compared with the pretreatment value. Studies on CPK isoenzymes
      revealed that the elevation was mainly in the skeletal muscle (MM type), while
      eight of the 25 patients also showed a slight increase in the myocardial type (MB
      type). Another beta-blocking agent with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA),
      carteolol, also increased the CPK levels significantly in 10 of 15 patients. On
      the other hand, such increases were observed in only four of 27 patients
      receiving propranolol and three of nine patients receiving labetalol. These
      results suggest that beta-blocking agents with ISA increase the serum CPK levels
      more frequently than those without ISA. Therefore, the serum CPK levels should be
      carefully evaluated in patients receiving beta-blocking agents, especially those
      with ISA.

PMID- 2410727
TI  - Adrenergic mechanisms in ischemic and reperfusion arrhythmias.

PMID- 2410726
TI  - Role of vascular alpha 2-adrenoceptors as targets for circulating catecholamines
      in the maintenance of blood pressure in anaesthetised spontaneously hypertensive
      rats.
AB  - We examined the blood pressure-lowering effects of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonist rauwolscine in anaesthetised spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In
      the absence of prior drug, rauwolscine (1-10 mg kg-1) produced dose-dependent
      falls in diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In the presence of prazosin (1 mg kg-1)
      to eliminate alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated responses, rauwolscine (0.1-1 mg kg-1)
      lowered DBP in unoperated and sham-operated animals but not in adrenal
      demedullated animals. Hence, we were able to demonstrate that alpha 2
      adrenoceptors are involved in the control of blood pressure in intact
      anaesthetised SHR but not following adrenal demedullation, suggesting that
      circulating catecholamines are responsible for these alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      mediated pressor effects.

PMID- 2410728
TI  - Role of cardiac sympathetic nerves in the genesis of myocardial ischemia distal
      to coronary stenoses.
AB  - This manuscript summarizes the effects of cardiac sympathetic nerve activation on
      coronary blood flow and myocardial function, metabolism, and morphology distal to
      stenoses. Whereas cardiac sympathetic nerve activation induces an increase in
      myocardial function and metabolism accompanied by metabolic coronary dilation
      under physiological conditions, this response is different in the presence of
      coronary stenoses. With decreasing coronary hyperemic reserve, distal to an
      increasing degree of coronary stenosis, the predominant response to sympathetic
      stimulation is continuously shifted from metabolic dilation to alpha-adrenergic
      vasoconstriction. With a severe coronary stenosis, both electrical stimulation of
      cardiac sympathetic nerves and reflex sympathetic activation by carotid occlusion
      induce poststenotic vasoconstriction and ischemia of the dependent myocardium.
      Poststenotic vasoconstriction is mediated by vascular alpha 2-adrenoceptors and
      is prevented by phentolamine, rauwolscine, and nifedipine. Prolonged sympathetic
      activation even results in patchy subendocardial necroses. There is a vicious
      cycle between poststenotic vasoconstriction, myocardial ischemia, and cardiac
      sympathetic nerve activity that results in a progressive perfusion impairment
      during 20 min severe coronary stenosis.

PMID- 2410729
TI  - Ischemia-induced local release of myocardial noradrenaline.
AB  - The isolated perfused rat heart, prelabelled with 3H-noradrenaline (NA), was used
      to examine the ischemia-induced release of myocardial NA, and to investigate to
      what extent reperfusion of an ischemic myocardium per se causes a release of NA.
      In a model of global myocardial ischemia with 90% flow reduction and the use of
      lactate as perfusion substrate, release of 3H-NA into the perfusate was already
      observed during the first 10-20 min of ischemia. The quantities of 3H-NA released
      increased further with increasing duration of ischemia. In another model with
      regional ischemia produced by left coronary artery ligation, a similar, though
      less marked, release of 3H-NA into the perfusate was observed during ischemia.
      Reperfusion after 60 min of ischemia was associated with a marked outflow of 3H
      NA and 3H-NA metabolites, which was not reduced if reperfusion was performed with
      a Ca2+-free buffer. Furthermore, in the globally ischemic heart model, the
      relative amounts of 3H-NA and the various 3H-NA metabolites in the effluent
      remained constant during the last minute of ischemia and the first minute of
      reperfusion. We concluded that ischemia is associated with early local release of
      myocardial NA. NA can partly be trapped in the ischemic tissue and washed out
      during reperfusion.

PMID- 2410730
TI  - Selected aspects of presynaptic modulation of noradrenaline release from the
      heart.
AB  - This article presents selected aspects of the presynaptic modulation of
      noradrenaline release from the heart. Several presynaptic effector systems that
      mediate either inhibition or facilitation of noradrenaline release are discussed.
      In particular, the potencies of muscarinic agonists and antimuscarinic drugs in
      muscarine receptor-mediated inhibition are reviewed. Evidence is presented that
      presynaptic inhibitory muscarine receptors can apparently not be differentiated
      from postsynaptic muscarine receptors in the heart. Presynaptic inhibitory alpha
      adrenoceptors belong to the alpha 2 subtype. The physiological role of
      autoinhibition by the endogenous transmitter in the heart is discussed in
      relation to the influence that important clearance mechanisms have to reduce the
      concentration of noradrenaline in the synaptic cleft under physiological
      conditions. Inhibitory presynaptic dopamine receptors differ from postsynaptic
      receptors, but evidence of a physiological role for presynaptic receptors is
      lacking. The significance of transsynaptic modulation of noradrenaline release
      from the heart by prostaglandins and adenosine is briefly discussed. Opioid
      receptors appear to inhibit noradrenaline release in the heart to some extent.
      Finally, several other receptor systems, possibly involved in the regulation of
      transmitter release from sympathetic nerves in the heart, are mentioned.

PMID- 2410731
TI  - Reversible inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity in the ischemic myocardium.
AB  - Adenylate cyclase (AC) function was studied in homogenate and particulate
      preparations of ischemic rat heart obtained from three models: anoxic-ischemic
      incubations, coronary artery ligation, and global low-flow perfusion of isolated
      hearts. Both basal activity and the function of AC measured in the presence of
      NaF (8 X 10(-3)M), Gpp(NH)p (10(-5)M), and L-(-)-isoprenaline (10(-8)-10(-4)M)
      were reduced to 50% of the control value in homogenates of hearts incubated under
      anoxic-ischemic conditions for 10 min. Comparable results were obtained with
      homogenates from the ischemic area 20 min after coronary artery ligation in
      anesthetized open-chest rats with artificial ventilation. Reduced AC activity of
      the anoxic-ischemic hearts was completely reversible by aerobic reperfusion,
      provided the ischemic period did not exceed 20 min. AC activity in homogenates of
      isolated hearts perfused at low-flow was not changed, indicating a nonuniform
      alteration of AC system in nonperfused and low-flow perfused areas of the
      ischemic heart. Depression of myocardial AC function during severe ischemia was
      avoided by reducing Ca2+ in the incubation buffer, in combination with addition
      of EGTA during the homogenization step, and by pretreating the animals with
      verapamil. It is suggested that the depressed AC function is caused mainly by an
      increase in intracellular Ca2+, which inhibits the enzyme at its catalytic site.
      A negative feedback control of AC function by Ca2+ is postulated that may operate
      especially in the ischemic myocardium.

PMID- 2410732
TI  - Is there a role for cAMP and adenyl cyclase?
AB  - The validity of the hypothesis that cyclic AMP (cAMP) is the 2nd messenger for
      cell activation was reexamined. Some enzymological aspects of adenyl cyclase (AC)
      should cause concern: the lack of data on the stoichiometry of cAMP formation in
      mammalian systems and the unusual enzymatic properties, as well as lack of end
      product inhibition and linearity. Furthermore, adenyl cyclase assays may lack
      precision and accuracy; this may depend on the organ studied. There are also
      problems of artefactual formation of cAMP during the work-up of cAMP extracts.
      Thus CrP, Pi, or ATP might influence this process and the actual measurement of
      cAMP, but solid data are apparently not available. Although a hormone-sensitive
      AC system has now been reconstituted from pure beta-adrenergic receptor, guanine
      nucleotide regulatory protein (Ns), and from bovine brain, the sensitivity to
      isoprenaline was very low and many questions remain--questions about the role of
      ions and Ns, in particular. The assumption that cAMP is the sole 2nd messenger is
      questioned since other nucleotides (AMP, ADP) and adenosine may change even more
      during hormone stimulation, and these compounds can also modulate protein kinase
      at concentrations often observed in vivo. Doubt over cAMP's role also stems from
      the observation that basal cAMP levels are sufficiently high to stimulate
      maximally protein kinase. Discrepancies between cAMP formation and lipolysis
      during isoprenaline or forskolin stimulation have been observed, and could
      indicate either compartmentalization of cAMP or alternatively disprove the cAMP
      hypothesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410733
TI  - Control of myocardial catecholamine release during acute ischemia.
AB  - Regional myocardial catecholamine release during graded stimulation of the left
      ansa subclavia has been assessed in open-chest anaesthetised dogs during left
      anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion and reperfusion. Frequency
      dependent release of noradrenaline (NA) in response to stimulation of the ansa
      was maintained across the ischaemic area during the two early phases of enhanced
      vulnerability to arrhythmias at 5 and 17 min, but was selectively inhibited after
      30 min. Spontaneous NA release from the ischaemic heart did not occur with either
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor (yohimbine) or neuronal reuptake (desmethylimipramine)
      blockade alone, but was unmasked by the drug combination. Intracoronary potassium
      infusions, designed to mimic the concentration range seen in ischaemia, exerted
      biphasic effects on stimulation-induced NA release, being inhibitory at low dose
      and stimulatory at high dose. High-dose intracoronary adenosine inhibited NA
      release in response to high-frequency ansa stimulation but basal release was
      slightly increased. Thus, catecholamine release from ischaemic myocardium has
      multifactorial determinants and may be limited by enhanced reuptake, adrenoceptor
      mediated negative feedback, and metabolite accumulation. Lack of nerve-terminal
      response to sympathetic stimulation coincides with the later period of myocardial
      electrical stability.

PMID- 2410734
TI  - Paradoxical role of neuronal uptake for the locally mediated release of
      endogenous noradrenaline in the ischemic myocardium.
AB  - The accumulation of endogenous noradrenaline within the extracellular space of
      the ischemic myocardium was studied in the isolated perfused (Langendorff) rat
      heart. The hearts were subjected to various periods of ischemia, and the
      noradrenaline overflow that occurred during the ensuing period of reperfusion was
      estimated radioenzymatically. Ischemic periods of less than 10 min are not
      associated with an increased overflow of noradrenaline during reperfusion. Longer
      periods are accompanied by an overflow, increasing with lengthening of the
      preceding ischemia to 1,270 +/- 48 pmol/g heart after 60 min of ischemia, as
      compared with 3.7 +/- 0.6 pmol/g during control perfusion. The kinetics of
      noradrenaline overflow suggest that the noradrenaline detected during reperfusion
      is released from the sympathetic neurons predominantly during ischemia and is
      then washed out from the extracellular space. The noradrenaline overflow induced
      by ischemia is not influenced by the lack of extracellular calcium. Blockade of
      neuronal uptake reduces noradrenaline overflow after ischemic periods of between
      10 and 40 min (at 30 min from 481 +/- 56 to 91 +/- 12 pmol/g heart). The
      noradrenaline overflow after longer periods of ischemia is not affected by
      blockade of neuronal uptake. The results suggest that noradrenaline released from
      the sympathetic nerve terminals by ischemic periods of between 10 and 40 min is
      not due to exocytosis, but to a carrier-mediated efflux using the same carrier as
      is normally responsible for transporting noradrenaline from the synaptic clefts
      back into the neuron.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410735
TI  - Neurally mediated and spontaneous release of noradrenaline in the ischemic and
      reperfused rat heart.
AB  - In the perfused (Langendorff) rat heart subjected to global reduction of flow (to
      250 microliters/g/min), stimulation of the cardiac sympathetic nerves produces
      only slightly higher concentrations of endogenous noradrenaline in the venous
      effluent than occur when such stimulation is performed with flow rates of 4
      ml/g/min. This homeostasis is in large part due to the activity of the neuronal
      uptake system. Complete cessation of flow leads to an early suppression of
      neurally mediated exocytosis, which persists during the early phase of
      reperfusion. In the noninnervated heart flow reduction to approximately 250
      microliters/g/min for up to 40 min does not produce an overflow of noradrenaline
      greater than that occurring during the control situation. Reperfusion after 20
      and 40 min of flow reduction is, however, associated with a significantly
      increased overflow of noradrenaline.

PMID- 2410736
TI  - Prostaglandins and myocardial noradrenaline overflow after sympathetic nerve
      stimulation during ischemia and reperfusion.
AB  - The effects of a stable prostacyclin mimetic, iloprost (30 nmol/l), and of
      indomethacin (3 mumol/l) on ischemia-plus-reperfusion-induced changes in
      myocardial hemodynamics and sympathetic nerve function were examined in
      Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart isolated except for the postganglionic
      sympathetic cardiac nerves. Noradrenaline overflow was measured during an initial
      1-min period of nerve stimulation (S1), compared with an identical stimulation
      (S2) made after 2 h of low-flow ischemia followed by a 30-min reperfusion period.
      Myocardial catecholamine content of left ventricular tissue was also measured.
      Pretreatment with iloprost, indomethacin, or vehicle began 10 min before
      ischemia. Global ischemia plus reperfusion reduced myocardial catecholamine
      content by 19% (vehicle), and the reduction was greater in indomethacin
      pretreated hearts (37%, p less than 0.05), whereas iloprost increased tissue
      noradrenaline 18% above vehicle control (p less than 0.05). Initially, nerve
      stimulation-induced noradrenaline overflow ranged from 213 to 247 pmoles, and was
      significantly reduced after ischemia and reperfusion, the difference (S1-S2)
      being 198 pmoles (vehicle) and 117 pmoles (indomethacin), but only 44 pmoles
      after iloprost pretreatment (all groups p less than 0.01). In addition, iloprost
      improved the recovery of active systolic pressure development, coronary perfusion
      and left ventricular compliance on reperfusion, whereas a tendency toward further
      deterioration was observed in indomethacin-pretreated hearts. The results suggest
      that iloprost may protect both myocardial muscle and nerve cells from ischemia
      plus-reperfusion injury. Preservation of myocardial catecholamine levels and
      sympathetic nerve responsiveness may contribute to improved recovery of
      reperfused ischemic myocardium.

PMID- 2410737
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation in normal and
      ischemic myocardium.
AB  - To investigate the mechanism by which alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs prevent
      ventricular arrhythmias associated with myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion, we
      studied the effects of alpha blockade, alpha-adrenoceptor agonists, and
      myocardial catecholamine depletion on arrhythmias and cellular electrophysiology
      during ischaemia and reperfusion in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts.
      Perfusion with phentolamine or indoramin significantly reduced ventricular
      tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) during ischaemia and
      reperfusion, and phentolamine was equally effective during reperfusion when added
      at the end of ischaemia. Both drugs prolonged action-potential duration (APD) and
      refractory period during ischaemia and reperfusion, and studies with
      phentolamine, in catecholamine-depleted hearts, indicated that its action was
      related to the presence of catecholamines. Myocardial catecholamine depletion
      also significantly reduced VT and VF during ischaemia and reperfusion. Perfusion
      with an alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist, however, significantly reversed this
      antiarrhythmic effect, increasing the incidence of VT and VF during ischaemia and
      reperfusion. This arrhythmogenic effect was associated with a reduction in APD
      and refractory period, i.e., a reversal of the electrophysiological effects of
      catecholamine depletion. These results indicate that alpha-adrenoceptor
      stimulation is arrhythmogenic during myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion, and
      that the antiarrhythmic action of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists is mediated via
      adrenergic rather than direct myocardial effects.

PMID- 2410738
TI  - Cardiac electrophysiological effects of selective adrenoceptor stimulation and
      their possible roles in arrhythmias.
AB  - The selective alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists St 587 and BHT 933,
      respectively, and the antagonists prazosin (alpha 1) and WY 25309 (alpha 2) have
      been used in combination with the selective beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist
      pirbuterol, and the antagonists atenolol (beta 1) and ICI 118551 (beta 2), to
      analyse the effects of individual types of adrenoceptor stimulation in various
      parts of the rabbit heart. In the sinus node, beta 1-, but not beta 2
      adrenoceptor stimulation increased the fast phase of depolarisation. Both beta 1-
      and beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulation increased the slope of the slow diastolic
      depolarisation, accelerated repolarisation, and increased maximum diastolic
      potential. Beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulation also accelerated
      repolarisation in Purkinje cells and papillary muscle. After blockade of both
      beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors, alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation caused
      bradycardia, owing exclusively to delayed repolarisation. Alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      stimulation had no effect. Beta 1-, but not beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulation
      augmented peak contractions three- to fivefold, and reduced the time-to-peak
      tension. In contrast, alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation only moderately (up to
      47%) increased peak tension, but increased time-to-peak and duration of
      contractions. The results would be consistent with beta 1-adrenoceptor
      stimulation increasing inward calcium current, and with stimulation of alpha 1
      adrenoceptors delaying the decline of [Ca]i rather than increasing its magnitude.
      Both beta 1- and beta 2-stimulation increased repolarising current, but alpha 1
      stimulation decreased it.

PMID- 2410739
TI  - Arachidonic acid cascade and the generation of ischemia- and reperfusion-induced
      ventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - This article reviews the evidence we found in our study that the local generation
      of thromboxane and prostacyclin is one important factor involved in determining
      the severity of the ventricular arrhythmias that result from acute myocardial
      ischaemia and subsequent reperfusion. The hypothesis examined is that thromboxane
      release, presumably from platelets, is harmful in the early stages of ischaemia
      (perhaps because this induces further platelet aggregation and/or a reduction in
      blood flow as a result of both active vasoconstriction and of mechanical
      obstruction) and that prostacyclin generation (presumably mainly from endothelial
      cells) is beneficial at this time. The evidence is that in anaesthetised
      greyhound dogs, blockade of the thromboxane receptor (AH 23848) or inhibition of
      thromboxane synthesis (with a variety of "specific" inhibitors of thromboxane
      synthetase such as dazoxiben, dazmegrel, and "low-dose" aspirin) slightly reduces
      the severity of ischaemia-induced arrhythmias and markedly increases survival
      after myocardial reperfusion by reducing reperfusion-induced ventricular
      fibrillation (e.g., from 80% in control dogs to less than 20% in treated dogs).
      The evidence that prostacyclin generation is helpful in this situation comes from
      studies with locally infused prostacyclin or iloprost and with nafazatrom, a drug
      that increases the amount of prostacyclin released into local coronary venous
      blood soon after the onset of myocardial ischaemia; these procedures also reduce
      the number of ventricular extrasystoles occurring during ischaemia and the
      incidence of reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation. These findings do not
      imply that arachidonic acid derivatives are the only, or even the main,
      biochemical factor involved in the generation of these arrhythmias.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410740
TI  - Vicious cycle of catecholamines and K+ in cardiac ischemia.
AB  - The distribution of catecholamine (CA)-containing neurones and tissue
      noradrenaline (NA) concentration was investigated in pig hearts with and without
      myocardial ischemia. All hearts were shock-frozen using a Wollenberger clamp, and
      tissue samples were obtained from the mid- and apical left ventricular wall
      (nonischemic and ischemic areas, respectively, in hearts with coronary artery
      occlusion). The distribution of CA-containing neurones was assessed
      morphometrically from histofluorescence sections, and the NA content measured
      using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). In hearts without myocardial
      ischemia, both the density of CA-containing neurones (0.96 +/- 0.07 compared with
      1.09 +/- 0.07% of total field area) and the NA content (738 +/- 63 compared with
      884 +/- 84 ng/g wet weight, p less than 0.025) were less in apical samples
      compared with those obtained at the midventricular level. These differences were
      more pronounced in samples from hearts obtained following 5 min (fluorescence,
      0.96 +/- 0.19 compared with 1.38 +/- 0.18%, p less than 0.01; NA content, 543 +/-
      109 compared with 816 +/- 82 ng/g wet weight, p less than 0.01) or 15 min
      (fluorescence, 0.77 +/- 0.07 compared with 1.12 +/- 0.09%; NA content, 521 +/- 43
      compared with 753 +/- 79 ng/g wet weight, p less than 0.01) of coronary artery
      occlusion, indicating a release of CA in the ischemic myocardium.

PMID- 2410741
TI  - Antiarrhythmic effect of regional myocardial chemical sympathectomy in the early
      phase of coronary artery occlusion in dogs.
AB  - To investigate the importance of local noradrenaline (NA) release in initiating
      early ventricular extrasystoles (VES) and primary ventricular fibrillation (VF)
      after acute myocardial ischemia, a special form of regional myocardial chemical
      sympathectomy (RMCS) has been performed in dogs. After RMCS the tissue content of
      NA within the denervated region was reduced below 1.5% of normal, whereas the
      residual myocardium retained its functional state almost unchanged. After acute
      left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) occlusion (30 min), all control animals
      with normal circumflex circulation and without functionally effective collaterals
      died of VF. In contrast, after RMCS none of the dogs had VF and very few had VES.
      After RMCS the rise in myocardial extracellular K+ activity ([K+]e) during
      coronary occlusion is slightly slower, but the same [K+]e are reached at 8 min of
      occlusion. Therefore, the effect of RMCS cannot be explained by changes in
      myocardial K+ liberation. These results, obtained from RMCS experiments, are
      supported by the preliminary results of experiments using a special perfusion
      technique to wash out blood from the acutely occluded myocardial region, and show
      an ischemia-induced raise of the locally released NA in the early arrhythmic
      phase 1a with a further increase in phase 1b.

PMID- 2410742
TI  - Role of the autonomic nervous system in the genesis of early ischemic
      arrhythmias.
AB  - The first minutes of myocardial ischemia are accompanied by a transient phase of
      cardiac electrical instability with special features, known as "phase 1a." The
      activation of the autonomic nervous system, associated with the onset of
      ischemia, seems to play a major role in the genesis of phase 1a arrhythmias and
      is potentially responsible for their unique characteristics. In this article, the
      relative influence of the sympathetic and parasympathetic components of cardiac
      neural activity on the ventricular electrical properties during early ischemia
      will be discussed. To study the influence of neural activity on acutely ischemic
      myocardium, and to evaluate the efficacy of antiarrhythmic interventions in
      conditions of sympathetic hyperactivity, we developed two different experimental
      models.

PMID- 2410743
TI  - Antiarrhythmic effect of reducing myocardial noradrenaline stores with alpha
      methyl-meta-tyrosine.
AB  - In the adrenergic neurons the amino acid alpha-methyl-meta-tyrosine (alpha-MmT)
      is converted to metaraminol via the noradrenaline (NA) synthetic pathway.
      Metaraminol thereby displaces NA from its neuronal stores, and as a consequence
      NA levels can be drastically reduced, although normal sympathetic tone is
      essentially maintained by release of newly synthetized NA. In rats treated with
      alpha-MmT methylester (400 + 200 mg/kg) myocardial NA was reduced to less than
      10% of control. Under barbiturate anesthesia, the left coronary artery was
      ligated, and the incidence of ventricular fibrillation and mortality during a 30
      min period was recorded. Before ligation, mean arterial blood pressure was
      unchanged and heart rate slightly increased by alpha-MmT pretreatment. The energy
      state of the myocardium was also unchanged by the alpha-MmT pretreatment, as seen
      in a separate study where hearts from identically treated rats were taken for
      analysis of glycogen and adenine nucleotides. Thus, alpha-MmT pretreatment
      appeared not to have reduced the sympathetic tone of the heart. In spite of this,
      alpha-MmT pretreatment reduced the ventricular fibrillation from 65 to 33% (p
      less than 0.01; chi 2 test) and mortality from 37 to 15% (p less than 0.05). The
      results indicate an important role of myocardial NA stores in the development of
      early ischemic arrhythmias.

PMID- 2410744
TI  - A model of immunological distances in systematics.
AB  - While immunological distances among taxa have had wide use in systematics, there
      has been some doubt about their utility because of the observed non-metricity of
      such distance matrices. A model is presented here relating observed immunological
      distance to the actual number of antigenic site differences between taxa. This
      model accounts for the observed departures of these distances from the metric
      condition of reciprocity and triangle inequality. Based upon the model, two
      procedures are suggested for the transformation of immunological distances to
      metric distances appropriate for phylogenetic analysis. The model implies that
      the usual scaling adjustments applied to the immunological distance matrix are
      inappropriate; however, the same transformation applied instead to an initial
      similarity matrix will solve a scaling problem. Non-reciprocity of the distances
      is shown to remain a problem independent of this initial scaling problem. It is
      suggested that further transformation of these re-scaled distances may be
      obtained through an extension of the ADCLUS procedure developed in psychology.
      This approach suggests a general strategy for a transformation to metric
      distances, given a particular model of non-metricity for the data.

PMID- 2410745
TI  - The role of HnRNA in the control of ribosomal gene transcription.
AB  - The hypothesis is put forward whereby a processed fragment of HnRNA acts as
      activator of ribosomal gene transcription by base-pair interaction with the non
      transcribed region of the ribosomal gene.

PMID- 2410746
TI  - Influence of the pH of cardioplegic solutions on intracellular pH, high-energy
      phosphates, and postarrest performance. Protective effects of acidotic, glutamate
      containing cardioplegic perfusates.
AB  - The common practice of using alkalotic cardioplegic solutions is not supported by
      experimental evidence. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of
      varying the pH (7.00, 7.40, and 7.70 at 20 degrees C) of a glutamate-containing
      cardioplegic solution on intracellular pH, high-energy phosphate content, and
      postarrest functional recovery and to compare the effects of various buffers
      (glutamate, bicarbonate, TRIS, and histidine) at a given pH (7.00 and 7.40).
      Isolated perfused rat hearts were subjected to 2 hours of cardioplegic arrest at
      15 degrees C followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. Intracellular pH and high
      energy phosphate content were measured at 4 minute intervals by phosphorus 31
      nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These data were correlated with
      postischemic recovery of function. There was no significant difference between
      the intracellular pH values recorded at the end of arrest in the three glutamate
      containing groups. However, the acidotic solution (pH 7.00) resulted in better
      preservation than the alkalotic solution (pH 7.70), as evidenced by a higher
      creatine phosphate content at the end of arrest (61% +/- 9% of control values
      versus 30% +/- 9% [mean +/- standard error of the mean], p less than 0.05), a
      higher adenosine triphosphate content at the end of reperfusion (102% +/- 5%
      versus 82% +/- 6%, p less than 0.05), and a faster recovery of aortic flow (at 3
      minutes of reperfusion, 91% +/- 11% versus 51% +/- 11%, p less than 0.05).
      Subsequent comparison of buffers showed that bicarbonate, TRIS, and histidine
      were equally effective in maintaining intracellular pH close to control values
      during arrest. Conversely, the use of glutamate resulted in a more pronounced
      fall in intracellular pH, which correlated with a better preservation of
      adenosine triphosphate and a better functional recovery than in the other groups.
      Overall, the greatest extent of preservation was provided by the pH 7.00
      glutamate-containing cardioplegic solution. We conclude that additional
      protection can be conferred to the cold, chemically arrested heart by combining
      mild intracellular acidosis, which lowers metabolic needs during arrest, most
      likely through a limitation of calcium overload, and provision of glutamate,
      which may act as a substrate for anaerobic energy production while allowing
      intracellular pH to be kept within the appropriate range.

PMID- 2410747
TI  - [Interferon influences the immunologic defense of the body--an important
      physiological immunity-regulating function?].

PMID- 2410748
TI  - Regression of metastatic adrenal carcinoma during palliative ketoconazole
      treatment.

PMID- 2410749
TI  - Looking for cat scratch disease bacillus.

PMID- 2410750
TI  - Laboratory and serological studies argue against possible transmission of AIDS by
      hepatitis B vaccine.

PMID- 2410751
TI  - Interaction between pancreas transplant and native pancreas.

PMID- 2410752
TI  - [Hemorrhagic pancreatitis: effect of dextran 40 and plasma on microcirculation
      disorders of the pancreas].
AB  - A dog model was used to measure the hemodynamic changes occurring during acute
      pancreatitis induced by intraductal injection of fresh trypsin-bile-blood
      mixture. Continuous measurements of pancreatic blood flow, cardiac output, mean
      arterial blood pressure and pancreatic oxygen consumption were made under normal
      conditions and during acute pancreatitis. All animals received 100 ml of saline/h
      during the time of observation. Three methods of therapy then were instituted in
      the dogs starting 30 min after induction of pancreatitis. 10 dogs served as
      controls (saline 100 ml/h); in 6 dogs additionally 15 ml/kg plasma was infused
      over 45 min and 6 dogs received 1.5 ml/kg Dextran 40/h continuously. Hemorrhagic
      pancreatitis was characterized by a fall in cardiac output and mean arterial
      pressure and the development of severe impairment of the pancreatic
      microcirculation with early reduction of pancreatic blood flow followed by a fall
      in pancreatic oxygen consumption. Administration of plasma produced a significant
      increase in cardiac output; however, blood pressure and pancreatic blood flow
      remained low. Low-molecular weight Dextran has no influence on cardiac output,
      but significantly improved the blood pressure and leads to a normalization in
      pancreatic blood flow and oxygen consumption. These results suggest that low
      molecular weight Dextran appears to reverse the impairment of microcirculation
      and hypoxia of the pancreas and limits the progression from edematous to
      hemorrhagic pancreatitis and irreversible pancreatic damage.

PMID- 2410753
TI  - [Surgical therapy of ascites--results of peritoneovenous drainage with the Hakim
      Cordis ascites valve].
AB  - Peritoneo-venous shunting of ascites was performed in 16 patients using the Hakim
      Cordis ascites valve system. After an average of 4.3 months four patients
      presented with closure of the valve or deconnection of the system that is to say,
      complications caused by the valve system. Early postoperative complications
      occurred in 7 patients; they usually can be avoided. Correct placement of the
      system has to be controlled intraoperatively by x-ray examination. If the ascites
      fluid contains much protein, repeated depressing and releasing of the antechamber
      has to be performed in order to avoid obstruction. The probability of diffuse
      intravascular coagulation (DIC) after valve placement can be predicted by
      measuring certain coagulation parameters preoperatively after intravenous
      infusion of ascites. We conclude, that because of high flow rate, easy placement
      of the small-sized catheter and up to now good clinical results the Hakim valve
      system offers an enrichment of the therapeutic methods in resistant ascites.

PMID- 2410754
TI  - Isolation and characterization of histamine-releasing peptides from human parotid
      saliva.
AB  - Peptides responsible for releasing histamine were purified from human parotid
      saliva. The amino acid composition of the peptides showed a high proportion of
      histidine, lysine and arginine. Molecular weights of these peptides were between
      3000 and 5000 as determined by SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. These peptides
      induced histamine release from rat-isolated mast cells accompanied with
      degranulation in a dose-dependent manner over the concentration range 5-50
      micrograms/ml.

PMID- 2410755
TI  - Catabolism of substance P in the stomach wall of the rat.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine the catabolism of substance P (SP) in the
      stomach wall of the rat. Catabolism in vitro was investigated by incubation of
      unlabelled and tritiated SP (prolyl 2,4-3,4(n)-3H SP) with membrane bound
      peptidases prepared from the rat gastric corpus. Catabolism was studied in vivo
      by use of a catheter chronically implanted in the stomach wall to deliver
      tritiated SP to the gastric tissues and implanted dialysis fibers to collect the
      catabolic products. The products from both experiments were separated by high
      pressure liquid chromatography and identified by their retention times or amino
      acid analysis. Membrane-bound peptidases in vitro hydrolyzed both unlabelled and
      tritiated SP and the products of hydrolysis were consistent with the cleavage of
      three bonds: Gln6-Phe7, Phe7-Phe8 and Gly9-Leu10. None of the peptide fragments
      would be expected to be biologically active. Only those fragments with tritiated
      Pro residues could be detected in vivo. The major identified products were SP(1
      2) and SP(3-4), with smaller amounts of SP(1-4), SP(1-6), SP(1-7), SP(1-8) and
      SP(1-9). The enzymes that may be responsible for these cleavage patterns are
      discussed.

PMID- 2410756
TI  - Lack of functional evidence for the involvement of sigma opiate receptors in the
      actions of the 3-PPP enantiomers on central dopaminergic systems: discrepancies
      between in vitro and in vivo observations.
AB  - In vitro radioligand binding and autoradiographic distribution studies have
      suggested the possible involvement of central sigma-opiate sites in the effects
      of several purportedly dopaminergic agents. Specifically, Largent et al. (Proc.
      Nat. Acad. Sci. 81, 4983, 1984) proposed that "actions of 3-PPP at sigma
      receptors may account for the effect of the drug on behavior and dopaminergic
      nerve function". Using the sigma-opiate- and dopamine (DA)-preferring (-)- and
      (+)-enantiomer, respectively, of butaclamol, and the two enantiomers of 3-PPP,
      the present study was undertaken to address the in vivo functional significance
      of this proposal. To this end we investigated various biological responses
      considered to reflect drug interactions with DA cell body and terminal
      autoreceptors and with presumed non-synaptic and postsynaptic DA receptors in the
      rat CNS. (+)- but not (-)-butaclamol antagonized the 3-PPP (either enantiomer)
      induced DA synthesis and prolactin decreases in GBL-treated rats, the (+)-3-PPP
      induced inhibition of substantia nigra DA cell firing and the (+)-3-PPP-induced
      reversal of reserpine akinesia. Taken together with previous findings available
      data suggest that DA rather than sigma-opiate receptors mediate the
      neurochemical, electrophysiological, behavioral and other physiological
      (prolactin, body temperature) effects of 3-PPP and its enantiomers. The in vivo
      pharmacological relevance of the claimed non-dopaminergic, proposedly sigma
      opiatergic, radioligand binding demonstrated in vitro (with e.g. (+)-3-PPP) thus
      remains to be established.

PMID- 2410757
TI  - Specificity of neuropeptide degradation by two calcium-activated neutral
      proteases from human skeletal muscle.
AB  - Two calcium-activated neutral proteases (CAPI & II) were purified from human
      skeletal muscle by anion exchange, gel filtration and affinity (antipain
      Sepharose and Blue Ultrogel A4R) chromatography. The enzymes were homogenous as
      judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and have similar properties with
      the exception of the Ca2+ concentration required for optimum activity (CAP I =
      0.1 mM; CAP II = 1 mM). Both enzymes hydrolysed a wide variety of neuropeptides.
      In six cases, the products were separated and identified by hplc and amino acid
      analysis. Neurotensin was hydrolysed at Tyr3-Glu4; dynorphin1-13 at Arg8-Arg9; LH
      RH at Gly6-Leu7; CCK-8 at Phe8-NH2, substance-P at Met10-NH2; somatostatin at
      Thr10-Phe11. Although differences in the rates of neuropeptide degradation were
      noted for the two CAP's the specificity was the same for these six peptides. It
      is suggested that conformational requirements may be more important than side
      chains adjacent to the cleavage site in directing the specificity of CAP.

PMID- 2410758
TI  - [Tumor markers in rectal cancer].
AB  - The paper is concerned with an assay of tumor markers in rectal cancer patients.
      The carcinoembryonic antigen has been shown to be the most specific marker
      characterizing the degree of tumor dissemination, particularly in metastatic
      liver lesion. Preliminary results suggest a possibility of the use of the
      determination of the ferritin level for this purpose whereas the use of the
      marker like alpha-fetoprotein in this group of patients is not desirable.

PMID- 2410759
TI  - [Mechanization of the work of the nurses in the surgical office of a dental
      polyclinic].

PMID- 2410760
TI  - Toward more elaborate pretend play.

PMID- 2410761
TI  - Evidence for coordinate genetic control of Na,K pump density in erythrocytes and
      lymphocytes.
AB  - The erythrocyte is widely used as a model cell for studies of the Na,K pump in
      health and disease. However, little is known about the factors that control the
      number of Na,K pumps expressed on the erythrocytes of a given individual, nor
      about the extent to which erythrocytes can be used to validly assess the pump
      density on other cell types. In this report, we have compared the interindividual
      variance of Na,K pump density in erythrocytes of unrelated individuals to that
      seen with identical twins. Unlike unrelated individuals, in whom pump parameters,
      ie, ouabain binding sites. 86Rb uptake, cell Na concentration vary widely,
      identical twin pairs showed no significant intrapair variation for these values.
      Thus, a role for genetic factors is suggested. In addition, we established and
      validated a method for determining Na,K pump density and pump-mediated 86Rb
      uptake in human peripheral lymphocytes. Using this method, we show that whereas
      Na,K pump density differs markedly between erythrocytes (mean of 285 sites per
      cell) and lymphocytes (mean 40,600 sites per cell), there is a strong and highly
      significant correlation (r = 0.79, P less than 0.001) between the pump density in
      these cell types in any given individual. Taken together, these studies suggest
      that genetic factors are important determinants of Na,K pump expression, and that
      pump density appears to be coordinately regulated in two cell types in healthy
      individuals.

PMID- 2410762
TI  - Photoaffinity substrate analogs for eukaryotic prenyltransferase.

PMID- 2410763
TI  - Use of biological sample banks in epidemiological studies.
AB  - Serum and urine banks have proved to be useful in the conduct of epidemiological
      studies. Samples collected as part of a large prospective study can be stored and
      retrieved later for laboratory analyses, selecting samples from groups of special
      interest and also from matched controls. The applications of the method are
      considered under three headings: firstly as a marker of a medical disorder,
      secondly as a measure of the extent of exposure to a harmful agent and thirdly as
      a direct measure of a suspected harmful or protective agent. Examples of each are
      given. Banks of biological samples other than serum or urine, such as hair and
      nail, are now being formed. The scientific opportunities of these collections are
      great and it will be of interest to see how they will be used.

PMID- 2410764
TI  - Differentiation of Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum from Mycobacterium terrae and
      Mycobacterium triviale by tests for susceptibility to ofloxacin (DL 8280) and by
      the developing pattern of petroleum-ether soluble sulfolipids on TLC.

PMID- 2410765
TI  - Leuprolide for prostate cancer.

PMID- 2410766
TI  - [DNA measurements by DAPI staining in breast cancer--correlation between DNA
      content and nuclear grade].

PMID- 2410767
TI  - Interactions of microtubule-active agents with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
      Relationship to their inhibition of catecholamine secretion by adrenal chromaffin
      cells.
AB  - Several microtubule-active drugs block cholinergically mediated catecholamine
      secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells without affecting secretion induced by
      other secretagogues. Interactions of these agents with nicotinic acetylcholine
      receptor-ion channel complexes from Torpedo californica electric organs were
      studied using radiolabeled probes for receptor and associated ion channel-binding
      sites. Colchicine, taxol, and the Vinca alkaloids had minimal affinity for
      cholinergic receptor-binding sites (nicotinic or muscarinic). The Vinca alkaloids
      (vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine) and colchicine inhibited
      [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin ([3H]H12-HTX) binding to the receptor-gated ion
      channel with IC50 values of 2-32 microM and 6 mM, respectively. The ability of
      the microtubule-active drugs to inhibit [3H]H12-HTX binding was increased by up
      to 5-fold in the presence of 1 microM carbamylcholine. The IC50 values for
      inhibition of [3H]H12-HTX binding by colchicine and three Vinca alkaloids were
      closely correlated with their abilities to inhibit acetylcholine-induced
      catecholamine secretion from cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. As a
      consequence of its interaction (direct or indirect) with the ion channel, at
      least one Vinca alkaloid (vinblastine) stabilized a high agonist affinity
      conformation of the nicotinic receptor complex. beta-Lumicolchicine, an analog of
      colchicine devoid of microtubule activity, also blocked ion channel binding. On
      the other hand, taxol, a microtubule-stabilizing agent which also selectively
      blocks cholinergically mediated secretion, did not affect receptor or ion channel
      binding. The present results indicate that interactions with the nicotinic
      receptor-ion channel complex may underlie the actions of certain microtubule
      active agents on catecholamine secretion by adrenal chromaffin cells.

PMID- 2410768
TI  - The acetylcholine receptor of the neuromuscular junction recognizes mecamylamine
      as a noncompetitive antagonist.
AB  - The secondary amine, mecamylamine, interacts with the nicotinic receptor ionic
      channel complex as a noncompetitive antagonist. Mecamylamine (1-10 microM)
      blocked indirect muscle twitches with no discernible effect on the membrane
      potential, overshoot, or amplitude of the action potential. It also produced a
      voltage- and concentration-dependent depression of the peak amplitude of the
      endplate currents (EPC) and induced nonlinearity in the current-voltage
      relationship. The decay time constant of the EPC (TEPC) was significantly
      shortened. The linear relationship between the reciprocal of TEPC and the drug
      concentration suggested an open channel blockade. Patch-clamp studies, in
      agreement with the noise analysis results, revealed that mecamylamine (1-8
      microM) shortened the lifetime of the open channels. Further, the single channel
      studies showed that at high concentrations mecamylamine reduced the double
      exponential nature of the distribution of open times characteristic of channels
      recorded from myoballs. Closed times had a complex distribution that could not be
      fitted to a single exponential function because of the presence of short closures
      or "flickers" during the open state. Although the frequency of channel openings
      progressively decreased with increasing drug concentration, the single channel
      conductance remained unchanged at all the concentrations tested. Biochemical
      studies showed that mecamylamine (up to 100 microM) did not block
      [3H]acetylcholine binding to the nicotinic receptor of the Torpedo electroplax,
      but inhibited the binding of [3H]perhydrohistionicotoxin to its channel site,
      both in the resting and the activated state. These results suggested that, at the
      nicotinic receptors of the neuromuscular junction, mecamylamine acted as a
      noncompetitive blocker, binding primarily to the receptor's open channel
      conformation. Most of the alterations of EPCs were consistent with the
      predictions of a sequential model for open channel blockade. Biochemical and
      patch-clamp results, however, could not be fully explained by this model and
      provided some evidence of the existence of additional blocked states most likely
      through pathways into desensitized species. In contrast to a competitive
      antagonism of acetylcholine receptors reported at autonomic ganglia, there was no
      such action of the drug at the neuromuscular junction; thus, mecamylamine is a
      useful tool to characterize the nicotinic receptors from different synapses.

PMID- 2410769
TI  - Characterization of dopamine receptors mediating inhibition of adenylate cyclase
      activity in rat striatum.
AB  - In the presence of SCH 23390, a potent blocker of D1 dopamine receptors, dopamine
      inhibits adenylate cyclase activity of synaptic plasma membranes isolated from
      rat striatum. Maximal inhibition corresponds to a 20-25% decrease of basal enzyme
      activity and is reached with 100 microM dopamine. The apparent IC50 of dopamine
      is 2.5 microM. The inhibitory effect of dopamine is mimicked by various dopamine
      receptor agonists with the following rank order of potency: (-)
      propylnorapomorphine greater than or equal to bromocriptine greater than (+/-)-2
      amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene = (-)-apomorphine greater than
      dopamine greater than LY 171555 greater than l-noradrenaline greater than l
      phenylephrine. Clonidine and l-isoproterenol are inactive at 100 microM.
      Bromocriptine and LY 171555, two agents which stimulate selectively D2 receptors,
      inhibit striatal adenylate cyclase activity in the absence of SCH 23390. However,
      bromocriptine behaves like a partial agonist. A variety of neuroleptic drugs
      antagonize the dopamine inhibition with a rank order of potency which
      qualitatively correlates with their relative affinity for D2 receptors. l
      Sulpiride (EC50 = 210 nM) and (+)-butaclamol (EC50 = 130 nM) are severalfold more
      potent than d-sulpiride (EC50 = 5 microM) and (-)-butaclamol (EC50 = 10 microM).
      The inhibitory effect of dopamine on striatal adenylate cyclase activity is
      dependent on the presence of GTP, with half-maximal inhibition occurring at 1
      microM GTP. In the absence of SCH 23390, dopamine stimulates adenylate cyclase
      activity, reaching a maximum at 1 microM GTP. At higher concentrations of the
      nucleotide, the dopamine-stimulated enzyme activity decreases, and this decline
      is antagonized by the D2 receptor blocker l-sulpiride. Guanyl-5'-yl
      imidodiphosphate, a stable analogue of GTP, has a biphasic effect on the striatal
      adenylate cyclase activity, inhibiting at low concentration (from 1 to 100 nM)
      and stimulating at higher concentrations. Selective activation of D2 receptors by
      LY 171555 does not increase the extent of enzyme inhibition elicited by guanyl-5'
      yl imidodiphosphate. Sodium chloride amplifies the inhibition of striatal
      adenylate cyclase activity by LY 171555 and reduces the potency of the D2 agonist
      by a factor of 4. The dopamine-inhibited enzyme activity is lost following
      intrastriatal injection of kainic acid. The results indicate that in rat striatum
      dopamine inhibits adenylate cyclase activity by acting on postsynaptic dopamine
      receptors with pharmacological properties of D2 type.

PMID- 2410770
TI  - alpha-Fluoromethylhistidine. Kinetics of uptake and inhibition of histamine
      synthesis in basophil (2H3) cell cultures.
AB  - Labeled histidine was taken up into rat leukemic basophil 2H3 cells by a system
      with high affinity for histidine and then decarboxylated to form histamine.
      Uptake was partially inhibited and decarboxylation was completely blocked by
      alpha-fluoromethylhistidine (alpha-FMH) at concentrations of 10-100 microM. alpha
      FMH appeared to be co-transported by a histidine uptake system but the affinity
      of the system for alpha-FMH was lower than that for histidine (Km 130 and 24
      microM, respectively). The drug rapidly penetrated into and became highly
      localized within the cells. By 60 min the apparent IC50 for inhibition of
      histamine synthesis in intact cell suspensions was 0.2 microM compared to an IC50
      of 1-2 microM alpha-FMH for inhibition of soluble histidine decarboxylase
      preparations. Turnover of histidine decarboxylase activity in 2H3 cells was rapid
      (t1/2, 37 min), and biphasic effects were noted after 24-h exposure of 2H3 cells
      to drug. At low concentrations (greater than 0.1 microM), decarboxylase activity
      was increased (up to 134 +/- 9% of control values). Higher concentrations of the
      drug (0.1-10 microM) were inhibitory, and inhibition was related to drug
      concentration. No detectable decarboxylase activity was observed with 10 microM
      alpha-FMH after 4 days. Histamine levels increased (up to 232 +/- 2% of control
      values) or decreased in parallel with decarboxylase activity. Even in cultures
      devoid of histamine or decarboxylase activity (with 10 microM alpha-FMH) cell
      division and growth were not affected. Thus the drug appeared to inhibit
      specifically histamine synthesis without impairing essential cellular metabolic
      processes. However, kinetics of drug uptake and perturbation of enzyme turnover
      are additional factors to be considered in the action of alpha-FMH in intact cell
      systems.

PMID- 2410771
TI  - Orientation-dependent transcriptional activator upstream of a human U2 snRNA
      gene.
AB  - We examined the structure of the promoter for the human U2 snRNA gene, a strong
      RNA polymerase II transcription unit without an obvious TATA box. A set of 5'
      deletions was constructed and assayed for the ability to direct initiation of U2
      snRNA after microinjection into Xenopus oocytes. Sequences between positions -295
      and -218 contain an activator element which stimulates accurate initiation by 20-
      to 50-fold, although as few as 62 base pairs of 5' flanking sequence are
      sufficient to direct the accurate initiation of U2 RNA. When the activator was
      recloned in the proper orientation at either of two different upstream locations,
      the use of the normal U2 start site was stimulated. Inversion of the element
      destroyed the stimulation of accurate U2 initiation, but initiation at aberrant
      upstream start sites was enhanced by the element in both orientations. A 4-base
      pair deletion that destroyed the activity of the element lies within a sequence
      (region III) which is highly conserved among U2 genes from different organisms.
      Mutations in the activator also affected the ability of the U2 template to
      compete with a wild-type U1 gene in coinjection experiments. We propose that the
      element enhances the efficiency of transcription in part by facilitating the
      association of a limiting factor with transcription complexes. Human U1 snRNA
      genes possess a region homologous to U2 region III, and we suggest that upstream
      activator elements may be a general feature of snRNA promoters.

PMID- 2410772
TI  - Complete nucleotide sequence of the Drosophila transposable element copia:
      homology between copia and retroviral proteins.
AB  - We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the copia element present
      at the white-apricot allele of the white locus in Drosophila melanogaster. This
      transposable element is 5,146 nucleotides long and contains a single long open
      reading frame of 4,227 nucleotides. Analysis of the coding potential of the large
      open reading frame, which appears to encode a polyprotein, revealed weak homology
      to a number of retroviral proteins, including a protease, nucleic acid-binding
      protein, and reverse transcriptase. Better homology existed between another part
      of the copia open reading frame and a region of the retroviral pol gene recently
      shown to be distinct from reverse transcriptase and required for the integration
      of circular DNA forms of the retroviral genome to form proviruses. Comparison of
      the copia sequence with those of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transposable
      element Ty, several vertebrate retroviruses, and the D. melanogaster copia-like
      element 17.6 showed that Ty was most similar to copia, sharing amino acid
      sequence homology and organizational features not found in the other genetic
      elements.

PMID- 2410774
TI  - Effects of 5-azacytidine on the progressive nature of cell transformation.
AB  - C3H 10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts were exposed to 3 microM 5-azacytidine for 24
      h and then serially passaged in the absence of 5-azacytidine and examined for
      subsequent changes in growth properties. The treated cells showed changes in
      morphology, saturation density, growth rate, and serum dependence. By the 5th
      passage they acquired the ability to grow in 0.3% agarose, and by the 30th
      passage they gave rise to fully transformed foci that grew in agarose, in agar,
      and in liquid suspension. This progression was rapidly accelerated if the
      cultures derived from 5-azacytidine-treated cells were exposed for 48 h to the
      carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene. Results of these studies provide evidence that
      aberrations in DNA methylation may be one of a series of critical events during
      the course of multistage carcinogenesis and thus enhance the evolution of tumor
      cells.

PMID- 2410773
TI  - Developmental regulation of alpha-fetoprotein genes in transgenic mice.
AB  - The mouse alpha-fetoprotein gene is activated in embryonic development in the
      visceral endoderm of the extraembryonic yolk sac and the fetal liver and gut.
      Transcription of the gene is subsequently repressed in the neonatal liver. To ask
      whether the DNA sequence elements required for tissue-specific activation are the
      same or different from those required for postnatal developmental regulation of
      the gene, modified copies of the alpha-fetoprotein gene were microinjected into
      fertilized mouse eggs. Those animals which developed to term and carried
      integrated copies of the modified gene were analyzed for expression. In
      approximately 50% of such animals, the introduced gene was active only in the
      three cell lineages which expressed the authentic alpha-fetoprotein gene.
      Furthermore, its expression was repressed in the neonatal liver. Thus, we
      conclude that the modified genes, which included either 7 or 14 kilobase pairs of
      5'-flanking DNA, contained the DNA sequence information to direct both tissue
      specific expression and developmental regulation. The observation that 50% of the
      mice which carried the modified gene did not express it in any tissue, combined
      with the fact that the level of expression was highly variable between expressing
      transgenic animals, suggested that the gene was susceptible to its site of
      integration in the mouse genome.

PMID- 2410775
TI  - Quantitative determination of human IgG antibodies to the peptide subunit
      determinant of peptidoglycan by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the quantitative
      measurement of IgG antibodies to the immunodominant R-D-Ala-D-Ala-OH determinant
      of peptidoglycan. Synthetic peptides R-D-Ala-D-Ala-OH, revealing structural
      analogy with the C-terminal sequence of the antigenic determinant H-L-Ala-D-Glu(L
      Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala-OH)-NH2 of peptidoglycan, were coupled covalently to albumin via
      their amino groups. The resulting peptidyl proteins were employed as an antigen
      in an ELISA for the specific detection of human IgG antibodies against the C
      terminal R-D-Ala-D-Ala-OH moiety of H-L-Ala-D-Glu(L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala-OH)-NH2.
      Antigenic specificity was proved by comparing the high binding to albumin-(D-Ala
      D-Ala-D-Ala-OH)9 with a lack of binding to albumin-(L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-OH)13 and
      by appropriate inhibition studies of the ELISA. IgG, totally free from IgA and
      IgM, was isolated from reference serum 004, and the particular specificity was
      entirely found in this fraction. Quantification of the ELISA was effected by
      affinity chromatography. Isolated IgG was applied to an affinity column of
      Sepharose-[albumin-(D-Ala-D-Ala-D-Ala-OH)9]n, unbound IgG was eluted with
      phosphate-buffered saline and specific IgG against the C-terminal R-D-Ala-D-Ala
      OH moiety of H-L-Ala-D-Glu(L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala-OH)-NH2 was eluted with 6 M
      guanidinium chloride.

PMID- 2410776
TI  - Recognition of peptide orientation: studies with angiotensin II in the guinea
      pig.
AB  - Antipeptide sera of defined subspecificities were obtained when angiotensin II
      was unidirectionally conjugated to its carrier protein. Antisera with
      predominantly amino terminal specificity were produced when guinea-pigs were
      immunized with angiotensin II conjugated via its carboxy terminus to
      thyroglobulin. When angiotensin II was coupled via its amino terminus, carboxy
      terminal-specific antisera were obtained. The same conjugates failed to provide
      antisera with the corresponding specificities when rabbits were used instead of
      guinea-pigs. This work demonstrates that the peptide-protein coupling strategy
      may affect the specificity of the resulting antiserum.

PMID- 2410777
TI  - Antibodies to dsDNA: failure to detect antigenic determinants specific for
      superhelical B-DNA.
AB  - IgG antibodies of SLE sera were tested for their reactivity with SV40 DNA in
      superhelical, open circular and linear conformations. In binding and competition
      studies with 12 IgG dsDNA positive sera we could not demonstrate antibodies
      reacting with antigenic sites specific for superhelical structures of DNA, nor
      did we find Z-DNA antibodies reacting with superhelical SV40 DNA.

PMID- 2410778
TI  - Antigenic domains of the sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase C4 isozyme.
AB  - Lactate dehydrogenase C4 (LDH-C4) is an antigenic protein that occurs only in
      spermatozoa and the mature testis. The antibody-combining sites of this enzyme
      were mapped by measuring the binding of anti-LDH-C4 by isolated peptides. Pure
      mouse LDH-C4 was digested with trypsin, and the resulting fragments were
      fractionated by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Rabbit anti
      mouse LDH-C4 bound to 13 pure peptides. Amino acid compositions and partial or
      complete sequencing by the Edman degradation was used to identify eight of these
      fragments in the complete structure of the molecule. The relationship between
      structure and antigenicity of these peptides is discussed in detail. These data
      fit best to the domain model of protein antigenicity. This antigenic map of LDH
      C4 will be useful in the design of a synthetic contraceptive vaccine.

PMID- 2410779
TI  - Effects of phosphorylcholine-lipopolysaccharide conjugates on the induction of
      anti-idiotype-mediated B-cell tolerance.
AB  - Preincubation of BALB/c spleen cell cultures for 24 hr with phosphorylcholine
      (PC)-containing antigen together with antibody against the major idiotype (id) of
      anti-PC antibody renders them irreversibly unresponsive to subsequent stimulation
      with the antigen alone. In contrast, cultures preincubated for 24 hr with anti-id
      antibody, either alone or together with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), resulted in an
      anti-PC response comparable to that induced in control cultures incubated with
      mock anti-id antibody. After such a 24-hr preincubation with anti-id antibody and
      various PC-LPS conjugates possessing intact activity for polyclonal B-cell
      activation, the anti-PC response was inversely proportional to the epitope (PC)
      density on the LPS conjugates. In addition, similar preincubation of cultures
      with a non-mitogenic low dose of PC-LPS in the presence of anti-id antibody
      induced suppression of the anti-PC response as observed with a specific antigen.
      These results suggest that specific epitope delivers an additional tolerogenic
      signal during induction of B-cell suppression by anti-id antibody. This epitope
      effect cannot be replaced by, and is antagonistic to, the mitogenic signal of LPS
      in the course of B-cell inactivation.

PMID- 2410780
TI  - Complexes of alpha 1-microglobulin and monomeric IgA in multiple myeloma and
      normal human sera.
AB  - alpha 1-Microglobulin (alpha lm), a glycoprotein heterogeneous in charge, was
      reported to occur both as a 31-kilodalton (kd) monomer [low mol. wt alpha lm (LMW
      alpha lm)] and as polymers or complexes formed with other plasma proteins
      including IgA [high mol. wt alpha lm (HMW-alpha lm)]. The present study was
      designed to characterize HMW-alpha lm in normal human serum and in myeloma sera.
      The following sera were selected: five IgG, 16 IgA and four Bence-Jones protein
      myelomas. alpha lm was identified by specific monoclonal antibodies in
      competitive radioimmunoassay and solid-phase ELISA. HMW-alpha lm was found to be
      associated almost exclusively with monomeric IgA and possibly in very small
      proportion with dimeric IgA. Ever in cases of predominantly dimeric IgA myelomas,
      alpha lm was associated with the monomeric form of the monoclonal IgA. The molar
      ratio of HMW-alpha lm to monomeric IgA never exceeded 3.5% and it was estimated
      to range from 0.5 to 1.4% in normal serum. No association with other proteins
      than IgA and no alpha lm polymers were found in IgA myeloma. Two types of HMW
      alpha lm-IgA complexes were found: (a) those that were dissociable into IgA and
      LMW-alpha lm after mild reduction, and (b) those which were dissociated only
      after complete reduction of the complexes into IgA and an 88-90-kd component
      bearing alpha lm but no IgA epitopes. It was concluded that either of the two
      molecular species of alpha lm bearing common epitopes, with apparent mol. wts of
      31,000 and 88,000-90,000, respectively, could form stable complexes with
      monomeric IgA. The association is likely to be performed through disulfide
      bridges. Nearly all the 88-90-kd but only a small proportion of the 31-kd
      component is associated with IgA.

PMID- 2410781
TI  - Epitopes of the 44-68 human parathyroid hormone fragments: the importance of
      specific hydrophilic peptide sequences.
AB  - Several pentapeptides included in the 44-68 sequence of human parathyroid hormone
      (hPTH) were synthesized simultaneously on benzhydrylamine and m
      nitrobenzhydrylamine resins. The first polymer gave the free peptide and the
      second the peptidyl-resin complex. An ELISA test carried out with each peptidyl
      resin complex showed that all the anti-44-68 hPTH antibodies raised in different
      animal species are directed against the same hPTH pentapeptidic sequence. This
      sequence is very hydrophilic and is specific to the hormone. This study
      demonstrates the importance of specific peptide chains in an epitope.

PMID- 2410782
TI  - Studies on the nature of the human platelet alloantigen, PlA1: localization to a
      17,000-dalton polypeptide.
AB  - We have examined the biochemical properties of the human platelet alloantigen
      system, PlA, using a preparation enriched in plasma membrane glycoproteins (GPs)
      IIb and IIIa as the starting material. After confirming that GPIIIa contains the
      PlA epitope, attempts were made to distinguish the two allelic forms of PlA (A1
      and A2) using electrophoretic techniques. Whereas no difference could be
      discerned in the mol. wt of GPIIIa extracted from A1/A1, A1/A2 or A2/A2 platelets
      by one-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two
      dimensional electrophoresis revealed a reproducible difference in the isoelectric
      point of GPIIIa derived from A2/A2 individuals. Treatment of GPIIIa with a
      combination of exo- and endoglycosidases resulted in apparently complete
      deglycosylation of the molecule, as indicated by its co-migration with chemically
      deglycosylated GPIIIa in SDS-PAGE. The enzymatically deglycosylated protein
      retained its full ability to react with anti-PlA1 antibodies. Tryptic digestion
      of GPIIIa resulted in the generation of a number of smaller polypeptides,
      including one of 17,000 daltons, that contained the PlA1 determinant. These
      results suggest that the carbohydrate moieties of GPIIIa are unimportant to the
      expression of the PlA system, and that the charge difference between the two
      allelic forms of GPIIIa may reflect a subtle amino acid difference(s) within a
      17K polypeptide region of the GP.

PMID- 2410783
TI  - Natural cytotoxicity: recent progress and continuing controversy.
AB  - These highlights of the presentations and discussions at the Second International
      Workshop on Natural Killer Cells demonstrate the rapid progress that is being
      made in our understanding of the fundamental nature and mechanism of action of
      natural killer cells. Although the workshop was purposefully directed to
      fundamental studies, it is clear that these research efforts will soon have a
      substantial impact at the clinical level. For example, E. Lotzova (Houston, Tex.,
      USA) noted that several experimental measures of NK function are altered in
      patients suffering from myelogenous leukemia. NK cells isolated from these
      patients demonstrate reduced conjugate formation, a substantial reduction in the
      Vmax for lysis of K-562 cells, could not recycle and were deficient in production
      of NKCF. She also presented preliminary data that cytotoxic activity could be
      restored by partially purified alpha interferon and IL-2. A book based on the
      proceedings of this workshop will soon be published by Academic Press.

PMID- 2410784
TI  - [Gram staining of histological sections].

PMID- 2410785
TI  - [A procedure for joint demonstration of neutral polysaccharides and acid
      mucopolysaccharides].

PMID- 2410786
TI  - The involvement of omentum and its milky spots in the dynamics of peritoneal
      macrophages.
AB  - The investigation has been carried out on stimulated and unstimulated peritoneal
      cavities of rats. China ink and Corynebacterium parvum were injected i.p. both as
      peritoneal stimuli and markers. Omenta were picked up at time intervals beginning
      with 10 min and up to seven days after the i.p. injection. The light and
      electronmicroscopic investigation showed after 10-30 minutes labeled macrophages
      stuck as monolayers on some peritoneal areas corresponding to the milky spots
      which developed in size and number. Days after the i.p. injection the labeled
      macrophages were found deeper in the milky spots. After the fourth day they
      appeared in the regional lymph nodes. The milky spots contained also large
      lymphocytes and plasma cells. The results suggest that milky spots are not only
      places of resident macrophages development and release in the peritoneal cavity
      but also their exit pathways. Therefore the omentum leads the traffic of
      peritoneal macrophages. The developed milky spots play also the role of lymphoid
      structures providing grounds for macrophage-lymphocyte contacts.

PMID- 2410787
TI  - Relationships between chromosome damage, cell cycle delay and cell killing
      induced by bleomycin or X-rays.
AB  - The extent of mitotic delay and chromosome aberration induction by X-rays and
      bleomycin has been compared in normal human foetal fibroblasts at doses giving
      approximately equal levels of cell killing, assayed as colony-forming ability.
      Bleomycin induced much less G2 delay and chromosome damage than X-rays. We
      conclude that the major mechanism of cell killing by bleomycin does not involve
      chromosome damage but the cells pass through a number of division cycles before
      dying and a common DNA lesion is involved in G2 delay and chromosome damage.

PMID- 2410788
TI  - The response of normal and ataxia-telangiectasia cells to bleomycin:
      relationships between chromosome damage, cell cycle delay and cell killing.
AB  - In agreement with our earlier observation (Scott and Zampetti-Bosseler, 1982) on
      X-irradiated normal and ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) fibroblasts, we now report
      that after bleomycin or neocarzinostatin treatment also, A-T cells exhibit less
      G2 delay than normal cells. We confirm that A-T cells sustain more chromosome
      damage and lethality than normal cells after bleomycin. These observations
      support the hypothesis (Painter and Young, 1980) that A-T cells are defective in
      the recognition of certain lesions which normally lead to delays in progression
      through the cell cycle, during which they are repaired, and which, if unrepaired,
      lead to cell-lethal chromosome damage. However, we find that after bleomycin, as
      opposed to X-rays, the contribution of this type of lesion to cell death is
      minimal. The predominant lesions leading to cell death after bleomycin are not
      manifested at chromosome aberrations and do not lead to G2 delay or DNA-synthesis
      inhibition. A-T cells are defective in the recognition and/or repair of both
      types of lesion.

PMID- 2410789
TI  - Cautions about maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening.

PMID- 2410790
TI  - Association of platelet-activating factor with primary acquired cold urticaria.
AB  - We investigated the possibility that the inflammatory reaction in primary
      acquired cold urticaria might be associated with the release of platelet
      activating factor. Six patients with the disease and five normal controls were
      subjected to cold-water challenges during which blood samples were obtained for
      measurement of the release of possible mediators: i.e., histamine, neutrophilic
      chemotactic activity, and platelet-activating factor-like lipid (PAF-LL). Four of
      the patients had pronounced experimentally induced cold urticaria with angioedema
      and release of mediators. Levels of the three mediators were not elevated in five
      normal controls or in two patients in whom cold challenges induced only mild
      urticaria and angioedema. The effective suppression of cold-induced urticaria in
      three patients treated with doxepin correlated with inhibition of PAF-LL release
      but not inhibition of histamine or neutrophilic chemotactic activity release.
      These data suggest a positive correlation between PAF-LL release and cold
      urticaria, although the exact relation between PAF-LL and cutaneous lesions of
      primary acquired cold urticaria has not yet been established.

PMID- 2410791
TI  - Primary structure and transmembrane orientation of the murine anion exchange
      protein.
AB  - The amino-acid sequence of murine band 3, deduced from the nucleotide sequence of
      a complementary DNA clone, confirms that this integral membrane glycoprotein is
      composed of two major structural domains which correlate with its dual functions
      as the anchor for the erythrocyte cytoskeleton and as a plasma membrane anion
      antiporter. This latter activity resides within a highly hydrophobic domain that
      crosses the plasma membrane at least 12 times.

PMID- 2410792
TI  - A molecular clone of HTLV-III with biological activity.
AB  - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an epidemic immunosuppressive
      disease characteristically associated with a depletion of T lymphocytes of the
      helper/inducer phenotype. Numerous converging lines of research have implicated a
      human T-cell lymphotropic retrovirus, HTLV-III, in the pathogenesis of AIDS.
      Recently, several distinct forms of the HTLV-III genome were molecularly cloned
      in phage and extensively characterized. In the present study, a clone containing
      full-length HTLV-III proviral DNA was inserted into a plasmid and used to
      transfect cord blood T cells from normal newborn humans. We demonstrate that this
      molecular clone is infectious in vitro and causes marked cytopathic effects on T
      cell cultures. This is the first direct evidence that the HTLV-III genome, rather
      than a minor component of the virus complex, is cytopathic for T cells. Using
      this biologically competent clone and mutants derived from it, it should now be
      possible to localize the subgenomic regions that contribute to the biological
      effects of HTLV-III.

PMID- 2410793
TI  - Acetylcholine activates an inward current in single mammalian smooth muscle
      cells.
AB  - Acetylcholine, the major excitatory neurotransmitter to the smooth muscle of
      mammalian intestine, is known to depolarize smooth muscle cells with an apparent
      increase in membrane conductance. However, the ionic mechanisms that are
      triggered by muscarinic receptor activation and underlie this response are poorly
      understood, due in part to the technical problems associated with the
      electrophysiological study of smooth muscle. The muscarinic action of
      acetylcholine in certain neurones has been shown to involve the switching off of
      a resting K+ current (M-current) and a similar mechanism has recently also been
      identified in smooth muscle of amphibian stomach. We have now applied the patch
      clamp technique to single smooth muscle cells of rabbit jejunum and find that
      muscarinic receptor activation switches on a nonselective, voltage-sensitive
      inward current. In addition, acetylcholine activates and then suppresses
      spontaneous K+ current transients, which are probably triggered by rises in
      intracellular Ca2+ in these cells.

PMID- 2410794
TI  - Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate induces calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
      of skeletal muscle.
AB  - The sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle is a specialized form of
      endoplasmic reticulum that controls myoplasmic calcium concentration and,
      therefore, the contraction-relaxation cycle. Ultrastructural studies have shown
      that the sarcoplasmic reticulum is a continuous but heterogeneous membranous
      network composed of longitudinal tubules that surround myofibrils and terminal
      cisternae. These cisternae are junctionally associated, via bridging structures
      called 'feet', with sarcolemmal invaginations (the transverse tubules) to form
      the triadic junction. Following transverse tubule depolarization, a signal,
      transmitted along the triadic junction, triggers Ca2+ release from terminal
      cisternae, but the mechanism of this coupling is still unknown. Inositol 1,4,5
      trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) has recently been shown to mobilize Ca2+ from
      intracellular stores, referable to endoplasmic reticulum, in a variety of cell
      types (see ref. 8 for review), including smooth muscle cells of the porcine
      coronary artery and canine cardiac muscle cells. Here we show that Ins(1,4,5)P3
      releases Ca2+ from isolated, purified sarcoplasmic reticulum fractions of rabbit
      fast-twitch skeletal muscle, the effect being more pronounced on a fraction of
      terminal cisternae that contains morphologically intact feet structures; and
      elicits isometric force development in chemically skinned muscle fibres.

PMID- 2410795
TI  - A variety of calcium channels.

PMID- 2410796
TI  - Three types of neuronal calcium channel with different calcium agonist
      sensitivity.
AB  - How many types of calcium channels exist in neurones? This question is
      fundamental to understanding how calcium entry contributes to diverse neuronal
      functions such as transmitter release, neurite extension, spike initiation and
      rhythmic firing. There is considerable evidence for the presence of more than one
      type of Ca conductance in neurones and other cells. However, little is known
      about single-channel properties of diverse neuronal Ca channels, or their
      responsiveness to dihydropyridines, compounds widely used as labels in Ca channel
      purification. Here we report evidence for the coexistence of three types of Ca
      channel in sensory neurones of the chick dorsal root ganglion. In addition to a
      large conductance channel that contributes long-lasting current at strong
      depolarizations (L), and a relatively tiny conductance that underlies a transient
      current activated at weak depolarizations (T), we find a third type of unitary
      activity (N) that is neither T nor L. N-type Ca channels require strongly
      negative potentials for complete removal of inactivation (unlike L) and strong
      depolarizations for activation (unlike T). The dihydropyridine Ca agonist Bay K
      8644 strongly increases the opening probability of L-, but not T- or N-type
      channels.

PMID- 2410797
TI  - A novel type of cardiac calcium channel in ventricular cells.
AB  - Calcium influx is vital for several aspects of cardiac activity, so it is
      important to ask if heart cells possess a single or multiple types of Ca channel.
      Only one Ca channel type has been identified in patch-clamp studies of unitary
      current, despite suggestions to the contrary from whole-cell recordings in heart
      cells and unitary recordings from other cells. Here we describe a novel type of
      cardiac Ca channel with several properties that distinguish it from the hitherto
      identified Ca channel in heart cells. Its conductance in isotonic Ba is small (8
      pS), and is no larger in Ba than in Ca. It activates and inactivates at
      relatively negative potentials and remains functional long after patch excision.
      It is insensitive to dihydropyridines such as nimodipine and the Ca agonist Bay K
      8644, and is more resistant to block by external Cd than the previously described
      type of cardiac Ca channel.

PMID- 2410798
TI  - Sarcoplasmic reticulum contains adenine nucleotide-activated calcium channels.
AB  - Rapid calcium efflux from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a necessary step in
      excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle and is thought to be mediated
      by a calcium channel. Calcium efflux has been studied in fragmented SR vesicles
      by radioisotope efflux and fluorescence measurements. Several laboratories have
      reported that adenine nucleotides can stimulate calcium efflux from SR. In recent
      reports, Ca2+ release with a first-order rate constant as high as 100 s-1 has
      been observed for nucleotide-stimulated Ca2+ release from SR vesicles. Also,
      radioisotope efflux was blocked by Mg2+ and micromolar concentrations of the
      polycationic dye, ruthenium red. These high rates of transport are difficult to
      reconcile with a mechanism other than passive diffusion through a nucleotide
      activated 'calcium release channel'. Using the fusion technique for inserting SR
      proteins into planar lipid bilayers, we report here single-channel recordings of
      calcium release channels from purified 'heavy' SR membranes. Channels have been
      identified on the basis of their activation by adenine nucleotides, blockade by
      ruthenium red, and selectivity for divalent cations. Surprisingly, the channel
      studied here exhibits an unusually large conductance of 170 pS in 50 mM Ba2+
      while still being capable of discriminating against monovalent cations by a
      permeability ratio, P(Ba)/P(Cs) = 11.4.

PMID- 2410799
TI  - [Laser photocoagulation as palliative treatment in tumors of the digestive
      tract].

PMID- 2410800
TI  - [Steroidal alkaloid batrachotoxin--instrument for studying voltage-regulated
      sodium channels].
AB  - Results of recent studies on the batrachotoxin (BTX) effect on the properties of
      voltage-operated sodium channels in excitable membranes are summarized in the
      review. The following problems are considered: allosteric interaction of the BTX
      receptor with structural entities of the sodium channel responsible for its
      activation, inactivation, ion selectivity, binding of polypeptide (scorpion and
      anemone) toxins, local anesthetics and many blocking drugs; relationship between
      BTX-induced changes in the sodium conductance and intramembrane charge movement;
      relationship between ion selectivity and effective pK of the selectivity filter
      acid group of sodium channels modified by BTX or aconitine; effects of BTX on the
      behaviour and conductance (gamma) of single sodium channels. The problem of the
      BTX receptor location and possible mechanism of the sodium channel modification
      by BTX are discussed.

PMID- 2410801
TI  - Effects of N4-methyl and N4,N4-dimethyl derivatives of 5-azacytidine on liver RNA
      synthesis and gastric secretion in rats.
AB  - Of different N-alkyl substituted derivatives of 5-azacytidine tested for their
      action on gastric secretion in rats with ligated pylorus the most effective
      beside 5-azacytidine were N4-methyl and N4,N4-dimethyl derivatives. The drugs
      blocked gastric secretion, gastric acidity, the extent of hemorrhage and the
      number and size of gastric defects. Simultaneously a higher synthesis of RNA in
      the liver of drug-treated animals was observed.

PMID- 2410802
TI  - Inhibition of phytohemagglutinin-induced DNA synthesis and of adenosine
      deamination by 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in intact human cells.
AB  - 5-Azacytosine nucleosides block phytohemagglutinin-induced thymidine
      incorporation into DNA in intact human blood lymphocytes in a dose-dependent
      manner at 1-100 micrograms/ml. Maximal inhibition was observed when mitogen and 5
      azacytidine or 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine were added to the culture in admixture.
      Both analogues also inhibit deamination of exogenous adenosine in stimulated
      cells without affecting the synthesis of nucleotides from adenosine, adenine or
      hypoxanthine. Similar inhibitory effect of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine on the
      metabolism of adenosine was observed in normal (WI-38) and SV40 virus-transformed
      (VA-13) human fibroblasts.

PMID- 2410803
TI  - [Antineoplastic effect of Hu-IFN-beta and other anticancer drugs on malignant
      brain tumors in athymic nude mice].
AB  - We have been studying the therapeutic effect of anticancer drugs such as ACNU and
      vincristine in human glioma-bearing nude mice models and this time, the effect of
      interferon was also evaluated. Since 1980, the phase 1, 2 clinical trials on Hu
      Interferon (IFN) have been studied in the neurosurgical field and the effect is
      now regarded to be not as pronounced as previously expected. It is difficult to
      compare the effect of IFN with other anticancer drugs in an in-vivo study,
      because of the species specificity of IFN, and only a few studies have so far
      been reported. With respect to evaluating the therapeutic effect of IFN, the nude
      mouse model is thought to be useful. The anticancer activity of beta-IFN in nude
      mice, receiving subcutaneous transplants of human brain tumors (6 strains) was
      compared with that of conventional anticancer drugs. After 3 weeks of treatment
      with ACNU, vincristine, bleomycin, mitomycin C, alpha-IFN, beta-IFN, poly ICLC,
      the tumor reduction rates were evaluated by Battelle's method. Although in 2 out
      of 6 glioma strains, the tumor reduction rate (treated/control values) treated
      with beta-IFN was evaluated as effective, the effectiveness of beta-IFN was
      inferior to that of ACNU and vincristine. Therefore, further studies are
      indicated to evaluate the efficiency of the drug at higher dosage levels and to
      determine its tolerance dose. The combined modality treatment such as
      chemotherapy and radiation are issues that are still to be settled by further
      studies.

PMID- 2410804
TI  - Increase in levels and ex vivo release of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) in
      specific regions of the CNS of the rat by chronic treatment with antidepressants.
AB  - This study has investigated the effects of chronic treatment with amitriptyline,
      chlorimipramine, mianserin and metergoline on levels and ex vivo release of
      thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in specific regions of the brain and lumbar
      spinal cord of the rat. All four treatments caused a significant increase in
      levels of TRH in the lumbar spinal cord with amitriptyline producing the most
      marked effect. Amitriptyline alone caused a similar marked increase in levels of
      TRH in the nucleus accumbens and suprachiasmatic nucleus but none of the
      treatments had a significant effect on the TRH content of the median eminence or
      septal nuclei. Potassium-induced release of TRH and 5-HT ex vivo was measured
      from tissue slices of the nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei and lumbar spinal cord
      after treatment with amitriptyline and mianserin. An increase in release of TRH
      was observed only from tissue slices of areas where increased levels of the
      peptide had occurred; namely nucleus accumbens and lumbar spinal cord after
      administration of amitriptyline and lumbar spinal cord after mianserin. None of
      the drugs significantly altered the ex vivo release of 5-HT or 5-HIAA. The
      results are discussed in relation to a possible interaction between TRH and 5-HT
      receptors in the antidepressant action of these drugs.

PMID- 2410805
TI  - Characterization of the hyperalgesic effect induced by intrathecal injection of
      substance P.
AB  - Substance P (SP) was administered to awake rats by injection into the lumbar
      subarachnoid space via an indwelling cannula. Intrathecal (i.t.) injection of
      substance P produced a dose-related hyperalgesic response in the tail-pressure
      assay. This hyperalgesic effect peaked at 1 min and returned to control level
      within 15 min. Tachyphylaxis to the action of substance P was not observed by
      successive intrathecal injections. The hyperalgesic effect induced by substance P
      was increased by pretreatment with naloxone and blocked by a large dose of
      morphine. A synthetic analogue (D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9)-substance P, was not found to
      block the action of substance P on mechanical responses. These results suggest
      that substance P apparently produces a direct action on spinal substance P
      receptors and the antagonistic effect of morphine on the hyperalgesia induced by
      substance P may be mediated through a postsynaptic mechanism in the spinal cord.

PMID- 2410806
TI  - Unit activity in the dorsal raphe in freely-moving cats. Effect of monoamine
      oxidase inhibitors.
AB  - Two commonly used monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tranylcypromine and pargyline,
      produced dose-dependent decreases in the activity of serotonin-containing neurons
      in the dorsal raphe in awake, freely-moving cats. The onset of the suppression of
      unit activity occurred within 15-20 min after administration of drug and
      persisted for 6-16 hr, depending upon dose. Parallel neurochemical studies
      revealed that serotonin in the brain was significantly increased following
      inhibition of monoamine oxidase, and that concentrations of serotonin were still
      significantly elevated after unit activity in the raphe had returned to baseline
      levels. These data suggest that autoreceptors on neurons of the dorsal raphe may
      become tolerant following prolonged exposure to large concentrations of
      serotonin.

PMID- 2410807
TI  - Met-enkephalin and morphine but not dynorphin inhibit noxious stimuli-induced
      release of substance P from rabbit dorsal horn in situ.
AB  - The effects of locally applied opioids on the release of immunoreactive Substance
      P (iSP), induced by mechanical stimuli, from the dorsal horn of the rabbit in
      situ, were investigated. Morphine and met-enkephalin (met-enk), but not dynorphin
      A (1-17) (DYN), in a concentration of 10 microM, significantly inhibited the
      evoked release. These inhibitory effects of morphine and met-enkephalin were
      antagonized by the local application of naloxone (10 microM) to the dorsal horn.
      These results suggest that the inhibition of the release of Substance P induced
      by noxious mechanical stimuli may be mediated by mu and delta, but not by kappa
      opioid receptors.

PMID- 2410808
TI  - Neuronal sensitivity to substance P is increased after repeated treatment with
      tranylcypromine, carbamazepine or oxaprotaline, but decreased after repeated
      electroconvulsive shock.
AB  - The responsiveness of neurones in the cingulate cortex of the rat to the
      excitatory effects of iontophoretically applied substance P (SP) was determined
      after chronic administration of several drugs known to possess antidepressant
      actions. The agents tested were tranylcypromine, carbamazepine and oxaprotiline
      [(+) and (-)isomers]. Twenty-four to 36 hr after the last of 14 consecutive daily
      treatments there was an increase in neuronal sensitivity to substance P with all
      three drugs. The two isomers of oxaprotaline were equally active in inducing this
      change in sensitivity. None of the agents significantly altered responses to
      substance P after a single acute treatment. Responsiveness to substance P was
      also tested one day after the last of 14 daily treatments with electroconvulsive
      shock. In this case there was a marked reduction of the sensitivity of cingulate
      neurones to substance P with no apparent change in responsiveness to
      acetylcholine. A single shock treatment did not detectably alter responses to
      substance P.

PMID- 2410809
TI  - Multiple tachykinin receptors in guinea pig brain. High densities of substance K
      (neurokinin A) binding sites in the substantia nigra.
AB  - Receptor binding characteristics of labelled substance P (SP) and substance K
      (SK) were investigated in guinea pig membrane preparations and by in vitro
      receptor autoradiography. The two ligands bind to single class of sites with Kd
      of 2.1 nM and Bmax of 37.0 fmol/mg protein for SP and 10.6 nM and 50.3 fmol/mg
      protein for SK. Ligand selectivity patterns markedly differ for the two ligands.
      On SP binding sites, SP greater than physalaemin greater than eledoisin greater
      than SK greater than kassinin greater than Neuromedin K. On the other hand, SK
      greater than kassinin greater than Neuromedin K greater than eledoisin greater
      than SP greater than physalaemin on SK binding sites. The autoradiographic
      distribution of SP and SK binding sites is also different. While the cerebral
      cortex, substantia nigra and cerebellum contain very low to low densities of SP
      sites, they are all rich in SK binding sites. These data clearly demonstrate the
      existence of at least two classes of tachykinin binding sites in guinea pig
      brain. Moreover, the high density of SK binding sites present in the substantia
      nigra suggests possible physiological roles for SK in this region.

PMID- 2410810
TI  - Changes in substance P and somatostatin in the spinal cord after traumatic spinal
      injury in the rat.
AB  - Immunoreactive substance P (SPI) and somatostatin (SOMI) are found in spinal cord
      but their physiological roles remain speculative. Several classes of
      neuropeptides, including endogenous opioids and thyrotropin-releasing hormone
      (TRH), have been implicated in the pathogenesis or recovery from spinal cord
      injury. In the present studies, changes in SPI and SOMI were examined in the
      spinal cord after traumatic injury in the rat. Both peptides showed time
      dependent, localized decreases at the injury site, which were statistically
      related to the degree of post-traumatic neurological dysfunction. Such changes
      differ from those of a number of other peptides after spinal injury and suggest
      that substance P and/or somatostatin may play a role in the secondary
      pathophysiological responses which follow trauma to the spinal cord.

PMID- 2410811
TI  - [Visuoverbal disconnection (optical aphasia) for objects, pictures, colors and
      faces with abstractive alexia].
AB  - The case is reported of a patient who, after a left occipital infarction,
      presented a deficit in naming visually presented objects with neither aphasia,
      nor perturbation in the perceptive and associative processing of visual
      informations. This visuo-verbal disconnection was accompanied by disturbance of
      the semantic function when this was explored via the visual channel. In addition
      the patient showed an alexia which could be described as an abstraction defect.
      Finally, the patient showed a deficit in naming colors and faces, without
      evidence for agnosia. This observation argues in favor of maintaining a
      distinction between visual associative agnosia and optic aphasia. It also
      demonstrates that the naming deficit implies a deficit in extracting semantic
      values from visual informations such as objects or graphic symbols.

PMID- 2410812
TI  - Some indices of the catecholamine and indoleamine metabolism in groups of
      patients with paranoid and simple forms of schizophrenia.

PMID- 2410813
TI  - Substance P-containing sensory nerves in the rat iris. Normal distribution,
      ontogeny and innervation of intraocular iris grafts.
AB  - Trigeminal, substance P-containing nerves have been studied in the stretch
      prepared rat iris with immunohistochemical techniques. The normal iris exhibited
      a slightly irregular plexus of individual fibres in the dilator, intermingled
      with thin, meandering axon bundles. The sphincter contained more
      circumferentially oriented fibres. Occasional free nerve endings were present in
      all parts of the iris; no obvious association with blood vessels was detected.
      All substance P-positive nerves in the iris disappeared after lesioning the
      trigeminal nerve. Irides of neonates showed scattered, smooth fibres in a sparse
      plexus, without visible axon bundles. Over the first two postnatal weeks, the
      density of innervation developed rapidly, reaching a transiently supranormal
      level and fluorescence intensity, compared to adulthood. From 3 weeks on, the
      pattern and density of substance P-containing fibres approached the normal adult
      appearance. In irides grafted to the anterior eye chamber, the intrinsic
      substance P nerves degenerated, disappearing completely after 5 days.
      Reinnervation from the host irides transpired over the next few weeks,
      approximating normal density after 3 weeks, and organotypic density and
      distribution from 4 weeks on. No obvious hyperinnervation was encountered after
      longer postoperative times (3 months). In the host iris, many substance P fibres
      disappear or exhibit low fluorescence intensity during the first postoperative
      week, recovering fully during the next 2 weeks. Over longer postoperative periods
      irregular, moderate hyperinnervation developed with increased numbers of axons in
      bundles. In conclusion, we show normal distribution and plasticity during
      ontogeny and maturity of substance P-containing iris nerves in the rat, with a
      sensitive immunohistochemical technique in iris whole mounts.

PMID- 2410814
TI  - Substance P given intrathecally at the spinal T9 level increases adrenal output
      of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the rat.
AB  - Administration of 10 micrograms of substance P intrathecally to the spinal T9
      level of the adult rat, anaesthetized with urethane, provoked an increase in free
      catecholamines in plasma taken from the inferior vena cava. Adrenaline levels at
      1 min after administration were 154.8 +/- 10.8% (mean +/- SE; n = 11) of
      preadministration levels and noradrenaline levels were 153.5 +/- 11.8% of
      preadministration levels. Differences between the values of free catecholamines
      in animals given substance P vs those given vehicle only were statistically
      significant at 1 and 10 min postinjection, but not at 30 min. Administration of a
      substance P analogue with central antagonistic properties 15 min before substance
      P was given prevented expression of the effects of substance P. These results
      suggest that substance P may be an excitatory chemical mediator of synaptic
      transmission in spinal pathways controlling adrenal medullary output. Thus
      dysfunction of substance P mechanisms may underlie some animal models of
      hypertension and may be involved in some cases of essential hypertension in man
      as well as in autonomic dysfunction associated with some neurological entities.

PMID- 2410815
TI  - Experience with the Celestin tube at William Beaumont Army Medical Center: a ten
      year review.

PMID- 2410816
TI  - Neuropeptides in physiologically identified mammalian sensory neurones.
AB  - In cats, intracellular dye injection of single sensory neurones of known fibre
      type and sensory modality has been combined with peptide immunohistochemistry.
      There was no clear relationship between the sensory function of a neurone and the
      presence of the neuropeptides substance P, somatostatin, cholecystokinin and
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, in its cytoplasm. In particular, substance P
      was not detected in many nociceptive sensory neurons even though it could be
      demonstrated with the same technique in many sensory neurones which did not have
      cutaneous receptive fields. These results mean that the role, if any, of these
      neuropeptides in the transmission of pain, must be regarded as complex.

PMID- 2410817
TI  - A threshold sodium current in pyramidal cells in rat hippocampus.
AB  - Maintained, inward currents were activated by small depolarizations from the
      resting membrane potential (-50 to -60 mV) in voltage-clamped, pyramidal neurons
      in rat hippocampal slices. The currents were apparently Na currents as they were
      blocked by tetrodotoxin or removal of extracellular Na and were not affected by
      Cd. They showed little decrease in amplitude during prolonged depolarizations.
      The increase in Na conductance with depolarization was sigmoidal, with half
      maximum conductance at about -50 mV, and saturated at -20 to -30 mV. This
      'threshold' Na current may be involved in setting patterns of repetitive firing
      of action potentials.

PMID- 2410818
TI  - The connections between the basolateral and central amygdaloid nuclei.
AB  - With the use of the rapid Golgi method, axons that originate in the basolateral
      amygdaloid nucleus have been traced directly into the central amygdaloid nucleus
      in young mouse brains. The axons, which arise from pyramidal cells, have two
      patterns of collaterals within the central nucleus. In one type, the axon goes
      through the central nucleus toward the stria terminalis and emits only one or two
      collaterals. In the second type, the axon enters the central nucleus and gives
      off a number of thin collaterals, which have many boutons en passant along their
      course.

PMID- 2410819
TI  - Action of organic antagonists on neuronal calcium currents.
AB  - The low-voltage activated, fast inactivating calcium (Ca) conductance recently
      found in dorsal root ganglion cells is largely inert to the Ca agonist and
      antagonists (BAY K 8644, nifedipine and verapamil). The ubiquitous, slowly
      inactivating Ca conductance is strongly depressed by verapamil (20 to 100 X 10(
      6) M) and with [Ca]o greater than or equal to 2 mM also by BAY K 8644, while
      nifedipine was weakly agonistic or ineffective in a comparable range of drug
      concentrations (10(-9) to 5 X 10(-7 M). The difference in affinity to verapamil
      renders possible a pharmacological separation of the two channels.

PMID- 2410820
TI  - Plaque-like lesions in the basal forebrain in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Silver staining (Bodian procedure) in the nucleus of the sublenticular substantia
      innominata (SI), also referred to as the nucleus basalis of Meynert, was
      evaluated in autopsy material from patients with Alzheimer's disease or senile
      dementia of the Alzheimer type (age at death: mean 69 years, range 63 to 81
      years; time between onset of symptoms and death: mean 5.6 years, range 2.5 to
      11.0 years). Although a decrease in the number of neurons and an increase in
      gliosis were observed in the SI in the Alzheimer dementia cases, classic senile
      plaques, as well as neurofibrillary tangles and granulovacuolar degeneration,
      were, with rare exception, not present in the basal forebrain. Small plaque-like
      lesions, 30-50 micron in diameter, were found scattered throughout the SI,
      however. These pathologic entities, like traditional senile plaques, demonstrated
      increased argentophilia compared to background, neuritic elements, and an
      increase in the number of glial cells. The magnitude of silver staining in the
      plaque-like lesions in the SI, however, was generally less than that associated
      with plaques in the cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. Although their significance
      is not known, plaque-like structures in the SI could represent the final
      degenerative phases of basal forebrain neurons and/or of fibers afferent to them.
      Their precise relationship to classic senile plaques remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2410821
TI  - Oligoclonal bands in unconcentrated CSF. Silver stain for agarose gels.
AB  - Agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) and agarose isoelectric focusing (AIEF) were
      performed on unconcentrated CSF from patients with multiple sclerosis and other
      neurological disorders. Electrophoretic profiles were examined after staining
      with silver. Oligoclonal distribution of immunoglobulins were observed in over
      90% of patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis and over half of all
      patients with possible or probable multiple sclerosis. Up to 20 samples could be
      simultaneously examined and required the use of only 2-20 microliter of
      unconcentrated CSF containing 10-100 ng of total IgG. The entire procedure from
      sample application to completion of staining required less than 3 h. The
      techniques offered exquisite resolution of abnormal immunoglobulin bands and
      permitted distinction of normal from abnormal CSF readily.

PMID- 2410822
TI  - Inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis in isolated cerebellar cells by in vitro
      and in vivo methyl mercury.
AB  - Cerebellar perikarya isolated from neonatal rats were exposed to 0-20 microM
      methyl mercury to simultaneously compare the effect on RNA and protein synthesis.
      Although 50% inhibition was found at approximately 8 microM for both [3H]uridine
      and [3H]phenylalanine incorporation, lower concentrations of methyl mercury
      produced 10-15% greater inhibition of RNA than protein synthesis. In vivo methyl
      mercury experiments also indicated a greater sensitivity of RNA synthesis in
      isolated cerebellar perikarya. The observed inhibition of RNA synthesis was not
      caused by a defect in cellular [3H]uridine uptake or by increased degradation of
      RNA. Both of these activities were altered by less than 10% at concentrations of
      methyl mercury that produced greater than 60% inhibition of RNA synthesis.
      Experiments showing that the specific activity of cerebellar cell RNA synthesis
      peaks and remains high between 4 and 10 d of age, whereas the specific activity
      of protein synthesis declines rapidly emphasize the potential importance of
      transcriptional perturbation in neonatal rats.

PMID- 2410823
TI  - Some enkephalin- or VIP-immunoreactive hippocampal pyramidal cells contain
      neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of aged humans and persons with Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - Neurofibrillary tangles are one of the histopathological neuronal abnormalities
      present in normal aging and especially in Alzheimer's Disease. We have utilized
      immunocytochemical staining for neuropeptides followed by Congo red with
      gallocyanin counterstaining and polarized illumination to determine whether
      enkephalin (Enk), somatostatin (Som), cholecystokinin (CCK), or vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide (VIP) are contained in neurons afflicted with such
      tangles. A few Enk- or VIP-immunoreactive pyramidal cells in field hl and
      subiculum were found to contain tangles. Many such Enk- or VIP-immunoreactive
      neurons and cells containing Som- or CCK-like immunoreactivity did not contain
      such tangles.

PMID- 2410824
TI  - Involvement of picrotoxinin receptor in the action of cyclodiene insecticides.

PMID- 2410825
TI  - Effects of lindane-type insecticides in mammals: unsolved problems.

PMID- 2410826
TI  - Lindane and limbic system excitability.

PMID- 2410827
TI  - The interaction of pyrethroids with voltage-dependent Na channels.

PMID- 2410828
TI  - Antagonism of glutamate receptor channel complexes by spider venom polypeptides.

PMID- 2410829
TI  - Investigations on the suitability of using nerve membrane fragments incorporated
      into artificial liposomes and a method for the study of pesticidal action on
      sodium channel activity.

PMID- 2410830
TI  - Nerve membrane ionic channels as the primary target of pyrethroids.

PMID- 2410831
TI  - Pyrethroid-receptor interactions: stereospecific binding and effects on sodium
      channels in mouse brain preparations.

PMID- 2410832
TI  - Interactions of pyrethroid and cyclodiene insecticides with nicotinic
      acetylcholine and GABA receptors.

PMID- 2410833
TI  - Interactions of pyrethroid insecticides with chloride ionophore-associated
      binding sites.

PMID- 2410834
TI  - Contribution of restricted extracellular space to the inactivation of calcium
      current in the snail neuron.
AB  - The mechanisms underlying the inactivation of calcium current (ICa) were
      investigated in isolated nerve cell bodies of Helix aspersa using a suction
      pipette technique that allowed voltage clamp and internal perfusion at the same
      time. ICa was recorded after eliminating the Na and K currents by removing Na+
      and K+ both in external and internal solutions, and ICa inactivation due to
      intracellular Ca2+ accumulation was blocked by 5-25 mM EGTA. The inactivation
      rates of ICa, IBa and ISr corresponded to two exponential processes. The
      inactivation rates of the inward currents (IMn, ICd and IZn) less than 1/5 of ICa
      fitted a single exponential. However, when neurons were superfused with
      hypertonic external solution by adding 100 mM sucrose together with internal
      EGTA, the steady-state inactivation of ICa, IBa and ISr was reduced, and the
      inactivation processes changed to a single exponential similar to that of IMn,
      ICd and IZn. In contrast, internal perfusion with the hypertonic solution had no
      effect on the inactivation of ICa, IBa and ISr. Therefore, it was concluded that
      the inactivation process of ICa is dependent not only on the membrane voltage and
      the intracellular Ca2+ accumulation as described previously, but is also affected
      by the rapid fall in the concentration of Ca2+ in the restricted extracellular
      spaces (RES) which gets enlarged by the hypertonic external solution. The same is
      also true for IBa and ISr.

PMID- 2410835
TI  - Fast axonal transport of membrane protein and intra-axonal diffusion of free
      leucine in a neuron of Aplysia.
AB  - We injected radioactive leucine into a neuron soma of Aplysia, and found that the
      leucine and synthesized membrane proteins moved in the axon, but soluble proteins
      did not. The movement of membrane proteins showed typical characteristics of fast
      axonal transport, whereas that of leucine could be explained totally due to intra
      axonal diffusion by the following observations: the migration profiles of the
      leucine closely coincided with the theoretical diffusion; the migration continued
      even when the fast axonal transport of membrane proteins was stopped by local
      cooling of the axon; and a damming phenomenon, an indication of axonal transport,
      seen in membrane proteins was not observed when the axon was occluded or when the
      axonal transport was blocked by the local cooling.

PMID- 2410836
TI  - Tumor markers. Key pieces to your cancer patient's clinical picture.

PMID- 2410837
TI  - Diaphragm in cot death.

PMID- 2410838
TI  - Cobalt-57 bleomycin scanning for lung cancer detection: a prospective study in
      thoracic surgery.
AB  - Patients displaying an abnormal chest X-ray, in some cases, cause a difficult
      diagnostic problem. A differential diagnosis between benign and malignant lesions
      is important to determine the choice of treatment i.e. whether or not to perform
      a thoracotomy. In a prospective study, we have examined the role of 57Co
      bleomycin scanning for prethoracotomy assessment of 60 patients with a high
      clinical probability of lung cancer. For these patients, a sensitivity of 89%, a
      specificity of 84% and an accuracy of 88% were found. However, as a consequence
      of the six false-negative scans (two in-situ carcinomas and four stage I
      carcinomas), bleomycin scanning cannot be regarded as adequate for obviating
      thoracotomy in patients with a high clinical probability of lung cancer but a
      negative scan. Nevertheless, the technique is useful for the assessment of tumour
      size and for the detection of hilar, mediastinal and extra-thoracic metastases,
      with consequences for TNM staging. It has been found that the tumour dimension
      correlates well with the actual anatomo-pathologic size determined after surgical
      examination (r2 = 0.65 and p less than 0.01). Therefore, with an accuracy around
      90% for the diagnosis of lung cancer, 57Co-bleomycin scanning offers a major tool
      for use in clinical investigation.

PMID- 2410839
TI  - Amniocentesis for gram stain and culture in preterm premature rupture of the
      membranes.
AB  - A retrospective study was conducted to assess the predictive value and clinical
      usefulness of amniotic fluid Gram stain and culture in the management of preterm
      premature rupture of the membranes (PROM). Amniocentesis was attempted in 79
      patients and was successful in 53 patients for a success rate of 67%. The
      complication rate was 1.8%. Fifty-three patients from whom amniotic fluid was
      obtained after preterm PROM were studied. Patients were managed expectantly
      unless clinical chorioamnioitis developed, a positive Gram stain or culture was
      found, or a mature lung profile after 34 weeks' gestation was established. A low
      incidence of chorioamnionitis (5.5%), postpartum endometritis (11%), and neonatal
      sepsis (3.5%) was found with expectant management. A statistically significant
      association between Gram stain and antepartum infection, postpartum infection,
      and neonatal infection was noted. Gram stain had a 100% sensitivity and 82%
      specificity as predictor of chorioamnionitis. Amniotic fluid culture had a 100%
      sensitivity and 76% specificity as predictor of chorioamnionitis. As predictor of
      a positive culture result, Gram stain had a sensitivity of 60% and specificity of
      92%. No patient with a negative Gram stain or culture developed infectious
      sequelae regardless of the timing of amniocentesis. All positive Gram stains and
      cultures were found within 48 hours of rupture of membranes. Amniocentesis for
      Gram stain and culture has clinical usefulness in preterm PROM and, despite false
      positive tests, the authors' data support intervention on the basis of a positive
      Gram stain.

PMID- 2410840
TI  - Evaluation of amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein using an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay.
AB  - A simple, inexpensive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using commercially
      available supplies is described. An examination of amniotic fluid alpha
      fetoprotein (AFP) values for 15 to 20 weeks' gestation is presented. The
      interassay coefficient of variation was 12% (N = 40) at a level of 4.75
      micrograms/mL. Repeat freezing, thawing, and storage at 4C for three months had
      no discernible effect on measured AFP value. Data comparison with a
      radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit indicates similar reliability for both assays. There
      were no false-negative values (zero of 20). The false-positive rate for RIA was
      4.4% (13 of 295) and for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was 5.0% (15 of 295).

PMID- 2410841
TI  - False-positive amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase results: the need for a
      multifacet approach to the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects.
AB  - Two cases are presented with false-positive amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein and
      acetylcholinesterase results for the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects.
      Stage II ultrasound revealed no lesions of the fetal spine in both cases. The
      alpha-fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase results returned to normal on
      subsequent taps. Both pregnancies resulted in normal outcomes. A protocol is
      presented for managing pregnancies with abnormal alpha-fetoprotein and
      acetylcholinesterase results.

PMID- 2410842
TI  - Cyclic therapy resulted in pregnancy in premature ovarian failure.
AB  - A successful pregnancy in a patient with premature ovarian failure is described.
      Increased serum gonadotropin titers, decreased serum estrogen levels, and lack of
      ovarian follicles on histologic examination confirmed the state of ovarian
      failure. The patient conceived after several courses of cyclical treatment with
      estrogen-progestin. A possible relationship between the estrogen treatment and
      subsequent pregnancy is discussed.

PMID- 2410843
TI  - Preliminary results of the GPO-trial for treatment of non-testicular germ-cell
      tumors in children and adolescents.
AB  - Germ cell tumors account for a 3% mortality rate of childhood malignancies. The
      combined chemotherapy, vinblastine, bleomycin and cis-platinum, is probably
      associated with more toxicity and treatment-induced mortality in children. Based
      on pharmacokinetic findings concerning the renal elimination of bleomycin and the
      well known cis-platinum nephrotoxicity, these two drugs were given sequentially.
      In addition, the cumulative dose of bleomycin was limited to 180 mg/m2. 61
      patients entered the trial whereby 42 of these are evaluable. The
      chemotherapeutic regimen was well tolerated and was completed in 19 patients
      without treatment induced mortality and without evidence of pulmonary fibrosis.
      The treatment regimen seems to be successful despite the relatively low
      cumulative doses of vinblastine and bleomycin, as only 4 of 19 patients relapsed
      after a median observation period of 12 months.

PMID- 2410844
TI  - [Physico-chemical characteristics of pregnancy-specific protein in the rat].
AB  - Molecular weight of PSP, determined by gel-filtration on Sephadex G-200, is 130
      000 +/- 4 000 D and, according to the Laemmli method with SDS, 85 000 +/- 2 000
      D. The protein was detected in the zone of beta 1-globulins, its relative
      electrophoretic mobility is 0.45 +/- 0,2. PSP is heterogeneous by electric
      charge; at electrofocusing this protein was revealed in the following isoelectric
      points (pI); 5.85, 6.11, and 6.57. PSP was precipitated with ammonium sulfate (20
      50% of saturation). Iron, carbohydrates, lipids were not found histochemically in
      PSP and it did not manifest the esterase and phosphatase activity.

PMID- 2410845
TI  - Spontaneous posterior bulbar perforation of congenital scleral coloboma and its
      surgical treatment: a case report.
AB  - A 35-year-old male presented with abrupt hypotonic oculopathy caused by a
      spontaneous bulbar perforation, due to a scleral defect in the equatorial area of
      the nasal side of the left eye. The scleral defect was surgically repaired using
      lyophilized homologous dura mater encephali and fibrin glue (Tisseel). Highly
      satisfactory results were obtained. The pathogenesis of this scleral defect was
      suspected to involve complex factors related to abnormal retinal development and
      abnormal ocular muscles. Such a case has not been reported previously.

PMID- 2410846
TI  - Cyclocryotherapy in the treatment of advanced glaucoma.
AB  - Cyclocryotherapy in the treatment of aphakic open-angle glaucoma (AO), aphakic
      angle-closure glaucoma (ACL), and neovascular glaucoma (NVG) was evaluated in 96
      eyes of 96 patients. All patients had follow-up of greater than 12 months, with a
      mean of 29.0 +/- 2.1 months (+/- SEM). Intraocular pressure (IOP) was lowered to
      less than 21 mmHg in 76% of eyes with AO, 68% of eyes with ACL, and 55% of eyes
      with NVG. Patients with NVG lost vision more frequently (70%) than patients with
      AO (41%) or ACL (41%). Patients with NVG had a higher incidence of loss of light
      perception and phthisis bulbi than patients with ACL (P less than 0.015). In
      patients having visual field examinations (76/96), glaucomatous field loss was
      arrested in 71% of patients with AO and 65% of patients with ACL, compared to 29%
      of patients with NVG (P less than 0.025). There was a significant correlation
      between postoperative IOP less than 21 mmHg and preservation of visual field.
      Patients receiving initial 360 degrees cryosurgical treatment required fewer
      repeat treatments than patients receiving initial 180 degrees treatment (P =
      0.004); complications were slightly more common in the 360 degrees group.

PMID- 2410847
TI  - [Disorder of the regulation of the inflammatory process in spontaneous
      pneumothorax].

PMID- 2410848
TI  - [Anaphylaxis following administration of Rheomacrodex].

PMID- 2410849
TI  - [Practice of prenatal diagnosis in high-risk cases of neural tube defect].

PMID- 2410850
TI  - Routine procedures for examination of stool and blood for parasites.
AB  - The diagnosis of a parasitic infection depends upon demonstration of the organism
      in stool, blood, or tissue specimens, and a variety of relatively simple
      procedures is available for this purpose. In this article, the author describes
      those procedures that are most frequently used on a routine basis.

PMID- 2410851
TI  - AIDS and parasitic infections, including Pneumocystis carinii and
      cryptosporidiosis.
AB  - AIDS is a disorder that the pediatrician must consider when evaluating children
      with a variety of clinical conditions, including overwhelming infection with a
      number of parasites. This article discusses these opportunistic parasitic
      infections, focusing on their link with AIDS.

PMID- 2410852
TI  - Scabies and lice.
AB  - Scabies and pediculosis, two commonly encountered infestations both having an
      incidence that is on the rise, are discussed in detail in this article with
      special emphasis given to their symptomatology, pathogenesis, and treatment.

PMID- 2410853
TI  - Developmental pediatrics: not just the care of children with developmental
      disabilities.

PMID- 2410854
TI  - Language and visuospatial abilities in learning-disabled, brain-damaged, and
      nondisabled young adults.
AB  - This study confirmed the construct validity of dysphasic errors but not of Block
      Design or dyscopia for 88 male and 22 female young adults, aged 17 to 29 yr.
      Right-hand sensorimotor deficits correlated with dysphasic errors but not with
      Block Design. Brain-damaged and learning-disabled with Halstead Impairment Index
      (HII) greater than or equal to 0.4 differed from nondisabled on both dysphasic
      errors and Block Design. Learning-disabled with HII less than 0.4 differed from
      nondisabled only for dysphasic errors. As a group, young learning-disabled adults
      had impaired language abilities. Learning-disabled with HII greater than or equal
      to 0.4 and brain-damaged had generalized neuropsychological deficits
      characterized by less adequate language and visuospatial abilities.

PMID- 2410855
TI  - Long range RNA-RNA interactions in the 30 S ribosomal subunit of E. coli.
AB  - We have attempted to identify long-range interactions in the tertiary structure
      of RNA in the E. coli 30 S ribosome. Native subunits were cleaved with
      ribonuclease and separated into nucleoprotein fragments which were deproteinized
      and fractionated into multi-oligonucleotide complexes under conditions intended
      to preserve RNA-RNA interactions. The final products were denatured by urea and
      heat and their constituent oligonucleotides resolved and sequenced. Many
      complexes contained complementary sequences known to be bound together in the RNA
      secondary structure, attesting to the validity of the technique. Other co
      migrating oligonucleotides, not joined in the secondary structure, contained
      mutually complementary sequences in locations that allow base-pairing interaction
      without disrupting pre-existing secondary structure. In seven instances the
      complementary relationship was found to have been preserved during phylogenetic
      diversification.

PMID- 2410856
TI  - Molecular recognition of B-DNA by Hoechst 33258.
AB  - The binding sites of Hoechst 33258, netropsin and distamycin on three DNA
      restriction fragments from plasmid pBR322 were compared by footprinting with
      methidiumpropyl-EDTA X Fe(II) [MPE X Fe(II)]. Hoechst, netropsin and distamycin
      share common binding sites that are five +/- one bp in size and rich in A X T DNA
      base pairs. The five base pair protection patterns for Hoechst may result from a
      central three base pair recognition site bound by two bisbenzimidazole NHs
      forming a bridge on the floor of the minor groove between adjacent adenine N3 and
      thymine O2 atoms on opposite helix strands. Hydrophobic interaction of the
      flanking phenol and N-methylpiperazine rings would afford a steric blockade of
      one additional base pair on each side.

PMID- 2410857
TI  - Unusual properties of two branched RNA's with circular and linear components.
AB  - Irradiation with ultraviolet light was used to create two nonlinear RNA
      molecules. Circular potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) RNA was crosslinked at a
      single site to generate a figure eight-shaped molecule; 5S rRNA from HeLa cells
      was transformed into an alpha-shaped molecule with a small circular element and
      two arms (1). Crosslinked RNA's could be separated from their untreated
      counterparts by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing urea. The gel
      mobility of crosslinked PSTV was not altered by boiling, treatment with E. coli
      RNase III or glyoxalation. However, mild nuclease digestion ("nicking") produced
      derivatives which migrated more slowly than the starting material in gels of
      certain polyacrylamide concentrations, but not in others. Limited nuclease
      digestion of crosslinked 5S rRNA did not generate any detectable products with
      reduced mobility in the gels tested. Thus, the ability of the "nicking assay" to
      reveal circular elements within nonlinear RNA's can vary depending upon the
      composition of the gel chosen for analysis and on the size of the circular
      element relative to the rest of the molecule.

PMID- 2410859
TI  - Evidence for Z-form RNA by vacuum UV circular dichroism.
AB  - Circular dichroism (CD) spectra in the vacuum UV region for different
      conformations of poly d(G-C) X poly d(G-C) and poly r(G-C) X poly r(G-C) are very
      characteristic. The CD of the RNA in the A-form (6 M NaClO4 and 22 degrees C) is
      very similar to that of the DNA in 80% alcohol where it is believed to be in the
      A-form. With the exception of the longest wavelength transition, the CD of the
      RNA in 6 M NaClO4 at 46 degrees C is similar to the CD of the DNA under
      conditions where it is believed to be in the Z-form (2 M NaClO4). This
      substantiates that poly r(G-C) X poly r(G-C) assumes a left-handed Z-conformation
      in 6 M NaClO4 above 35 degrees C. CD spectra for the left-handed Z-forms of both
      the RNA and DNA are characterized by an intense negative peak at 190-195 nm, a
      crossover at about 184 nm, and an intense positive peak below 180 nm. The right
      handed A- and B-forms of RNA and DNA all have an intense positive peak in their
      CD spectra near 186 nm. The large difference in CD in the range 185-195 nm for
      right- and left-handed conformations of nucleic acids can be used to identify the
      sense of helix winding.

PMID- 2410858
TI  - Intron splicing: a conserved internal signal in introns of Drosophila pre-mRNAs.
AB  - The introns of Drosophila pre-mRNAs have been analysed for conserved internal
      sequence elements near the 3' intron boundary similar to the T-A-C-T-A-A-C in
      yeast introns and the C/T-T-A/G-A-C/T in introns of other organisms. Such
      conserved internal elements are the 3' splice signals recognized in intron
      splicing. In the lariat splicing mechanism, the G at the 5' end of an intron
      joins covalently to the last A of a 3' splice signal to form a branch point in a
      splicing intermediate. Analysis of 39 published sequences of Drosophila introns
      reveals that potential 3' splice signals with the consensus C/T-T-A/G-A-C/T are
      present in 18 cases. In 17 of the remaining cases signals are present which vary
      from this consensus just in the middle or last position. In Drosophila introns
      the 3' splice signal is usually located in a discrete region between 18 and 35
      nucleotides upstream from the 3' splice point. We note that the Drosophila small
      nuclear U2-RNA has sequences complementary to C-T-G-A-T, one variant of the
      signal, and to C-A-G, one variant of the 3' terminus of an intron. We also note
      that the absence of any A-G between -3 and -19 from the 3' splice point may be an
      essential feature of a strong 3' boundary.

PMID- 2410860
TI  - Human aldolase isozyme gene: the structure of multispecies aldolase B mRNAs.
AB  - A complete nucleotide sequence of human aldolase B mRNA was determined with a
      recombinant cDNA (pHABL120-3). The cDNA insert was composed of 1,652 bases
      excluding poly(A) tail and the sequence was consistent with the previous results
      reported by others. However, S1 nuclease mapping and subsequent genomic analysis
      allowed us to know that the clone possesses two more sites corresponding to 5'
      termini in the 5'-noncoding region and another site of polyadenylation in the 3'
      noncoding region. In fact, the major aldolase B mRNA species occupying 90% of the
      total mRNAs initiated at the predominant position corresponding to the position
      around -82 of the 5'-noncoding sequence in pHABL120-3 and terminated at the
      distal polyadenylation site. Second species accounting for 9% of the mRNAs
      initiated at the same site and terminated at the proximal polyadenylation site.
      The remainings have a longer 5'-noncoding sequence which starts from further
      upstream region of the major one and pHABL120-3 corresponds to one of these
      largest clones.

PMID- 2410861
TI  - Changes of chromatin conformation around mouse interferon-beta gene associated
      with induction of interferon synthesis.
AB  - Changes of chromatin structure around the mouse interferon-beta gene associated
      with induction were examined by the use of sensitivity to digestion with DNaseI.
      Upon induction, the DNaseI-sensitivity of mouse interferon-beta gene was
      increased and seven DNaseI-hypersensitive sites were mapped. One of them, which
      was located at approximately 100bp upstream and was insensitive in the uninduced
      state, showed a marked sensitivity upon induction. Four others, located at 580bp
      and 430bp upstream, and 1.9kb and 2.2kb downstream, whose levels of DNaseI
      sensitivity were very low in the uninduced state, showed significant sensitivity
      in the induced state. Two remaining sites, located at 7.5kb upstream and 7.6kb
      downstream, had relatively high DNaseI-sensitivities even in the uninduced state
      and slightly increased their sensitivities upon induction.

PMID- 2410862
TI  - Characterization of the RNA binding properties of transcription factor IIIA of
      Xenopus laevis oocytes.
AB  - A nitrocellulose filter binding assay has been developed to study the interaction
      of Xenopus transcription factor IIIA with 5S RNA. The protein binds Xenopus
      oocyte 5S RNA with an association constant of 1.4 X 10(9) M-1 at 0.1 M salt, pH
      7.5 at 20 degrees C. TF IIIA binds wheat germ 5S RNA with a two-fold higher
      affinity, E. coli 5S RNA with a four-fold weaker affinity, and has a barely
      detectable interaction with yeast tRNAphe. The preference for binding eukaryotic
      5S RNA is enhanced in competition assays. The homologous reconstituted complex
      contains one molecule each of protein and 5S RNA and is indistinguishable from
      native 7S RNP in mobility on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels. The conformation
      of the RNA in reconstituted particles is identical to the conformation of RNA in
      native 7S RNP. Further analysis of the homologous interaction reveals that
      complex formation is a favoured both by enthalpy and entropy. The 5S RNA binding
      activity has a broad pH optimum spanning pH 6.0 to pH 8.0. Determination of the
      salt dependence of Ka reveals that as many as 5 lysine-phosphate type ionic bonds
      may be formed in the homologous complex. Approximately 68% of the free energy of
      complex formation is contributed by non-electrostatic interactions between TF
      IIIA and Xenopus 5S RNA.

PMID- 2410863
TI  - 51Cr-bleomycin in the diagnosis of tumours of the chest.
AB  - 51Cr-bleomycin was used for the scintigraphic diagnosis of primary and secondary
      tumours of the thorax. The study was based on observations in 104 patients. The
      scintigraphy was performed using a gamma camera coupled to an on-line computer.
      Active lesions were scored using a semiquantitative scale of scores 0 to 5.
      Images were subdivided into 222 regions considered. In 72 of these, the presence
      of disease was diagnosed (64 malignant, 8 non-malignant) and 150 regions were
      classified as free from disease. At the decision threshold of score 2, over-all
      sensitivity and specificity of the scintigraphic detection of malignant tumours
      amounted to 97 and 79%, respectively. Inflammatory changes displayed some
      detectable accumulation of 51Cr-bleomycin but scores attributed to these lesions
      did not exceed the value of 2.

PMID- 2410864
TI  - [Bone scintigraphy in assessing the success of chemotherapy in osteosarcoma].
AB  - During preoperative chemotherapy regional 99mTc-MDP clearance by tumor and
      healthy bone as well as tumor blood flow were determined in 13 patients with
      osteosarcoma. The results were compared to histologic regression grades. After
      good response (tumor vitality less than 10%) tumor blood flow normalized and
      regional 99mTc-MDP clearance decreased by 66% (range 56-82%). After poor response
      to chemotherapy (tumor vitality greater than 10%) tumor blood flow remained
      increased, whereas regional 99mTc-MDP clearance was unchanged or increased except
      in one patient. After 4-7 weeks of chemotherapy tumor viability was accurately
      assessed in 8 of 9 patients (89%) by means of regional 99mTc-MDP clearance. Tumor
      viability could be evaluated also by simple tumor/non-tumor ratios. A decrease of
      99mTc-MDP clearance by more than 20% indicated an effective chemotherapy with a
      specificity of 80%. After 10-13 weeks of chemotherapy the specificity was
      improved including the results of tumor blood flow determination.

PMID- 2410865
TI  - A vicious circle.

PMID- 2410866
TI  - Nursing care study. Williams' vaginoplasty.

PMID- 2410867
TI  - Aortofemoral bypass.

PMID- 2410868
TI  - Small but efficient.

PMID- 2410869
TI  - Clinical revision series. 15. Susan's sore throat.

PMID- 2410870
TI  - Pacemakers and patents.

PMID- 2410871
TI  - The patent system and cardiac pacing: is the system serving its users?
AB  - Patents have been utilized to protect technical innovations in pacemakers
      virtually since their inception and are becoming increasingly important to the
      industry. In the U.S. alone, about 100 patents are granted each year covering
      pacer-related technology and reflecting the main areas of technical development.
      The increase in the number of outstanding patents has been accompanied by a
      significant increase in patent litigation among pacer companies. The rate and
      cost of pacer-related patent litigation raises a question of whether the system
      is being used to its best advantage. A recommendation is made for an industry
      sponsored board to aid in voluntary settlement of patent disputes.

PMID- 2410872
TI  - Sine2/triangle/square wave generator for pacemaker testing.
AB  - We describe a device which generates the most widely used test signals for
      sensitivity measurements of noncompetitive pacemakers--sine2, triangle and square
      waves. The test generator can operate in free-running mode or it can be triggered
      by impulses from the pacemaker tested, thus enabling measurement of the
      sensitivity response of the pacemaker sensing circuits within the whole automatic
      interval, including determination of the pacemaker refractory period.

PMID- 2410873
TI  - Late infections of pacemaker units due to silicone rubber insulation boots.
AB  - Early in 1980, there was an increase at our hospital of late infections of pulse
      generator pockets not due to perforation. No source of contamination could be
      found; then, late in 1981, the infection rate decreased. The only change in
      procedure during this period was the introduction of silicone rubber boots around
      the pacemaker unit to prevent muscle pacing. The risk of late infection was
      13.8%, when using a rubber boot, while otherwise it was only 2.6% (p less than
      0.001). The infections were usually caused by ordinary skin bacteria. The authors
      believe that the infections were due to bacteria introduced inside the rubber
      boot, where they were practically out of reach of the ordinary defense
      mechanisms. The decrease in infection rate occurred after the introduction of
      silicone-coated pacemakers.

PMID- 2410874
TI  - Transvenous atrial pacing following amputation of the atrial appendage at open
      heart surgery.
AB  - The right atrial appendage is frequently amputated at the time of open heart
      surgery. In this study we report implantation and chronic follow-up pacing data
      on 17 patients in whom either actively fixated screw-in leads or passively
      fixated tined "J" leads were implanted into the trabeculae at the base of the
      atrial appendage. Chronic follow-up demonstrated excellent chronic pacing
      thresholds and atrial sensitivity thresholds in those patients in whom these
      measurements could be made. It is therefore concluded that satisfactory atrial
      pacing can be achieved in patients who have previously undergone amputation of
      the atrial appendage during open heart surgery.

PMID- 2410875
TI  - Simultaneous recording of atrial and ventricular monophasic action potentials:
      monophasic action potential duration during atrial pacing, ventricular pacing,
      and ventricular fibrillation.
AB  - A newly developed transvenous suction electrode was used in dogs to record
      monophasic action potentials (MAPs) from the right atrium and right ventricle
      simultaneously. Continuous MAP recordings could be made from the same endocardial
      site for test periods of 1.5 hours. Left ventricular pacing at increasing heart
      rates resulted in a statistically significant decrease of right ventricular MAP
      duration. A high degree of correlation was found between right ventricular MAP
      duration at 90% of repolarization and the QT interval during both right atrial
      and left ventricular pacing. At the onset of ventricular fibrillation (VF), right
      ventricular MAP duration shortened to 25% of the value obtained during left
      ventricular pacing at a cycle length of 250 ms. A cyclic alternation in amplitude
      of the right ventricular MAPs was observed during VF. Fast Fourier Transform
      Analysis of right ventricular MAPs during VF showed a significant dominant
      frequency at 12 Hz, with no levels of interest beyond this frequency. This
      observation might prove to be useful in elaborating a new algorithm for the
      automatic detection of ventricular fibrillation.

PMID- 2410876
TI  - Use of the pill electrode for transesophageal atrial pacing.
AB  - The pill electrode, which was developed for esophageal electrocardiography, has
      found application in transesophageal atrial pacing during procedures such as
      conversion of tachycardia, electrophysiologic measurement, and acceleration of
      heart rate to produce stress during cardiac imaging studies. This paper presents
      theoretical studies that examine the relationship of interelectrode distance,
      current level, and pulse duration to the achievement of successful capture.
      Theoretical results agree with our clinical findings, i.e., current levels of 25
      mA are effective to sustain capture; increased pulse duration reduces current
      requirements; and close bipolar spacing combines efficacy with safety. Results of
      animal studies performed to assess the extent of esophageal burn injury reveal
      that current levels in excess of 75 mA are required to produce lesions in short
      term (under 30 minutes) pacing, and greater than 60 mA in long-term (4 hours)
      pacing. These results are based on experiments using a pulse duration of 2 ms,
      and the current levels that produce injury will be considerably lower if longer
      pulse durations are used. Typical current levels and pulse durations for
      successful capture are presented for 46 subjects in several new clinical
      applications. Termination of tachycardia, basic electrophysiologic measurements,
      and controlled acceleration of heart rate can be performed noninvasively with
      this technique.

PMID- 2410877
TI  - Torsades de pointes due to n-acetylprocainamide.
AB  - A 66-year-old female with chronic renal failure received five doses of
      procainamide and developed marked QT interval prolongation and recurrent episodes
      of torsades de pointes, which were temporally related to high serum n
      acetylprocainamide (NAPA) levels and not to procainamide levels. Repeated
      hemodialysis was effective in lowering NAPA levels. Torsades de pointes is a
      potential hazard of NAPA accumulation during procainamide administration to
      patients with renal insufficiency.

PMID- 2410878
TI  - Termination of ventricular tachycardia by an implantable atrial pacemaker and
      external pacemaker activator.
AB  - An atrial pacemaker was implanted in a patient who had dilated cardiomyopathy,
      sinus node dysfunction, and drug-resistant ventricular tachycardia (VT). VT
      episodes were terminated by atrial overdrive pacing using an implanted pacemaker
      and a newly developed hand-held external programmer/transmitter. Although
      successful cases of termination of intractable VT by ventricular pacing have
      recently been reported, the ventricular method might increase the risk of
      accelerating VT. Atrial overdrive pacing is a safer method since it minimizes the
      possibility of tachycardia acceleration and, combined with antiarrhythmic drugs,
      it appeared to be a unique and useful approach for the treatment of drug
      resistant VT.

PMID- 2410879
TI  - A connection box allowing simultaneous recording of electrograms and shock
      delivery for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
AB  - A description is given of a connection-box allowing the simultaneous recording
      from three electrodes and the delivery of a high-energy shock for ablation of
      cardiac areas involved in generation or conduction of cardiac impulses.

PMID- 2410880
TI  - Predicted early failure of cardiac pacemakers.
AB  - This paper describes a study on pacemaker longevity carried out on 65 subjects
      using mostly the Telectronics model 171 and model 173 pacemakers and based on an
      analysis of pacing rate reduction as a function of time since implant. Three
      different modes of rundown were observed. The shortest predicted lifetime was 23
      months for a model 171 unit. This study was undertaken after the manufacturer and
      battery companies clearly delineated the existence of the problem and steps to be
      taken in the follow-up of patients. Careful analysis of medical records of the
      patients did not yield any correlation between sex, age, indications for
      implantation, initial pacing threshold, or amount of use of the pacemaker, and
      the early rundown of these pacemakers. Our study indicated that, in general, the
      model 173 had a shorter expected lifetime than the model 171. Using a reduction
      in pacing rate of 5.5 bpm from the rate at implant as the end-of-life indicator,
      the study showed that 16% of the model 173 pacemakers would need to be replaced
      within 3 years of implant and 78% within 6 years of implant. In the case of the
      model 171 units, 10% would need to be replaced within 3 years of implant and 48%
      within 6 years. Follow-up of patients with these units should be scheduled to
      monitor closely the rate of rundown in order to predict replacement dates.

PMID- 2410881
TI  - Wide QRS supraventricular tachycardia due to coexisting Mahaim and Kent pathways.
AB  - In two patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, we observed the unusual
      coexistence of functional Mahaim and accessory atrioventricular pathways. In the
      first patient, three types of reciprocating tachycardia were demonstrable: (1)
      anterograde conduction over the atrioventricular (AV) node with right bundle
      branch block (RBBB) and retrograde conduction via a right-sided atrioventricular
      accessory pathway; (2) anterograde conduction through the AV node with RBBB and
      retrograde conduction via two (right-sided and septal) anomalous pathways; and
      (3) anterograde conduction through nodoventricular fibers and retrograde
      conduction over a right-sided accessory pathway. In the second patient the
      reentry circuit was comprised of AV node fasciculoventricular fiber in an
      anterograde direction and a right-sided accessory pathway in a retrograde
      direction. We believe this to be the first report of triple accessory pathways,
      consisting of two atrioventricular and one nodoventricular connection,
      demonstrated by intracardiac electrophysiologic study.

PMID- 2410882
TI  - Torsades de pointes: a rare complication of temporary pacing for permanent
      ventricular pacemaker failure.
AB  - Torsades de pointes, a distinctive type of polymorphous ventricular tachycardia,
      may be induced by critically timed ventricular stimulation during
      electrophysiologic studies or, rarely, in patients with temporary or permanent
      ventricular pacemakers. The following case illustrates how, when temporary
      ventricular pacing is instituted to maintain heart rate in a patient with a
      defective permanent ventricular pacemaker, this potentially fatal arrhythmia may
      occur as a complication of interaction between the two pacemakers.

PMID- 2410883
TI  - Examination of explanted polyurethane pacemaker leads using the scanning electron
      microscope.
AB  - Since 1978, 2,365 polyurethane (PU) insulated cardiac pacing leads were implanted
      transvenously at our institution. To date, there have been no insulation failures
      in those leads. Thirty-seven PU leads were explanted, mainly for exit block, and
      28 of these were investigated using the scanning electron microscope. We found a
      homogeneous distribution of surface changes in all lead segments in 56% of the 28
      examined. These changes were more pronounced at the ligature site; severe surface
      cracking was noticed in 21%, with the deepest crack being 40 micron (average
      range of 10-15 micron). There appeared to be no time-dependency of the surface
      changes as indicated by regression analysis (r = 0.32, p greater than 0.05). The
      ultimate severity and outcome of this degradation process in the leads reported
      in this study will only be known in the future after longer use. We conclude that
      excess stress must be avoided during the implantation procedure and that careful
      surveillance is necessary.

PMID- 2410884
TI  - Alternate ventriculo-atrial Wenckebach conduction during ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - Although pacing-induced ventriculo-atrial (VA) Wenckebach conduction has been
      previously described, the occurrence of this phenomenon during ventricular
      tachycardia has received little attention. The latter is defined as 2:1 VA block
      in which the conducted beats show progressive lengthening of VA conduction until
      the sequence is terminated by two or three blocked ventricular beats. This
      phenomenon was observed in a 16-year-old boy who underwent electrophysiologic
      study for ventricular tachycardia as a late complication of surgical correction
      of tetralogy of Fallot. During pacing-induced ventricular tachycardia with a
      morphology similar to that of the spontaneous tachycardia, 8:4 alternating VA
      block was observed. This sequence suggested that the AV node was the site of
      block, the 2:1 block being located at the upper level, and the VA Wenckebach
      block at the lower level. Alternate VA Wenckebach conduction appears as a
      possible cause of variation in atrial depolarization intervals during ventricular
      tachycardias with short cycle lengths.

PMID- 2410885
TI  - PACTOT: a reprogrammable software pacing system.
AB  - The long battery life in modern pacemakers has created the need for pacemakers in
      which all the parameters can be changed and updated. The availability of such a
      system has potential advantages: new pacing techniques can be programmed without
      reoperation; the number of different pacemaker systems in stock in a hospital can
      be reduced to this reprogrammable unit; and, finally, this system can be of great
      help in designing and evaluating new pacing strategies.

PMID- 2410886
TI  - Computer simulation of dual chamber pacemaker algorithms using a realistic heart
      model.
AB  - Single and dual chamber pacing algorithms have been incorporated into a realistic
      computer model of cardiac electrical activation. The model enables different
      pacemaker algorithms to be tested, it allows prediction of their behavior, and it
      produces a simulated ECG record for each case. The computer model has been used
      to test eight different modifications of a simple DDD mode to prevent or
      terminate pacemaker-mediated "endless loop" tachycardia: (1) constant
      prolongation of the atrial channel refractory period; (2) prolongation of the
      atrial refractory period after a ventricular premature beat (VPB); (3) atrial
      pacing synchronously with a VPB; (4) simple rate control; (5) rate control in
      which the VA counter is not reset; (6) no ventricular pacing after an atrial
      premature beat; (7) rate limitation of atrial sensing; and (8) a combination of
      DDD and high frequency atrial stimulation modes. These modifications were tested
      with VPBs, atrial premature beats, atrial stimulation without capture, and
      accelerating sinus tachycardia. Only the pacemaker designed not to pace the
      ventricles following an atrial premature beat behaves satisfactorily in all four
      circumstances. Further possibilities for the development and use of a pacemaker
      oriented computer heart model are discussed.

PMID- 2410887
TI  - Computed tomographic localization of malposition of pacing electrodes: the value
      of cardiovascular computed tomography.
AB  - Three patients with uncertain pacemaker electrode position on plain film
      radiography were studied with fast cine cardiovascular computed tomography (CT)
      imaging. The value of this new technique in determining the position of pacing
      electrodes is discussed.

PMID- 2410888
TI  - Cross-stimulation: the unexpected stimulation of the unpaced chamber.
AB  - The ability to stimulate one chamber through a lead or output circuit to the
      opposite cardiac chamber is termed cross-stimulation. Three examples of this
      phenomenon are presented. The first involves the close proximity of the atrial
      lead to the ventricular myocardium with ventricular capture occurring at
      sufficiently high outputs; the second is due to the basic design of dual unipolar
      pacing systems which have output circuits that share a common anode; the third is
      a self-limited eccentricity of one device that occurs only during the first phase
      of magnet-induced asynchronous pacing. The mechanism and clinical significance of
      these observations are discussed.

PMID- 2410889
TI  - Removal of monofilamental and multifilamental temporary pacing leads following
      open-heart surgery: occurrence of arrhythmias.
AB  - This study compared multifilamental and monofilamental temporary pacing leads in
      a clinical series of 83 patients who underwent valve replacement or coronary
      artery bypass grafting. The leads were used in the bipolar mode and were
      implanted into the outer layers of the right ventricular myocardium. The force
      required for wire removal (newtons), and the arrhythmias which occurred during
      removal were monitored. During electrode removal, 48% of the patients had
      transient arrhythmias (46% with monofilamental and 51% with multifilamental
      leads). The most common was a single ventricular premature contraction. In one
      case, wire removal caused non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. All the
      arrhythmias subsided spontaneously. There was no statistical difference between
      results of the two leads. The force needed for removal was monitored directly by
      applying force via a graduated spring; they were equal in both groups (2.6
      newtons). Both electrode types behaved similarly during wire removal, and the
      spiral tail of the monofilamental lead did not provoke arrhythmias.

PMID- 2410890
TI  - NASPE Ad Hoc Committee on Guidelines for Cardiac Electrophysiological Studies.
      North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology.

PMID- 2410891
TI  - Re-use of pulse generators.

PMID- 2410892
TI  - [Effect of insulin on the secretion of gastric juice components, particularly
      gastric mucin, in healthy persons].

PMID- 2410893
TI  - [Plasma fibrinolysis inhibitors].

PMID- 2410894
TI  - Suicide and psychiatric patients.
AB  - The social and psychiatric risk factors associated with suicide in patients with
      different psychiatric disorders are reviewed. Suicide among emergency room
      attenders, inpatients, and outpatients is considered. The assessment and
      treatment of suicidal patients and the prediction and prevention of suicide are
      discussed.

PMID- 2410895
TI  - Animal models of self-destructive behavior and suicide.
AB  - In this article we have addressed selected aspects of animal models that may have
      ramifications in our understanding of suicide and human self-destructive
      behavior. It should be kept in mind that these human behaviors have many
      determinants. In considering animal models, we do not propose that similar
      behaviors necessarily have the same causation nor that a particular experimental
      manipulation that produces a behavioral syndrome in one species will produce that
      response in another species. Even if environmental conditions or the resulting
      behaviors vary for different species, the biochemical intermediaries may be
      similar. The simplification inherent in the laboratory modeling of an aspect of
      human behavior should not mean that the complexity of the human syndrome be
      forgotten. However, if a simple explanation can account for the production of a
      particular behavioral syndrome in animals, it can help to structure our thoughts
      regarding the etiology of the behavior in humans. The ethologic observations
      discussed in this article may help to place human self-destructive behavior in a
      continuum with that of animals in the wild. Although care should be given to
      drawing direct parallels, the clear conclusion is that humans are not alone in
      exhibiting self-initiated behaviors that ultimately produce self-harm or death.
      Whereas laboratory models have been extensively used for modeling psychiatric
      illnesses or for producing specific pharmacologic manipulations of the CNS,
      surprisingly little attention has been given to the modeling of self-destructive
      behaviors themselves. Emphasis on self-destructive behaviors, as well as on their
      biologic and genetic underpinnings, represent an important future direction for
      work on animal models in psychiatry.

PMID- 2410896
TI  - The importance of tumour markers in oral pathology. I. Cell products as
      differential diagnosis markers.

PMID- 2410897
TI  - Medical recommendations for wilderness travel. 3. Medical supplies and drug
      regimens.
AB  - Even if the wilderness traveler is fit and up-to-date on management of the many
      illnesses and injuries that may occur on an outing, proper care cannot be given
      unless the appropriate supplies are available. Thus, the contents of a medical
      travel kit should be carefully chosen, using the type of trip, duration of
      travel, and distance from medical care as criteria.

PMID- 2410898
TI  - Repeat pituitary ablation for advanced prostatic cancer.
AB  - An elderly male patient with advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma, requiring
      increasing analgesia, underwent interstitial pituitary irradiation by
      implantation of yttrium-90. He was temporarily relieved of his pain. Assessment
      of his anterior pituitary function showed only partial ablation. He therefore
      underwent a second implantation. This achieved complete ablation, and only when
      this was achieved did he experience full and sustained pain relief. We recommend
      assessment of anterior pituitary function in patients treated by pituitary
      ablation for carcinoma of the prostate, and especially in those in whom the
      disease progresses after initial success response.

PMID- 2410899
TI  - Pleomorphic T-cell leukaemia in a Caucasian adult: clinical phenotypic and
      functional characteristics.
AB  - Pleomorphic T-cell leukaemia occurring in an adult Caucasian patient is
      described. The leukaemia cells expressed both antigenic determinants (T4 and T8)
      normally detected separately on either helper or suppressor cells. They
      functioned as helper cells and there was evidence of unbridled antibody
      production. It is possible that a distinctive subtype of pleomorphic T-cell
      leukaemia occurs in Caucasian patients.

PMID- 2410900
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis and fetal pathology of partial trisomy 20P-monosomy 4P
      resulting from paternal translocation.
AB  - Amniocentesis was performed in view of a paternal balanced chromosomal
      rearrangement t(4;20)(p16;p12), inv(18)(p11q11). The pregnancy was complicated by
      severe oligohydramnios. The fetal karyotype was unbalanced: 46XX, der(4),
      t(4;20)(p16;p12), inv(18) (p11q11)pat., thus resulting in partial trisomy 20p and
      monosomy 4p. In addition, the amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) became
      increasingly elevated with gestational age. The pregnancy was terminated at 25
      weeks. The fetus presented with typical facial dysmorphic features, unilateral
      cleft lip and palate, severe renal hypoplasia, consistent with the 4p-(Wolf
      Hirschhorn) syndrome.

PMID- 2410901
TI  - Amniotic fluid gel acetylcholinesterase determination in prenatal diagnosis: dark
      field illumination as a method for improving the detection of precipitation
      bands.
AB  - This paper describes a sensitive method for the detection of precipitation bands
      in the qualitative acetylcholinesterase (AChe) gel test. This method--dark field
      illumination--is compared with two existing methods of detection: epi
      illumination of unstained gels and transillumination of dithio-oxamide stained
      gels. The comparison has been carried out on a selected series of 271 amniotic
      fluid samples, taken before the 22nd week of gestation. All 96 samples from
      normal pregnancies were scored as negative with all three visualization methods.
      For the detection of neural tube defects (NTD) and omphaloceles, dark field
      illumination proved to be more efficient than epi-illumination or dithio-oxamide
      staining. In case of another congenital defect, we obtained a positive result
      with dark field illumination, and a negative one with the other detection
      methods. It is concluded that dark field illumination was shown to be the most
      sensitive method for the detection of precipitation bands.

PMID- 2410902
TI  - [Echographic imaging of the prostate].
AB  - Progress in prostatic ultrasonography has been dramatic during the last decade,
      due to constant improvements in ultrasound equipment. Several ultrasonic
      approaches (suprapubic, perineal, transrectal or trans-urethral) are now
      available. The author reports its own examination technique which combines
      several approaches and equipments. The normal anatomy of the prostate and seminal
      vesicles is described, and the benefits of this new imaging method in prostatic
      pathology are reviewed. The size of the prostate can be accurately measured by
      ultrasound. The ultrasonographic patterns of benign prostatic hypertrophy,
      cancer, prostatitis and lithiases are described and diagnostic ambiguities are
      mentioned. The lack of specificity of the method is obviated by new techniques of
      ultrasound guided transperineal biopsy. Transrectal ultrasonography has proved
      effective in the assessment of local cancer invasion. The urodynamic
      repercussions of prostatic diseases can also be evaluated by ultrasound. Finally,
      this safe and harmless method should be used to evaluate the response of
      prostatic carcinomas to conservative treatments.

PMID- 2410903
TI  - [Transurethral resection of prostatic adenoma. Complications and results].
AB  - A retrospective study of a homogeneous series of 100 patients who underwent
      transurethral prostatic resection showed that all ceased to have dysuria, though
      6 out of 10 remained with frequency and compelling urge to urinate. Post
      operative haemorrhage was not a major risk (1% of the cases) but the septic risk
      was not negligible (septicaemia 2%, bouts of high fever 8%, epididymitis 6%)
      despite pre-operative sterilization of the urine. Urethral stenosis developed in
      5% of the cases and incontinence in 1 of the 100 patients. This series was
      conspicuous by the absence of mortality, and systematic anticoagulant therapy
      proved effective in preventing thromboembolic complications. The difficulties
      encountered in mastering this surgical technique are illustrated by the need for
      repeated endoscopic resection on account of a residual lobe in 2 cases.
      Transurethral prostatic resection therefore entails complications and risks and
      is not as benign as it would appear.

PMID- 2410905
TI  - Molecular cloning of the genome of a cardiotropic Coxsackie B3 virus: full-length
      reverse-transcribed recombinant cDNA generates infectious virus in mammalian
      cells.
AB  - The molecular cloning of double-stranded cDNA synthesized from the single
      stranded RNA genome of the cardiotropic Coxsackie B3 virus (Nancy strain) is
      reported. Full-length reverse-transcribed cloned viral cDNA of approximately
      equal to 7500 nucleotides generated infectious antigenically identical Coxsackie
      B3 virus upon transfection of recombinant plasmid DNA into mammalian cells,
      demonstrating the molecular cloning of a biologically active viral cDNA copy.
      Furthermore, the cloned cDNA is characterized by restriction enzyme analysis and
      partial nucleotide sequencing of the 5' end. The Coxsackie B3 virus cDNA
      described can now be used to study the molecular basis of human enteroviral heart
      disease, and it provides a valuable diagnostic means for patients with suspected
      viral heart disease.

PMID- 2410904
TI  - The sequence of a type II keratin gene expressed in human skin: conservation of
      structure among all intermediate filament genes.
AB  - We report here the coding sequence of the gene for a 56-kDa type II keratin
      (designated K6b). Using a subclone specific for a unique 3' noncoding region of
      the encoded mRNA, we have shown that this gene is one of at least two 56-kDa
      keratin genes expressed in abundance in human epidermis. Segmenting the coding
      portion of this gene are eight introns, six of which are identically positioned
      with those of a distantly related type III intermediate filament gene (vimentin),
      and five of which are identically positioned with those of a distantly related
      type I gene (50-kDa keratin). These results indicate a common ancestral origin
      for all three classes of intermediate filament genes. All of the highly conserved
      intron positions are located within, but do not demarcate, the four central alpha
      helical domains common to all intermediate filament polypeptides, suggesting that
      these genes were probably not created piecemeal by recombination-mediated linkage
      of separate structural domains as they presently are known.

PMID- 2410906
TI  - Precursor forms of substance P (SP) in nervous tissue: detection with antisera to
      SP, SP-Gly, and SP-Gly-Lys.
AB  - Antisera generated to substance P-Gly (SP-G) and substance P-Gly-Lys (SP-G-K),
      the likely unamidated COOH-terminally extended forms of substance P, were used to
      quantify and localize substance P precursor forms in hamster brain stem and
      spinal cord. The precursor determinant SP-G-K was liberated from larger
      heterogeneous forms by mild trypsinization of tissue extracts and was converted
      into the second precursor determinant, SP-G, by subsequent treatment with
      carboxypeptidase B. The basal levels of SP-G-K in brain stem and spinal cord were
      approximately equal to 0.5 pg/mg of tissue and rose 43- to 64-fold after
      trypsinization. Basal levels of SP-G were comparable to those of SP-G-K and rose
      10- to 29-fold after combined enzyme treatments. Immunohistochemical labeling of
      axons and somata with anti-SP-G-K increased dramatically after trypsinization.
      This labeling was eliminated by preadsorption with authentic SP-G-K but not
      substance P or SP-G. Gel-permeation chromatography revealed SP-G-K-like
      immunoreactivity in fractions corresponding to considerably higher molecular
      weight than mature substance P. Collectively, these results support the
      hypothesis that substance P is synthesized from larger precursors and demonstrate
      that extended precursor forms are normally present in the axons and somata of
      neural systems that synthesize substance P.

PMID- 2410907
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies reveal structural homogeneity of gamma-aminobutyric
      acid/benzodiazepine receptors in different brain areas.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against a gamma-aminobutyric acid/benzodiazepine
      receptor complex (GABAA/BZR) were produced by using spleen cells from a mouse
      immunized with GABAA/BZR purified from bovine cerebral cortex. The mAb, most of
      which were of the IgG1 isotype could be divided into four groups (I-IV)
      specifying different antigenic structures. On immunoblots, group I mAb recognized
      exclusively the Mr 55,000 beta-subunit, while groups II and IV mAb recognized the
      Mr 50,000 alpha-subunit of bovine GABAA/BZR. Three of the four groups of mAb (I,
      III, and IV) crossreacted with both human and rat GABAA/BZR with the same subunit
      specificity as in bovine brain; the fourth group (II) crossreacted with human but
      not with the rat receptor. The binding sites for benzodiazepines as well as the
      high and low affinity GABA sites reside on the same structural complex as shown
      by immunoprecipitation. Ligand binding to these sites was not inhibited by mAb.
      Since quantitative immunoprecipitation of GABAA/BZR was achieved with mAb
      selective for either the alpha- or beta-subunit, both subunits occur in each
      individual receptor complex. The pattern of immunoblot staining suggests that the
      smaller alpha-subunit is not a processing product of the larger beta-subunit.
      Both alpha- and beta-subunits were present in all brain areas and species tested
      (rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus; bovine cerebral cortex and
      cerebellum; human cerebral cortex). This suggests a uniform subunit composition
      of the receptor throughout the brain in contrast to earlier evidence for a
      heterogeneous subunit composition based on photoaffinity labeling.

PMID- 2410908
TI  - A large intracellular pool of inactive Na channel alpha subunits in developing
      rat brain.
AB  - An intracellular pool of Na channel alpha subunits has been detected in
      developing brain cells in vivo and in vitro by phosphorylation with cAMP
      dependent protein kinase, immunoprecipitation with specific antiserum, and
      NaDodSO4 gel electrophoresis or by radioimmunoassay. These alpha subunits are
      membrane-bound, contain complex carbohydrate chains, and have an apparent
      molecular weight of 260,000 like mature alpha subunits. In contrast to mature
      alpha subunits, the intracellular subunits are not covalently attached to a beta
      2 subunit, and they do not bind saxitoxin with high affinity. They comprise 67
      77% of the total immunoreactive alpha subunit in developing rat brain cells but
      are not a prominent component in the adult brain. It is proposed that this
      intracellular pool of alpha subunits forms a ready reserve of preformed subunits
      for incorporation into the surface membrane during periods of active membrane
      biogenesis. The results suggest that disulfide linkage of the alpha and beta 2
      subunits, insertion into the cell surface membrane, and attainment of a
      functional conformation are closely related late events in the biogenesis of the
      Na channel. These processes may regulate the number of functional Na channels in
      the developing brain.

PMID- 2410909
TI  - Kinetics of redox-linked proton pumping activity of native and subunit III
      depleted cytochrome c oxidase: a stopped-flow investigation.
AB  - The kinetics of oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by cytochrome c oxidase
      reconstituted into unilamellar vesicles (COV) has been followed by stopped-flow
      method in the time range 3 msec-1 sec. In the presence of valinomycin, the
      oxidation of cytochrome c is linked to proton ejection in the external medium,
      with an apparent stoichiometry (H+/e-) of 0.93 +/- 0.22, under conditions in
      which the enzyme is in the more active "pulsed" state (i.e., having undergone
      oxidation-reduction cycles). The time course of reaction indicates that the
      conformational change(s) involved in coupling the redox reaction to proton
      translocation is fast. Similar experiments carried out with cytochrome c oxidase
      depleted of subunit III show that proton-pumping is maintained, although with a
      lower efficiency (H+/e- = 0.5). The number of protons ejected per electron
      appears to be correlated to the value of the respiratory control ratio; although
      this result is partly due to an increase in the rate of diffusion back into the
      vesicles, a relationship between the respiratory control ratio and the efficiency
      of the proton pump may be inferred, suggesting a control of the H+/e-ratio.

PMID- 2410910
TI  - Expression of enzymatically active reverse transcriptase in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Reverse transcriptase of murine retroviruses is a monomeric protein of
      approximately 80,000 daltons, which is encoded by the central portion of the
      viral pol gene. To prepare large quantities of the enzyme, we have constructed
      gene fusions between the trpE gene and portions of the pol gene of Moloney murine
      leukemia virus. The inserted pol gene sequences include the entire coding region
      for the mature enzyme and various amounts of additional coding sequences. Many of
      these constructs express high levels of reverse transcriptase activity even
      though the NH2 and COOH termini of the protein product only approximate the
      correct termini of the authentic protein.

PMID- 2410911
TI  - Unusual apparently constitutive interferons and antagonists in human placental
      blood.
AB  - We have detected seemingly uninduced interferons (IFNs) in 29/37 human placental
      samples obtained during caesarian sections at different periods of pregnancy,
      mostly around the 37th week. The amounts were usually low and did not enable us
      to correlate our findings with any physiological or pathological conditions.
      Occasionally the presence of IFN was masked by a lectin-like antagonist.
      Therefore, in a number of cases, substantially higher amounts of IFN were found
      after purification by affinity chromatography using concanavalin A, Cibacron
      blue, or antiserum to IFN-alpha, each coupled to Sepharose. Analysis by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of IFN
      alpha and IFN-beta with molecular masses between 15 and 80 kilodaltons. Some of
      the high molecular weight components were neutralized either only by monospecific
      antiserum to IFN-alpha or, to the same extent, by antiserum to IFN-alpha or to
      IFN-beta, reminiscent of those previously reported after viral induction in the
      human amniotic membrane. We postulate that both IFNs and antagonist play a
      physiological role during fetal development.

PMID- 2410912
TI  - Presence of retrovirus reverse transcriptase-related gene sequences in avian
      cells lacking endogenous avian leukosis viruses.
AB  - Using a molecularly cloned viral DNA probe representing the entire avian sarcoma
      virus (ASV) reverse transcriptase (pol) gene, we have detected related sequences
      in DNA preparations from two avain species, ev- chickens and Japanese quail,
      previously demonstrated to lack all endogenous avain leukosis viruses. Nucleotide
      sequence homology was detected only when hybridization conditions, which allowed
      the formation of stable duplexes with as much as 30% base mismatch, were used. No
      sequence homology could be detected when stringent hybridization conditions were
      used. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a clone representing the major pol-specific
      EcoRI restriction fragment from ev- chicken embryo fibroblasts revealed DNA
      homology as high as 72% and implied amino acid homology as high as 82% when
      compared to the sequence of the ASV strain Prague C pol gene. These data reveal
      the presence of retroviral pol gene sequences in avian cell lines that lack
      endogenous retrovirus sequences, suggesting that a reverse transcriptase-related
      gene exists in these cells as either part of a more distantly evolved retrovirus
      or a cellular gene.

PMID- 2410913
TI  - A blood stage antigen of Plasmodium falciparum shares determinants with the
      sporozoite coat protein.
AB  - A cDNA clone expressing a Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage antigen in
      Escherichia coli was identified by colony immunoassay using immune human sera.
      Antibodies affinity-purified on extracts of this clone reacted with both asexual
      blood stages and sporozoites of P. falciparum, recognizing a Mr23,000 protein in
      the blood stages. The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA revealed a signal peptide
      and an internal hydrophobic sequence typical of transmembrane anchor sequences.
      Located 3' to the putative anchor are two tetramers, Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro and Asn-Ala
      Asp-Pro, which are closely related to the repeats of the circumsporozoite protein
      of P. falciparum. The blood stage protein is conserved amongst several isolates
      of P. falciparum, and antibodies against it are common in the sera of individuals
      living in the area where the parasite is endemic.

PMID- 2410914
TI  - General method for the rapid solid-phase synthesis of large numbers of peptides:
      specificity of antigen-antibody interaction at the level of individual amino
      acids.
AB  - A novel yet simple method is described that facilitates the synthesis of large
      numbers of peptides to the extent that the synthesis process need no longer be
      the limiting factor in many studies involving peptides. By using the methods
      described, 10-20 mg of 248 different 13-residue peptides representing single
      amino acid variants of a segment of the hemagglutinin protein (HA1) have been
      prepared and characterized in less than 4 weeks. Through examination of the
      binding of these analogs to monoclonal antibodies raised against residues 75-110
      of HA1, it was found that a single amino acid, aspartic acid at position 101, is
      of unique importance to the interaction. Two other residues, aspartic acid-104
      and alanine-106, were found to play a lesser but significant role in the binding
      interaction. Other single positional residue variations appear to be of little or
      no importance.

PMID- 2410915
TI  - Human plasma kallikrein and C1 inhibitor form a complex possessing an epitope
      that is not detectable on the parent molecules: demonstration using a monoclonal
      antibody.
AB  - The inactivation of human plasma kallikrein (EC 3.4.21.8) by the inhibitor of
      activated complement component 1 (C1 inhibitor) induces the formation of a 1:1
      stoichiometric kallikrein-C1 inhibitor complex and a proteolytically modified
      form of C1 inhibitor. We have produced a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the
      kallikrein-C1 inhibitor complex as well as modified C1 inhibitor but fails to
      react with virgin C1 inhibitor or native plasma kallikrein. This observation
      constitutes an unequivocal demonstration that the reaction between plasma
      kallikrein and C1 inhibitor leads to the emergence of an epitope that is
      undetectable on the parent enzyme and inhibitor molecules.

PMID- 2410916
TI  - Olfactory neuron-specific protein is translated from a large poly(A)+ mRNA.
AB  - Poly(A)+ mRNA was isolated from rat olfactory mucosa and translated in a rabbit
      reticulocyte cell-free protein synthesizing system. Olfactory marker protein
      (OMP) of Mr 18,500 was faithfully produced by this system upon addition of
      mucosal mRNA. The protein was identified by radioimmunoprecipitation with
      specific anti-OMP serum and by competitive displacement of the radioactive
      product with authentic OMP. In addition, the immunoprecipitated product
      comigrated with OMP on NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gels and on HPLC. In vitro
      synthesized OMP represented 0.5% of the total translational products. Total
      olfactory mucosal poly(A)+ mRNA is approximately 1.5-21 kilobases in size, as
      determined by denaturing agarose gels. Translational assays of gel-fractionated
      poly(A)+ mRNA demonstrated that OMP mRNA occurs in the 2.5- to 3.4-kilobase
      range. An mRNA of this size could code for a protein significantly larger than
      OMP. Since the in vitro synthesized OMP is indistinguishable in size from OMP
      isolated from tissue, our data indicate that OMP is synthesized directly without
      the intermediate formation of a larger polypeptide precursor. Thus, OMP mRNA
      contains untranslated regions that are four to five times larger than the coding
      region.

PMID- 2410917
TI  - Identical short peptide sequences in unrelated proteins can have different
      conformations: a testing ground for theories of immune recognition.
AB  - The ability of antibodies raised against disordered short peptides to interact
      frequently with their cognate sequences in intact folded proteins has raised a
      major theoretical issue in protein chemistry. We propose to address this issue by
      using antibodies raised against peptides with identical sequences, but different
      conformations, in pairs of unrelated proteins of known three-dimensional
      structure. The general search method presented here enabled us to detect
      candidate sequences for such immunological studies.

PMID- 2410918
TI  - Assignment of the gene for human DNA polymerase alpha to the X chromosome.
AB  - We have applied an assay based on a monoclonal antibody that discriminates the
      activity of human DNA polymerase alpha in rodent-human somatic cell hybrid clones
      to identify a single genetic locus that is both necessary and sufficient for the
      expression of DNA polymerase alpha. We have mapped this locus to the short arm of
      the human X chromosome, near the junction of bands Xp21.3 and Xp22.1, and
      demonstrated that it is not expressed from an inactive X chromosome.

PMID- 2410919
TI  - Actinomycin and DNA transcription.
AB  - Recent advances in understanding how actinomycin binds to DNA have suggested its
      mechanism of action. Actinomycin binds to a premelted DNA conformation present
      within the transcriptional complex. This immobilizes the complex, interfering
      with the elongation of growing RNA chains. The model has a number of implications
      for understanding RNA synthesis.

PMID- 2410920
TI  - The 90-kDa component of reticulocyte heme-regulated eIF-2 alpha (initiation
      factor 2 alpha-subunit) kinase is derived from the beta subunit of spectrin.
AB  - Antibodies from three different lines of monoclonal hybridomas crossreact with
      both the beta subunit of spectrin and the 90-kDa peptide present in highly
      purified preparations of the heme-controlled eIF-2 alpha (initiation factor 2
      alpha-subunit) kinase from rabbit reticulocytes. Antibodies from two of the three
      lines enhance the enzymatic activity of the kinase preparation for
      phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translational initiation
      factor 2 (eIF-2) and for phosphorylation of the 100-kDa peptide thought to be a
      peptide of the kinase that is phosphorylated during its activation. Also, it is
      shown that both the beta subunit of spectrin and the 90-kDa peptide can be
      phosphorylated by two protein kinases from reticulocytes, the catalytic subunit
      of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and a cAMP-independent protein kinase similar to
      casein kinase II. Furthermore, a phosphorylated 90-kDa peptide can be derived
      from phosphorylated beta subunit of spectrin by tryptic proteolysis. We conclude
      that the 90-kDa peptide is derived by proteolysis from the beta subunit of
      spectrin, probably from its carboxyl terminus, and suggest that the heme
      sensitive eIF-2 alpha kinase, like the 56-kDa phosphatase [Wollny, E., Watkins,
      K., Kramer, G. & Hardesty, B. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 2484-2492], is
      associated with an element of the membrane skeleton in intact reticulocytes.

PMID- 2410921
TI  - Expression of cell-cycle-dependent genes in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human
      lymphocytes.
AB  - We have investigated the expression of certain cell-cycle-dependent genes in
      human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated by phytohemagglutinin
      (PHA). The genes studied had been previously identified as cell-cycle dependent
      in other cell types from different species and were induced by different
      mitogens. One of these genes (2F1) and the gene for the interleukin 2 receptor
      were induced by PHA even in cultures partially depleted of accessory cells where
      the lymphocytes grew in size but failed to enter S phase. The other genes (c-myc,
      4F1, JE-3, and KC-1) were induced only in complete cultures of PBMC stimulated by
      PHA. These results confirm the dissociation between growth in size and cell DNA
      replication that can occur during cell-cycle progression. Moreover, the time
      course of appearance of detectable levels of RNA for these genes suggests that
      they may be used as markers of cell-cycle progression in the transition of
      lymphocytes from G0 to S phase.

PMID- 2410922
TI  - Cell size as a determinant of the clone-forming ability of human keratinocytes.
AB  - Keratinocytes isolated from human epidermis and subsequently cultured may form
      clones if they are 11 micron or less in diameter but are irreversibly committed
      to further enlargement and terminal differentiation if they are 12 micron or more
      in diameter. When a founding cell of 11 micron or less forms a small rapidly
      growing clone in culture, the cells of that clone are able to found new colonies
      even when their diameter is as great as 20 micron. As the clone becomes larger
      and grows more slowly, the maximal size of its clonogenic cells is reduced toward
      that of the epidermis. A cultured cell of up to 20 micron in diameter can, when
      it divides, give rise to clonogenic progeny smaller than itself, thus reversing
      the process of enlargement. Cells larger than 20 micron cannot divide and
      therefore cannot be rescued from terminal differentiation. It is concluded that
      when keratinocytes multiply rapidly, they extend reversibly the maximal size at
      which they are capable of generating clones into the range usually characteristic
      of terminally differentiating cells. It is proposed that this mechanism enables
      the keratinocyte to accommodate an increased rate of multiplication to its need
      to attain a large size during terminal differentiation.

PMID- 2410923
TI  - Epidermal keratin gene expressed in embryos of Xenopus laevis.
AB  - DG81 is a cDNA clone derived from a subtracted library containing those RNA
      molecules that are present in gastrulae but absent from eggs of the frog Xenopus
      laevis. DG RNAs (where DG indicates differentially expressed in gastrula)
      represent the products of new transcription activated in the embryo at the
      midblastula transition or shortly thereafter. DG81 RNA is first detected in
      middle to late gastrulae, peaks in abundance in early tadpoles, and declines to
      background levels by the end of metamorphosis. Sequence analysis of an almost
      full-length cDNA clone homologous to DG81 allows deduction of a protein sequence
      that shows extensive homology to known intermediate filament proteins, most
      notably to epidermal type I cytokeratins. Consequently, the protein encoded by
      DG81 has been named XK81, for Xenopus keratin 81. In concert with keratins
      analyzed previously, XK81 has a central coiled-coil alpha-helical domain of 312
      amino acids, which accounts for most of the homology to other keratins. This rod
      like region is flanked by more divergent domains of 73 amino acids at the NH2
      terminus and 44 amino acids at the COOH terminus. XK81 provides an example of a
      cytokeratin whose expression is limited to pre-adult developmental stages. We
      suggest that XK81 functions specifically in the differentiation of the tadpole
      epidermis.

PMID- 2410924
TI  - A 78-kilobase region of mouse chromosome 3 contains salivary and pancreatic
      amylase genes and a pseudogene.
AB  - Genetic studies have demonstrated that salivary and pancreatic amylase genes are
      closely linked in human and mouse. To analyze the arrangement of genes within the
      amylase cluster, a library of YBR mouse genomic DNA was cloned in the cosmid
      vector pJB8. Clones containing amylase genes were identified by hybridization
      with amylase cDNA probes. Salivary and pancreatic amylase genes were isolated on
      separate cosmid clones, but no overlapping clones were evident from the initial
      screening. A strategy for the rapid isolation of terminal noncoding fragments
      from the cosmid clones was developed. By using these terminal fragments for
      chromosome "walking," a map of 78 kilobases of the amylase gene region was
      constructed. The salivary and pancreatic amylase genes are present within this
      region in the same 5'-to-3' orientation, separated by 22 kilobases of genomic
      DNA. A truncated amylase pseudogene is located 10 kilobases downstream from the
      pancreatic amylase gene.

PMID- 2410925
TI  - Structural analysis of TL genes of the mouse.
AB  - Three Tla region-specific probes have been generated from the BALB/c genomic
      cosmid clone C6.3. One probe, pTL1, corresponds to 3' sequences of a thymus
      leukemia (TL)-encoding gene, whereas pTL2 and pTL3 detect noncoding flanking
      sequences. The TL specificity of pTL1 was demonstrated by studies of RNA from
      thymocytes of TL+ and TL- mouse strains and from TL+ and TL- leukemias;
      presence/absence of pTL1+ transcripts correlated with presence/absence of TL
      antigens detected serologically. Nine Tla haplotypes were defined by restriction
      fragment polymorphism with pTL1, and the number of TL genes has been estimated to
      be greater than or equal to 4 in Tlaa, Tlac and Tlae mice, greater than or equal
      to 3 in Tlad mice, and greater than or equal to 2 in Tlab and Tlaf mice. A TL
      encoding gene (C25.1) from the C57BL/6TL+ leukemia ERLD has been cloned and
      sequenced, and the exon/intron organization of C25.1 has been deduced from the
      structure of pTL1+ cDNA clones and from the known organization of H-2 genes. The
      major structural differences between TL and H-2 genes are in exons coding for the
      cytoplasmic domain.

PMID- 2410926
TI  - T-cell activation by peptide antigen: effect of peptide sequence and method of
      antigen presentation.
AB  - A series of synthetic peptide analogues of a determinant recognized by the
      ovalbumin-specific, I-Ad-restricted, T-cell hybridoma 3DO-54.8 were synthesized.
      The resulting peptides were tested for activation of 3DO-54.8 cells by using
      glutaraldehyde-fixed cells as well as reconstituted membranes as antigen
      presenting surfaces. The results show that the minimum epitope for activation of
      this T cell is between 7 and 11 amino acids in length. This region includes two
      important histidine residues. The order of preference of the various peptide
      analogues was the same regardless of the method of antigen presentation. However,
      the amount of peptide required for T-cell activation was considerably higher when
      reconstituted membranes, rather than fixed cells, were used as antigen-presenting
      surfaces.

PMID- 2410927
TI  - Purification to homogeneity and characterization of human B-cell differentiation
      factor (BCDF or BSFp-2).
AB  - Human B-cell differentiation factor (BCDF) was purified to homogeneity by
      sequential filtration and chromatography of culture supernatants from TCL-Na1
      cells on an AcA34 gel column and then on a Mono P column with fast protein liquid
      chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. A 5300-fold enrichment in specific
      activity of BCDF with about 25% recovery was attained. The homogeneity of
      purified BCDF was evidenced by the following: (i) the specific activity was 1.7 X
      10(7) units/mg of protein, (ii) only two bands, Mr 19,000 and 21,000, were
      identified by NaDodSO4/PAGE under reduced as well as nonreduced conditions, and
      (iii) BCDF activity was recovered from the gel after NaDodSO4/PAGE in the
      fractions corresponding to protein bands of Mr 19,000 or 21,000. Purified BCDF
      induced Ig secretion in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed cell lines; as little as 3
      pM gave 50% of the maximum reaction achieved by 30-80 pM BCDF. Purified BCDF
      induced Ig production in activated B cells without any effect on cell growth.
      Purified BCDF did not show any activity of interleukin 1 or 2, B-cell stimulatory
      factor (BSF)p-1, B-cell growth factor II (BCGF-II), or interferon. Since BCDF was
      isolated and characterized as described, we propose that the BCDF that induces
      the final differentiation of B cells into high-rate Ig-secreting cells be
      designated BSFp-2.

PMID- 2410928
TI  - Genes encoding the T-cell receptor alpha and beta subunits are transcribed in an
      ordered manner during intrathymic ontogeny.
AB  - To further characterize sequential events involved in activation of genes
      encoding the T-cell receptor (a complex of T3 molecules and a disulfide-linked
      heterodimer designated Ti, T3-Ti) for antigen and the major histocompatibility
      complex during intrathymic ontogeny, cDNA probes specific for Ti alpha and Ti
      beta subunits were used for transcriptional analysis. Ti beta transcript levels
      were minimal in stage I thymocytes, maximal in stage II thymocytes, and
      intermediate in state III thymocytes. In contrast, Ti alpha transcriptional
      activity was virtually undetectable in stage I, was low in stage II, and achieved
      high levels only in the stage III compartment. Analysis of tumor populations
      derived from individual stages of thymic differentiation confirmed these
      observations and demonstrated that clonal stage I-II cells often express Ti beta
      RNA in the absence of Ti alpha RNA. The latter was not a consequence of
      functional Ti alpha-subunit isotypy because each of 13 interleukin 2-dependent T
      cell clones, including inducer, suppressor, and cytotoxic T cells, contain
      transcripts that hybridize with the Ti alpha probe. From these data it is
      concluded that Ti beta gene activation precedes Ti alpha gene activation.
      Moreover, the high level of Ti beta mRNA preceding Ti alpha mRNA expression
      implies that Ti beta mRNA and/or its protein products may regulate Ti alpha gene
      transcription.

PMID- 2410929
TI  - Regional distribution of calcium influx into bursting neurons detected with
      arsenazo III.
AB  - Absorbance changes of the metallochromic indicator arsenazo III were used in
      conjunction with an array of 100 photodiodes to measure changes in intracellular
      calcium concentration at many positions simultaneously in identified neurons of
      the crab stomatogastric ganglion. When stimulated with intrasomatically injected
      current, several of these neurons showed calcium changes all over the cell,
      indicating that calcium channels were distributed widely in the neuropil and on
      the soma. When the membrane potential was allowed to oscillate without
      stimulation, absorbance oscillations were detected all over the neuropil but not
      in the soma. A comparison between the membrane potential recorded in the soma and
      the calcium signal in the neuropil shows that calcium entry followed the slow
      voltage oscillation with the peak calcium signal detected 50-150 msec after the
      end of the voltage plateau.

PMID- 2410930
TI  - A horseradish peroxidase study of motorneuron pools of the forelimb and hindlimb
      musculature of the axolotl.
AB  - Motorneuron pools innervating axolotl limb muscles have been investigated by
      using the retrograde neuronal tracer horseradish peroxidase. Four muscles in the
      forelimb (biceps, anconeus, flexor digitorum and extensor digitorum) and four
      functionally equivalent muscles in the hindlimb (puboischiotibialis,
      iliotibialis, flexor digitorum and extensor digitorum) were studied. Motorneuron
      pools were characterized by using four criteria: position in the rostrocaudal
      axis; position of the median in the rostrocaudal axis; number of labelled cells;
      position of cells in the transverse plane of the spinal cord. Each pool was
      uniquely defined by the four characteristics, although overlap was found between
      pools. Two types of motorneuron were found in each pool, distinguished on the
      basis of size, shape and position in the spinal cord. The first type constituted
      the majority of cells in a pool, and occupied different positions in the
      transverse plane for each muscle. The second type was less common and always
      occupied a characteristic medial ventral position. These data will allow an assay
      of correct or incorrect innervation in experiments on the regeneration of
      specific neuromuscular connections in these animals.

PMID- 2410931
TI  - Motorneuron pools innervating muscles in vitamin A-induced proximal-distal
      duplicate limbs in the axolotl.
AB  - Serially duplicated limbs containing two sets of proximal muscles were created in
      axolotls by vitamin A treatment. The innervation of three replicated proximal
      muscles was studied by using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.
      These were the forelimb muscles biceps (seven cases) and anconeus (five cases)
      and the hindlimb muscle puboischiotibialis (five cases). In two cases (both of
      anconeus) innervation was from a correct motorneuron pool. In the other 15 cases
      the innervation was from an incorrect, distal limb muscle, motorneuron pool.
      These results are interpreted as evidence against long range signals between
      nerve and muscle controlling specific nerve regeneration. However, the data are
      compatible with models of axonal guidance that use local pathway cues.

PMID- 2410932
TI  - Differences between mammalian ventral and dorsal spinal roots in response to
      blockade of potassium channels during maturation.
AB  - Differences in potassium channel organization between motor and sensory fibres
      have been described in amphibians but have not previously been examined in
      mammals. In the present investigation, we studied whole nerve and single axon
      responses following pharmacological blockade of potassium conductance in rat
      ventral and dorsal spinal roots during maturation. Our results indicate a
      differential sensitivity in maturing mammalian motor and sensory fibres which is
      most apparent in younger roots. Specifically, application of 4-aminopyridine (4
      AP) results in a broadening of the compound action potential in ventral roots
      which is associated with a delayed repolarization of the individual action
      potential of single fibres. In contrast, blockade of potassium channels in young
      dorsal roots results in a late negativity in the compound response which is
      correlated with multispike bursting activity recorded from single sensory fibres.
      The effects of 4-AP on ventral root fibres diminish earlier in the course of
      maturation than do the effects of 4-AP in dorsal root fibres. These results
      demonstrate developmental differences in the functional organization of potassium
      channels in mammalian motor and sensory axons which may have implications for
      differences in coding properties between these two classes of axons.

PMID- 2410933
TI  - Ion channels activated by L-glutamate and GABA in cultured cerebellar neurons of
      the rat.
AB  - Glutamate and GABA-receptor channels were investigated in explants of rat
      cerebellum grown in cell culture. The patch-clamp technique was used to examine
      neurons under whole cell clamp and the properties of channels were derived by
      analysis of glutamate and GABA-evoked current noise. In addition, single channel
      currents activated by glutamate were recorded from isolated outside-out patches
      of membrane. We found evidence for at least two types of glutamate receptor
      channels in cerebellar cells. Some neurons exhibited a channel of 50 pS
      conductance with a Lorentzian noise spectrum of 5.9 ms time constant. Single
      channels were readily resolved both in whole cell clamp and excised patches.
      Other neurons possessed low conductance channels which produced two component
      spectra. Estimates of the single channel conductance gave a value of about 140
      fS. GABA channel noise obtained from these cells was also fitted by two component
      spectra which gave single channel conductance of 16 pS.

PMID- 2410934
TI  - Suppression of the mixed leukocyte reaction by serum from polynucleotide-injected
      mice.
AB  - Sera from mice which have been injected iv with either poly(A) X poly(U) or
      poly(I) X poly(C) 1 1/2 hr prior to bleeding were found to suppress the mixed
      lymphocyte reaction. This effect was reduced considerably by 18 hr.
      Characterization of the suppressive sera revealed it (a) was stable to heating at
      56 degrees C for 1 hr and freezing at -20 degrees C for 1 month; (b) had a
      molecular weight greater than 30,000; (c) could be induced in sera from athymic
      nude mice; and (d) was present to a lower degree in sera from aging mice.

PMID- 2410935
TI  - Effects of eight-week treatment with oral ranitidine on plasma level changes of
      gastrin, histamine and serotonin in duodenal ulcer patients.
AB  - The effects of eight-week ranitidine treatment on changes in plasma gastrin,
      histamine and serotonin levels, and in intragastric pH and urinary 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid in duodenal ulcer patients were studied. Elevated plasma
      gastrin and histamine levels, as well as intragastric pH were found after four
      weeks of ranitidine treatment, only in patients whose ulcers had healed. Plasma
      serotonin and urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels decreased as drug
      treatment continued, and the falls were similar in patients whose ulcers healed
      or did not. It is suggested that the increases in plasma gastrin, histamine and
      serotonin levels could be due to gastric and duodenal acid reductions by
      ranitidine. However, the possibility of a direct action of the drug on their
      release is yet to be excluded.

PMID- 2410936
TI  - Involvement of catecholamines and serotonin in human hypertension.
AB  - Lumber cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of metabolites of noradrenaline,
      adrenaline and serotonin were estimated in patients of sustained hypertension (n
      = 20), and healthy controls (n = 15). Platelet uptake of serotonin and its basal
      contents were also estimated in the same individuals. CSF 5-hydroxy indole acetic
      acid level (5-HIAA) (major metabolite of serotonin) was significantly higher in
      hypertensives than controls (p less than .01). CSF 3-methoxy, 5-hydroxy phenyl
      glycol (MHPG) (major metabolite of adrenaline and noradrenaline) level was also
      raised significantly in cases of hypertension (p less than .01). However,
      platelet uptake of serotonin as well as its basal contents in hypertension were
      significantly lower than controls (p less than .01). It can thus be postulated
      that there exists an increased central serotonergic and catecholaminergic
      activity in hypertension. Furthermore, alterations observed in platelet serotonin
      uptake and its basal content suggest the involvement of platelet serotonergic
      system in hypertension.

PMID- 2410937
TI  - The relaxing activity of iloprost and prostaglandin E2 in the isolated various
      smooth muscle strips of the rabbit.
AB  - The effects of iloprost (ZK 36 374), a stable analogue of prostacyclin, and
      prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were studied on isolated spirally cut strips of rabbit
      aorta, celiac, mesenteric and renal arteries continuously superfused in cascade.
      Iloprost and PGE2 elicited a concentration-dependent relaxation of phenylephrine
      contracted celiac and mesenteric strips having equal affinities as verified by
      identical pD2 values. Iloprost also produced a concentration-dependent relaxation
      in precontracted renal artery strips at relatively higher concentrations but had
      little relaxing action on precontracted aortic strips. Contrary, PGE2 induced a
      concentration-dependent relaxing effect on precontracted aortic strips without
      producing an appreciable action on renal artery strips. Acetylsalicylic acid
      (ASA) when added to the superfusion medium elicited an increase in basal tonicity
      of celiac and mesenteric strips without altering the basal tonicity of renal
      artery and aortic strips. Iloprost at very low concentrations (10(-10)-10(-9)
      mol/l) produced a complete recovery in increased tonicity of both strips while at
      the same concentrations PGE2 had little effect. These results indicate that
      endogenous PGI2 may have an important role in the regulation of vascular tonicity
      in celiac and mesenteric arteries.

PMID- 2410938
TI  - Human aggression and the role of central serotonin.
AB  - Human intraspecies aggression can be defined as a broad sequential pattern of
      psychic experience and/or behavior, the goal response to which is to deliver
      stimuli suitable to damage the integrity of a social partner, the subject itself,
      or a surrogate-object. This article reviews work concerning human aggression,
      auto-aggression (suicide) and the role of central serotonin. The impact of a
      "high-risk - low 5-HIAA group" upon clinical psychiatric practice is discussed.
      Damaging and self-destructive experience and behavior and its biochemical aspects
      are regarded as a dysbalance syndrome causing well-defined vulnerability, which,
      in turn, becomes the basis of the psychopathology and psychodynamics of phenomena
      like aggression.

PMID- 2410939
TI  - Analgesic consultation.

PMID- 2410940
TI  - Low HVA and normal 5HIAA CSF levels in drug-free schizophrenic patients compared
      to healthy volunteers: correlations to symptomatology and family history.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) were determined in 40 drug-free schizophrenic
      patients and 21 healthy volunteers by a mass fragmentographic method. Twenty-one
      of the schizophrenic patients were first admissions who had never received
      neuroleptics. Significantly, lower levels of HVA but not 5HIAA were found in the
      patient group, and no difference was found between chronic, previously
      neuroleptic-treated and never-medicated patients. HVA levels correlated
      positively with social interest and total positive scores on the Nurses
      Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE-30) and negatively with
      lassitude and slowness of movements on the Comprehensive Psychopathological
      Rating Scale (CPRS). Low levels of 5HIAA were correlated to the CPRS items
      delusions and apparent sadness. There were slightly higher CSF levels of 5HIAA in
      patients with a family history of schizophrenia, but no such difference was seen
      for HVA. In both schizophrenic and control subjects CSF levels of HVA and 5HIAA
      showed a strong intraindividual correlation. The results indicate decreased
      central nervous system dopaminergic turnover in schizophrenia which seems to be
      associated with "negative" symptomatology.

PMID- 2410941
TI  - CSF monoamine metabolites in chronic schizophrenic patients who attempt suicide.
AB  - The monoamine metabolites 5-hydroxindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid
      (HVA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG) were measured in the
      lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 27 chronic schizophrenic patients who at some
      time had attempted suicide, and were compared with values from 27 chronic
      schizophrenic patients without a history of attempted suicide. There were no
      significant differences between either the violent or non-violent attempters and
      those without a history of attempted suicide in the mean lumbar CSF
      concentrations of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA, the dopamine metabolite HVA,
      or the norepinephrine metabolite MHPG. Significantly more of the suicide
      attempters had a previous major depressive episode, had received a course of ECT,
      and had significantly more psychiatric admissions than those who had never
      attempted suicide.

PMID- 2410943
TI  - Development of tolerance to the wet-dog shake behaviour but not the increase in
      seizure threshold induced by L-5-hydroxytryptophan during continued treatment in
      rats.
AB  - The time course of different pharmacological effects of L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5
      HTP) during continued treatment was studied in rats. 5-HTP was administered three
      times daily at 100 mg/kg IP in combination with the peripheral decarboxylase
      inhibitor carbidopa (10 mg/kg) for 14 days. 5-HTP induced a pronounced increase
      of the threshold for maximal electroconvulsions, decreased body temperature and
      body weight and induced characteristic "wet-dog" shake behaviour. Whereas the
      anticonvulsant effect increased during the 14 days of treatment, tolerance
      developed to the excitatory and, less rapidly, to the hypothermic and
      anorexigenic effects of 5-HTP. Biochemical determinations showed marked increases
      in 5-HTP and its metabolites, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid, in both plasma and brain throughout the period of
      treatment. The mechanisms underlying the different time-courses of the functional
      effects of 5-HTP during continued treatment are not clear, but effects on
      catecholaminergic systems as well as regional differences in 5-HT increases in
      the brain might be involved.

PMID- 2410944
TI  - Psychiatric reactions produced by respiratory drugs.

PMID- 2410945
TI  - [Radioprotective action of GHM-10 when administered with dextran sulfate and
      heparin].
AB  - A single administration of dextransulfate (40 mg/kg, 1-3 days before
      irradiation), or a double injection of heparin (250 units/kg, 24 hr and 15 min
      before irradiation) potentiated a weak radioprotective effect of gas hypoxic
      mixture (GHM-10) on animals exposed to absolutely lethal doses.

PMID- 2410946
TI  - [Species specific differences in cultured bone marrow macrophages (mononuclear
      phagocytes)].

PMID- 2410947
TI  - Combined demonstration of an intraneuronal fluorescent dye and formaldehyde
      induced catecholamine fluorescence in the guinea pig superior cervical ganglion.
AB  - A method is introduced for combined demonstration of an intracellular fluorescent
      dye (Lucifer Yellow-CH) and of formaldehyde-induced catecholamine fluorescence
      using as a model individual postganglionic neurons projecting to small intensely
      fluorescent cells in the guinea pig superior cervical ganglion. The application
      of this method to the peripheral and central nervous system offers the
      opportunity of studying potential sites of communication between monoamine
      containing cells and selected neurons prior to detailed ultrastructural studies.

PMID- 2410942
TI  - Antidepressants and serotonergic neurotransmission: an integrative review.
AB  - The effects of acute and chronic antidepressant treatment on various aspects of 5
      HT neurotransmission are reviewed, in order to assess the net effect of
      antidepressants on transmission across 5-HT synapses. Events considered include
      presynaptic effects of antidepressants (on autoreceptor function, uptake and
      turnover) and effects on postsynaptic receptor function (assessed by
      electrophysiological, neuroendocrine, behavioural, and receptor binding methods).
      Acute antidepressant treatment has variable effects: transmission may be
      enhanced, unchanged or reduced, depending mainly upon the relative contributions
      of 5-HT uptake blockade and 5-HT receptor antagonism. However, on chronic
      administration, most antidepressants appear to enhance 5-HT transmission. This
      effect is clearest in the case of ECS, which has little effect on 5-HT turnover,
      but reduces uptake and increases postsynaptic receptor function. MAOIs may be an
      exception: there is little evidence that MAOIs enhance 5-HT transmission
      following chronic treatment. Most other antidepressant drugs, including some
      which are powerful receptor antagonists on acute administration, reduce 5-HT
      receptor function briefly, but enhance receptor function if several hours elapse
      between the final injection and testing. Zimelidine has little effect on
      postsynaptic receptor function, but enhances 5-HT transmission by its powerful
      blockade of 5-HT uptake. Chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs has usually
      been found to reduce binding to 5-HT2 receptors; it is difficult to reconcile
      these observations with the functional studies. In general, with the possible
      exception of MAOIs, chronic administration of antidepressants may enhance 5-HT
      transmission by both pre- and post-synaptic effects, and the relative
      contributions vary. This conclusion supports the classical "indoleamine
      hypothesis of depression" rather than the more recent "hypersensitive serotonin
      receptor" theory.

PMID- 2410948
TI  - [A new centrifugation-preparation method in clinical cytology and its effect on
      the morphological and cytochemical properties of cells].

PMID- 2410949
TI  - Fluorescence reaction of leukocyte granules by morin.
AB  - After treatment of blood smears from human, chicken, pigeon, pig, mouse, rabbit,
      lamb and horse with aqueous or hydroalcoholic solutions of morin, cytoplasmic
      granules in heterophil and eosinophil leukocytes fluoresce in a bright yellow
      colour under violet-blue exciting light. Alkaline solutions of morin show an
      absorption maximum at 390 nm. Under excitation at 440 nm, peaks of fluorescence
      emission at 505, 530, 550 or 570 nm are found, in dependence on the
      concentration, solvent and pH. Extraction and blocking procedures applied on pig
      and chicken blood smears suggest that stacking interactions of morin with basic
      components and perhaps with metal cations could be implicated in the specific
      fluorescence of acidophilic granules. The morin fluorescence reaction permits the
      precise visualization of eosinophil and heterophil granules in a rapid way and
      could be useful to identify different cell lines under pathological conditions
      and in comparative hematologic studies.

PMID- 2410950
TI  - Fluorescence microscopical hybridocytochemistry.
AB  - A new method has been developed to detect RNA-DNA hybrids in situ by fluorescence
      microscopy. This overcomes some of the disadvantages of autoradiographical
      detection of in situ hybridization, notably the low resolution and long exposure
      times needed. A procedure to label RNA at its 3'-terminus with a fluorochrome
      molecule has been developed. The optimal conditions for the cytochemical
      hybridisation reaction of this fluorochrome-labeled RNA were investigated using a
      model consisting of Sepharose beads to which nucleic acids has been bound. With
      RNA labeled both with 3H and rhodamine the hybridization reaction could be
      studied both biochemically by scintillation counting and cytochemically by
      microfluorometry. The fluorochrome-RNA bond was found to be unstable at higher
      temperatures. Therefore, the hybridization reaction had to be performed at room
      temperature in formamide-containing buffers. With fluorochrome-labeled
      complementary RNA kinetoplast DNA in Crithidia luciliae, adenovirus-5 DNA in
      infected KB cells and 5S rRNA, tRNA and cloned histone genes in polytene
      chromosomes of Drosophila could be localised. An immunocytochemical amplification
      method was developed that increased the sensitivity of the direct method. Several
      recently developed hybridocytochemical methods based on a combination of a
      hybridisation reaction in the first layer followed by immunocytochemical second
      layers, are described. The prospects of the application of the
      hybridocytochemical techniques in biomedical research, such as gene localisation
      and virus diagnosis, are discussed.

PMID- 2410951
TI  - The generation and modulation of endogenous rhythmicity in the Aplysia bursting
      pacemaker neurone R15.

PMID- 2410952
TI  - The theory of ion transport through membrane channels.

PMID- 2410953
TI  - Antiviral and antiproliferative properties of interferons: mechanism of action.

PMID- 2410954
TI  - [Beta-amylase].

PMID- 2410955
TI  - [Metabolism of [2-14C]thymine and [2-14C]thymidine in germinating black gram
      (Phaseolus mungo) seeds].
AB  - The metabolism of [2-14C]thymine and [2-14C]thymidine in the cotyledons and
      embryonic axes of black gram (Phaseolus mungo) seedlings was investigated. Both
      [2-14C]thymine and [2-14C]thymidine degraded extensively into [14C]CO2. The rate
      of release of [14C]CO2 from [2-14C]thymine was much greater than that from [2
      14C]thymidine. Radioactivity from both precursors was also observed beta
      ureidoisobutyric acid. This indicated that thymine was degraded by the reductive
      pathway of pyrimidine degradation. Small amounts of [2-14C]thymine and [2
      14C]thymidine were salvaged for deoxyribonucleotide and DNA synthesis. The
      highest incorporation of [2-14C]thymine and [2-14C]thymidine into the DNA
      fraction was observed in 24 hour-old cotyledons where net DNA synthesis was not
      observed. These precursors seem to be utilised for DNA synthesis of organelles of
      the cotyledonary cells, probably mitochondria. In embronic axes, [2-14C]thymine
      is more effectively salvaged for DNA synthesis than [2-14C]thymine. The
      incorporation rate increased during the early phase of germination and attained
      its maximum at 48 h after which it decreased. No thymidine kinase activity was
      detected in either cotyledons or in the embryonic axes. Thymidine salvage seems
      to be catalysed by nucleoside phosphotransferase which is present both in the
      cotyledons and in the embryonic axes. This suggests that, in contrast to other
      pyrimidine and purine bases and nucleosides, no specific salvage system for
      thymine and thymidine is present in black gram seedlings.

PMID- 2410956
TI  - [Initial experiences in the study of the pelvis using nuclear magnetic resonance
      imaging with 6.36 MHz radiofrequency].
AB  - Twenty-four patients with pelvic disease were examined using a resistive magnet
      operating at a field strength of 0.15 T. and a R.F. frequency of 6.36 MHz. Spin
      echo, multiecho (TR = 0.5-2 s; TE = 50-100 ms) and Inversion Recovery techniques
      (TR = 1.4 s; TI = 0.4 s) were employed. The proliferative processes of the pelvic
      organs were subdivided into: prostate (adenoma 5 cases, carcinoma 5); bladder
      (carcinoma 3, lymphoma 1); uterus (fibroma 1, cervical carcinoma 6, endometrial
      carcinoma 3). All patients were evaluated with conventional methods and had
      histological diagnosis. The little respiratory motion of pelvic organs allowed to
      obtain good coronal, sagittal and axial images. The main aspects of normal
      anatomy and pathology are analized and described. The tissue characterization of
      normal structures provides good anatomic details; multiplanar images depict the
      extent of the lesions properly. N.M.R. is an interesting method in evaluating the
      extension of pelvic masses and staging pelvic tumors.

PMID- 2410957
TI  - [Dextran 1 (Promiten) in the prevention of allergic reactions to dextrans].

PMID- 2410958
TI  - [Case of epilepsy in an infant with fatal outcome during the 1st year of unknown
      etiology].
AB  - An 11-month-old infant, full-term born after normal pregnancy and delivery had a
      generalized short tonic-clonic seizure at the 7th hour of life. These seizures
      were repeated on the 7th, 8th, 9th and 22nd days, and they persisted like
      bilateral myoclonic fits once a week. The EEG recordings showed asynchronous
      spikes and spike-waves on the vertex and both frontal areas. The seizure's
      recording showed a brief burst of bilateral spike-waves. The psychomotor
      development was retarded but progressive. At 10 months 9 days the patient
      presented a status without any impairment to all therapeutic trials. Death
      occurred after 12 days of status. The unexpected severe evolution of this
      epilepsy with unknown etiology, which did not evoke any metabolic or degenerative
      diseases, is discussed.

PMID- 2410959
TI  - [Episodes of apnea in an infant: unusual forms of epileptic seizures].
AB  - The authors report the observation of an infant who begins at the age of 7 months
      to present episodes of epileptic apnea with cyanosis, lost of consciousness,
      hypotony and sometimes ocular revulsion and distal myoclonia. From their onset
      there are several a day, more frequent during sleep than when awake. From the EEG
      point of view they are characterized by a 5-7 c/sec large and diffuse rhythm. The
      infant also presents epileptic myoclonias, tonic and partial seizures. She has a
      very slight evolutive encephalopathy, disclosed at the age of 4 months by a
      psychomotor retardation. No etiology has been proved. The CT scan shows during
      the evolution a cortico-subcortical atrophy. Every type of seizure was very
      resistant to different treatments. The apneas disappeared after ACTH therapy. The
      authors demonstrate the epileptic nature of these apneas which are very rarely
      observed after the neonatal period.

PMID- 2410960
TI  - An attempt to measure glomerular plasma flow by the cationic dyes alcian blue and
      ruthenium red.
AB  - Autoradiography showed that 3H-labelled alcian blue injected into the rat renal
      artery was concentrated in the glomeruli. To test if the uptake could be used as
      a measure of local glomerular plasma flow, the one-pass extraction was measured
      in 19 rats. The average extraction was 31.9% (SD 8.0%). Impurities and
      heterogeneity of the tracer as well as reversible binding to erythrocytes may
      have contributed to the low estimated extraction. The average extraction of 103Ru
      ruthenium red was 26.3%. We conclude that neither of these dyes are suitable for
      measurement of glomerular plasma flow.

PMID- 2410961
TI  - Enzyme potentialities of the abomasum and pancreas of the calf. II. Effects of
      weaning and feeding a liquid supplement to ruminant animals.
AB  - Thirty-nine male Friesian calves, divided into three groups (L, S and SL), were
      reared until they were 147 to 175 days old. Group L calves remained preruminant
      until slaughter. Group S calves were weaned between 5 and 9 weeks of age and then
      received a concentrate feed and dehydrated fescue ad libitum. Besides this diet,
      group SL calves received a liquid supplement containing whey powder and soyabean
      oil meal, supplying a total of 940 g of dry matter and 5,060 g of water per day.
      The slaughter age of the calves in each group was chosen so that carcass weight
      in the three groups was similar. At slaughter, the abomasum and pancreas of each
      animal were collected and the gastric (chymosin and pepsin) and pancreatic
      (chymotrypsin, trypsin, lipase and amylase) enzymes were assayed. Weaning caused
      a decrease in the chymosin content and an increase in the pepsin content of the
      abomasum. The amount of chymosin per kg of carcass was on the average 2.8-fold
      lower and that of pepsin 1.9-fold higher in groups S and SL than in group L. The
      amount of pepsin tended to be higher in group S than in group SL, but only the
      difference observed (36%) for the total amount was significant. In group S, the
      pancreata showed more chymotrypsin, trypsin and amylase activities but less
      lipase activity than in group L; the observed differences in these activities per
      kg of carcass were 32, 49, 70 and 24%, respectively. The activities of group SL
      were lower than those of group L for trypsin, chymotrypsin and lipase but higher
      for amylase (17, 12, 44 and 18%, respectively). Group SL exhibited lower
      activities than group S (55, 67, 16 and 44%, respectively, for trypsin,
      chymotrypsin, lipase and amylase). Weaning appeared to induce large changes in
      abomasal and pancreatic enzyme potentialities which exhibited patterns similar to
      the variations in the amounts of substrate intake. In our experimental
      conditions, giving a liquid supplement to ruminant calves had a depressive effect
      on the activities of the enzymes (except chymosin), in the pancreas and the
      abomasum.

PMID- 2410962
TI  - Characterization of trypsin stimulation of cardiac adenylate cyclase.
AB  - The activity of adenylate cyclase present in a purified dog heart sarcolemmal
      preparation in the presence of magnesium as cosubstrate is biphasically
      influenced by increasing concentrations of trypsin: Stimulation at low
      concentrations (0.5 to 1 microgram/mL) is followed by inhibition at higher
      concentrations. In the presence of manganese in place of magnesium, the
      stimulation phase is abolished but the inhibition is still observed at the same
      trypsin concentrations. The trypsin stimulatory effect does not occur when
      trypsin is preincubated with cardiac membranes prior to the addition of ATP. When
      trypsin is added with ATP, the stimulation is expressed by an increase in the
      Maximal Velocity (Vmax) rather than a decrease in the Michaelis constant (Km).
      The stimulatory effect of trypsin on AC activity is rapid, linear and
      irreversible. GTP, Gpp(NH)p and adrenaline stimulatory curves are shifted to the
      left in the presence of trypsin. These results suggest that protease stimulation
      of cardiac AC involves the GTP-binding protein (N) activity, but the exact
      mechanism remains to be determined.

PMID- 2410963
TI  - Role of electrogenic Na+ pump in the response of sensitized airway smooth muscle
      to antigen.
AB  - Airway smooth muscle (ASM) preparations (mid-cervical portion of trachea) were
      isolated from control Camm-Hartley male guinea pigs and from animals repeatedly
      sensitized by ovalbumin. Simultaneously with the measurement of isometric force
      developed by ASM preparations, resting membrane potential (Em) was determined by
      employing a conventional microelectrode technique. The contractile and
      electrophysiological responses of normal and sensitized tissues to ovalbumin and
      histamine (10(-5) M) were measured during inhibition or stimulation of the
      electrogenic Na+ pump. The activity of the electrogenic Na+ pump was decreased by
      the temperature of the experimental bath, i.e., 21 +/- 0.5 degrees C, or by
      ouabain (10(-5) M). We found that: at 37 degrees C Em of ASM in controls was 
      60.3 +/- 0.4 mV (+/- SE) as compared to -78.2 +/- 0.4 mV (+/- SE) of ASM from
      resensitized animals (p less than 0.001); cooling (21 degrees C) decreased (p
      greater than 0.001) Em of ASM of both controls and resensitized animals; warming
      (40 degrees C) further increased (p less than 0.01) Em of control ASM but had no
      effect on Em of ASM from resensitized animals; when the electrogenic Na+ pump was
      inhibited by low temperature (21 degrees C) or by ouabain (10-5 M), ASM
      preparations from resensitized animals had no measurable response to ovalbumin;
      in ASM preparations from controls cooling (21 degrees C) potentiated (p less than
      0.01) and warming (40 degrees C) attenuated (p less than 0.01) the histamine (10(
      5) M) contractile response; in ASM preparations from resensitized animals, when
      the electrogenic Na+ pump was inhibited, significant (p less than 0.01)
      contractile and electrical responses to histamine (10(-5) M) were still
      present.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2410964
TI  - Radiation therapy for breast cancer: a historic review.

PMID- 2410965
TI  - [Cancer of the gallbladder].

PMID- 2410966
TI  - [Very low birth weight infants (birth weight less than or equal to 1500g):
      language disorders in children of school age].

PMID- 2410967
TI  - [Establishment and evolution of cerebral dominance].

PMID- 2410968
TI  - [Of words and things: language and the question of meaning].

PMID- 2410969
TI  - [Palliative correction of facial paralysis].

PMID- 2410970
TI  - [Cardiac rhythm disorders after pneumonectomy].
AB  - The authors studied 13 cases of arrhythmia following pneumonectomy in a series of
      94 pneumonectomies performed in the Thoracic Surgery Unit. The arrhythmias
      essentially consisted of atrial fibrillation which was well tolerated
      haemodynamically. It generally occurred in ambulant patients on about the 5th
      postoperative day. These arrhythmias responded well to treatment with continuous
      infusion of amiodarone. By comparing the files of the standard series of 94
      pneumonectomies to the series of 13 cases of arrhythmia, the authors tried to
      determine the predisposing causes. The most obvious cause was the opening of the
      pericardium, but a number of other predisposing factors were detected: not so
      much hypoxia or hypovolaemia, but, more importantly, an increase in the effusion
      in the pneumonectomy cavity with displacement of the mediastinum.

PMID- 2410971
TI  - Residual retroperitoneal tumour tissue in patients treated for metastatic non
      seminomatous testicular germ cell tumours: an immunohistochemical investigation.
AB  - The morphology of resected residual retroperitoneal tumour tissue from 18
      patients treated with a combined chemotherapy regime for advanced testicular non
      seminomatous germ cell tumours was studied. In five cases (28%) the resected
      tissue comprised only fibrous tissue and in ten cases (56%) only mature teratoma
      (T) was present. Embryonal carcinoma (EC) with yolk sac tumour (YST)
      differentiation was found in addition to T in one case and in two cases the
      resected tissue comprised pure EC. In all patients with residual T, T had also
      been present in the primary tumour. Resected tissue containing T was investigated
      for the presence of various marker proteins, including alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1
      AT), carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), ferritin (FER), lactoferrin (LF), and
      pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein (SP1), in addition to the well-established
      markers for germ cell tumours, alphafetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic
      gonadotropin (HCG). AFP and HCG were present in only two cases. A1 AT and CEA
      were demonstrated in various amounts in epithelial structures in 11 out of 11
      cases with T, while FER was found in ten and LF and SP1 in seven cases. Since A1
      AT, CEA and LF were also found in the secreted material within the lumen of the
      teratoid structures, aspiration of cystic fluid for demonstration of these
      proteins in addition to AFP and HCG is recommended for diagnostic assessment. CEA
      and SP1 are suggested for localization and treatment of tumour tissue with the
      recently-developed methods using specific antibodies which are either
      radiolabelled or conjugated to anti-neoplastic drugs.

PMID- 2410972
TI  - Protein distribution across the human atherosclerotic wall with reference to
      immunoglobulins and complement components.
AB  - The concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM, Clq, C3c, C4, C9, C3A, Albumin, Transferrin,
      Alpha-1-antitrypsin, Alpha-2-macroglobulin were determined in the serum, aortic
      atherosclerotic intima and media of 8 patients. The protein levels in the intima
      were dependent on their serum concentration. The passage of proteins from serum
      to media was investigated using the ratios between their intima/serum and
      media/intima concentrations. Immunoglobulins and complement components displayed
      higher intima/serum and lower media/intima ratios than the other proteins
      suggesting a preferential retention of the immune related proteins in the intima.
      This trapping into the intima seems to be related to their function too,
      suggesting a certain involvement in the progression of the atherosclerotic
      lesions.

PMID- 2410973
TI  - Effects of a cholecystokinin-like peptide on DNA and polyamine synthesis in the
      rat pancreas.
AB  - The trophic effect of one or multiple subcutaneous injections of two different
      doses of a cholecystokinin-like peptide (CCK-LP) on the rat pancreas was
      evaluated by determination of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, the
      concentrations of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, and the
      activities of DNA polymerase and thymidine kinase, in addition to the contents of
      DNA, RNA, and protein. ODC activity was increased 10- to 20-fold already 2 h
      after a single injection of CCK-LP. The activity thereafter decreased and
      approached the control level after 6 to 8 h. The concentration of putrescine also
      showed a marked increase after a single injection, approaching maximum at 8 h. A
      slight increase was found for spermidine as well. DNA polymerase and thymidine
      kinase increased after 2 days of treatment. The DNA content was still normal at
      that time. The study suggests that the trophic effect of CCK is initiated very
      early. It shows that ODC activity and putrescine concentrations are early and
      sensitive determinants of the effect of CCK on the pancreas.

PMID- 2410974
TI  - Increased urinary levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactivity in
      acute pancreatitis.
AB  - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) has been shown to be present and have actions
      in the human gastrointestinal tract. We have studied urine TRH immunoreactivity
      (TRH-ir) levels in healthy subjects and patients with acute pancreatitis,
      gallstones, ulcerative colitis, or acute gastritis. The urine samples were
      prepurified by SP-Sephadex-C-25 cation exchange chromatography, subjected to
      reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, and assayed in our TRH
      radioimmunoassay. The mean urine TRH immunoreactivity values of healthy subjects
      were 4.42 +/- 1 ng/l (x +/- SEM); of patients with acute pancreatitis on the 1st
      day of hospitalization, 23 +/- 7 ng/l; on the 2nd day, 7 +/- 1 ng/l; and on the
      3rd day 9 +/- 2 ng/l. Only the urine TRH levels of the pancreatitis patients on
      day 1 differed significantly (p less than 0.05) from the levels of the healthy
      subjects. Circulating TRH appears to be derived mostly from the pancreas, where
      the islets during acute pancreatitis are affected, and TRH is released into
      circulation and urine.

PMID- 2410975
TI  - Studies of monoclonal antibodies specific for major histocompatibility complex
      products of the rat. III. Production and characterization of syngeneic and
      allogeneic monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies to monoclonal alloantibodies.
AB  - Sixteen monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies were prepared against RT1 antigen
      specific monoclonal antibodies by means of an inhibition assay. Three (110-3, 112
      89, and 133-4) were produced against antibody 3-8C2 (19), three (178-60, 181-14,
      and 184-38) against antibody 11/23/5, and three (144-3, 144-33, and 146-31)
      against antibody 1-5A4. One monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody (21-39) was
      directed against antibody 1-8D2 and six (CE1-3, CE2-1, CE7-2, CE8-46, CE9-35, and
      CE10-2) against antibody 3-12A1. The anti-idiotypic antibodies were all highly
      specific for the respective monoclonal antibody used for the induction of the
      anti-idiotype and did not cross-react with other monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2410976
TI  - IgG with a deviant conformation in serum and synovial fluid from rheumatoid
      arthritis patients.
AB  - Specific rabbit antisera were prepared against an IgG with a special conformation
      (IgG spec.) previously detected in some sera from patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis. The antibodies had no affinity to normal human IgG and were not anti
      idiotypic to human rheumatoid factor. The affinity of IgG spec. to the antibodies
      could not be explained by an antiglobulin activity to rabbit IgG. The amount of
      protein with affinity to immobilized specific IgG F(ab')2 of the antibodies was
      determined in serum and synovial fluid from patients with various joint diseases.
      A relationship between the content of IgG spec. and the diagnosis of seropositive
      rheumatoid arthritis was found on analysis of serum samples. IgG spec. also
      occurred in synovial fluid from some individuals with seropositive rheumatoid
      arthritis. Differences in the serum content of IgG spec. could not be explained
      by differences in the normal IgG content. Circular dichroism analysis of isolated
      IgG spec. showed that in the region(s) close to tyrosine residue(s) this
      polyclonal protein had similarities to heat-aggregated IgG.

PMID- 2410977
TI  - Inflammatory reaction and collagen accumulation in an experimental model of open
      wounds in the rat. A comparison between gauze and Debrisan treatment.
AB  - Debrisan treatment was compared with the use of gauze in an experimental model of
      open wounds in the rat. The amounts of exudate absorbed by the gauze and by
      Debrisan were measured daily during the post-wounding period and the
      myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the exudate was determined. Blood flow, water
      content and accumulation of the collagen amino acid hydroxyproline in the
      granulation tissue were measured on days 3, 5, 7 and 10 post-wounding. The amount
      of exudate absorbed both by gauze and by Debrisan reached a peak on post-wounding
      days 4-5 and was greater in Debrisan-treated wounds. MPO activity in the Debrisan
      absorbed exudate, on the other hand, was lower throughout the study period than
      in the exudate absorbed by gauze. Granulation tissue blood flow and water content
      reached maximum values on day 7 post-wounding, irrespective of treatment. Blood
      flows were 39% and 40% lower in the Debrisan-treated wounds on post-wound days 3
      and 7, respectively, than in the gauze-treated wounds, whereas the water contents
      of the former wounds were 23% and 15% lower on days 3 and 10, respectively. The
      hydroxyproline content of the granulation tissue increased continuously from day
      3 to day 10 and was similar in the two wounds. These results suggest that
      Debrisan is more effective than gauze for absorbing wound exudate, when applied
      on an openly secreting wound. In addition, the inflammatory reaction taking place
      in Debrisan-treated wounds seems to be less severe than in wounds treated with
      gauze.

PMID- 2410978
TI  - Qualitative and quantitative bacteriological studies in infected surgical wounds
      treated with Debrisan or saline.
AB  - In a study of methods for the evaluation of clearing of wound infection, local
      treatment with Debrisan (10 wounds) or saline (11 wounds) was examined clinically
      and bacteriologically. No correlation was found between clinical course and
      numbers of bacteria found in wound biopsies or swabs. Biopsy results varied
      greatly between sites in the same wound. In wounds with established infection,
      biopsies or wet swabs yielded little more information than conventional dry
      swabs. Debrisan seemed to offer no advantage over saline as regards clearing of
      infection in this small patient group.

PMID- 2410979
TI  - Economy in transurethral prostatectomy.
AB  - The economy in transurethral (TURP) versus transvesical (TVP) prostatectomy was
      evaluated in a prospective randomized study. Forty-three patients were allocated
      to TURP and 32 to TVP. All patients had clinically benign, medium-sized prostatic
      hyperplasia. Median postoperative ward time was 15 1/2 days following TVP,
      compared with 7 days following TURP. Statistically significant differences
      between the two groups in favour of TURP were also seen in the duration of
      anaesthesia for prostatectomy, in the amount of antibiotics and i.v. infusions
      used, as well as in number of postoperative outpatients visits. No difference was
      observed in number of patients readmitted to hospital within 6 months due to
      sequelae of the prostatectomy. Postoperative sick-leave was 4 weeks following
      TVP, compared with 2 weeks for TURP patients. However, in the present study the
      patients' own expenses related to the operation were small and revealed minor
      differences in favour of TURP. It is stressed that increasing application of TURP
      in medium-sized prostatic hyperplasia may imply a substantial reduction in the
      waiting lists as well as an estimated retrenchment for the Danish community of US
      $3400 (34000 D.kr.) per patient or at least $4.5 million (45 million D.kr.) per
      year.

PMID- 2410980
TI  - [Parenteral treatment of placental retention in cows].

PMID- 2410981
TI  - Hepatitis B virus DNA sequences in lymphoid cells from patients with AIDS and
      AIDS-related complex.
AB  - A lymphotropic virus HTLV-III/LAV was recently identified as the etiologic agent
      of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In a study of concomitant
      hepatitis B infections in patients with AIDS or the AIDS-related complex, DNA
      sequences of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were found in fresh and cultured lymphocytes
      from patients with AIDS even in the absence of conventional HBV serological
      markers. Furthermore, the restriction DNA pattern was consistent with the
      integration of the viral DNA. These results should prompt additional studies to
      reevaluate a possible role of HBV as a cofactor in AIDS in addition to the HTLV
      III/LAV causal agent.

PMID- 2410982
TI  - Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in protein antigenic structure.
AB  - Recent advances in the preparation of synthetic peptide vaccines and the use of
      synthetic peptides as probes of antigenic structure and function have led to
      renewed interest in the prediction of antigenic sites recognized by antibodies
      and T cells. This review focuses on antibodies. Features intrinsic to the
      antigen, such as hydrophilicity and mobility, may be useful in the selection of
      amino acid sequences of the native protein that will elicit antibodies cross
      reacting with peptides, or sequences which, as peptides, will be more likely to
      elicit antibodies cross-reactive with the native protein. Structural mobility may
      also contribute to protein-protein interactions in general. However, the entire
      accessible surface of a protein is likely to be detectable by a large enough
      panel of antibodies. Which of these antibodies are made in any individual depends
      on factors extrinsic to the antigen molecule, host factors such as self
      tolerance, immune response genes, idiotype networks, and the immunoglobulin
      structural gene repertoire.

PMID- 2410983
TI  - Tumour-like lesions in the femur with cementum-like material. Does a "cementoma"
      of long bone exist?
AB  - Five hundred and seventy nine juvenile bone cysts were analysed to evaluate the
      radiological and histological structures. Most of the juvenile bone cysts showed
      a typical appearance radiographically; histologically they had a cyst wall
      consisting of fibrous tissue without an epithelial lining. In many of these
      lesions newly formed bone trabeculae, granulation tissue, calcium deposits, and
      in some cases focal deposits of a homogeneous material resembling cementum of
      tooth were observed. In 28 lesions a well circumscribed, round focus was observed
      within the proximal femur or femoral neck radiologically, showing dense
      calcification with a small central radiolucency. In some cases, the intraosseous
      focus was almost solid without a cystic appearance. Histologically the unusual
      bone lesions consisted almost exclusively of calcified cementum devoid of cells.
      Lesions of this type were found exclusively in the proximal femur of patients
      between 47 and 56 years of age. Because of the radiological and histological
      appearance we would like to call this solid lesion "cementoma of long bones".
      Operative therapy is not necessary.

PMID- 2410984
TI  - Relationship between production of epidermal growth factor receptors, gene
      amplification, and chromosome 7 translocation in variant A431 cells.
AB  - Synthesis of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor has been analyzed in a
      series of variant A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cell clones reported to contain
      different amounts of EGF binding sites. The amount of EGF receptor protein,
      quantitated by immunoaffinity chromatography, and EGF receptor mRNA, quantitated
      by cDNA hybridization, were closely correlated to the extent of EGF receptor gene
      amplification. This correlation existed in variants selected for reduced EGF
      receptors and in revertants from those variants with increased EGF receptors.
      There was also a correlation between the frequency of translocation of chromosome
      7, containing the EGF receptor gene, and EGF receptor protein. These results
      support gene amplification as the mechanism enhancing A431 cell EGF receptor
      protein and determining growth responses.

PMID- 2410985
TI  - Clinicobiochemical factors in predicting gallstones in necrotizing pancreatitis.
AB  - Sixty-one patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis were studied for age, sex,
      ASAT, ALAT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and amylase 48 hours after admission,
      these factors having recently been found to be significant in predicting this
      gallstone-associated disease. Age, ASAT, ALAT and alkaline phosphatase were found
      to be significant. However, 38 per cent of the patients with pancreatitis and
      gallstones remained unidentified with these criteria only. Thus, more intensive
      methods of investigation should be used whenever gallstone-associated
      pancreatitis is suspected. Increased hepatic chemistry could seldom be explained
      by the necrotizing form of pancreatitis if there was no biliary tract cause.

PMID- 2410986
TI  - Verapamil inhibition of the intestinal effects of substance P.
AB  - The undecapeptide substance P (SP) is contained in enterochromaffin cells and
      circulates in high concentrations in patients with carcinoid syndrome. We have
      previously reported that elevated SP levels, simulating those reported in
      patients with carcinoid syndrome, induce profound changes in intestinal water and
      electrolyte secretion, motility, and blood flow in a canine model. The purpose of
      this study was to attempt to block the effects of circulating carcinoid levels of
      SP on intestinal secretion and motility with the calcium channel blocker
      verapamil. In five dogs a chronic proximal jejunal Thiry-Vella loop was
      constructed, and after a 2-week recovery the loops were perfused with an isotonic
      test solution containing 14C-polyethylene glycol as a volume marker. Motor
      activity was measured by changes in intraluminal pressure and a motility index
      was calculated with computer-assisted planimetry and expressed as square
      millimeters per 5 minutes. After a 30-minute baseline period, SP was infused at
      50 ng/kg/min for 90 minutes. SP circulating levels rose from a baseline of 6.2 +/
      1.3 pg/ml to a peak of 93.3 +/- 3.1 pg/ml during this infusion. Thirty minutes
      after the start of this SP infusion, a simultaneous infusion of verapamil (5.0
      micrograms/kg/min) was begun at a separate site. During SP infusion there was a
      significant secretory response of water (-48 +/- 12 microliters/min), Na+ (-7.7
      +/- 2.5 microEq/min), Cl- (-8.8 +/- 2.7 microEq/min) and K+ (-0.57 +/- 0.14
      microEq/min), and hypermotility (motility index: 1479 +/- 138 mm2/5 min). When
      verapamil was added a reversal of secretion to net absorption was observed
      (water: + 116.9 +/- 15.6 microliter/min; Na+: + 13.8 +/- 2.1 microEq/min; Cl-: +
      5.5 +/- 2 microEq/min; K+: + 0.38 +/- 0.9 microEq/min) (p less than 0.05). In
      addition, there was a reduction in motility (motility index: 853 +/- 92 mm2/5
      min; p less than 0.05). These results confirm that SP has profound effects on
      both intestinal motility and secretion and that calcium channel blockade reduces
      these effects significantly.

PMID- 2410987
TI  - [Exchange of jobs provided positive benefits].

PMID- 2410988
TI  - [Are social clients discriminated against in casualty departments?. Interview by
      Pia Kristensen].

PMID- 2410989
TI  - [Primary nursing care as an experiment in a hospital ward].

PMID- 2410990
TI  - [A lot of satisfaction with both patients and nursing staff].

PMID- 2410991
TI  - [Indicators of cardiohemodynamics and components of the kinin system of blood
      plasma in patients with salmonellosis treated by various methods].
AB  - Seventy patients with salmonellosis of moderate severity were examined for
      cardiohemodynamics and plasma kininogenesis over time depending on the treatment.
      It was found that indomethacin applied in a complex of treatment measures had a
      beneficial effect on cardiovascular and kinin system functions in the stage of
      early convalescence.

PMID- 2410992
TI  - [Circulating immune complexes and the complement level in children with acute
      pneumonia].
AB  - It has been shown that study of immunopathological component in acute pneumonias
      is of value. Such an approach has demonstrated that in the course of the disease
      there form immune complexes (IC), which absorb complement and are of importance
      for the disease pathogenesis, and tissue immune complexes which do not absorb
      complement. Formation of anticomplement IC in acute pneumonias is in a good
      agreement with a reduction in blood serum complement level with a concurrent
      change in these indicators in the lungs. The demonstration of anticomplement IC
      in patients with acute pneumonia has a prognostic value. The stay at hospital of
      the patients who demonstrated IC at the very beginning of the disease was 2.5
      times longer because of the lack of the process normalization.

PMID- 2410993
TI  - [Calcitonin as a therapeutic drug].

PMID- 2410994
TI  - Cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin in inoperable non-small cell lung cancer.
AB  - Forty two patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer were entered into a
      phase II study of the combination chemotherapy regimen PVB (cisplatin 60 mg/m2 by
      intravenous infusion over two hours on day 1, vinblastine 4 mg/m2 by intravenous
      bolus on days 1 and 2, and bleomycin 15 mg intramuscularly on days 1, 8, and 15),
      repeated at three weekly intervals. Twelve of 40 evaluable patients (30%)
      achieved partial responses; there were no complete responses. The median duration
      of response was 16 weeks (range greater than 8-73 weeks). The median survival of
      responding patients calculated from entry to the study until death (40 weeks) was
      superior to that of patients failing to respond (15 weeks). Treatment was
      accompanied by signs of moderate toxicity, particularly myelosuppression, nausea
      and vomiting, alopecia, and neuropathy. One patient died from a neutropenic
      infection. PVB is a moderately toxic regimen for non-small cell lung cancer and
      appears similar in efficacy and toxicity to high dose cisplatin and vindesine.

PMID- 2410995
TI  - Plasma beta-thromboglobulin, fibrinopeptide A and B beta 15-42 antigen in
      relation to postoperative DVT, malignancy and stanozolol treatment.
AB  - Plasma levels of betathromboglobulin (BTG), fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and B beta 15
      42 fragment, indices of platelet release, thrombin generation and plasmin
      activity respectively, were measured in 32 high risk patients during a double
      blind study of a single dose of the anabolic steroid stanozolol (50 mg IM) in the
      prevention of DVT after major gastro-intestinal surgery. The prevalence of
      malignancy and the incidence of DVT (125I fibrinogen scan) were similar in the
      two treatment groups. On the first postoperative day, BTG, FPA and B beta 15-42
      levels were increased in most patients. Plasma BTG levels were significantly
      increased on the first post-operative day in patients who developed a DVT (n =
      14) compared to those patients who did not (n = 18). A significant increase in
      FPA levels was found in the DVT group, 7 days after surgery. On the morning
      before surgery, plasma B beta 15-42 levels were significantly increased in
      patients who developed a DVT. In patients undergoing surgery for early malignancy
      (n = 17), we observed a pre-operative increase in FPA levels when compared to
      patients without malignancy. At post-operative day 7, B beta 15-42 levels were
      significantly increased in patients who received stanozolol (n = 15), when
      compared to the placebo group, suggesting that intramuscular stanozolol increases
      fibrinolysis in vivo.

PMID- 2410996
TI  - Prevention of postoperative thromboembolism in Sweden--the development of
      practice during five years.
AB  - All clinics in Sweden (223) dealing with general, urologic, orthopaedic, and
      gynaecologic surgery were sent a questionnaire concerning their policy about
      prophylaxis against postoperative thromboembolism in 1982. The praxis was also
      compared with that obtained in a similar survey in 1977. 96% replied. 91% used
      some sort of specific prophylaxis which is significantly more than in 1977. Also
      a significantly larger number of patients were operated on with prophylaxis than
      in 1977 (25 vs 19%). The dominating methods were dextran 70 and low-dose heparin.
      Compared with 1977 peroral anticoagulation, low-dose heparin and mechanical
      methods had decreased significantly, low-dose heparin in combination with
      dihydroergotamine increased significantly and dextran showed an unchanged use.

PMID- 2410997
TI  - Cold promoted activation and factor XII, prekallikrein and C1-inhibitor.
AB  - During incubation of plasma in the cold an amidolytic activity due to the
      kallikrein-alpha 2-macroglobulin complex appears in the plasma of about 40% of
      the women under hormonal contraception. The factor XII and prekallikrein activity
      are significantly increased 151.9% and 112.4% respectively in the cold promoted
      activation positive plasmas (CPA pos) whereas the activity of C1-inhibitor is
      decreased, 76%. The quotient of the product of the C1-inhibitor and alpha 2
      macroglobulin values divided by the product of the FXII and prekallikrein values
      is significantly lower in the CPA pos plasma 0.49 than in CPA neg plasma 0.96 (p
      less than 0.05). These results alone do not explain the cold promoted activation,
      since a patient with a C1-inhibitor as low as 9% showed no increase of the
      amidolytic activity after a 24 hr incubation at 4 degrees C. However, the
      addition of purified C1-inhibitor to a CPA pos. plasma inhibits the cold
      activation. Heparin at a concentration of 0.5 IU/ml delays the appearance of the
      amidolytic activity.

PMID- 2410998
TI  - The value of beta TG/PF4 ratio in patients with high platelet count.

PMID- 2410999
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products which contain D
      domain.

PMID- 2411000
TI  - Relationship between preoperative status of the fibrinolytic system and
      occurrence of deep vein thrombosis after major abdominal surgery.
AB  - This study comprised 50 patients subjected to major abdominal surgery, of which
      13 developed deep vein thrombosis (DVT) according to the 125I-fibrinogen test.
      Plasma was sampled preoperatively, for the specific analysis of tissue
      plasminogen activator (t-PA) before and during venous occlusion. The recently
      described fast t-PA inhibitor and plasmin alpha 2-antiplasmin complex (PAP) were
      also measured. The result of the laboratory analyses were correlated to the
      development of DVT. From the data obtained it is concluded that the evaluation of
      t-PA release during venous occlusion is a poor predictive factor for the
      occurrence of DVT after major abdominal surgery. The level of the t-PA inhibitor
      appears to be raised in these patients, but the values obtained in this material
      were not related to the development of postoperative DVT. Patients with elevated
      PAP levels, as shown previously, have a lesser tendency to develop postoperative
      DVT.

PMID- 2411001
TI  - Mechanical circulatory assistance: established (IABP) and evolving (LVAD). A
      narrative summary.
AB  - Comparisons of the physiologic bases of intraaortic balloon and extracorporeal or
      implantable left ventricular assist device or partial artificial heart pumping in
      experimental and clinical setting are made. The concepts and first principles
      common and unique to both of these forms of mechanical circulatory support are
      presented with emphasis on the similarities and important differences.
      Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation is examined as an intravascular, volume
      displacement device in series with the systemic circulations. Left ventricular
      assist devices are analyzed as extravascular in-series or parallel volume
      capturing/ejecting devices and as true blood pumps which can be implanted. The
      interrelated mechanisms of synchronous, diversion/counterpulsation/diastolic
      augmentation are discussed in relation to quantitative indices of myocardial
      ischemia, myocardial oxygen supply/demand ratios, the Sarnoff theorem and the
      Laplace relationship, vis a vis ventricular unloading/impedance reductions. Some
      of the many clinical settings of IABP are mentioned, along with hydraulic
      considerations which allow non-invasive determination of stroke volume during
      clinical IABP mechanical circulatory support. Cardiogenic shock/left ventricular
      failure/low cardiac output are defined in terms of failure to generate pressure
      and displace volume and deficits of ejection fraction and stroke volume.
      Vasodilator therapy (nitroprusside), IABP, and LVAD are then viewed as escalating
      methods of reversing these deficits. Finally, pressure volume loops of the human
      left ventricle are compared with those of LVADs, experimentally and clinically,
      to indicate that LVADs can function and support the circulation during all low
      output states including ventricular fibrillation and standstill. Representative
      hemodynamic traces (Fig. 5 and 6) obtained during clinical LVAD trials in man are
      included to illustrate these theoretical and practical considerations. The use of
      LVADs in any instance of IABP inadequacy is implicit and inferred.

PMID- 2411002
TI  - Experience with 350 crural arterial reconstructions: analysis and conclusions.
AB  - Distal arterial reconstructions differ from those in the pelvic and femoral
      region in the following 3 characteristics: wound healing is endangered by
      ischemic tissue: vessel diameters are very small; poor outflow conditions can
      reduce blood flow velocity in the long femoro-crural grafts thus increasing the
      risk of reocclusion. On the basis of clinical and angiographic follow-up studies
      we investigated retrospectively various factors influencing the long-term
      results: bypass material; poor outflow; technique of distal insertion; location
      of the bypass graft. CONCLUSIONS: autologous vein provides the best, umbilical
      vein the second best atrial substitute. Prosthetic material is less satisfactory.
      AV-fistulae can be successfully employed to reduce peripheral outflow resistance;
      short bypass lengths can be achieved by proximal end-to-side and distal end-to
      end anastomoses; orthotopic location of the bypass yields the best long-term
      results.

PMID- 2411003
TI  - Deep hypothermia with reduced flow rates for correction of ventricular septal
      defects in infants. An alternative approach.
AB  - In this presentation our experience of the correction of large ventricular septal
      defects (VSD) under deep hypothermia (DH) and reduced flow rates in infants is
      reported. Sixty patients with VSD and pulmonary hypertension were operated. The
      age of the patients varied from 1.5 to 12 months and body weight from 3.0 to 8.7
      kg. Deep hypothermia was achieved by cooling the patient using a heart-lung
      machine after aortic and right atrial cannulation. At a rectal temperature of 18
      degrees C, pump flow was reduced to 0.28 l . min-1 . m-2 and cardiotomy was
      performed. Venous blood from the right atrium was aspirated with a single
      coronary sucker. The aorta was not clamped. After completion of the intracardiac
      repair, pump flow was increased and the patient was rewarmed to a rectal
      temperature of 36 degrees C. In all cases cardiac rhythm was restored
      spontaneously during rewarming. In every patients, the VSD was closed with a
      xenopericardial patch (in 42 patients from a right atrial approach and in 18
      patients through the ventriculotomy). In 5 patients a patent ductus was also
      ligated and in 37 patients an atrial septal defect was sutured. The hospital
      mortality was 5% (3 patients). In the remaining 57 patients the cardiac index
      during the first 48 hours after operation was 2.5-4.2 l . min-1 . m-2. Patients
      were extubated between 18 and 44 hours after the operation. Deep hypothermia with
      reduced flow rates during intracardiac repair provides excellent myocardial
      protection and exposition in infants with VSD.

PMID- 2411004
TI  - Late (11 to 19 years) assessment of hemodynamic and prosthetic valve function in
      patients with Starr Edwards ball valves: a non-invasive study utilizing 99m
      technetium pertechnetate scintigraphy.
AB  - This is an account of 2 groups of 10 patients each who received Starr Edwards
      ball valves in either the mitral (M) or aortic (A) position on average 14.7 +/- 3
      or 14.9 +/- 2.4 years ago, respectively. Non-invasive scintigraphic studies were
      performed using the first pass of 18 to 20 mCi 99 m-Technetium Pertechnetate.
      Enddiastolic and endsystolic volumes were found elevated at rest: (M) EDV 135 +/-
      50 ml, ESV 63 +/- 30 ml; (A) EDV 163 +/- 41 ml, ESV 69 +/- 25 ml. The response to
      maximum exercise--during which the heart rate increased from 85 +/- 23 min-1 to
      133 +/- 33 min-1--was abnormal, since none of the volumes changed significantly.
      During exercise, therefore, the increase of the cardiac output was totally heart
      rate dependent: (M) 6.1 +/- 2.3 to 9.3 +/- 2.3 l/min; (A) 7.0 +/- 1.9 to 10.9 +/-
      3.1 l/min. The dynamics of the rapid diastolic filling rate of the left ventricle
      (RFR) and the mean pulmonary transit time (MTT) served as functional parameters
      of the Starr Edwards ball valves in the mitral position. The rapid filling rate
      increased from 205 +/- 98 to 321 +/- 58 ml/sec, whereas MTT decreased from 7.4 +/
      1.4 to 5.4 +/- 2.1 sec. In patients with aortic valve replacement the left
      ventricular ejection rate was assessed, it rose from 233 +/- 80 to 459 +/- 232
      ml/sec. The significant changes of the parameters proved that the Starr Edwards
      ball valve mechanism functions satisfactorily 11 to 19 years post-operatively.

PMID- 2411005
TI  - Functional tricuspid insufficiency: conservative or operative management.
AB  - Between 1978 and 1982 mitral valve replacement was performed in a total of 43
      patients with mitral valve disease in the presence of functional tricuspid
      insufficiency (TI). The concomitant tricuspid valve regurgitation was treated
      conservatively in 17 patients, a Carpentier ring prosthesis was implanted in 9
      patients. De Vega annuloplasty was performed in 13 patients and 4 times the valve
      was replaced with a Hancock bioprosthesis. The hospital mortality of 26% (11
      patients) was high, due to the poor clinical condition of the patients. In a mean
      follow-up of 43.1 +/- 18,0 months, 20 patients could be restudied by clinical and
      echocardiographical investigation. Tricuspid insufficiency was found in all of
      the 9 patients who had been treated conservatively. Seven out of 11 patients
      operated showed no signs of TI, 3 had mild TI and 1 patient had severe TI. In the
      conservatively treated group, the preoperative mean pulmonary vascular resistance
      (PVR = 296 +/- 161 dynes x sex x cm-5), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP = 46.1 +/-
      16.2 mmHg) and rise of right atrial V-wave (15.8 +/- 3.6 mmHg) were only slightly
      higher than n the operatively treated group (PVR - 274 +/- 146 dynes x sex x cm
      5), PAP = 43.2 +/- 13.6 mmHg, V-wave = 18.5 +/- 6.4 mmHg) with no statistically
      significant difference. Preoperative hemodynamic findings in patients with and
      without TI a follow-up were also not significantly different. These results
      indicate that the recurrence of functional TI depends on the method of treatment,
      rather than preoperative increased PVR, PAP or V-wave rise.

PMID- 2411006
TI  - Changes in the respiratory gas tensions of a pneumonectomy space and their
      application to the diagnosis of bronchopleural fistula.
AB  - The oxygen (pO2) and carbon dioxide (pCO2) gas tensions of a pneumonectomy space
      were studied in an animal model. The 2 gases were measured in a standard blood
      gas analyser. The space gas pO2 and pCO2 equilibrated to a steady state within 48
      hours of thoracotomy (pO2 mean 53.9 +/- 9.3 SD torr; pCO2 mean 44.8 +/- 9.9 SD
      torr). In the presence of a bronchopleural fistula (BPF), the pO2 rose
      significantly (mean pO2 118.4 +/- 13.2 SD torr; p less than 0.001). The space
      pCO2 usually fell, but the response was inconsistent (mean pCO2 33.6 +/- 16.4 SD;
      p = NS). A further rise in space pO2 could sometimes be induced by allowing the
      animals to breathe 100% oxygen by face mask. Data from 4 clinical cases of BPF
      support the concept that measurement f the space gas pO2 could be used as a
      bedside test for BPF.

PMID- 2411007
TI  - Plasma fibronectin, albumin, IgM and total protein during cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of fibronectin, albumin, total protein and IgM were
      measured in 14 male patients undergoing aorto-coronary bypass operations.
      Fibronectin and IgM concentrations fell to 55% of the preoperative values 5
      minutes after start of the extracorporeal circulation, and the same percentages
      were encountered 5 minutes after the termination of bypass. The concentrations
      had recovered to 75% of the preoperative values by the end of the operation. The
      plasma concentration of albumin was 68 +/- 9% of the preoperative value after 5
      minutes of bypass, 66 +/- 7% at the end of bypass, and 83 +/- 9% of the end of
      operation (significantly different from fibronectin and IgM, p less than 0.05;
      Wilcoxon's test for paired differences). No correlation was found between the
      duration of extracorporeal circulation and the post-bypass concentrations of any
      protein (Kendall correlation). It is concluded that the fall of fibronectin
      concentrations during cardiopulmonary bypass can be sufficiently explained by
      dilution, and that a specific consumption of fibronectin does not occur. The less
      marked decreases of albumin and total protein were probably due to infusion of
      plasma-protein solution, which is poor in fibronectin and IgM.

PMID- 2411008
TI  - Esophageal perforation during mediastinoscopy--the successful management of 2
      complicated cases.
AB  - Esophageal injury during mediastinoscopy is a rare and easily overlooked
      complication. In this paper 2 complicated cases, one associated with a pulmonary
      artery lesion, are reported. Both patients eventually recovered. The principles
      of management are discussed based on these cases.

PMID- 2411009
TI  - Thoracic sympathectomy as a therapy for upper extremity ischemia. A long-term
      follow-up study.
AB  - Fifty-seven patients who had 72 thoracic sympathectomies have been reviewed.
      Twenty-five patients were preoperatively diagnosed as having primary Raynaud's
      phenomenon, 14 as having Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to arterial occlusion, 17
      as having ischemia secondary to arterial occlusion and one as having
      hyperhidrosis. Twenty percent of the patients initially diagnosed as having
      primary Raynaud's phenomenon at the time of operation developed a collagenosis
      during the follow-up period. Improvement after 8 years' follow-up did not depend
      on the primary indication. Up to the fifth year after surgery a relapse was seen
      in cases of primary Raynaud's phenomenon. In secondary Raynaud's phenomenon a
      gradual decrease in improvement of 2% a year was seen during follow-up. In
      ischemia secondary to arterial occlusion, after 2 years the percentage of
      improved patients remained constant at a level of 70%. The mean improvement after
      8 years follow-up according to the survival test of Gehan was 70 +/- 10%.

PMID- 2411010
TI  - Aneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery. Surgical treatment in an asymptomatic
      case.
AB  - Aneurysms of the gastroduodenal artery are very rare. We present the case of a 51
      year-old female with an asymptomatic gastroduodenal artery aneurysm which was
      discovered by means of arteriography. The patient was surgically treated by
      proximal and distal ligation of the gastroduodenal artery and partial resection
      of the aneurysm. Preoperative and postoperative arteriograms are shown. Seven
      months after the operation the patient remains asymptomatic. We comment on and
      review other cases in the English language literature.

PMID- 2411011
TI  - Coronary artery fistula following rupture of aneurysm of the sinus node artery
      into the right atrium.
AB  - A case of coronary artery fistula secondary to rupture of a coronary artery
      aneurysm is reported. The association of these 2 conditions is rare. Successful
      surgical treatment was achieved by use of a Dacron patch to close the fistula.

PMID- 2411012
TI  - Primary cardiac liposarcoma simulating a left atrial myxoma.
AB  - This paper reports the case of cardiac tumor which had been diagnosed as a left
      atrial myxoma but which later on was identified as being a primary cardiac
      liposarcoma. The clinical characteristics of cardiac liposarcomas, the problems
      of differential diagnosis, the prognosis and therapy are reviewed.

PMID- 2411013
TI  - Disconnection of the metallic tip of an aortic cannula during cardiopulmonary
      bypass.
AB  - Numerous reports on embolization of parts of mechanical valves can be found in
      the literature (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). We report an unusual case of disconnection of the
      metallic tip of an aortic cannula during cardiopulmonary bypass. To our knowledge
      no similar complication has been described till now.

PMID- 2411014
TI  - Surgical implications of early branching of the left coronary artery in anatomic
      correction of transposition of the great arteries.
AB  - Early branching of the left coronary artery (LCA) may become an additional
      operative challenge during coronary transfer in anatomic correction of
      transposition of the great arteries. An early branch of the LCA running in
      opposite transfer direction was present in 3 out of 25 patients who underwent
      anatomic correction. By excising a large cuff of aortic sinus wall around the
      ostium of the LCA enough length was gained for successful coronary transfer
      without kinking in 2 patients in whom the first branch was arising at the level
      of the origin of the circumflex artery. In the third patient with the first
      branch arising proximal to the origin of the circumflex artery an alternative
      surgical procedure seemed preferable. In such a coronary anomaly optimal
      visualization of the coronary branching pattern, possibly including selective
      coronary angiography, is advisable for better planning of the surgical technique.

PMID- 2411015
TI  - Class II antigens on canine T lymphocytes.
AB  - A panel of crossreactive anti-human, -mouse and -rat MHC class II monoclonal
      antibodies (Mabs) was used to examine MHC class II antigen expression on canine T
      lymphocytes by cytofluorometry. The presence of MHC class II antigens was
      demonstrated on activated T lymphoblasts as well as on non-stimulated peripheral
      blood T lymphocytes. A number of anti-MHC class II Mabs reacted only with
      activated T lymphoblasts. Immunoprecipitation studies confirmed the Ia-like or
      MHC class II molecular character of the antigens on canine T cells. The
      expression of MHC class II antigens on peripheral blood T lymphocytes appeared to
      be not induced by stimulation of the T cells, as purified T lymphocytes of
      specific pathogen free dogs reacted with anti-MHC class II Mabs. Moreover, the
      study indicates that MHC class II antigen expression is present in the neonatal
      thymus. Lectin stimulated and allogeneically stimulated T lymphoblasts showed a
      stronger expression of MHC class II antigens in comparison with non-stimulated T
      cells.

PMID- 2411016
TI  - Actions of Ptychodiscus brevis toxins on nerve and muscle membranes.
AB  - Pharmacological actions of two brevetoxins isolated from Ptychodiscus brevis, T17
      and T34, on nerve and muscle membranes were studied using vertebrate and
      invertebrate preparations. T17 (10 ng/ml) caused an increase in the frequency of
      miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs) in rat and frog neuromuscular junctions.
      Application of tetrodotoxin (TTX) completely abolished the increase in MEPP
      frequency. The results suggest that T17 depolarizes the nerve terminal through
      opening of the sodium channel. Application of either T17 or T34 to the crayfish
      and squid giant axons caused a dose-dependent depolarization of the axon
      membranes with a maximum depolarization of about 30 mV. The depolarizing action
      was antagonized by sodium-free external saline solution or TTX. Voltage clamp
      experiments demonstrated that the primary action of the toxins is to cause the
      sodium channels to open at the normal resting potential. The binding of toxin to
      a channel site could be prevented by procaine, but not by TTX. The binding site
      for T17 is presumably separate from the TTX receptor, but related or identical to
      the binding site for procaine. The brevetoxin-induced depolarization of the nerve
      terminal membrane with the subsequent enhanced transmitter release is the
      underlying mechanism for a number of pharmacological actions on various neuro
      effector systems.

PMID- 2411017
TI  - Interaction of brevetoxin A with a new receptor site on the sodium channel.
AB  - Measurements of neurotoxin-activated 22Na influx in neuroblastoma cells and
      neurotoxin binding in synaptosomes were used to define the site and mechanism of
      action of brevetoxins on sodium channels. Brevetoxin A alone did not enhance the
      sodium permeability of neuroblastoma cells, but markedly enhanced persistent
      activation of sodium channels by veratridine, aconitine and batrachotoxin, which
      act at neurotoxin receptor site 2. Enhancement of batrachotoxin action was
      accompanied by a 4.3-fold increase in the binding of [3H]batrachotoxinin A 20
      alpha-benzoate to receptor site 2 on sodium channels in synaptosomes. These
      results point to an allosteric mechanism of brevetoxin action involving
      preferential binding to active states of sodium channels which have high affinity
      for neurotoxins, causing persistent activation of sodium channels at receptor
      site 2. Brevetoxin A does not block [3H]saxitoxin binding at neurotoxin receptor
      site 1 or 125I-labeled scorpion toxin binding at neurotoxin receptor site 3. The
      brevetoxins appear to act at a new neurotoxin receptor site on the sodium
      channel.

PMID- 2411018
TI  - A new technique for retarding fading of fluorescence: DPX-BME.
AB  - The antioxidant beta-mercaptoethanol (BME) used in conjunction with the permanent
      mountant DPX (DPX-BME) retarded fluorescent fading of mithramycin, acridine
      orange and Hoechst 33258 stained chicken erythrocytes, each to a varying degree.
      The initial fluorescence of all dyes examined was more intense with DPX-BME than
      with DPX alone. Specimens mounted in DPX-BME showed strong fluorescence and
      excellent morphology; if kept in the dark, they could be stored indefinitely
      without deterioration. Retarding fading of fluorescence with DPX-BME faciliated
      quantitation of DNA using fluorescence cytophotometry.

PMID- 2411019
TI  - Applications of fluorochromes to pollen biology. I. Mithramycin and 4',6
      diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) as vital stains and for quantitation of nuclear
      DNA.
AB  - The two DNA-specific fluorochromes DAPI and mithramycin have been found to be
      extremely useful dyes in studies of pollen development and growth. Both
      fluorochromes stain nuclei brilliantly either in fixed or in living tricellular
      and bicellular angiosperm pollen, thereby permitting rapid scanning for pollen
      abnormalities and easy observation of nuclear details. These water soluble dyes
      can be incorporated into the germination medium for studies of pollen germination
      in vitro, facilitating observation of the movement of generative, sperm and tube
      nuclei during pollen growth. In fixed pollen, the fluorochromes bind
      quantitatively with DNA and thus may be used to quantitate ploidy changes and to
      study cell cycles during pollen development, germination and fertilization.

PMID- 2411020
TI  - Applications of fluorochromes to pollen biology. II. The DNA probes ethidium
      bromide and Hoechst 33258 in conjunction with the callose-specific aniline blue
      fluorochrome.
AB  - Techniques are described for detection of pollen grain and pollen tube nuclei
      using the fluorescent DNA probes ethidium bromide or Hoechst 33258, in
      conjunction with the aniline blue fluorochrome sirofluor, which stains the
      callose component of pollen tube walls and plugs. The DNA probes, which may be
      used either as vital stains or following fixation, permit discrimination between
      vegetative and generative or sperm nuclei. Double staining with sirofluor allows
      location of nuclei within pollen tubes grown in vitro, and when used after
      pollination enables the viewer to discriminate between nuclei within the pollen
      tube vs. nuclei of the pistil tissue.

PMID- 2411021
TI  - The use of vital dyes to assess embryonic viability in the hamster, Mesocricetus
      auratus.
AB  - Experiments were designed to assess the use of the vital dyes trypan blue and
      fluorescein diacetate as indicators of the viability of hamster ova and embryos.
      Exclusion of trypan blue and fluorescence with fluorescein diacetate showed high
      correlations with uptake of [3H]uridine by ova and further development of embryos
      in vitro. Ova killed by freezing and thawing incorporated [3H]uridine at
      background levels. Trypan blue exclusion and fluorescein diacetate uptake were
      highly correlated with each other (r = 0.99). Trypan blue and fluorescein
      diacetate serve as excellent indices of viability in ova and early embryos of
      hamsters.

PMID- 2411022
TI  - A method for removing stain precipitate and destaining sections.
AB  - Subjecting electron microscope sections to NaOH treatment removes stain
      precipitate from the section surface. The alkali treatment also extracts stain
      from the tissue itself. Following this treatment, sections can be restained to
      obtain clean images. Alternatively, after being viewed or photographed using one
      stain and then destained, the same sections can be treated with a different stain
      to obtain additional histochemical information.

PMID- 2411023
TI  - Serial sections of Quetol embedded, osmium fixed lung with external reference
      marks for alignment.

PMID- 2411024
TI  - Carcinoma of the base of the tongue. A review of 45 cases.
AB  - The treatment results of 45 patients with carcinoma of the base of the tongue
      treated in the Rotterdam Radio-Therapeutic Institute in the period 1970 to 1980
      are evaluated. Most patients were treated with split course radiotherapy, three
      patients were operated after the first course of radiotherapy. Eighteen patients
      with stage III and IV disease were treated with a combination of chemotherapy and
      radiotherapy. Overall 5-year survival was 27%, intercurrent death corrected
      survival was 40%. Adequate staging is a problem in carcinoma of the base of the
      tongue, especially in T2 and T3 lesions. A systemic combined approach of
      radiotherapy and surgery is recommended.

PMID- 2411025
TI  - [Radiotherapy of malignant liver diseases].
AB  - 66 patients with malignant primary liver-tumors and liver-metastases from
      different histologic types were treated by radiotherapy between 1970 and 1984.
      Five patients had primary tumors and 61 metastases. The desired dose was 2400 cGy
      within three weeks, several patients received yet higher doses. In 45 cases
      radiation treatment was combined with a simultaneously or sequentially delivered
      polychemotherapy. The median survival of the expired was five months, nine
      patients survived one year. Three patients are alive more than one, five and
      seven years, their history is reported. Radiotherapy is either alone or in
      combination with chemotherapy an effective method for palliation in liver
      malignancies. In a few cases even longer lasting survival times are possible.

PMID- 2411026
TI  - [The question of radiation exposure of the cervical spine in analgesic roentgen
      irradiation of therapy-resistant humero-scapular periarthritis associated with
      local cervical syndrome and/or cervicobrachial syndrome].
AB  - An improvement is achieved by palliative X-ray irradiation in about 70% out of 47
      patients with scapulohumeral periarthritis and local cervical syndrome and/or
      cervicobrachial syndrome which was hitherto resistant to medicomechanical
      treatment. Higher rates of success (84%) can be achieved if the patients present
      an identical symptomatology, but less severe alterations of the vertebral column,
      even if the vertebral column is not irradiated. In case of severe alterations of
      the vertebral column, the success of palliative irradiation is diminished, even
      if the cervical vertebral column is additionally irradiated.

PMID- 2411027
TI  - Blood flow and the localization of atherosclerotic plaques.
AB  - Saphenous veins used in aortocoronary bypass procedures slowly narrow. The
      narrowing and atherosclerosis appear to develop in reaction to the new flow
      conditions present in the saphenous veins. Localization of atherosclerosis in the
      arterial system also suggests that local flow conditions play a role in
      atherogenesis; plaques are characteristically found in regions of separated flow.
      The pattern of separated flow in arteries is influenced by the pulsatility of
      arterial flow. Stagnation points delimiting flow separations migrate with each
      systole. An additional motion of blood, angular momentum, produces a corkscrew
      component to the flow. This added rotary component generates a stress that
      combines with the stress generated by to and fro motion of stagnation points to
      produce an area of multidirectional shear stress in the stagnation region. The
      rapidly reorienting shear stress places a special burden on the region's
      endothelial cells, producing an area of non-elongated cells, compromising cell
      internal fluidity, and modifying adhesion to neighboring cells to increase local
      permeability. The amount of multi-directional force generated in regions of multi
      directional shear stress is increased by the flow properties of blood. Studies of
      blood, particularly in diabetes, will be able to characterize the factors that
      control the magnitude of permeability-enhancing multi-directional stress and
      suggest new ways to slow atherogenesis and ultimately prevent atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2411028
TI  - Progression of stroke after arrival at hospital.
AB  - In order to investigate the frequency, extent and importance of progression of
      stroke symptoms after arrival at hospital, 402 consecutive patients were studied.
      Speech ability, extremity and facial pareses were evaluated and graded on four
      occasions during hospitalization. Deterioration was noted in 43% of the patients;
      it was fairly marked in 25%. The frequency among the few patients with cerebral
      haemorrhage was much the same as in those with infarction. Limb motor function
      was affected in most cases. Half of the progressions occurred within the first 24
      h after admission. Patients with progression stayed longer in hospital, were more
      disabled at discharge and more often needed further institutional care than those
      without progression, although the initial dysfunction was similar in the two
      groups. No characteristics were found that would help to identify a risk of
      deterioration. Thus, progression of stroke symptoms after arrival at hospital is
      a common and serious problem, whose solution calls for vigorous research.

PMID- 2411029
TI  - Aiding the vision in albinism--optical and non-optical means considered.
AB  - Not 'Low Vision Aids' alone, but the full range of methods of helping sight in
      these visually handicapped persons--a much wider range than is generally realised
      -and which includes many non-optical manoeuvres and various 'gadgets' available
      to all forms of defective vision, as well as the newer electronic aids is
      described. The difficulty for the ophthalmologist in knowing how best to help
      patients with albinism should be resolved by 'customer research'; this paper
      attempts to do so by analysis of a questionnaire to members of the Albino
      Fellowship.

PMID- 2411030
TI  - Effects of hydroxyethyl starch on blood coagulation, particularly factor VIII.
AB  - The effects of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) on hemostasis were investigated
      extensively. In order to simulate acute blood loss due to surgery or trauma, one
      unit (450 ml) of blood was drawn from normal healthy men. This was followed by a
      1-liter infusion over 60 minutes of either 6 percent HES, 5 percent albumin, or
      0.9 percent sodium chloride (NaCl) as replacement. Coagulation studies were
      performed before phlebotomy, before infusion and at 0, 4, 20, 27, and 92 hours
      following infusion. Following infusion of HES and albumin, plasma fibrinogen and
      antithrombin-III levels fell slightly due to plasma volume expansion and
      hemodilution. In subjects receiving HES, partial thromboplastin times (PTTs) were
      significantly (p less than .05) prolonged and factor VIII activities were
      significantly (p less than .05) decreased when compared to the albumin and NaCl
      groups. These findings could not be attributed solely to hemodilution. The
      effects of HES on PTT and factor VIII could not be correlated with plasma HES
      levels; neither could they be reproduced in vitro by mixing HES with normal
      plasma. Mean values of the following studies remained normal after infusion of
      all replacement fluids: prothrombin time, bleeding time, fibrin monomer, fibrin
      fibrinogen degradation products, platelet adhesion, circulating platelet
      aggregates, and platelet count.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2411031
TI  - The potentiation of "incomplete" mouse monoclonal anti-Lea agglutination with
      colloids.
AB  - Mouse monoclonal anti-Lea produced in this center was found to agglutinate only
      Le(a+) red cells which had been modified with proteases. In order to provide a
      stable medium in which the monoclonal anti-Lea would directly agglutinate
      unmodified red cells, the potentiating effect of a variety of colloids was
      assessed. Satisfactory results were obtained when 10 percent (wt/vol) dextran and
      2 percent (wt/vol) bovine serum albumin were added to the culture supernatant
      containing anti-Lea. It is suggested that direct hemagglutination mediated by
      these colloids resulted from a combination of increased antibody uptake by Le(a+)
      red cells and change in the shape of these red cells induced by dextran.

PMID- 2411032
TI  - Whole organ and pancreaticoureterostomy in clinical pancreas transplantation.

PMID- 2411033
TI  - [Characteristics of non-nucleolar RNP structures in hepatocyte nuclei in the
      early stages of the stimulation of proliferation].
AB  - Quantitative changes of extranucleolar RNP-structures were studied on ultrathin
      cell sections of hepatocytes in the first hours after partial hepatectomy of
      guinea pigs. This purpose in mind, the sections were treated according to
      Bernhard. In 2.5 hours after the operation, the relation quantity of
      perichromatin and interchromatin fibrils increased, whereas the number of
      perichromatin and interchromatin granules decreased. Therefore the early response
      of hepatocytes to the proliferative stimulus represents not only intensification
      of the synthesis of a newly formed hnRNA but also enhancement of the processing
      and transport of this RNA. After 5 hours the relative quantity of both types of
      RNP-fibrils diminished to the control level, while the number of perichromatin
      granules was even smaller than that in the previous case. This points out that
      the transcription of the extranucleolar RNA becomes less active, and the
      processing and transport of the earlier synthetized RNA continues. Within the
      next time lapse (9 hours) the relative quantity of all the studied RNP-structures
      was low, the content of perichromatin granules being dramatically decreased as
      compared to that after 5 hours. A comparison of changes in RNP-structures with
      the degree of condensation of chromatin allows a conclusion that the
      decondensation of some part of condensed chromatin after 2.5 and 9 hours is
      functionally different. If initially it is required for the intensification of
      the template synthesis, thereafter it may be connected with the preparation for
      replication.

PMID- 2411034
TI  - [Expression in Chinese hamster transformant TK+-cells of the bacterial gene for
      beta-lactamase].
AB  - Using monospecific immune antiserum the expression of beta-lactamase bacterial
      gene (from the plasmid pBR322) in transformed TK+ Chinese hamster cells was
      studied. It is shown that in some TK+-clones the beta-lactamase gene is expressed
      and this expression is stimulated by an inhibitor of DNA methylation-5
      azacytidine. Two physically linked genes (the Herpes simplex thymidine kinase
      gene, and the beta-lactamase gene) introduced into the Chinese hamster cells on
      the same plasmid are found to be expressed independently.

PMID- 2411035
TI  - [Role of microtubules and intermediate filaments in maintaining the shape of
      epithelial cells].
AB  - The role of microtubules and intermediate filaments in control of cell shape of
      cultured cells of hepatomas McA-RH-7777 and 27 was investigated. Indirect
      immunofluorescence with specific polyclonal antibodies against tubulin and
      monoclonal antibodies against prekeratin with molecular weight 49 kD and vimentin
      was used. Incubation of cells in colcemid, resulting in specific distribution of
      microtubules did not change either prekeratin or vimentin distribution in cells
      of both the hepatomas, but reversed polarization of elongated McA-RH-7777 cells.
      These data suggest that the effect of disruption of microtubular system on the
      cell shape is not mediated by alterations of intermediate filaments.

PMID- 2411036
TI  - Clinical and antigenic relationship between isolates of sheep and goat pox
      viruses.
AB  - Isolates of sheep pox and goat pox from Nigeria, Sudan, Kenya, Yemen Arab
      Republic, Turkey, Pakistan and India were inoculated into British breeds of sheep
      and goats. Although the isolates displayed a host preference the gross clinical
      pathology of the disease produced by the different isolates was
      indistinguishable. The Yemen, Nigeria and India isolates could not be
      distinguished using homologous and heterologous antisera in neutralisation tests.
      Animals that had recovered from infection with one isolate were resistant to
      challenge with any of the other isolates and a single vaccine for use against
      sheep pox and goat pox is described. The classification of the malignant pox
      diseases of sheep and goats is discussed.

PMID- 2411037
TI  - Microneutralisation systems for use with different strains of peste des petits
      ruminants virus and rinderpest virus.
AB  - Comparative studies were made to determine the most suitable microtitration
      system for assaying strains of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and
      rinderpest virus (RV). Infectivity titres did not differ significantly when
      assayed in either calf kidney, sheep kidney or Vero cells. However, cytopathic
      effects were much easier to detect in the latter making them the cell of choice.
      Addition of small amounts of virus to preformed cell monolayers in microplates
      with the subsequent addition of maintenance medium give higher infectivity titres
      than when cell suspension was added to virus, although the latter is more
      convenient for routine use. The titres of PPRV and neutralising antibodies
      assayed in tubes and microplates were not significantly different. Simultaneous
      screening of sera at a 1 in 20 dilution against both PPRV and RV gave a higher
      incidence of positives against homologous as opposed to heterologous virus.

PMID- 2411038
TI  - [Diagnostic significance of alpha-fetoproteins in hepatic pathology].

PMID- 2411039
TI  - [Transmembrane localization of cytosol proteins from the heart muscle in
      proteoliposomes].
AB  - It was shown that soluble cytoplasmic proteins of rabbit cardiac muscle were able
      to penetrate into phospholipid bilayer during preincubation with liposomes. The
      incorporation of cytoplasmic proteins into the liposomic membrane induced the
      sodium permeability that was sensitive to neurotoxins (veratridine and
      tetrodotoxin). This effect was partly eliminated by addition of tetrodotoxin to
      the external medium and completely eliminated in the presence of tetrodotoxin on
      the both sides of the liposomic membrane. It was found also that some of the
      proteins incorporated into the liposomes become resistant to pronase digestion
      when the enzyme is added to external medium. At the same time pronase included in
      the internal volume of the proteoliposomes was able to digest partly
      proteoliposomic proteins. All these data support the ideas of the integral
      incorporation of soluble cytoplasmic proteins into the liposomic membrane and to
      the existence of cytoplasmic precursor of voltage-dependent sodium channel.

PMID- 2411040
TI  - [Effect of terrilitin on the proteolytic activity of the blood and formation of
      an immunostimulating factor by spleen cells].
AB  - Terrilitin is studied for its effect on proteolytic activity of blood and
      formation of immunostimulating factors by spleen cells. The preparation is shown
      to induce isolation of the immunostimulating factor (molecular mass 10-15
      kDalton) from the spleen cells. The preparation is destroyed by trypsin and
      RNAase and is stable to the action of lysozyme. Spleen cell factor of the animals
      with administered terrilitin increases general antiproteolytic activity of the
      blood serum and concentration of alpha 2-macroglobulins. At the same time, it
      decreases the general proteolytic activity and callicrein activity of blood serum
      for syngenic animals.

PMID- 2411041
TI  - [Interaction of the Latrodectus tredecimguttatus spider venom with liposomes].
AB  - It is established that interaction of Latrodectus tredecimguttatus venom with
      bilayer phospholipid membranes of liposomes results in formation of ion channels.
      Liposome permeability variations are estimated by input and output of 86Rb+ and
      45Ca2+ isotopes. It is shown that LaCl3 in 0.5 mM concentration decreases
      considerably both input and output of Rb+ in proteoliposomes and it may be used
      as an inhibitor of latrotoxin channels in experiments with phospholipid vesicles.
      When studying electrophoretic spectrum of proteins bound with liposomes it is
      shown that latrotoxin (a polypeptide) with molecular mass 130 kDa predominates in
      proteoliposomes.

PMID- 2411042
TI  - Three-dimensional molecular shape determination from a limited number of
      projections.
AB  - A real space method allowing the reconstruction of negatively stained crystalline
      objects from a limited number of projections is presented. The method is based on
      the assumption that only two density levels are required to describe an ideally
      negatively stained object (that of the volume occupied by the object and that of
      the volume occupied by the stain). The method is illustrated by the
      reconstruction of the asymmetric unit of catalase microcrystals using only the
      three principal projections. It is shown that other projections can then be
      predicted to a good approximation.

PMID- 2411043
TI  - The use of acridine orange staining and image analysis to detect bacteriuria.
AB  - Fifty urine samples from a variety of urological patients were analysed using the
      fluorochrome acridine orange in an automated system. The results were compared
      with standard colony counts. The method has a potential value in the detection of
      significant infection particularly in population studies.

PMID- 2411044
TI  - Transurethral resection of prostate with intravenous sedation.
AB  - Transurethral resection of the prostate with intravenous sedation was performed
      with satisfactory results in 65 selected elderly patients, many of whom for
      medical reasons were not candidates for surgery under anesthesia.

PMID- 2411045
TI  - [Morphologic picture of the ependyma of the 3d cerebral ventricle in ewes after
      hormonal stimulation].
AB  - The ependyma in the infundibular region of the third cerebral ventricle was
      studied. Ageline sponges (20 mg per animal) were applied to nine ewes. On the
      thirteenth day after the removal of sponges, 750 I. U. PMSG was administered
      intramuscularly to three ewes, 1000 I. U. PMSG to another three, and the
      remaining three ewes were left without this treatment. Six ewes were the control.
      After embedding in paraffin, the material obtained from four control sheep and
      all the test sheep was stained with haematoxylin-eosine, material from another
      two control animals was impregnated by the method after Golgi-Cox. The ependyma
      in the infundibular region of anoestric ewes has a single layer and is cubic to
      cylindrical; it is only in the recessus infundibuli that it forms two to four
      layers. After the administration of Ageline, or in combination with PMSG,
      ependyma can be observed to react within the whole infundibular region of the
      third cerebral ventricle, but the most expressive reaction is recorded in the
      caudal part of the middle third of infundibulum where a transient type of cells
      (between ependymal cells and tanycytes) was found in the control animals after
      impregnation (they have cilia and one to two short and one long processes). After
      Ageline administration, ependymal cells in the middle third stretch out like in
      the anoestric period. The administration of 20 mg Ageline and 750 I. U. PMSG gave
      rise to low digital excrescences, the ependyma is undulated (pseudo-stratified)
      or contains small deposits of multiplied cells. After the administration of 20 mg
      Ageline and 1000 I. U. PMSG, the middle third contained, besides subependymal
      serous infiltrate, also large digital excrescences, probably filled with a serous
      fluid, and the surface of the subependyma and ependyma is eroded, containing
      proliferated deposits of ependymal cells of different thickness. Everywhere
      proliferation occurs, the surface layer of ependymocytes is desquamated into the
      cerebrospinal fluid. The histological picture described in the present paper
      probably suggests an increased secretory activity of ependymal cells after the
      administration of hormonal preparations. It is confirmed by these results that
      ependyma is involved in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal control of the sexual
      activity of sheep.

PMID- 2411046
TI  - [Impregnoarchitectonic study of neurons in the caudal hypothalamic area in
      sheep].
AB  - The impregnoarchitectonics of neurons in the regio hypothalamica caudalis was
      studied by the methods after Ramon-Moliner and Golgi-Cox. Neuron types,
      morphology of synaptic conjugations and orientation of dendrites and axons are
      indicated for each nucleus. Small spindle-shaped neurons are the most frequent
      neuron forms occurring in the regio hypothalamica caudalis. It is only in the
      nucl. hypothalamicus perifornicalis that neuron processes and the long cell axes
      are oriented around the columna fornicis. One especially large neuron "occupies"
      the dorsal part of this nucleus.

PMID- 2411047
TI  - Intermediate filaments of human trophoblast and choriocarcinoma cell lines.
AB  - Human term placenta and two human choriocarcinoma cell lines were studied
      immunohistochemically and by immunoblotting with monoclonal antibodies to keratin
      polypeptides and vimentin. Four keratin polypeptides (40, 45, 52, 54 K) were
      detected in both normal and malignant trophoblastic cells. The presence of the 54
      K keratin polypeptide distinguishes the benign and malignant trophoblastic cells
      from human embryonal carcinoma cells and a yolk sac carcinoma cell line.

PMID- 2411048
TI  - Monoclonal anti cytokeratin antibodies reveal bile duct origin of cirrhotic
      ductular proliferations (dp).

PMID- 2411049
TI  - Location of antigenic sites on the three-dimensional structure of the influenza
      N2 virus neuraminidase.
AB  - Sequence analysis of the neuraminidase (NA) genes of influenza virus X-7(F1) and
      of 12 variants selected with monoclonal antibodies has been used to define in
      physical terms the antigenic structure of this NA, which was operationally
      established by R. G. Webster, L. E. Brown, and W. G. Laver (1984, Virology 135,
      30-42). X-7(F1) is a reassortant virus containing the NA of the early Asian
      (H2N2) isolate A/RI/5+/57, and the results of antigenic and sequence analysis of
      X-7(F1) and of variants selected with monoclonal antibodies have been combined
      with a similar analysis of the A/Tokyo/3/67 NA (H2N2, M. R. Lentz, G. M. Air, W.
      G. Laver, and R. G. Webster (1984), Virology 135, 257-265) to obtain a model of
      antibody binding to N2 NAs. The selection process was biased, however, since only
      those monoclonal antibodies which inhibited NA activity could be used to select
      variants. Most of the changes in the variants selected with monoclonal antibodies
      occur in those parts of the polypeptide chain which encircle the enzyme active
      site pocket in the three-dimensional structure (P. M. Colman, J. N. Varghese, and
      W. G. Laver (1983), Nature (London) 303, 41-44). The results suggest that in
      general the antibody binds to a site on the NA which includes those amino acid
      side chains which are altered in monoclonal variants. There are, however, several
      aspects of the antigen-antibody interaction which are not easily explained, and
      which will probably only be fully elucidated by X-ray crystallographic analysis
      of NA-antibody complexes.

PMID- 2411050
TI  - Murine leukemia virus maturation: protease region required for conversion from
      "immature" to "mature" core form and for virus infectivity.
AB  - Murine leukemia virus (MuLV) genome encodes a protease (Y. Yoshinaka, I. Katoh,
      T.D. Copeland, and S. Oroszlan (1985), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 1618-1622),
      which has been shown to cause maturation, specified as morphological conversion
      from "immature" to "mature" form of virus cores. To examine whether "immature"
      particles have infectivity or not, we constructed mutant DNAs with deletions in
      the protease region. The NIH/3T3 cells transfected with mutant DNAs produced
      "immature" particles, having immature morphology and containing Pr65gag, a
      polyprotein precursor of core proteins. The specific infectivity of the
      extracellularly released and purified particles was shown to be greatly reduced
      based on reverse transcriptase activity and protein content as compared with the
      "mature" particles obtained from wild-type DNA-transfected cells. The mutant
      genomes encoded functionally normal surface glycoprotein, gp70. These results
      strongly suggest that maturation of MuLV from "immature" to "mature" form of
      virus particles is indispensable to virus infectivity. The importance of
      processing of gag and pol, as well as transmembrane protein precursors by the
      viral protease is discussed.

PMID- 2411051
TI  - Central control of developmental plasticity in the mammalian visual cortex.
AB  - Visual experience influences the development of visual cortex functions. By
      manipulating retinal activity the efficacy of excitatory connections between the
      eyes and cortical neurones can be modified dramatically. A criterion for the
      enhancement or impairment of transmission is the temporal contiguity of pre- and
      postsynaptic activation. For a change to occur it is necessary that the cortical
      cells respond to retinal activity but this condition is not sufficient. Further
      permissive gating signals of nonretinal origin are required. It is proposed that
      these "now print" signals act by controlling the Ca2+-conductance of cortical
      dendrites. The possible role of these activity dependent modifications is
      discussed in the context of the development of cooperatively coupled cell
      assemblies.

PMID- 2411052
TI  - [Immunoreactive trypsin, trypsin inhibitors, amylase and lipase in the blood of
      patients in a regular hemodialysis program].

PMID- 2411053
TI  - [Effect of acute and chronic lindane poisoning on the function of the liver
      microsome mono-oxygenase system in rats maintained on a diet deficient in lysine,
      methionine, threonine and vitamins A, C and E].
AB  - Polynutrient deficiency in essential amino acids and vitamins A, C and E led to
      induction of liver tissue microsomal monooxygenase system in male rats of WAG
      strain within first 2 hrs and to inhibition of the induction within the
      subsequent hours after a single dose administration of a pesticide lindane (18
      mg/kg) as compared with control animals maintained on a normal diet. The
      deficiency in essential nutrients caused also a delay in the monooxygenase
      induction in rats treated daily within 3 months with lindane at a dose of 0.9 mg
      per kg of body mass. No distinct nutritionally-dependent differences in the rate
      of the monooxygenase induction were observed after 6 months of the chronic
      treatment with the pesticide. Activity of monooxygenases in nutritionally
      deprived and lindane-treated rats was decreased as compared with the similarly
      treated rats which were maintained on a normal diet. The induction of
      monooxygenases in experimental rats was accompanied by an increase in relative
      mass of liver tissue. The increase in liver tissue mass appears to occur as an
      adaptive response to the polynutrient deficiency and the effect of xenobiotics in
      order to maintain the enzymatic system at an adequate functional level.

PMID- 2411054
TI  - [Detection of alpha-fetoprotein in the blood serum postoperatively in cancer
      patients].
AB  - Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in a concentration of 10 ng/ml was identified by an
      immunoenzyme procedure in cancer patients 3-10 days after surgery. Elevated
      concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein were observed postoperatively in all cases of
      gastro-intestinal tumor and in 56.7% of patients with lung tumors. However, the
      antigen failed to exceed the said level in either of 38 patients operated for
      breast tumor.

PMID- 2411056
TI  - [Morphofunctional characteristics of the neurons of the mammillary medial nucleus
      in hypertension].

PMID- 2411055
TI  - [Expression of antigens related to structural protein antigens of MMTV in breast
      cancer cells].
AB  - This study was concerned with expression of MMTV-related antigens in cells of
      stable MCF-7 and T47D lines of human breast cancer. Indirect immunoperoxidase
      technique using antisera against whole preparations of virus of RIII and C3H mice
      as well as certain MMTV proteins identified cells which express proteins cross
      reactive with both gp52 and p27. MCF-7 sublines with a high level of positive
      cells were obtained. The stimulating effect of pregnancy and lactation hormones
      on MMTV-related proteins was studied.

PMID- 2411057
TI  - [Electron microscopic study of striate keratosis palmoplantaris (Wachters type)].
AB  - We report on a patient suffering from striate palmoplantar keratoderma (Wachters'
      type). Ultrastructural findings are presented for the first time. There was
      orthohyperkeratosus without alterations indicating a specific disturbance of
      keratinisation.

PMID- 2411058
TI  - [Morphokinetic effect of chlormadinone acetate on parts of the brain-hypophysis
      gonadal axis of pubertal male rats].

PMID- 2411059
TI  - Relationship between neurosecretory activity and staining properties in a
      neurosecretory cell-pair of the suboesophageal ganglion of the cricket
      Teleogryllus commodus (Walker).

PMID- 2411060
TI  - [Non-pharmacological methods of treatment and prevention of cardiac rhythm
      disorders in children].

PMID- 2411061
TI  - Genetic relatedness between intracisternal A particles and other major oncovirus
      genera.
AB  - Intracisternal A particles represent a major oncovirus genus. By reciprocal
      hybridization between molecularly cloned A particles and representatives of other
      oncovirus genera, we established pol gene homology with type B, type D and avian
      type C viruses. The most extensive homology was with mammalian type D viruses.
      The transcriptional orientation of the IAP genome was determined, as well as
      evidence indicating that its pol gene, which is apparently defective, contains
      coding regions for both reverse transcriptase and endonuclease proteins.

PMID- 2411062
TI  - Inhibitory effect of papaverine on RNA and protein synthesis of vesicular
      stomatitis virus.
AB  - Papaverine, an inhibitor of cAMP phosphodiesterase, reduced yields of infectious
      vesicular stomatitis virus in HEp-2 cells approximately 100-fold if added to
      cultures at a concentration of 30 microM before and after virus infection. The
      extent of papaverine-induced suppression of viral growth was dependent on drug
      dose and treatment regimen. Cells progressively recovered their viral permissive
      state after removal of drug. The cyclic nucleotide, cGMP, nullified the
      inhibitory effect of papaverine if added to cells during drug treatment. Pulse
      labeling experiments with [35S]methionine showed that papaverine compromises
      production of all virus-specific proteins in infected cells without adversely
      affecting host cell protein synthesis. Treatment of cells with papaverine
      strongly inhibited the production of viral RNA and both cellular RNA and DNA. It
      was found that VSV causes an immediate but transient stimulation of DNA synthesis
      in HEp-2 cells which is prevented by papaverine treatment. This drug also
      selectively blocked primary transcription of VSV in vivo and to a lesser extent
      in vitro RNA polymerase activity of the virion-bound transcriptase. The finding
      that papaverine has a strong inhibitory effect on viral biosynthesis including
      early transcription suggests that VSV replication may depend on host factors that
      regulate intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP.

PMID- 2411063
TI  - [Concentration of biogenic amines in different brain structures of the rat
      adapted to chronic emotional stress].
AB  - The level of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-OT), and that of 5
      oxyindolacetic acid was studied in four brain structures of rats having endured
      acute or chronic immobilization emotional stress. In stress adapted animals, NA
      level was normalized in the hypothalamus and increased in the midbrain. DA level
      was increased in the hypothalamus, the midbrain and the medulla, and 5-OT level
      was increased in most of the structures studied. During above-mentioned shifts,
      the animals did not react by additional changes of NA, DA, and 5-OT levels to
      subsequent immobilizations. Observed rearrangements of turnover of
      neurotransmitters may be considered as one of the forms of manifestation of
      chronic emotional stress adaptation mechanisms.

PMID- 2411064
TI  - Determination of mutagenic activities in different fractions of automobile
      exhaust condensate by the Salmonella/oxygenase mutagenicity test system.
AB  - Automobile exhaust condensate of a passenger car (gasoline engine) was separated
      into fractions of 2-3 rings containing -, 4-7 rings containing polycyclic
      aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH-free fractions. All fractions were tested
      for mutagenicity by the Ames system. The highest dose-dependent increase in
      revertant colonies was found for the 4-7 ring PAH-fraction when tested with
      Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100. These results are compatible with data
      obtained in in-vivo tests by previous investigations. The mutagenicity of these
      fractions in the absence of the oxygenase was negligible.

PMID- 2411065
TI  - Iatrogenic infections caused by the Mycobacterium fortuitum-chelonei complex.
      Report of two cases and review.

PMID- 2411066
TI  - Mast cells in the aspiration cytology differential diagnosis of adenolymphoma.
AB  - Review was undertaken of 20 cases of adenolymphoma (Warthin's tumor) of the
      salivary glands diagnosed by fine needle aspiration (FNA). Smears of the
      aspirates from 16 of the 20 cases (80%) contained mast cells associated with
      monolayered sheets of oncocytes. Aspiration smears from control cases showed
      cells in significantly fewer instances: 10% of the cases of mucoepidermoid
      carcinoma, 5% of the cases of pleomorphic adenoma and none of the cases of acinic
      cell tumor, squamous-cell carcinoma and branchial cysts. Mast cells in
      association with oncocytes thus should be considered supportive evidence of an
      FNA diagnosis of adenolymphoma.

PMID- 2411068
TI  - Immunoperoxidase staining for carcinoembryonic antigen in cerebrospinal fluids.

PMID- 2411067
TI  - Nucleoli in vaginal cells of hyperestrogenic and hypoestrogenic women.
AB  - Nucleoli classified according to their functional morphology were investigated in
      the vaginal cells of 38 hypoestrogenic and 29 hyperestrogenic women to study the
      effect of estrogen on these cells. While the cells from hyperestrogenic patients
      were characterized by the presence of a larger number of compact (active) and
      ring-shaped (less active/resting) nucleoli, vaginal cells from hypoestrogenic
      women were characterized by the presence of a larger number of micronucleoli
      (inactive nucleoli).

PMID- 2411069
TI  - Polyvalent fixative for staining of fine needle aspirates.

PMID- 2411070
TI  - Hematoxylin-and-eosin staining of fine needle aspirate smears.

PMID- 2411071
TI  - Fibronectin distribution in nailfold biopsies of scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)
      patients.
AB  - The distribution of fibronectin (FN) was studied in skin biopsies of 13 patients
      with scleroderma (SD), 7 patients with dermatomyositis (D), and 10 normal
      controls (NC) by direct immunofluorescence. In normal tissues, continuous or
      segmental linear staining of the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) was seen.
      Papillary, subpapillary dermis, and papillary capillary loops showed a reticular
      pattern of deposition with fibronectin. Scleroderma patients revealed similar
      staining in the dermis and DEJ. The reticular distribution of FN appeared to
      stain more intensely in the dermis than in controls, especially in deeper layers.
      The amount of FN in walls of blood vessels from SD patients was markedly
      increased; all dermal vessels stained with FN and revealed considerably thicker
      walls and larger lumens. FN distribution in DM patients was similar to that seen
      in SD with an increased amount of FN staining in capillary walls.

PMID- 2411072
TI  - Topical zinc sulfate augmentation of human delayed type skin test response.
AB  - The ability of topical zinc sulfate to augment the cutaneous delayed
      hypersensitivity response to Candida antigen was evaluated in 47 adults (15
      controls and 32 hospitalized patients). On each adult subject, intradermal
      standard Candida extract was administered to each forearm followed immediately by
      topical application of 10% zinc sulfate in Aquaphor ointment on one arm and
      Aquaphor alone on the other arm. The reaction size was assessed in a single
      blinded manner. Of the 24 subjects who reacted positively to Candida antigen, a
      significantly larger (p less than 0.01) number of individuals showed an augmented
      cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity response in the arm on which the topical zinc
      sulfate had been applied. However, when patients were stratified by plasma zinc
      concentrations, only the normal plasma zinc patient group demonstrated a
      statistical augmentation. Possible mechanisms and selectivity of this observed
      effect are discussed. These findings suggest a role for topical zinc application
      to augment cutaneous immune responsiveness.

PMID- 2411073
TI  - Increased macrophage activity in psoriasis.
AB  - Macrophages derived from circulating blood monocytes of psoriatic patients
      demonstrated an enhanced release of beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme compared with
      macrophages from healthy subjects. The relationship of cell activation to the
      pathogenesis of psoriasis is discussed.

PMID- 2411074
TI  - Pruritus during standardized mental stress. Relationship to psychoneuroendocrine
      and metabolic parameters.
AB  - The influence of experimentally-induced emotional stress on pruritic response of
      human skin was studied in healthy subjects. Experimental activation of the
      psychoneuroendocrine system was produced by standardized stressors, i.e. a colour
      word-conflict test (Stroop-test) and a subsequent mental arithmetic problem.
      Pruritus was elicited by intradermal injection of histamine. Results obtained
      were compared with reported feelings of stress, and stress-induced physiological
      and biochemical changes. Reported stress levels were evaluated by a visual
      analogue scale. The physiological and biochemical observations included pulse
      rate, blood pressure, endocrine and metabolic parameters. The experimental model
      produced adequate psychoneuroendocrine stress reactions. Cutaneous responses to
      histamine remained despite this unaltered. The cutaneous responses were unrelated
      to reported stress levels as well as to physiological and biochemical variables
      prior to stressor exposure. The individual cutaneous reactions to stressor
      exposure were related to the adrenaline response pattern. Degree of control,
      ability to predict, and time limitation of the experimental situation may be
      important factors influencing the experimental outcome.

PMID- 2411075
TI  - Prognostic factors in atopic dermatitis.
AB  - A long-term follow-up study (24 years minimum) was made of 955 individuals aged
      24-44 years, who had atopic dermatitis (AD) in childhood. The material was
      divided into two groups; patients who in 1952-56 had been hospitalized on at
      least one occasion at the Department of Dermatology, Karolinska Hospital,
      Stockholm (Group 1), and patients who in 1955-56 had been out-patients in the
      same department (Group 2). At the time of investigation 62% and 40% of the
      patients in Groups 1 and 2 respectively had ongoing dermatitis, the majority with
      mild skin lesions. The frequency of healing of AD and severity of persistent or
      recurring dermatitis were influenced by several factors. In order of relative
      importance, disregarding sampling errors, persistent dry/itchy skin in adult
      life, widespread dermatitis in childhood, associated allergic rhinitis, family
      history of AD, associated bronchial asthma, early age at onset, and female sex
      were associated with low frequency of healing and increased severity of
      persistent or recurring dermatitis.

PMID- 2411076
TI  - Pompholyx--a one year series.
AB  - During one year 68 patients with pompholyx attending the outpatient clinic at the
      Department of Dermatology, Lund, were examined with special regard to
      occupational disability. Owing to pompholyx 56 patients had sick-leave, and in 48
      sick-leave lasted more than 1 month. No patient needed change of occupation
      because of pompholyx, and no disability pension was granted because of the
      disease.

PMID- 2411077
TI  - Palmoplantar lesions in psoriatic patients and their relation to inverse
      psoriasis, tinea infection and contact allergy.
AB  - One hundred and seven psoriatics with palmoplantar involvement were clinically
      examined. They were selected from 921 patients filed in 1976 with the diagnosis
      psoriasis. Fifty per cent of the patients with palmoplantar psoriasis had
      flexural changes. The frequency of palmar involvement in patients with inverse
      psoriasis compared to patients with psoriasis vulgaris was increased 5.3 times.
      Pustulosis palmoplantaris (PPP) in addition to psoriasis was diagnosed in 18
      patients (17%). A dermatophyte infection was observed in 1 of 48 patients
      examined for tinea infection. Positive patch tests were obtained in 8 of 47
      patients, 7 of whom had more than one test reaction. The result gives no evidence
      of tinea infection and contact allergy as important factors in maintaining
      palmoplantar psoriasis.

PMID- 2411078
TI  - Hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma in the northernmost county of Sweden.
AB  - A papular and a diffuse variety of hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma (Unna
      Thost) are described. It was not possible to demonstrate any histopathological
      differences between the two varieties. Of the patients examined 36.2% were found
      to have dermatophytosis in addition to hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma. The
      hyperkeratosis was smooth and uniform in both varieties. When scaling and
      fissuring did occur they were signs of dermatophytosis and not part of the
      clinical picture. The examination of biopsies stained with H&E and PAS showed
      that dermatophytosis in patients with hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma,
      especially those with recurrent vesicular eruptions, gave rise to a
      histopathological picture which was, in some respects, similar to that of acute
      vesicular eczema.

PMID- 2411079
TI  - Treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica with low-dose acetylsalicylic acid. A
      randomized double-blind trial.
AB  - 16 patients with clinically and histologically verified necrobiosis lipoidica
      lesions were treated with either 40 mg acetylsalicylic acid or placebo daily for
      24 weeks in a double-blind controlled study. The lesions became statistically
      significantly larger in both groups in spite of inhibition of the aggregation of
      the platelets in the acetylsalicylic group.

PMID- 2411080
TI  - Genomic fingerprinting in the epidemiology of gonorrhoea.
AB  - We investigated the usefulness of the restriction enzyme (RE) fingerprinting for
      epidemiological tracing in gonococcal disease. The RE patterns of three paired
      gonococcal isolates showed corresponding identical fingerprints. Within each of
      the three pairs of epidemiologically linked isolates the respective restriction
      patterns were completely identical. Also, the restriction patterns of 6 strains
      from a larger contact group were identical. Identical restriction patterns were
      also obtained in each of the two cases where isolates were recovered from both
      urethra and cervix. The serological findings were in perfect agreement with the
      genomic fingerprinting as to the identity between all strains of the same
      epidemiologic chain. Relapse of the original infection could be excluded in one
      case by the finding of a different RE pattern and also a different serovar
      pattern of the strain recovered 4 months later.

PMID- 2411081
TI  - An immunohistochemical staining of epidermal Langerhans' cells in tinea cruris.
AB  - Epidermal Langerhans' cells (LC) were investigated in fresh cryostat sections of
      ten biopsies from patients with mycologically proven tinea cruris, using OKT6
      monoclonal antibodies and avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase. Compared to the
      controls, more epidermal LC and an increased number of LC in the upper half of
      the epidermis were found in the sections from tinea patients. In a double
      staining method for both OKT6-positivity and hyphae, a tendency towards a
      gathering of LC and fungal elements was found. The results of this study are in
      agreement with the theory that epidermal LC are responsible for the antigen
      uptake in dermatophytosis.

PMID- 2411082
TI  - Skin uptake of Gallium 67 in cutaneous sarcoidosis.
AB  - A patient is presented with cutaneous sarcoidosis of the scalp. Ga-67 was
      intensively taken up by the skin lesions. Systemic involvement of parotid glands
      and mediastinum was also demonstrated by Ga-67 scintigraphy. Prednisolone therapy
      reversed promptly the pathologic Ga-67 uptake. Ga-67 scintigraphy should be
      performed in all patients suffering from cutaneous sarcoidosis as being the most
      sensitive method to demonstrate systemic involvement.

PMID- 2411083
TI  - Human T-lymphotropic retrovirus type III (HTLV-III) in Danish homosexuals.
AB  - Sera from 119 patients attending a venereal disease clinic in Copenhagen during
      May 1983 were screened for antibodies to the newly characterized and isolated
      retrovirus HTLV-III. Ten out of 45 (22%) homosexual patients and two out of 74
      (2.7%) heterosexual patients were found to have antibodies against HTLV-III. The
      homosexual group (except one case that developed AIDS and died during one year
      observation period) contained otherwise healthy men some of which had no contact
      with individuals from high-risk areas and only a few sexual partners. These
      results strongly suggest that Danish homosexuals with only few contacts are also
      at risk and that sero-epidemiological studies should also include the healthy
      homosexual group and probably the heterosexual group attending venereal disease
      clinics.

PMID- 2411084
TI  - Familial rolled and spiral hairs with palmoplantar keratoderma.
AB  - A 59-year-old man with palmoplantar keratoderma and rolled spiral hairs on the
      abdomen and extremities is reported. His father had the same skin manifestations
      but his brother and sister only keratoderma palmoplantare. Scanning electron
      microscopy of the rolled hairs showed that they were coiled in a spiral around
      their own axis. These spiral hairs had lower cysteine than the normal appearing
      hairs on the body. The scalp hair appeared normal but was low in cysteine which
      was compensated by an increase in threonine. Urine analysis showed a decrease of
      cysteine.

PMID- 2411085
TI  - Sheet dermatitis.
AB  - A characteristic dermatitis with skin-coloured or erythematous papules localized
      to the helices and lobes of the ears and to the skin behind the ears was observed
      in 25 subjects who had been using new, unwashed sheets and pillow-cases
      containing permanent-pressing resin.

PMID- 2411086
TI  - Cutaneous nasociliary neuralgia.
AB  - Nasociliary neuralgia has not to our knowledge been linked with inflammatory
      cutaneous lesions. We observed the phenomenon and postulate that it may be
      frequent but overlooked.

PMID- 2411087
TI  - Increased platelet aggregation in psoriasis.
AB  - Platelet aggregation was measured in fasting platelet-rich plasma in 25
      psoriatics, 6 of whom were diabetic, 50 normal controls, and 24 diabetics. The
      aggregating agents employed to induce platelet aggregation included ADP,
      epinephrine and collagen. Platelet aggregation was significantly increased in
      psoriatics compared with normal controls. An additive effect was observed when
      diabetes was associated with psoriasis, with platelet aggregation being further
      increased by ADP. Platelet aggregability was re-evaluated in 7 psoriatics after
      they presented with clearing of the rash. The increased platelet aggregation with
      ADP and epinephrine was significantly reduced when the skin lesions had cleared.

PMID- 2411088
TI  - Low prevalence of psoriasis in Norwegian lapps.
AB  - The prevalence of psoriasis was found to be 0.6% in 2 000 pure Lapps from
      Kautokeino. Similar low prevalences have been found in Mongolians and Eskimos. HL
      A studies have suggested a common origin for these populations.

PMID- 2411089
TI  - Petechiae and vasculitis in asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - Recurrent petechiae of the lower legs and signs of asymptomatic primary biliary
      cirrhosis have been found in three women. Large immune complexes were identified
      in the serum of three and cryoglobulin/cryofibrinogen in two. Histological
      examination of skin biopsies revealed a leukocytoclastic vasculitis in all three
      patients. Direct immunofluorescent studies showed deposits of IgM, C3 and
      fibrinogen in and around the walls of the small vessels of the skin of two and C3
      as well as fibrinogen in one patient. It is suggested that leukocytoclastic
      vasculitis may be a microscopic feature of the systemic involvement in
      asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis, and petechiae the clinical manifestation.

PMID- 2411090
TI  - Delusions of infestation treated with pimozide: a follow-up study.
AB  - Fourteen patients with monosymptomatic delusions of infestation were followed-up
      19-48 months after treatment with pimozide was terminated. Seven patients had
      remained in remission since the treatment. Three had developed relapses, but were
      without symptoms with intermittent treatment. Four patients responded poorly to
      pimozide and had still symptoms at the follow-up. The study indicates, that a
      large proportion of patients with monosymptomatic delusions of infestation
      treated with pimozide will be able to discontinue the medication for years
      without recurrence of their delusions.

PMID- 2411091
TI  - Sarcoid-like granulomatous periocular dermatitis treated with tetracycline.
AB  - Two cases of periocular micropapular dermatitis with sarcoid-like granulomatous
      histology are reported. After 8-12 weeks treatment with tetracycline the
      cutaneous eruptions of both patients cleared. The condition is equivalent to
      perioral dermatitis.

PMID- 2411092
TI  - Serum IgE levels in patients with bullous pemphigoid.

PMID- 2411093
TI  - Treatment of alopecia areata with diphenylcyclopropenone.

PMID- 2411094
TI  - Divergent effects on LH and FSH synthesis and release from intact female rat
      pituitary glands in vitro by methylxanthines, cyclic AMP derivatives and sodium
      fluoride.
AB  - FSH release from the female rat pituitary gland consists of an LH-like, LRH
      dependent component and an autonomous, inhibin-sensitive component. It was
      investigated whether cyclic AMP mediated FSH release. BrcAMP, theophylline, MIX
      or NaF stimulated LH release but inhibited FSH release and synthesis. Although
      dbcAMP had no inhibitory effect on FSH release, it partly reversed the inhibitory
      action of theophylline. In view of previous and the present results it is
      concluded that cyclic AMP may mediate the LRH-dependent LH and FSH release and,
      through a separate pathway, may mediate the inhibition of autonomous FSH release
      by the ovarian protein inhibin.

PMID- 2411095
TI  - Influence of thiol groups, calcium, and glucose metabolism on cholinergic-induced
      insulin release and on methylscopolamine binding to muscarinic receptors in
      pancreatic islets of the rat.
AB  - Short-term regulation of [3H]methylscopolamine binding to muscarinic receptors
      and acetylcholine-induced stimulation of insulin release was investigated in
      pancreatic islets of the rat. Binding of methylscopolamine was reversible; 47% of
      label was displaced 10 min and 70% 30 min after addition of unlabelled substance.
      0.1 mM chloromercuribenzoic acid, when present during binding incubations,
      inhibited binding by 54%, whereas acetylcholine-induced insulin release was
      unaffected by the presence of the thiol reactant. Pre-incubation for 60 min in a
      calcium-deprived medium or in the presence of 50 microM trifluoroperazine
      likewise inhibited binding. Pre-incubation with 1.0 mM 3-isobutyl-l
      methylxanthine or 16.7 M glucose failed to influence subsequent binding although
      acetylcholine-induced insulin release was 4-fold enhanced by priming with
      glucose. We conclude that 1) binding to muscarinic receptors is influenced by
      thiol interaction, 2) short-term alterations in calcium fluxes influence binding,
      whereas short-term changes in cyclic AMP (cAMP) or glucose metabolism do not, 3)
      a priming effect of glucose on insulin secretion is not mediated by changes in
      receptor binding.

PMID- 2411096
TI  - Immunodetection of bovine chorionic somatomammotrophin (bCS).
AB  - Bovine chorionic somatomammotrophin (bCS) was detected in the bovine placenta by
      using an immunoenzymatic procedure. This hormone appears mainly located in the
      binucleate cells of the foetal cotyledons and to a lesser extent in some
      localized superficial areas of the foetal and maternal epithelium. These areas
      may correspond to foetal binucleate cells migrating into the maternal caruncles.

PMID- 2411097
TI  - Shared antigenic determinants between human hemopoietic cells and nervous tissues
      and tumors.
AB  - A panel of nine monoclonal antibodies raised against human hemopoietic cells was
      used for immunohistological labeling of frozen sections of human nervous tissues
      and tumors. Three antibodies showed a remarkably consistent labeling pattern when
      tested on 18 samples of normal or reactive tissue, on 31 neurogenic and 17 non
      neurogenic tumors in an indirect immunofluorescence technique. VIM C6, an
      antibody recognizing cells of the granulocyte series, showed surface labeling of
      normal and reactive glial cells and of all types of glioma regardless of the
      grade of malignancy. VIT 13, an antibody recognizing activated T-cells, labeled
      the processes of normal, reactive, and neoplastic glia in a manner very similar
      to but not identical with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). VIB C5, an
      antibody recognizing B cells and granulocytes, showed surface labeling restricted
      to malignant cells (malignant gliomas and primitive neuroectodermal tumors) and
      fetal brain, thus recognizing, within the nervous system, an oncofetal antigen.
      Due to this operational specificity within the nervous system, some of the
      antibodies described here might have a role as diagnostic markers for CNS tumors.
      This study confirms and expands previous data that sharing of antigenic
      determinants by hemopoietic cells and nervous tissue or neurogenic tumors is
      common. However, the significance of such cross-recognition is still obscure. It
      is tempting to speculate that cross-reacting auto-antibodies might contribute to
      tissue damage in some immune-mediated neurologic diseases (myasthenia gravis,
      multiple sclerosis, CNS involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus) or to
      impairment of immunoregulation in multiple sclerosis or glioma patients.
      Furthermore, sharing of surface determinants might be responsible for the dual
      tissue tropism of some viruses, including the lymphotrophic virus (HTLV) in the
      encephalopathy of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

PMID- 2411098
TI  - On the pathology of the ciliary sulcus.
AB  - The so-called ciliary sulcus of the posterior chamber of the eye is the place of
      fixation for some of the posterior chamber lenses. It is only recently that this
      borderline between the iris root and the ciliary processes gained more interest
      among clinical ophthalmologists. Little is known on tissue reactions in ocular
      diseases at this very location. Possible reactions are presented based on the
      material of the Department of Ocular Pathology of the University Eye Hospital
      Munchen. The main result of this study is the finding of marked fibrovascular
      proliferative reactions in inflammatory diseases, and vascular proliferations in
      diabetic and postthrombotic neovascular glaucoma. It is suggested that such
      proliferations might be the source of intraocular bleeding after posterior
      chamber lens implantation.

PMID- 2411099
TI  - Effects of nasal capsaicin pretreatment and cryosurgery on sneezing reflexes,
      neurogenic plasma extravasation, sensory and sympathetic neurons.
AB  - Local and systemic capsaicin pretreatment as well cryosurgery induced a long
      lasting loss of sensory substance P-immunoreactive nerves in the guinea-pig nasal
      mucosa. In addition, cryosurgery caused a loss of noradrenergic sympathetic
      nerves, sclerosis of blood vessels, epithelial damage and fibrosis of the mucosa.
      The sneezing response to local application of capsaicin--but not that to nicotine
      -was reduced or abolished by capsaicin pretreatment and cryosurgery, while the
      response to tactile stimulation was unaffected. These effects were long-lasting
      and still present 2 months after treatment. Local capsaicin pretreatment of the
      nasal mucosa had no effects on the substance P levels or the Evans Blue
      extravasation response to i.v. capsaicin in the ureter, indicating that this
      treatment has no systemic effects on other afferent SP-neurons. It is suggested
      that local capsaicin pretreatment is a more selective and less traumatic method
      than cryosurgery to induce a long-lasting desensitization of the nasal mucosa to
      chemical irritants in hyperreactive disorders of the nose.

PMID- 2411100
TI  - Substance P nerve fibres in the canine larynx by PAP immunohistochemistry.
AB  - The distribution of the Substance P (SP) immunoreactive nerve fibres in the
      canine larynx and laryngeal nerves was studied by PAP immunohistochemistry. Many
      individual SP immunoreactive nerve fibres with varicosities were observed within
      the epithelial layer and in the connective tissue below the epithelium of the
      laryngeal mucosa. Small numbers of SP immunoreactive nerve fibres were also found
      in the submucosal gland region and some of them appeared to terminate in
      glandular cells. These findings are consistent with the view that SP might be
      involved in the laryngeal sensory innervation system and the laryngeal glandular
      secretion. No SP immunoreactive nerve fibres were found in any intrinsic
      laryngeal muscles. The recurrent laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal nerve
      contained SP immunoreactive nerve fibres and were considered to lie in the
      pathway of the SP nerve fibres to the larynx.

PMID- 2411101
TI  - Autonomic innervation of the tympanic membrane. An immunocytochemical and
      histofluorescence study.
AB  - The innervation of the tympanic membrane of the rat was investigated with respect
      to noradrenergic and peptide-containing nerve fibres. In sections, most of the
      nerves in both the flaccida portion and the tensa portion seemed to be of the
      small, unmyelinated types, though a few larger myelinated nerves were also found.
      Noradrenergic fibres, exhibiting specific catecholamine fluorescence (CA), were
      detected along the blood vessels in the pars flaccida and along the vascular
      network of the annulus fibrosus. In the pars flaccida, fibres exhibiting SP-like,
      VIP-like- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity were noted. None of these peptides
      could be detected in the pars tensa. The exclusive localization of the oedema
      provoking peptides, SP and VIP, to the pars flaccida may be of importance with
      regard to establishing pars flaccida as the initial site of effusion production
      in experimental secretory otitis media.

PMID- 2411102
TI  - Bone resorption in chronic otitis media. The role of mast cells.
AB  - Twenty-two surgical specimens of eroded middle ear ossicles were removed from
      patients with chronic otitis media, with and without cholesteatoma. By using
      specific mast cell stains, increased numbers of mast cells were found in
      connective or granulation tissue adjacent to eroded surface of the bone. Mast
      cells possess the biological machinery necessary for enhancing bone resorption,
      and the population density of mast cells is increased in a variety of disorders
      that are associated with bone resorption. It is hypothesized that mast cells
      contribute to bone resorption in chronic otitis media, and the possible
      mechanisms by which mast cells exert their action are discussed.

PMID- 2411103
TI  - Contralateral effects of unilateral nasal decongestion.
AB  - The effect of topical nasal decongestants or placebo in one nasal cavity was
      studied by means of rhinomanometry in 61 subjects with nasal congestion. Active
      substance induced a decongestion on the treated side, while placebo did not. On
      the contralateral side, congestion was found after active substance
      ipsilaterally. However, it was shown that the contralateral effect was not
      dependent on the ipsilateral treatment, indicating that the nasal mucosa is not
      controlled by the state of the contralateral side.

PMID- 2411104
TI  - Carbonic anhydrase activity in the inner ear.
AB  - The histochemical and cytochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase activity in
      the inner ear of guinea pig was studied with Hansson's method and modified
      Yokota's method. All cells possessing the cell membrane infoldings are proved to
      have the enzymatic activity. The cochlear hair cells show strong enzymatic
      activity while the vestibular hair cells show no appreciable activity. The
      supporting cells of both cochlear and vestibular hair cells also show the
      enzymatic activity. The reaction products showing the enzymatic activity are
      observed in the cytoplasm, nucleus and cell membrane of the stained cells with
      both light microscope and electron microscope. The stria vascularis, vestibular
      dark cells and endolymphatic sac are proved to have the enzymatic activity. The
      cells, which are already proved to have Na+-K+-ATPase activity, show the
      enzymatic activity. The regulation of the fluid and ion in the inner ear is
      probably a complex mechanism involving not only various cells but also several
      enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase, Na+-K+-ATPase and adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2411105
TI  - Gamma-globulin therapy in 6 newly diagnosed diabetic children.

PMID- 2411106
TI  - Mucosubstance histochemistry of the normal mucosa and epithelial neoplasms of the
      large intestine.
AB  - Histochemical properties of mucosubstances in normal mucosa and neoplasms of 100
      operated cases with colonic carcinoma were investigated by using several new
      methods, such as paradoxical concanavalin A (con A) staining and modified PAS
      reactions for sialic acids. Acidity of goblet cell-type mucin (GCM) of the normal
      mucosa varied with the depth of the crypt, as well as with different segments of
      the large intestine, whereas surface coat-type mucin (SCM) mainly consisted of
      sulfomucin throughout the large intestine. In addition, the PAS reactivity
      revealing the presence of O-acetylated sialic acid and the labile class III con A
      reactivity were demonstrated as hallmarks characterizing the colonic GCM. In
      carcinoma tissues, sialomucin was more abundant than in the normal mucosa. Goblet
      type tumor cells were found in 59 cases. Moreover, O-acetylated sialic acid and
      the labile class III con A reactivity persisted in GCM of the goblet-type tumor
      cells. GCM of the adjacent mucosa of the neoplasms showed a decrease in
      sulfomucin in 95 cases and a marked increase in the labile class III con A
      reactivity in 97 cases, while the histochemical properties of SCM in this region
      remained unchanged.

PMID- 2411107
TI  - Gastric small-cell undifferentiated carcinoma with adeno and squamous cell
      carcinoma components.
AB  - A unique gastric tumor is reported. A large portion of the tumor consisted of a
      diffuse sheet of undifferentiated cells reminiscent of a small cell
      undifferentiated carcinoma. The tumor cells showed a few dense core granules and
      a poorly developed attachment apparatus by electron microscopy. In addition,
      small portions of the tumor showed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
      Another noteworthy finding was that some of the metastatic hepatic nodules
      consisted of relatively monotonous polygonal cells with a distinct cord-like
      pattern showing argentaffinity and argyrophilia which were indicative of an
      atypical carcinoid. This case is a rare example of a gastric tumor with
      differentiation towards endocrine as well as adeno and squamous cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2411108
TI  - Endodermal sinus tumor of the stomach.
AB  - This is a case report of an endodermal sinus tumor arising in the stomach of a 72
      year-old Japanese woman. The tumor showed Borrmann 2 type at the mucosal surface,
      and the main mass occupied the subserosal layer with outgoing extension.
      Microscopically, the tumor showed typical characteristics of the endodermal sinus
      tumor, associated with embryonal carcinoma, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma
      and well differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma. Alpha-fetoprotein was detected in
      the serum of the patient by radioimmunoassay and within tumor tissue by
      immunohistochemical techniques. Ultrastructurally, a characteristic basement
      membrane-like material has been identified in intercellular spaces.

PMID- 2411109
TI  - Candida-induced histamine release from basophils: relationship to house dust- and
      anti-IgE-induced secretion.
AB  - Candida albicans-induced histamine release from basophils was studied in 54
      patients with bronchial asthma in comparison with the release caused by house
      dust and anti-IgE. The release of histamine induced by C. albicans and that
      induced by house dust were closely related to the serum levels of specific IgE
      antibodies as expressed by RAST scores. A correlation of C. albicans-induced
      histamine release with the release caused by anti-IgE was not generally observed.
      On the other hand, a close correlation was found between house dust- and anti-IgE
      induced histamine release. It was suggested from these results that the
      differences between C. albicans- and house dust-induced histamine release might
      be due to the different antigenicity of the two allergens.

PMID- 2411110
TI  - Changes of synaptic apparatus in the brain cortex of the hedgehog during
      hibernation (a quantitative Golgi and electron microscopic study).

PMID- 2411111
TI  - Interaction of some enzymes with quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids.

PMID- 2411112
TI  - Keratinolytic activity and its use in the identification of dermatophytes.

PMID- 2411113
TI  - [Studies on experimental subretinal neovascularization. 1. Development of
      experimental subretinal neovascularization].

PMID- 2411114
TI  - [Morphological study of orthograde axonal transport using HRP in experimental
      optic nerve injury].

PMID- 2411115
TI  - [Studies on male infertility--acrosome reaction of the human sperm incubated in
      vitro].
AB  - In 1981, P. Talbot developed a triple-stain technique to estimate the number of
      human sperm undergoing normal acrosome reaction in fixed smears. In this method,
      live and dead sperm are first differentiated using the vital stain trypan blue.
      Sperm are then fixed in glutaraldehyde, dried onto slides, and the postacrosomal
      region and acrosome are differentiated using Bismark brown and Rose Bengal.
      Slides are examined at 1,000x with a bright-field microscope and assessed for the
      percentage of sperm that have undergone the normal acrosome reaction. Using this
      method we examined the time course of the acrosome reaction of human sperm
      incubated in mBWW the influence of human serum albumin, the calcium concentration
      of incubation media, Ca ionophore A 23187, and trypsin on the acrosome reaction
      of human sperm and the difference between the percentage of sperm undergoing
      normal acrosome reaction of fertile and infertile males. We got the following
      results: The percentage of human sperm undergoing acrosome reaction increased for
      the first six hours of incubation. Without human serum albumin the acrosome
      reaction did not occur. Ca ion could be one of the triggers of the acrosome
      reaction. Ca ionophore A23187 and trypsin induced the acrosome reaction in vitro.
      Sperm from oligozoospermic males, especially poorly motile sperm, could not
      undergo acrosome reaction so easily as sperm from fertile males could.

PMID- 2411116
TI  - [Concentration level of latamoxef sodium (LMOX) in prostatic tissue].
AB  - The concentration of latamoxef sodium (LMOX) in serum and prostatic tissue was
      evaluated. Thirty seven patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy were given 1 g
      LMOX intravenously prior to prostatectomy. Prostatic tissue and blood were
      sampled at 1, 2 or 3 hrs after administration of LMOX. The concentration of LMOX
      in prostatic tissue was 17.4 +/- 3.4 micrograms/g tissue, 11.1 +/- 1.3
      microgram/g tissue and 8.9 +/- 1.3 microgram/g tissue 1, 2 and 3 hrs after
      injection, respectively (mean +/- S.E.). The penetration ratio of LMOX
      (concentration in tissue/in serum) to prostate was 30-45%. Therefore, the 80% MIC
      of LMOX is lower than 8 micrograms/ml for most gram negative bacteria, the
      results suggest that LMOX is very effective against prostatitis caused by these
      organisms.

PMID- 2411117
TI  - [Conservative treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy--clinical effects of
      increased administration of Hachimijiogan and the relation between these effects
      and the "Sho" of Chinese medicine].
AB  - Tsumura Hachimijiogan, 7.5 g a day, was administered to 30 patients with benign
      prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Clinical effects were estimated based on subjective
      symptoms and objective findings obtained by uroflowmetry. Twenty patients (66.7%)
      showed improvement of subjective symptoms and 14 patients (46.7%) showed good
      response in uroflowmetry. An improvement of overall clinical efficacy was
      observed in 21 patients (70%). These results were better than those obtained with
      5.0 g a day doses of Tsumura Hachimijiogan. No significant relation between the
      "Sho" in Chinese medicine and the clinical effects of Hachimijiogan was detected.
      No side effects or abnormal laboratory data were found in any of these 30
      patients.

PMID- 2411118
TI  - [Therapeutic effect of Robaveron tablet (KN-7) on urinary disturbance by benign
      prostatic hypertrophy].
AB  - Therapeutic effect of Robaveron tablet (KN-7) was studied on 101 patients with
      urinary disturbance accompanied by benign prostatic hypertrophy. Robaveron
      tablet, which contains 20 mg of a swine prostatic extract per tablet, was
      administered 6 tablets daily for 3 weeks in principle. Evaluation of drug
      efficacy was based on residual urine, cystometric findings, urethral pressure
      profile, uroflowmetry and subjective symptoms. Remarkable decrease of residual
      urine was observed at all stages of Guyon classification, in parallel with
      increases of cystometric pressure amplitude and average flow rate. Rate of
      residual urine reduction rose in proportion to the higher stage or bulkier volume
      of residual urine. Improvements of subjective symptoms were also obtained. The
      overall effectiveness, rated slightly improved or better was 76.8%. Side effects
      were seen at a low rate of 3.9%, and there were no abnormal changes directly due
      to the drug in clinical laboratory tests. These results indicate that Robaveron
      tablets act on the detrusor muscle and contribute to improve the depressed
      voiding efficiency and incidental symptoms of the subjects.

PMID- 2411119
TI  - Intraabdominal panniculitis: clinical, radiographic, and CT features.
AB  - Intraabdominal panniculitis, also known as lipodystrophy, is an inflammatory
      condition of adipose tissue that may result in development of large masses
      containing necrotic fat (nodular intraabdominal panniculitis). Symptoms are
      secondary to inflammation or mass effect on adjacent organs. Barium studies may
      show nonspecific inflammatory changes and displacement of bowel loops. Computed
      tomography (CT) demonstrates inhomogeneous masses containing fat and soft tissue
      density. The diagnosis of intraabdominal panniculitis has seldom been made
      prospectively. However, the CT findings are characteristic and can aid in the
      evaluation and management of patients with this disease.

PMID- 2411120
TI  - Revascularized jejunal graft replacing the cervical esophagus: radiographic
      evaluation.
AB  - Free jejunal autotransplantation is a successful surgical procedure for
      reconstruction of the cervical esophagus in treatment of carcinoma of the
      pharyngoesophagus. Radiographic assessment is essential in the postoperative
      evaluation of these patients. Twenty-two patients with jejunal autotransplants
      have been followed with radiographic examinations. Eleven of them have had normal
      postoperative studies. Acute and delayed complications characterized by
      anastomotic leaks, fistulae, and strictures have been observed in the other 11
      patients. The techniques of radiographic examination and the radiographic
      features of the normal graft and associated complications are described.

PMID- 2411121
TI  - Serial studies of platelet factor 4 and beta thromboglobulin during exercise in
      patients with coronary artery disease.
AB  - In vivo activation of platelets can be accurately measured by radioimmunoassays
      of platelet factor 4 (PF4) and beta thromboglobulin (beta TG). Studies that
      attempt to correlate increases in PF4 and beta TG levels with exercise-induced
      myocardial ischemia have yielded conflicting results. To further examine the
      natural history of release of PF4 and beta TG we used a method of serial
      samplings of these proteins during and after exercise in nine normal subjects and
      24 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Mean values for PF4 and beta TG
      at rest, during each stage, and immediately after treadmill exercise were the
      same for normal subjects and for patients with positive and negative responses to
      exercise-tolerance tests (ETTs). However, nonparametric analysis and regression
      equations disclosed differences in trends of PF4 level during exercise; PF4
      levels increased in normal subjects during exercise, while patients with positive
      ETTs had no change in PF4 levels and patients with negative ETTs actually showed
      a decrease in PF4. This investigation confirmed that exercise-induced myocardial
      ischemia is not associated with platelet aggregation as manifested by the release
      of the platelet-specific proteins PF4 and beta TG. Statistical analysis suggested
      that prior reports of elevated levels of PF4 during exercise could have been
      caused by technical and methodologic difficulties that were associated with the
      collection and handling of the samples.

PMID- 2411122
TI  - Intravenous use of amrinone for the treatment of the failing heart.
AB  - Amrinone, a new nonadrenergic, nonglycosidic agent with combined positive
      inotropic and vasodilating properties, was approved recently for parenteral use
      in the treatment of left ventricular failure. Its mechanism of action is mediated
      primarily by selective phosphodiesterase fraction III inhibition, although at
      high doses alterations of calcium transport may occur. Acute hemodynamic changes
      produced by amrinone include augmentation of cardiac output and decreases in
      pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, right atrial pressure and systemic vascular
      resistance. Heart rate and blood pressure remain unaltered. Myocardial oxygen
      consumption declines concomitantly with the decrease in systolic wall tension.
      The efficacy of amrinone is comparable to that of dobutamine and dopamine.
      Synergistic interactions with catecholamines and vasodilators are described.
      Adverse effects are minimal, with dosage limited predominantly by decreases in
      filling pressures.

PMID- 2411123
TI  - Immunoperoxidase study of lymphomas. Comparison of a one-step frozen section
      technic with indirect methods on paraffin sections.
AB  - Fifty cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (15 nodular and 35 diffuse) were studied to
      determine the sensitivity, specificity, and ease of several different
      immunoperoxidase methods. The methods included a rapid, simple one-step
      immunoperoxidase procedure on frozen sections compared with indirect
      immunoperoxidase technics on paraffin sections. The frozen-section
      immunoperoxidase technic stained 15 of 15 nodular lymphomas and 24 of 35 diffuse
      lymphomas for monoclonal light chain. The majority of the diffuse lymphomas that
      did not stain for light chains were morphologically and immunohistochemically
      consistent with T-cell lymphomas. The indirect method on B-5 and formalin-fixed
      tissues only rarely displayed monoclonal staining for nonplasmacytoid small cell
      lymphomas but did stain some large cell lymphomas and a majority of plasmacytoid
      lymphomas for monoclonal light chain. The frozen section technic presented in
      this report is sufficiently sensitive and reliable to detect immunoglobulins in
      any morphologic subtype of B-cell lymphoma, whereas paraffin-embedded tissues
      have only limited application.

PMID- 2411124
TI  - Iowa's system for screening and tracking high-risk infants.
AB  - A statewide system for the screening, tracking and referral of high-risk infants
      has been in operation in Iowa since 1978. During the first five years of the Iowa
      High-Risk Infant Follow-up Program, pediatric nurse-practitioners have screened
      1,440 infants at ages 4, 9, 18, and 30 months. Nineteen percent of the infants
      failed screening and were referred to developmental centers for further
      evaluation. Infants meeting criteria related to preterm birth comprised most of
      the flagged group; the highest failure rates were found for infants who
      experienced neonatal seizures or who were hypotonic at discharge from the
      hospital. Most children who failed screening did so by the nine-month checkpoint.
      A year-by-year comparison of failure rates for high-risk children in Iowa
      suggests a statistically significant pattern of decreasing developmental
      morbidity.

PMID- 2411125
TI  - Evaluation of serum pancreatic enzymes, carbohydrate antigen 19-9, and
      carcinoembryonic antigen in various pancreatic diseases.
AB  - Comparative studies of pancreatic enzymes carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) and
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were performed in various pancreatic disease. In
      acute pancreatitis as well as during acute exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis,
      all pancreatic enzymes were abnormally high. In chronic pancreatitis, they did
      not have any diagnostic sensitivity for pancreatic insufficiency. In pancreatic
      carcinoma, serum elastase levels may have a diagnostic value compared with other
      pancreatic enzymes. In studies of CEA and CA 19-9, both tumor markers were within
      normal range in benign pancreatitis but 27.7% of CEA and 30.7% of CA 19-9 in
      acute pancreatitis were above normal. In pancreatic carcinoma, although most of
      these patients had advanced disease, both tumor markers were extremely high and
      61% for CEA and 71% for CA 19-9 were above normal. In patients with resected
      pancreatic carcinoma, serum CEA was slightly higher than normal CA 19-9 was much
      higher than normal. The sensitivity of CEA and CA 19-9 in this group were 33 and
      77.7%, respectively. The results indicate that the CA 19-9 assay is a useful
      adjunct in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma, possibly in the resectable
      stage especially combined measurement of serum elastase and CEA.

PMID- 2411126
TI  - Familial aggregation of red blood cell cation transport systems in Japanese
      families.
AB  - The rate of lithium, sodium, and potassium transport in red blood cells is
      thought to be associated with essential hypertension. In order to investigate the
      contribution of genetic and environmental factors to cation transport, their
      correlation was analyzed in 60 parent-offspring pairs and 17 husband-wife pairs
      in Toyama City, Japan. Lithium-sodium countertransport and sodium-potassium
      cotransport rates were significantly correlated in parent-offspring pairs (r =
      0.52, p less than 0.01 and r = 0.46, p less than 0.01, respectively) but not in
      husband-wife pairs. Sodium pump rates were significantly correlated in both pairs
      (r = 0.48, p less than 0.01 in parent-offspring pairs, r = 0.46, p less than 0.05
      in husband-wife pairs). Therefore, lithium-sodium countertransport and sodium
      potassium cotransport were found to have a substantial genetic component and the
      sodium pump to have a substantial environmental component. Sodium pump rates were
      significantly correlated with sodium/creatinine (r = 0.21, p less than 0.05) and
      sodium/potassium (r = 0.32, p less than 0.01) in casual urine.

PMID- 2411127
TI  - Two arrangements of the human fetal globin genes may be responsible for high G
      gamma values in Chinese newborns: -G gamma-G gamma-delta-beta and -G gamma-A
      gamma G gamma-A gamma-delta-beta.
AB  - High G gamma values (78% and higher) have been observed in about 3% of Chinese
      newborns from the Shanghai area. We describe here two arrangements different from
      the normal -G gamma-A gamma-delta-beta arrangement which have been characterized
      in the DNA from three of these babies. One baby was heterozygous for a chromosome
      with two linked G gamma globin genes (-G gamma-G gamma-delta-beta), which has
      also been observed in Black newborns [Powers et al, Nucleic Acids Res 12:7023,
      1984], while the two other babies were heterozygous for a chromosome with
      triplicated gamma globin genes, presumably of the -G gamma-A gamma G gamma-A
      gamma-delta-beta arrangement. A similar triplication has been observed in natives
      of the New Hebrides [Trent et al, Nucleic Acids Res 9:6723, 1981].

PMID- 2411128
TI  - Neonatal and maternal fibrinolysis: activation at time of birth.
AB  - Utilizing chromogenic synthetic substrate-based methods, determination of the
      plasma concentration of plasminogen, alpha 2-antiplasmin, alpha 2-macroglobulin,
      and B beta 15-42-related peptides were made at the time of birth in both newborns
      and mothers. Plasminogen levels were increased in the maternal group (150 +/-
      26%), and markedly decreased in the newborn group (67 +/- 14%). The major
      inhibitors of fibrinolysis, alpha 2-antiplasmin and alpha 2-macroglobulin, were
      within normal range in both groups. Determination of B beta 15-42-related peptide
      showed markedly increased levels in the maternal group above control values (115
      +/- 102, normal 29 +/- 12); the newborn group showed values only mildly elevated
      above control values (39 +/- 21). The results demonstrate increased fibrinolytic
      activity in both groups, though the degree of activation is significantly higher
      in the maternal group, as reflected by the higher levels of B beta 15-42-related
      peptides. Fibrinopeptide A levels confirm an activation of coagulation in both
      maternal and newborn groups (22 +/- 4 ng/ml and 138 +/- 22 ng/ml, respectively)
      with a significantly increased level in newborns (2-5 ng/ml normal).

PMID- 2411129
TI  - Interferon-induced aplasia: evidence for T-cell-mediated suppression of
      hematopoiesis and recovery after treatment with horse antihuman thymocyte
      globulin.
AB  - A severe and persistent pancytopenia occurred in a 42-year-old woman with a non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma following a 10-day course of intramuscular human leukocyte
      alpha interferon (IFN, 9.0 IU/day). Within 2 weeks of IFN, marrow nucleated
      myeloid and erythroid precursor cells and megakaryocytes were nearly absent and
      marrow progenitor cells (CFU-E, BFU-E, CFU-GM) were undetectable. Analysis of
      marrow lymphocytes revealed that nearly 50% of the cells were E-rosette+, T
      gamma+, OKT8+ (suppressor/cytotoxic) T-and/or Leu 7+ natural killer (NK)
      lymphocytes and 50% were IgM Kappa, B1+, B-lymphocytes. In vitro erythroid
      culture studies were consistent with T-cell-mediated suppression of
      erythropoiesis. After 2 months without improvement on corticosteroid/androgen
      therapy, a 10-day course of intravenous antithymocyte globulin (ATG) was
      administered. This was followed by a prompt reticulocytosis and a rise in blood
      neutrophils. After ATG therapy, there was a sixfold reduction in marrow
      suppressor cells, loss of in vitro suppressor effects on erythroid progenitor
      cells, and complete reversal of blood and marrow OKT4/OKT8 (helper/suppressor)
      ratios. These studies suggest that interferon may suppress hematopoiesis in some
      patients by activating marrow suppressor T- and/or NK cells. Treatment aimed at
      reduction of marrow suppressor cells may aid in hematologic recovery without
      eliminating the infiltrating lymphoma.

PMID- 2411130
TI  - Haplotypes and levels of fetal hemoglobin and G gamma to A gamma ratios in
      Mediterranean patients with thalassemia minor and major.
AB  - This study concerned the gamma chain composition of Hb F and the haplotypes of 44
      patients with beta-thalassemia major or intermedia and many of their relatives.
      Seventeen patients came from Northern (Turkish) Cyprus, 12 from the Istanbul
      area, and 15 from Macedonia and Bulgaria. Analysis of the A gamma T-G gamma-A
      gamma I ratio was made by HPLC, while haplotyping involved seven restriction
      sites. Specific haplotypes were present in certain populations; haplotype I [1]
      is the dominant type among North Cypriot thalassemia patients. Numerous types
      were seen in the patients from the Balkan countries. A direct relationship
      between the A gamma to G gamma ratios and the haplotypes, which exists among
      black beta-thalassemia heterozygotes [3], was also observed among these
      Mediterranean patients, although such analyses were considerably complicated by
      extensive blood transfusion therapy. Haplotypes without the Hinc II restriction
      site within the psi beta gene were associated with lower G gamma values than
      those that had this polymorphic site. The A gamma T chain was observed in a small
      number of beta-thalassemia homozygotes and heterozygotes. Three thalassemia
      chromosomes with slightly different haplotypes and one normal chromosome with a
      related haplotype were associated with the gamma 75 Ile----Thr substitution. A
      few patients with a thalassemia intermedia were heterozygotes for beta
      thalassemia with either haplotypes V or VII [1] while the "nonthalassemic"
      chromosome had a haplotype I, which is the most common "beta-thalassemic"
      haplotype among the Mediterranean population(s). Detailed analyses of this
      chromosome have not been completed.

PMID- 2411131
TI  - Relationship of ventricular ectopy to nocturnal oxygen desaturation in patients
      with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2411132
TI  - Laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures in evaluation of liver disease.
AB  - Evaluation of liver disease can be a difficult and imposing problem for general
      internists and noninternists alike. Physicians are often faced with a confusing
      array of what are commonly referred to as "liver function tests"; indeed, with
      the advent of and commonplace use of automated serum testing batteries, these
      findings are increasingly frequent in asymptomatic persons. Abnormalities in
      liver function are occasionally discovered incidentally when the testing battery
      is performed without suggestion of liver disease. There are numerous examples of
      algorithms and flow diagrams designed with an aim toward aiding clinicians in
      completion of an adequate diagnostic evaluation when faced with a particular set
      of abnormalities on "liver function tests." However, a clearer understanding of
      these tests and others, which are in a broader sense tests of liver function,
      might be of greater value than such a systematic and regimented approach to the
      evaluation of liver disease.

PMID- 2411133
TI  - Severe pulmonary hypertension in a patient with Whipple's disease.
AB  - Rapidly progressive heart failure, in part related to severe pulmonary
      hypertension, developed in a patient with biopsy-proved Whipple's disease. The
      patient's pulmonary hypertension progressed despite antibiotic therapy and
      histologic remission of his intestinal disease. The combination of oral
      nifedipine and low-flow continuous oxygen led to both short- and long-term
      increases of at least 2 liters per minute in cardiac output and reductions of
      more than 10 mm Hg in mean pulmonary artery pressure. Accompanying these
      hemodynamic changes was an improvement of more than 10 percent in right
      ventricular ejection fraction. The relationship between this patient's pulmonary
      hypertension and his Whipple's disease is not known.

PMID- 2411134
TI  - Noonan phenotype associated with neurofibromatosis.
AB  - We report on four patients with neurofibromatosis and manifestations of Noonan
      syndrome including short stature, ptosis, "midface hypoplasia," apparently short
      webbed neck, learning disabilities, and weakness. No family history of
      neurofibromatosis was present in any case. Average paternal and maternal age at
      birth was 37 and 28 years, respectively, suggestive of a new mutation. The
      presence of a distinct phenotype and hypotonia in these patients with
      neurofibromatosis is suggestive of a new separate disorder.

PMID- 2411135
TI  - Alpha-fetoprotein, acetylcholinesterase, and hydrocele.

PMID- 2411136
TI  - Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors: a review of thirty-six cases.
AB  - Thirty-six patients with malignant ovarian germ cell tumors were treated between
      1972 and 1983, including 16 with immature teratoma, five with endodermal sinus
      tumor, seven with dysgerminoma, and eight with mixed germ cell tumors. The median
      age at presentation was 18 years and mean primary tumor diameter was 18 cm.
      Twenty-five of the 27 patients who were treated with multiple-agent chemotherapy
      underwent second-look procedures, only two of which revealed persistent
      malignancy. No patients have developed recurrence after a negative second-look
      operation. Two of the three patients with failure of initial chemotherapeutic
      regimens had complete remissions with second regimens. Two patients have died of
      malignancy, one who presented with a Stage IA mixed germ cell tumor and one
      noncompliant patient with a Stage IA, grade 2 immature teratoma. The other 34
      patients are alive without evidence of disease from 21 to 141 months, with a
      median follow-up of 68 months. These data confirm that multiple-agent
      chemotherapy has dramatically improved the prognosis for patients with malignant
      nondysgerminomatous ovarian germ cell tumors.

PMID- 2411137
TI  - A study of the NB/7OK and CA 125 monoclonal antibody radioimmunoassays for
      measuring serum antigen levels in ovarian cancer patients.
AB  - Serum levels of tumor antigens NB/7OK and CA 125 were determined in 101 samples
      by radioimmunoassays with the use of murine monoclonal antibodies. Among serum
      samples from ovarian cancer patients, elevated NB/7OK levels were found in 87% of
      samples that contained elevated CA 125 levels. With either assay, only 2% of
      patients with nonmalignant diseases had elevated antigen levels. No quantitative
      correlation was found, however, between levels of NB/7OK and CA 125. When antigen
      present in serum was purified by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200, CA 125 eluted
      with an apparent molecular weight in excess of 100 kilodaltons whereas NB/7OK
      eluted with an apparent molecular weight of 70 kilodaltons. Thus the NB/7OK and
      CA 125 radioimmunoassays appear to measure two different populations of antigenic
      material.

PMID- 2411138
TI  - Morphologic characteristics of the placenta in glycogen storage disease type II
      (alpha-1,4-glucosidase deficiency).
AB  - Five placentas from infants with enzymatically diagnosed glycogen storage disease
      type II (three from midtrimester abortions, two from term deliveries) were
      studied by light and electron microscopy. On routine histologic examination with
      hematoxylin and eosin staining, storage cells were identifiable in the connective
      tissue of the amnion. These cells provide the means to diagnose this glycogen
      storage disease prior to the development of clinical symptoms. Electron
      microscopy, even in the midtrimester placenta, shows typical membrane-bound,
      glycogen-filled vacuoles in the villous endothelium and stromal cells. These
      vacuoles can provide confirmation of glycogen storage in cases of prenatal
      enzymatic diagnosis and therapeutic abortion.

PMID- 2411139
TI  - Initiation of angiogenesis by porcine follicular fluid.
AB  - Angiogenesis was observed and measured after injection of porcine follicular
      fluid into rabbit corneas. A qualitative response (0 to 6+) and quantitative
      measurement (mm/day) were obtained 9 days after injection. Undiluted porcine
      follicular fluid stimulated angiogenesis with new blood vessels visible by the
      third day after injection, extending 2.0 to 3.0 mm into the site of injection
      from the corneal scleral limbus (1 to 4+) by day 9. Angiogenic activity was
      consistently found in fractions of porcine follicular fluid which precipitated in
      20% to 40% saturated ammonium sulfate. Sephadex gel filtration of the 20% to 40%
      saturated ammonium sulfate fraction resulted in fractions with molecular weights
      of 45,000 to 60,000 and less than or equal to 1500 daltons which stimulated
      angiogenesis. Charcoal treatment of active fractions did not remove angiogenic
      activity. Angiogenic activity was retained after heating at 56 degrees C for 1
      hour but was lost after boiling (20 minutes). Quantitative measurements of
      chemotaxis with use of Boyden chambers and mitogenesis by means of tritiated
      thymidine incorporation were performed. Follicular fluid from small follicles
      contained greater chemotactic activity than follicular fluid from medium or large
      follicles. The 20% to 40% saturated ammonium sulfate precipitate that eluted
      through Sephadex G-100 with a molecular weight of 45,000 to 60,000 daltons
      contained angiogenic, mitogenic, and chemotactic activity. In conclusion, porcine
      follicular fluid contains angiogenic factors that may be associated with
      perifollicular neovascularization during folliculogenesis.

PMID- 2411140
TI  - Subretinal neovascularization after experimental ocular histoplasmosis in a
      subhuman primate.
AB  - Subretinal neovascularization was demonstrated in a subhuman primate eye (Macaca
      speciosa) one year after the internal carotid injection of yeast-phase
      Histoplasma capsulatum. In this animal model of ocular histoplasmosis, initial
      injection of viable H. capsulatum results in the development of self-limiting
      acute multifocal choroiditis. Acute lesions resolve within six months, forming
      chorioretinal scars that are clinically similar to human histo spots. Detailed
      ultrastructural study of a peripapillary scar 30 months after the injection
      showed the presence of subretinal neovascularization located between Bruch's
      membrane and degenerated retinal inner segments. These vessels appeared to be
      continuous, had tight junctional complexes, and a well-developed basal lamina
      with occasional pericytes. Failure of fluorescein angiography to demonstrate the
      presence of this neovascular net may be explained by the presence of tight
      junctions within the subretinal capillaries.

PMID- 2411141
TI  - Histogenesis of glomerular crescents. Immunohistochemical demonstration of
      cytokeratin in crescent cells.
AB  - Recent studies have suggested that crescents are primarily of monocytic origin
      and that epithelial cells are a minor factor in their composition. Frozen
      sections of renal biopsies from 11 cases of crescentic glomerulonephritis (CGN)
      and 5 controls (2 acute interstitial nephritis, 1 focal glomerulosclerosis, 1
      benign recurrent hematuria, 1 normal kidney) were stained for intracellular
      cytokeratin (CK) with a mouse monoclonal anti-CK antiserum (PKK1) and nonspecific
      esterase (NSE) activity. Indirect immunofluorescence with PKK1 antiserum showed
      that in all biopsies there was positive staining of collecting duct and proximal
      and distal tubular epithelium but no reactions in blood vessels or interstitium.
      In control case glomeruli there was no staining of the tuft, including the
      visceral epithelium. In all cases some parietal epithelium was CK-positive. In 4
      CGN biopsies the majority of the crescents showed cytoplasmic staining for CK in
      more than 50% of the crescent cells. In 2 cases most crescents contained between
      10-50% CK-positive cells, whereas in 5 biopsies little or no CK was present in
      the majority of crescents. In all but one CGN case the majority of crescents
      contained fewer than 30% NSE-positive cells (monocytes). Electron microscopy
      demonstrated intermediate filaments in many crescent cells and scattered
      desmosomes within crescents. The results indicate that epithelial cells, probably
      of parietal epithelial origin, contribute significantly to crescent formation.

PMID- 2411142
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles. 1. Identification of
      polypeptides.
AB  - Ten monoclonal antibodies to Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles (ANTs) were
      produced by immunizing mice with a brain homogenate from senile dementia of the
      Alzheimer type (SDAT). In methanol-fixed isolated neuronal perikarya, six of
      these antibodies reacted with nearly every ANT, three recognized 70-88% of ANTs,
      and one bound to less than 30% of ANT. In paraffin sections, three of the
      antibodies did not bind to tangles that had been fixed in formalin, three stained
      weekly, and four reacted with tangles in tissues that had been in formalin for
      more than a decade. Immunoblotting of brain homogenates showed that all but one
      antibody reacted with proteins from SDAT samples insoluble in SDS and too large
      to enter even the 3% polyacrylamide stacking gel. Polypeptides extractable by
      Tris buffer of molecular weight 58, 66, and 70 kd were detected in both normal
      and SDAT brains by two antibodies and only in SDAT brain by two other antibodies.
      One antibody did not show any reaction on the immunoblot. The results demonstrate
      that the epitopes recognized by these antibodies are not identical and that ANTs
      contain unique antigenic determinants as well as determinants in common with
      normal brain. Whether the unique determinants are acquired during tangle
      development or are essential in tangle formation remains to be investigated.

PMID- 2411143
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles. 2. Demonstration of a
      common antigenic determinant between ANT and neurofibrillary degeneration in
      progressive supranuclear palsy.
AB  - Neurofibrillary degeneration is an argyrophilic intraneuronal lesion found in
      several unrelated neurologic conditions. The relationship between different types
      of neurofibrillary tangles is investigated with two monoclonal antibodies raised
      against Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles (anti-ANT). Using the peroxidase
      antiperoxidase technique, the authors demonstrate that neurofibrillary tangles of
      progressive supranuclear palsy, containing 15-nm straight filaments, share an
      antigenic determinant with ANTs. Ultrastructural studies localize the antigenic
      determinant to filamentous elements in the parakarya. The determinant is not
      present in normal brain, aluminum-induced experimental tangles in the rabbit,
      Lewy bodies, Hirano bodies, or axonal filamentous inclusions of amyotrophic
      lateral sclerosis and giant axonal neuropathy. It is, however, present in ANTs
      regardless of the pathologic condition in which they are found, including
      Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, and postencephalitic Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2411144
TI  - Duration of muscle activity during standing in normally and slowly developing
      children.
AB  - Research in motor control indicates that there are fixed patterns of activity
      which occur in certain muscle groups involved in standing in adults. The purpose
      of this study was to assess patterns of duration of muscle activity during quiet
      standing with and without superimposed arm movement in young children with normal
      and delayed motor development. Thirty-three children 4, 6, 8 and 10 years of age
      were screened for level of motor development and classified as either normally or
      slowly developing. Children performed two tasks: standing and standing with a
      superimposed 90 degree shoulder abduction movement. Using surface electrodes, EMG
      activity was monitored in Gastrocnemius, Tibialis Anterior and Erector Spinae
      muscle groups. The percentage of time activity was present in individual muscle
      groups was analyzed as a function of age and developmental level. Results
      indicated that quiet standing in children with delayed motor development was
      characterized by greater duration of activity in trunk than in leg muscles while
      in normal children, there was a more equal distribution of muscle activity
      between the legs and trunk. Both groups of children accommodated superimposed arm
      movement by increasing the percentage of time Erector Spinae activity was
      present. Patterns of duration of muscle activity in the legs were, however,
      different for the two groups of children.

PMID- 2411145
TI  - Decreased in vitro secretion of LH, FSH, and free alpha-subunits by pituitary
      cells from old male rats.
AB  - Various in vivo and in vitro pituitary-Leydig cell functions were examined in
      mature (5-8 mo) vs. old (22-25 mo) male Wistar rats. Old rats exhibited decreased
      serum concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle
      stimulating hormone (FSH) (P less than 0.0025) but similar levels of prolactin (P
      less than 0.01) both before and 4 wk after castration. The in vitro release of
      LH, FSH, and free alpha-subunits was measured in primary cultures of dispersed
      anterior pituitary cells from both intact and castrated rats. During 48 h of
      incubation, basal secretion rates of the glycoproteins were decreased (P less
      than 0.001) from cells of both intact and castrated old rats. After stimulation
      with LH-releasing hormone (LRH) in single (10(-8) M) or multiple (10(-10) - 10(
      7) M) doses, the total amounts of the glycoproteins secreted were also less from
      cells of both intact and castrated old rats. However, repeated measures analysis
      of variance revealed age-related hyporesponsivity to LRH stimulation only for LH
      secretion by cells from intact rats. The basal molar ratios of alpha/(LH + FSH)
      secreted by cells from intact but not castrated old rats were lower than those
      from cells of the corresponding mature rats. Moreover, after LRH stimulation (10(
      10) - 10(-7) M), molar secretory ratios of alpha/(LH + FSH) decreased from cells
      of intact mature rats but increased from cells of intact old rats. These in vitro
      data suggest that the reduced serum LH and FSH levels in intact and castrated old
      male rats result in part from decreased secretion of these
      glycoproteins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2411146
TI  - Insulin-resistant Na+ pump activity in adipocytes from obese humans.
AB  - Basal and maximally insulin-stimulated Na+-pump activity was measured in
      adipocytes from subjects with normal glucose tolerance over a range of body mass
      indexes (BMI). In a comparison of 13 lean (BMI less than 25) vs. 15 extremely
      obese (BMI greater than 40) subjects basal activities per unit surface area were
      similar, but the maximally insulin-stimulated activity was significantly reduced
      in the extremely obese group [9.2 +/- 0.6 vs. 12.1 +/- 1.0 (min X dam2)-1, P less
      than 0.05]. The mean percent insulin stimulation of the Na+ pump above basal
      activity was 48 +/- 7% for the lean compared with 14 +/- 2% for the extremely
      obese group (P less than 0.001). A similar relationship was observed in these
      subjects for glucose transport where basal activities per unit surface area again
      were similar but the maximally insulin-stimulated transport was reduced in the
      extremely obese subjects (2.2 +/- 0.3 vs 5.1 +/- 0.6 attol/um2 X s, P less than
      0.001). These results indicate that alterations in Na+-pump activity may be a
      manifestation of the insulin-resistant state that could contribute to the
      development of obesity via decreased cellular thermogenesis.

PMID- 2411147
TI  - Proglumide analogues: potent cholecystokinin receptor antagonists.
AB  - Proglumide [N-(benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid-1-di-n-propylamide] is a specific
      cholecystokinin receptor antagonist. In the present study we synthesized various
      analogues of proglumide and used pancreatic acini from guinea pig pancreas to
      examine the abilities of these analogues to function as cholecystokinin receptor
      antagonists. Each analogue inhibited cholecystokinin octapeptide-stimulated
      amylase secretion but did not stimulate amylase secretion when present alone.
      There was a close correlation between the ability of a particular analogue to
      inhibit the action of cholecystokinin on acinar cell function and its ability to
      inhibit binding of 125I-cholecystokinin. Structure-function studies demonstrated
      that neither the dipropylamide nor the benzoyl moieties are essential for
      inhibiting the action of cholecystokinin but that both groups are important in
      determining the inhibitory potency. Replacing the dipropylamide group with a
      hydroxyl group caused a 13-fold decrease in potency. Replacing the benzoyl moiety
      by an acetyl group caused a 30- to 40-fold decrease in inhibitory potency,
      whereas replacing the benzoyl moiety by a p-chlorophenoxyacetyl or phenoxyacetyl
      moiety caused a 75-fold increase in potency. Replacing both the dipropylamide
      moiety with a hydroxyl group and the benzoyl moiety with a phenoxyacetyl group
      resulted in a 5-fold decrease in inhibitory potency. Inhibition of
      cholecystokinin-stimulated amylase release by both the phenoxyacetyl and p
      chlorophenoxyacetyl analogues was competitive in nature, fully reversible, and
      specific for those secretagogues that interact with the cholecystokinin
      receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2411148
TI  - Intracellular electrical activity of muscularis mucosae of the dog stomach.
AB  - Mechanical and intracellular electrical activity was recorded simultaneously in
      vitro from smooth muscle of the muscularis mucosae of the canine antrum. The
      intracellularly recorded membrane potential averaged -51 +/- 1.4 mV (mean +/-
      SE). Spontaneous electrical activity consisted of spike-shaped potentials that
      were 20-40 mV in amplitude. The rate of rise of the spike potential was slow
      (less than 0.2 V/s) and the half-time duration was long (0.5-5.0 s). Phasic
      contractions were often but not always coupled with spike potentials. Ion
      substitution studies suggested that the spike potential had a greater dependence
      on Na+ than on Ca2+. Field stimulation of intramural nerves hyperpolarized the
      membrane potential and abolished spikes or reduced their amplitude and frequency.
      These changes were associated with a reduction in tone and phasic contractile
      activity. The response to stimulation of inhibitory nerves was mimicked by
      epinephrine, neurotensin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The resistance
      to adrenergic blocking agents ruled out the possibility of norepinephrine as the
      transmitter. The tetrodotoxin sensitivity of the response to neurotensin suggests
      that neurotensin acts indirectly through the inhibitory nerves. Mimicry between
      the action of applied vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and field
      stimulation provides support for the hypothesis that VIP may be an inhibitory
      neurotransmitter. These studies indicate that smooth muscle in the canine gastric
      muscularis mucosae generates spontaneous electrical and mechanical activity and
      receives a noncholinergic, nonadrenergic inhibitory innervation.

PMID- 2411149
TI  - Ion transport in goby intestine: cellular mechanism of urotensin II stimulation.
AB  - The Na- and Cl-absorbing goby posterior intestinal epithelium is composed
      predominantly of mitochondria-rich, tall columnar cells. Glass intracellular
      microelectrode recording technique was applied to absorptive cells of this
      relatively leaky epithelium to measure apical cell membrane potential difference
      (psi mc) and apical membrane fractional resistance. As determined by ion
      substitution studies, absorptive cells are characterized by a large, Ba2+
      inhibitable apical K conductance, which is a major factor determining psi mc and
      smaller Cl and Na conductances. Inhibition of the apical Na-Cl-coupled influx
      directly by furosemide or indirectly by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3
      isobutyl-1-methylxanthine produced hyperpolarization of psi mc, consistent with
      the greater apical membrane conductance to Cl than Na. The urophysial
      neurosecretory peptide urotensin II, which stimulates Na-Cl-coupled absorption,
      markedly depolarized psi mc in posterior intestinal tissues from 5% seawater
      adapted gobies. This response is consistent with a stimulatory effect of
      urotensin II at the apical membrane carrier rather than at the basolateral Na-K
      ATPase. Urotensin II is without effect on psi mc in tissues from seawater-adapted
      fish and somatostatin, a natural analogue of urotensin II, is without effect on
      tissues from fish adapted to either salinity. This specificity parallels that
      determined using radiotracer fluxes.

PMID- 2411150
TI  - Effect of proglumide on rat pancreatic growth.
AB  - Proglumide, a glutaramic acid derivative, is a specific competitive inhibitor of
      gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors. As such, it blocks gastrin
      stimulated acid secretion, the trophic effect of gastrin, and CCK-stimulated
      smooth muscle contraction and acinar cell secretion. In the current study we have
      demonstrated that proglumide (100 mg/kg three times per day) blocks the trophic
      effect of a low dose of CCK octapeptide (300 ng/kg) given three times a day for 2
      days. The same dose of proglumide when given alone for 6 days, however, resulted
      in a significant stimulation of pancreatic growth. Proglumide had no effect on
      the trophic response to a high dose of CCK-OP (5 micrograms/kg) administered for
      either 2 or 6 days. These results indicate that given over a period of several
      days proglumide behaves like a partial agonist of pancreatic growth.

PMID- 2411151
TI  - Second messengers in renin secretion.
AB  - The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a central role in electrolyte
      homeostasis and in the regulation of arterial blood pressure. The level of
      activity of this system is determined primarily by the rate at which the kidneys
      secrete renin into the blood. Although many factors affect renin secretion in
      vivo, it is certain that all extracellular first messengers affect the activity
      of the renin-secreting cell by altering its intracellular concentrations of only
      a few second messengers. The thesis of this review is that free ionic calcium
      (Ca2+) and cAMP are inhibitory and stimulatory second messengers in renin
      secretion and that Ca2+ is preeminent. In general, intracellular Ca2+ is
      controlled by two mechanisms of Ca2+ efflux (Na-Ca exchange; primary active Ca2+
      transport) and two mechanisms of Ca2+ influx and/or mobilization (voltage
      sensitive Ca channels; receptor-operated channels). There is evidence to suggest
      that first messengers affect intracellular Ca2+, and therefore renin secretion,
      by affecting these efflux, influx, and mobilization pathways.

PMID- 2411152
TI  - Saxitoxin binding and "fast" sodium channel inhibition in sheep heart plasma
      membrane.
AB  - We compared specific [3H]saxitoxin (STX) binding to isolated sheep ventricular
      sarcolemmal vesicles with inhibition of maximal action potential upstroke
      velocity (V max) by STX and tetrodotoxin (TTX) in sheep trabeculae carneae. In
      sarcolemmal vesicles purified 30 to 40 times over cardiac homogenate, STX binding
      at 0 degrees C in Na-free solution exhibited both high-affinity sites (KD = 0.22
      +/- 0.05 nM, n = 85 +/- 13 fmol/mg protein) and low-affinity sites (KD = 11 +/- 4
      nM, n = 360 +/- 42). The STX-inhibition constant for V max in Tyrode solution at
      37 degrees C was 280 nM. TTX was approximately 10% as effective as STX in
      displacing bound [3H]STX and inhibiting V max. Allowing for different
      experimental conditions during [3H]STX binding and V max measurements, we suggest
      that the low-affinity sites are physiologically relevant "fast" Na+ channels of
      myocardial cells. Combining morphometric data for plasmalemmal area of mammalian
      cardiac myocytes with n for low-affinity sites, we estimate 3.6-7.6 fast Na+
      channels/micron2 plasmalemma.

PMID- 2411153
TI  - Isolated perfused head of rainbow trout. II. Ionic fluxes.
AB  - Branchial ionic transport processes were evaluated and compared in Ringer
      perfused and blood-perfused heads of rainbow trout. Rates of Na+ and Cl- influx
      were similar to in vivo levels at the onset of perfusion. Na+ uptake deteriorated
      more rapidly over time during Ringer perfusion, whereas Cl- uptake was relatively
      stable regardless of the perfusate employed. Transepithelial potentials (TEP)
      were similar to values reported for intact freshwater teleosts and were unstable
      only during the initial period of blood perfusion. The TEP was extremely
      dependent on the external concentration of NaCl. Ammonia excretion (JNH4+net) was
      normal during both types of perfusion, although blood did have a stabilizing
      effect on JNH4+net over time of perfusion. JNH4+net was stimulated by the
      addition of carbonic anhydrase to Ringer, without a concomitant increase in Na+
      uptake. Branchial net fluxes of Na+ and Cl- were stable but slightly negative and
      in this regard represented slightly stressed intact animals. Net acid flux
      (JH+net), however, was similar to in vivo rates. Na+ and Cl- uptake displayed
      Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The affinity constant (Km) for Na+ uptake was typical
      of intact fish during both Ringer and blood perfusion, whereas Km for Cl- uptake
      was abnormally high in both cases. The results are discussed with reference to
      the suitability of the perfused trout head preparation for studying gill ionic
      fluxes in vitro.

PMID- 2411154
TI  - The private versus the public psychiatric interview.
AB  - As videotaping, one-way screens, and other audiovisual aids are used more
      frequently for teaching and research purposes in psychiatry, it becomes
      increasingly important to define how the fact of observation changes the
      traditionally private psychiatric interview. The author defines the difference
      between the public and private interview, reviews the pertinent literature, and
      describes personal experiences with a variety of observational situations. He
      focuses on how observation affects the concentration of the therapist, how it
      changes the social uniqueness of the therapy situation, and how, with the
      addition of a potential audience, the one-to-one situation may become more like a
      group situation, in which different psychological mechanisms may be employed.

PMID- 2411155
TI  - Bladder cancer risk among auto and truck mechanics and chemically related
      occupations.
AB  - Male participants in the NCI National Bladder Cancer study were evaluated for
      risks in auto and truck mechanic and in chemically related exposure occupations
      compared with those who had never worked in these areas. In nonsmokers the
      adjusted rate ratios (RR) for mechanics equalled 1.33, (95% CI 0.77, 2.31). The
      adjusted RR in the nonsmoker chemically related group was 1.53 (95% CI 1.13,
      2.07). Duration of exposure as a mechanic was not clearly associated with bladder
      cancer risk regardless of smoking status.

PMID- 2411156
TI  - A candidate carrier protein for beta-human chorionic gonadotropin: 54,000
      molecular-weight fragment of tetanus toxin.
AB  - As an alternative to intact tetanus toxoid as a carrier for beta-human chorionic
      gonadotropin (beta-hCG), a fragment of tetanus toxin was sought that had a
      relatively low molecular weight, yet was highly immunogenic. Purified culture
      filtrate tetanus toxin was subjected to limited enzymatic digestion with papain,
      and the resulting fragments separated by column chromatography on Sephadex G-150.
      Four fractions were thus identified. Fraction II was found to have a molecular
      weight of 54,000 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This fragment was
      covalently linked to the beta-subunit of hCG (beta-hCG-TTII) using carbodiimide
      hydrochloride. The ability of beta-hCG-TTII to stimulate production of anti-hCG
      sera in rabbits was measured by 125I-hCG radioimmunoassay. At sera dilutions of
      1:40,000, an average 125I-hCG binding capacity of 34.7 +/- 5.86% (mean +/- SD)
      was observed 8 weeks after the final immunization. Tetanus toxin Fragment II has
      the potential for future application in active immunization studies involving
      hormone-carrier conjugates.

PMID- 2411157
TI  - Characterization and relative orientation of epitopes for monoclonal antibodies
      and antisera to human chorionic gonadotropin.
AB  - We analyzed ten monoclonal antibodies and three polyclonal antisera directed
      against human chorionic gonadotropin by immunoassay in order to determine which
      pairs of antibodies are capable of binding simultaneously to hCG. A relative
      orientation of epitopes on the surface of hCG could be inferred from a matrix of
      data describing the abilities of particular antibody pairs to inhibit
      competitively or enhance the binding of each other. These results indicated that
      the binding site of each of the antibodies could be assigned to one of three
      different regions of the hCG molecule, and at least one antibody binding within
      each region exhibited a substantial preference for hCG relative to human
      luteinizing hormone. One of these regions is the COOH-terminal portion of the hCG
      beta subunit. A second region contains the binding site for the SB6 rabbit
      antiserum (which has been widely employed in clinical studies) as well as the
      binding sites of several monoclonal antibodies. Antibodies to this second region
      characteristically bind both the whole hormone and the free beta subunit. A third
      region contains the binding sites of a previously reported human antiserum and
      also several monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies characteristically react
      preferentially with the intact hormone relative to the free subunits. The
      information contained in the type of epitope map described here can be used as
      the rational basis for the design of two-site immunoradiometric assays for hCG
      and/or its subunits.

PMID- 2411158
TI  - Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, drainage, and biopsy in patients with
      malignant biliary obstruction. An alternative to surgery.
AB  - We retrospectively reviewed our experience with 100 patients with malignant
      biliary obstruction who underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography alone
      or in combination with percutaneous drainage. On the basis of this study, we
      found percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography to be a safe and effective
      procedure for demonstrating the site, nature, and extent of obstructive lesions.
      Percutaneous cholangiography was successful in 98 percent of patients, and only
      one patient (4.1 percent) had a significant complication. Likewise, percutaneous
      drainage has been highly successful in providing palliative biliary drainage in
      patients with unresectable malignancies. Percutaneous drainage was successful in
      74 of 76 patients (97.4 percent). Five of these patients (6.6 percent) had
      significant complications, including one death (1.3 percent). The mean survival
      period of patients with carcinoma of the bile ducts was 29 months, whereas for
      those with carcinoma of the pancreas it was 3.4 months. Thus, mortality and
      complication rates were lower, and patient survival rates were similar or
      improved when compared with those of patients palliated by surgical bypass.
      Percutaneous drainage thus provides a satisfactory alternative to surgery. Biopsy
      performed in conjunction with these procedures can often provide a definitive
      diagnosis. Final tissue diagnoses were made in 20 of 23 patients (87 percent) by
      transcatheter or percutaneous biopsy.

PMID- 2411159
TI  - [Amyloidosis of the larynx. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 2411160
TI  - Local reactions and histamine release by atracurium.

PMID- 2411161
TI  - [Evaluation of the colloidal plasma substitute 6% HES 40/0,5].

PMID- 2411162
TI  - Effects of polyethylene glycol and dextrans on immunoprecipitations: a two-cross
      immunodiffusion study.
AB  - Precipitating titers and immunochemical titers obtained in a wide range of
      antigen-to-antibody concentration ratios by the two-cross immunodiffusion
      technique are compared with the corresponding laser light scatter precipitin
      curves. The two-cross immunodiffusion technique has also been applied to
      investigate whether polyethylene glycol of molecular mass 6000 and dextrans of
      molecular masses from 10,000 to 2,000,000 enhance the immunoprecipitation
      processes of the system human serum IgG-rabbit immune serum at pH 5.5 and 8.1 at
      20 degrees C. It was found that the significant increase of precipitating titers
      of both precipitating components in the presence of polyethylene glycol is a
      consequence of a strong decrease of solubility of the primary antigen-antibody
      complex. The decrease of solubility does not affect the immunochemical titer of
      the immune serum, indicating stoichiometrical invariance of the precipitate at
      the equivalence. The apparent strong decrease of diffusion coefficients of both
      antigen and antibody in 20- and 40-g/liter polyethylene glycol solution is
      attributed to increase of viscosity of the solutions and to a partial self
      association of protein molecules due to steric exclusion. In 40-g/liter
      polyethylene glycol solutions at pH 5.5 every fourth molecular entity of antigen
      and every third molecular entity of antibody are present in the form of a two
      molecular self-associate, whereas in 20-g/liter polyethylene glycol solutions
      only 1% of antigen molecules and 8% of antibody molecules are associated. With
      the increase of pH to 8.1 the self-association of protein molecules is strongly
      further enhanced. Dextrans in 20-g/liter solutions, without regard to their
      relative molecular masses, do not influence precipitating titers and solubility
      of the antigen-antibody system at equivalence and do not enhance self-association
      of protein molecules. The strong decrease of diffusion coefficients of
      immunoglobulin G antigen and antibodies in dextran solutions is solely attributed
      to the increase of viscosity of the dextran solutions; hence there was no
      evidence of interaction of dextrans with serum IgG proteins.

PMID- 2411163
TI  - Covert cross reactants in a two-site immunoassay studied with monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - A one-step two-site immunoradiometric assay for the measurement of free beta
      subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta-hCG) was developed using
      monoclonal antibodies. The immobilized antibody was specific for free beta
      subunit and the radiolabeled antibody recognized both intact human chorionic
      gonadotrophin (hCG) and free beta subunit. Although the level of hCG "cross
      reaction" was low when studied using conventional techniques, the apparent beta
      hCG content of samples was found to be inversely proportional to the hCG level.
      From both experimental evidence and computer simulation studies this was found to
      be due to the binding of hCG to the limited amount of 125I-labeled antibody
      present. The term covert cross reactants has been introduced to describe
      substances which bind to only one of the antibodies in a two-site immunoassay.
      When establishing such an assay the effect of covert cross reactants on the
      response of an analyte should be investigated.

PMID- 2411164
TI  - Analysis of N-linked oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins on nitrocellulose
      sheets using lectin-peroxidase reagents.
AB  - A rapid and convenient method was established for analysis of the N-linked
      carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins on nitrocellulose sheets. Proteins were
      separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred to nitrocellulose
      sheets, reacted with peroxidase-coupled lectins, and detected by color
      development of the enzyme reaction. Four glycoproteins having N-linked
      oligosaccharide chains were used as test materials: Taka-amylase A (which has a
      high-mannose-type chain), ovalbumin (high-mannose-type chains and hybrid-type
      chains), transferrin (biantennary chains of complex type), and fetuin
      (triantennary chains of complex type and O-linked-type chains). Concanavalin A
      interacted with Taka-amylase A, transferrin, and ovalbumin but barely interacted
      with fetuin. After treatment of the glycoproteins on a nitrocellulose sheet with
      endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, transferrin reacted with concanavalin A but
      Taka-amylase A and ovalbumin did not. Wheat germ agglutinin interacted with Taka
      amylase A but not ovalbumin; therefore, they were distinguishable from each
      other. Fetuin and transferrin were detected by Ricinus communis agglutinin or
      peanut agglutinin after removal of sialic acid by treatment with neuraminidase or
      by weak-acid hydrolysis. Erythroagglutinating Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin
      detected fetuin and transferrin. Thus, the combined use of these procedures
      distinguished the four different types of N-linked glycoproteins. This method was
      also applied to the analysis of membrane glycoproteins from sheep red blood
      cells. The terminally positioned sugars of sialic acid, alpha-fucose, alpha
      galactose, and alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine were also detected with lectins from
      Limulus polyphemus, Lotus tetragonolobus, Maclura pomifera, and Dolichos
      biflorus, respectively.

PMID- 2411165
TI  - Lectin staining of rat testis and epididymis: effect of cyproterone acetate and
      testosterone.
AB  - Control and castrated (C) adult rats were treated with cyproterone acetate (CA),
      testosterone (T) or their combination (CA + T) for 15 days and the affinity of
      the testicular and epididymal tissue for seven rhodamine-conjugated lectins was
      analysed in fluorescence microscopy. In the testis CA caused the appearance of
      degenerating cells in the basal part of the seminiferous epithelium. These cells
      (spermatogonia, early spermatocytes) appear to be the most vulnerable germinal
      cells to anti-androgen treatment and this effect could be prevented by
      simultaneous administration of T. Castration caused a marked reduction in lectin
      staining of principal and light cells of distal caput (Dcp) and distal cauda
      (Dcd) epididymidis accompanied by the disappearance of the intratubular sperm
      mass. In castrated animals CA caused a moderate and T as well as CA + T a marked
      increase in the stainability of these cells and the appearance of homogeneous
      secretory material in the tubules. This material gave moderate or strong affinity
      for most of the lectins. Some minor differences were found in the staining
      pattern of the cells and the secretory material in Dcp and Dcd as well as after
      different treatments. This is consistent with local and qualitative differences
      in the epididymal secretory and absorptive activity, which can be further
      modified by the hormonal milieu.

PMID- 2411166
TI  - Accidental epidural overdose of hydromorphone.

PMID- 2411167
TI  - Anesthetic management of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhydrosis.

PMID- 2411168
TI  - Extracorporeal circulation in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2411169
TI  - Influence of intravenous infusions of hydroxyethylstarch (HES) (MW 40,000 and
      450,000) on the blood flow properties of healthy volunteers.
AB  - Infusions of hydroxyethylstarch (HES) solutions as plasma substitutes and flow
      improvers play an increasing role in the treatment of various diseases. Little is
      known about the effect of HES solutions of different molecular weights on the
      flow properties of blood i.e. blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte
      aggregation and erythrocyte deformability (filtrability). In the present study
      the influence of 500 ml-infusions of a 6% solution of HES (MW 450,000) has been
      compared to that of 6% solutions of HES 40,000. Infusions of 500 ml of HES
      450,000 into healthy persons induced a hemodilution with a subsequent decrease in
      whole blood viscosity whereas the plasma viscosity increased. Red cell
      aggregation increased as well, red cell deformability was slightly impaired.
      Infusions of 500 ml of HES 40,000 into healthy persons were followed by a
      hemodilution with a decrease in blood and plasma viscosity, a decrease in
      erythrocyte aggregation and a slight improvement of red cell deformability. The
      reason for this difference in behaviour and its therapeutical consequences are
      discussed.

PMID- 2411170
TI  - Inhalation provocation test with house dust allergen using tidal breathing.
AB  - Using the modified 3-Hz oscillation method, the inhalation challenge test was
      performed with house dust allergen upon subjects while tidal breathing throughout
      the test. Their total respiratory resistance (Rrs) was continuously monitored
      with the inhalation of saline as a control, and 250-, 50-, and 10-fold diluted
      allergen solution to the inhalation of aerosolized metaproterenol. The starting
      point of the induced bronchoconstriction was checked and as soon as Rrs increased
      up to twice the base-line value, the subjects inhaled the aerosolized
      metaproterenol. From the dose-response curve of Rrs, the dose of inhaled allergen
      (minimum dose) as bronchial sensitivity was determined; also the decreasing rate
      of respiratory conductance, which was calculated from the slope of elevation of
      Rrs, as bronchial reactivity. It was found that the more diluted allergen
      required for a positive skin reaction, the more likely the patients were to have
      a subsequent positive bronchial inhalation challenge to house dust allergen.
      There was a relationship between the increased bronchial reactivity and the
      increased RAST score. These results indicate that this inhalation challenge test
      is specific, safe, and time-saving.

PMID- 2411171
TI  - [Biochemical characterization of a high-molecular weight alkaline phosphatase in
      a patient with cholangiocarcinoma (alpha-1 alkaline phosphatase)].
AB  - The authors analysed the alkaline phosphatases present in the serum of a patient
      with cholangiocarcinoma. The electrophoretic analysis on cellulose acetate
      revealed two bands of AP activity in positions alpha 1 and alpha 2. The more
      anodic of the isoenzymes of AP presented most of the features of the high
      molecular weight isoenzyme found in human bile, except that it was non
      competitively inhibited by L-homoarginine. This feature, which distinguishes this
      isoenzyme form the biliary isoenzyme of AP, indicates the existence of another
      type of high molecular weight isoenzyme present in malignant hepatic diseases.

PMID- 2411172
TI  - Bluetongue virus-induced interferon in cattle.
AB  - Calves were inoculated IV with bluetongue virus (BTV), serotype 10. Titers of
      interferon (IFN) in serum and BTV in peripheral blood were determined. All
      inoculated calves produced circulating IFN that persisted for 2 to 4 days.
      Highest titers of BTV in peripheral blood were present after serum IFN was no
      longer detected. The persistence of BTV in peripheral blood, as compared with the
      transient IFN response, indicated that IFN was most important in the initial
      antiviral response of cattle to BTV infection. Bluetongue virus is probably not a
      suitable model inducer of circulating IFN in cattle because the profound
      neutropenia that accompanied BTV infection may predispose cattle to infections
      with other agents.

PMID- 2411173
TI  - Blastogenesis-suppressing serum factors, decreased immunoglobulin A, and
      increased beta 1-globulins in Airedale Terriers with diskospondylitis.
AB  - In Airedale Terriers with diskospondylitis, immunologic tests revealed heat
      stable blastogenesis-suppressing serum factors affecting primarily the effector
      (phytohemagglutinin-sensitive) lymphocytes; decreased serum concentrations of
      immunoglobulin A; and increased serum concentrations of undetermined beta 1
      globulins. Data indicated that the dogs had decreased immunoglobulin A production
      and were immunosuppressed, which probably contributed to penetration of bacteria
      into the body and subsequent spreading to the disks. Eosinophilia and basophilia
      were also detected, which indicated a potential for a type-I hypersensitivity
      reaction that may have ameliorated the inflammatory reaction.

PMID- 2411174
TI  - Histologic and immunocytochemical study of endocrine cells in the
      gastrointestinal tract of the cow and calf.
AB  - The regional distribution and relative frequency of argyrophil cells, and of
      cells immunoreactive for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), substance P (SP),
      somatostatin, glicentin, glucagon, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), gastrin,
      leucine-enkephalin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), cholecystokinin,
      secretin, motilin, and neurotensin were studied in 9 segments from the
      gastrointestinal tract of cows (greater than 1 year old) and calves (less than 3
      months old). Argyrophil cells, 5-HT-immunoreactive cells, and somatostatin
      immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract,
      whereas the other immunoreactive cells were more restricted in distribution. Most
      endocrine cells were more numerous in the calf than in the cow. This feature was
      most conspicuous in the abomasum. In the abomasum, argyrophil cells in the cow
      and calf and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells in the calf were found predominantly in
      the fundic region, whereas somatostatin-immunoreactive cells and gastrin
      immunoreactive cells in the cow and calf and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells in the cow
      were most numerous in the pyloric region. Substance P-, glucagon-, BPP-, and
      leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive cells were rarely detected. In the small
      intestine, argyrophil cells, 5-HT-, SP-, somatostatin-, gastrin-, GIP-,
      cholecystokinin-, secretin-, and motilin-immunoreactive cells were most numerous
      in the duodenum. Neurotensin-, glicentin-, glucagon-, and BPP-immunoreactive
      cells were detected with the highest frequency in the ileum. In the large
      intestine, argyrophil cells and 5-HT-, glicentin-, BPP-, somatostatin-, glucagon
      , and SP-immunoreactive cells occurred with the highest frequency in the rectum.

PMID- 2411175
TI  - Antibody response to genus- and serovar-specific leptospiral antigens in
      Leptospira-infected cows.
AB  - In cows inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona or hardjo, the 2
      mercaptoethanol-sensitive microscopic agglutination test (MAT) antibody to the
      serovar appeared 3 to 8 days after inoculation and peaked at 10 to 20 days,
      whereas the 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant MAT antibody was predominant at 35 to 80
      days. A persistent antibody response, probably associated with serovar-specific
      leptospiral antigens, was detected in the cows inoculated with serovar pomona,
      using a sonicated or an alkaline-extracted antigen derived from serovar pomona in
      the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In contrast, a short-lived
      antibody response to the same antigens was demonstrated in cows inoculated with
      serovar hardjo, probably more typical of the response to genus-specific
      leptospiral antigens. Antigens derived from L biflexa serovar patoc only detected
      the latter type of antibody response in cows inoculated with serovar pomona or
      hardjo. Correlative studies revealed that the antigens derived from serovar patoc
      seem to be genus specific and serologically closely related, but not identical.
      The antigens derived from serovar pomona were genus specific on the basis of the
      early antibody response to leptospiral inoculation in the cows, but serovar
      specific based on the subsequent more persistent response to leptospiral
      inoculation. These antigens were also serologically closely related, but not
      identical. Examination of sera from cows that aborted and were MAT-positive for
      serovar pomona or hardjo revealed a more serovar-specific antibody response,
      indicating that there may have been a less recent leptospiral antigenic stimulus,
      thus emphasizing the caution with which results of the ELISA and other serologic
      assays for the detection of bovine leptospirosis must be interpreted.

PMID- 2411176
TI  - Comments on isoamylases.

PMID- 2411177
TI  - Breathing during sleep in patients with interstitial lung disease.
AB  - Patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) have a rapid shallow breathing
      pattern while awake that is thought to be due to activation of lung reflexes. We
      wondered whether sleep would result in changes in respiratory control and thus
      cause hypoxemia and poor sleep quality. Eleven patients with ILD (5 men and 6
      women) and 11 age- and sex-matched control subjects were studied during sleep.
      Sleep quality was worse in patients with ILD, with more time in Stage 1 (33.7% of
      total sleep time (TST) versus 13.5%) and less time in REM sleep (11.8 versus
      19.9% TST) than found in control subjects, and more fragmentation of sleep (13.7
      +/- 3.1 arousals/h and 24.3 +/- 6.0 sleep stage changes/h versus 6.9 +/- 1.0 and
      12.7 +/- 1.4, respectively). Patients with ILD with awake SaO2 less than 90% had
      greater abnormalities in sleep structure than did those with SaO2 greater than
      90%. The incidence of apneas and hypopnea periods in patients with ILD was low
      (apnea plus hypoventilation index of 1.3 +/- 0.45 versus 2.9 +/- 0.82 in control
      subjects, p = NS). Oxygen saturation dropped during REM sleep in patients,
      especially in those with more severe awake hypoxemia. Expiratory time (Te),
      inspiratory time (Ti), and their sum (Ttot) were shorter in the patients, whereas
      Ti/Ttot was the same as in control subjects. No systematic changes during sleep
      were seen in these variables. The variability of inspiratory volume index, Ti,
      Te, and Ti/Ttot was similar to that in control subjects, and was lowest during
      NREM sleep. The incidence of snoring was comparable in patients and control
      subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2411178
TI  - Immunoglobulin E-mediated release of a kininogenase from purified human lung mast
      cells.
AB  - Certain manifestations of the allergic response, such as vasodilation and edema,
      may be attributed to the involvement of kinins, but, as yet, little data exist to
      show how these peptides could be produced during IgE-mediated events. We now
      report that purified human lung mast cells contain a kininogenase that is
      released in a dose-dependent fashion by anti-IgE. Release of kinin-generating
      activity parallels that of histamine and, like histamine release, kininogenase
      release is temperature-dependent. Kininogenase release also parallels increasing
      histamine release when mast cells of increasing size are stimulated with an
      optimal level of anti-IgE. Finally, when mast cells of greater than 99% purity
      were optimally challenged, kininogenase activity again paralleled histamine
      levels in the release supernatant and residual cell pellet. The mast cell
      kininogenase appears to be a preformed mediator in that it occurs in lysates of
      unstimulated mast cells of greater than 99% purity. Optimal generation of kinin
      from highly purified human low molecular weight kininogen occurred at pH 5.5 and
      in 8 preparations was 380 +/- 237 ng kinin/h/10(6) mast cells (means +/- SD).
      Thus, human lung mast cells contain a kininogenase that is released during, and
      may participate in, IgE-mediated inflammatory disorders in humans.

PMID- 2411179
TI  - NIH Conference. Herpes simplex virus infection: biology, treatment, and
      prevention.
AB  - Herpes simplex viruses cause common mucocutaneous infections, but many aspects of
      their epidemiology and transmission are incompletely defined. Although the
      incidence of oral herpes remains relatively unchanged, the incidence of genital
      herpes is increasing significantly. Definitive diagnosis of herpes remains
      dependent on virus isolation, but techniques involving direct examination of
      clinical specimens are increasingly sensitive and may simplify and speed
      diagnosis. With the advent of acyclovir, effective therapy and suppression of
      infection are feasible for immunodeficient and selected normal patients.
      Unanswered questions remain regarding the long-term safety of acyclovir and the
      potential for emergence of clinically significant drug resistance. No effective
      vaccines are yet available for herpes virus infections. Promising strategies for
      vaccine development include preparation of immunogenic proteins, engineering of
      specially attenuated live virus strains, and incorporation of selected herpes
      genes into live vaccinia virus vectors.

PMID- 2411180
TI  - Criteria for the diagnosis of acute leukemia of megakaryocyte lineage (M7). A
      report of the French-American-British Cooperative Group.
AB  - For the diagnosis of M7, the bone marrow aspirate shows a leukemic cell
      infiltrate that comprises 30% or more of all cells. These cells are identified as
      being of megakaryocyte lineage by the platelet peroxidase reaction on electron
      microscopy or by tests with monoclonal or polyclonal platelet-specific
      antibodies. Myelofibrosis or increased bone marrow reticulin are a prominent
      aspect in most patients with M7. In patients with increased reticulin, the bone
      marrow sample may be difficult to obtain and the counts done on the marrow films
      may be misleading. In these patients, the diagnosis of M7 should be based on
      excellent bone marrow biopsy sections that show an excess of blasts and, at
      times, increased numbers of maturing megakaryocytes; and on the presence of
      unequivocal megakaryoblasts in the peripheral blood or bone marrow (or both) as
      shown by immunologic techniques.

PMID- 2411181
TI  - Intravenous gammaglobulin, thrombocytopenia, and the acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome.

PMID- 2411182
TI  - Distribution of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system. Co
      existence with classical neurotransmitters and other neuropeptides.

PMID- 2411183
TI  - Actions of cholecystokinin octapeptide on rat spinal dorsal horn neurons.

PMID- 2411184
TI  - Rationale of reoperation for gastric malignancies.
AB  - The aim of this retrospective study was to elucidate the role and rationale of
      reoperation for tumour recurrence in 47 consecutive patients operated on for
      gastric cancer. The overall operative mortality was 26%, morbidity 45%, mean and
      median survivals 14 +/- 25 and 5 months, respectively postoperative symptom free
      period 8 +/- 23 months, and cumulative 5-year survival 8 +/- 3%. Bypass
      procedures and resection carried the lowest mortality, 7% and 20%, respectively
      whereas the corresponding percentages after colostomy, exploratory laparotomy and
      jejunostomy were 33%, 40% and 50%. Resection yielded a significantly longer mean
      (41 +/- 44 mos) and median (82 mos) survival than other procedures. The
      postoperative symptom free period after resection (34 +/- 42 mos) was
      significantly longer than after exploratory laparotomy and bypass procedures,
      whereas the difference between resection and enterostomy was insignificant. After
      exploratory laparotomy, colo- and jejunostomy the median survivals were under 2
      months. We conclude that only resection, when possible, favourably affects
      survival and emphasize the importance of regular endoscopic follow-up after
      operation for gastric cancer. Resection and bypass procedures are most suitable
      for long-lasting palliation at reoperation for gastric malignancy. Unnecessary
      laparotomies, if the diagnosis can be confirmed by other means, and useless
      jejunostomies should be avoided in patients with far-advanced metastatic disease
      and short life expectancy.

PMID- 2411185
TI  - Comparison of the analytical characteristics and clinical usefulness in tumour
      monitoring of fifteen hCG(-beta) immunoassay kits.
AB  - Fifteen immunoassay kits for serum hCG(-beta) measurements have been compared for
      their analytical characteristics and clinical usefulness in tumour monitoring.
      Three out of 13 radioimmunoassays and two sandwich hCG immunoassays represent the
      'one-component' techniques for intact hCG detection since they are based on
      antiserum raised against intact hCG. Within this group, method-comparison slopes
      ranged between 0 X 149 and 0 X 374. The remaining 10 radioimmunoassays all apply
      antiserum against hCG-beta and are designated 'two (or more)-component' assays
      since they detect both intact hCG and the free beta-subunit ('total hCG'). For
      this reason these assays are of potential value for tumour monitoring. Additional
      criteria for this are: (1) the expression of assay results in terms of 1st IRP
      hCG instead of the unstructured use of the 2nd IS or the 1st IRP-hCG-beta; (2)
      documentation of cross-reactivities especially for the free beta-subunits of hCG
      and hLH which are almost completely lacking; (3) establishment of the minimum
      detectable dose in the presence of normo-to-hypergonadotrophic hLH levels in
      serum (the 'clinical sensitivity') to allow the follow-up of tumour regression
      especially in the low-dose region. Method-comparison analysis for these assays
      revealed regression slopes between 0 X 001 and 0 X 873.

PMID- 2411186
TI  - Liquid control materials for haemoglobins A2 and F: a one-year interlaboratory
      evaluation.
AB  - Stabilised haemolysates, to be stored at -20 degrees C in the liquid state, have
      been evaluated in an interlaboratory trial: haemoglobin A2 and haemoglobin F
      levels were stable for at least 1 year. Since the materials can be very easily
      prepared in each laboratory, they appear to meet the requirements for use in
      internal quality-control schemes, for the assay of both haemoglobin fractions.

PMID- 2411187
TI  - [Use of the lower rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap in breast reconstruction].

PMID- 2411188
TI  - [The forearm flap with a radial pedicle. Apropos of 13 cases].

PMID- 2411189
TI  - [Anatomo-clinical study of a complete nail flap].

PMID- 2411190
TI  - [Thermopolymerizable acrylic cranioplasties. Technic and results apropos of 37
      cases].

PMID- 2411191
TI  - [Anomalies of the height of the face. Critical, diagnostic and therapeutic
      studies].

PMID- 2411192
TI  - [Correction of long face with open bite].

PMID- 2411193
TI  - [Repair of cleft ear lobe].

PMID- 2411194
TI  - [Helicoidal skin graft for reconstruction of the shaft of penis].

PMID- 2411195
TI  - [Treatment of cutaneous avulsion of the limbs. Apropos of 21 cases].

PMID- 2411196
TI  - [Ischiectomy in paraplegic patients. Apropos of 75 cases].

PMID- 2411197
TI  - [Ischiatic pressure sores: reconstruction of the gluteal fold].

PMID- 2411198
TI  - [Thigh fasciocutaneous flap repair of a major perineoscrotal tegumentary
      avulsion. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 2411199
TI  - [Nasal physiology].

PMID- 2411200
TI  - [Z-plasty in postmastectomy breast reconstruction].

PMID- 2411201
TI  - [The axillary free flap in rats. Experimental model].

PMID- 2411202
TI  - [Retrograde branching of the free flap].

PMID- 2411203
TI  - [Histo-autoradiographic study of the secretion of gastric mucus in the rat
      stomach. II. Role of feeding and its combination with an antacid].
AB  - The authors use the technique of histoautoradiography after injection of glucose
      3H to study the production and excretion of acid mucus in the fundus mucosa of
      the rat stomach. They demonstrate the effect of fasting, of eating and of eating
      combined with a topical agent consisting of 3 active principles: beidellitic
      montmorillonite, aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide. Eating stimulates
      the excretion of mucus during the digestive phase. Gelox combined with food
      allows for the late creation (6 to 12 hours after the meal) of an abundant layer
      of protective mucus. This topical action on the secretion of acid mucus
      favourises the physiological protection of the gastric mucosa.

PMID- 2411204
TI  - Relationship between magnesium and zinc levels of the diet and its protein
      utilization.
AB  - Protein utilization of the diet was tested in relation to different levels of
      magnesium and zinc in rats. The experimental diets contained either a low (0.14 g
      Mg or 10 mg Zn/kg) or adequate (0.45 g Mg or 40 mg Zn/kg) level of Mg or Zn and
      two different quality protein sources: casein or wheat gluten. Net protein
      utilization and net protein radio indexes in case of casein were significantly
      lower for the diet containing a low level of Mg or Zn. For gluten diets, such
      differences were not observed. Digestibility of protein measured in rats fed a
      low Mg or Zn casein diet was the same as for the diets with an adequate content
      of these minerals. Rats fed low Mg or Zn casein diets showed a significantly
      lower plasma Mg or Zn and a lower liver DNA content in comparison to the rats on
      adequate Mg or Zn diets. The results indicate that the utilization of protein is
      affected by Mg and Zn content of the diet and that this relationship depends on
      the quality of protein.

PMID- 2411205
TI  - [Is there a hormonal etiology in prostatic hypertrophy?].

PMID- 2411206
TI  - [The current place of cryosurgery in urology].
AB  - Research on 880 cases. Cryosurgery was chosen for high-risk patients when other
      methods were contra-indicated. The operation is performed with no anesthetics.
      There is no risk of bleeding even in patients presenting with a high
      hypocoagulation. The operative technique is explained in detail, and precise
      indications are given for prostatic adenoma as well as for malignant tumors. The
      allied techniques of cryocautery and cryo-TUR are also described. Resumption of
      urination is assured in 87% of cases. Complications are rare if the protocol is
      scrupulously respected. The complications are discussed. There are other
      indications for cryosurgery in urology, such as for bladder tumors, but in rare
      cases only, and this technique should be considered as experimental.

PMID- 2411207
TI  - [Value of double "J" ureteral stents in cancerology].
AB  - Self-retaining silicone ureteral stents are used for prolonged urinary drainage
      in situ. Thanks to the exceptional patient tolerance, they appear to be the best
      indwelling catheters for the treatment of ureteral obstruction due to cancer.
      Eighteen catheters were placed in sixteen patients. Endoscopic insertion was
      carried out in 8 patients (9 catheters were inserted; one patient requiring
      bilateral catheterisation). An operative procedure was necessary in the remaining
      8 cases: in 4 cases a simple ureteral dissection was necessary, whereas
      ureterostomy had to be carried out in the 5 remaining cases. During the
      treatment, the patient tolerance was excellent. Mean survival time, after
      catheterisation was 5,5 months and one patient had a functional catheter for 15
      months. Obstruction of the catheter was observed in 3 cases but ureterostomy was
      avoided in 7 cases and 8 kidneys were protected in 6 cases. The palliative use of
      the double J catheter when no other treatment is possible for malignant ureteral
      obstruction precludes the need for ureterostomy. These catheters can be used for
      strategic curative treatment if nephrotoxic drugs are required to treat
      obstructive tumors of the ureters. Bladder disease is a contra-indication to the
      use of these catheters although their insertion is rarely impossible. In cases of
      acute obstruction, it is better to prepare the pathway with a traditional
      catheter, which is easier to manage, it is always possible to insert a double J
      catheter after some time has elapsed.

PMID- 2411208
TI  - [Chemotherapy of embryonal carcinoma of the testis with lymph node invasion
      and/or pulmonary metastases. Results of a VBP type protocol].
AB  - Fourteen patients with histologically proven embryonal carcinoma of the testis
      with pulmonary metastasis (10 pts) or para-aortic nodal involvement (4 pts) were
      treated by a chemotherapy regimen including vinblastine, bleomycin and cisplatin.
      Extreme ages were 19 and 51 years with a median age of 32 years. Median duration
      of treatment was 6 months (6 cycles of chemotherapy) without maintenance
      treatment. After completion of chemotherapy, 6 patients in complete remission
      received para-aortic node irradiation (45 Grays in 25 fractions). One patient had
      a para-aortic node dissection, histologically negative. With a median follow-up
      of 47 months (maximum 92 months, minimum 12 months), eleven patients are in
      complete remission (78.6%). Three patients are dead from the disease, in spite of
      salvage chemotherapy. There were no toxic deaths. Disease-free actuarial survival
      is 74% at 4 years. Our results confirm the excellent therapeutic results of this
      chemotherapy regimen in embryonal carcinoma of the testis with pulmonary
      metastasis and/or para-aortic nodal involvement.

PMID- 2411209
TI  - Developmental regulation of human globin genes.

PMID- 2411210
TI  - Psoralens as photoactive probes of nucleic acid structure and function: organic
      chemistry, photochemistry, and biochemistry.

PMID- 2411211
TI  - Nucleoside phosphorothioates.

PMID- 2411212
TI  - Viroids.

PMID- 2411213
TI  - Protein kinases in the brain.

PMID- 2411214
TI  - [Superoxide dismutase activity of Bacillus brevis var. G.-B. cells, producer of
      gramicidin C, in relation to cultivation conditions].
AB  - The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the cells of the microorganisms
      producing gramicidin S, B. brevis var. G.-B., ranged from 7 to 22 units per mg
      protein. When the culture was grown in a fermenter, the decrease in the
      concentration of dissolved oxygen in the medium to the minimum values
      corresponded to the decrease in the enzyme activity. By the end of the
      fermentation process, when consumption of oxygen by the culture lowered and its
      level in the medium increased, the enzyme activity increased. When the culture
      was grown in flasks, no effect of the medium aeration level on the enzyme
      activity was noted. This might be associated with rather high levels of dissolved
      oxygen in the medium in the flasks under all aeration conditions. Addition of
      manganese ions to the cultivation medium activated SOD in the cells of B. brevis.
      Synthesis of gramicidin S by the bacterial culture had no effect on the activity
      of SOD in the cells.

PMID- 2411215
TI  - [Differences in the cytotoxicity mechanisms of pancreatic and microbial
      ribonucleases].
AB  - The effect of pancreatic and microbial ribonucleases (RNAses) on incorporation of
      labeled precursors, i. e. 14C-uridine, 14C-thymidine and 14C-glycine into the
      biopolymers of transplantable cell cultures, as well as their effect on
      radioactivity of the acid insoluble fraction of the cells labeled with 14C-orotic
      acid was studied. It was shown that the pancreatic RNAses and RNAses of
      Streptomyces rimosus in a dose of 1 ED50 determined by the index of the cell
      monolayer intactness inhibited incorporation of the labeled precursors. The
      inhibition was rather deep and almost equal. The enzymes lowered also
      radioactivity of the cells labeled with 14C-orotic acid in proportion to the time
      of the cell incubation in the presence of the enzymes. On the contrary, RNAses of
      Bacillus sp. used in analogous doses was significantly less intensive in
      inhibition of the precursor incorporation and almost did not lower radioactivity
      of the acid insoluble fraction of the cells totally labeled with 14C-orotic acid.

PMID- 2411216
TI  - [Effect of benzylpenicillin and tetracycline on phagocytic and humoral activity
      and biochemical indices in experimental animals with staphylococcal infection].
AB  - The effect of benzylpenicillin and tetracycline on phagocytosis by leukocytes of
      abdominal cavity exudate, activity of lysozyme and beta-lysines in the blood
      serum, content of nucleic acids and activity of succinate dehydrogenase and
      phosphatase (total and acid) in the liver cells was studied on albino mice
      infected by staphylococci. It was shown that the treatment of the animals with
      benzylpenicillin and tetracycline for 5 days affected the cellular and
      nonspecific humoral defence and activity of succinate dehydrogenase and
      phosphatase. A decrease in the indices of the phagocytosis, activity of lysozyme,
      beta-lysines, succinate dehydrogenase and phosphatase was observed. Tetracycline
      had a more pronounced inhibitory effect. Neither benzylpenicillin, nor
      tetracycline had an effect on the content of nucleic acids in liver cells.

PMID- 2411217
TI  - Biochemical mechanisms of the antileishmanial activity of sodium stibogluconate.
AB  - Pentavalent antimonial agents such as sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam; Burroughs
      Wellcome Co., London, United Kingdom) are the drugs of choice for the treatment
      of leishmaniasis, but their biochemical mechanisms of action are virtually
      unknown. The viability of Leishmania mexicana (WR 227) promastigotes and
      amastigotes was decreased 40 to 61% by a 4-h exposure to 500 micrograms of Sb (in
      the form of stibogluconate) per ml. Such exposure also resulted in a 51 to 65%
      decrease in incorporation of label into DNA, RNA, and protein; a 56 to 65%
      decrease in incorporation of label into purine nucleoside triphosphate; and a 34
      to 60% increase in incorporation of label into purine nucleoside monophosphate
      and diphosphate. It is postulated that the apparent decrease in ATP and GTP
      synthesis from ADP and GDP contributes to decreased macromolecular synthesis and
      to decreased Leishmania viability. Further experiments suggested that inhibition
      of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle may partially explain the inability to
      phosphorylate ADP.

PMID- 2411218
TI  - Elimination of multicopy plasmid R6K by bleomycin.
AB  - Bleomycin eliminated multicopy plasmid R6K from growing cells of Escherichia coli
      AB1157 but failed to cure either of the low-copy plasmids R1 or R46. Measurements
      of R6K-encoded beta-lactamase and of covalently closed plasmid DNA indicated that
      the drug causes a progressive reduction in plasmid copy number.

PMID- 2411219
TI  - Cyclic GMP levels in interferon treated cells.
AB  - Various types of normal and neoplastic lymphoid cells in culture respond to
      interferon with elevated cyclic GMP levels. Human pre-T and natural killer cells
      are more sensitive to this effect than B lymphocytes. Cultured neurons and
      erythroid cells also show the effect. However, fibroblasts from different origin,
      although responsive to the antiviral effect of interferon, do not elevate their
      levels of cyclic GMP. Only fibroblasts from patients with Down's syndrome which
      are trisomic for chromosome 21 and more sensitive than their normal disomic
      counterparts to the antiviral action of interferon exhibit enhanced cyclic GMP
      levels following interferon treatment. These results suggest than an increase in
      cyclic GMP does not mediate the principal biologic actions of interferon.
      Further, the inability of certain cell types to increase their cyclic GMP content
      in response to interferon may reflect differences in their degree of interferon
      sensitivity rather than an inherent inability to respond to this action of
      interferon.

PMID- 2411220
TI  - Transcriptional regulation of rat liver glutathione S-transferase genes by
      phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene.
AB  - The relative rates of transcription of the rat liver glutathione S-transferase Ya
      Yc and Yb genes were determined in purified liver nuclei isolated at different
      times after phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene administration. The
      transcriptional rates of the Ya-Yc and Yb genes were elevated approximately
      fivefold 8 and 6 h, respectively, after phenobarbital administration. In
      contrast, the transcriptional rates of the Ya-Yc genes were elevated
      approximately eightfold at 16 h after 3-methylcholanthrene administration,
      whereas the transcriptional rates of the Yb genes were elevated approximately
      fivefold at 6 h after the administration of this xenobiotic. The elevation in
      transcriptional activity of the glutathione S-transferase genes is sufficient to
      account for the increase in glutathione S-transferase mRNA levels determined
      previously by RNA blot hybridization [C. B. Pickett, C. A. Telakowski-Hopkins, G.
      J-F. Ding, L. Argenbright, and A. Y. H. Lu (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 5182-5188].
      Therefore, it appears that phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene elevate the
      level of the rat liver glutathione S-transferases primarily by augmenting the
      transcriptional rates of their respective genes.

PMID- 2411221
TI  - The structures of the carbohydrate moieties of mouse kidney gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase: occurrence of X-antigenic determinants and bisecting N
      acetylglucosamine residues.
AB  - Paper electrophoresis and Bio-Gel P-4 column chromatography of the
      oligosaccharides released from mouse kidney gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase by
      hydrazinolysis gave fractionation patterns quite distinct from those of the
      bovine and rat kidney enzymes. Structural studies of the fractionated
      oligosaccharides by sequential exoglycosidase digestion in combination with
      methylation analysis showed that mouse kidney gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
      contains a series of bisected complex-type asparagine-linked sugar chains with
      the following oligosaccharides as their outer chain moieties: GlcNAc beta 1----,
      Sia alpha 2----Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----, Gal beta 1----4(Fuc alpha 1---
      3)GlcNAc beta 1----, and sialylated N-acetyllactosamine repeating sugar chains.
      Some of these sugar chains were found for the first time in glycoproteins.

PMID- 2411222
TI  - 125I-glycoconjugate labels for identifying sites of protein catabolism in vivo:
      effect of structure and chemistry of coupling to protein on label entrapment in
      cells after protein degradation.
AB  - Residualizing radioactive labels are designed to remain entrapped within cells
      following degradation of a carrier protein, and have been used for identification
      of the tissue and cellular sites of plasma protein catabolism. In this study we
      describe a convenient synthesis and purification of a series of 125I-labeled
      glycoconjugates, and an evaluation of their efficiency of retention in liver
      following degradation of a model carrier protein, asialofetuin. Glycoconjugates
      were prepared in 65-90% yield by reductive amination of reducing sugars with
      aromatic amines using NaBH3CN. The products were purified in a single ion
      exchange chromatographic step, and then labeled with 125I. The derivatives
      prepared were mono-and disubstituted lactitol-,cellobiitol-and glucitol
      [125I]tyramine and lactitol-[125I]tyrosine. 125I-Glycoconjugates were coupled to
      asialofetuin using either cyanuric chloride or, for lactose-containing labels, by
      treatment with galactose oxidase followed by reductive amination with NaBH3CN.
      Attachment of labels by either procedure did not affect the normal rapid
      clearance of asialofetuin from the rat circulation nor its uptake and degradation
      in liver lysosomes. Leakage of 125I-labeled degradation products from cells was
      measured by following the kinetics of loss of whole-body radioactivity. We
      observed that degradation products from larger, disubstituted glycoconjugates
      were retained more efficiently than those from smaller and monosubstituted
      derivatives, and that glycoconjugates coupled to protein via reductive amination
      were retained in the body more efficiently than those coupled by cyanuric
      chloride. Overall, dilactitol-[125I]tyramine coupled to protein by reductive
      amination was entrapped most efficiently in liver.

PMID- 2411223
TI  - Uncoupler-stimulated release of Ca2+ from Ehrlich ascites tumor cell
      mitochondria.
AB  - Ruthenium red-insensitive, uncoupler-stimulated release of Ca2+ from Ehrlich
      ascites tumor cell mitochondria is much slower than from rat liver mitochondria
      under comparable conditions. In the presence of Pi and at moderate or high Ca2+
      loads, ruthenium red-insensitive Ca2+ efflux elicited with uncoupler is
      approximately 20 times more rapid for rat liver than Ehrlich cell mitochondria.
      This is attributed to resistance of tumor mitochondria to damage by Ca2+ due to a
      high level of endogenous Mg2+ that also attenuates Ca2+ efflux. Calcium release
      from rat liver and tumor mitochondria is inhibited by exogenous Mg2+. This
      applies to ruthenium red-insensitive spontaneous Ca2+ efflux associated with Ca2+
      uptake and uncoupling, and (b) ruthenium red-insensitive Ca2+ release stimulated
      by uncoupling agent. The endogenous Mg2+ level of Ehrlich tumor mitochondria is
      approximately three times that of rat liver mitochondria. Endogenous Ca2+ is also
      much greater (six fold) in Ehrlich tumor mitochondria compared to rat liver.
      Despite the quantitative difference in endogenous Mg2+, the properties of
      internal Mg2+ are much the same for rat liver and Ehrlich cell mitochondria.
      Ehrlich ascites tumor mitochondria exhibit slow, metabolically dependent Mg2+
      release and rapid limited release of Mg2+ during Ca2+ uptake. Both have been
      observed with rat liver and other types of mitochondria. The proportions of
      apparently "bound" and "free" Mg2+ (inferred from release by the ionophore,
      A23187) do not differ significantly between tumor and liver mitochondria. Thus,
      the endogenous Mg2+ of tumor mitochondria has no unusual features but is simply
      elevated substantially. Ruthenium red-insensitive Ca2+ efflux, when expressed as
      a function of the intramitochondrial Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio, is quite similar for tumor
      and rat liver. It is proposed, therefore, that endogenous Mg2+ is a major
      regulatory factor responsible for differences in the sensitivity to damage by
      Ca2+ and Ca2+ release by Ehrlich ascites tumor mitochondria compared to
      mitochondria from normal tissues.

PMID- 2411224
TI  - An excitatory and a depressant insect toxin from scorpion venom both affect
      sodium conductance and possess a common binding site.
AB  - Two insect selective toxins were purified by gel-permeation and ion-exchange
      chromatographies from the venom of the scorpion, Leiurus quinquestriatus
      quinquestriatus, and their chemical and pharmacological properties were studied.
      The first toxin (LqqIT1) induces a fast excitatory contraction paralysis of fly
      larvae and is about 40 times more toxic than the crude venom. It is a polypeptide
      composed of 71 amino acids, including 8 half-cystines and devoid of methionine
      and tryptophan, with an estimated molecular weight of 8189 and a pI value of 8.5.
      The second toxin (LqqIT2) induces a slow depressant, flaccid paralysis of fly
      larvae. It is composed of 72 amino acids, including 8 half-cystines, is devoid of
      proline methionine and histidine, and has an estimated molecular weight of 7990
      and a pI value of 8.3. The contrasting symptomatology of these toxins is
      interpreted in terms of their effects on an isolated axonal preparation of the
      cockroach in current and voltage clamp conditions. LqqIT1 (0.5-4 microM) induced
      repetitive firing of the axon which was attributable to two changes in the sodium
      conductance, a small increase in the peak conductance and a slowing of its
      turning off. LqqIT2 (1-8 microM) caused a blockage of the evoked action
      potentials, attributable to both a strong depolarization of the axonal membrane
      and a progressive suppression of the sodium current. Neither toxin affected
      potassium conductance. The two toxins differ mainly in their opposite effects on
      the activatable sodium permeability. In binding assays to a preparation of insect
      synaptosomal membrane vesicles, the two toxins were shown to competitively
      displace the radioiodinated excitatory insect toxin derived from the venom of the
      scorpion, Androctonus australis [( 125I]AaIT), which strongly resembles, in its
      chemistry and action, the LqqIT1 toxin. The present two toxins have demonstrated
      a strong affinity closely resembling the AaIT, with KD values of 0.4, 1.9, and
      1.0 nM for LqqIT1, LqqIT2, and AaIT, respectively. These data suggest the
      possibility that the excitatory and depressant insect toxins share a common
      binding site associated with sodium channels in insect neuronal membranes.

PMID- 2411225
TI  - [Chemotherapy testing for human ovarian cancer using in vitro colony assay].
AB  - The in vitro evaluation of anticancer drug efficacy was performed using the human
      tumor clonogenic assay developed by Hamburger and Salmon, and correlation between
      the in vitro and clinical efficacy was analyzed retrospectively. The in vitro
      colony assay method used in this study was a minor modification of the above
      method. Thirty-two out of forty-eight samples from patients with ovarian cancer
      formed more than five colonies per plate on in vitro colony assay. The median
      plating efficiency was 0.06% (range 0.02-1.3%) and the median colony count per
      plate was 279 (range: 8-4,000). With regard to colony formation of ovarian cancer
      according to the source of the specimen, the colony-forming rate of solid tumor
      was high (72%) as compared with 63% for ascites and 43% for pleural effusion. In
      vitro chemosensitivity was defined as more than a 50% decrease in colony
      formation and the rates for standard drugs on ovarian cancer were as follows:
      adriamycin (0.04 micrograms/ml) 29%, bleomycin (0.1 micrograms/ml) 24% cisplatin
      (0.2 micrograms/ml) 31%, 5-FU (1.0 micrograms/ml) 22%, hexamethylmelamine (1.0
      micrograms/ml) 19%, L-PAM (0.4 micrograms/ml) 44%, mitomycin C (0.1
      micrograms/ml) 38% and THP-adriamycin (0.5 micrograms/ml) 36%. A group of
      patients who had not been exposed to any anticancer drug showed higher
      sensitivity in vitro as compared with a group of patients who had received prior
      chemotherapy (35% vs 22%, p less than 0.05). Correlation between in vitro drug
      sensitivity and clinical responses in patients treated with the same drugs were
      analysed retrospectively. In all twenty cases, two were true positive cases
      (29%), while in ten cases, the results were true negative (77%), The overall
      predictive accuracy was 60%. In conclusion, ovarian cancer cells can form
      colonies well when the soft agar method is used and this assay method is suitable
      for the evaluation of various anticancer drugs in vitro.

PMID- 2411226
TI  - [Clinician-oriented and cytology-oriented autopsy. Part II. Hepato-biliary
      system].
AB  - The autopsy is performed with multiple purposes. The first purpose of the autopsy
      is a service for clinicians. The dissection technic should be determined to
      present the best clinical-pathological correlation of the lesions. Imprint (touch
      preparation) from the organ is most useful to make initial pathological diagnoses
      during autopsy examination. This preparation provides not only oncologic data
      (tumor identification), but also the presence of infections. Numerous photographs
      illustrate both the gross pathological lesions and infections of the hepato
      biliary system.

PMID- 2411227
TI  - Angiogenic capability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in psoriasis.
AB  - The angiogenic capability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) from
      patients with psoriasis was tested by lymphocyte-induced angiogenesis assay. The
      study was performed in 36 patients with psoriasis vulgaris, six with generalized
      pustular psoriasis of the von Zumbusch type, and five with palmo-plantar pustular
      psoriasis. When patients with psoriasis vulgaris were considered as a whole, no
      significant differences in the angiogenic capability of their MNCs could be
      detected, as compared with controls. However, when cases of psoriasis were
      classified into various types, the differences in angiogenic capability of MNCs
      became evident. This capability was found to be markedly increased in the active
      form of psoriasis vulgaris and decreased in the stationary stage of the disease.
      It was increased in palmo-plantar pustular psoriasis but markedly decreased in
      generalized pustular psoriasis of the von Zumbusch type.

PMID- 2411228
TI  - Composite keratohyaline granules in palmoplantar keratoderma: an ultrastructural
      study.
AB  - We report the results of an ultrastructural study of the hyperkeratotic epidermis
      in 23 cases of palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) comprising 8 inherited keratoderma,
      8 keratoderma climactericum in menopausal women and 7 symptomatic keratoderma. In
      all but one of the cases of inherited PPK and keratoderma climactericum,
      composite keratohyalin (KH) granules were found in granular cells of the
      interductal epidermis, which were similar to those found in the rat and in some
      other conditions. In the cases of symptomatic keratoderma, e.g. secondary to
      eczema, the appearance of the KH granules did not differ from that of granules
      observed in two normal plantar skin samples. While the real role played by these
      granules is unknown, they could constitute a differentiation marker of
      intraepidermal duct cells, and their abundance in PPK suggest that intraepidermal
      sweat ducts may play a part in PPK histogenesis.

PMID- 2411229
TI  - Intracellular concentration and transmembrane fluxes of sodium and potassium in
      erythrocytes of normal men and women.
AB  - The intracellular concentration and transmembrane fluxes of sodium and potassium
      were studied in the red blood cells of normal men and women in the two halves of
      their menstrual cycle. Compared to men, the intra-erythrocyte sodium
      concentration was lower in women during the second half of the menstrual cycle.
      These two groups were similar for Na+, K+-ATPase pump activity estimated from the
      ouabain-sensitive 86rubidium-uptake and for the furosemide-sensitive sodium and
      potassium efflux. Women in the first half of the menstrual cycle, had intra
      erythrocyte sodium concentration similar to men, but their furosemide-sensitive
      sodium efflux was lower. A lower intra-erythrocyte sodium concentration was
      observed in the second half as compared to the first half of the menstrual cycle
      in women. No significant difference was observed in the intra-erythrocyte
      potassium concentration and transmembrane fluxes of potassium in men and women in
      either half of the menstrual cycle. Therefore one should take into account sex
      related variability when studying cationic fluxes and concentrations in red blood
      cells of men and women.

PMID- 2411230
TI  - Anti-intermediate filament antibodies, antikeratin antibody, and antiperinuclear
      factor in rheumatoid arthritis and infectious mononucleosis.
AB  - Sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), patients with infectious
      mononucleosis (IM), and blood donors were tested by indirect immunofluorescence
      for the presence of antikeratin antibody (AKA), antibody to cytoskeletal
      intermediate filaments of prekeratin or vimentin type (AIFA) and antiperinuclear
      factor (APF). In 81.9% of the RA sera and 92.5% of the IM sera AIFA of IgM class
      was found at titres up to and in some cases exceeding 1/160. In blood donors the
      incidence of AIFA was 26%, at titres not exceeding 1/20. AKA and APF, always of
      IgG class, were found in 54.2% and 73.6% of rheumatoid sera. A weak correlation
      was found in RA between the incidence of AIFA and APF. AKA was not present in
      either IM or blood donor sera, and APF was found in only 2.5% and 3.2% of IM or
      blood donors respectively.

PMID- 2411231
TI  - Antikeratin antibodies in serum and synovial fluid show specificity for
      rheumatoid arthritis in a study of connective tissue diseases.
AB  - Tests for antikeratin antibodies (AKA) were performed on 2152 disease-associated
      and control sera by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) on rat oesophagus substrate.
      The incidence of AKA was significantly raised in rheumatoid arthritis (37%) in
      comparison with systemic sclerosis (8%), psoriasis (7%), ankylosing spondylitis
      (6%), systemic lupus erythematosus (3%), and normal controls (2%). AKA were
      detected in synovial fluid obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
      (48%) but not from patients with other conditions. Further experiments on AKA
      positive sera showed reactivity with stratum corneum of rabbit prepuce and lips.
      A specific rabbit antihuman keratin antiserum was shown, by IF and inhibition
      studies, to have a different specificity from that of spontaneous human AKA. AKA
      were associated with the presence of subcutaneous nodules in RA (p = 0.05), but
      not with Raynaud's phenomenon, Sjogren's syndrome, or HLA-DR4 positivity.
      Rheumatoid factor (RF) was not associated with AKA either in RA or in RF-positive
      disease controls.

PMID- 2411232
TI  - A small scale field trial with Temephos (Abate) for the control of four species
      of Mansonia (Mansonioides) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand.
AB  - A 60-week control experiment with Temephos (Abate) against a largely isolated
      population of Mansonia annulata, Ma. annulifera, Ma. indiana and Ma. uniformis
      was carried out in a pool of 1.2 ha area and average depth of over 2 m in
      southern Thailand. Floating paper tea bags containing 24 g of 1% Abate sand
      granules were applied in two rounds at a density of 1 bag 4 m-2. Each round
      consisted of five applications at intervals of 13 days. During the application
      rounds mosquito larvae disappeared completely from the pool. This apparent effect
      of Abate was confirmed by bioassays made with pool water and larvae of Culex
      quinquefasciatus. Inactivation of Abate was linear during one week, with a slope
      of 5.8% per day. Adult densities dropped during the application rounds and, over
      a period of 48 weeks, were 78-85% less than during the corresponding time of the
      preceding reference year. The annual pattern of adult abundance that normally
      shows distinct seasonal peaks was strongly altered, although meterological data
      were comparable to the reference year.

PMID- 2411233
TI  - Palliation of esophageal malignancy with photodynamic therapy.
AB  - Sixteen patients with esophageal malignancies received photodynamic therapy after
      3 mg of hematoporphyrin derivative (Photofrin I) or 2 mg of Photofrin II per
      kilogram of body weight was injected intravenously two to six days prior to
      treatment. A tunable dye argon laser system delivered 630 nm light through quartz
      fibers passed through the biopsy channel of a gastroscope. All patients obtained
      improvement in swallowing, usually from total obstruction or clear liquids only
      to a regular diet within three weeks and with new techniques, at least liquids
      within three days of treatment. Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) and esophageal
      grades were measured before treatment, 1 month following treatment, and
      periodically until death. Ten patients died an average of 3.7 months after
      initial treatment (range, 0.6 to 19 months). Six patients are alive at 11, 10, 5,
      2.5, 2 months, and 1 month after treatment. The median survival of 12 patients
      treated more than 6 months ago was 6.5 months and of 9 patients with an initial
      KPS higher than 30, 8.1 months.

PMID- 2411234
TI  - Effects of histamine and a histamine releaser on body temperature and blood
      levels of metabolites and thyroid hormones in the pigeon.
AB  - Intravenous injections of histamine (20-600 micrograms) as well as of compound
      48/80 (10-100 micrograms), a histamine releaser, produced a significant drop in
      the cloacal temperature of pigeons when examined during the initial 2 hr period
      following the injections. The effect of histamine was dose-dependent. A trend
      towards a drop in foot temperature was indicated with higher doses of histamine,
      but no effect was seen with compound 48/80. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels
      were significantly increased at 15 and 30 min post-injection of histamine but an
      increase with compound 48/80 was obtained only at 15 min. While histamine
      produced a hyperglycaemic effect that was significant only at 30 min post
      injection, compound 48/80 showed no such effect. Histamine caused a significant
      drop in the plasma levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) both at 15
      and 30 min post-injection. A similar trend in the thyroid hormone levels was also
      produced by compound 48/80, except for the T4 level at 15 min post-injection
      which showed no change.

PMID- 2411235
TI  - Enhancement of acetylcholine-evoked catecholamine release from perfused dog
      adrenals by elevating cyclic AMP levels.
AB  - Guanylyl-imidodiphosphate, guanosine 5'-tetraphosphate and phosphodiesterase
      inhibitors, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and RO 20-1724 significantly increased
      the basal cAMP output and caused a slight catecholamine (CA) release. These
      agents accelerated ACh-induced increase in cAMP output followed by a markedly
      enhanced CA release. Cholera toxin did not cause CA release but markedly enhanced
      ACh-evoked CA release. These results may suggest that cAMP plays a modulating
      role in CA release from chromaffin cells.

PMID- 2411236
TI  - Chronic treatment with nifedipine prevents development of hypertension and
      abnormal red cell Na+ transport in Dahl-S-rats.
AB  - Transmembrane Na+ transport was measured in erythrocytes of salt resistant (DR)
      and salt sensitive (DS) Dahl rats, fed either a standard (0.4%) or high (0.8%)
      NaCl diet, or a high NaCl diet containing 300 ppm of the calcium entry blocker
      nifedipine. Whereas salt-loaded DS became severely hypertensive, those treated
      with nifedipine remained normotensive. With a low NaCl diet, total Na+ efflux and
      Na+ pump activity was lower in DS than in DR. Cotransport was more active in DS
      than in DR. After excess Na+ intake, total Na+ efflux was markedly reduced in DS,
      but normal in nifedipine-treated DS. Cell Na+ content was increased by 52% in
      salt-loaded DS, but not so in DS chronically treated with nifedipine. Na+ pump
      was completely suppressed in salt-loaded DS, but normal in DR and rats treated
      with nifedipine. These results suggest that Na+ pump inhibition might be involved
      in the development of Dahl rat hypertension, and that prevention of salt-induced
      hypertension by chronic nifedipine treatment also prevents suppression of
      erythrocytic Na+ pump. This suggests a casual link between its biochemical and
      therapeutic action.

PMID- 2411237
TI  - The rat isolated mast cell as a model for the study of calcium antagonists.
AB  - EDTA-treated rat isolated mast cells were used to study the influence of Ca2+
      antagonists on stimulus-secretion coupling. The concentration of Ca2+-effect
      curves for histamine release were parallelly shifted to the right when the cells
      were in the presence of Mg2+, La3+, verapamil or aminoglycoside antibiotics such
      as streptomycin, neomycin or gentamicin. The relative potency among the
      aminoglycoside was similar to that described in the literature for their action
      on the excitation-contraction coupling. The employed isolated mast cells
      preparation presented basic properties required for the study of coupled stimulus
      secretion and represent an optimal model for the study of drugs which interfere
      with Ca2+ passage across cell membranes.

PMID- 2411238
TI  - Open lung biopsy in immunocompromised patients.
AB  - From January 1978 through December 1980, ninety-five immunocompromised patients
      underwent diagnostic open lung biopsy (OLB) at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
      A specific causative diagnosis was made in 77 patients (81%); 12 patients (13%)
      had more than one specific causative diagnosis. Of the 77 patients with a
      specific causative diagnosis, 52 patients (68%) had infections, 19 patients (24%)
      had malignant pulmonary disease, 12 patients (15%) had cytotoxic lung disease,
      ten patients (13%) had interstitial fibrosis (not related to cytotoxins), and one
      patient (1%) had vasculitis. In 36 (47%) of the 77 patients with a specific
      causative diagnosis, the diagnosis was made, by frozen sections or stains, within
      three hours of OLB. In 35 additional patients (45%), the diagnosis was
      established within 24 hours. Twelve patients (13%) had minor complications of
      OLB; no deaths were attributed to the OLB procedure.

PMID- 2411239
TI  - Dying right in theory and practice. What do we really know of terminal care?
AB  - Despite the widely held belief that hospices treat dying patients differently
      than conventional hospitals do, few systematic comparisons exist. We reviewed
      medical charts to study the terminal care practice at one hospital and two
      inpatient hospices. As expected, hospital patients had more diagnostic tests and
      higher laboratory charges than patients in either hospice did. Yet physicians'
      notes about patients' families or nonmedical aspects of illness were infrequent
      at all three institutions. Furthermore, analgesic use and the frequency of
      nurses' notes about nonmedical or family issues differed between hospices:
      sometimes one hospice, sometimes the other, resembled the hospital closely.
      Hence, some common assumptions about hospice care appear inaccurate. We believe
      that health professionals who attend dying patients--whether in hospitals or
      hospices--have an obligation to examine their terminal care practices critically
      and to develop standards appropriate for their institutions.

PMID- 2411240
TI  - The use of high-dose pulse methylprednisolone in rheumatoid arthritis. Unproved
      therapy.
AB  - Pulse methylprednisolone therapy has been used for the treatment of rheumatoid
      arthritis. The recent literature describing pulse therapy for this disorder is
      reviewed. The effects of pulse steroids on the immune system, potential side
      effects of therapy, and recommendations for its use are presented. Because of the
      lack of substantial benefit and the possibility of adverse side effects, pulse
      methylprednisolone therapy should be considered investigational for short-term
      use in patients with aggressive rheumatoid arthritis undergoing induction therapy
      with long-term agents such as gold or penicillamine. More study is indicated
      before generalized use of this modality can be advocated.

PMID- 2411241
TI  - Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome) associated with post
      myocardial infarction syndrome (Dressler's syndrome).
AB  - A case of Sweet's syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) occurred in a
      patient with post-myocardial infarction syndrome (Dressler's syndrome). Although
      Sweet's syndrome has been described in association with leukemias, other
      malignant disorders, and a variety of chronic inflammatory disorders, it has not
      been reported associated with Dressler's syndrome. Sweet's syndrome is reviewed
      with regard to its associations and to its pathogenesis.

PMID- 2411242
TI  - Filing and retrieving a personal collection of 35-mm teaching slides in medicine.
      A simplified system.
AB  - The use of 35-mm slides to teach or supplement lectures has become an important
      technique in medical education. To be effective, the slide collections need an
      efficient filing and retrieval system. The systems previously described for
      filing and retrieval of slides usually are expensive, require many materials and
      much space, and are more suited for slide libraries and large collections than
      for personal collections of teaching slides. A more simple and inexpensive system
      to file and retrieve personal collections of 35-mm teaching slides uses color
      labels to identify groups of topics and also numbers to identify each slide in a
      given group. The color labels also help in proper loading of slides into the
      slide tray. This system can be expanded easily to suit individual needs.

PMID- 2411243
TI  - Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy and unusual extranodal
      manifestations.
AB  - We describe a predominant extranodal involvement of unusual sites by sinus
      histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML). The patient first presented at
      13 years of age with bilateral parotid gland enlargement and was discovered to
      have a large asymptomatic left renal mass and adjacent hilar adenopathy,
      histologically diagnostic of SHML. Following a left nephrectomy, he remained well
      with persistent parotid and lacrimal gland disease and, 20 years later,
      plaquelike meningeal involvement mimicking meningioma en plaque developed that
      was associated with reactive meningeal nests within the body of the lesion. At no
      time during the last 20 years has there been a recurrence of significant external
      nodal enlargement, and biopsy specimens of neck and intrathoracic lymph nodes
      have been nondiagnostic of SHML.

PMID- 2411244
TI  - Anomalous drainage of the common bile duct into the fourth portion of the
      duodenum. Clinical sequelae.
AB  - We report two cases of early-childhood anomalous drainage of the common bile duct
      (CBD) into the fourth portion of the duodenum, which caused recurrent abdominal
      pain and hyperamylasemia. In both patients, this anomaly was associated with a
      long common channel between the CBD and the pancreatic duct. The CBD was
      obstructed by compression from the first portion of the duodenum, which passed
      anteriorly. Both children required choledochoenteric anastomosis to achieve
      permanent resolution of the abdominal pain. Elevation of the first portion of the
      duodenum does not produce permanent relief from symptoms. We believe that these
      patients represent the first described to have this unusual malformation.

PMID- 2411245
TI  - Is bivalent binding of monoclonal antibodies to different antigenic areas on the
      hemagglutinin of influenza virus required for neutralization of viral
      infectivity?
AB  - Biological activities of Fab fragments of monoclonal IgG antibodies to each of
      four nonoverlapping antigenic areas on the hemagglutinin molecule of
      A/seal/Massachusetts/1/80 (H7N7) influenza virus were examined. Fab fragments of
      the antibodies belonging to groups I and II neutralized viral infectivity. These
      Fab fragments inhibited hemagglutination of the virus and virus-induced hemolysis
      at pH 5.9. On the other hand, Fab fragments of groups III and IV antibodies
      showed neither neutralization nor hemolysis-inhibition activities, while intact
      IgG molecules of groups III and IV effectively neutralized viral infectivity and
      inhibited virus-induced hemolysis, as previously found. These IgG molecules
      scarcely or did not inhibit hemagglutination of the virus. Neutralization of
      viral infectivity, however, was observed when the virus was coated with Fab
      fragments of groups III and IV antibodies and then incubated with anti-Fab
      fragment antibodies. These findings suggest that bivalent binding of the IgG
      antibodies of groups III and IV is required for neutralization of viral
      infectivity through a proposed mechanism by which these antibodies interfere with
      a low pH-induced conformational change resulting in inhibition of the fusion step
      of the viral replication process.

PMID- 2411246
TI  - Evaluation of zimeldine in Alzheimer's disease. Cognitive and biochemical
      measures.
AB  - Neuropsychological and neurochemical effects of zimeldine, a relatively specific
      serotonin reuptake blocker, were examined in four patients with clinically
      diagnosed Alzheimer's disease, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover
      study. Individualized doses of zimeldine were administered to achieve target
      plasma zimeldine concentrations of approximately 50 (low) to 100 (high) ng/mL.
      Overall, there was no significant effect of zimeldine on memory or reaction time
      measures as compared with placebo. The drug significantly reduced (by up to 38%)
      5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations in the cereobrospinal fluid and almost
      abolished (90% reduction) platelet serotonin uptake. Cerebrospinal fluid
      concentrations of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol, a major metabolite of
      norepinephrine, and homovanillic acid, the major metabolite of dopamine, were not
      altered. Our findings indicate that alterations in central and peripheral
      serotoninergic function by a serotonin reuptake blocker (zimeldine) are
      unaccompanied by measurable changes in memory and/or reaction time in patients
      presumed to have Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2411247
TI  - Substance P-like immunoreactive nerves in the human eye.
AB  - Using immunohistochemical methods, substance P is localized to nerves of the
      human eye. Immunoreactive nerve fibers occur in the cornea, about limbal blood
      vessels, and within the trabecular meshwork. Substance P-like immunoreactive
      nerve fibers surround uveal blood vessels, especially in the choroid and ciliary
      body. Immunoreactive nerves are seen in ciliary processes. The ciliary muscle is
      innervated, as are the iris dilator and sphincter muscles. Apposition of
      immunoreactive nerves to uveal melanocytes is apparent. The distribution of
      substance P-like immunoreactive nerves in the human eye parallels that found in
      other mammals. While substance P probably has important neurotransmitter or
      neuromodulator roles in the eye, further physiologic studies are required to
      define its ocular function.

PMID- 2411248
TI  - DNA content of human squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Analysis by flow
      cytometry and chromosome enumeration.
AB  - Fifteen squamous cell carcinoma cell lines derived from nine patients were
      examined for DNA content by flow cytometry and chromosome counts. Using human
      peripheral blood leukocytes and nucleated trout and chicken red blood cells as
      standards, the DNA indexes of the squamous cell carcinoma cell lines were found
      to range from 1.1 to 3.3. The DNA content was a stable characteristic of
      individual cell lines in multiple passages over a seven-month period. Although
      flow cytometry could detect abnormal DNA content even in diploid tumor lines, the
      chromosome number correlated well with the DNA content by flow cytometry. In
      cases in which more than one cell line was established from the same patient, the
      individual cell lines were found to differ in their DNA content. The cell lines
      established from metastatic or recurrent tumors usually had a lower DNA content
      and chromosome number and exhibited a more aggressive in vitro growth pattern
      than the primary tumor or earlier recurrence. We hypothesize that "streamlined"
      and aggressive cell populations may evolve in vivo from more slowly growing
      hyperploid precursor tumor cell populations when in the course of random loss of
      DNA or chromosomes those that confer no growth advantage are lost, while those
      that do confer growth advantage are retained.

PMID- 2411249
TI  - Nurse and the law. The perils of the recovery room.

PMID- 2411250
TI  - Role of carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in the early detection of major
      bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity.
AB  - Fifteen patients with malignant teratoma and twelve with squamous cancer of the
      head and neck received treatment with bleomycin. Routine measurements of carbon
      monoxide diffusing capacity (DLco) were performed. Both groups showed a gradual
      fall of similar magnitude in their DLco measurements during treatment. No patient
      in the group with squamous cancer developed clinical or radiological evidence of
      major pulmonary toxicity. Two of the teratoma patients suffered fatal pulmonary
      toxicity and their DLco measurements before any signs of major pulmonary toxicity
      were no different from the measurements of those patients who remained free of
      major clinical toxicity. The two patients who died both showed a sustained
      reduction in renal function during chemotherapy which may have been a major risk
      factor in the development of severe clinical toxicity. The magnitude of the
      decline in DLco in this series was not a useful predictor of those patients who
      developed severe and radiological toxicity.

PMID- 2411251
TI  - Immunogenicity of an oil-emulsified Escherichia coli bacterin against
      heterologous challenge.
AB  - Immunogenicity of an oil-emulsified Escherichia coli bacterin against
      heterologous challenge was investigated. In Expts. 1 and 2, chickens were
      vaccinated with E. coli serotype O1 bacterin and challenged with E. coli serotype
      O2 (Expt. 1) and O78 (Expt. 2). Positive control chickens were not vaccinated but
      challenged with E. coli serotype O2 or O78; unvaccinated unchallenged chickens
      served as negative controls. When challenged with E. coli serotype O2,
      unvaccinated chickens showed a higher morbidity than vaccinated chickens. There
      was no mortality in either group. Although average gross lesion scores were
      generally higher in the unvaccinated chickens, they were not significantly
      different (P greater than or equal to 0.05) from those in the vaccinated
      chickens. In Expt. 2, morbidity was slightly higher in the unvaccinated
      challenged chickens. No mortality occurred in either group. There was no
      significant difference (P greater than or equal to 0.05) between vaccinated and
      unvaccinated chickens in average gross lesion scores. In general, E. coli
      recovery was higher in the unvaccinated challenged chickens, being highest in the
      air sacs followed by the liver, heart blood, and pericardial sacs. There was no
      morbidity, mortality, or gross lesions in the unvaccinated unchallenged chickens.
      No E. coli was recovered from the tissues cultured. The results of these
      laboratory trials revealed that an oilemulsified monovalent E. coli bacterin did
      not protect chickens against other E. coli serotypes associated with
      colibacillosis.

PMID- 2411252
TI  - The banding pattern produced by restriction endonucleases in mouse chromosomes.
AB  - The metaphase chromosomes of mouse have been treated with the restriction
      endonucleases Alu I, Mbo I, Hae III and Eco RII and subsequently stained with the
      DNA-specific dye Ethidium bromide. A striking correspondence between previous
      biochemical findings and our cytological results has been noticed with Alu I, Mbo
      I and Hae III, which were capable of digesting all but the DNA localized at the
      centric constitutive heterochromatic areas. Digestion with Eco RII, on the
      contrary, resulted in cytological data which apparently did not fit in with the
      biochemical results previously obtained by digesting the DNA of this species with
      the same enzyme. It is postulated that factors such as chromatin organization, in
      addition to DNA base sequence, can determine the results we report.

PMID- 2411253
TI  - Demonstration of surfactant phospholipids in frozen sections of the lung.
AB  - Saturated phospholipids are known to be the only surface active compounds present
      in the surfactant system of the lung. Using light microscopy, the identification
      in situ of pulmonary surfactant has always been hampered by the lack of
      satisfactory fixatives and dyes which act on saturated phospholipids fast enough
      to prevent the complete loss of surfactant in the solutions. In this study we
      adopted the tricomplex flocculation proposed by Elbers et al. (1965) to fix
      surfactant phospholipids on frozen sections obtained from human, pig and rat
      lungs. Small pieces of lung tissue were quickly frozen in freon 22 kept at -75
      C.; eight micron sections were cut in a cryostat, air dried and immersed for 30s
      5m in a 0.05 N Pb(NO3)2 + K3Fe (CN)6 solution in 10% formalin. Lead ions bound to
      the choline portion of phospholipid molecules were subsequently revealed in a 30
      mM ammonium sulfide solution. This procedure delineates a dark brown filmy
      structure in the respiratory parenchyma, which is very loosely attached to the
      alveoli and appears to be related to lung surfactant. Preliminary lung lavage or
      pretreatment of sections with saline, aldehyde fixatives and several organic
      solvents, fully or partially abolish the stain.

PMID- 2411254
TI  - Myocellular calcium regulation by the sarcolemmal membrane in the adult and
      immature rabbit heart.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested ontogenic differences in Ca-mediated excitation
      contraction coupling in mammalian heart. Sarcolemmal (SL) Ca regulation may
      predominate prior to the development of the specialized Ca-regulatory properties
      of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The effect of development on selected Ca
      regulatory properties of cardiac SL was evaluated utilizing membrane vesicles
      obtained from immature (14 to 21-day-old) and adult rabbit heart. Methods were
      adapted to comparably enrich SL membrane vesicles from immature and adult rabbit
      heart. The global fluidity characteristics were determined by the polarized
      fluorescence of diphenylhexatriene passively incorporated into enriched SL
      membrane vesicles. No age-related differences in either the membrane
      microviscosity of the lipid-order parameter between 10 degrees C and 37 degrees C
      were observed. The membrane characteristics of the voltage-gated Ca channel were
      determined by the membrane binding characteristics of 3[H]-nitrendipine.
      Scatchard analysis of high affinity specific nitrendipine binding demonstrated
      comparable binding affinity (KD; 511 +/- 40 vs 484 +/- 40 pM) and theoretical
      maximal binding site density (Bmax; 218 +/- 19 vs 240 +/- 40 fmoles/mg prot.) in
      immature and adult respectively. ATP-independent Ca binding to SL membrane
      vesicles was determined between 1.5 and 10 mM [Ca]. Ca binding was greater in the
      immature at 10 mM [Ca] as compared to the adult (840 +/- 120 vs 350 +/- 30
      nmoles/mg). Ca bound to SL over this Ca concentration range is indicative of a
      "pool" of Ca for cellular influx across the SL by the Na-Ca exchange mechanism
      and the voltage-gated Ca channel. In view of electrophysiologic evidence also
      suggesting that Ca-channel-mediated Ca conductance is greater in the immature
      than the adult, it is proposed that the number of voltage-activatable Ca channels
      localized to the SL is greater in the immature than the adult. The larger
      transsarcolemmal Ca fluxes plays a larger role in the beat-to-beat- regulation of
      cardiac contraction in the developing mammalian heart prior to full expression of
      the specialized Ca regulatory properties of the SR.

PMID- 2411256
TI  - Inhibition of brain protein fucosylation by sulfated sugar molecules.
AB  - Brain fucosyltransferase reaction (GDP-fucose: glycoprotein fucosyltransferase,
      EC 2.4.1.68) was found to be inhibited by heparin. Also a variety of other
      sulfated polysaccharides led to a decrease in the fucosyltransferase reaction
      comparable to that induced by heparin. This action seems not to be related to the
      structural and functional integrity of the glucosaminoglycan since the same
      effect of the enzyme reaction was seen using its breakdown products obtained by
      hydrolysis or ultrasonics. In contrast, unsulfated polysaccharides and
      constituents of heparin, respectively, did not influence the enzyme reaction at
      all. The same was true for phosphorylated monosaccharides. Therefore, it seems
      likely that the inhibitory effect of appropriate polysaccharides or their
      breakdown products is related to the action of sulfated sugar units. Moreover,
      investigating the influence of a heparin hydrolysate on the incorporation of
      [3H]fucose into the glycoproteins of hippocampal slices, also an inhibition of
      the sugar incorporation was found. Thus, the inhibitory influence of sulfated
      sugar units on brain fucosyltransferase reaction seems to be effective under both
      conditions, in the assay system of the enzyme in vitro as well as in intact cells
      of the hippocampal structure.

PMID- 2411255
TI  - Positive inotropic actions of the calcium channel stimulator, Bay k 8644, in
      awake, unsedated dogs.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of the dihydropyridine derivative Bay k 8644, a new
      calcium agonist with positive inotropic actions, were studied in instrumented
      conscious dogs before and after beta adrenergic blockade with propranolol.
      Intravenous Bay k 8644 (2, 4, 8 and 20 micrograms/kg/min) produced dose-related
      increases in arterial and left ventricular systolic pressures and myocardial
      contractility (+dP/dt; % segment shortening). Coronary blood flow velocity was
      increased at higher doses. Prior administration of propranolol produced no
      significant alteration of the hemodynamic effects of Bay k 8644. Increases in
      arterial and left ventricular pressures produced by Bay k 8644 were controlled by
      intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside with resulting enhancement of
      positive inotropic effects. The results demonstrate that the hemodynamic
      responses to this novel calcium agonist with positive inotropic properties are
      not mediated via beta adrenergic mechanisms and control of increases in arterial
      pressure lead to enhanced regional contractility.

PMID- 2411257
TI  - Biphasic production of immune interferon during mitogen-induced blastogenesis of
      human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes.
AB  - Peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes of 14 healthy blood donors stimulated by
      concanavalin A were shown to exhibit a biphasic pattern of the production
      kinetics of interferon. Maximum interferon titers were determined in the culture
      supernatants 8 and 48 h after addition of the mitogen. Both the early and late
      interferon production could be abolished by actinomycin D treatment of the
      induced cells implying that they depend on mitogen-stimulated de novo synthesis
      of cellular RNA. Under the conditions used the interferon mRNA was accumulated in
      treated cells during the first 4 h of incubation. The kinetics as well as the
      efficiency of concanavalin A-induced interferon production turned out to strictly
      depend on the nature of the protein source added to the culture medium. Only
      fetal calf serum and calf serum as compared to human albumin or pooled gamma
      globulin-free human plasma were found to give the highest interferon yields in
      true biphasic production pattern, thus explaining, at least in part, the
      differing data obtained by several investigators working with this particular
      interferon production system.

PMID- 2411258
TI  - Receptor-mediated mitogenic effects of substance P on cultured smooth muscle
      cells.
AB  - The neuropeptide substance P, a known mitogen for human blood T-lymphocytes, now
      is shown to stimulate proliferation of embryonic rat aortic smooth muscle cells
      of the A7r5 line, at concentrations of 10(-9) M to 10(-6) M. Neurotensin (NT),
      that has vascular and smooth muscle activity similar to SP, failed to induce
      proliferation of A7r5 cells. At proliferation-enhancing concentrations, SP
      increased the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+ in A7r5 cells, suggesting
      activation of the phosphatidylinositol pathway. Binding of [125I]-substance P to
      A7r5 cells reached equilibrium rapidly at 4 degrees C, and was saturable,
      implying that the activation of smooth muscle cells by SP is a receptor-mediated
      process.

PMID- 2411259
TI  - Calcium channel agonist and antagonist effects of the stereoisomers of the
      dihydropyridine 202-791.
AB  - The effects of the pure stereoisomers of the novel dihydropyridine 202-791 on
      voltage sensitive calcium channels in nerve and cardiac muscle were examined. The
      (-)-isomer blocked depolarization-induced uptake of 45Ca2+ into NG108-15
      neuroblastoma X glioma cells, blocked the depolarization-induced release of [3H]
      norepinephrine from PC12 cells and reduced the Vmax of the slow response action
      potential recorded from guinea pig papillary muscle. In contrast, the (+)-isomer
      enhanced these same processes. In papillary muscle, greater enhancement of the
      slow responses was observed at lower stimulation frequencies. Thus, the (-) and
      (+) stereoisomers of 202-791 can be shown to be calcium channel antagonist and
      agonist respectively.

PMID- 2411260
TI  - Immunoreactive helodermin-like peptides in rat: a new class of mammalian
      neuropeptides related to secretin and VIP.
AB  - Helodermin is a peptide from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum (Gila
      Monster) showing a high degree of sequence similarity with VIP, PHI and secretin
      in its N-terminal moiety. The present data support the presence of peptide(s)
      closely related to helodermin in the brain, gut and salivary glands of rat. In
      our radioimmunoassays, we routinely used one of the three specific antisera
      obtained from rabbits that were immunized against lizard helodermin coupled to
      bovine serum albumin with carbodiimide. Heat- and acid-stable immunoreactive
      helodermin-like material was more abundant in striatum, hippocampus and anterior
      pituitary than in cerebral cortex and hypothalamus. High levels of helodermin
      like material were also present in salivary glands, duodenum and jejunum. When
      submitted to gel permeation chromatography on a TSK-G 2000 SW column, the
      apparent molecular radius of most of the immunoreactive material ranged from 6 to
      12 KDa.

PMID- 2411261
TI  - A smooth muscle cell line suitable for the study of voltage sensitive calcium
      channels.
AB  - A cell line originating from the fetal rat aorta has been studied with respect to
      45Ca2+ uptake. Kinetic experiments showed an initial rapid uptake followed by a
      slow linear phase; both the initial rate and the maximum uptake were increased in
      the presence of 55 mM potassium chloride. The calcium channel antagonists,
      darodipine (PY 108-068) and verapamil, inhibited both the basal and the potassium
      chloride stimulated uptake. Neither tetrodotoxin nor furosemide affected either
      basal or depolarisation induced 45Ca2+ uptake. Blockade of the Na+/K+ ATPase by
      ouabain and of the Ca2+ ATPase by vanadate caused a net increase in cellular
      45Ca2+ accumulation.

PMID- 2411262
TI  - Effect of calcium channel agonist Bay K 8644 on calcitonin secretion from a rat C
      cell line.
AB  - Bay K 8644, a novel dihydropyridine, stimulates calcitonin secretion in a dose
      dependent manner from a rat medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line, rMTC 6-23, and
      causes an increase in cytosolic free calcium concentration, as measured by quin
      2. These effects are competitively inhibited by nifedipine, and completely
      abolished in the absence of extracellular calcium. These data suggest that
      calcium influx via voltage-dependent calcium channels plays a crucial role in the
      regulation of cytosolic free calcium concentration and calcitonin secretion.

PMID- 2411263
TI  - Hydrocortisone inhibits phorbol ester stimulated release of histamine and
      arachidonic acid from rat mast cells.
AB  - Purified rat peritoneal mast cells were incubated overnight with or without
      hydrocortisone (3 X 10(-6) M) and then stimulated with anti-IgE, somatostatin or
      a phorbol ester-ionophore combination, i.e., 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13
      acetate and A23187. The release of both histamine and [1-14C]arachidonic acid and
      its metabolites was determined. Hydrocortisone treatment markedly inhibited both
      anti-IgE and TPA-A23187 stimulated release, but not release stimulated by
      somatostatin. These results suggest that anti-inflammatory steroids may alter
      histamine release through an action involving the activation of the
      phosphatidylserine-calcium dependent protein kinase or its substrates.

PMID- 2411264
TI  - Effects of K+ concentration on inhibition of protein synthesis by trimer and
      tetramer triphosphates of 2',5'-oligoadenylates in rabbit reticulocyte lysates.
AB  - The inhibition of protein synthesis by trimer or tetramer triphosphates of 2',5'
      oligoadenylates (2-5A) in rabbit reticulocyte lysates is dependent on the
      concentration of K+ in the assay mixture. Based on studies using mRNA-dependent
      rabbit reticulocyte lysates and the degradation of [3H] polyadenylated mRNA, the
      greater inhibitory effects of trimer or tetramer triphosphates at the higher K+
      is shown to be due to a more active 2-5A-dependent endoribonuclease (RNase L).

PMID- 2411265
TI  - U4 small nuclear RNA pseudogenes from rat genome have common truncated 3'-ends.
AB  - Four U4 RNA pseudogenes were isolated and characterized from a rat genomic bank.
      The four pseudogenes contained sequences completely homologous to U4 RNA from
      nucleotides 1 to 67 and had common truncated 3'-ends. Three of the four
      pseudogenes were flanked by 14 to 18 nucleotide-long direct repeats. The
      structural features of these four U4 RNA pseudogenes are consistent with the
      hypothesis that these pseudogenes arose by RNA self-primed complementary DNA
      synthesis and integration into the genome (Van Arsdell et al., Cell 26:11-17,
      1981).

PMID- 2411266
TI  - Strand specific transcription of satellite DNA I in rat ascites hepatoma cells.
AB  - Rat satellite DNA I was highly expressed in a rat ascites hepatoma cell line,
      AH60C. The transcripts were found predominantly in the non-polyadenylated
      fraction of the nuclear RNA. RNA dot blot assay using strand specific probes
      revealed a strand-selective transcription of the sequence. The structures of cDNA
      clones isolated on the basis of their cross-hybridization to satellite DNA I were
      mainly composed of a tandemly repeated array of this sequence.

PMID- 2411267
TI  - Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen is synthesized by human keratinocytes
      cultured in serum-free medium.
AB  - The epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen is a newly discovered major
      extracellular matrix component within basement membranes beneath stratified
      squamous epithelia. Human keratinocytes cultured without mesenchymal cells
      synthesize the major 290 kd chain of the epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen.

PMID- 2411268
TI  - Identification and isolation of an agglutinin from uterus of rats.
AB  - A sialic acid-binding agglutinin was purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity
      chromatography on fetuin-sepharose column from the rat uterine homogenate in
      estrus. The agglutinin is Ca++ dependent, a glycoprotein, and composed of two
      very closely associated bands of molecular weights 28,000 and 30,000 and pIs of 4
      and 4.1. Several sialoglycoproteins, sialic acid, EDTA, glucuronic acid and
      heparin acted as an inhibitor of the agglutinin.

PMID- 2411269
TI  - Irreversible inhibition by acetaldehyde of cholecystokinin-induced amylase
      secretion from isolated rat pancreatic acini.
AB  - Acetaldehyde inhibited both amylase secretion induced by maximal concentrations
      (300 pM) of cholecystokinin octapeptide and the binding of radioiodinated
      cholecystokinin to receptors on isolated rat pancreatic acini. This inhibition
      was concentration dependent (10 mM to 1 M for amylase secretion and 100 mM to 1 M
      for binding). However, a correlation between the two inhibitory effects could not
      be obtained. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects were not reversible.
      Acetaldehyde did not alter the basal amylase secretion between 6 and 45 mM
      concentrations. However, 60, 100 and 300 mM acetaldehyde significantly decreased
      basal amylase secretion; no significant change in amylase secretion was observed
      at 600 mM and 1 M. Higher concentrations of acetaldehyde produced a 2- to 10-fold
      increase in basal amylase secretion. 51Cr release from prelabeled acini revealed
      no significant cell membrane damage between 10 and 600 mM acetaldehyde. These
      data suggest that acetaldehyde inhibition of cholecystokinin-induced amylase
      secretion is intracellularly mediated.

PMID- 2411270
TI  - Methylxanthine and non-xanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Their effects on
      adenosine uptake and the low Km cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in intact rat
      adipocyte.
AB  - The effects of methylxanthines and non-xanthine phosphodiesterase-inhibitors on
      the low Km cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase of intact rat adipocytes were studied.
      Methylxanthines and papaverine stimulated rather than inhibited the enzyme when
      intact adipocytes were incubated in their presence. The effect of papaverine was
      not abolished by adenosine deaminase and was enhanced by adenosine. On the other
      hand, the effect of xanthine inhibitors and adenosine do not enhance each other.
      The difference in behaviour of these inhibitors could not be explained by their
      effects on adenosine uptake at the concentrations studied. Both agents inhibited
      adenosine uptake when measured after 15 sec and 10 min, with
      methylisobutylxanthine (MIX) having a greater inhibitory effect than papaverine
      only if uptake was measured after 15 sec. Effects similar to that of adenosine
      with the inhibitors on phosphodiesterase were obtained with insulin, which has
      been shown to act through a similar or related mechanism to that of adenosine.
      This was not the case with lipolytic agents whose effects were not potentiated by
      either MIX or papaverine. Under certain conditions the degree of stimulation of
      the enzyme was in fact decreased. Thus lipolytic and antilipolytic agents
      probably stimulated phosphodiesterase through distinct mechanisms.

PMID- 2411271
TI  - The effect of leucovorin on the synthesis of methotrexate poly-gamma-glutamates
      in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line.
AB  - The modulating effects of leucovorin on the synthesis of methotrexate (MTX)
      polyglutamates in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line have been investigated
      using a paired-ion high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system.
      Leucovorin decreased the intracellular level of MTX and profoundly affected
      polyglutamate synthesis irrespective of whether it was administered with or after
      MTX. Inhibition of MTX polyglutamate synthesis was also observed when
      concentrations of leucovorin too low to affect intracellular levels of MTX were
      employed. Leucovorin did not promote efflux of MTX from the MCF-7 cells and did
      not affect the distribution of the retained drug amongst the various
      polyglutamate forms.

PMID- 2411272
TI  - Effects of D,L-4-fluoroglutamic acid on glutamylation of methotrexate by hepatic
      cells in vitro.

PMID- 2411273
TI  - Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase and retrovirus replication.

PMID- 2411274
TI  - Effect of coenzyme Q10, a quinone derivative, on guinea pig lung and tracheal
      tissue.
AB  - In the present investigation, the effect of coenzyme Q10 (E-0216) on histamine or
      SRS-A (slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis) release from passively sensitized
      guinea pig lung tissue and on the actions of various bronchoactive-agents in
      isolated perfused guinea pig tracheal strips was studied. The amount of histamine
      and SRS-A released from passively sensitized guinea pig lung tissue by the
      challenge of antigen showed a marked decrease by preincubating with coenzyme Q10.
      The percentage inhibition of histamine and SRS-A was biggest at the concentration
      of 10 micrograms/ml of coenzyme Q10. Prostaglandin F2 alpha-, acetylcholine-,
      serotonin-, and bradykinin-induced contractile responses in guinea pig tracheal
      strips did not show any significant increase by continuous infusion of coenzyme
      Q10 (0.05-5.0 micrograms/ml). On the other hand, histamine-induced contractile
      responses showed a significant increase by continuous infusion of 0.5
      microgram/ml of coenzyme Q10. Isoprenaline (isoproterenol)- and salbutamol
      induced relaxation responses in guinea pig tracheal strips did not show any
      significant decrease by continuous infusion of coenzyme Q10 (0.05-5.0
      micrograms/ml). On the other hand, prostaglandin E2-induced relaxation responses
      showed a significant decrease by continuous infusion 0.05-5.0 micrograms/ml of
      coenzyme Q10.

PMID- 2411275
TI  - 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid in alcoholic patients under
      different clinical conditions.
AB  - Levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-HIAA, the main serotoninergic metabolite
      in the central nervous system, were investigated in the cerebrospinal fluid, CSF,
      of male alcoholics and healthy controls. During intoxication, 5-HIAA correlated
      positively to blood ethanol concentration and levels gradually decreased by
      length of abstinence. In patients investigated after three months of alcohol
      abstinence, subnormal levels were noted. Assuming that the level of 5-HIAA in the
      CSF reflects central serotoninergic activity, the results support the assumption
      of subnormal activity in abstinent alcoholics and an activation during abuse.

PMID- 2411276
TI  - A stressor comparison of four specialty areas.

PMID- 2411277
TI  - [Action of aminoglycosides on platelet aggregation in vitro].
AB  - The authors tested the influence of gentamicin, spectinomycin dihydrostreptomycin
      on the ADP and epinephrine in vitro induced platelet aggregation. Our aim was to
      demonstrate if platelet aggregation in vitro had some influences by antibiotics.
      A reduction in platelet aggregability, strictly dependent from the used
      antibiotic dose was observed. We have studied platelet function thanks to Born's
      method, adding to PRP gradual therapeutics doses of antibiotics. The results
      showed a reduction of platelet function which was dose-depended, and,
      particularly, gentamicin seemed to be the most effective among aminoglycosides.
      An interference between these drugs and the ADP and epinephrine binding to
      specific platelet receptor sites is proposed.

PMID- 2411278
TI  - [Receptor current in ciliate cells of the frog sacculus].
AB  - The present study aims to provide further contribution towards identifying the
      ions which actually sustain the receptor current in labyrinthine sensory cells.
      The experiments were carried out on isolated sacculi of the frog. The macular
      epithelium of the sacculus was positioned in a two compartment chamber which
      allows the fluid bathing the inside and the outside of the sacculus to be
      replaced separately with solutions having different ionic composition. The
      potential across the epithelium was clamped to zero and both the receptor current
      and the postsynaptic potentials in response to mechanical stimuli were first
      recorded when the endolymphatic fluid had a normal ionic composition and then, at
      different time intervals, after replacing the endolymph with solutions deprived
      of K+ (replaced with Na+, Rb+, Cs+ and Ca++) and Na+ (replaced with choline and
      saccharose). The results have shown that both the receptor current and the
      postsynaptic potentials are abolished after replacing the endolymphatic K+ with
      Na+, Cs+ or Ca++, whereas are partially preserved when K+ is replaced with Rb+.
      These findings strongly suggest that the receptor current in labyrinthine sensory
      cells is carried almost exclusively by K+ and that this current flows across
      specific K-channels.

PMID- 2411279
TI  - [Actions of ethanol in rupture of the gastric barrier in dogs in vivo].

PMID- 2411280
TI  - The hormonal regulation of food intake, digestion, and absorption.

PMID- 2411281
TI  - Detection of Ca antigen in sera from normal individuals and patients with benign
      and malignant breast disease.
AB  - Two assay procedures, an inhibition radioimmunoassay (Inhibition-RIA) and an
      immunoradiometric assay (IRMA), were established for the detection of circulating
      tumour-associated Ca antigen. There was a good correlation between results (r =
      0.987) but the Inhibition-RIA was selected for extended tests on human sera from
      patients with breast disease because of its greater ease and economy in use.
      Circulating Ca antigen was not exclusive to malignancy and the level failed to
      discriminate between patients with primary carcinoma and those with benign
      disease. Ca antigen was present in sera of 100 healthy individuals (median 7.1
      micrograms ml-1, range 1.8-24.4 micrograms ml)-1, 39 patients with benign disease
      (median 9.9 micrograms ml-1, range 2.5- greater than 100 micrograms ml-1) and in
      67 patients with primary carcinoma (median 11.0 micrograms ml-1, range 3.8-
      greater than 100 micrograms ml-1). Elevated Ca antigen levels were found in 50%
      of patients with metastatic spread (median 30.7 micrograms ml-1, range 8.2-
      greater than 100 micrograms ml-1) and in some patients with primary disease but
      further studies are needed to determine the prognostic significance.
      Immunochemical studies confirmed that Ca antigen is a normal serum product but
      its function is unclear.

PMID- 2411282
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of substance P-containing nerve fibres in
      glomus tumours.
AB  - Substance P (SP), S-100 protein, methionine-enkephalin, serotonin and myelin
      basic protein were studied in two solitary glomus tumours of the skin by
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemistry. Multiple SP-containing nerve
      fibres were distributed in the parenchyma of the tumour among proliferating
      glomus cells, and in the oedematous stroma of the tumour. Positive staining for
      myelin basic protein was detected in nerve fascicles in the capsule of the
      tumour, but not within the glomus tumour. S-100 protein immunoreactivity was
      found in nerve fascicles in the capsule of the tumour, and in addition, a few
      cells positive for S-100 protein were scattered throughout the stroma of the
      tumour. No positive staining for methionine-enkephalin and serotonin was found.
      The present finding may explain the clinical experience that the tumour is tender
      and can cause severe paroxysmal pain, because SP is known to be a primary sensory
      afferent neurotransmitter for mediating nociception. A possible role of SP for
      vasodilation in the glomus tumour is also discussed.

PMID- 2411283
TI  - The importance of thrombin inhibition for the expression of the anticoagulant
      activities of heparin, dermatan sulphate, low molecular weight heparin and
      pentosan polysulphate.
AB  - The effects of standard heparin, three low molecular weight derivatives of
      heparin, dermatan sulphate and pentosan polysulphate on the intrinsic coagulation
      pathway were compared in order to evaluate the contributions of the anti-factor
      Xa and anti-thrombin activities to their anticoagulant activities. The
      anticoagulant potency was measured by the ability of each sulphated
      polysaccharide to inhibit the generation of thrombin activity in plasma.
      Similarly, the ability of the six sulphated polysaccharides to enhance the rates
      of inactivation either factor Xa or thrombin in defibrinated plasma containing
      calcium chloride and cephalin were also determined. Standard heparin was the only
      sulphated polysaccharide that could equally inhibit thrombin generation and
      enhance the inactivation of factor Xa and thrombin by plasma. Dermatan sulphate
      and pentosan polysulphate were more effective as inhibitors of thrombin
      generation than potentiators of factor Xa inactivation. The two smallest
      derivatives of heparin, which had high anti-factor Xa (but low antithrombin)
      activity, were the poorest inhibitors of thrombin generation. Our results
      therefore suggest that only sulphated polysaccharides that enhance the
      inactivation of thrombin by plasma and/or inhibit the generation of thrombin
      activity in plasma are good anticoagulants. These two activities of sulphated
      polysaccharides appear to be good predictors of the relative antithrombotic
      potency in vivo.

PMID- 2411284
TI  - Relation between pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) in human peri
      ovulatory follicle fluid and the collection and fertilization of human ova in
      vitro.
AB  - In 42 patients, blood-free peri-ovulatory follicular fluid was aspirated from 86
      follicles for estimation of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and
      related to several variables associated with the fertilization of human ova in
      vitro. Follicle growth was stimulated by clomiphene citrate alone or in
      combination with human menopausal gonadotrophin (hMG) and ovulation was triggered
      by human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) except in six patients who had a
      spontaneous surge of luteinizing hormone (LH). PAPP-A was detected in 83 of the
      86 follicles aspirated, ranging from 'undetectable' to 1044 micrograms/l. The
      concentration of PAPP-A was statistically significantly correlated with
      increasing follicle size, follicular oestradiol-17 beta concentration and oocyte
      recovery. At PAPP-A concentrations of greater than 200 micrograms/l, there was no
      correlation noted with the ability of the ovum to be fertilized, to cleave, or
      between PAPP-A levels in follicles from pregnant and non-pregnant cycles. There
      was no significant difference in the mean PAPP-A concentration for the two
      stimulation regimens, but concentrations were greater in follicular fluid from
      patients who surged spontaneously (P less than 0.001). It appears PAPP-A levels
      may provide an index of follicle maturity but not of the pregnancy potential of
      the ovum.

PMID- 2411285
TI  - Changes of the proteinase binding properties and conformation of bovine alpha 2
      macroglobulin on cleavage of the thio ester bonds by methylamine.
AB  - Cleavage of the thio ester bonds of human alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) by
      methylamine leads to an extensive conformational change and to inactivation of
      the inhibitor. In contrast, cleavage of these bonds in bovine alpha 2M only
      minimally perturbs the hydrodynamic volume of the protein [Dangott, L. J., &
      Cunningham, L. W. (1982) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 107, 1243-1251], as well
      as its spectroscopic properties, as analyzed by ultraviolet difference
      spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and fluorescence in this work. A conformational
      change analogous to that undergone by human alpha 2M thus does not occur in the
      bovine inhibitor. However, changes of several functional properties of bovine
      alpha 2M are induced by the amine. The apparent stoichiometry of inhibition of
      trypsin thus is reduced from about 1.2 to about 0.7 mol of enzyme/mol of
      inhibitor. In spite of this decrease, the interaction with the proteinase induces
      similar conformational changes in methylamine-treated alpha 2M as in intact alpha
      2M, as revealed by spectroscopic analyses, indicating that the mode of binding of
      the proteinase to the inhibitor is essentially unperturbed by thio ester bond
      cleavage. The reaction with methylamine also greatly increases the sensitivity of
      bovine alpha 2M to proteolysis by trypsin at sites other than the "bait" region.
      Moreover, the second-order rate constant for the reaction with thrombin is
      reduced by about 10-fold. These results indicate that the thio ester bonds of
      bovine alpha 2M, although not required per se for the binding of proteinases,
      nevertheless are responsible for maintaining certain structural features of the
      inhibitor that are of importance for full activity.

PMID- 2411286
TI  - Trehalose-containing lipooligosaccharides from mycobacteria: structures of the
      oligosaccharide segments and recognition of a unique N-acylkanosamine-containing
      epitope.
AB  - The structures of the oligosaccharide segments of nine trehalose-containing
      lipooligosaccharides (LOS) of Mycobacterium kansasii have been established by
      positive and negative fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry, acetolysis,
      partial acid hydrolysis, methylation analyses, and nuclear magnetic resonance.
      Upon acetolysis, all produce the alpha,alpha-trehalose-containing tetraglucose
      (Glc4) "core" -beta-D-Glcp(1----3)-beta-D-Glcp(1----4)-alpha-D-Glcp(1----1)-alpha
      D-Gl cp. The simplest (LOS I') contains an additional alpha 1----3-linked 3-O
      methyl-L-rhamnopyranose (3-O-Me-L-Rhap) unit; those of intermediate complexity
      (LOS I-III) contain an additional D-xylopyranose (D-Xylp) residue or xylobiose in
      beta 1----4 linkage; and those of ultimate complexity (LOS IV-VIII) contain
      further D-Xylp residues and the distal N-acylkanosamine- (KanNAcyl) and
      fucopyranosyl- (Fucp) containing disaccharide KanNAcyl(1----3)Fucp. Thus, the
      structure of the oligosaccharide from LOS VII is KanNAcyl(1----3)Fucp(1----4) [
      beta-D-Xylp(1----4)]6-alpha-L-3-O-Me-Rhap(1----3)Glc4++ +. Polyclonal rabbit and
      murine monoclonal antibodies react only with the more complex KanNAcyl-Fucp
      containing lipooligosaccharides, indicating that the KanNAcyl distal end, not the
      trehalose end, contains the antibody binding site unique to M. kansasii and is
      responsible for the serological distinctiveness of M. kansasii among
      mycobacterial species.

PMID- 2411287
TI  - Interaction of bleomycin A2 with deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA unwinding and
      inhibition of bleomycin-induced DNA breakage by cationic thiazole amides related
      to bleomycin A2.
AB  - The association of the antitumor antibiotic bleomycin A2 with DNA has been
      investigated by employing several 2-substituted thiazole-4-carboxamides,
      structurally related to the cationic terminus of the drug. With a 5'-32P-labeled
      DNA restriction fragment from plasmid pBR322 as substrate, these compounds have
      been shown to inhibit bleomycin-induced DNA breakage. Analogues possessing 2'
      aromatic substituents on the bithiazole ring were more potent inhibitors than
      those carrying 2'-aliphatic groups, e.g., the acetyl dipeptide A2. The degree of
      inhibition was similar at all scission sites on DNA, and inclusion of the
      analogues did not induce bleomycin cleavage at new sites. DNA binding of
      bithiazole derivatives has also been studied by two complementary topological
      methods. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using a population of DNA
      topoisomers and DNA relaxation experiments involving calf thymus DNA
      topoisomerase I and pBR322 DNA reveal that bleomycin bithiazole analogues unwind
      closed circular duplex DNA. The inhibition and unwinding studies together support
      recent NMR studies suggesting that both bleomycin A2 and synthetic bithiazole
      derivatives bind to DNA by an intercalative mechanism. The results are discussed
      in relation to the DNA breakage properties of bleomycin A2.

PMID- 2411288
TI  - DNA damage and growth inhibition in cultured human cells by bleomycin congeners.
AB  - Bleomycin is hypothesized to cause cell growth inhibition and cell death via DNA
      cleavage. We have attempted to determine if net DNA cleavage is directly related
      to growth inhibition by measuring whether both parameters vary in parallel. Of
      primary importance to these studies was use of several bleomycin congeners. We
      have shown that these congeners vary in their abilities both to inhibit cell
      growth and to cause DNA damage. Bleomycin B2, tallysomycin, and phleomycin were
      the most potent growth inhibitors, and bleomycin B2 caused the most DNA damage. N
      Acetylbleomycin A2 was inactive in both assays. The net amount of DNA damage
      measured at two levels of growth inhibition was compared for each congener and
      was found to vary widely among the congeners. Similarly, the degree of growth
      inhibition at a given level of submaximal DNA damage was found to vary widely
      when individual congeners were compared to each other. Hence, growth inhibition
      and net DNA damage due to bleomycin are not directly correlated with each other
      when individual congeners are compared to each other.

PMID- 2411289
TI  - DNA damage induced by bleomycin in the presence of dibucaine is not predictive of
      cell growth inhibition.
AB  - Growth inhibition and cell killing by bleomycin are believed to be related to the
      ability of this antibiotic to cleave chromosomal DNA. Because bleomycin has an
      intracellular site of action, its ability to cross biological membranes must be
      critical to its overall effectiveness as an antitumor agent. The local anesthetic
      dibucaine acts to enhance membrane fluidity; therefore, the reported ability of
      this local anesthetic to modulate bleomycin effects on KB cells was investigated.
      Cells were treated with various bleomycin congeners in the presence or absence of
      dibucaine for 24 h. Dibucaine enhanced the inhibition of cell growth mediated by
      bleomycin A2, demethylbleomycin A2, bleomycin B2, and isobleomycin A2. N
      Acetylbleomycin A2 did not inhibit cell growth in the absence of dibucaine, but
      it was inhibitory in the presence of dibucaine. Cells treated simultaneously for
      analysis of DNA breakage on alkaline sucrose gradients revealed that breakage was
      also enhanced in the presence of dibucaine. The degree of enhancement varied with
      dose and bleomycin congener. N-Acetylbleomycin A2 did not induce DNA breakage in
      either the absence or the presence of dibucaine. While growth inhibition and net
      DNA breakage correlated reasonably well in the absence of dibucaine for each
      bleomycin analogue tested, proportionality was lost in the presence of dibucaine,
      and very little DNA breakage was present when growth inhibition was complete.
      These observations imply that, at least in the presence of dibucaine, bleomycin
      may mediate growth inhibition at some locus in addition to chromosomal DNA and,
      also, that a given net amount of bleomycin analogue induced DNA damage per se
      does not produce a specific degree of growth inhibition.

PMID- 2411290
TI  - An X-ray diffraction analysis of oriented lipid multilayers containing basic
      proteins.
AB  - X-ray diffraction techniques have been used to study the structures of lipid
      bilayers containing basic proteins. Highly ordered multilayer specimens have been
      formed by using the Langmuir-Blodgett method in which a solid support is passed
      through a lipid monolayer held at constant surface pressure at an air/water
      interface. If the lipid monolayer contains acidic lipids then basic proteins in
      the aqueous subphase are transferred with the monolayer and incorporated into the
      multi-membrane stack. X-ray diffraction patterns have been recorded from
      multilayers of cerebroside sulphate and 40% (molar) cholesterol both with and
      without polylysine, cytochrome c and the basic protein from central nervous
      system myelin. Electron density profiles across the membranes have been derived
      at between 6 A and 12 A resolution. All of the membrane profiles have been placed
      on an absolute scale of electron density by the isomorphous exchange of
      cholesterol with a brominated cholesterol analog. The distributions and
      conformations of the various basic proteins incorporated within the cerebroside
      sulphate/cholesterol bilayer are very different. Polylysine attaches to the
      surface of the lipid bilayer as a fully extended chain while cytochrome c
      maintains its native structure and attaches to the bilayer surface with its short
      axis approximately perpendicular to the membrane plane. The myelin basic protein
      associates intimately with the lipid headgroups in the form of an extended
      molecule, yet its dimension perpendicular to the plane of the membrane of approx.
      15 A is consistent with the considerable degree of secondary structure found in
      solution. In the membrane plane, the myelin basic protein extends to cover an
      area of about 2500 A2. There is no significant penetration of the protein into
      the hydrocarbon region of the bilayer or, indeed, beyond the position of the
      sulphate group of the cerebroside sulphate molecule.

PMID- 2411291
TI  - Myelin basic protein induces hexagonal phase formation in dispersions of
      diacylphosphatidic acid.
AB  - 31P nuclear magnetic resonance and low-angle X-ray diffraction measurements have
      shown that the basic protein of myelin caused diacylphosphatidic acid dispersions
      to change from a lamellar to a hexagonal lipid organisation. Several other basic
      proteins failed to effect a similar phase change, and had little influence on
      phospholipid headgroup structure and motion.

PMID- 2411292
TI  - Fucosylation of serum alpha-fetoprotein in patients with primary hepatocellular
      carcinoma.
AB  - alpha-Fetoprotein specimens were prepared from the sera of four patients with
      hepatocellular carcinoma. The lentil lectin-reactive and lectin-nonreactive
      variants of this glycoprotein were also prepared from the serum of one of the
      four patients by affinity chromatography with immobilized lectin. The correlation
      between the carbohydrate structure of these compounds and their reactivity in
      crossed immuno-affinoelectrophoresis with lentil lectin was studied by chemical
      analysis and affinity chromatography of the glycopeptides with lectin columns. It
      was found that the lentil lectin-reactive variant contained a carbohydrate chain
      of the fucosylated biantennary complex type. These data together with previous
      findings indicate that most of the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma have an
      elevated serum concentration of fucosylated alpha-fetoprotein.

PMID- 2411293
TI  - Purification and characterization of a phosphatidylinositol transfer protein from
      human platelets.
AB  - We report the purification of a phospholipid transfer protein from human
      platelets. This protein preferentially transfers phosphatidylinositol, with
      phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol being transferred to a lesser
      extent. Phosphatidylethanolamine is not transferred. Transfer activity is
      detected by measuring the transfer of radiolabeled phospholipids between two
      populations of small unilamellar vesicles. The protein was purified approximately
      1000-fold over the platelet cytosol by chromatography on Sephadex G-75,
      sulfooxyethyl cellulose, and hydroxylapatite. The molecular weight of this
      protein appears to be 28 000 as determined by gel filtration chromatography. When
      the purified protein is analyzed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels,
      two major components and several minor ones are observed. The molecular weight of
      the two major bands are 28 600 and 29 200. Isoelectric focusing of the platelet
      cytosol yielded phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine transfer activity at
      pH 5.6 and 5.9. The platelet phospholipid transfer protein is able to catalyze
      the transfer of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine between vesicles and
      human platelet plasma membranes. One possible physiological role for this
      transfer protein is an involvement in the rapid turnover of inositol-containing
      lipids which occurs upon exposure of platelets to various stimuli.

PMID- 2411294
TI  - In vitro synthesis of vitamin D-3 by cultured human keratinocytes and
      fibroblasts: action spectrum and effect of AY-9944.
AB  - With delineation of the photochemical events occurring in the skin after
      ultraviolet exposure, there has been increased interest in the skin's role in the
      vitamin D-3-endocrine system. We provide here in vitro conditions for the
      generation of both labelled (from [3H]acetate) and unlabelled vitamin D-3 in
      cultures of human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Sterol precursors and
      photoproducts in irradiated and non-irradiated cultures are identified by co
      chromatography, ultraviolet absorbance spectra, thermal conversion
      characteristics of previtamin D-3 and mass spectrometry. Because the conversion
      of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol is more efficient in vitro than in vivo,
      the specific delta 7 inhibitor, AY-9944, was added in non-toxic doses to modulate
      7-dehydrocholesterol content. Both cell types were equally capable of generating
      photoproducts, depending on the amount of 7-dehydrocholesterol present. The 290
      +/- 5 and 295 nm filters were much more efficient than the 305 nm filter for
      generating previtamin D-3 and vitamin D-3 in fibroblasts. In contrast, the 305 nm
      filter was as efficient as the 290 +/- 5 and 295 nm filters in keratinocytes,
      where it yielded previtamin D-3, with much less lumisterol and tachysterol than
      appeared with the shorter-wavelength filters. The amount of lumisterol and
      tachysterol versus previtamin D-3 formed in both cell types was dependent on the
      total energy applied, with lower energies (less then 1 J/cm2) favoring previtamin
      D-3 over the other photoproducts. The use of cultured cells provides a system
      whereby the regulation of vitamin D-3 synthesis by extracutaneous factors can be
      studied in a homogeneous setting.

PMID- 2411295
TI  - Chymotrypsin treatment of glucocorticoid receptor attenuates RNA-dependent
      inhibition of DNA binding. Evidence for a distinct RNA-binding site.
AB  - Certain types of RNA can prevent the association of the rat liver glucocorticoid
      receptor with DNA. This inhibition of receptor binding to DNA cannot be mitigated
      by increasing amounts of DNA, suggesting that the RNA is not merely acting as a
      competitive inhibitor. Treatment of partially purified receptor with low
      concentrations of chymotrypsin eliminates the inhibitory effects of some RNAs
      without negatively affecting the DNA-binding ability of the receptor. Potent
      inhibitors of the receptor-DNA association, such as poly(G) and poly(X), still
      inhibit DNA binding of the treated receptor, although to a lesser extent than the
      untreated controls. However, moderate inhibitors, such as tRNA and poly(U), no
      longer inhibit the receptor-DNA association at low concentrations. We take these
      findings to suggest that RNA inhibition of DNA binding is due to the interaction
      of the RNA at a distinct RNA-binding site. This site may serve as a regulator
      site for the receptor-DNA association.

PMID- 2411296
TI  - Regulation of glucose transport in Ca2+-tolerant myocytes from adult rat heart.
AB  - Calcium-tolerant cardiac myocytes were isolated from adult rat ventricles and
      sarcolemmal glucose transport was assessed by measuring linear initial uptake
      rates of the nonmetabolized glucose analog 3-O-methyl-D-glucose in the presence
      and absence of Ca2+ in the incubation medium. (1) Agents which are known to
      increase internal Na+ and thus stimulate Ca2+ influx via Na+-Ca2+ exchange
      stimulated 3-methylglucose transport in the presence of external Ca2+. These
      include low-Na+ medium, 10(-6) M ouabain and K+-free medium, cyanide and the
      sodium ionophore, monensin. Hyperosmolarity stimulated transport also in the
      absence of Ca2+, consistent with release of Ca2+ from internal stores. Transport
      was decreased in a hypo-osmolar medium and with 10(-9) M ouabain, a concentration
      which stimulates the Na+ pump. (2) The calcium ionophore A23187 increased basal 3
      methylglucose transport but opposed stimulation of transport by insulin. (3)
      Insulin-stimulated transport was antagonized by palmitate and this effect was
      reversed by 2-bromostearate, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation. These results
      are identical in all respects to those obtained in intact cardiac and skeletal
      muscle preparations, confirming that hexose transport in muscle shows Ca2+
      dependence and indicating that isolated cardiac myocytes are suitable for the
      study of this phenomenon.

PMID- 2411297
TI  - Are cyclic nucleotides involved in the initiation of mitogenic activation of
      human lymphocytes?
AB  - In order to obtain more insight into the possible role of cyclic AMP or cyclic
      GMP in modulating the initial cellular processes following activation of
      lymphocytes, we measured the effects of the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A and
      other substances including hormones on the cyclic nucleotide levels in human
      peripheral blood lymphocytes. The enzyme activities of the corresponding
      nucleotide cyclases, adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase were measured in
      both isolated plasma membranes or the cytosol of resting or concanavalin A
      stimulated rabbit thymocytes. Concanavalin A in a mitogenic concentration of
      about 5-10 micrograms/ml caused small, but consistent increases in cAMP but no
      changes in cGMP levels during the first hour of activation. Concomitantly, the
      specific activity of plasma membrane-bound adenylate cyclase was always increased
      at least 1.5-fold 30 min after stimulation of rabbit thymocytes with concanavalin
      A, but no effect could be detected on the specific activities of plasma membrane
      bound or soluble guanylate cyclase. At high, supraoptimal concentrations of
      concanavalin A (more than 20 micrograms/ml) cAMP levels dramatically increased in
      human lymphocytes within minutes, but cGMP levels again were unaffected.
      Forskolin and beta-adrenergic hormones elevated cAMP in human lymphocytes,
      whereas cGMP levels were increased by the addition of sodium nitroprusside or
      alpha-adrenergic hormones. Sodium nitroprusside, in concentrations which elevated
      cGMP in human lymphocytes, had no influence on the incorporation of [3H]uridine
      into RNA of resting or concanavalin A stimulated human lymphocytes. Addition of
      forskolin resulted in an increase of cAMP levels and a dose-dependent decrease of
      [3H]uridine incorporation into RNA of concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes with
      no effect on resting lymphocytes. The data suggest that cGMP does not play a role
      in the initial phase of mitogenic activation of lymphocytes, whereas cAMP may be
      involved in the blast transformation process as an inhibitory signal.

PMID- 2411298
TI  - Receptor-specific threshold effects of cyclic AMP are involved in the regulation
      of enzyme release and superoxide production from human neutrophils.
AB  - We have investigated the sequence of events leading from the activation of
      adenylate cyclase and increases in intracellular cyclic AMP to the modulation of
      enzyme release and superoxide production in human neutrophils. In the isolated
      plasma membrane, adenylate cyclase is activated by both prostaglandin E1 and
      isoproterenol. In the whole cell only a small increase in cyclic AMP is observed,
      though in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, methylisobutylxanthine
      a substantial amplification in intracellular cyclic AMP is observed with both
      isoproterenol and prostaglandin E1. These conditions are relevant to the
      regulation of cell function, since fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated superoxide production
      is inhibited by either prostaglandin E1 or isoproterenol in the absence of
      methylisobutylxanthine, while enzyme release is inhibited only via the
      prostaglandin E1 receptor and then only in the presence of
      methylisobutylxanthine. For enzyme release and superoxide production, the order
      of potency for three prostaglandins tested was prostaglandin E1 greater than
      prostaglandin D2 much greater than prostaglandin F2 alpha. Our results suggest
      that (a) superoxide production is more sensitive to regulation by cyclic AMP than
      enzyme release, (b) the type of receptor occupied as well as the threshold level
      of cyclic AMP attained are important to the regulation of enzyme release, and (c)
      although elevation in cyclic AMP is inhibitory to neutrophil function,
      phosphodiesterase inhibition is required in addition to adenylate cyclase
      activation to effect maximal inhibition.

PMID- 2411300
TI  - [Extraction of symbolic determinants common to a family of biological sequences].
AB  - A set of sequences can be defined by their common subsequences, and the length of
      these is a measure of the overall resemblance of the set. Each subsequence
      corresponds to a succession of symbols embedded in every sequence, following the
      same order but not necessarily contiguous. Determining the longest common
      subsequence (LCS) requires the exhaustive testing of all possible common
      subsequences, which sum up to about 2L, if L is the length of the shortest
      sequence. We present a polynomial algorithm (O(n X L4), where n is the number of
      sequences) for generating strings related to the LCS and constructed with the
      sequence alphabet and an indetermination symbol. Such strings are iteratively
      improved by deleting indetermination symbols and concomitantly introducing the
      greatest number of alphabet symbols. Processed accordingly, nucleic acid and
      protein sequences lead to key-words encompassing the salient positions of
      homologous chains, which can be used for aligning or classifying them, as well as
      for finding related sequences in data banks.

PMID- 2411299
TI  - [Anti-arrhythmia activity of crown-lactone I and its effect on aconitine-modified
      sodium channels].
AB  - Antiarrhythmic activity of macrocyclic crown-lactone I as well as its effect on
      biological and model membranes were studied. Crown-lactone displaces the
      potential dependence of stationary inactivation of TTX-sensible sodium neurons
      currents towards more negative potentials reducing the modification of those
      characteristics by aconitine. Proceeding from the comparison between crown
      lactone and known antiarrhythmic agents effect on sodium currents a conclusion is
      made that crown-ethers antiarrhythmic activity cannot be explained by the
      rhythmoinotropic effect.

PMID- 2411301
TI  - Localization of the initiation of translation in messenger RNAs of prokaryotes by
      learning techniques.
AB  - Learning processes are applied to the recognition of protein coding regions in
      prokaryotes. Non-contradictory, statistical and logical rules are deduced from a
      set of known examples of coding sequences. These rules enable to build
      characteristic patterns on the m-RNA upstream of the initiating codon. These
      rules are applied with success to recognize more than 180 coding sequences and to
      detect and/or eliminate hypothetical reading frames or unknown genes.

PMID- 2411302
TI  - [Neurons forming striatonigral connections in the rat brain].
AB  - Using the retrograde axonic transport of horseradish peroxidase method the
      striatal neurons projections to substance nigra have been studied in rats. After
      peroxidase injection into substance nigra a considerable number of small and
      medium sized neurons (10-20 mkm) become labelled in the ipsilateral striatum.
      Large labelled striatal cells (20-25 mkm) have been found. Among labelled
      striatal neurons multipolar cells with triangular and oval body prevailed. The
      number of cells with elongated multipolar or spindle-shaped body was less. The
      data obtained disprove the conception that only large ("giant") neurons form the
      efferent striatal pathways to substance nigra.

PMID- 2411303
TI  - Intestinal transmission of macromolecules (BSA and FITC-dextran) in the neonatal
      pig: enhancing effect of colostrum, proteins and proteinase inhibitors.
AB  - The effects of colostrum and constituents/factors in colostrum which may
      influence intestinal macromolecular transmission in the newborn preclosure pig
      were investigated. Unsuckled piglets were given, by use of a stomach tube, bovine
      serum albumin (BSA) and fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled dextran 70,000
      (FITC-D) as markers together with colostrum or the factors under study. The serum
      levels of BSA and FITC-D 4 h after feeding were then determined as a measure of
      the transfer. It was found that the two colostrums tested, bovine and especially
      porcine, markedly enhanced the transmission of both BSA and FITC-D. Furthermore,
      increasing amounts of the model proteins, BSA and bovine IgG (50-200 mg/ml),
      significantly increased the transfer of FITC-D, whereas unlabelled dextran 70,000
      given in similar amounts did not. Proteinase inhibitors obtained from sow
      colostrum or soy bean also enhanced the transmission of both BSA and FITC-D while
      the inactive inhibitors, given as trypsin-inhibitor complexes, had no effect. On
      the other hand, addition of a proteinase, porcine trypsin, significantly
      decreased the transmission of FITC-D. These findings indicate that the intestinal
      transmission of macromolecules in the preclosure piglet is governed by the amount
      of protein available in the intestine. Therefore, feeding colostrum with a high
      protein content and proteinase inhibitors is likely to favour efficient
      intestinal transmission, although other colostrum factors may also be of
      importance.

PMID- 2411304
TI  - CSF substance P immunoreactivity in affective disorders.
AB  - CSF substance P immunoreactivity was determined in a group of inpatient controls
      and acutely manic, euthymic, or depressed unmedicated unipolar and bipolar
      subjects; a second outpatient group of euthymic bipolar patients (on and off
      lithium) and normal volunteers was also studied. No group differences and no
      lithium effects were detected. CSF that was allowed to stand at room temperature
      for brief periods and then was refrozen contained elevated levels of the
      immunoreactive substance P, an observation that may account for a previous report
      of elevated CSF substance P immunoreactivity in psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 2411305
TI  - Interactions of molecules with nucleic acids. XII. Theoretical model for the
      interaction of a fragment of bleomycin with DNA.

PMID- 2411306
TI  - Anisotropic rotational motions of poly(L-glutamic acid) in the alpha-helix
      conformation.

PMID- 2411307
TI  - Merocyanine 540 staining of human leukemic cells: relation to stage of disease.
AB  - Previous work based on fluorescence microscopic observation has indicated that
      leukemic leukocytes and immature hematopoietic precursor cells show a greater
      permeability to the membrane stain, merocyanine 540 (MC) than normal, mature
      cells and that changes in MC permeability seem to be correlated with failure in
      membrane maturation during leukemic cell differentiation. In the interest of
      addressing questions concerning the efficacy of the MC staining reaction as a
      diagnostic tool in clinical contexts relevant to leukemia, we have looked for any
      correlations which might exist between the MC staining patterns displayed by
      circulating leukocytes, cellular morphology and the clinical status of 53
      patients with leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, using fluorescence activated
      cell sorting. In 85% of cases, MC staining was found to be correlated with blood
      status while in 15% of the cases discrepancies were found. These results are
      discussed in light of changes in the hematologic profiles of the patients during
      the clinical course.

PMID- 2411308
TI  - IgE response and histamine release in chronic human schistosomiasis.
AB  - Total and specific IgE anti-schistosome antibodies were quantitated in 31
      patients with chronic schistosomiasis and in 15 controls. Both levels of total
      and specific IgE were significantly increased in sera of 74 and 68% of infected
      patients respectively. Histamine release from basophils by specific antigens was
      assessed using a spectrofluorimetric method. This test was found to be highly
      significant in all the patients studied. There was a significant correlation
      between specific IgE levels and histamine release (R = 0.43, p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2411309
TI  - [Seasonal rhythms of the indolamine content in the epiphysis of rats].
AB  - Pineal function was studied in Wistar pubertal male rats in summer and winter. It
      was demonstrated that the pineal weight is inversely related to the day length,
      increasing in winter and reducing in summer. In winter pineal serotonin is
      actively metabolized via N-acetylation and subsequent ortho-methylation to form N
      acetyl serotonin and melatonin as well as via oxidative deamination followed by
      ortho-methylation to form 5-hydroxyindolacetic and 5-methoxyindolacetic acids. In
      summer serotonin metabolism in the pinealocytes changes to direct ortho
      methylation of serotonin to form 5-methoxytryptamine. The decreased level of N
      acetyltransferase limits the formation of melatonin in the pineal gland in
      summer.

PMID- 2411310
TI  - 5-Azacytidine increases HbF production and reduces anemia in sickle cell disease:
      dose-response analysis of subcutaneous and oral dosage regimens.
AB  - Varying doses of 5-azacytidine (5-aza) were given to four sickle cell individuals
      for 500, 200, 100, and 30 days. The percentage of fetal hemoglobin (HbF)
      containing reticulocytes (F reticulocytes) increased two- to five-fold within
      five days of 5-aza therapy in all patients, with a two- to three-fold rapid
      response (less than 48 hours after initial dose) in three patients. Reticulocyte
      suppression was not observed prior to, during, or after therapy in those patients
      who responded within 48 hours. Subcutaneous 5-aza was given in 35-day courses
      consisting of every day, every other day, or three consecutive days a week. No
      marrow toxicity was observed on any of the regimens. For three patients, the
      highest average F reticulocyte level was observed on the three consecutive day a
      week regimen. Oral 5-aza, given with tetrahydrouridine, produced comparable F
      reticulocyte response. In the two patients treated for more than 100 days, Hb
      levels increased to 11 to 12 and 9 g/dL, MCV and MCH increased by 25%, and lysate
      HbF levels peaked at 12% and 20%. Fetal erythroid characteristics (i-antigen,
      galactokinase activity, and G gamma/A gamma ratios) did not correlate with
      maximal HbF production. The frequency of vasoocclusive crises appeared to
      decrease in both patients followed for more than 100 days.

PMID- 2411311
TI  - Antibody against T lymphoblastic leukemia-associated antigen (3-40) identifies
      vimentin and keratin intermediate filaments in normal cells.
AB  - Antibody 3-40 defines a 35- to 40-kd surface antigen present on T lymphoblastic
      leukemia (T-ALL) cells that is absent on normal hematopoietic cells (Naito et al,
      Blood 62:852, 1983). Using immunoblot analysis of cytoskeletal proteins and
      indirect immunofluorescence of cell lines treated with various cytoskeletal
      inhibitors, in this report we have demonstrated that antibody 3-40 also
      identifies vimentin intermediate filaments (IMF) within the HSB-2 (T-ALL) cell
      line as well as in normal thymocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and
      human and rodent fibroblast cell lines. Cross-reactivity with several keratin
      subclasses was demonstrated in both human and rodent epithelial cell lines, human
      thymus, and skin. In addition, we have shown that antibody 3-40 defined a 39-kd
      intracellular IMF-associated protein in HSB-2 cells, epithelial and fibroblast
      cell lines. This IMF-associated protein may be selectively expressed on the
      surface of human T cells during malignant transformation.

PMID- 2411312
TI  - Specific antibody-blocking activities in antilymphocyte globulin as correlates of
      efficacy for the treatment of aplastic anemia.
AB  - Horse anti-human thoracic duct lymphocyte globulin (ATDLG) has been used
      successfully for the treatment of severe aplastic anemia, although not all lots
      have comparable efficacy. We have characterized the antibody specificities
      contained in one lot of Swiss ATDLG found to provide a response rate of 69% and
      another lot that provided only a 31% response rate. Antibody specificities were
      analyzed quantitatively by competitive inhibition assays with the use of a panel
      of fluorescein-conjugated murine monoclonal antibodies that recognize T cell
      antigens, common leukocyte antigens, and "la-like" antigens. Although there was
      wide variation in the amounts of individual antibody specificities within each
      lot, the effective lot of ATDLG contained an average of 2 1/2 times as much of
      each antibody specificity as the less effective lot. There were only two antibody
      specificities that differed remarkably from this pattern; and these deviations
      did not appear sufficient to account for the variation in ATDLG efficacy. It is
      possible that antibody specificities other than those tested were responsible for
      therapeutic efficacy. Alternatively, the data suggest that it might be possible
      to achieve improved results for the treatment of severe aplastic anemia with
      higher doses of less effective lots of ATDLG.

PMID- 2411313
TI  - Effect of the heparinoid pentosan polysulphate (SP 54) on the functional
      properties of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells.
AB  - The effect of the heparinoid, pentosan polysulphate (PP) on the proliferative
      behaviour of cultured bovine endothelial cells (EC) was examined. In addition,
      the toxicity of the drug towards EC, its influence on prostacyclin production and
      release, and on cell-associated plasminogen activator activity was determined. At
      a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml in the culture medium, PP exerted a growth
      promoting effect on EC. Increased cell numbers were accompanied by increased 3H
      thymidine incorporation into cellular DNA compared with controls, however, final
      density of the cells was not affected. In contrast, at doses of 1 mg/ml the
      growth of EC was substantially slowed down. This finding did not reflect cell
      injury as shown by an unaltered release of 51Cr from the cells. Incubation of PP
      with EC had no influence on the prostacyclin release from the cells neither on
      the accumulation of the metabolite in the culture fluid over 24 hours nor on the
      releasing capacity upon stimulation with arachidonic acid. PP increased the cell
      associated plasminogen activator activity in growing cells and counteracted in
      cultures at final density the inhibitory effect of serum on the intracellular
      plasminogen-activator activity. Our results suggest that stimulation of the
      fibrinolytic activity of the endothelium and a growth promoting effect for
      endothelial cells that may lead to faster coverage of small lesions could
      contribute to the antithrombotic potency of pentosan polysulphate in vivo.

PMID- 2411314
TI  - Lectin binding sites in cultured human breast cancer cells.
AB  - Two estrogen-sensitive (ZR 75.1 and 734 B) and two estrogen-independent (BT 20
      and Hs 578 T) human breast cancer cell lines, and one larynx carcinoma cell line
      (Hep. 2), were investigated immunocytochemically for the occurrence of lectin
      binding sites. Peroxidase-labeled peanut agglutinin (PNA) was used. PNA binding
      sites could be observed in estrogen-sensitive cell lines only. In ZR 75.1, the
      most estrogen-sensitive cell line, PNA binding sites were also observed without
      neuraminidase pretreatment. In our study, PNA binding is associated with the
      biological estrogen dependence of the tumor cells.

PMID- 2411315
TI  - Effect of sodium butyrate on the complexity and the translation activity of
      hepatoma tissue-cultured cell RNAs.
AB  - We have studied the effect of sodium butyrate on RNA populations and on the in
      vitro translation pattern of RNA from Hepatoma Tissue-Cultured (HTC) cells. Since
      sodium butyrate inhibits cell growth we have used stationary cells as control.
      Molecular hybridization study of cDNA with polyadenylated RNAs shows that sodium
      butyrate induces the formation of additional 15% new RNA sequences, essentially
      in the class of abundant sequences and of sequences of intermediary abundance.
      This drug also decreases 5-10 times the frequency of the sequences of
      intermediary abundance. One- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoreses of the translational products of RNAs show that sodium butyrate
      induces or strongly increases the synthesis of 13 polypeptides and decreases the
      synthesis of 6 polypeptides, which is consistent with the effect of sodium
      butyrate on RNA populations and could result from the effect of this drug at both
      transcriptional and early post-transcriptional steps. Electrophoretic analysis of
      the in vitro translation products of RNAs from cells submitted to sodium butyrate
      and transferred to a normal medium for various lengths of time shows that most of
      the polypeptides return to a normal pattern after a certain length of time which
      varies according to the polypeptide.

PMID- 2411316
TI  - Re-evaluation of the site of transcription in Ehrlich tumour cell nucleoli.
AB  - Recent electron microscopic immunolocalization studies (Scheer and Rose, 1984)
      indicated that RNA polymerase I is located in, and probably confined to, the
      fibrillar centres of the nucleoli. This conclusion appears to be in contradiction
      to previous autoradiographic studies reporting that transcription of rRNA genes
      takes place in the dense fibrillar component. Despite the fact that rRNA
      transcription occurs in the dense fibrillar component of Ehrlich tumour cell
      nucleoli, we show in the present paper that dense fibrillar component containing
      rapidly labelled RNA can be visualized not only around but also inside the
      fibrillar centres.

PMID- 2411317
TI  - Forms and functions of the imagination in religion.

PMID- 2411318
TI  - Effects of 3,4-diaminopyridine and tetraethylammonium on the pre- and post
      junctional alpha-adrenoceptor mediated inhibitory actions of noradrenaline in the
      guinea-pig ileum.
AB  - The effects of potassium channel blockers, 3,4-diaminopyridine (DAP) and
      tetraethylammonium (TEA) were studied on the pre- and post-junctional alpha 2
      adrenoceptor mediated effects of noradrenaline in the guinea-pig proximal ileum.
      Both DAP (4 to 500 mumol l-1) and TEA (0.3 to 3 mmol l-1) transiently increased
      the basal tension of the ileum. However, DAP also increased the amplitude of the
      smooth muscle twitches evoked by transmural nerve stimulation, whereas TEA
      marginally depressed them. Atropine (2 mumol l-1) antagonized the contractions
      induced by DAP but did not affect the similar effects of TEA. On the other hand,
      DAP restored the smooth muscle twitches depressed by atropine, while TEA did not.
      DAP, in a concentration-dependent manner, reduced or abolished the prejunctional
      inhibitory alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated effect of noradrenaline, whereas TEA (up
      to 3 mmol l-1) was almost ineffective. The postjunctional inhibitory alpha 2
      adrenoceptor mediated effect of noradrenaline was attenuated even at the smallest
      TEA concentration used (0.3 mmol l-1) and its postjunctional stimulatory alpha 1
      adrenoceptor mediated effect was unmasked. However, DAP, was only marginally
      effective, even at the highest concentrations used (100 and 500 mumol l-1). From
      these results it would appear that in both the pre- and post-junctional
      inhibitory alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated actions of noradrenaline in the guinea
      pig ileum the primary step might be an increased potassium conductance. However,
      the potassium channels on the neuronal and the smooth muscle membrane have
      different sensitivities to DAP and TEA.

PMID- 2411319
TI  - Effects of bronchoconstrictors and bronchodilators on a novel human small airway
      preparation.
AB  - Human lung bronchiolar segments (about 2 mm long and with a diameter of 0.6-1.5
      mm) were dissected and circular muscle tension recorded. Airways were identified
      by histology and in some preparations by relaxant responses to noradrenaline (0.1
      10 microM). Adenosine (1-100 microM) produced only very weak contractions,
      whereas carbachol (EC50 = 0.40 microM), histamine (EC50 = 0.63 microM),
      prostaglandin D2 (EC50 = 0.50 microM), substance P (EC50 = 4.6 microM) and ATP (1
      100 microM) produced much greater ones. The contractions generally developed
      rapidly and were stable. The mean maximum increase in tension achieved with the
      most efficient constrictor, carbachol, was 0.5 g. ATP was the least efficient
      producing only about 40% of carbachol's maximum. Terbutaline, theophylline and
      enprofylline relaxed carbachol (2.0 microM = EC70)-contracted preparations.
      Terbutaline (3-3000 nM) relaxed 4 out of 11 bronchioles. Theophylline (10-4000
      microM) and enprofylline (1-400 microM) consistently relaxed the bronchiolar
      preparations including those exhibiting little responsiveness to the beta 2
      adrenoceptor agonist. Since enprofylline (which does not block adenosine
      receptors) was a five times more potent relaxant than theophylline and since
      adenosine produced only weak contractions, antagonism of adenosine receptors is
      probably not involved in relaxation of the small airways. It is suggested that
      the present data, which apparently differ from those obtained with lung
      parenchymal strips, are of relevance for human small airways responsiveness.

PMID- 2411320
TI  - Adenosine potentiates immunological histamine release from rat mast cells by a
      novel cyclic AMP-independent cell-surface action.
AB  - Adenosine enhanced histamine release and prolonged the adenosine 3':5'-cyclic
      monophosphate (cyclic AMP) response in purified rat peritoneal mast cells
      following immunological challenge. The effect on the cyclic AMP response, which
      was blocked by 8-phenyltheophylline, probably results from an interaction with A2
      purinoceptors. Enhancement of histamine release showed different characteristics.
      It was not inhibited by dipyridamole or hexobendine, thereby indicating an action
      at the cell surface. However, the relative potencies of adenosine analogues and
      nucleotides, together with the observation that this effect was not antagonized
      by 8-phenyltheophylline or theophylline, suggest that it is not mediated by a
      previously recognised purinoceptor. Thus, enhancement of histamine release may
      represent a novel cell surface action of adenosine which is independent of its
      effects on adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2411321
TI  - The effect of Bay K 8644 on contraction mediated by alpha-adrenoceptors in the
      rat saphenous vein.
AB  - The effect of Bay K 8644 on the contractile responses of the rat saphenous vein
      to KCl, noradrenaline, methoxamine, and B-HT 920 were studied. In all cases, Bay
      K 8644 potentiated the responses. These results confirmed the suggestion that
      alpha-adrenoceptor agonists initiated contraction in the rat saphenous vein by
      opening the potential-operated calcium channels.

PMID- 2411322
TI  - Comparison of effects of a new dihydropyridine, Bay K 8644, and nifedipine on
      spontaneous mechanical activity in rat portal vein.
AB  - In isolated portal veins from rats, Bay K 8644 (methyl-1, 4-dihydro-2, 6-dimethyl
      3-nitro-4 (2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl) pyridine-5-carboxylate) increased the
      spontaneous mechanical activity in low but not in high concentrations. The Bay K
      8644-induced increase in spontaneous mechanical activity was abolished in Ca-free
      medium and restored by readdition of Ca. Nifedipine abolished the augmenting
      effect of Bay K 8644 on the spontaneous mechanical activity; this effect of
      nifedipine could be eliminated by further increasing the concentration of Bay K
      8644. The results are consistent with the conclusion that in rat portal vein, Bay
      K 8644 increases the entry of extracellular Ca by a mechanism antagonistic to
      that of nifedipine and in high concentration has a Ca-entry blocking effect.

PMID- 2411323
TI  - Actions of dihydroavermectin B1a on insect muscle.
AB  - Muscle bundle 33 of the locust (Schistocerca gregaria) extensor tibiae muscle
      which is sensitive to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and receives inhibitory
      innervation, exhibited both reversible and irreversible responses to
      dihydroavermectin B1a (DHAVM). These responses involved increases in C1-
      permeability. DHAVM (0.000075-0.0075 microgram ml-1) induced reversible dose
      dependent increases in C1- permeability and partially blocked GABA-induced C1-
      conductance. These effects appear to be due to an interaction of DHAVM with the
      GABA receptor-C1- ion channel complex. DHAVM (0.01-1.0 microgram ml-1) induced an
      irreversible increase in C1- conductance which continued to rise after DHAVM
      application was stopped. At these concentrations DHAVM potentiated GABA-induced
      C1- conductances which were in turn reduced by microperfusion of DHAVM (0.01-1.0
      microgram ml-1) during bath application of GABA. DHAVM (0.0001-1.0 microgram ml
      1) induced only irreversible increases in C1- conductance when applied to fast
      muscle bundles (21-26) of the locust extensor tibiae muscle, which are GABA
      insensitive and have no inhibitory innervation. The actions of DHAVM on locust
      muscle appear to involve more than one site. Reversible actions of DHAVM appear
      to be related to GABA sensitivity and may involve the GABA receptor-ionophore
      complex. This is unlikely to be the site of action for the irreversible increases
      in C1- conductance caused by DHAVM.

PMID- 2411325
TI  - A pharmacological study of oesophageal muscularis mucosae from the cat, dog and
      American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Addendum.

PMID- 2411324
TI  - The properties of the clonidine withdrawal response of guinea-pig isolated ileum.
AB  - The dependence-inducing effects of clonidine were investigated on the guinea-pig
      isolated ileum. Clonidine produced relaxation of the ileum with a threshold
      concentration between 0.01 and 0.1 mumol 1(-1). Washout of clonidine did not
      induce a withdrawal contraction. Following 2 min contact of the ileum with
      clonidine, 1 mumol 1(-1), addition of phentolamine, 5 mumol 1(-1), induced a
      contracture. The phentolamine-precipitated withdrawal contracture did not
      increase in height with a longer period of contact (32 min) of the ileum with
      clonidine. The phentolamine-precipitated withdrawal contracture following 2 min
      contact of ileum with clonidine was abolished by atropine, 5 mumol 1(-1), and
      substance P (SP) antagonists, (D-Pro2,D-Phe7, D-Trp9)-SP and spantide, 10 mumol
      1)-1). [Met5]enkephalin, 1 mumol 1(-1), abolished the withdrawal response to
      clonidine and clonidine, 1 mumol 1(-1), abolished the withdrawal response to
      [Met5]enkephalin. Following 2 min contact of the ileum with noradrenaline, 5
      mumol 1(-1), washout or addition of phentolamine or yohimbine, 5 mumol 1(-1),
      also induced a withdrawal response. The noradrenaline washout withdrawal response
      was abolished by atropine, 5 mumol 1(-1), and spantide, 10 mumol 1(-1). Since
      clonidine dependence may be induced as rapidly as opiate dependence in the ileum
      and the pharmacology of the withdrawal responses is similar, it is suggested that
      they both induce the same post-receptor neuronal feedback disturbance in which
      substance P neurones play a major role.

PMID- 2411326
TI  - Increased total activity in the rat after L-tryptophan plus the monoamine oxidase
      A inhibitor amiflamine but not after L-tryptophan plus clorgyline.
AB  - The effect of pretreatment with either saline or the monoamine oxidase-A
      inhibitors clorgyline and amiflamine upon the total activity, locomotion and
      rearing behaviour of the rat induced by various doses of the monoamine precursor
      L-tryptophan was studied by use of automated activity boxes. Amiflamine (2.5 and
      5.0 mg kg-1, i.p.) increased in a dose-dependent manner total activity and to a
      lesser extent, locomotion when given 60 min before L-tryptophan (100 mg kg-1,
      i.p.). The increased activity was seen after amiflamine plus either 25 or 75 mg
      kg-1 L-tryptophan. Rearing behaviour was not affected. Analysis of 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and its deaminated metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      (5-HIAA) by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection
      indicated that in both frontal cortex and hypothalamus, amiflamine (at both
      doses) increased 5-HT and reduced 5-HIAA concentrations. Combination of
      amiflamine with L-tryptophan (100 mg kg-1, i.p.) resulted in a higher 5-HT
      concentration being found than after amiflamine alone. L-Tryptophan treatment
      alone did not change 5-HT concentrations but increased 5-HIAA concentrations.
      Clorgyline, at a dose of either 1 or 5 mg kg-1 i.p. plus L-tryptophan (25 or 100
      mg kg-1, i.p.) did not increase total activity, locomotion or behaviour. A number
      of possible explanations for the differences in the behavioural effects of
      clorgyline and amiflamine when given with L-tryptophan are discussed. It is
      concluded that in addition to monoamine oxidase-A inhibition, other
      pharmacological effects of the drugs, such as 5-HT release (amiflamine) and
      inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylation (clorgyline) may be of importance in
      determining the magnitude of the increase in activity when the compounds are
      given together with L-tryptophan.

PMID- 2411328
TI  - The ability of thapsigargin and thapsigargicin to activate cells involved in the
      inflammatory response.
AB  - The ability of thapsigargin and thapsigargicin to activate mast cells and
      leukocytes has been investigated. The thapsigargin-induced histamine release from
      rat peritoneal mast cells was found to be dependent on the concentration of
      thapsigargin, the purity of the mast cell preparations, and the number of mast
      cells in suspension. Thapsigargin induced histamine release from human basophil
      leukocytes. Thapsigargin induced beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme release from
      human neutrophil leukocytes. Thapsigargin caused a release of histamine from
      mesentery, lung, and heart mast cells of the rat, but only to a minor extent from
      the corresponding guinea-pig cells. Thapsigargicin induced histamine release from
      mesentery, lung, and heart mast cells of the rat at concentrations from 0.1
      microM but provoked only a release from the corresponding guinea-pig cells in the
      concentration-range 0.16 to 1.6 microM. Thapsigargin increased the cytoplasmic
      free calcium level in intact human blood platelets at concentrations from 3.0 nM.

PMID- 2411327
TI  - Effect of the dihydropyridine Bay K 8644 on the release of [3H]-noradrenaline
      from the rat isolated vas deferens.
AB  - The effects of Bay K 8644 on the release of [3H]-noradrenaline evoked by
      potassium, electrical stimulation or tyramine from the rat isolated vas deferens
      labelled with [3H]-noradrenaline were investigated. Bay K 8644 (1 microM) by
      itself did not affect the spontaneous release of tritium from the rat isolated
      vas deferens. However, it increased the calcium-dependent release of tritium
      elicited by both high potassium (59 mM) and electrical field stimulation. The
      exposure of rat vas deferens to phentolamine (10 microM) increased the release of
      tritium induced by potassium (59 mM) and electrical field stimulation. Bay K 8644
      (1 microM) failed to increase further the release of tritium elicited by both
      stimuli in preparations previously treated with phentolamine (10 microM). The
      calcium-independent release of [3H]-noradrenaline evoked by tyramine (10 microM)
      was not affected by Bay K 8644 (1 microM). The results of our study support the
      view that alpha2-adrenoceptors modulate noradrenaline release by restricting
      calcium influx into sympathetic nerve terminals through voltage-dependent
      channels.

PMID- 2411329
TI  - Prostatic ultrasonography: a useful technique?
AB  - Two hundred and forty-four transrectal prostatic ultrasonograms have been
      reviewed and the findings compared with the final pathological or clinical
      diagnosis. A high degree of accuracy was achieved in diagnosing benign prostatic
      hyperplasia. Ultrasonography proved invaluable in staging proven prostatic
      carcinomas but it was disappointing as a primary diagnostic tool for cancer, with
      false positive and negatives rates of 12 and 31% respectively. These findings are
      discussed in the light of other workers' results. Further applications for
      prostatic ultrasonography are outlined.

PMID- 2411330
TI  - Haemoglobin F levels in patients with testicular tumours.
AB  - This study was designed to examine haemoglobin F levels prior to therapy in 39
      patients with testicular tumours (10 seminoma, 29 non-seminomatous tumours) and
      20 controls. HbF levels were significantly increased in the group with testicular
      tumours (1.66 +/- 0.12%) compared with normal controls (0.99 +/- 0.08%) (P less
      than 0.001). Non-seminomatous tumours had more pronounced levels than seminomas
      (P less than 0.001). No correlation was found between HbF level and stage of the
      disease. We suggest that HbF production could be significantly reactivated in
      adult patients with testicular tumours and may be a useful marker.

PMID- 2411331
TI  - The biochemistry of the surface antigens of the African trypanosomes.

PMID- 2411332
TI  - Genetic control of antigenic variation in trypanosomes.

PMID- 2411333
TI  - Topical rubefacient ointment: studies on haemostasis.

PMID- 2411334
TI  - Language disintegration in dementia: effects of etiology and severity.
AB  - The speech characteristics on a standardized picture description task of 26
      subjects with presumed senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) and 13
      subjects with stroke-related dementia (SRD) were compared to 15 normal subjects
      over age 59 years. Compared to the normal subjects, the dementia subjects used
      fewer total words, fewer unique words, fewer prepositional phrases, fewer
      subordinate clauses, and more incomplete sentence fragments. Lexical deficits
      tended to be more severe than syntactic ones, confirming prior suggestions that
      lexicon is more vulnerable to disruption in dementia than syntax. Greater
      dementia severity among the SDAT subjects was associated with marked difficulties
      in accessing the mental lexicon (increased use of empty words, indefinite
      anaphora, and pronouns). Greater dementia severity in the SRD subjects was
      associated with laconic speech that was syntactially less complex. Diffuse brain
      injury (as typified by SDAT) appears to disproportionately affect lexicon whereas
      multifocal injury (as typified by SRD) has a disproportionate effect on syntax
      (assuming that focal lesions of the posterior language zone have been excluded).
      The speech characteristics of the mild SDAT subjects showed similarities to those
      of anomic or semantic aphasia whereas the speech of the more advanced SDAT
      subjects showed similarities to Wernicke aphasia or transcortical sensory
      aphasia. The speech of the subjects with more severe SRD showed some similarities
      to Broca aphasia. The most important nonlinguistic deficit in both the SRD and
      the SDAT groups was a failure to make relevant observations during the picture
      description task. Perseverations were present in the speech of both the SRD and
      SDAT subjects, whereas aposiopesis, logorrhea, and palilalia were more typical of
      the SDAT subjects. Laconic speech was more characteristic of the SRD subjects.

PMID- 2411335
TI  - Cognitive processing of tokens and their description in aphasia.
AB  - In a dual-reaction time task aphasics (N = 21) and right-hemisphere (RH) controls
      (N = 24) had to decide whether a list of features given verbally or pictorially
      correctly described the picture of a token. Although the error rates were
      extremely low, aphasics made significantly more errors than RH controls. There
      were no significant differences between the groups in latencies when pictures of
      tokens were presented; the groups differed drastically, however, when confronted
      with lists of features. The findings are interpreted as indicating a general
      deficit in the short-term storage of highly specific information.

PMID- 2411336
TI  - Prostaglandins enhance trigeminal substance P-ergic responses in the rabbit iris
      sphincter muscles.
AB  - Contractile responses due to substance P released from the trigeminal nerve were
      observed after electrical transmural stimulation or exogenous application of
      bradykinin in the isolated rabbit iris sphincter muscle. Prostaglandins,
      particulary prostaglandin E1, enhanced and indomethacin inhibited these substance
      P-ergic responses. Since the responses to exogenously applied substance P were
      neither affected by prostaglandins nor indomethacin, it was suggested that
      prostaglandins acted presynaptically to enhance the release of substance P from
      the trigeminal nerve terminals.

PMID- 2411337
TI  - LH-RH analogue acts as substance P antagonist by inhibiting spinal cord vasomotor
      responses.
AB  - Intrathecal injections of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH)
      analogue, [D-pGlu1-D-Phe2-D-Trp3,6]-LH-RH caused dose-dependent decreases in mean
      arterial blood pressure in anesthetized rats similar to those seen with [D-Pro4-D
      Trp7,9]-substance P4-11. Similarly, intrathecal injections of either peptide
      reversed the pressor response elicited by application of kainic acid on the
      ventral surface of the medulla oblongata. Both analogues also had similar IC50
      values (approximately 10(-5) M) for the inhibition of specific [3H]substance P
      binding in tissue-sections of the intermediolateral cell column. However, the LH
      RH analogue failed to block substance P (SP)-induced contractions of the isolated
      guinea pig ileum and did not affect tail-flick withdrawal time in a thermal
      nociceptive test, whereas the SP analogue acted as an antagonist in both of these
      bioassays. These results suggest that [D-pGlu1-D-Phe2-D-Trp3,6]-LH-RH may act as
      an antagonist which can inhibit the sympathetic vasomotor outflow and potentially
      be a substance P-physalaemin (SP-P) receptor antagonist in the central nervous
      system but without effect on peripheral SP-P receptors.

PMID- 2411338
TI  - Intracellular Ca2+-ions inactivate K+-current in bullfrog sympathetic neurons.
AB  - Neurons from bullfrog sympathetic ganglia were voltage clamped using a single
      microelectrode, in a sodium-free, calcium-rich solution containing
      tetraethylammonium. A brief inward calcium current was followed by a long-lasting
      inward current. The long-lasting inward current corresponded to a depolarizing
      afterpotential which followed a calcium spike under the current clamp. It was
      largely due to the M-channel closure. The present study indicates that massive
      calcium entry can cause inactivation of potassium conductance in vertebrate
      neurons.

PMID- 2411339
TI  - Serotonergic innervation of cat cerebral arteries.
AB  - 5-HT and 5-HIAA were measured in cat cerebral arteries by HPLC. Removal of both
      superior cervical ganglia or simultaneous lesions of dorsal and central raphe
      nuclei significantly decreased 5-HT levels but not those of 5-HIAA. This suggests
      that cat cerebral blood vessels are innervated by serotonergic fibers of
      different origin.

PMID- 2411340
TI  - Morphology of peptide-containing neurons in the rat basolateral amygdaloid
      nucleus.
AB  - The peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical technique was used to
      identify neurons in the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (BL) that contain
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SOM) or cholecystokinin
      (CCK). Examination of immunostained neurons demonstrated that most, if not all,
      of these peptide-containing cells correspond to spine-sparse class II neurons
      recognized in Golgi studies. Each type of peptide-containing perikaryon in BL
      exhibits a distinct size distribution which, in part, accounts for the broad size
      range of class II neurons noted in Golgi studies.

PMID- 2411341
TI  - Increase in substance P in the dorsal horn during a chemogenic nociceptive
      stimulus.
AB  - Substance P has been implicated as a neuromediator of nociception in the dorsal
      horn of the spinal cord. This is the first report of quantitative increases in
      substance P following an acute nociceptive stimulus. Female Wistar rats were
      injected subcutaneously in the plantar aspect of the right hindpaw with 5%
      formalin. Substance P levels were determined by quantitative immunohistochemistry
      1 h after the injection. The present results show that substance P levels in the
      upper two laminae of the ipsi-and contralateral dorsal horn were significantly
      increased 1 h after the formalin injection. These results suggest a direct
      functional relationship between substance P levels in the upper dorsal horn and
      an acute chemogenic nociceptive stimulus.

PMID- 2411342
TI  - Long-term effects of repeated methylamphetamine administration on monoamine
      neurons in the rhesus monkey brain.
AB  - Previous studies indicate that the repeated administration of D-methylamphetamine
      (MA) produces a long-lasting depletion of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and
      serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in various brain regions of a number of
      species. The objectives of the present study were: (1) to establish a short,
      subcutaneous injection regimen which would reliably produce the neuronal
      alterations; (2) to evaluate MA-induced NE depletions produced by this new
      regimen; and (3) to determine whether central MA-induced neuronal changes are
      reflected in changes in cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite concentrations.
      It was observed that high doses of MA administered (s.c.) over a 2-week period to
      rhesus monkeys produced decreases in DA and 5-HT, but not NE levels, in various
      brain regions. The decrease in caudate DA levels was accompanied by a decrease in
      the number of DA uptake sites, a decrease in the level of homovanillic acid (HVA)
      and an increase in DA turnover. This decrease in brain DA was also accompanied by
      a decrease in the cerebrospinal fluid concentration of HVA.

PMID- 2411343
TI  - Effects of methionine-enkephalin and substance P on the chemosensory discharge of
      the cat carotid body.
AB  - The effects of methionine enkephalin (ME) and substance P (SP) were tested on the
      chemosensory discharge of the cat carotid body-nerve preparation in vitro. ME
      superfused in concentrations of 10(-8) to 10(-5) M depressed the sensory
      discharge, an effect followed by receptor excitation (rebound). Bolus
      applications of ME (30 ng to 3.0 microgram) induced variable effects (excitation
      or depression) on the discharge, excitation being more pronounced with the
      smaller doses. Superfusions with SP (10(-8) to 10(-5) M) either excited or
      depressed the discharge, excitation being more pronounced with higher SP
      concentrations (i.e. 10(-6) M). Bolus applications of SP (43 ng to 0.5
      micrograms) also excited or depressed the sensory discharge. These variations may
      be dose-dependent. Superfused ME (10(-6) M) significantly depressed the
      chemoreceptor response to hypoxia (100% N2) and hypercapnia (6% CO2, pH 7.43).
      The responses to NaCN and acidity (pH 6.0) were marginally depressed. Superfused
      SP (10(-6) M) clearly depressed the responses to hypoxia, those to hypercapnia
      and NaCN were marginally affected but the effects of acidity were not altered.
      When the peptides were tested against the receptor responses to exogenously
      applied putative neurotransmitters (ACh, dopamine--DA), it was found that ME
      tended to depress both the ACh and DA actions whereas SP (10(-6) M) tended to
      increase their effects. Superfusions with naloxone (10(-6) M) increased the basal
      chemosensory discharge and this enkephalin blocker partially relieved the
      depressant effect of ME on the ACh-induced response. It is concluded that carotid
      body chemoreceptors have excitatory and inhibitory reactive sites to both ME and
      SP although their precise location is still unknown.

PMID- 2411344
TI  - Substance P-, somatostatin-, vasoactive intestinal peptide- and cholecystokinin
      like levels in the spinal cord of polyarthritic rats.
AB  - Substance P-, somatostatin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and
      cholecystokinin-like levels were measured in lumbar dorsal and ventral cord of
      polyarthritic rats and compared with those obtained in vehicle-treated rats taken
      as controls. Polyarthritis decreased substance P concentration in lumbar ventral
      cord and increased cholecystokinin level in lumbar dorsal cord, while the other
      two peptides did not show any change. The results are discussed in relation to
      immunohistochemical data found in the literature.

PMID- 2411345
TI  - Influence of the extracellular ionic environment on ganglionic fast excitatory
      postsynaptic currents.
AB  - The influence of changing the extracellular sodium or calcium concentration as
      well as the addition of strontium or magnesium on characteristics of nicotinic
      fast excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) has been studied in voltage-clamped
      sympathetic ganglion B cells of the bullfrog. Lithium substitution for sodium
      influenced both the EPSC size and decay time course in a concentration-dependent
      manner. In those cells exposed to either a 50% or 100% lithium-substituted
      solution, the EPSC decay was faster than that of control EPSCs. With a 50%
      replacement of lithium for sodium, the EPSC size at -520 mV was similar to
      control values. However, with a 100% substitution, the EPSC size was
      significantly reduced below control values although the voltage dependence of the
      decay tau, the shape of the peak EPSC-voltage relationship, or the EPSC reversal
      potential was not changed by replacing lithium for sodium. The change in EPSC
      size and decay tau in the lithium solution was due to the presence of lithium and
      not simply the consequence of a reduction in the external sodium concentration;
      as with a 50% substitution of sucrose or mannitol for sodium chloride the EPSC
      decay was slowed. EPSC size at -50 mV and the voltage dependence of tau was
      similar to control values when 50% of the sodium was replaced by sucrose. The
      peak EPSC-voltage relationship was linear in cells exposed to either the control
      or the 50% sucrose-substituted solution, although the EPSC reversal potential was
      shifted to a more negative voltage with 50% sucrose substitution.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2411346
TI  - Postsynaptic block of a glutamatergic synapse by low molecular weight fractions
      of spider venom.
AB  - Fractions of low molecular weight (ca. 600-1000 dalton) isolated by high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) from
      the venoms of the New-World spiders, Argiope trifasciata and Araneus gemma block
      transmission at glutamatergic nerve-muscle junctions in the locust, Schistocerca
      gregaria. These fractions are probably small peptides containing phenolic or
      indolic residues. Their effects on the neurally evoked twitch contraction, the
      junctional potential to glutamate ionophoresis and the voltage-clamped excitatory
      postsynaptic current of locust muscle indicate uncompetitive antagonism of the
      glutamate receptor channel complex through open channel block. In view of their
      slow reversibility of action they should make useful tools for future biochemical
      studies of locust glutamate receptors.

PMID- 2411347
TI  - Epinephrine accumulation in rat brain after chronic administration of pargyline
      and LY 51641--comparison with other brain amines.
AB  - Concentrations of biogenic amines and metabolites were measured in regions of rat
      brain following administration of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors for 21 days.
      Epinephrine concentrations were increased from 350 to 500% following chronic
      administration of LY 51641, a selective inhibitor of MAO type A. Norepinephrine,
      dopamine and serotonin showed much less relative accumulation. The marked
      relative accumulation of epinephrine may be related to the efficacy of inhibitors
      of MAO type A in the treatment of depression.

PMID- 2411348
TI  - A cadmium-sensitive, tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel in bullfrog autonomic
      axons.
AB  - The major component of the compound action potential of the bullfrog cardiac
      nerve was not blocked by TTX (10(-5) M) although the conduction velocity of these
      fibers was decreased by 50%. The TTX-resistant compound action potential was
      completely blocked by 100-300 microM CdCl2 but not by 5 mM CoCl2 or NiCl2. This
      cadmium-sensitive action potential was only partially reduced by removal of
      calcium from the medium but was abolished by replacement of sodium with sucrose,
      tetramethylammonium or choline. Therefore, in addition to the classical TTX
      sensitive sodium channels, the parasympathetic axons of the bullfrog may also
      utilize a TTX-insensitive, cadmium-sensitive sodium channel.

PMID- 2411349
TI  - Peptide coincidence in rat superior cervical ganglion.
AB  - The immunofluorescent localization of substance P (SP), somatostatin and
      methionine enkephalin has been determined in the rat superior cervical ganglion
      of the sympathetic nervous system. Immunoreactivity was confined to the
      norepinephrine-containing post-ganglionic neurons and their processes. Nearly 20%
      of the postganglionic somata demonstrate dual coincidence in staining for SP
      somatostatin, somatostatin-enkephalin, or SP-enkephalin. Almost 10% of the
      positively stained neurons show a coincident staining of all 3 peptide compounds
      within their somata. This suggests that multiple neurotransmitter chemicals may
      be employed by the postganglionic cells of the superior cervical ganglion.

PMID- 2411350
TI  - Effects of small amygdaloid lesions on pancreatic exocrine secretion.
AB  - To investigate the role of the amygdala in central regulation of pancreatic
      exocrine secretion, the effects of electrolytic lesions on pancreatic secretion
      were studied in rats. Small bilateral electrolytic lesions in amygdaloid body
      restricted to basolateral, medial and central nuclei were produced. Eight days
      after the lesions, bile-pancreatic juice was collected following anesthetization
      with urethane and chloralose. Basal secretion and secretion stimulated by
      exogenous pancreozymin and secretin were evaluated in terms of amylase output. In
      the group with basolateral nucleus lesions, both basal and stimulated secretion
      were significantly increased. After medial nucleus lesions, mean body weight was
      reduced to 59% of initial, and basal and stimulated secretion were significantly
      lower than in the control group and also significantly lower than in an
      unoperated group, whose mean body weight was reduced to the same level as that of
      the medially lesioned group by restricting daily food intake. After lesions of
      the central nucleus, basal secretion was significantly increased, while
      stimulated secretion was not affected. These results indicated that the amygdala
      is involved in regulating pancreatic exocrine secretion and that its various
      nuclei exert different effects.

PMID- 2411351
TI  - A second hypothalamic nucleus receiving retinal input in man: the paraventricular
      nucleus.
AB  - A retinofugal projection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus has
      been described in man by means of a newly developed staining technique (PPD) for
      tracing degenerated fibers in the human brain. We applied the PPD method to the
      chiasmal/hypothalamic area of human autopsy brains from patients who had incurred
      prior optic nerve damage. We followed degenerated fibers from the optic nerve
      through the optic chiasm and the optic tract. At the optic chiasm/tract junction,
      some fibers were seen to diverge and to form an optic fascicle which traversed
      the lateral preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area towards the third ventricle.
      These degenerated fibers terminated in the paraventricular nucleus of the
      hypothalamus. We suggest that there are at least two retinohypothalamic pathways
      in man. Some of the neuroendocrine imbalances in blind persons may be attributed
      to the disruption of the retinal input to the paraventricular and suprachiasmatic
      nuclei of the hypothalamus. These retinohypothalamic pathways may be the
      anatomical substrates for light/dark entrainment of human neuroendocrine and
      autonomic regulatory processes.

PMID- 2411352
TI  - E. coli peritonitis and bacteremia cause increased blood-brain barrier
      permeability.
AB  - Impaired mental status is a poorly understood manifestation of sepsis and may be
      associated with altered permeability of the blood-brain barrier. To examine the
      possibility that sepsis affects permeability of the blood-brain barrier, rats
      were infected with a peritoneal implant consisting of sterilized feces, barium
      sulfate, and 10(8) colony forming units (CFU) of Escherichia coli. Using this
      model, reproducible episodes of peritonitis with bacteremia resulted. Rats were
      sacrificed hourly after 5 min circulation of 100 mg horseradish peroxidase.
      Animals were perfused-fixed and the brains removed. Representative coronal
      sections were stained for peroxidase reaction product and cerebral blood vessels
      were examined microscopically for evidence of HRP staining and extravasation. The
      number of stained cerebral vessels from infected rats was increased at all times
      compared to uninfected control rats. Extravasation of horseradish peroxide within
      neuropil was significantly higher in hours 1, 4 and 5 as compared to controls.
      The lack of significant increase in hours 2 and 3 may suggest transient closing
      or repair of the tight junctions. We conclude that peritonitis and bacteremia are
      associated with increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier.

PMID- 2411353
TI  - Functional and morphological features of neurons in the midline region of the
      caudal spinal cord of the cat.
AB  - Neurons surrounding and dorsal to the central canal in caudal segments of the cat
      spinal cord were functionally and morphologically characterized. From
      electrophysiologically obtained responses these neurons were categorized into 3
      functional groups based on excitation by somatic afferent stimulation. Eighteen
      of 36 units were activated by both low threshold and high threshold primary
      afferent inputs. Of the remaining 18 units, 9 responded only to innocuous
      intensities of stimulation and the other 9 were excited selectively by noxious
      peripheral stimulation. Neurons intracellularly marked with horseradish
      peroxidase formed a heterogeneous population with respect to perikaryal size,
      dendritic orientation and dendritic extent, and no evident correlations between
      functional categories and morphological features were observed in light
      microscopic analyses. Neurons immediately surrounding the central canal were
      functionally similar to neurons located in the dorsally adjacent gray matter.

PMID- 2411354
TI  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine-activated single-channel currents recorded from murine
      neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - Differentiated murine neuroblastoma cells (NIE-115) have receptors for 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), the activation of which either depolarizes or
      hyperpolarizes these cells with associated increases in input conductance.
      Ionophoresis of 5-HT on to NIE-115 cells elicits brief depolarization, but the 5
      HT receptors rapidly desensitize during repeated application of 5-HT. The
      reversal potential of 5-HT-induced depolarization is ca. 0 mV. With the use of
      the improved patch clamp technique it is possible to record single ion channel
      currents activated by 5-HT from intact cells as well as isolated membrane
      patches. These currents are invariably inward at the resting potential
      (approximately 50 mV). The channel has a conductance of approximately 140 pS and
      reversal potential of approximately 0 mV in normal saline. The channels recorded
      from the intact cells reveal more than one kinetically distinguishable open and
      closed states. The kinetic properties of 5-HT channels recorded from excised
      patches of membrane (as outside-out) are different from those recorded from the
      intact cell. Possible explanations for such differences are presented.

PMID- 2411355
TI  - Differences in cation transport properties of primary astrocyte cultures from
      mouse and rat brain.
AB  - 42K and 22Na contents and unidirectional fluxes, as well as net accumulation of
      42K in response to elevated extracellular K+, were investigated in primary
      cultures of astrocytes prepared from neonatal rat and mouse brain. The major
      difference between both species affected the unidirectional K+ influx which was
      up to 75 times higher in mouse as compared to rat cultures. The flux rates in
      mouse astrocytes were doubled by measuring uptake in salt solution instead of
      growth medium, while 42K influx in rat astrocytes was unaffected by such
      treatment. 22Na transport was very similar in astrocytes from both species. The
      length of culture period and treatment with DBcAMP (2',3'-dibutyryl cyclic adenyl
      monophosphate) modified K+ transport but not Na+ transport. Both types of
      cultures showed the same accumulation of 42K in response to raised medium K+.
      Amiloride inhibited 42K influx by 41% and 13% in mouse and rat cultures,
      respectively. In contrast, furosemide inhibited 42K uptake in rat astrocytes
      cultures by 50% but had no effect on mouse astrocyte cultures. 50 microM barium
      chloride markedly inhibited 42K uptake in mouse cultures by 96% (or 1491 nmol X
      mg-1 X min-1), but inhibited 42K uptake in rat cultures by only 23% (or 9 nmol X
      mg-1 X min-1). Ouabain was similarly effective in both types of astrocyte
      cultures. We conclude that Na+ transport as well as net K+ accumulation and Cl-
      transport (based on previous studies) properties are reasonably stable and
      reproduced in primary cultures from both mouse and rat brain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2411356
TI  - Schwann cells cultured from adult rats contain a cytoskeletal protein related to
      astrocyte filaments.
AB  - Cells that bound antibody to the astrocyte intermediate filament protein were
      cultured from adult rat sciatic nerve. The antigen was intracellular, finely
      filamentous, and formed perinuclear caps in response to colchicine, all
      properties of intermediate filaments. Cytoskeletal proteins of these cultures
      were separated by SDS-gel electrophoresis, transferred to nitrocellulose paper,
      and shown to bind the glial-specific antiserum to a protein of 50,000 daltons.
      All the cells that bound this serum had a Schwann cell surface antigen, Ran-1,
      whereas fibroblasts from the nerve had Thy-1 surface antigen and did not contain
      the astrocyte filament antigen. These results prove that some Schwann cells from
      adult nerve, in contrast to fibroblasts or immature Schwann cells, have an
      intermediate filament protein that shares antigenic determinants with, or may be
      identical to, the astrocyte filament protein.

PMID- 2411357
TI  - In vitro translation of mRNA from the developing sciatic nerve.
AB  - Poly(A+)RNA from sciatic nerves of embryos and chicks was translated in a rabbit
      reticulocyte cell-free system. The 30-K mol. wt. PO protein which is the major
      and specific protein constituent of peripheral nervous system myelin was used as
      a marker of myelin synthesis in the preparations. Immunoprecipitation of total
      translation products with rabbit anti-PO protein antibody showed the presence of
      a 29K protein band on the autoradiograms. The intensity of this specific
      immunoprecipitated band increased significantly from very low levels with RNA
      from the 15-day embryonic nerve to a maximum with extracts from 1-day-old chicks.
      This increase parallels that of the rapid deposition of the PO protein in the
      developing sciatic nerve in vivo. The experiments demonstrate for the first time,
      that it is possible to show synthesis of PO protein in vitro using exogenous RNA
      as the template.

PMID- 2411358
TI  - Effects of neonatal methylmercury exposure on development of nucleic acids and
      proteins in rat brain: regional specificity.
AB  - Exposure of neonatal rats to methylmercury (1 or 2.5 mg/kg SC daily) during the
      preweaning period caused regionally-specific alterations in DNA, RNA and protein
      content in brain. In midbrain + brainstem, where neuronal replication and
      differentiation conclude early, reduced DNA content was prominent at either dose
      and was apparent well before evidence of general body growth impairment; small
      deficits in protein content and brain region weight were seen. In contrast,
      cerebral cortex showed an elevation of DNA in the high dose group and a tendency
      toward supranormal RNA values at either dose. In cerebellum, where maturation
      occurs last, both DNA and RNA were markedly stimulated in pups receiving either 1
      or 2.5 mg/kg and little effect was seen on proteins or region weight. These
      results indicate that the response of the developing central nervous system to
      cell loss caused by methylmercury is dependent upon the stage of development at
      which exposure occurs: whereas clear-cut reductions in cell number (DNA content)
      occur in fairly mature, post-replicative regions, those areas undergoing rapid
      replication and differentiation are likely to exhibit compensatory stimulation or
      replacement of cells.

PMID- 2411359
TI  - Axonal branching of canine sympathetic postganglionic cardiopulmonary neurons. A
      retrograde fluorescent labeling study.
AB  - In 11 dogs fluorescent retrograde tracers were injected into physiologically
      identified left-sided sympathetic cardiopulmonary nerves. When two different
      ipsilateral cardiopulmonary nerves were injected, labeled cells from each
      injected nerve had overlapping distributions in the middle cervical and stellate
      ganglia. Most retrogradely labeled neurons were located in the middle cervical
      ganglion and cranial pole of the stellate ganglion. Following the injection of
      two different tracers into two different nerves, some neurons in the middle
      cervical ganglion were retrogradely labeled with two tracers. Double-labeled
      neurons were rarely found in the stellate ganglion. There were areas within the
      ganglia in which labeled neurons projected predominantly to one cardiopulmonary
      nerve. In the thoracic autonomic nervous system Fast Blue was transported most
      effectively. Bisbenzimide was not transported as well as Fast Blue and Nuclear
      Yellow was very poorly transported in cardiopulmonary nerves. The results
      demonstrate that some efferent postganglionic sympathetic neurons project axons
      into at least two different cardiopulmonary nerves and that an anatomical
      substrate for axo-axonal reflexes exists in the thoracic sympathetic nervous
      system.

PMID- 2411360
TI  - Transnuclear transport and axon collateral projections of the mamillary nuclei in
      the rat.
AB  - Transnuclear transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and wheat germ agglutinin
      HRP conjugate (WGA-HRP) and the retrograde transport of fluorescent tracers were
      used to study axon collaterals of neurons in the mamillary nuclei. Tracers were
      injected into the thalamus or brain stem and after 18 hour-5 day survival
      periods, the brains were processed for fluorescence microscopy or for light and
      electron microscopic HRP histochemistry. Neurons in all divisions of the
      ipsilateral mamillary nuclei projected to both the thalamus and tegmentum. After
      HRP and WGA-HRP injections, anterogradely labeled axon terminals were observed in
      the known projection fields of the mamillary nuclei. Mamillary neurons were
      characterized by deeply invaginated, eccentrically located nuclei. Most labeled
      terminals of axon collaterals in the contralateral anterodorsal thalamic nucleus
      and dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei contained round vesicles and formed
      asymmetrical synapses with somata and dendrites. The present results demonstrate
      that transnuclear transport of HRP and WGA-HRP can be used to study the
      connectivity and ultrastructure of axon collaterals and their cells of origin in
      the central nervous system in a manner comparable to that of transganglionic
      transport in the peripheral nervous system.

PMID- 2411361
TI  - Effects of mazindol on rat lateral hypothalamic neurons.
AB  - In order to elucidate the mechanism of action of the anorectic drug, mazindol,
      effects of electrophoretically applied mazindol were examined on glucose
      sensitive and non glucose-sensitive neurons in the rat lateral hypothalamic area
      (LHA), which is functionally important in food intake control. Mazindol was found
      to significantly suppress the firing rate of glucose-sensitive neurons. Ouabain a
      Na-K pump inhibitor, attenuated mazindol induced suppression of neuronal firing
      rate. Intracellular recordings revealed hyperpolarization of the membrane with no
      change in membrane conductance by perfusion of brain slice with 0.1 mM mazindol
      in bath. This was similar to the effect of 30 mM glucose. Results suggest that
      the inhibitory action of mazindol is mediated by activation of the Na-K pump.
      Spiroperidol, a dopamine antagonist, did not affect the inhibitory response to
      mazindol, suggesting direct action of mazindol on LHA neurons, independent of
      dopamine.

PMID- 2411362
TI  - [Blood levels of acute phase proteins in physiological pregnancy].

PMID- 2411363
TI  - [Beta-thromboglobulin--an indicator of thrombocyte activation in vivo].

PMID- 2411365
TI  - [Inhibition of poliovirus replication by an extract of Matricaria chamomilla
      (L)].
AB  - Hydroalcoholic extract of Matricaria chamomilla added during the early stage of
      Poliovirus development inhibits cellular and viral RNA synthesis. This inhibition
      is partially reversible.

PMID- 2411364
TI  - Electrophoretic analysis of HeLa cell and human liver nucleolar proteins and
      antigens.
AB  - The major antigens in HeLa nucleolar extracts recognized by immunoblots with
      rabbit antisera had molecular weights of 145, 110, and 34 kd. The major antigens
      in the HeLa nucleolar residues had molecular weights of 145, 110, 86, 68, 55, 48,
      and 34 kd. In the liver, the major antigens in the nucleolar extracts had
      molecular weights of 86 and 76 kd. In the liver residues, the major antigens had
      molecular weights of 110, 86, 76, 65, and 55 kd. On two-dimensional gels stained
      with Coomassie blue, the HeLa nucleolar extract contained large amounts of
      protein B23 and lesser amounts of protein C23. In the liver nucleolar samples
      separated on two-dimensional (2-D) gels, protein 55/7.6 (Mr/pI) was the major
      protein in the extract. Lesser amounts of protein B23 were identified. Addition
      of protease inhibitors markedly improved the quality of the protein samples as
      shown in one-dimensional gel patterns for liver nucleolar proteins and to a
      lesser extent for HeLa nucleolar proteins. In the 2-D immunoblots of the HeLa
      extract and HeLa residues, the major stained band was protein C23 (110/5.2-5.6).
      In the liver extract, the major bands were 70/5.8-7 and 60/5.8-7. With a
      monoclonal antibody (MS-3) to protein C23 a 76/5.8 band was more notable in the
      residue which supported the results of the Coomassie blue and immunostains with
      rabbit antinucleolar antibodies. Some degradation products of protein C23 were
      observed in both the liver extract and the liver residue despite the use of
      protease inhibitors. Protein C23 along with other proteins are major antigens in
      HeLa nucleoli. In human liver nucleoli, a major protein 55/7.6 was identified
      which was not observed in the HeLa extracts. These studies show that a
      combination of protease inhibitors markedly reduced degradation of proteins in
      liver samples and provided a more satisfactory sample for comparison with HeLa
      cells. Qualitative and quantitative differences were found in the nucleolar
      proteins by Coomassie blue and immunostaining.

PMID- 2411366
TI  - [Radioimmunologic and chromatographic correlations of urine and blood Tamm
      Horsfall glycoproteins].
AB  - A comparative analysis of urine and serum THG is carried out using physico
      chemical and radioimmunological methods. It demonstrates a real similarity in the
      antigenicity, the glycan structure and the polymerization-depolymerization. The
      presence of THG in various biological fluids and tissues is an extra argument in
      favor of such an identity. A multifocal synthesis of THG and not an exclusively
      renal one is admitted. Such a conception seems to be more consistent with the
      membrane function of THG towards some ions in various tissues.

PMID- 2411367
TI  - [Effect of substances modifying calcium movement on the contractility of cultured
      cardiac cells].
AB  - Cultured cardiac cells from newborn rats were found to be sensitive to the
      positive or negative inotropic effect of agents capable of interfering with
      calcium movements. Calcium entry blockers were found specially potent, since
      diltiazem and nifedipine were still active at concentration of 1 X 10(-9) M. Such
      a bioassay system seems therefore convenient to compare the relative potency of
      drugs belonging to this pharmacological class.

PMID- 2411368
TI  - Membrane-bound 5'-nucleotidase in marine luminous bacteria: biochemical and
      immunological properties.
AB  - A novel 5'-nucleotidase previously described in halophilic Vibrio costicola was
      detected in marine Vibrio and Photobacterium strains. The enzyme of marine
      bacteria was similar in its properties to the 5'-nucleotidase of Vibrio
      costicola; it was outwardly oriented in the cytoplasmic membrane and
      dephosphorylated nucleoside 5'-tri-, di-, and mono-phosphates to respective
      nucleosides before uptake. The enzyme in marine strains was immunologically cross
      reactive with the antibody raised against the purified 5'-nucleotidase of Vibrio
      costicola. The uptake of the products of ATP hydrolysis was studied in Vibrio
      harveyi, and it was shown that both adenosine and inorganic phosphate released
      upon the action of 5'-nucleotidase were rapidly taken up by the cell.

PMID- 2411369
TI  - Development of a cell wash buffer that minimizes nucleic acid loss from
      Clostridium perfringens 10543 A.
AB  - Autolytic activity and nucleic loss from Clostridium perfringens 10543 A was
      demonstrated during successive cell washes in hypotonic TES buffer. Autolysis
      increased nearly sixfold and nucleic acid loss nearly twofold when 10 mM EDTA was
      added to 0.3 M Tris-sucrose buffer. Attempts to minimize both autolysis and
      nucleic acid loss from C. perfringens during routine washing steps were
      unsuccessful when the effects of sucrose concentration, pH, CaCl2 addition, or
      wash temperature were examined independently. However, autolytic activity was
      eliminated and nucleic acid loss reduced to less than 5% when C. perfringens
      cells were washed at 4 or 25 degrees C in 1.0 M sucrose, 50 mM Tris--HCl, and 25
      mM CaCl2 at pH 5.7.

PMID- 2411370
TI  - An initial test of a method for the estimation of real mean particle size from
      shadowed samples.
AB  - During shadowing, a "cap" of metal develops on small particles. This cap
      increases apparent particle with (measured normal to the shadowing direction) by
      an extent which cannot be predetermined. The extent of this increase in particle
      size (here defined as the "cap," X) is estimated in the present method by using
      opposite (180 degrees sample rotation) bidirectional shadowing. It is argued that
      the bidirectional cap is the sum of the two unidirectional caps, and therefore
      that X = 2A - (B + C), where A is the mean bidirectionally shadowed particle
      size, and B and C are the two mean unidirectionally shadowed particle sizes. As a
      validation of the method, the mean diameter of air-dried ferritin was estimated
      and the results appear to confirm the hypothesis (mean diameter by present
      method, 10.7 +/- 0.2 nm; mean diameter by previous methods, 10.89 nm).

PMID- 2411371
TI  - Binding of alpha 2-macroglobulin and haptoglobin to Actinomyces pyogenes.
AB  - All 25 cultures of Actinomyces pyogenes tested in the present study bound 125I
      labelled human alpha 2-macroglobulin with a mean binding of 65.6%. Thirteen
      cultures also bound 125I-labelled human haptoglobin with a mean of 51.5%. None
      interacted with fibrinogen, fibronectin, immunoglobulin G, or albumin. Twenty
      eight cultures representing other species of actinomycetaceae did not show any
      interaction with alpha 2-macroglobulin, haptoglobin, and other plasma proteins
      tested. The binding of alpha 2-macroglobulin and haptoglobin to A. pyogenes was
      saturable and could be completely inhibited by the respective unlabelled plasma
      proteins. The binding of alpha 2-macroglobulin could not be inhibited by
      unlabelled haptoglobin. On the other hand, alpha 2-macroglobulin blocked the
      binding of haptoglobin, possibly by steric hindrance. Treatment of the bacteria
      with trypsin reduced their binding activities for alpha 2-macroglobulin and
      haptoglobin indicating the protein nature of the binding sites. Exposure to heat
      (1 h, 80 degrees C) significantly diminished the binding activity for
      haptoglobin, but not that for alpha 2-macroglobulin. The binding of alpha 2
      macroglobulin and haptoglobin could be an important feature in the classification
      of A. pyogenes among the members of actinomycetaceae.

PMID- 2411372
TI  - Colorectal cancer: managing distant metastases.
AB  - The best opportunity for cure in colorectal cancer is early diagnosis and
      complete excision of the primary disease. Currently, metastatic disease develops
      in about 50% of patients, most often in the liver. Resection of solitary liver
      metastases is warranted, and a 5-year survival of at least 25% can be expected.
      Patients with limited unilobar multiple metastases may also benefit from
      resection. Extensive metastatic disease to the liver may respond to single or
      combination chemotherapy. Response rates are highest with hepatic artery infusion
      chemotherapy, but improvement in survival has not clearly been shown. Solitary or
      limited lung metastases, when unassociated with other metastatic disease, should
      also be resected. Multiorgan involvement may respond to systemic chemotherapy but
      results are generally poor. Palliation is an important objective of therapy,
      involving not only anticancer treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy) but
      also general supportive care.

PMID- 2411373
TI  - The management of recurrent rectal carcinoma.
AB  - Rectal carcinoma remains an enigma to surgical and medical oncologists. The chemo
      and radiotherapeutic approaches have been fraught with failure, and when this
      happens the patient is left to the challenge of the surgical oncologist who
      sometimes must perform extensive re-resection to include adjacent structures.
      Experienced surgical judgement is assisted by preoperative and intraoperative
      criteria, which are contraindications to resection: preoperatively, they include
      metastases, fixation of tumour to pelvic wall, sciatica, obstruction of both
      ureters and leg edema. Intraoperatively, metastases within aortic nodes or beyond
      the pelvis and extension of disease laterally or deep to pelvic wall or to
      multiple loops of bowel are all contraindications. These tumours are often slow
      to metastasize so that aggressive local surgical resection is warranted to
      minimize the morbidity prone complications associated with low-lying perineal or
      pelvic recurrence of rectal cancer.

PMID- 2411374
TI  - Response of pancreatic cancer to local irradiation with high-energy neutrons.
AB  - Seventy-seven patients with locally advanced, nonresectable, biopsy-proven
      adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were treated by palliative bypass surgery followed
      by intensive neutron beam irradiation of the primary tumor site. Three dose
      levels, under 20, 21 to 23, and 24 to 25 Gy, were studied with the use of a
      treatment plan that included all known disease within a limited target volume,
      generally under 2 l. Symptomatic palliation was achieved in the majority of
      patients. The median survival time was 6 months. One patient remained alive and
      well without evidence of tumor 5 years after irradiation. Two were free of tumor
      at autopsy (one had died of intercurrent disease and one of radiation-related
      complications). A common cause of death was metastatic dissemination.
      Complication rates were dose-dependent; life-threatening complications did not
      exceed 12% with doses of less than 23 Gy. Autopsies from 19 patients were
      reviewed. In all, the pancreatic tumor site showed extensive reactive fibrosis.
      Local control was achieved in two patients, but most had both residual tumor in
      the pancreas and metastases. Six patients had centrolobular veno-occlusive liver
      disease. These patients had all received the higher (22-24 Gy) neutron doses. Six
      patients had hemorrhagic radiation gastroenteritis. Mild skin atrophy and bone
      marrow hypoplasia were seen in the irradiated volumes. The kidneys and spinal
      cord showed no radiation effects. The authors conclude that neutron irradiation
      can provide a good local response with marked regression and fibrosis of the
      tumor. This response, coupled with many deaths due to metastases, suggests that
      combined treatment with neutrons and chemotherapy would be worth exploring.

PMID- 2411375
TI  - Combined bleomycin and radiation therapy in carcinoma of the penis.
AB  - Cancer of the penis is an uncommon disease in the western part of the world but
      it represents a significant portion of male cancer in other countries as in Asia,
      Africa, and South America, where in certain areas it accounts for 20% of the
      cancer occurrence in male patients. The treatment has been based mainly on
      surgical excision with or without regional lymphadenectomy. Chemotherapy with
      bleomycin has had some effectiveness in advanced disease. A mode of combination
      therapy with bleomycin and irradiation has been evaluated in patients with
      carcinoma of the penis. The results compare favorably with surgical treatment
      with respect to cure of the disease and patient survival, and it has the
      advantage of preserving sexual function in most of the cases. This combined
      therapy is useful even in patients with relatively extensive local tumor.

PMID- 2411376
TI  - Human chorionic gonadotropin production by colon carcinoma. Biochemical
      heterogeneity and identification of a chemotherapy-sensitive cell subpopulation.
AB  - Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced and secreted by a wide variety of
      human neoplasms and represents one example of biochemical heterogeneity in
      tumors. The authors report two patients with advanced hCG-producing colon
      carcinomas in whom immunohistochemical staining demonstrated a distinct hCG
      producing cell subpopulation. Both patients had objective tumor responses when
      treated with chemotherapy effective against germinal neoplasms. Responses were
      characterized by prompt and substantial reduction in plasma hCG levels and by
      improvement in clinical status, radiographic tumor measurements, and other
      biochemical abnormalities. These epithelial carcinomas responded to
      chemotherapeutic agents that are usually ineffective, and striking
      chemosensitivity was observed in the hCG-producing cell subpopulation. These two
      cases provide initial evidence that hCG-producing cells are sensitive to certain
      chemotherapeutic agents even when they are a part of common epithelial somatic
      tumors, and that this sensitivity represents another type of heterogeneity in
      human tumors. The identification of hCG production in epithelial tumors may be
      important in determining therapeutic strategy.

PMID- 2411377
TI  - Vinblastine, bleomycin, and cisplatin in malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary.
AB  - Fourteen patients with malignant ovarian germ cell tumors were treated with
      vinblastine, bleomycin, and cisplatin. A complete clinical response was achieved
      in all 14 patients; however, 1 patient had small macroscopic disease present at
      second-look laparotomy. One patient died of bleomycin pulmonary toxicity. The
      remaining 13 patients are alive and free of disease from 20 months to 8 years and
      8 months after initial diagnosis. Serum alpha-fetoprotein and beta-human
      chorionic gonadotropin levels were monitored in all patients and were found to be
      reliable indicators of response to treatment and disease status. The uninvolved
      ovary was preserved in seven patients without compromising the response to
      treatment, and one patient subsequently became pregnant. Vinblastine, bleomycin,
      and cisplatin chemotherapy appears to be a safe, effective combination and is
      recommended as the primary treatment of choice in the management of patients with
      malignant ovarian germ cell tumors.

PMID- 2411378
TI  - Anterior mediastinal endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor in a female infant.
AB  - The first known case of primary anterior mediastinal endodermal sinus (yolk sac)
      tumor in a female patient, occurring in a 20-month-old infant, is reported. The
      child presented with cough, fever, and listlessness. Chest x-ray revealed a right
      anterior mediastinal mass. At thoracotomy a large anterior mediastinal tumor
      extending from the neck to the diaphragm was found, and was almost totally
      resected. Microscopically, the tumor displayed many of the histologic patterns
      observed in EST. Other neoplastic germ cell elements were not identified. The
      ultrastructural and immunohistochemical findings further confirmed the diagnosis.
      Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level, determined during surgery, was elevated to
      65,200 ng/ml, whereas serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin level was normal.
      Postoperatively, combination chemotherapy consisting of vinblastine, bleomycin,
      cisplatin, dactinomycin, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin was administered with
      a maintenance program. After 18 weeks on this regimen all the findings were
      normal, including serum AFP level. The child is well and disease-free 25 months
      after diagnosis.

PMID- 2411379
TI  - Hepatoblastoma producing both alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin.
      Clinicopathologic analysis of four cases and a review of the literature.
AB  - A clinicopathologic study was done of four cases of hepatoblastoma with
      precocious puberty, together with an analysis of 21 such cases reported in the
      literature. All four patients were males, the age ranging from 11 to 35 months.
      Three of the four patients died within 12 months after operation, but the fourth
      is living. Histologically, all patients had a hepatoblastoma with the coexistence
      of both fetal and embryonal type cells, although predominantly fetal in two and
      predominantly embryonal in the other two. Tumor giant cells were rarely
      encountered in all these cases. Both alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG) in the serum or urine increased in our four cases and in five
      other cases reported in the literature. Though the serum AFP level paralleled the
      severity of clinical symptoms, the serum or urine hCG did not necessarily
      correspond to the clinical course. It is likely that these poorly prognostic
      virilizing hepatoblastomas secrete two different tumor markers, AFP and hCG, from
      different cells, and that these functioning tumor cells may not always exist
      concurrently in the recurrent or metastatic tumor.

PMID- 2411380
TI  - Fibronectin patterns in hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical significance.
AB  - Fibronectin, a high molecular weight glycoprotein component of the extracellular
      matrix, was localized extracellularly and intracellularly in the nuclei and the
      cytoplasm of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) by the use of the biotin-avidin
      method on paraffin-embedded, pepsin-treated tissue. The specificity of the
      staining was confirmed by absorbing the antibodies with purified fibronectin.
      Twenty HCC were investigated (7 were autopsy specimens and 13 biopsy and surgical
      specimens). The fibronectin was either increased or decreased. When increased the
      fibronectin consisted of thin or thick feathery strands and was either
      pericellular, sinusoidal, periglandular, or stromal. Marked increase of
      fibronectin was seen in fibrolamellar HCC, clear cell HCC, and encapsulated HCC,
      correlating with the better prognosis. Decreased fibronectin was seen in two
      undifferentiated HCC. HCC obtained at autopsy displayed nuclear and cytoplasmic
      fibronectin staining. Nuclear fibronectin may be an expression of the DNA binding
      ability of fibronectin which becomes demonstrable in cells with increased
      membrane permeability.

PMID- 2411381
TI  - Adriamycin and cisplatin for hepatoblastoma.
AB  - Four consecutive infants and children with hepatoblastomas were treated with a
      combination of Adriamycin (doxorubicin) and cisplatin. Three patients had
      unresectable tumors and in each there was a dramatic decrease in tumor size and
      serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. The tumors of two of these patients,
      including one with pulmonary metastases which cleared, were rendered resectable.
      The third patient's tumor remained unresectable but his AFP level returned to
      normal following radiotherapy. All three patients are disease-free, and both
      without metastases are off therapy from 9 to 24 months. A fourth child received
      the combination as adjuvant therapy following resection of an embryonal
      hepatoblastoma and he remains disease-free 7 months after its discontinuation.
      Therapy was tolerable in all patients and its principal toxicities were
      myelosuppression and magnesium wasting. Adriamycin and cisplatin in combination
      were very effective in these patients and deserve further trials, especially in
      unresectable and metastatic hepatoblastomas.

PMID- 2411382
TI  - High-dose cytosine arabinoside-associated pancreatitis.
AB  - Thirty patients with leukemia and lymphoma have been treated at our institution
      with high doses of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C). Gastrointestinal symptoms were
      frequent after therapy, and 6 of the 30 patients had severe abdominal pain. Of
      the six, two had pancreatitis; two had normal amylase and lipase determinations;
      and in two, neither amylase nor lipase levels were determined. The two patients
      with pancreatitis are presented because this complication of high-dose Ara-C
      therapy has not been described. The authors conclude that pancreatitis can follow
      high-dose Ara-C chemotherapy and that patients with abdominal pain following this
      treatment be evaluated for pancreatitis.

PMID- 2411383
TI  - Intrathoracic Hodgkin's disease. A case presentation with multiple pulmonary
      nodules in the absence of mediastinal or hilar node disease.
AB  - Patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) most commonly present with peripheral lymph
      node enlargement. The finding of pulmonary parenchymal involvement is usually
      associated with hilar and/or mediastinal adenopathy; such instances are felt to
      represent spread to the lung by contiguity. Noncontiguous spread to peripheral
      lung parenchyma in the absence of hilar or mediastinal node involvement has
      rarely been reported. This is the first documented case report in a 32-year-old
      woman with nodular sclerosing HD. The unusual clinical presentation in this
      patient was associated with the histologic detection of vascular invasion in the
      lymph node and open-lung biopsy specimens.

PMID- 2411384
TI  - The localization of cytoskeletal proteins and thyroglobulin in thyroid
      microcarcinoma in comparison with clinically manifested thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - A comparative study was performed by the use of immunoperoxidase staining of 11
      cases of thyroid microcarcinoma and 7 cases of clinically manifested thyroid
      carcinoma. Antibodies against four kinds of cytoskeletal proteins and
      thyroglobulin were used. In both the microcarcinoma and manifested carcinoma
      groups, actin and myosin were found in almost all neoplastic cells of all
      patients, and keratin and vimentin were present in the tumor cells of several
      patients. Keratin was found only in papillary carcinoma cells. Thyroglobulin was
      present in the neoplastic cells of several patients from each group; follicular
      carcinoma cells and keratin-negative cells reacted more strongly with
      thyroglobulin than did papillary carcinoma cells or keratin-positive cells. There
      was no special difference between microcarcinoma and clinically manifested
      carcinoma in the location of cytoskeletal proteins and thyroglobulin.

PMID- 2411385
TI  - Relationship between estrogen receptor concentration and cytomorphometry in
      breast cancer.
AB  - This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between estrogen receptor (ER)
      concentration and cytomorphometric parameters in breast carcinoma. Primary breast
      cancer specimens were both imprinted on cytologic slides and submitted to ER
      determination with a dextran-coated charcoal method. Patients were stratified by
      ER levels ranging from 0 to greater than or equal to 200 fmol/mg protein.
      Measurements were performed on cytologic imprint technique smears in five cases
      from each ER strata, using a computer-assisted tracing device. Nuclear,
      cytoplasmic, and cellular parameters were measured on 50 cells per case. The
      cytometric findings were correlated with ER concentrations. A statistically
      significant correlation between decreasing area (P = 0.011), perimeter (P =
      0.015), maximum diameter (P = 0.034), minimum diameter (P = 0.008), and volume (P
      = 0.01) of nuclei and increasing ER levels was found. With regard to whole cells,
      the following parameters significantly decreased versus increasing ER levels:
      area (P = 0.038), perimeter (P = 0.046), minimum diameter (P = 0.011), and volume
      (P = 0.044). A statistically significant relationship between the decreasing
      cytoplasmic perimeter (P = 0.025), i.e., nuclear plus cellular perimeter, and
      increasing ER content was found. Cytoplasmic area and nuclear to cytoplasmic
      ratio (N/C) did not correlate with the amount of ER. In all classes of different
      ER concentration, cells and nuclei displayed a regular shape closer to a circle
      than to an ellipse. The results of the current investigation indicate that tumors
      with higher ER concentration are composed of smaller cells with smaller nuclei
      than are tumors with lower ER content.

PMID- 2411386
TI  - Malignant plasmacytic ascites. A report of two cases and a review of the
      literature.
AB  - Two patients with ascites due to peritoneal involvement by multiple myeloma are
      reported and seven previously described cases of plasmacytic ascites are
      reviewed. In all nine cases, ascitic fluid contained large numbers of bizzare,
      immature plasma cells. Although the cells were often difficult to characterize by
      light microscopy, they could be rapidly identified as malignant plasma cells by
      immunofluorescent demonstration of monoclonal, intracellular immunoglobulin as
      performed in one of the patients. This rare extramedullary complication of plasma
      cell neoplasia has been unresponsive to therapy and rapidly fatal, with a median
      survival of 2 months.

PMID- 2411388
TI  - Aspiration cytology of Ewing's sarcoma. Light and electron microscopic
      correlations.
AB  - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens from 15 histologically proven cases of
      Ewing's sarcoma of the bone were studied by both light and electron microscopy.
      Large glycogen deposits in the Ewing's sarcoma cells could be easily recognized
      in smears stained routinely with Diff-Quik (American Scientific Product, McGraw
      Park, IL). These deposits appeared as punched-out clear spaces in the cytoplasm.
      Ultrastructurally the tumor cells could be divided into chief cells and dark
      cells. The chief cells were further categorized based on their nuclear
      morphologic features into cleaved, noncleaved, and intermediate cells. The
      dominant cell was noncleaved in eight, cleaved in three, and intermediate in four
      cases. All five tumors with abundant glycogen were composed predominantly of
      noncleaved cells. The tumor cells in aspiration material appeared to be irregular
      in shape, and some had cytoplasmic processes. In one tumor these processes were
      quite prominent; this caused some difficulty in differentiation from
      neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2411387
TI  - Lectin distinction of benign from malignant histiocytes.
AB  - Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA) staining of malignant histiocytosis (two cases)
      and tissue infiltrates of monoblastic leukemia revealed two distinct macrophage
      histiocyte types: one with cytoplasmic staining (RCA+), the other without (RCA-).
      RCA+ cells corresponded to benign-appearing histiocytes without nuclear atypia,
      whereas RCA-cells were cytologically malignant. In one case of malignant
      histiocytosis, many RCA-tumor cells were surrounded by a thin cytoplasmic
      extension of RCA+ cells, which suggested an interaction between the tumor cells
      and stromal macrophage-histiocytes. These observations support the view that most
      benign-appearing histiocytes in malignant histiocytosis are reactive in nature
      and suggest that RCA staining can be useful in distinguishing between benign and
      malignant disorders of macrophage-histiocytes.

PMID- 2411389
TI  - Operating and recovery room nurses initiate research.

PMID- 2411390
TI  - Differentiation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in acinar carcinoma of rat
      pancreas.
AB  - Analysis of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in pancreatic acinar carcinoma of
      rat by measurement of N-[methyl-3H]scopolamine binding has revealed a single
      homogenous population of muscarinic receptors in the tumor. The plasmalemma
      density (approximately 25 receptors/micron 2 of cell membrane surface) and
      dissociation constant (approximately 0.4 nM) of muscarinic receptors in acinar
      carcinoma cells are identical to the density and affinity of muscarinic receptors
      in normal acinar cells of rat pancreas. Muscarinic receptors in the carcinoma are
      functionally linked to cholinergic stimulation of cellular Ca2+ release. An
      equivalent number of functional muscarinic receptors is present in poorly
      differentiated carcinoma cells which are deficient in zymogen granules and
      protein secretion, as compared to well-differentiated carcinoma cells which
      contain granules and secrete protein in response to cholinergic stimulation.
      These observations indicate that muscarinic cholinergic receptors are displayed
      in normal fashion on tumor membranes and are fully expressed in carcinoma cells
      regardless of their degree of secretory development. Expression of muscarinic
      cholinergic receptors is thus a stable phenotypic property of pancreatic acinar
      carcinoma cells. This suggests that muscarinic receptor maturation is an early
      event in the differentiation of pancreatic exocrine cells, preceding acquisition
      of secretory responsiveness to cholinergic stimulation.

PMID- 2411391
TI  - Increased labeling of human melanoma cells in vitro using combinations of
      monoclonal antibodies recognizing separate cell surface antigenic determinants.
AB  - A panel of mouse anti-melanoma monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) were analyzed for
      reactivity with human melanoma cells singly and in combination. Five MoAb, ZME
      018, 96.5, P94, 4.2, and 5.1, reactive with individual cell surface melanoma
      associated antigens were tested with seven melanoma cell lines and seven fresh
      tumor biopsies. Cells were incubated with the MoAb, indirectly stained with
      fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin, and analyzed by flow
      cytometry. Percentage of labeled cells and relative fluorescence intensity (FI)
      with individual MoAb varied with different cell lines and biopsy samples. The
      most reactive MoAb, ZME-018, 96.5, and P94, labeled 29-93% of the cells from cell
      lines with relative FI of 2-59 units, thereby demonstrating phenotypic diversity
      of these cells. Similar results were obtained with cells derived from tumor
      biopsies, where 1-73% of cells were labeled and relative FI ranged from 0-27.
      These variations were reduced by using a "cocktail" of MoAb which recognized
      different melanoma-associated antigens. In cell lines both the percentage of
      labeled cells (range, 82-95%) and relative FI (range, 36-115) increased
      substantially (P less than 0.025 and P less than 0.005, respectively) when a
      "cocktail" prepared from all five MoAb rather than individual MoAb was used. A
      cocktail of MoAb increased the percentage of labeled tumor biopsy cells (range,
      53-78; P less than 0.01) and relative FI (range, 11-69; P less than 0.025). The
      mean FI obtained by incubating cells with a cocktail of suboptimal concentrations
      of three MoAb (ZME-018, 96.5, P94) was 48 +/- 12 (SD), which was significantly
      increased compared to the mean FI seen with suboptimal concentrations of MoAb
      alone (ZME-018, 7 +/- 10; 96.5, 8 +/- 7; P94, 2 +/- 2; P less than 0.005). These
      findings were confirmed by radioimmunoassay using a combination of two MoAb, ZME
      018 and 96.5. The data suggest that cocktails of MoAb were more effective than
      single MoAb alone for melanoma tumor cell labeling in vitro and might be more
      effective for tumor imaging and therapy.

PMID- 2411392
TI  - Effects of guanine ribonucleotide accumulation on the metabolism and cell cycle
      of human lymphoid cells.
AB  - A deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity is associated with
      marked depletion of T-lymphocytes which is felt to be mediated by accumulation
      and further metabolism of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase substrate, 2'
      deoxyguanosine. Human T-lymphoblasts incubated in the presence of 2'
      deoxyguanosine and the purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor 8-aminoguanosine
      accumulate deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate whereas B-lymphoblasts and mature T4+
      cell lines accumulate GTP under identical conditions. We have compared the
      effects of guanine ribo- and deoxyribonucleotide accumulation on the metabolism
      and cell cycle of the respective cell lines. Deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate
      elevations in T-lymphoblasts are associated with inhibition of [3H]uridine
      incorporation into DNA and a complete block at the G1-S interface of the cell
      cycle. In contrast 3- to 5-fold increases in guanosine 5'-triphosphate pools in B
      lymphoblasts and mature T-cell lines do not inhibit [3H]uridine incorporation
      into DNA or RNA but do cause a pronounced slowing in the progression of cells
      through S phase. B-lymphoblasts deficient in the salvage enzyme hypoxanthine
      guanine phosphoribosyltransferase do not accumulate guanosine 5'-triphosphate
      from 2'-deoxyguanosine and progress normally through the cell cycle,
      demonstrating a requirement for guanine salvage to inhibit cell growth. Guanine
      ribonucleotide accumulation was also associated with inhibition of de novo purine
      biosynthesis and a moderate decline in adenine nucleotide pools but not with
      inhibition of protein synthesis or alterations in basal levels of 3':5'-cyclic
      adenosine monophosphate or 3':5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate. We conclude that
      the accumulation of guanine ribonucleotides by actively cycling human lymphoid
      cells is associated with an increase in S-phase cells and inhibition of growth.
      This effect is distinctly different from that produced by 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'
      triphosphate and should be taken into account in pharmacological studies with 2'
      deoxyguanosine and its analogues.

PMID- 2411393
TI  - Homology between rat liver RNA populations during development, regeneration, and
      neoplasia.
AB  - To investigate the degree of homology which may exist between rat liver RNA
      populations during development, regeneration, and neoplasia, we hybridized
      polyadenylated RNAs from (a) normal adult, (b) 24-h regenerating, (c) 20-day
      fetal livers, and (d) the transplantable Morris hepatoma 5123tc to homologous and
      heterologous complementary DNAs and to cDNAs enriched for sequences
      preferentially transcribed in either adult or fetal liver. We also compared the
      in vitro translation products of these RNAs. Analyses of normal adult,
      regenerating, and fetal liver RNA populations and their translation products show
      that the overall pattern of gene expression during liver regeneration differs
      little from that of normal adult rat liver and that mature hepatocytes do not
      appear to revert to an "immature" state upon reentering the cell cycle.
      Comparisons between fetal, normal adult, and tumor RNA populations revealed that
      RNA populations from fetal liver and the 5123tc tumor lack sequences normally
      expressed in the mature adult liver. However, the tumor does not "reexpress"
      sequences which are preferentially expressed in fetal livers.

PMID- 2411394
TI  - Differential binding of soybean agglutinin to human neuroblastoma cell lines:
      potential application to autologous bone marrow transplantation.
AB  - Normal human bone marrow cells were mixed with neuroblastoma cells from four
      different human cell lines, and the cell mixtures were separated by differential
      agglutination with soybean agglutinin (SBA). The unagglutinated cell fraction,
      previously shown to be highly enriched for the hematopoietic pluripotential stem
      cells and capable of reconstituting lethally irradiated adult patients with acute
      leukemia, was further fractionated by affinity chromatography on the lectin
      conjugated to Sepharose 6MB beads. Two independent assays, one using
      radiolabeling of the tumor cells and the other based on cloning of the
      neuroblastoma cells on agar, showed that the agglutination step alone removes 64
      76% of the radiolabeled neuroblastoma cells and 85-98% of the clonogenic cells
      from the tumor/bone marrow cell mixture. Passage of the unagglutinated
      radiolabeled cells through SBA-Sepharose columns results in further purging of 28
      53% of the neuroblastoma cells. Thus a combination of the two methods affords
      only one-log depletion for the neuroblastoma cells, compared to a three-log
      depletion achieved for a T-cell leukemia line CEM tested in parallel. It seems
      therefore that the agglutination technique, or the use of SBA-Sepharose columns,
      can be used only as a preliminary step for the purging of neuroblastoma cells
      from involved human bone marrow preparations. Staining with fluorescein
      isothiocyanate-conjugated SBA of nine different neuroblastoma cell lines,
      including the four tested in the fractionation studies, showed that more than 98%
      of the cells, of all the cell lines tested, specifically bind to the lectin,
      whereas no specific binding can be detected on the stem cell-enriched bone marrow
      cell fraction. However, the total number of receptors on the neuroblastoma cells
      is small compared to that of line CEM or normal granulocytes, which are strongly
      agglutinated by SBA. It seems therefore that the quantitative difference in the
      total number of SBA receptors is a crucial factor for purging by the
      agglutination technique or by affinity chromatography. Although these results
      show limitations to the use of both methods, this study establishes that all
      neuroblastoma cell lines tested express receptors for the lectin. Improved
      purging of neuroblastoma cells may possibly be achieved by targeting SBA-bound
      toxins or magnetic spheres to these receptors.

PMID- 2411395
TI  - Synergistic antitumor effect of fluoropyrimidines and polyinosinic-polycytidylic
      acid against L1210 leukemia.
AB  - The effect of polyriboinosinic X polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I) X poly(C)] on
      the antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) and 5-fluorouridine (FUrd) was
      evaluated in mice bearing L1210 leukemia. Coadministration intravenously of
      poly(I) X poly(C) and either FUra or FUrd on days 1,5, and 9 to mice bearing
      L1210 leukemia implanted subcutaneously resulted in a 40% greater increase in
      life span at the optimal antitumor dose versus FUra and FUrd alone. This effect
      appeared to result from greater host tolerance of a dose of FUra or FUrd which
      would otherwise be cytotoxic. The protective effect of poly(I) X poly(C) was also
      evident in non-tumor-bearing mice, as well as following administration of drug
      intraperitoneally to mice bearing the tumor implanted intraperitoneally. FUrd
      incorporation into RNA in the spleen, bone marrow, and small intestine revealed
      little or no changes after coadministration of poly(I) X poly(C). (2',
      5')Oligo(A) synthetase activity, an indication of interferon activity, was
      markedly depressed in the spleen and bone marrow following treatment with FUrd;
      however, poly(I) X poly(C) administered together with FUrd returned (2',
      5')oligo(A) synthetase activity to normal levels. These data indicate that
      poly(I) X poly(C) ameliorates the host toxicity of fluoropyrimidines, possibly
      via an interferon-mediated effect, and thereby results in enhanced therapeutic
      efficacy of the antimetabolite as an antitumor agent.

PMID- 2411396
TI  - Effects of glutathione and ethylxanthate on mitomycin C activation by isolated
      rat hepatic or EMT6 mouse mammary tumor nuclei.
AB  - Mitomycin C (MC) activation to a reactive species was studied in nuclei isolated
      from rat liver and EMT6 tumor cells. Both preparations were similar in the rate
      of 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (NBP) alkylation by MC and the levels of NADPH
      cytochrome P-450 reductase. MC activation by both hepatic and EMT6 cell nuclei
      was inhibited by the presence of O2 and by heat inactivation. NADPH was preferred
      over NADH as the source of reducing equivalents by both types of isolated nuclei.
      MC activation to alkylating metabolites was not affected when EDTA or
      diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, two Fe2+ chelating agents, was present in the
      incubation system with either preparation of isolated nuclei. Glutathione (1 and
      5 mM) and N-acetylcysteine (1 and 10 mM) both inhibited MC alkylation of NBP in
      nuclear preparations from rat liver and EMT6 tumor cells by 50-60%. Ethylxanthate
      (1 mM) effectively inhibited the MC alkylation of NBP by hepatic nuclei but was
      unable to inhibit MC alkylation of NBP by tumor cell nuclei. At 100 mM,
      ethylxanthate produced a slight stimulation in the rate of MC alkylation of NBP.
      These data are consistent with the hypothesis that MC activation in EMT6 tumor
      cells proceeds via a one electron reduction pathway which is inhibitable by
      glutathione but not inhibitable by ethylxanthate. Hepatic nuclei are apparently
      able to activate MC by either a one- or two-electron pathway.

PMID- 2411397
TI  - Cellular pharmacokinetics of mercaptopurine in human neoplastic cells and cell
      lines.
AB  - The accumulation, metabolism, and retention of mercaptopurine (MP) was studied in
      four human neoplastic cell lines (three acute leukemia lines Molt-4, CCRF-CEM,
      and HL-60; and one Burkitt's lymphoma line, Wilson), each of which was sensitive
      to MP. Two cell lines resistant to MP (WilsonR and CCRF-CEMR) were also studied.
      The cell lines were incubated for 3 h in 10 microM [14C]MP and then placed in
      drug-free media for an additional 3 h. Cell samples were obtained at regular
      intervals, and the intracellular MP metabolites were measured in the acid-soluble
      fractions by anion-exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography. MP accumulated
      progressively within cells during the 3-h drug exposure period and declined
      rapidly when the cells were placed in drug-free media. Over 80% of the
      intracellular MP was present in the form of three nucleotide metabolites, MP
      ribose monophosphate, thioxanthosine monophosphate, and thioguanosine
      monophosphate. MP ribose monophosphate was found in greatest amount, accounting
      for 59-85% of the intracellular metabolite pool. Thioxanthosine monophosphate
      thioguanosine monophosphate were detected in lesser amounts. Study of leukemic
      cells obtained from patients demonstrated a similar pattern of MP accumulation,
      metabolism, and retention, although the overall amounts of the various
      metabolites formed were less. In contrast, there was essentially no MP nucleotide
      metabolite formation in the two MP-resistant cell lines. A more complete
      understanding of the cellular pharmacokinetics of MP in human neoplastic cells is
      likely to lead to a more rational use of the drug in the clinical setting.

PMID- 2411398
TI  - Chemical structure of carbamoylating groups and their relationship to bone marrow
      toxicity and antiglioma activity of bifunctionally alkylating and carbamoylating
      nitrosoureas.
AB  - Although the antitumor effects of chloroethylnitrosoureas have been shown to be
      due primarily to DNA-DNA cross-linking by the alkylating moieties of these
      agents, the basis of the often accompanying bone marrow toxicity has been more
      controversial. We report on the relative bone marrow toxicity of four model
      nitrosoureas with different alkylating and carbamoylating activities: 1,3-bis(2
      chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea; 1,3-bis(trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea;
      chlorozotozin, (2-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3 -nitrosoureido]-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose);
      and -3-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1-nitrosourea. Inhibitions of DNA, RNA, and
      protein synthesis in murine bone marrow cells and of colony growth of myeloid
      precursor cells (granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units) were used as in
      vitro end points of myelotoxicity. Further, we determined the antiglioma activity
      of the four nitrosoureas on two human gliomas in a clonogenic tumor cell assay
      and studied the effect of the non-nitrosourea carbamoylators potassium cyanate,
      chloroethyl isocyanate, cyclohexyl isocyanate, ethyl isocyanate, and ethyl
      isothiocyanate on granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units. The results show
      that, at equivalent drug exposures, clonogenic glioma cell kill was significant
      and comparative for 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3
      (beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1-nitrosourea, and chlorozotocin; 1,3-bis(trans-4
      hydroxycyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea showed little activity. In contrast, granulocyte
      macrophage colony-forming unit toxicity was low with chlorozotocin and 1-(2
      chloroethyl)-3-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1-nitrosourea and very high with 1,3-bis(2
      chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and 1,3-bis(trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea.
      Of the isocyanates, bone marrow toxicity was highest with chloroethyl isocyanate
      and cyclohexyl isocyanate, intermediate with ethyl isocyanate, and lowest with
      KOCN and ethyl isothiocyanate. Our results indicate that (a) bifunctional
      alkylation is essential for antiglioma activity of nitrosoureas and (b)
      myelosuppression is at least partly linked with carbamoylation but that
      structural entities in the carbamoylating isocyanate rather than a quantitative
      degree of carbamoylation determine the degree of potential myelotoxicity.

PMID- 2411399
TI  - Enhancement by uridine of the anabolism of 5-fluorouracil in mouse T-lymphoma (S
      49) cells.
AB  - Uridine enhances the growth inhibition due to 5-fluorouracil (FUra) in a cultured
      mouse T-cell lymphoma (S-49). Using colony formation assays we found that
      cytotoxicity produced by 24-h continuous exposure to FUra (0.5 to 3.5 microM) was
      increased more than two-fold by simultaneous exposure to 10 microM uridine.
      Studies were undertaken to explain the mechanism by which uridine enhanced the
      cytotoxicity of FUra in S-49 cells. Uridine (10 microM) increased by about 50%
      both the anabolism of 1.0 microM [3H]FUra to acid-soluble metabolites and the
      incorporation of 1.0 microM [3H]-FUra into RNA. However, the incorporation of 1.0
      microM [3H]FUra into these fractions was less than that seen with 2.4 microM [3H]
      FUra, a dose which was equitoxic to 1.0 microM [3H]FUra plus 10 microM uridine.
      High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis of the acid-soluble metabolites of
      FUra did not show any selective change in specific FUra nucleotides, which could
      explain the increased cytotoxicity associated with 10 microM uridine. In
      addition, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine monophosphate levels and the amount of
      [3H]FUra which was incorporated into the alkali-stable, acid-insoluble fraction
      were not increased by uridine. Uridine (10 microM) inhibited de novo pyrimidine
      biosynthesis by 70%, while 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate levels were
      unchanged. Presumably, the inhibition of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis
      decreased orotic acid levels and allowed more FUra to be anabolized to 5
      fluorouridine monophosphate via orotate phosphoribosyl transferase. Furthermore,
      2.4 microM FUra inhibited the incorporation of [3H]deoxyguanosine into DNA by 50%
      after 24 h of incubation. In contrast, 1.0 microM FUra plus 10 microM uridine did
      not inhibit the incorporation of [3H]deoxyguanosine into DNA. The data suggested
      that there was a qualitative difference in the mechanism by which 1.0 microM FUra
      plus 10 microM uridine killed S-49 cells as compared to 2.4 microM FUra alone,
      and that the enhancement by uridine of the cytotoxicity of FUra was due, in part,
      to the increased anabolism of FUra to ribonucleotides.

PMID- 2411400
TI  - Weibel-Palade bodies as a marker for neovascularization induced by tumor and
      rheumatoid angiogenesis factors.
AB  - An analysis was made of ultrastructural changes in capillary endothelial cells in
      experimentally induced angiogenesis and in a human pathological situation known
      to involve increased angiogenesis. Chick chorioalloantoic membrane (CAM) showing
      a positive angiogenic response to low-molecular weight angiogenesis factor
      isolated from rat Walker sarcoma or from human rheumatoid joint was compared with
      untreated CAM. Serotonin-treated CAM provided an additional control in that
      serotonin has the capacity to stimulate endothelial cell growth in vitro but did
      not induce angiogenesis on the CAM. Human rheumatoid joints were studied using
      normal healthy human joints as controls. The number of Weibel-Palade (W-P) bodies
      per unit of cytoplasmic area were higher in tumor angiogenesis factor-treated
      CAMs (not significant) and rheumatoid angiogenesis factor-treated CAMs (P less
      than 0.008) than in untreated controls. These differences were more pronounced if
      W-P body volumetric density was analyzed (P in both cases less than 0.008).
      Serotonin-treated control CAMs did not show higher numbers of W-P body or greater
      WPV than untreated controls. Numbers of W-P body and W-P body volumetric density
      were higher (P less than 0.008) in rheumatoid joints than normal joints. Median
      values for W-P body number were 16-fold higher and, for W-P body volumetric
      density, they were up to 30-fold higher in rheumatoid joints.

PMID- 2411401
TI  - Alternating combination chemotherapy using cisplatin-bleomycin with sequential
      methotrexate-5-FU plus leucovorin rescue in patients with head and neck cancer.
AB  - Thirty-two patients (only two had previously untreated disease) with squamous
      cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with alternating combination
      chemotherapy. The regimen consisted of cisplatin (50 mg/m2) and bleomycin (30
      units) given iv on Days 1 and 2, alternated with 1 hour of sequential
      methotrexate (200 mg/m2) and 5-FU (600 mg/m2) given iv, plus oral leucovorin
      rescue on Day 22. The entire cycle was repeated every 5 weeks (less than or equal
      to five cycles). Objective tumor regression was obtained in 33% of the 30
      evaluable patients, with 13% complete regression. The median duration of response
      was only 3 months. Evidence of response occurred within one cycle, and was
      maximal after two cycles. Toxicity was very mild. Alternating combination
      chemotherapy is not more effective than either combination chemotherapy alone.

PMID- 2411402
TI  - Therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis with etoposide and 5
      azacitidine administered by continuous infusion: a Cancer and Leukemia group B
      Study.

PMID- 2411404
TI  - [Aspects of antiviral immunity in patients with multiple sclerosis].

PMID- 2411403
TI  - Activity-dependent presynaptic facilitation: an associative mechanism in Aplysia.
AB  - In studying the classical conditioning of the siphon withdrawal reflex in
      Aplysia, we have identified a neuronal mechanism that plays an important role in
      this conditioning: activity-dependent presynaptic facilitation. This review
      describes our analysis of the cellular basis of this associative mechanism.
      During the conditioning of the withdrawal reflex, the unconditioned stimulus, a
      tail shock, produces presynaptic facilitation of synaptic transmission from the
      siphon sensory neurons in the conditioned stimulus pathway. The facilitation is
      enhanced if a sensory neuron has fired action potentials just prior to receiving
      facilitatory input, as occurs during training when the conditioned stimulus
      precedes the unconditioned stimulus. This activity-dependent enhancement of
      presynaptic facilitation provides a mechanism for the temporal specificity in
      conditioning of the reflex. Activity-dependent facilitation appears to involve
      the same cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent cascade that underlies presynaptic
      facilitation in these neurons in the absence of paired spike activity. Our
      evidence suggests that it is the transient elevation of intracellular Ca2+ that
      is responsible for the enhancement of the facilitation response by paired spike
      activity. Moreover, our preliminary results indicate that Ca2+/calmodulin is able
      to potentiate the activation of adenylate cyclase in Aplysia neurons by
      facilitatory transmitter. Thus, the dual activation of the calmodulin-dependent
      cyclase by Ca2+ and transmitter may give this enzyme an important associative
      role in learning. In the conclusion, the possible phylogenetic generality of this
      associative mechanism is discussed as well as its possible role in activity
      dependent processes in neuronal development.

PMID- 2411405
TI  - Cell cycle kinetics by BrdU-Hoechst flow cytometry: an alternative to the
      differential metaphase labelling technique.
AB  - Human lymphocyte cell cycle kinetics was studied in parallel in whole blood and
      in isolated lymphocyte cultures by differential metaphase labelling and by flow
      cytometry, employing the principle of quenching of Hoechst fluorescence by BrdU
      substituted DNA. The BrdU-Hoechst flow technique yields information on the
      kinetics of cell recruitment and cell cycle progression superior to the
      differential metaphase staining, since it provides data from interphase cells,
      including cycle compartment durations, non-cycling cell fractions and transition
      probabilities. The Smith and Martin model, modified to include a fraction of non
      cycling cells, yields excellent correspondence to the experimental data. We show
      that lymphocytes isolated from Ficoll gradients respond to PHA stimulation with a
      4-6 hr delay compared to whole blood cultures or to cultures with autologous
      serum supplementation. A detailed study of the effects of such culture
      supplements on lag phase duration, cell cycle compartment length, non-cycling
      cell fractions and transition probabilities illustrates the application and
      reproducibility of the flow assay. The potential of the method is further
      documented with two examples showing the dependence of lymphocyte proliferation
      on donor age and donor genotype.

PMID- 2411406
TI  - Retinal neuropeptides in the skates, Raja clavata, R. radiata, R. oscellata
      (Elasmobranchii).
AB  - The distribution of immunoreactive neuropeptides was investigated in the retina
      of three species of skates (Raja clavata, R. radiata, R. oscellata), elasmobranch
      fish often used in electrophysiological work on the retina. Enkephalins,
      neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P and glucagon were found in different types of
      amacrine cells. All four peptides appeared in cell bodies in the innermost part
      of the inner nuclear layer. Processes from the cells containing enkephalins were
      numerous and ramified throughout the inner plexiform layer. Processes from the
      cells containing glucagon were thick and rare, and were found throughout the
      inner plexiform layer, at times with a predominance in sublaminae 1 and 4. NPY
      immunoreactive fibres appeared mainly in sublamina 1 but also in 2 or 3, and
      substance-P-immunoreactive fibres in sublaminae 1, 4 and 5. Antisera against
      somatostatin, VIP or neurotensin did not show any immunoreactivity in the skate
      retina.

PMID- 2411407
TI  - Substance P-immunoreactive neurons in the brainstem of the cat related to
      cardiovascular centers.
AB  - The distribution of substance P-immunoreactivity (SP-IR) in the brainstem and
      spinal cord of normal and colchicine-pretreated cats was analysed using the
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. Numerous SP-IR fibers are present in
      the nucleus solitarius, nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi and nucleus spinalis nervi
      trigemini, various parts of the formatio reticularis, substantia grisea centralis
      mesencephali, locus coeruleus and nucleus parabrachialis. SP-IR perikarya occur
      in the substantiae gelatinosa and intermedia of the spinal cord, the nucleus
      spinalis nervi trigemini-pars caudalis, the nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi, and the
      nucleus solitarius, as well as in the adjacent formatio reticularis and the
      medullary nuclei of the raphe. In addition, SP-IR cell bodies are located in the
      nuclei raphe magnus and incertus, ventral and dorsal to the nucleus tegmentalis
      dorsalis (Gudden), nucleus raphe dorsalis, substantia grisea centralis
      mensencephali, locus coeruleus, nucleus parabrachialis and colliculus superior.
      The results indicate that SP-IR neurons may be involved in the regulation of
      cardiovascular functions both at the central and peripheral level. A peripheral
      afferent portion seems to terminate in the nucleus solitarius and an efferent
      part is postulated to originate from the nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi and from the
      area of the nuclei retroambiguus, ambiguus and retrofacialis.

PMID- 2411408
TI  - Mesenchymal influences on the development of the adenohypophysis in the rat.
AB  - Comparative studies have been made of development of the adenohypophysis using
      the Rathke's pouch (RP)-derived model system. Rathke's pouch with associated
      mesenchyme and ventral hypothalamus, was microsurgically isolated from 15-day
      fetal rats and placed in mild trypsin solution. Three variations of donor tissue
      were isolated and transplanted beneath the kidney capsule of adult hosts: A) pure
      pouch epithelium; B) pouch epithelium plus mesenchyme; and C) pouch epithelium
      with mesenchyme and ventral hypothalamus. After 30 days the grafts were isolated
      and processed for light and electron microscopy. Cell types were characterized by
      immunostaining as well as by morphological criteria. In group A well
      differentiated mammotrophs dominated the grafts, many of which were hypertrophied
      with widely dilated endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi saccules. Mammotrophs,
      frequently with mitotic figures, were distributed evenly throughout the grafts.
      Somatotrophs and gonadotrophs were neither abundant nor well differentiated in
      group A, but were both abundant and more extensively differentiated in groups B
      and C. Both somatotrophs and gonadotrophs were typically localized at margins of
      the graft adjacent to connective tissue spaces. Well differentiated mammotrophs
      were present in groups B and C although there were fewer hypertrophied
      mammotrophs than in group A; and immunoreaction to prolactin was weaker than in
      group A. Tumor-like features found in all three groups included some loss of
      tissue integrity and large, vascular lakes unlined by endothelium. These findings
      suggest that differentiation of mammotrophs may be inhibited in part by
      mesenchyme associated with Rathke's pouch, since in the absence thereof these
      cells become hyperplastic. Conversely, differentiation of somatotrophs and
      gonadotrophs appears more dependent on these mesenchymal elements for normal
      development.

PMID- 2411409
TI  - Distribution and colocalization of neuropeptide Y- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like
      immunoreactivity in the guinea-pig heart.
AB  - The localization and distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the
      guinea-pig heart were studied by use of immunohistochemical methods. A widespread
      distribution of immunoreactive processes was observed in all regions of the
      heart. They occur either singly or together with several other immunoreactive
      processes and are most often aligned parallel to the myocardial bundles. A dense
      network of processes is present in the region of both the sinuatrial and
      atrioventricular nodes and single fibers are occasionally observed to be closely
      associated with nodal ganglion cells. Positive cell bodies were not seen within
      the heart. All small, medium and large coronary vessels are surrounded by a dense
      network of immunoreactive processes. A rich innervation at the media-adventitia
      junction of the aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior and inferior vena cava was also
      observed. Comparison of adjacent sections stained with antisera directed to avian
      pancreatic polypeptide, carboxyl-terminal hexapeptide of pancreatic polypeptide
      or neuropeptide Y demonstrated a very similar immunoreactive pattern, suggesting
      that these antisera are reacting with the same or a closely related substance.
      Likewise, the same immunoreactive patterns were observed in adjacent sections
      incubated in antiserum to neuropeptide Y or tyrosine hydroxylase, and analysis of
      elution-restained sections demonstrated that the same processes contain both
      neuropeptide Y- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity. Neuropeptide Y-
      and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity was reduced by the same magnitude
      after treatment with the sympathetic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine, but it was not
      affected by the primary sensory neurotoxin capsaicin. Furthermore, the pattern of
      neuropeptide Y- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity did not match the
      staining patterns observed with antisera to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or
      substance P or with the acetylcholinesterase staining pattern. In conclusion,
      neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the heart and great vessels coexists with
      that for catecholamines and is likely to originate from sympathetic ganglia.

PMID- 2411410
TI  - Retrograde labeling of regenerated electromotor neurons with HRP in a teleost
      fish, Sternarchus albifrons: relation to cell death.
AB  - Back-labeling of regenerated electromotor neurons in the teleost Sternarchus
      albifrons was performed to test the hypothesis that, in regenerated spinal cord,
      incorrectly located electromotor neurons are eliminated because their axons do
      not reach the correct target area (electric organ). In each cross section
      examined, all of the regenerated electromotor neurons ipsilateral to the
      implantation site were labeled with horseradish peroxidase, including those
      ectopic cells located at the edge of the cord, which are later eliminated by
      selective cell death. Retrograde labeling of these ectopic neurons demonstrates
      that their axons do extend into the correct target area (the regenerated electric
      organ). Thus total misdirection of the axons cannot be the cause of their
      subsequent cell death. We conclude that selective neuronal death in this system
      does not reflect the absence of axonal projection to the correct target area.

PMID- 2411411
TI  - Localization of substance P-like, leucine-enkephalin-like, methionine-enkephalin
      like, and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the eyestalk of the fiddler crab,
      Uca pugilator.
AB  - The occurrence and distribution of substance P (SP)-like, methionine-(Met)- and
      leucine-(Leu)-enkephalin-like, and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivities were
      determined in the neuroendocrine complex of the eyestalk of the fiddler crab, Uca
      pugilator, by immunocytochemistry. SP-like immunoreactivity was found in the
      optic peduncle, sinus gland, medulla externa, medulla interna, lamina
      ganglionaris, and retinular cells. Met-enkephalin-like and Leu-enkephalin-like
      immunoreactivity was observed in most of the retinular cells, optic peduncle,
      sinus gland, medulla terminalis, and lamina ganglionaris. However, Met-enkephalin
      like, but no Leu-enkephalin-like, immunoreactivity was seen in the medulla
      terminalis X-organ. FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity could be seen in all parts of
      the eyestalk except in the sinus gland, lamina ganglionaris, and retinular cells.
      FMRF-amide-like activity was especially strong in the three chiasmatic regions
      connecting the optic ganglia. The possibility that these four peptides may
      function as neuroregulators in the fiddler crab is discussed.

PMID- 2411412
TI  - Immunoreactive neuronal pathways of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) in the
      brain and pituitary of the teleost Gadus morhua.
AB  - Using an antiserum directed against the C-terminus of hGRH(1-44)NH2 and another
      recognizing the mid portion to C-terminal of hGRH(1-40)OH, we identify two
      immunocytochemically distinct GRH-immunoreactive systems in the brain of the
      codfish, Gadus morhua. The antiserum directed against GRF(1-44)NH2 stains cell
      bodies exclusively in the rostral pars distalis. The other antiserum
      immunoreactive with GRF(1-40)OH reacts with a population of parvocellular and
      magnocellular neuronal cell bodies in the hypothalamus and with two major axonal
      pathways which project toward the median eminence and terminate primarily in the
      pars nervosa. These results indicate the presence of at least two forms of hGRH
      like peptides in the teleost which may have different roles in the regulation of
      pituitary function.

PMID- 2411413
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of S-100 protein in stellate cells (folliculo
      stellate cells) of the anterior lobe of the normal human pituitary.
AB  - With the use of an anti-human S-100 protein antibody, it was possible to reveal a
      characteristic cell type in the anterior lobe of the normal human pituitary.
      These cells, so-called folliculo-stellate cells, were present in all pituitaries
      studied but their number varied from one gland to another. Immunoreactive cells,
      isolated or grouped, were arranged close to various secretory granulated cells.
      Especially by use of double immunoenzymatic labeling, it was evident that these
      cells are spatially related either to somatotropes, prolactin cells and
      "corticotropes", or to glycoprotein-containing cells. Such immunoreactive cells
      were rare or absent in pseudo-follicular arrangements of secretory granulated
      cells. Since it is now possible to identify this cell type by light microscopy
      and since no reliable functional significance is known, it seems more advisable
      to term this cell type "stellate cell" instead of "folliculo-stellate cell".

PMID- 2411415
TI  - [Use of a coagglutination technic with labelled staphylococcal protein A and a
      stain reagent and urine in the rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever].

PMID- 2411414
TI  - Neuropeptides in the gastrointestinal canal of Necturus maculosus. Distribution
      and effects on motility.
AB  - The presence and distribution of regulatory peptides in nerves and endocrine
      cells of the stomach, intestine and rectum of a urodele amphibian, the mudpuppy,
      Necturus maculosus, was studied immunohistochemically in sections or whole-mount
      preparations of the gut wall. The effect of the occurring peptides on gut
      motility was studied in isolated strip preparations of circular and longitudinal
      smooth muscle from different parts of the gut. Bombesin-, neurotensin-, substance
      P- and VIP-like immunoreactivity was present in abundant nerve fibres in the
      myenteric plexus of both stomach, intestine and rectum. Single fibres or bundles
      were present in the circular muscle layer and in a well-developed deep muscular
      plexus in the intestine and rectum. Immunoreactive nerve cells were found in the
      myenteric plexus of the stomach, intestine (neurotensin only) and rectum.
      Gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivity was observed only in a few fibres in stomach
      and rectum. Endocrine cells containing bombesin-, met-enkephalin-, gastrin/CCK-,
      neurotensin-, somatostatin- or substance P- like immunoreactivity were present in
      the mucosa. The effect of bombesin was an inhibition of the rhythmic activity in
      circular muscle preparations and in longitudinal muscle from the rectum, while
      longitudinal muscle from the stomach usually responded with a weak increase in
      tonus. Neurotensin, like-bombesin, was inhibitory on the spontaneous rhythmic
      activity of circular muscle throughout the gut, while the effect on longitudinal
      muscle was an increase in tonus. Met-enkephalin and substance P increased the
      tonus of all types of preparations, and often, in addition, initiated a rhythmic
      activity superimposed on this maintained tonus. VIP had a general inhibitory
      effect on the preparations, decreasing tonus and/or abolishing rhythmic activity.
      It is concluded that bombesin-, neurotensin-, substance P- and VIP-like peptides
      are present in nerves throughout the urodele gut and may have physiological
      functions in regulating the motility of the gut. The gastrin/CCK-like peptide
      present in nerves of the stomach and rectum may affect the function of these
      parts of the gut. The regulatory peptides present in endocrine cells may, perhaps
      with the exception of the somatostatin-like peptide, affect the motility
      humorally.

PMID- 2411416
TI  - On the origin of RNA splicing and introns.

PMID- 2411417
TI  - Circumsporozoite proteins of malaria parasites.

PMID- 2411418
TI  - The molecular biology of intermediate filaments.

PMID- 2411419
TI  - The phosphoform of the regulatory subunit RII of cyclic AMP-dependent protein
      kinase possesses intrinsic topoisomerase activity.
AB  - The phosphoform of the type II regulatory subunit (phospho-RII-cAMP) of cAMP
      dependent protein kinase from rat liver was found to possess intrinsic
      topoisomerase activity towards several DNA substrates such as phi X174, pBR322,
      SV40, and M13. Like the type I topoisomerases from several eukaryotic cells,
      phospho-RII X cAMP can relax both positive and negative superhelical turns of phi
      X174 DNA. Topological isomers with a decreasing number of superhelical turns can
      be identified as transient products. Conditions under which phospho-RII X cAMP
      relaxes superhelical phi X174 DNA lead to transient formation of a DNA-phospho
      RII X cAMP complex via DNA strand breakage and covalent attachment of the DNA to
      a tyrosine residue of phospho-RII X cAMP via a phospho-RII X cAMP depends on the
      presence of cAMP and is altered by changes in the degree of phosphorylation of
      RII. Both dephosphorylation and removal of cAMP from phospho-RII X cAMP abolish
      its topoisomerase activity.

PMID- 2411420
TI  - Interaction of fibronectin with its receptor on platelets.
AB  - We report that the 12,000 dalton domain of fibronectin that interacts with
      fibroblast cell surfaces also binds specifically to thrombin-inducible, saturable
      receptors on platelets. Furthermore, we have used chemical cross-linking and
      monoclonal antibodies to show that the 12,000 dalton domain of fibronectin
      interacts directly with glycoprotein IIIa at the platelet cell surface. Both
      binding and cross-linking of this domain to platelets are competed by a
      hexapeptide previously shown to block fibroblast adhesion to fibronectin.
      Finally, we show that a complex of the platelet glycoproteins IIIa and IIb binds
      to affinity columns of a cell-attachment fragment of fibronectin. These results
      localize a major fibronectin-platelet interaction to a specific domain of
      fibronectin and to a specific platelet glycoprotein.

PMID- 2411421
TI  - Receptor for the cell binding site of discoidin I.
AB  - Discoidin I, a developmentally regulated lectin in Dictyostelium discoideum, has
      been implicated in cell-substratum adhesion and ordered cell migration during
      aggregation. This depends on the cell binding site of discoidin I, which is
      distinct from its carbohydrate binding site. We have isolated a receptor for the
      cell binding site by affinity chromatography. The receptor binds immobilized
      discoidin I in the presence of 0.3 M galactose and can be eluted with gly-arg-gly
      asp-his-asp, a synthetic peptide the sequence of which is found in discoidin I,
      and which blocks cell migration into aggregates. The receptor is a
      developmentally regulated cell-surface glycoprotein of apparent Mr approximately
      67,000. Univalent antibodies specific for this glycoprotein block aggregation.

PMID- 2411422
TI  - Cytotoxic T cells recognize fragments of the influenza nucleoprotein.
AB  - Recent work has shown that a major population of murine influenza A specific
      cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) recognize the viral nucleoprotein. In order to
      investigate the mechanism by which this nonglycoprotein component of the virus is
      recognized by CTL, a series of deletion mutants of an A virus NP gene were
      studied. The results showed that CTL recognize three distinct epitopes of the NP
      molecule. Both N- and C-terminal fragments of the protein are transported,
      independently of each other, to the site of recognition by CTL. These findings
      imply that a mechanism may exist for transport to the cell surface and
      presentation to CTL, of viral proteins and protein fragments that lack defined
      signal sequences.

PMID- 2411423
TI  - Tumor-promoting phorbol esters induce angiogenesis in vitro.
AB  - A crucial event during angiogenesis is the invasion of the perivascular
      extracellular matrix by sprouting endothelial cells. To investigate the possible
      role of proteases in endothelial cell invasiveness in vitro, bovine microvascular
      endothelial cells (BMEC) grown on collagen gels were treated with phorbol
      myristate acetate (PMA), a tumor promoter that markedly increases their
      production of collagenase and plasminogen activator. Whereas control BMEC were
      confined to the surface of the gels, PMA-treated BMEC invaded the underlying
      collagen matrix, where they formed an extensive network of capillary-like tubular
      structures. This phenomenon, which mimics some of the events occurring during
      angiogenesis in vivo, required protein synthesis and intercellular contact, was
      accompanied by collagen degradation, and was prevented by the metalloprotease
      inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline.

PMID- 2411424
TI  - Ty element transposition: reverse transcriptase and virus-like particles.
AB  - We have found reverse transcriptase activity and virus-like particles only in
      yeast cells that contain a galactose-promoted Ty element induced on galactose.
      The cofractionation of reverse transcriptase, genomic-length Ty RNA, and a Ty
      specified protein antigen in a particulate fraction and the ability of this
      complex to synthesize specifically a product that is homologous to the entire Ty
      suggest that reverse transcription of Ty RNA takes place in the particle. The
      absence of appreciable levels of reverse transcriptase and particles in uninduced
      cells despite the presence of at least 35 copies of chromosomal Ty elements
      suggest that some of these elements may be defective. The numerous virus-like
      particles visible in thin sections of Ty transposition-induced cells appear not
      to be infectious. These particles resemble the intracisternal A-type particles of
      the mouse and copia particles of Drosophila. The results support the idea that Ty
      elements and retroviruses share a common origin.

PMID- 2411425
TI  - Posttranscriptional mechanisms are responsible for accumulation of truncated c
      myc RNAs in murine plasma cell tumors.
AB  - c-myc Messenger RNAs are known to be extremely unstable (t1/2 = 10 min) in normal
      and tumor cells, suggesting that degradation could play an important role in
      regulating their steady state level in the cytoplasm. We have investigated the
      stabilities of c-myc mRNAs in three murine plasmacytomas, where the c-myc gene
      either remains intact (ABPC20) or exists in a truncated form (MPC-11 and J558L)
      subsequent to 6;15 or 12;15 chromosome translocations respectively, and in an A
      MuLV-induced pre-B lymphoma line (18-81.5) that lacks chromosome translocations
      and contains both c-myc genes in their normal context. The truncated myc genes in
      J558L and MPC-11 lack the promoters of the normal gene but are transcribed from
      cryptic promoters within the first c-myc intron. We found that
      posttranscriptional processes are largely responsible for the higher steady state
      accumulations of truncated c-myc transcripts, while broken and intact c-myc genes
      are transcribed at comparable rates.

PMID- 2411426
TI  - The role of cap methylation in the translational activation of stored maternal
      histone mRNA in sea urchin embryos.
AB  - Cap methylation was examined in the early sea urchin embryo. Nucleotide analyses
      of 3H-methyl methionine-labeled RNA in two-cell embryos and in unfertilized eggs
      show that fertilization activates the cap methylation of about 10(7) RNA
      molecules. Greater than 37% of methyl-labeled RNAs following fertilization
      hybridize with so-called early histone genes H1, H4, and H2B, which encode a
      subpopulation of the maternal mRNA molecules. Activation of RNA cap methylation
      is inhibited by aphidicolin, but not by actinomycin D, suggesting that this
      process is temporally coordinated with DNA replication, but independent of RNA
      transcription. These results indicate that the translational activation of
      maternal early histone mRNA during fertilization is a consequence of cap
      methylation of mRNAs incompletely formed during oogenesis.

PMID- 2411427
TI  - Single channel currents in mouse embryonal multipotential carcinoma cells.
AB  - Electrical membrane properties of embryonal non-differentiated carcinoma cells
      which have been extensively used for the study of early mammalian embryogenesis
      were investigated by using patch clamp techniques. These multipotential cells
      were found to contain a restricted repertoire of a small number of ionic channels
      on the whole cell membrane. The most abundant type was a voltage- and calcium
      activated potassium channel with characteristics similar to those described in
      fully differentiated cells.

PMID- 2411428
TI  - Role of the L3T4 antigen in T-cell activation. I. Description of a monoclonal IgM
      antibody to a distinct epitope (L3T4b) of the L3T4 antigen and its effect on
      interleukin 1-induced thymocyte proliferation.
AB  - This report describes a new rat monoclonal IgM/k antibody, monoclonal antibody
      (MAb) 2B6, which reacts with a cell surface antigen present on a subpopulation of
      both thymocytes (85%) and peripheral T lymphocytes (55-60%). The antigen
      recognized by MAb 2B6 has multiple properties in common with the L3T4 antigen, as
      defined by the recently described MAb GK1.5. Thus, MAb 2B6 and MAb GK1.5 give
      very similar flow cytometry staining patterns on thymocytes, purified spleen T
      cells and all tested T-cell hybridomas. Depletion of MAb 2B6-positive cells with
      antibody and complement led to simultaneous depletion of MAb GK1.5-positive
      cells, and vice versa. Depletion of Lyt 2-positive cells led to enrichment of
      both MAb 2B6- and MAb GK1.5-positive cells. Both MAb 2B6 and MAb GK1.5
      immunoprecipitate the same pattern of cell surface molecules from detergent
      extracts of radiolabeled thymocytes, the main components being a 55-kDa and a 115
      kDa band. We therefore conclude that MAb 2B6 reacts with the L3T4 antigen.
      Interestingly, MAb 2B6 and MAb GK1.5 do not cross-block and therefore most
      probably react with distinct epitopes on the L3T4 molecule. The determinant
      recognized by MAb GK1.5 is called L3T4a. We suggest that the determinant
      recognized by MAb 2B6 be named L3T4b. As MAb 2B6 was selected for its ability to
      inhibit the action of interleukin 1 (IL-1) in the thymocyte costimulator assay,
      it is likely that the L3T4 molecule is functionally involved in the events taking
      place during IL-1 induction of thymocyte proliferation.

PMID- 2411430
TI  - T cells function via restricted recognition of antigen, not antigen-restricted
      recognition.

PMID- 2411429
TI  - Fine specificity analysis of human influenza-specific cloned cell lines.
AB  - Influenza-specific human-T-cell clones, proliferating in the presence of virus
      infected cells with restriction by class II molecules and displaying class II
      restricted CTL activity or specific helper activity in antibody synthesis, have
      been analyzed for antigenic specificities. All of them were obtained by in vitro
      stimulation against influenza A/Texas virus. In all cases the virus specificity
      appeared identical in cytolytic and proliferative responses. Three of the clones
      were broadly cross-reactive, recognizing all or almost all type A influenza
      strains. The three remaining clones were subtype specific when tested with human
      strains and recognized the surface glycoproteins of influenza virus. One of these
      lines reacted with an epitope of the neuraminidase N2 while the other two
      recognized the hemagglutinin H3. By using a large panel of mammalian and avian
      influenza strains, it can be demonstrated that hemagglutinin-specific human T
      cells can recognize a cross-reacting determinant shared by H3 and H4 subtypes of
      hemagglutinin which has never been detected with antibodies.

PMID- 2411431
TI  - Synergistic interaction of a cytokine produced by embryonic fibroblasts and a
      lymphokine contained in Con A-stimulated spleen cell culture for murine
      macrophage differentiation: a model experiment using cell line cells, M1.
AB  - The modulating activity of the culture supernatant of Con A-stimulated murine
      spleen cells for macrophages was investigated by using M-1 cells, which could
      differentiate into macrophage-like cells (referred to as M+1 hereafter),
      cocultured in a conditioned medium (CM) containing a differentiation factor (DF)
      obtained from the secondary culture of murine embryonic fibroblasts. DF induced
      Ia antigens on M-1 cells at a high rate in parallel with the appearance of Fc
      receptor (FcR)-dependent phagocytic activity for erythrocytes coated with an
      antibody (EA). In contrast, Con A-sup alone had no modulating effect on M-1
      cells. However, the Con A-sup stimulates synergistically M-1 cells with DF. Thus,
      coculture of M-1 cells with Con A-sup and DF generates M++1 cells which possess
      higher phagocytic activity than M+1 cells. These cells also exhibited stronger
      accessory cell activity than M+1 cells when tested for their promoting effect on
      IL-2 production by Sephadex G-10-passed spleen cells. The accessory cell activity
      of M++1 cells was further enhanced by culture with lymphocytes in the presence of
      indomethacin while that of M+1 cells did not change. These findings suggest that
      M-1 cells probably acquire potentiating, as well as inhibitory activity at the
      same time when cultured with DF and Con A-sup. The functional maturation caused
      by Con A-sup seemed to be associated with the expression of a receptor for a
      lymphokine, termed phagocytosis-augmenting factor (PAF) which is present in the
      Con A-sup. Such a receptor appeared to be common to macrophage lineage, since PAF
      in Con A-sup was absorbed out with splenic adherent cells and peritoneal exudate
      cells (PEC) in addition to M+1 cells, but not with nonadherent splenic
      lymphocytes or lymphoid cell line cells, such as EL-4 and L-1210. This fact
      suggests that PAF is different from interferon-gamma (IFN) which is known to
      modulate the function of lymphocytes. Inability of PAF to bind Cibacron Blue
      Sepharose, unlike IFN, supports this notion. The molecular weight of PAF is
      approximately 2-3 X 10(4). Thus, the present studies suggest the requirement of
      at least two signals for the full maturation of macrophages, a cytokine
      represented by DF and a lymphokine, by PAF.

PMID- 2411432
TI  - Antigen-specific augmentation of delayed-type hypersensitivity by immune serum
      factor in mice.
AB  - The serum from C3H/He mice immunized with chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) in complete
      Freund's adjuvant contained a factor able to augment delayed-type
      hypersensitivity (DTH) antigen specifically, when transferred into naive
      syngeneic recipient mice before their sensitization with CRBC. This activity in
      immune serum appeared on Day 4 and reached a peak on Day 8 after immunization,
      and was enhanced when donor mice were treated with cyclophosphamide (CY) 2 days
      before immunization. The ability of recipient mice to respond to this factor was
      enhanced by CY treatment of these mice 4 days before being transferred. This
      factor could be discriminated from conventional antibodies. Production of this
      factor in the serum donor and the expression of its activity in transferred
      recipient was mediated by a T-cell subset which showed a low degree of thymus
      dependency in ontogenic development.

PMID- 2411433
TI  - Gangliosides inhibit phenotypic and functional properties of an encephalitogenic
      T-helper lymphocyte line.
AB  - Gangliosides were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the phenotype and
      function of an encephalitogenic T-helper lymphocyte line from Lewis rats (BP-1),
      which responds specifically to guinea pig myelin basic protein (GP-BP). After
      activation for 3 days with GP-BP, the BP-1 line induced a lethal form of
      experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in recipient rats 3-6 days after
      intraperitoneal injection. Incubation of activated BP-1 line cells with 250
      microM gangliosides for 1 hr prior to injection prevented EAE completely in 5/14
      recipients and markedly reduced the severity of clinical signs and histologic
      lesions in the rest. Similar treatment of BP-1 cells with galactocerebroside had
      no inhibitory effect. Both individual and mixed gangliosides inhibited accessory
      cell-dependent activation of BP-1 cells with GP-BP. Gangliosides also inhibited
      BP-1 activation with a cell-free supernatant containing accessory cell-processed
      GP-BP and rat Ia molecules, suggesting that the inhibition was not restricted to
      accessory cell function. In addition to inhibiting antigen-dependent
      proliferation, gangliosides inhibited IL-2 dependent cell growth. Furthermore,
      individual and mixed gangliosides blocked binding of anti-T-helper cell antibody
      (W3/25) to the BP-1 line, while galactocerebroside, ceramide, and sialic acid had
      no inhibitory effect. Cell surface staining of T-total, T-non-helper, or Ia
      determinants was relatively unaffected by gangliosides. Taken together, the
      immunomodulatory properties of gangliosides on T-effector cell function lend
      biologic importance to the increased levels of gangliosides which have been
      reported in human diseases with immunoregulatory abnormalities such as multiple
      sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer.

PMID- 2411434
TI  - Disruption of phospholipid asymmetry in erythrocyte vesicles deficient in
      spectrin.
AB  - The transbilayer distribution of phospholipids in right-side-out and inside-out
      vesicles derived from human erythrocytes was studied by phospholipase A2
      digestion assays and by staining with the fluorescent dye merocyanine 540. In
      both types of vesicles, the normal asymmetric distribution of phospholipids
      characteristic of intact cells was disrupted. Because both types of vesicles are
      deficient in spectrin, the major protein of the cytoskeletal network which
      normally underlies the membrane, these results support the contention that
      spectrin is involved in the maintenance of phospholipid asymmetry.

PMID- 2411435
TI  - Purification of fetal rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Fetal rat hepatocytes of greater than 90% purity from 16 and 20 day fetuses were
      prepared by combining the use of sedimentation at unit gravity and discontinuous
      Percoll gradients. With slight modification the method could also be used to
      purify 13 day fetal rat hepatocytes. At each day examined the method produced
      several subpopulations of hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were identified by morphology
      and the presence of alpha-fetoprotein. Fetal hepatocytes purified in this way
      were able to attach to a substratum, and retained the ability to synthesize alpha
      fetoprotein in short-term culture.

PMID- 2411436
TI  - Variants of polyoma-transformed BHK21 cells unresponsive to fibronectin.
AB  - To investigate the relation between cell-substratum adhesion and cell-spreading
      we have isolated variants of anchorage-independent cells which fail to adhere to
      fibronectin. The variants are poorly adhesive both to fibronectin and serum, show
      dramatically altered morphology in culture and are unable to spread on any
      protein-coated surface yet tested.

PMID- 2411437
TI  - Comparative study of different types of treatments in chronic active hepatitis.
AB  - Ninety-six patients with pathologically-proven, chronic, active hepatitis were
      studied to evaluate different lines of treatment. Patients were divided into the
      following groups: control (followed without specific active treatment),
      corticosteroid group, azathioprine group, corticosteroid and azathioprine group,
      chlorambucil group, 5-fluorouracil group, colchicine group and isoprinosine
      group. Patients were followed clinically, biochemically, and histopathologically.
      Results showed that patients put on any therapeutic regimen did either the same
      or worse than the control group left without active therapy. There was no
      difference in response to treatment between HBsAg +ve or -ve patients; both
      groups showed no improvement. Some patients given active treatment developed the
      side effects and complications from the drug used.

PMID- 2411438
TI  - [Clinical and experimental study on the treatment of severe subacute hepatitis
      with traditional Chinese medicinal compounds].

PMID- 2411439
TI  - [Recent findings on the molecular biology of Plasmodium antigens].
AB  - The cloning of several genes coding for Plasmodium antigens has allowed to
      determine the nucleotide sequence of these genes and to deduce the amino acid
      sequence of the antigens. In this review we summarize the first results
      concerning the CSP of P. knowlesi and P. falciparum as well as several antigens
      from the asexual erythrocytic stages. These antigens show the unique feature to
      contain one or several antigenic determinants composed of repetitive units.

PMID- 2411440
TI  - Mouse cell clones for improved quantitation of carcinogen-induced altered
      differentiation.
AB  - Two new mouse epidermal cell lines have been isolated and characterized as target
      cells for three chemical carcinogens. The ability to grow these cells at low
      density (approximately 5 clonogenic cells/cm2) has permitted more precise
      quantitation of chemical carcinogen-induced changes in epidermal differentiation.
      The cell lines, designated 291 and 271c, retain the property previously observed
      in primary cultures of mouse epidermal cells, that is the regulation of terminal
      differentiation by extracellular Ca2+ ion. Altered response to extracellular Ca2+
      after carcinogen treatment of these cells is the basis of the assay endpoint.
      Other normal properties demonstrated by these cells are keratin
      immunofluorescence patterns, ability to form cornified envelopes in response to
      Ca2+ and a lack of tumorigenicity. Both of the lines have high cloning
      efficiencies (up to 20%) and characteristic epidermal morphology. Their
      chromosome number, however, is near tetraploid. Dose response studies indicated
      an increase in colonies with altered response to Ca2+ proportional to the dose of
      three chemical carcinogens: DMBA 0.001-0.5 microgram/ml X 24 h, MCA 0.01-5
      micrograms/ml X 24 h and MNNG 0.01-0.2 micrograms/ml X 1 h. The optimized assay
      protocol has provided a reproducible means of quantitating carcinogen-altered
      epidermal cells relative to carcinogen dose, and of isolating cell clones for
      studies of altered differentiation in carcinogenesis and chemotherapy.

PMID- 2411441
TI  - In vitro transformation and tumor promotion studies of styrene and styrene oxide.
AB  - The carcinogenic properties of styrene and styrene oxide were investigated using
      C3H/10T1/2C18 cells as a test system. In vitro transformation was not observed
      for either of the two chemicals; however, styrene oxide at three different
      concentrations enhanced the morphological transformation in the two-stage
      transformation assay. 0.1, 1 and 10 microM styrene oxide added twice weekly
      resulted in 32.4, 26.8 and 31.4 per cent of the dishes with one or more type III
      foci. Styrene and styrene oxide were only slightly toxic to the cells at the
      concentrations used. Styrene oxide did not affect the growth rate of the
      C3H/10T1/2 cells at 10 microM. However, 100 microM styrene oxide added to
      logarithmically growing cells caused a significant decrease in growth rate within
      24 to 48 h. The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate inhibited
      DNA synthesis approximately 60% 8 h after initiation of treatment. When styrene
      oxide at concentrations up to 100 microM was tested in a similar experiment,
      however, no significant effect was observed. Total RNA synthesis increased by 70%
      1.5 h after initiation of treatment at 1 microM styrene oxide; this effect was
      not seen after 24 h. Styrene oxide at concentrations of 1 and 0.1 microM
      stimulated the incorporation of [3H]choline into cells by approximately 20%
      during a 2 h incubation, the major site of incorporation being the nuclear
      associated endoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 2411442
TI  - Beyond the milestone model--a systems framework for alternative infant assessment
      procedures.
AB  - Recent theoretical and methodological advances in developmental psychology offer
      new possibilities in the assessment of developmentally disordered infants which
      carry significant advantages over current procedures. It is argued that infant
      competence is not solely a quality inherent within the individual, but is a
      function of a particular individual within a particular environment. The
      understanding of early developmental processes as being based upon infant
      environment transactions, requires an assessment methodology which can take
      account of complex and changing relationships, and can recognize the role of the
      infant in determining characteristics of the caregiving environment. It is
      proposed that systems theory offers a useful framework on which to construct new
      assessment procedures. Different levels of the infant environment system are
      identified, and examples of the ways in which recently developed procedures may
      be incorporated into the model are described.

PMID- 2411443
TI  - Modification of Vmax of canine cardiac Purkinje fibers and of the effects of
      lidocaine by SC-72-14.
AB  - We used standard microelectrode techniques to determine the effects of SC-72-14,
      a monoclonal antibody to the fast sodium channel, on the transmembrane potentials
      and Vmax of canine cardiac Purkinje fibers, and to study the interactions of the
      monoclonal antibody with lidocaine. SC-72-14 was prepared with receptor-rich
      membrane fragments of homogenized eel electroplax as the antigen. It reduced Vmax
      in a concentration-dependent fashion, and depressed membrane responsiveness, as
      well. These effects were attributable specifically to SC-72-14, and not to other
      substances in the vehicle. At slow rates of stimulation, the actions of SC-72-14
      and lidocaine on Vmax equaled the sum of their effects, administered alone. These
      results are consistent with the interpretation that SC-72-14 and the local
      anesthetic did not compete for the same binding site. In contrast, at fast
      stimulation rates, the use-dependent blocking effects of lidocaine were
      suppressed by SC-72-14. The basis for the interference with the use-dependent
      action of lidocaine is not readily apparent, but may be the result of SC-72-14
      induced changes in channel state, receptor affinity for drug, or the availability
      of ionized drug molecules. These possibilities all await further testing.

PMID- 2411444
TI  - Decision making in the definitive repair of the heart with a small right
      ventricle.
AB  - Data from 51 patients with small right ventricle who underwent a definitive
      repair were analyzed retrospectively. The repair was considered complete (29
      patients) when it resulted in relief of the right ventricular outflow tract
      obstruction by closure of intracardiac (atrial septal defect) and extracardiac
      (when present) shunts. The repair was considered a definitive palliation when the
      intracardiac and the extracardiac shunts were left open (11 patients). A complete
      separation of the systemic and pulmonary circulations was established with the
      use of the Fontan procedure in another 11 patients. The outcome in these patients
      correlated with the preoperative size of the right ventricular cavity as assessed
      by measurement of the tricuspid valve diameter and by consideration of the right
      ventricular morphology (based on the tripartite right ventricular concept). If
      the tricuspid valve of a tripartite right ventricle has a diameter above the
      lower 99% confidence limit of the normal mean it can be safely incorporated in a
      complete repair (p less than .01). This also applies for a right ventricle
      without a trabecular portion, provided the criteria of the Fontan operation are
      fulfilled. Right ventricles with tricuspid valve diameters smaller than the lower
      99% confidence limit of the normal mean cannot sustain total pulmonary blood
      flow. Definitive palliation should be reserved for use in patients whose right
      ventricles are too small for complete repair and who are not suitable candidates
      for Fontan's procedure.

PMID- 2411445
TI  - Early and late results in the treatment of patients with pulmonary atresia and
      intact ventricular septum.
AB  - The courses of 22 consecutive patients with pulmonary atresia and intact
      ventricular septum who underwent surgery between 1977 and 1984 were reviewed.
      This included 18 patients undergoing an initial surgical palliation, and four
      patients referred for a definitive procedure. A surgically oriented
      classification based on the degree of right ventricular hypoplasia was developed
      and applied. Three groups were identified and were termed the mild, moderate, and
      severe hypoplasia groups. Those in the mild and moderate groups had mild or
      moderate right ventricular and tricuspid hypoplasia with well-developed right
      ventricular outflow tracts and were therefore acceptable candidates for
      procedures to create an opening between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
      Those in the severe hypoplasia group and severe hypoplasia of the tricuspid
      valve, the right ventricle, and the right ventricle outflow tract so that
      attempts at establishing continuity with the pulmonary artery were thought to be
      unlikely to succeed. There were three patients with mild, 11 with moderate, and
      eight with severe hypoplasia. In the mild hypoplasia group, all three patients
      initially underwent valvotomy alone, but two required a shunt in the early
      postoperative period. In the moderate hypoplasia group, all patients underwent a
      valvotomy and received a central shunt with a snare, which allowed subsequent
      adjustment of pulmonary flow without thoracotomy in four patients. In the severe
      hypoplasia group, five patients received a shunt alone and one underwent
      valvotomy with atrial septectomy. This last patient represents the only early
      (less than 30 days) death in the series (6% mortality).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2411446
TI  - Histamine secretion from human skin slices induced by anti-IgE and artificial
      secretagogues and the effects of sodium cromoglycate and salbutamol.
AB  - Human cutaneous mast cells show functional differences from their counterparts in
      other tissues. Following passive sensitization with 1% atopic serum for 30 min at
      37 degrees C human skin slices released histamine after challenge with anti-human
      IgE in a concentration dependent manner. Maximum release of 14 +/- 2% was
      achieved with a 1/10 dilution of anti-IgE. Passive sensitization with 10% atopic
      serum increased the secretory response to anti-IgE but histamine release was only
      concentration related over the entire 1/1000 to 1/10 dilution range in half of
      the specimens studied, the remainder showing high dose tolerance to anti-IgE.
      Negligible histamine release occurred with anti-IgE challenge of slices which had
      not been passively sensitized. The histamine releasing ability of A23187 in human
      skin slices was similar to that observed in lung and adenoidal mast cells being
      concentration dependent over the range 0.1-3 microM with a maximum release of 25
      +/- 3%. In contrast to human lung and adenoidal mast cells, poly-L-lysine and
      compound 48/80 induced histamine release from skin slices. Poly-L-lysine induced
      a concentration-dependent release of histamine over the range 0.01-10 microM with
      a maximum of 27 +/- 3%. The response to compound 48/80 was variable, releasing in
      some but not all specimens. Histamine release caused by anti-IgE, A23187 and poly
      L-lysine was shown to be dependent upon extracellular calcium while release
      stimulated by compound 48/80 was calcium independent. The chemotactic peptide,
      formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, over the range 0.01-10 microM failed to
      release histamine from skin slices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2411447
TI  - Evidence for haemoglobins as common allergenic determinants in IgE-mediated
      hypersensitivity to chironomids (non-biting midges).
AB  - Chironomids (non-biting midges) are known to cause IgE-mediated hypersensitivity
      in man. This study compares the cross-reactivity between the chironomid midge
      Cladotanytarsus lewisi ('green nimitti'), a widespread cause of allergy in the
      Sudan and Chironomus riparius (= thummi, CTT) where larvae are used as pet fish
      food and where haemoglobins were previously shown to be major allergens. As with
      C. riparius, immature forms of C. lewisi also contain allergenic material since
      skin test responses to larval, pupal and adult extracts were obtained in Sudanese
      individuals. Crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis of the C. lewisi larval and pupal
      extracts indicate that they contain a higher proportion of the allergenic
      fractions than adults. Further evidence of common allergen determinants between
      C. lewisi and C. riparius were obtained by the demonstration of positive skin
      prick tests, in Sudanese patients, to extracts of larval, adult and isolated
      haemoglobin extracts of C. riparius. Cross-reactivity between C. lewisi and C.
      riparius was also demonstrable by RAST inhibition studies. A dose-dependent
      inhibition was observed using both the C. lewisi adult midge RAST and the C.
      riparius haemoglobin RAST, the two respective antigens, and sera from individuals
      hypersensitive to either C. lewisi or C. riparius. Due to the immunological cross
      reactivity found between these distantly related species, we conclude that
      chironomids should be seen as significant environmental and occupational
      allergens.

PMID- 2411448
TI  - Fc receptors for IgG on human neutrophils: analysis of structure and function by
      using monoclonal antibody probes.
AB  - Structural and functional characteristics of Fc receptors for IgG (Fc gamma) on
      human neutrophils were examined with two monoclonal antibody probes specific for
      the Fc gamma receptors, Leu 11b and 3G8. To determine the distribution, density,
      and membrane mobility of the Fc gamma receptor, we used immunogold staining
      techniques, flow cytometry analysis, and fluorescence microscopy. Both 3G8 and
      Leu 11b inhibited several cell functions, thereby depicting the regulatory role
      of the Fc gamma receptor in mediating neutrophil activities. Among the functions
      studied were release of lysosomal enzymes, release of superoxide anion (O2-), and
      Fc-dependent rosette formation and phagocytosis. The densities of Fc gamma
      determinants recognized by Leu 11b and 3G8 on cells from a patient with chronic
      myelogenous leukemia were less than the density of epitopes on neutrophils from a
      normal individual. Taken together, the detailed analysis of physical and
      functional aspects of the Fc gamma receptor on neutrophils described in this
      study serve as a model for further assessment of the use of Fc gamma phenotyping
      of cells as a diagnostic tool.

PMID- 2411449
TI  - Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins from patients
      with various neurological diseases.
AB  - We subjected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from over 200 patients with
      various neurological diseases to two-dimensional electrophoresis. The series
      included non-inflammatory diseases such as epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis, and polyneuropathy; and inflammatory diseases such as multiple
      sclerosis and neurolues. In the resulting electrophoretograms we considered
      mainly the region of CSF-specific proteins and the area corresponding to the
      immunoglobulin light chains. The former, at Mr 35 000-38 000, shows some
      interesting variations from one CSF to another. Samples from patients with
      various brain tumors show a specific change. A zone of oligoclonal immunoglobulin
      light chains appeared in all CSF samples with above-normal gamma-globulin
      content. These oligoclonal patterns remained constant and characteristic during
      the course of different diseases for several patients so examined. As expected,
      differences appeared in the patterns of immunoglobulin light chains from one
      individual to another, even among a group of patients with the same disease. The
      extent of the correlation of certain basic patterns with certain diseases cannot
      yet be determined.

PMID- 2411450
TI  - A human IgG1-K type M-protein with antibody activity against horse and rabbit
      alpha 2-macroglobulin.
AB  - A human IgG1-K type M-protein which specifically precipitates with alpha 2
      macroglobulin (alpha 2-M) from horse and rabbit is described. This protein did
      not combine with human alpha 2-M nor with alpha 2-M from various other species.
      The binding activity was exclusively located in the Fab region of the molecule.
      This patient had never received injection of horse anti-tetanus serum. The
      present case seems to be the second report of an M-protein with antibody activity
      against horse and rabbit alpha 2-M.

PMID- 2411451
TI  - Human chorionic gonadotrophin and subunits--heterogeneity in serum of male
      patients with tumours of the genital tract.
AB  - The pattern of secretion of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and its subunits
      in male subjects with tumours of the genital tract was examined by gel
      filtration, radioimmunoassay, immunoradiometric assay, bioassay and binding to
      Concanavalin A. The predominant form of hCG was the intact molecule but all
      patients had increased levels of free beta subunit. The intact hCG was active in
      a mouse Leydig cell bioassay and was normally glycosylated. High concentrations
      of free alpha subunit were not found and the ratio of alpha subunit: beta subunit
      was less than that in normal pregnancy. It is concluded that hCG-secreting
      tumours of the male genital tract are similar to choriocarcinoma in the female in
      that large quantities of intact hormone are produced with a disproportionate
      increase in free beta sub-unit.

PMID- 2411452
TI  - Hyperprolactinaemia, amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea due to a pituitary thyrotroph
      adenoma.
AB  - A case of hyperprolactinaemia/amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome is described. A
      prolactinoma was diagnosed, but histology of the excised tumour revealed it to be
      a thyrotoph adenoma. alpha-subunit and beta-TSH levels were lowered after the
      operation. The significance of this tumour is discussed.

PMID- 2411453
TI  - A simple method for collecting nasopharyngeal secretions, using cross-linked
      dextran.
AB  - Local immunological defence mechanisms in the human upper respiratory tract are
      incompletely defined. This is partly due to the absence of simple and
      reproducible methods for collecting undiluted secretions. The method described in
      the present study for collecting nasopharyngeal secretion was simple to perform
      and exploited the absorbing capacity of dextran, by using filterweave sacs
      containing dry dextran beads applied locally. The method enabled 100-200
      microliters undiluted fluid to be sampled from 15 of 20 healthy volunteers.
      Measurements of albumin, IgG, IgA and complement factor C3 were performed. The
      absorption procedure per se was demonstrated not to influence the distribution of
      these proteins.

PMID- 2411454
TI  - Percutaneous biliary drainage.

PMID- 2411455
TI  - Surface immunoglobulin light-chain expression by the "common" all cell line REH.
AB  - To provide further support of the B-cell lineage of "common" acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (ALL), we studied the REH cell line and found not only cytoplasmic heavy
      chain but also surface lambda light-chain expression by flow cytometry. Nucleic
      acid blotting experiments on REH revealed that both kappa genes had been deleted
      and that lambda genes had been rearranged, as expected in B cells expressing
      lambda light chain. Moreover, REH cells contained mu and lambda RNA. When REH
      cells were treated with TPA the amount of mu chain RNA increased by approximately
      fivefold and the amount of lambda chain RNA increased by approximately twofold.
      The finding of surface immunoglobulin lambda light chain in the REH cell line,
      suggests that these leukemic cells are further differentiated along the B-cell
      lineage than was previously believed.

PMID- 2411456
TI  - Familial OKT4 epitope deficiency: studies on antigen density and lymphocyte
      function.
AB  - The family of a case of hereditary deficiency of OKT4 epitope on helper T cells
      was investigated. A 30-year-old woman was found to have hardly any OKT4+ T cells
      (0.7%, normal 24-51%), but normal OKT3, OKT8, OKT11, OKIa1, Leu1, Leu2a, Leu3a,
      Leu7, and B1 positive cells. The response to mitogens (PHA, PWM, and Con A) and
      helper-or suppressor-T-cell functions of her peripheral lymphocytes were normal.
      She had normal helper-T-cell populations detected with OKT4A (39.1%) and Leu3a
      (39.5%) monoclonal antibodies. One of her sisters had the same defect, but other
      members of the family had normal lymphocyte subsets. Lymphocyte functions were
      also found to be normal in all family members examined. The peak position of the
      fluorescence intensity of OKT4+ cells was about half that of normal controls in
      five members of this family. Considering that these were carriers of OKT4 epitope
      deficiency, the OKT4 epitope abnormality was inherited as an autosomal codominant
      trait in this family. Similar OKT4 epitope deficiency with normal Leu3a+ and
      OKT4A+ cells was found in 38 of 8866 (0.43%) other subjects in Japan by the
      examination of routine blood samples.

PMID- 2411457
TI  - The treatment of pathologic and impending pathologic fractures of the proximal
      femur in the elderly.
AB  - Forty-eight pathologic and impending pathologic fractures of the proximal femur
      were surgically treated in 38 patients averaging 70 years of age. The most common
      tumors were breast (45%), multiple myeloma (24%), and lung (11%). Tumor size,
      aggressiveness, and location influenced the type of fixation. Sixty-four percent
      of the lesions were treated by flexible intramedullary nails. This "stress
      sharing" device afforded sufficient stability to provide pain relief, restore
      function, and permit healing. Pain was relieved in 92% of the patients, and 84%
      became ambulatory. The rate of fracture union for patients surviving more than
      two months was 89%. The average postsurgical survival was nine months. Internal
      fixation of pathologic and impending pathologic fractures has been recommended in
      the literature and should not be precluded by advanced age.

PMID- 2411458
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid cytopathology.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evaluations represent important diagnostic procedures
      for many pathologic conditions of the central nervous system, such as meningitis,
      encephalitis, and brain tumors. The authors' discussion of CSF cytopathology
      includes specimen collection and cytopreparation, microscopic evaluation, cell
      differential and cell counting methods, and the cellular composition of
      pathologic CSF. The accuracy of CSF cytopathology is indicated and future trends
      are noted.

PMID- 2411460
TI  - Current assessment of microhematuria and leukocyturia.
AB  - Technical advances in laboratory testing such as sensitive chemical tests and
      standardized commercial slides have significantly altered our entire approach to
      urinalysis. In addition, the recognition of the association of microhematuria
      with urologic neoplasms and the morphologically altered red blood cells with
      renal parenchymal bleeding is beginning to expand our knowledge of the
      pathogenesis of microhematuria. Future trends may include a broader range of
      chemical tests as well as a better understanding of disease processes associated
      with microhematuria.

PMID- 2411459
TI  - Assessment of tumor markers in cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - In clinical practice, the examination of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with
      primary or metastatic brain tumors is commonly limited to cytomorphologic and
      routine chemistry analysis. The relative lack of sensitivity and specificity of
      these tests has led to a search for markers that can detect nervous system
      involvement by neoplasms at an earlier stage and even predict the site of origin
      of the neoplasms. This article summarizes recent investigators of biochemical
      tumor markers and cytoplasmic and cell surface markers in cerebrospinal fluid
      from patients with nervous system tumors.

PMID- 2411461
TI  - Amniotic fluid and advances in prenatal diagnosis.
AB  - Maternal blood, amniotic fluid, and chorionic villus samples may be evaluated in
      the prenatal detection of neural tube defects, cytogenetic disorders, and inborn
      errors of metabolism. Laboratory tests for these abnormalities usually involve
      very specialized methods. They should be accompanied by equally rigorous clinical
      follow-up methods and expert counseling.

PMID- 2411462
TI  - Flow cytometry in body fluid analysis.
AB  - Flow cytometry uses state-of-the-art technology to examine quickly and accurately
      an almost limitless number of characteristics of individual cells. Present and
      future applications of flow cytometry to the study of the various body fluids are
      discussed.

PMID- 2411463
TI  - Medium-dependent properties of mycoplasmas.
AB  - Without a cell wall, the morphology, growth rate, and composition of mycoplasmas
      are culture media-dependent with variable properties best described as
      environmentally related. The adaptation of mycoplasmas to either a tissue cell or
      cell-free culture media, with dependency upon specific animal or plant products
      for survival, has led to investigations of their human host-related properties.
      The influence of culture media on the antibiotic sensitivities of mycoplasmas was
      measured by use of three different broths in two different assay systems. The
      variable results indicate that the inhibition of mycoplasma protein synthesis or
      growth may also be host-tissue dependent. The addition of noninhibitory
      penicillins to different culture media was found to affect the composition and
      antigenicity of some mycoplasmas. Using the complement fixation test, we found
      some human sera that were more reactive than rabbit antisera to mycoplasmas
      cultured in human synovial broth or in myelin-enriched broth. Mycoplasmas
      cultured in human lung broth and pig lung broth had media-dependent antigenicity.
      The antigenicity and the growth of mycoplasmas were found to depend on the
      proteolytic enzymes used to provide the essential peptides in tissue broths. The
      media-affected mycoplasmas indicate the presence of species-, strain-, and tissue
      specific antigen sites that may determine immunopathogenicity in the genetically
      susceptible host.

PMID- 2411464
TI  - Problems associated with serotyping strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum.
AB  - We sought to identify problems associated with serotyping Ureaplasma urealyticum,
      a human genital tract mycoplasma. We examined the results of serotyping isolates
      from cases of nongonococcal urethritis and asymptomatic controls and found no
      indication of correlation between serotype(s) and pathogenic potential.
      Reproducibility in serotype determination was generally good, i.e., overall
      agreement of 83% between primary and secondary plating and 87% on multiple,
      secondary cultures. We examined the reasons for variation in reproducibility and
      also the selection of a minor antigenic component in a culture. We provide no
      evidence of changes in the antigenicity of an isolate. We have indicated the
      means for standardizing reagents and the interpretation of results and have
      suggested improvements in methodology to allow more objective serotype
      determination.

PMID- 2411465
TI  - The changing pathogenicity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae with passage in vitro.
      Correlates of virulence.
AB  - An avirulent strain of Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolated by broth passage failed to
      produce pneumonia in hamsters. The major biological property lost in this
      avirulent strain is its ability to attach to the respiratory epithelium. Although
      the surface protein responsible for the specific attachment of virulent M.
      pneumoniae has been identified, protein analysis by gel electrophoresis has
      failed to produce evidence that could account for the loss of virulence in the
      avirulent strain. It is possible that the binding sites of the avirulent strain
      have been altered by mutational event(s) without affecting the molecular weight
      or electrophoretic mobility of this protein. Antigenic determinant analysis of
      the membrane proteins by the use of monoclonal antibodies is suggested as a
      relevant approach, which may lead to a better understanding of the molecular
      basis of attachment.

PMID- 2411466
TI  - Immunoenzymatic staining of viral and chlamydial antigens in cell culture.
AB  - Methods are described for the conjugation of antibodies with biotin and for the
      use of these reagents in an immunoperoxidase staining procedure for infected cell
      cultures. This technique provides a simple, rapid, and specific approach to the
      identification and characterization of a number of viral and chlamydial isolates
      in the diagnostic laboratory.

PMID- 2411467
TI  - Serologic analysis of antigen-specific reactivity in patients with systemic
      candidiasis.
AB  - Antibody responses to candidal polypeptides and mannans were studied in patients
      with systemic candidiasis, candiduria, and other fungal and bacterial infections,
      and in healthy laboratory personnel to determine the diagnostic value of these
      immunologic responses. When tested by immunoblot analysis, sera from 15 patients
      with systemic candidiasis frequently contained antibodies to three antigens: 15
      of 15 sera from patients with invasive disease reacted to a molecular species
      having a molecular weight (Mr of 90-200 kd, 13 of 15 reacted with a 45-kd
      polypeptide, and 12 of 15 reacted with a 17-kd polypeptide. Lesser reactivity was
      observed in 11 of 15 sera with a 28-kd candidal antigen and in 9 of 15 to a 57-kd
      candidal antigen. Quantitation of antibody titers against the 45-kd candidal
      polypeptide demonstrated much higher immunoreactivity in patients with systemic
      candidiasis than in patients with superficial candidal infections, bacterial
      infections, other systemic mycoses, and healthy individuals. Antimannan antibody
      titers were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and these
      titers were also higher in patients with systemic candidiasis than in patients in
      the other categories. These differences, however, were less than those observed
      with the anti-45-kd polypeptide antibody. Therefore, the ability to detect
      systemic candidiasis is improved by testing sera for immunoreactivity to
      polypeptide and to mannan antigens from Candida albicans. Detection of
      polypeptide antibodies improves the serodiagnosis of systemic candidiasis.

PMID- 2411468
TI  - Comparison of pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion induced by volatile fatty
      acids in mice, Japanese field voles and goats.
AB  - The secretory response of the exocrine pancreas to volatile fatty acids was
      investigated in the isolated preparations of mice, Japanese field voles and
      goats. The amylase content in pancreases of the voles was half that of the mice,
      and the trypsin content was four times higher than that of the mice. Amylase
      release to volatile fatty acids in the goats showed a dose-dependent
      relationship. The response in the voles was obtained by acetate and propionate,
      but preparations in the mice were ineffective in response to volatile fatty
      acids. The results indicate that the pancreatic digestive enzyme secretory
      function in voles resembles that of ruminants.

PMID- 2411469
TI  - Relation between Ca2+ uptake and ATPase activity in the particulate fractions of
      the eggshell gland mucosa of the domestic fowl and duck.
AB  - The relation between the rates of ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake and ATP hydrolysis
      was studied in homogenates of eggshell gland mucosa and its subcellular fractions
      from the domestic fowl and duck. The Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity was 5-10% of that
      of the "basal" Mg2+-ATPase at an optimal Ca2+ concentration in the subfractions.
      The presence of K+ and/or Na+ increased the rate of Ca2+ uptake and the Ca2+-Mg2+
      ATPase activity; the effects of K+-Na+ were not inhibited by ouabain. The Ca/P
      ratio varied with the experimental conditions. At 10(-4) M Ca2+ and in the
      absence of K+ Na+ it was 0.8, and in their presence 0.4.

PMID- 2411470
TI  - Colloid solution therapy of experimental ischemic intestinal shock in rats.
AB  - This study evaluated the effects of varying colloid concentrations and infusion
      volumes on survival and plasma volume expansion in rats subjected to an
      intestinal ischemic shock. Up to 10% solutions of albumin and dextran-40 in
      lactated Ringer's solution, infused over a 6-h period, had the same effects on
      hematocrit (Hct) changes and survival patterns. Mean Hct values (45% to 50%) were
      independent of colloid solution concentration. With lactated Ringer's solution
      alone, Hct was 55%, despite the very large volume used; and less than 3% of the
      infused lactated Ringer's solution remained as plasma volume at 3 and 6 h of
      infusion. With increasing colloid concentration a greater proportion of the
      infused volume contributed to plasma volume. Of a 10% colloid solution, 50% and
      34% remained as plasma volume at 3 and 6 h. For colloid concentrations between 1%
      and 3%, there was an equal distribution of infused fluid between the
      extracellular fluid space and the plasma. Survival rate, as measured by blood
      volume expansion, was greater with colloid solution concentrations between 2% and
      4%.

PMID- 2411471
TI  - The influence of cooling rate and warming rate on the response of renal cortical
      slices frozen to -40 degrees C in the presence of 2.1 M cryoprotectant (ethylene
      glycol, glycerol, or dimethyl sulfoxide).
AB  - Renal cortical slices were treated with 2.1 M cryoprotectant in RPS-2 vehicle
      solution, cooled at one of four rates to -40 degrees C, then immediately warmed
      at one of four rates to 25 degrees C for determination of the [K+]/[Na+] after a
      standard incubation period. Results are presented in the form of survival
      "topographical maps" or surfaces with the x axis representing [K+]/[Na+]; the y
      axis, cooling rate; and the z axis, warming rate. The rate of temperature change
      fell in the range of 0.5 to 10 degrees C/min. The results suggest that when RPS-2
      vehicle solution is used for 2.1 M cryoprotectants, Me2SO offers the prospect for
      greatest post-thaw recovery. With this vehicle-cryoprotective agent combination,
      the greatest post-thaw recovery is attained with cooling-warming combinations of 
      3, +4, and -0.5, +10 degrees C/min.

PMID- 2411472
TI  - Effects of intracellular calcium on lens membrane permeability.
AB  - The present investigation was designed to assess whether lens membrane
      permeability is affected by changes in levels of intracellular calcium.
      Lanthanum, an inhibitor of Ca-ATPase, affected an increase in the concentration
      of intracellular calcium (Cai) measured in cortical fiber cells. Preculture of
      lenses in lanthanum (1.0mM) caused an accumulation of 36Cl during subsequent
      culture at a rate three-fold higher than control lenses. Changes in calcium
      levels, however, were not responsible for the observed flux changes because a
      40mV depolarization was observed to occur prior to a significant increase in
      calcium levels. The non-specific effects of lanthanum and other potential
      inhibitors of calcium transport were avoided by preculturing lenses in an ion
      HEPES medium containing 20mM calcium chloride. In lenses with a six-fold increase
      in calcium levels there resulted only a 10% increase in 36Cl uptake over a 3 hr
      period. 86Rb efflux was also measured and the rate constant was unchanged
      compared to control lenses. Calcium accumulation did lead to a small (8mV)
      depolarization which may account for the small increase in chloride accumulation.
      By light microscopy, morphology of cortical lens fibers and the epithelium
      appeared unchanged in the calcium-loaded lens. The results provide little
      evidence that an increase in Cai leads to acute changes in lens membrane
      permeability.

PMID- 2411473
TI  - Photoreceptor cell-specific localization of S-antigen in retina.
AB  - Retinal S-antigen has been found to be localized in a specific photoreceptor cell
      population of squirrel (Tamias striatus) and rhesus monkey retina. In these cone
      rich retinas S-antigen seems only to be present in the rods. Differential
      immunofluorescent staining of the photoreceptor cells was accomplished by using
      monospecific rabbit-anti bovine S-antigen antiserum, which exhibits very limited
      species specificity. In view of its co-localization with rhodopsin in rods and
      considering data from literature, we suggest that S-antigen is a major component
      of the phototransduction system in these cells.

PMID- 2411474
TI  - Serum amylase levels: evidence for homeostatic control.

PMID- 2411475
TI  - Macrophages as mediators of immunosuppression in murine African trypanosomiasis.

PMID- 2411476
TI  - Cytogenetic identification of interspecies cell-line contamination: procedures
      for non-cytogeneticists.
AB  - A few simple procedures and cytological characteristics are described for
      identification of cell-line contamination involving human cells, or cells of
      several species of common laboratory and domestic animals. These include gross
      chromosome morphology, C-banding, fluorescence, and the nucleolus organizer
      regions as revealed by silver straining.

PMID- 2411477
TI  - Relationship of ventricular ectopy to oxyhemoglobin desaturation in patients with
      obstructive sleep apnea.
AB  - Patients with obstructive sleep apnea are considered to be at increased risk of
      sudden, presumably arrhythmia-related death during sleep. The present study was
      undertaken to determine the relationship between ventricular ectopy and the
      severity of oxyhemoglobin desaturation in these patients. Thirty-one male
      patients with obstructive sleep apnea (mean age, 55 +/- 11 years) underwent
      overnight polysomnography. Arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2) was monitored
      by ear oximetry, and premature ventricular complexes (PVC) were detected using
      electrocardiographic leads CC5 and CM5. The data were recorded on electromagnetic
      tape for subsequent computer-assisted analysis to obtain PVC frequency as a
      function of decile levels of SaO2. Total sleep time averaged 333 +/- 75 minutes,
      the apnea index was 44 +/- 26 per hour, and the hypopnea index was 18 +/- 24 per
      hour. Premature ventricular complexes were observed in 23 (74 percent) of the
      subjects. By analysis of variance, no significant relationship was found between
      PVC frequency and decile levels of SaO2 for saturations greater than 60 percent;
      however, in the 16 subjects with SaO2 below 60 percent, a significant increase in
      PVC frequency was detected with decreasing SaO2 (p less than 0.01). Ventricular
      bigeminy was observed with SaO2 below 60 percent in three of these 16 subjects.
      From these results, we conclude that patients with obstructive sleep apnea are at
      relatively low risk of developing ventricular arrhythmias provided SaO2 remains
      greater than 60 percent, while those with SaO2 below 60 percent are at increased
      risk and should be managed accordingly.

PMID- 2411478
TI  - Treatment of malignant pleural effusion.
AB  - Two hundred consecutive patients with malignant pleural effusion were reviewed.
      The pathologic etiology of malignant pleurisy was: primary lung cancer in 123
      cases; five, mesothelioma; and 72 cases secondary to metastatic tumors.
      Adenocarcinoma of the lung and mammary cancer were the most frequent tumors
      causing malignant pleural effusion. The modalities employed in local treatment
      consisted of thoracocentesis in 62 patients, tube thoracotomy in 111 cases with
      local instillation of adriamycin, MMC, CQ, 5FU, OK432 or talc. Surgical
      procedures including pleuropneumonectomy or reduction surgery of the tumor with
      decortication were performed in ten patients. Tube drainage with local
      instillation of drugs was more effective than thoracocentesis with or without
      local therapy. Excellent initial results were obtained in patients who received
      reduction surgery with decortication and pleurodesis. Results of cytologic
      investigation were positive in 157 cases (78.5 percent). The tumor cells
      disappeared in 79.4 percent of primary cancer pleurisy cases and 81.1 percent of
      patients with metastases while disappearance or significant decrease in pleural
      effusion following treatment was obtained in 75.2 and 77.8 percent respectively.
      The median survival was 11.3 months in primary cases, and 11.7 months in patients
      with metastases.

PMID- 2411479
TI  - [Serotype distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Comparative studies of
      nosocomial and community strains].
AB  - A total of 202 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected from December
      1980 to September 1982 at National Taiwan University Hospital. Of the 202
      strains, 102 were nosocomial strains and the other 100 were community strains.
      The distribution of O antigen group were as follow: E, 34.2%; B, 17.3%; G, 10.9%;
      F, 9.9%, I, 7.9%; L, 7.4%; others, 12.4%. The antisera used were produced by
      Toshiba Kagaku Kogyo Co., Japan. The relationship between antibiotic
      susceptibility pattern and O antigen group were that group-I was the most
      susceptible group and group-L was the most resistant group. With the O antigen
      grouping and antibiotic susceptibility pattern, we tried to differentiate the
      nosocomial strains from the community strains. No obvious difference could be
      drawn.

PMID- 2411480
TI  - Temporal variation in morphine-mast cell interaction.
AB  - The possible rhythmic interaction between morphine and mast cell was investigated
      in mice. It has been found that both at normal and drug-induced state, mast cells
      varied as a function of time and the number of mast cells was significantly
      affected at the time in which the number of mast cells was highest over a 24-h
      period. The exact underlying mechanism of the phenomenon still remains to be
      investigated.

PMID- 2411481
TI  - Conformational restrictions of the retinoid skeleton.
AB  - A series of conformationally restricted retinoids has been synthesized and
      assayed for biological activity. These compounds have aromatic rings in place of
      selected double bonds of the tetraene side-chain of retinoic acid and could be
      considered as analogues of retinoic acid in which some of the double bonds
      possess s-cis topology. Thus far, analogues in which the bonds corresponding to
      the (5,7E)-, (7,9E)-, (9,11,13E)- and (11,13E)-double bond systems of retinoic
      acid are restricted to a cisoid conformation have been studied. Analogues were
      screened for their ability to reverse keratinization in hamster tracheal organ
      culture and to inhibit the induction of ornithine decarboxylase in mouse
      epidermis. Selected compounds were also screened in the antipapilloma assay in
      mice. The toxicity of some analogues on intraperitoneal injection in mice was
      determined.

PMID- 2411482
TI  - Regulation of differentiation of tracheal epithelial cells by retinoids.
AB  - An in vitro culture system of rabbit tracheal epithelial cells has been developed
      to study the regulation of differentiation of the respiratory epithelium on the
      molecular level. At high density in the absence of retinoids these cells become
      squamous, stratify, and ultimately form cross-linked envelopes. Several factors
      influence this terminal differentiation: high Ca2+ concentrations and serum
      factors promote, whereas retinoids and medium conditioned by fibroblasts inhibit
      this process. Terminal squamous cell differentiation is accompanied by several
      biochemical changes: the synthesis of proteoglycans is dramatically reduced and
      the expression of keratin intermediate filaments is altered. Besides the eight
      major keratins expressed in undifferentiated cells, terminally differentiated
      cells also express a 48 kDa keratin. The expression of this keratin correlates
      well with squamous cell differentiation and appears to be under the control of
      retinoic acid. The level at which these biochemical changes are regulated has yet
      to be established. Specific retinol- and retinoic acid-binding proteins have been
      identified in these cells; the correlation between binding and biological
      activity of retinoids in this system is in agreement with a role for these
      binding proteins in mediating the action of these agents.

PMID- 2411483
TI  - Effects of arotinoid ethyl ester on epithelial differentiation and proliferation.
AB  - In recent years the search for new retinoids, safer and more potent than the
      available compounds, has led to the development of arotinoids. In preliminary
      clinical trials, arotinoid ethyl ester [(E)-4-[2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8
      tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1- propenyl]benzoic acid ethyl ester; TTNPB ethyl
      ester] was found to be highly effective in the treatment of severe and etretinate
      resistant dermatoses. Using adult hairless mice, embryonic mouse limb-bud
      cultures and keratinocyte cultures as experimental models, we have performed
      morphological, autoradiographic and biochemical studies on the effects of
      arotinoid ethyl ester on epithelial differentiation in vivo and in vitro.
      Arotinoid ethyl ester stimulates proliferation of both embryonic and adult mouse
      epidermis. However, it inhibits the differentiation of embryonic epidermis and
      enhances that of adult epidermis. Arotinoid ethyl ester induces a decrease in the
      cyclic AMP content of cholera toxin-stimulated keratinocytes but fails to alter
      cyclic AMP concentrations in keratinocytes not treated with cholera toxin.

PMID- 2411485
TI  - [Single conductivity channels in membranes formed from mitochondrial lipids].

PMID- 2411484
TI  - Bile exclusion from the duodenum. Its effect on gastric and pancreatic function
      in the dog.
AB  - The effect of diverting bile from the duodenum in four dogs with
      cholecystojejunostomy was studied using a double-marker perfusion technique.
      After the diversion procedure, a liquid meal increased acid secretion from 0.8
      mmol H+/min to 1.48 mmol H+/min (P less than 0.05, paired t test); there was an
      associated rise in serum levels of gastrin 120 min after feeding (P less than
      0.001, paired t test). Pancreatic secretion of trypsin decreased from 3.91 IU/min
      to 2.66 IU/min after bile diversion (P less than 0.01, paired t test), and the
      level of CCK was significantly lower 60 min after feeding (P less than 0.05,
      paired t test). There was no significant change in the rate of gastric emptying
      after bile diversion, but the pH of duodenal contents was lower in the later
      stages of digestion. These changes may explain the reported increase of peptic
      ulcer after diverting bile from the duodenum, and the procedure should not be
      considered unless the consequences of acid hypersecretion and pancreatic
      inhibition have been anticipated.

PMID- 2411486
TI  - [Separation of the calcium current in isolated smooth muscle cells].

PMID- 2411487
TI  - [Transcription of the riboflavin operon in Bacillus subtilis].

PMID- 2411488
TI  - [Calcium current of nerve ending in the frog].

PMID- 2411489
TI  - Procainamide acetylation in strains of rat and mouse.

PMID- 2411490
TI  - [Fibrin pleurodesis in malignant pleural effusions].
AB  - Fibrin pleurodesis was performed on 30 patients with malignant pleural effusions.
      A pleural catheter was inserted to empty the pleural space and effect the
      pleurodesis. When the pleural space was dry, 20 000 U of aprotinin were instilled
      intrapleurally for local fibrinolysis inhibition. 10 ml fibrinogen concentrate
      and 10 ml thrombin (500 U/ml) and 3000 KI U/ml aprotinin were then applied.
      Complete success was achieved in 19 of 27 patients, partial success in two. The
      results could not be evaluated in three patients. The only side-effect of the
      treatment was a subfebrile temperature in three of the 30 patients. Fibrin
      pleurodesis thus proved itself as an effective form of treatment with few side
      effects (10%).

PMID- 2411491
TI  - [Diagnosis of erythema migrans disease (Lyme disease)].

PMID- 2411492
TI  - [Malignant pleural effusions. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapy].

PMID- 2411493
TI  - [Organochlorine compounds (including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)) and carry
      over mechanisms].

PMID- 2411495
TI  - Neurodevelopmental outcome at 12 months of age related to cerebral ultrasound
      appearances of high risk preterm infants.
AB  - A prospective neurological and developmental assessment at 12 months of age
      corrected for prematurity was performed on 54 surviving preterm infants of 34
      weeks' gestation or less. The babies were allocated into three groups according
      to their ultrasound (US) appearances: Group I (n = 29), normal scan; Group II (n
      = 10), isolated periventricular-intraventricular haemorrhage (PVH); Group III (n
      = 15), association of PVH, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and ventricular
      dilatation. The developmental outcome evaluated with the Griffiths' development
      quotient (DQ) was good and similar in Groups I and II, while it was worse and
      variable in Group III. There was also a higher incidence of neurological
      abnormalities in Group III, as 47% of children only were found to be normal
      compared to 86% and 80% in Groups I and II, respectively. A major handicap was
      diagnosed in 5 children of Group III. Infants with small lesions of PVH or PVL or
      with ventricular dilatation developed as well as children with normal US scan,
      whereas more diffuse or extensive US changes of PVL had a poorer prognosis. The
      outcome of a cerebral injury seems to depend on the type, the size and
      localisation of the lesion, and to some extent, on the neuroplasticity of the
      developing brain.

PMID- 2411494
TI  - Triiodothyronine stimulation of oligodendroglial differentiation and myelination.
      A developmental study.
AB  - The biochemical development of rotation-mediated aggregating brain cell cultures
      was studied in a serum-free chemically defined medium in the presence (complete
      medium) or the absence of triiodothyronine (T3). The expression of 2',3'-cyclic
      nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) and myelin basic protein (MBP), two myelin
      components, was temporally dissociated in brain cell aggregating cultures grown
      in a complete medium. CNP increased from day 8 and reached a plateau around day
      25. MBP accumulated rapidly from the third until the fourth week in culture. The
      total protein content increased gradually until day 25. The activity of ornithine
      decarboxylase (ODC) used as an index of cell growth and differentiation, showed
      two well-defined peaks of activity. The first peak reached a maximum at day 6 and
      correlated with both the highest DNA content and the peak of [3H]-thymidine
      incorporation. The second peak of ODC activity (from day 19 to 35) coincided with
      the differentiation of oligodendrocytes. These results confirm that aggregating
      fetal rat brain cells cultured in a serum-free chemically defined medium undergo
      extensive differentiation. Addition of T3 to the culture medium doubled the CNP
      activity by day 16. In contrast, MBP was only slightly increased by day 16,
      reaching at 25 and 35 days 8 to 10-fold higher values than the untreated
      cultures. When T3 was removed between day 16 and 25, CNP decreased almost to
      control values and MBP failed to accumulate. Moreover, when T3 was reintroduced
      into the medium (between day 25 and 35), CNP activity was restored and MBP
      content was partially corrected. T3 treatment produced a concentration-dependent
      increase in ODC activity which was observed only around day 19. The first peak of
      ODC activity observed at culture day 6 was independent of the presence of T3.
      These results obtained in brain cell cultures emphasize the direct effect of T3
      on myelination.

PMID- 2411496
TI  - A new early life-stage toxicity test using the California grunion (Leuresthes
      tenuis) and results with chlorpyrifos.
AB  - California grunion were continuously exposed as embryos and fry to technical
      chlorpyrifos in two toxicity tests conducted in the same exposure apparatus. The
      first test, a 35-day early life-stage (ELS) test, began with approximately 2.5
      day-old embryos that were exposed in flow-through aquaria in darkness until
      hatching was stimulated on Day 9 of exposure. The second toxicity test, a fry
      test, began with newly hatched fry and lasted 26 days. Test water temperature
      ranged from 23 to 26 degrees C and salinity from 24.5 to 34.0%. Results of the
      two tests were similar, indicating that exposure of embryos added little to the
      overall toxicity of chlorpyrifos to grunions. Percentage hatch of embryos was
      unaffected by the chlorpyrifos concentrations tested. Fry survival was apparently
      reduced in nominal concentrations greater than or equal to 1.0 micrograms/liter
      in both tests, but significantly so in concentrations greater than or equal to
      1.0 micrograms/liter in the ELS test and greater than or equal to 2.0
      micrograms/liter in the fry test. When compared with carrier controls, mean fish
      weights were significantly reduced in nominal chlorpyrifos concentrations greater
      than or equal to 0.5 micrograms/liter in the ELS test and greater than or equal
      to 1.0 micrograms/liter in the fry exposure. Mean bioconcentration factors were
      770X for fish that survived the ELS test and 190X for those that survived the fry
      test. Results demonstrate the practicality of conducting ELS tests for the first
      time with a marine fish from the Pacific coastal waters of the United States.

PMID- 2411497
TI  - Prognostic and neurophysiological implications of concurrent burst suppression
      and alpha patterns in the EEG of post-anoxic coma.
AB  - Concurrent burst suppression and alpha pattern coma developed in the EEG of a 2
      year-old child who suffered a cardiac arrest secondary to hypoxemia from
      Haemophilus influenza epiglottis. The neurophysiological implications of this
      association are discussed and the literature pertaining to the role of
      barbiturates in the production of post-anoxic coma with an alpha pattern and
      experimental post-resuscitative alpha frequencies is reviewed.

PMID- 2411498
TI  - Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges in asphyxiated neonates.
AB  - Electrographic seizures (EGS) were detected in 13 of 16 asphyxiated neonates who
      were undergoing continuous electroencephalographic monitoring for detection of
      evidence of central nervous system injury. Five of the 13 neonates with EGS also
      had periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs). The electrographic
      characteristics of PLEDs in these infants were similar to those reported in
      neonatal herpes simplex encephalitis and in older children and adults. Of the 5
      neonates with PLEDs, 2 died, 2 are developmentally delayed and only 1 is normal
      at 12 months. This is in contrast to the normal outcome for 8 of the 11 infants
      who did not have PLEDs. One other was neurologically normal but died of pulmonary
      disease at 3 months and the other two were developmentally delayed. PLEDs in
      neonates, as in other age groups, lack diagnostic specificity, but when
      associated with neonatal asphyxia, may indicate a poor prognosis. Continuous EEG
      monitoring is helpful in identifying PLEDs in these cases.

PMID- 2411499
TI  - Neurophysiological correlates of psychomotor activity in chronic schizophrenics.
AB  - The movement-related brain macropotentials (MRBMs) of 13 chronic schizophrenics
      (7 paranoid and 6 hebephrenic) were recorded during a motor perceptual task and
      compared to those of 13 normal subjects matched by age, sex and IQ. The cerebral
      activity was recorded from Fpz, Fz, Cz, Pz, and right and left precentral areas
      and the electromyographic activities from the left and right forearm flexor
      muscle groups. Analysis of variance was performed to test the correlation between
      the MRBMs and groups, sets and performances. The results indicate that the
      performance considered in tests of 'performance time,' as 'performance shift' and
      as number of 'target performances' was poorer in chronic schizophrenics than it
      was in the control group. In parallel with the performance, the MRBMs of chronic
      schizophrenics were also significantly different in comparison to the normal
      subjects. In particular, the BP amplitude was reduced in all areas; the MCP and
      P200 were also abnormally reduced. The SPP was present but it had a small
      amplitude in the parietal region. These differences in chronic schizophrenics
      could be explained as multidimensional biopsychological deficits: the disturbed
      performance is the result of impairment in developing appropriate changes of set,
      defective inhibition of sensory information, and reduced utilization of the
      outcome data.

PMID- 2411500
TI  - Identification of minimal expression of myotonic dystrophy using
      electroretinography.
AB  - The electroretinograms (ERGs) of patients with definite myotonic dystrophy were
      studied as well as neurologically asymptomatic patients with minimal expression
      of myotonic dystrophy. Children in 4 families exhibited definite myotonic
      dystrophy when neither parent exhibited clinical or electromyographic signs of
      myotonic dystrophy. Myotonic dystrophy is dominantly inherited. We were able to
      identify the asymptomatic parent with the gene in these families. This study
      suggests that ERG testing, which includes scotopically balanced dim blue and red
      flashes, will identify some asymptomatic adults minimally expressing the gene for
      myotonic dystrophy.

PMID- 2411501
TI  - Influence of L-DOPA/carbidopa on pattern reversal VEP: behavioural difference in
      primary and secondary parkinsonism.
AB  - Data obtained from a total of 246 monocular VEPs performed on 46 patients, 35
      with Parkinson's disease and 11 with arteriosclerotic parkinsonism, classed in
      the first 3 stages on the Hohen and Yahr disability scale, are reported. Our data
      show a delay of mean P100 latency in the primary parkinsonian group during the
      period of washout from L-DOPA therapy as well as in the secondary parkinsonian
      group. But the interocular mean difference in VEP P100 results significantly
      increased in primary parkinsonism only. A more important different behaviour
      between primary and secondary parkinsonism concerns a possible reduction of VEP
      delay related to L-DOPA/carbidopa treatment. An improvement of P100 delay can be
      noticed after acute and after chronic DOPA therapy in primary parkinsonism only.
      The above data confirm previous reports concerning VEP delays in Parkinson's
      disease, suggesting monitoring of different pharmacological sensitivity in
      idiopathic and arteriosclerotic parkinsonian patients as a useful method.

PMID- 2411503
TI  - Magnetic fields produced by eye blinking.
AB  - Magnetic signals produced by voluntary eye blinking were recorded. The maximal
      signals were found over the posterior parts of the orbits. The polarity of the
      signal reversed over each eye and in the frontal midline. The amplitude increases
      with light and amplitude decreases with darkness were similar in the electrical
      and magnetic blink and eye movement signals. Three different simulation models
      were used in the interpretation of the results. It is concluded that the primary
      current source of the blink signal is the transretinal current density. Lid
      movements change the geometry of the volume conductor resulting in changes in the
      measured electrical and magnetic field patterns.

PMID- 2411502
TI  - Automatic analysis of surface EMG (preliminary findings in healthy subjects and
      in patients with neurogenic motor diseases).
AB  - Supramaximal electrical stimulation of a motor nerve produces a full contraction
      of a muscle and the corresponding compound action potential can be recorded.
      Recent studies appear to support the view that all the motor units are activated
      during voluntary maximal contraction, at least in the tibialis anterior muscle.
      The compound action potential and the EMG interference pattern in the tibialis
      anterior are regarded as two different manifestations of the activation of all
      the motor units. A method has been developed which compares these EMG activities,
      by automatic analysis, in order to obtain useful parameters for clinical
      applications.

PMID- 2411504
TI  - Cerebral neuromagnetic responses evoked by short auditory stimuli.
AB  - We presented 30 msec sinusoidal tone bursts to the subject's left ear once every
      1300 msec. The number of standard tones (1000 Hz) between deviants (1030 Hz)
      varied randomly from 3 to 15 (even distribution) so that the probability of the
      standards was 0.9 and that of the deviants 0.1. During stimulation the subject
      was reading a book. Magnetic responses to the standards and deviants were
      measured at the estimated ends of the sylvian fissure and electrical responses at
      Fpz, Fz and Cz. In addition, extensive field maps over the right hemisphere were
      made from 60 to 75 points in 3 subjects. A least-squares fit was performed to
      find out the parameters of the equivalent current dipole in a spherically
      symmetrical head model. Field maps suggested that the source of magnetic response
      at 100 msec (N100m) can be approximated by a current dipole at the supratemporal
      plane, possibly at the primary auditory cortex. In two subjects the location
      and/or the orientation of the equivalent dipole changed during N100m, possibly
      due to change in the size of the activated cortical area. The deviant stimuli
      elicited in addition to N100m a second deflection, MMNm, peaking at about 200
      msec. This response was regarded as specific to stimulus change. On the basis of
      field maps it was also concluded that MMNm got a contribution from activity at
      the supratemporal plane.

PMID- 2411505
TI  - Spontaneous awakening from sleep in infants.
AB  - Spontaneous awakenings from sleep were studied in a group of 20 infants whose
      sleep-waking patterns were recorded polygraphically for 24 h. While 10 infants
      were orally fed the other 10 underwent continuous feeding for various
      gastrointestinal diseases. Spontaneous awakening from sleep was analysed with
      regard to the prior sleep state, age and feeding condition. Infants awoke
      preferentially out of REM sleep and less often out of non-REM sleep. The feeding
      condition had no significant influence on the distribution of awakenings. The
      propensity for REM awakenings was significantly greater than would have been
      expected according to the REM sleep amount. This tendency was more pronounced for
      younger (less than or equal to 3 months) than for older (greater than or equal to
      4 months) infants. REM sleep episodes which were interrupted by awakenings were
      significantly shorter than uninterrupted ones, since awakenings occurred
      predominantly shortly after REM sleep onset. It is proposed that the specific
      pattern of brain activity during REM sleep facilitates the transition from sleep
      into the waking state, particularly in the youngest infants.

PMID- 2411506
TI  - Nervous propagation along 'central' motor pathways in intact man: characteristics
      of motor responses to 'bifocal' and 'unifocal' spine and scalp non-invasive
      stimulation.
AB  - In 23 healthy adult volunteers motor action potentials (MAPs) were elicited in
      upper and lower limb muscles during stimulation of appropriate sites at spinal
      and scalp level, through skin electrodes. 'Bifocal' stimulation of scalp and
      spine motor tracts was performed with 2 plaques (3.5 cm2 each), delivering single
      pulses of 440-940 mA, less than 50 microseconds in duration, which elicited high
      voltage (up to 10 mV) MAPs in arm and leg muscles. 'Unifocal' stimulation of
      scalp was carried out through a cathode consisting in a belt or in a series of
      rectangular interconnected plaques secured around the head, 1-2 cm rostral to the
      nasion-inion plane, and in a circular anode placed on the appropriate scalp site.
      MAPs with similar amplitude-latency characteristics were recorded with both
      'bifocal' and 'unifocal' stimulating methods. However, the 'unifocal' stimulation
      necessitated 5-10 times less current than the 'bifocal' one. The 'unifocal'
      device using the interconnected plaques (6-12 in number) provided the most
      tolerable stimuli with the lowest amount of current (60-106 mA, rectangular
      pulses of 100-150 microseconds). Conduction times and velocities of motor
      pathways in various 'central' and 'peripheral' districts were calculated.
      Voluntary contraction of target muscles remarkably enhanced MAP amplitudes during
      scalp, but not during spine stimulation. A nerve action potential was recorded
      from ulnar nerve during scalp stimulation. MAPs in hand muscles to scalp
      stimulation were obliterated by the simultaneous activation of the peripheral
      fibres innervating the target muscle, because of collision between ortho- and
      antidromically propagated motor impulses. Anodal stimuli showed liminal values
      significantly lower than the cathodal ones. Mapping studies have been carried out
      with 'unifocal' scalp stimulation by using different types of anode and of
      stimulus parameters.

PMID- 2411507
TI  - The flexor reflex--influence of stimulus parameters on the reflex response.
AB  - The flexor reflex evoked in the tibialis anterior muscle by stimulation of the
      medial plantar nerve was investigated in 54 normal subjects. Three main reflex
      components were identified (excitation--inhibition-- excitation), the early
      excitation being composed of two subcomponents. Occasionally, a fourth
      (excitatory) reflex component was seen breaking through EMG inhibition. The
      individual reflex components were differentially susceptible to facilitatory
      influences which suggested transmission via a central multichannel system.
      Methodological experiments showed that the amplitudes and to some degree also the
      latencies of the individual reflex components were modified by both the
      parameters of the stimulus as well as by the degree of pre-innervation. However,
      the patterning of the reflex response was basically independent from
      methodological permutations.

PMID- 2411508
TI  - Suppression of focal epileptiform discharges by intraventricular perfusion of a
      calcium antagonist.
AB  - Calcium currents were found to participate in the generation of epileptic
      discharges of single cortical neurones. The present experiments tested whether a
      systemic administration of a calcium antagonist is able to influence epileptic
      activity in neuronal populations. Focal interictal epileptiform discharges
      (FIEDs) were elicited by application of penicillin to the motor cortex of the
      rat. The calcium antagonist verapamil dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid
      was applied by intraventricular push-pull perfusion to achieve high
      concentrations of the drug in cerebral tissue and to avoid alterations of the
      systemic circulatory system. The application of the calcium antagonist reduced
      FIEDs in amplitude and in frequency of occurrence. In some experiments the
      suppression of seizure activity was preceded by a transient enhancement. After
      termination of the drug perfusion FIEDs were often re-established. Control
      experiments revealed that perfusion with drug-free cerebrospinal fluid did not
      change FIEDs. In experiments without epileptic activity, cortical evoked
      potentials elicited by stimulation of the sciatic nerve tended to increase with
      perfusion of the calcium antagonist. As a whole, the systemic administration of
      the calcium antagonist verapamil depressed FIED and exerted an inverse effect on
      synchronized non-epileptic neuronal activity.

PMID- 2411509
TI  - A comparison of the analyses of EEG and evoked potentials using colored bars in
      place of colored heads.
AB  - Multichannel EEG and evoked potentials can be re-represented as collections of
      colored bars, with each bar corresponding to a line of data. These colored bars
      can be assembled into montages, just like conventional lines of data. Changes in
      potentials can be followed over space and time by visual inspection of patterns
      of color. Analogous montages of colored bars can be made with power spectra of
      EEG and evoked potentials. Colored bars can be visually analyzed more quickly
      than collections of colored heads, whether or not the heads are cartooned.

PMID- 2411510
TI  - The 'foramen ovale electrode': a new recording method for the preoperative
      evaluation of patients suffering from mesio-basal temporal lobe epilepsy.
AB  - A technique to record from the mesio-basal aspect of the temporal lobe by a
      subdural electrode inserted through the foramen ovale (FO) is described. For this
      purpose a special electrode was developed that, in addition, allowed epicortical
      DC recording. After having tested its value experimentally in dogs with
      penicillin-induced hippocampal seizure foci, this 'FO electrode' was subsequently
      applied to 10 patients. Nine of them suffered from drug-resistant complex partial
      seizures suspected to be of mesio-basal limbic origin. Seven patients had in
      addition to the FO electrode depth electrodes stereotactically implanted within
      the hippocampus and nucleus amygdalae, thus allowing an evaluation of this new FO
      recording technique by direct comparison with stereo-EEG. Our results indicate
      that interictal epileptiform potentials as well as ictal discharges are reliably
      picked up by the FO electrode whenever nucleus amygdalae, hippocampus and
      parahippocampal gyrus show synchronous epileptic activity. As a rule, these
      events are not reflected in conventional scalp EEG records. Epileptiform activity
      in subcompartments of the mesio-basal limbic structures is not reliably reflected
      by the FO electrode. Negative epicortical DC shifts recorded by the FO electrode
      are a sensitive indicator of epileptic activity within the underlying deeper
      structures. In conclusion, in certain patients with drug-resistant epilepsy of
      suspected mesio-basal limbic origin the use of FO recording in the presurgical
      evaluation might provide sufficient information to give an indication for
      resective surgery, either by anterior temporal lobectomy or by selective amygdalo
      hippocampectomy.

PMID- 2411511
TI  - Comparison of EEG monitoring techniques: an evaluation during cardiac surgery.
AB  - A single channel EEG recording was made in 25 patients undergoing cardiac surgery
      and analysed using 5 different techniques--amplitude, cerebral function monitor,
      Fourier, Hjorth, and zero-crossing analyses. The results of the analyses were
      plotted as trend information on paper. These trends were studied for changes in
      the EEG during surgery. In the majority of cases changes were noted
      simultaneously by all 5 techniques. There were, however, some cases in which an
      amplitude-only technique showed no changes while frequency contributions were
      changing, and a frequency-only technique showed no changes while amplitudes were
      changing. The conclusion drawn is that major EEG changes are observed with any of
      the techniques studied, but that for improved sensitivity a technique analysing
      both frequency and amplitude information should be used.

PMID- 2411512
TI  - Erb's and cervical somatosensory evoked potentials: correlations with body size.
AB  - Median and ulnar Erb's (N9) and cervical (N13) somatosensory evoked potentials
      were correlated with height, arm span, arm length, and Erb's length. All body
      measurements had high correlations with the N9 and N13 latencies. The highest
      correlation was obtained between the N9 latency and Erb's length. The N13 latency
      was correlated higher with height than with arm length. The data suggest that
      height can be used to construct normogram correlating with the N13 latency.

PMID- 2411513
TI  - The human posterior tibial somatosensory evoked potential: synapse dependent and
      synapse independent spinal components.
AB  - Evidence has been obtained for the existence of two separate events occurring in
      the human spinal cord following posterior tibial nerve (PTN) stimulation. These
      events can be recorded on the surface in unanesthetized individuals. The first is
      an ascending wave which is conducted up to the cord at constant velocity and has
      a relatively short refractory period consistent with a compound nerve action
      potential. This represents the afferent volley traversing the lumbosacral plexus
      and the ascending dorsal columns. A second event, the N22/P22 complex, is surface
      negative on the back and surface positive anteriorly; its amplitude is maximal 5
      15 cm above the level of the L4 spine and its peak latency remains constant at
      all levels. This activity has a relatively long refractory period. These
      characteristics of N22/P22 indicate that it is a localized synaptically dependent
      event conforming to a transverse dipole with dorsal negativity and a simultaneous
      anterior positivity. The N22/P22 is probably generated in the dorsal grey at the
      root entry zone. The N22/P22 is analogous to the stationary N13/P13 recorded over
      the neck following median nerve stimulation.

PMID- 2411514
TI  - Is the auditory brain-stem response (ABR) effective in the assessment of post
      traumatic coma?
AB  - The aim of the present study is to evaluate the capacity of ABRs to detect the
      limit between reversible dysfunction and irreversible damage to the brain-stem
      after severe head injuries. ABRs were recorded in 40 severely head-injured
      patients, strictly selected on the basis of clinical and CT scan findings and the
      absence of otologic disease. The interpeak latency of waves V-I (IPL V-I) was
      calculated and compared to that recorded in 19 healthy control subjects. The
      distribution curve for IPL V-I in surviving patients was analysed. The overall
      mortality was 47.5%; all the patients showing an IPL V-I greater than 4.48 msec
      died or remained vegetative, while all but 2 of the patients with IPL V-I less
      than 4.48 msec survived. The IPL V-I was significantly different from normal
      value in surviving patients, showing a brain-stem dysfunction in reversible post
      traumatic coma. The 95% confidence limits for the mean IPL V-I in the surviving
      population were 4.08 and 4.24 msec. Our results confirm the high prognostic
      accuracy of ABR (P less than 0.001) and suggest the hypothesis that 95% of
      survivors have an IPL V-I ranging between 3.82 and 4.50 msec.

PMID- 2411515
TI  - Unusual pattern of somatosensory and brain-stem auditory evoked potentials after
      cardio-respiratory arrest.
AB  - Two patients in coma after cardio-pulmonary arrest showed bilateral absence of
      all brain-stem auditory evoked potentials contrasting with normal brain-stem
      reflexes and normal somatosensory cortical evoked potentials. In both patients
      pre-existing dysfunction of peripheral auditory structures could be ruled out.
      Subsequent neuropathological analysis showed that the anoxic-ischaemic lesions
      were restricted to Sommer's sector and the Purkinje cells. These unusual data
      suggest the hypothesis that a severe hypoxic-ischaemic insult may impair cochlear
      function and interfere with the activation of the intact auditory pathways.

PMID- 2411516
TI  - Auditory middle latency responses in children: effects of age and diagnostic
      category.
AB  - The nature of auditory middle latency responses (MLRs) in children has been the
      subject of considerable debate. In order to study MLRs as a function of age, MLRs
      were obtained in 217 subjects ranging in age from 6 days to 20 years, all with
      normal auditory brain-stem responses (ABRs). Subjects were classified into
      several diagnostic categories: normal; communicative disorders (language delay,
      learning disability); mentally retarded, multiply handicapped; and post
      meningitic. Age effects, the effects of diagnostic category, and possible
      differences in MLRs of males vs. females and right vs. left ears were examined.
      The detectability of both Na and Pa was found to increase significantly as a
      function of age. Detection of these MLR components became similar to adult values
      (approaching 100% detectability) at approximately 10 years of age. No significant
      differences were found among diagnostic categories. There were also no
      significant differences in the detectability of MLRs in males as compared to
      females, and there were no right vs. left ear differences. The strong age effect
      which appears to exist in the MLR influences their clinical use. When responses
      are present, they may be useful indicators of hearing sensitivity, but the
      absence of MLRs in children cannot be taken as an indication of hearing loss.
      Similarly, absent or abnormal MLRs cannot be interpreted as a manifestation of
      auditory pathway dysfunction, since there appears to be little difference in MLRs
      in normal subjects and MLRs in patients with a wide range of neurologic,
      cognitive, and speech and language disorders.

PMID- 2411517
TI  - Stimulus intensity and inter-stimulus interval effects on pain-related cerebral
      potentials.
AB  - The inter-relationship between stimulus intensity and inter-stimulus interval
      (ISI) on pain-related evoked vertex potentials was studied. Sixteen subjects were
      tested with 4 stimulus intensities at 4 different ISIs forming 16 averaged event
      related potentials for each subject. Data were analyzed in 2 ways: first by
      multiple regression analysis of peak-to-peak amplitudes and secondly by single
      trial analysis for each subject based on a linear model employing principal
      component loadings as basis functions, from which were derived separate time
      dependent functions describing the contributions of intensity and ISI. Peak-to
      peak amplitudes of the averaged waves increased with increases in either
      intensity of ISI. There were no significant interactions. However, single-trial
      analysis revealed subtle, but consistent, differences in the peak latencies
      between stimulus and ISI components, suggesting that the components arise from
      distinct sources.

PMID- 2411518
TI  - Frontal auditory evoked potentials and augmenting-reducing.
AB  - Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) to tones (750 Hz--200 msec) ranging from 50 to
      80 dB SPL were studied at Cz and Fz leads in 29 normal adults (15 males) ranging
      in age from 20 to 22. Peak-to-trough amplitudes were measured for the P1-N1 and
      the N1-P2 wave forms as well as baseline (500 msec prestimulus)-to-peak
      amplitudes for each component, i.e., P1, N1 and P2. Amplitudes were examined as a
      function of intensity and electrode location. Cz-Fz amplitude differences
      increased with increasing stimulus intensity, the differentiating peak being the
      N1 component. An overall reducing phenomenon was found at Fz in the 70-80 dB
      range whereas an augmenting effect was observed at Cz for these intensities. The
      augmenting/reducing groups defined by analysis of individual amplitude-intensity
      patterns were different whether we considered Fz or Cz results: Fz reducers were
      more numerous than Cz reducers. These results on prominent reducing at the
      frontal level were examined in relation to the data concerning the modulatory
      function of the frontal cortex on auditory EPs. Implications were drawn for the
      role of the frontal cortex in cortical augmenting-reducing.

PMID- 2411519
TI  - Real-time reconstruction of evoked potentials using a new two-dimensional filter
      method.
AB  - Standard techniques for evoked potential recording extract a stimulus-locked
      event from accompanying noise by averaging a large number of sequentially
      obtained responses. This approach is valid only to the extent that the nervous
      system's electrical response to successive stimuli is identical. The technique is
      suboptimal for recording unstable evoked potentials which vary with the subject's
      state and attention. Similarly, standard methods are suboptimal for efficiently
      analyzing rapid changes such as may be seen in the operating room. We developed
      an evoked potential recording method that reconstructs the individual evoked
      responses (or small subaverages of evoked potentials) to a series of stimuli.
      First, the raw data from an entire series of one to several hundred responses are
      recorded digitally. Using a frequency domain two-dimensional filter, the data are
      then filtered twice, once along the data sequence axis for each trial, and again
      along the cross-trial sequence axis for comparable frequency coefficients in
      sequential trials. The reconstructed filtered evoked potentials are plotted, with
      successive responses stacked for easy tracking of component changes.

PMID- 2411520
TI  - Effect of graded periods of congenital hypothyroidism on the peripheral auditory
      evoked activity of rats.
AB  - Rats were treated with a goitrogen, propylthiouracil (PTU), from 3 days before
      delivery up to different ages postnatally. Peripheral auditory function was
      evaluated with the auditory brain-stem response (ABR) technique performed at 200
      days of age. All groups of rats exposed consecutively pre- and postnatally to PTU
      displayed permanent auditory impairment for each stimulus modality used, as
      revealed by significantly prolonged wave I latencies and elevated thresholds, and
      the severity of these abnormalities was directly related to the duration of PTU
      treatment. The only congenitally hypothyroid animals not affected were those
      treated from 3 days before parturition up to birth and those treated for 10 days
      beginning at 35 days of age. These data underline the susceptibility of the
      developing auditory system since, while very brief perinatal PTU exposure
      resulted in permanent evoked response abnormalities, longer exposure in later
      life had no effect.

PMID- 2411521
TI  - Postnatal development of auditory function in the chicken revealed by auditory
      brain-stem responses (ABRs).
AB  - Auditory evoked brain-stem responses (ABRs) were recorded from the surfaces of
      the brain of lightly anesthetized newborn (1-7 days old) and adult (7-9 weeks
      old) chickens as a measure of the development of auditory processing. One-day-old
      and older chickens showed a series of waves within 5 msec after the stimulus
      onset. This precocity of the ABR in chickens contrasts with the first appearance
      of the ABR in cats at 4 days of age. The ABR onset latency was shorter in adult
      chickens than in newborns. This indicates that developmental modifications of
      mechanical transmission in the external and middle ear or cytodifferentiation of
      the sensory hair cells of the basillar papilla and the neurons of the acoustic
      nerve continue postnatally. Within the complex wave form of the response, most of
      the inter-wave latencies decreased with maturation, indicating that development
      of the central auditory pathway also continues postnatally. One inter-wave
      latency (N1 to P3-4) was significantly shorter (P less than 0.05) in adults than
      in newborns for intense click stimuli, and even among newborns, this inter-wave
      latency was significantly shorter in 6- and 7-day-old specimens than in 1-3-day
      old specimens. It seems likely that changes in the N1 to P3-4 inter-wave latency
      reflect changes in evoked activity of second order auditory neurons that are
      located in the nucleus angularis and nucleus magnocellularis, and that intensive
      developmental changes occur in these neurons during the first postnatal week. The
      ABR recorded in chickens is a reliable measure of functional activity in the
      auditory system which is reproducible between individuals and capable of
      demonstrating developmental changes in specific segments of the wave form.

PMID- 2411522
TI  - Foams in pharmacy.

PMID- 2411523
TI  - Compton imaging.

PMID- 2411524
TI  - Highly specific and sensitive hybridoma antibodies against the alpha-subunit of
      human glycoprotein hormones.
AB  - The free alpha-subunit of human CG (hCG-alpha) has been detected in pregnancy as
      well as in several endocrine and nonendocrine tumors. In order to facilitate the
      detection of these tumors, we have developed, by hybridoma technology, very
      sensitive and highly specific antibodies to hCG-alpha, A2D4 and A2-58. Employing
      these antibodies, assays were developed to detect picogram levels of the free
      alpha-subunit. These antibodies have negligible cross-reactivity with intact hCG
      (A2D4, 0.17%; and A2-58, 1.75%). Pituitary hormone standards of human LH, human
      FSH, and human TSH from NIH showed cross-reactivity with these antibodies.
      However, the cross-reactivity was found to be due to the contamination of the
      hormone preparations with alpha-subunit. The antibodies have no effect on the
      binding of hCG to its receptor. They cross-react to the same extent with the
      deglycosylated hCG-alpha and alpha-subunits of all other human glycoprotein
      hormones but do not react with alpha-subunits of glycoprotein hormones from other
      species. We have purified these antibodies to homogeneity by DEAE Affi-Gel Blue
      and affinity chromatography. Both these antibodies belong to immunoglobulin M
      subclass.

PMID- 2411525
TI  - Hormonal control of lipolysis in perifused adipocytes from diabetic rats.
AB  - The responsiveness of adipocytes from diabetic rats to lipolytic and
      antilipolytic stimuli was examined in both an incubation system and a perifusion
      system. Lipolysis, measured by glycerol release, was initiated with varying
      concentrations of epinephrine or other agents. Incubated adipocytes prepared from
      streptozotocin-diabetic rats were more sensitive to low doses of epinephrine than
      controls, but at higher concentrations of hormone, glycerol release was greater
      from the control cells. However, maximal lipolytic responses to nonhormonal
      stimuli, forskolin and methylisobutylxanthine, were clearly greater in incubated
      adipocytes from diabetic animals. In vivo treatment of both control and diabetic
      animals with insulin decreased the responsiveness of perifused adipocytes to
      epinephrine in vitro, further demonstrating the importance of the in vivo hormone
      levels to lipolytic response of adipocytes. In vitro perifusion with insulin and
      epinephrine of cells from untreated diabetic animals demonstrated a reduced
      response to the acute administration of insulin. The interaction of insulin with
      diabetic adipocytes was further examined by incubating cells with
      [125I]iodoinsulin and examining the release of intact and degraded hormone during
      perifusion. The diabetic cells bound more labeled hormone than the control cells,
      but the release of intact hormone was similar in both types of cells. The
      diabetic cells, however, released more degraded hormone than did control cells.
      This suggests that the binding and degradation of insulin in diabetic cells is
      not impaired and that the decreased responsiveness of these cells to insulin is
      due to a postreceptor defect. Together these data show that decreased insulin in
      streptozotocin-diabetes results in increased sensitivity to lipolytic agents. In
      addition, the diabetes enhances the adipocyte's ability to remove insulin, i.e.
      increased binding and degradation. Thus, it is likely that the in vitro findings
      of up-regulation of receptors and increased degradation by the adipocytes are a
      true reflection of the in vivo insulin deficiency.

PMID- 2411526
TI  - Age-, sex-, and gonadal steroid-related changes in immunoreactive substance P in
      the rat anterior pituitary gland.
AB  - The interrelationship of anterior pituitary lobe (AP) immunoreactive substance P
      (I-SP) concentrations with age, sex, gonadal steroids, and estrous cyclicity in
      rats was examined. There was no difference between male and female AP I-SP levels
      at 0.5 month of age. At 2.0 and 5.0 months of age, a sex-linked difference in AP
      I-SP concentrations was evident, inasmuch as male APs contained approximately 3
      and 8 times greater concentrations of I-SP, respectively, than APs from age
      matched females. Long term (6 weeks) gonadectomy of adult rats resulted in an
      increase in I-SP concentrations in female APs and a decrease in the
      concentrations of the peptide in male APs compared to values in their respective
      sham-operated controls. Treatment of gonadectomized animals for the same length
      of time with gonadal steroid-filled Silastic capsule implants resulted in
      qualitatively identical responses in males and females; that is, estradiol
      benzoate decreased and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate increased AP I-SP
      levels compared to the respective control values in castrates. Testosterone
      propionate treatment had no effect on AP I-SP levels compared with the respective
      gonadectomy control values. Short term (8 days) gonadectomy of adult males did
      not affect the AP concentration of I-SP. Likewise, gonadectomy of adult females
      was ineffective in altering the AP I-SP concentration compared with
      concentrations in females on diestrous day 1, diestrous day 2, proestrous, or
      estrous stages of the vaginal cycle. These data suggest that gonadal steroids are
      physiologically important in the regulation of I-SP concentrations in the AP. We
      hypothesize that I-SP is indigenous to the AP and that gonadal steroids act
      directly at the level of the AP to affect the synthesis and/or release of the
      peptide.

PMID- 2411527
TI  - Pure alpha-subunit-secreting mouse pituitary tumor: inhibition of growth and
      secretion by combined treatment with thyroxine and bromocriptine.
AB  - We have recently documented the spontaneous development of a mouse pituitary
      tumor line (MGH 101A) secreting only the alpha-subunit of the glycoprotein
      hormones. Secretion of alpha-subunit by MGH 101A was not inhibited by either
      physiological or pharmacological levels of thyroid hormones. The present study
      demonstrates that combined treatment with bromocriptine and pharmacological doses
      of T4 for 1 month significantly decreased both tumor growth and alpha-subunit
      secretion of MGH 101A in thyroidectomized host mice. Either treatment alone was
      ineffective. The fall in plasma alpha-subunit concentrations after the combined
      treatment was probably due to the inhibition of tumor growth, since the decreases
      in plasma alpha-subunit levels and tumor weights were quantitatively similar, and
      there was no significant change in tumor steady state concentrations of alpha
      subunit mRNA. In two of three experiments, the combined treatment resulted in a
      significant fall in tumor total DNA concentrations; this suggests that decreased
      tumor growth was at least in part due to inhibition of tumor cell replication. To
      compare the effects of the various treatments on the pure alpha-subunit-producing
      pituitary tumor with their effects on non-tumorous pituitary, we also measured
      secretion of TSH and PRL into plasma by the host pituitary. Treatment with T4
      alone profoundly suppressed plasma concentrations of TSH and significantly
      reduced plasma PRL levels compared to levels in the thyroidectomized controls.
      Surprisingly, both thyroidectomized and euthyroid tumor hosts treated with
      bromocriptine alone showed no suppression of plasma PRL levels. However, combined
      treatment with bromocriptine and pharmacological doses of T4 resulted in plasma
      PRL concentrations significantly lower than those after treatment with T4 alone.
      Thus, the tumor and nontumorous host pituitaries differed in their responses to
      T4 alone. However, the two tissues were similar in their responses to
      bromocriptine alone and to combined treatment with bromocriptine and T4. We
      conclude that combined treatment with T4 and bromocriptine inhibited the growth
      and secretion of the pure alpha-subunit-secreting tumor MGH 101A. The data on PRL
      secretion by the host pituitary suggest that T4 may have acted by enhancing the
      function of dopamine receptors.

PMID- 2411528
TI  - Identification and analysis of keratin polypeptides from isolated rat vaginal
      epithelium.
AB  - Under the influence of estradiol, the vaginal epithelium undergoes a process of
      growth and differentiation known as cornification. To analyze the biosynthetic
      changes that underlie this phenomenon in rats, it was necessary to first isolate
      the vaginal epithelium from hormonally stimulated animals. This was accomplished
      by two different methods: enzymatic digestion with a trypsin/pancreatin solution,
      which produced a disaggregated population of cells from the living epithelial
      layers; or disruption of basement membrane adhesion with a chaotropic salt
      solution (2 M NaSCN), which produced intact, full thickness tissue sheets.
      Extended extraction of the cells and sheets with an alkaline urea buffer followed
      by analysis of these extracts on denaturing polyacrylamide gels revealed that
      both preparations contained six major polypeptides in the mol wt range of 50,000
      60,000 daltons. Differential solubilization indicated that these proteins are
      keratin subunits, and amino acid analysis confirmed this for the 53,000-dalton
      polypeptide (53K) purified from preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. On two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis, 53K produced a group of three acidic spots
      (alpha, beta, and gamma), with isoelectric points of 4.6, 5.5, and 5.4,
      respectively. Partial peptide maps revealed that these spots are isoelectric
      variants of the same protein. Immunization of rabbits with 53K produced a keratin
      antiserum that was primarily directed against the immunogen and cross-reacted
      weakly with a 50,000- and a 57,000-dalton band. This work demonstrated the
      feasibility of obtaining well defined molecular probes from a hormone-responsive
      epithelial system.

PMID- 2411529
TI  - Changes in keratin expression during the estrogen-mediated differentiation of rat
      vaginal epithelium.
AB  - While vaginal cornification occurs naturally during the estrous cycle of the
      adult rat, it can also be artificially induced by administering exogenous hormone
      to ovariectomized animals. When the maturation of rat vaginal epithelium was
      controlled with a timed course of estradiol (E2) injections, total cell extracts
      from that tissue revealed that six major keratins exhibited stage-specific
      increases during a 48-h period of stratification and cornification. One
      dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrophoretic immunoblotting
      showed that the expression pattern involved an earlier rise of the smaller
      (50,000, 51,000, and 53,000 mol wt) keratins and a later rise of the larger
      (57,000, 58,000, and 60,000 mol wt) keratins. Polypeptide levels were quantitated
      by gel densitometry, and an immunodot assay was developed to specifically measure
      keratin expression as a function of estrogen agonist activity. By way of
      comparison, four other estrogenic compounds were also evaluated after their
      administration under a 48-h double injection protocol. Under these circumstances,
      diethylstilbestrol provided a more potent stimulus than E2, while estriol,
      enclomiphene and zuclomiphene each produced a pattern of keratin expression and
      intensity levels that resembled that 24-h stage of E2 treatment. Although the
      same keratins were expressed by these different compounds, their synthesis was
      selective, since they often increased 10- to 20-fold while total protein levels
      only doubled. Keratin levels were correlated with the various degrees of
      epithelial growth and differentiation observed in parallel histological studies.
      These results indicate that the expression of vaginal keratins provide a useful
      model system for the study of estrogen action.

PMID- 2411530
TI  - Rapid bidirectional effects of insulin on hypothalamic noradrenergic and
      serotoninergic neuronal activity in the rat: role in glucose homeostasis.
AB  - Glucose release from the liver is mediated by hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE)
      neuronal activity, but glucose itself (or a metabolite of it) exerts negative
      feedback effects on central NE activity. The aim of the present study was to
      investigate a possible role for insulin in these central glucose homeostatic
      mechanisms. Computerized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to assess
      the neuronal activities of hypothalamic NE and serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5
      HT)] in rats after acute insulin (2 U/kg) administration. Medial basal
      hypothalamic NE neuronal activity was assessed by the ratio of 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol to NE. The ratio was suppressed (P less than 0.005)
      10 min after insulin administration but rose again to be significantly higher (P
      less than 0.05) than in saline controls by 30 min and at 45 min post insulin was
      highly significantly elevated. Hypothalamic 5-HT neuronal activity was assessed
      by the ratio of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid to 5-HT and showed effects opposite to
      those on NE and was elevated (P less than 0.0005) 10 min post insulin.
      Significant changes in serum corticosterone and GH levels also occurred after
      insulin administration, and the changes in these two hormones were positively
      associated with the changes in hypothalamic neuronal activities of NE and 5-HT,
      respectively. Serum glucagon levels were found to be significantly elevated in
      association with the secondary rise in hypothalamic NE activity but did not fall
      in the 10 min postinsulin phase thus indicating stimulation of pancreatic
      glucagon release by central NE neuronal pathways. The hypothalamic NE and 5-HT
      neural responses to a bolus dose of insulin were unaffected by feeding or
      fasting. These results and evidence that brain glucose utilization is reduced in
      the immediate postinsulin period suggest that the rapid effects of insulin on
      hypothalamic NE and 5-HT neuronal activities is a direct one not mediated by
      stimulation of brain glucose uptake.

PMID- 2411531
TI  - Cell-free translational analysis of messenger ribonucleic acid coding for vitamin
      D-dependent rat renal calcium-binding protein.
AB  - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] has been found to exert its effects in a
      manner entirely analogous to that of other steroid hormones and is known to
      induce the synthesis of a calcium-binding protein (CaBP). The effects of 1,25
      (OH)2D3 and dietary alteration on genomic expression in rat kidney were studied
      by in vitro translation of poly(A+)-containing RNA and by immunoprecipitation.
      Poly(A+)RNA from rat kidneys was translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate
      system in the presence of [35S]methionine, and the renal CaBP mRNA translation
      product was identified and quantitated by specific immunoprecipitation. Total
      translation products and specific immunoprecipitable products were visualized on
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-gels, followed by fluorography. After the addition of
      affinity purified rat renal CaBP antiserum to the 35S-labeled translation
      products, only one protein band, electrophoretically indistinguishable from that
      of purified renal CaBP (mol wt, 28,000), was observed. When 10 micrograms
      purified renal CaBP were added to the translation product before addition of the
      antiserum, immunoprecipitation of the 35S-labeled 28,000 mol wt protein was not
      observed. A comparison of the peptides produced after limited digestion with
      trypsin of 125I-labeled CaBP and [3H]tyrosine-labeled translation product
      indicated a good coincidence of peaks from purified 125I-labeled CaBP and the
      immunoprecipitated translation product, suggesting that the immunoprecipitated
      translation product is indeed vitamin D-dependent renal CaBP. When 100 ng 1,25
      (OH)2D3 were injected for 7 days to 8-week-old vitamin D-deficient rats, there
      was a 4-fold increase in CaBP mRNA levels in the kidney (quantitated by
      densitometry of immunoprecipitates analyzed on sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gels). This increase in mRNA was accompanied by a corresponding
      increase in the concentration of renal CaBP, as measured by RIA, thus
      establishing a bridge between CaBP and the putative transcriptional effect of
      1,25-(OH)2D3 in rat kidney. Similarly, both the concentration of renal CaBP and
      renal CaBP mRNA levels increased 4-fold in rats fed low phosphorus diets,
      increased 2-fold in rats fed low calcium diets, and decreased 67% in rats fed low
      sodium diets, providing evidence that the nutritional induction or decrease in
      renal CaBP is accompanied by a corresponding alteration in the concentration of
      its specific translatable mRNA. These results are consistent with a
      transcriptional control mechanism for the induction of renal CaBP.

PMID- 2411532
TI  - Differential secretion of O-glycosylated gonadotropin alpha-subunit and
      luteinizing hormone (LH) in the presence of LH-releasing hormone.
AB  - The pituitary hormones LH, FSH, and TSH are secreted as dimers of two subunits,
      alpha and beta. The alpha-subunit, identical in all three hormones, is produced
      by the pituitary in excess of beta and secreted as free subunit. Bovine free
      alpha does not combine with purified beta-subunit and contains an extra O-linked
      oligosaccharide not found on dimer alpha. We have developed an assay to
      quantitate this modified form of alpha in the medium of incubated steer pituitary
      slices. The assay, based on reverse phase HPLC analysis of radiolabeled alpha
      subunit tryptic peptides, shows that under basal conditions, 75% of secreted free
      alpha is O-glycosylated. When the secretagogue LHRH is added to the slices, a 14
      fold increase in LH dimer release is observed, but secretion of the modified
      alpha is increased by only 2-fold. Our results indicate that the majority of free
      alpha-subunit secreted by the pituitary contains O-linked oligosaccharide, and
      that secretion of this form of alpha differs from that of LH dimer.

PMID- 2411533
TI  - Hyaline bodies and giant cells associated with a radicular cyst.

PMID- 2411534
TI  - Residues and metabolites of selected persistent halogenated hydrocarbons in blood
      specimens from a general population survey.
AB  - The National Center for Health Statistics collaborated with the National Human
      Monitoring Program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in a four
      year study to assess the exposure of the general population to selected
      pesticides through analysis of blood serum and urine specimens. Specimens were
      collected on a national probability half-sample of persons 12-74 years of age
      from 64 locations across the United States comprising the sample areas in the
      Second National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES II) and analyzed for
      selected organochlorine, carbamate, chlorophenoxy and organophosphorus
      pesticides. Medical, nutritional and pesticide usage data are also available for
      each sample person. Results of the blood serum analyses indicate that the general
      population is being exposed to some of these types of pesticides. For selected
      pesticide residues, the percent quantifiable positives and median serum levels by
      age group are presented for three regions of the United States. Since 1970, EPA
      has conducted a national probability sampling of human adipose tissue. Specimens
      obtained on a survey design representative of the general population were
      analyzed for selected organochlorine pesticides and toxic chemicals. Findings
      from the 1979 survey also indicate exposure of the general population to some of
      these chemicals.

PMID- 2411536
TI  - Chemical and biological investigations of a transformer accident at Binghamton,
      NY.
AB  - A transformer fire occurred in a state office building in Binghamton, NY on
      February 5, 1981. Particulates from inside surfaces of ceiling panels on 16 of
      the 17 floors had concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) ranging
      from less than 1 part per million (ppm) to 1200 ppm while polychlorinated
      biphenyl (PCB) concentrations varied from 28 ppm to 23,000 ppm. In spite of the
      wide variations in contaminant concentrations, complete analytical data from 11
      floors showed that there was a consistent PCDF/PCB ratio (0.067 +/- 0.026) and
      also consistent PCDF isomer group distributions (tetra-CDFs, 33 +/- 5%; penta
      CDFs, 40 +/- 3%; hexa-CDFs, 18 +/- 7%; hepta-CDFs, 6 +/- 3%). It was found that
      the particulate samples could be successfully ranked in order of their degree of
      chemical contamination by an in vitro bioassay. The bioassay was based on
      induction of keratinization or changes in morphology in mouse epithelial cells.
      Animal toxicology experiments were carried out with a soot sample containing a
      PCDF concentration which approximated the mean value found on the ceiling
      particulates. The single dose oral LD values of the soot and its benzene extract
      equivalent, each administered to female guinea pigs in 0.75% methyl cellulose,
      were 410 and 327 mg/kg, respectively. These results demonstrated that the soot
      matrix had virtually no effect on the toxicity of the chemical contaminants in
      the soot. Morphological alterations in liver tissues from animals receiving the
      soot were found after examination by electron and light microscopy.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2411535
TI  - Clinical evaluation of liver structure and function in humans exposed to
      halogenated hydrocarbons.
AB  - An unresolved question is whether humans exposed to comparatively low doses of
      persistent environmental chemicals such as polyhalogenated biphenyls or
      organochlorine pesticides are at risk for injury to the liver. Cross-sectional
      epidemiologic studies suggest that these chemicals may produce statistically
      significant but clinically mild abnormalities in the commonly employed chemical
      tests of liver function. The few reports of human liver morphology reveal
      nonspecific changes reflecting effects of lipophilic chemicals. There is evidence
      that chemicals of this category in at least some doses cause induction of liver
      microsomal enzymes involved in biotransformation of foreign substances. This
      finding has been documented by measurements of the clearance of model drugs or
      the appearance in the urine of steroid metabolites or glucaric acid. Although a
      positive statistical correlation between the concentrations of these chemicals in
      serum and the serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity has been reported, the
      non-specificity of the latter enzyme precludes conclusion that this change is
      indicative of induction of liver microsomal enzymes. Although the effects of this
      type of environmental chemical are not indicative of progressive liver disease,
      only prospective clinical trials can resolve the issue of the risk for future
      development of liver malignancy.

PMID- 2411537
TI  - Levels of nerve growth factor and its mRNA in the central nervous system of the
      rat correlate with cholinergic innervation.
AB  - The levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its mRNA in the rat central nervous
      system were determined by two-site enzyme immunoassay and quantitative Northern
      blots, respectively. Relatively high NGF levels (0.4-1.4 ng NGF/g wet weight)
      were found both in the regions innervated by the magnocellular cholinergic
      neurons of the basal forebrain (hippocampus, olfactory bulb, neocortex) and in
      the regions containing the cell bodies of these neurons (septum, nucleus of the
      diagonal band of Broca, nucleus basalis of Meynert). Comparatively low, but
      significant NGF levels (0.07-0.21 ng NGF/g wet weight) were found in various
      other brain regions. mRNANGF was found in the hippocampus and cortex but not in
      the septum. This suggests that magnocellular cholinergic neurons of the basal
      forebrain are supplied with NGF via retrograde axonal transport from their fields
      of innervation. These results, taken together with those of previous studies
      showing that these neurons are responsive to NGF, support the concept that NGF
      acts as trophic factor for magnocellular cholinergic neurons.

PMID- 2411538
TI  - Activation of the pp60c-src kinase by middle T antigen binding or by
      dephosphorylation.
AB  - The transforming protein of polyoma virus, middle T antigen, associates with the
      protein tyrosine kinase pp60c-src, and analysis of mutants of middle T suggests
      that this complex plays an important role in transformation by polyoma. It has
      recently been reported that pp60c-src from polyoma virus-transformed cells has
      enhanced tyrosine kinase activity in vitro. The data presented here confirm these
      findings and show that the enhanced kinase activity of pp60c-src is due to an
      increase in the Vmax of the enzyme. Sucrose density gradient analysis
      demonstrates that only the form of pp60c-src which is bound to middle T antigen
      is activated. The difference in enzyme activity between pp60c-src from normal and
      middle T-transformed cells is more marked when the enzyme is prepared from
      lysates containing the phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase inhibitor, sodium
      orthovanadate. pp60c-src from middle T transformed cells is unaffected, but pp60c
      src from normal cells has reduced kinase activity if dephosphorylation is
      prevented. The kinase activity of pp60c-src thus appears to be regulated by its
      degree of phosphorylation at tyrosine, and data are presented which support this
      hypothesis. pp60c-src is the first example of a protein tyrosine kinase whose
      activity is inhibited by phosphorylation at tyrosine. Middle T antigen may
      increase the kinase activity of pp60c-src by preventing phosphorylation at this
      regulatory site.

PMID- 2411539
TI  - The receptor-destroying enzyme of influenza C virus is neuraminate-O
      acetylesterase.
AB  - The nature of the receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) of influenza C virus has been
      elucidated by analyzing its effect on the haemagglutination inhibitors rat alpha
      1-macroglobulin (RMG) and bovine submandibulary mucin (BSM), respectively. The
      inhibitory activity of both compounds is abolished by incubation with influenza C
      virus. After inactivation, RMG and BSM were found to contain reduced amounts of N
      acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) and increased amounts of N
      acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). H.p.l.c. analysis revealed that purified
      Neu5,9Ac2 is converted to Neu5Ac by incubation with influenza C virus. These
      results demonstrate that RDE of influenza C virus is neuraminate-O-acetylesterase
      [N-acyl-9(4)-O-acetylneuraminate O-acetylhydrolase (EC 3.1.1.53)]. The data also
      indicate that haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) by RMG and BSM and most likely
      virus attachment to cell surfaces involves binding of influenza C virus to
      Neu5,9Ac2.

PMID- 2411540
TI  - The two embryonic U1 RNA genes of Xenopus laevis have both common and gene
      specific transcription signals.
AB  - We have cloned and sequenced the 1842-bp repeat DNA encoding the two Xenopus
      laevis embryonic U1 RNAs, xU1a and xU1b. Although these two U1 RNAs are almost
      identical in sequence and are coordinately expressed during early embryogenesis,
      the flanking sequences of their genes show very little homology. Both genes
      contain two short conserved sequences, centered around positions -55 and +19,
      that probably are essential for 5' and 3' end formation of U1 RNAs, respectively.
      Efficient transcription of either gene in stage VI oocytes requires gene-specific
      promoter elements, located upstream of position -220. In the xU1b gene, these
      required 5'-flanking sequences include an 18-bp palindrome that has potential for
      Z-DNA formation. When injected separately into stage VI oocytes, the xU1a and
      xU1b genes are equally well transcribed, but co-injection of the two genes,
      either as the full length repeat or as two separate subclones, results in
      preferential accumulation of xU1b RNA. This competitive advantage of the xU1b
      gene in injected oocytes apparently is the result of preferred binding of one or
      more transcription factors that are limiting in these oocytes.

PMID- 2411541
TI  - Transcription signals in embryonic Xenopus laevis U1 RNA genes.
AB  - A genomic clone of the most abundant U1 RNA genes from Xenopus laevis was
      isolated from erythrocyte DNA and sequenced. Two different U1 RNA genes, U1A and
      U1B, are encoded in an HindIII 1.5-kb fragment and both are expressed after
      microinjection in Xenopus oocytes. Deletions and site-directed mutagenesis of the
      clones revealed two promoter elements in the U1B gene; one, located 250-220
      nucleotides upstream from the 5' terminus of mature U1 RNA, functions as an
      activator, yielding a 10-fold promotion of transcription; the other, located 60
      50 nucleotides upstream of the cap site, functions as an essential element for
      promotion of transcription. The U1A gene contained only the latter element in the
      cloned fragment. Homologous sequences can be identified in several U RNA genes of
      X. laevis.

PMID- 2411542
TI  - Autoantibodies to ribonucleoprotein particles containing U2 small nuclear RNA.
AB  - Autoantibodies exclusively precipitating U1 and U2 small nuclear
      ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particles [anti-(U1,U2)RNP] were detected in sera from
      four patients with autoimmune disorders. When tested by immunoblotting, these
      sera recognized up to four different protein antigens in purified mixtures of U1
      U6 RNP particles. With purified antibody fractions eluted from individual antigen
      bands on nitrocellulose blots, each anti-(U1,U2)RNP serum precipitated U2 RNP by
      virtue of the recognition of a U2 RNP-specific B" antigen (mol. wt. 28 500).
      Antibodies to the U2 RNP-specific A' protein (mol. wt. 31 000) were found in only
      one serum. The B" antigen differs slightly in mol. wt. from the U1-U6 RNA
      associated B/B' antigens and can be separated from this doublet by two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis, due to its more acidic pI. In
      immunoprecipitation assays, the purified anti-B" antibody specificity also reacts
      with U1 RNPs which is due to cross-reactivity of the antibody with the U1 RNA
      specific A protein, as demonstrated by immunoblotting using proteins from
      isolated U1 RNPs as antigenic material. Thus the A antigen not only bears unique
      antigenic sites for anti-A antibodies contained in anti-(U1)RNP sera, it also
      shares epitopes with the U2 RNP-specific B" antigen.

PMID- 2411543
TI  - Replication priming and transcription initiate from precisely the same site in
      mouse mitochondrial DNA.
AB  - Mammalian mitochondrial DNA maintains a novel displacement-loop region containing
      the major sites of transcriptional initiation and the origin of heavy strand DNA
      replication. Because the exact map positions of the 5' termini of nascent mouse
      displacement-loop strands are known, it is possible to examine directly a
      potential relationship between replication priming and transcription. Analyses of
      in vivo nucleic acids complementary to the displacement-loop region reveal two
      species with identical 5' ends at map position 16 183. One is entirely RNA and
      the other is RNA covalently linked to DNA. In the latter the transition from RNA
      to DNA is sharp, occurring near or within a series of previously identified
      conserved sequences 74-163 nucleotides downstream from the transcriptional
      initiation site. These data suggest that the initial events in replication
      priming and transcription are the same and that the decision to synthesize DNA or
      RNA is a downstream event under the control of short, conserved displacement-loop
      template sequences.

PMID- 2411544
TI  - Localization of functional domains in E. coli K-12 outer membrane porins.
AB  - The genes ompC and phoE of Escherichia coli K-12 encode outer membrane pore
      proteins that are very homologous. To study the structure-function relationship
      of these proteins, we have constructed a series of ompC-phoE hybrid genes in
      which the DNA encoding part of one protein is replaced by the corresponding part
      of the other gene. These hybrid genes were easily obtained by using in vivo
      recombination. The fusion sites in the hybrid genes were localized by restriction
      enzyme mapping. The hybrid gene products were normally expressed and they were
      characterized with respect to functions and properties in which the native OmpC
      and PhoE proteins differ, such as pore characteristics, the receptor activity for
      phages and the binding of specific antibodies. Three regions within the N
      terminal 130 amino acids were localized which determine pore characteristics and
      a segment between residues 75 and 110 contains amino acids which determine
      specificity for PhoE phages. A major cell surface-exposed region is located
      between residues 142 and 267. This region contains residues which are required
      for the binding of monoclonal antibodies directed against the cell surface
      exposed part of PhoE and residues which determine specificity for OmpC phages.

PMID- 2411545
TI  - Towards assignment of secondary structures by anti-peptide antibodies.
      Specificity of the immune response to a beta-turn.
AB  - In an attempt to assign secondary structure elements to protein primary
      structures with antibodies, we synthesized a model peptide (beta-peptide:
      TVTVTDPGQTVTY) with a putative beta-turn structure and analysed the anti-peptide
      antibodies for their specificity towards the turn sequence. At least 50% of the
      peptide fraction adopts the intended conformation of a beta-turn (DPGQ) inserted
      between the two segments of an antiparallel beta-sheet structure. The specific
      anti-beta-peptide antibodies of the hyperimmune response bind the beta-turn
      containing epitope of the immunogenic beta-peptide with a three orders of
      magnitude higher affinity than the synthetic control peptide (Gly-peptide:
      GGGGGDPGQGGGG). The affinity of the antibodies with specificity for the beta-turn
      region increases from the primary to the hyperimmune response. Therefore, probing
      of secondary structure elements, i.e., of individual beta-turn regions, by anti
      peptide antibodies now seems feasible for proteins of known sequence and may
      result in sequence assignments of secondary structures.

PMID- 2411546
TI  - RNAs containing B2 repeated sequences are transcribed in the early stages of
      mouse embryogenesis.
AB  - An in situ hybridization technique was used to detect RNAs containing B2
      sequences in the early mouse embryo. Accumulation of B2 sequences occurs early
      from the one cell stage. The level of B2 RNA decreases in the late two cell
      embryo, and then increases at the moment of second cleavage. In the blastocyst,
      inner cell mass cells contain more B2 transcripts than trophectoderm cells. In
      7.5-day embryos the expression of B2 sequences is restricted to ectoderm and
      mesoderm. At all stages, transcription of the B2+ strand is greater than B2-
      strand. We detected B2+ RNAs in the nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas B2- RNAs were
      present only in the nucleus.

PMID- 2411547
TI  - Human 2-5A synthetase: characterization of a novel cDNA and corresponding gene
      structure.
AB  - The enzyme 2-5A synthetase is induced in cultured cells in response to interferon
      (IFN) treatment. A lambda gt10 cDNA library of mRNA from IFN-induced Daudi
      lymphoblastoid cells was screened with oligonucleotide probes. Several
      overlapping cDNAs were isolated and shown to be derived from the human synthetase
      gene using filter selection and oocyte microinjection assays. The nucleotide
      sequence of one of these, cDNA 8-2, extended the 2-5A synthetase sequence already
      described 72 bp in the 5' direction but was found to differ significantly in
      coding sequence at the 3' end. The longest cDNA isolated (6-2) was approximately
      1.4 kb. By Northern hybridization analysis single mRNAs of 1.7 kb were detected
      in Daudi and T98G (glioblastoma) cells. However, in HeLa cells, four mRNAs
      ranging in size from 1.5 to 3.5 kb were found, one of which differed at the 3'
      end. Analysis of both phage and cosmid genomic clones and comparison with genomic
      DNA indicate that there is a single gene for 2-5A synthetase, comprising at least
      six exons and five introns, which can undergo a novel form of alternative RNA
      processing depending on cell type.

PMID- 2411550
TI  - Endocytosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: internalization of alpha-amylase and
      fluorescent dextran into cells.
AB  - In the preceding paper I reported that Saccharomyces cerevisiae spheroplasts were
      able to internalize particulate markers, enveloped viruses, into intracellular
      organelles. Here the internalization of soluble macromolecules into cells having
      an intact cell wall is described. alpha-Amylase was taken up into cells in a
      temperature- and concentration-dependent way. The kinetics of accumulation were
      linear for the first 20-40 min at 37 degrees C and then started to level off.
      Internalization of alpha-amylase into spheroplasts displayed similar
      characteristics, but the accumulation rate was about four times higher than into
      cells. Fluorescent dextran was used to mark morphologically the compartment into
      which internalization occurred. This marker was accumulated into the vacuole of
      the cells in a time-, temperature- and concentration-dependent way. A temperature
      sensitive mutant deficient in exocytosis was found to be defective in
      intracellular accumulation of alpha-amylase and dextran. At the restrictive
      temperature, very little alpha-amylase accumulated into the cells and only faint
      staining of intracellular organelles with fluorescent dextran could be detected.
      At the permissive temperatures, accumulation of alpha-amylase and dextran into
      the mutant cells was comparable with accumulation into wild-type cells. I
      conclude that alpha-amylase and fluorescent dextran were internalized into S.
      cerevisiae cells and directed into the vacuoles.

PMID- 2411548
TI  - Formation of the 3' end of U1 snRNA is directed by a conserved sequence located
      downstream of the coding region.
AB  - U1 is a small non-polyadenylated nuclear RNA that is transcribed by RNA
      polymerase II and is known to play a role in mRNA splicing. The mature 3' end of
      U1 snRNA is formed in at least two steps. The first step generates precursors of
      U1 RNA with a few extra nucleotides at the 3' end; in the second step, these
      precursors are shortened to mature U1 RNA. Here, I have determined the sequences
      required for the first step. Human U1 genes with various deletions and
      substitutions near the 3' end of the coding region were constructed and
      introduced into HeLa cells by DNA transfection. The structure of the RNA
      synthesized during transient expression of the exogenous U1 gene was analyzed by
      S1 mapping. The results show that a 13 nucleotide sequence located downstream
      from the U1 coding region and conserved among U1, U2 and U3 genes of different
      species is the only sequence required to direct the first step in the formation
      of the 3' end of U1 snRNA.

PMID- 2411549
TI  - Nuclease S1-sensitive sites in multigene families: human U2 small nuclear RNA
      genes.
AB  - We show here that human U2 small nuclear RNA genes contain a 'strong nuclease S1
      cleavage site' (SNS1 site), a sequence that is very sensitive to digestion by
      nuclease S1. This site is located 0.50-0.65 kb downstream of the U2 RNA coding
      region. It comprises a 0.15-kb region in which (dC-dT)n:(dA-dG)n co-polymeric
      stretches represent greater than 90% of the sequence. Nuclease S1 is able to
      excise unit length repeats of the human U2 RNA genes both from cloned fragments
      and total human genomic DNA. The precise locations of the cleavage sites are
      dependent on the superhelicity of the substrate DNA. In negatively supercoiled
      substrates, cleavages are distributed over the entire 0.15-kb region, but in
      linearized substrates, they occur within a more limited region, mainly at the
      boundary of the SNS1 site closest to the human U2 RNA coding region. Nuclease S1
      cleavage of negatively supercoiled substrates occurs at pHs as high as 7.0; in
      contrast, cleavage of linearized substrates requires a pH less than 5.0,
      indicating that supercoiling contributes to the sensitivity of this site. Mung
      bean nuclease gives results similar to that observed with nuclease S1.

PMID- 2411551
TI  - The putative role of neuropeptides in hyperreactivity and inflammation.

PMID- 2411552
TI  - Folding of thermolysin fragments. Correlation between conformational stability
      and antigenicity of carboxyl-terminal fragments.
AB  - Circular dichroism (CD) and immunochemical measurements have been used to examine
      conformational properties of COOH-terminal fragments 121-316, 206-316 and
      225(226)-316 of thermolysin, and to compare these properties to those of native
      thermolysin and thermolysin S, the stable partially active two-fragment complex
      composed of fragments 5-224(225) and 225(226)-316. In aqueous solution at neutral
      pH, all the COOH-terminal fragments attain a native-like conformation, as judged
      both by the content of secondary structure deduced from far-ultraviolet CD
      spectra and by the recognition of rabbit polyclonal antibodies specific for the
      COOH-terminal region in native thermolysin. The three fragments showed reversible
      cooperative unfolding transitions mediated by both heat and guanidine
      hydrochloride (Gdn X HCl). The phase transition curves were analyzed for Tm
      (temperature of half-denaturation) and Gibbs free energies (delta GD) of
      unfolding from native to denatured state. The observed order of thermal stability
      is 225(226)-316 less than or equal to 206-316 less than 121-316 less than
      thermolysin S less than thermolysin. The ranking of delta GD values for the three
      fragments correlates with the size of each fragment. Competitive binding studies
      by radioimmunoassay using 14C-labeled thermolysin and affinity purified
      antibodies specific for native antigenic determinants in segment 206-316 of
      native thermolysin indicate that the COOH-terminal fragments adopt native-like
      conformations which are in equilibrium with non-native conformations. These
      equilibria are shifted towards the native state as the fragment size increases
      from 225(226)-316, to 206-316, to 121-316. Fragment 225(226)-316, when combined
      with fragment 5-224(225) in the thermolysin S complex, adopts a more stable
      native-like conformation and becomes much more antigenic. It has been shown that
      the degree of antigenicity of COOH-terminal fragments towards thermolysin
      antibodies correlates directly with their conformational stability. The results
      of this study are discussed in relation to the recently proposed correlation
      between antigenicity and segmental mobility of globular proteins.

PMID- 2411553
TI  - Reversible chemical cross-linking of the light-harvesting polypeptides of
      Rhodopseudomonas viridis.
AB  - The topography of the light-harvesting polypeptides of Rhodopseudomonas viridis
      was investigated using cleavable chemical cross-linkers. To this end a set of
      succinimidyl esters and surface-specific sulfosuccinimidyl esters of different
      span widths were synthesized. The cross-linking reagents have been characterized
      using NMR and infrared spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography. The cross
      linking reaction was carried out under physiological conditions and the
      aggregates were analyzed by the methods of one- and two-dimensional
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by immunoblot analysis. We found cross
      linkage between B1015-alpha and B1015-alpha, between B1015-alpha and B1015-beta
      and B1015-beta and B1015-beta. Aggregates of higher molecular mass were hetero
      oligomers of B1015-alpha and B1015-beta containing three and four polypeptides,
      respectively. The results obtained in this work indicate a very tight contact
      among the light-harvesting polypeptides. We assume that the light-harvesting
      polypeptides are localized alternately as dimers of B1015-alpha and B1015-beta
      around the reaction centre core.

PMID- 2411554
TI  - Studies of the GTPase domain of archaebacterial ribosomes.
AB  - Ribosomes from the methanogens Methanococcus vannielii and Methanobacterium
      formicicum catalyse uncoupled hydrolysis of GTP in the presence of factor EF-2
      from rat liver (but not factor EF-G from Escherichia coli). In this assay, and in
      poly(U)-dependent protein synthesis, they were sensitive to thiostrepton. In
      contrast, ribosomes from Sulfolobus solfataricus did not respond to factor EF-2
      (or factor EF-G) but possessed endogenous GTPase activity, which was also
      sensitive to thiostrepton. Ribosomes from the methanogens did not support
      (p)ppGpp production, but did appear to possess the equivalent of protein L11,
      which in E. coli is normally required for guanosine polyphosphate synthesis.
      Protein L11 from E. coli bound well to 23S rRNA from all three archaebacteria (as
      did thiostrepton) and oligonucleotides protected by the protein were sequenced
      and compared with rRNA sequences from other sources.

PMID- 2411555
TI  - Immunoquantification of epoxide hydrolase and cytochrome P-450 isozymes in fetal
      and adult human liver microsomes.
AB  - Epoxide hydrolase and three cytochrome P-450 isozymes were immunochemically
      determined in microsomes from adult and fetal human liver and tentatively
      correlated with some enzyme activities. The P-450 isozymes 5, 8 and 9 present in
      adult liver could not be positively correlated with the total cytochrome P-450
      concentration spectrophotometrically determined. In fetal liver microsomes,
      isozyme 8 could not be detected by either electrophoretic or immunochemical
      procedures. Isozyme 5 was the major isozyme present in the fetal liver and its
      concentration increased in close relation with the total P-450 level. As shown
      previously, arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was related to the concentration
      of isozyme 8 in adult liver. In fetal preparations, the absence of isozyme 8 was
      associated with a very low arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Aldrin epoxidase
      and benzphetamine-N-demethylase activities were correlated with isozyme 5
      concentration, but with different slopes for adult and fetal microsomes: adult
      preparations catalyzed these two reactions more efficiently. Conversely, the
      dehydroepiandrosterone 16 beta-hydroxylase, also associated with isozyme 5
      concentration, was more active in fetal than in adult microsomes. Moreover, if
      acetanilide hydroxylase increased with isozyme 5 concentration in adult samples,
      no correlation occurred between activity and P-450 isozyme level in fetal
      microsomes. Hydroxylations of lauric acid in positions 11 and 12 and of
      dehydroepiandrosterone in position 16 alpha increased with total P-450
      concentration but not with isozyme concentrations whatever the age considered.
      Lastly, epoxide hydrolase activity towards benzopyrene 4,5-oxide was closely
      associated with its immunochemically determined level. These results clearly
      suggest that multiple mechanisms are involved in the regulation of different drug
      metabolizing enzymes in the human fetus.

PMID- 2411556
TI  - Biosynthesis of the O9 antigen of Escherichia coli. Synthetic
      glycosyldiphosphomoraprenols as probes for requirement of mannose acceptors.
AB  - Synthetic monosaccharide derivatives (alpha-glucosyl, beta-glucosyl, alpha
      mannosyl) and disaccharide derivatives (alpha-mannosyl-1,2-alpha-glucosyl, alpha
      mannosyl-1,3-alpha-glucosyl, alpha-mannosyl-1,4-alpha-glucosyl, alpha-mannosyl
      1,6-alpha-glucosyl) of diphosphomoraprenol were used as putative mannose
      acceptors in the biosynthesis of Escherichia coli O9 antigen. Membranes of E.
      coli O9 derived from the rfe mutant F 1357 were reconstituted with these
      compounds and then incubated with different concentrations of GDP-[14C]mannose.
      Of the monosaccharide derivatives tested, only alpha-glucodiphosphomoraprenol was
      a mannose acceptor and the only disaccharide derivative which accepted mannose
      was alpha-mannosyl-1,3-alpha-glucosyldiphosphomoraprenol. The alpha-glucosyl
      derivative accepted only one mannose unit at 4 microM GDP-[14C]mannose, and above
      50 microM GDP-[14C]mannose about 25% of the product had a minimum size of about
      30 mannose units. The alpha-mannosyl-1,3-alpha-glucosyl derivative was only a
      mannose acceptor at a GDP-[14C]mannose concentration of 50 microM and higher, and
      the product had a minimum size of about 30 mannose units. The results are
      discussed with respect to requirement of mannose acceptors.

PMID- 2411557
TI  - Multiple-level caerulein control of the gene expression of secretory proteins in
      the rat pancreas.
AB  - Continuous intravenous infusion of caerulein (0.25 micrograms X kg-1 X h-1) has
      recently been reported [Schick, J., Kern, H. & Scheele, G. (1984) J. Cell Biol.
      99, 1569-1574] to enhance significantly the synthesis of both trypsinogen and
      chymotrypsinogen and to decrease that of amylase in the rat pancreas. With a view
      to achieving a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying caerulein
      modulation of pancreatic gene expression, the relative levels of active mRNA
      corresponding to these proteins were determined in caerulein-stimulated animals
      and compared to those of controls infused with a 0.9% NaCl solution. For this
      purpose, the translation products synthesized in vitro in a rabbit reticulocyte
      lysate translation system were measured. Prolonged caerulein infusion had less
      pronounced effects on mRNA levels as determined by the relative synthesis of
      translation products than on individual secretory proteins. No changes in mRNA
      levels were observed during 6 h of hormonal stimulation, whereas a 7-fold
      increase in the ratio of trypsinogen to amylase synthesis was obtained
      previously. After 24 h of caerulein infusion, only a slight change in active mRNA
      coding for amylase (1.7-fold) and serine protease zymogens (1.4-fold) occurred as
      compared to 14-fold and 2-fold variations in the synthesis rates of the
      corresponding proteins. These findings indicate that caerulein exerts a
      predominantly translational control on the biosynthesis of pancreatic amylase,
      trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen even after 24 h of hormonal stimulation.
      However, additional control at a transcriptional or post-transcriptional level
      (i.e. via messenger RNA stability) may well take place.

PMID- 2411558
TI  - Characteristics of the binding of aminoglycoside antibiotics to teichoic acids. A
      potential model system for interaction of aminoglycosides with polyanions.
AB  - The binding of the aminoglycoside antibiotic dihydrostreptomycin to defined cell
      wall teichoic acids and to lipoteichoic acid isolated from various gram-positive
      eubacteria was followed by equilibrium dialysis. Dihydrostreptomycin was used at
      a wide range of concentration under different conditions of ionic strength,
      concentration of teichoic acid, presence of cationic molecules like Mg2+,
      spermidine, other aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin, neomycin, paromomycin).
      Interaction of dihydrostreptomycin with teichoic acid was found to be a
      cooperative binding process. The binding characteristics seem to be dependent on
      structural features of teichoic acid and are influenced by cationic molecules.
      Mg2+, spermidine and other aminoglycosides antibiotics inhibit the binding of
      dihydrostreptomycin to teichoic acid competitively. The binding of
      aminoglycosides to teichoic acids is considered as a model system for the
      interaction of aminoglycoside antibiotics with cellular polyanions. Conclusions
      of physiological significance are drawn.

PMID- 2411559
TI  - Alteration of intermediate filament distribution in PtK1 cells by acrylamide.
AB  - PtK1 cells were treated with low concentrations of acrylamide resulting in
      disruption of intermediate filament networks. An optimum treatment, 5 mM
      acrylamide in culture medium for 4 h, resulted in formation of a juxtanuclear
      aggregate containing both keratin and vimentin intermediate filaments. Actin
      containing stress fibers and microtubules appeared normal after this treatment.
      Cells recovered when acrylamide was washed out of the cultures, and normal
      keratin and vimentin networks reappeared. These cells were capable of
      proliferation and grew to confluence. Acrylamide-treated cells appeared to
      locomote normally, showing membrane ruffling and changes in shape, but
      cytoplasmic organelles did not appear to move normally throughout the cell but
      remained at the cell center. These observations indicate that acrylamide is a
      useful intermediate filament inhibitor that does not affect other cytoskeletal
      elements.

PMID- 2411560
TI  - Actin filaments and acetylcholine receptor clusters in embryonic chick myotubes.
AB  - The tumor-promoting drug 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA) causes the
      loss of myofibrils in primary cultures of chick embryonic myotubes [9]. When
      myofibrils in chick myotubes are dispersed by TPA treatment (5 X 10(-8) M), there
      remains a class of non-myofibrillar actin filaments that are sensitive to
      subsequent breakdown by cytochalasin D. Microfilament bundles in fibroblasts in
      the same cultures seem unaffected by this TPA treatment, but are also broken down
      by cytochalasin D (0.2 micrograms/ml); this dose has little effect on myofibrils.
      We have previously shown that treatment of chick myotubes with cytochalasins
      would destabilize clusters of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) [6]. In order to
      further examine the relationship between actin filaments and cell surface AChRs,
      we have used the receptor-specific ligand alpha bungarotoxin (a-BGT) to study the
      fate of AChR clusters in drug-treated and control myotubes. Cells treated with
      TPA showed no loss in the number of receptor clusters present on their surface.
      However, if these cells were also treated with cytochalasin D, cluster number was
      reduced to approximately the same value as seen for cytochalasin treatment alone
      (50% of the control value). These results suggest that the cytoskeletal link to
      these cell surface receptors is not mediated by attachment to the alpha actin
      containing myofibrils, but rather clustered AChRs are stabilized by a class of
      non-myofibrillar actin filaments.

PMID- 2411561
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to crayfish rhodopsin. I. Biochemical characterization and
      cross-reactivity.
AB  - Five antibody secreting cell lines were selected on the basis of specific binding
      to photoreceptive structures from a fusion of myeloma cells with spleen cells
      from BALB/c mice immunized with photoreceptor membrane from crayfish compound
      eyes. On Western blots derived from one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels
      of purified photoreceptor membrane the antibodies bound strongly to the major 35
      kDa peptide and are therefore specific for the visual pigment, rhodopsin. Four
      antibodies also recognized a minor 24 kDa peptide probably representing a
      breakdown product generated in vivo by the action of lysosomal hydrolases.
      Epitope characterization of the antibodies using peptide maps of opsin after
      protease treatment revealed three grossly different specificities. Three
      antibodies recognize a major antigenic site located within the large proteolytic
      fragment of about 24 kDa, possibly derived from the aminoterminus of the
      molecule. Antibodies applied to lightly fixed frozen sections or semi-thin
      sections of crayfish retina embedded in Lowicryl or polyethyleneglycol
      specifically bound to the rhabdomeral structure formed by receptor cells R1-R7,
      but failed to show significant cross-reaction with R8, the blue receptor, proving
      significant differences in the primary structure of the apoproteins of visual
      pigments involved in crayfish colour vision. None of the antibodies revealed any
      cross-reactivity with Drosophila or squid rhodopsin, corroborating this finding.
      The antibodies also recognized granular material in the vicinity of the rhabdoms
      at sites occupied by secondary lysosomes containing degraded rhabdomeral
      membrane. No significant binding was observed to the outer plasma membrane of the
      retinula cells, or in any other part of the retina.

PMID- 2411562
TI  - Haemodynamic and antiarrhythmic protective effects of intracoronary perfusion
      during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.
AB  - In 17 anaesthetized open-chest pigs, experiments were performed to determine if a
      myocardial protective effect can be obtained by intracoronary perfusion through
      the dilatation catheter during balloon inflation for percutaneous transluminal
      coronary angioplasty. Placement of the catheter such that the balloon lay in the
      middle third of the left anterior descending coronary artery caused a significant
      deterioration in haemodynamic status prior to balloon inflation, and on 5
      occasions led to the development of ventricular fibrillation (VF). Balloon
      inflation without perfusion for periods of up to 5 min produced further
      haemodynamic deterioration, and culminated in VF in 4/14 cases. Simultaneous
      perfusion during balloon inflation (proximal perfusion pressure 900-1200 mmHg),
      with flow rates of 14.5 ml min-1 for arterial whole blood and 21 +/- 7 ml min-1
      for blood diluted with 0.90% NaCl (haematocrit approx. 25%), not only prevented
      the haemodynamic deterioration but resulted in an improvement compared with
      values obtained with the catheter in position prior to balloon inflation. In no
      case did VF occur during 5 min of balloon inflation plus perfusion. The use of
      diluted blood as the perfusate was not associated with intracatheter thrombus
      formation, which was sometimes seen as a complication of whole blood perfusion.

PMID- 2411563
TI  - Premature ventricular beats in healthy adult subjects 20 to 79 years of age.
AB  - 111 healthy subjects, 57 males and 54 females, 20-79 years of age, randomly
      selected among the participants of the Copenhagen City Heart Study were tested
      for ventricular ectopic activity using ambulatory 24-h ECG recording. One or more
      premature ventricular beats (PVBs) appeared in 68 subjects (61%), 35 males and 33
      females (61% of each group). The prevalence of PVBs increased significantly with
      age: 31, 68 and 84% in the respective age groups: 20-39, 40-59 and 60-79 (P less
      than 0.05). The number of PVBs per 24 h was less than 24 in 88 (79%), less than
      300 in 105 (95%), and less than 500 in 107 (96%). More than 1000 PVBs per 24 h
      appeared in 3 (2.7%), one of whom had 11 669. The number of PVBs per 24 h
      increased with age, but the increase was not statistically significant. The
      number of PVBs per 100 000 recorded QRS-complexes did not differ significantly
      from the number of PVBs per 24 h. The number of PVBs h-1 was highest in daytime,
      and apparently higher in males than in females. However, the difference between
      the two sexes was not statistically significant. Multiform PVBs appeared in 4
      subjects, interpolated PVBs in 2, a run of 5 PVBs in 1, dropped beats in 3, two
      pauses of 1900 ms duration in 1, and several post-acceleration pauses of 1300 ms
      duration in 1.

PMID- 2411564
TI  - Bulky germinal tumors: comparison of different induction regimens and
      significance of residual disease.
AB  - In order to study the efficacy of three different chemotherapy regimens and the
      prognostic significance of residual disease after chemotherapy, we analyzed 84
      patients with bulky germinal tumors. Chemotherapy, consisting of vinblastine,
      bleomycin/adriamycin, cisplatin (VB/AP) was administered sequentially to 37
      patients. 19 patients were treated with the cisplatin, vinblastine, bleomycin
      (PVB) regimen and 17 patients with cisplatin, vinblastine, bleomycin, ifosfamide
      (PVBI). The initial complete remission (iCR) was 71% (52 of 73) with a relapse
      rate of 29% (15 of 52). 10 of 73 (14%) patients achieved partial response and 11
      of 73 (15%) showed progression due to multidrug resistance. There was no
      statistically significant difference in iCR, continuous complete remission (cCR),
      relapse and survival between the PVB, PVBI and VB/AP regimens. In 50 patients,
      the residual tumor after chemotherapy was examined histologically. cCR was
      achieved in 75% (15 of 20) of patients with necrosis or fibrosis, in 50% (5 of
      10) with adult teratoma and in 25% (5 of 20) with malignant tumor. Comparison of
      survival curves according to residual histology revealed statistically
      significant differences (p = 0.02). Our findings suggest that in patients with
      germinal bulk disease PVBI-regimen and VB/AD-therapy are not superior to the
      standard regimen. Residual disease seems to be an important prognosticator.

PMID- 2411565
TI  - Retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis from testicular tumor hidden by vena cava
      transposition.
AB  - We herein report a case of a retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis from a
      malignant teratoma with yolk-sac admixtures originating from the right testicle.
      The metastasis was missed on CT scanning due to a vena cava crossing over with
      the aorta in the region of the metastatic disease, but typical tumor marker
      elevation was seen on follow-up.

PMID- 2411566
TI  - Effect of ophthalmic administration of S-596 (Arotinolol) on intraocular pressure
      and haemodynamics in health volunteers: comparison with timolol.
AB  - The effects on intraocular pressure (IOP) and haemodynamics of two beta-blockers,
      arotinolol and timolol, administered topically to the eye, were studied in 6
      healthy volunteers in a cross-over trial. 0.5% timolol or 0.5% arotinolol
      ophthalmic solutions drop was instilled in both eyes of the volunteers at an
      interval of 48 hours. Timolol lowered IOP by about 31.9% 1 hour after
      administration and the effect continued until 3 h, whilst arotinolol lowered it
      significantly 2 h after instillation and the same maximum effect as that of
      timolol was obtained after 3 h. Arotinolol was detected in blood in all subject
      and timolol in blood in one subject, although it was found in all subjects in
      urine. Both drugs lowered heart rate at rest and attenuated the increase in the
      double product (products of blood pressure and heart rate) at exercise. The
      effect of timolol on the double products was larger. Thus, arotinolol and timolol
      decreased IOP to similar extent, although the maximal effect of arotinolol was
      delayed. Arotinolol as well as timolol affected haemodynamics through absorption
      into circulation, but the former had less effect on haemodynamics during
      exercise.

PMID- 2411567
TI  - A monoclonal lambda 1-bearing anti-dextran antibody from a lambda-defective mouse
      strain.
AB  - A hybridoma from the lambda-defective mouse strain SJA has been established. It
      produces a lambda 1-bearing IgG2b, dextran B 1355-binding antibody. The DNA
      sequence of the VJ and C gene segment was in complete accordance with the
      published germ-line sequence. The rate of secretion and the steady state level of
      cytoplasmic RNA of this line was comparable to that of cell lines from normal
      mice. The idiotype was closely related to that of MOPC 104E indicating that the
      lambda 1 light chain is associated with the same VH region and in a similar
      fashion as in BALB/c mice. This antibody should be useful for further experiments
      on the lambda defect of SJL or SJA mice.

PMID- 2411568
TI  - Immunoregulation by mouse T cell clones. III. Cloned H-Y-specific cytotoxic T
      cells secrete a soluble mediator(s) that inhibits cytotoxic responses by acting
      on both Lyt-2- and L3T4- lymphocytes.
AB  - In this study we report that cloned Thy-1+, L3T4-, Lyt-1-, Lyt-2+, H-Y-specific
      and H-2Db-restricted cytotoxic T cell lines (CTLL) when induced by lectin or
      antigen secrete a soluble mediator(s) (SF) that inhibits proliferation and
      generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). The
      biological activity was separable by gel filtration and appeared as a broad peak
      in the molecular mass range between 10 000 and 50 000 kDa. It was found that the
      suppressive activity released by CTLL neither strictly correlates with their
      cytotoxic potential nor with their ability to produce immune interferon or
      lymphotoxin. SF was shown to elicit its activity in an antigen-nonspecific manner
      in that it suppressed the maturation of T lymphocytes responding to both, the
      appropriate H-Y antigen as well as to unrelated H-2d alloantigens or to the
      hapten 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP). The effect of SF on CTL responses was most
      pronounced in early phases of primary or secondary MLC. When analyzed for its
      inhibitory activity on precursor cells in populations selected for either Lyt-2-
      or L3T4- lymphocytes, it was found that SF interfered with the maturation of both
      subsets. The inhibition of CTL responses elicited by SF could not be reversed by
      the addition of exogenous interleukin 2. The finding that SF also inhibited the
      proliferation of some but not all antigen-dependent cloned T cells with helper or
      cytotoxic potential provides evidence that the factor also may regulate effector
      lymphocytes. In addition, the results support the assumption that SF exerts its
      effect directly on the responder rather than the stimulator population, and
      demonstrate that the development of CTL from their precursor cells is controlled
      at least in part by the cytotoxic effector cells themselves via a soluble
      factor(s) that interferes with distinct stages of T cell maturation. These
      findings again emphasize the expression of multiple functions by CTL and indicate
      their possible role during the course of an immune response by their capability
      to eliminate target cells and to secrete a soluble product(s) that mediates
      feedback control.

PMID- 2411570
TI  - Fine specificity analysis of lactate dehydrogenase B-specific proliferating T
      cell clones: implications for the mechanism of alloreactivity.
AB  - T cell clones of C57BL/6 origin which recognize porcine lactate dehydrogenase B
      (LDH-BP) together with the Ab molecule were characterized in terms of fine
      specificity for both LDH-B and self-major histocompatibility complex
      determinants. Using antigen-presenting cells from the Ab-mutant strain B6.C-H
      2bm12 (bm12), three clonotypes could be distinguished: the first responds to LDH
      BP + bm12, the second fails to respond and the third is alloreactive to bm12. The
      last clone exhibits additional alloreactivities to A molecules expressed in
      strains of H-2 haplotypes f, r, s, u, w6, w7, w16, w17 and w23. All three
      clonotypes give identical response patterns to a panel of 17 different
      dehydrogenase enzymes, and react to the same tryptic peptide of LDH-BP. Thus,
      these clones appear to recognize the same LDH-B epitope together with at least 3
      different determinants of the Ab molecule. The data suggest that alloreactivity
      is more closely related to T cell specificity for self-major histocompatibility
      complex than to specificity for foreign antigen.

PMID- 2411569
TI  - Response of glioma cells to interferon-gamma: increase in class II RNA, protein
      and mixed lymphocyte reaction-stimulating ability.
AB  - Previous results by ourselves and others demonstrated that brain cells and cell
      lines express major histocompatibility complex class II antigens. We examined
      interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-mediated induction of human class II antigen
      expression on the glioma cells. Purified IFN-gamma induced the expression of HLA
      DR antigens on the surface of the glioma cell lines U-373 MG and U-105 MG.
      Concomitant increase of HLA-DR alpha- and HLA-DC beta-specific RNA in the
      cytoplasm was also observed after treatment with IFN-gamma. Increases of class II
      antigen paralleled the increased level of class II-specific RNA. The effect of
      IFN-gamma on the induction of human class II antigen expression was dose and time
      dependent. A marked induction of human class II antigen expression was observed
      when glioma cells were cultured with more than 100 U/ml of IFN-gamma. Little or
      no induction was observed with less than 50 U/ml of IFN-gamma. Compared to human
      blood monocytes, glioma cells needed higher concentrations of IFN-gamma for the
      induction of class II antigen expression. In allogenic mixed lymphocyte cultures,
      the glioma cell line U-373 MG stimulated a mixed lymphocyte response (MLR). MLR
      stimulating capacity was augmented by IFN-gamma. The concomitant augmentation of
      class II antigen levels and MLR-stimulating capacity suggests that the most
      relevant factor for MLR stimulation may be antigen density. This is the first
      report of MLR stimulation by a glioma cell line.

PMID- 2411571
TI  - Production and characterization of antibody probes directed at constant regions
      of the alpha and beta subunit of the human T cell receptor.
AB  - To generate antibodies directed at constant regions of the human T cell receptor,
      purified alpha and beta subunits of a human T cell antigen/major
      histocompatibility complex receptor from the REX tumor (Ti-REX) were isolated by
      preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      utilized to immunize rabbits. H36 (anti-alpha subunit) and H38 (anti-beta
      subunit) antisera were strongly reactive with the denatured subunits and also
      immunoprecipitated the Ti heterodimer from 125I surface-labeled lysates of REX,
      inducer, suppressor and cytotoxic T cell clones, peripheral T lymphocytes and
      thymocytes. Moreover, immunodepletion experiments showed that such antisera
      recognized antigenic determinant(s) shared by all Ti molecules expressed in the
      thymus. Several observations were made with these anticonstant region antibodies.
      First, peptide map analysis showed that the T cell receptor molecules recognized
      by the anti-clonotype and the anti-constant region heteroantisera on a given T
      cell clone are identical, thus supporting the view that the T cell receptor
      undergoes allelic exclusion. Second, since the individual antisera were weakly
      cross-reactive with the other denatured subunit, such subunits probably share
      conserved sequences. Third, the absence of antisera reactivity with intact cells
      implies that most of these constant region epitopes must be obscured by
      associated molecules, perhaps including one or more of the 20-25-kDa T3 subunits.
      Fourth, the extensive difference in two-dimensional peptide maps of Ti alpha
      subunits from clones of differing specificities makes it likely that the subunit
      contributes in a major way to antigen/major histocompatibility complex binding.

PMID- 2411572
TI  - Isotypes of antibodies induced by plain dextran or a dextran-protein conjugate.
AB  - Mice were immunized with alpha (1----6) dextran or its protein conjugate with
      monthly intervals, and their antibodies were quantitated with an isotype-resolved
      radioimmunoassay. Plain dextran (molecular weight = 5-40 million) induced
      antibody concentrations varying from 20 to 80 micrograms/ml (primary response).
      The response to a booster injection was weaker than the response to the first
      injection. More than 90% of anti-dextran antibodies were IgM but IgG and IgA
      responses could be unequivocally demonstrated. IgG1 and IgG3 were the predominant
      subclasses of IgG. Dextran antibody responses to a conjugate of dextran
      (molecular weight approximately equal to 10000) and chicken serum albumin (CSA)
      were stronger (80-300 micrograms/ml) than responses to plain dextran, and anti
      CSA responses to the conjugate were even stronger (up to 900 micrograms/ml).
      Three distinctly different isotype patterns were observed. A pattern IgM much
      greater than IgG1 = IgG3 greater than IgG2a prevailed in responses to the plain
      dextran and in primary anti-dextran responses to dextran-CSA. Another pattern
      IgG1 greater than IgG3 greater than IgM greater than IgG2a was observed in late
      anti-dextran responses to dextran-CSA. The third pattern IgG1 much greater than
      IgG2a greater than IgG3 approximately equal to IgM was characteristic of anti-CSA
      antibodies. Little IgG2b or IgA antibodies were found. Different isotype patterns
      can best be explained on the basis of secondary factors such as T cell help.

PMID- 2411573
TI  - A cell surface marker of thymus-dependent lymphocytes in Xenopus laevis is
      identifiable by mouse monoclonal antibody.
AB  - A mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb), named XT-1 (IgG2b,lambda), was prepared
      against J strain Xenopus laevis thymocytes. The determinant recognized by this
      mAb (XT-1 determinant) was expressed by 92-98% thymocytes and 22-37% splenic
      lymphocytes from intact J strain frogs and larvae, as analyzed by flow
      cytofluorometry. The XT-1 determinant was also expressed by 20-30% peripheral
      blood lymphocytes and 5-11% bone marrow lymphocytes from adult, and 11-17% liver
      lymphocytes from larval J strain Xenopus. Early larval thymectomy depleted XT-1
      positive cells in the spleen to less than 2% of the total lymphocyte population.
      Double immunofluorescence experiments revealed that XT-1+ lymphocytes in the
      spleen are surface IgM-. The strain distribution study on the expression of XT-1
      determinant suggests the allelic polymorphism of the XT-1 determinant. The
      surface antigen identified by the present XT-1 mAb may provide an important
      marker for lymphocytes in thymus-dependent lineage in Xenopus.

PMID- 2411574
TI  - Effects of diacetyl monoxime (DAM) on slow and fast action potentials of young
      and old embryonic chick hearts and rabbit hearts.
AB  - The effects of the negative inotropic agent, diacetyl monoxime (DAM), were
      studied on cardiac action potentials in young (3 day old) and old (13-18 day old)
      embryonic chick hearts and in rabbit papillary muscles. DAM (5-10 mM) decreased
      the action potential (AP) amplitude, the maximum rate of rise (Vmax), and AP
      duration of slow and fast APs in both young and old embryonic chick hearts.
      Concomitantly with these changes, the spontaneous beating rate was increased in
      young hearts. At 20 mM DAM, the maximum diastolic potential (MDP) was decreased.
      In fast APs of old embryonic chick hearts, the most prominent effect of DAM was a
      shortening of AP duration, the effects on AP amplitude, Vmax, and resting
      potential being less. In rabbit papillary muscles, DAM had little effect on the
      slow AP parameters except for shortening of AP duration. The onset of the DAM
      effects was rapid, the peak effect being attained by 5 min in all preparations.
      Reversal of the effects of DAM upon washout were fast, complete recovery being
      attained within 10 min. We conclude that DAM suppressed the slow Na+ current
      present in young chick embryonic hearts. The effects of DAM, up to 10 mM, on Vmax
      of the fast Na+-dependent APs in old embryonic chick hearts was less, and there
      was no effect on rabbit hearts. DAM suppressed the slow Ca2+-dependent APs in old
      embryonic chick hearts but not in rabbit papillary muscles, suggesting that the
      effect of DAM on the Ca2+ slow channels depends on the species.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2411575
TI  - Progabide reverses the nigral substance P reduction induced by chronic impairment
      of dopaminergic transmission.
AB  - Repeated treatment with haloperidol or lesion of nigrostriatal dopaminergic
      neurons with 6-hydroxydopamine produced a reduction in substance P
      immunoreactivity in the rat substantia nigra. This reduction was reversed by the
      repeated administration of progabide, a selective GABA receptor agonist. As GABA
      inhibits substance P release, these results suggest that the reduction in nigral
      substance P levels was due to an increased liberation of the peptide probably
      related to deficient GABAergic function induced by impairment of striatal
      dopaminergic transmission.

PMID- 2411576
TI  - Rous sarcoma virus-transformed fibroblasts adhere primarily at discrete
      protrusions of the ventral membrane called podosomes.
AB  - Rous sarcoma virus-transformed BHK cells (RSV/B4-BHK) adhere to a fibronectin
      coated substratum primarily at specific dot-shaped sites. Such sites contain
      actin and vinculin and represent close contacts with the substratum as revealed
      by interference reflection microscopy. Only a few adhesion plaques and actin
      filament bundles can be detected in these cells as compared to untransformed
      parental fibroblasts. In thin sections examined with transmission electron
      microscopy (TEM) these adhesion sites correspond to short protrusions of the
      ventral cell surface that contact the substratum at their apical portion. These
      structures, which may represent cellular feet, are therefore called podosomes. By
      screening a number of different transformed fibroblasts plated on a fibronectin
      coated substratum we find that podosomes are common to mammalian and avian cell
      lines transformed either by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) or by Fujinami avian sarcoma
      virus (FSV), whose oncogenes encode specific tyrosine kinases. Using antibodies
      reacting with phosphotyrosine in immunofluorescence experiments, we show that
      phosphotyrosine-containing molecules are concentrated in podosomes. Podosomes are
      not detected in fibroblasts transformed by other retroviruses (Snyder-Theilen
      sarcoma virus, Abelson leukemia virus and Kirsten sarcoma virus) or by DNA tumor
      viruses (polyoma, SV40), indicating that podosome-mediated adhesion in
      transformed fibroblasts is related to the peculiar properties of some
      oncoproteins and possibly to their tropism for adhesion systems. Podosomes and
      adhesion plaques, although similar in cytoskeletal protein composition, have
      different mechanisms and kinetics of formation. Assembly of podosomes, in fact
      (i) does not require fetal calf serum (FCS) in the adhesion medium, that is
      necessary for the organization of adhesion plaques; (ii) does not require protein
      synthesis; and (iii) is insensitive to the ionophore monensin, that prevents
      adhesion plaque formation. Moreover, during attachment to fibronectin-coated
      dishes, podosomes appear in the initial phase (60 min) of attachment, while
      adhesion plaques require a minimum of 180 min. In conclusion podosomes of RSV-
      and FSV-transformed fibroblasts represent a phenotypic variant of adhesion
      structures.

PMID- 2411577
TI  - Photoaffinity labelling of a nuclear matrix nucleoside triphosphatase and its
      modulation in the acute-phase response.
AB  - Photoaffinity labelling has been used to identify the major nuclear matrix
      nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase) as a 46 kD polypeptide, which appears to
      represent the same polypeptide photolabelled in nuclear envelope. Nuclear matrix
      NTPase and its photolabelling were selectively decreased in the acute phase
      response of rat liver, which also encompasses decreases (30%) in RNA transport in
      vitro and nuclear envelope NTPase. These results, and quantitative considerations
      suggest that the NTPase correlatively linked to RNA transport is not solubilized
      by detergents; it appears to represent a nuclear matrix component.

PMID- 2411578
TI  - Opposite staining effect of two silver-staining techniques on sister chromatids.
AB  - Opposite differential staining between sister chromatids was obtained by two
      silver-staining techniques on chromosomes replicated twice in medium containing 5
      bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and pretreated with Hoechst plus black light. Both
      silver-nitrate and silver-carbonate staining were affected by chemical extraction
      and enzyme digestion of chromosomal proteins. Prestaining of silver nitrate or
      silver carbonate also blocked the fluorescences of protein dyes. However, removal
      of chromosomal DNA affected the silver-carbonate but not the silver-nitrate
      staining; the fluorescences of DNA dyes were blocked by the prestaining of silver
      carbonate but not silver nitrate. Chromosomal protein labelling was released only
      slightly and its relative amount between BrdU bifilarly substituted and
      unifilarly substituted chromatids was unchanged during pretreatment of Hoechst
      plus black light. We speculate that chromosomal non-histones are the targets for
      silver-nitrate stain, and DNA-non-histone complexes for silver-carbonate stain.

PMID- 2411579
TI  - Effects of a teratogen on [3H]uridine nucleotide transfer between human embryonal
      cells and on gap junctions.
AB  - Intercellular communication (IC) mediated by gap junctions (gj) occurs during
      embryonal development and appears to be important for normal differentiation
      through the exchange of morphogenetic signalling substances. Disruption of IC by
      chemicals may induce abnormal development resulting from failed cell-cell
      interactions. It was established in the present study that genotypically normal
      human embryonal palate mesenchyme (HEPM) cells displayed IC in cell culture and
      that the transfer of [3H]uridine nucleotides was inhibited by the potent
      embryotoxin and teratogen 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). IC was
      mediated by gj which were revealed by freeze-fracture and electron microscopy.
      Quantitative morphometric analysis showed that inhibition of IC by TPA coincided
      with a significant reduction in the number of gj. The observations suggest that
      inhibition of IC by the teratogen TPA may be one among the many mechanisms
      believed to be responsible for the induction of abnormal development by chemical
      teratogens.

PMID- 2411580
TI  - The gene cluster for human U2 RNA is located on chromosome 17q21.
AB  - The gene cluster for human U2 RNA has been mapped to chromosome 17q21 by in situ
      hybridization and hybridization analysis of DNA from mouse/human somatic cell
      hybrids.

PMID- 2411581
TI  - Epidermal morphogenesis and induction of the 67 kD keratin polypeptide by culture
      of human keratinocytes at the liquid-air interface.
AB  - Culture in the presence of delipidized serum (i.e., in the absence of vitamin A)
      has been shown to allow terminal differentiation of human keratinocytes, both in
      terms of morphological appearance and in terms of 67 kD keratin polypeptide
      synthesis (Fuchs, E & Green, H, Cell 25 (1981) 617) [2]. Culture at the liquid
      air interface is known to induce morphological differentiation in a variety of
      culture systems designed for keratinocytes (Prunieras, M et al., J invest
      dermatol 81 (1983) 28s) [3]. We report here that human keratinocytes grown on a
      dermal equivalent (or lattice) in the presence of total serum are able to express
      the 67 kD keratin polypeptide, provided that the culture is raised at the liquid
      air interface. Loss of contact with air results in switching off this synthesis.

PMID- 2411582
TI  - Combinations of interferon-gamma and retinoic acid or 1 alpha, 25
      dihydroxycholecalciferol induce differentiation of the human monoblast leukemia
      cell line U-937.
AB  - The monoblastlike leukemia cell line, U-937, is induced to differentiate into
      monocytelike cells by incubation with 200-500 U/ml of recombinant human immune
      interferon (IFN-gamma) judging from capacity to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium. At
      least an additive differentiation-inducing effect was found between IFN-gamma and
      1-100 nM retinoic acid (RA). A marked synergistic differentiation-inducing effect
      was found between IFN-gamma and 0.1-1.0 nM 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
      (1,25[OH]2D3). It is also shown that U-937 can be primed for differentiation by
      treatment for approximately one day with 1,25(OH)2D3 followed by exposure to IFN
      gamma. Priming of these cells does not depend on the normal rate of RNA
      synthesis, as it occurs even better in the presence of cordycepin, suggesting
      that a decrease in RNA synthesis favors IFN-induced differentiation. Actually,
      the addition of cordycepin during initial incubation with IFN increased the
      subsequent response to IFN-gamma (and also to RA and 1,25[OH]2D3). These results,
      indicating that combinations of IFN-gamma and either RA or 1,25(OH)2D3 induce
      differentiation of U-937, may be of importance in combination biotherapy of
      leukemia.

PMID- 2411583
TI  - Topographical organization of the cortical afferent connections to the cortex of
      the anterior ectosylvian sulcus in the cat.
AB  - The cortical afferents to the cortex of the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (SEsA)
      were studied in the cat, using the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish
      peroxidase technique. Following injections of the enzyme in the cortex of both
      banks, fundus and both ends (postero-dorsal and anteroventral) of the anterior
      ectosylvian sulcus, retrograde labeling was found in: the primary, secondary, and
      tertiary somatosensory areas (SI, SII and SIII); the motor and premotor cortices;
      the primary, secondary, anterior and suprasylvian fringe auditory areas; the
      lateral suprasylvian (LS) area, area 20 and posterior suprasylvian visual area;
      the insular cortex and cortex of posterior half of the sulcus sylvius; in area 36
      of the perirhinal cortex; and in the medial bank of the presylvian sulcus in the
      prefrontal cortex. Moreover, these connections are topographically organized.
      Considering the topographical distribution of the cortical afferents, three
      sectors may be distinguished in the cortex of the SEsA. The cortex of the rostral
      two-thirds of the dorsal bank. This sector receives cortical projections from
      areas SI, SII and SIII, and from the motor cortex. It also receives projections
      from the anterolateral subdivision of LS, and area 36. The cortex of the
      posterior third of the dorsal bank and of the posterodorsal end. It receives
      cortical afferents principally from the primary, secondary and anterior auditory
      areas, from SI, SII and fourth somatosensory area, from the anterolateral
      subdivision of LS, vestibular cortex and area 36. The cortex of the ventral bank
      and fundus. This sulcal sector receives abundant connections from visual areas
      (LS, 20, posterior suprasylvian, 21 and 19), principally from the lateral
      posterior and dorsal subdivisions of LS. It also receives abundant connections
      from the granular insular cortex, caudal part of the cortex of the sylvian sulcus
      and suprasylvian fringe. Less abundant cortical afferents were found to arise in
      area 36, second auditory area and prefrontal cortex. The abundant sensory input
      of different modalities which appears to converge in the cortex of the anterior
      ectosylvian sulcus, and the consistent projection from this cortex to the deep
      layers of the superior colliculus, make this cortical region well suited to play
      a role in the control of the orientation movements of the eyes and head toward
      different sensory stimuli.

PMID- 2411584
TI  - An anterograde HRP-WGA study of aberrant corticorubral projections following
      neonatal lesions of the rat sensorimotor cortex.
AB  - Anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase - wheat germ agglutinin (HRP-WGA)
      was used to examine the effect of unilateral neonatal ablation of the
      sensorimotor cortex on the remaining corticofugal projections to the midbrain in
      the rat. In unlesioned animals, the sensorimotor cortical efferents to the
      midbrain were entirely ipsilateral, terminal labeling being evident in the red
      nucleus, the midbrain reticular formation, the periaqueductal gray, the
      intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus, the nucleus parafascicularis
      prerubralis and the perilemniscal area. Corticorubral fibers were seen to reach
      the midbrain through the thalamus or the cerebral peduncle. In the red nucleus,
      terminal labeling was essentially restricted to the parvocellular region. In
      neonatally lesioned adults, aberrant corticofugal fibers crossed the midline to
      terminate in the contralateral red nucleus, the midbrain reticular formation, the
      periaqueductal gray, the nucleus parafascicularis prerubralis and the
      intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus. The aberrant projections
      maintained the topographic specificity of the normal ipsilateral projections.
      This was most evident in the corticorubral projection, where the aberrant
      contralateral fibers terminated in the parvocellular area of the red nucleus.

PMID- 2411585
TI  - Labelling of cerebellar mossy fiber afferents with intra-axonal horseradish
      peroxidase.
AB  - Several unidentified units recorded in the intermediate zone of lobules IV and V
      of the cerebellar cortex responded to superficial radial nerve stimulation with a
      distinctive short train of 5 to 11 low amplitude spikes (less than 5 mV) at a
      frequency of 800 to 1200 Hz. Responses of this type have in the past been
      attributed to mossy fiber afferents. Following the electrophysiological
      characterization horseradish peroxidase was successfully injected by
      iontophoresis into four axon terminals. The labelled axons presented the typical
      structure of mossy fibers with terminal rosettes and corresponded to the
      morphology of these axons described in Golgi material.

PMID- 2411586
TI  - Taurine in the hippocampal formation of the Senegalese baboon, Papio papio: an
      immunocytochemical study with an antiserum against conjugated taurine.
AB  - An antiserum raised against taurine conjugated to bovine serum albumin by
      glutaraldehyde produced intense staining of hippocampal pyramidal neurons at the
      CA1/CA3 transition (including CA2) and of a small proportion of the granule
      cells. Strongly immunoreactive neurons were also found in a zone overlapping the
      second reflected blade in the hilus. Most glial cells were unlabeled.

PMID- 2411588
TI  - The dendritic morphology of hippocampal dentate granule cells varies with their
      position in the granule cell layer: a quantitative Golgi study.
AB  - The dendritic morphology of Golgi-stained hippocampal dentate granule cells was
      evaluated by measuring the amount and location of dendrite, and the number of
      length of dendritic branches. Granule cells with somata in the superficial third
      of the granule cell layer has substantially more dendritic material than those
      with somata in the deep portions of the cell layer; this difference occurred
      throughout the extent of the molecular layer. Superficial cells also had
      different dendritic branching patterns and wider dendritic fields than did cells
      located in the deeper two-thirds of the granule cell layer. These results
      indicate that the position of neurons within the cell layer should be taken into
      account when quantifying the dendritic fields of dentate granule cells.

PMID- 2411587
TI  - Few cortical cholecystokinin immunoreactive neurons have long projections.
AB  - Cholecystokinin (CCK)-like immunoreactive neurons have been reported to be widely
      distributed throughout both the neo- and allocortices. In the present study, we
      were interested in determining whether these cortical CCK neurons have long
      projections using the double-labeling technique of fluorescence retrograde
      tracing combined with immunofluorescence for CCK. The distribution of CCK
      immunoreactive perikarya and fibers was plotted throughout the rostro-caudal
      extent of the cerebral cortex in both untreated and colchicine-treated albino
      rats. In the double-labeling experiments, the animals received injections of
      fluorescent retrograde tracers into cortical, limbic, striatal or thalamic
      structures, followed one to two days later by colchicine treatment. Brains were
      subsequently processed for indirect immunofluorescence for CCK-octapeptide and
      fluorescent dye localization. It was found that 1) a small number of prefrontal
      cortical CCK neurons were double-labeled with both fluorescent dye and
      immunofluorescence for CCK after dye injection into midline thalamus, 2) only
      rarely were cortical CCK neurons double-labeled with injection of tracers into
      cortex, striatum, or other subcortical structures, 3) numerous midbrain CCK
      neurons were double-labeled after dye injection into prefrontal cortex and
      anterior cingulate cortex. and 4) colchicine or cannula injection damage to
      cortical forebrain tracts (corpus callosum, internal capsule, external capsule,
      anterior commissure) resulted in the appearance of numerous CCK immunoreactive
      fibers not normally seen in the undamaged tracts. Although the possibility
      remains that cortical CCK neurons may be refractory to transport of retrograde
      tracers, these results suggest that CCK-like immunoreactive neurons of the rat
      cerebral cortex are predominantly local circuit neurons and that only minor
      cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical CCK-containing projections exist.

PMID- 2411589
TI  - Pulmonary responses to bleomycin-induced injury: an immunomorphologic and
      electron microscopic study.
AB  - Intratracheal injection of a small dose of bleomycin in rats induced early
      alveolar epithelial cell injury and a pneumonitis which subsequently evolved to
      pulmonary fibrosis. Hydropic degeneration of type I pneumocytes was apparent at 3
      days after treatment. Marked interstitial and intra-alveolar pneumonitis
      developed at 7 days after treatment and was accompanied by hypertrophy and
      hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes. The inflammatory cell population consisted
      predominantly of cells with the morphology of large lymphocytes together with a
      number of eosinophils. Examination by immunoperoxidase and histochemical staining
      of frozen sections revealed that the lymphoid cells stained positively with the
      monoclonal antibodies W3/13 and W3/25 but not with other markers. Thus these
      cells appeared to be helper T lymphocytes. The later development of interstitial
      fibrosis was accompanied by alveolar microcollapse which contributed to the
      thickening of alveolar septa observed by light microscopy. The possible role of
      immunologic and other mechanisms in the pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced
      pulmonary fibrosis is discussed.

PMID- 2411590
TI  - [Use of automatic cytophotometric analysis for assessing the hepatotropic action
      of ethanol].
AB  - It has been shown in experimental chronic intoxication that there is a close
      correlation between the dose of ethanol, microscopic appearance of the liver, the
      content of DNA, RNA, protein, glycogen in hepatocytes and structural parameters
      of nuclear chromatin of these cells. It is concluded that automatic
      cytophotometric analysis of the structure of hepatocyte nuclei holds promise for
      an accurate quantitative evaluation of the hepatotropic action of chemical
      substances and drugs.

PMID- 2411591
TI  - [The search for low-molecular interferon inducers--an important trend in the
      development of chemotherapy].

PMID- 2411592
TI  - [Effect of vasodilator preparations on the ATPase activity of the erythrocyte
      membranes of rabbits with experimental vascular pathology].
AB  - Experiments on rabbits with pituitrin hypertension have demonstrated activation
      of Na+, K+-ATPase of red cell membranes. Meanwhile ATPase activity declined in
      vasorenal hypertension. The vasodilatory drugs (papaverine, pentamine,
      euphylline, nicotinic acid) administered in courses normalized both the activity
      of transport ATPases of cell membranes and carbohydrate metabolism of blood
      vessels, which was disturbed in experimental vascular pathology.

PMID- 2411593
TI  - [Metabolic effects of nicotinic acid in different types of experimental vascular
      pathology in rabbits].
AB  - In experiments on rabbits with pituitrin and vasorenal hypertension, the 7-day
      administration of nicotinic acid (4 mg/kg) produced distinct changes in
      carbohydrate-energy metabolism in blood vessels of different functions. The
      metabolic effects of nicotinic acid were dependent on the type of vascular
      pathology and functional features of blood vessels.

PMID- 2411594
TI  - [Effect of heparin and fepromaron on the kallikrein-kinin system in pituitrin
      induced hypertension].
AB  - A study was made of the effects of heparin and sodium fepromaron on prekallikrein
      (PK); kallikrein inhibitors (KI), initial esterase activity (IEA) of rat blood in
      health and pituitrin hypertension. Pituitrin hypertension was associated with IEA
      increase and KI decrease. A single administration of heparin raised IEA; if
      administered for 3 days, heparin reduced IEA. After pituitrin administration
      heparin decreased IEA if administered once or for 3 days. Administration of
      fepromaron in courses following pituitrin also reduced. IEA, with that reduction
      being preserved for not less than 4 days after drug discontinuation. Similarity
      of the effects of heparin and fepromaron on hemocoagulation and the tone of blood
      vessels suggests the common mechanisms of their action on the blood kinin system.

PMID- 2411595
TI  - Prediction of sequential antigenic regions in proteins.
AB  - Prediction of antigenic regions in a protein will be helpful for a rational
      approach to the synthesis of peptides which may elicit antibodies reactive with
      the intact protein. Earlier methods are based on the assumption that antigenic
      regions are primarily hydrophilic regions at the surface of the protein molecule.
      The method presented here is based on the amino acid composition of known
      antigenic regions in 20 proteins which is compared with that of 314 proteins
      [(1978) Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, vol. 5, suppl. 3, 363-373].
      Antigenicity values were derived from the differences between the two data sets.
      The method was applied to bovine ribonuclease, the B-subunit of cholera toxin and
      herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D. There was a good correlation between
      the predicted regions and previously determined antigenic regions.

PMID- 2411596
TI  - Biochemical characterization of plasma membrane isolated from human skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - Specific components of ion translocation systems were studied in excitable plasma
      membranes isolated from normal human muscle. Na+-K+ ATPase and ouabain-sensitive
      K+ phosphatase activities were 8.9 +/- 1 mumol Pi/h per mg protein and 96 +/- 9
      nmol/min per mg protein, respectively. Scatchard analysis of equilibrium binding
      assays with [3H]ouabain showed non-linear curves consistent with high- and low
      affinity sites (estimated Kd 3 nM and 0.22 microM). Two families of receptors
      with different affinities for a tritiated TTX derivative (estimated Kd 0.4 and 4
      nM) were also identified suggesting the existence in human muscle of at least two
      classes of voltage-dependent Na+ channels. In addition (+)-[methyl-3H]PN200-110,
      a potent Ca2+ antagonist used for labeling voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, was
      observed to bind to a homogeneous population of receptors in the plasma membrane
      (Kd = 0.2 nM).

PMID- 2411597
TI  - Phosphorylation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase and activation by glucagon in
      isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Effects of glucagon and forskolin on the phosphorylation and changes of activity
      of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) have been studied in isolated rat
      hepatocytes using anti-CPT immunoglobulin. When the activity was determined in
      lysed hepatocytes after glucagon or forskolin treatment, it was found to be
      stimulated 30-80% mainly through increased affinity for palmitoyl-CoA. By SDS
      electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitates, CPT subunit (Mr 69000) was noted to be
      phosphorylated 4-5-fold with glucagon (1.2 X 10(-7) M) and forskolin (0.1 mM)
      over control. These results indicate that hepatic ketogenesis is regulated with
      glucagon by phosphorylation of CPT through cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

PMID- 2411598
TI  - Expression of plasmid encoded Escherichia coli 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid in
      Pseudomonas putida.
AB  - The recombinant plasmid pNRK 36, which represents the plasmids RSF 1010, a small
      multicopy plasmid of the incompatibility group IncQ that confers resistance to
      streptomycin and sulfoamide to its host cells, and pKK 223-3, which contains the
      try-lac (tac) promoter followed by a polylinker and a DNA segment containing the
      5S rRNA (rrn B) with the ribosomal RNA transcription terminators, was employed to
      transform Pseudomonas putida 2440 cells. The plasmid encoded 5 S rRNA from
      Escherichia coli was transcribed and processed properly in P. putida cells thus
      demonstrating for the first time the expression of a plasmid encoded ribosomal
      RNA in a heterologous system. The fact that the E. coli 5 S rRNA was not
      incorporated into assembled ribosomes suggests that the in vivo incorporation of
      5 S rRNA into the 50 S ribosomal subunit is closely linked to 23 S rRNA and/or
      ribosomal protein synthesis.

PMID- 2411599
TI  - Differential effects of the K+ channel blockers apamin and quinine on glucose
      induced electrical activity in pancreatic beta-cells from a strain of ob/ob
      (obese) mice.
AB  - The effects of apamin and quinine on glucose-induced electrical activity in
      pancreatic islets from ob/ob mice (Norwich colony) were compared. Apamin (40-400
      nM) increased the duration of the bursts of electrical activity, whereas quinine
      (50-100 microM) affected only slightly the steady-state electrical response to
      glucose. This sensitivity to apamin and poor response to quinine contrast with
      the resistance to apamin and sensitivity to quinine previously reported for
      pancreatic islets from albino mice. The results give further support to the idea
      that pancreatic beta-cells from ob/ob mice have a modified Ca2+-activated K+
      permeability.

PMID- 2411600
TI  - Immunological characterization of microtubule-associated proteins specific for
      the immature brain.
AB  - Immunoblotting analysis was used to detect the microtubule-associated proteins
      present at different stages of rat brain development. Polyclonal antibodies were
      raised against the two main adult brain microtubule-associated proteins: MAP-2
      (300 kDa) and TAU (60-70 kDa). Whatever the stage of development, anti-MAP-2
      serum detected high molecular mass proteins and at immature stages a protein of
      62 kDa. This protein which has previously been referred to as 'young TAU slow'
      is, therefore, immunologically related to MAP-2. The anti-TAU serum (but not the
      anti-MAP-2 serum) detected at immature stages of development a 48 kDa protein
      which also disappears at adulthood. This 48 kDa entity which has been referred to
      as 'young TAU fast' is progressively replaced by the closely spaced bands (60-70
      kDa) of adult TAU proteins. The 62 and 48 kDa proteins appear therefore to be
      immunologically distinct and represent two microtubule-associated proteins
      specific to the immature brain.

PMID- 2411601
TI  - Uptake of rat and human alpha 2-macroglobulin-trypsin complexes into rat and
      human cells.
AB  - Uptake of rat and human alpha 2-macroglobulin-trypsin complexes was measured in
      rat hepatocytes, rat and human adipocytes and human fibroblasts. Uptake and
      degradation of 125I-labelled rat complex were about one-third of that of the
      human complex in the various isolated cell types. In rat hepatocytes, the
      apparent Km for cell association of the rat complex was about 16 nM as compared
      to about 6 nM for the human complex. The Vmax values were similar, about 1 X
      10(4) molecules X cell-1 X min-1. Thus, rat alpha 2-macroglobulin (an acute-phase
      protein) complexed with trypsin follows the same pathways of uptake as the human
      homologue, although with a somewhat lower affinity for the uptake system.

PMID- 2411602
TI  - A wasp venom mastoparan-induced polyphosphoinositide breakdown in rat peritoneal
      mast cells.
AB  - The phospholipid metabolism of rat peritoneal mast cells stimulated with
      mastoparan, a secretagogue purified from wasp venom, was investigated. Mastoparan
      at 20 micrograms/ml caused a rapid secretion of histamine. Mastoparan induced a
      transient decrease of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate on 32P labeling and
      generation of a water-soluble degradation product, inositol trisphosphate on
      [3H]inositol labeling, suggesting the activation of phospholipase C upon
      stimulation.

PMID- 2411603
TI  - New aspects in the surgical treatment of gastric carcinoma--a comparative study
      of 1636 patients operated on between 1969 and 1982.
AB  - During the last 15 years in our department, the overall 5-year survival rate in
      patients with gastric cancer has increased from 20% to 30%. This improvement in
      prognosis is explained by three factors: (1) the reduction in surgical mortality,
      (2) an increase in the resectability rate, (3) the introduction of a histology
      oriented surgical approach that takes account of the differences in growth
      behaviour between the intestinal and diffuse types of carcinoma as defined by
      Lauren. A further new aspect in gastric cancer surgery is the concept of extended
      lymph node dissection.

PMID- 2411605
TI  - Evidence for a circulating endogenous Na+-K+ pump inhibitor in low-renin
      hypertension.
AB  - It is now more than 10 years since we suggested that an endogenous Na+,K+-ATPase
      inhibitor might participate in the genesis of certain forms of ren hypertension.
      Although the question is not yet fully resolved, there has been much activity in
      the area. We here review that activity. In 1980 we reported that supernatant of
      boiled plasma from dogs with one-kidney, one wrapped hypertension reduces Na+-K+
      pump activity when applied to an artery from another animal. Since then, we and a
      number of other investigators have described Na+-K+ pump inhibitory activity in
      the plasma of animals and humans with hypertension, particularly the low-renin
      varieties. The activity results from a heat-stable small molecule, but the
      chemical structure of the molecule is unknown. It appears to be released from the
      hypothalamus in response to pulmonary vascular distension and to act on blood
      vessels via electrogenic depolarization. Although it may be sufficient by itself
      to raise pressure, it may be most effective when superimposed on vascular smooth
      muscle cells that are abnormally permeable to Na+. Efforts to determine the
      chemical structure of the agent or agents should be intensified.

PMID- 2411604
TI  - Vasoactive agents in control of the mesenteric circulation.

PMID- 2411606
TI  - Cardiovascular investigations of an endogenous digoxin-like factor.
AB  - A circulating factor with digoxin immunoreactivity has been demonstrated.
      Elevated levels of this substance appear to be present after volume expansion and
      salt loading, and in some forms of hypertension. The potentially causative role
      for this factor in hypertension can be demonstrated by the normalization of blood
      pressure after antidigoxin antibody infusions in low-renin and sodium-dependent
      hypertension. The possibility that renal excretory defects may be the initiating
      event to elevate endogenous digoxin is suggested by studies with normotensive
      humans and monkeys with renal disease. In the latter case cardiovascular deficits
      were noted that were analogous to those detected in renal hypertensive monkeys
      with elevated endogenous digoxin. Considered together, these results suggest the
      existence of a natriuretic and hypertensive substance that plays a role in body
      fluid homeostasis and blood pressure regulation.

PMID- 2411607
TI  - Progesterone derivatives that bind to the digitalis receptor: effects on Na+,K+
      ATPase and isolated tissues.
AB  - The steroid nature of the cardiac glycosides (CG) suggests that an endogenous
      steroid (or steroids) may be the natural ligand for the specific receptor site,
      i.e., Na+,K+-ATPase. Derivatives of progesterone (PROG) that compete in a
      [3H]ouabain radioreceptor binding assay (RRA) are characterized by 17 alpha
      acetylation and modifications in the B ring. Chlormadinone acetate (CMA) is the
      most potent analog identified thus far, having about one-twentieth the RRA
      potency of ouabain. CMA interacts at the ouabain site on Na+,K+-ATPase, inhibits
      the enzyme in the same rank order of species sensitivity as do the CG, and
      inhibits the sodium pump in vitro in guinea pig atrium and perfused heart,
      cardiac myocytes, rat diaphragm, and red blood cells. CMA does not cross-react
      with digoxin antiserum, which indicates that CG antibodies are not necessarily
      directed at molecular determinants of biological activity. By crystallographic
      analysis, the 20-carbonyl moiety in CMA is seen spatially oriented so as to be
      equivalent to the lactone 23-oxygen atom in the CG. CMA exerts primarily
      cardiodepressant effects, in accordance with the often-reported similar action of
      PROG. Negative inotropy may be mediated other than by Na+,K+-ATPase because PROG
      itself has no significant CG-like actions. Positive inotropy by CG,
      cardiodepression by CMA and PROG or low concentrations of CG, occasional
      transient enhancement of contractility by CMA, and pump stimulation by low
      concentrations of CMA or CG may reflect different affinities of the compounds for
      sites that mediate Na+,K+-ATPase/pump inhibition, positive inotropy, and negative
      inotropy. Thus, PROG derivatives related to CMA appear to be likely candidates
      for endogenous digitalis-like hormones. Body tissues possess the enzymes for
      conversion of PROG to derivatives related even more closely than the
      semisynthetic CMA to the CG configuration.

PMID- 2411608
TI  - [Concentration of nucleolar nucleic acids in the nucleus raphe dorsalis and CA3
      hippocampus of the rat brain during deprivation of the paradoxical phase of
      sleep].
AB  - Two-wave-length visible cytophotometry showed an increase of nuclein acids (NAs)
      in neurons of the n. raphe dorsalis and the decrease in SA3 of the rat
      hippocampus after paradoxical sleep deprivation; the NA content was unchanged in
      gliocytes. A correlation between NA metabolism and function of structures is
      discussed.

PMID- 2411610
TI  - Density of dopa-positive melanocytes in dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria.
AB  - Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria, one of the hereditary diseases
      characterized by the presence of pigmented and hypopigmented spots on the
      extremities, was studied by the splitting dopa stain on the hypopigmented area.
      There were 190 +/- 58/mm2 dopa-positive cells, i.e. less than the normal value of
      the Japanese population. This suggests that the pigment anomaly in this disease
      may be due to the small number of melanocytes.

PMID- 2411609
TI  - Some further features for differential diagnosis between squamous cell carcinomas
      and basal cell epitheliomas.
AB  - Two further methods for the characterization of epidermal skin tumors are
      described: the antinuclear antibody (ANA) immunofluorescent test, which consists
      of indirect immunofluorescence with known high titer sera containing homogenous
      ANAs on epidermal skin tumors, and the ammoniacal-silver cytochemical method,
      which specifically stains nuclear histones. Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs),
      basal cell epitheliomas (BCEs) as well as control specimens from normal skin and
      benign epidermal hyperplasias were studied. The ANA immunofluorescent test was
      positive for most SCCs, mixed SCC and basal cell carcinomas and metatypical BCEs.
      The ammoniacal-silver method gave a characteristic staining pattern shared among
      SCCs, mixed carcinomas and metatypical BCEs. BCEs, besides metatypical ones, were
      always negative by the ANA immunofluorescent test and the same applied for the
      control specimens. The ammoniacal-silver method gave a characteristic staining
      pattern for BCEs and control sections quite different from the staining pattern
      of the more aggressive forms of epidermal tumors. The two methods usually yielded
      parallel results.

PMID- 2411611
TI  - Effect of vanadate and pyridoxal phosphate on S-adenosylmethionine.
AB  - Vanadate in the presence of pyridoxal phosphate promotes the decarboxylation of S
      adenosylmethionine. Pyridoxal has a lower effect; pyridoxine none. The rate of
      decarboxylation depends on pyridoxal phosphate and vanadate concentration.
      Vanadate as low as 10(-7) M gives significant decarboxylation. The reaction seems
      to occur through the formation of a Schiff base. The spectral shift elicited by S
      adenosylmethionine on pyridoxal phosphate due to the presence of the sulfonium
      function is influenced by vanadate. Orthovanadate is a little less effective then
      metavanadate; vanadyl sulfate is even less efficient, and the effect of Cu2+ at
      the same concentration is still lower. Bleomycin partially prevents the vanadium
      effect. In vivo, vanadate promotes a marked increase in chicken liver S
      adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine concentration, whereas the
      polyamine concentration is unaffected.

PMID- 2411612
TI  - Conversion of dolichyl pyrophosphate N,N'-diacetylchitobiose to lipid-tri- to
      heptasaccharides by liver microsomes from hibernating ground squirrels (Citellus
      citellus L.).
AB  - Incubation of liver microsomes from hibernating ground squirrel with GDP
      [14C]mannose and exogenous dolichyl phosphate resulted in the synthesis of
      dolichyl phosphate [14C]mannose. The mannosyltransferase activity was about 3
      fold higher in microsomes from hibernating ground squirrels than in those from
      active animals. Incubation for 30 min of liver microsomes from hibernating
      animals with dolichyl pyrophosphate N,N'-diacetyl-[14C]chitobiose and GDP
      [14C]mannose led to the synthesis of lipid-[14C]trisaccharide. When liver
      microsomes were incubated with lipid-[14C]trisaccharide and unlabelled GDP
      mannose, lipid-tetra- to heptasaccharides were discovered in the chloroform
      methanol (2:1) extract. Since, under the experimental conditions, negligible
      synthesis of dolichyl phosphate mannose was observed, it was assumed that GDP
      mannose was a donor of mannose in the conversion of lipid-trisaccharide into
      lipid-oligosaccharides containing 2-5 mannose residues.

PMID- 2411613
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of desensitization of the cyclic AMP response to TSH
      stimulation in a cloned rat thyroid cell line.
AB  - We examined aspects of the mechanism of desensitization of adenylate cyclase
      activation by TSH in a cloned line of rat thyroid cells (FRTL). Increasing FRTL
      intracellular cAMP concentrations by preincubation for 6 h in either 1 mM dBcAMP
      or 100 microM forskolin did not induce TSH desensitization. Forskolin stimulation
      was unimpaired in TSH-desensitized cells, indicating 'uncoupling' of the
      adenylate cyclase catalytic unit from the TSH receptor. Stimulation by the Ni
      inhibitory pathway of the adenylate cyclase by epinephrine (10(-6) M-10(-4) M in
      the presence of 10(-4) M propranolol) was unaltered in cells previously
      desensitized to TSH. That is, Ni-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase was
      additive to TSH desensitization. Pre-exposure of FRTL cells for 18 h to 50 ng/ml
      pertussis toxin did not prevent the induction of TSH desensitization. TSH
      desensitization was prevented by cycloheximide or actinomycin D added during the
      last 3-4 h of a 6 h period of TSH stimulation. The rates of turnover of the
      putative desensitization protein and its mRNA therefore appear to be similar.

PMID- 2411614
TI  - Modulation of specific protein expression in teratocarcinoma cell aggregates by
      antibodies affecting cell-cell interactions.
AB  - Decompacting Fab were used as tools to modify cell interactions during embryoid
      body formation and differentiation of the embryonal carcinoma (EC) PSMB. Two
      kinds of Fab were used: anti-uvomorulin Fab which recognize only the adhesion
      glycoprotein uvomorulin and Fab from an anti-EC serum which recognizes a series
      of molecules including uvomorulin. Both types of Fab led to decompaction and
      formation of loose aggregates with abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix
      (ECM) components. Anti-uvomorulin Fab did not affect the pattern of embryoid body
      differentiation. In contrast Fab anti-EC induced a differentiation of most of the
      cells in the aggregate into an endoderm-like phenotype. This effect was observed
      only when anti-EC Fab were added to aggregates and not to monolayer cultures.

PMID- 2411615
TI  - Distribution of actin filaments in fertilized egg of the ascidian Ciona
      intestinalis.
AB  - Microfilaments in the contracting cortex during the bipolar ooplasmic segregation
      of Ciona intestinalis eggs were examined by two methods, staining with
      fluorescent phalloidin and decoration with myosin subfragment 1 (S1). Fluorescent
      (Fl-)phalloidin revealed prominent fluorescence in the contracting cortex between
      the surface constriction and the vegetal pole of fertilized eggs. The animal pole
      did not stain. After extraction in Triton X-100, the cortex appeared as a thin
      layer that easily separated from cytoplasmic mass, especially at the contracting
      stage after fertilization. This layer also stained strongly with Fl-phalloidin.
      S1-decoration confirmed that actin filaments were abundant in the thin layer of
      Triton-extracted cortex. The actin filaments are considered to compose a
      contractile network covering the vegetal side of the constriction.

PMID- 2411616
TI  - Differentiation of embryonic chick feather-forming and scale-forming tissues in
      transfilter cultures.
AB  - The dermal-epidermal tissue interaction in the chick embryo, leading to the
      formation of feathers and scales, provides a good experimental system to study
      the transfer between tissues of signals which specify cell type. At certain times
      in development, the dermis controls whether the epidermis forms feathers or
      scales, each of which are characterized by the synthesis of specific beta
      keratins. In our culture system, a dermal effect on epidermal differentiation can
      still be observed, even when the tissues are separated by a Nuclepore filter,
      although development is abnormal. Epidermal morphological and histological
      differentiation in transfilter cultures are distinct and recognizable, more
      closely resembling feather or scale development, depending on the regional origin
      of the dermis. Differentiation is more advanced when epidermis is cultured
      transfilter from scale dermis than from feather dermis, as assessed by morphology
      and histology, as well as the expression of the tissue-specific gene products,
      the beta-keratins. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel analysis of the beta
      keratins reveals that scale dermis cultured transfilter from either presumptive
      scale or feather epidermis induces the production of 7 of the 9 scale-specific
      beta-keratins that we have identified. Feather dermis, although less effective in
      activating the feather gene program when cultured transfilter from either
      presumptive feather or scale epidermis, is able to turn on the synthesis of 3 to
      6 of the 18 feather-specific beta-keratins that we have identified. However,
      scale epidermis in transfilter recombinants with feather dermis also continues to
      synthesize many of the scale-specific beta-keratins. Using transmission and
      scanning electron microscopy, we detect no cell contact between tissues separated
      by a 0.2-micron pore diameter Nuclepore filter, while 0.4-micron filters readily
      permit cell processes to traverse the filter. We find that epidermal
      differentiation is the same with either pore size filter. Furthermore, we do not
      detect a basement membrane in transfilter cultures, implying that neither direct
      cell contact between dermis and epidermis, nor a basement membrane between the
      tissues is required for the extent of epidermal differentiation that we observe.

PMID- 2411617
TI  - Insulin, via its own receptor, regulates growth and amylase synthesis in
      pancreatic acinar AR42J cells.
AB  - Previous in vivo studies have suggested a long-term regulatory role for insulin
      in the exocrine pancreas. To directly study the long-term effects of insulin on
      the pancreas in vitro, we have used cultured AR42J cells, a rat cell line that is
      derived from a transplantable tumor of the acinar pancreas. Hormone-binding
      experiments with 125I-labeled hormones indicated that AR42J cells have insulin
      receptors, relatively fewer receptors for insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II),
      and no detectable receptors for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Insulin at
      concentrations as low as 1 nM stimulated the growth of these cells, as measured
      by an increase in DNA and protein content, and in cell number. At 100 nM, where
      insulin had a maximal effect, the growth of AR42J cells was stimulated by 46.1 +/
      10.9% (mean +/- SEM, N = 11). Insulin increased the amylase activity of AR42J
      cells over the same concentration range that it stimulated growth; at 100 nM,
      insulin increased amylase by 91.0 +/- 15.4% (mean +/- SEM, N = 23).
      Immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine-labeled proteins revealed that insulin
      induced a selective increase of amylase synthesis over general protein synthesis.
      These studies indicate, therefore, that insulin stimulates both growth and
      amylase synthesis of AR42J cells.

PMID- 2411618
TI  - A new in vivo staining method, cresyl violet staining, for fiberoptic magnified
      observation of carcinoma of the gastric mucosa.
AB  - A polypoid gastric mucosal lesion with a flat portion was observed by a
      fiberoptic magnifying endoscope with a new in vivo staining method, cresyl violet
      staining. The fine surface structure of this lesion showed a characteristic
      "ruined sulciform pattern" suggesting papillary carcinoma histologically.
      Successful application of the findings of dissecting microscopy to clinical
      magnifying endoscopy by means of this new staining material indicates the
      possibility of diagnosing gastric mucosal carcinomas with much more accuracy.

PMID- 2411619
TI  - Endoscopic Nd:YAG laser therapy as palliation for esophagogastric cancer.
      Parameters affecting initial outcome.
AB  - Endoscopic neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser therapy has been shown to be a
      technically feasible treatment option for relieving blockage in patients with
      malignant obstruction of the esophagus or gastric cardia. In an attempt to
      identify factors that would predict clinical benefit or risk, or both, 60
      patients were evaluated retrospectively. Thirty-five patients (mean age 65.3 yr,
      range 47-89 yr) with biopsy-proven squamous cell carcinoma and 25 patients (mean
      age 61.1 yr, range 47-82 yr) with adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia were
      evaluated. Most patients had had previous radiotherapy or surgery, and all had
      incurable disease. The following parameters were assessed: (a) tumor histology,
      (b) endoscopic appearance, (c) location, (d) clinical setting. There was no
      difference in response to treatment between squamous cell carcinoma and
      adenocarcinoma. Technically it was easier to treat mucosal tumors than to treat
      submucosal tumors. Also, the outcome was better in mucosal tumors. Results were
      least good and the technical difficulty greatest for tumors of the cervical
      esophagus. Tumors at the gastroesophageal junction were problematic if there was
      horizontal angulation. The best response occurred for tumors in a straight
      segment of mid-esophagus and distal esophagus, particularly if they were less
      than or equal to 5 cm in length. It is possible to identify parameters that
      affect the initial outcome.

PMID- 2411620
TI  - Malignant esophagopulmonary fistula treated by fiberoptic intubation of a
      prosthesis.

PMID- 2411622
TI  - Single-file diffusion of uncharged particles.
AB  - An equation for unidirectional fluxes of nonelectrolytes and for the total flux
      in the single-file transport through a narrow pore has been derived. The equation
      obtained accounts for the correlations of the population of the pore in the
      coordinate of transport. The problem has been solved using superposition
      approximation and unidirectional fluxes has been found. The population profile in
      the pore was shown to have nonlinear shape; this is principally different from
      the results of the classical diffusion approach.

PMID- 2411621
TI  - Effect of Tityus gamma toxin on the activation process in sodium channels of frog
      myelinated nerve.

PMID- 2411623
TI  - The study of volt-ampere characteristics of ionic channels formed by gramicidin
      A.
AB  - A method of measurement of the non-linearity coefficient of volt-ampere
      characteristics of the type i(U) approximately = U(1 + beta U2) has been
      developed for ionic channels formed by gramicidin A, using the third harmonic of
      the membrane current. The shape of the volt-ampere characteristics (VA) of ionic
      channels formed by gramicidin A did not depend on the antibiotic concentration in
      the membrane. The coefficient beta of non-linearity of VA of membranes modified
      by gramicidin A depended on electrolyte concentration "c" and it increased
      proportionally with the lg c from -17 V-2 at 0.03 mol/l KC1 to 8 V-2 at 3.4 mol/l
      KCl, and it was zero at co = 0.3 - 1 mol/l KCl. Egg lecithin and glycerol
      monooleate (GMO) membranes differ in their co values. The substitution of K+ for
      Li+ of the membrane solvent (n-heptane for n-hexadecane) did not influence the
      value of beta; the same applied for GMO membranes without any solvent. In a
      number of membranes, spontaneous change of the non-linearity coefficient with
      time observed after the membrane formation, as well as jumps of the non-linearity
      coefficient at a practically unchanged membrane conductivity. An analysis of some
      theoretical models of the ion transport through the channel has shown that, at
      voltages above 200 mV, these models provide rather small values of beta, or
      extremely high VA non-linearity.

PMID- 2411624
TI  - Interaction of sodium ions with potassium channels of mollusc neuronal somatic
      membrane.

PMID- 2411625
TI  - Sodium and calcium currents in neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells before and
      after morphological differentiation by dibutyryl cyclic AMP.
AB  - Sodium and calcium inward currents (INa and ICa) were measured in neuroblastoma X
      glioma hybrid cells of clones 108CC5 and 108CC15 by a single suction pipette
      method for internal perfusion and voltage clamp. Morphologically
      undifferentiated, exponentially growing cells were compared with cells
      differentiated by cultivation with 1 mmol/l dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Outward
      currents were eliminated by perfusing the cells with a K+-free solution. Voltage
      dependence and ion selectivity as well as steady state inactivation
      characteristics of INa and ICa resembled those of differentiated mouse
      neuroblastoma cells, clone N1E-115 (Moolenaar and Spector 1978, 1979). These
      parameters were identical in undifferentiated and differentiated cells of both
      clones. After differentiation the average density of the peak sodium and calcium
      currents was increased two and four-fold, respectively, in both cell lines. Our
      data indicate that exponentially growing, morphologically undifferentiated 108CC5
      and 108CC15 neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells possess functional Na+ and Ca2+
      channels undistinguishable from those of non-proliferating cells of these clones
      differentiated morphologically by treatment with dibutyryl cyclic AMP. That Na+
      and Ca2+ spikes were not detected by other authors in these cells prior to
      morphological differentiation by dibutyryl cyclic AMP may be attributed to the
      fact that at the low resting membrane potential measured the Na+ and Ca2+
      channels are inactivated.

PMID- 2411626
TI  - A kinetic analysis of the inward calcium current in 108CC15 neuroblastoma x
      glioma hybrid cells.
AB  - The kinetics of activation and inactivation of the inward calcium current (ICa)
      in morphologically undifferentiated and differentiated neuroblastoma X glioma
      hybrid cells of the clone 108CC15 were studied by the suction pipette technique
      for internal perfusion and voltage clamping. Potassium currents were eliminated
      by internal perfusion of the cells with a K+-free solution. Activation of ICa
      followed a sigmoidal time course and could reasonably be fitted by a m2 relation.
      The kinetics of ICa inactivation were studied by analyzing the current
      inactivation during long depolarizing steps and by measuring the peak ICa as a
      function of the length of a prepulse. Both methods gave comparable results
      indicating that the ICa inactivation cannot be fitted by a single exponential.
      The ICa inactivation was fitted by a biexponential function. Neither the
      activation nor the inactivation of ICa were changed after morphological cell
      differentiation induced by treatment with dibutyryl cyclic AMP.

PMID- 2411627
TI  - Possible mechanisms involved in the development of the calcium paradox.
AB  - Reperfusion of an isolated heart with calcium-containing solution after a short
      period of calcium-free perfusion may result in excessive influx of calcium into
      the cells and irreversible cell damage (calcium paradox). This paper describes
      the possible routes of calcium entry that occurs during the phase of calcium
      repletion, and the possible mechanisms involved in the development of the calcium
      paradox damage. The routes of calcium entry include the glycocalyx, the slow
      channels, the Na+-Ca2+ exchange mechanism, passive diffusion, and abnormal sites
      of calcium entry. In addition to an increased influx of calcium, a loss in the
      ability of the sarcolemma to remove calcium from the cells may contribute to the
      net gain of tissue calcium. The calcium paradox damage itself, which follows the
      massive influx of calcium into the myocardial cells, may be a result of calcium
      triggered energy dependent reactions and a concomitant acidification of the
      cytoplasm. Mechanical factors may also be involved in the development of the
      calcium paradox.

PMID- 2411628
TI  - Possible role of Na+ ions in intracellular Ca2+ release in frog auricular
      trabeculae.
AB  - Membrane potential-current and mechanical tension of frog atrial muscle were
      studied in a Ca and Mg-free solution containing 1 mmol/l EGTA (Ca-free solution).
      Exposure to Ca-free solution resulted in a shortening of action potential
      duration within 1.5 min and a subsequent lengthening which were paralleled by
      changes in magnitude and duration of the contraction. Similarly, the slow inward
      current quickly disappeared and progressively reappeared with a quite slower
      inactivation time-course. Its reversal potential varied with [Na]0 as for a pure
      Na current. By 12 min in Ca-free solution, the tension-voltage relation could be
      interpreted as the sum of two components correlated with the slow inward current
      and the membrane potential respectively. Contractures in response to sustained
      large depolarizations had similar time courses in Ca-free solution and Ringer's
      containing Na-Ca exchange blockers (Mn2+ 15 mmol/l or La3+ 3 mmol/l).
      Intracellular Na loading by voltage-clamp depolarizations (40 mV from the resting
      potential for 100 ms, at 0.2 Hz) in the presence of Veratrine (7.5 X 10(-6) g/ml)
      caused a large progressive increase in tonic tension. An intracellular Ca2+
      release is invoked, partly related to Na+ entry and partly to membrane potential
      changes. The potential dependent part could be influenced by intracellular Na+.

PMID- 2411629
TI  - The channel-forming component of the Theridiidae spider venom neurotoxins.
AB  - It is known that Steatoda (Lityphantes) paykulliana and Latrodectus mactans
      tredecimguttatus spider venoms are toxic to mammals and insects. These venoms act
      presynaptically eliciting massive release of transmitters. They also form
      channels in bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) that are selective for cations. Venoms
      of both spider species were fractionated by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-100
      column. The fraction obtained were tested on neuromuscular preparations of frog
      and locust and on BLM. A fraction of low molecular weight components (about 5000
      daltons and less) was disclosed. This fraction showed presynaptic and channel
      forming effects similar to those of crude venoms and of high molecular weight
      toxin fractions, obtained simultaneously from these venoms. It was shown that
      channels formed in BLM by crude venoms and its different fractions are identical.
      Also, it was found that the low molecular weight channel-forming component is a
      construction element of high molecular weight toxins. On the basis of data
      obtained a toxin structure model of the Theridiidae family spider venoms was
      proposed.

PMID- 2411630
TI  - Electrogenic proton pump in Nitella and the effect of calcium.
AB  - The hyperpolarisation of the membrane potential in Characeae above that of the
      diffusion potential is explained by the operation of the electrogenic proton
      pump. We studied the interaction of calcium with the functioning of the pump. The
      membrane potential was measured using the standard microelectrode technique. An
      increase in the calcium concentration resulted in depolarisation, its magnitude
      increasing with lower proton concentrations. Calcium-induced membrane potential
      changes, tested in the concentration range of 0.25 mmol/l to 25 mmol/l, were
      greatest at 0.25 mmol/l CaCl2 and decreased with the increasing calcium
      concentration. Light-induced initial changes in the membrane potential also
      showed a dependence on the presence of calcium in the external medium. We
      conclude that calcium has a role in the regulation of the proton pump in Nitella.

PMID- 2411631
TI  - Single non-inactivating K+ channels in the myotubes of the chick embryo in tissue
      culture.
AB  - Single-channel K+ currents were studied in the myotubes from the chick embryo
      grown in tissue culture for 4--9 days by employing the patch clamp technique. The
      "cell attached" configuration was used and the pipette was filled with a solution
      containing 3 mmol.l-1 K+. The channels exhibited a high conductance of
      approximately 90 pS and the probability of finding them open increased by an e
      fold factor for 13 mV depolarization for low levels of activity. The channels did
      not inactivate during long-lasting depolarization. These channels have been
      suggested to contribute to delayed rectification.

PMID- 2411632
TI  - Na+-Ca2+ exchange in rat brain microsomal membranes pretreated with pronase
      and/or SDS.
AB  - The effects of pronase and/or SDS pretreatment on Na+-Ca2+ exchange were studied
      in rat brain microsomal membranes. Pronase in concentrations that liberated 11%
      of the membrane proteins stimulated the Na+-Ca2+ exchange. When about 24% of the
      proteins were split off, the results did not differ from those in control
      experiments. When 40% or more of the proteins were solubilized, Na+-Ca2+ exchange
      was abolished. Pronase pretreatment did not change the Km value for Ca2+, it
      increased Vmax only. The effect of pronase was partially blocked by Trasylol.
      Neuraminidase had no effect on Na+-Ca2+ exchange. SDS pretreatment of the
      membranes inhibited Na+-Ca2+ exchange: when 25% of membrane proteins were
      solubilized with SDS, the Na+-Ca2+ exchange was abolished while the same amount
      of proteins split off with pronase did not change the rate of Na+-Ca2+ exchange
      as related to membrane proteins. Ischaemia lasting for 2-4 h or complete hypoxia
      which should stimulate endogenous proteinases due to the rise of free
      intracellular calcium did not influence the Na+-Ca2+ exchange. A decrease in Na+
      Ca2+ exchange rate was observed when proteins with molecular weight between
      45,000 and 20,000 were split off from the membranes. It is assumed that the Na+
      Ca2+ antiporter is a polypeptide from the group of proteins within the above
      molecular weights.

PMID- 2411633
TI  - Effect of pH on fast sodium channels in neurons of the rat dorsal root ganglion.
AB  - Ionic currents through fast sodium channels in the neuronal somatic membrane were
      measured under voltage clamp conditions using external solutions of normal and
      low pH. Voltage-dependent inhibition of ionic currents through open channels was
      observed in acidic solutions. The voltage-dependent block of sodium channels may
      be explained by the presence of two acid groups at the channel. The parameters of
      the inner and outer acid groups calculated according to this model are similar to
      those reported for the nodal membrane.

PMID- 2411634
TI  - Potential-dependent calcium blockage of normal and aconitine-modified sodium
      channels in frog node of Ranvier.

PMID- 2411635
TI  - [Characteristics of the phenotypic manifestation of hpt and gpt mutations
      blocking 6-oxypurine utilization and their effect on the expression of catabolite
      sensitive genes in the cells of an Escherichia coli K-12 purine auxotroph].
AB  - The Escherichia coli purine auxotrophs with the complete block of utilization of
      hypoxanthine, guanine and xanthine by means of phosphoribosyltransferases, as a
      result of the hpt and gpt mutations, have the Rel phenotype. In the purD hpt gpt
      bacteria, under conditions of amino acid starvation synthesis of RNA continues
      and accumulation of ppGpp is not found. Upon a study of expression of the deo
      operon, uridine phosphorylase and beta-galactosidase genes, data were obtained
      showing that activity of catabolite sensitive promoters of these genes is
      inhibited in the purD hpt gpt cells. Inhibition of activity of the catabolite
      sensitive cytP promoter in the deo-operon seems to be accompanied by an increase
      in activity of the preceding deoP promoter.

PMID- 2411636
TI  - Analysis of the ptsH-ptsI-crr region in Escherichia coli K-12: nucleotide
      sequence of the ptsH gene.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of an Escherichia coli DNA segment containing the ptsH
      gene and the first 162 nucleotides of the ptsI gene encoding, respectively, Hpr
      and enzyme I of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent glycose phosphotransferase
      system (PTS), was determined. The ptsH promoter was localized using the S1
      mapping technique. A nucleotide sequence very similar to the consensus binding
      site for cAMP receptor protein was found in the -35 region of the ptsH promoter.
      The ptsH gene is transcribed in the same direction as the ptsI gene and the crr
      gene (encoding enzyme IIIGlc of the PTS). Analysis of the nucleotide sequence
      substantiates the notion that the ptsH-ptsI-crr genes constitute a polycistronic
      operon.

PMID- 2411637
TI  - [Induction of micronuclei in somatic cells of mammals after combined
      administration of benzo(a)pyrene and hexachlorocyclohexane].

PMID- 2411639
TI  - Stromal progenitor cells in bone marrow of patients with aplastic anemia.

PMID- 2411638
TI  - Enzyme transfer from pancreas to plasma during acute pancreatitis. The
      contribution of ascitic fluid and lymphatic drainage of the pancreas.
AB  - Acute pancreatitis was induced in anaesthetised dogs in order to investigate the
      relative contribution of peritoneal ascitic fluid and thoracic duct lymph as
      routes of transfer of pancreatic enzymes from the inflamed gland to the blood. In
      eight animals the exudate from the gland was collected in a plastic bag and
      continuously drained away, and in a further eight it was allowed to accumulate
      within the peritoneal cavity. The thoracic duct was cannulated and in four of the
      animals of each group the lymph which drained was discarded; in the other four it
      was returned via a venous cannula. The initial rise of plasma amylase and lipase
      was probably because of the direct transfer of enzyme into veins draining the
      pancreas or peri-pancreatic tissues. Thereafter transfer of enzyme via the
      thoracic duct significantly influenced plasma concentrations of amylase and
      lipase. The majority of enzyme released from the gland accumulated within the
      peritoneal ascitic fluid, but this intraperitoneal accumulation did not appear to
      have a significant influence upon lymph or plasma concentrations of amylase or
      lipase.

PMID- 2411640
TI  - Dyserythropoiesis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood.

PMID- 2411641
TI  - Differential expression of a glycoprotein (p15E-RT) of retroviral origin in
      patients suffering from various hematological disorders.

PMID- 2411642
TI  - Repertoire purging by medium concentration self-macromolecules is the major
      factor determining helper and suppressor repertoire differences.

PMID- 2411643
TI  - Genes and antigens controlling tumor metastases.

PMID- 2411644
TI  - [GABAergic neurons in the mammalian intestine].
AB  - Most of the criteria for identification of a neurotransmitter were satisfied for
      gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the mammalian intestine. GABA and its
      synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and the neurons which
      specifically accumulate GABA were demonstrated to localize in Auerbach's plexus
      of the intestine. GABA was demonstrated to be released from nerve terminals of
      the intestine when the nerve fibers were stimulated. The application of GABA
      depolarized the neurons within Auerbach's plexus. The actions of GABA were
      mimicked by muscimol on the GABAA receptor and by baclofen on the GABAB receptor.
      The GABAA antagonist is bicuculline, but no antagonist to GABAB is known at
      present. Thus, GABAergic neurons may be present in the enteric nervous system of
      the intestine. GABA and bicuculline changed the propulsive activity and the
      spontaneous motility of circular muscle, and the neuronal interactions, substance
      Pergic-GABAergic-postganglionic cholinergic neurons were found in the enteric
      nervous system, thereby suggesting that GABAergic neurons play a key role in the
      control of peristalsis.

PMID- 2411645
TI  - [Calcium ion channels in cardiac cell membranes].
AB  - Understanding of the electrophysiological properties of the calcium channel in
      cardiac cell membranes has been hampered because of the difficulties in
      interpreting voltage-clamp data. Recently, new techniques for isolation of adult
      heart cells, internal dialyzation of the cell and analysis of the single ion
      channel current have been established. Some of the previous results and concepts
      obtained in intact cardiac tissues have been confirmed and new understanding of
      the nature of the calcium channels has been gained by the techniques. In this
      article, the author reviews the electrophysiological and electropharmacological
      properties of the calcium ion channels in cardiac cell membranes. Especially,
      emphasis is placed on new information gleaned from the new techniques.

PMID- 2411646
TI  - Pre-pubertal gynaecomastia as the presenting feature of late-onset 21-hydroxylase
      deficiency.
AB  - We describe an 8-year-old boy with pre-pubertal gynaecomastia as the presenting
      feature of late-onset 21-hydroxylase deficiency, an association not previously
      reported. Although absolute oestrogen levels were not higher than previously
      described in 21-hydroxylase deficiency, the gynaecomastia may have arisen through
      a relative disproportion of the C18 to C19 steroids.

PMID- 2411648
TI  - Pathogenesis of steatorrhea in primary biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - To investigate the pathophysiology of steatorrhea in primary biliary cirrhosis,
      the severity of steatorrhea, small bowel histology and function, cholestasis,
      exocrine pancreatic secretion and liver histology were studied. Twenty-four
      primary biliary cirrhotic patients had a quantitative stool fat collection, serum
      bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase and liver biopsies. From this group, ten had
      further studies: a small bowel biopsy (n = 7); a D-xylose test (n = 9);
      measurement of pancreatiobiliary concentrations and outputs after intravenous
      cholecystokinin (n = 10); essential amino acid perfusion of the duodenum (n = 9),
      and eating a test meal (n = 7). D-xylose absorption was normal, and only one
      patient had a minimal small bowel mucosal abnormality. Pancreatic lipase outputs
      in response to cholecystokinin were low in two primary biliary cirrhotic
      patients, but were greater than 10% of normal. Postprandial lipase outputs were
      normal except in one patient who had abnormal duodenal acidification. Mean enzyme
      outputs in primary biliary cirrhotic patients were normal in response to
      essential amino acid perfusion; but 6 had low lipase and 5 had low trypsin
      outputs which were associated with decreased bile acid outputs (p less than
      0.03). Severity of steatorrhea was associated with reduced bile acid outputs and
      concentrations (r = 0.82; p less than 0.0001), degree of cholestasis (serum
      bilirubin; r = 0.88; p less than 0.001) and advanced histologic stages (p less
      than 0.005). Severe intraluminal bile acid deficiency combined with a submaximal
      intraluminal stimulus (essential amino acids) may be associated with decreased
      exocrine pancreatic secretion in primary biliary cirrhosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2411647
TI  - Mitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis: species and nonspecies
      specific determinants of M2 antigen.
AB  - Sera from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis reacted with four major bands
      in beef heart mitochondria and ATPase extract when analyzed by immunoblot after
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These four
      immunologically reactive bands corresponded to protein bands with molecular
      weights of about (a) 80,000; (b) 63,000; (c) 56,000; and (d) 43,000 to 46,000. An
      additional immunoreactive band was found with some high-titered primary biliary
      cirrhosis sera at 36,000. No association with any ATPase subunits was found,
      except for band c which migrated between the alpha- and beta-subunit of ATPase.
      Most ATPase fractions did not contain this band c, indicating that M2
      determinants, as defined by immunoblot, are not identical with any ATPase
      subunit. Species and nonspecies-specific determinants of M2 were identified using
      mitochondria from rat liver and human heart and liver. Antigenic bands a, c and d
      were nonspecies-specific. Band b and e occurred only in beef heart. An additional
      determinant at about 38,000 was detected using human heart and liver
      mitochondria. Primary biliary cirrhosis sera showed a typical reaction with two
      protein bands of Escherichia coli, one at about 85,000 to 90,000 and the other at
      60,000. Antibodies against both determinants could be absorbed with
      submitochondrial particles of beef heart showing that E. coli shares cross
      reacting determinants with mitochondria. Sera from 56 primary biliary cirrhosis
      patients were tested using beef heart mitochondria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2411649
TI  - Changes of laboratory variables with time in cirrhosis: prognostic and
      therapeutic significance.
AB  - The time change of laboratory variables in cirrhosis was studied by analysis of
      data from 488 patients with cirrhosis included in a controlled clinical trial of
      long-term prednisone vs. placebo. In the placebo group, a marked regression
      towards normal was seen within 3 months of entry into the trial (increase in
      serum albumin, acetylcholinesterase, cholesterol, hemoglobin and decrease in
      erythrocyte sedimentation rate). The subsequent course did not show a clear
      pattern, except for a slight increase in serum bilirubin and decrease in albumin.
      When studied in relation to the time of death in patients dying from a "hepatic"
      cause, marked increase in bilirubin and decrease in prothrombin index, albumin
      and cholesterol were seen in the year prior to death with little change before
      that time. In the prednisone group, a more marked decrease in bilirubin, SGOT,
      alkaline phosphatase, gamma-globulin, sulfobromophthalein retention, erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate and increase in leukocytes, prothrombin index and cholesterol
      were seen during the first 3 months. In relation to time of death from a
      "hepatic" cause, similar changes were seen as in the placebo group except that
      alkaline phosphatase increased and cholesterol did not decrease. A beneficial
      effect of prednisone on survival, as expressed by a previously developed
      therapeutic index, was associated with decrease in SGOT, alkaline phosphatase and
      gamma-globulin within the first 3 months. An increase in SGOT during prednisone
      seemed to be associated with harmful effects of therapy.

PMID- 2411650
TI  - The antisocial personality: a review.
AB  - Definition, understanding, and treatment of antisocial personality disorder
      continue to present difficulties, but there have been several encouraging
      developments. Recently published data on antisocial syndromes from several
      different disciplines have been strikingly consistent and have raised hopes for
      an integrated understanding of the disorder. In addition, many of the sources of
      antisocial symptoms have been identified, and certain highly structured
      therapeutic programs have been effective in modifying antisocial behavior. The
      paper reviews the latest issues related to diagnosis, symptom presentation, and
      treatment, as well as pathologic, sociologic, and epidemiologic aspects of the
      disorder.

PMID- 2411651
TI  - Globular Mallory-like bodies in renal cell carcinoma: report of a case and review
      of cytoplasmic eosinophilic globules.
AB  - The case of a patient who had renal cell carcinoma with cytoplasmic eosinophilic
      globular hyaline bodies antigenically similar to Mallory bodies, highly
      suggestive of globular type III alcoholic hyalin, is presented. Mallory bodies
      are not found exclusively in the liver, having also been demonstrated in the
      lung. The renal tumor in this case represents an additional extrahepatic site.

PMID- 2411652
TI  - A new MspI restriction fragment length polymorphism in the hemophilia B locus.
AB  - Using a partial cDNA probe for human coagulation factor IX, we have detected a
      new restriction fragment length polymorphism in human DNA digested with MspI. The
      frequency of the minor allele is 0.20 +/- 0.05 and average heterozygosity is
      about 0.32. The MspI RFLP is in strong linkage disequilibrium with the TaqI RFLP
      previously described, but should nevertheless be useful in segregation analysis
      in case of homozygosity for the TaqI minor allele.

PMID- 2411653
TI  - Antigen-specific lymphocyte transformation in congenital toxoplasmosis.
AB  - Secreted (TSA) and water lysed antigens (WLA) derived from cell culture of the RH
      strain of Toxoplasma gondii have been used to induce antigen-specific mitogenesis
      of lymphocytes from children with congenital toxoplasmosis. Responsiveness to WLA
      was variable, with all patients giving false negative results. Responses to TSA,
      however, were highly specific, with no false negatives. This increased
      specificity was not due to an increased response to TSA (P less than 0.001), but
      a lower TSA response by the lymphocytes of the uninfected subjects (P greater
      than 0.1), compared with WLA in both cases. Preliminary studies have shown that
      while WLA induces high levels of non-specific immunity, such as natural killing,
      TSA is able to induce specific killing of Toxoplasma in vitro through the action
      of activated macrophages; this may partially explain the increased specificity of
      TSA in the lymphocyte transformation test.

PMID- 2411654
TI  - Specificity of Brugia malayi antigens in filarial skin test.

PMID- 2411655
TI  - A controlled study on the use of intravenous fat in patients suffering from acute
      attacks of pancreatitis.
AB  - Thirty-one acute attacks of pancreatitis in 27 patients were studied. 15 attacks
      were treated with standard therapeutic measurements alone, and 16 attacks were,
      in addition, treated with intravenous infusions of a commercial fat emulsion
      (Intralipid). Fat infusions were started on the 2nd day after admission in a dose
      of 1,5 g fat/kg B.W./24 h. There was a tendency of quicker alleviation of pain in
      the controls, but the amounts of analgesics and antispasmodics required by these
      patients were higher. With regard to all other variables, which are commonly used
      to characterize the course of acute attacks of pancreatitis, we did not observe
      significant differences between the controls and the patients treated with fat.
      We conclude that intravenous infusions of fat in the dosage used in this study
      does not influence the course of acute attacks of pancreatitis.

PMID- 2411656
TI  - Heterogeneity of Trichomonas vaginalis and discrimination among trichomonal
      isolates and subpopulations with sera of patients and experimentally infected
      mice.
AB  - The antibody response in trichomoniasis patients was examined with a variety of
      methodologies including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, indirect
      immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, and radioimmunoprecipitation-electrophoresis
      autoradiography. Based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay recognition of
      trichomonal isolates, sera from patients with trichomoniasis were categorized
      into reactive class I (IA, IB, and IC) and nonreactive class II sera. A
      diminished ability to precipitate antibody-binding trichomonad membrane proteins
      by the whole cell radioimmunoprecipitation assay was noted from class IA to class
      II sera. The antigenic distinctions among various Trichomonas vaginalis isolates
      appeared due to high-molecular-weight protein antigens detected by class IA sera
      in a whole cell radioimmunoprecipitation assay. The heterogeneity in antigenic
      patterns was confirmed among the isolates with sera from experimental animals.
      Also, live T. vaginalis cells appear to have only a few of the entire repertoire
      of major immunogenic surface proteins accessible to antibody binding.
      Immunoblotting demonstrated that the high-molecular-weight proteins responsible
      for trichomonal isolate heterogeneity are present in all isolates. The data
      suggest that trichomonads of a given isolate express only a subset of internally
      synthesized protein antigens on their surface. Importantly, the presence of these
      protein antigens on T. vaginalis membranes correlated with antibody production in
      subcutaneously challenged mice. Finally, indirect immunofluorescence studies with
      highly reactive, pooled sera from either patients or mice revealed a
      subpopulation of nonstaining trichomonads. These data support the view that
      heterogeneity among T. vaginalis is dependent upon the surface disposition of
      highly immunogenic protein antigens. Strategies may now be developed not only for
      studying potential vaccine reagents, but also for examining possible antigenic
      phenotypic variations in this experimental model.

PMID- 2411657
TI  - Purification and partial characterization of outer membrane proteins P5 and P6
      from Haemophilus influenzae type b.
AB  - The major outer membrane proteins of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib),
      designated P5 and P6 (R.S. Munson, Jr., J.L. Shenep, S.J. Barenkamp, and D.M.
      Granoff, J. Clin. Invest. 72:677-684, 1983), were purified to homogeneity and
      partially characterized. P5 was insoluble in octylglucoside-NaCl and could be
      extracted with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in 20 mM phosphate (pH 7.5).
      Solubilized P5 was further purified on hydroxylapatite in 0.1% SDS. The purified
      protein had an apparent molecular weight of 27,000 as determined by SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after sample preparation at room temperature.
      The protein migrated with an apparent molecular weight of 35,000 after heating
      for 30 min at 100 degrees C in the presence of 10% beta-mercaptoethanol (beta
      ME). Rabbit antisera prepared against the purified preparation immunoprecipitated
      solubilized protein P5 but had no protective activity in the infant rat
      bacteremic model. The SDS-insoluble residue was further extracted with 1% SDS-0.5
      M NaCl-0.1% beta ME at 37 degrees C. A single outer membrane protein, designated
      P6, with an apparent molecular weight of 16,000, remained insoluble under these
      conditions. Antiserum prepared against this insoluble fraction contained
      antibodies which, after removal of anti-lipopolysaccharide antibody,
      immunoprecipitated P6 and protected infant rats challenged with Hib. Protein P6
      could be released from the insoluble cell wall in the presence of SDS-NaCl-beta
      ME at 60 degrees C. Thus, proteins P5 and P6 could be purified from the cell
      envelope of Hib. Based on the results from infant rat passive protection
      experiments, antigens in the P6-cell wall fraction merit further investigation as
      possible vaccine components. In contrast, epitopes on protein P5 did not appear
      to elicit protective antibody.

PMID- 2411658
TI  - Purification and antigenic relatedness of proteins II of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
AB  - Gonococcal proteins II from three strains were purified by chromatofocusing, and
      antisera was raised against them. These antisera were examined by immunoblotting
      to explore the antigenic relatedness of proteins II of seven different strains.
      The strongest reactions of the antisera were with the homologous proteins II. The
      antiserum against the proteins II of one strain also reacted with the proteins II
      present in all of the heterologous strains, whereas the antisera against the
      proteins II of two other strains showed little cross-reactivity with heterologous
      proteins II. Monoclonal antibodies produced against the three proteins II of
      strain F62 were specific for homologous proteins II and recognized epitopes
      unique to each individual protein II. These studies confirm the extensive intra-
      and interstrain variability in the antigenic structure of these proteins.

PMID- 2411659
TI  - Streptococcus pneumoniae cocultured with fibroblasts enhances both interferon
      production and cytotoxic activity by lymphocytes.
AB  - Cell-mediated cytotoxicity against normal human fibroblasts was dependent on
      treatment of the fibroblasts with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Both spontaneous and
      interferon (IFN)-enhanced lymphocytes killed human foreskin (HFS) or skin muscle
      cells cocultured with S. pneumoniae five- to eightfold more than control
      nontreated cells. Based on Percoll gradient centrifugation, the cytotoxic
      effector cell migrated like a large granular lymphocyte. The human IFN produced
      from mixtures of HFS cells, lymphocytes, and S. pneumoniae was observed to be
      both a mixture of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma and in an amount 500 times greater than
      that observed with lymphocytes on HFS cells alone, and it was in an amount 12
      times greater than when lymphocytes and bacteria were cultured together. A
      mixture of antibodies to IFN-alpha and -gamma added to cocultures of fibroblasts
      and bacteria blocked the killing of fibroblast targets by lymphocytes (47 versus
      13%). Thus, endogenously produced IFN was essential for the effective killing of
      the fibroblasts. Treatment of HFS cells with IFN before bacterial treatment
      protected the HFS cells from lysis by lymphocytes. The observation that normal
      diploid cells exposed to bacteria can be killed by lymphocytes suggests that
      natural cytotoxic cells are active at the site of bacterial infection and
      conceivably play roles in defense or pathogenesis.

PMID- 2411660
TI  - Role of anti-pilus antibodies in host defense against gonococcal infection
      studied with monoclonal anti-pilus antibodies.
AB  - Several monoclonal antibodies directed against gonococcal pili have been used to
      investigate the potential contribution of anti-pilus antibodies to host defense
      against gonococcal infection. Included were two antibodies (SM1 and SM2) which
      reacted with conserved determinants present on pili from all strains tested and
      others which exhibited antigenic specificity. Immunoblotting experiments revealed
      that antibodies SM1 and SM2 recognize epitopes on two different peptides derived
      by CNBr cleavage of alpha-pili from Neisseria gonorrhoeae P9-2. All antibodies
      used were capable of activating complement, as shown by their ability to bind
      Clq, and one type-specific antibody was effective in complement-mediated
      bactericidal killing. Antibodies directed against at least some pilus epitopes
      may therefore contribute to bactericidal activity during the course of natural
      infection. The opsonic effect of type-specific antibodies was demonstrated by
      their ability to stimulate luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes and promote phagocytic killing of variant P9-2.
      Phagocytic killing in the presence of each monoclonal antibody paralleled the
      increase in chemiluminescence, suggesting that for this variant killing was an
      inevitable consequence of the interaction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with
      gonococci opsonized with anti-pilus antibodies. Antibody-mediated
      chemiluminescence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was enhanced in the presence of
      human complement, and a weak opsonic effect was detected with one of the cross
      reacting antibodies (SM1) when this system was used. Although cross-reacting
      antibody SM1 and type-specific antibody SM13 showed considerable differences in
      biological properties, they were of the same isotype and bound to native pili on
      intact gonococci in similar numbers and with similar avidity.

PMID- 2411661
TI  - Analysis of effects of lipopolysaccharide and interferon on murine macrophages:
      modulation of elastase secretion in vitro.
AB  - Macrophages are able to produce and secrete elastase in response to a variety of
      agents which induce macrophage differentiation. In this study, we compared
      elastase levels in macrophage cultures derived from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
      responsive and LPS-hyporesponsive mice. After the in vivo administration of fluid
      thioglycolate, both types of macrophages exhibited increased secretion of
      elastase, and further enhancement was observed after in vitro stimulation with
      colchicine or phorbol myristic acetate or ingestion of latex beads. In contrast,
      phenol- and water-extracted, protein-free preparations of LPS (Ph-LPS) markedly
      inhibited elastase secretion below basal levels in LPS-responsive macrophages.
      The LPS-induced inhibition was reversible with polymyxin B and was not observed
      in Ph-LPS-stimulated C3H/HeJ (LPS-hyporesponsive) macrophage cultures.
      Stimulation of either LPS-responsive or -hyporesponsive macrophage cultures with
      interferon (IFN) also resulted in a significant reduction in elastase secretion
      below basal levels. LPS-induced inhibition of elastase secretion could be
      reversed and elastase secretion could be augmented in the presence of an antibody
      directed against IFN-alpha/beta. These findings suggest that LPS induces the
      production of both elastase and IFN, and that the latter product acts to suppress
      secretion of the proteinase.

PMID- 2411662
TI  - Kinetics and characterization of interferon production by murine spleen cells
      stimulated with Legionella pneumophila antigens.
AB  - Formalin-killed Legionella pneumophila bacterial cells, as well as a purified
      cell wall preparation (designated F-1 antigen) containing lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS), stimulated production of interferons (IFNs) in mouse spleen cell cultures.
      L. pneumophila whole-cell vaccine induced an IFN that was pH 2 labile and
      neutralized by anti-IFN-gamma indicating that IFN-gamma was the dominant form
      present. F-1 antigen induced a mixture of IFNs, depending upon the age of the
      culture and cell types present. In freshly prepared whole-spleen cultures and in
      2-h adherent cultures, F-1 induced predominantly IFN-alpha/beta. In whole-spleen
      cultures that were allowed to age for 24 to 48 h before stimulation, F-1 was seen
      to induce mostly IFN-gamma, with low levels of IFN-alpha/beta present. Since only
      IFN-alpha/beta was produced in T-cell-depleted populations (at 2 h or at 48 h),
      it is suggested that T cells are responsible for IFN-gamma production in aged
      cultures. Additionally, heat-treated F-1, Escherichia coli LPS, and heat-treated
      E. coli LPS all induced similar levels of IFN-gamma in whole-splenocyte or
      nonadherent cell cultures which were incubated 48 h before stimulation. This
      suggests that LPS present in F-1 is responsible for IFN-gamma production and that
      an activated cell population is required. These results show that L. pneumophila
      antigens can induce the production of various types of IFN in mouse spleen cell
      cultures through several mechanisms.

PMID- 2411663
TI  - Increased local complement levels upon intraperitoneal injection of mice with
      Listeria monocytogenes and regulation by polyanions.
AB  - Alternative complement pathway activity in mouse peritoneal fluid was determined
      by a sensitive microtiter assay with rabbit erythrocytes as target cells and
      cobra venom factor as the inducer of bystander hemolysis. The intra- and
      interstrain variations in five mouse strains were 30% and, maximally, 64%,
      respectively. No activity was detected in genetically C5-deficient mice. In C5
      sufficient mice, intraperitoneal injection of heat-inactivated Listeria
      monocytogenes resulted in a 250% increase in local complement activity within 30
      min. This effect was reversed by simultaneous injection of dextran sulfate but
      not heparin. These results are discussed in relation to the ability of listeriae
      to activate the mouse alternative complement pathway in vitro and the
      effectiveness of dextran sulfate and the failure of heparin in functioning as an
      adjuvant in the induction of a protective response in mice by a heat-inactivated
      listeria vaccine.

PMID- 2411664
TI  - The French experience of anaphylactoid reactions.

PMID- 2411665
TI  - Diagnosis and investigation of acute anaphylactoid reactions to anesthetic drugs.

PMID- 2411666
TI  - Histamine release in anesthesia and surgery: a systematic approach to risk in the
      perioperative period.

PMID- 2411667
TI  - Anaphylactoid reactions to plasma substitutes.
AB  - Anaphylactoid reactions have been reported in association with all of the
      currently available plasma substitutes. The clinical picture ranges from skin
      reactions only to severe and life-threatening complications, which can be
      conveniently classified into four grades of severity. The pathomechanism of these
      anaphylactoid reactions varies for the different colloids. Anti-dextran
      antibodies (most likely IgG) seem to be responsible for severe DIAR representing
      an immune complex anaphylaxis. IgE has not been implicated in reactions of this
      type. Skin tests seem to be of limited value in the diagnosis of dextran
      reactions and should be performed with great caution. Administration of a
      specific hapten (low-molecular-weight dextran) prior to dextran infusion reduces
      the frequency of DIAR in animals and humans. The principal mediator of
      anaphylactoid reactions due to gelatin infusion is histamine, and this has been
      established for urea-linked gelatin. It is likely that the diisocyanate present
      in some polygeline batches is the histamine-releasing substance. Better
      purification of polygeline and pretreatment with histamine H1-receptor and H2
      receptor antagonists have both substantially reduced the frequency of clinical
      reactions. Changes in plasma complement levels have been observed in patients
      with anaphylactoid reactions to HES. Antibodies against HES have been detected in
      humans, but no correlation has been found between the titer of antibodies and
      anaphylactoid reactions to HES. A further problem with repeated HES infusions is
      its potentially irreversible storage. Anaphylactoid reactions to colloids should
      be treated according to the grade of severity. Epinephrine should only be given
      in severe (grades III and IV) reactions. The early application of
      glucocorticosteroids (500-1,000 mg of prednisolone equivalent) also may be
      helpful.

PMID- 2411668
TI  - Identification of orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) pollen allergens following
      electrophoretic transfer to nitrocellulose.
AB  - Orchard grass (cocksfoot) pollen extracts, fractionated by polyacrylamide
      gradient electrophoresis or SDS gel electrophoresis were electroblotted onto
      nitrocellulose membranes and probed with sera from orchard grass pollen-allergic
      patients and 125I-anti-human IgE. The IgE-binding components of the pollen were
      detected by autoradiography. Elution studies showed that allergens could be
      extracted immediately and continuously over a 3-hour period. Two fractions of MWs
      28,000 and 30,000 could be detected only after 20 min extraction. SDS-PAGE
      separations gave the better resolution revealing 19 electrophoretically-separate
      components, 13 of which bound human IgE. All of the IgE-binding components had
      MWs in the range 14,000 - 70,000. Three of the bands bound IgE from more than 85%
      of the serum samples. Following gradient gel electrophoresis, IgE binding was
      exhibited by 10 bands in the range MW 5,000 to greater than 669,000. The
      technique used allows one to quantitatively examine patients' sera for allergen
      specific IgE antibodies and to identify the clinically important allergens.
      Results revealed numerous allergenic components over a wide MW range while
      patterns of IgE binding with different patients' sera demonstrated a great
      diversity of IgE antibody responses. This study demonstrates the suitability of
      the electroblotting technique combined with autoradiography for the investigation
      of allergenic components of grass pollen extracts and hence has application to
      extract standardization and immunotherapy. Such studies can be carried out
      rapidly, economically and with a high degree of sensitivity.

PMID- 2411669
TI  - Mechanism of the action of amoxanox (AA-673), an orally active antiallergic
      agent.
AB  - Amoxanox inhibited immunologically stimulated and LTD4-induced
      bronchoconstriction in laboratory animals. Amoxanox, like DSCG, inhibited rat IgE
      mediated PCA and histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells, and suppressed
      immunologically stimulated or calcium ionophore A23187-induced SRS-A generation
      in rat peritoneal cavity and guinea pig lung fragments. This compound also
      reduced the contractile response of guinea pig lung parenchymal and ileal strips
      to LTD4, but did not significantly affect the response of the ileum to either
      histamine or acetylcholine. Therefore, the antiallergic action of amoxanox seems
      to be associated with inhibition of chemical mediator release and antagonistic
      activity on SRS-A.

PMID- 2411670
TI  - Characterization of the IgG antibody response to timothy grass pollen antigens.
AB  - The IgG and IgE antibody responses against timothy grass pollen antigen B (AgB)
      in several mouse strains were determined. Considerable variability in both
      responses was demonstrated, and (CBA/J X C57BL/6)F1 mice were selected for use in
      subsequent experiments. Anti-idiotypic-antibody-induced T suppressor cells almost
      completely suppressed AgB-specific IgE, but the IgG response was not altered.
      Further studies with photooxidized AgB (Ox-AgB) indicated that the IgG response
      was directed against an antigenic determinant expressed on both native antigen
      and Ox-AgB. Our data indicates that AgB possesses two distinct antigenic
      determinants, one that induces an IgE response, and one that induces an IgG
      response.

PMID- 2411671
TI  - The role of 5-lipoxygenase pathway activation in basophil histamine release.
AB  - This study was performed to evaluate the role of products of the 5-lipoxygenase
      pathway in histamine release from human basophils. AA-861, a specific inhibitor
      of 5-lipoxygenase, did not inhibit anti-IgE-induced histamine release from human
      basophils with 6 +/- 11% inhibition at 10(-6)M. Neither was there a marked
      inhibition of histamine release induced by ionophore A23187 and formyl-L
      methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine with 16 +/- 10 and 11 +/- 6% inhibition
      respectively at 10(-6)M of AA-861. In contrast, AA-861 enhanced 12-0
      tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate-induced histamine release with 20 +/- 3% at 10(
      6)M. These results suggest that 5-lipoxygenase activation may not play a role in
      basophil histamine release.

PMID- 2411672
TI  - Pharmacologic modulation of the IgE or Ca2+ ionophore A23187 mediated Ca2+
      influx, phospholipase activation, and histamine release in rat basophilic
      leukemia cells.
AB  - The stimulation of the rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3) mediated either
      through the IgE receptor or by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 results in 45Ca2+
      influx, phospholipase activation, and histamine release. This study compared in
      parallel the effects of pharmacological agents on 45Ca2+ influx, phospholipase
      activation as measured by the release of [14C]-arachidonic acid, and histamine
      release. Microtubule-depolymerizing agents (demecolcine, colchicine, and
      vinblastine sulfate) did not affect 45Ca2+ influx, but blocked the IgE- or A23187
      mediated [14C]-arachidonic acid and histamine release (e.g., IC50 for vinblastine
      sulfate = 10 nM). In contrast, a microtubule-stabilizing agent (taxol) blocked
      the IgE- and A23187-mediated 45Ca2+ influx and [14C]-arachidonic acid and
      histamine release (IC50 = 20 microM). Microfilament-disrupting agents
      (cytochalasin B, C, D, and E) enhanced 45Ca2+ influx and [14C]-arachidonic acid
      and histamine release in the same dose-dependent fashion (e.g., EC50 for
      cytochalasin B = 0.4 microM). Other pharmacological agents such as a metabolic
      inhibitor (antimycin A), calmodulin inhibitors (W-7, trifluoperazine, and
      chlorpromazine), and protease inhibitors (TPCK and TLCK) blocked the IgE- and
      A23187-mediated 45Ca2+ influx and [14C]-arachidonic acid and histamine release.
      Therefore, the coupling of Ca2+ influx and the phospholipase activation step
      requires a functioning microtubule system. Other inhibitors act at sites prior to
      the Ca2+ influx step in the release process.

PMID- 2411673
TI  - Patterns of expression of keratin 19 as detected with monoclonal antibodies in
      human breast tissues and tumours.
AB  - The monoclonal antibodies BA16 and BA17 directed to different epitopes on human
      keratin 19 have been tested for their reaction with normal breast and with benign
      and malignant breast lesions and associated tissue. In Western blots of gel
      separated extracts of fibroadenomas, malignant tumours or normal mammary
      epithelial cells, the antibodies reacted with only one component of 40 kd
      molecular weight. Immunoperoxidase staining of sections of normal breast tissues
      showed all basal cells and a few luminal cells to be unstained by the antibodies.
      The distribution of the unstained (keratin 19-) luminal cells in the mammary tree
      is consistent with that of cells with the proliferative potential to give rise to
      the growth of terminal ductal lobular units (TDLU) seen at pregnancy. A total of
      42 benign and 141 malignant lesions were stained with the antibodies, and a clear
      difference in staining pattern was seen between the benign and malignant tumours.
      All but 3 of the benign lesions showed a heterogeneous staining pattern with 5
      50% unstained cells. In contrast, the cancer cells in 106/116 invasive primary
      tumours and in all 21 metastatic lesions examined showed a homogeneously positive
      reaction with antibodies BA16 and BA17: the malignant cells in 4 cases of Paget's
      disease also showed homogeneously positive staining with the antibody. In the
      malignant tumours, the observed homogeneity in expression of keratin 19 was
      confined to the malignant cells; tumour-associated normal tissue and benign
      proliferative lesions contained keratin 19-cells. Seven pure in situ tumours were
      examined and 5 showed the homogeneous pattern of staining characteristic of
      invasive tumours while 2 contained a high number of keratin 19-cells. A general
      model is presented to explain the presence of keratin 19-cells in benign
      proliferation and the dominance of keratin 19-cells in invasive carcinoma.

PMID- 2411674
TI  - Adrenergic control of serotonin release from a midgut carcinoid tumour.
AB  - A case of recurrent midgut carcinoid tumour with disseminated spread is
      described, in which the clinical diagnosis was supported by measurements of
      elevated basal serotonin (5-HT) levels in peripheral blood and increased 5-HT
      responses to pentagastrin provocation, despite normal urinary levels of 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Preoperative diagnosis was obtained by concomitant
      determinations of 5-HT in mesenteric and hepatic veins. The carcinoid tumour was
      studied immunocytochemically using antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase and 5-HT.
      Neuroendocrine complexes between adrenergic nerve terminals and 5-HT-containing
      tumour cells could be demonstrated. 5-HT release from tumour cells in suspension
      was studied in vitro after incubation with adrenoceptor agonists or pentagastrin.
      Tissue pieces from the tumour were also transplanted into the anterior eye
      chamber of Sprague-Dawley rats, some of which were subjected to immunosuppression
      (Cyclosporin A 20 mg/kg s.c.). After 10 days in oculo the tumour transplants
      (with preserved immunocytochemical characteristics) were stimulated with
      adrenoceptor agonists. Tumour cells in suspension as well as tumour transplants
      released 5-HT upon adrenoceptor stimulation but no release was induced by
      pentagastrin. The pentagastrin test is suggested to cause release of 5-HT in
      carcinoid tumour patients via release of endogenous catecholamines, in turn
      activating adrenoreceptors on carcinoid tumour cells.

PMID- 2411675
TI  - A shared antigenic determinant between human B lymphocytes and carcinomas (BLCa).
AB  - We have raised a murine IgM monoclonal antibody (MA6) against immunoprecipitate
      obtained by reacting the serum of an NPC patient with extract of the Burkitt
      lymphoma cell line, Raji. It reacts against an antigen (BLCa) which is broadly
      represented on human B lymphoid tissues and cell lines but is different from the
      functional B-cell markers such as surface immunoglobulins, Ia products, Fc and
      complement receptors. BLCa was found to occur on lymphoid cell lines representing
      all stages of B-cell differentiation. These included the pre-B and null-cell
      lines, Nalm 6 and Reh, the EBV-transformed lymphoid cell lines and the myeloma
      cell line. MA6 was reactive against all the Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, whether
      or not these harbored the EBV genomes, with the exception of P3HR-I. The antibody
      was found to be selectively reactive against a proportion of peripheral blood B
      lymphocytes and to stain the B-cell-rich primary follicles and mantle zones of
      secondary follicles in the lymph node. However, MA6 was not reactive against cell
      lines of T-lymphocyte, myeloid, monocyte fibroblast or epithelial origin. It did,
      nevertheless selectively stain tumor cells from a variety of carcinoma tissues
      originating from different anatomical sites, including the nasopharynx.

PMID- 2411676
TI  - Tissue-specific markers in flow cytometry of urological cancers: cytokeratins in
      bladder carcinoma.
AB  - Thirty-eight transitional-cell carcinomas (TCC) were analyzed by flow cytometry
      (FCM) using propidium iodide for DNA analysis and antibodies to cytokeratin by
      indirect immunofluorescence. By means of two-dimensional FCM analysis,
      cytokeratin-positive tumor cells could be analysed separately from cytokeratin
      negative stromal and inflammatory cells. This resulted in an 18% increase in
      sensitivity of FCM detection of aneuploidy (10/38 samples with one-parameter DNA
      analysis versus 15/38 samples with two-parameter DNA and cytokeratin analysis).
      In addition, S-phase could be determined in the 15 aneuploid samples by means of
      two-parameter analysis where this was not possible using only DNA content because
      of the overlap of diploid and aneuploid populations. FCM analysis allowed
      quantification of the percentage of tumor cells expressing cytokeratin 18 which
      has previously been shown to correlate quantitatively with higher grade, higher
      stage TCC. The quantitative measurement of tumor-cell expression of cytokeratin
      18 by FCM analysis appears to provide additional information of potential
      prognostic value, independent of tumor-cell ploidy and proliferative fractions.

PMID- 2411677
TI  - Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on rat paw oedema and leukocyte migration.
AB  - High doses of cyclooxygenase inhibitors (e.g. indomethacin) reduce the leukocyte
      accumulation in the carrageenin soaked sponges. They are, however, inactive in
      bradykinin-induced oedema and in the reversed passive Arthus reaction (RPA). A
      potent cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitor, BW 755C, was equally active in
      the bradykinin-induced oedema, leukocyte migration and in the RPA. Consequently
      these methods may help to differentiate anti-inflammatory drugs which act via
      cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase pathways in vivo.

PMID- 2411678
TI  - Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening program.

PMID- 2411679
TI  - Hb F-Dammam or alpha 2A gamma 2(79) (EF3) Asp----Asn.

PMID- 2411680
TI  - Detection of an epsilon chain in baboons after treatment with 5-azacytidine.

PMID- 2411681
TI  - Endocrine profile in rats with postgastrectomy malabsorption: a pilot study.

PMID- 2411682
TI  - On the nature of Romanowsky-Giemsa staining and the Romanowsky-Giemsa effect. I.
      Model experiments on the specificity of azure B-eosin Y stain as compared with
      other thiazine dye-eosin Y combinations.
AB  - After incorporation into a polyacrylamide matrix, the biopolymers DNA, RNA,
      heparin, hyaluronic acid, collagen and the synthetic polymers poly(U) and poly(A,
      U) were stained with the pure thiazine dyes, Methylene Blue, the Azures and
      Thionin alone and combined with Eosin Y. Satisfactory spectrophotometric
      agreement was obtained between the staining reactions of the biopolymers in the
      artificial matrix and those in their natural surroundings. This was especially
      true with respect to the specificity of the Azure B-Eosin Y dye-pair, which is
      based on the generation, on suitable substrates, of a purple colour, the
      Romanowsky-Giemsa effect (RGE), with an absorbance maximum near 550 nm. In the
      model experiments, DNA, heparin, hyaluronic acid and collagen were found to be
      RGE-positive and poly(U), poly(A, U) and RNA RGE-negative. A theory of RGE is
      proposed which complies with the new and earlier observations: after saturation
      of available anionic binding sites and aggregate formation by Azure B, electron
      donor acceptor complexes are formed between Eosin Y and Azure B via hydrogen
      bridge formation of the aminosubstituent proton of Azure B and between Eosin Y
      and the biopolymer surface. Charge-transfer complex formation may also account
      for the qualitative identity of Azure B-Eosin Y and Azure A-Eosin Y spectra of
      substrates, which are coloured purple. Quantitatively, Azure A-Eosin Y is less
      efficient in giving RGE. The generation of RGE is time-dependent. Equilibrium
      staining is attained after about 120 h. The implications of the results for the
      biological application of Romanowsky-Giemsa staining are discussed briefly.

PMID- 2411683
TI  - An ultrastructural study of complex carbohydrates in the posterior chamber and
      vitreous base of the mouse.
AB  - The fibrillar and mucoid extracellular matrix of the posterior chamber and
      vitreous base was studied in the mouse by electron microscopy using fixation and
      staining methods that demonstrated complex carbohydrates. These methods,
      including block-staining with Alcian Blue, allowed globular and filamentous
      hyaluronic acid, finely filamentous oligosaccharides, laminated glycolipids or
      lipophilic glycoproteins and stellate proteoglycan monomers to be identified
      tentatively. There was much less globular hyaluronic acid along the basement
      membrane of the peripheral retina and ciliary body than has been observed in the
      posterior fundus. A finely filamentous network on the basement membrane
      interconnected with a similar network covering individual collagen fibrils,
      zonules and meridional fibrillar laminae as well as with a branching fibrillar
      network that was seen in the posterior chamber and vitreous base. This
      interconnected system of fibrillar proteins and complex carbohydrates was also
      connected to the anterior hyaloid membrane. The infoldings of the ciliary
      epithelium contained stellate densities with characteristics of proteoglycan
      monomers similar to those reported in the matrix of cartilage. The complex
      carbohydrates of the posterior chamber and vitreous base are of several types
      known to affect protein function, provide water binding and assist in mechanical
      stability.

PMID- 2411684
TI  - Chitinase-gold complex used to localize chitin ultrastructurally in tomato root
      cells infected by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, compared with a
      chitin specific gold-conjugated lectin.
AB  - A cytochemical technique for the ultrastructural localization of chitin in tomato
      root cells infected by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici is reported.
      Chitinase was complexed to colloidal gold and thin sections were incubated with
      the enzyme-gold complex. This technique yielded a more uniform distribution of
      gold particles over the fungus wall, compared to that obtained with the lectin
      gold technique. Both techniques revealed no labelling of the fungus cytoplasm,
      except for organelles resembling Woronin bodies. No significant labelling of
      either healthy or infected root cells was seen except for the secondary walls of
      vessels and, occasionally, that of adjoining parenchyma cells. The importance of
      this technique in studying the development of the pathogen within host cells is
      discussed.

PMID- 2411685
TI  - Neuron-specific enolase in mucosal endocrine cells and carcinoid tumours of the
      small intestine: a comparative study with neuron-specific enolase
      immunocytochemistry and silver stains.
AB  - Endocrine cells of human small intestinal mucosa, small intestinal carcinoids and
      carcinoid liver metastases were stained with an immunocytochemical technique
      using an antiserum against neuron-specific enolase (NSE), with the argyrophil
      technique of Grimelius and with the argentaffin technique of Masson. In the
      normal mucosa, scattered NSE-immunoreactive cells were seen mainly in the deeper
      parts of the crypts. These cells, as shown in the same sections, corresponded to
      the argentaffin and/or argyrophil cells indicating that they were of endocrine
      type. All intestinal carcinoids (16 cases) displayed NSE immunoreactivity.
      However, this reaction did not correlate on the cellular level with the silver
      techniques employed. Thus, many tumour cells were NSE immunoreactive but lacked
      an argentaffin or argyrophil reaction and vice versa. On the light microscopical
      level the silver techniques reveal the presence of neurohormonal granules in the
      tumour cells, while the NSE immunoreactivity appears to disclose neuroendocrine
      differentiation of the tumour cells irrespective of their hormone and granular
      content. Out of 13 carcinoid liver metastases, eight displayed strong NSE
      immunoreactivity, three were weakly stained and two were unreactive. Consecutive
      or the same tumour sections showed an argentaffin and argyrophil reaction in all
      carcinoid metastases. Since silver staining provides one type of information and
      NSE immunocytochemistry another, they provide in combination a good discriminator
      for neuroendocrine tumours.

PMID- 2411686
TI  - The localization of hexokinase isoenzymes in red and white skeletal muscles of
      the rat.
AB  - Maximum assayable hexokinase activities vary with the proportion of red, fast
      twitch, oxidative-glycolytic and intermediate, slow-twitch, oxidative fibres in
      different rat skeletal muscles. The major isoenzymic form, type II hexokinase, is
      present throughout the intermyofibrillar sarcoplasm in all fibres but a
      proportion of the total activity appears to be weakly associated with
      mitochondria. Variations in the histochemical staining intensity between fibre
      types correlate with their mitochondrial content and seem to be due mainly to
      differences in mitochondrially-associated hexokinase activity. Changes in the
      strength of this association may be important in controlling increases in glucose
      metabolism in response to prolonged increased muscular activity while regulation
      of the equilibrium between free and loosely-bound forms may be an important
      control feature in all skeletal muscle. Type I hexokinase is a minor isoenzymic
      component of skeletal muscle and occurs mainly in blood vessels and nerves in the
      perimysia and endomysia. The majority of this isoenzyme is tightly bound to
      mitochondria and is not detectable in homogenates prepared in the absence of
      Triton X-100.

PMID- 2411687
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of IgA and secretory component in relation to
      epithelial cell differentiation in normal colorectal mucosa and metaplastic
      polyp: a semiquantitative study.
AB  - The metaplastic polyp is a non-neoplastic epithelial lesion found within the
      human colorectum. Although not regarded as precancerous, recent studies have
      demonstrated the expression of multiple cancer-associated phenotypes. This might
      indicate a possible indirect relationship between metaplastic polyps and
      colorectal cancer. Epithelial secretory component and IgA were demonstrated by
      the immunoperoxidase technique and staining intensities were assessed
      semiquantitatively. The findings were related to cellular differentiation in
      normal colorectal epithelium as compared to the metaplastic polyp. The crypt base
      cells and also the surface epithelial cells stained with similar intensity in
      both types of epithelium. However, the expected increase in staining
      characterizing normal lower and upper crypt columnar cells and reduction in
      staining associated with the switch from crypt to surface columnar cell was not
      observed in the metaplastic polyp. Metaplastic crypt columnar cells showed
      significantly reduced staining for both IgA and secretory component as compared
      to their normal counterparts. There was also a significant reduction in the
      number of IgA-secreting plasma cells in the lamina propria of the metaplastic
      polyp. These findings are consistent with the concept of a premature switch to
      mature surface cell characteristics within the metaplastic polyp. They are
      discussed in the light of other changes in phenotype associated with this lesion.

PMID- 2411689
TI  - Proteases and antiproteases: new trends in cytochemical research.

PMID- 2411688
TI  - Cellular acid phosphatase activity: correlation of cytochemical and biochemical
      measurements.
AB  - Methods for comparing results of cellular acid phosphatase activities obtained by
      quantitative cytospectrophotometry with those obtained by biochemical analysis
      are needed to express the cytospectrophotometric data in biochemical units. Since
      naturally occurring cells have differing amounts of acid phosphatase, enzyme
      activity was measured cytochemically and biochemically in polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes and peritoneal and alveolar macrophages from male rats to determine if
      these measurements permitted construction of a line correlating the two
      parameters. Cellular acid phosphatase activity, as measured
      cytospectrophotometrically and biochemically, increased proportionately with
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes having the lowest activities and alveolar
      macrophages the highest. These values when subjected to linear regression
      analysis fixed a line with a correlation coefficient of 0.95 demonstrating that
      cytochemical and biochemical activities of acid phosphatase activity can be
      correlated using naturally occurring cells.

PMID- 2411690
TI  - Studies on satellite nucleoli of hepatocytes.

PMID- 2411691
TI  - Cytochemistry of bacterial proteases using 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide peptides.

PMID- 2411692
TI  - Aminopeptidase A in the muscular layer of the rat and mouse lower digestive
      tract.

PMID- 2411693
TI  - Alpha-fetoprotein in the thymus and brain of embryonic pigs.

PMID- 2411694
TI  - Antibodies to normal human colon membranes: preparation, characterization and
      tissue distribution.
AB  - Rabbit antisera were raised to a membrane fraction of normal human colonic
      epithelium. After absorption, two antisera appeared to show restricted epithelial
      specificity when tested on routine paraffin wax-embedded histological sections by
      the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The reaction was intense on epithelial
      cells of large and small intestine, and positive on stomach and duodenum, bile
      ducts in liver, gall bladder, pancreas and salivary gland. A very weak reaction
      was also seen in the bronchus and lung. There was no reaction with stromal,
      vascular or muscle components. All other tissues tested were negative, including
      hepatocytes, ectodermally-derived glandular epithelia, urogenital tissues and
      lymphoid organs. The antigen was also detected in 21 primary and metastatic large
      bowel carcinomata. By immunofluorescence, the antisera reacted with the colon
      adenocarcinoma-derived HT29 cell line and with primary colon epithelium explant
      cultures, but not with cultured fibroblasts. By immunoblotting of HT29 whole cell
      lysates, a triplet of polypeptides of approximate molecular weight range 55 000
      to 60 000 were detected. This specificity appeared to be unrelated to previously
      described normal or tumour-associated antigens by criteria of tissue
      distribution, immunolocalization, molecular weight, and either absorption or
      radiobinding assays, or both.

PMID- 2411695
TI  - A comparative study of myosins and prekeratin in epithelial cells of methacarn
      fixed tissues.
AB  - Around the turn of the century, tonofibrils and contractile myofibrils were
      observed within the same cells. These findings have been largely forgotten. To
      clarify the topical relations of these proteins in epithelial cells, duplicate
      sections of methacarn-fixed human and canine tissues were treated with the tannic
      acid-phosphomolybdic acid (TP)-Levanol Fast Cyanine 5RN reaction for myosins and
      the PAP technic for prekeratin, respectively. In bronchi, lingual and sweat
      glands, liver and pancreas, myosin was confined to the terminal bar-terminal web
      system, including pericanalicular layers. Prekeratin occurred throughout the
      epithelium of bronchi and ducts; secretory cells showed little or no reaction.
      Observations on myosin in kidney confirmed data by Harper et al. (1970). The PAP
      technic colored transitional epithelium and collecting tubules intensely;
      convoluted tubules did not react. Staining of segments of Henle's loops varied
      from case to case. Both reactions colored thymic epithelial cells. In myoid cells
      of Hassall's corpuscles myosin was gradually replaced by prekeratin and keratin.
      Basal cells of epididymis reacted strongly with the PAP technic, but did not
      contain myosin. Prekeratin is apparently identical with epidermin, whose
      composition and structure were well known in the 1950's. Epidermin undergoes
      chemical changes as cells move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum.
      According to DAKO, the antibodies used in this study were prepared with
      prekeratin extracted from stratum corneum. Data in the literature and
      observations in this investigation indicate that some samples of antibodies do
      not react with all tonofilaments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2411696
TI  - An alkaline-phosphatase staining method in avidin-biotin immunohistochemistry.
AB  - An avidin-biotin alkaline-phosphatase (ABAP) staining method has been developed
      for the labeling of tissue sections and cell smears. The introduction of alkaline
      phosphatase as a marker enzyme through an avidin bridge results in excellent
      immunocytochemical labeling of different antigens using poly- and monoclonal
      antibodies. This technique avoids problems with endogenous peroxidase activity
      that sometimes occur using peroxidase staining procedures. The introduction of a
      preformed avidin-biotin alkaline-phosphatase complex (ABAPC) makes the presented
      technique as simple to handle as the widely used avidin biotin-peroxidase complex
      method (ABC). The ABAPC technique could be combined with other enzymatic
      labelings for double immunoenzymatic staining.

PMID- 2411697
TI  - Functional and anatomical relationships between antral gastrin cells and gastrin
      releasing peptide neurons.
AB  - The present studies were directed to examine the effect of gastrin-releasing
      peptide (GRP) on beta-adrenergic stimulated gastrin release by cultured rat
      antral mucosa and to assess the anatomical relationship between gastrin cells and
      GRP nerves in rat and human antrum. Peptide-containing cells were identified by
      application of an avidin-biotin-peroxidase immunocytochemical double staining
      method utilizing antibodies to GRP and gastrin prepared in rabbits. Rat antral
      mucosa was cultured for 60 min and gastrin released into the culture medium was
      measured by radioimmunoassay. Inclusion of antibodies to GRP in culture medium
      did not affect carbachol-stimulated gastrin release, whereas isoproterenol
      stimulated gastrin release into the medium was inhibited significantly by
      addition of GRP antiserum to the culture medium. GRP-containing neurons and
      axonal fibers were stained immunocytochemically with diaminobenzidine (reddish
      brown specific staining) and were located in the lamina propria adjacent to and
      surrounding the main lobules of antral glands. After double staining utilizing 4
      Cl-1-Naphthol as substrate, blue stained gastrin-containing cells were identified
      in the middle and deeper regions of antral glands in close proximity to GRP
      neuronal elements. These studies suggest that beta-adrenergic, but not
      cholinergic, stimulation of gastrin release is mediated, at least in part,
      through GRP. They also demonstrate intimate anatomical, as well as functional,
      relationships between gastrin cells and GRP-containing neurons.

PMID- 2411698
TI  - Substance P-like immunoreactivity in adrenal chromaffin cells and intra-adrenal
      nerve fibers of rats.
AB  - The present peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical study demonstrated a
      relatively small number of cells with substance P(SP)-like immunoreactivity in
      the adrenal medulla of rats. These cells were found alone or in small groups,
      were polygonal in shape and lacked long cytoplasmic processes. At immunoelectron
      microscopy, the immunoreactive cells were characterized by abundant granular
      vesicles, and the immunoreactive material was confined to the round core of the
      vesicles. Thus, it is suggested that SP co-exists with catecholamines in a
      population of chromaffin cells of the rat adrenal medulla. In addition a few SP
      immunoreactive nerve fibers with varicosities were found in the adrenal medulla
      of rats. They extended between small clusters of chromaffin cells and had their
      dot-like terminals around and within the cell clusters. The SP-immunoreactive
      nerve fibers were characterized by the presence of abundant small clear vesicles
      mixed with a few large granular vesicles; the immunoreactivity appeared in the
      latter, but was also perfused throughout the entire axoplasm. The nerve fibers
      formed synapses on nonimmunoreactive chromaffin cells. Judging from the presence
      of bundles of SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers penetrating the adrenal capsule and
      cortex as well as the absence of SP-immunoreactive ganglion cells in the medulla,
      the intramedullary SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers seem to be extrinsic in origin.

PMID- 2411699
TI  - Human Ia molecules carrying MT1 determinants: purification with a monoclonal
      antibody.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody 77.34, reactive with polymorphic HLA class II molecules,
      was produced. The allotype specificity of this IgG2a antibody was analyzed by
      cytotoxicity, flow cytometry, and cellular radioimmunoassay. Cytotoxic reactivity
      on a panel of B cells from 88 unrelated individuals was concordant with the MT1
      (DC1) allospecificity (r = 0.83). Immunoanalysis by flow cytometry showed that
      cells from MT1+ homozygous cell lines were reactive, whereas MT2+ and MT3+
      homozygous cells were not. A cellular radioimmunoassay performed under saturating
      conditions indicated that three MT1+ cell lines bound 14-45 X 10(5) molecules of
      antibody per cell representing 30-40% of the amount detected with monomorphic
      anti-DR monoclonal antibody 21w4. The subset of molecules bearing the MT1
      allospecificity was purified with a 77.34 IgG immunoadsorbent. The purified
      molecules were antigenically reactive with several antibodies directed at DQw1
      molecules but were devoid of reactivity to monomorphic anti-DR antibodies. Two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that the alpha subunit is composed of
      several acidic spots of Mr 32,000 whereas the beta subunit was seen as a single
      spot of Mr 25,000, corresponding to DQw1 molecules. DR molecules purified by
      monoclonal antibody affinity were unreactive with 77.34 antibody. All of the
      77.34 reactivity was observed with the fractions depleted of DR molecules. Two
      dimensional gel analysis showed marked differences between the purified DR and
      DQw1 molecules. The presence of the MT1 determinant on Ia molecules referred to
      as the DQw1 molecules and distinct from those bearing the DR epitopes was
      confirmed on two DR1, MT1 homozygous cell lines. Thus, DQw1 molecules can be
      purified away from DR1 molecules by affinity chromatography to 77.34 IgG,
      specifically reactive with the MT1 (DQw1) allospecificity. The binding of 77.34
      IgG to MT1+ cells was not inhibited by all monoclonal antibodies reported to be
      correlated with the MT1 allospecificity suggesting that the latter might be
      comprised of more than a single epitope.

PMID- 2411700
TI  - Partial N-terminal sequence analysis of human class II molecules expressing the
      DQw3 determinant.
AB  - HLA-DQ molecules were isolated from DRw9-homozygous and DR4-homozygous cell lines
      by using a monoclonal antibody HU-18, which recognizes class II molecules
      carrying the conventional DQw3 determinant. The partial N-terminal sequence
      analysis of the DQw3 molecules revealed that they have sequences homologous to
      those of murine I-A molecules. Within the limits of our sequence analysis, the
      DQw3 molecules from the two cell lines are identical to each other in both the
      alpha and beta chains. The DQ alpha as well as DQ beta chains were found to have
      amino acid substitutions when compared to other I-A-like molecules whose
      sequences have been reported. These differences may contribute to the DQw
      supertypic specificity. The polymorphic nature of DQ molecules is in marked
      contrast to that of DR molecules where DR alpha chains are highly conserved while
      DR beta chains have easily detectable amino acid substitutions.

PMID- 2411701
TI  - Homozygous typing cell-defined HLA-Dw specificities correlate better than
      serologically defined HLA-DR specificities with restriction elements for
      influenza virus-specific proliferative human T lymphocyte clones.
AB  - Human T lymphocyte clones with specific proliferative response to influenza A
      virus were derived by limiting dilution from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL)
      after in vitro stimulation with autologous irradiated, virus-infected PBL. Four
      OKT3+4+8- T lymphocyte clones (TLC) that showed HLA-restricted antigen-specific
      proliferative responses were used for a detailed analysis of the restriction
      elements for antigen presentation. None of the clones showed alloreactivity and
      all required the presence on the antigen-presenting cell of HLA class II antigens
      of one or other haplotype of the donor. Restriction elements for two clones were
      correlated with Dw1 rather than DR1, and for two others with Dw6 rather than
      DRw6. These latter clones showed differential recognition of HLA-Dw6 subtypes as
      defined tentatively by homozygous typing cells, without relationship to putative
      serological "splits" of DRw6. One of the Dw6-restricted clones was specific for a
      Dw6.1 (now Dw18) "subtype," confirmed by family segregation analysis, the other
      for a broad Dw6 (Dw18 and Dw19) specificity. Studies with a panel of monoclonal
      antibodies against monomorphic determinants of HLA class II antigens revealed
      heterogeneous patterns of blocking activity, distinguishing between clones of
      different restriction specificity. Inhibition patterns were partly as predictable
      from the known activity of the monoclonal antibody in alloantigeneic PLT systems.
      These results provide evidence that certain structures that function as
      restriction elements for antigen presentation also carry alloantigeneic
      determinants.

PMID- 2411702
TI  - Class II determinants recognized by TNP-specific cloned human T cell lines.
AB  - Cloned human T lymphocyte lines were generated against trinitrophenyl (TNP)
      modified autologous cells from four different individuals. By examining the
      reactivity patterns of 58 of these T cell clones (TLC) on panels of HLA-typed
      antigen presenting cells and employing monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) for
      inhibition studies, we have demonstrated that TNP may be recognized in the
      context of different DR and DP associated determinants. We did not identify any
      TLC restricted by determinants associated uniquely with DQ. Determinants
      associated with the expression of DR1,2,4,5, and 7 as well as the supertypic
      specificities DRw52 (MT2) and DRw53 (MT3) functioned as restriction elements. In
      addition, at least two antigenically distinct regions of the DP4 molecule
      appeared to function in the presentation of TNP. One TNP-specific TLC recognized
      a determinant associated with the expression of DP4 while another recognized TNP
      in the context of a highly nonpolymorphic determinant on DP which was expressed
      on all stimulators tested. Monoclonal antibody blocking studies suggest that
      these two determinants lie on different portions of the DP molecule. These
      studies demonstrated that both polymorphic and relatively nonpolymorphic
      restriction determinants on DR and DP may function in the presentation of
      conventional antigen to autologous lymphocytes.

PMID- 2411703
TI  - A plea for more effective oral presentations.

PMID- 2411704
TI  - Immunofluorescent staining of human leukemic cells with monoclonal antibody to
      phosphotyrosine.
AB  - Peripheral blood cells and bone marrow cells from patients with various types of
      leukemia, but not those from healthy persons, were brightly immunofluorescent
      (IF) after staining with monoclonal antibody reactive to O-phosphotyrosine. All
      the IF-positive cells observed in peripheral blood were judged to be leukemic in
      morphology, and the IF-positive cells comprised 40-90% of total leukemic cells
      present in blood. Similar bright fluorescence was observed in the K562 human
      leukemic cell line. The results raise the possibility that leukemic cells can be
      distinguished from normal hematologic cells by their increased contents of
      phosphorylated tyrosine residues.

PMID- 2411705
TI  - Lectin-binding pattern of bull testis and epididymis.
AB  - Seven rhodamine-conjugated lectins (PNA, RCA I, SBA, Con A, WGA, UEA I, DBA) were
      used to study the distribution of glycoproteins in the testis and epididymis of
      immature, juvenile, and adult bulls. A marked change was found in the staining
      pattern of the lectins in the seminiferous tubules during acrosomal development,
      and the Sertoli cells seemed to have a cyclic affinity for some of the lectins.
      The distribution of lectin staining in six regions of the bull epididymis showed
      some typical differences that were associated with the secretory and absorptive
      functions of the organ. Region 1 was characterized by strong surface and villous
      staining and a patchy reaction in the principal cells. Regions 2 and 3 showed a
      strongly reactive apical Golgi zone and secretory material. In regions 4 and 5,
      the Golgi zone was subapical but strongly reactive with most lectins, while in
      region 6 a weakly reactive apical Golgi zone was found. During sexual maturation,
      an increasing number of basal cells with a strong affinity for some lectins was
      found at the periphery of the epithelium in regions 2 to 6. These regions also
      had lectin-stained material along the basal border of the principal cells. These
      findings suggest that the basal cells may be active in the digestion of absorbed
      material and that they derive from the principal cells, which may be active in
      transporting absorbed material to them. The staining pattern of the spermatozoa
      changed during their transit through the epididymis. The degenerating cells in
      the testis and epididymal tubules also showed an altered affinity for the
      lectins.

PMID- 2411706
TI  - In vitro studies of the effect of propylthiouracil and ronnel on thyroxine-5'
      monodeiodinase activity in steers.
AB  - This study compares in vitro effects of propylthiouracil (PTU) and ronnel on the
      conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) in liver and kidney from
      Angus steers. Tissues were homogenized and incubated with T4 (1.3 microM) in the
      presence of 0 to 59 microM PTU or 0 to 49.7 microM ronnel. The T3 generated
      during a 30-min incubation was measured by radioimmunoassay. It was found that
      1.47, 5.9 and 59 microM PTU decreased T4 to T3 conversion in liver and kidney by
      62 and 88, 71 and 100, and 81 and 100%, respectively. The inhibition caused by
      1.47 and 5.9 microM PTU was overcome by addition of 2 mM dithiothreitol (DTT).
      Ronnel in concentrations of 1.24, 6.22, 49.7 microM decreased T4 to T3 conversion
      in liver and kidney 46 and 45, 51 and 72, and 78 and 95%, respectively. However,
      with ronnel, the addition of DTT caused further inhibition. A Lineweaver-Burk
      plot of the data obtained using .32 to 6.43 microM T4 with 1.47 and 5.9 microM
      PTU or 6.22 and 12.44 microM ronnel indicated that PTU is an uncompetitive
      inhibitor (Ki = 1.67 microM) and ronnel is a noncompetitive (Ki = 15.5 microM)
      inhibitor of T4-5'-monodeiodination. The data suggest that decreased conversion
      of T4 to T3 by PTU or ronnel may be responsible for the increased plasma
      concentrations of T4 and slightly decreased plasma concentrations of T3 reported
      in steers treated with levels of both PTU and ronnel that are associated with
      growth stimulation.

PMID- 2411707
TI  - Lifespan of corpora lutea induced in estrous-synchronized cycling and anestrous
      ewes.
AB  - The effect of pretreatment with flurogestone acetate (FA) on the lifespan of
      corpora lutea induced with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMS) was examined in
      cycling and anestrous ewes. Cycling ewes received one of three treatments: 750 IU
      PMS 2 d before expected estrus (P), FA-impregnated vaginal sponges for 16 d (F),
      and FA sponges for 16 d and 750 IU PMS 2 d before sponge removal (FP). A fourth
      group served as controls (C). When compared with d 12 means within treatment,
      plasma progesterone means were lower (P less than .05) on d 16 in control ewes,
      on d 15 in P and F ewes, and on d 14 in FP ewes. Only 44% of ewes receiving FA
      treatment alone exhibited estrus (P less than .05) compared with 100% of
      untreated ewes. The FP treatment increased ovulation rate compared with controls
      (P less than .01). The decrease in luteal lifespan observed in cycling ewes
      suggests a possibility of asynchrony between the uterus and embryo, which could
      result in failure of an embryo to prevent luteal regression, thus resulting in
      reduced fertility. None of the seasonally anestrous ewes that received PMS alone
      and only 55% of those treated with FA sponges for 8 d before PMS injection
      exhibited estrus. Ewes pretreated with FA exhibited higher plasma progesterone
      concentrations on d 10 through 16 after PMS injection. There were no differences
      in luteal lifespan as measured by peripheral plasma progesterone patterns.
      Although FA treatment did not alter luteal lifespan in anestrous ewes, the
      increased plasma progesterone concentrations observed with FA treatment suggest
      that progestogen pretreatment may be essential for optimal luteal function.

PMID- 2411708
TI  - A note on the use of dextran in blood cultures monitored by conductance methods.
AB  - The incorporation of dextran into broth for the detection of bacteraemia by
      conductance monitoring is recommended to eliminate the effect of sedimenting
      blood cells which may mask early signals from bacteria. Broth containing ten
      times the recommended concentration of dextran was tested with a wide range of
      bacteria without demonstrating any reduction in growth or rate of change of
      conductance.

PMID- 2411709
TI  - Effect of exercise on plasma interferon levels.
AB  - The effect of exercise on plasma interferon activity was studied on eight male
      subjects before and after exercise on a bicycle ergometer for 1 h at 70% of their
      maximal O2 consumption (VO2 max). Acid-labile interferon, alpha-type according to
      immunological characterization, rose significantly from a preexercise value of 3
      +/- 1 to 7 +/- 2 IU/ml postexercise. Negligible changes were recorded for plasma
      protein, lipid, and glucose concentrations, whereas blood lactate slightly
      increased only at the end of exercise. According to hematocrit and plasma protein
      values before and after exercise, hemoconcentration did not occur. These data
      provide evidence that plasma interferon activity increased following a bout of
      submaximal exercise.

PMID- 2411710
TI  - Extracellular carbonic anhydrase of skeletal muscle associated with the
      sarcolemma.
AB  - We report here 1) the synthesis and properties of a new macromolecular carbonic
      anhydrase inhibitor, Prontosil-dextran, 2) its application to determine the
      localization of a previously described extracellular carbonic anhydrase in
      skeletal muscle, and 3) the application of a recently published histochemical
      technique using dansylsulfonamide to the same problem. Stable macromolecular
      inhibitors of molecular weights of 5,000, 100,000 and 1,000,000 were produced by
      covalently coupling the sulfonamide Prontosil to dextrans. Their inhibition
      constants towards bovine carbonic anhydrase II are 1-2 X 10(-7) M. The Prontosil
      dextrans, PD 5,000, PD 100,000, and PD 1,000,000, were used in studies of the
      washout of H14CO3-) from the perfused rabbit hindlimb. This washout is slow due
      to the presence of an extracellular carbonic anhydrase and can be markedly
      accelerated by PD 5,000 but not by PD 100,000 and PD 1,000,000. Since PD 5,000 is
      accessible to the entire extracellular space and PD 100,000 and PD 1,000,000 are
      confined to the intravascular space, we conclude that the extracellular carbonic
      anhydrase of skeletal muscle is located in the interstitium. The histochemical
      studies show a strong staining of the sarcolemma of the muscle fibers with high
      oxidative capacity. It appears likely, therefore, that the extracellular carbonic
      anhydrase of skeletal muscle is associated with muscle plasma membranes with its
      active site directed toward the interstitial space.

PMID- 2411711
TI  - Passage of uncharged dextrans from blood to lung lymph in awake sheep.
AB  - To examine how molecular size alone influences the passage of macromolecules from
      the pulmonary microcirculation into lymph collected from the caudal mediastinal
      lymph node of the sheep, we infused polydisperse uncharged [3H]dextrans
      intravenously at a constant rate over a period of 7.5 h in nine awake sheep with
      lung lymph fistulas. Lymph and plasma were collected during hours 5.5-7.5 of the
      infusions, and the [3H]dextrans were separated by molecular sieve chromatography
      into fractions that ranged from 1.6 to 8.4 nm in effective molecular (Stokes
      Einstein) radius. Lymph-to-plasma (L/P) ratios for [3H]dextrans were near 1.0 at
      1.6-nm radius, decreased with increasing molecular size, and approached zero at
      radii above 5.0 nm. We confirmed that these L/P ratios represented steady-state
      values by extending the duration of the infusion to approximately 30 h in two of
      the nine sheep and finding that the L/P ratios remained unchanged. These results
      were consistent with molecular sieving through a homoporous membrane with
      cylindrical pores of 5.0-nm radius. We also found that the L/P ratio for albumin
      [0.76 +/- 0.13 (SE)] in five of the same sheep was much higher than that for the
      [3H]dextran fraction of the same effective molecular radius [0.11 +/- 0.02 (SE)].
      These results suggest that the movement of macromolecules from the pulmonary
      microcirculation into pulmonary lymph collected from the caudal mediastinal node
      of the sheep is influenced by both molecular size and molecular charge and that,
      compared with uncharged dextrans, the steady-state passage of anionic endogenous
      proteins from plasma to lymph is enhanced.

PMID- 2411712
TI  - The single unit concept for medical and scientific posters.

PMID- 2411713
TI  - Analysis of outer membrane proteins which are associated with growth of
      Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron on chondroitin sulfate.
AB  - By analyzing outer membrane proteins of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron on two
      dimensional polyacrylamide gels, we were able to identify 10 protein spots that
      were associated with growth on chondroitin sulfate but not with growth on
      glucuronic acid or other monosaccharides. These proteins were distinct from the
      outer membrane polypeptides that were associated with growth on two other
      negatively charged polysaccharides, polygalacturonic acid and heparin. Of the 10
      protein spots that were associated with growth on chondroitin sulfate, 4 could be
      detected on immunoblots with antiserum that had been raised against outer
      membranes from bacteria grown on chondroitin sulfate and then cross-adsorbed with
      membranes from bacteria grown on glucose. Synthesis of these four proteins
      appeared to be regulated coordinately with synthesis of the two enzymes that
      degrade chondroitin sulfate, chondroitin lyase I and II. Although one of the four
      proteins (Mr 110,000) was similar in molecular weight to the chondroitin lyases,
      the cross-adsorbed antiserum which detected this outer membrane protein did not
      cross-react with either of these two enzymes.

PMID- 2411714
TI  - Characterization of the diphtheria tox transcript in Corynebacterium diphtheriae
      and Escherichia coli.
AB  - Transcription of the tox gene in lysogenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains
      C7(beta tox+), C7 (gamma tox) and the hypertoxigenic PW8 (omega tox+) was
      analyzed and compared with transcription of the C. diphtheriae tox gene in the
      recombinant strain Escherichia coli (pDT201). In all cases S1 nuclease mapping
      localized the 5' terminus of the tox mRNA to a site 8 or 9 base pairs (bp)
      downstream of a region similar to the -10 consensus sequence of E. coli
      promoters. In C. diphtheriae the tox transcript was observed only in strains that
      were grown under iron-limiting conditions; in the presence of excess iron,
      transcription beyond bp 38 of the tox coding region was not observed. In
      contrast, in E. coli(pDT201) tox was expressed at equivalent levels in both iron
      depleted and iron-supplemented media. The DNA insertion in the tox gene of the
      nontoxigenic corynephage gamma was found to occur at bp 54 of the tox coding
      region. The insertion event resulted in the duplication of a 7-bp target
      sequence, and the ends of the insert were found to constitute an imperfect
      inverted repeat of approximately 26 bp. Transcription from the tox promoter in
      C7(gamma tox) was found to initiate at the same nucleotides as in C7(beta tox+),
      PW8, and E. coli(pDT201) and remained sensitive to iron inhibition. These
      observations are discussed in relation to the mechanism of iron-mediated
      regulation of the tox gene.

PMID- 2411715
TI  - Identification and mapping of regions of the plasmid pKM101 which influence the
      growth rate and resistance to phleomycin E of Escherichia coli WP2.
AB  - The effects of deletion of various regions of the pKM101 genome on several
      phenotypes conferred by pKM101 in Escherichia coli WP2 cells were investigated.
      Differences in the response of cells carrying pKM101 or various pKM101 deletion
      derivatives to the mutagenic effects of phleomycin E can be attributed to
      differences in sensitivity to the lethal effects of phleomycin E. Resistance to
      phleomycin E is conferred by the pKM101 mucAB genes (or an adjacent gene) but
      observed only with pKM101 derivatives which have lost a 2.2-kilobase (BalI-KpnI
      2) segment which completely includes the pKM101 endonuclease gene nuc. A pKM101
      slow-growth determinant, distinct from the slo gene, has also been identified and
      localized in the 2.4-kilobase (BalI-KpnI-3) segment which is adjacent to the nuc
      gene. Loss of this region does not appear to substantially influence the toxic or
      mutagenic effects of phleomycin E.

PMID- 2411716
TI  - Regulation of phenoxazinone synthase expression in Streptomyces antibioticus.
AB  - The cloned gene for the subunit of phenoxazinone synthase (PHS), an enzyme
      implicated in the biosynthesis of actinomycin in Streptomyces antibioticus, was
      used as a probe to study the regulation of the enzyme. The direction of
      transcription of the PHS gene was determined with end-labeled restriction
      fragments derived from the gene. Low-resolution S1 mapping revealed that
      transcription was initiated at a position which may lie within the SphI
      restriction site, which represents the limit of the cloned sequence. Northern
      blotting allowed the identification of the putative PHS message. This RNA
      appeared to be significantly larger than the size required to encode the PHS
      subunit. RNA dot blotting showed that the increase in PHS specific activity
      observed in cultures grown on antibiotic production medium, with galactose as a
      carbon source, was due in part to an increased production of PHS mRNA. PHS was
      also more stable than most cellular proteins and appeared to be protected against
      degradation under conditions in which most other proteins are broken down. This
      protective effect also contributed to the increase in PHS specific activity
      observed in S. antibioticus cultures grown on production medium. The repression
      of PHS synthesis by glucose was also reflective of a transcriptional control
      mechanism. At early time points postinoculation, PHS mRNA levels were lower in
      cultures grown on glucose as a carbon source than in cultures of the same age
      grown on galactose. mRNA levels presumably begin to increase only after all the
      glucose in the medium is utilized. The ability of 5-fluorouracil to stimulate PHS
      production in young cultures was also due to the synthesis of new mRNA for the
      enzyme.

PMID- 2411717
TI  - Incompatibility mutants of IncFII plasmid NR1 and their effect on replication
      control.
AB  - DNA from the replication control region of plasmid NR1 or of the Inc- copy mutant
      pRR12 was cloned into a pBR322 vector plasmid. These pBR322 derivatives were
      mutagenized in vitro with hydroxylamine and transformed into Escherichia coli
      cells that harbored either NR1 or pRR12. After selection for the newly introduced
      pBR322 derivatives only, those cells which retained the unselected resident NR1
      or pRR12 plasmids were examined further. By this process, 134 plasmids with Inc-
      mutations in the cloned NR1 or pRR12 DNA were obtained. These mutants fell into
      11 classes. Two of the classes had plasmids with deletions or insertions in the
      NR1 DNA and were not examined further. Plasmids with apparent point mutations
      were classified by examining (i) their ability to reconstitute a functional NR1
      derived replicon (Rep+ or Rep-), (ii) the copy numbers of the Rep+ reconstituted
      replicons, (iii) the cross-reactivity of incompatability among the various mutant
      classes and parental plasmids, and (iv) the trans effects of the mutants on the
      copy number and stable inheritance of a coresident plasmid.

PMID- 2411718
TI  - Antigenic determinants of acylphosphatase from porcine skeletal muscle.
AB  - Analysis of the quantitative precipitin reaction of acylphosphatase from porcine
      skeletal muscle with rabbit antiserum indicated the presence of at least two
      antigenic determinants on the porcine enzyme molecule. Immunological cross
      reactivities of acylphosphatases from equine and rabbit skeletal muscles were
      examined. In double immunodiffusion with the antiserum, the precipitin lines of
      the porcine and equine enzymes completely fused, while the rabbit enzyme gave no
      precipitin line. The reaction between the 125I-labeled porcine enzyme and its
      antibody was inhibited to the same extent by the porcine and equine enzymes, but
      not by the rabbit enzyme. The three enzymes were similar in net charge and
      molecular weight on polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses. No conformational
      difference among the three enzymes was observed in their circular dichroism
      spectra. The amino acid composition of the rabbit enzyme differed from those of
      the porcine and equine enzymes in the contents of Glu, Gly, Lys, and Arg.
      Differences in the sequence of the rabbit enzyme from that of the porcine enzyme
      were investigated by comparison of the peptide maps of the tryptic peptides of
      the two enzymes. Four peptides of the rabbit enzyme were located at different
      positions from those of the porcine enzyme. Three of the four peptides from both
      enzymes were sequenced and all the tryptic peptides of both enzymes were
      characterized by amino acid analysis. The tryptic peptides of rabbit enzyme were
      tentatively aligned on the basis of their amino acid compositions and sequence
      homologies, compared with the corresponding peptides of the porcine enzyme. Among
      five amino acid residues of the porcine enzyme, Arg-4, Asp-28, Arg-31, Glu-56,
      and Ile-68, which are replaced in the rabbit enzyme, Arg-4 and Asp-28 are
      considered to be included in the antigenic determinants.

PMID- 2411719
TI  - Isolation and characterization of four forms of trehalase from rabbit kidney
      cortex.
AB  - Four forms of renal trehalase were isolated and purified to homogeneity.
      Hydrophobic interaction chromatography separated two forms; A-form and B-form.
      Both forms were subdivided further on Con A-Sepharose and were stained with
      periodic acid-Schiff reagent, indicating that they are glycoproteins. The four
      forms of renal trehalase showed no significant difference in Km values for
      trehalose and K1 values for various inhibitors. The optimum pH of the four forms
      was pH 6.0 in phosphate buffer. Apparent molecular weights on gel filtration of
      the four forms were the same, 175,000. Furthermore, the four forms showed the
      same antigenicity on double immunodiffusion. However, isoelectric point (pI),
      susceptibility to HgCl2, stability at -80 degrees C and Na+ activation behavior
      were different. Glycoprotein forms were more susceptible to HgCl2 and showed
      lower Na+ activation than nonglycoprotein forms. The pI of less hydrophobic forms
      (A1, A2) was more acidic than that of more hydrophobic forms (B1, B2). On the
      basis of these results, it is likely that four forms of renal trehalase are
      "isozymes."

PMID- 2411720
TI  - Inhibitory effects of 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate on DNA
      dependent RNA polymerase I and II from cherry salmon (Oncorhynchus masou).
AB  - In order to determine the mode of action of cytostatic 9-beta-D
      xylofuranosyladenine (xylo-A), the inhibitory effects of 9-beta-D
      xylofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate (xylo-ATP) on DNA-dependent RNA polymerases
      I and II purified from cherry salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) liver nuclei were
      studied. This nucleotide showed strong inhibitory action on both RNA polymerases
      I and II. The K1 values are 14 microM for polymerase I and 5 microM for
      polymerase II (Km values of ATP are 37 microM for polymerase I and 40 microM for
      polymerase II). The mode of xylo-ATP was competitive with respect to the
      incorporation of AMP into RNA and non-competitive to UTP and CTP.

PMID- 2411721
TI  - Project Hope takes biocommunications to China.

PMID- 2411722
TI  - The sequence specificity of bleomycin-induced DNA damage in intact cells.
AB  - Bleomycin causes lesions to DNA in intact cells and in purified DNA under
      appropriate conditions. Using a middle repetitive DNA sequence called alpha-DNA
      as a target sequence, we have compared the sequence specificity of bleomycin
      induced DNA cleavage in intact human cells and in purified human DNA. Bleomycin
      induces numerous cleavage sites in alpha-DNA which vary widely in intensity and
      give rise to a complex pattern of bands on a DNA sequencing gel. Unexpectedly,
      the intensity and position of bleomycin-induced DNA cleavage sites are very
      similar in intact human cells and in purified human DNA.

PMID- 2411724
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to Escherichia coli F1-ATPase. Correlation of binding site
      location with interspecies cross-reactivity and effects on enzyme activity.
AB  - Twenty-one hybridoma cell lines which secret antibodies to the subunits of the
      Escherichia coli F1-ATPase were produced. Included within the set are four
      antibodies which are specific for alpha, six for beta, three for gamma, four for
      delta and four for epsilon. The antibodies were divided into binding competition
      subgroups. Two such competition subgroups are represented for the alpha, beta,
      and epsilon subunits, one for delta and three for gamma. The ability to bind
      intact F1-ATPase was demonstrated for some of the antibodies to alpha and beta,
      and for all of those to delta, while the antibodies to gamma and epsilon gave
      unclear results. All of the antibodies to alpha and beta which bound ATPase were
      found to have effects on the ATPase activity of purified E. coli F1-ATPase. One
      of those to alpha inhibited activity by about 30%. Another anti-alpha was mildly
      stimulatory. The four antibodies to beta which bound ATPase inhibited activity by
      90%. In contrast, membrane-bound ATPase was hardly affected by the antibodies to
      alpha, but was inhibited by 40-60% by the antibodies to beta. The other
      antibodies to alpha and beta bound only free subunits, or partially dissociated
      ATPase, suggesting that their epitopes are buried between subunits in ATPase.
      These antibodies had no effects on activity. The ability of the antibodies to
      recognize ATPase subunits present in crude extracts from mitochondria,
      chloroplasts, and a variety of bacteria was tested using nitrocellulose blots of
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. One anti-beta specifically recognized
      proteins in the range of 50,000-60,000 daltons in each of the extracts, although
      the reaction with mitochondrial beta was weak. Some of the other antibodies had
      limited cross-reaction, but most were specific for the E. coli protein. In some
      species, those proteins which were recognized by the anti-beta ran with a higher
      apparent molecular weight than proteins which were recognized by an anti-alpha.
      All antibodies which exhibited cross-reactivity were found to recognize sites
      which were not exposed in intact ATPase, implying that the surfaces which lie
      between subunits are most highly conserved.

PMID- 2411723
TI  - Effects of aphidicolin and/or 2',3'-dideoxythymidine on DNA repair induced in
      HeLa cells by four types of DNA-damaging agents.
AB  - The alkaline sucrose density gradient centrifugation method was modified to
      permit detection of 1 lesion/10(9) daltons of DNA. With this technique, the
      involvements of DNA polymerases in DNA repair of damage by dimethyl sulfate, UV
      irradiation, neocarzinostatin, and bleomycin were studied in HeLa cells with the
      aid of the DNA polymerase inhibitors aphidicolin and 2',3'-dideoxythymidine. DNA
      repair after UV-induced damage seemed to involve only polymerase alpha, while
      repair of damage by the other three agents involved both polymerase alpha and a
      non-alpha polymerase, probably polymerase beta. But repair after damage by
      dimethyl sulfate differed from that after damage by neocarzinostatin or bleomycin
      with respect to the co-operations of polymerase alpha and polymerase beta: in
      repair of dimethyl sulfate-induced damage, both polymerases operated on the same
      lesions, whereas after damage by neocarzinostatin or bleomycin, polymerase alpha
      and polymerase beta functioned independently on different lesions.

PMID- 2411725
TI  - Three soluble rat beta-galactoside-binding lectins.
AB  - Both immature and adult rat lungs contain three prominent soluble beta
      galactoside-binding proteins with subunit Mr approximately 14,500, 18,000, and
      29,000 rather than only the one noted previously. They are readily resolved by
      ion-exchange chromatography, and antibodies raised against them show little cross
      reaction. The three proteins were also found in immature heart, skeletal muscle,
      and liver, but only the protein with subunit Mr approximately 14,500 was found in
      these tissues in young adults.

PMID- 2411726
TI  - The sodium channel from rat brain. Separation and characterization of subunits.
AB  - Procedures are described for separation of the alpha, beta 1, and beta 2 subunits
      of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel from rat brain by gel filtration in
      sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) before and after reduction of intersubunit disulfide
      bonds or by preparative SDS-gel electrophoresis. Partial proteolytic maps of the
      SDS-denatured subunits indicate that they are nonidentical polypeptides. They are
      all heavily glycosylated and contain complex carbohydrate chains that bind wheat
      germ agglutinin. The apparent molecular weights of the separated subunits were
      estimated by gradient SDS-gel electrophoresis, by Ferguson analysis of migration
      in SDS gels of fixed acrylamide concentration, or by gel filtration in SDS or
      guanidine hydrochloride. For the alpha subunit, SDS-gel electrophoresis under
      various conditions gives an average Mr of 260,000. Gel filtration methods give
      anomalously low values. Removal of carbohydrate by sequential treatment with
      neuraminidase and endoglycosidase F results in a sharp protein band with apparent
      Mr = 220,000, suggesting that 15% of the mass of the native alpha subunit is
      carbohydrate. Electrophoretic and gel filtration methods yield consistent
      molecular weight estimates for the beta subunits. The average values are: beta 1,
      Mr = 36,000, and beta 2, Mr = 33,000. Deglycosylation by treatment with
      endoglycosidase F, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, or HF yields sharp protein
      bands with apparent Mr = 23,000 and 21,000 for the beta 1 and beta 2 subunits,
      respectively, suggesting that 36% of the mass of the native beta 1 and beta 2
      subunits is carbohydrate.

PMID- 2411727
TI  - Primary and secondary structure of U8 small nuclear RNA.
AB  - U8 small nuclear RNA is a new, capped, 140 nucleotides long RNA species found in
      Novikoff hepatoma cells. Its sequence is: m3GpppAmUmCGUCAGGA GGUUAAUCCU
      UACCUGUCCC UCCUUUCGGA GGGCAGAUAG AAAAUGAUGA UUGGAGCUUG CAUGAUCUGC UGAUUAUAGC
      AUUUCCGUGU AAUCAGGACC UGACAACAUC CUGAUUGCUU CUAUCUGAUUOH. This RNA is present in
      approximately 25,000 copies/cell, and it is enriched in nucleolar preparations.
      Like U1, U2, U4/U6, and U5 RNAs, U8 RNA was also present as a ribonucleoprotein
      associated with the Sm antigen. The rat U8 RNA was highly homologous (greater
      than 90%) to a recently characterized 5.4 S RNA from mouse cells infected with
      spleen focus-forming virus (Kato, N., and Harada, F. (1984) Biochim. Biophys.
      Acta, 782, 127-131). In addition to the U8 RNA, three other U small nuclear RNAs
      were found in anti-Sm antibody immunoprecipitates from labeled rat and HeLa
      cells. Each of these contained a m3GpppAm cap structure; their apparent chain
      lengths were 60, 130, and 65 nucleotides. These U small nuclear RNAs are
      designated U7, U9, and U10 RNAs, respectively.

PMID- 2411728
TI  - Stoichiometric binding of apolipoprotein B-specific monoclonal antibodies to low
      density lipoproteins.
AB  - The structure of apolipoprotein B and its stoichiometry on plasma lipoproteins
      has been a major issue and one refractory to a variety of analyses.
      Immunochemical analyses represent an independent approach. Examinations of
      apolipoprotein B (apo-B) epitopes on human plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL)
      using monoclonal antibodies have consistently revealed the existence of extensive
      apo-B heterogeneity. In the present study, we have addressed the solution of the
      stoichiometry problem using quantitative analysis of the maximum number of
      identical antibodies that can be bound per LDL particle in which we take into
      account this ligand heterogeneity. We have estimated the molecular weight of apo
      B by quantifying the number of times a given apo-B epitope is expressed on the
      surface of LDL. The quantitative binding of eight previously characterized
      monoclonal antibodies was measured in a fluid phase radioimmunoassay. The results
      were analyzed by Scatchard analysis and expressed on the basis of independent
      measurements of the maximum amount of LDL that could be bound by each antibody.
      Affinity constants for each of the eight antibodies varied between 8.5 X 10(7)
      and 80 X 10(7) M-1. For these same antibodies, the concentration of maximally
      bound antibody at a normalized LDL concentration of 1000 ng/ml was estimated to
      be 0.9-1.8 nM with a mean of 1.23 nM. Adopting a molecular mass from
      physicochemical analysis for LDL apo-B of 550,000 daltons, the molar ratio
      between bound antibody and LDL varied between 0.5 and 1.2 (mean 0.75 +/- 0.15).
      The results supported the hypothesis that apo-B is present as a single large
      molecular weight polypeptide in LDL.

PMID- 2411729
TI  - Changes in the platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb.IIIa complex during platelet
      activation.
AB  - Platelet activation is accompanied by the appearance on the platelet surface of
      approximately 45,000 receptor sites for fibrinogen. The binding of fibrinogen to
      these receptors is required for platelet aggregation. Although it is established
      that the fibrinogen receptor is localized to a heterodimer complex of the
      membrane glycoproteins, IIb and IIIa, little is known about the changes in this
      complex during platelet activation that result in the expression of the receptor.
      In the present studies, we have developed and characterized a murine monoclonal
      anti-platelet antibody, designated PAC-1, that binds to activated platelets, but
      not to unstimulated platelets. PAC-1 is a pentameric IgM that binds to agonist
      stimulated platelets with an apparent Kd of 5 nM. Binding to platelets is
      dependent on extracellular Ca2+ (KCa = 0.4 microM) but is not dependent on
      platelet secretion. Platelets stimulated with ADP or epinephrine bind 10,000
      15,000 125I-PAC-1 molecules/platelet while platelets stimulated with thrombin
      bind 20,000-25,000 molecules/platelet. Several lines of evidence indicate that
      PAC-1 is specific for the glycoprotein IIb.IIIa complex. First, PAC-1 binds
      specifically to the IIb.IIIa complex on Western blots. Second, PAC-1 does not
      bind to thrombasthenic platelets or to platelets preincubated with ethylene
      glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid at 37 degrees C,
      both of which lack the intact IIb.IIIa complex. Third, PAC-1 competitively
      inhibits the binding of 125I-A2A9, and IgG monoclonal antibody that is specific
      for the IIb.IIIa complex. Fourth, the antibody inhibits fibrinogen-mediated
      platelet aggregation. These data demonstrate that PAC-1 recognizes an epitope on
      the IIb.IIIa complex that is located near the platelet fibrinogen receptor.
      Platelet activation appears to cause a Ca2+-dependent change involving the
      glycoprotein IIb.IIIa complex that exposes the fibrinogen receptor and, at the
      same time, the epitope for PAC-1.

PMID- 2411730
TI  - Purification and characterization of protease-resistant secretory granule
      proteoglycans containing chondroitin sulfate di-B and heparin-like
      glycosaminoglycans from rat basophilic leukemia cells.
AB  - Proteoglycans were extracted from nuclease-digested sonicates of 10(9) rat
      basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells by the addition of 0.1% Zwittergent 3-12 and 4
      M guanidine hydrochloride and were purified by sequential CsCl density gradient
      ultracentrifugation, DE52 ion exchange chromatography, and Sepharose CL-6B gel
      filtration chromatography under dissociative conditions. Between 0.3 and 0.8 mg
      of purified proteoglycan was obtained from approximately 1 g initial dry weight
      of cells with a purification of 200-800-fold. The purified proteoglycans had a
      hydrodynamic size range of Mr 100,000-150,000 and were resistant to degradation
      by a molar excess of trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, Pronase, papain, chymopapain,
      collagenase, and elastase. Amino acid analysis of the peptide core revealed a
      preponderance of Gly (35.4%), Ser (22.5%), and Ala (9.5%). Approximately 70% of
      the glycosaminoglycan side chains of RBL-1 proteoglycans were digested by
      chondroitinase ABC and 27% were hydrolyzed by treatment with nitrous acid.
      Sephadex G-200 chromatography of glycosaminoglycans liberated from the intact
      molecule by beta-elimination demonstrated that both the nitrous acid-resistant
      (chondroitin sulfate) and the chondroitinase ABC-resistant (heparin/heparan
      sulfate) glycosaminoglycans were of approximately Mr 12,000. Analysis of the
      chondroitin sulfate disaccharides in different preparations by amino-cyano high
      performance liquid chromatography revealed that 9-29% were the unusual disulfated
      disaccharide chondroitin sulfate di-B (IdUA-2-SO4----GalNAc-4-SO4); the remainder
      were the monosulfated disaccharide GlcUA----GalNAc-4-SO4. Subpopulations of
      proteoglycans in one preparation were separated by anion exchange high
      performance liquid chromatography and were found to contain chondroitin sulfate
      glycosaminoglycans whose disulfated disaccharides ranged from 9-49%. However, no
      segregation of subpopulations without both chondroitin sulfate di-B and
      heparin/heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans was achieved, suggesting that RBL-1
      proteoglycans might be hybrids containing both classes of glycosaminoglycans.
      Sepharose CL-6B chromatography of RBL-1 proteoglycans digested with
      chondroitinase ABC revealed that less than 7% of the molecules in the digest
      chromatographed with the hydrodynamic size of undigested proteoglycans,
      suggesting that at most 7% of the proteoglycans lack chondroitin sulfate
      glycosaminoglycans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2411731
TI  - Complete primary structure of the human alpha 2 type V procollagen COOH-terminal
      propeptide.
AB  - Recently we presented the partial covalent structure of a type V collagen chain.
      Analysis of amino acids 796-1020 in the human alpha 2(V) Gly-X-Y region showed
      strong conservation of charged positions with the interstitial collagens but also
      revealed substitutions unique to type V. To gain more information about this
      procollagen and primarily to resolve the ambiguous nature of the 3'
      noncollagenous propeptide, we sequenced several cDNA clones coding for amino
      acids adjacent to the carboxyl end of the alpha chain. Here we report the
      complete primary structure of the alpha 2(V) COOH-terminal propeptide. In
      general, the latter sequence (270 residues) bears a greater degree of similarity
      to those of the interstitial rather than the basement membrane procollagens.
      Compared to the interstitial procollagens, however, more divergence has occurred
      in alpha 2(V) surrounding the conserved N-asparaginyl-linked carbohydrate
      attachment site at residues 171-173, and alpha 2(V) possesses an additional
      potential glycosylation site (Asn-Lys-Thr) located in a hypervariable region near
      the NH2 terminus. Although certainly premature to form any rigid hypothesis, a
      pattern emerges that may be characteristic of alpha 2 versus alpha 1 chains. Both
      the alpha 2(I) and alpha 2(V) telopeptides are devoid of a lysine, which in alpha
      1 chains forms an interchain cross-link with residue 87 of the collagenous
      region. Also in contrast to the interstitial alpha 1 carboxyl propeptides is the
      absence in alpha 2(I) and alpha 2(V) of a cysteine that probably participates in
      an interchain disulfide bond. Therefore, one can speculate that those alpha 2
      chains, represented only once in procollagen trimers, may not be under the same
      selective pressure as alpha 1 chains to maintain certain residues responsible for
      stabilizing the triple helical molecules.

PMID- 2411732
TI  - Levels of ornithine aminotransferase messenger RNA under conditions of cyclic AMP
      induction in cultured hepatocytes.
AB  - In primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes, the relative rate of ornithine
      aminotransferase synthesis is increased approximately 7- to 8-fold in response to
      dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The corresponding increase in ornithine aminotransferase
      messenger RNA under these conditions was observed to be only 2- to 3-fold. The
      levels of ornithine aminotransferase mRNA were measured by hybridization of
      cellular RNA to a cloned cDNA probe. The ribosomal transit time (20-25 min) along
      ornithine aminotransferase mRNA was the same in both control and induced
      cultures. The level of ornithine aminotransferase nascent chains in cAMP-induced
      cultures was increased 7-fold over the level in control cultures. In the face of
      a 2- to 3-fold increase in the amount of ornithine aminotransferase mRNA, this
      suggests an approximately 3-fold increase in the rate of initiation per copy of
      ornithine aminotransferase messenger RNA. These results indicate that cAMP may
      regulate ornithine aminotransferase synthesis at both transcriptional and
      translational levels in cultured hepatocytes.

PMID- 2411733
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies as probes for determining the microheterogeneity of the
      link proteins of cartilage proteoglycan.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were raised against Swarm rat chondrosarcoma link protein
      2. Two of the resultant hybridomas (9/30/6-A-1 and 9/30/8-A-4) were used in
      structural analyses of the link proteins. The 9/30/6-A-1 monoclonal antibody
      recognized an epitope which was only present on rat chondrosarcoma link protein
      2. This epitope was absent in rat chondrosarcoma link protein 3 obtained after
      trypsin or clostripain treatment of rat chondrosarcoma proteoglycan aggregate,
      indicating that proteolytic digestion either removed or modified the epitope.
      Contrasting this, the 9/30/8-A-4 monoclonal antibody recognized an epitope
      present in link protein(s) 1, 2, or 3 isolated from cartilage of several animal
      species (rat, bovine, human, and chicken). Rat chondrosarcoma link protein 2 was
      digested with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, and the resulting peptides were
      fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      subjected to immunolocation analyses. The 9/30/6-A-1 and 9/30/8-A-4 monoclonal
      antibodies recognized epitopes in two different halves of the link protein
      molecule. The 9/30/8-A-4 monoclonal antibody was used to identify proteolytic
      cleavage peptides common to the individual link proteins (1, 2, or 3) purified
      from cartilage proteoglycans of several animal species. Digestion of rat
      chondrosarcoma link protein 2 with endoglycosidase H or alpha-mannosidase
      increased its electrophoretic mobility to that of link protein 3 and removed or
      altered the determinant recognized by the 9/30/6-A-1 monoclonal antibody,
      indicating that a high-mannose oligosaccharide chain was part of the antigenic
      determinant. The 9/30/8-A-4 monoclonal recognition of epitope was unaffected by
      endo- or exoglycosidase treatment. Endo- and exoglycosidase treatment of bovine
      nasal cartilage link proteins also altered their electrophoretic mobility,
      indicating that high-mannose oligosaccharide structures on the various link
      proteins (1, 2, or 3) accounted for the microheterogeneity observed in sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels.

PMID- 2411734
TI  - Translation of mRNA injected into Xenopus oocytes is specifically inhibited by
      antisense RNA.
AB  - The bacteriophage SP6 promoter and RNA polymerase were used to synthesize sense
      and antisense RNAs coding for the enzymes thymidine kinase (TK) and
      chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT). Injection of antisense CAT RNA into
      frog oocytes inhibited expression of sense CAT mRNA. Similarly, antisense TK RNA
      inhibited expression of sense TK mRNA. Antisense RNAs were stable in oocytes and
      had no detectable effect on either the expression of endogenous proteins or on
      the expression of nonhomologous RNA transcripts. CAT activity expressed from a
      plasmid transcribed in the oocyte nucleus was also inhibited by antisense RNA
      injected into the oocyte cytoplasm. The data suggest that antisense RNA will be
      useful in identifying the function of specific mRNA sequences during early
      development of the frog.

PMID- 2411735
TI  - Characterization of the binding properties and retrograde axonal transport of a
      monoclonal antibody directed against the rat nerve growth factor receptor.
AB  - We have demonstrated in vitro and in vivo the specific binding of a monoclonal
      antibody to the rat nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor. Previous work had shown
      that this antibody, designated 192-IgG, does not compete with NGF for binding to
      the NGF receptor of PC12 cells, but instead interacts with the receptor to
      increase NGF binding to PC12 cells (Chandler, C. E., L. M. Parsons, M. Hosang,
      and E. M. Shooter, 1984, J. Biol. Chem., 259:6882-6889). In the present study, a
      solid-phase separation assay verified the specific formation of a ternary complex
      of 192-IgG, the NGF receptor, and NGF: 125I-labeled 192-IgG precipitated from
      solution only when incubated with both solubilized NGF receptor and NGF
      covalently linked to a solid phase (Sepharose 4B). Filtration assays using plasma
      membrane preparations of various tissues showed strict correlation of 125I-192
      IgG and 125I-labeled NGF binding; only membranes obtained from superior cervical
      ganglion bound significant amounts of the monoclonal antibody and NGF. Injection
      of 125I-192-IgG into the rat anterior eye chamber led to accumulation of intact
      antibody molecules in the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion, indicating
      retrograde axonal transport of 125I-192-IgG from the neuronal termini, located at
      the iris, to the cell bodies situated in the ganglion. The time course and
      saturation characteristics of 125I-192-IgG retrograde transport were very similar
      to those previously reported for 125I-NGF transport, indicating that 192-IgG can
      be internalized and transported by the same mechanisms as is NGF. Consistent with
      results of the in vitro binding assays, 192-IgG and NGF failed to compete for
      retrograde transport and were actually co-transported. Retrograde axonal
      transport of 192-IgG appears to be species specific, since 125I-192-IgG was
      transported in the rat, but not in mice, gerbils, hamsters, or guinea pigs. These
      results establish monoclonal antibody 192-IgG as a specific probe for the rat NGF
      receptor in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 2411736
TI  - Characterization of the purified Chlamydomonas minus agglutinin.
AB  - Chlamydomonas flagellar sexual agglutinins are responsible for the adhesion of
      opposite mating-type (plus and minus) gametes during the first stages of mating.
      Purification and partial characterization of the plus agglutinin was previously
      reported (Adair, W. S., C. J. Hwang, and U. W. Goodenough, 1983, Cell, 33:183
      193). Here we characterize the purified minus molecule. We show it to be a high
      molecular weight, hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein that migrates in the 3%
      stacking region of an SDS-polyacrylamide gel and is absent from two
      nonagglutinating minus mutants. Plus and minus agglutinins are remarkably
      similar, although nonidentical, in amino acid composition, molecular morphology,
      and reactivity in vivo and in vitro with monoclonal antibodies raised against the
      plus agglutinin. Moreover, the adhesiveness of both plus and minus agglutinins,
      when coupled to agarose beads, is abolished by thermolysin, trypsin, periodate,
      alkaline borohydride, reducing agents, or heat, but unaffected by exo- or
      endoglycosidases. The minus agglutinin, however, migrates just ahead of the plus
      molecule on SDS PAGE, is excluded from an anion-exchange (Mono Q) column, elutes
      earlier during hydrophobic interaction (Bio-gel TSK Phenyl 5PW) chromatography,
      and is sensitive to chymotrypsin digestion (unlike the plus agglutinin);
      therefore, it differs from the plus agglutinin in apparent molecular weight, net
      charge, relative hydrophobicity and proteolytic susceptibility. Nevertheless, our
      results generally demonstrate a high degree of homology between these
      complementary cell-cell recognition/adhesion molecules, which suggests that they
      are specified by genes that have a common evolutionary origin.

PMID- 2411737
TI  - Monoclonal antibody against chicken type IX collagen: preparation,
      characterization, and recognition of the intact form of type IX collagen secreted
      by chondrocytes.
AB  - A series of monoclonal antibodies was prepared against the pepsin-resistant
      fragment of type IX collagen designated HMW. One of these antibodies (called 2C2)
      was selected for further analysis. Antibody 2C2 showed no cross-reactivity with
      other collagen types by inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. It
      recognized an epitope present in native HMW, but failed to recognize any of the
      three chains of HMW fractionated after denaturation followed by reduction and
      alkylation of interchain disulfide bridges. Electron microscopic observations
      after rotary shadowing showed that the location of the epitope for antibody 2C2
      was close to the carboxy-terminus of HMW. Immunofluorescent staining of sections
      of embryonic and adult cartilage with antibody 2C2 after removal of proteoglycans
      by testicular hyaluronidase digestion showed that type IX collagen is distributed
      throughout the cartilage matrix, and is not present in other connective tissues
      or skeletal muscle. The intact type IX collagen molecule, which was secreted by a
      suspension culture of freshly isolated embryonic chick chondrocytes, was
      recognized by rotary shadowing in the presence of antibody 2C2 after first
      precipitating the procollagens from the culture medium with ammonium sulfate
      (30%). Two different collagenous molecules were present in the precipitate: a
      longer molecule of type II procollagen (average length, 335 nm) with both amino-
      and carboxy-propeptides still remaining uncleaved, and a shorter molecule
      (average length, 190 nm) which was identified as type IX collagen. Antibody 2C2
      consistently bound to the shorter molecules at a site located 136 nm from a
      distinctive knob at one end of the molecule, and did not bind to any specific
      site on the type II procollagen molecules. The structure of the intact type IX
      collagen molecule with the location of both collagenous and noncollagenous
      domains was as predicted after converting the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone
      encoding for one of the chains of type IX collagen to an amino acid sequence
      (Ninomiya, Y., and B. R. Olsen, 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:3014-3018).

PMID- 2411738
TI  - A platelet alpha-granule membrane protein (GMP-140) is expressed on the plasma
      membrane after activation.
AB  - We have previously characterized a monoclonal antibody, S12, that binds only to
      activated platelets (McEver, R.P., and M.N. Martin, 1984, J. Biol. Chem.,
      259:9799-9804). It identifies a platelet membrane protein of Mr 140,000, which we
      have designated as GMP-140. Using immunocytochemical techniques we have now
      localized this protein in unstimulated and thrombin-stimulated platelets.
      Polyclonal antibodies to purified GMP-140 were used to enhance the sensitivity of
      detection. Nonpermeabilized, unstimulated platelets, incubated with anti-GMP-140
      antibodies, and then with IgG-gold probes, showed very little label for GMP-140
      along their plasma membranes. In contrast, thrombin-stimulated platelets
      exhibited at least a 50-fold increase in the amount of label along the plasma
      membrane. On frozen thin sections of unstimulated platelets we observed
      immunogold label along the alpha-granule membranes. We also employed the more
      sensitive technique of permeabilizing with saponin unstimulated platelets in
      suspension, and then incubating the cells with polyclonal anti-GMP-140 antibodies
      and Fab-peroxidase conjugate. Alpha-granule membranes showed heavy reaction
      product, but no other intracellular organelles were specifically labeled. These
      results demonstrate that GMP-140 is an alpha-granule membrane protein that is
      expressed on the platelet plasma membrane during degranulation.

PMID- 2411739
TI  - Detection of surface-bound ligands by freeze-fracture autoradiography.
AB  - This article describes a new freeze-fracture autoradiographic technique for the
      detection of radioactive ligands associated with the surface of cells in
      monolayer or suspension culture. Since freeze-fracture replicas are produced in
      the conventional way, all membrane features normally seen in freeze-fracture are
      retained, and autoradiographic grains produced by the labeled ligands are seen
      superimposed on unaltered exoplasmic membrane fracture faces. To assess the
      feasibility and resolution of this technique, we compared the surface
      distribution of alpha 2-macroglobulin and cholera toxin, labeled either with 125I
      or with colloidal gold, on 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. Both by autoradiography and
      cytochemical gold labeling, alpha 2-macroglobulin was associated specifically
      with coated pits, whereas cholera toxin was preferentially found over smaller,
      apparently non-coated membrane invaginations. Together with data on the surface
      localization of 125I-transferrin on HL-60 myelomonocytic cells, these results
      demonstrate the application of this technique for the accurate determination of
      ligand distribution over large areas of plasma membrane. The simplicity and
      reproducibility of the method should now allow freeze-fracture autoradiography to
      become a standard technique for investigating the distribution of both endogenous
      and exogenous cell surface-associated molecules, as well as the redistribution of
      such molecules under different experimental conditions.

PMID- 2411740
TI  - Spheroidal aggregate culture of rat liver cells: histotypic reorganization,
      biomatrix deposition, and maintenance of functional activities.
AB  - Liver cells isolated from newborn rats and seeded on a non-adherent plastic
      substratum were found to spontaneously re-aggregate and to form, within a few
      days, spheroidal aggregates that eventually reached a plateaued diameter of 150
      175 micron. Analyses on frozen sections from these spheroids by
      immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies to various cytoskeletal elements
      and extracellular matrix components revealed a sorting out and a histotypic
      reorganization of three major cell types. A first type consisted of cells that
      segregated out on the aggregate surface forming a monolayer cell lining; a second
      type was identified as hepatocytes that regrouped in small islands often defining
      a central lumen; and a third group of cells reorganized into bile duct-like
      structures. This intercellular organization in the aggregates was paralleled by
      the accumulation of extracellular matrix components (laminin, fibronectin, and
      collagen) and their deposition following a specific pattern around each cell
      population structure. Determinations of albumin secretion and tyrosine
      aminotransferase induction by dexamethasone and glucagon at various times after
      the initiation of the cultures revealed a maintenance of the hepatocyte
      differentiated functions for at least up to 2 mo at the levels measured at 3-5 d.
      It is concluded that cells dispersed as single cells from newborn rat liver
      conserve in part the necessary information to reconstruct a proper three
      dimensional cyto-architecture and that the microenvironment so generated most
      likely represents a basic requirement for the optimal functioning of these
      differentiated cells.

PMID- 2411741
TI  - Electron probe X-ray microanalysis of the effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var
      kurstaki crystal protein insecticide on ions in an electrogenic K+-transporting
      epithelium of the larval midgut in the lepidopteran, Manduca sexta, in vitro.
AB  - An alkaline hydrolysate of Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki HD1 (Btk)
      parasporal crystals was administered at 25 micrograms ml-1 (f.c.) to isolated,
      short-circuited, midguts of tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) larvae. The short
      circuit current (s.c.c.), a precise measure of K+ active transport, was inhibited
      by 78% in 10 min in Btk-treated midguts as compared to controls. The elemental
      concentrations of K, together with Na, Mg, P, S, Cl and Ca, as well as the water
      content, were determined by electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) in the
      muscle cells, columnar cells and goblet cells, as well as in the extracellular
      goblet cavity and the bathing media. The average K concentration in the goblet
      cell cavity was 129 mmol/kg wet wt in control midguts but only 37 mmol/kg wet wt
      in Btk-treated midguts. The elemental concentrations, including that of K, in
      other cell compartments were much less affected by Btk, but a rise in total cell
      calcium is suggested. It has been previously suggested that in vitro Btk acts
      specifically on limited regions of the apical membrane of the midgut epithelial
      cells. The simplest interpretation of the EPXMA results would be that initially
      Btk interacts specifically with the goblet cell apical membrane, which bounds the
      goblet cavity and contains the K+ pump responsible for the s.c.c. and high
      transepithelial potential difference (p.d.). Such interaction results in a rapid
      disruption of K+ transport across the goblet cell apical membrane, leading to
      dissipation of the K+ gradient and loss of p.d. The histopathological changes
      previously reported by other workers would then be a consequence of K+ pump
      inhibition causing changes in the intracellular pH, Ca2+ etc. Some possible
      molecular bases for these specific interactions between Btk and cell membrane are
      discussed.

PMID- 2411742
TI  - Simultaneous ultrastructural localization of Ag-NOR (nucleolar organizer region)
      proteins and ribonucleoproteins during mitosis, in human breast cancerous
      tissues.
AB  - The simultaneous ultrastructural localization of the Ag-NOR proteins and
      ribonucleoproteins (RNP) was carried out during mitosis in human breast cancerous
      tissues using a one-step silver staining method followed by acetylation. Owing to
      the good preservation of the cells and to the high precision of the Ag staining
      we were able to follow the behaviour of the argyrophilic nucleolar components
      from prophase to late telophase. During all the phases of mitosis the Ag-NOR
      proteins were associated with fibrillar RNP component (without visible fibrillar
      centre), which originated, during prophase, from the dense fibrillar component of
      the nucleolus and then integrated within the periphery of some metaphasic
      chromosomes as irregular structures. The Ag staining of these structures was
      homogeneous but lower compared to those of nucleoli during prophase. The RNP
      sheath that covered the chromosomes was never silver stained. From anaphase to
      early telophase the argyrophilic RNP structures disposed within the periphery of
      the chromatin mass formed roundish and then spherical structures in which the Ag
      NOR proteins were clustered as centrally localized spheres. These findings showed
      the usefulness of our method for the precise study of the spatial relationship
      between the Ag-NOR proteins and the chromosomes. Thus we were able to show
      striking segregation of both the argyrophilic structures at the periphery of the
      chromatin mass and of the Ag-NOR proteins within these structures. This suggests
      that a high degree of the structural organization in the future nucleus is
      already present during anaphase. This could be related to the rapid resumption of
      ribosomal RNA synthesis.

PMID- 2411743
TI  - Genetic disorders of hemoglobin synthesis.

PMID- 2411744
TI  - Growling, flushing, and a 30-pound weight loss.

PMID- 2411745
TI  - Characterization of a heterogeneous chicken plasma protein, HEF, by analytical
      isotachophoresis in agarose gel.
AB  - Chicken plasma contains proteins that associate with immunoglobulin. One of these
      proteins enhances the titre of haemagglutinating alloantibodies, and it was
      therefore named HEF, haemagglutination enhancing factor. A purified HEF
      preparation mixed with ampholytes splits into four bands in analytical agarose
      isotachophoresis. One of the HEF bands can be separated from two others with beta
      alanine as discrete spacer. The separated HEF populations differ in molecular
      size and in their ability to enhance agglutination.

PMID- 2411746
TI  - Purification of human serum gamma globulins by hydrophobic interaction high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Fresh, whole human serum was fractionated on a Bio-Rad Protein Chromatography
      System, equipped with a Bio-Gel TSK Phenyl-5PW column, by utilizing a descending
      linear gradient of ammonium sulfate in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, at
      0 degree C. Two major peaks were isolated corresponding to albumin and gamma
      globulin. The identity of these protein peaks was substantiated by chromatography
      of an albumin-gamma globulin standard mixture. The purity of the individual
      fractions was verified by high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC)
      on either a Bio-Sil TSK-250 or a Bio-Gel TSK-40 column. The applicability of
      these HPSEC columns to the molecular weight characterization of the Bio-Gel TSK
      Phenyl-5PW column fractions was compared. Typically, the Bio-Gel TSK Phenyl-5PW
      column (75 X 7.5 mm I.D.) was used to purify gamma globulin from 100 microliter
      of plasma. This corresponded to approx. 1.5-2.0 mg of the globin fraction.
      Unidentified contaminants in this fraction had molecular weights of approx. 1000
      3000 daltons and 260 000-300 000 daltons.

PMID- 2411747
TI  - Isolation of tryptic peptides of myelin basic protein by reversed-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system was
      developed to obtain individual tryptic peptides of myelin basic protein (BP).
      Because of the similar charge and hydrophobicity of some of the tryptic peptides
      of the whole protein, several of these were not clearly separated by a single
      HPLC system. Therefore, the BP was first cleaved specifically between residues 97
      and 98 with thrombin, and the two resulting fragments were separated by ion
      exchange chromatography. When the thrombic fragments were digested with trypsin
      separately and subjected to HPLC, all of the peptides were satisfactorily
      separated. Elution times of all of the tryptic peptides of human BP were
      established. Differences among homologous peptides, derived from different
      mammalian BPs, were readily detected from their elution patterns inasmuch as a
      change in a single amino acid residue was usually sufficient to cause a shift in
      the retention time of the peptide. An amino acid difference detected by a peak
      shift could be confirmed by amino acid analysis. The technique has been used to
      isolate short peptides of rabbit, monkey, porcine, bovine, and human BP for
      sequence analysis.

PMID- 2411748
TI  - Chromatographic study of the interrelationships of immunoglobulin A and alpha 1
      microglobulin in myelomatosis.
AB  - The binding of alpha 1-microglobulin (alpha 1-m) to serum immunoglobulin A (IgA)
      myeloma proteins have been examined by analytical and preparative Superose high
      performance gel chromatography. Enzyme immunoassays showed that in the serum
      alpha 1-m was bound to monomeric IgA, but not to the polymeric IgA, and was also
      present in a free form. The IgA-alpha 1-m complexes involved covalent and non
      covalent bonds. Considerable variation in the ratio of bound to unbound forms of
      alpha 1-m was observed that appears to be a result of variation of the IgA alpha
      heavy chains. Reduction of monomeric IgA produced alpha 1-m-heavy chain
      complexes, free alpha 1-m, light and alpha heavy chains, and traces of alpha 1-m
      attached to IgA that was resistant to reduction.

PMID- 2411749
TI  - Fast protein liquid chromatography scale-up procedures for the preparation of low
      molecular-weight proteins from urine.
AB  - A system for the rapid isolation of low molecular weight proteins from urine has
      been devised, and illustrated by alpha 1-microglobulin, beta 2-microglobulin,
      retinol binding protein, lysozyme and monoclonal light chains. Urine proteins
      from patients with tubular dysfunction were concentrated, either by
      ultrafiltration or ammonium sulphate precipitation. This was followed by gel
      chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The appropriate fractions were then separated by
      chromatography on Pharmacia monobead columns. A Mono Q strong anion exchanger was
      used for beta 2-microglobulin, retinol binding protein, alpha 1-microglobulin and
      free monoclonal light chains. Lysozyme was separated on a Mono S cation
      exchanger. The chromatography was first optimized on HR 5/5 columns and then
      scaled up to HR 16/10 columns.

PMID- 2411750
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of in vitro central neuropeptide
      processing.
AB  - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to study
      and characterize the in vitro proteolytic processing of beta-endorphin by twice
      washed membrane homogenates. A high-resolution method, capable of separating over
      30 different human beta-endorphin-related fragments in a single analysis, was
      used to study the time course of production of specific, biologically active
      endorphin fragments by membrane-associated proteases. The results demonstrate
      that frozen (-37 degrees C), postmortem human and rat brains are viable for
      processing studies and that metabolism proceeds similarly to that in fresh brain
      homogenates or slices. Significant differences were noted in the formation rates
      of putative neuroleptic peptides between sex- and age-matched postmortem brain
      tissues from controls versus postmortem brain tissues from neuropsychiatric
      patients or drug-treated animals. These data suggest that using HPLC to
      characterize neuropeptide processing in human or rat membrane-associated enzyme
      homogenates is both descriptive and quantitative and offers insight into the
      central regulation of neuropeptide metabolism.

PMID- 2411751
TI  - Pitfalls in the isolation of alpha-fetoprotein by solid-phase immunoadsorption.
      Loss of fatty acids.

PMID- 2411752
TI  - Separation and isolation of human myelin basic protein peptides by reversed-phase
      high-performance liquid chromatography in volatile buffers.

PMID- 2411753
TI  - Fractionation of rat alpha-fetoprotein by high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2411754
TI  - Somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I-binding proteins in human amniotic
      fluid and in fetal and postnatal blood: evidence of immunological homology.
AB  - By using the chemical cross-linking agent dis-succinimidyl suberate and
      [125I]somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I (Sm-C/IGF-I) to affinity label
      Sm-binding proteins, we identified a 30,000- to 40,000-dalton (30-40K) [125I] Sm
      C-binding protein complex in midterm amniotic fluid and cord blood. An antibody
      raised against a Sm-binding protein purified from midterm amniotic fluid
      recognized this labeled complex not only in amniotic fluid but also in fetal
      serum and term cord and several postnatal human plasmas, indicating that the 30
      40K Sm-binding proteins in each are similar or identical. The binding proteins in
      amniotic fluid appear to possess binding sites specific for Sm-C, because under
      the conditions employed, unlabeled Sm-C was at least 10-fold more potent than IGF
      II or multiplication-stimulating activity in competing with [125I]Sm-C for
      binding. Although [125I]GF-II could be cross-linked to similarly sized proteins,
      unlabeled Sm-C also competed for this binding better than either unlabeled IGF-II
      or MSA (at least 5-fold greater potency). These findings suggest that this
      amniotic fluid Sm-binding protein is primarily a carrier of Sm-C, but does not
      exclude the possibility that a binding site or a distinct binding protein exists
      which is specific for IGF-II but not amenable to cross-linking by the procedure
      used. Because unlabeled Sm-C was less potent in inhibiting the binding of
      [125I]Sm-C to amniotic fluid than to cord plasma proteins, the amniotic fluid
      binding protein is either more abundant or less avidly binds [125I]Sm-C than the
      cord plasma binding protein.

PMID- 2411755
TI  - Antibody against acid-stable insulin-like growth factor binding protein detects
      150,000 mol wt growth hormone-dependent complex in human plasma.
AB  - In order to measure the 150,000 mol wt binding complex for insulin-like growth
      factors in human plasma without the need for acidification to dissociate
      endogenous ligands, we have purified an acid-stable plasma binding protein (BP)
      and raised a specific rabbit antiserum against it. When used in RIA, with a
      covalent complex of binding protein and radioiodinated insulin-like growth factor
      I as tracer, pure BP and human plasma samples gave parallel displacement curves.
      Incubation of plasma with pure insulin-like growth factor-I or -II (5
      micrograms/ml) had no effect on the immunoreactivity of the samples. Compared to
      purified BP standard, the immunoreactive BP content of plasma from normal adults
      was 9.20 +/- 1.59 micrograms/ml (mean +/- SD, n = 10), from acromegalic subjects,
      22.5 +/- 3.63 micrograms/ml (n = 10), and from GH-deficient subjects, 4.10 +/-
      1.59 micrograms/ml (n = 7). Although this antibody reacted with a protein of
      approximately 60,000 mol wt in acidified plasma, gel chromatography of plasma at
      pH 7 indicated that a GH-dependent protein of mol wt 150,000 was measured almost
      exclusively in unacidified samples. Direct binding of insulin-like growth factor
      II, however, showed the major peak of binding activity in normal plasma in the 40
      45,000 mol wt region, whereas in acromegalic plasma most ligand binding was in
      the 150,000 mol wt region. It is concluded that there is essentially no free
      immunoreactive acid-stable BP in native plasma, that the unoccupied binding sites
      of 40-45,000 mol wt, detectable by ligand binding, are present on an
      immunologically distinct protein, and that the immunoreactive 150,000 mol wt
      binding complex in native plasma is strongly GH-dependent.

PMID- 2411756
TI  - An approach to analyzing a single subject's scores obtained in a standardized
      test with application to the Aachen Aphasia Test (AAT).
AB  - Methods for the analysis of a single subject's test profile(s) proposed by Huber
      (1973) are applied to the Aachen Aphasia Test (AAT). The procedures are based on
      the classical test theory model (Lord & Novick, 1968) and are suited for any
      (achievement) test with standard norms from a large standardization sample and
      satisfactory reliability estimates. Two test profiles of a Wernicke's aphasic,
      obtained before and after a 3-month period of speech therapy, are analyzed using
      inferential comparisons between (groups of) subtest scores on one test
      application and between two test administrations for single (groups of) subtests.
      For each of these comparisons, the two aspects of (i) significant (reliable)
      differences in performance beyond measurement error and (ii) the diagnostic
      validity of that difference in the reference population of aphasic patients are
      assessed. Significant differences between standardized subtest scores and a
      remarkably better preserved reading and writing ability could be found for both
      test administrations using the multiple test procedure of Holm (1979). Comparison
      of both profiles revealed an overall increase in performance for each subtest as
      well as changes in level of performance relations between pairs of subtests.

PMID- 2411757
TI  - Comparison of the automicrobic system, acridine orange-stained smears, and gram
      stained smears in detecting bacteriuria.
AB  - We compared the accuracy of the Gram-stained smear, the acridine orange-stained
      smear, and the AutoMicrobic system (AMS; Vitek Systems, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.) in
      screening for bacteriuria, as detected by conventional cultures. For 1,024
      clinical specimens, results with the acridine orange-stained smear and the Gram
      stained smear were very similar. When read for the presence of one or more
      microorganisms or leukocytes per 20 oil immersion fields, both smears were highly
      sensitive (92.1 and 93.3%, respectively) and moderately specific (70.0 and 61.7%,
      respectively). Sensitivity was greater for specimens yielding greater than or
      equal to 10(5) CFU/ml (96.1 and 98.9%, respectively) than for those with 10(3) to
      10(4) CFU/ml (81.4 and 78.0%, respectively). Preliminary classification based
      upon the tinctorial and morphological characteristics of the Gram-stained smear
      was compatible with culture results in nearly all cases. The accuracy of the Gram
      stained smears was not influenced by special cleaning of the microscopic slides,
      or the level of expertise of the microscopist. For 715 specimens, the sensitivity
      of the AMS in detecting bacteriuria (91.5%) was very similar to that of the
      stained smears (92.1 and 95.7%, respectively), but the specificity was
      significantly higher (83.2% versus 42.6 and 70.0%). Detection of microorganisms
      by the AMS took an average of 6.3 +/- 3.0 h. These data suggest that the Gram
      stained smear is easily interpreted, very sensitive, acceptably specific, and
      still the optimal rapid method for screening for bacteriuria in most clinical
      microbiology laboratories.

PMID- 2411758
TI  - Cytochemical studies of a glycogen-sarcoplasmic reticulum complex.
AB  - Enzymatically active cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) fractions contain
      glycogen. Previous biochemical and morphological studies indicate that the
      glycogen particles are membrane associated. In the present study, further
      evidence for membrane-associated glycogen particles in these cardiac SR fractions
      is presented: (1) morphological parameters, (2) enzymatic digestion by
      glucoamylase and alpha-amylase and (3) cytochemical staining by two different
      methods. Dense granules comparable in size (20-30 nm diameter), electron density
      and substructure to glycogen particles observed in intact cardiac muscle and in
      glycogen preparations isolated from skeletal muscle were seen. Most of these
      glycogen particles were removed by amylase digestion except for glycogen
      particles closely adhering to vesicle membranes. Two different cytochemical
      techniques (bismuth subnitrate and silver proteinate) revealed a positive
      reaction product over the glycogen particles. These findings provide further
      support for the biochemical finding of a structured enzyme complex involving the
      SR, glycogenolytic enzymes and glycogen.

PMID- 2411759
TI  - Immunoglobulin G-induced single ionic channels in human alveolar macrophage
      membranes.
AB  - While it is well known that the engagement of IgG Fc receptors on the macrophage
      surface triggers a number of cellular responses, including particle ingestion,
      secretion, and respiratory burst activity, the mechanism of signal transmission
      following ligand binding remains poorly understood. To acquire more data in this
      area, we studied the electrical properties of the macrophage membrane and its
      response to oligomeric immunoglobulin G (IgG) using the patch-clamp technique on
      human alveolar macrophages that were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage and
      maintained in short-term tissue culture. The results showed that cell resting
      potentials, as determined from whole-cell tight seal recordings, increased from 
      15 mV on the day of plating to -56 mV after the first day in culture and remained
      stable at this hyperpolarized level. Macrophages revealed an input resistance of
      3.3 G omega, independent of age in culture. Extracellular application of heat
      aggregated human IgG to cells voltage-clamped at -70 mV resulted in peak inward
      currents of approximately 470 pA. We identified an IgG-dependent, nonselective
      channel in both cell-attached and isolated membrane patches, with a unitary
      conductance of approximately 350 pS and a predominant subconductance level of 235
      pS in symmetrical NaCl solutions. Single channel open times were observed to be
      in the range of seconds and, in addition, were dependent upon membrane voltage.
      Channel opening involved transitions between a number of kinetic states and
      subconductance levels. Channel events recorded in cell-attached patches showed
      characteristic exponential relaxations, which implied a variation in membrane
      potential as a result of a single ion channel opening. These data suggest that
      the IgG-dependent nonselective cation channel that we have characterized may
      provide the link between Fc receptor engagement and subsequent cellular
      activation.

PMID- 2411760
TI  - Accumulation of leukotriene C4 and histamine in human allergic skin reactions.
AB  - To determine whether lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism are
      released in vivo during human allergic cutaneous reactions, we serially assayed
      chamber fluid placed over denuded skin sites for the presence of both C-6 peptide
      leukotrienes (e.g., LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), using
      radioimmune assay and HPLC separation, and compared it to histamine (assayed
      radioenzymatically) in 13 atopic and two nonatopic volunteers. Skin chamber sites
      challenged with ragweed or grass pollen antigen (250-750 protein nitrogen
      units/ml) for the first hour and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for the next 3 h
      were assayed hourly and compared to sites challenged with PBS alone. As assessed
      by HPLC, LTC4 composed greater than 85% of the C-6 peptide leukotriene released
      at any skin site, whereas little LTD4 or LTE4 was detected. LTC4 was present in
      significantly greater concentrations at antigen sites as compared to PBS
      challenged sites throughout the 4-h period. Minimal concentrations of LTB4 were
      found throughout this time period and were not different at antigen or PBS sites.
      Histamine was present in significantly greater concentrations at antigen rather
      than PBS sites, but the pattern of release was different from that of LTC4. Peak
      histamine release invariably occurred during the first hour and decreased
      progressively thereafter, whereas the greatest amounts of LTC4 were detected
      during the 2nd to 4th hours. The amount of LTC4 accumulating at the site was
      dependent upon the dosage of antigen used in the epicutaneous challenge. We have
      demonstrated in this study that of the leukotrienes assessed LTC4 is released in
      the greatest quantity in situ during in vivo allergic cutaneous reactions and
      that it is present at such sites for at least 4 h after antigen challenge. Since
      intradermal injection of LTC4 in humans induces wheal and flare responses that
      persist for hours, our findings support the hypothesis that LTC4 is an important
      mediator of human allergic skin reactions.

PMID- 2411761
TI  - Biliary secretion of fluid-phase markers by the isolated perfused rat liver. Role
      of transcellular vesicular transport.
AB  - In these studies, we have used several approaches to systematically explore the
      contribution of transcellular vesicular transport (transcytosis) to the blood-to
      bile movement of inert fluid-phase markers of widely varying molecular weight.
      First, under steady-state conditions, the perfused rat liver secreted even large
      markers in appreciable amounts. The bile-to-plasma (B/P) ratio of these different
      markers, including microperoxidase (B/P ratio = 0.06; mol wt = 1,879), insulin
      (B/P ratio = 0.09, mol wt = 5,000), horseradish peroxidase (B/P ratio = 0.04, mol
      wt = 40,000), and dextran (B/P ratio = 0.09, mol wt = 70,000), exhibited no clear
      ordering based on size alone, and when dextrans of two different sizes (40,000
      and 70,000 mol wt) were studied simultaneously, the relative amounts of the two
      dextran species in bile were the same as in perfusate. Taurocholate
      administration produced a 71% increase in bile flow but little or no (0-20%)
      increase in the output of horseradish peroxidase, microperoxidase, inulin, and
      dextran. Second, under nonsteady-state conditions in which the appearance in or
      disappearance from bile of selected markers was studied after their abrupt
      addition to or removal from perfusate, erythritol reached a B/P ratio of 1 within
      2 min. Microperoxidase and dextran appeared in bile only after a lag period of
      approximately 12 min and then slowly approached maximal values, whereas sucrose
      exhibited kinetically intermediate behavior. A similar pattern was observed after
      removal of greater than 95% of the marker from the perfusate. Erythritol rapidly
      reapproached a B/P ratio of 1, whereas the B/P ratio for sucrose, dextran, and
      microperoxidase fell much more slowly and exceeded 1 for a full 30 min after
      perfusate washout. Finally, electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy of
      cultured hepatocytes demonstrated the presence of horseradish peroxidase and
      fluorescein-dextran, respectively, in intracellular vesicles, and fractionation
      of perfused liver homogenates revealed that at least 35-50% of sucrose, inulin,
      and dextran was associated with subcellular organelles. Collectively, these
      observations are most compatible with a transcytosis pathway that contributes
      minimally to the secretion of erythritol, but accounts for a substantial fraction
      of sucrose secretion and virtually all (greater than 95%) of the blood-to-bile
      transport of microperoxidase and larger markers. These findings have important
      implications with respect to current concepts of canalicular bile formation as
      well as with respect to the conventional use of solutes such as sucrose as
      markers of canalicular or paracellular pathway permeability.

PMID- 2411762
TI  - Cytoplasmic immunoglobulin content in multiple myeloma.
AB  - Bone marrow cells of 82 patients with multiple myeloma were subjected to flow
      cytometric analysis of DNA and cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (CIg) content using
      propidium iodide and direct immunofluorescence assays. Except for two patients
      with nonsecretory myeloma, there was conformity in the immunoglobulin type
      derived from immunoelectrophoresis and plasma cell CIg staining. One patient with
      nonsecretory myeloma exhibited monotypic CIg staining, while the second showed no
      reaction. In eight patients with IgG lambda myeloma, the same tumor cells
      contained both lambda and kappa light chains, suggesting the productive
      rearrangement of both light chain genes. 14 patients with previously unrecognized
      plasma cells of low RNA content, all of whom were resistant to chemotherapy, were
      identified by CIg staining. By revealing previously unrecognized plasma cells
      with low RNA content, CIg analysis identified more patients with treatment
      refractory myeloma.

PMID- 2411763
TI  - Immunologic and structural studies of the lupus/Sjogren's syndrome autoantigen,
      La/SSB, with a monoclonal antibody.
AB  - La/SSB is a small nuclear RNA protein against which precipitating autoantibodies
      are made in many patients with systemic lupus erythematosus or Sjogren's
      syndrome. The recent purification of La/SSB has made structural and immunologic
      studies possible. Consequently, a mouse hybridoma antibody (La1) was raised,
      after immunization and fusion, that reacted with bovine La/SSB. Results of
      inhibition tests with tissue extracts and fluorescent antinuclear antibody tests
      demonstrated that La1 reacted with bovine extracts and cells, but not with those
      from human, mouse, or rabbit sources. La1 reacted in Western blot and in an
      adapted anti-La/SSB enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with only the 41-kD bovine
      La/SSB peptide and not with the smaller 29-kD bovine La/SSB peptide. RNA gels
      showed that La1 bound the La/SSB particle that contained the predominant La/SSB
      RNA species near 90 nucleotides as well as the minor RNA species, both of which
      were bound by the human autoimmune anti-La/SSB serum. A solid-phase assay for
      human autoimmune anti-La/SSB antibody using La1 was more sensitive for the
      detection of human anti-La/SSB than was a comparable assay using purified La/SSB,
      and showed that anti-La/SSB is present in nearly all Ro/SSA precipitin-positive
      sera. Thus, this study demonstrates that monoclonal antibody can be raised
      against La/SSB; that the protein moiety of bovine La/SSB differs from human,
      mouse, and rabbit at an epitope on the 41-kD La/SSB peptide; that the RNA bound
      to the La1-reactive particle was as heterogeneous as that binding the anti-La/SSB
      autoimmune serum; and that anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB are closely associated.

PMID- 2411764
TI  - Missouri Children's Behavior Checklist profiles with developmentally disabled
      children: construct validity.
AB  - The clinical utility and construct validity of seven new MCBC behavior profiles
      were evaluated and compared to the original four behavior profiles. The
      relationship between the seven new behavior profiles and the clinical findings
      and recommendations that stem from an interdisciplinary evaluation of children
      referred to a clinic for development disabilities was determined. The seven
      cluster solution classified equally as well as the four cluster solution, but
      with increased differentiation into more specific internalizing and externalizing
      behavior profile subgroups. Construct validity information was provided for
      several of the new profiles in terms of the association with clinical findings of
      behavior problems and recommendations for therapy.

PMID- 2411765
TI  - Automated screening of cervical smears using immunocytochemical staining: a
      possible approach.
AB  - A preliminary analysis was undertaken to ascertain whether a Leitz TAS (Texture
      Analyse System) video camera system, which is computer controlled, could be used
      to detect abnormal cells in cervical smears. Immunocytochemical together with
      haemalum nuclear staining was used for the epithelial membrane antigen. It was
      possible to detect abnormal cells in routinely prepared smears taken from
      patients with various degrees of cervical neoplasia, including the earliest
      stages, but metaplastic cells were not detected by the system. Smears from
      patients assessed as normal by routine cytology gave a low incidence of positive
      results due to occasional overlapping of cells or the presence of air bubbles.
      This system seems to offer a new possibility for rapid automated cytometry of
      cervical smears.

PMID- 2411767
TI  - Diff-Quik stain for Tzanck smears.

PMID- 2411766
TI  - Peptide neurons in the canine small intestine.
AB  - The distributions of peptide-containing nerve fibers and cell bodies in the
      canine small intestine were determined with antibodies raised against seven
      peptides: enkephalin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), neuropeptide Y,
      neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
      Immunoreactive nerve cell bodies and fibers were found for each peptide except
      neurotensin. In the muscle layers there were numerous substance P, VIP, and
      enkephalin fibers, fewer neuropeptide Y fibers, and very few GRP or somatostatin
      fibers. The mucosa contained many VIP and substance P fibers, moderate numbers of
      neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and GRP fibers and rare enkephalin fibers. Nerve
      cell bodies reactive for each of the six neural peptides were located in both the
      myenteric and submucous plexuses. The distributions of nerve cell bodies and
      processes in the canine small intestine show many similarities with other
      mammals, for example, in the distributions of VIP, substance P, neuropeptide Y,
      and somatostatin nerves. There are some major differences, such as the presence
      in dogs of numerous submucosal nerve cell bodies with enkephalinlike
      immunoreactivity and of GRP-like immunoreactivity in submucous nerve cell bodies
      and mucosal fibers.

PMID- 2411768
TI  - Aquagenic pruritus.
AB  - The clinical characteristics of aquagenic pruritus (AP) based on a series of
      thirty-six patients are presented. AP is characterized by the development of
      severe, prickling-like skin discomfort that is without observable skin lesions
      and that is evoked by contact with water at any temperature. Other causes of
      pruritus associated with water contact must be excluded. In the thirty-six
      patients, skin discomfort developed within minutes of water contact in
      approximately half. In others, discomfort began 2 to 15 minutes after water
      exposure had ceased. The pruritus was usually generalized, lasting from 10 to 120
      minutes (average, 40.6 minutes), and in 55% was associated with symptoms of acute
      emotional liability. There was no increased prevalence of atopy. Thirty-three
      percent reported a family history of water-related itching. Of fourteen patients
      treated with ultraviolet B phototherapy, eight (57%) noted significant relief. Of
      thirty-four patients, sixteen (47%) noted partial relief with oral antihistamine
      therapy. Patients with polycythemia rubra vera (PRV) may present with symptoms
      similar to those of AP, and all patients with symptoms consistent with AP should
      be investigated for the presence of PRV.

PMID- 2411769
TI  - Activation of cyclic GMP-binding and cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterases of
      rat platelets by a mechanism involving cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation.
AB  - We have previously reported that the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase activity in
      washed rat platelets is increased by a short exposure of platelet suspension to
      PGE1 and 1-methyl-3-isobutyl-xanthine (MIX). We report here that the incubation
      of washed platelets with forskolin resulted in an increase in the binding of cGMP
      and the activity of cGMP-phosphodiesterase as well as that of cAMP-specific
      phosphodiesterase. As for PGE1, MIX potentiated the stimulatory effect of
      forskolin. The maximal activation of phosphodiesterases by forskolin and MIX
      occurred after 30 sec of incubation of platelets (with a slow decline
      thereafter). The activation of phosphodiesterases in intact platelets by
      forskolin occurred in parallel with the dissociation of a cAMP-dependent protein
      kinase. Prior incubation of a platelet supernatant with Mg-ATP and cAMP had only
      a slight effect on cAMP- or cGMP-phosphodiesterase activities, but the presence
      of MIX during the prior incubation, followed by appropriate dilution, greatly
      enhanced the activity of the two phosphodiesterases. The phosphodiesterase
      activation in vitro was inhibited by a non-hydrolysable analogue of ATP, AMP-PNP.
      Since the cGMP-binding phosphodiesterase activity is enhanced by the catalytic
      subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the presence of MIX and absence of
      cAMP, the effect of MIX cannot be explained in terms of the protection of cAMP
      from hydrolysis. It is possible that the xanthine increases the susceptibility of
      the cAMP-specific and cGMP-binding phosphodiesterases to phosphorylation.

PMID- 2411770
TI  - Effect of reaming the papillary duct of cows' teats on keratin removal and
      penetrability of the duct to implanted Escherichia coli endotoxin.
AB  - Penetrability of the bovine teat duct to Escherichia coli endotoxin solution was
      measured before and after reaming the duct with a polypropylene tube, a steel
      twist drill bit, or a fluted drill point. There was some evidence of a transient
      increase in penetrability for one or two milkings following reaming but most
      ducts were not rendered penetrable to endotoxin. Histological examination of
      ducts after reaming showed that although the loosely packed superficial keratin
      was effectively removed a continuous smooth keratin layer remained covering the
      epithelium. These observations are discussed with respect to the possible
      mechanisms responsible for maintaining the defensive barrier of the duct to
      bacterial penetration.

PMID- 2411771
TI  - Growth and biochemical changes in mammary glands of ewes from 1 to 18 months of
      age.
AB  - Growth and development of the mammary gland of ewe lambs was characterized by
      changes of various biochemical constituents. Mammary glands were removed from 49
      ewe lambs ranging between 1 and 18 mo of age, weighed before and after trimming,
      and samples of the trimmed glands were fat extracted and dried. The dried fat
      free tissues were weighed, ground, and analyzed for nucleic acids, nitrogen,
      sodium, potassium, and chloride contents. Fresh samples were used for glycogen
      determination. Trimmed weight of mammary glands increased rapidly after the 9th
      mo of age. The pattern was similar for nucleic acid content of mammary glands.
      Dry matter and fat contents of mammary glands increased up to the 9th mo, fat
      decreased thereafter, and dry matter remained constant. Protein content was low
      up to the 9th mo and increased thereafter. Sodium and glycogen content in mammary
      glands increased, but potassium decreased linearly from 1 to 18 mo of age.
      Allometric growth of mammary tissue started at about 3 mo of age, before onset of
      puberty at 8 mo of age, but intense mammary metabolic activity started only after
      the ewe attained puberty.

PMID- 2411772
TI  - [From organ to cell...a summary of specimen handling, from macroscopic
      identification of the lesion to final histologic diagnosis].

PMID- 2411773
TI  - [Histology of the dento-gingival junction and its clinical implications].

PMID- 2411774
TI  - Structure and epitope specificity of human melanoma-associated oncofetal antigen
      gp87 analyzed with monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2411775
TI  - Effect of cepharanthine on cell-type conversion in B16 mouse melanoma cells.

PMID- 2411776
TI  - Discordance between ambulatory monitoring and programmed stimulation in assessing
      efficacy of class IA antiarrhythmic agents in patients with ventricular
      tachycardia.
AB  - Concordance between programmed stimulation and 24 hour ambulatory
      electrocardiographic (Holter) monitoring was studied in 54 patients with
      sustained ventricular tachycardia during 84 therapeutic trials with class IA
      antiarrhythmic agents. During baseline studies before treatment, all patients had
      frequent (greater than or equal to 30/h) ventricular premature complexes on
      Holter recordings and sustained ventricular tachycardia inducible by one to three
      extrastimuli. During treatment, programmed stimulation and Holter monitoring were
      repeated. Efficacy of treatment determined by programmed stimulation (ventricular
      tachycardia no longer inducible or nonsustained) was compared with three Holter
      criteria of efficacy: I = 83% or more reduction of ventricular premature
      complexes and abolition of ventricular tachycardia; II = 50% or more reduction of
      ventricular premature complexes and 90% or more reduction of couplets and
      abolition of ventricular tachycardia; III = abolition of ventricular tachycardia
      in patients with ventricular tachycardia during a baseline Holter recording.
      Treatments were judged effective by programmed stimulation criteria in only 25%
      of cases but in 51, 63 and 75% of cases by Holter criterion I, II and III,
      respectively. Results of programmed stimulation and Holter monitor were
      discordant (effective by one criterion but ineffective by the other) in 50% of
      cases using Holter criterion I, in 54% using Holter criterion II and in 61% using
      Holter criterion III. In the majority of discordant results, treatments appeared
      efficacious by Holter criteria but ineffective by programmed stimulation
      criteria, suggesting insensitivity of efficacy by Holter criteria or
      nonspecificity of induced ventricular tachycardia during treatment, or both.

PMID- 2411777
TI  - Absence of the OKT4 epitope on blood T cells and thymus cells in a patient with
      thymoma, hypogammaglobulinemia, and red blood cell aplasia.
AB  - Human helper/inducer T-lymphocytes that express the T4 antigen are important in
      the regulation of B and T cell functions. Several epitopes of the T4 molecule
      have now been recognized; however, the precise role of these molecules in the
      function of helper/inducer T cells is unclear. We studied a patient with thymoma,
      hypogammaglobulinemia, and red blood cell aplasia whose blood lymphocytes and
      thymus cells did not express the epitope recognized by OKT4 monoclonal antibody
      but did display the T4 epitopes recognized by OKT4A and Leu3A monoclonal
      antibodies. The absence of the OKT4 epitope on the patient's thymus cells
      suggested that the abnormality occurred during early T cell differentiation. The
      patient had intact delayed hypersensitivity to 4/4 antigens, and his blood
      lymphocytes proliferated normally to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed
      mitogen, tetanus toxoid, and allogeneic cells. The patient's T cells demonstrated
      augmented suppressor activity that was localized to the OKT8+ population rather
      than to the unusual T4 subset. Irradiation abrogated suppressor activity and
      rendered his T cells capable of providing help for polyclonal B cell
      differentiation. The data emphasize the limitations of OKT4 as the sole reagent
      for characterizing the subset of human helper/inducer cells and demonstrate that
      the expression of the T4 epitope recognized by OKT4 monoclonal antibody is not
      required for certain helper/inducer T cell functions in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 2411778
TI  - Immunoglobulin E antibodies against coriander and other spices.
AB  - Patient M, working with spices in the food industry, developed asthma on
      inhalation of dust from spices. Skin prick test results with curry, coriander,
      and mace were strongly positive. With RAST, specific IgE antibodies against
      coriander, curry, mace, ginger, and paprika powder could be demonstrated in serum
      from patient M. It could be demonstrated by RAST inhibition that the IgE-binding
      components from coriander did not cross-react with the IgE-binding components
      from ginger and paprika. Leukocytes from a normal donor, after passive
      sensitization with serum from patient M, released a substantial (greater than or
      equal to 50%) amount of histamine on challenge with extracts of coriander, mace,
      and curry powder. This study demonstrates that the inhalation of dust from spices
      can result in an IgE-mediated allergy toward these materials.

PMID- 2411779
TI  - Isolating and sequencing the predominant 5'-ends of a specific mRNA in cells. I.
      Purification by filter hybridization.
AB  - Procedures are considered for purification of a specific procaryotic RNA by
      successive hybridizations to DNA immobilized to nitrocellulose with special
      consideration of problems associated with subsequent end-labeling in the T4
      polynucleotide kinase reaction. (1) Inhibitors of the kinase can be associated
      with the plasmid but were removed by electrophoresis of the DNA fragment through
      polyacrylamide. (2) Residual soluble acrylamide, contaminating the DNA and
      preventing its efficient retention to nitrocellulose, could be removed by DE52
      chromatography. (3) Short denatured DNA required high salt (0.9 M) to bind to
      nitrocellulose but reannealed quickly at those salt concentrations unless applied
      at less than or equal to 0.3 micrograms/ml at 4 degrees C with a flow rate of 1
      ml/min. (4) The kinetics of the hybrid reaction were a function of DNA length,
      concentration, and temperature. (5) Formamide was a more effective denaturing
      agent to remove hybrid RNA from the filter than either 12 M urea or 8 M guanidine
      HCl, but caused significant release of DNA from the nitrocellulose as well as
      another potent inhibitor of the kinase reaction. The release of DNA and other
      kinase inhibitors was greatly reduced by eluting in boiling water.

PMID- 2411780
TI  - Isolating and sequencing the predominant 5'-ends of a specific mRNA in cells. II.
      End-labeling and sequencing.
AB  - T4 polynucleotide kinase has been used to end-label specific RNA purified by
      multiple hybridizations to nitrocellulose-bound DNA. The pico moles of ends of a
      specific mRNA transcribed from the chromosome, even from several liters of
      Escherichia coli, give concentrations perhaps 2000-fold below the Km value of the
      kinase-RNA substrate. In such a reaction, optimal incorporation was observed with
      increasing ATP concentration to greater than or equal to 7 microM (greater than
      or equal to 15 mCi of carrier-free [32P]ATP in a 300-500 microliter reaction).
      The unreacted ATP (greater than 150-fold excess) could best be eliminated by
      multiple gel filtrations rather than by precipitation, ion exchange
      chromatography or dialysis. The [5'-32P]RNA was digested with T1 or pancreatic
      RNase and the [5'-32P]oligonucleotides separated by size in a 20% polyacrylamide
      gel. Oligonucleotides of a specific size were separated sufficiently by a second
      dimension electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. We have used partial alkali
      digestion in sequencing the purified oligonucleotides. As opposed to other
      digestions, alkali produces 5',3'-diphospho-oligonucleotides whose mobilities can
      differ from those of the monophosphates, e.g., much longer running times in
      conventional homochromatography.

PMID- 2411781
TI  - A novel approach to study of action of water-insoluble inhibitors of enzymic
      reactions.
AB  - The effect of water-insoluble compounds on enzyme catalytic properties was
      studied using a colloidal solution of water in organic solvent as reaction
      medium. In this microheterogeneous medium enzyme is entrapped into hydrated
      reversed micelles of a surfactant, the dimensions of the internal hole of the
      micelles being dependent on the ratio of water to surfactant. At sufficiently low
      values of this ratio the molecule of entrapped enzyme has limited mobility in the
      micelle. Because of this the interaction of the enzyme with water-insoluble
      compound which is added in assay solution and intercalated in the surface layer
      of the micelle may be manifested. The suggested method was used to study the
      inhibitory action of dihydroriboflavin esters on D-amino acid oxidase from pig
      kidney and soybean lipoxygenase. The reaction medium was hydrated reversed
      micelles of Aerosol OT in octane. The method of sedimentation in an analytical
      ultracentrifuge has shown the dihydroriboflavin esters to be completely included
      into reversed micelles.

PMID- 2411782
TI  - Effect of flow rate on the isolation of polyadenylated RNA on oligo(dT)-cellulose
      columns.

PMID- 2411783
TI  - The prolactin-secreting system in relation to aging.
AB  - It is known that an increase in serum PRL can be responsible in men of impotence.
      The frequent sexual disturbances that are present in aging have suggested that in
      this age the PRL levels may be increased. Some authors have found elevated levels
      of PRL and an alteration in PRL response to pharmacological stimuli in elderly
      subjects. Other authors suggest that this increase of serum PRL in aging may be
      develop for determinating prostatic disease. In the present study we not have
      found differences in serum PRL between adult men, elderly subjects and prostatic
      subjects, while the responses to pharmacological stimuli observed in prostatic
      patients was higher than that of old age subjects. This finding is suggestive of
      an alteration in PRL-secreting system operating in aging.

PMID- 2411784
TI  - Anti-allergic action of 6-ethyl-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-YL) chromone (AA-344) in rats.
      II. Effect of AA-344 on histamine release from rat peritoneal exudate cells.

PMID- 2411785
TI  - [Reproduction and immune factors in the male].
AB  - Sperm antigenicity is demonstrated by the formation of sperm antibodies following
      vasectomy and by the possible occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions in women
      to seminal fluid. It may be that immunosuppressor factors in seminal plasma, as
      well as certain placental hormones, could explain the fact that sperm are not
      rejected immunologically in the female genital tract. The role of these different
      immune factors in male infertility and in the pathogenesis of AIDS is discussed.

PMID- 2411786
TI  - Architectonic differentiation of the lateral geniculate body of the cat.
AB  - The cell layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the cat have been
      reinvestigated in relation to the localization of the degeneration of optic
      terminals. After unilateral enucleation the degenerated crossed and uncrossed
      optic terminals form five continuous alternate strips in all the five layers of
      the LGN with the Fink-Heimer method. The crossed terminals end in the layers A,
      B0, and B2, and the uncrossed terminals in the layers A1, and B1 without
      overlapping. The cyto- and myeloarchitectonic study of complete frontal,
      sagittal, and horizontal serial sections has shown that the former B layer and
      the nuclei interlaminares centralis pars ventralis and medialis of Thuma built up
      three continuous parallel layers, which we propose to call B0, B1, and B2. The
      layer B0 containing large cells and more single fibers than the layers A and A1,
      extends on the medial, ventral and caudal side of layer A1. The layer B1
      containing smaller cells and less single fibers than the layer B0, surrounds the
      layer B0 from medial, ventral and caudal. It comprises in the medial part of the
      ventral extent a pale spot with especially small nerve cells. The layer B2
      containing medium-sized cells in less dense arrangement and many small dark fiber
      bundles split up from optic tract extends medially and ventrally of layer B1. The
      caudal pole of the LGN is covered cap-like by the layers B0, and B1 and
      incompletely by B2. This new interpretation of the LGN's layers in the cat is
      more regular and easier to compare with the stratification of the LGN of other
      species including primates.

PMID- 2411787
TI  - Connections of the fronto-parietal operculum and the postcentral gyrus with the
      posterior ventral thalamic nucleus, especially its medial nucleus, in monkeys.
AB  - In 22 crab-eating monkeys (Macaca irus), either lesions or HRP injections were
      made in the frontol parietal operculum and, for the purpose of contrast, in the
      postcentral gyrus to observe their fiber connectionl with the posterior ventral
      nucleus (VP). The exposed opercular part, reported to consist of areas 3b, 1, and
      2 showed scanty fiber connections with VP. The buried parietal operculum had
      connections with the media (VPM) and lateral (VPL) nuclei of VP, corresponding to
      the second somatic sensory cortex (SII). This cortica area was connected, in VPM,
      to its ventromedial part, while the base of the postcentral gyrus, the ordinary
      face area of SI, was connected to its lateral-most part. This suggests that the
      ventromedial part of VPM is more intimately related to SII, and its lateral-most
      part to SI. In contrast, the SI and SII areas of VPL overlapped more extensively
      with each other. The cortical area which received fibers from the parvocellular
      part of VPM (VPMpc) lay in the frontal operculum, especially in its buried part.
      This area extended caudally beyond the precentral dimple and included areas 1 and
      2 of the buried frontal operculum, indicating that its posterior extent was wider
      than the pure taste cortical area. Spinothalamic terminations in VPL and the PO
      nuclear group were discussed in relation to cortical connections of these
      thalamic nuclei. It was suggested that spinothalamic input could be relayed to
      both postcentral and opercular cortices. The relation of the spinothalamic input
      to the PO group appeared to be minor.

PMID- 2411788
TI  - Antigen-specific T cell activation results in an increase in cytoplasmic free
      calcium.
AB  - Free intracellular calcium acts as a messenger in response to extracellular
      stimuli, including those that result in cellular proliferation. For example,
      mitogenic lectins have been shown to increase intracellular calcium concentration
      ([Ca+2]i) during proliferation of T lymphocytes. To determine if similar changes
      in [Ca+2]i occur when T cells are activated by nominal antigen, [Ca+2]i was
      measured in murine T cells from a bovine insulin-specific, major
      histocompatibility-restricted T hybridoma by using the calcium-sensitive fluor
      quin-2. Quin-2-loaded T hybridoma cells were activated by incubation with antigen
      pulsed antigen-presenting cells (APC) and [Ca+2]i determined by measurement of
      quin-2 fluorescence. T cell [Ca+2]i rose sharply within 20 min after incubation
      with APC. Incubation of T cells with unpulsed APC resulted in [Ca+2]i not
      significantly different from resting levels. Further evidence that this
      activation was antigen specific was demonstrated at the level of both the APC and
      the T cell. Incubation of quin-2-loaded T cells with APC pulsed with the
      inappropriate antigen, porcine insulin, did not result in an increase in [Ca+2]i.
      Additionally, pretreatment of T cells with a monoclonal antibody against the T
      cell antigen receptor abrogated the [Ca+2]i increase. Finally, the antigen
      induced rise in [Ca+2]i could be blocked by pretreatment of APC with appropriate
      but not inappropriate Ia monoclonal antibodies. These results suggest that a
      rapid rise in [Ca+2]i is an early event in the antigen-specific activation of the
      T cell and may be related to later steps, such as the secretion of lymphocyte
      monokines.

PMID- 2411789
TI  - Calcium ionophore plus phorbol ester can substitute for antigen in the induction
      of cytolytic T lymphocytes from specifically primed precursors.
AB  - Previous studies indicated that Ca++ ionophores and phorbol esters in synergy
      could substitute for the initial activation step of normal T lymphocytes or T
      cell clones leading to increased expression of receptors for the growth factor
      interleukin 2 (IL 2) and secretion of interleukins, with the mitogenic signal for
      T cell proliferation being dependent on the presence of IL 2. In this study, the
      question was addressed as to whether T lymphocytes activated through the Ca++
      ionophore ionomycin and the phorbol ester 12-o-tetradecanoyl phorbol 3-acetate
      (TPA) also acquired the competence to kill relevant target cells. The results
      indicate that T lymphocytes from primed mice proliferate and lyse the relevant
      allogeneic target cells after in vitro stimulation with ionomycin plus TPA, and
      that T lymphocyte preparations enriched for a subpopulation bearing the Lyt-2
      marker are dependent on exogeneous sources of IL 2 to proliferate and become
      competent killer cells, whereas preparations enriched for subpopulations bearing
      the L3T4 marker grow independently of exogenous IL 2.

PMID- 2411790
TI  - Regulatory role of a monomorphic determinant of HLA Class I antigens in T cell
      proliferation.
AB  - The role of HLA Class I antigens in T cell proliferation was investigated by
      using the anti-HLA Class I monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) CR10-215, CR10-325, and
      CR11-115. MoAb CR10-215 and CR11-115 recognize the same (or spatially close)
      monomorphic determinant, which is distinct and spatially distant from that
      reacting with MoAb CR10-325. Addition of MoAb CR10-215 and CR11-115 to cultures
      of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with MoAb OKT3, MoAb Pan T2,
      PHA, or PPD inhibited cell proliferation. The blocking is specific in that the
      anti-HLA Class I MoAb CR10-325 and the Pan T MoAb Pan T1 had no effect on the
      proliferation. The inhibitory activity of MoAb CR10-215 and CR11-115 does not
      reflect i) toxic effects, ii) induction of suppressor cells and factors, iii)
      blocking of the binding of mitogens to lymphocytes, iv) inhibition of the
      production of interleukin 1 (IL 1) and interleukin 2 (IL 2), or v) function of IL
      2 receptor. Anti-HLA Class I MoAb were able to inhibit the proliferation of
      purified, Tac-, T cells. The inhibited cells did not express Tac antigen, as
      assayed by direct immunofluorescence, with MoAb anti-Tac, but released a normal
      amount of IL 2 in culture medium. These results indicate that monomorphic
      determinants of the HLA Class I complex are involved in the regulation of T cell
      proliferation. The effect appears to occur at the level of IL 2 receptor
      expression.

PMID- 2411791
TI  - Presentation of Class I antigens on T cells can induce the generation of antigen
      specific CTL.
AB  - Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lines generally require a source of specific antigen
      to continue to proliferate in vitro. We previously showed that populations of
      mononuclear cells grown in medium containing interleukin 2 (IL 2) and composed
      largely of activated T cells were able to present Class I alloantigen to CTL
      lines. On the basis of these findings we were interested to know whether T cells
      themselves were able to present antigen or whether this was a function of the
      small number of contaminating non-T cells. To answer this question, populations
      of activated or resting mononuclear cells were rigorously depleted of non-T cells
      before use as antigen-presenting cells. We observed that populations composed of
      greater than 99% T cells were able to support the differentiation of antigen
      specific CTL. These results were confirmed by using cells from an established T
      cell line. The proliferation of the same lines, however, was less than that of
      lines grown in the presence of antigen-presenting cells containing some non-T
      cells. These results suggest that although T cells can present Class I
      alloantigens to CTL, they may be less effective in triggering cell division than
      populations containing a source of non-T cells.

PMID- 2411792
TI  - Retrovirus-induced changes in major histocompatibility complex antigen expression
      influence susceptibility to lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
AB  - Retrovirus infection of murine fibroblasts was found to alter the expression of
      major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. Fibroblasts infected with
      Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) exhibited up to a 10-fold increase in cell
      surface expression of all three class I MHC antigens. Increases in MHC expression
      resulted in the increased susceptibility of M-MuLV-infected cells to lysis by
      allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). M-MuLV appears to exert its effect at
      the genomic level, because mRNA specific for class I antigens, as well as beta 2
      microglobulin, show a fourfold increase. Fibroblasts infected with the Moloney
      sarcoma virus (MSV):M-MuLV complex show no increase in MHC antigen expression or
      class I mRNA synthesis, suggesting that co-infection with MSV inhibits M-MuLV
      enhancement of MHC gene expression. Quantitative differences in class I antigen
      expression on virus-infected cells were also found to influence the
      susceptibility of infected cells to lysis by H-2-restricted, virus-specific CTL.
      Differential lysis of infected cells expressing varied levels of class I antigens
      by M-MuLV-specific bulk CTL populations and CTL clones suggests that individual
      clones may have different quantitative requirements for class I antigen
      expression. The MSV inhibition of MHC expression could be reversed by interferon
      gamma. Treatment of MSV:M-MuLV-infected fibroblasts with interferon-gamma
      increased their susceptibility to lysis by both allogeneic and syngeneic CTL. The
      data suggest that interferon-gamma may function in the host's immune response to
      viral infections by enhancing MHC antigen expression, thereby increasing the
      susceptibility of virus-infected cells to lysis by H-2-restricted, virus-specific
      CTL.

PMID- 2411793
TI  - Carrier-induced epitopic suppression, a major issue for future synthetic
      vaccines.
AB  - Synthetic antigens have been shown, in experimental models, to induce protective
      immunity against a variety of pathogens. These studies have demonstrated that,
      due to their low immunogenicity, these synthetic antigens required conjugation to
      carrier molecules. Therefore, the choice of appropriate carriers for human
      immunization by future synthetic vaccines is a major issue. Tetanus toxoid is
      generally considered to be an effective potential carrier devoid of side-effects.
      However, the present study performed in mice with two synthetic vaccine models
      demonstrates that the immune response against the synthetic epitopes conjugated
      to tetanus toxoid can be suppressed by pre-existing immunity against this same
      carrier. Because most humans have been exposed to this antigen, this effect may
      have important implications for the development of synthetic vaccines.

PMID- 2411794
TI  - Genetic restriction of autoreactive acetylcholine receptor-specific T lymphocytes
      in myasthenia gravis.
AB  - Human autoreactive helper T lymphocytes with specificity for acetylcholine
      receptor (AChR) were isolated from three HLA-DR3-positive patients who had
      myasthenia gravis (MG), an autoimmune disease known to be associated with HLA-DR3
      in the North European population. The antigen-specific T cells were evaluated for
      genetic restriction. Antigen presentation studies were performed with mitomycin C
      treated accessory cells from a panel of HLA-typed unrelated donors. AChR-induced
      proliferation of the autoreactive T cells was maximal in the presence of
      autologous or HLA-DR-compatible antigen-presenting cells. In two DR-heterozygous
      patients both parental DR specificities served as restriction elements of the
      polyclonal AChR-reactive T cell populations. Preferential restriction to HLA-DR3
      was observed in one patient, but this was also seen with PPD-specific T cells
      from the same donor. A series of monoclonal antibodies against HLA class II
      molecules was used for inhibition experiments. The inhibitory effects of the
      antibodies were not due to unspecific toxicity and could be observed after
      separate treatment of the antigen-presenting cells but not of the responding T
      cells. Several monoclonal antibodies against monomorphic HLA-DR determinants (DA
      231, MAS 53, MAS 54, L243, OKIa1) had pronounced inhibitory effects. Anti-HLA
      DQ(DC) monoclonal antibodies (Leu-10; TU 22) had only mild or no inhibitory
      effects in two patients but significantly inhibited AChR-specific T cells in one
      patient. A monoclonal antibody against HLA-DR3 (antibody 16.23) was not or was
      only weakly inhibitory in the DR3-positive patients, although it bound to
      autologous T line cells and B cells by indirect immunofluorescence. In one
      patient it was possible to compare the inhibition patterns of AChR-specific and
      PPD-specific T cells. Most of the monoclonal antibodies affected AChR- and PPD
      specific T cells to a similar extent, but three antibodies (TU 22, 36, 39)
      inhibited PPD-specific T cells more than AChR-specific T cells, indicating the
      possibility of differential restriction of antigen- and autoantigen-specific T
      cells. It is suggested that the in vitro system described here may be helpful for
      the evaluation of anti-HLA class II antibodies as potential immunotherapeutic
      reagents.

PMID- 2411795
TI  - Characterization of antigens and antibody specificities involved in Heymann
      nephritis.
AB  - The present study was conducted to determine if Fx1A, a renal cortical extract
      used to induce Heymann nephritis, contains nephritogenic antigens in addition to
      the brush border-derived glycoprotein gp 330. Of 26 Lewis rats immunized with
      Fx1A, 24 developed abnormal proteinuria (greater than 20 mg/24 hr) by wk 10,
      whereas of 15 rats immunized with a partially purified gp 330 preparation (MVH),
      only one developed proteinuria. Immunofluorescence studies showed that all Fx1A
      rats developed large, diffuse, granular deposits along the glomerular basement
      membrane which stained brightly for IgG and C3; only 11 of the 15 MVH rats had
      definite deposits; in most rats, they were small and stained only moderately for
      IgG and faintly or not at all for C3. The Fx1A and MVH rats developed comparable
      levels of antibodies to MVH (gp 330) before the onset of proteinuria in Fx1A
      rats, after which serum IgG and antibody levels declined. In contrast, antibodies
      against soluble Fx1A antigens appeared earlier and rose more rapidly in Fx1A than
      in MVH rats. Larger amounts of IgG could be eluted from the glomeruli of Fx1A
      rats than from MVH rats. Eluates from the Fx1A rats contained antibodies that
      reacted with gp 330 and also a 95 kd antigen; the latter reactivity was not
      demonstrated in eluates of MVH rats. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that both
      gp 330 and the 95 kd antigen are components of normal glomeruli. The results show
      that immunization with Fx1A produces a more severe form of Heymann nephritis than
      does gp 330, and that Fx1A contains at least one nephritogenic antigen in
      addition to gp 330.

PMID- 2411796
TI  - Type II collagen-induced arthritis in mice. IV. Variations in immunogenetic
      regulation provide evidence for multiple arthritogenic epitopes on the collagen
      molecule.
AB  - Type II collagen from six mammalian species was investigated for the capacity to
      induce an immune response and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in C57/B10
      congenic mouse strains. H-2q haplotype mice were susceptible to chick, bovine,
      deer, rat, and human type II collagen, but were resistant to arthritis induced by
      porcine type II collagen. H-2r haplotype mice only developed CIA in response to
      bovine, deer, and porcine collagen. High antibody responses in the absence of
      disease, directed against a specific type II collagen, were observed in many
      independent haplotypes. The cross-reactive capacity of different antisera to the
      various collagen species was studied. The data support the existence of two
      arthritogenic and multiple nonarthritogenic epitopes on the type II collagen
      molecule.

PMID- 2411797
TI  - Hyporesponsiveness to augmentation of murine natural killer cell activity in
      different anatomical compartments by multiple injections of various
      immunomodulators including recombinant interferons and interleukin 2.
AB  - Augmentation of natural killer (NK) cell activity has been observed after the
      single administration of a wide variety of biological response modifiers (BRM);
      however, multiple injections of BRM have resulted in hyporesponsiveness to NK
      augmentation in both preclinical and clinical studies. In these studies,
      hyporesponsiveness to augmentation of NK cell activity occurred after multiple
      injections of interferon (IFN recombinant human IFN-alpha A/D and recombinant IFN
      gamma) and interleukin 2 and was found to be systemic (lungs, liver, blood, and
      spleen). In contrast, hyporesponsiveness to augmentation by multiple injections
      of maleicanhydride divinyl ether (MVE-2) or Propionibacterium acnes was limited
      to the spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes, with continued augmentation of NK
      cell activity in the peritoneum, lungs, and liver. Despite the hyporesponsiveness
      to augmentation of NK activity by multiple IFN injections, NK activity could
      still be augmented by a single injection of another BRM. The NK cell
      hyporesponsiveness induced in the spleen by MVE-2 was also reversed by a single
      administration of IFN or polyinosinic-polycytidylic and poly-L-lysine solubilized
      by carboxymethyl cellulose but not by OK-432 or P. acnes. These results
      demonstrate that the nature of the hyporesponsiveness to NK augmentation, which
      is induced by multiple treatments with BRM, varies with the type of agent. The
      noncytokine BRM that were studied induced hyporesponsiveness only in specific
      lymphoid compartments but not in major nonlymphoid organs, whereas cytokine BRM
      induced a systemic hyporesponsiveness. The hyporesponsive state induced by the
      different types of BRM, also varied in regard to the pattern of susceptibility to
      augmentation of NK activity by unrelated BRM.

PMID- 2411798
TI  - Studies of interferon as a regulator of hematopoietic cell proliferation.
AB  - The presence of interferon (IFN) in normal bone marrow and its abnormal
      production in aplastic anemia suggest that IFN may have normal regulatory roles
      and implicates them in the pathophysiology of bone marrow failure. We studied the
      effects of recombinant IFN (r-IFN) on hematopoietic colony formation in
      methylcellulose cultures of human bone marrow. Both recombinant IFN-gamma (r-IFN
      gamma) and recombinant IFN-alpha (r-IFN-alpha) were potent suppressors of myeloid
      (CFU-C-derived) colony formation, with 50% inhibition occurring at 291 u/ml for r
      IFN-gamma and 275 U/ml for r-IFN-alpha. Small amounts of r-IFN-gamma acted
      synergistically with r-IFN-alpha; as little as 5 U/ml of r-IFN-gamma increased
      inhibition of CFU-C-derived colony formation by r-IFN-alpha over threefold.
      Conversely, small amounts of r-IFN-alpha did not affect inhibition by r-IFN
      gamma. Inhibition by r-IFN was highly dependent on culture conditions: reduction
      of the fetal calf serum concentration from 30% to 20%, a change that did not
      alter the plating efficiency of control cultures, significantly enhanced the
      action of r-IFN-gamma. Competition between positive hematopoietic factors and r
      IFN was further demonstrated as increasing amounts of human placenta-conditioned
      media, used as a source of colony-stimulating activity, also partially blocked r
      IFN inhibition. To determine if r-IFN could directly inhibit the proliferation of
      a progenitor cell, cells isolated from immature BFU-E-derived colonies, a
      population enriched for late erythroid progenitors and free of auxiliary cells,
      were tested; similar inhibition by r-IFN-gamma was observed with these isolated
      erythroid progenitors as with total bone marrow CFU-E. Although small amounts of
      r-IFN-gamma also increased inhibition of bone marrow CFU-E-derived colony
      formation by r-IFN-alpha, no synergy was demonstrable with isolated erythroid
      progenitor cells. Therefore, even though r-IFN can directly inhibit proliferation
      of a progenitor cell, auxiliary cells may be required for synergy between r-IFN
      gamma and r-IFN-alpha.

PMID- 2411799
TI  - A naturally occurring polyclonal B cell activator of normal and autoantibody
      responses.
AB  - Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated the presence of a
      suppressor molecule in B/W spleen cultures. Now we present evidence suggesting
      the existence of a polyclonal B cell activator (sPBA) spontaneously released by
      B/W splenocytes. Large sPBA (120,000 to 160,000 daltons) was separable from
      splenic inhibitory factor(s) (less than 10,000 daltons) by ultrafiltration.
      Reconstitution experiments demonstrated these two molecules had antagonistic
      effects on splenocyte mitotic events. sPBA is directly mitogenic for T cell
      depleted, B cell-enriched cultures. Furthermore, sPBA augments antibody responses
      in the presence of antigen, or stimulates antibody responses in the absence of
      antigen. sPBA appears to stimulate IgG as well as IgM antibody production. sPBA
      stimulates significant in vivo anti-ssDNA responses in preautoimmune B/W but not
      DBA mice. Physiochemical studies suggest sPBA is a DNA protein complex. sPBA
      activity is completely lost by heating to 56 degrees C for 30 min. sPBA activity
      is precipitated at pH 7.8 to 8.0. Furthermore, sPBA preparations do not display
      significant endotoxin levels or IL 1 and IL 2 activity.

PMID- 2411800
TI  - Activation of murine spleen cells by lipid A: negative modulation of lipid A
      mitogenic activity by O-antigen polysaccharide.
AB  - We have investigated the regulatory effects of polysaccharide-rich subunits upon
      lipid A activity with the use of hybrid LPS macromolecules of defined subunit
      composition. Hybrid LPS were constructed with polysaccharide-rich LPS from
      Escherichia coli O55:B5 and lipid A-rich LPS from Salmonella minnesota R595 by
      dissociation of the two parental LPS species to monomeric solutions with
      deoxycholate, admixing these LPS in various proportions and reassociation into
      high m.w. LPS hybrid aggregates by removal of the deoxycholate. Isopycnic
      densities of LPS hybrids were intermediate to those of the two parental LPS
      species, confirming the formation of true hybrids. Murine spleen cell
      proliferative responses induced by hybrid LPS macromolecules were also
      intermediate to those obtained with parental LPS but significantly less than
      would be anticipated on the basis of total lipid A content. These results
      demonstrate that the polysaccharide portion of LPS can negatively regulate the
      expression of lipid A in LPS micellar aggregates.

PMID- 2411801
TI  - Production of soluble suppressor factor by spleen cells from mice immunized with
      type III pneumococcal polysaccharide.
AB  - Supernatant fluid (SF) derived from spleen cell cultures, obtained from mice 16
      hr after immunization with 0.5 microgram of Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide
      (SSS-III), suppressed the antibody response when SF was given (i.v.) 3 hr before
      immunization with SSS-III. Such suppression was antigen specific and could be
      reproduced by SF derived from cultures of T cells from mice immunized with SSS
      III (0.5 microgram) or by SF derived from cultures of spleen cells from mice
      primed with a subimmunogenic dose of SSS-III (0.005 microgram). Adsorption of SF
      with SSS-III covalently bound to a Sepharose 4B column did not alter the ability
      of SF to suppress the SSS-III-specific antibody response. However, adsorption of
      SF with Ig+ (B) cells from mice immunized with 0.5 microgram SSS-III completely
      removed the suppressive activity. Significant (p less than 0.05) suppression of
      the antibody response was observed only when SF was administered (i.v.) 24 hr
      before to 24 hr after immunization with 0.5 microgram of SSS-III. These results
      suggest that suppressor T cells generated in response to SSS-III function by
      releasing a soluble factor(s) that binds to determinants on B cells rather than
      antigen; this soluble factor(s) acts directly on antigen-stimulated B cells or
      inhibits the induction of amplifier T cells.

PMID- 2411802
TI  - Recipient micro-environment does not dictate the Igh-V restriction specificity of
      T cell suppressor inducer factor (TsiF) from allogeneic bone marrow chimera in
      mice.
AB  - We have ascertained previously from a study of fully allogeneic irradiation
      chimeras in mice that the H-2 restriction of the suppressor factor (Ly-2 T
      suppressor factor) is determined by the post-thymic environment protected by the
      donor cells, rather than by the thymic environment of the recipient. In the
      present study, we analyzed differentiation influences that determine the Igh
      restriction specificities of the suppressor inducer T cell factor(s) (TsiF) that
      are produced by Ly-1+ splenic T cells in fully allogeneic bone marrow chimeras in
      mice. AKR mice that had been lethally irradiated and reconstituted with B10
      marrow cells, [B10----AKR] chimeras, produced Ly-1 TsiF after hyper-immunization
      with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) which suppressed antigen--specifically the primary
      antibody responses to SRBC that were generated in cells of the same Igh-Vb
      haplotype of donor strain and not those generated in cells of the recipient Igh
      Va type. Similar results were obtained when Ly-1 TsiF from [B6----BALB/c] and
      [BALB/c----B6] chimeras were analyzed. Furthermore, the Ly-1 TsiF from [BALB/c---
      B6] chimeras suppressed the primary antibody responses of both BALB/c [H-2d, Igh
      Va, Igh-Ca] and BAB-14 (H-2d, Igh-Va, Igh-Cb), but not those of CAL-20 (H-2d, Igh
      Vd, Igh-Cd). These results demonstrate clearly that the Ly-1 TsiF from allogeneic
      bone marrow chimeras are donor Igh-V-restricted and are not influenced by the
      recipient micro-environment, presumably that provided by the thymuses of the
      recipient mice.

PMID- 2411803
TI  - Immunogenicity of a synthetic glucosyl-alpha(1,3)-glucosyl protein conjugate.
AB  - We compare antibody responses to nigerose [alpha(1,3) diglucoside] when it is
      presented as a hapten linked to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (N-KLH) or as a native
      constituent of dextran (B1355). In classic terms, N-KLH is thymus dependent (TD),
      whereas B1355 is thymus independent (TI). N-KLH only induced an in vitro antibody
      response in T-depleted splenic B cells when syngeneic, KLH-specific T helper
      cells (TH) were supplied. This need for H-2-restricted TH could not be supplanted
      by the addition of lymphokines (LK). In contrast, the response to B1355 only
      required the addition of LK. In vivo, N-KLH induced both kappa class and lambda
      class antibodies, unlike B1355, which induced a response that was restricted to
      the lambda class. N-KLH induced a substantial IgG response in vivo, with IgG1,
      IgG2a, and IgG2b subclasses increasing by two to three orders of magnitude over
      preimmunization levels. These isotypes were not found in the in vivo response to
      B1355. This is consistent with the TD and TI classifications of these immunogens.
      Antibodies induced by N-KLH were totally inhibited by the free alpha(1,3)-linked
      diglucosyl hapten, nigerose, as were those induced by B1355. In vitro, B1355 also
      induced a lambda predominant response in naive splenic B cells. However,
      prepriming with N-KLH resulted in a dramatic kappa class response to B1355. The
      data suggest that B cells can become responsive to TI antigens after TD
      activation.

PMID- 2411804
TI  - The T lymphocyte response to cytochrome c. V. Determination of the minimal
      peptide size required for stimulation of T cell clones and assessment of the
      contribution of each residue beyond this size to antigenic potency.
AB  - The B10.A T cell proliferative response to pigeon cytochrome c is mainly directed
      against a single antigenic determinant located at the carboxy-terminal end of the
      molecule. In the present experiments, we used synthetic peptide analogs of the
      carboxy-terminal sequence of moth cytochrome c to explore the structural
      requirements for antigenic potency. The minimum-sized peptide capable of
      stimulating a full response varied with the T cell clone, but within the limits
      of the biological systems studied, was shown to be moth fragment 97-103. Addition
      of more amino acids at the amino terminal end increased the antigenic potency in
      uneven increments, with a large contribution being made at residue 95. Analysis
      of amino acid substitutions at this position provided no evidence that it
      contained a residue that directly contacted the T cell receptor. Instead, good
      agreement with an analysis that made use of helix-coil transition theory
      suggested that this residue, as well as others, increased antigenic potency by
      contributing to the stabilization of the secondary structure of the molecule in
      an alpha-helical configuration. The maximum effect of chain length on antigenic
      potency appeared to stop at residue 93, in agreement with the theoretical
      analysis. However, addition of several more amino-terminal residues to residue 93
      showed one additional significant increment of increased potency. This was almost
      entirely accounted for by a single lysine located four amino acids beyond the
      glutamic acid at residue 93 (approximately one turn of an alpha-helix away). To
      experimentally test whether alpha-helix-forming tendencies could account for the
      increased potency of the larger analogs, the degree of helix formation in
      trifluoroethanol was assessed by circular dichroism measurements. A good
      correlation was found between antigenic potency and percentage of alpha-helix for
      peptides of increasing chain length from moth 95-103 up to moth 86-90; 94-103.
      These results suggest that secondary structure may play an important role in
      determining the potency of antigenic determinants involved in the activation of T
      lymphocytes.

PMID- 2411805
TI  - Lipid-induced recognition of a conformational determinant (residues 65 to 83) in
      myelin basic protein.
AB  - The precipitation by antibodies to intact myelin basic protein (BP) and to
      synthetic peptides containing a sequence based on the region 65 to 83 of bovine
      BP, S82, S81, S79, and S24, of intact BP in solution or bound to lipid vesicles
      was compared, using 125I-BP or 14C-DPPC-labeled lipid-BP vesicles. The
      antipeptide antibodies were shown earlier to recognize conformational
      determinants which are not expressed in the intact protein in solution. Several
      anti-BP antibodies precipitated more of the BP free in solution than when bound
      to lipid vesicles, suggesting that some of the determinants recognized by these
      antibodies were either sequestered in the bilayer or were altered in
      conformation. In contrast, one anti-peptide antisera, which had a high titer for
      the conformational determinant in two of these peptides, S82 and S81,
      precipitated the protein to a significant degree when it was bound to PG
      vesicles, even though it did not react with the intact protein in solution. These
      results indicated that PG was able to confer on the protein the unique peptide
      conformation recognized by this antibody. PS was less effective, and other lipids
      were ineffective at conferring this conformation on the protein, supporting
      earlier results which showed that the conformation of the protein is influenced
      by the lipid composition of its environment. None of the other anti-peptide
      antibodies studied bound to the protein either in solution or in lipid vesicles.
      These results indicate that the lipid environment can sequester or alter the
      conformation of some antigenic determinants, preventing recognition by some anti
      BP antibodies, and can expose or generate other conformational determinants,
      allowing recognition by an anti-peptide antiserum.

PMID- 2411806
TI  - T cell clones to two major T cell epitopes of myoglobin: effect of I-A/I-E
      restriction on epitope dominance.
AB  - The murine T cell response to sperm whale myoglobin was analyzed for polyclonal
      and monoclonal T cells. For polyclonal T cells, the immunodominant epitope
      included residue Glu 109 when the antigen-presenting cells expressed I-Ad,
      whereas a Lys 140-containing epitope was immunodominant when the antigen
      presenting cells expressed I-Ed only. Monoclonal T cells specific for each
      epitope were derived from a polyclonal line. T cell clones specific for the Glu
      109 epitope were restricted to I-Ad, whereas the clones specific for the Lys 140
      epitope were restricted to I-Ed. Thus, for an antigen that can be presented in
      association with either I-Ad or I-Ed, the immunodominance of particular epitopes
      depends strongly on the restriction element used. The immunodominance of each
      epitope-Ia combination may be due to a limited repertoire of T cells or selective
      presentation of epitope and Ia by accessory cells.

PMID- 2411807
TI  - Ia molecular localization of the DRw52 allodeterminant and the DRw52-like
      determinants defined by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - DRw52 (formerly MT2) is a human Ia alloantigen that is expressed in linkage
      disequilibrium with DR3, 5, w6, and w8. Although there is general agreement that
      the DRw52 determinant resides on biochemically defined DR molecules, conflicting
      evidence exists regarding whether DRw52 resides on one or both DR molecules, DQ
      and DR molecules, or DR and BR molecules. Six anti-DRw52 allosera and three DRw52
      like monoclonal antibodies were used to identify the Ia molecules that bear the
      DRw52 and DRw52-like determinants from DR5 and DRw6 homozygous cells. Based on
      these two-dimensional gel studies, the DRw52 allodeterminant appears to reside on
      a subset of DR molecules from DR5 and DRw6 cells. In contrast, the determinants
      defined by the three anti-DRw52-like monoclonal antibodies were found to reside
      on one DR molecule, on the second DR molecule, or on both DR molecules,
      respectively. Therefore, there is considerable complexity of Ia antigenic
      determinants that are associated with DR3, 5, w6, and w8 at the population level.

PMID- 2411808
TI  - Fine specificity, structure, and proteolytic susceptibility of the human
      lymphocyte receptor for IgE.
AB  - Properties of the Fc receptor for IgE (FC epsilon R) on cultured human B
      lymphoblastoid cells (RPMI 8866) were studied. Specificity for human IgE (hIgE)
      was demonstrated by inhibition studies with both Fc epsilon R+ intact cell and
      detergent-solubilized receptor preparations. No interaction of the FC epsilon R
      with other hIg classes or with rodent IgE was seen. In other studies, 3,3
      dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl) propionate was used to cross-link hIgE to 125I
      surface-labeled 8866 cells. After detergent solubilization, the 125I receptor
      components were isolated by immunoprecipitation, and receptor peptides of 83 and
      46 kilodalton kD were demonstrated by SDS-PAGE in the presence of reducing
      agents. Cross-linking performed after detergent solubilization gave identical
      results. Tryptic maps of the 83 and 46 kD polypeptides were identical with
      respect to surface-iodinated peptides; this indicates a structural homology
      between these components. The 83 kD component was more difficult to elute from
      IgE affinity columns, potentially because of an increased number of IgE binding
      sites per FC epsilon R molecule. Limited proteolysis studies of the purified FC
      epsilon R with papain and V8 protease from Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated
      that a 16 kD FC epsilon R fragment was rapidly produced. This component was also
      seen after papain treatment of intact cells, and it retained the ability to
      interact with anti-FC epsilon R antisera and, at least in the absence of
      detergent, with hIgE affinity columns. Potential relationships between the FC
      epsilon R and lymphokines that modulate the IgE response (IgE-binding factors)
      are discussed.

PMID- 2411809
TI  - Human follicular dendritic cells express CR1, CR2, and CR3 complement receptor
      antigens.
AB  - The expression of complement receptors by human follicular dendritic cells (FDC)
      was investigated by immunohistochemical techniques by using polyclonal and
      monoclonal antibodies to antigenic determinants of CR1, CR2, and CR3. Upon
      optical immunohistochemical examination of frozen sections from human reactive
      lymph nodes and tonsils by a three-step immunoperoxidase technique, a strong
      staining of cell bodies and cytoplasmic extensions of FDC was observed in
      germinal centers with anti-CR1 and anti-CR2 antibodies. Staining for these
      antigens was also found on cytoplasmic extensions of FDC in the mantle zone and
      on the plasma membrane of B cells in the entire follicles. Staining of FDC with
      anti-CR2 antibody was more intense than that of B lymphocytes. Monoclonal
      antibodies directed against epitopes of the alpha-chain of CR3 weakly stained FDC
      in follicles in a similar pattern to that which was observed on adjacent sections
      with mouse monoclonal antibody KIM4 that only recognizes FDC in human lymph
      nodes. Immunoelectron-microscopy was performed on frozen sections of a lymph node
      involved with a centroblastic centrocytic B malignant lymphoma and a reactive
      tonsil with the use of rabbit F(ab')2 anti-CR1 antibodies and mouse monoclonal
      anti-CR2 antibody. All the plasma membrane of the cell body and cytoplasmic
      extensions of FDC in germinal centers and in the mantle zones homogeneously
      stained for CR1 and CR2 antigens. Fibroblastic reticulum cells were negative. The
      plasma membrane of tumoral B lymphocytes strongly stained with anti-CR1 and
      weakly stained with anti-CR2 antibodies. The presence of CR1, CR2, and CR3 on FDC
      is a unique surface characteristic of these cells that should optimally allow the
      cells to bind antigen/antibody complexes bearing any type of C3 fragment.

PMID- 2411810
TI  - Enhancement by cyclic AMP of antibody-induced suppression of the fourth component
      of complement.
AB  - Our laboratory has shown that short-term treatment in vivo or in vitro with
      monospecific antibody to individual complement components can have long-term
      effects on the production of those components. In vitro studies have focused on
      the fourth component of complement (C4) in a guinea pig model. Uniform splenic
      fragments have been used to mimic the in vivo microenvironment of the C4
      producing macrophages. A 4-day exposure to anti-C4 antibody led to a reduction of
      secreted C4 for 1 to 2 wk and a reduction of intracellular C4 that persisted even
      longer. In an attempt to understand how short-term exposure to antibody can
      specifically and permanently disrupt the C4-producing cell, we have determined
      whether C4 suppression could be enhanced by components that modulate cellular
      functions through their role as secondary intracellular messengers. We found that
      compounds which elevated cellular levels of cAMP by any of three mechanisms all
      enhanced antibody-induced suppression of C4.

PMID- 2411811
TI  - Endogenous somatostatin-like peptides of rat basophilic leukemia cells.
AB  - The tetradecapeptide somatostatin (SOM 14) and a 28-amino acid biosynthetic
      precursor (SOM 28) are constituents of diverse neuroendocrine tissues that are
      released by noxious stimuli from a subset of sensory nerve endings, and
      substantially modify the functions of basophils and mast cells. SOM-like factors
      were detected initially in the fluid phase of suspensions of immunologically
      challenged rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL), and were purified from
      ethanol/0.2 M acetic acid (3/1, v/v) extracts of replicate portions of 3 X 10(9)
      RBL. Sephadex G-25 columns resolved factors of over 10,000, 2000 to 4000, and 300
      to 1200 daltons that are antigenically related to SOM 14, as assessed by a
      radioimmunoassay specific for SOM 14. Only the two larger factors were detected
      by a radioimmunoassay for SOM 28(1-14), which binds to prepro-SOM and SOM 28 but
      not SOM 14. Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography distinguished
      the two smaller SOM peptides of RBL from SOM 28 and SOM 14, respectively. Amino
      acid analyses showed major differences in composition between the 2000 to 4000
      dalton SOM of RBL and SOM 28. Picomolar to nanomolar concentrations of both of
      the smaller SOM peptides of RBL inhibited the IgE-dependent release of histamine
      from basophils to the same extent as SOM 14. The finding of 3 to 5 ng of
      structurally unique SOM-like peptides per 10(8) RBL suggests that endogenous
      mechanisms analogous to those of specialized sensory neurons may regulate the
      expression of hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2411812
TI  - Alkyl-ether phosphoglycerides influence calcium fluxes into human endothelial
      cells.
AB  - Suspended or adherent human endothelial cells (HEC) treated with 5 to 100 nM 1-O
      octadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (AGEPC, platelet-activating
      factor) showed a marked concentration and temperature-dependent increase in
      calcium uptake. This effect was also elicited by some AGEPC analogs. At 10 nM,
      the relative potencies were AGEPC = 100; 1-O-octadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3
      phosphoric acid (AGEPA) = 52.9; 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3
      phosphoethanolamine (AGEPE) = 20; 1-O-octadecyl-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-sn-glycero-3
      phosphocholine (2-acetamido-analog)-inactive at 100 nM = 25; 1-octadecyl-2
      methoxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(2-methoxy analog)-inactive, and at 100 nM =
      50. 1-O-octadecyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(lyso-GEPC) (100 nM) was
      inactive. The increase in calcium uptake was accompanied by a rise in membrane
      associated calcium. The ratio between nonmembrane-bound intracellular calcium and
      membrane-associated calcium was constant for all agonists. CV-3988, a specific
      AGEPC antagonist, inhibited the effect of AGEPC. Preexposure of adherent HEC to
      AGEPC inhibited calcium uptake upon subsequent stimulation, suggesting a
      deactivation of the putative receptor. AGEPC (5 to 100 nM), but not lyso-GEPC,
      also stimulated calcium-efflux from calcium-preloaded, adherent HEC. AGEPC and 2
      acetamido-analog, at concentrations able to induce calcium influx, did not elicit
      the production of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha.

PMID- 2411813
TI  - Ubiquity of the repetitive epitope of the CS protein in different isolates of
      human malaria parasites.
AB  - Sporozoites of the human malaria Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax
      obtained from a large number of endemic areas were screened with species-specific
      monoclonal antibodies that recognize the repeated epitopes of the respective
      circumsporozoite (CS) proteins. By using a two-site immunoradiometric assay, it
      was determined that all the parasite isolates of a given species react with a
      single monoclonal antibody, indicating the presence of a common repeated epitope.
      Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by Western blot, showed that the CS
      proteins of the various isolates differed in their apparent m.w.

PMID- 2411814
TI  - In vitro parasite antigen-induced antibody responses in human helminth
      infections.
AB  - Helminth parasites characteristically induce vigorous antibody responses in human
      infections, but the immunoregulatory mechanisms determining the level of these
      responses are not at all understood. To investigate these mechanisms, peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells were obtained from 10 patients with parasitic helminth
      infections (three with schistosomiasis, three with onchocerciasis, and four with
      loiasis), along with six normal controls. These cells were then cultured in vitro
      and the capacity of the cells to respond to a specific parasite antigenic
      stimulus was examined by measuring the amount of parasite-specific antibody
      produced. Parasite antigen alone, without exogenous mitogen, induced an IgG anti
      parasite antibody response in vitro. Optimal responses were obtained at extremely
      low antigen concentrations--concentrations at which little if any polyclonal
      immunoglobulin production occurred. Additionally, the in vitro induction of
      parasite-specific antibody was antigen dose-dependent, requiring much lower
      antigen concentrations than those necessary to induce lymphocyte blastogenesis.
      Antibody production was shown to require the cooperative interaction of B and T
      cells. These studies demonstrate that in vitro responses to antigens from
      naturally acquired parasitic infections, like those in individuals
      postimmunization, can be utilized to dissect the cellular and humoral factors
      that regulate antibody production to naturally acquired human pathogens.

PMID- 2411815
TI  - Recognition of viral antigens by human influenza A virus-specific T lymphocyte
      clones.
AB  - The nature of the viral antigens recognized by influenza A virus-immune cytotoxic
      T lymphocytes (CTL) is still a matter of debate. We have used four human
      influenza A virus-specific T lymphocyte clones with antigen-specific cytotoxic
      and proliferative activity to investigate the requirements for recognition of
      viral antigens on infected cells. One clone recognized a cross-reactive
      determinant on the viral hemagglutinin, and two clones were specific for
      different epitopes on the viral nucleoprotein (NP). A fourth clone seemed to be
      specific for the viral M protein. Target cell recognition was abrogated by the
      addition, during infection, of the lysosomotropic drug chloroquine, known to
      inhibit antigen processing. Furthermore, target cells that had been pulsed with
      soluble purified NP were recognized and were lysed by the NP-specific clone. This
      reaction could also be abrogated by the addition of chloroquine during pulsing.
      These results were obtained irrespective of whether EBV-transformed B
      lymphoblastoid cells or Ia antigen-expressing T cell blasts were used as target
      cells. It is concluded that CTL can recognize internal viral proteins that are
      actively presented at the surface of the target cell. These data indicate that
      probably every viral protein can function as a target molecule for virus-immune
      CTL.

PMID- 2411816
TI  - CTL and serologically defined antigens of B2m,H-3 region.
AB  - The antigens of the B2m,H-3 region of 13 chromosome 2 congenic strains and seven
      inbred strains have been studied by using CML and serologic techniques. Nine
      patterns of cross-reactivity have been defined by CML assays. These results are
      in agreement with an extend previously described cross-reactivity studies. The
      reactivities of three monoclonal antibodies previously thought to be reacting
      with B2M-B are shown to differ: Ly-m11 and J-5 react with cells of strain B10
      pa,at and clone 23 does not. Two H-3 region loci are hypothesized on the basis of
      CML and serologic activity: B2m and H-3. The CTL responses to the B2M antigens
      are H-2K restricted; the CTL responses to H-3 antigens are H-2D restricted. The
      restriction of the response to the H-3 antigen requires effector-target identity
      of the H-2D molecule but not the B2M molecule of the class I antigen. These loci
      have been separated by recombination from H-42 in the production of the congenic
      strain B10.FS-a. A gene order of B2m, H-3, H-42 is suggested.

PMID- 2411817
TI  - Adoptive immunotherapy of a newly induced sarcoma: immunologic characteristics of
      effector cells.
AB  - A newly induced syngeneic transplantable sarcoma, MCA 105, was used for studies
      of the biologic characteristics of fresh noncultured and secondarily in vitro
      sensitized (IVS) cells with antitumor reactivity. Fresh spleen cells harvested
      from mice immunized to the MCA 105 tumor by a mixture of viable tumor cells and
      Corynebacterium parvum exhibited no detectable cytotoxic activity to MCA 105
      tumor targets in a 4-hr chromium-release assay, and adoptive transfer of these
      cells mediated the specific regression of established MCA 105 tumors. Phenotypic
      analysis of fresh, noncultured immune cells revealed that the therapeutically
      effective cells expressed both the Lyt-1 and the Lyt-2 T cell differentiation
      antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of fresh noncultured immune cells was not
      augmented by the concomitant administration of exogeneous interleukin 2 (IL 2).
      Secondary IVS of fresh immune cells with irradiated MCA 105 tumor stimulator
      cells resulted in the generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic effector cells. The
      generation of cytotoxic effector cells required Lyt-1+, 2+ cytotoxic precursor
      cells. Effective adoptive immunotherapy with these IVS immune cells, unlike fresh
      noncultured immune cells, depended on the concomitant administration of IL 2.
      Furthermore, the generation of therapeutically effective cells did not require
      the specific stimulation by MCA 105 tumor cells, because cultures of MCA 105
      immune spleen cells with FBL-3 lymphoma cells in vitro also contained in vivo
      functional immune effector cells. These cells, however, possessed no detectable
      MCA 105 cytotoxic activity in vitro. Although this observation suggests that a
      noncytotoxic cell population is sufficient to initiate tumor regression in vivo,
      it does not exclude the possibility that cytolytic cells are generated in vivo
      after adoptive transfer of these cells. As a whole, our results indicate that
      secondary IVS functional immune effector cells are characteristically distinct
      from freshly harvested immune cells.

PMID- 2411818
TI  - A sensitive and rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal
      antibodies for simultaneous quantitation of free and IgA-complexed protein HC.
AB  - A sensitive and rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for simultaneous
      quantitation of free and IgA-complexed human protein HC was developed with
      monoclonal murine antibodies. The total amount of protein HC (free plus IgA
      complexed) was measured by a competitive procedure while the protein HC-IgA
      complex was quantitated by a sandwich enzyme immunoassay. The amount of free
      protein HC was then obtained as the difference between the 2 measured values. The
      sensitivity of the procedure was 70 micrograms/1 for the total amount of protein
      HC and 80 micrograms/1 for the protein HC-IgA complex. At ordinary human serum
      levels of free protein HC and protein HC-IgA complexes the coefficient of
      variation for the procedure was about 5%. One worker could determine the
      concentrations of free and IgA-complexed protein HC in up to 400 serum samples in
      a working day.

PMID- 2411819
TI  - Differential measurement by ELISA of free and IgA bound alpha1-microglobulin in
      human serum without prior fractionation.
AB  - Two solid phase enzyme immunoassays for the measurement of alpha1-microglobulin
      (alpha1m) in biological fluids are reported. These assays are complementary and
      allow the separate determination of free alpha1m and alpha1m bound to IgA without
      fractionation of the fluids. Specificity, reproducibility and sensitivity of the
      assays are reported. Differential measurements on normal or pathological sera
      were compared to the measurements obtained by chromatographic separation of free
      and bound alpha1m before assay. Results obtained with the enzyme immunoassays
      were significantly correlated with those obtained by radioimmunoassay.

PMID- 2411820
TI  - Radioimmunoassay of cholecystokinin: comparison of different tracers.
AB  - We have compared the binding of cholecystokinin (CCK) antibodies with different
      sequence-specificities to Bolton-Hunter labeled CCK-33 (125I-BH-CCK-33), CCK-8
      (125I-BH-CCK-8) and chloramine-T iodinated gastrin-17 (125I-gastrin-17). The
      antibody binding was expressed as the final antiserum dilution ('titer') and the
      effective equilibrium constant of the binding (Ko eff). Antibodies specific for
      the C- or the N-terminal sequence of CCK-8 all bound well to 125I-BH-CCK-8. In
      contrast, some of the antibodies directed against the common C-terminus of CCK
      and gastrin displayed remarkably low binding of 125I-gastrin-17 or 125I-BH-CCK
      33, whereas all antisera specific for the N-terminal or midsequence of CCK-33
      bound 125I-BH-CCK-33 well. The lower binding of 125I-BH-CCK-33 to some C-terminal
      antibodies raised against gastrin may be due to a C-terminal conformation of CCK
      33 different from that of gastrin. In accord with the high specific radioactivity
      of 125I-BH-CCK-8, the best sensitivity of CCK radioimmunoassays was obtained with
      the CCK-8 tracer.

PMID- 2411821
TI  - Immunological concepts and the combination of cyclophosphamide with 5-aza-2'
      deoxycytidine on L1210 in vivo.
AB  - Experiments were designed to demonstrate the synergism of low dose
      cyclophosphamide (CY), (15 mg/kg or 45 mg/M2) in combination with 5-aza
      2'deoxycytidine (DAC). This dose of CY increased the cytotoxic response to DAC on
      L1210 tumor in mice by an additional 4 logs of L1210 cell kill or an approximate
      doubling of the response to DAC alone. These data support the hypothesis that CY
      at this low dose selectively inhibits suppressor t-cells which normally function
      to prevent the full cytotoxic potential of DAC from being realized.

PMID- 2411822
TI  - Differences in human skin between the epidermal growth factor receptor
      distribution detected by EGF binding and monoclonal antibody recognition.
AB  - Two methods have been used to examine epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor
      distribution in human scalp and foreskin. The first employed [125I]EGF viable
      explants and autoradiography to determine the EGF binding pattern while the
      second used a monoclonal antibody to the human EGF receptor to map the
      distribution on frozen skin sections of an extracellular epitope on the EGF
      receptor. The [125I]EGF binding experiments showed accessible, unoccupied EGF
      receptors to be present on the epidermal basal cells (with reduced binding to
      spinous cells), the basal cells of the hair shaft and sebaceous gland, the
      eccrine sweat glands, capillary system, and the hair follicle outer root sheath,
      generally similar in pattern to that previously reported for full-thickness rat
      skin and human epidermis. The same areas also bound EGF-R1 but in addition the
      monoclonal antibody recognized a cone of melanin containing presumptive cortex
      cells, excluding the medulla, lying around and above the upper dermal papilla of
      anagen hair follicles, epithelial cells around the lower dermal papilla region,
      and in some tissue samples the cell margins of the viable differentiating layers
      of the epidermis. In a control study, to clarify whether EGF-R1 could recognize
      molecules unrelated to the EGF receptor, the EGF binding and EGF-R1 recognition
      profiles were compared on cultures of SVK14 cells, a SV40 transformed human
      keratinocyte cell line. EGF binding and EGF-R1 monoclonal antibody distribution
      on these cells was found to be similar, indicating that, at least for SVK14
      cells, EGF-R1 binding provides a reliable marker for EGF binding. Explanations
      for the discrepancies between these two methods for determining EGF receptor
      distribution in human skin are discussed, including the possibility that latent
      EGF receptors, unable to bind [125I]EGF, may be present in some differentiating
      epithelial compartments.

PMID- 2411823
TI  - Sebaceous gland hyperplasia on rabbit pinna induced by tetradecane.
AB  - To investigate the pathologic changes of sebaceous glands during comedo formation
      induced by topically applied substances in a rabbit pinna model, purified
      tetradecane was inuncted on the ventral aspect of the rabbit pinnas once a day
      for a week. Histologically, a marked hyperplasia of sebaceous glands, epidermis,
      and follicular epithelium was seen. These remarkably enlarged sebaceous glands
      were examined histochemically and ultrastructurally. The acinus size and cell
      population of the hyperplastic sebaceous gland were significantly increased over
      those of the normal sebaceous gland. By N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methyl-3
      coumarinyl)maleimide staining, normal distribution patterns of sulfhydryl (SH)
      and disulfide (SS) were seen in the peripheral to differentiating layers in the
      hyperplastic sebaceous glands. In the terminally differentiated layer, the
      brilliant SH fluorescence was gradually decreased and the SS fluorescence was
      gradually increased in intensity, indicating that most SH groups in the sebaceous
      cells were converted to SS linkages before holocrine secretion. By transmission
      electron microscopy, several cell layers of undifferentiated sebaceous cells were
      observed at the periphery of the large sebaceous gland. The differentiating
      sebaceous cells produced a large number of lipid droplets, which were produced in
      either rough or smooth endoplasmic reticulum. These cells were abruptly converted
      into homogeneously electron-dense cells which formed several layers. These
      homogeneous cells gradually lost their electron density before holocrine
      secretion. These findings indicate that the sebaceous cells in the hyperplastic
      sebaceous glands undergo a magnified step-by-step cell differentiation and play a
      role in slightly modified lipid formation, and that there may be an increased
      production of sebum in the rabbit pinna model. This is the first report of
      sebaceous hyperplasia induced by a topically applied substance on skin surface,
      except for androgens. The hyperplastic sebaceous glands could serve as a model
      for investigations of sebaceous cell differentiation and lipid formation.

PMID- 2411824
TI  - Presence of interferon during bacterial otitis media.

PMID- 2411825
TI  - Immunity to herpes simplex virus: virus reactivation modulates lymphokine
      activity.
AB  - Cell-mediated immunity to herpes simplex virus (HSV) was studied in patients with
      recurrent disease and in seropositive controls. Supernatants from cultures of
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBLs) obtained during recrudescence (zero to
      three days after onset of lesions), convalescence (four to 14 days), and
      quiescence (greater than 14 days) were assayed for their ability to augment
      natural killer activity of normal PBLs against K562 target cells. Supernatants
      obtained during recrudescence, but not those obtained during convalescence,
      quiescence, or from seropositive controls, failed to augment natural killer
      activity but contained interferon and interleukin-2. Dialysis restored the
      ability of the supernatants to augment natural killer activity, and herpesvirus
      [UV-HSV-2(G)] stimulation of recrudescent PBLs in the presence of 2 X 10(6) M
      indomethacin abrogated suppression of natural killer-enhancing activity. However,
      similar levels of prostaglandin E were observed in supernatants of PBLs collected
      throughout the disease cycle from individuals with recurrent disease or from
      seropositive controls. The data suggest that reactivation of latent HSV is
      associated with the induction of a dialyzable factor(s) that interferes with
      interferon or interleukin-2-mediated natural killer enhancement or both.
      Prostaglandin E is necessary but insufficient for suppression of natural killer
      enhancing activity.

PMID- 2411826
TI  - Elevated levels of interferon-induced 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase in
      generalized persistent lymphadenopathy and the acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome.
AB  - The levels of the 2'-5' oligoadenylate enzyme synthetase in extracts of
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells from individuals with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex (ARC) were measured and
      compared with synthetase levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMs) from
      healthy heterosexual and homosexual controls. The mean basal synthetase level in
      heterosexual and homosexual controls was 14 +/- 13 and 12 +/- 9 pmol per hr/10(5)
      PBMs, respectively. Thirteen individuals with AIDS had a mean basal level of 129
      +/- 75 pmol. Serial levels were persistently elevated in six of these individuals
      over a one- to 10-month period. Twelve of the 13 individuals had antibodies to
      human T cell lymphotrophic virus-III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV
      III/LAV). Thirty-three individuals with ARC had a mean basal synthetase level of
      68 +/- 84 pmol. Thirty-two of the 33 had antibodies to HTLV-III/LAV. Eleven (33%)
      have had consistently normal synthetase levels (less than 2 SD above the mean for
      the homosexual controls, i.e., 30 pmol) over a three- to nine-month follow-up
      period. Fourteen (42%) had persistently elevated levels over the same period;
      four (29%) of these developed AIDS during the follow-up period. Eight have had
      fluctuating levels but have remained clinically well. These studies suggest that
      persistently elevated synthetase levels in individuals with ARC and antibodies to
      HTLV-III/LAV indicate progressive virus-induced disease activity. Elevated
      synthetase levels may be an important prognostic indicator of increased risk of
      progression to AIDS.

PMID- 2411827
TI  - Heterogeneity of major proteins in Lyme disease borreliae: a molecular analysis
      of North American and European isolates.
AB  - We examined 46 isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme
      disease and related disorders, with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      monoclonal antibodies. Our attention was on the OspA proteins, which are major
      proteins of the spirochete. There were at least four discernible phenotypes of
      the OspA protein. While 25 North American isolates were, with one exception,
      homogeneous in the type of OspA protein that they produced, 21 European isolates
      were heterogeneous in the types of OspA proteins represented. Only three European
      strains resembled North American strains in their OspA phenotype. Application of
      a deoxyribonucleic acid probe for an ospA gene demonstrated that the arrangement
      of ospA-associated sequences in the DNA differed between isolates.

PMID- 2411828
TI  - Treatment of Brucella canis and Brucella abortus in vitro and in vivo by stable
      plurilamellar vesicle-encapsulated aminoglycosides.
AB  - Stable plurilamellar vesicles (SPLVs) entrapping aminoglycosides were used to
      treat infections due to Brucella species (Brucella canis and Brucella abortus).
      SPLV-entrapped antibiotics effectively eliminated internalized B. canis in
      cultures of resident murine peritoneal macrophages and internalized B. abortus in
      cultures of resident guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. In vivo studies
      demonstrated that SPLV-entrapped aminoglycosides administered to B. canis
      infected mice and B. abortus-infected guinea pigs effectively eliminated bacteria
      from infected organs. The dosage schedule used involved two intraperitoneal
      administrations of SPLV-entrapped aminoglycosides at three-day intervals. The
      results demonstrate the superiority of SPLV-entrapped aminoglycosides to free
      aminoglycosides in effecting elimination of facultative intracellular bacteria in
      vitro and in vivo. The use of SPLVs as a drug carrier has broad application to
      treatment of infections due to other organisms.

PMID- 2411829
TI  - Replication of hepatitis B virus in adult carriers in an endemic area.
AB  - We have examined serological markers of replicative and nonreplicative infection
      in 124 adult, black South African carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV), in whom
      this infection is predominantly acquired in early childhood. The mean age of the
      group was 36 years. Antibody to hepatitis B e antigen (anti-HBe) was present in
      the serum of 93.5% of these carriers. Only 25.8% of the carriers were positive
      for HBV DNA in serum, and in the majority of these only trace amounts were
      detectable. IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti-HBc) was negative
      in 54% of the carriers, and only 26% had IgM anti-HBc in high titer. A
      significantly greater proportion of carriers who were positive for anti-HBe were
      positive for IgM anti-HBc (43.1%) than were positive for HBV DNA (24.5%). Serum
      aminotransferases were less than twofold elevated in 90.3% of the carriers. Only
      one carrier has thus far developed hepatocellular carcinoma. These results
      suggest that there is an inexorable progression to predominantly nonreplicative
      infection in the majority of southern African adult, black carriers, an
      occurrence that may take several decades. In areas endemic for HBV infection,
      antiviral agents effective against replicative HBV will have to be administered
      in childhood.

PMID- 2411830
TI  - The malaria sporozoite vaccine: parasitology's brave new world.

PMID- 2411831
TI  - [Chemotherapy of ovarian cancer based on in vitro (HTCA) and in vivo (nude mice)
      chemosensitivity testing].
AB  - The human tumor clonogenic assay (HTCA) and the human tumor xenograft system
      implanted in nude mice were performed simultaneously in an ovarian cancer patient
      as chemosensitivity testing. Eight anticancer drugs (5-FU, MMC, VCR, ACD, BLM,
      VLB, CDDP, and ADM) were applied to the HTCA and the human tumor xenograft
      system. In the HTCA, 5-FU and MMC were sensitive, VCR was moderately sensitive,
      and ACD, BLM, VLB, CDDP, and ADM were resistant. In the human tumor xenograft
      system, MMC, VCR, and ADM showed tumor regression (++), and CDDP, VLB, BLM, 5-FU,
      and ACD exhibited no response (-). Two of the three drugs, which were classified
      as sensitive or intermediately sensitive in the HTCA, showed tumor regression
      (++) in the human tumor xenograft system. And four of the five drugs, which were
      resistant in the HTCA, exhibited no response (-) in the human tumor xenograft
      system. Clinically, PVB therapy (CDDP, VLB, and BLM) was applied to the present
      patient, but after recurrence, 5-FU + MMC therapy was applied on the basis of the
      results of the HTCA. In addition, ADM was added with reference to the results of
      the human tumor xenograft system. As a result of this therapy, the tumor growth
      was inhibited. It is possible from the present data that simultaneous
      chemosensitivity testing of the HTCA and the human tumor xenograft system
      implanted in nude mice is very useful when choosing sensitive anticancer drugs.

PMID- 2411832
TI  - The study of local fibrinolysis in abortion.
AB  - The etiology of abortion, which is still a moot question, is now under intense
      investigation. The present study discussed the possible role of local
      fibrinolysis (villous tissue fibrinolysis) in the pathogenesis of abortion by
      studying tissue fibrinolytic activity in tissue culture as well as blood
      coagulation, fibrinolysis and the kinin system. Subjects studied include: 1)
      normal villous tissue (n=46), early pregnancy loss, whose fetal cardiac activity
      had once been identified (n=22) designated as Group A, and Group B whose fetal
      cardiac activity had never been identified (n=82). The villous tissues were
      cultured for 24 hours and then the urokinase (UK) inhibition activity in the
      medium was determined. 2) Threatened abortion resulted in abortion (poor
      prognosis, n=42) or the pregnancy continued (good prognosis, n=81). In these
      patients the following substances in plasma were determined: Prekallikrein, alpha
      2-plasmin inhibitor, alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, C1-inactivator,
      antithrombin-III, plasminogen, fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products (FDP). The
      results are: 1) UK inhibition activity (against UK 2.5 iu), normal villous tissue
      26.3 +/- 14.6%, Group A 26.0 +/- 10.3%, Group B 9.6 +/- 10.7%, a significant
      difference between the normal villous tissue and Group B villous tissue was
      observed. This suggested that the increased villous tissue fibrinolytic activity
      due to decreased UK inhibition activity may be one of the causes of abortion. 2)
      Prekallikrein was significantly reduced in patients with abdominal pain. Also, a
      significant reduction in plasminogen and elevated C1-inactivator was observed in
      patients with poor prognosis. The significance of these findings was discussed.

PMID- 2411833
TI  - [Polyclonal induction of IgG antibody-forming cells (AFC) by the stimulation of
      Actinomyces viscosus T 14 V].

PMID- 2411834
TI  - Evidence that production of platelet fibrinogen is synchronous with platelet
      production in the turpentine-induced acute phase response.
AB  - Fibrinogen is synthesized by both hepatocytes and megakaryocytes, and available
      evidence indicates that cellular production of this protein is controlled by a
      single gene. We evaluated platelet and plasma fibrinogen production in rats
      injected with turpentine to induce the acute phase response. After turpentine
      injection, plasma fibrinogen levels, as expected, rose to more than double the
      baseline values within 48 hours and then declined to the upper limit of the
      normal range in 6 days. When levels were expressed as a percentage of total
      plasma protein, a rise form 4.2% to 10.0% occurred. Thrombocytosis was not
      observed until day 4; platelet counts returned to the normal range by day 8. The
      mean fibrinogen content per platelet did not change significantly (P greater than
      0.05) during this period of observation. Thus, in contrast to the abrupt rise in
      the level of plasma fibrinogen, changes in the blood level of platelet fibrinogen
      paralleled changes in the platelet count. We interpret these findings to indicate
      that platelet fibrinogen production is synchronized with platelet production by
      megakaryocytes and thus suggest that fibrinogen production is regulated
      differently in these cells than it is in hepatocytes.

PMID- 2411836
TI  - Atrioventricular nodal reentry in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
AB  - Although supraventricular tachycardia in the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome
      is generally due to atrioventricular reentry, the presence of the accessory
      pathway does not preclude other mechanisms of tachycardia. We observed AV nodal
      reentry in three of 95 consecutive patients (3.1%) referred for assessment of
      arrhythmias associated with WPW syndrome. The unique observation of spontaneous
      transition from atrioventricular reentry to AV nodal reentry at a similar cycle
      length was observed in one patient and is the subject of this report.

PMID- 2411835
TI  - Role of mevalonate in regulation of cholesterol synthesis and 3-hydroxy-3
      methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in cultured cells and their cytoplasts.
AB  - H4-II-E-C3 hepatoma cells in culture respond to lipid-depleted media and to
      mevinolin with increased sterol synthesis from [14C]acetate and rise of 3-hydroxy
      3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase levels. Mevalonate at 4 mM concentration
      represses sterol synthesis and the reductase, and completely abolishes the
      effects of mevinolin. Mevalonate has little or no effect on sterol synthesis or
      reductase in enucleated hepatoma cells (cytoplasts) or on reductase in cytoplasts
      of cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The sterol-synthesizing system of
      hepatoma cell cytoplasts and the reductase in the cytoplasts of CHO cells were
      completely stable for at least 4 hr. While reductase levels and sterol synthesis
      from acetate followed parallel courses, the effects on sterol synthesis--both
      increases and decreases--exceeded those on reductase. In vitro translation of
      hepatoma cell poly(A)+RNAs under various culture conditions gave an
      immunoprecipitable polypeptide with a mass of 97,000 daltons. The poly(A)+RNA
      from cells exposed for 24 hr to lipid-depleted media plus mevinolin (1
      microgram/ml) contained 2.8 to 3.6 times more reductase-specific mRNA than that
      of cells kept in full-growth medium, or cells exposed to lipid-depleted media
      plus mevinolin plus mevalonate. Northern blot hybridization of H4 cell
      poly(A)+RNAs with [32P]cDNA to the reductase of CHO cells gave two 32P-labeled
      bands of 4.6 and 4.2 K-bases of relative intensities 1.0, 0.61-1.1, 2.56, and
      1.79 from cells kept, respectively, in full-growth medium, lipid-depleted medium
      plus mevinolin plus mevalonate, lipid-depleted medium plus mevinolin, and lipid
      depleted medium. These values approximate the reductase levels of these cells. We
      conclude that mevalonate suppresses cholesterol biosynthesis in part by being a
      source of a product that decreases the level of reductase-specific mRNA.

PMID- 2411837
TI  - Ventricular arrhythmia with postural dependency.
AB  - Ventricular arrhythmias associated with recumbency were noted in a 17-year-old
      man with mild idiopathic myocarditis. These arrhythmias were refractory to
      several anti-arrhythmic drugs. Frequent ventricular arrhythmias were reproducibly
      recorded in the supine position and in a 15 degree tilt from the horizontal,
      while they were completely abolished in positions tilted more than 30 degrees
      from the horizontal, at which time sinus rate increased to more than 70
      beats/min. The ventricular arrhythmias were suppressed during treadmill exercise
      and markedly aggravated when the underlying sinus rate was decreased during sleep
      or lying flat in bed. The arrhythmias were entirely abolished by atropine 1 mg.
      Furthermore, they were suppressed during atrial pacing at the rates of 80 and 90
      bpm. Ventricular tachycardia could not be induced by programmed right ventricular
      stimulation. The appearance of postural arrhythmias in this patient correlated
      with relative bradycardia suggesting that they may be related to enhanced vagal
      nerve activity.

PMID- 2411838
TI  - Normal fates and states of specification of different regions in the axolotl
      gastrula.
AB  - A fate map was constructed for four regions of the early gastrula of Ambystoma
      mexicanum using orthotopic grafts from donors labelled with FLDx (fluoresceinated
      lysinated-dextran). The region around the animal pole gave rise to epidermis only
      and did not include prospective neural plate. The dorsal marginal zone
      contributed to cephalic endoderm and to the whole length of the axial mesoderm
      (notochord and somites), the lateral marginal zone to lateroventral and somitic
      mesoderm, and the ventral marginal zone to lateroventral mesoderm. It was found
      that the dorsal marginal zone contributed relatively more to the anterior regions
      of the mesodermal mantle and the ventral marginal zone more to its posterior
      parts. The same regions of the gastrula and also vegetal yolky tissue were
      cultured as explants and labelled with tritiated mannose. Their glycoprotein
      synthesis pattern was compared to those of the neurula tissues to which they
      contribute in vivo. Animal pole explants synthesized large amounts of the
      epidermis-specific marker epimucin. Dorsal marginal zone explants did not
      synthesize epimucin but did make amounts of S2 and S6 indicative of mesoderm, as
      well as the notochord-specific markers S2.2 and S3.2. Lateral marginal zone
      explants showed the same pattern as the dorsal marginal zone including the two
      notochord-specific markers, although they do not contribute to notochord in vivo.
      Ventral marginal zone explants were more variable in their behaviour. Yolky
      tissue from the vegetal hemisphere of the gastrula or the archenteron floor of
      the neurula synthesized mainly polydisperse material of high molecular weight
      rather than discrete glycoproteins. The results indicate that at the early
      gastrula stage states of specification exist which correspond to the three germ
      layers, ecto-, meso- and endoderm. The ectodermal specification of animal pole
      explants is quite robust and cannot easily be changed by variation of the culture
      conditions. However treatment with a concentrated pellet of vegetalizing factor
      does induce a change to mesodermal specification, which is clearly detectable in
      the pattern of glycoprotein synthesis. Similar inductive interactions between
      different regions of the early embryo are thought to occur during normal
      development.

PMID- 2411839
TI  - Serine metabolism in rat embryos undergoing organogenesis.
AB  - Rat embryos (9.5 days gestation) were cultured for 48 h in heat-inactivated
      homologous serum containing [3-14C] serine. Analysis of the distribution of the
      radioactive label in the conceptus demonstrated that almost one half of the
      incorporated serine was cleaved to provide one-carbon units for the synthesis of
      purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. Analysis of the free amino acids in the serum,
      the exocoelomic fluid and the cells of the yolk sac and the embryo showed that
      there was a variably selective increase in the concentration of amino acids in
      the exocoelomic fluid compared with the serum and a significant decrease in the
      specific radioactivity of the free serine within the conceptus which was the
      highest in the yolk sac and lowest in the embryo. These findings would support
      the concept of yolk sac lysosomal degradation of medium serum protein as a major
      source of amino acids supplying almost 86% of that required during this phase of
      embryonic development. The specific radioactivity of purine bases in cellular
      nucleotides, RNA and DNA was similar to that of the free serine in both yolk sac
      and embryo. This indicated that an alternative, as yet unidentified source of one
      carbon units was available for purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Analysis of the
      cellular purine nucleotides revealed low ATP/GTP ratios in both the embryo and
      its yolk sac and this may be related to the undifferentiated state of many of the
      cells of the conceptus.

PMID- 2411840
TI  - Identification of Igh-C-linked determinants on suppressor T cell hybrids and
      factors specific for L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT).
AB  - Hyperimmunization of BALB/c mice with concanavalin A-stimulated blasts from the
      Ig allotype-congenic strain, C.B20, results in the production of antibodies
      reactive with T cells in an allotype-restricted manner. Spleen cells from these
      hyperimmune BALB/c mice were used to generate a panel of hybridomas that secrete
      monoclonal antibodies, reactive, in an allotype-restricted manner, exclusively
      with T cells subpopulations, and in particular, reactive with suppressor T cell
      hybridomas and their secreted soluble factors. Two functional classes of
      antibodies were identified: those that react with single polypeptide-chain
      suppressor T cell factors (TsF1) and the suppressor T cell hybridomas that
      produce such factors, and those that react with two polypeptide-chain suppressor
      T cell factors (TsF2) and their corresponding suppressor T cell hybridomas. These
      two classes of antibody were used to isolate molecules from the membranes of the
      respective suppressor T cell hybrids that are functionally and structurally
      related to the secreted suppressor T cell factors, suggesting a receptor function
      for these molecules.

PMID- 2411841
TI  - Impaired measles virus-specific cytotoxic T cell responses in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - To assess whether an virus-specific immune defect may be associated with multiple
      sclerosis (MS), we have examined the ability to generate measles virus-and
      influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) in patients with MS, normal
      individuals, and other disease controls (ODC). The mean (+/- SEM) measles virus
      specific CTL response for normal individuals and ODC was 26.9 +/- 2.9% (N = 17)
      and 26.7 +/- 2.8% (N = 13) specific lysis, respectively. In contrast, the
      capacity of MS patients to generate measles virus-specific CTL was markedly
      diminished. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from MS patients stimulated with measles
      virus lysed their measles virus-infected autologous B cell line at a group mean
      level of 6.0 +/- 1.4% (N = 16) specific lysis. MS patients had significantly
      lower measles virus-specific CTL responses than normal individuals (p less than
      0.00001) or ODC (p less than 0.0001). Importantly, this lowered response did not
      reflect a generalized depressed cytolytic activity of MS patients, since
      influenza virus-specific CTL and NK activity from these patients were comparable
      to normals and ODC. Thus, in MS there is a significant depression of measles
      virus-specific CTL which suggests that this virus-specific immune dysfunction may
      play a role in the pathogenesis of this disorder.

PMID- 2411842
TI  - The cell surface molecule recognized by the erythrocyte receptor of T
      lymphocytes. Identification and partial characterization using a monoclonal
      antibody.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (mAb) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), termed L180/1, is
      described that completely blocks rosette formation between SRBC and human or
      sheep T lymphocytes. L180/1 precipitated a minor glycoprotein of about
      approximately 42,000 mol wt from surface-labeled SRBC. This glycoprotein was
      partially affinity purified and found to block E rosette formation and to compete
      with anti-T11 mAb for the E receptor. The molecule detected by mAb L180/1 thus
      appears to be recognized by the E receptor and was given the preliminary name,
      T11 target structure (T11TS). Since the mAb to sheep T11TS blocks the binding of
      SRBC to both human and sheep T cells, and mAb to T11 blocks the binding of red
      cells from human and sheep to the human E receptor, we concluded that analogous
      receptor-ligand (T11-T11TS) systems exist in man and sheep that are crossreactive
      over the species barrier. The possibility is discussed that the E receptor, which
      is known to be involved in T cell activation, and T11TS function as complementary
      cell interaction molecules in T cell responses.

PMID- 2411843
TI  - Pretranslational modulation of acute phase hepatic protein synthesis by murine
      recombinant interleukin 1 (IL-1) and purified human IL-1.
AB  - During the acute phase response to tissue injury or inflammation, the
      concentration of several plasma proteins change. Previous work (29-34) suggested
      a role for interleukin 1 (IL-1) in the acute phase response. The availability of
      recombinant-generated mouse IL-1 prompted a study designed to directly test the
      function of IL-1 and its mechanism of action on hepatic synthesis of two positive
      acute phase proteins (serum amyloid A [SAA] and complement factor B), and a
      negative acute phase reactant (albumin). Intravenous injection of purified
      recombinant-generated murine-IL-1 into C3H/HeJ endotoxin-resistant mice induced a
      dose-dependent increase in SAA-specific hepatic messenger RNA (mRNA), and an
      increase in SAA plasma protein concentration. In primary murine hepatocyte
      cultures, both the recombinant IL-1 and highly purified human IL-1 induced a dose
      and time-dependent, reversible increase in expression of the SAA and factor B
      genes, and a decrease in albumin gene expression. This regulation is
      pretranslational, since the kinetics and direction of change in specific mRNA for
      SAA, factor B, and albumin correspond to the changes in synthesis of the
      respective proteins. Moreover, the effect of IL-1 was specific, since actin gene
      expression was unaffected, and the IL-1 response was inhibited by antibody
      specific for IL-1. These data provide direct evidence that a single mediator, IL
      1, can effect the positive and negative changes in specific hepatic gene
      expression characteristic of the acute phase response.

PMID- 2411844
TI  - Characterization of antigen-specific, Ia-restricted, L3T4+ cytolytic T
      lymphocytes and assessment of thymic influence on their self specificity.
AB  - The goals of the present study were: (a) to generate antigen-specific L3T4+
      cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL), (b) to determine their major histocompatibility
      complex (MHC) restriction specificity, and (c) to assess the influence of thymic
      MHC determinants on their self specificity. We found that L3T4+ CTL specific for
      either trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified self determinants or minor
      histocompatibility antigens could be generated from Lyt-2- responder T cells
      provided that the response cultures were supplemented with supernatants rich in
      helper factors. Such antigen-specific L3T4+ CTL were Ia-restricted by the
      criteria that they lysed only Ia+ target cells and that their lysis of Ia+ target
      cells was specifically inhibited by anti-Ia monoclonal antibodies. The relative
      frequency of L3T4+ pCTL was found to be only 5-10% of the total anti-TNP pCTL
      present in the spleens of normal mice. Finally, we utilized radiation bone marrow
      chimeras to assess the influence of the thymic haplotype on the self-Ia
      specificity of L3T4+ CTL. Both bulk culture and limiting dilution experiments
      revealed that the self-Ia specificity of L3T4+ anti-TNP CTL from F1----parent and
      A----B allogeneic chimeras was not markedly skewed toward the haplotype of the
      chimeric thymus. These results contrast with those obtained previously for L3T4+
      anti-TNP Th cells and demonstrate that in the radiation bone marrow chimera model
      of T cell differentiation, the self specificity of Th cells but not pCTL is
      markedly influenced by the haplotype of the chimeric thymus.

PMID- 2411845
TI  - An evaluation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and p30 determinations for
      the identification of semen on postcoital vaginal swabs.
AB  - The following study entails the investigation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
      (GGT) and p30 for the identification of seminal stains in sexual assault cases. A
      commercial kit was used to test for GGT activity, while p30 was demonstrated with
      a crossed electrophoresis technique. Specificity, sensitivity, and stability of
      both markers were studied. Postcoital swabs from lab staff were tested for GGT
      and p30. In addition, 144 postcoital swabs from case material were tested for
      p30, spermatozoa, and acid phosphatase. Results show p30 to be a useful semen
      marker particularly in cases of azoospermia. However, GGT was found to be
      unsuitable for forensic science casework.

PMID- 2411846
TI  - Two kinds of calcium channels in canine atrial cells. Differences in kinetics,
      selectivity, and pharmacology.
AB  - Currents through Ca channels were recorded in single canine atrial cells using
      whole-cell recording with patch pipettes. Two components of Ca channel current
      could be distinguished. One ("Ifast") was present only if cells were held at
      negative potentials, was most prominent for relatively small depolarizations, and
      inactivated within tens of milliseconds. The other ("Islow"), corresponding to
      the Ca current previously reported in single cardiac cells, persisted even at
      relatively positive holding potentials, required stronger depolarizations for
      maximal current, and inactivated much more slowly. Both currents were unaffected
      by tetrodotoxin and both were reduced by Co. Ifast had the same size and kinetics
      when Ca was exchanged for Ba, while Islow was bigger and slower with Ba as the
      charge carrier. In isotonic BaCl2, fluctuation analysis showed that Ifast had a
      smaller single channel current than Islow. Islow was much more sensitive to block
      by nitrendipine than was Ifast; also, Islow, but not Ifast, was increased by the
      dihydropyridine drug BAY K8644. Isoproterenol produced large increases in Islow
      but had no effect on Ifast.

PMID- 2411847
TI  - Relationship between cell volume and ion transport in the early distal tubule of
      the Amphiuma kidney.
AB  - The roles of apical and basolateral transport mechanisms in the regulation of
      cell volume and the hydraulic water permeabilities (Lp) of the individual cell
      membranes of the Amphiuma early distal tubule (diluting segment) were evaluated
      using video and optical techniques as well as conventional and Cl-sensitive
      microelectrodes. The Lp of the apical cell membrane calculated per square
      centimeter of tubule is less than 3% that of the basolateral cell membrane.
      Calculated per square centimeter of membrane, the Lp of the apical cell membrane
      is less than 40% that of the basolateral cell membrane. Thus, two factors are
      responsible for the asymmetry in the Lp of the early distal tubule: an intrinsic
      difference in the Lp per square centimeter of membrane area, and a difference in
      the surface areas of the apical and basolateral cell membranes. Early distal
      tubule cells do not regulate volume after a reduction in bath osmolality. This
      cell swelling occurs without a change in the intracellular Cl content or the
      basolateral cell membrane potential. In contrast, reducing the osmolality of the
      basolateral solution in the presence of luminal furosemide diminishes the
      magnitude of the increase in cell volume to a value below that predicted from the
      change in osmolality. This osmotic swelling is associated with a reduction in the
      intracellular Cl content. Hence, early distal tubule cells can lose solute in
      response to osmotic swelling, but only after the apical Na/K/Cl transporter is
      blocked. Inhibition of basolateral Na/K ATPase with ouabain results in severe
      cell swelling. This swelling in response to ouabain can be inhibited by the prior
      application of furosemide, which suggests that the swelling is due to the
      continued entry of solutes, primarily through the apical cotransport pathway.

PMID- 2411848
TI  - Slow currents through single sodium channels of the adult rat heart.
AB  - The currents through single Na+ channels from the sarcolemma of ventricular cells
      dissociated from adult rat hearts were studied using the patch-clamp technique.
      All patches had several Na+ channels; most had 5-10, while some had up to 50
      channels. At 10 degrees C, the conductance of the channel was 9.8 pS. The mean
      current for sets of many identical pulses inactivated exponentially with a time
      constant of 1.7 +/- 0.6 ms at -40 mV. Careful examination of the mean currents
      revealed a small, slow component of inactivation at pulse potentials ranging from
      -60 to -30 mV. The time constant of the slow component was between 8 and 14 ms.
      The channels that caused the slow component had the same conductance and reversal
      potential as the fast Na+ currents and were blocked by tetrodotoxin. The slow
      currents appear to have been caused by repeated openings of one or more channels.
      The holding potential influenced the frequency with which such channel reopening
      occurred. The slow component was prominent during pulses from a holding potential
      of -100 mV, while it was very small during pulses from -140 mV. Ultraslow
      currents through the Na+ channel were observed occasionally in patches that had
      large numbers of channels. They consisted of bursts of 10 or more sequential
      openings of a single channel and lasted for up to 150 ms. We conclude that the
      single channel data cannot be explained by standard models, even those that have
      two inactivated states or two open states of the channel. Our results suggest
      that Na+ channels can function in several different "modes," each with a
      different inactivation rate.

PMID- 2411849
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to murine retrovirus protein p30.
AB  - Hybrid cell lines were prepared by the fusion of mouse myeloma cells with the
      spleen cells of Wistar-Furth rats that had been immunized with a Moloney sarcoma
      virus (Mo-MuSV)-induced tumour, MFU. Two immunization protocols were designed. In
      the first, the animals received several injections of irradiated (10 000 rad)
      cells of a tumour cell line established in vitro, MFU-67. The rats received a
      booster injection 3 days prior to fusion. In the second protocol, immunization
      was the result of simple tumour growth, and no booster was given. Hybrids were
      tested by immunofluorescence for the production of immunoglobulins reacting with
      mouse cells acutely infected with Mo-MuSV. Over 20% of reactive hybrids were
      observed in the tumour growth protocol, and about 10% in the irradiated cell
      protocol when the last injection of the series was given 2 weeks before fusion.
      After 6 months, the proportion fell to 3%. Hybrid lines producing antibody to
      p30, the major core polypeptide of murine retroviruses, were obtained by cloning.
      Three of these were selected for closer study and were found to recognize three
      non-overlapping epitopes on p30. By direct and competitive binding in ELISA
      tests, the three epitopes were found to have very different distribution patterns
      among the various strains and isolates of murine retroviruses.

PMID- 2411850
TI  - Biological similarities of rat fibroblast interferon to human and mouse alpha
      interferons.
AB  - High titres of rat interferon (IFN) can be produced by rat embryo fibroblast (CD)
      cells after treatment with Newcastle disease virus. This CD IFN was characterized
      by SDS-PAGE, and was found to contain three species at 30K to 33K, 25K to 27K and
      17K to 22K mol. wt. Antibody affinity chromatography revealed that 95% of the CD
      IFN bound to an anti-human leukocyte IFN antibody column, 34% to an anti-mouse L
      cell IFN antibody column and none to an anti-human fibroblast IFN antibody
      column. The IFN that bound to the anti-human leukocyte IFN antibody column
      contained all three molecular weight species of IFN. However, the material bound
      to the anti-mouse L cell IFN antibody column only showed IFN activity of the 30K
      and 20K species. Examination of the heterologous antiviral activity of the
      unseparated CD IFN and of the IFN separated by antibody affinity chromatography
      revealed the same patterns of activity: 35 to 50% of homologous activity on
      guinea-pig cells, 10 to 20% on mouse cells, 2 to 4% on human cells and none on
      bovine cells. The data suggest that a major portion of this rat fibroblast IFN is
      related to alpha IFNs produced by other species.

PMID- 2411851
TI  - Gender and recovery from aphasia after stroke.
AB  - Moderate and severely impaired poststroke aphasic patients followed in a
      rehabilitation medicine program were systematically examined initially between 4
      and 6 months poststroke and again between one and 2 1/2 years postonset. No
      gender differences were found on ratings of everyday communication function or
      certain measures of language, specifically auditory comprehension and the
      spontaneous generation of spoken words.

PMID- 2411852
TI  - Monitoring of circadian fluctuations of N-acetylserotonin in the rat pineal body
      by differential pulse voltammetry.
AB  - Circadian fluctuations of the electrochemical signal appearing at +270 mV (peak
      3) recorded from the pineal body of freely moving rats were first monitored for
      24 hours using the in vivo voltammetry technique. The peak 3 height increased
      after injection of pargyline and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine but decreased after
      injection of NSD-1015, while probenecid did not cause any change. Under a 12/12
      hours light-dark cycle, the peak 3 height represented circadian fluctuations,
      similar to those of N-acetyltransferase activity, which were higher in the dark
      than in the light period. These data suggest that the compound responsible for
      peak 3 in the pineal body is essentially due to extracellular N-acetylserotonin.

PMID- 2411853
TI  - How far from the stimulation site in myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle
      preparations the neurogenic cholinergic contraction can be evoked?
AB  - Neurogenic contractions of a segment of myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle
      strip preparations from the guinea-pig ileum were evoked. The site of electric
      stimulation was separated from the contracting segment by a gap preventing the
      spread of muscle action potentials set up in other regions. The width of the
      separating gap (2-20 mm) indicated the length of nerve fibers that could conduct
      impulses across and trigger cholinergic contractions behind the gap; it was more
      than 12 and less than 16 mm. Transmission of excitation was more effective in the
      aboral direction compared to the oral direction and was not apparently affected
      by noradrenaline nor by substance P.

PMID- 2411854
TI  - Spontaneously prolonged dioestrus and serotonin in various regions of the rat
      brain.
AB  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
      concentrations were investigated in various regions of the brain on the day of
      normal and spontaneously prolonged dioestrus in the rat. The 5-HT/5-HIAA
      concentration ratio and 5-HT content were found to be higher in the medial-basal
      hypothalamus (MBH) and the fronto-parietal cerebral cortex (Bc), and lower in the
      preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (PAHA), when dioestrus was prolonged. No
      significant difference was observed with 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations in the
      hippocampus (Hipp). It was concluded that there are significant alterations in 5
      HT activity in the MBH, PAHA and the Bc when dioestrus is spontaneously
      prolonged.

PMID- 2411855
TI  - On the nature of the contractile motor responses of the rat stomach elicited by
      serotonin or substance P in vitro.
AB  - SP or 5-HT elicited contractile motor responses from strip preparations of the
      rat antrum and pylorus, effects which were efficiently antagonized by blockade
      directed against each substance (SP-receptors: tachyphylaxis or a SP analogue; 5
      HT2 receptors: ketanserin). Indirect effects of SP or 5-HT, i.e. causing the
      release of other spasmogens such as histamine (from mast cells) and
      prostaglandins, were ruled out in separate experiments using pyrilamine or
      indomethacin. When the contractile effects of SP or 5-HT motor responses were
      studied after TTX no inhibition was demonstrated indicating that the effects were
      mediated via muscle receptors. Both SP- and 5-HT-responses were partially
      antagonized by blockade of muscarinic or nicotinic receptors, even in the
      presence of TTX, in favour of interaction at the receptor level of the smooth
      muscle membrane. One exception was the SP-induced pyloric contraction, which was
      partially atropine-sensitive but resistant to hexamethonium. Interestingly,
      blockade of 5-HT2 receptors (ketanserin) reduced the contractile response to SP.
      These observations indicate an interaction between SP and 5-HT receptors at the
      smooth muscle membrane. However, SP and 5-HT added together did no facilitate the
      response. Therefore, the interaction of ketanserin with the SP response may
      rather be sterical than due to binding to a common receptor site. These findings
      may be of importance, since SP and 5-HT have recently been shown to coexist in
      gut neurons.

PMID- 2411856
TI  - Rapid nocturnal increase in ovine pineal N-acetyltransferase activity and
      melatonin synthesis: effects of cycloheximide.
AB  - Thirty minutes after the onset of darkness, ovine pineal arylalkylamine N
      acetyltransferase, N-acetylserotonin, and melatonin increase 5- to 10-fold. No
      significant changes in hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase, 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-hydroxytryptophol, 5-methoxyindoleacetic acid, and 5
      methoxytryptophol are detected at this time. Administration of cycloheximide
      inhibits the rise in N-acetyltransferase and N-acetylserotonin, but not
      melatonin. Unexpectedly, 5-methoxytryptophol increases after cycloheximide
      treatment. Taken together, these results, although consistent in part with a role
      for serotonin N-acetylation in the regulation of melatonin synthesis in sheep,
      indicate that an N-acetyltransferase-independent mechanism may also be involved.

PMID- 2411857
TI  - Reconstituted P2/myelin-lipid multilayers.
AB  - A complex forms when bovine P2 protein is added to single-bilayer vesicles
      created by sonicating myelin lipids. The complex was studied by biochemical
      analysis, freeze-fracture (FF) and thin-section electron microscopy (EM), and by
      X-ray diffraction. Smaller amounts of P2 cause the vesicles to aggregate and fuse
      whereas larger amounts (greater than or equal to 4 wt%) cause multilayers to
      form. Binding saturates at 15 wt% P2. FF EM shows that large, flat multilayers
      form within 15 min of addition of P2. Only smooth fracture faces are seen, as
      expected for a peripheral membrane protein. X-ray diffraction shows a constant
      repeating distance in the multilayers: 86.0 +/- 0.7 A between the centers of
      bilayers in the range 4 wt% less than or equal to P2/(P2 + lipid) less than or
      equal to 15 wt%. Assuming a 53 A-thick bilayer, the space between bilayers is 33
      A wide. This is a wider space than for myelin basic protein (MBP) (20-25 A wide).
      The respective widths are consistent with a compact, globular structure for P2
      and a flattened shape for MBP. Calculated electron-density profiles of the lipids
      with and without P2 reveal the protein largely in the interbilayer spaces, with a
      small part possibly inserted into the lipid headgroup layers. The different
      proportions of P2 in the sciatic nerve of various species are tentatively
      correlated with the different average widths observed by X-ray diffraction for
      the cytoplasmic space (major period line) between bilayers in the respective
      sciatic myelins.

PMID- 2411858
TI  - Altered axonal transport of cytoskeletal proteins in the mutant diabetic mouse.
AB  - Polypeptides in the motor axons of the sciatic nerve in 120-day-old normal and
      diabetic mice C57BL/Ks (db/db) were labeled by injection of [35S]methionine into
      the ventral horn of the spinal cord. At 8, 15, and 25 days after the injection,
      the distribution of radiolabeled polypeptides along the sciatic nerve was
      analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four major
      radiolabeled polypeptides, tentatively identified as actin, tubulin, and the two
      lightest subunits of the neurofilament triplet, were studied in both diabetic and
      control mice. In the diabetic animals, the two polypeptides identified as actin
      and tubulin showed a reduction of average velocity of migration along the sciatic
      nerve, resulting in a higher fraction of radioactivity in the proximal part of
      the sciatic nerve, whereas the front of radioactivity (advancing at maximal
      velocity) moved at a normal rate. In contrast, both the average and maximal
      velocities of the two neurofilament subunits were slower in the diabetic mice
      than in the control mice. These results indicate that the axonal transport of the
      cytoskeletal proteins is differentially affected in the course of diabetic
      neuropathy, and may suggest that the impairment concerns mainly the proteins
      carried by the slowest component of axonal transport.

PMID- 2411859
TI  - Temporal expression of mouse glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA studied by a
      rapid in situ hybridization procedure.
AB  - A rapid and sensitive in situ hybridization technique is described for the
      detection of mRNA sequences in 6-8-micron cryostat sections. The method
      incorporates the use of alpha-thio-35S-labelled nucleoside triphosphates for the
      generation of high-specific-activity DNA probes and a high-stringency washing
      procedure that virtually eliminates background without unduly compromising
      histological integrity. Whereas signal resolution is less than that observed
      using 3H probes, 35S-labelled probes are well-suited for experiments where
      resolution at the cellular level is required. The method has been applied to a
      study of the developmental regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
      mRNA expression in developing mouse brain. GFAP-specific sequences are first
      detectable after the second postnatal day, and thereafter rise to a level that is
      maintained throughout development and into adulthood. The distribution of GFAP
      encoding sequences broadly reflects the known distribution of astrocytes, but the
      levels of mRNA within these cells vary by a surprisingly large amount depending
      on their location. For example, in adult animals, the astrocytes of the glial
      limitans contain an abundance of GFAP-specific mRNA that is higher than
      corresponding levels in astrocytes in the cerebellar white matter, whereas these
      cells in turn contain considerably more GFAP-specific mRNA than astrocytes in the
      gray matter of the cerebrum. Unexpectedly, parallel RNA blot transfer experiments
      show the existence of some GFAP-encoding mRNA size heterogeneity that is
      restricted to the first postnatal week.

PMID- 2411860
TI  - Postmortem changes in catecholamines, indoleamines, and their metabolites in rat
      brain regions: prevention with 10-kW microwave irradiation.
AB  - Postmortem changes in catecholamines, indoleamines, and their metabolites in rat
      brain regions following decapitation were determined by LCEC. In the three
      regions studied neurotransmitter levels declined after decapitation, whereas the
      metabolite levels increased. Microwave irradiation at 10 kW rapidly inactivated
      brain enzymes and thus prevented the postmortem changes.

PMID- 2411861
TI  - Reduced axoplasmic somatostatin transport in hypothyroid rats.
AB  - The effect of hypothyroidism on neuronal function was studied by measuring
      axoplasmic transport of immunoreactive somatostatin in rat sciatic nerve by the
      ligation technique. Accumulation of immunoreactive somatostatin proximal to a
      ligature was linear up to 8 h in normal, in thyroidectomized, and in
      parathyroidectomized rats. The transport rate was decreased by 38% in
      thyroidectomized rats as compared to normal rats and was unchanged in
      parathyroidectomized rats. Sciatic nerve content of somatostatin in hypothyroid
      rats did not differ from control. Reduced accumulation of immunoreactive
      somatostatin in hypothyroid rats may be due to a decrease in somatostatin
      synthesis or in axoplasmic transport, or to an increase in the degradation rate
      of the peptide.

PMID- 2411862
TI  - D2 dopamine receptors in calf globus pallidus: agonist high- and low-affinity
      sites not regulated by guanine nucleotide.
AB  - By use of the radioligand [3H]spiroperidol, D2 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine
      (dopamine) receptor binding characteristics were studied in calf globus pallidus
      and compared with those of neostriatum. Antagonist competition curves were
      monophasic and revealed similar affinities for neostriatum and globus pallidus,
      suggesting a uniform receptor population with one affinity state for antagonists.
      In both regions, competition curves with the agonist dopamine were biphasic,
      distinguishing a high- and low-agonist-affinity state. In neostriatum and globus
      pallidus, respectively, 45% and 19% of [3H]spiroperidol binding was displaced
      with high affinity and the remainder with low affinity. In neostriatum, the
      addition of 0.4 mM GTP resulted in a partial conversion from high- to low
      affinity state with a remaining high-affinity component of 15%. In globus
      pallidus, dopamine binding was not altered by GTP. The capability of GTP to
      modulate agonist binding to D2 receptors appears to be dependent on their
      neuroanatomical localization.

PMID- 2411863
TI  - Stimulation of calcium uptake in PC12 cells by the dihydropyridine agonist BAY K
      8644.
AB  - Methyl 1,4-dihydro-2, 6-dimethyl-3-nitro-4-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-pyridine-5
      carboxylate (BAY K 8644), an analog of dihydropyridine calcium channel
      antagonists, stimulated 45Ca uptake into PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. Half
      maximal stimulation occurred at 80 nM BAY K 8644. Enhancement of uptake was
      inhibited by cationic and organic calcium channel blockers, but not by
      tetrodotoxin, which is consistent with an effect on voltage-dependent calcium
      channels. Stimulation of 45Ca uptake by BAY K 8644 occurred only at elevated
      concentrations of extracellular K+, suggesting that BAY K 8644 may interact with
      calcium channels in the open (activated) state.

PMID- 2411864
TI  - Neurochemical abnormalities in brains of renal failure patients treated by
      repeated hemodialysis.
AB  - We examined autopsied brain from 10 patients with end-stage renal failure who had
      undergone repeated hemodialysis. Eight had classic symptoms, and two had
      suggestive symptoms of dialysis encephalopathy. Findings were compared with those
      in autopsied brain from control adults who had never been hemodialyzed. Mean
      gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) contents were significantly reduced in frontal and
      occipital cortex, cerebellar cortex, dentate nucleus, caudate nucleus, and medial
      dorsal thalamus of the hemodialyzed patients, the reduction being greater than
      40% in cerebral cortex and thalamus. Choline acetyltransferase activity was
      reduced by 25-35% in three cortical regions in the hemodialyzed patients. These
      two abnormalities were observed in the brain of each hemodialyzed patient,
      regardless of whether or not the patient died with unequivocal dialysis
      encephalopathy. Pyridoxal phosphate contents were substantially reduced in brains
      of the hemodialyzed patients, but metabolites of noradrenaline, 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) were
      present in normal amounts. Aluminum levels were abnormally high in frontal
      cortical gray matter in the hemodialyzed patients. Although this study does not
      clarify the role played by aluminum toxicity in the pathogenesis of dialysis
      encephalopathy, the abnormalities we found suggest the need for further
      neurochemical investigations in this disorder.

PMID- 2411865
TI  - Abnormal expression of the myelin-associated glycoprotein in the central nervous
      system of dysmyelinating mutant mice.
AB  - Total cytoplasmic brain RNA was isolated at two different ages from three
      neurological mutant mice (qk/qk, jp/Y, and shi/shi) and their apparently normal
      littermates. This RNA was translated in vitro in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate
      system. Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG)-related polypeptides were
      immunoprecipitated from equal amounts of total translation products derived from
      mRNA of mutant animals, normal littermates, or control animals. The
      developmentally regulated synthesis of MAG polypeptides was compared among the
      mutants and normal animals. mRNA from qk/qk brains synthesized an overabundance
      of p67MAG (five- to sevenfold) which may be compensation for a decreased
      synthesis of p72MAG. mRNA from jp/Y brains synthesized less than 10% of normal
      amounts of both MAG polypeptides. The quantity of MAG synthesized by 15-day
      shi/shi brain mRNA was slightly decreased compared with normal brain mRNA but the
      quantity of MAG synthesized by adult shi/shi brain mRNA was normal. No apparent
      differences were detected in the sizes of the MAG polypeptides synthesized by any
      of the mutants studied. The data suggest that the genetic defect in qk/qk mutants
      directly or indirectly affects the coordinated developmental regulation of MAG
      polypeptide synthesis leading to an overabundance of the MAG polypeptide that is
      normally found in older animals. The jp/Y mutation appears to affect general
      myelin protein synthesis. Finally, shi/shi mutants may have a delayed synthesis
      of MAG. The data are discussed in the light of recent observations concerning the
      synthesis of myelin proteins and their proposed role in myelin assembly.

PMID- 2411866
TI  - Regional differences in the coupling of muscarinic receptors to inositol
      phospholipid hydrolysis in guinea pig brain.
AB  - The differential effects of muscarinic agents on inositol phospholipid hydrolysis
      and the role in this process of putative muscarinic receptor subtypes (M1 and M2)
      were investigated in three regions of guinea pig brain. Addition of the agonist
      oxotremorine-M to slices of neostriatum, cerebral cortex, or hippocampus
      incubated in the presence of myo-[2-3H]inositol and Li+ resulted in a large
      accumulation of labeled inositol phosphates (733, 376, and 330% of control,
      respectively). In each tissue, the principal product formed was myo-inositol 1
      phosphate (59-86%), with smaller amounts of glycerophosphoinositol and inositol
      bisphosphate. Only trace amounts of inositol trisphosphate could be detected.
      Regional differences were observed in the capacity of certain partial agonists to
      evoke inositol lipid hydrolysis, the most notable being that of bethanechol,
      which was four times more effective in the neostriatum than in either the
      cerebral cortex or hippocampus. In addition, the full agonists, oxotremorine-M
      and carbamoylcholine, were more potent stimulators of inositol phosphate release
      in the neostriatum than in the cerebral cortex. The putative M1 selective agonist
      4-m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy-2-butynyl trimethyl ammonium chloride had little
      stimulatory effect in any brain region, whereas the putative M1 selective
      antagonist pirenzepine blocked the enhanced release of inositol phosphates with
      high affinity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus (Ki = 12.1 and 13.9 nM;
      "M1") but with a lower affinity in the neostriatum (Ki = 160 nM; "M2"). In
      contrast to its differential effects on stimulated inositol lipid hydrolysis, no
      regional differences were observed in the capacity of pirenzepine to displace
      [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, a muscarinic antagonist, bound to membrane
      fractions. Atropine, an antagonist that does not discriminate between receptor
      subtypes, inhibited the enhanced release of inositol phosphates with similar
      affinities in the three regions (Ki = 0.40-0.60 nM). The results indicate that by
      measurement of inositol lipid hydrolysis, regional differences in muscarinic
      receptor coupling characteristics become evident. These differences, which are
      not readily detected by radioligand binding techniques, might be accounted for by
      either the presence of functionally distinct receptor subtypes, or alternatively,
      by regional variations in the efficiency of muscarinic receptor coupling to
      inositol lipid hydrolysis.

PMID- 2411867
TI  - Retrograde effect of muscle on forms of acetylcholinesterase in peripheral
      nerves.
AB  - In the peripheral nerves of birds and mammals, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) exists
      in four main molecular forms (G1, G2, G4, and A12). The two heaviest forms (G4
      and A12) are carried by rapid axoplasmic transport, whereas the two lightest
      forms (G1 and G2) are probably much more slowly transported. Here we report that
      nerves innervating fast-twitch (F nerves) and slow-twitch (S nerves) muscles of
      the rabbit differ both in their AChE molecular form patterns and in their
      anterograde and retrograde axonal transport parameters. Since we had previously
      shown a selective regulation of this enzyme in fast and slow parts of rabbit
      semimembranosus muscle, we wondered whether the differences observed in the nerve
      could be affected by the twitch properties of muscle. The results reported here
      show that in F nerves that reinnervate slow-twitch muscles, both the AChE
      molecular form patterns and axonal transport parameters turn into those of the S
      nerve. These data suggest the existence of a retrograde specific effect exerted
      by the muscles on their respective motoneurons.

PMID- 2411868
TI  - The presence of aldehyde-reacted proteins in normal and multiple sclerosis white
      matter.
AB  - The incorporation of tritium from NaB3H4 into the major protein components of
      myelin and the presence of weak fluorescence emission bands at wavelengths of
      approximately 440 and 500 nm from sodium dodecyl sulfate-solubilized, delipidated
      white matter are indicative of the presence of the products of aldehyde reactions
      with proteins. The incorporation of tritium from NaB3H4 into myelin proteins was
      confirmed by reaction with purified components of myelin basic protein or with
      lipophilin, a purified fraction of proteolipid protein. From the extent of
      tritium incorporation into the purified proteins, it is estimated that
      approximately 0.2 mol of tritium is incorporated/mol of myelin basic protein and
      approximately 0.4 mol of tritium/mol of proteolipid protein. There is
      approximately 50% greater incorporation of tritium into a more degraded, less
      positively charged form of the basic protein. The incorporation of tritium into
      normal and multiple sclerosis white matter was compared. There is a small but
      statistically significant difference in the percentage of the total counts
      incorporated into the major protein fractions for the two groups, with the
      multiple sclerosis samples showing a higher percentage of the counts in the
      Wolfgram protein and a lower percentage in the myelin basic protein compared with
      the normal samples.

PMID- 2411869
TI  - Cleavage of rabbit myelin basic protein by plasmin: isolation and identification
      of the major products.
AB  - Rabbit myelin basic protein (BP) was subjected to partial cleavage with plasmin,
      and 15 cleavage products were isolated by a combination of gel filtration and ion
      exchange chromatography. Their identification was achieved by amino acid analysis
      and tryptic peptide mapping, supplemented in some instances by carboxy-terminal
      analyses with carboxypeptidases A, B, and Y and amino-terminal analyses with
      dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I. The results showed that major plasmic cleavage sites
      included the Lys89-Asn90, Lys133-Ser134, and Lys153-Leu154 bonds. Cleavages also
      occurred at the Arg31-His32, Lys53-Arg54, and Arg25-His26 bonds, but these
      appeared to be less extensive. A large number of additional peptides were
      produced in relatively low yield. The smaller of these were isolated from
      heterogeneous fractions by high-voltage electrophoresis-TLC. Amino acid analysis
      of these peptides showed that minor cleavage sites included the Arg9-His10, Lys13
      Tyr14, Lys103-Gly104, Lys137-Gly138, Lys140-Gly141, and Arg160-Ser161 bonds. In
      spite of a lower selectivity toward peptide bonds in BP as compared with pepsin,
      cathepsin D, and thrombin, plasmin has the advantage over the former proteinases
      in that it does not cleave at or near the Phe44-Phe45 bond. Instead it cleaves at
      the Arg31-His32 and Lys53-Arg54 bonds, thus preserving the entire hydrophobic
      sequence Ile-Leu-Asp-Ser-Ile-Gly-Arg-Phe-Phe as well as short sequences to either
      side.

PMID- 2411870
TI  - Retrograde axonal transport of gangliosides and glycoproteins in the motoneurons
      of rat sciatic nerve.
AB  - Axonal transport of glycoconjugates was studied in the motoneurons of rat sciatic
      nerve following injection of [3H]glucosamine into the lumbosacral spinal cord.
      After varying time intervals, the sciatic nerve was exposed, and two ligatures
      were tied for collection of materials undergoing anterograde and retrograde
      transport. Gangliosides and glycoproteins were found to undergo fast anterograde
      transport, estimated at 284-446 mm/day. Both classes underwent retrograde
      transport as well, with labeled glycoproteins returning slightly ahead of labeled
      gangliosides. Only minor quantities of labeled proteoglycans were detected.
      Purified gangliosides extracted from nerve segments were fractionated according
      to sialic acid number on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex; the distributional pattern
      tended to resemble that of brain gangliosides. The similarity between anterograde
      and retrograde patterns suggested absence of metabolic changes in gangliosides
      entering and leaving the axon-nerve terminal structures.

PMID- 2411871
TI  - Developmental expression of the myelin-associated glycoprotein in the peripheral
      nervous system is different from that in the central nervous system.
AB  - We recently characterized two developmentally regulated myelin-associated
      glycoprotein (MAG) polypeptides synthesized by mouse brain mRNA in vitro. We now
      extended these studies to include the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Total
      cytoplasmic RNA was isolated from the sciatic nerves of 7-, 12-, and 17-day-old
      and adult rats and translated in vitro in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. In
      contrast to results in the CNS, it appears that only one MAG polypeptide, p67MAG,
      is synthesized by PNS mRNA at all ages. The implications of these findings are
      discussed with respect to recent observations concerning both the localization of
      MAG and the synthesis of MAG in the PNS of dysmyelinating mutant mice.

PMID- 2411872
TI  - Presence and ontogeny of enkephalin and substance P in the chick ciliary
      ganglion.
AB  - The avian ciliary ganglion has been reported to contain both enkephalin and
      substance P in preganglionic terminals. However, extensive biochemical
      characterization of these antigens has not been completed. Using
      radioimmunoassays specific for Met5- and for Leu5-enkephalin and for substance P
      we identified immunoreactive substances in ganglionic extracts that comigrate on
      HPLC columns with standard Met5- and Leu5-enkephalin and with substance P. The
      ontogeny of Met5-enkephalin and substance P during embryogenesis was determined
      in ganglionic extracts and we found that the content of Met5-enkephalin in the
      ganglion reached a peak at embryonic stage 37 whereas the content of substance P
      in the ganglion reached its maximum in the adult.

PMID- 2411873
TI  - Human monoclonal anti-MAG antibody and anti-Leu 7 recognise shared antigenic
      determinants in peripheral nerve and spinal cord.
AB  - Anti-Leu 7 monoclonal antibody (MAB), a marker of natural killer cells, and a
      human MAB to myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) from a patient with a
      demyelinating neuropathy specifically stained Schmidt-Lanterman incisures,
      paranodal and periaxonal regions in peripheral nerve myelin by
      immunocytochemistry on thin plastic sections, while compact myelin was labelled
      in paraffin-embedded material. Preabsorption studies indicated that the antigen
      recognised was a MAG epitope shared by MAG and Leu 7. In spinal cord both MABS
      bound to oligodendrocytes and a subclass of anterior horn cells. Our findings
      support the hypothesis that shared antigens between the nervous and the immune
      systems do exist in situ, which may be important in the pathogenesis of
      demyelinating neuropathies with monoclonal gammopathies.

PMID- 2411874
TI  - Neuropsychiatric symptoms in the course of Wegener's granulomatosis.

PMID- 2411875
TI  - Myasthenia gravis associated with a hormone producing malignant carcinoid tumour.

PMID- 2411876
TI  - Spontaneous recovery of language in patients with aphasia between 4 and 34 weeks
      after stroke.
AB  - The paper describes the spontaneous recovery of language abilities of 52 stroke
      patients who were aphasic for more than 4 weeks. These patients had been randomly
      allocated to receive no speech therapy and had been assessed at 6-weekly
      intervals after a stroke. There was improvement in language abilities over time.
      Age, sex and aphasia type were not related to the amount of improvement. An
      aphasic patient's level of language ability at 6 months could be predicted on the
      basis of the test score on the Porch Index of Communicative Ability at 4 weeks.

PMID- 2411877
TI  - Human monoclonal IgM autoantibodies with restricted antigenic specificity for
      myelin express unrelated idiotypes.
AB  - Idiotype-specific polyclonal antisera were prepared against myelin-binding human
      IgM paraproteins with specificity for the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG).
      Eight anti-idiotypic sera (6 against one monoclonal IgM and 2 against another)
      were tested by gel precipitation, immunoradiometric and ELISA assays for binding
      to the myelin-binding IgM paraproteins from 12 patients with demyelinating
      peripheral neuropathy. Anti-idiotypic antibodies bound only to the MAG-specific
      IgM used for immunization; there was no evidence of idiotypic cross-reactivity
      between the different IgM paraproteins.

PMID- 2411878
TI  - Immunomodulators as local hormones: new insights regarding their clinical
      utilization.

PMID- 2411879
TI  - Biological response modifiers released by a mezerein-treated human monocytic
      leukemia cell line, THP-1.
AB  - After mezerein treatment of suspension cultures of the acute monocytic human
      leukemia cell line THP-1, cells became adherent to plastic culture surfaces, lost
      division potential, acquired Fc receptors, displayed phagocytic activity, and
      expressed increased nonspecific esterase staining. Serum-free RPMI 1640 medium
      conditioned by adherent THP-1 cells was examined for the presence of biological
      response modifiers. Preparative isoelectrofocusing of concentrated medium in the
      presence of various pH gradients of Ampholine ampholytes resulted in the
      separation of the following activities: fibroblast growth-stimulating activities
      in pH ranges of 4.10-4.55 and 5.30-5.45; colony-stimulating factor (CSF) for
      mouse bone marrow cells at pH 4.10-4.55; and a malignant cell growth inhibitor
      comigrating with a lymphocyte-activating factor (interleukin-1) at pH 6.70-6.95.
      Both CSF and the fibroblast growth stimulator isofocused at pH 4.10-4.55 coeluted
      following molecular-sieve chromatography through P-100. CSF-induced colonies were
      composed of nongranulocytic mononuclear cells. Chromatography through an ACA-54
      column separated interleukin-1 from most of the growth-inhibitory activity.

PMID- 2411880
TI  - Axonally transported Shigella cytotoxin is neuronotoxic.
AB  - Shigella dysenteriae strains produce an exotoxin (SdT) which inhibits protein
      synthesis in susceptible cells and is neurotoxic in some species. Intraneural
      microinjection of highly purified SdT into the cervical vagus nerves of rats,
      mice, guinea pigs and rabbits produced cytopathic changes within 24 hours in
      vagal sensory but not motor neurons. These changes consisted of an initial loss
      of Nissl substance followed by progressive cell degeneration and resulted in
      permanent neuronal loss. Indirect immunoperoxidase staining demonstrated SdT in
      nodose ganglion sensory neurons but not in vagal motor neurons of the brainstem.
      In rats, fatal enterotoxicity was common after intraneural injection of SdT doses
      that were reliably neuronotoxic; in rabbits and mice, a fatal ascending paralysis
      occurred at similar doses. Cytopathic changes were noted rarely in nodose sensory
      neurons of the uninjected side in mice suggesting systemic distribution and
      neuronal uptake of toxin. Injection of SdT into the tongue muscles of rats and
      mice failed to affect hypoglossal motor neurons within 50 hours. We conclude SdT
      is taken up and retrogradely transported by vagal sensory neurons with a
      resultant destruction of these neurons. The relationship of these findings to the
      reported neurotoxicity of SdT is unclear. However, SdT may prove useful in making
      selective lesions or as a model for some forms of neuronal degeneration.

PMID- 2411881
TI  - MOPP/ABV hybrid program: combination chemotherapy based on early introduction of
      seven effective drugs for advanced Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Seventy patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease, 54 with new disease, and 16 in
      first relapse after initial radiotherapy, have been treated with a seven-drug, 8
      month program: MOPP (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone)/ABV
      (Adriamycin [Adria Laboratories of Canada, Mississauga, Ontario], bleomycin,
      vinblastine) hybrid. A single involved field of radiotherapy was given to
      selected partial responders after 6 months of chemotherapy. Forty-six of the 52
      (88%) evaluable new-disease patients and 14 of the 16 (87%) evaluable patients
      with relapsing disease reached a complete response. The actuarial overall
      survival at 49 months for the patients with new disease was 90% (median follow-up
      from diagnosis was 27 months). For the patients with relapsing disease, the
      actuarial survival at 54 months was 79% (median follow-up from diagnosis was 27
      months). The actuarial relapse-free survival at 41 months for complete responders
      was 93% for patients with new disease (median follow-up after treatment was 20
      months) and 80% for those with relapsing disease (median follow-up after
      treatment was 27 months). Toxicity was moderate, with two treatment-related
      deaths and eight episodes of serious infection. These results compare favorably
      with the best results reported in the literature. Furthermore, they were achieved
      with a moderate level of toxicity, high drug delivery rates, and a relatively
      short duration of treatment. The efficacy and toxicity data of the MOPP/ABV
      hybrid program will now be evaluated in a prospectively randomized multicenter
      study.

PMID- 2411882
TI  - Treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma: overview and analysis by clinical setting.

PMID- 2411883
TI  - Rectification of single GABA-gated chloride channels in adult hippocampal
      neurons.
AB  - The properties of single chloride channels activated by gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA) were investigated with hippocampal slices from adult guinea pigs. After
      the slices were treated with proteolytic enzymes, gigaseal recordings were made
      from excised patches of pyramidal or granule cell membranes. This newly developed
      preparation permits the application of patch-clamp techniques to the adult
      mammalian central nervous system. Guinea pig hippocampal slices were prepared in
      a conventional manner. Once prepared, the slices were treated with two different
      enzymes for brief periods and gently agitated. Slices generally split apart along
      the boundaries of the cell body regions, exposing neuronal somata. Standard patch
      clamp techniques were used for the gigaseal recordings from excised patches.
      Solutions for both sides of the patches consisted of symmetrical concentrations
      of chloride, with all cation channels blocked. GABA at concentrations of 0.5-1.0
      microM was added to the solution for the extracellular side of the patches. At
      transmembrane potentials negative to the chloride reversal potential (0 mV), the
      conductance through the GABA-gated chloride channels was approximately 20 pS.
      When the transmembrane potential was changed to positive values, the chloride
      conductance increased dramatically. For example, at +40 mV the conductance
      through the GABA-gated channels was almost 40 pS. Ramp-clamp commands were used
      to measure the current-voltage (I-V) relationship through single open channels.
      The open-channel I-V curves displayed outward rectification. The relationship
      between open-channel conductance and voltage could be fitted reasonably well by a
      single energy-barrier model for the channel, with the higher energy barrier
      placed near the cytoplasmic side of the membrane (at a fractional distance
      through the membrane of 0.73).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2411884
TI  - Correlation of presynaptic and postsynaptic events during establishment of long
      term facilitation at crayfish neuromuscular junction.
AB  - Repetitive stimulation (10-20 Hz) of the motor axon supplying the opener muscle
      in the crayfish leg produces long-lasting enhancement of excitatory postsynaptic
      potentials. This long-term facilitation (LTF) was investigated by recording
      simultaneously from the presynaptic nerve terminal and from the innervated muscle
      fiber with intracellular microelectrodes. On cessation of stimulation, the
      facilitated postsynaptic potential declines in amplitude when monitored with low
      frequency test stimuli. A rapid decline (phase I) occurs over the first 30 s and
      is succeeded by a more gradual decline lasting several minutes (phase II).
      Finally, a residual potentiation with a very slow decay (phase III) persists for
      several hours. Simultaneous pre- and postsynaptic recordings were made during
      induction of LTF with stimuli delivered at 20 Hz for 10 min. During the tetanus,
      excitatory postsynaptic potentials were enhanced 20-fold, while action potentials
      in the presynaptic terminal declined in amplitude from 108.6 to 97.2 mV, and the
      presynaptic membrane became hyperpolarized by 6.4 mV. The Na+ pump inhibitor
      ouabain (0.5-1.0 mM) abolished the hyperpolarization, indicating that the latter
      resulted from activation of an electrogenic Na+ pump. The reduction in amplitude
      of the presynaptic action potential was consistent with a reduced transmembrane
      concentration gradient for Na+. Thus, it is suggested that a significant
      accumulation of Na+ occurs during repetitive stimulation of crayfish motor axons.
      Decay of phase II of LTF, but not of phases I or III, had approximately the same
      time course as the decay of Na+ accumulation in the terminals, monitored by
      changes in the presynaptic action potential. Thus it is probable that in crayfish
      this phase of LTF is linked to an increased intraterminal Na+ concentration.
      Injection of Na+ from a microelectrode into the presynaptic terminal produced
      enhancement of the excitatory postsynaptic potential lasting for many minutes, as
      well as changes in presynaptic membrane potential and action potential similar to
      those seen during repetitive stimulation. The results provide the first direct
      measurements of electrical and ionic changes in axonal terminals during prolonged
      periods of activity leading to LTF, and support the hypothesis that accumulation
      of intraterminal Na+ is associated with one phase of LTF.

PMID- 2411885
TI  - The ionic mechanism of the slow outward current in Aplysia neurons.
AB  - A slow outward current associated with spike frequency adaptation has been
      studied in the giant Aplysia neurons R2 and LP1. The current was observed during
      60-s voltage clamp commands to potentials just below spike threshold. The slow
      outward current shows a marked voltage dependence at membrane potential less
      negative than -40 mV. The slow outward current is associated with increased
      membrane conductance. The K+ sensitivity of the slow outward current was studied
      by varying the extracellular K+ concentration and also by measuring potassium
      efflux with a K+-sensitive electrode. Both procedures indicated that the slow
      outward current was K+ dependent. Tail currents following the activation of the
      slow outward current were examined. They were shown to have a similar potassium
      sensitivity as the slow outward current and had a reversal potential near the
      potassium equilibrium potential for these cells. The sensitivity of the slow
      outward current to known blockers of K+ currents, tetraethylammonium and 4
      aminopyridine, was tested. The sensitivity was much less than that reported for
      other K+ currents. The sensitivity of the slow outward current to changes of the
      extracellular concentrations of Na+ and Cl- ions, as well as electrogenic pump
      inhibitors, was tested. The results indicate that the slow outward current is
      much less sensitive to these changes than to the manipulations of the
      extracellular K+ ion concentration. We tested the sensitivity of this current to
      manipulations of intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ ion concentrations. We
      found that the current persisted at a slightly reduced level in the absence of
      extracellular calcium or in the presence of calcium blocking agents, cobalt and
      lanthanum. Intracellular injection of the calcium chelator EGTA at a
      concentration sufficient to block the Ca2+-dependent K+ current, seen after a
      brief (1.4-s) burst of action potentials, had minimal effects on the slow outward
      current. Procedures thought to increase intracellular Ca2+ were tested. We found
      that exposure of the cell to solutions containing elevated Ca2+ concentrations
      for prolonged periods increased the slow outward current. Also, treatment with
      drugs thought to elevate intracellular Ca2+ increased the slow outward current.
      In conclusion, the slow outward current results from an increased K+
      conductance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2411886
TI  - FMRF-amide-like substances in the leech. I. Immunocytochemical localization.
AB  - FMRF-amide-like immunoreactivity (FLI) was localized to approximately 50 neurons
      in each segmental ganglion of the medicinal leech using immunocytochemical
      techniques. Although most of these neurons were iterated in each segmental
      ganglion, some were more restricted in their segmental distribution. The head and
      tail ganglia likewise contained numerous FMRF-amide-like immunoreactive cells. In
      addition to cell bodies, many nerve processes and varicosities were also
      immunoreactive throughout the ganglion. All labeling of FLI was blocked by
      preabsorption of the anti-FMRF-amide antiserum with synthetic FMRF-amide. Using a
      combination of Lucifer Yellow cellular injection and indirect immunofluorescence
      techniques, we identified several of the neurons possessing FLI. Identified
      neurons included excitatory motor neurons (HE, RPE, LPE, AE, and L), the HA
      modulatory neuron, interneuron cell 204, and cells of unknown function (AP). The
      processes of HE motor neurons and HA modulatory neurons which innervate the heart
      tubes were also immunoreactive. These results indicate a role for FMRF-amide-like
      substances as neurochemical signals in the leech.

PMID- 2411887
TI  - The neuropeptide FMRF-amide decreases both the Ca2+ conductance and a cyclic
      3',5'-adenosine monophosphate-dependent K+ conductance in identified molluscan
      neurons.
AB  - The molluscan neuropeptide FMRF-amide (10 to 50 microM) decreases the duration of
      the Ca2+-dependent action potential recorded in the cell body of identified
      neurons of the snail Helix aspersa (cells D3 and E2). In these neurons, FMRF
      amide evokes a decrease of the Ca2+ current resulting from a decrease in Ca2+
      conductance. In another single neuron, cell E11, FMRF-amide, besides evoking a
      decrease of the Ca2+ conductance, induces a decrease of the S-current (Klein, M.,
      J. S. Camardo, and E. R. Kandel (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U. S. A. 79: 5713
      5717), a K+ current controlled by cyclic AMP. However, in this E11 cell, FMRF
      amide also evokes a decrease of the amplitude of the Ca2+ spike plateau. As
      discussed in the preceding paper (Paupardin-Tritsch, D., L. Colombaioni, P.
      Deterre, and H. M. Gerschenfeld (1985) J. Neurosci. 5: 2522-2532), it is
      suggested that these FRMF-amide-induced modulations of ionic conductances
      involved in the Ca2+-dependent spike recorded in these neuronal somata may
      intervene in processes of presynaptic inhibition and facilitation.

PMID- 2411888
TI  - Voltage clamp analysis of tetrodotoxin-sensitive and -insensitive sodium channels
      in rat muscle cells developing in vitro.
AB  - Sodium currents in cultured rat muscle cells converted to myoballs by treatment
      with colchicine were recorded using a giga-ohm seal voltage clamp procedure in
      the whole cell configuration. The mean peak Na+ conductance of the myoballs was
      90 pS/microns2 of surface membrane. Half-maximal activation of Na+ currents was
      observed for test pulses to -31 mV and half-maximal inactivation was observed for
      prepulses to -74 mV. Titration of the inhibition of Na+ currents by tetrodotoxin
      (TTX) yielded a biphasic inhibition curve consistent with the presence of two
      classes of Na+ channels differing in affinity for TTX. The TTX-sensitive channels
      carried 28% of the Na+ current and had an apparent KD for TTX of 13 nM at 20
      degrees C. The TTX-insensitive Na+ channels had an apparent KD for TTX of 3.2
      microns. Inhibition of TTX-insensitive Na+ channels by TTX was enhanced by
      repetitive stimulation of the myoballs at 2 Hz, whereas the inhibition of TTX
      sensitive Na+ channels by TTX was not frequency dependent. We conclude that rat
      muscle cells developing in vitro synthesize physiologically functional, TTX
      sensitive Na+ channels in the absence of innervation. These channels, which are
      characteristic of adult skeletal muscle, function in parallel with TTX
      insensitive Na+ channels that are present in embryonic muscle.

PMID- 2411889
TI  - Diagnosis and management of large toxic multinodular goiters.
AB  - Toxic multinodular goiters, estimated weight 100 g or more, occurred in 35
      patients between 1961 and 1984. All but two were older than 50; 32 were females.
      Twenty had goiters of 100-130 g; four of 140-200 g; and 11 were massive.
      Radioiodine uptakes were 30% or less for 22. Seven of 17 with both T4 and T3 data
      had T4 toxicosis. Thirty-two patients received radioiodine therapy, delivering
      200 microCi per gram when possible. Doses were 25-30 mCi for 17 patients; 50-100
      mCi for 12 patients, and 150-200 mCi for three patients. Hyperthyroidism was
      eliminated with one dose in 25 patients (78%); five patients required two doses.
      Twenty-two patients were euthyroid after radioiodine; 25 of 28 had persistent
      goiters. Two patients were treated successfully surgically. One refused surgery
      and radioiodine, and has been maintained on antithyroid drugs for 10 yr. Two
      patients died within a few months of an unsuccessful initial dose of radioiodine.
      Large dose radioiodine therapy is simple, safe, and effective for most patients
      with large toxic multinodular goiters.

PMID- 2411890
TI  - Endochondral ossification of the condyle in rats on a strontium or low-calcium
      diet.
AB  - The mechanism of abnormal endochondral ossification induced by administration of
      strontium salts was studied in the mandibular condyles of rats by radiographic,
      histologic, and histochemical methods. It was shown by radiographic and
      histologic findings that ossification of the mandibular ramus was clearly
      inhibited in rats fed a low-calcium diet and rats fed a strontium diet. The
      change in appearance of the mandibular condyles of the rats fed strontium was
      more severe than that in those fed low amounts of calcium. From the histochemical
      findings, it was suggested that the metabolic dysfunction of chondroitin sulfate,
      periodic acid-Schiff positive materials, and collagen in the hypertrophic zone of
      the condylar cartilage (or in the part corresponding to trabecular bone of the
      mandibular ramus) was one factor inhibiting normal endochondral ossification.

PMID- 2411891
TI  - Rabies therapy for animal bites in the head and neck region.
AB  - Facial wounds inflicted by bites and scratches during an animal attack require
      proper wound management and the formulation of a rational treatment plan that
      considers an important possible sequela--rabies. Presented is a review of the
      current protocol for the proper evaluation and management of this condition.

PMID- 2411892
TI  - Altered orientation of glycosaminoglycans and cellular changes in the tibial
      cartilage in the first two weeks of experimental canine osteoarthritis.
AB  - Changes in the cellularity and in the nature of the matrix were studied in the
      cartilages of the tibial plateau in experimentally induced arthritis in the dog,
      7 and 14 days after section of the anterior cruciate ligament. Samples from the
      different regions of these cartilages were chilled and sectioned in a cryostat,
      with a variable microtome chuck to allow precise orientation of the specimens.
      The samples were examined by normal light microscopy, by microscopic
      interferometry, and by quantitative polarized light microscopy. The orientation
      of the glycosaminoglycans was assessed by the new "induced birefringence" method.
      The results indicated that only the region of the medial tibial cartilage that
      was unprotected by the meniscus was affected, showing increased water content,
      loss of superficial cells, and a decrease in orientation of the
      glycosaminoglycans. Whereas the birefringence of the collagen was unaffected, the
      superficial area that lacked oriented glycosaminoglycans was markedly increased;
      this may be a useful indicator of early osteoarthritic changes.

PMID- 2411893
TI  - Comparative study of neutral proteoglycanase activity by growth plate zone.
AB  - The degradation of proteoglycans has been considered an essential step in the
      process of endochondral ossification. Neutral proteases, described in the growth
      plate, have been implicated in this process. If these neutral proteases are
      important in the endochondral process, their level of activity should be highest
      at the point where calcification is occurring. This study measures neutral
      protease activity with a quantitative viscometric assay throughout all zones of
      the bovine growth plate. The results demonstrate that the enzyme is present
      throughout all zones of the growth plate. However, enzyme levels in the lower
      hypertrophic and calcifying zones are significantly higher than anywhere else.
      The enzymes came from the cartilage cells and not from the invading vasculature.
      This implied proof of the role of neutral proteases in the endochondral process
      implies that by inhibiting this class of enzymes, one should be able to block
      endochondral ossification.

PMID- 2411894
TI  - Comparative study of porous hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate as bone
      substitute.
AB  - This study was performed to quantitate the bone ingrowth and biodegradability of
      porous calcium phosphate. Two kinds of coralline hydroxyapatite (CHA), along with
      sintered tricalcium phosphate (TCP), were evaluated. All implants had totally
      interconnecting pores. These pores measured 260-600 mu for CHA-Goniopora (CHAG),
      190-230 microns for CHA-Porites (CHAP), and 100-300 microns for TCP. Cylindrical
      implants (3 mm in diameter by 8 mm in length) were implanted into the diaphyses
      of rabbit tibias for 3 to 24 weeks. The quantity of regenerated bone, remaining
      implant, nonmineralized space, and the middle two quarters of the cortical area
      were measured by a computerized operator-assisted analysis for bone
      histomorphometry. At 3 weeks after implantation, 17.3% of CHAG, 11.3% of CHAP,
      and 7.0% of TCP were infiltrated by regenerated bone. At 24 weeks, 56.1% of CHAG,
      52.7% of CHAP, and 44.7% of TCP were occupied by lamellar-type bone. Implant
      degradation was noted to be 46.4% for TCP and 27.5% for CHAP. In contrast, CHAG
      did not show appreciable degradation until 24 weeks.

PMID- 2411895
TI  - Amelioration of oxygen-induced osteoporosis in the in vitro fetal rat tibia with
      a capacitively coupled electrical field.
AB  - Near-term fetal rat tibiae were grown in M.E.M. Eagle/NCTC 135/15% newborn calf
      serum in 5% carbon dioxide and 5, 10, 21, 35, 60, and 90% oxygen for 3, 7, 10,
      and 14 days. Linear growth of the explants, as measured from macrophotographs of
      the explants at day zero and each of the days above, was greatest in the lower
      oxygen concentrations and least in the higher oxygen concentrations. Breaking
      strengths of the tibial diaphyses were significantly reduced in those explants
      grown in 60 and 90% oxygen. When the fetal rat tibiae were grown in 60% oxygen
      for 7 days and were subjected to a capacitively coupled electrical signal (sine
      wave, 60 kHz, 10 V peak-to-peak output signal; current density and field in the
      culture dish calculated to be 5.2 microA/cm2 and 0.32 mV/cm, respectively), the
      breaking strengths and middiaphyseal widths were statistically significantly
      greater than control tibiae grown in 60% oxygen alone. It is concluded that an
      appropriate capacitively coupled electrical field can inhibit an oxygen-induced
      osteoporosis in an in vitro mammalian long bone model.

PMID- 2411896
TI  - Fracture healing in the rabbit fibula when subjected to various capacitively
      coupled electrical fields.
AB  - The effect of capacitively coupled electrical stimulation on the healing of
      midshaft transverse osteotomies of the rabbit fibula is assessed
      roentgenographically, mechanically, and histologically. The results show that a
      dose-response curve for capacitive coupling and fracture healing exists and that
      a 220 mV, 250 microA, 60 kHz applied electrical signal (0.33 V/cm internal
      electric field) is the most effective signal for fracture stimulation in this
      model.

PMID- 2411897
TI  - [The mechanism of allergic reaction in the nasal mucosa].

PMID- 2411898
TI  - [Effect of the combination of cisplatin and peplomycin on Ehrlich ascites
      carcinoma and on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma transplanted to nude
      mice].

PMID- 2411899
TI  - [Fundamental study on the combination therapy of cisplatin and peplomycin].

PMID- 2411900
TI  - Immunocytochemical identification of cell types in pleomorphic adenoma, with
      particular reference to myoepithelial cells.
AB  - An immunocytochemical study was carried out on normal salivary gland tissue and
      ten salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas. Antibodies to myosin were used to stain
      myoepithelial cells. Duct cells were stained using an antibody to total keratin
      and a subpopulation of basal duct cells with an antibody to 45/46K keratins.
      Basement membranes were stained with anti-type IV collagen. The results
      demonstrated that myoepithelial cells are relatively rare in the majority of
      pleomorphic adenomas and that many of the cells which have been classically
      described as myoepithelial in routine histological preparations do not clearly
      show this type of differentiation. However, the tumors presented a spectrum of
      differentiation patterns from those that were mainly ductal to the rare tumour
      which was largely myoepithelial. It is further suggested that the 45/46K keratin
      antibody is capable of identifying a subpopulation of cells which could possibly
      be important in the histogenesis of this tumour.

PMID- 2411901
TI  - Immunohistochemical staining of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with monoclonal antibodies
      specific for the leucocyte common antigen.
AB  - Forty cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) have been stained with monoclonal
      antibodies (F8-11-13, F-10-89-4 and Dako LC) to the Leucocyte Common Antigen (LC)
      in both cryostat and paraffin sections with an immunoperoxidase technique. In
      cryostat sections all B-cell lymphomas (25/25) reacted with F10-89-4 and Dako LC,
      whilst the majority (23/25) stained with F8-11-13; of the T-cell lymphomas
      studied, all reacted with F10-89-4 (6/60 and Dako LC (4/4), however 2/6 did not
      react with F8-11-13. Similar variability in reaction was observed in malignant
      histiocytosis where 1/3 did not react with F8-11-13 whilst all three reacted with
      F10-89-4 and Dako LC. In paraffin sections (using the two MCabs F8-11-13 and Dako
      LC) three of the 25 B-cell lymphomas failed to stain with either F8-11-13 or Dako
      LC (one lymphocytic lymphoma and two lymphomas showing plasmacytic
      differentiation). The remainder of the B-cell lymphomas reacted with both
      antibodies. Six out of 12 T-cell lymphomas did not stain with either F8-11-13 or
      Dako LC, using our standard immunoperoxidase procedure. Staining with Dako LC was
      however detected in all cases of T-cell lymphoma when incubation with primary
      antibody was extended from thirty minutes (standard) to overnight. This study
      confirmed that LC can be detected in all NHL in cryostat sections, and that in
      the majority of B-cell NHL the higher molecular weight component of LC was
      demonstrable using F8-11-13. Difficulty in detecting LC determinants after tissue
      processing for paraffin sections in a number of cases of NHL, especially those of
      T-cell type or showing plasmacytic differentiation, suggests that lack of
      reaction with these antibodies does not always preclude the diagnosis of
      lymphoma.

PMID- 2411902
TI  - Secretory IgA antibody response against Escherichia coli antigens in infants in
      relation to exposure.

PMID- 2411903
TI  - Antigen-antibody analyses in neurocysticercosis.
AB  - In this report we show that there are 37 polypeptides of larval Taenia solium
      which react with antibodies from humans with neurocysticercosis. Six of these 37
      polypeptides are recognized by antibodies present in the sera of both patients
      and control individuals. Thus, a minimum of 31 antigens are specific for
      cysticerci. We describe herein the antigens more frequently recognized by the
      patients, and the immunoglobulin classes favored in antibody production against
      each of the cysticercal antigens. It was found that there are 10 major
      polypeptides with molecular weights of 200,000, 64,000, 62,000-61,000, 53,000,
      45,000, 41,000, 36,000-35,000, 30,000 and 16,000 daltons. About 65% of the larval
      components found to be antigenic are glycoproteins with oligosaccharide chains
      containing N-acetyl-D-glycosamine and alpha-D-galactose. These results suggest
      that the sugar moieties of glycoproteins may play a role in the antigenicity of
      larval T. solium. Based on these observations polypeptides with molecular weights
      of 64,000, 53,000, and 32,000-30,000 daltons are probably the best choice as
      sources of antigen to develop an optimal immunological test for the serological
      diagnosis of neurocysticercosis.

PMID- 2411904
TI  - Intestinal resection in the neonatal rat: stimulus for precocious intestinal
      maturation.
AB  - To investigate whether intestinal resection accelerates mucosal maturation in
      suckling rats, macromolecular absorption, sucrase and lactase activity, RNA/DNA
      ratios, and intestinal morphology were determined 5 days after partial small
      intestinal resection or intestinal transection in 15-day-old rats. Villous height
      and crypt depth, lactase and sucrase activity, and RNA/DNA ratios were
      significantly increased in remaining intestine in animals that underwent surgery.
      These animals, together with normal control animals, were also gavaged with 100
      mg bovine serum albumin, and serum levels were determined after 2.5 h. Mean serum
      levels of bovine serum albumin were 0.135 +/- 0.034 micrograms/ml/cm of residual
      intestine after transsection, 0.257 +/- 0.078 micrograms/ml/cm after resection,
      and 0.404 +/- 0.030 micrograms/ml/cm in controls. These studies demonstrate that
      intestinal resection during the suckling period of the infant rat results in
      several morphologic and physiologic changes that resemble precocious maturation
      of the small intestine.

PMID- 2411905
TI  - Ethanol and fetal nutrition: effect of chronic ethanol exposure on rat placental
      growth and membrane-associated folic acid receptor binding activity.
AB  - Rat placental composition and specific folate receptor activity were measured at
      20 days gestation in dams exposed to chronic high doses of ethanol (6%, vol/vol)
      throughout gestation and in isocalorically pair-fed controls. Ethanol-exposed
      fetuses were smaller (ethanol = 3.28 +/- 0.08 vs. control = 4.01 +/- 0.10 g, p
      less than 0.001), but their placentae were larger (experimental = 0.534 +/- 0.02
      vs. control = 0.399 +/- 0.01 g, p less than 0.001). The increased weight appears
      to be secondary to hyperplasia as total DNA was increased while the wet/dry,
      RNA/DNA, and protein/DNA ratios were not different. Despite larger placentae,
      specific folate receptor activity was significantly reduced in the ethanol
      exposed tissue, whether expressed relative to membrane protein, placental weight,
      or total placental binding. These results confirm that ethanol exposure is
      placentotoxic and suggest an additional mechanism by which ethanol may lead to
      intrauterine growth retardation; namely, decreased folate receptor activity.

PMID- 2411906
TI  - Calcium antagonist-like actions of coumarins isolated from "Qian-Hu" on
      anaphylactic mediator release from mast cell induced by concanavalin A.
AB  - The effects of coumarins on anaphylactic mediator release from rat mast cells
      were investigated. Since Pd-Ia (3'-angeloyloxy-4'-acetoxy-3',4'-dihydroseselin)
      causes relaxation of smooth muscle by inhibiting calcium influx, and since
      mediator release is a calcium-dependent process, studies were made on whether
      coumarins block calcium influx into rat mast cells stimulated by concanavalin A.
      Pd-Ia isolated from Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn and related compounds, named Pd
      C-II, Pd-C-III and Pd-C-IV, from Peucedanum decursivum Maxim., (Angelica
      decursiva Fr. et Sav.) inhibited anaphylactic mediator release from purified mast
      cells induced by concanavalin A with phosphatidylserine; their IC50 values were
      79, 100, 102 and 73 microM, respectively. Pd-III, decursidin and water-soluble
      analogues of Pd-Ia (Pd-Ia-OH, Pd-Ia-OCH2CH3) did not inhibit the release. Thus
      the inhibitory actions of coumarins on calcium influx seemed to depend on the
      chemical structures of these compounds; an acetoxyl residue at position 3' or 4'
      on the seselin or xanthyletin skeleton might be essential for an inhibitory
      effect. Furthermore, Pd-Ia and Pd-C-III caused more than 40% reduction in 45Ca
      uptake induced by concanavalin A, whereas decursidin had little effect on it.
      Therefore, the inhibitions of mediator release of mast cells by some of coumarins
      from "Qian-Hu" seem to depend on their effects in blocking calcium influx.

PMID- 2411907
TI  - Potentiation of antitumor effect of bleomycin by lipid-surfactant mixed micelles.
      I. In vivo and tumor-neutralizing activity against mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor
      and rat ascites hepatoma AH66.
AB  - Mixed micelles (MM) composed of polyoxyethylated (60 mol) hydrogenated castor oil
      (HCO60) as a harmless surfactant and linoleic acid (LA) as an essential fatty
      acid potentiated the antitumor activity of bleomycin (BLM). In the in vivo
      experiment, intraperitoneal administration of BLM with MM significantly prolonged
      the survival time of male ddY mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumor and male Donryu
      rats bearing ascites hepatoma AH 66 inoculated intraperitoneally, compared with
      that of animals treated with BLM alone, BLM with HCO60, and BLM with LA,
      respectively, whereas MM had no antitumor effect to both tumors. Also in Winn
      type tumor-neutralizing assay in which 10 male ddY mice were innoculated
      intraperitoneally with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells preincubated with a test
      material, BLM with MM showed a more marked enhancing activity with 3 surviving
      tumor-free mice than did BLM alone.

PMID- 2411908
TI  - [Structures and functions of biometallochromophores].

PMID- 2411909
TI  - Examination of the Sephadex G10 beads uptake method for determination of bile
      salt monomer concentration in taurocholate-lecithin solutions.
AB  - Experiments have been undertaken to examine the validity of the method of Ammon
      and Walter for the determination of bile acid monomer concentrations in
      taurocholate-lecithin (TC-L) solutions. The procedure involves, basically, the
      uptake of the bile acid monomer by Sephadex G10 beads (exclusion limits 700 Da)
      in the presence of a suitable aqueous phase marker (raffinose). Several of the
      experimental variables involved in the bead-washing technique have been
      critically studied, and good precision in data (SD in the range of +/- 2-5% of
      the mean value) has been obtained. Monomer concentrations determined in the
      absence of lecithin over a wide range (10-70 mM) of TC were found to be in
      agreement with those obtained by Ammon. Most important, however, is the finding
      that TC monomer concentrations at constant NMBS were found to be constant in all
      solutions containing or not containing lecithin [here, the nonmixed micelle bile
      salt (NMBS) is the total bile salt concentration, but not including species
      involving lecithin, and is determined by dialysis equilibrium experiments].

PMID- 2411910
TI  - Enzyme inhibition. VIII: Mode of inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity by
      analogues, isomers, and related alkaloids of coralyne.
AB  - Coralyne analogues, isomers, and related alkaloids were examined as inhibitors of
      reverse transcriptase of RNA tumor viruses in the presence of polyriboadenylic
      acid-oligodeoxythymidylic acid (Poly rA.oligo dT), polydeoxyadenylic acid
      oligodeoxythymidylic acid (Poly dA.oligo dT), polyribocytidylic acid
      oligodeoxyguanylic acid (Poly rC.oligo dG), activated calf thymus DNA, and 70S
      RNA template primers. The inhibition of the reverse transcriptase exhibited by
      analogues, isomers, and related alkaloids of coralyne was due to the interaction
      of the alkaloids with the template primers and was competitive. Furthermore, the
      addition of the alkaloids stopped instantly the DNA polymerization processes.
      Comparison of the inhibition of reverse transcriptase, antileukemic activities
      exhibited by the alkaloids, and the structure-activity relationships have been
      published elsewhere.

PMID- 2411911
TI  - Interactions of edrophonium, physostigmine and methanesulfonyl fluoride with the
      snake end-plate acetylcholine receptor-channel complex.
AB  - The actions of two reversible anticholinesterase agents, edrophonium and
      physostigmine, were compared with the irreversible agent methanesulfonyl fluoride
      (MSF) on miniature end-plate currents (MEPCs) and ACh-induced end-plate current
      fluctuations recorded from twitch fibers of costocutaneous muscles of garter
      snakes (Thamnophis sp.). Low concentrations of edrophonium (less than 25 microM)
      produced a concentration-dependent increase in both the MEPC amplitude and the
      time constant of MEPC decay. MEPCs recorded at all concentrations studied (25-100
      microM) decayed as a single exponential function with time. As the concentration
      of edrophonium was increased, MEPC amplitude was initially increased and then
      decreased such that, at concentrations above 50 microM, MEPC amplitude was
      decreased below control values. Concentrations of edrophonium greater than 30
      microM produced power density spectra that required the sum of two Lorentzian
      components--one faster and one slower than control. Single-channel conductance
      was not significantly altered by edrophonium. Low concentrations of physostigmine
      (less than 10 microM) increased MEPC amplitude and prolonged MEPC decay. Higher
      concentrations of physostigmine (10-100 microM) decreased mean peak MEPC
      amplitude and accelerated MEPC decay in a concentration-dependent manner. The
      relationship between MEPC decay and membrane potential was reduced, and then
      reversed, with increasing concentrations of physostigmine. Current fluctuation
      spectra recorded in physostigmine were described by a single Lorentzian function
      at all membrane voltages and concentrations studied. Increasing the concentration
      of physostigmine or membrane hyperpolarization did not alter single-channel
      conductance but shortened the apparent lifetime of open end-plate channels. MSF
      increased MEPC amplitude and increased the time constant of MEPC decay without
      altering the temperature and voltage dependence of both MEPC decay and channel
      lifetime determined from end-plate current fluctuations. Exposure of MSF-treated
      end-plates to either edrophonium or physostigmine produced results that were
      similar to those obtained before MSF treatment. These results demonstrate that
      edrophonium and physostigmine have direct actions on the end-plate receptor
      channel complex that are unrelated to their inhibitory action on junctional
      acetylcholinesterase.

PMID- 2411912
TI  - Acetylcholine- and 5-hydroxytryptamine-stimulated contraction and calcium uptake
      in bovine coronary arteries: evidence for two populations of receptor-operated
      calcium channels.
AB  - The relative ability of acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) to contract
      the vascular smooth muscle of bovine ventricular coronary arteries by mobilizing
      extracellular calcium was investigated. Methysergide and atropine specifically
      inhibited contractions to 5-HT and acetylcholine, respectively. Acetylcholine
      produced a sustained increase in calcium influx and a relatively sustained
      contraction. Contractions produced by 5-HT have previously been shown to be more
      transient than those by acetylcholine, and 5-HT increases calcium influx only
      transiently. The contraction produced by acetylcholine, but not that produced by
      5-HT, was inhibited by 1 microM diltiazem to a level not different from that
      produced in Ca-free physiological saline solution. Verapamil at 0.1 microM did
      not inhibit an acetylcholine contraction. Steady-state tension produced by KCl
      was greatly inhibited by 1 microM diltiazem and 0.1 microM verapamil. Force
      produced in a calcium-free medium by acetylcholine and 5-HT was not additive.
      After depletion of the agonist-releasable intracellular calcium pool, however,
      force produced by acetylcholine plus 5-HT in the presence of extracellular
      calcium was additive. Likewise, calcium influx produced by both agents together
      was significantly greater than that produced by either agent alone. These results
      suggest that, in the smooth muscle of bovine ventricular coronary arteries, 5-HT
      and acetylcholine do not operate the same calcium channels.

PMID- 2411913
TI  - Influence of a change in stimulation rate on action potentials, currents and
      contractions in rat ventricular cells.
AB  - The effects of a change in stimulation rate on electrical activity and
      accompanying contraction were investigated in ventricular cells isolated from rat
      heart; the cells were stimulated to contract either by brief depolarization
      pulses which evoked action potentials, or, under voltage-clamp conditions, by
      step depolarizations. An increase in stimulation rate from 0.3 to 3 Hz resulted
      in a gradual reduction in the amplitude of contraction and attenuation of the
      late phase of the action potential. These changes were less marked at more
      depolarized potentials. The ventricular cells were voltage clamped at -40 mV and
      initially stimulated at 0.3 Hz by step depolarizations to 0 mV for 10 or 100 ms,
      which activated the second inward current (Isi) and an accompanying contraction.
      The amplitude and time course of contraction were similar with the two pulse
      durations. When the duration of the depolarization was 100 ms, an increase in
      stimulation rate to 3 Hz caused a gradual decline in the amplitude of Isi and of
      the evoked contraction; at the same time extra contractions and small, transient
      inward currents appeared in addition to the evoked contractions and Isis. There
      was a reduction in the early component of decay of Isi at 3 Hz. With a
      depolarizing pulse duration of 10 ms, an increase in stimulation rate to 3 or to
      4.2 Hz did not change the amplitude of the evoked Isi or contraction and no extra
      contractions or currents appeared. Intracellular EGTA abolished all contractions
      in the cells and an increase in the rate of stimulation with 100 ms pulses did
      not then induce transient inward currents. There was some decrease in the Isi
      amplitude but this was not as marked as in the absence of EGTA and the time
      course of current decay was similar at the two rates. Ryanodine prevented the
      appearance of extra contractions and currents when the stimulation rate was
      increased to 3 Hz and, as in the presence of intracellular EGTA, there was a
      small decrease in Isi amplitude while the time course of decay was similar at the
      two stimulation rates. The time course of recovery of Isi from inactivation, as
      shown by a double-pulse procedure, was altered when the duration of the first
      pulse was reduced from 100 to 10 ms, an extra inactivation of Isi being seen at
      pulse intervals of 20-100 ms. This extra component of inactivation was not seen
      with intracellular EGTA or in the presence of ryanodine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2411914
TI  - Effects of thyroid hormone on calcium handling in cultured chick ventricular
      cells.
AB  - Mechanisms underlying thyroid hormone-induced changes in myocardial contractile
      state were investigated by studying the effects of triiodothyronine (T3) on Ca2+
      fluxes across the sarcolemmal membrane and Ca2+ handling by the sarcoplasmic
      reticulum, using spontaneously contracting monolayers of cultured chick embryo
      ventricular cells. Cells were grown in serum-free medium containing either no T3
      or 10(-8) M-T3 for 48 h. At [Ca2+]o levels of 0.6 and 1.2 mM, the velocity of
      cell contraction was significantly greater in cells grown in 10(-8) M-T3 than in
      its absence. At higher [Ca2+]o, no differences in the velocity of contraction
      were noted. 45Ca2+ exchange kinetic studies showed a biexponential pattern with a
      rapid and a slow component of uptake in cells grown both with and without 10(-8)
      M-T3. The rate of the rapid phase of uptake and total Ca2+ content were higher in
      cells grown in T3, with the increment in content ascribable to the rapidly
      exchangeable Ca2+ pool. Verapamil partially inhibited the T3-induced increase in
      the rapidly exchangeable pool. 45Ca2+ uptake in response to a step change to Na+
      free medium in the presence of 1 microM-verapamil was significantly greater in
      cells grown in 10(-8) M-T3 than in T3-free medium. Cells grown in T3 showed 20%
      greater beating rate than cells grown in its absence. A similar increase in
      beating rate achieved by lowering [K+]o from 4.0 to 3.0 mM or by electrical
      stimulation failed to affect the rate of 45Ca2+ uptake or the size of the rapidly
      exchangeable pool; pacing-induced increases in rate resulted in reduction rather
      than augmentation of contractile state. Ca2+ efflux rate was greater in cells
      grown in 10(-8) M-T3 than in T3-free medium, whereas cells loaded with various
      levels of Ca2+ acutely by incubation at selected [Ca2+]o levels had similar
      efflux rates. Replacement of Na+ by choline in the efflux medium resulted in
      elevated Ca2+ efflux rates in cells grown both with and without T3; however, it
      remained greater in cells grown in 10(-8) M-T3 than in its absence. Caffeine (20
      mM) in the efflux medium increased Ca2+ efflux to a greater degree in cells grown
      in T3 than without it. Caffeine also produced a greater tonic contraction in T3
      treated cells than in cells grown in absence of T3 in Na+- and Ca2+-free
      medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2411915
TI  - A calcium-activated chloride current generates the after-depolarization of rat
      sensory neurones in culture.
AB  - Neurones from the dorsal root ganglia of 1-day-old rat pups were grown in
      dissociated culture and voltage clamped using patch electrodes for whole-cell
      recording. The pipettes were filled with either 140 mM-KCl or CsCl. Depolarizing
      voltage jumps activated net inward calcium currents in all neurones, which in a
      subpopulation of 46% were followed by slowly decaying inward tail currents
      accompanied by large increases in membrane conductance. During voltage jumps to
      membrane potentials more positive than 0 mV the inward calcium current was
      contaminated by a slow outward relaxation only in those neurones with slow inward
      tail currents. The availability curve for the slow inward tail current was U
      shaped, with a peak at approximately +5 mV in medium containing 2.5 mM-Ca2+;
      further depolarization reduced the amplitude of the tail current. During
      perfusion with calcium-free solution, or in the presence of the calcium-channel
      blockers cadmium or cobalt, or on substitution of barium for calcium, both the
      slow inward tail currents and outward relaxations were reversibly blocked. The
      reversal potential of the slow inward tail current, measured using a twin-pulse
      protocol, was approximately -10 mV. Replacement of sodium by tetraethylammonium
      (TEA) did not reduce the slow inward tail current, nor change its reversal
      potential. Reduction of the extracellular chloride activity produced a large
      increase in the amplitude of the slow inward tail current suggesting an increase
      in permeability to anions. This conductance, which behaves as though activated by
      prior or concurrent calcium entry triggered by membrane potential depolarization,
      is referred to as ICl(Ca). The activation and deactivation kinetics of ICl(Ca)
      are complex: envelope experiments measuring peak tail current amplitude revealed
      activation to be described by a single exponential function, of time constant
      approximately 100 ms at -10 to +8 mV. The integral of the tail currents increased
      with the duration of depolarizing pre-pulses suggesting accumulation of
      intracellular calcium. The decay of tail currents activated by short depolarizing
      voltage jumps was described by a single exponential function of time constant
      approximately 200 ms at -60 mV; more complex decay kinetics were recorded
      following activation by voltage jumps of duration greater than 60 ms. Tail
      current decay was voltage sensitive, becoming faster with hyperpolarization and
      increasing e-fold per 120 mV change in membrane potential.

PMID- 2411916
TI  - On the potassium conductance increased by opioids in rat locus coeruleus
      neurones.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from locus coeruleus neurones in slices cut
      from rat pons and superfused in vitro. Membrane currents were recorded with a
      single-electrode switch-clamp amplifier. Opioids, enkephalin analogues or
      morphine, caused a concentration-dependent potassium current, which had a maximum
      value of about 300 pA at -60 mV. The opioid-sensitive potassium conductance was
      independent of membrane potential between -60 and -130 mV, but became less as the
      membrane potential was changed from -60 to -30 mV. The opioid outward current was
      reduced by quinine (100 microM-1 mM) and barium (30 microM-2 mM), but not by 4
      aminopyridine (100 microM-1 mM) or tetraethylammonium (10 mM). A potassium
      current with similar properties flowed for several seconds after a burst of
      action potentials; this appeared to result from calcium entering the neurone
      during the action potentials. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists noradrenaline and
      clonidine caused a concentration-dependent potassium conductance increase which
      had the same maximum value as that caused by opioids in the same neurones.
      Experiments in which an opioid and an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist were
      superfused together indicated that the same potassium conductance is increased by
      both agonists.

PMID- 2411917
TI  - Submucosal plexus and electrolyte transport across rat colonic mucosa.
AB  - Electrolyte transport across two preparations of mucosa from rat colon descendens
      was compared to determine what influence the submucosal plexus has on electrolyte
      transport. One preparation consisted of the mucosa, muscularis mucosae, and the
      submucosal tissue and is referred to as the mucosa-submucosa preparation. The
      second preparation obtained by further blunt dissection of the mucosa-submucosa
      preparation consisted of only the mucosa and the circular muscle layer of
      muscularis mucosae and is referred to as the mucosa preparation. Histological
      studies showed that the submucosal tissue and the longitudinal layer of
      muscularis mucosae could be removed leaving only the mucosa and the circular
      layer of muscularis mucosae. The extensive neuronal network of the submucosa was
      shown when the submucosal tissue and longitudinal muscle layer of muscularis
      mucosae, which were removed, were stained histochemically for
      acetylcholinesterase activity. Both the mucosa-submucosa and mucosa preparations
      absorbed Na+ and Cl- when short-circuited. However, Na+ and Cl- absorption were
      significantly higher in the mucosa preparation. The increase in Na+ and Cl-
      transport in the mucosa preparation was accompanied with a decrease in the short
      circuit current (Isc), the open-circuit potential difference (p.d.) and the
      transmural tissue conductance (Gt) when compared to the mucosa-submucosa
      preparation. Tetrodotoxin (TTX), a neurotoxin which blocks specifically the
      propagation of action potentials in excitable tissues, dose-dependently decreased
      Isc and p.d. in the mucosa-submucosa preparation when added to the serosal
      solution. The half-maximal effective concentration of TTX was 5 nM and maximal
      effective concentration 100 nM. TTX (1 microM) had no effect on Isc or p.d. when
      added to the mucosal solution. The decrease in Isc and p.d. caused by TTX in the
      mucosa-submucosa preparation was accompanied with an increase in Na+ and Cl-
      absorption. TTX caused only a small decrease in Isc and p.d. in the mucosa
      preparation. However, there was no measurable change in Na+ and Cl- transport in
      the mucosa preparation. The results suggest that spontaneously active neurones
      from the submucosal plexus have an inhibitory influence on the mucosa. Physical
      removal of the submucosal plexus or pharmacological blockade of the neurones
      within the mucosa-submucosa preparation by TTX led to enhanced absorption,
      suggesting that the set point of the mucosa for electrolyte transport is at or
      near a maximal absorptive state. Regulation or modulation of the mucosa may
      therefore occur by mechanisms that lower this set point, causing an inhibition of
      absorption of electrolytes.

PMID- 2411918
TI  - Properties of single potassium channels in vesicles formed from the sarcolemma of
      frog skeletal muscle.
AB  - The patch-clamp method was used to study unitary delayed rectifier K+ channels in
      large vesicles formed from the membrane of frog skeletal muscle. Channels were
      activated by depolarizing pulses. Single-channel conductance was about 15 pS in
      physiological [K+]o and was doubled by raising [K+]o to 120 mM. TEA+ caused an
      apparent reduction in single-channel current, which we attribute to a rapid
      block. When depolarizations were repeated at brief intervals, records with and
      without channel openings were ordered non-randomly, providing evidence for a slow
      process which was probably inactivation. In multichannel patches the relation
      between variance and mean current, binomial analysis, and the distribution of
      times for single and double openings were all consistent with channels behaving
      independently. Open times were distributed exponentially. Mean open time, tau o,
      increased with depolarization so that 1/tau o was an exponential function of
      voltage. First latency histograms peaked at times later than zero and could not
      be fitted by a scheme having only two closed states. Channel openings occurred in
      bursts and closed time histograms could be fitted by the sum of three
      exponentials. Our results imply a scheme with at least three closed states, an
      open and an inactivated state.

PMID- 2411919
TI  - Inactivation of calcium channels in mammalian heart cells: joint dependence on
      membrane potential and intracellular calcium.
AB  - Ca channel currents were recorded in Cs-loaded calf cardiac Purkinje fibres and
      Cs-dialysed myocytes from guinea-pig ventricle to evaluate the dependence of Ca
      channel inactivation on membrane depolarization and intracellular free Ca
      concentration ([Ca]i). The decay of Ca channel current during a maintained
      depolarization was slowed when external Ca was replaced by Sr or Ba. The decay
      reflected a genuine inactivation of Ca channel conductance, as assessed by the
      decreased amplitude of inward tail currents following progressively longer
      depolarizing pulses in ventricular cells. Increasing depolarization slowed inward
      current inactivation in the presence of extracellular Ca concentration ([Ca]o),
      but speeded inactivation in the presence of extracellular Ba concentration
      ([Ba]o), suggesting the participation of fundamentally different mechanisms. Ca
      channel currents were recorded in Ca-free external solutions to study 'voltage
      dependent inactivation'. Inactivation of outward Ca channel current due to Cs
      efflux was seen with external Ba or in the absence of any permeant divalent
      cation. With Ca as the charge carrier, increasing [Ca]o speeded the rate of
      inactivation as expected for [Ca]i-dependent inactivation. The relationship
      between inactivation and the intracellular Ca transient was assessed by double
      pulse experiments. Conditioning pulses that produced maximal inward Ca current
      and contractile tension left behind more inactivation than either stronger or
      weaker depolarizations. The agreement between maximal inward current and maximal
      inactivation remained close when their voltage dependence was shifted along the
      voltage axis by elevation of [Ca]o. We conclude that inactivation of cardiac Ca
      channels is both [Ca]i dependent and voltage dependent. The [Ca]i-dependent
      process may serve as a negative feed-back mechanism for regulating Ca entry into
      heart cells; the voltage-dependent mechanism may prevent a secondary rise in Ca
      channel current when intracellular Ca falls during maintained depolarization of
      cardiac cells.

PMID- 2411920
TI  - Slow inactivation of the calcium current of Paramecium is dependent on voltage
      and not internal calcium.
AB  - The isolated Ca2+ current from Paramecium caudatum was examined under voltage
      clamp with long conditioning depolarizations lasting for up to 5 min. The
      isolated transient Ca2+ current inactivates with tens of milliseconds due to Ca2+
      -dependent Ca2+ -channel inactivation (Brehm & Eckert, 1978). When this fast
      inactivation was blocked by internally delivered EGTA, a much slower inactivation
      of the Ca2+ current was discovered. This slow inactivation had time constants of
      tens of seconds, depending on voltage. The development of this slow inactivation
      was further examined by following the Ca2+ transient after 1 s interruptions of
      the long depolarization. This development is voltage dependent; the rate of
      inactivation is higher with a larger depolarization. After a long depolarization,
      the Ca2+ current returns in two clearly separable steps. A portion of the current
      returns rapidly along an exponential time course with time constants of tens to
      hundreds of milliseconds. The remainder of the current returns slowly with time
      constants of tens of seconds. A longer conditioning depolarization generates a
      larger portion that recovers slowly. Internally delivered EGTA, sufficient to
      prevent most of the fast inactivation, did not change the time course or the
      extent of either the onset or the removal of the slow inactivation. The compound
      W-7, which inhibits the Ca2+ current itself, does not block the onset of this
      slow inactivation during depolarization. We conclude that the slow inactivation
      of the Ca2+ channel is a mechanistically different phenomenon from the fast Ca2+ 
      dependent Ca2+ -channel inactivation. The possible physiological and behavioural
      roles of this slow inactivation are discussed.

PMID- 2411921
TI  - Membrane currents underlying the cholinergic slow excitatory post-synaptic
      potential in the rat sympathetic ganglion.
AB  - Non-nicotinic slow synaptic currents were recorded from voltage-clamped neurones
      in isolated rat superior cervical ganglia bathed in a solution containing d
      tubocurarine and (usually) 1 microM-neostigmine. Three components of slow
      synaptic current could be detected following repetitive preganglionic
      stimulation: a net inward current resulting from inhibition of the voltage
      dependent outward K+ current IM; a net outward current associated with a fall in
      membrane conductance when IM was deactivated by membrane hyperpolarization or
      inhibited with external Ba2+ or internal Cs+; and an occasional late inward
      current associated with an increased membrane conductance. As a result, synaptic
      current amplitudes showed complex changes with changes in membrane potential.
      Both the inward current associated with IM inhibition and the outward current
      were enhanced by neostigmine and blocked by atropine or pirenzepine, and
      therefore resulted from activation of muscarinic receptors. In unclamped
      neurones, equivalent stimulation produced a membrane depolarization and induced
      or facilitated repetitive spike discharges. It is concluded that the principal
      synaptic response to muscarinic receptor activation is IM inhibition, leading to
      a net inward current and increased excitability, but that this response may be
      modified under certain circumstances by other synaptic currents.

PMID- 2411922
TI  - An intracellular analysis of gamma-aminobutyric-acid-associated ion movements in
      rat sympathetic neurones.
AB  - Double-barrelled ion-sensitive micro-electrodes were used to measure the changes
      of the intracellular activities of Cl-, K+, and Na+ (aiCl, aiK, aiNa) in neurones
      of isolated rat sympathetic ganglia during the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA). The membrane potential of some of the neurones was manually 'voltage
      clamped' by passing current through the reference barrel of the ion-sensitive
      micro-electrode. This enabled us to convert the normal depolarizing action of
      GABA into a hyperpolarization. A GABA-induced membrane depolarization was
      accompanied by a decrease of aiCl, aiK and no change in aiNa, whereas a GABA
      induced membrane hyperpolarization resulted in an increase of aiCl, aiK and also
      no change in aiNa. GABA did not change the free intracellular Ca2+ concentration,
      as measured with a Ca2+-sensitive micro-electrode, whereas such an effect was
      seen during the action of carbachol. pH-sensitive electrodes, on the other hand,
      revealed a small GABA-induced extracellular acidification. The inward pumping of
      Cl- following the normal, depolarizing action of GABA required the presence of
      extracellular K+ as well as Na+, whereas CO2/HCO3--free solutions did not
      influence the uptake process. Furosemide, but not DIDS, blocked the inward
      pumping of Cl-. In conclusion, our data show that only changes in intracellular
      activities of K+ and Cl- are associated with the action of GABA. Furthermore,
      they indicate that a K+/Cl- co-transport, and not a Cl-/HCO3- counter-transport,
      may be involved in the homoeostatic mechanism which operates to restore the
      normal transmembrane Cl- distribution after the action of GABA.

PMID- 2411923
TI  - Long-term high frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (hi-TNS) in
      chronic pain. Clinical response and effects on CSF-endorphins, monoamine
      metabolites, substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) and pain measures.
AB  - Eighteen patients with chronic pain syndromes of organic origin were treated by
      means of high frequency transcutaneous nerve stimulation (hi-TNS). The CSF levels
      of receptorassayable Fraction I and II endorphins, substance P-like
      immunoreactivity (SPLI), and the monoamine metabolites 5-HIAA, HVA and MOPEG were
      measured before and after one week of daily treatment. Furthermore, the effects
      on experimental pain measures were determined. The therapeutic effect was
      evaluated after 30 days and 3 months of treatment. Patients with low initial
      concentrations of endorphins in CSF, lower than those observed in healthy
      volunteers, tended to have the best response to hi-TNS. There were significant
      increases in Fraction I endorphins and SPLI in CSF, most pronounced in the
      patients who responded. There were no significant changes in 5-HIAA, HVA or MOPEG
      in CSF. However, in early responders, the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA tended to
      decrease as contrasted to an increase in non-responders. The difference between
      the groups was statistically significant. Confirming our earlier studies, the
      therapy induced changes in pain measures showed a significant, positive
      correlation with increasing Fraction I endorphins in CSF. Our results suggest
      that hi-TNS induces central changes in the endorphinergic, serotonergic and
      possibly substance-P-ergic systems.

PMID- 2411924
TI  - [Osteoarticular lesions in Whipple's disease. Apropos of a destructive form and
      review of the literature].
AB  - A patient with Whipple's disease was considered as cured after treatment for two
      years, but relapse occurred as the neurological form. Radiographic imaging showed
      destructive osteoarticular lesions, with few or no symptoms, affecting the
      peripheral skeleton but also the sacroiliac joints. The published literature is
      reviewed and the different osteoarticular radiologic forms of the affection
      described.

PMID- 2411925
TI  - Dextran and adhesions in guinea-pigs.
AB  - This prospective, randomized, 'blind' study with guinea-pigs was performed to
      assess the possible benefit of 6% dextran 70 (molecular weight 70 000) in the
      prevention of post-operative intra-abdominal adhesions and recurrent adhesions
      after adhesiolysis. In 50 guinea-pigs lesions for inducing adhesions were applied
      at the end of the uterine horn. On the right side a strip lesion was made and on
      the left side an end-to-end anastomosis was performed after section. Before
      closing the peritoneum 20 ml 6% dextran 70 (N = 25) or saline (N = 25) were
      introduced into the peritoneal cavity. A second laparotomy 4 weeks later showed
      no differences in adhesion formation in the animals treated with 6% dextran 70
      and saline. In the animals with adhesions adhesiolysis was performed and 6%
      dextran 70 or saline was left in the peritoneal cavity. Again no beneficial
      effect of dextran was seen. The end-to-end procedure appeared to be far more
      suitable for producing adhesions than was the strip lesion.

PMID- 2411926
TI  - Synthesis and antiallergic activities of 1,3-oxazolo[4,5-h]quinolines.
AB  - A series of new 1,3-oxazolo[4,5-h]quinolines has been prepared. These compounds
      were tested as inhibitors of antigen-induced release of histamine (AIR) in vitro
      from rat peritoneal mast cells (RMC) and as inhibitors of IgE-mediated passive
      cutaneous anaphylaxis in the rat (PCA). After several modifications of the
      original lead, the most potent compound of the series was determined to be 5
      chloro-1,3-oxazolo[4,5-h]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (4a). It has an
      IC50 of 0.3 microM in the RMC assay and an ED50 (intraperitoneal) of 0.1 mg/kg in
      the PCA test, which is 10 times and 60 times more potent than disodium
      cromoglycate (DSCG), respectively. Of greater importance, it is orally active
      (ED50 = 0.5 mg/kg) as an inhibitor of the PCA test.

PMID- 2411927
TI  - Synthesis and biological evaluation of 9-[5'-(2-oxo-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorinan-2-yl)
      beta-D-arabinosyl]ade nine and 9-[5'-(2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl)-beta-D
      arabinosyl]ade nine: potential neutral precursors of 9-[beta-D
      arabinofuranosyl]adenine 5'-monophosphate.
AB  - 9-[5'-(2-Oxo-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorinan-2-yl)-beta-D-arabinosyl]adeni ne (1c) and 9
      [5'-(2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl)-beta-D-arabinosyl]adeni ne (1d) were
      synthesized by reaction of 9-[beta-D-arabinofuranosyl]adenine with phosphoryl
      chloride with 1-amino-3-propanol and 1,3-propanediol, respectively. 1c consisted
      of a mixture of diastereomers, while 1d was enantiomerically homogeneous. The
      structures of these compounds were established by spectral (1H NMR, MS, UV) and
      elemental analyses. Both 1c and 1d were resistant to degradation by 5'
      nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase, venom phosphodiesterase, crude snake venom,
      adenosine deaminase, and adenylate deaminase. Neither compound was significantly
      biotransformed by mouse hepatic microsomal preparations in the presence of an
      NADPH-generating system. Compound 1c was marginally effective at prolonging the
      life span of mice bearing P-388 leukemia; compound 1d, however, was inactive.

PMID- 2411928
TI  - Cyclic AMP-induced changes in membrane conductance of Necturus gallbladder
      epithelial cells.
AB  - Enhanced cellular cAMP levels have been shown to increase apical membrane Cl- and
      HCO3- conductances in epithelia. We found that the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3
      isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX) increases cAMP levels in Necturus gallbladder.
      We used conventional open-tip and double-barreled Cl- -selective microelectrodes
      to study the effects of IBMX on membrane conductances and intracellular Cl-
      activities in gallbladders mounted in a divided chamber and bathed with Ringer's
      solutions at 23 degrees C and pH 7.4. In HCO3- -free media, 0.1 mM IBMX added to
      the mucosal medium depolarized the apical membrane potential Va, decreased the
      fractional resistance FR, and significantly reduced intracellular Cl- activity
      (aCli). Under control conditions, aCli was above the value corresponding to
      passive distribution across the apical cell membrane. In media containing 25 mM
      HCO3-, IBMX caused a small transient hyperpolarization of Va followed by a
      depolarization not significantly different from that observed in HCO3- -free
      Ringer's. Removal of mucosal Cl-, Na+ or Ca2+ did not affect the IBMX-induced
      depolarization in Va. The basolateral membrane of Necturus gallbladder is highly
      K+ permeable. Increasing serosal K+ from 2.5 to 80 mM, depolarized Va. Mucosal
      IBMX significantly reduced this depolarization. Addition of 10 mM Ba2+, a K+
      channel blocker, to the serosal medium depolarized Va and, essentially, blocked
      the depolarization induced by IBMX. These results indicate that mucosal IBMX
      increases apical HCO3- conductance and decreases basolateral K+ conductance in
      gallbladder epithelial cells via a cAMP-dependent mechanism. The latter effect,
      not previously reported in epithelial tissues, appears to be the major
      determinant of the IBMX-induced depolarization of Va.

PMID- 2411929
TI  - Mechanism of inhibition of net ion transport across frog corneal epithelium by
      calcium channel antagonists.
AB  - In the isolated bullfrog cornea, three calcium channel antagonists had dose
      dependent inhibitory effects on the Cl-originated short-circuit current (SCC).
      Their order of decreasing potency was bepridil, verapamil and diltiazem. One
      millimolar diltiazem inhibited the SCC by 98% and subsequent incubation with the
      calcium ionophore A23187 had no restorative effect. Increasing the bathing
      solution Ca concentration from 0.05 to 15 mM, however, decreased diltiazem's
      inhibitory efficacy. This antagonist depolarized the intracellular potential
      difference Vsc from -54 to -18 mV (tear:reference) and the voltage divider ratio
      FRo decreased from 0.58 to 0.30, suggesting an increase in basolateral membrane
      electrical resistance. Additional indication of a basolateral membrane effect by
      the drug was that preincubation with 10(-5) M amphotericin B in Cl-free Ringer's
      did not eliminate the inhibitory effect of the drug on the Na- and K-elicited
      SCC. In the absence of amphotericin B in Cl-free Ringer's (SCC = 0), 1 X 10(-3) M
      diltiazem depolarized the Vsc from -78 to -9 mV suggesting that the increase in
      basolateral membrane resistance was due to K channel blockade. Diltiazem (1 X 10(
      3) M) significantly decreased cyclic AMP content; however, isoproterenol in the
      presence of the drug increased cyclic AMP fourfold without having any restorative
      effect on the inhibited SCC. Therefore, the inhibition of the Cl-originated SCC
      resulting from an increase in basolateral membrane K resistance is not caused by
      a decline in cyclic AMP content.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2411930
TI  - Action of tetraethylammonium on calcium-activated potassium channels in pig
      pancreatic acinar cells studied by patch-clamp single-channel and whole-cell
      current recording.
AB  - The effects of tetraethylammonium ions on currents through high-conductance
      voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ channels have been studied with the help of patch
      clamp single-channel and whole-cell current recording on pig pancreatic acinar
      cells. In excised outside-out membrane patches TEA (1 to 2 mM) added to the bath
      solution virtually abolishes unitary current activity except at very positive
      membrane potentials when unitary currents corresponding to a markedly reduced
      conductance are observed. TEA in a lower concentration (0.2 mM) markedly reduces
      the open-state probability and causes some reduction of the single-channel
      conductance. In inside-out membrane patches bath application of TEA in
      concentrations up to 2 mM has no effect on single-channel currents. At a higher
      concentration (10 mM) slight reductions in single-channel conductance occur. In
      whole-cell current recording experiments TEA (1 to 2 mM) added to the bath
      solution completely suppresses the outward currents associated with depolarizing
      voltage jumps to membrane potentials of 0 mV and blocks the major part (70 to
      90%) of the outward currents even at very positive membrane potentials (30 to 40
      mV). In contrast TEA (2 mM) added to the cell interior (pipette solution) has no
      effect on the outward K+ current. Our results demonstrate that TEA in low
      concentrations (1 to 2 mM) acts specifically on the outside of the plasma
      membrane to block current through the high-conductance Ca2+- and voltage
      activated K+ channels.

PMID- 2411931
TI  - Indirect effects of adenosine triphosphate on chloride secretion in mammalian
      colon.
AB  - The effects of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on short-circuit current (SCC) in rat
      colonic epithelium are described. ATP caused a large increase in inward-going
      current and was considerably more potent in this respect than ADP, AMP or
      adenosine. The response to ATP was sided, there being only minor effects when the
      nucleotide was added to the apical side of the tissue. The effects of ATP were
      not modified by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, eliminating
      eicosanoid formation as a mechanism. The effects of ATP were potentiated by
      theophylline and not blocked by alpha, beta-methylene ATP. The data are
      consistent with the effect being dependent on the activation of adenylate
      cyclase, but it has not been possible to classify the receptors into P1 or P2
      categories. Using inhibitors of NaCl cotransport (piretanide), carbonic anhydrase
      (acetazolamide), and chloride channels (diphenylamine-2-carboxylate), it was
      concluded that the SCC response to ATP was due to chloride secretion with,
      perhaps, a minor contribution from bicarbonate. Flux measurements with 22Na and
      36Cl confirmed this view, there being approximate equivalence of chloride
      secretion with the SCC responses. Additionally, flux measurements revealed an
      inhibition of electroneutral NaCl absorption in response to ATP. The effects of
      ATP were antagonized by tetrodotoxin (TTX), greater than 50% inhibition being
      achieved with 10 nM TTX. This result suggests that ATP does not act directly on
      receptors in the epithelial cells but rather on neuronal elements in the lamina
      propria. It will be necessary to re-examine other secretagogues for indirect
      effects of this kind and to search for the final effector neurotransmitter which
      evokes secretion.

PMID- 2411932
TI  - Single-channel analysis of a potassium inward rectifier in myocytes of newborn
      rat heart.
AB  - Unitary K+ currents in single cells isolated from ventricular muscle of newborn
      rat hearts were measured in response to different potentials and [K]o. The I/V
      curves were linear for potentials more negative than the zero-current voltage;
      especially in high [K]o (150 mM KCl), no clear outward currents could be detected
      indicating a drastic rectification in the inward direction. The channel is mainly
      selective to K+ but Na+ ions are also carried (PNa/PK = 0.056). The channel
      conductance is proportional to the square root of [K]o but Na+ ions seem to have
      a facilitatory effect on gamma K, the single-channel conductance. The channel
      activity, measured as Po, i.e. the probability to find the channel in open state,
      decreased as the membrane was hyperpolarized. This behavior was tentatively
      explained by an inactivation process as the membrane becomes more negative. The
      rate constants of the transitions between the different states were calculated
      according to a C-O-C model. A control of the gating process by permeant ion K+
      was postulated, based on the increase of one of the rate constants from the
      closed to the open state with [K]o. Finally, the macroscopic I/V curves
      calculated from Po and delta i, the unit current, were found to be characteristic
      of a ion-blocked inward rectifier.

PMID- 2411933
TI  - Pathological evidence for neurotransmitter deficits in Down's syndrome of middle
      age.
AB  - The number of nerve cells was counted and the volume of their nucleolus measured
      in the nucleus basalis of Meynert, the locus caeruleus, the dorsal motor vagus,
      the dorsal tegmental nucleus and the substantia nigra of seven patients with
      Down's syndrome, six of whom were over 50 years of age and showed within their
      cerebral cortex and hippocampus numerous senile plaques and neurofibrillary
      tangles. When compared with mentally-able age matched controls the youngest
      patient with Down's syndrome showed no substantial alterations in either number
      or nucleolar volume in any of these cell types. The six middle-aged patients
      showed significant loss of cells from nucleus basalis, locus caeruleus, dorsal
      motor vagus and dorsal tegmental nucleus but no loss from substantia nigra;
      nucleolar volume was, however, reduced in all five cell types. A similar pattern
      of change was seen in the six patients with Alzheimer's disease at that age. It
      is calculated that in both Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease of middle age
      there are similar degrees of damage to cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotonin
      neurotransmitter systems.

PMID- 2411934
TI  - Anticodon-anticodon interactions in solution. Studies of the self-association of
      yeast or Escherichia coli tRNAAsp and of their interactions with Escherichia coli
      tRNAVal.
AB  - The temperature-jump method was used to measure the thermodynamic and kinetic
      parameters of the yeast tRNAAsp (anticodon GUC) duplex, which involves a U/U
      mismatch in the middle position of the quasi self-complementary anticodon, and of
      the yeast tRNAAsp (GUC)-Escherichia coli tRNAVal (GAC) complex, in which the
      tRNAs have complementary anticodons. The existence of the tRNAAsp duplex
      involving GUC-GUC interactions as evidenced in the crystal structure has now been
      demonstrated in solution. However, the value of its association constant (Kass =
      10(4)M-1 at 0 degrees C) is characteristic of a rather weak complex, when
      compared with that between tRNAAsp and tRNAVal (Kass = 4 X 10(6) M-1 at 0 degrees
      C), the effect being essentially linked to differences in the rate constant for
      dissociation. tRNAAsp split in the anticodon by T1 ribonuclease gives no
      relaxation signal, indicating that the effects observed with intact tRNA were
      entirely due to anticodon interactions. No duplex formation was observed with
      other tRNAs having quasi self-complementary GNC anticodons (where N is C, A or
      G), such as E. coli tRNAGly (GCC), E. coli tRNAVal (GAC) or E. coli tRNAAla
      (GGC). This is compatible with the idea that, probably as in the crystal
      structure, a short double helix is formed in solution between the two GUC
      anticodons. Because of steric effects, such a complex formation would be hindered
      if a cytosine, adenine or guanine residue were located in the middle position of
      the anticodon. Escherichia coli tRNAAsp possessing a modified G residue, the Q
      base, at the first position of the anticodon, showed a weaker self-association
      than yeast tRNAAsp but its complex with E. coli tRNAVal was found to be only 1.5
      times less stable than that between yeast tRNAAsp and E. coli tRNAVal.
      Temperature-jump experiments conducted under conditions mimicking those used for
      the crystallization of yeast tRNAAsp (in the presence of 1.6 M-ammonium sulphate
      and 3mM-spermine) revealed an important stabilization of the yeast and E. coli
      tRNAAsp duplexes or of their complexes with E. coli tRNAVal. The effect is due
      exclusively to ammonium sulphate; it is entropy driven and its influence is
      reflected on the association rate constant; no influence on the dissociation rate
      constant was observed. For all tRNA-tRNA complexes, the melting temperature upon
      addition of ammonium sulphate was considerably increased. This study permits the
      definition of solution conditions in which tRNAs with appropriate anticodons
      exist mainly as anticodon-anticodon dimers.

PMID- 2411935
TI  - Evidence that discontinuous DNA replication in Escherichia coli is primed by
      approximately 10 to 12 residues of RNA starting with a purine.
AB  - Intact primer RNA for discontinuous DNA replication of Escherichia coli has been
      detected by specific labeling in vitro of its 5'-terminal tri- (or di-) phosphate
      group with vaccinia guanylyltransferase and [alpha-32P]GTP. A mutant defective
      either in RNase H or in both RNase H and DNA polymerase I accumulated about 10 or
      30 times more intact primer RNA, respectively, than wild-type cells. The primers
      started with purine in an A to G ratio of 5 and the most abundant 5'-terminal
      dinucleotide sequence was (p)ppA-Pu. The chain length of the intact primer RNA
      was approximately 10 to 12 nucleotide residues. The structural properties of the
      E. coli primer RNa resemble those of the eukaryotic primer RNA.

PMID- 2411936
TI  - Three-dimensional arrangement of the Escherichia coli 16 S ribosomal RNA.
AB  - A model for the arrangement of the Escherichia coli 16 S ribosomal RNA in the 30
      S ribosomal subunit is given. This model is based on the 16 S ribosomal RNA
      secondary structure, intramolecular RNA crosslinking results, protein-RNA
      interactions, and the locations of proteins within the 30 S subunit. These
      considerations allow placement of most of the RNA helices in approximate
      positions. The overall shape (that of an asymmetric Y) is very reminiscent of the
      description of the shape of the RNA made by direct determinations and is
      reasonably correlated to the appearance of the 30 S subunit. The identities of
      the three major secondary-structure domains of the 16 S ribosomal RNA are, for
      the most part, preserved. In addition, many close contacts between the 5' and
      middle RNA domains occur in the body of the particle. The 3'-terminal domain is
      situated in the central part of the model. This position corresponds to the
      region between the head and the platform structure in the 30 S subunit. The
      regions that represent the general locations of the messenger RNA and transfer
      RNA binding sites can be identified in the model.

PMID- 2411937
TI  - Structure of the Escherichia coli 16 S ribosomal RNA. Psoralen crosslinks and N
      acetyl-N'-(p-glyoxylylbenzoyl)cystamine crosslinks detected by electron
      microscopy.
AB  - Escherichia coli 16 S ribosomal RNA in reconstitution buffer has been
      photochemically crosslinked with aminomethyltrimethylpsoralen and chemically
      crosslinked with N-acetyl-N'-(p-glyoxylylbenzoyl)cystamine. The positions of
      crosslinking have been detected by viewing the molecules in the electron
      microscope. DNA restriction fragments that contain psoralen mono-adducts were
      hybridized and crosslinked to the samples so that the orientations of the
      crosslinked molecules were seen directly. A two-dimensional histogram method has
      been used to classify the different types of looped crosslinked molecules. These
      methods allow the identification of 13 distinct types of loops in the
      photochemically crosslinked molecules and 31 distinct types of loops in the
      chemically crosslinked molecules. The psoralen experiments are a reinvestigation
      of some of our earlier results. Some of the crosslinks were previously reported
      in the incorrect orientation; with the corrected orientation, seven of the
      psoralen crosslinks can now be correlated with complementarities in the proposed
      secondary-structure models. However, there are still six other psoralen
      crosslinks that indicate additional contacts not found in the current models. The
      chemical crosslinks indicate pairs of single-stranded regions that must be close
      in the folded molecule. Many of these crosslinks occur between regions that are
      distant in the secondary structure; these crosslinks indicate part of the three
      dimensional form of the folded molecule.

PMID- 2411938
TI  - End-to-end transcription of an Alu family repeat. A new type of polymerase-III
      dependent terminator and its evolutionary implication.
AB  - Four or more consecutive thymidine residues on the non-template strand and G + C
      richness of flanking DNA are the two necessary characteristics of efficient RNA
      polymerase-III-dependent transcriptional terminators. We have identified, from
      the study of in vitro transcription of a human Alu family repeat, a new type of
      RNA polymerase-III-dependent transcriptional terminator. A 258 base-pair Alu
      repeat located on the 3' side of the human alpha 1 globin gene can be transcribed
      in a HeLa S-100 extract to generate three RNA species of lengths 404 to 408, 252
      to 255 and 173 to 174 nucleotides, respectively. Kinetics, pulse-chase and RNA
      incubation experiments showed no significant internal processing of the longer
      transcripts into shorter ones. These data plus detailed RNA mapping demonstrated
      conclusively that the multiple Alu RNA species resulted from accurate initiation
      at the first base (5' end) of the repeat, and multiple termination downstream.
      The 3' end(s) of the major transcript (252 to 255 nucleotides) maps at the 3' end
      of the Alu repeat sequence where there are not four or more consecutive thymidine
      residues on the non-template strand. The functional domain of the terminator has
      been mapped to a 45 base-pair segment that includes 36 base-pairs of the 3' end
      sequence of the Alu repeat plus nine base-pairs downstream. The high efficiency
      of termination (greater than 90%), the lack of consecutive T residues, the
      richness in A + T content, and the proposed ability of the RNA to form an
      imperfect hairpin structure in the 3' region of the transcript, thus identify a
      new type of eukaryotic class III terminator. We compare the structure of this
      class III terminator with that of the bacterial rho-dependent terminator. We also
      discuss its implication in the mechanism(s) of amplification and dispersion of
      Alu sequences in the primate genomes.

PMID- 2411939
TI  - Gap junction structures. VII. Analysis of connexon images obtained with cationic
      and anionic negative stains.
AB  - Micrographs of isolated gap junction specimens, negatively stained with one
      molybdate, three tungstate and three uranyl stains, were recorded at low and high
      irradiation. Fourier-averaged images of the negatively stained gap junctions have
      been self-consistently scaled to identify conserved and variable features.
      Intrinsic features in the hexagonally averaged images have been distinguished
      from residual noise by statistical comparisons among similarly prepared
      specimens. The cationic uranyl stains can penetrate the axial connexon channel,
      whereas the anionic stains are largely excluded; these observations indicate that
      the channel is negatively charged. Variability in the extent of the axial stain
      penetration, and enhancement of this staining by radiation damage and heating may
      be accounted for by a leaky, labile channel gate. The peripheral stain
      concentrations marking the perimeter of the skewed, six-lobed connexon image and
      the stain-excluding region at the 3-fold axis of the lattice, which are seen only
      under conditions of low irradiation with both anionic and cationic stains, are
      identified as intrinsic features of the isolated gap junction structure. The
      stain concentrations located approximately 30 A from the connexon center appear
      to be symmetrically related on opposite sides of the junction by non
      crystallographic 2-fold axes oriented approximately 8 degrees to the lattice axes
      at the plane of the gap. The radiation-sensitive hexagonal features seen in the
      negatively stained images may correspond to substructure on the cytoplasmic
      surfaces of the paired gap junction membranes.

PMID- 2411940
TI  - Genes and pseudogenes for rat U3A and U3B small nuclear RNA.
AB  - We report here the isolation and primary structure of two genes encoding rat U3
      small nuclear RNA. One of the genes encodes U3B RNA; the other encodes an RNA
      which is almost identical to U3A RNA. Both genes are expressed after
      microinjection into the nuclei of Xenopus laevis oocytes and can direct the
      accumulation of mature U3 RNA as well as longer transcripts which may be the U3
      precursors. We have also isolated and sequenced four other regions of the rat
      genome homologous to U3 RNA. One of these almost certainly represents a second
      U3B gene; the other three are pseudogenes which appear to have been generated by
      the reverse flow of genetic information from U3 RNA back into the genome. Using
      genomic blotting techniques, we show that the rat U3 genes are present in only a
      few copies per haploid genome and are probably not closely linked to one another.

PMID- 2411941
TI  - Regulation of the phosphate regulon of Escherichia coli K-12: regulation and role
      of the regulatory gene phoR.
AB  - The phoR gene product functions as a negative regulator with excess of phosphate
      and as a positive regulator with limited phosphate for the phosphate-starvation
      inducible pho regulon of Escherichia coli. We constructed recombinant plasmids
      that contain a phoR'-'lacZ fusion gene to study the regulation of phoR
      expression. The genetic and physiological regulation of phoR expression was found
      to be very similar to that of phoB, a positive regulatory gene for the pho
      regulon, and phoA, the structural gene for alkaline phosphatase, both of which
      are inducible by phosphate limitation. The synthesis of the PhoR protein became
      non-inducible when the phoB promoter upstream of phoR, was removed from the
      hybrid plasmid, or when a transcriptional terminator was inserted in the phoB
      structural gene, irrespective of phosphate concentration in the medium. The
      results suggest that phoB and phoR constitute a single operon whose promoter is
      located proximal to phoB. The same low level of the PhoR protein in the cell can
      function as a positive regulator with limited phosphate and as a negative
      regulator with excess phosphate for the phoB-phoR operon. These results suggest
      that the maximal level of the operon is induced as consequences of both the
      increase in the quantity of the PhoR protein and of functional change of the
      protein as a positive regulator, which are induced by phosphate limitation.

PMID- 2411942
TI  - Blockage of the sodium current in isolated single cells from rat ventricle with
      mexiletine and disopyramide.
AB  - The blocking effects of local anesthetics, mexiletine and disopyramide on the
      sodium currents (INa) of enzymatically isolated, single cells from rat ventricle
      were studied under voltage clamp conditions. A suction pipette technique was used
      for voltage clamp and internal perfusion. Potassium currents were blocked by
      replacing K+ with Cs+ in the internal and external solutions; calcium currents
      were blocked by replacing Ca2+ with Co2+ in the external solution to isolate INa.
      When the cells were stimulated infrequently (less than 1 Hz), both drugs produced
      dose-dependent depression of INa, which was correlated with one-to-one binding to
      sodium channel. A half-blocking concentration (KD) of 2.8 X 10(-5) M was observed
      for both agents. The shape of the current-voltage curve along the voltage axis
      remained unchanged in the presence of either drug. Both drugs shifted the
      inactivation curve of INa to more negative potentials. Mexiletine produced a
      marked use-dependent blockage of INa, whereas disopyramide did not produce
      significant use-dependent block under similar experimental conditions. Both drugs
      prolonged the recovery of INa from inactivation. The results suggested that both
      drugs interact with the inactivation mechanism of the sodium channels of rat
      myocardial cells.

PMID- 2411943
TI  - Interaction of lidocaine and benzocaine in depressing Vmax of ventricular action
      potentials.
AB  - This paper reports the interactions between lidocaine and benzocaine with cardiac
      sodium channels. The magnitude of the maximum upstroke velocity (Vmax) of the
      guinea-pig papillary muscle action potential was taken as an indirect measurement
      of the sodium current. The hypothesis that both the charged and neutral forms of
      local anaesthetics share a common receptor was tested. In preparations stimulated
      at a frequency of 0.1 Hz, a mixture of equieffective concentrations of benzocaine
      and lidocaine produced a decrease in Vmax similar to that obtained with each of
      the drugs alone. Therefore, the tonic blockade produced with this mixture of
      anaesthetics was comparable with the theoretical values predicted by equilibrium
      binding equations, which is indicative of a common receptor for both drugs.
      Although benzocaine did not produce frequency-dependent effects, it did attenuate
      those produced by lidocaine when both anaesthetics were applied. During repeated
      action potentials, using short diastolic intervals, the frequency-dependent
      effects of lidocaine were due to the accumulation of blocked sodium channels. The
      binding of lidocaine to both open and inactivated channels during a conditioning
      action potential was determined by the zero-time intercept of the slow component
      of the recovery of Vmax induced by the drug. Under these conditions, benzocaine
      decreased the fraction of channels blocked by lidocaine. Hence, the parallel
      shift produced by benzocaine on the dose-response (fraction of blocked Vmax)
      curves of lidocaine, strongly suggests that both drugs competed for the same
      receptor site. Furthermore, this receptor, mediating the blockade of cardiac
      sodium channels, seems to be responsible for both the tonic and frequency
      dependent effect of lidocaine on the heart.

PMID- 2411944
TI  - Calcium channels are 'unblocked' within a few milliseconds after photoremoval of
      nifedipine.
AB  - The organic Ca2+ antagonists are potent inhibitors of Ca2+ influx in cardiac and
      smooth muscle and are widely used clinically in the treatment of various
      cardiovascular disorders. It appears that Ca2+ antagonist binding prevents the
      normal movement of ions through Ca2+ channels, perhaps via an open-channel
      blockade mechanism. Although this concept is generally accepted, questions do
      remain about the detailed relationship between binding and blockade in the case
      of the structurally diverse organic Ca2+ channel blockers; e.g., (1) do they bind
      preferentially to open, closed and/or inactivated channels; (2) are there
      multiple binding sites; (3) do they act at extracellular and/or intracellular
      sites; and (4) does blocking or unblocking depend on membrane potential or its
      history? The dihydropyridine Ca2+ antagonist, nifedipine, contains an o
      nitrobenzyl moiety and is photolabile; irradiation yields a molecule devoid of
      channel blocking activity and the photoconversion reactions are complete within
      100 microseconds. Taking advantage of these properties to study the mechanistic
      details of nifedipine blockade of Ca2+ channels, we examined the waveform of the
      slow inward Ca2+ current (Isi) in atrial fibers before and following flash
      induced removal of nifedipine. After flashes, we find that nifedipine blockade is
      reversed within at most a few milliseconds and that the rate of Isi reactivation
      parallels the normal, voltage-dependent activation rate. Our results imply that
      nifedipine binds to and stabilizes resting, closed Ca2+ channels and are not in
      agreement with the recent conclusions of Morad and coworkers that photoconversion
      of nifedipine must be followed by membrane repolarization in order to effect
      recovery of Isi and tension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2411945
TI  - ORBIS: flight for knowledge.

PMID- 2411946
TI  - The environmental impacts of four insecticides on non-target organisms in the
      Gezira Irrigation Scheme canals of Sudan.
AB  - The toxic effects of the insecticides endosulfan, decamethrin, dimethoate and
      dursban on the aquatic fauna of some of the Gezira irrigation canals were
      studied. The animal groups selected were fishes, arthropods and snails.
      Endosulfan was found to be highly toxic, particularly to Gambusia affinis, under
      field and laboratory conditions. All animals proved to be less sensitive to
      decamethrin in the field probably because this insecticide reacted with the
      organic matter and hence its toxicity was reduced. However in the laboratory it
      proved to be the most toxic chemical to all organisms probably because of the
      presence of the solvent in the emulsifiable concentrate formulation. The third
      insecticide, dimethoate had a very low toxicity to all organisms in the field or
      in the laboratory. Similarly dursban had a lower toxicity to fish than endosulfan
      under laboratory conditions, but higher toxicity to arthropods and snails. In the
      field the highest mortality among fish was obtained when dursban was mixed with
      endosulfan. For all insecticides, fish were the least tolerant of all animals
      tested, followed by arthropods and then molluscs.

PMID- 2411947
TI  - Alphavirus neurovirulence: monoclonal antibodies discriminating wild-type from
      neuroadapted Sindbis virus.
AB  - Wild-type Sindbis virus strain AR339 (SV) and a neurovirulent mutant (NSV),
      derived by neonatal and weanling mouse brain passage, both cause acute fatal
      encephalitis in neonatal mice, but NSV alone kills adult mice. NSV cannot be
      distinguished from SV by immune sera or simple biochemical tests. To localize the
      molecular changes associated with neuroadaptation, we used a new array of 30 anti
      SV monoclonal antibodies to probe for differences between SV and NSV in four
      tests: immunoprecipitation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay binding,
      neutralization, and hemagglutination inhibition. Seventeen monoclonal antibodies
      detected differences. Both E1 and E2 glycoprotein gene products were altered
      during neuroadaptation, but the preponderance of changes was clustered on E2. The
      capsid protein C was not measurably altered. Mapping of both viruses with these
      monoclonal antibodies showed that during neuroadaptation SV topography
      substantially shifted, masking and unmasking biologically important
      neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition sites. These conformational
      rearrangements, predominantly on E2, coincided with the acquisition of increased
      neurovirulence and new lethality for adult mice.

PMID- 2411948
TI  - Capsid intermediates assembled in a foot-and-mouth disease virus genome RNA
      programmed cell-free translation system and in infected cells.
AB  - Structural protein complexes sedimenting at 140S, 70S (empty capsids), and 14S
      were isolated from foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cells. The empty capsids
      were stable, while 14S complexes were relatively short-lived. Radioimmune binding
      assays involving the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to six distinct
      epitopes on type A12 virus and polyclonal antisera to A12 structural proteins
      demonstrated that native empty capsids were indistinguishable from virus.
      Infected cell 14S particles possessed all the neutralizing epitopes and reacted
      with VP2 antiserum. Cell-free structural protein complexes sedimenting at 110S,
      60S, and 14S containing capsid proteins VP0, VP3, and VP1 are assembled in a
      rabbit reticulocyte lysate programmed with foot-and-mouth viral RNA. These
      structures also contain the six epitopes, and cell-free 14S structures like their
      in vivo counterparts reacted with VP2 antiserum. Capsid structures from infected
      cells and the cell-free complexes adsorbed to susceptible cells, and this binding
      was inhibited, to various degrees, by saturating levels of unlabeled virus. These
      assays and other biochemical evidence indicate that capsid assembly in the cell
      free system resembles viral morphogenesis in infected cells. In addition,
      epitopes on the virus surface possibly involved in interaction with cellular
      receptor sites are found early in virion morphogenesis.

PMID- 2411949
TI  - Inhibition of influenza viral mRNA synthesis in cells expressing the interferon
      induced Mx gene product.
AB  - Interferons alpha and beta induce an efficient antiviral state against influenza
      virus in mouse cells that possess the Mx gene, but not in mouse cells that lack
      this gene. In Mx-containing cells treated with interferon the amount of viral
      mRNA synthesized as a result of primary transcription is drastically reduced.
      Only two viral mRNAs could be detected by Northern analysis and by translating
      the poly(A)+ RNA from infected cells in wheat germ extracts: a reduced amount of
      the mRNA for nonstructural protein 1 and an even lower amount of the mRNA for the
      matrix protein. The other viral mRNAs were not made in detectable amounts. In
      addition, the rate of viral mRNA synthesis catalyzed by the inoculum
      transcriptase, measured by in vitro RNA synthesis catalyzed by permeabilized
      cells, was severely inhibited. In contrast, interferon treatment of cells lacking
      the Mx gene had little or no effect on either the steady-state level or the rate
      of synthesis of viral mRNAs made by the inoculum transcriptase. These results
      indicate that the interferon-induced Mx gene product, a 75,000-molecular-weight
      protein that accumulates in the nucleus, inhibits influenza viral mRNA synthesis
      which occurs in the nucleus. No Mx-specific effect acting directly on viral
      protein synthesis in the cytoplasm was observed.

PMID- 2411950
TI  - Pseudorabies virus avirulent strains fail to express a major glycoprotein.
AB  - The unique short (Us) region of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) genome, which
      displays high transcriptional activity during the late phase of infection and has
      been found to code for glycoproteins, is partially deleted in the genomes of
      three vaccine strains (A57, Norden, and NIA-4). This deletion is located in the
      SalI subfragment 7A of BamHI fragment 7. To identify possible viral gene products
      involved in PRV virulence, we investigated the transcriptional and translational
      pattern of the deleted part of the Us region. Northern blots demonstrated that
      one major RNA species (3.8 kilobases) transcribed from fragment 7A was missing in
      the vaccine strains, whereas other transcripts were altered.
      Radioimmunoprecipitation of in vivo-labeled PRV glycoproteins and of in vitro
      translated polypeptides with hyperimmune serum and monoclonal antibodies
      indicated a lack of glycoprotein gI. Hybrid-selection experiments with subcloned
      DNA fragments confirmed the absence of gI and of a 40,000-molecular-weight
      polypeptide. We suggest that both viral proteins are involved in the expression
      of PRV virulence.

PMID- 2411951
TI  - Cytotoxic T-cell response to respiratory syncytial virus in mice.
AB  - The role of the humoral and cellular arms of the immune response in protection
      against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and in the pathogenesis of
      the severe forms of this disease is poorly understood. The recent demonstration
      that some inbred mouse strains can be infected with RSV has opened the way to a
      detailed investigation of RSV immunity. We report here the finding of major
      histocompatibility complex-restricted, RSV-specific memory cytotoxic T cells in
      the spleens of BALB/c and C57BL mice after intranasal infection; these T cells
      recognize the Long, A2, and 8/60 (human) strains of RSV. Both K and D locus major
      histocompatibility complex alleles can restrict the cytotoxic response; however,
      in the two haplotypes tested, Dd is a low-responder allele and Kb is a
      nonresponder allele for RSV. UV-inactivated RSV (when given intraperitoneally)
      can prime mice for development of cytotoxic T cell memory, restimulate cytotoxic
      T cell cultures in vitro, and form a target for the cytotoxic cells.

PMID- 2411952
TI  - Neonatal gonadal stromal tumor of the testis: limitations of tumor markers.
AB  - We report case 10 of a gonadal stromal tumor of the testis in a neonate. This
      tumor may occur in the testis or ovary, and is defined as a tumor of any of the
      specialized supporting structures of the male or female gonad. All neonatal
      tumors reported to date have been benign. The serum alpha-fetoprotein level,
      although elevated for adults, was within the normal range for an infant.

PMID- 2411953
TI  - Chemotherapy and human bladder carcinoma transplanted into NMRI nu/nu mice.
AB  - Transitional and squamous-cell carcinomas of the bladder that were transplanted
      and successfully retransplanted in further passages to NMRI nu/nu mice were used
      to test the efficacy of chemotherapy. Mitomycin and bleomycin consistently
      retarded tumor growth; results with platinex and methotrexate were variable.
      Combination therapy was not much better than single-drug therapy. Substances that
      proved effective in the mouse model produced some response in the corresponding
      patients in a series of patients on specific chemotherapy. In a previous study we
      have shown that tumor growth of transplanted human bladder carcinoma accelerates,
      unlike transplanted renal cell carcinoma when successfully subpassaged, resulting
      in a uniformly fast growing rate similar in all transplanted tumors including
      those which initially started with slow growing rates. Most importantly, however,
      tests in a given tumor conducted on a slow-growing early passage and on a fast
      growing late passage produced different results. We concluded that this finding
      might explain the clinical observation that tumor remission due to chemotherapy
      in patients with metastatic bladder carcinoma does not last very long and seldom
      prolongs survival. It is assumed--it is not proved--that substances that proved
      effective in fast growing passages are probably likely to yield greater
      prolongation of life than those effective in slow-growing passages.

PMID- 2411954
TI  - The ultrastructural localization of prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid
      phosphatase in hyperplastic and neoplastic human prostates.
AB  - A low temperature embedding, protein A-gold technique was used to localize
      prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase at the ultrastructural
      level in hyperplastic and neoplastic human prostates. Prostatic specific antigen
      immunoreactivity was localized over the endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic
      vesicles and vacuoles, and within the lumina of prostatic glands. In contrast,
      prostatic acid phosphatase immunoreactivity was localized to lysosomal granules.
      The pattern of labelling was similar in both hyperplastic glands and
      adenocarcinomas. This is the first localization of prostatic specific antigen at
      the ultrastructural level. The localization of prostatic acid phosphatase by an
      immunochemical technique confirms and expands previous histochemical
      observations.

PMID- 2411955
TI  - Inhibition of sodium urate crystal adherence to bladder surface by
      polysaccharide.
AB  - Bladder surface glycosaminoglycan (polysaccharide) has been shown to act in a
      nonspecific manner as an antiadherence factor and may potentially be important in
      the pathogenesis (and prevention) of renal calculi. It has been shown that when
      present, bladder surface GAG will reduce the adherence of both calcium and
      calcium oxalate crystals. This study was conducted to see if a similar effect
      would be found with uric acid crystals, in that the presence of the normal
      bladder mucus with its contained GAG and exogenously supplied polysaccharide,
      pentosanpolysulfate, would be inhibitory to crystal adherence. Radioactively
      labeled uric acid crystals were made by dissolving 14C labeled sodium urate to a
      point of saturation at pH 7.5 and then rapidly lowering the pH to 5.5. These
      crystals were placed into four groups of bladders: 1) normal bladders, 2)
      bladders rendered mucus deficient with hydrochloric acid, 3) mucus deficient
      bladders which were pre-treated with sodium pentosanpolysulfate prior to crystal
      addition and 4) mucus deficient bladders to which were added crystals pretreated
      with pentosanpolysulfate. There was a significant rise in crystal adherence after
      acid treatment of the bladder, a 2.3-fold increase, which was blocked with prior
      treatment of the crystals with pentosanpolysulfate and to a lesser degree by
      pretreating mucus deficient bladders with pentosanpolysulfate.

PMID- 2411956
TI  - Detection of Vibrio anguillarum antigen by the dot blot assay.
AB  - The dot blot assay, modified and adapted for detection of antigens from Vibrio
      anguillarum in fish tissues, was specific for V. anguillarum and did not react
      with antigens of V. ordalii, Pseudomonas sp., or Yersinia ruckeri. The blot assay
      enabled detection of as little as 2.3 ng of a mixture of protein antigens
      obtained from cell-free extracts of V. anguillarum; it was about 100 times more
      sensitive than either the indirect fluorescent antibody technique or bacterial
      isolation for detecting V. anguillarum in fish tissues.

PMID- 2411957
TI  - Total parenteral nutrition with and without fat as substrate for growth of rats
      and transplanted hepatocarcinoma.
AB  - Differential effects of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on host nutrition and
      growth of cancer are unclear. Growth of adult ACI-N rats bearing transplanted
      Morris hepatocarcinoma no. 3924A given TPN with or without fat was studied in
      comparison with Purina Chow-fed, fasting, and semifasting (either amino acid or
      dextrose alone) rats over 5 days. The isocaloric, isonitrogenous TPN regimens
      with or without fat maintained body weight and nitrogen balance of cancer-bearing
      rats equally well. When compared with Chow-fed rats, the volume of the cancer,
      its weight, doubling time, protein content, and incorporation of thymidine into
      DNA were similar in rats given TPN either with or without fat. Although the
      volume of the cancer decreased in fasting and semifasting rats, the nutritional
      status of the host was also impaired. Administration of TPN to cancer-bearing
      rats was associated with an abnormal increase in serum lactic acid level, which
      was not ameliorated by the use of fat to reduce the carbohydrate load. Although
      TPN with and without fat maintains the nutritional status, hepatomegaly and
      hepatic steatosis limit the administration of carbohydrate and fat as energy
      substrates in this system.

PMID- 2411958
TI  - [Effects of various drugs and fluid on the blood coagulation- fibrinolysis and
      kinin systems in canine hemorrhagic shock].

PMID- 2411959
TI  - Effects of S-596, a new beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent on the left ventricular
      performance of normal subjects during exercise.
AB  - The effects of d1-2-(3'-t-butylamino-2'-hydroxypropylthio)-4-(5'-carbamoyl-2'-thi
      enyl) thiazole hydrochloride (S-596) were evaluated in 9 normal volunteers.
      Exercise echocardiography was performed in the semi-supine position before and 2,
      4 and 24 hours after the oral administration of 15 mg of S-596. Two hours after
      administration, resting heart rate was unchanged, compared with control, but
      systolic blood pressure at rest was slightly decreased (114 +/- 6 vs 106 +/- 10
      mmHg, p less than 0.05). Left ventricular dimensions were unchanged, but
      shortening fraction was increased in the resting state (30.3 +/- 4.6 vs 33.1 +/-
      4.8%, p less than 0.05). During exercise on oral S-596, heart rate and systolic
      blood pressure responses were reduced (127 +/- 11 in control vs 108 +/- 6
      beats/min on S-596, 198 +/- 25 vs 168 +/- 23 mmHg, p less than 0.001 and 0.05,
      respectively). Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension was not significantly
      altered by S-596 compared with the preceding control exercise test; however, end
      systolic dimension was significantly larger after beta blockade with S-596 (2.6
      +/- 0.4 vs 3.0 +/- 0.4 cm, p less than 0.05). Shortening fraction and cardiac
      output decreased significantly (43.7 +/- 3.7 vs 40.0 +/- 5.7%, 9.5 +/- 1.4 vs 8.4
      +/- 1.3 L/min, p less than 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). These effects of S-596
      were maximal at 2 hours after oral administration with reduced response of heart
      rate to exercise lasting for 24 hours. Compared with the effects of propranolol
      (30 mg, given orally) in the same subjects, beta-adrenergic blockade during
      exercise with S-596 was equivalent to or greater than that of propranolol. Thus,
      S-596 has little, if any, effect on resting left ventricular performance, but
      demonstrates potent negative chronotropic and inotropic effects during exercise
      in normal human subjects. Its beta-adrenergic blocking action also has long
      acting properties, especially its chronotropic effect.

PMID- 2411960
TI  - [The present status of tumor markers in malignant ovarian tumor].
AB  - Various serological data comprising 25 items were analyzed on 152 cases of
      malignant ovarian tumor and 124 cases of bening ovarian tumor. The results
      revealed that some differences were observed for of these 25 items between both
      benign and malignant tumors, and especially TPA, CA-125, etc comprised remarkable
      differences. On recent 99 cases examined for all these items, a synthetic
      judgment was passed in combination with these serological data. The results
      suggested that malignant diagnosis can most likely be established for more than 5
      item-positivity.

PMID- 2411961
TI  - [Clinical investigation of basic fetoprotein (BFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen
      (CEA) in stomach cancer and lung cancer].
AB  - The object of present study is to investigate the clinical value of BFP and CEA
      in stomach and lung cancer. BFP-positive cases were found in 36.8% of 378 stomach
      cancer and in 65.2% of 89 lung cancer. CEA-positive cases revealed in 37.6% of
      205 stomach cancer and in 65.6% of 64 lung cancer. In serum levels of BFP, there
      was no difference between differentiated type and undifferentiated type of
      stomach cancer by histological classification. In lung cancer, BFP levels in
      serum of large cell type were significantly higher than those of other types. The
      combination assay using BFP and CEA revealed 54.1% and 82.8% positive rate of
      stomach cancer and lung cancer, respectively. These results suggested that BFP
      and CEA assay appeared to be available for elevation of cancer diagnosis,
      especially useful for diagnosis of lung cancer.

PMID- 2411962
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of prostate antigen (PA) in prostate cancer].
AB  - Prostate antigen (PA) which was isolated at 1979 and may have a probability to be
      a tumor marker of prostate cancer has been evaluated clinically using an EIA for
      detection method. From mean +3 S.D. of normal male subjects, upper cut-off values
      of Americans and Japanese have been decided as 2.5 and 1.2 ng/ml, respectively.
      Of a total of 1,109 assayed serum PA, positive rate in prostate cancer were 78%
      in Americans (n = 570) and 61% in Japanese (n = 45), whereas false positive rate
      was lower in Japanese. Serum PA values could be used for speculation of patients'
      prognosis and monitoring in prostate cancer.

PMID- 2411963
TI  - [Serum AFP subfractions in patients with hepatic cancer or germ cell tumor of the
      gonads].
AB  - Using a modified method of Con A, LCH or PHA-E affinity crossed-line
      immunoelectrophoresis, we studied AFP subfractions in 78 sera including 58 from
      patients with primary hepatoma, 11 from patients with hepatic metastasis of
      gastric cancer and 9 from patients with germ cell tumors of the gonads (yolk sac
      tumor, immature solid teratoma or mature solid teratoma). It was found that AFP
      in primary hepatoma, metastatic hepatoma or germ cell tumors of the gonads were
      differently glycosylated, and different patterns of AFP subfractions identified
      by Con A, LCH or PHA-E affinity crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis facilitated a
      differential diagnosis of such AFP related malignancies.

PMID- 2411964
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of CA 19-9, TPA, IAP and 5'-NPD-V as tumor markers of
      hepatocellular, bile duct and pancreas carcinoma].
AB  - The serum level of CA 19-9 elevated exponentially in gastrointestinal carcinoma
      and the specificity of CA 19-9 was extraordinarily high. The sensitivity of CA 19
      9 to pancreas, bile duct, hepatocellular and metastatic liver carcinoma was 75%,
      79%, 22%, and 82% each. TPA seems to be useful as a screening tumor maker of
      gastrointestinal carcinoma, because the sensitivity was very high (84%) in every
      gastrointestinal carcinoma. IAP increased in pancreas and bile duct carcinoma and
      reflected immunological status of tumor bearing host. 5'-NPD-V was useful tumor
      marker not only of hepatocellular carcinoma but also pancreas and bile duct
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2411965
TI  - [Tumor markers of prostate cancer--evaluation of serum PAP and PA].
AB  - The clinical usefulness of PAP and PA as a tumor marker for the prostate cancer
      were discussed. The materials for this study were 1385 cases which contained 158
      cases with prostatic carcinoma. The positive rate of serum PAP and PA were 77.7%
      and 94.1% in untreated prostatic carcinoma and 15.1% and 70.0% in benign
      prostatic hypertrophy using 3.0 ng/ml as an upper limit of normal controls of
      serum PAP and PA. The cut off level in serum PA should be discussed more. PA was
      not superior to PAP as a tumor marker in the series, but our results have
      suggested the simultaneous assay of serum PAP and PA is valuable in detection and
      following-up of prostate cancer.

PMID- 2411966
TI  - [Hyperthermia: microwave hyperthermia in combination with intra-arterial infusion
      chemotherapy of cancer of the pancreas].
AB  - Fourty eight patients with cancer of head of pancreas have been treated by the
      intra-arterial infusion of 5-FU and Mitomycin C alone or in combination with
      regional hyperthermia, employing microwave machine operating at a frequency of
      2450 MHz. In patients treated with intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy alone the
      average survival of 4.2 month was attained, whereas the average survival of 9.0
      month has been seen in 39 patients treated with infusion chemotherapy and
      hyperthermia. The hyperthermia treatment has improved the local therapeutic
      effects and the effects on the survival of the patients. Thanks to this
      combination therapy 27 of 39 patients (69%) survived more than 6 month, and 12
      patients (31%) survived more than one year, longest survival being 7 years. This
      study confirms that heat administered by the microwave unit potentiated the
      effects of the intraarterial infusion chemotherapy.

PMID- 2411967
TI  - [Immunohistochemical characterization of lymphocytes and histiocytes in bladder
      cancers in terms of local immune responses].
AB  - Ten resected bladder cancers were studied immunohistochemically using monoclonal
      antibodies to clarify the subsets of infiltrating lymphocytes and histiocytes.
      Leu 4+ T-lymphocytes infiltrated diffusely both in the stroma and the submucosal
      tissue, but Bl+ B-lymphocytes usually formed follicle-like clusters in the
      submucosal tissue. The number of Leu 4+, Leu 3 a+ helper/inducer T-lymphocytes
      was considerably more than that of Leu 4+, Leu 2 a+ suppressor/cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes. Leu 7+ natural killer cells were sparsely present in the submucosal
      tissue, and there was no suggestion of any significant contact with cancer cells.
      OKT9+ OKM1+ macrophages were prominent in the inflammatory lesions, but OKT6+ T
      zone histiocytes were characteristically present among the cancer cells. Patients
      with dense infiltration of OKT6+ T-zone histiocytes were expected to have a good
      prognosis.

PMID- 2411968
TI  - [Clinicopathological study of latent carcinoma--with special reference to
      prostatic cancer].
AB  - At routine examination, latent carcinoma was found in 147 (11.4%) of 1291 autopsy
      cases and 142 (14.5%) of 981 patients with malignant neoplasms. The incidence of
      latent carcinoma with multiple malignant neoplasma was extremely high. Latent
      prostatic cancer was found in 24 (4.3%) of 560 autopsy cases aged more than 45
      and in 22 (5.3%) of 425 surgical specimens of prostatic hypertrophy. Malignant
      and nonmalignant tissue of the prostate was stained by the immunoperoxidase
      method of PSA and PAcP. We can distinguish between cancer and normal or benign
      tissue by observing the positive portion and stained manner in detail.

PMID- 2411969
TI  - [Monthly changes in serum alpha 2-globulin and immunoglobulin levels in chronic
      hemodialysis patients--with special reference to the occurrence of cancer and
      blood transfusion].
AB  - Thirty-eight patients with chronic renal failure who were treated by hemodialysis
      more than 100 times each, including 13 cancer patients, were examined for serum
      alpha 2-globulin and immunoglobulin values monthly, the relationship between the
      possibility of cancer occurrence and the frequency of blood transfusion during
      hemodialysis was discussed. The alpha 2-globulin value of the patients treated
      with blood transfusion more than 20 times was significantly higher than that of
      the patients not receiving blood transfusion. Moreover, the IgA value was reduced
      and the IgM value was increased. The IgA values of cancer patients found before
      or during hemodialysis were significantly higher than those of patients without
      cancer. There was no significant difference between the group who had undergone
      hemodialysis more than 500 times those who had received it less than 500 times.

PMID- 2411970
TI  - [Gonadotropin and alkaline phosphatase-producing gastric carcinoma with
      widespread metastasis to the bones].
AB  - A case of advanced gastric carcinoma in a 47-year-old man with widespread
      metastasis of generalized bone and associated with high serum levels of human
      chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is reported.
      Macroscopically, the primary tumor was Borrmann type IV. Microscopically, it
      showed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Bone metastasis, however, showed
      well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. These lesions did not manifest conspicuous
      trophoblastic differentiation. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that hCG
      positive cells were observed sporadically in the primary tumor and lymph node
      metastasis, but remarkably in the bone metastasis. Cancer cells in the lymph
      nodes were positively stained by modified Burstone's ALP staining. The serum
      levels of hCG and ALP fluctuated with the clinical course. Therefore, the authors
      concluded that this gastric carcinoma produced hCG and ALP.

PMID- 2411971
TI  - [Defect of OKT 4 antigen on human helper T lymphocytes obtained from healthy
      donors].

PMID- 2411972
TI  - [Molecular structure of ionophores and mechanism of biomembrane transport].

PMID- 2411973
TI  - [Recent progress in the study of excitable membrane].

PMID- 2411974
TI  - [Biochemical studies of synaptic membrane and pharmacology. Ion transport system
      of synaptic membrane and pharmacological action].

PMID- 2411975
TI  - [Antigen recognition and T-cell receptors].

PMID- 2411976
TI  - [Analysis of cell membrane surface oligosaccharide chains with lectins].

PMID- 2411977
TI  - [Myotonia atrophica:anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody and neuromuscular
      junction membrane disorder].

PMID- 2411978
TI  - [Substances released by platelets. 1. beta-TG and PF 4].

PMID- 2411979
TI  - [Keratin fibers in the stratum corneum--the morphological and biochemical changes
      of keratin fibers in case of no formation of the stratum granulosum].

PMID- 2411980
TI  - [Acridine orange staining for DNA-RNA cytofluorometry of epidermal basal cells].

PMID- 2411981
TI  - [Production of experimental ulcerative colitis in hamsters by dextran sulfate
      sodium and changes in intestinal microflora].

PMID- 2411982
TI  - Inhibitory effect of tritoqualine (TRQ) on histamine release from mast cells.
AB  - Tritoqualine (TRQ), used clinically as an antiallergic drug, did not inhibit
      histidine decarboxylase activity (HDC, EC. 4.1.1.22.) partially purified from
      fetal rats and the enzymes prepared from mastocytoma P-815 cells. However, TRQ
      inhibited the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells induced by
      compound 48/80 and ATP. TRQ was also effective in inhibiting antigen-induced
      histamine release in rat mast cells sensitized actively or passively by the
      homologous anti-DNP-Ascaris antibody. Preincubation of cultured mastocytoma P-815
      cells in a medium including TRQ inhibited non-cytotoxically the histamine release
      of mastocytoma cells induced by compound 48/80, and the effect of TRQ became more
      marked with lengthening of the culture period in the presence of TRQ. It was
      concluded from these results that one of the main actions of TRQ as an
      antiallergic drug was not the inhibitory action on HDC, but might be ascribed to
      its inhibitory effect on histamine release from mast cells.

PMID- 2411983
TI  - Analysis of the factor(s) involved in pathogenesis of zymosan-induced
      inflammation in rats.
AB  - The role of mast cell degranulation in increased vascular permeability in zymosan
      air-pouch inflammation, an experimental model of inflammation induced by zymosan
      in rats, was investigated. The complement in the inflammatory pouch fluid was
      exhausted, and mast cells in the pouch wall subcutaneous tissues were
      degranulated. The histamine level in the pouch fluid was elevated immediately
      after application of zymosan in the preformed air-pouch and then quickly
      declined. Plasma exudation into the pouch fluid changed in close parallel with
      the change of histamine level. Application of compound 48/80 in the air-pouch
      also brought about liberation of histamine from mast cells, accompanied with
      elevation of vascular permeability similar to that observed in the zymosan-air
      pouch inflammation. However, the amount of the plasma exudation in the zymosan
      air-pouch inflammation was about twice as high as that induced by compound 48/80,
      though the quantity of histamine liberated in the two cases was almost equal.
      Rats depleted of histamine and serotonin were incapable of responding to compound
      48/80, but zymosan still induced increased vascular permeability. A combination
      treatment with pyrilamine and methysergide did not abolish plasma exudation
      caused by zymosan, but brought about complete blockade of the vascular
      permeability response to compound 48/80. These results suggest that some
      mechanisms independent of degranulation of mast cells are responsible in part for
      the initial sudden elevation of vascular permeability in zymosan-induced
      inflammation.

PMID- 2411984
TI  - Inability of rat anaphylatoxin to induce histamine release in rats.
AB  - The role of rat anaphylatoxin in histamine release and increased vascular
      permeability during the first thirty minute period in zymosan-air-pouch
      inflammation, an experimental model of inflammation induced by zymosan in an air
      pouch prepared on the back of rats, was investigated. Complement depletion by
      cobra venom factor did not affect the histamine release nor the increased
      vascular permeability in the inflammation of this type. In spite of apparent
      anaphylatoxin activity, zymosan activated serum (ZAS) failed to cause any
      significant release of histamine when infused in the air-pouch on the back.
      Anaphylatoxin purified from rat serum activated with zymosan in the presence of
      an inhibitor (epsilon-aminocaproic acid) of anaphylatoxin inactivator gave a
      single band in both polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and SDS-PAGE. The
      molecular weight estimated by SDS-PAGE was approx. 7,000. The purified rat
      anaphylatoxin failed to induce histamine release nor increased vascular
      permeability even at 50 micrograms/ml, although it caused contraction of guinea
      pig ileum at 0.8 micrograms/ml. These results suggest that rat anaphylatoxin does
      not participate in histamine release and increased vascular permeability in the
      zymosan-air-pouch inflammation.

PMID- 2411985
TI  - Radiation-induced esophageal carcinoma responded well to hyperthermic
      chemotherapy--a case report.
AB  - A 66-year-old man with multiple malignant lesions of the esophagus, as apparently
      induced by irradiation of 60 Gy of 60Co for a mediastinal tumor at the age of 36
      y.o., was a poor operative risk because of severe lung disease. This man was
      treated with a combination of hyperthermia, oral administration of oil Bleomycin
      polyacrylate paste and intravenous infusion of cis-Platinum. During 20
      administrations of hyperthermia conducted at 42-45 degrees C for 30 min, 600 mg
      of oil Bleomycin and 200 mg of cis-Platinum, no complications occurred and the
      heat treatments were completed with no side effects. Repeatedly performed
      esophagogram and endoscopy showed a complete disappearance of three of the four
      lesions and a marked regression in the other one. There has been no regrowth or
      distant spread of the carcinoma up to the present 10 months of follow up. This
      combination of hyperthermia and chemotherapy may prove to be the optimal strategy
      for treatment of unresectable esophageal cancer, particularly when radiotherapy
      is contraindicated.

PMID- 2411986
TI  - [Quantitation of alpha-1 and beta adrenergic receptor densities in the human
      normal and hypertrophied prostate].

PMID- 2411987
TI  - [Prophylaxis of recurrence of superficial bladder tumor by diluted postoperative
      continuous intravesical instillation of anti-tumor solutions].

PMID- 2411988
TI  - [Experimental study on measurements of compliance and cross sectional area in the
      urethra through the field gradient principle].

PMID- 2411989
TI  - [Enhancement of antitumor effects on urological cancer in vitro and in vivo by
      drugs entrapped in liposomes. II. Role of reticuloendothelial system].

PMID- 2411990
TI  - [Clinical studies on the surgical treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy over
      the past 10 years].

PMID- 2411991
TI  - Human monoclonal antibodies in experimental cancer research.

PMID- 2411992
TI  - Establishment and characterization of HUOT, a human ovarian malignant teratoma
      cell line producing alpha-fetoprotein.
AB  - A cell line designated HUOT was established from a recurrent tumor of human
      ovarian malignant teratoma. The cell line grew slowly and stably and serial
      passages were performed 50 times within 35 months. The cells, polygonal or
      spindle, with neoplastic and pleomorphic features grew in multiple layers and
      without contact inhibition. Population doubling time was 98 hours and the plating
      efficiency was less than 6%. The chromosome number varied from 43 to over 256,
      and the modal number was stable at the hyperdiploid range (52-56). The cultured
      cells produced anaplastic carcinomas by heterotransplantation into the subcutis
      of nude mice and were characterized as producing large amounts of alpha
      fetoprotein, in vitro, at the stationary growth phase and as forming cystlike
      structures. Dibutyl cAMP suppressed the cellular proliferation and increased the
      production of alpha-fetoprotein. Therefore, this HUOT line is expected to have a
      wide application for various laboratory studies.

PMID- 2411993
TI  - Isolation of two syngeneic cell lines from a rat mammary carcinoma: growth factor
      production by neoplastic epithelial cells.
AB  - Two distinctly different clonal cell lines were isolated from a mammary tumor
      induced by ingestion of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (CAS: 57-97-6) in a SD
      rat. Cells of one of the clones, RMT-1 clone E4, showed typical epithelial
      characters; it was concluded that they were derived from neoplastic mammary
      epithelial cells. The other clone, M2, exhibited characters consistent with its
      derivation from the normal mammary myoepithelial component. The 2 cell lines had
      different proliferative responses to growth factors (GF) such as cholera toxin,
      dexamethasone, and epidermal GF. The epithelioid E4 cells were found to produce
      potent growth-promoting activity in culture medium that stimulated proliferation
      of myoepithelial M2 cells as well as that of stromal fibroblasts. The present
      work provides supporting evidence that the mechanism of "paracrine stimulation"
      is operative in the mammary tumorigenesis of the rat.

PMID- 2411994
TI  - Mouse monoclonal antibody to embryonic antigen: development, cross-reactivity
      with rodent and human tumors, and preliminary polypeptide characterization.
AB  - Hybridomas producing IgM and IgG monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) to embryonic or
      fetal antigens (EA) were obtained in a completely syngeneic system. Lethally
      irradiated, 13-day-gestation, C57BL/6N mouse fetal cells or KCI extracts of these
      fetal cells obtained from primaparous donors were used as immunogens in several
      regimens to induce splenocytes in C57BL/6N mice that were utilized to form the
      hybridomas following fusion with a mouse myeloma line. Successful growth and
      cloning of the IgM-producing hybridomas required supplementation with factor(s)
      produced in the growth medium of the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. An enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to screen the primary fusion
      hybridomas for antibody directed against fetal cell or adult cell determinants
      with the use of freshly explanted tissues. Glutaraldehyde-fixed fetal cells as
      well as crude fetal cell membranes were used as EA+ target cells (i.e., cell
      lines known to activate T-lymphocyte-mediated tumor resistance) in a solid-phase
      ELISA to perform quantitative ELISA adsorption tests of the MoAb. The anti-EA
      monoclonal IgM and the IgG detected common, embryo-specific antigen(s) on mouse,
      hamster, and human fetuses. Term fetal cells and adult normal tissues of the
      mouse, hamster, and human did not express cross-reactive determinants for the
      MoAb by absorption analysis and/or by direct binding in ELISA. EA expression as
      oncofetal antigens could also be detected with the monoclones on several rodent
      tumor cell lines tested as well as on a variety of human carcinomas but not on a
      spectrum of normal human tissues with the use of indirect ELISA absorption and
      affinity gel and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      analyses. Fluorescence analysis with the monoclones demonstrated specific
      reactivity with the surface of EA+ tumor cells in the FACS IV flow cytometer. The
      responsible antigen was carried on a 44- and a 200-kilodalton polypeptide.

PMID- 2411995
TI  - [Blood-brain barrier and the penetration of cytostatic drugs].
AB  - The penetration of 12 commonly used anticancer agents through the blood-brain
      barrier (BBB) was measured in a rat model using a single-injection tissue
      sampling technique. Two of the tested drugs penetrated the barrier, but only to a
      limited extent. Entry of the drugs into the brain tissue critically depends on
      molecular weight and lipophilia of the respective test compound. For drugs with a
      molecular weight of less than 500, BBB simply behaves like an oil/water
      interphase, whereas drugs with a molecular weight greater than 500 are
      practically excluded from transport through the BBB even if they show a
      favourable oil/water partition coefficient. However, permeability of cytostatics
      was strongly increased if short chain alkylglycerols, up to final concentrations
      of about 0.3 mol/l were added to the injected solution. Under these conditions
      the Brain-Uptake-Index (BUI) reached values up to about 50% (cyclophosphamide),
      depending on lipid solubility and molecular dimension of the respective test
      compound and the alkyl chain length of the glycerol derivative.

PMID- 2411996
TI  - Comparative investigations on the specificity of Adams' reaction and the Biebrich
      scarlet stain for the demonstration of eosinophilic granules.
AB  - Since there is some doubt on the specificity of Adams' reaction for eosinophilic
      granules, the validity of this method has been compared with the Biebrich scarlet
      stain by means of a subsequent application of both procedures. It was found that
      the two methods yielded exactly the same results with the same grade of
      specificity.

PMID- 2411997
TI  - [Characteristics of the ritmilen treatment of stable extrasystole in middle-aged
      and elderly ischemic heart disease patients].

PMID- 2411998
TI  - [Calcium homeostasis and methods of its correction in bronchial asthma].

PMID- 2411999
TI  - Psorergatic acariasis in vervet monkeys.
AB  - 7 cases of acariasis were discovered amongst a colony of vervet monkeys
      (Cercopithecus pygerythrus). Lesions were confined to palpebrae and periorbital
      areas. Skin scrapings and biopsies were taken and the parasite was identified as
      Psorergates cercopitheci. The skin biopsies showed that the parasite invaded the
      superficial epidermis only. Skin scrapings taken from other parts of the infested
      animals' bodies were all negative for mites. Several of the infested animals have
      had physical contact with conspecifics, the majority of which have remained
      uninfested. Topical treatment was effective and often eradicated the mite
      completely after only one treatment.

PMID- 2412000
TI  - Angiogenic activity in injured rat corneas as assayed on the chick
      chorioallantoic membrane.
AB  - The temporal appearance of an angiogenic effect in chemically cauterized rat
      corneas was determined by studying the responses that they induced in the vessels
      of the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Injured rat corneas were grafted to
      the CAM from 90 minutes to 7 days after cautery. As controls, uninjured rat
      corneas and corneas of healthy rats cauterized immediately after death were also
      grafted. The vascular responses to the grafts were graded in a masked fashion by
      stereoscopic biomicroscopy on a five-tiered scale, by evaluations of projected
      colored photographs on the same scale, and by histologic examination of the
      grafts. Separate coefficients of angiogenesis were determined for the
      stereoscopic and photographic evaluations. We detected significant differences
      between corneas of healthy rats that were uninjured or cauterized chemically
      immediately after death and those that were cauterized in the living rat.
      Uninjured corneas and corneas cauterized postmortem elicited a mild vascular
      response in the CAM, as reflected by low coefficients of angiogenesis. Whereas
      blood vessels were not detected in corneas injured postmortem, some normal
      corneas vascularized but only after being on the CAM for at least 7 days. The
      coefficients of angiogenesis of corneas that were cauterized during life were
      significantly higher than those of both control groups prior to grafting after
      comparable times on the CAM. Corneas vascularized on the CAM included those that
      were cauterized as soon as 90 minutes prior to grafting. The strongest vascular
      responses, as reflected by coefficient of angiogenesis and the frequency of
      histologically confirmed nucleated avian erythrocytes within intracorneal blood
      vessels, were found with corneas that were grafted to the CAM 3 days after
      chemical cauterization. Corneas that vascularized on the CAM were associated with
      a prominent leukocytic infiltrate suggestively derived from the chick embryo. The
      results suggest that chemically cauterized rat corneas contain a chemoattractant
      for polymorphonuclear leukocytes within 90 minutes of injury and that such
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes or other components of the injured corneas possess
      the ability to stimulate angiogenesis on the CAM.

PMID- 2412001
TI  - An evaluation of the TDX fluorescence polarization immunoassays for procainamide
      and n-acetylprocainamide.
AB  - The TDX fluorescence polarization assays (FPIA) for procainamide (PA) and n
      acetylprocainamide (NAPA) were evaluated. Coefficients of variation for within-
      and between-assay precision studies were less than 6%. Both methods correlated
      well with a referenced HPLC technique; r2 values for PA and NAPA were 0.980 and
      0.986, respectively.

PMID- 2412002
TI  - Dextran as a modulator of immune and coagulation activities in trauma patients.
AB  - Low Mr dextran has been utilized as a prophylactic therapy in treatment of
      coagulopathy. There is evidence that monocyte dysfunctions are important
      contributors to hypercoagulability episodes, as well as to immunoincompetence
      post-trauma. Dextran is a known monocyte modulator. Consequently, we evaluated
      the efficacy of dextran infusion in moderating immune dysfunction, monocyte
      aberrations, and hypercoagulability episodes. Twenty-eight trauma patients were
      randomly divided into two groups. One group of 15 received dextran at 1 g/kg
      wt/24 hr for 5 days in addition to standard resuscitation and treatment. The
      control or nontreated patient group received only standard treatment. Trauma
      patients in the two groups were retrospectively matched by injury severity score
      (ISS) to ensure comparability. Blood samples were collected daily for some
      studies and at 3-day intervals for other assays. In vivo coagulation status was
      evaluated by assessing the changes in intravascular fibrinopeptide A (FPA).
      Immune reactivity to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was also evaluated.
      Both monocyte production of plasminogen activator (PA) and monocyte production of
      procoagulant activity (PCA) have been shown to correspond to and be augmented by
      monocyte-T lymphocyte interactions. Consequently, monocyte production of
      plasminogen activator and procoagulant activity were assessed as measures of
      monocyte immune activity as well as indicators of monocyte function in
      controlling the balance between fibrinolysis and coagulation. Only patients with
      ISS of greater than 25 experienced significant immune, coagulation, or monocyte
      aberrations. Of those having an injury severity score (ISS) score of 25-35, all
      of the control and two of the dextran patients had significant perturbations in
      their immune and monocyte functions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2412003
TI  - Consistency of human liver.
AB  - Liver consistency was measured biomechanically on the left lobe during laparotomy
      (n = 52) and on the resected specimen (n = 24) using a specially devised
      technique. Its relationship with histological findings and hepatic functions was
      also investigated. Instrumentation included a venipuncture needle with a closed
      tip and a round latex microballoon attached at a side hole. The needle was
      connected to a pressure transducer and infusion pump with a polyethylene tube.
      After the needle was introduced into the liver tissue, liver consistency was
      measured as delta P/delta V (cm H2O/ml) from the slope of pressure rise on a
      Pressure (P)-Volume (V) curve obtained at constant saline infusion. Liver
      consistency increased proportionally with the degree of hepatic fibrosis: 589 +/-
      191 (cm H2O/ml) for nonfibrosis (n = 25), 869 +/- 139 for periportal fibrosis (n
      = 14), 1030 +/- 116 for incomplete cirrhosis (n = 15), and 1250 +/- 206 for fully
      developed cirrhosis (n = 22). Correspondingly, liver consistency correlated
      closely with morphometrically estimated hepatic fiber content (r = 0.82, P less
      than 0.01). With the exception of albumin, liver function tests including
      prothrombin time, gamma-globulin fraction, zinc turbidity, and indocyanine green
      retention rate showed significant correlations with liver consistency (0.41 less
      than magnitude of r less than 0.68, P less than 0.001). However, correlation was
      much less than that between liver consistency and hepatic fiber content. The
      present study demonstrates that liver consistency measured by this technique can
      be a predictive index of hepatic fiber gradings.

PMID- 2412004
TI  - Calcium antagonists and renin-angiotensin inhibitors for antihypertensive
      therapy.

PMID- 2412005
TI  - Pharmacological basis of the antihypertensive action of calcium entry blockers.
AB  - Calcium entry blockers or calcium antagonists have been recognized as useful
      antihypertensive drugs, although their definite position in the management of
      hypertensive disease remains to be established. The present survey deals with the
      pharmacological basis of their antihypertensive action, side effects,
      contraindications, and interactions with other drugs. The antihypertensive effect
      of the various calcium entry blockers is fully explained by arteriolar
      dilatation, thus leading to a reduction in total peripheral resistance. At a
      cellular level this effect is assumed to be induced by the selective inhibition
      of the slow inward current that is carried by calcium ion fluxes. Furthermore,
      the interaction with vascular postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated
      vasoconstriction may also contribute to vasodilatation.

PMID- 2412006
TI  - Clinical pharmacological aspects of calcium antagonists and their therapeutic
      role in hypertension.
AB  - Calcium antagonists are effective antihypertensive drugs as monotherapy or in
      combination with other drugs. Unlike beta-blockers and diuretics, there may be a
      closer correlation between drug levels in plasma and fall in blood pressure, at
      least in individuals. Pharmacokinetic factors are likely to be more important for
      this group of drugs. Both nifedipine and verapamil are subject to considerable
      and variable "first pass" metabolism by the liver resulting in wide
      interindividual differences in plasma levels. Nifedipine as capsules has a short
      duration of effect corresponding to its short half-life. Verapamil appears to
      modify its own clearance and metabolism with a prolongation of half-life after
      chronic dosing. Verapamil influences the pharmacokinetics of other coadministered
      drugs such as prazosin with increased plasma levels and a greater blood pressure
      response. A clearer understanding of the acute and chronic pharmacokinetics will
      allow the clinician to use calcium antagonists more effectively and safely.

PMID- 2412007
TI  - Position of calcium antagonists in antihypertensive therapy.
AB  - More than 20 years ago calcium antagonists were shown to lower elevated blood
      pressure. Today's worldwide recognition, at least in part, is due to rising
      research interest in cellular ion regulation abnormalities in essential
      hypertension. Using the human platelet as a model for the vascular smooth muscle
      cell, a direct relationship was observed between intracellular free calcium
      concentration and the height of blood pressure before as well as during different
      antihypertensive treatments. Calcium influx is an important determinant of
      vasoconstriction, and excess calcium influx-dependent vasoconstriction was shown
      with plethysmographical studies in patients with essential hypertension. Calcium
      antagonists acutely lower blood pressure by reducing intracellular calcium and
      peripheral vascular resistance. The degree of the attendant sympathetic nerve
      reflex activation and counterregulatory mechanisms codetermine the
      antihypertensive result of the individual. Chronic monotherapy with calcium
      antagonists results in an antihypertensive response that is related directly to
      the patient's age and pretreatment blood pressure and indirectly to renin. These
      studies led to a new treatment concept: calcium antagonists can be used as
      alternatives to diuretic drugs primarily in the older and low-renin patients and
      beta-blockers or converting enzyme inhibitors can be used in the younger or high
      renin patients with greater efficacy. With the appropriate choice, calcium
      antagonists alone or combined with any other antihypertensive drug provide good
      blood pressure control with little subjective and objective adverse effects.

PMID- 2412008
TI  - Pathophysiological background for the use of calcium antagonists.
AB  - Correlation between blood pressure (BP) and total peripheral vascular resistance
      (TPR), hypotensive mechanisms of calcium antagonists, and cardiovascular
      responses to norepinephrine with and without administration of calcium
      antagonists were investigated in normotensive and genetic essential hypertensive
      humans. Supine resting decreased BP, heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and
      cardiac output (CO), and, in contrast, it increased TPR. After 1 h supine rest,
      BP was positively correlated with TPR (r = 0.710; number = 45, p less than
      0.001), but it was not correlated with CO. Intravenous infusion of the calcium
      antagonist diltiazem lowered BP and TPR, without apparently affecting HR, SV, and
      CO. In contrast, the calcium antagonist nifedipine diminished BP and TPR while
      increasing HR, SV, and CO. Norepinephrine elevated BP and TPR and decreased HR,
      SV, and CO. Prior administration of nifedipine inhibited elevation of TPR after
      treatment with norepinephrine. In contrast, prior administration of propranolol
      did not inhibit norepinephrine-induced BP and TPR elevation. From the results it
      may be concluded that elevation of BP is dependent on alteration of TPR, but not
      CO, in essential hypertensive humans. The arterial vasodilating effects of
      calcium antagonists induce a fall in both TPR and BP and inhibit norepinephrine
      induced TPR increase. This suggests that abnormal contraction and relaxation of
      systemic arterial smooth muscle is a primary cause of the development and
      persistence of high BP in genetic (main gene) essential hypertensive humans.

PMID- 2412009
TI  - Natriuretic effect of calcium antagonists.
AB  - Calcium antagonists differ from traditional vasodilators by increasing renal
      water and sodium excretion, although the various calcium antagonist compounds
      influence renal excretory functions to a different extent. Two important aspects
      of the renal response to calcium antagonists are discussed, as they still need
      clarification: (a) the mechanisms of the diuretic and natriuretic effect; (b) the
      duration of this effect. Various mechanisms and sites of action can be envisaged
      to account for the diuretic and natriuretic action of these compounds. The action
      may be due to (a) a change in glomerular filtration rate and/or renal blood flow;
      (b) interference with renin release; (c) interference with aldosterone secretion
      and/or aldosterone action on distal tubule; (d) interference with adrenergic
      sodium handling; (e) a direct tubular action. Although the mechanisms may be
      multiple, the last type of action is likely to be the most important one. Recent
      balance studies of our group show that, although the diuretic and natriuretic
      actions of calcium antagonists are displayed acutely on the first or second day
      of administration, a negative sodium balance is maintained for at least 1 week,
      and the diuretic and natriuretic effects of these compounds are not overcome by
      water- and sodium-retaining mechanisms, unless the doses given are too large.

PMID- 2412010
TI  - Review of the cardiovascular adversity of the calcium antagonist beta-blocker
      combination: implications for antihypertensive therapy.
AB  - The complementary antihypertensive effects of the beta-blocker/calcium antagonist
      combination has to be weighed against their additive and potentially detrimental
      negative inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic effects inherent in both
      classes of drugs. We reviewed the main adversity, particularly
      electrophysiological and hemodynamic effects, of combined treatments with beta
      blockers and the calcium antagonists verapamil, diltiazem, and nifedipine. In
      patients with coronary artery disease, a different picture emerged between the
      verapamil and nifedipine combination with a beta-blocker. Verapamil was more
      often associated with conduction problems (up to 9%) and dyspnea or heart failure
      (up to 8%). These problems had rarely been reported with nifedipine but ankle
      edema (up to 11%), flushing (up to 11%), and headaches (up to 7%) predominated.
      The cardiovascular unwanted effects led to withdrawal in 5-8% for the
      verapamil/beta-blocker or nifedipine/beta-blocker combination. Although there was
      little cardiac adversity with the nifedipine/beta-blocker combination, the
      intravenous administration of verapamil in patients on beta-blockers is
      contraindicated and the oral verapamil/beta-blocker combination should not be
      sought in patients with impaired left ventricular function and when conduction
      disturbances are likely to occur. In treating hypertensive patients without overt
      coronary artery disease, there is no argument against the use of the
      nifedipine/beta-blocker combination but there is a need for definitive studies of
      the verapamil/beta-blocker combination.

PMID- 2412011
TI  - Different Ca2+ channels along the arterial tree.
AB  - Evidence will be presented in support of the contention that receptor occupation
      and membrane depolarization open separate Ca2+ channels in rabbit aortic and
      mesenteric arteriolar smooth muscle. These channels can be differentially
      activated and inhibited, and the 45Ca influx through these channels is additive.
      The channels opened by receptor occupation (ROCs) appear to vary markedly among
      arteries in their sensitivity to organic Ca2+ antagonists, with greatest
      sensitivity in vessels wherein the release of intracellular Ca2+ by receptor
      occupation is least. Moreover, within the rabbit aorta, the sensitivity to Ca2+
      antagonists is greater at lower rather than at higher concentrations of
      norepinephrine; this variation in Ca2+ antagonist sensitivity appears also to be
      inversely related to the degree of release of intracellular Ca2+ by
      norepinephrine. These observations have led to the hypothesis that the release of
      intracellular Ca2+ by agonists may decrease the sensitivity of ROCs to Ca2+
      antagonists. Direct evidence in support of this hypothesis, however, remains to
      be obtained.

PMID- 2412012
TI  - International views of the use of calcium antagonists in the treatment of
      hypertension.

PMID- 2412013
TI  - Renin inhibitors: their use in understanding the role of angiotensin II as a
      pressor hormone.
AB  - Infusion of H.261, the inhibitor of human renin in the baboon, lowered blood
      angiotensin I, plasma angiotensin II, and arterial pressure suggesting that in
      the sodium-depleted state angiotensin II contributes to the maintenance of
      arterial pressure. In a second experiment dose-response infusions of angiotensin
      II were given in conscious sodium-depleted dogs before and during infusion of the
      renin inhibitor H.77. These suggested that the contribution of angiotensin II to
      the maintenance of arterial pressure in this state was made mainly by a
      circulating peptide. Preliminary results in normal humans show that infusion of
      H.142 intravenously lowered angiotensin I, angiotensin II, and arterial pressure.

PMID- 2412014
TI  - In vivo inhibition of renin by antirenin antibodies: potential experimental and
      clinical applications.
AB  - The use of antirenin antibody and Fab may provide a more specific physiologic
      tool and potential therapeutic agent than the existing pharmacologic inhibitors.
      The antibody combining site, by virtue of its larger size than organic compounds,
      has the capacity for a larger number of intramolecular contacts with its ligands,
      thus allowing increased selectivity and affinity. Renin-specific IgG and Fab
      obtained through immunization with purified dog renal renin have been studied.
      These agents had no effect on blood pressure in the sodium-replete conscious dog
      but induced systemic depressor responses in the sodium-depleted animal or during
      acute renovascular hypertension. These responses were accompanied with complete
      suppression of plasma renin and angiotensin II levels. Since antibodies and their
      fragments derived from immune sera are limited in their application to
      physiologic study with respect to lack of homogeneity, reproducibility, and
      limitation of quantity, monoclonal antibodies to purified human renal renin have
      also been obtained. Administration of monoclonal antibodies to conscious monkeys
      yielded similar overall cardiovascular responses as polyclonal antisera. These
      studies indicate that antirenin antibodies are highly potent and specific tools
      for physiologic studies and are of potential clinical usefulness.

PMID- 2412015
TI  - In vitro and in vivo inhibition of human and primate renin by a new potent renin
      inhibitor: SR 42128.
AB  - A new potent renin inhibitor, Iva-Phe-Nle-Sta-Ala-Sta-OH (SR 42128), and its
      arginine salt (SR 42128A) have been synthesized. This compound had a
      concentration required to displace 50% of ligand binding of 2.8 X 10(-8) M toward
      human plasma renin at pH 7.4 and was 2,000 times more potent than pepstatin. All
      primate renins tested were inhibited within the same order of magnitude whereas
      other animal renins were much less inhibited. The effect in vivo of SR 42128A was
      studied in sodium-depleted conscious monkeys. A single dose of SR 42128A produced
      a dose-dependent blood pressure decrease as well as a dose-dependent inhibition
      of plasma renin activity (PRA). Blood pressure was still significantly lowered 3
      h after a single administration of 3 or 10 mg/kg whereas PRA was still completely
      inhibited. SR 42128 is a potent and long-acting tool for studying the role of the
      renin angiotensin system in primates and humans.

PMID- 2412016
TI  - Comparison of different drug interference with the renin-angiotensin system.
AB  - The hypotensive effects of inhibitors of renin or converting-enzyme (CE) were
      compared in normotensive sodium-depleted marmosets. Renin was inhibited by an
      antiserum or a monoclonal antibody against human kidney renin or by peptidic
      renin inhibitors. The fall in blood pressure after the administration of renin
      antibodies or inhibitors was accompanied by complete inhibition of plasma renin
      activity. Antiserum and monoclonal antibody induced a hypotensive response of
      similar magnitude as peptidic renin inhibitors but had a longer duration of
      action. Teprotide was used as a CE-inhibitor. Inhibition of renin or CE lowered
      blood pressure but did not affect heart rate. The magnitude of the hypotensive
      effect was comparable after renin- or CE-inhibition and depended on the
      pretreatment plasma renin activity. Inhibition of renin prevented the hypotensive
      response to inhibition of CE and vice versa. The results of these comparative
      studies suggest that, in states of sodium depletion, the acute hypotensive
      effects of renin- or CE-inhibitors are entirely due to their interference with
      the renin-angiotensin system.

PMID- 2412017
TI  - Angiotensin receptor is a desirable locus for physiologically specific inhibition
      of the renin-angiotensin system.
AB  - Angiotension II is the effector molecule of the renin-angiotensin system.
      Therefore, agents directed at the receptor that mediates its actions are likely
      to represent the most physiologically specific inhibitors of the system. We
      suggest here an approach to such drugs based on an operational analogy between
      peptidases and peptide hormone receptors and on the development of inhibitors of
      angiotensin-converting enzyme. The rationale that led to captopril, enalapril,
      and related inhibitors of this peptidase required identification of its cognitive
      and functional properties, i.e., what amino acid sequences it preferentially
      recognizes and its Zn2+ -dependent dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase activity.
      Purification of the enzyme was necessary to obtain this information. We speculate
      that this type of information may be equally useful for developing a receptor
      antagonist. As progress toward this objective, we describe briefly purification
      of rabbit hepatic angiotensin II receptor using chemical and immunoaffinity
      ligands. We hope to determine the cognitive and functional properties of this
      purified protein, i.e., what residues it preferentially recognizes in defined
      peptides and the molecular mechanism by which binding of ligand is transduced
      into a cellular response.

PMID- 2412018
TI  - Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition: a clinical point of view.
AB  - Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors were developed to prevent the in vivo
      generation of angiotensin II and thereby to reduce peripheral vasoconstriction.
      However, these compounds exert some additional effects that may or may not be
      angiotensin dependent. These include potential sodium diuresis, bradykinin
      accumulation, prostaglandin release, blunting of sympathetic activity,
      parasympathomimetic actions, central effects, redistribution of blood flow toward
      some particularly important organs. Only the comprehensive assessment of the many
      complex interactions that exist between the renin-angiotensin and several other
      regulatory systems reveals the complete therapeutic profile of this class of
      pharmacologic agents.

PMID- 2412019
TI  - Acute inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system: interest and limits to detect
      surgically curable hypertension.
AB  - The acute blockade of the renin-angiotensin system has been made it possible to
      investigate its role in the maintenance of blood pressure and aldosterone
      secretion in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. The administration of
      saralasin or captopril and, in the near future, of renin inhibitors induces a
      fall in blood pressure that is variable from one subject to the other according
      to the sodium balance and the level of activation of the system. These blockers
      also decrease the angiotensin II-dependent aldosterone production and increase
      renin secretion according to the circulating level of angiotensin II and the
      functional state of adrenal and juxtaglomerular receptors. In practice the
      definition of an abnormal response to renin-angiotensin blockade is difficult to
      define precisely, but the hypotensive effect has been tentatively used for the
      diagnosis of renin-dependent hypertension, especially renovascular hypertension
      and primary hyperaldosteronism. In renal artery stenosis the most convincing
      results mainly concern the lateralization of an abnormal unilateral renin
      secretion, which is potentiated by an acute blockade of the renin-angiotensin
      system. The acute administration of converting enzyme inhibitor is also useful to
      detect the absence of decrease in plasma aldosterone, which is characteristic of
      a solitary tumor or of other anatomical and functional disorders of the adrenal
      glands.

PMID- 2412020
TI  - When is it useful to inhibit the renin-angiotensin system for treating
      hypertension?
AB  - The acute, 60 min blood pressure and plasma renin responses to an oral test dose
      of captopril given to a quietly seated patient can be used to gain information
      quickly on renin dependency or lack of it in a hypertensive situation. This
      information is verified by a baseline renin sodium profile test. These two
      diagnostic steps define either renin dependency or a sodium-volume mechanism
      involved in the vasoconstrictor. At the same time they also enable the complete
      diagnosis or exclusion of curable renovascular disease. For long-term therapy,
      pharmacologic inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system can be accomplished by
      or using converting enzyme inhibitors to block angiotensin II formation or beta
      receptor blocking drugs to block renin secretion and by combining the two.
      Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system is the logical first step in
      antihypertensive drug therapy, both for acute hypertensive emergencies or chronic
      therapy, whenever the hypertension is largely or significantly renin dependent,
      i.e., in the high and normal renin forms of hypertension. This includes up to 70%
      of patients with essential hypertension. If converting enzyme inhibition or beta
      blockade is only partially effective, the two can be combined to achieve more
      complete blockade. A more popular alternative to this has been the addition of a
      diuretic as the second drug. However, this introduces well-known problems of
      diuretic therapy including dehydration, which eliminates the conceptual advantage
      of pure blockade of renin-mediated vasoconstriction, i.e., reducing pressure
      without reducing tissue flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2412021
TI  - Why use angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors to lower blood pressure?
AB  - Captopril given for 5 days to normotensive subjects caused a significant fall in
      blood pressure. The fall in blood pressure was greater on a low sodium diet
      (19.6%) and less on a high sodium diet (11%) whereas on a normal sodium intake it
      was 16.5%. This fall in blood pressure was related to the initial level of
      angiotensin II and the fall in angiotensin II and was also associated with large
      falls in plasma aldosterone and, on the normal sodium intake, a loss of sodium
      that amounted to approximately 140 mmol/normal subject studied over the 5 days.
      Patients with essential hypertension who were studied on their normal diets had a
      similar fall in blood pressure for a given plasma renin activity. Angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitors are therefore used in hypertension not because they
      are specific for patients with high blood pressure but because they are effective
      in lowering blood pressure in both normotensive and hypertensive subjects and
      cause few side effects. They are also particularly effective when used in
      conjunction with sodium restriction, diuretics, or calcium entry antagonists but
      less effective when combined with a beta-blocker.

PMID- 2412023
TI  - Serotonergic mechanisms in the cardiovascular system.

PMID- 2412022
TI  - Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system in the treatment of heart failure:
      why, when, and where.
AB  - Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors can be recommended in the treatment of
      severe cardiac failure (New York Heart Association Functional Class III or VI)
      where they are probably superior to other vasodilators. Their use should be
      considered when routine therapy with diuretics and digoxin has failed to
      ameliorate symptoms. Whether they can be recommended also for mild heart failure
      and whether the benefits outweigh any risks associated with long-term blockade of
      the renin-angiotensin system are questions that remain to be answered. Their use
      in hypertension and early in acute myocardial infarction might prevent the
      development of heart failure, but appropriate studies in man are awaited.

PMID- 2412024
TI  - Effect of ketanserin on hemodynamics, plasma-catecholamine concentrations, and
      serotonin uptake by platelets in volunteers and patients with congestive heart
      failure.
AB  - Ketanserin, which preferentially blocks 5-HT2-serotonergic receptors, was
      injected intravenously (i.v.) to patients with congestive heart failure in a
      bolus dose of 10 mg, followed by an i.v. infusion of 3 mg/h over a period of 4 h.
      The drug caused a decrease in total peripheral resistance and, conversely, an
      increase in stroke volume. Right atrial and pulmonary artery pressures were
      decreased. Plasma noradrenaline rose twofold over the basal levels shortly after
      injection, but showed a distinct fall 2 h after beginning of the treatment. The
      concentrations of ketanserin in plasma after bolus injection approximated 100-150
      ng/ml. The sympathoneuronal and sympathoadrenal reaction during tilting were
      increased after i.v. injection of 10 mg ketanserin in volunteers. The
      noradrenaline and adrenaline levels in plasma rose significantly more when
      compared with values before the injection of the drug. In vitro as well as in
      vivo ketanserin exerts a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the active
      transport of serotonin and catecholamines (dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline)
      into human platelets. Considering platelets as a model of the sympathetic
      neurons, the inhibition of reuptake of catecholamines by ketanserin could
      contribute to the observed increase in circulating catecholamines after injection
      of the drug.

PMID- 2412025
TI  - Can peripheral serotonergic blockade explain the hypotensive effect of
      ketanserin?
AB  - Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) causes contraction of most large blood vessels
      and of venules. This is due mainly to direct activation of the smooth muscle or
      to amplification of the response to other neurohumoral mediators. Vasodilator
      responses to serotonin are seen mainly at the arteriolar level. They can be due
      to the release of other endogenous vasodilators, direct relaxation of vascular
      smooth muscle, inhibition of adrenergic neurotransmission, or release of an
      endothelium-dependent relaxing factor(s). Aggregating platelets release enough
      serotonin to evoke both constrictor and dilator responses. Hence the absence of
      endothelial cells or of adrenergic nerve activity may change the response to
      platelets from dilatation to constriction. Vasoconstrictor responses to serotonin
      released from aggregating platelets may play a role in the maintenance of the
      augmented peripheral resistance in hypertension. Such an involvement of serotonin
      is suggested by the following observations in humans and animals: the turnover
      rate of platelets is accelerated; the uptake of serotonin by platelets is
      reduced; the metabolism of serotonin by the endothelial cells is decreased; the
      vascular smooth muscles are hyperresponsive to the constrictor effects of
      serotonin and other serotonergic agonists; the S2-serotonergic antagonist
      ketanserin, which is devoid of agonistic properties, lowers arterial blood
      pressure in hypertensive humans. Whether the alpha-adrenergic blocking properties
      of ketanserin contribute to its antihypertensive properties in humans is still a
      matter of discussion.

PMID- 2412026
TI  - Antihypertensive effects of ketanserin in the spontaneously hypertensive rat:
      mode of action.
AB  - In the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), ketanserin and the ketanserin
      analogues R56413 and ritanserin were studied with regard to their ability to
      reduce the blood pressure in conscious rats and shift the dose-response curves
      for phenylephrine and serotonin (5-HT) in pithed rats after acute administration.
      There was a striking correlation between the degree of hypotension and the degree
      of inhibition of the phenylephrine-induced pressor responses. 5-HT2-receptor
      blockade alone by ritanserin did not influence the blood pressure but it
      potentiated the hypotensive response to alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade by
      prazosin. Thus, following acute administration in the SHR, the major portion of
      the antihypertensive response to ketanserin is due to an alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      blockade but the 5-HT2-receptor blockade may contribute.

PMID- 2412027
TI  - Chronic serotonergic blockade with ketanserin in the spontaneously hypertensive
      rat.
AB  - Spontaneously hypertensive rats were fed ketanserin-enriched (17 mg/100 g) or
      control chow for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks the blood pressure was reduced (16%).
      Pressor responses to phenylephrine were not different from control responses,
      which indicates that at this time the antihypertensive effect was not directly
      related to an alpha-adrenoceptor blockade. Cardiovascular responses to stress
      (jet air), baroreceptor sensitivity (bradycardia to phenylephrine), and central
      catecholamine turnover were unchanged, which supported the view that central
      mechanisms probably do not contribute to the antihypertensive effects of
      ketanserin.

PMID- 2412028
TI  - Evidence for a central component to the hypotensive action of ketanserin in the
      dog.
AB  - The mechanisms responsible for the hypotensive action of ketanserin are
      controversial. Vascular 5-HT2-receptor blockade, resulting in inhibition of
      serotonin-induced vasoconstriction and amplification of other vasoconstrictors,
      has been suggested by some investigators, but others have concluded that vascular
      alpha-adrenoceptor blockade is responsible. In our experiments using
      pentobarbitone-anaesthetized dogs, ketanserin (0.1-0.4 mg/kg i.v.) produced
      immediate and sustained falls in systemic arterial blood pressure and vascular
      resistance in the common carotid and femoral arterial circulations. Constrictor
      responses to noradrenaline in these circulations were unaffected by 0.1-0.4 mg/kg
      i.v. of ketanserin; alpha-adrenoceptor blockade was only produced by higher doses
      (1-4 mg/kg i.v.). Constrictor responses in the common carotid circulation to
      preganglionic cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation and to nicotine were not
      inhibited by 0.1-0.4 mg/kg of ketanserin. The systemic pressor responses to
      nicotine and common carotid artery occlusion, however, were reduced by these
      doses of ketanserin. These results suggest that alpha-adrenoceptor blockade is
      not responsible for the hypotensive action of 0.1-0.4 mg/kg of ketanserin, and
      that a centrally mediated inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity is involved.

PMID- 2412029
TI  - Serotonergic mechanisms and blood pressure in sheep.
AB  - This study examined the effects of the serotonergic (5-HT2) antagonist ketanserin
      in sheep on haemodynamic responses to infused serotonin (5-HT), development of
      adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH)-induced hypertension, and the effect of ACTH on in
      vivo pressor responsiveness to 5-HT. Serotonin produced a dose-related increase
      in mean arterial pressure and heart rate. These increases in mean arterial
      pressure were attenuated or abolished by ketanserin, but increases in heart rate
      were enhanced. Ketanserin modified the pressure response to the alpha-adrenergic
      agonist phenylephrine, and did not further lower mean arterial pressure in sheep
      pretreated with the alpha-antagonist prazosin. Thus, ketanserin exhibits alpha
      adrenergic antagonism in sheep. Ketanserin infusion lowered mean arterial
      pressure in normal sheep but did not affect the pressor response to ACTH
      infusion. There was no difference in pressor responsiveness to 5-HT (0.1-30
      micrograms/kg) before and after ACTH treatment. Thus, 5-HT raises mean arterial
      pressure in sheep in a dose-related fashion, but there is no evidence of a role
      for 5-HT in ACTH-induced hypertension.

PMID- 2412030
TI  - Platelet serotonin in essential hypertension and in mental depression.
AB  - The similarity between the metabolic pathways of serotonin in platelets and
      serotoninergic nerve endings has often been emphasized. The turnover of serotonin
      was therefore investigated in two diseases: hypertension (as central
      serotoninergic neurones appear to modulate central sympathetic nervous activity)
      and depression (as a central 5-HT-deficiency and a low 3H-imipramine binding on
      platelets have been described in patients with endogenous depression). Mean
      platelet 5-HT level was significantly lower in essential hypertensives than in
      controls. A reduction in platelet 5-HT level was also observed in depression and
      was more marked in women than in men. Serotonin level was only weakly related to
      the severity of the diseases. In some hypertensive patients, administration of
      ketanserin resulted in a reduction of blood pressure without affecting 5-HT
      level. In depressive patients, maprotiline and chlorimipramine acted differently
      on 5-HT level but both improved the clinical symptoms.

PMID- 2412031
TI  - Is there alpha-adrenergic blockade and/or serotonergic blockade during chronic
      ketanserin treatment?
AB  - Drugs are not absolute in their specificity; the mechanisms by which many agents
      reduce blood pressure remain disputed. Ketanserin has been shown to have both 5
      HT2-serotonergic and alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist activity. Its pharmacological
      profile makes its designation as a serotonergic antagonist appropriate; however,
      the relative contributions of at least these two, and perhaps other, mechanisms
      to the hypotensive effect of ketanserin during long-term oral treatment remain
      obscure.

PMID- 2412032
TI  - Ketanserin and alpha 1-adrenergic antagonism in humans.
AB  - Ketanserin has been shown to antagonise both alpha 1-adrenergic (alpha 1) and 5
      HT2-serotonergic (5-HT2) receptors in animal experiments but the findings in
      humans have been conflicting. Its mode of action in reducing blood pressure is
      unclear. We have studied, therefore, the effects of ketanserin 40 mg b.i.d. given
      orally for 4 days to seven normal volunteers on blood pressure, heart rate, and
      tests of baroreflex function, including infusion of the alpha 1-adrenergic
      agonist, phenylephrine. Ketanserin caused a small reduction in both lying and
      standing blood pressure after 4 days but with no change in heart rate; no subject
      had a severe fall in pressure after the first dose. The 30:15 and Valsalva
      manoeuvre ratios were decreased slightly. The dose-response curve of blood
      pressure against rate of phenylephrine infusion was shifted to the right in
      keeping with alpha 1-adrenergic antagonism; the degree of shift was small
      compared with that after prazosin. The relationship between change in blood
      pressure and heart rate during phenylephrine infusion was not affected by
      ketanserin. Ketanserin may act as an alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist. The
      development of more selective agents to antagonise 5-HT2-serotonergic receptors
      should clarify the role of this aspect of the drug's action in reducing blood
      pressure.

PMID- 2412033
TI  - The acute antihypertensive effect of ketanserin increases with age.
AB  - The relationship between the acute blood pressure lowering effect of ketanserin
      with age was investigated in 57 patients ranging from 25 to 90 years (mean 61
      years). There was a highly significant correlation between the degree of
      reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and age, independent of the
      starting blood pressure. The fact that the acute blood pressure-lowering effect
      of ketanserin increases with age may suggest a role for serotonin in blood
      pressure regulation, particularly in elderly patients.

PMID- 2412034
TI  - Hemodynamic response to chronic ketanserin treatment in essential hypertension.
AB  - Ketanserin (120 mg/day) or placebo was given orally to 14 patients with mild to
      moderate essential hypertension according to a double-blind crossover protocol,
      each treatment period lasting 6 weeks. Resting intraarterial pressure in the
      recumbent position was reduced from 150/84 to 141/77 mm Hg; the hypotensive
      effect persisted throughout an uninterrupted graded exercise test to the point of
      exhaustion. The hemodynamic effects were similar at rest and during exercise.
      Overall, systemic vascular resistance decreased by 14%, heart rate fell by 5%,
      but stroke volume and cardiac output increased. The pressor responses to
      methoxamine and to phenylephrine were reduced by ketanserin.

PMID- 2412035
TI  - Ketanserin: a possible tool for studying the role of serotonin in hypertension.
AB  - Ketanserin is a serotonin antagonist with high affinity for S2-serotonergic
      receptors, which mediate the vasoconstrictor effects of serotonin. It does not
      block the vasodilator effects of this monoamine, and it is devoid of agonist
      activity and serious central side effects. Ketanserin, however, also binds to
      alpha 1-adrenoceptors. The compound (10 mg i.v.) was given to 30 patients with
      essential hypertension and four normotensive patients with chronic autonomic
      failure, owing to an efferent sympathetic lesion. Ketanserin lowered systolic and
      diastolic arterial pressure by about 20%. The effects on cardiac output, cardiac
      filling pressures, forearm blood flow, renal blood flow, and glomerular
      filtration rate revealed a hemodynamic pattern compatible with dilatation of both
      resistance and capacitance vessels. These vasodilator effects were accompanied by
      moderate reflex stimulation of the heart. The drug did not alter the pressor
      effect of bolus injections of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine,
      which contrasted with the competitive antagonism exerted by the alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin. Baroreflex-mediated bradycardia after
      phenylephrine also was not affected by ketanserin. The drug had a distinct
      hypotensive effect in patients with autonomic failure, despite the fact that
      these patients did not respond to the nonselective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist
      phentolamine, 20 mg i.v. Thus, ketanserin is capable of lowering arterial
      pressure independently of alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade. The results are
      therefore indirect evidence supporting a role of serotonin in hypertension.

PMID- 2412036
TI  - Chronic effects of serotonin inhibition in hypertensive patients: hemodynamic and
      humoral findings.
AB  - This review deals with the effects of chronic antihypertensive treatment with
      ketanserin on a series of physiological and biochemical variables, both at rest
      and during stimulation (exercise or stress). In four centers, different aspects
      were covered, with blood pressure as the common denominator in 45 hypertensive
      patients. Treatment periods ran from 1 to 9 months with daily doses ranging from
      80 to 160 mg. Systolic and diastolic pressures fell roughly by 10 mm Hg. Heart
      rate tended to be reduced. The decrease in blood pressure was accounted for
      mainly by a decrease in calculated total peripheral (and renal) vascular
      resistance. Volume parameters failed to show statistically significant changes,
      although plasma volume tended to expand. The profile of hemodynamics during
      exercise was basically unmodified. Hormonal changes were not uniform, but the
      main trend was a decrease in the activities of both the renin-angiotensin and the
      adrenergic system. Apparently the action of ketanserin is not confined to 5-HT2
      serotonergic blockade.

PMID- 2412037
TI  - Double-blind comparison of ketanserin with propranolol in hypertensive patients:
      interim report.
AB  - This double-blind study, which is still in progress, aims to compare ketanserin
      (K) and propranolol (P) during long-term treatment of hypertensive patients in
      general practice. After a run-in period on placebo, active treatment was
      initiated with 20 mg K or 40 mg P, b.i.d., during a 2-week period, whereafter the
      daily dose of either drug was doubled. Presently, 331 patients have been
      randomized, two-thirds to the K group (n = 221) and one-third to the P group (n =
      110). Both groups were similar at randomization, with blood pressure (BP)
      averaging 171/105 mm Hg. The presently available data concerning the initial 3
      months of the trial show that up to the 2nd month after randomization, systolic
      BP was significantly (p less than 0.05) higher in the K than in the P group,
      whereas the differences in diastolic BP were mostly not significant. The change
      in BP after 3 months on K treatment was positively and independently related to
      both the initial BP and the concurrent changes in body weight. Heart rate was
      lower (p less than 0.001) during P, whereas body weight was not statistically
      different between both groups. Differences in complaints between the K and P
      group were small. However, in the K group dry mouth was transiently more
      frequently reported at 1 month (p = 0.02) and multiple complaints at 3 months (p
      = 0.03).

PMID- 2412038
TI  - A comparative and long-term evaluation of ketanserin in the treatment of
      essential hypertension.
AB  - Ketanserin is a serotonin (S2) blocker that reduces blood pressure (BP) in
      patients with essential hypertension preferentially by a reduction of peripheral
      vascular resistance. Heart rate is generally not affected or slightly reduced.
      When given in monotherapy on a 40 mg b.i.d. regimen, ketanserin reduces diastolic
      BP as effectively as metoprolol 100 mg b.i.d. or hydrochlorotiazide 25 mg b.i.d.
      The incidence of adverse reactions is low and comparable to these reference
      drugs. A satisfactory BP control is provided over a 24-h interval on a 40 mg
      b.i.d. dosage schedule, and the effect is maintained on a long-term basis, i.e.,
      greater than 2 years. The response seems to be more marked in older patients,
      which may be due to an augmented platelet serotonin release and a vascular
      hypersensitivity in this age group. The future usefulness of ketanserin, as well
      as any other antihypertensive agent, will depend on its ability to prevent organ
      damage, as well as its ability to provide "quality of life" for the patient.

PMID- 2412039
TI  - Platelet serotonin and blood tryptophan in spontaneously hypertensive and
      normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats.
AB  - The number of platelets and their content in serotonin (5-HT) were determined in
      12-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP)
      and in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Spontaneously hypertensive rats had
      49% more platelets and a 65% higher platelet 5-HT circulating pool than SHRSP and
      WKY. An increased synthesis of 5-HT by enterochromaffin cells in SHR is suggested
      by the lower level of plasma total and albumin-bound tryptophan and by the higher
      free/bound tryptophan ratio found in those rats, as compared with WKY. In SHRSP,
      a decrease of platelet survival time was reported, associated to an increased
      platelet production. This would explain the absence of variation of platelet
      number and 5-HT content.

PMID- 2412040
TI  - Clinical studies with ketanserin in hypertension.
AB  - To assess efficacy and side effects during chronic oral therapy, we studied the
      effect of ketanserin (Kn) in 17 hypertensive patients for a period up to 1 year.
      Ketanserin controlled blood pressure satisfactorily in 25%, in part in 50% and
      had little or no effect in 25%. Reduction in diastolic pressure equalled that in
      systolic pressure at rest and after exercise and during handgrip. Pulse rate was
      slowed. Dosage in excess of 60 mg of Kn per day caused troublesome central
      nervous system symptoms or headache in some patients. A nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drug appeared to antagonize the antihypertensive effect of Kn in
      one patient. Red cell rigidity and platelet aggregation to ADP and collagen were
      significantly decreased. Serum potassium and uric acid were significantly
      decreased; serum creatinine increased during Kn treatment. The antihypertensive
      and pulse slowing effects of Kn were confirmed during the year's study, in a
      randomized placebo-controlled crossover study.

PMID- 2412041
TI  - Study with the competitive 5-HT2-serotonergic antagonist ketanserin.
AB  - In 10 patients with primary arterial hypertension of mild or moderate degree,
      ketanserin, a competitive antagonist of serotonin receptors, was given for a
      period of 4 weeks, 40 mg twice daily. In a control group, patients were given 100
      mg twice daily of metoprolol for 4 weeks for each treatment. A randomized double
      blind crossover model was used. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured at
      rest and during exercise testing on a bicycle; peripheral blood flow was measured
      by strain-gauge plethysmography. A slight reduction in resting systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure without change in heart rate was observed during
      treatment with ketanserin. Cardiac workload during exercise test did not change
      over the observation period. A slight increase in resting blood flow to the lower
      limbs, with a decrease in peripheral resistance was demonstrated by strain-gauge
      plethysmography.

PMID- 2412042
TI  - Antihypertensive properties of ketanserin in combination with beta-adrenergic
      blocking agents.
AB  - The antihypertensive effect of ketanserin in combination with beta-adrenergic
      blockade was assessed in a double-blind crossover (4 weeks) manner in 10 patients
      with essential hypertension. The addition of ketanserin (40 mg b.i.d.) to optimal
      doses of beta-adrenergic blockers had significant antihypertensive effects
      compared with treatment with beta-adrenergic blockers alone. When followed for 24
      h at steady-state conditions, ketanserin effectively reduced the blood pressure
      during a major part of the day, with maximal effect occurring at the time of the
      peak plasma concentration of ketanserin (1-2 h after tablet intake). Six patients
      initially reported a slight sedation during ketanserin treatment.

PMID- 2412044
TI  - Ketanserin in the acute management of severe hypertension.
AB  - Ketanserin is a 5-HT2 antagonist with alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking activity.
      This study examines the efficacy and safety of ketanserin in the control of
      severe primary and secondary hypertension, including renal hypertension. Patients
      with uncontrolled hypertension were admitted to hospital and entered the study if
      the supine diastolic blood pressure phase V (SDBP) was greater than 110 mm Hg
      after 2 h continuous BP monitoring (Dynamap). Ketanserin was administered as an
      intravenous (i.v.) 5 mg bolus every 60 s until SDBP fell greater than 15 mm Hg or
      maximum dose (30 mg) was reached, then by i.v. infusion at 4-20 mg/h to maintain
      SDBP fall greater than 15 mm Hg over 6 h. Twenty five patients were monitored and
      20 (seven men, 13 women, ages 14-65 years) fulfilled the entry criteria.
      Seventeen of 20 were on antihypertensive medication, and 14 had underlying renal
      disease. Preinjection mean BP was 188/123 mm Hg for the 20 patients, falling at 5
      min to 175/103 mm Hg. Supine diastolic blood pressure fell greater than 15 mm Hg
      in 16 of 20 patients. In these patients, BP remained satisfactorily controlled
      over the 6-h ketanserin infusion. Heart rate was unchanged. The four patients who
      did not respond were receiving the alpha-blocker prazosin, but seven other
      patients on high-dose prazosin did respond. We conclude that i.v. ketanserin is
      effective in the acute management of severe hypertension, including hypertension
      secondary to renal disease.

PMID- 2412043
TI  - Effect of ketanserin on blood pressure and biochemical parameters in patients
      with essential hypertension.
AB  - Seventeen subjects with essential hypertension (14 men, 3 women, 40-69 years of
      age), 13 of whom continued their previous antihypertensive therapy, completed a
      double-blind crossover trial of ketanserin 40 mg twice daily versus placebo
      tablets twice daily. Each treatment phase was 6 weeks in duration. For the group
      as a whole, blood pressure (BP) was reduced in the ketanserin phase compared with
      the placebo phase: supine mean BP decrease: 4 +/- 1 mm Hg (p less than 0.05);
      standing mean BP decrease: 7 +/- 1 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). Heart rate (HR) was
      also significantly decreased in the ketanserin phase (5 +/- 1 beats/min) (p less
      than 0.001). When individual subgroups were analysed, the reductions in BP and HR
      were greater in subjects already receiving antihypertensive therapy, diuretics,
      and/or beta-adrenergic blockers. Changes were observed in 24-h urine sodium and
      potassium excretion: Sodium (mmol/day): placebo 137 +/- 17, ketanserin 174 +/- 19
      (p less than 0.05); potassium (mmol/day): placebo 74 +/- 8, ketanserin 57 +/- 5.
      For the group as a whole, there were no significant adverse effects during the
      ketanserin phase, although two subjects had a dose reduction of ketanserin
      because of drowsiness and dizziness. Two additional subjects withdrew from the
      study owing to adverse effects, one in the placebo phase. In conclusion,
      ketanserin in the dose administered has a modest hypotensive effect, which is
      best seen in subjects already receiving other antihypertensive agents.

PMID- 2412045
TI  - Effect of ketanserin in primary aldosteronism.
AB  - Serotonin is known to have aldosterone-stimulating properties in humans, which
      are counteracted by the serotonin-antagonist metergoline. Suppression of
      aldosterone levels by cyproheptadine in patients with idiopathic aldosteronism
      has also been shown. Since ketanserin, a more specific 5-HT2-serotoninergic (5
      HT2) antagonist, has been shown to affect aldosterone secretion in essential
      hypertension, we have further investigated this mechanism by injecting ketanserin
      (10 mg i.v.) in 10 patients with primary aldosteronism (four adenoma, six
      idiopathic aldosteronism). A transient decrease (20% when compared with the basal
      levels) of plasma aldosterone was seen at 30 min. A concomitant decrease of
      plasma cortisol was also noticed, whereas plasma renin activity and potassium did
      not change. Blood pressure decreased in all cases. These observations suggest
      that ketanserin acts directly at the adrenal level by interfering with a possible
      modulatory activity of serotonin. However, an adrenocorticotropic hormone
      mediated effect cannot be completely ruled out at the present time.

PMID- 2412046
TI  - Ketanserin: a new hypotensive drug?
AB  - The possible use of ketanserin for the chronic treatment of patients with
      essential hypertension was discussed based on the data exposed at this symposium.
      Its hypotensive effect is established during placebo controlled trials, but more
      data are needed to determine its relative potency compared to standard
      hypotensive drugs. The drug seems to act by reducing systemic vascular
      resistance, but the relative role of the serotonin and alpha inhibition in the
      chronic hypotensive effect in man is not yet known. Subjective side effects occur
      after the first dose, but seem to be less frequent during chronic treatment;
      organ toxicity has not been reported in the therapeutic doses. The drug could be
      particularly indicated in elderly hypertensive patients, especially in those with
      peripheral vascular disease. The influence on morbidity and mortality is not yet
      known.

PMID- 2412047
TI  - Serotonin release and phosphoinositide breakdown in thrombin-induced activation
      of human platelets.
AB  - The release reaction and the metabolism of inositol lipids were studied in
      parallel in washed human platelets following the activation by low doses of
      thrombin. The breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI-P2) was
      accompanied by the release of serotonin. These events preceded the breakdown of
      the other phosphoinositides and the release of alpha-granules and lysosome
      constituents, respectively. The secretion of serotonin probably is triggered by
      products of thrombin-induced activation of the phospholipase C directed against
      PI-P2.

PMID- 2412048
TI  - Pharmacology of potent and selective S2-serotonergic antagonists.
AB  - Ketanserin is the prototype of a new series of serotonergic antagonists that
      competitively and selectively block 5-hydroxytryptamine (S2) serotonergic
      receptors. Ketanserin and its analogues antagonize the events mediated by this
      receptor, i.e., serotonin-induced vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, and
      platelet aggregation, irrespective of whether serotonin acts directly or
      amplifies the effect of vasoconstrictors or platelet aggregating agents. The
      antagonism is pure because compounds such as ketanserin are devoid of agonistic
      activity. The actions of ketanserin are mainly peripheral, whereas other members
      of the series, e.g., ritanserin, act on the brain and are potent antagonists of
      lysergic acid diethylamide and other centrally acting serotonomimetic drugs. The
      different pharmacological profiles of the new S2-serotonergic antagonists and the
      evidence already available on their clinical effects prompt a further exploration
      of these agents in a large range of cardiovascular and other diseases.

PMID- 2412049
TI  - Platelet hypersensitivity to serotonin after prolonged ketanserin intake?
AB  - In the present study the effect of acute and short-term ketanserin administration
      on serotonin (5-HT)-induced aggregation was investigated in eight healthy
      volunteers. They received 40 mg ketanserin three times a day for 1 week. Blood
      samples were drawn before (A), 1.5 h after the first dose (B), 12 h after the
      evening dose of the 7th day (C), and 1.5 h after the morning dose of the 8th day
      (D). The maximal rate of aggregation (mm/min +/- SEM) was significantly decreased
      following the first dose (A: 47.6 +/- 6.0; B: 27.6 +/- 4.5; p less than 0.05); 12
      h after the evening dose of the 7th day, the platelets aggregated more rapidly
      with 5-HT than before the onset of the study (C: 69.4 +/- 6.0; A vs. p less than
      0.01). The last dose of ketanserin abolished this hyperresponsiveness (D: 46.1 +/
      7.58; C vs. D, p less than 0.05); however, there was no significant difference
      in the velocity of aggregation between the onset of the study and after the last
      dose. It appears that ketanserin has a double effect on platelet aggregation: an
      initial hyporesponsiveness to 5-HT is followed by a delayed hyperresponsiveness
      that is temporarily corrected by renewed ketanserin intake. In vitro dose
      response curves suggested that prolonged ketanserin intake results in a higher
      "sensitivity" of the platelets to serotonin rather than a refractoriness of the
      platelets to ketanserin.

PMID- 2412050
TI  - Continuous inhibition of platelet S2-serotonergic receptors during chronic
      administration of ketanserin in humans.
AB  - Platelet aggregation induced by serotonin in plasma obtained from 9 volunteers
      was inhibited at 90 min and 15 h after the oral administration of ketanserin,
      either acutely or after one week of chronic administration. At 7 days after the
      last dose, a transient overreaction to serotonin occurred. Platelet reactions to
      epinephrine, collagen and adenosine diphosphate were not affected by ketanserin.
      The present results demonstrate a continuous inhibition of S2-serotonergic
      receptors in platelets during both acute and chronic treatment with ketanserin in
      humans.

PMID- 2412051
TI  - Effect of ketanserin on the hyperreactivity of platelets to 5-hydroxytryptamine
      in patients with cardiovascular diseases.
AB  - Platelet aggregation in response to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was investigated
      in 110 patients with cardiovascular diseases and in 40 age-matched control
      subjects. It was found that 40% of those patients had a biphasic irreversible
      platelet aggregation in response to 5-HT, whereas 92.5% of the control subjects
      responded with a weak reversible aggregation. A double-blind, placebo-controlled
      study, including 41 patients, showed that a subacute treatment with ketanserin
      significantly abolished platelet aggregation in patients hyperreactive to 5-HT.
      In an additional open study, including 10 patients with peripheral arterial
      obstructive disease, chronic treatment with ketanserin for a period of 3 months
      significantly suppressed the primary platelet aggregation to 5-HT at 2 X 10(-5) M
      and at 2 X 10(-6) M and significantly lowered the plasma beta-thromboglobulin
      levels.

PMID- 2412052
TI  - Blood pressure, 5-OH indoleacetic acid, and vanilmandelic acid excretion and
      blood platelet aggregation in hypertensive patients treated with ketanserin.
AB  - Ketanserin, a new selective 5-HT2-serotonergic antagonist, was used to: confirm
      its hypotensive efficacy in acute and long-term treatment, determine its
      influence on the influence on the metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) and
      catecholamines, and elucidate their mutual relationship. Ketanserin was given
      intravenously to 10 patients with hypertensive crisis or resistant hypertension
      and orally to 15 patients with mild to severe hypertension for 1 year. Blood
      pressure, heart rate, 24-h urinary excretion of vanilmandelic acid (VMA; the
      major endproduct of catecholamines) and of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (HIAA; the
      endproduct of serotonin metabolism), and platelet aggregation were measured. In
      doses normalizing blood pressure and platelet aggregation, ketanserin
      administered to hypertensive patients either intravenously in acute treatment or
      orally in chronic treatment caused: (a) decreased HIAA excretion (more marked in
      chronic than in acute treatment) and (b) simultaneous decrease in VMA excretion.
      It is concluded that the decisive sites of ketanserin action are the 5-HT2
      receptors of platelets. The compound reduces platelet aggregation and the release
      of 5-HT, its metabolism, and, hence, the excretion of HIAA. The action of
      ketanserin on 5-HT2 receptors of vascular smooth muscle participates in the
      hypotensive effect of the drug but does not explain the decreased excretion of
      HIAA and VMA.

PMID- 2412053
TI  - Effects of ketanserin on platelet function and red cell filterability in
      hypertension and peripheral vascular disease.
AB  - Serotonin is a vasoactive substance that acts on blood vessels and platelets but
      whose primary action lies in its role as an amplifier for other agents. The aim
      of this work was to study the effects on blood platelets and erythrocytes of the
      S2-serotonergic receptor antagonist ketanserin. Twenty-seven patients with
      untreated hypertension and/or intermittent claudication received a bolus
      intravenous (i.v.) injection of 10 mg ketanserin followed by 2 mg/h during 3 h
      i.v. infusion. Platelet function and erythrocyte filterability were studied
      before and 30 min, 3 h, and 24 h after the bolus injection. The results showed
      decreases of plasma beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 levels (p less
      than 0.001) and platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine plus serotonin (p
      less than 0.001), whereas ADP-induced aggregation remained unchanged 30 min and 3
      h after ketanserin administration. Red cell filterability was decreased (p less
      than 0.01). There was a tendency toward lower mean arterial blood pressure but
      heart rate remained unchanged. The dual effect of ketanserin on platelet function
      and erythrocyte filterability might be of great clinical value in hypertension
      and peripheral vascular disease in which microcirculatory flow is altered.

PMID- 2412054
TI  - Serotonin and the flow properties of blood.
AB  - The effects of serotonin and its pharmacological antagonists on the physical flow
      properties of the blood have been studied far less than their effects on blood
      vessels, although they may be equally important. Indirect evidence suggests that
      in pathological circumstances serotonin may locally increase whole blood
      viscosity, particularly at low shear rates, decrease red cell deformability and
      increase the adhesiveness of white cells. Although the viscosity of the plasma
      alone is not affected, the rheological effects of serotonin on blood cells is
      probably dependent on the presence of platelets. These mechanisms may have a
      systemic effect in some forms of hypertension as well as in situations of local
      ischaemia such as Raynaud's phenomenon, atherosclerotic pregangrene of the leg or
      acute myocardial infarction. Specific serotonergic-antagonists, administered
      either orally or intravenously, normalize the increased whole blood viscosity and
      decreased blood filterability found in essential hypertension, following
      myocardial infarction and in severe leg ischaemia. The effect on red cell
      deformability is usually greatest when the cells are resuspended in platelet rich
      plasma. Ketanserin given intravenously for seven days to patients with very
      severe leg ischaemia, significantly improves whole blood viscosity, increases red
      cell transit time and most dramatically decreases pore clogging. This last effect
      was at least partly due to a change in the physical properties, but not the
      number of the white cells. The reported beneficial clinical effects of such an
      antagonist in various forms of peripheral ischaemia and essential hypertension
      may well be due, at least partly, to the normalization of the rheological
      properties of the blood.

PMID- 2412055
TI  - Effects of ketanserin on the intracellular concentration and transmembrane fluxes
      of sodium and potassium in erythrocytes of normal male subjects.
AB  - The effect of acute and short-term administration of ketanserin on the
      intracellular concentrations and transmembrane fluxes of sodium and potassium was
      studied in erythrocytes of 12 sodium-replete normal male subjects. The subjects
      received 40 mg ketanserin three times a day for 1 week. Blood samples were drawn
      before and 1.5 h after the first dose, 12 h after the evening dose of the 6th
      day, and 1.5 h after the morning dose of the 7th day. The intraerythrocyte sodium
      concentration was not changed after the first dose of ketanserin, but was
      decreased during short-term treatment with ketanserin. The ouabain-sensitive 86Rb
      uptake, an estimate of the Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase pump activity, was
      decreased after acute ketanserin administration, but not during short-term
      treatment. This change in intraerythrocyte sodium concentration was related to
      the change in ouabain-sensitive 86Rb-uptake. The red cell Na+,K+-cotransport and
      Na+,Li+-countertransport transport activity were not changed during acute and
      short-term administration of ketanserin. These results indicate that short-term
      ketanserin administration decreases the intraerythrocyte sodium concentration,
      but the flux measurements can not explain this observation.

PMID- 2412056
TI  - Ketanserin and red blood cell sodium content in hypertension.
AB  - The sodium content of erythrocytes from patients with essential hypertension is
      increased. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, a 5-day treatment with
      ketanserin, a serotonergic antagonist lowered significantly the sodium content of
      the red blood cells (RBC). Ouabain induces an increase of sodium content of the
      RBC, which is paralleled by a decrease in RBC deformability. The ouabain
      dependent fraction of RBC deformability is significantly reduced after a single
      oral dose of ketanserin. In vitro, serotonin (5-HT) decreases RBC deformability;
      this effect could be antagonized by ketanserin. These data might suggest a
      regulating role of 5-HT in transmembrane ion fluxes.

PMID- 2412057
TI  - Direct and sensitizing effects of serotonin agonists and antagonists on vascular
      smooth muscle.
AB  - Serotonin has several effects on vascular smooth muscle. In most vascular beds it
      causes vasoconstriction, but under the proper conditions it can cause
      vasodilatation. The constrictor response is a result of activation of specific
      receptors on the vascular smooth muscle, whereas the vasodilator response is
      mediated in part by the vascular endothelium. In addition to these direct effects
      on the vascular wall, serotonin can potentiate contractile responses to several
      other vasoactive agents (norepinephrine, angiotensin II, histamine, etc.). This
      indirect sensitizing action of the monoamine is probably mediated by activation
      of the S2 subclass of serotonergic receptors. These complex actions of serotonin
      on vascular smooth muscle may be altered in disease states such as hypertension.

PMID- 2412058
TI  - Serotonin and the blood vessel wall.
AB  - When the local concentration of serotonin is raised during platelet aggregation,
      the direct effect of serotonin on vascular smooth muscle is to activate the
      contractile process. Serotonin also amplifies the constrictor responses to other
      neurohumoral mediators. Vascular smooth muscle can become hyperreactive to the
      vasoconstrictor effects of serotonin both acutely (e.g., local cold, hypoxia) and
      chronically (e.g., atherosclerosis, hypertension). Vasodilator responses to
      serotonin can be unmasked by blockade of its vasoconstrictor component. The
      inhibition by ketanserin of the various vasoconstrictor and platelet-aggregating
      effects of serotonin presumably contributes to the therapeutic effects of the
      compound.

PMID- 2412059
TI  - Serotonergic mechanisms in isolated human peripheral arteries and veins.
AB  - Isolated arteries and veins from the hand and mesentery of healthy human subjects
      were studied in vitro. Serotonin caused contraction with an intrinsic activity
      approximately equal to that of norepinephrine and epinephrine in mesenteric and
      hand arteries and veins. Ketanserin inhibited the response to serotonin in a
      competitive, probably partly irreversible manner in the mesenteric vessels and
      the hand arteries. In the hand veins, ketanserin counteracted the serotonin
      induced contraction in a noncompetitive way.

PMID- 2412060
TI  - Serotonin-induced vasoconstriction in the perfused canine femoral artery can be
      blocked in vivo by ketanserin.
AB  - Serotonin, applied to helical strips of larger vessels such as coronary arteries,
      acts as a potent vasoconstrictor in vitro. In contrast, in vivo serotonin causes
      a remarkable decrease in total peripheral resistance. To differentiate the
      influence of serotonin on resistances of large and small vessels, experiments
      were done in nine anesthetized dogs. The left iliacal artery was cannulated and
      blood flow into the femoral artery was kept constant by a roller pump. Mean
      proximal femoral artery pressure and mean dorsal pedal artery pressure were
      measured. Pressure gradient (delta P), resistances between proximal femoral
      artery and dorsal pedal artery (R1), dorsal pedal artery and right atrium (R2),
      as well as total peripheral resistance were calculated during systemic infusion
      of 50 micrograms/kg X min serotonin. Serotonin caused a significant increase in
      delta P and R1 and a decrease in R2 and total peripheral resistance. Pretreatment
      with 100 micrograms/kg ketanserin abolished the significant change in delta P and
      R1, whereas the decrease in R2 and total peripheral resistance was not affected.
      Additional experiments with prazosin showed that alpha-receptors are obviously
      not involved in the responses observed. Isosorbide dinitrate, which was infused
      to differentiate passive and active narrowing of vessels, showed a serotoninlike
      decrease in mean dorsal pedal artery pressure but no change in either delta P or
      R1. The 5--HT2-serotonergic antagonist ketanserin blocked serotonin-induced
      constriction of large vessels in vivo but not the dilation of small arteries.

PMID- 2412061
TI  - Influence of ketanserin on 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced cerebrovascular spasm in
      the cat.
AB  - In an experimental cat model the leptomeningeal vasculature was studied by a
      vital microscopic brain window technique. The brain window was connected to a
      thermostat-regulated pool of Elliot's solution. By air-drying (10 min) of the
      arachnoid mesothelium access for drugs, applied into the pool, was established to
      the adventitia of the leptomeningeal vasculature. Application of 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (10(-6)-10(-4) M) caused dose-dependent contractile
      responses (morphometry of outer vessel diameter) of both arteries and veins of
      three different sizes (large, 200-300 microns; medium, 50-150 microns; small, 30
      50 microns). A well-reproducible contractile response was obtained at challenge
      with 5-HT (10(-4) M) from the various vascular beds with most pronounced effects
      on the arterial side. If the animals were pretreated with peripheral blockade of
      serotonergic (5-HT2) receptors (ketanserin 0.3 mg/kg i.v.), challenge with 5-HT
      (10(-4) M) elicited no significant vascular responses on either the arterial or
      venous sides. Vital microscopy further visualized capillary beds after ketanserin
      pretreatment that were not seen under control conditions.

PMID- 2412062
TI  - Effects of serotonin on the cardiopulmonary circulatory system with and without 5
      HT2-receptor blockade by ketanserin.
AB  - Pulmonary embolism may cause pulmonary hypertension by mechanical obstruction,
      which might be amplified by vasoconstriction induced by serotonin released from
      the emboli. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether 5-HT2
      receptors are involved in serotonin-induced pulmonary hypertension. Ketanserin
      was used as 5-HT2-serotonergic antagonist. In nine anesthetized mongrel dogs, the
      effect of serotonin infusions (10, 50, 100 micrograms/kg . min) on mean pulmonary
      artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), cardiac output (CO),
      stroke volume (SV), cardiac contractility (dP/dtmax), heart rate (HR), and mean
      aortic pressure (PAO) was studied with and without treatment by ketanserin (20
      and 100 micrograms/kg). Serotonin caused dose-dependent increase in PAP, PVR, CO,
      SV, and dP/dtmax. A dose of 20 micrograms/kg ketanserin did not affect
      hemodynamics significantly, whereas 100 micrograms/kg of the compound
      significantly reduced PAO, TPR, and left ventricular dP/dtmax. The serotonin
      induced increases in PAP, PVR, dP/dtmax, CO, and SV were reduced significantly by
      100 micrograms/kg ketanserin; the lower dose of ketanserin had only a slight
      blocking effect. Ketanserin blocks serotonin-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction
      partly, but it seems also to antagonize the positive inotropic effect of the
      monoamine.

PMID- 2412063
TI  - Bucindolol has serotonin and alpha-adrenoceptor blocking properties.
AB  - Bucindolol is a new beta-adrenoceptor antagonist that lowers blood pressure
      partly via direct vasodilation. We have investigated the mechanism of the
      antihypertensive action of bucindolol using the isolated perfused rat tail artery
      preparation. Bucindolol caused a parallel shift to the right of the dose-response
      curves for both serotonin (5-HT) and phenylephrine (PE), indicating competitive
      antagonism. The pA2 values were 5.9 +/- 0.2 (5-HT) and 7.18 +/- 0.10 (PE). The
      calculated potency ratio (PE:5-HT) was 19. Thus, bucindolol was found to have
      weak serotonin antagonist as well as alpha-adrenergic antagonist properties in
      addition to its documented beta-adrenoceptor antagonist properties. This appears
      to be a novel combination of antagonist properties. Bucindolol also reduced the
      maximal response to 5-HT but had no effect on the maximal response to PE. In
      these respects, bucindolol acts similarly to prazosin (alpha-adrenoceptor
      blocker) and ketanserin (5-HT antagonist and alpha-adrenoceptor blocker). These
      results are consistent with our proposal that 5-HT receptors and alpha
      adrenoceptors overlap on the cell surface, sharing common binding sites, such
      that alpha-adrenoceptor blockade causes interference with the full expression of
      5-HT receptor stimulation.

PMID- 2412064
TI  - Serotonin and the heart: effects of ketanserin on myocardial function, heart
      rate, and arrhythmias.
AB  - Serotonergic receptors have been identified in the blood vessels of the heart and
      in myocardial tissue. We indirectly examined the potential significance of these
      receptors by studying the properties of ketanserin, an S2-serotonergic
      antagonist. In an isolated rat heart preparation, ketanserin at 10(-6) M slowed
      the heart rate, whereas at 10(-5) M it also decreased the cardiac output. Because
      the stroke volume rose, a negative inotropic effect could be excluded.
      Electrophysiologically, ketanserin (10(-7) M or more) increased the action
      potential duration of the superfused guinea-pig papillary muscle preparation.
      This Class III effect may account for the antiarrhythmic action of ketanserin (5
      X 10(-6) M-10(-5) M) in an ischemic-reperfused rat heart preparation. The
      possibility of nonspecific effects of ketanserin such as an interaction with
      alpha 1-adrenergic receptors merits careful evaluation, but in the case of the
      Class III effect, ketanserin was approximately 100 times more active than
      prazosin in widening the action potential duration. These data suggest that even
      high concentrations of ketanserin are unlikely to have harmful effects on the
      myocardium and might, on the contrary, have beneficial effects in the context of
      myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2412065
TI  - Two classes of myocardial 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors that are neither 5-HT1
      nor 5-HT2.
AB  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) increases the sinoatrial beating rate and the force of
      contraction of paced left atria and papillary muscles (right ventricle) of the
      kitten. These effects of 5-HT are evident in tissues from noradrenaline-depleted
      kittens (reserpine pretreatment), and therefore elicited through myocardial 5-HT
      receptors. The atrial and ventricular effects of 5-HT were unaffected by
      concentrations of 8-OH DPAT and ketanserin saturating 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors,
      respectively. Phenoxybenzamine blocked irreversibly sinoatrial and left atrial
      effects of 5-HT but not the effects of 5-HT on ventricular muscle. 5
      Hydroxytryptamine causes prolongation of the ventricular action potential.
      Sinoatrial and left atrial 5-HT receptors are coined 5-HT3 and ventricular
      receptors are coined 5-HT4.

PMID- 2412066
TI  - Serotonin and carcinoid tumors.
AB  - The enterochromaffin (EC) cell system is distributed throughout the entire
      gastrointestinal tract. Enterochromaffin cells are the major source of intestinal
      serotonin (5-HT), but separate subpopulations of EC cells may synthesize and
      store peptides as substance P (SP), motilin, and enkephalin as well. Of special
      interest is that 5-HT and SP, which may coexist in EC cells, have several
      functional similarities, i.e., inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation
      of intestinal motility, and secretion of water and electrolytes. Carcinoid tumors
      are derived from the gut endocrine system. Depending on site of origin,
      carcinoids are divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut derivatives with
      different clinical symptoms. A common biochemical feature of midgut carcinoids is
      the production of 5-HT and SP. Histochemically, midgut carcinoids are
      characterized by the argentaffin reaction--a direct reduction of silver salts
      owing to 5-HT. Specific antisera for the immunocytochemical demonstration of
      secretory products are available as well. Despite their relative infrequency,
      carcinoids are the most common small intestinal tumors. The common appendix
      tumors generally have a benign clinical course, whereas the small intestinal
      tumors have different growth patterns and frequently metastasize with increasing
      size, and may thus give rise to the carcinoid syndrome (diarrhea, facial flush,
      right-sided cardiac valvular disease, and asthma). Carcinoid symptoms first
      appear when hepatic inactivation of 5-HT is exceeded, unless the carcinoid has an
      extraintestinal localization, for example, ovarian lesions may elicit symptoms in
      the absence of hepatic disease owing to direct secretion into systemic
      circulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2412067
TI  - The pentagastrin test in the diagnosis of the carcinoid syndrome.
AB  - Serotonin (5-HT) and substance P (SP) were assayed in peripheral blood in
      patients with known midgut carcinoids and hepatic metastases. All patients had
      supranormal basal levels of 5-HT and SP. The clinical and hormonal response was
      evaluated by two provocation tests, pentagastrin (PG) injection or calcium
      infusion. Pentagastrin caused flushing and gastrointestinal symptoms and elevated
      levels of circulating 5-HT, but not of SP. Pretreatment with a 5-HT2 receptor
      blocking agent (ketanserin) alleviated gastrointestinal symptoms but had no
      influence on either 5-HT release or PG-induced flushing. Calcium infusion induced
      carcinoid symptoms in only two of six patients, which were associated with
      elevated 5-HT levels (whereas elevated SP levels were seen in only one patient).
      We conclude that 5-HT is important for the development of gastrointestinal
      symptoms but not of flushing. Ketanserin may alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms
      but does not influence PG-induced release of 5-HT. Substance P and 5-HT do not
      seem to share a common release mechanism. It appears that PG testing is superior
      to calcium infusion as a provocative test in patients with the carcinoid
      syndrome.

PMID- 2412068
TI  - Large and small vessel responses to serotonin in the peripheral circulation.
AB  - Serotonin normally constricts most large arteries and, in most vascular beds,
      dilates the arterioles. In the normal limb, the net result is an increase in
      blood flow. In two situations potentially relevant to peripheral vascular
      disease, the constrictor response to serotonin is enhanced and serotonin reduces
      limb blood flow. Potentiation of constrictor responses to serotonin, reversed by
      the 5-HT2 blocker ketanserin, occurs both in the arterial collateral circulation
      after femoral artery ligation and in the femoral artery after intimal damage. The
      potentiation appears to be specific for serotonin: in neither case is the
      response to norepinephrine enhanced. The observations in models provide a
      conceptual basis for preliminary observations, which indicate that ketanserin is
      effective in reversing symptoms in some patients with peripheral vascular
      disease.

PMID- 2412069
TI  - Comparison of blood pressure ratio by Doppler velocimetry and by plethysmography
      during treatment with ketanserin, a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist: a measure of
      improved collateral and microcirculatory flow.
AB  - We could demonstrate a progressive and significant increase in blood pressure
      ratio (thigh/arm) in 42 patients with intermittent claudication, treated with
      ketanserin for 9 months, which confirms our earlier double-blind placebo
      controlled findings. In an additional experiment comparing blood pressure ratio
      with Doppler velocimetry and with plethysmography, an upwards shift was observed
      for the plethysmographic values as compared with the Doppler values during
      ketanserin therapy, and only at the level of the thigh, which suggests an
      improvement of the collateral and microcirculatory flow.

PMID- 2412070
TI  - Serotonin and Raynaud's phenomenon.
AB  - No single pathophysiologic mechanism explains adequately cold-induced vasospasm
      in all forms of Raynaud's phenomenon. Local serotonin release from activated
      platelets is a contributory element in those disorders typified by structural
      arterial change, e.g., systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Selective antagonism of
      S2-serotonergic receptors with ketanserin improves both maximal digital artery
      flow and cold tolerance. Platelet-derived growth factors, and serotonin itself,
      may contribute to the fibrotic arteriosclerosis of this disorder. In contrast, in
      primary (spastic) Raynaud's phenomenon, ketanserin relieves but does not prevent
      cold-induced vasospasm, which suggests that the role of serotonin is in
      maintenance of but not provocation of an attack. Antiplatelet therapies could
      benefit both disorders.

PMID- 2412071
TI  - Effects of ketanserin on peripheral blood flow, haemorheology, and platelet
      function in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon.
AB  - Ketanserin, 40 mg b.i.d., or matching placebo were administered for 8 weeks each
      in a randomised double-blind crossover design to 23 patients with Raynaud's
      phenomenon. Ketanserin had no effect on Doppler arterial patency or blood flow at
      rest, 37 degrees C, 15 degrees C, or during recovery after cold challenge. Red
      cell deformability index and whole blood viscosity were not significantly
      affected by ketanserin treatment. In vivo bleeding time was prolonged on
      ketanserin (p less than 0.05) but beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 were
      unaffected. There was a nonsignificant decrease in platelet aggregation response
      to serotonin but no change at all with other aggregating agents on treatment with
      ketanserin.

PMID- 2412072
TI  - Large helical conformational deviations from ideal B-DNA and prokaryotic
      regulatory sites.
AB  - The variations in several double helical DNA angular parameters have been
      calculated along about 60 bacterial and phage sequences, each several hundreds
      nucleotides long. Regions of large geometric irregularities are found at, or in
      the vicinity of, regulatory protein recognition sites. Based on these extensive
      computations I suggest that these structurally "wrinkled" regions facilitate the
      first stage of the recognition process.

PMID- 2412073
TI  - Spatial patterns produced by a reaction-diffusion system in primary hair
      follicles.
AB  - This paper is the third in a series examining the role of a reaction-diffusion
      (RD) system as the principal mechanism providing spatial information for cell
      differentiation during hair follicle initiation and development and hair fibre
      formation. A theoretical mechanism is described by which the RD system supplies
      positional information during hair follicle development. Solutions of the RD
      system within the primordial follicle are described as well as the sequence of
      spatial patterns provides the follicle/epidermis boundary conditions required to
      account for the density and grouping of follicles during initiation. At the same
      time the spatial patterns are also shown to be capable of providing the
      positional information which determines various geometrical aspects of follicle
      development; in particular the development of follicles at an angle to the skin
      surface and the initiation and location of sweat glands and sebaceous glands on
      the follicle.

PMID- 2412074
TI  - Mechanisms of apparent affinity variation of guarded receptors.
AB  - Studies of interactions between blocking agents such as antiarrhythmic drugs and
      gated ion channels have suggested apparent variations in binding site affinity.
      In this report, we develop a model by which these properties of ion channels can
      be explained simply on the fact that blocking agent access to the channel
      receptor is regulated by the channel gating apparatus. We view ion channel
      blockade as a two stage process: diffusion of drug to a region near the channel
      binding site and coupling of drug to the binding site resulting in a non
      conducting, drug complexed channel. We define a guarded receptor as a receptor
      where binding site access is regulated by some process such as gated control of
      the ligand diffusion path. Relationships for equilibrium properties of guarded
      receptors differ from those of traditional unguarded receptors. With periodic
      activation of channel gates, as in cardiac muscle, a true equilibrium may never
      be reached due to transient receptor access. Lack of equilibrium can complicate
      analysis. For gated ion channels we derive equilibrium block properties under
      conditions of no stimulation. We show that a fixed affinity guarded receptor
      appears as an apparent variable affinity receptor in gated channels. These
      results are consistent with observations of apparent variations in receptor
      affinity derived from studies of local anesthetics in cardiac muscle.
      Furthermore, by separating drug diffusion and receptor binding, this description
      may facilitate quantitative characterization of local anesthetics and
      antiarrhythmia drugs in excitable membranes.

PMID- 2412075
TI  - Identification of spinothalamic tract cells in fresh, unfixed rat spinal cord.
AB  - Diamidino yellow dihydrochloride (DY . 2HCl) can reliably label spinothalamic
      tract cells both in the perfused, fixed and in the fresh, unfixed rat spinal
      cord. The major advantages of DY . 2HCl as a retrograde marker are that it leaks
      from the cells very slowly and can be conveniently identified in unfixed neurons
      by fluorescence microscopy. DY . 2HCl will be a useful marker for identification
      of spinothalamic tract cells that are to be studied in vitro.

PMID- 2412076
TI  - Endolymphatic application of bleomycin oil suspension in dog model.
AB  - To explore the potential usefulness of a cytostatic agent deposited directly in
      lymph nodes, 4ml Bleomycin oil suspension (Oil-Bleo) was injected over one hour
      into hind leg lymphatics of seven dogs. Five of these dogs received a second,
      identical dose one week later into lymphatics of the contralateral hind leg. Peak
      serum concentration of Oil-Bleo after the first injection (7 dogs) was 12.3
      micrograms/ml but after the second injection (5 dogs) was slightly lower (10.8
      micrograms/ml). Maximum level of Oil-Bleo in blood was 12% of the endolymphatic
      dose and represented the "spillover" from lymph transport. In a control
      experiment, in which 60mg of aqueous Bleomycin was injected, the serum spillover
      was one-third higher. Large amounts of Oil-Bleo were stored in popliteal and
      retroperitoneal lymph nodes for several weeks. Twenty-four hours after injection
      the weight of "treated" lymph nodes was 73% greater than "untreated" nodes and
      one month later treated lymph nodes were still 37% heavier. After 24 hours, 4.7%
      of Oil-Bleo instilled was distributed within extracted lymph nodes, and one month
      later 0.12% was still detectable. By contrast, after aqueous Bleomycin infusion,
      only 0.05% was detected in these lymph nodes after only six hours. In general,
      lymph nodal architecture was preserved after Oil-Bleo. Together the findings
      suggest that Bleomycin oil suspension may be a useful agent for treatment of
      lymph nodal metastases by endolymphatic infusion.

PMID- 2412077
TI  - The sulphonylurea receptor may be an ATP-sensitive potassium channel.
AB  - The stimulation of insulin secretion from the beta cells of the islets of
      Langerhans appears to be mediated by a decrease in the cell-membrane potassium
      ion permeability. Tolbutamide reduced K+ movement through an ATP-sensitive K+
      channel in patches of plasma membrane from an insulin-producing cell line when
      applied to the external surface of the membrane. The effect occurred at
      concentrations which exist in the serum of patients treated with tolbutamide and
      which stimulate insulin secretion from islets of Langerhans in vitro.
      Glibenclamide had a similar effect but, in keeping with its greater therapeutic
      potency, at concentrations one hundred times lower. These findings suggest that
      an ATP-sensitive K+ channel or a protein closely associated with it may be the
      receptor through which sulphonylureas act to stimulate insulin secretion in
      vitro.

PMID- 2412078
TI  - Isolation of human T-lymphotropic virus type III from the tears of a patient with
      the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - Human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) was isolated from the tears of 1
      out of 7 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or the AIDS
      related complex. The tears from 5 healthy individuals did not show HTLV-III. The
      recovery of HTLV-III from tears suggests that they may harbour free virus or
      contain virus-positive cells and is consistent with the recovery of HTLV-III from
      other body fluids. Although casual contact with such fluids has not been shown to
      cause AIDS, direct contact with the tears of AIDS patients, including contact
      during routine ophthalmologic procedures, should be minimised.

PMID- 2412079
TI  - Angiogenic factor in human ocular fluid.

PMID- 2412081
TI  - Place of amniotic fluid AFP in prenatal diagnosis of trisomies.

PMID- 2412080
TI  - Isolation and characterisation of human T-cell lines from a patient with Chagas'
      disease.
AB  - Short-term T-cell lines reactive to different Trypanosoma cruzi antigens were
      isolated from a patient with Chagas' disease. These T-cell lines were analysed
      phenotypically with monoclonal antibodies defining pan-T (T11), helper (T4), or
      cytotoxic/suppressor epitopes by the use of a continuous-flow microfluorimeter.
      One cell line, 5C3, was obtained from T-cell blasts reactive to formaldehyde
      fixed amastigotes (the intracellular stage of the parasite) plated at limiting
      dilution (3.3 cells/well). This line was shown to be T11 and T4 positive, to
      respond to specific antigen in an HLA-DR restricted manner, and to produce
      interleukin-2 under similar growth conditions.

PMID- 2412082
TI  - Non-A, non-B hepatitis: reverse transcriptase activity?

PMID- 2412083
TI  - Amylase activity and pancreas transplants.

PMID- 2412084
TI  - Inexpensive lecture slides.

PMID- 2412085
TI  - [Life expectancy in pancreatic carcinoma and periampullary carcinoma].

PMID- 2412086
TI  - Decreased [3H]nitrendipine binding in the brainstem of deoxycorticosterone-NaCl
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - Binding studies with the 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist
      [3H]nitrendipine [( 3H]NTD) were performed in uninephrectomized,
      deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-NaCl hypertensive rats and vehicle treated
      normotensive control littermates. After 6 weeks of treatment, hypertensive (199
      mmHg, systolic arterial pressure) DOCA rats showed significantly increased heart,
      left ventricle, and kidney weight in contrast to normotensive (135 mmHg)
      controls. [3H]NTD binding in the brainstem was significantly reduced (51 +/- 5
      fmol/mg protein) in DOCA-NaCl rats, as compared to controls (116 +/- 24 fmol/mg
      protein). However, no significant differences were found in the [3H]NTD
      dissociation constants for DOCA-NaCl (0.43 +/- 0.03 nM) or control rats (0.62 +/-
      0.06 nM). Cerebral cortical and left ventricular tissue showed no significant
      alterations in receptor binding density or affinity. Specific [3H]NTD binding was
      not significantly altered in other selected brain regions or the atria. These
      data suggest that alterations in the dihydropyridine binding sites associated
      with calcium channels in the brainstem may be involved in the etiology of DOCA
      NaCl-induced hypertension.

PMID- 2412087
TI  - Dietary tryptophan does not alter the function of brain serotonin neurons.
AB  - The hypothesis that alterations in dietary tryptophan modify the functional
      activity of brain serotonin-containing neurons was tested by recording the
      electrophysiological activity of single serotonergic cells in awake, behaving
      cats after meal ingestion of diets containing varying proportions of tryptophan
      and the neutral amino acids that compete with tryptophan for uptake into the
      brain. The data revealed that while the various diets produced significant
      changes in brain serotonin and its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid,
      there was no change in the activity of serotonin-containing dorsal raphe cells
      following meal ingestion. Furthermore, a pulse injection of tritiated labeled
      tryptophan following the various diets produced no significant change in the
      release of tritiated serotonin into the lateral ventricles, while tritiated 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid was significantly increased. These data suggest that
      dietary tryptophan does not alter the functional activity of central serotonergic
      neurons, in contrast with current popular beliefs that such dietary manipulations
      alter brain function.

PMID- 2412088
TI  - Systemic lupus erythematosus: a review of clinico-laboratory features and
      immunogenetic markers in 150 patients with emphasis on demographic subsets.
AB  - Clinical and laboratory features as well as immunogenetic markers were analyzed
      in 150 patients with SLE to determine if demographic factors--age at diagnosis,
      sex and race--influenced the expression of disease. The overall series included
      103 white females, 35 black females, 10 white males and 2 black males; the mean
      age at diagnosis was 32.5 years. Males had a significantly older mean age at
      diagnosis than females (40.4 versus 31.8 years) and a significantly higher
      frequency of peripheral neuropathy (50% versus 18.8%). No other differences in
      clinical or laboratory features or HLA-DR or DQ phenotype frequencies were noted.
      Blacks had a significant younger mean age at diagnosis than whites (26.9 versus
      33.4 years) as well as significantly higher frequencies of nephritis,
      hypertension, acute lupus pneumonitis, discoid rash, hyperglobulinemia and
      hypocomplementemia. There were no differences in autoantibody frequencies between
      race-specific subgroups. HLA-DR2, DRw52 and DQ1 were significantly associated
      with SLE in whites compared to controls; no HLA-DR or DQ associations were found
      with SLE in blacks. In whites, HLA-DR2 was associated with the presence of anti
      Ro(SS-A) antibody while HLA-DR3 was associated with the presence of both anti
      Ro(SS-A) and anti-La(SS-B) antibody. In blacks, HLA-DR2 was associated with the
      presence of anti-nDNA antibody. In whites, patients with late-onset SLE (age at
      diagnosis greater than or equal to 50 years) had significantly lower frequencies
      of nephritis and mesenteric vasculitis but, on the other hand, a higher frequency
      of secondary Sjogren syndrome than patients with age at diagnosis less than or
      equal to 22 years. Similar findings were noted when blacks aged 35 and above were
      compared to those aged 17 and below at diagnosis. In whites, the frequency of
      both anti-Ro(SS-A) and La(SS-B) antibodies increased with increasing age as did
      that of HLA-DR3; HLA-DR2, however, was more frequent in those with younger age at
      diagnosis. These data suggest the existence of two serologic-genetic subsets of
      SLE with different age at diagnosis.

PMID- 2412089
TI  - Symbolic comparisons with and without perceptual referents: is interval
      information used?

PMID- 2412090
TI  - 10 nm RecA protein filaments formed in the presence of Mg2+ and ATP gamma S may
      contain RNA.
AB  - Filaments formed by the polymerization of RecA protein along DNA in the presence
      of Mg2+ and adenosine 5'-0-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATP gamma S) are seen by
      electron microscopy to have a 10 nm diameter with a 9 nm helical repeat. When
      certain preparations of apparently pure RecA protein are incubated with Mg2+ and
      ATP gamma S in the absence of nucleic acid for extended times, very long
      filaments with the same 10 nm diameter and 9 nm axial repeat are seen. We show
      here that these long 10 nm filaments can contain RNA which is present as a
      contaminant of the RecA protein and poly(A) which is synthesized during the
      incubations by an activity that is apparently polynucleotide phosphorylase. RecA
      protein purified by a procedure developed in this laboratory did not contain RNA
      and did not form these very long 10 nm filaments. However, when exogenous RNA was
      added to this protein, 10 nm filament formation was observed.

PMID- 2412091
TI  - Growth and macromolecular synthesis phenotypes of a heat-sensitive mutant strain,
      rip-1, of Neurospora crassa.
AB  - A heat-sensitive mutant of Neurospora crassa, strain 4M(t), was isolated using
      ultraviolet-light mutagenesis followed by the inositol-less death enrichment
      technique. The heat-sensitivity is the result of a single gene mutation which
      maps to the distal end of the right arm of linkage group II. The mutation defines
      the rip-1 gene locus. Both conidial germination and mycelial extension are
      inhibited in the mutant at 35 degrees C and above (the nonpermissive temperature)
      but prolonged incubation at that temperature is not lethal to either cell type.
      Analysis of the lateral mycelial growth rates of wild type and of the rip-1
      mutant at a variety of temperatures between 10 and 40 degrees C indicated that
      the maximal growth rate occurs at 35 degrees C in the wild type, and at 25
      degrees C in the rip-1 strain. The rip-1 mutant grows 239-times slower at 35
      degrees C than at 25 degrees C, whereas the wild type grows 1.4-times faster.
      Temperature shift-up experiments showed that even 3 h at 20 degrees C is not
      sufficient to allow germination at 37 degrees C, thereby showing that the mutant
      cannot accumulate enough heat-sensitive product at the permissive temperature to
      contribute to germination at 37 degrees C. The reciprocal temperature shift-down
      experiments showed that the molecular events at 37 degrees C may be qualitatively
      useful for germination after shifting to 20 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2412093
TI  - Audio-visual aids as tools to communicate.

PMID- 2412092
TI  - Changes in gene expression elicited by amino acid limitation in Neurospora crassa
      strains having normal or mutant cross-pathway amino acid control.
AB  - The effects of amino acid limitation on gene expression have been investigated in
      Neurospora crassa strains carrying normal (cpc-1+) or mutant (cpc-1) alleles at a
      locus implicated in cross-pathway amino acid control. Electrophoresis and
      fluorography were used to reveal the patterns of label incorporation into
      polypeptides in vivo, or after in vitro translation of extracted mRNAs. In a cpc
      1+ strain at least 20% of detectable in vitro translation products showed
      relative increases in incorporation when RNA was obtained from mycelium grown
      under conditions of arginine limitation, by comparison with conditions of
      arginine sufficiency. A cpc-1 mutation, which impairs derepression of a variety
      of amino acid synthetic enzymes following amino acid limitation, had little
      detectable effect on in vivo polypeptide synthesis during amino acid sufficient
      growth or following pyrimidine limitation. However the mutation substantially
      altered the response to arginine or histidine limitation. The majority of in
      vitro translation products that showed increased expression in arginine limited
      cpc-1+ failed to increase in cpc-1 strains, but arginine limitation of cpc-1 also
      resulted in increases that did not occur in cpc-1+ strains. This may reflect both
      direct and indirect consequences of the impairment of cross-pathway control.

PMID- 2412094
TI  - Immunological relationships between Salmonella flagellins and between these and
      flagellins from other species of Enterobacteriaceae.
AB  - Ten antisera raised in rabbits, against polymeric flagellins from ten different
      Salmonella serotypes were used to determine the relative cross-activities between
      salmonella flagellins in monomeric form. The results showed a high degree of
      cross-reactivity between the antisera (IgG antibodies) and all monomeric
      flagellins investigated. Consequently, it was possible to detect the ten
      Salmonella serotypes, after heat depolymerization of flagella using
      radioimmunometric assay with only one antiserum raised against polymeric
      flagellin from one serotype. The results also showed that native flagella
      differed antigenically from repolymerized and monomeric flagellins. This is
      possibly due to changes in the tertiary structure of sub-units of flagella when
      depolymerized with acid or heat resulting in unfolding and unmasking of common
      antigenic determinants. The unfolded and unmasked antigenic determinants were not
      only common to the Salmonella serotypes investigated, but also to other members
      of Enterobacteriaceae.

PMID- 2412096
TI  - Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis and cancer: a case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MR) is a syndrome characterized by
      papulonodular skin lesions, a debilitating polyarthritis, and characteristic
      histologic findings. It is a rare disorder with only 82 cases reported. Twenty
      eight percent had an associated neoplasm. Hematologic malignancies (four) and
      neoplasms arising from the breast (four), cervix (three), stomach (three), ovary
      (two), colon (two), lung (one), pleura (one), and from an unknown source (two)
      were all seen associated with MR. Eleven cases (including our own) were available
      for review. The papulonodular skin involvement was the initial manifestation
      (alone or concurrent with the polyarthritis) in 90% of our cases. The diagnosis
      of MR preceded that of the associated neoplasm in 73% of the cases. A case report
      is presented illustrating the relapse of MR before the clinical relapse of the
      associated tumor, and the response of both the tumor and MR to combination
      chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and prednisone
      when prednisone and aspirin alone failed to relieve the symptoms of MR. Steroids
      were not beneficial in the patients reviewed. The best management of MR
      associated with a neoplasm is the best management of the primary neoplasm.
      Cytotoxic chemotherapy including cyclophosphamide should be considered if there
      is progression of the MR in order to control the symptoms of MR and prevent a
      progressive debilitating arthritis.

PMID- 2412095
TI  - Immunological relationships between Salmonella flagella and their potential
      application for salmonellae detection by immunoassay.
AB  - Native flagella of ten Salmonella serotypes were shown to possess serotype
      specific antigenic determinants as well as a multiple of common antigenic
      determinants, which varied in concentration. Each common antigenic determinant
      was shared by certain, but not all, serotypes. This has been demonstrated from
      agglutination and radioimmunometric assay (RIMA) results, using ten antisera
      raised in rabbits against purified polymeric flagellins from ten Salmonella
      serotypes as immunogens. The minimum detectable populations of salmonellae, as
      determined by RIMA varied considerably, due to variation in concentrations (and
      possibly types) of common antigenic determinants. However, the results
      demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing RIMA for the qualitative detection of
      salmonellae, using a mixture of only the ten antisera and 125I-labelled protein A
      as a general tracer. In this way, 77 different salmonellae were detected in less
      than 8 h after culturing in selective broth. The RIMA developed was specific for
      salmonellae and showed no cross-reactions with high populations of other members
      within the family Enterobacteriaceae.

PMID- 2412097
TI  - Training and oncologists' changing attitudes toward their own cancer therapy.
AB  - Oncologists' attitudes toward therapy for his or her own hypothetical cancer have
      not been studied, and they may influence therapeutic decisions for patients. This
      study compared attitudes of oncologists at different levels of training toward
      therapy for their own hypothetical cancer. Those with limited oncology experience
      had high expectations for treatment, as expressed in their acceptance of all
      therapeutic modalities for their own disease. Early intensive inpatient oncology
      experience (first year of training) led to disenchantment, and rejection of
      various therapies. Further outpatient experience led to an increased acceptance
      of therapy again, and those finishing second and third year of oncology training,
      and senior medical staff in oncology, had high expectations for treatment. These
      results suggest an evolution of attitudes toward therapy with training and
      experience.

PMID- 2412098
TI  - Modulation of vasopressin-induced water permeability of the cortical collecting
      tubule by endogenous and exogenous prostaglandins.
AB  - These experiments were designed to test the thesis that prostaglandins produced
      by the cortical collecting tubule cells could modulate the vasopressin-induced
      osmotic water permeability (Pf). The dose-response curve for vasopressin
      sensitive Pf showed the Km to be 1 microU ml-1. Exogenous PGE2 and PGF2 alpha
      (0.1 microM) inhibited the Pf induced by 1 microU ml-1 vasopressin when they were
      present in the bath solution. PGE2 (0.1 microM) in the lumen failed to inhibit
      the normal vasopressin-induced Pf, thus indicating an asymmetrical effect.
      Exposure of the tubule to 10 microM meclofenamate following stimulation of Pf by
      0.2, 1.0, 10, or 100 microU ml-1 vasopressin failed to further increase the Pf.
      Pretreatment with meclofenamate or arachidonic acid (AA) failed to produce a
      different Pf response from controls. Neither naproxen (10 microM) nor AA altered
      significantly the Pf induced by 1 microU ml-1 vasopressin while
      methylisobutylxanthine, as expected, significantly enhanced Pf. The stable
      endoperoxide analogs U-44069 and U-46619, which mimic the actions of thromboxane
      A2 in many systems and which can stimulate osmotic water flow in the toad
      bladder, had no effect on Pf. Acidifying the lumen to pH 5.2 enhanced the Pf
      induced by 1 microU ml-1 vasopressin but subsequent exposure to meclofenamate did
      not cause an additional increment. These experiments demonstrate that exogenous
      prostaglandins are effective only from the basolateral surface of the cortical
      collecting tubule; that endogenous prostaglandins, if produced by these
      epithelial cells, do not produce demonstrable effects on vasopressin-sensitive
      Pf; and that endogenously produced thromboxane is not the likely reason for these
      results. Finally, the cortical collecting tubule response to many factors
      modulating Pf is considerably different from salientian urinary bladders.

PMID- 2412099
TI  - [99mTc aprotinin in the individual study of renal parenchymal morphology and
      function in pediatric urology].

PMID- 2412100
TI  - [Experimental study of respiratory failure with acute pancreatitis in dogs].
AB  - In this experimental study, we investigated pathophysiology of respiratory
      failure with acute pancreatitis. Pancreatitis was induced by injection of 15% Na
      taurocholate 1 ml/kg into the main pancreatic duct of the dogs. Experimental dogs
      were divided into two groups based on the value of Respiratory Index (R-Index).
      Group A included 9 dogs in whom respiratory failure was not recognized (R-Index
      less than 0.5) and Group B included 9 dogs with respiratory failure (R-Index less
      than 0.5). All the dogs were sacrificed 12 hours after induction of pancreatitis,
      and histological findings were examined. Quantity of water in the lung (Qwl) was
      also measured by gravimetric method. Group B showed severe hypoxia with
      hypocapnia, and increase of A-aDO2, R-Index, and decrease of a/A PO2. Qwl in
      Group B increased significantly comparing with Group A. In biochemical study,
      increase of serum lipase, triglyceride, free fatty acid, and angiotensin
      converting enzyme were observed in Group B. These results indicate that
      respiratory failure with acute pancreatitis is due to lung edema following injury
      of the capillary of the lung. The role of free fatty acid liberated by lipolysis
      was suggested in the mechanism of pulmonary damage with acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 2412101
TI  - Barbiturates decrease voltage-dependent calcium conductance of mouse neurons in
      dissociated cell culture.
AB  - Barbiturates have been shown to reduce presynaptic release of neurotransmitter.
      It is likely that barbiturates alter transmitter release by decreasing calcium
      entry since barbiturates decrease calcium influx into synaptosomes and reduce the
      maximal rate of rise and duration of calcium-dependent action potentials. The
      mechanisms of barbiturate action on neuronal calcium entry have been studied
      using mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons in cell culture. Dorsal root ganglion
      neuron action potentials have a calcium-dependent component which is decreased by
      the barbiturates, pentobarbital (50-500 microM) and phenobarbital (500-2000
      microM). Calcium-dependent action potential after hyperpolarization was also
      decreased by barbiturates. Intracellular injection of the potassium channel
      blocker, cesium, enhanced barbiturate actions. In voltage-clamp studies,
      barbiturates reduced inward calcium current and calcium chord conductance without
      altering the leak conductance which is present after all calcium conductance was
      blocked by application of cadmium ions (100 microM). Calcium current inactivation
      was accelerated by barbiturates but unaffected by cadmium. We conclude that
      barbiturates reduce calcium conductance by enhancing calcium channel inactivation
      or by producing open channel block of calcium channels.

PMID- 2412102
TI  - Interaction in vitro of the neurofilament triplet proteins from porcine spinal
      cord with natural RNA and DNA.
AB  - Neurofilaments were isolated from porcine spinal cord and separated into their
      subunit proteins (68 Kd NFP, 145 Kd NFP, 200 Kd NFP) by ion exchange
      chromatography on DEAE-cellulose in 6 M urea. The individual proteins were
      reacted with total rRNA from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and the reaction
      products analysed by sucrose gradient centrifugation at low ionic strength and in
      the presence of EDTA. All three proteins interacted with rRNA with a preference
      for 18S rRNA. Competition experiments with native and heat-denatured calf thymus
      DNA showed that the affinities of the 68 Kd and 145 Kd NFPs were considerably
      higher for denatured DNA than for rRNA and that native DNA was only a weak
      competitor. The binding of the 200 Kd NFP to rRNA was unaffected by native and by
      denatured DNA. When denatured DNA was reacted with a mixture of the 68 Kd and 145
      Kd NFPs, the two proteins interacted independently with the nucleic acid, giving
      rise to two different populations of deoxyribonucleoprotein particles. This
      segregation is the result of the cooperative interaction of the neurofilament
      proteins with single-stranded DNA. It could not be observed with rRNA or
      bacteriophage MS2 RNA. The results clearly show that the 68 Kd and 145 Kd NFPs
      are single-stranded RNA- and DNA-binding proteins, whereas the 200 Kd NFP seems
      to be only a single-stranded RNA-binding protein.

PMID- 2412103
TI  - Transcription of repetitive DNA in condensed plant chromatin.
AB  - Polyadenylated transcripts homologous to highly repetitive DNA were found in root
      tips of Vicia faba by Northern blot hybridization. Electron microscope
      autoradiography using [3H]uridine as a probe revealed transcription of condensed
      chromatin in various higher plants. This is consistent with the general rule that
      highly repetitive DNA is located within condensed chromatin, but it is new that
      this chromatin fraction is active in RNA synthesis to a considerable amount. Semi
      quantitative comparison of the intensity of transcription in species with widely
      differing 2C DNA contents by means of light microscope autoradiography revealed
      an inverse relationship between the amount of 2C DNA (and condensed chromatin),
      and the rate of RNA synthesis.

PMID- 2412104
TI  - [The context analysis of polynucleotide sequences. II. Inverted repeats and
      complementary palindromes in RNA-polymerase genes].
AB  - A new approach to the reconstruction of the RNA secondary structure is suggested
      on the basis of the method of contextual analysis of polynucleotide sequences.
      The coding gene regions of beta-, beta'-, sigma-subunits of E. coli RNA
      polymerase and of phage T7 RNA polymerase were analysed. The clusters of non
      random inverted repeats were found in all these genes. The mRNA coded by them can
      be folded into compact secondary structures. The latter are formed by quite long
      helices with a few cases of mispairing.

PMID- 2412105
TI  - [The Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the effectiveness of translation initiation].
AB  - On the basis of theoretical analysis of different mRNAs secondary structure it is
      suggested that the efficiency of procaryotic translation initiation depends to a
      great extent on the possibility to generate a single-stranded region around the
      initiation codon. The local disruption of the mRNA secondary structure is mostly
      determined by interaction according to Shine--Dalgarno of 16S rRNA with the
      complementary mRNA region. Other mechanisms of single-stranded region generation
      in the initiation zone of mRNA are discussed.

PMID- 2412106
TI  - [Analysis of the primary structure of mRNA from Escherichia coli: occurrence of
      nucleotides on the 3'-side of the codon].
AB  - The occurrence of nucleotides of the 3' side of codons has been determined in
      highly and weakly expressed genes from Escherichia coli. It was found that the
      usage of some amino acid codons in highly expressed genes was site specific,
      depending on the base 3' to the codon. The role of the 3' nucleotide as a
      modulator of codon translation effectiveness is discussed. The rules of
      synonymous codon usage in relation to the 3' flanking nucleotide have been
      established for highly expressed genes. For example, if a triplet next to the
      lysine codon starts with guanosine, lysine is preferably encoded by AAA and not
      by AAG (P less than 10(-8), while of cytidine is 3' to the lysine codon, AAG is
      preferred over AAA (P less than 0.001). These rules are observed in highly and
      absent in weakly expressed mRNAs and can be used in the chemical synthesis of
      genes designed for expression in E. coli.

PMID- 2412108
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to cyanogen bromide fragments of glycophorin A.
AB  - Eleven mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against epitopes on CNBr peptides of
      the major sialoglycoconjugate of the human red blood cell, glycophorin A, have
      been produced by hybridomas derived from P3-X63-Ag8.653 myeloma cells and spleen
      cells from BALB/c mice immunized with purified glycophorin. The monoclonal
      antibodies could be divided into four groups according to their reactivities with
      CNBr peptides in a direct ELISA assay: one antibody (6B5) that binds solely to
      the aminoterminal octapeptide (CNBr3); two antibodies (8F10 and 9C3) that bind to
      CNBrl (residues 9-81); two antibodies (3D2 and 4C6) that are reactive with CNBr2,
      The C-terminal portion of the molecule (residues 82-131); six antibodies (1B4,
      4C3, 4E7, 7B10, 7C11 and 9D6) which are cross-reactive with an epitope on both
      CNBr1 and CNBR3 glycopeptides. This cross-reactive epitope(s) appears to involve
      both carbohydrate and protein residues.

PMID- 2412107
TI  - Expression of a human U1 RNA gene introduced into mouse cells via bovine
      papillomavirus DNA vectors.
AB  - We introduced a gene for human U1 small nuclear RNA, HU1-1, into mouse C127 cells
      via bovine papillomavirus (BPV) vectors. After transfection, up to 15% of the
      total U1 RNA in transformed cells was encoded by the introduced human genes. High
      levels of expression of the human gene were observed when the recombinant viral
      DNAs were maintained either as plasmids or after integration into high-molecular
      weight DNA. As few as 400 and 35 base pairs of 5' and 3' flanking region
      sequences, respectively, were sufficient for transcription of human U1 RNA, and
      no increase in the level of expression was observed with HU1-1 DNA containing
      several kilobases of flanking region sequences. Several of the transformed cell
      lines contained the recombinant BPV DNA apparently integrated into the host
      genome. Integration or rearrangement or both of the U1-BPV DNA was promoted when
      the HU1-1 gene was positioned at the BamHI site downstream of the BPV
      transforming region. At least two variants of the U1-BPV DNAs were able to cause
      morphological transformation of cells despite the fact that these DNAs lacked a
      BPV transcriptional enhancer element.

PMID- 2412109
TI  - Glycophorin A on normal and leukemia cells detected by monoclonal antibodies,
      including a new monoclonal antibody reactive with glycophorins A and B.
AB  - A new hemagglutinating monoclonal antibody, MoAb31, detected glycophorins A and B
      in Western blots. Results with enzyme-modified erythrocytes indicated the MoAb31
      determinants were sialic acid dependent, and resided on glycophorin A on the
      trypsin-resistant, ficin-sensitive segment, and on glycophorin B on the ficin
      sensitive segment. Another new monoclonal antibody, MoAb36, detected the Wrb
      antigen, located on the non-glycosylated segment of glycophorin A near its
      insertion into the lipid bilayer. Immunofluorescent staining of normal
      hematopoietic and leukemia cells with these and other monoclonal antibodies to
      glycophorin A demonstrated glycophorin A on erythroid cells only. Cytofluorograph
      analysis showed the majority of cells of the erythroleukemia cell lines K562 and
      HEL expressed glycophorin A, as indicated by reactivity with the monoclonal
      glycophorin A antibodies R10, R18, 6A7 and 10F7. However, reactivity with
      monoclonal antibodies to glycosylated determinants (MoAb31 and R1.3) and to the
      non-glycosylated segment near the membrane insertion (MoAb36, and R7.1) was
      reduced or absent. Expression of "missing" glycophorin A antigens on K562 and HEL
      could not be induced using a variety of chemical and biologically active
      modifiers. We conclude that glycophorin A of erythroleukemia cell lines K562 and
      HEL differs from glycophorin A at the surface of normal, mature erythrocytes with
      respect to reactivity with monoclonal glycophorin A antibodies.

PMID- 2412110
TI  - A monoclonal antibody (RH1-38) which inhibits multiple systems of cell-mediated
      cytotoxicity--I. Identification of a novel epitope on a killer cell surface
      bimolecular complex important in the cytotoxic response.
AB  - This paper presents the initial characterization of a mouse monoclonal antibody
      (RH1-38) which blocks, in the absence of complement, three different systems of
      cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This monoclonal antibody markedly inhibits
      cytotoxicity mediated by human natural killer cells, a monocyte-like cell
      [phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulated HL-60], and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
      generated in a mixed leukocyte reaction. RH1-38 is not nonspecifically toxic to
      cells since antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity was not inhibited and
      viability as assessed by trypan blue exclusion was not affected. Inhibition is
      specific since control hybridoma culture supernatants, parent (NS-1) ascites
      supernatant, monoclonal anti-HLA and normal mouse IgG were not significantly
      inhibitory. In the NK system, the inhibitory effect appears to be due to binding
      of monoclonal antibody to effector cell surface since exposure of targets to
      antibody followed by washing yielded no inhibition of killing. Inhibition
      requires the antigen-binding portion of the antibody molecule and thus appears to
      be related to steric hindrance of an effector cell surface molecule which is
      important in the expression of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Immunoprecipitation of
      surface-radioiodinated membranes from PMA-stimulated HL-60 cells and analysis on
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels revealed a bimolecular complex
      (195,000 and 125,000 daltons) without significant change under reducing
      conditions. Control immunoprecipitates yielded no peaks of activity. This
      monoclonal antibody should serve as a useful probe of the function and
      biochemistry of a killer cell surface antigen important in the expression of cell
      mediated cytotoxicity. Since RH1-38 inhibits cytotoxicity mediated by at least
      three apparently unrelated effector cells, the relevant antigen may be part of a
      common mechanistic step. As the companion paper demonstrates, this monoclonal
      antibody does not affect the conjugation step, but appears to block a late step
      in the NK cytolytic mechanism. Thus, RH1-38 recognizes either an epitope district
      from previously-described anti-LFA-1 antibodies or alternatively recognizes a
      distinct functional killer cell surface molecule.

PMID- 2412111
TI  - A monoclonal antibody (RH1-38) which inhibits multiple systems of cell-mediated
      cytotoxicity--II. Evidence that the epitope recognized is involved in a late step
      in the cytolytic mechanism.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (RH1-38) which blocks multiple systems of cell-mediated
      cytotoxicity was functionally characterized. RH1-38 specifically blocks, in the
      absence of complement, natural killer (NK) activity (K562 targets) without any
      effect on NK-K562 conjugate formation. Kinetic studies suggested that the
      antibody blocks a step that occurs 30-120 min after effector populations are
      mixed with target cells. Single-cell cytotoxicity assays in agarose, combined
      with standard 51Cr release assays and Michaelis-Menten analysis revealed that RH1
      38 markedly decreases Vmax and the number of active NK cells, again without any
      effect on the number of target-binding cells. The maximum recycling capacity was
      usually decreased, but in some experiments unchanged, in the presence of the
      monoclonal antibody. RH1-38 inhibited equally well whole peripheral blood
      mononuclear leukocytes (PBML), Percoll-fractionated lymphocytes enriched for NK
      activity, and interferon (IFN)-boosted NK activity. PBML exposed to RH1-38 and
      then washed mediated depressed NK activity which was partially reversed by
      subsequent treatment with IFN. These studies are most consistent with the
      hypothesis that RH1-38 inhibits a step late in the NK cytolytic mechanism rather
      than through an effect on conjugate formation. The primary effect is probably not
      on the IFN-generating or boosting mechanism, but a secondary effect on IFN
      related mechanisms cannot be ruled out. Inhibition through an effect on a small
      lymphocyte modulator of NK activity is also unlikely but not rigorously excluded.
      Thus, RH1-38 appears to inhibit NK activity through a direct effect on NK
      effector cells, probably by interfering with a cell-surface molecule which is
      important in the expression of NK activity. The companion paper demonstrates that
      this monoclonal antibody immunoprecipitates a molecule which is very similar or
      identical to the LFA-1 antigen. Thus, RH1-38 recognizes either a novel epitope on
      the LFA-1 molecule or alternatively a distinct, functional killer cell surface
      molecule. The epitope appears to be involved in a late step in the cytolytic
      mechanism, possibly part of the effector cell lytic machinery.

PMID- 2412112
TI  - Topographic and functional assay of antigenic determinants of human prolactin
      with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Six distinct antigenic determinants were identified on human prolactin (hPRL) by
      competition assays with murine monoclonal antibodies (MABs). The affinity of
      binding and the cross-reactivity of the antibodies with two non-primate
      prolactins was also determined. Binding of 125I-hPRL to MAB-coated microtitre
      plates in the presence of a second MAB resulted in either inhibition or
      enhancement of antigen binding to the plate. These results were interpreted in
      terms of conformational changes to epitopes, induced allosterically by the
      binding of a second MAB to the antigen. The topographic relationship of epitopes
      to the biologically active regions on the hormone was examined on the basis of
      the neutralizing potency of MABs in the proliferation of the prolactin-dependent
      cell line NB2. The NB2 growth-inhibitory activity was restricted to three
      distinct epitopes (NE02/6, 1208 and NE03) but absent from three other MABs tested
      (QB01, WC01/3 and 1200). On the basis of the competition and functional studies,
      an elemental scheme of the topographic localization of epitopes is presented. The
      experimental approach employed may contribute to studies on the allocation of
      biologically active sites on protein hormones.

PMID- 2412113
TI  - Further characterisation of a polyclonal antiserum for DNA photoproducts: the use
      of different labelled antigens to control its specificity.
AB  - Synthetic polynucleotides irradiated with far (254 nm) or near (320 nm) UV-light
      were used to characterise 3 different radioimmunoassay systems. Antiserum raised
      against DNA irradiated with a high dose of far-UV-light was found to have at
      least 2 antibody populations. A competitive assay in which the labelled antigen
      was irradiated at 254 nm was found to be specific for Pyr(6-4)Pyo adducts, the
      antibody-binding sites being sensitive to a secondary photolytic dose of 320-nm
      light. When the labelled antigen was irradiated with 320-nm light the assay was
      specific for cyclobutane dimers. This assay had the same specificity as one
      consisting of labelled DNA irradiated with 254-nm light and an antiserum raised
      against DNA irradiated at 320 nm in the presence of acetophenone. These assay
      systems were used to demonstrate the dose-dependence of the induction and
      photolytic degradation of Pyr(6-4)Pyo adducts by a near-UV-light source.

PMID- 2412114
TI  - Evidence for cell-replacement repair of X-ray-induced teratogenic damage in male
      genital imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - Male genital imaginal discs from old (late-third-instar) larvae of Drosophila
      that had been X-irradiated with appropriate doses developed into severely damaged
      adult genitalia when implanted into old larvae, but they developed into
      completely normal adult genitalia when transplanted into 2-day-younger larvae.
      The major cause of X-ray-initiated teratogenesis in the genital disc was DNA
      damage because development of the genital discs of strain mei-9a with defective
      DNA repair was twice as sensitive as that of the wild-type strain to impairment
      by X-irradiation, just as larvae of this strain were twice as sensitive to
      killing by X-irradiation as those of the wild-type strain. Complete repair of X
      ray-induced teratogenic damage in the genital discs on transplantation into young
      host larvae was similar in the wild-type and mei-9a strains. These results are
      discussed in relation to the hypothesis that repair of X-ray-induced teratogenic
      damage depends not on DNA repair but on replacement of damage-bearing primordial
      cells by healthy ones after suicidal elimination of the former.

PMID- 2412115
TI  - Isolation and cell-free synthesis of variant surface glycoproteins from
      Trypanosoma congolense.
AB  - Two Trypanosoma congolense stocks, 1/148 FLY and TREU 921, were cloned in A/J
      strain mice immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide. The cloned populations, AmNat
      1.1 and AmNat 3.1, each characterized by a different variant antigen type, were
      checked for homogeneity by the indirect fluorescent antibody test using 6-day
      antisera developed in rabbits. The variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) from both
      AmNat clones were purified to homogeneity. Electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl
      sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gradient gels revealed that the apparent Mr values
      of the two VSGs were 51 700 (AmNat 1.1) and 49 900 (AmNat 3.1). Monospecific
      antisera prepared in rabbits to each VSG were used to confirm the homogeneity of
      the clones by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. The VSGs were susceptible
      to endoglycosidase H digestion, indicating the presence of high-mannose type
      oligosaccharides in these glycoproteins. The apparent Mr values of the
      endoglycosidase H-digested VSGs were 48 800 and 46 900 for AmNat 1.1 and 3.1,
      respectively. Poly(A+)-enriched RNA isolated from each clone was assayed for
      template activity using a mRNA-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate for in vitro
      protein synthesis. Radioactively labeled polypeptides were initially
      characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis and visualized
      by fluorography. VSG-specific translation products were immunoprecipitated with
      IgGs isolated from the homologous monospecific antisera and analyzed on SDS
      polyacrylamide gradient gels. The apparent Mr values for the AmNat 1.1 and 3.1
      precursor VSGs synthesized in vitro were 39 000 and 43 000, respectively.

PMID- 2412116
TI  - Incorporation of sialic acid into Trypanosoma cruzi macromolecules. A proposal
      for a new metabolic route.
AB  - Sialo- and asialoglycoconjugates were isolated from Trypanosoma cruzi
      epimastigotes and their composition determined. Sialoglycoconjugates bound to
      wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-Sepharose and were precipitated by concanavalin A,
      Wistaria floribunda hemagglutinin and WGA. Asialoglycoconjugate bound to
      concanavalin A-Sepharose and precipitated with concanavalin-A and W. floribunda
      hemagglutinin but not with WGA. Cells grown in the presence of fetal calf serum
      were agglutinated by WGA but not by peanut agglutinin. The reverse was true for
      cells grown without fetal calf serum. Neuraminidase-treated cells incorporated
      sialic acid or its 7-carbon analog, 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-L-arabino-2
      heptulosonic acid (AcNeu7) from sialylated compounds such as fetuin or sialyl
      lactose but did not incorporate free sialic acid. Restoration of the WGA
      sialylreceptors in neuraminidase-treated cells, as determined by cell
      agglutination with WGA, was also obtained by incubation with fetuin or sialyl
      lactose but not with free sialic acid. Moreover, restoration of agglutinability
      by WGA in neuraminidase-treated cells or cells grown in medium without fetal calf
      serum occurred equally well in energy-rich or energy-depleted cells. A
      transglycosilase reaction for sialic acid incorporation in T. cruzi epimastigotes
      is suggested.

PMID- 2412117
TI  - Cloning and analysis of Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense ILNat 2.1 VSG gene.
AB  - Genes encoding various Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei variable surface
      glycoproteins (VSGs) show considerable conservation among different members of
      this species, known as isotypes. The occurrence of isotypes in other salivarian
      trypanosomes has not been well documented. We have cloned sequences encoding
      Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense ILNat 2.1 VSG, and used it in DNA blot
      hybridization analyses of this and other T. congolense clones originating from
      geographically separate regions of East Africa. The data indicate that the
      expression of ILNat 2.1 VSG gene proceeds by duplicative transposition resulting
      in the presence of an extra expression-linked copy in the expressing clones
      examined. Furthermore the ILNat 2.1 VSG gene sequence is absent or has greatly
      diverged, in all other T. (N.) congolense clones that belong to different
      serodemes. This suggests that some T. (N.) congolense VSGs may be limited to
      their respective antigen repertoires. The data are discussed in the light of
      their implications for antigenic variation in T. (N.) congolense, and parasite
      epidemiology.

PMID- 2412118
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of intravascular catheter-associated infection by direct Gram
      staining of catheter segments.

PMID- 2412119
TI  - Reduction of biogenic amine levels in the Rett syndrome.
AB  - The Rett syndrome is a progressive disorder in female patients that is
      characterized by autistic behavior, dementia, ataxia, loss of purposeful use of
      the hands, and seizures. The results of laboratory investigations are usually
      normal, with the exception of electroencephalography. In an attempt to understand
      the pathogenesis of this syndrome, we assayed biogenic amine metabolites in the
      cerebrospinal fluid of six patients, 2 to 15 years of age. 3-Methoxy-4
      hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG, a metabolite of norepinephrine), homovanillic
      acid (a metabolite of dopamine), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA, a
      metabolite of serotonin) were quantitated by a method involving gas
      chromatography and mass spectrometry. Levels of MHPG and homovanillic acid were
      significantly reduced in all the patients as compared with those in controls of
      similar age (P = 0.01 and 0.008, respectively). The reduction in the level of 5
      HIAA was not significantly different from that in the controls (P = 0.15). These
      findings suggest an underlying disorder of biogenic amines in the Rett syndrome
      and may provide new insight into its pathogenesis.

PMID- 2412120
TI  - The murine T-cell receptor uses a limited repertoire of expressed V beta gene
      segments.
AB  - Only 10 different V beta gene segments were found when the sequences of 15
      variable (V beta) genes of the mouse T-cell receptor were examined. From this
      analysis we calculate that the total number of expressed V beta gene segments may
      be 21 or fewer, which makes the expressed germline V beta repertoire much smaller
      than that of immunoglobulin heavy-chain or light-chain genes. We suggest that
      beta-chain somatic diversification is concentrated at the V beta-D beta-J beta
      junctions.

PMID- 2412121
TI  - Neurones express high levels of a structurally modified, activated form of pp60c
      src.
AB  - Neural tissues contain high levels of the cellular homologue of the transforming
      protein of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), but neither the specific cell types
      expressing high levels of c-src, nor the function of the cellular src (c-src)
      protein has been determined. Using primary culture methods, we have found that
      pure neurones and astrocytes derived from the rat central nervous system (CNS)
      contain 15- to 20-times higher levels of the c-src protein than fibroblasts.
      However, the specific activity of the c-src protein from the neuronal cultures is
      6- to 12-times higher than that from the astrocyte cultures. In addition, the c
      src protein expressed in neuronal cultures contains a structural alteration
      within the amino-terminal region of the molecule that causes a shift in the
      mobility of the c-src protein on the SDS-polyacrylamide gels. These results
      indicate that a structurally distinct form of the cellular src protein that
      possesses an activated tyrosylkinase activity is expressed at very high levels in
      post-mitotic CNS neurones.

PMID- 2412122
TI  - Telomeric reciprocal recombination as a possible mechanism for antigenic
      variation in trypanosomes.
AB  - In African trypanosomes, antigenic variation is achieved through differential
      gene activation, with one antigen gene being expressed at a time among a large
      collection of antigen-specific sequences. Transcription of the antigen gene
      always takes place in a telomere, but different telomeres can alternatively act
      as the expression site. Telomeric antigen genes can be expressed without apparent
      DNA rearrangement, but they can also, like non-telomeric genes, have access to
      the telomeric expression site through a duplicative transposition mechanism
      resembling gene conversion. We report here that, as previously suggested,
      telomeric genes may use another route to be activated. This mechanism of gene
      activation is by reciprocal crossing-over upstream from the gene, in the so
      called 'barren' region. This allows the antigen gene to be placed in the
      previously activated telomere, while inactivating the formerly expressed gene by
      recombination into a silent environment. At least for the telomeric antigen gene
      described here, three possible activation mechanisms coexist.

PMID- 2412123
TI  - Introns continue to amaze.

PMID- 2412124
TI  - Light-dependent antibody labelling of photoreceptors.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies are tools widely used to analyse the structure of the
      nervous system. Whereas some labelling patterns are highly reproducible, others
      appear to vary from one preparation to the next, as we noticed in particular for
      some antibodies with respect to photoreceptor labelling. To establish whether
      some of this variability can be linked to functional criteria, we tested for
      light-dependence. We found two antibodies that label photoreceptor outer
      segments, only when the retina has been illuminated, and a third antibody that
      has a selective affinity for dark-adapted outer segments. The two antibodies
      against light-activated sites are primarily directed against the highly
      phosphorylated neurofilament subunit at relative molecular mass 200,000 (200K).
      One of them, RT97, recognizes on immunoblots, in addition to neurofilaments, a
      light-activated epitope on a protein that resembles the photopigment rhodopsin,
      presumably a phosphorylation-dependent site. Antibodies like those described here
      may allow the study of physiological processes such as light and dark adaptation
      using morphological techniques.

PMID- 2412125
TI  - Mitochondrial class II introns encode proteins related to the reverse
      transcriptases of retroviruses.
AB  - Organelle introns share several distinctive features that set them apart from
      their counterparts in nuclear-encoded pre-messenger RNAs (reviewed in ref. 1):
      their termini do not obey the GU...AG rule; the introns are 'structured' (members
      of the same family or 'class' can theoretically adopt very similar RNA secondary
      conformations and several of the postulated pairings have been confirmed by
      studies of splicing mutants and their revertants (see, for example, ref. 4); many
      introns from both classes contain long open reading frames. We report here that
      the proteins potentially encoded by four class II introns are related to several
      RNA-dependent polymerases of viral and transposable element origins.

PMID- 2412126
TI  - Glial cells express N-CAM/D2-CAM-like polypeptides in vitro.
AB  - The joining together of neurites to form fascicles and the growth of axons along
      glial surfaces during early development suggest that neurone-neurone and neurone
      glial adhesion interactions are of considerable importance for defining nerve
      tracts. In vitro studies have indicated that adhesion between neurones involves a
      glycoprotein that has been independently studied under the names of N-CAM (for
      neural cell adhesion molecule), D2-CAM and BSP-2 (refs 10, 11). As N-CAM/D2-CAM
      appears to be a homophilic ligand that binds to N-CAM/D2-CAM polypeptide on
      adjacent cells, this glycoprotein is potentially important in adhesion
      interactions between any two N-CAM/D2-CAM-expressing cells. While it has been
      suggested that neurone-glial adhesion involves molecules other than N-CAM/D2-CAM,
      it is known that N-CAM/D2-CAM antigenic determinants are expressed by glial cells
      in vivo and that injection of anti-N-CAM antibodies into the eye-cup of chick
      embryos disrupts normal patterns of neuritic apposition to glial endfeet in the
      developing optic stalk. Do the molecules expressed by glia share restricted
      antigenic determinants, or binding domains, with N-CAM/D2-CAM, or are N-CAM/D2
      CAM polypeptides expressed by glia? Here we present immunocytochemical evidence
      which suggests that all classes of macroglia express N-CAM/D2-CAM antigenic
      determinants on their surfaces and immunochemical analyses which indicate that
      the molecules expressed by purified astrocytes are closely similar, or identical,
      to at least some forms of N-CAM/D2-CAM obtained from whole brain or purified
      neurones. However, our results also suggest that different N-CAM/D2-CAM
      polypeptides may be separately expressed by neurones and astrocytes.

PMID- 2412127
TI  - Voltage-dependent ATP-sensitive potassium channels of skeletal muscle membrane.
AB  - It has been known for some years that skeletal muscle develops a high potassium
      permeability in conditions that produce rigor, where ATP concentrations are low
      and intracellular Ca2+ is high. It has seemed natural to attribute this high
      permeability to K channels that are opened by internal Ca2+, especially as the
      presence of such channels has been demonstrated in myotubes and in the transverse
      tubular membrane system of adult skeletal muscle. However, as we show here, the
      surface membrane of frog muscle contains potassium channels that open at low
      internal concentrations of ATP (less than 2 mM). ATP induces closing of these
      channels without being split, apparently holding the channels in one of a number
      of closed states. The channels have at least two open states whose dwell times
      are voltage-dependent. Surprisingly, we find that these may be the most common K
      channels of the surface membrane of skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2412128
TI  - I-J as an idiotype of the recognition component of antigen-specific suppressor T
      cell factor.
AB  - The I-J determinant of membrane glycoprotein is known to be expressed exclusively
      on suppressor T cells (TS), which have a crucial role in the regulation of immune
      responses. I-J also comprises part of the soluble factor (TSF) with suppressor
      activity which is secreted from TS. Gene-mapping experiments have indicated that
      the I-J gene lies between the I-A and I-E subregions of the mouse major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) and is defined by the H-2 congeneic pair, that
      is, B10.A(3R) and B10.A(5R). In fact, antibodies raised in the reciprocal
      combinations of B10.A(3R) and B10.A(5R) define the I-Jb and I-Jk alleles, and are
      able to detect the I-J determinants on TS and TSF. Biochemical and functional
      analyses, using I-J-positive TS clones and hybridomas, have demonstrated that
      monoclonal anti-I-J antibodies precipitate I-Jk or I-Jb with a relative molecular
      mass of 25,000-28,000 (25-28K) and that the I-J+ molecule mediates the
      restriction specificity of TSF in association with an antigen-binding protein
      (45K). However, molecular genetic studies on the I-J gene reveal no genetic
      difference between B10.A(3R) and B10.A(5R) and also that there is no room to
      accommodate a gene encoding I-J in the expected I region. These discrepancies
      between the molecular genetic and serological/functional data require
      explanation. Here we demonstrate that TS and TSF expressing I-J of the host type
      were produced by fully allogeneic bone marrow cells of donor origin in chimaeric
      mice, when the chimaeras received the host antigen-presenting cells (APC) at the
      time of immunization. The results show that APC are necessary for the activation
      and clonal expansion of TS and also support the notion that I-J is an idiotypic
      determinant of the recognition component of TS and TSF.

PMID- 2412129
TI  - I-J epitopes are adaptively acquired by T cells differentiated in the chimaeric
      condition.
AB  - I-J has been defined as a locus mapped in the murine major histocompatibility
      complex (MHC) which encodes serological markers found primarily on the surface of
      suppressor T cells (TS) and soluble suppressor factors (TSF). Recent studies
      have, however, revealed that there is no such specialized locus within the MHC at
      the DNA level. As the existence of I-J determinants at the protein level on
      functional T cells, T-cell clones and hybridomas has been confirmed by several
      serological and biochemical studies, this contradiction has raised serious
      arguments in the immunological community concerning the nature, origin and
      expression of I-J determinants. We have raised a number of monoclonal antibodies
      against the polymorphic structure of I-J molecules, and have studied the
      expression of I-J epitopes on T cells derived from irradiated bone marrow
      chimaeras in which stem cells of different genotype differentiated into T cells
      under the foreign host MHC environment. The results, presented here, indicate
      that I-J epitopes are not primarily determined by the MHC genes of the stem cells
      themselves, but are adaptively acquired by T cells differentiated in the
      chimaeric condition according to the environmental MHC phenotype. Thus, the
      serologically detectable I-J epitopes are found to be associated with inducible T
      cell receptors recognizing self class II MHC antigens.

PMID- 2412130
TI  - Detection of P-glycoprotein in multidrug-resistant cell lines by monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - One reason for the failure of chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced cancers
      may be the outgrowth of multidrug-resistant tumour cells. Multidrug resistance
      has been modelled in numerous mammalian cell lines in which the phenotype is
      characterized by a pleiotropic cross-resistance to unrelated drugs. In the study
      reported here, we have produced monoclonal antibodies whose binding to plasma
      membranes of different multidrug-resistant mammalian cells correlates with the
      degree of drug resistance. All these antibodies are specific for P-glycoprotein,
      a cell surface component of relative molecular mass (Mr) 170,000 (170K) that has
      been described previously, and are directed against three spatially distinct
      epitopes which define a conserved cytoplasmic domain in the C-terminal region of
      the P-glycoprotein polypeptide. The conserved nature of P-glycoprotein and its
      low-level expression is drug-sensitive cells suggest that it has an important
      function at the cell surface. The monoclonal antibodies against P-glycoprotein
      described here might serve as diagnostic reagents for clinically unresponsive
      tumours.

PMID- 2412131
TI  - Spatial and temporal patterns of Kruppel gene expression in early Drosophila
      embryos.
AB  - The Kruppel (Kr) locus is a member of the 'gap' class of segmentation genes of
      Drosophila melanogaster. Mutations at the Kr locus cause the deletion of
      contiguous segments from the embryonic body pattern. We have elucidated the
      spatial and temporal characteristics of Kr gene expression during early embryo
      development, the localization of cytoplasmic Kr+ activity and its spatial
      requirement for normal segmentation.

PMID- 2412132
TI  - Segregation of efferent connections and receptive field properties in visual area
      V2 of the macaque.
AB  - V2 is a visual area of the macaque monkey which is at the second level in a
      recently proposed hierarchy of cortical visual areas. Histochemical staining for
      cytochrome oxidase (CO) in V2 reveals a pattern of alternate thick and thin CO
      rich stripes separated by CO-sparse interstripes. These subregions receive
      distinct inputs from neurones in CO-rich and CO-sparse zones arrayed within the
      superficial layers of V1 (refs 4, 5). Are output projections from V2 to higher
      visual areas also segregated? Using an anatomical double-label paradigm, we have
      now demonstrated that V2 cells projecting to two of its major target areas, MT
      and V4 (refs 6, 7), are arranged in stripe-like clusters which are largely
      segregated from one another and which are closely related to the pattern of CO
      stripes. Concomitant electrophysiological recordings from V2 indicate that groups
      of cells having similar receptive field properties are clustered within the
      subregions defined by these anatomical techniques.

PMID- 2412133
TI  - Expression of the T-cell-specific gamma gene is unnecessary in T cells
      recognizing class II MHC determinants.
AB  - Subtractive complementary DNA cloning combined with partial protein sequencing
      has allowed identification of the genes encoding the alpha and beta subunits of T
      cell receptors. The subtractive cDNA library prepared from the cytotoxic T
      lymphocyte (Tc) clone 2C has been found to contain a third type of clone encoding
      the gamma chain. The gamma gene shares several features with the alpha and beta
      genes: (1) assembly from gene segments resembling immunoglobulin V, J and C
      (respectively variable, joining and constant region) DNA segments; (2)
      rearrangement and expression in T cells and not in B cells; (3) sequences
      reminiscent of transmembrane and intracytoplasmic regions of integral membrane
      proteins; (4) a cysteine residue at the position expected for an interchain
      disulphide bond. The alpha and beta genes are expressed at equivalent levels in
      both Tc cells and helper T cells (TH). The gamma gene, obtained from 2C, has been
      found to be expressed in all Tc cells studied. Here we present evidence that
      strongly suggests that TH cells do not require gamma gene expression.

PMID- 2412134
TI  - A novel brain ATPase with properties expected for the fast axonal transport
      motor.
AB  - Identification of the ATPase involved in fast axonal transport of membranous
      organelles has proven difficult. Myosin and dynein, other ATPases known to be
      involved in cell motility, have properties that are inconsistent with the
      established properties of fast axonal transport, an essential component of which
      is readily solubilized in physiological buffer conditions rather than being
      stably associated with either membranous organelles or cytoskeletal elements.
      Adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), a nonhydrolysable analogue of ATP, is a
      potent inhibitor of fast axonal transport that results in a stable interaction of
      membranous organelles with microtubules. Here we report the identification and
      partial characterization of an ATPase activity from brain whose binding to
      microtubules is stabilized by AMP-PNP. This ATPase activity seems to be
      associated with a polypeptide of relative molecular mass (Mr) 130,000 that is
      highly enriched in microtubule pellets after incubation with AMP-PNP and a
      soluble fraction from chick brain. This novel ATPase fraction has the predicted
      characteristics of the motor involved in fast axonal transport. Common features
      between the ATPase and fast axonal transport include interaction with the
      cytoskeleton in the presence of AMP-PNP, ready extractability, no Ca2+ dependence
      and inhibition by EDTA.

PMID- 2412135
TI  - Transcription, processing and nuclear transport of a B1 Alu RNA species
      complementary to an intron of the murine alpha-fetoprotein gene.
AB  - The Alu sequence family comprises the major dispersed repeat sequences of rodent
      and primate genomes, numbering greater than 300,000 copies in the human haploid
      genome. The function of these elements is unknown. The sequences can be
      transcribed by RNA polymerase III and represent a substantial fraction of total
      heterogeneous nuclear RNA. Alu sequences can be found both in the flanking
      regions and within the transcription units of several well-characterized genes.
      Here we show that some members of the mouse B1 Alu sequence family encode a small
      cytoplasmic RNA. The mouse B1 sequence is congruent to 130 nucleotides long and
      shows homology with the monomeric units of the dimeric 300-nucleotide primate
      sequence. By means of microinjection studies in the Xenopus laevis oocyte, we
      have elucidated a novel pathway leading to the appearance of a processed B1-type
      Alu RNA species in the cytoplasm. The abundance of this small Alu RNA differs
      between various mouse tissues, suggesting a role in tissue-specific gene
      expression.

PMID- 2412136
TI  - Mobility and evolutionary variability factors in protein antigenicity.

PMID- 2412137
TI  - Axonal flow in the afferent fiber maintains the electroreceptor in the skin of
      fish.

PMID- 2412138
TI  - Substance P antagonists and mucociliary activity in rabbit.
AB  - Substance P (SP) is known to accelerate mucociliary (m.c.) activity in the rabbit
      maxillary sinus in vivo. The physiological significance of this finding was
      investigated by testing three putative SP antagonists. [Arg5, D-Trp7,9, Nle11]SP5
      11 could not be used as an antagonist because it stimulated m.c. activity. [D
      Arg1, D-Trp7,9, Leu11]SP had no effect on the m.c. activity changes induced by
      SP. [D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]SP was found to be an effective antagonist, 1 mg/kg of this
      drug reversibly inhibiting both the effects of 0.1 micrograms/kg SP and the
      stimulating effect of 1.0 micrograms/kg bradykinin and 30.0 micrograms/kg
      capsaicin; the stimulating effect of 0.5 micrograms/kg methacholine was not
      inhibited. It is suggested that bradykinin and capsaicin stimulate m.c. activity
      at least partly by releasing SP. The results of this investigation also support
      the view that the accelerating effect of SP on m.c. activity reflects
      physiological SP-mediated protective mechanisms in the airways. It is concluded
      that [D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9]SP is a useful pharmacological tool for studying the role
      of SP in the control of m.c. activity in rabbits.

PMID- 2412139
TI  - Different substance P receptors are found on mucosal epithelial cells and
      submucous neurons of the guinea-pig small intestine.
AB  - The action of substance P (SP) on mucosal ion transport has been investigated in
      the guinea-pig small intestine. Segments of intestine were dissected free of
      external muscle and myenteric plexus and mounted in Ussing chambers. Short
      circuit current (Isc) was measured as an indication of net ion transport across
      the tissue. SP (greater than 10(-10) M) added to the submucosal side of the
      tissue caused a transient increase in Isc. Tetrodotoxin (TTX, 10(-7) M) decreased
      the maximum SP response to 11% of the control value. TTX completely inhibited the
      response to electrical field stimulation but had no effect on Isc increases due
      to carbachol or theophylline. In the presence of hyoscine (10(-7) M) the SP
      response was reduced to 42% of the control value, but hyoscine had no effect on
      the TTX-resistant SP response. Mepyramine (10(-6)M) had no significant effect on
      the SP response. These results suggest that SP alters mucosal ion transport by
      stimulation of cholinergic and non-cholinergic nerves in the mucosa-submucosa. A
      small part of the SP response appears to be due to a direct action on epithelial
      cells. The SP antagonist (D-Arg1, D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9, Leu11)-SP decreased the
      magnitude of the TTX-resistant SP response, and caused a decrease of similar
      magnitude in the total SP response. These results imply that the major component
      of the SP response, which is due to an action on neurons, is unaffected by this
      antagonist. It is concluded that the SP receptors on epithelial cells are blocked
      by the antagonist and are different to the SP receptors on submucous neurons,
      which are not blocked by the antagonist.

PMID- 2412141
TI  - Acute effects of hemodialysis on erythrocyte sodium fluxes in uremic patients.
AB  - The acute effects of both acetate and bicarbonate hemodialysis on erythrocyte
      transmembrane sodium fluxes were investigated in 15 patients with chronic uremia.
      We observed a significance (p less than 0.01) stimulation of the Na+,K+ pump in
      both procedures, with a significant correlation to the amount of fluid removed
      during hemodialysis (r = 0.56, p less than 0.03). Outward Na+ cotransport fluxes
      significantly rose (p less than 0.05) after acetate hemodialysis and decreased (p
      less than 0.05) after bicarbonate hemodialysis. Minor and not significant pre-
      and posthemodialysis bidirectional changes were observed as regards the
      intraerythrocyte Na+ and K+ concentration, passive Na+ and K+ permeability, and
      Na+,Li+ countertransport. Hemodialysis may acutely affect the erythrocyte sodium
      pump and cotransport fluxes, possibly through the modulation of hormonal factors
      triggered by the extracellular volume changes.

PMID- 2412140
TI  - Positive inotropic effect of Bay K 8644: cAMP-independence and lack of inhibitory
      effect of adenosine.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to characterize the positive inotropic effect of
      the Ca2+ channel activator Bay K 8644. In isolated guinea-pig papillary muscles
      we investigated whether adenosine and the R site adenosine receptor agonist (-)
      N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA) were able to antagonize the positive inotropic
      effect of Bay K 8644. The effect of Bay K 8644 and adenosine or PIA on myocardial
      cAMP content was also measured. The influence of adenosine and PIA on the
      positive inotropic effect of the beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline and of
      the phosphodiesterase inhibitor amrinone was studied for comparison. Adenosine
      and PIA antagonized the positive inotropic effects of isoprenaline and amrinone
      in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, adenosine or PIA did not affect
      the positive inotropic effect of Bay K 8644. The positive inotropic effect of Bay
      K 8644 was not accompanied by a change in the cAMP content of the papillary
      muscles. Additionally applied adenosine or PIA also failed to affect the cAMP
      content. It is concluded that an increased myocardial cAMP content is not
      involved in the positive inotropic effect of Bay K 8644. Moreover, the results
      support the view that adenosine and PIA only antagonize the positive inotropic
      effects of drugs known to increase myocardial cAMP content and that an increased
      myocardial cAMP content is a prerequisite for the manifestation of a negative
      inotropic effect of the nucleosides in ventricular cardiac muscle.

PMID- 2412142
TI  - Fever and proximal tubular function in acute pyelonephritis.
AB  - The urinary excretion of alpha 1-microglobulin (alpha 1M), beta 2-microglobulin
      (beta 2M), retinol-binding protein (RBP) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase
      (NAG) as markers of proximal tubular dysfunction was measured in various forms of
      urinary tract infections (UTI) and in fever due to non-renal infections. The
      urinary concentration of these proteins was significantly increased in acute
      pyelonephritis compared with acute cystitis and asymptomatic bacteriuria. Tubular
      proteinuria and enzymuria could also be demonstrated in subjects with fever of
      non-renal origin and corresponded to the findings of pyelonephritis. It is
      suggested that fever per se is the most likely cause of the tubular proteinuria
      seen in acute pyelonephritis. In localizing an acute UTI characterization of the
      urinary protein profile seems to have no advantage over a carefully measured body
      temperature. The urinary excretion of alpha 1M,beta 2M and RBP were highly
      correlated, while urinary NAG activity was less correlated to these low-molecular
      weight proteins. Fibrin degradation product D (FDP-D) was detected in the urines
      in 60% of the patients with acute pyelonephritis and in one third of those with
      acute cystitis. The estimation of FDP in urine therefore seems to be of little
      value in the level diagnosis of UTI.

PMID- 2412143
TI  - Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and amygdaloid kindling.
AB  - Previous studies by our laboratory have shown that exposures to either lindane or
      dieldrin enhanced the rate of acquisition of the fully kindled amygdaloid seizure
      in the rat. To examine whether this enhancement generalizes to all groups of
      chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, the effect of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
      (DDT) or chlordecone (kepone) was examined on the acquisition rate of the kindled
      amygdaloid seizure in the rat. Daily DDT exposure (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg, PO) failed
      to modify the rate of acquisition of the kindled amygdaloid seizure despite
      resulting in tremors in many of the rats in the high dose group. A single high
      dose of kepone (50 mg/kg) which resulted in up to 9 days of tremors and weight
      loss in the treated animals, also failed to modify the rate of kindling
      acquisition. These data demonstrate that not all CNS active chlorinated
      hydrocarbon pesticide exposures result in enhancement of kindling acquisition.
      The kindled amygdaloid seizure model of epilepsy appears to differentiate between
      the neurotoxic consequences of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides that cause
      myoclonus and seizures (e.g., lindane and dieldrin) and those that primarily
      cause tremors (DDT and kepone).

PMID- 2412145
TI  - [Experimental cerebral infarction in the dog. Ultrastructural study of capillary
      permeability by freeze-fracture replica].

PMID- 2412144
TI  - Cerebral myelinogenesis in the Snell dwarf mouse: stimulatory effects of GH and
      T4 restricted to the first 20 days of postnatal life.
AB  - We attempted to define the critical time period during early postnatal life when
      GH and T4 are essential for myelination. We administered bGH and T4 to Snell
      dwarf mice during the first and second 20 days after birth. Positive results were
      obtained only when hormones were given during the first 20 days of postnatal
      life. We observed a distinct increase in brain weight, DNA content, CNPase
      activity and a remarkably increased level of spontaneous locomotion activity with
      a diurnal periodicity. Morphological observations of brain sections stained for
      myelin basic protein (MBP) correlated the biochemical findings. The later
      administration of hormones was ineffective. Our interpretation is that the
      administration of exogenous hormones led to increased myelinogenesis through
      their stimulatory effects on glial proliferation, as evidenced by the increase in
      cerebral DNA content.

PMID- 2412146
TI  - [Experimental cerebral infarction in the dog. Cerebral ischemia and
      revascularization].

PMID- 2412147
TI  - [Cerebellopontine angle surgery and intraoperative monitoring of the auditory
      function. The significance and interpretation of changes of evoked potentials
      based on animal experimental models].

PMID- 2412148
TI  - [Management of severe head injury under hypothermia].

PMID- 2412149
TI  - [Intraparenchymatous hemorrhage caused by angiographically occult cerebral
      vascular malformation and hemangioblastoma].

PMID- 2412150
TI  - [Surgical treatment in patients over 60 years of age with ruptured cerebral
      aneurysms].

PMID- 2412151
TI  - [Long-term follow-up of patients with optic glioma].

PMID- 2412152
TI  - [Chronic epidural hematoma. Report of two cases].

PMID- 2412153
TI  - [Ganglioglioma. Report of two cases].

PMID- 2412154
TI  - [Association of brain tumor and multiple aneurysms. Case report].

PMID- 2412155
TI  - [Lung metastasis of intraosseous meningioma prior to craniotomy. Case report].

PMID- 2412156
TI  - [Azygos anterior cerebral artery aneurysm].

PMID- 2412157
TI  - [Role of the brain stem affecting the tonus of the cerebral blood vessels].

PMID- 2412158
TI  - [Experimental cerebral infarction in the dog. Localization of the massive
      hemorrhagic area, red softening area, and pale softening area].

PMID- 2412159
TI  - [Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
      Transient ischemic attack and reversible ischemic neurological deficit].

PMID- 2412160
TI  - [The application of intraarterial digital subtraction angiography to
      neurosurgical operation].

PMID- 2412161
TI  - [Surgical treatment of occlusive lesions of the common carotid artery].

PMID- 2412163
TI  - [Lateral approach to thoracic disc herniation. Case report].

PMID- 2412162
TI  - [Alpha subunit positive cases in so-called non-functioning pituitary adenomas].

PMID- 2412164
TI  - [Outcome of acute posterior fossa subdural hematoma in the neonatal period.
      Clinical feature and site of hematoma].

PMID- 2412165
TI  - [Cerebral aneurysm associated with fibromuscular dysplasia of the bilateral
      vertebral artery and occipital artery. Case report].

PMID- 2412166
TI  - [Retrocerebellar glio-ependymal cyst with corpora amylacea in wall. Case report].

PMID- 2412167
TI  - [Multiple intracranial epidermoids located in the brain stem and the middle
      cranial fossa. Case report].

PMID- 2412168
TI  - [Hemangioblastoma with massive bleeding. Case report].

PMID- 2412169
TI  - [Influence of intracranial components on intracranial pressure pulse wave].

PMID- 2412170
TI  - [Analysis of pulse wave recorded on epidural pressure in acute intracranial
      hypertension].

PMID- 2412171
TI  - [Changes in intracranial pressure and electrophysiological function in acute
      subdural hematomas, and postoperative barbiturate therapy following decompressive
      hemicraniectomy].

PMID- 2412172
TI  - [Anterior pituitary function in cerebrovascular diseases, with special reference
      to ruptured cerebral aneurysm].

PMID- 2412173
TI  - [Anterior pituitary function in cerebrovascular disease. Hypertensive
      intracranial hematoma cases].

PMID- 2412174
TI  - [Clinical grading for subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by a ruptured intracranial
      aneurysm].

PMID- 2412175
TI  - [A clinico-experimental study on the wrapping material for cerebral aneurysm].

PMID- 2412176
TI  - [Cervical intervertebral disc protrusion and the relation between localization of
      the lesion and the neurological symptoms. Investigation by computed tomography
      and myelography].

PMID- 2412177
TI  - [Preoperative embolization of intracranial meningiomas].

PMID- 2412178
TI  - [Meningioma with vacuolated component. A contribution to the pathogenesis of the
      cyst formation in meningioma--report of two cases].

PMID- 2412179
TI  - [Halo-external fixation for a severe maxillofacial injury. Case report].

PMID- 2412180
TI  - [Acute epidural hematoma of the posterior fossa caused by fronto-temporal impact.
      Case report].

PMID- 2412181
TI  - Effect of bilateral olfactory bulbectomy in the rat, alone or in combination with
      antidepressants, on the learned immobility model of depression.
AB  - Bilaterally olfactory bulbectomized rats were compared with intact rats in their
      responsiveness to the acute and chronic administration of nomifensine and
      trazodone in the learned immobility test of Porsolt. No difference in the
      duration of immobility was found between the bulbectomized and intact rats. The
      duration of immobility was significantly attenuated in both the bulbectomized and
      intact rats after nomifensine treatment, the effect on the bulbectomized rat
      being greater than in the intact animals. Trazodone significantly attenuated the
      duration of immobility of the intact rats only after chronic (14 days)
      administration. Both nomifensine and trazodone significantly affected the
      turnover of serotonin in the amygdaloid cortex following acute administration but
      no changes could be detected in the parameters after chronic drug treatment.

PMID- 2412182
TI  - The relationship between auditory temporal analysis and receptive language
      development: evidence from studies of developmental language disorder.
AB  - The relationship between sensory, perceptual and motor abilities and receptive
      language abilities was studied in developmental dysphasic children. The tests
      administered included experimental auditory, visual and cross-modal perceptual
      tests. In addition, a battery of neurodevelopmental "soft sign" sensory,
      perceptual and motor tests were also given. Demographic and case history data
      were collected. Receptive language was derived based upon a battery of
      standardized language tests. Multivariate analyses were employed to examine the
      relationship between receptive language and sensory, perceptual and motor
      abilities. Results demonstrated that auditory perceptual variables, specifically
      those requiring rapid temporal analysis, were most highly correlated with the
      degree of receptive language deficit of the dysphasic children.

PMID- 2412184
TI  - [Neoplasms of the common bile duct].

PMID- 2412183
TI  - The neuropathy of plasma cell dyscrasia: binding of IgM M-proteins to peripheral
      nerve glycolipids.
AB  - In some patients with neuropathy and plasma cell dyscrasia, the M-proteins bind
      to peripheral nerves. Binding of M-proteins to peripheral nerve glycolipids was
      examined by immunostaining after thin-layer chromatography. The IgM from 16
      patients with anti-MAG M-proteins bound to the same two glycolipid bands in
      peripheral nerve. The IgM that bound to the glycolipids had the same idiotype as
      the anti-MAG M-protein, indicating that it was the M-protein that bound to both
      glycolipids. The reactive glycolipids did not contain sialic acid and were not
      gangliosides. No immunostaining of peripheral nerve glycolipids was observed with
      IgM from patients with neuropathy and IgM M-proteins that did not bind to MAG,
      and the anti-MAG antibodies did not bind to brain glycolipids. Anti-MAG M
      proteins probably bind to the same or closely related carbohydrate determinants
      that are shared by a number of glycoproteins and glycolipids of peripheral nerve.

PMID- 2412185
TI  - [Radical surgical treatment of neoplasms of the left colon].

PMID- 2412186
TI  - [Concentration-reinfusion methods in intractable ascites caused by liver
      cirrhosis. Importance of monitoring plasma renin activity and urinary sodium].

PMID- 2412187
TI  - [Whipple's disease. Apropos of a case diagnosed by endoscopic duodenal biopsy].

PMID- 2412188
TI  - [Experience in the use of the tumor markers CEA, GICA and TPA in the
      postoperative monitoring of colorectal neoplasms].
AB  - Current use of tumour markers in the followup to malignant digestive tract
      neoplasias is restricted mainly by the non optimal sensitivity levels and
      specificity of these markers. These aspects of CEA, GICA and TPA markers used in
      follow-ups for 23 patients surgically treated for Duke's stage B2 neoplasias of
      the colon and rectum were examined over the period 1980-1983. Each marker
      examined displays its own individual characteristics of sensitivity and
      specificity. An X-ray endoscopic confirmation is required in all cases as no
      single marker is sufficiently reliable to be used as a diagnostic tool on its
      own. It is concluded that biological markers should be used as part of a follow
      up programme embracing more than one diagnostic procedure.

PMID- 2412189
TI  - Co-localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity with
      substance P in cutaneous, vascular and visceral sensory neurons of guinea pigs.
AB  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been immunohistochemically co
      localized with substance P (SP) in capsaicin-sensitive, varicose axons supplying
      the skin, viscera and cardiovascular system of the guinea pig. After treatment
      with colchicine in vitro, 82% of SP neurons in the dorsal root ganglia contained
      CGRP-like immunoreactivity while 96% of CGRP neurons were immunoreactive for SP.
      Both CGRP- and SP-like immunoreactive material are transported peripherally and
      centrally from dorsal root ganglia. Thus, in tissues such as the gut where there
      are intrinsic nerves containing SP but lacking CGRP, CGRP-like immunoreactivity
      is a useful means of specifically labelling axons of most sensory neurons
      containing SP.

PMID- 2412190
TI  - Cytochemical evidence for an inhomogeneous distribution of sodium channels in the
      squid giant axon.
AB  - In a light microscopic study the ferric ion-ferrocyanide staining of the squid
      giant axon was investigated. In other neurons this stain is known to indicate
      excitable membranes with high sodium channel density, such as the node of Ranvier
      or the initial segment. In the squid the stain reacted in small patches of the
      axolemmal, suggesting an aggregation of sodium channels. These axolemma patches
      were always adjacent to the nuclei of special Schwann cells, suggesting a glial
      axonal interaction.

PMID- 2412191
TI  - Antinociceptive and neurotoxic actions of substance P analogues in the rat's
      spinal cord after intrathecal administration.
AB  - Intrathecal administration of both (D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9)-substance P (DPDT) and (D
      Arg1,D-Trp7,9,Leu11)-substance P (DADTL) elicited antinociception in hot-plate
      and tail-flick test, with DADTL as the most potent. The animals injected with 2.0
      micrograms DADTL, and several animals administered with DPDT at the same dose,
      developed bilateral motor blockade of the hind-legs, persisting for up to 3 days
      after DADTL. The effect of DPDT appeared to be reversible at this dose. On
      histopathological examination it was found that these animals with persistent
      paralysis had widespread neuronal necrosis in the lumbar region of the spinal
      cord. It is concluded that the peptides have antinociceptive effects after the
      intrathecal administration in rats, but that there is a small margin between the
      dose producing this effect and that causing irreversible toxic reactions in the
      spinal cord.

PMID- 2412192
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of substance P in the rat spinal cord with
      special reference to fibers within the ventral column of the rostral lumbar
      segments.
AB  - The distribution of substance P (SP) in the rat spinal cord was investigated by
      peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) immunocytochemistry. A dense network of SP
      immunoreactive fibers and terminals was detected in the ventral column of the
      rostral lumbar cord with a different density and extent from the other segmental
      levels. These fibers and terminals were accumulated within and around the
      centromedial nucleus (CM) of the L1 and L2 segments, with some bundles of
      immunoreactive fibers between the CM and other areas; i.e. laminae V and X and
      the contralateral CM. They formed a dense network, such as in arborization of
      immunoreactive fibers and terminals on the transverse plane and in a comb-shaped
      structure on the horizontal plane. The origin of the SP in this network was
      examined. It was determined that neither a total transection of spinal cord at a
      low thoracic level or mid-lumbar level, nor at an ipsilateral or bilateral
      section of the 3-5 dorsal roots, containing L1 and L2 roots, induced any visible
      changes in the SP staining pattern. An intrathecal injection of colchicine
      revealed the presence of SP-immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal horn and
      intermediate gray matter at the spinal cord including the rostral lumbar cord.
      The present findings suggested that the majority of SP immunoreactivities in the
      above network are derived from local circuit interneurons of the spinal cord.

PMID- 2412193
TI  - Substance K and substance P in the ventral tegmental area.
AB  - A comparison was made between substance P (SP) and substance K (SK) in the
      ventral tegmental area (VTA) (A10 dopamine cell group) of the rat. Approximately
      equal densities of SP and SK-immunoreactive neuronal fibers were observed.
      However, while previous reports demonstrate negligible density of
      autoradiographically defined SP receptors in the VTA, we observed a high density
      of SK receptors. SK or SP was microinjected into the VTA, and changes in
      spontaneous motor activity were measured using a photocell apparatus. SK was
      found to be at least 10 times more potent than SP in producing an increase in
      motor activity. These data suggest that while both SK and SP are present in the
      VTA, SK may have a more significant physiological role in modulating dopamine
      neurons in the ventromedial mesencephalon.

PMID- 2412194
TI  - Neural pathways mediating the corneal blink reflex and Bell's phenomenon in the
      cat.
AB  - Two central projections from the corneal representation of the sensory trigeminal
      complex in the cat were demonstrated with horseradish peroxidase,
      autoradiographic and Golgi methods: (1) to the dorsal subdivision of the
      ipsilateral facial nucleus that innervates the orbicularis oculi muscle; and (2)
      to the bordering area between the contralateral central gray matter and the
      oculomotor nucleus, which receives dendrites of the oculomotor cells innervating
      the contralateral superior rectus muscle. These two routes probably mediate early
      responses of the corneal blink reflex and Bell's phenomenon, respectively.

PMID- 2412195
TI  - A new human ovarian carcinoma cell line: establishment and analysis of tumor
      associated markers.
AB  - In the present study we describe the establishment and characteristics of a new
      human tumor cell line (OV-1063) positive for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
      originating from ovarian metastatic tumor cells. Analysis of the cultured cells
      during their in vitro adaptation period revealed while the primary culture
      exhibited a low proportion of CEA-positive cells, this proportion increased with
      culture passages and eventually more than 90% of the cells in the established
      line were CEA-positive. Thus, during the period of adaptation to in vitro growth,
      a selection for CEA-positive cells took place but the amount of CEA secreted per
      each positive cell seemed to be constant. Several tumor-associated
      characteristics were found positive on the established OV-1063 cell line. The in
      vitro growing cell line exhibited an abnormal chromosome pattern with a near
      trisomy karyotype for some chromosomes, colony formation in soft agar as well as
      positive staining with a monoclonal antibody B38.1. Culture supernatants of the
      OV-1063 cells contained significant amounts of CEA as well as CA-125 antigen
      which is an ovarian-carcinoma-associated antigen.

PMID- 2412196
TI  - Translation of type IV procollagen messenger RNA from cultured cat retinal
      pigment epithelial cells.
AB  - The activity of type IV procollagen mRNA was detected in the total cytoplasmic
      RNA prepared from normal feline retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture. The
      translation products contained two distinct bands in the pro alpha chain region
      on SDS-PAGE, which were sensitive to collagenase digestion. Corresponding bands
      were identified in the immunoprecipitate of the translation products after
      reaction with an anti-type IV collagen antiserum and separation by protein A
      Sepharose column chromatography.

PMID- 2412197
TI  - Pump function of the human corneal endothelium. Effects of age and cornea
      guttata.
AB  - The specific binding of tritiated ouabain to endothelial Na/K ATPase was used to
      quantitate the density of pump sites in the human corneal endothelium. Donor
      eyes, unsuitable for use in keratoplasty, were obtained from the Wisconsin Lions
      Eye Bank. The endothelium of each donor eye was examined using wide-field
      specular microscopy, and the specular micrographs were traced and digitized for
      the determination of cell density. Ouabain binding was measured in matched pairs
      of isolated endothelial sheets. A total of 26 pairs of donor eyes, ranging in age
      from 11 through 91 years, were studied. Twenty pairs, determined to have normal
      endothelia, were found to have a constant pump site density which was independent
      of donor age. Six donor pairs had moderate guttata; in this group pump site
      density was significantly increased. These results indicate that, although pump
      site density is normally constant in the human corneal endothelium, conditions
      which increase endothelial permeability, such as guttata, can cause a
      compensatory increase in pump site density and presumably pump function.

PMID- 2412198
TI  - [Sacrococcygeal teratoma and normal alpha-fetoprotein levels in the amniotic
      fluid].

PMID- 2412199
TI  - Neurodevelopmental and school performance of very low-birth-weight infants: a
      seven-year longitudinal study.
AB  - The changing patterns of neurologic and developmental functioning between 1 and 7
      years of age were studied in very low-birth-weight infants (birth weight less
      than or equal to 1,500 g). Subjects included 42 infants born in 1975 who were
      followed for 7 years. Based on the 1-year neurologic assessment, 22 infants were
      classified as normal, 12 as suspect, and eight as abnormal. The three groups did
      not differ in birth weight, gestational age, sex, or Hollingshead socioeconomic
      status (SES) score. The neurologic findings at 7 years of age were significantly
      related to the neurologic examination findings at 1 year of age. Seventy-seven
      percent of the normal group, 58% of the suspect group, and 100% of the abnormal
      group remained in the same neurologic category at 7 years of age. Children in the
      abnormal group had the greatest improvement in cognitive functioning between 1
      and 7 years of age but did not achieve the IQ level of children in the normal
      group. Forty-five percent of the normal group, 75% of the suspect group, and 100%
      of the abnormal group had poor visual-motor integration. Fifty-eight percent of
      the suspect group and 87% of the abnormal group were reading below age level. Of
      the total sample, 54% required special education or resource help at 7 years of
      age, and the three groups differed significantly in their need for a special
      educational plan (P less than .05). These data indicate that a neurologic
      classification at 1 year of age provides a guide for monitoring very low-birth
      weight infants and can be helpful in alerting school personnel to potential
      needs.

PMID- 2412200
TI  - Developmental pattern of splenic dysfunction in sickle cell disorders.
AB  - Splenic function in sickle hemoglobinopathy syndromes was assessed to determine
      the developmental pattern of splenic dysfunction. Nonvisualization of the spleen
      using technetium-99 metastable (99mTc) spleen scans correlated strongly with
      pocked (vesiculated) RBCs greater than or equal to 3.5%. Cross-sectional analysis
      of pocked RBC data from 2,086 patients showed differences in the developmental
      pattern of splenic dysfunction between several disorders. In hemoglobin SS
      disease (sickle cell anemia) and hemoglobin S beta(0) thalassemia, splenic
      dysfunction (greater than or equal to 3.5% pocked RBCs) often occurred in the
      first 6 to 12 months of life. In hemoglobin S beta(+) thalassemia, splenic
      dysfunction occurred less frequently and later. Splenic dysfunction in hemoglobin
      SC disease (sickle cell-hemoglobin C) was intermediate. The level of pocked RBCs
      was inversely associated with fetal hemoglobin (P less than .007) and directly
      associated with age (P less than or equal to .001). These patterns of splenic
      dysfunction reflect the known severity of hemolysis and intravascular sickling
      and are consistent with the epidemiology of severe bacterial meningitis and
      sepsis in these diseases. Serial measurement of pocked RBCs permits determination
      of the onset of splenic dysfunction and the time of increased susceptibility to
      severe bacterial infections.

PMID- 2412201
TI  - [Prevention of adhesive intestinal obstruction in children].

PMID- 2412202
TI  - Calcium-dependent inward currents in voltage-clamped guinea-pig olfactory cortex
      neurones.
AB  - Guinea-pig olfactory cortex neurones in vitro (23 degrees C--25 degrees C) were
      voltage clamped by means of a single microelectrode sample-and-hold technique. In
      most Cs+-loaded neurones (in the presence of tetrodotoxin), membrane
      depolarization beyond -60 mV elicited inward currents, which had rapid activation
      kinetics. The steady-state current-voltage relationship was N-shaped with a
      region of negative slope conductance between - 50 mV and - 20 mV. The rate of
      inactivation varied according to the holding potential and the command potential.
      The inward currents were maintained when external Ca2+ was replaced by Ba2+, and
      were blocked by Cd2+, suggesting that Ca2+ was the principal charge carrier. The
      results demonstrate the existence of calcium current in olfactory cortex
      neurones.

PMID- 2412203
TI  - Single Ca channel currents in mammalian visceral smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Recordings of single Ca channel currents in mammalian visceral smooth muscle
      cells were obtained using patch clamp techniques. Smooth muscle cells from guinea
      pig taenia coli were prepared by enzymatic dispersion using 0.3% collagenase. The
      recordings were obtained from cell-attached membrane patches of isolated cells
      with a pipette filled with isotonic 50 mM Ba2+. When the membrane patch was
      depolarized, brief inward current pulses of unitary size and small amplitude were
      observed. The amplitude of these single channel currents decreased linearly with
      increasing depolarization in a voltage range from -20 mV to +50 mV about the
      resting potential. The slope conductance was estimated to be about 30 pS. The
      mean current reconstructed by averaging individual current responses showed
      kinetic behaviour with a rapid activation and a slower inactivation process
      similar to the macroscopic Ca2+ current observed in strips of guinea-pig taenia
      coli. The present study suggests that the inward current pulses of unitary size
      induced by voltage-clamp pulses were due to Ba ions passing through a single
      voltage dependent Ca channel.

PMID- 2412204
TI  - Barium inhibition of the tonic component of frog atrial contraction.
AB  - Barium ions are able to substitute for calcium as charge carriers for the slow
      inward current of cardiac membrane. The effects of such a substitution on the
      mechanical activity of voltage-clamped frog atrial trabeculae have been
      investigated using the double mannitol gap device coupled with a mechano-electric
      transducer. In the presence of barium, the 'tonic' phase of the contraction is
      suppressed and the remaining contraction is correlated to the influx of barium
      ions via the slow inward channel. Since a Na-Ca exchange regulates the tonic
      contraction, the present results suggest that barium ions cannot substitute for
      calcium in this mechanism.

PMID- 2412205
TI  - Acute treatment of mice with cadmium salts results in amplification of the
      metallothionein-1 gene in liver.
AB  - A variety of genes have been shown to change copy number during development,
      including rRNA genes in amphibians and chorion proteins in insects. Dihydrofolate
      reductase and metallothionein-1 (MT-1) genes are present in high copy number in
      cultured mammalian cells subjected to low levels of agents that will select for
      cells with amplified copies of specific genes. Recent studies have shown that the
      metallothionein-1 gene in mouse liver is regulated at the transcriptional level
      by treatment with heavy metals. We report here that, at cadmium concentrations 5
      to 10-fold higher than that required to induce maximal transcription of the MT-1
      gene, there is a 2 to 3-fold increase in MT-1 gene concentration in liver nuclear
      DNA by 6 hours after induction, and extra copies persist up to 3 weeks in the
      absence of further heavy metal treatment. The extra MT-1 gene copies that appear
      6 hours after cadmium treatment are in a conformation that renders them
      relatively nuclease insensitive.

PMID- 2412206
TI  - Separation of complementary strands of plasmid DNA using the biotin-avidin system
      and its application to heteroduplex formation and RNA/DNA hybridizations in
      electron microscopy.
AB  - A method for the separation of complementary strands with the help of the biotin
      avidin system is described. Restriction fragments were terminally labeled at both
      ends with biotinylated nucleotides. The DNA was cut by a second restriction
      enzyme, and the fragments were bound to an avidin agarose column. The non
      biotinylated strands were eluted with 0.1 M NaOH, and the biotin-labeled strands
      were subsequently released from the column by elution with 50% guanidine
      isothiocyanate/formamide. Contamination of the separated strands by complementary
      single strands was less than 4%.-Separated linear single strands of the vector
      pEMBL were prepared. On annealing with recombinant circular DNA a substitution
      loop is formed which provides position and orientation markers for the
      unambiguous electron microscopic analysis of heteroduplexes or hybrids formed
      with the inserted sequences. -The terminal biotin label was visualized by complex
      formation with a streptavidin-ferritin conjugate.

PMID- 2412207
TI  - The sequence of the distal end of the E. coli ribosomal RNA rrnE operon indicates
      conserved features are shared by rrn operons.
AB  - The 1440 nucleotides of the distal region of the E. coli ribosomal RNA operon
      found on the lambda aroE transducing phage has been sequenced. We show that the
      lambda aroE hybrid rrn operon ends after a solitary 5S RNA gene with rrnE distal
      sequence. A single terminator structure of dyad symmetry followed by a run of six
      T's have been identified and compared to other sequenced rrn terminator hairpins.
      Immediately adjacent to the hairpin is a region of interrupted but conserved
      sequence that is shared by rrnE, rrnB and rrnD. An open reading frame of 127
      amino acids abuts the terminator structure. Another open reading frame of 147
      amino acids is found on the opposite strand several hundred nucleotides
      downstream.

PMID- 2412208
TI  - Novel deletion mutants that enhance a distant upstream 5' splice in the E3
      transcription unit of adenovirus 2.
AB  - Region E3 of adenovirus is a "complex" transcription unit: i.e. different mRNAs
      and proteins arise by differential RNA 3' end selection and differential splicing
      of the primary transcript. We are using viable virus mutants to understand the
      controls that dictate the specificity and efficiency of the RNA processing
      signals. We describe a novel class of deletion mutations that enhance a natural
      5' splice site located approximately 740 nucleotides (nt) upstream. In
      particular, deletions within nt 1691-2044 in the E3 transcription unit result in
      a 5-fold enhancement of the 5' splice site at nt 951 (as reflected in steady
      state mRNA). The effect is specific, because the deletions do not affect the 5'
      splice site at nt 372, and because deletions within nt 2044-2214 do not affect
      either the 951 or the 372 5' splice sites. As a consequence of the enhanced
      splicing at the 951 5' site, synthesis of the major E3 mRNA and the major E3
      protein (gp19K) are dramatically reduced. At least one of the natural 3' splice
      sites, located at nt 2157, is the recipient of the enhanced splicing at the 951
      5' splice site. We conclude that sequences located within nt 1691-2044 affect
      (probably in cis) splicing at the 951 5' splice site. We speculate that nt 1691
      2044 includes a splicing control region which functions to suppress splicing at
      the 951 5' splice site.

PMID- 2412209
TI  - Apparent generation of a segmented mRNA from two separate tandem gene families in
      Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - Using a cDNA for an abundant Trypanosoma cruzi mRNA as probe, we have cloned and
      sequenced a gene which is organized in at least 20 nearly perfect tandem repeats
      of 940 base pairs. The 5' end of the mRNA has been sequenced by primer extension
      and found to contain a 35 nucleotide mini-exon (or spliced-leader) sequence that
      is ubiquitous in trypanosome mRNAs. This sequence, however, is not present in the
      tandem genomic repeats which encode the exon containing the major portion of the
      mRNA. Previous studies have shown that the 35-nucleotide sequence is encoded by a
      separate tandem gene family. One model to explain the formation of a segmented
      mRNA invokes priming of transcription by a small RNA which contains the leader
      sequence at its 5' end. However, northern blot analysis of total trypanosome RNA
      reveals a ladder of molecules larger than the mature mRNA, which appear to be
      faithful multimeric copies of the tandem gene. The discrete sizes of these RNAs
      correspond to those expected for partially processed precursors. These
      observations lend credence to the possibility of an alternative model where
      segmented mRNAs are generated by inter-molecular splicing.

PMID- 2412210
TI  - [Evaluation of the results of irradiation of patients with malignant melanoma
      with high fractional doses].

PMID- 2412211
TI  - [Radiotherapy of metastases of breast cancer to the brain].

PMID- 2412212
TI  - Charter for care.

PMID- 2412213
TI  - Catabolism of gastrin releasing peptide and substance P by gastric membrane-bound
      peptidases.
AB  - The catabolism of two gastric neuropeptides, the C-terminal decapeptide of
      gastrin releasing peptide-27 (GRP10) and substance P (SP), by membrane-bound
      peptidases of the porcine gastric corpus and by porcine endopeptidase-24.11
      ("enkephalinase") has been investigated. GRP10 was catabolized by gastric muscle
      peptidases (specific activity 1.8 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein) by hydrolysis of the
      His8-Leu9 bond and catabolism was inhibited by phosphoramidon (I50 approx. 10(-8)
      M), a specific inhibitor of endopeptidase-24.11. The same bond in GRP10 was
      cleaved by purified endopeptidase-24.11, and hydrolysis was equally sensitive to
      inhibition by phosphoramidon. SP was catabolized by gastric muscle peptidases
      (specific activity 1.7 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein) by hydrolysis of the Gln6-Phe7,
      Phe7-Phe8 and Gly9-Leu10 bonds, which is identical to the cleavage of SP by
      purified endopeptidase-24.11. The C-terminal cleavage of GRP10 and SP would
      inactivate the peptides. It is concluded that a membrane-bound peptidase in the
      stomach wall catabolizes and inactivates GRP10 and SP and that, in its
      specificity and sensitivity to phosphoramidon, this peptidase resembles
      endopeptidase-24.11.

PMID- 2412214
TI  - PUVA--lentigo.

PMID- 2412215
TI  - The influence of copper-dextran complex (C-79), non-steroid anti-inflammatory
      drugs and bacterial pyrogen on stabilization of rabbit erythrocyte membrane.
AB  - We investigated the effect of copper-dextran complex (C-79), acetylsalicylic acid
      (ASA), mefenamic acid (MEFA) and indomethacin (IND), alone or combined with E.
      coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on osmotic fragility of rabbit erythrocytes. It has
      been found that LPS in combination with ASA, MEFA, and IND did not change the
      stabilizing effect of the antipyretics on rabbit erythrocyte membrane. C-79 in
      doses of 0.4-0.8 mg Cu/kg iv stabilized the erythrocyte membrane for several
      hours. In lower doses, the compound produced a weak stabilizing effect, and an
      opposite effect was induced by a dose of 1.6 mg Cu/kg. After administration of C
      79 and LPS in combination, the duration of LPS-induced fever was shortened and
      the erythrocyte stabilization by C-79 was weaker. A combination of ASA with C-79
      depressed the body temperature in normothermic animals, while the stabilizing
      effect of both compounds on the erythrocyte membrane was non-additive.

PMID- 2412216
TI  - [Role of histamine in the pathogenesis of migraine].

PMID- 2412217
TI  - Antiarrhythmic drugs. Clinical pharmacology of the old and the new agents.

PMID- 2412218
TI  - Nebulised morphine: a new delivery method for pain relief.

PMID- 2412219
TI  - Identifying fetal disorders by maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening.

PMID- 2412220
TI  - Volunteer services: a way to ease the DRG crunch.

PMID- 2412221
TI  - Is the 5S RNA a primitive ribosomal sequence?
AB  - A tandemly arranged cluster of 55 RNA-like sequences in the middle of ribosomal
      26S to 28S rRNAs from divergent eukaryotic organisms raises the possibility that
      the larger ribosomal RNAs were built up, at least in part, by gene amplification
      events and suggests an intriguing evolutionary relationship between the 55 rRNA
      and the larger rRNA molecules.

PMID- 2412222
TI  - Synthesis of sperm and late histone cDNAs of the sea urchin with a primer
      complementary to the conserved 3' terminal palindrome: evidence for tissue
      specific and more general histone gene variants.
AB  - We have cloned histone cDNAs from total RNA isolated from testis and from
      gastrula-stage embryos of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. The reverse
      transcription of histone mRNAs was specifically primed with an oligonucleotide
      that is complementary to the conserved palindromic sequence present at the 3' end
      of nonpolyadenylated histone mRNAs. Two sperm H2B, two late H2B, and three late
      H2A variant cDNA clones were isolated and characterized by DNA sequence analysis.
      These cDNA clones were used to study the accumulation of histone mRNA during sea
      urchin embryogenesis. The different late H2A and H2B mRNAs are present in as few
      as 200 copies in the egg and each accumulate to 3-5 X 10(5) molecules in the
      gastrula embryo. One of the late mRNAs, the H2A-3 mRNA, is also abundant in
      testis RNA and codes for the H2A variant present in sperm chromatin. The late H2A
      3 protein is therefore a more prevalent H2A variant of the sea urchin. In
      contrast, the two sperm H2B mRNAs are found in testes but not ovaries and embryos
      of the sea urchin, suggesting that the sperm H2B genes are expressed only during
      spermatogenesis. In addition, evidence for gene conversion between two late H2A
      gene variants is presented.

PMID- 2412223
TI  - Model of alpha 2-macroglobulin structure and function.
AB  - A model of alpha 2-macroglobulin is presented that is compatible with previous
      structural, functional, and phylogenetic studies of the protein. The model of the
      molecule resembles a hollow cylinder and is comprised of two identical functional
      halves with three C2 axes of symmetry and no mirror planes. The "trap mechanism"
      of this proteinase inhibitor is effected by slight movement of two trap arms per
      "half-molecule." Evidence for this model is obtained from the study of the
      structure and proteinase binding of the molecule. By using this model,
      predictions are made concerning proteinase binding ratios, receptor recognition,
      and "slow-to-fast" conformational change of the molecule.

PMID- 2412224
TI  - A 125/115-kDa cell surface receptor specific for vitronectin interacts with the
      arginine-glycine-aspartic acid adhesion sequence derived from fibronectin.
AB  - Affinity chromatography was used to identify a cell surface receptor for the
      adhesive protein vitronectin. Detergent extracts of human osteosarcoma (MG-63)
      cells were chromatographed on either vitronectin-Sepharose or Sepharose linked to
      the synthetic peptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro, which includes the fibronectin
      cell attachment sequence Arg-Gly-Asp. Two cell surface proteins with apparent
      molecular mass of 125 and 115 kDa bound to both columns and were specifically
      eluted with a solution containing the Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro peptide. These
      proteins could be incorporated into phosphatidylcholine liposomes and mediated
      the specific binding of these liposomes to vitronectin but not to fibronectin. In
      contrast, liposomes containing a previously identified 140-kDa fibronectin
      receptor, which interacts with the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence in fibronectin, did not
      bind to vitronectin. Thus, the fibronectin and vitronectin receptors each
      recognize the Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro peptide but exhibit mutually exclusive
      reactivities toward fibronectin and vitronectin. These receptors appear to belong
      to a family of proteins that mediate cell substratum adhesion via related but
      subtly different specificities.

PMID- 2412225
TI  - Mechanism of calcium ionophore A23187-induced priming of bone marrow-derived
      macrophages for tumor cell killing: relationship to priming by interferon.
AB  - Interferon primes macrophages for tumor cell killing by rendering them sensitive
      to triggering agents such as lipopolysaccharide. In an attempt to determine the
      nature of the priming signal, we tested phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate,
      diacylglycerol, platelet-activating factor, arachidonic acid, leukotriene B4, and
      the calcium ionophore A23187 for their ability to prime mouse bone marrow-derived
      macrophages for activation to kill P815 mastocytoma target cells. The ionophore
      A23187 was the only substance that was able to replace the interferon priming
      signal. A23187 priming appeared to be due in part to induction of interferon
      alpha/beta in the macrophage cultures, since its effect was partially but
      specifically blocked by antibody to interferon alpha/beta. Consistent with this
      was the observation that A23187 induced interferon alpha/beta production in
      macrophage cultures. The fact that A23187 priming was not completely reversed by
      antibody to interferon would suggest that factors unrelated to interferon
      induction also played a role in macrophage priming. The failure of phorbol
      myristate acetate or diacylglycerol to prime macrophages for tumor cell killing
      would suggest that activation of protein kinase C is not sufficient for priming.
      Thus, A23187 appears to provide the priming signal for macrophage killing through
      the combination of interferon- and non-interferon-induced mechanisms.

PMID- 2412226
TI  - Differentiation-specific regulation of Schwann cell expression of the major
      myelin glycoprotein.
AB  - Previous experiments demonstrated that Schwann cells from permanently transected
      sciatic nerves of adult rats synthesize basal levels of the major myelin
      glycoprotein (P0). This denervated preparation at 35 days after transection was
      characterized by the absence of both axons and myelin assembly. The present
      investigation demonstrates that production of P0 continues after culture of the
      Schwann cells as endoneurial slices for 14 days. Thus, the level of
      differentiation is unchanged in culture even though only basal levels of P0 are
      produced and post-translational processing is incomplete. In contrast, Schwann
      cells from 4-day-old rat sciatic nerves actively synthesized P0 and assembled
      myelin membrane; however, after only 4 days in culture biosynthesis of P0 ceased.
      Because the same culture conditions and precursor incorporation procedures were
      used for both neonatal and transected nerves, it is proposed that neonatal
      Schwann cells in culture return to a progenitor state that is not capable of P0
      gene expression. This comparison, both before and after culture, of neonatal
      Schwann cells that are programmed to myelinate and Schwann cells from the adult
      transected nerve that were in a myelin-maintaining mode provides a useful model
      for investigating the mechanisms by which differential gene expression is
      controlled. These results confirm that axons are not necessary for specifying P0
      gene expression by Schwann cells from the adult transected nerves. The role that
      axons play in controlling P0 gene expression by neonatal Schwann cells in
      culture, however, has yet to be determined. It is concluded that the
      differentiation and maturation of Schwann cells is multistage process that allows
      the sequential production of specific gene products.

PMID- 2412227
TI  - Partial purification and characterization of a pp60v-src-related tyrosine kinase
      from bovine brain.
AB  - We have identified and substantially purified a tyrosine protein kinase from
      normal bovine brain that is immunologically related to the product of the Rous
      sarcoma virus oncogene (pp60v-src). The enzyme, a 61-kDa protein (p61), is
      solubilized with detergent from bovine cerebral cortical membranes and purified
      by column chromatography. In the purest preparations, this protein is
      phosphorylated only on tyrosine, but it can also be a substrate for serine- and
      threonine-specific protein kinases. The p61 protein phosphorylates the heavy
      chain of immunoglobulins from rabbits bearing Rous sarcoma virus-induced tumors
      (TBR IgG) but not normal IgG. TBR IgG precipitates the 61-kDa phosphoprotein and
      protein kinase activity from purified preparations. The activity of the purified
      brain tyrosine kinase is 10 times higher in the presence of 7-10 mM Mn2+ and 6 mM
      Mg2+ than it is with 6 mM Mg2+ alone. With Mn2+, the p61 enzyme has a Km for ATP
      of 2 microM. All preparations of p61 also contain a 64-kDa protein (p64) that is
      phosphorylated on tyrosine. Measurement of the Stokes radius of p61 and p64 by
      gel filtration shows that they are not physically associated in buffer containing
      the nonionic detergent Lubrol 12A9. The p64 protein is not precipitated by TBR
      IgG. We do not know whether p64 is only a substrate for the p61 tyrosine kinase
      or is itself a kinase.

PMID- 2412228
TI  - Expression of a cytoplasmic LINE-1 transcript is regulated in a human
      teratocarcinoma cell line.
AB  - The major primate family of highly repeated, long interspersed DNA sequences
      (LINE-1, previously Kpn I, family) includes several thousand 6-kilobase-pair long
      units that terminate in an A-rich stretch. Recent evidence indicates that long
      open reading frames occur in at least some family members. These results
      suggested that one or more LINE-1 family members might be structural genes.
      Accordingly, a variety of human cell lines was analyzed for the presence of a
      cytoplasmic, polyadenylylated RNA homologous to LINE-1 sequences. Such a
      transcript was detected in a human pluripotent teratocarcinoma cell line (NTera2
      clone D1). The RNA is approximately 6.5 kilobases long and is homologous to the
      LINE-1 strand with the open reading frames. The abundance of the transcript
      varies markedly with previously described variations in the phenotype of these
      cells and is highest when the cells display the embryonal carcinoma morphology.
      This RNA may represent a mRNA transcribed from one or more functional genes in
      the LINE-1 family.

PMID- 2412229
TI  - The monomeric alpha beta form of the insulin receptor exhibits much higher
      insulin-dependent tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity than the intact alpha
      2 beta 2 form of the receptor.
AB  - The relationship between the structure of the insulin receptor and its kinase
      activity was studied on the purified receptor treated with different
      concentrations of dithiothreitol. An enhanced autophosphorylation of the beta
      subunit (Mr, 90,000) was observed on NaDodSO4/PAGE under reducing conditions when
      the receptor was treated with 0.1-0.75 mM dithiothreitol in the presence of 1
      microM insulin. Since we have previously observed (unpublished data) that
      incubation of the purified receptor with 1 mM dithiothreitol completely reduced
      an intact form of the receptor, alpha 2 beta 2, to free alpha subunit (Mr,
      125,000) and beta subunit, the population of disulfide-linked complexes of the
      receptor after the dithiothreitol treatment was analyzed by NaDodSO4/PAGE under
      nonreducing conditions. The same receptor preparations were assayed for tyrosine
      kinase activity by using an exogenous substrate. Treatment of the receptor with
      dithiothreitol significantly enhanced both basal and insulin-dependent kinase
      activity. The kinase activity was enhanced 12- to 37-fold at concentrations of
      0.5-0.75 mM dithiothreitol in the presence of 1 microM insulin. The amount of
      alpha 2 beta 2, alpha beta, and beta forms in each dithiothreitol-treated
      receptor preparation was quantified and compared with its kinase activity. These
      studies clearly indicate a correlation between the appearance of an alpha beta
      form and an increase in kinase activity. Therefore, we conclude that the alpha
      beta form of the insulin receptor exhibits much higher kinase activity than the
      intact receptor in the alpha 2 beta 2 form.

PMID- 2412230
TI  - Interaction of endothelial cell growth factor with heparin: characterization by
      receptor and antibody recognition.
AB  - Endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF) binds specifically in vitro to membrane
      receptors present on the surface of several cell types, including murine and
      human endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Monoclonal antibodies prepared against
      ECGF that inhibit the mitogenic activity of the growth factor prevent receptor
      occupancy by the ligand. Heparin interacts structurally with ECGF [Maciag, T.,
      Mehlman, T., Friesel, R. & Schreiber, A. B. (1984) Science 225, 932-935],
      potentiates the mitogenic activity of the polypeptide, restores the biological
      activity to inactivate ECGF, enhances the affinity of the ligand to cell surface
      receptors, and modifies antibody recognition of ECGF. These data suggest that the
      association between heparin and ECGF induces a conformational change in the
      polypeptide that increases or stabilizes the biological activity of the mitogen.

PMID- 2412231
TI  - Carboxyl-terminal domain of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen is highly
      immunogenic in man.
AB  - The carboxyl-terminal one-third of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA
      1) encoded by the BamHI restriction fragment K was synthesized in Escherichia
      coli by use of a high-expression plasmid. The resultant 28-kDa EBNA fusion
      polypeptide, comprising 5-10% of the total soluble bacterial protein, was
      purified to apparent homogeneity by phosphocellulose and hydroxylapatite column
      chromatography. Both rabbit monospecific antibodies and mouse monoclonal
      antibodies against 28-kDa EBNA gave nuclear immunofluorescence staining on
      Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines and recognized the
      appropriate intact EBNA polypeptide bands on immunoblots. An ELISA with the
      purified 28-kDa EBNA as antigen was used to quantitate anti-EBNA antibody in
      human serum samples. The ELISA method was approximately 100-fold more sensitive
      than the classical anticomplement immunofluorescence assay. Anti-EBNA antibody
      was detected in sera from 100% of normal individuals who were seropositive for
      the viral capsid antigen, and low anti-EBNA titers were detected in serum from
      most patients with acute infectious mononucleosis. The assay gave the expected
      pattern of titers in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Burkitt
      lymphoma, or nasopharyngeal carcinoma, thus confirming the validity of this
      purified reagent for assessing EBNA antibody status. Approximately 10% of normal
      individuals and rheumatoid arthritis patients had anti-EBNA titers as high as
      those seen in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. In these high-titer individuals,
      greater than 1% of the total IgG are antibodies that recognize 28-kDa EBNA, which
      indicates that the carboxyl-terminal domain of EBNA is highly immunogenic.

PMID- 2412232
TI  - Dissociated cell culture of cholinergic neurons from nucleus basalis of Meynert
      and other basal forebrain nuclei.
AB  - Degeneration of cholinergic neurons from the basal forebrain nuclei is suspected
      to be the cause of Alzheimer disease. We have developed dissociated cultures of
      cholinergic neurons from these nuclei (the nucleus basalis of Meynert, the medial
      septal nucleus, and the diagonal band nuclei). Brain slices of the forebrains
      were made by a vibratome, and the basal forebrain nuclei were dissected out,
      dissociated, and cultured. Choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry and
      acetylcholinesterase cytochemistry revealed large cholinergic cells (average
      diameter, 20-25 micron) in these cultures. About 75% of large neurons (20 micron
      or larger in diameter) were cholinergic. Electrophysiological experiments were
      performed on these large neurons. The neurons usually did not show spontaneous
      firing, but steady depolarizations produced trains of action potentials, which
      adapted quickly. The neurons responded with depolarization to the application of
      L-glutamic acid. Substance P produced depolarization (sometimes
      hyperpolarization), and during the depolarization membrane resistance was
      increased.

PMID- 2412233
TI  - The physiological interferon response: IV. Production of interferon by the
      perfused human placenta at term.
AB  - Human placentas at term, free of bacterial and viral diseases, have been perfused
      and maintained sterile for up to 13 hr. Several parameters indicate that the
      organs remained viable and released interferon into the perfusate in a
      progressive fashion. The amount of interferon was small and the individual
      variations indicate that there are "poor" and "good" placenta producers. Both
      interferons -alpha and -beta were produced with a prevalence of the latter type.
      The partial acid lability and the type heterogeneity suggest that under
      physiological conditions the placentas produce unusual interferons, the function
      of which remains speculative.

PMID- 2412234
TI  - Further characterization of the effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide
      preparations on cyclic GMP levels: the importance of macromolecular synthesis.
AB  - Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) greatly increase cGMP levels in short term
      cultures of rat fetal liver cells without affecting the concentration of cAMP.
      This effect is produced by very small (1 ng) amounts of LPS and is both dose and
      time dependent. The time dependence is characterized by an initial lag period of
      60-120 min followed by a rapid, persistent increase in cGMP levels. Since this
      time course suggests that synthesis of an intermediate might play an important
      role in the cGMP elevation, a series of experiments was done to evaluate the
      effect of LPS on DNA, RNA, and protein (macromolecular) synthesis. LPS did not
      measurably effect total macromolecular synthesis. However, inhibitors of RNA and
      protein synthesis markedly reduced cGMP levels in LPS-treated cells, whereas
      inhibition of DNA synthesis did not. Addition of sodium nitroprusside to control
      and inhibitor-treated cultures produced large equivalent increases of cGMP levels
      in both cases, indicating that the cells present were fully capable of responding
      to a stimulus of guanylate cyclase. Taken together, this data suggests that
      expression of the LPS-cGMP response in fetal liver cells is dependent on
      synthesis of an intermediary protein(s) during the lag phase.

PMID- 2412235
TI  - Immunologic heterogeneity of dihydrofolate reductase from methotrexate sensitive
      and resistant L1210 leukemia cells.
AB  - Dihydrofolate reductase from L1210 leukemia cells which are sensitive and
      resistant to methotrexate has the same physical and kinetic properties and
      immunoreactivity with a guinea pig antiserum raised to the enzyme purified from
      the methotrexate resistant strain. However, a chicken antiserum to dihydrofolate
      reductase from methotrexate sensitive L1210 cells has greater affinity for the
      homologous enzyme than for the enzyme from the MTX resistant cells indicating
      that there is some antigenic difference in these molecules.

PMID- 2412236
TI  - Ovostatin: a proteinase inhibitor in egg whites that is homologous to alpha 2
      macroglobulin.

PMID- 2412237
TI  - Swainsonine inhibits lysosomal degradation of glycoproteins.

PMID- 2412238
TI  - Identification of interleukin-2 producer and responder T lymphocyte
      subpopulations by immunoperoxidase staining.

PMID- 2412239
TI  - Research perspectives in posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis.

PMID- 2412240
TI  - [Mediator liberation from mast cells].

PMID- 2412241
TI  - Biphasic effects of chronic nicotine treatment on hypothalamic immunoreactive
      beta-endorphin in the mouse.
AB  - Hypothalamic but not pituitary immunoreactive beta-endorphin (beta-E) was
      significantly reduced (37%) in mice 24 hr following 30 daily doses of nicotine
      (1200 micrograms/kg, SC). Hypothalamic beta-E returned towards normal levels
      within 7 days and was observed to rise 50% above normal 14 days after the
      cessation of nicotine treatment. None of the other neuropeptides measure,
      substance P, neurotensin, or [met5]-enkephalin was altered by nicotine treatment.
      The data suggest that the hypothalamic beta-E containing neurons were unable to
      adapt to nicotine's repeated effects on this system.

PMID- 2412242
TI  - [Capillary isotachophoresis--a new method in drug analysis. 2. Analytical
      capillary isotachophoresis of the synthetic peptide substance P].
AB  - For the synthetic undecapeptide substance P being object of actual
      pharmacological research and a potential peptide-drug experiments were carried
      out for the assessment of cation analyses by means of capillary isotachophoresis
      for the purpose of the development of test methods for pharmaceutical judgments
      of quality. Best conditions exist at a pH range from 6.2 to 6.3 of the leading
      electrolyte of the discontinuous electrolyte system by using of the counter ion
      morpholinoethansulfonic acid. The results confirm the high separation efficiency
      and rate of information of such analyses in the field of peptides. They served
      the control of purification methods for substance P as well as the determination
      of the contents in preparations for this peptide including simultaneously in case
      of need the preservative benzalkonium chloride with sufficient reproducibility
      (rel. S.D. 0.7-2.7% for substance P and less than or equal to 3% for benzalkonium
      chloride). It is also possible to estimate impurities and products of
      decomposition respectively down to the level of 0.1-1% and following that to make
      statements about the stability.

PMID- 2412243
TI  - Effects of interferon on differentiation of normal and tumor cells.
AB  - As described in this review, both partially purified and recombinant interferons
      are potent modulators of differentiation in diverse cell culture systems (Table
      2). Depending on the target cell, interferon exerts either an inhibitory or an
      inductive effect on cell differentiation. In certain myeloid leukemic cells, such
      as HL-60, interferon by itself is growth suppressive but does not induce cell
      maturation, whereas in combination with inducers of differentiation, such as
      DMSO, TPA or retinoic acid, interferon potentiates their ability to stimulate
      differentiation in both sensitive and resistant cell populations (Grant et al.,
      1982, 1983; Tomida et al., 1982). Interferon also interacts synergistically with
      phorbol ester tumor promoters in inhibiting melanogenesis in murine B-16 cells
      (Fisher et al., 1981a, 1984a) and adipocyte formation in 3T3 cells (Cioe et al.,
      1980), whereas the combination is synergistic in inducing differentiation in
      human melanoma cells (Fisher et al., 1984b,c). In contrast, interferon and TPA
      display antagonistic effects on differentiation in human skeletal muscle
      cultures, i.e. interferon induces and TPA inhibits myogenesis (Fisher et al.,
      1982, 1983). Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of high affinity
      saturable cell membrane receptors for mouse and human interferons (Aguet, 1980;
      Branca and Baglioni, 1981, 1982; Mogensen et al., 1981; Branca et al., 1982;
      Anderson et al., 1982; Joshi et al., 1982; Faltynek et al., 1983; Yonehara et
      al., 1983; Langer and Pestka, in preparation). Similarly, specific membrane
      receptors have been identified for phorbol esters and mezerein (Driedger and
      Blumberg, 1980; Shoyab and Todaro, 1980; Horowitz et al., 1981; Fisher et al.,
      1981b). These findings suggest that the plasma membrane may be a primary target
      for mediating the biochemical effects induced by both interferon and phorbol
      esters. Although the mechanism by which interferon and phorbol esters transmit
      the necessary membrane signal(s) required for altering differentiation are not
      known, a possible component of this transmembrane signaling process may involve
      changes in the physical dynamics of the plasma membrane. It is therefore of
      interest that both interferon and TPA induce early changes in the fluidity of the
      plasma membrane (Fisher et al., 1979, 1981b, 1984d; Castagna et al., 1979; Kuhry
      et al., 1983).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2412244
TI  - Role of permeability barriers in resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics.

PMID- 2412245
TI  - Construction of an Infant Neurological International Battery (Infanib) for the
      assessment of neurological integrity in infancy.
AB  - In this article, we describe the construction of an instrument for the assessment
      of the neurological integrity of infants. In a follow-up program for infants from
      the neonatal intensive care unit, 365 evaluations of 308 infants were made by
      using a 32-item battery with items from four methods. Factor analyses were used
      for data analyses, which yielded a 20-item instrument with five factors. We named
      the instrument the Infant Neurological International Battery (Infanib). The
      Infanib has sufficient reliability for clinical and research purposes. We have
      formed scoring sheets, which permit clinical use of the instrument. Cut points
      are recommended for the separation of infants with normal, transiently abnormal,
      and abnormal neurologic development. The quantified scoring system enables
      comparison of infants on item scores, subscores (factor scores), and total
      scores. It also permits entry of these scores in the computer so that more
      complex descriptions are possible of the relationship of the neurological
      assessment of infants both to earlier (eg, birth) and later variables (eg,
      cerebral palsy, cognitive function, and school performance).

PMID- 2412246
TI  - [Cancer of the cervix uteri].

PMID- 2412247
TI  - [Prostatic adenoma].

PMID- 2412248
TI  - Toxicity of the sesquiterpene lactone parthenin to cultured bovine kidney cells.

PMID- 2412249
TI  - Glued fixation of split-skin graft to the bony orbit following exenteration.
AB  - A technique is described to fix a split-skin graft to the bony orbit with a new
      homologous fibrin adhesive system. This shortens the time between the
      exenteration and the fitting of an epithesis to the bony orbit as compared with
      the granulation technique or fitting the graft with a prolonged pressure bandage.
      The advantages and risks connected to the glue system are discussed.

PMID- 2412250
TI  - [Diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid in childhood hydrocephalus and hydroma].
AB  - A statistical analysis of 212 patients with infantile pressure hydrocephalus and
      61 with infantile subdural hydromas shows that there are no significant
      differences in the investigated liquor parameters (cell count, differential
      sediment, total protein, electrophoresis) that permit differentiation between the
      two. The significant increase found in the beta-tau fraction by liquor
      electrophoresis in the hydrocephalus patients is unsuitable for use as a
      differential diagnostic criterion on account of its poor discrimination. The
      results of liquor examinations following drainage operations are dealt with
      separately, and a liquor syndrome found as a rule in liquor taken from a Rickham
      reservoir is described.

PMID- 2412252
TI  - Endorphins, immune function, and cancer.

PMID- 2412251
TI  - Rhesus monkey cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolite changes following treatment
      with the reversible monoamine oxidase type-A inhibitor cimoxatone.
AB  - The effects of cimoxatone, a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A
      (MAO-A), on the deaminated metabolites of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
      were examined in continuously collected rhesus monkey cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
      Cimoxatone, 0.5-8 mg/kg given PO, produced dose-proportionate reductions of 24-h
      mean CSF 3-methoxy, 4-hydroxy phenylglycol (MHPG) concentrations of 21%-52%.
      Homovanillic acid (HVA) concentrations also decreased 27%-55%, while CSF 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) decreases were somewhat smaller (7%-32% from
      baseline). All three metabolite concentrations reached a nadir approximately 6-10
      h after drug administration, and required over 40 h to gradually return towards
      baseline following drug discontinuation. HVA concentration reductions in
      particular persisted during the entire 24-h period following treatment and were
      the slowest to return to baseline values. CSF concentrations of cimoxatone and
      its MAO-inhibiting O-demethyl metabolite showed a parallel time course, peaking 6
      10 h after treatment and persisting for up to 24 h in the case of cimoxatone and
      over 48 h for its metabolite. Single simultaneous time point determinations
      revealed 10-to 20-fold lower concentrations of cimoxatone and its metabolite in
      CSF compared to plasma 2 h after treatment. MAO-B activity in platelet-rich
      plasma was not inhibited by 8 mg/kg cimoxatone, indicating that this drug
      maintains MAO-A selectivity in vivo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2412253
TI  - Overanxious disorder with FDPase deficiency and developmental disability.

PMID- 2412254
TI  - The anion selectivity of GABA-mediated post-synaptic potentials in mouse
      hippocampal cells.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from CA1 and dentate cells of the mouse
      hippocampal slice. When potassium acetate was used to fill the electrodes,
      spontaneous synaptic activity was rarely seen in CA1 or dentate cells. In
      contrast, when electrodes filled with potassium chloride were used, spontaneous
      depolarizing post-synaptic potentials (p.s.p.s) were prominent. That these
      p.s.p.s were mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was supported by the
      following: they were blocked by electrophoretic application of bicuculline
      methiodide; their appearance was associated with the reversal of the evoked GABA
      mediated recurrent inhibitory post-synaptic potential (i.p.s.p.) and their
      appearance was associated with the positive displacement of the reversal
      potential for the response to GABA applied by electrophoresis close to the cell
      soma. The interval distribution for the p.s.p.s could not be fitted by a Poisson
      distribution. The anionic selectivity of the conductance evoked by GABA was
      investigated by using the potassium salts of a range of anions to fill the
      electrodes. Depolarizing spontaneous p.s.p.s were seen in all cells impaled with
      electrodes containing potassium chloride, iodide, bromide, nitrate, or chlorate.
      In these cells, the reversal potential for the response to electrophoretically
      applied GABA was displaced in the depolarizing direction and the evoked recurrent
      i.p.s.p. was reversed. When anions with hydrated shells larger than chlorate
      (bicarbonate, sulphate, chromate, acetate or citrate) were used, spontaneous
      depolarizing p.s.p.s were not seen, and the reversal potential for the response
      to somatic GABA application and for the evoked recurrent i.p.s.p. lay between -70
      and -75 mV.

PMID- 2412255
TI  - Characterization of a cation channel on the apical surface of the frog lens
      epithelium.
AB  - The properties of a single conductance pathway of the apical (fibre-facing)
      surface of the frog lens epithelium are reported. Using the patch-clamp technique
      (Hamill, Marty, Neher, Sakmann & Sigworth, 1981), the most common single-channel
      currents had an amplitude of 1.9 pA, the mean open time 2.1 ms and a conductance
      of 25 pS. One open-state time constant (to = 3.3 ms) and two closed-state time
      constants (tau c1 = 0.9 ms, tau c2 = 23.1 ms) were resolved. The channel current
      and the mean open time were both increased when Ca2+ was removed from the
      external solution and the open time distribution was no longer fitted by a single
      exponential. Multiple-channel events in cell-attached patches containing two or
      more identical channels were distributed in a binomial fashion and the
      probability that an individual channel was open, obtained by fitting the binomial
      distribution, was 0.039. The channel was found to have a Na+:K+ selectivity ratio
      of 3:1. When Ca2+ was removed from the pipette solution the probability that an
      individual channel was open increased to 0.137 and the Na+:K+ selectivity ratio
      increased to 4:1. Channel activity was observed in the presence of tetrodotoxin
      (10(-6) M) in the bathing medium and the pipette solution but was abolished by
      internal perfusion of the patch pipette with 0.5 x 10(-4) M amiloride. this
      apical conductance pathway is identified as an amiloride-sensitive cation
      channel. These channels are clustered in groups on the apical membrane,
      spontaneously active at the resting potential and with the possibility of
      altering their Na+:K+ selectivity. They represent a distinct type of channel,
      that differ from nerve and muscle Na+ channels in their manner of activation, but
      do share some common features with both Na+ and Ca2+ channels in excitable cells.

PMID- 2412256
TI  - The effect of Na+ and Cl- removal and of loop diuretics on acetylcholine-evoked
      membrane potential changes in mouse lacrimal acinar cells.
AB  - Intracellular micro-electrode recordings were made from acinar units in mouse
      lacrimal gland segments superfused with physiological saline solutions. Two micro
      electrodes were used: one for recording the membrane potential and the other for
      current injection. A third extracellular micropipette was used for local
      ionophoretic acetylcholine (ACh) application. The ACh-evoked membrane potential
      change was recorded at the spontaneous resting potential and after the resting
      potential had been increased or decreased by direct current injection. The
      membrane potential at which ACh did not evoke any change in potential (null
      potential, reversal potential) (EACh) was determined. EACh was about -53 mV under
      normal ionic conditions. When all Cl- in the superfusion fluid was replaced by
      NO3- or all Na+ replaced by N-methyl-D-glucamine+ (NMDG+) or Tris+, EACh was
      shifted to more negative values. During exposure to Cl(-)-free NO3- solution or
      Na+-free NMDG+ solution EACh was about -72 mV. These effects on EACh were fully
      reversible. Inclusion of the loop diuretics piretanide (2 x 10(-4) M) or
      furosemide (10(-3) M) also shifted EACh towards more negative values. In these
      cases EACh was the same as during exposure to Na+-free Tris+ solution with a
      value of about -62 mV. Replacement of extracellular Cl- by Br- had no effect on
      EACh whereas replacement of Na+ by Li+ shifted Each towards less negative
      values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2412257
TI  - The effect of hyperthermia on the sodium-potassium pump in Chinese hamster ovary
      cells.
AB  - The effect of hyperthermia on the Na+-K+ pump was determined by measuring influx
      and efflux of 86Rb+ in Chinese hamster ovary cells from 31 to 50 degrees C. The
      maximum initial rate of ouabain-sensitive influx increased with temperature
      between 31 and 45 degrees C although Km increased significantly above 37 degrees
      C, implying a diminished affinity of the transport protein for its substrate. The
      changes in the kinetics of influx at temperatures up to 45 degrees C were rapidly
      reversible on return to 37 degrees C. Above 45 degrees C an irreversible decrease
      in 86Rb+ uptake was observed. Efflux of 86Rb+ increased from 31 to 40 degrees C
      but above 43 degrees C showed a small but significant decrease. The study of
      86Rb+ influx after varying times of exposure to elevated temperatures showed that
      the Na+-K+ pump remains functional in cells which are reproductively dead. We
      have shown that although the kinetics of K+ transport are sensitive to
      temperature changes in the range used in clinical hyperthermia, the inactivation
      of the Na+-K+ pump is not a primary event in cell killing.

PMID- 2412258
TI  - [Dynamics of energy requirements, detoxication and biosynthesis of hepatocyte
      macromolecules in acute radiation injury].
AB  - The functional state of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and of
      hydroxylation system of endoplasmic reticulum and biosynthesis of macromolecules
      in hepatocytes were studied during acute radiation decrease induced by whole-body
      gamma-irradiation of mice with doses of 6 and 8 Gy. An increase in the degree of
      reduction of the mitochondrial electron transport chain at early post-irradiation
      time (up to 2 h) was demonstrated by the ESR method. At the same time stimulation
      of transcription and marked inhibition of rates of protein and DNA biosyntheses
      were noted. There was an increase in the content of flavosemiquinone radicals,
      iron-sulfur centers, cytochrome P-450, and Mn2+- and Mo5+-containing centers, and
      an increases in rate of biosynthesis of proteins, RNA and DNA on 2-3 days in post
      radiation period. A further development of radiation decrease (days 4-8) was
      characterised by a decrease in the intensity of ESR signals of all the
      paramagnetic centers under study.

PMID- 2412259
TI  - Balloon dilatation of the prostatic urethra. Work in progress.
AB  - Balloon dilatation of the prostatic urethra was performed in eight dogs and one
      human with benign prostatic hyperplasia. This was done in vivo in six dogs and in
      vitro in two dogs and one human. Follow-up study at 1-23 weeks showed persistent
      dilatation, which was documented both radiographically and pathologically.
      Technical improvements limited complications to the early phase of the study.
      While results are encouraging, extrapolation to humans is difficult.

PMID- 2412260
TI  - Effects of lead exposure on the physiology of neurons.

PMID- 2412261
TI  - Effects of a prostacyclin analog iloprost on kidney function, renin-angiotensin
      and kallikrein-kinin systems, prostanoids and catecholamines in man.
AB  - Iloprost (ZK 36 374), a stable analog of carbaprostacyclin, was infused for 72 h
      to nine patients with advanced obliterative arterial disease. Iloprost caused a
      marked vasodilation and a compensatory increase in cardiac output. The glomerular
      filtration rate increased by 45% and tubular reabsorption of sodium and water
      were reduced by 80% and 107%, respectively. The urine excretion rate increased by
      122%. Tubular handling of potassium and calcium were not influenced by iloprost
      but magnesium reabsorption was stimulated. The renin-angiotensin system was not
      activated while serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity was decreased.
      Kallikrein excretion in urine was increased 4.4-fold but plasma kininogen, a
      substrate for kallikrein in producing vasoactive kinins, was unaffected by the
      drug. Plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TxB2 were decreased and their
      excretion in urine increased. Plasma catecholamines were not changed by iloprost.
      Several of the changes persisted for at least the first postinfusion day. The
      results indicate that iloprost increases urine excretion rate by increasing
      glomerular blood flow and by inhibiting sodium and water reabsorptions. The kinin
      forming system, but not the renin-angiotensin system or plasma catecholamines,
      may be activated. The decrease in plasma level of prostanoids can be, at least
      partly, due to their increased excretions in urine.

PMID- 2412262
TI  - Interferon therapy in disseminated renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Twenty patients with pulmonary metastases of renal cell carcinomas have been
      treated in a randomized study with either leucocyte interferon in daily doses of
      3 x 10(6) I.U.i.m or irradiation of both lungs in a calculated mean central dose
      of 10 Gy in 4 weeks in combination with bleomycin and vincristine. Most patients
      had a short time to progression of their disease. Three patients in the
      interferon group had complete response (CR) and partial response (PR) and one
      patient in the other group had PR. The numbers of patients in both arms of the
      study are too small to allow any conclusions whether beneficial effects are more
      frequent in one group than in the other, but there is a more favourable tendency
      in the interferon group.

PMID- 2412263
TI  - Chemical and immunochemical characterisation of substance P-like immunoreactivity
      and physalaemin-like immunoreactivity in a carcinoid tumour.
AB  - Extracts of a carcinoid tumour, resected from the mid-portion of the ileum of a
      patient with no symptoms of endocrine disorder, were associated with a high
      concentration of substance P-like immunoreactivity. Using reverse-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography and antisera specifically directed against the
      C-terminal and N-terminal regions of substance P and against the N-terminal
      region of physalaemin, the following components were isolated and identified:
      substance P and its oxidised form, [pGlu5]substance P-(5-11) peptide and its
      oxidised form, and the oxidised form of physalaemin. The identity of tumour
      substance P with the undecapeptide was confirmed by amino acid analysis and high
      performance ion-exchange chromatography. In vitro incubation of tumour tissue
      from a lymph node metastasis from the same patient with [3H]leucine resulted in
      incorporation of radioactivity into newly synthesised substance P.

PMID- 2412264
TI  - [Primary optic projections in the rabbit. Study using the horseradish peroxidase
      anterograde labeling technic].
AB  - The primary visual pathways, in particular those to the lateral geniculate body,
      of 11 albino and 7 pigmented rabbits, were studied using the method of
      anterograde labelling with horseradish peroxidase following injection of the
      tracer into the vitreous body of one eye. A heavy projection to the contralateral
      dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus was seen in all animals. In both albino and
      pigmented animals a region devoid of label was present in the medial part of the
      alpha sector of the nucleus. This region corresponded to a compact, oval or wedge
      shaped field of terminal label in the ipsilateral nucleus, which was much heavier
      in pigmented than in albino rabbits. In the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus,
      contralateral retinal input was almost entirely confined to the caudal half of
      the lateral sector of the nucleus, where two laminae of dense terminal label,
      separated by a less densely labelled area, were oriented parallel to one another
      and to the optic tract. This bilaminar distribution of retinal afferents to the
      ventral lateral geniculate nucleus has not been described in previous studies.
      The ipsilateral projection was to the dorsal part of the lateral sector and was
      most prominent in pigmented animals. The "intergeniculate leaflet" received a
      prominent contralateral input in all animals, and a clear ipsilateral input in
      pigmented animals, which overlapped with the contralateral input. Projections to
      other primary visual centres (pretectal nuclei, superior colliculus, nuclei of
      the accessory optic tract) are also described.

PMID- 2412265
TI  - Activation of mammalian endplate receptors by iontophoretic application of
      reducing and oxidizing sulphydryl reagents.
AB  - The effects of microelectrophoretic application of sulphydryl reagents at both
      the endplate region and extrasynaptic sites have been studied in the mouse
      diaphragm neuromuscular preparation. Two groups of sulphydryl reagents have been
      tested: oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Reagents were applied
      iontophoretically by means of a microelectrophoretic programmer with constant
      current source. Both groups of sulphydryl reagents elicit depolarizations only
      when applied at the endplate region. Presynaptic components were ruled out by
      addition of magnesium chloride to the bathing medium. After blockade of
      neuromuscular transmission, the depolarizing effect of both groups of sulphydryl
      reagents persisted. The present results suggest the presence of reactive
      disulphide bonds and SH groups in the receptor complex of the mammalian
      neuromuscular junction. These groups could be located at the alpha subunit of the
      acetylcholine receptor.

PMID- 2412266
TI  - Chemotherapy of squamous head and neck cancer: a prospective randomized trial
      comparing cis-platinum and bleomycin with methotrexate and vindesine.

PMID- 2412267
TI  - Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody to the K99 fimbrial adhesin produced by
      Escherichia coli enterotoxigenic for calves, lambs and piglets.
AB  - All the K99+ Escherichia coli grown at 37 degrees C stained strongly with a
      peroxidase labelled K99 monoclonal antibody using a direct immunoperoxidase
      staining procedure. There was no reaction when these bacteria were cultured at 18
      degrees C or when K99- E coli were grown at either temperature. The binding of
      the monoclonal antibody to K99 antigen was inhibited by OK antisera to
      heterologous K99+ E coli but OK antisera to E coli producing adhesins other than
      K99 were without effect. Using the slide agglutination test the reactions of the
      monoclonal antibody were identical to those of a polyclonal antiserum to K99 when
      both were used in parallel to examine 100 K99+ E coli from at least 10 somatic O
      groups and 1308 K99+ E coli from at least 82 different somatic O groups submitted
      for routine serological typing in England or the, USA. The monoclonal antibody
      reacted with K99+ E coli in cryostat sections of the ileum from a piglet infected
      with E coli strain B44 (O9: K30, K99, F41) but there was no reaction with similar
      material from piglets infected by E coli strains 1751 (O101: F41), X177/81 (O9:
      K103, 987P) or Abbotstown (O149: K91, K88ac).

PMID- 2412268
TI  - [Detection of reversible asynergy--evaluation of variable interventions].

PMID- 2412269
TI  - Exon shuffling: new genes from old.

PMID- 2412270
TI  - Thin-fiber cutaneous innervation and its intraepidermal contribution studied by
      labeling methods and neurotoxin treatment in rats.
AB  - Sensory nerves innervating rat distal limb skin were labeled by axonal transport
      of an enzyme-lectin conjugate injected into lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG),
      with emphasis on tracing the course of the thin axons. Selective neonatal
      neurotoxin destruction of most unmyelinated sensory or sympathetic axons was
      achieved by treatment with capsaicin (CAP) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA),
      respectively. The relationship of substance P-immunoreactive (SPI) axons to the
      patterns of axonal transport-labeled thin axons was compared in normal and
      neurotoxin-treated animals. SPI is restricted to a limited population of
      unmyelinated axons, and electron-microscopic observation reveals its total
      absence in myelinated axons. SPI fibers of sensory origin, as determined by CAP
      susceptibility, can be traced into the epidermal stratum spinosum, in relation to
      guard hair follicles, mast cells, and a specific class of small blood vessels.
      These morphological features are not eliminated by neurotoxin sympathectomy, and
      some are inferred to contribute to the initial events associated with the
      neurogenic vasodilation and plasma extravasation associated with the inflammatory
      response. A re-evaluation of the concept of "free nerve endings" is suggested in
      the context of the variety of afferent and efferent patterns displayed by sensory
      peptidergic unmyelinated axons, their putative nociceptive role, and the
      functional diversity of sensory C fibers.

PMID- 2412271
TI  - Serotype antigens of Neisseria meningitidis and a proposed scheme for designation
      of serotypes.
AB  - Neisseria meningitidis serogroups B and C were originally subdivided into
      serotypes by the use of two different classification systems based upon type
      specific bactericidal antibodies and immunoprecipitation in agar gels,
      respectively. The serotype specificities were later found to be associated with
      different major outer membrane proteins and with the lipopolysaccharide.
      Physiochemical characterization of the four to five major outer membrane proteins
      has resulted in designation of classes 1-5 on the basis of peptide mapping. The
      class 2 (41,000-dalton) or class 3 (38,000-dalton) protein is present in all
      meningococcal strains. They both are predominant proteins, show a useful degree
      of antigenic variation, and are epidemiologically relevant. A new serotyping
      nomenclature and scheme based on these two proteins and the lipopolysaccharide is
      therefore proposed. With use of this scheme, a meningococcal strain could be
      identified by serogroup to protein-serotype to lipopolysaccharide serotype, as in
      B:2a:L3. The class 1 (46,000-dalton) protein can be used to further define a
      meningococcal strain, as in B:2a:P1.2:L3.

PMID- 2412272
TI  - Selective primary health care: strategies for control of disease in the
      developing world. XX. Typhoid fever.
AB  - The incidence of typhoid fever remains unacceptably high in developing countries.
      Because Salmonella typhi is disseminated by carriers, there is an urgent need to
      increase the rate of detection of carriers and to decrease the risk they pose to
      their communities. In urban areas where sewage disposal is lacking or inadequate,
      public water supplies are contaminated and typhoid fever is common. The
      contamination of food by carriers is the second commonest route of infection.
      Water purification processes lead to a rapid decline in the incidence of the
      disease; thus, many developing countries hope to develop pure water supplies for
      all citizens by the end of this century. Until this important public health goal
      is achieved, the use of vaccine, especially in children, could cause a
      significant decrease in the incidence of typhoid fever. A new oral attenuated
      vaccine promises to be effective and safe.

PMID- 2412273
TI  - Acetylcholine-receptor-mediated ion fluxes in Electrophorus electricus and
      Torpedo california membrane vesicles.

PMID- 2412274
TI  - [Pilot study of ambulatory chemotherapy with bleomycin and cisplatin in advanced
      carcinoma of the head and neck].

PMID- 2412275
TI  - [The alexias].
AB  - The authors propose a review about Alexias according to the latest theories.
      Anatomoclinical and linguistic classification of alexia are reported. Some
      hypotheses about reading processes, according to linguistic classification, are
      discussed.

PMID- 2412276
TI  - Inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis in rat liver nuclei by oncogenic and non
      oncogenic beta-blockers.
AB  - The beta-blocker DL-1-(2-nitro-3-methylphenoxy)-3-tert-butylaminopropan-2-ol
      (ZAMI 1305), hepatocarcinogenic to the female rat, and the non-oncogenic beta
      blockers DL-1-(2-nitro-5-methylphenoxy)-3-tert-butylaminopropan-2-ol (ZAMI 1327),
      DL-propranolol, and DL-atenolol were studied for their capacity to interfere with
      hepatic DNA and RNA synthesis. These moieties inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis, in a
      dose-dependent fashion, when added in vitro to nuclei isolated from the liver of
      male or female rats. The inhibition is due to a decrease of the initial rate of
      synthesis and of the total amount of labeled precursor incorporated into the
      growing chains. When administered in vivo both the oncogenic ZAMI 1305 and its
      non-oncogenic isomer ZAMI 1327 inhibit hepatic DNA and RNA synthesis in female
      rats, as evaluated by the determination of nucleic acids synthesis in liver
      nuclei isolated from female rats 5 and 15 min after the injection of the drug. No
      influence on hepatic DNA and RNA synthesis is observed when the molecules are
      administered to male rats. The in vivo administration of DL-propranolol causes an
      increase of hepatic DNA and RNA synthesis in male rats, while it is uneffective
      in female rats.

PMID- 2412277
TI  - Effects of the irreversible ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, alpha
      difluoromethylornithine, aflatoxin B1, and choline deficiency on
      hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - Liver carcinogenesis was induced in rats by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) enhanced by a
      choline-deficient diet. In Experiment 1, the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor,
      alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), was administered by gavage to one group
      only during AFB1 administration; another group received DFMO during AFB1
      administration and for 2 months after carcinogen administration. These two groups
      were compared to two control groups, one given AFB1 and fed the choline-deficient
      diet and another fed the deficient diet only. In a second experiment, DFMO was
      administered at a concentration of 2% in the water for 3 weeks and then at 1% for
      the remainder of the study. Rats from each group in Experiment 1 were killed at
      2, 8, and 10 months after AFB1 administration and the development of tumors was
      followed by histology; autoradiography of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA;
      enzyme histochemistry; and alpha-fetoprotein determination. The group given DFMO
      during AFB1 administration was not significantly different from the AFB1-treated
      control group at 2 and 8 months after AFB1 administration. However, at 10 months
      following AFB1 and DFMO administration, the [3H]thymidine-labeling index and
      glucose-6-phosphatase staining were significantly increased. This group had three
      animals bearing hepatocellular carcinomas as compared to none in the controls.
      The group given DFMO for 2 months after AFB1 administration had a significantly
      depressed growth rate 2 months later, but this difference was not apparent after
      8 months. After 10 months, there was a significantly increased [3H] thymidine
      labeling index and increased volume fraction of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in
      the AFB1-DFMO-treated group as compared to the controls. DFMO appeared to inhibit
      growth under some conditions, but if administration was discontinued after AFB1
      exposure, it appeared to enhance tumorigenesis. In Experiment 2, where a larger
      dose of AFB1 was used and DFMO was administered in the water from start to finish
      of the experiment, DFMO inhibited tumor induction and depressed the appearance of
      markers examined during carcinogenesis. These data indicate that the regimen used
      for DFMO administration can markedly affect tumor induction.

PMID- 2412278
TI  - Effect of hemorrhagic and nortriptyline-induced shock on the porcine pancreas as
      evaluated by changes in serum cationic trypsin-like immunoreactivity.
AB  - Hemorrhagic shock caused by gastrointestinal bleeding in seven pigs and by
      external bleeding in another six pigs and cardiogenic shock induced by
      intravenous infusion of the tricyclic antidepressant drug nortriptyline in yet
      another eight pigs caused a significant increase in serum cationic trypsin-like
      immunoreactivity together with formation of complexes between cationic trypsin,
      on the one hand, and alpha-2-macroglobulin and alpha-1-antitrypsin, on the other
      hand, compatible with what happens in acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 2412279
TI  - The genetic background modulates the effect of the beige gene on susceptibility
      to cytomegalovirus infection in mice.
AB  - Homozygous beige (bg/bg) mice were more susceptible to the development of fatal
      disease induced by murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) than their bg/ + littermates.
      However, the increase in susceptibility depended on the genetic background of the
      strain carrying the bg gene. C57BL/6, SB/Le, DBA/2, and CBA bg/bg mice showed,
      respectively, 2.5-, 3.2-, 9.5-, and 18.6-fold increases in susceptibility
      compared with the corresponding bg/+ animals. Beige mice showed higher liver
      titres of MCMV than bg/ + by the 2nd or 3rd day after infection, and tissue
      damage was also greater. Splenic NK cells were not detected in uninfected bg/bg
      mice, and after virus inoculation the increment in cytotoxicity was greater in
      bg/ + than in bg/bg mice. However, cytotoxicity towards WEHI-164 cells was not
      impaired in bg/bg mice and was not augmented by MCMV. Interferon titres were also
      not impaired by the beige mutation. Of the strains examined, CBA had the highest
      endogenous levels of NK cells and were most genetically resistant to MCMV. Thus,
      our observation that the beige gene had the greatest effect on susceptibility in
      this strain suggests that NK cells are important mediators of genetically
      determined resistance to MCMV.

PMID- 2412280
TI  - Quantification of the terminal complement complex in human plasma by an enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay based on monoclonal antibodies against a neoantigen of
      the complex.
AB  - The fluid-phase terminal complement complex (TCC), consisting of the components
      C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9, and the S-protein, has recently been detected in normal
      human plasma by using antibodies against native terminal complement components.
      Increased amounts of TCC were then found in several patients with in vivo
      activation of complement. We now describe a sensitive, specific, and reliable
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantification of the TCC, based on
      monoclonal antibodies against a neoantigen of the complex. The results indicate
      that the TCC is present in normal human plasma and in increased amounts in
      patients with complement activation in vivo, thus confirming previously obtained
      results. The assay is easy to perform and can be used for examination of large
      numbers of plasma samples.

PMID- 2412281
TI  - Class II transplantation antigens in the late human skin tuberculin reaction.
AB  - The presence of class II transplantation antigens on keratinocytes and the
      phenotypes of the inflammatory cells in the late human skin tuberculin reaction
      were analysed with immunohistochemical double staining techniques in frozen
      sections of skin biopsies taken 10-45 days after intradermal purified protein
      derivative (PPD) injection. Dermal cell infiltrates decreased with time but were
      found throughout the observation period. Most of the cells in the perivascular
      infiltrates expressed HLA-DR antigens. Some of these cells are probably
      'activated' macrophages, since they expressed OKM1 and OKT9 antigens in
      consecutive sections. Another less frequent cell population which reacted with
      RFD1 antibodies are presumably interdigitating cells. About half the perivascular
      cells were anti-Leu 3a-positive (T 'helper/inducer' phenotype). HLA-DR but not
      HLA-DQ antigens were detected on keratinocytes. This acquired expression of HLA
      DR antigens on the epithelial cells disappeared between 17 and 30 days. If HLA-DR
      expressing keratinocytes have immunoregulatory functions these might be different
      from those of other HLA-DR-expressing cell types that also express HLA-DQ
      molecules.

PMID- 2412282
TI  - [Significance of immunoreactive lipase in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases].
AB  - The diagnostic value of a new enzyme immunoassay for lipase (IRL) was evaluated
      in controls (n = 65), in acute pancreatitis (n = 11) and in extrapancreatic
      hyperamylasemia (n = 15) by comparing IRL with serum amylase (TA), pancreatic
      isoamylase (PA) and lipase (turbidimetrically: TL). IRL and immunoreactive
      trypsin (IRT) of 60 patients with alcoholic chronic calcified pancreatitis were
      also studied and correlated with duration of disease and degree of pancreatic
      insufficiency (based on fecal chymotrypsin test: FCT). IRL was constantly
      elevated in patients with acute pancreatitis. In extrapancreatic hyperamylasemia
      IRL was mainly normal, in contrast to PA, which was elevated in 7 patients with
      macroamylasemia. In 56.7% of all patients with chronic pancreatitis, IRL was
      pathologically low; in association with advanced insufficiency (FCT less than 20
      micrograms/g) this figure was 74%, and after duration of disease of greater than
      or equal to 15 years 77%. For IRT comparable results were found in 79% and 77%
      respectively. This new lipase test thus seems to be useful for the diagnosis of
      acute pancreatitis, the differential diagnosis of extrapancreatic hyperamylasemia
      and the detection and monitoring of severe chronic pancreatitis.

PMID- 2412283
TI  - Comprehension of artificial concepts in brain-damaged patients.
AB  - Specific deficits of conceptual structures are found here with specific types of
      aphasia. When using simple, artificial instances, Broca's aphasics are
      specifically impaired in the understanding at sequential concepts and Wernicke's
      aphasics are primarily impaired with class concepts. Implications for further
      studies on the intellectual deficits in aphasia are discussed.

PMID- 2412284
TI  - [Transformation to an animal. Metamorphosis or metaphor? A delusional episode
      following brain contusion].
AB  - Three years after a serious cerebral contusion a patient became delirious for a
      period of several months. During that time he pretended to turn into a cock. This
      theme is interpreted as a metaphorical expression rather than as a firm belief in
      a real metamorphosis. The feelings of strangeness considered as a matricial
      condition of delirious phenomenons are debated. Of first importance are the
      lesions of the right hemisphere upon which are often added more diffuse
      impairments of the frontal lobes and of the brain stem. The rarity of this
      phenomenon is to be emphasized whereas the references to animals seem to haunt
      human soul.

PMID- 2412285
TI  - [Sabbatai Zwi--a false Jewish Messiah. Case report on religious psychopathology].
AB  - The life of the Jewish heretical Messiah Sabbatai Zwi (1626-1676) presents
      several features suggesting a psychotic affective disorder. Particular political
      and socio-cultural conditions enabled him to arouse a state of rebellion in a
      large part of the Jewish population. This study investigates relations between
      the individual psychosis of Sabbatai Zwi and the reaction of the public. In
      addition relations between psycho-pathological and mystical-demonological
      terminology are considered.

PMID- 2412286
TI  - [Communication in functional and dysfunctional families with adolescent children.
      II. Nonverbal communication].
AB  - This research focuses on family communications during the critical period of
      children's puberty provoked change. Two groups of families are compared: one
      group of 15 "functional" families (no psychological counseling has been
      requested) and one group of 15 "dysfunctional" families (a psychological
      counseling has been requested for one of the adolescents). The micro-analysis of
      the non-verbal communication reveals structural differences between the family
      systems. This fits with the differences revealed by the analysis of the verbal
      communications.

PMID- 2412287
TI  - [Communication in functional and dysfunctional families with adolescent children.
      III. Evaluation of the relation of verbal and nonverbal communications].
AB  - This study analyzes communication in families with one or more adolescent
      children, thus undergoing a critical period of transition. Two groups are
      compared: a group of 11 "functional" families (no child referral for
      psychological problems) and a group of 11 "dysfunctional" families (one
      adolescent child referral for psychological problems). The analysis of
      relationships between verbal and non-verbal communication indicates that more
      inter-channel congruence is achieved in "functional" families; this holds for
      individual as well as for inter-partners interactions. The results of the
      previously published separate analysis of verbal and non-verbal communication are
      briefly resumed. The findings of the study as a whole are interpreted in terms of
      the General Systems Theory with regard to the function of "parental framing" of
      the child's development.

PMID- 2412288
TI  - [The pattern of neuropsychologic compromise in patients with Parkinson disease].
AB  - We carried out a neuropsychological study on cognitive impairment in 57 subjects
      affected by idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (P.D.) and 32 subjects affected by
      Alzheimer's Disease (A.D.). First, we found two different subgroups of
      parkinsonian patients, the first one with dementia and the second one without
      dementia. We clearly identified these two distinct subclinical entities
      regardless of mean age, age of onset, duration of treatment; on the contrary, the
      type of treatment seems to play a specific role on the appearance of dementia in
      P.D., anticholinergics being assumed almost exclusively by demented parkinsonian
      patients (chi square c. Yates = 422; p less than 0.05). Second, we showed two
      distinct patterns of cognitive impairment between P.D. with dementia and A.D. In
      fact, cognitive impairment is consistently more evident in Alzheimer patients
      than in parkinsonian ones with dementia; in addition, demented parkinsonians show
      a pattern of impairment similar to that exhibited by patients affected by frontal
      lobe lesions. This result supports neuroanatomical and neurochemical data on the
      involvement of the whole dopaminergic system in P.D. and the role played by the
      ventro-medial tegmental area projecting to the frontal cortex. In conclusion, our
      study, identifying a specific pattern of cognitive impairment in P.D., well
      differenciated from demented patients of different aetiology, suggests beneficial
      effects with dopaminergic agonists in these patients; in fact, these agents,
      acting on the second neuron, may stimulate the prefrontal region that is probably
      involved in the cognitive impairment of parkinsonian patients.

PMID- 2412289
TI  - [The shaman: witness of an old culture--is it revivable?].
AB  - The shaman concentrates a multitude of functions in the presecularized culture.
      In it disease is, as any experience of reality, hierophania, manifestation of
      transcendence. The shaman is a specialist in producing and managing altered
      states of consciousness. The constitutive criteria of shamanism are discussed. In
      the social network the shaman is a central and marginal "gestalt" at the same
      time, ambivalent for his community. In the postshamanic culture derivatives of
      shamanism and non-inspirational healers (naturalists) are active. Corresponding
      to the mystic concept of illness the various healing techniques of the shaman are
      intended to reestablish a harmonized cooperation with transintelligible powers.
      The therapeutic efficacy appears unsatisfactory inasfar severe somatic or psychic
      disorders are concerned. Empirical medicine still lacks a culturadequate holistic
      concept of illness offering a basis for sufficient treatment of psychosocially
      determined disorders.

PMID- 2412290
TI  - Oligomerization of intervening sequence RNA molecules in the absence of proteins.
AB  - The intervening sequence RNA excised from the ribosomal RNA precursor of
      Tetrahymena forms linear and circular oligomers when exposed to a heating-cooling
      treatment in vitro. The reactions require no protein or external energy source.
      Oligomerization is different from other self-catalyzed reactions of the
      intervening sequence RNA in that it involves intermolecular rather than
      intramolecular recombination, producing RNA molecules that are substantially
      larger than the original. The observation that RNA molecules can catalyze their
      own oligomerization has possible implications for the evolution of chromosomes
      and for the replicative cycle of plant viroids and virus-associated RNA's.

PMID- 2412291
TI  - Reverse transcriptase in introns.

PMID- 2412292
TI  - Antigenic variation and resistance to neutralization in poliovirus type 1.
AB  - Mutations have been identified in variants of poliovirus, type 1 (Mahoney) on the
      basis of their resistance to neutralization by individual monoclonal antibodies.
      The phenotypes of these variants were defined in terms of antibody binding; the
      pattern of epitopes expressed or able to be exploited for neutralization were
      complex. Single amino acid changes can have distant (in terms of linear sequence)
      and generalized effects on the antigenic structure of poliovirus and similarly
      constituted virions.

PMID- 2412293
TI  - Brain "identifier sequence" is not restricted to brain: similar abundance in
      nuclear RNA of other organs.
AB  - A repeated 82 base pair sequence in genomic DNA of the rat was previously
      proposed as being a control element governing brain (neuron) specific genetic
      expression. This intronic sequence, termed the brain "identifier" (ID), is
      complementary to small RNA species localized in brain cytoplasm, and it was
      thought to be represented specifically in RNA produced by brain nuclei in vitro.
      The RNA blot analyses of total nuclear and polyadenylated heterogeneous nuclear
      RNA described in the present report show that this ID sequence is also present in
      the liver and kidney in abundances similar to those in the brain. This repeated
      sequence is not, therefore, restricted to transcripts produced in the brain as
      suggested from previous transcriptional "runoff" experiments. Measurements on rat
      and mouse nuclear RNA indicate that the abundance of ID sequence transcript is
      roughly proportional to the number of copies of this repeat in the respective
      genomes. This suggests a rather random genomic location and transcription of this
      sequence. From these results it seems improbable that the ID sequence functions
      as a transcriptional-level control element in genes expressed specifically in the
      brain.

PMID- 2412294
TI  - Differential control of U1 small nuclear RNA expression during mouse development.
AB  - During normal mouse development the relative amounts of two types of U1 small
      nuclear RNA's (U1 RNA) change significantly. Fetal tissues have comparable levels
      of the two major types of mouse U1 RNA's, mU1a and mU1b, whereas most
      differentiated adult tissues contain only mU1a RNA's. Those adult tissues that
      also accumulate detectable amounts of embryonic (mU1b) RNA's (for example,
      testis, spleen, and thymus) contain a significant proportion of stem cells
      capable of further differentiation. Several strains of mice express minor
      sequence variants of U1 RNA's that are subject to the same developmental controls
      as the major types of adult and embryonic U1 RNA. The differential accumulation
      of embryonic U1 RNA's may influence the pattern of gene expression during early
      development and differentiation.

PMID- 2412295
TI  - Induction of AIDS-like disease in macaque monkeys with T-cell tropic retrovirus
      STLV-III.
AB  - The T-cell tropic retrovirus of macaque monkeys STLV-III has morphologic, growth,
      and antigenic properties indicating that it is related to HTLV-III/LAV, the
      etiologic agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. Four
      of six rhesus monkeys died within 160 days of STLV-III inoculation with a wasting
      syndrome, opportunistic infections, a primary retroviral encephalitis, and
      immunologic abnormalities including a decrease in T4+ peripheral blood
      lymphocytes. These data show that an immunodeficiency syndrome can be produced
      experimentally in a nonhuman primate by an agent from the HTLV-III/LAV group of
      retroviruses. The STLV-III-macaque system will thus provide a useful model for
      the study of antiviral agents and vaccine development for human AIDS.

PMID- 2412296
TI  - Markers of fibrinogen derivatives used in clinical investigation.

PMID- 2412297
TI  - Clinical use of heparin fractions, fragments, and heparinoids.

PMID- 2412298
TI  - Health and traditional medicine cultures in Latin America and the Caribbean.
AB  - In this article, the authors summarise the origins and development of traditional
      medicine cultures in the Latin American and Caribbean regions, beginning with an
      overview of terminology and definitions related to 'medicine' and 'medical
      systems'. A short look is taken at original medicine cultures and at how they
      syncretised with colonial European medicine to give birth to a mosaic of lay and
      traditional medicine practices still in evidence in the New World today. A review
      is then made of the latest and main bibliographic sources in traditional medicine
      for the region, which are then analysed briefly. The main body of the paper deals
      with the different research approaches to traditional medicine cultures of which
      seven are discussed here. The authors conclude by stressing the need for closing
      the gap between the social and medical sciences in order to reach a better
      understanding of the health needs of the population. Biology and culture are at
      the centre of the discussion between medicine and anthropology where two trends
      dominate, viz. the socio-cultural and the biomedical models. The main task for
      ethnomedical researchers in the Latin American region is to work towards the
      creation of a bio-sociocultural model in an attempt to enrich systems
      qualitatively in the development of more humane and efficient interventions, both
      in the clinical field as in the field of health policies and strategies.

PMID- 2412299
TI  - Blood lead levels in motor mechanics.
AB  - The whole-blood lead levels of a group of motor mechanics in the Cape Peninsula
      were determined. Blood was analysed using a graphite furnace atomic absorption
      spectrometer. The mean whole-blood lead levels of the motor mechanics and of
      urban controls were 28,4 micrograms/dl and 9,7 micrograms/dl respectively, and
      comparison of these with that of a group from an unpolluted rural area (3,4
      micrograms/dl) revealed highly significant differences.

PMID- 2412300
TI  - Diagnosis of gonorrhea by gram-stained smears and cultures in men and women: role
      of the urethral smear.
AB  - A retrospective study of the diagnosis of gonorrhea by gram-stained smear and
      culture was made. Of 1,681 men with gonococcal urethritis, 1,437 (85.5%) were
      positive by both smear and culture; 151 (9%), by smear alone; and 93 (5.5%), by
      culture alone. Of 1,148 women with gonorrhea, 742 (64.6%) had infection in both
      the cervix and urethra; 307 (26.7%), in the cervix alone; and 99 (8.6%), in the
      urethra alone. Of 1,049 cases of cervical gonorrhea, 461 (43.9%) were positive by
      both smear and culture; 67 (6.4%), by smear alone; and 521 (49.7%), by culture
      alone. Of 841 cases of urethral gonorrhea, 394 (46.8%) were positive by both
      smear and culture; 43 (5.1%), by smear alone; and 404 (48%), by culture alone.
      Cervical and urethral smears together gave a presumptive diagnosis in 709 (61.8%)
      cases, thus enabling early treatment to be instituted; 181 cases (15.8%) of
      gonorrhea in women were diagnosed solely by urethral smears.

PMID- 2412301
TI  - [Treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with CHOP-bleo. Experience in 16 patients].

PMID- 2412302
TI  - Peritoneovenous shunting for cirrhotic versus malignant ascites.
AB  - The use of the peritoneovenous shunt in patients with cirrhosis is associated
      with a significantly higher complication rate than in patients with malignant
      ascites. Since many patients subsequently died due to the complications of shunt
      placement and the efficacy has never been clearly established by a randomized
      trial, it is difficult to recommend a procedure which may shorten the already
      brief life expectancy of the patient. We conclude that for the patients with
      ascites due to cirrhosis, the peritoneovenous shunt should be reserved for a
      carefully selected group, such as those patients with pending rupture of a
      hernia. However, for the patient with malignant ascites, the relatively low
      complication rate of peritoneovenous shunt placement and the lack of an adverse
      effect on survival time indicates that use of this successful palliative
      technique seems warranted in selected patients.

PMID- 2412303
TI  - Selected recent advances in peripheral nerve injury research.
AB  - Interactions between Schwann cells and growing neurites are reviewed as are the
      implications of axonal transport studies in shaping the regenerative process.
      Increased investigative attention will be required to study biochemical changes
      occurring in the local environment of the injury site even though continued study
      of the neuronal metabolic process remains critical. Important studies concerning
      the connective tissue structure of nerve and probable "blood-nerve barrier" sites
      are reviewed. Factors responsible for connective tissue proliferation and
      fibroblast alignment after injury are not well understood. Recent experimental
      studies relating to surgical repair of nerve are reviewed as are a few selected
      papers reflecting changes in clinical management of the patient with nerve
      injury.

PMID- 2412304
TI  - Mechanism of the adjuvant effect of hemoglobin in experimental peritonitis. IX:
      The infection-potentiating effect of hemoglobin in Escherichia coli peritonitis
      is strain specific.
AB  - Hemoglobin solutions have been said to consistently increase the lethality of
      otherwise nonlethal bacterial inocula in experimental models of Escherichia coli
      peritonitis. We tested the capacity of stroma-free hemoglobin to potentiate the
      lethality of each of 26 separate clinical isolates of E. coli. The LD50 of each
      strain with and without stroma-free hemoglobin was then correlated with the
      ability of that strain to express putative "virulence characteristics": the
      expression of 0 (lipopolysaccharide) and K (capsular) antigens, the ability to
      produce colicin V, the capacity to hemagglutinate mammalian red cells in the
      presence of 1% mannose, and the ability to secrete alpha-hemolysin. No perfect
      correlations were found. The LD50 of only four of the 26 strains of E. coli was
      affected by hemoglobin. Each of these four strains could hemagglutinate red cells
      and secreted alpha-hemolysin. Many other strains whose lethality was not
      increased by hemoglobin also had these virulence properties. We must conclude
      that the infection-potentiating effect of hemoglobin cannot be shown for most
      clinical isolates of E. coli and that the mechanism cannot be correlated with the
      usual "virulence characteristics" of E. coli.

PMID- 2412305
TI  - [Child development examinations in well-child clinics for infants and young
      children].
AB  - The health centres for infants and toddlers have recently been supplied with new
      forms for examination and registration of psychomotor development. These forms,
      which were especially designed for use in this setting are largely based on the
      work of Gesell. His sub-division in 5 fields of development is followed and items
      are chosen from his work. The forms are completed by adding a number of
      neurological items directed at the detection of pathology (Touwen) and some items
      concerning speech and language development (Schaerlaekens). The method is based
      on observations of developmental characteristics at the ages at which 90% of
      normal children in child health centres display these items. Reference-values are
      derived from a longitudinal study which was carried out in child health centres
      and comprised 550 children (Schlesinger-Was). These children provided per item
      the data for a cumulative percentile curve in which the age of the 90th
      percentile could be read. It is expected that by directing the assessment at the
      age of P90 an early detection of developmental disorders will result, while the
      number of false referrals will stay relatively small. Since the forms were
      incorporated in the new social-medical record for youth health care which has
      recently been introduced for nation-wide use, they are available on a large
      scale. Pediatricians therefore may be increasingly confronted with referrals
      based on this method of examination.

PMID- 2412306
TI  - The monoclonal antibody AC1.59 defines a new polymorphic determinant on HLA-DR
      molecules.
AB  - 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis and sequential immunoprecipitation
      studies have shown that the monoclonal antibody (MoAb) AC1.59 recognizes a gene
      product of the HLA-DR locus. The determinant defined by the MoAb AC-1.59 has an
      unusual distribution on HLA-DR allospecificities, since it is expressed by HLA
      DR1, DRw8, DRw9 antigens and by subtypes of HLA-DRw6 and HLA-DR4 antigens. In the
      latter allospecificity the expression of the MoAb AC1.59 defined determinant
      correlates with the cellularly defined HLA-Dw4 alloantigen. The present
      investigation provides evidence of serological heterogeneity within HLA-DR
      alloantigens. Furthermore these results suggest that monoclonal antibodies can
      sharpen the discriminatory power of serological assays to dissect the
      heterogeneity and complexity of HLA-DR alloantigens.

PMID- 2412307
TI  - Interdependent membrane mobility of human MHC coded antigens detected by
      monoclonal antibodies to various epitopes on class I and II molecules.
AB  - Binding of monoclonal antibodies (MAB) to human MHC coded class I antigens,
      w6.32HL or 61D2, specifically leads to clustering of these antigens and their
      assembly at one polar site on a cell, whereby these class I antigens tow class II
      antigens with them into the polar cap revealing preexisting or arising molecular
      complexes in the membrane of the living cell. These class II antigens included DR
      (seen by MAB 2MC3, L203, L227, I-LR2, 109d6, SFR-3) and DQ (seen by Genox 3.53
      and IVD12). In analogous cocapping experiments employing MAB to various class II
      antigens, interdependent surface mobility (bidirectional cocapping) could be
      demonstrated between DRw52 (MT2, seen by I-LR2) and DQw3 (MB3, seen by IVD12) as
      well as between DRw53 (MT3, seen by 109d6) and DQw3. There was incomplete
      interdependence between DRw52 or DRw53, respectively, and other DR antigens (seen
      by L227). These latter antigens were independent from DQ (seen by Genox 3.53 or
      IVD12). Analyzing pairs of monoclonal antibodies with various specificities to
      determinants on class I or II molecules a frequent finding was unidirectional
      cocapping: here a first antibody cocapped epitopes seen by a second, but this
      antibody did not cocap epitopes seen by the first. We conclude that epitopes are
      irregularly distributed on MHC coded molecules or on complexes of these
      molecules.

PMID- 2412308
TI  - Metabolism of 1-[14C]nitropyrene in respiratory tract tissue of rats exposed to
      diesel exhaust.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine how prior exposure of rats to graded
      concentrations of diesel exhaust would affect respiratory tract tissue metabolism
      of 1-nitropyrene (NP), a known constituent of diesel exhaust. Rats were exposed
      (whole body) 7 hr/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks to clean air (controls) or to
      diluted diesel exhaust containing concentrations of 350, 3300, and 7400
      micrograms particles/m3. After exposures, nasal tissue and lungs from rats were
      tested for their ability to metabolize NP. Rat nasal tissue was incubated for 10
      min with 20 microM 1-[14C]NP. Isolated perfused rat lungs were perfused for 90
      min with 25 microM 1-[14C]NP. NP metabolites formed in rat nasal tissue and the
      isolated perfused rat lung were separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography.
      Exposure of rats to 7400 micrograms particles/m3 for 4 weeks resulted in
      significant increases (twofold) in rates of NP metabolism in both nasal tissue
      (440 pmol/mg protein/min) and the isolated perfused rat lung (112 nmol/g lung).
      Exposure of rats to lower concentrations of diesel exhaust did not increase the
      rates of NP metabolism in either rat nasal tissue or perfused rat lungs. In all
      cases, the major metabolites of NP formed in nasal tissue and perfused lungs were
      3-, 6-, and 8-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene and 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxy-1-nitropyrene.
      A fourfold increase was observed in the amounts of 14C covalently bound in lungs
      from rats exposed to 7400 micrograms particles/m3. The results from this study
      indicate that exposure to diesel exhaust particles significantly alters
      metabolism and subsequent covalent binding of NP.

PMID- 2412309
TI  - Effect of repeated dietary exposure of aflatoxin B1 on brain biogenic amines and
      metabolites in the rat.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated po twice weekly for 3 weeks with a low
      (32.8 micrograms/kg) and high dose (327.9 micrograms/kg) of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)
      in corn oil. A control group received corn oil only. At the end of the experiment
      the rats were killed, and the concentrations of the brain catecholamines,
      norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA), catecholamine metabolites, 3-methoxy-4
      hydroxymandelic acid (VMA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and dihydroxyphenylacetic
      acid (DOPAC), and the indoleamine serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite, 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), were determined by high-pressure liquid
      chromatography in five brain regions. The major effects were found in striatal
      dopamine and serotonin concentrations, with decreases of 37 and 29%,
      respectively. A corresponding decline was observed in the dopamine metabolites,
      homovanillic acid (44%) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (30%). Concentrations of
      these neurotransmitters and metabolites were only marginally altered in cerebral
      cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus, and medulla oblongata. It appears that a major
      effect of AFB1 is on dopaminergic pathways, possible by selectively perturbing
      the conversion of tyrosine to biogenic catecholamine neurotransmitters.

PMID- 2412310
TI  - The effect of cyclosporin A on pulmonary fibrosis induced by butylated
      hydroxytoluene, bleomycin and beryllium sulfate.
AB  - Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of
      fibroblasts with a resultant increase in lung collagen content. Previous research
      has implied a possible involvement of the T-lymphocyte in this process. We used
      cyclosporin A (Cy A), a known immunosuppressant, to deplete T-lymphocyte
      dependent responses in animals following treatment with agents known to produce
      fibrosis; butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), bleomycin and beryllium (Be). BHT
      treated mice and bleomycin-treated rats showed significant reduction in total
      lung hydroxyproline content with Cy A (P less than 0.05). These results suggest a
      contribution of the T-lymphocyte in the overall process of fibrosis, but do not
      indicate its role as the sole causative agent.

PMID- 2412312
TI  - A method for silver impregnation of mammary myoepithelia.
AB  - Histochemical methods for microscopic visualization of mammary myoepithelial
      cells all yielded considerable variation in completeness of myoepithelial cell
      staining. Although extremely variable, silver impregnation occasionally gave
      tissue sections containing myoepithelia having excellent microanatomical detail
      and contrast with other tissue elements. Consequently, sources of variation in
      the silver technique were considered. Composition of the tissue fixative and pH
      of the silver impregnating solution were most critical. A final method is
      presented which gives consistent, complete silver impregnation of myoepithelia,
      where both the cell body and cell processes are clearly evident. The staining
      procedure is not light sensitive, nor is acid cleaning of glassware necessary.
      Tissue sections from lactating mouse, rat, hamster and goat are presented; tissue
      from other species should stain as well. The procedure should greatly facilitate
      the study of the function of myoepithelial cells and the visualization of these
      cells in mammary pathology.

PMID- 2412311
TI  - Acute toxicity of gasoline and ethanol automobile engine exhaust gases.
AB  - A comparative inhalation exposure study was performed to investigate the
      potential health effect of gasoline and ethanol engine exhaust fumes. Wistar rats
      housed in inhalation chambers were exposed to test atmospheres of various
      concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and gasoline and ethanol exhaust fumes
      diluted with air. CO level, temperature, relative humidity and flow rate were
      monitored continually to control the gas concentration and the environment. The
      dilution method gave a concentration within 1.0% of the target. The LC50s for 3-h
      exposures were determined for the 3 test atmospheres. The results demonstrated
      that the acute toxicity, in terms of LC50, of the gasoline-fuelled engine was
      significantly higher than that of the ethanol-fuelled engine.

PMID- 2412313
TI  - A new method using a modified Mayer's hemalum at pH 6 for demonstrating mucous
      neck cells.
AB  - The mucous neck cells of gastric glands were stained with a modified Mayer's
      hemalum adjusted to pH 6 with saturated aqueous lithium carbonate. One gram of
      hematoxylin was dissolved in 1000 ml distilled water and 200 mg sodium iodate, 3
      g potassium alum, 50 g chloral hydrate and 1 g citric acid were added to the
      solution. Prior to staining, the solution was adjusted to pH 6 with saturated
      aqueous lithium carbonate. Bromine oxidation and urea abolished the alum
      hematoxylin reactivity of the mucous neck cells.

PMID- 2412314
TI  - A hematoxylin staining procedure for maize pollen grain chromosomes.
AB  - Studies of postmeiotic chromosome behavior have been impeded by the thick exine
      and abundant starch grains of maize pollen. Staining pollen grain chromosomes
      with acetocarmine is tedious and gives inconsistent, often unsatisfactory
      results. A hematoxylin stain, used in conjunction with the clearing agent chloral
      hydrate, has been successfully used by the authors to stain chromosomes, nuclei
      and sperm cells of the maize pollen grain. An ethanol-formaldehyde fixing fluid
      is used to fix and preserve the pollen samples. The procedure, which is rapid and
      simple, gives excellent preparations with both fresh and fixed material. Stained
      preparations do not get darker with time, as is typical of other hematoxylin
      stained materials.

PMID- 2412315
TI  - Some introductory comments on silver staining.
AB  - Silver staining has become a versatile method for the visualization of specific
      cell structures and products. The similarity of the impregnation "nuclei" of
      reduced silver staining to the silver "specks" or "nuclei" of the latent image in
      photography is noted. "Physical" development (reduction of ionic silver in
      solution) in silver staining as compared to "chemical" development (reduction of
      ionic silver remaining in a silver halide crystal) in photographic procedures is
      briefly discussed.

PMID- 2412316
TI  - Silver staining in clinical cytogenetics.
AB  - Silver staining of human chromosomes at prometaphase or metaphase identifies
      variants in the stalk (nucleolar organizing) regions of acrocentric chromosomes
      (Nos. 13, 14, 15, 21, 22). Variants are defined by size, number, and morphology
      of silver staining areas. They are heritable polymorphisms and have not been
      associated with clinical abnormalities. However, these variants are useful in
      clinical cytogenetics, specifically in studies attempting to determine whether
      genetic material has been gained or lost in chromosomal rearrangements, the
      origin of chromosomal aberrations, the origin of cells in tissue culture, the
      chromosomal location of single genes, clonal origin of tumors, the zygosity of
      twins, and paternity. Some chromosomal aberrations require silver staining for
      their definition. Because loss of the stalk regions per se is apparently not
      deleterious, demonstration that chromosomal breaks occurred within this region
      without concomitant loss or gain of genetic material essential for normal human
      development provides basis for a good prognosis for the individual with the
      chromosomal rearrangement resulting from such breakage. The principle underlying
      most of the other applications is to determine whether variants being compared
      are identical or dissimilar, and to make inferences from these results (e.g.,
      variants in monozygotic twins should all be identical, whereas in dizygotic twins
      they are as similar as in any pair of sibs). Silver staining is a valuable
      technique for special questions in clinical analysis.

PMID- 2412317
TI  - Silver staining as an indicator of active ribosomal genes.
AB  - Silver nitrate has been used as a cytological stain since the late 1800s. A
      modification of the Bielschowsky technique preferentially stains nucleoli and
      chromosomal nucleolus organizer regions (NORs). The specificity of staining is
      related to the method of preparation of the cytological specimens. The silver
      binds proteins and may be associated with the phosphate groups of certain
      phosphoproteins. Biochemical analyses of nucleolar proteins indicate that a
      limited array of specific proteins bind silver. A number of investigations have
      demonstrated that silver staining is indicative of active ribosomal RNA
      transcription, although a minor component may be associated with the fibrillar
      centers of cells in which ribosomal genes are inactive. Silver staining is a
      simple, reliable cytological method for the demonstration of ribosomal gene
      activity.

PMID- 2412318
TI  - Automated differential staining for cartilage and bone in whole mount
      preparations of vertebrates.
AB  - An automated, rapid procedure for differential staining of cartilage and bone of
      vertebrates is described. The process involves rapid, complete staining of
      freshly skinned, eviscerated specimens after 30 sec immersion in a 70 C water
      bath, fixation in formol acetic alcohol and a rinse in 70% alcohol. Using an
      automatic tissue processor, the specimen is stained in alcian blue for 24 hr and
      macerated in 3% potassium hydroxide for 8 hr. Staining in alizarin red with
      maceration in 3% potassium hydroxide is completed manually. The specimens are
      cleared and preserved in glycerol. Good quality evenly stained specimens can be
      examined in less than three days and up to 600 fetuses can be processed in less
      than five days.

PMID- 2412319
TI  - A modified gold chloride method for the demonstration of nerve endings in frozen
      sections.

PMID- 2412320
TI  - Maturation of fetal thymocytes in organ culture: secretion of interleukin 2,
      interferon and colony stimulating factors.
AB  - This paper describes the differentiation of fetal thymocytes in organ cultures of
      embryonic thymuses. After one week in organ culture, fetal thymocytes from 14 d
      old mouse embryos could secrete IL-2, CSF and IFN upon stimulation with Con A. No
      constitutive secretion of lymphokines was observed. The only type of CSF produced
      was granulocyte-macrophage (GM) CSF. In contrast to thymocytes from adult mice,
      organ-cultured embryonic thymocytes did not secrete IFN-gamma, but IFN
      alpha/beta, in response to Con A. This is the first indication that secretion of
      IFN alpha/beta, but not IFN-gamma, can be induced in cells of the T cell lineage
      by a T cell specific mitogen. These results show that the embryonic thymus
      provides a sufficient environment for the development of some of the secretory
      functions of T cells and suggest that differentiating T cells acquire the ability
      to secrete IFN alpha/beta before IFN-gamma.

PMID- 2412321
TI  - The normal conjunctiva and its responses to inflammation.

PMID- 2412322
TI  - An in vivo study of the corneal surface in keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
AB  - Thirteen normal subjects and thirteen subjects with bona fide
      keratoconjunctivitis sicca were examined employing wide-field colour specular
      microscopy of the corneal epithelium. The prevalence of small, medium and large
      cells is different in these two groups with a shift to small cells in patients
      with keratoconjunctivitis. Increased rose bengal dye uptake filaments, coarse
      mucus plaques and pre-exfoliative sheets are also seen in keratoconjunctivitis
      sicca. These findings suggest an accelerated epithelial cell loss from the
      surface of the eye in keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

PMID- 2412324
TI  - Simple technique for making positive transparencies using unexposed X-ray films.

PMID- 2412323
TI  - Recognition of target cell determinants associated with DLA-D-locus-encoded
      antigens by canine cytotoxic lymphocytes.
AB  - Cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) were generated in bulk mixed leukocyte culture (MLC)
      using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from homozygous dogs identical to each
      other for DLA-A and -B but different for DLA-D loci. These CTL were tested
      against 51Cr-labeled targets (Con-A-stimulated PBMC) derived from the MLC
      sensitizing dogs and from other dogs homozygous for various DLA-D locus alleles.
      Indirect cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) assays, with and without cold target
      blocking and pretreatment of 51Cr-labeled targets with DLA alloantisera were used
      to study the target cell determinants recognized by these CTL. The resultant
      target cell lysis and cold target blocking of specific target cell lysis
      indicated target determinants associated with DLA-D-locus-encoded specificities,
      and different from those encoded by DLA-A and -B loci. The pattern of shared
      target determinants among different DLA-D HTC may be explained by: (A) two
      separate previously unrecognized MHC associated loci, each with 2 alleles defined
      so far; or (B) epitopes shared among certain DLA-D alleles but not present in
      others. This study demonstrates that DLA-D associated determinants different from
      previously described DLA-D specificities may serve as CML target cell
      determinants when there are no apparent DLA-A and -B loci encoded antigen
      differences between responder and stimulator cells used to generated MLC-derived
      CTL.

PMID- 2412325
TI  - [Effect of bivalent metal ions on the fluctuations of ion currents in rat liver
      mitochondria].
AB  - Ions of bivalent metals are shown to arrange in the Sr2+ greater than Ca2+
      greater than Ba2+ greater than Mn2+ series as to their ability to induce ion flow
      vibration in the rat liver mitochondria. Application of Sr2+ results in the most
      stable prolonged vibrations of ion flows in mitochondria. Ca2+, Ba2+ and Mn2+
      induce slightly pronounced and intensively damped vibrations. The studied Mg2+,
      Co2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ Fe2+ cations have effect on valinomycin-induced K+ transport in
      mitochondria and do not induce vibrations. It is established that the ability of
      bivalent cations to induce vibrations is associated with the possibility of their
      transfer through the mitochondrion membrane and accumulation in the matrix.
      Inhibitors of the electrogenic Ca2+ transport in mitochondria produce the similar
      effect on vibrations induced by Sr2+, Ca2+, Ba2+ and Mn2+.

PMID- 2412326
TI  - [Transurethral punch resection of the prostate (cold punch). Results and
      complications].
AB  - In 1965 the cold punch technique of transurethral prostatic resection was
      introduced in Germany. The principal differences between the electroresectoscope
      and the punch resectoscope are explained. This report on the results and
      complications of cold punch resection of the prostate is based on 3030 patients
      who were operated upon by this technique. The average age was 71,6 years. 8,2% of
      the patients were 80 years or older. In 33,6% the operative risk was increased.
      Intraoperative, early and late complications of the procedure are reported. The
      mortality of 1,4% over the entire 20 year period was decreased to 0,65% for the
      last 10 years.

PMID- 2412327
TI  - [Experimental studies on hemolysis in transurethral interventions].
AB  - The question whether distilled water can be used as irrigating fluid for the
      transurethral electroresection has repeatedly given occasion for discussion.
      Price and better visibility when resecting speak in favour of its application.
      Haemolytic alterations, however, might occur and seem to make its application
      dangerous. Our own experiments in animals show that especially blood haemolised
      through distilled water in the bladder (a mixture of aqua dest. and haemolised
      erythrocytes) has a strong haemolytic effect. Intravenous instillation of
      distilled water leads to haemolytic processes as well, which, however, are weaker
      than those occurring after instillation of erythrocytes haemolised through
      distilled water. Solutions of Sorbitol and Manitol (e.g. Purisole) had no
      measurable haemolytic effect. On the basis of our examinations we can retain the
      fact that with massive absorption of already haemolised erythrocytes, dangerous
      alterations, occur. Such alterations depend on duration of resection, technique
      of resection and pressure conditions (use of low pressure irrigation
      resectoscopes or trocar irrigation). For the experienced urologic surgeon these
      factors might be less relevant, for the beginner, however, who might not take
      into consideration the facts mentioned, results could be disastrous. The use of
      Sorbitol- and Manitol-fluids during TUR, prevents haemolytic incidents with
      certainty.

PMID- 2412328
TI  - Comparative evaluation of intravenous urogram and ultrasound in prostatism.
AB  - The combination of renal ultrasound, abdominal scout film, and urine analysis
      detected all significant renal pathology in 53 patients before surgery for
      prostatism. It is suggested that these combined examinations in conjunction with
      a blood urea nitrogen determination can replace urography in the preoperative
      screening of these patients.

PMID- 2412329
TI  - [Filtering sclerocyclovitrectomy in the treatment of neovascular glaucoma].

PMID- 2412330
TI  - Canine lymphoma.
AB  - This article presents an overview of the literature regarding canine malignant
      lymphoma. It includes a discussion of etiology, classification, systemic
      manifestations of disease, therapy, and supportive care for patient management.

PMID- 2412331
TI  - Histochemical demonstration of copper and copper-associated protein in the canine
      liver.
AB  - Three different histochemical methods for copper detection were compared. Atomic
      absorption analysis was used to substantiate the tissue stains. There was good
      correlation between rhodanine staining and rubeanic acid-stained tissue sections.
      The orcein reaction for copper-associated protein did not consistently correlate
      with the methods demonstrating copper. Prolonged staining (72 hours) with
      rubeanic acid more consistently and clearly detected increased copper in canine
      livers than did staining with rhodanine. Seventy-two hour staining with rubeanic
      acid is the method of choice for histochemical detection of copper in canine
      liver.

PMID- 2412332
TI  - Cytochemical characterization of leukemic cells from 20 dogs.
AB  - The hematopoietic cells in blood and/or bone marrow from 20 leukemic dogs and 22
      control dogs were characterized using a battery of cytochemical stains. The
      results of cytochemical staining led to modification of the diagnoses based on
      clinical, hematologic and histologic findings in seven (35%) of the leukemias.
      Sudan black B and chloroacetate esterase served as granulocytic markers in both
      the control and leukemic groups. Peroxidase activity was present in the
      granulocytes and monocytes of control animals but not the blasts of leukemic
      dogs. Alkaline phosphatase-positive staining of granulocytic precursors was a
      consistent finding in granulocytic and myelomonocytic leukemia, and alkaline
      phosphatase-positive lymphoblasts were seen in 38% of lymphocytic leukemias.
      Diffuse alpha naphthyl butyrate esterase-positive staining marked monocytes in
      both control and leukemic dogs. Cytochemical staining was found to be a valuable
      diagnostic aid in the classification of leukemias in the dog.

PMID- 2412333
TI  - Morphological lesions in red blood cells from herring gulls and Atlantic puffins
      ingesting Prudhoe Bay crude oil.
AB  - Red blood cells from nestling herring gulls and Atlantic puffins that had
      ingested 10 ml or more of a Prudhoe Bay crude oil/kg body weight/day for four to
      five days were examined by light and electron microscopy. In stained smears, red
      blood cells from oil-dosed birds were characterized by anisocytosis,
      poikilocytosis, reticulocytosis, and Heinz body formation. In transmission
      electron micrographs, affected cells had intracytoplasmic and intranuclear Heinz
      bodies, a variety of abnormal cytoplasmic vesicles, degenerate mitochondria,
      absence of circumferential microtubules, abnormal shape, and crenulation of the
      plasma membrane. The latter two cell surface anomalies were evident in scanning
      electron micrographs. Identical lesions were present in red cells from gulls
      injected with phenylhydrazine. Reticulocytosis was the only change evident in
      blood from gulls made anemic by hemorrhage. These observations support the
      hypothesis that the toxicity of ingested Prudhoe Bay oil to red cells was exerted
      by oxidant chemical compounds.

PMID- 2412334
TI  - A bovine ephemeral fever vaccine incorporating adjuvant Quil A: a comparative
      study using adjuvants Quil A, aluminium hydroxide gel and dextran sulphate.
AB  - Various vaccines containing the 919 strain of ephemeral fever virus were
      evaluated in experimental calves and in commercial cattle. The vaccine virus was
      mixed with one of the adjuvants, Quil A (a saponin derivative), aluminium
      hydroxide gel, dextran sulphate or combinations of these. The response of
      experimental calves was evaluated by measuring the production of neutralising
      antibodies and by resistance to challenge with virulent virus; the response of
      commercial cattle was judged only by the production of neutralising antibody.
      Twelve calves given two doses of vaccine containing Quil A produced neutralising
      antibodies to bovine ephemeral fever virus and all were resistant to challenge
      with virulent virus given 28 to 76 days after the second vaccination. The vaccine
      given in three of these calves also contained aluminium hydroxide gel. Six of
      eight unvaccinated control calves succumbed to experimental challenge. In
      commercial cattle (17 to 26 animals per group) the serological response after two
      doses of vaccine containing Quil A or Quil A and dextran sulphate was
      significantly better than that after vaccines containing only dextran sulphate or
      after vaccines containing combinations of aluminium hydroxide gel and Quil A. The
      adjuvant Quil A alone was tested in cattle and shown to produce a transient soft
      swelling at the injection site as well as a rise in rectal temperature of greater
      than 1 degree C one day after inoculation. At least 99.99 per cent of viral
      infectivity was destroyed when the vaccine was mixed with Quil A, suggesting that
      live virus may not be essential in the immunogenicity of the vaccine. This
      vaccine overcame two of the problems associated with previous attenuated vaccines
      tested in Australia; the necessity for adjuvant and virus to be mixed immediately
      before use and the large volume of the vaccine.

PMID- 2412335
TI  - Fonofos toxicosis and milk residues in dairy cattle.
AB  - An organophosphate toxicosis due to fonofos was diagnosed in an Iowa Dairy herd.
      Fonofos was detected in the feed source and in the rumen contents, liver, and
      kidney tissue of one cow that died acutely. Bulk tank milk contained detectable
      levels of fonofos.

PMID- 2412336
TI  - Demonstration of a new intracellular antigen in porcine intestinal adenomatosis
      and hamster proliferative ileitis.
AB  - In the proliferate enteropathies of the pig, intracellular Campylobacter-like
      organisms can be demonstrated in the apical cytoplasm of affected cells. A new
      antigen (omega) can be visualised at the site of bacterial parasitism using
      certain rabbit sera in a sandwich immunofluorescence test; the rabbit sera tested
      were largely derived from rabbits immunised with bacterial antigens including
      Campylobacter spp., but it appeared that the reaction was not related to the
      immunisation procedure and was also present in at least one "normal" rabbit
      serum. Rabbits immunised with bacteria extracted from the tissues sero-converted
      to omega-antigen yet did not react with Campylobacter spp., cultured from pig
      intestine. The omega-antigen was also present in the lesions of hamster
      proliferative ileitis.

PMID- 2412337
TI  - A study of antigenic variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus by polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis of their structural polypeptides.
AB  - Twenty-nine foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) type A virus strains, previously
      classified serologically as distinct subtypes were analysed by polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (PAGE) to determine the extent of variation in the pattern of the
      structural polypeptides and to evaluate the technique as an aid to existing
      subtyping techniques. The majority of the subtypes examined had distinct
      polypeptide patterns, however, some variation also occurred between strains
      within a subtype. The position of VP2(1B) and VP3(1C) was often unchanged in
      different strains within a subtype and between geographically related subtypes
      over long periods of time. Changes in the position of VP1(1D) were also observed
      within a subtype. The technique was considered to be of value for the screening
      of isolates prior to conventional serological subtyping procedures and in the
      tracing of the possible origin of FMD outbreaks.

PMID- 2412338
TI  - [Transrectal contrast prostatography in the differential diagnosis of prostatic
      adenoma and prostatic cancer].

PMID- 2412339
TI  - [Double voiding urethrography].

PMID- 2412340
TI  - Histochemistry of sulfhydryls in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - To study the changes in sulfhydryl and disulfide distribution in myocardial
      infarction we applied the fluorescent sulfhydryl reagent, monobromobimane to
      sections of myocardium from patients dying of infarction of 24 h to 7 days
      duration. Staining for both sulfhydryls and for disulfide after reduction of
      slides blocked with N-Ethyl maleimide showed that sulfhydryls were decreased in
      the infarcted areas. Disulfides were increased in the periphery of infarction but
      cells undergoing cytolysis showed loss of disulfide staining as well as
      sulfhydryl staining. The causes and implication of these changes are discussed.

PMID- 2412341
TI  - The significance of giant cells in human testicular seminomas. A clinico
      pathological study.
AB  - In order to study the nature and significance of various giant cells encountered
      in seminomatous tumors of the testis, we reviewed the morphology of 243
      consecutive pure seminomas and 107 combined (mixed) tumors, as well as the long
      term clinical follow-up in 26 patients. Giant cells were grouped into histiocytic
      or neoplastic ones and the latter subtyped according to morphologic and
      immunocytochemical characteristics. Neoplastic giant cells were found in 34.6% of
      all pure seminomas and in 11.2% of all combined tumors, i.e. twice as often as
      histiocytic giant cells in either tumor group. The various types of neoplastic
      giant cells were found alone or in combinations with other types. Giant cells
      capable of elaborating B-HCG were seen in 19.3% of all pure seminomas and in 9.3%
      of seminomatous components of combined tumors. These incidences argue strongly
      against a trophoblastic element infiltrating a seminoma from a concomitant occult
      choriocarcinomatous focus. Large mononuclear giant cells, seen in spermatocytic
      seminomas, were observed in 15.6% of all pure seminomas, particularly in
      combination with B-HCG producing giant cells. Another type, characterized by
      marginated nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm were invariably part of a
      mononuclear cell population of similar features and encountered focally in 9.1%
      of all pure seminomas. Clinical follow-up, particularly in cases with B-HCG
      positive giant cells, revealed that treatment as for conventional seminomas at an
      early stage at least is followed by an excellent course.

PMID- 2412342
TI  - Characterization and assembly of poliovirus-related 45 S particles.
AB  - Using detergents, 45 S particles could be extracted from poliovirus-infected Vero
      and human embryonic kidney monolayer cells, but not from HeLa suspension cells.
      They were composed of the capsid proteins VP0, VP1, and VP3, devoid of RNA, and
      extremely sensitive to heat or to a slightly alkaline pH. The 45 S particles
      possessed neutralization epitopes of the N1 and N2 classes, as well as a VP3
      linked epitope. The N2 epitopes were lost upon denaturation. In the presence of
      cell extracts 45 S particles were, like 14 S subunits, assembled to 71 S empty
      capsids expressing the N1 and N2 epitopes.

PMID- 2412343
TI  - Functional analysis of reverse transcription by a frameshift pol mutant of murine
      leukemia virus.
AB  - Endogenous reverse transcription by wild-type murine leukemia virus (MuLV) was
      compared to that catalyzed by clone 23, a pol mutant containing a reverse
      transcriptase protein which lacks the carboxyl-terminal third of the molecule (J.
      G. Levin, S. C. Hu, A. Rein, L. I. Messer, and B. I. Gerwin (1984), J. Virol. 51,
      470-478). Competition immunoassays revealed that mutant virions contain normal
      amounts of polymerase protein, indicating that the lack of carboxyl-terminal
      sequences does not alter normal processing of enzyme precursors. Although the
      mutant enzyme was previously shown to have the ability to copy and degrade
      RNA:DNA hybrids, the present study demonstrates that it is defective in functions
      required to generate full-length copies of viral DNA. Analysis of products of
      endogenous reverse transcription showed that minus-strand strong-stop DNA is
      formed and that mutant virions synthesize a series of minus-strand DNA
      intermediates up to 2.2 kb in length. Comparison of mutant and wild-type MuLV
      reaction products indicated that the 2.2-kb termination site of the mutant
      corresponds to a normal pausing region for the wild-type enzyme. Computer
      analysis of sequences and structure within pausing regions suggested the
      involvement of C-rich consensus sequences plus multibranch loop structures in the
      general phenomenon of enzyme-pausing during reverse transcription.

PMID- 2412344
TI  - [5-year survival of a patient with untreated cancer of the lung].

PMID- 2412345
TI  - [The relation of amylase and endogenous creatinine clearance to kidney function].

PMID- 2412346
TI  - [Blastomogenic activity of biogenic methoxyindoles].
AB  - A considerable blastogenic activity of biogenic methoxyindoles--melatonin, 5
      methoxytryptamine (5-MOT) and their common metabolite--5-methoxyindolyl-3-acetic
      acid (5-MIAA) was established by prolonged s.c. injection in C57BL/6 mice.
      However, the blastogenic effect of 5-MOT decreased by 26% when its further
      metabolism to 5-MIAA was blocked for some time and the synthesis of its
      carcinogenic metabolite was inhibited. These results showed that the blastogenic
      effect of 5-MOT is not direct; and it is mediated by its transformation to 5-MIAA
      in the body.

PMID- 2412347
TI  - Two blood group M epitopes disclosed by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Two cloned mouse hybridomas, designated G8 and E3, produced anti-M of
      immunoglobulin classes IgG2b and IgG1, respectively. No discrepancies were
      observed in testing over 5,000 normal donor blood samples with appropriately
      diluted G8 and E3 culture supernatant fluids in parallel with rabbit anti-M and
      anti-N typing reagents. The specificity and titer of antibodies produced by G8
      and E3 were minimally affected by changes in temperature (37 degrees C, 22
      degrees C, 4 degrees C). G8 and E3 showed reduced activity with type MM red cells
      that had been treated with either neuraminidase or papain, but differences were
      observed in the susceptibility of the respective epitopes to treatment with
      neuraminidase. Furthermore, G8 and E3 exhibited different specificities when used
      to test the red cells of nonhuman primates and erythrocytes of the rare MgMg
      human blood type. These results indicate the existence of at least two M antigen
      epitopes.

PMID- 2412348
TI  - Biochemical characterisation of A blood group activity on human platelets.
AB  - A butanol extraction procedure has been used to isolate the blood group A antigen
      determinants from platelet membranes and to determine their biochemical structure
      glycolipid and/or glycoprotein. The blood group A serological activity was found
      to reside entirely in the butanol (organic) fraction. When this fraction was
      analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, the A-inhibitory activity was found to
      comigrate with extracts of erythrocyte type Aa, Ab and Ac variant structures. The
      results of this study indicate that the ABO blood group A determinants on human
      platelets are glycolipid, similar in structure to glycolipid A determinants on
      erythrocytes.

PMID- 2412349
TI  - Intravenous gammaglobulin therapy in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Results
      with the Netherlands Red Cross immunoglobulin preparation.
AB  - The effect of high-dose intravenous gammaglobulin (IVG) therapy with a CLB
      preparation was studied in 42 patients: 8 patients had acute and 26 patients had
      chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP); 5 patients had
      thrombocytopenia accompanied by various diseases such as systemic lupus
      erythematosus, auto-immune haemolytic anaemia and neutropenia; 3 patients had
      hypoplastic anaemia and 1 patient had neutropenia and rheumatoid arthritis. After
      treatment, a rise in platelet count occurred in about 75% of the patients with
      ITP, although there was no sustained response in any of the patients. There was
      no correlation between the strength of platelet antibodies as detected by the
      direct immunofluorescence test before infusion and the pattern of response to the
      infusion. In most cases of ITP, no immune complexes, as measured by Clq-binding
      assay, were observed. Furthermore, we found no relationship between the amount of
      Clq-binding activity of patients' sera and the reaction pattern after infusion of
      IVG. Splenectomy of the patient had no influence on the outcome of IVG therapy.

PMID- 2412351
TI  - [The use of hirudoid gel in patients with coronary disease].

PMID- 2412350
TI  - Blood and plasma substitutes--plasma expansion and oxygen transport properties.
AB  - Because of the risks and costs of blood and blood product infusion, developing
      blood and plasma substitutes is of significance. Two currently utilized
      substances, dextran and hydroxyethyl starch, are effective colloid plasma
      expanders. The dextrans have properties that improve microcirculatory blood flow
      but are associated with several possible adverse effects. Hydroxyethyl starch is
      a well-tolerated agent that has efficacy similar to albumin but at a lower cost.
      Two newer substances, perfluorocarbons and stroma-free hemoglobin, are being
      developed to improve oxygen transport as well as plasma expansion.

PMID- 2412352
TI  - [Mechanisms of allergic reaction in respiratory tract mucosa].

PMID- 2412353
TI  - [Fecal fistula as an early complication of transvesical prostatic adenomectomy].

PMID- 2412355
TI  - [Thyrostatic therapy in patients with liver cirrhosis].
AB  - The thyreostatic therapy of a hyperthyroidism in coincident chronic hepatopathy
      is problematic. On the one hand, this therapy may be an additional load,
      particularly by the development of a cholestasis for the ill liver. On the other
      hand, due to the hyperthyroidism disturbance of the liver function and liver
      diseases up to cholestatic hepatitis may develop. At the instance of two patients
      with liver cirrhosis, whose simultaneous hyperthyroidism was treated
      thyreostatically, the therapeutic problems are represented. On the basis of the
      treatment of a not small number of patients with this constellation of findings
      we recommend the use of Thiamazol as therapy of choice in the at present, usual
      lower initial dosage. If functional disturbances of the liver and other side
      effects appear under this therapy, the radio-iodine therapy offers itself as
      alternative.

PMID- 2412354
TI  - The role of Tamm-Horsfall protein in the pathogenesis of reflux nephropathy and
      chronic pyelonephritis.
AB  - Recurrent bacterial infection of the kidney was previously thought to be
      responsible for the renal scarring typical of chronic pyelonephritis until recent
      studies suggested that recurrent bacteriuria rarely produces chronic
      pyelonephritis in the absence of obstructive uropathy. In contrast, the
      association between vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and chronic pyelonephritis has
      been observed frequently in the absence of urinary infection. Although the
      mechanism by which VUR injures the kidney has not been defined, recent
      observations have suggested that some component of urine might serve as an
      antigenic determinant involved in the immunopathogenesis of renal scarring in
      VUR. Therefore, the present studies investigated the immunopathogenic role of
      Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) in (1) a rabbit model of tubulointerstitial
      nephritis; (2) a swine model of reflux nephropathy; and (3) patients with
      recurrent nephrolithiasis. The antigenic similarities between THP and uropathic
      bacteria were also studied. Our observations indicate that autoimmune responses
      to THP may occur after exposure to THP by intravenous challenge in rabbits, by
      urinary reflux in pigs, and in recurrent nephrolithiasis in man. Also, extracts
      of uropathic coliforms competitively inhibit the binding of human THP to its
      antibody. These studies suggest that autoimmune responses to THP may be the
      pathogenetic mechanism by which these factors, including bacteriuria, contribute
      to "chronic pyelonephritis."

PMID- 2412356
TI  - [Possibilities for trend registration of the behavior of extrasystoles in
      patients with coronary disease].
AB  - The ECG long-term registration as a method of controlling the action of the heart
      proves to be particularly evident above all when using it in patients with
      endangered coronaries. A partial achievement in this questioning can also be
      obtained by checking the behaviour of cardiac rhythm showing a tendency and
      disturbances of cardiac rhythm, respectively. Own investigations using a new
      combination of trend processing system and arrhythmia monitor BMT5111 of the
      combined works VEB Messgeratewerk Zwonitz show that particularly the signal
      parameters prematurity and breadth of QRS-basis are suitable for the
      differentiated registration and documentation of arrhythmic events. The
      continuous registration of disturbances of rhythm as well as the obtaining of
      informations on their short-term and long-term behaviour allow simultaneously a
      clinical valuation. With the help of an observation group of 67 patients and
      selected instances mode of action, indication area and effectiveness of the trend
      registration method are made clear.

PMID- 2412357
TI  - [Prevention of reciprocal tachycardia by programmed electrostimulation].
AB  - 10 patients with an accessory atrioventricular pathway were studied by means of
      programmed electrical stimulation to test the feasibility of tachycardia
      prevention with an extrastimulus delivered after the tachycardia-initiating beat.
      Reciprocating atrioventricular tachycardia was reproducibly initiated from high
      right atrium in all 10 patients with a single extrastimulus. A second
      extrastimulus delivered to the same site resulted in prevention of tachycardia in
      all patients, when this extrastimulus was given within a "preventive zone" which
      started 10 ms after the effective atrial refractory period of the tachycardia
      initiating beat. The average width of the preventive zone was 50 ms in our
      patients, independent of the initial tachycardia interval or tachycardia cycle
      length. Tachycardia prevention was always successful with a single atrial
      extrastimulus, whereas termination of an ongoing tachycardia required at least
      two atrial or ventricular extrastimuli.

PMID- 2412358
TI  - [Cancer surgery in advanced age].
AB  - The problems of surgical treatment of older carcinoma patients consist of the
      indication for operation, careful preparation and intensive after-care. With
      adherence to these conditions curative operations are possible even in patients
      over 70 years of age shown by the example of colo-rectal operations. The
      mortality rate is 9.6%, only a little higher than the total (6%). The surgical
      decision has to take account of the expected outcome, and has to be individual.
      The expected quality of life should influence operative tactics.

PMID- 2412359
TI  - [Therapy of elderly cancer patients from the viewpoint of the radiologist].
AB  - For elderly cancer patients radiology is of importance in diagnosis and
      predominantly in therapy. Non invasive diagnostic procedures, the basis for an
      optimal organ-saving plan of radiotherapy, are well tolerated by these patients.
      Prognosis, especially indication of curative or palliative radiotherapy, depend
      more on the general condition of health than the patient's age. Physiological
      alterations caused by age and concomitant diseases produce a certain risk of
      radiological side-effects, for which examples of the skin, lung and brain are
      given. Even though radiotherapy of elderly cancer patients can hardly be
      expressed by statistics, it often prolongs survival time and improves quality of
      life.

PMID- 2412360
TI  - Direct two-side binding enzyme immunoassay for human alpha-1-fetoprotein. Part 2:
      Investigation of criteria determining the quality of the assay parameters.

PMID- 2412361
TI  - [Isolation of the high-molecular fraction of soluble substances in gonococci].

PMID- 2412362
TI  - Sequence of the serotype-specific glycoprotein of the human rotavirus Wa strain
      and comparison with other human rotavirus serotypes.
AB  - Complementary DNA was synthesized from the double-stranded RNA of the Wa strain
      of human rotavirus and inserted into the bacterial plasmid pBR322. Clones which
      contained the gene that codes for the viral glycoprotein (VP7) were identified
      and the nucleotide sequence was determined. The gene was 1062 base pairs in
      length with an open reading frame which coded for 326 amino acids. Two potential
      glycosylation sites were found as well as two hydrophobic regions at the N
      terminus of the polypeptide. The untranslated regions at the 5' and 3' ends were
      48 base pairs and 33 base pairs long, respectively. Only one nucleotide at
      position 493 differed from the sequence of the Wa VP7 gene described by
      Richardson et al. (1984, J. Virol. 51, 860-862). A strong prokaryotic promoter
      sequence was also found between residues 434 and 462. A comparison of the amino
      acid sequence of the Wa strain (serotype 1) to the Hu/5 strain of human rotavirus
      (serotype 2) and SA11, the simian rotavirus (serotype 3), revealed a high degree
      of homology (79.1% and 83.1%, respectively) between the serotypes, suggesting
      that rotavirus serotypes are stable. The hydrophilic regions of VP7 of the three
      serotypes were identified and compared for homology. Four of these regions showed
      variation between serotypes.

PMID- 2412363
TI  - Antigenic variation among murine coronaviruses: evidence for polymorphism on the
      peplomer glycoprotein, E2.
AB  - A panel of 28 monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against the structural proteins of
      murine hepatitis virus-4, strain JHM (MHV-4) was used in three antigen binding
      assays to determine the extent of antigenic homology among six strains of murine
      coronaviruses. The antigenic determinants studied were highly conserved on the E1
      glycoproteins and nucleocapsid (N) proteins of all strains tested. In contrast,
      antigenic polymorphism was observed among the E2 glycoproteins. Of three
      previously described antigenic determinants against which neutralizing antibodies
      are directed, only one, termed A(E2), was conserved on all strains. Antigenic
      site B(E2) was found only on the strongly neurotropic MHV-4 and site C(E2) was
      present on the virulent MHV-4 and MHV-3 (hepatotropic) strains, but absent on the
      weakly pathogenic MHV-A59, MHV-1 and MHV-S strains. Four non-neutralizing
      antibodies against at least one topographically distinct antigenic determinant,
      which we previously designated D(E2), gave binding patterns consistent with two
      distinct sites. One of these was present on all MHV strains tested and the other
      was present on all strains except MHV-S. These non-neutralizing antigenic sites
      were redesignated E(E2) and D(E2) respectively.

PMID- 2412364
TI  - [Effect of substance P on catecholamine levels in the hypothalamus and midbrain
      in the rat during immobilization stress].
AB  - Single intraperitoneal injection of substance P in a dose of 125 mcg/kg induced a
      significant increase of noradrenaline and dopamine level in the hypothalamus and
      the midbrain of intact rats. Under conditions of immobilization emotional stress,
      the substance P eliminated the stress induced decrease of hypothalamic
      noradrenaline and increase of its level in the midbrain; in other words the
      substance P normalized the noradrenaline level. Modulatory effect of a single
      injection of the substance P had a long-term character and was synchronized with
      an earlier found increase of resistability of rats to chronic emotional stress.

PMID- 2412365
TI  - UV-repair and mutagenesis in Azotobacter vinelandii. I. Repair of UV-induced
      damages.
AB  - UV-irradiated Azotobacter vinelandii OP cells were found to be sensitive to dark
      repair-inhibitors, like caffeine and acriflavine. Sensitivity to both the
      inhibitors started to decrease at a fast rate immediately following UV
      irradiation, when incubated in Burk's broth in dark. Total insensitivity to
      caffeine was attained at a time that was approximately double the time of the
      corresponding ribonucleic acid synthesis-inhibition and less than one generation
      time of the unirradiated cells. Nearly at the same time the rate of loss of
      sensitivity to acriflavine became much slower and total insensitivity to
      acriflavine occurred after relatively prolonged incubation. The protein synthesis
      inhibitor, streptomycin, reduced UV-survival, but after a time lag. The organism
      did not show liquid holding recovery and its UV-survival was not affected by
      components of complex medium. It is proposed that A. vinelandii OP possesses at
      least two dark-repair pathways: pre replication (acts immediately after UV
      exposure and is faster) and post replication (delayed and slower) repair. The
      first one is inhibited by caffeine and acriflavine and the second by acriflavine
      and streptomycin. The latter therefore requires de novo protein synthesis after
      UV-irradiation and may be inducible.

PMID- 2412366
TI  - [Clinical aspects and results of therapy of endometrial cancer at the Department
      of Medicine of the Friedrich Schiller University in Jena 1964-76. II: Results of
      primary radiotherapy].
AB  - In this paper results of irradiation only at 235 patients are reported and
      discussed, different treatment methods are applicated. The 5-year-survival rate
      of all cases amounted 35.7 per cent, the rate of complications 6.2 per cent.
      Measures of improvement of therapeutic results are investigated.

PMID- 2412367
TI  - [Effect of hormonally-induced prolongation of pregnancy in rabbits on maternal
      and fetal serum lipids].
AB  - The alterations of the lipid metabolism produced by placental insufficiency were
      investigated in animal experiments. Pregnant rabbits received Chlormadinon
      acetate by intramuscular injection. The pregnancy was prolongated for 4 days, and
      a placental insufficiency developed. The lipid metabolism of the mothers and the
      fetuses was investigated by determination of beta-lipoproteides, triglycerides,
      cholesterol and HDL- and LDL/VLDL-cholesterol. The most important result is an
      increase of the concentrations of triglycerides and cholesterol of the fetuses
      during prolongation of pregnancy. Of the different cholesterol fractions
      estimated the LDL/VLDL-cholesterol-ratio excellently reflects the changes of the
      lipid metabolism during prolonged pregnancy.

PMID- 2412368
TI  - [Basic factors of the pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae].

PMID- 2412369
TI  - [Antigenic composition and the serological diagnosis of Pseudomonas
      pseudomallei].

PMID- 2412370
TI  - [Method for the statistical processing of the results of an immunoenzyme
      analysis].
AB  - A method for the statistical processing of data having different distribution
      functions is proposed. This method consists in the use of integral distribution
      functions. The description of the method based on the use of Soviet serial table
      top microcomputers, model Elektronika MK-56, with specially developed programs
      (primary statistical data processing and single-factor regression analysis) is
      presented. The possibilities of this method are illustrated, by way of example,
      by processing the results of the determination of Shigella sonnei O-antigen,
      obtained by ELISA of serum samples taken from patients divided into different
      clinical groups according to the dynamics of the disease and the therapeutic
      methods used, as well as from control groups: healthy persons and patients with
      other intestinal diseases (salmonellosis and Escherichia coli infection). The
      above procedure has made it possible to differentiate the level of infectious O
      antigenemia in accordance with the duration and the severity of the disease, as
      well as in accordance with the effectiveness of therapy.

PMID- 2412371
TI  - [Isolation of antisera to different IgA determinants and an analysis of the
      antigenic structure of human monoclonal IgA].
AB  - Different molecular forms and subclasses of monoclonal IgA, identified by the
      method of electrophoresis in acrylamide gel with sodium dodecyl sulfate, were
      used as antigens for immunization and as adsorbents for the production of
      antisera to various IgA subclasses and to Fc alpha, Fab alpha and P-determinant
      of IgA. The antisera thus prepared were used for the analysis of the antigenic
      structure of monoclonal IgA. True IgA polymers and monomers were detected in the
      precipitation test with antiserum to P-determinant; in some cases monoclonal IgA
      synthesized by a single clone of plasmatic cells consisted of IgA monomers and
      polymers, equally capable of binding free SC in vitro. The results of the
      determination of IgA sub-classes with the use of antisera to IgA1 and IgA2
      coincided with the distribution of subclasses established by the study of these
      proteins in polyacrylamide gel with sodium dodecyl sulfate. The antisera obtained
      in these investigations made it possible to detect three cases of heavy alpha
      chain disease and to characterize the antigenic structure of protein occurring in
      this disease.

PMID- 2412372
TI  - [Determination of antibodies to Streptococcus group A polysaccharide by an
      immunodiffusion method in human sera in various pathological processes of
      streptococcal etiology].
AB  - A method for the assay of antibodies to the specific antigenic determinant of
      group A streptococcal polysaccharide (A-polysaccharide) in human sera was
      developed. The sera were tested in the precipitation test in agar gel with
      different doses of A-polysaccharide. The presence of a high level of the above
      mentioned antibodies is indicative of infection caused by group A streptococcus,
      but not streptococci of other groups or by the L-forms of streptococci. In 87.5%
      of patients with primary rheumatism a high level of antibodies to the specific
      antigenic determinant of A-polysaccharide was detected during the first day of
      the disease, which confirms most convincingly the etiological role of group A
      streptococcus in rheumatism. Considerable differences in the level of antibodies
      to A-polysaccharide in the active and non-active phases of rheumatism have been
      established, which makes it possible to use the presence of a high level of these
      antibodies as an indicator of the rheumatic process activity. A considerable
      percentage of sera with a high level of antibodies to A-polysaccharide was also
      detected in erysipelas and acute glomerulonephritis patients.

PMID- 2412373
TI  - [Principles of self-adjusting staining of sections of cerebral cortex for
      automatic structural analysis].
AB  - The development of methods of an automatic structural analysis which uses modern
      methods of image processing has put forward requirements to standardize the
      staining of the preparations studied. However, the examination of autopsy
      material of the human brain shows that the standard procedure of staining does
      not always lead to standard results. The author presents a formalized description
      of changes in the quality of preparation staining at different stages, which is
      based on the measurement of distributions of the mean gradients of the section
      image obtained with the help of the textural analysis system TAS produced by
      Leitz. The procedure of adaptive staining based on this description is proposed,
      which will help to compensate for differences in tinctural properties of
      different samples of autopsy material.

PMID- 2412374
TI  - [Characteristics of the DNA-RNA-protein-synthesizing apparatus of cerebral cortex
      neurons as a result of prenatal exposure to alcohol].
AB  - Ribonucleoproteins and chromatin of the nuclei were studied by the electron-
      cytochemical method proposed by Bernhard while the incorporation of 3H-leucine
      into the proteins of pyramidal neurons of layer V of the sensomotor cortex of the
      brain was investigated histoautoradiographically. An elevated metabolic activity
      of the DNA-RNA protein system was found in neurons of 30-day-old rats that had
      been exposed to alcohol in the antenatal period. In animals over 2 months of age,
      these parameters became normal. The results may be considered as a reflection of
      a transient delay of the development of cortical neurons.

PMID- 2412375
TI  - [Transurethral prostatic adenomectomy].
AB  - On the ground of the clinical experience of transurethral resection of the benign
      hypertrophy of the prostate performed in the Division of Urology during the last
      ten years, the technical aspects and problems of the procedure are discussed,
      chiefly the low-pressure irrigation of the operative field for the prevention of
      vesical damages and of the water-syndrome. The choice of the transurethral
      technique is dependent chiefly on the weight of the adenoma, on the duration of
      its removal and the related problems; it is also dependent on the availability of
      both proper instrumentation and operators. The lesser all-over surgical
      traumatism and blood loss, the precocious getting out of bed, the shortening of
      hospitalisation make T.U.R. particularly suitable for high risk patients. To
      conclude with, the clinical, personal and social advantages of this procedure
      depend on the correctness of its choice following the criteria which have been
      referred to.

PMID- 2412376
TI  - [Use of electrocautery during fiber optic bronchoscopy in neoplastic destruction
      of the tracheobronchial tree].
AB  - Progressive respiratory failure frequently cause serious dyspnoeas or asphyxias.
      It is possible a palliate treatment destroying and removing masses of
      endobronchial tumors. Good results are obtained with Yag Laser especially in case
      of polypoid obstructions. Our cases demonstrate the use of endobronchial
      electrocautery for the removal of large amounts of tumor in the trachea and in
      the bronchus. Our successes suggest a possible role for this technique in
      selected cases. These attempts were carried out through a fiberoptic bronchoscope
      passed through an endotracheal tube. Endobronchial applications of electrocautery
      are similar to those for Yag Laser, but electrocautery requires less expansive
      equipment. However, the role of direct cautery and the appropriate selection and
      duration of currents will only be acquired with experience by an already
      experienced endoscopist.

PMID- 2412377
TI  - Granulation tissue formation in experimental wounds inoculated with
      Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - The effects of inoculated Staphylococcus aureus microorganisms on developing
      granulation tissue were studied in rats. Hollow cylindrical viscose cellulose
      sponges were implanted subcutaneously as an inductive matrix for the growth of
      granulation tissue. The control implants were injected immediately after
      implantation with 1 ml of physiological saline while the experimental implants
      were injected with a corresponding volume of saline solution containing live
      staphylococci in the following concentrations: 10(2), 10(3), 10(4) or 10(5)
      microorganisms per milliliter. Analyses of wound fluid and granulation tissue
      were carried out two weeks after implantation. Implants inoculated with 10(3) or
      more organisms reproducibly developed infection which delayed healing while
      implants inoculated with 10(2) bacteria showed no infection and were usually able
      to clear themselves from the organisms. In the latter implants the number of
      wound fluid monocytes and macrophages was markedly elevated and the mean amount
      of collagen hydroxyproline exceeded the control level by 55%. This demonstrates
      that wound healing can be accelerated to a certain extent by inoculation of live
      staphylococci. The acceleration concerns only such bacterial concentrations which
      are able to promote a local inflammatory response but which can be governed by
      wound defence mechanisms.

PMID- 2412378
TI  - Fibre-endoscopic insertion of oesophageal tube for palliation in malignant
      oesophagogastric obstruction.
AB  - In 28 patients with malignant obstruction of the oesophagus or cardia, an
      intraluminal prosthesis was endoscopically inserted as palliation, to permit food
      intake. Of the 25 who survived the procedure, 23 were able to swallow
      satisfactorily and required no supporting parenteral nutrition. Complications
      arose in 13 patients (46%), however. Four of the tubes became obstructed and two
      were displaced during the follow-up period, and there were two cases of late
      massive bleeding from mucosal erosions. Perintubation perforation of the
      oesophagus occurred in two patients. One patient had immediate postintubation
      myocardial infarction, another had aspiration pneumonia and one had urinary
      retention. Following intubation, 19 patients could leave the hospital (76%) and 6
      were transferred to long-stay units. The authors conclude that endoscopic
      insertion of an oesophageal prosthesis is a simple and quick procedure, involving
      less risk than conventional surgical measures for palliation in nonresectable
      malignant oesophagogastric obstruction. The relatively high incidence of minor
      complications is emphasized, though many may be prevented by accurate technique.

PMID- 2412379
TI  - Role of naloxone and opioid peptides on thyrotrophin, alpha subunit and beta
      thyrotrophin by dispersed rat pituitary cells.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine the effect of opioid peptides and naloxone
      on the secretion of thyrotrophin (TSH), alpha subunit (alpha subunit) and beta
      thyrotrophin (TSH-beta) from rat pituitary dispersed cells in primary culture.
      Naloxone (NAL) 10(-5) M was found to increase basal TSH, alpha subunit and TSH
      beta secretion. This effect of NAL was not blocked by human beta-endorphin (beta
      h-End) 10(-7) M. Concurrent treatment with triiodothyronine (T3) 10(-7) M
      significantly decreased NAL stimulated secretion of TSH and its subunits.
      Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation of secretion of TSH and its
      subunits was not further augmented by NAL. In contrast, 10(-7) M of beta h-End,
      methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk) and D-ala2-met-enkephalinamide (DALA) had no
      effect on secretion of TSH and subunits. A time course study confirmed no change
      in TSH secretion following pre-treatment with beta h-End at 4, 10, 24 and 48 h.
      These findings go against a direct action of beta h-End, Met-Enk and DALA on TSH
      secretion. The response of TSH and its subunits to NAL and the lack of
      interaction with beta h-End might be explained by the existence of different
      types of opiate receptors. Counteraction of this effect by T3 suggests other
      possible mechanisms.

PMID- 2412380
TI  - Altered plasma catecholamines and numbers of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors
      in platelets and leucocytes in hyperthyroid patients normalized under antithyroid
      treatment.
AB  - We measured plasma catecholamines, alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor numbers and the
      accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the unstimulated state
      and in response to 10 mumol/l (-) isoproterenol in blood cells from 29 euthyroid
      controls and from 18 patients with spontaneous hyperthyroidism. In the thyrotoxic
      patients plasma norepinephrine (1.14 +/- 0.5 nmol/l) and epinephrine (0.3 +/-
      0.14 nmol/l) were significantly decreased compared with plasma norepinephrine
      (1.87 +/- 0.7 nmol) and epinephrine (0.41 +/- 0.19 nmol/l) in the controls (P
      less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05, respectively) and the values obtained in
      subjects rendered euthyroid by antithyroid treatment (P less than 0.001,
      respectively). alpha-adrenoceptor density in platelet membranes obtained from
      patients in the hyperthyroid state (114 +/- 38 sites per cell) was significantly
      decreased when compared with controls (159 +/- 48 sites per cell, P less than
      0.01) and the values from patients under effective antithyroid treatment (136 +/-
      35 sites per cell, P less than 0.01). On the contrary, a significant increase in
      beta-adrenoceptor density in mononuclear leucocyte (MNL) membranes was found in
      hyperthyroid patients (1751 +/- 237 sites/cell) when compared with controls (1510
      +/- 351 sites/cell, P less than 0.05) and the same patients following antithyroid
      treatment (1455 +/- 260 sites/cell, P less than 0.001). The equilibrium
      dissociation constants (KD) did not change in hyperthyroidism. Basal cAMP
      concentrations in MNL were higher in untreated thyrotoxicosis (45 +/- 18
      pmol/10(6) cells/10 min) than in patients in the euthyroid state (35 +/- 9
      pmol/10(6) cells/10 min, P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2412381
TI  - Use of transrectal ultrasonography of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles in
      andrology--3 years experience.
AB  - Benign and malignant prostatic diseases are very common and give rise to
      significant morbidity and mortality. The Author describe the technical equipment
      and the procedure of transrectal ultrasonography introduced for investigation of
      diseases of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles; ultrasonically guided
      biopsies give important diagnostic indications not only for the oncologist, but
      also for the specialist in andrology.

PMID- 2412382
TI  - Ultrastructure of the epididymal epithelium of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).
AB  - The regional fine structure of the epithelium lining the epididymis of the rhesus
      monkey has been investigated. Tall, prismatic principal cells constituted the
      major part of the epithelium. Their basal plasma lemma showed presence of
      caveolae and the luminal surface was studded with stereocilis. Presence of
      numerous desmosomes and tight junctions between adjacent principal cells
      suggested the existence of blood epididymis barrier. Ultrastructural evidence is
      presented in support of high lysosomal turnover, absorptive and secretory
      functions in these cells. Apocrine secretion was evident only in the principal
      cells of initial segment. Of the two types of basal cell, dark and pale, the
      latter revealed presence of lipofuscin pigment suggesting their scavenger role in
      the epithelium.

PMID- 2412383
TI  - Priapism in association with sickle cell anemia in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - A questionnaire study of 42 Saudi patients with sickle cell anemia revealed that
      none of them had ever suffered from priapism. A comparison of hematological
      parameters between Jamaican priapism patients and Saudi non-priapism patients
      suggested that high Hb F levels and hypochromic microcytosis in Saudi patients
      might play an important role in preventing this complication.

PMID- 2412384
TI  - A histochemical method able to detect vitamins D and to discriminate it from
      cholesterol and its esters.
AB  - A suitable histochemical method able to discriminate vitamins D and 7
      dehydrocholesterol from cholesterol and its esters is proposed taking into
      account the alkaline permanganate-toluidine blue reaction, the alkaline
      permanganate-Schiff reaction and the inhibitory effect of the HgCl2-formalin
      fixative. This method appears specific according to the results provided by spot
      test. On tissue sections the alkaline permanganate-toluidine blue reaction is
      more sensitive and more specific than the alkaline permanganate-Schiff reaction.
      A previous ribonuclease treatment or the methylation effect improves the
      specificity of the alkaline permanganate-toluidine blue reaction. The 2.4
      dinitrophenylhydrazine blockade must be used previously to the alkaline
      permanganate-Schiff reaction as an attempt to improve its specificity. The
      previous hydrolysis carried on by some suitable treatments seems very useful to
      detect masked vitamins D and 7-dehydrocholesterol. The oxidized products
      accountable for the reactivity of vitamins D and 7-dehydrocholesterol to the
      alkaline permanganate-toluidine blue and alkaline permanganate-Schiff reactions
      were discussed.

PMID- 2412385
TI  - A new system to consider varying section thickness in histophotometry.
AB  - The reference material, an exposed and developed x-ray film, was cutted together
      with the tissue specimen. By scanning microscope photometry, the mean optical
      density of the silver layer was measured. By this way, variations in section
      thickness are to be considered for histophotometrical investigations. A good
      proportionality between the optical density of the silver grain layer and the
      relative thickness of the clear film carrier, estimated by microinterferometry,
      was proved.

PMID- 2412386
TI  - Cytofluorometric study of thiol and disulphide groups in guinea pig epidermis.
AB  - Content of thiol and disulphide groups was cytofluorometrically measured on
      guinea pig keratinocytes, which were separated into three fractions. Free
      keratinocytes were obtained by the treatment of EDTA and trypsin. After the
      treatment keratinocytes were separated into three fractions by centrifugation on
      a continuous colloidal silica (Percoll) density gradient. Cells in each fraction
      were stained with N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methyl-3-coumarinyl)maleimide, and
      measured by cytofluorometry. Thiol concentration was low in basal cells, and
      higher in both spinous and granular cells. Disulphide group content was low and
      fairly constant in them. Human peripheral lymphocytes and guinea pig spleen
      lymphocytes were used to examine the influence of EDTA-trypsin treatment. No
      remarkable loss of either thiol or disulphide groups was found in them after the
      treatment.

PMID- 2412387
TI  - [Amylase and lipase as reference values for the differential diagnosis of chronic
      kidney failure and pancreatitis].
AB  - To differentiate between pancreatitis in patients with chronic renal
      insufficiency and uremic pancreopathy we investigated 23 patients with chronic
      renal insufficiency, 28 patients on hemodialysis before and after treatment and
      13 patients after renal transplantation. As controls served 15 healthy people.
      The total amylase in serum is significantly elevated in patients with chronic
      renal insufficiency regardless if they were treated with hemodialysis or not.
      This elevation is due to an elevation of the pancreatic isoenzyme. The testing of
      both isoamylases (pancreatic and salivary) does not contribute to a better
      diagnosis. Patients with chronic renal insufficiency show a lower concentration
      of the amylases in their urine than their healthy controls. Lipase and creatinin
      show a linear correlation in serum. In the individual case it is not possible to
      draw a definite diagnostic conclusion using the above mentioned parameters
      because of the wide distribution of the measured values.

PMID- 2412388
TI  - Reactivity of mouse ascitic fluids containing monoclonal antibodies directed
      against adenovirus hexon.
AB  - Thirty-two mouse hybridoma ascites were produced, containing hexon specific
      monoclonal antibodies, using crystallized hexons of human adenovirus type 1 as
      immunizing and selecting antigen. The reactivity of the ascitic fluids was tested
      with hexon preparations of 11 different human adenovirus species (serological
      types) belonging to 4 different subgenera by ELISA and passive haemagglutination
      (HA) methods. By these methods the 32 hybridoma antibodies showed 4 and 12
      distinct reactivity patterns (type of cross-reactions) respectively. In the
      positive cases significant differences could be detected in the titres of the
      hybridoma antibodies in both ELISA and HA. It can be assumed that adenovirus type
      1 hexon-related epitopes are present on a number of heterologous hexons in
      characteristic (interspecies) combinations for the given heterologous hexon and
      that a gradient of relationship may exist among the antigenic structures of
      hexons of the different adenovirus species.

PMID- 2412389
TI  - Antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their use in immunoprophylaxis and
      immunotherapy.

PMID- 2412390
TI  - Immunological study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa extracellular slime.
AB  - Crude extracellular slime (C-ES) was isolated from 15 laboratory strains of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Glycolypoprotein (GLP) was prepared from partially
      purified C-ES by the phenol treatment method. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were
      isolated from P. aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi-murium. Some correlation has
      been found between the quantity of the produced C-ES and virulence of P.
      aeruginosa for mice. Toxicity (LD50 value) and the yield of GLP did not correlate
      with the strain virulence. C-ES and GLP contained hexose, protein and hexosamine.
      Heptoses (characteristic LPS components) were present in C-ES and practically
      absent from GLP. Paper chromatographic analysis of GLP showed the presence of
      uronic acids, galactose, glucose and ribose in all strains; GLP of most strains
      contained rhamnose and a low amount of mannose and several strains xylose. Uronic
      acids, galactose and, probably, ribose and mannose were characteristic ES
      components. C-ES and GLP were studied in active and passive mouse protection. ES
      isolated from P. aeruginosa strains of different O serogroups or immunotypes
      induced a marked cross protective response.

PMID- 2412391
TI  - Some experimental data concerning the safety of vitrectomy.
AB  - Several reasons why vitrectomy does not compromise retinal functions are shown,
      based on closed and open-sky vitrectomy on the rabbit eye. We observed that ERG b
      and c-waves were stable during and after open-sky vitrectomy. The c-wave
      disappeared when the retina was detached. Function of the retinal ganglion cells
      after vitrectomy was shown to be almost normal by electrophysiological studies
      and by measured amounts of axonally transported radioactive proteins.

PMID- 2412392
TI  - Primary gastric choriocarcinoma. Report of an autopsy case with
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - An autopsy case of primary gastric choriocarcinoma of a 70-year-old Japanese
      female is presented. The tumor was initially diagnosed as poorly differentiated
      adenocarcinoma of the stomach by biopsy. Autopsy revealed co-existence of
      choriocarcinoma and adenocarcinoma in the stomach and a large amount of human
      chorionic gonadotropin in the serum. The choriocarcinoma metastasized to the
      liver, lung, and omentum, and the adenocarcinoma to lymph nodes. In the gastric
      tumor, immunohistochemical stains showed human chorionic gonadotropin in
      choriocarcinoma cells, alpha-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen in
      adenocarcinoma cells. The pathogenesis and pathological characteristics of
      primary gastric choriocarcinoma are discussed.

PMID- 2412393
TI  - Hyalinoid giant cell gastritis. A unique gastric lesion associated with
      eosinophilic hyalinoid degeneration of smooth muscle.
AB  - A rare case of degenerative and inflammatory lesion of the stomach occurring in a
      34-year-old woman is reported. Clinically, the lesion simulated gastric carcinoma
      because of the extensive involvement of the mucosa and submucosa by the process.
      Histologically, it was characterized by eosinophilic hyalinoid degeneration of
      smooth muscles in the muscularis mucosae as well as mucosal and submucosal blood
      vessels accompanied with foreign body giant cells and other inflammatory cells.
      The lesion occurred in association with chronic peptic ulcers, and a small
      submucosal nodule histologically compatible with inflammatory fibroid polyp
      coexisted within the area of this lesion. The patient has had no systemic disease
      and has been well for 4.5 years postoperatively. These clinical features suggest
      a localized nature of the lesion limited to the stomach. The term "hyalinoid
      giant cell gastritis" is proposed to describe this distinctive form of gastritis.

PMID- 2412394
TI  - Staining patterns of oral lesions of discoid lupus erythematosus by monoclonal
      anti-keratin antibodies.
AB  - The immunofluorescent staining patterns of oral lesions of discoid lupus
      erythematosus were examined by use of monoclonal antibodies AE1, AE2 and AE3. AE1
      and AE2 showed suprabasal staining, whereas AE3 stained all cell layers of the
      epithelium. This pattern is consistent with that of other benign hyperkeratinized
      lesions of the oral mucosa. Occasionally, however, the most basally positioned
      epithelial cells stained positive with AE1. The morphology of these cells was
      similar to stratum spinosum cells. Colloid bodies in the epithelium as well as in
      the connective tissue stained positive with AE1 and AE3, demonstrating their
      epithelial origin. Few bodies in the connective tissue staining positive with IgM
      were negative for keratin. These structures may be Russell bodies or may be
      derived from the basement membrane zone.

PMID- 2412395
TI  - Periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde as fixative for the study of duodenal mucosa.
      Morphologic and immunohistochemical results at light and electron microscopic
      levels.
AB  - Methods are described which utilize periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP) as
      the only fixative for the investigation of nonfrozen small-bowel biopsy specimens
      by morphologic and immunohistochemical studies at both light and electron
      microscopic levels. Small-bowel biopsy specimens were obtained from children
      suspected of coeliac disease. In light microscopy, there was good morphology and
      haematoxylineosin staining of the mucosa. Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase
      staining of paraffin-embedded specimens enabled an accurate demonstration of
      immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG) in the duodenal mucosa. In conventional electron
      microscopy, PLP gave a reasonable preservation of ultrastructure. In
      immunoelectron microscopy, a pre-embedding immunoperoxidase technique provided
      exact ultrastructural localization of immunoglobulins. The methods are easy to
      adapt and they give reliable light and electron microscopic results.

PMID- 2412396
TI  - Purification and properties of myosin from the "hatching muscle" (m. complexus)
      of geese.
AB  - The present work is concerned with the study of myosin fractions prepared from
      the hatching muscle (m. complexus) and a control muscle (m. pectoralis) of the
      developing goose embryo. The m. complexus attained its maximum mass at hatching
      and in the 4-day-old bird the mass of this muscle was only one fourth of that
      recorded at hatching. The m. complexus was hypertrophied already on the 21st day.
      At days 21, 27 and 28 of incubation and at posthatching days myosin preparations
      were made from both muscles. Partial purification of myosins from both sources
      yielded a high molecular weight fraction characteristic of the adult bird and one
      other protein fraction with molecular mass half of myosin. Both preparations
      exhibited the characteristic properties of myosin. The lower molecular weight
      fraction was also shown to develop filamentous aggregates as did the higher
      molecular-weight, gel filtrated myosin. The phosphate content of the half
      molecular mass myosin fraction prepared from the embryonic m. complexus at days
      prior to hatching was considerably higher than that of the high molecular weight
      fraction and the predominant component was P-Arg. Since the embryonic myosin was
      still not available in the m. complexus of the 4-day-old birds and the
      hypertrophied muscle underwent regression after hatching it appears that this
      myosin fraction is actively involved in breaking through the shell during the
      hatching period in geese.

PMID- 2412397
TI  - Penicillin-binding proteins of Thiobacillus versutus.
AB  - The cytoplasmic membrane of Thiobacillus versutus was found to contain at least
      nine penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) with apparent molecular weights as judged
      by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis of 87000
      (PBP1), 81000 (PBP2), 68000 (PBP3), 63000 (PBP4), 57000 (PBP5), 40000 (PBP6),
      37000 (PBP70, 33000 (PBP8) and 31000 (PBP9). The PBP pattern of T. versutus was
      thus quite different from that of the Enterobacteria and the Pseudomonads. Also
      the properties of the PBPs of T. versutus such as affinity for various beta
      lactam antibiotics, heat stability and release of bound penicillin were different
      from similar properties of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other
      gram-negative bacteria.

PMID- 2412398
TI  - Mutagenic activity of radiosensitizers.
AB  - Seven radiosensitizers, six derivatives of nitroimidazole (coded P1 to P5 and one
      imidazole derivative--P6 were investigated for mutagenicity using 3 short-term
      tests: Ames test, prophage lambda induction and tryptophan reversion test. Out of
      seven investigated compounds five were not mutagenic. Only P1 derivative induces
      base pair substitutions. Another derivative of nitroimidazole: metronidazole
      induces base pair substitution and frameshift mutations. Its positive response in
      the prophage lambda induction test suggests that metronidazole provokes also
      epigenetic changes.

PMID- 2412399
TI  - Murein hydrolases of Caulobacter crescentus.
AB  - Caulobacter crescentus was found to exhibit a similar autolytic response to a
      variety of factors affecting the structure of the cell envelope and interfering
      with murein synthesis as several other species of bacteria. Autolysis was
      accompanied by the hydrolysis of murein with the release of soluble degradation
      products. Several murein hydrolases with different bond specificity were found
      and except for the absence of DD-carboxypeptidase and LD-carboxypeptidase
      activities the make-up of these enzymes resembled that of the well studied
      bacterium Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2412400
TI  - Bacteriophages of Bacillus polymyxa.
AB  - Virulent bacteriophages of colistin--producing Bacillus polymyxa strains were
      studied. The phages were found to differ in lytic spectrum and were active only
      against strains of B. polymyxa. They did not attack other strains of the genus
      Bacillus. The virulent bacteriophages belong to two morphological groups
      differing in size. The size of the DNA of the bacteriophages of both groups is
      similar and ranges from 74.9 X 10(6) to 87.8 X 10(6) daltons. The cells of
      different B. polymyxa strains were also found to carry various defective phages
      which could be shown after mitomycin C induction of cell cultures. The
      antibacterial activity of mitomycin C induced cell lysates was not detected.
      Strains of B. polymyxa most probably devoid of defective bacteriophages
      (delysogenized) were isolated.

PMID- 2412401
TI  - Cytomegalovirus in the mononucleosis syndrome in children.
AB  - In 7 children aged 18 months to 7 years isolated from a group of 128 children
      with infectious mononucleosis the cytomegalovirus infection was found. Infection
      was diagnosed by determination of antibodies against immediate early and late CMV
      antigen by means of the ELISA test. Besides that, antibodies were determined
      against the capsid antigen and early antigen of EB virus by the method of
      indirect immunofluorescence. In four children only cytomegalovirus infection was
      found and three had a mixed infection with both viruses and the diagnosis in
      these cases was: infectious mononucleosis (due to EBV) with coexistent or
      following CMV infection. In the sera of two children with cytomegalovirus
      mononucleosis changes were observed in the antibodies against EBV which is
      explained as a result of interactions between CMV and EBV in the organism of the
      host.

PMID- 2412402
TI  - Chromosomal localization of resistance to fosfomycin and aminocyclitol
      antibiotics in hospital strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - The chromosomal localization of fosfomycin resistance genes in three hospital
      Staphylococcus aureus strains and in the standard strain NCTC 8507 was shown.
      Moreover, the chromosomal locus of the gene determining resistance to three
      aminocyclitol antibiotics: gentamycin, kanamycin and tobramycin in the one of
      hospital strains was determined. The possibility of transducing this resistance
      and the absence of plasmid DNA in the obtained transductants, suggest
      transposomal nature of the gene determining gentamycin, kanamycin and tobramycin
      resistance in the investigated strain.

PMID- 2412403
TI  - Influenza virus hemagglutinin-binding T cells in delayed hypersensitivity induced
      in mice.
AB  - The ability of spleen T cells from mice inoculated with influenza virus to
      transfer delayed hypersensitivity increases after 5 days culture in the presence
      of TCGF and influenza virus or its hemagglutinin. Enriched T cells have also a
      greater ability to bind viral hemagglutinin than cells which were not cultured
      and restimulated with either antigen. The results suggest the selection in vitro
      of specific antigen-binding T cells, able to transfer delayed hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2412404
TI  - The survival of Staphylococcus epidermidis in raw milk with different somatic
      cell count.
AB  - The antibacterial activity of an individual quarter milk sample cannot be
      evaluated by the number of somatic cells in milk and number of S. epidermidis
      cells surviving (-0,509, the most bactericidal. This was shown to be due to the
      fact that the strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis Se 25 is very sensitive to
      complement and also sensitive to cell free skimmed milk. A second stimulation of
      the udder enhances significantly the cell response to the stimulant. A negative
      and highly significant correlation coefficient exists between the number of
      somatic cells in milk and number of S. epidermidis cells surviving (0.509, P less
      than or equal to 0.01).

PMID- 2412405
TI  - Multiplication in liquid medium of Treponema sp. isolated from intestinal
      contents of swine.
AB  - Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens were multiplied by a simple
      culture method in liquid medium. TSB medium was prepared by the PRAS method in
      plasma bottles containing glass beads. Spirochaetes were injected through the
      rubber stopper and the bottles were incubated while revolving round their axes.
      The most abundant growth of spirochaetes in rotary culture was observed after 72
      h incubation at 40 degrees C. whereas the highest number of viable cells in
      stationary culture was observed after 120 h. However, in the latter case the
      number of cells was lower than introduced at inoculation. Growth of the bacteria
      was stimulated by equine serum and 5% addition of rumen fluid. Optimal growth
      temperature was 40 degrees C.

PMID- 2412406
TI  - Production of cytokinin-like substances by mycorrhizal fungi of pine (Pinus
      sylvestris L.) in cultures with and without metabolites of actinomycetes.
AB  - Studies on the effect of post culture liquids of actinomycetes on cytokinin-like
      substances production by mycorrhizal fungi have revealed that actinomycete
      metabolites inhibited or stimulated the synthesis of these compounds. The results
      of chromatographic analyses suggest, that substances stimulating the soybean
      callus are likely to be: riboside 6 (gamma, gamma-dimethylallylamino) purine and
      riboside zeatin. Using gas chromatography it was confirmed that both substances
      are produced by Rhizopogon luteolus. Paxillus involutus synthesizes probably
      besides the two substances also zeatin, as appears from the data obtained by
      column chromatography.

PMID- 2412407
TI  - Use of intrinsic antibiotic resistance for characterisation and identification of
      rhizobia from nodules of Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp. and Phaseolus vulgaris (L).
AB  - Intrinsic resistance to low concentrations of antibiotics was used to
      characterise 83 isolates from nodules of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and field
      bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Characterisation and differentiation of isolates from
      cowpea was made difficult by associated fast-growing bacteria inside the nodule
      tissue. Thus, reliable pure culture was difficult to secure without repeated
      isolation and even via nodulation of the appropriate homologous host. Although
      the technique may be satisfactory for differentiation and identification of fast
      growing rhizobia, it is rated inferior to serology on aspects of facility, time
      and accuracy where rhizobia from cowpea nodules are concerned. Fingerprint
      patterns of isolates revealed considerable heterogeneity amongst the populations
      even where there was commonality of location and/or host plant. Pure cultures of
      slow-growing rhizobia from V. unguiculata nodules were generally more resistant
      to the concentrations of antibiotics used than fast-growing nodule bacteria from
      P. vulgaris.

PMID- 2412408
TI  - Denitrification of high concentrations of nitrites and nitrates in synthetic
      medium with different sources of organic carbon. III. Methanol.
AB  - The denitrification of nitrites and nitrates (1000 mg N/l) in medium containing
      methanol as a source of organic carbon was studied. Continuous cultures of mixed
      population of autochtonic microflora from bottom sludge of nitrogenous wastewater
      reservoir were set up in a chemostat-type column and packed bed reactor. The
      efficiency of denitrification of nitrates in packed bed reactor was 506.7 mg
      N/l/h whereas denitrification of nitrites was from 8.7 to 16.0 mg N/l/h depending
      on the granulation of the filing material. In the latter case 83% nitrogen was
      removed from the medium. One of the factors causing low efficiency of
      denitrification of nitrites is excessive alkalization of the medium in the bed.
      The use of a three-step bed with adjusted pH resulted in complete denitrification
      of nitrites with efficiency 60 mg N/l/h. The bacteria inside the bed were
      dominated by Paracoccus denitrificans and by Pseudomonas aeruginosa when nitrates
      were present. The sensitivity of P. denitrificans to high concentrations of
      nitrites seems to be the second factor contributing to low efficiency of
      denitrification with methanol as organic substrate.

PMID- 2412409
TI  - Isolation and characterization of chromatin from Caulobacter crescentus.
AB  - The subunit structure of Caulobacter crescentus chromatin has been proven by
      electron microscope studies. The use of EDTA-Na2 during the purification of the
      chromatin complex enhanced the removal of contaminating ribosomes and non
      chromatin proteins. The preparation obtained by modified procedure contained RNA
      polymerase as one of the major proteins and three histone-like proteins (10 K, 17
      K and a hitherto not described protein with mol. wt 14 K).

PMID- 2412410
TI  - [Problems affecting the development of various technics for the curative
      treatment of adenoma of the prostate].

PMID- 2412411
TI  - Use of monoclonal antibodies in studies of lipoprotein structure and function.
AB  - In order to probe the structure and function of apoB, monoclonal antibodies
      directed against human LDL were produced. The seven antibodies tested were found
      to be directed against five individual antigenic determinants of apoB in holo
      LDL. One of the antibodies inhibited the binding of 125I-LDL to the apoB, E
      receptor of cultured human fibroblasts. Limited proteolysis of LDL results in the
      production of relatively stable lipoprotein "core" particles that retain many
      physical, chemical and immunological properties of the native lipoprotein.
      Perturbations of the structure of apoB by limited proteolysis of LDL had
      selective effects on the expression of various epitopes in the resulting LDL
      "cores" - the expression of some was unaffected, others were abolished. In
      addition, the various epitopes could be localized by immunoblotting to different
      proteolytic fragments of apoB present in the LDL "cores". Limited proteolysis
      also provided water soluble cleavage peptides, some of which exhibited
      immunoreactivity. Digested LDL "core" particles and cleavage peptides both
      interacted with the LDL receptors of cultured human fibroblasts. These
      experiments suggest that apoB may consist of repeating subunits of similar
      structure. The immunoreactivity of LDL may be determined not only by the
      structure of the protein moiety itself, but also by other lipoprotein
      constituents. Studies utilizing both polyclonal and monoclonal anti-apoB
      antibodies have shown that apoB reacts differently in different types of
      lipoprotein particles (i.e., VLDL, IDL and LDL). We studied the immunological
      reactivities of apoB within the LDL class. The results showed that the expression
      of epitopes in different LDL preparations indeed varied, and that the number of
      epitopes expressed, appeared to be influenced by the lipid composition of LDL.

PMID- 2412412
TI  - Apolipoprotein E: receptor binding properties.
AB  - The E apoprotein plays a central role in lipoprotein metabolism. It is a key
      protein determinant responsible for the recognition of lipoproteins by specific
      lipoprotein receptors. Structure-function studies are providing insights into the
      normal function of this apoprotein in cholesterol homeostasis and into the
      clinical abnormalities resulting from the occurrence of specific mutants.

PMID- 2412413
TI  - An investigation of the role of soluble cytotoxic factors and reactive oxygen
      intermediates in lysis by NK cells.
AB  - Using a variety of experimental approaches we have been unable to find any
      evidence that monoclonal CTL line, induced to express high levels of NK activity
      by treatment with IFN, mediates target cell lysis by secretion of a cytoxic
      factor. Thus, supernatant prepared in a variety of ways by incubating cloned
      killer cells with mycoplasma-free YAC-1 cells, or by freeze-thawing the killer
      cells themselves, were essentially devoid of lytic activity even when tested in
      18hr assays. These findings substantiate at the clonal level our previous
      observations, that mouse splenic NK cells do not secrete detectable cytotoxic
      factors in the absence of mycoplasma (Wayner and Brooks, 1984). In addition, it
      appears that NK killing does not involve the participation of reactive oxygen
      intermediates. Neither catalase nor SOD were inhibitory. Inhibition observed with
      some OH. scavengers failed to correlate with their rate constants for reaction
      with OH., and was apparently due to the general toxicity of these compounds. A
      cloned cell line expressing potent NK activity failed to produce any luminol
      reactive chemiluminescent species during incubation with target cells or with
      PMA.

PMID- 2412414
TI  - Functional interactions of LFA-1, T8 and alloantigen surface structures in T-cell
      mediated cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2412415
TI  - Evidence for the molecular dissociation of binding and post-binding functions in
      cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2412416
TI  - The mechanism and modulation of immune dysfunction in AIDS associated syndromes.

PMID- 2412417
TI  - Cytotoxic chemotherapy in Kaposi's sarcoma.

PMID- 2412418
TI  - AIDS-associated syndrome. Conference summation.

PMID- 2412419
TI  - Cytotoxic effector mechanisms in AIDS.

PMID- 2412420
TI  - [A clinical study on renal cell carcinoma].
AB  - One hundred and thirty-two patients with renal cell carcinoma, treated by the
      TEKK Group, during the period from 1962 to 1983 were clinically reviewed. The
      patients ranged in age from 13 to 77 years with a mean age of 57.3 years, and
      were 89 men and 44 women, with a sex ratio of 2.07 to 1. The most common symptom
      was hematuria (55.4%), followed by palpable mass (19.2%), pain (13.8%) and fever
      (6.9%). The distant metastasis was observed in 26 patients (19.7%), mostly in the
      lung (54%) and the bone (19%). Overall estimated survival rates at 1,3 and 5 year
      were 83.0%, 58.2% and 56.9% respectively. The prognosis of the patients with
      renal cell carcinoma was dependent upon affected site, age, ESR, CRP, alpha 2
      globulin and distant metastasis.

PMID- 2412421
TI  - [A clinical study on testicular tumor].
AB  - The 19 cases of testicular tumors treated at our Hospital between 1974 and 1983,
      were reviewed retrospectively. The incidence of testicular tumors among the male
      outpatients in our urologic clinic was 0.31%. The patients ranged in age from 1
      to 76 years old (average: 27.8 years old). The affected side was the left side in
      11 and the right side in 8 cases. The most frequent symptom was a painless mass
      of the testis. Histopathological diagnosis according to the classification by
      Dixon and Moore was type I in 9 cases, type II in 4 cases, type II in 1 case,
      type IV in 4 cases. Thus germinal tumors accounted for 18 (94.7%) of the cases.
      One case (5.3%) of malignant lymphoma was non-germinal. As for the age
      distribution, two peaks were noted in testicular tumors, especially in cases with
      potential embryonal carcinoma, between 1 and 2 years and between 19 and 32 years.
      On the other hand, the cases with potential seminoma showed one peak between 25
      and 44 years. The treatment consisted of high orchiectomy alone, orchiectomy with
      radiation, orchiectomy with chemotherapy or orchiectomy with radiation and
      chemotherapy. Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy was not done in any case. The over
      all 3-year and 5-year actual survival rates were both 92%.

PMID- 2412422
TI  - [Long-term therapy with Robaveron tablet (KN-7) for urinary disturbance].
AB  - Sixteen patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH, 5 cases) and neurogenic
      bladder (NB, 11 cases) were treated with Robaveron tablets (KN-7) containing an
      extract of swine prostate gland 20 mg/T. at the dose of 2 tablets t.i.d. for a
      long term of 6-33 months. Evaluation of drug efficacy and safety were based on
      decrease of residual urine, improvement of subjective symptoms, complaints of
      side effects and clinical laboratory tests recorded every three months.
      Significant decrease of residual urine rate and good improvement of various
      subjective symptoms such as difficulty in urination, pollakisuria, urinary
      incontinence, etc. were obtained and maintained. The overall effectiveness, rated
      as slightly improved or better on the final evaluation of these cases was 68.8%.
      No cases of side effects or abnormal changes in the laboratory tests directly due
      to the test drug were observed. Robaveron tablet is both safe and effective for
      the long-term therapy of urinary disturbance.

PMID- 2412423
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of cernilton in the treatment of the benign prostatic
      hypertrophy].
AB  - Cernilton was given clinically to 30 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy.
      Cernilton was given orally at least for 12 weeks at a daily dose of 6 tablets in
      three divided doses. The overall clinical efficacy on subjective symptoms was
      80%, and that on objective signs, 43%. During the administration period of
      Cernilton, no serious untoward effects were observed in either the clinical or
      laboratory findings. It is, therefore, suggested that, from the clinical point of
      view, Cernilton is a useful and safe drug in the treatment of benign prostatic
      hypertrophy.

PMID- 2412424
TI  - Developmental pattern of the hepatic DNA, RNA and protein in relation to maternal
      vitamin A status in rats.
AB  - The effect of maternal vitamin A restriction on the biochemical development of
      fetal liver in rats has been studied. Vitamin A status of the dams has been
      varied by supplying low, medium and adequate (6.40 and 100 micrograms retinol
      equivalents/day/kg body weight respectively) amounts of vitamin A during
      pregnancy and suckling. The restricted supply of vitamin A to the mother resulted
      in the impaired growth and development of fetal liver in the parameters of tissue
      weight, DNA, RNA and protein levels, cell number and biosynthesis of DNA and
      protein from 3H-thymidine and 3H-leucine respectively. Results also indicated a
      dose dependent effect of vitamin A on the metabolism of DNA, RNA and protein in
      the developing liver.

PMID- 2412425
TI  - Cardiac anaphylaxis: the role of different mediators. Part I: Histamine.
AB  - The main objective of this paper is to review the literature and to present
      experimental evidence concerning the mediators involved in immediate
      hypersensitivity reactions in the heart, that is in Cardiac Anaphylaxis. In Part
      I, the evidence for allergic reactions occurring in the heart is briefly
      presented. The evidence for the role of histamine as a mediator of some of the
      manifestations of cardiac anaphylaxis is reviewed. These effects of histamine
      include a positive chronotropic effect and arrhythmias, both positive and
      negative inotropic effects and negative dromotropic responses, which are mediated
      by both classes of histamine receptors.

PMID- 2412426
TI  - The safety of static-dynamic effort soon after myocardial infarction.
AB  - Many activities of daily living require static-dynamic effort. To evaluate the
      safety of such effort 3 weeks after myocardial infarction, 27 male patients
      underwent a weight-carrying test requiring 5 minutes of treadmill ambulation with
      graded weight loads of 10 to 30 pounds. The hemodynamic responses with weight
      carrying were compared to that of a predischarge graded dynamic exercise test.
      The peak heart rate was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) with weight
      carrying, the peak systolic blood pressure did not differ, and the diastolic
      pressure was significantly higher (P less than 0.01). ST segment depression and
      angina pectoris occurred less frequently with weight carrying. The type and
      frequency of ventricular arrhythmias were similar between the two tests. We
      conclude that many men are capable of performing static-dynamic activity
      equivalent to carrying up to 30 pounds by 3 weeks after myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2412427
TI  - Prevalence and possible mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias in athletes.
AB  - To investigate the prevalence and nature of ventricular arrhythmias in athletes,
      40 well trained healthy endurance athletes (20 cyclists and 20 runners) and 40
      healthy sedentary subjects as controls were studied. Twenty four-hour continuous
      ECG monitoring showed a higher, even though not significant prevalence of
      ventricular ectopy in athletes (70% vs 55%). Complex forms of ventricular ectopy
      were also more prevalent in the athletes than in the controls (25% vs 5%; p less
      than 0.05). A prolongation of both measured QT interval and QT corrected for
      heart rate was observed at the ECG. Echocardiograms showed higher dimensional
      indices in the athletes, while functional indices were similar in athletes and
      controls. No correlation was found between any ECG or echocardiographic finding
      and the grade of ventricular arrhythmia. The comparison between the cyclists and
      the runners did not show any significant difference in the prevalence of
      ventricular arrhythmias or in the QT interval duration.

PMID- 2412428
TI  - Long-term efficacy and safety of oral encainide in the treatment of chronic
      ventricular ectopic activity: relationship to plasma concentrations--a French
      multicenter trial.
AB  - To establish long-term efficacy and safety of encainide, 48 patients with chronic
      premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) underwent 6 months of therapy with
      encainide. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory ECGs were obtained at baseline for each
      daily dosage of 75 mg, 150 mg, and 225 mg of encainide during the in-hospital
      titration period and at the end of the first and sixth months during the follow
      up period. There was a significant reduction in the median hourly total PVC rates
      from 480.6 at baseline to 2.0 at the end of the titration period with the highest
      dosage and to 22.1 at the last visit of the chronic dosing period. Nearly total
      suppression of PVCs was observed in 56% of patients at the end of the titration
      period and in 30% at the end of the 6-month follow-up period. The most common
      side effects were vertigo, vision disturbance, and headache. PR, QRS, and QTc
      intervals showed consistent significant increases from baseline during the
      various encainide trial periods. Encainide may have worsened ventricular
      arrhythmia in four patients who received more than 200 mg of encainide daily.
      Plasma concentrations of encainide and encainide metabolites showed wide
      interpatient variation, and no relationship was found between antiarrhythmic
      efficacy and plasma levels of encainide, O-demethyl-encainide, or 3-methoxy-O
      demethyl-encainide.

PMID- 2412429
TI  - Effect of diuretic therapy on ventricular arrhythmias in hypertensive patients
      with or without left ventricular hypertrophy.
AB  - Recent studies have suggested that hypertensive patients with ECG evidence of
      left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) may have increased risk of sudden death when
      treated with diuretics. In the present study echocardiography was used as a more
      sensitive index for the presence of LVH. Thirty-one patients with uncomplicated
      hypertension underwent 48-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring both before any
      treatment and after 4 weeks of hydrochlorothiazide, (HCTZ), 100 mg daily. In 18
      patients with left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT) greater than or
      equal to 13 mm (average = 14.4 +/- 0.2 mm) on echocardiogram, plasma potassium
      decreased from 4.1 +/- 0.3 to 3.3 +/- 0.4 mEq/L with HCTZ (p less than 0.01).
      Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) averaged 5.7 +/- 9.9/hr at baseline and
      7.1 +/- 16.6/hr following HCTZ (p = NS). The total number of couplets was 29
      before and 13 after HCTZ, while four brief runs of ventricular tachycardia
      occurred only before treatment. In the remaining 13 patients with LVPWT less than
      or equal to 12 mm (average = 11.2 +/- 0.1 mm), plasma potassium decreased from
      4.1 +/- 0.3 to 3.4 +/- 0.5 mEq/L with HCTZ (p less than 0.01). The average number
      of PVCs was 4.3 +/- 8.0/hr after HCTZ (p = NS). One couplet and one 3-beat run of
      ventricular tachycardia occurred before and one 3-beat run of ventricular
      tachycardia after HCTZ. Although more complex arrhythmias were noted in the LVH
      group, the differences were not statistically significant. These results indicate
      that thiazide therapy does not increase ventricular arrhythmias either in
      patients with or without LVH.

PMID- 2412430
TI  - Effects of exercise on blood pressure, plasma catecholamines, potassium and the
      electrocardiogram after diuretic and neural-blocking therapy for moderate
      hypertension.
AB  - Blood pressure control in mild and moderate hypertension may reduce morbidity and
      mortality. On the other hand, antihypertensive drugs may cause adverse metabolic,
      electrolyte, neural and hemodynamic alterations that detract from their
      effectiveness. The effect of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) on some of these factors
      was compared with that of HCTZ and a sympatholytic drug in 20 hypertensive
      patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and retinopathy. HCTZ controlled blood
      pressure at rest and during maximum treadmill exercise (-12 mm Hg systolic and
      diastolic pressure (p less than 0.05), reduced left ventricular mass by 7% (p
      less than 0.05) and lessened aerobic impairment at maximum treadmill exercise by
      45% (p less than 0.05). These effects were further improved after "neural
      blockade." A potential adverse effect of HCTZ--hypokalemia (-0.6 mEq/liter, p
      less than 0.01)--and the associated incidence of ectopy during effort (50%) were
      lessened after neutralizing neural tone. Combination therapy with low-dose
      diuretic and sympatholytic drugs was effective and well tolerated in patients
      with cardiac and vascular sequelae of moderately severe hypertension.

PMID- 2412431
TI  - Conduit bypass of mitral valve: a palliative approach to congenital mitral
      stenosis.

PMID- 2412432
TI  - An immunogold silver staining method for the light microscopic analysis of blood
      lymphocyte subsets with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - This paper introduces an immunogold silver staining procedure for the
      identification of human lymphocyte subpopulations in optical microscopy. The
      described procedure is performed on cells in suspension (peripheral mononuclear
      cells or blood buffy-coat cells) and uses conventional antilymphocytic monoclonal
      antibodies (OKT3, OKT4, OKT8, OKIa1) followed by gold-labeled secondary
      antibodies (GAM G30 or G40) and silver sensitization. It ends with the
      preparation of permanent records (smears or cytocentrifuge preparations) which
      are counterstained with standard panoptic Wright or May-Grunwald Giemsa stain. In
      all cases, the surface antigens appear as numerous black dots on the lymphocytes,
      with a strong labeling reaction that allows one to clearly distinguish between
      negative and positive cells. The comparison with immunofluorescence microscopy in
      normal individuals and in patients indicates that this new immunostaining technic
      is specific and more sensitive. It has the advantages of using small amounts of
      blood (1 mL per test), of being rapid (three hours), and of allowing the
      simultaneous immunophenotypic and morphologic evaluation on smears. This makes it
      suitable for the analysis of other biologic specimens not already accessible with
      immunofluorescence. The labeled preparations apparently can be stored
      indefinitely, and are thus useful for longitudinal studies in the same patient.
      Finally, the method does not require sophisticated equipment and may be subjected
      to automated analysis.

PMID- 2412433
TI  - In vitro positive controls for histochemical stains of bacteria and fungi.
AB  - Positive in vitro controls for histochemical stains of bacteria and fungi in
      tissue were developed from fibrin substrates of cultured microorganisms. These
      substrates show excellent and reproducible stain control characteristics. They
      are easily prepared, highly specific preparations which display greater
      uniformity and consistency as stain controls than do most infected tissues. These
      preparations may also be suitable control substrates for immunohistochemical
      procedures that identify microorganisms in tissue or fluid.

PMID- 2412434
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to human intermediate filament proteins. III. Analysis of
      tumors.
AB  - A panel of monoclonal antibodies to human intermediate filament proteins was
      tested on an unselected series of 246 neoplasms. The antibody panel includes two
      different anti-cytokeratin antibodies, an anti-vimentin antibody, and an anti
      neurofilament antibody (Gown and Vogel, Am J Pathol 114:309, 1984). The studies
      were done on Carnoy's or methacarn-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. When used as
      a panel, they can unequivocally distinguish carcinomas, melanomas, and lymphomas.
      All carcinomas react with at least one of the anti-cytokeratin antibodies, and
      carcinomas can be subtyped based upon the pattern of reactivity with the two anti
      cytokeratin antibodies. Melanomas react only with the anti-vimentin antibody, and
      lymphomas react with none of the antibodies. Neural and neuroendocrine tumors can
      be identified with the anti-neurofilament antibody. A minority of neoplasms,
      including lymphomas, seminomas, and some sarcomas, do not react with any of the
      antibodies. These antibodies are reliable diagnostic reagents that are useful in
      distinguishing different categories of human tumors.

PMID- 2412435
TI  - S-100 staining in the diagnosis of eosinophilic granuloma of lung.
AB  - The authors used immunohistochemical staining for S-100 protein to search for
      Langerhans cells in 7 cases of pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma (EGL) and in 18
      cases of other pulmonary processes (including reactive eosinophilic pleuritis,
      chronic interstitial pneumonias, eosinophilic pneumonia, and nonspecific scars),
      which can produce diagnostic confusion with EGL. Qualitatively, Langerhans cells
      were found in almost every disease. However, cases of active or resolving EGL
      showed greater than 75 such cells/10 high-power fields (hpf), often appearing as
      densely packed aggregates (a virtually diagnostic feature), while all other
      conditions, including completely scarred EGL, showed fewer than 35 Langerhans
      cells/10 hpf, and the cells were scattered through the parenchyma. The authors
      conclude the following: (1) Langerhans cells participate in many types of
      inflammatory process in the lung, and hence the mere presence of Langerhans cells
      is not diagnostic of EGL; (2) S-100 staining with quantitation of Langerhans
      cells is a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of active and resolving EGL.

PMID- 2412436
TI  - Alpha-fetoprotein in hepatitis superimposed on cirrhosis: a case of concomitant
      hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody associated with a major but transient
      increase in the alpha-fetoprotein level.
AB  - A 53-year-old man with hepatitis concurrent with cirrhosis was simultaneously
      positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and heterotypic anti HBs antibody. This
      could be explained by a state of tolerance, with chronic carrying of B virus
      (subtype a y w3), but would not preclude B virus (subtype d) reinfection,
      inducing the synthesis of specific anti-d antibodies. In the same patient, the
      very high level of 3460 ng/ml was reached for alpha-fetoprotein; this was
      transitory and returned to normal within 8 months; it was probably due to the
      acute hepatitis. Thus it appears that, even in cases of cirrhosis, a major rise
      in this marker does not absolutely imply the presence of hepatocellular
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2412437
TI  - Postoperative elevation of serum pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor.
AB  - Postoperative transient elevations of serum pancreatic secretory trypsin
      inhibitor are reported for the first time. The elevations were independent of the
      surgical procedures or sites, and the maximum serum pancreatic secretory trypsin
      inhibitor was seen on the 2nd to 4th postoperative day. The elevation of
      pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor was significantly correlated with the
      length of the operation time and the volume of blood loss during the operation.
      The change of serum pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor was also significantly
      correlated with those of white blood cell count, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and
      fibrinogen.

PMID- 2412438
TI  - Childhood leukemia with simultaneously expressed myeloid and lymphoid markers
      suggesting stem cell origin.
AB  - A case study is presented of a leukemic patient whose cells express markers of
      both myeloid and lymphoid cells. Cells were identified from bone marrow which
      expressed either myeloid antigens, lymphoid antigens, or both myeloid and
      lymphoid antigens, indicating a possible common stem cell capable of
      differentiating along either a lymphoid or myeloid cell lineage. Using specific
      monoclonal antibodies, 40-70% of the cells were reactive with anti-T-cell
      antibodies, 50% of the cells were reactive with antibodies to the common ALL
      antigen (CALLA), and 80-90% of the cells were reactive with antibodies directed
      against myeloid antigens. Using double staining techniques, some cells were found
      to demonstrate only myeloid markers; others, only lymphoid markers; and others,
      both myeloid and lymphoid markers. These results suggest that a common stem cell
      is capable of differentiating along both lymphoid and myeloid lineages.

PMID- 2412439
TI  - Activities of glycogen synthetase and glycogen phosphorylase in the human
      endometrium: relative distribution in isolated glands and stroma.
AB  - The activities of glycogen synthetase and glycogen phosphorylase were studied in
      endometrial samples obtained from 51 premenopausal women during the menstrual
      cycle. The total activities of glycogen synthetase and glycogen phosphorylase and
      the activity of the active form of glycogen phosphorylase increased gradually
      from the proliferative phase to the secretory phase and reached a maximum during
      the midsecretory phase, while the activity of the active form of glycogen
      synthetase increased slightly. In 30 of the 51 women, the relative distribution
      of glycogen synthetase and glycogen phosphorylase activities in isolated glands
      and stromal cells was determined following collagenase digestion of the
      endometrial specimens. The results indicated that the activities of the active
      form of glycogen synthetase and glycogen phosphorylase in the isolated glands
      during the secretory phase were more than threefold and twofold, respectively,
      greater than those present in the isolated stromal cells and that the levels of
      these enzymes in the glands and stromal cells changed in parallel with those in
      the undissociated endometrium observed during the menstrual cycle. In addition,
      histochemical studies revealed the presence of glycogen phosphorylase activity in
      both the glands and the stromal cells, whereas the glycogen synthetase activity
      was present only in the glands. These findings suggest that the stromal cells of
      the human endometrium as well as the glands may play an important role in the
      nutrition of the implanting blastocyst.

PMID- 2412440
TI  - Relation between cyclic adenosine monophosphate and prostaglandin output by
      dispersed cells from human amnion and decidua.
AB  - We have examined the ability of activators of adenylate cyclase and cyclic
      adenosine monophosphate to affect the output of prostaglandins E and F by
      dispersed cells of amnion and decidua collected from women following spontaneous
      labor. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate production by amnion and decidua cells was
      stimulated in a dose-dependent fashion by cholera toxin and by forskolin in the
      absence or presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methyl
      xanthine. Forskolin and cholera toxin also stimulated prostaglandin E and F
      output from amnion and decidua cells. Similar effects were seen with cells
      incubated with dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate +/- 3-isobutyl-1-methyl
      xanthine. The beta-adrenergic receptor agonists salbutamol, isoproterenol, and
      epinephrine all stimulated prostaglandin E and F output from dispersed cells of
      both tissues. The stimulatory effect of 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine was
      partially additive with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. Basal outputs of prostaglandin
      and outputs stimulated by A23187 and by N6, O2'-dibutyryl adenosine 3':5'-cyclic
      monophosphate were attenuated by the calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine in a
      dose-dependent fashion. We conclude that mechanisms exist for stimulation of
      adenylate cyclase in human amnion and decidua resulting in enhanced prostaglandin
      output. This pathway requires basal interaction with Ca2+-calmodulin and may be
      additive with cyclic adenosine monophosphate-independent mechanisms for
      prostaglandin stimulation.

PMID- 2412441
TI  - Failure of cesarean section to prevent intracranial hemorrhage in siblings with
      isoimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia.
AB  - Two siblings with isoimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia developed severe
      neurological sequelae secondary to intracranial hemorrhage despite delivery by
      cesarean section. These cases demonstrate that cesarean section alone will not
      prevent intracranial hemorrhage, in utero or postnatally, in isoimmune neonatal
      thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2412442
TI  - Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening of fetal trisomies.
AB  - Thirty-two trisomy pregnancies were retrospectively studied in which the maternal
      serum level of alpha-fetoprotein was determined prior to amniocentesis. Median
      levels of alpha-fetoprotein in serum (0.83 multiples of the median) and in
      amniotic fluid (0.72 multiples of the median) were lowered, but this was
      statistically significant only in the case of amniotic fluid.

PMID- 2412443
TI  - Neovascularization of the optic disk associated with atypical retinitis
      pigmentosa.
AB  - A 32-year-old man with atypical retinitis pigmentosa developed bilateral
      neovascularization of the optic disk. One year after the diagnosis, vitreous
      hemorrhage occurred in one eye. Panretinal photocoagulation of this eye resulted
      in some regression of the neovascularization.

PMID- 2412444
TI  - Use of monoclonal antibodies for analyzing the distribution of the intermediate
      filament protein vimentin in human non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
AB  - A series of human non-Hodgkin's lymphomas was examined for immunoreactivity with
      monoclonal antibodies to the intermediate filament protein vimentin with the use
      of an avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method. The lymphoid cell nature of each
      tumor was established with the use of a panel of monoclonal antibodies to
      lymphoid cell differentiation antigens. There were 28 B-cell and 2 T-cell
      lymphomas in the series; of the 30 tumors, 11 (37%) were immunoreactive for
      vimentin. There was no correlation between vimentin immunoreactivity and the
      histopathologic type of lymphoma. In some tumors, there was nonspecific stromal
      immunoreactivity for vimentin, but the neoplastic lymphocytes were not
      immunoreactive. The selective expression of vimentin in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas
      may be due to masking of the appropriate epitopes or to selective expression of
      the vimentin gene in certain tumors. On the basis of these results, monoclonal
      antibodies to vimentin appear to be of limited usefulness in establishing the
      diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

PMID- 2412445
TI  - Intermediate filament proteins in human testis and testicular germ-cell tumors.
AB  - Normal testicular tissue and 76 testicular germ-cell tumors of various types were
      immunohistochemically evaluated for the expression of intermediate filament
      proteins of different types. In normal testes, the rete testis epithelium was
      positive to cytokeratin, and the Sertoli cells, stromal cells, and Leydig cells
      were positive for vimentin. Cytokeratin-positive cells were also found lining
      atrophic seminiferous tubules and were occasionally seen within nonatrophic
      seminiferous tubules. The classical seminomas showed vimentin positivity, but
      this was usually observed in a small number of tumor cells. In addition, nearly
      half the seminomas contained single cytokeratin-positive cells, some of which
      were multinucleated and appeared to represent syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells.
      The tumor cells in embryonal carcinomas, endodermal sinus tumors, and
      choriocarcinomas displayed cytokeratin positivity. In some embryonal carcinomas
      vimentin-positive tumor cells were also found, probably representing attempts at
      further differentiation of the tumor cells. In immature teratomas, both the
      immature and the mature epithelial structures showed cytokeratin positivity. The
      stromal components, including cartilage, contained vimentin, and the smooth
      muscle elements, desmin. Neural tissue positive for neurofilaments and glial
      tissue positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, were observed in 5 and 3 of
      15 cases, respectively. It is considered that antibodies to intermediate
      filaments are suitable tools to characterize the differentiation patterns of
      testicular germ-cell tumors and have the potential to aid in the differential
      diagnosis especially between seminoma and embryonal carcinoma.

PMID- 2412446
TI  - Squamous and transitional elements in rat bladder carcinomas induced by N-butyl-N
      4-hydroxybutyl-nitrosamine (BBN). A study of cytokeratin expression.
AB  - Three hundred rat bladders bearing tumors induced by N-butyl-N-4-(OH)butyl
      nitrosamine (BBN) were examined by routine histologic study and
      immunohistochemical staining of intermediate filament types. Smaller lesions were
      similar to human urothelial dysplasia histologically and immunohistochemically.
      Progression of the lesions demonstrated large exophytic papillomas with extensive
      endophytic epithelial growth into abundant stroma. These lesions showed
      increasing predominance of squamous over transitional elements.
      Immunohistochemical findings confirmed these results and also demonstrated that
      morphologically indifferent cells, even in early lesions, express heavier
      cytokeratins characteristic of keratinizing squamous epithelium. These results
      demonstrate that BBN-induced bladder tumors show marked quantitative and
      qualitative differences from the most common, purely transitional, human bladder
      carcinomas. However, the development in BBN-treated rat bladders of two tumor
      types, squamous and transitional, from an altered urothelium may serve as an
      attractive model for further study of the molecular genetics of keratin
      expression.

PMID- 2412447
TI  - Clara cell adenomas of the mouse lung. Interaction with alveolar type 2 cells.
AB  - Multiple pulmonary adenomas were induced in the offspring of pregnant Swiss
      Webster mice by transplacental exposure to ethylnitrosourea (ENU) on the 15th day
      of gestation. Development and growth of tumors were followed for up to a year
      after birth. Morphologic assessment indicated that the majority of adenomas were
      of Clara-cell origin and were relatively normal on the basis of structural
      features. Histochemical studies, utilizing nitroblue tetrazolium reductase
      activity as a marker for normal Clara cells demonstrated that the Clara-cell
      derived tumors possessed nearly normal enzyme activity. Microscopic studies of
      the tumors and adjacent parenchyma revealed a unique Type 2 cell response to the
      presence of Clara-cell adenomas occurring in the alveoli beyond the margins of
      the tumor. Otherwise normal-appearing Type 2 cells, in a narrow zone around the
      Clara-cell tumors, accumulated large amounts of surfactantlike osmiophilic
      lamellar material within cytoplasmic vacuoles as early as 30 days after birth.
      These changes were clearly a Clara-cell-tumor-related response, and not seen in
      association with other non-Clara-cell adenomas of the same lung. Furthermore, the
      alterations occurred exclusively in Type 2 cells. The extent of Type 2 cell
      change was correlated with tumor size and age. Autoradiographic studies with
      tritiated choline showed marked incorporation of the labeled precursor by the
      altered Type 2 cells. By electron microscopy, these inclusions were membrane
      limited and contained osmiophilic lamellar structures similar to lamellar bodies
      in normal Type 2 cells. Because these Clara cell adenomas may act as a
      concentrated focus of normal Clara cells, the alterations seen in Type 2 cells
      may reflect an amplification of a normal interaction between bronchiolar Clara
      cells and alveolar Type 2 cells in the centriacinar and juxtabronchiolar alveoli.

PMID- 2412449
TI  - Single-channel recordings from amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel.
AB  - We report here the first evidence in intact epithelial cells of unit conductance
      events from an amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel. The events were observed when
      patch-clamp recordings were made from the apical surface of cultured epithelial
      kidney cells (A6). The channel characteristics are as follows. Single-channel
      conductance ranged between 7 and 10 pS (mean = 8.4 +/- 1.3), the current-voltage
      (I-V) relationship displayed little if any nonlinearity over a range of +/- 80 mV
      (with respect to the patch pipette), and the channel Na+/K+ selectivity was
      approximately 3-4:1. Amiloride, a cationic blocker of the channel, reduced
      channel mean open time and increased channel mean closed time as the voltage of
      the cell interior was made more negative. Amiloride induced channel flickering at
      increased negative potentials (intracellular potential with respect to the patch)
      but did not alter the single-channel conductance or the I-V relationship from
      that observed in control patches.

PMID- 2412448
TI  - Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in the mouse. Pathology, reconstitution,
      neoplasms.
AB  - Histologic findings in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) were
      remarkably uniform, consisting of lymphopenia, a rudimentary thymic medulla
      without cortex, relatively empty splenic follicles and lymph nodes, and
      undeveloped bronchial and gastrointestinal lymphocytic foci. Fluorescence
      activated cell sorter studies revealed a few T cells (apparently nonfunctional)
      in thymus and spleen; interestingly, these cells seemed highly disposed to
      neoplasia, because thymic T-cell lymphomas were observed in 41 of 269 mice. No
      pre-B or B cells could be identified. Cells of the myeloid lineage appeared
      normal. Reconstitution of lymphoid tissues was achieved after intravenous
      injection of histocompatible bone marrow cells.

PMID- 2412451
TI  - Relation between free cytosolic calcium and amylase release by pancreatic acini.
AB  - Pancreatic acini were loaded with the Ca-selective fluorescent indicator quin-2
      by incubation with its acetyoxymethyl ester. Loading acini with 844 +/- 133
      microM quin-2 altered neither their ultrastructure nor their viability. The rate
      of amylase release from quin-2-loaded acini in response to the secretagogue
      carbachol, however, was significantly smaller than that of control acini. Studies
      in which acini were loaded with both quin-2 and a similar Ca-chelating compound,
      BAPTA, indicated that this reduced amylase release was related to the Ca
      buffering properties of quin-2. The concentration of free intracellular Ca
      calculated from the fluorescence of quin-2 was 90 +/- 18 nM. Stimulation by
      carbachol of acini suspended in media containing 1.25 mM Ca caused a rapid,
      transient enhancement of this value. After stimulation amylase release, the onset
      of the rise in free cytosolic Ca levels was observed in 1.1 +/- 0.1 s following
      the addition of agonist, and peak Ca levels (545 +/- 112 nM) were obtained within
      5.3 +/- 0.3 s. For concentrations of carbachol less than or equal to 10(-6) M, a
      stoichiometric relation was found between stimulated amylase release and the peak
      concentration of free cytosolic Ca achieved. At higher concentrations of
      carbachol, however, the peak free cytosolic Ca remained constant while amylase
      release declined. The latency of the rise in intracellular Ca following
      stimulation of acini suspended in Ca-free media was not different from that
      observed for acini suspended in normal media, but the rise time was significantly
      prolonged. In the presence of extracellular Ca, the intracellular level of Ca
      remained elevated 2.8-fold above basal levels for at least 15 min following
      stimulation with 10(-6) M carbachol, whereas it had returned to near resting
      levels by 15 min when either 3 X 10(-7) or 3 X 10(-5) M carbachol was the
      stimulus. The Ca ionophore ionomycin (10-6 M) induced changes in the level of
      free cytosolic Ca similar to those caused by 10(-6) M carbachol. Ionomycin,
      however, stimulated only approximately one-third as much amylase release. These
      data suggest that factors in addition to changes in free cytosolic Ca may be
      important in regulating enzyme secretion by pancreatic acinar cells.

PMID- 2412450
TI  - Calcium channel agonist BAY k8644 enhances anterior pituitary secretion in rat
      and monkey.
AB  - A calcium channel agonist BAY k8644 was applied to anterior pituitary (AP) cells
      in vitro. BAY k8644 (0.1-10 microM) stimulated prolactin and growth hormone (GH)
      release from monolayer AP cultures; the calcium channel antagonist D-600 (1-10
      microM) completely blocked this effect. By utilizing a perifusion system, we
      observed an immediate and sustained amplification of prolactin (2.9-fold), growth
      hormone (2.3-fold), and luteinizing hormone (LH, 1.6-fold) release during the 1-h
      application of BAY k8644 (3 microM). A hypophysiotrophic peptide pulse 4 h after
      the BAY k8644 was removed confirmed that the cells remained responsive to their
      natural secretagogues. In another perifusion study 10-3,000 nM BAY k8644 produced
      a graded increase in prolactin release that was maintained over the 30-min
      exposure period. Finally, individual primate mammotrophs and somatotrophs showed
      a marked enlargement of hemolytic plaque area, an index of hormone release, 1 h
      after BAY k8644 (1 microM). We conclude that this synthetic dihydropyridine
      enhances the rate of prolactin, GH, and LH release from AP cells of two species.
      Because this is the first synthetic calcium channel agonist, structure-function
      studies characterizing calcium channel activation and exocytosis are now
      feasible.

PMID- 2412452
TI  - NAD-glycohydrolase in renal brush border membranes.
AB  - NAD is hydrolyzed during incubation with isolated renal brush border membranes
      (BBM). The specific enzymatic mechanisms have not been identified apart from the
      activity of ADP-ribosyltransferase, which accounts for a very small proportion of
      the total hydrolysis. In the present study, an NAD-glycohydrolase (NGH) was
      identified in the renal BBM using the cyanide-addition assay to monitor
      hydrolysis of NAD at the nicotinamide-ribose bond. The production of nicotinamide
      and ADP-ribose, the expected reaction products, was determined by thin-layer
      chromatography. The NGH was enriched ninefold in the BBM fraction and accounted
      for 36% of the total rate of NAD hydrolysis by BBM enzymes at pH 7.4. Assay of
      NGH in sealed BBM vesicles subjected to osmotic shock indicated that about 23% of
      the NGH is exposed on the cytoplasmic surface of the BBM. The enzyme was
      inhibited by nicotinamide in vitro and also when the nicotinamide was
      administered in vivo, suggesting, indirectly, that the enzyme may play a role in
      mediating the effects of nicotinamide on BBM phosphate transport.

PMID- 2412453
TI  - Forskolin and antidiuretic hormone stimulate a Ca2+-activated K+ channel in
      cultured kidney cells.
AB  - Single channels in the apical cell membrane of primary cultured chick kidney
      cells were studied using the patch clamp technique. Cell-attached recordings
      revealed the presence of a 107 +/- 6 pS channel that increased fractional open
      time upon depolarization. Experiments with inside-out excised patches indicated
      that the channel is K+ selective, Ca2+ activated, and inhibited by Ba2+. The
      addition of forskolin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to the bath during cell
      attached recordings caused an increase in the fractional open time of the
      channel. The activation of a K+ channel by increases in cAMP may be one way in
      which K+ secretion in the kidney is stimulated by ADH in vivo.

PMID- 2412454
TI  - High-affinity substance P binding sites in rat sympathetic ganglia.
AB  - Substance P binding sites were characterized and quantitated in single rat
      sympathetic ganglia by incubation of tissue sections with 125I-Bolton-Hunter
      substance P, autoradiography, image analysis coupled with computer-assisted
      microdensitometry, and comparison with 125I standards. The prevertebral celiac
      superior mesenteric sympathetic ganglia contained clusters of high-density, high
      affinity substance P binding sites [maximum binding (Bmax) 7.12 +/- 0.20 pmol/mg
      protein; affinity constant (Ka) 2.08 +/- 0.02 X 10(9) M-1]. In the paravertebral
      superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, the number of high-affinity substance P
      binding sites was substantially lower (Bmax 1.38 +/- 0.04 pmol/mg protein; Ka
      1.71 +/- 0.03 X 10(9) M-1). Future studies should address the issue of whether
      the substance P binding sites identified in prevertebral ganglia of the rat serve
      as receptors for the peptide presumed to be released by terminals of sensory
      neurons.

PMID- 2412455
TI  - Serum interferon in patients with psychosis.
AB  - High titers of interferon were found in serum from 20 (24.4%) of 82 patients with
      psychosis and from only two (3.1%) of 64 control subjects. Interferon-positive
      patients were more likely than interferon-negative patients to have had a recent
      onset or exacerbation of their illness and to be on low-dose or no medication. No
      interferon was detected in the CSF of 65 patients or 20 control subjects. These
      findings suggest that there may be immunological abnormalities or viral
      infections in some patients with psychosis.

PMID- 2412456
TI  - Experimental ischemic pancreatitis: treatment with albumin.
AB  - Acute pancreatitis was initiated in the isolated ex vivo, perfused canine
      pancreas preparation by exposing the gland to a 2 hour period of ischemia before
      a 4 hour perfusion period. The pancreatitis was manifested by edema formation,
      weight gain, and hyperamylasemia. When the osmotically active agent albumin was
      added to the perfusate at the end of the ischemic period, virtually no edema
      developed, weight gain was minimal, and the amylase level remained within normal
      limits during the subsequent 4 hour perfusion period. This suggests that a change
      in capillary permeability may be an early step in the pathogenesis of ischemia
      induced pancreatitis in this experimental model.

PMID- 2412457
TI  - Beneficial effect on intestinal anastomoses of S-2441, a synthetic kallikrein
      kinin antagonist. Experimental studies in the rat.
AB  - The effects of two protease inhibitors on breaking strength of an intestinal
      anastomosis were studied. The inhibitors tested were aprotinin and S-2441, a
      synthetic triple-peptide kallikrein-kinin antagonist. Rats were subjected to an
      end-to-end anastomosis in the small intestine. The breaking strength, or suture
      holding capacity, was measured immediately after suture and after 24 hours. The
      loss of mechanical strength found in untreated rats was substantially, but not
      fully, prevented by S-2441. Aprotinin in the dose given was not effective.

PMID- 2412458
TI  - Reimplantation of the ampulla of Vater.
AB  - Injury to the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct during duodenal ulcer or
      tumor surgery is exceedingly rare. In the past 50 years, only eight case reports
      have dealt with reimplantation of the ampulla of Vater. Reimplantation sites have
      included the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum. Herein we described a new technique
      that uses the gallbladder for reimplantation of the ampulla of Vater.

PMID- 2412459
TI  - [Pregnancy and interferon].

PMID- 2412460
TI  - Bleomycin lung injury in children. Pathophysiology and guidelines for management.
AB  - The development of pulmonary side effects, especially pulmonary fibrosis, during
      treatment with bleomycin is well documented in adult oncology patients, but not
      in children. A report of fatal pulmonary fibrosis which developed after exposure
      to oxygen while under anesthesia in a 3-year-old boy treated with bleomycin
      exemplifies the problem. The prevention of long-term complications associated
      with bleomycin is especially important in children, since a child cured of a
      malignant neoplasm may enjoy many years of productive life. Given the present
      limitations, guidelines for management of pediatric patients given bleomycin
      include: discontinuation of bleomycin therapy with the onset of symptoms; serial
      pulmonary function testing during the course of treatment; and early treatment
      with high-dose corticosteroids (prednisone 2 mg/kg/day) if symptoms occur.

PMID- 2412461
TI  - 5-Azacytidine: acute central nervous system toxicity.

PMID- 2412462
TI  - [Our experience with a fibrin adhesive].

PMID- 2412463
TI  - [Reply to the remarks of B. Bormann and G. Hempelmann on the work of M. Halmagyi.
      The estimation of colloidal volume substituents in 6% HAS 40/0.5].

PMID- 2412464
TI  - Purification of RNA-free plasmid DNA using alkaline extraction followed by
      Ultrogel A2 column chromatography.
AB  - A procedure for extracting RNA-free plasmid DNA from bacterial cells is
      described. The method is simple and rapid enough to obtain pure plasmid DNA in 8
      to 10 h after plasmid amplification. The protocol uses the alkaline extraction
      procedure described by Birnboim and Doly (1979, Nucl. Acid Res. 7, 1513-1523).
      Plasmid DNA is then separated from high-molecular-weight RNA by ammonium acetate
      precipitation and from low-molecular-weight RNA contaminants by Ultrogel A2
      column chromatography. The plasmid DNA obtained by this inexpensive technique is
      sufficiently pure to be used for restriction endonuclease analysis, 5'-end
      labeling, S1 mapping, DNA sequencing, and colony hydridization.

PMID- 2412465
TI  - A simple and rapid method of quantitative analysis of phosphoamino acids by high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic system for the separation of
      nonradiolabeled phosphoamino acids and orthophosphate by ion-pair reverse-phase
      chromatography has been developed. By the use of low-ionic-strength phthalate
      buffers at pH 6.3, the phosphoamino acids can be visualized by virtue of this uv
      active eluant. The technique is sensitive to 200 pmol of phosphoamino acid and
      has been shown to be directly applicable to the analysis of isolated
      phosphoproteins.

PMID- 2412466
TI  - Antiarrhythmic effect of diltiazem during halothane anesthesia in dogs and in
      humans.
AB  - The antiarrhythmic effects of diltiazem (DL), a slow channel inhibitor, were
      evaluated in the presence of epinephrine-halothane-induced arrhythmias in dogs,
      of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) during anesthesia in patients (n =
      10), and of tachyarrhythmias with associated atrial fibrillation (AF) during
      anesthesia in patients (n = 9). The arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ADE)
      during one MAC of halothane in dogs was increased from 1.13 +/- 0.21 to 3.14 +/-
      0.89 microgram X kg-1 X min-1 by the administration of 0.3 mg/kg of DL. This
      suggests that DL significantly increases the threshold for the induction of
      arrhythmias associated with epinephrine and halothane. In 10 patients, PVCs that
      appeared spontaneously during halothane anesthesia were eliminated by the
      intravenous administration of DL (0.1 mg/kg). With an additional nine patients
      who had had AF preoperatively and suffered tachyarrhythmias during anesthesia,
      the intraoperative intravenous administration of DL significantly decreased heart
      rate (to less than 100 beats/min) within 10-15 min. Diltiazem is an effective
      means for the treatment of PVCs and AF-mediated tachyarrhythmias during
      anesthesia. Because of the pharmacologic properties of DL (e.g., depressing sinus
      and atrioventricular (AV) node function), DL should be used with caution in
      patients with a sick sinus syndrome or an AV block, or in the presence of beta
      adrenergic antagonists.

PMID- 2412467
TI  - Anaphylactoid reactions and histamine release by barbiturate induction agents:
      clinical relevance and patho-mechanisms.

PMID- 2412468
TI  - Thiobarbiturate-induced histamine release in human skin mast cells.
AB  - Human skin mast cell preparations were incubated with thiopental, thiamylal,
      methohexital, and pentobarbital in concentrations ranging from 10(-5) M to 10(-3)
      M. Both thiopental- and thiamylal-induced dose-related histamine release, with
      thiamylal having a significantly greater effect than thiopental (P less than
      0.05). In contrast, incubation of skin mast cell preparations with the same
      concentrations of pentobarbital and methohexital failed to increase histamine
      release above spontaneous levels at any concentration. The release of histamine
      by thiopental and thiamylal was not accompanied by the leakage of lactic
      dehydrogenase (LDH). Although a demonstration of histamine release in vitro is
      not proof that clinical symptoms are causally related to histamine release in
      vivo, methohexital may be preferred as the induction agent in patients showing
      extreme sensitivity to histamine (asthmatics) or increased histamine
      releasability (atopics).

PMID- 2412469
TI  - Three phenotypes of glucosephosphate isomerase in sheep: improved staining
      recipe.
AB  - Contrary to results published recently, we observe three, rather than two,
      phenotypes for the enzyme glucosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) from sheep. The
      phenotypic electrophoretic patterns conform to the patterns observed for this
      dimeric enzyme in other species. Genotype frequencies in a flock of Southdowns do
      not deviate significantly from those predicted under the assumption of the Hardy
      Weinberg equilibrium. A remarkable observation is that the electrophoretically
      distinct phenotypes of GPI are largely or entirely obliterated by the addition of
      1-10 mmol/l MgCl2 to the electrophoretic buffers. Modification of the usual
      staining recipe for GPI result in greater resolution and shorter staining times.

PMID- 2412470
TI  - Update on laboratory studies and relationship to rheumatic and allergic diseases.
AB  - Guidelines have been presented for the optimal selection and interpretation of
      various laboratory tests related to rheumatologic, immunologic, and allergic
      disorders. The last decade has witnessed many technologic changes in the
      performance of screening tests for autoantibodies, and an expeditious approach to
      the detection of the clinically useful autoantibody system has been outlined.
      When both an immunofluorescent assay using an actively dividing substrate such as
      HEp-2 and an immunodiffusion test for precipitin autoantibodies are performed on
      patient sera, it is likely that most of the significant diagnostic and prognostic
      systems will be detected. Although exact pathogenetic roles have not been defined
      for all autoantibodies, it is apparent that highly specific markers for certain
      rheumatic diseases exist and the pertinent clinical aspects of each individual
      autoantibody-autoantigen system has been summarized. Why so many autoantibodies
      are cross-reactive with seemingly unrelated antigens is a perplexing aspect of
      autoimmunity, a disease process for which the necessary and sufficient conditions
      of development have not been defined even after decades of research. One recent
      hypothesis regarding the generation of diverse autoantibodies is the tenet that
      production is interrelated in an auto-anti-idiotypic network. Support for this
      hypothesis comes from the recent successful use of anti-idiotypes to DNA
      autoantibodies in an attempt to abrogate pathogenetic effects of target organ
      damage in murine models of SLE. A similar approach might be undertaken with some
      of the other autoantibody systems in an attempt at a novel therapy for disorders
      of immunoregulation.

PMID- 2412471
TI  - [Persistence of thrombopenia induced by heparin despite replacement with low
      molecular weight heparin].
AB  - A 42 year old man, treated for phlebitis with subcutaneous heparin, developed
      vascular occlusion in both legs with thrombocytopaenia. After surgery, heparin
      was discontinued and replaced by low molecular weight heparin (CY 216 Choay)
      without any success. Both commercial heparin and CY 216 Choay produced platelet
      aggregation in vitro. Heparin was stopped and replaced by dextran 40,000 with
      anti-aggregating drugs (flurbiprofen) followed by antivitamin K drugs.
      Thrombocytopaenia resolved three days later and the patient was discharged
      without sequelae. It therefore appeared necessary to carry out aggregation tests
      both with heparin and low molecular weight heparin if thrombocytopaenia occurs
      whilst heparin is being used.

PMID- 2412472
TI  - Vascularization of cancellous chip bone grafts.
AB  - Fresh autogenous, frozen allogeneic, and commercially prepared xenogeneic
      cancellous chip bone grafts were placed into plug holes in the tibia and into
      surgically simulated nonunion defects in the ulna of dogs. The microvascular and
      correlated histologic reactions were studied at given times up to 12 weeks after
      the graft implantation. Marked and characteristic differences were noted among
      the 3 graft materials. Fresh autogenous chips were extensively vascularized by 1
      week, and subsequent microscopic healing was rapid. Allogeneic chips were
      incorporated into all defects, but vascularization and histologic healing rates
      were slower than those with the fresh autogenous graft material. The xenogeneic
      graft was poorly incorporated. A foreign body reaction was seen histologically,
      and corresponding vascularization of the graft was slow and incomplete.

PMID- 2412473
TI  - Evidence that Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase does not inactivate the bronchial
      inhibitor in the presence of leukocyte elastase. Studies with cystic fibrosis
      sputum and with pure proteins.
AB  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase has recently been shown to inactivate bronchial
      inhibitor, the major leukoproteinase inhibitor of the bronchial tree. To test if
      this in vitro finding is relevant to pathology, we have measured the leukocyte
      elastase inhibitory capacity and the immunoreactive levels of bronchial inhibitor
      in the acidified and neutralized sputum specimens from 15 patients with cystic
      fibrosis, 11 of whom were infected by P. aeruginosa and 10 of whom exhibited free
      bacterial elastase activity. The percentage of functionally active bronchial
      inhibitor in these acid-treated sputum specimens (i.e., concentration of active
      inhibitor/concentration of immunoreactive inhibitor X 100) was found to be 125 +/
      17%. It was positively correlated with the free leukocyte elastase concentration
      (r = 0.77, p less than 0.001) but not with the free bacterial elastase
      concentration (r = 0.46, p greater than 0.05). Therefore, in an in vivo
      situation, P. aeruginosa elastase does not necessarily inactivate the bronchial
      inhibitor. Experiments using pure proteins show that the inactivation process
      does not take place when leukocyte and P. aeruginosa elastase are added
      simultaneously to the inhibitor. This suggests that the bronchial inhibitor
      reacts preferentially with leukocyte elastase and that in its complexed form it
      is shielded from the inactivating action of P. aeruginosa elastase. In addition,
      the inhibitor recovered from the acid-induced dissociation of the leukocyte
      elastase-inhibitor complexes, exhibits a substantially higher specific activity
      than does the native molecule. This explains why the average functional activity
      of the bronchial inhibitor is significantly higher than 100% in sputum samples
      from patients with cystic fibrosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2412474
TI  - Structure-function correlation of early stages of lung injury induced by
      intratracheal bleomycin in the rabbit.
AB  - After measurement of lung volume, pressure-volume relationship of the lungs, flow
      volume relationship, and single-breath diffusing capacity, the effect of
      endotracheal injection of bleomycin (10 micrograms/kg) on structural and
      functional changes was assessed in 21 rabbits and compared with 8 rabbits who
      received endotracheal injection of saline. Lung function was reassessed in the
      control rabbits at 1, 3, and 5 wk, and they were then killed. The bleomycin
      treated rabbits were divided into 3 groups and retested at 1 (n = 7), 3 (n = 6),
      and 5 (n = 8) wk. Each group of animals was killed after the functional
      assessment, and after fixation the lungs were examined morphometrically. The
      degree of fibrosis in the bleomycin-treated animals was small even at 5 wk.
      Volume densities of pulmonary structures, alveolar wall thickness, airway
      diameters, airway inflammation scores, and fibrosis scores were determined and
      their correlation with the functional measurements was assessed. Lung volume
      subdivisions, pressure-volume characteristics, and diffusing capacity for carbon
      monoxide were significantly reduced, and the resistance of the upstream segment
      of airways was significantly increased after the bleomycin injection. Changes in
      lung volume correlated significantly with the volume densities of free alveolar
      cells, nonparenchymal tissue, and alveolar wall thickness. The exponent K,
      derived by fitting an exponential function to the pressure-volume data, which is
      indicative of lung elastic behavior, did not correlate with any morphometric
      index of interstitial disease. The diffusing capacity for CO was significantly
      correlated with the volume densities of alveolar wall, nonparenchymal tissue, and
      alveolar wall thickness, but these correlations became nonsignificant when the
      diffusing capacity was corrected for alveolar volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2412475
TI  - Bleomycin-induced lung injury in the rabbit. Analysis and correlation of
      bronchoalveolar lavage, morphometrics, and fibroblast stimulating activity.
AB  - We have used a rabbit model of bleomycin-induced lung injury to evaluate the
      chronological changes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) constituents.
      The correlation of these changes with morphologic alterations and measured
      soluble mediators of fibrosis has also been assessed. Three groups of 8 treated
      and 8 control New Zealand white rabbits received 10 U/kg bleomycin in normal
      saline, or equal volumes of saline intratracheally. The animals underwent
      bronchoalveolar lavage with a balloon tipped catheter localized to the right
      lower lobe at 3, 8, or 12 wk. Total cell counts and differentials were performed
      on the BALF. The lungs were examined histologically for inflammatory cells in the
      interstitium, alveoli, and airways by morphometric techniques. The lungs were
      also assayed for total hydroxyproline content. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
      supernatants and supernatants from lavaged macrophages cultured for 24 h were
      assayed for fibroblast stimulating activity (FSA) by 3H-thymidine incorporation
      into rabbit lung fibroblasts. There was a significant increase in macrophages and
      neutrophils in the BALF at 3 wk only, although the elevation of macrophages was
      sustained for longer than that of neutrophils. The numbers of BALF macrophages
      correlated with the morphometric assessment of the number of intra-alveolar
      macrophages (p less than 0.001) and interstitial mononuclear cells (p less than
      0.001), as well as the extent of airway inflammation (p less than 0.001). The
      numbers of BALF neutrophils correlated with morphometrically assessed alveolar (p
      less than 0.01) and interstitial neutrophils (p less than 0.01) but not with any
      airway inflammation scores.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2412476
TI  - Peritoneal lavage as an aid to diagnosis of peritonitis in debilitated and
      elderly patients.
AB  - Twenty-seven debilitated or obtunded patients were subjected to peritoneal lavage
      to determine the presence or absence of peritonitis. Fourteen lavages were found
      to be positive, revealing peritonitis in 12 patients. Two of the 14 patients
      refused surgery and subsequently died. Thirteen patients had negative lavages,
      none of whom subsequently developed any evidence of peritonitis or required
      surgical intervention. Peritoneal lavage is an extremely reliable procedure, both
      in establishing the diagnosis of peritonitis or in ruling out its presence in
      debilitated or obtunded, elderly patients. The procedure can be performed
      quickly, without prolonged preparation, and without fear of complications. In
      addition, there is little cost to the procedure, especially when compared to the
      cost of more sophisticated time-consuming tests such as x-ray studies, gallium or
      CT-scanning.

PMID- 2412477
TI  - [Molecular bases of thalassemia].

PMID- 2412478
TI  - [Onychodystrophy induced by intralesional injection of bleomycin for periungual
      wart].

PMID- 2412479
TI  - Radial presentation of results of blood acid-base analyses.
AB  - Both students and clinical users find interpretation of blood acid-base numerical
      values to be difficult. A radial plot provides patterns which are easy to
      understand, and which can be applied to many groups of laboratory results.

PMID- 2412480
TI  - Immunoblotting and ELISA analysis of HSV-1 and HSV-2-specified polypeptides by
      using an immunoblocking method.
AB  - Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) specified polypeptide antigens were analyzed by
      immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. In general,
      the virus specified proteins showed marked cross-reactivity. However, the HSV-1
      specified glycoprotein C could be detected by HSV-1 infected rabbit antiserum
      only. Two low molecular weight polypeptides showed considerable reactivity with
      HSV-2 induced immune sera as revealed by an immunoblocking modification of the
      immunoblotting method. These proteins may prove useful in the serological
      diagnosis of HSV Type 1 and Type 2 infections.

PMID- 2412481
TI  - Physiology of the placenta--gas exchange.
AB  - The placenta serves as the fetus' organ of gas exchange throughout intra-uterine
      life. While the dependence of fetal well-being on an intact maternal-placental
      unit has been recognized for centuries, it is only in the last several decades
      that research with fetal animals has begun to unravel the mechanisms by which it
      regulates blood supply and oxygen, as well as its role in the maternal-to-fetal
      transfer of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, and inorganic salts. The
      anatomy and physiology of the placenta are presented here as they relate
      specifically to gas exchange. In addition, compensatory adaptations of the fetus
      and placenta to acute asphyxial events will be discussed.

PMID- 2412482
TI  - Idiotype vaccines.
AB  - Idiotypic vaccines are discussed in relation to those produced conventionally or
      those which are genetically engineered. The potential value of antiidiotypic
      antibodies as vaccines has been demonstrated in various animal models of
      infectious agents. These antibodies represent a heterogenous population: those
      which bear an internal image of the antigen and those which do not. These groups
      are discussed in terms of their immunochemical properties, relative frequencies
      and efficacy as vaccines. The infectious diseases in which antiidiotypic vaccines
      would be most useful are discussed, as well as problems which may be encountered
      in the use of such vaccines in humans. Some solutions to these problems are
      envisaged and an ideal idiotype vaccine is described.

PMID- 2412483
TI  - [Antigenic specificity of antiplasmodium antibodies in an endemic area: an
      attempt at correlation with the induction of protective immunity].
AB  - Asexual blood-stage antigens from Plasmodium falciparum related to the
      development of protective immunity in an endemic area were identified by
      statistical comparison of antigens recognized by adult immune sera with those
      recognized by non-immune subjects (children). After metabolic labelling of
      parasites in culture and immunoprecipitation, target antigens of seric antibodies
      were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/SDS and detected by
      fluorography. Two groups of antigens were thus identified: 1) the major bands,
      recognized by more than 90% of the sera regardless of the patients' immune
      status; and 2) the minor bands, less intense on fluorograms. The corresponding
      antibodies were more frequent in children who had not yet acquired protective
      immunity than in immune adults. Thus, these minor bands do not appear essential
      for protection, which might instead be related to the presence of some major
      antigens, such as 210/196-, 136-, 121- and 80-Kd antigens. These antibodies
      persist for at least one year, independently of fluctuations in the rate of
      transmission by Anopheles.

PMID- 2412484
TI  - [Immunological localization of alpha-fetoprotein in the proximal endoderm and its
      significance in extra-embryonic differentiation of teratocarcinomas in the
      mouse].
AB  - The ABC technique using a specific anti-mouse alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) serum
      permits identification of groups of extraembryonic proximal endoderm cells in
      certain teratocarcinomas. These AFP+ cells are always associated with
      trophoblastic and parietal endodermal patterns and structures. These observations
      strongly support the hypothesis of a common precursor to the extraembryonic
      tissues which appears during the first phases of egg development.

PMID- 2412485
TI  - Immunofluorescence study of patients with neuropathy and IgM M proteins.
AB  - Immunofluorescence histochemistry was used to study the pathogenesis of
      polyneuropathy in patients with an IgM M protein. Seventeen patients had an M
      protein that reacted with myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and their serum
      immunostained myelin sheaths of normal peripheral nerve of humans and certain
      other species. The staining was specific for the M protein idiotype and was
      abolished by prior absorption of serum with MAG. The sural nerve biopsy specimens
      from these 17 patients had pathological features of primary demyelination and
      deposits of IgM on the myelin sheaths. Sural nerve specimens of 2 patients with
      an M protein reactive with chondroitin sulfate showed axonal degeneration and
      diffuse deposits of IgM in the endoneurium. Serum of one of these patients
      immunostained connective tissue; the staining was specific for the M protein
      idiotype and was blocked by absorption of the serum with chondroitin sulfate. The
      antigenic specificity of the IgM M protein in another 9 patients with neuropathy
      is not known; however, sural nerve specimens obtained from some of the patients
      showed axonal degeneration and endoneurial deposits of IgM, and the serum IgM
      immunostained axons in some instances. The findings suggest that IgM M proteins
      may cause the neuropathy and that more than one autoantigen is involved.

PMID- 2412487
TI  - Noncontamination of proteolipid protein preparations by MBP.

PMID- 2412486
TI  - Neuropathy and anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein IgM M proteins: T cell
      regulation of M protein secretion in vitro.
AB  - In patients with plasma cell dyscrasia, individual clones of antibody-producing
      cells proliferate abnormally and secrete monoclonal antibodies or M proteins in
      excess. The cause of the monoclonal proliferation of lymphocytes and M protein
      secretion is unknown and it is not known whether the M protein-secreting B cells
      are autonomous or capable of responding to regulatory T cells. We carried out
      experiments using lymphocytes from a patient with neuropathy and plasma cell
      dyscrasia whose IgM M protein bound to the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG)
      to determine whether secretion of the M protein in vitro was responsive to T cell
      help or suppression. M protein secretion was measured by an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay system for measuring anti-MAG IgM, and the number of M
      protein-secreting lymphocytes was enumerated by a reverse hemolytic plaque assay
      specific for the M protein idiotype. The patient's B cells were maximally
      stimulated by pokeweed mitogen-activated autologous OKT4+ T-helper cells and the
      helper effect was inhibited by OKT8+ suppressor/cytotoxic T cells. Low levels of
      M protein secretion in the absence of T cells were also observed and there was
      partial stimulation of M protein secretion by T cells in the absence of pokeweed
      mitogen.

PMID- 2412488
TI  - Binding and neutralization of bacterial lipopolysaccharide by colistin
      nonapeptide.
AB  - Polymyxin nonapeptides, proteolytic derivatives of polymyxin antibiotics, are
      less toxic than their parent compounds but retain some of their antibacterial
      activities. To confirm and expand observations that polymyxin nonapeptides have
      anti-endotoxin activity, we studied the ability of colistin nonapeptide to bind
      to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to inhibit the effects of LPS on
      Limulus amoebocyte lysate and lymphocyte mitogenicity. Colistin nonapeptide was
      purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography and was demonstrated to bind to
      LPS by equilibrium dialysis. The ability of colistin nonapeptide to render E.
      coli ATCC 25922 cells sensitive to erythromycin was abrogated by 50% after
      incubation with E. coli O18 LPS in a ratio by weight of LPS to colistin
      nonapeptide of 3.9:1. The presence of 4 micrograms of colistin nonapeptide or
      colistin per ml increased by 130- and 800-fold, respectively, the concentration
      of E. coli O113 LPS required to produce 50% gelation of Limulus amoebocyte lysate
      as measured by a spectrophotometric assay. Neutralization of LPS by colistin
      nonapeptide was time and concentration dependent. In contrast to the
      neutralization seen with LPS derived from a colistin-sensitive organism, colistin
      nonapeptide neutralized very little LPS extracted from a strain of Serratia
      marcescens that was resistant to colistin. Colistin nonapeptide also inhibited
      LPS-induced [3H]thymidine uptake by splenic lymphocytes, but its activity was
      less than 1/10 that of colistin. We conclude that colistin nonapeptide binds to
      LPS and possesses antiendotoxin activity. However, the anti-endotoxin activity of
      the nonapeptide is considerably less than that of its parent compound, colistin.

PMID- 2412489
TI  - Enhancement of non-specific resistance to viral infection by muramyldipeptide and
      its analogs.
AB  - Antiviral activity of muramyldipeptide (MDP) and its lipophilic derivatives, B30
      MDP and MDP-Lys(L18), was investigated in mice infected with vaccinia virus (VV)
      and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Mice administered these compounds
      subcutaneously or orally were protected against VV in tail lesion tests and
      against HSV-2 in skin lesion tests, respectively. Since in vitro antiviral
      activity was not demonstrated with these compounds in cultured mammalian cells
      infected with either VV or HSV-2, host-mediated defense mechanisms may play a
      role in the activity of the compounds. As for serum interferon (IFN) induction,
      MDP and its analogs showed no activity in mice, suggesting that IFN does not
      participate in the antiviral mechanisms against VV and HSV-2. An extrinsic
      antiviral activity was demonstrated when peritoneal macrophages from the mice
      administered these compounds were cocultivated with VV-infected 3T3 cells. The
      results indicate that macrophage activation by MDP and its analogs plays a role
      in the defense mechanisms against viral infection. This activity was not virus
      specific. We also demonstrate that the introduction of lipophilic residue(s) into
      MDP enhances the antiviral activity of mice against VV and HSV-2.

PMID- 2412490
TI  - Activated interferon system in healthy homosexual men.
AB  - More than 50% of a group of healthy homosexuals in Israel were found to have an
      activated interferon (IFN) system as evidenced by markedly elevated blood IFN
      levels, increased in vitro production of IFN by unstimulated peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells and HuIFN-alpha and HuIFN-gamma production by appropriately
      stimulated cells, and a surprisingly high incidence of an antiviral state of
      cells. This pattern resembles that found in persons with acute viral illness, and
      is unlike that found in normal healthy controls. The type of IFN in the blood was
      found to be unusual in that it was mainly HuIFN-alpha, pH 2-labile, a type of IFN
      found in certain collagen diseases as well as in homosexual men suffering from
      Kaposi's sarcoma or lymphadenopathy. Natural killer (NK) cytotoxic activity was
      found to be somewhat lower than that found in normal controls, although no
      correlation was found between blood IFN levels and NK activity. Mean (2'-5')
      oligoisoadenylate synthetase levels in cell extracts were intermediate between
      normal controls and patients with viral illness. Likewise no correlation was
      found between enzyme levels and blood IFN levels. The highly activated IFN system
      found in certain homosexuals, as well as the increased spontaneous production of
      IFN by unstimulated mononuclear cells, suggest the possibility of the presence of
      a virus, active or latent, in these individuals. This virus could be a retrovirus
      such as HTLV-III or LAV which have recently been isolated from AIDS patients. The
      special type of IFN present could be the response to a novel virus in an unusual
      situation. On the basis of recent reports, we speculate that homosexuals with
      highly activated IFN systems who produce pH 2-labile HuIFN-alpha could be at
      increased risk for developing AIDS.

PMID- 2412491
TI  - Effect of N-methylisatin-beta-4':4'-diethylthiosemicarbazone on intracellular
      Moloney leukemia virus constituents.
AB  - N-Methylisatin-beta-4':4'-diethylthiosemicarbazone (M-IBDET) inhibits
      intracellular production of viral constituents in a mouse cell line, 3T3/MLV,
      chronically infected with Moloney leukemia virus. Electron microscopic
      observations confirmed that inhibition of virus production by the drug was not
      associated with any structural changes in the cell morphology or any damage to
      the plasma membrane, the site of viral assembly and 'budding'. Treatment of the
      cells with 17 microM M-IBDET for 6 h inhibited extracellular virus production by
      80% but did not affect the level of viral RNA in the cytoplasm or in the plasma
      membrane. Intracellular reverse transcriptase activity and levels of viral
      structural proteins were significantly inhibited. Thus, although the drug did not
      affect viral RNA, it reduced viral protein synthesis.

PMID- 2412492
TI  - RNase-sensitive and RNase-insensitive protective components isolated from
      Listeria monocytogenes.
AB  - Crude ribosomes were isolated from Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b and
      separated into two fractions by molecular sieve chromatography. Chemical analysis
      indicated that fraction I contained cell envelope components while fraction II
      contained the ribosomes. Both fractions protected mice against Listeria, but only
      in combination with the adjuvant dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA). RNase
      treatment, but not proteinase K-treatment destroyed the protective properties of
      fraction II, and RNA purified from fraction II also induced protection.
      Protection induced by fraction I was not affected by either RNase- or proteinase
      K-treatment. Both subcutaneous and intraperitoneal, but not intravenous
      administration of fraction I, fraction II, or purified RNA induced significant
      protection against intraperitoneal infection, the intraperitoneal route of
      administration being the most effective. All preparations induced high levels of
      protection 3 to 7 days after administration, but protection was already decreased
      after 14 days. Protection induced with RNA appeared to be biphasic, because it
      also protected mice 1 day, but not 2 days after administration. Protection
      induced with both fraction I and RNA was at least in part non-specific, because
      both preparations also protected mice against L. monocytogenes serotype 3,
      Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results are discussed in
      relation to previous work with analogous preparations from P. aeruginosa.

PMID- 2412493
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of malignant melanoma].
AB  - Malignant melanoma is one of the most malignant froms of cancer, for which the
      prognosis is still very grave. However, it need not necessarily be regarded as
      such a fearful tumor if it is found at an early stage and treated thoroughly and
      adequately. An understanding of the early clinical changes in the size, color and
      shape of the tumor is required, and early discovery can save a patient's life.
      Histopathological examination should be done for diagnosis, and S-100 protein
      should be checked together with monoclonal antibody studies sometimes. The main
      principle of treatment in the early stage of malignant melanoma is to make an
      incision 2 to 5 cm away from the edge of the tumor. As a rule, exploratory
      excision and minor resection should not be performed. It may be said,
      accordingly, that multidisciplinary treatment should only be given for malignant
      melanoma of stage 1b and more advanced stages. At present, chemotherapeutic
      combinations used as the first choice in Japan are two regimens, one of which is
      DAV (DTIC, ACNU and vincristine), and the other, PAV (peplomycin, ACNU and
      vincristine). The effectiveness rate with DAV and PAV have been approximately 30%
      in various clinical studies. Favorable clinical responses obtained by
      radiotherapy have often been observed after fast neutron irradiation and
      hyperthermia therapy. Immunotherapy and interferon treatment are also often
      applied for malignant melanoma.

PMID- 2412494
TI  - [Other malignant skin tumors: carcinoma of cutaneous appendages and metastatic
      carcinoma to the skin].
AB  - Carcinoma of cutaneous appendages, which are derived from hair follicles,
      sebaceous glands and sweat glands, are generally rare. Although no papers on
      malignant tumors derived from hair follicles have been reported either at home or
      abroad, several cases of distinct hair follicle carcinoma have recently been
      reported in this country. In this paper, malignant change of epidermoid cyst
      (follicular), malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumor, malignant change of
      trichilemmoma, and BCC-like tumor associated with immature hair follicle
      formation, were discussed as several types of malignant changes occurring in the
      hair follicle. Both sebaceous and sweat gland carcinomas, frequently show a
      relatively poor prognosis due to a marked tendency for widespread metastasis. In
      apocrine gland carcinoma appearing in axillar and chest areas, there is a
      difficulty in making differential diagnosis from carcinoma of latent accessory
      mammary gland. An outline of metastatic carcinoma to the skin was given.

PMID- 2412495
TI  - [Comparative studies of estrogen receptor determinations by enzyme immuno-assay
      using the monoclonal antibody, dextran-coated charcoal, and sucrose density
      gradient methods].
AB  - Estrogen receptor (ER) determination in human mammary tumors was performed by
      enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using monoclonal antibody, and the results were compared
      with those obtained using the dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) and sucrose density
      gradient (SDG) method. Twenty ER-positive tumors by the DCC method were all ER
      positive by EIA, when determined in the same cytosol fraction. Three out of 21 ER
      negative tumors by the DCC method were ER-positive by EIA. Estrogen receptors of
      8S, 8S + 4S, and 4S determined by the SDG method were all shown to be ER-positive
      using EIA. Between the values of estrogen receptors determined by the DCC method
      and by EIA, a high correlation was observed (r = 0.868). Values of ER less than
      13.5 fmol/mg protein were considered as negative ER.

PMID- 2412496
TI  - [Hyperthermic treatment with peplomycin and bestatin in superficial bladder
      cancer].
AB  - In order to study the effect of Bestatin on superficial bladder cancer, the drug
      was used in combination with hyperthermia and Peplomycin therapy. The study was
      made using the following 2 groups. Group 1; Hyperthermic treatment with
      Peplomycin was used in 6 cases of bladder cancer. Group 2; Bestatin was given in
      combination with hyperthermia and Peplomycin in 15 cases of bladder cancer. As a
      result, complete or partial regression was obtained in 1 and 5 cases in Groups 1
      and 2 respectively. Therefore, the combined use of Peplomycin and Bestatin in
      hyperthermic treatment for superficial bladder cancer appeared to be effective.
      Degeneration of tumor cells, irregularity of tumor structure, interstitial edema,
      fibrosis and cell infiltration were observed in the surgical specimens taken from
      effective cases, although the mechanism of action of Bestatin on tumors was
      clearly demonstrated upon histological examination.

PMID- 2412497
TI  - A specific defect in glycosylation of epidermal cell membranes. Definition in
      skin from patients with epidermolysis bullosa simplex.
AB  - Why blister formation occurs within the epidermis in epidermolysis bullosa (EB)
      simplex is not known. One possibility is that there are diminished amounts,
      absence, or biochemical alterations of one or more structural components of
      epidermal cell membranes, thereby leading to increased skin fragility. In order
      to test this hypothesis, biopsy specimens were obtained from clinically normal
      appearing skin of patients with simplex, junctional, and dystrophic forms of EB
      and normal adult volunteers. Immunofluorescence studies were performed on each
      specimen using eight fluorescein-labeled affinity-purified lectins shown to bind
      uniformly to epidermal cell membranes of normal human adult skin and neonatal
      foreskin. To examine the epidermal cytoskeleton, each tissue specimen was also
      examined using two antikeratin monoclonal antibodies. Irregular and focally
      granular epidermal membrane staining was noted in each EB simplex specimen
      examined with the lectin-peanut agglutinin. In contrast, uniformly crisp membrane
      staining was seen in each specimen from patients with junctional or dystrophic EB
      and from normal volunteers. This epidermal cell membrane glycosylation defect
      appears to have the restricted carbohydrate specificity of peanut agglutinin
      since staining of EB simplex skin with each of the remaining seven lectins was
      indistinguishable from that seen in skin from patients with the other forms of EB
      and normal adult skin. Furthermore, the epidermis in EB simplex skin appears to
      be selectively abnormal since the same tissue specimens demonstrated normal
      keratin cytoskeleton staining.

PMID- 2412498
TI  - Treatment of viral warts with pressure-sensitive adhesive tape containing
      bleomycin sulfate.

PMID- 2412499
TI  - Comparative acute sensitivities of early life stages of atherinid fishes to
      chlorpyrifos and thiobencarb.

PMID- 2412500
TI  - The role of splenectomy in multimodality treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic
      purpura.
AB  - Current treatment modalities for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
      include plasmapheresis (PP), splenectomy, steroids, dextran, other antiplatelet
      agents, and vinca alkaloids. Prior to the development of PP and use of
      multimodality treatment for TTP, mortality rates exceeded 50%. This report
      reviews 11 patients treated for TTP, demonstrates the successful use of
      splenectomy as salvage therapy, and defines our indications for splenectomy in
      the treatment of this disorder. Ten of 11 patients were initially treated with
      PP; three responded completely and one died of fulminant disease. Six patients
      had a transient partial response to plasmapheresis and were subsequently treated
      with splenectomy, steroids, and dextran-70. Initial plasmapheresis resulted in
      improvement in laboratory values and clinical status in those patients requiring
      splenectomy. Durable remission (6-48 months) was achieved in 91% of patients with
      minimal morbidity.

PMID- 2412501
TI  - Tetralogy of Fallot: selective surgical management can minimize operative
      mortality.
AB  - Although tetralogy of Fallot can be completely corrected at any age, it appears
      that preliminary shunting may be of benefit in infancy. To better define the
      optimum age for shunting, the following patient data were reviewed. One hundred
      five patients with tetralogy of Fallot were treated between December, 1975, and
      July, 1984. Eight of 100 patients undergoing intracardiac repair died. Operative
      mortality was 14.3% (4 of 28 patients) when intracardiac repair was done before
      the patient was a year old, but only 5.6% (4 of 72 patients) after that age.
      Seven (13%) of 54 patients requiring transannular patch reconstruction of the
      right ventricular outflow tract died, whereas only 1 (2.2%) of 46 having repair
      without this type of reconstruction died (p less than 0.05). Twenty-one patients
      were initially palliated with systemic-pulmonary artery shunts, with 1 noncardiac
      death related to associated congenital neurological anomalies (4.8%). There was
      no statistically significant difference in mortality for primary versus secondary
      intracardiac repair. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume determination in 26
      patients less than 2 years old demonstrated that 14 patients had small left
      ventricles and that 3 of them less than 1 year of age died at corrective
      operation. The remaining 12 had a left ventricle of normal size, and 1 of them
      died at operation. Palliative shunts can be performed safely in the very young
      child with no increased mortality at subsequent intracardiac repair. Diffuse
      hypoplasia of the right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary arteries
      requiring transannular patch reconstruction, and age less than 1 year both alter
      operative mortality, their combined impact being additive.

PMID- 2412502
TI  - Age-associated changes in nucleic acid content in Zaprionus paravittiger.
AB  - The mean life span of male and female Zaprionus paravittiger reared on corn meal
      agar medium at 26 +/- 2 degrees C was found to be 35 and 40 days, respectively.
      The DNA content showed a perpetual decline in both sexes. The RNA content also
      showed a continuous decline in males while in females a significant leap is found
      during the first 17 days followed by a steady decline until the 41st day. The
      study supports the concept that protein synthesis (RNA-DNA) and thus the
      biological expression during different phases of life, are controlled at the DNA
      RNA level.

PMID- 2412504
TI  - Effects of amino-acid mixtures on food utilization and growth in Tenebrio molitor
      L.
AB  - Ten holidic diets, varying in amino-acid concentration or composition, were fed
      to larvae of Tenebrio molitor for four weeks at 27 +/- 0.25 degrees C and 65 +/-
      5% r.h. Effects of diet on growth, food utilization and energy utilization were
      recorded for individual larvae. Differences in gains in fresh weight or in dry
      matter among larvae fed diets containing 0% to 5% of the amino-acid mixture were
      not demonstrated. However, larvae fed 10% or 20% of this mixture gained more than
      the former, but less than larvae fed a diet of ground whole wheat and brewer's
      yeast (9:1, w/w). When the amino-acid mixture was supplemented with alanine,
      aspartic acid, and serine, or with these three and asparagine, and was fed to
      larvae at the 10% level, growth was slower than with the unsupplemented mixture.
      Supplementation of the amino-acid mixture with the first three amino acids did
      not reduce larval growth when fed at the 20% level. Amounts of food and of energy
      utilized were positively correlated with larval fresh-weight and dry-matter
      gains. Energy utilization was negatively correlated with dietary amino-acid
      level. Food and energy utilization and larval growth were influenced by dietary
      amino acids, either metabolically or through phagostimulation.

PMID- 2412503
TI  - Influence of ingested load on postprandial insulin secretion. Role of gastric
      inhibitory polypeptide (GIP).
AB  - Two standard mixed meals including the same ingredients, and with different
      caloric values were ingested by 10 normal subjects. The plasma gastric inhibitory
      polypeptide (GIP) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) as well as blood glucose (BG)
      were assayed during these meals at 0 (beginning of the meal) and after 30, 60,
      120 and 180 min. BG was not significantly different between the two meals. At 30
      min, the GIP peak was significantly higher in the case of the meal with the
      highest caloric (HC) value (499.5 +/- 112.0 vs. 273.4 +/- 57.5 pg/ml). Insulin
      was higher as well, although not in a significant way. At 120 min, the IRI was
      significantly higher (63.0 +/- 9.8 vs. 34.4 +/- 6.2 microU/ml) in the case of the
      HC meal. The HC meal induced a significantly higher insulinogenic index (0.29 +/-
      0.05 vs. 0.14 +/- 0.07 mU litre g-1 ml-1). Integrated IRI and GIP responses of
      the HC meal were significantly higher than those of the meal with the lowest
      caloric value (IRI : 7.9 +/- 1.1 vs. 4.9 +/- 0.6 mU ml-1 180 min-1; GIP : 53.3 +/
      20.5 vs. 28.2 +/- 9.9 ng ml-1 180 min-1). The early (30 min) augmentation of IRI
      secretion after the ingestion of a larger meal is related to the insulinotropic
      action of the enhanced GIP secretion. The reasons for the late IRI increase are
      not obvious from this experiment. They might be of neural, nutrient, and/or
      intestinal origin.

PMID- 2412505
TI  - [Quantitative measurement of lectin activities using an autoanalyser].
AB  - Today, an increasing number of lectins are available for a diagnostical purpose.
      Using an autoanalyser, it is possible to study and to measure the agglutination
      of red blood cells, one of their main properties.

PMID- 2412506
TI  - Reduced hepatic fatty-acid synthesis and lowered plasma triacylglycerol (TG) in
      potassium deficient rats.
AB  - Potassium deficiency was induced in rats by feeding a potassium- free synthetic
      diet containing 5% Resonium A. Feeding this diet for 1 week resulted in a
      decrease of plasma potassium by about 50% vs. pair fed controls. In hypokalemic
      rats hepatic fatty-acid synthesis and TG secretion by the liver were
      significantly reduced. In contrast the removal of an intravenous lipid load
      occurred optimally under this condition. As a consequence plasma TG levels were
      reduced in potassium-deficient rats.

PMID- 2412507
TI  - Hormonal correlates of gonadal regression and spontaneous recovery in Japanese
      quail exposed to short day-lengths.
AB  - Adult male Japanese quail were transferred from long to short days. Plasma
      testosterone and dihydrotestosterone quickly decreased and this endocrine
      response was followed by a regression of the cloacal gland, an androgen-target
      organ. After about a month, a spontaneous recovery of gonadal activity was
      observed in some but not all birds. It was not associated with obvious shifts in
      the circadian system. The physiological bases of this spontaneous recovery are
      discussed as well as the detailed relationships between plasma testosterone and
      cloacal gland size.

PMID- 2412508
TI  - Effect of vasopressin on the permeability of non electrolytes across the skins of
      Rana esculenta and Bufo bufo.
AB  - Maximal doses of vasopressin increase the permeability of the skins of Bufo bufo
      and Rana esculenta to urea, ethylene glycol, glycerol, erythritol, beta-alanine,
      leaving virtually unmodified that of mannitol and antipyrine. These results
      demonstrate that the response to vasopressin is quite different in amphibian
      skins as compared to the bladders. A careful analysis of the effects of
      vasopressin on non-electrolyte permeability as a function of their molecular
      weight demonstrates that hormone elicits the formation of pores with a diameter
      inferior to 4 A. Under vasopressin treatment the skins exhibit a selectivity for
      polyhydroxylated molecules as compared to urea and beta-alanine. This selectivity
      is not due to active of facilitated transport and is not impaired by phloretin or
      DTNB which selectively blocks the permeability of urea or ethylene glycol in
      erythrocytes. It is proposed that the site of such selectivity is located in
      other plasma membranes of the epithelium.

PMID- 2412509
TI  - Muscle regeneration induced by cells autografted in adult rats.
AB  - Right triceps surae of 3-week-old Wistar rats were minced and devitalized with
      liquid nitrogen, a treatment which completely inhibits their ability to
      regenerate when they are orthotopically autografted. In a first series of
      experiments, cells were isolated from the left triceps surae, mixed with the
      devitalized right mince and autografted; in a second series, cells were moreover
      allowed to proliferate in vitro for a few weeks before being grafted. The
      regenerates were examined 60 days after surgery. In the first series, all the
      regenerates were contractile and developed a maximal isometric tetanic force of
      18 +/- 6 mN (n = 5); they contained 152 +/- 80 muscle fibres located proximally,
      the number of which decreased along the proximo-distal axis, being 24 +/- 24 in
      the median part of the regenerate. The muscle fibres appeared histologically
      normal except for their shortness (less than 10 mm) and narrowness (mean luminal
      diameter: 30 microns). In the second series, 2 out of 5 regenerates were
      comparable with those of the first series except that their fibres were shorter;
      the 3 other regenerates were unexcitable. These experiments demonstrate that
      cells isolated from an adult striated muscle are able to regenerate striated
      muscle fibres in an adult animal and that these cells can retain this property if
      they are grown in culture.

PMID- 2412510
TI  - Hepatocytes volume regulation.
AB  - Cell volume regulation has been studied during isolated dog liver perfusion. In
      presence of ouabain (10(-4) M) rapid but quantitatively matched exchange of K for
      Na occurs and the cellular volume is maintained until (90 min later)
      intracellular K concentration falls below 80 mEq/litre. Additional mechanism of
      protection of cell volume as loss of intracellular anions should also play a role
      since ouabain produces rapidly a membrane depolarization and chloride gain. A
      similar sequence of events is obtained when inhibition of the sodium pump is
      produced by anoxia but in this case the chloride gain in excess of cation gain is
      particularly marked. Submitted to an hypotonic shock the hepatocytes swell but
      tend to partially recover their volume by loosing K, indeed when osmolarity is
      corrected the cells maintain a sub-normal volume. Ouabain inhibits (or masks?)
      this iso-osmotic regulation. When submitted to an hypertonic medium a reduced
      cell volume is obtained and maintained for hours even in presence of ouabain,
      which produces a Na/K exchange at the same rate as in normal conditions.

PMID- 2412511
TI  - Physical and catalytic properties of amylase from the alimentary canal of the
      migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fab.).

PMID- 2412512
TI  - Tissue compensatory metabolic profiles in Tilapia mossambica (Peters) on
      acclimation to sublethal acidic and alkaline media. Gill glycogen metabolism.
AB  - Freshwater Fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters) was acclimated to sublethal acidic
      and alkaline media and branchial tissue glycogen metabolism was studied. In
      acidic media, the glycogenolysis is elevated in the tissues and glycolysis is
      suppressed. In contrast, in alkaline media, the tissue glycolytic pathway is
      accelerated with accumulation of organic acids. In both the cases tissue had
      elevated G-6-PDH activity indicating stress conditions on the tissue metabolism.
      The tissue compensatory changes provided survival value to the fish under altered
      pH media.

PMID- 2412513
TI  - Tritiated actinomycin-D staining method: a valuable tool to study oestrogen
      receptor-induced modifications of transcriptional activity in normal and
      neoplastic cells.
AB  - Exposure at 4 degrees C of purified cell nuclei from uterus and hormone-sensitive
      mammary cancer to their own cytosol preincubated with oestradiol produced a
      significant increase in their ability to bind [3H] actinomycin D (3H-AMD). This
      increase did not occur under conditions preventing the transfer of the oestrogen
      receptor into the cell nucleus, nor in cancer cell nuclei devoid of oestrogen
      receptors. Uterine cytosol preincubated with the strong antioestrogen 4
      hydroxytamoxifen did not modify the 3H-AMD binding capacity of the uterine nuclei
      but significantly suppressed the increase induced by oestradiol. Moreover,
      ultrastructural study of tumour nuclei revealed that the oestradiol receptor
      induced increase was associated with a marked chromatin dispersion. These results
      strongly suggest that the 3H-AMD staining method is a valuable tool for the
      assessment of oestrogen receptor-induced modifications of transcriptional
      activity in normal and pathological tissue as well.

PMID- 2412514
TI  - [Electric activity of the rectus femoris in supramaximal running].
AB  - The electrical activity of the rectus femoris has been analysed in nine subjects
      during the course of a supramaximal run performed until exhaustion. The
      integrated electromyogram and the median frequency do not change significantly as
      a function of time.

PMID- 2412515
TI  - Effect of norepinephrine and vasopressin on renal kallikrein excretion in rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of norepinephrine and
      vasopressin on urinary kallikrein excretion in the rat. Two studies were
      undertaken: (a) acute experiments in which the rats were infused with 30%
      dextrose in water with the addition of norepinephrine or vasopressin, (b) chronic
      experiments in which the drugs were infused during seven days through an osmotic
      minipump. In acute experiments, urinary kallikrein excretion increased without
      modification in urinary flow and glomerular filtration rate. In chronic
      experiments, urinary kallikrein excretion was not modified in norepinephrine
      treated rats and decreased in vasopressin-infused animals. This decrease followed
      the modifications of the urine flow. In chronic experiments the dextrose infusion
      increased urinary kallikrein excretion. In all the groups studied a positive
      correlation between urine flow and urinary kallikrein excretion was observed. It
      is concluded that norepinephrine and vasopressin are important stimulators of the
      urinary kallikrein excretion only in those circumstances where it is necessary to
      eliminate an excess of water.

PMID- 2412516
TI  - Number and function of sulphydryl groups of N-acetylneuraminate lyase.
AB  - The reaction between DTNB and the SH groups of N-acetylneuraminate lyase has been
      investigated in the presence and absence of pyruvic acid, substrate of the
      enzyme. It was found that DTNB inactivates N-acetylneuraminate lyase, while
      pyruvic acid protects the enzyme against this inactivation. When the enzyme was
      fully inactivated, two SH groups have reacted with DTNB. This result supports
      previous suggestions, that there is one cystein residue per active site
      responsible for enzyme activity. In the presence of SDS, approx. 6 SH groups
      reacted with DTNB suggesting the existence of 3 SH groups per enzyme subunit.

PMID- 2412517
TI  - Effects of substantia nigra stimulation on electrical and mechanical activities
      of the duodeno-jejunal loop, in the cat.
AB  - The effect of substantia nigra stimulation on duodeno-jejunal intraluminal
      pressure and electrical activity was analysed in the cat. An inhibitory influence
      was noted to occur on both the intestinal pressure and the electrical response
      activity (ERA): the effect seemed to be in correlation with the stimulus
      parameters employed. After bilateral vagotomy, the inhibition remained
      substantially unchanged. The possibility of the existence of a sympathetic
      pathway mediating the effect is emphasized.

PMID- 2412518
TI  - Effects of in vitro and in vivo ethanol and acetaldehyde on exocrine pancreatic
      secretion.

PMID- 2412519
TI  - Heliothrix oregonensis, gen. nov., sp. nov., a phototrophic filamentous gliding
      bacterium containing bacteriochlorophyll a.
AB  - An unusual filamentous, gliding bacterium was found in a few hot springs in
      Oregon where it formed a nearly unispecific top layer of microbial mats. It
      contained a bacteriochlorophyll a-like pigment and an abundance of carotenoids.
      There were no chlorosomes or additional chlorophylls. The organism was
      aerotolerant and appeared to be photoheterotrophic. It was successfully co
      cultured with an aerobic chemoheterotroph in a medium containing glucose and
      casamino acids. Although it has many characteristics in common with the genus
      Chloroflexus, the lack of chlorosomes and bacteriochlorophyll c and the aerobic
      nature of this organism indicate that it should be placed in a new genus. This
      conclusion is supported by 5S rRNA nucleotide sequence data.

PMID- 2412520
TI  - Detection of an antigenic cell wall layer in Histoplasma capsulatum. An
      immunoelectron microscopic study.
AB  - Histoplasma capsulatum yeast cells have been studied by immunoelectron microscopy
      using rabbit polyclonal antisera and a biotin-avidin-peroxidase detection system.
      An antigenic surface layer has been visualized in the cell wall of immunostained
      organisms. This layer was not seen in samples prepared by standard electron
      microscopic methods or in negative controls used with the immunocytochemical
      technique. Without immunostaining the cell wall of Histoplasma appeared almost
      transparent. In contrast, after immunoperoxidase staining the cell wall was
      conspicuous, bounded by the darkly stained outer layer. This electron dense
      layer, appeared to be a reservoir of surface antigens that were recognized by
      anti-Histoplasma antibodies.

PMID- 2412521
TI  - Treatment of hyperactive children with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. II. Plasma
      and urinary monoamine findings after treatment.
AB  - Urinary monoamines and metabolites as well as plasma norepinephrine (NE) and 3
      methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol were measured in 14 boys (mean age, 9.2 years) with
      Attention Deficit Disorder With Hyperactivity during an initial placebo period,
      after four weeks of treatment with either dextroamphetamine sulfate (N=5) or a
      monoamine oxidase inhibitor (N=9) and at the end of a subsequent two-week placebo
      "washout" period. Both dextroamphetamine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors
      produced persistent changes in monoamines and metabolites, which were most marked
      and consistent for NE and its metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol. These
      changes did not correlate in a consistent fashion with clinical response during
      drug treatment. Moreover, there was rapid clinical relapse following cessation of
      either treatment while the alterations in NE metabolism remained during the two
      weeks following drug, further demonstrating the independence of these changes
      from clinical state. Future studies with dextroamphetamine need drug-free periods
      that are greater than 14 days to obtain true "baseline" conditions.

PMID- 2412522
TI  - Higher CSF levels of HVA and 5-HIAA in delusional compared to nondelusional
      depression.

PMID- 2412523
TI  - Substance P and 5-hydroxytryptamine immunoreactive presynaptic boutons on
      presumed alpha-motoneurons in the chicken ventral horn.
AB  - Substance P and 5-hydroxytryptamine containing presynaptic boutons on presumed
      alpha-motoneurons were studied in the chicken ventral horn using the indirect
      antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique in conjunction with monoclonal
      antibodies to 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P both at light and electron
      microscopic levels. At the light microscopic level, substance P immunoreactivity
      was observed as large dot-like structures in close apposition to the soma and
      dendrites of presumed alpha-motoneurons. Individual immunoreactive structures
      were separated from each other. On the other hand, 5-hydroxytryptamine
      immunoreactivity was observed as many small dot- or fiber-like structures
      outlining the soma and dendrites of large neurons in the ventral horn. Electron
      microscopically, 5-hydroxytryptamine immunoreactive presynaptic boutons were
      identified as the type which contained elongated dense cored vesicles concomitant
      with flattened clear vesicles, while the substance P immunoreactivity was
      observed in presynaptic boutons which contained spherical dense cored vesicles
      (diameter range 60-110 nm) together with spherical clear vesicles. Both types of
      dense cored vesicles were often adjacent to the presynaptic membrane of synaptic
      specialization. These immunocytochemical results suggest that alpha-motoneurons
      may be directly modulated by substance P and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the chicken.

PMID- 2412524
TI  - Enhanced immune response in "R" inbred rats by chemical and/or bacterial
      immunostimulation. II. Stimulation of cell-mediated immune response after
      administration of Aerodin and Bronhodin associated or not with levamisole.

PMID- 2412525
TI  - Evaluation of techniques of controlling exocrine drainage after segmental
      pancreatectomy in dogs. Implications for pancreatic transplantation.
AB  - Pancreatic transplantation is hampered by difficulties in controlling exocrine
      drainage. Methods of controlling exocrine drainage were assessed in 30 dogs
      receiving right lobe pancreatectomy. In the sham group, laparotomy and dissection
      of the pancreas were performed. In the others, the duct was either left open,
      ligated, anastomosed to jejunal mucosa, or injected with 1.5 mL of either
      silicone rubber, Neoprene, or Prolamine. Serial serum glucose and amylase levels
      were obtained at regular intervals and pancreatic biopsies were performed at two
      and eight weeks for examination. Glucose homeostasis was maintained throughout
      the study period. All animals developed severe pancreatitis as shown by
      hyperamylasemia by the second postoperative day, which resolved in most animals
      by the tenth to 14th day. Animals were free of ascites, pancreatic abscesses, and
      pseudocysts. All methods of ductal obstruction as well as the open duct drainage
      led to islet and acinar fragmentation and fibrosis. Endocrine function was
      preserved in all groups. In three animals with patent ductal-jejunal anastomoses,
      the pancreas appeared normal. Duct-to-jejunum anastomosis was the preferred
      method to preserve pancreatic function and morphology.

PMID- 2412526
TI  - An in situ evaluation of distal splenic arteriovenous fistula on pancreas
      function in an isolated pancreas segment.
AB  - To determine the effects of a distal splenic arteriovenous fistula on endocrine
      function and pancreatic blood flow, 25 dogs underwent proximal pancreatectomy
      with the pancreatic tail left in situ and free intraperitoneal drainage of the
      pancreatic duct. Group A served as controls. In groups B through E, ligation of
      all nonpancreatic splenic vessels was accomplished. In group B, no further
      manipulations were performed. In group C, an arteriovenous fistula was created.
      Groups D and E were identical to groups B and C, respectively, except for the
      induction of bile pancreatitis. During intravenous glucose tolerance testing, the
      mean (+/- SEM) basal-to-peak insulin difference was 10.1 +/- 3.5 microU/mL in
      group A, 16.3 +/- 3.6 microU/mL in group B, 14.8 +/- 5.1 microU/mL in group C,
      16.4 +/- 3.1 microU/mL in group D, and 13.0 +/- 4.4 microU/mL in group E.
      Corresponding mean (+/- SEM) glucose clearance values were as follows: -0.907% +/
      0.24%/min, -0.867% +/- 0.14%/min, -1.056% +/- 0.21%/min, -1.365% +/- 0.26%/min,
      and -0.887% +/- 0.20%/min. These values were not significantly different.
      Ligation of all splenic arterial and venous branches resulted in a 64.8% to 78.3%
      reduction in splenic artery blood flow that was restored to 60.9% to 84.9% of
      basal flow by an arteriovenous fistula (groups C and E). In conclusion, the
      creation of a splenic arteriovenous fistula was not beneficial in this model and
      other factors (rejection or technical) should be considered in vascular
      thrombosis following segmental pancreatic transplantation.

PMID- 2412527
TI  - Effect of defaunating the rumen on growth and carcass composition of lambs.
AB  - The effect of defaunating the rumen on growth performance and carcass composition
      of lambs fed a molasses-urea diet was investigated. Before the growth trial, all
      the animals were defaunated. Based on live weight and daily gain during a
      preliminar period, the animals were divided in two groups whereafter one group
      was refaunated. Defaunation caused a decrease in propionic acid percentage in the
      rumen. Daily gain and food conversion efficiency were better in the defaunated
      group, but only during the first five weeks. The response over the whole trial (0
      9 weeks) remained positive however. There was a trend towards more meat and less
      fat in the carcass of defaunated lambs. The fact that two animals died during the
      defaunation procedure indicates the need for a completely harmless and effective
      defaunating agent.

PMID- 2412528
TI  - Distinction between Bunyaviridae genera by surface structure and comparison with
      Hantaan virus using negative stain electron microscopy.
AB  - Ultrastructural studies of glutaraldehyde-fixed viruses of the Bunyaviridae were
      performed by negative-stain electron microscopy. The surface structure of viruses
      of each genus was compared with that of the other genera and with Hantaan virus,
      the prototype of a proposed new genus of Bunyaviridae. Viruses of each genus had
      a surface structure distinct for that genus. In addition, Hantaan virus had a
      surface structure composed of a grid-like pattern of morphologic subunits not
      previously described for animal viruses. Careful morphologic studies of suspected
      Bunyaviridae may be used in considering preliminary generic assignment. This
      study also supports the assignment of Hantaan-related viruses to a separate
      generic status within the Bunyaviridae.

PMID- 2412529
TI  - [Studies of phosphorylation in rat mast cells (seventh report)--histamine-release
      and metabolism of polyphosphoinositides].

PMID- 2412530
TI  - [Inhibitory effect of nicardipine on 45Ca uptake and histamine release in rat
      mast cells stimulated by antigen].

PMID- 2412531
TI  - [IgG4-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using an anti-human IgG4 monoclonal
      antibody].

PMID- 2412532
TI  - [Efficacy of tranilast administration and specific hyposensitization therapy of
      atopic dermatitis].

PMID- 2412533
TI  - [A comparison between Chinese blended medicine "shoseiryuto", tranilast and
      ketotifen on the anti-allergic action in the guinea pigs].

PMID- 2412534
TI  - Chemotherapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

PMID- 2412535
TI  - Clinical photocoagulation with the organic dye laser. A preliminary
      communication.
AB  - Clinical research utilizing the yellow, orange, and red wavelengths of the liquid
      organic dye laser has demonstrated that this laser may be successfully used for
      photocoagulation of certain ophthalmic defects. The advantage of the dye laser as
      a photocoagulation source is its capability to produce monochromatic wavelengths
      at relatively high output powers through a large range of the visible spectrum.
      Therefore, a target tissue can be coagulated with minimal transmittal of laser
      energy through the ocular media, by the selection of a wavelength that would be
      most highly absorbed by that tissue. The dye laser, as a system that permits
      transspectral photocoagulation, should prove valuable in the treatment of ocular
      disease.

PMID- 2412536
TI  - Modified neck dissection for metastatic testicular carcinoma.
AB  - Carcinoma of the testicle is a unique clinicopathologic entity in that an
      optimistic attitude toward cure can be entertained even in the presence of
      distant metastasis. Chemotherapy, followed by an aggressive surgical resection of
      residual disease, can result in eradication of this neoplasm. This tumor is
      capable of being monitored by the use of serum markers, namely, human chorionic
      gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein. After induction chemotherapy, the transition
      of elevated serum tumor markers to normal levels suggests that malignant disease
      has been eliminated or converted to teratoma. Elevated markers indicate
      persistent or recurrent carcinoma and mandate further chemotherapy. If
      normalization of tumor markers occurs, any residual mass in the abdomen, chest,
      or neck should be surgically resected. The otolaryngologist plays a role in the
      diagnosis and the resection of residual neck disease. Metastatic testicular
      carcinoma can present as a supraclavicular neck mass and must be considered in
      the differential diagnosis of a mass in this area. Large residual neck lesions
      are best removed through the exposure afforded by modified neck dissection.

PMID- 2412537
TI  - Topographic study of sudanophilic lesions in cholesterol-fed minipigs by image
      analysis.
AB  - A new morphometric technique using image analysis has been developed to express
      the topographic distribution of atherosclerotic lesions in unambiguous
      statistical terms. Computer-stored images of opened Sudan IV-stained aortas and
      iliac and coronary arteries from hypercholesterolemic minipigs (n = 39) were used
      in this study. The image processing methods included transformation of the data
      to standard templates, automated image segmentation, and creation of probability
      of-occurrence maps. These maps have shown that sudanophilic lesions are localized
      with a characteristic topography along the aortas and iliac and coronary
      arteries. Areas of high probability are associated with the entrance regions of
      vessels and the lateral leading edges of the major flow dividers. Regions
      immediately distal to large branches were found to be areas of low probability.
      Despite the association of areas of sudanophilia with entrance regions and branch
      points, a major portion of sudanophilic lesions was not associated with any
      orifice region (e.g., ductus scar, dorsolateral surface of abdominal aorta, and
      ventral surface of terminal aorta). The present study provides the necessary
      information for the development of a rational sampling strategy for the
      experimental study of the distribution of localizing factors (e.g., hemodynamic,
      biochemical, cellular, mass transport, histological) and their relationships to
      putative atherogenic mechanisms.

PMID- 2412538
TI  - Characteristics of an SA 11 rotavirus variant differing in the outer capsid
      glycoprotein.
AB  - The ease with which variants of rotaviruses arise has been further illustrated by
      the isolation of a variant of simian rotavirus SA 11 differing in the major outer
      capsid glycoprotein VP7. The difference in mol.wt. between VP7 of the variant
      (STA virus) and SA 11 virus was 3 X 10(3), with this polypeptide of STA virus
      still retaining the mannose-rich carbohydrate moiety. Limited proteolytic
      analysis using Staphylococcus aureus V.8 protease and trypsin also showed a
      difference in structure between the VP7 of the two viruses. SA 11 and STA viruses
      differed antigenically, although they could not be considered to be different
      serotypes. In other properties, such as rate of growth, the two viruses appeared
      to be very similar. The evidence overall pointed to STA virus being a variant
      strain rather than a reassortant, but the appearance of such variants may prove
      to have important implications in rotavirus immunoprophylaxis.

PMID- 2412539
TI  - Localization of lysozyme in the frozen section of nasal mucosa by protein A-gold
      technique.
AB  - The location of lysozyme was studied in frozen sections of the nasal gland by
      protein A-gold technique, modified for the frozen section. Serous glands were
      enriched with lysozyme. Within the glands, the apical portion of the serous cells
      was most heavily stained. The epithelial layer was virtually unstained for
      lysozyme. The result was essentially the same as that obtained by the peroxidase
      antiperoxidase method. Electronmicroscopic examination of the stained sections
      supports the possible application of this method for pre-embedding
      immunostaining, although further improvement of the technique is necessary.

PMID- 2412540
TI  - Immunosuppressive plasma factors in malignant disease.
AB  - Naturally occurring substances in plasma capable of suppressing immune responses
      have been described in health and in benign and malignant diseases. The present
      study attempted to identify the factors responsible for the immunosuppressive
      activity of plasma from healthy subjects (n = 5) and patients with benign (10)
      and malignant (12) diseases. Plasma samples were fractionated by gel filtration
      and the distribution of specific protein was determined. The suppressive activity
      of plasma and plasma fractions against autologous and allogenic lymphocytes was
      measured using a rapid in vitro electrophoretic test. Plasma suppressive activity
      (PSA) was low in normal subjects and well nourished patients with benign disease
      and was associated entirely with alpha-2-macroglobulin (a2M). PSA was
      significantly increased in patients with malignancy and was associated mainly
      with a2M although immune complexes, IgG and small molecular weight substances
      were also immunosuppressive. Plasma a2M concentrations were similar in all groups
      but the suppressive activity associated with a2M differed dramatically. The study
      demonstrates that PSA can be measured quantitatively and that a2M is an important
      immunoregulatory protein in cancer patients. On the basis of the results obtained
      a new hypothesis of tumour-mediated immune suppression is proposed.

PMID- 2412541
TI  - The management of metastatic germ cell tumours and the clinical utility of
      lactate dehydrogenase estimations.
AB  - Forty-five patients with metastatic germ cell tumour were treated with
      chemotherapy. Complete remission was achieved in 63% of all cases and in 65% of
      patients whose primary tumour arose in the testis or ovary. Surgical resection of
      abdominal masses persisting after chemotherapy was performed in seven patients,
      two of whom were found to have persistent tumours. Twenty-seven of the 33
      patients with teratoma originating in the gonads remain in complete remission.
      Total serum LDH activity was elevated in 28 of the patients with measurable
      disease. The increased LDH was not accompanied by significant alteration in other
      hepatic enzymes nor were hepatic metastases demonstrable in these patients.
      Fractionation of the LDH demonstrated that the increased LDH in these patients
      was located in either iso-enzymes 1 or fractions 1 + 2. Alteration of the serum
      LDH activity correlated with the response to therapy and warrants further study.

PMID- 2412542
TI  - Rhabdomyosarcoma in a patient treated for metastatic germ cell tumour of the
      testis containing teratoma--a case report.
AB  - A patient who developed a rhabdomyosarcoma following apparently successful
      chemotherapy for metastatic germ cell testicular carcinoma is presented. This
      newly recognized association may be seen particularly in patients whose initial
      germ cell malignancy contains immature teratoma. Possible reasons for this are
      discussed. The findings in this patient suggest that re-biopsy of recurrent
      disease be undertaken wherever possible, particularly where immature teratoma was
      a feature of the initial histopathology. A proportion of relapsing patients as
      described may not in fact have recurrent germ cell malignancy, but may have
      developed high grade, and often chemoresistant sarcomas. These second tumours
      appear to have an extremely poor prognosis, unless amenable to complete surgical
      resection.

PMID- 2412543
TI  - A surgeon's view of oncology.
AB  - The past thirty years has seen a profound change in emphasis and direction in the
      management of cancer. In many countries this has been away from traditional
      surgical management towards specialists trained primarily in medical oncology or
      radiotherapy. This trend has occurred despite the fact that surgery is still by
      far the most effective method of treatment of most common cancers. The
      effectiveness of sound cancer surgery and the importance of local disease control
      as an element in improving cure rates and palliation needs to be emphasised so
      that patients are not denied optimal treatment. The case for surgery can best be
      developed by encouraging special training and expertise in the field of surgical
      oncology, as one element in the provision of a surgical service for cancer
      patients.

PMID- 2412544
TI  - Dextran sulfate-induced peritoneal lysophospholipase activity varies among mouse
      strains.
AB  - Lysophospholipase (LPL) activity resulting from the intraperitoneal injection of
      dextran sulfate (DS) was studied in different mouse strains. AKR/J and BALB/cByJ
      mouse strains showed decreased LPL levels when a low molecular weight DS was
      injected but increased LPL activity when high molecular weight DS was injected
      intraperitoneally. C57BL/6 mice had increased LPL activity with low molecular
      weight DS but decreased LPL activity with high molecular weight DS. All three
      mouse strains showed increased peritoneal-cell changes when injected with DS of a
      molecular weight of 79,000.

PMID- 2412545
TI  - Action of intact AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) sites and AP sites associated with
      breaks on the transcription of T7 coliphage DNA by Escherichia coli RNA
      polymerase.
AB  - The effect of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in DNA on RNA and protein
      synthesis was studied in vitro using T7 coliphage DNA. Initiation of RNA
      synthesis by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase was synchronized and heparin was
      used to prevent reinitiation. When the T7 DNA contained AP sites, the rate of RNA
      synthesis was decreased but it remained higher than the values calculated on the
      assumption that an AP site in the transcribed strand is a complete block to the
      enzyme progression. Moreover, after the time taken by an unimpeded enzyme to go
      from promoter to terminator, the rate of RNA synthesis remained elevated and the
      number of complete RNA molecules (7000 nucleotides) continued to increase for
      some time. These results suggest that, if the E. coli RNA polymerase is stopped
      by an AP site, most often, after a pause, the enzyme resumes elongation of the
      RNA chain which is continuous over the AP site. Sometimes however, RNA synthesis
      is definitively interrupted during the pause; the probability of interruption has
      been estimated to be 0.3 in our experimental conditions. When a nick is placed 5'
      to the AP site by an AP endonuclease, the results are similar: most often, the
      RNA chain is synthesized without interruption past the nick in the template
      strand. The pause of the E. coli RNA polymerase at this combined lesion appears
      to be shorter than when the AP site is intact. To investigate whether a
      nucleotide is placed in the RNA chain in front of the AP site in the template
      strand by E. coli RNA polymerase, RNA synthesis was taken to completion before
      using this RNA for protein synthesis and measuring the activity of gene-1
      product, T7 RNA polymerase. The result suggests that, after pausing, the E. coli
      RNA polymerase places a nucleotide in the RNA chain when passing over an AP site.
      The mechanism of the delayed lethality of T7 coliphages treated with
      monofunctional alkylating agents, which is due to the appearance of AP sites, is
      discussed.

PMID- 2412546
TI  - Isolation of active subforms of alpha 2-macroglobulin.
AB  - Anion-exchange chromatography is shown to permit resolution and separation of
      subforms of the serum glycoprotein alpha 2-macroglobulin. The subforms differ
      dramatically in their stability as judged by differential scanning calorimetry,
      undergoing thermally induced unfolding at temperatures of 61 and 69 degrees C
      respectively. In addition, the proteinase-binding stoichiometry of the subforms
      differs by a factor of 2, with the more- and less-stable forms binding 2 and 1
      mol of proteinase per mol of tetramer respectively. The calorimetric stability of
      the two forms is differentially affected on treatment with neuraminidase,
      suggesting that the nature of glycosylation may in part account for the observed
      differences in physical and functional properties.

PMID- 2412547
TI  - Protein-bound glycogen is linked to tyrosine residues.
AB  - Tyrosine-glycogen obtained from retina proteoglycogen by exhaustive proteolytic
      digestion was radiolabelled with 125I. The 125I-labelled tyrosine-glycogen was
      degraded by amylolytic digestion to a very small radioactive product, which was
      identified as iodotyrosine by h.p.l.c. The amylolytic mixture used released
      glucose and maltose that were alpha-linked to the phenolic hydroxy group of p
      nitrophenol. No free iodotyrosine was found before or after the intact
      [125I]iodotyrosine-glycogen was subjected to two cycles of the Edman degradation
      procedure. The linkage between protein and glycogen was alkali-stable. Therefore
      it is concluded that the protein-bound glycogen was O-glycosidically linked to
      the phenolic hydroxy group of tyrosine. The amino acid has not been heretofore
      found to be involved in the linkage of carbohydrates to proteins.

PMID- 2412548
TI  - N.m.r. studies of myelin basic protein. Conformation of a peptide that is an
      antigenic determinant for B-cell reactivity.
AB  - The peptide Gly-Arg-Ala-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Lys-Ser, derived from myelin basic protein
      (MBP), is part of an epitope to monoclonal antibodies to human MBP. Its
      conformation has been studied in aqueous solution by high-resolution one- and two
      dimensional 1H and 13C n.m.r. Two-dimensional correlated spectroscopy, pH
      titrations and one-dimensional spin-decoupling techniques were employed to assign
      the spectra observed from both nuclei. Amide proton temperature coefficients,
      coupling constants, 13C spin-lattice relaxation times and nuclear-Overhauser
      effect data provide evidence that the solution conformations of the octapeptide
      include a type-II beta-turn with a hydrogen bond between the CO group of Arg2 and
      the NH group of Asp5. The results are discussed in view of a possible
      conformation of the antibody receptor site.

PMID- 2412549
TI  - "Theoretical experiments" on amino acid and nucleotide sequences: three case
      studies.

PMID- 2412550
TI  - Phenobarbital and some other liver tumor promoters stimulate DNA synthesis in
      cultured rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Hepatocytes isolated from normal adult rats were maintained at sub-confluent
      density in a defined medium in primary culture. In control cultures with added
      epidermal growth factor and low concentrations of dexamethasone, the rate of DNA
      synthesis was initially low but increased after about 30 hours in culture.
      Addition of the xenobiotic liver tumor promoters phenobarbital, alpha
      hexachlorocyclohexane or p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane to cultures after
      cell attachment caused concentration-dependent stimulation of DNA synthesis
      measured after 2 days in culture. While dexamethasone (30 nM) alone had little
      effect on hepatocyte DNA synthesis, the stimulatory effects of the xenobiotics
      required the permissive presence of the steroid.

PMID- 2412551
TI  - Induction of xanthine oxidase and depression of cytochrome P-450 by interferon
      inducers: genetic difference in the responses of mice.
AB  - Interferon and interferon inducing agents depress hepatic cytochrome P-450
      systems. They also induce hepatic xanthine oxidase activity. It has been
      suggested that free radicals produced by xanthine oxidase may cause the loss of P
      450. High titers of serum interferon are induced by poly IC (poly riboinosinic
      acid.polyribocytidylic acid) in both C57Bl/6J and C3H/HeJ mice; Newcastle disease
      virus (NDV) induces a high titer of interferon in C57Bl/6J mice but not in
      C3H/HeJ mice. The induction of xanthine oxidase activity by NDV in C3H/HeJ mice
      was less than half that seen in C57Bl/6J mice, thus demonstrating a relationship
      between the induction of xanthine oxidase, the depression of P-450 and a
      genetically determined difference in responsiveness of mice to interferon
      inducers.

PMID- 2412552
TI  - Profile of the oppositely acting enantiomers of the dihydropyridine 202-791 in
      cardiac preparations: receptor binding, electrophysiological, and pharmacological
      studies.
AB  - Receptor binding, electrophysiological, and inotropic effects of the pure
      dihydropyridine enantiomers (+)S202-791 and (-)R202-791 were studied in cardiac
      preparations. The KI for (+)S202-791 binding correlated with the ED50's for an
      increase in contractile force and an increase in calcium current, the latter
      effect occurring at depolarized as well as resting holding potentials. The KI for
      (-)R202-791 binding was much lower than the IC50's for inhibition of calcium
      current measured at holding potentials of -80 or -90 mV and a negative inotropic
      effect, but correlated closely with the IC50 for inhibition of calcium current
      measured at -30 mV. Thus, (+)S202-791, is a voltage independent calcium channel
      activator and (-)R202-791 is a voltage dependent calcium channel inhibitor.

PMID- 2412553
TI  - Inositol trisphosphate production and amylase secretion in mouse pancreatic
      acini.
AB  - Dispersed mouse pancreatic acini prelabelled with (3H)-myoinositol generated (3H)
      inositol trisphosphate (3H-IP3), (3H)-IP2 and (3H)-IP1 in response to both
      cholinergic and cholecystokinin analogues. The generation of (3H)-IP3 was very
      rapid, reaching a maximal value within 5 seconds following hormone stimulation.
      Stimulation with 10(-3)M carbachol increased (3H)-IP3 to a value which was 13
      times that found in unstimulated acini. These results indicate that the mechanism
      of stimulus-secretion coupling in mouse pancreatic acini may proceed by a
      mechanism similar to many other systems, including rat pancreatic acini. This
      sequence includes hormone-stimulated phosphatidylinositol turnover and Ca2+
      mobilization, i.e. secretagogue-stimulated generation of IP3 which induces the
      subsequent release of intracellular Ca2+. These observations differ from those
      recently reported by Hokin-Neaverson and Sadeghian (J. Biol. Chem. 259: 1346,
      1984), in which no hormone stimulated IP3 generation was detected in mouse
      pancreatic acini.

PMID- 2412554
TI  - Differential short-term effects of growth factors on fatty acid synthesis in
      isolated rat-liver cells.
AB  - Hepatocytes in suspension, freshly isolated from meal-fed rats, were used to
      study the acute influence of growth factors on the rate of de novo fatty acid
      synthesis. Nerve growth factor (2.5 S) and epidermal growth factor caused a
      substantial increase in the rate of fatty acid synthesis, whereas fibroblast
      growth factor was inhibitory. Little effect was observed with nerve growth factor
      (7 S), bombesin or substance P. Transferrin did not affect hepatic fatty acid
      synthesis. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of insulin and
      tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

PMID- 2412555
TI  - Reverse transcriptase of rat liver associated with the endogenous retrovirus
      related to the mouse intracisternal A-particles.
AB  - Reverse transcriptase activity was found in rat liver enclosed in virus-like
      particles. Through hybridization with DNA probes of A- and C-type retroviruses
      and with the help of electron microscopy the virus-like particles have been
      identified as endogenous retroviruses related to the mouse intracisternal A
      particles. Blot hybridization revealed the provirus DNA in the rat genome. The
      enzyme was isolated from the virus-like particles, purified and characterized.
      The main properties of the enzyme resemble those of the mammalian retrovirus
      reverse transcriptase.

PMID- 2412556
TI  - The formation at 37 C of a nondissociable receptor-estradiol complex.
AB  - The receptor-estradiol complex formed in rat uterine cytosol when heated at 37 C
      converts from a dissociable to a nondissociable form. The conversion is best
      observed in cytosols pretreated with charcoal at 0 C which renders the
      subsequently formed receptor-estradiol complexes thermostable at 37 C. In the
      presence of dithiothreitol the heated complex remains dissociable. Tamoxifen does
      not form nondissociable complexes with the estradiol receptor. It is proposed
      that the nondissociable form of the receptor complex is a required phase in the
      mechanism of estradiol action.

PMID- 2412557
TI  - Neuropeptide K: a major tachykinin in plasma and tumor tissues from carcinoid
      patients.
AB  - Evidence is presented for the presence of an entire family of tachykinin
      immunoreactive peptides in plasma and tumor tissues from patients with carcinoid
      tumors. The peptides include in addition to substance P and neurokinin A;
      neurokinin B, an eledoisin like peptide and neuropeptide K--a 36 amino acid long
      tachykinin which contains neurokinin A at its C-terminus. Neuropeptide K seems to
      be the tachykinin which is present in highest concentrations in plasma as well as
      in acetic acid extracts of tumor tissues. It is highly biologically active, and
      may therefore contribute to the clinical symptoms of carcinoid tumors.

PMID- 2412558
TI  - Antibody and inhibitor of chymase inhibit histamine release in immunoglobulin E
      activated mast cells.
AB  - The low-molecular-weight inhibitor of chymase, chymostatin, and F(ab')2 fragments
      of anti-chymase markedly inhibited histamine release induced by anti-rat
      immunoglobulin E (IgE) but not that induced by compound 48/80. Inhibitors with
      molecular weights of more than 6,000, such as alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and
      aprotinin, and non-immunized F(ab')2 had no effect on histamine release. These
      results suggest that chymase in mast cell granules plays an essential role in the
      process of IgE-mediated degranulation. After degranulation, released chymase was
      associated with the cell surface while released tryptase was present in the
      extracellular milieu as a complex with a protein associated with tryptase
      (trypstatin).

PMID- 2412559
TI  - Formycin 3' end modified tRNATrp. Recognition by avian myeloblastosis virus
      reverse transcriptase and primer function.
AB  - Primer tRNATrp has been modified at the 3' end by adenosine analogues:
      2'deoxyadenosine, 3'deoxyadenosine, 3' amino-3' deoxyadenosine and formycin.
      Aminoacylation of modified tRNATrp with cognate aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and
      primer function for DNA synthesis catalyzed by AMV reverse transcriptase have
      been studied. The tRNATrp was able to accept tryptophan but did not initiate the
      DNA synthesis directed by 35S AMV RNA. Recognition of modified tRNATrp by AMV
      reverse transcriptase was not affected as followed by enzyme-tRNA complex
      formation. The functional consequences of these effects are discussed.

PMID- 2412560
TI  - Binding of [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin and [3H]phencyclidine to the nicotinic
      receptor-ion channel complex of Torpedo electroplax. Inhibition by
      histrionicotoxins and derivatives.
AB  - Histrionicotoxin, a spiropiperidine alkaloid, and twenty-two analogs inhibited
      binding of [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin [( 3H]H12-HTX) and of [3H]phencyclidine
      [( 3H]PCP) to sites on the acetylcholine receptor-ion complex of Torpedo
      electroplax membranes. Structural alterations to the nitrogen (secondary amine)
      or oxygen (alcohol) functions or to the five carbon and four carbon side chain of
      histrionicotoxin altered the potency versus [3H]H12-HTX and [3H]PCP binding
      measured in the presence or absence of a receptor agonist, carbamylcholine.
      Histrionicotoxin itself was 3-fold more potent versus [3H]PCP binding than versus
      [3H]H12-HTX binding. N-Methylation or O-acetylation increased this difference,
      while alterations to the side chains either slightly decreased or markedly
      increased this difference. Histrionicotoxin was some 3.5-fold more potent versus
      [3H]H12-HTX binding in the presence of carbamylcholine than in its absence. O
      Acetylation increased this selectivity for the carbamylcholine-activated state of
      the receptor channel complex, while alterations in the side chains either reduced
      or increased the selectivity. Histrionicotoxin was some 2.2-fold more potent
      versus [3H]PCP binding in the presence of carbamylcholine than in its absence. N
      Methylation of O-acetyl-histrionicotoxin greatly increased this selectivity,
      while alterations in the side chains either reduced or had no effect on
      selectivity.

PMID- 2412561
TI  - The effect of the rate of cell proliferation on the synthesis of methotrexate
      poly-gamma-glutamates in two human breast cancer cell lines.
AB  - The synthesis of methotrexate poly-gamma-glutamates by the MDA-MB-436 and MCF-7
      human breast cancer cell lines is highly dependent on the rate of cell growth.
      Slowly proliferating cells accumulate methotrexate to the same extent as rapidly
      proliferating cells but convert a lower percentage of the drug to polyglutamate
      forms. The longest polyglutamate-derivatives of methotrexate are generally only
      synthesized when the cells are doubling rapidly. The MDA-MB-436 cells exhibit a
      biphasic response of doubling time and polyglutamation to increasing initial cell
      number. Extremes of cell density are associated with long doubling times and
      reduced polyglutamate synthesis. MCF-7 cells show increasing doubling time and
      decreasing polyglutamate synthesis in response to increasing initial cell number.

PMID- 2412562
TI  - Oxy radical formation during redox cycling of the bleomycin-iron (III) complex by
      NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase.
AB  - Bleomycin was aerobically incubated with FeCl3, NADPH, isolated rat-liver
      microsomal cytochrome P-450 reductase and methional. The conversion of methional
      to ethene, which indicates oxy radicals, was determined. Ethene formation
      depended on oxygen, NADPH, FeCl3 and the enzyme. About equimolar concentrations
      of bleomycin and FeCl3 resulted in optimal ethene formation. Dimethyl sulfoxide,
      mannitol, glycerol, glutathione and glutathione disulfide inhibited ethene
      formation. These results indicate that oxy radicals are formed after reduction of
      the bleomycin-Fe-complex by NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase.

PMID- 2412563
TI  - The effects of BAY-K-8644 on the contraction of cat middle cerebral and femoral
      arteries.
AB  - The effects of BAY-K-8644 on the reactivity of cylindrical segments of cat middle
      cerebral and femoral arteries were studied. BAY-K-8644 induced dose-dependent
      contractile responses in cerebral arteries up to 10(-6) M; higher concentrations
      tended to cause relaxation of the segments. The dihydropyridine elicited
      contractions in femoral arteries only when these vessels were previously exposed
      to 15 mM K+. Nifedipine (3 X 10(-7) M) produced a parallel shift to the right of
      the dose-response curve to BAY-K-8644, whereas 5 X 10(-6)M verapamil markedly
      reduced the responses evoked by all concentrations of this drug. The removal of
      Ca2+ from the medium abolished the response evoked by the Ca2+-channel activator
      at 10(-7) M in both kinds of arteries. Under these conditions Ca2+ addition
      induced vasoconstriction, which was blocked by nifedipine (3 X 10(-7) M).
      Preincubation of femoral arteries with 10(-7) M BAY-K-8644 potentiated the
      effects evoked by 25, 50, 75 and 125 mM K+, but did not modify those produced by
      10(-5) M noradrenaline. Nifedipine (10(-7) M and 3 X 10(-7) M) blocked the
      potentiation caused by this drug in a dose-dependent manner. Both the increase of
      the response elicited by BAY-K-8644 and the inhibitory effects of nifedipine were
      greater at 25 mM K+ than at 125 mM. These results suggest that BAY-K-8644
      facilitates Ca2+ influx into smooth muscle through Ca2+ channels that are
      possibly voltage sensitive and the voltage independence of the drug-induced
      contractions in cerebral arteries.

PMID- 2412564
TI  - Dopamine-mediated increases in nigral substance P-like immunoreactivity.
AB  - The results reported herein strongly suggest that increased dopaminergic and not
      increased serotonergic activity is responsible for methamphetamine-induced
      increases in the nigral concentration of substance P-like immunoreactivity
      (SPLI). Thus, treatment of rats with the specific dopamine (DA) uptake blockers
      amfonelic acid (AFA) and nomifensine caused elevations in the SPLI levels within
      the substantia nigra similar to that of methamphetamine (METH). In contrast, the
      specific serotonin uptake blockers citalopram and chlorimipramine were without
      significant effects on this substance P (SP) system. Additional studies revealed
      that the mechanisms whereby the DA uptake blockers and METH influence the
      striatonigral SP pathway are likely different. Specifically, AFA, unlike METH,
      altered the SP system without causing changes in the monoaminergic synthesizing
      enzymes tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylase; in addition, pretreatment with
      reserpine abolished the AFA effect on nigral SPLI but did not interfere with METH
      mediated changes in the SP system.

PMID- 2412565
TI  - Effect of superior cervical ganglionectomy on melatonin stimulation by specific
      MAO-A inhibition.

PMID- 2412566
TI  - [Role of a carbohydrate component in the formation of immunochemical determinants
      of carcinoembryonic antigen].
AB  - Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) isolated from metastases of colon adenocarcinoma
      was subjected to deglycosylation with liquid hydrogen fluoride. The protein
      fraction obtained (PF CEA) was used for to prepare monospecific antiserum to PF
      CEA. Comparative studies of CEA, PF CEA, and non-specific cross-reacting antigen
      (NCA-1) have been carried out using monospecific antisera. Circular dichroism
      spectra of CEA and PF CEA have been studied. The data obtained suggest that some
      immunodominant regions of CEA are topographic, and their formation needs a
      specific conformation of the macromolecule, which is stabilized by the sugar
      moiety.

PMID- 2412567
TI  - [Synthesis of oligosaccharide fragments of O-specific polysaccharides of Shigella
      flexneri. III. Synthesis of the tetrasaccharide Glc alpha 1-3Rha alpha 1-2(Glc
      alpha 1-3)Rha alpha 1-OMe and the pentasaccharide GlcNAc beta 1-2(Glc alpha 1
      3)Rha alpha 1-2(Glc alpha 1-3)Rha alpha 1-OMe].
AB  - Two synthetic schemes to prepare the title branched tetrasaccharide and
      pentasaccharide are described. These oligosaccharides represent fragments of the
      O-antigenic polysaccharides of Shigella flexneri serotype 5b.

PMID- 2412568
TI  - [A convenient synthon for the synthesis of the determinant oligosaccharides Le
      and ABH (type 1)].
AB  - Precursors of blood group oligosaccharides ABH (type 1) and Le have been
      synthesized starting from benzyl 2-acetamido-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D
      galactopyranosyl)-6-O-ben zyl-2- deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside after simple
      blocking and deblocking steps. The above disaccharide was prepared by
      regioselective galactosylation of benzyl 2-acetamido-6-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D
      glucopyranoside under Helferich conditions in 69% yield.

PMID- 2412569
TI  - Imagery and symbolism in the birth practices of traditional cultures.

PMID- 2412570
TI  - [Familial hereditary spherocytosis in the pediatric patient].

PMID- 2412571
TI  - Immunomodulators and allergy.
AB  - The role played by immunomodulation in allergy is critically reviewed. The
      prospective mechanisms of immunomodulation, specifically including those showing
      relation with allergic phenomena, are taken into consideration, examining the
      main interfering factors. Type I, IgE-mediated immunoreaction, in its two
      aspects, IgE synthesis and mediator's release, is analyzed, bearing in mind some
      agents involved or affecting these processes, mimicking immunomodulation. Other
      agents, such as Corynebacterium granulosum derivatives and glucocorticoids have
      been also appraised, to highlight their action in this connection.

PMID- 2412572
TI  - Circulating acid-labile interferon in chronic versus acute, HBV-related liver
      disease. A marker of immune-mediated hepatocellular damage?
AB  - An acid-labile Interferon was detected in the circulation of 76.1% of patients
      with chronic active type B hepatitis, in 30% of patients with acute type B
      hepatitis, studied within 15 days from starting of symptoms, and in 25% of
      patients with acute type B hepatitis studied 4 to 6 weeks after the admission.
      Patients in the third group showing evidence of circulating Interferon had also a
      delayed recovery and tardive HBsAg clearance. Circulating immune complexes were
      detected in 85.7% of patients of the first group, in 63.3% of patients of the
      second group, and in 25% of patients of the third group. We suggest that an acid
      labile circulating Interferon could be related to immune-mediated hepatocellular
      damage (evidenced by circulating immune complexes) in hepatitis B virus
      infection, gradually disappearing during recovery from acute hepatitis or
      persisting indefinitely in chronic active hepatitis.

PMID- 2412573
TI  - PF,VIII/vWF,B-TG and PF4 in diabetic subjects, both type 1 and 2, with and
      without retinopathy.

PMID- 2412574
TI  - Dark-field microscopy of dental plaque. A clinical and laboratory evaluation.

PMID- 2412575
TI  - Review: ventricular extrasystoles and thiazide treatment.

PMID- 2412576
TI  - Syndrome of ischaemic ocular inflammation: six cases and a review.
AB  - Patients with carotid occlusive disease may develop a variety of symptoms and
      signs secondary to chronic ocular ischaemia. We report six cases affecting nine
      eyes and review the findings of teichopsia, anterior segment ischaemia, venous
      stasis retinopathy, and ocular neovascularisation. The assessment and surgical
      management of carotid obstruction are discussed. Some comments on the relevance
      of coexisting diabetes are made.

PMID- 2412577
TI  - Topical bleomycin in the treatment of oral leukoplakia: a pilot study.
AB  - Six patients with oral leukoplakia were treated by the daily application of a 0.5
      per cent (w/v) solution of bleomycin sulphate in dimethyl sulphoxide. After 12 to
      15 applications, the white patch peeled off and the resultant raw surface
      epithelialised over the following 14 days. Repeat biopsies showed a significant
      improvement in the histology, with reduced dysplasia and keratinisation.

PMID- 2412578
TI  - Homology between phenylalanine and tyrosine hydroxylases reveals common
      structural and functional domains.
AB  - Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TYH) are mixed-function
      oxidases that share many characteristic biochemical and immunological properties.
      The recent cloning and sequencing of full-length cDNAs for both human PAH and rat
      TYH allow detailed comparison of their primary structures. There is a high degree
      of homology between PAH and TYH on nucleic acid and amino acid levels. The
      pattern of homology suggests that these molecules are comprised of a homologous
      core containing the determinants for enzymatic activity and a nonhomologous
      region that contributes to substrate specificity and regulation. The degree of
      homology also suggests that these two proteins evolved from a common ancestor.

PMID- 2412579
TI  - Purification, sequence, and pharmacological properties of sea anemone toxins from
      Radianthus paumotensis. A new class of sea anemone toxins acting on the sodium
      channel.
AB  - Four new toxins have been isolated from the sea anemone Radianthus paumotensis:
      RpI, RpII, RpIII, and RpIV. They are polypeptides comprised of 48 or 49 amino
      acids; the sequence of RpII has been determined. Toxicities of these toxins in
      mice and crabs are similar to those of the other known sea anemone toxins, but
      they fall into a different immunochemically defined class. The sequence of RpII
      shows close similarities with the N-terminal end (up to residue 20) of the
      previously sequenced long sea anemone toxins, but most of the remaining part of
      the molecule is completely different. Like the other sea anemone toxins,
      Radianthus toxins are active on sodium channels; they slow down the inactivation
      process. Through their Na+ channel action, Radianthus toxins stimulate Na+ influx
      into tetrodotoxin-sensitive neuroblastoma cells and tetrodotoxin-resistant rat
      skeletal myoblasts. The efficiency of the toxins is similar in the two cellular
      systems. In that respect, Radianthus toxins behave much more like scorpion
      neurotoxins than sea anemone toxins from Anemonia sulcata or Anthopleura
      xanthogrammica. In binding experiments to synaptosomal Na+ channels, Radianthus
      toxins compete with toxin II from the scorpion Androctonus australis but not with
      toxins II and V from Anemonia sulcata.

PMID- 2412580
TI  - Stimulation of iron(II) bleomycin activity by phosphate-containing compounds.
AB  - Orthophosphate and phosphate derivatives including pyrophosphate,
      hexametaphosphate, ATP, ADP, and inositol hexaphosphate enhance the extent of DNA
      degradation by iron(II) bleomycin. These phosphate-containing compounds increase
      both the release of free nucleic base and that of base propenals which are DNA
      cleavage products, probably by enhancing the efficiency with which Fe(II) is
      recruited into the drug. Phosphate action occurs during drug activation prior to
      the attack on DNA. In addition, phosphates affect the stability of the activated
      drug complex, overcome the inhibition observed with high concentrations of DNA,
      and reduce the size of the DNA fragment necessary for reacting with the drug.
      Phosphate derivatives bind to iron(II) bleomycin and alter its optical spectrum.
      An analysis of titration data for pyrophosphate and inositol hexaphosphate
      indicates that each phosphate compound binds to more than one iron(II) bleomycin
      molecule. With ATP, ADP, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, only a single phosphate
      containing compound binds to the ferrous drug complex. The affinity for ATP is
      sufficiently high as to suggest that the ternary complex formed in vitro may
      exist physiologically.

PMID- 2412581
TI  - Ba2+ ions inhibit the release of Ca2+ ions from rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - The release of Ca2+ from respiring rat liver mitochondria following the addition
      of either ruthenium red or an uncoupler was measured by a Ca2+-selective
      electrode or by 45Ca2+ technique. Ba2+ ions are asymmetric inhibitors of both
      Ca2+ release processes. Ba2+ ions in a concentration of 75 microM inhibited the
      ruthenium red and the uncoupler induced Ca2+ release by 80% and 50%,
      respectively. For the inhibition, it was necessary that Ba2+ ions entered the
      matrix space: Ba2+ ions did not cause any inhibition of Ca2+ release if addition
      of either ruthenium red or the uncoupler preceded that of Ba2+. The time required
      for the development of the inhibition of the Ca2+ release and the time course of
      140Ba2+ uptake ran in parallel. Ba2+ accumulation is mediated through the Ca2+
      uniporter as 140Ba2+ uptake was competitively inhibited by extramitochondrial
      Ca2+ and prevented by ruthenium red. Due to the inhibition of the ruthenium red
      insensitive Ca2+ release, Ba2+ shifted the steady-state extramitochondrial Ca2+
      concentration to a lower value. Ba2+ is potentially a useful tool to study
      mitochondrial Ca2+ transport.

PMID- 2412582
TI  - The interaction of cytostatic drugs with adsorbents in aqueous media. The
      potential implications for liposome preparation.
AB  - A new method that involves the use of the cation exchange resin Dowex 50W-X4 to
      remove non-encapsulated drugs from liposome dispersions was investigated.
      Cytostatic drugs widely varying in their molecular structure can be removed from
      aqueous solutions by Dowex 50W-X4. The applicability of the resin to separate
      free from liposome-bound drugs was illustrated for a number of cytostatic drugs
      (cisplatin, doxorubicin, vincristine). The technique presented allows for a
      rapid, efficient and convenient procedure for the free drug removal from liposome
      dispersions without dilution of the liposomal preparation. Studies with liposome
      encapsulated drugs will be facilitated by the use of this method, since it avoids
      many of the problems introduced by conventional methods as dialysis, gel
      filtration and centrifugation/washing. To elucidate the interaction mechanism of
      doxorubicin with Dowex 50W-X4, alternative adsorbents were studied for their
      doxorubicin binding properties. In the adsorption process of doxorubicin onto
      Dowex 50W-X4 both electrostatic (ion exchange) and hydrophobic effects play a
      role. The results indicate that hydrophobic contributions to the interaction are
      responsible for the high resistance offered by the binding forces against
      desorption of adsorbed doxorubicin. For other adsorbents the interactions are
      either mainly of an electrostatic or a hydrophobic nature.

PMID- 2412583
TI  - How shortening a channel may lower its conductance. The case of des-Val7-DVal8
      gramicidin A.
AB  - A shortened analog of gramicidin A has been shown by Urry et al. (Biochim.
      Biophys. Acta 775, 115-119) to have lower conductance than native gramicidin A.
      They argue this suggests that the major current carrier is the doubly occupied
      channel. A different perspective is presented here. Channel formation does not
      alter bilayer width. In a shortened channel an ion approaching the binding site
      moves further toward the center of the lipid-pore system. The electrostatic
      contribution to the energy barrier near the constriction mouth is greater for the
      shorter channel. As long as entry to the channel is rate limiting singly occupied
      short channels should exhibit lower conductance. The data are not inconsistent
      with singly occupied channels being the major current carriers. Experiments on
      other gramicidin analogs are suggested to more clearly distinguish between singly
      and doubly occupied channels as the dominant conducting species.

PMID- 2412584
TI  - Effect of Ba2+ on the K+ conductance pathways in the frog cornea.
AB  - Two types of transepithelial potential difference (PD) responses have been
      observed in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, when the K+ concentration is changed
      in the aqueous solution. (1) A normal response, that is, a decrease in the
      positivity of the aqueous solution when the K+ is increased in this solution. (2)
      An anomalous response, that is, an increase in PD when K+ is increased from 0 to
      4 mM in the aqueous solution. In present experiments 2 mM Ba2+ results in a
      significant decrease in transepithelial PD and an increase in resistance (R),
      consistent with the well-known effect of Ba2+ on the K+ conductance in other
      biological membranes. In the presence of Ba2+ compared to its absence the normal
      PD responses were decreased when K+ was increased from 4 to 20 or to 79 mM in the
      aqueous solution. Barium enhanced, but not significantly, the anomalous PD
      response (PD increase) when K+ was increased from 0 to 4 mM. An anomalous PD
      response (PD decrease) was obtained with Ba2+ when K+ was changed from 4 to 0 mM
      while in its absence the response was normal (PD increase) or did not change.
      These findings support the concept that anomalous PD responses as a result of the
      electrogenic (Na+ + K+)-ATPase may be obtained when the resistance of the simple
      K+ pathway is increased.

PMID- 2412585
TI  - Interaction of myelin basic protein with gangliosides and ganglioside
      phospholipid mixtures.
AB  - The interaction of myelin basic protein with monosialoganglioside GM1 was
      investigated. It was found that the emission maximum of the tryptophan of the
      protein is blue-shifted due to the interaction. In mixtures of the
      monosialoganglioside with phosphatidylcholine, the myelin basic protein induces
      phase separation of the lipids as inferred from differential scanning calorimetry
      experiments.

PMID- 2412586
TI  - Inhibition of Ca2+-activated K+ channels in pig pancreatic acinar cells by Ba2+,
      Ca2+, quinine and quinidine.
AB  - Patch-clamp whole-cell and single-channel current recordings were made from pig
      pancreatic acinar cells to test the effects of quinine, quinidine, Ba2+ and Ca2+.
      Voltage-clamp current recordings from single isolated cells showed that high
      external concentrations of Ba2+ or Ca2+ (88 mM) abolished the outward K+ currents
      normally associated with depolarizing voltage steps. Lower concentrations of Ca2+
      only had small inhibitory effects whereas 11 mM Ba2+ almost blocked the K+
      current. 5.5 mM Ba2+ reduced the outward K+ current to less than 30% of the
      control value. Both external quinine and quinidine (200-500 microM) markedly
      reduced whole-cell outward K+ currents. In single-channel current studies it was
      shown that external Ba2+ (1-5 mM) markedly reduced the probability of opening of
      high-conductance Ca2+ and voltage-activated K+ channels whereas internal Ba2+ (6
      X 10(-6) to 3 X 10(-5) M) caused activation at negative membrane potentials and
      inhibition at positive potentials. Quinidine (200-400 microM) evoked rapid
      chopping of single K+ channel openings acting both from the outside and inside of
      the membrane and in this way markedly reduced the total current passing through
      the channels.

PMID- 2412587
TI  - Changes in Fe site structure from fetal to adult hemoglobin probed by XANES.
AB  - Iron X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra of human fetal (F) and
      adult (A) deoxyhemoglobin (deoxyHb) measured at the Frascati synchrotron
      radiation facility reveal the different geometrical structure of the Fe-porphyrin
      complexes in the two proteins. By this method, having determined for the first
      time the variation of atomic positions in fetal and adult hemoglobin in solution
      (close to the 'in vivo' situation), we give further insight into the structure
      function relationship in hemoglobins.

PMID- 2412588
TI  - Horse kidney neutral alpha-D-glucosidase: purification of the detergent
      solubilized enzyme; comparison with the proteinase-solubilized forms.
AB  - Neutral alpha-D-glucosidase (alpha-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.20) from
      horse kidney brush-border membranes was solubilized using Emulphogene BC 720 and
      purified by an affinity chromatography technique. The enzyme preparation (390
      fold purified), which was free of other known microvillus hydrolases, exhibited
      one precipitate line in crossed immunoelectrophoresis and migrated as a single
      band on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Several
      criteria (charge-shift crossed immunoelectrophoresis and hydrophobic
      chromatography) revealed the purified detergent form of the enzyme to be an
      amphipathic molecule. The papain treatment of either brush-border membrane
      vesicles or the purified detergent form of neutral alpha-D-glucosidase released
      an enzymatic form devoid of these amphipathic properties. Conversely, after
      trypsin treatment of the "d' form of the enzyme, two enzymatic forms were
      obtained: the first and major form retained these amphipathic properties; the
      second form exhibiting the same properties as the papain-released form.
      Furthermore, only a very small amount of neutral alpha-D-glucosidase can be
      released after trypsin solubilization of brush-border membrane vesicles, and the
      released enzyme did not exhibit amphipathic properties. These results were
      interpreted as meaning that the trypsin attack site on the detergent form of the
      enzyme had either poor affinity for, or obstructed access to, the proteinase when
      the enzyme was integrated in native membrane or in Triton X-100 micelles, whereas
      the proteolytic site of the papain was always accessible.

PMID- 2412589
TI  - Structural changes in alpha-2- and ovomacroglobulins studied by gel
      chromatography and electron microscopy.
AB  - The structural change that occurs in alpha-2-macroglobulin upon its interaction
      with methylamine or chymotrypsin was studied by high-performance gel
      chromatography and electron microscopy. The result enabled us to estimate the
      Stokes radius of the protein as 8.8 nm and 7.9 nm before and after binding with
      the proteinase, respectively. The methylamine-treated protein also had the Stokes
      radius of 7.9 nm. Similar studies on the chicken and crocodilian
      ovomacroglobulins showed that these homologues of alpha 2-macroglobulin had
      Stokes radii of 9.2-9.3 nm and 8.5-8.7 nm before and after binding with
      chymotrypsin. Their Stokes radii did not change as a result of the methylamine
      treatment. Electron micrographs of the native and altered forms of the three
      proteins are presented. This study introduces a simple and quantitative method to
      study the structural change of alpha 2-macroglobulin and its homologues.

PMID- 2412590
TI  - Microcalorimetric studies of the heats of solution of bovine myelin basic
      protein.
AB  - Heats of solution for myelin basic protein have been determined using
      microcalorimetry. All aqueous systems studied yielded negative heats of solution;
      in contrast, trifluoroethanol produced a small positive heat of solution, while
      reaction with dimethyl sulfoxide was strikingly exothermic. The heat of
      interaction for native myelin basic protein with 8 M urea at pH 4.0, 29 degrees
      C, was found to be -79 +/- 16 kcal/mol. The significance of these results in
      terms of the protein's structural organization is discussed.

PMID- 2412591
TI  - Androgen receptor dynamics in the rat ventral prostate.
AB  - Upon testosterone administration, a dose-dependent cytosolic depletion and
      nuclear accumulation of androgen receptors in the ventral prostate of 1-day
      castrated male rats is observed. Replenishment in the cytosol is rapid with a
      return to control levels 3 h after testosterone stimulation. The process of
      nuclear retention (as measured 4-6 h post-injection) is both dose-dependent and
      time-dependent (there is no retention of the androgen receptor 15 h after
      testosterone). When assayed 1 h after testosterone, the increase in nuclear
      binding sites was not sufficient to conclude that the disappearance of cytosolic
      binding sites could be accounted for by translocation of cytosolic receptors to
      the nucleus. The cytosolic compartment contained more than 70% of the total
      cellular receptors whether testosterone was present (in the range 50-400
      micrograms/100 g body wt.) or not. Nuclear processing of androgen receptors is
      extensive and it is dose-dependent. Turnover of prostatic androgen receptors was
      studied simultaneously in the cytosolic, microsomal and nuclear compartments 1,
      2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h after testosterone administration. Cytosolic and microsomal
      depletion-replenishment patterns are similar, displaying a nadir after 1 h and a
      full replenishment 3-4 h post-testosterone. Cycloheximide, but not actinomycin D,
      inhibits cytosolic and microsomal replenishment. Nuclear accumulation and
      retention of androgen receptors is insensitive to both drugs. The very rapid and
      RNA synthesis-independent turnover of androgen receptors in the ventral prostate
      suggests that testosterone regulates the receptor levels acutely by both a rapid
      post-transcriptional positive action and a similarly rapid negative effect on
      nuclear receptor half-life.

PMID- 2412592
TI  - Observation of tyrosine-O-phosphate in Drosophila melanogaster larvae by 31P-NMR
      spectroscopy.
AB  - 31P-NMR spectra of intact larvae and pupae of Drosophila melanogaster have been
      obtained at 109.3 MHz. A major resonance in these samples has been identified as
      tyrosine-O-phosphate. Its chemical shift reflects the hemolymph plasma pH. Upon
      disruption of the organisms (necessary for chemical analyses of tyrosine-O
      phosphate), phosphatases rapidly hydrolyze this phosphate ester, generating
      inorganic phosphate and free tyrosine.

PMID- 2412593
TI  - Recognition of damaged regions in DNA by oligopeptides and proteins.
AB  - The binding of various damaged DNAs to the single-strand binding protein coded
      for by gene 32 from bacteriophage T4, on the one hand, and of oligopeptides
      containing tryptophan and lysine residues, on the other hand, is described. These
      molecules exhibit a higher affinity for modified DNA than for native DNA in so
      far as modification results in a local destabilization of the double-stranded
      structure of the nucleic acid. Stacking interactions between aromatic amino acids
      and nucleic acid bases appear to play a crucial role in the recognition of
      destabilized regions induced by chemical agents (carcinogens and antitumor
      drugs). These interactions confer to the peptide lysyl-tryptophyl-lysine an
      endonucleolytic activity specific for apurinic sites. From results obtained with
      such oligopeptides a model for the active sites of Ap-endonucleases is proposed
      which could account for the strategy used by the denV endonuclease from phage T4
      during the first step of excision repair of pyrimidine dimers in DNA. The effect
      of the overall conformation of modified DNA on repair efficiency is discussed.

PMID- 2412594
TI  - Mutagenesis and growth delay induced in Escherichia coli by near-ultraviolet
      radiations.
AB  - The literature relating to genetic changes induced in Escherichia coli by near
      ultraviolet radiations is reviewed and summarized: i) these radiations are much
      less mutagenic than would be expected from the known level of DNA damage, ii) pre
      illumination with near-UV light antagonizes the mutagenic effect of UV (254 nm)
      light. In agreement with these findings, the SOS functions are not induced by
      near-UV radiations. Furthermore prior exposure of cells to near-UV light inhibits
      the subsequent 254 nm induction of the SOS response. Among the several hypothesis
      considered to explain these observations, one can be clearly favoured. Near-UV
      light triggers, at sublethal fluences, the growth delay effect. The target
      molecules, tRNAs, are photocrosslinked and some tRNA species become poor
      substrates in the acylation reaction. In vivo these tRNA molecules accumulate on
      the uncharged form, leading to a transient cessation of protein synthesis. The
      SOS response is inducible and as such requires protein synthesis. We therefore
      propose that near-ultraviolet radiations have a dual effect: i) they induce,
      mostly indirectly, DNA lesions which are potentially able to trigger the SOS
      response, ii) they prevent the expression of the SOS functions through the
      transient inhibition of protein synthesis (growth delay).

PMID- 2412595
TI  - Template properties of ultraviolet-irradiated poly(dC) replicated by E. coli DNA
      polymerase I: indication for a role of apyrimidinic-sites in UV-induced
      mutagenesis.
AB  - Ultraviolet irradiation alters the template properties of poly(dC) when
      replicated by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. These effects are due to base
      modifications. Some of them are identified as apurinic/apyrimidinic sites (AP
      sites) by their sensitivity to AP-endonuclease B purified from Micrococcus
      luteus, and their template properties. The rate of formation of AP-sites in
      poly(dC) is estimated at 3 X 10(-7) site per nucleotide per J.m-2. Exposure of
      supercoiled or relaxed pBR322 DNA to UV light results also in the formation of
      sites sensitive to AP-endonuclease B. In this case, the rate of formation of AP
      sites is the same in relaxed or supercoiled DNA: 0.3 X 10(-7) site per nucleotide
      per J.m-2. The apyrimidinic sites are generated through the processing of an
      ultraviolet induced primary lesion. We suggest that this lesion is cytosine
      hydrate by its rate of decay and preferential formation in single stranded DNA.
      Our results suggest that AP-sites might be a minor pathway leading to UV-induced
      mutagenesis.

PMID- 2412596
TI  - [Participation of Ca-dependent systems in thrombocyte aggregation induced by the
      action of staphylococcal toxin and ADP].
AB  - The mechanism of ADP and staphylococcal toxin effect on the platelet aggregation
      has been studied on the rabbit's platelet-rich plasma. Ca2+-channels blockade of
      the cell membrane by verapamil resulted in considerable inhibition of aggregation
      induced by ADP and some weakening of toxin action. Binding of extracellular
      calcium EDTA inhibited sharply or blocked the aggregation of both inductors. It
      has been concluded that Ca2+ transport into cell is necessary chain in ADP and
      staphylococcal toxin effect but under the action of toxin transport Ca2+ into
      platelet is brought through a verapamil-resistant Ca2+-channels forming in the
      membrane under the interaction with toxin.

PMID- 2412597
TI  - Postnatal changes in fetal hemoglobin, oxygen affinity and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate
      in previously transfused preterm infants.
AB  - We observed a temporary rise in the percentage of fetal hemoglobin (HbF%) in
      small preterm infants after cessation of frequent replacement transfusions. We
      prospectively studied 10 very low birthweight infants, who received frequent
      transfusions in the first several weeks of life, to determine the influence on
      oxygen affinity (P50). After cessation of frequent transfusions, those 5 infants
      whose HbF% increased to the highest values (mean 58%) had a lower oxygen affinity
      (P50 = 23.3 Torr, p less than 0.05) than the remaining 5 infants whose increase
      in HbF% was less marked, to an average of only 29% (P50 = 24.5 Torr). However, in
      light of the small difference in P50, we feel that a rise in HbF% by itself after
      a period of frequent transfusions is unlikely to restrict oxygen delivery except
      under stressful conditions.

PMID- 2412598
TI  - Evidence for the existence of substance P in the prepubertal rat ovary. I.
      Biochemical and physiologic studies.
AB  - The presence of substance P (SP) in the immature rat ovary was determined by
      radioimmunoassay (RIA) of acidic extracts. The extracts produced an inhibition
      displacement curve of 125I-SP binding parallel to that generated by authentic SP
      in the SP RIA. Initial chromatographic characterization of ovarian SP in Sephadex
      G-25 revealed the presence of a molecular form that coeluted with authentic SP
      and a more abundant component that eluted earlier, suggesting the presence of a
      heavier peptide, immunologically similar to SP. Nevertheless, further
      characterization of these two seemingly different components by reversed-phase
      high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) demonstrated that both of them had
      a retention time similar to that of authentic SP. The ovarian concentration of SP
      like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) varied in relation to the onset of puberty, with
      values increasing significantly between the late juvenile phase and the day of
      first proestrus. Substance P seems to be devoid of steroidogenic capacity since
      SP itself and its stable analog [pGlu5,MePhe8,Sar9]-SP5-11 (SP-A) failed to
      stimulate steroid secretion from either granulosa cells in culture or ovarian
      fragments in short-term incubation. Substance P also failed to stimulate
      prostaglandin E2 release from whole ovaries and to modify the steroidal response
      of cultured granulosa cells to follicle-stimulating hormone and to the beta 2
      adrenergic agonist Zinterol. Production of SP-LI from granulosa cells in culture
      could not be detected under either basal or gonadotropin-stimulated conditions.
      These observations and the distribution of the peptide within the ovary presented
      in the companion paper (Dees et al., this issue) strongly suggest that SP is not
      directly involved in regulating steroidogenesis. Instead, SP may be a component
      of the so-called sensory innervation of the ovary, and among other undisclosed
      functions it may contribute to the regulation of ovarian blood flow.

PMID- 2412599
TI  - Evidence for the existence of substance P in the prepubertal rat ovary. II.
      Immunocytochemical localization.
AB  - Nerve fibers containing substance P (SP) were localized in ovaries from juvenile
      and peripubertal rats by immunofluorescence. These fibers were closely associated
      with the theca externa of antral follicles, as well as being in the interstitial
      tissue and within the tunica adventitia of small blood vessels, mostly
      arterioles. Consistently, the greatest amount of SP immunoreactivity was observed
      surrounding the ovarian vasculature. Substance P was not detected in cells or
      within the corpora lutea (CL). Additionally, the peripubertal animals seemed to
      have a greater concentration of ovarian SP than the juvenile animals. Possible
      functional roles for this peptide in the ovary are discussed.

PMID- 2412600
TI  - Lectin staining of rat testis and epididymis after ligation of excurrent ducts at
      different levels.
AB  - Seven rhodamine-conjugated lectins (PNA, RCA I, SBA, Con A, WGA, UEA I, and DBA;
      see Table 1) were utilized in studying the staining pattern of glycoproteins in
      rat testis and epididymis after ligation of ductuli efferentes (DE), corpus
      epididymidis (CE), and vas deferens (VD) for various time periods. Ductuli
      efferentes ligation caused a widening of seminferous tubules and detachment of
      spermatids with formation of multinuclear cells. These cells acquired a strong
      affinity for all lectins. Corpus epididymidis ligation also caused degeneration
      of spermatids with increased lectin staining in some tubules, but after 7 days
      another cell population close to the periphery of seminiferous tubules showed an
      increased nuclear affinity for some lectins followed by a clear degeneration and
      strong cytoplasmic staining with all lectins. Vas deferens ligation caused no
      degenerative changes in testicular spermatids. However, the peripheral cell
      population showed degenerative changes similar to those found after CE ligation.
      In both cases this was coincident with the formation of spermatic granulomas at
      the site of ligation. Ductuli efferentes ligation caused a gradual decrease of
      intratubular content in caput epididymidis, while the contrary was true after CE
      ligation. The latter was associated with intratubular accumulation of lectin
      positive swollen cells and sperm aggregates as well as an increased lectin
      staining of narrow cells in initial segment and light cells in distal caput.
      After VD ligation an increased staining of light cells was initially found in
      distal cauda and distal caput, but, concomitant with distension of the tubules
      this reaction decreased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2412601
TI  - Interactions of permeant cations with sodium channels of squid axon membranes.
AB  - To determine how the permeant cations interact with the sodium channel, the
      instantaneous current-voltage (I-V) relationship, conductance-ion concentration
      relationship, and cation selectivity of sodium channels were studied with
      internally perfused, voltage clamped squid giant axons in the presence of
      different permeant cations in the external solution. In Na-containing media, the
      instantaneous I-V curve was almost linear between +60 and -20 mV, but deviated
      from the linearity in the direction to decrease the current at more negative
      potentials. The linearity of instantaneous I-V curve extended to more negative
      potentials with lowering the external Ca concentration. The I-V curve in Li
      solution was almost the same as that in Na solution. The linearity of the I-V
      curve improved in NH4 solution exhibiting only saturation at -100 mV with no sign
      of further decrease in current at more negative potentials. Guanidine and
      formamidine further linearized the instantaneous I-V curve. The conductance of
      the sodium channels as measured from the tail current saturated at high
      concentrations of permeant cations. The apparent dissociation constants
      determined from the conductance-ion concentration curve at -60 mV were as
      follows: Na, 378 mM; Li, 247 mM; NH4, 174 mM; guanidine, 111 mM; formamidine, 103
      mM. The ratio of the test cation permeability to the sodium permeability as
      measured from the reversal potentials of tail currents varied with the test
      cation concentration and/or the membrane potential. These observations are
      incompatible with the independence principle, and can be explained on the basis
      of the Eyring's rate theory. It is suggested that the slope of the instantaneous
      I-V curve is determined by the relative affinity of permeant cations and blocking
      ions (Ca) for the binding site in the sodium channel. The ionic selectivity of
      the channel depends on the energy barrier profile of the channel.

PMID- 2412602
TI  - Structural fluctuations and current noise of ionic channels.
AB  - In the open state of the acetylcholine-receptor channel an increased current
      noise is observed, which may result from conformational fluctuations of the
      channel protein (Sigworth, F.J., 1985, Biophys. J. 47:709-720). In this study the
      spectrum of the current noise is analyzed assuming that low-frequency motions of
      structural domains of the protein give rise to conductance fluctuations. The
      movement of a domain is treated as the motion of an elastically bound Brownian
      particle, which is described by the Langevin equation. The current-noise spectrum
      predicted by this model is given by a sum of Lorentzians; it agrees with the
      observed spectrum when it is assumed that only the slowest process can be
      resolved in the experiment. The large value of the friction coefficient, which is
      obtained from the corner frequency, indicates that domain motion is restricted
      mainly by peptide-peptide interactions.

PMID- 2412603
TI  - Gating current harmonics. I. Sodium channel activation gating in dynamic steady
      states.
AB  - Internally perfused and pronase-treated giant axons were prepared for gating
      current measurements. Gating current records were obtained under large-amplitude
      sinusoidal voltage clamp after allowing for settling times into dynamic steady
      states. The current records were analyzed as functions of the mean membrane
      potential of the test sinusoid for which the amplitude and frequency were held
      constant. The nonlinear analysis consisted of determining the harmonic content
      (amplitudes and phases) of the distorted periodic current records. The most
      pronounced feature found in the analysis is a dominant second harmonic centered
      at Emean = +10 mV. A number of other characteristic harmonic behaviors were also
      observed. The harmonics tend to die away for very small (less than -60 mV) and
      very large (greater than +72 mV) values of Emean. The harmonic behavior seen in
      the axonal data is basically different from that seen in gating current
      simulations generated by the sodium-activation kinetics of standard models,
      including the Hodgkin-Huxley model. Some of the differences can be reconciled
      without requiring fundamental changes in the model kinetic schemes. However, the
      dominant harmonic feature seen in the axonal data cannot be reconciled with the
      model kinetics without a fundamental change in the models. The axonal data
      suggest two moving molecular components with independent degrees of freedom whose
      properties are outlined on the basis of the data presented herein.

PMID- 2412604
TI  - Gating current harmonics. II. Model simulations of axonal gating currents.
AB  - A kinetic model of sodium activation gating is presented. The kinetics are based
      on harmonic analysis of gating current data obtained during large-amplitude
      sinusoidal voltage clamp in dynamic steady state. The technique classifies gating
      kinetic schemes into groups based on patterns of the harmonic content in the
      periodic gating current records. The kinetics that simulate the experimental data
      contain two independently constrained processes. The model predicts (a) sizable
      gating currents in response to hyperpolarizing voltage steps from rest; (b) a
      substantial increase in the initial peak of the gating current following voltage
      steps from prehyperpolarized potentials; (c) a small delay in the onset of sodium
      ion current following voltage steps from prehyperpolarized potentials; and (d)
      flickering during the open state in single channel current records. Although
      fundamentally different in kinetic structure from the Hodgkin-Huxley model, the
      present model reproduces the phenomenological development of Na conductance
      during the initiation and development of action potentials. The implications for
      possible gating mechanisms are discussed. A model gate is presented.

PMID- 2412605
TI  - Steady-state voltages, ion fluxes, and volume regulation in syncytial tissues.
AB  - Equations are developed that describe the steady-state relationships among ion
      fluxes, solute fluxes, water flow, voltage, concentration of solute, and
      hydrostatic pressure in a spherically symmetrical syncytial tissue. Each cell of
      the syncytium is assumed to have membrane channels for Na, K, and Cl, a membrane
      pump for Na/K, and some concentration of intracellular protein of net negative
      charge. However, the surface cells and inner cells of the tissue are assumed to
      have different distributions of membrane transport properties, hence there is a
      radial circulation of fluxes and a radial distribution of forces. Some reasonable
      approximations are made that allow analytic solutions of the nonlinear
      differential equations. These solutions are used to analyze data from the frog
      lens and are shown to account for the known steady-state properties of this
      tissue. Moreover, these solutions are used to make predictions on other steady
      state properties, which have not been directly measured, and graphical results on
      the circulation of water, ions and solute through the frog lens are presented.

PMID- 2412606
TI  - The K+ channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum. A new look at Cs+ block.
AB  - K+-selective ion channels from mammalian sarcoplasmic reticulum were inserted
      into planar phospholipid bilayers, and single-channel currents measured in
      solutions containing Cs+. Current through this channel can be observed in
      symmetrical solutions containing only Cs+ salts. At zero voltage, the Cs+
      conductance is approximately 15-fold lower than the corresponding K+ conductance.
      The open channel rectifies strongly in symmetrical Cs+ solutions, and the Cs+
      currents are independent of Cs+ concentration in the range 18-600 mM. Biionic
      (Cs+/K+) reversal potentials are only 10 mV, showing that Cs+ is nearly as
      permeant as K+, though much less conductive. Addition of Cs+ to symmetrical K+
      solutions reduces current through the channel in a voltage-dependent way. The
      results can be explained by a free energy profile in which the channel's
      selectivity filter acts in two ways: to provide binding sites for the conducting
      ions and to serve as a major rate-determining structure. According to this
      picture, the main difference between high-conductance K+ and low-conductance Cs+
      is that Cs+ binds to an asymmetrically positioned site approximately 20-fold more
      tightly than does K+.

PMID- 2412607
TI  - Compartmentalization of the submembrane calcium activity during calcium influx
      and its significance in transmitter release.
AB  - Quantitative modeling indicates that, in presynaptic terminals, the intracellular
      calcium concentration profile during inward calcium current is characterized by
      discrete peaks of calcium immediately adjacent to the calcium channels. This
      restriction of intracellular calcium concentration suggests a remarkably well
      specified intracellular architecture such that calcium, as a second messenger,
      may regulate particular intracellular domains with a great degree of specificity.

PMID- 2412608
TI  - Vibrational analysis of peptides, polypeptides, and proteins. XXXII. alpha-Poly(L
      glutamic acid).

PMID- 2412609
TI  - Intermediate filament structure.
AB  - In a previous communication (Biosci. Rep. 3, 517-525, 1983) we described
      quantitative X-ray diffraction studies of alpha-keratin which were shown to be
      consistent with the presence of finite arrays of repeating units, successive
      arrays being set down at axial intervals of 470 A. In addition the axial interval
      between repeating units in an array was shown to be 197.9 A. It was suggested
      that this could most readily be explained by supposing that a surface lattice was
      present which contained a dislocation along a helical path with unit height h =
      470 A and unit twist magnitude of t = 49.1 degrees. The number of repeating units
      was shown to be in the range 7-9. With 7 repeats the mismatch of the lattice
      along the dislocation is small and this choice was used to develop a detailed
      model for the filament. Subsequent studies of molecular interactions have shown
      however that the coiled-coil rope segments in the rod domain of the molecule are
      most probably oriented parallel to the dislocation, and so minimization of
      lattice mismatch may be less important than originally supposed. In the present
      communication it is shown that the choice of 8, rather than 7, for the number of
      repeating units yields a model which is more compatible with estimates of the
      linear density and also provides the basis for a general model for polymorphism
      in intermediate filament lattices.

PMID- 2412610
TI  - Transglutaminase and cellular motile events: retardation of proinsulin conversion
      by glycine methylester.
AB  - Glycine methyl ester, an inhibitor of transglutaminase, decreased glucose
      stimulated insulin release and delayed proinsulin conversion in rat pancreatic
      islets pulse-labelled with L-[4-3H]phenylalanine. Sarcosine methyl ester, which
      does not inhibit transglutaminase activity, failed to affect insulin release and
      proinsulin conversion. The incorporation of L-[4-3H]phenylalanine into islet
      peptides, the ratio of hormonal to total tritiated peptides and the insulin
      content of the islets failed to be affected by either of these methyl esters. It
      is proposed that transglutaminase participates in the control of motile events
      involved in both the transfer of proinsulin from its site of synthesis to its
      site of conversion, and the translocation of insulin from its site of storage to
      its site of release.

PMID- 2412611
TI  - Aggregation of human red blood cells after moderate heat treatment.
AB  - The aggregation behaviour of normal and heat treated (48.4 degrees C, 48.8
      degrees C, 49.5 degrees C) red blood cells (RBCs) suspended in dextran-saline
      solutions (Dx 70, Dx 173) was investigated by a laser light reflectometric method
      over a wide range of bridging energies. The characteristic times of rouleau
      formation were found to be increased after RBC heat treatment. The disaggregation
      shear stress is not significantly different between normal RBCs and heat treated
      RBCs. The loss of cell deformability is nevertheless shown to improve slightly
      the dissociation efficiency of the flowing liquid in a shear flow resulting in a
      small reduction of the disaggregation shear rate after heat treatment. Heat
      treatment is also shown to alter the structure of RBC network at equilibrium.
      These results indicate that heat induced alterations of erythrocytes only affects
      the mechanical properties of the cell membrane without significant changes in the
      macromolecular bridging energy.

PMID- 2412612
TI  - Rheological discrimination between native, rigid and aggregated red blood cells
      in oscillatory flow.
AB  - The viscoelastic behaviour of hardened or aggregated red blood cells is compared
      with the flow pattern of native red blood cells, all suspended in buffer solution
      at a hematocrit of 45%. The rheological properties are investigated under
      oscillatory shear at the constant frequency of 2Hz. Variation of the amplitude
      covers a range of shear-rates from 0.5/s to 200/s. It can be seen that
      rigidification of the red cells by treatment with glutardialdehyde leads to
      changes of the flow properties in the range of shear-rates above 10/s, whereas
      aggregate formation due to addition of dextran distinctly alters the flow
      properties in the range of shear-rates below 10/s.

PMID- 2412613
TI  - [Localization of the binding site for quaternary derivatives of ajmaline in the
      Na channel of an excitable membrane].
AB  - The effects of external or internal application of quaternary derivatives of
      ajmaline and N-propyl ajmaline (NMA) to the frog nodes of Ranvier were studied by
      the voltage clamp method. It was established that external application of NMA is
      much less effective than that of the tertiary amine ajmaline or its quaternary
      analog N-ethyl ajmaline at comparable concentration. Even at a concentration of 1
      mM NMA when applied externally caused only relatively insignificant tonic and use
      dependent inhibition of sodium currents. In contrast, internal application of NMA
      (1 mM) through the cut ends of the fiber led to pronounced use-dependent
      inhibition of sodium currents. The conclusion is drawn that the binding site for
      NMA is located in the inner mouth of the Na channels which becomes available for
      the charged blocker only after opening of the activation gate.

PMID- 2412614
TI  - [Effect of caffeine on the Ca2+-transport function of sarcoplasmic reticulum
      vesicles in the rat myocardium].
AB  - The effects of caffeine on active transport of Ca2 by heavy and light fractions
      of rat myocardial microsomes were investigated with the use of a Ca2+-selective
      electrode and nephelometry. It was found that under the effect of caffeine (5 mM)
      the rate of Ca2 transport in the presence of oxalate decreased by 30 to 40%. The
      caffeine-induced inhibition was prevented by ruthenium and tetracaine, thus
      suggesting the inhibitor specificity. Since caffeine is a specific blocker of Ca2
      transport to the terminal cisterns of the skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum,
      it is assumed that the microsomal fraction of rat myocardium contains terminal
      cistern fragments.

PMID- 2412615
TI  - Ligand state of intraerythrocytic circulating HbC crystals in homozygote CC
      patients.
AB  - Whole blood and Stractan-Percoll fractions of blood from splenectomized patients
      with homozygous hemoglobin C (CC) disease were studied under aerobic and
      anaerobic conditions. Erythrocytes containing typical CC crystals are found in
      the densest fraction as documented by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. We
      report that the intraerythrocytic Hb C circulating crystals are in the oxygenated
      liganded state as demonstrated by melting upon deoxygenation and by absorption
      spectroscopy. Furthermore, crystals are more likely to form in cells with low
      concentration of Hb F. Changes of ligand state (which results in melting of the
      intraerythrocytic crystal) might be involved in the pathophysiology of this
      disease, removing the danger of vasoocclusive episodes.

PMID- 2412616
TI  - DNA sequence variation associated with elevated fetal G gamma globin production.
AB  - The percentage of G gamma chains in the Hb F of SS patients and beta-thalassemia
      heterozygotes is generally 40%, but some have 60% to 70% G gamma. To test the
      hypothesis that DNA sequence variation 158 base pairs 5' of the G gamma gene is
      associated with this variation in G gamma values, DNA was analyzed using the
      restriction endonuclease Xmn I (gamma IVS-II probe). Xmn I recognizes the
      sequence from -157 to -166 only if T is at position -158. Individuals from five
      families had T at -158 for G gamma genes in both chromosomes, and the mean G
      gamma value was 69.7% +/- 4.6% (SD). For 13 families, individuals with T at -158
      for the G gamma gene of one chromosome had a G gamma value of 60.6% +/- 5.7%.
      With one exception, lack of T at -158 was associated with low G gamma values
      (39.6% +/- 4.0%). In low Hb F G gamma-beta+-HPFH, the Xmn I site was seen 5' to
      both G gamma and A gamma genes, which suggests that T at -158 is associated with
      elevated Hb F; Pst I digestion showed that the A gamma gene T producer G gamma
      globin, which accounts for high levels of G gamma (87-88%). Calculations show
      that T at -158 is associated with a three- to 11-fold increase in production per
      G gamma gene, which is an order of magnitude less than that associated with the
      previously identified -202 C----G substitution of high Hb F G gamma-beta+-HPFH.

PMID- 2412617
TI  - Fetal hemoglobin variants identified in adults through restriction endonuclease
      gene mapping methodology.
AB  - It has been found possible to detect the presence of some gamma chain abnormal
      fetal hemoglobins in adults through analysis of genomic DNA with selected
      restriction endonucleases. These variants are Hb F-Hull (A gamma 121Glu----Lys)
      which was observed in eight adult members of five families, Hb F-Pendergrass (A
      gamma 36Pro----Arg) in five adult members of one family, and Hb F-Port Royal (G
      gamma 125Glu----Ala) in 32 adult members of 17 families. The analyses were
      extended to include haplotyping, which involved 12 different restriction sites.
      The Hb F-Port Royal anomaly was only present on a chromosome with two G gamma
      genes (the 5'-G gamma-G gamma-3' globin gene arrangement) which may have arisen
      through gene conversion or point mutations. It appears likely that the mutation
      resulting in the 125Glu----Ala substitution occurred once on a 5'-G gamma-G gamma
      3' chromosome, while additional base substitutions, gene conversions, and/or
      cross-over events are responsible for the association of the F-Port Royal anomaly
      with different chromosomes, as characterized by different haplotypes.

PMID- 2412618
TI  - Identification and characterization of an endothelial, cell-specific antigen with
      a monoclonal antibody.
AB  - The purpose of these studies was to use monoclonal antibodies to identify and
      characterize plasma membrane components unique to the vascular endothelium. Our
      assumption is that such components may perform some of the specialized functions
      of the endothelium and, by their identification with antibody probes, we may be
      able to study further their function and structure. Thus, primary cultures of
      human umbilical vein endothelium were used to immunize mice whose spleen cells
      were fused with the mouse myeloma cell NS-1. HEC-1 is a monoclonal antibody
      derived from such a fusion that appears to react with an antigen located only on
      endothelial cells. The antigen has been characterized by immunoprecipitation and
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a glycoprotein with a mol wt of 180,000
      daltons under nonreducing conditions and 90,000 daltons under reducing
      conditions. Despite a close resemblance to a membrane component shown by others
      to be a receptor for transferrin, several lines of evidence reported in this
      paper indicate that this is not the function of the HEC-1 antigen. These data
      show that monoclonal antibodies can be used to identify and characterize membrane
      components of the vascular endothelium. Moreover, these probes can be used to
      inquire about the structure and function of the antigen with which they react.

PMID- 2412619
TI  - A novel leukocyte differentiation antigen: two monoclonal antibodies TM2 and TM3
      define a 120-kd molecule present on neutrophils, monocytes, platelets, and
      activated lymphoblasts.
AB  - We produced two hybridomas by fusion of mouse myeloma cells with splenocytes from
      a mouse immunized with the THP-1 human monocytoid leukemia cell line. Two cloned
      hybridoma cell lines, designated as TM2 and TM3, were obtained. They secreted
      antibodies against a unique cell surface antigen expressed on all normal
      peripheral blood monocytes, neutrophilic granulocytes, platelets, and mitogen
      induced lymphoblasts, some cells from patients with immature-type lymphoid
      leukemias. However, the antibodies reacted neither with large numbers of
      peripheral blood lymphocytes nor with red cells. Cross-blocking studies showed
      that these monoclonal antibodies recognized the same or a nearly positioned
      antigen epitope. Immunoprecipitation of THP-1 cell extract with TM2 or TM3 under
      reducing and nonreducing conditions yielded a specific band of mol wt equal to
      120,000 daltons. This determinant appeared to be involved in granulocyte
      chemotaxis, since neutrophilic granulocytes exposed to TM2 or TM3 showed a
      significant decrease in chemotaxis toward endotoxin-activated serum. These two
      monoclonal antibodies did not affect O2- release or luminol-dependent
      chemiluminescence of neutrophils. Moreover, they did not alter platelet
      aggregation induced by thrombin. TM2 and TM3 will provide a new reagent in
      defining the linkage between lymphoid and myeloid differentiation and
      intermyeloid development.

PMID- 2412620
TI  - Temephos residues in stagnant ponds after mosquito larvicide applications by
      helicopter.

PMID- 2412621
TI  - Characterization of [3H]-nitrendipine binding to uterine smooth muscle plasma
      membrane and its relevance to inhibition of calcium entry.
AB  - Specific, high affinity (KD = 164 pM) binding of the Ca channel inhibitor [3H]
      nitrendipine was identified in plasma membrane-enriched fractions from the rat
      myometrium. Although dihydropyridines effectively competed for [3H]-nitrendipine
      binding sites, both verapamil and D600 were poor competitors. Diltiazem (10
      microM) increased [3H]-nitrendipine binding by about 40%, but had no effect on
      binding affinity. Among several other drugs tested, diethylstilboestrol (DES)
      caused a considerable inhibition of binding, with an IC50 value of 4 microM. Both
      La3+ and EDTA (or EGTA) inhibited binding. The inhibition by the latter could be
      overcome by the addition of Ca2+ or Mg2+. A clear relationship was found between
      [3H]-nitrendipine binding and 5-nucleotidase activity in the various subcellular
      fractions. Data on K+-stimulated Ca2+ influx in the intact uterine strips showed
      a good agreement between the inhibition by both nitrendipine and DES of
      stimulated Ca influx and their inhibitory effect on [3H]-nitrendipine binding to
      plasma membrane. This type of correlation was lacking in the case of D600. These
      results suggest that Ca channels in the myometrial membrane possess multiple
      sites at which different drugs can act to block these channels.

PMID- 2412622
TI  - Opioid inhibition of synaptic transmission in the guinea-pig myenteric plexus.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from neurones in the myenteric plexus of the
      guinea-pig ileum. Presynaptic nerves were excited by a focal stimulating
      electrode on an interganglionic strand. Fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials
      (e.p.s.ps) were depressed in amplitude by morphine and [Met5]enkephalin in the
      concentration range of 1 nM-1 microM. Nicotinic depolarizations evoked by
      exogenously applied acetylcholine (ACh) were not affected by these opioids.
      Hyperpolarization of the presynaptic fibres probably contributed to the
      depression of the fast e.p.s.p. because fast e.p.s.ps evoked by low stimulus
      voltages were more depressed than those evoked by high stimulus voltages and fast
      e.p.s.ps resulting from activation of a single presynaptic fibre were blocked in
      a non-graded manner. Opioids depressed the slow e.p.s.p. in those neurones in
      which they did not change the resting membrane potential. The slow e.p.s.p. was
      increased in amplitude in those neurones hyperpolarized by opioids.
      Depolarizations resulting from application of barium, substance P or ACh were
      also enhanced by opioids. Equivalent circuit models in which opioids increase,
      and substance P or ACh decrease, the same potassium conductance could account for
      this enhancement. The actions of opioids were prevented or reversed by naloxone
      (1 nM-1 microM). It is concluded that morphine and enkephalin inhibit the release
      of ACh and a non-cholinergic transmitter from fibres of the myenteric plexus, and
      that this may involve a hyperpolarization of presynaptic fibres. Additionally,
      opioids can interact postsynaptically with other substances which affect membrane
      potassium conductances.

PMID- 2412623
TI  - Transmembrane sodium and potassium gradients modulate histamine secretion induced
      by ionophore A23187.
AB  - Histamine secretion was induced from rat peritoneal mast cells by calcium
      ionophore A23187 in the presence of various extracellular calcium concentrations.
      Transmembrane sodium and potassium gradients were altered by cold pretreatment of
      mast cells or through the inhibition of sodium-potassium ATPase by the use of
      ouabain or potassium-deprivation. Such pretreatments led to a parallel shift to
      the left of the extracellular calcium concentration-histamine secretion curve,
      i.e. to an apparent decrease of extracellular calcium requirement for the
      ionophore-induced histamine release. These effects were fully reversed by warming
      mast cells, by washing out ouabain or by adding potassium. Metabolic inhibition
      of mast cells prevented the ionophore-induced secretion in all the experimental
      conditions described. Secretion observed in the absence of added calcium was
      inhibited by short term treatment of cells with 5 X 10(-6) M EGTA or EDTA
      provided magnesium was absent from the assay medium. Data show that ionophore
      A23187 was able to induce secretion in the presence of micromolar concentrations
      of extracellular calcium, when the efficiency of the ionophore was not decreased
      by extracellular magnesium and when transmembrane sodium and potassium gradients
      were altered.

PMID- 2412625
TI  - Bay K 8644, a dihydropyridine calcium agonist, augments vasoconstrictor responses
      to endogenous and exogenous noradrenaline in the peripheral vasculature of the
      dog.
AB  - The effect of Bay K 8644 (a substance known to increase calcium influx through
      the voltage-dependent calcium channel) on vasoconstrictor responses of resistance
      vessels to endogenous and exogenous noradrenaline (NA) was investigated in
      pentobarbitone-anaesthetized dogs which had also undergone spinal anaesthesia and
      bilateral vagotomy and received atropine. In these dogs the saphenous arterial
      bed was perfused at fixed flow rates with autologous blood to give perfusion
      pressure close to the systemic blood pressure. Electrical stimulation (3-30 Hz)
      of the saphenous nerve and single intra-arterial (i.a.) injections of
      noradrenaline (NA, 0.03-3 micrograms) produced an increase in perfusion pressure
      (vasoconstriction) in a frequency- and a dose-dependent manner, respectively.
      Intra-arterial infusions of Bay K 8644 (3 and 10 micrograms min-1) per se
      produced no significant change in perfusion pressure. However, these infusions
      augmented vasoconstrictor responses to both saphenous nerve stimulation
      (endogenous NA) and i.a. NA (exogenous NA). These results suggest that
      augmentation by Bay K 8644 of vasoconstrictor responses of resistance vessels to
      endogenous and exogenous NA is probably due to promotion of the calcium influx
      through calcium channels closely associated with alpha-adrenoceptors in smooth
      muscle cells there.

PMID- 2412624
TI  - Pharmaco-mechanical coupling in the response to acetylcholine and substance P in
      the smooth muscle of the rat iris sphincter.
AB  - In the rat iris sphincter muscle contractile responses to transmural stimulation
      consisted of two components, a fast cholinergic followed by a slow non
      adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) one. The magnitude of the latter varied widely
      and was on average 5% of that of the cholinergic component. Exogenous substance P
      (1 nM-1 microM) produced a concentration-dependent contraction, the maximum
      amplitude of which was as large as that produced by acetylcholine (ACh).
      Capsaicin (10 microM) induced a transient contraction only once in each
      preparation. After the treatment with capsaicin the NANC component disappeared.
      Neither nerve nor direct electrical stimulation with short pulses elicited any
      active change in the membrane potential under physiological conditions, but an
      action potential was triggered by direct stimulation when the extracellular Ca
      ion was totally replaced by Ba ion. Under the latter conditions spontaneous spike
      potentials occurred repetitively. ACh and substance P produced a large
      contraction without modifying the membrane potential. This was also the case in
      the presence of 5 mM Ba. These results suggest that substance P-ergic innervation
      may have a far lesser physiological significance than that which has been
      described in rabbits and that pure pharmaco-mechanical coupling is characteristic
      of the responses to acetylcholine, substance P, and nerve stimulation in the rat
      iris sphincter muscle.

PMID- 2412626
TI  - The influence of surgical operations on components of the human immune system.
AB  - Surgical operations have been shown to cause a variety of immunological
      disturbances in man both in vivo and in vitro. With few exceptions the overall
      picture is one of a generalized state of immunodepression in the postoperative
      period. The implications of these observations are that host defences may be
      compromised by surgical procedures, thus providing a 'fertile soil' for bacterial
      invasion and tumour cell metastasis at the very time when risks from invading
      pathogens and viable tumour cells are maximal. We have studied the effects of
      surgical operations on the immune system in 35 patients with benign disease.
      Surgical procedures were classified as either minor (n = 15) or major (n = 20). A
      panel of monoclonal antibodies was used to identify peripheral blood lymphocyte
      subpopulations and analysis was performed using flow cytometry. Simultaneous
      estimations of plasma alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (alpha-1-PI), alpha-2
      macroglobulin (alpha-2-M), alpha-2-pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (alpha-2
      PAG) and plasma suppressive activity (PSA) on stimulated allogeneic lymphocytes
      were performed before operation and on postoperative days 1, 3, 7, 17 and 21.
      Circulating numbers of all lymphocyte subpopulations fell significantly following
      surgery, except for B lymphocytes which did not change. The magnitude, and
      duration of the reduction in cell numbers and the subpopulation affected was
      significantly related to the degree of surgical trauma, and returned to pre
      operative values by postoperative day 7. Changes in alpha-1-PI, alpha-2-M, alpha
      2-PAG and PSA were also significantly related to the degree of surgical trauma,
      and these plasma changes persisted longer than the cellular disturbances.
      Surgical operations induce a reversible depression of cellular immunity which
      precedes plasma suppressive activity in its return to pre-operative levels.
      Immunostimulating agents such as interferon and the interleukins deserve
      evaluation as prophylactic agents pre-operatively.

PMID- 2412627
TI  - Secondary carcinomatous infiltration of the penis: palliation with radiotherapy.
AB  - Secondary carcinomatous involvement of the penis is surprisingly uncommon
      considering its proximity to the site of many common primary malignancies.
      Management of this unpleasant condition is difficult and should be primarily
      aimed at palliative relief of symptoms. Four cases are presented, two with
      primary prostatic adenocarcinoma, one rectal carcinoma and one carcinoma of the
      caecum. Three of these patients, on developing penile involvement, were subjected
      to a single course of radiotherapy. This resulted in marked relief of pain and
      reduction in tumour bulk allowing an improvement in micturition, where
      obstructive symptoms were present. Due to the small number of cases available
      treatment cannot be prospectively evaluated. A logical palliative treatment for
      metastatic penile disease is suggested.

PMID- 2412628
TI  - Rett's syndrome in the west of Scotland.
AB  - Nineteen girls with characteristic features of Rett's syndrome, including normal
      initial development, regression at about 12 months of age, repetitive hand
      movements, and severe mental handicap were studied. This represents an estimated
      incidence of one in 30 000 live births (one in 15 000 girls) in the west of
      Scotland. Although the children were often initially considered to be autistic,
      they did not conform to this diagnosis as they made good personal contact within
      the limits of their mental development. The developmental regression was
      sometimes falsely attributed to vaccination. Each child showed striking
      involuntary movements and abnormality of tone, varying from hypotonia, which was
      found only in the youngest, to rigidity, which was common in older girls; this
      permitted classification into three clinical subtypes. The abnormalities were
      highly suggestive of an extrapyramidal disorder, and this has implications for
      further research and possible treatment.

PMID- 2412629
TI  - Developmental paediatrics in primary care: what should we teach?
AB  - There is little agreement about what constitutes good developmental paediatric
      practice at the level of primary care. Many of the available screening tests are
      intrinsically unsatisfactory or badly performed, but screening is only a small
      part of developmental paediatrics. Every primary care doctor should be familiar
      with the scientific basis of the subject even if a decision is made not to embark
      on a formal screening programme.

PMID- 2412630
TI  - Quality of life in cancer trials.

PMID- 2412631
TI  - Screening for Down's syndrome using alpha fetoprotein.

PMID- 2412633
TI  - Common childhood problems: variation in management.
AB  - A patient management questionnaire was written to assess the range of advice
      being offered to parents on common paediatric problems. It was sent to hospital
      doctors, clinical medical officers, health visitors, and general practitioner
      trainers and trainees. In the 95 completed questionnaires just over half the
      items elicited conflicting advice, and some differences between different
      professional groups could be identified. It is suggested that such conflicts are
      potentially damaging to relationships between patients and health care
      professionals and that there are ways to avoid conflict.

PMID- 2412632
TI  - Bronchoalveolar mast cells in extrinsic asthma: a mechanism for the initiation of
      antigen specific bronchoconstriction.
AB  - Bronchoalveolar lavage performed in 10 patients with extrinsic asthma and 14
      controls yielded similar recoveries of fluid and cells. Mast cells and
      eosinophils, however, formed a greater proportion of the cells recovered from the
      asthmatic subjects (p less than 0.001 for mast cells; p less than 0.01 for
      eosinophils), the histamine content of the lavage cells being correspondingly
      increased (p less than 0.01). Both the percentage of mast cells and the histamine
      content of lavage cells were significantly inversely correlated with the forced
      expiratory volume in one second (FEV1; expressed as percentage of predicted) and
      with the ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity before lavage. There was also a
      significant inverse correlation between the concentration of histamine required
      to produce a 20% fall in FEV1 and the percentage of mast cells recovered (p less
      than 0.05). When incubated with antihuman IgE bronchoalveolar mast cells from
      asthmatic subjects released a significantly increased proportion of total
      cellular histamine than cells from control subjects at all effective doses of
      anti-IgE. By contrast, dose response curves for IgE dependent histamine release
      from peripheral blood leucocytes were similar in asthmatics and controls.
      Specific antigen led to release of histamine from bronchoalveolar cells and
      peripheral blood leucocytes of asthmatic subjects but not controls. Lying
      superficially within the airways, bronchoalveolar mast cells would be readily
      exposed to inhaled antigen and would release mediators directly on to the airway
      surface. Their immunological response suggests that they are likely to be
      important in the pathogenesis of airflow obstruction in asthma.

PMID- 2412634
TI  - Effects of intracerebral injections of quinolinic acid on serotonergic neurons in
      the rat brain.
AB  - The effects of intrastriatal and intrahippocampal injections of the excitotoxic
      amino acid, quinolinic acid (QUIN), were examined in the rat using
      immunohistochemical and neurochemical techniques. Serotonin and 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid measurements at 90 min, 6 h, 4 and 11 days following
      QUIN administration revealed highly elevated levels of the metabolite in the
      injected nuclei, with peak increases occurring after 4 days. Serotonin levels
      remained largely unchanged over the same time period. Direct visualization of
      hippocampal serotonergic fibers by immunohistochemistry demonstrated
      morphological changes (varicosities, swellings) in otherwise undamaged serotonin
      positive afferents 4 days following a local QUIN injection. Hippocampal serotonin
      turnover was assessed at 4 days after an intrahippocampal QUIN-application:
      following inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, the accumulation of 5
      hydroxytryptophan was twice as rapid in QUIN-lesioned hippocampi as in controls.
      Dose-response relationships, examination of brain regions distant from the two
      injection sites and the temporal sequence of the changes described here suggest a
      close association between QUIN-induced neuronal degeneration and alterations in
      the serotonergic system.

PMID- 2412635
TI  - The regional distribution of kassinin-like immunoreactivity in central and
      peripheral tissues of the cat.
AB  - The regional distribution of kassinin-like immunoreactivity (KLI) was
      investigated by radioimmunoassay in central and peripheral tissues of the cat. In
      the cat brain KLI was found to have a widespread distribution with the highest
      concentrations present in the substantia nigra followed by the hypothalamus and
      caudate nucleus. Moderate levels were detected in the spinal cord, brainstem and
      thalamus but only low levels were found in the frontal cortex and cerebellum. In
      the periphery KLI was present in moderate amounts in the pituitary but in only
      low amounts in the dorsal root ganglion. KLI was present throughout the
      gastrointestinal tract with the highest concentration in the duodenum. The
      distribution of KLI was found to resemble closely that of substance P-like
      immunoreactivity (SPLI) although the ratio of SPLI to KLI varied widely
      throughout the tissues tested. In the frontal cortex and cerebellum the
      concentration of SPLI was at least 5-fold higher than that of KLI whereas in the
      pituitary gland, caudate nucleus and terminal ileum the concentrations of SPLI
      were only 50% higher. High pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of individual
      tissue extracts was used in order to characterize the KLI. In the caudate
      nucleus, substantia nigra and hypothalamus the major immunoreactive peak co
      eluted with synthetic substance K. In contrast, in the spinal cord and terminal
      ileum the major peak of KLI co-eluted with synthetic neuromedin K. These results
      demonstrate that KLI is widely distributed throughout cat tissues and that this
      distribution closely resembles that of SPLI. However, it also appears that there
      are important qualitative differences in the KLI between the areas tested.

PMID- 2412636
TI  - GABA mimetics decrease extracellular concentrations of 5-HIAA (as measured by in
      vivo voltammetry) in the dorsal raphe of the rat.
AB  - The effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) mimetics on extracellular
      concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) (as measured by
      differential pulse voltammetry with carbon fiber electrodes) in the dorsal raphe
      has been investigated in the rat. Systemic administration of dipropylacetamide
      decreased extracellular 5-HIAA to a similar extent, and within a comparable time
      course, in the dorsal raphe and striatum. Similar results were obtained after
      intradorsal raphe infusion of muscimol (100 ng). In contrast, local infusion of
      tetrodotoxin into the dorsal raphe failed to alter serotonin metabolism in this
      area. It is concluded that GABA depresses serotonin metabolism not only in nerve
      endings, but also in dendrites (and/or cell bodies) of serotonergic neurons.

PMID- 2412637
TI  - Neuronal differentiation of Ca2+ channel by nerve growth factor.
AB  - The inhibitory effect of nicardipine, a potent Ca2+ channel blocker in muscular
      cells, on the Ca2+ channel of clonal rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12h) and
      cultured rat adrenal medullary cells was studied during the neuronal
      differentiation mediated by nerve growth factor (NGF). Nicardipine at nM-order
      concentrations suppressed the high-K+-evoked, Ca2+-dependent release of preloaded
      [3H]norepinephrine from PC12h cells and adrenal medullary cells, whereas it
      scarcely inhibited the release from the cultured rat brainstem cells. The
      inhibitory actions of nicardipine on both PC12h and newborn rat adrenal medullary
      cells were significantly decreased after these cells were cultured in the
      presence of NGF. These results suggest that the changes in Ca2+ channel are
      accompanied by the neuronal differentiation mediated by NGF.

PMID- 2412638
TI  - Bombesin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of capsaicin-treated
      rats: a radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The neuroanatomical distribution of bombesin-like immunoreactivity (BLI) in the
      rat central nervous system was investigated using radioimmunoassay and
      immunohistochemistry. Whereas cross-reactivity of the bombesin antiserum with
      substance P was problematic in the immunohistochemical experiments, no
      significant cross-reactivity with substance P was apparent in the
      radioimmunoassay. Results from the radioimmunoassay studies reveal particularly
      high concentrations of BLI in the hypothalamus, thalamus, medulla and spinal
      cord. Adult rats treated neonatally with capsaicin displayed significant
      depletions of somatostatin-like and substance P-like immunoreactivity and a
      small, statistically significant, reduction of BLI in the cervical spinal cord.
      Capsaicin treatment significantly reduced substance P-like immunoreactivity, but
      not somatostatin-like immunoreactivity, in the medulla and resulted in a small
      BLI depletion of borderline statistical significance in this brain region.
      Neonatally administered capsaicin treatment had no effect on the thalamic
      concentration of any of these three neuropeptides and neurotensin-like
      immunoreactivity was unchanged in all brain regions studied. These results
      suggest that the source of some of the BLI found in the spinal cord may be
      capsaicin-sensitive dorsal root ganglion cells.

PMID- 2412639
TI  - Effect of atmospheric ions on hippocampal pyramidal neuron responsiveness to
      serotonin.
AB  - The effect of long-term exposure to positive or negative atmospheric ions on the
      responsiveness of rat forebrain neurons to serotonin (5-HT) was studied. Male
      Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to positive or negative ions (1.5 X 10(6)
      ions/ml) for 21 days, and a third group of rats served as controls. Unitary
      extracellular recordings from pyramidal neurons of the CA1 and CA3 regions of the
      dorsal hippocampus were obtained under urethane anesthesia, and their
      responsiveness to microiontophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh),
      norepinephrine (NE) and 5-HT was assessed. Spontaneous rate of discharge and
      sensitivity to NE and ACh of hippocampal neurons were not affected by exposure to
      atmospheric ions. Exposure to negative ions increased and that to positive ions
      decreased the responsiveness of these neurons to 5-HT. During the winter, a
      circadian rhythm of responsiveness to 5-HT was observed in the control group,
      sensitivity being lowest in the morning and highest in the evening. Exposure to
      ions disrupted this circadian rhythm; in rats exposed to negative ions,
      responsiveness throughout the day was similar to that observed in the evening in
      the controls, whereas in rats exposed to positive ions, the circadian rhythm of
      responsiveness to 5-HT was inverted. Brain concentrations of 5-HT, tryptophan,
      and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were unchanged by exposure to atmospheric ions.

PMID- 2412640
TI  - Peripheral nerve lesions cause simultaneous alterations of substance P and
      enkephalin levels in the spinal cord.
AB  - The substance P and Met-enkephalin content were measured in the rat lumbar spinal
      cord after monolateral section of the sciatic nerve. The proximal stump of the
      lesioned nerve was either ligated, limiting the formation of neuroma, or sutured
      intraperitoneally, allowing the formation of a very large neuroma. Both types of
      lesion caused a similar peptide loss. Substance P and Met-enkephalin decreased by
      about 50% 10 days following the lesion. Such a loss was maintained even 30 days
      postoperatively and was not affected by the neuroma size. Immunohistochemical
      stainings showed that the loss of both peptides occurred in laminae I and II of
      the dorsal horn. It is suggested that pain sensation developing after peripheral
      nerve lesion may be due to the intraspinal loss of enkephalin rather than to the
      neuroma formation.

PMID- 2412641
TI  - Expression of surface antigens recognized by the monoclonal antibody lan 3-2
      during embryonic development in the leech.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody lan 3-2 was used as a marker for the developmental
      expression of surface antigens which are specific for the two pairs of
      nociceptive neurons and a subset of axons in the adult CNS of the leech. In
      Haemopis embryos labeling of both nerve fibers and cell bodies with the antibody
      appears as expected for a metameric animal in a rostrocaudal temporal gradient
      from about day 5-6. Surprisingly, all central cell bodies are stained by the
      antibody in early development. However, later in embryogenesis around day 17 the
      staining intensity of most cells decreases except for the nociceptive cells,
      which remain antibody-positive, and the adult staining pattern gradually emerges.
      In addition to describing the central staining pattern, we show that specific
      peripheral neurons associated with the segmental sensilla also are antibody
      positive during development. The distribution and developmental expression of the
      lan 3-2-positive antigens are compared between two phylogenetically different
      species of leeches and the diversity of the staining pattern of the monoclonal
      antibody is discussed.

PMID- 2412642
TI  - Immunohistochemistry of synaptic input and functional characterizations of
      neurons near the spinal central canal.
AB  - Neurons surrounding the central canal in sacral spinal segments were functionally
      characterized on the basis of somatic and/or visceral afferent input, then
      intracellularly marked with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Tissue sections
      containing portions of HRP-stained neurons were subsequently
      immunohistochemically examined for the presence of contacts made by axonal
      enlargements containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P
      (SP), somatostatin (SS), Leu-enkephalin (ENK), or serotonin (5-HT). ENK-and 5-HT
      containing enlargements were found to contact all neurons examined. SP and SS
      terminals contacted fewer neurons, and were not associated with specific
      functional classes. On the other hand, VIP-containing fibers contacted only those
      neurons receiving visceral afferent input, thus supporting the contention that
      VIP is contained in a population of visceral afferent fibers projecting to the
      gray matter surrounding the central canal at sacral levels.

PMID- 2412643
TI  - An antiserum to locust adipokinetic hormone reveals a novel peptidergic system in
      the rat central nervous system.
AB  - Using an antiserum to locust adipokinetic hormone I, a novel peptidergic system
      was identified in the rat central nervous system. Immunoreactive fibers were
      present in the hypothalamic median eminence and periventricular nucleus and the
      spinal cord dorsal horn, intermediolateral cell column and sacral parasympathetic
      nucleus. Immunoreactive cells were present in the dorsal gray commissure of
      lumbosacral spinal cord, the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus and cerebral
      cortex.

PMID- 2412644
TI  - Spontaneous muscarinic suppression of the Ca-activated K-current in bullfrog
      sympathetic neurons.
AB  - Neurons in bullfrog sympathetic ganglia were voltage-clamped using a single
      microelectrode. A prolonged outward current which was identified as the Ca
      activated K-current secondary to a transient Ca entry through voltage-operated
      channels was shortened by oxotremorine. An inward Ca-current was not
      significantly depressed by oxotremorine. It was suggested that muscarinic
      agonists accelerate the re-closure of K-channels either directly or secondarily
      via their effects on an intracellular sequestration process of Ca ions. It was
      also suggested that a small amount of acetylcholine only sufficient to cause a
      miniature synaptic current via nicotinic receptors could shorten the Ca-activated
      K-current via muscarinic receptors.

PMID- 2412645
TI  - GABA activates different types of chloride-conducting receptor-ionophore
      complexes in a dose-dependent manner.
AB  - We report here evidence for 3 new subtypes (alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta) of type-A
      GABA receptor-channel complexes that conduct chloride ions. The chloride current,
      ICl, was isolated in the frog sensory neuron by a combination of voltage clamp
      and internal perfusion. Analysis of the variance of GABA-induced ICl fluctuations
      shows that the channel population N decreases exponentially with single-channel
      conductance gamma in such a way that alpha 2 less than alpha 1 less than beta for
      gamma and alpha 2 much greater than alpha 1 greater than beta for N, and that the
      population-rank plot fits Zipf's law. Various aspects of the GABA-induced ICl are
      understood from dose-dependent activation and inactivation of these functionally
      distinct receptor-channel types. The steady-state ICl is mediated by alpha 1 at
      low but by beta units at high GABA concentrations, and the pronounced ICl peak at
      intermediate and high doses reflects the desensitization of alpha 1 and alpha 2
      receptors, respectively. Picrotoxin blocks alpha 1 and alpha 2 and has no effect
      on beta channels. Patch-clamp recordings indicate two distinct classes of GABA
      gated chloride conductances that appear to correspond to the alpha 1 and beta
      types. The presence of these different ICl components explains why the dose
      response relationship cannot be fitted well by a single Hill equation; the
      fitting requires a synthesis of 3 suitable Hill equations.

PMID- 2412646
TI  - Light and electron microscopic studies of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like
      immunoreactive neurons and axon terminals of the nucleus of the tractus
      solitarius of the rat.
AB  - This study was an examination of the ultrastructural characteristic features of
      calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactive neurons and their axon
      terminals in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius of the rat. Some axon
      terminals were identified as receiving synaptic inputs from non-immunoreactive
      axon terminals. This may suggest that part, if not all, CGRP containing afferents
      are affected presynaptically by other afferents.

PMID- 2412647
TI  - Cat carotid bodies reinnervated by normal or foreign nerves.
AB  - The carotid body of the cat was reinnervated with either its native nerve, the
      carotid sinus nerve (CSN, re-anastomosis), or a foreign nerve, the lingual branch
      of the IXth cranial nerve (LN, cross-anastomosis). In both types of preparations,
      regenerating axons from the LN or CSN readily penetrated carotid body parenchymal
      tissue, as demonstrated by axoplasmic transport of radiolabeled material from the
      petrosal (sensory) ganglion. Electron microscopy revealed nearly normal fiber
      invasion into lobules of glomus (type I) and sustentacular (type II) cells
      following reinnervation by either the foreign or native nerve. However, while the
      regenerated CSN fibers formed a normal complement of specialized axon terminals
      in contact with type I cells, the incidence of such terminals in LN reinnervated
      carotid bodies was reduced by over 90% (2-19 months survival time). This low
      incidence of specialized LN endings was correlated with reductions in the
      magnitude of the chemosensory discharge elicited in these preparations by
      asphyxia, NaCN or acetylcholine. These data suggest that chemosensitivity depends
      upon intimate association between glomus cells and afferent nerve endings; and
      that the ability to form such contacts may reside in particular axons whose
      incidence is higher in the CSN than in the LN.

PMID- 2412648
TI  - Effects of mammalian brain extracts and chlormadinone acetate on neuronal Na+,K+
      ATPase and electrogenic Na+,K+-pump activity in vitro.
AB  - Acid-acetone extracts of brain (from beef and guinea pig) and chlormadinone
      acetate (CMA) were compared with ouabain for their ability to inhibit the
      electrogenic Na+,K+-pump and the Na+,K+-ATPase of neuronal tissues. The membrane
      potential of neurones in the paravertebral sympathetic ganglion of the bullfrog
      was recorded in K+-free Ringer's solution by means of the sucrose gap technique.
      The potassium activated hyperpolarization (K+H), induced by the re-introduction
      of potassium, was used as an index of electrogenic Na+, K+-pumping. The K+H was
      blocked by 1 microM ouabain. Na+,K+-ATPase activity was measured in microsomal
      membrane preparations of frog and beef brain using a continuous
      spectrophotometric assay. Although ouabain consistently inhibited beef brain
      Na+,K+-ATPase (IC50 = 2.2 microM), acid-acetone extracts prepared from guinea pig
      and beef brain produced only partial inhibition. Neither of the extracts
      significantly reduced the K+H of the frog ganglion. CMA inhibited Na+,K+-ATPase
      prepared from bullfrog brain and spinal cord with slightly greater potency (IC50
      = 4.5 microM) than did ouabain (IC50 = 10 microM). In contrast, electrogenic
      Na+,K+-pumping (i.e. the K+H) in the frog ganglion was not affected by this
      steroid. It is concluded that although both the extracts and CMA inhibited Na+,K+
      ATPase, neither can be considered ouabain-like due to their failure to affect the
      electrogenic Na+,K+-pump in situ.

PMID- 2412649
TI  - Transneuronal transport of lectins.
AB  - Axonal and transneuronal transport of the plant lectins wheat germ agglutinin
      (WGA), Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA), Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA), soybean
      agglutinin (SBA), peanut agglutinin (PNA), Concanavalin A agglutinin (Con A), and
      Ulex europeus agglutinin (UEA) were examined and compared using an
      immunocytochemical staining method. WGA, which binds to N-acetylglucosamine and
      sialic acid carbohydrate residues, and the 3 mannose binding lectins (Con A, PSA
      and LCA) were found to undergo retrograde transport to the facial nucleus after
      injection into the facial muscles, and anterograde transport to the optic tectum
      after injection in the vitreous, and to the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis
      after injection into the mystatial vibrissae. SBA showed a slight tendency to be
      transported retrogradely, but not in the anterograde direction, whereas UEA and
      PNA were not axonally transported in any of these systems. All lectins which were
      transported in the anterograde direction labeled neuronal somata in their
      respective terminal fields indicating that transneuronal transport had taken
      place. Axonal and transneuronal transport of the lectins appears to be dependent
      upon their respective carbohydrate affinities. Transneuronal transport which can
      be demonstrated for certain lectins indicates that mechanisms exist whereby
      neurons exchange large molecules which could be involved in mediating trophic and
      other influences on target cells.

PMID- 2412650
TI  - Late changes in cerebral monoamine metabolism following focal ventrolateral
      cerebrocortical lesions in rats.
AB  - Twelve weeks after focal ventrolateral cerebrocortical suction lesions (ca. 12 X
      4 mm) were made in rats, concentrations of the monoamines norepinephrine (NE),
      dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites were measured in
      several cortical and subcortical brain regions using high performance liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection. Widespread changes in the
      concentrations of monoamines, their metabolites, and metabolite:monoamine ratios
      were found in the hemisphere ipsilateral to unilateral (right) lesions, and
      bilaterally in animals with bilateral lesions. NE was decreased in undamaged
      dorsolateral cortex and hippocampus, and tended to be increased in striatum and
      midbrain ipsilateral to lesions. DA was increased in the hypothalamus of
      bilaterally lesioned animals, and also tended to be increased in striatum and
      midbrain. The changes of greatest magnitude and anatomical extent were found in
      the serotonin system: 5-HT was generally increased, and its metabolite 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and the 5-HIAA:5-HT ratio were decreased
      throughout the cerebral hemispheres ipsilateral to lesions. These widespread
      changes in cerebral 5-HT metabolism were qualitatively different and smaller than
      those previously found at 6 days after cortical lesions, and suggest a biphasic
      response of the ipsilateral 5-HT system to ventrolateral cortical injury.

PMID- 2412651
TI  - Neurochemical studies on the existence, origin and characteristics of the
      serotonergic innervation of small pial vessels.
AB  - Substantial concentrations of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5
      HIAA), comparable to those found in brain tissue, were measured in the small pial
      vessels of the rat, rabbit and cat. Both rat and rabbit pial vessels exhibited a
      high affinity uptake process with kinetic parameters similar to those identified
      for the cerebral cortex. Labelled 5-HT, taken up by isolated rabbit pial vessels
      was released, in a calcium-dependent manner, by potassium-induced depolarization.
      Various pharmacological manipulations were carried out in the rat. Systemic
      administration of the 5-HT precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan and the monoamine
      oxidase inhibitor, pargyline, significantly increased the concentration of 5-HT
      in the pial vessels; in contrast, two depleting agents (p-chloroamphetamine and
      reserpine) and the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine, all
      decreased the perivascular 5-HT levels. A serotonergic antagonist (methysergide)
      and a 5-HT receptor agonist (MK 212) respectively increased and decreased the
      concentrations of 5-HIAA in the pial vessels. These pharmacologically induced
      changes observed in pial vessels were not dissimilar from those noted for
      cortical tissue. Electrolytic lesions of the nuclei raphes medianus and/or
      dorsalis markedly decreased the levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in these small cerebral
      arterioles. Electrical stimulation of these nuclei decreased 5-HT although 5-HIAA
      concentrations tended to increase. A number of conclusions may be drawn from
      these studies. Thus, there is a serotonergic innervation of the cerebral
      circulation in several laboratory species which unequivocally originates in the
      raphe nuclei. Furthermore, these perivascular fibres possess synthetic, storage,
      release, inactivation and autoregulatory processes for 5-HT which, when further
      elucidated, may offer some rationale for the treatment of those cerebrovascular
      diseases in which this neurotransmitter and vasoactive agent is believed to be of
      pathological importance.

PMID- 2412652
TI  - Prostaglandins block a Ca2+-dependent slow spike afterhyperpolarization
      independent of effects on Ca2+ influx in visceral afferent neurons.
AB  - The blockade of a slow Ca2+-activated K+-dependent afterhyperpolarization (AHPs)
      in rabbit visceral sensory neurons by the prostaglandins, PGE1 and PGD2, was
      investigated to determine whether the blockade was indirectly due to a reduction
      in Ca2+ influx. The prostaglandins (PGs) could block the AHPs in the absence of
      any change in Ca2+-dependent spikes elicited in the presence of tetrodotoxin and
      tetraethylammonium bromide. A PG-induced decrease in Ca2+-dependent spike width
      observed in some neurons was temporally dissociated from the PG-induced block of
      the AHPs. In addition, a slow afterhyperpolarization produced by the application
      of the Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, was blocked by the PGs. It is concluded that a
      reduction in Ca2+ influx is not responsible for the PG-induced blockade of the
      AHPs.

PMID- 2412653
TI  - Rapid retrograde transport of proteins in sensory neurons in rats.
AB  - Twenty-four hours following the injection of N-succinimidyl[2,3-3H]propionate
      into rat sciatic nerve, labeled protein appeared in the ipsilateral dorsal root
      ganglia. Autoradiography showed that the labeled proteins were found only in
      neuronal cell bodies. Gel electrophoresis showed a distinct pattern of rapidly
      retrogradely transported proteins were accumulating in the DRG cells. This is the
      first demonstration of the rapid retrograde transport of endogenous axonal
      proteins in mammalian peripheral nerve.

PMID- 2412654
TI  - Effects of altered gliogenesis on activity-dependent K+ accumulation in the
      developing rat optic nerve.
AB  - Gliogenesis in the rat optic nerve is disrupted by neonatal treatment with the
      mitotic inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-AZ). The rate of myelination and number of
      glial cells are markedly reduced in treated animals. We analyzed the
      physiological consequences of these chemically induced morphological alterations
      in terms of activity-dependent K+ accumulation in brain extracellular space and
      characteristics of the compound action potential (CAP). Nerves from 5-AZ-treated
      animals older than 5 days of age showed significantly higher activity-dependent
      'ceiling levels' of extracellular K+ concentration ( [K+]o) than controls. This
      result is consistent with the hypothesis that glial cells are involved in K+
      homeostasis at a cellular level and play a role in helping to set the ceiling
      level of activity-dependent K+ accumulation. The CAPs of 5-AZ-treated nerves
      older than 5 days of age were larger and generally of simpler configuration than
      those observed in control animals, perhaps due, among other factors, to the
      retained uniformity of axonal conduction velocity caused by inhibition of
      myelination.

PMID- 2412655
TI  - Epidermal growth factor and bovine growth hormone stimulate differentiation and
      myelination of brain cell aggregates in culture.
AB  - Bovine growth hormone (bGH) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) increased the
      activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in brain cell aggregates cultured in a
      serum-free chemically defined medium. ODC is considered as a marker of cell
      growth and differentiation. The effect of bGH and EGF on myelination was
      investigated by measuring two myelin markers, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'
      phosphodiesterase (CNP) and myelin basic protein (MBP). EGF treatment at days 2
      and 5 caused a dose-dependent increase of both myelin markers at culture day 12.
      This increase could still be observed at culture day 19, indicating a prolonged
      action of EGF. The continual presence of bGH in the culture medium produced a
      large accumulation of MBP at day 19. This effect was dose-dependent and required
      the presence of triiodothyronine (T3). In contrast, the effect of bGH on CNP
      activity did not require the presence of T3. This is the first report showing a
      direct effect of bGH on CNS myelination in vitro and of EGF on both MBP
      accumulation and ODC activity.

PMID- 2412656
TI  - Functional maturation of the oligodendrocytes and myelin basic protein expression
      in the olfactory bulb of the mouse.
AB  - The timing of myelin basic protein (MBP) expression and myelin component
      synthesis by the oligodendrocytes of the olfactory bulb was investigated in the
      mouse. Immunostaining with an anti-MBP immunoserum and a radioimmunoassay
      determination of MBP allowed to study the timing of MBP deposition during the
      development in this structure. Immunostaining of dissociated cells with anti-MBP
      and anti-galactosylceramide (anti-GC) was used to determine the state of
      development when these markers become expressed by olfactory bulb
      oligodendrocytes. Investigations using dissociated cells showed that GC-positive
      oligodendrocytes are already detected 3 days after birth in the olfactory bulb of
      the mouse and MBP is expressed 4 days later. Myelinated fibers were not visible
      on cryostat sections of olfactory bulb before 8 days postnatal. This work has
      been initiated by observations on the timing of myelination of olfactory bulb
      oligodendrocytes in transplantation experiments.

PMID- 2412657
TI  - Triiodothyronine stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) by
      fetal hypothalamus cells cultured in serum-free medium.
AB  - Grown in serum-free medium, dissociated cells from fetal mouse hypothalami
      release insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins (IGF BPs)
      into the culture medium. Addition of triiodothyronine (10-12-10-8 M), which
      enhances neuron maturation, resulted in a significant increase in IGF
      concentration. By contrast, there was no significant effect on IGF BP. These
      results suggest a role for thyroid hormone in the control of IGF biosynthesis in
      nerve cells.

PMID- 2412658
TI  - Properties of voltage-sensitive sodium channels in neuroblastoma cells grown in
      chemically defined and serum-supplemented media.
AB  - The saxitoxin binding properties and sodium currents were compared in N18
      neuroblastoma cells grown in serum-supplemented and chemically defined serum-free
      media. There was no alteration in either maximal binding capacity or receptor
      affinity and the kinetics or voltage dependency of sodium channel activation and
      inactivation. It is concluded that sodium channels expressed by neuroblastoma
      cells grown in the chemically defined media were functionally identical to those
      in cells grown in serum-supplemented medium.

PMID- 2412659
TI  - alpha-Fetoprotein and albumin gene expression in brain and other tissues of fetal
      and adult rats.
AB  - Quantitative measurement of messenger RNA (mRNA) for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and
      albumin in developing rat liver and in different fetal and adult tissues reveals
      a close correlation between the previously determined rate of protein synthesis
      and mRNA levels. mRNA for AFP and albumin exists in fetal intestine, lung, liver
      and kidney whereas there are no such transcripts in fetal brain or heart. There
      are no mRNA transcripts for AFP in any adult organs other than the liver. The
      lack of mRNA AFP in fetal brain tissue indicates that the AFP found in fetal
      brain cells is absorbed from the serum. This finding supports the hypothesis that
      AFP may serve as a carrier protein to deliver bound molecules, such as non
      esterified fatty acids, to brain cells at a specific time during development.

PMID- 2412660
TI  - An intracellular study of synaptic transmission and dendritic morphology in
      sympathetic neurons of the chick embryo.
AB  - The characteristics of synaptic transmission in whole embryonic avian sympathetic
      ganglia have been examined by intracellular recording. Neurons in lumbar
      paravertebral ganglia of chick embryos exhibit both fast nicotinic excitatory
      postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and non-cholinergic slow EPSPs. Fast nicotinic
      transmission is mediated by at least 3-5 convergent preganglionic inputs and can
      be detected at the earliest embryonic stage examined (Stage 38; 12 days of
      incubation). Two types of non-cholinergic slow EPSPs have been observed and
      distinguished by their time course and the resulting changes in input resistance.
      One of these slow synaptic potentials is mimicked by exogenously applied
      substance P, but not by exogenous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH).
      Muscarinic agonists also evoke slow depolarizations in the ganglia, mediated at
      least in part by inhibition of the M-current. Intracellular labeling with
      horseradish peroxidase reveals cells with 5-10 primary dendrites at Stage 42 (16
      days of incubation), the earliest stage to exhibit slow EPSPs. The active and
      passive membrane properties of avian sympathetic neurons, including the presence
      of the M-current, generally resemble those of adult mammalian and amphibian
      sympathetic neurons. Functional activity in chick sympathetic neurons is present
      at a developmental stage where both biochemical and morphological indices of
      synapse maturation are at low levels. Since this progression has also been
      observed in the avian ciliary ganglion, it may be of general relevance to
      neuronal development.

PMID- 2412661
TI  - The reaction of primary sensory neurons to peripheral nerve injury with
      particular emphasis on transganglionic changes.
AB  - This paper reviews light- and electron microscopic, histochemical and
      physiological evidence which demonstrate that peripheral nerve injury in mammals
      is followed by profound structural and functional changes in the central
      terminals of the affected primary sensory neurons. Available evidence indicates
      that at least some of these so-called transganglionic changes are the result of
      ganglion cell degeneration and death, although other mechanisms are probably in
      effect as well. Existing data suggest that this ganglion cell death does not
      effect all types of ganglion cells equally, but do not permit a clearcut answer
      to the question of which kinds of ganglion cells are affected more than others.
      Results from studies with microtubule inhibitors and antibodies to nerve growth
      factor are compatible with the notion that depletion of retrogradely transported
      trophic factors is involved in the production of certain transganglionic changes.
      This issue needs further examination, however. Physiological studies indicate
      marked alterations in certain primary afferent synaptic connections after
      peripheral nerve lesions. So far, these changes have not been satisfactorily
      correlated with the structural changes induced by similar lesions. Further
      studies on the structural and functional response of primary sensory neurons to
      peripheral nerve injury are likely to contribute to the understanding of the
      frequent failure to regain normal sensory functions after peripheral nerve
      lesions in man, as well as of the basic aspects of lesion-induced changes in
      general in the peripheral and central nervous system.

PMID- 2412662
TI  - The effects of colchicine in mammalian brain from rodents to rhesus monkeys.
AB  - The injection of colchicine into rats and monkeys produced two different types of
      brain damage. At selected doses, intradentate colchicine preferentially destroyed
      DGC in rats, whereas damage was less selective and more severe in monkeys.
      Experiments were performed with different tubulin-binding drugs to investigate
      the structure-function relationship of tubulin binding and DGC death. The tubulin
      binding characteristics of these and other drugs reported in the literature did
      not correlate with their ability to damage DGC. The role of seizure-induced cell
      death was investigated by recording the EEG in monkeys and in rats treated with
      phenobarbital. The data suggest that seizures are an infrequent epiphenomenon of
      colchicine's action. We proposed that colchicine is not a selective neurotoxin
      and that it causes brain damage by inducing a non-specific inflammatory response.
      This response is both dose- and species-dependent. We concluded by discussing the
      medical implications of the present and proposed uses of colchicine.

PMID- 2412663
TI  - Pathogenesis of experimental giant neurofilamentous axonopathies: a unified
      hypothesis based on chemical modification of neurofilaments.
AB  - This review summarizes current evidence suggesting that the pathogenetic basis of
      giant axonal neuropathies induced by neurotoxic chemicals involves a direct
      chemical modification of neurofilaments (NF) and/or related cytoskeletal
      proteins. Chemical modification of NF is believed to disrupt the normal
      cytoskeletal organization, which results in an alteration in NF transport rate
      and accumulation of NF at prenodal sites along the axon. The exact location at
      which axonal enlargements occur appears to be a continuous function, dependent on
      both the structure and dosage schedule of the chemical toxin. A unified
      hypothesis for the neuropathologic effect of the diverse spectrum of toxic
      chemicals known to induce giant axonopathies is presented, based on recently
      published data on the structure of NF protein. Neurotoxic chemicals are believed
      to alter the charge balance of highly ionic domains of NF proteins which are
      thought to enter into intermolecular coulombic interactions in forming the
      supramolecular cytoskeletal framework.

PMID- 2412664
TI  - Calcium regulates the activity of serotonin-containing dorsal raphe neurons in
      vitro.
AB  - Small elevations of calcium ions (15%) significantly depressed the activity of
      serotonin-containing dorsal raphe neurons by 35% in mouse brain slices in vitro,
      while large increases in calcium ion concentration (300%) dramatically decreased
      the incidence of spontaneously active raphe neurons. Neurochemical studies
      indicated that these effects were not attributable to increased release and
      metabolism of serotonin. These findings may have implications for the treatment
      of mood disorders, for which disturbances in both calcium and serotonin
      metabolism have been demonstrated.

PMID- 2412665
TI  - Three dimensional analysis of retinal neuropeptides and amine in the chick.
AB  - Three dimensional analysis of retinal neuropeptides and monoamine-containing
      amacrine cells were performed on flat-mount preparations of the chick retina by
      using indirect immunofluorescence method. somatostatin (SOM), neurotensin (NT),
      leu-enkephalin (ENK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP),
      corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP),
      glucagon (GLC), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were
      examined with specific antisera. To localize these substances in the amacrine
      cells, and to see in which layers their processes arborize, frozen sections were
      examined. There were four patterns of distribution. (1) Substances with more
      immunoreactive cells in the central than in the peripheral portions (SOM, NT,
      VIP, SP, GLC, 5HT), (2) Substances with more immunoreactive cells in the
      peripheral portion than in the central portion (APP), (3) Substances for which
      such cells were evenly distributed (TH), and (4) Substances with more
      immunoreactive cells in the inferior than in the superior portion (CRF). Subtypes
      were identified among the amacrine cells containing single peptides or monoamine.

PMID- 2412666
TI  - Behavioral and neurochemical effects of deprenyl and beta-phenylethylamine in
      Wistar rats.
AB  - The effects of 1-deprenyl (1-16 mg kg-1, 3.5 hr) on brain levels of endogenous
      beta-phenylethylamine were assessed in animals under three conditions: (1)
      experience of lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation; (2) electrode implantation
      but no self-stimulation experience; (3) no surgical intervention. The increase in
      striatal levels of beta-phenylethylamine with 1-deprenyl treatment was attenuated
      in the self-stimulation condition relative to conditions (2) and (3). This
      differential effect of 1-deprenyl was not observed at the level of the
      hypothalamus. Administration of 1-deprenyl did not affect self-stimulation
      behavior. Equivalent analysis of beta-phenylethylamine levels was carried out
      using animals injected with beta-phenylethylamine (0.5-4 mg kg-1, 0.5 hr 1P and 1
      deprenyl (4 mg kg-1, 3.5 hr sc). Injected beta-phenylethylamine with deprenyl
      pretreatment increased self-stimulation rates; concomitant striatal levels of
      approximately 190 ng g-1 of beta-phenylethylamine were observed and were
      associated with increased brainstem 5-HIAA but no change in striatal HVA,
      indicating possible involvement of 5-HT in this response to beta
      phenylethylamine. It is proposed that experience of electrical hypothalamic
      stimulation may alter endogenous striatal beta-phenylethylamine metabolism,
      possibly via an alteration of mechanisms governing synthesis and/or catabolism.

PMID- 2412667
TI  - Galanin-like immunoreactivity in capsaicin sensitive sensory neurons and ganglia.
AB  - In rats treated with capsaicin (CAP) as neonates, galanin-like (GA)
      immunoreactivity is markedly decreased in the trigeminal ganglion and the dorsal
      root ganglia as well as in the superficial layers of the dorsal spinal cord
      (laminae I and II), the substantia gelatinosa, the nucleus and tractus of the
      spinal trigeminal nerve and the nucleus commissuralis. Since CAP causes selective
      degeneration of primary sensory neurons of the C-fiber type and type B-cells of
      sensory ganglia, it is concluded that GA in CAP-sensitive primary sensory neurons
      represents a novel peptidergic system possibly involved in the transformation or
      modulation of peripheral nociceptive impulses. This system differs from the CAP
      resistant GA-like neurons in other brain areas.

PMID- 2412668
TI  - [Administration of interferon suppresses clinical and electromyographic signs of
      myasthenia gravis experimentally transmitted from man to rats].
AB  - Intramuscular injection of rat interferon to rats which have been rendered
      myasthenic after injection of whole blood from patients suffering from myasthenia
      gravis, suppressed rapidly and almost totally the clinical and
      electromyographical signs of the disease. Moreover, diseased rats injected with
      interferon immediately presented an increase in appetite, often accompanied with
      a rapid and important increase in body weight.

PMID- 2412669
TI  - Mechanisms of proteoglycan inhibition of hydroxyapatite growth.
AB  - Purified bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycans (aggregate and subunit containing
      fractions) and to a lesser degree, chondroitin 4-sulfate of physiological size,
      retard seeded hydroxyapatite (HA) growth in vitro. The large hydrodynamic size
      and high charge density of these macromolecules are believed to be associated
      with the ability of proteoglycans to inhibit HA formation and growth. We now
      demonstrate the involvement of the negative charges of proteoglycans in this
      inhibition by comparing the inhibitory ability of chondroitin 4-sulfate and its
      desulfated analog, and by comparing the growth of HA seed crystals coated either
      with proteoglycan aggregates or chondroitin 4-sulfate to that of uncoated
      crystals. In the desulfation experiments, desulfated chondroitin sulfate was a
      less efficient HA growth inhibitor than untreated, undesulfated chondroitin
      sulfate of similar molecular size. Dextran sulfate showed higher inhibitory
      effectiveness than unchanged neutral dextran. Both experiments suggest that
      sulfate groups play an important role in the regulation of mineral deposition by
      proteoglycans. In the coating experiment, precoating of HA seed crystals with
      proteoglycan aggregates decreased the amount of HA precipitated as a function of
      time, suggesting proteoglycans may block the active nucleating sites on HA
      surface and slow down the growth process. Chondroitin 4-sulfate had a similar but
      weaker coating effect. Neutral dextran, having little affinity for HA, had no
      effect.

PMID- 2412670
TI  - Dexamethasone can modulate the synthesis and organization of cytokeratins in
      cultured differentiating rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Dexamethasone, added to suckling rat hepatocytes cultured in serum-free medium
      supplemented with insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF), caused a selective
      dose-dependent increase in cytokeratin synthesis. The response was dependent on
      the initial hepatocyte density. At 5 X 10(4) hepatocytes/cm2 a concentration of 1
      or 10 microM dexamethasone, in the presence of insulin, enhanced the synthesis of
      a 55 000 relative mass (Mr) cytokeratin and to a lesser degree a 49 000 Mr
      cytokeratin, whereas at 1 X 10(5) hepatocytes/cm2 10 microM dexamethasone
      preferentially stimulated a 51 000 Mr component. Preferential synthesis of the 51
      000 Mr component also occurred when either 1 or 10 microM dexamethasone was added
      to cultures seeded at 2 X 10(5) hepatocytes/cm2. The inclusion of EGF along with
      dexamethasone and insulin in cultures at 2 X 10(5) cells/cm2 yielded a
      differential effect of dexamethasone concentration equivalent to that observed at
      the lower cell density in absence of EGF. Under conditions where increased
      cytokeratin synthesis was observed, the hepatocytes maintained a high production
      of albumin and lost their capacity to produce alpha-fetoprotein, a change in gene
      expression associated with the normal differentiation of suckling rat
      hepatocytes. In contrast, no enhancement of cytokeratin synthesis was observed in
      hepatocytes following addition of EGF and insulin only, a condition that promoted
      hepatocyte growth and the maintenance of alpha-fetoprotein production. The
      dexamethasone-induced enhancement of cytokeratin synthesis was still present at 3
      days postseeding. At this time, morphological observations by phase-contrast and
      immunofluorescence microscopy using monoclonal antibodies against the 55 000 and
      49 000 Mr components revealed that under growth-promoting conditions the
      hepatocytes were spread and the cytokeratin filaments were stretched, whereas
      under differentiation-promoting conditions the cultures constitute a compact
      monolayer of cells exhibiting highly ordered filaments. These data suggest a
      close relationship between synthesis and organization of cytokeratins and
      promotion of differentiation of suckling rat hepatocytes by glucocorticoids.

PMID- 2412671
TI  - A monoclonal antibody to beta-tubulin distinguishes a subset of neurons and axons
      in the chick ciliary ganglion.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody, called mabPS2, has been produced by injecting mice with
      purified postsynaptic densities from adult rat brain. The antibody reacts with an
      epitope of beta-tubulin which is not found on the alpha-tubulin subunit. In the
      chick ciliary ganglion mabPS2 reacts both with some large and some small neuron.
      mabPS2 also labels a subset of myelinated, as well as some unmyelinated axons.
      Higher magnification of longitudinal sections of axons shows that the reaction
      product is associated with microtubules. The nerve terminals on the ciliary
      neurons are also labelled and at higher magnification the label is seen to be
      distributed generally throughout the cytosol and especially concentrated on the
      membranes of synaptic vesicles. mabPS2 can therefore be used a a differentiation
      marker for neurons in chick ciliary ganglion.

PMID- 2412672
TI  - Basket cell development in the normal and hypothyroid rat cerebellar cortex
      studied with a monoclonal anti-neurofilament antibody.
AB  - We have used a monoclonal antibody against an antigenic determinant of the 210
      kdalton neurofilament protein to study basket cell maturation in rat cerebellar
      cortex. Neurofilament immunoreactivity first appears in basket cells at postnatal
      day 12 and mature axonal "pinceaux" are present at postnatal day 17. There are
      large differences in the rate of maturation from lobe to lobe which do not fully
      correspond to the rate of Purkinje cell differentiation. In hypothyroid rats the
      expression of the neurofilament antigen by basket cells is almost completely
      suppressed.

PMID- 2412673
TI  - Localization of nuclear antigens during preparation of nuclear matrices in situ.
AB  - Nuclear matrix structure closely resembles the organization of nonchromatin
      components of nuclei in situ. However, reports on the extent to which nuclear
      components are reorganized during matrix isolation have produced conflicting
      results, and the reality of an in situ nuclear matrix is still in question. We
      have prepared nuclear matrices by processing cells still attached to the growth
      substrate through the extraction steps, thus avoiding mechanical disruption due
      to homogenization and centrifugation. Furthermore, the extensive residual
      cytoskeleton seems to keep the residual nuclei "stretched out" so that they
      retain many features of intact nuclei. Indirect immunofluorescence staining was
      used to compare the distribution of nuclear antigens in intact nuclei with their
      organization in nuclear matrices, as well as at each stage of nuclear matrix
      preparation. We have applied monoclonal antibodies P1, I1, PI1, and PI2, which
      had been generated against isolated matrices, as well as autoimmune sera
      detecting lamins, perichromin, and centromere antigens. Chromatin and RNA
      extraction was monitored with Hoechst 33258, ethidium bromide, and antihistone.
      The lamins, PI1, and, to a great extent, PI2 and centromere antigens were little
      affected by the extraction. The data suggest furthermore that PI1 is a
      fundamental nuclear matrix component and may serve in integrating peripheral and
      internal nuclear functions. P1 and perichromin were extensively redistributed
      after chromatin extraction, supporting a role for these antigens in spatial
      ordering of chromatin. I1 was progressively extracted at each stage of nuclear
      matrix preparation and was artifactually associated with matrices which had not
      been digested with RNase. This study demonstrates unequivocally that the
      organization of many nuclear matrix components in final preparations reflects
      their organization in situ. It does indicate, however, that some components
      retained in matrices are extensively redistributed during nuclear matrix
      preparation and that their role in nuclear organization must be evaluated in
      consequence.

PMID- 2412674
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of cytoskeletal proteins in pancreatic secretory
      cells.
AB  - Actin, myosin, and keratin immunoreactive sites have been localized with high
      resolution in pancreatic exocrine cells, by applying the protein A-gold technique
      on tissues processed at low temperature conditions. The labeling by gold
      particles was found at the level of the cell web and closely associated with the
      limiting membranes of the immature and mature secretory granules, as well as
      those of the "trans" cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. These results, together
      with those obtained in the study on the localization of secretory proteins in
      exocrine pancreatic cells, demonstrate that cytoskeletal proteins are present at
      sites where maturation and (or) concentration of the secretory proteins occur.
      Thus, besides the role that cytoskeletal proteins must play in the transport of
      the secretory granules from the Golgi to the plasma membrane, they may also be
      involved in the process of protein maturation and (or) concentration.

PMID- 2412675
TI  - In vitro translation of mRNA for arginine esterase, the major secretory protein
      of dog prostate, and in vitro processing of the translation product.
AB  - Poly(A)+ rich RNA was isolated from prostate of adult dogs and translated in the
      rabbit reticulocyte lysate cell-free protein-synthesizing system. Two-dimensional
      gel electrophoresis of the translation products showed that a protein with a
      molecular weight of 31 000 was predominantly synthesized. This protein was
      immunoprecipitated with antibodies directed against purified arginine esterase
      from dog seminal plasma. mRNA isolated from the prostate of animals castrated for
      1 or 2 weeks was unable to direct the synthesis of arginine esterase. However,
      the synthesis of the enzyme could be stimulated by androgens in castrated
      animals, presumably by increasing prostatic concentrations of arginine esterase
      mRNA. The single chain translation product could be further processed in vitro by
      the addition of dog pancreas microsomes and purified arginine esterase. This
      procedure yielded split chains of arginine esterase which had identical
      electrophoretic mobilities as seminal plasma enzyme by two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis. When prostatic tissue slices were incubated with tunicamycin,
      the unglycosylated arginine esterase obtained had a lower molecular weight than
      the in vitro translation product, suggesting that a signal peptide had been
      removed in the living cells. These results indicate that arginine esterase
      processing may include the following steps: removal of a signal peptide,
      glycosylation, and splitting of the polypeptide chain by active arginine esterase
      in the secretory granules or outside the cell.

PMID- 2412676
TI  - Characteristics of myoblasts isolated from golden Syrian and dystrophic (strain
      CHF-146) hamsters.
AB  - A method for dissociating and culturing myoblast cells from normal (golden
      Syrian) and myopathic (CHF-146) hind leg muscles of 8- to 10-day-old hamsters has
      been described. We have compared the fusion ability of the myoblasts from normal
      tissue with that of myopathic myoblasts and, further, we have studied this
      process with respect to gelatin-coated and uncoated plastic culture dishes. Our
      data show that myoblasts from normal tissue grows well on both surfaces, although
      fusion is enhanced when these cells are grown on a gelatin-coated surface.
      Myoblasts from dystrophic tissue, however, appear to have an impaired ability to
      adhere to an uncoated surface, although fusion is enhanced when these myoblasts
      are grown on coated plates. The fusion percentage of the dystrophic cells is
      consistently lower than that of myoblasts from normal tissue. At low
      concentrations of 5-azacytidine tested, there seems to be no enhancement of
      fusion capability in either the normal or dystrophic lines.

PMID- 2412677
TI  - Serum iron, total iron binding capacity, plasma copper and hemoglobin types in
      anemic and poikilocytic calves.
AB  - Ninety-eight calves were studied to determine if anemia and poikilocytosis were
      related to iron or copper status or hemoglobin type. No significant differences
      were found in serum iron, total iron binding capacity, marrow iron, plasma copper
      or hemoglobin type between affected and normal calves. Poikilocytes were strongly
      inversely correlated (-0.9177) with age. Calves less than six weeks of age had
      more poikilocytes, lower serum iron, higher total iron binding capacity, less
      adult hemoglobin and more neonatal and fetal hemoglobin than calves greater than
      six weeks of age.

PMID- 2412678
TI  - Parvovirus-like particles associated with diarrhea in unweaned piglets.
AB  - Numerous parvovirus-like particles, 18 to 26 nm in diameter, were detected by
      electron microscopy in the intestinal contents of two to three week old piglets
      with mild to severe diarrhea, in six Quebec pig herds. Hemagglutination of guinea
      pig and African green monkey red blood cells was obtained with clarified
      intestinal contents. Two isolates were found to be antigenically related to
      porcine and canine parvoviruses, while another differed from the porcine
      parvovirus using the hemagglutination-inhibition test. Three isolates could be
      cultivated in cell cultures as demonstrated by the development of a cytopathic
      effect, hemagglutination activity, immunofluorescence and identification of the
      virions in the cell culture fluids by electron microscopy. The possibility of a
      primary etiological role for these parvoviruses in diarrhea of unweaned piglets
      is discussed.

PMID- 2412679
TI  - Preventing vascularization of full-thickness corneal grafts with a barrier of
      Descemet's membrane.

PMID- 2412680
TI  - Excitation-contraction coupling in crab muscle fibers with swollen T tubules.
AB  - Single crab (Callinectes danae) fibers were equilibrated with isotonic, high KCl
      solutions and were subsequently returned to the control saline. This caused
      marked swelling of the T tubules. Fibers treated with 100 mM KCl had a 2.5-mV
      residual depolarization, a 50% decrease in effective membrane resistance (Reff)
      and a 75% reduction in membrane time constant (tau m). These fibers exhibited
      large increases in membrane conductance upon depolarization and were inexcitable;
      membrane depolarization with current pulses elicited no contraction. The effects
      of the KCl treatment on membrane properties were not reproduced by treatment with
      high potassium gluconate solutions, which did not cause tubular swelling.
      Tetrabutylammonium (10 mM) or Ba ions (10-20 mM), but not tetraethylammonium (40
      100 mM), Sr ions (15-70 mM), or procaine (1-8 mM) reversed the effects of the KCl
      treatment on Reff, tau m, membrane excitability, and excitation-contraction
      coupling. The time course of the Ba effects was consistent with the suggestion
      that the KCl treatment increases the K conductance of the tubular membranes,
      which in turn prevents the activation of voltage-dependent Ca channels located in
      the membranes of the T system. This results in inhibition of the Ca-dependent
      electrogenesis and consequently, the absence of contraction upon depolarization
      of the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2412681
TI  - Cisplatin and etoposide salvage therapy and resection of the residual tumor in
      pretreated germ cell testicular cancer.
AB  - Thirty-two consecutive patients with pretreated germinal testis cancer received
      three to four inductions of cisplatin and etoposide therapy (PE). Patients not
      pretreated, or only partially pretreated with bleomycin (B), also received this
      drug for a maximum of 12 doses. Sixteen patients underwent secondary surgery for
      the removal of residual masses. Twelve (37.5%) entered complete remission (CR)
      with chemotherapy alone, and an additional 9 cases (28%) were rendered tumor-free
      by surgery. The 21 disease-free patients (65.5%) received two further inductions
      and no maintenance. Toxicity was moderate, and 1 of the 16 patients who underwent
      surgery died postoperatively of pulmonary embolism. After a median follow-up
      period of 26 months (range, 9-60), 2 patients have died in CR and 15 (47%) are
      currently alive and have been continuously disease-free. The major determinant of
      tumor response was prior therapy. Eleven of 14 (78%) patients who were not
      pretreated with cisplatin achieved a continuous disease-free status versus only 4
      of the 18 pretreated patients (22%, P less than 0.01). In this set of cases,
      complete responders to prior PVB therapy did better than incomplete responders
      treated for tumor progression. It can be concluded that normal-dose PE +/- B
      therapy, followed by surgical resection of the residual tumor, is a satisfactory
      salvage therapy in patients not pretreated with cisplatin and is also active in
      complete responders to prior PVB therapy.

PMID- 2412682
TI  - Biodegradable mitomycin C microspheres given intra-arterially for inoperable
      hepatic cancer. With particular reference to a comparison with continuous
      infusion of mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil.
AB  - Thirty-two patients with inoperable hepatic cancer underwent intra-arterial
      hepatic infusion using mitomycin C (MMC) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or intra
      arterial hepatic chemoembolization using heated albumin microspheres containing
      MMC with an average diameter 45 +/- 8 micron. Nineteen of the 32 patients
      received the MMC microsphere treatment and another 13 received the conventional
      infusion treatment, lasting for 3.4 months. The administered doses of MMC
      microspheres were 11.7 +/- 11.1 mg as MMC in the 12 with metastatic cancer and
      6.9 +/- 2.1 mg as MMC in the 7 with hepatocellular cancer (HCC). On the contrary,
      the 13 patients who underwent conventional infusion had average doses of MMC 34.5
      +/- 17.3 mg and of 5-FU 13.4 +/- 7.7 g, over 3.4 months. An objective tumor
      response was obtained in 13/19 (68.4%) under MMC microsphere chemoembolization,
      compared to 6/13 (46.2%) under the conventional infusion. The average level of
      CEA in the 12 with metastatic cancer, who underwent MMC microsphere therapy,
      dropped from 57.7 ng/ml to 16.5 ng/ml, while that in the 10 patients on
      conventional infusion dropped from 24.0 ng/ml to 17.4 ng/ml; that of alpha
      fetoprotein dropped in all 7 with HCC on MMC microsphere chemoembolization,
      compared to a fall in 1/3 on conventional infusion. With the MMC microsphere
      treatment, 5 patients from colorectal cancer lived for 15.6 +/- 7.6 months, 2 are
      alive with a long life expectancy; and 7 patients from gastric or pancreatic
      cancer lived for only 9.3 +/- 3.3 months. In case of conventional infusion, 6
      patients from colorectal cancer survived for 8.6 +/- 3.2 months; and 4 patients
      from gastric or gallbladder cancer survived for 6.0 +/- 1.0 months. The MMC
      microsphere treatment is superior at P = 0.059 in survival duration to the
      conventional infusion treatment. However, much the same survival occurred in 7 on
      MMC microsphere chemoembolization and 3 on continuous infusion.

PMID- 2412683
TI  - Cisplatin, etoposide, bleomycin first-line therapy and early resection of
      residual tumor in far-advanced germinal testis cancer.
AB  - Forty consecutive patients with far-advanced germinal testis tumors (lymph node
      metastases greater than 10 cm, pulmonary nodules greater than 5 cm,
      extrapulmonary spread, alpha-fetoprotein greater than 1000 ng/ml, human chorionic
      gonadotropin greater than 50,000 mIU/ml) were treated with five courses of
      cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin (PEB). Twenty-five patients underwent surgery
      for the removal of residual masses after the first three inductions. Fibrotic
      necrotic tissue was resected in 11 cases, 12 had mature teratoma, and residual
      cancer was found in 2. After the combined-modality treatment, 37 patients (82.5%)
      entered complete remission (CR): 25 (62.5%) with PEB and 12 (30%) with PEB and
      complete removal of the residual tumor. One patient progressed on therapy, and
      two others had incomplete resection of the residual disease. Hematologic toxicity
      was moderate and gastrointestinal toxicity was very mild. After a median follow
      up period of 24 months (range, 13-40), 33 patients (82.5%) remain continuously
      disease-free, and 4 experienced relapse. Only one of these was salvaged with
      further surgery and chemotherapy. First-line PEB therapy combined with early
      resection of residual tumor induced a very high continuous CR rate in patients
      with far-advanced germinal testis cancer, and toxicity was moderate.

PMID- 2412684
TI  - Intraperitoneal bleomycin. Pharmacokinetics and results of a phase II trial.
AB  - Bleomycin was administered in a phase II trial to 10 patients with malignant
      ascites. Complete responses to intraperitoneal bleomycin were observed in 6/10
      patients (60%). Pharmacokinetics of serum and intraperitoneal bleomycin showed
      peak levels at 15 minutes with a peritoneal fluid half-life of 4.2 +/- 0.1 hours
      and a serum half-life of 5.0 +/- 1.2 hours. There was a 400-fold difference in
      concentration when bleomycin was administered intra-abdominally. Toxicities with
      intraperitoneal bleomycin were minimal. This phase II trial confirms the efficacy
      of intraperitoneal bleomycin; further trials appear warranted.

PMID- 2412685
TI  - Multicentric giant lymph node hyperplasia. A report of seven cases.
AB  - Multicentric giant lymph node hyperplasia (MGLH) is a distinct
      lymphoproliferative disorder, which may terminate in malignant lymphoma. The
      clinical features and laboratory findings of seven cases are reported here. The
      histologic changes in lymph nodes were those of giant lymph node hyperplasia,
      plasma cell type. Immunoperoxidase staining showed intracytoplasmatic polyclonal
      immunoglobulins. Malignant lymphoma supervened in two cases, one of which was
      proved by autopsy; in the other there was transformation of a polyclonal
      gammopathy into a monoclonal one. Two of the patients also developed Kaposi's
      sarcoma.

PMID- 2412686
TI  - Anaplastic neoplasm in a patient with hairy cell leukemia.
AB  - A 63-year-old white man had a history of recurrent pneumonia, pancytopenia, and
      splenomegaly when the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia was made on bone marrow
      biopsy examination. Splenectomy confirmed that diagnosis and his pancytopenia
      moderately improved. Three years following the diagnosis, the patient developed
      an upper abdominal mass involving the stomach wall that was found to be an
      anaplastic "large cell" neoplasm. Palliative radiotherapy was started, but the
      patient died 2 months later. Cytochemical studies of the anaplastic gastric
      neoplasm revealed cytoplasmic tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity.
      Electron microscopy showed no epithelial differentiation. These observations
      suggest that the gastric neoplasm represented an evolution of hairy cell leukemia
      into a more aggressive tumor analogous to the transformation that occurs in other
      B-cell neoplasms.

PMID- 2412687
TI  - Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. An immunocytochemical and histochemical study
      of 25 cases using eight separate markers.
AB  - The current study was undertaken on 25 cases of thyroid medullary carcinoma to
      compare the diagnostic value of calcitonin with other peptides including PDN-21,
      the C-terminal flanking peptide of human calcitonin within the calcitonin
      precursor, and calcitonin gene-related peptide, CGRP. Antiserum raised to
      chromogranin, an acidic protein of 68,000 daltons, was also used to compare its
      diagnostic value as a general marker for neuroendocrine neoplasia with neuron
      specific enolase (NSE) and Grimelius' argyrophil silver staining.
      Immunocytochemistry was performed using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method at
      the light microscopic level and the immunogold staining procedure at the
      ultrastructural level. All tumors were reactive to calcitonin and CGRP antisera,
      whereas PDN-21 was present in 23 cases. It was also found that these peptides
      were colocalized in the majority of C-cells. The intensity and specificity of
      CGRP and PDN-21 immunoreaction was comparable to and in some cases even better
      than that obtained with calcitonin antiserum. In the majority of tumors,
      somatostatin and bombesin immunoreactivity was either absent, weak, or variable
      in intensity and distribution. The current study thus demonstrates that together
      with calcitonin, PDN and, in particular, CGRP antisera may be applied to
      corroborate immunocytochemical diagnosis in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.
      With regard to general neuroendocrine markers, Grimelius' and chromogranin
      provided the most consistent results. NSE isoenzyme immunoreactivity, on the
      other hand, was more variable, probably reflecting the metabolic state of the
      tumor cells.

PMID- 2412688
TI  - Vascular invasion as a prognosticator of metastatic disease in nonseminomatous
      germ cell tumors of the testis. Importance in "surveillance only" protocols.
AB  - Forty-five nonseminomatous germ cell carcinomas of the testis were evaluated
      retrospectively to define the biologic features associated with the occurrence of
      metastatic disease. A statistical analysis of several pertinent clinical and
      pathologic factors was performed. The factors evaluated included: duration of
      symptoms before diagnosis, serum level of alpha-fetoprotein, serum or urinary
      level of human chorionic gonadotropin, testicular weight, extent of local tumor
      (pathologic T stage), and vascular invasion at the primary site. In each case,
      metastases were documented by a retroperitoneal node dissection, other biopsies,
      or by chest films. In 29 tumors with vascular invasion, 25 patients were seen
      with metastatic disease. In 16 tumors without vascular invasion, 3 patients
      demonstrated metastasis. The presence or absence of vascular invasion was
      strongly correlated with concomitant lymph node involvement or subsequent
      appearance of other metastatic disease (chi-square = 17.19). Additionally,
      vascular invasion in bifactoral++ analysis with tumor size and pathologic T stage
      proved a significant prognosticator even in low-staged (chi-square = 8.48) and
      small tumors (chi-square = 8.13). The implications of these findings, both as an
      adjunct to the staging of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors and in the management
      of clinical Stage I lesions, are discussed.

PMID- 2412689
TI  - Gliomatosis peritonei.
AB  - Gliomatosis peritonei, the occurrence of mature glial peritoneal implants, is a
      rare complication that is observed almost exclusively in the setting of ovarian
      teratoma. The clinicopathologic features of four such cases associated with
      ovarian teratoma of all grades are described herein. Gliomatosis peritonei is a
      benign condition. Although its presence is believed to suggest a more favorable
      prognosis in cases of high-grade ovarian teratoma, this was not found in one of
      our cases. Extensive histopathologic sampling of peritoneal implants is essential
      to exclude the presence of other teratomatous or germ cell elements, a negative
      factor in prognosis.

PMID- 2412690
TI  - Stage III endometrial carcinoma. A review of 90 cases.
AB  - The authors present a retrospective review of 90 cases of Stage III endometrial
      carcinoma seen over a 10-year period at the Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto.
      Overall 5-year survival was 45.5% and disease-free survival was 36.0%. Prognostic
      factors identified within Stage III were tumor grade, geographic distribution of
      disease, the presence of symptoms other than vaginal bleeding or discharge, and
      completeness of surgery. Isolated involvement of the ovary or fallopian tube
      emerges as a distinct syndrome with a good prognosis (5-year survival of 82.3%).
      Surgery is the treatment of choice for operable cases, but 13 of 36 patients with
      inoperable disease who completed radical radiotherapy were alive and free of
      disease at 5 years.

PMID- 2412691
TI  - Role of mathematical modeling in protocol formulation in cancer chemotherapy.
AB  - The origin of drug resistance is discussed and the spontaneous mutation model is
      presented. The general implications of this model for the use of chemotherapy are
      considered and are found to agree with the broad range of experience from
      treating human malignancy. The large amount of information required to use this
      model to create detailed protocols does not permit its utilization at present,
      but it is hoped that such information will become available in the future.

PMID- 2412692
TI  - Design of clinical trials with biological response modifiers.
AB  - Biological response modifiers (BRMs) include biological and chemical agents which
      can increase host resistance against tumor growth and also biological agents
      which can have direct effects on tumor cells, by inducing cytolysis, growth
      inhibition, and/or differentiation. It is becoming increasingly clear that
      initial phase I clinical trials with BRMs need to be designed considerably
      differently from those for chemotherapeutic agents. In addition to determining
      the toxicity of each agent and its maximal tolerated dose, it is important to
      evaluate its effects on relevant immunologic and other host responses and to
      determine the optimal biological response modifying dose (OBRMD). Also, since
      most BRMs are likely to be effective mainly for treatment of cancer patients with
      low tumor burdens, and the biological response modifying effects of an agent may
      vary with the extent of disease, it seems necessary to first perform a phase IA
      trial in patients with advanced cancer, with an emphasis on determining toxicity
      and possibly the maximal tolerated dose. Then a phase IB trial will be performed,
      with patients with minimal or even undetectable tumor burden, to determine the
      OBRMD. These phase I trials will then allow planning for phase II trials for
      evaluation of antitumor effects, at doses and in cancer patients which might be
      expected to be favorable for detection of efficacy.

PMID- 2412693
TI  - Rates of synthesis of actomyosin in atria and ventricles of the perfused working
      rat heart.
AB  - Actomyosin from hearts perfused in vitro with [U-14C] phenylalanine and the
      remaining plasma amino acids was purified by standard techniques. The rate of
      actomyosin synthesis was expressed relative to actomyosin protein, to total
      protein and to total RNA. The rate of atrial total protein synthesis was twice
      the ventricular rate correlating with the RNA/protein ratios of the compartments.
      The actomyosin contents relative to total protein were not significantly
      different in atria and ventricles. The rate of actomyosin synthesis in atria was
      2 to 3 times greater than in the ventricles when expressed relative to actomyosin
      or total protein. Synthesis rates of actomyosin expressed relative to total RNA
      were similar in the two compartments. These results suggest that the rate of
      turnover of actomyosin in the atria is 2 to 3 times the ventricular rate and that
      the greater rate of synthesis of total protein synthesis in atria is reflected in
      the rate of synthesis of specific intramyocytic proteins.

PMID- 2412694
TI  - Transport of Na+ inside the giant axon of squid.
AB  - The transport mechanism of Na ions within the nerve cell was studied by measuring
      the radioactivity distribution profile of 22Na that had been intracellularly
      injected into the giant axon. Specifically, we tested whether or not the movement
      of Na ions is coupled with the process of "fast axonal transport." Results of our
      measurements indicate that the intracellular transport of Na+ and the fast axonal
      transport are two independent processes. Very few Na ions are irreversibly
      sequestered into the axoplasmic vesicles involved in axonal transport. The
      movement of Na+ inside the axon can be modeled by a one-dimension diffusion. The
      effective diffusion coefficient of the intracellular Na+ was determined in this
      study.

PMID- 2412695
TI  - Effects of monovalent cations on red cell shape and size.
AB  - Human erythrocytes were incubated in isotonic solutions of different monovalent
      cations. The apparent size of the red cells measured on scanning electron
      microscopic pictures decreases in the order Li+ greater than Na+ = K+ greater
      than Rb+. These differences in size are abolished after pretreatment with
      trypsin, which removes a large part of the charges associated with membrane
      glycoproteins. Shape alterations are also observed. Normal biconcave shapes are
      visible after Na+ or K+ incubation, whereas Li+ leads to flabby, flattened cells
      with a certain tendency to crenation, and Rb+ causes more pronounced biconcavity
      with a certain tendency to cupping. The overall effects of pretreatment with
      trypsin are similar to those of Li+. Our results provide evidence that the
      electrostatic repulsion of glycoproteins and other charged membrane components
      may play an essential role in maintaining red cell shape.

PMID- 2412696
TI  - Immunofluorescent flow cytometry in N dimensions. The multiplex labeling
      approach.
AB  - The problem of the simultaneous use in flow cytometry of N greater than 2
      antibodies in conjunction with two fluorochromes was investigated. Theoretical
      analysis led to a labeling procedure and reconstruction formula that allow N
      dimensional labeling distributions to be obtained from two-dimensional
      fluorescence distributions. The general problem of M greater than or equal to 2
      fluorochromes and N greater than M antibodies was shown to be reducible to the
      case of two fluorochromes. The method was tested by a triple labeling analysis of
      murine thymocytes.

PMID- 2412697
TI  - An automated device for the preparation of complex reagent mixtures. The
      immunofluorescence tomograph.
AB  - A microcomputer-controlled device was built that automatically prepares small
      volumes of mixtures of up to eight reagents. The operation of the system is fast,
      flexible, and reliable, thus making possible the routine use of experimental
      protocols that require large numbers of small volume reagent samples, each having
      a different composition. In particular, the software we developed for this device
      handles the preparation of three-antibody staining solutions to be used in triple
      labeling immunofluorescent flow cytometry experiments that involve only two
      fluorochromes. In this role, the device is known as an "Immunofluorescence
      Tomograph."

PMID- 2412698
TI  - Microscope laser light scattering spectroscopy of single biological cells.
AB  - A microscope laser light scattering setup was developed, allowing us to do
      intensity autocorrelation spectroscopy on the light scattered from a volume as
      small as (2 micron)3. This non-invasive technique makes cytoplasmic studies
      possible inside single live biological cells. The effect of osmotic swelling and
      shrinking on the diffusion coefficient of hemoglobin inside intact red blood
      cells is shown as an illustrative example of the applicability and sensitivity of
      this new experimental method.

PMID- 2412699
TI  - Cell proliferation after ischemic injury in gerbil brain. An immunocytochemical
      and autoradiographic study.
AB  - Tritiated thymidine autoradiography was used to measure cellular proliferation
      after ischemic injury in gerbil brain. Gerbils were subjected to bilateral
      occlusion of the common carotid arteries which resulted in areas of necrosis, or
      infarcts, in the posterior thalamus or midbrain. From 12 h to 10 days following
      the ischemia, gerbils were injected with 3H thymidine, sacrificed 4 h later, and
      the brains sectioned. In order to identify astrocytes and monocytes/macrophages,
      immunocytochemistry was performed prior to autoradiography, using antisera
      against glial fibrillary acidic protein and endothelial-monocyte
      reticuloendothelial antigen, respectively. Immunocytochemistry was also used to
      visualize microvessel laminin, myelin, and leakage of serum albumin. Lastly, a
      histochemical procedure for acid phosphatase activity was employed to verify
      cellular phagocytic activity in the wound. A reproducible sequence of reactions
      took place during the first 10 days after ischemia. Early changes included
      leakage of albumin and myelin breakdown, followed by arrival of monocytes at 2
      days and their differentiation into macrophages by 5 days. These cells exhibited
      intense proliferation from 2 to 6 days post-ischemia. Microvessel endothelial
      cells were maximally labeled at 4 days post-ischemia. Hypertrophied astrocytes
      were apparent at 2 days and proliferated from 3 to 7 days post-ischemia, and by
      10 days the wound was replaced by a "glial scar".

PMID- 2412700
TI  - Lactation-associated redistribution of the glial fibrillary acidic protein within
      the supraoptic nucleus. An immunocytochemical study.
AB  - Electron-microscopic evidence indicates that during conditions of high hormone
      demand such as lactation there is a dramatic reduction in the number of fine
      glial processes which are normally interposed between magnocellular
      neuroendocrine cell somata in the supraoptic nucleus (SON). The purpose of this
      study was to corroborate these data at the light-microscopic level and to gain
      some insight into what underlying events might accompany these apparent
      morphological changes. The distribution of the glial fibrillary acidic protein
      (GFAP), an intermediate filament component of the astrocytic cytoskeleton, was
      visualized in lactating or estrous rats using peroxidase-antiperoxidae
      immunocytochemistry. Computerized image analysis was employed to determine and
      compare the staining distributions of this protein for the two groups of rats.
      Statistical analysis revealed a redistribution of GFAP immunostaining in the SONs
      of lactating animals as compared to controls. No differences in staining were
      found in a control area dorsolateral to SON. The pattern of change was to a less
      dense, more homogeneous distribution of GFAP in lactating rats, a change which
      could be interpreted as reflective of a reduction in the number of densely
      staining glial processes.

PMID- 2412701
TI  - Occurrence and coexistence in Nereis diversicolor O.F. Muller (Annelida
      Polychaeta) of substances immunologically related to vertebrate neuropeptides.
AB  - Numerous immunochemical and immunohistochemical studies have shown a wide
      distribution of several families of neuropeptides in invertebrates as well as
      vertebrates. There are relatively few data available for Annelida: Polychaeta.
      Therefore, we undertook an immunohistochemical investigation in the marine worm
      Nereis. Among the vertebrate type antibodies tested, those against met
      enkephalin, LH-RH, vasopressin, oxytocin and ACTH had negative or only very
      slight effects. Slight to moderate reactions were obtained for VIP, SRIF, CRF,
      GRF, and leu-enkephalin. Moderate to very strong responses were found with anti
      CCK/gastrin, -substance P, and -beta-MSH sera. Immunopositive reactions were
      usually observed in the entire CNS (except, until now, in neurosecretory cells,
      type II, in nuclei 20, and in nerve fibres located in the infracerebral
      neurohemal area). The immunoreactivity was, however, more or less abundant
      according to different CNS regions. For example, it appeared that the
      immunostaining for CRF is more important in the VNC while the leu-enkephalin
      family is more abundant in the brain (particularly in fuchsinophilic
      neurosecretory cells, type I, in nuclei 20). Moreover, several vertebrate type
      peptides (such as CRF/GRF and CCK/gastrin) may coexist in a single neurone.
      Several antisera may elicit a positive reaction in some specific area (for
      example, substance P in the nuchal organ; SRIF in oocytes; CCK/gastrin in the
      gastrointestinal tract). Nothing is known about the role of the different
      substances immunologically detected in Nereis. It is suggested that CCK/gastrin-,
      beta-MSH- and substance P-like materials transmit external stimuli to
      neurosecretory centres located in the caudal part of the brain.

PMID- 2412702
TI  - Angiotensin II and FCCP mobilizes calcium from different intracellular pools in
      adrenal glomerulosa cells; analysis of calcium fluxes.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of angiotensin II on the
      different pools of exchangeable Ca2+ in isolated rat adrenal glomerulosa cells.
      On the basis of steady state analysis of 45Ca exchange curves at least three
      kinetically distinct Ca2+ compartments are present in these cells. The most
      rapidly exchangeable compartment was regarded as Ca2+ loosely bound to the
      glycocalyx and the other compartments were considered to be intracellular Ca2+
      pools. The effect of angiotensin II on different intracellular compartments was
      examined by adding the hormone at different phases of Ca2+ washout. Angiotensin
      increased the rate of 45Ca efflux within 1.5 min when added at the beginning of
      the washout. This effect, however, could not be detected when the hormone was
      added at the 30th min of washout, indicating that at least one hormone sensitive
      pool had lost most of its radioactivity by this time. In contrast to angiotensin
      II, the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP mobilized almost the same quantity of 45Ca
      irrespective of the time of its addition during the washout. This latter finding
      suggests that this presumably mitochondrial Ca2+ pool has a slow rate of exchange
      and thus differs from the pool initially mobilized by angiotensin II. The initial
      Ca2+ mobilizing effect of angiotensin II was also observed in a Ca2+-free media
      which contained EGTA, indicating that this effect is not triggered by increased
      Ca2+ influx. In the present study we demonstrate in the intact glomerulosa cell
      that angiotensin II mobilizes Ca2+ from an intracellular Ca2+ store which appears
      to be distinct from the FCCP-sensitive store.

PMID- 2412703
TI  - The antagonistic effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and methylxanthine on the gill
      cilia of Mytilus edulis.
AB  - The laterofrontal (LF) cirri on isolated gill filaments of Mytilus edulis,
      prepared in natural seawater, are active and initially beat with an average
      frequency of about 8 Hz (with a range of 6-14 Hz). However, the lateral (L) cilia
      on these filaments are arrested in a position at the end of their recovery
      stroke. Perfusion of the filament with artificial seawater (ASW), with or without
      1% ethanol, has little or no biological effect on the activity of the LF cirri,
      although a transitory decrease in frequency often accompanies the perfusion
      process. The L cilia remain arrested during perfusion with ASW. The exposure of
      the gill to low levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) (10(-8) less than 5HT less
      than 10(-7) M) has no effect on the activity of the LF cirri but stimulates the L
      cilia to beat. Exposure to higher concentrations of 5HT (greater than 10(-7) M)
      elevates the beat frequency of the L cilia and simultaneously inhibits the
      activity of the LF cirri, leading to their arrest in a position at the end of the
      effective stroke. This arrest of the LF cirri occurs as the L cilia attain a 5HT
      induced beat frequency between 12 to 14 Hz. The influence of 5HT on the L cilia
      and the LF cirri can be reversibly mimicked or enhanced by the phosphodiesterase
      inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). A concentration of 0.5 mM IBMX
      mimics low 5HT concentrations (about 10(-7) M) by stimulating the L cilia to beat
      without affecting the beat frequency of the LF cirri. A combination of 10(-7) M
      5HT and 0.5 mM IBMX in ASW mimics high (greater than 10(-6) M) 5HT concentrations
      by arresting the LF cirri and increasing the beat frequency of the L cilia. Under
      these conditions, the threshold of the LF cirri arrest response is again found to
      occur as the L cilia attain a beat frequency of 12-14 Hz. These results suggest
      that the mechanisms of LF cirri arrest and L cilia activation are mediated by 5HT
      induced changes in intracellular cyclic AMP levels.

PMID- 2412704
TI  - Substance P mechanism in cluster headache: evaluation in plasma and cerebrospinal
      fluid.
AB  - Substance P (SP), present in sensory afferent neurons, seems to process
      nociceptive information in the trigeminal system. SP, released from peripheral
      trigeminal endings, causes typical cluster headache (CH) signs, e.g.
      vasodilatation, conjunctival and nasal edema and miosis. Opiates and somatostatin
      (SRIF), both active in relieving CH attack, inhibit SP release from the central
      and peripheral trigeminal system. In the present study, plasma and cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF), SP-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) and enkephalinase activity (EKA),
      and plasma SRIF-like immunoreactivity (SRIFLI) have been evaluated during
      spontaneous and histamine induced attacks in the cluster phase. During the
      histamine provoked attacks, CSF SPLI and plasma SRIFLI and EKA were unchanged,
      while plasma SPLI decreased significantly. During spontaneously occurring
      attacks, plasma SRIFLI was found to be unmodified and a significant lowering of
      SPLI was detected when compared with controls. Moreover, both during and between
      attacks in the cluster phase, plasma EKA was increased in comparison with the
      values in controls. It remains to be seen whether variations of plasma SPLI and
      EKA levels play a role in the CH mechanism.

PMID- 2412705
TI  - Cell surface carbohydrates and cell recognition in Dictyostelium.
AB  - Carbohydrate ligands and complementary receptors have been detected on the
      surface of Dictyostelium cells, using lectins, monoclonal antibodies, and
      immobilized sugar probes. They have been implicated in cell recognition
      processes, such as phagocytosis and intercellular adhesion, and could act as
      membrane signals for differentiation. Specific glycoproteins have been proposed
      to mediate intercellular adhesion in Dictyostelium discoideum and Polysphondylium
      pallidum and to account for the species-specificity of adhesion displayed by
      these species. Recent studies with the inhibitor of N-glycosylation, tunicamycin,
      and with glycosylation defective mutants suggest that some carbohydrate groups in
      these glycoproteins play a role in cell adhesion.

PMID- 2412706
TI  - I-A region genetic restriction in the production and action of an antigen
      specific T-helper factor which bears I-A region determinant(s).
AB  - Antigen-specific T-helper factor (ThF) augments the contact sensitivity reaction
      induced by the injection of small numbers of picrylated cells into mice. ThF was
      produced by injected picrylated spleen cells into the footpads and taking the 24
      hr culture supernatant of the regional lymph node cells. Analysis showed that
      there was a genetic restriction in the induction of ThF, between these picrylated
      cells and the mouse making the ThF, which maps to the I-A region. This finding
      suggests that the receptor on the T cell which makes ThF, and by implication ThF
      itself, bears recognition site(s) for both antigen and I-A. ThF was then prepared
      from mice painted on the skin with picryl chloride, and the genetic restriction
      in its action was investigated. There was a requirement for genetic matching
      between the mouse producing the ThF and the final recipient which mapped to the I
      A region. The genotype of the picrylated cell used as a source of antigen was
      unimportant. This I-A genetic restriction, together with the finding that ThF
      bears at least some I-A determinants, suggests that ThF may act by binding to the
      picrylated cells used as a source of antigen through its antigen-binding site and
      hence provide the I-A determinants needed for the recognition of antigen in the
      context of self-MHC. The present findings add to the list of antigen-specific
      factors which have a two-chain structure and show genetic restriction in their
      induction, action, and in the interaction between their chains which maps to the
      same region as the MHC-related determinant(s) which they bear.

PMID- 2412707
TI  - A primary in vitro antibody assay for antigen-specific T-suppressor factor: cross
      suppression of TNP-specific antibody responses by TMA-specific TsF1.
AB  - We have previously shown that phenyltrimethylammonium (TMA)-specific, first-order
      suppressor T cells (Ts1) and soluble factors extracted from these cells (TsF1)
      can suppress delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. The TsF1, as
      monitored in the DTH system, was characterized and found to be a single-chain,
      antigen-binding, I-J+, and Id+ molecule. To monitor TsF1 in an efficient manner,
      an in vitro antibody system was developed. The studies show that in vitro
      stimulation of naive A/J spleen cells with the thymic-independent antigen,
      Brucella abortus, to which TMA and trinitrophenol (TNP) or fluorescein (FL) are
      coupled (TMA-BA-TNP or TMA-BA-FL), induces significant numbers of anti-TNP or
      anti-FL plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses. The addition of TMA-specific TsF1
      results in the cross-suppression of 30-50% of the total anti-TNP and FL PFC
      responses. This activity is antigen (TMA) dependent since suppression occurs only
      when the TMA ligand is present in the culture media. Analysis of the TNP-specific
      PFC responses in nonsuppressed cultures revealed that 20-35% of the PFC bear the
      cross-reactive idiotype(s) (CRI) normally associated with anti-TMA antibodies. In
      cultures containing TMA-TsF1, CRI+PFC are suppressed by 90-100% while the CRI-PFC
      are suppressed only by 10-30%. Our studies further show that an induction-phase,
      antigen-binding, CRI+, and I-J+ single-chain factor is responsible for the
      observed in vitro suppression. The possibility of utilizing this assay to monitor
      a variety of antigen-specific suppressor factors is discussed.

PMID- 2412708
TI  - H-2 class I mutants utilize novel restriction specificities in the trinitrophenyl
      specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response.
AB  - In antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses H-2 class I mutations
      usually result in a decreased recognition of the antigen in association with the
      mutant molecule by CTL from the strain of origin. However, the influence of class
      I mutations on the magnitude and specificity of CTL responses in the mutants has
      been studied in only a few instances, in which usually a partial or complete loss
      of responsiveness was found. We now report that class I mutants extensively use
      gained (novel) CTL restriction sites, generated by the mutations in the CTL
      response against the hapten trinitrophenyl (TNP), demonstrated both at the
      population level and in limiting dilution. TNP-specific CTL clones, restricted by
      mutant-specific determinants, were detected in all mutants. The percentages
      mutant-specific CTL clones in limiting dilution experiments were 43, 40, 35, and
      13 in the Kb mutants bm1, bm8, bm3 and bm5, respectively, and 35 in the Db mutant
      bm 14. It is concluded that H-2 class I mutations led to changes in the TNP
      specific CTL repertoire resulting in gain of CTLs uniquely restricted to the
      mutant molecule.

PMID- 2412709
TI  - Differential effect of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 on the induction of IgA
      and IgM anti-dextran responses.
AB  - Supernatants from T-cell lines and T-cell hybridomas can substitute for T cells
      in the induction of the anti-alpha(1,3) Dextran B1355 plaque-forming cell
      response in culture. The present study sought to define the lymphokines required
      for the induction of IgA and IgM anti-alpha (1,3) dextran responses. Recombinant
      Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) supported the induction of low levels of IgA anti
      alpha(1,3) dextran plaque-forming cells in splenic B-cell cultures. IgA responses
      were substantially increased when cultures containing IFN-gamma were supplemented
      with an interleukin 2 (IL-2)-containing supernatant from the murine T-cell
      hybridoma BW.Mls, purified murine IL-2, or recombinant human IL-2. In striking
      contrast, IgM anti-alpha(1,3) dextran plaque-forming cells were not produced in
      cultures containing IFN-gamma alone or in combination with purified or
      recombinant IL-2. However, substantial IgM responses could be produced in
      cultures containing IFN-gamma and BW.Mls supernatant. This data indicates that
      there may be different lymphokine requirements for the induction of IgA and IgM
      anti-alpha(1,3) dextran B cells, or alternatively, such B cells may be in
      different stages of differentiation and therefore, not respond to the same
      lymphokines.

PMID- 2412710
TI  - Hormone-modulated rRNA gene activity is visualized by selective staining of the
      NOs.
AB  - The role of Growth Hormone and Dexamethasone in the regulation of rRNA gene
      activity was evaluated on cultured human fibroblasts by the cyto-chemical method
      of selective silver staining. By this method the transcriptionally active r-gene
      clusters can be specifically visualized in individual cells. Statistically
      significant increases in the rate of rRNA transcriptional activity were
      demonstrated after hormone administration.

PMID- 2412711
TI  - A monoclonal antibody against human urokinase: the epitope structure and sequence
      homology with a human tissue-type plasminogen activator.
AB  - Our previous study showed that an epitope defined by a monoclonal antibody
      against human urokinase is located on the 33-Kdalton catalytic domain of the
      enzyme (Nakamura, M. et al., Cell Struct Funct., 9, 167-179, 1984). The epitope
      structure was further determined and characterized on one-dimensional SDS
      polyacrylamide slab gel maps of CNBr-cleaved polypeptide fragments as well as on
      their Western blots. A single homogeneous polypeptide with an approximate
      molecular weight of 3.4-Kdaltons was found to be antigenic. The monoclonal
      antibody exhibited a stronger inhibition of the enzyme activity than the
      polyclonal antibodies tested, and cross-reacted with a 65-Kdalton tissue-type
      plasminogen activator present in Detroit 562 cells. From these results and data
      made up with the help of a computer comparison of known sequences of urokinase
      and a tissue-type plasminogen activator, we concluded that the epitope is Cys-Gln
      Gly-Asp-Ser-Gly-Gly-Pro-Leu-Val-Cys and contains a catalytically active residue,
      serine.

PMID- 2412712
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of actin in nuclear matrices from mouse leukemia
      L5178Y cells.
AB  - We examined the distribution of actin in isolated nuclear matrices from mouse
      leukemia L5178Y cells using an anti-actin antibody and protein A-conjugated
      colloidal gold particles. Before immunogold staining, we partially digested the
      surface lamina of the nuclear matrix with trypsin (Nakayasu and Ueda, Exp. Cell
      Res. 143, 55-62, 1983) to allow penetration of the gold particles into the
      nuclear matrix. Trypsin digestion slightly modified the internal structure of the
      nuclear matrix, but did not affect the actin content in the nuclear matrix nor
      the reactivity of actin with the antibody. Many colloidal gold particles were
      present along fibrogranular structures in the nuclear matrix. The results
      reported here confirm the existence of actin in the interior of the nuclear
      matrices of L5178Y cells.

PMID- 2412713
TI  - [Quantification of metabolic substrates in the liver in neonates].
AB  - Main metabolic substrates were quantified by cytospectrophotometry in the liver
      of neonates, still-born and surviving till the 10th day. The surviving caused a
      decrease of PAS-positive diastase-digestible compounds. There was a simultaneous
      increase of lipids, nuclear DNA a cytoplasmic RNA in liver cells. Binucleate
      hepatocytes were more frequent. The results were correlated with the length of
      gestation and the birth weight.

PMID- 2412714
TI  - The biologically active constituents of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. Histamine
      release-inhibitory triterpenes.

PMID- 2412715
TI  - Interaction of the fluorescent probe 7-anilino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid
      with alpha-globulin.

PMID- 2412717
TI  - [Nursing of patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy].

PMID- 2412716
TI  - Control of release rate of bleomycin from polylactic acid microspheres by
      additives.

PMID- 2412718
TI  - Cytoskeleton-associated proteins: their role as cellular integrators in the
      neoplastic process.
AB  - The cytoskeleton (CSK) of eukaryotic cells is composed of a complex
      interconnected network of filaments which is important in a wide variety of
      cellular functions including changes in cell shape, cell motility, mitosis,
      anchorage-dependent growth, and the localization of cellular organelles such as
      mitochondria, polyribosomes, and secretory granules. The various proteins
      comprising the cytoskeleton include actin in microfilaments, tubulin in
      microtubules, and the heterogeneous group of intermediate filament proteins that
      are associated with different cell types (keratin in epithelial cells, vimentin
      in fibroblasts, desmin in muscle cells, glial filament protein in glial cells,
      and the neurofilament protein subunits in neural tissue). Many other proteins in
      glial cells, and the neurofilament protein subunits in neural tissue). Many other
      proteins are closely associated with the cytoskeleton and influence its
      organization. In neoplastic cells, the expression of these different CSK
      proteins, especially the intermediate filament proteins, reflects their
      morphologic and functional differentiation. The carcinomas contain keratin;
      identification of individual keratin components may allow further sub
      classification of carcinomas which is consistent with their tissue of origin. The
      sarcomas of muscle origin contain desmin. Vimentin is found primarily with cells
      of mesenchymal origin, but may coexist with other intermediate filament proteins
      in other tumors. One example is the coexistence of keratin and vimentin in
      tumors, such as mesotheliomas, which are derived from epithelial cells of
      embryonic origin. Glial fibrillary acidic protein is the most specific marker for
      glial tumors. Tumors of neural origin are characterized by the presence of
      neurofilament subunits. Therefore, analysis of CSK composition would be useful in
      diagnosis of clinical specimens and aid in studies of lineage relationships of
      neoplasms. Although no consistent differences in cytoskeletal structure between
      neoplastic and normal cells have been identified so far, the presence of more
      subtle biochemical alterations in the cytoskeletal structure of neoplastic cells
      that contributes to malignant behavior has not been ruled out. Since the
      cytoskeletal network plays an important role in cell shape and cell locomotion,
      which in turn are thought to be involved in growth control, invasion, and
      metastasis, further work is directed at identifying the various alterations in
      cytoskeletal architecture that may influence the malignant behavior of neoplastic
      cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2412719
TI  - Intracavitary chemotherapy.
AB  - Pharmacokinetic modeling has suggested, and clinical investigations have
      confirmed, that intracavitary drug administration can result in a much greater
      drug exposure for the cavity into which the agent is instilled compared to the
      plasma. Both the safety and the efficacy of several agents administered
      individually or in combination have now been demonstrated. Several malignancies,
      in particular ovarian carcinoma and malignant mesothelioma, which remain confined
      to body cavities for much of their natural history, might be most rationally
      treated by the intracavitary treatment approach. Early clinical trials have
      demonstrated significant activity of intracavitary chemotherapy in both of these
      malignancies. Optimal drugs and dosages as well as appropriate scheduling for the
      various tumors involving body cavities remain to be defined. Whether or not
      combination intracavitary chemotherapy will significantly improve survival of
      patients with malignant disease confined to body cavities must await carefully
      controlled clinical trials comparing this treatment approach to standard
      systemically administered chemotherapy.

PMID- 2412720
TI  - Alpha 1-adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic stimulation of phosphoinositide
      hydrolysis in adult rat cardiomyocytes.
AB  - Cardiac alpha-adrenergic receptors mediate cellular responses to norepinephrine
      through an undefined series of molecular events. We examined the possibility that
      phosphoinositide hydrolysis was stimulated through alpha-adrenergic receptors in
      cardiomyocytes purified from adult rat ventricle. Phosphoinositide stores were
      labeled with [3H]inositol, and [3H]inositol phosphate formation was assessed
      after the addition of lithium chloride and norepinephrine. Norepinephrine
      increased the accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphate by approximately 5-fold,
      giving a maximal response at approximately 30 microM and a half-maximal response
      at approximately 1 microM. There was a significant increase in [3H]inositol
      phosphate formation in response to norepinephrine at 5 minutes, and the response
      was linear over 40 minutes. Norepinephrine-stimulated [3H]inositol phosphate
      formation was not blocked by propranolol (1 microM) or yohimbine (0.1 microM) but
      was completely antagonized by the alpha 1-selective antagonist prazosin (0.1
      microM). Muscarinic cholinergic receptor activation by carbachol also stimulated
      [3H]inositol phosphate formation in rat ventricular myocytes. The maximal effect
      of carbachol (approximately 2-fold) was always less than that of norepinephrine.
      The combined effects of norepinephrine and carbachol were additive, suggesting
      that the two hormones do not share a common rate-limiting step. Removal of
      extracellular calcium and addition of ethylene glycol bis(beta-amino ether)-N,N'
      tetraacetic acid, attenuated, but did not abolish, norepinephrine- or carbachol
      stimulated [3H]inositol phosphate formation. Neither the calcium ionophore A23187
      nor the calcium channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine had any effect on basal
      or hormone-stimulated [3H]inositol phosphate formation. We suggest that some of
      the physiological and metabolic effects of adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation
      on the rat myocardium are secondary to receptor-mediated hydrolysis of
      phosphoinositides.

PMID- 2412721
TI  - Evidence for a possible role of the brain kallikrein-kinin system in the
      modulation of the cerebral circulation.
AB  - Experiments by others have shown that exogenous bradykinin dilates cerebral
      arterioles and that the brain contains kininogen and kallikrein, the latter being
      the enzyme which converts kininogen to bradykinin. The objective of these
      experiments was to determine if bradykinin produced from endogenous brain
      kininogen can affect the cerebral microcirculation. Rabbit pial arteriolar
      diameter was measured with a microscope using the closed cranial window
      technique. Topical application of bradykinin (10(-8)-10(-5) M) induced a dose
      dependent vasodilation (8-46%) which was completely inhibited by the
      cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitors indomethacin and meclofenamic acid. Topical
      application of 1 U of tissue kallikrein per milliliter of artificial
      cerebrospinal fluid induced 43% dilation, which could be prevented by local
      treatment with indomethacin or the proteinase inhibitor aprotinin. The action of
      aprotinin and indomethacin was specific, since aprotinin did not affect the
      dilation produced by bradykinin, and indomethacin did not affect dilation
      produced by adenosine. A second application of kallikrein had no effect on
      cerebral diameter, yet the arterioles still responded normally to exogenous
      bradykinin, indicating that the first application of kallikrein depleted brain
      kininogen. We suggest that activation of brain kallikrein and subsequent
      formation of kinin from brain kininogen may be important in modulation of
      cerebral blood flow or generation of cerebral edema.

PMID- 2412722
TI  - Effects of intracellular acidification on membrane currents in ventricular cells
      of the guinea pig.
AB  - The membrane currents of single ventricular cells were measured under whole cell
      voltage clamp using a giga-sealed patch electrode, and the effects of
      intracellular acidification were examined by perfusing the electrode pipette with
      different pH solutions. The plateau of the action potential was shortened when
      the pH of the pipette solution was lowered from the control of 7.2 to 6, and
      finally to 5. The pH 6 pipette solution evoked a time-independent outward current
      at positive potentials and increased the slope conductance near the resting
      potential. These changes were suppressed by removal of both intra- and
      extracellular potassium ion, indicating that these currents were carried by
      potassium ions, but not by protons. Increasing the calcium concentration in the
      pipette from pCa 8 to pCa 6 induced a time-dependent outward current which had a
      reversal potential of about -13 mV. This result clearly differed from the changes
      induced by the acidic pipette solution, suggesting that the calcium-mediated
      conductance was not involved in the genesis of the acidic effects. The calcium
      current was not significantly affected by perfusion at pH 6, but was decreased by
      the more acidic (pH 5) solution. When the calcium current was recorded in sodium-
      and potassium-free external solution but with a cesium-rich internal solution,
      however, the calcium current was suppressed even with a weak acidic (pH 6.8)
      pipette solution. This effect was attributed not to an increased sensitivity of
      the calcium channel to protons, but to a more extensive intracellular
      acidification, which might have been caused by a depressed extrusion of proton
      via a sodium-hydrogen exchange mechanism on the surface membrane.

PMID- 2412723
TI  - Lidocaine's negative inotropic and antiarrhythmic actions. Dependence on
      shortening of action potential duration and reduction of intracellular sodium
      activity.
AB  - The mechanisms by which lidocaine brings about negative inotropic effects and
      antiarrhythmic actions in the heart have been examined. Using sheep cardiac
      Purkinje fibers, we studied the effects of "therapeutic" concentrations of
      lidocaine (20 microM lidocaine = 5.4 micrograms/ml) on electrical activity,
      intracellular sodium activity, and tension. For the preparation with a normal,
      physiological level of intracellular sodium activity (5-9 mM), the application of
      lidocaine leads to the following actions: action potential duration is decreased,
      intracellular sodium activity falls, and twitch tension is reduced. If
      intracellular sodium activity is first elevated (e.g., by sodium pump inhibition)
      so that arrhythmogenic transient depolarizations (and the underlying transient
      inward current are seen) then lidocaine has the following actions: The action
      potential duration is reduced. There is a reduction of the magnitude of the
      arrhythmogenic transient depolarization (or the underlying membrane current
      transient inward current). The magnitude of the aftercontraction that accompanies
      the transient depolarization (or transient inward current) is reduced. If, after
      sodium pump inhibition, intracellular sodium activity is still rising-then, the
      application of lidocaine leads to a reduction of the rate of rise of
      intracellular sodium. From these results, parallel voltage-clamp experiments, and
      recent work by others, we conclude that lidocaine leads to the reduction of the
      arrhythmogenic transient depolarization and a reduction of twitch tension by
      decreasing the inward sodium current. These actions are mediated by a reduction
      in action potential duration and a reduction of intracellular sodium activity and
      of intracellular calcium activity (by the sodium-calcium exchange mechanism).

PMID- 2412725
TI  - Gabexate mesilate and camostate: new inhibitors of phospholipase A2 and their
      influence on the alpha-amylase activity in serum of patients with acute
      pancreatitis.
AB  - The new synthetic polyvalent protease inhibitors gabexate mesilate (ethyl-p[6
      guanidinohexanoyloxy]-benzoate methansulfonate) and camostate (N,N
      dimethylcarbamoylmethyl-4-[4-guanidinobenzoyloxy]-phenylacetate methansulfonate)
      were tested for possible inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity. In a pilot
      study, we treated 17 patients suffering from acute pancreatitis with continuous
      intravenous administration of gabexate mesilate, 450 mg/d. The results were
      compared with a placebo group (same standard therapy) of 21 patients suffering
      from acute pancreatitis. In vitro experiments showed that, at concentrations
      between 10(-4) and 5 X 10(-4) mol/L (depending on the enzyme assay employed) for
      gabexate mesilate and between 10(-3) and 5 X 10(-4) mol/L for camostate, a 50%
      reduction in phospholipase A2 activity was effected. Comparing the two groups of
      acute pancreatitis patients after 6 days of treatment with gabexate mesilate, we
      observed a statistically significantly lower alpha-amylase activity in the serum
      of treated patients compared with the placebo group.

PMID- 2412724
TI  - Thyroxine-induced left ventricular hypertrophy in the rat. Anatomical and
      physiological evidence for angiogenesis.
AB  - We examined anatomical and physiological responses of the left coronary vascular
      system to thyroxine-induced myocardial hypertrophy. Wistar-Kyoto rats (1 and 5
      months old) were administered thyroxine (0.25 mg/kg per day) or the saline
      vehicle (sham-treated controls) for 2 months. At the ages of 3 and 7 months, each
      group of animals was used for one of three experimental protocols: determination
      of numerical capillary density in perfusion-fixed hearts, measurement of coronary
      reactive hyperemic responses following a 20-second coronary occlusion (peak-to
      resting blood flow velocity) as an index of coronary reserve, and assessment of
      myocardial perfusion under resting conditions and during maximum coronary
      dilation (dipyridamole infusion) for the calculation of minimum coronary
      resistance per unit weight of the left ventricle or minimum coronary resistance
      of the total left ventricle. In both groups of thyroxine-treated animals, the
      left ventricular weight-to-body weight ratio increased by 35-40%. Capillary
      density of the 3- and 7-month-old Wistar Kyoto controls was 4467 +/- 352 (mean +/
      SEM) and 4029 +/- 143 capillaries/mm2, respectively, but was increased
      significantly in the thyroxine-treated animals to 6052 +/- 409 capillaries/mm2 (3
      month) and 4654 +/- 201 capillaries/mm2 (7-month). In both age control groups,
      the peak-to-resting blood flow velocity ratio was about 2.2. This index of
      coronary reserve was not changed in the thyroxine-treated animals. Myocardial
      perfusion measurements were limited to the 7-month-old animals.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2412726
TI  - Clinical significance of serum pancreatic enzymes in the quiescent phase of
      chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - The most commonly used serum enzymes in pancreatic diseases are total amylase,
      pancreatic isoamylase, lipase and trypsin. To determine which of these enzymes is
      the most useful in the diagnosis of clinically quiescent chronic pancreatitis and
      which enzyme best reflects exocrine functional reserve, we studied 22 healthy
      control subjects, 44 patients with gastrointestinal, liver and biliary tract
      diseases, and 25 patients with chronic pancreatitis. On the basis of duodenal
      intubation, the latter were divided into two subgroups: one group of 13 patients
      with slight to moderate secretion deficiency and another of 12 patients with
      severe exocrine insufficiency. Of the enzymes studied, lipase, trypsin and
      pancreatic isoamylase are equally suitable for the evaluation of function in
      severe chronic pancreatitis, but not for the early diagnosis of the disease.
      Results for total amylase are not reliable so that its use in the study of
      chronic pancreatitis is not advisable.

PMID- 2412727
TI  - The microchromatographic measurement of fetal hemoglobin levels in hemoglobin C
      associated conditions.
AB  - We report the microchromatographic estimation of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) in 3
      conditions associated with hemoglobin C: hemoglobin C-hereditary persistence of
      fetal hemoglobin (Hb C-HPFH), homozygous hemoglobin C disease, and hemoglobin SC
      disease. In the case of Hb C-HPFH (Case 1) the Hb F level by alkali denaturation
      was 32.5% while the Hb F level by microchromatography was 35.3%. In both cases of
      homozygous Hb C disease and Hb SC disease the Hb F level by alkali denaturation
      was less than 1% and the microchromatographic Hb F level was 0.7%. We conclude
      that microchromatographic methods for determination of Hb F levels can be
      employed in the Hb C-HPFH, homozygous Hb C, and Hb SC conditions. To our
      knowledge, the microchromatographic determination of Hb F levels has not been
      applied previously to the Hb C-HPFH condition or Hb C disease.

PMID- 2412728
TI  - In-vitro stability of human alpha-fetoprotein.
AB  - We assessed the stability of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in clinical specimens in the
      presence and absence of serum and albumin, at different temperatures and
      concentrations. We find it depends on both AFP concentration and incubation
      temperature. Dilution of most specimens with either phosphate buffer or phosphate
      buffered saline or by immunoelectrodiffusion resulted in some loss of AFP.
      Attempts to stabilize AFP during either sample dilution or incubation by use of
      albumin in concentrations up to 1 g/L did not protect it from inactivation unless
      normal human serum was also included. Frozen AFP solutions were less stable than
      solutions stored at 4 degrees C. AFP was most stable when lyophilized and stored
      desiccated. The AFP-inactivation curves were usually nonlinear. Apparently both
      polymerization and degradation occur simultaneously as AFP loses its activity.
      Proteolytic enzyme inhibitor and sulfhydryl reagent not only failed to protect it
      from inactivation, they appeared to speed it.

PMID- 2412729
TI  - Oligoclonal banding in cerebrospinal fluid assessed by electrophoresis on agarose
      after centrifugal sample concentration through a microconcentrator membrane.
AB  - We describe use of a microconcentrator membrane with a 30 000-Da cutoff for
      treatment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens before detection of oligoclonal
      bands by electrophoresis on agarose. After centrifugation at 2000 X g for 25 min,
      0.5-, 1.0-, and 2.0-mL aliquots of CSF were concentrated 15-, 25-, and 40-fold.
      Analytical recovery of immunoglobulins G and A from the microconcentrators was
      about 90% (CV 5-8%). We found good correlation between results by this method and
      by a silver-stain procedure in a study comparing oligoclonal banding in CSF from
      multiple sclerosis and control patients. After 40-fold concentration of 2 mL of
      CSF, 2 mg of immunoglobulin G per liter can be detected, because the analytical
      sensitivity of the electrophoresis is 80 mg/L.

PMID- 2412730
TI  - Estimation of highly increased concentrations of fetal hemoglobin in Fanconi's
      anemia.
AB  - We report a case of Fanconi's anemia with an extremely high proportion of fetal
      hemoglobin (Hb F). A three-year-old girl with multiple birth defects, mental
      retardation, and aplastic anemia consistent with Fanconi's anemia showed Hb AF by
      electrophoresis; the Kleihauer smear showed Hb F in 70% of her erythrocytes.
      Total Hb concentration was 34 g/L, mean corpuscular volume 119 fL. The proportion
      of Hb F was 45% by densitometry, 36% by radial immunodiffusion, and 30% by cation
      exchange microchromatography. The Hb A2 was 0.5%; glycated Hb was 7.8% by
      affinity chromatography. Sample volume was insufficient for alkali denaturation.
      As exemplified with this patient, we recommend microchromatographic cation
      exchange assay when Hb F exceeds 30% by densitometry. Here the effect of
      contamination by Hb A1 was lessened by the high proportion of Hb F. Cation
      exchange microchromatography provides clinically relevant Hb F values more
      quickly than radial immunodiffusion and more conveniently than alkali
      denaturation.

PMID- 2412731
TI  - University of Virginia case conference. Macroamylase, macro creatine kinase, and
      other macroenzymes.
AB  - The importance of macroenzymes has become increasingly apparent in recent years
      (1,2). Macroamylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and macro CK (EC 2.7.3.2) are the macroenzymes
      most commonly noted in the clinical laboratory, and they are frequently
      responsible for diagnostic confusion. Several methods are available for the
      confirmation and analysis of macroenzymes, many of which require expensive
      equipment or complicated techniques. In this report we summarize two cases of
      macro creatine kinase and two cases of macroamylase that illustrate the clinical
      importance of recognizing these macroenzymes. We review the features of these
      macroenzymes, discuss their laboratory evaluation, and describe a simple method
      that we have used to detect the macroenzymes in these (and other) patients at our
      institution. Finally, we review the literature on other, less commonly observed
      macroenzymes in human blood. We stress (a) the impact of methodology on clinical
      impressions and (b) the importance of discussing laboratory observations with the
      patient's physician and communicating them to the patient's medical record in
      writing.

PMID- 2412732
TI  - Accuracy and precipitation efficiency of improved precipitation methods for
      quantifying high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol.

PMID- 2412733
TI  - Adrenergic secretory responses of submandibular tissues from control subjects and
      cystic fibrosis patients.
AB  - Adrenergic secretory responses of submandibular glands from control subjects and
      cystic fibrosis patients have been studied in vitro. In control tissues,
      isoproterenol (10 mumol/l) and noradrenaline (10 mumol/l) increased release of
      mucins and amylase to a similar extent (approximately 3-fold) and their actions
      were mediated by stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors. In cystic fibrosis
      tissues, isoproterenol did not significantly increase release of mucins or
      amylase above the basal rate during 40 min incubation, whereas secretion in
      response to noradrenaline was not significantly different from that in control
      tissues. In the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, secretion of mucins
      and amylase in response to isoproterenol (10 mumol/l) in cystic fibrosis tissues
      was increased to the same level as that of noradrenaline (10 mumol/l); giving the
      same pattern of adrenergic responses in cystic fibrosis tissues as in control.
      The results suggest that overactivity of phosphodiesterase in cystic fibrosis
      cells might be the cause of the observed decreased secretion in response to a
      beta-adrenergic agonist.

PMID- 2412734
TI  - Altered isoelectric focusing of alpha 2-macroglobulin from plasma of patients
      with diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Plasma from both type I and type II patients with diabetes mellitus displayed
      elevated alpha 2-macroglobulin trypsin-binding activity relative to normals.
      Column isoelectric focusing indicated that the average isoelectric point (pI) of
      the major form of crude alpha 2-macroglobulin was 6.6, 5.9, and 6.2 for normal,
      type I and type II subjects, respectively. Focused crude diabetic alpha 2
      macroglobulin displayed significantly less recovered trypsin-binding activity
      relative to controls, particularly above a pI value of 6.0. Following
      preincubation with trypsin, the crude diabetic alpha 2-macroglobulin displayed a
      single isoelectric form (pI value of 5.3-5.5) and a substantial increase in
      recovered activity which were both comparable to normal alpha 2-macroglobulin.
      Purified alpha 2-macroglobulin from both normal and diabetic subjects displayed
      similar focusing profiles having a distribution of three forms with a pI value of
      5.3-5.4 for the principal form. Trypsin-preincubated samples of purified alpha 2
      macroglobulin displayed a single form with a pI value of 5.5-6.0. Preincubation
      of purified normal or diabetic alpha 2-macroglobulin with a plasma preparation
      devoid of alpha 2-macroglobulin from normal or diabetic plasma resulted in
      significantly lowered recovery of activity. All of the above studies suggest that
      the altered focusing properties observed for crude diabetic alpha 2-macroglobulin
      are due to components of the plasma rather than to alpha 2-macroglobulin itself.

PMID- 2412735
TI  - Immunoreactivities of human isoferritins.
AB  - We have examined the immunoreactivities of antisera prepared against ferritins
      from human liver and HeLa cells to tissue ferritins and to individual
      isoferritins. In a radioimmune assay for HeLa ferritin the cross-reactivity of
      liver ferritin was about 2.5%. However, the apparent recovery of liver ferritin
      in the presence of different levels of HeLa ferritin was very much greater than
      that predicted from the measured cross-reactivity. This anomalous behaviour was
      eliminated by absorption of the HeLa antiserum with L-rich ferritins, suggesting
      that it represented interaction with common determinants in H and L subunits. The
      relative levels of H and L determinants measured by radioimmunoassay in
      individual isoferritins correlated with their relative contents of H and L
      subunits. However, in some parts of the isoferritin spectrum, the
      radioimmunoassay underestimated the H subunit content of L-rich isoferritins and
      overestimated the H subunit content of L-rich isoferritins and overestimated the
      H subunit content of H-rich isoferritins. This finding suggests differential
      expression of determinants in the various heteropolymers. These could arise from
      conformational changes leading to exposure or internalization of different
      determinants, or to recognition of determinants from certain subunit
      interactions.

PMID- 2412736
TI  - Immunological study of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA)--demonstration of keratin
      like sites and blood group antigen-like sites on TPA molecules.
AB  - We examined the immunological cross-reactivity between tissue polypeptide antigen
      (TPA) and keratin protein because of the reported sequence homology between these
      two proteins. TPA showed positive immuno-reactivity against both polyclonal and
      monoclonal antibodies for keratin. The binding of [125I]TPA with anti-keratin
      could be displaced dose-dependently by unlabeled keratin. However, no cross
      reaction between keratin and anti-TPA was found. TPA also showed the positive
      immuno-reactivity with antibodies for blood group antigens (A, B and Lewis
      substances), but keratin did not. A standard solution of Lewis substance reacted
      with neither anti-TPA nor with anti-keratin. These data strongly suggest that TPA
      has an immunological similarity with both keratin protein and blood group
      antigens. When [125I]TPA and [125I]keratin were gel-filtered on a Sephadex G-200
      column, the radioactivities of TPA and keratin were found mainly in the void
      volume fraction (MW greater than 200 000) and the MW of approximately 60 000,
      respectively. Chromatography on Sepharose 6B suggested that the MW of [125I]TPA
      was 320 000. When sera of cancer patients were gel-filtered on a Sephadex G-200
      column, TPA activity was distributed mainly in the void volume fraction in all
      tested cases. This experiment suggests that TPA may be a glycoprotein (MW is 320
      000) with both keratin-like and blood group antigen-like determinants.

PMID- 2412737
TI  - The nature of the natural killer (NK) cell of human intestinal mucosa and
      mesenteric lymph node.
AB  - The relationship of the mononuclear cell (MNC) from human intestinal mucosa and
      mesenteric lymph node mediating anti-K-562 activity with that of peripheral blood
      has been assessed. Depletion of macrophages did not alter the measured
      cytotoxicity confirming that the effector cells were lymphocytes. Complement
      lysis of Leu 7 and Leu 11b coated cells reduced intestinal natural killer (NK)
      activity by a similar degree to that of peripheral blood but mesenteric lymph
      node NK activity was affected to a lesser extent. The response in NK activity of
      mucosal and nodal MNC to short incubation with lymphoblastoid interferon was
      similar to that for peripheral blood MNC. Twenty-four hours incubation of MNC
      with low concentrations of purified interleukin-2 (IL-2) consistently augmented
      intestinal and nodal NK activity but failed to augment that of peripheral blood
      MNC. No differences between the inhibitory effects of cAMP and prostaglandin E2
      on NK activity from the three sites were seen. In addition, inhibition of cyclo
      oxygenase activity with indomethacin had no effect on NK activity of intestinal
      and peripheral blood MNC while the lipoxygenase inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic
      acid, suppressed intestinal and peripheral blood NK activity similarly. In
      conclusion, anti-K-562 activity by intestinal MNC is mediated by NK cells with
      similar phenotypic and functional properties to those of peripheral blood.
      However, the increased sensitivity of mucosal NK cells to IL-2 suggests that
      higher proportions of NK cell precursors may be present in intestinal MNC
      populations.

PMID- 2412738
TI  - The role of a human antigen specific T8+ cell subset in antigen presentation,
      helper function and contrasuppression.
AB  - Regulation of the human immune response was studied by sequential separation of
      subsets of T cells, followed by assessment of their helper and suppressor
      functions in a series of reconstitution experiments. T8+ lymphocytes were
      separated by panning on streptococcal antigen (SA) coated plates into T8+ SA
      adherent cells (T8+SA+) and T8+ SA-non-adherent cells (T8+SA-). The helper and
      suppressor functions of the T8+SA+ and T8+SA- cells, reconstituted with T4+
      helper cells were then studied by a direct antibody forming cell assay. T4+ cells
      will not induce helper activity by 1000 ng SA alone but require the accessory
      function of monocytes (Mo). However, replacing Mo by T8+SA+ cells will elicit a
      similar helper activity by T4+ cells and SA as that induced by Mo. In addition to
      the antigen-specific presentation and induction of helper activity, the T8+SA+
      subset displays the properties of antigen-specific contrasuppressor cells. Thus,
      reconstitution of T4+ cells and T8+SA- (suppressor cells) with T8+SA+ and 1000 ng
      SA induces helper and no suppressor activity. Substitution of Mo for the T8+SA+
      cells converts the helper to a predominantly suppressor-cell function. T8+SA-
      cells elicit suppression with 1 ng SA in the absence of accessory cells and
      reconstitution with Mo, T8+SA+ or T4+ cells failed to affect the suppressor
      activity. Total reconstitution of the four principle subsets of T4+, T8+SA+,
      T8+SA- cells and Mo elicited similar antigen dose-dependent responses as those of
      the unseparated mononuclear cells. It seems that all four cell subsets are
      required for optimal immunoregulation. We suggest that the T8+SA+ can present
      antigen to T4+ helper cells and induce helper activity, but in addition these
      cells can prevent the suppressor subset of T8+ cells from inhibiting T4+ helper
      cells and function as contrasuppressor cells. The mechanism of these functions is
      not known but HLA class II antigens might play an essential role in antigen
      binding, presentation and contrasuppression of the T8+SA+ cells, as the latter
      are significantly enriched in Ia+ cells.

PMID- 2412739
TI  - Interspecies cross-reactive determinants of thyroglobulin recognized by
      autoantibodies.
AB  - In this study, we have attempted to characterize the epitopes of thyroglobulin
      (Tg) recognized by autoantibodies. Anti-autologous Tg from the serum reacted with
      other Tg from whales, pigs, cows, chickens and rats as well as with human Tg,
      thereby indicating that human Tg share epitopes recognized by autoantibodies with
      Tg from various animal species.

PMID- 2412740
TI  - Monoclonal anti-poly(rA) hybridoma antibodies from an autoimmune MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr
      mouse.
AB  - Three B cell hybridomas were produced by the fusion of spleen cells from a 5
      month old MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mouse with the myeloma cell line, NS-1. By competitive
      inhibition, all three monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) were specific for poly(rA) and
      were inhibited to a lesser extent by dDNA, nDNA, poly(rI) and poly(rC). Moreover,
      the three MoAb were not inhibited by mononucleosides and the nucleotide, ATP.
      Competitive inhibition, using poly(rA) of defined lengths, showed that the
      recognition site among the MoAb varied, one demonstrating binding of poly(rA) as
      small as two bases in length. This study suggests that the spontaneous autoimmune
      repertoire to poly(rA) is restricted as compared to other monoclonal
      autoantibodies to nucleic acids, but contains within itself microheterogeneity.

PMID- 2412741
TI  - The role of metabolism in the immunogenicity of drugs: production of antibodies
      to a horseradish peroxidase generated conjugate paracetamol.
AB  - The allergic response to small chemically inert molecules in thought to require
      their enzymatic conversion to reactive metabolites which are then endowed with
      the capacity to bind covalently to host proteins and produce immunogenic hapten
      carrier conjugates. In contrast to previous studies in which hapten-carrier
      conjugates have been generated following chemical modification of drugs we have
      examined the immunogenicity of paracetamol following direct conjugation to
      carrier proteins with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Highly substituted conjugates
      of paracetamol with keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) or bovine serum albumin
      (BSA) were generated using HRP. The KLH conjugate was used to immunize Balb/C
      mice. IgM and IgG (predominantly IgG1) responses were observed and shown by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to be hapten-specific. Manipulations of
      HRP levels permitted substitution of KLH to varying extents with paracetamol.
      Such conjugates were tested for their ability to induce a hapten-specific immune
      response. It was determined that substitution of 1 mol of KLH with 700 mol of
      paracetamol was sufficient to generate an anti-hapten response. These data
      suggest a mechanism by which protein-non-reactive drugs may be rendered
      immunogenic and provide a method for demonstrating the presence of serum
      antibodies reactive with drug metabolites.

PMID- 2412742
TI  - Ability of isoprinosine to restore interleukin-2 production and T cell
      proliferation in autoimmune mice.
AB  - Autoimmune mice bearing the single autosomal recessive gene 1pr are unable to
      produce the T cell growth factor, interleukin-2 (IL-2). A physiological
      consequence of this defect is the inability of T cells from C57B1/6J-lpr/lpr mice
      to respond to antigen presented by macrophages. In an attempt to reverse these
      abnormalities, we administered the inosine containing drug isoprinosine.
      Injection of isoprinosine after antigen immunization restored both antigen
      presentation and IL-2 production.

PMID- 2412743
TI  - Studies on the immunoregulation of thyroid autoantibody production in vitro.
AB  - The spontaneous production (without mitogen or antigen) of antithyroglobulin and
      antimicrosomal antibodies by peripheral (PBL) and thyroid-derived lymphocytes
      from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) has been studied with particular
      emphasis on the regulation of this phenomenon. Based on studies of DNA and
      protein synthesis, kinetic studies and B/T reconstitution experiments, in most HT
      patients, spontaneous production by PBL is accounted for by secretion of
      preformed antithyroglobulin (termed Type 1 patients), whereas active production
      is observed in a small minority (termed Type 2). In none of 24 HT patients could
      active antimicrosomal antibody production by PBL be detected. Conversely, thyroid
      derived lymphocytes produced both autoantibodies by an active process. Pokeweed
      mitogen (PWM) stimulation enhanced antibody production by PBL in the Type 1 group
      but not in Type 2 or thyroid-derived lymphocytes. T lymphocytes were required for
      antibody synthesis in both thyroid antigen-driven and peripheral PWM-driven
      cultures. By separating T lymphocytes into T4+ (helper) and T8+ (suppressor)
      subsets with monoclonal antibodies, T-cell modulation of autoantibody production
      in both systems was studied. In a PWM-induced system, both thyroid and peripheral
      T-cell subsets were capable of modulating peripheral antibody production. In the
      thyroid lymphocyte antigen-specific system, further addition of thyroid derived
      T8+ cells alone caused partial suppression of antibody production but not with
      peripheral T8+ cells. Of interest was the partial decrease of antibody production
      by the thyroid lymphocytes by added peripheral T4+ cells. The fact that the
      production of thyroid autoantibodies by thyroid-derived mononuclear cells (which
      included T suppressor, T helper and B lymphocytes) could be reduced by the
      addition of more suppressor T lymphocytes suggests that an antigen-specific
      defect in the T4+/T8+ thyroid cell balance may account for the in vivo production
      of these antibodies in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

PMID- 2412744
TI  - Common epitopes between mycobacterial and certain host tissue antigens.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) produced against a sonicated antigen extract of
      Mycobacterium bovis were examined for their ability to bind to 10 common tissue
      antigens. The binding patterns of MoAb MB2, MB3, MB7, MB11 and MB13 indicated
      that each recognized different epitopes. MoAb MB5 and MB17 failed to bind to any
      of the tissue antigens. MB3 reacted strongly with normal tissue from M. bovis
      infected guinea pigs and ferrets but there was no reaction with MB5 and MB17.
      These specificities were confirmed by reciprocal absorption experiments. It is
      concluded that Mycobacterium species contain epitopes that are also present in
      host tissue antigens.

PMID- 2412745
TI  - Human and mouse sera recognize the same polypeptide associated with immunological
      resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi infection.
AB  - Effective immunological resistance to challenge with trypomastigotes of
      Trypanosoma cruzi has been linked to antibodies which are specific for
      determinants on live, but not fixed, trypomastigotes. In man and mouse, these
      antibodies can be detected specifically by viable immunofluorescence (VIF) and
      complement mediated lysis (CML) assays. VIF/CML positive sera from chagasic
      patients or experimentally infected mice recognize the same trypomastigote
      specific surface polypeptides of apparent Mr 70-160 kDa. VIF/CML negative
      chagasic sera fail to react with polypeptides of Mr 120, 145 and 160 kDa, whereas
      negative mouse sera lack antibodies to the 160 kDa component alone. Taken
      together, these clinical and experimental data suggest that the 160 kDa
      polypeptide should be tested for its potential in immunoprophylaxis.

PMID- 2412746
TI  - Simultaneous induction of rheumatoid factor- and antigen-specific antibody
      secreting cells during the secondary immune response in man.
AB  - The production of anti-tetanus toxoid antibody and rheumatoid factor (RF) by
      individual peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was studied at various times
      after booster immunization of healthy volunteers with tetanus toxoid (TT). TT
      specific antibody-secreting cells and RF-secreting cells were assayed by the
      enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. Cells obtained 5-9 days after
      immunization were found to spontaneously secrete TT-specific antibodies. This
      response was specific for the immunogen, was abrogated by cycloheximide and
      accounted for most of the immunoglobulins produced. TT-specific antibody
      secreting cells were found concomitantly with cells secreting RF, mainly of the
      IgM isotype. Elevated levels of circulating immune complexes (CIC) containing IgG
      and C3 were observed shortly before the appearance of both TT-specific antibody
      secreting cells and IgM RF-secreting cells. Thus, after booster immunization with
      TT, two major subpopulations of immunoglobulin-secreting cells appear
      concomitantly in the peripheral circulation: a population of cells secreting TT
      specific antibody and a population of cells secreting IgM RF. It is suggested
      that RF production in man represents a physiological event which might be
      triggered by IgG-containing immune complexes formed during a secondary immune
      response.

PMID- 2412747
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of murine alpha 1-pregnancy-associated protein
      (alpha 1-PAP) in non-pregnant females: a comparative study with human pregnancy
      associated alpha 2-glycoprotein (alpha 2-PAG).
AB  - A murine pregnancy-associated protein (alpha 1-PAP) was demonstrated by
      immunoperoxidase (PAP) staining within Ia positive cells in gut-associated
      lymphoid tissue and intestinal mucosae of normal female MF1 but not C57BL/10
      mice. These immunohistochemical findings reflect the differences in serum alpha 1
      PAP concentrations between the two strains, being 50-fold higher in the MF1
      females. Staining for alpha 1-PAP was also detected within perivascular and
      periportal hepatocytes of MF1 mice. Using a combined indirect immunoperoxidase
      (PAP)/direct immunofluorescence procedure, cytoplasmic alpha 1-PAP was
      demonstrated in a proportion of plasma cells secreting the IgA isotype. In
      contrast with human pregnancy-associated alpha 2-glycoprotein (alpha 2-PAG) which
      was observed in the majority of IgA plasma cells within the lamina propria of
      human gastrointestinal mucosae, on average only 15% of IgA producers in
      corresponding mouse tissue were positive for alpha 1-PAP. As with the
      localization of alpha 2-PAG, no other classes of Ig-producing cells stained for
      alpha 1-PAP. These observations strengthen recent proposals that alpha 1-PAP is a
      murine analogue of human alpha 2-PAG, a glycoprotein with immunosuppressive
      properties.

PMID- 2412748
TI  - Morphine-induced skin wheals: a possible model for the study of histamine
      release.
AB  - We evaluated the ability of morphine to release histamine when injected
      intradermally in man. Mathematic analysis of the dose-response (wheal)
      relationship suggested that two different effects were involved. The effect of
      low doses of morphine (0.05 to 1 microgram) was clearly antagonized by naloxone
      (0.4 or 1.2 mg im 30 minutes before), whereas the effect of higher doses (5 to 50
      micrograms) was not modified. The median effective doses of morphine (ED50) for
      the low dose range effect were 0.07 +/- 0.01 and 0.08 +/- 0.01 microgram before
      naloxone and 0.14 +/- 0.02 and 0.15 +/- 0.03 microgram after 0.4 and 1.2 mg
      doses, respectively. Astemizole (45 mg po 30 minutes before) and oxatomide (60 mg
      po 120 minutes before) produced similar inhibition of histamine-induced wheals,
      but there were clear differences in their effects on wheals elicited by morphine.
      Morphine ED50 values for the low dose range effect rose from 0.09 +/- 0.01 to
      0.20 +/- 0.01 microgram after astemizole and from 0.08 +/- 0.01 to 0.46 +/- 0.04
      microgram after oxatomide. Opiate receptors may be involved in some of the
      effects produced by morphine injection in the human skin, but morphine-induced
      wheals seem to offer a suitable model for the evaluation of agents capable of
      inhibiting histamine release in man.

PMID- 2412749
TI  - Glucose tolerance and insulin and C-peptide responses after various insulin
      secretory stimuli in hyper- and hypothyroid subjects before and after treatment.
AB  - Immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and C-peptide secretory responses to terbutaline,
      glucagon, glucose and a standardized meal during continuous blood glucose
      monitoring were investigated in hyper- and hypothyroid patients before and after
      treatment. The beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist terbutaline (125 micrograms IV)
      induced prompt IRI and C-peptide responses in hyperthyroid patients. On the
      contrary, in the hypothyroid, no insulin or C-peptide responses were seen despite
      a slight enhancement of blood glucose concentrations. Thyroxine treatment of
      these patients improved the IRI and C-peptide responses and no blood glucose
      increment was then seen. Glucagon (250 micrograms IV) induced prominent IRI and C
      peptide responses of similar magnitude in hyper- and hypothyroid patients before
      as well as after treatment. Before treatment, the blood glucose increment was
      greater in the hypothyroid patients than in the hyperthyroid but after treatment
      no difference between the 2 groups was seen. After a small load of glucose (6 g
      IV) no apparent difference in glucose tolerance was seen between hyper- and
      hypothyroid patients. However, the hyperthyroid patients had greater IRI and C
      peptide responses to glucose than the hypothyroid but the differences diminished
      after treatment. Before treatment, hypothyroid patients had lower blood glucose
      response to a meal intake than hyperthyroid patients but no differences were seen
      between the 2 patient groups with regard to IRI- and C-peptide responses. After
      treatment, no differences between the 2 groups were seen with regard to blood
      glucose, IRI or C-peptide responses to the meal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2412750
TI  - Comparison of detection of oligoclonal immunoglobulin G bands in cerebrospinal
      fluid specimens by Coomassie blue and silver stains.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from 45 clinically definite MS patients were
      studied for the presence of oligoclonal IgG bands by sodium dodecyl-sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The protein bands were identified
      by Coomassie blue (CB) dye and silver staining. Thirteen patients showed no bands
      in their CSF by the CB method. Nine of these 13 patients showed presence of bands
      by silver staining alone. Thirty-two patients showed more than two bands in their
      CSF by either technique, and 28 of the 32 patients showed from one to five
      additional bands by silver staining compared to Coomassie blue staining. The
      silver staining method was thus more sensitive in identification of oligoclonal
      bands in CSF.

PMID- 2412751
TI  - Current status of cardiac glycoside drug interactions.
AB  - The effects of concomitant drug therapy on the absorption, distribution, and
      elimination of digoxin and digitoxin are reviewed. A number of agents can
      increase or decrease the absorption of digoxin and digitoxin from the
      gastrointestinal tract by altering GI motility, binding the drugs through
      physical adsorption, altering the properties of the intestinal wall, or altering
      the bacterial flora of the intestine. The steady-state serum concentrations of
      digoxin and digitoxin can be affected if the changes in absorption are of
      sufficient magnitude, and adjustments in digoxin or digitoxin dosage may be
      required. A reduction in digoxin and digitoxin protein binding has occurred
      during concomitant administration of heparin and cardiac glycosides. Since
      digitoxin is more highly protein bound than digoxin, interactions that involve
      changes in protein binding are of much greater clinical importance with
      digitoxin. A number of drugs increase or decrease the elimination of digoxin and
      digitoxin, and subtherapeutic or toxic concentrations of the cardiac glycosides
      often result. Drugs that induce hepatic microsomal enzymes can increase the
      elimination of digitoxin, which is eliminated mainly by hepatic
      biotransformation. Digoxin is eliminated mainly by renal excretion; renal
      clearance of digoxin may be increased by vasodilators and thyroid hormones and
      decreased by quinidine, verapamil, amiodarone, and potassium-sparing diuretics.
      The clinical importance of changes in serum concentrations of the cardiac
      glycosides that result from alterations in glycoside elimination requires further
      study, as does the importance of preliminary reports of interactions between
      cardiac glycosides and diazepam, captopril, and combination therapy with
      quinidine-pentobarbital or quinidine-rifampin. Because the cardiac glycosides
      have a narrow therapeutic range, patients receiving concomitant therapy with
      agents that might affect the absorption, distribution, or elimination of the
      cardiac glycosides should be monitored carefully for symptoms of digitalis
      toxicity or undertreatment.

PMID- 2412752
TI  - Arterial blood-pressure change and endogenous circulating substance P in man.
AB  - Substance P (SP) is a powerful vasodilator and this peptide is today considered
      to be a chemical messenger. The potential effects on circulating SP of acute
      changes in arterial blood-pressure was investigated in nine subjects. An increase
      in arterial mean blood-pressure (+33%, P less than 0.001, n = 9) was obtained by
      infusion of angiotensin II and a decrease in pressure (-10%, P less than 0.005, n
      = 6) was obtained by ganglionic blockade. The concentration of SP in plasma, from
      supine subjects in the normotensive condition, ranged from 3 to 13 pmol/l (with a
      mean of 5.6 pmol/l). SP was thus within the reference interval: 3-16 pmol/l
      (n.s.). Plasma SP remained very constant in each subject during the changes in
      blood-pressure (mean variation in plasma concentration of SP was 0.97 (SD)
      pmol/l). The results show that acute changes in arterial blood-pressure do not
      result in any detectable change in plasma SP, this seems to indicate that
      endogenous circulating SP has no significant role in the vascular tonus
      controlled by the arterial baroreflex.

PMID- 2412753
TI  - Biotin-labeled DNA probes for detection of Epstein-Barr virus by in-situ
      cytohybridization.
AB  - Conventional laboratory diagnosis of EBV-related disease is now performed by one
      of three methods: serology, lymphocyte transformation assay, or Epstein-Barr
      nuclear antigen (EBNA) staining of cell preparations. Of these techniques,
      serology is the most widely used. However, this approach assumes an intact host
      immune system, which is absent or impaired in some of the more baffling EBV
      related syndromes. Detection of infectious virus by the lymphocyte transformation
      assay is labor-intensive, requires access to human umbilical cord blood
      lymphocytes, and requires a two-month period of incubation. Although detection of
      EBNA in tissue imprints is rapid, the anticomplement immunofluorescence assay,
      when applied to clinical materials, is subject to misinterpretation and requires
      multiple controls. Because of these difficulties, hybridization analysis of
      clinical materials for presence of EBV with biotinylated DNA probes promises to
      have wide-ranging applicability in the clinical microbiology laboratory. These
      techniques can readily be used in other viral systems and have proved useful for
      detection of human CMV and HSV DNA and RNA. Extension of the techniques to
      detection of specific nonviral nucleic acid sequences is the next frontier,
      limited essentially only by definition of significant target sequences.

PMID- 2412754
TI  - Immunochemical characterization of type IV procollagen from anterior lens
      capsule.
AB  - Basement membrane collagen from bovine anterior lens capsules (ALC) was isolated
      by a non-degradative procedure and characterized. The material was obtained by
      extracting the ALC with 0.5 M acetic acid, passing the extract through a DEAE
      cellulose column, collecting and concentrating the unbound fraction. Amino acid
      and carbohydrate analysis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and rotary
      shadowing electron microscopy showed the purified extract to have the
      characteristics of basement membrane procollagen. Examination by rotary shadowing
      revealed the material to consist of type IV procollagen-like tetramers in various
      degrees of aggregation. When this purified procollagen was injected into rabbits,
      antibody of high titer and specificity was obtained. The competitive ELISA was
      then used to demonstrate lack of reactivity of the antibody with collagen types
      I, II, III and V and fibronectin. The electroimmunoblot technique was used to
      demonstrate lack of reactivity with laminin. Competition with collagenase
      resistant fragments of type IV procollagen representing the carboxyl terminal
      domain (NCI) and the 7-S domain, as well as with a pepsin-resistant alpha 1
      (IV)125K chain was markedly weaker as compared to the native type IV procollagen
      molecule.

PMID- 2412755
TI  - Rhodopsin phosphorylation inhibited by adenosine in frog rods: lack of effects on
      excitation.
AB  - The rod photocurrent was studied by recording the transretinal voltage from the
      aspartate-treated isolated frog retina before and after perfusion with 2 mM
      adenosine, which inhibited 60-80% of the light-induced rhodopsin phosphorylation.
      Adenosine did not affect the time courses of the flash photoresponses or the OFF
      responses after a steady light. The introduction of adenosine while the retina
      was illuminated by a steady background did not enhance the effect of light.
      Instead, the opposite change, due to PDE inhibition, was observed. The results
      indicate that rhodopsin phosphorylation does not determine the time course of the
      decay of excitation.

PMID- 2412756
TI  - The development of medullary bone: a model for osteogenesis.

PMID- 2412757
TI  - Morphological and electrophysiological properties of the electromotoneurones of
      the electric ray Torpedo marmorata in vivo and in in vitro brain slices.
AB  - The morphology of the adult electromotoneurones of the electric ray Torpedo
      marmorata has been investigated by intracellular injection of horseradish
      peroxidase. The results show particularly small dendritic fields, poor dendritic
      branching, and the existence of two distinct types of dendrites. The
      electrophysiological data demonstrate that the electromotoneurones behave
      similarly in vivo and in in vitro brain slices. Observations on spontaneous and
      stimulus-evoked postsynaptic potentials suggest quantal release of transmitter in
      the Torpedo central nervous system.

PMID- 2412758
TI  - A mathematical model to quantitate histamine release from basophils challenged in
      vitro with insect venom.
AB  - Using a two parameter mathematical model, it was possible to describe clinically
      obtained data from histamine release (HR) in vitro as a response to basophils
      challenged by insect venom. The Gompertz function used in this model not only
      reflects the observed HR data but can be used to predict maximal HR values from
      initial lower antigen concentrations HR determinations. The model was used to
      calculate the concentration of venom antigens releasing 25% of total
      intracellular histamine (HR25). This is clinically significant in that while
      knowledge of the HR25, or any other reference fraction, facilitates comparisons
      between allergic patients, it is impossible to empirically administer venom
      antigen concentrations that will produce exactly HR25 in a given clinical
      setting.

PMID- 2412760
TI  - The heat shock response.
AB  - The response of cells to a heat shock or other stresses is the activation of a
      small number of genes which were previously inactive or transcribed at low
      levels. This response has been observed in a wide variety of bacterial, plant,
      and animal species. Evidence is accumulating that at least some of the proteins
      found in diverse species are similar, indicating a conservation of the response
      and the proteins in evolution. In a number of organisms a strong positive
      correlation has been found between the presence of heat shock proteins and
      ability of the organism to withstand thermal stress. This review attempts to
      assess the available data concerning the homology of proteins in different
      species, the localization of the proteins in cells, and the relationship between
      heat shock proteins and thermoresistance.

PMID- 2412759
TI  - The biosynthesis of biologically active proteins in mRNA-microinjected Xenopus
      oocytes.
AB  - The basic properties of mRNA-injected Xenopus oocytes as a heterologous system
      for the production of biologically active proteins will be reviewed. The
      advantages and limitations involved in the use of this in ovo system will be
      discussed, as compared with in vitro cell-free translation systems and with in
      vivo microinjected mammalian cells in culture. The different assay systems that
      have been utilized for the identification of the biological properties of oocyte
      produced proteins will be described. This section will review the determination
      of properties such as binding of natural ligands, like heme or alpha
      bungarotoxin; immunological recognition by antibodies; subcellular
      compartmentalization and/or secretion; various enzymatic catalytic activities;
      and induction in ovo of biological activities that affect other living cells in
      culture, such as those of interferon and of the T-cell receptor. The limitations
      involved in interpretation of results obtained using mRNA-injected oocytes will
      be critically reviewed. Special attention will be given to the effect of oocyte
      proteases and of changes in the endogenous translation rate on quantitative
      measurements of oocyte-produced proteins. In addition, the validity of the
      various measurement techniques will be evaluated. The various uses of bioassays
      of proteins produced in mRNA-injected Xenopus oocytes throughout the last decade
      will be reviewed. Nuclear and cytoplasmic injections, mRNA and protein turnover
      measurements and abundance calculations, and the use of in ovo bioassays for
      molecular cloning experiments will be discussed in this section. Finally,
      potential future uses of the oocyte system in various fields of research, such as
      immunology, neurobiology, and cell biology will be suggested.

PMID- 2412762
TI  - Immunological tolerance in BALB/c mice.

PMID- 2412761
TI  - Distribution and localization of regulatory peptides.
AB  - A new group of modulatory substances present in both endocrine cells and central
      and peripheral nerves has been described in the past few years. These substances
      are biochemically recognized as peptides and their actions affect many bodily
      functions. They are now widely known as regulatory peptides. The development of
      new immunocytochemical techniques, closely allied to radioimmunoassay, has
      disclosed that the regulatory peptides are present either in cells or in nerves,
      in almost every tissue of the body. The presence of peptides (the classical
      hormones) in endocrine cells was already known at the beginning of the century,
      but the presence of similar substances in nerve fibers, where they probably act
      as neurotransmitters, is a recent and revolutionary discovery. More than 30
      peptides (neuropeptides) have been found to be present in nerves, to which the
      term "peptidergic" has been applied, although it is now known that in certain
      cases a neuropeptide can be present in the same nerves as a classical
      neurotransmitter, for example acetylcholine with VIP, or noradrenaline with NPY.
      Little is known about the physiological role of these neuropeptides. It is not
      yet fully accepted that they act as neurotransmitters although there is strong
      evidence for this, particularly in the case of substance P and VIP. The
      investigation of the regulatory peptides is now in an initial phase. The
      involvement of new disciplines, such as molecular biology, in this field is
      producing new and very exciting discoveries, including the isolation of novel
      peptides and precursors, the study of which will further contribute to the
      understanding of the basic control mechanisms.

PMID- 2412763
TI  - Differences in the peritoneal response to pristane in BALB/cAnPt and BALB/cJ
      mice.

PMID- 2412764
TI  - Studies into the raf and Rif genes in the mouse.

PMID- 2412765
TI  - Genetic analysis of alphafetoprotein levels in BALB/c sublines.

PMID- 2412766
TI  - Alterations in the time of X chromosome replication induced by 5-azacytidine in a
      patient with 48,XXXY/47,XXY.
AB  - It has recently been shown that 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) can induce altered
      replication patterns of the late-replicating X chromosome in normal female cells.
      This has been demonstrated by bromodeoxyuridine labelling of cells late in the S
      phase. In the present study the same method was applied to the lymphocytes of a
      Klinefelter patient (48,XXXY/47,XXY). Significant 5-azaC-induced changes in the
      replication of the entire inactive X chromosome, from late to early, were found
      in the lymphocytes of this patient. These results indicate that hypomethylating
      agents can not only alter the replication of individual bands, but also change
      the gross replication schedule of multiple inactive X chromosomes in the presence
      of a Y chromosome.

PMID- 2412767
TI  - [Sclerotherapy and its late results].

PMID- 2412768
TI  - [Therapeutic possibilities in loco-regional recurrence of cancers of the
      gastrointestinal system].

PMID- 2412769
TI  - [Radiotherapy of the recurrence of tumors of the gastrointestinal system].

PMID- 2412770
TI  - [General guidelines for surgery and pathology of the Japanese Research Society
      for Gastric Cancer].

PMID- 2412771
TI  - Microcomputer programs for prediction and comparative evaluation of protein
      secondary structure from nucleotide sequence data: application to ribulose-1,5
      bisphosphate carboxylase sequences.
AB  - Apple II PASCAL computer programs are described for routine evaluation of protein
      secondary structures predicted from DNA or amino acid sequence data. The programs
      predict protein secondary structure using the directional information algorithm
      of Garnier et al. (1978), and calculate hydrophobicity (Kyte and Doolittle,
      1982), hydrophilicity (Hopp and Woods, 1981), hydrophobic moment (Eisenberg et
      al., 1984b), and secondary structure propensity profiles. The novel feature of
      these programs is the application of numeric and graphic methods, designed to
      facilitate detection and characterization of structural similarities/divergences
      using the aforementioned structural parameters. The use of the programs is
      demonstrated on a set of sequences from the large and small subunits of ribulose
      1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase.

PMID- 2412772
TI  - [Regulation of the catalytic activity of enzymes incorporated into hydrated
      reversed micelles of a surface-active substance in an organic solvent. A new
      approach to the study of the inhibiting action of water-insoluble compounds].

PMID- 2412773
TI  - [Transcription of globin genes in native and reconstituted chromatin of erythroid
      cells].

PMID- 2412774
TI  - [Effect of space flight on the RNA-synthesizing apparatus of the rat liver in the
      matern-fetal system].

PMID- 2412775
TI  - [Action of the memory stimulant etimizol on brain chromatin].

PMID- 2412776
TI  - [Extracellular proteinase inhibitor of peptide nature in Streptomyces bikiniensis
      17-5].

PMID- 2412777
TI  - [Prognostic value of Lown's classification of ventricular arrhythmias].

PMID- 2412778
TI  - [The effect of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane in the suckling rat].

PMID- 2412779
TI  - [Experiences with hormonal estrus synchronization in sheep in practical herd
      management].

PMID- 2412781
TI  - The combined actions of saliva, human amylase and antibiotics on Streptococcus
      pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae.

PMID- 2412782
TI  - Prostate-specific acid phosphatase in Nigerian patients with prostate carcinoma.

PMID- 2412783
TI  - [Carcinogenic action of 5-methoxytryptamine related to its transformation into 5
      methoxyindolyl-3-acetic acid].
AB  - A considerable blastomogenic effect of metabolite serotonin 5-methoxytryptamine
      (5-MOT) subcutaneously administered for a long time to C57BL/6 mice was
      established. This effect was decreased noticeably if the further metabolism of 5
      MOT into 5-methoxyindolyl-3-acetic acid (5-MIAA) was blocked by pyrazidol. These
      results explain the fact that the blastomogenic effect of 5-MOT is not direct but
      is caused by the transformation of 5-MOT into its final carcinogenic metabolite 5
      MIAA.

PMID- 2412784
TI  - The use of neurometrics in the study of patients with cerebral ischaemia.
AB  - The 'neurometric' method, as developed by John, was used for the study of
      patients with one-sided supratentorial ischaemia. The results of a reference
      group of 64 normal volunteers were compared with those of a group of 94 patients.
      This patient group included 54 patients with permanent neurological deficit
      (completed stroke or partial non-progressive stroke) and 40 patients with
      transient neurological symptoms (reversible ischaemic neurological deficit or
      transient ischaemic attacks). In 90% of all patients the neurometric method
      indicated that the EEG had to be considered as abnormal (compared with 3% of
      false positives in the reference group). A significant overall asymmetry was
      found in 82% of all patients compared with 2% in the reference group. During the
      follow-up period of 3 months there was a significant improvement of the EEG (as
      indicated by 3 neurometric parameters) as well as an improvement in clinical
      condition. In 57.5% of the EEGs, both the neurometric score and the visual
      assessment of the EEG indicated that some abnormality was present. In 6.6% of the
      cases both methods failed to indicate any abnormality. In 34.0% the neurometrics
      method revealed an abnormality in the EEG which was not found by visual
      assessment. In only 1.9% of the patients did visual assessment suggest
      abnormalities which could not be confirmed by neurometrics. In the group of EEGs
      which were considered as normal by visual assessment, the neurometrics method
      revealed abnormalities in 84%. The neurometric method is at the moment the most
      sensitive approach for detecting abnormalities in the EEG of patients with
      unilateral cerebral ischaemia. However, the method seems not very accurate for
      lateralization or localization of the lesions.

PMID- 2412785
TI  - Electroencephalographic findings in neuroacanthocytosis.
AB  - This study reports the electroencephalographic findings in two siblings with
      neuroacanthocytosis. Slowing of the background activity with diffuse slow waves
      was the main finding in the daytime EEG. All-night polysomnographic recordings
      were characterized by high voltage slow activity during drowsy state and REM
      sleep. One patient with an average of 40 episodes of apnea per night of sleep was
      treated with imipramine and showed respiratory improvement.

PMID- 2412786
TI  - On-going EEG in depression: a topographic spectral analytical pilot study.
AB  - Spontaneous EEG activities recorded with 19 electrodes (10-20 system) on the
      scalp were quantified by spectral analytical methods (power and coherence
      spectra) to reveal changes of power and coherence during different conditions
      (eyes closed/relaxed, eyes opened/relaxed, flicker stimulation, reading,
      listening to a story). Control subjects and depressive patients were compared.
      Power as well as coherence changes were found in all frequency bands. Changes in
      the organization of the EEG were found in different areas of both hemispheres.
      The EEG organization was different in control subjects and depressive patients,
      indicating different levels of vigilance and/or different cognitive strategies in
      verbal tasks in the two groups.

PMID- 2412787
TI  - Infant VEP acuity measurements: analysis of individual differences and
      measurement error.
AB  - The reliability of visual evoked potential (VEP) measurements of acuity was
      determined by estimating acuity for sinewave luminance gratings which were
      counterphase modulated at either 12 or 20 reversals/sec (rps). Gratings were
      swept in spatial frequency beyond the acuity limit and acuity was estimated from
      an extrapolation based on the last peak in the VEP amplitude versus spatial
      frequency function. Twenty-five infants ranging in age from 17 to 25 weeks were
      studied. Individual 10 sec sweeps resulted in records with a criterion response
      in 65-75% of trials. The reliability of acuities obtained from individual 10 sec
      sweeps was +/- 0.54 octaves at 95% confidence across 12 and 20 rps recording
      conditions (RMS error of +/- 0.27 octaves). The best acuity attained by each
      infant on either a single sweep, or on their vector average, was reliable to +/-
      0.38 octaves at 95% confidence (RMS error of +/- 0.19 octaves) compared to a
      range of individual acuities of about 2 octaves. Much of the variability of sweep
      VEP acuity in cross-sectional samples of infants is therefore attributable to
      reliable individual differences rather than to measurement error. In testing
      individual infants our analysis indicates that choice of temporal frequency
      accounts for only 14% of the variation in acuity estimates within subjects.

PMID- 2412788
TI  - Isokinetic measurements of muscle strength in hysterical paresis.
AB  - The torque during isokinetic knee extensions and flexions was determined in
      repeated tests at 3 speeds of angular rotation in 25 patients with pareses
      considered to be hysterical after relevant examinations and follow-up. The torque
      records were combined with surface EMG from the quadriceps and the hamstring
      muscles in some patients. Besides the weakness, 3 signs were observed that are
      not usually seen in patients with pareses due to verified peripheral or central
      lesions. These signs were: Enlarged variability of torque in repeated tests of
      the same movement (larger than 20% of maximum torque in 22 patients). Higher
      torque in fast movements than in slow movements (8 patients). Force production in
      knee flexion less than that expected from the weight of leg and lever arm due to
      restraining activation of the quadriceps muscle (12 patients). The restraint was
      present although there was no spasticity. The signs reflect inconsistent and
      contradictory motor performance that is not compatible with a genuine paresis.
      Thus, they aid the identification of weakness of functional origin.

PMID- 2412789
TI  - Recall deficits produced by afterdischarges in the human hippocampal formation
      and amygdala.
AB  - The human amygdala, hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus were stimulated in 3
      epileptic patients with low-level electrical current during a paired associates
      learning task. Delayed recall of the response-words was severely impaired if, and
      only if, a unilateral afterdischarge was evoked. Stimulation at the same strength
      produced no deficit in immediate recall, nor in mental arithmetic, even when
      auras and afterdischarges were evoked. These data support the association of
      amnesia with medial temporal lobe paroxysms during complex partial seizures.

PMID- 2412790
TI  - Photic driving evoked by hemifield flickering dot pattern stimulation in a
      patient with brain tumor.
AB  - We have described photic driving evoked by hemifield 5/sec flickering dot pattern
      stimulation in a patient suffering from a metastatic tumor in the left parietal
      lobe. Based on an analysis of the photic driving in this particular patient, the
      left upper lip of the visual cortex is presumed to be the most sensitive to 5/sec
      flickering dot pattern stimulation. It is suggested that such an examination
      might be useful for determining local functional disturbance in the visual
      cortex.

PMID- 2412791
TI  - Stance and gait perturbations in children: developmental aspects of compensatory
      mechanisms.
AB  - The leg muscle EMG responses following perturbations during stance and gait were
      analysed in children between 1 and 8 years of age in order to study the
      development of those reflex systems responsible for the compensatory movements
      necessary to maintain body equilibrium. Single monosynaptic reflex potentials
      followed by a long-lasting (about 500 msec) polysynaptic gastrocnemius EMG
      response, along with coactivation of all antagonistic leg muscles, were
      characteristic of the EMG reactions following a treadmill acceleration impulse in
      early infancy. From 4 years of age on, the monosynaptic reflex potentials
      disappeared when perturbations were induced during gait. In addition, the
      polysynaptic reflex response became shorter (about 100 msec) and a reciprocal
      mode of leg muscle activation occurred, with a consequently more rapid and
      effective compensation of perturbation impulses. In older children with a
      disorder of the motor system acquired at an early age, a partial persistence of
      the immature motor responses could be observed, irrespective of whether the
      impairment was a cerebral lesion or a muscular dystrophy. It is concluded that
      the coactivation pattern is due to the immaturity of those nervous structures
      mediating afferent information necessary for the control of bipedal stance and
      gait. Furthermore, the existence of mutual inhibition of monosynaptic and
      polysynaptic spinal reflex responses, dependent on the function of supraspinal
      motor centres, can be assumed.

PMID- 2412792
TI  - Evoked potentials from passive elbow movements. I. Quantitative spatial and
      temporal analysis.
AB  - Evoked potentials following perturbations of the forearm were recorded
      monopolarly at 8 scalp sites. Successive 10 msec bins of individual EPs were
      compared across subjects to determine intervals of consistent potential change.
      From this analysis it was possible to objectively sort subjects into two
      subpopulations with different common wave forms. Spatial vectors (potential
      gradient between two adjacent leads) were computed as well as Laplacian
      derivatives, to identify electrodes closest to source activity. Subsequently,
      temporal derivatives of the vectors were computed to define the timing of
      statistically significant response phases. To more precisely localize the largest
      potential gradients, component vectors (or their derivatives) in the Laplacians
      were resolved algebraically on a scaled representation of the scalp. Convergence
      of these resultant vectors from adjacent areas, identified zones of significant
      potential change which corresponded to known somatosensory areas. The two
      subpopulations had initial responses of similar topography localized to the
      central sulcal region. Subsequently, for one group the area of activated cortex
      expanded to include posterior parietal and more frontal areas. Prestimulus
      negative potential shifts had different distributions for the two groups and are
      described in relation to the poststimulus differences.

PMID- 2412793
TI  - Changes in wakefulness during exposure to whole body vibration.
AB  - Thirty subjects were exposed to low frequency sinusoidal and random whole body
      vibration in the vertical direction, 0.3 m/sec2 (rms). Changes in wakefulness
      during 15 min vibration were compared to changes occurring during corresponding
      pauses without exposure. Measurements were made on EEG and ECG. Exposure to whole
      body vibration was found to be correlated with reduction in wakefulness. This
      effect, verified by an increase of theta and decrease of alpha activity, was
      greater during sinusoidal than random vibration.

PMID- 2412794
TI  - Effects of caudate nucleus on paroxysmal activity in hippocampus of cat.
AB  - Electrically induced afterdischarges (ADs) were evoked in cat's dorsal
      hippocampus. The effect of the conditioning prestimulation of the caudate head on
      AD duration was tested. A strong inhibitory action was observed when conditioning
      caudate stimulation immediately preceded hippocampal test stimulation. An
      increase in threshold values following caudate stimulation was also noted. The
      time course of the inhibitory phenomenon showed a decrease of the caudate
      conditioning effect when the interval between the two stimuli increased: complete
      disappearance of such effect was found to occur at about 600 msec. When caudate
      head stimulation followed the onset of hippocampal AD, this was inhibited only
      during caudate stimulation while presenting facilitation after caudate
      stimulation terminated. The results are discussed in terms of a possible
      explanation of the contrasting action of the pallidum, while previous findings
      attesting the facilitatory role of these structures are considered, as are the
      effects of caudate stimulation on hippocampal AD.

PMID- 2412795
TI  - Spontaneous secondarily generalized seizures induced by a single microinjection
      of kainic acid into unilateral amygdala in cats.
AB  - Electrographic and clinical observations were made for 6 months after the
      injection of kainic acid (KA) solution (1 microgram in 1 microliter of phosphate
      buffer solution) through a chronically implanted cannula into a unilateral
      amygdala of freely moving and non-anesthetized cats. The control group (phosphate
      buffer group) showed no change during the observation period. After the injection
      of kainic acid, focal status epilepticus in the limbic system was observed for 3
      days. Cats recovered clinically but persistent IIDs were observed at the injected
      site of the amygdala. These IIDs increased in amplitude and frequency and began
      to trigger spontaneous amygdaloid seizures. Secondary epileptogenic foci were
      then established in the contralateral amygdala, and amygdaloid seizures began to
      occur alternatively on both sides and finally trigger frequent limbic seizures
      from 20 to 40 days after KA injection. Spontaneous secondarily generalized
      seizures developed about 30 days after KA injection and occurred once or twice a
      week thereafter. The animals were completely normal in their behavior during the
      interictal phase. This is an excellent model of experimental epilepsy for the
      investigation of the mechanism of limbic seizure development and further study
      using this model will provide informations useful for the therapy of temporal
      lobe epilepsy in man.

PMID- 2412780
TI  - Nifedipine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and
      therapeutic efficacy, in ischaemic heart disease, hypertension and related
      cardiovascular disorders.

PMID- 2412796
TI  - Surface auditory evoked potentials in the unrestrained rat: component definition.
AB  - Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) to click and pure tone stimuli were recorded in
      unrestrained, unanesthetized rats. The middle latency rat AEPs (N17, P23, N38)
      had midline scalp distributions similar to human MAEPs and were recorded to
      within 15 dB above BAEP threshold. In contrast to human MAEPs, rat MAEPs were
      decreased in amplitude at high stimulation rates and only the N17 component was
      unaltered by slow wave sleep. The longer latency N50, N80 and P130 components had
      several response properties comparable to human N100-P200 vertex potentials.
      These included restricted midline fronto-central scalp distributions, progressive
      increases in amplitude at ISIs up to 4-8 sec and marked attenuation during slow
      wave sleep. The frequency sensitivity of the rat AEP revealed a decreased
      response to pure tones below 4 kHz but robust responses for stimuli up to at
      least 45 kHz. There was a notch in the rat audiogram with decremented component
      amplitudes to pure tone stimuli centered at 35 kHz. When equated for intensity,
      click and pure tone stimuli in the range of the rats maximal audiometric
      sensitivity (8-20 kHz) generated comparable AEP components. These results provide
      normative data on rat surface recorded AEPs. It is suggested that these surface
      recorded rat AEPs are generated by subcortical neural systems involved in the
      detection of auditory transients.

PMID- 2412798
TI  - The assessment of two methods for removing eye movement artefact from the EEG.
AB  - A quantitative assessment of both computerised correlation and analogue
      techniques for the removal of eye movement artefact from the electroencephalogram
      was undertaken. In both methods a fraction of the measured EOGs was subtracted
      from the measured EEG to leave the corrected EEG. In the correlation method the
      correction factors were computed from the cross-correlations of the EOGs and
      measured EEGs. In the analogue method the fraction subtracted was derived using a
      potential divider arrangement. The relative effectiveness of the two methods was
      determined by comparing the autocorrelation functions of the corrected EEGs at a
      lag of 2 sec. It was found that the computerised correlation technique was
      superior. A 3-channel EOG correlation correction procedure was found adequate in
      which two horizontal and one vertical EOGs were used. The analogue technique was
      very time consuming and possibly erroneous.

PMID- 2412797
TI  - Artifacts in ambulatory cassette electroencephalograms.
AB  - Most artifacts in ambulatory electroencephalograms (AEEGs) are similar to those
      seen on conventional electroencephalograms (CEEGs) and can be identified as such.
      Some artifacts may simulate epileptiform or slow wave EEG activity and may occur
      asymmetrically or focally. We have described the use of a dual write-out method
      for identifying and detecting the source of artifacts in AEEGs. This technique
      has improved the quality of AEEGs and facilitated interpretation.

PMID- 2412799
TI  - Automatic decomposition electromyography (ADEMG): validation and normative data
      in brachial biceps.
AB  - We describe a new, automatic method (ADEMG) for decomposing EMG interference
      patterns into their constituent motor unit action potentials (MUAPs), and
      quantitating the configurational and firing properties of the MUAPs. ADEMG is
      fast (90 sec analysis time for a 10 sec EMG epoch) and efficient (33-98% of MUAP
      occurrences correctly identified) because of 4 signal-processing innovations
      designated digital prefiltering, high-resolution wave form alignment, firing-time
      analysis and interference-cancellation averaging. Validation experiments are
      described involving recruitment/derecruitment of low-threshold MUAPs, and single
      fiber-triggered averaging. Normative data are presented for 2000 MUAPs from
      brachial biceps (mean 9.7 MUAPs per site) at 3 levels of isometric contraction
      (7%, 15% and 30% MVC) and contrasted with normal findings obtained using
      traditional, low-threshold MUAP analysis. The main advantages of ADEMG are speed
      of data acquisition and processing in the clinical setting; ability to analyze
      both low- and high-threshold MUAPs during moderately strong muscular
      contractions; and MUAP firing-rate information.

PMID- 2412800
TI  - Stimulation of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in
      spermatogenic cells by their coculture with Sertoli cells.
AB  - Germ cells were isolated from 30-day-old rat testes and purified by a Percoll
      gradient. Germ cells were cultured for 24 h to eliminate contaminant cells by
      utilizing the property of many nongerm cells of attaching to plastic surfaces.
      Germ cells were subsequently seeded on top of 7-day-old Sertoli cell monolayers.
      RNA and DNA synthetic activities were estimated by the rate of incorporation of
      [3H]uridine and [3H] thymidine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material.
      Germ cells increased RNA synthesis from 54,053 +/- 22,824 to 168,019 +/- 57,137
      dpm/2 h X 10(6) cells (mean +/- SD) between 4 and 24 h of coculture, respectively
      (P less than 0.01), while they decreased this activity from 32,150 +/- 6,800 to
      6,014 +/- 5,243 dpm when they were cultured alone for the same periods. Coculture
      of germ cells with either a cell derived from the adult bovine aortic endothelial
      cells (ABAE), or rat fibroblasts in primary culture prevented the fall in RNA
      synthesis but did not stimulate it. Addition of high concentrations of lactate to
      the culture medium did not have any affect in germ cells cultured alone but
      produced a slight stimulation in germ cells cocultured with ABAE cells, which was
      much smaller than the effect observed during coculture with Sertoli cells. Germ
      cells in coculture with Sertoli cells also increased their DNA synthesis from
      2,186 +/- 765 at 4 h to 9,679 +/- 4,057 dpm [3H]thymidine/2 h X 10(6) cells at 24
      h (P less than 0.05). When Sertoli cells were treated with FSH (1 microgram/ml),
      the synthesis of both RNA and DNA of germ cells cocultured with these cells was
      significantly higher than for germ cells cocultured with nontreated Sertoli
      cells. The system of coculture of Sertoli cells and germ cells consisted of the
      reassociation of the two previously isolated cells in a coculture, followed by
      their separation which permitted the effect of the coculture on the individual
      cell type to be assessed. By using this technique is was possible to obtain
      evidence suggesting that a chemical messenger other than lactate might be
      involved in the stimulatory effect of Sertoli cells on germ cells and that FSH
      increased this putative chemical messenger.

PMID- 2412801
TI  - Inhibitory effect of iopanoic acid on the thyrotropin-stimulated release of
      cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine from
      perifused rat thyroids.
AB  - Using a perifusion system, we studied the effect of iopanoic acid, an iodinated
      contrast agent used in oral cholecystography, on the release of cAMP, T3, T4, and
      rT3 from perifused rat thyroid pieces. A 0.1 mg/ml iopanoic acid solution
      significantly inhibited the TSH-stimulated release of cAMP (without iopanoic
      acid, 8175 +/- 373; with iopanoic acid, 5169 +/- 355 fmol/mg thyroid X 3 h, mean
      +/- SE) and T3 (without iopanoic acid, 971 +/- 32; with iopanoic acid, 659 +/- 32
      pg/mg thyroid X 3 h) in the presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. T4 and rT3
      releases were not significantly affected. Inhibition of TSH-stimulated T3 release
      by iopanoic acid was also observed at a concentration of 0.01 mg/ml.
      Propylthiouracil completely abolished the inhibitory effect of iopanoic acid on
      TSH-stimulated cAMP release but not on TSH-stimulated T3 release. TSH-stimulated
      cAMP release was augmented by iodide at a concentration of 1 X 10(-3) M in the
      presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine but suppressed by iodide at a
      concentration of 1 X 10(-5) M. TSH-stimulated T3 release was suppressed slightly
      at both concentrations of iodide. These results suggest that iopanoic acid may
      have an inhibitory effect on the TSH-stimulated cAMP and T3 release from
      perifused rat thyroids. This effect can probably be attributed to the iodide
      contained in the agent and to the inhibited intrathyroidal conversion of T4 to
      T3.

PMID- 2412802
TI  - Effects of substance P and substance P-(6-11) on hormone release from isolated
      perfused pancreas: their opposite actions on rat and canine islets.
AB  - The effects of substance P (SP) and SP-(6-11) (SP6-11) on hormone secretion from
      the isolated perfused pancreas were compared in rats and dogs under the same
      conditions. In the rat, SP inhibited insulin secretion in a dose-dependent manner
      in a concentration range of 0.1-10 nM. Glucagon secretion was inhibited at a
      minimal dose of 10 nM SP. No significant effect on somatostatin secretion was
      obtained. SP6-11 exhibited the identical inhibitory potency as SP on both insulin
      and glucagon release from the rat pancreas. In the canine pancreas, by contrast,
      1 and 10 nM SP and SP6-11, respectively, potentiated the release of insulin,
      glucagon, and somatostatin. Potentiation by SP6-11 was less than that by SP.
      These results demonstrate species differences in the effects of SP and SP6-11 on
      the release of pancreatic hormones.

PMID- 2412803
TI  - Biphasic effects of manganese on hormone-stimulated bone resorption.
AB  - Manganese, at concentrations of greater than 0.3 mM, inhibited PTH-stimulated
      resorption of fetal rat limb bones. At lower concentrations, 0.01 to 0.3 mM,
      manganese stimulated resorption. The bone resorbing effects of manganese were
      additive with those of PTH, prostaglandin E2, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, or
      isobutylmethylxanthine, but were potentiated by ionophore A23187. The stimulatory
      effects of manganese were inhibited by calcitonin but not by indomethacin.
      Manganese appeared to act intracellularly to stimulate resorption, in that the
      enhancing effects were also seen when the manganese was encapsulated in
      liposomes. Both stimulatory and inhibitory manganese concentrations increased
      cAMP in the culture medium. Manganese concentrations that inhibited PTH
      stimulated resorption also inhibited the effect of PTH on medium cAMP. The
      enhancement of PTH-induced resorption by manganese was, however, not accompanied
      by increases in cAMP in the culture medium. This suggests that the PTH-Mn
      interaction is not mediated through the adenylate cyclase system.

PMID- 2412804
TI  - Induction of renin activity by gonadotropic hormones in cultured Leydig tumor
      cells.
AB  - The hormonal regulation of renin activity in cloned and cultured Leydig tumor
      cells (designated MA-10) was examined. The treatment of Leydig cell cultures with
      bovine LH (bLH), hCG, or with (Bu)2cAMP elicited a dose- and time-dependent
      induction of renin activity and a concomitant increase in steroid biosynthesis.
      The optimum concentration of hCG was 25 ng/ml, which caused an average 25-fold
      increase in renin activity compared to the control value. bLH action was optimum
      at 75-100 ng/ml and induced an approximately 35-fold increase in renin activity.
      The maximum inducible level of renin activity was attained after 8-9 h of hormone
      treatments. The addition of progesterone (the major steroid product of the MA-10
      cells) did not induce a significant increase in renin activity. Treatment of MA
      10 cells with epidermal growth factor also failed to produce any increase in
      renin activity. The optimum concentration of (Bu)2cAMP was 800 microM for the
      induction of renin activity and caused an approximately 40-fold increase compared
      to the control value. Renin activity induced by bLH, hCG, or (Bu)2cAMP was
      completely inhibited by mouse anti-renin antibody, indicating the specific nature
      of renin. Upon withdrawal of (Bu)2cAMP from the culture medium, renin activity
      gradually declined to the control level, and with retreatment of these cultures
      with (Bu)2cAMP, a newly induced state of enzyme activity was resumed. Indirectly,
      the role of new protein and RNA synthesis was examined during hormonal regulation
      of renin induction using protein and RNA synthesis inhibitors such as
      cycloheximide, puromycin, actinomycin D, or rifampicin. Both protein and RNA
      synthesis inhibitors blocked the induction of renin activity in the presence of
      all three inducing agents, bLH, hCG, or (Bu)2cAMP. The results provide evidence
      that the induction of renin activity is modulated by bLH, hCG, or (Bu)2cAMP and
      represent the de novo synthesis of enzyme molecules.

PMID- 2412806
TI  - Rat renal cell monolayer culture: a sensitive method for investigating ADH and
      PTH actions on the kidney by determining adenosine 3' :5'-cyclic monophosphate.
AB  - The response of cAMP to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was studied using rat renal
      medullary cells in a monolayer culture. In addition, cAMP response to parathyroid
      hormone (PTH) was studied in renal cortical cells. As the culture aged, an
      increase in basal cAMP content and a gradual decrease in the cAMP responsiveness
      to arginine vasopressin (AVP) were observed. After 2 days of culture, AVP and
      hPTH-(1-34) produced a rapid increase in intracellular cAMP with single peaks,
      after 10 min and 5 min, respectively. Extracellular cAMP was increased linearly
      by both AVP and hPTH-(1-34). The response of cAMP to AVP was markedly greater in
      the medulla than in the cortex, while the response to hPTH-(1-34) was remarkable
      only in the cortex. Outstanding sensitivity of cAMP responsiveness was observed
      in this system, i.e., 10(-12) M AVP (1 pg/ml) and 2.43 X 10(-10) M hPTH-(1-34) (1
      ng/ml) provoked significant increases in cAMP from the basal level of 0.31 +/-
      0.04 and 0.59 +/- 0.05 pmol/dish to 0.79 +/- 0.03 and 1.07 +/- 0.13 pmol/dish,
      respectively (P less than 0.001). In the medulla, potencies of lysine vasopressin
      (LVP), DDAVP and oxytocin at a concentration of 10(-9) M were 76.1%, 154.2% and
      8.1% of that of AVP, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2412805
TI  - The differential effects of thyroid and gonadal hormones on substance P content
      in the anterior pituitary of the prepubertal rat.
AB  - The effects of thyroid and gonadal status on the content of substance P in the
      anterior pituitary (AP-SP) were examined in prepubertal rats. A sex difference in
      AP-SP is evident by age 50 days [males, 287 +/- 35 fmol/mg protein (mean +/- SE);
      females, 103 +/- 17; P less than 0.05], and this difference becomes greater by 75
      days (males, 543 +/- 54; females, 146 +/- 11.5; P less than 0.01). Hypothyroidism
      was induced in male and female pups by giving lactating dams 0.1% methimazole
      (wt/vol) in their drinking water after parturition. There was a marked and
      significant increase in AP-SP in 21-day-old hypothyroid compared to euthyroid
      control pups. Male pups were made thyrotoxic by daily treatment with T4 (10
      micrograms/rat, sc) from age 8 to 15 days. AP-SP was 4 times lower in the
      thyrotoxic than in the euthyroid pups (P less than 0.001). Rats ovariectomized at
      age 22 days and killed on day 35 revealed no change in AP-SP, in contrast to the
      rise in AP-SP in the ovariectomized adult rat. Female pups were treated with
      dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 50 micrograms/day) or testosterone (50 micrograms/day)
      from age 8-20 days. Neither androgen induced a change in AP-SP. Female pups which
      received estradiol (E2; 0.5 micrograms/day) or testosterone (75 micrograms/day)
      from age 8-20 days also had no change in AP-SP. As opposed to the lack of effect
      of E2 and DHT on AP-SP in female rats younger than 22 days, E2 (1 microgram/100 g
      BW daily) caused a decrease and DHT (100 micrograms/100 g BW daily) caused an
      increase in AP-SP in female rats treated from 22-35 days of age [E2, 91 +/- 6.9;
      DHT, 226 +/- 31 (P less than 0.05 vs. control for both); control, 154 +/- 13]. We
      conclude that the responsiveness of AP-SP to alterations in thyroid status is
      present at the youngest age studied. In contrast, the responsiveness of AP-SP to
      changes in the levels of gonadal steroids is absent in the infantile period and
      requires a maturational process that becomes evident during the juvenile state of
      sexual development.

PMID- 2412807
TI  - Human transcortin synthesis by a cell-free translation of hepatic mRNA.
AB  - To evaluate the site of synthesis and to characterize the translated transcortin,
      poly (A)-containing RNA (mRNA) from human liver was translated in a cell-free
      system derived from rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The in vitro synthesized product
      was identified as transcortin by immuno-precipitation with its specific
      antiserum. This translated transcortin could be displaced from the antibody by
      unlabeled purified transcortin obtained from plasma. Furthermore, when the
      translation mixture was applied to a cortisol-Sepharose column, the translated
      transcortin was bound to the matrix in a specific manner, indicating that this
      product binds to cortisol. The molecular weight of the translated transcortin was
      estimated to be 45,700 by its mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis, while that of plasma transcortin was 53,800. The difference
      in molecular weight between the translated transcortin and plasma transcortin was
      probably due to the presence of pre-sequence (signal peptide) in addition to the
      absence of carbohydrate moiety in the former. In conclusion, human liver mRNA
      directed the synthesis of transcortin, and the translated transcortin binds to
      cortisol in spite of the absence of carbohydrate moiety.

PMID- 2412808
TI  - Forskolin stimulation of 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine release from perifused rat
      thyroids.
AB  - In a perifusion system in the presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, forskolin
      stimulated secretion of not only cAMP but also 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine (T3)
      from rat thyroid glands. The increases in both cAMP and T3 were dose-dependent at
      forskolin concentrations of 2.0 X 10(-7)M to 2.0 X 10(-5)M. After perifusion for
      4 h, tissue concentrations of cAMP also increased as a result of forskolin
      treatment. Since forskolin is regarded as a specific activator of the cAMP
      generating system, this observed forskolin stimulation of T3 secretion from
      perifused rat thyroid glands indicates that cAMP is involved in regulating
      thyroid hormone secretion.

PMID- 2412809
TI  - [A radioimmunological method of determining alpha subunit of glycoprotein
      hormones of the pituitary gland].

PMID- 2412810
TI  - Rate theoretical analysis of ion-selectivity in membrane channels with
      elastically bound ligands.
AB  - This article demonstrates why a gramicidin-like pore features ion-specific
      conductivity with the sequence Cs+ greater than Rb+ greater than K+ greater than
      Na+ greater than Li+. The starting point is a generalized transition state method
      for escape across multi-dimensional barriers. This model-independent procedure
      provides an adequate description of the transport process for ions along the
      interior of a channel-like molecule with flexible ligands. Moreover, the proper
      treatment of three-dimensional motion of ions within the channel allows for a
      cross-coupling with the ligands' motion. It is shown that the particle migrating
      along a sequence of binding sites actually corresponds to a polaron, where the
      individual dwelling times strongly depend on the ion's radius.

PMID- 2412811
TI  - Phallolysin. A mushroom toxin, forms proton and voltage gated membrane channels.
AB  - Phallolysin, a water soluble protein of Mr 34,000 produced by the poisonous
      mushroom Amanita phalloides, causes lysis of various mammalian cell types. Lysis
      is thought to be initiated by the formation of ion permeable membrane channels.
      We therefore studied the interaction of phallolysin with solvent-free planar
      lipid bilayers. In the presence of low phallolysin concentrations (10-100 nM)
      single channel current fluctuations were observed. Unit channel conductances are
      44 pS in 500 mM NaCl and 77 pS in 1 M NaCl. Although the channel does not
      significantly discriminate between alkali cations, its permeability to Cl- is
      lower (PK+/PCl- = 4/1). Gating kinetics display a pronounced bursting behavior
      and a dependence on membrane voltage, cis side pH-value, and on membrane lipid
      composition. An equivalence relation between membrane voltage and proton
      concentration was found, i.e. a pH change of one unit is equivalent to a
      corresponding voltage change of 130 mV. Dependence on the amount of negatively
      charged lipids is explained by changes of the actual pH due to surface charge
      effects.

PMID- 2412813
TI  - Biphasic progesterone synthesis by the hamster preovulatory follicle in vitro.
AB  - In vitro time course studies of progesterone and protein synthesis by hamster
      preovulatory follicles (harvested prior to the proestrous gonadotropin surge)
      were done. LH appears to stimulate progesterone synthesis in 2 phases. The first
      phase lasts 0 to 4 or 5 hr and is not inhibited by either puromycin or
      cycloheximide. The second phase (apparent by 4-5 hr) is distinguished from the
      first phase by its inhibition by puromycin and cycloheximide, and by the
      differential dose response of dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the respective 2 phases.
      Incorporation of a H-labelled mixture of amino acids into protein is not seen in
      LH-stimulated follicles in 2 hr incubations but is apparent by 4 hr. The LH
      stimulated protein synthesis is inhibited by puromycin. The results indicate that
      although LH stimulates both phases of progesterone synthesis, the mechanisms may
      be different for each phase.

PMID- 2412812
TI  - Generation of plasma membrane potential by the Na+-pump coupled to proton
      extrusion.
AB  - Lettre cells maintain a plasma membrane potential near -60 mV, yet are scarcely
      depolarized by 80 mM Rb+ and are relatively impermeable to 86Rb+. They are
      depolarized by ouabain without a concomitant change in intracellular cation
      content. Addition of K+ to cells suspended in a K+ free medium, or of Na+ to
      cells in a Na+ free medium, hyperpolarizes the cells. They contain electroneutral
      transport mechanisms for Na+, K+ and H+ which can function as Na+:K+ and Na+:H+
      exchanges. It is concluded that plasma membrane potential of Lettre cells, in
      steady-state for Na+ and K+, is produced by an electrogenic Na+ pump sustained by
      electroneutral exchanges, and restricted by anion leakage.

PMID- 2412814
TI  - Retrospective investigation of transfusion-related non-A, non-B viral hepatitis
      associated with M2 antigen.
AB  - A retrospective study of transfusion-related non-A, non-B viral hepatitis was
      conducted in seven patients. Findings showed that six recipients had been exposed
      to at least one unit of blood possessing a putative serological marker for non-A,
      non-B hepatitis, the M2 antigen or anti-M2IgM. The M2 markers were associated
      with non-A, non-B hepatitis that developed 3-7 weeks after transfusion. It sees
      increasingly probable that M2 markers may be useful for diagnosis and/or
      prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis.

PMID- 2412815
TI  - The accessibility of 5-methylcytosine to specific antibodies in double-stranded
      DNA of Xanthomonas phage XP12.
AB  - Antibodies specifically directed to 5-methylcytidine were raised in rabbits and
      purified by affinity chromatography. The accessibility of 5-methyldeoxycytidine
      (m5dCyd) to such antibodies was studied with DNAs from various origins. The
      reaction was followed by measuring the retention of radiolabelled DNA by
      antibodies on nitrocellulose filters, by immunoprecipitation, by gel filtration
      and was visualized with the electron microscope. Antibodies did not bind to
      Escherichia coli B DNA, which is deficient in m5dCyd. Denatured and native DNA
      from calf thymus, which contains m5dCyd as a minor nucleoside, was weakly
      retained on the filters whereas DNA extracted from Xanthomonas oryzae XP12
      bacteriophage, which is rich in m5dCyd, was well recognized even in the native
      form.

PMID- 2412816
TI  - Alteration in the arrangement of the keratin-type intermediate filaments during
      mitosis in cultured human keratinocytes.
AB  - The behavior of the keratin-type intermediate filaments (KIFs) during mitosis was
      characterized in cultured human keratinocytes by immunofluorescence microscopy
      using polyclonal antibodies to keratin. The structural relationship of KIFs with
      microtubules (MTs) was also studied at the same time using a monoclonal antibody
      to alpha-tubulin. The KIFs and MTs showed similar but different cytoskeletal
      networks and underwent structural rearrangements independently during the cell
      cycle. KIFs in keratinocytes formed two different arrangements during meta- and
      anaphase: a global aggregation of filaments around the spindle and a fibrous
      array radiating from the central, global aggregation of filaments to the cell
      periphery where they were connected with those of the adjacent cells at
      desmosomal sites. These radiating fibrous portions of KIFs appeared to play a
      role in retaining the cell in its correct relationship to the surrounding cells
      during mitosis. This behavior of KIFs in normal keratinocytes was different from
      the KIF-alterations which had been previously described in SV40-transformed
      keratinocytes and other cells which expressed two different IFs (keratin and
      vimentin).

PMID- 2412817
TI  - Vinculin and 36 kDa protein are not tyrosine-phosphorylated in Rous sarcoma virus
      infected cells which have been treated with interferon.
AB  - The expression of membrane-associated transformation-specific parameters was
      analyzed in de novo Rous sarcoma virus (strain SR-RSV-D) infected chicken embryo
      fibroblasts pretreated with homologous interferon. Cellular morphology, hexose
      transport, microfilament organization, and tyrosine-phosphate content of two
      primary substrates of the transformation-generating viral kinase, pp60src, were
      found indistinguishable from non-infected controls. These observations support
      the hypothesis that vinculin and possibly 36 kDa protein are involved in
      microfilament organization and that tyrosine-phosphorylation of these structural
      proteins is a prerequisite for the rearrangement of microfilaments during
      transformation. In de novo infection, interferon pretreatment reduces viral
      protein synthesis and pp60src activity as compared to non-treated, SR-RSV-D
      infected cells. However, the phosphotyrosine content of total cellular proteins
      as measured under steady state conditions is as high in interferon-pretreated as
      in nontreated transformed cells.

PMID- 2412818
TI  - Microinjection of monoclonal antibodies specific for one intermediate filament
      protein in cells containing multiple keratins allow insight into the composition
      of particular 10 nm filaments.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies specific for vimentin (V9), keratin 7 (CK 7) and keratin 18
      (CK5) have been microinjected into three human epithelial cell lines: HeLa, MCF-7
      and RT-4. The effect of the injection on other keratin polypeptides and vimentin
      filaments has been observed by double label immunofluorescence and in some
      instances by immunoelectron microscopy using gold labels of different sizes.
      Microinjection of V9 into HeLa cells causes the vimentin to collapse into a
      perinuclear cap leaving the keratin filaments unaffected. Injection of CK5 does
      not affect the vimentin filaments but disrupts the keratin filaments revealing
      keratin aggregates similar to those seen in some epithelial cell lines during
      mitosis. The keratin aggregates obtained after microinjection in HeLa contain the
      keratins 8 and 18 and probably also other keratins, as no residual keratin
      filaments are observed with a keratin polyclonal antibody of broad specificity.
      Aggregates in mitotic HeLa cells contain at least the keratins 7, 8, and 18. In
      MCF-7 cells keratins 8, 18, and 19 are observed in the aggregates seen 3 h after
      microinjection which, however, show a different morphology from those seen in
      HeLa cells. In MCF-7 cells a new keratin filament is built within 6 h after the
      injection which is composed mainly of keratin 8 and 19. The antibody-complexed
      keratin 18 remains in spherical aggregates of different size. The results suggest
      that in HeLa cells vimentin and keratin form independent networks, and that
      individual 10 nm filaments in epithelial cell lines can contain more than two
      keratins.

PMID- 2412819
TI  - Characterization of a family of nuclear and chromosomal proteins identified by a
      monoclonal antibody.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (3C5) isolated from a mouse immunized with human chromatin
      stained the nuclei of all cultured cell types tested by indirect
      immunofluorescence. Experiments with HeLa and PtK1 cells demonstrated striking
      cell-cycle-related changes in the staining properties of the target antigen. A
      rapid increase in nuclear fluorescence was seen in prophase, with antigen located
      between the condensing chromosomes. In metaphase and anaphase cells antigen was
      present throughout the cytoplasm with the chromosomes apparently unstained.
      However, isolated metaphase chromosomes showed intense, peripheral staining. In
      telophase cells immunofluorescent staining was most intense among the
      decondensing chromosomes and by early G1 staining was predominantly nuclear.
      Nuclear fluorescence faded as cells progressed through interphase. By protein
      blotting and immunostaining, 3C5 recognized protein bands with subunit molecular
      weights of 130, 73, 50, 38, 32 and 22 to 25 kDa. These bands were present in all
      human and rodent cultured cell types tested. All bands were extracted by 6 M urea
      or 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) but not by Triton X-100. Our results provide
      evidence against the involvement of a common carbohydrate moiety, in vitro
      proteolysis or non-specific cross reaction in this multi-banded pattern. The same
      family of proteins was detected in mitotic and interphase cells, suggesting that
      the changes in immunofluorescent staining through mitosis are due to changes in
      antigen accessibility. Subcellular fractionation experiments showed that all
      major bands were present in the nuclear fraction. Only two (50 and 32 kDa) were
      detected also in the post-nuclear membrane fraction and none were present in the
      soluble cytoplasmic fraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2412820
TI  - Plasma concentrations of platelet-specific proteins and serum thromboxane B2
      production in response to treatment with dipyridamole. A pilot study of 27 post
      myocardial infarction patients.
AB  - In the present study 27 post-myocardial infarction patients were treated with
      Persantin capsules (Depot-Kapseln, sustained release form), containing 200 mg
      dipyridamole, b.i.d. over a period of 3 weeks. Baseline levels for plasma beta
      thromboglobulin (BTG), platelet factor 4 (PF4), and serum thromboxane B2 (TXB2)
      were obtained on day 0 and subsequently on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21. The
      baseline levels for plasma BTG and PF4 as well as for serum TXB2 significantly
      exceeded those for a control group consisting of healthy subjects. The plasma
      values for BTG and PF4 remained unchanged during the whole study period. During
      the first week of study the levels for serum X TXB2 were unchanged; however, on
      days 14 and 21 the means for TXB2 dropped significantly. There is experimental
      work to suggest that dipyridamole may exert an inhibitory effect on platelet
      thromboxane biosynthesis. The present results support this concept.

PMID- 2412821
TI  - Post-extra systolic potentiation: influence of calcium and verapamil in rat and
      rabbit hearts.
AB  - The interactions of the inotropic effects of verapamil (0.05-2.0 mumol l-1),
      calcium (0.33-5.2 mmol l-1) and post extra systolic potentiation (PESP) as
      induced by paired stimulation were studied in isolated rabbit and rat hearts
      under isovolumic and isotonic conditions. At low doses of verapamil, contractions
      were depressed, but those elicited by paired stimulation showed less depression
      than contractions of the same rate during single stimulation and even exceeded
      the unpotentiated contractions without verapamil. At high doses of verapamil
      contractility could not be restored by paired stimulation. Although contractions
      were restored to control level by an increase in extra-cellular calcium they were
      still abnormal in the sense that PESP could not be elicited. The excitation
      contraction (e-c) uncoupling due to low calcium perfusion could be counteracted
      by paired stimulation but e-c uncoupling due to high dose verapamil could not be
      reversed by paired stimulation. Our results support the view that PESP does not
      only depend on augmented slow channel calcium influx but also on an enhanced
      calcium shift within the sarcoplasmic reticulum. We are doubtful about the idea
      that PESP can be used clinically to counteract the negative inotropic effect of
      high doses of verapamil.

PMID- 2412822
TI  - Evaluation of 99mTc-dextran as a lymphoscintigraphic agent in rabbits.
AB  - Dextran (clinical grade, average mol. wt. 82,200) was labelled with 99mTc and the
      labelling efficiency was checked by paper and thin-layer chromatography and
      electrophoresis. The amount of free 99mTcO-4 was always less than 1%. The
      radiopharmaceutical was injected ID into the web space in hind legs of ten
      rabbits (200-600 microCi/0.05 ml). Scintigrams were taken at 10-min intervals up
      to 3 h in three rabbits. The injection site and the hind legs were massaged after
      injection in the other seven rabbits and scintigrams were taken at 10-min
      intervals up to 2 h. Blood samples were obtained at 5, 15, 30, 90 and 120 min in
      both groups. In addition a 180-min sample was also taken in the first group. At
      the end of the study the rabbits were killed and the popliteal lymph nodes and
      the organs were removed to be weighed and counted. Our results indicated a high
      concentration of radioactivity in the popliteal lymph nodes and massage at the
      injection site increased the average uptake of the popliteal lymph node from
      1.12% +/- 0.77% to 4.28% +/- 1.57% at 3 and 2 h, respectively (P less than
      0.001). In scintigrams the lymph channels and the nodes were very well
      visualised. The blood radioactivity levels were too low to present a background
      problem. With massage 30% of the injected dose was removed from the injection
      site in 2 h. We have shown that 99mTc-dextran is a good radiopharmaceutical for
      the visualisation of the lymph system and deserves further experimental and
      clinical studies.

PMID- 2412823
TI  - Dizygotic twins with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria; unusual presentation,
      family studies and dietary management.
AB  - A 4-month-old infant with hypotonia and macrocephaly was diagnosed as having 3
      hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria, using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
      and confirmatory enzyme studies. The same diagnosis was made on his asymptomatic
      non-identical twin. Examination of the pedigree is consistent with an autosomal
      recessive mode of inheritance. Dietary treatment improved the symptoms of the
      propositus, but did not prevent episodes similar to Reye's syndrome in both
      twins. One such episode closely followed immunisation and our experience suggests
      that children with this disorder should be observed carefully following
      immunisation. These episodes were accompanied by an overflow of a wide range of
      abnormal metabolites. Examination of the urine for organic acids should be
      considered in infants with unexplained hypotonia and macrocephaly, especially if
      accompanied by abnormal biochemical indices.

PMID- 2412824
TI  - Analysis of proliferating lymphocyte subpopulations in newborns and adults.
AB  - Surface markers of peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations were determined before
      and after in vitro stimulation of neonatal and adult mononuclear cells with
      phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). The type of cell responding
      to each mitogen was identified by a method combining autoradiography and the
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) staining method. In comparison with adults, there
      is a lower proportion of OKT3-positive lymphocytes in neonates (43% vs. 72%).
      Analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations after stimulating mononuclear cells with
      PHA and PWM showed that in neonates nearly the same percentages of OKT4-and OKT8
      positive proliferating cells (43% and 40%, respectively) could be observed,
      whereas in the proliferating cells from the adults, the OKT8 surface marker
      predominated (41% vs. 18%).

PMID- 2412825
TI  - Use of dextran to prevent intraperitoneal adhesions caused by maize starch
      powder.
AB  - Experimental studies in rats demonstrated that maize starch powder used as
      lubricant in surgical gloves induces intraperitoneal granulomatosis with
      formation of adhesions. The possible use of dextran 70 to minimize these
      adhesions was investigated. By grading the formation of adhesions, it was found
      that dextran given intraperitoneally reduced the extent of adhesions.

PMID- 2412826
TI  - Methylene blue to stain the bladder mucosa and monitor the course of bladder
      tumors.
AB  - In 12 patients with bladder tumors and in 15 undergoing multiple biopsies of
      grossly normal bladder mucosa to monitor the course of their bladder cancer,
      attempted staining of the mucosa with methylene blue failed to show any
      correlation with tumor histology. While histologically normal mucosal areas
      picked up the stain well, nonstaining areas were found to be dysplastic in 22% of
      the cases and showed endophytic masses in 2 patients. In 48% of patients
      excessive staining prevented adequate evaluation so that repeated endoscopy was
      necessary to confirm the absence of tumorous tissue. For these reasons, staining
      of the bladder mucosa with methylene blue is unsuited for the diagnosis of
      endophytic bladder tumors.

PMID- 2412828
TI  - Preoperative evaluation of prostatic size by urethral pressure profilometry.
AB  - A prospective study was conducted on 41 patients with benign prostatic
      hypertrophy. All patients underwent preoperative gas urethral pressure
      profilometry. The results showed an accurate correlation between prostatic
      profile length and prostatic urethral length, as measured after enucleation. The
      same correlation is found between the above parameters and the weight of the
      enucleated adenoma. Our results support the value of urethral pressure profile as
      a useful procedure in the preoperative estimation of prostatic size.

PMID- 2412827
TI  - Active specific immunotherapy with supportive measures in the treatment of
      palliatively nephrectomized, renal adenocarcinoma patients. A thirteen-year
      follow-up study.
AB  - The results of a 13-year (1971-1984) follow-up of specific active immunotherapy
      using polymerized autologous tumor tissue with adjuvants and supportive measures,
      following palliative nephrectomy in 71 patients suffering from advanced renal
      adenocarcinoma, are presented. The control patient group comprised 56 patients
      who received the best possible conservative treatment available. The
      statistically calculated life expectancy in the immunotherapy group is 44.5
      months (SE 5.7) and in the control group 19.0 months (SE 3.3). The difference is
      statistically highly significant (generalized Wilcoxon [Breslow], t = 14.9, p
      less than 0.0001). There were no serious side effects from the immunization. The
      supportive measures entailing the administration of factors involved in cell
      regulatory functions mediated by the central nervous system, amino acids, trace
      elements, hormones and vitamins has still to be optimized.

PMID- 2412829
TI  - Fibrin adhesive sealing of ureter after ureteral stone surgery. A controlled
      clinical trial.
AB  - In a prospective randomized study 8 patients were peroperatively allocated to
      closure of ureterotomies with a fibrin adhesive (Tisseel) and 8 patients to
      closure with Dexon sutures to evaluate whether the duration of postoperative
      urinary leakage could be diminished by the use of fibrin adhesive. The median
      drainage period was 6.5 days (range 3-15 days) and 5.5 days (2-16 days),
      respectively. Closure of ureterotomies with a fibrin adhesive cannot be
      recommended.

PMID- 2412830
TI  - An assessment of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity in patients with malignant
      lymphoma.
AB  - Fifty per cent of untreated malignant lymphoma patients were shown to have
      profoundly reduced levels of peripheral blood lymphocyte-natural cell mediated
      cytotoxicity (PBL-NCMC) when tested against the leukaemic cell-line K562;
      assessment of NCMC in unfractionated blood from a large number of these patients
      showed a comparable reduction in activity. High levels of NCMC were observed in
      some patients with stage III/IV non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), while Hodgkin's
      disease (HD) patients over 40 yr of age had normal levels. In both NHL and HD
      patients there was no correlation between NCMC and absolute lymphocyte count or
      lymphoma histology. Human interferon was seen to boost NCMC in the majority of
      NHL patients, but most HD patients were nonresponders. Almost all patients tested
      had normal number of target binding lymphocytes, and most had numbers of HNK-1+
      cells within the control range. However, on exposure to IFN, the number of target
      binding lymphocytes increased in over half of the patients tested, with some
      patients showing an increase in HNK-1+ cells, in the majority of cases without
      enhancement of NCMC.

PMID- 2412831
TI  - Serum ferritin determinations are of no value in the management of patients with
      disseminated non-seminomatous germ cell tumors.
AB  - In this study the clinical significance of serum ferritin (SF) determinations was
      evaluated in patients with disseminated non-seminomatous germ cell tumors
      (NSGCT). The SF levels during the presence of active tumor but before institution
      of combination chemotherapy (cis-platinum, vinblastine and bleomycin, PVB) were
      within the normal limits in 38/47 NSGCT patients. During PVB treatment peaking SF
      levels were observed in relationship to the drug administration, whereas alpha
      fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) serum levels decreased
      continuously. Other drugs also caused temporary increases in SF levels. Tumor
      recurrence was not recognized by SF increases in all eight patients tested. Based
      on the results we conclude that serial SF determinations are of no value in
      monitoring patients with NSGCT.

PMID- 2412832
TI  - Integrating normal and handicapped preschoolers: effects on child development and
      social interaction.

PMID- 2412833
TI  - Fibrinolytic study in plasma and ascitic fluid of cirrhotic patients before and
      after ascites concentration; reinfusion technique.
AB  - Management of cirrhosis with massive ascites involves particular difficulties.
      The introduction of a peritoneovenous shunt and reinfusion of concentrated
      ascitic fluid techniques allows increased diuresis and improves renal function.
      However, these procedures have frequently been associated with disseminated
      intravascular coagulation and/or activation of fibrinolysis. Factor VIII
      activity, antigen and ristocetin cofactor, plasminogen, antiplasmin, plasminogen
      activator activity and plasmin-antiplasmin complex were investigated both in the
      ascitic fluid and plasma of cirrhotic patients before and after the concentration
      reinfusion technique. Our results indicated that no hyperfibrinolysis was seen in
      the plasma of cirrhotic patients and that activation of fibrinolysis exists in
      ascites. Significantly higher levels of plasmin-antiplasmin complex and
      plasminogen activator activity were found in ascitic fluid than in plasma. In
      post-reinfusion much higher levels of all three Factor VIII components were
      observed in cirrhotic plasma than in normal plasma. In conclusion, activation of
      fibrinolysis could explain coagulation complications occurring after ascites
      reinfusion. Antifibrinolytic treatment could render the concentration-reinfusion
      technique more acceptable.

PMID- 2412834
TI  - Antigen-specific T cell suppressor factor (TsF): isolation of a cDNA clone
      encoding for a functional polypeptide chain of phosphorylcholine-specific TsF.
AB  - A cDNA library of phosphorylcholine (PC)-specific suppressor T hybridoma, 29-C-6,
      was constructed. By differential colony hybridization, 68 colonies were selected
      which hybridized with mRNA probes of two PC-specific suppressor T hybridomas, 29
      C-6 and 09-M-24-8, but not with those of BW5147. A hybridization translation
      assay revealed that only one combination of translation products of cDNA clones,
      p6-1 and p6-5, showed strong PC-T cell suppressor factor (TsF) activity. Sequence
      analysis showed that p6-5 contained a specific cDNA sequence of about 800 base
      pairs (bp) while p6-1 had a 190 bp poly(A) sequence insert. When total poly(A) +
      RNA of 29-C-6 was hybridized with p6-1 filter alone the recovered mRNA was
      capable of producing PC-TsF. However, when the total poly-(A) + RNA was
      hybridized with a p6-1 filter combined with a p6-5 filter, the mRNA eluted from
      the p6-1 filter was not able to produce PC-TsF, suggesting that the depletion of
      p6-5 specific mRNA from p6-1-binding poly(A) + RNA led to a complete abolishment
      of the capability to produce PC-TsF. Furthermore, p6-5 hybridizing mRNA could
      successfully restore the p6-1-binding poly(A) + RNA depleted of p6-5-specific
      mRNA, and translation products of both RNA mixtures showed strong PC-TsF
      activity. These results suggest that PC-TsF is not a single polypeptide chain,
      but is composed of at least two distinct polypeptide chains, and also that p6-5
      contains a cDNA sequence encoding for one of the polypeptide chains composing the
      PC-TsF molecule.

PMID- 2412835
TI  - Degradation of specificity in cytolytic T lymphocyte clones: two broad
      specificity, H-2-independent recognition systems, one natural killer-like,
      develop during culture, in addition to the clonally distributed antigen-specific
      receptor.
AB  - Ly-2+ CBA mouse T lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A in limiting dilution
      culture produce clones of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) which, although initially
      specific, eventually lyse a wide range of target cells. The nature of the
      recognition system for this apparently "nonspecific" cytolysis was examined using
      a range of tumor cells as labeled targets and as cold target inhibitors. Most
      syngeneic and allogeneic murine tumor cells were lysed but the degree of lysis
      varied, even for different sublines of the same tumor. All tumor cells cold
      target inhibited their own lysis, and cross-inhibited lysis of other targets to
      varying degrees. The recognition stage of "nonspecific" cytolysis appeared to be
      independent of target cell H-2 expression; some H-2-negative murine target cells
      were lysed and some were not, but all gave cold target inhibition of
      "nonspecific" cytolysis. Xenogeneic tumor cells were resistant to lysis, but some
      nevertheless gave cold target inhibition of the "nonspecific" cytolysis of murine
      targets. A study of the specificity of cold target cross-inhibition revealed two
      distinct patterns of recognition which existed simultaneously in "nonspecific"
      CTL; one was like that of natural killer cells and was directed to targets such
      as YAC-1, the other was distinct from that of natural killer cells and was
      directed to targets such as P815. Thus, murine CTL may express three distinct
      receptors, the clonally distributed, H-2-restricted, antigen-specific T cell
      receptor and two different "broad-range" receptors common to most clones.

PMID- 2412836
TI  - Antigens apparently nonimmunogenic for xid/Y mice cause the development of
      specific splenic plasmablasts and of fusion partners for SP2 cells giving
      hybridomas that secrete antibodies.
AB  - Although xid/Y mice fail to make a detectable primary antibody response to a
      variety of antigens such as Type III pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (SIII),
      2,4, 6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-Ficoll, pneumococcal C carbohydrate, group A
      streptococcal vaccine and several kinds of related antigenic determinants such as
      phosphorylcholine (PC) and N-acetyl-glucosaminyl (GlcNAc), even when the latter
      are coupled to hemocyanin (Hy), they do show: (a) an antigen-dependent
      development of splenic B cells which can act as successful, productive fusion
      partners for SP2 cells giving hybridomas making monoclonal anti-SIII, anti-PC,
      anti-GlcNAc, anti-TNP, etc., and (b) an antigen-dependent appearance of antigen
      binding plasmablasts in their spleens. The frequencies of specific B cells
      arising in xid/Y males with either of these properties are of the same order of
      magnitude as those found in immunocompetent xid/X female littermates. Further,
      both PC-Hy and GlcNAc-Hy prime xid/Y and xid/X mice for quantitatively and
      qualitatively similar secondary responses. All three of these expressions of a
      specific, primary response occur in xid/Y mice in the absence of any rise in
      circulating antibodies. The properties of successful, productive normal fusion
      partners leading to secretory hybridoma lines are unknown. Thus we cannot decide
      whether the antigen-binding plasmablasts that arise in xid/Y mice can also play
      the role of productive fusion partners. Neither do we know whether the
      development of specific IgM and IgG3 plasmablasts in xid/Y mice after antigen
      stimulation is an abnormality reflecting the xid mutation. It cannot be excluded
      that the development of productive fusion partners, of nonsecretory plasmablasts
      and of memory cells are all interrelated and reflect a process that also normally
      occurs in xid/X, X/X and X/Y mice following similar immunization regimens. It is
      tempting to speculate that such cells initially responding may lag in the
      development of normal secretory mechanisms and that the "transformed" fusion
      partner may complement this deficiency.

PMID- 2412837
TI  - A self-Ia reactive T cell clone directly stimulates every hundredth B cell and
      helps antigen-specific B cell responses.
AB  - A self-I-A reactive T cell clone has been isolated that proliferates in the
      presence of irradiated syngeneic spleen cells in mouse serum. The cells directly
      stimulate approximately every hundredth B cell, which includes small B cells,
      into both proliferation and antibody formation in the absence of added antigen.
      There is evidence to suggest that cells of this type are generally present in
      murine T cell populations. The cells may recognize self-I-A as such. We failed to
      obtain evidence, but cannot exclude that they recognize an antibody idiotype in
      addition. The clone also augments antigen-specific antibody responses in vivo and
      in vitro in the presence of antigen. In the in vitro response to a T-independent
      TI-2 antigen, the T cells in co-culture with B cells induced specifically the
      production of IgG1 antibodies, thus mimicking the function of major
      histocompatibility complex-restricted, antigen-specific helper T cells. However,
      IgG1 production was not observed when splenic T cells were added to this system.
      Thus, self-I-A reactive T cells, generally inactive in the system, may locally
      help B cell responses to antigens which the T cells do not themselves recognize.
      In such instances one might attribute to the T cells antigen or idiotype-binding
      specificities which the cells in reality do not display.

PMID- 2412838
TI  - Expression of complement factor H on the cell surface of the human monocytic cell
      line U937.
AB  - Binding assays and immunocytochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies against
      the human serum complement protein factor H indicate that factor H antigen is
      present on the surface of more than 95% of the cells of the human monocytic cell
      line U937. The antigen is uniformly distributed and there are 10 000-15 000
      copies/cell. Factor H antigen is strongly associated with the cell surface and is
      not removed by hypotonic or hypertonic washes. Factor H antigen has been isolated
      from surface radioiodinated and 35S biosynthetically labeled cells using
      polyclonal anti-factor H-Sepharose columns. The antigen is indistinguishable from
      serum factor H in molecular weight. Secretion of factor H by U937 cells was not
      detected using sensitive tests in which factor H secretion by monocytes was
      apparent. Phorbol myristate acetate stimulation of the cells had no effect on the
      average number of factor H molecules expressed. We conclude that factor H is
      synthesized by U937 cells, but is not secreted, and remains strongly associated
      with the cell surface. The surface-bound factor H may function as a C3b receptor.

PMID- 2412839
TI  - Cytolytic T cell hybridomas. III. The antigen specificity and the restriction
      specificity of cytolytic T cells do not phenotypically mix.
AB  - We have obtained cytolytic T-T hybrids by fusing an H-2Kk restricted clone
      specific for the hapten 3-(p-sulfophenyldiazo)-4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid (SP)
      with an H-2Dd-restricted clone specific for the hapten fluorescein (FL). Several
      hybrid clones express both parental specificities but fail to lyse SP-coupled H
      2Dd and FL-coupled H-2Kk target cells. We also fused the H-2Kk-restricted, SP
      specific clone with a clone which recognizes FL in the context of any class I
      major histocompatibility complex antigen. Again several hybrids show both
      parental specificities but fail to recognize SP coupled to target cells which are
      not recognized by the parental SP-specific clone. These findings indicate that
      the observed cytotoxic T lymphocyte specificities for haptens on the one hand and
      polymorphic as well as nonpolymorphic class I major histocompatibility complex
      antigenic determinants on the other hand are not carried by independent proteins.

PMID- 2412840
TI  - Inhibition of mast cell sensitization in vitro by a human immunoglobulin epsilon
      chain fragment synthesized in Escherichia coli.
AB  - An immunoglobulin epsilon-chain fragment was synthesized in E. coli by cloning
      and expression of the gene coding for the second, third and fourth constant
      domains of the human IgE heavy chain. The bacterial CH2-4 polypeptide product was
      assembled by oxidation into a covalently linked dimeric epsilon-chain molecule
      presumably analogous to the Fc region of native IgE. This bacterial Fc epsilon
      preparation, within the concentration range 0.01-10 micrograms/ml, inhibited
      sensitization of human lung mast cells, determined as histamine released upon
      challenge with specific antigen. Monomer CH2-4 epsilon-chain polypeptide,
      prepared by reduction and alkylation of the active bacterial Fc epsilon fragment,
      was inactive as an inhibitor of sensitization. The molar potency of the active
      bacterial Fc epsilon product was approximately one fourth of that of native IgE.
      Since the bacterial Fc epsilon is nonglycosylated, carbohydrate does not make an
      essential contribution to the Fc receptor binding activity of IgE. These results
      show that a functionally active immunoglobulin molecule can be synthesized by
      gene cloning and expression in E. coli.

PMID- 2412841
TI  - Histamine release induced by histone and phorbol ester from rat peritoneal mast
      cells.
AB  - Histone 10 to 50 micrograms/ml released histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells
      in the absence of extracellular calcium. Extracellular calcium, 1 mM produced a
      slight shift of the histone dose-response curve to the right. In the absence of
      extracellular calcium, the histamine release-response to combined stimulation
      with histone and substance P was saturable. Neither histone nor substance P
      elicited any further response when one of these agonists alone was already
      eliciting a maximum response, although the cells were capable of a greater degree
      of histamine release in the presence of compound 48/80. In the presence of
      extracellular calcium, substance P at a concentration not by itself producing a
      response, acted synergistically with histone to induce histamine release. The
      substance P antagonist, SP-A, inhibited histamine release by histone. The phorbol
      ester, TPA, released histamine in a dose-dependent manner and this response was
      inhibited by SP-A. It is suggested that substance P and histone interact with a
      common site to release histamine and the role of protein kinase C in this release
      mechanism is discussed.

PMID- 2412842
TI  - Serotonin depletion induced by reserpine is attenuated by prophylactic
      administration of lithium.
AB  - Prophylactic administration of lithium significantly attenuated the serotonin
      depleting effects of reserpine. In rat brain, lithium did not change the capacity
      of the storage protein, serotonin binding protein to bind the amine either in
      vivo or in vitro nor did it change its sensitivity to reserpine. However, the
      chronic administration of lithium significantly decreased reserpine levels in
      plasma and brain tissue of treated rats compared with rats which were treated
      only with reserpine. It is concluded that the antagonism between reserpine and
      lithium does not involve the serotonin binding protein but may be due to the
      lithium-induced reduction of reserpine levels.

PMID- 2412843
TI  - Further examination of the inhibitory actions of alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists in
      rat vas deferens.
AB  - The inhibitory actions of alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists were examined in the
      isolated bisected vas deferens of the rat. The calcium entry facilitator Bay K
      8644 markedly potentiated the isometric contraction to a single stimulus pulse in
      epididymal portions of rat vas deferens: subsequent amidephrine produced an
      inhibition which was antagonised by the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist,
      prazosin, but not by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine. The alpha 1
      adrenoceptor agonists amidephrine and cirazoline failed to inhibit the
      transmitter overflow to trains of pulses at a frequency of 2 Hz in epididymal
      portions, but also failed to abolish the nifedipine-resistant adrenergic
      contraction to trains of pulses at 2 Hz in epididymal portions. It is concluded
      that alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists have inhibitory effects which may be by action
      at presynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2412844
TI  - Comparison of the effects of substance P and substance K on blood pressure,
      salivation and urinary bladder motility in urethane-anaesthetized rats.
AB  - The effects of substance P and substance K on blood pressure, salivation and
      urinary bladder motility were investigated in urethane-anaesthetized rats. On
      intravenous administration, both peptides produced dose-related reductions in
      blood pressure, substance P being 25-30 times more potent than substance K.
      Substance P induced a dose-dependent increase of salivation, while substance K
      was half as active and induced only 40% of the maximum effect of substance P. The
      two tachykinins induced contractions of the urinary bladder, substance K being
      about twice as effective as substance P. Substance K was more effective than
      substance P in activating micturition. These findings provide further evidence
      that multiple receptor types are involved in mediating the effects of tachykinins
      in peripheral organs.

PMID- 2412845
TI  - Possible involvement of substance P immunoreactive nerves in the mediation of
      nicotine-induced contractile responses in isolated guinea pig bronchus.
AB  - Nicotine-induced contraction of the isolated guinea pig bronchial preparation was
      abolished by capsaicin and a substance P (SP) antagonist [( D-Arg1,D-Pro2,D
      Trp7,9,Leu11]SP). Nicotine increased the release of immunoreactive SP from the
      preparations. The nicotine-evoked release of immunoreactive SP from the bronchial
      preparation was reduced by hexamethonium but not by tetrodotoxin. The results
      indicate that the responses to nicotine of the guinea pig bronchial preparation
      were mediated through the release of SP-like material(s), and that the nicotine
      induced response may be produced through a process independent of the sodium
      action potential. In conclusion, the most likely site of action of nicotine in
      the isolated guinea pig bronchial preparation is the nicotinic receptor of SP
      immunoreactive nerves.

PMID- 2412846
TI  - Behavioural and antinociceptive effects of intrathecally injected substance P
      analogues in mice.
AB  - The antinociceptive effects and antagonism of substance P (SP)-induced behaviour
      were examined after intrathecal injections in mice. When coadministered with SP,
      the SP analogues attenuated the SP-induced behaviour to various extents with [D
      Arg1,D-Pro2,4,D-PHe7,D-His9]SP as the most potent antagonist. Physalaemin and
      eledoisin brought about a SP-like behavioural response. [D-Arg1,D-Trp7,9,Leu11]SP
      inhibited the response to eledoisin but not that to physalaemin. The SP analogues
      substituted with D-Trp7,9 and with Leu or Val in position 11 produced the
      strongest antinociceptive effects. Pretreatment with naloxone (5 mg/kg, i.p.)
      abolished the antinociceptive effects of [D-Trp7,9,Leu11]SP, implying that opiate
      receptors in the spinal cord mediate at least in part the antinociceptive
      effects. Animals under pentobarbital anesthesia showed a potentiated
      antinociceptive effect in the tail-flick test. In conclusion, we found that the
      SP analogues tested exerted varying degrees of antinociception, and that this was
      probably at least in part mediated by activation of spinal opiate receptors,
      whereas the behavioural antagonism was probably due to the blockade of spinal SP
      receptors.

PMID- 2412847
TI  - Repetitive measurement of monoamine metabolite levels in cerebrospinal fluid of
      conscious rats: effects of reserpine and haloperidol.
AB  - A simple high performance liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical
      detection is described for the simultaneous determination of unconjugated 3
      methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and
      homovanillic acid (HVA), the principal central nervous system (CNS) metabolites
      of noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine (DA), respectively, in small samples of
      cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained repeatedly from freely moving rats.
      Amounts of 30-50 microliter of CSF could be collected repeatedly every 30-60 min
      allowing monitoring of monoamine metabolite concentration levels in CSF under
      physiological conditions. None of the metabolites showed any clear diurnal
      variation. A single injection of reserpine caused a prominent elevation in the
      concentrations of MHPG, 5-HIAA and HVA in CSF. However, after a rapid increase,
      the concentration of MHPG was decreased by 85% from the control values.
      Haloperidol caused a 3-fold increase in the concentration of HVA, indicating
      increased DA turnover in the CNS. The method enables the reliable quantitative
      determination of three major monoamine metabolites in small samples of CSF from
      freely moving rats and appears to be a useful tool in the evaluation of the
      validity of the clinically used research methods of monitoring drug-induced
      alterations in CNS monoaminergic activity by metabolite measurements in CSF.

PMID- 2412848
TI  - The spinal cord contains multiple factors causing plasma protein extravasation in
      the skin.
AB  - Nervous tissue was analyzed for possible mediators of neurogenic inflammation.
      Acid extracts of spinal cord or spinal roots contained activity causing plasma
      protein extravasation when injected into the rat abdominal skin. The activity was
      more than 1000-fold higher than could be attributed to the content of substance P
      (SP). It was not depleted from spinal cord after destruction of afferent C fibers
      by capsaicin and was resistant to proteolytic enzymes. The activity was clearly
      separated from SP or neurokinins by HPLC or gel filtration and was due to
      compounds of high polarity and low molecular weight. Further HPLC separated at
      least 6 peaks, two of which were found to contain adenosine and AMP,
      respectively, as active substances. The activity of these compounds and of the
      peaks was reduced by antihistaminics. A further compound identified was 5-HT.
      Thus, while several active non-peptidergic compounds were found, no clear
      evidence for a new mediator of neurogenic inflammation was obtained.

PMID- 2412849
TI  - The effect of the calcium channel agonist, Bay K-8644 on human vascular smooth
      muscle.
AB  - Bay K-8644, a calcium channel activator, caused a dose-dependent (ED50 = 12.8 nM)
      elevation of tone in the human umbilical artery. The response to Bay K-8644 was
      dependent upon extracellular calcium (Ca2+), competitively antagonized by the
      channel antagonist, nifedipine, and, in addition, the sensitivity to Bay K-8644
      was increased by, but not dependent upon, elevating extracellular potassium. Bay
      K-8644 competitively displaced, IC50 = 1.8 nM, specific [3H]nitrendipine binding
      to a microsome fraction derived from the umbilical artery, suggesting that the
      Ca2+ channel activator and the structurally related dihydropyridine antagonists
      bind to a single site to affect Ca2+ channel function in human vascular smooth
      muscle.

PMID- 2412850
TI  - Both substance P agonists and antagonists inhibit ion conductance through
      nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on PC12 cells.
AB  - Substance P stimulates substance P receptors but also inhibits ion conductance
      through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Substance P analogs, classified as
      agonists or antagonists based on their actions on smooth muscle, were tested to
      determine if they also could act at nicotinic receptors on the pheochromocytoma,
      PC12. All of the analogs tested, [D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]SP, [D-Arg1, D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9,
      Leu11]SP, [pGlu5, MePhe8, Sar9]SP-(5-11), and [D-Pro4, D-Trp7,9,10]SP-(4-11),
      inhibited agonist-induced uptake of 86Rb+ through the nicotinic receptors at
      concentrations quite similar to those required for action at substance P
      receptors on smooth muscle. Thus, the chemical modifications in the analogs do
      not substantially alter their ability to inhibit nicotinic receptors.

PMID- 2412851
TI  - Potentiation of tachykinin-induced plasma protein extravasation by calcitonin
      gene-related peptide.
AB  - The effect of neuropeptides on plasma protein extravasation was investigated in
      the abdominal skin of rats. Substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), and neurokinin
      B (NKB) induced extravasation with a threshold dose of about 1 pmol. Calcitonin
      gene-related peptide (CGRP) was ineffective up to 6 pmol. However, when CGRP was
      injected together with either of the tachykinins extravasation was potentiated. A
      dose of 6 pmol CGRP shifted the dose-response curve of SP to the left by a factor
      of about 100. The vasoconstrictor neuropeptide Y (NPY, 12 pmol) reduced the
      extravasation caused by SP or SP plus 6 pmol CGRP. These results indicate that
      all 3 tachykinins currently known to be present in sensory neurons induce plasma
      protein extravasation, i.e. mimic one sign of neurogenic inflammation. This
      activity is potentiated in the presence of CGRP which coexists with SP and NKA
      indicating that neurogenic inflammation may be augmented by these interactions.

PMID- 2412852
TI  - Effects of the substance P antagonist [D-Arg1,D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9,Leu11]SP on miosis
      caused by echothiophate iodide or pilocarpine hydrochloride.
AB  - The anticholinesterase agent echothiophate iodide (EI) and the cholinergic agent
      pilocarpine hydrochloride (pilocarpine), drugs commonly used in glaucoma therapy,
      cause miosis in rabbits as well as in man. In rabbits the miotic effect decreases
      after a few days of treatment, a phenomenon possibly due to a drug-induced
      decrease in the number of muscarinic receptors. However, the muscarinic pupillary
      contraction caused by stimulation of the retina with light is intact. In this
      investigation the miosis caused by the doses of EI was found to be very resistant
      to muscarinic or nerve blockade but inhibited by the substance P (SP) analog [D
      Arg1,D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9, Leu11]SP, which seems to be a SP/SPLI blocker in the rabbit
      pupillary sphincter. Miosis caused by pilocarpine was partly inhibited by
      muscarinic blockade and partly by the SP blocker. In eyes treated with EI
      topically twice daily for three weeks, SP or the red pepper extract capsaicin, a
      releaser of SP-like immunoreactivity (SPLI), had less miotic effect than in
      control eyes. Capsaicin caused more pronounced miosis in eyes treated with
      topical pilocarpine for three weeks than in controls. The radioimmunoassay
      technique did not reveal a significant change in the amount of SPLI in the
      retinas or iris-ciliary bodies from EI-treated eyes as compared with the
      controls. It is concluded that, besides cholinergic miosis, EI causes non
      muscarinic miosis, probably by release of SP or a related substance and that
      pilocarpine may have similar effects.

PMID- 2412853
TI  - The effects of various pharmacological agents on the metoclopramide-induced
      increase in cholinergic-mediated contractions of rat isolated forestomach.
AB  - In longitudinal muscle strips of rat forestomach, metoclopramide (Mcp) increased
      the height of cholinergic-mediated contractions evoked by electrical field
      stimulation, probably by facilitating the release of neuronal acetylcholine. This
      response to Mcp was not prevented by drugs which blocked the synthesis of
      prostanoids or the actions of nicotine, morphine, noradrenaline, histamine and
      substance P. An involvement of dopamine in the mechanism of the response to Mcp
      was also excluded. Tachyphylaxis with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) increased the
      electrically-evoked contractions and prevented the response to Mcp. Of the 5HT
      antagonists tested, only high concentrations of methysergide or phenylbiguanide
      reduced the ability of Mcp to increase the cholinergic-mediated contractions.
      These experiments are discussed in relation to the possibility that Mcp may
      increase neuronal ACh release in the gut by affecting 5HT synthesis or by acting
      on 5HT receptors.

PMID- 2412855
TI  - The optical isomers of the 1,4-dihydropyridine BAY K 8644 show opposite effects
      on Ca channels.
AB  - The optical isomers of the 1,4-dihydropyridine BAY K 8644 were studied in
      isolated rabbit aorta and heart preparations. The (-)-enantiomer has the known
      vasoconstricting and positive inotropic properties of the Ca agonistic compound.
      In contrast, its antipode shows at about 10-50 times higher concentrations the
      vasodilating and negative inotropic effects of Ca antagonistic drugs. It is
      concluded that neither simple chemical nor physical actions can be responsible
      for the opposite effects of Ca antagonistic and Ca agonistic dihydropyridines.

PMID- 2412854
TI  - Tachykinin antagonists: substitutions in positions 5 and 6 with amino acids from
      the primary sequence of substance P homologues.
AB  - A series of tachykinin antagonists has been synthetized by substituting the amino
      acids of eight naturally occurring tachykinins into the general antagonist [pro4,
      trp7,9, Phe 11]tachykinin-(4-11). Five decapeptide antagonists were also
      synthetized. These antagonists were tested on four smooth muscle preparations,
      the rabbit mesenteric vein, the guinea-pig ileum, the guinea-pig trachea and the
      rat urinary bladder. On all tissues, except the rat urinary bladder, antagonists
      that had amino acids other than Gln5 Gln6 found in the substance P molecule were
      inactive as antagonists, and some had marked intrinsic activity on the guinea-pig
      ileum and the guinea-pig trachea. The inhibitory activity of these antagonists on
      the rat urinary bladder, however, was quite marked. The activities of these
      antagonists on the rat urinary bladder can be summarized as follows: (a) In
      general decapeptide antagonists were of low affinity. (b) Octapeptide antagonists
      showed variable affinities against the various tachykinins and some were
      selective. The only two antagonists which were fairly active against all
      tachykinins were [pro4, trp7,9, Phe11]SP-(4-11) and [pro4, trp7,9, Phe11] UPE-(4
      11). (c) Physalaemin was frequently antagonized in a non-surmountable manner. (d)
      Eledoisin and kassinin were each inhibited by only one antagonist, and the
      antagonist was different for each tachykinin. Some tachykinin receptors on smooth
      muscle have a binding site which is highly selective for Gln5 Gln6, especially if
      the affinity of antagonists is considered. Another tissue, the rat urinary
      bladder, does not exhibit this selectivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2412856
TI  - Tachykinin responses in the rat cingulate cortex: a comparison of the effects of
      iontophoretically applied substance P and neurokinin A.
AB  - The effects of substance P and neurokinin A were compared on spontaneously active
      cells in the anterior cingulate cortex of the rat. Most neurones were strongly
      excited by the iontophoretic applications of both peptides. However, many of the
      superficially located cells were clearly depressed by substance P but unaffected
      by the application of neurokinin A or even weakly excited. The results indicate
      that neuronal responses to tachykinins in this brain area may be mediated, at
      least in part, by separate receptors.

PMID- 2412857
TI  - Dihydropyridine calcium channel activators and antagonists influence
      depolarization-evoked inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in brain.
AB  - Increased inositol phospholipid hydrolysis induced by elevated extracellular K+
      was directly monitored by assaying [3H]inositol phosphate accumulation following
      prelabelling of cerebral cortical slices with [3H]inositol. Depolarization evoked
      by K+ increased [3H]inositol phosphate accumulation with a 2-3-fold stimulation
      observed at 18 mM K+. Higher concentrations of K+ failed to further increase
      accumulation though a suppression of the incorporation of [3H]inositol into
      phospholipid at higher K+ could complicate these results. Slices incubated with
      the dihydropyridine calcium channel activator BAY-K-8644 resulted in a much
      increased response to 12 mM and 18 mM K+ with substantially smaller enhancement
      of basal (6 mM) or much higher (30 and 55 mM) K+. The [3H]inositol phosphate
      response induced by 18 mM K+ + 1 microM BAY-K-8644 was markedly reduced when
      incubations were performed in the presence of reduced Ca2+. Similarly,
      preincubation of slices with the dihydropyridine antagonist PN-200-110 suppressed
      the response to K+ and to K+ + BAY-K-8644. This effect was stereospecific with
      the (+)-enantiomer being at least 100-fold more potent than the (-)-enantiomer.
      These data provide primary evidence for functional dihydropyridine-sensitive
      calcium channels in brain.

PMID- 2412858
TI  - Use of immunoblockade to study the involvement of peptidergic afferent nerves in
      the intestinal vasodilatory response to capsaicin in the dog.
AB  - Capsaicin evokes intestinal vasodilatation when given by close arterial injection
      probably by acting on primary sensory neurons. Several peptides known to occur in
      primary afferents also have vasodilator effects. We have used immunoblockade to
      test the hypothesis that the vasodilator effect of capsaicin was mediated by
      release of these peptides. Antisera to substance P, cholecystokinin, vasoactive
      intestinal peptide and somatostatin inhibited specifically and dose dependently
      the effect of each of these peptides given alone. Graded doses of the antisera to
      substance P, cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide also produced a
      dose dependent inhibition of the vasodilator response to capsaicin. In contrast,
      administration of somatostatin antiserum enhanced the vasodilator action of
      capsaicin. Prior administration of antibodies to substance P, cholecystokinin and
      vasoactive intestinal peptide produced an 80% inhibition of the response to
      capsaicin. In the presence of these antibodies, and of atropine, the response to
      capsaicin was reduced by more than 90%. The results suggest that capsaicin
      increases mesenteric blood flow due to release of substance P, cholecystokinin
      and vasoactive intestinal peptide. The precise cellular origins of these peptides
      is unknown, but they may well be released from the peripheral endings of primary
      afferent neurons.

PMID- 2412859
TI  - Does capsaicin cause reflex bronchospasm in guinea-pigs?
AB  - Capsaicin given intravenously (i.v.) into the vena cava or intra-arterially
      (i.a.) into the aortic arch of anesthetized guinea-pigs induced dose-dependent
      increases in pulmonary-flow resistance (R) and dynamic thoracic elastance (E).
      Threshold doses were 0.5-1.0 micrograms/kg body weight; greater than 8.0
      micrograms/kg induced tachyphylaxis. These responses to capsaicin, i.v. or i.a.,
      were similar after decentralization, bilateral vagotomy, or
      glossopharyngealotomy, and after autonomic blockers (mecamylamine, atropine,
      mepyramine, and bethanidine). Morphine significantly reduced responses to
      capsaicin but had no effect on responses to substance P (SP). Naloxone did not
      reverse the inhibitory effect of morphine, and neither reduced nor enhanced
      capsaicin-induced increases. Of the two antagonists to SP examined (given i.v.),
      [D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9]SP had no effect on SP-induced increases but abolished capsaicin
      induced increases in R, though without affecting increases in E, and [D-Arg1,D
      Pro2,D-Trp7,9,Leu11]SP reduced increases in R induced by both SP and capsaicin
      but had no effect on increases in E. Capsaicin (2.0-32.0 micrograms/kg i.v. or
      i.a.) had no bronchospastic effect in guinea-pigs given this drug (50.0 mg/kg
      s.c.) 7 days earlier. We conclude that in guinea-pigs--unlike other species-
      capsaicin causes bronchospasm without stimulating any afferent receptors in a
      centrally mediated bronchospastic reflex arc.

PMID- 2412860
TI  - An effect of ischemia on myocardial dihydropyridine binding sites.
AB  - The [3H]nitrendipine binding activity of sarcolemmal fragments isolated from
      aerobically perfused or ischemic rat hearts was studied. After 90 min aerobic
      perfusion, two populations of binding sites were detected--high affinity sites
      with KD of 0.24 +/- 0.04 nM and Bmax 313 +/- 110 fmol/mg protein, and low
      affinity sites with KD of 47.6 +/- 8.7 nM and Bmax 12.4 +/- 1.88 pmol/mg protein.
      Sixty minutes global ischemia significantly reduced the KD of the low (15.8 +/-
      2.9 nM, P less than 0.03) but not of the high (0.22 +/- 0.05 nM) affinity sites.
      Under these same conditions the Bmax of both the high (82.4 +/- 14.5 fmol/mg
      protein, P less than 0.03) and low (6.1 +/- 1.7 pmol/mg protein, P less than
      0.01) affinity binding sites was reduced but the sites retained their
      selectivity, with nifedipine displacing bound [3H]nitrendipine more potently than
      D600. Bay K 8644, when added upon reperfusion, promoted a dose-related increase
      in Ca2+ entry which was reduced by nifedipine, indicating that dihydropyridine
      binding sites can be activated after 60 min ischemia.

PMID- 2412861
TI  - Effect of 1-p-chlorobenzyl-1H-indazol-3-carboxylic acid (AF 1312/Ts) on the sex
      organs of the male laboratory mouse.
AB  - Oral administration (500 mg/kg body weight/day, for 28 days) of 1-p-chlorobenzyl
      1H-indazol-3-carboxylic acid (AF 1312/TS) induced suppression of spermatogenesis
      without adversely affecting the Leydig cells. The seminiferous tubules were
      almost depopulated and contained only Sertoli cells and spermatogonia. The drug
      also induced significant decrease in the levels of testicular RNA and protein;
      DNA level, however, remained unaltered. Regressive histological changes were also
      noted in the epididymides of drug-treated mice. Cauda epididymidal spermatozoa
      from drug-treated mice were immotile and fragmented. AF 1312/TS caused no
      alteration in the level of fructose in the seminal vesicle. The drug-induced
      alterations were reversible, and 56 days after drug withdrawal the reproductive
      organs returned to their pretreatment state. The results suggest that AF 1312/TS
      selectively suppresses spermatogenesis without interfering with the endocrine
      functions of the testis.

PMID- 2412862
TI  - Effect of lindane on cytology and cytochemistry of exfoliated vaginal cells.
AB  - Intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg or 10 mg per kg body weight of technical grade
      lindane twice weekly in Charles-Foster female rats induced marked disturbance of
      the estrous cycle, prolonging the proestrus phase considerably (5-7 times more
      compared to the normal) and thereby delaying ovulation. Exfoliated cells at
      proestrus are marked by high concentrations of glycogen, SDH and alkaline
      phosphatase while estrus is characterized by increased activity of acid
      phosphatase and mucopolysaccharides. Corresponding changes in the polysaccharides
      concentrations and enzyme activities of the exfoliated cells seen in the lindane
      treated rats were well correlated with disturbances of the cycle. The data
      suggest that lindane exerts an estrogen-like effect by inducing a temporary
      negative feedback on pituitary gonadotropin secretion.

PMID- 2412863
TI  - Expression of cellular oncogenes in teratoma-derived cell lines.
AB  - The expression of ten proto-oncogenes was studied in cell lines derived from
      transplantable mouse teratomas. The cell lines represent different forms of early
      embryonic cell specialization. The analysis included two embryonal carcinoma (EC)
      lines (PCC3 and F9), and four differentiated cell lines derived from
      teratocarcinoma, namely trophoblastoma (3-TDM), parietal endoderm (PYS-2),
      visceral endoderm (PSA5-E) and skeletal myoblasts (Cl10). The expression of c
      oncogenes was studied by analysing poly(A)+RNA for complementary sequences by dot
      blot and Northern blot hybridization. The results were related to the rate of
      cell multiplication and the state of differentiation by examining [3H]thymidine
      incorporation, growth curves and tissue-specific differentiation markers.
      Expression of c-myc and c-Ki-ras was found in all cell lines. In dot blot assays,
      poly(A)+RNA from all cell lines also hybridized with v-abl and v-sis probes. A
      marked decrease in c-myc expression was found in teratoma-derived myoblasts
      differentiating into myotubes. A similar reduction was found when 'nullipotent'
      F9 cells were induced by retinoic acid (RA) to form primitive endoderm. However,
      reduction of the growth rates of the parietal and visceral endodermal cell lines
      were not accompanied by decreased expression of c-myc or c-Ki-ras. Hybridization
      signals obtained with a v-sis probe was low in all teratoma-derived cell lines
      tested, except for the myogenic cell line Cl10. Both in exponentially growing and
      differentiated cultures of this line, two size classes of transcripts hybridized
      strongly to the v-sis probe. However, these transcripts, 7 and 3 kb, most likely
      represent endogenous retroviral transcripts and not c-sis transcripts. Expression
      of c-myb, c-mos, c-fes, c-src and c-erb A and c-erb B could not be detected in
      any of the cell lines studied.

PMID- 2412864
TI  - Vitronectin--a major cell attachment-promoting protein in fetal bovine serum.
AB  - Bovine serum is a constituent of most media used for the culture of animal cells.
      The adhesion-promoting properties of serum are generally attributed to
      fibronectin, yet there have been frequent reports of other adhesion-promoting
      molecules in bovine serum. Using a technique in which adhesive proteins are
      visualized after separation by SDS-PAGE, we graphically confirm the presence of a
      second cell attachment protein in bovine serum and present the evidence that this
      molecule is the bovine equivalent of vitronectin. The molecular size of this
      protein is in the same range as the size of the adhesive human plasma protein,
      vitronectin. The bovine protein also shared with human vitronectin an affinity
      for glass, and it could be purified by a combination of glass bead and ion
      exchange chromatography. The isolated bovine protein had varying proportions of
      an 80 and a 65 kD polypeptide. It showed immunological cross-reactivity with anti
      human vitronectin and with anti-human somatomedin B. Somatomedin B is a serum
      peptide which has a NH2-terminal sequence identical to that of human vitronectin.
      The identity of the bovine protein as vitronectin was established by showing that
      its NH2-terminal amino acid sequence is strongly homologous with those of human
      vitronectin and somatomedin B. Quantitation of the adhesive activities of
      fibronectin and vitronectin in bovine plasma and fresh serum showed that more
      activity is associated with vitronectin than with fibronectin. The preponderance
      of vitronectin was particularly clear in fetal bovine serum intended for cell
      culture. In various batches, cell attachment activity attributable to vitronectin
      was 8-16-fold greater than that of fibronectin, making vitronectin the main
      adhesive protein in routine cell culture media.

PMID- 2412865
TI  - Hepatocyte adhesion on plastic. Different mechanisms for serum- and fibronectin
      mediated adhesion.
AB  - Hepatocytes adhere well on plastic in the presence of serum or fibronectin and
      subsequent spreading is not prevented when protein synthesis was blocked by
      cycloheximide. Protein synthesis-independent spreading was also observed in
      cultures containing serum depleted of fibronectin by affinity chromatography.
      This indicates that serum-mediated adhesion is independent of fibronectin and
      suggests the existence of an adhesion factor other than fibronectin in serum. The
      involvement of different membrane components for fibronectin- and serum-mediated
      adhesion was demonstrated by experiments where the different adhesion-inhibiting
      activities of antisera raised against plasma membranes of rat liver and Morris
      hepatoma 7777 (Neumeier et al., FEBS lett 168 (1984) 241-244) were used. Whereas
      anti-liver antibodies inhibited both types of adhesion, anti-hepatoma antibodies
      were only able to prevent fibronectin-mediated adhesion. This indicates again
      that two different mechanisms are responsible for fibronectin- and serum-mediated
      adhesion. Fractionation of fetal calf serum (FCS) by size exclusion HPLC revealed
      that proteins of molecular weights of 60-80 kD promoted attachment and spreading
      of hepatocytes. Spreading was not perturbated by anti-hepatoma antibodies,
      indicating that an adhesion factor of 60-80 kD is responsible for serum-mediated
      adhesion. 'Serum-spreading factor', also called vitronectin, from human plasma
      has been described as having a similar molecular weight. The purified factor was
      found to mediate hepatocyte adhesion which was not inhibited by anti-hepatoma
      antibodies. This suggests that serum-mediated adhesion depends on an adhesion
      factor present in FCS, which is similar to or identical with vitronectin.

PMID- 2412866
TI  - Ascorbate-generated endogenous extracellular matrix affects cell protein
      synthesis in calf aortic smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Ascorbate supplementation of cultured fetal calf aortic smooth muscle cells leads
      to increased deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and stimulation of
      cellular protein synthesis (E. Schwartz et al., J cell biol 92 (1983) 462) [7].
      In the present study, we have investigated this phenomenon at the level of gene
      expression. Cells were grown for three weeks on tissue culture plastic with or
      without ascorbate (50 micrograms/ml). When compared to controls, cells grown in
      presence of ascorbate had twice as much poly(A+) RNA per microgram of total RNA,
      and ascorbate led to a 50% increase in [35S]methionine incorporation when the
      total RNA was translated in the reticulocyte lysate system. SDS-PAGE revealed no
      change in the protein pattern under the two conditions. "Northern" hybridization
      revealed a two- to fivefold increase in the sequence content of beta-actin, alpha
      tubulin and type I pro alpha 1-collagen in total RNA of ascorbate-supplemented
      cells, but no difference was observed in the mRNA sequence content for the three
      specific proteins when equal amounts of poly(A+) RNA from ascorbate and control
      cells were hybridized with the three cloned cDNAs. To evaluate the effect of an
      exogenous matrix, cells were also plated on collagen gels. RNA isolated from
      cells grown on collagen without added ascorbate exhibited translational activity
      and mRNA sequence content similar to cells grown with ascorbate on tissue culture
      plastic. In contrast, no differences from controls were found in cells grown for
      one week in the presence of ascorbate, at which time no significant deposition of
      collagen occurs in the extracellular matrix. These results suggest that the
      stimulation in protein synthesis in fetal calf smooth muscle cells supplemented
      with ascorbate is associated with an increase in the proportion of poly(A+) RNA
      in the total RNA pool, and that the production of an endogenous collagen-rich
      matrix in the presence of ascorbate may be the basis for these pretranslational
      changes.

PMID- 2412867
TI  - Association of rapidly-labelled RNAs with actin in nuclear matrix from mouse
      L5178Y cells.
AB  - More than 90% of rapidly-labelled nuclear RNA was associated with a nuclear
      matrix prepared from mouse leukemia L5178Y cells. The binding was not affected
      with up to 4 M NaCl; however, these RNAs were released from the nuclear matrix by
      treatment with a low ionic strength buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5,
      containing 1 mM ATP, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 0.2 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
      (EDTA) and 0.4 mM calcium chloride), without destruction of the sphere of the
      nuclear matrix. Actin filaments in the nuclear matrix were depolymerized with
      this buffer accompanied with rapidly-labelled RNAs. When the depolymerization was
      inhibited by slight modifications of the low ionic strength buffer (replacement
      of ATP by the same concentration of GTP; replacement of calcium ion by the same
      concentration of magnesium ion; addition of 20 micrograms/ml of phalloidine,
      which is a specific inhibitor of actin depolymerization), the release of rapidly
      labelled RNAs from the nuclear matrix was also inhibited. The complex containing
      rapidly-labelled RNAs and matrix proteins was solubilized by a sonication from
      the nuclear matrix, and subjected to cesium chloride equilibrium centrifugation.
      Rapidly-labelled RNAs were concentrated on the bottom of the gradient accompanied
      with a small number of proteins (68K, 60K, 43K and 40K). The 43K protein was
      identified as actin by immunoblotting. By RNase digestion before equilibrium
      centrifugation, actin in the bottom fractions disappeared. These results suggest
      that rapidly-labelled RNAs anchor on the actin filaments in the nuclear matrix.

PMID- 2412868
TI  - Effects of X-irradiation and sodium butyrate on cell-cycle traverse on normal and
      radiosensitive lymphoblastoid cells.
AB  - We have used a multi-parameter flow-cytometric technique to analyse changes in
      cell-cycle phase distribution (early and late G1, S and G2+M phases) for normal
      and X-ray-sensitive (ataxia-telangiectasia, A-T) lymphoblastoid cells exposed to
      X-irradiation and sodium butyrate (either alone or in combination). Sodium
      butyrate, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, is a useful pharmacological tool
      for determining the proposed role of a histone acetylation-based chromatin
      surveillance system in controlling cell-cycle responses to DNA damage. We report
      that X-irradiated A-T cells (acute doses up to 1.5 Gy) demonstrate deficiencies
      in the capacity to traverse G1 and G2+M phases, although we can find no evidence
      of the specific involvement of a sodium butyrate-sensitive process in normal
      cells or abnormalities in the responses of A-T cells to the drug. We conclude
      that abnormal cellular control of G1 transition in A-T may be the basis of
      disturbed cellular differentiation in vivo, particularly in non-proliferating
      tissues under conditions of accumulated environmental or spontaneous DNA damage.

PMID- 2412869
TI  - Dexamethasone-induced changes in morphology and keratin organization of rat
      thymic epithelial cells in primary culture.
AB  - Dexamethasone (DM)-induced changes in morphology and keratin organization of rat
      thymic epithelial cells (TECs) in primary culture were studied. The morphology
      and keratin organization of TECs were greatly altered by the addition of more
      than 10 nM DM. In control cultures, small slender cells were predominant and grew
      faster than cells of other types. Most of them had keratin bundles on day 3, but
      lost the bundles on day 7. In experimental cultures containing more than 10 nM
      DM, the morphology of TECs altered to a polygonal form and the TECs formed
      colonies. They had fine interlacing bundles of keratin filaments all over the
      cytoplasm, and the bundles were maintained or increased in number with the day of
      culture. Keratin proteins in TECs treated with 100 nM DM for 7 days were 2-fold
      for 46 500 D, 4-fold for 49 000 D, 1.7-fold for 52 000 D and 3.5-fold for 55 500
      D keratins to those in control TECs, respectively. Growth of TECs was inhibited
      by the addition of more than 10 nM DM. The effects of DM were reversible to some
      extent, for the morphology and keratin organization of TECs gradually changed
      into the control type by the removal of DM. These results suggested that DM
      greatly involved the growth and differentiation of rat TECs.

PMID- 2412870
TI  - Thrombin-mast cell interactions. Binding and cell activation.
AB  - Activation of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) by thrombin (0.05-0.5
      U/million cells) resulted in a concentration-dependent release of histamine,
      which levelled off by 0.1 U thrombin. Rat peritoneal mast cells (RMC) were not
      stimulated by thrombin, though in control experiments, both types of mast cells
      degranulated upon exposure to IgE-antigen. Pretreatment of thrombin with 0.2 mM
      diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), a specific serine protease inhibitor, resulted
      in 90% loss of thrombin degranulation and coagulant activity. Fluorescently
      labelled thrombin (FITC-thrombin) specifically bound to the BMMC surface, as
      measured by fluorescence cytometry. Pre-exposure of the BMMC to 20-fold excess of
      unlabelled thrombin prior to incubation with FITC-thrombin, prevented the binding
      of the labelled-thrombin to the cells. Incubation of thrombin with DFP or with
      antithrombin III (AT-III) resulted in losses of procoagulant and of BMMC
      degranulatory activities. DFP treatment of FITC-thrombin had no effect on the
      binding of the labelled enzyme to the cell surface. However, preincubation of the
      FITC-thrombin with AT-III prevented thrombin binding to the BMMC. Thus, the
      binding and the catalytic regions of the thrombin molecule are operationally
      distinct from one another. Kinetic analysis of the BMMC exposed to 0.5 U thrombin
      revealed a transient rise in intracellular cAMP, which peaked by 15 sec and was
      not measurable after 1 min. This suggests that differential activation of mast
      cells can occur at sites of tissue injury.

PMID- 2412871
TI  - Entry into S phase is inhibited in human fibroblasts by rat liver poly(A)+RNA.
AB  - Initiation of DNA synthesis was inhibited in human fibroblasts following
      microinjection with poly(A)+RNA derived from normal rat liver. After sucrose
      gradient sedimentation of the RNA, the inhibitory activity was found to be
      limited to two adjacent fractions. Dilution experiments suggest a minimum
      abundance level of 0.015% for this mRNA(s). Studies on the kinetics of this
      inhibition indicate a reversible inhibition with a duration of approx. 10 h.

PMID- 2412872
TI  - Basally located epithelial cell surface component identified by a novel
      monoclonal antibody technique.
AB  - Tubular aggregates of glandular epithelial cells (gland fragments) were isolated
      from human endometrium by collagenase digestion of surrounding stroma, thus
      exposing the basal surfaces of the cells. Using these aggregates as immunogen,
      monoclonal antibodies could be derived that recognized basally located antigens.
      One such antibody, G71, is described, that binds to a basal epithelial cell
      antigen present in a variety of human epithelia. Epitope-bearing molecules in the
      range Mr 60 000-180 000 are present in two of the tissues studied, amnion and
      endometrium. The epitope is associated with areas of epithelial cell
      extracellular matrix contact.

PMID- 2412873
TI  - Cultivation of macrophages derived from human malignant effusions.
AB  - Macrophages, isolated from malignant effusions, were cultured in vitro in media
      containing GCT/CM as a source of granulocyte-macrophage (GM) colony-stimulating
      factor (CSF). Cells were periodically examined for macrophage-specific cell
      surface antigens and functional activity. The number of macrophages increased
      sixfold during 15 days in culture. Autoradiographic studies confirmed that
      macrophages were incorporating 3H-Tdr. Macrophage-specific cell surface markers
      were retained up to five weeks in culture. Cells were also able to express
      macrophage-specific functions including phagocytosis and secretion of lysozyme.
      The results indicate that human tumor-derived macrophages may be expanded in
      short-term culture in the presence of GM CSF.

PMID- 2412874
TI  - Studies of Hb F in adult nonanemic baboons: Hb F expression in erythroid colonies
      decreases as the level of maturation of erythroid progenitors advances.
AB  - The expression of fetal hemoglobin was studied in erythroid cultures of bone
      marrow cells from normal baboons using globin biosynthesis and double
      immunofluorescent labeling with anti-gamma and anti-beta-chain monoclonal
      antibodies. Baboon erythroid cultures differed from human erythroid cultures in
      several respects. Erythroid clusters, CFUe, and to a lesser extent BFUe, could be
      grown without added erythropoietin (Epo), and in vitro maturation time of both
      CFUe and BFUe was shorter than of their human equivalents. In both CFUe and BFUe
      cultures Hb F synthesis increased following addition of Epo and reached a plateau
      at 0.5-1.0 IU. The biosynthetically determined levels of Hb F (mean, SD, and
      range of gamma/gamma + beta ratios) were: 0.84 +/- 0.09 (0.68-0.89) in BFUe
      colonies grown in 1.0-2.0 IU of Epo; 0.61 +/- 0.13 (0.45-0.85) in BFUe colonies
      grown in 0.2 IU of Epo; 0.28 +/- 0.12 (0.21-0.46) in erythroid clusters and CFUe
      derived colonies grown at 0.2-0.5 IU of Epo; and 0.04 +/- 0.02 (0.02-0.06) in
      CFUe colonies and e-clusters grown in the absence of added Epo. Immunofluorescent
      labeling revealed a pancellular expression of Hb F in all BFUe-derived colonies
      and bimorphism of Hb F expression in CFUe colonies and in a few erythroid
      clusters. These results show that, in the baboon, the level of Hb F expression in
      culture decreases as the presumed differentiative state of cells that produce the
      erythroid colonies advances.

PMID- 2412875
TI  - Aerodynamics and mucociliary function of upper airways.
AB  - The anatomical shape of the nasal cavities is of great importance for the air
      conditioning capacity of the upper respiratory tract. It means that the size of
      the anterior and posterior opening allows an adequate degree of turbulent air
      stream. A specific vascular system of the mucosa is responsible for temperature
      regulation of the inspired air. The humidification capacity is regulated actively
      by production of secretions and passively by condensation of water vapour on the
      mucosa during expiration and evaporation during the following inspiration due to
      temperature difference. The mucociliary activity of the nose is one of the most
      important defense mechanisms of the entire respiratory tract. The efficiency of
      the mucosal clearance is due to different internal and external influences. The
      effect of various environmental factors will be mentioned as well as expected
      consequences of the modern trend to use drugs for nasal application.

PMID- 2412876
TI  - Morphologic changes of alveolar macrophages in smoking sarcoidosis patients.
AB  - In a group of 105 patients suffering from various pulmonary diseases we have
      previously observed quantitative and qualitative differences between alveolar
      macrophages from smokers and non-smokers. In this study, we compared the cell
      population of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids in non-smoking, and smoking
      patients suffering from pulmonary sarcoidosis. Cell yield was significantly
      higher in smokers than in non-smokers: (P less than 0.02), lavage fluids of
      smokers contained 83% of macrophages and 14% of lymphocytes, as compared with 60%
      and 34% respectively in non-smokers (P less than 0.002). However, the total
      number of lymphocytes was not significantly different between the two groups.
      Alveolar macrophages from smokers were bigger and contained large pigmented
      lipoproteinic inclusions. Complementary cytochemical studies showed that
      lipofuscins were the principal constituent of these intracytoplasmic inclusions.
      In conclusion, cigarette smoke increases the number and alters the structure of
      the alveolar macrophages of patients with sarcoidosis, as well as in other
      chronic respiratory disease as previously shown. The mechanism responsible for
      the increased lipofuscins concentration in the alveolar macrophages of smokers
      remains to be determined.

PMID- 2412877
TI  - Brain monoamine metabolism and behavior in portacaval-shunted rats.
AB  - Animals with a portacaval shunt exhibit several biochemical abnormalities in
      plasma and brain similar to patients with portal-systemic encephalopathy, i.e.,
      hyperammonemia, amino acid imbalance, and neurotransmitter disturbances. We
      investigated behavior and brain monoamine metabolism in operated, sham-operated,
      and nonoperated rats 1 day and 2, 4, and 6 weeks after operation. In order to
      quantitate the turnover in the brain indoleamine and catecholamine systems, 5
      hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and dihydroxyphenylalanine were measured after
      decarboxylase inhibition with NSD 1015. The brains were dissected into five
      regions. All rats with the shunt had high plasma ammonia concentrations.
      Behavioral tests revealed a reduction in spontaneous locomotion 2, 4, and 6 weeks
      after portacaval shunt and reduced exploratory behavior compared with control
      rats. These changes coincided with profound alterations of the indoleaminergic
      system. As early as 1 day after surgery, rats with the shunt showed a marked
      increase in the accumulation of 5-HTP in all brain regions, indicating an
      enhanced tryptophan hydroxylase activity. The changes in indoleamine synthesis
      were most profound in the cortex and the midbrain. Only minor alterations of the
      catecholaminergic system could be detected. The alterations in behavior and
      indoleamine neurotransmitter metabolism may be pathophysiologically interrelated
      and may serve as the basis for experimental studies of portal-systemic
      encephalopathy.

PMID- 2412878
TI  - A study on the pharmacokinetics in mouse of adenine-9-beta-D-arabinofuranoside 5
      monophosphate conjugated with lactosaminated albumin.
AB  - In plasma of mice injected with adenine-9-beta-D-arabinofuranoside monophosphate
      (ara-AMP) coupled to human lactosaminated serum albumin (L-HSA) some of the ara
      AMP molecules are enzymatically released, whereas others remain linked to L-HSA.
      Evidence has been obtained that ara-AMP is not deaminated when it is conjugated
      to L-HSA, in contrast to the free drug which is rapidly metabolized to its
      hypoxanthine derivative.

PMID- 2412879
TI  - Selective killing of smooth muscle cells in culture by the ricin A-chain
      conjugated with monoclonal antibodies to a cell surface antigen via a dextran
      bridge.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies to a surface antigen of the modulated smooth muscle cells
      originally isolated from the rat aorta media were conjugated with ricin A-chain
      via an oxidized dextran bridge. The interaction of cultured cells with the
      conjugates obtained and with control substances was monitored following
      incorporation of 14C-leucine radioactivity. It was found that 14C-leucine
      incorporation was suppressed by 80-90% at a conjugate concentration of 10(-6)-10(
      7) M. Antigen-negative cells (line IAR; rat hepatocytes) were insensitive to the
      conjugate at any concentration used. Control use of purified ricin A-chain,
      native or oxidized dextran, specific and nonspecific IgG did not affect normal
      14C-leucine incorporation. The data obtained may be useful for designing targeted
      drug transport systems and for selective screening of modulated smooth cells in
      vascular pathology models in vivo.

PMID- 2412880
TI  - Contrasting effects of RNA and protein synthesis blocking on natural and lectin
      dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against adherent HEp-2 cells.
AB  - In this study, earlier observations concerning the independence of both natural
      (NCMC) and lectin-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (LDCC) from DNA synthesis
      have been confirmed. In addition, blocking of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D and
      of protein synthesis, reversibly by puromycin (PM) and irreversibly by emetine
      (EM) had different effects on NCMC and LDCC against 3H-thymidine-prelabeled HEp-2
      target cells. Similarly to the Con A-induced proliferation of lymphocytes, LDCC
      activity was also inhibited by blocking of RNA and protein synthesis. NCMC to HEp
      2 target cells was not affected by blocking of RNA synthesis, while both PM and
      EM strongly enhanced NCMC activity.

PMID- 2412881
TI  - Adrenocortical metabolism and plasma corticosterone in soman intoxicated rabbits.
AB  - The organophosphate neurotoxin soman produced impairments in adrenocortical RNA
      and protein metabolism. Fasciculate and reticular cell RNA and protein contents
      were suppressed with sublethal to acutely lethal dosages (20, 30 and 40
      micrograms/kg, s.c.) during the acute excitatory phase of intoxication and at 6-8
      h post injection. All three dosages produced ca 90% inactivation of plasma
      cholinesterase. A transient elevation of plasma corticosterone occurred with 20
      micrograms/kg soman whereas there was a protracted increase with 30
      micrograms/kg. Corticosterone was not significantly elevated with 40
      micrograms/kg, but death occurred at 13 +/- 4 min. Thus, the magnitude and/or
      nature of soman-induced metabolic impairments does not appear to prevent adrenal
      activation.

PMID- 2412882
TI  - Role of calcium in the histamine release induced by D-galactosamine from rat mast
      cells.
AB  - Rat peritoneal mast cells were isolated and purified by differential
      centrifugation in Ficoll. Cells pooled from three to four rats were suspended at
      approximately 10(6) cells/ml in a buffered salt solution and incubated for 1 h at
      37 degrees C in 300 microliter volumes in the absence or presence (9 X 10(-4) M)
      of calcium chloride. Addition of D-galactosamine hydrochloride (DGM; 2.8 X 10(
      4)M) caused (in addition to basal release) a mean +/- SEM percent histamine
      release of 15.7 +/- 5.2 in the presence of Ca++ and 19 +/- 4.9 in the absence of
      Ca++ (p greater than 0.05). It is suggested that D-galactosamine does not require
      extracellular Ca++ for the release of histamine from the rat mast cell.

PMID- 2412883
TI  - Increased silver stainability of metaphase chromosomes from rat hepatocytes
      during in vivo hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - Silver stainability of metaphase chromosomes was studied in hepatocytes obtained
      from rats exposed or not to a partial or complete carcinogenic treatment with
      diethylnitrosamine and phenobarbital. An increased hyperstaining is reported in
      the carcinogen-treated animals.

PMID- 2412884
TI  - A simple method for counting nuclei in the preimplantation mouse embryo.
AB  - An easy and rapid method of counting the number of cells in the preimplantation
      mouse embryo is described. The procedure increases the speed with which large
      numbers of embryos can be processed using a simple squash technique. Cell numbers
      are determined by exposing the embryos to the fluorescent DNA-binding dye,
      Hoechst 33258, removing the zona pellucida and simply squashing the embryo and
      counting the number of fluorescent nuclei. An increase in fluorescent intensity
      and maintenance of nuclear conformation of the squashed preparations are greatly
      improved by the use of the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100. Viability of dye
      treated fertilized one-cell and blastocyst stage embryos is maintained at least
      up to day 13 of pregnancy following transfer of the embryos to the uteri of
      pseudopregnant recipients. Additional uses for this staining technique are
      discussed.

PMID- 2412885
TI  - Histochemical and ultrastructural features of neuronal pigment in some encephalic
      nuclei of ruminants.
AB  - Neuronal pigment in red nucleus, locus coeruleus and substantia nigra from
      cattle, sheep and goat was examined with the aid of light and electron
      microscopy. In the red nucleus and locus coeruleus neurons of all the species
      examined the pigment shows the histochemical and ultrastructural features typical
      of lipofuscins. The ultrastructural observations indicated that the morphology of
      pigment granules is related to age and permitted identification of various stages
      of pigment evolution, which suggested a lysosomal origin of the pigment bodies.
      In bovine and sheep the substantia nigra is very reduced and contains no
      detectable pigment; while in goat, some neurons appear to contain discrete
      amounts of neuromelanin. Ultrastructurally this kind of pigment appears
      characterized by the features of a lipofuscin-like granule which stores highly
      electron dense material identifiable as melanin.

PMID- 2412886
TI  - Poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase activity during bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in
      hamsters.
AB  - Bleomycin damages cellular DNA and is a potent inducer of pulmonary fibrosis. It
      has been shown to act through a superoxide-mediated mechanism. We are interested
      in determining the biochemical mechanisms involved in fibrosis and in this
      preliminary study we have examined the temporal relationship between early
      biochemical events associated with DNA damage and fibrosis, in lungs of hamsters
      after administration of 0.75 unit of bleomycin. The activities of poly(ADP
      ribose) synthetase, an enzyme associated with DNA repair, inducible superoxide
      dismutase (SOD) and prolyl hydroxylase as well as the tissue levels of NAD+ and
      hydroxyproline in the lung were determined. All three enzyme activities expressed
      as per milligram DNA or per lung, increased upon bleomycin treatment over the
      saline-administered controls. Lung poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase activity which is
      sensitive to DNA breaks, increased first (24% over control in 1 day, P less than
      0.0001), attained the maximum value on the 5th day (952% over control, P less
      than 0.0001), and started to decline thereafter and approached near the control
      value on 14th day. Bleomycin treatment induced a rapid change in the level of
      lung NAD+. After 1 day the level of NAD+ was reduced by 42% compared to the
      control (P less than 0.001), further declined to 65% (P less than 0.001) on the
      3rd day, and stayed at that level until the 7th day. On the 14th day, however,
      the NAD+ level was still lower (29%, P less than 0.05) but approaching the value
      in the control animals. The activity of prolyl hydroxylase showed significant
      increase on the 3rd day (50% over control, P less than 0.0001) after bleomycin
      administration. The enzyme activity continued to increase until the end of the
      experiment (490% of control, P less than 0.0001, on Day 14). The content of
      undialyzable hydroxyproline, a marker for collagen, was also increased
      significantly in the lung tissue on the 3rd day (30% over control, P less than
      0.05), continued to increase and reached the highest level on the 14th day (71%
      over control, P less than 0.001). A significant increase in the activity of SOD
      (19% over control, P less than 0.001) was seen on the 5th day which continued to
      increase and attained the highest value on Day 14 (115% over control, P less than
      0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2412887
TI  - [Clinical pharmacokinetics of pyromecaine. Prolonged intravenous infusion and the
      relation between its antiarrhythmic effect and its concentration].

PMID- 2412888
TI  - [Synthesis of virus-specific RNA in influenza virus-infected cells in the
      presence of bonafton].

PMID- 2412889
TI  - Voltage-activated Ca2+ currents in insulin-secreting cells.
AB  - Membrane voltage and voltage-clamped membrane currents have been investigated
      with the whole-cell patch clamp method in the insulin-secreting cell line RINm5F.
      The mean resting membrane potential of RINm5F cells was found to be -52 mV.
      Overshooting spike potentials could be evoked by depolarising voltage steps in
      the absence of a secretagogue. Inward membrane currents evoked by depolarising
      voltage steps were dependent upon extracellular Ca2+ and blocked by Co2+,
      nifedipine and verapamil. Outward membrane currents which were evoked by
      depolarising voltage steps to positive membrane potentials were reduced when Ca2+
      entry was prevented. It is concluded that the voltage-activated Ca2+ currents
      underlie the voltage-activated spike potentials recorded from insulin-secreting
      cells.

PMID- 2412890
TI  - Antibodies directed against guanylic acid and guanosine are nucleolus specific
      probes.
AB  - Purified antibodies against guanylic acid and guanosine binding to RNA at
      guanosine residues were used to probe human lymphocyte preparations by indirect
      immunofluorescence. Neither antibody gave any banding pattern with metaphase
      chromosomes but both showed binding to specific sites in the interphase nuclei.
      Evidence presented indicates that these sites are guanosine residues on rDNA
      transcripts at the nucleolar organizer regions.

PMID- 2412891
TI  - A monoclonal antibody specific for the duplex DNA poly[d(TC)].poly[d(GA)].
AB  - Although most duplex DNAs are not immunogenic some synthetic DNAs such as
      poly[d(Tm5C)].poly[d(GA)] are weakly immunogenic allowing the production of
      monoclonal antibodies. The specificity of one of these antibodies, Jel 172, was
      investigated in detail by a competitive solid-phase radioimmune assay. Jel 172
      bound well to poly[d(TC)].poly[d(GA)] but not to other duplex DNAs such as
      poly[d(TTC)].poly[d(GAA)] and poly[d(TCC)].poly[d(GGA)]. The binding to
      poly[d(Br5UC)].poly[d(GA)] was enhanced while that to poly[d(TC)].poly[d(IA)] was
      decreased compared to poly[d(TC)].poly[D(GA)]. Thus, not only is the antibody
      very specific for a sequence of duplex DNA but it also appears to recognize
      functional groups in both grooves of the helix.

PMID- 2412892
TI  - Modification of the amino acid acceptor stem of E. coli tRNAMetf by ligation of
      chemically synthesized ribooligonucleotides.
AB  - The single-stranded region of the amino acid acceptor stem corresponding to the
      3'-end of E. coli tRNAMetf was replaced by ligation of chemically synthesized
      ribooligonucleotides, in order to change the length of the single-stranded CCA
      terminus. The chemically synthesized ribooligomers, CCA, ACCA, AACCA and CAACCA,
      were ligated to nuclease-treated E. coli tRNAMetf, which lacked the ACCA sequence
      at the 3'-end. The methionine acceptor activities of these modified tRNAs were
      examined using E. coli methionyl-tRNA synthetase. Ligation of the chemically
      synthesized pentamer (AACCA) to the acceptor terminus restored the methionine
      acceptor activity, whereas ligation of the hexamer (CAACCA) or trimer (CCA) to
      the acceptor terminus did not Modification of the acceptor terminus had no effect
      on the formylation of accepted methionine.

PMID- 2412893
TI  - Direct measurements of increased free cytoplasmic Ca2+ in mouse pancreatic beta
      cells following stimulation by hypoglycemic sulfonylureas.
AB  - The effects of the hypoglycemic sulfonylureas tolbutamide and glibenclamide on
      free cytoplasmic Ca2+, [Ca2+]i, were compared with that of a depolarizing
      concentration of K+ in dispersed and cultured pancreatic beta-cells from ob/ob
      mice. [Ca2+]i was measured with the fluorescent Ca2+-indicator quin2. The basal
      level corresponded to 150 nM and increased to 600 nM after exposure to 30.9 mM
      K+. The corresponding levels after stimulation with 1 microM glibenclamide and
      100 microM tolbutamide were 390 and 270 nM respectively. K+ depolarization
      increased [Ca2+]i more rapidly than either of the sulfonylureas. It is suggested
      that the increased [Ca2+]i obtained after stimulation by sulfonylureas is due to
      depolarization of the beta-cells with subsequent entry of Ca2+ through voltage
      dependent channels.

PMID- 2412894
TI  - gamma-Globin gene triplication and quadruplication in Japanese newborns. Evidence
      for a decreased in vivo expression of the 3'-A gamma-globin gene.
AB  - Cord blood samples of 113 Japanese babies from Kurashiki, Japan, were analyzed
      for the presence of possible modifications in gamma-globin gene arrangements and
      for changes in the relative quantities of the gamma chains G gamma, A gamma, and
      its variant A gamma T. As many as 9 babies had the gamma-globin gene
      triplication, one a gamma-globin gene quadruplication, and two a gamma-globin
      gene deletion. The triplication and quadruplication involved cross-overs within
      the G gamma- and A gamma-globin genes resulting in a hybrid gene with the 5'
      segment being derived from the A gamma and the 3'-segment from the G gamma-globin
      gene (-AG gamma-). The G gamma value of the 9 babies with the -G gamma-AG gamma-A
      gamma-globin gene arrangement averaged approximately 80% and that of the baby
      with -G gamma-AG gamma-AG gamma-A gamma- was 78%. Four of the 9 babies with the
      triplication and the baby with the quadruplication had an A gamma T mutation in
      trans; in these babies, the A gamma chain level (from the A gamma-globin gene in
      3'-position in the tri- and quadruplication arrangements) was decreased to about
      one-third and one-sixth of the level observed in the simple A gamma T
      heterozygote. This observation supports the suggestion that transcription
      beginning at the 5'-gamma-globin gene interferes with that of the 3'-gamma-globin
      gene.

PMID- 2412895
TI  - Murine interleukin 1 stimulates alpha 2-macroglobulin synthesis in rat hepatocyte
      primary cultures.
AB  - In rat hepatocyte primary cultures recombinant interleukin 1 was found to
      stimulate alpha 2-macroglobulin synthesis, whereas albumin synthesis was
      decreased. Although recent experiments gave evidence that a hepatocyte
      stimulating factor distinct from interleukin 1 must exist, we conclude that
      interleukin 1 exerts a direct effect on hepatocytes by inducing acute-phase
      protein synthesis.

PMID- 2412896
TI  - The properties of the complex between ribosomal protein L2 and tRNA.
AB  - Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L2 interacts with fMet-tRNAfMet and NacPhe
      tRNAPhe in solution, protecting their 3'-ends from enzymatic degradation. At the
      same time L2 enhances the rate of spontaneous hydrolysis of the ester bonds
      between terminal riboses and amino acyl moieties of these two peptidyl-tRNA
      analogues. L2 has, however, only a slight effect on the rate of spontaneous
      deacylation of aminoacyl-tRNAs. We suggest that the role of L2 is in the fixation
      of the aminoacyl stem of tRNA to the ribosome at its P-site, and speculate that
      this protein is directly involved in the peptidyl transferase (PT) reaction.

PMID- 2412897
TI  - Molecular characterization of the murine T cell antigen receptor and associated
      structures.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that the T cell antigen-specific receptor is a
      disulfide-linked heterodimer with subunits of 40-48 kilodaltons. We have produced
      a series of antiserums and monoclonal antibodies to epitopes carried by the
      molecule, including clonotypic epitopes specific to individual T lymphomas as
      well as epitopes shared by different T cell lines. Using these reagents we have
      isolated the heterodimers from a variety of T cells for comparison of primary
      structure via two-dimensional peptide mapping. The results indicate that the
      peptide maps of the alpha and beta subunits are extremely different, indicating
      that the subunits are encoded by different genes, and both subunits contain
      constant as well as variable peptides. To determine whether the murine T cell
      receptor is associated with other cell surface structures, C6VL lymphoma cells
      were radioiodinated, cross-linked with the cleavable reagent dimethyl-3,3'
      dithiobispropionimidate, solubilized, and subjected to immunoprecipitation with
      the clonotypic antibody 124-40, and the precipitates were analyzed by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cross-linked samples, but not
      sham-treated precipitates, contained structures similar to the human Leu-4/T3
      structure in addition to the receptor subunits. These results indicate that
      similar structures may be associated with the receptor in the human and the
      mouse.

PMID- 2412898
TI  - [Epidemiology and prevention of viral hepatitis (a review of the literature)].

PMID- 2412899
TI  - [Microscopy of retrograde fluorochrome-labeled neurons in thin brain slices].

PMID- 2412900
TI  - [Endogenous peptides in the organization of somato-vegetative responses to
      hypothalamic stimulation].
AB  - The effect of i. v. administration of angiotensin II, substance P, DSIP, B
      endorphin and bradykinin on the behaviour and the somato-vegetative responses to
      electrical stimulation of negative and positive emotiogenic regions of the
      hypothalamus, were studied. Angiotensin II, substance P and DSIP suppressed the
      avoidance and self-stimulation responses and inhibited cardiovascular responses.
      Bradykinin, renin and B-endorphin increased the latency of avoidance responses,
      enhanced and prolonged the somato-vegetative responses to electrical stimulation
      of negative emotiogenic regions of the hypothalamus. Possible mechanisms of the
      peptides physiological activity are discussed.

PMID- 2412901
TI  - [Participation of cyclic nucleotides and calcium in regulation of the sensitivity
      of vertebrate photoreceptors].
AB  - Effects of PDE inhibitor IBMX and of Ca2+ decrease upon sensitivity of rods and
      cones were compared. IBMX greatly increases the sensitivity of rods but not that
      of cones. Ca2+ does not significantly affect the sensitivity of both rods and
      cones. Possible role of cyclic nucleotides as feed--back regulator in mechanisms
      of photoreception is discussed.

PMID- 2412902
TI  - [Analog-spike conversion in myelinated fibers. Role of potassium channels in
      digital coding].
AB  - Possible role of Ranvier node membrane fast and slow potassium channels in analog
      to-digital transformation was studied. Rhythmic activity was computed in modified
      mathematical Dodge-Hill's model. Taking into account the slow channels
      contribution makes it possible to reproduce a special type of transformation in
      the model: numeric coding, whereas on account of varying the reversal potential
      for current through the slow channels, an optimal setting of the electrically
      excitable membrane to a certain range of stimulating current is possible. The
      existence of two types of potassium channels differing by their gating as well as
      selective properties seems to provide one of the ionic mechanisms for conjugation
      of properties of both the electrically excitable and receptor membranes.

PMID- 2412903
TI  - Cytochemical studies on the basic nuclear proteins of buffalo, goat and ram
      spermatozoa.
AB  - A cytochemical study of the basic nuclear proteins in buffalo, goat and ram
      spermatozoa has been made. The various techniques used suggest that these basic
      proteins are different from somatic proteins. Free, non-DNA-associated and RNA
      associated basic proteins are absent. The basic proteins are rich in arginine,
      poor in lysine and consist of proteins (histones) other than protamines. It is
      concluded that these sperm histones are stable proteins or basic keratins. They
      are more concentrated in the distal portion of the head as compared to the
      proximal one. The results have been compared with those obtained in other
      animals.

PMID- 2412904
TI  - Influence of different culture conditions on BLV expression in permanently
      infected FLK cell lines.
AB  - The permanently BLV-infected FLK cell line 44/2 and FLK sublines were tested for
      the stability of their BLV and antigen synthesis by three virus markers, p24,
      gp51, and activity of reverse transcriptase. The extent of BLV production in the
      FLK line correlated directly with the surface for cell growth in roller and
      stationary cultures. The synthesis and secretion of non-virus-associated gp51 is
      especially stimulated in the roller culture, and is largely independent of the
      quality of the culture medium. The roller culture allows considerable economy of
      the medium, at the same time retaining its full biological activity. As much as 2
      mg of gp51 per litre of culture supernatant was obtained by this procedure.
      Appropriate markers for estimation of BLV production are p24 and gp51. For this
      purpose, the activity of reverse transcriptase on its own was not sufficient. The
      BLV yield differed by one order of magnitude among the 18 cloned FLK sublines.
      Three sublines have been identified, which showed a comparatively high virus
      production, under conditions of stationary cultures. The amount or activity of
      viral markers could not be correlated with the number of BLV proviruses.

PMID- 2412905
TI  - SEM observations on the cellular transmigration through the wall of blood vessels
      in cancer of the human larynx.
AB  - Human larynges, removed surgically for advanced planoepithelial carcinoma were
      used for study. After employing appropriate preparation procedure the obtained
      material was examined in scanning electron microscope (SEM). The predominant
      findings were: the human cancer cells transmigrate through the venule lining
      at/or near the sites of the endothelial intercellular junction, capillaries and
      postcapillary venules constitute a territory within the transmigration of
      lymphocytes, piercing the body of the endothelial cell, occur in both directions,
      the cellular elements of the immune system are relatively more numerous gathered
      in the peripheral areas of the primary tumor, the obtained results are consistent
      with in vivo and in vitro experimental data.

PMID- 2412906
TI  - Evolutionary conservation of brain Thy-1 glycoprotein in vertebrates and
      invertebrates.
AB  - The evolutionary conservation of brain Thy-1 glycoprotein in 24 vertebrate and
      invertebrate species has been investigated by means of a soluble phase
      radioimmunoassay (RIA) and by the "Western blot" technique. The brain
      glycoproteins from virtually all the vertebrate species inhibited the
      precipitation of mouse Thy-1.1 by a rabbit anti-rat Thy-1 antiserum. Most
      reagents also inhibited the binding of a mouse anti-rat Thy-1 monoclonal antibody
      to rat Thy-1. Whole tissue glycoproteins from earthworm, snail and oyster and
      ganglia glycoproteins of a locust species were also found to be inhibitory.
      Western blotting analysis on NaDod SO4 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under
      reducing conditions revealed a Thy-1 homologous molecule (22-25 KD) in mammals,
      birds, fish, reptiles and invertebrate species. The snail Thy-1-like molecule was
      eluted from the gel and was shown to specifically inhibit the serological
      reaction. The rabbit anti-rat Thy-1 antiserum also detected a doublet molecule of
      approximately 85,000 KD, which is conserved in all species, including yeast and
      bacteria. The origin and nature of the presumed glycoproteins is unknown. Our
      results suggest that the Thy-1 molecule has been conserved throughout metazoan
      evolution and that the Thy-1 gene is the most conserved among the immune related
      genes (immunoglobulins, beta 2-microglobulin and major histocompatibility) which
      share extensive amino acid homology.

PMID- 2412907
TI  - Multiple labeling of cellular constituents by combining surface reflection
      interference and fluorescence microscopy.
AB  - In this paper the technique for visualizing cytoskeleton in detergent-extracted
      cultured cells by surface reflection interference (SRI) microscopy after staining
      with the protein dye Coomassie Brilliant Blue (SRI-CooB technique) is used in
      conjunction with fluorescently-labeled antibodies or with other fluorescent
      probes to detect a number of constituents in the same cultured cell. Because SRI
      CooB technique preferentially visualizes microfilament bundles along the ventral
      aspect of cells adhering to a glass substratum, we feel that this simple and
      rapid technique has great potential in studies of cell-substratum adhesiveness
      and of adhesion-related cytoskeletal organization.

PMID- 2412908
TI  - Products of trypsin digestion of haptoglobin beta (heavy) chain.
AB  - Trypsin digestion of haptoglobin beta (heavy) chain resulted in five
      glycopeptides. The glycopeptides were characterized by carbohydrate and
      sulphydryl groups content; their molecular mass was determined by sodium dodecyl
      sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence or absence of 2
      mercaptoethanol. None glycopeptide possessed hemoglobin-binding capacity.
      glycopeptide I did not form any precipitate with antihaptoglobin serum but was
      shown to inhibit strongly the reaction of haptoglobin or beta chain with the
      antiserum. Glycopeptide II showed dominant antigenic determinants in relation to
      native haptoglobin and to beta chain. Reaction of this glycopeptide with
      concanavalin A was almost twice higher than the corresponding reaction of
      haptoglobin. Glycopeptides IV and V were inactive in the reaction with the
      lectin. Glycopeptide III exhibited relatively the strongest cross-reactivity with
      the specific antihaptoglobin serum while its inhibitory activity in the
      immunoreaction was the lowest.

PMID- 2412909
TI  - Peptide diversity from exon choice: RNA processing regulation in the
      neuroendocrine system.

PMID- 2412910
TI  - Dissociation of uterine eosinophilia and water imbibition from other estrogen
      induced responses by nafoxidine pretreatment.
AB  - We investigated the effect of pretreatment of immature rats with 5 or 50
      micrograms nafoxidine (UA), or with 0.05 micrograms 17 beta-estradiol (E2) on
      several uterine responses elicited by treatment with a test injection of 15
      micrograms E2, administered 48 h after pretreatment. Early (6 h) and late (24 h)
      responses were measured, including wet weight, RNA, protein and glycogen content
      and number of blood eosinophils per uterus. The results showed that, like a 24 h
      pretreatment with 5 micrograms UA, a 48 h pretreatment with either of the UA
      doses dissociated the early wet weight response from the late responses to E2
      treatment, only the former being restored. In the case of E2 pretreatment, both
      types of response to E2 treatment were reinstalled. By contrast, uterine
      eosinophilia, induced 6 and 24 h after E2 treatment, was not only restored but
      even markedly amplified following any of the 3 pretreatments. This was obtained
      without amplification of the early wet weight response and with various levels of
      the other parameters at the time of administration of the test E2 injection (i.e.
      due to the pretreatment alone). From this it may be concluded that if the
      previously documented correlation between estrogen-induced eosinophilia and edema
      actually reflects the existence of a causal link between the 2 responses, as
      postulated by Tchernitchin in 1972, this would be with eosinophils controlling
      edema, rather than the reverse. Testable working hypotheses for the mechanism of
      amplification of the eosinophil response are proposed.

PMID- 2412911
TI  - Pre- and postnatal development of differentiated functions in rat intestinal
      epithelial cells.
AB  - A panel of monoclonal antibodies to intestinal cell surface components has been
      used to compare the expression of differentiation-specific antigens in the
      epithelial cells of fetal, suckling, and adult rat small intestine. Indirect
      immunofluorescence staining, and immunopurification of detergent-solubilized
      membrane proteins, followed by single- and two-dimensional slab gel
      electrophoretic analysis, have demonstrated that fetal intestinal cells (at day
      21 of gestation) express most differentiation-specific markers typical of adult
      absorptive villus cells. A marked heterogeneity in antigen expression was
      observed among different villus cell populations in suckling rat intestine, and
      three cell surface components were identified which are exclusively present
      during this period of intestinal development. Striking changes in the patterns of
      antigen expression in crypt and villus cells, and variations in the apparent
      isoelectric points for most luminal membrane components, were associated with the
      maturation of the intestinal mucosa at weaning. These changes could not be
      prematurely induced by cortisone injection in newborn rats, suggesting that
      factors other than glucocorticoids are responsible for the postnatal development
      of the intestinal epithelium. These results suggest that basic differences in
      biological properties and regulatory mechanisms exist among intestinal epithelial
      cells at different stages of pre- and postnatal maturation.

PMID- 2412912
TI  - Alpha-fetoprotein expression in intra- and extraembryonic fluids of developing
      chick embryo.
AB  - The ontogeny of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has been studied in the chicken (from 7
      days of incubation until 2 days after hatching) using (1) the two-dimensional
      immunoelectrophoresis technique, (2) the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and
      (3) the high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The
      molecular weight of AFP was estimated at 71,000. AFP was seen as a heterogeneous
      population composed of four isoforms which slightly differ by their isoelectric
      points. Up to the 18th day of development, qualitative changes in AFP
      heterogeneity do not occur. Only traces of the two alkaline isoforms were
      observed in plasma of 2 days post-hatching chickens. AFP has been identified in
      allantoic and cerebrospinal fluids but is not present in amniotic fluid. At 7
      days of embryonic age, all the plasma AFP species are present in cerebrospinal
      fluid.

PMID- 2412913
TI  - Developmental significance of a cortical cytoskeletal domain in Chaetopterus
      eggs.
AB  - The cortex of Chaetopterus eggs contains a cytoskeletal domain (CD) which
      includes a specific class of dense granular organelles and a large proportion of
      the maternal mRNA. This CD, along with its constituent dense granular organelles
      and mRNA, can be displaced to atypical locations in the egg by centrifugation. To
      investigate the developmental significance of the CD, we have examined the early
      development of egg and zygote fragments, prepared by centrifugation, which
      contained the CD, the nucleus, or both. Specifically, we prepared nucleate egg
      and zygote fragments depleted in the CD, and two-cell embryos in which the CD was
      present in only one cell. Nucleate centripetal egg fragments were both unable to
      develop after fertilization and were depleted in the CD, as shown by electron
      microscopy, acridine orange staining of cortical organelles, and hybridization
      with poly(U) and cloned DNA probes. In contrast, about 20-35% of the nucleate
      centripetal fragments derived from one-cell zygotes developed into swimming
      larva. Correlated with this improved success of development, we found that these
      zygotic centripetal fragments contained significant levels of the CD, using the
      same methods listed above. More effective removal of the CD from zygotic
      centripetal fragments by stratification prior to fragmentation virtually
      eliminated their ability to develop. The CD and associated components could be
      displaced into only one of the first two blastomeres by centrifugation of zygotes
      immediately prior to the first cleavage. Embryos containing the CD in only one
      blastomere continued to cleave, but formed defective larva. The results suggest
      that the cortical CD is necessary for normal embryonic development.

PMID- 2412914
TI  - Sequential expression of germ-layer specific molecules in the sea urchin embryo.
AB  - Described are two germ-layer specific molecules that appear coincident with the
      formation of two germ layer cell lineages in the sea urchin embryo. Meso1 is a
      molecule of 380 kDa that is first detected at the time of primary mesenchyme cell
      delamination from the wall of the blastula. Endo1 is a molecule of 320 kDa that
      appears on endoderm cells at the time of archenteron formation a few hours after
      Meso1 appears. Both antigens are identified by monoclonal antibodies. The
      appearance of these antigens is described by immunofluorescence microscopy, and
      quantitative data on their localization has been obtained by ultrastructural
      immunoelectron microscopy. The synthesis of the molecules has been followed by
      pulse-chase immunoprecipitation. Meso1 is first expressed in trans Golgi-like
      saccules, is concentrated in peripheral low electron-dense vesicles, and is found
      throughout the plasma membrane of the mesenchymal cells and their filopodial
      extensions. Newly translated Meso1 can first be immunoprecipitated upon
      differentiation of the mesoderm cell lineage, and pulse-chase studies suggest
      that the determinant is the result of a post-translational modification.
      [35S]Methionine pulses early in development followed by a chase to the mesenchyme
      blastula or prism stage show that at least a portion of the molecule is
      translated well in advance of the mesenchyme blastula stage. Endo1, in contrast,
      does not appear to be translated until the onset of gastrulation, just preceding
      the post-translational expression of the Endo1 determinant. Endo1 is localized to
      the apical and basolateral cell surfaces of the midgut and hindgut. No label is
      detected in foregut cells, demonstrating a heterogeneity of cell populations
      within the endoderm cell lineage corresponding to a difference in morphology. In
      addition, Endo1 is shown to be the result of new transcription by the embryonic
      genome. Even though the function of neither molecule is known, together they show
      the spatial and temporal precision of differentiation that accompanies the
      formation of germ layers.

PMID- 2412915
TI  - Protein tyrosine kinase activity of eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus
      purpuratus: the regulation of its increase after fertilization.
AB  - Protein tyrosine kinase activity in eggs of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus
      purpuratus, increased two- to fourfold as early as several min after
      fertilization at 8-10 degrees C. Artificial activation of eggs with the divalent
      cation ionophore, A23187, or with butyric acid induced the increase in enzyme
      activity. The transfer of eggs to seawater containing either no Na+ or 50 mM Na+
      and 10(-4) M amiloride immediately after fertilization did not block the
      increases in enzyme activity. When eggs were activated with seawater containing
      NH4OH, enzyme activity did not increase at 1 hr after activation, although the
      increased activity was detected at 3 hr after activation. Increased enzyme
      activity also was observed in enucleated egg fragments activated with butyric
      acid. Puromycin and emetine, inhibitors of protein synthesis, also did not
      inhibit the initial increases of enzyme activity after fertilization. These
      results demonstrated that the increased protein tyrosine kinase activity observed
      after fertilization of S. purpuratus eggs can be initiated independent of various
      other known events such as fusion with sperm cells and protein and DNA synthesis.

PMID- 2412916
TI  - Interferon: fantasies and facts.

PMID- 2412917
TI  - Mapping of type 1 poliovirus neutralization epitopes.
AB  - Several independently variable neutralization epitopes were identified on type 1
      poliovirus by testing various field isolates with a panel of homotypic monoclonal
      antibodies. According to their distribution among viruses tested, neutralization
      epitopes were classified as strain-specific or variable (V) and cross-reacting or
      constant (K). Operational, relationship between different neutralization epitopes
      was analysed by selecting mutants resistant to neutralization with monoclonal
      antibodies from wild Mahoney and attenuated Sabin type 1 poliovirus. The results
      of this study and their implication in the characterization of poliovirus
      antigenic structure by neutralization epitope formulae is discussed.

PMID- 2412918
TI  - Prevention of defective axonal transport in streptozocin-diabetic rats by
      treatment with "Statil" (ICI 128436), an aldose reductase inhibitor.
AB  - This investigation examined the effect of treatment of streptozocin-diabetic rats
      with the aldose reductase inhibitor "Statil" (25 mg/kg/day p.o.) on axonal
      transport in cholinergic neurons of the sciatic and vagal nerves and on nerve
      polyol and sugar levels. Three weeks of experimental diabetes caused deficits in
      the accumulation of choline acetyltransferase activity proximal to 24-h
      constrictions in the left sciatic and vagus nerves. These deficits did not
      develop in age-matched, similarly diabetic rats that were treated with the aldose
      reductase inhibitor. The inhibitor prevented completely the build-up of sorbitol
      and markedly reduced the build-up of fructose in the sciatic nerves of the
      treated diabetic rats. The inhibitor also prevented the depletion of myo-inositol
      that was seen in the untreated diabetic animals. It is suggested that these
      findings indicate a possible approach to the elucidation of the pathogenesis of
      cardiac vagal dysfunction in diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2412919
TI  - The insulin-pancreatic acinar axis.
AB  - Recent studies indicate that insulin directly regulates the acinar pancreas.
      Morphologic and hemodynamic studies indicate the presence of a portal system that
      conveys islet blood to acinar cells. Studies both in humans with diabetes
      mellitus and in animals given beta cell toxins indicate that insulin is necessary
      for normal acinar cell function. Studies in the perfused rat pancreas indicate
      that endogenous insulin potentiates zymogen release. Isolated rat and mouse acini
      have insulin receptors, and in these cells, after binding to its receptors,
      insulin regulates a number of functions including: sugar transport, protein
      synthesis, and the number of cholecystokinin receptors. These in vivo and in
      vitro studies suggest, therefore, that there is an insulin-pancreatic acinar axis
      that plays a major role in pancreatic function.

PMID- 2412920
TI  - The nature of insulin secretory defect in aging rats.
AB  - We have attempted to define the nature of insulin secretory defect(s) in aged
      animals. In these studies, pancreatic islets were isolated from 2- and 18-mo-old
      Fischer 344 rats. Margination of secretion vesicles during exocytosis was
      assessed by measuring the recruitment of somatostatin (SRIF) receptors to the
      surface membrane. Section vesicle lysis was studied by measuring insulin release
      into the incubation media. Submaximal and maximal glucose-induced insulin
      secretion was significantly greater in islets isolated from younger rats (P less
      than 0.01). SRIF receptor recruitment was stimulated by glucose in both younger
      and older Fischer 344 rats. However, an increase in SRIF receptor recruitment was
      reduced in islets isolated from older animals (from 2.14 +/- 0.4 to 4.6 +/- 0.4
      fmol/10 islets) (P less than 0.01) as compared with islets from younger animals
      (from 2.6 +/- 0.2 to 6.2 +/- 0.4 fmol/10 islets). When secretion vesicle lysis
      was inhibited by the presence of sodium isethionate in the incubation media,
      glucose (300 mg/dl) failed to stimulate secretion vesicle margination to the
      plasma membrane. In contrast, glyburide (0.6 micrograms/ml) continued to
      stimulate directly secretion vesicle margination in islets from aged animals
      (from 2.1 +/- 0.3 to 6.0 +/- 0.3 fmol/10 islets). We conclude that glucose
      induced margination of secretion vesicles at the plasma membrane is impaired by
      the aging process. This impairment results in lower submaximal and maximal
      insulin secretory response to glucose. The fact that glyburide is capable of
      stimulating secretion vesicle margination suggests that glucose signal
      recognition and/or stimulus-secretion coupling may be the locus of impairment in
      the process of insulin secretion in older animals.

PMID- 2412921
TI  - Antibodies to the cytoskeleton components and other autoantibodies in
      inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - A high prevalence of antibodies to cytoskeleton components (anti-CYTO) and of
      anti-smooth muscle (SMA) and antinuclear (ANA) antibodies has been found in
      inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In particular, a significant correlation has
      been documented between anti-CYTO and activity of the disease in ulcerative
      colitis and anti-fibroblast intermediate filaments (anti-vimentin) antibodies and
      Crohn's disease. The antibodies are detectable in the three major immunoglobulin
      classes, including IgA. While titres of anti-CYTO did not exceed 1:40, ANA and
      SMA were of high titres (up to 1:1,280). Antibodies to epithelial cells
      intermediate filaments (anti-cytokeratin) were detected only occasionally. The
      significance of these findings in IBD is discussed.

PMID- 2412922
TI  - Evaluation of rat insulin messenger RNA in pancreatic and extrapancreatic
      tissues.
AB  - The purpose of these studies was to determine whether insulin detected
      immunochemically in extrapancreatic tissues of the adult rat is synthesized in
      situ by quantitating mRNA in these tissues. A blot hybridization assay was
      utilized with cloned 32P-proinsulin cDNA. The lower limit of detection was
      estimated to be 3pg. Proinsulin mRNA concentration was found to be 1000-1500
      micrograms in isolated pancreatic islets and was easily detected in total
      pancreatic RNA at 10-15 pg/micrograms. Proinsulin mRNA was quantitated in rat
      insulinoma cells adapted to culture at levels 1:50 those in normal islets.
      Samples of RNA (20-50 micrograms) enriched about 50-fold for mRNA sequences by
      repeated oligo-deoxythymidylate chromatography were assayed. No insulin mRNA was
      detected in 50 micrograms samples of RNA from brain or in 20 micrograms samples
      from subsections of brain or other extrapancreatic tissues. RNA samples were
      undegraded as assessed by ability to stimulate protein synthesis in a cell-free
      system. Proinsulin mRNA from pancreas as added to brain homogenates and recovered
      intact. Brain RNA samples with insulin mRNA levels 1:1000 that of pancreas would
      be predicted to have 50-75 pg proinsulin mRNA/50 micrograms sample assayed if
      present. Because none was found, brain must have a concentration less than
      1:6,000 that of pancreas. These findings suggest that immunoassayable insulin
      detected in extrapancreatic tissues of the adult rat is synthesized by the
      pancreas.

PMID- 2412923
TI  - Changes in the somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      content of the gastrointestinal tract following streptozotocin-induced diabetes
      in the rat.
AB  - Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes of 10 weeks' duration showed
      significant changes in the total content of somatostatin, substance P and
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the stomach and small intestine compared
      with control animals. An increase (p less than 0.05) in the concentration and
      total content of gastric somatostatin and a decrease (p less than 0.05) in the
      concentration and content of gastric substance P were seen in the streptozotocin
      treated rats. The increase in the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) content
      (54%, p less than 0.05) and the decrease in the substance P content (35%, p less
      than 0.05) of the gut may contribute to the impaired intestinal motility observed
      in animals with experimentally produced diabetes. Both the diabetogenic effect of
      streptozotocin and the changes in regulatory peptide concentrations were
      prevented by injection of nicotinamide before streptozotocin suggesting that the
      changes did not arise from a non-specific toxic effect of streptozotocin upon
      gastrointestinal neurones and/or endocrine cells.

PMID- 2412924
TI  - A pluripotent human stem-cell clone isolated from the TERA-2 teratocarcinoma line
      lacks antigens SSEA-3 and SSEA-4 in vitro, but expresses these antigens when
      grown as a xenograft tumor.
AB  - Human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells generally express the cell-surface, stage
      specific embryonic antigens 3 and 4 (SSEA-3 and SSEA-4), the epitopes of which
      are defined by two monoclonal antibodies that recognize different portions of an
      extended globoseries oligosaccharide. To examine further the relationship between
      these epitopes and the human EC phenotype, we investigated the properties of two
      newly isolated clones from the human teratocarcinoma cell line, TERA-2. One clone
      expresses SSEA-3 and SSEA-4; the other does not. Nevertheless, these clones
      otherwise resemble one another, and based upon their morphology, their expression
      of other cell-surface antigens, and their ability to form xenograft tumors
      containing a variety of cell types, we conclude that both clones are composed of
      pluripotent human EC cells. When exposed to retinoic acid in vitro, neither clone
      differentiates as extensively as other clones that we have previously derived
      from TERA-2. These observations indicate heterogeneity among stem cells derived
      from a single human teratocarcinoma, and suggest that SSEA-3 and SSEA-4 are not
      necessarily integral features of the human EC phenotype. On the other hand, EC
      cells in xenograft tumors derived from the SSEA-3- and SSEA-4-negative clone re
      express these epitopes. Further, this re-expression is stable, since EC cell
      lines that are SSEA-3- and SSEA-4-positive grow out when the tumors are explanted
      in vitro. We conclude that the expression of these globoseries epitopes can be
      modulated by environmental influences.

PMID- 2412925
TI  - Subcellular distribution of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in differentiating
      Friend leukemia cells.
AB  - The occurrence of distinct (2'-5')(A)n-synthetase activities has recently been
      documented in cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts of several interferon (IFN)
      treated cell lines. Since a role has been proposed for (2'-5')(A)n synthetase in
      the control of cell growth and differentiation, we examined the subcellular
      distribution of (2'-5')(A)n-synthetase activity both in IFN-treated
      undifferentiated Friend leukemia cells (FLCs) and during dimethyl-sulfoxide
      (DMSO)-induced erythroid differentiation of FLCs. Both the nuclear and
      cytoplasmic (2'-5')(A)n activities were modulated to the same extent by IFNs and
      DMSO. No evidence for a causal relationship between enzyme activation and FLC
      differentiation was found.

PMID- 2412926
TI  - The effect of dietary exposure to a mirex plus chlordecone combination on CCl4
      hepatotoxicity.
AB  - The purpose of these studies was to investigate the effect of a mirex plus
      chlordecone combination on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats
      were maintained on control diet or on diets containing 10 ppm chlordecone (CD),
      10 ppm mirex (M), or M plus CD (10 ppm each; MCD) for 15 days. On Day 15 the rats
      received a single ip injection of CCl4 (100 microliters/kg) and hepatotoxicity
      was assessed 24 hr later. Animals in the control group receiving CCl4 alone were
      unaffected. Significant increases in liver-to-body weight ratios were observed in
      all three pretreatment groups following CCl4 challenge. Increases in serum
      enzymes (SGPT, SGOT, and ICD) occurred in all three pretreatment groups with CD =
      MCD greater than M greater than control. While MCD and CD pretreatment led to
      significant cholestasis and decreases in PG excretion, no such effect was
      observed with M. Light microscopic examination of tissues revealed swollen
      hepatocytes (balloon cells), hepatocellular necrosis, and lipid accumulation in
      the MCD, CD, and M groups following CCl4 challenge. In summary, as assessed by
      serum enzyme elevation, biliary flow and hepatic excretory function, M
      pretreatment led to only a slight increase in CCl4 hepatotoxicity. The MCD
      combination pretreatment did not potentiate hepatotoxicity above that seen with
      CD alone. These results provide additional evidence that CD pretreatment results
      in a rather specific sensitization of animals to CCl4 toxicity in ways
      independent of the actions of M.

PMID- 2412927
TI  - Serum tumor markers in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnosis of alpha
      fetoprotein -low or -negative patients.
AB  - The presence of specific gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase isoenzyme (gamma-GTPI) and
      variant alkaline phosphatase (VAALP) were concurrently determined, and levels of
      basic fetoprotein (BFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in addition to alpha
      fetoprotein (AFP) were measured in 144 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients in
      order to evaluate the diagnostic value of these tumor markers with respect to AFP
      low or -negative patients and the tumor stage. Serum AFP levels below 400 ng/ml,
      commonly seen in sera of hepatobiliary diseases other than HCC, were noted in 42%
      of the patients. The diagnostic usefulness was increased by combination assay of
      these markers except for CEA. A definitive diagnosis of HCC could be made in 78%
      of the patients by a combination of gamma-GTPI, VAALP and AFP. Moreover, a
      diagnosis of malignancy could be made in 87% of cases by the inclusion of BFP.
      The prevalence of BFP and CEA increased in proportion to the tumor stage, whereas
      that of AFP and gamma-GTPI were independent of stage and were high even in
      patients in comparatively early stages. Furthermore, secreting type markers such
      as AFP and gamma-GTPI were relatively useful for diagnosis of HCC when the
      lesions were still small.

PMID- 2412928
TI  - Effect of intraluminal bile on the feedback regulatory mechanism of pancreatic
      enzyme secretion in conscious rats.
AB  - The effect of intraluminal bile on the well-known feedback regulatory mechanism
      of exocrine pancreatic secretion exerted by intraluminal trypsin was investigated
      in conscious rats with pancreatic, biliary and duodenal fistulae. The stimulated
      pancreatic enzyme secretion caused by diversion of bile-pancreatic juice from the
      intestine was apparently suppressed by intraduodenal reintroduction of pancreatic
      juice or bile-pancreatic juice, while it was slightly suppressed by intraduodenal
      reintroduction of bile. Although additional reintroduction of bile did not alter
      the already suppressed pancreatic enzyme secretion by the presence of pancreatic
      juice in the intestine, diversion of bile stimulated the suppressed pancreatic
      enzyme secretion by intraluminal bile-pancreatic juice. Infusion of sodium
      taurocholate into the duodenum with diversion of bile-pancreatic juice
      effectively inhibited pancreatic enzyme secretion. The inhibitory effect seemed
      to be dependent on the concentration of taurocholate infused into the duodenum.
      The results suggest that bile and bile acid have an important role in the
      feedback regulatory mechanism of pancreatic enzyme secretion, at least partly
      directly inhibiting the secretion.

PMID- 2412929
TI  - Nerve cell density in submucous plexus throughout the gut of cat and opossum.
AB  - Quantitative differences in submucous plexus density were sought in cat and
      opossum gut by examining full-thickness whole mounts of the submucosa stained
      with silver, and counting ganglia per square centimeter and nerve cell bodies per
      ganglion in order to compute density of innervation (nerve cell bodies per square
      centimeter). In the cat, the nerve cell bodies per square centimeter in the 12
      named regions were as follows: proximal esophagus, 0; mid-esophagus, 0; distal
      esophagus, 0; fundus, 84; gastric antrum, 18; duodenum, 5831; jejunum, 4632;
      ileum, 3191; proximal colon, 1275; mid-colon, 689; distal colon, 359; rectum,
      144. In the opossum, values were as follows: proximal esophagus, 37; mid
      esophagus, 52; distal esophagus, 84; duodenum, 1812; jejunum, 2234; ileum, 1488;
      proximal colon, 206; mid-colon, 197; distal colon, 121; rectum, 61. Adequate
      specimens could not be obtained from opossum stomach. Differences were due more
      to variations in distribution density of ganglia than in ganglionic size. The
      relatively dense submucous plexus of the intestine probably is related to the
      capacity of the intestinal mucosa for peptide secretion as well as to its
      absorptive function.

PMID- 2412930
TI  - Liver adenomatosis. An entity distinct from liver adenoma?
AB  - From 1979 to 1984, we followed the cases of 3 men (aged 13, 31, and 75 yr) and 2
      women (aged 38 and 45 yr who had never used oral contraceptives) suffering from
      liver adenomatosis, an uncommon lesion consisting of numerous benign adenomas in
      an otherwise normal hepatic parenchyma. During the same period, we observed 20
      cases of liver adenoma (one tumor in 18 patients and two tumors in 2 patients).
      From these cases and the review of previously reported cases of liver
      adenomatosis and series of liver adenoma, the following distinctive
      characteristics of these two benign conditions of the liver can be outlined:
      liver adenomatosis affects men and women, whereas liver adenoma predominantly
      affects women; liver adenomatosis is unrelated, whereas liver adenoma is closely
      related, to oral contraceptive use; increases in serum alkaline phosphatase and
      gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase are common in liver adenomatosis, but are uncommon
      in liver adenoma.

PMID- 2412931
TI  - Impaired bacterial degradation by monocytes and macrophages from a patient with
      treated Whipple's disease.
AB  - A patient with Whipple's disease is described, and multiparameter flow cytometric
      examinations of several of the patient's phagocyte functions 3 and 9 mo after the
      start of oxytetracycline therapy are reported. Almost no intracellular
      degradation of Escherichia coli or Streptococcus pyogenes proteins and DNA
      occurred after ingestion by the patient's monocytes and macrophages. In addition,
      only minor digestion of phagocytized zymosan particles was detected. The
      mononuclear intracellular degradation was equally impaired 3 and 9 mo after the
      start of therapy. The monocyte and macrophage phagocytosis and intracellular
      killing, and all granulocyte phagocyte functions tested, were normal. The
      impaired mononuclear degradation of ingested material that was measured is
      consistent with the accumulation of periodic acid-Schiff-positive bacterial
      degradation products seen in macrophages of affected tissues in vivo, and
      suggests a key role of macrophage dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Whipple's
      disease.

PMID- 2412932
TI  - Intestinal pseudoobstruction caused by a new form of visceral neuropathy:
      palliation by radical small bowel resection.
AB  - We report a case of chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction caused by a newly
      recognized type of degenerative neuropathy of the myenteric plexus. Failure to
      improve despite aggressive medical management led to radical resection of the
      clinically involved small intestine. At follow-up 10 mo later, the patient is
      doing well without the need for parenteral nutrition. Radical resection of the
      small intestine may be necessary for palliation in rare patients with intractable
      pseudoobstruction.

PMID- 2412933
TI  - Enteric nerves in diabetic rats: increase in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      but not substance P.
AB  - The distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and substance P-like
      immunoreactivities was studied by immunohistochemistry in the myenteric plexus
      and circular muscle layer of the ileum and proximal colon of rats 8 wk after
      induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. A consistent increase was observed in
      fluorescence intensity of VIP-like immunoreactivity in the nerve fibers, and
      intensely stained cell bodies were significantly more frequent in the myenteric
      plexus of the ileum (p less than 0.001) from diabetic animals. Some varicosities
      of VIP-like immunoreactive fibers in the myenteric plexus appeared to be
      enlarged. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity was increased
      and VIP-like immunoreactive nerves appeared thicker in the circular muscle layer
      of both diabetic ileum and proximal colon. The VIP levels were measured
      biochemically in tissue consisting of the smooth muscle layers and myenteric
      plexus. A significant increase in the VIP content per centimeter of intestine was
      found in both the ileum (p less than and proximal colon (p less than 0.01) from
      diabetic rats. In contrast, no apparent change in substance P innervation was
      observed immunohistochemically in the myenteric plexus and circular muscle layer
      of either diabetic ileum or proximal colon when compared with controls. The
      results are discussed in relation to the symptoms of autonomic neuropathy of the
      gut in diabetes.

PMID- 2412934
TI  - Relation between inhibition of calmodulin and mediator release from rat mast
      cells.
AB  - Cationic drugs that interact with calmodulin such as chlorpromazine,
      trifluoperazine, W-7 and lidocaine caused dose-dependent release of mediator from
      rat mast cells. A significant correlation was observed between the effects of
      test drugs with different structure in causing mediator release and calmodulin
      inhibition.

PMID- 2412935
TI  - Histamine release from the isolated guinea-pig heart by compound 48/80.
AB  - Histamine release was observed in isolated guinea-pig heart perfused by the
      constant flow method, after bolus injection of 50-200 micrograms of compound
      48/80. Practically all the histamine is released within the first 3 min after
      48/80. This effect is inhibited by the addition of sodium cyanide (300 microM) to
      a glucose-free perfusion fluid and also by the removal of calcium of the medium
      in presence or absence of EDTA (100 microM). This dependence on metabolism and
      calcium is highly suggestive of a non-cytotoxic action of 48/80 on the mast cells
      of guinea-pig heart.

PMID- 2412936
TI  - Valproic acid and phenytoin effects on serum proteins and immunoglobulins of
      epileptic patients.
AB  - An evaluation of serum protein and immunoglobulins with regard to valproic acid
      (VPA) and phenytoin (phen) serum levels was performed in 28 epileptic patients.
      Serum antiepileptic levels were measured in fasting conditions. All patients were
      classified into the following groups: A (VPA below 50 micrograms/ml), B (VPA 50
      89 micrograms/ml), C (VPA above 89 micrograms/ml), D (VPA 50-89 micrograms/ml and
      phen below 10 micrograms/ml). Patients of group C showed higher serum protein
      values than groups A (P less than 0.02), B and D (P less than 0.001). The alpha 2
      and beta-globulin fractions were higher in group C than the remaining groups (P
      less than 0.05). Immunoglobulin A, G and M remained unaltered in all patients.

PMID- 2412937
TI  - Beta-adrenergic stimulation of mouse parotid gland: amylase activity and
      secretory granules during isoproterenol-induced mitosis.
AB  - This paper examines the mitotic activity of parotid glands of groups of mice
      sacrificed at 1 hr-intervals between 26 and 36 hr after being injected with dl
      isoproterenol (IPR, 1 mumol/g, single dose, i.p.). Maximal mitotic activity
      occurs 35 hr after IPR injection; there is a concomitant rise of amylase activity
      (64% over control). Mitotic cells showed increased number of secretory granules
      (N) with regard to interphasic cells. However, the increment of N is paralleled
      by an increment of the cell section area (A); the N/A ratio is thus maintained
      around 0.45 throughout. These findings suggest that during IPR-induced mitosis of
      mice parotid cells there is not a blockade of the biosynthetic pathways which
      lead to the appearance of secretory granules in the cell cytoplasm.

PMID- 2412938
TI  - Hormonal effects on L-proline transport in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)
      intestine.
AB  - The hormonal control of proline transport in pyloric ceca was studied in regard
      to the effects of cortisol, growth hormone (GH), epinephrine, and 3-isobutyl-1
      methylxanthine (IBMX). Cortisol pellets implanted in yearling freshwater (FW)
      salmon for 2 weeks elevated plasma cortisol levels six times above that of
      control fish. The maximal influx (Jmax) and the half-saturation constant (Kt) of
      proline influx were twofold greater in cortisol-treated fish than the values in
      controls; the apparent passive permeability coefficient (Pa) was significantly
      reduced in the former group. FW salmon implanted with GH for 2 weeks showed
      increased body weight gain and a higher Jmax of proline influx compared with that
      of control fish. GH treatment resulted in a higher Pa of proline influx as well
      as in a 30% increase in area-specific intestinal dry weight. Thus, GH and
      cortisol may play a regulatory role in intestinal amino acid absorption during
      salmon development. The in vitro effects of epinephrine and the phosphodiesterase
      inhibitor, IBMX, on short-circuit current (Isc) and proline influx in salmon
      intestine were examined. Epinephrine (10(-6) M) caused a rapid increase in
      negative Isc (mucosa, ground). Pyloric ceca preincubated with epinephrine for 30
      min showed reduced total proline influx compared with influx in paired control
      tissues. Epinephrine increased and IBMX decreased the Kt of proline influx; IBMX
      also reduced Jmax. The possible interaction between the effects of epinephrine
      and IBMX on ion transport and Na+-coupled proline influx are discussed.

PMID- 2412939
TI  - Cloning and overexpression of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase
      in Escherichia coli.
AB  - A pBR322-derived expression vector, plasmid pKD1, was constructed containing the
      strong leftward promoter (pL) of bacteriophage lambda, the ribosome-binding site
      (RBS) of the cII gene of lambda, and a unique downstream NdeI restriction site
      for construction of an ATG initiation codon. The section of the pol gene of
      Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MLV) that codes for reverse transcriptase (RT)
      was cloned into the NdeI site of this vector generating the plasmid pRT103. Upon
      thermal induction, enzymatically active RT was expressed in Escherichia coli
      [pRT103]. The identity of this activity was confirmed by its template specificity
      and its sensitivity to inhibition by immunoglobulin G (IgG) prepared against
      authentic murine RT. RT represented 20% of the newly synthesized protein in these
      cells 20 min after induction.

PMID- 2412941
TI  - [Action of low-frequency acoustic oscillations on the receptor cells of the
      auditory system].

PMID- 2412940
TI  - Expression in bacteria of gB-glycoprotein-coding sequences of Herpes simplex
      virus type 2.
AB  - A plasmid with an insert that encodes the glycoprotein B(gB) gene of Herpes
      simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) has been isolated. DNA sequences coding for a
      portion of the HSV-2 gB peptide were cloned into a bacterial lacZ alpha
      expression vector and used to transform Escherichia coli. Upon induction of
      lacZpo-promoted transcription, some of the bacteria became filamentous and
      produced inclusion bodies containing a large amount of a 65-kDal peptide that was
      shown to be precipitated by broad-spectrum antibodies to HSV-2 and HSV-1. The HSV
      2 insert of one of these clones specifies amino acid residues corresponding to
      135 through 629 of the gB of HSV-1 [Bzik et al., Virology 133 (1984) 301-314].

PMID- 2412942
TI  - [Simultaneous epithelial and vascular changes in carcinogenesis].

PMID- 2412943
TI  - An immunohistologic study of the epithelial and lymphoid components of six
      thymomas.
AB  - Six thymomas were classified histologically and studied immunohistochemically
      with a panel of mouse and rat monoclonal antibodies directed against thymic
      epithelial and lymphoid components. The antibodies included monoclonal antibodies
      directed against cytokeratin, medullary epithelial cells (ER-TR5), and HLA-DR and
      HLA-ABC antigens, as well as antibodies with specificity for thymocytes.
      Histologically, one thymoma was characterized by epithelial predominance (EP
      type), two showed lymphoid predominance (LP type), and two showed mixed
      lymphoid/epithelial composition (MLE type); one thymoma was a malignant pure
      epithelial thymoma (PE type). In the thymomas of the MLE and EP types the major
      populations of cells consisted of HLA-DR-negative, cytokeratin-positive
      epithelial cells with large ER-TR5-positive subpopulations (i.e., the phenotype
      of medullary epithelium). In the thymomas of the LP type, the neoplastic
      population was composed of cytokeratin-positive, ER-TR5-negative cells that
      expressed the HLA-DR antigen (i.e., the phenotype of cortical epithelium). The
      thymoma of the PE type consisted of cytokeratin-positive cells, some of which
      were ER-TR5- and HLA-DR-positive. Double immunofluorescence studies revealed the
      presence of varying numbers of additional nonepithelial (nonlymphoid) HLA-DR
      positive cells in thymomas of the LP, MLE, and EP types. The intervening lymphoid
      population in the thymomas of the LP, MLE, and EP types consisted largely of
      cortical thymocytes, as defined by immunologic characterization. These results
      suggest that thymomas can be classified as medullary or cortical epithelial
      neoplasms on the basis of their immunologic phenotypes.

PMID- 2412944
TI  - Stain for spirochetes.

PMID- 2412945
TI  - The frequency of the gamma chain variant A gamma T in different populations, and
      its use in evaluating gamma gene expression in association with thalassemia.
AB  - The occurrence of the A gamma T chain (i.e. A gamma 75 Ile----Thr) in different
      populations was evaluated through a study of 4250 cord blood samples and blood
      samples from more than 350 SS patients. High frequencies were observed in Italy,
      Yugoslavia, Turkey, Holland, but also in Japan, Vietnam, and India. The chain is
      (nearly) absent in the Black population of Ghana and Kenya, and low frequencies
      were observed in China and Australian aborigines. Only a few adult SS patients
      (18 out of 357) were A gamma T heterozygotes. The chromosomes with the A gamma T
      globin gene were mapped through an evaluation of the presence of 10 different
      restriction sites. The A gamma T chromosomes from different populations were
      closely related and had the same subhaplotypes of [- - + + T - +] (Hinc II 5' to
      epsilon; Xmn I 5' to G gamma; Hind III in G gamma and A gamma; Hinc II in and 3'
      to psi beta), quite different from the subhaplotypes seen for A gamma T negative
      chromosomes. This suggests a common ancestor which may have originated in
      Southern Europe. An evaluation of the gamma chain production by both chromosomes
      in SS patients and beta-thalassemia heterozygotes was possible for subjects with
      an A gamma T heterozygosity. It was concluded that in beta-thalassemia trait, the
      gamma chain synthesis is directed for about two-thirds by the thalassemic
      chromosome and for about one-third by the normal chromosome; the contribution by
      the normal chromosome decreases with a decrease in total gamma chain production.

PMID- 2412946
TI  - The production and characterization of two monoclonal antibodies to rat kidney L
      arginine: glycine amidinotransferase.
AB  - Rat kidney L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (transamidinase) has been
      purified previously to homogeneity as two fractions, designated alpha and beta.
      No differences in the properties of these two fractions could be found. Two
      monoclonal antibodies (Tran/NS-1/1 and Tran/NS-1/3) to the purified alpha
      fraction of rat kidney transamidinase were produced, purified, and characterized.
      The results of competitive binding studies of the two monoclonal antibodies to
      alpha transamidinase were as follows: 1) Tran/NS-1/3 had no effect on 125I
      Tran/NS-1/1 binding while Tran/NS-1/1 inhibited 125I-Tran/NS-1/1 binding; 2)
      Tran/NS-1/3 inhibited 125I-Tran/NS-1/3 binding while Tran/NS-1/1 had no effect on
      125I-Tran/NS-1/3 binding. Therefore, Tran/NS-1/1 and Tran/NS-1/3 bound to
      different antigenic determinants on alpha transamidinase. 125I-Tran/NS-1/1 and
      125I-Tran/NS-1/3 each had high avidity constants (approximately 10(7)-10(9)) for
      both alpha and beta rat kidney transamidinase. Tran/NS-1/1 and Tran/NS-1/3 bound
      to human kidney transamidinase in ELISA assays. A quantitative immunosorbent
      inhibition assay for rat kidney transamidinase was developed with 125I-Tran/NS
      1/3. Approximately 30 ng of immunoreactive transamidinase could be detected by
      this immunosorbent inhibition assay. The amount of Tran/NS-1/3 immunoreactive
      species in rat lung and testicular tissue by the immunosorbent inhibition assay
      correlated well with the amount of transamidinase activity found in those
      tissues. The availability of the monoclonal antibodies, Tran/NS-1/1 and Tran/NS
      1/3, should facilitate studies of rat and human transamidinase structure and
      regulation.

PMID- 2412947
TI  - Clonal stability and heterogeneity of hybridomas: analysis by multiparameter flow
      cytometry.
AB  - Flow cytometry of cellular DNA and RNA content was employed to determine DNA
      ploidy, proliferation, and RNA content of hybridoma cultures shortly after cell
      fusion and sequentially thereafter. The parental mouse myeloma cell line P3UI was
      characterized by tetraploid DNA content, S-phase 50%, and high RNA, the parental
      mouse spleen cells by diploid DNA content, low proliferation, and low RNA
      content. Hybridoma cultures studied as early as 21 days after fusion were found
      to contain the sum of the parental cells' DNA content (hexaploid), or if less,
      more than that of the myeloma parental cells. Only one clone of 35 tested was
      shown to be hexaploid and the rest hypertetraploid or hyperpentaploid. Hybrid
      cell cultures were frequently found to contain a variable mixture of unfused
      parental cells. The high proliferation of hybridoma cells determined by flow
      cytometry indicates that these cells would eventually overgrow the parental
      cells. Flow cytometry also enabled an accurate estimation of the effect of
      various doses of dexamethasone added to HAT medium immediately after cell fusion
      on hybridoma formation. Cultures treated with 10(-5) mM of the hormone had a
      higher DNA ploidy than cultures grown in the presence of 10(-3) mM dexamethasone.
      No parental cells were observed in the hybridoma cultures studied with this
      hormone. Sequential DNA/RNA measurements of hybridoma clones showed a decrease in
      DNA ploidy over time with high dexamethasone doses and a minimal increase or no
      change with low hormone dose. Flow cytometry is suggested to be a useful
      technique for evaluating the effects of various agents on DNA ploidy and
      proliferation and on stability of fused cells.

PMID- 2412948
TI  - Implication of structural class II gene polymorphism for the concept of serologic
      specificities.
AB  - We have used DNA-DNA hybridization methods to study the relationship of genetic
      polymorphisms to the established HLA-D region determinants as detected with
      serological reagents. The supertypic determinants DRw52 and 53 are closely
      associated with a particular RFLP detected with the DR beta probe, but are
      seemingly encoded by a distinct beta gene compared to the "conventional" DR
      antigens. DQw1 is closely associated with a DQ alpha chain polymorphism, whereas
      the DQw2 and 3 specificities have correlations to RFLP using the DQ beta probe.
      Additional DQ polymorphism, in linkage disequilibrium with DR but yet without a
      serological counterpart is also described. Considering the finding that there
      exist a varying number of DR beta genes in different DR haplotypes (Bohme et al.
      1985), from 1 in DRw8 to 3 (or 4) in DR4- and DR7-positive cells, we have made a
      tentative re-evaluation of the genetic basis for the conventional DR
      specificities. The combination of cell surface antigens encoded by DR and DQ loci
      are believed to form the basis for MLC stimulating determinants. We have
      speculated that a combination of determinants encoded by distinct DR beta genes
      and in certain instances additional DQ polymorphism is responsible for the DR
      types. Thus, only a limited variability is observed after DNA-DNA hybridization
      using DR beta probes. Only DR1-, 2- and 4-positive cells have distinct bands not
      detected in any other haplotypes, whereas DR3, 5, w6, and w8 can be characterized
      by a combination of bands, which is the result of hybridization with several DR
      beta genes. Furthermore, we have suggested that the difference between the DR3
      and DRw6 specificities is due to variability with regard to 1 DQ beta gene, and
      have also made the assumption that DRw6 cells may express a lower concentration
      of DR locus encoded products compared to DR3-positive cells (Haziot et al. 1985).
      In addition, we have discussed the genetic basis for so-called DR blanks,
      implying that an unorthodox combination of DR and DQ determinants forms the basis
      for difficulties in assigning DR types to such cells in some cases and that
      "blanks" can be associated with low expression at the cell surface of well-known
      DR determinants. The use of cDNA and genomic probes for distinct class II genes
      to elucidate the mechanisms of HLA and disease association has been documented
      and discussed.

PMID- 2412949
TI  - Structural analysis of the functional sites of class I HLA antigens.
AB  - Considerable knowledge of the molecular organization of class I HLA antigens has
      been attained through extensive structural analysis of these proteins and their
      genes. Particularly, the nature and location of the polymorphic regions has been
      established, as well as the basic patterns of structural variability. This work
      has not unveiled the functionally relevant sites of the HLA molecules but has
      provided the basis to develop new strategies to do so. The molecular analysis of
      the determinants recognized by specific antibodies and cytolytic T lymphocytes is
      being approached through the biochemical characterization of mutants induced in
      vitro and population variants that are selected by their loss of specific
      serological or CTL allodeterminants. Other approaches include the immunological
      analysis of sera raised against synthetic peptides whose structure mimics highly
      variable segments of class I HLA molecules. These studies have already revealed
      the participation of several regions in specific allorecognition by antibodies or
      CTLs and their potential is becoming increasingly evident. A new and possibly
      powerful approach is currently being used for the dissection of functional sites.
      It makes use of the structural information derived from sequence analysis and
      involves expression of cloned HLA genes in transfected mouse or human cells in
      conjunction with site-directed mutagenesis techniques. Although some difficulties
      still lie ahead in developing a system suitable for functional assays, the
      possibility of tailoring HLA mutants and studying the modulation of their
      recognition determinants by predetermined structural alterations open new
      pathways to the molecular analysis of HLA function.

PMID- 2412950
TI  - DNA polymorphism of HLA class I and class II regions.

PMID- 2412951
TI  - Spondyloarthritis, uveitis, HLA-B27 and Klebsiella.
AB  - The association between HLA-B27 and ankylosing spondylitis could be explained by
      a "crosstolerance hypothesis". Experimental studies demonstrate immunological
      crossreactivity between HLA-B27 and antigens found in Gram-negative bacteria,
      such as Klebsiella. Clinical studies show that an increased frequency of patients
      with ankylosing spondylitis and uveitis have Klebsiella in their fecal cultures.
      Furthermore, antibodies to Klebsiella can be detected in such patients during
      active phases of the disease. It is suggested that anti-bacterial antibodies bind
      to cross-reacting self-antigens, activate the complement cascade and produce
      inflammation which eventually leads to the development of such chronic diseases
      as ankylosing spondylitis and uveitis.

PMID- 2412952
TI  - Molecular variants of the HLA-B27 antigen in healthy individuals and patients
      with spondylarthropathies.
AB  - Despite major advances in genetic and structural studies of the HLA-B27 antigen,
      the underlying mechanism responsible for the remarkable association between this
      antigen and spondylarthropathies remains unknown. At a molecular level, the use
      of B27M1 and B27M2 monoclonal antibodies has permitted the identification of
      distinct allospecific epitopes on the B27 molecule. One of these epitopes, B27M2,
      is polymorphic and has allowed us to define B27 variants: B27M2[+], B27M2[-], and
      B27M2[int]. The heterogeneity of the B27 antigen correlates well with biochemical
      and cytotoxic evidence of genetic heterogeneity. These variants exhibit ethnic
      variation and also appear to correlate, in preliminary studies, with disease
      susceptibility, especially among Orientals. HLA gene probing is potentially an
      even more precise tool than monoclonal antibodies for the study of MHC-related
      disease susceptibilities. Initial work in our laboratory has resulted in the
      production of probes with specificity for HLA-B locus genes and current efforts
      are directed toward the derivation of B27 allele-specific probes. It seems likely
      that, when such probes are applied to B27-positive individuals, complexity in
      addition to the B27M2 variants will be revealed. Yet to be defined is the
      mechanism behind the association between B27 and AS. Is the association causal
      for disease, or is B27 indeed just a marker for other pathogenic factors somehow
      linked to it? Available evidence points to both causal and linked roles for B27
      in ankylosing spondylitis. Products of both HLA and non-HLA gene families may
      interact with infectious disease pathogens in susceptible individuals to produce
      a disorder which may not be specific in its association with any one pathogenic
      factor.

PMID- 2412953
TI  - Functional and phenotypic characteristics of bovine natural cytotoxic cells.
AB  - Bovine natural cytotoxic (NC) cell activity of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL)
      was studied in a chromium release assay, using xenogeneic tumor cells (YAC-1,
      P815) and herpes virus-infected bovine fibroblasts. The activity pattern
      resembled that of murine natural killer cells, in that YAC-1 cells were readily
      lysed, whereas P815 cells were resistant. However, 10-16 h of incubation were
      usually required to give appreciable cell lysis. Low, but consistent NC-activity
      was expressed against virus-infected fibroblasts. Using various biophysical and
      biochemical cell-separation methods, it was found that the effector cell active
      against both the xenogeneic tumor cells and virus-infected fibroblast belonged to
      the mononuclear phagocyte system. The indications are that at least two
      subpopulations of the blood monocytes, differing perhaps in maturation or clonal
      derivation, express NC-activity.

PMID- 2412954
TI  - Concentration-dependent augmentation of anti-K562 activity following short-term
      culture of null cell-enriched human blood lymphocyte populations.
AB  - The increase in natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity against K562 cells following
      short-term culture (e.g. 12 hours) of null cells was dependent upon the
      concentration of cells during incubation. The increased lytic activity by cells
      cultured at higher concentrations was associated with increased numbers of target
      binding cells. It occurred with a variety of serum supplements in the medium. The
      augmentation of natural killer activity required close cellular proximity or
      contact and was not associated with detectable increased release of interferon or
      interleukin 2, although the participation of these molecules cannot be excluded.
      The lower recovery of lytic activity from cells incubated at lower concentrations
      was not associated with increased PGE synthesis.

PMID- 2412955
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against common and Igk-1a allotypic determinants of rat
      immunoglobulin kappa chain constant domain.
AB  - SJL/J mice were immunized with polyclonal rat Ig light chains of two allotypes
      and immune spleen cells were fused with P3-Ag8.653 myeloma cells. 17 cell
      populations producing antirat Ig AB were cloned. Four clones, 1G9, L3E8, L2B2 and
      L2C5 have been characterized in detail. All MABs are of the IgG1, kappa isotype.
      Using monoclonal rat kappa chains it was demonstrated that all the AB react with
      rat Ig kappa chains. Further localization of antigenic determinants was performed
      using isolated L chain C domain. It was shown that all MABs are directed against
      C domain epitopes. L2C5 MAB binds selectively to August rat L chains, thus
      showing specificity for Igk-1a determinants. The remaining three clones bind
      equally well to L chains of different allotypes, but 1G9 clone binds
      preferentially to isolated L chains as compared to intact IgG molecules.

PMID- 2412956
TI  - The treatment of induced immune deficiency with interleukin-2.
AB  - In vivo generation of alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) was found to be
      inhibited by treatment of mice with either cyclophosphamide or the
      glucocorticoid, hydrocortisone acetate. The effects of these immunosuppressive
      agents could be overcome, however, by the in vivo administration of IL-2 from
      both murine and human sources. Both human IL-2 derived by recombinant DNA
      techniques as well as the natural protein from mouse and man all reverse the
      unresponsive state. A single injection of IL-2 was sufficient to reverse the
      effect of cyclophosphamide treatment, while additional injections with as little
      as 8 micrograms of protein ablated the steroid-induced suppression. Furthermore,
      the responder cells generated in vivo following IL-2 therapy were shown to be
      antigen specific in terms of their lytic capacity. Thus, IL-2 therapy appears to
      restore the in vivo responsiveness of immunosuppressed recipients to allogeneic
      tumor cell challenge. These data demonstrate the importance of IL-2 as an
      immunoregulatory molecule in vivo and suggest its future use as a potent
      therapeutic.

PMID- 2412957
TI  - Genes on different chromosomes influence the antibody response to bacterial
      antigens.
AB  - B6.C congenic strains of mice, possessing histocompatibility (H) alleles from
      high responding BALB/cBy (C) mice on the genetic background of low responding
      C57BL/6By (B6) mice, were assayed for their ability to make an antibody response
      to Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III) and the alpha(1----3) epitope
      of bacterial (Leuconostoc) dextran B-1355. The results affirmed that the antibody
      response to SSS-III is multigenic and that genes making a positive contribution
      to responsiveness are located on different chromosomes, i.e., chromosomes 1, 3,
      4, 5, and 9. At least one other gene also influences responsiveness to SSS-III;
      it is linked to the H-17 locus, which has not yet been assigned to a specific
      chromosome. Genes on chromosomes 1, 4, and 5 influence the magnitude of the
      antibody response to dextran B-1355. Some of these genes may be antigen-specific
      in their mode of action; however, others may not since they appear to exert a
      positive influence on the antibody response to both SSS-III and dextran B-1355.

PMID- 2412958
TI  - T lymphocyte clones detecting novel supertypic HLA class II allospecificities.

PMID- 2412959
TI  - Two apparently nonrepeated epitopes on gametes of Plasmodium falciparum are
      targets of transmission-blocking antibodies.
AB  - One-site and two-site immunoradiometric assays have been developed against an
      antigen on gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum, using monoclonal antibodies
      (Mabs) which block transmission of the parasites to mosquitoes. Three such Mabs
      have been studied, each of which immunoprecipitates a complex of three gamete
      surface proteins of apparent Mr 260,000, 59,000, and 53,000 from Triton X-100
      extracts of the parasites. The assays showed that the Mabs recognized one or the
      other of two distinct, nonrepeated epitopes on the target antigen(s). In the one
      site assay certain combinations of two Mabs interacted at appropriate
      concentrations to enhance binding of the Mabs to the antigen. The same
      combinations of Mabs synergize to suppress infectivity of gametocytes to
      mosquitoes.

PMID- 2412960
TI  - Bacterial adherence and hemolysin production from Escherichia coli induces
      histamine and leukotriene release from various cells.
AB  - We investigated the role of bacterial adherence and hemolysin production from
      Escherichia coli parent and genetically cloned strains as to their effects on
      histamine release from rat mast cells and leukotriene generation from human
      polymorphonuclear granulocytes. These mediators were involved in the induction of
      inflammatory disease processes and led, for example, to enhancement of vascular
      permeability, chemotaxis (leukotriene B4 [LTB4]), chemoaggregation, lysosomal
      enzyme release, and smooth muscle contraction, (LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4). Washed
      bacteria (E. coli K-12 MS+ Hly +/-; E. coli 536 MS+ MR +/-) as well as their
      culture supernatants were analyzed. Washed E. coli K-12 (Hly+), unlike Hly-
      strains, induced high amounts of histamine release from rat mast cells and
      chemotactic activity from human polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Significant
      leukotriene release was obtained with washed E. coli K-12 Hly+ strains and their
      bacterial culture supernatants. Leukotriene induction was dependent on the amount
      of hemolysin activity present in the supernatant. However, additional soluble
      factors should also be considered. The presence of hemolysin appeared to
      accelerate and enhance the rate of phagocytosis of bacteria by neutrophils. When
      E. coli 536 (MS+ MR +/- Hly +/-) strains were analyzed, the simultaneous presence
      of MR+ pili and hemolysin production led to an increase in histamine release as
      compared with MR- Hly+ strains. The genetically cloned MR+ Hly+ E. coli 536
      strain induced higher amounts of leukotrienes as compared with the wild-type
      strain. Our data suggest a potent role for adhesins and hemolysin as virulence
      factors in inducing the release of inflammatory mediators.

PMID- 2412961
TI  - Nucleotide sequences of four variants of the K88 gene of porcine enterotoxigenic
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - The nucleotide sequences of four variants of the Escherichia coli K88 antigen
      gene, K88ab1, K88ab2, K88ac, and K88ad, have been determined. The K88ab2 and
      K88ac sequences have not been reported previously. The K88ab1 sequence is very
      similar to that determined by other workers, but the K88ad sequence differs
      considerably from that described in a previous report. Comparison of the amino
      acid sequences inferred from the gene sequences revealed certain clusters of
      amino acid substitutions which have been correlated with areas of potential
      antigenicity in the mature proteins.

PMID- 2412962
TI  - Basis for serological heterogeneity of thermostable antigens of Campylobacter
      jejuni.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were extracted from eight strains of Campylobacter
      jejuni and purified by enzyme treatment to remove traces of RNA, DNA, and
      protein. This material was used to sensitize sheep erythrocytes for the passive
      hemagglutination assay that is presently used to serotype C. jejuni. The results
      confirmed that the thermostable antigen typing scheme is based on LPS (O)
      antigens. The LPS after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      and silver staining was found to consist of a series of slow migrating bands
      which could not be eliminated by treatment with NaOH, urea, or EDTA. However, the
      use of LPS double labeled with 14C and 32P yielded evidence that the bands of
      high molecular weight were indeed aggregations of low-molecular-weight LPS
      molecules.

PMID- 2412963
TI  - Demonstration of multiple antigenic determinants on Mycoplasma pneumoniae
      attachment protein by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Distinct multiple antigenic determinants of the attachment protein of Mycoplasma
      pneumoniae have been identified by limited proteolytic cleavage, using specific
      monoclonal antibodies. Western blots prepared from the gels containing the
      cleaved fragments were probed with antiserum against M. pneumoniae or monoclonal
      antibodies. Five distinct bands with intact antigenic determinants were detected
      by the antiserum, of which two bands were each reactable with two monoclonal
      antibodies. A sequential binding assay suggested that these monoclonal antibodies
      recognized different antigenic sites of each band. These results demonstrate the
      existence of multiple antigenic sites on the attachment protein and describe
      procedures that should prove useful for identifying those antigenic sites
      critical to the specific attachment of M. pneumoniae.

PMID- 2412964
TI  - Shwartzman reaction in germfree rabbits.
AB  - The local Shwartzman reaction occurred in germfree rabbits which had no natural
      antibody to endotoxin and none or only a very small amount of immunoglobulin G.
      From the results it was concluded that the presence of natural antibody to
      endotoxin is not a prerequisite of the production of the local Shwartzman
      reaction by bacterial endotoxin.

PMID- 2412965
TI  - Control of lipopolysaccharide-high-density lipoprotein interactions by an acute
      phase reactant in human serum.
AB  - We have recently described several phenomena involving the interactions of
      lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Salmonella minnesota Re595 (Re595-LPS) with rabbit
      serum, which are different in and unique to acute-phase serum as compared with
      normal serum (P.S. Tobias and R.J. Ulevitch, J. Immunol. 131:1913-1916, 1983). To
      determine whether these phenomena could also be observed in acute-phase human
      serum (APHS), we used APHS obtained from volunteers injected with
      etiocholanolone. As observed in acute-phase rabbit serum, we found that (i) in
      APHS, Re595-LPS forms a protein complex with a density of 1.3 g/cm3 which does
      not form in normal human serum (NHS), (ii) in APHS, the t1/2 for LPS-high-density
      lipoprotein (HDL) complexation is at least a factor of 10 slower than the t1/2
      for LPS-HDL complexation in NHS, (iii) when Re595-LPS serum mixtures are dialyzed
      against a low salt buffer, Re595-LPS precipitates in less soluble form from APHS
      than from NHS, and (iv) the precipitate from Re595-LPS-APHS mixtures includes a
      protein with a molecular weight of approximately 60,000 which does not
      precipitate from Re595-LPS-NHS mixtures or from NHS or APHS alone. These
      indications of an altered status of LPS in NHS and APHS suggest that one or more
      acute-phase reactants interact with Re595-LPS to modify its rate of binding to
      HDL.

PMID- 2412966
TI  - Modulatory effects of Freund's adjuvant treatment on mast cell histamine release
      and homocytotropic antibody synthesis.
AB  - The present study examines the influence of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)
      injections on sensitized PVG rats with respect to serum levels of IgE and IgG2
      alpha antibodies and total IgE (all assessed by radioimmunoassays) and the
      capacity of serosal mast cells to release histamine on challenge in vitro with
      'immunological' secretagogues (specific antigen, anti-IgE, concanavalin A) or
      with compound 48/80. The rats were immunized with 10 micrograms ovalbumin (OA);
      alum, Bordetella pertussis vaccine, or silica gel were employed as adjuvants.
      Treatment with FCA was performed by single intraperitoneal injections 3, 2, or 1
      week(s) before or 1 or 2 weeks after sensitization. Tests were conducted 3 weeks
      after sensitization. The results show that the effect of FCA treatment varied
      reproducibly with the adjuvant employed for sensitization and with the timing of
      the FCA administration. FCA treatment could either increase, fail to affect, or
      decrease total serum IgE and OA-IgG2 alpha antibody levels as well as serosal
      mast cell responsiveness, whereas OA-IgE antibody responses were decreased or not
      affected. Moreover, serum levels of OA-IgE and OA-IgG2 alpha antibodies and total
      IgE were affected by FCA treatment independently of each other. Finally, serosal
      mast cell responsiveness to a given secretagogue could be influenced by the FCA
      treatment apparently independently of that to other secretagogues. A salient
      finding was that effects of FCA treatment on mast cell responsiveness did not
      necessarily conform to effects on antibody synthesis. Collectively, these data
      support the opinion that the mechanisms of action of the IgE-promoting adjuvants
      employed differ and suggest that the expression of serosal mast cell
      responsiveness to each examined secretagogue can be regulated separately. They
      also suggest that the serosal mast cell sensitizing capacity of homocytotropic
      antibodies may not be adequately quantified by immunochemical methods employing
      reagents prepared against IgE and IgG2 alpha protein.

PMID- 2412967
TI  - Analytic study of the differential anticomplementary effects of dextran sulphate
      and heparin in the assay for the mouse alternative pathway.
AB  - In a recent paper, a linkage between immunological adjuvant activity in mice and
      in vitro anticomplementary (alternative pathway assay) effects was described for
      different polyanions. This connection was found only if mouse serum was used as a
      complement (C) source. In order to investigate the possible role of C in adjuvant
      activity, the differential effects of polyanions on mouse C were studied in
      detail. For this study, substances with different activity were selected, namely
      dextran sulphate with strong C-regulatory and immunoadjuvant activities, and
      heparin, which was weakly anticomplementary and devoid of adjuvant effect. In
      general, studies of mouse C are complicated by the unavailability of isolation
      procedures for the C-components involved. This difficulty was circumvented by
      making use of C5-deficient serum and of the haemolytic activity of mouse membrane
      attack complexes formed in the fluid phase. With yeast cells as alternative
      pathway activators it was shown that the effect of heparin on this pathway was
      restricted to activation of the terminal route. In contrast, dextran sulphate
      also caused a functional decay of a yeast-bound alternative pathway C5-convertase
      and interfered with the haemolytic activity of fluid-phase membrane attack
      complexes as well. Further studies will be needed to decide whether these
      specific effects of dextran sulphate are related to the immunological adjuvant
      activity of the substance in mice.

PMID- 2412968
TI  - Dextran and antidextran antibodies in the sera of patients with liver diseases.
AB  - Dextran and antidextran antibodies were examined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and
      immunodiffusion in sera of 108 patients with various liver diseases. In EIA, IgG
      class antidextran antibody was detected in 16 patients (14.8%), mostly with
      chronic liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis (26.9%) and chronic hepatitis
      (22.2%). IgM class antibody was detected in 10 patients (9.2%). Results obtained
      by EIA inhibition revealed that dextran antigen was present mostly in sera of
      patients with acute liver diseases such as fulminant hepatitis (75.0%) and acute
      hepatitis (17.2%). Identity of the dextran antigen in the liver diseases serum
      and the dextran preparation recognized by an antibody-containing serum was
      demonstrated. These results suggest that the damaged hepatocytes in the process
      of the liver disease may release the dextran antigen into the patient's
      circulation which is responsible for the formation of antidextran antibodies by
      the patients with liver diseases.

PMID- 2412969
TI  - Thoughts on mast cells, histamine release and immunoglobulin E.
AB  - It is well known that the polysaccharide, dextran, stimulates rat mast cells to
      undergo histamine secretion, probably by interaction with cell-fixed IgE. Passive
      sensitisation with antigens greatly enhances histamine release induced in vitro
      by dextran, and removal of IgE from the cells by acid pH abolishes this release.
      The importance of IgE antibodies for histamine release from mast cells by agents
      other than dextran is also well recorded. For example, acetylcholine induces a
      non-immunological release which is potentiated by the presence of IgE. A link may
      also exist between cholinergic agents and substance P, a polypeptide which
      releases histamine by acting on specific receptors and not through interaction
      with cell-bound IgE. Attempts are made here to gather together some of the
      physiological and pathological processes involved.

PMID- 2412970
TI  - The risk of surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot: an appraisal.
AB  - The risk of surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot was analyzed with
      multivariate statistical techniques in a recent surgical series (1975-1983) of
      159 corrected and 59 palliated patients. The overall mortality of correction was
      12.6% and that of palliation was 15.3%. The significant and independent risk
      factors that increased the mortality of palliation were the use of a shunt other
      than the Blalock or its modifications (mostly Waterston) (P = 0.01), and very
      young age (P = 0.02). Risk factors that increased the mortality of correction
      were high left over right ventricular pressure ratio (P-RV/LV) (P = 0.02),
      persistent patency of the arterial duct (P = 0.02), other major associated
      lesions (P = 0.02), and the use of a transannular patch (P = 0.04). Cardioplegia
      significantly decreased the risk (P = 0.03). With present techniques, correction
      can be performed in favorable cases with a mortality approaching zero. Staged
      procedures neutralized the age related risk of correction, but Blalock shunts
      carried a mortality rate ranging from 9.5% at 1 month to 1.7% at 12 months of
      age. This was due to the lack of prostaglandins along with technical faults.
      Predicted two-stage mortality rates ranged in infants (less than 12 months) from
      6.2 to 16% and compared favorably with our observed 27% mortality of primary
      correction. Our results show that the transannular patch becomes a fully
      expressed risk only in those patients with restrictive pulmonary arteries or
      isolated branch stenosis. This is because it decreases the force the right
      ventricle can generate in maintaining the cardiac output. The chances of
      survival, when compared with those of patients without transannular patch, are
      significantly less when the P-RV/LV is between 0.6 and 1.0. We therefore discuss
      the measures to decrease or neutralize this risk related to insertion of a
      transannular patch. Among the associated lesions, we discuss briefly the
      potential for residual right outflow tract stenosis, anomalous origin of the left
      anterior descending coronary artery and anomalous muscle bundle of the right
      ventricle.

PMID- 2412971
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of immunosuppression with adenine.
AB  - Studies on the mechanism of immunosuppression shown by adenine comprised two
      areas: (1) Toxicity studies on hepatic, muscle and renal tissues were undertaken
      to ascertain if immunosuppression was a result of a non specific toxicity. (2)
      Studies to determine whether immunosuppression is a function of the inhibitory
      effect on de novo and salvage pathways of purine nucleotide metabolism. Toxicity
      studies in mice indicated that adenine caused an acute, reversible renal tubular
      necrosis and that allopurinol, when combined with adenine, could abrogate both
      the renal toxicity and immunosuppressive activity of the purine base. This result
      indicated that the toxic and/or immunosuppressive compound may be a xanthine
      oxidase catalysed product of adenine. Further studies indicated that it was
      unlikely that a major part of the immunosuppressive activity of adenine was due
      to the renal toxicity exerted by this compound. Splenic PRPP levels were found to
      peak on day 4 after antigen administration (day 0) and this corresponded with the
      peak in antibody plaque response which occurred at day 4 to 5. Adenine given at
      an immunosuppressive dose of 25 mumoles/mouse on day 0, 1 resulted in a
      significant inhibition of splenic PRPP levels on day 2 of the response. This
      effect on splenic PRPP levels on day 2 was also found with hypoxanthine given at
      an immune enhancing dose and therefore would indicate that depression of splenic
      PRPP per se is not responsible for the immunosuppression. Adenosine given at
      immunosuppressive doses was found not to affect PRPP levels in the spleen and
      hepatic PRPP levels were unaffected by adenine, adenosine and hypoxanthine. The
      in vivo effects of adenine on hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
      showed that adenine could inhibit significantly this salvage pathway in spleen
      and liver and that this inhibition could be overcome with concomitant
      administration of allopurinol. A metabolite of adenine which could contribute to
      its immunosuppressive activity may be 2-hydroxyadenine since it is derived from
      the xanthine oxidase catalysed oxidation of adenine inhibited hypoxanthine
      guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gave similar renal toxicity to adenine and was
      immunosuppressive.

PMID- 2412972
TI  - Immunopotentiation of impaired lymphocyte functions in vitro by isoprinosine in
      prodromal subjects and AIDS patients.
AB  - Immunomodulative actions of isoprinosine were tested in 100 prodromal homosexual
      males and 23 patients who have been diagnosed with AIDS. All subjects showed
      reduced T helper cells although T suppressor cell counts were normal.
      Proliferative responses, particularly T cell-dependent B cell function, were
      severely impaired in prodromal and AIDS subjects. Upon co-cultivation of their
      lymphocytes with isoprinosine, significant upward modulation, and in some cases,
      normalization, of lymphocyte functions as monitored by PHA- and PWM-induced
      blastogenesis was achieved in prodromal subjects. Similar degrees of modulation
      but not normalization of lymphocyte functions were observed in patients with
      severe symptoms of AIDS.

PMID- 2412973
TI  - Enhanced resistance of mice against influenza virus infection after local
      administration of glycoprotein extracts from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AB  - RU. 41 740, a glycoprotein extract from Klebsiella pneumoniae O1K2 strain was
      tested for its ability to enhance resistance of mice against influenza virus
      infection. Local (aerosol) and systemic (IP) routes of RU. 41 740 administration
      were compared for their effectiveness in protecting mice. When RU. 41 740 was
      administered prophylactically (10 mg/kg) via aerosol route (5 consecutive days
      before challenge), significant protection (P less than 0.0001) was conferred
      against lethal aerosol inoculation of influenza virus. Treated mice exhibited a
      reduced mortality, a decreased lung-to-body weight ratio and lower intrapulmonary
      virus titers. The main glycoprotein soluble fraction (RU. 41 821) was as active
      as the total glycoprotein extract (P less than 0.0001). Whereas the local
      (aerosol) route of administration was effective, the systemic (intraperitoneal)
      route of administration did not confer significant protection against an aerosol
      inoculum of virus. This finding suggests the important role of local immunity.
      The levels of interferon in the lavage fluids of immunized and infected mice
      suggest that interferon is not the main protective mechanism. The enhanced
      protection observed could be related to an augmented humoral or cell-mediated
      response within the lung.

PMID- 2412974
TI  - Release of slow reacting substance (SRS) from human leucocytes by lymphokine.
AB  - A human histamine releasing lymphokine (histamine releasing factor, HRF) was
      studied for its ability to release slow reacting substance (SRS) alongside
      histamine from human leucocytes. HRF was found to release a substantial amount of
      SRS from human leucocytes. The SRS was identified by its slow contraction of
      isolated guinea pig ileum preparation in the presence of atropine and mepyramine,
      inhibition of this action by the SRS antagonist FPL 55712, the inhibition of its
      production by eicosa--5, 8, 11, 14--tetraynoic acid (ETYA) but not indomethacin,
      and a final confirmation by a radioimmunoassay for leukotriene C4 (LTC4). Amounts
      of SRS ranging from a few nanograms to about 180 ng (eqt LTD4) could be released
      from 10(8) leucocytes depending on the dose of HRF, and there is a good
      correlation between the amount of SRS produced and the percentage histamine
      release accompanying it. These findings suggest that the human lymphokine (HRF)
      may play an important role in acute hypersensitivity and inflammatory reactions
      in addition to its traditional role as mediator of delayed hypersensitivity
      reactions.

PMID- 2412975
TI  - Effect of cations and cation channel blockers on human natural killer cells.
AB  - We studied the influence of various extracellular Ca++ and Mg++ concentrations on
      human natural killer (NK) cells and found that NK cell-mediated target cell lysis
      requires the presence of both divalent cations. The calcium channel blocker
      verapamil and the local anaesthetics procaine and lidocaine inhibited NK cell
      mediated killing of K 562 target cells, whereas the selective K+ channel blocker
      tetraethylammonium and the selective Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin had no
      effect on NK activity. Our results demonstrate an important role of extracellular
      Ca++ and Mg++ for NK cell-mediated killing and suggest that a free transmembrane
      Ca++ passage is required for target cell lysis.

PMID- 2412976
TI  - Selected immunologic properties of tiprinast, a non-steroidal antiallergy agent.
AB  - Tiprinast [(3,4-dihydro-5-methyl-6-(2-methylpropyl)-4-oxothieno[2,3-d]-
      pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid] is a new antiallergy compound which shares many of
      the pharmacological actions of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). Both compounds
      inhibit passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the rat, histamine release from rat
      peritoneal mast cells and nasal constriction due to antigen in the rat. In all
      cases tiprinast is more potent than DSCG and also longer acting.

PMID- 2412977
TI  - Studies on antigenicity of the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified uricase.
AB  - The purified uricase (urate: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.3.3) from Candida
      utilis was modified to varying degrees with monomethoxypolyethylene glycol (PEG)
      of different molecular weights using cyanuric chloride as the coupling reagent.
      The PEG-uricase conjugates were examined on their immunological properties by
      means of ring test and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). As increasing amounts
      of PEG were attached to uricase, it showed decreasing ability to elicit antibody
      production in rabbits. When sufficient polymers were attached, the modified
      uricase was devoid of the capacity to combine in vivo and in vitro with
      antibodies from guinea pigs injected with the unmodified uricase, however, were
      still able to react with antibodies to PEG-uricase conjugate. Antibodies against
      PEG-uricase conjugates also reacted with PEG modified superoxide dismutase
      (superoxide: superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.15.1.1). These results indicate that
      the coupling of PEG to uricase resulted in the loss of original antigenicity and
      immunogenicity, but in the appearance of new antigenicity and immunogenicity
      which never showed any cross-reactions against the native uricase.

PMID- 2412978
TI  - Importance of coordinated immune stimulation in experimental antitumor treatment.
AB  - We have proposed an antitumor therapeutic model in mice grafted with Crocker
      180TG cells. The treatment strategy involves a coordinated immune stimulation
      which should always precede treatment of target cells. Potent stimulators
      mobilizing the majority of immune competent cells can be injected only once since
      repetition results in adverse effects on the response. Thus, to circumvent this
      difficulty, we propose the amplification, after a single shot of Corynebacterium
      parvum extract, of the immune response by cimetidine. Indeed, it has been
      reported that cimetidine inhibits suppressor T cell functions. The second phase
      acting on the target employs interferon and arginine butyrate since they
      reconvert a number of transformed target cells to normal phenotype. Important
      antitumor effects can be obtained in the present model even if the treatment is
      initiated relatively late after tumor graft. All the drugs employed are harmless
      on normal cells and are used at relatively low concentrations.

PMID- 2412979
TI  - Involvement of protein synthesis in the action of glucocorticoids on the working
      capacity of adrenalectomized rats.
AB  - The administration of cortisol for 3 or 5 days increased the maximal duration of
      swimming under additional load, equal to 3% of body weight, in adrenalectomized
      but not in intact Wistar rats. The liver tryptophan oxygenase activity also
      increased. The blockade of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D excluded both results
      of cortisol administration. High doses of progesterone (25 or 75 mg/day)
      decreased the working capacity, rendering the action of cortisol on the working
      capacity of adrenalectomized rats insignificant. However, the antagonism between
      two hormones was not striking at the level of liver tryptophan oxygenase
      induction. The results suggest that the action of glucocorticoids on the working
      capacity is mediated by RNA and, further, by protein synthesis. The competition
      for glucocorticoid cytoplasmic receptors, to be found between glucocorticoids and
      a high level of progesterone, can disturb this mechanism. The synthesis of
      hepatic enzyme proteins is not responsible for the action of glucocorticoids on
      the working capacity.

PMID- 2412980
TI  - The symbols and meanings of advocacy.

PMID- 2412981
TI  - Toward Bion's starting point: between catastrophe and faith.
AB  - Catastrophe and faith are explored as the most basic terms of Bion's work. In
      doing so it is shown how Bion gets underneath Kleinian concepts to expand the
      depth phenomenology of a catastrophic sense of origins. For Bion the self is
      born, evolves and dissolves with a sense of catastrophe. Whether or not Bion is
      right in various aspects of his account, catastrophe is an elemental term of our
      existence. For Bion, Faith is a proper primordial and developed response to
      catastrophe. This paper discusses aspects of the relationship between faith,
      knowledge, container-contained and catastrophe.

PMID- 2412982
TI  - Functional characteristics of the glomerular filter in the IgA-nephropathy.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to compare the functional characteristics of
      the glomerular filter in patients having a well defined glomerulonephritis, the
      IgA nephropathy, with those of normal age-matched controls. A bolus intravenous
      injection of inulin (60 mg/kg), para-amino hippuric acid (36 mg/kg) and
      Rheomacrodex (130 mg/kg) was administered to each subject and followed by the
      timed collection of venous blood and urine samples. Compared to the controls, the
      nine patients with IgA nephropathy had no significant differences in renal plasma
      flow or glomerular filtration rate. The control group showed filtration of the
      neutral graded dextrans which diminished in a linear fashion with increasing
      molecular size. In contrast, the IgA patients showed two-phased glomerular
      sieving with a reduction in the filtration of dextrans sized 40 A or less and an
      increased filtration of those larger than 50 A. These changes in dextran
      filtration indicate the appearance of a population of larger than normal pores in
      the glomerular filter in the IgA nephropathy, although concomitant alterations in
      the electrostatic properties of the filter mechanism cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2412983
TI  - Drug-induced alterations in muscle tissue oxygen pressure in patients with
      arterial occlusive disease.
AB  - Muscle tissue oxygen pressure fields were examined on the surface of the
      gastrocnemius muscle of 17 patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease
      before and during intra-arterial administration of dextran 40 50 ml/50 min,
      xantinolnicotinate 600 mg ad 50 ml NaCl 0.9%/50 min and prostaglandin E1 1.0-2.5
      ng/kg/min ad 50 ml NaCl 0.9%/50 min. Median PO2 increased in 6 out of 7 patients
      up to 214% when dextran 40 was given and up to 300% in all 5 cases who received
      prostaglandin E1. In some patients the histograms' distribution type changed
      during the treatment from a scattered form which indicates microcirculatory
      disorders to a bell-shaped form which is expected when microcirculation is
      undisturbed. Intra-arterial administration of xantinolnicotinate was without any
      influence on poststenotic muscle PO2. The registration of muscle tissue oxygen
      pressure fields is an ideal method for determining the effect of so called
      vasoactive drugs in treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive disease.

PMID- 2412984
TI  - Intestinal hemodynamic effects of dextran-induced hyperviscosity in the cat.
AB  - A hyperviscous state with red cell aggregation and increased plasma viscosity was
      induced in cats by intravenous infusion of high molecular weight dextran. A
      segment of the small intestine was isolated with intact vascular and nervous
      supply and placed in a plethysmograph for determination of the intestinal tissue
      volume and capillary filtration coefficient. The intestinal blood flow was
      measured by a drop recorder unit. Measurements of intestinal blood flow, flow
      resistance and capillary filtration coefficient were performed during
      normotension and regional hypotension before and after infusion of high molecular
      weight dextran. After infusion of high molecular weight dextran, there was a
      twofold increase of blood viscosity and a threefold increase of plasma viscosity.
      Erythrocyte sedimentation rate exceeded 100 mm/h. Intestinal blood flow decreased
      by 35% during normotension and by 45% during regional hypotension. Intestinal
      flow resistance increased by 45% during normotension and by 65% during
      hypotension. The capillary filtration coefficient was not affected by the dextran
      infusion. It is concluded that the intestinal hemodynamic effects of high
      molecular weight dextran are mainly dependent of the increased plasma viscosity
      and that the number of perfused capillaries is not reduced by obstructing red
      cell aggregates.

PMID- 2412985
TI  - Radiolabeling of monoclonal antibody against carcinoembryonic antigen with 88Y
      and biodistribution studies.
AB  - The biodistribution of the 202 monoclonal antibody against CEA labeled with 88Y
      by the bicyclic DTPA anhydride method was studied in normal Balb/c mice. The in
      vitro binding to 1 X 10(7) CO112, LS174T and WiDR colon cancer cells was 21.0,
      27.3 and 18.8%, respectively. The binding to an equal number of KM-3 leukemia
      cells and normal human lymphocytes was 8.9 and 3.2%, respectively. Liver, spleen,
      kidney and blood were the tissues that showed the highest uptake of radiolabeled
      antibody in vivo.

PMID- 2412986
TI  - Integration of the Diagnostic Radiological Health Sciences Learning Laboratory
      films into a radiology elective for medical students.
AB  - The basic Diagnostic Radiological Health Sciences Learning Laboratory (ACR
      Teaching File) consists of 5000 films (1400 cases). This educational system was
      developed under contract with the Bureau of Radiological Health, Food and Drug
      Administration and made available by the American College of Radiology. We report
      our experience with our own course and the ACR Teaching File for medical student
      teaching. For 24 of 75 students, the ACR Teaching File provided the basic core
      film material during a fourth-year elective clerkship. We compared the ACR
      Teaching File films with our own film material when used in similar teaching
      circumstances. ACR Teaching File films, when combined with established teaching
      methods, proved to be satisfactory for medical student teaching.

PMID- 2412987
TI  - Neurokinin A-like immunoreactivity in rat primary sensory neurons; coexistence
      with substance P.
AB  - Rat spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia and skin were investigated employing
      immunohistochemical technique with specific antisera to neurokinin A and
      substance P. Neurokinin A-like immunoreactivity was detected in the spinal dorsal
      horn and skin with a similar distribution pattern as that of substance P-like
      immunoreactivity. After dorsal root transection a parallel decrease of neurokinin
      A and substance P-like immunoreactivity was observed in the dorsal horn. Using
      colchicine pretreatment a population of neurokinin A positive cell bodies was
      seen in the dorsal root ganglia, and by comparison of consecutive sections of the
      same cells stained for substance P it was revealed that these neurons also
      display substance P-like immunoreactivity. However, substance P-, but not
      neurokinin A-, immunoreactive cells were also observed. It is concluded that
      neurokinin A- and substance P-like immunoreactivity coexist in a population of
      rat primary sensory neurons.

PMID- 2412988
TI  - Simultaneous demonstration of multiple antigens by indirect immunofluorescence or
      immunogold staining. Novel light and electron microscopical double and triple
      staining method employing primary antibodies from the same species.
AB  - Available techniques for light and electron microscopical double
      immunocytochemical staining are all associated with certain problems. We have
      developed a novel multiple staining procedure, which allows use of antibodies of
      differing specificities, raised in the same species (e.g. rabbit). Its essential
      features include 1) saturation of antigenic epitopes on the first layer primary
      antiserum by second (fluorophor- or gold-) labelled anti-IgG antibodies and 2)
      denaturation of free anti-IgG binding sites by formaldehyde vapour treatment.
      Various combinations of gastrin, somatostatin, glucagon, ACTH, growth hormone and
      enkephalin/endorphin antibodies have been tested at the light and electron
      microscopical level and have been found to give highly reproducible double- and
      triple-staining results. The technique has also been evaluated by use of
      cytochemical paper models. The method is simple and very useful for multiple
      staining of a wide variety of antigens.

PMID- 2412989
TI  - Preservation of elastic system fibers and of collagen molecular arrangement and
      stainability in an Egyptian mummy.
AB  - The present findings show that both elastic system fibers and collagen markedly
      resisted change in tissues more than 2000 years old. The distribution of elastic
      fibers and elastic-related fibers (namely, oxytalan and elaunin fibers) in
      mummified tissues coincided with the observations made on the modern human
      tissues used as controls. The collagenous structures present in tissue sections
      obtained from the Egyptian mummy studied took on a deeply red colour when stained
      in the Picrosirius solution indicating that, as well as in the fresh controls,
      the basic groups in the collagen molecules were available for reacting with the
      strongly acidic dye Sirius Red. When viewed with polarized light, the collagen in
      the same tissue sections displayed an increased birefringence, which shows that
      the collagen molecules in mummified tissues maintain the oriented disposition
      which is typical of the modern human tissues used as controls. The methods
      employed have proved to be useful for the delineation of the elastic system
      fibers and of the collagenous scaffolding, which may be used as valuable
      landmarks in the study of the histoarchitecture of organs that have undergone
      considerable distortion.

PMID- 2412990
TI  - Flow cytometric correlation between BrdU/Hoechst quench effect and base pair
      composition in mammalian cell nuclei.
AB  - 72 h after growth stimulation in BrdU supplemented media Hoechst fluorescence
      histograms of mammalian euploid cell cultures display up to five distinct peaks
      which correspond to a consecutive series of cell maturity classes. This pattern
      is due to differential quenching of the Hoechst fluorescence by BrdU-substituted
      chromatin. There are constitutive differences in the efficacy of fluorescence
      quenching among species: Human and bovine cells display more quenching at
      unifilary as apposed to bifilary substitution. The reverse holds for the AT-rich
      genome of the murine species Micromys minutus. The theoretical residual
      fluorescence computed for an infinite number of replications in the presence of
      BrdU amounts to 14% in case of Micromys cells, but to 19% for human and bovine
      cells. Flow cytometric estimates of the AT-content, employing base pair specific
      dyes, yielded 62.0% for Micromys, 60.6% for human and 53.2% for bovine cells.
      While these figures are in accordance with published data, they do not
      sufficiently explain the concordant behavior of human and bovine cells, and the
      discordant behavior of Micromys cells, as regards the quenching of Hoechst
      fluorescence. Additional factors such as differences in DNA-sequence organisation
      (eg. base pair specific interspersion pattern, lateral asymmetry) must be
      invoked.

PMID- 2412991
TI  - The TP-levanol fast cyanine 5RN staining procedure for proteins of the myosin
      fibrin group. Fibrin staining and other remarks.
AB  - The tannic acid-phosphomolybdic acid-Levanol (Supranol) Fast Cyanine 5RN (TP-L)
      procedure for staining muscle cells and blood platelets was used because, with
      this method, proteins of the myosin-fibrin group should be selectively stained.
      However, in human blood and blood plasma clots and in vivo thrombi, fibrin was
      not stained. Blood platelets probably due to their content of contractile
      proteins were very well stained. Apparent fibrin staining in human autopsy
      thrombi may be due to the staining of disintegrated platelets and the absorbance
      of fibrin by stained hemoglobin. Problems encountered using Nuclear Fast Red as
      the nuclear stain were solved by changing the dye concentration or by using a
      differentiating agent. Myosin staining by the TP-L method depended on the pH of
      the tannic-acid solution used. Raising the pH to 7.4-8.0 changed the staining
      result, and collagen fibers were then stained.

PMID- 2412992
TI  - 1-Naphthol basic dye (1-NBD). An alternative to diaminobenzidine (DAB) in
      immunoperoxidase techniques.
AB  - The usefulness of 1-naphthol as substrate for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in
      immunohistochemistry was studied using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) and
      avidin-biotin-complex (ABC) methods in the demonstration of glial fibrillary
      acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, carbonic anhydrase C (CA.C), and factor VIII
      related antigen (FVIII/RAg) in central nervous tissue and cerebral tumors. In the
      presence of ammonium carbonate, 1-naphthol is oxidized by HRP and hydrogen
      peroxide, producing a fine gray-violet precipitate. The oxidation product of 1
      naphthol proved capable of binding a great number of basic dyes. For each stain
      the final reaction product had a characteristic color that was different from the
      spontaneous color of the dye and from the color displayed by nuclei. The final
      color obtained with this procedure was alcohol resistant and could be mounted in
      solvent-based mounting media. The results obtained with the 1-naphthol basic dye
      (1-NBD) method were compared with those obtained using the diaminobenzidine (DAB)
      reaction in the demonstration of GFAP-positive astrocytes. The DAB reaction
      produced a more intense staining but also a coarser precipitate than the 1-NBD
      reaction. The 1-NBD procedure showed more morphological detail of fine structures
      and did not obscure nuclei and mitosis. The very low toxicity of 1-naphthol
      compared with DAB (a suspected carcinogen) is an important advantage of the 1-NBD
      method, as is its high specificity and sensitivity.

PMID- 2412993
TI  - Lectin-binding pattern in normal human gastric mucosa. A light and electron
      microscopic study.
AB  - Normal human gastric mucosal cells were examined by light and electron microscopy
      using lectins as a probe. The ABC method was used with biotinylated lectins for
      light microscopy and HRP-labeled lectins for electron microscopy. The human
      gastric mucosal cells revealed specific binding patterns for each lectin by light
      microscopy. Among the lectins tested, in particular, DBA gave a characteristic
      pattern. It specifically stained the supranuclear region of surface epithelial
      cells and the perinuclear region of parietal cells. By electron microscopy, the
      stacked cisternae and the vesicles of the Golgi apparatus of the surface
      epithelial cells were positive for the DBA staining. These results show that the
      DBA-positive supranuclear region observed by light microscopy corresponds to the
      Golgi apparatus. In the parietal cells, DBA, RCA and ConA bound to the
      intracellular secretory canaliculi which are invaginations of the cell membrane
      running around the nucleus in the cytoplasm. Therefore, the tubular perinuclear
      positive region observed by light microscopy corresponds to the membranes of the
      intracellular secretory canaliculi. In addition, the ConA reagent stained the
      endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, and cell membrane of
      the parietal cell, which explains the diffuse cytoplasmic staining observed at
      the light microscopic level with this lectin. Lectins have proved to be very
      useful for the evaluation of in situ cytochemical aspects of the glycoconjugates
      characteristic to human gastric mucosal cells.

PMID- 2412994
TI  - Photosensitizing dyes and fluorochromes as substitutes for 33258 Hoechst in the
      fluorescence-plus-Giemsa (FPG) chromosome technique.
AB  - Using Allium cepa chromosomes after 5-bromo, 2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)
      incorporation, we studied several acid and basic dyes and fluorochromes for their
      potential as substitutes for 33258 Hoechst in the fluorescence-plus-Giemsa (FPG)
      technique. All of the dyes and fluorochromes investigated showed a
      photosensitizing capacity which was slightly lower than 33258 Hoechst in the
      cases of daunomycin, phloxin, fluorescein, thioflavine T and nuclear fast red,
      and somewhat higher in the case of eosin Y. Observation and cytophotometric
      analysis of differentially Giemsa-stained sister chromatids when eosin Y was used
      as the photosensitizing agent revealed the unsubstituted chromatid to be reddish
      violet in colour (absorption maximum, 550 nm), while the BrdU-substituted
      chromatid was blue or pale violet blue (absorption maximum, 580 nm). These
      results indicate that eosin Y is a useful photosensitizing dye which could be
      used as a substitute for 33258 Hoechst in the FPG staining technique.

PMID- 2412995
TI  - Evaluation of the specificity of lectin binding to sections of plant tissue.
AB  - Hand sections of young corn root tips have been used in a study of problems
      encountered in the binding of fluorescently-labelled lectins to plant tissues. It
      was found, surprisingly, that with lectins specific for a sugar known to be
      present (Lotus and Ulex lectins for L-fucose), with a lectin specific for a sugar
      thought not to be present (wheat-germ agglutinin for N-acetylglucosamine), with
      non-lectin glycoprotein and protein (gamma-globulin and bovine serum albumin) and
      with basophilic dyes (alcian blue and toluidine blue), a coincidental binding
      pattern similar to the pattern of autofluorescence in the same tissue was
      obtained. Corn root tissues include cell walls composed of complex
      polysaccharides esterified with ferulic acid residues, as well as mucilages which
      are highly hydrated and expanded. In such material, neither standard inhibition
      controls with haptens nor the use of a wide range of lectin concentrations are
      adequate to distinguish clearly specific and non-specific binding of
      fluorescently-labelled lectin. Therefore, lectins are not the simple test probes
      they have been supposed. Before interpreting results obtained in using
      fluorescently-labelled lectins on any tissue sections, all available information
      (biochemical as well as histochemical) about the tissue must be considered.

PMID- 2412996
TI  - [Clinical experiences with in vitro testing of chemotherapeutic agents].
AB  - The response of tumour cells from 25 tumours (mainly squamous cell carcinomas) to
      Cisplatinum, Bleomycin and Methotrexate in the stem-cell cloning assay described
      by Hamburger and Salmon was compared to the response to combination therapy with
      Bleomycin, Methotrexate and Cisplatinum. In 90%, the result of the stem-cell
      assay yielded a correct prediction of the chemosensitivity or resistance of the
      tumour within 9 weeks. This test predicts with high probability the effectiveness
      of chemotherapeutic agents long before the clinical result becomes manifest.
      Thus, the application of pre-operative chemotherapy becomes easier. The
      possibility of predicting the ineffectiveness of cytostatic agents spares the
      patient the often considerable side effects to a treatment whose ineffectiveness
      until now only became apparent after a prolonged period.

PMID- 2412997
TI  - Colorectal carcinoma metastatic to the liver: a current surgical approach.

PMID- 2412998
TI  - Hyperamylasemia and pancreatitis following biliary tract surgery: a prospective
      study.

PMID- 2412999
TI  - Nasopharyngeal cancer: study III. A review of 1206 patients treated with combined
      modalities.
AB  - A combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy was used in an attempt to
      improve the control of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). From 1979 through 1983, 1206
      patients with histologically proven NPC were treated with routine radiation along
      with 5 combinations of drug or drugs in small to maintenance doses. The drugs
      used were: 1) cyclophosphamide p.o. (CTX), 2) methotrexate p.o. (MTX), 3) CTX +
      MTX, 4) bleomycin i.v. (BLM), and 5) cisplatin + BLM i.v. (BP). The actuarial
      survival rates and recurrence rates were chosen as endpoints for comparison to
      previous studies. The overall survival rate increased from 43.5% in study I, and
      56% in study II to 70.6% in the present study. The recurrence rate declined to
      13%, but was less impressive. The encouraging results were more obvious in groups
      of patients with bilateral large cervical lymph nodes, reaching statistical
      significance (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 2413000
TI  - Psychoanalytic constructions of female development and women's conflicts about
      achievement--Part II.
AB  - Central to the dynamics that underlie women's conflicts about their own
      autonomous achievements are the reappraised psychoanalytic concepts of penis envy
      and masochism. These ideas need not be abandoned because of the phallocentric
      bias that is responsible for their initial formulation. When they are
      conceptualized as serving defensive ego-maintaining functions for the woman,
      their richness in expressing aspects of women's psychological experiences becomes
      evident. Both culturally ascribed meanings to physiological differences and the
      physical differences themselves have an impact on an individual's developing
      psychological sense of self, and of self in relation to others. Girls and boys
      have different anatomies, which give rise to different bodily sensations,
      different definitions of what is acceptable and what is taboo, and arouse
      different feelings and reactions in caretakers on whom the child is dependent.
      The girl's developmental task of separation and individuation is complicated in
      two major ways that are relevant to adult women's achievement-related conflicts.
      First, as a female child, she is both more closely identified with her mother and
      more closely identified with by her mother. Her sensitivity to relationship and
      loss--particularly in her bond to her mother--grows in part from the intensities
      of these reciprocal identifications and from the capacities for empathic,
      affective relating that cultural and maternal expectations impart to daughters.
      Because mothers are so identified with their same-sex children, and because, as
      women, they themselves have learned to sacrifice aspects of their autonomy for
      either nurturant or dependent functions, mothers communicate ambivalent wishes
      and expectations to their daughters. On the one hand, a daughter receives the
      injunction that she carry on for her mother by fulfilling her thwarted longings
      and by compensating, with her own achievements, for her mother's disappointments.
      On the other hand, the daughter receives the simultaneous message that her
      accomplishments arouse her mother's envy and potential retaliation, but, most
      destructively, threaten to leave her empty, without a dependent appendage through
      whom she can live and bolster her self-worth. The second, complicated, aspect of
      the girl's task of separation and individuation, which relates to her adult
      conflicts around achievement, lies in the relationship between the cultural
      devaluation of whatever women have to do, and the kinds of fantasies and
      experiences to which the more hidden, internal and mysterious female genitals
      lend themselves.

PMID- 2413001
TI  - Lipid peroxidation by bleomycin-iron complexes in vitro.
AB  - Lipid peroxidation catalyzed by bleomycin (BLM)-metal complexes was studied in
      vitro using arachidonic acid as the substrate. Iron complexes of BLM caused
      extensive lipid peroxidation, but other metal complexes did not. The lipid
      peroxidation caused by the iron complexes was inhibited by antioxidants such as
      dl-alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid etc., but not by other scavengers of hydroxyl
      and superoxide radicals, and of singlet oxygen. Cyanide ion suppressed the lipid
      peroxidation caused by BLM-Fe(II), but did not suppress the peroxidation activity
      of BLM-Fe(III). The peroxidation activity of BLM-Fe(II) was lost instantly by pre
      incubation of the complex at 37 degrees C before mixing with arachidonic acid,
      but that of BLM-Fe(III) was not. These results indicate that the active form for
      the lipid peroxidation derived from BLM-Fe(II) differs from that of BLM-Fe(III).

PMID- 2413002
TI  - Identification of bleomycin-treated DNA fragments by molecular cloning.

PMID- 2413004
TI  - Actions of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on human epidermal
      keratinocytes in culture.
AB  - In humans, the skin is a particularly sensitive target for 2,3,7,8
      tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and certain halogenated analogs. Reported
      lesions include a thickening of the epidermis (acanthosis), hyperkeratosis, and
      squamous metaplasia of the epithelial lining of the sebaceous glands. In this
      report we describe ongoing studies on the actions of TCDD on cultured human
      epidermal cells. This system has been established as an in vitro model for
      interfollicular epidermal hyperkeratinization. Treatment of newly confluent
      cultures with TCDD results in enhanced differentiation as judged by histologic
      examination of the cultures, a decrease in the number of basal proliferating
      cells, and an increase in the number of envelope competent (differentiating)
      cells and terminally differentiated cells with highly cross-linked cornified
      envelopes. Changes in the differentiation program are preceded by a decrease in
      epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding. The concentration dependence and
      stereospecificity for these responses suggest the involvement of the Ah receptor.
      We propose that TCDD modulates normal patterns of epidermal differentiation
      through direct actions on proliferating basal cells, modulating the
      responsiveness of these cells to growth factors such as EGF.

PMID- 2413003
TI  - Comparative metabolism and toxicity of chemical carcinogens in primary cultures
      of hepatocytes.
AB  - Hepatocytes were prepared by an in situ or biopsy perfusion of liver with
      collagenase. Hepatocytes from adult liver were cultured without serum on collagen
      coated dishes in culture medium supplemented with hormones. Stable monolayers
      were established within 24 h and were maintained for up to 10 d. The hormone
      supplement maintained cytochrome P-450, a critical component of mixed function
      oxygenase responsible for activation of many procarcinogens. The addition of
      serum and phenobarbital to the cultures also maintained higher levels of mixed
      function oxygenase activity. Viable cultures were prepared from mice, rats,
      guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, monkeys, and humans. Metabolism studies revealed the
      rate of metabolism and the extent of covalent binding to macromolecules,
      including DNA. Measures of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in vitro provide an
      indication of hepatonecrotic and hepatocarcinogenic potency in vivo. Comparative
      metabolism, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity studies provide a means of
      facilitating the extrapolation of toxicity data from laboratory animals to
      humans.

PMID- 2413005
TI  - Antigenic mosaic of Methanosarcinaceae: partial characterization of
      Methanosarcina barkeri 227 surface antigens by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Hybridomas were constructed with spleen cells from mice immunized against
      Methanosarcina barkeri 227. The reaction with the resulting monoclonal antibodies
      identified two antigenic determinants. Determinant 8A is present in M. barkeri
      227, where it is accessible to antibody on whole bacterial cells. 8A is
      undetectable in (or absent from) M. barkeri R1M3, an immunologically closely
      related strain. Determinant 8C is present in both strains, but with M. barkeri
      227 it is found only in extracts and cannot be demonstrated in whole cells. It
      therefore appears to be hidden. A soluble form of antigen 8A (antigen 227) was
      obtained treating whole M. barkeri 227 cells with absolute methanol. This antigen
      was further purified by affinity chromatography with antibody 8A. Chemical and
      immunochemical analyses of these preparations showed that antigen 227 is a high
      molecular-weight (4 X 10(5)) structure composed mainly of one carbohydrate,
      glucose, and small amounts of amino acids. Its solubility properties suggest that
      this molecule is associated with a lipid moiety.

PMID- 2413006
TI  - Bacillus subtilis citB gene is regulated synergistically by glucose and
      glutamine.
AB  - The activity of aconitase in Bacillus subtilis is greatly reduced in cells
      cultured in media containing rapidly metabolized carbon sources (e.g., glucose).
      Thus, expression of this enzyme appears to be subject to a form of catabolite
      repression. Since the product of the citB gene of B. subtilis is required for
      aconitase activity, we cloned the wild-type allele of this gene and used this DNA
      as a probe for transcription of citB in cells grown in various media. The steady
      state level of RNA that hybridized to this probe was about 10-fold higher in B.
      subtilis cells grown in citrate-glutamine medium than in cells grown in glucose
      glutamine medium. This result correlates well with the steady-state levels of
      aconitase activity. Two transcripts were shown to initiate within the cloned DNA;
      the steady-state level of one of these transcripts varied in the same way as did
      aconitase activity when cells were grown in media containing different carbon
      sources. This is the first demonstration of regulation by the carbon source of
      the level of a vegatative-cell transcript in B. subtilis.

PMID- 2413007
TI  - Natural relationship between bacteroides and flavobacteria.
AB  - Comparisons among 16S rRNA sequences from various eubacteria reveal a natural
      relationship between the bacteroides (represented by the Bacteroides fragilis
      sequence) and a phylogenetic unit that comprises the flavobacteria, cytophagae,
      flexibacteria, and others (represented by the Flavobacterium heparinum sequence).
      Although the relationship is not a close one, it is, nevertheless, specific.
      rRNAs from these two organisms are not only closer to one another in overall
      sequence than they are to outgroup species (such as Bacillus subtilis,
      Escherichia coli, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens),
      but they show common idiosyncrasies (i.e., derived characteristics) in both rRNA
      sequences and higher-order structures.

PMID- 2413008
TI  - Electrophoretic and immunochemical analyses of the lipopolysaccharides from
      various strains of Aeromonas hydrophila.
AB  - Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the
      lipopolysaccharides isolated from strains of Aeromonas hydrophila which exhibit
      virulence for fish and which autoaggregate during growth in static broth culture.
      The lipopolysaccharides contained O-polysaccharide chains of homogeneous chain
      length. Two of the strains produced a surface protein array, and
      immunofluorescence and phage-binding studies revealed that a number of these O
      polysaccharide chains of homogeneous length traversed the protein array and were
      exposed on the cell surface. Immunochemical analyses by immunoblotting, enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation with both
      polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies revealed the presence of three epitopes on
      the polysaccharide moiety of this homogenous-chain-length lipopolysaccharide
      morphotype. One epitope was species serogroup specific and reactive by
      immunoblotting. This epitope was not present on the heterogeneous-chain-length O
      polysaccharides of nonautoaggregating strains of A. hydrophila examined. The
      second epitope was conformation dependent and cross-reactive with an epitope on
      the homogenous-chain-length O polysaccharides of Aeromonas salmonicida
      lipopolysaccharide. The third epitope was recognized by a monoclonal antibody and
      appeared to involve that region of the A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida
      lipopolysaccharide molecules which contained the O-polysaccharide-core
      oligosaccharide glycosidic linkage.

PMID- 2413009
TI  - Direct implication of surface mannosyl residues in cell adhesion of Dictyostelium
      discoideum.
AB  - In the cell adhesion of aggregation-competent Dictyostelium cells, the
      requirement for the carbohydrate moiety of the glycoprotein appeared to be
      indirect in that it acts to protect the protein moiety from proteolytic
      degradation; however, the effect was limited to the tunicamycin (TM)-sensitive
      carbohydrate moiety (Hirano, T., et al. (1983) J. Biochem. 93, 1249-1257). In the
      present study, we showed that the EDTA-stable adhesion of aggregation-competent
      Dictyostelium cells was abolished by the treatment of intact cells with jack bean
      alpha-mannosidase, whereas neuraminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-N
      acetylhexosaminidase, or alpha-L-fucosidase had no effect. The EDTA-stable
      cohesiveness of TM-treated cells in the presence of leupeptin (TM/LP cells) was
      also abolished by the treatment of the cells with alpha-mannosidase. The effect
      of alpha-mannosidase was not prevented in the presence of LP. The N-glycoside
      deficient contact site A (an adhesion-mediating glycoprotein) was obtained from
      TM/LP cells and was shown to have a molecular weight of 70,000. This protein (p
      70) was shown to still have carbohydrates as detected by polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (PAGE) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and
      subsequent staining of the gel with periodic acid-silver stain. Moreover, p 70
      reacted with anti-gp 68, which has a specificity against alpha-mannosyl residues
      of carbohydrate chains. However, p 70 treated with alpha-mannosidase showed
      decreased reactivity with anti-gp 68. The monovalent antibody fragment of anti
      contact site A or anti-p 70 inhibited EDTA-stable cell adhesion of both control
      and TM/LP cells. These results indicated that TM-resistant mannosyl residues of
      contact site A are directly involved in EDTA-stable adhesion of aggregation
      competent cells. This is the first report of the direct involvement of the
      carbohydrate moiety in cell adhesion of aggregation-competent Dictyostelium
      cells. A schematic model is presented of the role of the carbohydrate moiety in
      EDTA-stable cell adhesion, including the direct effect of carbohydrates.

PMID- 2413010
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against pig kidney sodium
      and potassium-activated ATPase.
AB  - A hybridoma cell line producing mouse monoclonal antibody against pig kidney Na,K
      ATPase was established. The antibody, named 38 (mAb38, IgG1), was purified from
      mouse ascites fluid by chromatography on a protein A-Sepharose column. Antigens
      immobilized on microplate wells with p-benzoquinone were used for titer assays.
      mAb38 cross-reacted with both dodecyloctaethyleneglycol monoether (C12E8)
      solubilized enzyme and membranous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-treated enzyme
      from kidney with high affinity (50% binding = 0.6 nM). However, the antibody
      bound to neither alpha- nor beta-subunit separated by preparative SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The stoichiometry of antibody binding
      to the purified enzyme was estimated to be about 0.86 mol of IgG per mol of alpha
      beta-protomer. Na,K-ATPase proteins were recovered from a column of mAb38-coupled
      Affi-Gel by elution with pH 3 buffer when C12E8-solubilized kidney enzyme or
      detergent extracts of brain microsomes were applied to it, confirming that the
      mAb is directed to Na,K-ATPase. mAb38 at saturation level concentrations had no
      effect on kidney Na,K-ATPase activity or on ouabain-sensitive Rb uptake in
      erythrocytes. In an immunofluorescence study, the antibody bound to intact
      erythrocytes much more strongly than control IgG1 (mAb50c), but the extent of the
      antibody binding to inside-out vesicles under hypotonic conditions was lower than
      that of the control. Most of the antibody binding activity remained when the
      kidney enzyme was treated with sialidase. These results suggest that this mAb38
      was raised against an intact conformation of a cell-surface-exposed site of Na,K
      ATPase.

PMID- 2413011
TI  - Primary structure and antiproteolytic activity of a Kunitz-type inhibitor from
      bovine spleen.
AB  - The amino acid sequence of protease inhibitor II, previously isolated from bovine
      spleen, has been completely elucidated and reveals a high homology (approximately
      90%) with that of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), the well-known
      Kunitz inhibitor. The secondary and tertiary structure of this new inhibitor
      appears similar to that of BPTI. Whereas its affinity for bovine trypsin,
      chymotrypsin, and trypsinogen is almost identical to that of BPTI, the affinity
      for porcine pancreatic kallikrein is decreased, as expected on the basis of the
      amino acid substitutions. Analysis of the pH dependence of the affinity constant
      confirms the previous assignment of the ionizable groups, whose pK values are
      perturbed on complex formation, to kallikrein and not to the inhibitor molecule.

PMID- 2413012
TI  - Substrate specificity of phospholipid/Ca2+-dependent protein kinase as probed
      with synthetic peptide fragments of the bovine myelin basic protein.
AB  - The substrate specificity of phospholipid/Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (protein
      kinase C) was studied using synthetic peptides, in particular those corresponding
      to the amino acid sequence around serine 115 in bovine myelin basic protein
      (MBP). It was found that MBP (104-118) and MBP (104-123) were substrates for the
      enzyme, with apparent Km values of 14 and 10 microM, respectively. Neither MBP
      (111-118) nor MBP (111-123) were phosphorylated, indicating that an additional
      segment of sequence extending toward the N terminus, but not toward the C
      terminus, was essential for the substrate activity of the peptides. Of the
      alanine-substituted analogs examined, [Ala 105] MBP (104-118) was comparable to
      the parent peptide, whereas [Ala 107] MBP (104-118) and [Ala 113] MBP-(104-118)
      were much poorer substrates. These findings indicated that lysine 105 was not
      essential, but both arginine 107 and arginine 113 were important specificity
      determinants. Initial studies revealed that [Ala 113] MBP (104-118) inhibited
      phosphorylation by the enzyme of the parent peptide and, to a lesser extent, the
      intact MBP(1-170). Serine 115 was the only site phosphorylated in the analog
      peptides [Ala 105] MBP (104-118) and [Ala 107]MBP (104-118). In the parent
      peptide, serine 115 was the initial site of phosphorylation but after prolonged
      phosphorylation other sites became phosphorylated (serine 110 and/or serine 112),
      further supporting the concept that arginine residues act as essential substrate
      specificity determinants for phospholipid/Ca2+-dependent protein kinase.

PMID- 2413013
TI  - Inactivation of a Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release channel from skeletal muscle
      sarcoplasmic reticulum during active Ca2+ transport.
AB  - ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake by subfractions of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic
      reticulum (SR) was studied with the Ca2+ indicator dye, antipyrylazo III. Ca2+
      uptake by heavy SR showed two phases, a slow uptake phase and a fast uptake
      phase. By contrast, Ca2+ uptake by light SR exhibited a monophasic time course.
      In both fractions a steady state of Ca2+ uptake was observed when the
      concentration of free Ca2+ outside the vesicles was reduced to less than 0.1
      microM. In the steady state, the addition of 5 microM Ca2+ to the external medium
      triggered rapid Ca2+ release from heavy SR but not from light SR, indicating that
      the heavy fraction contains a Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release channel. During Ca2+
      uptake, heavy SR showed a constant Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity (1 mumol/mg
      protein X min) which was about 150 times higher than the rate of Ca2+ uptake in
      the slow uptake phase. Ruthenium red, an inhibitor of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release,
      enhanced the rate of Ca2+ uptake during the slow phase without affecting Ca2+
      dependent ATPase activity. Adenine nucleotides, activators of Ca2+ release,
      reduced the Ca2+ uptake rate. These results suggest that the rate of Ca2+
      accumulation by heavy SR is not proportional to ATPase activity during the slow
      uptake phase due to the activation of the channel for Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release.
      In addition, they suggest that the release channel is inactivated during the fast
      Ca2+ uptake phase.

PMID- 2413014
TI  - The sodium channel from rat brain. Reconstitution of voltage-dependent scorpion
      toxin binding in vesicles of defined lipid composition.
AB  - Purified sodium channels incorporated into phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles
      mediate neurotoxin-activated 22Na+ influx but do not bind the alpha-scorpion
      toxin from Leiurus quinquestriatus (LqTx) with high affinity. Addition of
      phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or phosphatidylserine to the reconstitution mixture
      restores high affinity LqTx binding with KD = 1.9 nM for PC/PE vesicles at -90 mV
      and 36 degrees C in sucrose-substituted medium. Other lipids tested were markedly
      less effective. The binding of LqTx in vesicles of PC/PE (65:35) is sensitive to
      both the membrane potential formed by sodium gradients across the reconstituted
      vesicle membrane and the cation concentration in the extravesicular medium.
      Binding of LqTx is reduced 3- to 4-fold upon depolarization to 0 mV from -50 to 
      60 mV in experiments in which [Na+]out/[Na+]in is varied by changing [Na+]in or
      [Na+]out at constant extravesicular ionic strength. It is concluded that the
      purified sodium channel contains the receptor site for LqTx in functional form
      and that restoration of high affinity, voltage-dependent binding of LqTx by the
      purified sodium channel requires an appropriate ratio of PC to PE and/or
      phosphatidylserine in the vesicle membrane.

PMID- 2413015
TI  - Genetic variation for enzyme structure and systemic regulation in two new
      haplotypes of the beta-glucuronidase gene of Mus musculus castaneus.
AB  - Two new haplotypes of the [Gus] gene complex have been characterized following
      their transfer from Mus musculus castaneus, where they were found, to a C57BL/6J
      genetic background. The [GUS]CS haplotype carries a new structural allele, Gus
      scs, coding for enzyme with decreased thermolability and lacking an antigenic
      site present in other beta-glucuronidase allozymes. The [Gus]CL haplotype carries
      another new structural allele, Gus-scl, that codes for enzyme with increased
      thermolability and possessing the antigenic site. Both CS and CL beta
      glucuronidase have the same catalytic activity/molecule as the standard B
      allozyme from C57BL/6J mice. Mice carrying either the [Gus]CS or [Gus]CL
      haplotype have reduced enzyme activity in all tissues examined at all stages of
      development. The reduced enzyme activity is partially accounted for by reduced
      rates of enzyme synthesis, and the remainder probably results from increased
      rates of enzyme turnover. beta-Glucuronidase mRNA levels in these mice were not
      reduced suggesting that the observed reduction in enzyme synthesis is due to a
      decreased efficiency of translation for CS and CL mRNA.

PMID- 2413016
TI  - A second gene in a Balbiani ring. Chironomus salivary glands contain a 6.5-kb
      poly(A)+ RNA that is transcribed from a hierarchy of tandem repeated sequences in
      Balbiani ring 1.
AB  - A second gene has been discovered at a previously studied Balbiani ring in
      Chironomus. Northern hybridizations demonstrated that cDNA clone pCt35 originated
      from a salivary gland specific 6.5-kilobase (kb) RNA that was abundant,
      nonribosomal, and apparently poly(A)+. pCt35 had a 120-base pair (bp) insert with
      1.6 copies of a 75-bp sequence that contained two open reading frames. Southern
      hybridizations indicated that pCt35 was homologous to at least a 4-kb block of
      genomic DNA organized as a hierarchy of 150- and 300-bp tandem repeats. In situ
      hybridization localized these sequences to Balbiani ring 1. From these results we
      postulated that a 6.5-kb RNA gene may have evolved by stepwise duplication and
      amplification of a 75-bp ancestral sequence.

PMID- 2413017
TI  - Insulin regulation of protein biosynthesis in differentiated 3T3 adipocytes.
      Regulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
AB  - The effect of insulin on protein biosynthesis was examined in differentiated 3T3
      L1 and 3T3-F442A adipocytes. Insulin altered the relative rate of synthesis of
      specific proteins independent of its ability to hasten conversion of the
      fibroblast (preadipocyte) phenotype to the adipocyte phenotype. Although more
      than one pattern of response to insulin was observed, we focused on the induction
      of a Mr 33,000 protein which was identified as the glycolytic enzyme
      glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Exposure of 3T3 adipocytes to
      insulin throughout differentiation specifically increased GAPDH activity and
      protein content by 2- to 3-fold as compared to 3T3 adipocytes differentiated in
      the absence of insulin. These changes in enzyme activity and content could be
      accounted for by a 4-fold increase in the relative rate of synthesis of GAPDH and
      a 9-fold increase in hybridizable mRNA levels. Within 2 h of insulin addition to
      3T3 adipocytes differentiated in the absence of hormone, hybridizable GAPDH mRNA
      levels increased 3-fold, and within 24 h GAPDH mRNA levels increased 8-fold, and
      [35S] methionine incorporation into GAPDH protein increased 5-fold. The increase
      in GAPDH mRNA and GAPDH biosynthesis could be demonstrated using physiologic
      concentrations of insulin (0.24 nM), indicating that these effects are mediated
      through a specific interaction with the insulin receptor. These studies
      demonstrate that insulin, as the sole hormonal perturbant, can increase the
      synthesis of certain 3T3 adipocyte proteins by altering the cellular content of a
      specific mRNA.

PMID- 2413018
TI  - Primary structures of the mRNAs encoding the rat precursors for bradykinin and T
      kinin. Structural relationship of kininogens with major acute phase protein and
      alpha 1-cysteine proteinase inhibitor.
AB  - Three types of cloned cDNA sequences for rat low molecular weight prekininogens
      were isolated and determined by molecular cloning and sequence analysis. The
      deduced amino acid sequences indicated that one, termed K-prekininogen,
      represents the counterpart of the known low molecular weight prekininogen present
      in other mammals, while the other two, called T-prekininogens, contain a novel T
      kinin sequence which was recently identified from rat plasma. Although T- and K
      prekininogens are highly homologous with each other, both of the T-prekininogens
      contain methionine, instead of arginine or lysine, as an amino acid preceding T
      kinin and exhibit two consecutive amino acid deletions in the preceding region of
      T-kinin as compared with K-prekininogen. The former finding accounts for the
      previous observation of strong resistance of T-kininogens to cleavage with
      trypsin or kallikreins, while the latter finding has been explained by the
      structural analysis of genomic clones in which T-kinin-coding exon is contracted
      at its intron junction. A partial nucleotide sequence reported recently for the
      rat major acute phase protein (alpha 1-MAP) mRNA was found to be extremely
      related to the corresponding portion of the rat T-prekininogen mRNA. Furthermore,
      consistent with the previous report of the structural identity of major acute
      phase protein and alpha 1-cysteine proteinase inhibitor, kininogen closely
      resembles not only the former but also the latter in the amino acid compositions.
      The interrelationship among the triad of these proteins has been discussed.

PMID- 2413019
TI  - The relationship between rat major acute phase protein and the kininogens.
AB  - The rat major acute phase protein (alpha 1-MAP) is a cysteine protease inhibitor.
      The stoichiometry of the interaction between the inhibitor and enzyme was shown
      to be 1:2. A cDNA clone specific for rat alpha 1-MAP was isolated from a cDNA
      library prepared from an inflamed rat liver RNA template. The 1458-base pair
      insert was sequenced and positively identified by alignment with a partial amino
      acid sequence obtained by radiosequence analysis of the primary translation
      product for alpha 1-MAP. Complete sequence analysis determined the alpha 1-MAP
      cDNA coded for the entire protein with the exception of the first four amino
      acids of the signal peptide, all of which were identified by radiosequencing. The
      coding sequence spans 1282 nucleotides, followed by 115 base pairs of a 3'
      untranslated region. Two putative active sites, suggested by the enzyme-inhibitor
      ratio, have been identified by analysis of internal duplications of the alpha 1
      MAP sequence and the alignment of these regions with the sequences of several low
      molecular weight cysteine protease inhibitors. A computer homology analysis of
      the protein sequence revealed a 59.3% overall identity between rat alpha 1-MAP
      and bovine low molecular weight (LMW) kininogen. The homology included the signal
      peptide regions. LMW kininogen is a precursor of bradykinin. alpha 1-MAP does
      contain a bradykinin sequence; the flanking amino acids are different, however.
      Evidence for the expression of the LMW and a high molecular weight kininogen from
      the same gene, and the high degree of homology between these proteins and the rat
      acute phase protein suggest that all three proteins belong to a precisely
      regulated gene family.

PMID- 2413020
TI  - A monoclonal antibody specific for Lys-plasminogen. Application to the study of
      the activation pathways of plasminogen in vivo.
AB  - Human plasminogen, a glycoprotein with NH2-terminal Glu, is rapidly converted by
      traces of plasmin to proteolytic derivatives with NH2-terminal Met 68, Lys 77, or
      Val 78 ("Lys-plasminogen"), which are much more readily activated to plasmin than
      is Glu-plasminogen. It has, therefore, been proposed that physiological
      activation of Glu-plasminogen occurs mainly via Lys-plasminogen intermediates
      (Wiman, B., and Wallen, P. (1973) Eur. J. Biochem. 36, 25-31). In the present
      study we have characterized a murine monoclonal antibody (LPm1) directed against
      an epitope exposed in Lys-plasminogen but not in Glu-plasminogen. The antibody
      was secreted by a hybridoma obtained by fusion of mouse myeloma cells (P3X63-Ag8
      6.5.3) with spleen cells of a mouse immunized with purified Lys-plasmin-alpha 2
      antiplasmin complex. Coupling of the alpha-amino groups of Lys-plasminogen with
      phenylisothiocyanate resulted in complete loss of immunoreactivity for LPm1,
      which was, however, fully restored by cleavage of the derivatized NH2-terminal
      amino acid. After a second cycle, immunoreactivity was not restored, indicating
      that the LPm1 antibody-binding site depends on the presence of Lys 77 and/or Val
      78 as NH2-terminal amino acids. The immunoreactivity of Lys-plasminogen with LPm1
      is abolished by reduction of the protein, suggesting that conversion of Glu
      plasminogen to Lys-plasminogen is associated with a conformational alteration
      exposing the epitope for the LPm1 monoclonal antibody. In order to investigate
      the pathways of plasminogen activation in vivo, total plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin
      and Lys-plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin complexes were measured with sandwich-type
      micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Therefore, microtiter plates were
      coated with monoclonal antibodies against alpha 2-antiplasmin, and bound antigen
      was quantitated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated LPm1 or a monoclonal
      antibody reacting equally well with Glu-plasmin as with Lys-plasmin. In 25
      healthy subjects the plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin levels in plasma were
      undetectable (less than 0.1 nM). Infusion of tissue-type plasminogen activator in
      patients with thromboembolic disease resulted in generation of high
      concentrations of Glu-plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin complex (620 +/- 150 nM, n = 7)
      whereas neither Lys-plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin complex nor Lys-plasminogen were
      consistently detected. It is, therefore, concluded that activation of the
      fibrinolytic system in vivo occurs by direct cleavage of the Arg 560-Val 561 bond
      in Glu-plasminogen and not via formation of the Lys-plasminogen intermediates.

PMID- 2413021
TI  - Cloning and sequencing of cDNA of Sarcophaga peregrina humoral lectin induced on
      injury of the body wall.
AB  - A previous paper described the purification of a lectin induced in the hemolymph
      of larvae of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh-fly) on injury of their body wall
      (Komano, H., Mizuno, D., and Natori, S. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 2919-2924).
      This paper describes cDNA cloning and the complete nucleotide sequence of the
      gene for Sarcophaga lectin. Although active lectin consists of alpha and beta
      subunits in a molar ratio of 2:1, the fat body of injured larvae was found to
      contain only mRNA for the alpha subunit, suggesting that these two subunits are
      derived from a common gene and that the alpha subunit is converted to the beta
      subunit post-translationally. The alpha subunit was found to consist of 260 amino
      acid residues with an additional signal sequence of 19 or 23 amino acid residues.

PMID- 2413022
TI  - Plasminogen and tissue-type plasminogen activator bind to immobilized
      fibronectin.
AB  - Fibronectin immobilized onto polystyrene surface was found to bind plasminogen
      and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) but only slightly the urokinase type
      as determined using mono- and polyclonal antibodies against the activators. Of
      the defined fibronectin fragments tested, the Mr 120,000-140,000 fragment was
      found to bind both plasminogen and t-PA. Proteolytically modified plasminogen
      (Lys-plasminogen) bound considerably better than the native form (Glu
      plasminogen). Experiments with 125I-plasminogen yielded Kd = 9.1 X 10(-8) M for
      the binding to immobilized fibronectin. The partially or completely inactive
      single-chain form of t-PA (pro-t-PA) bound considerably better than the activated
      two-chain form. Lysine at greater than 3 mM inhibited the binding of plasminogen.
      The interaction was independent of calcium ions. CaCl2 (greater than 0.5 mM) and
      NaCl (greater than 0.2 M) inhibited the binding of pro-t-PA and of t-PA.
      Fibronectin-bound t-PA retained its ability to activate plasminogen. The observed
      interactions may operate in directional proteolysis localizing plasminogen and
      plasminogen activator to degrade fibronectin-containing extracellular matrix
      including fibrin clots.

PMID- 2413023
TI  - Relationships between Ca2+ release, Ca2+ cycling, and Ca2+-mediated permeability
      changes in mitochondria.
AB  - Ruthenium red and/or EGTA prevent cyclic uptake and release of Ca2+ in
      mitochondria. These compounds inhibit but do not prevent the swelling of liver
      mitochondria induced by Ca2+ plus t-butyl hydroperoxide or Ca2+ plus N
      ethylmaleimide. Ruthenium red and/or EGTA have complex effects on the release
      rate of Ca2+ and other cations induced by t-butyl hydroperoxide or N
      ethylmaleimide. To determine the relationship between permeability changes and
      Ca2+ release in the absence of Ca2+ cycling, a novel method of data collection
      and analysis is developed which allows the relative time courses of Ca2+ release
      and Mg2+ release or swelling to be accurately and quantitatively compared. This
      method eliminates errors in time course comparisons which arise from the aging of
      mitochondrial preparations and allows data from different preparations to be
      directly contrasted. Using the method, it is shown that permeability changes
      caused by Ca2+-releasing agents are not secondary effects arising from Ca2+
      cycling between uptake and release carriers. In the absence of Ca2+-cycling
      inhibitors, Ca2+ release induced by t-butyl hydroperoxide or N-ethylmaleimide is,
      in part, carrier-mediated. In the presence of EGTA and ruthenium red, Ca2+
      release induced by either agent is mediated solely by the permeability pathway.
      No differences are apparent in the solute selectivity of the inner membrane
      permeability defect induced by Ca2+ plus t-butyl hydroperoxide or Ca2+ plus N
      ethylmaleimide. A novel type of Ca2+ release from energized liver mitochondria is
      reported. This release is induced by EGTA, occurs in the absence of other
      releasing agents or nonspecific permeability changes, and is rapid (greater than
      or equal to 50 nmol/min/mg protein).

PMID- 2413024
TI  - Studies on the phosphorylation of myelin basic protein by protein kinase C and
      adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase.
AB  - The substrate specificity of protein kinase C was studied and compared with that
      of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A) by using bovine brain
      myelin basic protein as a model substrate. This basic protein was phosphorylated
      at multiple sites by both of these protein kinases. In this analysis, the basic
      protein was thoroughly phosphorylated in vitro with [gamma-32P]ATP and each
      protein kinase, and then digested with trypsin. The resulting radioactive
      phosphopeptides were isolated by gel filtration followed by high performance
      liquid chromatography on a reverse-phase column. Subsequent amino acid analysis
      and/or sequential Edman degradation of the purified phosphopeptides, together
      with the known primary sequence of this protein, revealed that Ser-46 and Ser-151
      were specifically phosphorylated by protein kinase C, whereas Thr-34 and Ser-115
      were phosphorylated preferentially by protein kinase A. Both kinases reacted with
      Ser-8, Ser-11, Ser-55, Ser-110, Ser-132, and Ser-161 at various reaction
      velocities. Contrary to protein kinase A, protein kinase C appears to react
      preferentially with seryl residues that are located at the amino-terminal side
      close to lysine or arginine. The seryl residues that are phosphorylated commonly
      by these two protein kinases have basic amino acids at both the amino- and
      carboxyl-terminal sides. These results provide some clues to understanding the
      rationale that these kinases may show different but sometimes similar functions
      depending on the structure of target phosphate acceptor proteins.

PMID- 2413025
TI  - Chemical and immunochemical studies on the receptor binding domain of cholera
      toxin B subunit.
AB  - The contributions of various amino acids to the structure and function of cholera
      toxin B subunit were assessed with quantifiable, chemically conservative,
      reversible derivatizations, and sensitive assays of activity. A panel of
      monoclonal antibodies was employed to monitor the conformational integrity of
      modified protein and help distinguish the direct from indirect effects of
      chemical derivatization. We describe a novel monoclonal antibody, which competes
      with the receptor GM1 for binding to cholera toxin B subunit, and use this
      reagent to help identify critically located residues. Our data support the
      hypothesis that tryptophan participates directly in binding GM1. In addition, we
      propose a dual role for lysine: first, these basic residues maintain an
      electrostatic attraction vital to receptor recognition; second, at least 1 lysine
      resides near the receptor binding domain and may interact with GM1. The influence
      of arginyl and tyrosyl residues upon activity is re-examined. Finally, we present
      data which suggest, in variance with previous studies, that the intramolecular
      disulfide bond is vital to the structure and function of cholera toxin B subunit.

PMID- 2413026
TI  - Stimulation by dolichol phosphate-mannose and phospholipids of the biosynthesis
      of N-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphoryl dolichol.
AB  - Dolichol phosphate-mannose (dol-P-mannose) has been shown previously to stimulate
      the reaction: dolichol phosphate + UDP-[3H]GlcNAc----[3H]GlcNAc-P-P-polyprenols
      (Kean, E. L. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 7952-7954). Further studies on this
      phenomenon are described, using microsomes from the retina of the embryonic chick
      as the major source of enzyme. Neither dolichol-P-glucose nor retinyl-P-mannose
      showed this stimulatory activity. Phosphatidylglycerol also stimulated this same
      process and was most active among a variety of phospholipids which were tested,
      in accord with previous reports. The presence of GDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose
      or GTP had no effect on the reaction. The apparent activation constant for
      dolichol-P-mannose was 2.2 microM, and for phosphatidylglycerol, 401 microM. The
      major product (90% or greater) obtained under basal and stimulatory conditions
      was GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol and the site of the stimulatory effect was the
      glucosaminyltransferase catalyzing the formation of this compound. The effects of
      stimulation on the kinetic properties were similar for both activators: increases
      in the Vmax of the reactions of 7-10-fold; increases in apparent Km for UDP
      GlcNAc of 5-7-fold; a 3-fold decrease in apparent Km for dolichol-phosphate. When
      present together, a mutual inhibition of stimulation was observed compared to the
      additive effect from dol-P-mannose or phosphatidylglycerol alone. Although a
      substrate for the reaction, dolichol phosphate repressed the stimulation by
      dolichol-P-mannose but not that by phosphatidylglycerol. Dol-P-glucose, while not
      an activator of the reaction, acted as a negative modifier of the stimulation by
      dol-P-mannose by acting as a competitive inhibitor of the stimulation. The
      stimulatory phenomenon was observed in microsomes prepared from a variety of
      tissues from the embryonic chick and from postnatal tissue after partial
      delipidation. The addition of pyrophosphatase inhibitors did not bring about
      stimulation of GlcNAc-lipid synthesis, but did enhance the effect. These studies
      extend the previous observations of the participation of dolichol-P-mannose and
      phosphatidylglycerol as allosteric activators of GlcNAc-lipid synthesis and
      indicate additional aspects of metabolic regulation of the dolichol pathway.

PMID- 2413027
TI  - Rat liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. Catalysis of the reverse
      reaction and two half-reactions.
AB  - Rat liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase catalyzes, in
      addition to its normal biosynthetic or forward reaction (HMG-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2H+-
      --mevalonate + 2 NAD+ + CoASH), the reverse reaction (mevalonate + CoASH + 2
      NADP+----HMG-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2H+) and two "half-reactions" that involve the
      presumed intermediate mevaldate (mevaldate + CoASH + NADP+----HMG-CoA + NADPH +
      H+ and mevaldate + NADPH + H+----mevalonate + NADP+). These reactions were
      studied using both enzyme solubilized by the traditional freeze-thaw method and
      enzyme solubilized with a nonionic detergent in the presence of inhibitors of
      proteolysis. All four reactions were inhibited by mevinolin, a known inhibitor of
      the forward (biosynthetic) reaction catalyzed by HMG-CoA reductase. When the
      enzyme was inactivated by ATP and a cytosolic, ADP-dependent HMG-CoA reductase
      kinase, the rates of both the forward reaction and the half-reactions decreased
      to comparable extents. Although coenzyme A is not a stoichiometric participant in
      the second half-reaction (mevaldate + NADPH + H+----mevalonate + NADP+), it was
      required as an activator of this reaction. This observation implies that coenzyme
      A may remain bound to the enzyme throughout the normal catalytic cycle of HMG-CoA
      reductase.

PMID- 2413028
TI  - Modification of yeast plasma membrane density by concanavalin A attachment.
      Application to study of chitin synthetase distribution.
AB  - Yeast protoplasts were coated with different amounts of concanavalin A. Upon
      subsequent lysis and centrifugation in isopycnic density gradients, it was found
      that the buoyant density of plasma membranes was progressively increased from
      1.125 to 1.21, according to the amount of bound concanavalin A. Enzymes that are
      attached to the plasma membrane showed the same density modifications and could
      thus be distinguished from constituents of intracellular membranes and
      organelles. With this methodology, it was confirmed that about two-thirds of
      yeast chitin synthetase is associated with the plasma membrane. The remainder of
      the enzyme was found in a peak at a lower density. Vanadate-sensitive ATPase
      showed a similar pattern, whereas GDP-mannose dolichyl-phosphate
      mannosyltransferase, an enzyme attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, remained in
      the same position in the gradients, irrespective of the amount of concanavalin A
      associated with the plasma membrane. Potential applications of this technique to
      the determination of plasma membrane markers and to the separation of subcellular
      organelles are discussed.

PMID- 2413029
TI  - Differential regulation of hCG alpha and beta subunit mRNAs in JEG-3
      choriocarcinoma cells by 8-bromo-cAMP.
AB  - The coordinate regulation of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) subunit synthesis
      by JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells was studied at the pretranslational level. The
      responses of the hCG alpha and beta mRNAs were measured during stimulation with
      the potent cAMP analog 8-bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP) using 32P-labeled hCG alpha and
      beta cDNA probes. The hCG alpha mRNA (850 bases) and beta mRNA (1050 bases) from
      JEG-3 cells were identical in size to that of their respective mRNAs from
      placenta, by Northern blot analysis. After 48 h of stimulation with 2 mM 8-Br
      cAMP, production of immunoreactive alpha and beta subunits increased 25- and 52
      fold, respectively; corresponding levels of the alpha and beta mRNAs increased 36
      and 43-fold, respectively, in a dot blot hybridization assay. Total cellular
      protein, DNA content, and messenger RNA pools were not altered by treatment with
      8-Br-cAMP. The temporal coordination of the expression of the hCG alpha- and beta
      subunit genes was examined by comparing the time course of stimulation of the
      respective mRNAs and the production of immunoreactive subunits. The kinetic
      responses of the alpha and beta mRNAs differed: the increase in hCG alpha mRNA
      preceded the increase in hCG beta mRNA, while levels of free alpha subunit and
      intact hCG increased in parallel with the increase in beta mRNA. hCG alpha mRNA
      levels increased rapidly between 8 and 24 h after the addition of 8-Br-cAMP, and
      approached a plateau by 48 h. The levels of hCG beta mRNA increased steadily
      throughout the 8-48 h period. These results demonstrate that the cAMP analog 8-Br
      cAMP differentially regulates hCG subunit biosynthesis in JEG-3 cells at a
      pretranslational level, and that the stimulation by 8-Br-cAMP in this system
      appears to be relatively selective for hCG subunits.

PMID- 2413030
TI  - A homologue of alpha 2-macroglobulin purified from the hemolymph of the horseshoe
      crab Limulus polyphemus.
AB  - A high molecular weight protease inhibitor has been purified from the cell-free
      plasma of the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus using high speed centrifugation,
      polyethylene glycol precipitation, and gel filtration. The inhibitor is sensitive
      to mild acidification, methylamine treatment, and inhibits the proteolytic
      activity of a variety of endopeptidases. The molecule does not inhibit trypsin
      mediated hydrolysis of low molecular weight substrates and protects the active
      site of trypsin from inactivation by soybean trypsin inhibitor. These properties
      are diagnostic of the alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) class of protease
      inhibitors found in vertebrates. Like vertebrate alpha 2M the Limulus alpha 2M
      molecule is composed of subunits of molecular weight 180,000-185,000 as
      determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. The
      apparent native molecular weight for the Limulus molecule as determined by both
      gel filtration and gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions is 500,000
      550,000, compared to a native molecular weight of 700,000-750,000 for human alpha
      2M, determined in parallel under identical conditions. These results suggest that
      alpha 2M appeared in evolution at least 550 million years ago before the
      divergence of the lineages that gave rise to present-day arthropods and mammals.

PMID- 2413031
TI  - Composition and peptide maps of cross-linked human choriogonadotropin-receptor
      complexes on porcine granulosa cells.
AB  - Radioiodinated human choriogonadotropin was affinity-cross-linked with a
      cleavable (nondisulfide) homobifunctional reagent to the hormone receptor on
      porcine granulosa cells and the solubilized sample was electrophoresed. Cross
      linked samples revealed four additional bands of slower electrophoretic mobility
      in addition to the hormone alpha, beta, and alpha beta dimer bands. The four
      bands corresponded to masses of 68, 74, 102, and 136 kDa whereas the alpha beta
      dimer band corresponded to 50 kDa. Formation of the four bands requires the 125I
      hormone to bind specifically to the receptor with subsequent cross-linking.
      Binding can be prevented by excess of native hormone but not by follitropin. A
      monofunctional analog of the cross-linking reagent failed to produce the four
      bands. They were also produced by cross-linking Triton X-100-solubilized hormone
      receptor complexes. Reagent concentration-dependent cross-linking revealed that
      their formation was sequential; smaller complexes formed first and then larger
      ones. When gels of the cross-linked sample were treated with reagents that cleave
      covalent cross-links and then electrophoresed in a second dimension gel, 18-, 24
      , 28-, and 34-kDa components were released, in addition to the alpha and beta
      subunits of the native hormone. Simultaneous peptide mapping of the cross-linked
      complexes in the gel matrix with Staphylococcus V8 protease or papain revealed
      progressive proteolysis to generate terminal fragments of 30 or 27 kDa,
      respectively. These fragments were unique to and commonly present in the 74-, 102
      , and 136-kDa hormone-receptor complexes but were not produced by proteolysis of
      the cross-linked human choriogonadotropin (hCG) alpha beta dimer or the hCG alpha
      subunit. Apparently, the radioactively labeled segment(s) of the alpha subunit of
      125I-hCG was cross-linked to the 24-kDa component. The results demonstrate the
      protein nature of the receptor and suggest that 125I-hCG was initially cross
      linked to the 24-kDa component to generate the 74-kDa complex, then the 28- and
      34-kDa components were sequentially cross-linked to the 24-kDa component in the
      74-kDa complex to generate the 102- and 134-kDa complexes.

PMID- 2413032
TI  - Composition of cross-linked 125I-follitropin-receptor complexes.
AB  - Both of the alpha and beta subunits of intact human follitropin (FSH) were
      radioiodinated with 125I-sodium iodide and chloramine-T and could be resolved on
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Radioiodinated FSH was affinity-cross
      linked with a cleavable (nondisulfide) homobifunctional reagent to its membrane
      receptor on the porcine granulosa cell surface as well as to a Triton X-100
      solubilized form of the receptor. Cross-linked samples revealed three additional
      bands of slower electrophoretic mobility, corresponding to 65, 83, and 117 kDa,
      in addition to the hormone bands. The hormone alpha beta dimer band corresponded
      to 43 kDa. Formation of the three bands requires the 125I-hormone to bind
      specifically to the receptor with subsequent cross-linking. Binding was prevented
      by an excess of the native hormone but not by other hormones. A monofunctional
      analog of the cross-linking reagent failed to produce the three bands. Reagent
      concentration-dependent cross-linking revealed that their formation was
      sequential; smaller complexes formed first and then larger ones. When gels of
      cross-linked complexes were treated to cleave covalent cross-links and then
      electrophoresed in a second dimension, 18-, 22-, and 34-kDa components were
      released, in addition to the alpha and beta subunits of the hormone.

PMID- 2413033
TI  - Intersubunit disulfides of the follitropin receptor.
AB  - The electrophoretic mobility of radioiodinated follitropin (FSH) alpha and beta
      subunits as well as the alpha beta dimer changed markedly depending on the
      concentration of reducing agents such as dithiothreitol. The changes were more
      dramatic in the beta subunit than in the alpha subunit. 125I-FSH, complexed to
      the receptor on porcine granulosa cells or in Triton X-100 extracts, was cross
      linked with a cleavable (nondisulfide) homobifunctional reagent, solubilized in
      sodium dodecyl sulfate without reducing agents, and electrophoresed. The cross
      linked sample revealed three bands of high molecular mass, in addition to the
      hormone subunit and dimer bands. The band of lightest mass, 110 kDa, was the
      major band and the other two of 76 and 62 kDa were barely noticeable. Upon
      reduction with dithiothreitol, the 110-kDa band decreased while the 76- and 62
      kDa bands increased, indicating the existence of disulfides between components of
      the 110-kDa complex. Formation of the disulfide-linked complexes requires 125I
      FSH, specifically bound to the hormone receptor and cross-linking, and can be
      prevented with an excess of native FSH but not human choriogonadotropin. Complex
      formation was independent of blocking free sulfhydryl groups with N
      ethylmaleimide. When the cross-linked complexes were reduced in the gel matrix
      and analyzed on fresh gels, the 76- and 62-kDa complexes were generated from the
      110-kDa band, indicating the loss of two components. The lost components were
      estimated to be at 14 and 34 kDa. The rate of formation and cleavage of the cross
      linked complexes indicated a sequential and incremental addition of 22-, 14-, and
      34-kDa components to the FSH alpha beta dimer. The results of reduction of the
      cross-linked complexes demonstrate the existence of disulfide linkage between the
      three components.

PMID- 2413034
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against rat brain hexokinase. Utilization in epitope
      mapping studies and establishment of structure-function relationships.
AB  - The effects of seven monoclonal antibodies on various functions of rat brain
      hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose-6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) have been assessed.
      Specifically, effects on catalytic properties (Km values for substrates, glucose
      and ATP X Mg2+; Ki for inhibition by glucose 6-phosphate), binding to the outer
      mitochondrial membrane, and glucose 6-phosphate-induced solubilization of
      mitochondrially bound hexokinase were examined. Epitope mapping studies with the
      native enzyme provided information about the relative spatial distribution of the
      epitopes on the surface of the native molecule. Binding of nucleotides (ATP or
      ATP X Mg2+) was shown to perturb the epitopes recognized by two of these
      antibodies. Neither nucleotides nor other ligands (glucose, glucose 6-phosphate,
      Pi) had detectable effect on epitopes recognized by the other five antibodies.
      Peptide mapping techniques in conjunction with immunoblotting permitted
      assignment of the epitopes recognized by several of the antibodies to specific
      segments within the overall primary structure. These results, together with
      previous work relating to the organization of structural domains within the
      molecule, permitted development of a three-dimensional model which provides a
      useful representation of major structural and immunological features of the
      enzyme, and depicts the association of those features with specific functions.

PMID- 2413035
TI  - Dynamics of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli in replication of a
      multiprimed template.
AB  - Movements of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (holoenzyme) in replicating a template
      multiprimed with synthetic pentadecadeoxynucleotides (15-mers) annealed at known
      positions on a single-stranded circular or linear DNA have been analyzed. After
      extension of one 15-mer on a multiprimed template, holoenzyme moves downstream in
      the direction of chain elongation to the next primer. Holoenzyme readily
      traverses a duplex, even 400 base pairs long, to exploit its 3'-hydroxyl end as
      the next available primer. This downstream polarity likely results from an
      inability to diffuse upstream along single-stranded DNA. These holoenzyme
      movements, unlike formation of the initial complex with a primer, do not require
      ATP. Time elapsed between completion of a chain and initiation on the next
      downstream primer is rapid (1 s or less); dissociation of holoenzyme to form a
      complex with another primed template is slow (1-2 min). Thus, holoenzyme diffuses
      rapidly only on duplex DNA, probably in both directions, and forms an initiation
      complex with the first primer encountered. Based on these findings, schemes can
      be considered for holoenzyme action at the replication fork of a duplex
      chromosome.

PMID- 2413036
TI  - Complete replication of templates by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III
      holoenzyme.
AB  - DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (holoenzyme) processively and rapidly replicates a
      primed single-stranded DNA circle to produce a duplex with an interruption in the
      synthetic strand. The precise nature of this discontinuity in the replicative
      form (RF II) and the influence of the 5' termini of the DNA and RNA primers were
      analyzed in this study. Virtually all (90%) of the RF II products primed by DNA
      were nicked structures sealable by Escherichia coli DNA ligase; in 10% of the
      products, replication proceeded one nucleotide beyond the 5' DNA terminus
      displacing (but not removing) the 5' terminal nucleotide. With RNA primers,
      replication generally went beyond the available single-stranded template. The 5'
      RNA terminus was displaced by 1-5 nucleotides in 85% of the products; a minority
      of products was nicked (9%) or had short gaps (6%). Termination of synthesis on a
      linear DNA template was usually (85%) one base shy of completion. Thus,
      replication by holoenzyme utilizes all, or nearly all, of the available template
      and shows no significant 5'----3' exonuclease action as observed in primer
      removal by the "nick-translation" activity of DNA polymerase I.

PMID- 2413037
TI  - Hemolytic uremic syndrome in a patient on cis-platinum, vinblastine and
      bleomycin.
AB  - A 23-year-old woman with metastatic Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor was treated with
      cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin. Hemolytic uremic syndrome appeared, while
      no evidence of residual tumor was found. Infusion of fresh frozen plasma together
      with aspirin and dipyridamole resulted in recovery of microangiopathic hemolytic
      anemia and thrombocytopenia. Renal insufficiency, however, persisted.

PMID- 2413038
TI  - Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase in PC12 cells.
AB  - Ca2+-dependent protein phosphorylation has been detected in numerous tissues and
      may mediate some of the effects of hormones and other extracellular stimuli on
      cell function. In this paper we demonstrate that a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent
      protein kinase similar to the enzyme previously purified and characterized from
      rat brain is present in PC12, a rat pheochromocytoma cell line. We show that Ca2+
      influx elicited by various forms of cell stimulation leads to increased 32P
      incorporation into tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a major phosphoprotein in these
      cells. Several other unidentified proteins are either phosphorylated or
      dephosphorylated as a result of Ca2+ influx. Acetylcholine stimulates TH
      phosphorylation by activation of nicotinic receptors. K+-induced depolarization
      stimulates TH phosphorylation in a Ca2+-dependent manner, presumably by opening
      voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Ca2+ influx that results from the direct effects
      of the ionophore A23187 also leads to TH phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of TH
      is accompanied by an activation of the enzyme. These Ca2+-dependent effects are
      independent of cyclic AMP and thus implicate a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase as a
      mediator of both hormonal and electrical stimulation of PC12 cells.

PMID- 2413039
TI  - Expression of epidermal keratins and filaggrin during human fetal skin
      development.
AB  - The major structural proteins of epithelia, the keratins, and the keratin
      filament-associated protein, filaggrin, were analyzed in more than 50 samples of
      human embryonic and fetal skin by one-dimensional SDS PAGE and immunoblotting
      with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Companion samples were examined by
      immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Based on structural characteristics
      of the epidermis, four periods of human epidermal development were identified.
      The first is the embryonic period (before 9 wk estimated gestational age), and
      the others are within the fetal period: stratification (9-14 wk), follicular
      keratinization (14-24 wk), and interfollicular keratinization (beginning at
      approximately 24 wk). Keratin proteins of both the acidic (AE1-reactive, type I)
      and the basic (AE3-reactive, type II) subfamilies were present throughout
      development. Keratin intermediate filaments were recognized in the tissue by
      electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining. Keratins of 50 and 58 kD
      were present in the epidermis at all ages studied (8 wk to birth), and those of
      56.5 and 67 kD were expressed at the time of stratification and increased in
      abundance as development proceeded. 40- and 52-kD keratins were present early in
      development but disappeared with keratinization. Immunohistochemical staining
      suggested the presence of keratins of 50 and 58 kD in basal cells, 56.5 and 67 kD
      in intermediate cells, and 40 and 52 kD in the periderm as well as in the basal
      cells between the time of stratification and birth. Filaggrin was first detected
      biochemically at approximately 15 wk and was localized immunohistochemically in
      the keratinizing cells that surround hair follicles. It was identified 8-10 wk
      later in the granular and cornified cell layers of keratinized interfollicular
      epidermis. These results demonstrate the following. An intimate relationship
      exists between expression of structural proteins and morphologic changes during
      development of the epidermis. The order of expression of individual keratins is
      consistent with the known expression of keratins in simple vs. stratified vs.
      keratinized epithelia. Expression of keratins typical of stratified epithelia (50
      and 58 kD) precedes stratification, and expression of keratins typical of
      keratinization (56.5 and 67 kD) precedes keratinization, which suggests that
      their expression marks the tissue commitment to those processes. Because only
      keratins that have been demonstrated in various adult tissues are expressed
      during fetal development, we conclude that there are no "fetal" keratins per
      se.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2413040
TI  - alpha-Internexin, a 66-kD intermediate filament-binding protein from mammalian
      central nervous tissues.
AB  - In this paper we describe a 66-kD protein that co-purifies with intermediate
      filaments from rat optic nerve and spinal cord but can be separated further by
      ion-exchange chromatography. This protein is distinct from the 68-kD
      neurofilament subunit protein as judged by isoelectric focusing, immunoblotting,
      peptide mapping, and tests of polymerization competence. This protein is avidly
      recognized by the monoclonal anti-intermediate filament antigen antibody,
      previously demonstrated to recognize a common antigenic determinant in all five
      known classes of intermediate filaments. Also, when isolated this protein binds
      to various intermediate filament subunit proteins, which suggests an in vivo
      interaction with the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, and it appears to be
      axonally transported in the rat optic nerve. Because of this ability to bind to
      intermediate filaments in situ and in vitro we have named this protein alpha
      internexin. A possible functional role for the protein in organizing filament
      assembly and distribution is discussed.

PMID- 2413041
TI  - Changes in neurofilament transport coincide temporally with alterations in the
      caliber of axons in regenerating motor fibers.
AB  - The delivery of neurofilaments via axonal transport has been proposed as an
      important mechanism for regulating axonal caliber. If this hypothesis is correct,
      alterations in axonal caliber should appear coincident with changes in the
      delivery of neurofilaments to the axon. The purpose of this study was to
      determine whether alterations in the caliber of axons in the proximal stumps of
      transected motor fibers precede, coincide with, or occur substantially later than
      changes in the delivery of neurofilaments via axonal transport. Between 3 d and
      12 wk after crushing the sciatic nerves of 7-wk-old rats, lumbar motor neurons
      were labeled by the intraspinal injection of [35S]methionine. In neurons labeled
      between 3 d and 6 wk after axotomy, the relative amount of neurofilament protein
      in the slow component, as reflected by the ratio of the radioactivities of the
      145-kD neurofilament protein to tubulin, was reduced to 30-40% of the control
      value. Moreover, as determined by immunoreactivity on blots, the amounts of
      neurofilament protein and tubulin in these nerve fibers were reduced fourfold and
      twofold, respectively. Thus, changes in the ratio of labeled neurofilament
      protein to tubulin correlated with comparable changes in the quantities of these
      proteins in nerve fibers. This decrease in the quantity of neurofilament proteins
      delivered to axons coincided temporally with reductions in axonal caliber. After
      regeneration occurred, the delivery of neurofilament proteins returned to pre
      axotomy levels (i.e., 8 wk after axotomy), and caliber was restored with
      resumption of normal age-related radial growth of these axons. Thus, changes in
      axonal caliber coincided temporally with alterations in the delivery of
      neurofilament proteins. These results suggest that the majority of neurofilaments
      in these motor fibers continuously move in the anterograde direction as part of
      the slow component of axonal transport and that the transport of neurofilaments
      plays an important role in regulating the caliber of these axons.

PMID- 2413042
TI  - Association of the epidermal growth factor receptor kinase with the detergent
      insoluble cytoskeleton of A431 cells.
AB  - The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) on human epidermoid carcinoma cells,
      A431, was found to be predominantly associated with the detergent-insoluble
      cytoskeleton, where it retained both a functional ligand-binding domain and an
      intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. The EGF-R was constitutively associated with
      the A431 cytoskeleton; this association was not a consequence of adventitious
      binding. The EGF-R was associated with cytoskeletal elements both at the cell
      surface, within intracellular vesicles mediating the internalization of the
      hormone-receptor complex, and within lysosomes. The EGF-R became more stably
      associated with cytoskeletal elements after its internalization. The cytoskeletal
      association of the EGF-R was partially disrupted on suspension of adherent cells,
      indicating that alteration of cellular morphology influences the structural
      association of the EGF-R, and that the EGF-R is not intrinsically insoluble.
      Cytoskeletons prepared from EGF-treated A431 cells, when incubated with gamma-32P
      ATP, demonstrated enhanced autophosphorylation of the EGF-R in situ as well as
      the phosphorylation of several high molecular weight proteins. In this system,
      phosphorylation occurs between immobilized kinase and substrate. The EGF-R and
      several high molecular weight cytoskeletal proteins were phosphorylated on
      tyrosine residues; two of the latter proteins were phosphorylated transiently as
      a consequence of EGF action, suggesting that EGF caused the active redistribution
      of the protein substrates relative to protein kinases. The ability of EGF to
      stimulate protein phosphorylation in situ required treatment of intact cells at
      physiological temperatures; addition of EGF directly to cytoskeletons had no
      effect. These data suggest that the structural association of the EGF-R may play
      a role in cellular processing of the hormone, as well as in regulation of the EGF
      R kinase activity and in specifying its cellular substrates.

PMID- 2413043
TI  - Mapping of epitopes for monoclonal antibodies against human platelet
      thrombospondin with electron microscopy and high sensitivity amino acid
      sequencing.
AB  - A panel of monoclonal antibodies (Mab's) has been raised against human platelet
      thrombospondin (TSP). One Mab, designated A2.5, inhibits the hemagglutinating
      activity of TSP and immunoprecipitates the NH2 terminal 25 kD heparin binding
      domain of TSP (Dixit, V.M., D. M. Haverstick, K. M. O'Rourke, S. W. Hennessy, G.
      A. Grant, S. A. Santoro, and W. A. Frazier, 1985, Biochemistry, in press).
      Another Mab, C6.7, blocks the thrombin-stimulated aggregation of live platelets
      and immunoprecipitates an 18-kD fragment distinct from the heparin binding domain
      (Dixit, V. M., D. M. Haverstick, K. M. O'Rourke, S. W. Hennessy, G. A. Grant, S.
      A. Santoro, and W. A. Frazier, 1985, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82: 3472-3476). To
      determine the relative locations of the epitopes for these Mabs in the three
      dimensional structure of TSP, we have examined TSP-Mab complexes by electron
      microscopy of rotary-shadowed proteins. The TSP molecule is composed of three 180
      kD subunits, each of which consists of a small globular domain (approximately 8
      nm diam) and a larger globular domain (approximately 16 nm diam) connected by a
      thin, flexible strand. The subunit interaction site is on the thin connecting
      strands, nearer the small globular domains. Mab A2.5 binds to the cluster of
      three small domains, indicating that this region contains the heparin binding
      domain and thus represents the NH2 termini of the TSP peptide chains. Mab C6.7
      binds to the large globular domains on the side opposite the point at which the
      connecting strand enters the domain, essentially the maximum possible distance
      from the A2.5 epitope. Using high sensitivity automated NH2 terminal sequencing
      of TSP chymotryptic peptides we have ordered these fragments within the TSP
      peptide chain and have confirmed that the epitope for C6.7 in fact lies near the
      extreme COOH terminus of the peptide chain. In combination with other data, we
      have been able to construct a map of the linear order of the identified domains
      of TSP that indicates that to a large extent, the domains are arranged co
      linearly with the peptide chain.

PMID- 2413044
TI  - The complement of desmosomal plaque proteins in different cell types.
AB  - Desmosomal plaque proteins have been identified in immunoblotting and
      immunolocalization experiments on a wide range of cell types from several
      species, using a panel of monoclonal murine antibodies to desmoplakins I and II
      and a guinea pig antiserum to desmosomal band 5 protein. Specifically, we have
      taken advantage of the fact that certain antibodies react with both desmoplakins
      I and II, whereas others react only with desmoplakin I, indicating that
      desmoplakin I contains unique regions not present on the closely related
      desmoplakin II. While some of these antibodies recognize epitopes conserved
      between chick and man, others display a narrow species specificity. The results
      show that proteins whose size, charge, and biochemical behavior are very similar
      to those of desmoplakin I and band 5 protein of cow snout epidermis are present
      in all desmosomes examined. These include examples of simple and pseudostratified
      epithelia and myocardial tissue, in addition to those of stratified epithelia. In
      contrast, in immunoblotting experiments, we have detected desmoplakin II only
      among cells of stratified and pseudostratified epithelial tissues. This suggests
      that the desmosomal plaque structure varies in its complement of polypeptides in
      a cell-type specific manner. We conclude that the obligatory desmosomal plaque
      proteins, desmoplakin I and band 5 protein, are expressed in a coordinate fashion
      but independently from other differentiation programs of expression such as those
      specific for either epithelial or cardiac cells.

PMID- 2413045
TI  - Muscle organization in Caenorhabditis elegans: localization of proteins
      implicated in thin filament attachment and I-band organization.
AB  - The body wall muscle cells of Caenorhabditis elegans contain an obliquely
      striated myofibrillar lattice that is associated with the cell membrane through
      two structures: an M-line analogue in the A-band and a Z-disc analogue, or dense
      body, in the I-band. By using a fraction enriched in these structures as an
      immunogen for hybridoma production, we prepared monoclonal antibodies that
      identify four components of the I-band as determined by immunofluorescence and
      Western transfer analysis. A major constituent of the dense-body is a 107,000-D
      polypeptide that shares determinants with vertebrate alpha-actinin. A second
      dense-body constituent is a more basic and antigenically distinct 107,000-D
      polypeptide that is localized to a narrow domain of the dense-body at or
      subjacent to the plasma membrane. This basic dense-body polypeptide is also found
      at certain cell boundaries where thin filaments in half-bands terminate at
      membrane-associated structures termed attachment plaques. A third, unidentified
      antigen is also found closely apposed to the cell membrane in regions of not only
      the dense-body and attachment plaque, but also the M-line analogue. Finally, a
      fourth high molecular weight antigen, composed of two polypeptides of
      approximately 400,000-D, is localized to the I-band regions surrounding the dense
      body. The attachment of the dense-body to the cell surface and the differential
      localization of the dense-body-associated antigens suggest a model for their
      organization in which the unidentified antigen is a cell surface component, and
      the two 107,000-D polypeptides define different cytoplasmic domains of the dense
      body.

PMID- 2413046
TI  - Isolation of intermediate filament assemblies from human hair follicles.
AB  - We used developing human hair follicle cells for the isolation of hard alpha
      keratin structural components. Intracellular dispersions examined by electron
      microscopy contained both individual alpha-keratin filaments and the tactoid-like
      filament assemblies observed in situ organized along subfibrillar arms of
      macrofibrils. The assemblies of average width 47 nm were composed of closely
      packed alpha-keratin filaments and originated from the initial filament arrays
      observed in sections of developing mammalian hair follicles. We have
      distinguished two types of assemblies: the para-like or hexagonally packed and
      the ortho-like spiral or whorl type. Axial banding extended across the width of
      filament assemblies, which suggested that hard alpha-keratin filaments pack in
      lateral register and form a lattice that contains interfilamentous bridges. We
      observed axial banding patterns with periods ranging from 20 to 22 nm, consistent
      with the 22-nm periodic structure deduced from x-ray diffraction studies and
      present in models proposed for hard alpha-keratin and other intermediate
      filaments. Preliminary biochemical studies of filaments and filament assemblies
      indicate that they consist of the closely related group of proteins (low-sulfur
      proteins) ubiquitous among extracts of hard mammalian keratins. Isolated hard
      alpha-keratin filament assemblies provide a new and valuable structural entity
      for investigating the assembly mechanisms involved in the formation of the
      filament-matrix framework found in hard mammalian keratin appendages.

PMID- 2413047
TI  - The Chlamydomonas cell wall: characterization of the wall framework.
AB  - The cell wall of the biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a
      multilayered, extracellular matrix composed of carbohydrates and 20-25
      polypeptides. To learn more about the forces responsible for the integrity of
      this cellulose-deficient cell wall, we have begun studies to identify and
      characterize the framework of the wall and to determine the effects of the cell
      wall-degrading enzyme, lysin, on framework structure and protein composition. In
      these studies we used walls released into the medium by mating gametes. When
      isolated shed walls are degraded by exogenously added lysin, no changes are
      detected in the charge or molecular weight of the 20-25 wall proteins and
      glycoproteins when analyzed on one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels,
      which suggests that degradation of these shed walls is due either to cleavage of
      peptide bonds very near the ends of polypeptides or that degradation occurs via a
      mechanism other than proteolysis. Incubation of walls with Sarkosyl-urea
      solutions removes most of the proteins and yields thin structures that appear to
      be the frameworks of the walls. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      shows that the frameworks are highly enriched in a polypeptide of Mr 100,000.
      Treatment of frameworks with lysin leads to their degradation, which indicates
      that this part of the wall is a substrate for the enzyme. Although lysin converts
      the Mr 100,000 polypeptide from an insoluble to a soluble form, there is no
      detectable change in Mr of the framework protein. Solubilization in the absence
      of lysin requires treatment with SDS and dithiothreitol at 100 degrees C. These
      results suggest that the Chlamydomonas cell wall is composed of two separate
      domains: one containing approximately 20 proteins held together by noncovalent
      interactions and a second domain, containing only a few proteins, which
      constitutes the framework of the wall. The result that shed walls can be
      solubilized by boiling in SDS-dithiothreitol indicates that disulfide linkages
      are critical for wall integrity. Using an alternative method for isolating walls
      from mechanically disrupted gametes, we have also shown that a wall-shaped
      portion of these unshed walls is insoluble under the same conditions in which
      shed walls are soluble. One interpretation of these results is that wall release
      during mating and the wall degradation that follows may involve distinct
      biochemical events.

PMID- 2413048
TI  - Effect of heparin on vascular smooth muscle cells. II. Specific protein
      synthesis.
AB  - Heparin suppresses the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells both in vivo
      and in vitro. The mechanism of action of the antiproliferative activity of
      heparin is not known. We have detected differences in the synthesis of specific
      proteins when vascular smooth muscle cells are exposed to heparin and report here
      that many characteristics of these protein alterations parallel the properties of
      the antiproliferative activity. The induction into the culture medium of a pair
      of proteins of approximately 35,000 dalton mw in heparin-treated smooth muscle
      cell cultures and the antiproliferative effect of heparin share the following
      characteristics: 1) the effect is reversible, 2) the effect is specific for
      smooth muscle cells, 3) anticoagulant and non-anticoagulant heparin are equally
      effective, 4) the effect is lost with time in culture and, 5) heparin is the most
      potent glycosaminoglycan in producing the effect. Furthermore, heparin causes a
      transient suppression of a 48,000 dalton substrate-attached protein, whereas
      chondroitin sulfate A and C and dermatan sulfate had much less effect. Dextran
      sulfate was almost as effective as heparin in suppressing the synthesis of the
      substrate-attached protein. These proteins appear to be noncollagenous and the
      induced synthesis of the 35,000 dalton proteins is inhibited by actinomycin D.
      Although a direct relationship between these specific protein changes and the
      antiproliferative effect of heparin has not been proven, these protein
      alterations may play a crucial role in the effect of heparin on smooth muscle
      cell growth.

PMID- 2413049
TI  - Modulation of transferrin receptor expression by inhibitors of nucleic acid
      synthesis.
AB  - We investigated the effects of the iron chelator desferrioxamine on the
      expression of transferrin receptors (TfR) by CCRF-CEM human T-cell leukaemia and
      B16 mouse melanoma cells growing in tissue culture. Desferrioxamine (DFOA)
      enhanced TfR expression when added in the dose range of 10(-5)-10(-4) to CCRF-CEM
      cells, but was toxic to these cells, the lower concentrations producing a slowing
      of cell growth with a build up in S-phase, while higher concentrations caused
      cell death with a block at the G1/S-phase interface. These toxic effects are
      compatible with its previously reported inhibition of the non-haem iron
      containing (M2) subunit of ribonucleotide reductase. In marked contrast, DFOA
      caused the growth of B16 melanoma cells to arrest in G1, without loss of cloning
      efficiency, and resulted in a fall in TfR expression to approximately 50% of
      control values. These results suggested that the effects of DFOA on TfR
      expression were linked to DNA synthesis rather than to a more generalised
      inhibition of iron-dependent cellular processes. It was subsequently found that
      inhibition of the M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase in CCRF-CEM cells with 5
      X 10(-5) M hydroxyurea, which is not an iron chelator, also enhanced TfR
      expression, as did thymidine and cytosine arabinoside, which have different
      enzyme targets. By measuring cellular DNA and RNA content simultaneously it was
      shown that all of these agents caused unbalanced growth, i.e., inhibited DNA
      synthesis more than RNA synthesis. In contrast, 6-thioguanine was more inhibitory
      to RNA synthesis, and treatment with this drug caused a fall in TfR expression.
      Thus, although CCRF-CEM cells treated with DFOA show enhanced TfR expression,
      similar effects are also seen with other inhibitors of DNA synthesis, provided
      that RNA synthesis is allowed to continue. These results provide further evidence
      that the regulation of TfR expression by proliferating cells is specifically
      linked to DNA synthesis rather than to the iron requirements of other cellular
      processes.

PMID- 2413050
TI  - A role for soluble cAMP phosphodiesterases in differentiation of 3T3-L1
      adipocytes.
AB  - Differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, monitored by accumulation of neutral lipid
      and by increase in alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity, is accelerated
      by incubation of confluent 3T3-L1 fibroblasts in media containing insulin,
      dexamethasone and isobutylmethylxantine (IBMX). IBMX inhibits cyclic nucleotide
      phosphodiesterases as well as the binding of adenosine to its receptor. Agents
      with relatively specific effects were utilized to examine the role of IBMX in
      differentiation. Ro 20-1724, a selective inhibitor of soluble cAMP
      phosphodiesterase activities, was as effective as IBMX in increasing alpha
      glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity and fat deposition. Neither cilostamide,
      which inhibits particulate but not soluble cAMP phosphodiesterase activities, 8
      phenyltheophylline, an adenosine receptor antagonist with little inhibitory
      effect on phosphodiesterase activities, nor N6-(R phenyl-isopropyl) adenosine
      (PIA), a potent adenosine receptor agonist, were effective in promoting
      differentiation. In addition, we find that maximal increases in alpha
      glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity and lipid accumulation were observed when
      differentiation was initiated in the presence of 10 nM dexamethasone. These data
      suggest that inhibition of soluble cAMP phosphodiesterase activity and subsequent
      alterations in cAMP may play an important role in the mechanism whereby IBMX
      enhances differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells.

PMID- 2413051
TI  - Regulation of thymidine kinase activity in the cell cycle by a labile protein.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that the onset of DNA synthesis in Balb/c 3T3 cells
      appears to be regulated by a labile protein. We have found that induction of
      thymidine kinase (TK) activity, after quiescent cells are stimulated by the
      addition of serum, is similarly regulated by a labile protein. Eight hours after
      serum stimulation, a 6-h pulse of cycloheximide (CHM) caused an excess delay of 2
      h in TK induction. A similar delay also was found in the induction of thymidylate
      synthase (TS). In contrast, the benzo(a)pyrene transformed 3T3 cell line, BP-A31,
      which had previously been shown to have no excess delay for the onset of DNA
      synthesis also had no excess delay for the induction of TK activity after a pulse
      of CHM. The induction of TK was inhibited by actinomycin D and
      dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidizole (DRB) suggesting a requirement for new RNA
      synthesis. It did not appear to depend on DNA synthesis as it was not blocked by
      aphidicolin. In conclusion, the induction of TK activity appears to be regulated
      by the same labile cellular signal as the onset of DNA synthesis, and to depend
      on an increase in the level of TK mRNA in late G1 or early S phase.

PMID- 2413052
TI  - cAMP-induced phenotypic reversion of adhesion, aggregation, and endocytosis in
      adhesion-defective CHO cell variants.
AB  - ADvF11 cells are a CHO adhesion variant which, unlike wild type (WT) cells, are
      not able to adhere to fibronectin (Fn) coated substrata or to be aggregated by Fn
      beads. However, ADvF11 cells bind Fn-beads to the same extent as WT cells, thus
      suggesting that the defect(s) associated with ADvF11 cells are distal to the
      initial receptor-ligand binding event (Cheung and Juliano, Exp. Cell Res.
      152:127, 1984). In this communication we report that cAMP analogs such as
      dibutyryl-cAMP (dbcAMP) and 8-bromo-cAMP are able to correct defect(s) associated
      with ADvF11 cells enabling them to adhere to Fn-coated dishes and to aggregate in
      the presence of Fn-beads. However, only approximately 40% of ADvF11 cells were
      found to be responsive to dbcAMP suggesting heterogeneity in the cell population
      with respect to dbcAMP sensitivity. Further analysis of this partial response led
      us to isolate a subclone of ADvF11 cells, F11CA11, which is highly responsive to
      dbcAMP treatment. Induction of Fn-mediated cell adhesion and aggregation in
      F11CA11 by dbcAMP is both time and dose dependent. Optimal responses were
      obtained after overnight incubation in alpha-MEM containing, 1% fetal calf serum,
      4% bovine serum albumin, 0.5 mM dbcAMP and 0.2 mM methyl-isobutyl-xanthine (MIX),
      a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Under these conditions, 70-80% of F11CA11 cells
      were found to be adherent, compared to 5-7% of untreated F11CA11 cells and 95
      100% of WT cells. Aggregation of dbcAMP-MIX treated F11CA11 cells induced by Fn
      beads also approached that of WT cells. In addition, treatment with dbcAMP-MIX
      markedly increased the ability of F11CA11 cells to internalize Fn-beads. The
      maintenance of the adherent phenotype required the constant presence of dbcAMP
      MIX. Removal of dbcAMP-MIX from the incubation medium resulted in return to the
      original nonadhesive phenotype. Thus, elevation of cAMP levels can dramatically
      modify the behavior of F11CA11 cells with respect to fibronectin mediated
      adhesion, aggregation and endocytosis, in effect causing a phenotypic reversion
      of all three parameters to wild type status. This suggests that the mechanisms
      for adhesion, aggregation and endocytosis may each involve regulation by cyclic
      AMP-protein kinase systems.

PMID- 2413053
TI  - Activation and de novo synthesis of transglutaminase in cultured glioma cells.
AB  - The activity of transglutaminase (TGase) was measured in cultured C6 glioma cells
      after their stimulation by either isoproterenol and isobutyl-methylxanthine or by
      a serum-containing medium. The activity fluctuated in a biphasic manner, with the
      peaks at 2-3 hr and 7-8 hr poststimulation. The first peak of TGase activity was
      affected neither by cycloheximide nor by actinomycin D, which inhibited protein
      synthesis. The second peak, on the other hand, was completely eliminated by
      cycloheximide and was reduced by actinomycin D. Immunological procedures were
      employed to find out whether or not the activity of TGase corresponded with the
      presence of the TGase antigen in the cultured cells. Indirect immunofluorescent
      staining and radioimmunoblot techniques suggested that unstimulated cells
      contained an inactive enzyme. This inactive, or cryptic, enzyme had the same
      molecular weight as its active counterpart. Activation of the enzyme was mediated
      by cell stimulation, probably by its release from the membrane. This step did not
      require protein synthesis, unlike the second step, which was dependent on de novo
      protein synthesis.

PMID- 2413054
TI  - Keratinocyte growth-promoting activity from human placenta.
AB  - Extracts of term human placenta were tested for enhancement of proliferative
      growth of primary cultures of human keratinocytes. Saline extracts or
      supernatants from homogenates were dialyzed extensively, lyophilized, and tested
      in subcultures of keratinocytes in MCDB 153 medium with 0.1 mM Ca++ containing
      only defined supplements (insulin, hydrocortisone, transferrin, ethanolamine,
      phosphoethanolamine). Cells plated in the absence of EGF at moderately high
      densities (1000-3000 cells per cm2) formed colonies and grew in the presence of
      placental extract at 25-500 micrograms/ml. Extracts of cord serum or maternal
      serum were inactive, suggesting that the activity is derived from placental
      tissue. The activity is not EGF, since the activity in the placental extract,
      unlike EGF, did not promote growth at low cell density, was synergistic with EGF
      under some conditions, and did not produce changes in colonial morphology which
      occurred in the presence of EGF. Unlike keratinocyte growth-promoting activity in
      bovine hypothalamic extract, the activity is non-dialyzable and is destroyed at
      100 degrees C. Placental extract could not replace any of the defined components
      of the medium and is therefore distinct from them. The presence of activity in
      the placenta with distinctive properties suggests that this is a previously
      undescribed material with growth-promoting properties for epithelium.

PMID- 2413055
TI  - Partial purification of a low-molecular-weight growth factor from chicken brain.
AB  - The regenerating amphibian limb serves as a useful model for studying factors
      influencing cell proliferation and differentiation. In particular, peripheral
      nerves are thought to provide a stimulus for growth of the blastema, presumably
      via the elaboration of an as yet unidentified neurotrophic factor. In the present
      study, pressure ultrafiltration coupled with chromatofocusing have proven to be
      effective methods of partially purifying a neurotrophic factor from adult chicken
      brains. This chick brain growth factor (CBGF) appears to be a heat-stable, basic
      peptide of low molecular weight (less than 6,000). It is a potent mitogen in
      vitro, at nanomolar concentrations, for both blastema cells and Swiss mouse 3T3
      fibroblasts. CBGF is apparently distinct from other peptide mitogens and/or
      neuromodulators that have been reported to stimulate blastema growth in vivo and
      in vitro. These include substance P, FGF from bovine brain and pituitary, EGF,
      transferrin (sciatin), and spinal cord growth factor (SCGF). The possible
      relationship of CBGF to other neural regulatory molecules is discussed.

PMID- 2413056
TI  - Inhibition of epidermal growth factor-induced phosphorylation by trifluoperazine.
AB  - We studied the effects of a series of drugs on A431, a cell line with well
      characterized growth factor requirements and epidermal growth factor (EGF)
      receptors. The major [32PO4]-labeled protein immunoprecipitated with anti
      phosphotyrosine antibodies from EGF-stimulated A431 cells was the EGF receptor.
      Both the quantity of [32PO4]-labeled EGF receptor immunoprecipitated and the
      phosphotyrosine content of total [32PO4]-labeled proteins were reduced by the
      addition during EGF stimulation of trifluoperazine (TFP). TFP had little effect
      on the binding, internalization, and processing of [125I]-EGF. In addition to the
      effects on phosphorylation, TFP inhibited cell growth both in the presence and
      absence of EGF. Morphologically, TFP blocked EGF-induced ruffling. TFP did not
      alter the EGF-stimulated phosphatidylinositol turnover. In an in vitro experiment
      using A431 cell membranes, TFP did not inhibit phosphorylation of the EGF
      receptor.

PMID- 2413057
TI  - Voltage-sensitive cyanine dye fluorescence signals in lymphocytes: plasma
      membrane and mitochondrial components.
AB  - The origin of the cyanine dye fluorescence signal in murine and human peripheral
      blood leukocytes was investigated using the oxa- and indo-carbocyanines di-O
      C5(3) and di-I-C5(3). Fluorescence signals from individual cells suspended with
      nanomolar concentrations of the dyes were measured in a flow cytometer modified
      to permit simultaneous four-parameter analysis (including two-color fluorescence
      or fluorescence polarization measurements). The contributions of mitochondrial
      membrane potential (psi m) and plasma membrane potential (psi pm) to the total
      voltage-sensitive fluorescence signal were found to depend on the equilibrium
      extracellular dye concentration, manipulated in these experiments by varying the
      ratio of dye to cell density. Hence, conditions could be chosen that amplified
      either the psi m or the psi pm component. Selective depolarization of lymphocytes
      or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in mixed cell suspensions demonstrated that
      defining the partition of dye between cells and medium is requisite to assessing
      the heterogeneity of cell responses by cyanine dye fluorescence. At extracellular
      dye concentrations exceeding 5 nM in equilibrated cell suspensions, both
      mitochondrial and plasma membrane dye toxicity were observed. In murine splenic
      lymphocytes, plasma membrane toxicity (dye-induced depolarization) was selective
      for the B lymphocytes. Certain problems in calibration of psi pm with valinomycin
      at low dye concentrations and perturbations of psi pm by mitochondrial inhibitors
      are presented. These findings address the current controversy concerning psi m
      and psi pm measurement in intact cells by cyanine dye fluorescence. The finding
      of selective toxicity at low cyanine dye concentrations suggest that purported
      differences in resting psi m among cells or changes in psi pm with cell
      activation may reflect variable susceptibility to dye toxicity rather than
      intrinsic cell properties.

PMID- 2413058
TI  - Lymphocyte membrane potential and Ca2+-sensitive potassium channels described by
      oxonol dye fluorescence measurements.
AB  - A method is described for quantitative measurement of lymphocyte transmembrane
      electrical potential difference (psi) by flow cytometric recording of the oxonol
      dye fluorescence of single cells. Both the simultaneous collection and analysis
      of multiple optical parameters and the use of a negatively charged oxonol probe
      allowed more accurate measurement of psi than may be obtained by bulk cell
      suspension techniques employing cationic voltage indicators. Mouse spleen and
      human blood lymphocyte psi was calculated to be -70 mV. T and B lymphocytes
      maintain a constant psi as extracellular K+ is varied from 2 to 10 mM and the
      deviation from K+ equilibrium potentials (EK) is shown to result from Na+
      permeability. At [K+]o values greater than 10 mM, lymphocytes behave as K+
      electrodes. Examination of lymphocyte subsets showed that hyperpolarization
      induced by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 occurs only in T cells. This response was
      identified as activation of a Ca2+-sensitive K+ channel by pharmacologic
      manipulations. Hence, T cells depolarized by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 10 mM) were
      observed to return to resting psi by A23187-induced elevation of [Ca2+]i. Cells
      depolarized by quinine (100 microM) were unaffected by A23187. The Ca2+-activated
      channel does not contribute to resting psi in T cells since it may be selectively
      blocked by quinine (20 microM) or modulated by calmodulin antagonists (5 microM
      trifluperazine) without affecting resting psi.

PMID- 2413059
TI  - Calcium-mediated regulation of the low density lipoprotein receptor and
      intracellular cholesterol synthesis in human epidermal keratinocytes.
AB  - Unlike cells cultured under physiological Ca2+ concentrations (1-2 mM),
      keratinocytes cultured in media containing Ca2+ in low concentrations (less than
      0.1 mM) do not stratify. The latter cells also differ with respect to several
      features of the regulation of cholesterol synthesis. In keratinocytes cultured in
      medium containing high Ca2+ concentrations (1.6 mM) and fetal calf serum, the
      rate of cholesterol synthesis was 20-30 times higher than in keratinocytes
      exposed to a low Ca2+ concentration. The rate of cholesterol synthesis did not
      change when high-calcium cells were deprived of extracellular sources of
      cholesterol but increased (8-10 fold) in deprived low-calcium cells. Furthermore,
      the addition of low density lipoprotein (LDL) reduced cholesterol synthesis
      markedly in low-calcium cells but had no effect on high-calcium cells. Finally,
      in keratinocytes cultured at low calcium concentrations the association and
      degradation of 125I-LDL was 20-30 times higher than in keratinocytes cultured
      under high-calcium conditions. Switching of the cells from the low-calcium to the
      high-calcium medium resulted in the induction of terminal differentiation within
      15 hours and was accompanied by increased cholesterol and protein synthesis,
      increased competence of cells to form cornified envelopes, and reduced
      association of 125I-LDL. A gradual increase of the extracellular Ca2+
      concentration was accompanied by a corresponding increase of cholesterol and
      protein synthesis and a decrease of the response of intracellular cholesterol
      synthesis to changes in the extracellular concentrations of lipoprotein. Various
      morphological techniques showed virtually no binding and internalization of LDL
      by keratinocytes cultured at the high-calcium level, whereas both were observed
      at the low-calcium level. Once internalized, the LDL was delivered to dense
      bodies representing lysosomes. It is concluded that in human epidermal
      keratinocytes, the expression of the LDL receptor and the endogenous synthesis of
      cholesterol are regulated by the conditions determined by the differentiation
      stage of the cells.

PMID- 2413060
TI  - A subclass of luminal epithelial cells in the human mammary gland, defined by
      antibodies to cytokeratins.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies, BA16 and BA17, have been developed using a detergent
      insoluble extract of human mammary epithelial organoids as immunogen. Indirect
      immunofluorescent staining of cultured cells showed that the component reacting
      with the antibodies was filamentous and the intensity of staining was stronger in
      mitotic cells. Immunoblotting of cell extracts showed that both antibodies react
      with only one band of 40 X 10(3) molecular weight, which was present in keratin
      enriched extracts of cells or organoids. Furthermore, the tissue distribution of
      the component reacting with the antibodies was that predicted for human keratin
      19. The antibodies showed differences in the intensity of staining of cells or
      tissue sections fixed and prepared in different ways indicating that they reacted
      with different epitopes. The pattern of expression of the 40 X 10(3) Mr keratin
      by normal mammary epithelial cells was investigated by immunoperoxidase staining
      of tissue sections, cultured milk cells, and organoids of different sizes
      cultured in collagen gels. It was found that basal or myoepithelial cells did not
      express this keratin. Some heterogeneity of expression of this component was seen
      in luminal epithelial cells, found almost exclusively in the smaller structures.
      These cells did, however, express other keratins characteristic of luminal cells.
      The distribution in the mammary tree of the luminal cells that did not express
      the 40 X 10(3) Mr keratin appears to be similar to that expected for cells with
      the proliferative potential to produce new terminal ductal lobular units or an
      increase in branching of existing terminal ductal lobular units. It is shown that
      these cells have considerable proliferative potential by the fact that they form
      large colonies in milk cell cultures.

PMID- 2413061
TI  - Further ultracytochemical analysis of rat adenohypophyseal cells: detection of
      two distinct enzyme activities within a single cell.
AB  - In an effort to ascertain whether a lysosomal enzyme, aryl sulphatase (ArSase),
      might share the same cell and, or, the same intracellular structure(s) with a
      histochemical Golgi apparatus marker, thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase), in rat
      pituitary mammotrophs and somatotrophs a technique for a selective demonstration
      of both enzyme activities within a single specimen has been developed. The
      technique is based on the selective dissolution of TPPase-related precipitates
      with 50% sulphuric acid in an ultrathin section of a pituitary specimen processed
      consecutively for ArSase and TPPase. The analysis of pairs of micrographs
      displaying the same structures before and after treatment with sulphuric acid has
      shown that TPPase-related precipitates are located mainly in the trans-Golgi
      lamellae while ArSase-related precipitates (resistant to sulphuric acid) could be
      found in both GERL and its derivatives (lysosomes, immature secretion granules)
      and in the TPPase-reactive trans-Golgi pole in both cell types studied. When seen
      within the same dictyosome each enzyme activity resided generally within an
      individual Golgi lamella. Direct continuity between ArSase- and TPPase-related
      precipitates was also occasionally encountered. The results indicate that ArSase
      and TPPase activities can share the trans-cisternae of the Golgi apparatus in
      mammotrophs and somatotrophs of rat pituitary.

PMID- 2413062
TI  - Polymorphous endocytotic organelles in the receptor-mediated endocytosis of gold
      labelled alpha 2-macroglobulin complexes by human fibroblasts.
AB  - The receptor-mediated endocytosis of gold-labelled alpha 2-macroglobulin
      complexes with trypsin or methylamine (alpha 2M-T-Au or alpha 2M-MA-Au) was
      studied by electron microscopy in human skin fibroblasts. The gold label was
      found in coated structures and very small tubules as well as in tubulovesicular
      structures and in multivesicular bodies/lysosomes. Thick sections (200 nm), but
      especially serial thin sections, clearly showed the polymorphic character of the
      cellular structures involved in endocytosis. Numerous intercommunications were
      particularly obvious between the tubulovesicular structures, the larger vesicles
      and the multivesicular bodies (MVB). Continuities between MVBs and endoplasmic
      reticulum and interconnections between MVBs were also observed. The specificity
      of the staining reaction was confirmed by indirect labelling of intracellular
      alpha 2M by polyclonal and by monoclonal antibodies on ultracryosections. These
      findings are discussed in relation to observations made on epithelial cells with
      other ligands.

PMID- 2413063
TI  - Evidence for a role of endogenous estrogen in the hypothalamic control of
      gonadotropin secretion in men.
AB  - To examine the mechanism by which endogenous estrogens inhibit gonadotropin
      secretion in men, blood samples were drawn every 10 min for 12 h in five men
      before and at the completion of 3 weeks of treatment with the estrogen antagonist
      clomiphene citrate (50 mg twice daily). Samples were analyzed for LH and alpha
      subunit by RIA. Clomiphene produced a 3-fold rise in circulating LH levels, which
      was associated with a 80% increase in pulse frequency and a 70% increase in pulse
      amplitude. Immunoreactive alpha-subunit secretion was also pulsatile before and
      after clomiphene treatment. Mean alpha-levels rose 70%, together with a 39%
      increase in pulse frequency and a 41% increase in pulse amplitude. Circulating
      testosterone and estradiol levels increased 2-fold and FSH levels increased 3
      fold after clomiphene treatment. Insofar as each LH and uncombined alpha-subunit
      pulse reflects a LHRH secretory episode, our data indicate that endogenous
      estrogens tonically restrain the hypothalamic release of LHRH. From these results
      and those of previous studies, we conclude that estrogens as well as androgens
      are important in the testicular feedback inhibition of the hypothalamic
      oscillator that governs pulsatile gonadotropin secretion.

PMID- 2413064
TI  - Elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and testosterone in cord serum of male
      infants of diabetic mothers.
AB  - Leydig cell hyperplasia is a common histological finding in male infants of
      diabetic mothers. The functional correlates of this histological finding were
      investigated by measuring beta hCG, testosterone, androstenedione,
      dihydrotestosterone, and progesterone in mixed cord serum of male and female
      infants of diabetic mothers (n = 40) and normal mothers (n = 40) at term. Male
      and female infants of diabetic mothers had significantly higher cord serum beta
      hCG levels than male and female controls. Male infants of diabetic mothers had
      significantly higher cord serum testosterone concentrations than male controls,
      female controls, and female infants of diabetic mothers. Cord serum testosterone
      concentrations were similar in female infants of diabetic mothers and female
      controls. In the male infants of diabetic mothers, there was a significant
      positive correlation between beta hCG and testosterone (r = 0.64; P less than
      0.01). There was no significant correlation between beta hCG and testosterone in
      the male controls (r = -0.15; P = NS). There was no significant difference in
      cord serum dihydrotestosterone in any group tested. Cord serum progesterone was
      significantly higher in the males than in the females. Cord serum androstenedione
      was lower in the infants of diabetic mothers than in the controls. This study
      suggests that the Leydig cell hyperplasia found in male infants of diabetic
      mothers is due, in part, to elevated concentrations of hCG and is accompanied by
      elevated testosterone concentrations in the fetal compartment.

PMID- 2413065
TI  - Sex hormone-binding globulin changes during the menstrual cycle.
AB  - Although sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) production is stimulated by
      estrogen, no change in SHBG has been demonstrated during the menstrual cycle. To
      further study possible cyclic changes in serum SHBG, 12 women with a normal
      menstrual and fertility history had daily SHBG measurements during a menstrual
      cycle. SHBG was measured by dextran-coated charcoal saturation analysis and RIA.
      Serum LH was measured by mouse Leydig cell bioassay and RIA, and FSH, estradiol
      (E2), and progesterone were determined by RIA. In 10 women, a significant
      increase in mean SHBG by both methods occurred during the luteal phase of the
      cycle, immediately after the preovulatory increase in serum E2 (P less than
      0.001). Two women had no SHBG increase; although each had a significant rise in
      serum E2 before the LH surge, luteal phase E2 levels were similar to those in the
      early follicular phase. In one of these women, a rise in SHBG was demonstrated by
      RIA. This study demonstrates that SHBG changes during the menstrual cycle in
      association with E2 changes, and it appears to be a marker for the endogenous
      estrogen changes that occur in normal ovulating women.

PMID- 2413066
TI  - Monoclonal human anti-DNA antibodies from EB virus-transformed lymphocytes of
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.
AB  - Sixteen monoclonal human anti-DNA antibodies were obtained from Epstein-Barr
      virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cells of patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE) and were studied in terms of antigenic specificity. All of
      the antibodies showed polyspecificity to polynucleotides. Among them, some
      antibodies had a specificity to single-stranded (ss) DNA. Especially, O-8
      antibodies showed a preference for polynucleotides with pyrimidine bases. The
      binding specificity of the antibody was also studied using different sizes of dT
      oligomers in order to assess the size of the epitope. It was revealed that
      oligonucleotides with a size of more than 25-30 nucleotides are required for
      inhibition of the antibody to ss-DNA. Other studies also demonstrated that anti
      ss-DNA (O-8) antibody and anti-double-stranded (ds) DNA (NE-28) antibody bound to
      different combining sites in the same polynucleotides, poly(dT). These results
      suggest that some anti-ss-DNA antibodies are directed to the conformational
      structure related to the base sequence and that nucleic acids, therefore, might
      be responsible for the possible immunogenic stimulus causing the anti-DNA immune
      response. We also indicate that this type of antibody would be popular among
      serum anti-DNA antibodies in SLE.

PMID- 2413067
TI  - Production of potent Salmonella H antisera by immunization with polymeric
      flagellins.
AB  - Highly purified polymeric flagellin preparations from 10 different Salmonella
      serotypes were used to produce specific Salmonella H antisera with high titers by
      the immunization of rabbits. Antigen emulsions in complete Freund adjuvant were
      administered at the rate of 50 micrograms per rabbit by multiple intradermal
      injection. Booster injections were given 110 days after the primary immunization.
      The immune response was monitored regularly over a period of 200 days. The
      results showed that the H titers, determined with 125I-labeled antigens, averaged
      61,000 +/- 39,000, and the H agglutination titers of 83% of the animals were
      greater than 40,000. The high titers of the immunized animals persisted for
      approximately 4 months. The O agglutination titers of the antisera were less than
      10 for 9 of the flagellin preparations and ranged from 10 to 320 for the
      remaining preparation. The antisera obtained were serotype specific after
      appropriate dilution.

PMID- 2413069
TI  - A new model of experimental auto-immune myasthenia gravis.
AB  - Experimental auto-immune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) was observed in rabbits during
      the time course of immunization with an acetylcholine (ACh) conjugate: choline
      glutaryl-protein. This synthesized antigenic determinant mimics the molecular
      structure of ACh. The presence of both anti-ACh and auto-anti-idiotypic
      antibodies was demonstrated. These latter antibodies recognized the ACh receptor,
      and could have been the triggering agents in this auto-immune condition. Clinical
      and electromyographic investigations confirmed the myasthenic symptomatology
      observed after immunization with the ACh conjugate.

PMID- 2413068
TI  - Detection of Escherichia coli adhesins with DNA probes.
AB  - DNA hybridization assays for genes encoding the Escherichia coli adhesins K88 and
      K99 were developed. These assays were used to screen a variety of animal E. coli
      strains, and the results were compared with results obtained by serological
      methods. All methods compared well for determining the presence of adhesin K99.
      However, the DNA hybridization detected more K88-positive strains than did either
      enzyme immunoassay or slide agglutination. Agreement was improved when strains
      were grown on blood or nutrient agar instead of Minca medium.

PMID- 2413070
TI  - Concomitant detection of changes in myelin basic protein and permeability of
      blood-spinal cord barrier in acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by
      electroimmunoblotting.
AB  - An electroimmunoblotting technique was used with a monoclonal antibody to myelin
      basic protein (MBP) to assess demyelination in 3 defined regions of the spinal
      cord in rats with acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). A slight
      loss in MBP was detected only in the sacrococcygeal region of the spinal cord
      after the onset of clinical signs. In all 3 spinal cord regions studied,
      significantly elevated levels of albumin and IgG were detected during the course
      of EAE by the same technique. At the onset of clinical signs, the levels of IgG
      and albumin were highest in the more caudal regions of the spinal cord. As the
      clinical signs became more severe, IgG and albumin levels increased in the more
      cranial regions of the spinal cord. These changes thus correlated with the
      ascending progression of clinical signs typical of EAE in rats. These results
      provided added evidence that in rats affected with acute EAE, the clinical signs
      occur independently of demyelination and coincide with vasogenic edema.

PMID- 2413071
TI  - Biosynthesis of von Willebrand protein by human megakaryocytes.
AB  - Immunofluorescence staining of buffy coat smears from a patient with chronic
      myelogenous leukemia in accelerated phase showed that approximately 13% of all
      nucleated cells contained von Willebrand protein and, therefore, appeared to be
      of megakaryocytic origin. This was confirmed by positive staining with antisera
      against platelet factor 4 and platelet glycoproteins. Short-term cultures of the
      buffy coat, which lacked endothelial cells, were metabolically labeled with
      [35S]methionine, and von Willebrand protein was immunopurified from cell lysates
      and culture medium. Cultures from this patient synthesized and secreted von
      Willebrand protein, in contrast with cultures from other patients with leukemia,
      who lacked circulating megakaryocytes, and from normal volunteers. The subunit
      composition of the megakaryocytic von Willebrand protein was very similar to that
      of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The size of the processed subunit (220
      kD) and of the cellular (260 kD) and secreted (275 kD) precursors from the two
      cell types were indistinguishable by gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, the ratio
      of precursor to processed subunit and the pattern of cellular and secreted
      nonreduced multimers were very similar. It appears, therefore, that the
      processing steps in biosynthesis of von Willebrand protein used by the
      megakaryocytes are very similar to those of umbilical vein endothelial cells.

PMID- 2413072
TI  - Thymoma epithelial cells secrete thymic hormone but do not express class II
      antigens of the major histocompatibility complex.
AB  - 17 thymomas were studied by indirect immunofluorescence for the presence of
      thymic hormones and antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The
      thymoma epithelial cells (specifically identified by their keratin content)
      contained thymic hormones (thymulin and thymosin alpha 1), a finding corroborated
      by the observation of elevated thymulin serum levels. In contrast with normal or
      hyperplastic thymuses, thymoma epithelial cells did not express HLA-DR and HLA-DC
      antigens as assessed by immunofluorescence as well as immunoblot analyses.
      Conversely, MHC class I antigens (HLA-ABC) were normally expressed. Thus, we
      conclude that thymoma epithelial cells are endocrinologically active but are
      defective for the expression of some MHC products (class II molecules) known to
      play an essential role in intrathymic T cell differentiation.

PMID- 2413073
TI  - A human T cell clone that mediates the monocyte procoagulant response to specific
      sensitizing antigen.
AB  - A panel of human purified protein derivative of the tubercle bacillus (PPD)
      reactive T cell clones was derived by cloning out of soft agar followed by
      cultivation on inactivated feeder cells in the presence of interleukin-2. 1 of 4
      clones tested was able to mediate an increase in monocyte procoagulant activity
      (PCA) in response to PPD. All four clones had identical surface marker phenotypes
      (T4+, T8-) and proliferated in response to antigen. The reactive T cell clone
      possessed no PCA of its own, but upon being presented with PPD was able to
      instruct monocytes to increase their expression of PCA. Antigen presentation
      could be performed only by autologous monocytes; allogeneic monocytes from donors
      unrelated to the donor of the reactive clone could not present antigen to cells
      of the clone in a way that would initiate the procoagulant response. Cells of the
      reactive clone did not mediate increased monocyte PCA in response to Candida,
      even though peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the donor demonstrated
      increased PCA to both Candida and PPD. Thus, the PCA response to specific antigen
      can be mediated by a single clone of cells that shows specificity in the
      recognition of both antigen and antigen presenting cell.

PMID- 2413074
TI  - Polyglutamation of methotrexate. Is methotrexate a prodrug?

PMID- 2413075
TI  - Characteristics of thyroxine 5'-deiodination in cultured human placental cells.
      Regulation by iodothyronines.
AB  - Human and rat placental homogenates convert L-thyroxine (T4) to 3,5,3'-L
      triiodothyronine (T3) via a pathway termed type II iodothyronine deiodination. To
      study regulation of this pathway, cell dispersions were prepared from human
      placental chorionic-decidual membrane. Dispersed cells deiodinated T4 and 3,3',5'
      triiodothyronine (rT3), but not T3, at the 5' position. The reaction was only
      slightly inhibited by 1 mM 6-n-propylthiouracil, enhanced by dithiothreitol, and
      substantially inhibited by 50 nM iopanoic acid. Incubation of the cells in
      thyroid hormone-depleted medium induced a near doubling of T4 5'-deiodination in
      36-48 h, with a significant rise seen as early as 12 h. Addition of T4, rT3, or
      T3 to hormone-depleted medium impaired the rise in type II deiodination in a dose
      dependent fashion. T4 and rT3 were equipotent in this regard, and T3 was 2-3
      times less potent. T4 was effective in physiological concentrations, 6.5-13 nM in
      medium containing 10% calf serum, and the effect of T4 was not due to its
      conversion to either T3 or rT3. In cells with deiodinase activity raised by 48 h
      incubation in thyroid hormone-depleted medium, addition of T4, T3, or rT3
      reversed the increase in 8-24 h. Secretion of prolactin and beta hCG by the
      dispersed cells was not substantially affected by thyroid hormone deprivation.
      The increase in type II deiodination during thyroid hormone deprivation appears
      to depend on a signal from the thyroxine molecule, per se, and could potentially
      defend intracellular, and/or circulating, T3 pools in pathological states of mild
      to-moderate hypothyroxinemia.

PMID- 2413076
TI  - Antigen-induced monocyte procoagulant activity. Requirement for antigen
      presentation and histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-DR molecules.
AB  - The present study explores the interactions between lymphocytes and monocytes
      that are required for expression of procoagulant activity (PCA) by monocytes in
      response to purified protein derivative of the tubercle bacillus (PPD) or
      tularemia antigen. The PCA response was antigen specific: peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells (PBM) from donors sensitive to PPD or tularemia showed an
      increase in PCA only in response to the sensitizing antigen. The PCA was tissue
      factorlike in that Factors VII and X were required for expression of the
      activity, whereas Factor VIII was not. Maximum PCA developed only after 36 to 72
      h. Fractionation of PBM into lymphocytes and monocytes after antigenic
      stimulation demonstrated that greater than 90% of the PCA was associated with
      monocytes. Isolated monocytes or lymphocytes incubated with sensitizing antigen
      had the same PCA as control cells. Purified lymphocytes that had been pulsed with
      antigen were unable to elicit a PCA response from monocytes to which they were
      added. However, adherent monocytes incubated with antigen, then washed free of
      unbound protein, were able to trigger lymphocytes to become stimulatory for PCA
      toward responding monocytes. The development of antigen-specific PCA in PBM could
      be blocked by including a monoclonal antibody to HLA-DR antigen in the
      incubation. The antibody had no effect on the clotting assay, on preformed PCA,
      cell viability, or on stimulatory antigen itself. These results indicate that
      elaboration of PCA by mononuclear cells may be an intrinsic part of the classical
      immune response to antigen, and may explain the presence of fibrin in immune
      lesions, as well as the occurrence of thrombotic complications in many immune
      disorders.

PMID- 2413077
TI  - A "carboxyl terminal" clinical radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone with
      apparent recognition preference for the intact hormone.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay for Parathyroid Hormone which is used in a clinical setting
      was characterized by immunoreactivity with various synthetic fragments of the
      hormone, serum parathyroid hormone response to oral calcium intake in
      normocalcemic calcium stone-formers, and ability to detect fragments of
      parathyroid hormone secreted by abnormal human parathyroid tissue in vitro.
      Although almost all of the recognition sites for the antiserum were within the 53
      84 carboxyl terminal amino acid sequence of the hormone, the radioimmunoassay
      mainly detected the "intact" hormone rather than the carboxyl terminal
      fragment(s) which most "carboxyl-terminal" assays of parathyroid hormone are
      claimed to preferentially detect. Differences in tertiary structure between the
      intact hormone and its fragments probably account for the relative inability of
      this antiserum to detect the carboxyl terminal fragment(s).

PMID- 2413078
TI  - Parathyroid hormone radioimmunoassay: the clinical evaluation of assays using
      commercially available reagents.
AB  - This paper reports on the diagnostic usefulness of two commercial PTH assay kits
      and four "in-house" assays using commercially available reagents, studying the
      same samples from normal controls and different patient groups. The ability of
      such assays to discriminate proven primary hyperparathyroid (1 degree HPT)
      patients from normals varied significantly but without any apparent correlation
      with assay components. For all assays, performance declined markedly in 1 degree
      HPT patient groups with lower serum calcium levels. Patients with PTH secondary
      to chronic renal disease were well discriminated from normal by all assays.
      Although immunoassays are useful in many cases of 1 degree HPT, it is difficult
      to develop C-terminal or mid-region PTH assays that are uniformly diagnostically
      useful in the clinical situation where they are of greatest potential use i.e. in
      cases of mildly hypercalcaemic 1 degree HPT.

PMID- 2413079
TI  - Primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis: an examination of
      clinical, biochemical, and histopathological features in differential diagnosis.
AB  - Seventy four liver biopsies from 59 patients were reviewed by two observers and
      histologically graded in the absence of clinical information, firstly, to assess
      the level of agreement with previous diagnoses; secondly, to identify differences
      between primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis; and, thirdly, to
      assess the specificity of Shikata orcein staining and antimitochondrial antibody
      positivity and titre for primary biliary cirrhosis. Thirty six patients with
      adequate histology were initially selected as typical of primary biliary
      cirrhosis or chronic active hepatitis; agreement both between observers and with
      original diagnoses was reached in 26 (72%) (15 with primary biliary cirrhosis
      (group 1), 11 with chronic active hepatitis (group 2)). In 19 diagnostically
      difficult patients in whom clinical and original histological findings had been
      at variance, histological agreement between observers was reached in 17 (group 3)
      and original underdiagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis was suggested. The main
      clinical and histological differences between groups 1 and 2 are discussed in
      this paper. Although a high grade of positivity for copper associated protein in
      the Shikata orcein stain was seen only in primary biliary cirrhosis, a high titre
      of antimitochondrial antibody positivity was not unique to this condition.

PMID- 2413080
TI  - Disseminated zygomycosis associated with erythroleukaemia: confirmation by lectin
      stains.
AB  - Zygomycosis is not often diagnosed in the United Kingdom, and so the possible
      importance of the findings in a patient with disseminated zygomycosis who had
      been treated with chemotherapy for erythroleukaemia was not appreciated until
      histological examination of specimens obtained at necropsy provided a presumptive
      diagnosis. No attempt had therefore been made to identify the organism by
      culture, and lectin binding methods were used to try to compensate for this. The
      characteristics of the hyphae on staining with lectins were similar to those
      previously shown in Rhizopus oryzae and were unlike those of a wide range of
      other hyphal fungi. Although definite speciation of the fungus was not achieved,
      these findings confirm that this was a case of zygomycosis and would seem to
      represent the first such reported confirmation in the absence of culture.

PMID- 2413081
TI  - Use of microwaves for acid and alcohol fast staining.

PMID- 2413083
TI  - The midbrain periaqueductal gray in the rat. II. A Golgi analysis.
AB  - This study consists of a detailed analysis of neurons in the midbrain
      periaqueductal gray of the rat utilizing four variants of the Golgi technique.
      Neurons were classified into three major categories based on soma shape, number
      of primary dendrites, number of dendritic bifurcations, interspinous distance,
      axonal origin, and axon trajectory. Neurons in each category were further
      subdivided into large and small varieties based predominantly on soma size and
      dendritic patterns. Both quantitative and qualitative data concerning each
      neuronal type is provided as well as data relating to its relative distribution
      among the four periaqueductal gray subdivisions. The small bipolar neuron,
      characterized by its small size and spindle-shaped soma, was the most prominent
      cell type observed, composing 37% of the impregnated neurons in our material.
      This cell type was most numerous in the medial subdivision and least prominent in
      the dorsolateral subdivision. The small triangular neuron composed 23% of the
      neuronal population and was relatively evenly distributed through the
      periaqueductal gray. The remaining four cell types include the large and small
      multipolar neurons, the large fusiform neurons, and the large triangular neurons.
      Axons originated from either the perikaryon or a proximal dendrite, with a
      dendritic origin being most common for large and small triangular neurons and
      large fusiform neurons. The trajectory of axons in single thick coronal sections
      originating from periaqueductal gray neurons is typically away from the
      mesencephalic aqueduct. The exact trajectory is dependent on the location of the
      neuron. Axons arising from cells in the dorsal subdivision usually project in a
      dorsal or dorsolateral direction while axons of ventrolateral neurons may project
      dorsally, laterally, or ventrally. In sum, these data indicate a complex level of
      internal organization of the periaqueductal gray. The results are discussed in
      terms of previous immunohistochemical studies of neurons in this region.

PMID- 2413082
TI  - Membrane phenotypic studies in B cell lymphoproliferative disorders.
AB  - A total of 398 cases of B cell lymphoproliferative disease were phenotypically
      characterised by membrane mouse red blood cell (MRBC) receptor, surface
      immunoglobulin, common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (CALLA), and FMC7 and T1
      monoclonal antibody studies. Relations between chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
      (CLL), prolymphocytic leukaemia (PLL), and "prolymphocytoid" CLL variants were
      examined with particular reference to the expression of FMC7. In addition, the
      reactivity of TU1 monoclonal antibody with B cell disorders was established. The
      results suggest that despite some heterogeneity most cases may be characterised
      by their phenotypic patterns and that these investigations provide a reproducible
      basis for classification.

PMID- 2413084
TI  - Cutaneous projections from the rat hindlimb foot to the substantia gelatinosa of
      the spinal cord studied by transganglionic transport of WGA-HRP conjugate.
AB  - The somatotopic organization of cutaneous afferent fibers from the hindlimb foot
      in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord was investigated in adult Sprague
      Dawley rats following intracutaneous injections of wheat germ agglutinin
      horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). The different parts of the foot were found to
      project in a precise manner to the medial two-thirds of the substantia gelatinosa
      of the spinal cord segments L3-L5. The projections from the digits were arranged
      in a consecutive row rostrocaudally, with the most medial digit in caudal L3 and
      the most lateral digit in caudal L4 or rostral L5. The plantar skin was found to
      project both rostral and caudal to the projection of the digits. The dorsal foot
      skin projects lateral to the digits, neighboured by the medial edge of the foot
      rostrally and the lateral edge caudally. Within the projection of a particular
      digit, the plantar skin was found medially and the dorsal skin laterally. A
      certain degree of overlap for the projections from the different foot skin areas
      was found.

PMID- 2413085
TI  - Projection systems and terminal localization of dorsal column afferents: an
      autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase study in the rat.
AB  - Projection systems from the gracile nucleus and the cuneate nuclear complex to
      their terminal sites in the mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebellum were
      examined by means of anterograde autoradiography and retrograde horseradish
      peroxidase methods. Three projection systems emerge from the dorsal column
      nuclei, decussate via internal arcuate fibers, and form the contralateral medial
      lemniscus (ML). At the obex, some fibers split off the ML and course
      dorsolaterally, forming an ascending lateral system which fits the "lemniscal
      adjunct channel" (LAC) concept of Graybiel ('72). The ML continues rostrally as
      the "main lemniscal line channel" (MLLC). At the inferior colliculus, some LAC
      fibers terminate in the pontine nuclei, parabrachial, dorsal reticular nuclei,
      and the external and ventral medial part of the central nucleus of the inferior
      colliculus. More rostrally at the level of the superior colliculus, terminal
      fields are found in the medial nucleus of the medial geniculate body, the
      suprageniculate, pretectal, and mesencephalic reticular nuclei, marking the end
      of the LAC. In the diencephalon, gracile fibers leave the MLLC and form a
      crescentlike terminal field along the extreme lateral border of the ventral
      posterior lateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus. Cuneate MLLC fibers terminate in
      a bandlike formation in the VPL medial to the gracile termination. The third
      fiber system, the cuneocerebellar projection, emerges from the cuneate, the
      external cuneate nuclei, and the "cellular bridge" and immediately enters the
      ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle. Upon entering the cerebellum, the major
      fiber component remains ipsilateral and terminates as vertical bands in vermal
      and paravermal lobules, and lobules I through IVa. The posterior cerebellar lobe
      contains terminal bands in lobules VII-IX, the copula pyramidis, and the
      paramedian lobule. It is concluded that the dorsolateral fiber system conforms to
      Graybiel's LAC. It is more divergent and probably less modality specific, whereas
      the medial lemniscal system conforms to the MLLC, which is said to be modality
      specific, less divergent, and locked to specific sensory-motor response
      characteristics. The topography of cerebellar terminal bands indicates that there
      is sensory-motor representation from all parts of the body to all parts of the
      cerebellum, at least in the rat.

PMID- 2413086
TI  - Cytochrome oxidase staining in the rat SmI barrel cortex.
AB  - Patterns of cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity were examined histochemically in the
      rat SmI cortex. Discrete regions of high enzymatic activity were centered upon
      the granule cell aggregates (barrels) in layer IV. Those barrels which correspond
      to the mystacial vibrissae and make up the posteromedial barrel subfield (PMBSF)
      were especially interesting in that CO staining revealed distinct metabolic
      subdivisions which do not have an easily demonstrable cytoarchitectonic
      counterpart. By analogy with the barrels in mouse PMBSF and with the
      cytoarchitectonically distinct barrels representing the smaller sinus hairs in
      the rat we propose that regions of high CO activity denote the "hollow" of the
      rat PMBSF barrels. In accord with previous physiological studies demonstrating a
      vertical organization in the rodent barrel cortex, we also noted columns of
      intense CO activity extending from layer VI through sublamina Vb. The centers of
      these columns coincided with the centers of the barrels in layer IV. In
      tangential sections through the infragranular laminae the segmentation of CO
      positive zones was less distinct than in layer IV and appeared as bands of
      heightened activity oriented like the five rows of layer IV barrels. Highly
      reactive somata and dendrites were observed in both the granular and
      infragranular CO barrels indicating that some of the increased activity of these
      regions reflects oxidative metabolism of cortical neurons per se. These patterns
      of metabolic activity underscore the vertical and horizontal organization of the
      SmI vibrissa cortex and suggest that neurons located within the central core of a
      column have functional properties distinct from those located in zones where
      individual columns interface.

PMID- 2413087
TI  - Cytology and distribution in normal human cerebral cortex of neurons
      immunoreactive with antisera against neuropeptide Y.
AB  - The frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices in normal human brains (Brodmann
      areas 10, 7a, 7b, and 21) are well endowed with numerous neurons, identifiable by
      immunoreactivity with antisera against the 36-amino acid brain peptide
      neuropeptide Y (NPY). These neurons with rare exception are small, intracortical,
      nonspiny neurons, 12-20 microns in somatic size, with long slender dendrites and
      exuberant axon plexuses exhibiting finely beaded varicosities. The cells are
      rarest in layers I and II, are found with frequency in the lower cortical layers
      (IV-VI) and in significant numbers in the subcortical white matter. Within the
      cortex the axonal plexuses of these peptide neurons rise straight up into the
      upper cortical layers or descend deep into the white matter. In layers I and II,
      numerous other lengthy axons, some possibly of extracortical afferent origin, run
      along the pial surface at right angles to the axial ones running perpendicular to
      the cortex. This endowment of peptide neurons and their processes forms a rich
      network in the cerebral cortex, relating with one another in complex fashion
      within palisades of terminals as well as with the other cortical neurons not
      labeled by these methods. It remains to be shown what functions these NPY neurons
      have individually and in their remarkable networks, and how they are altered in
      neurological disease.

PMID- 2413088
TI  - Cortical neurons immunoreactive with antisera against neuropeptide Y are altered
      in Alzheimer's-type dementia.
AB  - Neurons identified by their immunoreactivity with antisera against neuropeptide Y
      (NPY) were studied in three selected areas of the cerebral cortex in brains from
      controls and in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (ATD). Changes were more
      profound in temporal cortex than in parietal cortex, and more severe in parietal
      cortex than in frontal cortex, paralleling the severity of neuritic plaque
      formation and incidence of neurofibrillary tangles in these regions. NPY-i
      neurons became distorted, with enlarged misshapen cell somata and reduced,
      thickened, and gnarled dendrites. There was a sharp reduction in the
      extensiveness and delicacy of the axonal plexus; the reorganized axons were
      haphazard compared to the normal symmetry of these fibers. Besides the alteration
      in form and sizes, there were also appreciably fewer cells. Nevertheless, the NPY
      population is not eliminated. Double-label studies of NPY-i and thioflavin
      indicate that NPY-i fibers can participate in neuritic plaque formation although
      not all neuritic plaques contained NPY-i axons and not all NPY-i axons were
      associated with plaques. The surviving NPY cells were evident in all cortices
      examined, thus giving rise to the speculation that these peptide neurons may have
      unusual survival and reorganization potential even in terminal neurological
      disease.

PMID- 2413089
TI  - Peptidergic and aminergic innervation of the facial nucleus of the rat with
      special reference to ontogenetic development.
AB  - The distribution and ontogenetic development of several neuropeptides such as
      enkephalin, substance P, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and of monoamines such as
      serotonin and catecholamines in the facial nucleus of the rat were investigated
      with immunocytochemistry. The neuropeptides were concentrated in certain
      subnuclei. Enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers were distributed in the medial and
      dorsal subnuclei, substance P in the intermediate and dorsal subnuclei,
      somatostatin in the intermediate subnucleus, and neuropeptide Y in the dorsal
      subnucleus. The amines were distributed evenly throughout the nucleus. These
      distribution patterns suggest that peptidergic fibers are closely related to the
      functions of different subnuclei, while fibers containing monoamines are more
      basic--not specific to individual muscles. Few of these fibers were observed in
      the prenatal stage of the rat, but they increased markedly in number during the
      first postnatal week, and had established their innervation pattern by the tenth
      postnatal day, which coincides with the establishment of nerve-muscle
      innervation. The present study further showed that fibers containing serotonin
      are supplied mainly from the raphe nucleus, that catecholamine fibers are from
      neurons containing catecholamine surrounding the facial nucleus, and that fibers
      containing neuropeptide Y are from the lateral part of the caudal medullary
      reticular formation. These findings suggest that catecholamine and neuropeptide Y
      are not both present in the single neurons projecting to the facial nucleus.

PMID- 2413090
TI  - A comparative study of the intracellular lectin binding sites of neurons in
      culture with neurons in situ.
AB  - The cytochemical properties of intracellular membrane systems which are likely to
      be subcellular sites of glycoprotein oligosaccharide synthesis and trafficking
      have been compared in cultured neuroblastoma cells (as a potential model system)
      and in Purkinje neurons of rat cerebellum. In aldehyde-fixed N18 cells,
      permeabilized with Triton X-100, concanavalin A (Con A) binding sites were found
      in the somata, neurites, and growth cones. Con A binding sites in growth cones
      appeared as a fine, membranous network. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) binding sites
      were restricted to the perinuclear region of the soma and to the distal tips of
      growing neurites. As shown previously, Purkinje cell somata and presynaptic
      terminals also contain Con A binding sites. In this study, WGA and succinylated
      WGA binding sites were observed in the presynaptic terminals of Purkinje cells.
      Neuraminidase enzyme digestion prior to lectin labeling removed or greatly
      reduced WGA binding in the neuropil of the deep nucleus but not in presynaptic
      terminals of Purkinje cells. Succinylated WGA binding sites were not affected by
      neuraminidase digestion. Neuraminidase digestion also exposed Ricinis communis
      agglutinin I binding sites in the neuropil and in synaptic terminals of Purkinje
      cells. These results in combination with previous studies of intracellular lectin
      cytochemistry of neurons in the central nervous system demonstrate the similarity
      of these cells to neuroblastoma cells in their intracellular lectin binding
      characteristics. Results of the lectin cytochemical studies after neuraminidase
      digestion of presynaptic terminals support the possibility that neurons may use a
      post- or extra-Golgi system for the addition of peripheral sugars to the
      oligosaccharides of certain glycoproteins destined for the cell surface.

PMID- 2413091
TI  - Early estrogen-induced nuclear changes in rat hypothalamic ventromedial neurons:
      an ultrastructural and morphometric analysis.
AB  - Alterations in the fine structure of nuclei of ventromedial hypothalamic neurons
      in ovariectomized (OVX) rats after either a 2-hour exposure to estradiol (E2) or
      a discontinuous exposure (2 hours E2/7 hours off/2 hours E2), previously shown
      sufficient for female rat sexual behavior (Parsons et al., '82a), were examined
      with the electron microscope. Morphometric measurements of nucleolar, nuclear,
      and somal areas, and nuclear shape and perimeter were accomplished at the light
      microscope level. After 2 hours of E2, the appearance of the nucleoplasm was
      altered, with a decrease in the small, scattered clumps of heterochromatin.
      Nuclear shape appeared dramatically altered from nonspherical, invaginated
      profiles toward spherical, smooth profiles. Nucleolar, nuclear, and somal
      hypertrophy were evident. In addition, stacked rough endoplasmic reticulum was
      present more frequently in E2-treated than control OVX neurons. After the
      discontinuous (2 hours/7 hours/2 hours) E2 treatment, progressive loss of small
      clumps of heterochromatin along the nuclear envelope as well as in the
      nucleoplasm had occurred. Decrease in a large heterochromatin clump along the
      nuclear envelope was correlated with an increase in nucleolus-associated
      chromatin. As determined by a distribution analysis, these estrogen-induced
      nuclear changes co-occurred more frequently than predicted from mutual
      independence. These findings, the marked co-occurrence of E2-induced changes in
      30% or more of the cells, and the differences between the 2-hour E2 and the 2
      hour/7-hour/2-hour group are consistent with a cascade of cell nuclear changes in
      the first few hours after estrogen onset.

PMID- 2413092
TI  - GABAergic neurons containing CCK-8-like and/or VIP-like immunoreactivities in the
      rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus.
AB  - The coexistence of cholecystokinin-octapeptide-like (CCK-L) and/or vasoactive
      intestinal-polypeptide-like immunoreactive (VIP-LI) materials and glutamate
      decarboxylase (GAD) was studied in the rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus by means
      of immunohistochemistry. Consecutive 40-micron-thick sections were incubated in
      different antisera and those cells which were bisected by the plane of sectioning
      so as to be included at the paired surfaces of two adjacent sections were
      identified. The coexistence of the immunoreactivities for these peptides and GAD
      in the same cell could thus be determined by observing the immunoreactivity of
      the two halves of the cell, incubated in two different antisera. Almost all of
      the CCK-LI neurons were also GAD immunoreactive, whereas only about 10% of the
      GAD-immunoreactive neurons were CCK-LI. The percentages of GAD-immunoreactive
      neurons which were also immunoreactive for CCK were dependent on the laminar area
      in which they were found: i.e., 15-20% in the stratum radiatum of the
      hippocampus, about 10% in the stratum pyramidale, and about 6% in the stratum
      oriens. In contrast to the CCK-LI neurons, only about 40% of the VIP-LI neurons
      were identified to be also GAD immunoreactive, which might correspond to only
      part of the GAD-immunoreactive neurons. Furthermore the coexistence of VIP-LI and
      CCK-LI materials was recognized in about 10% of the CCK-LI neurons or about 35%
      of the VIP-LI neurons, indicating that some GABAergic neurons (presumably about
      1%) in the rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus may contain both CCK-LI and VIP-LI
      materials.

PMID- 2413093
TI  - Basal keratinocyte herniations in Darier's disease.

PMID- 2413094
TI  - Bleomycin sulfate--postoperative intralesional usage for giant condylomata.
AB  - A patient with giant condyloma of the glans penis was successfully treated with
      conservative surgical excision. Postoperatively, intralesional bleomycin sulfate
      was utilized in an attempt to prevent tumor recurrence. Follow-up to 2 years has
      been unremarkable for clinical regrowth.

PMID- 2413095
TI  - Cryosurgery for palliation.

PMID- 2413096
TI  - Long-term results of the "palliative" Mustard operation.
AB  - A long-term follow-up study after 41 palliative Mustard operations for
      transposition of the great arteries and pulmonary vascular obstructive disease is
      presented. The operations were performed from 1973 to 1980. Mean pulmonary
      arteriolar resistance was 13.96 +/- 6.7 Um2. A ventricular septal defect was not
      closed in 34 patients; in 7 it was created at operation. There were three
      hospital and two late deaths. Survivors were followed up for 3 to 10 years (mean
      76.7 +/- 22.8 months). Before operation 4 children were in New York Heart
      Association functional class IV and 33 were in class III. Mean hemoglobin
      concentration was 19.43 +/- 3.14 g/dl and arterial oxygen saturation was 63.44 +/
      11.29%. After operation 18 patients were in functional class I, 17 in class II
      and only 1 in class III. Hemoglobin level decreased to 14.19 +/- 2.3 g/dl and
      arterial oxygen saturation improved to 89.12 +/- 7.25%. Cardiac catheterization
      in 21 survivors confirmed no change in pulmonary artery pressure and resistance.
      Effective pulmonary blood flow improved from 1.39 +/- 0.39 before to 2.6 +/- 0.78
      liters/min per m2 after operation. The palliative Mustard operation carries a low
      risk and provides excellent symptomatic improvement up to 10 years in patients
      with transposition of the great arteries and pulmonary vascular disease.

PMID- 2413097
TI  - Effect of oxprenolol on ventricular arrhythmias: the European Infarction Study
      experience.
AB  - In 736 patients, 24 hour electrocardiographic recordings were performed 14 to 36
      days after acute myocardial infarction before the start of randomized treatment
      with 320 mg of slow release oxprenolol (n = 358) or placebo (n = 378). Follow-up
      24 hour electrocardiographic recordings were obtained 5 to 12 days (median 10)
      and 3, 6 and 12 months after the first administration of the study medication.
      Oxprenolol-treated patients had a significantly lower daytime heart rate as
      compared with the placebo group, whereas no difference was found at night. At
      baseline, 22.1% of the patients allocated to oxprenolol treatment and 29.6% of
      the placebo group had more than 30 ventricular extrasystoles in 1 hour at least
      once during 24 hour monitoring; multiform ventricular extrasystoles were present
      in 58.4 and 62.7%, ventricular couplets in 29.6 and 33.9% and ventricular
      tachycardia (3 or more consecutive ventricular extrasystoles) in 21.5 and 20.9%
      of the oxprenolol-treated and placebo-treated patients, respectively. During the
      1 year follow-up period, the prevalence of these arrhythmias did not change
      significantly in either treatment group. There was a trend toward a reduction in
      the daytime frequency of ventricular couplets in the oxprenolol group. After 3
      and 6 months, only multiform ventricular extrasystoles were significantly less
      frequent in the oxprenolol group than in the placebo group (47.4 and 42.7% versus
      59.7 and 57.9%, respectively). Twelve months after the acute event, however,
      multiform ventricular extrasystole frequency was the same in both groups of
      patients (52.1 versus 51.0%, respectively). Thus, oxprenolol had a weak
      suppressant effect on ventricular tachyarrhythmias in survivors of myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2413098
TI  - Anatomical and pathoanatomical studies on the spinal efferent systems innervating
      pelvic structures. 1. Organization of spinal nuclei in animals. 2. The nucleus X
      pelvic motor system in man.

PMID- 2413099
TI  - Residues of five pesticides in field-treated alfalfa seeds and alfalfa sprouts.
AB  - Residues of five different pesticides applied to alfalfa seed crops were
      determined in the harvested seeds and in sprouts grown from these seeds. Although
      seeds are usually used for future production of alfalfa plants, some of these
      seeds may be sprouted for human food consumption. The pesticides studied-
      aldicarb (Temik), chlorothalonil (Bravo), chlorpyrifos (Lorsban), methamidophos
      (Monitor) and propargite (Comite)--were applied at a normal usage rate and at two
      to three times that rate. Residues on the seeds and sprouts, if any, were
      insignificant at rates of application.

PMID- 2413100
TI  - The partial characterisation of maternal anti-trophoblast antibody responses
      generated during normal human pregnancy.
AB  - The anti-trophoblast antibody response generated during a normal human pregnancy
      and detected by a recently developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was
      partially characterised in terms of maternal influences, nature of the antibodies
      and nature of the antigenic determinants present on the syncytiotrophoblast
      plasma membrane. The level and incidence of the response was significantly
      affected by maternal parity, while the maternal ABO, but not Rhesus, blood group
      antigens exerted a minor influence. The antibody response was predominantly
      mediated by IgG molecules of the IgG1,2 and 4 subclasses. The IgG molecules
      existed in the maternal sera either in the form of 'free' molecules or were
      involved in immune complexes. The antibodies interacted with determinants that
      were present on all the placental membranes tested and hence are possibly organ
      specific. The antigenic specificities were absent from erythrocytes and
      peripheral blood lymphocytes.

PMID- 2413101
TI  - Ultrastructural visualization of carbohydrates in oxytalan fibers in monkey
      periodontal ligaments.
AB  - Fullmer's oxytalan fibers appear to be special connective tissue fibers belonging
      to elastic system fibers. We have ultrastructurally examined carbohydrates in
      oxytalan fibers in monkey periodontal ligaments after glutaraldehyde fixation and
      ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) decalcification using: Thiery's periodic
      acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) method for thin-section
      staining of vicinal glycol-containing complex carbohydrates, and the concanavalin
      A-ferritin (Con A-ferritin) and Con A-horseradish peroxidase (Con-A-HRP) en bloc
      staining methods specific for alpha-D-mannosyl and alpha-D-glucosyl groups. PA
      TCH-SP stained collagen fibrils weakly to moderately and stained oxytalan fibers
      moderately. Con A-ferritin and Con A-HRP stained collagen fibrils weakly or
      moderately and stained oxytalan fibers intensely within the superficial region of
      specimen blocks. The penetration of staining reagents was improved by prior
      saponin treatment and/or chondroitinase ABC digestion. Thus, these studies
      demonstrate that PA-TCH-SP and Con A staining of carbohydrates is very useful in
      identifying oxytalan fibers at the ultrastructural level and that more
      carbohydrate components are present in oxytalan fibers than in collagen fibrils.

PMID- 2413102
TI  - Characterization of an immunofluorescence technique for the demonstration of
      coexisting neurotransmitters within nerve fibers and terminals.
AB  - Neurotransmitters have been shown to coexist in cell bodies, but demonstrating
      their coexistence within nerve fibers and terminals has been more difficult.
      However, two recent reports outlined a simple light-microscopic method by which
      two neurotransmitters can be shown to coexist in fibers and terminals. The method
      was identical to that used for immunohistochemical localization of one antigen,
      except that two primary--secondary antibody systems labeled with two different
      fluorochromes were used simultaneously. In the present study, a method for the
      simultaneous visualization of serotonin and substance P was characterized. This
      method employed an antiserum to serotonin generated in goat in combination with a
      rabbit-generated antiserum to substance P. These antisera were visualized with
      secondary antisera raised in swine and conjugated with rhodamine and fluorescein
      respectively. Spinal cord sections stained by this protocol showed large numbers
      of fibers fluorescing both red and green. Many of them were in the ventral horn,
      fewer were around the central canal, and virtually none were in the dorsal horn.
      The apparent double labeling could be shown not to be the result of cross
      reactivity among the antisera, of any inappropriate affinity among the antisera,
      of green fluorescence by rhodamine, or of red fluorescence by fluorescein. It is
      concluded that the method provides a simple technique for visualizing fibers and
      terminals in which serotonin and substance P coexist.

PMID- 2413103
TI  - Immunogold probes for electron microscopy: evaluation of staining by fluorescence
      microscopy.
AB  - A method is presented whereby the staining of intracellular structures with
      immunogold probes for electron microscopy can be evaluated at the light
      microscopic level. Methanol-fixed monolayers of cultured Dunning R-3327-H rat
      prostatic adenocarcinoma cells were stained for cytokeratins using a two-step
      immunogold technique consisting of primary anti-keratin antibody followed by gold
      labeled secondary antibody. Bound immunogold probe was then visualized with a
      fluorescent tertiary anti-immunogold probe antibody. Fluorescence microscopy of
      the whole cell monolayers showed a typical keratin cytoskeleton. The extra
      staining step did not interfere with subsequent fixation, embedding, and
      sectioning for electron microscopy, which showed cytoplasmic intermediate
      filaments decorated with colloidal gold. Using this method, it should be possible
      to manipulate parameters critical to staining with immunogold probes and to
      evaluate the labeling without necessitating repeated time-consuming electron
      microscopic processing. The method also provides a useful correlation between the
      light microscopic and ultrastructural labeling patterns of immunogold probes.

PMID- 2413104
TI  - Antigen presentation by splenic B cells: resting B cells are ineffective, whereas
      activated B cells are effective accessory cells for T cell responses.
AB  - In this study, we have investigated the ability of splenic B cells to act as
      antigen-presenting cells. Previous data had established that lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS)-activated B cells were effective antigen-presenting cells; however, the
      relative capacity of resting B cells to carry out this function remains
      controversial. Splenic B cells from naive BALB/c mice were depleted of
      macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells, and were fractionated on the basis of
      cell density by using Percoll gradient centrifugation. Fractions were collected
      from the 50/60, 60/65, and 65/72% interfaces and from greater than 72% (pellet).
      Cytofluorograph analysis of the fractionated B cells showed that the two lower
      density fractions (50/60 and 60/65) contained a number of cells which, by cell
      size determination, appeared to be activated B cells, whereas the two higher
      density fractions (65/72 and greater than 72) appeared to contain predominantly
      small resting B cells contaminated by many fewer activated B cells. Functionally,
      the capacity of fractionated B cells to act as accessory cells for a concanavalin
      A response or present the antigens chicken ovalbumin (OVA) or OVA-tryptic digest
      gave similar results, which indicated a striking hierarchy of accessory cell
      function in the different Percoll fractions. When normalized to the most active
      low-density fraction (50/60%), the activity of the other fractions were: 60/65 =
      78%; 65/72 = 25%; and greater than 72 = 4%. The differences in the functional
      capacity between the various Percoll fractions did not appear to be due to
      differences in Ia expression. Although the expression of Ia varied approximately
      12-fold within any one fraction, there was little difference in the mean amount
      of Ia on cells obtained from the various fractions. Kinetic studies showed that
      activation of B cells with LPS and dextran sulfate resulted in the expression of
      two stages of functional development. The first stage was an increased efficiency
      of accessory cell function that was abrogated by irradiation with 4000 rad
      followed by a second stage, which was characterized by the acquisition of
      resistance to treatment with 4000 rad. When nonfractionated B cells that had been
      stimulated with LPS and DexSO4 were sorted on the basis of cell size into a small
      B cell fraction and a large B cell fraction, only the large B cells were able to
      present antigen. Taken together, these data suggest that much of the accessory
      cell function associated with splenic B cells can be accounted for by the
      relatively small percentage of activated B cells present in the spleen.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2413105
TI  - Active transformation of tolerogenic to immunogenic signals in T and B cells by 8
      bromoguanosine.
AB  - The injection of deaggregated human gamma-globulin (DHGG) into A/J mice results
      in the establishment of a state of unresponsiveness to subsequent challenge with
      immunogenic aggregated human gamma-globulin (AHGG). Administration of the B cell
      activator 8-bromoguanosine (8BrGuo) 3 hr after administration of DHGG converts
      the tolerogen to an immunogen and results in an antibody response of even greater
      magnitude than the primary response elicited by AHGG alone. Adoptive transfer
      studies with separated populations of T and B cells demonstrated that although
      transformation of the tolerogenic signal to an immunogenic signal involves
      effects of 8BrGuo on both T cells and B cells, the major effect appears to be
      activation of antigen-specific T cells that would otherwise become tolerant.
      Modulation of T cell tolerance could conceivably be mediated either by direct or
      indirect mechanisms. Interestingly, optimal responsiveness of B cells from
      animals treated with DHGG and 8BrGuo is not a T cell-independent event, but
      requires antigen-reactive T cells. 8BrGuo is not able to override
      unresponsiveness when given 10 to 20 days after tolerance induction, at a time
      point when both T and B lymphocytes are tolerant. However, when given at day 60,
      when T cells (but not B cells) remain tolerant to this antigen, the nucleoside is
      able to terminate the tolerant state prematurely, possibly by providing an
      alternate T helper-like signal directly to B cells or by recruiting nonspecific
      functional T helper cells.

PMID- 2413106
TI  - Specific neonatally induced tolerance to Mls locus determinants.
AB  - Neonatal injection of CBA/HT6T6 (H-2k, Mlsb) mice with adult, Mls-incompatible
      (CBA/J [H-2k, Mlsd] X CBA/HT6T6)F1 spleen cells results in the abrogation of cell
      proliferation and interleukin 2 (IL 2) production in bulk mixed lymphocyte
      cultures, when spleen cells from the inoculated mice are tested at 6 to 8 wk of
      age with stimulator cells expressing the Mlsd of the tolerizing inoculum. In
      limiting dilution assays, this tolerant state was manifested in a 25- to 550-fold
      (280-fold average) decrease in the frequency of precursors of Mlsd-responsive IL
      2-producing T cells. Tolerance was specific in that the frequencies of precursors
      of IL 2-producing cells responding to Con A, allogeneic H-2d, and self-Ia were
      not affected. The observed low frequency of Mls-responsive cells was due neither
      to extensive chimerism resulting in the dilution of Mlsd-responsive cells by the
      nonresponsive F1 cells of the inoculum, nor to the action of suppressor cells.
      These findings indicate that neonatal injection of Mls-incompatible spleen cells
      produces a state of specific tolerance by a clonal deletion or inactivation
      mechanism. This specific tolerance supports the view that 1) the Mls locus
      encodes or regulates the expression of defined alloantigenic determinants and 2)
      Mls-incompatible responder mice have specific receptors for Mls determinants on
      clonally distributed IL 2-producing responder T cells.

PMID- 2413107
TI  - Orally induced tolerance generates an efferently acting suppressor T cell and an
      acceptor T cell that together down-regulate contact sensitivity.
AB  - Intragastric administration of the hapten trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) suppresses
      development of contact sensitivity (CS) to attempted epicutaneous sensitization
      with TNCB. Suppression induced by feeding TNCB is hapten specific and can be
      transferred to normal animals with lymphoid cells from fed mice. The lymphoid
      cells in hapten-fed mice that cause suppression of CS have been identified as Thy
      1.2-positive cells in spleen and mesenteric nodes. The suppression with Peyer's
      patch cells from hapten-fed mice appears to be attributable to cells bearing Thy
      1.2 antigen (T cell) and to cells with surface Ig (B cell). Feeding TNCB induces
      an efferent-acting suppressor T cell (Ts eff), as well as an intermediary
      acceptor T cell (T acc) with which it interacts to block adoptive transfer of CS
      with immune cells. Ts eff emanating from hapten-fed mice was identified by its
      specificity for the hapten, insensitivity to pretreatment with cyclophosphamide
      (CY), ability to produce soluble suppressor factor (SSF), and requirement for T
      acc to be functional. The presence of T acc in hapten-fed mice, on the other
      hand, was confirmed by its sensitivity to treatment with CY, interaction with Ts
      eff or SSF, and the ability to produce nonspecific inhibitor of TDTH cells. Thus,
      the suppressor T cells that are induced by administering the hapten
      intragastrically appear to function much like the cells of the suppressor T cell
      cascade that are induced by giving hapten via parenteral routes.

PMID- 2413108
TI  - Suppressor T cells, distinct from "veto cells," are induced by alloantigen
      priming and mediate transferable suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses
      in vivo.
AB  - Primary and secondary cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to minor alloantigens can
      be suppressed by priming host mice with a high dose (10(8) cells) of
      alloantigenic donor spleen cells (SC). Such suppression is antigen specific and
      transferable into secondary hosts with T cells. One interpretation of this is
      that antigen-specific host suppressor T cells (Ts) are activated. Alternatively,
      donor Lyt-2+ T cells, introduced in the priming inoculum, may inactivate host CTL
      precursors (CTLp) that recognize the priming (donor) alloantigens. Donor cells
      that act in this way are termed veto T cells. The experiments described here
      exclude veto T cell participation in transferable alloantigen-specific
      suppression, and demonstrate the operation of an alloantigen-specific host
      derived T suppressor (Ts) cell. The origin of the Ts has been studied directly by
      using Thy-1-disparate BALB/c mice. The cell responsible for the transfer of
      suppression of a secondary CTL response to B10 minors was of the host Thy-1
      allotype, and so originated in the host spleen and was not introduced in the
      priming inoculum. Secondly, antigen-specific Ts generated in CBA female mice
      against B10 minors could act on CTL responses to an unequivocally non-cross
      reactive-third party antigen (H-Y), provided the two antigens were expressed on
      the same cell membrane. Such third-party suppression is incompatible with the
      operation of veto T cells. Depletion of Thy-1.2+ or Lyt-2+ cells from the
      suppression-inducing donor SC inoculum did not abrogate suppression induction in
      BALB/c mice; instead, suppression was enhanced. The demonstration of veto cell
      activity in similarly primed mice by other groups of investigators indicates that
      both types of suppression may operate. However, our results show that only
      antigen-specific Ts can mediate the transferable suppression of CTL responses to
      alloantigens.

PMID- 2413109
TI  - Genetics of insulin-specific helper and suppressor T cells in nonresponder mice.
AB  - The role of insulin-specific helper and suppressor T cells in the H-2-linked
      genetic control of antibody responses to heterologous insulins was examined in
      vitro. These data demonstrate that pork insulin stimulates both primed helper T
      cells and dominant suppressor T cells in all nonresponder strains tested. Thus,
      the nonresponder phenotype is attributed to the activation of specific suppressor
      T cells rather than to an absence of helper T cell activity. Examination of the
      antigenic cross-reactivity patterns of pork insulin-primed helper and suppressor
      T cells in various strains demonstrates that fine specificity of the helper T
      cells differs from that of the suppressor T cells and that the patterns of
      antigenic cross-reactivity of these subpopulations are controlled by the H-2 gene
      complex. Furthermore, in a given strain of mice variants of insulin that
      stimulate helper T cells that cross-react with mouse insulin also stimulate
      dominant suppressor T cells that cross-react with mouse insulin. Such variants of
      insulin are perceived as nonimmunogenic. These observations raise the possibility
      that nonresponsiveness that is controlled by H-2 linked genes results from the
      activation of regulatory mechanisms involved in maintaining self-tolerance.

PMID- 2413110
TI  - Fine specificity of antigen recognition by T cell hybridoma clones specific for
      poly-18: a synthetic polypeptide antigen of defined sequence and conformation.
AB  - Antigen-specific T cell blasts to poly-18, a polypeptide antigen of defined
      sequence and conformation, were generated from lymph nodes of antigen-primed
      BALB/cCr mice. These blasts were fused with the BW5147 thymoma to obtain anti
      poly-18-reactive T cell hybridomas. All of the hybridomas were IAd-restricted and
      secreted IL2 in the presence of IAd/poly-18. On the basis of fine specificity
      analysis, these hybridomas were classified into two groups. Group A hybridomas
      recognized a minimal peptide sequence of Glu-Tyr-Lys-(Glu-Tyr-Ala)3-Glu-Tyr-Lys,
      whereas Group B needed the sequence Glu-Tyr-Ala-(Glu-Tyr-Ala)3-Glu-Tyr-Lys/Ala
      for activation. Three critical residues were identified in Group A hybridomas:
      the alanine residue at position 9, the carboxy terminal lysine, and the lysine at
      position 3. In Group B hybridomas, the alanine at position 3 was found to be the
      critical residue. We suggest that the amino acid residue at position 3
      (lysine/alanine) is the T cell receptor contact residue on the poly-18 antigen in
      BALB/cCr mice.

PMID- 2413111
TI  - One allogeneic cytolytic T lymphocyte clone distinguishes three different HLA-B27
      subtypes: identification of amino acid residues influencing the specificity and
      avidity of recognition.
AB  - The HLA-B27 antigen may be divided into at least three subgroups, designated HLA
      B27.1, -B27.2, and -B27.3, by specific cytolytic T lymphocytes. In an attempt to
      explore the functional relevance of HLA polymorphism, an alloimmune cytolytic T
      cell clone T3+, T8+, T4- has been characterized, which displays a distinct
      reactivity pattern with each one of the three HLA-B27 subtypes. This cell kills
      both B27.1- and B27.2- but not B27.3-positive targets. Its lytic efficiency is
      greater with B27.1 than with B27.2 cells. The clone does not recognize either B7
      positive targets or most B27-negative cells. But HLA-B40-bearing cells are lysed,
      albeit with significantly less efficiency than any B27-positive targets. The
      differences in killing ability for B27.1, B27.2, and B40 are also evident in cold
      target inhibition studies, indicating that a) B27.1 cells can efficiently inhibit
      lysis of B27.2 and B40 targets, b) B27.2 cells inhibit the lysis of B40 but not
      of B27.1 targets, and c) B40 cells do not inhibit B27.1 or B27.2 target lysis. In
      addition, anti-T3 and anti-T8 antibodies are much more effective in inhibiting
      the lysis of B27.2 targets than that of B27.1-positive cells, suggesting that the
      observed differences in killing efficiency of the various targets are due to the
      fact that the tightness of the effector-target interaction is affected by the
      structural changes between the different HLA antigens. A correlation of the
      reactivity pattern of this T cell clone with the known amino acid sequences of
      the HLA-B27, HLA-B40, and HLA-B7 antigens suggests that the clone recognizes a
      conformational determinant contributed to by residues within the segments 149-156
      and 67-83. Those in the former segment appear to be an essential portion of this
      determinant, whereas polymorphism in the region 67-83 has a modulating effect on
      the reactivity of the effector but does not abrogate recognition.

PMID- 2413112
TI  - Antibodies from patients with drug-induced and idiopathic lupus erythematosus
      react with epitopes restricted to the amino and carboxyl termini of histone.
AB  - The sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and drug-induced
      lupus (DIL) were used to study the antigenic epitopes on nuclear histones that
      bind antibodies in these sera. ELISA and immunoblotting techniques showed that
      antibodies from both patient groups bound all classes of intact histone: H1
      greater than H2B greater than H2A greater than H3 greater than H4. The different
      classes of histone were enzymatically or chemically cleaved to produce a series
      of peptide fragments which were then used to map the reactive epitopes by ELISA
      and immunoblotting. Ten of 11 DIL sera and 11 of 12 SLE sera bound the carboxy
      and amino terminal peptides. Only one sera of each group bound to the central
      hydrophobic polypeptide. The reactivity of DIL sera with fractionated histone
      polypeptides was similar to that observed with SLE sera. This observation
      suggests that the histone epitopes reacting with DIL sera are no less restricted
      than those reacting with SLE.

PMID- 2413113
TI  - Autoaggressive T lymphocyte lines recognizing the encephalitogenic region of
      myelin basic protein: in vitro selection from unprimed rat T lymphocyte
      populations.
AB  - Autoimmune T lymphocyte lines have been established from unprimed normal rat
      lymph node cell populations. In a first, negative-selection round, spontaneously
      proliferating (SMLR) T cells were eliminated by a pulse of BUdR followed by short
      wave light irradiation. In a second, positive-selection round, the SMLR-depleted
      populations were confronted with MBP presented by syngeneic spleen adherent
      cells. Reactive T cells were propagated until stable, permanent T lines were
      established. All lines were exclusively specific for the selecting antigen, MBP,
      and were restricted in recognition by determinants of the own MHC. All lines
      expressed the differentiation marker W3/25, but not OX8. Line vLe, which was
      derived from Lewis (LEW) rat lymphocytes, and which recognized the
      encephalitogenic sequence 48-88 of MBP, was extremely efficient in mediating EAE
      to normal untreated LEW rats. Doses of 1 X 10(6) and greater transferred lethal
      EAE, whereas transient although definite disease was caused by a minimum of 1 X
      10(4) cells. Rats recovering from disease were resistant against subsequent
      active induction of EAE. In contrast, BN rat-derived line vBN was completely
      incapable of transferring EAE to syngeneic rats. This lack of encephalitogenicity
      was a property of the T line, because vLe cells transferred severe EAE to (LEW X
      BN)F1 hybrid rats, whereas none of hybrid rats injected with vBN cells showed any
      sign of disease. The data provide strong evidence in favor of the presence of
      potentially autoaggressive T clones in the normal immune system, and they might
      suggest that the actual proportion of these clones within the natural T cell
      repertoire is genetically determined.

PMID- 2413114
TI  - Human bone marrow cells positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT),
      HLA-DR, and a T cell marker may represent prothymocytes.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that prothymocytes, which occur in a low frequency in
      murine bone marrow (BM), are already committed to thymocyte differentiation and
      discrete from precursor B cells as well as pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells.
      Furthermore, it was suggested that, in rodents, prothymocytes are positive for
      the nuclear enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and a T cell
      surface antigen. The human prothymocyte has not been identified as yet. We
      analyzed human BM cells by double immunofluorescence staining for TdT and the T
      cell surface markers Tp41 (recognized by the monoclonal antibodies WT1 and 3A1),
      T11, T1, and T6. In the BM samples tested, neither T1+/TdT+ nor T6+/TdT+ cells
      were detected, but Tp41+/TdT+ and T11+/TdT+ cells were present in low
      frequencies. In childhood BM, the frequency was about two to five in 10,000,
      whereas in adult BM and regenerating BM, these cells were not always detectable,
      but if detected, their frequency was five- to 10-fold lower. In a triple
      staining, using fluorescein, rhodamine, and colloidal gold particles as labels,
      it appeared that all Tp41+/TdT+ cells were also positive for HLA-DR. These
      Tp41+/HLA-DR+/TdT+ cells were also detectable in low frequencies in the thymus,
      and occasionally Tp41+/TdT+ and T11+/TdT+ cells were detected in the peripheral
      blood (PB), suggesting a migration from the BM to the thymus via the PB. The
      malignant counterpart of the Tp41+/HLA-DR+/TdT+ cell was detected in a patient
      with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the Tp41+/T11+/HLA-DR+/TdT+/T1-/T6-
      phenotype and germ-line immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. We postulate that the
      Tp41+/T11+/HLA-DR+/TdT+/T1-/T6- cell represents a human prothymocyte.

PMID- 2413115
TI  - The role of IL 1 in the antigen-specific activation of murine class II-restricted
      T lymphocyte clones.
AB  - The role of IL 1 in the antigen-specific activation of class II-restricted T
      lymphocytes was examined by using a model system consisting of cloned WEHI 5 B
      lymphoma accessory cells and class II-restricted, soluble antigen- or alloantigen
      reactive T cell clones. The addition of exogenous recombinant IL 1 to the T cell
      cultures resulted in a significant enhancement of the antigen-specific T cell
      proliferation response, but at best, only small increases in IL 2 release. Goat
      IgG anti-IL 1 antibodies were added to the T cell cultures to assess their effect
      on T cell activation. The IL 1 enhancement of the T cell proliferation response
      was inhibited by the anti-IL 1 antibodies in a dose-dependent manner. In
      contrast, only modest levels (10 to 25%) of proliferation inhibition were
      observed in T cell cultures containing either WEHI 5 or splenocyte accessory
      cells but no exogenous IL 1. When the anti-IL 1 antibodies were added to primary
      mixed lymphocyte cultures stimulated by WEHI 5 cells in the absence of exogenous
      IL 1, no significant inhibition of proliferation was observed. A small but
      statistically significant proliferation inhibition was observed when anti-IL 1
      antibodies were added to mixed lymphocyte reaction cultures stimulated by
      splenocytes. Two-color cytofluorometric analysis of the effects of IL 1 on
      antigen-activated T cell clones demonstrated that under suboptimal stimulation
      conditions, IL 1 stimulated a small but significant increase in the number of T
      cells bearing IL 2 receptors. In the presence of optimal numbers of WEHI 5
      accessory cells, IL 1 enhanced T cell proliferation in the absence of a
      detectable increase in the number of T cells bearing IL 2 receptors, the number
      of IL 2 receptors per T cell, or the levels of IL 2 released. Finally, exogenous
      IL 1 can be added as late as 18 to 24 hr after culture initiation without
      significantly reducing its ability to enhance the T cell proliferation response.
      These data indicate that IL 1 has pleiotropic effects on murine T lymphocytes and
      can function to enhance T cell activation at multiple points during the
      activation sequence.

PMID- 2413116
TI  - Purification and partial characterization of a monoclonal "second order"
      suppressor factor specific for L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10.
AB  - A GAT-specific "second order" suppressor T cell factor (TsF2) from the hybridoma
      762 B3.7 has been purified and biochemically characterized. The protein has a
      m.w. of approximately 66,000, an isoelectric point of 6.8 to 6.9, and elutes from
      a reversed phase HPLC column in two peaks, one in 55% acetonitrile, the other in
      70% propanol. Amino acid analysis of both forms gave similar molar ratios,
      suggesting that the two forms are closely related and may differ mainly in the
      degree of posttranslational modification. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis under reducing
      conditions gave two chains of the apparent m.w. of 42,000 and 35,000.

PMID- 2413117
TI  - Assembled topographic antigenic determinants of pigeon cytochrome c.
AB  - The specificity of the IgG fraction of the sera of several rabbits hyperimmunized
      with glutaraldehyde-polymerized pigeon cytochrome c was examined by fluorescence
      quenching titration and a sensitive competitive plate-binding radioimmunoassay
      developed for the analysis of small amounts of antiserum. Four pigeon cytochrome
      c-specific Fab fragments were found to bind simultaneously to the immunogen.
      Competition assays, using an extensive set of naturally occurring, chemically
      prepared hybrid and enzymically modified cytochromes c, implicated in antibody
      binding all seven amino acid residues at which the immunogen differs from the
      homologous rabbit cytochrome c. Thus, rabbits produce small amounts of three
      antibody populations directed against the regions of serine 15, alanine 44, and
      glycine 89, respectively, on pigeon cytochrome c, and a large amount of the
      population which binds to an assembled topographic determinant composed of
      isoleucine 3, glutamine 100, alanine 103, and lysine 104. The latter four
      residues are from the amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal alpha-helices, and
      cluster where the two helices cross each other on the back surface of the
      molecule. Antibodies against native pigeon cytochrome c reacted very poorly with
      the several cyanogen bromide-cleaved fragments of the molecule, consisting of
      residues 1 to 65, 1 to 80, 66 to 104, and 81 to 104.

PMID- 2413118
TI  - Biochemical characterization of the molecules reactive with Qa-6 antiserum and
      the monoclonal antibody 20-8-4: evidence for structural similarity with the Qa-2
      molecule.
AB  - The Qa-6 alloantigen and the molecule that crossreacts with the monoclonal
      antibody (mAb) 20-8-4 have been shown to be serologically distinct from the Qa-2
      alloantigen by strain distribution and tissue distribution, respectively. In this
      report, we address the biochemical relationships among Qa-2, Qa-6, and the 20-8-4
      cross-reactive molecule by using immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. Each of these molecules had an apparent m.w. of approximately
      41K and was associated on the cell surface with beta 2-microglobulin. Removal of
      N-linked oligosaccharides with endoglycosidase F reduced their apparent m.w. to
      approximately 33K to 34K. The determinants recognized by anti-Qa-6 and mAb 20-8-4
      were shown to reside on the same molecule(s) precipitated by anti-Qa-2 sera by
      immunodepletion experiments. The mAb 20-8-4 was also shown to preclear the
      molecules detected by the Qa-6 and Qa-2 antisera. Two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis analysis demonstrated complete co-migration of the approximately
      41K molecules detected by the three antibodies. By peptide map analysis with V8
      protease, all three molecules appeared identical. Also, the determinant
      recognized by Qa-6 antiserum co-modulated with that recognized by the anti-Qa-2
      mAb D3.262. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the molecules
      recognized by these three antisera and/or mAb are biochemically
      indistinguishable. These data, in conjunction with the serologic and genetic
      findings suggest that mAb 20-8-4 recognizes a molecule that is biochemically
      similar and possibly identical to the Qa-2 antigen. Moreover, although the
      genetic, serologic, and biochemical data demonstrate that Qa-6 is not controlled
      by the Qa-2 locus, but rather by a gene telomeric to Qa-2, the molecule bearing
      the Qa-6 determinant is very similar, if not identical, to the Qa-2 molecule.
      Several possible explanations for these discrepancies are discussed.

PMID- 2413119
TI  - Identification of recurrent idiotypes within the unrestricted anti-fluorescein
      immune response.
AB  - The BALB/cV immune response to fluorescein (F1) was analyzed for expression of
      serologically defined idiotypes (Id) present on two anti-F1 hybridoma proteins, 3
      13 and 3-17. After a I degree, II degree, or III degree immunization with F1-KLH,
      Id 3-13 and 3-17 were expressed in 15 of 28 and 22 of 28 mice, respectively.
      Solid-phase Id inhibition assays, performed by using pooled or individual anti-F1
      antibody, indicated Id 3-13 and 3-17 represented less than 1.0% of the I degree,
      II degree, or III degree serum anti-F1 repertoire. Hybridoma proteins 3-13 and 3
      17 had similar but distinct active sites as indicated by similar patterns of Id
      inhibition, fine specificity of binding, and affinity for F1. Analyses of 11 anti
      F1-AECM-Ficoll hybridoma proteins (predominantly mu, lambda) indicated 4 of 11
      clones were weakly cross-reactive with 3-13 and 3-17. Anti-F1-KLH II degree
      antibody from mice of various Igh allotypes was also screened and indicated these
      Id were expressed in each strain but at lower levels than in BALB/cV mice and
      were not strictly allotype associated. Id 3-13 and 3-17 represent the first
      demonstration of repertoire-specific recurrent Id expressed during a T-dependent
      immune response lacking a dominant Id.

PMID- 2413120
TI  - Exogenous ATP enhances calcium influx in intact thymocytes.
AB  - Recent observations have indicated that exogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
      may influence lymphocyte functions such as proliferation and cytoxicity. Here we
      report a novel activity of extracellular ATP--it specifically increases Ca2+
      uptake in murine lymphocytes. ATP added to thymocytes increases the rate of
      [45Ca2+] uptake by up to 20-fold. The increased rate is seen with ATP
      concentrations as low as 500 microM and is half-maximal at approximately 2 mM
      ATP. The magnitude of stimulation by ATP is dependent on Mg2+ concentration, and
      ATP-Mg2+ complex is probably the true activator. Of the high-energy phosphate
      containing compounds tested, including deoxy-ATP, only GTP showed a modest
      stimulation of calcium uptake. ADP, AMP, cyclic AMP, and adenosine did not
      significantly increase calcium uptake. Cellular integrity as indicated by trypan
      blue exclusion and ethidium bromide/acridine orange staining was unaffected by
      ATP. Ca2+ influx is the major mode of action of ATP in raising intrathymocyte
      Ca2+ levels, because neither the Ca2+ efflux nor the [45Ca2+]-Ca2+ exchange was
      significantly altered in the presence of ATP. Verapamil, a Ca2+ channel blocking
      agent, could not prevent the ATP effect, suggesting that ATP may be acting by a
      mechanism other than the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel. An analysis of
      intracellular and extracellular ATP levels by chemiluminescence assay indicated
      no significant ATP entry into intact lymphocytes. Also, ATP added to the medium
      containing thymocytes was destroyed (approximately 50% by 20 min). The
      nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs, AMPPCP and AMPPNP, were unable to stimulate a
      significant amount of Ca2+ uptake, suggesting the involvement of a cell surface
      phosphotransferase activity. This was supported by the demonstration of a
      threefold to fivefold increase in the labeling of protein and phospholipid
      fractions obtained from intact thymocytes exposed to [gamma 32P]ATP for 30 min.
      Ca2+ is believed to play an important role in a variety of lymphocyte functions,
      including mitogenesis and natural killer cell activity. The data herein thus
      provide a potential mechanism for the action of exogenous ATP on these lymphocyte
      functions.

PMID- 2413121
TI  - Fibroblasts maintain the phenotype and viability of the rat heparin-containing
      mast cell in vitro.
AB  - Rat serosal heparin-containing mast cells (HP-MC) were maintained in vitro for as
      long as 30 days when co-cultured with mouse skin-derived 3T3 fibroblasts. In
      contrast, when the mast cells were cultured alone, on fibronectin-, gelatin-, or
      dermal-collagen-coated dishes, on acid and heat-killed fibroblasts in the
      presence or absence of 24 hr fibroblast-conditioned medium, or on a monolayer of
      mouse serosal macrophages, they failed to adhere to the dishes, released
      significant amounts of their histamine and lactate dehydrogenase, and stained
      with trypan blue, indicating a loss of viability. The rat serosal HP-MC cultured
      with the 3T3 fibroblasts became so adherent to the fibroblasts that the two cell
      types could be separated from one another only by trypsinization. The cultured HP
      MC stained with both alcian blue and safranin and continued to synthesize
      proteoglycan at a rate comparable to that of freshly isolated cells. The 35S
      labeled proteoglycan synthesized by these cultured cells, like that produced by
      freshly isolated rat serosal HP-MC, was a 750,000 to 1,000,000 m.w. proteoglycan
      containing only heparin glycosaminoglycans of 50,000 to 100,000 m.w. When HP-MC
      were cultured for 1 wk with the fibroblasts and were then incubated for 5 min
      with a 1/20 dilution of rabbit anti-rat IgE, they generated and released an
      average of 22 +/- 10 ng (mean +/- SD, n = 5) of prostaglandin D2 per 10(6) cells
      and exocytosed a higher net percentage of their total histamine content (44 +/-
      11% [mean +/- SD, n = 8]) than did cells just isolated from the animal (6 +/- 4%
      [mean +/- SD, n = 4]). As assessed by electron microscopy, many of the cultured
      HP-MC resembled freshly isolated cells except that some secretory granules had
      fused with one another in some cells. Morphologically, after activation the
      cultured HP-MC underwent compound exocytosis like freshly isolated cells. These
      results demonstrate that the in vivo differentiated rat HP-MC maintain their
      histology, morphology, immunologic responsiveness, histamine content, and ability
      to synthesize heparin proteoglycan when co-cultured with living fibroblasts.

PMID- 2413122
TI  - Induction of germ-line anti-alpha 1-3 dextran antibody responses in mice by
      members of the Enterobacteriaceae family.
AB  - A large panel of enteric organisms was screened for agglutination with a panel of
      lambda monoclonal antibodies of different heavy chain isotypes specific for alpha
      1-3 dextran (DEX). Two strains were initially isolated that were bound by most of
      the anti-DEX antibodies. One organism, Enterobacter cloacae strain MK7, which was
      characterized in detail, induced a typical lambda anti-DEX response in Igh-Ca
      mice that had a fine idiotope profile comparable with that induced by purified
      B1355S dextran containing alpha 1-3 glucosidic linkages (alpha 1-3-DEX). The
      determinant on the bacterial surface was shown by binding inhibition with
      nigerotriose to contain alpha 1-3 linkages. Hyperimmunization with these
      organisms of normal, athymic (nu/nu), or germ-free mice induced large amounts of
      IgM antibodies but very little IgG. This is the first description of an organism
      isolated from the normal gut flora of mice that can be shown directly to be bound
      by alpha 1-3-DEX antibodies and to induce the typical germ-line response of the
      DEX family of antibodies.

PMID- 2413123
TI  - Stable expression of cytolytic activity by influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Influenza-specific immune cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) populations maintain a
      constant level of in vitro cytolytic activity. This is demonstrable with both
      heterogeneous populations of anti-viral CTL from immune donors and long-term CTL
      clones derived from primed CTL precursors. Cytolytic machinery is stably
      expressed by these CTL populations under a variety of in vitro cultivation
      conditions. This finding is in contrast to results with alloreactive CTL
      generated by stimulation of primed CTL precursors that lose cytolytic activity on
      a per cell basis with time after stimulation. The results indicate that virus
      specific, cloned CTL that stably express cytolytic activity are representative of
      the heterogeneous populations from which they are derived and further suggest a
      qualitative difference in the regulation and expression of cytolytic machinery
      between heterogeneous populations of influenza-specific CTL and alloreactive CTL.

PMID- 2413124
TI  - Cross-reactive recognition of mouse cells expressing the bm3 and bm11 mutations
      within H-2Kb by H-2Kb-restricted herpes simplex virus-specific cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, generated in C57BL/6 mice in response to herpes simplex
      virus type 1 (HSV) and known to be restricted in their recognition of HSV-encoded
      antigen(s) in association with the class I H-2Kb gene product, were consistently
      found to contain a subpopulation that recognized and lysed uninfected, SV40
      transformed cells that expressed the H-2Kbm3 and H-2Kbm11 mutant class I gene
      products on their cell surface. The mutant cell lines, designated Lgbm3SV and
      Kbm11SV, share a common amino acid substitution at position 77, with the bm3
      mutation having an additional amino acid substitution at position 89. Cross
      reactive lysis was observed only after in vivo priming with HSV, suggesting an
      important role for an antigen-dependent driving step in the expansion of these
      cross-reactive CTL. The phenotype of the cross-reactive effector population was
      further confirmed as a T lymphocyte by negative-selection techniques. Limiting
      dilution analysis of the frequency of cross-reactive CTL precursors suggested
      that cross-reactivity was mediated by a subpopulation of HSV-specific CTL, and
      this was confirmed by clonal analysis of the reactivity patterns of short-term,
      HSV-specific CTL clones. However, analysis of the specificity of the cross
      reactive CTL population by cold-target inhibition of bulk culture-derived CTL, or
      by Spearman ranking analysis of limiting dilution-derived CTL, indicated that the
      specificity of the cross-reactive population for HSV-infected H-2b target cells
      and for uninfected bm3 or bm11 target cells was quite distinct. These findings
      suggested that the cross-reactive CTL population played little, if any, role in
      the HSV-specific CTL response as measured in vitro. The findings also suggested
      that the HSV-specific CTL clones able to mediate cross-reactive recognition of
      the bm3 and bm11 targets had a higher intrinsic avidity for the foreign target
      than for the inducing antigen.

PMID- 2413125
TI  - Inability of interferon to protect virus-infected cells against lysis by natural
      killer (NK) cells correlates with NK cell-mediated antiviral effects in vivo.
AB  - Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is a natural killer (NK) cell-sensitive virus,
      whereas lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is an NK cell-resistant virus.
      Selective depletion of NK cell activity by injection of mice with anti-asialo GM1
      antibody enhanced synthesis of MCMV but not that of LCMV when mice were
      simultaneously infected with the two viruses. This suggests that the NK cell
      mediated antiviral effects may depend on target cell susceptibility to NK cell
      mediated lysis rather than the ability of a virus to induce a specialized
      antiviral NK cell. In support of this concept, activated NK cells isolated from
      either MCMV- or LCMV-infected mice had similar patterns of killing against all
      targets tested. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) infected with MCMV were less
      sensitive to lysis by activated NK cells than either uninfected or LCMV-infected
      MEF. However, when MEF were pretreated with IFN, activated NK cell-mediated lysis
      against MCMV-infected MEF was undiminished and was much higher (up to fourfold)
      than that against uninfected MEF, whose sensitivity to lysis was almost totally
      abolished by IFN pretreatment. LCMV-infected MEF were also protected by IFN
      against activated NK cell-mediated lysis. During infection, the virus-induced IFN
      may protect uninfected and LCMV-infected cells from IFN-activated, NK cell
      mediated lysis, but MCMV-infected cells may remain sensitive to lysis. This could
      explain how NK cells play a role in resistance to MCMV but not LCMV.

PMID- 2413126
TI  - Characterization of SJL T cell clones responsive to syngeneic lymphoma (RCS): RCS
      specific clones are stimulated by activated B cells.
AB  - To gain insight into the nature of the syngeneic T cell-stimulating molecules on
      SJL lymphoma cells (RCS), a panel of eight Ly-1+2- T cell clones that are
      specific for transplantable RCS has been generated. All of these clones
      proliferate vigorously in response to two independent RCS lines and to LPS
      activated syngeneic or F1 B cell blasts, but not to unstimulated SJL spleen cells
      or to allogeneic B cell blasts. Only one RCS-specific clone displays a
      proliferative response to (SJL X BALB/c) resting spleen cells, suggesting that I
      E molecules are not the source of stimulation of RCS-responsive cells. Responses
      of the T cell clones to both RCS and syngeneic LPS-activated B cells are
      inhibited by monoclonal antibodies to I-A antigens, and not by antibody to I-E
      antigens. These findings suggest that RCS-responsive T cells are stimulated
      either by syngeneic I-As alone, in a form expressed on activated B cells, or by I
      As in combination with X, where X is a cell surface antigen present on B cells at
      certain stages of differentiation.

PMID- 2413127
TI  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the measurement of antibodies to
      different parts of the gram-negative lipopolysaccharide core region.
AB  - Bovine serum albumin was complexed with the core antigens of either Escherichia
      coli J5 LPS, Salmonella minnesota R595 LPS or E. coli lipid A. These core-BSA
      complexes were used for solid-phase coating in ELISAs for anti-core antibodies.
      Antibodies, binding to various parts of the core region were easily quantified in
      a single experimental set-up, which was hitherto not possible. The ELISA has only
      3 incubation steps and is not costly as only moderate amounts of the core
      antigens (i.e., 1 microgram per test) were needed for coating. The sensitivity
      proved to be excellent and the complexes were biologically fully active (compared
      to native, smooth LPS), which make them suitable for the screening (after fusion)
      of monoclonal anti-core antibodies. Another possible application is the large
      scale screening of blood-bank sera in order to find samples with a high anti-core
      antibody content.

PMID- 2413128
TI  - An improved method of antigen detection on nitrocellulose: in situ staining of
      alkaline phosphatase conjugated antibody.
AB  - A biological stain for alkaline phosphatase was applied to detect immune
      complexes immobilized on nitrocellulose. This method was sensitive and useful for
      in situ staining of antigens, in dot-immunobinding assays and immunoblots. In
      addition to its sensitivity, the staining of alkaline phosphatase conjugated
      antibody was also highly stable, and allowed a permanent record of original
      immunochemical data. A rapid and simple method is also described using this
      technique for screening translation products of recombinant clones.

PMID- 2413129
TI  - Demonstration of T4, T8, M1 and B7 determinants on human T cells with a rosette
      test: implications for the assay specificity of monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Under optimal test conditions significantly more freshly isolated human T cells
      reacted with OKT4, OKT8, OKM1 and OKB7 monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) in the
      indirect antiglobulin rosetting reaction (IARR) than by indirect
      immunofluorescence. Rabbit erythrocytes (E) coated with anti-mouse immunoglobulin
      were more sensitive indicator cells in the IARR than similarly coated sheep E.
      Treatment of T cells with neuraminidase further enhanced T cell reactivity in the
      IARR with each Mab so that an average of 60% or more of T cells were T4+, T8+ and
      M1+ and at least 40% had the T4+ T8+ phenotype. The various findings suggest that
      the rosette assay detects determinants on T cells that are expressed below the
      detection threshold of immunofluorescence. Moreover, these findings indicate that
      the cellular specificities of a particular Mab may change when one assay system
      is substituted for another or when the protocol of a particular assay is altered.

PMID- 2413130
TI  - Fluoresceinated alpha 2-macroglobulin as a probe for studying macrophages.
AB  - The potential value of fluorescein-conjugated human alpha 2-macroglobulin as a
      probe for studying macrophages in murine peritoneal exudate and spleen cell
      suspensions has been investigated using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter.
      These studies revealed that the number of alpha 2-macroglobulin-positive cells in
      the mixtures examined correlated closely with their macrophage content as
      determined morphologically. Furthermore cells separated on the FACS on the basis
      of their strong alpha 2-macroglobulin binding exhibited macrophage morphology and
      expressed Fc receptors on their surface. Conversely the alpha 2-macroglobulin
      negative population contained few macrophages or Fc rosette-forming cells.
      Extensive blocking and comparative binding studies with a number of purified
      human alpha 2-macroglobulin preparations and derivatives thereof, and a variety
      of purified proteins, confirmed that the binding of fluorescein-conjugated alpha
      2-macroglobulin to peritoneal exudate cells was specific. Furthermore the binding
      occurs in a highly reproducible manner. These observations suggest that
      fluorescein-conjugated alpha 2-macroglobulin in conjugation with flow cytometry
      is a sensitive and reliable method for both identifying and isolating
      subpopulations of macrophages.

PMID- 2413131
TI  - Comparison of techniques for the detection of monocyte specific antigens.
AB  - Monocyte specific antigens are relevant in renal and bone marrow transplantation,
      but a reproducible monocyte-antigen system has not yet been recognized. In order
      to establish a sensitive test system with reproducible results in monocyte
      serology, 3 different monocyte cytotoxicity techniques were compared. In our
      hands the two-colour fluorescence test on post-Ficoll total leukocyte suspensions
      fulfilled the criteria. This technique was used to screen sera from multiparous
      women and renal transplant recipients for the presence of monocyte specific
      antibodies. By testing sera on cells from individuals who were HLA compatible
      with the serum donors, anti-HLA reactions were excluded. Several promising sera
      containing monocyte specific antibodies were identified, thus indicating the
      success of our approach.

PMID- 2413132
TI  - An antibody to human thymic Hassall's body epithelium recognizes a subset of
      blood group A antigens.
AB  - TE-19, a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) against thymic Hassall's body
      epithelium, was investigated because of its cross-reactivity with human
      erythrocytes. Antibody TE-19 was found to react only with group A erythrocytes,
      though it reacted with Hassall's body epithelium from donors of all blood group
      phenotypes. TE-19 antibody bound preferentially to cells of subgroup A1, and
      reacted only weakly with A2 and Aint erythrocytes. Although it apparently bound
      to A antigen with both glycolipid and glycoprotein backbones, TE-19 antibody only
      reacted with A antigenic moieties containing long or branched chain structures.
      Analysis of TE-19 reactivity with erythrocyte membrane components using
      electroblotting and immunostaining techniques showed antibody reactivity with
      components migrating in the areas of band 4 X 5 and just ahead of the dye front,
      consistent with membrane glycolipid. It is possible that all human thymic
      Hassall's bodies contain epithelial cells which, irrespective of the donor's
      erythrocyte blood group, bear a carbohydrate antigen similar to A antigen.

PMID- 2413133
TI  - Evidence of only one H-2D/L-related glycoprotein in H-2dm1 mutant cells.
AB  - Analyses of the H-2D/L-related glycoproteins from dm1 mutant cell extracts by
      sequential immunoprecipitation, by SDS gel electrophoresis and by tryptic peptide
      mapping indicate that dm1 cells express only a single glycoprotein with H-2D/L
      related determinants. In contrast to the four H-2D/L-related antigens identified
      for the parental d haplotype viz. H-2Dd, H-2Md, H-2Ld and H-2Rd, separate and
      distinguishable "H-2Ddm1", "H-2Mdm1", "H-2Ldm1" and "H-2Rdm1" glycoprotein
      counterparts are apparently lacking in the dm1 mutant haplotype. Only a single H
      2D/L-related glycoprotein is identified in dm1 extracts by standard serological
      methods and this glycoprotein is designated H-2D/Ldm1 because of its H-2Dd/H-2Ld
      hybrid characteristics, as recently shown by Burnside and colleagues (1984).
      Thus, the seemingly complex phenotype of the dm1 mutant appears to originate
      primarily from one molecule having properties of two (or more) molecules of the
      parental haplotype.

PMID- 2413134
TI  - Intravesical formalin in intractable haematuria.
AB  - Eleven patients with bladder tumours classified T2 (2 cases), T3 (6 cases) or T4
      (3 cases) - and 3 patients with radiation cystitis - were assessed as being
      beyond the scope of even palliative surgery, severe haemorrhage being present in
      all cases. One patient was treated by total cystectomy and urinary diversion 21
      months after intravesical formalin installation. Palliative haemostatic treatment
      was instituted in all cases by intravesical instillation of a 10% formalin
      solution under general anaesthesia. Two patients received 3 and 5 instillations
      respectively, the former over 3 weeks and the latter over 9 months. The bladder
      was filled completely and an indwelling catheter introduced, the formalin
      solution being left in the bladder for from 3 to 20 minutes (mean: 13 minutes).
      Haematuria was absent after from one to 21 days (mean: 5.3 days) in 13 cases. The
      14th patient died before arrest of haemorrhage. Survival after instillation was
      from 3 days to 32 months (mean 6.8 months). The outcome was fatal within 3 months
      or less in 8 cases and 6 patients died within 2 months of acute renal failure,
      one within 3 days of instillation. In 5 cases the treatment with formalin reduced
      bladder capacity to less than 100 ml. Other complications included acute
      infection of thigh, ruptured bladder, retroperitoneal fibrosis and severe
      frequency and nocturia (1 case each), and this procedure should therefore be
      reserved for terminal cases unable to support more aggressive therapy.

PMID- 2413135
TI  - Phagocytosis of type III group B streptococci by neonatal monocytes: enhancement
      by fibronectin and gammaglobulin.
AB  - The potential of fibronectin to enhance phagocytosis of type III group B
      streptococci by cultured neonatal monocytes was evaluated. Fibronectin had
      significantly less effect on phagocytosis compared with type-specific antibody to
      group B streptococci; fibronectin increased the cell association of organisms to
      a level comparable to that of adult pooled serum and significantly more than that
      of serum-free controls. Microbicidal activity suggested that this cell
      association consisted of attachment but not ingestion, and electron micrographs
      showed the extracellular location of these organisms. In contrast, the effect of
      fibronectin on type III group B streptococci preopsonized with intravenous
      gammaglobulin revealed significantly greater numbers of cell-associated organisms
      than did addition of type-specific antibody to group B streptococci, pooled adult
      serum plus fibronectin, or serum-free controls. Phagocytosis was similar when
      assessed by microbicidal activity compared with the cultures with added type
      specific antibody and significantly greater when compared with those with added
      pooled serum, and results were confirmed by electron microscopy. Therefore,
      fibronectin together with intravenous gammaglobulin enhanced ingestion of type
      III group B streptococci by neonatal monocytes.

PMID- 2413136
TI  - Selective defects in cytomegalovirus- and mitogen-induced lymphocyte
      proliferation and interferon release in patients with acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome.
AB  - To examine the defect in cellular immunity in patients with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), we studied in vitro lymphocyte proliferation
      and interferon (IFN) release in response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen and
      Concanavalin A mitogen in 40 homosexual men with AIDS, 10 homosexual men with
      chronic lymphadenopathy syndrome, 7 healthy homosexual men, and 18 healthy
      heterosexual subjects of either sex. CMV serology by an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay and viral cultures for CMV were performed. Lymphocytes of
      patients with AIDS showed impaired CMV-specific release of IFN but normal mitogen
      induced IFN release. The defect was not attributable to CMV infection per se.
      Cell proliferation in response to both CMV antigen and mitogen was impaired in
      patients with AIDS who had opportunistic infections. The defect could not be
      attributed to CMV viremia. We concluded that impaired release of IFN in response
      to a viral antigen is characteristic of lymphocytes in patients with AIDS and
      that this defect is distinct from a defect in mitogenic responsiveness, which
      coexists predominantly in patients with opportunistic infections.

PMID- 2413137
TI  - Recovery of AIDS-associated retroviruses from patients with AIDS or AIDS-related
      conditions and from clinically healthy individuals.
AB  - Lymphocytopathic retroviruses have been recovered from the peripheral mononuclear
      cells of over 160 individuals in all segments of the population known to be at
      risk for developing AIDS. They have not been isolated from individuals coming
      from outside the risk groups. Virus has been cultured from patients with AIDS or
      AIDS-related conditions and from clinically healthy individuals. Some of these
      AIDS-associated retroviruses (ARV) have been selected to be studied for
      differences in biologic and molecular features. The results support the role of
      this virus in AIDS and its associated diseases.

PMID- 2413138
TI  - Development of antigen-specific cell-mediated immune responses after infection of
      cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi.
AB  - Cynomolgus monkeys were evaluated for cellular immune responses after infection
      with the Karp strain of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Antibody and clinical signs of
      localized and systemic infection were also evaluated. Animals challenged with
      homologous or heterologous strains at various times after a primary infection
      were also followed up. Naive monkeys developed eschars, lymphadenopathy,
      rickettsemia, and elevated body temperatures. Antibody in these animals was IgM
      followed by IgG. Lymphocyte proliferation and production of gamma-interferon by
      peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes also were demonstrated. If challenged six
      years after the initial infection, clinical signs and cellular responses were
      indistinguishable from naive animals but an anamnestic IgG antibody response was
      noted. If challenged eight months after the initial infection, complete
      resistance was noted, but if challenged at one year, a localized cutaneous lesion
      developed. The majority of animals infected previously had preexisting lymphocyte
      activity, a characteristic suggesting long-term immunologic memory that was not
      protective against rechallenge.

PMID- 2413139
TI  - Antigenic variation in trypanosomes: genomes in flux.

PMID- 2413140
TI  - Cross-reactive urinary antigens among patients infected with Legionella
      pneumophila serogroups 1 and 4 and the Leiden 1 strain.
AB  - A solid-phase radioimmunoassay was developed to detect antigens of Legionella
      pneumophila serogroup 4. The assay detected antigen in urine from four of seven
      patients with pneumonia caused by L. pneumophila serogroup 4, two of two patients
      with L. pneumophila Leiden 1 strain (proposed new serogroup), and 26 of 55
      patients with L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (proven by culture or direct fluorescent
      antibody assay). The antigen of two patients with serogroup 4, one with Leiden 1
      strain, and 49 with serogroup 1 infections could be detected in a previously
      described assay for antigens of L. pneumophila serogroup 1. Serogroup specificity
      of the assays could be demonstrated if serial dilutions of urine were tested.
      None of 347 urine specimens used as controls were positive in the
      radioimmunoassay. We conclude that antigens are excreted in the urine of at least
      some patients with Legionnaires' disease caused by serogroup 4 and Leiden 1
      strain. The urinary antigens in patients with serogroup 4 and Leiden 1 strain
      infections, although different from those in patients with serogroup 1
      infections, serologically contain cross-reactive components.

PMID- 2413142
TI  - Natural resistance to salmonellae in mice: control by genes within the major
      histocompatibility complex.
AB  - Determinations of 50% lethal dose (LD50) values in H-2 congenic B10 lines showed
      that late-emerging resistance (postimmune response phase) to salmonellae of
      intermediate virulence was less in H-2b and H-2d than in H-2a, H-2k, and H-2f
      mice. Association of resistance to H-2 was confirmed by backcross analysis, and
      LD50 determinations on H-2 recombinant haplotype strains showed that resistance
      maps to the I-E subregion. Bacterial growth curves in liver and spleen showed
      that susceptible mice carried bacteria for longer in the reticuloendothelial
      system than did resistant mice and that susceptible mice showed greater
      splenomegaly. Association of resistance and susceptibility to H-2 was not
      different when sister transductant salmonellae expressing somatic antigens O4 and
      O9 were used. Thus a gene(s) within the major histocompatibility complex controls
      natural resistance to salmonellae in mice by influencing the ability to clear
      bacteria from the reticuloendothelial system in the later phase of the infection,
      and the immunodominant O antigen cannot be solely involved.

PMID- 2413141
TI  - Recognition of different Toxoplasma antigens by IgM and IgG antibodies in mothers
      and their congenitally infected newborns.
AB  - The protein-blotting technique was used to determine the antigens of Toxoplasma
      gondii that were recognized by IgG and IgM antibodies in sera of congenitally
      infected newborns and their mothers. Patterns of IgG and IgM blots with sera from
      newborns revealed antigen-antibody reactions (bands) that were not present in the
      respective blots obtained with sera from their mothers. This was true for 50% of
      24 congenitally infected newborns. In contrast, such a difference was noted in
      only one (5%) of 21 newborns who were not congenitally infected but whose mothers
      had serological evidence of acute infection with T. gondii acquired during
      gestation. Our results suggest that the protein-blotting method or an adaptation
      may be valuable for study of the immune response of the mother, fetus, and
      newborn to various antigens of infectious organisms and for diagnosis of
      congenital infections in the newborn.

PMID- 2413143
TI  - Antigen recognition by effector T cells in antileishmanial defense.
AB  - We have observed that T cells (Ly1+2-) from draining lymph nodes of mice that
      have footpad infections with Leishmania major activate macrophages for
      antileishmanial effects in vitro in an apparently contact-dependent, noncytotoxic
      manner. The nature of antigenic specificity in this system was investigated.
      Whereas lymphocytes sensitized to L. major induced antileishmanial effects in
      macrophages infected with L. major, lymphocytes sensitized to Listeria
      monocytogenes were ineffective. When macrophages infected with L. major were
      primed with listerial antigens, however, the lymphocytes sensitized to Listeria
      induced antiparasitic effects in an apparently lymphokine-independent manner.
      Furthermore, lymphocytes sensitized to one Leishmania spp. activated macrophages
      for in vitro defense against both homologous and heterologous Leishmania spp.
      These findings suggest that antigen recognition in macrophage activation for
      antileishmanial defense is critical and is restricted to the initial interaction
      of effector lymphocytes and macrophages. Recognition of genus-conserved antigens
      apparently can serve to trigger effector T cells to activate antileishmanial
      defense in macrophages.

PMID- 2413144
TI  - Gram stain and culture of sputum to diagnose bacterial pneumonia.

PMID- 2413145
TI  - A rapid colorimetric assay of fungal viability with the tetrazolium salt MTT.
AB  - A rapid colorimetric assay for viability of fungi that uses the tetrazolium salt
      MTT is described. All live species of a wide range of medically important fungi
      that were tested reduced MTT, with resultant intracellular formation within
      several hours of clearly visible purple crystals of MTT-formazan. The assay
      proved particularly useful in measuring viability of individual hyphae; greater
      than 99% of live Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus oryzae hyphae stained purple
      when incubated with MTT compared with 0% of hyphae killed by any of a variety of
      methods. The MTT method for measuring fungal viability closely correlated with a
      slide-culture technique when killing of A. fumigatus hyphae by graded
      concentrations of hydrogen peroxide was compared. MTT-formazan was easily
      extracted from the fungi by alcohol, a procedure allowing spectrophotometric
      quantification of fungal killing in both cell-free and cellular systems. A linear
      relation between inocula and MTT reduction of several fungi, including Candida
      albicans blastospores and A. fumigatus hyphae, was demonstrated. Human leukocytes
      killed 80.3% of C. albicans blastospores as measured by the MTT assay, compared
      with 70.5% as measured by dilutions and pour plates. Killing of A. fumigatus
      hyphae by human leukocytes was also quantitated by using the MTT assay.

PMID- 2413146
TI  - Cross-reactivity of rabbit antibodies to lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli
      J5 and other gram-negative bacteria.
AB  - Antiserum to rough gram-negative mutants such as Escherichia coli J5 and
      Salmonella minnesota Re595 is thought to neutralize the toxic effects of
      lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). To verify that such antisera are capable of binding
      heterologous endotoxins, we examined IgG and IgM class antibodies induced in
      rabbits to a variety of LPSs. Immunization with rough mutants or lipid A induced
      high IgG antibody responses to the homologous purified LPS and relatively low but
      significant responses to heterologous LPSs. Increases in IgM antibodies were also
      primarily to homologous LPS. Immunization with smooth organisms induced little or
      no antibody to heterologous LPSs. Soluble LPS, outer membrane vesicles, and whole
      bacteria produced strong homologous inhibition but little or no heterologous
      inhibition in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Cross-adsorption of antisera to
      rough mutants suggested that the IgG and IgM antibodies induced to heterologous
      LPS were adsorbed by the heterologous LPS and not by the core LPS used to
      immunize the animals. Rabbit antibody directed to J5 or Re595 LPS fails to bind
      to any substantial degree to heterologous LPS. Immunization with whole bacterial
      vaccines, particularly the rough mutants and lipid A, does increase antibody to a
      wide variety of antigens. The possibilities that the protective effects of
      antisera to rough mutants are due to a polyclonal antibody response or to the
      induction of as yet unidentified factor(s) deserve further investigation.

PMID- 2413147
TI  - Geographic variation among isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis: demonstration of
      antigenic heterogeneity by using monoclonal antibodies and the indirect
      immunofluorescence technique.
AB  - Although Trichomonas vaginalis causes one of the most common sexually transmitted
      diseases, little is known about the antigenic variation of the parasite or about
      differences between strains in epidemiology or virulence. Variation among
      isolates of T. vaginalis was investigated by using a panel of monoclonal
      antibodies, each reactive with different antigens, to test 88 isolates from
      diverse geographic areas of North America. All isolates of T. vaginalis reacted
      with at least one of the nine monoclonal antibodies; the individual antibodies
      reacted with 22%-76% of the isolates. A pool of two broadly reactive antibodies
      identified all isolates in the study. Four of the most narrowly reactive, or
      "specific," antibodies demonstrated differences in the antigenic composition of
      trichomonads isolated from patients in Seattle, Baltimore, and Brooklyn, New York
      (P less than .005 by chi 2 test). Application of these and other monoclonal
      antibody probes may facilitate epidemiological studies and provide rapid,
      reliable methods for direct diagnosis of trichomonads in clinical specimens.

PMID- 2413148
TI  - Antibody-antigen specificity in the immune response to infection with Neisseria
      gonorrhoeae.
AB  - This study was done to define antigens important in the immune response to
      infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sera were obtained from men and women with
      uncomplicated gonorrhea (UGC), women with disseminated gonococcal infection, and
      women with gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); sera were also obtained
      from uninfected controls. Vaginal fluids were taken from 15 patients with UCG or
      PID. The sera and vaginal fluids were tested against gonococcal isolates from the
      same patients to examine homologous antibody-antigen interactions by use of the
      western blot technique. Antibodies in the serum reacted with more gonococcal
      antigens compared with antibodies in the vaginal fluid. IgG in serum and vaginal
      fluid reacted with more antigens than did IgA in the same specimens. The
      predominant antigens reactive with IgG in serum were pili, protein II, a broad 23
      33-kDa band of antigen, and presumptive lipopolysaccharide; and for IgA, protein
      II and a 46-48-kDa protein. The control sera also reacted with the 46-48-kDa
      protein. The predominant antigens reactive with IgG in vaginal fluid were protein
      I, protein II, pili, and the 46-48-kDa protein; and for IgA, protein I, protein
      II, and pili. Immunoglobulin in vaginal fluid reacted comparatively more with
      protein I than did immunoglobulin in serum.

PMID- 2413149
TI  - [Specific inhibitory effects of anti-cancer drugs conjugated with anti-alpha
      fetoprotein, a specific antibody to the AFP-producing yolk sac tumor].

PMID- 2413150
TI  - [A case of an alpha-fetoprotein producing tumor of the chest wall].

PMID- 2413151
TI  - Deferoxamine injection does not affect bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats.
AB  - Bleomycin is an antineoplastic agent that causes a dose-related lung fibrosis
      that limits its therapeutic effectiveness. It has been proposed that the cellular
      toxicity and antitumor effects of bleomycin occur by formation of O2-Fe(II)
      bleomycin complexes that degrade DNA and release O2- and OH radicals that attack
      other cellular components. Twice daily injections of the iron chelator
      deferoxamine were utilized in an attempt to ameliorate bleomycin-induced lung
      fibrosis. They failed to diminish bleomycin-induced lung inflammation and
      fibrosis in rats.

PMID- 2413152
TI  - FACS quantitation of leucine aminopeptidase and acid phosphatase on tumor
      associated macrophages from metastatic and nonmetastatic mouse mammary tumors.
AB  - Macrophages were isolated by adherence from tumors produced by a number of murine
      mammary carcinoma lines and were examined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting
      for quantitation of leucine aminopeptidase and acid phosphatase. The tumors
      included three lines, 66, 67, and 168, which were originally derived from a
      single, spontaneously arising tumor in a BALB/cfC3H mouse and two other lines,
      D2A1 and D2F2, which were derived from a single tumor arising from the
      transplantable hyperplastic alveolar nodule line, D2. These five lines differ
      from one another in a number of characteristics, including the ability to
      metastasize spontaneously to the lung from subcutaneous implants and to form
      experimental metastases in lungs following intravenous injection. Line 67 is
      nonmetastatic under both circumstances, whereas lines 66, D2A1, and D2F2 are
      metastatic under the same conditions. Intermediate to these is line 168, which is
      nonmetastatic from the subcutaneous site but capable of colonizing the lung with
      an efficiency similar to 66 when injected IV. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM)
      from lines 66, D2A1, and D2F2 contained the greatest amounts of leucine
      aminopeptidase (LAP) and those from line 67 the least, with TAM from 168 being
      intermediate. Conversely, the TAM from line 67 had the greatest amounts of acid
      phosphatase (APTase) and those from line 168 the least. In addition to
      differences among tumors in enzyme levels of the adherent TAM, the precentages of
      TAM that were adherent were also different among the tumors. Only 12% of TAM from
      line 67 were recovered in the adherent fraction as opposed to 35-38% of TAM from
      lines 66 and 168. These results confirm and extend our previous findings that TAM
      from metastatic tumors have increased levels of LAP compared to TAM from
      nonmetastatic tumors. They also demonstrate noncoordinate expression of LAP and
      APTase in TAM, and illustrate how a population of TAM can be homogeneous for one
      enzyme and heterogeneous for another. Furthermore, the difference in the
      percentage of macrophages that are adherent between metastatic and nonmetastatic
      tumors is another indication both of the heterogeneous nature of TAM and of the
      role of a tumor in determining the type of host infiltrate with which it is
      associated.

PMID- 2413153
TI  - Decay-accelerating factor is present on paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
      erythroid progenitors and lost during erythropoiesis in vitro.
AB  - A glycoprotein that regulates the deposition of C3b on the erythrocyte surface,
      called decay-accelerating factor or DAF, is absent from the red blood cells (RBC)
      of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), explaining in part
      their abnormal sensitivity to complement. We used a specific antiserum to DAF,
      flow microfluorometry, and clonogenic assays for erythroid progenitor cells to
      study PNH erythropoiesis in vitro. By fluorescence-activated cell sorter
      analysis, all RBC from normal individuals are DAF+. In contrast, the RBC of six
      patients with PNH showed discrete populations of DAF- cells (10-44%; x +/- SEM =
      31 +/- 6%). The DAF- RBC population was partly eliminated by prior acidified
      serum lysis. To determine whether erythropoietic progenitors expressed DAF, bone
      marrow cells were sorted by flow microfluorometry and the separated DAF+ and DAF-
      populations then cultured in vitro. In two normal individuals, but also in six
      patients with PNH, erythroid colonies formed only from cells in the DAF+
      fraction. However, a variable proportion of the normoblast progeny of these DAF+
      progenitor cells from patients with PNH was DAF-. Individual bursts removed from
      cultures of PNH bone marrow showed two discrete populations by fluorescence; the
      majority of normoblasts were DAF-, only 3 of 27 individual bursts had greater
      than 50% DAF+ cells, and in three patients, DAF- normoblasts averaged 79%. In
      contrast, the progeny of individual bursts from normal individuals comprised a
      unimodal DAF+ population. In each PNH patient, one normal burst (greater than 80%
      DAF+ normoblasts) was detected, possibly reflecting a normal residual population
      of erythroid progenitors. By the criterion of DAF expression, there was no
      evidence of separate populations of normal and PNH type progenitor cells. The
      phenotypically normal erythroid progenitors of PNH bone marrow acquire the PNH
      characteristics during differentiation in vitro.

PMID- 2413154
TI  - HLA class II regulation and structure. Analysis with HLA-DR3 and HLA-DP point
      mutants.
AB  - Point mutations that affect HLA-DR structure or expression have not previously
      been described. In the present study, we isolated such mutants by immunoselection
      of an ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized HLA-DR3 cell line with an anti-HLA-DR3
      monoclonal antibody, 16.23. To facilitate analysis, we used a parent cell line
      with a preexisting deletion of one haplotype encompassing DR and DQ alpha and
      beta. The selection yielded two sets of mutants, one with defects in DR3
      structure, the other with defects in different steps leading to DR expression. Of
      the expression-defective mutants, one had undergone a second deletion removing
      the remaining DR alpha gene but no other class II genes. It had a normal
      abundance of DR beta mRNA but had lost binding of DR monomorphic antibodies,
      indicating that DR beta chains do not form noncognate dimers. A second mutant had
      an abnormally large DR alpha mRNA, probably resulting from a splice site
      mutation. Several mutants had marked reductions in DR beta mRNA levels; in two of
      these, the lesion appeared to be transcriptional because the reduction in DR beta
      mRNA was paralleled by an altered methylation pattern of one of the DR beta
      genes. Other expression-defective mutants had different posttranscriptional
      defects. Some of the mutations were similar to those that have been found in
      mouse strains defective in I-E expression, whereas others have no known natural
      counterpart. The matrix of reactivities of anti-HLA class II monomorphic
      antibodies with these and similar mutants allowed us to define the gene products
      recognized by these antibodies. A set of seven mutants were "epitope defective,"
      that is, they expressed normal or near normal levels of HLA-DR3 but no longer
      bound 16.23. Unexpectedly, each of the epitope mutants had decreased DR dimer
      stability. These mutants should be useful in localizing the DR3 alloepitope and
      in elucidating its contribution as a restriction element in the presentation of
      soluble antigen to immune T cells.

PMID- 2413155
TI  - Human B cell activation. Evidence for diverse signals provided by various
      monoclonal anti-IgM antibodies.
AB  - Seven murine monoclonal antibodies (mAb) with different binding characteristics
      for human IgM varied markedly in their ability to induce proliferation of T cell
      depleted human splenocytes. Two mAb (HB57 and 5D7) that bound to distinct
      epitopes on IgM were highly effective initiators of B cell proliferation at very
      low concentrations, in the presence of a T cell factor source. In the absence of
      T cell supernatant, both HB57 and 5D7 mAbs produced a markedly reduced degree of
      stimulation at all concentrations. Two additional anti-IgM mAb (VIIIE11 and Mu53)
      were distinctive in that, even at high concentrations, only limited proliferation
      was observed compared with the first group of mAb. This proliferation depended on
      the presence of T cell supernatant. Competitive-binding studies revealed that the
      epitope recognized by mAb Mu53 may be identical or very proximate to that
      recognized by HB57. Three other mAb (1G6, XG9, and P24) induced little or no
      proliferation. 1G6 bound to a unique epitope on the IgM molecule, whereas XG9
      shared a determinant with VIIIE11 mAb. Regulatory influences of Fc receptor
      binding cannot account for all the diversity in proliferation observed with the
      individual anti-IgM mAb. Markedly augmented proliferation was obtained when B
      cells were cultured with certain combinations of anti-IgM mAb in the presence of
      exogenous T cell supernatant. The proliferation induced in the absence of T cell
      supernatant by high concentrations of mAb mixtures that included 1G6 approached
      that observed for the same mixtures in the presence of T cell supernatant. The
      data suggest that certain signals delivered through membrane IgM can bypass the
      need for T cell supernatant in the activation of human B lymphocytes.

PMID- 2413156
TI  - Direct evidence that a class II molecule and a simple globular protein generate
      multiple determinants.
AB  - We have examined the individual contributions of the I-A kappa alpha chain, the I
      A kappa beta chain, and the foreign antigen hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) in the
      formation of the determinant being recognized by the T cell receptor. As
      functional probes we have used (a) a panel of 10 HEL-specific T cell hybridomas,
      (b) a panel of antigen-presenting cells (APC) possessing mutations in either the
      I-A kappa alpha or I-A kappa beta chains, and (c) proteolytic fragment of HEL and
      related synthetic peptides. The ability of the I-A kappa beta and I-A kappa alpha
      mutant cell lines to present antigen to the 10 T cell hybridomas divided these T
      cells into six distinct groups. These HEL-specific T cells therefore appear to
      recognize several distinct domains on the I-A kappa molecule. The 10 T cell
      hybrids were then shown to recognize at least three distinct determinants on the
      HEL molecule, with 8 of the 10 hybrids recognizing one of two major determinants
      HEL(46-61) or HEL(34-45). Combining the response patterns to the panel of I-A
      kappa mutant APC lines with the antigen specificity revealed that the 10 T cell
      hybrids recognized at least eight unique determinants formed by the I-A kappa
      alpha chains, I-A kappa beta chains, and HEL peptides. This analysis provides
      direct evidence that a large number of different determinants or T cell receptor
      ligands can be generated from a single Ia molecule and a simple globular protein.

PMID- 2413158
TI  - Perturbation of the T4 molecule transmits a negative signal to T cells.
AB  - We investigated the functional role of the T4 molecule in the activation of T
      cells by OKT3. T4+ cells were induced to proliferate by OKT3 and erythrocyte
      rosette-negative accessory cells in the presence or absence of OKT4C, OKT4, and
      OKT1. OKT4C (IgG1), and not OKT4 (IgG2) or OKT1 (IgG1) inhibited proliferation
      when OKT4C was added during the first 24 h of cell culture. The inhibition of
      OKT3 activation by OKT4C did not require Ia+ accessory cells, since T4+ cells
      could be activated by OKT3 in the presence of Ia- U937 cells, and this activation
      was markedly inhibited by OKT4C. Furthermore, T4+ cells could be induced to
      proliferate by OKT3 covalently linked to Sepharose beads, in the absence of any
      accessory cells. Under these conditions, OKT4C, but not OKT4 or OKT1
      significantly inhibited proliferation. These data demonstrate that at least one
      mechanism by which anti-T4 antibodies inhibit T cell activation is independent of
      any putative role of T4 molecules in the recognition of Ia on target cells. The
      data are compatible with the idea that perturbation of the T4 molecules can
      transmit a negative signal to T4+ cells.

PMID- 2413157
TI  - Acquisition of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-specific carbohydrate differentiation
      antigens.
AB  - Cytotoxic T cell (CTL)-specific activation antigens, termed CT determinants, have
      been detected by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that inhibit CTL function. At the
      cell surface, the CT antigens are associated with the T200 glycoproteins and two
      other proteins of Mr 140,000 and 85,000 and are present on a secreted protein,
      gp155. Periodate treatment followed by binding analysis and immunoprecipitation
      experiments using tunicamycin-treated cells indicated that carbohydrate is
      necessary for CT antigen expression. Furthermore, gp155 is secreted in the
      presence of tunicamycin while retaining the CT antigens, and the CT determinants
      are added late in T200 biosynthesis, suggesting that the CT glycans are O-linked.
      Finally, interleukin 2 was shown to dramatically influence the expression of the
      CT mAb-reactive oligosaccharides present at the CTL cell surface.

PMID- 2413159
TI  - Multiple forms of angiotensin-converting enzyme in human tissues and fluids.
AB  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1) exhibits distinctive tissue
      differences in electrophoretic behaviour. Human tissue homogenates and biological
      fluids were subjected to agar gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The
      gels were cut into slices and enzymatic activity detected by a specific
      colorimetric reaction. The technique allows localization of the enzyme in the
      electrophoretogram and gives an estimate of the total enzymatic activity of a
      tissue or biological fluid. Several tissues were found to show multiple forms of
      angiotensin-converting enzyme. The specificity of the assay was determined by
      running the samples after the addition of captopril and by adding proteinase
      inhibitors to the incubation mixture.

PMID- 2413160
TI  - The role of the kidney in the elimination of pancreatic lipase and amylase from
      blood.
AB  - Two clinical observations indicate that the kidney plays the main role in the
      elimination of lipase and amylase from the circulation: 1. in patients with
      uncomplicated acute pancreatitis the decrease of the activity of both enzymes in
      the serum ran almost in parallel. The half life for lipase was found to be 6.9
      13.7 h, and somewhat higher figures (9.3-17.7 h) were calculated for amylase; 2.
      in patients with reduced glomerular filtration rate the serum activity of either
      or of both enzymes was distinctly elevated. The contribution of the kidney to the
      elimination of lipase and amylase from blood was studied in the rat. After an
      intravenous bolus injection of homologous lipase and amylase, the serum activity
      of both enzymes decreased rapidly. The half-life of lipase was 18.1 min, that of
      amylase 20.5 min. Up to 30% of the injected amylase but only traces of lipase
      activity were recovered in the urine. In animals with ligated kidneys the serum
      half-life of both enzymes was 3 times longer. Our results indicate that lipase as
      well as amylase are removed from the serum mainly by glomerular filtration at
      nearly the same rate. Reabsorption of lipase is almost complete, in contrast to
      that of amylase. It is suggested that the differences in the renal handling of
      both enzymes are due to their differing affinities for hydrophilic and
      hydrophobic surfaces.

PMID- 2413161
TI  - Removal of sodium channel inactivation in squid axon by the oxidant chloramine-T.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of a mild oxidant, chloramine-T(CT), on the
      sodium and potassium currents of squid axons under voltage-clamp conditions.
      Sodium channel inactivation of squid giant axons can be completely removed by CT
      at neutral pH. Internal and external CT treatment are both effective. CT
      apparently removes inactivation in an irreversible, all-or-none manner. The
      activation process of sodium channels is little affected, as judged from the
      voltage dependence of peak sodium currents, the rising phase of sodium currents,
      and the time course of tail currents following the repolarization. The removal of
      inactivation by CT is pH-dependent; higher pH decreases the removal rate, whereas
      lower pH increases it. Internal metabisulfite, a strong reductant, does not
      protect inactivation from the action of external CT, nor does external
      metabisulfite protect from internal CT application. CT slightly depresses the
      peak potassium currents at comparable concentrations but has no apparent effects
      on their kinetics. Our results suggest that the neutral form of CT modifies an
      embedded methionine residue that is involved in sodium channel inactivation.

PMID- 2413162
TI  - The identification of antigenic determinants on Mycobacterium bovis using
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Murine hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies to Mycobacterium bovis were
      produced and three soluble antigens were identified using radioimmunoassays and
      immunoblotting from polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels. Antibody MB3 (IgM, k
      chain) reacted with 20-100 kDal antigens produced by all mycobacterial strains
      examined while antibody MB5 (IgG2a, k chain) identified a 29.8 kDal antigen
      detected in field isolates of M. bovis and M. bovis strains Vallee and AN5. There
      was insignificant binding to M. bovis BCG, M. tuberculosis, M. microti, M.
      africanum, M. avium or M. paratuberculosis. Monoclonal antibody MB17 (IgA, k
      chain) reacted with a 17.4 kDal antigen present in M. bovis, M. tuberculosis and
      M. microti. Absorption of monoclonal antibodies with antigens from different
      species of Mycobacterium confirmed the specificities of MB3 and MB5 but the
      binding of MB17 was inhibited to some extent by all the extracts examined. The
      antigen identified by MB3 was present in purified protein derivative (PPD) from
      M. bovis, M. paratuberculosis and M. avium but antigens identified by MB5 and
      MB17 were not detected in these reagents.

PMID- 2413163
TI  - Two distinct subtypes of human respiratory syncytial virus.
AB  - Antigenic variation of human respiratory syncytial (RS) virus strains was
      analysed using a collection of nine, six, six, nine and one monoclonal antibodies
      respectively directed against the large glycoprotein (G), fusion protein (F),
      matrix protein (M), nucleoprotein (NP) and phosphoprotein (P) components of the
      Long strain of RS virus. A comparison was made with seven other strains isolated
      during different years in radioimmune precipitation analyses and immune
      fluorescence tests. Two different subtypes of the virus were demonstrable.
      Subtype A included the prototype strains Long and A2 and virus isolates from
      1973, 1983 and 1984; subtype B included four virus strains isolated in successive
      years from 1979 to 1982. Subtype A viruses reacted with all the antibodies,
      whereas subtype B viruses showed different epitope characteristics in four
      structural components. The number of altered epitopes were 5/6, 1/2, 2/6 and 1/6
      in the G, F, M and NP components, respectively. It is concluded that the two
      subtypes have evolved separately. The finding of two subtypes may explain
      previously observed strain variations in neutralization tests, and gives a new
      perspective on the immunobiology of RS virus.

PMID- 2413164
TI  - Antigenic sites on the ERA rabies virus nucleoprotein and non-structural protein.
AB  - Thirty-one monoclonal antibodies, specific for either the nucleoprotein (N) or
      the non-structural protein (NS; nucleocapsid-associated protein) of the
      nucleocapsid of the ERA strain of rabies virus, were used to investigate the
      topography of antigenic sites on the nucleocapsid complex. Based on the results
      of a competitive enzyme immunoabsorbent assay using these antibodies, five
      spatially distinct antigenic sites were defined: three on the N protein (groups N
      I, N II and N III) and two on the NS protein (groups NS I and NS II). Antigenic
      variations among various street and laboratory strains of rabies virus were
      analysed by indirect immunofluorescence assay with the monoclonal antibodies
      specific for the nucleocapsid. Some correlation between the natural nucleocapsid
      variation and the antigenic topographical map was observed.

PMID- 2413165
TI  - Inhibition of replication of herpes simplex virus in mouse macrophages by
      interferons.
AB  - The replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 in macrophages grown from
      spleen cells of mouse strains susceptible to HSV infection in vivo was very
      sensitive to interferon (IFN). Different types of mouse IFN (alpha, beta, gamma)
      exhibited similar antiviral activities. However, treatment of cells with IFN
      gamma in combination with IFN-alpha or IFN-beta resulted in a synergistic
      inhibition of virus growth. As shown by assaying HSV DNA polymerase, IFN
      inhibited expression of the beta-genes. Inhibition of enzyme induction correlated
      well with the reduction of viral yield. Induction of HSV DNA polymerase was
      delayed by IFN in a dose-dependent manner. These results show that IFN inhibits
      HSV replication at an early step prior to or during the synthesis of beta
      proteins.

PMID- 2413166
TI  - Retrovirus-like particles in hepatocytes of patients with transfusion-acquired
      non-A, non-B hepatitis.
AB  - Retrovirus-like particles 60-85 nm in diameter were observed in the cytoplasm of
      hepatocytes in liver biopsies obtained during the acute and chronic phases of non
      A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) in three patients with transfusion-acquired disease.
      The particles appeared in dilated endoplasmic reticulum cisternae as well as in
      enlarged Golgi vesicles. No such particles were seen in hepatocytes in liver
      biopsies similarly obtained during the acute or chronic phases of NANBH from 11
      additional patients with NANBH who did not acquire their disease following blood
      transfusion. Particle-associated reverse transcriptase activity (peak activity at
      a density of 1.14 gm/ml) was present in the sera of all three "particle-positive"
      patients and also in 42% of the "particle-negative" patients. The retrovirus-like
      particles described here were apparently unrelated to the previously described
      human T cell lymphocytotropic retroviruses (HTLV), since none of the 14 patients
      studied had antibodies in their serum directed against antigens of any of the
      three known HTLVs.

PMID- 2413167
TI  - Neutralization of hepatitis B virus infectivity by a murine monoclonal antibody:
      an experimental study in the chimpanzee.
AB  - Two study chimpanzees were inoculated intravenously with approximately 1,000
      chimpanzee infectious doses of hepatitis B virus (HBV), one with subtype adr and
      one with subtype ayw, each previously incubated with 0.1 ml of a murine
      monoclonal antibody (IgG 1(K) class) directed against a single epitope on
      hepatitis B surface antigen common to most or all HBV. Two control chimpanzees
      received identical doses of HBV not incubated with the murine anti-HBs. Neither
      study chimpanzee developed HBV infection during 12 months of follow-up as judged
      by normal serum aminotransferase activity, normal liver biopsies, and negative
      serological tests for HBV-associated antigens and antibodies. In contrast, both
      control chimpanzees became infected by HBV as evidenced by elevated serum
      aminotransferase activity, liver biopsy changes characteristic of viral
      hepatitis, and the appearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in their
      sera. Both study chimpanzees were shown to be fully susceptible to infection with
      these same HBV inocula when challenged 15 months after the initial inoculations
      at a time when passively administered anti-HBs was no longer detectable. Prior to
      challenge with HBV, one of the two study chimpanzees received a second injection
      of the same volume of the murine monoclonal anti-HBs. The survival of this anti
      HBs in serum was reduced from six weeks (after the initial injection) to
      approximately two weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413168
TI  - Formation of copper-bleomycin complexes: evidence of a three-step process.
AB  - The formation of Cu(II)-bleomycin complexes as a function of pH has been studied
      using circular dichroism, absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance
      spectroscopy, and potentiometric titration. Our data support the following
      points: the formation of Cu(II)-bleomycin complexes occurs in a three-step
      process: a first complex (I) is formed at pH 1.2, which most probably involves
      the pyrimidine nitrogen, the secondary amine nitrogen, and two water molecules as
      the four in-plane ligands of copper. A second complex (II) is formed at pH 2.5,
      through the further coordination of the peptide nitrogen of histidine residue,
      and histidine imidazole nitrogen giving rise to the release of two protons. The
      fixation, in apical position, of the alpha-amino nitrogen of beta-aminoalanine
      occurs in a last step through the release of one additional proton. A value of
      2.7 has been obtained for the pK of formation of this third complex, which is the
      species present at physiological pH. In the Cu(II)-depbleomycin system only one
      complex (II') has been detected.

PMID- 2413169
TI  - Remodeling and sorting process of ethanolamine and choline glycerophospholipids
      during their axonal transport in the rabbit optic pathway.
AB  - The existence of a mechanism by which the ester- and ether-linked aliphatic
      chains of the major phospholipids are retailored during their axonal transport
      and sorted to specific membrane systems along the optic nerve and tract was
      investigated. A mixture of [1-14C]hexadecanol and [3H]arachidonic acid was
      injected into the vitreous body of albino rabbits. At 24 h and 8 days later, the
      distribution (as measured by the 3H/14C ratio) and the positioning (as monitored
      by hydrolytic procedures) of radioactivity in the various phospholipid classes of
      retina, purified axons, and myelin of the optic nerve and tract were determined.
      At the two intervals after labeling, the 3H/14C ratios of each diradyl type of
      phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine were (a) substantially unchanged
      all along the axons within the optic nerve and tract and (b) markedly modified in
      comparison with those found in the retina and axons for molecular species
      selectively restricted to myelin sheath. Evidence is thus available that
      intraxonally moving ethanolamine and choline glycerophospholipids, among others,
      are added to axonal membranes most likely without extensive modifications. In
      contrast, they are transferred into myelin after retailoring. Through these two
      processes, the sorting and targeting of newly synthesized phospholipids to their
      correct membrane domains, such as axoplasmic organelles, axolemma, or periaxonal
      myelin, could be controlled.

PMID- 2413170
TI  - Elevated density of [3H]imipramine binding in aged human brain.
AB  - Aging was associated with an increase in the density of specific binding sites
      for [3H]imipramine in postmortem specimens of human hypothalamus, frontal cortex,
      and parietal cortex. In general, [3H]imipramine binding was not affected by
      factors considered difficult to control in postmortem studies, i.e., time from
      death to autopsy and cause of death. The in vitro regulation of [3H]imipramine
      binding by sodium was impaired with age in hypothalamic homogenates. In vitro
      regulation of [3H]imipramine binding by chloride was intact. Determination of the
      concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      in hypothalamus and frontal cortex indicated no apparent age-related changes in
      indole metabolism. The age-related increase in brain [3H]imipramine binding and
      impairment in the in vitro regulation of binding by ions are similar to changes
      observed previously in aged mouse brain. The increase in brain antidepressant
      binding sites is discussed in relationship to other indices of brain serotonergic
      function in aging and to the relationship of [3H]imipramine binding and
      depression.

PMID- 2413171
TI  - Binding of lanthanum ions and ruthenium red to synaptosomes and its effects on
      neurotransmitter release.
AB  - A technique for studying the binding of La3+ to synaptosomes in a double-beam
      spectrophotometer, using murexide as indicator, is described. The binding of La3+
      was very rapid and Scatchard plots revealed two components, with KD values of 0.6
      and 27 microM in a Na+-free medium (sucrose medium) and 2.3 and 63 microM in an
      ionic medium containing 135 mM Na+. The binding of the cationic dye ruthenium red
      (RuR) showed only one site, with a KD of 3.7 microM. La3+ binding was partially
      inhibited by RuR and vice versa, and La3+ was also capable of partially
      displacing RuR previously bound to the synaptosomes, particularly in the sucrose
      medium. The release of labeled gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) stimulated by K+
      depolarization was inhibited by La3+ concentrations at or above 1 microM, in the
      ionic medium, whereas in the sucrose medium 2.5 microM or higher La3+
      concentrations notably stimulated the spontaneous release of both GABA and
      glutamic acid. It is concluded that La3+ and RuR share at least one type of
      binding site, which is probably the high-affinity La3+ site. Since both La3+ and
      RuR at low concentrations have been shown to block the depolarization-induced
      Ca2+ entry in synaptosomes, this site might be related to the voltage-dependent
      Ca2+ entry involved in neurotransmitter release.

PMID- 2413172
TI  - Inhibitory effect of tannins on reverse transcriptase from RNA tumor virus.
AB  - Twenty-four tannins and related compounds were examined for inhibition against
      reverse transcriptase from RNA tumor virus. Hydrolyzable tannins showed a potent
      inhibitory effect comparable to nitidine, in the presence of polyadenylic acid
      oligothymidylic acid as a template-primer. A lesser inhibitory activity was
      observed for the monomeric ellagitannins, gallotannins, and nitidine using
      polycytidylic acid-oligodeoxyguanylic acid as a template-primer, whereas the
      inhibitory activity of dimeric ellagitannins was almost as potent as that
      observed for these compounds in the polyadenylic acid-oligothymidylic acid
      directed reaction. Inhibition by tannins was reversed by the addition of either
      template-primer or enzyme, suggesting that the inhibition is due to the
      interaction of tannins with both of them.

PMID- 2413173
TI  - Passive transfer studies in demyelinating neuropathy with IgM monoclonal
      antibodies to myelin-associated glycoprotein.
AB  - Serum or IgM fraction from two patients with a demyelinating neuropathy and IgM
      monoclonal antibodies to myelin-associated glycoprotein were injected in three
      different animal species. There were no clinical, electrophysiological or
      morphological signs of demyelination in either chronic or acute passive transfer
      experiments. These results suggest that the pathogenesis of this human
      demyelinating neuropathy may be more complex than has been assumed.

PMID- 2413174
TI  - Mossy fibres form synapses with identified pyramidal basket cells in the CA3
      region of the guinea-pig hippocampus: a combined Golgi-electron microscope study.
AB  - Mossy fibres, i.e. the axons of dentate granule cells, terminate with
      characteristic giant boutons on large spines or excrescences of the pyramidal
      cells in regio inferior of the hippocampus. In addition to pyramidal cells there
      are several types of non-pyramidal neuron which extend their dendrites into the
      termination zone of mossy fibres. By using the combined Golgi-electron microscope
      technique mossy fibre terminals were found, which established asymmetric synaptic
      contacts with both spines of pyramidal cells and smooth dendrites of identified
      (Golgi-stained) pyramidal basket cells in the CA3 region of the guinea-pig
      hippocampus. The observed synaptic connection with pyramidal basket cells
      suggests an involvement of the mossy fibre system in feed-forward inhibition of
      the hippocampal pyramidal neurons.

PMID- 2413175
TI  - Lesion-induced myelin formation in the retina.
AB  - In the normal rat retina ganglion cell axons are not myelinated until they enter
      the optic nerve. After a lesion to the retina made via the sclera and choroid,
      Schwann cells invade the retina and myelinate ganglion cell axons. The lesion
      induced myelin formation is most conspicuous in animals operated between the day
      of birth and 20 days of age. A lesion to the retina made from the vitread surface
      does not produce Schwann cell invasion. We suggest that the Schwann cells migrate
      into the retina from extraocular structures via the sclera. These observations
      provide a valuable system for the study of interactions between CNS axons and
      Schwann cells.

PMID- 2413176
TI  - The thalamic reticular nucleus of the adult rat: experimental anatomical studies.
AB  - The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is a sheet-like nucleus partially enclosing
      the dorsolateral and anterior aspects of the thalamus and traversed by the
      thalamo-cortical and cortico-thalamic fibre systems. This paper describes the
      cellular and synaptic organization of the TRN in adult albino rats on the basis
      of LM and EM studies of normal animals and experimental animals with injections
      of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and/or lesions in various parts of the brain.
      Particular attention was paid to the dorso-caudal part of the TRN, which
      establishes connections with visual centres. LM-HRP preparations show that the
      neurons of TRN project only to ipsilateral dorsal thalamus; no labelled cell
      bodies were found in TRN after injections into the cortex or any part of the
      brain stem caudal to the thalamus. Small injections into dorsal thalamus result
      in a small cluster of labelled neurons and an associated patch of terminal label
      in TRN. The dorso-caudal part of the nucleus projects to the dorsal lateral
      geniculate nucleus, the ventro-caudal part to the medial geniculate nucleus and a
      large part of the nucleus anterior to the areas associated with the geniculate
      nuclei projects to the ventrobasal nucleus. No evidence was found for a
      widespread distribution of reticulo-thalamic axons and the connections between
      TRN and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and between TRN and the ventrobasal
      nucleus show a fine-grain topographical organization with more rostral and dorsal
      parts of TRN projecting to more rostral and dorsal parts of the dorsal lateral
      geniculate and ventrobasal nuclei. The neurons of TRN are variable in size (range
      of somal diameters c. 10-20 micron), shape (cell bodies are most commonly
      ellipsoidal) and dendritic morphology (bitufted and bipolar arrangements most
      common), but no basis for subdividing them into more than one class was found
      with any of the techniques used. The cell body and dendrites are commonly aligned
      parallel to the surface of TRN and at right angles to the traversing fibre
      bundles. The dendrites do not branch extensively and are only moderately spinous.
      Long, hair-like spines corresponding to those described by Scheibel & Scheibel
      (1966) were not found: nor were dendritic bundles found to be as prominent in EM
      material as reported by these authors in LM-Golgi material. Plasma membranes of
      dendrites in small bundles and of contiguous somata were commonly in direct
      contact over large areas, but gap junctions between them were not seen.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2413177
TI  - Late emergence of Thy-1 on climbing fibres demonstrates a gradient of maturation
      from the fissures to the folial convexities in developing rat cerebellum.
AB  - In the third week of postnatal life, Thy-1 staining of Purkinje cells starts to
      decrease, first in the depths of the fissures and then progressively, over the
      next 10 weeks, up the walls of the fissures to the convexities of the folia. This
      is accompanied by a far more striking appearance of high levels of Thy-1 on a
      network of fibres whose distribution strongly suggests they are climbing fibres.
      They acquire the antigen in the same topographical gradient of maturation, and at
      the same time, as Purkinje cells lose it. That these are climbing fibres was
      confirmed by destroying the inferior olive with 3-acetylpyridine, which also
      eliminated the intense Thy-1 staining in the cerebellum. At a stage (18 days)
      when only some climbing fibres in the molecular layer are seen to be Thy-1
      positive, only a proportion of inferior olivary neurons are Thy-1-positive with
      intense antigen labelling over the Nissl substance. The possibility that Thy-1
      also appears on mossy fibres, and at relatively low levels on parallel fibres, is
      discussed.

PMID- 2413179
TI  - Myelin basic protein in Fisher syndrome.

PMID- 2413178
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis: relationships between immunoglobulins,
      leucocytes and clinical features.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 120 patients with multiple sclerosis was analyzed
      by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, as well as routine laboratory microscopy
      and assays of total protein and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Negative correlations
      were found between leucocyte counts and patient age, duration of disease and time
      from last clinical relapse. There was a positive correlation between the
      leucocyte count and amount of gammaglobulin. A correlation between gammaglobulin
      content and degree of disability was found. With increasing duration, the
      gammaglobulin concentration rose only if there was increasing disability. In
      terms of correlations with clinical features, differences existed depending on
      whether IgG was assayed immunologically or by electrophoresis and densitometry.
      Evidence of increased blood: CSF barrier permeability (transudation of high
      molecular weight proteins) was found in patients with progressive disease. The
      presence of oligoclonal bands was the CSF abnormality most frequently
      encountered.

PMID- 2413180
TI  - Therapeutic guidelines and results in advanced seminoma.
AB  - Twenty patients with advanced seminoma were treated with chemotherapy. Fourteen
      patients were previously untreated (group 1) and received vinblastine, bleomycin,
      and cisplatin (VPB) at presentation. Six patients had received prior radiation
      therapy (group 2), and at relapse received either VPB or VP-16-213 (etoposide)
      cisplatin. Within group 1, five patients received no further therapy after VPB
      (group 1A), six patients received radiation to residual radiographic
      abnormalities (group 1B), and three patients underwent surgery to remove residual
      radiographic areas following VPB (group 1C). The complete response rate in group
      1 was 14/14 (100%). At present within group 1A, 5/5 patients (100%) are alive and
      disease-free (NED) for a median follow-up of 32 + months. In group 1B, 6/6
      patients (100%) are alive and NED for a median follow-up of 17+ months. In group
      1C, 3/3 patients (100%) had residual fibrosis at the time of surgical resection.
      Two of these patients died of postoperative complications with no evidence of
      disease and the third is alive and NED at 19+ months. In group 2, 4/6 patients
      (67%) achieved a complete remission, including two patients who are NED at 22+
      and 85+ months, respectively. Two have died and two are alive with progressive
      disease. Doses of chemotherapy to group 2 patients were substantially lower than
      the doses given to group 1 patients. We conclude that chemotherapy is acceptable
      initial therapy for advanced seminoma, and prior extensive radiation therapy may
      impair the ability to give adequate doses of chemotherapy in patients who
      relapse. Residual masses after chemotherapy are often fibrotic and the role of
      postchemotherapy radiation therapy in these patients is uncertain.

PMID- 2413181
TI  - Circulating DF3 and CA125 antigen levels in serum from patients with epithelial
      ovarian carcinoma.
AB  - The murine monoclonal antibody (MAb), designated DF3, reacts with a 300
      kilodalton (kd) mammary epithelial antigen. A sequential double-determinant
      enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) has been developed to monitor circulating DF3
      antigen. Previous studies have demonstrated that the use of the DF3 EIA provides
      a new and potentially useful marker to follow the clinical course of patients
      with metastatic breast cancer. In the present study, we have monitored
      circulating DF3 antigen in the serum of patients with epithelial ovarian
      carcinomas and non-ovarian gynecologic malignancies. Twenty-one of 45 patients
      (47%) with ovarian carcinoma had elevated DF3 antigen levels (greater than or
      equal to 30 U/mL). In contrast, three of 20 patients (15%) with non-ovarian
      gynecologic malignancies, and only four of 59 control women (7%) had elevation of
      circulating DF3 antigen. The difference between DF3 antigen values from patients
      with ovarian cancer and from controls was significant (P less than .001). The
      elevation of circulating DF3 antigen in ovarian cancer patients has also been
      confirmed by transblot assays. MAb DF3 reactivity occurred predominately with
      circulating antigens of molecular weights (mol wt) ranging from 300 to 450 kd.
      Furthermore, DF3 antigen levels have been shown to correlate with progression of
      disease in six patients with ovarian cancer and after resection of disease in two
      others. The half-life of circulating DF3 antigen was approximately 45 to 60 days.
      The results also demonstrate that DF3 antigen is distinct from CA125, a
      glycoprotein associated with coelomic epithelium and developmental amnion. The
      use of both the DF3 EIA and the immunoradiometric assay previously described to
      detect circulating CA125 suggests that determining levels of both markers may
      enhance the sensitivity of monitoring the course of ovarian cancer. Furthermore,
      the use of both assays may be useful in distinguishing ovarian cancer from other
      malignancies.

PMID- 2413182
TI  - Voltage clamp analysis of membrane currents in larval muscle fibers of
      Drosophila: alteration of potassium currents in Shaker mutants.
AB  - The body wall muscles in Drosophila larvae are suitable for voltage clamp
      analysis of changes in membrane excitability caused by mutations. Both inward and
      outward ionic currents are present in these muscle fibers. The inward current is
      mediated by voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. In Ca2+-free saline, the inward
      current is eliminated. The remaining outward K+ currents consist of two distinct
      components, an early transient IA and a delayed steady IK, which are separable by
      differences in the rate and voltage dependence of activation and inactivation.
      The steady-state and kinetic properties of the activation and inactivation
      processes of these two currents are analyzed. The results provide a basis for
      quantitative analysis of altered membrane currents in behavioral mutants of
      Drosophila. Previous studies indicate that mutations in the Shaker (Sh) locus
      alter excitability in both nerve and muscle in Drosophila. Our results support
      the idea that the channels mediating IA are molecularly distinct from those
      mediating IK. All Sh mutations studied specifically affect IA without changing
      the properties of the calcium current and IK. In certain alleles (ShKS133, Sh102,
      and ShM) IA is eliminated, permitting detailed studies of IK in isolation of IA.
      Studies of the alleles that do not eliminate IA provide additional information of
      the channels. In one such allele, Sh5, voltage dependence of IA activation is
      shifted to more positive potentials. This is accompanied by a less pronounced
      shift in the voltage dependence of inactivation. These results suggest that Sh5
      mutation affects the voltage-sensitive mechanism of both activation and
      inactivation processes and that these two processes are not controlled by
      independent parts of the channel. Furthermore, the differential effects of these
      alleles on different excitable membranes imply that other genes take part in the
      control of IA. The effects of Sh5 on muscle depend on developmental stage. In
      larval muscle, Sh5 reduces the amplitude of IA because of the shift in the
      current-voltage (I-V) relation. In contrast, in adult Sh5 muscles, IA is reported
      to be normal in amplitude but shows abnormally rapid inactivation (Salkoff, L.,
      and R. Wyman (1981) Nature 293: 228-230). A different allele, ShrK0120, causes a
      clear defect in nerve excitability, but analysis of IA in ShrK0120 larval muscle
      reveals I-V relations, inactivation, and recovery from inactivation similar to
      those seen in normal fibers. We suggest a possible mechanism of combinations of
      multiple interacting genes participating in the control of potassium channels to
      account for the presence of a variety of potassium channels in different
      excitable membranes.

PMID- 2413183
TI  - Properties of choroid and ciliary neurons in the avian ciliary ganglion and
      evidence for substance P as a neurotransmitter.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from identified choroid and ciliary neurons in
      the ciliary ganglion of the embryonic chick. Choroid neurons, which were
      innervated by multiple preganglionic fibers, frequently displayed noncholinergic
      slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) following repetitive stimulation
      of the preganglionic nerve trunk. These slow potentials were blocked by high
      Mg2+/low Ca2+ buffer and were closely mimicked by bath application of substance
      P, which is known to be present within both populations of preganglionic nerve
      terminals. Substance P-induced depolarizations desensitized during prolonged
      exposure, at which time it was no longer possible to evoke slow synaptic
      potentials. Following manual voltage clamp to resting membrane potential,
      parallel increases in input resistance were seen during the slow EPSP and the
      response to substance P, suggesting that the two responses share common
      mechanisms. Ciliary neurons, which were innervated by a single preganglionic
      fiber and displayed dual electrical-chemical synapses, did not exhibit slow
      synaptic potentials and were unaffected by bath application of substance P. The
      magnitude and time course of fast nicotinic EPSPs elicited in ciliary neurons by
      0.5 Hz presynaptic stimulation were also unchanged in the presence of 1 to 3
      microM substance P. Although the ciliary and choroid neurons share a common
      embryological origin in the neural crest, they are specialized for quite
      different physiological roles. Integration of multiple presynaptic inputs occurs
      at choroid synapses, mediated by the presence of both subthreshold fast nicotinic
      EPSPs and the slow EPSP. In contrast, synapses on ciliary neurons have
      specializations which preclude any integrative function, including single
      innervation, a high quantal content, electrical coupling potentials, and a lack
      of slow synaptic potentials.

PMID- 2413184
TI  - Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory interactions in the iris: nerve growth
      factor regulates cholinergic ciliary ganglion innervation in vivo.
AB  - Interactions between peptidergic sensory nerves, noradrenergic sympathetic
      nerves, and cholinergic parasympathetic fibers were examined in the rat iris. The
      putative peptide neurotransmitter, substance P (SP), was used as an index of the
      trigeminal sensory innervation, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity served to
      monitor the sympathetic fibers, and choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity was
      used as an index of the parasympathetic innervation. Destruction of the
      sympathetic innervation by neonatal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine resulted
      in increased SP development and a smaller increase in CAT activity in the iris.
      Moreover, trigeminal ablation resulted in an increase in both TH and CAT
      activities. Finally, ciliary ganglionectomy resulted in increased SP and a
      smaller increase in TH activity in the iris. Administration of nerve growth
      factor (NGF) into the anterior chamber substantially increased both SP and TH
      activity in the iris and also increased CAT activity to a lesser extent.
      Moreover, administration of anti-NGF into the anterior chamber prevented both the
      sympathectomy-induced increases in SP and CAT, and the increases in TH and CAT
      activities after trigeminal ablation, suggesting that NGF mediated these
      increases. These observations suggest that the sympathetic, sensory, and
      parasympathetic innervations of the iris interact by altering availability of NGF
      elaborated by the iris. Regulation of iris CAT activity was examined in greater
      detail. Injection of the cholinergic toxin, AF64A, into the anterior chamber
      concurrently with ablation of the sympathetic and sensory innervations
      paradoxically increased CAT activity, whereas AF64A alone decreased CAT
      activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413185
TI  - Characterization of a component in chick ciliary ganglia that cross-reacts with
      monoclonal antibodies to muscle and electric organ acetylcholine receptor.
AB  - Chick ciliary ganglion neurons have previously been shown to contain a component
      that shares an antigenic determinant with the "main immunogenic region" of the
      alpha-subunit in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from skeletal muscle and
      electric organ. Ultrastructural studies of antibody binding in the ganglion have
      shown that the cross-reacting antigen exposed on the surface of the neurons is
      located predominantly in synaptic membrane. Here we show that the neuronal
      antigen can be identified in detergent extracts of ciliary and sympathetic
      ganglia, but not in extracts of heart, liver, spinal cord, retina, or dorsal root
      ganglia. In the ciliary ganglion the component is present as an integral membrane
      constituent, and, when detergent solubilized, it sediments as a 10 S species and
      binds to concanavalin A. The component is distinct from the alpha-bungarotoxin
      binding site on the neurons since toxin-binding sites and antibody-binding sites
      can be precipitated separately in ganglion extracts. The component reaches peak
      levels per ganglionic protein between embryonic days 8 and 12. These are some of
      the properties expected for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on ciliary
      ganglion neurons.

PMID- 2413186
TI  - Human spinal cord neurons in dissociated monolayer cultures: morphological,
      biochemical, and electrophysiological properties.
AB  - The preparation of dissociated monolayer cultures from embryonic human spinal
      cord is described. Optimal survival was achieved with embryonic tissue between
      the eighth and ninth week. The neurons survive for as long as 7 weeks in culture
      and they grow in a standard tissue culture medium which contains 13%
      decomplemented human serum. The neurons have been identified by indirect
      immunofluorescence techniques using antibodies to tetanus toxin and neurofilament
      protein. Our biochemical studies demonstrate the presence of cholinergic and
      GABAergic neurons. Cholinergic neurons develop in culture and are more numerous
      in the cultures prepared from the anterior part of the spinal cord as compared to
      those from the posterior part. Therefore, it is possible that a large part of the
      cholinergic neurons derive from the motoneuron pool. Electrical membrane
      properties were studied with patch electrodes using the whole cell recording
      technique. Neurons had short duration action potentials that could be blocked by
      tetrodotoxin (TTX). Voltage clamp experiments combined with the use of
      pharmacological blocking agents revealed the presence of several voltage- and
      time-dependent currents: a sodium current sensitive to TTX, a potassium current
      made up of two components, sensitive to tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine,
      and a calcium current sensitive to cobalt. From a biochemical and
      electrophysiological point of view the properties of human spinal cord neurons in
      culture closely resemble the properties of spinal cord neurons from other
      species.

PMID- 2413187
TI  - Immunoblot analysis of horseradish peroxidase conjugates of wheat germ agglutinin
      before and after retrograde transport in the rat peripheral nervous system.
AB  - Immunoblot studies were performed on tissue extracts of rats injected with
      horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugates of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) using anti
      HRP and anti-WGA antisera. Immunoblots of uninjected, purified conjugates (WGA
      HRP) demonstrated a 62-kilodalton (kd) conjugate (monomeric WGA conjugated to
      HRP). Other prominent immunobands included HRP (40 kd), monomeric WGA (22 kd),
      and 15- to 30-kd HRP breakdown products. Following injections of WGA-HRP into the
      submandibular gland of rats which survived 16 hr to 8 days, immunoblots were
      performed on homogenates of injected submandibular glands and of superior
      cervical ganglia containing neurons retrogradely labeled with WGA-HRP. The anti
      HRP antiserum detected unconjugated, 40-kd HRP and a 62-kd immunoband
      corresponding to WGA-HRP in the superior cervical ganglia and submandibular
      glands. No immunobands were detected with the antiserum to WGA in superior
      cervical ganglia homogenates. Blots of submandibular gland homogenates harvested
      24 hr after a WGA-HRP injection, but not at later time points, contained an
      immunoband reactive with the anti-WGA antiserum; it corresponded to monomeric
      WGA. These studies analyze for the first time the molecular composition of WGA
      HRP conjugates before and after retrograde transport; they provide a novel
      approach for probing the intraneuronal transport and degradation of proteins. We
      conclude that morphologically defined endocytic pathways using protein markers
      reflect the endocytosis and transport of immunochemically altered and unaltered
      forms of the markers.

PMID- 2413188
TI  - Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study on pilomatrixoma.

PMID- 2413189
TI  - Transmethylation of homocysteine to methionine: efficiency in the rat and chick.
AB  - Experiments were conducted with young chicks and rats to quantify the efficacy of
      L-homocysteine as a methionine precursor. Linear growth responses were obtained
      to both L-methionine and L-homocysteine when added to a methionine-deficient
      intact-protein diet containing a plethora of cystine. Slope-ratio multiple
      regression methodology indicated L-homocysteine to be 64.5% as efficacious as L
      methionine in rats and 62.5% as efficacious in chicks. Plasma-free methionine
      also increased linearly as graded levels of either L-methionine or L-homocysteine
      were added to the diet of rats. At higher dosages of L-homocysteine, betaine, but
      not choline, showed some efficacy in enhancing the conversion of homocysteine to
      methionine. In the linear response surface of the growth curve, however,
      supplemental betaine was without effect on L-homocysteine bioefficacy, as was
      also the case for supplemental sarcosine and N5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.

PMID- 2413190
TI  - Absence of chronic effects of dietary protein content on brain tryptophan
      concentrations in rats.
AB  - Groups of young, adult, male rats were given free access for 2 wk to a diet
      containing 12, 24 or 40% protein (dry weight). During this period, all animals
      grew considerably; those consuming the 12% protein diet grew less rapidly than
      those ingesting the higher percent protein diets. At the end of 2 wk, six rats
      from each diet group were killed every 4 h throughout a 24-h period, and blood
      samples and whole brains were obtained for analysis. Serum tryptophan levels were
      lowest in animals consuming the 12% protein diet, intermediate in rats consuming
      the 24% protein diet and highest in rats consuming the 40% protein diet (at all
      times studied). Brain tryptophan levels, however, did not differ significantly as
      a function of dietary protein content. The ratio in serum of the concentration of
      tryptophan to the sum of the concentrations of its competitors for brain uptake
      also was not significantly influenced by dietary protein level. Levels of 5
      hydroxyindoles in brain showed significant diurnal variations but no evidence of
      a significant effect of dietary protein content. Since the ratio of serum
      tryptophan to its competitors and the levels in brain of tryptophan and 5
      hydroxyindoles did not vary as a function of dietary protein intake, the results
      do not support the view that these variables serve as signals to the brain for
      regulating long-term dietary protein intake.

PMID- 2413192
TI  - Hyaline bodies in ameloblastoma: histological and ultrastructural observations.
AB  - An exceedingly rare case of ameloblastoma, plexiform type, which contained
      numerous hyaline bodies was reported. Hyaline bodies occurred within the
      parenchyma, and showed similar histochemical reactions to those of hyaline bodies
      in odontogenic cysts. Ultrastructurally, hyaline bodies found in the present case
      of ameloblastoma were composed of a peripheral electron-dense area and central
      electron-lucent area. Well-developed endoplasmic reticulum containing
      electronlucent and homogeneous substance were seen in the epithelial cells
      adjacent to hyaline bodies. Furthermore, electron-dense spherical granules, with
      or without limiting membrane, were scattered in the cytoplasm of epithelial
      cells. It is thought that hyaline bodies in the present case of ameloblastoma are
      particular products formed by odontogenic epithelial cells.

PMID- 2413191
TI  - Energy costs of ion pumping by animal tissues.
AB  - Results from recent in vitro studies indicate that in excess of 20% of the energy
      expenditure of skeletal muscle, duodenal epithelium and liver of domestic
      ruminants is to achieve Na+ and K+ transport across the plasma membrane. The
      energy cost of active Ca2+ transport is less clear but is likely less than 10% of
      the total expenditure of skeletal muscle at rest. Energy expenditure on Na+ and
      K+ transport was quite sensitive to the physiological state of the animal. During
      lactation, Na+ and K+ transport accounted for nearly half of the in vitro O2
      uptake of skeletal muscle, duodenal epithelium and liver. The energetic cost of
      supporting Na+ and K+ transport was also elevated in young, as compared with
      older animals, by feed intake and by exposure to cold. Na+ and K+ transport
      appears to be a substantial component of the maintenance energy expenditure of
      ruminant tissues. Its variation, therefore, implies that change of maintenance
      energy expenditures with physiological state of the animal warrants serious
      attention.

PMID- 2413193
TI  - Methodological aspects in clinical evaluation of cast restorations with colour
      slides.
AB  - In a methodological investigation colour slides were used for the clinical
      evaluation of crowns. Four criteria, described in a criteria list or recorded by
      means of reference slides, were used. In assessing the clinical characteristics
      of crowns to a certain extent colour slides turned out to be a useful instrument.
      Shortcomings of the method are discussed and improvements are suggested.

PMID- 2413194
TI  - The effect of fibronectin on cholinergic differentiation of the fetal colon.
AB  - In an effort to determine the factors which affect cholinergic development after
      completion of migration of neural crest cells to the colon, the extracellular
      matrix constituents, fibronectin, collagen IV, laminin, and heparan sulfate were
      studied during this later postmigration stage of differentiation. Distal colons
      of the 14 1/2 day embryo rat were incubated in vitro with antibodies to the above
      constituents or with fibronectin alone. Cholinergic function of the colon was
      assessed by acetylcholinesterase staining and choline acetyltransferase activity.
      When 100 micrograms/mL of fibronectin was added to the medium, the choline
      acetyltransferase activity was enhanced; when antibody to fibronectin (50 or 100
      micrograms/mL) was added, acetylcholinesterase staining and choline
      acetyltransferase activity were inhibited. Addition of anti-laminin, anti
      collagen IV, or anti-heparan sulfate did not affect either acetylcholinesterase
      staining or choline acetyltransferase activity. Fibronectin may be an important
      factor in cholinergic differentiation of the enteric nervous system during the
      postmigration stage of development.

PMID- 2413196
TI  - Urinary excretion characteristics of a polymeric prodrug of mitomycin C,
      mitomycin C-dextran conjugate.
AB  - Urinary excretion characteristics of a polymeric prodrug of mitomycin C (MMC),
      mitomycin C-dextran conjugate (MMC-D), following intravenous administration was
      studied in rats. Three types of MMC-D, conjugates with dextrans of molecular
      weights of 10000, 70000 and 500000, were tested and urine concentration of MMC,
      dextran and spacer were determined by three analytical methods, i.e., bioassay,
      anthrone method and radioactivity counting. MMC was assayed separately as a free
      form and conjugated form based on antimicrobiological activity. MMC administered
      as a free form was excreted rapidly into urine but only a small amount of MMC was
      excreted following the administration of MMC-D. The excreted amount of MMC in a
      conjugated form varied with the size of carrier dextran while similar sustained
      excretion was observed regardless of the carrier size. The excretion of carrier
      dextran determined by anthrone method was confined as the molecular weight was
      increased. The effect of molecular weight was also observed in the case of spacer
      introduced dextran (dextran-C6 spacer) and original dextran. Compared with
      neutral dextran, cationic MMC-D and anionic dextran-C6 spacer exhibited
      diminished excretion, indicating the effect of charge on urinary excretion. The
      urinary recovery of radioactivity was almost in accordance with that of carrier
      dextran. However, the urinary recovery of MMC based on biological activity was
      considerably lower than that of carrier dextran. It was suggested that MMC-D
      underwent inactivation to a great extent before releasing active MMC in the body.
      The effect of physicochemical properties such as molecular weight and electric
      charge on the urinary excretion of the polymeric prodrug was thus elucidated.

PMID- 2413195
TI  - Major childhood tumor resection using normovolemic hemodilution anesthesia and
      hetastarch.
AB  - Acute normovolemic hemodilution is a safe technique for minimizing operative
      blood loss during major tumor resection in children. Based on our experience
      using hemodilution anesthesia in 14 successful extensive tumor resections, we
      conclude the following: (1) this is an effective means of reducing use of bank
      blood and thus avoiding the risks of multiple transfusions; (2) it facilitates
      surgical dissection due to increased visibility with dilute blood, and decreased
      bleeding due to controlled hypotension; (3) this technique is acceptable for
      Jehovah's Witnesses; (4) hetastarch is an effective, inexpensive colloid
      hemodiluent which minimized perioperative edema compared to crystalloid
      hemodilution.

PMID- 2413197
TI  - Effects of K+-channel blockers on transmitter release in bullfrog sympathetic
      ganglia.
AB  - Effects of K+-channel blockers, tetraethylammonium (TEA), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)
      and Cs+ on synaptic transmission were studied with an intracellular electrode in
      bullfrog sympathetic ganglia. TEA (25-500 microM), 4-AP (0.6-5 microM) and Cs+
      (50 microM-10 mM) all increased the quantal content of the fast excitatory
      postsynaptic potential in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of TEA were rapid
      in onset and recovery, whereas those of 4-AP and Cs+ appeared with a notable
      delay and reversed slowly. All blockers lengthened synaptic delay. When compared
      at approximately equipotent concentrations for potentiation of transmitter
      release, TEA and 4-AP were found to produce a similar lengthening of the synaptic
      delay whereas Cs+ caused a much greater prolongation. The quantal size of the
      fast excitatory postsynaptic potential and the amplitude of the acetylcholine
      potential were not affected by 4-AP or Cs+, but were depressed by TEA. These
      results indicate that TEA, 4-AP and Cs+ enhance evoked transmitter release in
      bullfrog sympathetic ganglia. It is suggested that the potentiation is caused, at
      least in part, by a mechanism that increases Ca++ influx in the nerve terminal.
      The enhanced influx is presumed to be mediated by a broadening of the presynaptic
      action potential after K+-channel blockade.

PMID- 2413198
TI  - Dextranomer dressing in the treatment of infected wounds and cutaneous ulcers.

PMID- 2413199
TI  - Symbolic functioning in anorexia nervosa.
AB  - This study examined 20 patients with anorexia nervosa using a projective test
      with a quantitative scoring system (the SAT9), and an indirect measure of
      symbolic function (the interoceptive awareness subscale of the EDI). The findings
      support the clinical observation that patients with anorexia nervosa are often
      arrested developmentally, and are without the ability to deal adequately with the
      anxieties created by the process of maturation. The results of this study have
      significance for the psychotherapy techniques used in the treatment of these
      patients.

PMID- 2413200
TI  - A cytochemical method for measuring enzyme activity in individual preovulatory
      mouse oocytes.
AB  - The activities of 6 enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism were determined
      quantitatively in preovulatory oocytes by cytochemical means per individual cell
      as well as biochemically in cell homogenates. Oocytes were incorporated in a
      polyacrylamide matrix for appropriate enzyme cytochemical staining. This
      incorporation preserves the morphology of the cells very well, and the enzymes
      keep their activity for a considerable period of time. This method could also be
      used to demonstrate more than one enzyme activity in the same cell. The results
      obtained by cytochemical means appeared to correlate very well with the
      biochemical data (P less than 0.005). Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the key
      enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, had very high activity in these
      preovulatory oocytes, but 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity was only
      about 2% of that of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The activities of lactate
      dehydrogenase and to a lesser extent glucose phosphate isomerase and D
      glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase also appeared to be very high, while
      hexokinase showed a very low activity.

PMID- 2413201
TI  - Production of monoclonal antibodies to porcine zona pellucida and their
      inhibition of sperm penetration through human zona pellucida in vitro.
AB  - Two hybridoma cell lines producing murine monoclonal antibodies to antigens
      common to the zona pellucida (ZP) of pigs and humans were obtained by
      immunization of mice with solubilized porcine zona antigen. Indirect
      immunofluorescence tests showed that both these monoclonal antibodies stained the
      entire layer of porcine ZP but stained different regions of human ZP, one
      staining the entire layer and the other only the outer surface. At high
      concentrations, these two monoclonal antibodies directed against antigens common
      to porcine and human ZP prevented sperm binding and penetration into human ZP in
      vitro, whereas a monoclonal antibody directed against an antigen restricted to
      porcine ZP did not have these inhibitory effects. It is concluded that human and
      porcine ZP share at least two antigens with different locations in the ZP, and
      that these influence or are essential for interaction of human sperm with the ZP.
      These results provide a rationale for using porcine ZP clinically as a vaccine
      for human immunocontraception.

PMID- 2413202
TI  - Suppression of mixed lymphocyte reaction by cells of human first trimester
      pregnancy endometrium.
AB  - In order to identify an immunological role for decidual tissue in pregnancy we
      have prepared single cell suspensions from the tissues of normal pregnant women
      and examined the effects of these cells on one-way mixed-lymphocyte reactions
      (MLR). The separated cells were heterogeneous, containing classical decidual
      cells, glandular epithelial cells, granular endometrial cells, macrophages and
      small lymphoid cells. [3H]Thymidine incorporation at day 6 of the MLR was
      suppressed by addition of the cells at the initiation of the cultures and the
      degree of suppression was inversely correlated to the gestational age of the
      decidual tissue, apparently through inhibition of the antigen recognition phase
      of the MLR. These findings support the view that the cells of the human first
      trimester pregnancy endometrium may play an important role in protecting the feto
      placental unit from rejection, at least in the early phase of pregnancy.

PMID- 2413203
TI  - A monoclonal antibody, EC-1, derived from a syngeneically multiparous mouse
      alters in vitro fertilization and development.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody designated 'EC-1' was derived from a fusion of myeloma
      cells with lymphoid tissue from a syngeneically multiparous, but otherwise
      unimmunized, mouse and was selected by screening for reactivity with
      teratocarcinoma cells. The IgM antibody binds to the cell surface of ova,
      zygotes, and 2-cell embryos. Binding is not detected on the 4- or 8-cell embryo
      but reappears on the morula and blastocyst. EC-1 binds to the trophoblast but not
      to the inner cell mass of in vitro attached blastocysts and the ectoplacental
      cone of the peri-implantation embryo. In adult tissues, EC-1 binds to the
      follicular cells of the ovary, the lining epithelium of the pregnant uterus, the
      interstitial region of the testes and to epididymal but not testicular sperm. In
      nongonadal tissues EC-1 binds to an epitope located in some, but not all, regions
      of connective tissues associated with basement membrane. The antigen detected by
      EC-1, as expressed on teratocarcinoma-derived cell line PYS-2, is a large
      glycoprotein which is sensitive to reduction. EC-1 inhibits in vitro
      fertilization and partially inhibits in vitro development of in vitro fertilized
      ova. The possible implications of EC-1 binding and activity are discussed.

PMID- 2413204
TI  - Hypothesis: the nervous system may contribute to the pathophysiology of
      rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - No current theory of the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA) explains its important clinical features. We hypothesize that
      neural mechanisms are involved in this pathophysiology and they explain at least
      3 clinical features: specific high risk joints are more likely to develop
      arthritis; specific high risk joints have more severe arthritis; and RA is
      bilaterally symmetric. If our hypothesis is correct, it will provide a rationale
      for the development of new therapies for what is now an inadequately treated
      disease.

PMID- 2413205
TI  - Recombinant human gamma-interferon in primary hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - A phase II trial of recombinant human gamma-interferon in the treatment of
      unresectable primary hepatocellular carcinoma is reported. The trial was
      terminated prematurely after recruitment of only 7 patients because of
      unacceptable toxicity, predominantly renal. There was no evidence of response in
      any of the 7 patients but some evidence that disease progression was more rapid
      during the treatment period.

PMID- 2413206
TI  - Role of radiotherapy in the management of bone metastases from breast cancer.

PMID- 2413207
TI  - Drug treatments for relief of pain due to bone metastases.

PMID- 2413208
TI  - Conformationally restricted C-terminal peptides of substance P. Synthesis, mass
      spectral analysis and pharmacological properties.
AB  - Four cyclic analogues of the C-terminal hepta- or hexapeptide of substance P were
      prepared by the solution method. The cyclizations were obtained by substituting
      with cysteine the residues normally present in positions 5 or 6 or 11 of
      substance P and by subsequent disulfide bond formation. The final products were
      identified by ordinary analytical procedures and advanced mass spectroscopy. The
      biological activities were determined on three bioassays: the guinea pig ileum,
      the guinea pig trachea and the rabbit mesenteric vein. Results obtained with
      these assays indicate that all peptides with a disulfide bridgehead in position
      11 are inactive and that a cycle between positions 5 and 6 already strongly
      reduces the biological activity. The acyclic precursors containing thiol
      protection groups display weak biological activities. These results further
      underline the importance of the side chain in position 11 of substance P and
      suggest that optimal biological activities may require a linear peptide sequence.

PMID- 2413209
TI  - Prenatal screening for Down syndrome.

PMID- 2413210
TI  - Evidence for titratable gating charges controlling the voltage dependence of the
      outer mitochondrial membrane channel, VDAC.
AB  - A voltage-dependent anion-selective channel, VDAC, is found in outer
      mitochondrial membranes. VDAC's conductance is known to decrease as the
      transmembrane voltage is increased in either the positive or negative direction.
      Charged groups on the channel may be responsible for this voltage dependence by
      allowing the channel to respond to an applied electric field. If so, then
      neutralization of these charges would eliminate the voltage dependence. Channels
      in planar lipid bilayers which behaved normally at pH 6 lost much of their
      voltage dependence at high pH. Raising the pH reduced the steepness of the
      voltage dependence and raised the voltage needed to close half the channels. In
      contrast, the energy difference between the open and closed state in the absence
      of a field was changed very little by the elevated pH. The groups being titrated
      had an apparent pK of 10.6. From the pK and chemical modification, lysine epsilon
      amino groups are the most likely candidates responsible for VDAC's ability to
      respond to an applied electric field.

PMID- 2413211
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of methylbromoamiloride, a potential biochemical
      probe of epithelial Na+ channels.
AB  - We report the synthesis of a radioactive, methylated analog of bromoamiloride
      which inhibits the amiloride-sensitive, epithelial Na+ channel reversibly and
      with high affinity. This synthesis was achieved by methylation of a nitrogen in
      the acylguanidinium moiety with tritiated methyliodide of high specific activity.
      This methylated bromoamiloride molecule (CH3BrA) was purified by both thin layer
      and high performance liquid chromatography. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and
      mass spectroscopy techniques were used to determine the structure of this analog.
      This compound inhibited both short-circuit current of in vitro frog skin and
      22Na+ influx into apical plasma membrane vesicles made from cultured toad kidney
      cells (line A6) with the same or lower apparent inhibitory dissociation constant
      as bromoamiloride. Irradiation with ultraviolet light rendered this inhibition
      irreversible in both A6 vesicles and frog skin. Preparation of radioactive CH3BrA
      yielded specific activities in excess of 1 Ci/mmol. We suggest that this compound
      will be useful in the isolation and purification of this ubiquitous Na+ channel.

PMID- 2413212
TI  - Single Cl- channels in molluscan neurones: multiplicity of the conductance
      states.
AB  - Properties of the single Cl channels were studied in excised patches of surface
      membrane from molluscan neurones using single-channel recording technique. These
      channels are controlled by Ca2+ and K+ acting on cytoplasmic and outer membrane
      surfaces, respectively, and by the membrane potential. The channels display about
      16 intermediate conductance sublevels, each of them being multiples of
      approximately 12.5 pS. The upper level of the channel conductance is about 200
      pS. The channel behavior is consistent with an aggregation of channel-forming
      subunits into a cluster.

PMID- 2413213
TI  - Voltage dependence of Na channel blockage by amiloride: relaxation effects in
      admittance spectra.
AB  - Amiloride, present in the mucosal solution, causes the appearance of a distinct
      additional dispersion in the admittance spectrum of the apical membrane of toad
      urinary bladder. The parameters of this dispersion (characteristic frequency,
      amplitude) change with amiloride concentration and with membrane voltage. They
      allow the calculation of the overall rate constants for Na channel blockage by
      the positively charged form of amiloride, and the voltage dependence of these
      rate constants. The on-rate of blockage increases and the off-rate decreases when
      the membrane surface to which cationic amiloride has access, is made more
      positive. This result is suggestive of a blocking model where the cationic
      amidino group of amiloride, depending on its charge, senses 10 to 13% of the
      membrane voltage while invading the channel entrance by a single-step process,
      and rests at an electrical distance corresponding to 24 to 30% of membrane
      voltage while occupying the blocking position.

PMID- 2413214
TI  - An X-ray diffraction analysis of rat tail tendons treated with Cupromeronic Blue.
AB  - Cupromeronic Blue was used to stain selectively the proteoglycans in rat tail
      tendons under 'critical electrolyte' conditions. Earlier electron microscopical
      observations indicated that at least one type of proteoglycan filament is
      associated with tendon collagen fibrils at the positive staining band 'd'. To
      ensure that this was not an artefact caused by specimen preparation or the
      subsequent positive staining of the collagen fibrils, we have analysed low angle
      meridional diffraction patterns from stained but not dehydrated, embedded or
      counterstained tissues. Axial electron density profiles of Cupromeronic Blue
      stained compared with unstained rat tail tendons revealed the axial locations and
      relative amounts of dye in both mature and young wet specimens. In mature
      tendons, the difference electron density profile contained a broad peak centred
      near residue 180 along the 234-residue D-period. This corresponds to the electron
      optical staining band 'd'. In young tendons a similar distribution of stain was
      observed although in this case there was evidence of a doublet of peaks, one
      centred near residue 182 (band 'd') and the other near residue 165 (midway
      between bands d and e1). The wet proteoglycan--Cupromeronic Blue complexes
      distribute over about 30 nm along the collagen fibril axis. Comparison with the
      images of filaments seen in the electron microscope suggests that the dye
      complexes collapse significantly on dehydration and embedding.

PMID- 2413215
TI  - Isolation, characterization and chromosomal mapping of the mouse tyrosine
      aminotransferase gene.
AB  - The tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) gene is expressed in a tissue and
      developmental-specific manner. In addition, this gene is regulated by
      glucocorticoid and polypeptide hormones and its expression is affected when a
      regulatory region near the albino locus of the mouse is deleted. In order to
      allow studies of the molecular effects of these deletion mutations we have
      isolated and characterized the mouse TAT gene. The gene is 9.2 x 10(3) bases in
      length and consists of 12 exons which give rise to a 2.3 x 10(3) base long
      messenger RNA. The DNA sequence at the 5' end of the gene was determined and
      compared with the corresponding sequence of the rat tyrosine aminotransferase
      gene. The sequence comparison showed extensive homology over the entire region
      sequenced. In addition, DNA: DNA heteroduplex studies between the mouse and rat
      tyrosine aminotransferase genes revealed that this homology extends over the
      entire gene and its flanking sequences. The mouse tyrosine aminotransferase gene
      has been mapped distal to the serum esterase-1 locus on mouse chromosome 8, using
      a restriction fragment length polymorphism between two mouse species. Since the
      albino deletions are located on mouse chromosome 7, the assignment of the TAT
      gene to chromosome 8 suggests that a regulatory factor(s) affecting TAT gene
      expression acts in trans.

PMID- 2413216
TI  - RNA splicing in Neurospora mitochondria. Defective splicing of mitochondrial mRNA
      precursors in the nuclear mutant cyt18-1.
AB  - cyt18-1 (299-9) is a nuclear mutant of Neurospora crassa that has been shown to
      have a temperature-sensitive defect in splicing the mitochondrial large rRNA
      intron. In the present work, we investigate the effect of the cyt18-1 mutation on
      splicing of mitochondrial mRNA introns. Two genes were studied in detail; the
      cytochrome b (cob) gene, which contains two introns, and a "long form" of the
      cytochrome oxidase subunit I (coI) gene, which contains four introns. We found
      that splicing of both cob introns and splicing of at least two of the coI introns
      are strongly inhibited in the mutant, whereas splicing of coI intron 1, which is
      excised as a 2.6 X 10(3) base circle, is relatively unaffected. The rRNA intron
      and both cob introns are group I introns, whereas the circular coI intron may
      belong to another structural class. Control experiments showed that the degree of
      inhibition of splicing is greater in the mutant than can be accounted for by
      severe inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Finally, experiments in
      which mutant cells were shifted from 25 degrees C to 37 degrees C showed that
      splicing of the large rRNA precursor and splicing of the coI mRNA precursor are
      inhibited with similar kinetics. Considered together, our results suggest that
      the cyt18 gene encodes a trans-acting component that is required for the splicing
      of group I mitochondrial DNA introns or some subclass thereof. Since Neurospora
      cob intron 1 has been shown to be self-splicing in vitro, defective splicing of
      this intron in cyt18-1 indicates that an essentially RNA-catalyzed splicing
      reaction must be facilitated by a trans-acting factor, presumably a protein, in
      vivo.

PMID- 2413217
TI  - Negative staining of myosin molecules.
AB  - A reproducible method has been developed for the negative staining of myosin
      molecules. The dimensions of stained molecules are in close agreement with those
      obtained by metal shadowing. Sharp bends in the tail, indicative of hinge
      regions, were observed at two positions 44 nm and 76 nm from the head-tail
      junction. The tail was often ill-defined at the position of the first (44 nm)
      bend. The bend positions may be sites of proteolytic cleavage that result in the
      production of long and short myosin subfragment S2. About half the molecules
      exhibited bending to various degrees at one or both of these positions, but cases
      where the tail folded back on itself in a 180 degrees bend were comparatively
      rare (approximately equal to 10%). However, in the absence of EGTA, a large
      fraction of the molecules (approximately equal to 80%) exhibited 180 degrees
      bends. A small region, approximately 20 nm long, at the tip of the tail often
      appears to be significantly different from the rest. The heads are about 19 nm
      long and roughly pear-shaped. Although sometimes straight, more often they show a
      pronounced curvature. Both senses of curvature were observed, but those curved in
      a clockwise manner were the most common, indicating preferential binding of one
      side of the head to the carbon substrate. An analysis of the different
      combinations of head shapes in individual molecules indicates that each head can
      rotate independently around its long axis. No preferred angle of orientation
      between the two heads in a molecule, or between either head and the tail could be
      found. Substructure has been observed within the heads.

PMID- 2413218
TI  - Developmental changes in the pattern of larval beta-globin gene expression in
      Xenopus laevis. Identification of two early larval beta-globin mRNA sequences.
AB  - We have analysed beta-globin mRNA sequences in total RNA extracted from embryos
      and tadpoles of Xenopus laevis at different stages of development and we have
      identified the most abundantly transcribed beta-globin mRNA (beta T1). The entire
      nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone corresponding to this mRNA is known. We have
      now identified the gene corresponding to this mRNA and we have determined the
      nucleotide sequences of its immediate 5'-flanking region. Using a DNA fragment
      from within the coding region of the cloned beta T1 cDNA we show, by primer
      extension analysis, that beta T1 mRNA is first detectable at stage 28-32 of
      development. This is the time at which the first presumptive erythropoietic
      tissue, the ventral blood island, becomes observable histologically. We show that
      two minor beta-globin genes, distinct from beta T1, are expressed during early
      stages of development, and that their expression ceases shortly after the
      beginning of the feeding stage. We term these two early larval genes beta E1 and
      beta E2. A third minor beta-globin gene is expressed during early development
      but, unlike beta E1 and beta E2, it is also expressed throughout subsequent
      larval development. We term this gene beta T2 and show that it corresponds to a
      gene previously termed beta LII. Finally, using a primer derived from the major
      adult beta-globin gene (beta 1), we have analysed the accumulation of the major
      adult beta-globin mRNA during larval development, and we show that this sequence
      does not accumulate to any significant level before metamorphosis.

PMID- 2413219
TI  - Amino acid sequence microheterogeneities of basic (type II) cytokeratins of
      Xenopus laevis epidermis and evolutionary conservativity of helical and non
      helical domains.
AB  - Three clones coding for carboxy-terminal portions of type II cytokeratins have
      been isolated from a cDNA library constructed from the epidermis of the frog
      Xenopus laevis. These clones have been identified by hybridization-selection
      translation and Northern blot analysis, and contain sequences complementary to
      mRNAs of similar size that code for three different polypeptides of the Mr 64,000
      group, Ia-c, i.e. the only major type II cytokeratins expressed in this tissue. A
      comparison of the corresponding nucleotide sequences and the amino acid sequences
      deduced therefrom shows only minor differences in these polypeptides, most of
      which occur as isolated point mutations. This indicates that coding sequences of
      the different type II cytokeratin genes in epidermis of Xenopus are very similar,
      in contrast to the more extended differences of type II cytokeratin genes
      expressed in mammalian epidermis, which probably reflects a lower degree of
      evolutionary divergence of members of this protein family in amphibia. A
      comparison of the Xenopus sequences with those of mammalian type II cytokeratins
      reveals the same characteristic features, i.e. an alpha-helical domain ending
      with the familiar consensus sequence T Y R (X Y) L E G E, followed by a non
      helical domain Cl enriched in hydroxyamino acids. Both domains are remarkably
      conserved in sequence between Xenopus and mammals. The following glycine-rich
      domain (C2) displays similar oligopeptide repeats (mostly of the type G G G M in
      the frog keratins), and the terminal C3 domain is characterized by a region
      exceptionally rich in hydroxyamino acids, which immediately precedes a cluster of
      basic amino acids at the carboxy terminus. Our results show that the typical
      features of the domain of type II cytokeratins are already established in
      amphibia and that these homologies are not restricted to the alpha-helical rod of
      these proteins but, in principle, extend to the other domains located in the so
      called hypervariable tail portion. This suggests that the hypervariable regions
      are not subject to random variability but contain functionally important domains
      that have been well conserved during evolution.

PMID- 2413220
TI  - Fractionation and characterization of two molecular variants of myosin from adult
      human atrium.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to myosin heavy chains were prepared from one adult
      human ventricular myocardium. Several of these MAb reacted by indirect
      immunofluorescence in a heterogenous way on cryostat transverse sections of
      fibers from human atrial myocardium, suggesting the presence of different forms
      of myosin within the human atrium and prompting the further use of the MAb to
      attempt to fractionate preparations of native atrial myosins. Two molecular
      variants of human atrial myosins or myosin fragments were thus separated by
      immunoaffinity chromatography performed with one antiventricular myosin MAb.
      Seven MAb located at different positions along the myosin heavy chains, as
      deduced from blotting and immuno-electron microscopy experiments, were used to
      characterize the structural relationships between the separated human atrial
      isomyosins and between each of them and the main human ventricular myosin. As
      deduced from competitive radioimmunoassay measurements, the primary structures of
      the two atrial myosins differ in at least five antigenic determinants and share
      at least two of them; similarly located structural differences were observed
      between one of the atrial myosins and the ventricular myosin. Conversely, the
      primary structures of the other atrial myosin and of the ventricular myosin
      differ in at least two antigenic determinants and share at least five of them.
      Differences in the primary structures of the human cardiac myosins were confirmed
      by analysis of the peptides produced by limited enzymatic digestion of the heavy
      chains; a few peptide differences were consistently found. To summarize the two
      separated forms of atrial myosin have different heavy chains, but they have
      similar if not identical in vitro ATPase activities and the same light chains.
      One of the atrial myosins is immunologically close to the ventricular myosin, but
      they each differ with respect to their heavy chains, light chains, and enzymatic
      activities.

PMID- 2413221
TI  - Do catecholamines directly modulate the delayed plateau potassium current in frog
      atrium?
AB  - An important electrophysiological action of catecholamines in the heart is the
      modulation of the second inward current (iCa). Catecholamine augmentation of iCa
      has been attributed to an increase in the number of functional channels, as well
      as an increase in the probability of channel opening [1, 4, 12]. Another
      important electrophysiological action of catecholamines in the heart is the
      modulation of time-dependent outward currents. In the Purkinje fibre, epinephrine
      has been shown to shift the voltage-dependence of the pacemaker current, iK2
      [13]. The delayed outward current(s) which is activated over the plateau range of
      potentials (ix) is also augmented by catecholamines in Purkinje fibers [14] as
      well as frog atrium [3]. Several possible mechanisms for enhancement of the
      outward plateau current by catecholamines have been proposed [2]: (i) a direct
      increase in the maximal conductance of the channel; (ii) an indirect enhancement
      of outward current mediated by stimulation of Na+-K+ exchange (which may reduce
      potassium concentration in restricted extracellular spaces and hence produce an
      increase in the driving force for K+) or (iii) an indirect augmentation of
      outward current via enhancement of intracellular Ca2+ (calcium-activated
      potassium conductance) [10]. To distinguish between these possible mechanisms,
      the influence of epinephrine and isoproterenol on the delayed outward K+ current
      in single isolated bullfrog atrial cells was examined. Evidence is presented that
      in single frog atrial cells, concentrations of epinephrine or isoproterenol which
      produce large increases in the second inward current have no detectable effect
      upon the delayed plateau K+ current.

PMID- 2413222
TI  - Evaluation of the immunotoxic potential of chlordecone with comparison to
      cyclophosphamide.
AB  - The immunotoxic potential of chlordecone was evaluated in male Fischer-344 rats
      following 10 d of acute dosing by oral gavage. These results were compared with
      those obtained following a comparable dosing regimen with the known
      immunosuppressive drug cyclophosphamide. Significant changes in ratios of spleen
      and thymus to body weight, blastogenic responsiveness of lymphocytes to
      concanavalin A, and natural killer (NK) cell activity against allogeneic W/Fu-G1
      rat lymphoma target cells and xenogeneic YAC-1 mouse lymphoma target cells were
      observed only at the highest chlordecone dosage (10 mg/kg . d). A significant
      decrement in body weight also occurred at this dosage which suggests that the
      observed changes in the immune parameters measured were most likely due to the
      overt toxicity of chlordecone. In contrast, rats dosed over 10 d by oral gavage
      with cyclophosphamide showed significant decreases in spleen and thymus to body
      weight ratios at a dosage as low as 1.5 mg/kg . d. Body weight decrements were
      observed only at dosages of 12 mg/kg . d or greater. At dosages of 1.5 mg/kg . d
      or greater, cyclophosphamide caused a significant decrease in the total leukocyte
      and absolute lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood, and a decrease in the
      lymphoproliferative responses to both T- and B-lymphocyte mitogens. Significant
      suppression of NK cell activity was observed at dosages of 6 mg/kg . d or
      greater. These results suggest that T and B lymphocytes are more sensitive than
      are NK lymphocytes to the immunosuppressive effects of cyclophosphamide. The
      results of these two studies indicate that the failure to detect chlordecone
      induced immunotoxic effects in the absence of overt toxicity is not due to the
      possible insensitivity of the parameters examined. Instead, since
      cyclophosphamide affected all of the parameters tested, these results indicate
      that the endpoints examined here are capable of detecting immunotoxicity with
      sufficient sensitivity to permit distinction between probable indirect
      immunosuppression due to overt toxicity and subtle, direct impairment of the
      immune system.

PMID- 2413223
TI  - Distribution of urethane and its binding to DNA, RNA, and protein in SENCAR and
      BALB/c mice following oral and dermal administration.
AB  - Urethane produces threefold more skin papillomas when administered orally than
      dermally in SENCAR mice, a strain susceptible to tumorigenesis. To better
      understand the relation of distribution to the initiation stage, [14C]urethane
      (0.10 mg/kg, 2.5 muCi/25 g) was administered orally and dermally to male SENCAR
      and BALB/c mice. Absorption of urethane was greater in the first hour in SENCAR
      mice by both routes, as indicated by more label in the liver, lung, and stomach
      than found in these tissues in BALB/c mice. These differences were not observed
      at later time periods after oral administration. Following dermal application,
      higher levels were maintained in the liver, lungs, and stomach through 48 h in
      the SENCAR mice when compared to BALB/c mice. Binding of [14C]urethane (0.062
      mg/g body weight, 20 microCi/20 g body weight) to DNA, RNA, and protein 6 h after
      oral administration varied with tissue (liver greater than stomach greater than
      skin = lung) but did not differ with strain. Binding to DNA in skin, lung, and
      stomach, RNA in stomach, and protein in stomach and liver after 48 h were
      significantly higher in SENCAR mice than in BALB/c mice. Dermal application of
      [14C]urethane resulted in severalfold higher binding to liver DNA of SENCAR mice
      than BALB/c mice, but DNA binding was comparable in other tissues after 6 h. At
      48 h after dermal application, significantly higher levels of [14C]urethane
      remained bound to skin DNA, RNA, and protein in BALB/c mice, although all values
      were lower than at 6 h after treatment. Differences in the distribution and
      binding of urethane probably do not account for the discrepancies in tumor
      sensitivity. Liver DNA hydrolysates were examined after 48 h. Thin-layer
      chromatography showed little incorporation of the 14C into the normal
      deoxyribonucleotide or deoxyribonucleoside bases, and no modified bases were
      apparent. Radioactivity was present in the fraction that remained at the origin
      and was consistent with a dinucleotide fragment resistant to phosphodiesterase
      cleavage, such as a phosphotriester.

PMID- 2413224
TI  - Regulation of myelination: axons not required for the biosynthesis of basal
      levels of the major myelin glycoprotein by Schwann cells in denervated distal
      segments of the adult cat sciatic nerve.
AB  - The adult cat sciatic nerve was examined for Schwann cell biosynthesis of the
      major myelin glycoprotein (P0) in the distal segments after permanent nerve
      transection, where there is no axonal regeneration or myelin assembly.
      Endoneurial slices (intrafascicular tissue) from the distal segment of the
      desheathed cat sciatic nerves at 10 wk after transection and from normal adult
      desheathed brachial nerves were incubated with radioactive mannose; [3H]mannose
      incorporation into P0 was observed by fluorography after sodium dodecyl sulphate
      pore gradient electrophoresis (SDS-PGE). Analysis of immune precipitates by SDS
      PGE after incubation of an aliquot of an endoneurial fraction with rabbit
      antichick P0 gamma globulin verified that the [3H]mannose-labeled glycoprotein
      was P0. The level of incorporation of [3H]mannose into P0 and into other
      endoneurial glycoproteins in the normal brachial nerve from the adult cat was at
      substantially reduced levels compared with the transected nerve. Such
      incorporation was detectable by fluorography only after prolonged exposure to X
      ray film (15 days). As a result, the level of biosynthesis of P0 in the normal
      adult cat is substantially reduced, suggesting that the extent of active
      myelination in the adult cat nerve is at a low level. Furthermore, Schwann cells
      are capable of continued synthesis of P0 in the adult, permanently transected
      nerve in the absence of axonal influence, suggesting that axonal association is
      not an absolute requirement for specifying myelin protein synthesis.

PMID- 2413225
TI  - Deacylation of myelin proteolipid protein in organic solvents.
AB  - A procedure has been developed for the deacylation of the hydrophobic, myelin
      proteolipid apoprotein using hydroxylamine in an alkaline organic solvent medium.
      Complete removal of covalently bound fatty acids was obtained after 4 hr of
      treatment. After deacylation, no changes could be detected in the electrophoretic
      pattern or in the number of free sulfhydryl groups. The deacylated apoprotein
      remains soluble in chloroform-methanol mixtures and is suitable for further
      physicochemical characterization.

PMID- 2413226
TI  - Altered respiratory response to substance P in capsaicin-treated rats.
AB  - The present investigation sought to examine the importance of substance P in the
      altered respiratory activity after neonatal capsaicin administration. Halothane
      anesthetized adult rats given capsaicin neonatally exhibit a decreased basal
      minute ventilation with PaCO2 equal to and PaO2 greater than vehicle injected
      controls. In addition, the minute ventilation-PaCO2 curve was displaced to the
      right. Acute bilateral cervical vagotomy severely blunted the minute ventilation
      response to PaCO2 and abolished the differences in ventilation between capsaicin
      treated and control rats. Neonatal capsaicin significantly reduced pons-medulla
      substance P content but not TRH, serotonin or 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid.
      Immunohistochemical studies revealed that substance P fibers of the trigeminal
      spinal nucleus were the most severely affected in the brain stem and that
      substance P fibers in the lung were totally absent. The intracerebroventricular
      administration of substance P increased minute ventilation similarly in both
      control and capsaicin treated rats, largely as a result of increases in tidal
      volume. The minute ventilation-PaCO2 curve was similar in both groups after
      substance P administration. Simultaneous administration of the peptidase
      inhibitor captopril with substance P increased the respiratory response to
      substance P in normal rats. Administration of captopril to capsaicin treated rats
      restored the ventilation-PaCO2 curve to the position observed in normal rats. The
      hypotensive response to intracerebroventricular captopril alone in control rats
      was less profound in rats given neonatal capsaicin. These results are consistent
      with the thesis that respiratory depression after capsaicin treatment is at least
      in part due to the loss of substance P primary afferent nerve terminals in the
      brain stem, suggesting that substance P fibers in the brain stem may participate
      in the normal modulation of respiratory activity.

PMID- 2413228
TI  - [The kallikrein-kinin system and disseminated intravascular coagulation].

PMID- 2413227
TI  - Early lung dysfunction after major burns: role of edema and vasoactive mediators.
AB  - We determined the effect of a body burn on pulmonary function. Full-thickness
      burns varying in size from 25 to 70% of total body surface (TBS), were produced
      in sheep. Resuscitation was performed with lactated Ringer's. We noted an
      increase in lung transvascular fluid flux as measured by lymph flow, Q1, during
      the resuscitation period, varying from one- to threefold over baseline with the
      degree of increase directly proportional to the burn size. The increase in QL
      could be totally explained by the degree of hypoproteinemia which was also
      proportional to burn size. Transient pulmonary hypertension 20 +/- 4 to 26 +/- 5
      mm Hg and a decrease in PaO2 from 90 +/- 5 to 83 +/- 6 torr occurred in the 50
      and 70% burns as well as a significant decrease in lung compliance. These
      alterations were not due to pulmonary edema as there was no increase in measured
      lung water. Also, the increase in QL could be prevented by using a combination of
      Dextran and protein for resuscitation but this had no effect on the hypertension
      or hypoxia. Burn lymph and venous plasma thromboxane levels were increased during
      this period of lung dysfunction. Ibuprofen 12.5 mg/kg preburn and 12.5 mg/kg
      every 2 hours postburn decreased the degree of dysfunction suggesting a cause and
      effect relationship.

PMID- 2413229
TI  - [Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis inhibitory factors].

PMID- 2413230
TI  - [Estimation of the activation sequence in aberrant ventricular conduction studied
      by body surface mapping].

PMID- 2413231
TI  - Barriers to fluorescein and protein movement.
AB  - Vitreous fluorophotometry assesses the leakage of fluorescein through the primary
      blood-retinal barrier composed of retinal capillaries and the pigment epithelium.
      However, other ocular barriers exist that may differentiate between the small
      molecules of fluorescein and the larger ones of protein. We injected solutions
      containing carboxyfluorescein and several sizes of fluoresceinated dextran into
      the subretinal space of rabbit eyes. Carboxyfluorescein diffused rapidly through
      the retina into the vitreous, but dextrans of a size comparable to proteins
      crossed the retina very poorly. Large dextrans persisted for days in the
      subretinal space, although the fluid injected with them disappeared within a few
      hours. Vitreous fluorophotometry must be interpreted with the knowledge that the
      retina is much more of a barrier to protein than to fluorescein.

PMID- 2413232
TI  - Trypargine blocks the sodium channels only from the inside of squid giant axon.
AB  - A new tetrahydro-beta-carboline, trypargine (TRG), specifically suppresses the Na
      current (INa) when applied to the internal surface of the squid axon membrane
      without affecting the K current (IK). The binding of TRG to its receptor is
      potential-dependent and occurs at a site about halfway through the membrane
      electric field from the outside; the dissociation constant is 11 microM at 0 mV.

PMID- 2413233
TI  - Interviewing the sexually abused child: principles and techniques.

PMID- 2413234
TI  - Characteristics of four new human cell lines derived from squamous cell
      carcinomas of the head and neck.
AB  - Four human cell lines were established from biopsy specimens of squamous cell
      carcinomas of the larynx (TR131 and TR138), tongue (TR126), and buccal mucosa
      that had infiltrated a lymph node (TR146). All 4 lines readily formed colonies on
      a plastic substratum, but they were virtually incapable of forming colonies in an
      anchorage-independent semisolid support system of soft agar (cloning
      efficiencies, less than 0.02%). The proliferation of this group of tumor-derived
      cell lines, therefore, appeared to be highly anchorage dependent. Keratin
      filaments could be visualized in each line by indirect immunofluorescence with
      the use of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies to keratins; staining with
      monospecific antibodies indicated that 3 of the 4 lines expressed simple
      epithelial keratins 8 and 18, whereas 1 of the 4 also expressed keratin 19. A
      panel of lectins revealed characteristic localization patterns distinct from
      those observed on other epithelial cell lines. Cells from 3 lines (TR131, TR138,
      and TR146) inoculated into nude mice (nu/nu) produced cystic nodules or
      unequivocal tumors having a histology indicating a squamous cell origin for the
      injected cells. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the cell lines covered a
      spectrum of differentiation capability ranging from the undifferentiated
      monolayer cultures of TR126 to the rather well differentiated, stratified
      cultures of TR131.

PMID- 2413235
TI  - hCG production in uterine cervical cancers and characterization of ectopic hCG
      beta.

PMID- 2413236
TI  - [Identification of clinical isolates of mycobacteria with alpha antigen as a
      marker].

PMID- 2413237
TI  - Effects of in vitro aldosterone on the rabbit cortical collecting tubule.
AB  - Considerable evidence indicates that the cortical collecting tubule is a target
      epithelium for aldosterone. Isolated perfused cortical collecting tubules from
      rabbits given large doses of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) for several days,
      or whose endogenous production of aldosterone is increased by dietary means,
      exhibit large lumen-negative transepithelial voltages, increased sodium (Na)
      absorption, and increased potassium (K) secretion compared with tubules from
      normal animals. However, controversy exists regarding the response of this
      nephron segment to acute in vitro administration of aldosterone. To address this
      issue we performed three groups of experiments: 1) clearance experiments on
      adrenalectomized rabbits to determine the minimum time required after in vivo
      aldosterone administration before significant changes in sodium excretion are
      observed; 2) microperfusion experiments on cortical collecting tubules from
      normal and adrenalectomized rabbits in which transepithelial voltage was measured
      before and after adding aldosterone to the bath; 3) microperfusion experiments on
      cortical collecting tubules from adrenalectomized rabbits in which
      transepithelial voltage, sodium and potassium flux were measured before and after
      in vitro exposure to aldosterone or dexamethasone. The clearance studies
      demonstrate that after a 2 hr latent period aldosterone produces significant
      antinatriuresis without change in K excretion. In vitro studies failed to reveal
      a steroid-induced change in the transepithelial voltage of cortical collecting
      tubules from either normal or adrenalectomized rabbits. However, aldosterone
      added in vitro to collecting tubules from adrenalectomized rabbits produced an
      increase in net Na absorption without a significant change in voltage or K
      secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413238
TI  - [10 years' experience in surgery of cancer of the large intestine and rectum
      (1974-1983)].

PMID- 2413239
TI  - [Surgical treatment of cancer of the extrahepatic bile ducts].

PMID- 2413240
TI  - [Therapy of herpetic diseases of the anterior eye segment].
AB  - Clinico-virologic investigations and the availability of the new antiviral drug
      Acyclovir have changed our therapeutic approach to deep herpetic diseases.
      Treatment of the symptoms alone with steroids should now be avoided. Basic
      treatment should consist of optimal dosages of Acyclovir. However, additional
      steroid therapy is still necessary. Significant progress in the treatment of
      dendritic keratitis is to be expected as soon as high-titer interferon
      preparations become commercially available. Treatment of dendritic keratitis with
      a combination of a modern antiviral drug and high-titer interferon will reduce
      the average time the corneal epithelium takes to heal from the present 6 days to
      3 days. While considerable progress has been made in the treatment of herpes, no
      more than a step in the right direction has been taken with herpes zoster
      varicellosus virus, owing to its greater resistance to Acyclovir.

PMID- 2413241
TI  - [The physiopathology of retinal circulation: consequences of acute retinal
      vascular occlusion].
AB  - A constant oxygen supply from the retinal and choroidal vascular system is
      essential for the maintenance of the retinal electrical activity. Arterial or
      venous retinal obstruction modifies the hemodynamics in the retinal circulation
      and produces hypoxia in the affected area. In the case of arterial obstruction,
      severe hypoxia (anoxia) rapidly (in less than 45 min) produces irreversible cell
      damage in the inner area of the retina. With venous obstruction, the hypoxia is
      moderate and the retinal damage is partial. In some cases, hypoxia regresses
      because the formation of collateral vessels most probably provides adequate
      perfusion. In cases of irreversible venous obstruction, insufficient formation of
      collateral vessels results in the development of ischemic regions in the retina
      and severe hypoxia. In these cases preretinal neovascularization may develop.

PMID- 2413242
TI  - [Photocoagulation-induced macular scotoma and automated perimetry (Octopus)].
AB  - The size of macular scotomata is determined numerically by a series of parallel
      F2 programs of the Octopus Perimeter. As long as useful foveolar fixation is
      maintained, the results are reproducible within the limits due to fluctuation of
      the retinal sensitivity. The scotomata can be mapped on a fundus photograph
      either by direct calculation or after perimetric determination of a reference
      distance, e.g., foveola-disc or between angioscotomata. This method furnishes
      useful information which can facilitate evaluation of different types of lasers
      in macular photocoagulation.

PMID- 2413244
TI  - [Alpha 1-microglobulin in the urine and serum in proteinuria and kidney
      insufficiency].
AB  - Alpha-1-microglobulin (alpha-1-m) is a low molecular weight glycoprotein (mw 25
      33 KD) that is filtered through the glomeruli and reabsorbed in the proximal
      parts of the renal tubules where it is catabolized. Normal ranges were
      established for alpha-1-m (100 healthy controls) in serum (20-42 mg/l) and urine
      (3.5-8 mg/l). Alpha-1-m was then measured in 341 urine samples whose protein
      pattern had been classified as "pathologic" and "normal" according to
      microelectrophoresis. Increased alpha-1-m concentrations were found in 266 out of
      280 pathologic urines (5% false negative) and in 3 out of 61 normal urines (4%
      false positive). Beta-2-microglobulin (beta-2-m), total protein or protein test
      strips showed a poorer correlation to the electrophoretic results. Measurement of
      alpha-1-m is, therefore, the most sensitive of these methods for the detection of
      proteinuria. In 90 patients with low molecular weight proteinuria and either with
      or without renal insufficiency alpha-1-m concentrations were determined in both
      urine and serum. While all patients had elevated urinary alpha-1-m
      concentrations, increased serum values were only found in renal insufficiency
      (Ccrea less than 100 ml/min). Independently of these results, we were also able
      to establish that increased alpha-1-m levels are found at decreased glomerular
      filtration rates (Ccrea less than 70 ml/min). Pathologic alpha-1-m concentrations
      therefore only allow the conclusion of isolated tubular impairment when the GFR
      is greater than 70 ml/min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413243
TI  - Glucocorticoid receptors in human leukemias and related diseases.
AB  - The evidence to date is compelling that steroid initiated cell lysis involves
      participation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Not only do the concentrations and
      specificity of hormones for cell lysis and receptor occupancy correspond, but
      also steroid resistant cells selected with or without prior mutagenesis often
      have altered receptors. The glucocorticoid receptor protein from humans and other
      species is a approximately 95,000 d, thiol group-containing monomer, prone to
      aggregation when "unactivated." After having bound steroid and been "activated,"
      the monomeric steroid-receptor complex is altered in charge and shape so that its
      binding to chromatin and DNA is greatly enhanced. Simple measurement of numbers
      of receptor sites in cells from patients with various blood dyscrasias has given,
      in some disease, good correlations between high numbers of receptor sites and
      good therapeutic response. These correlations are strongest for childhood acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and for non Hodgkins' lymphoma. In other diseases,
      notably acute myelogenous leukemia, such correlations have not been found. The
      CEM human ALL line has been used in vitro to study mechanisms of glucocorticoid
      action and resistance. The requirement for "activated" steroid-receptor complex
      for cell lysis is shown in these cells by the spontaneous occurrence of steroid
      resistant, activation-labile receptor mutants. A second category of resistant
      cells with normal receptors has been defined. Treatment of these "lysis
      defective" resistant cells with compounds which result in DNA demethylation can
      render them steroid sensitive. Since DNA demethylation can allow formerly silent
      genes to become transcribed, it is possible that one or more genes specific for
      lysis has been "opened" in such cells. Alternatively, DNA demethylation may
      produce a general biochemical effect on the cell which renders it susceptible to
      lysis. Mutagenized CEM cells selected for steroid resistance give rise to a third
      class of mutants, which are deficient in receptor quantity. Each of these classes
      of steroid resistant cells contains information pertinent to understanding the
      use of glucocorticoids and the role of glucocorticoid receptors in human
      leukopathic disease.

PMID- 2413245
TI  - [Vasoactive peptides of the lungs].

PMID- 2413246
TI  - [Methods of lipoprotein electrophoresis on cellulose acetate].

PMID- 2413247
TI  - [Simple method of mass screening for phenylketonuria].

PMID- 2413248
TI  - [Biorhythmic criteria of indices of blood serum iron metabolism].

PMID- 2413249
TI  - [Fractional determination of protein-bound bile hexoses and their diagnostic
      significance].

PMID- 2413250
TI  - [Determination of closely bound blood serum lipids in rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2413251
TI  - [Determination of ceruloplasmin activity using p-phenylenediamine as substrate].

PMID- 2413252
TI  - [Use of the FAB-classification of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemias].

PMID- 2413253
TI  - [Determination of erythrocyte deformability].

PMID- 2413254
TI  - [Erythrocytes in allergic diseases].

PMID- 2413255
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of neutrophil metabolism based on the chemiluminescence
      and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction reactions].

PMID- 2413256
TI  - [Formalized malignancy criteria for cytologic screening studies of vaginal
      smears].

PMID- 2413257
TI  - [Cytomorphologic picture of the nasal mucosa in healthy children].

PMID- 2413258
TI  - [Cytophotometric and autoradiographic study of transplantable strains of
      gastrointestinal tract tumors. III].

PMID- 2413259
TI  - [Cytologic characteristics of X-chromatin in tumor cells of breast cancer of
      doubtful nuclear type].

PMID- 2413260
TI  - [Automated recording of the results of the leukocyte migration inhibition
      reaction].

PMID- 2413261
TI  - [Method of carrying out the chemotaxis reaction with a pure population of
      neutrophils].

PMID- 2413262
TI  - [Evaluation of the chemotactic activity of neutrophils by the leading front
      method].

PMID- 2413263
TI  - [Value of indicator systems in assessing the B-lymphocyte count in patients with
      erysipelas].

PMID- 2413264
TI  - [Effect of energy metabolism inhibitors on the spontaneous rosette formation
      reaction of lymphocytes during intensive muscular activity].

PMID- 2413265
TI  - [Method for simultaneous determination of the index of macrophage transformation
      of mononuclears and macrophage phagocytosis in patients].

PMID- 2413266
TI  - [Micromethod for the leukocyte adherence inhibition test with radiometric
      assessment of the results].

PMID- 2413267
TI  - [Use of the micromodified leukocyte adherence inhibition test in the diagnosis of
      breast cancer].

PMID- 2413268
TI  - [Neutrophil damage by bacterial antigens in patients with purulent surgical
      infections].

PMID- 2413269
TI  - [Modified method of determining the neutrophil damage index using fluorescent
      microscopy].

PMID- 2413270
TI  - [Quantitative assessment of lipoproteins after agarose gel electrophoresis].

PMID- 2413271
TI  - [Calculation of low density cholesterol lipoproteins in millimoles].

PMID- 2413272
TI  - [Diagnosis of blood amino acid disorders in patients with peptic ulcer using ion
      exchange chromatography].

PMID- 2413273
TI  - [Advanced specialized courses for training in clinical biochemistry].

PMID- 2413274
TI  - 3-Methyladipate excretion in animals fed a phytol supplement with reference to
      Refsum's disease.

PMID- 2413275
TI  - Proteoglycans: structure, function, and role in neoplasia.

PMID- 2413276
TI  - Alterations of ultrastructure and elemental composition in cultured neonatal rat
      cardiac myocytes after metabolic inhibition with iodoacetic acid.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to document changes in cellular fine structure and
      elemental composition, and their relationship to progression of cell injury, in
      cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in which impaired energy metabolism was
      produced by the metabolic inhibitor, iodoacetic acid (IAA). In order to
      quantitate changes in the concentrations of elements and their subcellular
      distribution in individual myocytes, electron probe x-ray microanalysis was
      performed on freeze-dried cryosections of rapidly frozen cells. After 1 hour of
      exposure to IAA, ATP level was not significantly reduced. Most cells exhibited
      minimal ultrastructural alterations and had normal elemental profiles, whereas
      some cells (10 to 25%) had increased sodium and calcium in mitochondria and
      cytoplasm. After exposure to IAA for 1.5, 2, or 4 hours, the ATP level was
      reduced to below one third of control, and remained decreased 24 hours after
      removal of IAA, indicating irreversible depression of this variable. After
      exposure to IAA for 1.5 hours no longer, many cells showed severe ultrastructural
      alterations, including contraction or swelling of mitochondria and distortion of
      the cristae, myofibrillar hypercontraction, and formation of fluid-filled blebs.
      At 1.5 and 2 hours, approximately 75% or more of the myocytes had increased
      sodium and calcium and decreased potassium and magnesium in mitochondria, nuclei,
      and cytoplasm. Thus, the development of an increased calcium concentration in
      cytoplasm as well as mitochondria of most myocytes was a feature of this
      transitional period. These data indicate that progressive alterations in the
      levels and distribution of elements accompany the development of severe
      ultrastructural changes and irreversible injury in response to impaired energy
      metabolism in cultured myocytes. These elemental alterations include accumulation
      of calcium in cytoplasm and mitochondria of myocytes in this model.

PMID- 2413277
TI  - Hypertrophy of basolateral Na-K pump activity in the proximal tubule of the
      remnant kidney.
AB  - Reduction of renal mass leads to an increase in the filtration rates of the
      remaining glomeruli and an increased rate of sodium and water reabsorption by the
      proximal tubules. To define the basis for this increased tubular reabsorptive
      capacity, the authors studied the relationship of basolateral sodium pump
      activity to the process of hypertrophy in the proximal tubule. They wished to
      determine whether the growth of the cell is associated with an increase in the
      number of basolateral Na-K pumps and whether basolateral membrane hypertrophy is
      symmetrical with respect to overall cell growth. Normal and subtotally
      nephrectomized rabbits (remnant kidneys) were studied. Ouabain-sensitive
      potassium uptake was measured in a highly purified suspension of cortical
      proximal tubules using 86Rb as a tracer. In normal kidneys Km was 0.99 +/- 0.30
      mM and Vmax 83.1 +/- 13.7 nmoles X mg-1 X minute-1; in remnant kidneys Km was
      0.63 +/- 0.10 mM and Vmax 49.2 +/- 10.9 nmoles X mg-1 X minute-1. These values
      are not significantly different from each other. In a suspension of isolated
      cortical proximal tubular cells, protein per cell was 172 +/- 23 pg in normal
      kidney and 450 +/- 56 pg in remnant kidneys, representing a 2.6-fold increase.
      The extrapolated Vmax for K uptake per cell was thus increased approximately 2.6
      fold in the remnant kidney. This was confirmed by measuring the number of
      specific ouabain-binding sites in proximal tubular cells. This was also found to
      be approximately 2.5 to 3 times greater in the remnant kidney cells, the increase
      being proportional to the increase in cell protein. Histomorphometric analysis of
      S2 proximal convoluted tubules, which comprise the bulk of the cortical tissue,
      revealed that basolateral membrane area per cross-sectional area of tubule was
      increased in the remnant kidney. The mean absolute surface area per cross-section
      of tubule and the surface density (surface/volume ratio) of the basolateral
      membrane increased by 110 and 26%, respectively, whereas these changes in the
      luminal membrane were only 38 and -9%, respectively. Thus, the membrane areas of
      the proximal tubular cell hypertrophy asymmetrically. Although mitochondrial
      density does not increase in remnant tubules, mitochondrial volume increases
      significantly, possibly providing a source for the increased ATP required by the
      hypertrophied basolateral Na-K pump activity. In summary, the cells of the
      proximal convoluted tubule of the remnant kidney undergo functional and
      structural hypertrophy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2413278
TI  - An evaluation of methods to quantitate the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay
      in angiogenesis.
AB  - The vascular responses by chick chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) to more than 150
      normal and chemically injured rat corneas grafted to shell-less chicken CAMs were
      evaluated independently by three observers in a masked fashion by in vivo
      stereomicroscopy, projections of colored transparencies, and by light microscopy
      of tissue sections of the grafts. The experience gained from this study is
      reviewed as a point of focus for the strengths and weaknesses of the CAM
      technique in the assay of potential angiogenic substances. Despite certain
      shortcomings, the CAM technique can provide useful information relevant to
      studies on angiogenesis, particularly when the subjective CAM method is
      supplemented by histological evaluation of grafted tissues.

PMID- 2413279
TI  - The influence of cholinergic and adrenergic blockade on the portal release of
      substance P in the cat.
AB  - The effect of efferent electrical stimulation of the divided thoracic vagus
      nerves on the release of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) into the portal
      vein was studied in anesthetized cats. Under basal conditions portal SPLI levels
      were fairly constant. During the first 5 min of vagal stimulation there was a
      significant increase of the portal plasma levels of SPLI. Since we have
      demonstrated that infracardiac vagal stimulation causes only minor changes in
      small intestinal bloodflow, a true vagal neurogenic release of SPLI seems likely.
      We have shown that SPLI is exclusively localized within feline gut neurons (not
      the enterochromaffin (EC) cells). Thus, SPLI released into the portal circulation
      probably represents overflow of transmitter into the circulation. Neither
      blockade of cholino- or adrenoceptors nor ganglionic blockade influenced the
      enhanced release of SPLI induced by vagal stimulation, suggesting activation of
      SP neurons via nonclassical receptors.

PMID- 2413280
TI  - Transcortin and alpha 2u-globulin messenger RNA activities during turpentine
      induced inflammation in the rat.
AB  - Previously we have shown that the serum concentration of transcortin and alpha 2u
      globulin markedly decreases during turpentine-induced inflammation. In the
      present study transcortin and alpha 2u-globulin mRNA from healthy rats and from
      animals with inflammation was translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system.
      Female rats had higher levels of translatable transcortin mRNA than male animals
      and the level of mRNA for transcortin and alpha 2u-globulin decreased rapidly
      during inflammation. These results indicate that the sex difference in the serum
      level of transcortin and the changes in serum transcortin and alpha 2u-globulin
      during inflammation are mainly determined by differences in the mRNAs in the
      liver.

PMID- 2413281
TI  - Stabilization of glucocorticoid receptor association with RNA by a low molecular
      weight factor from rat liver cytosol.
AB  - A small (Mr less than 500) anionic, heat-stable molecule has been identified in
      rat liver cytosol which prevents the RNase-induced decrease in the glucocorticoid
      receptor sedimentation properties which we described previously. This factor,
      which can be removed by dialysis, molecular exclusion chromatography, or
      ultrafiltration, functions as a true stabilizer of the RNA-glucocorticoid
      receptor association, and not as a RNase inhibitor. Preliminary characterization
      shows that the factor is not a protein, nucleic acid, or nucleotide, is not
      absorbed by activated dextran-charcoal, and is unaffected by extraction with
      organic solvents. This factor prevents activation of the glucocorticoid receptor
      by dilution. The relationship of this stabilization factor to a low molecular
      weight activation inhibitor described by others is discussed.

PMID- 2413282
TI  - Verapamil plasma concentrations during treatment with cytostatic drugs.
AB  - Cytostatic drugs reduce the rate and extent of beta-acetyldigoxin absorption
      attributable to reversible damage of the gastrointestinal mucosa. As beta
      acetyldigoxin verapamil is an agent rapidly absorbed in the proximal small bowel,
      plasma concentrations and apparent absorption of verapamil administered orally
      (160 mg) have been determined in nine patients with nongastrointestinal cancer
      before and 24 h after cytostatic treatment. The cytostatic therapy reduced the
      area under the plasma verapamil concentration-time curve in eight of the
      patients, with a mean reduction of 35% (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that,
      as previously found for digoxin, the absorption of verapamil is diminished owing
      to impairment of the absorptive capacity of the mucosa of the upper small
      intestine.

PMID- 2413283
TI  - Metabolic aspects of antihypertensive treatment with ketanserin.

PMID- 2413284
TI  - The relevance of ethnic differences in hemodynamic responses to the head-up tilt
      manoeuvre to clinical pharmacological investigations.

PMID- 2413285
TI  - Altered vascular responsiveness to norepinephrine following withdrawal of
      verapamil in rabbits.

PMID- 2413286
TI  - The effect of milrinone (Win 47203) on the in vitro electropharmacological
      properties of mammalian cardiac tissue.
AB  - The electropharmacological effects of milrinone (Win 47203), a new positive
      inotropic agent of the bipyridine class, were studied on dog and guinea pig
      cardiac muscle by means of microelectrode techniques. In dog Purkinje fibers
      perfused with a Krebs solution containing 4 mM K+, milrinone did not produce any
      changes in action potential configuration. However, rate of discharge from
      spontaneously active Purkinje fibers was increased by milrinone. In dog auricular
      and ventricular trabeculae, milrinone increased action potential amplitude,
      overshoot, and phase 2 of the action potential. The duration of the action
      potential and the effective refractory period were decreased. In guinea pig
      papillary muscle, the changes in the action potential produced by milrinone
      consisted of a slight increase in overshoot and a reduction in the duration of
      the action potential. Dog Purkinje fibers depolarized with 20 mM K+ did not
      respond to milrinone. When such depolarized Purkinje tissue was treated with
      norepinephrine, slow action potentials appeared, and these could be increased by
      milrinone. Depolarized dog trabeculae were quiescent and addition of milrinone
      produced a slow action potential; the amplitude, rate of depolarization, and
      duration of the slow action potentials were dependent on the milrinone
      concentration. In depolarized guinea pig papillary muscles, milrinone induced
      dose-dependent slow action potentials and contractions which could be reversed on
      washing. Preexisting slow action potentials induced by tetraethylammonium plus
      high [Ca]o were potentiated by milrinone in a dose-dependent manner.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413287
TI  - A possible central action of prazosin and ketanserin to cause hypotension.
AB  - Cats anesthetized with chloralose were used to study the cardiovascular effects
      of prazosin and ketanserin infused into the vertebral artery. It was found that
      both drugs, when given by this route, caused hypotension at doses which were
      ineffective if given intravenously. Hypotensive doses of prazosin or ketanserin
      infused into the vertebral artery had no effect at all on the pressor response to
      intravenous noradrenaline. Prazosin caused a small tachycardia while ketanserin
      decreased heart rate. At the doses used, neither of these drugs infused into the
      vertebral artery caused any significant change in the cardiovascular response to
      bilateral carotid occlusion, 30 degrees head-up tilt, or electrical stimulation
      of the central end of the cut brachial nerve. It is concluded that these effects
      of prazosin and ketanserin, administered into the vertebral artery, do not
      involve direct action on vascular tissue but are probably of central origin.

PMID- 2413288
TI  - Effect of vasodilator drugs on coronary occlusion and reperfusion arrhythmias in
      anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The effect of vasodilator drugs on the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias
      induced during 30 min of occlusion and 15 min of reperfusion of the left anterior
      descending coronary artery (LAD) was studied in 65 pentobarbital-anesthetized
      open-chest dogs. Intravenous administration of captopril (0.5 mg/kg), enalapril
      (0.5 mg/kg), felodipine (4 micrograms/kg), or ketanserin (0.1 mg/kg) 30 min
      before LAD occlusion reduced mean arterial blood pressure by 15.5 +/- 0.6% (mean
      +/- SEM). Nifedipine (5 micrograms/kg bolus + 1 microgram/kg min-1) infusion
      reduced mean arterial blood pressure by 24.8 +/- 1.8%. In none of the dogs was
      the diastolic blood pressure reduced below 70 mm Hg. During LAD occlusion,
      reduction in arterial blood pressure by these drugs was associated with a reduced
      incidence of ventricular premature depolarizations, ventricular tachycardia, and
      ventricular fibrillation (VF). During LAD reperfusion, the incidence of VF in
      saline-treated animals was 6/9, whereas for captopril it was 6/9, enalapril 1/9,
      felodipine 7/9, nifedipine 3/8, and ketanserin 3/9 animals. Thus, only enalapril
      significantly lowered the incidence of VF (p less than 0.05). The mechanism
      responsible for this antifibrillatory effect of enalapril is unknown. The muscle
      mass of the left ventricle supplied by the LAD distal to the site of occlusion in
      dogs which survived was similar to that of dogs which developed ventricular
      fibrillation.

PMID- 2413289
TI  - Mechanism of the pulmonary vasoconstrictor action of digoxin in the dog.
AB  - The pulmonary vascular effects of a subarrhythmic dose of digoxin (60
      micrograms/kg i.v.) were examined in the canine in situ perfused lung. Digoxin
      produced an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (66.1%) and pulmonary
      arterial pressure (8.2 mm Hg) at 70 min after injection in the constant-flow,
      blood-perfused lung preparation. The digoxin-treated group exhibited higher
      plasma levels of norepinephrine compared with control dogs. The pulmonary
      vasoconstrictor response to digoxin was abolished by prior treatment with the
      alpha-adrenergic antagonists phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine. This
      vasoconstriction does not involve inhibition of synthesis or action of
      vasodilator prostaglandins by digoxin, as pretreatment with indomethacin did not
      attenuate, and even tended to increase, the pressor response to digoxin. The
      response was prevented by prior treatment with blockers of nonneuronal uptake of
      catecholamines normetanephrine and hydrocortisone, but not with cocaine, a
      blocker of neuronal uptake. In the lung preparation perfused with Krebs buffer
      solution, digoxin failed to produce vasoconstriction when administered
      intravenously (60 micrograms/kg) or in the perfusate at a concentration of 8
      ng/ml, the blood level at the peak of the pressor response. Sodium-pump activity
      (ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake) of intralobular pulmonary arteries excised after
      90 min of exposure to digoxin was the same as activity in arteries from control
      dogs. In conclusion, digoxin produces a pulmonary vasoconstriction through an
      alpha-adrenergic mechanism. Since the pressor response was observed only in the
      blood-perfused lung, blood-borne catecholamines are apparently involved.

PMID- 2413290
TI  - Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of tetramethylpyrazine in the dog.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of tetramethylpyrazine were examined in 27 anesthetized
      open chest dogs with electromagnetic flowmeter probes on the left circumflex
      coronary artery and ascending aorta. Tetramethylpyrazine, 2-15 mg/kg i.v., caused
      prominent systemic and coronary vasodilation, with a maximum reduction of mean
      aortic pressure from 92 +/- 5 mm Hg during control conditions to 62 +/- 7 mm Hg
      (p less than 0.01), a peak increase in cardiac output from 3.0 +/- 0.4 to 4.1 +/-
      0.7 L/min (p less than 0.05), and a peak reduction of systemic vascular
      resistance from 2,450 +/- 400 to 1,210 +/- 329 dyne X s X cm-5 (p less than
      0.01). Simultaneously, heart rate increased from 143 +/- 9 to 174 +/- 8 beats/min
      (p less than 0.01), and maximum left ventricular dP/dt increased from 2,410 +/-
      120 to 4,020 +/- 60 mm Hg/s (p less than 0.01). Dose-related increases of
      coronary blood flow occurred from 37.3 +/- 3.7 to a maximum of 74.1 +/- 6.6
      ml/min (p less than 0.01), while mean coronary vascular resistance decreased from
      1,770 +/- 240 to 700 +/- 260 dyne X s X cm-3 (p less than 0.01). Myocardial
      oxygen consumption increased in proportion to the increase in coronary blood
      flow. Following beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol (1 mg/kg, i.v.),
      ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium, or catecholamine depletion with reserpine
      (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.), the systemic and coronary vasodilator effects of
      tetramethylpyrazine persisted, but the increases in heart rate, maximum left
      ventricular dP/dt, and myocardial oxygen consumption were markedly
      attenuated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413291
TI  - Effects of postnatal maturation on myocardial contractile responses to calcium
      antagonists and changes in contraction frequency.
AB  - The inotropic responses to verapamil and nitrendipine (5.0 X 10(-8)-1.0 X 10(-5)
      M) were compared in right ventricular papillary muscles isolated from immature
      (14-21 days of age) and adult rabbits. In addition, the effects of changing the
      contraction frequency (force-frequency response) were studied in both age groups
      in the presence and absence of the calcium antagonists. Immature myocardium
      exhibited a greater sensitivity to the negative inotropic effect of both calcium
      antagonists. The concentrations of verapamil which reduced basal developed
      tension by 50% were 0.70 X 10(-6) M in the immature rabbit and 4.51 X 10(-6) M in
      the adult (p less than 0.05). For nitrendipine, these values were 0.48 X 10(-6) M
      in the immature rabbit and 1.21 X 10(-6) M in the adult (p less than 0.05).
      Raising the contraction frequency increased the contractile force (positive
      staircase) in both age groups, and verapamil abolished the positive staircase in
      both groups. Nitrendipine preserved but attenuated the positive staircase in the
      adult, but, in contrast, augmented the positive-staircase response in the
      immature myocardium. These age-related differences suggest that the mechanisms
      regulating calcium influx across the sarcolemma undergo postnatal maturation.

PMID- 2413293
TI  - In vivo and in vitro assessment of the cardiovascular effects of 8-(benzylthio)
      N6-n-butyl-cyclic AMP.
AB  - In the canine heart-lung preparation (HLP) and the anesthetized open-chest dog,
      both 8-(Benzylthio)-N6-n-butyl-cyclic AMP (BTB-cyclic AMP) (10 times more potent)
      and dibutyryl-cyclic AMP (DB-cyclic AMP) produced a definite positive inotropic
      effect (PIE) and an increase in the coronary blood flow with either no change
      (HLP) or a slight increase (anesthetized animal) (BTB-cyclic AMP) and a definite
      increase in the heart rate (DB-cyclic AMP). In the isolated atrial preparations
      of the guinea pig (AG), BTB-cyclic AMP produced a slight PIE at 3 X 10(-5) M and
      a negative chronotropic effect at 3 X 10(-4) M. Aminophylline reversed the latter
      to the positive one, while potentiating the former. At 10(-3) M marked positive
      inotropic and chronotropic effects were observed. DB-cyclic AMP was without
      effects. In the right ventricular papillary muscle preparations of the guinea pig
      (PMG), both compounds produced PIE. BTB-cyclic AMP initiated a contraction (AG)
      and a "slow" action potential (PMG) in partially depolarized preparations. Both
      of these effects were abolished by diltiazem. BTB-cyclic AMP (10(-3) M)
      suppressed the heart rate increase induced by isoproterenol in right AG. It was
      concluded that BTB-cyclic AMP was a cardiotonic agent with a relatively weak
      positive chronotropic effect and that the cardiotonic effect was ascribable to
      the initiation of slow action potentials and related contractions.

PMID- 2413292
TI  - Effects of chronic administration of enalapril and propranolol on the large
      arteries in essential hypertension.
AB  - The forearm arterial effects of enalapril and propranolol were compared by means
      of pulsed Doppler velocimetry in 28 patients with hypertension after treatment
      for 3-6 months. Enalapril decreased blood pressure, increased both brachial
      artery diameter and blood flow, decreased vascular resistance, and increased the
      arterial compliance of the forearm. Propranolol also decreased blood pressure but
      did not produce any other changes. It may be concluded that the treatment of
      hypertension with enalapril, but not propranolol, is associated with dilatation
      effects on the arterial circulation of the forearm.

PMID- 2413294
TI  - Impact of captopril on hemodynamic and hormonal effects of nitroprusside.
AB  - The impact of oral captopril, 2 mg . kg-1, on the dose and on the hemodynamic and
      hormonal effects of nitroprusside was studied in seven patients (Group II). A
      comparable group (Group I, n = 7) received nitroprusside alone. In both groups,
      nitroprusside produced comparable decreases in mean arterial pressure, systemic
      vascular resistance, and right atrial pressure; cardiac output increased because
      of a significant change in heart rate. Although plasma renin activity increased
      significantly (compared with control values) in both groups, it was greater (p =
      0.01) through the operative period in patients pretreated with captopril. Plasma
      aldosterone concentration increased in Group I (p = 0.01) but decreased in Group
      II (p = 0.01). Plasma catecholamine concentrations increased (p = 0.01) with
      nitroprusside alone but were unchanged in captopril-treated patients. Plasma
      converting enzyme activity was markedly inhibited (p = 0.001) by captopril.
      Following cessation of nitroprusside infusion in Group I, rebound hypertension
      occurred in conjunction with a significant (p = 0.01) increase in systemic
      vascular resistance; it was associated with elevated plasma renin activity,
      catecholamines, and aldosterone concentrations. In contrast, captopril-treated
      patients showed no rebound hemodynamic changes. Nitroprusside dose was less (p =
      0.01) with captopril pretreatment (2.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 4.8 +/- 0.9 microgram . kg-1 .
      min-1). Thus, captopril is a useful adjunct to nitroprusside-induced hypotension.

PMID- 2413295
TI  - Suppression of ventricular arrhythmias after coronary artery ligation by
      pinacidil, a vasodilator drug.
AB  - Pinacidil, a new vasodilator compound, has been shown to lower blood pressure in
      animals and humans by a direct vasodilator effect. We have studied the effects of
      pinacidil on experimental cardiac arrhythmias in dogs. Pinacidil did not exhibit
      antiarrhythmic activity on ouabain-induced arrhythmias. In contrast, verapamil
      had minor antiarrhythmic activity on the ouabain arrhythmia, restoring sinus
      rhythm in one-third of the dogs studied. Pinacidil suppressed the arrhythmia
      present 22-24 h after coronary artery ligation at doses which produced a
      significant reduction in mean arterial pressure. The antiarrhythmic action of
      pinacidil was not modified by pretreatment with propranolol but appeared to be
      blunted by the infusion of the alpha-agonist, phenylephrine. Other hypotensive
      agents, hydralazine and sodium nitroprusside, although producing similar
      reductions in mean arterial pressure to pinacidil, did not exhibit a consistent
      antiarrhythmic action in dogs 22-24 h after coronary artery ligation. The calcium
      antagonist verapamil did not display antiarrhythmic activity on this model. The
      mechanisms by which pinacidil exerted an antiarrhythmic action have not yet been
      elucidated. The results of the present study suggest that further studies with
      pinacidil on myocardial infarct size, myocardial perfusion, and experimental
      cardiac arrhythmias would be advantageous.

PMID- 2413296
TI  - Electrophysiology of the enantiomers of disopyramide in dogs.
AB  - The antiarrhythmic agent disopyramide comprises two enantiomers. In the present
      study, we examined the effects of the individual enantiomers on in vivo
      electrophysiology in anesthetized, closed-chest dogs. Six dogs received d
      disopyramide, seven received l-disopyramide, and three dogs served as controls.
      Electrophysiologic measurements were performed at a series of geometrically
      increasing steady-state plasma concentrations of d- or l-disopyramide.
      Concentration-response curves were constructed for each electrophysiologic
      parameter, and the slopes of the regression lines of response versus plasma
      concentration were compared between enantiomers. Electrophysiologic parameters in
      the control dogs did not significantly change with time. However, stereoselective
      electrophysiologic effects were observed, with l-disopyramide being more potent
      than d-dispopyramide in prolonging sinus cycle length, Wenckebach cycle length,
      and atrioventricular nodal refractoriness (p less than 0.05). These findings are
      consistent with the established increased anticholinergic activity of the d
      enantiomer which appeared to offset its local anesthetic or sodium channel
      inhibiting properties. Interrelationships between the autonomic nervous system
      and the cardiac electrophysiologic effects of disopyramide may be important in
      its antiarrhythmic effects.

PMID- 2413297
TI  - Plasma protein binding and erythrocyte partitioning of nicardipine in vitro.
AB  - Using isotope techniques, equilibrium dialysis, and incubation experiments, we
      characterized the binding of nicardipine to isolated plasma proteins, human
      serum, blood cells, and platelets. Nicardipine was mainly bound to lipoproteins,
      orosomucoid, albumin, and erythrocytes in human blood. Nicardipine, pindolol, and
      imipramine were found to share the same site on orosomucoid. The determinants of
      nicardipine binding to lipoproteins were triglycerides, phospholipids, and
      cholesterol ester. Nicardipine partitioned into erythrocytes, showing a constant
      ratio of distribution between the intra- and extracellular compartments.
      Nicardipine partitioned less to erythrocytes when increasing amounts of binding
      plasma proteins were present in the extracellular compartment. In human blood, 12
      to 18% of total nicardipine was present in erythrocytes. The overall binding of
      nicardipine in serum varied from 98 to 99.5% and correlated with serum
      orosomucoid and serum lipid concentrations.

PMID- 2413298
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of nicardipine in anesthetized open-chest dogs in the
      absence and presence of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade: a comparison with
      nifedipine and verapamil.
AB  - Nicardipine, a new 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium-entry blocker, was assessed for
      cardiovascular effects against nifedipine and verapamil in anesthetized open
      chest beagle dogs, in the absence and presence of beta-adrenoceptor blockade
      (propranolol 1 mg/kg i.v.). In control conditions, intravenous nicardipine and
      nifedipine (30 nmol/kg) produced decreases in blood pressure of similar magnitude
      without evidence of cardiodepression. An equihypotensive dose of verapamil (300
      nmol/kg), by contrast, induced long-lasting negative chronotropic and inotropic
      effects, which, when combined with the effects of propranolol, were so marked as
      to cause the death of two of five dogs (atrioventricular block). Dihydropyridine
      derivatives at higher doses (100 nmol/kg) produced different responses:
      nifedipine depressed cardiac performance significantly more than nicardipine and,
      in the presence of beta-adrenergic blockade, caused the death of three of six
      dogs due to cardiovascular failure. In the nicardipine group, on the contrary,
      cardiac function was adequately preserved even in the presence of beta-blocker,
      and no animals died. The results of the present study confirm a previous in vitro
      observation: nicardipine is a calcium-entry blocker devoid of remarkable
      cardiodepressant effects and particularly selective for the vascular smooth
      muscle.

PMID- 2413299
TI  - Neutrophil depletion suppresses 111In-labeled platelet accumulation in infarcted
      myocardium.
AB  - Platelets and neutrophils accumulate rapidly in infarcted myocardium. Although
      antineutrophil agents reduce the size of the infarcted area, this is not observed
      with antiplatelet drugs. The possibility that myocardial ischemia-induced
      platelet deposition was secondary to a neutrophil-mediated event was assessed by
      injecting prostacyclin-washed autologous 111In-labeled platelets and measuring
      the amount of radioactivity in different regions of the heart following 90-min
      occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by reperfusion
      for periods up to 5 h. Platelet deposition during the reperfusion phase was
      linear with time and similar to the time course of neutrophil accumulation. There
      was a transmural distribution of radioactivity across the myocardium where the
      "zone" between infarcted and risk regions, called the "interface," greater than
      infarct greater than risk greater than normal. Neutropenia (21 +/- 2% control
      levels), induced with specific sheep anti-dog neutrophil antiserum, had minimal
      effects on platelet aggregation ex vivo, but significantly reduced platelet
      accumulation in the ischemic myocardium following 5-h reperfusion and abolished
      the transmural platelet distribution. These results suggest that myocardial
      platelet deposition is secondary to a neutrophil-mediated event in this occlusion
      reperfusion model of myocardial injury. Interactions between platelets and
      neutrophils at the site of tissue damage may influence the process of myocardial
      ischemic injury.

PMID- 2413300
TI  - Trimazosin: relationships between hypotensive effect, vascular responsiveness,
      and drug and metabolite concentrations.
AB  - The relationships between the effects on blood pressure and vascular
      responsiveness, and the whole blood concentration of the antihypertensive drug
      trimazosin and its major metabolite were investigated in six normotensive male
      volunteers following 100 mg i.v. and 200 mg p.o. administration. Pressor
      responses to intravenous phenylephrine and angiotensin II were evaluated 1-3
      (early) and 5-7 h (late) after drug or vehicle administration. There was a fall
      in blood pressure in the erect position (maximum between 4 and 8 h) associated
      with a modest increase in heart rate. Following treatment with trimazosin, blood
      pressure fell to 100/63 mm Hg with intravenous administration and 92/63 mm Hg
      with oral treatment, compared with the placebo value of 114/83 mm Hg. Both oral
      and intravenous trimazosin caused a significant rightward shift of the
      phenylephrine pressor dose-response curve (p less than 0.05). There was no
      significant shift of the angiotensin II pressor dose responses. Using linear
      regression analysis, the concentration of trimazosin in whole blood showed a
      significant correlation with the dose ratios from the phenylephrine pressor dose
      responses following treatment with both intravenous (r = 0.73, p less than 0.02)
      and oral (r = 0.57, p less than 0.05) trimazosin. There was no such correlation
      using dose ratios from angiotensin II pressor dose responses. There was no
      correlation between the concentration of the metabolite 1-hydroxytrimazosin and
      dose ratios from either phenylephrine or angiotensin II pressor dose responses.
      These observations suggest that the predominant mechanism of action of
      trimazosin, at doses that reduce blood pressure in humans, is through blockade of
      peripheral postjunctional alpha 1-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2413301
TI  - Sinoatrial automaticity and transmembrane potentials in hamsters on a magnesium
      deficient diet.
AB  - We studied the effects of moderate Mg deficiency on sinus node automaticity and
      atrial muscle transmembrane potential in hamsters. The Mg-deficient hamsters (Mg
      D) were fed a diet containing less than 2.0 mmol/kg Mg (0Mg) for 7 days. They
      were then fed 0Mg enriched with 10 mmol/kg Mg acetate for 12 days. Control
      animals (Mg-N) were fed a Mg-sufficient diet consisting of 0Mg supplemented with
      100 mmol/kg Mg acetate. Sinoatrial preparations from Mg-N and Mg-D animals were
      superfused in vitro with Tyrode solution at 36 degrees C. Transmembrane
      potentials were recorded using intracellular microelectrodes. Preparations from
      Mg-D hamsters beat at a more rapid spontaneous rate than did those from Mg-N
      animals. A decrease in [Mg]0 enhanced the automaticity of Mg-N preparations, but
      not of Mg-D preparations. The negative chronotropic action of carbamycholine
      (CBL) was greater in the Mg-D than in the Mg-N preparations. When driven at a
      constant rate, the atrial muscle fibers of Mg-D hamsters repolarized more rapidly
      than did those of the Mg-N group. The resulting difference in the action
      potential duration (APD) was independent of membrane resting potential (MRP),
      amplitude of the action potential (AAP), and velocity of depolarization during
      phase 0 (Vmax), which were the same in both groups of preparations. The APD was
      shortened to a similar extent, proportionally, by 100 nM CBL in both
      preparations, while MRP, AAP, and Vmax remained unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413302
TI  - Sustained protection by iloprost of the porcine heart in the acute and chronic
      phases of myocardial infarction.
AB  - The effects of iloprost (ZK 36 374) on myocardial ischemia and infarction were
      studied in three groups of four anesthetized and heparinized pigs. Coronary
      microembolization was evoked by the injection of microspheres (50 microM) into
      the left coronary artery. A dose of 12 million beads/kg was followed by
      ventricular fibrillation and death after 11 +/- 5 min (group A). In group B,
      ischemia was evident at 15 min after the injection of 6 million beads/kg from an
      ST segment elevation in the precordial electrocardiogram (2.9 +/- 1.1 mV; p less
      than 0.05) and from an arterial-coronary venous difference in inosine
      concentration of -8.5 +/- 0.3 microM (p less than 0.05). However, in the presence
      of iloprost--an infusion of 0.18 micrograms/kg/min started 30 min before
      embolization--no ST segment elevation (0.45 +/- 0.23 mV; NS) or inosine release (
      1.5 +/- 1.0 microM) was detected after the injection of 12 million beads/kg
      (group C). After 7 days, the animals from group B had more frequent spontaneous
      ventricular arrhythmias than those from group C. Programmed electrical
      stimulation induced intraventricular reentry in some animals of both groups (3 of
      4 in B and 2 of 4 in C). Ventricular tachycardia was induced in two animals from
      group B. Postmortem examination revealed small myocardial infarcts in all group B
      animals; however, in group C no infarcts were detected. These data corroborate
      the view that prostacyclin-mimetic compounds are beneficial in the acute and in
      the chronic phases of myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2413303
TI  - Effects of AQ-AH 208, a new specific bradycardic agent, on myocardial ischemia
      reperfusion injury in anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The effects of a new specific bradycardic agent, AQ-AH 208--3,4-dihydro-6,7
      dimethoxy-2-[3-( [ 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethyl]-aminoethyl)-propyl ]
      1(2H)isochinolinon--on ischemia-reperfusion-induced myocardial infarct size
      following a 2-h occlusion and 30-min reperfusion period of the left anterior
      descending coronary artery (LAD) were determined in anesthetized dogs. Regional
      myocardial blood flow was measured by use of radioactive microspheres (15
      micron), and tissue injury was determined by use of the triphenyltetrazolium
      chloride histochemical stain. In two groups of dogs, vehicle (saline) or AQ-AH
      208 (500-micrograms/kg bolus followed by 25 micrograms/kg/min) was administered
      intravenously 10 min prior to LAD occlusion and infused throughout the occlusion
      and reperfusion periods. In a third group, AQ-AH 208 was given 10 min after LAD
      occlusion and infused throughout the remainder of the experiment. AQ-AH 208
      treatment resulted in a significant reduction in heart rate and heart rate
      systolic pressure product during occlusion and reperfusion. AQ-AH 208 produced
      variable increases in collateral blood flow as compared with the saline-treated
      group 20 min and 2 h following LAD occlusion. These increases in collateral
      perfusion were primarily to the midmyocardium and subendocardium, as reflected by
      increases in the endocardial/epicardial blood flow ratio (endo/epi). During
      reperfusion, subendocardial flow was significantly elevated and subepicardial
      flow reduced in both AQ-AH 208-treated groups, as compared with control, and the
      endo/epi was markedly increased. In all three groups, left ventricular weight,
      area at risk, percent of the left ventricle at risk, and retrograde flow and
      pressure prior to drug treatment were similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413304
TI  - Comparison of the actions of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
      enalapril and S-9490-3 in sodium-deplete and sodium-replete spontaneously
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - The hypotensive action of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
      enalapril and S-9490-3 was examined in conscious, chronically cannulated Na+
      replete and Na+-deplete spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of the Okamoto
      strain. Blood pressure, plasma ACE activity, plasma renin activity (PRA), and
      pressor responses to intravenous bolus injections of angiotensin I (AI) were
      measured over a 24-h period following a single oral dose of ACE inhibitor (0.3,
      1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg) or vehicle. S-9490-3 caused a significantly greater
      hypotensive response and inhibition of plasma ACE and AI pressor responses than
      enalapril for each dose in both diet groups. Single oral doses of both drugs (3
      mg/kg) caused slow, progressive falls in blood pressure which were maximal at 12
      h. In contrast, inhibition of plasma ACE was maximal 1 h following the oral dose
      and returned to control levels over the 24-h period. The inhibition of the
      pressor response to intravenous AI paralleled, and was significantly correlated
      with, the inhibition of plasma ACE. There was no correlation between the maximal
      fall in blood pressure with PRA or with inhibition of plasma ACE activity in
      either diet group. The hypotensive response to both drugs at the 3-mg/kg dose was
      greater in Na+-deplete SHR than in Na+-replete animals. Both drugs caused large
      rises in PRA. The ACE inhibitor S-9490-3 is a significantly more potent
      hypotensive agent than enalapril in the SHR and a significantly more potent ACE
      inhibitor in vivo. The hypotensive response to both drugs was dissociated in
      onset and duration from the inhibition of plasma ACE and AI pressor responses.

PMID- 2413305
TI  - Haemodynamic advantages of a combined inotropic/venodilator regimen over
      inotropic monotherapy in acute heart failure.
AB  - The haemodynamic influence of positive inotropic therapy with dobutamine, both
      alone and when combined with isosorbide dinitrate, was evaluated in 10
      consecutive patients admitted to Coronary Care with acute left ventricular
      failure (pulmonary artery occluded pressure greater than 20 mm Hg) complicating
      myocardial infarction. Dobutamine increased systemic arterial blood pressure and
      heart rate without reduction in the left heart filling pressure; cardiac index
      (+0.9 L/min/m2; p less than 0.01) was substantially increased. Thus, consequent
      on these effects, dobutamine could increase myocardial oxygen requirements. The
      addition of intravenous isosorbide dinitrate reduced systemic arterial pressure
      and left heart filling pressure; the augmented cardiac index following therapy
      with dobutamine alone was maintained. Combined dobutamine/nitrate therapy,
      therefore, appeared haemodynamically superior to dobutamine monotherapy, in that
      it improved cardiac stroke volume at a normalised left ventricular filling
      pressure. These data suggest that combined dobutamine/nitrate therapy may prove
      useful as an adjunct to the treatment of normotensive heart failure complicating
      acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2413306
TI  - Clinical evaluation of the vasodilator MDL-899 in patients with essential
      hypertension.
AB  - In this study of 10 patients with essential hypertension inadequately controlled
      by standard beta-blocker-diuretic combination therapy, the addition of 5 mg of
      MDL-899, a peripheral arteriolar vasodilator, resulted in significant reductions
      in blood pressure, both supine and standing, which was maximal 4-8 h after
      dosing, with no additional orthostatic component. There were associated small
      rises in heart rate but no evidence of significant activation of the sympathetic
      or renin-angiotensin systems. Six patients continued for 4 weeks receiving MDL
      899 twice daily with significant improvement in their blood pressure control-
      from a mean of 182/95 to 146/77 mm Hg (supine) and from 161/93 to 138/79 mm Hg
      (erect). These six patients experienced no significant side effects, but four
      patients were unable to proceed with the study as a result of adverse effects,
      particularly headache, following the first few doses. It seems likely that these
      side effects are dose related. In a combined drug regimen, MDL-899 is an
      effective vasodilator drug that significantly improved the blood pressure control
      of patients with essential hypertension.

PMID- 2413307
TI  - Naloxone does not modify the hemodynamic and neuroendocrine effects of clonidine
      in normal humans.
AB  - The relationship between central opioidergic and noradrenergic central control
      mechanisms of blood pressure was investigated in normal men by evaluating the
      interference exerted by naloxone, a specific opiate antagonist, on the
      cardiovascular (blood pressure and heart rate) and neuroendocrine [human growth
      hormone (HGH) stimulation] effects of clonidine, a centrally acting alpha
      adrenergic agonist, according to two different protocols. In series 1, the
      effects of placebo (normal saline), clonidine (0.15 mg i.v.), and naloxone (0.4
      mg i.v.) were compared with that of clonidine plus naloxone (0.15 and 0.4 mg
      i.v., respectively), in seven normal male subjects. Clonidine decreased blood
      pressure and heart rate, and increased HGH levels. Naloxone administered alone
      (0.4 mg i.v.) did not modify blood pressure, heart rate, and HGH levels, while
      naloxone (0.4 mg) pretreatment left unaltered the hemodynamic and neuroendocrine
      effects of clonidine. In series 2, in five additional normal males, the effect of
      increasing doses of naloxone (0.4, 2.0, and 8.0 mg i.v.) on the pharmacodynamic
      activity of clonidine (0.15 mg i.v.) was further evaluated. Clonidine alone
      decreased blood pressure and heart rate and increased HGH levels, while naloxone
      pretreatment, in the whole range of doses studied, did not significantly modify
      the action of clonidine. These data suggest that a central opioidergic tone does
      not modulate the effect of central alpha-noradrenergic stimulation in normal
      humans.

PMID- 2413308
TI  - Antagonism of vasopressin-induced coronary artery constriction by the vasopressin
      antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)-AVP.
AB  - d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)-AVP is a potent inhibitor of the systemic vasoconstrictor action
      of vasopressin (AVP). In order to examine the effectiveness of this agent in
      blocking AVP-induced coronary vasoconstriction, 11 pentobarbital-anesthetized
      mongrel dogs were instrumented for the measurement of left circumflex (LCX)
      coronary blood flow, systemic arterial blood pressure, heart rate, lead II
      electrocardiogram, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, left ventricular
      developed pressure, and left ventricular +/- dP/dt. Direct injection of AVP (0.01
      1 microgram) into the LCX produced a dose-dependent decrease in coronary artery
      blood flow (maximum reduction: 60.5 +/- 8.1% after 1 microgram), - dP/dt (maximum
      reduction: 41.8 +/- 5.3% after 1 microgram), and +dP/dt (maximum reduction: 14.6
      +/- 5.3%), whereas a dose-dependent increase in left ventricular end-diastolic
      pressure was observed (maximum increase: 62.6 +/- 20.2%). No significant changes
      occurred in heart rate, mean blood pressure, or left ventricular developed
      pressure. Intravenous administration of d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)-AVP reduced (1
      microgram/kg) or abolished (5 micrograms/kg) the effects of AVP on coronary blood
      flow +/-dP/dt and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. In addition, doses of
      1,2, and 5 micrograms/kg of d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)-AVP alone produced increases of LCX
      blood flow of 5.1 +/- 1.5, 2.0 +/- 0.7, and 6.8 +/- 1.7 ml/min, respectively (p
      less than 0.05). We conclude that d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)-AVP is effective in preventing
      the coronary artery constriction and hemodynamic sequelae of intracoronary
      administered AVP.

PMID- 2413309
TI  - Protection by carbocromene and molsidomine against arrhythmias occurring during
      coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion in dogs.
AB  - We studied the effects of carbocromene (4 mg/kg plus 40 micrograms/kg/min i.v.)
      and molsidomine (0.1 mg/kg plus 2 micrograms/kg/min i.v.) on arrhythmias
      occurring during 90-min occlusion and 30-min reperfusion of the left anterior
      descending coronary artery in anesthetized dogs. Both drugs reduced the incidence
      of left ventricular (LV) premature depolarization during ligation (39% after
      carbocromene and 33% after molsidomine vs. 80% in controls; both p less than
      0.05) and tachycardia (44% after carbocromene and 38% after molsidomine vs. 85%
      in controls; p less than 0.05). During reperfusion, the incidence of LV
      fibrillation was reduced in the carbocromene- (6 vs. 38% in controls; p less than
      0.05) and molsidomine-treated dogs (10 vs. 38% in controls; p less than 0.05).
      The high incidence of ectopic activity and the ST segment elevation occurring
      after coronary ligation in control animals were prevented by both drugs. The
      hemodynamic deterioration after coronary occlusion, i.e., increase in blood
      pressure, LV systolic and end-diastolic pressures, LV dP/dtmax, and tachycardia
      observed in controls, was prevented by carbocromene. Molsidomine reduced blood
      pressure and LV pressure by 18 and 27% (p less than 0.05), respectively, during
      coronary occlusion. During reperfusion, no hemodynamic alterations occurred in
      the drug-treated animals. We conclude that carbocromene reduced the
      electrophysiologic consequences of acute ischemia by hemodynamic and anti
      ischemic effects on heart metabolism. Molsidomine protected the jeopardized heart
      by a similar attenuation of hemodynamic derangement after coronary occlusion and
      perhaps by influencing prostanoid release from the ischemic myocardium.

PMID- 2413310
TI  - Effects of prostacyclin on contractile properties of isolated mammalian cardiac
      muscle.
AB  - We studied the influence of prostacyclin (PGI2) on the contractile performance of
      isolated mammalian ventricular muscle. PGI2 had no direct influence on myocardial
      contractility, as evidenced by experiments on single cardiac cells and papillary
      muscle. Moreover, PGI2 did not interfere with the inotropic action of
      isoproterenol. In comparison, neither prostaglandin E1 nor E2 appeared to have
      any cardiotonic action.

PMID- 2413311
TI  - Enhanced subendocardial perfusion distal to a flow-limiting coronary artery
      stenosis in dogs: comparative effects of nicorandil, a potential new antianginal
      agent, and nitroglycerin.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of nicorandil [SG-75; 2
      nicotinamidoethyl nitrate (ester)] and nitroglycerin on the distribution of blood
      flow between subendocardium and subepicardium [endocardial/epicardial blood flow
      ration (endo/epi)] distal to a proximal flow-limiting coronary artery stenosis in
      anesthetized dogs. Myocardial blood flow distribution was determined by use of 15
      micron radioactive microspheres. Various indices of reactive hyperemia (peak
      flow, duration, volume) and poststenotic coronary pressures were used to assess
      the severity of ischemia in the area distal to the stenosis. Partial ischemia was
      produced by a 10-s total left circumflex coronary occlusion followed by 110 s of
      reflow to 50-60% of the control flow. Microspheres were injected during steady
      state conditions during the partial reflow period. In the absence of drug,
      coronary artery stenosis produced marked underperfusion of the subendocardium
      (endo/epi, 0.55 +/- 0.05). Following administration of nicorandil (60
      micrograms/kg i.v.) or nitroglycerin (15 micrograms/kg i.v.), the endo-epi during
      a subsequent partial reflow (stenosis present) period was significantly increased
      (0.67 +/- 0.06). The duration of reactive hyperemia and reactive hyperemic flow
      were also decreased by both compounds following release of the stenosis. These
      results suggest that nicorandil and nitroglycerin reduce subendocardial ischemia
      distal to a flow-limiting coronary artery stenosis. This beneficial effect may
      partially explain the efficacy of these two compounds in the therapy of angina
      pectoris.

PMID- 2413312
TI  - Effects of nafazatrom and indomethacin on experimental myocardial ischemia in the
      anesthetized dog.
AB  - The anti-ischemic effects of nafazatrom (10 mg/kg intraduodenally) have been
      studied in a canine model of myocardial infarction. Nafazatrom was given 30 min
      before and 2 h after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery
      (LAD). Effects were compared with those after intravenous indomethacin (10 mg/kg)
      treatment. Infarct size was measured at 6 h of coronary occlusion by postmortem
      tetrazolium staining. Myocardial ischemia was reduced after nafazatrom
      administration, whether related to total left ventricle (18 +/- 3.3 vs. 30.7 +/-
      4.8%; p less than 0.05) or to the LAD vessel area at risk for infarction (51.4 +/
      4.0 vs. 82.5 +/- 4.5%; p less than 0.01). Salvage with nafazatrom occurred in
      the subepicardial and endomural tissues without lateral protection. Indomethacin
      had no effects on infarction. The LAD occlusion-induced hemodynamic consequences
      were reduced at 15 min by nafazatrom and remained unchanged by indomethacin.
      During the following experimental course, no differences were noted between the
      groups. At 6 h, blood flow in the nonoccluded circumflex artery increased by 12.6
      +/- 3.2 ml/min (p less than 0.05) following nafazatrom treatment. Thus,
      nafazatrom reduced ischemia by a mechanism unrelated to changes in hemodynamics.
      Most likely, this was due to 5-lipoxygenase inhibition. This may shift
      arachidonic acid metabolism to cyclooxygenase products and prevent release of
      deleterious lipoxygenase products by neutrophils during ischemic injury.

PMID- 2413313
TI  - Comparative effects of nitrendipine and verapamil on neuroeffector transmission
      in the rabbit ear artery.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effects of the
      calcium antagonists nitrendipine and verapamil on nerve-evoked constrictions and
      on norepinephrine (NE) release in the isolated, perfused rabbit ear artery. The
      response of the ear artery to nerve stimulation consists of an early phasic
      constriction (P response) and a late, slow-developing tonic constriction (T
      response). Both calcium antagonists were much more potent in causing inhibition
      of the T than P responses. For nitrendipine the EC50 (6.6 +/- 2.3 X 10(-8)M) for
      inhibition of T response was 450 times lower than the EC50 for inhibition of P
      response. Verapamil exhibited less selectivity for T response: the EC50 for
      inhibition of T response was 17 times lower than the EC50 for inhibition of the P
      response. Nitrendipine (3.3 X 10(7) to 3.3 X 10(-5) M) did not alter the nerve
      evoked release of [3H]NE from arteries preincubated with [3H]NE. Verapamil at 3.3
      X 10(-6) and 3.3 X 10(-5)M enhanced both spontaneous and nerve-evoked [3H]NE
      release.

PMID- 2413314
TI  - Effects of the antihypertensive prostaglandin analog CL 115,347 on cardiac output
      distribution in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.
AB  - The effects of CL 115,347, a novel prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) congener, on a variety
      of hemodynamic variables were examined in conscious spontaneously hypertensive
      rats. Within minutes of topical administration (0.03, 0.3, or 3.0 mg/kg), a dose
      dependent decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was observed. One hour
      following drug application, a stable, dose-related hypotensive effect was still
      apparent, with MABP from 18 to 33 mm Hg lower than control, predose values.
      Quantitation of blood flow using radioactive microspheres indicated that a
      significant increase in stroke volume and cardiac output (3.0 mg/kg only), as
      well as a reduction in total peripheral resistance, was associated with the
      administration of CL 115,347. Further analysis of regional blood flow implied
      that vasodilation in specific vascular beds may contribute importantly to the
      antihypertensive activity of this compound.

PMID- 2413315
TI  - Possible forms for dwell-time histograms from single-channel current records.
AB  - Certain macromolecules embedded in the cell membranes of a variety of cells
      behave as gated ion-selective pores or channels. The length of time that a
      channel remains open or closed is not deterministic in nature and must be
      described in terms of relative probabilities. If channels act independently of
      each other and appropriate experimental conditions can be maintained, the
      behavior of a channel can be described by a homogeneous Markov process. Using
      this representation, the relative probability of observing openings (or closings)
      of various durations can be described by a sum of discrete components which are
      related to the underlying model of the kinetic behavior of the channel.
      Generally, these discrete components are taken to be simple decaying
      exponentials; however, exponentially decaying oscillatory components (as well as
      certain others which are discussed) are consistent with the Markov process
      representation. The presence of components other than simple decaying
      exponentials is shown to imply the violation of detailed balance in the steady
      state (which requires energy), and thus, the presence of cyclic pathways in
      models which accurately represent the kinetic behavior of the channel.
      Oscillatory components, if present, will in general decay at a faster rate than
      the slowest decaying component, which, except under a very restricted set of
      conditions, will be a simple exponential.

PMID- 2413316
TI  - Palliative tracheal tube stent without tracheotomy in tracheal stenosis.

PMID- 2413317
TI  - Antigenic characteristics of circulating CFU-GM in chronic granulocytic leukaemia
      resemble those of CFU-GM in normal marrow and differ from those in normal blood.
AB  - We studied the surface antigenic determinants of myeloid progenitor cells (Day 7
      CFU-GM, Day 14 CFU-GM and BFU-E) in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of
      patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) and normal subjects by
      complement-mediated cytotoxicity with a panel of 8 selected murine monoclonal
      antibodies (McAbs) followed by culture in methyl cellulose. All classes of
      progenitor cell studied expressed HLA-DR antigens and also expressed other
      antigens recognized by two of the McAbs (S3-13 and S17-25) with myeloid
      specificity. Two other McAbs (R1.B19 and WGHS.29.1). Recognized antigens on Day
      14 CFU-GM derived from normal marrow but not on those from normal blood. The
      pattern of reactivity of Day 14 CFU-GM from the blood of patients with CGL
      resembled to a considerable extent that of CFU-GM from normal marrow and differed
      from that of CFU-GM from normal blood. BFU-E from the blood of patients with CGL
      reacted with these McAbs in a manner very similar to that of BFU-E from normal
      blood; however the same two McAbs (R1.B19 and WGHS.19.1) reacted with a much
      higher proportion of the BFU-E from the marrows of CGL patients than of normal
      subjects. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that normal blood-derived
      CFU-GM are more primitive than marrow-derived CFU-GM; however the CFU-GM in the
      circulation in CGL differ from those in normal blood, perhaps because they
      reflect overflow from or exchange with a hyperplastic marrow population.

PMID- 2413318
TI  - Subdivision of the acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemias by measurement of the
      relative abundance of a specific RNA sequence.
AB  - A recombinant plasmid library representing the more abundant polyadenylated RNA
      of a relapsed acute myelomonocytic leukaemic (FAB class M4) has been constructed.
      One recombinant, designated pAM6, contains a DNA sequence complementary to an RNA
      of about 1100 nucleotides in length. The relative concentrations of pAM6 RNA in
      the RNAs from cloned human haematopoietic cell lines and from fractionated
      leukaemic leukocytes and normal bone marrow cells, measured by an RNA dot
      hybridization method, indicated that pAM6 RNA occurs in myeloid cells, probably
      those of the monocyte lineage at the earlier stages in differentiation. Similar
      assays showed that pAM6 RNA could not be detected in the peripheral blood
      leukocytes of normal individuals, or of ALL and CLL patients, but that the
      relative abundance of pAM6 RNA varied widely in leukocytes from CGL chronic
      phase, CGL acute phase, and ANLL. No correlation between pAM6 RNA occurrence and
      FAB classification of ANLL could be made; thus it would appear that the relative
      abundance of pAM6 RNA in ANLL leukocytes can be used to subdivide the ANLLs in a
      novel manner. It is suggested that this criterion, in conjunction with existing
      diagnostic markers, may provide a subclassification of the ANLLs that could be of
      some prognostic and therapeutic value.

PMID- 2413319
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of substance P and its metabolite SP 1-7. A
      comparison with RIA.
AB  - We have investigated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as a possible
      alternative to radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the detection and measurement of the
      neuropeptide substance P (SP) and its metabolite substance P1-7. The
      sensitivities were higher with ELISA than with RIA utilizing the same antisera.
      The intra-assay and inter-assay variation in ELISA was 1% and 13% respectively.
      The higher sensitivities are in part due to the standard curves having less steep
      slopes, and in part to lower IC50s in the ELISA. Since there was a good
      correlation between peptide levels in biological samples as determined by ELISA
      and RIA respectively, ELISA might be considered an attractive alternative to RIA.

PMID- 2413320
TI  - Double-staining techniques allows electrophysiological identification of
      monoamine-containing neurons.
AB  - Electrophysiological recording provides important evidence for positive
      identification of many neurons in gastropods. We describe a technique which
      combines intracellular recording and injection of a persistent, non-fluorescent
      dye (Fast Green) with subsequent histofluorescence treatment using a modification
      of the wholemount glyoxylic acid procedure developed by Barber (1983) to
      establish the presence or absence of monoamine transmitters in positively
      identified single gastropod neurons.

PMID- 2413321
TI  - [Test yourself. Nursing keypoints. Pre- and postoperative nursing of a patient
      with breast cancer].

PMID- 2413322
TI  - Treatment for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency.

PMID- 2413324
TI  - A new procedure for bone reconstruction in oto-microsurgery: a mixture of bone
      dust and fibrinogen adhesive.

PMID- 2413323
TI  - Common activated helper-T-cell origin for lymphomatoid papulosis, mycosis
      fungoides, and some types of Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - A hypothesis is proposed to explain the nature of the Reed-Sternberg (RS) cell
      and the unexpectedly common clinical associations between lymphomatoid papulosis,
      mycosis fungoides, and some types of Hodgkin's disease. The RS cell appears to be
      a lymphoblast arising from activated helper T cells. In lymphomatoid papulosis, a
      cutaneous eruption with histological features of Hodgkin's disease, there is a
      spectrum of activated helper T cells, including cerebriform cells and large
      transformed RS-like cells. Clonal expansion of cerebriform cells in lymphomatoid
      papulosis leads to mycosis fungoides. Similar expansion of large transformed
      cells results in Hodgkin's disease. Progressive transformation of T4-positive
      cerebriform cells to Ki-1-positive RS cells accounts for rare cases of coexistent
      mycosis fungoides and Hodgkin's disease. Confirmation of this hypothesis should
      focus attention on the family of human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma viruses as
      possible aetiological agents in these helper-T-cell disorders.

PMID- 2413325
TI  - The protective effect of 1-tert.butyl-4,4-diphenylpiperidine against the
      nigrostriatal neurodegeneration caused by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine.
AB  - 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induces a Parkinson syndrome
      in humans and in monkeys. In the rat, treatment with MPTP for a month resulted in
      permanently reduced dopamine and serotonin levels in the caudate nucleus.
      However, if the rats were pretreated with budipine, no MPTP-induced reduction in
      the dopamine and serotonin levels in the caudate nucleus was observed although
      one month recovery and observation time had elapsed between the last budipine
      injection and decapitation. It is surmised that budipine antagonises the
      neurotoxic effect of MPTP.

PMID- 2413326
TI  - Slow channel calcium activators, a new group of pharmacological agents.
AB  - Specific calcium channels in myocardium and vascular smooth muscle and
      pharmacologic agents which possess the ability to block them have been the
      subject of intense research over the past several years. Many studies have
      utilized dihydropyridine derivatives (e.g. nifedipine, nitrendipine, nisoldipine)
      which have been shown to be efficacious inhibitors of calcium influx through
      voltage sensitive slow channels. Administration of these agents results in
      vascular smooth muscle relaxation and negative inotropic effects. Recently, novel
      dihydropyridines such as Bay k 8644, CGP 28 392 and YC-170, with actions
      diametrically opposed to those of compounds typified by nifedipine have been
      synthesized. These agents demonstrate vaso-constrictor and positive inotropic
      effects - actions which might be expected of compounds capable of stimulating the
      transmembrane influx of calcium into vascular smooth muscle and myocardium.
      Actions of Bay k 8644 and CGP 28 392 studied in vitro and in vivo have also shown
      that pharmacological blockade of beta or alpha adrenergic receptors does not
      influence the direct effects of these agents. Future analogs, with similar but
      more selective actions on myocardial calcium channels, may prove useful in the
      management of pathologic states characterized by insufficient contractile
      function of the heart.

PMID- 2413327
TI  - Correlations between aminergic metabolites simultaneously obtained from human CSF
      and brain.
AB  - Brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were simultaneously measured in 48 individuals
      at autopsy. Concentrations of 5-HIAA and HVA in the cerebral cortex were
      positively correlated with their levels in the CSF for the same individual.
      Additionally a positive correlation was observed between postmortem CSF levels of
      5-HIAA and HVA and a significant concentration gradient for both metabolites was
      observed in serial fractions of CSF. These findings suggest that determinations
      of 5-HIAA and HVA in CSF from living individuals may reflect brain metabolite
      levels as well as the functional activity of these specific neuronal systems.

PMID- 2413328
TI  - Cholecystokinin-induced secretion and synthesis of amylase and cationic
      trypsinogen by pancreatic acini isolated from rats given an ethanol diet.
AB  - Effects of chronic alcohol intake on secretion and synthesis of amylase and
      cationic trypsinogen (CT) were studied with pancreatic acini isolated from male
      Sprague-Dawley rats fed a Lieber-DeCarli ethanol or control diet for 30 days.
      Pancreatic acini were incubated in a media containing increasing concentrations
      of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8: 0-1000pM) followed by addition of
      [3H]leucine. Amylase and CT secreted in the media and those labeled in acini were
      quantitated. Basal and CCK-stimulated secretion of CT was not different in
      alcoholic and control groups. On the other hand, a dose-response curve of CCK
      stimulated amylase secretion from alcoholic acini was markedly reduced with both
      basal and maximal secretion decreased to only 40% of controls. Basal
      incorporation of [3H]leucine into amylase was reduced by 70% in alcoholic acini
      compared to controls while that into CT was not different in the two groups. CCK
      8 exhibited a biphasic effect on [3H]leucine incorporation into both enzymes in
      alcoholic acini: low concentrations of CCK-8 (less than 100pM) increased the
      incorporation whereas high concentrations (greater than 100pM) decreased it.
      However, in control acini, CCK-8 induced progressive suppression of the
      incorporation into these enzymes, the pattern of which was similar to that
      previously observed in fasted rats (Am. J. Physiol. 241:G116-G112, 1981). This
      difference in the response pattern resulted in significantly higher rates of CCK
      8 induced incorporation into CT in alcoholic acini. These results suggest that
      the differences observed may possibly be attributable not only to alcohol intake
      but also to the differences in carbohydrate intake and in temporal patterns of
      diet consumption.

PMID- 2413329
TI  - Thionin: spectrophotometry and thin-layer chromatography in relation to
      biological staining.

PMID- 2413330
TI  - [Chemoradiation treatment of pancreatic cancer].
AB  - Chemoradiotherapy was recommended to 40 pancreatic cancer patients following
      exploratory and palliative operations. To raise radiosensitivity of tumors, 22
      patients received simultaneous chemotherapy with i. v. injection of 5
      fluorouracil, 250 mg, 30-40 min prior to irradiation (2 Gy). A short-term
      therapeutic effect was obtained in 12 patients who received high (60 Gy) or
      moderate (40 Gy) irradiation doses and 4-7 g of 5-fluorouracil. The summation of
      a side effect of radio- and chemotherapy was marked. The administration of 5
      fluorouracil did not enhance pancreatic tumor radiosensitivity. The mean lifetime
      of the patients after treatment was 11.3 mos. To 11 patients before operation 5
      fluorouracil was administered i. v., 500 mg, twice a week or 1 g once a week (the
      mean summary dose 7.5 g). Radiotherapy was given after 2-8 weeks (the optimal
      time of 4-6 weeks) at a mean dose of 47.8 Gy. The mean lifetime after treatment
      was 18.7 mos. Chemotherapy to 7 patients was given after radiotherapy which was
      discontinued at doses of 24-36 Gy because of a grave general state of the
      patients 5-fluorouracil was administered i. v., 500 mg, twice a week (the mean
      summary dose 3 g) or 1-3 courses of polychemotherapy were given. The mean
      lifetime after treatment was 9.4 mos. The mean lifetime of all 40 patients after
      treatment was 13 mos., the therapy was effective in 24 (60%) patients. Thus
      simultaneous or consecutive chemoradiotherapy is not indicated for pancreatic
      cancer patients in a grave condition.

PMID- 2413331
TI  - Crystallized carbohydrate spheres for slow release and targeting.
AB  - Crystallized carbohydrate spheres have been prepared for use as a matrix for
      entrapment of biologically active substances, such as insulin, interferon, and
      growth hormone, which, when released, retain their biological activities, and
      where the carbohydrates are well known with documented low toxicity in human, as
      well as in the veterinary medical fields. The crystallized carbohydrate spheres
      containing entrapped antigens with co-entrapped immunomodulators may also be
      considered as a possible matrix of choice in immunization with weak antigens in
      humans, where the adjuvant effect presumably is a combination of slow release and
      macrophage stimulation, which is due to the small size of the spheres. By co
      entrapment of magnetite particles it is possible to target magnetically
      responsive carbohydrate microspheres to the brain, for example, or any other area
      in the body, thus promoting higher concentration of drug in the target area. The
      method of preparation, using the high-pressure homogenization technique, is
      easily scaled up, and with the use of commercially available devices, one could
      easily fabricate tons of the CCS per day. Release of the entrapped substances
      probably occurs via erosion of the matrix, rendering degradation products that
      are nonmodified as compared to the starting material. A further advantage of this
      concept is that there is no enzymatic degradation of the matrix influencing the
      release, since the parameters capable of breaking the hydrogen bonds stabilizing
      the crystallized structure are mainly pH and ionic strength, both of which are
      stable in a human body.

PMID- 2413332
TI  - Ethylcellulose microcapsules for selective drug delivery.

PMID- 2413333
TI  - Protein conjugates of fungal toxins.

PMID- 2413334
TI  - Dextran and inulin conjugates as drug carriers.

PMID- 2413335
TI  - Carrier potential of glycoproteins.

PMID- 2413336
TI  - Osmotic delivery systems for research.

PMID- 2413337
TI  - [Effect of inhibitors on the viability and protein and nucleic acid synthesis of
      Escherichia coli].
AB  - The object of this work was to study how the synthesis of protein, RNA and DNA in
      Escherichia coli M17 and its viability were influenced by chloramphenicol (50 and
      300 micrograms/ml) an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis, and sodium azide (200
      and 2000 microM) and aminazine (50 micrograms/ml), inhibitors of respiration. The
      exposed were inhibitors with the bacteria for 60 min at room temperature and for
      1-4 months at -10 degrees C. The inhibition of the E. coli viability by
      chloramphenicol was shown to be reversible. The respiration inhibitors stabilized
      its viability upon storage at -10 degrees C for one month. The inhibitors were
      found to produce a different effect on the synthesis of RNA and protein in E.
      coli. The rates of DNA synthesis hardly changed. No correlation was established
      between changes in the synthesis of protein and nucleic acids by E. coli after
      the action of the inhibitors and its viability.

PMID- 2413338
TI  - [Composition and properties of the outer cell wall layer in Bacillus brevis--the
      producer of gramicidin S].
AB  - Two membrane antigens were found by cross immunoelectrophoresis in the cell walls
      of Bacillus brevis var. G.-B., R form, which started to synthesize gramicidin S
      (20 mg per 1 ml of cultural broth). The cell wall contained no membrane
      components in cells at the beginning of the logarithmic growth phase. The protein
      with a molecular mass of 100 kDa is a component of the cell wall outer layer. The
      protein is not digested by trypsin or pronase when it comprises the cell walls of
      cells synthesizing gramicidin S. In the preparation of isolated cell walls, this
      protein becomes susceptible to the action of the above proteases only when the
      peptidoglycan layer is broken down by lysozyme. Electron microscopy of cells
      treated with proteases and shadowed with a metal revealed that many cells lacked
      the cytoplasm. Therefore, the outer layer of B. brevis R cell wall contains small
      regions susceptible to the action of protease along with regions composed of the
      100 kDa protein and resistant to these enzymes. It is possible that the small
      regions contain membrane components.

PMID- 2413339
TI  - Superficial bladder cancer.

PMID- 2413340
TI  - Chemotherapy-associated Raynaud's phenomenon in a two-year-old girl.
AB  - Raynaud's phenomenon occurred in a 2-year-old girl 17 months after starting
      multiagent chemotherapy for an endodermal sinus tumor of the vagina. Symptoms
      began 2 months after receiving her final dose of bleomycin, and gradually
      resolved over a 6-month period despite continuing vinblastine. Chemotherapy
      associated Raynaud's phenomenon appears to be unusual in young children, although
      mild episodes of vasospasm may not be reported by children or their parents.
      Specific questions regarding symptoms of Raynaud's phenomenon should be asked of
      all children receiving vinblastine and bleomycin therapy.

PMID- 2413341
TI  - [The importance of the risk registry in the health care of children].

PMID- 2413343
TI  - Hereditary and acquired polyneuropathies. Electrophysiologic aspects.
AB  - The electrophysiologic evaluation of patients with polyneuropathy may, in an
      increasing number of disorders, provide data that are critical to both diagnosis
      and treatment, especially in acquired demyelinating neuropathies. In general, the
      data will permit the presence or absence of neuropathy to be determined, and
      provide information concerning etiology, severity, pathology, and prognosis of
      peripheral nerve disease.

PMID- 2413342
TI  - Binding energy, conformational change, and the mechanism of transmembrane solute
      movements.

PMID- 2413345
TI  - [Study of the mRNA-binding region of ribosomes at different steps of translation.
      II. Affinity modification of Escherichia coli ribosomes by benzylidene derivative
      of AUGU6 in the 70S initiation complex].
AB  - 2',3'-O-(4-[N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-methylamino]) benzylidene derivative of AUGU6 was
      used for identification of the proteins in the region of the mRNA-binding centre
      of E. coli ribosomes. This derivative alkylated ribosomes (preferentially 30S
      ribosomal) with high efficiency within the 70S initiation complex. In both 30S
      and 50S ribosomal subunits proteins and rRNA were modified. Specificity of the
      alkylation of ribosomal proteins and rRNA with the reagent was proved by the
      inhibitory action of AUGU6. Using the method of two-dimensional electrophoresis
      in polyacrylamide gel the proteins S4, S12, S13, S14, S15, S18, S19 and S20/L26
      which are labelled by the analog of mRNA were identified.

PMID- 2413347
TI  - A spin label study of the ionic strength dependent conformational change in the
      human Ia molecule.
AB  - Purified human Ia molecules were labelled with maleimide or isothiocyanate spin
      labels or by reacting "TEMPAMINE" spin label with the neuraminic acid of their
      carbohydrate residues. It was found that increasing the ionic strength from 0.05
      to 0.75 markedly increased the dipolar interaction between the maleimide-attached
      labels, but no effect was found of ionic strength or motion on dipolar
      interaction with the other two labels. The effect of increasing ionic strength
      could be blocked by the prior addition of Ia-specific antibody, but could not be
      reversed by the addition of antibody after ionic strength was increased. These
      findings complement an earlier finding that increasing ionic strength over the
      range 0.05-0.75 has an inhibitory effect on the combination of Ia with its
      antibody. Because the maleimide spin labels attach predominantly to SH groups it
      is suggested that increasing ionic strength causes conformational changes in the
      immunoglobulin loop region which alter the accessibility of the Ia antibody
      binding site.

PMID- 2413346
TI  - [Proteins contacting with peptidyl-tRNA at the A-site of the Escherichia coli
      ribosome after enzymatic and non-enzymatic binding of aminoacyl-tRNA].
AB  - Proteins contacting (directly interacting) with peptidyl-tRNA in the A-site of E.
      coli ribosome were determined by means of ultraviolet-induced RNA-protein cross
      linking. It has been shown that upon enzymatic binding of Phe-tRNAPhe with the
      posttranslocated ribosome and following transpeptidation, the peptidyl-tRNAPhe
      directly interacts with proteins S5, S10, L6, L16 and S13/S14/L27, while upon non
      enzymatic binding--with S5, S10, L2, L6 and L16. These data evidenced, that the
      difference in tRNA-protein interactions upon enzymatic and non-enzymatic binding
      of Phe-tRNAPhe to the ribosome does not prevent the following step and remains
      after transpeptidation.

PMID- 2413344
TI  - Nucleocytoplasmic RNA transport.
AB  - A number of closely related post-transcriptional facets of RNA metabolism show
      nuclear compartmentation, including capping, methylation, splicing reactions, and
      packaging in ribonucleoprotein particles (RNP). These nuclear 'processing' events
      are followed by the translocation of the finished product across the nuclear
      envelope. Due to the inherent complexity of these interrelated events, in vitro
      systems have been designed to examine the processes separately, particularly so
      with regard to translocation. A few studies have utilized nuclear
      transplantation/microinjection techniques and specialized systems to show that
      RNA transport occurs as a regulated phenomenon. While isolated nuclei swell in
      aqueous media and dramatic loss of nuclear protein is associated with this
      swelling, loss of RNA is not substantial, and most studies on RNA translocation
      have employed isolated nuclei. The quantity of RNA transported from isolated
      nuclei is related to hydrolysis of high-energy phosphate bonds in nucleotide
      additives. The RNA is released predominantly in RNP: messenger-like RNA is
      released in RNP which have buoyant density and polypeptide composition similar to
      cytoplasmic messenger RNP, but which have distinctly different composition from
      those in heterogeneous nuclear RNP. Mature 18 and 28S ribosomal RNA is released
      in 40 and 60S RNP which represent mature ribosomal subunits. RNA transport
      proceeds with characteristics of an energy-requiring process, and proceeds
      independently of the presence or state of fluidity of nuclear membranes. The
      energy for transport appears to be utilized by a nucleoside triphosphatase
      (NTPase) which is distributed mainly within heterochromatin at the peripheral
      lamina. Photoaffinity labeling has identified the pertinent NTPase as a 46 kD
      polypeptide which is associated with nuclear envelope and matrix preparations.
      The NTPase does not appear to be modulated via direct phosphorylation or to
      reflect kinase-phosphatase activities. A large number of additives (including RNA
      and insulin) produce parallel effects upon RNA transport and nuclear envelope
      NTPase, strengthening the correlative relationship between these activities. Of
      particular interest has been the finding that carcinogens induce specific, long
      lasting increases in nuclear envelope (and matrix) NTPase; this derangement may
      underlie the alterations in RNA transport associated with cancer and
      carcinogenesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2413348
TI  - Carbohydrate-mediated clearance of secretory IgA from the circulation.
AB  - Radioiodinated human secretory IgA (sIgA) injected intravenously into mice was
      rapidly cleared from the circulation by the liver. A portion of the sIgA was
      transported as an intact molecule into the bile. However, this transport was less
      efficient than that of human serum polymeric IgA (pIgA). The clearance of sIgA
      from the circulation was inhibited by prior injection of asialofetuin, suggesting
      that its uptake is mediated by the hepatic binding protein (HBP) specific for
      asialoglycoproteins. Mouse pIgA did not inhibit the hepatic clearance of sIgA.
      Results of in vivo studies were confirmed by in vitro experiments. The binding of
      125I-asialoorosomucoid to either the particulate fraction (2000 g pellet of the
      homogenate) or the plasma membrane fraction of mouse liver was inhibited by sIgA.
      When polypeptide components of sIgA were used as inhibitors, significant
      inhibition was obtained with secretory component (SC), while inhibition with
      light and J-chains was not statistically significant. Examination of the
      inhibitory activity of IgA1 and IgA2 myeloma proteins and heavy chains isolated
      from these proteins revealed that binding of polymeric IgA1 and alpha 1 heavy
      chains can also be mediated by HBP. However, these interactions appear to be of
      lower avidity than those with SC. The inhibitory activity of human IgA2 and alpha
      2 heavy chains was not significant. The involvement of HBP in binding of sIgA was
      also confirmed by measuring the inhibition of binding of 125I-sIgA. The binding
      of this protein by the particulate fraction of the mouse liver homogenate was
      inhibited by asialoglycoproteins and SC while inhibition with IgA1 and alpha 1
      heavy chains was not significant. These results suggest that the carbohydrate
      moieties recognized by HBP reside primarily in the SC portion of sIgA.

PMID- 2413349
TI  - A novel H-2s class I molecule expressed on a B-cell leukemia from SJL/J mice.
AB  - Anti-H-2.33 [(B10.D2 X A)F1 anti-B10.A(5R)], which predominantly contains
      antibodies recognizing H-2Kb and IAb molecules, was found to be cytotoxic against
      DMLM 1678, a B-cell leukemia of SJL/J (H-2s) origin. The antiserum precipitated a
      typical class I (H-2-like) molecule from labeled tumor cell preparations as
      judged by molecular mass, papain susceptibility and association with beta 2
      microglobulin. Sequential immunoprecipitation studies revealed that it was
      distinct from either H-2Ks or H-2Ds, the 2 molecules expressing the private
      antigens of the H-2s haplotype. Absorption analysis using congenic mice mapped
      the gene controlling the expression of the novel molecule telomeric to the S
      region within the major histocompatibility complex.

PMID- 2413350
TI  - Differentiation of adenovirus hexon epitopes with monoclonal antibodies by gel
      diffusion assays.
AB  - Nine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against crystallized human adenovirus
      type 1 (Ad h 1) hexon were tested with purified homologous and heterologous hexon
      preparations by gel diffusion. Six MAbs formed a single line with the homologous
      hexon in a 2-well pattern, and 3 MAbs formed lines only in biclonal combinations
      with an appropriate MAb. All of the 6 precipitating MAbs formed a continuous line
      of complete identity when tested simultaneously against homologous and different
      heterologous hexons. With Ad h 1 hexon a line of double partial identity (double
      spur) was formed when some pair combinations of 2 MAbs were placed in 2
      juxtaposed wells. Other MAbs in the adjacent wells formed a line of identity. The
      MAbs could be divided into 2 antibody groups (groups A and B) based on this
      phenomenon. Members of antibody groups A and B apparently identified 2 sterically
      distinct epitopes: one of them is presumably the genus-specific epitope of the
      hexons (group A) and the other(s) should be intertype-specific epitope(s). Thus,
      the gel diffusion method can be used for selecting pairs of MAbs for their
      specificity to sterically independent epitopes. Mixtures of 2 MAbs belonging to
      the different antibody groups formed double lines with Ad h 1 hexons. Members of
      group A showed some helper effect to the members of group B for their precipitin
      line formation.

PMID- 2413351
TI  - [Physiology and pathology of juvenile social development from the pediatrician's
      viewpoint].

PMID- 2413352
TI  - Signals for activation of natural killer and natural killer-like activity.

PMID- 2413353
TI  - Identification and quantification of highly mutagenic nitroacetoxypyrenes and
      nitrohydroxypyrenes in diesel-exhaust particles.
AB  - Heavy-duty diesel-exhaust particles were collected, extracted and fractionated
      into diethyl ether-soluble neutral, acidic and basic fractions. The mutagenicity
      of these fractions was measured with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA98,
      TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6 in the presence and absence of a 9000 X g post
      mitochondrial supernatant from Aroclor-induced rat liver (S9 mix). The neutral
      and acidic fractions showed high mutagenicity with TA98 in the absence of S9 mix,
      the acidic fraction having the highest specific activity. In the absence of S9
      mix, the mutagenicity of crude, neutral and acidic fractions was greater in TA98
      than in TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6. Chemically-synthesized nitroacetoxypyrenes and
      nitrohydroxypyrenes were fractionated into the neutral and acidic fractions,
      respectively. These nitroarenes were purified by high-performance liquid
      chromatography and their mutagenicity was measured with the 4 strains. With TA98
      in the absence of S9 mix, 1-nitro-3-acetoxypyrene, 1-nitro-6/8-acetoxypyrene, 1
      nitro-3-hydroxypyrene, 1-nitro-6/8-hydroxypyrene induced 16 700, 336, 992, 94
      His+ revertants per plate per nmole, respectively. In the absence of S9 mix, the
      level of mutagenicity of these nitroarenes was highest in TA98, lowest in
      TA98/1,8-DNP6 and intermediate in TA98NR. The neutral and acidic fractions of
      diesel-exhaust particles were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
      and gas chromatography-mass fragmentography. The neutral fraction was found to
      contain nitroacetoxypyrenes, 1-nitropyrene, 1,6-dinitropyrene, while
      nitrohydroxypyrenes were detected in the acidic fraction. The amounts of 1-nitro
      3-acetoxypyrene, 1-nitropyrene, 1,6-dinitropyrene and 1-nitro-3-hydroxypyrene
      were 6.3, 62, 0.81, and 70 ng per mg of crude extract, and accounted for 12, 3.6,
      8.0, and 9.0%, respectively, of mutagenicity of the crude extract in TA98 in the
      absence of S9 mix.

PMID- 2413354
TI  - Structure of motor nerve terminals in chickens with hereditary muscular
      dystrophy.
AB  - The structure and size of 1-week to 1-year-old normal (line 412) and dystrophic
      (line 413) chicken motor nerve terminals were studied using combined pre- and
      postsynaptic histologic endplate staining. The main result is that adult
      dystrophic terminals have abnormal structure and are significantly smaller than
      normal. These differences occurred progressively during development. At 1 week ex
      ovo, dystrophic motor nerve terminals were similar to normals in size and
      appearance. By 8 weeks, differences between normal and dystrophic terminal size
      and structural organization began to emerge. Qualitatively, beginning at 8 weeks
      and becoming more frequent by 1 year of age (the endpoint of this study),
      dystrophic motor endplates differed from normal in having: generally smaller
      synaptic boutons, often separated by extremely thin branching interconnectives;
      increasing incidence of multiple innervation; and frequent occurrences of
      apparent partial or total denervation, terminal sprouting, and reinnervation.

PMID- 2413355
TI  - Calcium-antagonist drugs. Receptor interactions that clarify therapeutic effects.

PMID- 2413356
TI  - Type A viral hepatitis. New developments in an old disease.

PMID- 2413357
TI  - Bacillary organisms in cat scratch disease.

PMID- 2413358
TI  - Increased adventitial mast cells in a patient with coronary spasm.

PMID- 2413359
TI  - Constitutive synthesis of interleukin-3 by leukaemia cell line WEHI-3B is due to
      retroviral insertion near the gene.
AB  - Interleukin-3 (multi-CSF) is a multilineage haematopoietic growth regulator that
      initiates the proliferation and differentiation of multipotential stem cells.
      Complementary DNA clones encoding interleukin-3 (IL-3) have recently been
      isolated and the structure of the IL-3 gene determined. IL-3 is produced by T
      lymphocytes or T lymphomas only after stimulation with antigens, mitogens or
      chemical activators such as phorbol esters. The myelomonocytic leukaemia line
      WEHI-3B also produces IL-3 but its production is constitutive and the WEHI-3B
      cells do not appear to produce significant levels of any of the other lymphokines
      normally secreted by T lymphocytes after stimulation. It has been proposed that
      the genetic change leading to the constitutive expression of IL-3 may have been a
      key event in the development of this leukaemia. We report here that the
      constitutive synthesis of IL-3 by the WEHI-3B cell line is due to the insertion
      of an endogenous retrovirus-like element close to the 5' end of the gene. The
      insertion, an intracisternal A particle (IAP) genome, is positioned with its 5'
      long terminal repeat (LTR) close to the promoter region of the IL-3 gene,
      resulting in constitutive synthesis of IL-3.

PMID- 2413360
TI  - Membrane channels. Bridging the junctional gap.

PMID- 2413361
TI  - Computational vision and regularization theory.
AB  - Descriptions of physical properties of visible surfaces, such as their distance
      and the presence of edges, must be recovered from the primary image data.
      Computational vision aims to understand how such descriptions can be obtained
      from inherently ambiguous and noisy data. A recent development in this field sees
      early vision as a set of ill-posed problems, which can be solved by the use of
      regularization methods. These lead to algorithms and parallel analog circuits
      that can solve 'ill-posed problems' and which are suggestive of neural
      equivalents in the brain.

PMID- 2413362
TI  - Single-channel currents of an intercellular junction.
AB  - We have used a double whole-cell patch-clamp system to make the first
      quantitative recordings of the single-channel current from an intercellular
      junction, presumably a gap junction. The junctional channel has various
      conductance states and discriminates poorly between cations and anions. It seems
      to change slowly from one conductance state to another.

PMID- 2413363
TI  - T-cell clones specific for myelin basic protein induce chronic relapsing
      paralysis and demyelination.
AB  - Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) serves as a model for autoimmune
      diseases mediated by T lymphocytes. Following sensitization to rat, mouse or
      guinea pig myelin basic protein (MBP) in complete Freund's adjuvant, inbred mouse
      strains PL/J (H-2u), SJL/J (H-2s) and (PL/J X SJL/J)F1((PLSJ)F1) develop EAE.
      Whereas sensitization to the N-terminal 37 amino-acid peptide of rat or guinea
      pig MBP [MBP(1-37)] induces EAE in PL/J mice, immunization to the C-terminal
      peptide (89-169) leads to EAE in SJL/J mice. The immune response to MBP in
      (PLSJ)F1 mice is not co-dominant; sensitization to the N-terminal peptide induces
      EAE, while sensitization to the C-terminal peptide does not. We have generated
      MBP-specific T-cell clones restricted to class II (Ia) antigens of the major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) from PL/J and (PLSJ)F1 mice following
      sensitization to rat MBP. Two such I-Au-restricted T-cell clones that proliferate
      in response to the encephalitogenic N-terminal MBP peptide and recognize a shared
      determinant with mouse (self) MBP cause paralysis in 100% of (PLSJ)F1 mice
      tested. Paralysis is induced even when recipients are injected with as few as 1 X
      10(5) cloned T cells. Relapsing paralysis followed in two-thirds of the
      recipients after recovery from acute paralysis, whereas one-third developed
      chronic persistent paralysis, a form of EAE not usually seen. Histopathology
      revealed intense perivascular inflammation, demyelination and remyelination
      within the central nervous system of paralysed mice. The experimental disease
      induced with these clones shares important features with human demyelinating
      diseases such as multiple sclerosis. This is the first demonstration that T-cell
      clones that respond to a defined self-antigen can induce clinical and
      histological autoimmune disease.

PMID- 2413364
TI  - Human T-lymphotropic retroviruses.
AB  - The first human retroviruses have been discovered during the past six years. They
      cause two diseases which involve disturbances of the growth of the T4 lymphocyte,
      a remarkably specific target cell type. This cell, which is central to the
      regulation of the immune system, is induced by human T-lymphotropic virus type I
      (HTLV-I) to excessive proliferation (leukaemia) and by HTLV-III to premature
      death (acquired immune deficiency syndrome, AIDS). Both also seem to be
      indirectly involved in several other disorders. The genetic structures of these
      retroviruses and the mechanisms by which they usurp host-cell functions are novel
      among retroviruses.

PMID- 2413365
TI  - An unusual coding sequence from a Drosophila clock gene is conserved in
      vertebrates.
AB  - The per locus has a fundamental involvement in the expression of biological
      rhythms in Drosophila. Mutations at this locus can shorten, lengthen or eliminate
      a variety of rhythmic activities that range from circadian behaviours,
      exemplified by eclosion and locomotor activities, to short-period behaviour such
      as the 55-s rhythm of courtship song. DNA from the per locus has been cloned, and
      we have used P-element-mediated DNA transformation to establish that a 7.1
      kilobase(kb) HindIII fragment contains a functional copy of the gene. This
      transforming DNA contains a single transcription unit which gives rise to a 4.5
      kb poly(A)+ RNA. Here we report the results of a search for sequences homologous
      to the per locus DNA in the genomic DNA of several species of vertebrates. An
      unusual, tandemly repeated sequence forming a portion of the 4.5-kb per
      transcript is homologous to DNA in chicken, mouse and man. Cloned DNAs from the
      mouse and Drosophila are related by long, uninterrupted tandem repetitions of the
      sequence ACNGGN. At the per locus, these tandem repeats are predicted to code for
      poly(Thr-Gly) tracts up to 48 amino acids long. These repeated sequences are also
      transcribed in the mouse. Several long tracts of poly(Thr-Gly) appear to be
      encoded by DNA cloned from the mouse.

PMID- 2413366
TI  - Regulatory elements controlling chorion gene expression are conserved between
      flies and moths.
AB  - Flies and moths are approximately as distant phylogenetically as are mammals and
      birds. In terms of morphology, physiology and biochemistry, the complex
      proteinaceous eggshell or chorion differs substantially in these two insect
      groups, which are typified by Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori. The major
      chorion proteins of moths are encoded by two families of genes, A and B, which
      have no obvious homologues in flies. Unlike Drosophila, where chorion genes are
      oriented in tandem, moths show mostly chorion gene pairs (A plus B) that are
      divergently transcribed and coordinately expressed. The 5' ends of the paired
      genes are separated by a DNA segment of only 300 +/- 50 base pairs, which may
      well include at least some of the cis-regulatory elements necessary for gene
      expression. Despite these differences, we have tested whether moth chorion genes
      might be expressed in flies. Cloned DNA fragments bearing moth chorion genes were
      introduced into the Drosophila germ line by P-element-mediated transformation.
      Analysis of RNAs from transformed lines revealed that the genes are expressed
      with correct sex, tissue and temporal specificity, resulting in the accumulation
      of abundant moth chorion transcripts in late fly follicles.

PMID- 2413367
TI  - GTP-binding proteins couple cardiac muscarinic receptors to a K channel.
AB  - Binding of acetylcholine (ACh) to cardiac muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChR)
      activates a potassium channel that slows pacemaker activity. Although the time
      course of this activation suggests a multi-step process with intrinsic delays of
      30-100 ms, no second-messenger system has been demonstrated to link the mAChR to
      the channel. Changes in cyclic nucleotide levels (cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP) do
      not affect this K channel or its response to muscarinic agonists. Indeed,
      electrophysiological experiments argue against the involvement of any second
      messenger that diffuses through the cytoplasm. We report here that coupling of
      the mAChR in embryonic chick atrial cells to this inward rectifying K channel
      requires intracellular GTP. Furthermore, pretreatment of cells with IAP (islet
      activating protein from the bacterium Bordetella pertussis) eliminates the ACh
      induced inward rectification. As IAP specifically ADP-ribosylates two GTP-binding
      proteins, Ni and No, that can interact with mAChRs, we conclude that a guanyl
      nucleotide-binding protein couples ACh binding to channel activation. This
      represents the first demonstration that a GTP-binding protein can regulate the
      function of an ionic channel without acting through cyclic nucleotide second
      messengers.

PMID- 2413368
TI  - Uncoupling of cardiac muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors from ion channels
      by a guanine nucleotide analogue.
AB  - Guanine nucleotide binding proteins, interchangeably called N or G proteins, seem
      to be the primary signal-transducing components of various agonist-induced cell
      membrane functions. In the heart, G proteins have been implicated in beta
      adrenergic modulation of the slow inward Ca2+ current. We have investigated the
      role of G proteins in muscarinic activation of an inwardly rectifying,
      acetylcholine (ACh)-induced K+ current (IACh), and beta-adrenergic activation of
      an (isoprenaline)-induced Ca2+ current (Isi). Here we report that intracellular
      application of the non-hydrolysable GTP analogue 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate
      (GppNHp) brought about an agonist-induced, antagonist-resistant, persistent
      activation of IACh and Isi. This functional uncoupling of channel from receptor
      suggests that the muscarinic receptor and the IACh channel are separate molecular
      structures. Membrane conductance responses to sequential activation of muscarinic
      and beta-adrenergic receptors demonstrate that in contrast to the muscarinic
      inhibition of Isi, muscarinic stimulation of IACh is mediated by a G protein via
      a pathway that does not involve adenylate cyclase. Taken together, the results
      support the notion that agonist is required to induce GppNHp binding and/or
      activation of the G proteins. Once triggered by agonist, the control system
      remains maximally activated, thereby transforming the cell so that it no longer
      responds to subsequent homologous receptor-mediated signals.

PMID- 2413369
TI  - Sodium-activated potassium current in cultured avian neurones.

PMID- 2413370
TI  - The neuropharmacological profile of N-methyl-N-propargyl-2-aminotetralin: a
      potent monoamine oxidase inhibitor.
AB  - N-methyl-N-propargyl-2-aminotetralin (N-0425), a semi rigid analogue of deprenyl
      was found to be a potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type-A and -B. The MAO
      inhibitory potency was determined in in-vitro, ex-vivo and in-vivo experiments
      for racemic N-0425 and for both enantiomers, and compared with deprenyl. Racemic
      N-0425 and (-)N-0425 were found to inactivate both MAO-A and -B to about the same
      extent in rat brain homogenates, whereas (+)N-0425 was 10 times more potent in
      inhibiting MAO-B than MAO-A under in-vitro conditions. The latter compound was
      almost 3 times less active than (-)deprenyl with respect to inactivation of MAO
      B. In ex-vivo experiments it was shown that (+/-)- and (+)N-0425 inhibited rat
      striatal MAO-B activity almost completely 2 h after a dose of 0.01 mmol/kg ip,
      whereas both compounds produced a much less rapid inactivation of type-A MAO,
      which was about 65% after 23 h. No potentiation of the tyramine induced increase
      in systolic blood pressure was found in normotensive rats following doses up to
      0.01 mmol/kg ip of racemic N-0425, but a potentiation was observed after a higher
      dose of 0.04 mmol/kg. Levels of dopamine and noradrenaline were both increased in
      rat frontal cortex after the administration of N-0425, which can be interpreted
      as a reflection of MAO inactivation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413371
TI  - Effects of goniopora toxin on bullfrog atrial muscle are frequency-dependent.
AB  - When goniopora toxin (GPT), a marine toxin isolated from coral, was applied to
      the bullfrog atrial muscle, the duration of action potential (APD) was prolonged,
      and a positive inotropic effect was produced. Such effects of GPT were influenced
      by stimulus frequency. At lower frequencies of 0.1 Hz, GPT (10 to 100 nmol/l)
      produced a moderate prolongation of APD and positive inotropic effect. At higher
      frequencies (1.0 Hz), however, the effects of GPT on both APD and contraction
      were suppressed. In contrast, APD and duration of contraction were prolonged with
      long intervals of stimulation (1-3 min), in the presence of GPT. The rested-state
      contraction was also markedly increased and prolonged by GPT. When the membrane
      potential was conditioned by voltage clamp pulses, the prolonged action potential
      in GPT-treated muscle was shortened in proportion to the increase in conditioning
      depolarization. However, the shortening effect of conditioning depolarization was
      attenuated by lengthening the resting period after the conditioning
      depolarization. These results, in conjunction with our previous results, suggest
      that the frequency-dependent effects of GPT on APD and contraction reflect time-
      and and membrane potential-dependent changes of the toxin-modified sodium
      channels.

PMID- 2413372
TI  - Role of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in adrenoceptor-mediated control of
      3H-noradrenaline secretion in guinea-pig ileum myenteric nerve terminals.
AB  - Secretion of 3H-noradrenaline was evoked by electrical field stimulation (1 Hz,
      300 shocks) in guinea-pig ileum myenteric plexus. The role of cyclic nucleotides
      in the presynaptic receptor-mediated control of 3H-noradrenaline secretion was
      studied. The secretion of 3H-noradrenaline was maximally enhanced to the same
      extent, viz. 300-400% of control, by two analogues of cyclic AMP (8-Br cyclic AMP
      and dibutyryl cyclic AMP), by an adenylate cyclase activator (forskolin) and by
      three structurally different inhibitors of phosphodiesterase (3-isobutyl-1
      methylxanthine, SQ 20,006 and Ro 20-1724), but not altered by two analogues of
      cyclic GMP (8-Br cyclic GMP and dibutyryl cyclic GMP). Added separately an alpha
      2-adrenoceptor antagonist (yohimbine) and a beta-adrenoceptor agonist
      (isoprenaline) enhanced the 3H-noradrenaline secretion. Yohimbine, but not
      isoprenaline, increased additively the 'maximal enhancement' of the 3H
      noradrenaline secretion caused by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. These results
      suggest that neuronal cyclic AMP may be involved in beta- but not in alpha
      adrenoceptor-mediated control of 3H-noradrenaline secretion in guinea-pig ileum
      myenteric nerve terminals.

PMID- 2413373
TI  - In vivo and in vitro actions of mammalian tachykinins.
AB  - Recently, two kassinin-like tachykinins have been isolated from mammalian nervous
      tissue. The potencies of these peptides, substance K (neurokinin alpha) and
      neuromedin K (neurokinin beta) were compared with those of substance P,
      eledoisin, and kassinin in various pharmacological systems in vivo and in vitro.
      In contracting the isolated guinea-pig ileum and rabbit jejunum the potencies of
      eledoisin, kassinin, substance K, and neuromedin K were 13-80% that of substance
      P. In the rat vas deferens substance K and neuromedin K potentiated the
      electrically induced contractions with potencies similar to those of eledoisin
      and kassinin; they were 46-236 times as potent as substance P. In stimulating
      salivation in the rat after intravenous injection, eledoisin, kassinin, and
      substance K were respectively 2.3, 1.3 and 0.33 times as potent as substance P.
      In contrast, neuromedin K exhibited negligible activity. Each peptide tested led
      to a short fall in blood pressure after intravenous injection in the rabbit,
      substance P being 12-250 times as potent as the other peptides. Substance P was
      20 times as potent as substance K or neuromedin K in inducing vasodilatation in
      the rat hind paw in vivo. Of the peptides tested, only substance P (10 nmol/min)
      significantly increased the release of histamine from the rat isolated
      hindquarter preparation. The results are discussed with respect to several
      theories of tachykinin receptor heterogeneity.

PMID- 2413374
TI  - Cyclic GMP and acid production in isolated gastric cells of the rat.
AB  - Just as cAMP is regarded as an intracellular mediator of histamine, so has cGMP
      been connected with cholinergic stimulation of gastric acid secretion. The object
      of the present investigation was to study the possible role of cellular cGMP on
      14C-aminopyrine uptake, an indirect measure of parietal cell H+-production, by
      using mixtures of isolated rat gastric cells and fractions with different
      parietal cell content. Cellular cAMP and cGMP. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3
      isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) enhanced the cAMP and cGMP of gastric cells in a
      time- and concentration-dependent manner, by 98 and 124% (1 mmol/l) and was
      included in all further studies. In parietal cell enriched fractions, histamine
      elevated cAMP by 109% (100 mumol/l) without changing cGMP while carbachol did not
      influence either nucleotide. Various thiols and nitrogen compounds strongly
      enhanced cellular cGMP, e.g. hydroxylamine and L-cysteine (1 mmol/l) by 527 and
      656%, whereas changes in cAMP were minimal. The hydroxylamine response occurred
      in parietal cell depleted and enriched fractions. 14C-aminopyrine (AP) uptake.
      IBMX alone reduced the basal AP uptake, potentiated the effect of histamine, and
      inhibited the effect of carbachol, which alone stimulated basal accumulation by
      302%. The most efficacious stimulant of parietal cell H+-production was dibutyryl
      cAMP (582%, 100 mumol/l), whereas dibutyryl cGMP was without effect. However,
      this latter compound (1 mmol/l) reduced AP accumulation due to dibutyryl cAMP
      almost completely. Thiols and nitrogen compounds all more or less reduced AP
      uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413375
TI  - Electrophysiological and neurobiochemical evidence for the blockade of a
      potassium channel by dendrotoxin.
AB  - The effects of dendrotoxin (DTX), a toxic peptide from Dendroaspis angusticeps
      venom, were studied electrophysiologically on peripheral frog nerve fibres, and
      biochemically on large synaptosomes from rat brain. On nerve fibres, DTX reduced
      the amplitude and prolonged the duration of the action potential; even at 0.1
      nmol/l DTX produced significant effects. Maximum block of potassium currents
      occurred at about 30 nmol/l. Turning on of the remaining current was slowed.
      Reversibility was incomplete. The reduction of potassium currents was between 31%
      and 85% at 85 nmol/l DTX (n = 8). The remainder appeared to be resistant to DTX.
      Sodium channels were not affected. On large synaptosomes DTX (above 1 nmol/l)
      produced a slight depolarization, indicated by an outward shift of the lipophilic
      cation tetraphenylphosphonium, and promoted the release of radioactivity after
      preloading with [3H] GABA. DTX had similar potency but lower efficacy in this
      respect than sea anemone toxin II (ATX II). In contrast to the effects of ATX II,
      those due to DTX were only partially inhibited by tetrodotoxin. The actions of 4
      aminopyridine resembled those of DTX, but the latter was about 500 times more
      potent. The electrophysiological data provide direct evidence for blockade of a
      potassium channel by DTX. This action is sufficient to explain the biochemical
      observations, although additional effects on synaptosomes cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2413376
TI  - [Effect of opioid peptides on nervous tissue in vitro].
AB  - The effect of opioid peptides (gamma- and beta-endorphins, met- and leu
      enkephalin, and 5 synthetic analogs of leu-enkephalin) was studied on organotypic
      culture of rat dorsal root ganglia and sympathetic ganglia. All peptides, except
      for one synthetic analog, were able to stimulate fibre outgrowth from explant,
      increase the numbers of glia and fibroblasttypic cells in the growth zone. The
      effect was observed in the range from 10(-10) to 10(-14)M. It is suggested that
      opioid peptides can be used as a nonspecific growth factor for nervous tissue.

PMID- 2413377
TI  - Adjuvant and curative chemotherapy of the gastric cancer.
AB  - The authors report on the results of combined chemotherapy using cyclical
      alternations with several non-crossed resistant combinations in patients with
      gastric carcinoma in the adjuvant and palliative indication. The report includes
      also a small group of 6 patients with locally inoperable carcinoma, treated by
      radio-chemotherapy, followed by subsequent second-look resection and
      postoperative chemotherapy. Prolongation of survival in these patients indicates
      that possible benefit of the treatment regimens administered may be expected.
      Prospective randomized study is recommended to check the obtained results.

PMID- 2413378
TI  - Hepatitis non-A, non-B.

PMID- 2413379
TI  - Randomized neo-adjuvant chemotherapy trial for advanced head and neck cancer.

PMID- 2413380
TI  - Chemotherapy in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with
      methotrexate, bleomycin and cisplatin.

PMID- 2413381
TI  - Altered central monoamine response to D-amphetamine in rats chronically exposed
      to inorganic lead.
AB  - Investigations of the mechanisms involved in the neurotoxicity resulting from
      chronic inorganic lead (Pb) exposure have centered on CNS biogenic amine function
      on the basis of behavioral and neurochemical findings. The following study
      examined the time course of the response of dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine
      (5-HT) neurons to d-amphetamine (AMPH) in rats chronically exposed to Pb from
      birth in order to further examine neurochemical mechanisms implicated by previous
      work. Offspring were exposed to 0.2% Pb acetate via the lactating dam and then
      weaned to the same drinking solution. At 120-140 days animals were injected with
      1.0 mg/kg s.c. of the drug or with saline and sacrificed after various intervals.
      DA content in nucleus accumbens and corpus striatum in Pb-exposed animals was
      significantly higher than corresponding levels in controls at 20 minutes post
      drug and remained significantly higher than baseline values at 80 minutes after
      the drug when DA concentrations in controls had returned to normal. These data
      suggest enhanced AMPH-induced DA synthesis in exposed rats. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic
      acid (5-HIAA) content was significantly increased in three brain regions in
      exposed rats given AMPH compared to values in saline-injected exposed animals,
      indicating a compensation in these areas for the decreases in 5-HIAA values
      produced by Pb exposure alone. The results of this study reinforce the hypothesis
      that DA and 5-HT neurons are sensitive to relatively low levels of Pb exposure.

PMID- 2413382
TI  - Dopamine and serotonin metabolism in striatum and in the septohippocampal pathway
      of the Snell dwarf mouse.
AB  - Dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission has been investigated in striatum and in
      the septohippocampal pathway of the locomotor activity and memory deficient Snell
      dwarf mouse. In striatum a sharp decrease in 3-MT levels with a concomitant
      decrease in DA turnover is indicative of a strong decrement in the functional
      activity of striatal dopaminergic terminals in the mutant mouse. The observed
      enhancement in serotoninergic markers (5HT, 5HIAA, 5 HTP), at the opposite,
      provide evidence for an altered relationship between serotonin and dopamine
      striatal neurotransmission in the mutant mouse as compared to the normal mouse.
      Impairment in dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission has also been observed in
      the septohippocampal pathway where the removal of acidic metabolites of these
      neurotransmitters from brain appears to be disturbed. The data presented here are
      discussed with regard to previously noted alterations in cholinergic activity as
      well as to the behavioral disturbances of the dwarf mutant.

PMID- 2413383
TI  - Adenosine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in rat anterior pituitary.
AB  - An adenosine-sensitive adenylate cyclase has been demonstrated in anterior
      pituitary cultured cells in the present studies. N-ethylcarboxamideadenosine
      (NECA), L-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA), and 5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine
      (MECA), all stimulated adenylate cyclase in a concentration-dependent manner in
      the order of potency NECA greater than PIA greater than MECA. Adenosine showed a
      biphasic effect on adenylate cyclase: stimulation at lower and inhibition at
      higher concentrations, whereas 2'-deoxyadenosine only inhibited adenylate cyclase
      in a concentration-dependent manner. The stimulatory effect of NECA on adenylate
      cyclase was dependent on metal ion concentrations and was blocked by 3-isobutyl-1
      methylxanthine and 8-phenyltheophylline. Various agonists such as isoproterenol,
      prostaglandins (PGE1), vasoactive intestinal peptide, corticotropin-releasing
      factor, NaF, and forskolin, all stimulated adenylate cyclase to various degrees.
      The stimulatory effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide and corticotropin
      releasing factor on adenylate cyclase was found to be almost additive with the
      stimulation exerted by NECA. These data indicate the presence of adenosine
      stimulatory receptors ('Ra') in anterior pituitary which are coupled to adenylate
      cyclase. It is possible that adenosine may act as one of the important regulators
      to regulate and/or modulate the effects of agents/factors in the release of
      pituitary hormones.

PMID- 2413384
TI  - Serotonin coexists with epinephrine in rat adrenal medullary cells.
AB  - Immunoreactive serotonin is demonstrated to be present in 75% of rat adrenal
      medullary cells using an antibody to serotonin and peroxidase-antiperoxidase
      immunocytochemical method. The concentration of serotonin in rat adrenals was
      found to be 7.7 +/- 0.1 X 10(-6) mol/kg wet weight by high-performance liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection. Drugs that block serotonin
      synthesis (p-chlorophenylalanine) or deplete biogenic amines (reserpine) diminish
      immunostaining. The serotonin precursor L-tryptophan and pargyline, a monoamine
      oxidase inhibitor, augment staining in reserpine-depleted adrenals. Serotonin is
      localized in those medullary cells which contain phenylethanolamine-N
      methyltransferase, an enzyme which is necessary for the synthesis of epinephrine.
      We conclude, therefore, that serotonin coexists with epinephrine in rat adrenal
      medullary chromaffin cells. These results suggest that the adrenal medulla may
      play a major role in the metabolism of serotonin.

PMID- 2413385
TI  - Electrophysiological recordings from gonadotrophs. Evidence for Ca2+ channels
      mediated by gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.
AB  - The electrophysiological properties of gonadotrophs have been studied in vitro,
      using the ovine adenohypophyseal pars tuberalis as a naturally enriched source of
      this cell type. Trypsin-dispersed pars tuberalis cells maintained in primary
      tissue culture had a membrane potential of -72 +/- 4 mV (mean +/- SEM) and an
      input resistance of 314 +/- 38 M omega. Spontaneous action potentials were not
      observed; however, a single spike could be induced by depolarizing current
      injection. The hypophysiotrophic peptide gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
      increased membrane voltage fluctuations, but these fluctuations (+/- 5-10 mV) did
      not induce action potentials or changes in membrane potential or resistance.
      Power spectra obtained from analysis of this noise indicated that the fundamental
      event underlying GnRH action has a mean life-time of 38.4 +/- 4.5 ms. The
      observations that cells incubated in recording medium secreted luteinizing
      hormone in response to GnRH and that the GnRH-induced increase in voltage noise
      was inhibited by Ca2+ channel antagonists support the hypotheses (1) that
      gonadotrophin secretion is initiated by GnRH-induced Ca2+ channel activation and
      (2) that action potentials are not a prerequisite for gonadotrophin release.

PMID- 2413386
TI  - Potency of various peptides as histamine liberators in the rat hind limb.
AB  - The potency of several peptides and drugs as histamine liberators was assessed
      using the rat isolated hind limb preparation. Neurotensin (NT) and compound 48/80
      (C48/80) were effective in concentrations as low as 10(-9) M and 10(-8) M,
      respectively. Threshold concentrations of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and
      substance P (SP) varied between 5 X 10(-7) to 5 X 10(-6) M while somatostatin
      (SS) was barely active at 6 X 10(-6) M. No histamine release could be detected
      following the use of high concentrations of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
      (6 X 10(-6) M), dynorphin (DYN) (6 X 10(-6) M) bradykinin (BK), des-Arg9-BK or
      bombesin (BB) (at 10(-5) M). Poly-L-Lysine and the calcium ionophore A23187 were
      about 100 times less active than NT. Concanavalin A (Con A) was inactive at 10(
      6) M. These results indicate that NT is more potent (on a molar basis) as
      histamine liberator in the rat hind limb preparation (which contains a large
      population of cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cells) than any of the other
      compounds tested. Histamine release by NT was inhibited by preexposure of the rat
      hind limb mast cells to a high concentration of SP (1.5 X 10(-6) M). This result
      adds further support to the hypothesis suggesting that NT and SP might share a
      common mechanism of action and/or act through common receptors at least in rat
      mast cells.

PMID- 2413387
TI  - Model for the study of individual mammalian axons in vivo, with anatomical
      continuity and function maintained.
AB  - Methods for the study of axons involve whole nerve preparations, teased
      preparations of axons that are excised from their proximal and distal
      connections, and tissue culture models. As a complement to these, it would be
      advantageous to study separated, isolated axons in vivo, still in continuity with
      the end organ distally and the spinal cord central nervous system neuron
      proximally. This would allow the study of axon function, normal or pathological,
      in a close relationship to its biological environment. To achieve this, we have
      passed the surgically isolated sciatic nerve of a rat through a chamber specially
      designed for enzymatic dissociation. This was based on principles derived from a
      prior in vitro method for dissociating nerve into axons. The chamber has
      controlled temperature and flow and is on an inverted microscope stage, allowing
      observation of the process. We perfused the chamber with a calcium-free solution
      followed by a series of enzymes: collagenase, trypsin, and hyaluronidase. This
      dissociates that part of the extracellular matrix external to the Schwann cells,
      leaving free, myelinated axons with their Schwann cells. In this acute
      preparation, the axons continue to conduct action potentials for at least 8
      hours. Furthermore, an in vitro study of the axon after the in vivo dissociation
      demonstrated that axonal transport was maintained in over 90% of the axons,
      directly visualized on an AVEC-DIC type of microscope system. Properties of
      axonal transport or active spike propagation can thus be studied individually in
      an in vivo axon preparation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413388
TI  - Neurotransmitters of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus: immunocytochemical
      analysis of 25 neuronal antigens.
AB  - An immunocytochemical analysis with 33 antisera was undertaken to investigate the
      localization of 25 different neurotransmitter-related antigens in the
      hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat. To obtain estimates of relative
      densities of immunoreactive axons a stereological approach was used involving
      counting of intersections of immunoreactive axons with a superimposed semi-circle
      test grid. All neurotransmitter-related antigens found in perikarya within the
      suprachiasmatic nucleus, including those stained with antisera against bombesin,
      gastrin-releasing peptide, neurophysin, vasopressin, somatostatin, gamma
      aminobutyrate, glutamate decarboxylase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were
      also found in axons within the nucleus. A greater number of these immunoreactive
      axons was found within the nucleus than in the adjacent anterior hypothalamus.
      The size of all immunoreactive axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus was
      consistently small; immunoreactive axons were found ramifying widely in the
      nucleus, often ending with terminal boutons near perikarya immunoreactive for the
      same antigen. All neurotransmitter-related substances found in perikarya of the
      suprachiasmatic nucleus were also found in axons crossing over the midline to
      innervate the contralateral nucleus, providing an anatomical substrate for a high
      degree of communication between the paired nuclei. Axons immunoreactive for other
      putative transmitters including serotonin arising outside the nucleus were also
      found in high densities within the nucleus and crossing over the midline between
      the nuclei. Immunoreactivity for some transmitters was found in axons of similar
      densities within and outside the nucleus, including antisera against tyrosine
      hydroxylase; a small number of dopamine beta-hydroxylase and a few
      phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive axons were found in the
      SCN, suggesting that dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine may occur in a
      limited number of axons in the nucleus. Small numbers of axons immunoreactive
      with antisera raised against cholecystokinin, prolactin, substance P, thyrotropin
      releasing hormone and choline acetyltransferase were found within the
      suprachiasmatic nucleus. Axons immunoreactive for luteinizing hormone-releasing
      hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and
      neurotensin were rarely found within the suprachiasmatic nucleus; axons
      immunoreactive for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic
      hormone, cholecystokinin and tyrosine hydroxylase were found in both horizontal
      and coronal sections in the area between the left and right suprachiasmatic
      nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2413389
TI  - Distribution and localization of neuromedin B-like immunoreactivity in pig, cat
      and rat spinal cord.
AB  - The distribution and localization of neuromedin B, a novel bombesin-like
      decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord, was investigated by newly
      established radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry in the pig, cat and rat
      spinal cord. Neuromedin B-like immunoreactivity was found to be concentrated
      particularly in the dorsal part of lumbosacral segments in all species studied
      and the highest concentration of immunoreactivity was 25.7 +/- 3.4 pmol/g wet wt
      in the dorsal part of sacral region of pig spinal cord. The nature of the
      immunoreactivity was studied by gel permeation and high pressure liquid
      chromatography. Chromatography of spinal cord extracts from three species
      revealed two major peaks of neuromedin B-like immunoreactivity and the prevalent
      molecular from co-eluted with synthetic porcine neuromedin B. Immunocytochemistry
      localized neuromedin B immunoreactivity to fibres and terminals throughout the
      entire length of the spinal cord of pig, cat and rat. Fibres were most abundant
      in laminae I and II of the dorsal horn, the area around the central canal (lamina
      X) and intermediolateral cell columns of thoracic and sacral segments. In
      lumbosacral segments neuromedin B-immunoreactive fibres were slightly more
      numerous, in both dorsal and ventral spinal cord, than in cervical and thoracic
      regions.

PMID- 2413390
TI  - Distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the rat peripheral nervous
      system with reference to its coexistence with substance P.
AB  - This immunocytochemical study, using a double-staining method, showed that
      calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive structures are widely
      distributed in the peripheral nervous system and that many of them coexist with
      substance P-like immunoreactive structures in single sensory ganglion cells.
      Neurons positive for calcitonin gene-related peptide but negative for substance P
      were detected in sensory ganglia. These cells were large (about 30-45 micron in
      diameter); these primary sensory neurons containing calcitonin gene-related
      peptide can probably act independently of substance P. There were neurons
      containing calcitonin gene-related peptide without substance P in the
      pterygopalatine ganglion, although these cells were less numerous than in the
      sensory ganglia. In consecutive sections, calcitonin gene-related peptide-like
      structures occurred in thyroid parafollicular cells, which also contain
      calcitonin. This suggested that messenger RNA for producing calcitonin gene
      related peptide is also present in the thyroid, and like calcitonin, calcitonin
      gene-related peptide may have a peripheral physiological role.

PMID- 2413391
TI  - Correlation between cytochrome oxidase staining and the uptake and laminar
      distribution of tritiated aspartate, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyrate and glycine
      in the striate cortex of the squirrel monkey.
AB  - The cellular uptake and laminar distribution of tritium-labeled gamma
      aminobutyrate, aspartate, glutamate and glycine were examined in the primary
      visual cortex of squirrel monkeys. The purpose was to correlate the distribution
      of these labeled neurons with their level of cytochrome oxidase activity,
      particularly in laminae II-III (puffs) and adjacent non-puff regions. In general,
      tritium-labeled neurons that had either high or low levels of cytochrome oxidase
      activity were present in all laminae with each amino acid tested; however, their
      density varied between laminae and with the amino acid injected. Specifically, in
      laminae II-III, very few neurons were labelled with either of the putative
      excitatory amino acids (aspartate and glutamate). An increased uptake for both
      was observed in lamina IVC, with the greatest increase for each occurring in
      laminae V and VI. Significantly more neurons in each lamina were labeled with the
      putative inhibitory transmitters (gamma-aminobutyrate and glycine) than with
      either aspartate or glutamate. gamma-Aminobutyrate-labeled neurons were more
      prevalent in lamina II than III, and an increase in labeling was observed in
      laminae IV-VI, with the most prominent increase found in laminae V and VI.
      Glycine-labeled neurons were larger, more uniformly distributed and more abundant
      throughout all cortical laminae than those labeled with the other amino acids.
      Significantly more gamma-aminobutyrate- and glycine-labeled neurons were found in
      the puff regions than in the non-puff areas. No difference was found between puff
      and non-puff regions for the tritium-labeled leucine controls. Labeled neurons
      included stellate, fusiform and pyramidal-shaped cells of varying sizes; however,
      gamma-aminobutyrate-labeled pyramidal cells were not observed outside of the
      intense injection site. Large glycine-labeled cytochrome-oxidase-reactive
      pyramidal cells (24-32 micron in diameter) were present at the boundary between
      laminae V and VI. In addition, a row of large glycine-labeled, fusiform neurons
      were present in lamina IVB. With each amino acid injected, the tritium-labeled
      neurons that were darkly reactive for cytochrome oxidase were, on average, larger
      than the tritium-labeled neurons that were only lightly reactive for cytochrome
      oxidase. Thus, each of the four amino acids tested had its unique pattern of
      distribution in the primate striate cortex. Whether one or all of them served as
      neurotransmitter(s) for distinct neuronal groups is beyond the scope of this
      study. Glycine, in particular, might be used in part or in whole for metabolic
      purposes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2413392
TI  - [Isolation and immunogenic properties of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG)
      from the human brain].

PMID- 2413393
TI  - Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) in oligodendrogliomas. An
      immunohistochemical study.

PMID- 2413394
TI  - It happened with Rheo: clinical indications, associated side effects, and i.v.
      nurse responsibilities in the administration of Dextran 40 (Rheomacrodex).

PMID- 2413395
TI  - Substance P immunoreactivity within neuritic plaques.
AB  - In the present immunocytochemical study we examined brain tissue of patients with
      Alzheimer's disease in order to determine the relationship of substance P (SP)
      labeled processes to neuritic plaques. Swollen neuropeptidergic processes were
      consistently observed within a relatively small percentage of the plaques. These
      data provide a morphologic correlate to the biochemical finding that SP levels
      are reduced in the brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer's disease, and further
      indicate that Alzheimer's disease affects multiple neurotransmitter and
      neuropeptide systems.

PMID- 2413396
TI  - Loss of substance P immunoreactivity in the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal
      tract after intradural tumour compression of the trigeminal nerve.
AB  - The peptide, substance P (SP), is suspected of being a mediator of nociception.
      Immunoreactive SP is conspicuously present in areas of the mammalian central
      nervous system which receive nociceptive input. We have observed that compression
      of the trigeminal nerve by an intradural tumour deposit results in the
      ipsilateral depletion of SP immunoreactivity in human spinal trigeminal nucleus.
      These results expand previous experimental animal studies which associate this
      peptide with a subpopulation of primary sensory neurones and, in addition,
      demonstrate a correlation between the levels of SP immunoreactivity and premortem
      clinical sensory alterations.

PMID- 2413397
TI  - Identification of the principal receptor responsible for adsorptive endocytosis
      of a fucose-specific lectin from Aleuria aurantia in the rabbit retina.
AB  - The retinal uptake of the fucose-specific lectin from Aleuria aurantia was
      investigated in rabbit. Following intraocular injections of Aleuria lectin, the
      probe was taken up by retinal ganglion cells and rapidly transported at two
      distinct rates in the optic pathway, to reach the nerve terminals in the lateral
      geniculate body and superior colliculus [3]. In this study, it was found that
      adsorptive endocytosis of Aleuria lectin was mediated mainly by a glycoprotein of
      Mr 275,000.

PMID- 2413398
TI  - The neurotoxic actions of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+) are not prevented by
      deprenyl treatment.
AB  - 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+) injected into the cerebral ventricles (ICV) of
      mouse caused depletions of striatal dopamine (DA)(-42%), 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) (-34%) and homovanillic acid (HVA) (-16%)
      content without significant reductions in levels of noradrenaline (NA), serotonin
      (5-HT) or 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). When deprenyl was administered
      before MPP+, striatal DA and its metabolites were further depleted, and striatal
      NA and 5-HT levels also were reduced. Further, whilst ICV MPP+ alone failed to
      influence the biochemistry of the limbic areas (nucleus accumbens plus tuberculum
      olfactorium), in the presence of deprenyl MPP+ caused 20-40% reductions in levels
      of limbic NA, DA, DOPAC, HVA, 5-HT and 5-HIAA. Therefore, deprenyl treatment does
      not prevent the neurotoxic actions of MPP+; indeed, a more extensive
      neurotoxicity for MPP+ is revealed in the presence of this monoamine oxidase
      inhibitor.

PMID- 2413399
TI  - Glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture is calcium dependent.
AB  - Brief exposure to glutamate produced widespread neuronal death in mature, but not
      young, cortical cell cultures. Extracellular sodium replacement or addition of
      tetrodotoxin produced only minor reduction in this toxic neuronal loss. However,
      removal of extracellular calcium markedly reduced neuronal loss, and elevation of
      extracellular calcium accentuated neuronal loss. These observations suggest that
      the toxicity of glutamate on cortical neurons may depend primarily on the
      presence of extracellular Ca, probably through a mechanism which is distinct from
      simple 'excitotoxicity'.

PMID- 2413400
TI  - Noradrenaline depletion increases noradrenaline-induced antinociception in mice.
AB  - Mice were treated with N-2-chloroethyl-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride
      (DSP4), which causes severe noradrenaline (NA) depletions in brain regions and
      the spinal cord, or vehicle i.p. They were tested 14 days later for
      antinociception induced by intrathecal injections of different doses of NA. A
      potentiation of the NA effect upon pain sensitivity was observed, with both an
      increase in the magnitude and duration of the antinociceptive responses. Upon
      biochemical analysis of spinal cords, it was found that DSP4-treated mice had a
      80% depletion of NA, whereas dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were unaffected.
      Radioligand binding of [3H]clonidine in membranes prepared from spinal cord,
      showed no differences in density of alpha 2-adrenoceptors, but the affinity had
      been increased, probably explaining the supersensitivity.

PMID- 2413401
TI  - Co-culture study of rat neuron-glial interaction: evidence of neuronal influence
      on myelination.
AB  - Organotypic cultures of newborn rat brains were exposed to the neurotoxin kainic
      acid or the DNA synthesis inhibitor arabinoside C. The cultures were subsequently
      co-cultured and the myelination-related enzymatic activities, such as 2',3'
      cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase and uridine diphosphate-galactose-ceramide
      galactosyl transferase, were determined under various culture conditions. The
      newly formed myelin basic protein in the cultured brain tissue was determined by
      the radioimmunoprecipitation method. The myelination-related enzymatic activities
      and the synthesis and accumulation of myelin basic protein in the co-cultured
      brain tissue were found compatible to the control cultures which were not exposed
      to either drug. The cultures which had been treated with either drug, but not
      subsequently co-cultured, were found to have decreased enzymatic activities and
      myelin basic protein synthesis. The experimental data suggest that myelinogenesis
      requires an interaction between functional neurons and oligodendroglial cells and
      further supports the hypothesis that the neuron exerts a regulatory effect on the
      glial myelination mechanism.

PMID- 2413402
TI  - Dopaminergic toxicity after the stereotaxic administration of the 1-methyl-4
      phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) to rats.
AB  - The administration of the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) stereotaxically
      into the left neostriatum or left median forebrain bundle of female rats resulted
      in a very large and highly significant loss of dopamine and of its metabolites in
      the left neostriatum. The effect of MPP+ on neostriatal dopamine content was in
      general considerably greater than its effect on serotonin or on several amino
      acids. These results are consistent with the premise that MPP+, formed from 1
      methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) by the enzyme monoamine oxidase
      B, may be responsible for the toxicity observed after MPTP administration.

PMID- 2413403
TI  - Inhibitory effect of adenosine on electrically evoked contractions in the rat vas
      deferens: calcium dependence.
AB  - The inhibitory effect of adenosine on the electrically evoked contractions in the
      rat prostatic vas deferens was markedly dependent on the calcium concentration in
      the medium, with adenosine being 20 times more potent at lower calcium levels
      (1.26 mM vs 3.6 mM). Similar calcium dependence of adenosine inhibition was
      observed in the presence of a potent nucleoside uptake inhibitor,
      nitrobenzylthioguanosine (NBTGR), suggesting that this calcium dependence of
      adenosine inhibition was not secondary to an alteration in adenosine uptake.
      Furthermore, Bay K8644(methyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6- dimethyl-3-nitro-4-(2
      trifluoromethylphenyl)pyridine-5-carboxylate), a dihydropyridine 'calcium entry
      activator', reduced the potency of adenosine in inhibiting the electrically
      evoked contractions in a calcium-dependent manner. These results support the
      notion that adenosine might exert its inhibition on neurotransmission in the
      prostatic rat vas deferens by decreasing transmembrane calcium currents into the
      nerve terminals and/or the smooth muscles.

PMID- 2413404
TI  - In vitro demonstration of dopamine uptake by neostriatal serotonergic neurons of
      the rat.
AB  - Dopamine (DA) has been suggested as the penultimate agent in the neurotoxic
      effects of methamphetamine on serotonergic neurons. DA increases the efflux of
      tritium from rat neostriatal slices preloaded with [3H]serotonin in a
      concentration-dependent manner. This serotonin (5-HT) release is inhibited by the
      same selective uptake blockers previously shown to protect serotonergic neurons
      from the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine in vivo. The results indicate that
      the 5-HT uptake carrier transports DA into the serotonergic neuron by a
      heteroexchange process with 5-HT. This further suggests that the excessive DA
      release induced by methamphetamine in vivo could lead to the uptake of DA into
      serotonergic neurons.

PMID- 2413405
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies reactive with epitopes restricted to glial fibrillary
      acidic proteins of several species.
AB  - The highly reproducible histochemical localization of glial fibrillary acidic
      protein (GFAP)+ qualifies it as an important marker of astrocytes in both
      research and clinical applications. The primary objective of this study was to
      produce monoclonal antibodies having the advantage of invariant specificity,
      affinity, and titer to GFAP-specific epitopes of wide species distribution. We
      report here the characterization of four monoclonal antibodies that recognize the
      same or spatially close epitopes specific to GFAP. The epitope(s) detected has
      been phylogenetically conserved; human, bovine, ovine, canine, porcine, rabbit,
      guinea pig, rat, murine, and chicken brain homogenates all specifically absorb
      monoclonal antibody activity. Of importance to the routine application of these
      new anti-GFAP monoclonal antibodies is the demonstration here of the stability of
      the antigen-antibody interaction in normal, reactive, and neoplastic astrocytes
      of both rat and human origin following various methods of fixation.

PMID- 2413406
TI  - Axonal transport of cytoskeletal proteins in aluminum toxicity. Aluminum toxicity
      and axonal transport.
AB  - Aluminum administration in certain species results in the accumulation of
      neurofilament bundles within the neuronal perikaryon and the proximal neuronal
      processes. The study presented here was designed to investigate how aluminum
      exerts its effects on the neuronal cytoskeleton. Microinjections of AlCl3 were
      administered directly to the rabbit lumbar spinal cord; the injections resulted
      in the accumulation of neurofilament bundles in upwards of 80% of the anterior
      horn cells. Approximately 7 d later, [35S]methionine was administered to the same
      region, and exactly 14 d after the radioactive pulse the animals were sacrificed.
      Sequential 3-mm segments of the sciatic nerves beginning at the root exit zone
      were processed for gel electrophoresis and fluorography. The counts incorporated
      into gel bands representing actin, tubulin, and the neurofilament (NF) subunits
      were determined for each segment, and a distribution curve for the pooled control
      and pooled aluminum-treated rabbits was constructed. The distribution curves for
      the two groups, separately analyzed for each cytoskeletal protein, did not
      significantly differ using an analysis of variance. We conclude that an
      interruption of slow axonal transport does not occur in this model of aluminum
      induced lumbar myelopathy.

PMID- 2413407
TI  - Chlordecone toxicity: effect of withdrawal of treatment on ATPase inhibition.
AB  - Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated P.O with 10 mg/kg/day chlordecone for
      10 days. Five rats from control group receiving corn oil and five rats from
      chlordecone group were sacrificed for tissue preparations. The remaining rats in
      chlordecone group were withdrawn from treatment and left in cages for 45 days. At
      15, 30 and 45 days after withdrawal, 5 rats from each group with equal number of
      controls were sacrificed. Brain, liver and kidney were removed and subcellular
      fractions were prepared. Na+-K+, oligomycin-sensitive and oligomycin-insensitive
      Mg2+ ATPases were determined. Rats treated with chlordecone for 10 days showed a
      significant reduction of Na+-K+ ATPase activity in brain and kidney. The
      decreased enzyme activity in kidney but not in brain returned to normal within 15
      days of treatment withdrawal. In brain the enzyme activity stayed at reduced
      level throughout the experimental period. Oligomycin-sensitive Mg2+ ATPase
      activity in all the tissues was decreased significantly in chlordecone treated
      rats. The enzyme activity returned to normal levels in all tissues gradually by
      30 days of treatment withdrawal. Oligomycin-insensitive Mg2+ ATPase activity was
      not decreased in any tissue by chlordecone treatment. These results suggest that
      chlordecone effects on ATPase system are reversible except for Na+-K+ ATPase in
      brain.

PMID- 2413408
TI  - Effects of the insecticide chlordecone on the ultrastructure of mouse skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - This study examined the ultrastructural alterations in skeletal muscle of adult
      mice exposed to subacute doses of the insecticide chlordecone. Mice were given
      eight daily intraperitoneal injections of chlordecone and were then sacrificed
      one, eight, and 28 days after the last exposure. Forelimb grip strength of the
      animals was recorded before, during, and after exposure but chlordecone caused no
      apparent effects. Morphological changes in skeletal muscle were primarily
      confined to mitochondria and to lipid and glycogen distribution. At one day post
      treatment, some mitochondria were electron dense or contained only poorly defined
      cristae while other mitochondria had redundant layers of bounding membranes or
      contained aggregations of membrane in myelin-like configurations. Also, after
      chlordecone treatments, lipid and glycogen were no longer visible. By 8 days post
      treatment, most evidence of mitochondrial damage was no longer present and lipid
      and glycogen were again apparent but in lesser concentrations than in controls.
      By 28 days post-treatment, the muscle was similar to controls except that lipid
      droplets were larger and more numerous. This study demonstrates that chlordecone,
      in subacute doses, produces reversible changes in skeletal muscle mitochondria
      and in glycogen and lipid stores but without altering muscle grip strength.

PMID- 2413409
TI  - Soman-induced brain lesions demonstrated by muscarinic receptor autoradiography.
AB  - Repeated exposure of rats to sublethal doses of soman resulted in moderate to
      severe symptoms of anticholinesterase intoxication and a pronounced weight loss
      within a small subgroup of these animals. A consistent pattern of cell loss and
      extensive neuronal necrosis appeared in specific brain areas within this
      subgroup. This neuropathology was not noted in rats unless they showed marked
      symptoms of poisoning including a precipitous weight loss. Neuropathology was
      most notable in the piriform cortex and thalamus. Quantitative receptor
      autoradiography indicated that these subjects had a significant decrease in
      muscarinic receptors in the piriform cortex and thalamus. The ratio of the
      muscarinic receptor densities in soman-treated rats with lesions to soman-treated
      rats without lesions was 57%, piriform cortex; 64%, ventrolateral thalamus; and
      50%, mediodorsal thalamus. These decrements are distinguished from adaptive down
      regulation because they are larger, there is no indication of recovery and there
      is a correspondence between histological lesions and the areas with decreases in
      muscarinic receptors. Thus, quantitative receptor autoradiography provides, in
      addition to kinetic information and topographical distribution,
      radiohistochemical evidence of neuronal damage.

PMID- 2413410
TI  - Intracellular Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent responses of rat brain
      serotonin receptors transplanted to Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - Xenopus oocytes injected with messenger RNA extracted from rat brain are induced
      to acquire a variety of neurotransmitter receptors and voltage-operated membrane
      channels. Activation of the receptors to serotonin, acetylcholine (muscarinic)
      and glutamate elicits oscillatory membrane currents carried by chloride ions.
      These currents are not abolished by removing external calcium, but are completely
      abolished after EGTA is injected into the oocytes to chelate intracellular
      calcium. A smooth current response to serotonin remained in EGTA-loaded oocytes,
      indicating that this response does not require intracellular calcium. In contrast
      to the oscillatory chloride currents, the chloride currents activated by GABA or
      glycine are not abolished by intracellular injection of EGTA. Thus, there appear
      to be two classes of chloride channels one of which requires intracellular
      calcium to open.

PMID- 2413411
TI  - Management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood.

PMID- 2413412
TI  - Dating the time interval from meconium passage to birth.
AB  - The gross and microscopic effects of exposing placenta and umbilical cord to
      meconium were studied in vitro. Gross staining begins with one hour and is a
      surface phenomenon proportional to length of exposure and meconium concentration.
      Pigment penetration into the membranes with subsequent uptake by macrophages is
      dependent primarily on exposure length. Eight of 11 placentas exposed to various
      meconium solutions were found to have meconium pigment-laden macrophages in the
      amnion after one hour. These were seen in the chorion somewhat later. Although
      only three of 11 placentas showed chorionic pigmented macrophages at one hour, 12
      of 12 exhibited this finding after three hours. Amniotic epithelial degeneration
      also showed a time correlation. These findings, especially the microscopic
      changes described, permit more accurate determination of the defecation-to-birth
      interval.

PMID- 2413413
TI  - Vision parameters in krypton and laser photocoagulation of subfoveal neovascular
      membranes.
AB  - A prospective study of 78 patients, treated with krypton red laser (KRL)
      photocoagulation, who had senile macular degeneration (SMD) and subretinal
      neovascular membranes (SRNVM) located within 200u of the center of the foveal
      avascular zone (FAZ), was undertaken to determine if complete eradication of the
      SRNVM would minimize the resultant foveal scar size and retain the maximal useful
      functional vision as compared to untreated fellow eyes with a disciform scar. The
      typical patient profile with SMD and subfoveal SRNVM included: average age, 73.6
      years; caucasian, 99%; females, 62%; lightly pigmented iris, 70%; hyperopic
      refractive error, 93%; and evidence of bilateral involvement with either
      predisciform or disciform lesions, 73%. In comparing eyes treated with KRL having
      100% FAZ involvement with fellow untreated eyes having disciform scars, the
      latter had poorer average visual acuity (44% vs 100% less than or equal to
      20/200), scars which were an average of five times larger (8.4 vs 38.6 sq mm) and
      scotomas which were an average of six times larger (15.7 vs 90 sq cm) as
      determined by new microcomputer technology. In all bilaterally affected cases,
      eyes with smaller scars and scotomas required less magnification from a low
      vision aid to read continuous standardized 1M print. Sixteen of 17 patients (94%)
      preferred the low vision aid for their treated eye. These preliminary results
      suggest that treatment of SRNVM within the FAZ using KRL may be successful in
      arresting the progressive macular hemorrhagic-exudative damage typical of
      untreated cases which culminate in loss of central visual function. Successful
      treatment, by preserving areas of paracentral fixation, can enhance the chances
      of visual rehabilitation using conventional low vision aids.

PMID- 2413414
TI  - Description and pathogenesis of late stages of retinopathy of prematurity.
AB  - The retinal and vitreous changes seen in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) can be
      explained by proliferation and contraction of tissue originating in the shunt
      area. Avascular retina is stretchable, and therefore much of it stays attached,
      while vascular retina is nonstretchable and detaches. When the shunt area forms a
      circular ring, one of three distinct patterns of retinal detachment develops,
      according to whether the shunt area is anterior, equatorial, or posterior in
      location. The detachments of ROP are, typically, traction detachments.

PMID- 2413415
TI  - Treatment of recurrent juxtafoveal subretinal neovascular membranes with krypton
      red laser photocoagulation.
AB  - Thirty-seven eyes initially treated with argon blue-green, argon green, or
      krypton red laser photocoagulation demonstrated a recurrent subretinal
      neovascular membrane (SRNVM) at the edge of the treatment scar extending into the
      foveal avascular zone and were retreated with krypton red laser photocoagulation.
      The subretinal neovascular membrane was due to the presumed ocular histoplasmosis
      syndrome (POHS) in 10 eyes, aging macular choroidal degeneration (AMCD) in 22
      eyes, and miscellaneous causes in five eyes. Anatomic success, defined as
      complete obliteration of the recurrent SRNVM, was achieved in 26 eyes (70%). When
      compared to pretreatment visual acuities, 23 of 37 eyes (62.2%) had stable or
      improved postoperative visual acuities during the follow-up period. Twenty-six
      eyes were retreated one time; nine eyes required two retreatments; and two eyes
      required three retreatments. Final visual results showed visual acuity greater
      than or equal to 20/40 in 7 eyes (18.9%); visual acuity greater than or equal to
      20/80 in 16 eyes (43.8%); visual acuity greater than or equal to 20/100 in 19
      eyes (51.4%); visual acuity greater than or equal to 20/200 in 27 eyes (73%); and
      visual acuity greater than or equal to 20/400 in 34 eyes (91.9%).

PMID- 2413416
TI  - Diabetic retinopathy under age 20. A review of 71 cases.
AB  - A review of the fluorescein angiograms on 4547 diabetic patients with clinically
      suspected retinopathy was performed. Although only 26 (1%) of the 2013 males and
      45 (2%) of the 2534 females were less than 20 years old (71 patients total),
      proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) was diagnosed in 14 females (31%) and 4
      males (15%). The youngest patient, a 13-year-old boy with diabetes for eight
      years, presented with severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy in both eyes as
      documented angiographically. He showed no evidence of other systemic
      complications of diabetes. A review of the literature revealed one other case of
      proliferative diabetic retinopathy in a patient this young; a 13-year-old girl
      who was nephrotic and hypertensive upon presentation. This study emphasizes the
      importance of having prepubescent and teenage diabetics examined for the presence
      of retinopathy.

PMID- 2413417
TI  - Recurrent subretinal neovascularization.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of patients treated with krypton
      red laser (KRL) photocoagulation for subretinal neovascularization (SRN)
      secondary to drusen-related macular degeneration (DMD) was carried out to
      investigate the frequency and nature of recurrent neovascularization
      (recurrence). A classification of various types of recurrences based on the
      clinical and fluorescein angiographic features and the onset of their appearance
      in the postoperative course was used in this study. Patient, fundus, and membrane
      variables were examined in search of relevant high risk factors predisposing to
      recurrences. The membrane's proximity to the fovea and its relative lack of
      pigmentation were individual factors which were associated with a high risk of
      recurrence (P less than 0.05 for distance and P = 0.005 for color). Multivariate
      analysis also indicated that a greater distance from the fovea (P less than 0.05)
      and a darker color (P = 0.002) were favorable features to the primary membrane,
      reducing the probability of a recurrence. Overall, 39% of the patients
      experienced recurrences (23% of the patients had treatable recurrences and 16%
      had non-treatable recurrences extending under the center of the fovea). The
      membranes recurred predominantly at the margin of the photocoagulation burn. The
      recurrences were also noted relatively early in the postoperative course, 65%
      within two months after photocoagulation of the primary membrane. The fluorescein
      angiographic and clinical nature of these membranes and the visual effect of
      retreatment are also discussed in the paper.

PMID- 2413418
TI  - Disseminated bilateral chorioretinitis due to Histoplasma capsulatum in a patient
      with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - A 31-year-old white male homosexual was healthy until March 1984, when he
      developed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, which resolved with treatment. In April
      1984 he developed fever, followed by hepatosplenomegaly, headaches, blurred
      vision, pancytopenia and pulmonary infiltrates. On June 11, intracytoplasmic
      yeast were noted within leukocytes on a peripheral blood smear, and amphotericin
      B was started. The patient developed progressive respiratory and renal
      insufficiency and died on June 13, 1984. Autopsy histopathology demonstrated
      disseminated histoplasmosis and Histoplasma capsulatum was cultured from numerous
      tissues. Ocular histopathologic examination using special fungal stains and
      electron microscopy revealed numerous budding yeasts characteristic of
      Histoplasma capsulatum in the choroid, retina and central retinal vein. Their
      identification as H. capsulatum was confirmed by immunofluorescent staining.

PMID- 2413419
TI  - Neuropathologic lesions and CSF morphine concentrations during chronic continuous
      intraspinal morphine infusion. A clinical and post-mortem study.
AB  - Seven patients with chronic intractable pain due to cancer were given chronic
      intraspinal narcotic administration (CINA) and subsequently underwent post-mortem
      examination. All deaths were unrelated to CINA. Two of these patients were found
      to have clinically unsuspected posterior column degeneration. Both patients had
      had epidural catheters placed, and one had received prior radiotherapy to ports
      which included parts of the spinal cord. In retrospect, it is impossible to
      ascertain whether the degeneration occurred before or after infusion of morphine
      began. Review of the potential causes for posterior column degeneration suggests
      that neuropathy associated with malignant disease is more likely the cause of the
      degeneration rather than intraspinal infusion of morphine. However, continued
      vigilance at autopsy is recommended. In addition, utilizing a new method for
      measuring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of morphine via high-pressure
      liquid chromatography, CSF morphine levels at steady state were measured in 5
      patients. These levels were much lower than peak levels previously reported
      following bolus intraspinal administration. The ability of these measurements to
      contribute to knowledge of efficacy, toxicity, lumbar-cisternal concentration
      gradients, and differentiation of tolerance from drug delivery problems is
      discussed.

PMID- 2413420
TI  - Insulin as a growth factor.
AB  - Insulin is a potent mitogen for many cell types in vitro. During tissue culture,
      supraphysiological concentrations of insulin are necessary to promote cell
      replication in connective or musculoskeletal tissues. Insulin promotes the growth
      of these cells by binding, with low affinity, to the type I insulin-like growth
      factor (IGF) receptor, not through the high affinity insulin receptor. In other
      cell types, such as hepatocytes, embryonal carcinoma cells, or mammary tumor
      cells, the type I IGF receptor is virtually absent, and insulin stimulates the
      growth of these cells at physiological concentrations by binding to the high
      affinity insulin receptor. Both receptor systems activate phosphorylation
      reactions within the cell which extend to ribosomal proteins. Insulin acts
      synergistically with other factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor and
      epidermal growth factor, to stimulate the progression of cells through the cycle
      of proliferation. Abnormal insulin secretion or action, before or after birth,
      often is associated with disordered growth suggesting that insulin may function
      as a growth factor in vivo. Poor growth follows impaired insulin secretion in
      diabetes mellitus. This is associated with reduced circulating levels of IGF's
      which may be partly responsible for the growth failure. Insulin has a direct
      action on release of IGF's from the liver in vitro, but during experimental
      diabetes there is a reduced number of hepatic somatotropic receptors which could
      limit the ability of growth hormone to regulate IGF release. Diabetic children,
      treated conventionally, have normal circulating IGF levels, but both growth rate
      and serum IGF concentration may increase dramatically when diabetic control is
      optimized.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413421
TI  - [Protease and antiprotease activity in sputum and broncho-alveolar smears in
      healthy subjects and in inflammatory diseases of the lungs].

PMID- 2413422
TI  - Characterization of an unique RNA initiated immediately upstream from human alpha
      1 globin gene in vivo and in vitro: polymerase II-dependence, tissue specificity,
      and subcellular location.
AB  - We have identified an abundant transcript initiated upstream from the canonical
      cap site of human alpha 1 globin gene in bone marrow cells and in COS-7 cells
      transfected with an alpha 1 globin gene-containing plasmid. Similar to the major
      alpha 1 globin transcript, this upstream RNA is present almost exclusively in the
      cytoplasm of the transfected COS-7 cells. It is also synthesized efficiently in
      vitro by RNA polymerase II in the nuclear extracts prepared from a Hela cell line
      and an erythroleukemia cell line, K562. RNAs isolated from these cell lines,
      however, do not contain this upstream transcript. The putative 5' end of the
      alpha 1 globin upstream RNA is mapped by primer extension to base -45, which is
      located in between the CCAAT and TATA boxes. The synthesis of this RNA in vitro
      and in vivo, and the close proximity of its 5' end to the promoter of the alpha 1
      globin gene suggest a common mechanism regulating the transcriptional initiation
      of both the upstream and the major alpha 1 globin RNAs.

PMID- 2413424
TI  - Clinical. Maintenance, monitoring and management.

PMID- 2413423
TI  - The secondary structure of the 7SL RNA in the signal recognition particle:
      functional implications.
AB  - The secondary structure of the 7SL RNA in the signal recognition particle was
      determined by applying both a theoretical and an experimental approach. The
      compensatory base change approach was taken comparing the published sequences of
      human, Drosophila and Xenopus 7SL RNA's. The deduced secondary structure was
      confirmed by post-labeling of an RNase V1-nicked dog SRP with P32-pCp and RNA
      ligase and analysis of the labeled RNA-fragments by non-denaturing/denaturing 2D
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two interesting features in the secondary
      structure were revealed: Firstly, bases at positions 122 to 127 of the human 7SL
      RNA are not only able to pair with bases at positions 167 to 170, but also with a
      single-stranded region of the bases at positions 223 to 228, suggesting an
      alternative base pairing scheme for the 7SL RNA in all three organisms. In
      agreement with this finding, four different conformations were identified after
      transcription of the 7SL RNA from the genomic human clone. The involvement of the
      particular basepairing interaction postulated was confirmed by the analysis of a
      7SL RNA deletion mutant (Sma1-409). Secondly, a significant sequence homology of
      the paired bases at positions 236 to 255 and 104 to 109 in 7SL RNA with bases in
      5S ribosomal RNA at the positions 84 to 110 was noticed, suggesting that 5S
      ribosomal and 7SL RNA interact with the same target during protein biosynthesis.
      These findings are summarized by proposing a mechanism for the translational
      arrest of protein synthesis by the signal recognition particle using specific
      sequences and an alternative configuration in the 7SL RNA.

PMID- 2413425
TI  - Bombesin and substance P modulate peripheral sympathetic and cardiovascular
      activity.
AB  - The vascular and cardiac effects of bombesin and substance P were evaluated in a
      "pithed rat preparation" in order to study the cardiovascular effects of these
      neuropeptides in the absence of the central nervous system control mechanisms.
      Bombesin (0.7, 7.0 and 70 nmol/kg) produced dose-dependent increases in mean
      arterial blood pressure (MAP): +6 +/- 1, +11 +/- 2 (p less than 0.05) and +22 +/-
      2 mm Hg (p less than 0.01), respectively, when injected IV into the pithed rat.
      Heart rate (HR) responses to bombesin (0.7-70 nmol/kg) were also increased in a
      dose-dependent manner: +14 +/- 6, +28 +/- 5 (p less than 0.05) and +45 +/- 3 (p
      less than 0.05) beats/min (bpm), respectively. The blood pressure (BP) and HR
      responses to bombesin were diminished but not completely abolished by
      pretreatment with 1 mg/kg of either the beta-adrenergic receptor blocker
      propranolol or the H1-histamine receptor antagonist pyrilamine. Substance P
      similarly caused a dose-dependent increase in MAP: +7 +/- 1 and +38 +/- 7 mm Hg
      (p less than 0.001), by 0.7 and 700 nmol/kg, respectively, without altering HR.
      BP responses to sympathetic stimulation were also examined in the pithed rat
      utilizing electrical stimulation of the spinal cord (1 Hz, 50 V, 1 msec duration
      for 30 sec). These responses were potentiated by the low doses (0.7 and 7.0
      nmol/kg) of bombesin (p less than 0.01) but tended to be suppressed by the
      highest dose. The HR response to stimulation was significantly reduced: -25 +/- 8
      bpm (p less than 0.05) by the highest dose of bombesin (70 nmol/kg) but not with
      lower doses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413426
TI  - Capsaicin reduces substance P immunoreactivity in the lateral nucleus of the
      solitary tract and nodose ganglion.
AB  - The effects of the neonatal administration of capsaicin on substance P (SP)
      immunoreactivity of the vagal sensory ganglion (nodose ganglion) and the CNS site
      of termination of vagal afferents (nucleus of the solitary tract-NTS) were
      evaluated with immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. The SP content of the
      nodose ganglion was reduced by 58%, and a loss of immunoreactive cell bodies was
      found in capsaicin treated rats. Regional differences were found in the effects
      of capsaicin treatment on the SP immunoreactivity in the NTS. Whereas the SP in
      the medial portions of the nucleus was not altered, a reduction of SP
      immunoreactivity in the lateral portions of the nucleus was shown with
      immunocytochemistry and with radioimmunoassay. The data confirm that at least a
      portion of the vagal afferent cell bodies of the nodose ganglion and their
      projections to the brainstem are capsaicin sensitive. The finding that the SP in
      the lateral NTS is depleted by capsaicin administration may be of importance in
      the use of capsaicin in functional studies, particularly of the role of SP
      containing vagal afferents in respiration.

PMID- 2413427
TI  - Alterations of immunoreactive substance P and enkephalins in rat spinal cord
      after electroacupuncture.
AB  - A form of electrically-induced analgesia known as electroacupuncture was
      administered to rats bilaterally at the point "Huan-tiao." Compared with
      untreated rats, treated rats showed altered pain thresholds characterized as low,
      intermediate, and high. From immunocytochemical studies, the spinal cords taken
      from the treated rats exhibited differences in immunoreactivity for substance P
      (SP), methionine- and leucine-enkephalins (ME and LE respectively). By
      densitometry, the altered levels of immunoreactive (IR) peptides correlated with
      the pain thresholds in specific ways. That is, high pain threshold correlated
      with the visualization of increased IR-SP adn IR-LE within neuronal processes
      throughout the dorsal horn substantia gelatinosa. In the same specimens,
      decreased IR-ME could be seen. In contrast, low pain threshold correlated with
      decreased IR-SP and IR-ME. IR-LE showed a concomitant decrease in the medial
      substantia gelatinosa region, and slight, insignificant changes laterally. The
      data suggest that different degrees of analgesia induced by electroacupuncture
      result from the variable release of SP, ME, and LE in spinal regions associated
      with nociception. In terms of current models of pain processing, the data do not
      entirely support an axo-axonic interaction between enkephalin interneurons and SP
      terminals. Some modifications and an alternative model are considered.

PMID- 2413428
TI  - Histamine in the rat brain: effect of acute and chronic treatment with tricyclic
      antidepressants and H1-antihistaminics.
AB  - Prolonged (for two weeks), but not acute, intensive treatment with tricyclic
      antidepressant drugs (amitriptyline, AMI; doxepine, DOX; imipramine, IMI) and H1
      antihistaminics (chloropyramine, CPYR; diphenhydramine, DPHA; promethazine, PMZ;
      tripelenamine, TPA) decreased histamine (HI) level in rat brain, especially in
      the cerebral cortex. These drugs did not modify L-histidine decarboxylase
      activity in any analyzed brain structure, except chronically given AMI and IMI
      which significantly increased the enzyme activity. None of the tested compounds,
      administered both acutely or chronically, affected the activity of HI
      methyltransferase, as well as HI level in the heart. Under in vitro conditions,
      all antidepressants, PMZ and CPYR, but not DPHA or TPA, only at high
      concentrations (10(-3) or 3 X 10(-3M) released HI from both pleural and PMZ did
      not modulate the pleural mast cells HI-releasing profile of both DOX or DPHA.
      Chronic treatment with the antidepressants and the H1-antihistaminics decreased
      slightly but not significantly HI contents in the brains of L-histidine-treated
      rats. It is suggested that the decrease in the brain HI levels induced by chronic
      administration of both tricyclic antidepressants and H1-antihistaminics is, most
      probably, a consequence of HI release from central histaminergic nerve terminals;
      this release could result from the drug-produced persistent blockade of central
      H1- and/or H3- (i.e. HI auto-receptors)receptors.

PMID- 2413429
TI  - Transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: location,
      echogenicity, histopathology, and staging.
AB  - Adenocarcinoma of the prostate produces specific ultrasonic findings that can be
      used in diagnosis. We have examined 211 patients using transrectal ultrasound in
      both the sagittal and axial planes. Thirty-three carcinomas were detected, and 31
      histologically confirmed; 24 by needle biopsy, six by transurethral resection,
      one by total prostatectomy, and two by the demonstration of distant metastases.
      On ultrasound, all of the carcinomas were less echogenic than normal prostate.
      All appeared to originate in the peripheral zone of the prostate and produced
      asymmetry of the gland. The majority of carcinomas in this series showed capsular
      involvement and ten penetrated and extended beyond the prostatic capsule. The
      results of this series indicate that transrectal ultrasound can be used to detect
      cancer of the prostate gland. Ultrasound demonstrated the extent of tumor
      involvement and enabled accurate staging of these cancers.

PMID- 2413430
TI  - Creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes in human prostatic tissues: a comparison
      between benign hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of creatine
      phosphokinase (CPK) into its three isoenzymes, MM, MB, and BB, in human prostatic
      tissue, in patients with benign hyperplasia (BPH) and adenocarcinoma. Specimens
      were obtained from 23 patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate and 25
      patients with benign hyperplasia. We also had the opportunity to analyze the CPK
      content in two normal prostates, the first from a 16 1/2-year-old boy and the
      second from a 9 1/2-year-old child. Our results showed prostate tissue to contain
      almost exclusively the BB isoenzyme with traces of the MB and MM dimers in both
      cancer and BPH as well as the specimen of normal prostate from the 16 1/2-year
      old boy. As for the 9 1/2-year-old child, we found the following distribution:
      39% MM, 21% MB, and 40% BB dimer. A comparison of the CPK-BB content in benign
      hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma revealed no significant difference between the two
      groups. Furthermore, we tried to correlate prostatic tissue CPK-BB levels with
      another possible tumor marker of the prostate, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP)
      measured in the cytosol. No correlation was found between these two markers. We
      also studied the relationship of CPK-BB and PAP content in prostatic tissue to
      nuclear and cytosolic androgen receptor content in human prostatic tissue. We
      found some correlation between CPK-BB and androgen cytosolic receptors as well as
      between PAP content and androgen cytosolic receptors in patients with benign
      hyperplasia. No such correlation was found in the group with adenocarcinoma. In
      conclusion, this study does not show that the measurement of CPK-BB in the
      prostatic tissue could be used as an index of tissue malignancy.

PMID- 2413431
TI  - Cytochemistry and biochemistry of acid phosphatases. VI: Immunoelectron
      microscopic studies on human prostatic and leukocytic acid phosphatases.
AB  - Using different antisera against secretory and lysosomal prostatic acid
      phosphatases, the localization of the respective antigens was studied in the
      human prostate at the ultrastructural level. Secretory acid phosphatase was
      confined exclusively to the secretory vacuoles of the glandular cells. Discharge
      of the secretory material occurs in a merocrine type of secretion. The identical
      antigen could be localized in the primary and secondary granules of neutrophil
      and eosinophil granulocytes separated from human peripheral blood. The antiserum
      used was also cross-reactive with the canine prostate, where a very distinct
      immunoreaction was observed with the secretory granules of the glandular cells.
      The antibodies directed against lysosomal acid phosphatases prepared from
      prostatic homogenates consistently gave a positive immunoreaction with dense
      bodies, lipofuscin, and secretory granules. The respective antigens were present
      also in neutrophil and eosinophil granulocytes. These findings do not identify
      the existence of a prostate-specific acid phosphatase, which does not exist. The
      secretory form of the isoenzymes, however, is clearly distinct from the lysosomal
      form, both of which are present in granulocytes. Therefore the origin of acid
      phosphatases elevated in peripheral blood in cases of metastatic prostatic cancer
      could be either the carcinomatous cells or leukocytes destroyed during the
      process of metastasis.

PMID- 2413432
TI  - Changes in immunohistochemical staining in prostatic adenocarcinoma following
      diethylstilbestrol therapy.
AB  - Twenty-eight pretreatment and posttreatment biopsies from 11 cases of prostatic
      adenocarcinoma were stained for prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PAP),
      prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and keratin to determine the effect of hormonal
      (diethylstilbestrol) therapy on these immunological markers. Treatment intervals
      ranged from 2 to 63 months. All pretreatment tumors were strongly positive for
      PAP, and nine were strongly positive for PSA. Two were weakly positive for PSA,
      and all were negative for keratin. In five of the 11 posttreatment group cases,
      staining with both PAP and PSA was reduced. In three posttreatment cases, the
      malignant epithelium showed a squamoid appearance, and in these areas the keratin
      gave a positive reaction. These findings indicate that immunohistochemical
      staining with PAP and PSA may change in response to hormonal therapy. These
      alterations may lead to false-negative results when using these techniques to
      identify the primary tumor source of metastatic deposits of prostatic carcinoma.

PMID- 2413433
TI  - AFP transport across the fetal membranes in the human.
AB  - In this investigation the original observation of a correlation between the
      concentration of amniotic fluid albumin and maternal serum alpha fetoprotein
      (AFP), as a proof for amniotic fluid-derived AFP in the maternal compartment is
      confirmed at 15 and 16 weeks of gestation. In contrast to the earlier reported
      highly significant relation in this study the correlation is only weak,
      especially at 15 weeks. This might be in agreement with a more frequent absence
      of raised maternal serum AFP levels in cases of raised amniotic fluid AFP levels
      prior to 16 weeks of gestation. Transamniotic AFP transport contributes a minor
      part of the AFP present in the maternal compartment, as also indicated by the
      lack of correlation between AFP concentrations in amniotic fluid and maternal
      serum.

PMID- 2413434
TI  - Activities of alkaline phosphatase in first trimester chorion biopsy tissue.
AB  - We have determined the activity of alkaline phosphatase in chorionic villous
      tissue obtained in the first trimester of pregnancy, in order to obtain the
      normal range of values as a prerequisite for application to the prenatal
      diagnosis of the rare bone disease hypophosphatasia. The activities found were a
      combination of intestinal and liver/bone/kidney types; traces of placental type
      were present in only one sample.

PMID- 2413435
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis: when must we consider it?].

PMID- 2413436
TI  - [Causes of insulin resistance in disorders of glucose tolerance in persons with
      normal body weight].
AB  - A less noticeable decrease in glycemia was observed in patients with disturbed
      glucose tolerance and normal body mass in the first 20 min of the test with i. v.
      insulin injection as compared to healthy subjects, which shows resistance to its
      hypoglycemic effect. At the same time an integral increment of the level of
      immunoreactive insulin (IRI) over the same period was significantly lower in the
      patients than that in the control group which was likely to account for
      resistance to insulin. A decreased content of the blood IRI in the initial period
      after insulin administration in patients with disturbed glucose tolerance was
      partially determined by a decrease in the content of the free insulin fraction
      and an increase in the level of the fraction of blood gamma-globulin bound
      insulin.

PMID- 2413437
TI  - [Structural and functional interrelations between the liver and endocrine system
      of the pancreas in disorders of corticosteroid balance].
AB  - Experiments on male rats have shown that correlative interrelationships of the
      liver and endocrine apparatus of the pancreas depend on the content of
      corticosteroids in the body. The administration of a physiological dose of
      hydrocortisone raises the synthesis of RNA, phospholipids and glycogen in the
      liver accompanied by B-insulocyte hypertrophy. Large hormone doses result in the
      suppression of protein synthesis in hepatocytes with further development of fatty
      degeneration of the liver and hypofunction of pancreatic islet B-cells.
      Corticosteroid deficiency causes metabolic derangement of hepatocytes, a rise of
      the quantity and synthetic activity of pancreatic A-cells which can be corrected
      by means of hydrocortisone substitution therapy.

PMID- 2413438
TI  - Peptide mixture sequencing by tandem Fourier-transform mass spectrometry.
AB  - Picomole samples of the linear peptide gramicidin D and cyclic peptide gramicidin
      S are shown to be impure by the laser-desorption formation of multiple groups of
      molecular adduct peaks by using Fourier-transform mass spectrometry. Selective
      excitation of the molecular peaks of the major sample component followed by
      collisionally activated dissociation provides complete sequence information for
      the cyclic decapeptide and for 12 of the 15 amino acids of the linear peptide.
      This instrumentation shows striking advantages in sensitivity, resolution, and
      mass accuracy in comparison to tandem mass spectrometers used previously.

PMID- 2413439
TI  - Pure brain-derived acidic fibroblast growth factor is a potent angiogenic
      vascular endothelial cell mitogen with sequence homology to interleukin 1.
AB  - Pure bovine brain-derived acidic fibroblast growth factor is a very potent
      mitogen for vascular endothelial cells in culture and, in the presence of
      heparin, induces blood vessel growth in vivo. Partial amino acid sequence
      determinations confirm that this mitogen is a unique protein having amino acid
      sequence homology with human interleukin 1.

PMID- 2413440
TI  - RNase T is responsible for the end-turnover of tRNA in Escherichia coli.
AB  - A mutant strain deficient in RNase T was isolated and used to study the role of
      this enzyme in Escherichia coli. Strains lacking as much as 70% of RNase T
      activity, alone or in combination with the absence of other RNases, display
      normal growth properties. However, in cca strains, which lack tRNA
      nucleotidyltransferase, RNase T-deficient derivatives accumulate lower levels of
      defective tRNA and grow at increased rates compared to their RNase T+ parents.
      Slow-growing cca strains revert to a faster-growing form that contains less
      defective tRNA but which is still cca. All of these strains have decreased levels
      of RNase T. These data indicate that RNase T is responsible for nucleotide
      removal during the tRNA end-turnover process and that the amount of defective
      tRNA in cells is determined by the relative levels of RNase T and tRNA
      nucleotidyltransferase.

PMID- 2413441
TI  - Phosphotyrosine-containing proteins are concentrated in focal adhesions and
      intercellular junctions in normal cells.
AB  - We have used a high-affinity polyclonal antibody directed against phosphotyrosine
      (P-Tyr) to localize P-Tyr-containing proteins in normal and transformed cells in
      culture by immunofluorescence microscopy experiments. The distribution of the
      proteins with modified tyrosine was compared with that of F-actin in these cells.
      Cells infected with Abelson murine leukemia virus were found to contain elevated
      levels of P-Tyr, as expected. Various permanent lines of fibroblastic and
      epithelial cells exhibited lower, but easily detectable, levels of P-Tyr. The P
      Tyr in fibroblasts was concentrated at the focal contacts at the termini of actin
      containing microfilament bundles and, in the epithelial cells examined, at the
      intercellular junctions. Early passages of primary cultures of chicken embryo
      fibroblasts and chicken embryo heart cells also showed detectable levels of P-Tyr
      in focal contacts and cell-cell junctions. However, P-Tyr was not detectable in
      later passages of chicken embryo fibroblasts. The concentration of P-Tyr
      containing proteins in intercellular junctions in normal cells suggests that
      these are sites of significant biochemical regulatory activities which may be
      important in the control of normal cell adhesivity, motility, and shape.

PMID- 2413442
TI  - Analysis of antigen presentation by metabolically inactive accessory cells and
      their isolated membranes.
AB  - Several amino acid copolymers are potent immunogens under the control of major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded Ir genes. We have further characterized
      their accessory-cell-dependent, MHC-restricted presentation to T lymphocytes. We
      initially characterized their processing requirements by investigating the
      ability of paraformaldehyde-fixed antigen-presenting cells (APC) to present these
      copolymers. Fixed APC can present poly(Glu56Lys35Phe9) and poly(Glu60Ala30Tyr10)
      provided that they have been incubated with antigen prior to fixation. The
      inability of these same fixed preparations to present soluble antigen indicates a
      fixation-sensitive antigen-processing step. In contrast, the antigens
      poly(Glu55Lys35Leu10) and poly(Glu55Lys35Tyr10) can be presented by APC fixed
      before antigen exposure. This differential requirement for antigen processing was
      exploited to analyze the events of antigen presentation in two related systems.
      First, the ability of isolated APC membranes to process and present antigen was
      assessed. APC membranes can present the antigens poly(GluLysLeu) and
      poly(GluLysTyr) in a specific and MHC-restricted manner. However, the isolated
      membranes fail to present either poly(GluLysPhe) or poly(GluAlaTyr), suggesting
      that such preparations can present but not process antigen. Second, the distinct
      properties of the various copolymers were used with fixed APC to test the effects
      of antigen processing on the phenomenon of antigen competition. APC that had
      processed poly(GluLysPhe) or poly(GluAlaTyr) were subsequently fixed and used to
      present antigen in the presence or absence of various antagonists. Under these
      conditions, poly(GluLysLeu) and poly(Glu50Tyr50) could effect specific
      inhibition, clearly indicating that antigen competition occurs distal to and does
      not require antigen processing. In contrast, native antigen with an absolute
      processing requirement is not capable of competing with preprocessed antigen on
      fixed APC. Taken together, these results suggest that processing is important for
      the molecular interactions between the copolymer antigens and the APC cell
      surface that are relevant to both antigen presentation and competitive
      inhibition.

PMID- 2413443
TI  - Detection of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-DNA adducts in peripheral blood
      lymphocytes and antibodies to the adducts in serum from coke oven workers.
AB  - Coke oven workers are exposed to high levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons, including benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and are at increased risk of lung
      cancer. Since B[a]P is enzymatically activated to 7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy(9
      alpha, 10 alpha)epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (B[a]PDE) that forms
      adducts with DNA, the presence of these adducts was measured in DNA from
      peripheral blood lymphocytes by synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry and
      enzyme radioimmunoassay. Approximately two-thirds of the workers had detectable
      levels of B[a]PDE-DNA adducts. Antibodies to the DNA adducts were also found in
      the serum of 27% of the workers. B[a]PDE-DNA adducts were not detectable in
      lymphocytes and antibodies to the adducts were not detected in sera from a
      control group of nonsmoking laboratory workers. DNA adducts and/or antibodies to
      the adducts indicate exposure to B[a]P and its metabolic activation to the
      carcinogenic metabolite that covalently binds to and damages DNA. Detection of
      adducts and antibodies to them may also be useful as internal dosimeters of the
      pathobiological effective doses of chemical carcinogens.

PMID- 2413444
TI  - c-src is consistently conserved in the chromosomal deletion (20q) observed in
      myeloid disorders.
AB  - The proto-oncogene c-src has been mapped to two bands in human chromosomes, 1p36
      and 20q13, both of which are involved in rearrangements in human tumors. In
      particular, deletions (loss of part of a chromosome) of the long arm of
      chromosome 20, del(20q), are commonly observed in hematologic malignant diseases.
      By using in situ chromosomal hybridization of a c-src probe to metaphase cells
      prepared from leukemic bone marrow cells of three patients with a del(20q), we
      observed specific labeling on the deleted chromosome in each patient, indicating
      that the c-src locus was conserved. The presence on the rearranged chromosomes of
      c-src, which is normally located on the most distal band of 20q, indicated that
      the deletions were not terminal as they appeared to be on the basis of chromosome
      morphology, but rather that they were interstitial. The location of c-src
      relative to the distal breakpoint in these deletions is unknown. By using the v
      src probe in Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from three patients with a
      del(20q), we found that no major genomic rearrangements or amplification of the c
      src genes had occurred within the regions homologous to v-src. Our observation
      that c-src is consistently preserved in these rearranged chromosomes suggests
      that this gene may play a role in the pathogenesis of some myeloid disorders.

PMID- 2413445
TI  - Polyneuropathy with monoclonal gammopathy: glycolipids are frequently antigens
      for IgM paraproteins.
AB  - Immunoglobulins from patients with paraproteinemic polyneuropathy were screened
      for reactivity with nerve and brain glycolipids by ELISA and/or a thin-layer
      chromatogram-overlay technique. The myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) has been
      shown to be an antigen in many neuropathy patients with IgM gammopathy, but this
      study focused on seven neuropathy patients in which the IgM paraproteins had been
      shown not to react with this glycoprotein. Five of these seven had IgM that
      reacted with components in the acidic glycolipid fraction of human sciatic nerve,
      and three of these IgMs also reacted with components in the acidic glycolipid
      fraction of human brain. Little or no reactivity with glycolipids was detected
      for two patients with neuropathy and IgG gammopathy or for two with neuropathy
      and IgA gammopathy. The results suggest that neuropathy-patient IgM paraproteins
      not reactive with MAG often react with acidic glycolipids and thus define a
      subset of paraproteinemic neuropathies. Since the IgM paraproteins that react
      with MAG also react with acidic glycolipids of nerve, glycolipid antigens appear
      to be quite common among the IgM paraproteinemic neuropathies.

PMID- 2413446
TI  - Mapping the cysteine residues and actin-binding regions of villin by using
      antisera to the amino and carboxyl termini of the molecule.
AB  - Peptide antisera specific for either the amino- or carboxyl-terminal regions of
      villin were used to locate the position of cysteine residues in immunoblots of
      villin cleaved with 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid. Maps constructed from the
      cleavage pattern suggest that villin contains six cysteine residues, two located
      in its amino-terminal peptide of Mr 44,000, and four located in the carboxyl
      terminal peptide of Mr 51,000. Gel overlays of the partial cleavage fragments
      with 125I-labeled actin identified a calcium-dependent actin-binding region
      located within the amino-terminal peptide of Mr 32,000 of villin. The peptide
      antibody method used, called cleavage mapping, should be a convenient technique
      for mapping residues and ligand binding sites in proteins.

PMID- 2413447
TI  - Incorporation of membrane potential into theoretical analysis of electrogenic ion
      pumps.
AB  - The transport rate of an electrogenic ion pump, and therefore also the current
      generated by the pump, depends on the potential difference (delta psi) between
      the two sides of the membrane. This dependence arises from at least three
      sources: (i) charges carried across the membrane by the transported ions; (ii)
      protein charges in the ion binding sites that alternate between exposure to (and
      therefore electrical contact with) the two sides of the membrane; (iii) protein
      charges or dipoles that move within the domain of the membrane as a result of
      conformational changes linked to the transport cycle. Quantitative prediction of
      these separate effects requires presently unavailable molecular information, so
      that there is great freedom in assigning voltage dependence to individual steps
      of a transport cycle when one attempts to make theoretical calculations of
      physiological behavior for an ion pump for which biochemical data (mechanism,
      rate constants, etc.) are already established. The need to make kinetic behavior
      consistent with thermodynamic laws, however, limits this freedom, and in most
      cases two points on a curve of rate versus delta psi will be fixed points
      independent of how voltage dependence is assigned. Theoretical discussion of
      these principles is illustrated by reference to ATP-driven Na,K pumps.
      Physiological data for this system suggest that all three of the possible
      mechanisms for generating voltage dependence do in fact make significant
      contributions.

PMID- 2413448
TI  - Insertion of the bacterial gpt gene into the germ line of mice by retroviral
      infection.
AB  - Mouse substrains genetically transmitting the exogenous Moloney murine leukemia
      virus (Mo-MuLV) at a single locus have been derived previously by infection of
      preimplantation embryos. Here we explore the potential of retroviral vectors for
      transferring nonviral genes into the germ line of mice. Preimplantation mouse
      embryos were cocultivated with a cell line that produces a recombinant retrovirus
      whose genome carries the Escherichia coli gene gpt. We show that the vector
      sequence was inserted into the genome of the embryo and into the germ line at a
      frequency similar to that for the Mo-MuLV-helper sequence. A new mouse strain,
      Mgpt-1, was developed that is homozygous for a single MSVgpt proviral genome. The
      proviral sequences were highly methylated and not expressed in tissues of Mgpt-1
      mice. When cells derived from transgeneic animals were treated with 5
      azacytidine, the proviral sequences were not methylated and were
      transcriptionally activated. These results indicate that nonviral genes that are
      under the control of the viral long terminal repeat are inactivated when
      transferred into the germ line of animals.

PMID- 2413449
TI  - Developmental regulation of c-myb in normal myeloid progenitor cells.
AB  - Hematopoietic tissues and some leukemic cell lines express elevated levels of c
      myb transcripts. We have separated a subpopulation of chicken embryo yolk sac
      cells that represents about 5% of the yolk sac hematopoietic cells and appears to
      contain all of the detectable c-myb transcripts. The level of myb expression in
      this cell population is higher than previously reported for any normal cell
      population and is in the range of that found in cells transformed by avian
      myeloblastosis virus and E26 virus. Since the myb gene probe used also detects
      full-length viral transcripts as well as the v-myb mRNA, it appears that the
      level of expression of c-myb in this normal population may exceed that found in
      some transformed cell populations that depend on v-myb to maintain the
      transformed phenotype. This c-myb-expressing cell population has been identified
      as primarily M-CFC, the committed progenitor for the macrophage lineage. As cells
      differentiate to the promonocyte stage there is an abrupt decrease in c-myb
      expression of greater than 100 fold. These studies thus describe a normal cell
      population that expresses c-myb at levels similar to the level of v-myb in cells
      that depend on v-myb for the maintenance of their transformed phenotype.
      Furthermore, these studies provide direct evidence for the developmental
      regulation of c-myb during the process of normal macrophage differentiation.

PMID- 2413450
TI  - Rapid determination of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences for phylogenetic analyses.
AB  - Although the applicability of small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequences
      for bacterial classification is now well accepted, the general use of these
      molecules has been hindered by the technical difficulty of obtaining their
      sequences. A protocol is described for rapidly generating large blocks of 16S
      rRNA sequence data without isolation of the 16S rRNA or cloning of its gene. The
      16S rRNA in bulk cellular RNA preparations is selectively targeted for
      dideoxynucleotide-terminated sequencing by using reverse transcriptase and
      synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide primers complementary to universally conserved 16S
      rRNA sequences. Three particularly useful priming sites, which provide access to
      the three major 16S rRNA structural domains, routinely yield 800-1000 nucleotides
      of 16S rRNA sequence. The method is evaluated with respect to accuracy,
      sensitivity to modified nucleotides in the template RNA, and phylogenetic
      usefulness, by examination of several 16S rRNAs whose gene sequences are known.
      The relative simplicity of this approach should facilitate a rapid expansion of
      the 16S rRNA sequence collection available for phylogenetic analyses.

PMID- 2413452
TI  - Interleukin 2-dependent release of interleukin 3 activity by T4+ human T-cell
      clones.
AB  - We have isolated and studied two alloreactive, T4+, human lymphocyte clones that
      release interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interleukin 3 (IL-3) bioactivities upon
      stimulation with IL-2, alloantigen, or Sepharose-conjugated antibodies directed
      against the T3 protein. Anti-IL-2 receptor monoclonal antibodies block IL-2-,
      alloantigen-, or anti-T3-stimulated IL-3 release. Hence, release of IL-3 activity
      in each circumstance is rigorously dependent upon activation of the IL-2
      receptor. Even low, nonmitogenic concentrations of recombinant IL-2 stimulated IL
      3 release.

PMID- 2413451
TI  - Nucleotide sequence, evolution, and expression of the fetal globin gene of the
      spider monkey Ateles geoffroyi.
AB  - The single gamma-globin gene of the New World spider monkey Ateles geoffroyi is
      similar to other primate genes of the beta-globin gene cluster ("beta-like"
      globin genes). The number of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions between the
      coding regions of Ateles and other primate gamma-globin genes suggests that the
      Platyrrhine and Catarrhine evolutionary lines diverged approximately equal to 40
      million years ago, an estimate reasonably consistent with the fossil record.
      However, the number of synonymous coding region and noncoding base differences is
      much smaller than predicted by various molecular "clocks." This suggests that the
      rate of synonymous coding and noncoding base substitution has not been constant
      per absolute time in primate lineages. Expression of the cloned Ateles gamma
      globin gene in cultured monkey cells showed that the sequence AAUAAA near the
      mRNA 3' terminus is not sufficient to define the site of transcript
      polyadenylylation.

PMID- 2413453
TI  - cDNA of the immunoglobulin kappa chain of an Epstein-Barr virus-transformed human
      lymphoid cell line: partial sequence determination and bacterial expression.
AB  - We report the isolation, nucleotide sequence determination, and bacterial
      expression of a partial cDNA for the immunoglobulin kappa chain from the Epstein
      Barr virus-transformed human lymphoid cell line GM131. The cDNA, cloned in pBR322
      by use of oligo(dG) X oligo(dC) tails, yields two Pst I fragments of 250 and 600
      base pairs (bp). Various restriction enzyme fragments of the cDNA were subcloned
      in the vectors M13 mp10 and M13 mp11 for sequence analysis. As a result of
      instability of the 250-bp M13 subclones, the base sequence of the 250-bp Pst I
      fragment could not be determined. The 600-bp Pst I fragment contains coding
      sequences for part of the variable (V) region (residues 78-95) and all of the
      joining (J) (residues 96-108) and constant (C) regions (residues 109-212) and
      extends 148 bp into the 3' flanking region. Although the C- and 3'-flanking
      region sequences are identical to germ-line sequences, the J-region sequence does
      not correspond to any of the five human germ-line J regions. The sequence is most
      similar to that of J4, with three base changes resulting in one silent mutation
      and two amino acid substitutions, at residues 103 (Lys----Tyr) and 106 (Ile--
      Met). The silent mutation appears to be the result of RNA splicing between the J
      and the C regions. The V-region sequence differs from published V-region germ
      line sequences at several codons and from the more common amino acid sequences at
      two positions, residues 91 and 93. At these positions, histidine residues are
      found in place of the more common tyrosine and serine, respectively. None of the
      four amino acid substitutions observed for the GM131 kappa-chain are unique,
      suggesting that the changes, which most likely contribute to antigenic
      specificity, are compatible with antibody structure and function. The 600-bp Pst
      I fragment was subcloned in two prokaryotic expression vectors, pATH11 and pUC8.
      In both instances, a kappa-chain fusion protein detectable by immunoblotting was
      produced.

PMID- 2413454
TI  - Alloreactive cytolytic T-cell clones preferentially recognize conformational
      determinants on histocompatibility antigens: analysis with genetically engineered
      hybrid antigens.
AB  - Hybrid genes were constructed for the localization of allodeterminants on murine
      class I antigens recognized by antibodies and cytolytic T lymphocytes. By using
      deletion subclones of the H-2Kd and H-2Kk genes, homologous regions were
      exchanged between the two alleles. The altered genes were introduced and
      expressed in mouse fibroblast and fibrosarcoma cells. Cells expressing hybrid
      antigens were analyzed with 29 monoclonal anti-H-2Kd and anti-H-2Kk antibodies
      and with 150 short-term alloreactive cytolytic T-cell clones. When only the first
      or only the second amino-terminal domain was exchanged, most T cells and 60% of
      the antibodies lost their reactivity to the H-2K antigen. No T-cell clone was
      directed against the third extracellular domain, whereas three antibodies could
      bind to this domain. This implies that nearly all determinants essential for a
      cytolytic T-cell response or for antibody binding lie on the two external domains
      and are conformational structures generated by the interaction of these two
      domains.

PMID- 2413455
TI  - A zinc-dependent epitope on the molecule of thymulin, a thymic hormone.
AB  - Thymulin is a nonapeptide hormone produced by thymic epithelial cells. Its
      biological activity is strictly dependent on the presence of the metal zinc in
      the molecule. Antithymulin monoclonal antibodies have been produced against
      either the synthetic (AS1) or the natural intraepithelial (AE1) molecule. These
      monoclonal antibodies were screened for their abilities to inhibit the zinc
      dependent biological activity of the hormone and were shown to bind to thymic
      epithelial cells. By using biological and immunofluorescence assays, the two
      antibodies were shown to recognize exclusively the zinc-coupled thymulin
      molecule. Other antithymulin antibodies screened by RIA or ELISA (using a zinc
      deprived substrate) recognized a zinc-independent epitope on the thymulin
      molecule. These data indicate the existence of a zinc-specific conformation on
      the thymulin molecule. They are in agreement with NMR studies showing that the
      zinc-containing hormone has a unique structure.

PMID- 2413456
TI  - Blood group A cross-reacting epitope defined by monoclonal antibodies NCC-LU-35
      and -81 expressed in cancer of blood group O or B individuals: its identification
      as Tn antigen.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies, NCC-LU-35 and NCC-LU-81, have been established after
      immunization of mice with membrane preparations of human lung cancer Lu65 tumor
      xenograft cells grown in vivo and intact cells cultured in vitro, respectively.
      These two antibodies react specifically with a majority of human adenocarcinomas,
      irrespective of the host's blood group ABO status, as well as with normal tissues
      and erythrocytes of blood group A individuals. The antigenicity is associated
      with a high molecular weight mucin-like glycoprotein separated by gel filtration
      of Lu65 tumor extracts. The epitope of the mucin-like glycoprotein has been
      identified as alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue directly linked O
      glycosidically to serine or threonine residues of polypeptides. This epitope was
      serologically detected several years ago and given the name Tn. Our
      identification of the epitope is based on the following results: The antigen is
      sensitive to alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, but not to sialidase or alpha
      fucosidase. Various mono- and difucosyl A determinants, either type 1 or type 2
      chain, cross-react with both antibodies. The reactivity with both antibodies can
      be created by treatment of glycophorin A of normal erythrocytes with sialidase
      followed by beta-galactosidase. N-[3H]acetylgalactosamine can be released by
      galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 treatment from the Lu65 mucin-like glycoprotein but not
      from the mucin-like glycoprotein of normal colonic mucosa upon reductive beta
      elimination (alkaline borohydride treatment). The antigen may be one of the tumor
      associated A cross-reacting antigens occurring in a wide variety of human
      adenocarcinomas of hosts belonging to all ABO blood groups.

PMID- 2413457
TI  - T-cell antigenic sites tend to be amphipathic structures.
AB  - We propose, on the basis of physical chemical and biological requirements for T
      cell activation by antigen, that sites on a protein that can stimulate T
      lymphocytes will be capable of forming a stable amphipathic structure (i.e., one
      with separated hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces), displaying periodicity in
      hydrophobic residues. A spectral analysis of the 12 antigenic sites to which the
      method could be applied indicates that the amphipathic periodicity hypothesis is
      valid for 10 of them, generally with reliabilities that are well above 98%, with
      periodicities compatible with an alpha-helical structure. An 11th case manifests
      a different type of amphipathicity. The analyses require only a knowledge of
      amino acid sequence. The finding that T-cell antigenic sites show a high
      correlation with amphipathicity greatly simplifies the search for such sites and
      is potentially important for vaccine development.

PMID- 2413458
TI  - Discrimination between fibrin and fibrinogen by a monoclonal antibody against a
      synthetic peptide.
AB  - Circulating soluble fibrin, observed in the blood of patients with ongoing
      intravascular coagulation, is generated from the plasma protein fibrinogen by the
      limited proteolytic action of thrombin. We report the production of a monoclonal
      antibody that discriminates between fibrin and fibrinogen in blood. The synthetic
      hexapeptide Gly-Pro-Arg-Val-Val-Glu, representing the amino terminus of the alpha
      chain of human fibrin, was used as immunogen. This hexapeptide is located within
      the A alpha chain of fibrinogen but becomes the amino terminus of the fibrin
      alpha chain, after fibrinopeptide A is removed by the action of thrombin, and
      thus becomes accessible for antibody binding. The monoclonal antibody we have
      prepared can discriminate between fibrin and fibrinogen and thus can be used in
      assay systems to quantitate soluble fibrin or, potentially, to image fibrin-rich
      thrombi.

PMID- 2413459
TI  - 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (BW A509U): an antiviral agent that inhibits the
      infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type
      III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in vitro.
AB  - The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is thought to result from
      infection of T cells by a pathogenic human retrovirus, human T-lymphotropic virus
      type III (HTLV-III) or lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV). In this report, we
      describe the antiviral effects of a thymidine analogue,3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine
      (BW A509U), which, as a triphosphate, inhibits the reverse transcriptase of HTLV
      III/LAV. This agent blocks the expression of the p24 gag protein of HTLV-III/LAV
      in H9 cells following exposure to virus. The drug also inhibits the cytopathic
      effect of HTLV-IIIB (a virus derived from a pool of American patients) and HTLV
      III/RF-II (an isolate obtained from a Haitian patient that differs by about 20%
      in the amino acid sequence of the envelope gene from several isolates of HTLV
      III/LAV, including HTLV-IIIB, analyzed so far). 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine also
      completely blocks viral replication as assessed by reverse transcriptase
      production in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to HTLV
      IIIB. Finally, at concentrations of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine that block the in
      vitro infectivity and cytopathic effect of HTLV-IIIB, the in vitro immune
      functions of normal T cells remain basically intact.

PMID- 2413460
TI  - Selection of unique antigenic variants of Newcastle disease virus with
      neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and anti-immunoglobulin.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were used to isolate nonneutralizable antigenic variants in
      the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus. It had
      been found that a large percentage of virus retains infectivity despite binding
      neutralizing antibody. This high persistent fraction of nonneutralized virus
      precluded the isolation of variants by the standard treatment with antibody
      alone. Rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin was used to reduce the percentage of
      virus that remains infectious despite the presence of bound antibody. This
      procedure made possible the isolation of variants of two distinct types:
      classical variants, not neutralized because they do not bind the antibody used to
      select them; and unique variants that, although still capable of binding the
      selecting antibody, are only slightly neutralized. The general applicability of
      this method for the isolation of antigenic variants in nonneutralizing epitopes
      is also discussed.

PMID- 2413461
TI  - The Ca channel in skeletal muscle is a large pore.
AB  - The permeability of Ca channels to various foreign cations has been investigated
      in the absence of external Ca2+. All physiological metal cations are clearly
      permeant, including Mg2+. The large organic cation n-butylamine+ is sparingly
      permeant or impermeant, but its larger derivative 1,4-diaminobutane2+ is highly
      permeant. Among the cations of the methylated ammonium series, permeability
      diminishes in a graded fashion as ion size increases. Tetramethylammonium, the
      largest cation found to be permeant, has a diameter of about 6 A; hence, the
      aqueous pore of the Ca channel at its narrowest point can be no smaller. That the
      pore is so large strengthens our view that, under physiologic conditions, the
      high selectivity of Ca channels is due to selective binding of Ca2+ rather than
      to rejection of other cations by, for example, a sieving mechanism.

PMID- 2413462
TI  - Form and classification of motor endings in mammalian muscle spindles.
AB  - The presynaptic features of 234 motor endings supplied to cat hindlimb muscle
      spindles have been studied in teased, silver preparations, and the postsynaptic
      features of a further 27 endings have been studied in serial, 1 micron thick,
      transverse sections. In the presynaptic study motor endings received by the three
      types of intrafusal muscle fibre were compared with the endings supplied to
      spindles by the various functional categories of motor axon. Three forms of motor
      ending were found that had significantly different presynaptic features. These
      forms correspond closely to those previously identified in the literature as p1
      (beta), p2 (dynamic gamma) and trail (static gamma). The results of the
      postsynaptic study showed that the degree of indentation of the intrafusal muscle
      fibres by motor axon terminals increases with greater distance from the primary
      ending, irrespective of muscle-fibre type. We conclude that the postsynaptic form
      of intrafusal motor endings is determined by distance from primary ending and
      muscle-fibre type. It is not determined by type of motor axon, and cannot be
      correlated with presynaptic form so as to produce a unified classification of
      intrafusal motor endings.

PMID- 2413463
TI  - Differential response of muscle and gastric histidine decarboxylase to compound
      48/80 and dietary calcium.
AB  - Previous work from this laboratory had indicated that in vivo, histidine
      decarboxylase (HDC) activity was stimulated by compound 48/80 in rat leg muscle,
      and that high dietary calcium had a stimulating effect on gastric HDC activity.
      In the present investigations the 48/80 effect was also observed in vitro in leg
      muscle extracts from rats, chicks, and guinea pigs. Compound 48/80 had no effect
      in vitro on histamine metabolism of gastric tissue homogenates in any of the
      animal species studied. A dietary effect of high calcium intake was noted in rat
      gastric tissue but not in rat leg muscle. In vitro addition of 48/80 and/or
      calcium had no stimulatory effect on bacterial HDC or on muscle carnosinase
      activity. These findings, in conjunction with a comparison of stomach and leg
      muscle mast cell populations, confirm an HDC stimulatory role for 48/80 in
      muscle, in addition to its histamine-releasing function from mast cells.

PMID- 2413464
TI  - Rabbits immunized with mixtures of staphylococcal protein A and autologous IgG
      produce anti-human IgG antibodies.
AB  - The results of this study provide evidence that protein A may render IgG
      immunogenic in the autologous host. Antibodies to human but not rabbit IgG were
      detected in sera of rabbits immunized with a mixture of autologous serum and
      protein A. Anti-human IgG antibodies appeared within 2 weeks at which time the
      antibodies were of the IgM class. Upon further immunization, both IgM and IgG
      antibodies were produced with the IgG class predominating. The antibodies
      elicited by a mixture of protein A with autologous IgG resembled those which
      arise in response to autologous IgG that has been denatured by physicochemical
      means, in that they react mainly with foreign species IgG and weakly, if at all,
      with IgG of rabbit origin.

PMID- 2413465
TI  - Newer aspects of the chemical structure and biological activity of bacterial
      endotoxins.
AB  - Gram-negative bacteria express at their surface various amphiphiles among which
      the lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins, O-antigens) have been studied most
      intensively. Lipopolysaccharides consist of a heteropolysaccharide portion (O
      specific chain and core) which is responsible for the O- (and R-) antigenic
      properties and a covalently bound lipid component, termed lipid A, which contains
      the endotoxic principle of lipopolysaccharides. The detailed chemical structure
      of a large number of O-chains and the general architecture of the core
      oligosaccharide has been established. Recent analyses of the enterobacterial
      inner core region indicate the presence of a linear trisaccharide of alpha 2.4
      linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO) residues of which only the
      reducing group is believed to be located in the main core chain. This KDO residue
      which provides the link between the polysaccharide and the lipid A component
      appears to be involved in a recently detected ubiquitous immunodeterminant
      expressed by lipopolysaccharides of various origin. The chemical structure of
      enterobacterial lipid A's is now known in some detail. Lipid A of Salmonella,
      Escherichia coli and Proteus consists of a beta 1.6-linked D-glucosamine
      disaccharide which carries four (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl groups in positions 2,
      3, 2' and 3' and two phosphoryl residues in positions 1 and 4'. Up to three of
      the hydroxy fatty acids (positions 2, 2' and 3') are, at their 3-hydroxyl groups,
      acylated by non-hydroxylated acyl residues, and to phosphoryl groups non
      acylated, nitrogen-containing residues such as 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinopyranose
      and phosphorylethanolamine may be bound. The hydroxyl group in position 4 of the
      glucosamine disaccharide is free and that in position 6' serves as the attachment
      site for KDO (i.e. the polysaccharide component) in lipopolysaccharide. Based on
      this structure lipid A analogues have been chemically synthesized and analysed
      for endotoxic activity in vivo and in vitro. In two test systems (pyrogenicity,
      local Shwartzman reaction) the synthetic part structures exhibited weak or no
      endotoxic activity, as did a precursor of lipid A biosynthesis which is
      structurally identical to one of the analogues. In many other systems, however,
      including lethal toxicity, B-lymphocyte mitogenicity, macrophage activation,
      induction of cross tolerance, expression of lipid A antigenicity, the synthetic
      materials were of comparable activity as bacterial free lipid A. These findings
      support the structural proposals made for lipid A and they prove the previous
      hypothesis that the endotoxic principle is embedded in lipid A.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2413466
TI  - In vivo biological activities of endotoxin.
AB  - The basic mechanisms by which bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) interact with
      cells and tissues of the endotoxin sensitive host have been examined within the
      context of defining critical targets for the manifestation of the multiple
      pathophysiologic effects of this potent bacterial toxin. Evidence has been
      presented to suggest that metabolic processing of bacteria by phagocytic cells
      can result in the release of biologically active endotoxin. The available
      experimental data would indicate that, in the mouse, a bone marrow derived
      radiosensitive cell is responsible for the toxic effects of endotoxin. The
      precise mechanism by which lipopolysaccharides interact with these cells remains
      to be elucidated. Although interaction with critical targets on the membrane of
      LPS responsive cells is established, the evidence for specific endotoxin receptor
      molecules is weak and still controversial. Recent data suggest that, if such
      endotoxin receptors do, in fact exist, they are at best only weakly immunogenic.
      The use of the C3H/HeJ "endotoxin unresponsive" mouse strain, however, remains as
      an extremely useful experimental model to define the mode of action of endotoxin
      at the molecular level.

PMID- 2413467
TI  - The early years of research.

PMID- 2413468
TI  - Analysis of mutations associated with deletion and nondeletion hereditary
      persistence of fetal hemoglobin.

PMID- 2413469
TI  - Sequences of G gamma, A gamma, and beta genes of the Greek (A gamma) HPFH mutant:
      evidence for a distal CCAAT box mutation in the A gamma gene.
AB  - Sequencing of the A gamma, G gamma and beta genes of a chromosome containing the
      A gamma Greek HPFH determinant revealed a mutation in position -117 of the
      promoter of the A gamma gene. The mutation is located in the distal member of the
      duplicated CCAAT box of the gamma gene. The finding suggests that the DNA region
      that includes the CCAAT box may play a role in the developmental control of gamma
      genes. It is suggested that the CCAAT box or its surroundings are involved in
      interactions between DNA and regulatory molecules whose binding results in
      silencing of gamma gene expression. Substitution at -117 of the A gamma gene may
      inhibit the interaction resulting in an A gamma HPFH phenotype. Sequencing of the
      beta genes of an A gamma Greek HPFH/beta thalassemia heterozygote was done to
      test whether beta gene expression takes place in cis to the A gamma HPFH
      determinant. The beta gene of the HPFH chromosome was found to be structurally
      normal. The beta thalassemia gene possessed a splicing site mutation known to
      create a beta thalassemia phenotype. These data provide structural evidence for
      expression of the beta gene in cis to the HPFH determinant.

PMID- 2413470
TI  - A mutation associated with elevated G gamma chain in sickle cell anemia and
      hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin.

PMID- 2413471
TI  - Heterogeneity of molecular defects underlying hereditary persistence of fetal
      hemoglobin in Mediterranean area.

PMID- 2413472
TI  - Cis-acting sequences that affect the expression of the human fetal gamma-globin
      genes.
AB  - We have identified the sequences in the human gamma-globin gene promoter that are
      required for efficient and accurate transcription by using deletion mutants and
      in vitro site-directed mutagenesis. More than 131 bp (which include the 'CACA'
      sequence) upstream from the Cap site, are required for efficient transcription of
      the gamma-promoter. Furthermore, the 27 bp tandemly duplicated segment including
      the conserved 'CCAAT' box (represented only once in the beta promoter and
      required for its function) is not essential for the gamma-promoter, since
      scanning-linker mutants lacking part or all of the proximal 'CAT' box exhibited a
      1.5 to 4.0 fold increase in the promoter function compared to the wild type.
      These data and the recently described point mutations in the regions of the A
      gamma and G gamma promoters associated with hereditary persistence of fetal
      hemoglobin, support the notion that the DNA sequences of the gamma-promoter
      region should be involved in the developmental regulation of globin genes.
      Molecular analysis of naturally occuring deletion-mutations in the beta-globin
      gene cluster leading to increased production of HbF in adult life, showed that
      irrespective of the nature of the deletions, they exhibit identical clinical and
      cellular phenotypes on interaction with the beta S gene. Erythroid progenitor
      cells from these individuals respond in vitro, to the same extent to the
      modulating effects of exogenous factors such as the 'switching activity' of fetal
      sheep serum with respect to their pattern of hemoglobin synthesis.

PMID- 2413473
TI  - Augmentation of hemoglobin synthesis by S-phase specific drugs in the K562 cell
      line.

PMID- 2413474
TI  - Trans-acting factors are responsible for the lack of beta-globin gene expression
      in K562 cells.

PMID- 2413475
TI  - The developmental genetics of human hemoglobin.
AB  - Clearly, it is impossible to combine the diverse information briefly outlined in
      this review to provide a coherent model of the regulation of globin gene
      expression during development. One of the great difficulties in this field is
      uncertainty as to whether the mutations which are associated with persistent
      gamma chain production or, for the matter, the experimental models which have
      been used to study the differential expression of the fetal and adult globin
      genes, have any real relevance to an understanding of the normal switching
      process. Probably they do, but only with respect to one aspect of what must be an
      extremely complex multi-step regulatory system. The consistent changes in
      chromatin and methylation state of the beta globin gene cluster which are
      associated with activation of the different gene loci at different stages of
      development provide an anatomical explanation for the activity of these loci but
      tell us nothing about their mode of regulation. However, the gene or chromosome
      transfer experiments suggest that there may be developmental-stage specific trans
      regulatory factors which may be involved in the regulation of these genes,
      presumably by interacting in some way with chromatin. This is a very promising
      lead. Equally interesting is the possibility that the upstream mutations which
      are being found in some of the forms of non-deletion HPFH could provide a clue as
      to the site of these interactions. Thus at least we have an indication of what
      might be the most productive area of investigation for trying to characterize the
      mechanisms of regulation at the chromosomal level. This may be as far as we can
      go in the immediate future. The central question remains, however. How is the
      differential expression of the globin genes during development actually timed?
      All we know at the moment is that it is related fairly closely to gestational
      age. The only experimental data relating to this question is derived from the
      sheep transplant model, and suggests that there might be some form of
      "developmental clock' built into the hemopoietic stem cell. Here we are in
      considerable difficulties because we don't have an obvious experimental model
      with which to analyze time-related events. None of the forms of HPFH is, strictly
      speaking, a heterochronic mutation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2413476
TI  - The cellular basis of haemoglobin switching: further studies of fetal-to-adult
      haemopoietic cell transplantation.
AB  - The switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin synthesis appears to be due to a change
      in gene expression within the same hemopoietic lineage. The timing of this change
      looks to be largely determined by the gestational age of the hemopoietic cells,
      consistent with their containing an intrinsic developmental clock. Precocious
      switching of fetal cells in an adult environment could reflect an interaction of
      this clock with external factors or may result from an acceleration of the clock
      under the extreme experimental conditions, possibly associated with an increased
      rate of stem cell division.

PMID- 2413477
TI  - Erythropoietic development and hemoglobin switching in human embryos: cellular
      and molecular aspects.

PMID- 2413478
TI  - Peripheral blood erythroid progenitors from patients with sickle cell anemia:
      HPLC separation of hemoglobins and the effect of a HbF switching factor.
AB  - We describe the use of HPLC for the separation and quantitation of hemoglobin and
      globin chains. Utilization of this sensitive technique allows the analysis of
      hemoglobin and globin chains in the total accumulated and newly synthesized
      hemoglobin. Using this methodology, we have studied the effect of a previously
      described HbF factor in fetal calf serum on peripheral blood BFUe-derived
      erythroblasts from patients with sickle cell anemia. As in previous studies of
      peripheral blood BFUe-derived erythroblasts from hematologically normal adults,
      this HbF factor promoted the increased synthesis of HbF in the BFUe-derived
      erythroblasts from the sickle cell anemia patients.

PMID- 2413479
TI  - Pharmacologic stimulation of Hb F in patients with sickle cell anemia.

PMID- 2413480
TI  - Pharmacologic manipulation of fetal hemoglobin synthesis.
AB  - The ease with which HbF production can be increased in subjects with SS disease
      was a totally unexpected phenomena on the basis of previous models of HbF
      synthesis. The fact that these drugs induce rapid increases in F cell production
      and increase HbF per F cell and HbS in non-F cells, may be important clues as to
      the mechanism of the action of these drugs. It is far from clear whether either
      one of these agents will be eventually used as therapy for subjects with SS
      disease. The more recent problems with cytotoxicity illustrated by HU, and the
      potential carcinogenic effect of 5-aza limit our ability to perform large
      controlled clinical trials at this time. The observation that HbF production is
      increased by two agents which perturb DNA replication may be important clues in
      understanding not only the origins of differential gamma versus beta globin gene
      expression but also the mechanism by which HbF is restricted to expression in
      only certain cells during normal erythroid maturation.

PMID- 2413481
TI  - Hydroxyurea and hemoglobin F in patients with myeloproliferative syndromes.

PMID- 2413482
TI  - Transcriptional activation of an embryonic globin gene in adult erythroid cells
      in vivo.
AB  - We have studied the mechanism and level of activation of the normally silent rho
      globin gene in adult erythroid cells of anemic chickens treated with 5
      azacytidine and sodium butyrate. We have shown that while demethylation of the
      rho globin gene does not result in high levels of specific mRNA, demethylation
      does appear to be a prerequisite for sodium butyrate to cause such an effect.
      Runoff nuclear transcription assays were used to demonstrate that 5-azacytidine
      plus sodium butyrate treatment act to cause transcriptional activation of the rho
      gene in adult animals. However, the data also show that there may be post
      transcriptional down-regulation of mRNA levels in adult red cells, since the
      level of rho gene nuclear runoff relative to beta exceeds the corresponding
      stable mRNA ratios for the two gene products. These data are consistent with a
      model in which developmental switching of the chicken globin genes may involve
      both transcriptional regulation and one or more levels of post-transcriptional
      regulation. Our studies of histone acetylation in erythroid cells from butyrate
      treated animals show that no bulk changes in histone acetylation can be detected.
      While transient localized changes in the fast kinetic form of histone acetylation
      cannot be excluded, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that the
      transcriptional activation of the rho gene by sodium butyrate in this animal
      model may be mediated by some trans-acting transcription regulating factor. Thus,
      the requirement for both 5-azacytidine and sodium butyrate for gene activation
      could reflect a mechanism which involves both an alteration in a specific
      regulatory DNA recognition sequence (by demethylation) and a change in either the
      specificity or amount of a stimulatory (or inhibitory) trans acting factor. These
      proposed mechanisms are directly testable with currently available techniques.

PMID- 2413483
TI  - Regulation of fetal hemoglobin synthesis by cell cycle specific drugs.

PMID- 2413484
TI  - Studies on messenger RNA 3' end formation in globin genes: a transcriptional
      interference model for globin gene switching.

PMID- 2413485
TI  - A retrovirus-like element occurs between the 3' breakpoints of two large
      deletions in the human beta-globin gene cluster.
AB  - We have identified a novel repetitive family in human DNA. One member of this
      family is found downstream of the beta-globin gene cluster between the 3'
      breakpoints of the deletions associated with Chinese G gamma + (A gamma delta
      beta)O thalassemia and HPFH-2. This repetitive element is approximately 6 kbp in
      length and includes terminal direct repeats of 415 bp. Numerous DNA sequence
      features of the direct repeats (LTRs) and their flanking regions indicate that
      the element is a retrovirus-like structure. The most striking of these features
      is the presence of a histidine tRNA binding site just 3' to the 5' LTR.
      Accordingly the element is named RTVL-H (retrovirus-like element-histidine). The
      LTRs of the RTVL-H element are not strongly homologous to the LTRs of any
      previously described mammalian retrovirus or retrovirus-like element. Copy number
      estimates suggest that there are approximately 1000 RTVL-H elements in the human
      genome. The element found 3' (greater than 60 kbp) to the beta-globin gene
      appears to be a stable part of the normal genome. This retrovirus-like element is
      brought close to the fetal gamma-globin locus by the Chinese thalassemia deletion
      but is deleted in HPFH-1 and HPFH-2.

PMID- 2413486
TI  - The consequences and implications of the multicentric origin of the Hb S gene.

PMID- 2413487
TI  - The effect of bleomycin on lung metabolism of prostaglandin E2 in hamster.
AB  - Lung is a major site of prostaglandin synthesis and degradation. One site of
      metabolism has been shown to be the endothelial cell. Metabolism of
      prostaglandins has been shown to be influenced by both physiological and
      pathological mechanism. Furthermore, it has been suggested that a relationship
      might exist between pulmonary disease and the lung's ability to synthesize and/or
      degrade prostaglandins. Therefore, we evaluated if bleomycin-induced fibrosis, a
      model of human pulmonary fibrosis, affects the ability of lung to metabolize
      prostaglandins. Single pass metabolism of prostaglandin E2 was evaluated in an
      isolated, perfused and ventilated lung of hamsters at 5 and 500 nM concentrations
      4,7,14,21 and 28 days after intratracheal bleomycin. The metabolism of
      prostaglandin E2 was not changed at the 5 nM level, but was significantly
      decreased at 500 nM level on day 14 and day 28 after intratracheal bleomycin. The
      results suggest that intratracheal bleomycin causes alterations in prostaglandin
      metabolism; the mechanism(s) is unknown but may be related to endothelial cell
      damage and possible changes in alveolar-capillary surface area.

PMID- 2413488
TI  - Behaviorally equivalent stressors differentially modify the monoamine altering
      property of d-amphetamine.
AB  - We previously demonstrated that behaviorally equivalent heat and cold stressors
      interacted with d-amphetamine (AMPH) treatment to produce different effects in
      rats responding for food on a fixed ratio 15 (FR15) schedule of reinforcement
      [25]. The present study was carried out to determine if these stressors
      differentially affect the disposition of AMPH to brain and/or if the stressors
      alone or in combination with AMPH affect CNS monoamines in a dissimilar manner.
      Exposure to either heat or cold stressor produced equivalent elevations of [3H]
      AMPH in brain following 3 mg AMPH/kg but not 1 mg AMPH/kg. Neither stressor alone
      significantly altered any of the neurochemical parameters measured in any of the
      brain regions studied. In forebrain, heat and cold stressors interacted with AMPH
      treatment in different manners. Thus, although [3H]-AMPH was equally elevated in
      stressed groups following the high dose, cold-induced stress was not associated
      with an increase in dopamine (DA) levels, which was observed in Nonstressed and
      Heat-Stressed subjects. Although serotonin (5-HT) levels were not changed by any
      manipulation, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels were lowered in
      Nonstressed and Cold-Stressed subjects following both doses of AMPH. This effect
      was not associated with heat-induced stress. The apparent attenuation of AMPH
      behavioral toxicity observed in Cold-Stressed and/or exacerbation in Heat
      Stressed rats observed in the earlier study may involve a pharmacodynamic
      interaction of AMPH and stress with transmitter substances, including DA and/or 5
      HT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413489
TI  - [Synthesis of cyclic and cyclically branched tachykinin partial sequences. 1.
      Synthesis of the homodet-cyclic eledoisin(6-11)-hexapeptide].
AB  - Ala-Phe-Ile-Gly-Leu-Met has been disengaged by cyclization of H-Leu-Met-Ala-Phe
      Ile-Gly-OH by means of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/N-Hydroxysuccinimide or the
      adequate p-nitrophenylester. Acc. to various strategic variants, the design of
      the linear precursor has been performed by condensation of the segments of Boc
      Leu-Met-OH and H-Ala-Phe-Ile-Gly-OH. The resulting cyclo-[Eledoisin(6-11)
      Hexapeptide] has in a clearly separated range of dose dual agonistic and
      antagonistic effects at the guinea-pig ileum.

PMID- 2413490
TI  - Structure of interferons.

PMID- 2413491
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to growth hormone and prolactin.

PMID- 2413492
TI  - Control of exocytosis from adrenal chromaffin cells.

PMID- 2413493
TI  - Preparation of pancreatin and purification of lipase from hog pancreas.
AB  - Pancreatin containing high activities of proteolytic enzymes, amylase and lipase
      was prepared from optimally autolyzed hog pancreas. About one hundred grams of
      pancreatin were obtained from one kilogram of hog pancreas. Lipase was purified
      from the pancreatin preparation through steps of mild alkaline solution
      extraction, removing proteolytic enzymes by affinity adsorption, first ammonium
      sulfate fractionation, Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration, and secondary ammonium
      sulfate fractionation. By these steps, the purity of the enzyme increased 14 fold
      and the recovery of the enzyme activity was 33%. The purified lipase was not
      homogeneous and contained several contaminating proteins when examined by disc
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 2413494
TI  - A psychoanalysis of sports.

PMID- 2413495
TI  - "Your feet's too big": an inquiry into psychological and symbolic meanings of the
      foot.
AB  - The foot is a highly cathected appendage that is commonly singled out as the
      brunt of humorous or derisive remarks, as if it embodies repugnance and disgust.
      Attitudes toward the foot are overdetermined, bearing the imprint of man's early
      linguistic patterns and individual dynamics. This article suggests that feet are
      symbolic because they bear the feelings derived from earlier separations, good
      and bad object representations, collective memories, and genital representations.
      The foot's role as symbol of both the male and female genitals, repository of
      badness, symbol of passivity, initiator of movement, and site of self-mutilation
      have been briefly reviewed. As Fats Waller rhapsodizes that the "feet's too big,"
      he finds a convenient way to displace his symbiotic and erotic anxieties vis-a
      vis women. Similarly, patients who come for psychiatric treatment and
      psychotherapy frequently make references to their feet or use them in specific
      ways. An understanding of this type of communication can often provide insight
      into individual dynamics and enhance treatment. The weight placed on these
      communications depends, of course, on the vicissitudes of the previous
      therapeutic work as well as on the particular problems of the patient.

PMID- 2413496
TI  - On concreteness.
AB  - Subtypes of concreteness (organic, topographical, semiotic, and interactional)
      are described in this paper. These are considered within the context of overall
      development during the first two and a half years of life and cognitive growth is
      systematically linked to the maturation of object relations. Factors which
      contribute to concreteness are the nature of the cognitive strategies available
      for thinking, the growth of an internal space in which an independently
      functioning mind is located, and the gradual separation of the self and nonself.
      Finally, some examples of concreteness in clinical practice are offered
      particularly as these relate to the nature of projective identification.

PMID- 2413497
TI  - The motif of falling: falling and the loss of the mother.
AB  - Falling carries the meaning of loss of the mother for three patients studied
      psychoanalytically. Falling carries the same implication in various tropes, myths
      and biblical imagery. This convergence of evidence supports the thesis that
      falling is a symbol of maternal loss.

PMID- 2413498
TI  - Self-regulation of a complex ventricular arrhythmia.

PMID- 2413499
TI  - Pulmonary manifestations of Whipple's disease.
AB  - Whipple's disease is a rare multisystem disorder which may affect the lungs and
      pleurae. Four men with Whipple's disease are described. All developed dyspnoea
      and pleuritic chest pain and three had a chronic cough. Lung function tests in
      three patients showed reduced lung volumes. Chest radiographic changes included
      pleural adhesions, small lung volumes and nodular shadowing. In three patients
      treatment of the Whipple's disease resulted in resulted in resolution of the
      disabling breathlessness, thus underlining the importance of recognising this
      feature of the disease. Although intestinal and joint manifestations of Whipple's
      disease are attributed to intracellular infection, the respiratory manifestations
      may be due to an inflammatory reaction to locally deposited immune complexes
      containing bacterial antigens.

PMID- 2413500
TI  - Intracranial calcification in children with osteopetrosis caused by carbonic
      anhydrase II deficiency.
AB  - Radiographs of 18 children thought to have carbonic anhydrase II deficiency were
      reviewed to assess intracranial calcification. These children have an autosomal
      recessive syndrome consisting of osteopetrosis, renal tubular acidosis,
      intracranial calcification, and developmental retardation. This calcification is
      in the gray matter of cortex and basal ganglia and is similar, if not identical,
      to that seen in hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism. It is not
      present at birth but appears at approximately 2-5 years of age and increases in
      density and extent through childhood.

PMID- 2413501
TI  - Relaxations, fluctuations and ion transfer across membranes.

PMID- 2413502
TI  - The effects of non-steroidal inhibitors of phospholipase A2 on leukotriene and
      histamine release from human and guinea-pig lung.
AB  - The effects of chloroquine and mepacrine were determined on the release of slow
      reacting substances (leukotrienes) from lung fragments in vitro. These drugs have
      been shown in a variety of tissues to inhibit phospholipase A2, and thus to
      reduce the availability of arachidonate, which is a substrate for leukotriene
      biosynthesis. Leukotriene and histamine release from unsensitized human lung was
      stimulated by calcium ionophore A23187, and from actively sensitized guinea-pig
      lung, by ovalbumin. Chloroquine (10 microM and 100 microM) significantly
      inhibited leukotriene release in lung from both species, and at 100 microM also
      inhibited histamine release. Mepacrine (10 microM) inhibited leukotriene release
      in human lung and at 100 microM in guinea-pig lung. The effects of chloroquine
      (100 microM) on leukotriene release were counteracted by the presence of
      arachidonic acid (10 microM), which suggests that chloroquine had impaired the
      availability of arachidonate. It seems probable that chloroquine and mepacrine
      inhibit leukotriene release by inhibition of phospholipase A2 in lung.

PMID- 2413503
TI  - Inflammation and prostatic tumors.

PMID- 2413504
TI  - Guanine nucleotides regulate [3H]substance P binding in rat small intestine.
AB  - The binding of [3H]substance P (SP) to membranes of the rat small intestine
      demonstrates specific binding to receptors having more than one affinity for SP.
      The values of the binding parameters for the high-affinity site obtained from a
      non-linear regression analysis are as follows: KD = 0.25 nM, Bmax = 149.5 fmol/mg
      protein. Inhibition curves of 3H-SP binding using various unlabeled tachykinins
      show that the high-affinity receptor is of the P-subtype, having the highest
      affinity for SP and lower affinities for eledoisin and kassinin. Guanine
      nucleotides and sodium independently reduce the binding of 3H-SP to the high
      affinity receptor in a dose-related manner; GTP and GDP are more potent than GMP.
      The reduction of specific SP binding by GTP can be ascribed primarily to an
      increase in the off-rate. The effects of guanine nucleotides on 3H-SP binding to
      membranes of rat small intestine suggest that the high-affinity receptor is
      linked to an effector by a GTP-binding regulatory protein.

PMID- 2413505
TI  - Abrogation of peripheral cholecystokinin-satiety in the capsaicin treated rat.
AB  - Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peripheral and central mediator of short-term satiety.
      When given i.p., CCK decreases food intake in previously fasted rats for a period
      of 30 min. The effect has been previously shown to be abolished by vagotomy and
      more specifically by severing of vagal sensory rootlets. These studies were
      designed to determine the effects on rat feeding behavior, and in particular CCK
      satiety, of the sensory neurotoxin capsaicin. In neonates, capsaicin selectively
      and permanently destroys unmyelinated sensory fibers including those in the vagus
      nerve. Rat neonates were treated with capsaicin, 50 mg/kg or vehicle, and
      surviving females studied at 8-10 weeks of age. The weights, 24-h food intake,
      and feeding responses to insulin were the same in adult capsaicin treated (Cap
      Rx) and vehicle treated (Veh Rx) rats. CCK (8 micrograms/kg i.p.) reduced 30 min
      food intake 61 +/- 18% in Veh Rx animals (mean +/- S.D., P less than 0.01). In
      capsaicin denervated animals, CCK also significantly reduced 30 min food intake
      from 5.09 +/- 1.10 to 3.92 +/- 0.84 g (P less than 0.01), but the mean reduction,
      23 +/- 6%, was significantly less than in Veh Rx rats (P less than 10(-4]. A
      separate group of females, similarly treated as neonates with capsaicin or
      vehicle, were subjected to bilateral lesioning of the ventromedial hypothalamus.
      Both Cap Rx and Veh Rx animals gained significantly and equally more than non
      lesioned controls. 24 h vagal transport of substance P was reduced 70% in age
      matched capsaicin treated animals compared to controls. These studies demonstrate
      that peripheral CCK-satiety is partly mediated by capsaicin sensitive fibers,
      presumably in the vagus nerve. Substance P is one possible transmitter mediating
      this reflex. Further conclusions are that active inhibition of an intact
      peripheral CCK-stimulated reflex arc is not necessary for full expression of
      central inducers of feeding, e.g., insulin or lesioning of the ventromedial
      hypothalamus, and that destruction of these fibers does not alter long-term
      weight regulation in rats receiving a normal diet.

PMID- 2413506
TI  - Depletion of neuropeptides in rat parotid glands and declining atropine-resistant
      salivary secretion upon continuous parasympathetic nerve stimulation.
AB  - In rats the parasympathetic auriculo-temporal nerve on one side was continuously
      stimulated at 40 Hz for 20-80 min in the presence of adrenergic blockers
      (dihydroergotamine and propranolol) +/- atropine. During the first 10 min this
      gave rise to a flow of saliva from the parotid gland that in the atropinized rats
      amounted to 35% of that found in rats not treated with atropine, while the
      protein and amylase outputs were 75% of those in non-atropinized rats. The
      atropine-resistant secretion of fluid and proteins declined to 5-10% of the
      initial value within 40 min but did not cease completely even after 80 min. The
      marked reduction in secretory responses was not due to desensitization or
      exhaustion of the gland cells. The nerve stimulation reduced the parotid gland
      content of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) to
      approximately 60 and 25% of that of contralateral glands after 20 and 60 min,
      respectively. The probable explanation for the decline in secretory response
      seems to be depletion of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic transmitter(s). The
      present results suggest that neuropeptides are involved in the regulation of
      salivary secretion but provide no direct evidence that either VIP or SP is
      responsible for the atropine-resistant salivary secretion.

PMID- 2413507
TI  - [Neoplasm of the superior gastric pole].

PMID- 2413508
TI  - [Role of zinc in general and ocular metabolism].

PMID- 2413509
TI  - [Glaucoma secondary to central vascular obstruction of the retina].

PMID- 2413510
TI  - [Percutaneous intra-arterial infusion and embolization of the liver metastases of
      colorectal carcinomas].
AB  - Percutaneous intra-arterial chemotherapy of the liver was performed on 34
      occasions in 18 patients with liver metastases. In twelve patients with
      disseminated metastases, infusion had only a brief palliative effect. In five
      patients with circumscribed metastases, partial remission or arrest of growth
      could be demonstrated. In two cases, who had no extrahepatic metastases,
      hemihepatectomy was possible. Compared with systemic therapy, there was no
      significant prolongation of survival time as a result of percutaneous intra
      arterial infusion of the liver. This procedure is only indicated if liver
      metastases progress in spite of systemic treatment.

PMID- 2413511
TI  - [The single ventricle in the first years of life. Our surgical viewpoint].

PMID- 2413512
TI  - Reaction of human leukocytes after in vitro contact with a glucocorticoid.
AB  - The used hormone prednisolone bisuccinate causes in the concentration range of 2
      1,000 micrograms/ml visible changes of the cell morphology and enzymatic activity
      in all leukocytes. These alterations appear immediately after the application of
      the glucocorticoid and remain nearly constant during the time of investigation (1
      h). The changes in the cell morphology and the loss of enzymatic activity
      increase with enhanced hormone concentration. The following reproducible
      morphological changes caused by the hormone comprise swelling, vacuolization and
      deformation of the nuclei with concomitant release of nuclei material. In
      addition, cloverleaf and fircone-like structures originate in connection with the
      formation of small bubbles.

PMID- 2413513
TI  - [A plea for specific desensitization].

PMID- 2413514
TI  - Acute phase response in infectious disease.
AB  - In considering the pathology associated with infectious diseases, the most common
      host response to such infection is inflammation. The mechanism(s) whereby
      inflammation is initiated and the cell types involved will dictate the kinds of
      acute phase plasma changes that can be seen associated with the infection.
      Bacteria seem to initiate the classical type of inflammatory response and plasma
      protein changes similar to those seen in experimental inflammation induced by
      chemical means. Viruses, on the other hand, in the absence of cytopathology do
      not appear to induce the same kind of inflammatory changes and avoid the
      induction of the acute phase protein response since they may not initiate
      activation of monocytes and/or macrophages. Those viruses that do cause
      macrophage activation would be expected to have acute phase protein changes
      associated with that activation. Parasites, however, appear to initiate the acute
      phase plasma response only when their migration leads to tissue destruction and
      local inflammation such as caused by parasitemia with Trypanosoma cruzi in the
      mouse or with migration of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in the rodent. Human
      parasitic diseases require much more investigation in order to clarify the role
      played by acute phase proteins in the subsequent establishment of the host
      parasite relationship. We postulate that the macrophage or monocyte on
      interaction with the infectious pathogen becomes activated and secretes a number
      of factors, including interleukin 1 and hepatocyte-stimulating factor, which have
      a marked effect on the total acute phase reaction. In addition to an effect on
      phagocytic and immune systems, the mediators cause hepatocytes to markedly
      increase the secretion of plasma acute phase proteins. Some of these proteins
      return to the site of inflammation and interact with the infectious pathogen
      and/or cells and proteins of the host, thereby affecting the final outcome of
      inflammation. We also propose that the initial interaction of an organism such as
      a parasite and the mammalian host involves early recognition by the macrophage,
      thereby initiating both the humoral and cellular acute phase reactions and
      subsequently affects the immune response against the parasite. Variations in the
      acute phase reaction may help to explain differences in susceptibility to
      infectious organisms and the presence or lack of host killing mechanisms for the
      parasite.

PMID- 2413515
TI  - Induction of adipocyte formation in 10T1/2 cells by 1-methylguanine and 7
      methylguanine.
AB  - 1-Methylguanine and 7-methylguanine are naturally occurring modified purines
      derived from tRNA, found in elevated levels in the serum and urine of cancer
      patients. When C3H/10T1/2 clone-8 mouse cells are exposed to low levels of the
      methylated purines, they are induced to differentiate into adipocytes.
      Differentiation is induced in a dose-dependent manner and is similar in extent to
      that achieved by other inducing agents, such as 5-azacytidine. The methylated
      purines are not mutagenic, nor are they incorporated into DNA. They may exert
      their effect by modifying cellular regulatory processes, such as methylation of
      DNA. High levels of circulating methylated purines in cancer patients may play a
      role in tumor-host interactions.

PMID- 2413516
TI  - Lack of correlation of methylation and alphafetoprotein and albumin gene
      expression during liver growth, in hepatocellular carcinomas, and during
      hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - Analysis of AFP and albumin genes fails to demonstrate a correlation of gene
      activity with the degree of gene methylation as determined by restriction
      endonuclease fragments obtained using the isoschizomer pair, Hpa II and Msp I.
      There is no difference in the methylation patterns of DNA from high and low
      producing tissues, such as fetal and adult liver for AFP, hepatoma 7777 and 9098
      for AFP; adult lung, brain, kidney and liver for albumin; fetal liver and brain
      or heart for AFP, etc. Minor selective differences in gene methylation that
      correlate with AFP or albumin gene expression cannot be ruled out.

PMID- 2413517
TI  - Presence of three different binding sites for retinoids, bilirubin and estrogen
      or arachidonic acid on rat alpha-fetoprotein.
AB  - Rat alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) contains one binding site for estradiol with an
      association constant, Ka = 1 X 10(8) M-1. This site overlaps with a high affinity
      arachidonic acid binding site (Ka = 1 X 10(7) M-1) and with a tryptophan methyl
      ester binding site, AFP also possesses a second site able to bind retinoids with
      a Ka = 1 X 10(6) M-1, and a third site for the binding of bilirubin (Ka = 1 X
      10(6) M-1). These two sites presented no interaction and do not overlap with the
      estrogen or fatty acid binding site. It is suggested that these three binding
      sites reflect the three-domain structure of the rat AFP molecule deduced from the
      studies on the nucleotide sequence of AFPmRNA and AFPcDNA segments.

PMID- 2413518
TI  - Speech fluency and treatment of aphasia.

PMID- 2413519
TI  - Indomethacin treatment of acute pancreatitis. A controlled double-blind trial.
AB  - Thirty patients with acute pancreatitis were allocated to indomethacin
      suppositories, 50 mg twice daily, or identical-looking placebo suppositories for
      7 days in a controlled double-blind trial. The groups of patients were not
      different with regard to age, sex, etiology, or number of Ranson criteria. The
      number of days with pain and number of opiate injections were significantly less
      in patients treated with indomethacin. The median values of serum amylase and
      serum calcium were not different before or at any day during treatment. Bleeding
      from the gastrointestinal tract was not seen.

PMID- 2413520
TI  - Isoamylases and their thermolability in serum and cyst fluid from patients with
      pancreatic pseudocysts.
AB  - The isoamylase pattern in serum and the amylase thermolability have been
      suggested as screening tests for the development of pancreatic pseudocysts. To
      study whether serum reflects the contents of pseudocysts, we have investigated
      the isoamylases and their thermolability in cyst fluid and in serum from 13
      patients with pancreatic pseudocysts. No significant correlation was found
      between the contents in serum and cyst fluid with regard to total amylase and
      isoamylase P2 and P3 or with regard to the thermolability of total amylase and
      isoamylase P2 and P3. Thus, serum does not reflect the cyst contents of
      isoamylases or their thermolability. Therefore these serum amylase determinations
      can hardly be expected to be useful in distinguishing patients developing
      pseudocysts among patients with pancreatitis.

PMID- 2413521
TI  - Studies on the plasma kallikrein-kinin system in peritoneal exudate and plasma
      during experimental acute pancreatitis in pigs.
AB  - Acute pancreatitis was induced in pigs by retrograde injection of Na-taurocholate
      into the pancreatic duct. By means of chromogenic peptide substrate assays,
      increased plasma kallikrein activity, parallel with a reduction of plasma
      prekallikrein and functional kallikrein inhibition values, was found in
      peritoneal exudate. In plasma, however, no changes in the kallikrein-kinin system
      were found during the 6-h observation time. The study demonstrates the presence
      of components of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system in peritoneal fluid and
      suggests that the peritoneal cavity to a great extent is a functionally separate
      compartment from plasma. Activation of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system in
      peritoneal exudate during acute experimental pancreatitis appears to be of
      importance for the initial symptoms and the development of shock seen during this
      condition.

PMID- 2413522
TI  - Scanning electron microscope cytochemistry of blood cells.
AB  - The backscattered electron imaging (BEI) mode of scanning electron microscopy
      (SEM) has been applied to study various histo-cytochemical reactions in
      biological specimens since the early seventies. Due to numerous, recent technical
      improvements the BEI mode of SEM now belongs to the routine of many SEM
      laboratories. For cytochemistry, BEI has been mainly used to: visualize
      intracellular structures and organelles; recognize the different cell types in
      heterogeneous populations or tissues; study the correlations between enzymatic
      activities and cell surface features. We have evaluated the most relevant results
      obtained in the study of blood cells and the possible future applications of
      these techniques.

PMID- 2413523
TI  - The interphotoreceptor matrix and the interphotoreceptor space of the vertebrate
      retina.
AB  - The interphotoreceptor space (IPS) of the vertebrate retina is the adult
      corollary of the lumen within the embryonic optic vesicle. The inner limit of the
      IPS is formed by the intercellular junctions of Muller cells and photoreceptors
      forming the external limiting membrane (ELM). The apical surface of the retinal
      pigment epithelium (RPE) is the outer limit of the IPS. Most of the volume of the
      IPS is occupied by the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptors, with the
      microvillous processes of the RPE, and the small microvilli of the Muller cells
      filling lesser portions. SEM of samples fixed in glutaraldehyde containing 0.5%
      ruthenium red show the interstitial spaces are filled with interphotoreceptor
      matrix (IPM). Biochemical studies and our enzyme digestion studies suggest this
      extracellular material is enriched in glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans. The
      carbohydrates are two-thirds sulfated, 25% sialic acid enriched, and about 10%
      hyaluronic acid. Most of the IPM proteins can be identified as products of
      adjacent cells.

PMID- 2413524
TI  - Mechanisms for adherence of eosinophils to an antibody-coated surface.
AB  - Eosinophils may act by degranulation after attachment to a surface. As the
      mechanisms of adherence are not understood, we have investigated the dependency
      on Fc(IgG) receptors and other mechanisms by studying the adherence of human
      eosinophils to albumin-Sepharose beads coated with either specific rabbit IgG
      antibody, F(ab')2 antibody fragments or serum under different conditions.
      Adherence to Sephadex beads and albumin-coated microtitration plates was also
      investigated. 50% of the eosinophils adhered spontaneously to all 3 different
      surfaces not coated with the antibody, whereas only 25% of neutrophils and less
      than 10% of mononuclear cells adhered. A small but significant increase in
      adherence to albumin-Sepharose or albumin-coated plastic occurred after addition
      of the IgG-antibody, but not after addition of F(ab')2 fragments, indicating that
      the Fc region was responsible for some increase in adherence. Incubation of
      eosinophils with IgG-Fc fragments prevented the additional antibody-mediated
      adherence. As Fc receptor-negative eosinophils adhered almost as well as Fc
      receptor-positive cells, it appears that the Fc receptors are of minor importance
      and instead, a nonspecific adherence mechanism, possibly unique for the
      eosinophil, seems to be the most important in eosinophil adherence to antibody
      coated surfaces.

PMID- 2413525
TI  - Human monocyte-released cytotoxic factor. Modulation of cytotoxic activity by
      inhibitors of cellular DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.
AB  - Human lymphokine-activated monocytes release a cytotoxic protein factor (CF). The
      cytostatic activity of CF was potentiated by the DNA and RNA synthesis inhibitors
      actinomycin D, daunomycin, and mitomycin C. These inhibitors increased the
      sensitivity for detecting CF approximately 10-fold, and this is of great
      practical value when assaying CF. The CF-potentiating inhibitors had a similar
      effect on the cell cycle distribution in that they all induced an accumulation of
      cells in the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. Cytolytic activity was shown to
      be associated with CF, and this activity was also greatly potentiated by
      daunomycin and actinomycin D. The two other inhibitors studied, cycloheximide and
      5-fluorouracil (5-FU), had an adverse effect on the cytostatic activity of CF.
      These two inhibitors reduced the sensitivity of the assay for CF about fivefold.
      Cycloheximide had no apparent effect on the relative cell cycle distribution,
      whereas 5-FU induced an accumulation of cells in the G1 phase. Of the inhibitors
      studied, only those that induced an accumulation of cells in the S and G2 phases
      of the cell cycle potentiated the cytotoxic activity of CF, suggesting that CF
      may preferentially act in these parts of the cell cycle.

PMID- 2413526
TI  - Detection of cell-mediated lympholysis determinants encoded by the I-A and I-E
      genes on ultraviolet-irradiated spleen cells.
AB  - We have analysed the effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the expression,
      by normal splenic cell populations, of cell-mediated lympholysis determinants
      encoded by the I-A and I-E genes of the H-2 complex. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
      specific for class II antigens could be generated from unprimed responder mice
      when stimulated with UV-treated cells from I-A-and/or I-E-congenic mice in the
      presence of interleukin 2-containing medium. A cytotoxic T-cell line specific for
      I-Ek antigens was obtained and maintained upon stimulation with UV-irradiated
      spleen cells. Secondary Ia-specific responses were obtained with UV-irradiated
      stimulators in the absence of added soluble factors. The results show that the
      failure of UV-irradiated cells to stimulate primary cytotoxic T-cell responses is
      not due to a selective destruction of class II antigens but rather to the
      inactivation of a still undefined function of Ia-positive cells, other than
      interleukin-1 production, involved in the establishment of high-affinity
      interactions between the responding T helper cells and the stimulator cells.

PMID- 2413527
TI  - Cyclosporin A inhibits a discrete step in T-lymphocyte stimulation.
AB  - Cyclosporin A (CyA) interferes with immune responses and prevents growth factor
      release by stimulated T cells. However, it is not known whether this is due to an
      effect on the accessory cells, required for T-cell responses, whether antigen
      recognition cannot occur, or whether later steps, leading to lymphokine
      production, are blocked. For this reason, the effect of CyA on homogeneous
      populations of T tumour cells was investigated. The immunosuppressive compound
      efficiently prevented T-cell growth factor (TCGF) (interleukin 2) release by
      stimulated tumour cells. Still, the cells retained the surface antigen T3, known
      to be involved in T-cell stimulation, after treatment with CyA. Furthermore, CyA
      failed to affect the inhibition of proliferation, observed in a T-cell tumour in
      response to stimulation, indicating that the cells had received the stimulatory
      impetus, TCGF release, induced by treatment with a phorbol ester, was only partly
      sensitive to inhibition by CyA, demonstrating that CyA will interfere with
      discrete aspects of the stimulation of a T-cell.

PMID- 2413528
TI  - T lymphocytes in collagen II-induced arthritis in mice. Characterization of
      arthritogenic collagen II-specific T-cell lines and clones.
AB  - Collagen type II-specific long-term cultured T helper cells, derived from the
      DBA/1 mouse, have been established and characterized. Clones from these T-cell
      lines could be shown to recognize either species-specific or species-nonspecific
      determinants on the collagen type II molecule, including determinants on
      autologous mouse collagen. Induction of arthritis via transfer to both irradiated
      and normal syngeneic recipient mice was obtained with both collagen type II
      specific T-cell lines and an autoreactive and collagen type II-specific T-cell
      clone. Fewer cells were needed to evoke arthritis in normal than in irradiated
      recipients. Cells from lines and the clone used for transfer were by
      immunocytochemistry shown to have T helper phenotype.

PMID- 2413529
TI  - Human cytotoxic T lymphocytes. I. Limiting-dilution analysis of alloreactive
      cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursor frequencies.
AB  - A limiting-dilution system was established to measure the frequency of
      alloreactive cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors (CTL-p) in human peripheral blood
      T cells. Culture medium supplemented with recombinant interleukin-2 enabled
      clonal expansion of all CTL-p stimulated by allogeneic peripheral blood or spleen
      cells. The range of CTL-p frequencies in fully HLA-mismatched responder
      stimulator combinations was 1:240 to 1:1230. Split-well analysis of individual
      microwells showed that the cytotoxic T-cell clones generated under limiting
      dilution conditions showed exquisite specificity for the stimulating
      alloantigens. Alloreactive CTL-p were enriched in the OKT4- T-cell subset. This
      limiting-dilution system was highly reproducible and can thus be applied to
      investigate human cytotoxic T-cell precursor frequencies in various clinically
      relevant situations.

PMID- 2413530
TI  - [Mesenteric lipodystrophy].
AB  - Mesenterial lipodystrophy is characterized macroscopically by a light yellow
      nodular or diffuse thickening of the mesenterium. Microscopically, infiltration
      of the mesenteric adipose tissue with lipid containing macrophages predominates.
      Mesenterial lipodystrophy is a rather common finding in autopsies. To obtain more
      information about the frequency and the nature of these alterations, the
      mesenterium of all adult autopsies during a period of 6 months was investigated.
      9 out of 712 autopsies (1.26%) showed mesenterial lipodystrophy. In these cases
      as well, the typical macroscopic findings were nodular or diffuse mesenterial
      thickening partly discoloured to light yellow or orange-brown. Microscopically,
      infiltration of the adipose tissue with foamy cells predominated. Monocytic
      cells, and occasionally fibrosis, were also found. Retrospective study of the
      case histories gave no clinical hint of the underlying disease, except for
      unspecific abdominal discomfort in one case. In the literature the clinical
      finding is described as a rather soft abdominal tumourous mass. This disorder
      seems to follow a predominantly favourable course, even without therapy. Even
      today the etiology and pathogenesis of mesenterial lipodystrophy is unclear.
      Depending on the histological findings, very different terms have been applied to
      similar mesenterial processes.

PMID- 2413531
TI  - [Remarks on the drug treatment of demented patients].
AB  - Drug holidays are mandatory during longlasting therapy of demented patients with
      neuroleptics because of slowed drug-metabotisme and high succeptability for
      sedative side effects. Despite claims to the contrary nootropic drugs are no
      effective therapy of dementia in every day praxis. Based on the cholinergic
      hypothesis of Alzheimer's typ dementia and on the results of pilotstudies,
      cholinergic therapies will probably improve effectively the behavior of some
      dements on the future.

PMID- 2413532
TI  - [Neuropsychologic evaluation of dementias].
AB  - The neuropsychological assessment of dementia reveals the following behavioural
      deficits: Organization of complex mental activities, solving of unfamiliar
      problems, orientation in the (social) surroundings, memory, continuity and speed
      in mental operations. The use of wide inventories of behavioural functions in
      neuropsychology warrants the early diagnosis of dementia, and thus allows for
      therapeutic measures to keep the patients in their professional and social
      setting.

PMID- 2413533
TI  - [The demented patient: his family, social and therapeutic environment].
AB  - The patient's environment determines to a large extent the evolution of his
      illness. His family, which is almost always thrown into a state of confusion by
      the patient's illness, has the crucial role of providing support and protection
      even if they are overwhelmed by his needs. The support of the community is
      indispensable in order to assure the continuity of the parental role; therefore
      the need to create specialized services such as geriatric hospitals, hospices,
      special residences, out-patient therapeutic units, and social and medical
      services for care at home. The Geneva geriatric and gerontological experience is
      presented to better illustrate these needs.

PMID- 2413534
TI  - [Forensic-psychiatric aspects of psycho-organic syndromes].

PMID- 2413535
TI  - [Post-traumatic deficit syndromes].
AB  - We discuss the evolution of psychological disorders following head injury. Even
      when the trauma seems mild at first, it may then give rise to cerebral lesions,
      particularly in the brain stem. Cerebral contusions in closed head injuries are
      responsible for consciousness disorders of varying duration, which are followed
      by mental confusion. At this point akinetic mutism or a Kluver and Bucy syndrome
      may appear. We consider memory disorders and other cognitive ones, the focus
      being on psychiatric disturbances of various kind.

PMID- 2413536
TI  - [Psycho-organic syndrome in drug addicts and alcoholics].
AB  - Organic brain syndromes in alcoholics can be observed on three different levels
      (subclinical impairment of mental skills, amnestic syndrome und dementia,
      neuropsychiatric disturbances). Subclinical psychological deficits depend on
      amount and duration of alcohol abuse, length of the withdrawal period and age of
      alcoholics. Amnestic syndrome and dementia disturbances are well-known in the
      Wernicke-Korsakoff-syndrome. In a survey of literature the actual knowledge about
      these different deficiency-syndromes is summarized.

PMID- 2413537
TI  - [Pathophysiologic principles. Findings of the Heidelberg Gerontopsychiatric
      Committee on dementia diseases].

PMID- 2413538
TI  - [Possibilities and problems of the detection of dementia syndromes in middle and
      advanced age using psychological tests].
AB  - In Gerontopsychiatry, standardised psychological methods are applied to
      investigate early stages of dementia, to quantify cerebral dysfunctions and to
      evaluate the degree and severity of dementia. Only some psychological tests and
      rating scales are apt to differential diagnosis: A clinical comparison of
      demented and depressive patients proved significantly different in three out of
      twelve psychological tests applied. The performance of memory, perception and
      reproduction of geometric forms (Benton Visual Retention Test) and the choice
      reaction time was reduced in demented patients. Patients with different dementia
      types could not be differentiated by means of psychological tests. To verify the
      diagnosis of vascular dementia, a clinical-psychiatric Scale ("Ischemic Scale")
      proved to be of good clinical value.

PMID- 2413539
TI  - [Classification and nosology of dementia diseases].

PMID- 2413540
TI  - [Childhood dementias].

PMID- 2413541
TI  - [Systematic intervention and dementias].
AB  - An efficient handling of cases of dementia cannot be realized by the application
      of a model of linear causality in which everything is related to organic
      symptoms; it requires an overall view in which all the factors involved are
      integrated as suggested by the systemic model.

PMID- 2413542
TI  - [Procedures of therapeutic action in geriatric psychiatry (apropos of dementia
      states)].
AB  - In order to exist, geriatric psychiatry must have its roots in action to help the
      patients, the family and the caring staff. This approach to psychiatry must be
      directed both at the present situation of the patient and at the future of the
      disease. However, in order to act, one must introduce a meaning and a direction
      which become determined through action. In this context, the symptomatological
      approach is often hindered by a tendency to over-simplification and reductionism
      due to terminological flaws and to the inadequacy of its underlying rigid
      concepts. Such an approach is hindered also by the very nature of a type of
      medical practice, which establishes the observation of behaviours before making a
      therapeutic decision and starting treatment. Thus we can contrast two therapeutic
      procedures in relation to the dementias. On the one hand, a classical view which
      procedes from diagnosis to treatment. Its aim is to develop precise etiological
      and physiopathogenic references. Its objective is to eradicate disease and obtain
      a cure. On the other hand, another--contemporary and complementary--approach
      begins at the point of the patient's difficulties. These difficulties define the
      therapeutic aims, and from these, the appropriate symptomatology can be selected.
      This approach puts an emphasis on care and rehabilitation. It constantly throws
      back upon us the need to think about the quality of our work and allows us to
      avoid a clumsy use of the available resources. It provides the basis for the
      development of new alternative knowledge and introduces a new spirit into
      medicine from which demented patients will surely benefit.

PMID- 2413543
TI  - [Psycho-organic syndromes of advanced age. Clinical approach].

PMID- 2413544
TI  - [Pathologic anatomy of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type].

PMID- 2413545
TI  - [Radiologic study procedures in the evaluation of dementia diseases].

PMID- 2413546
TI  - AIDS virology: a battle on many fronts.

PMID- 2413547
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF).

PMID- 2413548
TI  - A potpourri of membrane receptors.

PMID- 2413549
TI  - Psoriatic fibroblasts induce hyperproliferation of normal keratinocytes in a skin
      equivalent model in vitro.
AB  - A skin equivalent model has been used to fabricate tissues with psoriatic and
      normal cells. Psoriatic fibroblasts can induce hyperproliferative activity in
      normal keratinocytes. The psoriatic epidermis from lesions continues to
      proliferate at high rates for at least 15 days in this model, and normal
      fibroblasts are unable to suppress this hyperproliferation. The primary defect in
      psoriatic skin may reside in the dermal fibroblast.

PMID- 2413550
TI  - Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura.

PMID- 2413551
TI  - Relations between liver and aging.

PMID- 2413553
TI  - Advanced periampullary carcinoma: endoscopic palliation by sphincterotomy.
AB  - We have described a 50-year-old woman with periampullary carcinoma with extensive
      infiltration of the duodenal wall arising from advanced tumor of the pancreatic
      head. Endoscopic sphincterotomy induced complete relief from jaundice and
      pruritus before definitive surgical therapy was done. This procedure should not
      be restricted to small tumors confined to the ampulla itself, since it may also
      be of palliative or preoperative value in certain patients with advanced cancer
      of the pancreatic head.

PMID- 2413552
TI  - The concept of culture-bound syndromes: anorexia nervosa and brain-fag.
AB  - The concept culture-bound syndrome' (CBS) is elusive. In this paper an attempt
      has been made to tie the concept down more firmly by proposing a strict
      definition, examining the appropriateness of this definition in determining the
      CBS status of two new syndromes (anorexia nervosa and brain-fag) and analysing
      the usefulness or not of the basic CBS concept. A CBS is defined as a collection
      of signs and symptoms of disease (not including notions of cause as recently
      proposed in the anthropological literature) which is restricted to a limited
      number of cultures by reason of certain of their psychosocial features. Anorexia
      nervosa appears to fit the definition but further empirical evidence is required
      to assure that the illness is restricted to Western cultures or cultures strongly
      influenced by them. The question of the CBS status of brain-fag demonstrates the
      need to clearly differentiate such disease features as symptom clusters, labels
      for those clusters, and notions of etiology. Failure to keep such features
      distinct has led to considerable controversy, but if the proposed definition is
      strictly adhered to, brain-fag does qualify for the CBS designation. As regards
      the usefulness of the CBS concept, it is proposed that the question hinges upon
      whether CBS's signal a difference that makes a difference. It is demonstrated
      that the CBS concept is useful for medical anthropologists or transcultural
      psychiatrists who are concerned about relationships between symptom patterns and
      cultural processes. It is also useful to epidemiologists who, for example, may be
      interested in estimating the prevalence of depression; it is important to know
      that they must count some cases of CBS's along with cases of depression with a
      more typically Western symptomatology. The concept may be redundant for
      psychopharmacologists who find that they successfully treat many different
      culture bound syndromes with the same drugs.

PMID- 2413554
TI  - [Translation of RNA obtained from Entamoeba histolytica and its characterization
      of a specific monoclonal antibody].

PMID- 2413555
TI  - Acetylated fetal haemoglobin in neonates born to mothers with established and
      gestational diabetes.
AB  - Birth weight ratios (BWRs) and cord blood C-peptide values were significantly
      higher in neonates born to mothers with well-controlled gestational diabetes (GD)
      than in those born to mothers with well-controlled established diabetes (ED) or
      mothers with normal results on glucose tolerance testing. The neonates born to
      the ED mothers had the highest cord blood acetylated fetal haemoglobin (Hb F1)
      values, and these values correlated with cord C-peptide values. The cord C
      peptide values in the GD group correlated with BWRs, but not with Hb F1 values.
      These results suggest differential tissue utilization of glucose in neonates born
      to mothers with different types of diabetes.

PMID- 2413556
TI  - A novel method for estimating killing ability and digestion of Paracoccidioides
      brasiliensis by phagocytic cells in vitro.
AB  - We describe a novel method by which phagocytosis, digestion and killing of
      Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells by polymorphonuclear leukocytes or
      other phagocytic cells may be estimated simultaneously. Suspensions of P.
      brasiliensis (yeast-like phase) were sonicated, counted and incubated at 37
      degrees C with known numbers of phagocytes. Control preparations contained no
      phagocytic cells. At given intervals samples were incorporated into gelatin
      nutrient medium and droplets of the mixtures were incubated at room temperature.
      Live yeast-like P. brasiliensis germinate in vitro and produce filaments. After
      incubation, droplets may be melted and examined under phase contrast optics, or
      the cells may be washed and stained by a variation of Papanicolaou's method.
      Digested P. brasiliensis, intact but non-germinating yeasts and filamented
      (viable) yeasts may be identified and counted. Killing and digestive abilities of
      phagocytes may be estimated by the difference between values obtained from
      phagocyte-containing and control preparations.

PMID- 2413557
TI  - [Treatment of complicated urinary infections with a new drug of unusual efficacy:
      norfloxacin].

PMID- 2413558
TI  - [Treatment of obstructive symptomatology caused by prostatic adenoma with an
      extract of Serenoa repens. Double-blind clinical study vs. placebo].

PMID- 2413559
TI  - Effects of vinblastine, etoposide, cisplatin and bleomycin on rodent wound
      healing.
AB  - Chemotherapy for malignant disease is usually deferred for three weeks
      postoperatively to prevent interference with wound healing. Recently, aggressive
      perioperative combination chemotherapy has improved survival rates in patients
      with germ cell tumors. Facial dehiscence at one month in a young man on
      combination chemotherapy for a pure choriocarcinoma prompted this experimental
      study. Laboratory rats receiving bleomycin, perioperatively and a combination of
      bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin had a significant decrease in wound breaking
      strength five weeks after injection. These data suggest that patients receiving
      bleomycin alone or in combination should have fascial closure with nonabsorbable
      sutures.

PMID- 2413560
TI  - Prediction of deep vein thrombosis after extensive abdominal operations by the
      quotient between plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin complex and fibrinogen concentration
      in plasma.
AB  - In 97 patients over 49 years of age who underwent extensive abdominal operations,
      post-operative deep vein thrombosis was prospectively diagnosed by the 125I
      fibrinogen test. Blood was sampled preoperatively for analysis of the plasma
      levels of PAP (by a radioimmunoassay) and fibrinogen. The development of
      postoperative deep vein thrombosis was correlated to the quotient between the
      preoperative plasma concentration of PAP and fibrinogen. The quotient was
      significantly lower in the 30 patients who had thrombosis develop postoperatively
      as compared with the patients who did not. A simple linear discrimination
      analysis showed that, in the 31 patients with a quotient of more than 0.48, only
      two patients (6 per cent) had deep vein thrombosis. The results emphasize the
      importance of the preoperative fibrinolytic status in the development of
      postoperative deep vein thrombosis. The results of the study indicate that the
      quotient between PAP and fibrinogen concentration in plasma might be used for the
      prediction of patients with a high risk for having deep vein thrombosis develop
      after undergoing extensive abdominal operations.

PMID- 2413562
TI  - Species-specificity and localization of encephalitogenic sites in myelin basic
      protein.

PMID- 2413561
TI  - Immunopathologic events at the endplate in myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 2413563
TI  - Percutaneous treatment with a mucopolysaccharide polysulphate of experimentally
      induced subcutaneous haematomas in man.
AB  - In a double blind trial on ten healthy volunteers, the efficacy of a topically
      applied mucopolysaccharide polysulphate in the treatment of subcutaneous
      haematomas was assessed. Standardized haematomas were induced by subcutaneous
      injection of a mixture of autogenous blood and 125I-fibrinogen. The absorption of
      the haematoma, expressed as the removal of the labelled fibrin(ogen), could thus
      be objectively measured by the decrease in radioactivity. The results show an
      exponential absorption of these haematomas. The absorption time was reduced to
      about half compared with placebo, when treated topically with mucopolysaccharide
      polysulphate. The difference is statistically highly significant and is also
      considered clinically relevant.

PMID- 2413564
TI  - Metabolism of sodium pentosan polysulphate in man measured by a new competitive
      binding assay for sulphated polysaccharides--comparison with effects upon
      anticoagulant activity, lipolysis and platelet alpha-granule proteins.
AB  - Three human volunteers were injected with a range of doses of pentosan
      polysulphate, SP54, i.v. or s.c. A competitive binding assay (CBA) for sulphated
      polysaccharides was used to detect circulating SP54 after doses as low as 1 mg
      i.v. and a linear relationship was observed between the peak plasma concentration
      of SP54 measured by CBA and the administered dose. A comparison was made between
      the clearance of SP54 measured by CBA and its anticoagulant and lipolytic
      activities. SP54 was detectable by CBA after doses which caused no alteration in
      activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) or anti-factor Xa activity but after
      which a small increase of lipase activity was measurable. After SP54 at 10 mg
      i.v. or 100 mg s.c. anti-factor Xa activity was 4-6 times greater than would be
      expected from the in vitro activity of the concentrations of SP54 measured by
      CBA. Like heparin and other heparin analogues, SP54 caused an increase in plasma
      concentrations of platelet factor 4 (PF4) without a concomitant rise in beta
      thromboglobulin (beta-TG). It is concluded that the newly developed CBA will
      provide a more sensitive means than conventional bioassays for the determination
      of plasma concentrations of SP54.

PMID- 2413565
TI  - Immunity, serum beta 2-microglobulin and interferons production in young
      haemophiliacs.

PMID- 2413566
TI  - A radioimmunoassay for protein C.
AB  - A simple and dependable radioimmunoassay has been devised to measure protein C in
      human plasma. From a rabbit antiserum against human protein C, the antibodies
      recognizing the activation peptide region (residues 1-15) in the heavy chain of
      protein C were affinity purified for use in the radioimmunoassay. The
      radiolabelled peptide was used as a tracer. The protein C concentration in
      healthy subjects was 2.5 +/- 0.9 mg/l (2 SD). In warfarin treated persons the
      protein C level was reduced to approximately 40% of the normal level. Patients
      with hereditary protein C deficiency had protein C levels ranging from 0.5 mg/l
      to 1.6 mg/l.

PMID- 2413568
TI  - Neurologic complication following coronary artery bypass. The role of
      atherosclerotic emboli.
AB  - Neurologic complications continue to plague aortocoronary bypass operations. All
      patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass procedures over a four-year
      period at the Upstate Medical Center were reviewed. Eight of 893 patients
      sustained a cerebrovascular accident following operation (0.9%). In 5 patients,
      the etiology was felt to be calcific and atherosclerotic debris from the
      ascending aorta. Air embolism occurred in one patient, and the etiology was
      unknown in 2 patients. Various methods to deal with the diffusely atherosclerotic
      aorta are discussed.

PMID- 2413567
TI  - Clinically significant neurological disorders following open heart surgery.
AB  - In 1982, 364 consecutive adult patients with congenital and acquired heart
      disease were operated on using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This population was
      analysed to determine the frequency of neurological complications and possible
      risk factors. One hundred fifty-four patients were studied prospectively (group
      I) and the results of 151 patients were reviewed retrospectively (group II). The
      overall surgical mortality was 4.5%. A neurological event was not the primary
      cause of death in any patients. Twenty-one patients (5.8%) had clinically
      significant neurological disturbances postoperatively, of these 85.7% were
      central and 14.3% peripheral nerve pareses. Patients with neurological
      complications (21) and the patients who did not survive the operation (16) were
      compared with a control group (59 cases) with no neurological defects operated on
      during the same year. Age of the patient, duration of CPB and low CPB pressure
      were not associated with neurological complications. Previous neurological events
      seem to have an influence on the postoperative neurological status although this
      could not be proved statistically. Except for 2 cases the neurological
      disturbances were transient with complete recovery or improved symptoms at the
      time of discharge.

PMID- 2413569
TI  - Morphological observations following "anatomical correction" for abnormal
      ventriculo-arterial connection.
AB  - Seven postmortem hearts from children who underwent anatomical correction for
      complete transposition (6 cases) and double outlet right ventricle (1 case) were
      examined in order to gain a better understanding of the pathological morphology
      in relation to the surgical procedure. Associated malformations were ventricular
      septal defect in all, patient arterial duct in 4 and aortic coarctation in 3. In
      all hearts the coronary arteries arose from the facing aortic sinuses and were
      relocated into the facing sinuses of the pulmonary trunk with minimal
      displacement. The orifices of the coronary arteries were reduced in caliber in
      one case. The sinus node artery arising from a lateral atrial artery was
      transected in one case. The Lecompte maneuver was performed in 4 cases and
      tension on the pulmonary trunk was observed in 2 cases. Potential right
      ventricular outflow tract obstruction was evident in all (including one in which
      it had been resected during surgery). The substrates of obstruction were
      anomalous parietal insertion of the outlet septum (2 cases), anomalous muscular
      trabeculation (1 case), rightward displacement of the outlet septum (1 case),
      parietal insertion of the outlet septum (1 case) and restrictive muscular
      infundibulum (1 case--DORV). In addition, all the complete transposition cases
      had hypertrophy of the parietal right ventricular wall. This study highlighted
      the anatomical features which could lead to poor results in the anatomical
      correction procedure. Some of the potential problems could be avoided by minor
      modifications to the technique.

PMID- 2413570
TI  - Hemodynamic changes during mechanical ventilation in infants and small children
      after open heart surgery.
AB  - The study was undertaken to clarify the hemodynamic effects of intermittent
      positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) and intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV)
      with variation of the positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) from 5 to 15 mbar.
      The cardiac index (CI) was measured with thermodilation techniques in 30 infants
      who underwent open-heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation for various
      congenital heart lesions. The age of the patients varied from 6 to 28 months and
      body weight from 4 to 15 kg. During IPPV the changing of PEEP levels up to 5 mbar
      did not have any effect on Cl. Further increase in the PEEP to 10 and 15 mbar
      caused a significant decrease in Cl (from 2.6 to 2.0 l.min-1.m-2, p less than
      0.05). The oxygen consumption (VO2) did not change significantly (135 ml.min-1.m
      2 to 128 l.min-1.m-2, p greater than 0.5). A positive end-expiratory pressure
      exceeding 5 mbar caused a decrease of intrapulmonary veno-arterial blood shunting
      (QS/QT) from 12.3 to 7.1%; p less than 0.01), while PEEP at the level of 5 mbar
      did not affect this parameter. The alveolo-arterial oxygen gradient (AsDO2) also
      decreased from 182 to 135 torr (p less than 0.01) when PEEP was 10 and 15
      mbar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413571
TI  - Pacemaker infections--treatment with total or partial pacemaker system removal.
AB  - During the years 1977 to 1983, 1,458 pacemakers were implanted or reimplanted in
      our clinic. Seventy-nine patients were treated during the same period for
      pacemaker system infections. The time interval between the preceding surgical
      maneuver and the manifest infection was 11.9 +/- 10.2 months in the catheter
      fistulas and 12.2 +/- 11.5 months in the pacemaker pocket infections. Forty-one
      of 79 infections (52%) occurred following the first generator implantation. In
      33/43 (76.7%) patients with partial pacemaker system removal, recurrent infection
      occurred 19.6 +/- 17.2 months later. The infection was treated with similar
      surgical maneuvers resulting in subsequent infections in 9 patients after 9.8 +/-
      7.2 months. In the patients with total pacemaker system removal infection
      developed in 2/25 (8%). The infection resulted in septicemia in 9 patients. Major
      surgical intervention was necessary for removal of the infected endocardial
      electrode in 7 patients. According to our experience there are no grounds for
      partial removal of the pacemaker system if infection occurs. The primary results
      may be satisfactory but re-infection will appear in the majority of the patients
      after a period of several months.

PMID- 2413572
TI  - Early clinical results with the Xenomedica porcine bioprosthesis.
AB  - All patients undergoing heart valve replacement with a glutaraldehyde-preserved
      Xenomedica xenograft from June 1983 through November 1983, were reviewed. This
      analysis included 75 patients: 37 having undergone aortic valve replacement, 23
      mitral valve replacement, and 15 mitral and aortic valve replacement. Of 70
      patients discharged from the hospital, there were 5 late deaths, which represents
      an incidence of 1.06% per patient-year. Twenty-six patients were recatheterized
      between 3 and 6 months postoperatively. The mean mitral valve orifice area was
      1.57 +/- 0.37 cm2. The average mitral valve gradient was 9.8 +/- 2.9 mmHg. No
      differences in hemodynamic behavior were found between standard and composite
      mitral prostheses. The average aortic valve peak systolic gradient was 11 +/- 6
      mmHg. Fourteen out of the 34 mitral (41%) and 5 out of 52 aortic (9.6%)
      prostheses have some degree of incompetence. We have discontinued the use of this
      cardiac bioprosthesis due to the frequent appearance of incompetence in mitral
      valves, and high transvalvular gradients in mitral prostheses.

PMID- 2413573
TI  - Implantation of a xenogeneic stentless aortic bioprosthesis. First experience.
AB  - To overcome the specific disadvantages of mechanical valves and stented
      bioprostheses, we implanted a stentless xenogeneic aortic valve in a patient with
      calcified aortic stenosis. The postoperative study revealed a pressure gradient
      of 25 mmHg, a minor insufficiency of 10% of total stroke volume and a slightly
      restricted motion of the leaflets. Although the implantation of a stentless
      xenogeneic aortic valve is feasible, one should be aware of the specific
      technical difficulties due to the increased rigidity of the fixed tissue, which
      is not known in homografts. To our knowledge this is the first report on the
      implantation of a stentless xenogeneic aortic valve.

PMID- 2413574
TI  - Allogeneous transplantation of the mitral valve. An open question.
AB  - To overcome the disadvantages of mechanical valves and bioprostheses, especially
      in the mitral position, transplantation of an allogeneous mitral valve was
      performed in 3 patients. One transplant had to be removed 8 weeks
      postoperatively, most probably due to maladjustment of the anterior leaflet
      during surgery. The histology of this specimen showed not clear signs of
      rejection. In 2 patients, echocardiography showed a normal motion pattern of the
      mitral valves 6 months postoperatively. Regurgitation was less than 10% of the
      total stroke volume as calculated by videodensitometry. Both patients were in
      excellent clinical condition. Mitral valve transplantation can be performed with
      excellent short-term results. Further studies including immunologic monitoring
      are necessary to evaluate the long-term behavior of the transplant.

PMID- 2413575
TI  - Hemodynamics during and immediately after the surgical creation of a
      supravalvular pulmonary stenosis in pigs.
AB  - The surgical creation of a supravalvular pulmonary stenosis (PS) adequate to
      prepare the left ventricle (LV) for anatomic correction in cases of simple
      transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is difficult. To gain more information
      on the hemodynamic changes immediately following PS of various degrees, pressures
      (P) in the right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), pulmonary artery (PA) and
      left ventricle (LV) as well as pulmonary flow (F) were monitored 40 minutes (30
      to 50 minutes after PS (n = 15) in 10 open chested pigs (mean weight: 20.7 kg).
      Hemodynamic changes can be separated into an adaptation phase (AP) with an
      "overshoot" response of most hemodynamic parameters and a stable phase (SP)
      without further changes, reached after 6.5 minutes (1 to 18 minutes). This
      pattern was independent of the degree of PS (increase of RV Pmax: 13 to 39 mmHg).
      Maximal changes (p less than 0.01) during AP included: RV Pmax: +25 +/- 9 mmHg,
      RV EDP: +6 +/- 3 mmHg, RV dp/dt max: +315 +/- 208 mmHg/sec, LV Pmax: -43 +/- 24
      mmHg, PA max. syst. flow: -0.3 +/- 0.15 ml/sec, CO: -0.45 +/- 0.3 l/min. During
      SP, LV Pmax and PA Pmean were normal. RV EDP and RA Pmean had decreased (p less
      than 0.01) but remained elevated as compared to the control values (p less than
      0.01). The right ventricular maximal pressure had decreased 30% but remained
      elevated compared to control values (p less than 0.01). A change of RV Pmax
      during SP correlated (r = 0.93) with the maximal change of RV Pmax during
      AP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413576
TI  - Protection of the hypertrophied human heart by adjusting regional myocardial
      temperature to a safe level.
AB  - Uneven distribution of temperature and the persistence of electro-mechanical
      activity after aortic cross-clamping are 2 factors limiting the myocardial
      protection during cardioplegic arrest, especially in hypertrophied hearts which
      are known to be extremely vulnerable to ischemia. In the present study regional
      myocardial temperature (T) was continuously controlled, and the time until arrest
      occurred (delta t) was determined in 61 patients undergoing aortic valve
      replacement. In addition, the myocardial contents of high energy phosphates and
      lactate were assessed. Three different cardioplegic solutions were employed: In
      the first group we used Bretschneider solution (Br), in the second group St.
      Thomas' solution (St), and in the third group the so-called "Hamburg
      cardioplegia" (H). During cardiac arrest the regional myocardial temperature was
      adjusted to temperatures not exceeding 15 degrees C by intermittent infusions of
      cold cardioplegic solution. We found a positive correlation between left
      ventricular muscle mass (LVMM) and delta t. A negative correlation existed
      between LVMM and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents at the end of the ischemic
      period. The cooling characteristics and delta t were significantly longer and the
      cooling to 15 degrees C was less rapid when H was used. Adenosine-triphosphate
      contents were well preserved during ischemia in all 3 groups. We conclude that
      all 3 cardioplegic solutions tested protect the hypertrophied myocardium
      adequately if the regional myocardial temperature does not increase above 15
      degrees C during cardiac arrest. Hearts with a higher LVMM showed a decreased
      myocardial ATP content at the end of the ischemic period. Therefore, the LVMM may
      limit myocardial protection.

PMID- 2413577
TI  - Alloplastic replacement of canine trachea with Dacron.
AB  - Two by two centimeter fenestrations were created in the cervical tracheae of 2
      groups of 9 mongrels each during intubation anesthesia. In one group the defect
      was closed with a Dacron patch of 25 to 50 micron pore-size, while in the other
      group a Dacron patch of pore-size 125 to 150 micron was inserted. The implant was
      sealed with 1 ml of fibrin adhesive. Seven dogs of each group were evaluated.
      Implants made of low-porosity Dacron were not incorporated in any animal, but
      sloughed into the tracheal lumen. Contrarywise large-pore Dacron underwent
      connective tissue incorporation in all but one case. As early as 90, and even
      more so at 270, days granulation tissue rich in fibroblasts and histiocytes had
      grown into the implant. On the implant, a stroma formed which was epithelialized
      from the margin already after 90 days. After 200 and 270 days the implant was
      covered with a respiratory epithelium, however, scattered undifferentiated cells
      still could be found in its center. Porous prosthetic fabrics when used for
      partial tracheal replacement can be incorporated by connective tissue and can be
      epithelialized if the polymer is tissue-compatible, the pore-size of the implant
      ranges between 120 and 150 micron, the implant is sufficiently stable, and if
      infection is prevented by fibrin seal.

PMID- 2413578
TI  - Emergency surgery after coronary disruption complicating PTCA. Report of four
      cases.
AB  - Four out of 150 patients having a PTCA at our institution sustained a coronary
      artery disruption and underwent emergency surgery. All of them presented a severe
      stenosis of the LAD, in 2 of them there was also a stenosis at the origin of a
      diagonal branch. In each case the injured vessel was a diagonal branch. Three
      patients had a rupture of subepicardial arteries and developed cardiac tamponade.
      In another patient the rupture was located intramyocardially. Severe hemodynamic
      derangement occurred in all 4 cases, one resulting in cardiac arrest. The latter
      was the only patient who died postoperatively, due to neurological damage. Two of
      the surviving patients sustained a non-transmural myocardial infarction in the
      area of the injured vessel. However, all 3 survivors recovered easily and are
      doing well 6 months after surgery.

PMID- 2413579
TI  - Acute thrombosis of a St. Jude Medical aortic prosthesis in a pregnant woman.
AB  - A 24-year-old, 4-months pregnant woman developed an acute thrombosis of a St.
      Jude Medical aortic valve prosthesis. Upon admission, she was in cardiogenic
      shock. A thrombectomy was achieved in emergency under cardiopulmonary bypass. The
      patient survived but not the fetus. Diagnosis, surgical procedure,
      anticoagulation drugs and valve prostheses in pregnant women are discussed.

PMID- 2413580
TI  - Pulmonary leiomyosarcoma appearing as a cyst. Report of one case and review of
      the literature.
AB  - We describe a case of pulmonary sarcoma appearing as a cyst in the lower lobe. A
      review of the literature on cavities and malignancies of the lung shows that lung
      cavities with a wall thickness of 4 mm or less were benign in 92% of the cases.
      After investigation, a basal segmentectomy was performed in the belief that the
      lesion was benign. Surprisingly, the histological examination demonstrated
      spindle-shaped tumor cells, and electron-microscopic studies showed myofilaments
      suggesting a leiomyosarcoma. This case report illustrates the diagnostic
      difficulties with lung cavities.

PMID- 2413581
TI  - Ruptured coronary artery aneurysm--a rare cause of hemopericardium.
AB  - Large coronary artery aneurysms may interfere with coronary flow, cause
      compression, and/or may rupture. Circulatory shock from thrombosis and rupture of
      an aneurysm of the right coronary artery in a patient is reported here. This
      formation, 7 cm in diameter, was visible by computed tomogram but the diagnosis
      was revealed only during surgery. The successful treatment, using aneurysmectomy
      and reconstruction with an interposed saphenous vein graft, is described.

PMID- 2413582
TI  - Extraanatomic correction of interrupted aortic arch--an alternative method.
AB  - Interruption of the aortic arch is a rare but lethal congenital malformation,
      usually presenting as a surgical emergency during the first 2 weeks of life.
      Presented is a case of interruption between the left subclavian and left carotid
      arteries (type B) with origin of the right subclavian artery from the descending
      aorta. The extraanatomic arch reconstruction consisted of performing an end-to
      side anastomosis between the right subclavian artery and right carotid artery
      with a good functional result.

PMID- 2413583
TI  - Temporary extraanatomic subclavian-to-femoral bypass. An auxiliary method in the
      treatment of aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta.
AB  - A new technique to perfuse the lower half of the body during clamping of the
      thoracic aorta is described. Viability of the visceral organs and the spinal cord
      is maintained using an extraanatomical 10 mm graft inserted between the right
      subclavian and the left common femoral arteries. The results in 21 cases are
      analysed. No hypoxic organ damage was encountered. This simple technique probably
      adds to the safety of the patient undergoing surgery on the descending aorta.

PMID- 2413584
TI  - Heterogeneity of HLA-DR5: definition of two subtypes by the primed lymphocyte
      test.
AB  - We have used the serological and cellular (PLT) techniques to investigate the
      heterogeneity of HLA-DR5. The cellular studies suggested that DR5 can be
      subdivided into two specificities, DR5.1 and DR5.2. Three PLTs defined DR5.2 and
      one PLT recognized DR5.1. In serological assay, it is likely that DR5.1 could
      equal DRw12 and DR5.2 equal DRw11. Alternatively, it is possible that DRw11 can
      be further subdivided into two specificities, DR5.1 and DR5.2.

PMID- 2413585
TI  - T lymphocyte responses to Coxsackie B4 and mumps virus. II. Immunoregulation by
      HLA-DR3 and -DR4 associated restriction elements.
AB  - A major part of the T lymphocyte response to mumps and Coxsackie B4 virus appears
      to be restricted by HLA-DR associated restriction elements. This was further
      corroborated in inhibition experiments using monoclonal antibodies reactive with
      different HLA class II molecules. Only antibodies reactive with DR molecules
      significantly inhibited the response. The frequencies of DR restricted antigen
      reactive T lymphocytes (ARTL) to mumps and Coxsackie B4 virus were then
      investigated, using a limiting dilution assay. A decreased frequency of DR3
      restricted ARTL to mumps and Coxsackie B4 was found compared to ARTL restricted
      by other DR associated elements. In contrast, an increased frequency of DR4
      restricted ARTL to mumps and Coxsackie B4 was found. The results were similar for
      healthy individuals and Type 1 diabetic patients. No correlation was found
      between DR restriction elements and the frequencies of ARTL to varicella-zoster
      or PPD. The studies indicate that HLA-DR3 and DR4, which are associated with Type
      1 diabetes, have a different regulatory function on the proliferative T
      lymphocyte response to mumps and Coxsackie B4.

PMID- 2413586
TI  - Morphogenesis in wing imaginal discs: its relationship to changes in the
      extracellular matrix.
AB  - An extracellular matrix (ECM) lies between the upper and lower epithelial layers
      of the wing imaginal discs of moths. Organization and composition of this
      extracellular matrix, as revealed by staining with ruthenium red, tannic acid,
      and alcian blue, changes in concert with levels of hormones in the haemolymph.
      The ECM of the wing imaginal disc is an environment for cellular movements.
      Reorganization of the matrix and increase in ecdysteroid level is coupled with
      the proximal----distal migration of tracheal cells as well as the distal---
      proximal outgrowth of sensory neurons.

PMID- 2413587
TI  - Peripheral nerve damage in chicks following treatment with organophosphorus
      compounds in ovo.
AB  - Chick embryos were treated with tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) or leptophos,
      organophosphorus compounds that cause delayed neurotoxicity. Embryos received
      either TOCP (62 or 250 microliter/kg egg) or leptophos (125 to 750 mg/kg egg) Day
      14 of incubation and were examined after hatching for nerve damage. The high
      doses caused high embryo mortality. Chicks which survived the high doses were
      grossly ataxic from hatching until the study was ended at 3 weeks posthatching.
      On Posthatching Day 2, many degenerating nerve fibers were observed in the
      profundus/superficialis peroneus nerve in chicks surviving the high doses. TOCP
      treated chicks were followed in detail for neuromuscular changes. Twenty days
      after hatching there were fewer large nerve fibers in the distal ischiadic nerve
      compared with controls and the largest nerve fibers were absent in the peroneus
      profundus nerve. Consistent with the evidence of denervation there was increased
      terminal branching of motor axons in femoral (sartorius) and tibial (external
      gastrocnemius and peroneus longus) leg muscles. The leg nerves of chicks treated
      with the low dose of TOCP did not show either an excessive number of degenerating
      nerve fibers or a detectable loss of large nerve fibers. However, terminal
      branching of motor axons was increased in the external gastrocnemius and peroneus
      longus muscles of 5- and 15-day-old chicks, followed by recovery by Day 25. The
      evidence is interpreted as a distal axonopathy in chicks treated with TOCP during
      late embryonic development.

PMID- 2413588
TI  - Morphologic alterations in leg muscles of chicks treated with triorthocresyl
      phosphate in ovo.
AB  - Chick embryos were injected on incubation Day 14 with 62 microliter of
      triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP)/kg egg. Muscles of the leg were examined from 5
      to 25 days after hatching. The sartorius from the thigh and the external
      gastrocnemius and peroneus longus from the tibial leg region were compared for
      muscle fiber size and end-plate length over this period. Treated chicks showed no
      acute toxic effects or overt ataxia and were equal in body weight to controls. At
      5, 15, and 25 days after hatching, morphologic alterations consistent with
      denervation were detected. Muscle fibers were smaller than controls on Day 5 and
      were hypertrophic on Days 15 and 25. On Day 5 growth of fibers was retarded, an
      effect consistent with denervation, and the subsequent hypertrophy is predicted
      as compensation for denervated fibers. Small end plates were seen on Day 15,
      characteristic of end plates that were delayed in development by denervation.
      Each of these differences was greater in the tibial muscles than in the more
      proximally located sartorius. This is consistent with a distal neuropathy, such
      as that caused by TOCP in adult hens. Some recovery was apparent at the low dose
      25 days after hatching. It is suggested that this resulted from reinnervation by
      repaired axons. This study of the myoneural apparatus and muscle fiber response
      to TOCP adds evidence to the possibility that the developing chick embryo may
      develop delayed neuropathy from organophosphorus compounds which produce this
      effect in adult hens.

PMID- 2413589
TI  - Induction of hepatic metallothionein following 5-azacytidine administration.
AB  - Exposure of cells in culture to the pyrimidine analog, 5-azacytidine (AZA-C),
      stimulates the expression of the metallothionein (MT) gene. Therefore this study
      was performed in an attempt to extend this observation to a whole animal system.
      Young Wistar rats (approximately 30 to 35 days old) were administered AZA-C 24
      and 16 hr (50 mg AZA-C/kg, ip, each time) prior to the determination of hepatic
      MT by the Cd-Hem method. Such treatment resulted in an approximately fivefold
      increase in the concentrations of hepatic MT in cytosol obtained from both male
      and female rats. Gel-filtration and anion-exchange chromatography, as well as uv
      spectral analysis, confirmed the presence of MT in the livers of AZA-C-treated
      animals. A single dose of AZA-C (65 mg/kg, ip) produced increases in hepatic MT
      concentrations 8 hr after dosing that were still elevated at 48 hr. Dose-response
      studies indicated hepatic MT concentrations were increased 24 hr after the
      administration of 50, 60, and 65 mg AZA-C/kg but were not altered by doses of 30
      or 40 mg/kg. Actinomycin-D pretreatment (1.25 mg/kg, ip) 30 min prior to AZA-C
      (80 mg/kg, ip) prevented the subsequent increases in hepatic MT concentrations.
      These data indicate that treatment with AZA-C produces an in vivo induction of
      hepatic MT synthesis that appears to be more persistent in nature than other
      nonmetallic inducing agents.

PMID- 2413590
TI  - [Comparative assessment of the effectiveness of antiviral agents used for the
      therapy of recurrent herpetic stomatitis].

PMID- 2413591
TI  - Alternate dosage regimens for high-molecular-weight hydroxyethyl starch.
AB  - Six percent high-molecular-weight hydroxyethyl starch (HES) was used in the
      standard 500-ml dose and in various decreased doses to assess the efficacy of
      alternate dosage regimens for granulocyte procurement. When used in full
      strength, yields of 0.57 +/- 0.15 X 10(10) per 1 of blood processed (LBP) were
      obtained. When HES was used in only the first three passes, the subsequent three
      passes, done with acid-citrate-dextrose, Formula-A (ACD-A, Fenwal Laboratories,
      Deerfield, IL), reduced the yield to 0.14 +/- 0.06 (mean +/- SD) X 10(10) per
      LBP. Reversing this procedure gave yields of 0.06 +/- 0.05 X 10(10) per LBP
      (without HES) and 0.49 +/- 0.36 X 10(10) per LBP when HES was added during the
      next three passes. When the HES dose was reduced to one-half strength on the
      second consecutive day of leukacytapheresis, the granulocyte yields were reduced
      from 0.57 +/- 0.15 X 10(10) per LBP to 0.42 +/- 0.07 X 10(10) per LBP. Use of one
      half strength HES on first-time donors gave yields of only 0.35 +/- 0.39 X 10(10)
      per LBP. Infusion of the entire 500-ml dose of HES one-half hour prior to the
      procedure produced low yields of 0.20 +/- 0.12 X 10(10) per LBP, indicating that
      HES must be present during the centrifugation and separation procedure in order
      to enhance yields. These data suggest that alternate dosage regimens of this form
      of HES are not advisable and that optimal yields are produced when 500 ml of the
      6 percent solution is used during the collection procedure.

PMID- 2413592
TI  - Transplantation tolerance mediated by suppressor T cells and suppressive antibody
      in a recipient of a renal transplant.
AB  - This is a report of a patient who underwent cadaveric renal transplantation in
      spite of the presence of three HLA-A, B and two DR antigen mismatches between the
      recipient and donor. The recipient received more than 20 units of blood before
      transplantation. The crossmatch between the recipient's serum and the T and B
      cells of the donor was negative. The patient exhibited hepatic dysfunction from
      the early posttransplant period, which eventually led to discontinuation of
      azathioprine or Bredinin at one year posttransplantation. Thereafter, only
      betamethasone was administered once every 3 days. The patients has maintained
      good renal function for more than one year following withdrawal of the
      immunosuppressants. It appeared that transplantation tolerance was established in
      this patient. Therefore, we examined the mechanisms sustaining the tolerance.
      Both nylon-wool-adherent, alloantigen-specific suppressor T cells and
      nonadherent, nonspecific suppressor T cells were observed in the lymphocytes of
      the patient after transplantation. It was also shown that suppressive antibody
      was present in the serum directed toward the clone of autologous lymphocytes that
      reacted with the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) antigen of the donor. In the
      inhibition test against various types of MLR antigens using this suppressive
      antibody, it was found that the reaction against the donor cells was suppressed
      when the responding cells shared the same class I antigen with the recipient.
      When the stimulating cells had the class II antigen of the donor, the reaction of
      the specific responding cells was also inhibited. These inhibiting effects were
      only seen when the responding cells were pretreated with the antibody, but not
      when stimulating cells were pretreated.

PMID- 2413593
TI  - The immunosuppressive action of suppressor cells from antigen-cyclosporine
      treated hosts on renal allograft survival.
AB  - Systemic adoptive transfer was employed to assess the immunosuppressive efficacy
      of antigen-specific suppressor T (Ts) cells purified from recipients treated with
      3M KCl-extracted donor histocompatibility antigen (Ag) and cyclosporine (CsA).
      Suppressor cells were obtained from Wistar-Furth (WFu, RT-1u) hosts treated with
      a single i.v. injection of 5 mg 3M KCl-extracted donor Buffalo (Buf, RT-1b)
      antigen combined with a three-day course of CsA, a group that displays prolonged
      renal allograft survival (MST 23.2 +/- 10.2 days) compared with animals treated
      with CsA alone (MST 12.2 +/- 2.4 days). These noncytolytic, OX-8 phenotype, 800
      rad-resistant/1500-rad-sensitive, nylon-wool-nonadherent and cyclophosphamide
      sensitive suppressor T cells (1 X 10(6)) were adoptively transferred ten days
      after transplantation into virgin, secondary syngeneic hosts-thereby prolonging
      Buf graft survival from 7.2 to 17.5 days. The suppressor effect was
      immunologically specific; adoptive transfer did not prolong the survival of third
      party Brown-Norway (BN) grafts (MST 10.4 +/- 3.1 days) compared with the
      nontreated control group (MST 11.0 +/- 2.9 days). The potency of Ts cells
      purified from Ag-CsA-treated hosts to transfer unresponsiveness into normal
      secondary WFu hosts (MST 17.5 +/- 8.0 days) was stronger than that of Ts cells
      from hosts treated with CsA only (MST 10.6 +/- 2.6 days). Moreover, in vitro
      stimulation of monoclonal-antibody-purified Ts cells by irradiated donor Buf
      spleen cells potentiated the in vivo induced suppressor activity, leading to an
      MST of 38.1 +/- 32.6 days; indeed 3 of 12 animals (25%) displayed permanent
      unresponsiveness. Furthermore, Ts cells from Ag-CsA-treated hosts displayed a
      synergistic effect with a three-day course of CsA administration into the
      secondary hosts (MST 24.2 +/- 8.0 days) compared with animals only treated with
      CsA (MST 12.2 +/- 2.4 days, P less than 0.001). Moreover, the combination of the
      Ag-CsA regimen with Ts cells administered one day after transplantation caused
      even greater prolongation of graft survival (MST 34.2 +/- 14.2 days) compared
      with Ag-CsA-treated hosts (MST 23.2 +/- 10.2 days, P less than 0.025). Thus
      adoptively transferred antigen-specific suppressor T cells may be explored to
      intensify the specific immunosuppressive effect of the Ag-CsA regimen to achieve
      long-term unresponsiveness.

PMID- 2413594
TI  - Immunosuppressive activities of rat antisera raised against supernates from skin
      graft-primed cells.
AB  - Rat antisera raised against supernates derived from draining lymph node cells of
      skin-graft-primed mice exhibit a number of immunosuppressive effects in vitro and
      in vivo. The skin graft-induced, cell-free-supernates had been demonstrated to
      contain a number of helper activities that led to an antigen-specific induction
      of cytolytic T lymphocytes and/or to the induction of interleukin-2 synthesis.
      The rat antisera administered to skin graft recipients resulted in prolongation
      of major-histocompatibility-complex-incompatible skin graft survival. The rat
      antisera appear to have a specificity for the inhibition of T cell responses in
      vitro, although binding to B and T cells was apparent. The responses of unprimed
      cells to T cell mitogens and alloantigens are blocked, whereas B cell responses
      to the lipopolysaccharide mitogen are not blocked by the antisera. The generation
      of cytolytic T lymphocytes and the cytolytic functions of such cells are both
      blocked by the rat antisera. The inhibition of the differentiation pathway in
      cells cultured continuously with the antisera was overcome only through the
      addition of conditioned medium obtained from stimulated concanavalin A rat spleen
      cells, as opposed to mouse cell conditioned media. The rat antisera do not appear
      to block T cell responses via the IL-2 receptor, and were found to be
      substantially less effective against activated and proliferating T cells. These
      rat antisera have allowed us to further examine the pathways involved in T cell
      responses.

PMID- 2413595
TI  - [Immunomorphological study of the distribution of prekeratin with a molecular
      weight of 49 kilodaltons in various epithelial cells in rats].
AB  - Cryostat sections of various tissues of rat were stained using an indirect
      immunofluorescent method with monoclonal antibody against individual prekeratin
      with the molecular mass of 49 kilodalton (PK-49). Connective tissue endothelial
      cells, neurons, glia, haematopoetic tissue and smooth muscles were completely
      negative in this test. 46 morphological variants of epithelial structures were
      investigated. PK-49 was absent from all the stratified epithelia (epidermis, hair
      folliculi, oesophagus) but was expressed in virtually all simple epithelia of
      endodermal origin (exceptions: squamous lung alveolar epithelium and germinative
      epithelium of testis). There were negative (kidney tubules) as well as positive
      (bladder, mammary, glands) cell elements among mesodermal and ectodermal simple
      epithelia. High specificity of individual PK in respect to morphological variants
      of epithelia points out to the important role played by prekeratin-type
      intermediate filaments in morphogenesis.

PMID- 2413596
TI  - [Modification of a method of cell enucleation using cytochalasin B and the study
      of cytoplast viability].
AB  - The modification of Prescott's (Prescott et al., 1972) method of enucleation in
      vitro was described. A special teflon chamber faciliatating the enucleation of
      monolayer cultured cells to produce cytoplasts and karyoplasts was constructed.
      Mouse L-cells were enucleated by exposing to cytochalasine B (10 gamma/ml)
      followed by centrifugation. The fraction of cells enucleated in the chamber was
      about 98%. The life time of cytoplasts in cultural medium after their enucleation
      was 48 hours (sometimes 56-72 hours) as tested by vital neutral red staining. The
      cytoplasts that survived were shown to accumulate large lysosomes, and the
      evidence of appearing ring-like fibrillar structures was provided using a simple
      technique of cytoskeleton observation under light microscope.

PMID- 2413597
TI  - [Genetic transformation of somatic cells. VIII. The effect of the DNA methylation
      inhibitor 5-azacytidine on the stability of thymidine kinase-negative and 
      positive phenotypes of transformant clone cells].
AB  - A study was made of the effect of an DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine
      (azaC) on the frequency of reversion to a thymidine kinase-positive (TK+)
      phenotype in 5-bromodeoxy-uridine (BrdU)-resistant subclones obtained from clones
      of Chinese hamster cells transformed by thymidine kinase gene (tk-gene) of Herpes
      simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). It is shown that in 8 of 15 BrdU-resistant subclones
      azaC increases 2-1000-fold the frequency of reversion to TK+ phenotype.
      Variations in the inducibility of reversions to TK+ phenotype indicate that the
      DNA methylation associated with TK- phenotype affects but differently tk gene of
      HSV1. Cultivation of TK+ cells of transformant clones in the presence of azaC may
      lead to stabilization (or decrease in the rate of the loss) of TK+ phenotype, or
      may not influence the stability of transformant phenotype. The reaction of TK+
      cells of transformant clones depends both on genetically determined rate of the
      loss of TK+ phenotype, and on the structure of transforming DNA introduced to
      cells. A conclusion is drawn that the TK- phenotype of transformant clone cells
      arises due to processes which are not associated with methylation of tk gene of
      HSV1 in spite of the fact that such a methylation may later stabilize
      significantly the TK- phenotype.

PMID- 2413598
TI  - Mammary carcinoma with argyrophilic cells: an immunohistochemical and
      ultrastructural study.
AB  - The immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings of 7 primary argyrophilic
      tumors of the breast are described. Five cases were selected because of a growth
      pattern reminiscent of a "carcinoid" tumor and 2 were obtained from 70
      consecutive common carcinomas. All patients were females (mean age 68.8) and none
      had clinical evidence of hormonal secretion. On ultrastructural examination dense
      core granules were seen in addition to findings more suggestive of a common
      carcinoma. Immunoperoxidase stainings for ACTH, calcitonin etc. were negative in
      all tumors. The authors believe that organoid growth pattern, argyrophilia and
      dense-core neurosecretory-like granules are not sufficient elements to
      demonstrate the endocrine nature of a breast neoplasm.

PMID- 2413599
TI  - Will cell markers replace histopathological experience in human tissue diagnosis?

PMID- 2413600
TI  - Malignant myoepithelioma (myoepithelial carcinoma) of the breast: an
      ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study.
AB  - This report describes the light (LM) and electron microscopic (EM) features and
      the results of an indirect immunofluorescence study (IF), the latter using
      monoclonal and monospecific antibodies to cytoskeletal proteins, of a malignant,
      invasive and metastatic breast myoepithelioma. A 53-year-old female underwent
      mastectomy for a large necrotic mammary tumor that had invaded the overlying
      skin. By LM, the neoplasm was composed of interlacing bundles of large, elongated
      and interspersed stellate cells with acidophilic cytoplasm. The neoplastic cells
      displayed a moderate degree of anaplasia, high mitotic activity, and strong
      tendency for necrosis. Stromal desmoplasia was marked, especially toward the
      center of the neoplasm. By IF, the tumor cells revealed bright cytoplasmic
      fluorescence with antibodies to actin, prekeratin, and cytokeratin. A few
      scattered spindle cells, which stained with the anti-vimentin and anti-actin anti
      bodies, most likely represented stromal myofibroblasts. The anti-desmin reaction
      was negative. By EM, the neoplasm was composed of variably differentiated,
      elongated and stellate myoepithelial cells connected by desmosomes, enveloped by
      remnants of basal lamina, and containing pinocytotic vesicles, a well-developed
      rough endoplasmic reticulum, large Golgi areas, aggregates of intermediate
      filaments that were often arranged in dense curvilinear bundles (tonofilaments),
      and bundles of microfilaments with fusiform, dense bodies. The combined LM, EM,
      and IF study of this mammary tumor establishes its myoepithelial origin and,
      thus, identifies it as myoepithelial carcinoma distinct from other spindle cell
      breast tumors. This neoplasms was locally invasive and cytologically malignant;
      moreover, its malignancy was further confirmed by the development of lung and
      pleural metastases.

PMID- 2413601
TI  - Paratesticular tumor in a 44-year-old male.

PMID- 2413602
TI  - Papillary serous carcinoma with basophilic cytoplasmic granules.

PMID- 2413603
TI  - Decoration and shadowing of freeze-etched catalase crystals.
AB  - Aqueous suspensions of catalase crystals were freeze-cleaved, deep-etched and
      either shadowed with Ta/W at 45 degrees or decorated with 0.1-0.9 nm thick
      deposits of Au and Pt at normal incidence. The electron micrographs of the
      decorated specimens were processed by correlation averaging and compared with a
      relief reconstruction obtained from shadowed specimens. Pronounced decoration was
      observed on the catalase crystals at temperatures between 130 and 180 K.
      Disregarding the difficulties in interpretation, the averages of 0.1-0.2 nm thick
      Au and Pt films reveal more structural detail than the relief reconstruction.
      Perfect shadowing provides information on surface topography and is relatively
      easy to comprehend; decoration renders variations in physico-chemical affinity
      visible. Problems of the interference of decoration and shadowing effects in the
      intuitive interpretation of freeze-etch replicas and in relief reconstruction are
      discussed as well as the disturbing effects of a non-ideal carbon backing. The
      perspectives of using decoration intentionally as a positive staining technique
      for the investigation of frozen-hydrated surfaces are evaluated and quality
      criteria are defined.

PMID- 2413604
TI  - Considerations for the quantitative analysis of coated reliefs.
AB  - The contrast visible in a coated relief specimen viewed by transmission electron
      microscopy is generated by the angular difference between the direction of
      contrast coat evaporation and the direction from which the relief is viewed. This
      contrast can often be exploited for the computer reconstruction of specimen
      relief from optical density data if the contrast angle is known. If an additional
      backing coat is present, the relief must be viewed along the direction of backing
      coat evaporation, and may therefore require reorientation by the use of a
      rotate/tilt holder. Despite attainment of correct orientation, undercutting -
      multiple intersections of imaging electrons with different regions of contrast
      coat - may yet prevent valid reconstruction. Although the danger of experiencing
      undercutting is high, "vertical" coating, in conjunction with minimal tilting,
      could be used when maximum relief information is required from a unique specimen.
      Bidirectional contrasting may also be useful for increasing the information
      capacity of relief coats.

PMID- 2413605
TI  - Comparative electron microscopic studies of single biomolecules negatively
      stained and freeze-dried metal-shadowed.
AB  - This paper deals with the development of physical fixation and contrasting
      procedures for the electron microscopic structure analysis of isolated
      biomolecules. It has been shown on isolated antibodies (IgG) that these
      preparation methods give better preservation of biomolecules than the commonly
      practiced chemical fixation and staining techniques. With regard to morphology
      and size, the data from the electron microscopic structure analysis of the tested
      antibodies (IgG) are in good agreement with those from X-ray structure analysis.
      With isolated ribosomal 40S subunits, the influence of chemical fixation and
      staining techniques on both the structure preservation and contrast medium
      distribution has been demonstrated.

PMID- 2413606
TI  - Correlation of surface topography of metal-shadowed specimens with their
      negatively stained reconstructions.
AB  - We present a comparison of surface reconstructions from three different freeze
      dried and unidirectionally metal-shadowed specimens (i.e. bacteriophage T4
      polyheads, crystalline actin sheets and nuclear pore complexes) with two- or
      three-dimensional reconstructions of the same specimens when prepared by negative
      staining. Based on these and many published results, the following conclusions
      have been reached: With a "cooperative" specimen (e.g. the polyheads), the
      surface reconstruction computed from a metal-shadowed replica compares favorably
      with two- or three-dimensional reconstructions obtained from the same specimen
      after negative staining at the 3-4 nm resolution level. This relatively "poor"
      level at which the surface topographies of the two preparations can be compared
      appears to be set by a "practical" resolution limit (i.e. of distinct and
      reproducible structural detail) of metal replicas of biological specimens,
      despite the appearance of weak higher-order diffraction spots (i.e. corresponding
      to 2-3 nm). While in some cases (e.g. the crystalline actin sheets) the surface
      reliefs of metal replicas may bear little resemblance to the actual structure
      under investigation, the replicas may still contain sufficient features to
      establish the polarity or handedness of the structure (i.e., the "top" and
      "bottom" surfaces of a crystalline sheet). Information from negatively stained
      specimens is usually complementary with information from freeze-dried and metal
      shadowed specimens. However, there are artifacts in both techniques, and we
      present an example with the nuclear pore complex, where these techniques yield
      confusing results.

PMID- 2413607
TI  - [Basis for indications for transvesical adenomectomy and transurethral resection
      of adenomas of the prostate gland].

PMID- 2413608
TI  - [Prevention of postoperative thromboembolic complications among patients with
      prostatic adenoma].

PMID- 2413609
TI  - [Comparative effectiveness of plasma substitutes in normovolemic hemodilution and
      correction of acute blood loss].
AB  - The investigation of parameters of the circulating blood volume, rheological
      properties of blood and hemostasis was performed in 183 patients operated upon
      for diseases of organs of the abdominal cavity and major vessels. The authors
      recommend to use rheopolyglucin and the 5% solution of albumin (2:1) for the
      operative normovolemic hemodilution.

PMID- 2413610
TI  - The detection of IgM and IgG antibodies against Babesia bigemina in bovine sera
      using semi-defined antigens in enzyme immunoassays.
AB  - Soluble extracts prepared from Babesia bigemina merozoites were tested for
      antigenicity in class-specific enzyme immunoassays currently being evaluated for
      the differential serodiagnosis of bovine babesiosis. Intact merozoites were
      harvested from erythrocytes from an experimentally-infected calf by controlled
      hypotonic lysis and differential ultra-centrifugation. The merozoites were
      disrupted by ultrasonication and a crude soluble extract obtained by
      ultracentrifugation. Fractionation of the crude extract on calibrated Sephadex G
      200 columns consistently produced 4 fractions with molecular weights of 600, 40,
      15 and 5 k (k = 10(3) daltons). Only the 600 and 15 k fractions proved to be
      antigenic when reacted against bovine immune sera. These fractions were
      incorporated into IgM- and IgG-specific enzyme immunoassays and used to determine
      the kinetics of the host-antibody responses to infection. The use of semi-defined
      antigens allowed assay standardization and good reproducibility of the results. A
      calf infected with a cryopreserved stabilate of B. bigemina originating from
      adult Boophilus microplus ticks developed a mild transient fever from 6-4 days
      post-infection (d.p.i.) and low parasitaemia levels from 7-16 d.p.i. IgG
      antibodies first appeared at 7 d.p.i., peaked in intensity at 12 d.p.i. and then
      persisted at these levels until the end of the test period at 49 d.p.i. IgM
      antibodies appeared at 7 d.p.i., peaked in intensity from 12-22 d.p.i., but then
      declined to low levels by 28 d.p.i. The importance of this transitory IgM
      antibody response in the serodiagnosis of acute B. bigemina infections remains to
      be determined in clinical and field situations.

PMID- 2413611
TI  - Variation in foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates in Kenya: an examination of
      field isolates by T1 oligonucleotide fingerprinting.
AB  - Ribonuclease T1 oligonucleotide maps of strains of 4 of the endemic serotypes of
      foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in Kenya between 1964 and 1982 have been
      compared with data obtained in complement-fixation and neutralization tests.
      There was a continual change in the oligonucleotide maps obtained for all the
      serotypes examined. This genetic heterogeneity was generally associated with
      antigenic variation. Viruses isolated during the 12-month course of an epidemic
      of the SAT 1 serotype showed few changes in their oligonucleotide fingerprints,
      and were serologically related. These maps form a data base that will be useful
      in future epidemiological studies on the maintenance and spread of foot-and-mouth
      disease virus in this region.

PMID- 2413612
TI  - Chemiluminescence of bovine alveolar macrophages as an indicator of developing
      immunity in calves vaccinated with aromatic-dependent Salmonella.
AB  - Chemiluminescence of bovine alveolar macrophages was used to study the
      development of opsonins in calves vaccinated parenterally with live aromatic
      dependent strains of either S. dublin or S. typhimurium. These calves responded
      by producing Salmonella-specific opsonins detected by increased chemiluminescent
      responses, and were able to survive oral challenge with live virulent organisms
      of either serotype. Non-vaccinated calves of the same age lacked Salmonella
      specific opsonins and were not able to survive challenge. Thus it was concluded
      that the ability to produce opsonins is among the immunological responses that
      are associated with protection against salmonellosis in calves. Antigenic
      similarities between S. dublin and S. typhimurium were shown by the ability of
      either organism to absorb significant amounts of opsonic capacity from the sera
      of calves vaccinated with either of the two vaccines. These antigenic
      similarities are thought to explain in part the ability of either vaccine to
      protect against challenge with either the homologous or heterologous Salmonella
      serotype.

PMID- 2413613
TI  - Vascular permeability of pancreatic islets after administration of
      streptozotocin.
AB  - In the present study we have investigated whether the pancreatic B-cell toxic
      agent streptozotocin (SZ) induces increased vascular permeability as an indicator
      of lesions in the pancreatic islets. SZ was given either in multiple low doses,
      providing an animal model for Type I diabetes mellitus with signs of
      autoimmunity, or by a single diabetogenic dose to C57BL/KsJ mice. The vascular
      reactions were detected by administration of Monastral blue B and the pancreatic
      islets were visualized by a freeze-thawing technique which made it possible to
      count the number of stained and unstained islets. This proved to be a rapid and
      sensitive technique for detection of early lesions within the islets after
      administration of SZ. It was found that the islets showed an increased vascular
      staining before the animals had become diabetic by either mode of SZ treatment
      and also before signs of pancreatic insulitis were found after the multiple low
      dose injections of SZ. It is suggested that both types of SZ administration
      induce a B-cytotoxic reaction, essential for the development of hyperglycaemia.
      This leads to an activation of cells dealing with the disposal of cell debris, a
      process which probably also involves the release of substances mediating
      increased vascular permeability.

PMID- 2413614
TI  - Primary malignant hepatic tumours in childhood.
AB  - Twenty-four cases of hepatoblastoma, 14 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma and
      three cases of malignant mesenchymoma out of a total of 54 primary liver tumours
      were studied by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. A remarkable finding
      in one case of hepatoblastoma and one case of hepatocellular carcinoma was a
      sarcoid-like reaction in the tumour tissue. Three cases of hepatoblastoma
      presented a macrotrabecular pattern. Among hepatocellular carcinomas, three cases
      corresponded to the fibrolamellar variant. By immunohistochemistry, the
      proportion of cases with positive staining for alpha 1-fetoprotein was higher in
      hepatoblastoma than in hepatocellular carcinoma. HBs-antigen could be
      demonstrated in non-neoplastic liver cells in two cases of hepatocellular
      carcinoma, but not in the tumour cells. No strong correlation between
      histological pattern and prognosis could be established in hepatoblastoma.
      However, there was a tendency to more aggressive biological behavior in cases
      with pronounced mitotic activity. The number of mitoses in hepatoblastoma varied
      widely. As in previous studies, patients with the fibrolamellar variant of
      hepatocellular carcinoma fared better than those with the classical type of this
      tumour. Prognosis in malignant mesenchymoma was not as poor as suggested from
      previous studies.

PMID- 2413616
TI  - Infection of human T-lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I)-bearing MT-4 cells with
      HTLV-III (AIDS virus): chronological studies of early events.
AB  - Early events in the infection of the human T-lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I)
      positive MT-4 cell line by the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
      retrovirus HTLV-III were investigated. The virus was adsorbed completely to the
      cells within 60 min incubation after inoculation of the virus. Then, infected MT
      4 cells started to produce the HTLV-III-specific antigens between 12 and 24 hr
      postinfection. Synthesis of the viral antigens consisting of 120K, 46K, 24K, and
      17K polypeptides was suppressed by the treatment of the virus-infected MT-4 cells
      with cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) or by the treatment of the virus with anti-HTLV
      III-positive sera. The progeny of the virus released from the infected MT-4 cells
      was titrated by a newly developed plaque-forming assay method and reverse
      transcriptase activity. The maximum activity of HTLV-III (3 X 10(5) PFU/ml) was
      observed on Days 4 and 5 p.i. Most of the viral activities in this preparation
      were ascribed to HTLV-III, and not to HTLV-I. No phenotypic mixing between HTLV
      III and HTLV-I was discerned, although MT-4 cells were HTLV-I-producer cell line.
      Thus, HTLV-III-infected MT-4 cells are thought to be useful in further study of
      the interaction between host cells and the virus, and appear to be a good viral
      source for the analysis of the virus.

PMID- 2413615
TI  - Immunohistochemical study of so-called sclerosing haemangioma of the lung.
AB  - To elucidate the histogenesis of sclerosis haemangioma of the lung, we examined 7
      cases with the immunoperoxidase method using antibodies against several useful
      marker antigens; secretory component (SC), cytokeratins, epithelial membrane
      antigen (EMA) for epithelial cells, factor VIII related antigens (factor VIII)
      for endothelial cells, vimentin and desmin for mesenchymal cells. The results
      were compared with those of histologically normal lung tissues. Both the
      characteristic round cells arranged in sheets, which are present predominantly in
      the solid area and are reported to be neoplastic, and the flattened cells lining
      blood lakes show positive staining for EMA only, with negative staining for the
      other marker antigens. These observations suggest that these cells are derived
      from epithelium rather than mesothelium or from endothelium, and are analogous to
      type I pneumocytes. This conclusion is supported by their immunohistochemical
      characteristics, in comparison with the localization patterns of the marker
      antigens in normal lung tissues. However, the lining epithelial cells of
      papillary projections in the papillary area and of ducts in the solid area
      stained for SC and cytokeratins as well as EMA, and their immunohistochemical
      characteristics are analogous to those of bronchiolar epithelial cells or type II
      pneumocytes in normal lung tissues.

PMID- 2413617
TI  - Detection of conserved and nonconserved epitopes on Coxsackievirus B4: frequency
      of antigenic change.
AB  - A sensitive microneutralization assay was used to detect antigenic variants of
      Coxsackievirus B4. Analysis of 47 clinical isolates with 16 monoclonal
      neutralizing antibodies revealed highly conserved, moderately conserved, and
      poorly conserved epitopes. Upon passage of Coxsackievirus B4 in tissue culture,
      certain epitopes disappeared and others appeared in the apparent absence of
      selective pressure. Changes in epitopes often exceeded a frequency of 10(-2).
      Despite considerable variation in individual epitopes, the overall antigenic
      composition of Coxsackievirus B4, as measured by the capacity of hyperimmune
      serum to neutralize clinical isolates, remains fairly constant.

PMID- 2413618
TI  - [An attempt to determine specific monocyte antigens].

PMID- 2413619
TI  - [Effect of non-enzymatic desamidation of gamma-globulin on its properties and
      biological activity].
AB  - During incubation of gamma-globulin preparations under conditions similar to
      physiological ones within 28 days (0.9% NaCl, pH 7.0, 37 degrees) as well as
      during storage at 3-10 degrees within 36 months gradual nonenzymatic deamidation
      of the protein occurred mainly due to hydrolysis of readily accessible amide
      groups (asparagine). Fluorescence of the preparations decreased gradually in the
      course of deamidation; it constituted for 82% of the initial value after
      incubation during 28 days. Immunological activity of the gamma-globulin, which
      lost 19.6% of amide groups, was decreased by 34%; alteration in the amidation by
      45.1% was accompanied by a decrease in active antibodies concentration by 92.3%.
      Nonenzymatic deamidation may be responsible for conformational alterations and
      inactivation of gamma-globulin.

PMID- 2413620
TI  - [Membrane activity of a cell-free filtrate of Shigella flexneri 2a].
AB  - In the course of metabolism in Shigella Flexneri 2A strain there was noted
      secretion of a membrane-tropic factor into media. This factor increased the
      conductivity of bilayer lipid membranes causing formation of ionic channels in
      them. Minimal conductivity of the channels was about 25 pS in 0.5 M NaCl; at PH 7
      8 the channels exhibited cation-anion selectivity. The calculated number of
      cation transfer (T+) was elevated with an increase in the channel amplitude,
      approaching 0.86. Since the conductivity of the channels depended on the definite
      potential, the component studied appears to have an intracellular localization
      under normal conditions; possible mechanism of its liberation into surrounding
      medium is discussed.

PMID- 2413621
TI  - [Inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity by sodium channel blockers].
AB  - Blocking agent of sodium channels in membranes of epithelial cells amiloride and
      triamterene as well as tetrodotoxin, which blocked sodium channels in
      electroexcitable membranes, were found to be effective inhibitors of Na, K
      ATPase. A similarity between sodium sites of sodium channels and that of Na, K
      ATPase is considered.

PMID- 2413622
TI  - [Approaches to improvement of the therapeutic effectiveness of antitumor enzymes
      (review)].

PMID- 2413623
TI  - [Modified and immobilized preparations of basic polyvalent protease inhibitor for
      potential medical use].
AB  - Several procedures for immobilization of basic polyvalent inhibitor of proteases
      on soluble and insoluble matrices of various chemical nature were studied. Water
      soluble high molecular derivatives of the proteases inhibitor were produced,
      which exhibited the unaltered constants of trypsin inhibition, slower rate of
      elimination from circulation and the hepatotropism as compared with the native
      inhibitor. The higher therapeutic efficiency of the high molecular derivative of
      the proteases inhibitor and of the affinity sorbent, produced on its basis, as
      compared with the conventional methods of the experimental acute pancreatitis
      treatment, were confirmed by a number of biochemical data.

PMID- 2413624
TI  - [Immunochemical study of alpha and beta forms of NAD-kinase from the rabbit
      liver].
AB  - As shown in immunochemical experiments alpha- and beta-forms of NAD-kinase from
      rabbit liver tissue consisted of oligomers involving subunits with molecular mass
      of 33,000 and 62,000, respectively. Both oligomers of the alpha-type with Mr
      180,000 and 150,000 and of the beta-type with Mr 280,000 precipitated with the
      antibodies produced against the alpha-enzyme of Mr 180,000. Use of immunosorbents
      produced after immobilization of the alpha- and beta-forms of NAD-kinase on
      odiphile enabled to estimate the ratio of antigenic determinants in oligomers of
      both NAD-kinase forms. Subunit of the enzyme beta-form carried 3-fold more
      determinants than the subunits of the alpha-form. The isozyme nature of the alpha
      and beta-forms of NAD-kinase is discussed.

PMID- 2413625
TI  - [Effect of the synthetic heparin antagonist, conidine oligomer 25, on the
      synthesis of nucleic acids in regenerating liver cells].
AB  - Localization of 14C-conidine oligomer (the synthetic antagonist of heparin) and
      of polyelectrolyte complex heparin-conidine oligomer 25 was studied in cells of
      regenerating liver tissue within 20 hrs after partial hepatectomy in rats.
      Effects of heparin, conidine oligomer 25 and of their polyelectrolyte complex on
      synthesis of nucleic acids were studied. Conidine oligomer 25 penetrated from
      circulation into hepatocytes and subcellular organelles of regenerating liver
      cells and was localized mainly in cytosol (75-88%). In nuclei and mitochondria of
      the hepatocytes 14C-conidine oligomer 25 was mostly found in the fraction of low
      density of the organelles. Polyanion heparin, polycation conidine oligomer 25 and
      their polymeric complex impaired replication and transcription processes.

PMID- 2413626
TI  - [Intratumoral administration of 5-fluorouracil and bleomycin in inoperable cancer
      of the cardioesophageal region].
AB  - The methods and results of combined therapy (drugs+radiation+intratumoral
      injection of 5-fluorouracil and (chemoimmunotherapy+intratumoral injection of
      bleomycin) were compared with the standard procedure (chemotherapy+radiation) for
      treating inoperable cancer in the cardioesophageal region. The study group
      included 47 patients aged 32-79. Tumors were inoperable due to considerable
      expansion in 32 and remote metastases in 15 patients. The single dose of 5
      fluorouracil injected into tumor via a fibroendoscope at the start of
      chemoradiation treatment ranged 750-1,000 mg (course dose of the drug-2.75-4.25
      g, total focal dose of radiation -24-36 Gy). The single intratumoral dose of
      bleomycin injected prior to total polychemotherapy (vinblastine, ftorafur,
      cyclophosphamide) was 10-15 mg. In the control group receiving standard combined
      therapy, the total focal dose was 60-62 Gy and course dose of 5-fluorouracil -5-7
      g. Objective improvement was observed in 63.6% matched by a mean survival time of
      14.6 months after combined therapy given in conjunction with supporting
      chemoimmunotherapy. This showed an improvement on the results of standard
      combination therapy which were 58.3% and 9.3 months, respectively.

PMID- 2413627
TI  - Allo-anti-P1 in a P1-positive person.
AB  - An allo-anti-P1 antibody is reported in an elderly Caucasian male with P1+ red
      cells. There was no suggestion that the antibody was causing haemolysis. The case
      suggests that a slight structural variation may exist in the patient's B antigen
      giving a serological false-positive response when typed with reagent anti-P1, or
      that the patient's anti-P1 is directed against a determinant absent in the
      patient's own antigen structure.

PMID- 2413628
TI  - [Immunogenicity of the antigenic determinants of influenza virus type B
      hemagglutinin].
AB  - The immunogenic activity of antigenic determinants of influenza type B viruses in
      primary and booster immunizations was studied. In primary immunization, the
      highest immunogenicity was found with the type- and strain-specific antigenic
      determinants whereas the antigenic determinants of group specificity were less
      immunogenic. After booster immunizations the animal sera had antibody to all 3
      antigenic determinants.

PMID- 2413629
TI  - [Modulation of the induction of interferon formation by calcium chloride].
AB  - The results of the study confirm earlier reports on the stimulating effect of
      calcium ions on production of interferon induced by poly(I) X poly(C) and on
      translation of messenger RNA for interferon. Neutralization of the inhibiting
      activity of interferon production suppressor present in the cytoplasm of normal
      cells has first been demonstrated which broadens our concepts on the mechanism of
      action of calcium ions.

PMID- 2413630
TI  - [Biotechnology bases for preparing erythrocytic enterovirus diagnostic agents].

PMID- 2413631
TI  - [Neuraminidase antigenic erythrocytic diagnostic agent in determining antibodies
      to the neuraminidase of influenza A viruses].

PMID- 2413632
TI  - Advances in the treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer.
AB  - Several exciting new forms of therapy for metastatic prostatic cancer have been
      introduced recently. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonists
      paradoxically inhibit pituitary release of luteinizing hormone, resulting in a
      fall of serum testosterone to castrate levels within two to four weeks. These
      drugs have no cardiovascular side effects. A nonsteroidal antiandrogen,
      flutamide, may be as effective as orchiectomy in men with untreated metastatic
      disease and has the advantage of preserving potency in most men. In recent
      reports, combining the LH-RH agonist with an antiandrogen resulted in "total
      medical castration," which may substantially improve objective response rates and
      patient survival. Ketoconazole, an antifungal drug, also rapidly inhibits
      testicular and adrenal androgen synthesis and decreases plasma testosterone to
      castrate levels within 72 hours. In men with hormone-resistant disease,
      combination chemotherapy may produce an objective response rate of 50%. In men
      with severely painful bony metastasis, an inexpensive drug used in Paget's
      disease, etidronate disodium, may be palliative.

PMID- 2413633
TI  - Screening for developmental disabilities.
AB  - Developmental disabilities are responsible for a combination of severe physical,
      mental, psychological and social deficits. They develop before age 22 years and
      involve a little more than 1% of the population. Screening for developmental
      disabilities is the first step in their prevention. Various screening instruments
      are available for use throughout the developmental years that are designed to
      detect the wide variety of developmental problems that interfere with a
      developing person's optimal adaptation to his or her environment. The screening
      instruments must be inexpensive, reproducible, widely available and cost
      effective to the child, family and society.

PMID- 2413634
TI  - Screening for disabilities.

PMID- 2413635
TI  - [Molecular morphology of placental and pituitary hormones: epitope mapping with
      monoclonal antibodies].
AB  - The immunologically and biologically active molecular characteristics of human
      glycoprotein hormones were studied with the aid of previously produced and
      characterized monoclonal antibodies (MCA). Placentally derived human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG) and pituitary human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH) were
      taken as examples for the use of MCA in the elucidation of molecular
      morphological and functional correlations and the diagnostic application of these
      findings. The immunological surface of hCG and of hFSH was probed by 26 MCA to
      these hormones and bovine luteinizing hormone. In 2-site immunoassays--resembling
      immunoradiometric assays (IRMA)--pairs of MCA were applied to simultaneous
      scanning of the molecules. Nine different recognition patterns were distinguished
      in the case of hCG and 5 for hFSH, reflecting the same number of immunological
      epitopes. These were either located on the alpha- or beta-subunit or expressed
      only by the conformationally intact molecule (c-epitopes). The construction of an
      immunological map revealed an equatorial cluster of alpha-, beta- and c-epitopes,
      with distinct epitopes on each subunit. This suggests a similar immunological
      arrangement of epitopes on all human glycoprotein hormones. Antigenic
      determinants of all 3 main specificities (alpha, beta, c) are involved in the
      expression of the biological activity of hCG. Surprisingly, hCG is not
      functionally neutralizable by means of MCA to one of the epitopes (beta 3)-
      although located on the hormone-specific beta-subunit which is evolutionary
      highly conserved throughout a large number of mammalian species. On the basis of
      the epitope map it was possible to establish IRMAs with predictable specificities
      for selective measurement of hFSH and hCG and its subunit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413636
TI  - Histochemical studies on the apocrine sweat glands in some regions of the skin of
      the buffaloes in Egypt.

PMID- 2413637
TI  - [Morphokinetic effect of chlormadinone acetate on the testes of pre- and
      intrapuberal rats. I. Morphometric studies of testis development].

PMID- 2413638
TI  - [Morphokinetic effect of chlormadinone acetate on the testes of pre- and
      intrapuberal rats. II. Morphometric studies of the androgen-producing testicular
      cells].

PMID- 2413639
TI  - Carbohydrate cytochemistry on the cell surface coat of amphibian keratinocytes
      during differentiation.

PMID- 2413640
TI  - Invariance of stoichiometry of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump at
      physiological calcium concentrations--a reevaluation.
AB  - The decline of the transport ratio of the sarcoplasmic calcium pump observed in a
      recent study (A. Gafni and P. D. Boyer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 89-101
      [1985] ) results from the retardation of calcium oxalate precipitation at low
      calcium/protein ratios. The prevailing high internal calcium level supports a
      rapid calcium backflux and a compensatory ATP hydrolysis during net calcium
      uptake which reduces the transport ratio. Yet, the determined calcium backflux
      does not fully account for the decline of the transport ratio. A supposed
      modulation of the stoichiometry of the pump by external calcium (0.1 microM) is
      at variance with results of previous studies showing a constant transport ratio
      of two in the same calcium concentration range.

PMID- 2413641
TI  - IgE synthesis in vitro during infection of mice with the nematode Nippostrongylus
      brasiliensis: effects of mitogens and antigens.
AB  - In vitro IgE synthesis by lymphoid cells was studied during the course of
      infection of mice with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The studies involved inbred
      strains of mice which had been shown to be high IgE responders (A.CA, B10.M), or
      non-responders (Balb/c, B10.D2) to parasite antigen. In addition, F1 hybrids of
      low and high responders and irradiated non-responders were studied. Infection
      with N. brasiliensis led to an increase in IgE synthesis in vitro which was most
      pronounced during reinfection of mice. Addition of mitogens e.g. pokeweed mitogen
      (PWM), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), concanavalin A (ConA) to the cultures induced
      enhancement, suppression or had no effect on IgE synthesis. Addition of N.
      brasiliensis homogenate or worm culture supernatant led to a fluctuating pattern
      of IgE synthesis. No correlation was found between lymphocyte proliferative
      response to mitogen and worm antigens and IgE synthesis. Our data suggest, that
      PWM is more likely to enhance IgE synthesis in vitro than LPS or ConA. An
      enhancement is more easily observed with the cells of non-infected animals or
      during the early phase of infection or reinfection. The mitogen-induced increase
      in IgE synthesis did not exceed the values obtained during infection or
      reinfection.

PMID- 2413642
TI  - Characterization of antigens of the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis by
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
      antigens were generated by hybridization of IR983F myeloma cells with spleen
      cells from Lou/M/Wol rats infected with living third-stage larvae. Antibodies
      specific either for larval or worm antigens were identified by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assays with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis fragments, homogenates and
      secretions as antigens. The results demonstrate that all antibodies which
      recognized larval antigens (38 antibodies) also reacted with worm surfaces. Ten
      antibodies were specific only for worm antigens. Ten antibodies reacted with worm
      homogenate, three antibodies recognized components of worm secretion and 17
      antibodies combined with acetylcholinesterase. The epitope specificity was
      investigated by the capacity of various glycosides, aminoacids, N
      acetylneuraminic acid and phosphorylcholine to inhibit the binding to worm
      fragments. The analysis revealed that alpha-methylglucoside, alpha
      methylmannoside, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and the amino
      acids leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, serine, tryptophan did not combine with
      the antigen-binding sites of the antibodies. Proline, arginine and histidine,
      however, displayed inhibitory effects. With N-acetylneuraminic acid as inhibitor
      three groups of antibodies could be discriminated. At a concentration of 10-20
      mM, phosphorylcholine was a potent inhibitor for all antibodies.

PMID- 2413643
TI  - Announcement of the establishment of neohepantotypes for some important
      Sarcocystis species.

PMID- 2413644
TI  - [Effect of high environmental temperature on oxygen consumption by the bodies of
      humans and animals].

PMID- 2413645
TI  - [Catecholamines and regulation of the activity of the cellular genome].

PMID- 2413646
TI  - Does thromboprophylaxis increase the risk for infectious complications after
      total hip replacement?

PMID- 2413647
TI  - [Repeated surgery after exploratory laparotomies in oncological patients].

PMID- 2413648
TI  - [Change in certain forms of aggressive behavior and the concentration of
      monoamines in the brain during selection of wild rats for taming].
AB  - Norway rats have been selected during 20 generations by the absence of aggressive
      reaction to man (tamed rats). From 7 up to 20th generations of selection,
      different forms of aggressive behaviour (reaction to glove, intermale, shock
      induced aggression and predatory aggression) were studied, and the level of
      noradrenaline, serotonin and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was
      determined in the brain. In the absence of aggressive reaction to glove in tamed
      rats, the shock-induced aggression considerably decreased while the predatory
      aggressiveness (mouse-killing behaviour) and intermale aggressiveness did not
      change. Beginning from 15-16th generation of selection, a higher level of the 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the hypothalamus was established, in the 20th
      generation an increased content of serotonin was revealed in the hypothalamus and
      the midbrain. In some generations of selection an increased level of
      noradrenaline in the hypothalamus in comparison to wild rats was observed. A
      conclusion is made that the selection of animals by taming unequally influences
      different kinds of aggressiveness and is accompanied by inherited consolidated
      reorganization of the monoamine brain systems.

PMID- 2413649
TI  - [Changes in the serotonin system of the brains of rats genetically predisposed to
      catalepsy].
AB  - Some changes in the brain serotonergic system were found in rats bred for
      predisposition to catalepsy, and in those bred for its absence. The genetic
      predisposition for catalepsy was found to be characterized by an increased
      tryptophan hydroxylase activity in the striatum, and an increased serotonin
      content in the midbrain. No changes in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid level were
      found. A selection for predisposition to catalepsy turned out to entail a
      decrease in the sensitivity of postsynaptic serotonin receptors as estimated by
      the "head twitch" test after 5-hydroxytryptophan administration, while a
      selection for the absence of catalepsy increased the sensitivity of serotonin
      receptors.

PMID- 2413650
TI  - 'O'-antigens are essential virulence factors of Shigella sonnei and Shigella
      dysenteriae 1.
AB  - A novel transposon mutagenesis system has been developed for Shigella. We have
      used it to isolate specific mutants of Shigella sonnei and Shigella dysenteriae 1
      that fail to produce lipopolysaccharide 'O' side chains. The virulence of the
      mutants was evaluated in the Sereny test and in a HeLa cell invasion assay. All
      HO'-minus mutants failed to provoke a positive Sereny reaction but retained the
      ability to invade HeLa cells. This demonstrates that 'O' side chains are
      virulence factors of S. sonnei and S. dysenteriae 1. 'O'-minus mutants of S.
      sonnei which still contained the Form I plasmid were capable of invading HeLa
      cells whilst plasmid-minus mutants were not, demonstrating that this plasmid
      encodes properties other than 'O'-antigen production that are involved in
      virulence.

PMID- 2413651
TI  - Inactivation by polymyxin B of the endotoxin-mediated interferon production in
      the rabbit.
AB  - Polymyxin B (PB) completely or at least significantly inhibited the capacity of
      Shigella dysenteriae 1 cells and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipid A (LA)
      subunits of several bacterial endotoxins to induce interferon (IFN) in rabbits.
      Animals injected with LPS inactivated by PB to the point of not inducing
      detectable IFN levels did not develop hyporesponsiveness to secondary IFN
      induction by a homologous inducer. It was concluded that PB inhibits the IFN
      inducing capacity of endotoxin and its subunits as a consequence of binding to
      the LA-moiety of LPS. The results confirmed the exclusive role of LA as the only
      IFN-inducing component of Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin.

PMID- 2413652
TI  - Membrane proteins of legionellaceae. I. Membrane proteins of different strains
      and serogroups of Legionella pneumophila.
AB  - The protein composition of the outer membranes of eight serogroups of Legionella
      pneumophila has been determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Outer membranes were prepared by detergent extraction
      using sodium lauryl sarcosinate or by isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation.
      With both techniques one major outer membrane protein of about 29,000 daltons was
      found to be characteristic for the species L. pneumophila. It was the
      predominating feature in all 22 strains of L. pneumophila studied, regardless of
      serogroup. SDS-PAGE patterns of non inactivated L. pneumophila strains were
      compared with those following formaldehyde-, heat- or ether inactivation.
      Formaldehyde inactivation gave the fewest protein bands while the outer membrane
      protein profiles of non inactivated as well as of heat- or ether-inactivated
      strains revealed some additional minor components. With the exception of a 46,000
      dalton band that showed, in some strains, an altered electrophoretic mobility of
      ca. 48,000 dalton, all strains and serogroups of L. pneumophila presented with
      the same outer membrane protein pattern. Analysis of outer membrane protein
      profiles by SDS-PAGE should therefore be a valuable tool for the identification
      of L. pneumophila. Comparing total membrane preparations the 29,000 dalton
      component was also the predominant feature, an appreciable number of additional
      bands, however, allow a clear discrimination between different strains. The
      protein profiles of outer and total membranes of L. pneumophila as determined by
      SDS-PAGE therefore may be used for taxonomical and epidemiological studies.

PMID- 2413653
TI  - Rapid identification of colonization factor antigens (CFA/I and CFA/II) of
      enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and O-antigens of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
      by coagglutination test.
AB  - Specific antisera for CFA/I (O78), CFA/II (O6) or enteropathogenic (EPEC) somatic
      O-antigens (serogroups O26, O86a and O111) were adsorbed to Staphylococcus aureus
      (strain Cowan I) to produce coagglutination reagents. Conventional agglutination
      tests with bacterial cells showed that antiserum against strain C922a-1 reacted
      with strain C91f, whereas anti-C91f did not agglutinate cells of strain C922a-1.
      Antisera raised against strains 4334f and C91f agglutinated their bacterial
      cells. Anti-303d did not react with strains C922a-1, 91f, nor with 4334f. Similar
      results were obtained with tests performed with COA-reagents of the above
      strains. Homologous antisera diluted 1:1000 gave positive COA reaction, after
      being adsorbed to Cowan I. Such diluted antisera gave negative agglutination
      reaction in the conventional agglutination tests. The COA test is at least 100
      times more sensitive than the conventional agglutination tests. Hence,
      preparation of COA reagents implies practically economical use of antisera.
      Furthermore, the COA technique is much more sensitive and rapid (less than 5 min)
      than immunodiffusion test which takes greater than or equal to 24 h to read and
      in which large molecular weight antigens fail to diffuse in to agarose. 30 CFA/I
      strains (100%) gave COA positive reaction and only 25 CFA/II strains (71,4%) were
      positive with CFA/II COA reagents. The coagglutination technique was also
      applicable to identification of enteropathogenic E. coli by using somatic O
      antigens (O26, O86a and O111) antisera.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413654
TI  - Serotyping of Serratia marcescens: identification of a new O-antigen (O24).

PMID- 2413655
TI  - Characterization of a partially purified leptospiral genus-specific protein
      antigen.
AB  - A leptospiral genus-specific protein antigen (GP-Ag) was partially purified from
      Leptospira interrogans serovar kremastos strain Kyoto and canicola strain Hond
      Utrecht IV, by treating the organisms with Triton X-100 followed by a
      purification procedure including fractionation with DEAE-cellulose column
      chromatography and ethanol precipitation. Genus-specificity of the antigens from
      kremastos Kyoto and canicola was shown by the immunodiffusion (ID) test.
      Complement fixation (CF) test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using
      GP-Ag from kremastos Kyoto showed the genus specificity of the GP-Ag. Sodium
      dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the antigens
      from kremastos Kyoto and canicola showed a major band with Coomassie blue stain.
      The band of GP-Ag from kremastos Kyoto was also shown by immunoprecipitation
      using the monoclonal antibody (GP-7) to GP-Ag from kremastos Kyoto. The molecular
      weight of the genus-specific antigen was estimated to be approximately 62 000.
      The genus specificity of the antigen was reduced by heating at 100 degrees C or
      treatment with proteolytic enzymes, but not reduced by treatment with sodium
      metaperiodate.

PMID- 2413656
TI  - Protective characteristics of the antigen common to Pseudomonas and Vibrio and
      significance of bacterial endotoxins in protection against selected bacterial
      infections.
AB  - The protective effect of different vaccines against the killing activity of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio parahaemolyticus for mice was studied. Cross
      experiments confirmed the high protective effect of the Pseudomonas common
      antigen (original endotoxin protein) contained in Pseudomonas vaccine, which,
      together with other soluble components, substantial afforded protection of mice
      against vibrios and thus confirmed the antigenic relationship between Pseudomonas
      and Vibrio. Satisfactory results were also obtained by vaccination with selected
      bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharides derived from some members of the
      Enterobacteriaceae family, which in some cases afforded 70-90% and in others only
      a 20-50% protection against Pseudomonas and Vibrio infection. The protective
      effect was reduced by up to 2/3 was obtained with vaccines subjected to alkaline
      hydrolysis. A single dose of Propionibacterium parvum cells not followed by
      specific vaccination afforded up to 50% protection against challenge with P.
      aeruginosa or V. parahaemolyticus. Special characteristics of the vaccines
      studied and their protective effects in relation to some immunological aspects of
      nonspecific resistance are discussed.

PMID- 2413657
TI  - Production of monoclonal antibodies against leptospiral genus-specific protein
      antigen and localization of the antigen by immunoelectron microscopy.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were first produced against a leptospiral genus-specific
      protein antigen (GP-Ag) isolated from Leptospira interrogans serovar kremastos
      strain Kyoto. The representative monoclonal antibody (GP-7) did not agglutinate
      kremastos Kyoto but reacted with Triton X-100 treated kreamastos Kyoto, andamana,
      patoc and Urawa in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indicating that the
      monoclonal antibody recognized the genus-specific determinant of GP-Ag. The
      localization of GP-Ag was investigated by immunoelectron microscopy with the
      iodinated antibody and peroxidase-labeled antibody. The genus-specific
      determinant of GP-Ag recognized by GP-7 was located on the subsurface of the
      leptospiral envelope.

PMID- 2413658
TI  - Production of interferon and of plaque enhancing factor by rinderpest-virus.

PMID- 2413659
TI  - [From artificial antigens to artificial vaccines].

PMID- 2413660
TI  - [Continuous synchronously dividing cultures of the B meningococcus serogroup].
AB  - Cultures of Neisseria meningitidis Bc5S No. 125 with continuous and synchronous
      cell fission have been obtained. The synchronization index is 0.59-0.63. The
      synthesis of protein at different periods of the synchronized cycle occurs at
      constant speed. The synthesis of RNA and DNA is periodical, the maximum
      accumulation of DNA occurring at the period prior to cell fission. The amount of
      polysaccharide in the whole culture and the cells is considerably greater than in
      the supernatant fluid. At the period of fission the content of polysaccharide per
      1 billion cells decreases. The indices characterizing the increase of biomass,
      the synthesis of macromolecular compositions and polysaccharide, the titers of
      the reaction of agglutination remain unchanged during the whole period of
      cultivation, which is indicative of the stability of the continuous and
      synchronous process. The use of this process holds considerable promise for
      obtaining N. meningitidis synchronized cultures in large amounts, for the study
      of the biological properties of meningococci and for obtaining immunoprophylactic
      preparations.

PMID- 2413661
TI  - [Immunoenzyme analysis of the serological activity of the structural
      modifications of a synthetic antigen simulating the O-determinant 4 of
      Salmonellae].
AB  - The comparison of the copolymer of 2-O-(alpha-abequosy)-alpha-alyl-alpha
      mannopyranoside and acrylamide (AMA), used as a synthetic antigen, with its
      natural prototype, Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide, in the enzyme
      immunoassay (EIA) has revealed that the serological activity of AMA is related to
      the specific content of antigenic determinants in its molecule. The analysis of
      the serological specificity of AMA indicates that this specificity corresponds to
      factor 4 of Salmonella O-antigen. The high activity and monofactor specificity of
      the synthetic antigen AMA suggest that the use of this antigen in EIA as a
      diagnostic preparation holds good promise.

PMID- 2413662
TI  - [Use of immunoenzyme analysis for evaluating the specificity of the antibody
      recognition of the antigenic determinants of Streptococcus group A].
AB  - Investigations carried out with the use of a CELIA system have revealed that
      antibodies in the sera of patients with primary erysipelas and antibodies in
      rabbit antiserum to the ribosomes of group A streptococcus specifically bind with
      adsorbed streptococcal ribosomes, recognizing the antigenic determinants of
      streptococcal ribosomes, which differ from those of individual Gram-negative
      prokaryotes (Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella
      minnesota). The modified CELIA system used in this investigation has made it
      possible to find out that antibodies in the sera of patients with primary
      erysipelas and antibodies in rabbit ribosomal antiserum bind with different
      antigenic determinants of the ribosomes of group A streptococcus.

PMID- 2413663
TI  - [Reactivity to bacterial peptidoglycans in a phagocytosis system. The range of
      immunological specificity of Escherichia coli peptidoglycan].
AB  - The antigenic specificity of E. coli M17 peptidoglycans (PG) was studied in the
      test system based on the stimulation of neutrophils with PG opsonized with the
      whole and exhausted IgG fraction of human serum. Within the generic taxon, the PG
      under study were similar in their antigenic properties. The opsonic activity of
      IgG exhausted with the preparations of different E. coli strains decreased by
      93.2-95.8%. An essential difference of E. coli PG from similar components of
      other representatives of the family Enterobacteriaceae was observed: in
      experiments with Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis,
      Proteus rettgeri the decrease of opsonic activity was 47.6-79.3%. After the
      removal of antibodies to PG of remote taxons (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus
      luteus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus faecalis,
      Branchamella catarrhalis) the decrease of the opsonic effect was less noticeable
      (9.7-33.8%). The results are discussed from the viewpoint of the immunological
      peculiarity of PG at different taxonomic levels.

PMID- 2413664
TI  - [Immune response and immune tolerance to the O-antigen of Shigella flexneri VI].
AB  - The method for the determination of the number of cells synthetizing antibodies
      to S. flexneri VI O-antigen in the spleen of mice has been developed. Primary
      immune response to this antigen has been studied with the use of the new method.
      Immune response to the optimum immunogenic dose of O-antigen has a manifest
      variable character. The intensity of primary immune response has been shown to
      rise with the increase of the dose of O-antigen from 0.004 to 50 micrograms. The
      preliminary injection of 200 micrograms of O-antigen, followed by the injection
      of cyclophosphamide 2 days later, leads to the development of specific
      immunological tolerance to O-antigen in experimental animals.

PMID- 2413665
TI  - [Specific cerebral alpha 1-globulin in glial tumors].
AB  - The level of specific alpha 1-globulin (S alpha 1-GB) and autoantibodies to it
      was measured by the immunoenzyme method in blood serum of 160 donors and 88
      neurological patients. The S alpha 1-GB level was increased most frequently in
      blood serum of patients with glial brain tumors. In malignant glial tumors the
      increased serum S alpha 1-GB level was combined with a reduced level of
      autoantibodies to it. The work discusses the role of the suggested immunochemical
      tests and the mechanisms of the increase in the S alpha 1-GB level and decrease
      in the level of autoantibodies to this antigen.

PMID- 2413666
TI  - Effect of platelet inhibition on experimental venous thrombosis in the rabbit.
AB  - An experimental model, based on a combination of endothelial damage and flow
      reduction, was used to induce thrombosis of the jugular vein in rabbits. The
      influence of ibuprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, was compared with that of
      dextran 70, which influences platelets, thrombus structure and flow. Albumin was
      used as a control of the volume-expanding effect of dextran. Ibuprofen was
      administered intravenously during the induction of thrombosis, and dextran and
      albumin were given 3 hours before the surgical procedure. Control rabbits
      received only Ringer's lactate. Dextran, but neither ibuprofen nor albumin,
      significantly reduced the incidence of thrombosis, though thrombus weight was not
      influenced. The data indicated that the effect of dextran in this model probably
      is primarily exerted via alteration of thrombus structure, and not by altered
      platelet function or hemodilution. The role of platelets in the initial
      development of thrombosis in this model thus may be questioned.

PMID- 2413667
TI  - Life-threatening hypercalcemia in a case of thyrotoxicosis: clinical features and
      management. A case report.
AB  - Hypercalcemia of thyrotoxicosis is sometimes severe and may mask other symptoms
      of the disease. A case is presented in which hyperparathyroid crisis was
      initially suspected. Thyrotoxicosis was confirmed on emergency indication by 131I
      uptake test and later by hormone assays. Forced diuresis and prednisolone therapy
      failed to lower the serum calcium level, but a dramatic effect was obtained with
      calcitonin. After 10 days the patient was normocalcemic on treatment with only
      antithyroid drugs. At thyroid resection, five months later, four normal
      parathyroid glands were found.

PMID- 2413668
TI  - Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Papanicolaou-stained cervical smears by an
      indirect immunoperoxidase method.
AB  - A two-step (indirect) immunoperoxidase method directed against Chlamydia
      trachomatis was developed. The method was then used to evaluate the specificity
      of cytologic changes suggestive of C. trachomatis in Papanicolaou smears of
      cervical specimens from women who were culture-negative for the organism.
      Positive immunoperoxidase staining was detected in 9 of 21 cases (43%) tested.
      Technical problems, especially background staining, precluded interpretation in
      the remainder of the cases. Cervical cytology, as demonstrated by
      immunoperoxidase staining, may, in some instances, be more sensitive than the
      culture. However, because the etiology of cytologic changes not specifically
      identified by immunoperoxidase staining may be due to other organisms or factors,
      immunoperoxidase procedures, as described, should not replace culture for
      confirmation of cytologic findings suggestive of C. trachomatis.

PMID- 2413669
TI  - Sensitivity and specificity of the Papanicolaou-stained cervical smear in the
      diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection.
AB  - Two hundred young women had simultaneously prepared cultures for Chlamydia
      trachomatis and cervical smears; they also completed a questionnaire. Twelve of
      the chlamydial cultures were positive. There was poor correlation between the
      culture results and the cytologic morphology or symptoms. On initial blind
      reading, only 10% of the smears cytologically interpreted as positive were
      actually positive by culture. Under the most favorable (non-blind)
      interpretation, only 23% of the smears cytologically interpreted as positive for
      chlamydial infection were also culture positive. Because of the high incidence of
      false positives, we conclude that routine cytologic examination of Papanicolaou
      stained smears is not an acceptable method for the diagnosis of chlamydial
      infections of the cervix. Immunoperoxidase staining of duplicate smears did not
      appear to be a successful replacement for culture.

PMID- 2413670
TI  - The cytologic features of chlamydial cervicitis.
AB  - Chlamydial cervicitis is a common and important infection. Diagnostic cytologic
      criteria have been proposed, but not generally accepted. To better evaluate the
      cytologic changes, cervical cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis and duplicate
      cervical smears for Papanicolaou staining and immunofluorescence staining for
      chlamydial organisms were taken from 496 patients. A total of 61 (12.3%) of the
      patients had a positive culture for C. trachomatis. By immunofluorescence, the
      organisms were present as very small extracellular elementary bodies in mucus or
      as similar bodies in leukocytes; inclusions within epithelial cells were seen in
      only two cases. The organisms did not stain with the Papanicolaou stain.
      Chlamydial infection correlated with the degree of inflammation, with the
      presence of histiocytes and lymphocytes, especially large "transformed"
      lymphocytes, and with the presence of unidentified short bacteria, which stained
      red with the Papanicolaou stain. These features predict which patients should be
      tested more definitively for the presence of chlamydial organisms. However, we
      found no cytologic criteria that can reliably permit its diagnosis.

PMID- 2413671
TI  - Cytomorphologic and immunocytochemical studies of chlamydial infections in
      cervical smears.
AB  - A total of 872 cells in 183 Papanicolaou-stained cervical smears morphologically
      suspected of harboring chlamydial infections were cytologically investigated in
      an attempt to differentiate the morphologic features of chlamydial infection from
      those of mucus vacuoles or bacterial infection. The observed inclusions were
      classified according to their morphologic appearance and their staining by a
      Chlamydia-specific peroxidase-antiperoxidase stain and by the periodic acid
      Schiff technique. Immunoperoxidase-positive inclusions were detected in 201 cells
      from 13 cases; 200 (99.5%) of these cells contained "nebular" inclusions while 1
      cell (0.5%) contained multiple inclusions with homogeneous central target
      formation. These findings suggest that nebular-type inclusions may be the key
      morphologic finding for the identification of chlamydial infection and that the
      application of an immunoperoxidase staining technique on the destained
      Papanicolaou preparation may be useful for the diagnosis of equivocal inclusions.

PMID- 2413672
TI  - Confirmation of genital herpes simplex viral infection by an immunoperoxidase
      technique.
AB  - Over the 12-month period from April 1984 to April 1985, 512,000 gynecologic
      (Papanicolaou) smears were examined in the Provincial Screening Program in
      British Columbia. During this time, 307 patients were found to have smears that
      contained cells consistent with, or suggestive of, a herpes simplex viral (HSV)
      infection. The Papanicolaou-stained smears from these 307 cases were subsequently
      restained, without prior destaining, using an immunoperoxidase technique specific
      for type 2 HSV (HSV-2) and cross reactive with HSV-1. Of the 205 smears
      containing cells considered to be consistent with a herpes infection, 187 were
      positive using the immunoperoxidase technique. Of the 102 smears showing reactive
      cell changes though unlikely to be causes by an HSV infection, only 5 were
      positive using the immunoperoxidase technique. The results show that the
      immunoperoxidase technique is a rapid and reliable method of confirming a
      suspected diagnosis of herpetic infection and that it is particularly useful in
      those patients in whom the Papanicolaou smear findings are equivocal.

PMID- 2413673
TI  - Diagnosis of herpes simplex virus in routine smears by an immunoperoxidase
      technique.
AB  - Routine Papanicolaou-stained cervicovaginal smears from 59 patients were
      cytologically screened for herpetic infection. Forty-one of the smears were
      positive for herpes, 2 were suspicious and 16 were negative. All 59 slides were
      then destained and restained by a commercial immunoperoxidase kit for the
      detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV). The immunoperoxidase stain was positive
      in 23 of the 41 cytologically positive slides. One of the 2 cytologically
      suspicious slides was also immunoperoxidase positive, as was 1 of the 16
      cytologically negative slides. This study indicates that immunoperoxidase
      staining is very specific but not quite as sensitive as routine Papanicolaou
      stained smears in the detection of HSV. The immunoperoxidase method is thus
      recommended for the confirmation of HSV cases rather than for the routine
      diagnosis of HSV infection.

PMID- 2413674
TI  - The recognition of Pneumocystis carinii in routine Papanicolaou-stained smears.
AB  - Using definite criteria it is possible to accurately evaluate routine
      Papanicolaou-stained cytologic smears for the presence or absence of Pneumocystis
      carinii. Strict attention must be paid to the cellular environment and the
      background material intimately associated with the cells. In 133 cytology
      specimens evaluated from proximal and deep bronchial washings and brushings, 71
      were considered positive for P. carinii and 62 were called negative. Ten of the
      latter were either unsatisfactory or equivocal. The 71 positives correlated in
      every instance with parallel Grocott methenamine silver-stained transbronchial
      biopsies or brushings. Fifty-one of the 52 satisfactory cytologic negatives also
      correlated with the biopsy and brushing findings. There was a single false
      negative. This high degree of correlation indicates that the Papanicolaou-stained
      specimen can be a valuable tool in the early diagnosis of pneumocystosis.

PMID- 2413675
TI  - Cytologic diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii infection by bronchoalveolar lavage
      in acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
AB  - Twenty-six patients with pulmonary infiltrates and suspected acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome (AIDS) underwent 29 fiberoptic bronchoscopies, including
      bronchoalveolar lavage. Seventeen of the 18 patients (94.4%) shown to have
      Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were diagnosed by examination of the
      bronchoalveolar lavage specimen. Minor complications occurred in 7 of 29 total
      bronchoscopies and included transient fever and hypoxemia. Bronchoalveolar lavage
      is a safe, easy and effective procedure for making the diagnosis of P. carinii
      pneumonia in patients at high risk for AIDS and should be included routinely when
      performing fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

PMID- 2413676
TI  - Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of tuberculosis.
AB  - Bacteriologic data and aspiration smears obtained by fine needle aspiration (FNA)
      biopsy for a series of 39 cases of tuberculosis were reviewed. Based on the
      morphologic features of the aspiration smears, the cases were divided into two
      groups: 18 cases in which distinct epithelioid granulomas were present and 21 in
      which no granulomas were found but large amounts of necrotic debris with variable
      numbers of polymorphonuclear cells, histiocytes and lymphocytes were present.
      Material from the FNA biopsy specimen was submitted for culture and fluorescence
      studies in 34 cases (15 with and 19 without granulomas). In the first group,
      auramine-rhodamine staining of smears was positive in 4 of 15 cases and
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated in 12 of 15 cases. In the second group,
      auramine-rhodamine staining was positive in 9 of 19 cases and culture was
      positive for M. tuberculosis in 16 of 19 cases. The results indicate that
      studying FNA smears by light microscopy and bacteriologic culture is an effective
      way of diagnosing tuberculosis.

PMID- 2413677
TI  - Charcot-Leyden crystals in pleural fluids.
AB  - Charcot-Leyden crystals have rarely been reported in serous fluids. We present
      eight examples of Charcot-Leyden crystals, all found in eosinophilic pleural
      effusions. The crystals were found in toluidine blue-stained wet films of pleural
      fluid after either the fluid or the wet film had stood for at least 24 hours at 4
      C.

PMID- 2413678
TI  - The value of immunoperoxidase staining for Chlamydia on Papanicolaou-stained
      smears.

PMID- 2413679
TI  - Collagen synthesis and degradation by epidermolysis bullosa fibroblasts.
AB  - Collagen synthesis was measured in fibroblasts cultured from the skin of six
      patients with epidermolysis bullosa simplex, from six patients with dystrophic
      epidermolysis bullosa and six age-matched controls without skin disease. Both
      groups of patients' fibroblasts synthesized approximately twice as much collagen
      (dpm/cell) as the controls. Synthesis of other proteins showed a smaller
      increase. Collagenase activity in culture media from four fibroblast lines per
      group was measured, using a 3H-collagen substrate, both before and after trypsin
      treatment to activate procollagenase. As expected, the dystrophic group had the
      highest activity (30% more than controls) and the result was little affected by
      trypsin: the enzyme appeared to be in active form. Enzyme activity in the simplex
      group was increased from 67% to 114% of control values by trypsin treatment. The
      excessive collagen synthesis in both dystrophic and simplex fibroblasts may be a
      consequence of their greater collagenase activity and suggests an unsuspected
      dermal involvement in epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Our data confirm an
      excessive secretion of collagenase by dystrophic fibroblasts but suggest that the
      enzyme's state of activation may be the important aetiological feature of the
      dystrophic disease.

PMID- 2413680
TI  - Acnegenicity testing in rabbits. An objective quantification method.
AB  - An objective method for the quantification of follicular hyperkeratosis is
      proposed for the rabbit ear assay of acnegenicity. The area (area%) of
      hyperkeratinized follicles, covering a stereomicroscopic photo of the epidermis,
      is proposed for the quantification of the response. The uniformity of two
      observers' quantification was evaluated in six tested formulations. The
      quantification of the response in area% was found to be a suitable and objective
      alternative to visual scoring on a graded scale. The median relative difference
      between two observers' area%-quantification was found to be 26%, and there was no
      statistically significant difference between the two observers' quantification (p
      greater than 0.10). An area% of 2, 7, and 15 is preliminarily suggested to be
      equivalent to the lower limit for scores 1, 2 and 3 respectively.

PMID- 2413681
TI  - The effect of cyclophosphamide on the toxic contact reaction to croton oil in
      guinea pig.
AB  - Cyclophosphamide is a cytostatic agent used clinically and in experimental
      studies for its immunosuppressant effect. Effects on the afferent and efferent
      limb of the contact allergic reaction have been shown. The substance has also non
      specific, anti-inflammatory effects and these were investigated in this paper by
      studying the effects of single doses of cyclophosphamide on the toxic contact
      reaction to croton oil (a non-specific inflammatory reaction) in guinea pig.
      Counting of the dermal cellular infiltrate showed that mononuclear and
      granulocyte counts decreased in a dose-dependent fashion after cyclophosphamide
      administration. Erythema and oedema in the test reactions decreased generally,
      although at the highest dose a paradoxical increase was seen.

PMID- 2413682
TI  - Antigliadin antibodies and gluten-free diet in dermatitis herpetiformis.
AB  - IgA and IgG class antigliadin antibodies (AGA) were analysed with ELISA technique
      from serum samples of 30 dermatitis herpetiformis patients. Jejunal biopsies were
      performed to all patients before any treatment and high levels of IgA class AGA
      were found to be associated with subtotal villous atrophy. Fourteen patients
      started gluten-free diet (GFD) which caused a significant decrease in both IgA
      and IgG class AGA. The decrease of IgA AGA was faster than that of IgG AGA and
      IgA antibody levels fell to normal range during the GFD treatment in all but one
      patient. In contrast, 5 out of 8 patients followed on normal died showed
      increasing IgA AGA levels and all of them had a rise in IgG AGA. IgA and IgG
      class antibodies to cow's milk were also measured in these patients but in
      contrast to AGA the diets had no clearcut effect on these antibodies.

PMID- 2413683
TI  - Pathogenesis of orally induced flare-up reactions at old patch sites in nickel
      allergy.
AB  - The flare-up reaction of old patch test sites following oral intake of antigen
      have been shown to be site and antigen specific reactions. Using enzyme and
      immunohistochemistry, the morphology of 6- to 8-week-old patch test sites, before
      and after oral challenge with nickel, was investigated. Before oral challenge,
      small scattered perivascular cell infiltrates consisting of macrophages, mast
      cells, T-lymphocytes, and OKT6+ dendritic cells were found in old patch test
      sites. In early and strong flare-up reactions combined with systemic toxicoderma
      like reactions, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lysed granular fragments from
      these cells were prominent. In slower flare-up reactions with little systemic
      involvement, T-lymphocytes predominated. We conclude that cells, probably
      macrophages, which are able to secrete inflammatory mediators promoting
      chemotaxis for polymorphonuclear leukocytes and/or T-lymphocyte proliferation,
      may play an important role in initiation of the flare-up reaction.

PMID- 2413684
TI  - Hand eczema in patients with history of atopic manifestations in childhood.
AB  - A follow-up study of two groups of individuals aged 24-44 years, with a history
      of severe and moderate atopic dermatitis in childhood (n = 549 and 406
      respectively), showed that the most common site of atopic dermatitis was the
      hands. The prevalence of hand eczema in the two groups was 41% and 25%
      respectively. The corresponding figure for a group of 222 individuals with
      respiratory allergy, but not atopic dermatitis in childhood, was 5%, and for a
      control group (n = 199), without family or personal atopy, 4%. In all four groups
      the majority of the patients had mild to moderate hand eczema. The fingers were
      the most common site in all groups. In 69%, 55%, 36% and 12% respectively, hand
      eczema was found simultaneously with other eczematous manifestations. Irritants
      were considered by 71-96% in the four groups to aggravate the hand eczema.
      Contact with various food substances, particularly proteins, was regarded by 38%,
      43%, 30% and 9% as an eliciting/aggravating factor. Dust was looked upon as an
      eliciting/aggravating factor by 25% and 20% of the individuals in the two groups
      with atopic dermatitis in childhood, but by no one in the control group.

PMID- 2413685
TI  - Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy: histopathologic study.
AB  - The microscopic findings in 31 biopsies of patients with polymorphic eruption of
      pregnancy are reported with a literature review. Cutaneous changes include edema,
      dermal lympho-histiocytic infiltrate and epidermal lesions. We have found a
      correlation between the intensity of the inflammatory response and the presence
      of epidermal involvement. In our opinion, the histopathological changes may allow
      an accurate diagnosis with the adequate clinical information. Direct
      immunofluorescence did not reveal immunoglobulin or complement deposits in the
      ten cases studied. It may help in the differential diagnosis with nonbullous
      herpes gestationis.

PMID- 2413686
TI  - Normalization of monocyte chemotaxis precedes clinical resolution of psoriasis
      treated with benoxaprofen.
AB  - Enhanced monocyte activity is present in psoriasis, and benoxaprofen is a drug
      that inhibits several aspects of monocyte function. To assess a potential
      pathogenic role of enhanced monocyte function in psoriasis, we determined
      monocyte chemotaxis and monocyte antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
      (ADCC) at week 0, 2, 4 and 8 in psoriatics being treated with benoxaprofen. In
      patients responding to benoxaprofen, normalization of monocyte chemotaxis
      occurred at week 4, before clinical resolution took place. A significant decrease
      of monocyte ADCC was also present at week 4, but it was only at week 8, when
      psoriasis had completely cleared, that monocyte ADCC was completely normalized.
      In patients receiving placebo or receiving benoxaprofen, but showing no or
      minimal clinical improvement, monocyte functions remained increased. These
      results are compatible with the idea that benoxaprofen may improve psoriasis by
      interfering with monocyte function.

PMID- 2413687
TI  - Treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus with etretinate.
AB  - Nineteen patients with different clinical subsets of cutaneous lupus
      erythematosus (LE) were treated with the aromatic retinoid etretinate. In 11 of
      them excellent or good treatment results were obtained within two to six weeks.
      Best response to etretinate therapy was seen in male patients with discoid lupus
      erythematosus. Etretinate should prove a valuable drug in LE therapy.

PMID- 2413689
TI  - Langerhans' cells in seborrheic keratosis. A clinical and ultrastructural study.
AB  - Skin biopsies from 10 patients with seborrheic keratoses were examined by
      electron microscopy for the presence of Langerhans' cells. Comparing seborrheic
      keratoses with normal skin of the same patient and with normal skin from
      controls, neither an increased number of Langerhans' cells nor an increased
      number of specific granules, Birbeck granules, nor abnormal Langerhans' cells,
      was found. Melanosomes in a Langerhans' cell were observed in 2 seborrheic
      keratoses, suggesting phagocytic activity of the Langerhans' cell.

PMID- 2413688
TI  - IgA class reticulin antibodies in dermatitis herpetiformis: a good indicator of
      jejunal damage.
AB  - Fifty patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) were examined. Reticulin
      antibodies (RA) were found in 34 (68%) patients; 25 (73%) of them had IgA class
      RA, seven (21%) had IgA and IgG class RA, and two (6%) had IgG class RA. A good
      correlation was found between the occurrence of RA and the presence of jejunal
      villous atrophy. Twenty-four (96%) of the patients with subtotal villous atrophy
      and nine (82%) with partial villous atrophy had RA as compared to only one (7%)
      of the 14 patients with normal jejunal mucosa. Gluten-free diet treatment caused
      disappearance of RA in every patient, suggesting that RA measurements can also be
      used in DH for monitoring adherence to the diet treatment.

PMID- 2413690
TI  - Scanning electromicroscopy of suction blister-roofs from psoriatic lesions and
      normal skin.
AB  - Suction blisters were raised on psoriatic lesions and normal appearing skin. The
      epidermis was separated at the epidermal-dermal junction. Scanning
      electronmicroscopy of the dermal side of the blister-roofs from normal looking
      skin and almost healed psoriatic lesions showed stellate cells probably formed by
      cytoplasmic extensions ending at desmosomes. In non-treated psoriatic plaques the
      cells were rounded and lacked the stellate extensions.

PMID- 2413691
TI  - Minimal effect of complete H1 receptor blockade on urticaria pigmentosa.
AB  - The effect of complete H1 receptor blockade on urticaria pigmentosa was studied
      in 6 patients. Astemizole 10 mg tds was given for 6 weeks to achieve complete H1
      receptor blockade and the response measured by change in force-weal response
      measurements using two different forces on a dermographic stylus and measuring
      response as weal diameter. Weal and flare reactions to 8 micrograms histamine
      were completely abolished by the astemizole but dermographic weal-force responses
      were reduced only by 12-15% indicating that histamine acting at the H1 receptor
      plays only a small part in the wealing of urticaria pigmentosa.

PMID- 2413692
TI  - Separate effects of topical indomethacin on the itch response and on the flare
      reaction induced by histamine in human skin.
AB  - The effects of topical indomethacin on histamine responses and histamine release
      were studied in 15 healthy volunteers. Three hours before testing, the
      indomethacin solution was applied under occlusion on one arm and the
      corresponding vehicle on the other. Solutions of histamine and the histamine
      releasing compound 48/80 were injected intradermally in both arms. Indomethacin
      treatment inhibited the flare reactions induced by histamine and compound 48/80
      to about 50%, whereas no influence was seen on the itch responses. Our results
      indicate that indomethacin has no effect on the release of histamine, but it
      selectively suppresses the histamine-induced flare reaction leaving the itch
      duration unaffected.

PMID- 2413693
TI  - Vitamin D metabolites in generalized scleroderma. Evidence of a normal cutaneous
      and intestinal supply with vitamin D.
AB  - Vitamin D metabolites in serum were analysed in 20 patients with generalized
      scleroderma. The concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was normal, however,
      significantly lower concentrations (p less than 0.05) were found in 7 patients
      with cutaneous calcinosis in comparison with 13 patients with no calcinosis.
      Concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 24-25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and vitamin D
      binding protein (Gc globulin) were all within the normal range. The 24,25
      dihydroxy-vitamin D level correlated with the duration of disease (r = 0.4453, p
      less than 0.05), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D tended to correlate (r = 0.3016, NS).
      The study strongly indicates that cutaneous synthesis, intestinal absorption and
      hepatic hydroxylation of vitamin D are not deficient in scleroderma. A relative
      but specific decrease in the renal hydroxylation to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, i.e.
      the active hormone, as the disease progresses and calcinosis occurs, is
      suspected.

PMID- 2413695
TI  - Spun glass hair: two cases investigated with SEM and TEM.
AB  - Two cases of spun glass hair have been investigated with SEM and TEM. The SEM
      studies confirm previous findings by other authors. The TEM investigations reveal
      a completely normal cross section appearance. These findings stress the need for
      investigation of the time sequence of the keratinization process of the different
      layers of the inner root sheath.

PMID- 2413694
TI  - Melanocyte metabolites in the urine of people of different skin colour.
AB  - The urinary excretion of 2 melanocyte metabolites was studied in normal people of
      different skin type. The sulphur-free indole derivative 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole
      2-carboxylic acid was excreted in larger quantities by people with genetically
      dark skin, whereas the excretion of 5-S-cysteinyldopa was not related to pigment
      type. No correlation between 5-S-cysteinyldopa and 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole-2
      carboxylic acid excretion emerged.

PMID- 2413696
TI  - Hairgrowth over the thenar and the sole in Mal de Meleda (Mljet disease).
AB  - Two males suffering from Mal de Meleda are described. Both had hairgrowth over
      the right thenar and one of them had hairgrowth on the sides of the right index
      and middle finger. In a third male a few black hairs over the right sole were
      seen.

PMID- 2413697
TI  - Childhood cicatricial pemphigoid with linear IgA deposits: a case report.
AB  - A 16-year-old boy with a bullous eruption from the age of thirteen, also
      presented symptoms of scarring conjunctivitis and involvement of oral mucosal
      membranes. Linear IgA deposits were demonstrated in the basement membrane zone in
      skin and conjunctiva. The eruptions improved during therapy with
      aldesulfonsodium, but complete remission was not obtained. Gluten-free diet did
      not significantly influence the activity of the disease. The described patient
      seems to fit in a recently described entity of chronic bullous diseases.

PMID- 2413698
TI  - Candidiasis: the isomorphic response.
AB  - Two uncontrolled insulin dependent diabetic patients had Candida albicans
      infection with the unique manifestation of erythematous scaling papulopustules at
      the sites of excoriation. In one patient, the clinical presentation suggested
      herpes zoster. Recognition of this picture and the contributing factors, i.e.
      Candida infected finger nails and elevated blood sugar will permit early use of
      appropriate antifungal therapy.

PMID- 2413699
TI  - Differential hepatotoxicity of two oral retinoids (etretinate and isotretinoin)
      in a patient with palmoplantar psoriasis.
AB  - A 64-year-old woman developed biopsy-proven hepatitis during oral treatment of
      severe pustular psoriasis of palms and soles with an aromatic retinoid,
      etretinate. The elevations in hepatic enzyme levels reappeared when etretinate
      was reinstituted 18 months later. Analysis of serum and subcutis showed normal
      therapeutic concentrations of the drug. Isotretinoin therapy, although apparently
      devoid of hepatotoxicity, was clinically only marginally effective. Evidence
      compiled from the literature suggests that etretinate-hepatitis is a drug
      specific reaction.

PMID- 2413700
TI  - Gingival hyperplasia by nifedipine. Report of a case.
AB  - We describe a case of gingival hyperplasia in a 36-year-old renal transplantation
      recipient treated with nifedipine for severe arterial hypertension. The
      appearance of the gingival disorder was probably related to nifedipine intake.
      Histologically, in addition to the findings of acanthosis, papillomatosis and
      connective tissue hyperplasia, there was also an important plasma cell
      inflammatory infiltrate.

PMID- 2413701
TI  - Photic responses of the retina at different ages. A comparative study using
      histochemical and biochemical methods.
AB  - The alkaline phosphatase and DNA-RNA activities in the retinas of young and old
      albino mice were determined histochemically after photic exposure. Different
      patterns between the two age groups were obtained for the alkaline phosphatase
      reaction before and after photic exposure. In the young animals, more retinal
      layers showed increased activity after exposure whereas in the old animals, the
      converse was true. DNA-RNA reaction revealed decreased DNA activities in the old
      animals 30 h after exposure. The results were also correlated with biochemical
      studies on the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose, dopamine and leucine.

PMID- 2413702
TI  - Cell types of the pars distalis of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus L.)
      adenohypophysis: cytological, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies. 3.
      Opiocorticomelanotropic cells.
AB  - Staining and histochemical methods, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy
      were used to individualize the opiocorticomelanotropic cells in the
      adenohypophysis of the non-hibernating hedgehog. One cell type was
      differentiated; its characteristics at the electron-microscopic level were
      presented. Immunofluorescence has confirmed the functional significance of this
      cell type and the validity of the denomination 'opiocorticomelanotropic cells'.

PMID- 2413703
TI  - Microheterogeneity of CSF alpha 2-macroglobulin in multiple sclerosis and other
      neurological diseases. A study performed by direct immunofixation after
      isoelectric focusing.
AB  - Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and serum alpha 2-Macroglobulin (alpha 2M) was studied
      in patients affected by Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and other neurological diseases
      (OND) using Isoelectric Focusing followed by direct immunofixation. In the serum
      a simple broad band has always been observed; inside it several more stained
      subfractions were sometimes detected. In 74.3% of MS patients and in 65.7% of OND
      patients the CSF alpha 2-M was divided in two major bands. One corresponded to
      that observed in serum and the other was more anodal. The significance of this
      finding is discussed.

PMID- 2413704
TI  - Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis: Refsum's disease.
AB  - Seven patients with Heredopathia Atactica Polyneuritiformis are described. There
      were 3 groups of clinical characteristics: first, congenital abnormalities such
      as skeletal deformities, unrelated to phytanic acid levels; second, signs and
      symptoms such as retinitis pigmentosa which come on slowly and are not directly
      related to the plasma phytanic acid level; third, lesions such as the neuropathy,
      rash and cardiac arrhythmias which can change quickly and are linked to the
      plasma phytanic acid level. Exacerbations of the signs in the third group are
      precipitated by a low calorie intake and mobilisation of phytanic acid from the
      adipose tissue. Poor vision is due not only to retinitis but also to small pupils
      which fail to dilate in the dark. The use of plasma exchange is discussed. With
      good dietary supervision it is possible to produce a considerable clinical
      recovery for the neuropathy.

PMID- 2413705
TI  - Antibody to glycolipid in a patient with IgM paraproteinemia and
      polyradiculoneuropathy.
AB  - Serum from a patient with IgM paraproteinemia and polyradiculoneuropathy,
      diagnosed as malignant lymphoma reacted specifically with a lipid component in a
      crude ganglioside fraction isolated from human peripheral nerve, but did not
      react with myelin proteins including myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). The
      reactive glycolipid migrated between GM1 and GD1a gangliosides on TLC, and there
      was no distinct band corresponding to this glycolipid on examination with
      resorcinol reagent. Antibody to glycolipid in this case may play a role in the
      pathogenesis of neuropathy.

PMID- 2413706
TI  - Immunoreactive keratin with foreign body reaction in anencephaly.
AB  - Keratinous material, in the form of epithelial squames often with foreign body
      reaction and dense gliosis, was demonstrated in all of ten cases of anencephaly
      by a sensitive and specific immunohistochemical stain. In some cases keratin was
      not recognized on routine histological stains.

PMID- 2413707
TI  - Methionine-enkephalin and substance P in the basal ganglia of normals, Parkinson
      patients, Huntington patients, and schizophrenics. A qualitative
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The distribution of methionine-enkephalin (ME)-like and substance P (SP)-like
      immunoreactivity in the basal ganglia of untreated schizophrenics as compared
      with normal control cases, and untreated Huntington and Parkinson patients was
      studied using the unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. ME but not SP
      was reduced in the pallidum of one of six schizophrenics. The remaining five
      cases showed no differences to the controls. In contrast, no or only very faint
      homogeneously distributed ME and SP was found in any part of the basal ganglia in
      Huntington's disease. In Parkinson's disease, SP immunoreactivity was within
      normal range.

PMID- 2413708
TI  - Inflammatory cells in 256 Walker tumour growing in the stomachs of rats.
AB  - The present study was undertaken in order to determine the relative number of
      inflammatory cells in Walker 256 tumour implanted in the gastric mucosa of the
      rat. Inflammatory cells were found in all tumours, the relative content ranging
      from 5-21 (mean 12%), which is comparable to findings in human intestinal
      tumours. Approximately 80% of the inflammatory cells were mononuclear
      (lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages); less than 20% were polymorphonuclear
      (neutrophils and eosinophils). Both the number of inflammatory cells and the
      composition of the cell infiltrates changed during the tumour growth. The highest
      proportion was found on day 6 after implantation. In addition to the inflammatory
      cells within the tumor parenchyma, a large number of inflammatory cells were
      found in the tumour stroma. Possible mechanisms for the inflammatory cell
      reaction within and around the experimental tumours are discussed.

PMID- 2413709
TI  - Distribution of type 1 and 2 blood group chains in normal and pathological
      odontogenic epithelium defined by monoclonal antibodies specific for Lea and H
      type 2.
AB  - This study describes the distribution of type 1 and type 2 blood group
      carbohydrate chains in human normal and pathological odontogenic epithelia and in
      epithelia of human oral mucosa. Odontogenic epithelium was examined from 12 fetal
      tooth germs, 25 ameloblastomas, 13 odontogenic keratocysts, 13 follicular cysts
      and 13 radicular cysts. Oral mucosal epithelia was studied from 12 fetuses and 10
      adults. Cell surface carbohydrates were detected using antibodies with reactivity
      for the blood group antigens A, B, type 1 chain Lea and type 2 chain H by an
      immunofluorescence technique. The expression of Lea and H type 2 chain in fetal
      palatal epithelium and only H type 2 chain in adult palatal epithelium suggests
      that a change in synthesis of blood group chains occurs during development. Type
      2 blood group chains (antigen H) were found in fetal tooth germs, type 1 (Lea) in
      ameloblastomas and both type 1 and type 2 in odontogenic cysts. These results
      indicate that a modulation in synthesis of blood group carbohydrates has occurred
      in ameloblastomas and odontogenic cysts as compared with the cells from which the
      lesions presumably are developed. It is suggested that ameloblastomas may be
      distinguished from odontogenic cysts by the inability of ameloblastomas to
      synthesize type 2 blood group chains and antigens A and B.

PMID- 2413710
TI  - Characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Serotypes, enterotoxins,
      adhesion fimbriae, and the presence of plasmids.
AB  - Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of human and procine origin were characterized
      with respect to their O and H antigens, fimbrial antigens, and type of
      enterotoxin produced. Enterotoxin production was determined by bioassay (infant
      mice) and enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). The presence of genes coding for the
      enterotoxins was determined by DNA-DNA hybridization. The number and molecular
      size of plasmids in the enterotoxigenic strains were determined by gel
      electrophoresis. Strains with the same serological pattern showed different
      plasmid profiles and could thereby easily be separated. One strain of porcine
      origin possessed only one plasmid, but produced both heat-labile enterotoxin and
      the F4 antigen (formerly K88), which is an unusual combination.

PMID- 2413711
TI  - Effect of combined ethinyl estradiol and norgestrel oral contraceptives on
      hepatic functions of albino rats.
AB  - The effect of two different doses of ethinyl estradiol and norgestrel combined
      oral contraceptives (OCs) on hepatic functions of albino rats was studied for a
      period of six months. Combined OCs treatment caused an increase in glycogen, RNA,
      total lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol and free fatty acids contents of liver
      and liver microsomes and decreased the liver weight/body weight ratio and
      phospholipid contents. Liver aminotransferase activities were elevated in the OCs
      treated animals whereas alkaline phosphatase activity remained unchanged. The
      biochemical changes were found to be dose dependent. Thus the present study has
      shown that the combined OCs treatment for six months is associated with altered
      hepatic functions. The possible mechanism of such an alteration of hepatic
      functions on OCs treatment is discussed.

PMID- 2413712
TI  - Effects of some peptides on isolated human penile erectile tissue and cavernous
      artery.
AB  - Contractant and relaxant effects of four peptides known to occur in nerves
      innervating human penile vessels and erectile tissue, namely substance P (SP),
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and somatostatin,
      were studied in isolated preparations from the corpus cavernosum (CC), corpus
      spongiosum (CS) and cavernous artery (Acc). In addition, the actions of another
      peptide, arginine vasopressin (AVP), were investigated. In erectile tissue
      proper, SP induced concentration-dependent contractions. No effect of this
      peptide was observed in Acc segments. CC and CS preparations contracted by
      noradrenaline (NA) were relaxed by 30-40%; the effect in NA-contracted Acc
      preparations was inconsistent. AVP had a potent contractant effect in
      preparations from all the tissues studied, the effect being most conspicuous in
      CS strips. VIP was without contractant actions in any of the preparations. NA
      contracted preparations were relaxed by VIP, and electrically induced
      contractions inhibited. The inhibitory effect was particularly marked in
      electrically stimulated CC and CS preparations. NPY had no effects; somatostatin
      contracted Acc segments, and in high concentrations CC and CS strips. It is
      concluded that among the peptides studied only VIP has effects compatible with a
      role as a neurotransmitter in penile erection.

PMID- 2413713
TI  - Some effects of substance P on central respiratory control in rabbit pups.
AB  - Respiratory effects of substance P (SP) have been studied in rabbit pups (I-30
      days). Rabbits were either anaesthetized with urethane or decerebrated at mid
      collicular level. Respiratory activity was measured with a pneumotachograph or in
      some cases as efferent phrenic nerve activity. SP applied to the exposed medulla
      oblongata from the dorsal side caused an increase of both tidal volume and
      respiratory frequency. The respiratory stimulation was more pronounced in
      decerebrate animals than in anesthetized ones. Moreover, this effect was most
      prominent in the youngest animals. A SP analogue (D-Arg1-D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9, Leu11)
      SP was found to block the ventilatory effects of SP and to decrease the hypoxic
      response, while the hypercapnic response was preserved. The results suggest that
      SP is involved in the control of respiration, possibly mediating the hypoxic
      response, and that this role is more important in the neonatal period.

PMID- 2413714
TI  - Influence of acetylcholine, peptides, and other vasodilators on endogenous
      noradrenaline overflow and vasoconstriction in canine blood perfused gracilis
      muscle.
AB  - The effects of acetylcholine, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      (VIP) on the endogenous noradrenaline (NA) overflow were compared to those of two
      other vasodilators, nitroglycerin and felodipine, neither of which are thought to
      influence NA neurotransmission in blood perfused skeletal muscle. The lack of
      prejunctional effects of nitroglycerin was verified in vitro. The sympathetic
      nerve stimulation (SNS) evoked NA overflow was reduced by 37 +/- 9% by a dose of
      acetylcholine which reduced the perfusion pressure at rest by 44 +/- 6%.
      Conversely, atropine tended to enhance SNS evoked NA overflow. Acetylcholine
      reduced the vasoconstrictor responses to SNS when compared to the responses
      observed with an equipotent vasodilatory dose of, e.g. nitroglycerin. The SNS
      evoked NA overflow was not influenced by a moderate mechanical blood flow
      reduction or by pronounced reductions of vascular resistance induced by either
      substance P, VIP, nitroglycerin or felodipine, supporting the idea that the
      transport of NA from nerve terminal to blood is not importantly influenced by
      moderate decreases in blood flow or vascular tone. Prejunctional muscarinic
      inhibition of NA release in skeletal muscle was verified under in vivo
      conditions, but the other substances tested did not influence sympathetic
      neurotransmission. Endogenous NA overflow appears to mirror NA release in vivo
      also when diffusion is influenced by changes in blood flow or vascular tone in
      this experimental model.

PMID- 2413715
TI  - Cholecystokinin inhibits binding of substance P to pancreatic acinar cells.

PMID- 2413716
TI  - Sympathetic stimulation of amylase secretion during a parasympathetic background
      activity in the rat parotid gland.
AB  - The amylase secretion in vivo was examined in the rat parotid gland. A comparison
      was made between individual stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
      and simultaneous activation of both nerves. When sympathetic stimulation was
      superimposed on a parasympathetic background activity, amylase secretion was
      elicited at a frequency far below the threshold for secretion of fluid, and
      increased in a frequency-dependent way. This augmented amylase secretion, seen
      when the two nerves were activated at the same time, gave an amylase output which
      far exceeded the sum obtained at individual nerve stimulation. The sympathetic
      amylase secretion obtained in a background of parasympathetic activity seemed to
      be dependent entirely on beta 1-adrenoceptors. When high sympathetic stimulation
      frequency (3-10 Hz) was used a reduction in salivary flow was seen, which was
      accompanied by a reduced amylase output. This effect was counteracted by alpha
      adrenoceptor blockade. Isoprenaline, injected intravenously during an ongoing
      parasympathetic activity, was found to evoke an augmented amylase secretion in a
      similar way as sympathetic nerve stimulation.

PMID- 2413717
TI  - Blockade of substance P receptors inhibits non-nicotinic, non-adrenergic colonic
      contractions induced by stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic nerves to the
      feline large intestine.
AB  - Experiments were performed on chloralosed cats, pretreated with guanethidine and
      hexamethonium and with ligated adrenals. The motility of an arterially isolated
      colonic segment was monitored by a volumetric method. Colonic contractions were
      induced either by electric stimulation of the centrally cut lumbar splanchnic
      nerves, or by close i.a. injections of acetylcholine (ACh). Close i.a. injections
      of substance P (SP) were performed in order to test the degree of SP-receptor
      blockade. Blockade of colonic SP-receptors, either by close i.a. administration
      of large amounts of SP itself or by Spantide, a competitive SP-receptor
      antagonist, markedly reduced or abolished the neurally induced colonic
      contractions, while responses to ACh were unchanged. These results indicate a
      role for SP, or a closely related peptide, as an intermediate neurotransmitter in
      the neurally induced colonic responses. Thus, the present study gives support to
      the hypothesis that non-nicotinic, non-adrenergic colonic contractions, in
      response to electric stimulation of sympathetic nerves, are due to an antidromic
      activation of sensory neurons with peripheral excitatory collaterals which
      release SP, in turn activating the colonic smooth muscle, mainly via a muscarinic
      mechanism.

PMID- 2413718
TI  - Dual inhibitory actions of somatostatin on isolated gastric glands.
AB  - The growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone or somatostatin is a potent
      inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. In the present paper these inhibiting
      properties were tested on isolated gastric glands from rabbit fundic mucosae,
      prepared as according to Berglindh & Obrink (1976). Parietal cell activity was
      measured as [14C]aminopyrine (AP) accumulation and O2-consumption. Glandular
      histamine release was determined after condensation with o-phthalaldehyde and
      measured fluorometrically. In the gastric glands there are two possible main
      processes that can be inhibited, namely (1) the release of histamine from some
      endocrine cells and (2) the activity of the parietal cell itself. It was found
      that somatostatin acted on both mechanisms. Basal histamine release was, however,
      not affected by somatostatin while the release induced by pentagastrin (Pg) at a
      concentration of 3 X 10(-9) M, or acetylcholine (10(-5) M) was dose-dependently
      (10(-12) to 10(-6) M) inhibited by this peptide. Maximal inhibition, which was
      about 70%, occurred at a dose of 10(-8) M somatostatin. Somatostatin also
      depressed parietal cell activity induced by histamine (10(-6) to 10(-4) M),
      isobutyl-methyl-xanthine (IMX, 10(-5) to 10(-4) M) or the combination of IMX (10(
      5) M) and Pg (3 X 10(-9) M) Basal parietal cell activity was, however,
      unaffected. The IMX (10(-4) M) induced parietal cell activity in cimetidine
      treated (10(-4) M) glands was also depressed by somatostatin, which indicates an
      action directly on the parietal cell not mediated via H2-receptors.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413719
TI  - Pharmacological analysis of the mechanism of action for colonic contraction
      induced by neurotensin, substance P and methionine-enkephalin.
AB  - Infusion of neurotensin, substance P and methionine-enkephalin induces colonic
      contraction in the cat. The present study was performed to investigate the effect
      of various pharmacological blocking agents on colonic contraction evoked by these
      peptides infused by the i.a. or i.v. route. The contractions caused by infusions
      of neurotensin were blocked by tetrodotoxin (1 micrograms kg-1 i.a.),
      hexamethionium (10 mg kg-1 i.v.), atropine (0.1 mg kg-1 i.v.) or somatostatin
      (100 pmol min-1 i.a.), but not by haloperidol, methysergide, mepyramine,
      cimetidine or naloxone. The contractile effect of substance P on the colon was
      abolished by the substance P receptor antagonist (D-Arg1, D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9,
      Leu11)-substance P (70 nmol min-1 i.a.). No other blockers used, such as
      tetrodotoxin, hexamethonium, atropine, mepyramine, cimetidine, methysergide,
      naloxone or somatostatin inhibited the response to substance P. Methionine
      enkephalin produced a colonic contraction that was completely blocked by naloxone
      (1 mg kg-1 i.a.). Both atropine (0.1 mg kg-1 i.v.) and somatostatin (100 pmol min
      1 i.a.) reduced the contractile response. However, tetrodotoxin, hexamethonium,
      mepyramine, cimetidine and methysergide did not affect the response to methionine
      enkephalin. All adrenergic blockers tested, that is, guanethidine, propranolol
      and phentolamine, increased the contractile responses to the peptides. The
      results indicate that the colonic contraction induced by neurotensin is mediated
      via nervous cholinergic pathways. Substance P induces colonic contraction,
      probably by a direct effect on smooth muscle substance P receptors. Methionine
      enkephalin induces colonic contraction which could be blocked by naloxone.
      However, a cholinergic or peptidergic link may also be involved in the response
      to methionine-enkephalin.

PMID- 2413720
TI  - Histamine: the sole mediator of pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion.
AB  - Isolated frog gastric mucosa was used to study the effect of pentagastrin on
      histamine release and acid secretion. The release of histamine precedes that of
      acid secretion. The delay time and time of peak acid secretion occur later than
      during histamine stimulation. Short exposure (pulse) results in transient
      increases in both acid secretion and histamine release rates, while longer
      exposure (step) results in prolonged increases in both variables. Dose-response
      curves for pentagastrin pulses show that both the total amount of histamine
      released and the total amount of acid secreted are saturable processes,
      paralleling each other. Thus, the total amount of acid secreted is a function of
      histamine (released) exposure (M min-1) in the extracellular space. Repeated
      exposure will give multiple responses only if the time elapsed between the
      stimuli is long enough. The magnitude of the responses depends on the length of
      time intervals between the stimuli and the concentration of the stimuli.
      Simultaneously administered pulses of histamine and pentagastrin result in merely
      additive amount of acid being secreted. From these observations I conclude that
      pentagastrin-induced acid secretion can be understood solely in terms of its
      effect on histamine release and that depletion of histamine stores is responsible
      for the observed refractoriness.

PMID- 2413721
TI  - Cation exchanger properties of isolated rat peritoneal mast cell granules.
AB  - The synthetic carboxylic cation exchanger resin Amberlite IRC-50 was charged with
      histamine by suspension in histamine-containing solution with admixture of
      [14C]histamine. Mast cell granules were isolated from mast cells suspended in
      isotonic sucrose. The release of histamine induced from the two materials by
      superfusion with isotonic NaCl and KCL solutions showed identical kinetics, in
      accordance with the view that the release of histamine is due to a cation
      exchange: Na+ (K+) in equilibrium Hi+ at carboxyl groups in the granule heparin
      protein complex.

PMID- 2413722
TI  - The calcium antagonist, nicardipine, inhibits antigen-stimulated and anti-IgE
      induced histamine release from basophilic leucocytes of atopic asthmatics.
AB  - The inhibitory effect of nicardipine, a calcium antagonist, on the antigen- and
      anti-IgE-induced histamine release from basophilic leucocytes of patients with
      bronchial asthma was examined. The agent significantly inhibited both antigen
      stimulated and anti-IgE-induced histamine release from basophils (the maximum
      percent inhibition was 57.8 +/- 7.2% and 56.0 +/- 8.8%, respectively). Pre
      incubation of basophils with nicardipine for periods of up to 120 min did not
      alter the inhibitory effect. These results suggest that nicardipine modifies the
      histamine release from basophils which closely participate in an attack of
      bronchial asthma.

PMID- 2413723
TI  - Serum and urinary ferritin levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - The serum and urinary ferritin levels in 52 RA patients were measured by the 2
      site immunoradiometric assay method. Serum ferritin levels in RA patients
      correlated with C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
      but not with serum iron levels and hemoglobin concentrations, although they were
      within the normal range. High serum ferritin levels were associated with sera
      with hyper gamma-globulin and rheumatoid factors. In sequential studies, serum
      ferritin changed in parallel with ESR, CRP and disease activity in a majority of
      the patients. The urinary ferritin levels and u/s ratios in some RA patients were
      higher than control values. Higher values were found particularly in the group of
      patients under gold therapy but not in groups under other treatments.

PMID- 2413724
TI  - [Transrectal echography of the prostate: technic and indications].

PMID- 2413725
TI  - Community parental surrogates and their role for the adolescent.
AB  - Community parental surrogates and their role for the adolescent is explored
      against the backdrop of classical psychoanalytic theory, self-psychology, and the
      sociological prevalence of one-parent families. The rabbi/tutor and coach/umpire
      help resolve oedipal issues and promote the establishment of a cohesive self.
      Clinical vignettes illustrate how de-idealization by proxy may aid detachment
      from childhood love-objects and allow healthy partial identification with the
      same-sex parent.

PMID- 2413726
TI  - The development of specific antibody producing cells in the spleen of rabbits
      during the primary and secondary immune response.

PMID- 2413727
TI  - Antigenic phenotype of rodent follicular dendritic cells in vitro and in situ.

PMID- 2413728
TI  - Veiled cell lymphocyte interaction.

PMID- 2413729
TI  - A comparison between antigen-laden cells and dendritic cells in afferent and
      efferent lymph.

PMID- 2413730
TI  - Evidence for a clonal development of specific antibody forming cells in the
      spleen.

PMID- 2413731
TI  - The role of memory suppressor T cells in self tolerance: induction in utero and
      in athymic mice.

PMID- 2413732
TI  - In vitro growth and differentiation of rat B cell subpopulations.

PMID- 2413733
TI  - Resistance to the induction of T cell-mediated autoimmunity correlates with lower
      IL 2 production.

PMID- 2413734
TI  - Detection of antibody-induced feedback suppression in spleen cell populations of
      primed and unprimed mice.

PMID- 2413735
TI  - Regulation of isotype expression in the immune response to type-2 thymus
      independent dextran antigens.

PMID- 2413736
TI  - The thymus in "bare lymphocyte" syndrome.

PMID- 2413737
TI  - The thymus in myasthenia gravis: an immunohistologic study.

PMID- 2413738
TI  - Histamine release from human basophils by pepstatin A.
AB  - Pepstatin A, a pentapeptide isolated from cultures of actinomycetes, induced
      histamine secretion from human basophils in the concentration range of 3 X 10(-7)
      to 10(-4) M. The characteristics of this reaction were similar to those of f-met
      peptide-induced histamine release: pepstatin A-induced release required Ca2+ and
      the release reaction was complete within 2 min at 22 or 37 degrees C, but did not
      occur at 4 degrees C. Release by both pepstatin A and f-met-peptide was
      reversibly inhibited by two non-releasing analogs of f-met-peptide, CBZ-Phe-Met
      and BOC-Met-Leu-Phe. Further, there was complete cross-desensitization between
      pepstatin A and f-met-peptide, while cells desensitized to pepstatin A released
      normally with anti-IgE and vice versa. A variety of pharmacological agents had
      similar effects on both pepstatin A and f-met-peptide-induced release (e.g., no
      enhancement with D2O; marked enhancement with cytochalasin B). We suggest that
      pepstatin A induces histamine release from human basophils by activating a cell
      surface receptor(s), also activated by the synthetic tripeptide f-met-peptide.

PMID- 2413739
TI  - Inhibition of IgE-mediated allergic histamine release from rat peritoneal mast
      cells by azelastine and selected antiallergic drugs.
AB  - The ability of azelastine to inhibit IgE-mediated allergic histamine release from
      the peritoneal mast cells of actively sensitized rats was investigated and
      compared with selected antiallergic agents. Azelastine added simultaneously with
      the allergic stimuli (ovalbumin, OA, 10 micrograms/ml + phosphatidylserine, PS,
      10 micrograms/ml) or preincubated with cells for 10 min prior to antigen
      challenge produced similar concentration-dependent inhibition of allergic
      histamine release. The IC50s (microM) following 10-min preincubation were as
      follows: azelastine = 4.8; astemizole = 86.3; ketotifen = 112.2; diphenhydramine
      = 133 and theophylline = 2040.3. At IC50 level azelastine was about 18, 23, 28
      and 425 times as effective as astemizole, ketotifen (newer histamine H1-receptor
      antagonists), diphenhydramine (a traditional H1-receptor antagonist), and
      theophylline (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor), respectively. Sodium cromoglycate
      in a concentration range or 1-1000 microM (0 or 10-min preincubation) failed to
      exert any inhibitory effect. These data showed that among six drugs tested
      azelastine is the most potent inhibitor of allergic histamine release from rat
      peritoneal mast cells.

PMID- 2413740
TI  - Difference in, and influence of the purification medium on, sensitivity and
      maximum response of peritoneal and pleural mast cells stimulated by certain
      polyamines.
AB  - The actions of the polyamines compound 48/80, poly-l-lysine and polymyxin B on
      rat pleural and peritoneal mast cell secretion have been studied. Unpurified
      pleural mast cells released more histamine than peritoneal mast cells when
      stimulated by submaximal concentrations of compound 48/80 and poly-l-lysine, but
      the same profile of response was observed with polymyxin B in both populations.
      Dose-response studies of peritoneal and pleural mast cells purified with Percoll
      and Ficoll and stimulated by polymyxin B showed a decreased sensitivity and
      decreased maximum response of peritoneal cells when Percoll was used. The maximal
      response of pleural cells and the sensitivity of peritoneal cells were affected
      only slightly by Ficoll.

PMID- 2413741
TI  - Activation of human basophils by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I. II. Alternative
      F(ab')-mediated mechanism.
AB  - We investigated the capacity of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (Cowan Staph A+)
      and Staphylococcus aureus Wood 46 (Wood Staph A-) to induce histamine release
      from human basophils in vitro. Cowan Staph A+ (3 X 10(6) to 3 X 10(8)/ml), which
      synthesizes protein A (Staph A), stimulated the release of histamine from
      basophils, whereas Wood Staph A- (3 X 10(6) to 3 X 10(9)/ml), which does not
      synthesize Staph A, did not induce histamine secretion. Soluble Staph A (10(-3)
      to 10 micrograms/ml) also induced histamine secretion from human basophils,
      Hyperiodination of Staph A, which destroys over 90% of the original Fc reactivity
      without altering the Fab binding site, did not alter this protein's ability to
      induce histamine release. The stimulating effect of Staph A was suppressed by
      preincubation with human polyclonal IgG and a human monoclonal IgM, which have
      F(ab')-Staph A reactivity. In contrast, rabbit IgG and a human monoclonal IgM
      possessing only Fc-Staph A reactivity did not inhibit Staph A activity.
      Preincubation with Staph A or Cowan Staph A+ resulted in complete cross
      desensitization to a subsequent challenge with homologous and heterologous
      stimuli. These results indicate that Staph A and Cowan Staph A+ activate human
      basophils by interacting with the F(ab')2 region of IgE and/or IgG present on the
      cell surface.

PMID- 2413742
TI  - Effect of rat and beta-human interferons on hyperacute experimental allergic
      encephalomyelitis in rats.
AB  - Human interferon-beta (human IFN-beta) and rat interferon (rat IFN) were
      evaluated on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats, a delayed
      cellular reaction resembling human multiple sclerosis (MS). Rat IFN was active by
      intravenous and intracerebroventricular routes. It decreased the severity of
      clinical symptoms of paralysis during the 22 days of the assay. Human IFN-beta,
      on the contrary, had no effect when similarly tested in this rat model.
      Cyclophosphamide delayed the onset of paralysis, but levamisole enhanced the
      severity of the EAE.

PMID- 2413743
TI  - The effect of long-term prostacyclin treatment on the protein, DNA and RNA
      content of rat gastric fundic mucosa.
AB  - The changes of gastric fundic mucosal protein, DNA and RNA content have been
      investigated during long-term (40 and 80 days respectively), prostacyclin
      treatment. It seems that a longer prostacyclin treatment induces a significant
      thickening of the gastric fundic mucosa. This phenomenon might be explained by
      the hyperplasia of matured cells. This assumption is strengthened by the results
      obtained checking the DNA and RNA-levels of the mucosa.

PMID- 2413744
TI  - [Effect of hyperthermic irrigation with bleomycin on prophylaxis of recurrence of
      bladder cancer].
AB  - Hyperthermic irrigation with Bleomycin of bladder at 43 approximately 44 degrees
      C for 3 hours after operation was performed in about 80 cases of bladder cancer
      from 1978, in our hospital. Bleomycin (90 mg) in 3,000 ml saline solution, was
      irrigated for 10 days postoperatively. No severe side effect was observed, while
      the complaint of a local side effect (bladder irritability) was made in 57.8%.
      Non-recurrence rate was calculated by the actual method, in 54 patients with
      bladder cancer which occurred initially. Non recurrence rate was 88.0% after 1
      year, 73.3% after 2 and 3 years, and 63.5% after 4 years or more. Recurrence rate
      per 100 patient-month was 0.98. On the basis of our observations, it was
      concluded that hyperthermic irrigation with Bleomycin was useful for the
      prophylaxis for recurrence of bladder cancer after removal of the tumor.

PMID- 2413745
TI  - [Androgen receptor and 5 alpha-reductase activity in the epithelium and the
      stroma of human benign prostatic hyperplasia].
AB  - An average of 20 X 10(6) nucleated cells were obtained from 1 g tissue of human
      benign prostatic hyperplasia by mechanical separation technique. Of these cells,
      96.2% showed acid phosphatase activity and this was 10 times higher than the
      remaining stromal fraction on a protein base. The total activity of 5 alpha
      reductase was 81 times higher in stroma than epithelium and the total activity of
      3(beta)-oxidoreductase was 29 times higher in stroma. Androgen receptor amount
      measured in total tissue, epithelium and stroma were 100, 29 and 62 fmol R1881/mg
      DNA, respectively. These results suggest that androgen metabolism takes place
      mainly in the stroma of human BPH tissue, and that BPH is probably the disease of
      prostatic stroma.

PMID- 2413746
TI  - [A study of prostatic tissue levels of cefoperazone].
AB  - Prostatic tissue levels of Cefoperazone (CPZ) were studied after the
      administration of 3 g of CPZ, in 16 patients with prostatic hypertrophy who
      underwent retropubic prostatectomy. The CPZ concentration in the surgical capsule
      at 60 min. after the administration of CPZ was about 2 times higher than that in
      the gland. As compared with the histological type of removed gland, the levels in
      the glandular hyperplasia were slightly higher than that in the fibromuscular and
      mixed type hyperplasia, but the difference was not statistically significant. CPZ
      was found to be effective for the treatment of post-operative and bacterial
      prostatitis, since the CPZ levels of prostatic tissue were considerably high and
      above the minimal inhibitory concentration level for most bacteria.

PMID- 2413747
TI  - [Continuous subcutaneous infusion of peplomycin for advanced prostatic cancer
      patients].
AB  - Continuous subcutaneous infusion of peplomycin was performed on 17 patients with
      metastatic prostate carcinoma, 9 of whom were refractory to conventional hormone
      therapy. Peplomycin was administered 5 mg daily through a newly-developed
      "microinfusion pump" for 14 consecutive days. This therapy was discontinued in 3
      patients at the cumulative dose of 35, 35 and 55 mg. The mean cumulative dose was
      84.7 mg. One patient who received 140 mg of peplomycin developed pulmonary
      fibrosis which was so mild that he recovered soon after the conservative therapy
      was instituted. There were no other episodes of pulmonary toxicities. Other major
      toxicities observed were anorexia (47%) and fever (41%). Of 15 patients who were
      evaluable with the response criteria of NPCP, 4 patients achieved objective
      partial regression (two for pulmonary metastases, one for bone metastases and the
      other for supraclavicular lymphnode metastases) and the other 11 patients
      remained stable. No progression of the disease was noted. Continuous subcutaneous
      infusion of peplomycin is advantageous over the bolus injection for increasing
      its anti-tumor activity as well as for decreasing its pneumotoxicity. It can also
      be performed for out-patients without difficulty. We believe this therapy should
      be incorporated in the multidisciplinary therapy of prostatic cancer.

PMID- 2413748
TI  - [Evaluation of the clinical effect of lisuride hydrogen maleate (SH-1072) on
      benign prostatic hypertrophy: on the clinical results and mechanism of action].
AB  - Lisuride hydrogen maleate (LHM, SH-1072), a dopaminergic agonist and therefore an
      inhibitor of prolactin (PRL) secretion, were administered to 12 patients with
      mild to moderate BPH in order to evaluate the clinical effectiveness. LHM was
      administered 75 or 150 mcg/day, po, for 20 weeks on the average. The status of
      micturition evaluated by score points and nocturnal frequency of urination was
      significantly improved, whereas objective responses such as on the amount of
      residual urine, size of the prostate gland, findings of urethrocystography and
      the length of prostatic urethra measured on the film were minimal. Serum PRL
      level have been reduced significantly through the therapy, and testosterone were
      unchanged. The mechanism of action of the agent on BPH and the surrounding tissue
      was discussed; reduced androgen effect on the prostate through lowering of PRL
      and anti-alpha-adrenergic activity or the effect through prostaglandin on the
      gland, the bladder neck and the posterior urethra would mitigate the symptoms.

PMID- 2413749
TI  - Effects of plant transfer ribonucleic acids on interferon production.
AB  - An optimal interferon (IFN) production was obtained at concentrations of 50
      micrograms/ml poly I:C and 2000 micrograms/ml DEAE dextran in Lpa cells. It was
      shown that methionine initiator tRNA (tRNAiMet) in a dose 50 micrograms/ml or
      crude tRNA (tRNAc) applied to Lpa cell during the stages of IFN induction, IFN
      induction and synthesis, as well as during IFN synthesis resulted in a continuous
      IFN production for up to 24 hr. Exposure of the cells to 150 micrograms/ml
      tRNAiMet during the stages of IFN induction and IFN induction and synthesis
      caused total inhibition of IFN production. This effect was partially observed
      only after the high dose of tRNAc. Addition of a high dose of tRNAiMet or tRNAc
      to cells during the synthesis stage caused no inhibition but prolongation of IFN
      production.

PMID- 2413750
TI  - Virion proteins and the perspectives of gene manipulations in vaccine
      preparation.
AB  - The achievements and perspectives of genetic manipulations are described aiming
      at preparation of first generation subunit vaccines based on the synthesis in
      bacterial and eukaryotic cells of full-sized virion proteins expressing the main
      antigenic determinants. The preparation of such vaccines in bacterial cells seems
      out of perspective in the case of influenza, human hepatitis B, foot- and - mouth
      disease and some other viruses due to the peculiarities of structure and
      synthesis as well as low immunogenicity of the monomeric form of virion
      polypeptides. However, biotechnological procedures using eukaryotic cells and
      higher eukaryotic vectors and in part also yeast cells allowed to obtain full
      sized virion proteins in a highly immunogenic state with good effects.

PMID- 2413751
TI  - Presence of interferon and antibodies to BK virus in amniotic fluid of normal
      pregnant women.
AB  - Paired samples of maternal sera, umbilical cord sera and amniotic fluids were
      tested for antibodies to BK virus (BKV) and for interferon content. It was found
      that two out of 14 pregnant women were antibody negative, the latter were
      estimated to be susceptible to BKV primary infection. In contrast, there was no
      foetal case among those which were at risk of foetal infection with BKV as judged
      from the presence of BKV antibody in maternal sera and interferon in the
      placentas. It might be hypothesized that BKV may be transmitted to the foetus
      only in the case of BKV primary infection of antibody-negative pregnant women
      with undetectable amount of interferon (IFN) in the placenta.

PMID- 2413752
TI  - Early protection to Junin virus of guinea pig with an attenuated Junin virus
      strain.
AB  - Inoculation of guinea pigs with attenuated XJO Junin virus (JV) strain confers
      protection against challenge with pathogenic XJ-JV strain starting as early as 3
      days post infection (p.i.). The protection increased continuously up to 100% by
      30 days p.i. Neither stimulation of non-specific cell mediated mechanisms by
      previous BCG sensitization nor circulating interferon (IFN) seemed essential for
      such protection. The early detection of the virus in guinea pig organs considered
      the site of primary JV multiplication suggests that early resistance phenomenon
      was attributed mainly to direct viral interference.

PMID- 2413753
TI  - Use of anabolic steroids by athletes.

PMID- 2413754
TI  - Serotonin content of foods: effect on urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic
      acid.
AB  - Using a highly specific radioenzymatic assay we determined the serotonin
      concentration in 80 types of foods. The following fruits had a high serotonin
      concentration (mean +/- SEM) expressed in micrograms/g weight: plantain 30.3 +/-
      7.5; pineapple 17.0 +/- 5.1; banana 15.0 +/- 2.4; Kiwi fruit 5.8 +/- 0.9; plums
      4.7 +/- 0.8; and tomatoes 3.2 +/- 0.6. Only nuts in the walnut or hickory family
      had a high serotonin concentration expressed in micrograms/g weight; butternuts
      398 +/- 90; black walnuts 304 +/- 46; English walnuts 87 +/- 20; shagbark hickory
      nuts 143 +/- 23; mockernut hickory nuts 67 +/- 13; pecans 29 +/- 4; and sweet
      pignuts 25 +/- 8. Ingestion of these fruits and nuts resulted in an increase in
      urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid excretion with no change in platelet serotonin
      concentration. The above foods should not be eaten while a urine is being
      collected for 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid analysis.

PMID- 2413755
TI  - Amylase isoenzymes in the acute abdomen: an adjunct in those patients with
      elevated total amylase.
AB  - The role of routine isoamylase determinations in differentiating acute
      pancreatitis from other causes of an acute abdomen with hyperamylasemia and/or
      hyperamylasuria was evaluated. Values were analyzed from a control group of 21
      patients with acute pancreatitis (group I) and from 100 consecutive patients
      diagnosed in our emergency department as having an acute abdomen (group II). In
      group I, 100% of patients had hyperamylasemia, hyperamylasuria, and a P
      isoamylase fraction greater than 0.75 of the total amylase value. In group II,
      50% of patients had hyperamylasemia and/or hyperamylasuria. Of these patients,
      44% had a P isoamylase fraction less than 0.75 of the total amylase value, a
      finding apparently incompatible with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis as
      identified by our control group. We conclude that routine isoamylase
      determinations in patients with an acute abdomen and hyperamylasemia and/or
      hyperamylasuria allows the differentiation from acute pancreatitis in 44% of
      cases.

PMID- 2413756
TI  - Immunohistochemical detection of alpha-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, and
      ferritin in formalin-paraffin sections from hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Paraffin sections of livers from 20 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were
      examined by a method using peroxidase antiperoxidase for the detection of alpha
      fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, and ferritin. Ferritin was detected in 70%
      of the cases, alpha-fetoprotein was in 50% and carcinoembryonic antigen in 30%.
      The incidence of the detection of these antigens was in accordance with the
      incidence of these antigens in the sera of patients with hepatocellular
      carcinoma. Moreover, these antigens were mainly expressed in the well
      differentiated type of hepatocellular carcinoma by the Edmondson's criteria. Our
      results also revealed that different antigens were usually present in different
      tumor cells, although some cells displayed two or more antigens simultaneously.
      These findings suggest that hepatocellular carcinoma cells are functionally
      heterogeneous, even if they appear histologically monomorphic.

PMID- 2413758
TI  - Discrimination of lexigrams and traditional orthography by nonspeaking severely
      mentally retarded persons.
AB  - The discriminability of two abstract symbol sets by nonspeaking severely mentally
      retarded persons was investigated. Symbol-naive and symbol-experienced subjects'
      responses to traditional orthographic letters and lexigram elements were compared
      in a match-to-sample task. Overall, subjects' responses to lexigrams were more
      accurate and faster than were their responses to traditional orthography.
      Responses to less complex combinations of elements or letters, however, were more
      accurate and faster than were responses to more complex combinations. On the
      basis of these data, we conclude that the perceptual features of lexigrams are
      easier to discriminate than those of traditional orthographic letters.

PMID- 2413757
TI  - Calcium antagonists in the treatment of hypertension.

PMID- 2413759
TI  - Biliary catheter care.

PMID- 2413760
TI  - Study of interferon production during pregnancy in mice and antiviral activity in
      the placenta.
AB  - Although the mortality rate after herpes simplex virus type 2 inoculation was not
      significantly different between pregnant mice and nonpregnant mice, systemic
      interferon production was very high during late pregnancy compared with that in
      nonpregnant mice. Antiviral activity was detected in placentas from all
      noninfected pregnant mice (80 to 320 U/ml in 20% suspension). The antiviral
      activity had a broad spectrum and was also effective in the cells of other
      species; an antiviral effect was shown even if the cells were treated after
      challenge with a virus. In addition, this activity was not inactivated by
      antimouse interferon-neutralizing antisera. The molecular weight of this
      placental antiviral substance was estimated to be 200,000 to 450,000 daltons by
      gel filtration, and it was inactivated by heat, acid, and trypsin. Noninterferon
      antiviral activity (40 to 80 U/ml) was also detected in more than half the sera
      (61.5%) of noninfected mice in late pregnancy.

PMID- 2413761
TI  - Failure of intraperitoneal adjuncts to improve the outcome of pelvic operations
      in young women.
AB  - An examination was made of the possibility that 100 to 200 ml of intraperitoneal
      32% dextran 70 and/or 0.5% hydrocortisone sodium succinate (randomized
      independently with similar volumes of Ringer's lactate solution) might help to
      lessen the postoperative formation of adhesions among patients undergoing
      surgical procedures for peritubal adhesions (n = 76), endometriosis (n = 27), or
      midtubal occlusion (n = 61). Patients in the first two groups who were given
      intraperitoneal corticosteroids were also given systemic steroids. Nonparametric
      comparison of median adhesion scores at operation and at subsequent laparoscopy
      showed that there was a poorer outcome with dextran than when dextran was not
      used in every subgroup except one (repeat salpingolysis after previous operation
      for adhesions), including first operations for adnexal adhesions (Mann-Whitney U
      = 200, m = 23, n = 26; p less than 0.05). The probability was small (p beta less
      than 0.002) that an important beneficial effect of dextran was overlooked.
      Systemic corticosteroids were associated with a consistent trend toward improved
      outcome, especially in patients who initially had few or no adhesions, such as
      those operated on for endometriosis (U = 2, m = 7, n = 4; p less than 0.025), but
      among patients with tubal resections and anastomoses with adnexal adhesions the
      use of intraperitoneal hydrocortisone alone was associated with a worse outcome
      (U = 15, m = 12, n = 8; p less than 0.02). Life-table analysis of the
      accumulating probability of pregnancy showed that no significant difference
      resulted from adjunct use in any group. The conclusion is that no empiric basis
      supports the use of intraperitoneal 32% dextran 70 or 0.5% hydrocortisone in the
      attempt to prevent peritoneal adhesions, but further investigations on the
      systemic administration of corticosteroids to decrease the formation of adhesions
      would be useful.

PMID- 2413762
TI  - Multiple recurrent serosanguineous retinal pigment epithelial detachments in
      black women.
AB  - Three middle-aged black women suffered recurrent, multiple, bilateral,
      asymmetric, serosanguineous retinal pigment epithelial detachments. These
      involved the posterior fundus with resolution and recurrences producing
      subretinal hemorrhages, vitreous hemorrhages, retinal pigment epithelial
      pigmentary mottling, and chorioretinal scars. Fluorescein angiography showed
      evidence of choroidal neovascular membranes, choroidal serosanguineous leaks, or
      both. Ocular inflammation was not evident. Systemic laboratory tests were
      noncontributory. The clinical pattern was not characteristic of any other entity
      producing serosanguineous retinal pigment epithelial detachments. The origin
      remains to be defined.

PMID- 2413763
TI  - Domain specifications of the construct tactile defensiveness.
AB  - A comprehensive list of descriptors of behaviors associated with tactile
      defensiveness in elementary schoolchildren was compiled as a preliminary to
      subsequent psychometric measurement of tactile defensiveness. This, the first
      phase of scale development, was accomplished in the following manner. The
      construct tactile defensiveness was defined, and a variety of behaviors related
      to the domain of the construct were collected. The list of behaviors was
      submitted to an expert for review. Descriptors of statements a child might make
      based on the behaviors were generated. Then, the list of descriptors was edited,
      and the remaining descriptors were rated by a panel of experts according to the
      degree to which the descriptor was associated with tactile defensiveness. Logical
      and computer analyses of the descriptors' ratings were performed. Of the 73
      descriptors specified, two were dropped because of cultural bias and 24 were
      dropped because they were not rated by the experts as being associated with
      tactile defensiveness. This paper discusses the importance of the remaining list
      of 47 descriptors for subsequent research and delineates appropriate clinical use
      of those descriptors.

PMID- 2413764
TI  - Comparison of antigenic targets involved in antibody-mediated membranous
      glomerulonephritis in the mouse and rat.
AB  - Membranous glomerulonephritis in the mouse can be induced by a single injection
      of an antiserum against homologous, pronase-digested, renal tubular antigens
      (TAPron). In indirect immunofluorescence studies on normal mouse and rat kidneys
      it has now been found that the antiserum reacts strongly with the visceral
      epithelia of the mouse in a homogeneous pattern, while a faint granular staining
      is seen in the rat glomerulus against a homogeneous background. After injection
      in rats, a classic passive Heymann nephritis could be induced. By
      immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled rat renal brush borders (BB) it could be
      shown that anti-TAPron antisera contain antibodies to 330-kd and 90-kd BB
      proteins expressed by rat glomeruli. With the use of two monoclonal antibodies
      specific for the 330- and 90-kd proteins the homogeneous binding observed in rat
      and mouse glomeruli could be related to the 90-kd antigen, whereas the coarse
      irregular staining observed in rat glomeruli was only related to the 330-kd
      antigen. Immunoglobulins eluted from glomeruli of rats bound to rat glomeruli and
      reacted only with the 330-kd protein. They did not bind to mouse glomeruli.
      Discrete localization in coated pits, multivesicular bodies, and endoplasmic
      reticulum of the visceral epithelia was seen in immunoelectron-microscopy. The
      results presented thus demonstrate that immune deposits induced in the rat by
      anti-TAPron antibodies are related to antibodies specific for the 330-kd antigen,
      ie, the classic Heymann antigen. By contrast, immune deposits observed in the
      mouse are related to antibodies specific for a 90-kd protein.

PMID- 2413765
TI  - Detection of hidden nephritogenic antigen determinants in human renal and
      nonrenal basement membranes.
AB  - The reactivity of 10 human anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) autoantibodies
      with basement membrane antigens of human adult and infant kidney, lung, placenta,
      and skin was examined by ELISA and immunofluorescence microscopy. All
      autoantibodies were previously shown to react with adult kidney by indirect
      immunofluorescence and with collagenase-digested adult GBM by ELISA. Four
      antibodies (group A) were positive on infant and fetal kidney sections by
      immunofluorescence, and six antibodies were negative (group B). By ELISA both
      groups of antibodies were reactive with collagenase digests of infant GBM. After
      denaturation with 6M urea (pH 3.5) infant and fetal kidney sections reacted with
      group B autoantibodies by immunofluorescence, which indicated that the antigen(s)
      was masked. Hidden antigenic determinants in lung, placenta, and skin were
      reactive with groups A and B autoantibodies only after acid urea denaturation of
      tissue sections. Within each group variability in reactivity of autoantibodies
      with basement membranes suggested further heterogeneity.

PMID- 2413766
TI  - Myelin basic protein and P2 protein are not immunohistochemical markers for
      Schwann cell neoplasms. A comparative study using antisera to S-100, P2, and
      myelin basic proteins.
AB  - Immunohistochemical localization of tissue specific or cell-specific antigenic
      markers in neoplastic cells has become an increasingly important tool in the
      pathologic diagnosis of tumors. The myelin-specific proteins of peripheral
      nervous system myelin, because they are normally synthesized in Schwann cells,
      are potentially useful markers for neoplasms arising from peripheral nerves. The
      authors carried out immunohistochemical studies on 18 cases of Schwann cell
      neoplasms, including schwannomas, neurofibromas, and granular cell tumors, to
      determine whether two myelin-specific proteins, myelin basic protein and P2
      protein, were present in neoplastic Schwann cells. None of these tumors showed
      immunostaining for either myelin basic protein or P2 protein in neoplastic cells.
      In contrast, S-100 protein, which is a well established marker for normal and
      neoplastic Schwann cells, was localized by immunohistochemistry to neoplastic
      cells in all 18 neoplasms. Therefore, although myelin basic protein and P2
      protein are known to be Schwann-cell-specific proteins, they do not appear to be
      expressed commonly in neoplastic Schwann cells.

PMID- 2413767
TI  - Microcirculation in periportal and pericentral regions of lobule in perfused rat
      liver.
AB  - A noninvasive method was developed to quantitate the vascular space and the
      fraction of fluid entering the liver via the hepatic artery or portal vein in
      periportal and pericentral regions of the lobule. Fluorescence of fluorescein
      dextran measured with a light guide placed on the surface of livers perfused via
      the portal vein in situ correlated closely with liver vascular space (r = 0.85).
      Thus, fluorescein-dextran fluorescence can be used to measure vascular space.
      Livers were then perfused simultaneously via the hepatic artery and portal vein
      at flow rates of 8 and 24 ml/min, respectively. Fluorescein-dextran (12 microM)
      was infused via the hepatic artery and portal vein separately or simultaneously.
      The sum of fluorescence increases due to fluorescein-dextran infused via the
      artery and vein equaled the increases due to simultaneous infusion via the artery
      and vein. From these measurements, the fraction of fluid that entered the
      vascular space via the artery or the portal vein was calculated. Vascular space
      was similar in hilar and tip areas of the left lateral lobe; however, threefold
      more fluid entered the liver via the hepatic artery in hilar regions than in tip
      areas. Micro-light guides were placed on periportal and pericentral areas of the
      liver lobule to monitor fluorescein-dextran fluorescence. Fluorescence changes
      indicated that the vascular space was about twice as large in pericentral as in
      periportal areas, whereas the fraction of fluid that entered the liver via the
      hepatic artery was similar in both regions. In addition, morphometric analysis of
      sections of liver indicated that the vascular space was 60% greater in
      pericentral than periportal regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413768
TI  - Intracellular mediators of Na+-K+ pump activity in guinea pig pancreatic acinar
      cells.
AB  - The involvement of Ca2+ and cyclic nucleotides in neurohormonal regulation of Na+
      K+-ATPase (Na+-K+ pump) activity in guinea pig pancreatic acinar cells was
      investigated. Changes in Na+-K+ pump activity elicited by secretagogues were
      assessed by [3H]ouabain binding and by ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake. Carbachol
      (CCh) and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) each stimulated both ouabain
      sensitive 86Rb+ uptake and equilibrium binding of [3H]ouabain by approximately
      60%. Secretin increased both indicators of Na+-K+ pump activity by approximately
      40% as did forskolin, 8-bromo- and dibutyryl cAMP, theophylline, and
      isobutylmethylxanthine. Incubation of acinar cells in Ca2+-free HEPES-buffered
      Ringer (HR) with 0.5 mM EGTA reduced the stimulatory effects of CCh and CCK-8 by
      up to 90% but caused only a small reduction in the effects of secretin,
      forskolin, and cAMP analogues. In addition, CCh, CCK-8, secretin, and forskolin
      each stimulated ouabain-insensitive 86Rb+ uptake by acinar cells. The increase
      elicited by CCh and CCK-8 was greatly reduced in the absence of extracellular
      Ca2+, while that caused by the latter two agents was not substantially altered.
      The effects of secretagogues on free Ca2+ levels in pancreatic acinar cells also
      were investigated with quin-2, a fluorescent Ca2+ chelator. Basal intracellular
      Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was 161 nM in resting cells and increased to 713 and
      803 nM within 15 s after addition of 100 microM CCh or 10 nM CCK-8, respectively.
      Forskolin, secretin, and cAMP analogues had no effect on [Ca2+]i, nor did they
      either reduce or potentiate the rise in [Ca2+]i evoked by CCh.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413769
TI  - Action of pancreatic polypeptide on rat pancreatic secretion: in vivo and in
      vitro.
AB  - The biological activity of bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP) on rat exocrine
      pancreatic secretion was compared in vivo and in vitro. In anesthetized rats
      prepared with a bile-pancreatic duct cannula, BPP inhibited cholecystokinin (CCK)
      stimulated (10 IDU . kg-1 X h-1) protein secretion in a dose-related manner (P
      less than 0.001). CCK, from 5-20 IDU . kg-1 X h-1, did not alter the degree of
      inhibition by BPP at 40 micrograms . kg-1 X h-1, suggesting a nonsurmountable
      inhibition. Analogues of BPP, including rat pancreatic polypeptide, neuropeptide
      Y, peptide YY, and the C-terminal hexapeptide of PP, also inhibited CCK
      stimulated protein secretion. To determine whether BPP acts directly on acinar
      cells to suppress enzyme secretion, in vitro studies were performed. BPP and its
      analogues did not suppress octapeptide of CCK (CCK-8)-stimulated amylase release
      from either isolated rat pancreatic acini or preparations of pancreatic lobules.
      Specific binding of 125I-BPP to pancreatic acini was also not observed. From our
      data we conclude that BPP acts to inhibit pancreatic enzyme secretion in the rat
      in a noncompetitive manner. Absence of an effect by BPP or its analogues in vitro
      coupled with an absence of 125I-BPP binding to acini suggest that the inhibitory
      action of PP on exocrine pancreatic function is mediated by indirect mechanisms.

PMID- 2413770
TI  - Nature of elevated rat intestinal carbohydrase activities after high-carbohydrate
      diet feeding.
AB  - Adult rats that were maintained on a low-carbohydrate intake showed rapid
      increase in the activities of sucrase, maltase, and lactase along the length of
      the small intestine when they were fed a high-starch diet. In the present study,
      we have identified these activity increases, and showed that they reflect
      proportional accumulations in enzyme-protein of sucrase-isomaltase (EC 3.2.1.10,
      3.2.1.48), maltase-glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.20), and neutral lactase (EC 3.2.1.23).
      It was determined that each of these enzymes exists in adult rat intestine in
      single immunoreactive form and accounts as a group for all sucrase, cellobiase,
      and most maltase and lactase activities. Dietary change from low to high
      carbohydrate (starch) resulted in an increase in [3H]leucine accumulation in each
      of the enzymes, without a change in the amount of label accumulation in total
      intestinal proteins. The increase in label accumulation in the brush-border
      carbohydrase pools was matched generally by proportional elevation in the pool
      concentrations of sucrase-isomaltase and lactase but not maltase. These studies
      suggest that the elevation of intestinal carbohydrase concentrations induced by
      high-carbohydrate feeding may involve selective stimulation of their synthesis.

PMID- 2413771
TI  - Receptors for mammalian tachykinins on isolated intestinal smooth muscle cells.
AB  - The existence of receptors for three mammalian tachykinins, substance P (SP),
      substance K (SK), and neuromedin K (NK), was examined in smooth muscle cells,
      isolated separately from the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of guinea
      pig ileum. Tachykinin receptors capable of mediating contraction were present in
      muscle cells from both layers. The receptors were selectively blocked by the
      tachykinin antagonist [D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]substance P but not by muscarinic,
      gastrin/cholecystokinin, or opiate antagonists (0.3 nM atropine, 1 mM proglumide,
      and 0.3 nM naloxone, respectively). The rank order of potency of tachykinins in
      causing contraction, NK greater than SP greater than SK, was similar in both
      muscle cell types. The results obtained in isolated muscle cells were closely
      paralleled by results obtained in intact muscle strips; the main difference was
      the greater sensitivity of isolated cells to tachykinin agonists (250-fold) and
      antagonist (210-fold). The inhibitory dissociation constant (Ki) of [D-Pro2, D
      Trp7,9]substance P estimated from the displacement of dose-response curves
      (muscle cells) or from Schild plots (muscle strips) differed minimally or not at
      all, when either SP or SK was used as agonist, consistent with interaction of the
      two peptides with the same receptor subtype. The notion of a single receptor
      subtype in ileal muscle cells of the guinea pig was further supported by the
      occurrence of complete cross-desensitization between SP and SK in muscle strips.

PMID- 2413772
TI  - Active transport of chloride by lateral ventricle choroid plexus of the rat.
AB  - The nature of Cl transport and its relation to Na and K transport were analyzed
      in adult rat lateral ventricle choroid plexus incubated in cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) medium at 37 degrees C and PCO2 = 30 mmHg. In synthetic CSF (extracellular
      Cl [( Cl]o) = 130 mM), the intracellular Cl [( Cl]i) was three times that
      estimated for passive distribution. Choroid plexus [Cl]i was not determined by
      Donnan distribution because [Cl]i remained constant at approximately 50 mM while
      the [K]i/[K]o ratio was varied 10-fold by drugs and cation substitutions. A
      [Cl]i/[Cl]o ratio of approximately 0.38 was found when [Cl]o was varied from 15
      to 130 mM by isosmotic replacement of Cl with methyl sulfate or isethionate.
      However, the [Cl]i/[Cl]o ratio increased to greater than 1.0 when [Cl]o was
      lowered below 5 mM. Reduction in bath temperature to 15 degrees C (CSF PCO2 = 50
      mmHg) increased both [Cl]i/[Cl]o and [HCO3]i/[HCO3]o to approximately 0.6. SITS,
      an inhibitor of Cl-HCO3 transport, reduced [Cl]i by 18 mM, decreasing the
      [Cl]i/[Cl]o ratio close to the equilibrium value. In contrast, neither furosemide
      (10(-3) M) nor low CSF [Na]o (3 mM) reduced Cl accumulation. It is concluded that
      uphill movement of Cl into choroid plexus epithelium occurs primarily by Cl-HCO3
      antiport and not by Na-Cl symport.

PMID- 2413773
TI  - Cl-HCO3 exchange in choroid plexus: analysis by the DMO method for cell pH.
AB  - [14C]DMO distribution was used to measure steady-state intracellular pH (pHi) and
      [HCO3]i in adult rat choroid plexus (CP) incubated in synthetic cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) for 30 min. In controls at 37 degrees C, mean pHi (6.95 at PCO2 = 30
      mmHg) was close to corresponding in vivo values; and [HCO3]i/[HCO3]csf, i.e.,
      rHCO3, was 0.37. At normal [HCO3]csf = 18 mM, cell HCO3 was accumulated threefold
      above electrochemical equilibrium (as estimated from Em = -50 mV). [HCO3]i
      decreased proportionally with [HCO3]csf, as the latter was altered from 47 to 9
      mM; in severe extracellular acidosis [( HCO3]csf = 3.7 mM), [HCO3]i was not
      reduced further and so rHCO3 rose to 0.66. Except in low [HCO3]csf, acetazolamide
      and ouabain (10(-4) M) caused small depletion of cell HCO3. 4-Acetamido-4'
      isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid lowered [HCO3]i by 60%, thus
      decreasing rHCO3 (0.16) and rCl (0.25) to values close to estimated equilibrium
      distribution (0.15). Substitution of CSF Cl with isethionate resulted in marked
      alkalinization of pHi when [Cl]csf was depleted to 12 mM. Augmented PCO2
      associated with temperature reduction to 15 degrees C elevated [HCO3]i, thereby
      increasing rHCO3 (to 0.66) as well as rCl. Anion distribution ratios indicate
      heteroanion exchange in mammalian CP.

PMID- 2413774
TI  - Peritubular uptake and brush border transport of 28Mg by flounder renal tubules.
AB  - The uptake of 28Mg by isolated renal tubules of winter flounder,
      Pseudopleuronectes americanus, was studied by compartmental analysis. Two phases
      of uptake were seen in steady-state conditions. The slow-exchanging compartment
      was 46% of the total Mg content, and uptake into this compartment was saturable
      (Km = 0.36 mM) and inhibited by 10 mM CaCl2, dinitrophenol, and ouabain but not
      by furosemide, Na-free medium, or cytochalasin B. The fast-exchanging compartment
      was 5% of the total Mg, and uptake into this compartment showed sigmoid
      saturation kinetics (K 1/2 = 1.62 mM). The fast uptake rate was inhibited by
      dinitrophenol, ouabain, Na-free medium, 10 mM CaCl2, and furosemide but
      stimulated by cytochalasin B. 28Mg efflux from brush border membrane vesicles
      (BBMV) was stimulated by both an inside positive electrical potential generated
      by 100 mM KCl (out greater than in, in the presence of valinomycin) and by 100 mM
      NaCl (out greater than in). The latter effect was still present when the membrane
      electrical potential was short-circuited with 100 mM KCl (in = out) in the
      presence of valinomycin. Uptake of Mg by BBMV was stimulated by reversal of the
      aforementioned gradients. Both uptake and efflux were stimulated by A23187. BBMV
      uptake was inhibited by 10 mM CaCl2 and unaffected by furosemide. The
      relationship of electrical gradient-driven and Na gradient-driven Mg transport to
      the Mg secretory function of these tubules is discussed.

PMID- 2413775
TI  - Biochemical changes in the pancreas of rats with chronic renal failure.
AB  - Chronic renal failure (CRF) was produced in female Sprague-Dawley rats by 7/8
      nephrectomy. Creatinine clearance was depressed significantly (P less than 0.005)
      and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increased in CRF rats when compared with the sham
      operated (S) controls. CRF caused no apparent change in body weight but
      significantly increased pancreatic weight as well as increased DNA, RNA, and
      protein content. Pancreatic protein-to-DNA and RNA-to-DNA ratios were also found
      to be significantly higher in CRF rats than in the S controls. Trypsin-like
      activity and immunoreactive cationic trypsinogen levels were both increased in
      the pancreas of CRF rats, but not in their serum. On the other hand, protease
      inhibitory activity in the pancreas and serum was significantly decreased by CRF.
      The ability of the dispersed pancreatic acini isolated from CRF rats to
      incorporate [3H]-leucine into protein, in the absence and presence of 0.25 nM
      cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), was found to be lower than in the controls.
      Furthermore, discharge of both trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen induced by CCK-8
      was markedly reduced from acini of CRF rats as compared with the S controls. In
      contrast, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was released more readily from pancreatic
      acini of CRF. It is concluded that mild CRF produces hyperplasia and hypertrophy
      of the pancreas and lowers the responsiveness of acini to CCK-8 with respect to
      synthesis and secretion of proteins.

PMID- 2413777
TI  - BAY K 8644 potentiates and A23187 inhibits hypoxic vasoconstriction in rat lungs.
AB  - The susceptibility of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction to inhibition by Ca2+
      channel antagonists suggests that membrane depolarization and Ca2+ influx are
      components of the hypoxic mechanism. Recent characterization of BAY K 8644 as a
      1,4-dihydropyridine that facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated
      voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels provides a new pharmacological tool to further
      test this idea. Effects of BAY K 8644 on normoxic vascular tone and on hypoxic
      and angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction were examined in isolated rat lungs
      perfused with either blood or physiological salt solution (PSS) containing
      meclofenamate. Parallel experiments were performed with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187
      for comparison with a Ca2+-active agent that does not act selectively on the
      voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel. Addition of BAY K 8644 (10(-7) to 10(-5) M) to
      the perfusate did not alter base-line vascular tone of the normoxic lung, but it
      potentiated hypoxic and angiotensin II pressor responses. For example, addition
      of 10(-7) M BAY K 8644 to five PSS-perfused lungs increased the hypoxic (5% O2)
      pressor response from 8.7 +/- 2.1 to 19.5 +/- 4.2 Torr and the angiotensin II
      (0.1 micrograms) response from 2.1 +/- 0.4 to 6.5 +/- 2.0 Torr. In contrast,
      addition of A23187 (10(-7) to 10(-6) M) to the perfusate increased normoxic
      perfusion pressure and inhibited hypoxic vasoconstriction. The respective effects
      of BAY K 8644 and A23187 were essentially the same in both blood- and PSS
      perfused lungs. These results indicate that a Ca2+ channel facilitator and a Ca2+
      ionophore have diametric effects on pulmonary vasoreactivity. The marked
      potentiation of hypoxic vasoconstriction by BAY K 8644 supports the idea that
      activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels is an important component of the
      mechanism of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2413776
TI  - A double-membrane model for urinary bicarbonate secretion.
AB  - To define the transport pathway for HCO-3 secretion (JHCO3) across the apical and
      basolateral membranes of turtle bladder, we examined the effects of cAMP,
      isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), the Cl- channel blocker 9-anthroic acid (9-AA),
      and the disulfonic stilbene DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-sulfonic acid)
      on the electroneutral and electrogenic components of JHCO3. Total JHCO3 was
      measured by pH stat titration of the mucosal compartment after Na+ absorption and
      H+ secretion were abolished by ouabain and a delta pH, respectively. Addition of
      cAMP or IBMX increased total JHCO3 and induced a short-circuit current (ISC),
      accounting for a large part of JHCO3; net Cl- absorption was reduced. Mucosal 9
      AA inhibited the IBMX-induced electrogenic component of JHCO3, whereas mucosal
      DIDS inhibited the electroneutral component and acetazolamide reduced both. We
      suggest that HCO-3 is generated within the cell by a Na-independent primary
      active acid-base transport at the basolateral membrane (H+ extrusion into the
      serosal compartment). Cellular HCO-3 accumulation drives JHCO3 via a Cl-HCO3
      exchanger at the luminal membrane. IBMX and cAMP activate a 9-AA-sensitive anion
      conductance parallel to the exchanger. The apparent reversal of the transport
      elements between the two cell membranes (compared with H+-secreting cells) led to
      an ultrastructural examination of the carbonic anhydrase-rich cells.

PMID- 2413778
TI  - Arteriolar responses to norepinephrine and ouabain in early 1-kidney, 1-clip
      hypertension in rats.
AB  - We assessed the role of putative circulating ouabainlike factors on in vivo
      arteriolar function in rats with very early (less than or equal to 7 days, mean 3
      days), benign, one-kidney, one-clip (1K1C) hypertension. Thus we measured
      vascular responses in vasodilated (nitroprusside or adenosine), vascularly
      isolated, innervated hindlimb vascular beds of chloralose-anesthetized 1K1C rats
      perfused with their own blood at 1 ml/min. Complete dose-response curves to
      norepinephrine in 19 1K1C compared with 25 uninephrectomized (1K) normotensive
      control rats showed unchanged thresholds and 50% effective dosages. Magnitude of
      ouabain-induced leftward shifts of the dose-response curve in 29 1K1C and 30 1K
      rats were similar. In 1K1C, compared with 1K, limb resting resistance was
      elevated by 45% (P less than 0.001), and limb resistance at maximal vasodilation
      was elevated by 15% (P less than 0.02). These results provide no evidence in this
      form and stage of hypertension that humoral ouabainlike inhibitors of the sodium
      potassium pump evoke physiologically significant inotropic effects in arterioles
      in vivo. However, the results suggest that significant increases in arteriolar
      wall-to-lumen ratio occur in the earliest stages (3 days) of hypertension and
      probably contribute to the elevated resistance.

PMID- 2413779
TI  - Preliminary isolation of mosquito natriuretic factor.
AB  - A natriuretic factor that triggers diuresis in isolated Malpighian tubules of the
      mosquito was isolated from the head of the yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti by
      passing a saline extract of mosquito heads through low-pressure and then high
      pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns. Three fractions with biologic
      activity eluted during a reverse-phase HPLC linear acetonitrile gradient run.
      Fraction I depolarized the transepithelial voltage (Vt) of isolated perfused
      Malpighian tubules but did not not stimulate fluid secretion in the Ramsay assay
      (J. A. Ramsay, J. Exp. Biol. 31: 104-113, 1954). Fraction II depolarized and
      fraction III hyperpolarized Vt, and both stimulated fluid secretion three- to
      fourfold. Even though the effects of fractions II and III on Vt differed, both
      stimulated fluid secretion by increasing the rate of NaCl secretion without
      affecting K secretion. The selective stimulation of active secretory Na transport
      by fraction III is mimicked by cyclic AMP (cAMP), suggesting the second messenger
      role of cAMP in the effects of fraction III. Because fraction III stimulates a
      NaCl-rich, as opposed to KCl-rich, fluid, the term mosquito natriuretic factor is
      proposed for this active fraction.

PMID- 2413780
TI  - Potentiation of nerve-induced bladder contractions after calcium channel
      blockade.
AB  - The potentiation of nerve-induced bladder contractions (NIC) by
      tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA), K+, or carbachol could result from a greater
      Ca2+ entry through Ca2+ channels in the muscle or from a greater release of
      transmitter by nerve terminals. Contractions of equal magnitude by the rat
      urinary bladder in vitro were initiated by carbachol, K+, or transmural
      stimulation of urinary bladder motor nerves at 1 Hz. Contractions elicited by K+
      or carbachol were drastically reduced by verapamil (0.5 microM), but NICs were
      unaffected. Thus the role of Ca2+ channels in NICs seems uncertain. NICs are
      potentiated approximately 50% by K+ (15 mM), carbachol (0.5 microM), or 4
      aminopyridine (0.2 mM) and over twofold by TEA (5 mM). Although verapamil (1-5
      microM) reduced NICs in a dose-dependent relation, potentiation by each compound
      was the same. Thus Ca2+ channels probably play no role in potentiation. The
      resistance of the bladder to distention reflects its viscoelasticity and is Ca2+
      sensitive. Because viscoelasticity was decreased by verapamil coincident with the
      reduction in NICs, both may result from lowered intracellular Ca2+ (Cai2+).
      However, because the potentiating compounds failed to restore bladder
      viscoelasticity, they probably did not elevate Cai2+. Therefore, in verapamil
      treated preparations potentiation is most probably caused by an enhancement of
      transmitter release.

PMID- 2413781
TI  - Whole-body calcium flux rates in cichlid teleost fish Oreochromis mossambicus
      adapted to freshwater.
AB  - Radiotracer techniques were used to measure influx and efflux rates of Ca2+ in
      freshwater-adapted Oreochromis mossambicus. The influx rate of Ca2+ is related to
      body weight (W) as Fin = 50W0.805 nmol Ca2+/h. For a 20-g fish the calculated
      influx rate was 558 nmol Ca2+/h, and this was attributed largely to
      extraintestinal uptake since the drinking rate was estimated to be only 28
      microliter water/h, which corresponds to an intake of 22.4 nmol Ca2+/h. The Ca2+
      efflux rate was calculated using the initial rate of appearance of radiotracer in
      the ambient water and the specific activity of plasma Ca2+. Tracer efflux rates
      were constant over 6-8 h, which indicated that there was no substantial loss of
      tracer in either the urine or the feces because this would have resulted in
      random bursts of tracer loss. Efflux rates then primarily represent integumentary
      and presumably branchial efflux rates. The efflux rate of Ca2+ is related to body
      weight as Fout = 30W0.563 nmol Ca2+/h, which means an efflux rate of 162 nmol
      Ca2+/h for a 20-g fish. The net whole-body Ca2+ influx, calculated as Fnet = Fin 
      Fout, was 396 nmol/h for a 20-g fish, which proves that the ambient water is an
      important source of Ca2+.

PMID- 2413782
TI  - An ultrastructural study of a sclerosing epithelial hamartoma.
AB  - The histological and ultrastructural features of a sclerosing epithelial
      hamartoma are described. By electron microscopy, epithelial cords formed by basal
      like cells and epithelial cysts with a pattern of keratinization similar to that
      of normal epidermis or of follicular infundibula were seen. By conventional light
      microscopy, continuities were found between the epithelial cords and the
      overlying epidermis. The stroma was found to be fibrous and contained some
      fibroblasts or possibly myofibroblasts with bundles of microfilaments. The data
      are interpreted with respect to the origin of the neoplasm, its line of
      differentiation, and its sclerosing behavior.

PMID- 2413783
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in open comedones following treatment of cystic acne with
      isotretinoin.
AB  - The primary change found in cellular material expressed from open comedones of
      patients who had been treated with isotretinoin was disintegration of desmosomes.
      Consequently, there was lack of cohesion between cornified cells. A marked
      decrease in the quantity of sebaceous material and bacteria was also evident
      within the comedones.

PMID- 2413784
TI  - Activity of allergenic proteins from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Comparison
      of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) and histamine release from washed
      leukocytes.
AB  - Two purified allergens from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dp 42 (identical to
      P1) and Dp X were studied for their ability to induce histamine release from
      washed leukocytes and to bind to IgE antibodies from the serum of 27 mite
      sensitive children. Almost all patients were demonstrated to be sensitive to both
      proteins by both assays. Dp 42 was found to have the highest allergenic activity,
      releasing histamine from leukocytes at a median concentration 10 times lower than
      for Dp X. There was a positive correlation between basophil sensitivity to both
      proteins and allergen specific serum IgE concentrations.

PMID- 2413785
TI  - Endotoxins enhance histamine release caused by bacteria and antigen.

PMID- 2413786
TI  - Three years' anaesthetic experience with the Groningen Nd YAG laser coagulation
      technique.
AB  - The use of the Neodymium YAG Laser technique in the palliative treatment of
      tracheo-bronchial tumors in 47 patients is described and the merits of the
      coagulation and anaesthetic techniques are discussed.

PMID- 2413787
TI  - Distinct argyrophilic cytoplasmic organelles revealed during mouse
      spermiogenesis. A fine structural and cytochemical study.
AB  - An electron microscopic Ag-staining method was used to study the argyrophilia of
      specific cytoplasmic organelles that appear during mouse spermiogenesis. The
      microtubuli of the centrioles are surrounded by a thin layer of argyrophilic
      material that also surrounds the microtubuli of their derivatives, e.g., the
      centriolar adjunct, the axoneme, and some structures of the connecting piece. As
      the mantle, i.e., the junctional complex between Sertoli cell and spermatid,
      develops, the involved regions of its plasma membranes are covered with silver
      precipitates. The apical portion of the nuclear ring as well as that of the
      perforatorium show clear argyrophilia. Besides these structures, a number of ring
      shaped and spheroidal bodies at various sites in the cell also are decorated with
      silver precipitates. Most of these argyrophilic structures show a positive
      reaction with the EDTA method, too, suggesting that they contain
      ribonucleoprotein and might be of nucleolar origin. Since, furthermore, most of
      these structures are known to contain distinct cytoskeletal proteins, it is
      assumed that the staining reaction might be caused by proteins that are
      associated with the genuine cytoskeletal proteins.

PMID- 2413788
TI  - Effect of castration on lectin staining in rat epididymis.
AB  - Seven rhodamine-conjugated lectins (PNA, RCA I, Con A, WGA, UEA I, SBA, DBA) were
      used to follow the staining pattern of the rat epididymis at different time
      points after castration. The affinity of the intratubular sperm mass for the
      lectins increased rapidly with concurrent augmentation of the staining in the
      principal cells but a decline of the reaction in the light cells. The light cells
      showed some differences in their response to castration, which was compatible
      with secretory/absorptive activity in caput and absorptive activity in cauda. The
      active phase of sperm mass destruction and epithelial involution was accompanied
      by local accumulation of macrophages and round cells, which also acquired an
      increased affinity for most of the lectins. It is concluded that the androgen
      deprived epididymis is rapidly programmed for autolytic and phagocytic processes,
      which include the destruction of macromolecules including glycoproteins of the
      spermatozoa.

PMID- 2413789
TI  - Epizootics of respiratory tract disease in swine in Belgium due to H3N2 influenza
      virus and experimental reproduction of disease.
AB  - In Belgium, influenza virus was isolated from swine in 22 epizootics of
      respiratory tract disease in swine during 1984. In 8 of the epizootics, H3N2
      influenza virus, related to the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 strain, was isolated.
      Intratracheal inoculation of the isolates induced clinical signs. It was
      concluded that the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 strain was established in the Belgian
      swine population and was responsible for the epizootics of respiratory tract
      disease in swine.

PMID- 2413790
TI  - Early phase components of the kallikrein kinin system in hemorrhagic ascitic
      fluid and plasma in the rat with induced acute pancreatitis.
AB  - Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis (AHP) was induced in 43 anesthetized rats by
      retrograde injection of sodium taurodeoxycholic acid into the common pancreatic
      biliary duct. At postinjection hours 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18, samples of plasma and
      hemorrhagic ascitic fluid (HAF) were obtained from rats in which AHP was induced
      and from rats that were sham operated. Early phase components of the kallikrein
      kinin system, including kallikrein-like (KK) activity and prekallikrein (PKK) and
      kallikrein inhibitor (KKI) concentrations, were measured in plasma and HAF
      samples. In the rats with induced AHP, PKK concentrations were decreased
      significantly in 18-hour plasma samples (P less than 0.05) and in all HAF samples
      (P less than 0.001) from 1 to 18 hours after induction of AHP. The KK activity
      was significantly increased (P less than 0.001) in the 6- and 12-hour plasma
      samples. In the 1-hour HAF samples, KK activity was increased greater than 10
      times over that in the plasma pool of rats and remained increased for 18 hours.
      The KKI concentrations were markedly decreased in all HAF samples. In the sham
      operated group, no significant change was observed. Histopathologic changes
      included edema, extensive hemorrhage, focal necrosis of many acinar cells around
      the head of the pancreas, slight inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular
      thrombosis, and partial lysis of pancreatic ducts. The extent of the changes of
      PKK, KK, and KKI values in HAF was greater than the extent of those in plasma.
      Increasing KK activity in plasma and HAF is indicative of bradykinin generation
      and the participation of this system in local and systemic pathologic
      change.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413791
TI  - Alpha-2-macroglobulin, monomeric and polymeric immunoglobulin A, and
      immunoglobulin M in bronchoalveolar lavage.
AB  - The concentrations of alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M), IgM, and the various
      molecular forms of IgA were measured in unconcentrated bronchoalveolar lavage
      (BAL) of normal subjects and in that of patients with interstitial lung disease.
      In BAL of control subjects, as previously observed in other external secretions,
      orosomucoid-coefficient of excretion relative to albumin (RCE) = 1.1 (albumin RCE
      = 1)-IgG (RCE = 0.7 in nonsmokers), and alpha 2M (RCE = 0.04) appeared to be
      secreted mainly by seepage from plasma according to molecular size. The secretion
      of p-IgA (RCE = 22), IgM (RCE = 0.09), and transferrin (RCE = 1.2) was selective,
      suggesting either local lung synthesis of these components or their active
      transepithelial transport. Concentrations of p-IgA, alpha 2M, and IgM in BAL
      displayed RCE at least 10 times lower than in other external secretions,
      reflecting the unsignificant local synthesis of these components in alveolar
      septa. In interstitial lung diseases, including sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity
      pneumonitis, and other lung fibroses, all protein concentrations in BAL were
      raised. Increased seepage of plasma proteins across the blood-gas barrier
      accounted for the elevation of orosomucoid and p-IgA (RCE unchanged). It probably
      accounted for the appearance in BAL of a characteristic peak of serum type
      dimeric IgA unbound to secretory component (SC), for the reduced percentage of
      free SC (5% versus 27% in control subjects), and for part of the increased
      percentage of m-IgA (52% versus 28% in control subjects). Contribution of local
      synthesis, presumably by cells infiltrating the alveolar tissue, was indirectly
      demonstrated for m-IgA and IgG, which were selectively secreted, more than 2-fold
      greater than albumin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413792
TI  - Alveolar wall basement membranes in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
AB  - The ultrastructural characteristics of alveolar wall basement membranes (BM) were
      defined in an experimental model of pulmonary fibrosis. Lungs of adult hamsters
      were examined 2 to 60 days after a single intratracheal instillation of 0.5 units
      of bleomycin sulfate. Sections of lung fixed with tannic acid and glutaraldehyde
      were analyzed for epithelial basement membrane (EPI-BM) thickness and
      duplication, and tissue incubated in ruthenium red prior to fixation was
      evaluated for distribution of EPI-BM anionic sites. There were no major
      alterations in capillary EPI-BM. Six days after bleomycin, during acute
      inflammation, there was focal injury to alveolar epithelial cells and resultant
      denudation of EPI-BM. Denuded EPI-BM was folded with the lamina densa 60% thicker
      than in control animals, suggesting its active or passive retraction. Despite
      type 2 cell hyperplasia and repopulation of the epithelium, there was no
      duplication of EPI-BM. Thirty and 60 days after bleomycin, the epithelium was
      intact, inflammation had subsided, and widespread but focal fibrosis was present.
      This stage was characterized by thickening and duplication of the EPI-BM; 10% of
      EPI-BM on the thin side of the alveolar wall were duplicated at 30 days and 30%
      at 60 days. Duplication and thickening, although worse in fibrotic areas, also
      occurred in normal-appearing areas of lung, showing that EPI-BM changes may be
      the only residuum of previous damage. Duplication of EPI-BM in this model of
      pulmonary fibrosis is a late rather than an early feature of disease.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413794
TI  - [The evening intensive care unit at the Chancellerie].

PMID- 2413793
TI  - Prospects of therapy for infections with human T-lymphotropic virus type III.
AB  - Human T-lymphotropic virus type III is susceptible to attack at various sites
      during its replicative cycle. Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase activity,
      including suramin, antimoniotungstate (HPA-23), and trisodium phosphonoformate,
      have shown in-vitro activity against the virus in early clinical trials. Other
      significant antiviral agents are recombinant interferon alpha-A, ribavirin, and
      ansamycin. Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials of interferon alpha,
      which inhibits viral replication at easily achievable serum levels, are underway.
      The development of optimal therapeutic regimens will require carefully
      controlled, multicenter collaborative trials with standardized criteria for
      evaluating responses. Prolonged treatment with combinations of antiviral and
      immunomodulating agents may be necessary for control of HTLV-III replication and
      for effective treatment of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2413795
TI  - Branch retinal artery occlusion after excessive use of nasal spray.
AB  - A young, otherwise healthy man presented with an acute retinal artery obstruction
      following excessive use of oxymethazolone hydrochloride 0.5% (Afrin) nasal spray.
      Platelet coagulation studies indicated a platelet aggregation hypersensitivity to
      adenosine diphosphate and epinephrine. A predisposition for sympathomimetic drug
      induced platelet fibrin embolus formation appears to be the cause of the retinal
      artery obstruction in this case.

PMID- 2413796
TI  - Tumour angiogenesis.
AB  - Tumours induce the growth of host blood vessels to support their proliferation.
      This process of angiogenesis is evoked by specific chemical signals. Recognition
      of these angiogenic factors has led to experimental methods for cancer diagnosis
      and for inhibiting malignant growth by specifically blocking neovascularisation.
      The clinical potential of these techniques is discussed.

PMID- 2413797
TI  - Salmonella typhimurium strains carrying haemolysin plasmids and cloned haemolysin
      genes from Escherichia coli.
AB  - Like all other Salmonella typhimurium strains examined, the smooth variants
      SF1397 (LT2) and 1366 and also their semi-rough and rough derivatives are non
      haemolytic. Nevertheless, two haemolysin (Hly) plasmids of E. coli belonging to
      the inc groups incFIII,IV (pSU316) and incI2 (pHly152) were able to be introduced
      into these strains by conjugation and stably maintained. A considerable
      percentage of the Hly+ transconjugants obtained had lost parts of their O-side
      chains, a result of selection for the better recipient capability of "semi-rough"
      variants rather than the direct influence of the Hly+ plasmids themselves. In
      contrast to the incFIII,IV plasmid pSU316, which exhibited higher conjugation
      rates with rough recipients, the incI2 plasmid pHly152 was accepted best by
      smooth strains. Transformation with cloned E. coli haemolysin (hly) determinant
      was inefficient (less than 10(-6)) for smooth strains, but 10(2) - 10(3) times
      higher for rough recipients, and was increased by the use of Salmonella-modified
      DNA. The transformants and transconjugants were relatively stable and showed the
      same haemolytic activity as the E. coli donor strains. The virulence of the Hly+
      smooth, semi-rough and rough S. typhimurium strains was tested in two mouse
      models, and neither the mortality rate nor the ability to multiply within the
      mouse spleen was influenced by the hly determinants.

PMID- 2413798
TI  - A quantitation of myelin-associated glycoprotein and myelin basic protein loss in
      different demyelinating diseases.
AB  - The loss of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin basic protein (MBP)
      was compared by quantitative immunocytochemistry in demyelinating lesions of
      measles encephalomyelitis (ME), multiple sclerosis (MS), and progressive
      multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Serial sections from paraffin-embedded
      tissue were reacted with antisera for MAG and MBP, and areas of staining loss
      were compared morphometrically. Lesions in ME showed MAG loss equal to that of
      MBP, lesions of PML showed MAG loss greater than that of MBP, and MS lesions
      showed a mixture of patterns. These data demonstrate distinctive patterns of MAG
      and MBP loss in these three diseases.

PMID- 2413799
TI  - The role of social work in rehabilitating people with disabilities.

PMID- 2413800
TI  - [Effect of phosphates on the membrane activity of gramicidin S].
AB  - The membrane activity of gramicidin S against intact cells of staphylococci and
      micrococci determined by the loss of intracellular low-molecular compounds with
      the adsorption maxima at 260 nm by the bacteria markedly increased in the
      presence of phosphates. Acetate and hydrochlorides had no effect on the
      membranotropic action of the antibiotic. Analogous results were obtained for
      gramicidin S derivatives by free ornithine amino groups possessing basic and
      antibiotic activity. The increased membrane action of the antibiotic on the cells
      in the presence of phosphates was probably due to the changes under these
      conditions in the aggregate state of the substance in solution. With the use of
      labeled gramicidin S it was shown that centrifugation of the antibiotic solution
      in a concentration of 50-1000 micrograms/ml at 18000-20000 rpm resulted in
      sedimentation of a significant part of gramicidin S dissolved in the phosphate
      buffer. Sedimentation of the drug in aqueous and NaCl solutions was
      insignificant. The presence of phosphates in the medium had no effect on the
      quantity of the antibiotic bound to the micrococcal membrane preparations. It is
      suggested that the increase in the level of cytoplasmic membrane disorganization
      in the presence of phosphates was due to binding of the antibiotic molecule
      associations to the membranes and/or additional intermolecular association of
      gramicidin S bound to the membranes.

PMID- 2413801
TI  - Regulatory control and standardization of allergenic extracts. Review on methods
      for potency evaluation.

PMID- 2413802
TI  - Regulatory control and standardization of allergenic extracts. Comments of
      companies on proposed methods. Requirements for future developments.

PMID- 2413803
TI  - Regulatory control and standardization of allergenic extracts. Proposed standards
      and reference preparations.

PMID- 2413804
TI  - Pseudo-allergy to foods.

PMID- 2413805
TI  - Regulatory control and standardization of allergenic extracts. Progress in
      regulatory activities.

PMID- 2413806
TI  - Purification of the catalytically active phosphorylated form of insulin receptor
      kinase by affinity chromatography with O-phosphotyrosyl-binding antibodies.
AB  - The catalytically active, tyrosyl-phosphorylated form of insulin receptor kinase
      was isolated from human placenta by a procedure which exploits the propensity for
      the intact alpha 2 beta 2 form of insulin receptor to undergo insulin-promoted
      autophosphorylation at tyrosyl residues and concomitant activation as a tyrosyl
      kinase. Purification of tyrosyl-phosphorylated insulin receptor was effected by
      adsorption on and elution (with a hapten) from a column of O-phosphotyrosyl
      binding antibody immobilized on protein A-Sepharose (Ab-protein A). The starting
      material for the purification process was protein which had been solubilized from
      placental membranes and purified by chromatography on immobilized wheat germ
      agglutinin. After chromatography on Ab-protein A to remove preexisting O
      phosphotyrosyl-containing proteins, the fraction which did not adsorb to the Ab
      protein A column was incubated with insulin and briefly treated with ATP so as to
      maximize selective autophosphorylation of insulin receptor. This material was
      then subjected to chromatography on Ab-protein A. Although the amount of the
      intact alpha 2 beta 2 form of insulin receptor present in the starting material
      was only a small fraction of the protein (approximately 0.2%) and only
      approximately 20% of the insulin-binding forms of the receptor present, it was
      eluted (with 10 mM p-nitrophenyl phosphate) from the column in greater than or
      equal to 80% purity. Chromatography on Ab-protein A appears to have an advantage
      over the alternative affinity chromatographic procedures which utilize
      immobilized insulin or antiinsulin receptor antibody to adsorb insulin receptor,
      since these procedures do not resolve the intact alpha 2 beta 2 form of insulin
      receptor from the nicked insulin-binding forms of the receptor which do not
      undergo insulin promoted autophosphorylation.

PMID- 2413807
TI  - Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) elimination of polyamine effects on protein
      synthesis.
AB  - The effect of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), a structural analog of
      polyamines, on protein synthesis has been studied in the presence and absence of
      spermidine. The spermidine stimulation of polyphenylalanine- and MS2 RNA-directed
      RNA replicase synthesis in an Escherichia coli cell-free system and of globin
      synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system disappeared with the addition
      of MGBG. The spermidine reduction of misincorporation of leucine during
      polyphenylalanine synthesis in both E. coli and wheat germ cell-free systems was
      also disturbed by MGBG. MGBG noncompetitively interfered with polyamine
      stimulation of polyphenylalanine and globin synthesis, suggesting that MGBG could
      bind to both RNA and the complex of RNA and polyamine. MGBG was preferentially
      bound to ribosomal RNA among ribosomal RNA, poly(U), and calf thymus DNA, and
      strongly inhibited the amount of polyamine bound to ribosomal RNA. These results
      suggest that MGBG elimination of polyamine effects on protein synthesis may occur
      through the disturbance of polyamine binding to ribosomal RNA.

PMID- 2413808
TI  - Trypanosoma cruzi: analysis of isozymes and antigenic expression.

PMID- 2413809
TI  - Management of adenocarcinoma in a columnar-lined esophagus.
AB  - Of 89 patients diagnosed between 1973 and 1983 as having at least 3 cm of
      columnar-lined esophagus, 22 were found to have adenocarcinoma. There was no
      difference in sex ratio, smoking, or the use of alcohol between the benign and
      adenocarcinoma groups. The patients with adenocarcinoma were older (63 years
      versus 57 years) and had a higher frequency of dysphagia (64% versus 46%),
      gastrointestinal bleeding (36% versus 24%), extended columnar-lined esophagus
      (94% versus 28%), and epithelial dysplasia (68% versus 10%). Heartburn was less
      frequent in the adenocarcinoma group (59% versus 79%), but when it occurred, it
      was of longer duration (mean, 18.8 years versus 10.9 years). In 2 patients,
      progression from benign columnar-lined esophagus to early adenocarcinoma was
      observed. Of the patients with adenocarcinoma, 2 received palliative treatment
      without resection and died four and nine months later. Six underwent partial
      esophagogastrectomy with 1 postoperative death. Four had residual columnar-lined
      esophagus at the resection margins. In one of them, stricture developed and in
      one, anastomotic recurrence of adenocarcinoma; 1-year survival was 50%. Fourteen
      patients underwent total thoracic esophagectomy with no operative deaths,
      strictures, or anastomotic recurrences; 1-year survival was 5 of 6. Surgical
      staging revealed that 63% had transmural spread and 55%, lymph node
      involvement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413810
TI  - Pulsion intubation versus traction intubation for obstructing carcinomas of the
      esophagus.
AB  - Eighty-eight patients were intubated to relieve the dysphagia of malignant
      esophageal obstruction. Because of advanced metastatic disease or poor general
      condition, 49 patients could not be operated on and were intubated
      endoscopically. Under radiographic control, the Nottingham Introducer was used to
      position Atkinson or modified Celestin tubes. In 39 other patients, palliative
      resection could not be done or liver metastasis was found at preliminary
      exploration with a view to esophagectomy. In these patients, Celestin tubes were
      inserted by the traction technique. The pulsion intubation group was older than
      the traction intubation group but comparable in other respects. Hospital stay was
      significantly shorter for the pulsion intubation group (8.4 versus 18.6 days).
      Hospital mortality rates were comparable (14.3% in the pulsion intubation group
      versus 23.1% in the traction intubation group), and survival did not differ (93
      days in the pulsion intubation group versus 137 days in the traction intubation
      group). Overall complication rates were similar, but there were two significant
      differences: (1) wound infection or dehiscence was a major problem in the
      traction intubation group, occurring in 23% of the patients; and (2) tube
      obstruction or displacement occurred more frequently in the pulsion intubation
      group (18.3% versus 5.1%) but did not constitute a serious problem. Perforation
      occurred in 4 patients (8.2%) in the pulsion intubation group but was fatal in
      only 1. Pulsion intubation offers distinct advantages over traction intubation in
      that hospital stay is decreased and morbidity reduced.

PMID- 2413811
TI  - Use of HES in cardiac surgery.

PMID- 2413812
TI  - Contractile effects of vanadate on monkey and rabbit tracheal smooth muscle.
AB  - The effects of vanadate (Na3VO4: VAN) on isolated tracheal smooth muscle of
      monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and rabbit were examined. VAN (10(-5)-10(-3) M)
      induced a sustained contraction in both tracheae which was not affected by
      atropine, tetrodotoxin or tripelennamine. Indomethacin potentiated VAN-induced
      contraction in monkey trachea but had no effect in rabbit trachea. In Ca-free
      solution, high K was ineffective whereas VAN or carbachol induced a small
      transient contraction. In both tracheae, the K-induced contraction was completely
      inhibited by verapamil while the VAN- and carbachol-induced contractions were
      partially inhibited by this inhibitor. Sodium nitroprusside was ineffective in
      rabbit trachea. In monkey trachea, however, K-induced contraction was completely
      inhibited and VAN- and carbachol-induced contractions were partially inhibited by
      sodium nitroprusside. Readmission of 5.4 mM K transiently relaxed the carbachol
      induced contraction in trachea pretreated with a K-free solution. Ouabain
      completely and VAN partially inhibited this K-induced relaxation. VAN slightly
      increased the cellular Na content in rabbit trachea but not in monkey trachea.
      Previous inhibition of the Na pump activity by a K-free solution containing
      ouabain did not inhibit the VAN-induced contraction. It is concluded that VAN
      induces a transient, followed by a sustained contraction in both monkey and
      rabbit tracheae. The former contraction may be due to a release of cellular Ca
      and the latter to an influx of external Ca. VAN-induced contractions do not seem
      to be due to an inhibition of the Na pump activity.

PMID- 2413813
TI  - Effects of antimycin A on vascular and intestinal smooth muscle contraction and
      calcium movements.
AB  - The effects of antimycin A on smooth muscle preparations of guinea-pig taenia
      coli and rabbit aorta were investigated. In guinea-pig taenia coli, antimycin A
      inhibited the sustained phase but had less effect on the transient phase of K
      induced contraction. The inhibitory effect of antimycin A became less in the
      presence of high concentration (40 mM) of glucose under hypoxia whereas antimycin
      A strongly inhibited both transient and sustained phase of K-induced contraction
      in the absence of glucose. Antimycin A inhibited the K-induced increase in
      cellular Ca content but not the increased rate of Ca uptake at the concentration
      needed to inhibit the K-induced contraction in taenia coli. In rabbit aorta,
      antimycin A inhibited the K-induced contraction only in the absence of glucose.
      Antimycin A inhibited the norepinephrine-induced contraction in aorta and this
      inhibitory effect was not observed in the presence of 40 mM glucose under
      hypoxia. Antimycin A inhibited the K-induced increase in cellular Ca content at a
      concentration without any effect on the K-induced contraction in aorta. On the
      other hand, the K-induced increase in the rate of Ca uptake was not inhibited by
      antimycin A. Antimycin A reduced oxygen consumption of resting and K-stimulated
      muscle, and decreased tissue ATP content in high K solution in taenia coli and
      aorta. It is concluded that antimycin A inhibits mitochondrial function in both
      guinea-pig taenia coli and rabbit aorta, leading to an inhibition of the K
      induced sustained contraction in taenia and norepinephrine-induced contraction in
      aorta. Antimycin A does not seem to inhibit K-stimulated Ca influx; this agent
      inhibits only K-induced increase in cellular Ca content, which may represent
      mitochondrial Ca accumulation.

PMID- 2413814
TI  - Regional selectivity of calcium blockers at intestinal level.
AB  - Exposure of isolated segments of rat duodenum and proximal colon to either high
      K+ (55.9 mM) or carbachol (0.1 mM) produced a typical biphasic contraction whose
      tonic component appears to be almost entirely dependent upon the presence of
      extracellular Ca++. Verapamil and nifedipine suppressed high K+-and carbachol
      induced tonic contractions of both duodenum and proximal colon but a large
      component of carbachol-induced contraction of proximal colon was insensitive to
      these substances. Verapamil and nifedipine were: a. 5 and 3 times more effective
      in antagonizing high K+-induced tonic contractions in the rat duodenum than in
      the proximal colon, respectively, and b. 10 and 4 times more effective in
      antagonizing high K+ than carbachol induced tonic contractions of rat duodenum,
      respectively. The verapamil- or nifedipine- resistant component of carbachol
      induced tonic contraction of proximal colon was suppressed by drugs which, like
      octylonium bromide and urethane, have been shown to interfere with mobilization
      of Ca++ from intracellular storage sites. Experiments in Ca++-free medium
      indicate the existence in the proximal colon of a significant intracellular Ca++
      store which could be mobilized during carbachol but not high K+-induced tonic
      contractions. These findings indicate that, in the rat intestine, significant
      regional differences exists in Ca++ pools mobilized by different activating
      stimuli and in sensitivity to the blocking action of drugs which interfere with
      Ca++ mobilization from either intra- or extracellular Ca++ pools.

PMID- 2413815
TI  - Involvement of histamine release in the mechanism of cysteamine-induced gastric
      acid hypersecretion.
AB  - To elucidate the mechanism of gastric hypersecretion induced by cysteamine, the
      effects of atropine, cimetidine, proglumide, cromolyn sodium and tranilast on the
      cysteamine response were studied in rats. Under urethane anesthesia, rat stomachs
      were perfused with 4 ml of physiological saline (pH 6.0) every 15 min. Acid
      secretion was progressively increased by cysteamine HCl (300 mg/kg, s.c.) for the
      duration of the experiment (6 hr). This effect was completely blocked by
      cimetidine and partially blocked by proglumide and atropine. Cromolyn sodium and
      tranilast, inhibitors of histamine release, also blocked cysteamine-induced acid
      hypersecretion. However, histamine-induced acid secretion was not affected by
      cromolyn sodium. It is concluded that the acid hypersecretion induced by
      cysteamine is mediated in part by histamine release.

PMID- 2413816
TI  - [Morphokinetic activity of chlormadinone acetate on hypothalamic and amygdaloid
      body neurons].

PMID- 2413817
TI  - [The significance of O and K antigens and enterotoxins as indicators of the
      pathogenicity of E. coli strains from swine].

PMID- 2413818
TI  - Clonidine in morphine withdrawal. Differential effects on signs and symptoms.
AB  - Reports of an antiwithdrawal effect for clonidine hydrochloride in acute opioid
      withdrawal are inconsonant with experimental findings that other nonopioids are
      ineffective. In the present investigation the antiwithdrawal effects of
      clonidine, morphine sulfate, and placebo were compared in volunteer addicts whose
      dependence was maintained by 15 mg of morphine sulfate given subcutaneously four
      times daily. Clonidine was effective but had a differential effect on the signs
      and symptoms of morphine abstinence. Compared with morphine, clonidine was more
      effective in suppressing autonomic signs of abstinence but less effective in
      reducing subject-reported symptoms and discomfort. It is concluded that the
      perception of the clinical usefulness of clonidine depends on whether objective
      measures or subjects' reports are treated.

PMID- 2413819
TI  - Amyloidosis of a possible new type in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis.
AB  - Carpal tunnel syndrome developed in six patients receiving long-term (12 to 17
      years) hemodialysis. Biopsy specimens of tendons and synovial-tendon sheaths
      showed deposition of eosinophilic hyalin material exhibiting many properties of
      amyloid. However, this material did not react with antibodies to known amyloid
      proteins, except for the P component. On electron microscopy, the material
      consisted of fine filaments, 9 to 10 nm thick, that showed a marked tendency to
      parallel alignment and arrangement in bundles. The same material was found in
      arterioles of the rectum in three of four patients who were examined. We suggest
      that this material represents a previously undescribed type of amyloid. Its
      deposition may be due to the effects of long-term hemodialysis, or to the long
      term uremic state, and may pose a potential problem to dialyzed patients.

PMID- 2413821
TI  - Amylase (the king) is dead; long live amylase.

PMID- 2413820
TI  - Adenomatoid tumor of the uterus. Ultrastructural, histochemical, and
      immunohistochemical analysis.
AB  - A uterine tumor from a 34-year-old woman was investigated morphologically and
      immunohistochemically. The tumor tissue was composed of multiple cystic spaces of
      various sizes. The cyst wall was covered by a single layer or occasionally
      multiple layers of flattened cells. Electron micrographs of the tumor tissue
      revealed that the cells were delimited with conspicuous basal lamina from the
      stroma, possessed numerous microvilli at the apical surface, and connected with
      desmosomes. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining with antikeratin antibody
      disclosed the strong positivity of the tumor cells, whereas anti-UEA-I antibody
      could not stain the tumor cells. The results did not favor the theory of
      endothelial origin of the tumor and confirmed the mesothelial origin, namely,
      adenomatoid tumor of the uterus.

PMID- 2413822
TI  - Intermediate-filament proteins in parathyroid glands and parathyroid adenomas.
AB  - The intermediate-filament proteins of normal, hyperplastic, and adenomatous
      parathyroid glands were analyzed immunohistochemically and by immunoblotting with
      monospecific antibodies. In both normal and adenomatous parathyroid glands, we
      found keratins with molecular weights of 52, 45, and 40 kilodaltons (Nos. 8, 18,
      and 19, respectively). Vimentin proteins could be identified only in stromal
      cells, while glial fibrillary acidic protein was not found. In normal parathyroid
      glands, neurofilament positivity was seen only in nerve axons. In five of 15
      parathyroid gland adenomas some keratin-positive cells expressed
      neurofilamentlike immunoreactivity also. In cytoskeletal extracts of one adenoma,
      the 200-kilodalton neurofilament protein was identified by immunoblotting. Thus
      it appears that some parathyroid gland adenoma cells may acquire neurofilament
      proteins and coexpress cytokeratin and neurofilament polypeptide in a way
      comparable with that reported in certain neuroendocrine tumors.

PMID- 2413823
TI  - Comprehension and production of idioms in dysphasia.
AB  - The comprehension and production of idioms was investigated in 10 dysphasic
      adults. Two different tasks, one comprehension and the other production, were
      developed. The production task required the subject to verbally explain 15
      idioms. The comprehension task necessitated the selection of the correct
      figurative representation of the idiom from four illustrations: a literal, a
      literal variation, a figurative, and an unrelated picture. Results indicated no
      significant correlation between overall comprehension and production
      performances. No significant difference was found between the comprehension or
      the production of idioms when type or severity of dysphasia was considered. A
      significant difference was found, however, in the type of incorrect response, in
      that subjects selected the literal depiction more often than other foil
      representations for the comprehension.

PMID- 2413824
TI  - Effects of lindane on testosterone metabolism in neuroendocrine organs of male
      rat.

PMID- 2413825
TI  - [Principles of polarization-optical analysis in the study of connective tissue].
AB  - Possibilities of polarization-optic methods for studying macromolecular
      organization of the intercellular matrix of the connective tissue are
      demonstrated. Topo-optic reactions, being histochemical, make it possible to
      reveal not only presence of the molecules studied, but also quantitatively
      determine degree of their orientational regularity in the structural organization
      of the intercellular matrix. Determination of changes in the orientational
      regularity of single molecules contributes to revealing morphogenetic
      peculiarities of the intercellular matrix of the connective tissue, normal and
      under development of the destructive-distrophic process. Methodological
      principles of reactions to collagen, glycosaminoglycanes, glycoproteins, elastin
      and non-collagenous proteins are presented. Their advantages comparing certain
      known histochemical reactions, as well as their limitations are demonstrated.
      Certain illustrative material is presented.

PMID- 2413826
TI  - [Impregnation of the intrinsic lymphatic bed of an organ by the Ranvier method].

PMID- 2413827
TI  - [Distribution of alpha-, beta- and gamma-endorphins in the forebrain and
      diencephalon of the rat brain (immunohistochemical study)].
AB  - The investigation performed by means of specific rabbit antisera is one of the
      stages for mapping peptides. This is necessary for revealing functional role of
      the endorphins in the CNS. The indirect method of Coons is applied in parallel
      series of frontal paraffin slices of the brain 10 mcm thick. Neurons containing
      alpha-, beta- and gamma-endorphins are localized in the same brain areas. These
      are structures of the palaeocortex (the prepiriform cortex and the diagonal area)
      and those of the hypothalamus (the supraoptic, arcuate, ventromedial, mammillary
      nuclei, anterior and posterior fields). Endorphinergic neural fibers run within
      composition of various conducting cerebral systems, such as the corpus collosum,
      fornix, internal and external capsules.

PMID- 2413828
TI  - [Structuro-functional changes in bushy interoceptors during protracted anoxia].
AB  - The bushy receptors of the frog urinary bladder respond to the effect of 60
      minute-long anoxia with a complex combination of morphological. tinctorial and
      electrophysiological reactions. A biphase change in dynamics of bioelectrical
      activity takes place (an initial increase of frequency with its successive
      decrease), prolongation of the vital staining periods with methylene blue, change
      in the character of staining and decoloration of the receptory plates: increase
      in homogeneity and in intensity of staining, discontinuance of granuloformation
      and weakening of processes of the plates mobility. The ultrastructural changes
      are mainly concerned with mitochondria, where either crists reduce and
      osmiophility decreases, or increases. A part of mitochondria does not change.
      Certain heterogeneity in reactive changes of the receptors is noted. This is
      considered as manifestation of functional heterogeneity of the receptory units
      and their structural elements.

PMID- 2413829
TI  - [Rapid method of producing histological preparations].
AB  - Preparation of histological slides within 6 to 8 minutes is described.
      Recommendations for a short-term staining with picrofuchsin and PAS-reaction are
      given as well. The histological slides with the use of histochemical methods can
      be prepared during 11 to 12 minutes.

PMID- 2413830
TI  - [Hyalinizing intravascular bronchioloalveolar tumor--a rare form of diffuse lung
      lesions].
AB  - A rare, badly known diffuse pulmonary lesion--multifocal hyalinizing
      intravascular "bronchiolo-alveolar" tumour in a woman of 22, is described. The
      lesion was revealed at fluorography, diagnosed by means of mediastinopleuroscopy,
      in lung biopsy; there were no clinical manifestations. A hyalinized compact and
      branching node, poor in cells, intruding at the periphery into the alveolar septa
      in the form of micropolyps was found histologically.

PMID- 2413831
TI  - Frequency and distribution of binucleate cells in oral epithelium of several
      species of laboratory rodents.
AB  - Keratinocytes in certain regions of rodent oral epithelium have a tendency to
      form a peculiar type of binucleate cell. The nuclei, in contrast to those in
      binucleate cells in most other tissues, are closely apposed with a flat
      interface, tetraploid and of approx. equal size. Binucleate cells were absent
      from the oral epithelium of several unrelated non-rodent mammalian species, but
      they occurred in descending order of frequency in guinea pig, rat, hamster and
      mouse; they were in epithelia of the lining mucosa, but absent from epithelia of
      the masticatory mucosa. In buccal epithelium of the rat, they constituted 2.5 per
      cent of the basal cells and 8.2 per cent of the lower spinous cells. This
      frequency was maintained in the succeeding cell layers. Regions of stimulated
      epithelium in zinc-deficient rats showed a four-fold increase over controls in
      frequency in the germinative cell layers and persistently higher frequency in
      succeeding layers, including in parakeratin. The mode of formation of the cells
      is unknown, but it was not associated with a lag in cytoplasmic division.

PMID- 2413832
TI  - High hyperopia in Leber's congenital amaurosis.
AB  - Few studies comment on the type of refractive errors found in patients with
      Leber's congenital amaurosis. The association of an uncomplicated infantile form
      of this condition with high hyperopia but without systemic complications has been
      suggested. In a retrospective study, we identified 11 patients who satisfied the
      criteria for the diagnosis of this subtype of Leber's congenital amaurosis. All
      of our cases were found to have at least +6.00 diopters of hyperopia on
      cycloplegic refraction. No systemic abnormalities were found in any of these
      children. We suggest that high hyperopia be included in the diagnostic criteria
      of this specific form of Leber's congenital amaurosis.

PMID- 2413833
TI  - Pharyngoesophageal reconstruction using free jejunal interposition grafts.
AB  - Forty patients underwent pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with a free jejunal
      interposition graft (FJIG). Three categories of disease were treated: (1) primary
      upper aerodigestive tract carcinomas, (2) recurrent carcinomas, and (3) benign
      pharyngoesophageal stenosis. There were no intraoperative graft failures.
      Postoperative complications included four perioperative deaths, eight late graft
      failures, three transient fistulas, eight distal graft strictures, one prolonged
      ileus, two postoperative hematomas, one abdominal wound dehiscence, one abdominal
      abscess, and one hypoglossal nerve palsy. Of the eight patients with late graft
      failures, three underwent successful jejunal reimplantation, yielding an overall
      success rate of 88% (35/40). The advantages of an FJIG are as follows: (1) a
      single-stage procedure for large defects, (2) a jejunal segment approximately the
      size of the pharyngoesophagus, (3) tissue that is able to tolerate radiation
      therapy, (4) maintenance of near-physiologic swallowing mechanism, (5) denervated
      small-bowel model, (6) excellent palliative procedure, and (7) shortened
      hospitalization. Disadvantages include (1) microvascular surgical technique, (2)
      abdominal procedure, and (3) limited esophageal speech.

PMID- 2413834
TI  - Photodynamic therapy in otolaryngology--head and neck surgery.
AB  - Photodynamic therapy utilizes a photosensitizing drug, hematoporphyrin
      derivative, and laser light to diagnose and treat cancer. We used treatment and
      diagnostic instrumentation and techniques developed during the last seven years
      to treat 31 patients over the last two years. Diffuse, superficial tumors of the
      head and neck responded well to photodynamic therapy as did localized bulk
      lesions of this area. Photodynamic therapy achieved initial control in patients
      with early lung cancer and opened up bronchi in those with obstructive lung
      cancer. Widespread, bulky tumors responded inconsistently. Neck metastases
      responded poorly when treated for tumor control. The beneficial effects of
      phototherapy and its general lack of severe complications may, however, warrant
      its use for limited palliative goals in the patient with far-advanced head and
      neck cancer, especially when irradiation and surgery have failed.

PMID- 2413835
TI  - EORTC Genito-Urinary Group studies in advanced testicular cancer--past and
      future.
AB  - Two hundred and twenty-eight patients with advanced testicular cancer were
      entered into a randomized study of chemotherapy comprising cis-platinum (P) 20
      mg/m2-, days 1-5 every 3 weeks for four courses, bleomycin (B) 30 mg weekly for
      12 weeks, and vinblastine (V) at either the low dose of 0.15 mg/kg or the high
      dose of 0.20 mg/kg on days 1 and 2 every 3 weeks for four courses. In this
      interim analysis, 64 patients were randomized to high dose PVB. Forty-five (71%)
      achieved a complete response, and 13 (25%) a partial response. Seventy patients
      received low dose PVB of whom 50 (71%) achieved a complete response and 16 (23%)
      a partial response. Thus there is no difference in the efficacy of this
      combination chemotherapy with respect to the dose of vinblastine, but the low
      dose schedule was less toxic (particularly to bone marrow). It was also apparent
      that the response rate varied with the volume of metastatic disease, irrespective
      of the dose of vinblastine. Patients with low volume metastases had a complete
      response rate (CR) of 88%, while those with high volume had a CR rate of 60%. In
      a second randomization, 68 patients achieving CR were randomized to receive
      either 1 year of further (maintenance) chemotherapy with cis-platinum and
      vinblastine, or no further chemotherapy. One of 37 patients (3%) receiving
      treatment and 2 of 31 patients (6%) not receiving treatment relapsed, with a
      follow-up of at least 10 months. Thus maintenance chemotherapy appears not to be
      necessary in the treatment of advanced testicular cancer.

PMID- 2413836
TI  - Neuroendocrine changes in depression.
AB  - Biological research in depression has concentrated on 'endogenous' depressions
      and over the past 30 years has been guided by the amine theory. Neuroendocrine
      abnormalities in depression have been reported for over 20 years and include
      changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and thyroid axes, in growth hormone
      and prolactin secretion. As neurotransmitters regulate neuroendocrine secretion,
      inter-relationships between neurochemical and neuroendocrine abnormalities may
      provide a window for understanding the pathophysiology of depression. The
      availability of these biological markers for depression opens new possibilities
      for research in psychiatric diagnosis and for management.

PMID- 2413837
TI  - [Increased toxic mercury concentrations following postoperative wound treatment
      with merbromine].

PMID- 2413838
TI  - The structure of two distinct pancreatic amylase genes in mouse strain YBR.
AB  - The amylase complex on mouse chromosome 3 encodes both salivary and pancreatic
      amylase. It appears that one active gene is present for salivary amylase, whereas
      pancreatic amylase in some strains is coded by at least 4, and perhaps by more
      than 10, genes. Strain YBR is different from other strains in that it produces
      twice as much salivary amylase. Pancreatic amylase in YBR is present as two
      different protein forms, A beta and B beta, the sum of which amounts to only one
      third of that in, for instance, strain A/J. YBR chromosomal DNA was cloned in
      phage gamma, followed by restriction and heteroduplex analysis of recombinant
      phages carrying amylase genes. Among 32 phage isolates, 5 carried parts of the
      salivary amylase sequence. The remaining phage isolates contained pancreatic
      amylase-like sequences and represented three nonoverlapping genomic regions,
      i.e., one of 34 kb containing a complete gene, PAN-II beta; another of 41 kb with
      a complete but different gene, PAN-I beta, plus a truncated gene, PAN-psi 1; and
      finally, one of 23 kb with another truncated gene, PAN-psi 2. Parts of the amino
      acid sequence of A beta and B beta have previously been determined, and we report
      here the sequencing of a 4-kb DNA fragment from Pan-II beta which establishes
      that this gene codes for B beta.

PMID- 2413839
TI  - Pancreatic amylase secretion and cytoplasmic free calcium. Effects of ionomycin,
      phorbol dibutyrate and diacylglycerols alone and in combination.
AB  - Both protein kinase C and Ca2+ may act in concert to bring about activation of
      secretion. This study examined the actions on pancreatic acini of ionomycin and
      phorbol dibutyrate, which selectively stimulate one or the other of these
      pathways; their stimulatory effects were compared with those of receptor
      agonists, such as carbachol and caerulein, which activate phospholipase C. The
      Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin produced a dose-dependent increase in amylase secretion
      and intracellular free Ca2+ (as measured by quin-2). The increase in amylase
      secretion elicited by carbachol or caerulein was accompanied by a small sustained
      increase in intracellular free Ca2+, following an initial peak. However, the
      elevation in intracellular free Ca2+ produced by these receptor agonists for a
      given level of amylase secretion was less than that observed with ionomycin.
      Phorbol dibutyrate stimulated amylase secretion by a mechanism that was
      independent of extracellular Ca2+, and no change in intracellular free Ca2+ was
      observed. Synergistic stimulatory effects of phorbol dibutyrate and ionomycin
      were observed, whether the phorbol ester was present before, or in combination
      with, ionomycin. Diacylglycerols containing unsaturated fatty acids (1,2
      dioleoylglycerol and 1,3-dioleoylglycerol) also stimulated amylase secretion and
      exhibited synergistic effects on secretion with ionomycin. These findings suggest
      that complete activation of amylase secretion from the pancreas requires
      stimulation of both Ca2+-dependent and protein kinase C-activated pathways.

PMID- 2413840
TI  - Adrenergic-agonist-induced Ca2+ fluxes in rat parotid cells are not Na+
      dependent.
AB  - We investigated the hypothesis that extracellular Na+ is required for the rapid
      mobilization of Ca2+ by rat parotid cells after adrenergic stimulation. When Na+
      salts in the media were osmotically replaced with either choline chloride
      (+atropine) or sucrose, efflux of 45Ca2+ from preloaded cells, caused by 10
      microM-(-)-adrenaline, was unchanged. Similarly adrenaline stimulated 45Ca2+
      uptake into cells under nonsteady-state conditions in the presence or absence of
      Na+. Monensin, a Na+ ionophore, was able to elicit a modest increase in 45Ca2+
      efflux, compared with controls. Studies of net 45Ca2+ flux, performed under near
      steady-state conditions, showed that adrenaline caused net 45Ca2+ accumulation,
      whereas monensin caused net 45Ca2+ release. The effect of monensin required the
      presence of Na+ in the incubation medium. Both 1 mM-LaCl3 and 0.1 mM-D-600
      prevented adrenaline-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake into cells, but had no effect on
      monensin-induced changes. We conclude that (1) the rapid mobilization of Ca2+ by
      adrenergic agonists seen in rat parotid cells does not require a Na+out greater
      than Na+in gradient and (2) the nature of the monensin effect is quite different
      from the adrenergic-agonist-induced response.

PMID- 2413841
TI  - The action of actinomycin D on the transcription of T7 coliphage DNA by
      Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.
AB  - An actinomycin D molecule bound to DNA sometimes stops the synthesis of RNA by
      Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. However, quite often, the bound antibiotic is
      released before the RNA polymerase detaches from the template DNA, so that the
      enzyme can resume, without interruption, the synthesis of the RNA chain.

PMID- 2413842
TI  - The differential effects produced by daunomycin and adriamycin on RNA,
      polynucleotides, single stranded, supercoiled DNA, and nucleosomes.
AB  - Terbium, a sensitive probe whose fluorescence is strongly enhanced when bound to
      unpaired guanine and xanthine bases, has been employed to study the effects of
      adriamycin and daunomycin on a variety of nucleotide substrates. After treatment
      with either drug at concentrations of less than or equal to 1:500, the
      fluorescence of the probe was substantially abrogated. Daunomycin, however,
      produced a markedly greater effect than adriamycin with rRNA, linear calf thymus
      DNA, and polyriboguanylic acid. The difference between the drugs was
      experimentally significant, suggesting that changing the C9 side group from a
      methyl (daunomycin) to an alcohol (adriamycin) may result in a changed base
      sequence specificity. The distinction was also evident when changes in
      electrophoretic mobility of supercoiled and nucleosomal DNA was monitored, but
      only at much higher (1:25) drug:DNA ratios.

PMID- 2413843
TI  - Phosphorylation of S-II is not affected by inhibitors of RNA synthesis.
AB  - S-II is an essential factor for RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription. A
      phosphorylated form of S-II, termed S-II has been shown to be present in cells at
      half the concentration of S-II. In studies on the role of phosphorylation and
      dephosphorylation of S-II in transcription, the possibility that phosphorylation
      of S-II is coupled with transcription in vivo was investigated. The
      phosphorylation of S-II was measured in mouse L cells cultured with two typical
      inhibitors of RNA synthesis. Neither of these inhibitors, 5, 6-dichloro-1-beta-D
      ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) and actinomycin D, affected the phosphorylation
      of S-II under conditions where 75 to 98% of RNA synthesis was inhibited at the
      initiation and elongation step, respectively. These results indicate that the
      phosphorylation of S-II and transcription are independent processes.

PMID- 2413844
TI  - Novel antigenic specificity involving the blood group antigen, Lea, in
      combination with onco-developmental antigen, SSEA-1, recognized by two monoclonal
      antibodies to human milk-fat globule membranes.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies to human milk-fat globule membranes, which recognize an
      epithelial antigen designated MAM-3c, were found to bind strongly to epithelial
      glycoproteins derived from non-secretors. Further investigations, using purified
      glycoproteins and structurally defined oligosaccharides, established that the
      optimal antigenic structure for both antibodies involves the Type 1 based blood
      group antigen, Lea, in combination with the Type 2 based onco-developmental
      antigen, SSEA-1, (Formula: see text) as in lacto-N-difucohexaose II. The
      antibodies may also react with the corresponding monofucosyl structures lacking
      the 3- or 4- linked fucose residues and to a lesser extent with the afucosyl
      tetrasaccharide sequence as in lacto-N-tetraose. The Lea and SSEA-1 antigens are
      known to occur on human epithelial glycoproteins. However, this is the first
      report of an antigenic specificity involving a combination of the Type 1 and Type
      2 based fuco-oligosaccharides and occurring on epithelial glycoproteins.

PMID- 2413845
TI  - Transcription of repeat DNA in vitro by RNA polymerase III in cytosol extracts is
      inhibited when the extract is of the same species as the DNA.
AB  - Cytosol extracts containing RNA Polymerase III were obtained from cultured human
      (HeLa) and bovine (MDBK) cells. Human extract efficiently transcribed genomic
      bovine DNA and cloned bovine alu-type repeat DNA while genomic human DNA and
      cloned human alu repeat DNA were inefficient templates. Conversely, genomic
      bovine DNA and cloned bovine alu-type repeat DNA were less effective templates
      for bovine extract than were genomic human DNA and alu repeat DNA. These results
      suggest that species specific factor(s) present in mammalian cells are
      responsible for the observed in vivo inhibition of transcription of most alu-type
      repeat DNA.

PMID- 2413846
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against a high spin form of rat cytochrome P-448.
AB  - Ten monoclonal antibodies reactive with a high spin form of rat cytochrome P-448
      (P-448-H) were obtained from hybridoma clones established by a fusion between
      P3X63Ag8.653 mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells of a BALB/c mouse
      hyperimmunized with the cytochrome. One monoclonal antibody recognized an epitope
      characteristic for P-448-H. Five monoclonal antibodies were cross-reactive with a
      low spin form of rat cytochrome P-448, but not with cytochrome P-450. Reactivity
      of these monoclonal antibodies with microsomes of rats pretreated with drug
      metabolizing inducers and Western blots of the microsomal cytochrome P-450
      components are also demonstrated.

PMID- 2413847
TI  - New matrices for the purification of pectinases by affinity chromatography.
AB  - Polygalacturonic acid was used as a ligand in the affinity technique for
      pectinases purification from the filtrate of Aspergillus niger 71 culture. For
      this purpose four matrices were examined, namely, alkylamine controlled porous
      glass (CPG), alkylamine silica gel as well as keratin or polyamide coated silica
      gel. Good results of pectinase purification was obtained on silanized CPG or
      keratin coated silica gel supports.

PMID- 2413848
TI  - 1.5 kb mRNA abundantly expressed in rat tumors encodes a 37 kilodalton protein in
      vitro.
AB  - A cDNA clone, pAH34, corresponding to a 1.5 kb mRNA present abundantly in various
      rat tumors was examined for its protein coding capacity. Hybridization-selected
      RNAs from both poly(A)+ RNAs of a rat ascites hepatoma cell line, AH60C and of
      normal liver produced a polypeptide of 37 kilo daltons in vitro, but at much
      higher levels in the AH60C than in the normal rat liver. Two dimensional
      electrophoresis of the translation product revealed that the pI of this protein
      was 7.1. Nucleotide sequence analysis of pAH34 showed that the insert of the
      clone consisted of 462bp and contained the 3' portion of mRNA, including poly(A)
      stretch with AATAAA signal sequence centered 16 nucleotides upstream, a short
      untranslated region and an open reading frame corresponding to possibly 67 amino
      acids of the C-terminal portion.

PMID- 2413850
TI  - Unusual RNA polymerase content of Trypanosoma brucei nuclei.
AB  - Nuclei were isolated from bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei by nitrogen
      cavitation and sedimentation through percoll density gradients. Transcription
      studies with these nuclei in vitro demonstrated features not seen with other
      eukaryotes: RNA synthesis was much greater in the presence of Mn2+ than with Mg2+
      and was sensitive to high concentrations (10-100 micrograms/ml) of alpha-amanitin
      at all salt concentrations tested (25-300 mM ammonium sulphate). RNA polymerase
      extracted from nuclei by sonication at high ionic strength chromatographed as a
      single peak, sensitive to high alpha-amanitin concentrations, on DEAE-sephadex
      under conditions which resolved the classic three RNA polymerase forms when rat
      liver nuclear extracts were used.

PMID- 2413849
TI  - Bleomycin selectively elevates mRNA levels for procollagen and fibronectin
      following acute lung injury.
AB  - We employed the technique of dot blot hydridization of radiolabeled cDNA probes
      to examine the role of specific mRNA content in the control of extracellular
      matrix turnover in the remodeling rat lung. Following bleomycin instillation,
      total RNA content gradually doubled during the first 5 days following the initial
      lung injury, then rose much more rapidly during the ensuing 9 days. Individual
      mRNAs for procollagens I and III and for fibronectin were selectively enriched 2-
      to 4-fold above total RNA during the first week after bleomycin instillation. No
      comparable increases were observed in specific RNAs from liver, indicating that
      the response observed in the lung was not generalized to other organs. Moreover,
      the increases in mRNA species for procollagen types I or III in the lung could
      not be related to the influx of inflammatory cells which migrate into the lungs
      during acute injury, as cells obtained by alveolar lavage contained no mRNAs for
      procollagens.

PMID- 2413851
TI  - Fast and efficient method for detection and estimation of proteins.
AB  - A quick, simple, inexpensive and sensitive method is described to stain and
      quantitate proteins on nitrocellulose papers. The proteins may be spotted or
      transferred from polyacrylamide gels by Western blotting. The procedure involves
      non-radioactive iodination of the polypeptides by chloramine T and potassium
      iodide followed by detection of bound iodine with starch. The method is more
      sensitive and much quicker than Coomassie brilliant blue staining and may be used
      for quantitation or detection of proteins in unknown samples. Another major
      advantage of this procedure is that ionic or nonionic detergents, although at
      higher concentrations causing the sample to disperse more broadly in the
      membranes, do not affect the staining procedure. Further, this method may be used
      for detection of proteins bound to papers that have high affinity for proteins
      such as the Zeta probe membranes.

PMID- 2413852
TI  - The adjuvant effects of mycoviral dsRNA and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid on
      the murine immune response.
AB  - By comparing, under the same experimental conditions, the effects of naturally
      occurring mycoviral dsRNA with those of the synthetic dsRNA,
      polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, we were able to determine if the source of the
      dsRNA would modify its immunomodulating properties. Mycoviral dsRNA, but not the
      synthetic dsRNA, significantly enhanced the hemagglutinating antibody response to
      sRBC in C57B1/6 mice. Although both dsRNA preparations significantly increased
      the rate of rejection of heterologous skin grafts by recipient mice when compared
      to controls, mycoviral dsRNA induced higher interferon titers than the synthetic
      dsRNA. This study showed that mycoviral dsRNA was a more potent adjuvant than
      polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid for both humoral and cellular immune responses.

PMID- 2413853
TI  - Changes in cytosolic free calcium concentration in isolated rat parotid cells by
      cholinergic and beta-adrenergic agonists.
AB  - The alteration in the concentration of cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) in
      isolated rat parotid cells caused by autonomic agents was directly measured using
      the Ca-sensitive fluorescent probe, quin2. [Ca2+]i of unstimulated cells was
      estimated to be 162.7 +/- 3.2 nM in normal medium. Carbachol (CCh) and
      isoproterenol (ISP) caused a rapid rise in [Ca2+]i in a dose-dependent manner.
      Maximum increases in [Ca2+]i induced by CCh and ISP were approximately 100% and
      25% of resting level, respectively. In Ca-free medium, CCh produced a small,
      rapid rise in [Ca2+]i, followed by a slow decay and a return to resting level
      within 3-4 min, while all doses of ISP tested failed to change [Ca2+]i. These
      results suggest that CCh mobilizes Ca2+ from both extracellular and intracellular
      pools and then results in a rise in [Ca2+]i, whereas ISP may slightly mobilize
      only the extracellular Ca pool.

PMID- 2413854
TI  - In vitro formation of amyloid fibrils from intact beta 2-microglobulin.
AB  - Prompted by the identification of hemodialysis-associated amyloid protein as beta
      2-microglobulin, we attempted to create in vitro amyloid fibrils from the native
      protein. Beta 2-microglobulin in PBS was slowly dialyzed free of salt and then
      concentrated. The residue showed Congophilia with green birefringence by light
      microscopy and polarization, and non-branching fibrils of indeterminate length,
      measuring 8 to 10 nm in diameter by electron microscopy, thus meeting the
      morphologic criteria for amyloid. The present study demonstrates the first
      successful in vitro creation of amyloid fibrils with intact precursor protein
      molecules and provides supporting evidence that hemodialysis-associated amyloid
      is constituted from beta 2-microglobulin.

PMID- 2413855
TI  - cDNA clones encoding bovine interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein.
AB  - We have isolated a cDNA clone (lambda IRBP-1) for bovine interphotoreceptor
      retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) by immunological screening of a bovine retinal
      lambda gt11 cDNA expression library. This clone contained a cDNA insert 325 bp in
      length. A 250 bp fragment of this cDNA was used to screen a bovine retina lambda
      gt10 cDNA library, resulting in the isolation of two larger cDNA clones
      containing inserts of 2.5 kb (lambda IRBP-2) and 1.5 kb (lambda IRBP-3).
      Restriction endonuclease mapping revealed all three clones to have an EcoR I
      restriction site. The 250 bp fragment of lambda IRBP-1 and the 2000 bp fragment
      of lambda IRBP-2 both hybridized to a single bovine retinal mRNA species
      approximately 8 kb in length; there was no hybridization with either chicken lens
      or liver RNA. The amino acid sequence of a tryptic peptide from authentic IRBP
      has been obtained. The deduced amino acid sequence from the cDNA nucleotide
      sequence is the same as this authentic peptide. This definitively establishes the
      identity of the cDNA clones as encoding bovine IRBP.

PMID- 2413856
TI  - Human inter-alpha-trypsin-inhibitor: characterization and partial nucleotide
      sequencing of a light chain-encoding cDNA.
AB  - A synthetic Inter-alpha-Trypsin-Inhibitor (ITI) -specific oligonucleotide probe
      was used to isolate a clone from a human liver cDNA library. The amino-acid
      sequence deduced from partial nucleotide sequencing of the corresponding cDNA
      insert perfectly matched a known ITI sequence, apart from an as yet unreported C
      terminal dipeptide. Hybridization on Northern blots evidenced that this cDNA
      insert originated from an ITI light chain-encoding mRNA whose size was estimated
      to be 1 300 bases.

PMID- 2413857
TI  - The voltage-dependent Na+ channel of insect nervous system identified by receptor
      sites for tetrodotoxin, and scorpion and sea anemone toxins.
AB  - Receptor sites for some of the most important toxins known to be specific for
      voltage-sensitive Na+ channel in the mammalian nervous system have been
      identified in a purified membrane preparation of house fly brain. Very high
      affinities have been found for the association of tetrodotoxin or tetrodotoxin
      derivatives with the insect Na+ channel (Kd = 0.03 - 0.08 nM). The gamma toxin
      from the Brazilian scorpion Tityus serrulatus forms a complex with the Na+
      channel having a Kd of 6.1 pM. The Kd value for toxin II from the sea anemone
      Anemonia sulcata is 0.12 microM. These results show a high degree of conservation
      of the pharmacological properties of the brain Na+ channels between insects and
      mammals.

PMID- 2413858
TI  - Conformation of two antigenic regions in myelin basic protein.
AB  - Four different regions of myelin basic protein from various species have been
      reported to be the antigenic sites (epitopes) for seven monoclonal antibodies
      evoked in rats or mice by guinea pig or monkey basic protein. The structures of
      the epitopes located in the amino-terminal region and in the eight-residue
      sequence including S-133, were examined by proton n. m. r at 400 MHz in aqueous
      solutions of peptides obtained by enzymatic cleavage of the rabbit protein. The
      data suggest conformational similarities between the two regions.

PMID- 2413859
TI  - Steroid binding protein(s) in yeasts.
AB  - A progesterone binding protein has been detected in the cytosol prepared from
      glucose grown cells of both Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The
      specific activity of this binding protein is much higher in C. albicans, a
      pathogenic yeast as compared to the non-pathogenic yeast S. cerevisiae.

PMID- 2413860
TI  - Endogenous ligands for benzodiazepine recognition sites.

PMID- 2413861
TI  - In vitro DNA strand scission and inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in L1210
      leukemia cells by a new class of DNA complexers, the anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)
      ones (anthrapyrazoles).
AB  - CI-937 and CI-942 belong to a new class of DNA complexers, the anthra[1,9
      cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-ones (anthrapyrazoles), and are being further developed as
      antitumor drugs based on their curative properties against murine solid tumour
      models. The biochemical effects of these agents were studied in L1210 leukemia in
      relation to other clinically used intercalators. After a 1-hr exposure, CI-937
      and CI-942 reduced the cloning efficiency of L1210 cells by 50% at 3.0 X 10(-8)
      and 1.5 X 10(-7) M respectively. Based on an ethidium displacement assay, these
      drugs bound strongly to DNA, reducing the fluorescence of an ethidium-DNA complex
      by 50% at concentrations of 23 and 33 nM for CI-937 and CI-942 respectively. This
      was comparable to mitoxantrone at 15 nM, but much more potent than Amsacrine
      which required over 1.3 microM. A distinct property of the anthrapyrazoles was a
      much more potent inhibitory effect on whole cell DNA synthesis than on RNA
      synthesis. After L1210 cells were exposed to drug for 2 hr the concentration
      needed to inhibit DNA synthesis by 50% was 0.33 and 0.57 microM for CI-937 and CI
      942, respectively, whereas 2.0 and 11.3 microM were required to inhibit RNA
      synthesis by the same extent. This was in contrast to Adriamycin and mitoxantrone
      which inhibited both activities equally at similar concentrations. It was
      apparent that the inhibition of these processes was not due to substrate
      depletion since intracellular ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside
      triphosphates either remained constant or were elevated after a 2-hr exposure to
      1 or 10 microM drug. A similar discriminatory effect was observed on DNA and RNA
      polymerase in permeabilized cells, and the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
      in this system could be reversed by exogenously added DNA. Since the high
      incidence of cardiotoxicity associated with the administration of anthracyclines
      has been related to the formation of reactive oxygen species, the ability of the
      anthrapyrazoles to augment superoxide dismutase sensitive oxygen consumption was
      observed in a rat liver microsomal system. CI-937 and CI-942 induced 5- and 10
      fold less oxygen consumption than Adriamycin, producing rates of 12.4, 24.2 and
      138.9 nmoles/min/mg microsomal protein, respectively, at a drug concentration of
      0.5 mM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2413862
TI  - Radiation inactivation of brain [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding
      sites reveals complicated molecular arrangements of the GABA/benzodiazepine
      receptor chloride channel complex.
AB  - [35S]t-Butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([35S]TBPS), a bicyclic cage convulsant,
      binds to the anion gating mechanism of the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor chloride
      channel complex. Using a carefully calibrated radiation inactivation technique,
      the molecular weight of [35S]TBPS binding complexes from frozen rat cerebral
      cortex was estimated to be 137,000 daltons. The GABA agonist muscimol reduced
      [35S]TBPS binding to 0-10% of the control value, in a way which is independent of
      the radiation dose. This shows that the GABA receptor (Mw = 55,000 daltons) is
      included in the 137,000-dalton [35S]-TBPS binding complex; the [35S]TBPS binding
      protein alone accounts for 137,000-55,000 = 82,000 daltons. The
      pyrazolopyridazine etazolate (SQ 20.009) and etomidate in appropriate
      concentrations both reduced specific binding of [35S]TBPS. The ability of SQ
      20.009 and etomidate to reduce [35S]TBPS binding was greatly reduced by exposure
      to low radiation doses, suggesting that SQ 20.009 and etomidate reduce [35S]TBPS
      binding by an allosteric mechanism requiring a molecular structure of 450,000
      500,000 daltons. Benzodiazepine agonists (ethyl 4-methoxymethyl-6-benzyloxy-beta
      carboline-3-carboxylate, ZK 93423) and inverse agonists (methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4
      ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate, DMCM) enhance and reduce [35S]TBPS binding,
      respectively, in repeatedly frozen and washed membrane preparations. The effects
      of ZK 93423 and DMCM on [35S]TBPS binding disappeared upon exposure of membranes
      to low radiation doses. This suggests that the benzodiazepine receptor site
      interacts allosterically with the [35S]TBPS binding site, requiring a molecular
      complex of at least c. 400,000 daltons. The [35S]TBPS site alone in these latter
      conditions of membrane preparation (repeatedly frozen/washed) revealed a
      molecular weight of 221,000 daltons (TBPS-site + GABA receptor + unknown
      structures). The number of binding sites for [35S]TBPS (145 pmol/g tissue) was
      only slightly higher than for [3H]flunitrazepam (130 pmol/g tissue) in cerebral
      cortex. These results are all consonant with the conclusion that the GABA/BZ
      receptor chloride channel complex is composed of highly integrated multimeric
      subunits, tentatively accounted for by a tetramic complex of molecular weight
      548,000 daltons.

PMID- 2413863
TI  - Effects of inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis on hepatic microsomal
      cytochrome P-450 concentration in fasted and fed rats.
AB  - A number of sex-related differences in the metabolism of drugs, steroids and
      xenobiotics have been reported in studies on rats. Generally, male rats tend to
      metabolize these compounds more efficiently than females. In the studies
      presented here, male and female rats were fasted for 24-48 hr, and the effects of
      fasting on total hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 were examined. Hepatic
      cytochrome P-450, as determined by CO difference spectra, was increased
      significantly as a percentage of control in microsomes from fasted female rats
      when compared to fasted male rats. Cytochrome P-450 concentration increased from
      0.57 +/- 0.07 nmole/mg protein to 0.99 +/- 0.08 nmole/mg protein following a 24
      hr fast. In male rats, cytochrome P-450 levels were essentially unaffected by the
      24-hr fast. Cytochrome b5 concentration was not altered by fasting. When female
      rats were fasted for 24 hr and refed, cytochrome P-450 levels were not
      significantly different from cytochrome P-450 levels in continuously fed animals.
      Treatment of fasted female rats with the protein synthesis inhibitor ethionine,
      or the RNA synthesis inhibitor actinomycin D, prevented the induction of
      cytochrome P-450 in the fasting animal. Cytochrome P-450 concentration in fed
      animals was not affected significantly by either inhibitor. Induction of
      cytochrome P-450 by phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) under fed
      and fasted conditions was also investigated in male and female rats. Xenobiotic
      induced cytochrome P-450 concentration was significantly higher in fasted female
      hepatic microsomes when compared to microsomes from fed female rats. Fasting did
      not significantly affect xenobiotic-induced cytochrome P-450 in male rats. Our
      results suggest that fasting in female rats results in an increase in cytochrome
      P-450 which is dependent upon synthesis of RNA and protein.

PMID- 2413864
TI  - Effects of benzene and pyridine on the concentration of mouse striatal tryptamine
      and 5-hydroxytryptamine.

PMID- 2413865
TI  - [Monospecific antibodies against synthetic T-antigen. Characteristics of their
      specificity and use in the identification of T-antigenic determinants on the cell
      surface].
AB  - Monospecific antibodies directed to a Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T-antigen)
      were obtained using artificial antigen. T-antigen immunodominant alpha
      disaccharide Galbeta (1----3) GalNAc alpha 1-(T alpha) and its beta-anomer Gal
      beta (1----3) GalNAc beta 1-(T beta) were bound to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and
      cytochrome C (CCC) through a spacer (sp = -O(CH2)3NHCO (CH2)4CO-) by the azide
      method to give neoglycoproteins T alpha-sp-BSA, T alpha-sp-CCC and T beta-sp-BSA.
      Anti-T alpha antiserum was obtained by immunization of rabbits with T alpha-sp
      BSA and then purified by sequential affinity chromatography on BSA-Sepharose and
      T alpha-sp-BSA-Sepharose to yield monospecific anti-T IgG antibodies. As
      elucidated by ELISA method, binding T alpha-sp-BSA to the antibodies was
      inhibited by T alpha-sp-CCC, T alpha-sp-OEt, asialofetuin, T alpha-OBzl, the
      activity of the inhibitors decreasing in the above order. Methyl beta
      galactopyranoside, benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside,
      disaccharide Gal beta (1----3) GalNAc and H-sp-BSA were inactive. The inhibitory
      analysis suggests that both disaccharide moiety T alpha- and a definite part of
      the spacer are important for the binding and that T alpha-OCH2 seems to be the
      minimal recognized structure. In immunoprecipitation tests the antibodies react
      with T alpha-sp-BSA but not with T beta-sp-BSA, whereas peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
      lectin (PNL) precipitated both T alpha- and T beta-sp-BSA. These data suggest the
      significance of the alpha-galactosaminide bond for the antibody recognition.
      Desialylated human erithrocites (natural T-antigen) were effectively agglutinated
      with the antibodies. Murine cortical thymocytes (obtained by agglutination
      sedimentation method using PNL) were agglutinated with the antibodies only
      partially (67%), while these cells as well as the cells unaffected by the
      antibodies were completely agglutinated with PNL. These results indicate to
      different contents of glycoproteins (T alpha) and glycolipids (T beta)
      oligosaccharide determinants on the surface of cortical thymocytes species.

PMID- 2413866
TI  - [Tritium labeling of tRNA by the tritium thermal activation method].
AB  - Tritium labelled E. coli total tRNA and tRNAPhe are prepared by action of
      thermally activated tritium atoms. The preparations, having the molar
      radioactivity up to 3.6 Ci/mmol, are useful for functional investigations.

PMID- 2413867
TI  - [Somatic antigens of the Brucella genus. The structure of the O-specific
      polysaccharide chain of Brucella melitensis lipopolysaccharide].
AB  - The phenol-phase soluble antigenic lipopolysaccharide was isolated from Brucella
      melitensis, strain 565, by the routine phenol/water procedure followed by
      chromatography on Sepharose 4B. After mild acid hydrolysis and chromatography on
      Sephadex G-50, the lipopolysaccharide yielded a linear O-specific polysaccharide
      built up from 1,2-linked 4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl units.
      The structure of the polysaccharide was deduced mainly from the nuclear magnetic
      resonance and methylation analyses. The phenol-soluble lipopolysaccharide,
      isolated from commercial vaccine strain B. abortus 19-BA, on mild hydrolysis
      afforded material, 13C and 1H-NMR spectra of which were identical to those of the
      O-specific polysaccharide from B. melitensis 565.

PMID- 2413868
TI  - [Are the regulatory cation-binding sites of opiate receptors a part of potential
      dependent calcium channels of neuromembranes?].
AB  - Characteristics of 45Ca2+ transport into rat brain synaptosomes have been
      studied. The value of an equilibrium constant of the Ca2+ binding at a specific
      site of neuromembrane's potential-stimulated calcium channel was determined (KM =
      0,27 +/- 0,04 mM). Stability constants of several metal-ion complexes with the
      cation-binding regulatory site at high- and low-affinity receptors for [D-Ala2, D
      Leu5]enkephaline and morphine high-affinity receptors of rat brain membranes were
      estimated. Comparative analysis of the constants calculated along with the
      results of investigation of a calcium antagonist, Verapamil, and Zn2+ ions
      influence on various types of opiate receptors allow to conclude that regulatory
      cation-binding sites of enkephaline and morphine receptors are not identical to
      Ca2+-binding centres of potential-stimulated calcium channels of the
      neuromembrane.

PMID- 2413869
TI  - Modulatory effect of sera from scleroderma patients on lymphocyte-induced
      angiogenesis.
AB  - Sera from 22 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis were tested for the
      ability to modify the angiogenic capability of normal human mononuclear cells.
      The sera from patients with acrosclerosis, including the abortive form (CREST
      syndrome: calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility,
      sclerodactyly, telangiectasias), markedly enhanced this capability compared with
      sera from both healthy donors and patients with severe acrosclerosis and diffuse
      scleroderma. The enhancing effect of sera from patients with acrosclerosis
      decreased and/or disappeared in cases where the patient's acrosclerosis was
      chronic and severe. Thus, this test may be of diagnostic value in distinguishing
      various subgroups of systemic sclerosis.

PMID- 2413870
TI  - [Reduction of postoperative edema following isolated hyperthermic perfusion of
      the extremities with prophylactic administration of aprotinin. Preliminary
      results].
AB  - Experience from more than 380 operations resulted in the standardisation of
      isolated hyperthermic perfusion with cytostatic drugs for the treatment of
      malignancies of the extremities. A side-effect of this procedure is postoperative
      oedema in varying degrees of severity. The influence of prophylactic
      intraoperative administration of aprotinin (Trasylol) was investigated under
      experimental and clinical conditions. In these preliminary studies aprotinin
      distinctly reduced maximum extent and duration of the postoperative oedema. An
      investigation concerning interaction of aprotinin with the cytotoxic activity of
      the drugs used in perfusion showed only minor inhibition which does not limit
      clinical usefulness.

PMID- 2413871
TI  - Effect of chorionic villus sampling on serum alpha fetoprotein levels.
AB  - Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a recent advance in prenatal diagnosis in the
      first trimester. maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) screening for neural tube
      defects is done from 14-17 weeks gestation. Previous studies have shown an
      elevation of AFP levels following amniocentesis. The aim of this study was to
      determine the effect of CVS on AFP levels immediately following this procedure.
      CVS was performed under sonographic guidance on 22 patients between 6 and 12
      weeks gestation undergoing elective termination of pregnancy. A Portex catheter
      was used for obtaining villi. Maternal serum AFP levels were ascertained before
      and after CVS by radioimmunoassay. In the group of patients 8 weeks or less, no
      change in AFP levels was seen; in patients greater than 8 weeks gestation, a
      significant rise in post-biopsy AFP level was noted in 7 of 14 patients. Further
      studies are planned to clarify the effect of CVS on AFP levels in patients with
      ongoing pregnancies. Clarification of this issue is important to the role of CVS
      in prenatal screening.

PMID- 2413872
TI  - The use of the Rapignost strip for estimating urinary amylase levels.
AB  - The Rapignost-Amylase urinary test strip (Behringwerke Laboratories) provides an
      estimation of urine amylase which takes a few minutes and is easy to perform.
      During a period of 9 months, 84 patients had their urine tested with this strip
      by casualty officers in the Accident and Emergency Department of St George's
      Hospital, London. In addition, urine amylase, and plasma amylase and creatinine
      were measured in the chemical pathology laboratory. In all but one instance, the
      result of the strip test agreed with the laboratory result. The Rapignost strip
      should prove useful in screening for acute pancreatitis in situations where there
      is likely to be a delay in obtaining a laboratory amylase result.

PMID- 2413873
TI  - The whole blood oxygen affinity in normal human newborns: (III) pH-dependent Bohr
      effect and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.

PMID- 2413874
TI  - Calcium ions and respiratory smooth muscle function.

PMID- 2413875
TI  - The molecular pharmacology and structural features of calcium channels.

PMID- 2413876
TI  - Calcium and mast cell activation.

PMID- 2413877
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies reacting with myeloid cells.

PMID- 2413878
TI  - Detection of metastatic tumour cells in routine bone marrow smears by immuno
      alkaline phosphatase labelling with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The present study describes 11 cases (10 carcinomas, one rhabdomyosarcoma) in
      which immuno-alkaline phosphatase labelling with monoclonal antibodies was used
      to demonstrate metastatic cells in routine smears of aspirated bone marrow.
      Carcinoma cells were detected using antibodies against epithelial cytokeratins,
      milk fat globule membrane antigen and carcinoembryonic antigen, and
      rhabdomyosarcoma cells with monoclonal anti-desmin. In four of the carcinoma
      cases it had not been possible to identify malignant cells in routinely stained
      marrow smears, whilst the case of disseminated rhabdomyosarcoma had initially
      been diagnosed (and treated) as a case of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The anti
      cytokeratin antibody was found to be the most valuable of the anti-epithelial
      reagents used, since it labelled malignant cells in all of the 10 cases of
      carcinoma and gave the strongest reactions. These results suggest that
      immunocytochemical labelling should be used in cases of suspected carcinoma
      whenever conventional examination of marrow smears yields negative results, and
      furthermore (as illustrated by the case of rhabdomyosarcoma) that the technique
      is of value for identifying the true nature of poorly differentiated neoplasms in
      bone marrow.

PMID- 2413879
TI  - Periostitis and osteitis associated with hyaline bodies.
AB  - Twenty four cases of periostitis and osteitis associated with hyaline bodies are
      reviewed. The condition primarily affects the premolar and molar region of the
      mandible in patients who wear dentures. It is suggested that exogenous foreign
      material, especially from leguminous food impacted into the tissues following
      tooth extraction, is involved in the pathogenesis of the lesions. In dentate
      patients there are several other routes by which such material could gain access
      to the deeper tissues.

PMID- 2413880
TI  - Structural and functional characterization of the inhibition of urokinase by
      alpha 2-macroglobulin.
AB  - We have investigated the interaction of alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) with the
      serine proteinase urokinase, an activator of plasminogen. Urokinase formed sodium
      dodecyl sulfate stable complexes with purified alpha 2M and with alpha 2M in
      plasma. These complexes could be visualized after polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis by protein blots using 125I-labeled anti-urokinase antibody or by
      fibrin autography, a measure of fibrinolytic activity. According to gel
      electrophoretic analyses under reducing conditions, urokinase cleaved alpha 2M
      subunits and formed apparently covalent complexes with alpha 2M. Urokinase
      cleaved only about 60% of the alpha 2M subunits maximally at a mole ratio of 2:1
      (urokinase: alpha 2M). Binding of urokinase to alpha 2M protected the urokinase
      active site from inhibition by antithrombin III-heparin and inhibited, to a
      significant extent, plasminogen activation by urokinase. Reaction of urokinase
      with alpha 2M caused an increase in intrinsic protein fluorescence and, thus,
      induced the conformational change in alpha 2M that is characteristic of its
      interactions with active proteinases. Our results indicate that both in plasma
      and in a purified system the alpha 2M-urokinase reaction is functionally
      significant.

PMID- 2413881
TI  - Effects of terminal mismatches on RNA stability: thermodynamics of duplex
      formation for ACCGGGp, ACCGGAp, and ACCGGCp.
AB  - The thermodynamics of ACCGGCp, ACCGGAp, and ACCGGGp helix formation have been
      measured in 1 M NaCl. The terminal mispairs stabilize the CCGG core duplex at 10(
      4) M in the order AC approximately equal to AA less than AG approximately equal
      to AU. The data reported provide thermodynamic parameters for RNA structure
      prediction and suggest useful approximations for including other mismatches in
      current algorithms.

PMID- 2413882
TI  - Characterization of sequence-specific oligodeoxyribonucleoside methylphosphonates
      and their interaction with rabbit globin mRNA.
AB  - Oligodeoxynucleoside methylphosphonates, nucleic acid analogues that contain
      nonionic, 3'-5'-linked methylphosphonate internucleotide bonds, can be used to
      control mRNA function in living cells. In order to use analogues of defined
      sequence in biochemical and biological experiments, methods have been developed
      to characterize the chain length and sequence of oligodeoxyribonucleoside
      methylphosphonates and to study their interaction with mRNA. Methylphosphonate
      oligomers that terminate at the 5' end with a 3'-5' internucleotide
      phosphodiester bond are readily phosphorylated by polynucleotide kinase.
      Treatment of these 32P end labeled oligomers with aqueous piperidine randomly
      hydrolyzes the methylphosphonate linkage and upon gel electrophoresis produces a
      ladder of oligomers, which allows the chain length of the oligomer to be
      determined. The sequence of 32P end labeled oligonucleoside methylphosphonates
      can be determined by a modified chemical sequencing procedure. The interaction of
      the oligomers with rabbit globin mRNA was studied. The oligomers hybridize with
      mRNA in agarose gels. The stability of the hybrids increases with increasing
      chain length of the oligomer. The binding site of the oligomers on mRNA can be
      determined by using the oligomer as a primer for reverse transcriptase. The
      length of the resulting transcript is determined by polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis after removal of the methylphosphonate primer by treatment with
      piperidine. The results indicate that binding and priming ability of the
      oligonucleoside methylphosphonates are affected by the secondary structure of the
      mRNA.

PMID- 2413883
TI  - Membrane fusion due to dehydration by polyethylene glycol, dextran, or sucrose.
AB  - To determine whether polyethylene glycol (PEG) causes growth of liposomes by
      affecting them directly or indirectly, vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholine
      were exposed to increasing concentrations of Mr 15 000-20 000 PEG or Mr 40 000
      dextran either by direct mixing or across a dialysis membrane. After incubation
      at room temperature and dilution below at least 5% (w/w) polymer, the vesicles
      were monitored for fluorescence energy transfer and for absorbance at 400 nm. PEG
      induced the same levels of dequenching or lipid mixing and increased turbidity,
      regardless of whether the vesicles had been mixed directly with or dialyzed
      against PEG. These changes occurred within 5-15 min of polymer application. It is
      concluded that the increased lipid mixing and/or increased turbidity, indicating
      vesicle growth, resulted from an indirect effect of PEG on the vesicles--most
      likely dehydration. Dextran, in contrast to PEG, induced less dequenching and/or
      less turbidity increase when vesicles were directly mixed with, as opposed to
      dialyzed against, dextran. Although dextran not in contact with vesicles and with
      osmotic activity comparable to PEG was able to cause a degree of membrane fusion
      similar to that of PEG, therefore, the dehydrating effect of dextran could be
      mitigated if it were allowed to interact with vesicles. In further support of
      membrane dehydration as a precursor to membrane fusion, lipid mixing among
      sonicated and sonicated, frozen-thawed vesicles dialyzed against sucrose
      increased as a function of sucrose concentration. Vesicle morphology generally
      determined the maximal degree of membrane fusion inducible by the
      polymers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413884
TI  - Immunochemical mapping of alpha-2 interferon.
AB  - A panel of five monoclonal antibodies, designated U1-U5, produced by murine
      hybridoma clones has been raised to recombinant interferon (IFN) alpha-2, and one
      monoclonal antibody, designated U6, has been raised to a mixture of cyanogen
      bromide fragments of IFN alpha-2. These antibodies have been characterized with
      respect to (1) neutralization of IFN antiviral and antiproliferative activities,
      (2) binding to four cloned IFN alpha subtypes (alpha-1, alpha-2, alpha-4, and
      alpha-7) that are naturally occurring and to two novel products of recombinant
      DNA technology (delta-4 alpha-1 and delta-4 alpha-2/alpha-1 hybrid), and (3)
      binding to three cyanogen bromide fragments of IFN alpha-2. Four of the six
      monoclonal antibodies inhibited IFN antiviral activity. In conjunction with the
      previously reported monoclonal antibodies III/21 [Arnheiter, H., Thomas, R. M.,
      Leist, T., Fountoulakis, M., & Gutte, B. (1981) Nature (London) 294, 278-280] and
      NK-2 [Secher, D. S., & Burke, D. C. (1980) Nature (London) 285, 446-450], eight
      unique epitopes have been described. Analysis of cross-reactivity patterns with
      IFN alpha fragments and subtypes indicated that monoclonal antibodies U1 and NK
      2, which neutralized both antiviral and antiproliferative activities, and U2,
      which was nonneutralizing in these assays, were directed to distinct epitopes
      located in a polypeptide consisting of the amino-terminal 15 amino acid residues
      linked to residues 60-110 by a disulfide bond. The epitope recognized by U1 was
      determined to reside, at least in part, between residues 5 and 15. Competitive
      binding studies indicated that neutralizing monoclonal antibody U3, which did not
      bind to any of the cyanogen bromide fragments, was directed to an epitope
      partially overlapping that of NK-2. Epitopes to which neutralizing monoclonal
      antibodies U3, U4, and U5 and nonneutralizing antibody U6 were directed were
      readily distinguished by cross-reactivity with IFN alpha subtypes. The
      nonneutralizing monoclonal antibody U6 was determined to be directed to an
      epitope between residues 22 and 58. The fact that delta-4 alpha-1 and the delta-4
      alpha-2/alpha-1 hybrid were active in an antiviral assay indicated a lack of
      direct functional significance for the first four amino-terminal amino acid
      residues and the Cys1-Cys98 disulfide bond. However, reduction with 2
      mercaptoethanol of IFN alpha-2 altered the integrity of four of the eight
      epitopes. These data support a critical role for disulfide linkages in
      maintaining the native conformation of IFN alpha-2 and provide a potential basis
      for predicting the location of functionally important domains.

PMID- 2413885
TI  - Purification of human factor VIII:C and its characterization by Western blotting
      using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Human factor VIII:C has been purified over 300 000-fold from cryoprecipitate by
      polyelectrolyte purification followed by affinity chromatography on Sepharose
      linked to antibody to factor VIIIR:Ag (monoclonal or polyclonal) and Sepharose
      linked to monoclonal antibody to factor VIII:C. The purified material has been
      analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and Western blotting using
      monoclonal antibodies. PAGE shows predominant bands at 360K (unreduced), 210K,
      and 90K and an 80K/79K doublet; Western blotting showed all the monoclonal
      antibodies used bound the 360K form. In a small-scale purification, plasma from
      blood taken directly into thrombin inhibitor Kabi S-2581 was applied directly to
      the monoclonal anti-factor VIII:C column. Western blot analysis of this material
      showed the 360K band on reduction. The purified factor VIII:C could be activated
      13-fold by human thrombin. Gel analysis of the activated material showed
      intensification followed by fading of the band at 90K and generation of bands at
      70K/69K, 55K, and 40K. Western blotting shows that the 70K/69K doublet derives
      from the 80K/79K moiety and the 40K peptide derives from the 90K and is presumed
      to contain the active site. From these studies an epitope map of the factor
      VIII:C molecule has been constructed.

PMID- 2413886
TI  - Conformation of the gramicidin A channel in phospholipid vesicles: a fluorine-19
      nuclear magnetic resonance study.
AB  - The membrane conformation of the peptide ionophore gramicidin A is shown by 19F
      NMR to be described by the N-terminal to N-terminal beta LD helical dimer model
      proposed by Urry [Urry, D.W. (1971) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 68, 672-676].
      Fully active analogues of gramicidin with 19F labels at both the N- and C-termini
      are prepared synthetically. Labeled peptides are incorporated into small
      unilamellar vesicles of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine. Measurements of the
      accessibility of the labels to either aqueous or lipophilic paramagnetic probes
      show that the N-terminus of gramicidin is located in the membrane interior and
      the C-terminus is at the membrane surface. Of the specific models proposed for
      the structure of gramicidin, these data are consistent only with that of Urry.
      The C-terminal 19F NMR peak in vesicles actually consists of three overlapping
      peaks. Experiments with the aqueous shift reagent Tm3+ show that C-terminal 19F
      nuclei in the inner and in the outer leaflets of vesicles resonate at different
      frequencies. The outer leaflet peak in turn consists of two overlapping peaks,
      possibly due to a local rearrangement of the C-terminal label.

PMID- 2413887
TI  - Cross-linking of Novikoff ascites hepatoma cytokeratin filaments.
AB  - We have investigated the structure of solubilized cytokeratins from Novikoff
      ascites hepatoma using the cleavable cross-linker 3,3'
      dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate) in the presence of 6 M urea to effect
      partial complex melting. By two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, in which the
      protein cross-links were broken in the second dimension, we have identified two
      major complexes as a p39-p56 dimer and a (p39-p56)2 tetramer, p39 and p56 being
      two of the major cytokeratins in Novikoff ascites hepatoma. Experiments
      investigating possible relationships between the dimer and tetramer employed
      immunoblots and two monoclonal antibodies which recognized either p56 or p39
      cytokeratins. When very low protein concentrations were cross-linked, the dimer
      was the predominant product. As protein concentration increased, we noted a
      decrease in dimers and a corresponding increase in tetramers, suggesting that the
      dimer may be a precursor to the tetramer. In support of the cross-linking
      experiments, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using 4 M urea in the first
      dimension indicated a predominant association of p56 and p39 in the Novikoff
      ascites hepatoma cytokeratin complexes.

PMID- 2413888
TI  - Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase in mit- mutants of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiase with defective subunit 6 of the enzyme complex.
AB  - mit- Mutants carrying genetically defined mutations in the oli2 region of the
      mitochondrial DNA were analysed. Most of these mutants demonstrated either the
      absence of subunit 6 or its replacement by shorter mitochondrial translation
      products which could be shown to be structurally related to subunit 6 by using a
      rabbit anti F1F0-antiserum, and by limited proteolytic mapping of the new
      mitochondrial translation products. Three representative oli2 mit- strains were
      analysed for the effects of a grossly altered subunit 6 or of a complete absence
      of this subunit on the activity and assembly of the H+-ATPase. Our results
      suggest that this subunit is not required for the assembly of the proton channel
      of the enzyme complex. Thus, in the absence of subunit 6, the mitochondrial
      respiratory activities in the oli2 mutants were found to be still sensitive to
      oligomycin, a specific inhibitor of the H+-ATPase proton channel.
      Immunoprecipitation of the assembled H+-ATPase subunits from these mutant strains
      using a monoclonal anti-beta-subunit antibody indicates that subunit 6 is also
      not essential for the assembly of most F1 subunits to components of the F0
      sector.

PMID- 2413889
TI  - The tryptophans of gramicidin are essential for the lipid structure modulating
      effect of the peptide.
AB  - It is shown that N-formylation of the tryptophan residues of gramicidin
      completely and reversibly blocks the hexagonal HII phase-inducing ability of the
      peptide in dioleoylphosphatidylcholine model membranes.

PMID- 2413890
TI  - Partition of lindane in synthetic and native membranes.
AB  - Partition coefficients of the insecticide gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane
      (trivially, lindane) were determined in model and native membranes. Partition in
      egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers decreases linearly with temperature, over a
      range (10-40 degrees C) at which the lipid is in the liquid-crystalline state.
      Addition of 50 mol% cholesterol dramatically decreases partition (2100 falls to
      100, at 10 degrees C) and abolishes the temperature dependence. First-order phase
      transitions of dimyristoyl-, dipalmitoyl- and distearoylphosphatidylcholines
      (DMPC, DPPC and DSPC) are accompanied by a sharp increase in lindane partition.
      Apparently, the insecticide is easily accommodated in bilayers of short-aliphatic
      chain lipids, since the partitions were 2450, 600 and 50 in DMPC, DPPC and DSPC,
      respectively, at temperatures 10 Cdeg below the midpoint of their transitions.
      The lindane partition sequence in native membranes is as follows: mitochondria,
      sarcoplasmic reticulum, myelin, brain microsomes and erythrocytes. This sequence
      correlates reasonably well with the relative content of cholesterol and is
      similar in liposomes of total extracted lipids, although the absolute partitions
      showed decreased values. Therefore, the presence of proteins in native membranes
      contributes to the insecticide partition, probably by favouring its interaction
      with lipids.

PMID- 2413891
TI  - ATP analogues induce membrane permeabilization in transformed mouse fibroblasts.
AB  - The mechanism underlying ATP-induced permeabilization of transformed mouse
      fibroblasts was studied by using nonhydrolyzable analogues of ATP. Incubation of
      3T6 cells with 0.6 mM of either ATP, 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate (p[NH]ppA) or
      adenosine 5'-[beta, gamma-methylene]triphosphate (p[CH2]ppA) resulted in an
      increase of 17-, 8- or 5-times, respectively, in the cell membrane permeability,
      measured by the efflux of normally impermeant metabolites from the cells. The
      induced cell permeabilization was preceded by a reduction in the membrane
      potential (delta psi), determined according to the distribution of the cation
      tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+) between the cells and the medium. Reduction of 26,
      18 and 13 mV in delta psi was exerted by 0.6 mM of either ATP, p[NH]ppA or
      p[CH2]ppA, respectively. In 3T3 cells the untransformed counterparts of 3T6
      cells, neither reduction of delta psi, nor alterations in membrane permeability
      were exerted by either ATP or by its analogues. The data indicate that the
      dissociation of the beta, gamma-phosphate bond is not essential for membrane
      permeabilization by external ATP, implying that the binding of ATP to the cell
      surface of transformed cells is sufficient to initiate the permeabilization
      process. The data also suggest that delta psi is involved in the control of
      membrane permeability.

PMID- 2413892
TI  - Effects of vanadate, menadione and menadione analogs on the Ca2+-activated K+
      channels in human red cells. Possible relations to membrane-bound oxidoreductase
      activity.
AB  - The modulation of the Ca2+- (or Pb2+-)activated K+ permeability in human
      erythrocytes by vanadate, menadione and chloro-substituted menadione analogs was
      investigated by measurements of K+ fluxes and single-channel currents. Vanadate
      and menadione stimulate the K+ permeability by increasing the probability of
      channel openings; the menadione analogs, on the other hand, inhibit the K+
      permeability by increasing the probability of channel closings. The compounds
      used in these experiments also interact with oxidoreductases; it is demonstrated
      that menadione analogs in contrast to menadione strongly inhibit the membrane
      bound dehydrogenase in the erythrocytes. Concentrations of Pb2+ above 10 mumol/l,
      but not of Ca2+, inhibit the enzyme activity as well as the K+ permeability. The
      parallel effects on dehydrogenase activity and the K+ channels suggest a direct
      relationship between these two systems in the membrane of erythrocytes.

PMID- 2413893
TI  - Aliphatic aldehydes promote myelin basic protein-induced fusion of phospholipid
      vesicles.
AB  - Myelin basic protein induces slow and limited fusion of phospholipid vesicles
      composed of a mixture of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine.
      Addition of palmitoyl aldehyde to these vesicles dramatically increases their
      ability to fuse in the presence of myelin basic protein. Compared to aliphatic
      aldehydes, fatty acids are much less potent promoters of myelin basic protein
      induced membrane fusion. The ability of aliphatic aldehydes to promote myelin
      basic protein-induced membrane fusion may be of relevance to myelin structure and
      function and, particularly, to the pathology of demyelinating diseases such as
      multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2413895
TI  - Demonstration of human alpha-L-fucosidase polymorphism by means of monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - Conventional rabbit antibodies and mouse monoclonal antibodies were raised to
      alpha-L-fucosidase purified from human placenta. Four monoclonal antibodies were
      studied, of which only one (A) was able to immunoprecipitate the fucosidase
      activity completely. Two antibodies (B and C) precipitated 65% and one (D) 35% of
      the activity. The enzyme precipitated by the monoclonal antibodies remained fully
      active, whereas the enzyme precipitated by conventional antibodies was partly
      inactivated. As shown by the method of successive immunoprecipitations, the
      monoclonal antibodies B and C recognized the same set of placental fucosidase
      molecules, and D a subset thereof. The purified fucosidase also yielded two
      components after gel electrophoresis in nondenaturing conditions, and the slower
      component corresponded to the set recognized by antibodies B and C. The
      fucosidase extracted from different tissues and serum was studied by
      immunoprecipitation. In all cases, the enzyme was completely precipitated by
      monoclonal antibody A. Two patterns were found with B, C and D: either part of
      the activity was precipitated by these antibodies (leucocytes, placenta, brain,
      liver, spleen, thymus) or B, C and D failed to precipitate any of the enzyme
      (serum, heart, kidney, testes).

PMID- 2413894
TI  - Plasminogen activation and regulation of pericellular proteolysis.

PMID- 2413896
TI  - BW755C inhibits the 5-lipoxygenase in E-mast cells without affecting
      degranulation.
AB  - The inhibitory effect of the drug BW755C on the 5-lipoxygenase pathway was
      analyzed for bone marrow-derived murine mast cells, termed E-mast cells. The drug
      prevented the formation of 5-HETE from exogenous [14C]arachidonic acid when IgE
      sensitized cells were challenged by the antigen. BW755C also prevented formation
      of leukotriene C4 in a dose-dependent fashion when IgE-sensitized mast cells,
      preincubated with the drug, were activated with either the specific antigen or
      the ionophore. Leukotriene C4 inhibition occurred with a minimal drug
      preincubation period of 1 min before the cells were subjected to antigen
      dependent activation. BW755C did not affect the degranulation response of these
      cells. Thus in an intact cell system BW755C prevents 5-lipoxygenation of
      arachidonic acid. Furthermore, this study reveals that even with transmembrane
      activation of E-mast cells through their IgE-Fc receptors, granule secretion is
      not dependent upon corresponding metabolites from the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.

PMID- 2413897
TI  - Galactose-specific receptors on liver cells. II. Characterization of the purified
      receptor from macrophages reveals no structural relationship to the hepatocyte
      receptor.
AB  - We have isolated a galactose-specific receptor protein from rat liver macrophages
      by three techniques, all using EDTA extraction and subsequent affinity
      chromatography. The purified receptor has an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa
      and exhibits hemagglutinating activity. Monospecific receptor-antisera produce
      one precipitation line with the macrophage receptor in Ouchterlony double
      diffusion but show no cross-reaction with the hepatocyte receptor. Sinusoidal
      cells, but not hepatocytes, are stained with monoclonal antibodies to the
      macrophage receptor, whereas anti-hepatocyte receptor antibodies stain hepatocyte
      surfaces but not sinusoidal cells. We conclude that the galactose-specific
      receptor from liver macrophages is structurally different from the hepatocyte
      receptor, although the two lectins share a similar binding specificity.

PMID- 2413898
TI  - Effect of temperature on calcium exchange in digitonin-treated rat ventricular
      myocytes.
AB  - The effect of a change in temperature on net mitochondrial Ca2+ exchange has been
      investigated in a suspension of adult rat ventricular myocytes. Temperature was
      varied between 42 degrees C and 15 degrees C. Hypothermia reduced the initial
      rate of respiration-dependent Ca2+ uptake and reduced the Na+-sensitivity of Ca2+
      efflux. The net result of these alterations is that at low temperatures, the Ca2+
      level at which a steady-state between mitochondria and sarcoplasm is maintained,
      will be raised.

PMID- 2413900
TI  - [Effect of Segestria florentina spider venom on the mechanism of inactivation of
      sodium channels].
AB  - It was shown that Segestria florentina spider venom mainly reduces the rate and
      amount of sodium inactivation. This effect is likely to be responsible for the
      prolongation of the action potential.

PMID- 2413899
TI  - Triiodothyronine-stimulated RNA synthesis in primary cultures of adult rat
      hepatocytes.
AB  - We have studied the effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on RNA synthesis by primary
      cultures of rat hepatocytes in order to ascertain whether hepatocyte
      transcriptional activity is directly stimulated by this hormone. The results
      demonstrate that T3 stimulates RNA synthesis as measured by [3H]orotic acid
      incorporation into RNA and by RNA polymerase activity. The responsiveness of
      cultured hepatocytes to T3 becomes evident only after a fairly long latency
      period required for the recovery of T3 nuclear binding sites. The response of RNA
      synthesis to T3 was absent unless the hepatocytes were simultaneously exposed to
      insulin and dexamethasone, indicating a permissive role of these factors in the
      action of T3 on RNA synthesis.

PMID- 2413901
TI  - [Study of the nature of regulation of potential-dependent channels by Raman
      spectroscopy].
AB  - The light scattering spectra of frog somatic nerves during excitation, its block
      by tetrodotoxin and at different Ca2+ and H+ extracellular concentrations have
      been investigated. In all cases changes were observed in the C40-carotenoid peaks
      enhanced by the resonance Raman effect. These changes can be explained by
      transient carbon-carbon bond equalization of the polyene chain. The mechanism of
      regulation of Na-channel function by "potential-sensor" in relation to the
      excitable membrane was discussed.

PMID- 2413902
TI  - [Effect of temperature on the interaction of gramicidin A and its dimer analog
      with the muscle fiber membrane].
AB  - Potassium conductance of single muscle fibres from Rana esculenta was studied in
      isotonic K2SO4 solution under constant current conditions using double sucrose
      gap method. At room temperature the channel formation by gramicidin was much
      faster than that of the synthetic head to head covalently linked gramicidin
      dimer. The increase of temperature by 8-10 degrees C resulted in a considerable
      rise of both dimer- and gramicidin-induced conductances. The effect was much
      greater than in the case of bilayers indicating a remarkable entropy change in
      the muscle fibre membrane. The temperature dependence of adsorption was more
      pronounced than that of desorption: there was no effect on desorption of dimer
      and only 20% of the temperature-activated desorption of gramicidin irreversibly
      bound at room temperature.

PMID- 2413903
TI  - [Intraneuronal information processing. An increase in sodium and decrease in
      potassium permeability after injection of cyclic nucleotide and mechanical
      stimulation of the neuron].
AB  - In voltage clamp experiments the ionic permeability mechanism of the neuron soma
      evoked by the injection of cyclic nucleotides can be estimated only by studying
      the reversal potential. The value of this potential allows to conclude that
      permeability is mainly increased by opening potential independent sodium
      channels. A delay of ionic current evoked by cyclic nucleotides is tenfold less
      than the time of cAMP diffusion to the membrane. This leads to a hypothesis about
      the cyclic nucleotide dependent mechanical opening of sodium channels.

PMID- 2413904
TI  - [Parametric resonance and amplification of periodic disturbances in membranes
      containing ion channels with inactivation].
AB  - Parametric resonance and amplification of periodic perturbations in the membrane
      transport of ions through channels with inactivation was studied in computational
      experiments. It has been shown that a periodic change in the membrane capacitance
      or in the applied electric current with a frequency approximately 2 omega 0
      (omega 0--the own angular frequency of the membrane) may excite stable self
      oscillations in the membrane with a frequency of approximately omega 0. For this
      to occur, the degree of the capacitance modulation m or the amplitude of the
      applied current i0 must exceed some critical values mcr and i0cr. Excitation of
      self-oscillations by alternating electric current of the frequency approximately
      2 omega 0 has the characteristics of parametric resonance. This can be explained
      by the fact that the equivalent membrane inductance depends on ionic current and
      displays periodic changes with a frequency approximately 2 omega 0, as also does
      the current. Small-amplitude periodic changes in the capacitance (m less than
      mcr) with frequencies approximately 2 omega 0 may result in significant
      amplification of periodic perturbations with frequencies approximately omega 0.

PMID- 2413905
TI  - [The cytoskeleton and mechanoreception thresholds].
AB  - In order to analyse the mechanisms of high sensitivity of mechanoreceptors the
      role of cytoskeleton in the deformation of receptor membrane was considered. The
      later was considered as an elastic plate. Local relative deformations epsilon s
      near the attachment points of cytoskeleton filaments to the membrane were
      calculated. It is shown that at different types of deformation for small regions
      of the membrane with the size R of several scores of nm the epsilon s values are
      L/R where L is absolute displacement of the region under the effect of the force
      applied. For the hair cells of the corti organ the model including neighbor
      stereocilia connected by the skeleton filaments shows the values epsilon s
      approximately 10(-4). The latter by several orders exceed the values
      characteristic of the single stereocilium deflection. On the basis of the model
      calculations of epsilon s a hypothesis is advanced for Pacinian corpuscle
      concerning the existence of a bond between the membrane sensitive ending and the
      inner capsula via cytoskeleton filaments, which suggests high epsilon s values of
      this receptor. The cytoskeleton elements should be considered an intrinsic part
      of the sensitive centre.

PMID- 2413906
TI  - [Mode of action of cyclic amp in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, CAP and cAMP
      dependent protein kinases].
AB  - cAMP is an ubiquitous compound which is involved in the regulation of many
      biological processes. In bacteria such as E. coli, cAMP mediates the activation
      of catabolic operons via the CAP protein. The CAP-cAMP complex, whose
      tridimensional structure has recently been established, binds to the promoter
      regions of catabolic operons at a specific site, and activates their
      transcription by inducing RNA polymerase to bind and initiate transcription at
      the correct site. Various phenomenons including protein-protein interactions or
      CAP-induced DNA bending or kinking could be involved in the process of forming
      the open transcription complex. In eukaryotes, cAMP activates cAMP dependent
      protein kinases which covalently modify proteins by phosphorylation on serine or
      threonine residues. The catalytically inactive holoenzyme is generally a tetramer
      containing two regulatory subunits, each capable of binding two molecules of
      cAMP, and two catalytic subunits. In mammalian cells, two types of cAMP dependent
      protein kinases (I and II) can be distinguished on the basis of their regulatory
      subunits; their relative proportion varies from tissue to tissue. Binding of cAMP
      to the regulatory subunits induces the dissociation of the holoenzyme and
      releases the free and active catalytic subunits. Phosphorylation of proteins
      occurs at sequences containing two basic residues in the vicinity of the
      phosphorylated serine or threonine. A heat-stable protein, present in most
      eukaryotic cells, specifically interacts with the catalytic subunit and inhibits
      its activity. The amino-acid sequence of cAMP dependent protein kinases has
      recently been determined. It is interesting to note that the domains responsible
      for cAMP binding by the regulatory subunits of mammalian cAMP dependent protein
      kinases and CAP share important sequence homologies. The same phenomenon is
      observed concerning the domain responsible for ATP binding to the catalytic
      subunit of cAMP dependent protein kinases and that of tyrosine-specific protein
      kinases from oncoviruses. Other eukaryotic proteins such as S-adenosyl-L
      homocysteine (SAH) hydrolase are also capable of binding cAMP. The latter is
      involved in the regulation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine dependent methylations, and
      its activity could be affected by cAMP. Besides its role as an effector of
      enzymatic activity via phosphorylation, such as in the regulation of glycogen
      metabolism, cAMP has recently been shown to activate the transcription of a
      number of eukaryotic genes. This process probably also involves protein
      phosphorylation, but its precise mechanism remains to be understood.

PMID- 2413907
TI  - The interferon-induced enzyme 2-5A synthetase adenylates tRNA.
AB  - The interferon-induced enzyme 2-5A synthetase is shown to adenylate tRNA. Yeast
      tRNAPhe was incubated with the enzyme in the presence of double stranded RNA (in
      this case polyI-polyC) and ATP or deoxyATP. The reaction products were analyzed
      by ribonuclease T1 digestion of the tRNA, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      autoradiography. Using ATP, the 2-5A synthetase adds one, two or three AMP
      residues to the 3'-end of the tRNA whereas when dATP is replacing ATP, only one
      nucleotide unit is added. It is concluded that one of the mechanisms of the
      interferon-induced antiviral effect may be an inhibition of the translation
      process caused by an inactivation of tRNA molecules by a 2-5A synthetase
      catalyzed 2'-adenylation of the 3'-end.

PMID- 2413908
TI  - In vitro study of the biological activity of RNAs after incubation of hog liver,
      heart and brain tissue at room temperature.
AB  - The biological activity of RNA, isolated from tissue which was incubated for 1,
      3, or 6 hours at room temperature (simulation of post-mortem conditions), was
      preserved. However, the different organs used differ from each other. When liver
      is used, qualitative differences in the in vitro translation products are
      observed, after one hour incubation at room temperature, whereas when heart and
      brain are used these differences are not observed. We have also shown that
      relatively small amounts of post-mortem tissue is sufficient for RNA extraction.
      When using frozen tissue it is absolutely necessary to add RNase inhibitors
      during thawing to reduce the loss of biological activity.

PMID- 2413909
TI  - [Purification, quaternary structure and immunological properties of phosphorylase
      kinase from chicken skeletal muscle].
AB  - Phosphorylase kinase was isolated from red and white chicken skeletal muscle in a
      nearly homogeneous state as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the
      presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The molecular weight of the native enzyme as
      determined by gel filtration on Sepharose 4B is close to that of rabbit skeletal
      muscle phosphorylase kinase (i. e., approximately 1300 000). The molecular
      weights of the subunits determined by SDS gel electrophoresis are: alpha', 140
      000 beta, 129 000; gamma', 44 000; delta, 17 000 (cf. the Mr values of the alpha-
      and gamma-subunits of the rabbit muscle isoenzyme are 146 000 and 42 000). The
      four subunits, alpha', beta, gamma' and delta, were found to exist in equimolar
      amounts as shown by a densitometric analysis of acrylamide gels; hence, the
      subunit formula of the chicken skeletal muscle isoenzyme is (alpha' beta gamma'
      delta)4. Rabbit antisera against a mixture of alpha'- and beta-subunits of
      chicken phosphorylase kinase yield a single precipitin line with this enzyme, do
      not show cross reactions of identity with the rabbit muscle enzyme but strongly
      inhibit the activity of the chicken enzyme and partially inhibit the activity of
      the rabbit muscle isoenzyme.

PMID- 2413910
TI  - [2 methodological approaches to the problem of the tissue specificity of
      transcription].
AB  - The determination of genome transcription level in different tissues or
      structures of organism is carried out at present by the method of DNA--RNA
      hybridization in solutions using labeled unique DNA sequences and significant RNA
      excess. Similar results may be probably obtained by a more simple method-
      numerously repeated recycles of RNA passage through the columns with denaturated
      DNA polymerized in agarose gel. Hybridization of single-stranded DNAs with each
      other is excluded and it is possible to separate RNA into fractions specific for
      different tissues and organs.

PMID- 2413911
TI  - Clearance of compounds of different molecular size in the human placenta in
      vitro.
AB  - The placental clearance of selected water-soluble molecules and antipyrine was
      evaluated using a dual perfusion of human placental lobules in vitro. When graded
      according to decreasing clearance, the sequence of the molecules was as follows:
      water = antipyrine greater than urea greater than p-aminohippuric acid greater
      than inulin greater than dextran 20 greater than dextran 70. A close correlation
      was obtained between the clearance and the free diffusion coefficient of these
      molecules. However, no restricted diffusion was observed in the molecular range
      studied. These results suggest an equivalent pore size larger than 90 A for the
      human placental membrane in vitro.

PMID- 2413912
TI  - Obsessive-compulsive disorder and serotonin: is there a connection?
AB  - Reports of the antiobsessional efficacy of clomipramine have led to a "serotonin
      hypothesis" of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). To test this hypothesis, 16
      outpatients with DSM-III OCD were studied using several measures of serotonergic
      function. Platelet 3H-imipramine binding and serotonin uptake were not
      significantly different between the OCD patients and a normal, age-matched
      control group. The level of the metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was significantly higher in a small cohort of
      obsessionals compared with healthy volunteers, possibly reflecting increased
      brain serotonin turnover. In a direct test of the role of serotonin uptake in
      clomipramine's antiobsessional effects, the serotonin uptake inhibitor zimelidine
      was compared with the noradrenergic uptake inhibitor desipramine in a double
      blind, controlled study. Zimelidine reduced CSF 5-HIAA, but was clinically
      ineffective in this group. Desipramine had weak but significant clinical effects.
      Nonresponders to zimelidine or desipramine improved significantly during a
      subsequent double blind trial of clomipramine. These findings demonstrate that
      pharmacological blockade of serotonin reuptake alone is not sufficient for an
      antiobsessional response.

PMID- 2413913
TI  - DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis by porcine oocyte-cumulus complexes during
      expansion.
AB  - The experiments described in this report were designed to determine three
      biosynthetic functions of oocyte-cumulus complexes during expansion. The events
      investigated were DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis during a 24-h in vitro culture;
      these were determined by 3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine, and 3H-leucine incorporation
      into oocyte-cumulus complexes, respectively. The quality of proteins produced was
      also determined by slab-gel electrophoresis. Results indicated that, during
      follicle-stimulating hormone-induced cumulus expansion, total DNA synthesis was
      significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced whereas RNA synthesis remained
      unchanged. Overall protein synthesis was markedly increased (P less than 0.05),
      with one major band (Mr = 22,000) and two minor bands (Mr = 19,500 and 78,000)
      being produced during expansion.

PMID- 2413914
TI  - Photoactivation and dissociation of agonist molecules at the nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptor in voltage-clamped rat myoballs.
AB  - The photochemical properties of the azobenzene derivative, Bis-Q, were exploited
      to carry out an agonist concentration jump followed by a molecular rearrangement
      of bound agonist molecules at acetylcholine (ACh) receptor channels of voltage
      clamped rat myoballs. Myoballs were bathed in solutions containing low
      concentrations of cis-Bis-Q, the inactive isomer. Whole-cell current relaxations
      were studied following a light flash that produced a concentration jump of
      agonist, trans-Bis-Q, followed by a second flash that produced net trans----cis
      photoisomerizations of Bis-Q molecules. The concentration-jump relaxation
      provided a measure of the mean burst duration for ACh receptor channels occupied
      by trans-Bis-Q (7.7 ms, 22 degrees C). The second current relaxation was a more
      rapid conductance decrease (phase 1, tau = 0.8 ms). Phase 1 may represent either
      the burst duration for receptors initially occupied by a single cis- and a single
      trans-Bis-Q molecule or that for unliganded receptors. Single-channel current
      recordings from excised outside-out membrane patches showed that single channels
      open following an agonist concentration jump comparable to that used in the whole
      cell experiments; when many such records were averaged, a synthetic macroscopic
      relaxation was produced. Individual open channels closed faster following a flash
      that promoted trans----cis photoisomerizations of the bound ligand, thus
      confirming the whole-cell observations of phase 1.

PMID- 2413915
TI  - Agonists Bay-K8644 and CGP-28392 open calcium channels reconstituted from
      skeletal muscle transverse tubules.
AB  - The recently described calcium channel agonists Bay-K8644 and CGP-28392 have been
      used to induce long-term opening of calcium channels from purified rat muscle
      transverse tubules (t-tubules) incorporated into planar phospholipid bilayers.
      Agonist-open channels are selective for divalent cations (except Mg++), display
      voltage-dependent kinetics, and are blocked by the calcium channel antagonist,
      nitrendipine. The sensitivity to dihydropyridine agonists and antagonists
      indicate that a pool of t-tubule calcium channels remain functional after
      membrane fractionation and purification.

PMID- 2413916
TI  - Protons decrease the single channel conductance of the sarcoplasmic reticulum K+
      channel in neutral and negatively charged bilayers.
AB  - The conductance of rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum K+ channels incorporated into
      artificial bilayers of varying lipid composition was measured at different K+ and
      proton concentrations. Protons competitively inhibit the K+ conductance with a Ki
      of 0.5 microM. In negatively charged membranes, the conductance is well described
      by Gouy-Chapman-Stern theory modified to include the inhibitory effect of protons
      of the conductance and assuming that the channel mouth is isolated by 5-10 A from
      bilayer surface.

PMID- 2413917
TI  - Delayed rectification in the calf cardiac Purkinje fiber. Evidence for multiple
      state kinetics.
AB  - We have investigated the delayed rectifier current (Ix) in the calf cardiac
      Purkinje fiber using a conventional two-microelectrode voltage clamp arrangement.
      The deactivation of Ix was monitored by studying decaying current tails after the
      application of depolarizing voltage prepulses. The reversal potential (Vrev) of
      these Ix tails was measured as a function of prepulse magnitude and duration to
      test for possible permeant ion accumulation- or depletion-induced changes in
      Vrev. We found that prepulse-induced changes in Vrev were less than 5 mV,
      provided that prepulse durations were less than or equal to 3.5 s and magnitudes
      were less than or equal to +35 mV. We kept voltage pulse structures within these
      limits for the remainder of the experiments in this study. We studied the
      sensitivity of Vrev to variation in extracellular K+. The reversal potential for
      Ix is well described by a Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz relation for a channel permeable
      to Na+ and K+ with PNa/PK = 0.02. The deactivation of Ix was always found to be
      biexponential and the two components shared a common reversal potential. These
      results suggest that it is not necessary to postulate the existence of two
      populations of channels to account for the time course of the Ix tails. Rather,
      our results can quantitatively be reproduced by a model in which the Ix channel
      can exist in three (two closed, one open) conformational states connected by
      voltage dependent rate constants.

PMID- 2413918
TI  - Inactivation of the sodium current in squid giant axons by hydrocarbons.
AB  - The voltage dependence of the steady state inactivation parameter (h infinity) of
      the sodium current in the squid giant axon is known to be shifted in the
      hyperpolarizing direction by hydrocarbons and it has been suggested that the
      shifts arise from thickness changes in the axon membrane, analogous to those
      produced in lipid bilayers (Haydon, D. A., and J. E. Kimura, 1981, J. Physiol.
      [Lond.], 312:57-70; Haydon, D. A., and B. W. Urban, 1983, J. Physiol. [Lond.],
      338:435-450; Haydon, D. A., J. R. Elliott, and B. M. Hendry, 1984, Curr. Top.
      Membr. Transp., 22:445-482). This hypothesis has been tested systematically by
      examining the effects of a range of concentrations of cyclopentane on the high
      frequency capacitance per unit area both of the axonal membrane and of lipid
      bilayers formed from monoolein plus squalene. A similar comparison has been made
      for cyclopropane and n-butane, both at a pressure of 1 atm. The results are
      consistent with the notion that thickness increases in the axolemma produce the
      shifts in h infinity. Except at very high concentrations, however, the thickness
      changes in the lipid bilayer were too small to account for the h infinity shifts.
      A possible explanation of this finding is discussed.

PMID- 2413919
TI  - Nuclear magnetic resonance of 23Na ions interacting with the gramicidin channel.
AB  - Basic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) features of 23Na ions bound to the
      gramicidin channel (packaged into lecithin liposomes) were studied. The first
      binding constant K1 of Na+ was not significantly dependent on channel models
      employed. With the two-identical-site model (Model I), K1 was 13.7 (+/- 1.4)
      molal-1 (in the activity basis) at 25 degrees C; when the binding of a third ion
      was included (Model II), it was 13.0 (+/- 2.0) molal-1. The second binding
      constant K2 was model dependent; it was 1.6 (+/- 0.2) and 3-4 molal-1 for Models
      I and II, respectively. The rate constants, k-1 and k-2, of Na+ for exit from
      singly and doubly loaded channels, respectively, were 8 X 10(5) s-1 less than or
      equal to k-1 less than or equal to 3 X 10(6) s-1 and 8 X 10(5) s-1 less than or
      equal to k-2 less than or equal to 1.0 X 10(7) s-1 at 25 degrees C; the lower
      bound represents a rough approximation of k-1. The ratio k-2/k-1 was greater than
      one and did not greatly exceed 20. From the competition experiment, K1 of T1+ was
      5.7 (+/- 0.6) X 10(2) molal-1. The longitudinal relaxation time T1 of bound 23Na
      in the state of single occupancy (T 1B sing) was virtually independent of models,
      0.56 (+/- 0.03) and 0.55 (+/- 0.04) ms at 25 degrees C for Models I and II,
      respectively. For the state of double occupancy, T1 of bound 23Na (T 1B doub) was
      model dependent: 0.27 (+/- 0.01) and 0.4-0.6 ms for Models I and II. The
      correlation time tau c of bound 23Na was 2.2 (+/- 0.2) ns at 25 degrees C for
      single occupancy; tau c for double occupancy was not significantly different from
      this value. The estimated tau c was found to involve no appreciable contribution
      of the exchange of 23Na between the channel and the bulk solution. The quadrupole
      coupling constant chi was 1.0 (+/- 0.1) MHz for 23Na in single occupancy; chi for
      double occupancy was 0.9-1.4 MHz, depending on models. A lower bound of the
      average quadrupole coupling constant chi alpha was 0.13-0.26 MHz at 25 degrees C
      for 23Na in single occupancy; this value represents a rough approximation of chi
      alpha at this temperature. An argument based on the estimated chi alpha and the
      known conformation of the gramicidin channel suggests that the binding site is a
      small domain near the channel end. Within the framework of Model I, Tb was faster
      than Tljn; this inequality was attributed to an increased chi in the presence ofa
      second cation, which was not explained in terms of electrostatic interactions
      between bound cations, implying a conformation change upon binding of cations.

PMID- 2413920
TI  - Comments on "Erythrocyte and ghost cytoplasmic resistivity and voltage-dependent
      apparent size".

PMID- 2413921
TI  - [Dynamics of the heart minute volume and rheological properties of the blood in
      the early post-resuscitation period after preagonal and agonal conditions].
AB  - Fifteen experiments on heparinized (500 IU/kg) dogs (both male and female) under
      slight nembutal anaesthesia with promedol have revealed that polyglucin
      hemodilution (60% of blood; 40% of polyglucin) during resuscitation following 4
      hours of hypovolemic hypotension prevented the onset of ischemic hyperperfusion
      syndrome for 5 minutes of post-resuscitation period. Moreover, delayed
      hyperperfusion syndrome was not observed 3 hours after resuscitation, as it was
      in animals with blood reinfusion only. Hyperperfusion syndrome was more expressed
      in animals, recovered after a 4-hour hypovolemic hypotension, than in animals
      whose agony was caused by a 2-hour arterial hypotension. The correlation was
      established between high blood viscosity and post-ischemic hyperperfusion
      (reactive hyperemia).

PMID- 2413922
TI  - [Interrelation of delta-aminolevulinic acid and brain myelin proteins as affected
      by benzene and lead].
AB  - An experimental model of subacute lead and benzene intoxication was induced in
      rabbits. It increased significantly delta-aminolevulinic acid (14C-ALA)
      incorporation into CNS myelin. ALA stably fixes on myelin proteins, especially
      Wolfgram proteins. In spite of this about one half of ALA incorporated into
      myelin linked with its basic proteins. Lead and benzene intoxication cause
      changes in the proportion of the basic fractions of myelin proteins. The amount
      of basic proteins increases, while the amount of proteolipid and Wolfgram
      proteins decreases. Lead and especially benzene intoxication decreases exogenous
      ALA insertion into basic proteins and proteolipid proteins, with ALA fixation on
      Wolfgram proteins remaining unchanged.

PMID- 2413923
TI  - [Bronchial asthma and endorphins].
AB  - The paper deals with the investigation of endorphin content in the blood of
      patients with asthma. The increase in alpha- and beta-endorphin concentration was
      shown to depend on the severity of clinical manifestations of infectious-allergic
      and atopic forms of bronchial asthma. This regularity was not observed for gamma
      endorphin. The infectious-allergic form of asthma was characterized by drastic
      reduction in the content of all three endorphin types upon treatment with
      dexamethasone. The possible role of endorphin reactions in the pathogenesis of
      asthma is discussed.

PMID- 2413924
TI  - [Interferon-inducing and antiviral effects of inosiplex in combination with high
      molecular interferon inducers].
AB  - It has been shown that the immunostimulant inosiplex (IP) is capable of inducing
      interferon production in mice and of stimulating interferon induction by high
      molecular inducers. The combined use of IP and poly (G)-poly (C) or dsRNA (RFf2)
      leads to a longer interferon circulation in the blood. All the combination
      schemes ensuring the effect of interferon production prolongation were tested for
      anti-viral activity. The prophylactic administration of the drugs permitted the
      attainment in mice of the increased resistance to experimental influenza.

PMID- 2413925
TI  - [Effect of retinoic acid on indices of humoral immunity].
AB  - The influence of all-trans- and 13-cys-methylretinoate on antibacterial and
      antiviral immunity was studied in experiments on noninbred C57Bl/6 and (CBA X
      C57Bl/6) F1 mice. All-trans-methylretinoate was shown to stimulate the production
      of antibodies to E. coli antigens, with the effect being dose-dependent. At the
      same time both compounds inhibited the production of inhibitors, interferon and
      antibodies to influenza virus.

PMID- 2413926
TI  - Regulation of plasma factor XIII binding to fibrin in vitro.
AB  - The binding of plasma factor XIII to fibrinogen or fibrin that has been
      chemically or enzymatically induced to polymerize was studied. Factor XIII
      binding was assayed using a 3H-putrescine incorporation assay and an 125I-plasma
      factor XIII binding assay. More than 80% of the native and radiolabeled plasma
      factor XIII was bound to fibrin I formed by reptilase in EDTA, citrate, or
      heparin anticoagulated plasma. Plasma factor XIII and 125I-factor XIII was bound
      (89.6% to 92.5%) to fibrin II formed by thrombin in either citrate or EDTA
      anticoagulated plasma. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      (SDS-PAGE) of 125I-plasma factor XIII bound to fibrin I or fibrin II formed by
      reptilase or thrombin in the presence of EDTA demonstrated the b2-subunit
      remained bound to the a-chains or thrombin-cleaved a-chains. In the presence of
      calcium chloride and thrombin, the b2-subunit dissociated and factor XIIIa was
      bound. Protamine sulfate caused fibrinogen polymerization in the absence of
      divalent cations and reduced both plasma factor XIII and immunologic fibrinogen
      levels. Fibrinogen polymerized by protamine sulfate bound plasma factor XIII and
      the a2-subunit of 125I-platelet factor XIII. Plasma factor XIII was also bound to
      sonicated non-cross-linked fibrin II in either normal plasma or afibrinogenemic
      plasma. Plasma levels of several coagulation proteins were unchanged after the
      addition of reptilase, protamine sulfate, or sonicated fibrin to plasma. These
      results demonstrate that a specific binding site for the a2-subunit of plasma
      factor XIII is present on polymerized fibrinogen, fibrin I, and fibrin II.
      Furthermore, the presence of divalent cations, thrombin-cleavage of plasma factor
      XIII, and release of fibrinopeptides A or B are not required for plasma factor
      XIII binding to polymerized fibrinogen and fibrin.

PMID- 2413927
TI  - Increased activity of a specific sialyltransferase in chronic myelogenous
      leukemia.
AB  - Granulocytes from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) are
      morphologically identical to their normal counterparts but show marked
      differences in circulation patterns and in some membrane properties. We have
      previously shown that there is abnormal lectin binding to CML granulocytes, and
      aberrant sialylation of membrane glycoproteins. To examine the changes in
      sialylation of CML granulocytes further, we have studied membrane preparations
      from CML and normal granulocytes for specific sialyltransferase activity. Because
      sialyltransferase enzymes are specific for the configuration of the acceptor
      group, enzyme activity was assayed by measuring transfer of sialic acid from CMP
      14C-sialic acid to substrates of defined structure. As compared with those of
      normal counterparts, CML extracts catalyzed a 50% higher overall rate of
      sialylation of asialofetuin, a substrate possessing both N- and O-linked
      acceptors. Studies of enzyme specificity utilizing porcine and ovine submaxillary
      mucins, antifreeze glycoprotein and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein as acceptors showed
      that the increased sialylation by CML extracts was due primarily to substrates
      with the O-linked Gal beta 1----3GaINAc acceptor group. These data suggest that
      sialyltransferase activity is increased in CML granulocytes compared to normal
      granulocytes and that the increased enzyme activity is specific for O-linked Gal
      beta 1----3GaINAc. This enzyme activity may be directly responsible for the
      abnormal membrane sialylation and pathophysiological behavior of these cells.

PMID- 2413928
TI  - Cytokines regulating acute inflammation and synthesis of acute phase proteins.
AB  - The acute phase response to injury includes metabolic alterations, such as fever,
      leucocytosis, enhanced uptake of some metals and amino acids by liver, and
      changes in the synthesis of certain plasma proteins. Many of these effects can be
      elicited either in vivo or in tissue culture by monocyte- and keratinocyte
      derived cytokine interleukin 1 (IL-1), which had earlier been variably termed
      leucocytic endogenous mediator, lymphocyte activating factor, or endogenous
      pyrogen. Although recombinant murine IL-1 was shown to induce hepatic synthesis
      of acute phase proteins other authors demonstrated that hepatocyte stimulating
      factor (HSF) is distinct from IL-1. Possible relationships between HSF und IL-1
      and the molecular mechanisms of action of these cytokines on the synthesis of
      acute phase proteins are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2413929
TI  - Prognostic value of estrogen receptors determined by radiochemical vs.
      histochemical methods in breast cancer.
AB  - Estrogen receptors (ER) were evaluated in 634 breast cancer patients by the
      dextran-coated charcoal method (DCC). In 206, ER and progesterone receptors (PR)
      were also tested by cytochemistry (Lee method), and in 124 ER were tested by
      immunofluorescence (Pertschuk method). The median follow-up is 3.7 years.
      Comparisons have been made between receptor content and: anatomical and clinical
      features, disease-free survival (DFS), and survival. The following conclusions
      can be drawn: there is no correlation between ER determinations by DCC and by
      immunofluorescence or cytochemical methods; there is no evidence of association
      between ER and PR determined by Lee's method and anatomical and clinical
      features; a highly significant positive association was found between ER rich
      specimens and age, post-menopausal status, lobular and tubular histologic types;
      there is no association between ER values and TNM stage, WHO grading, pathologic
      prognostic factors of primary tumor and of lymph nodes; and the DFS was not
      affected by ER status, except for tumors with more than 50 fmol/mg protein.

PMID- 2413930
TI  - Potential use of a roadside fern (Pteris vittata) to biomonitor Pb and other
      aerial metal deposition.

PMID- 2413931
TI  - Variability of lindane toxicity in Tetrahymena pyriformis with special reference
      to liposomal lindane and the surfactant Tween 80.

PMID- 2413932
TI  - Sources and transport of organochlorine compounds and heavy metals into waters of
      the National Park of Donana.

PMID- 2413933
TI  - TI-233 as a glutamate channel blocker at the crayfish neuromuscular junction.
AB  - Effects of TI-233 (4-isopropyl-1-[N2-(5,6-dimethyl-aminonaphthalene-1-sulphonyl)
      L-arginyl ]- piperidine) on glutamate-induced responses and nerve-evoked synaptic
      responses were compared at the crayfish neuromuscular junction. Intracellularly
      recorded excitatory junctional potentials (e.j.ps) were markedly augmented by TI
      233 when they were evoked at long intervals, whereas the unit size of
      extracellular e.j.ps was hardly affected by TI-233 and, at that stage, the
      glutamate-induced current was markedly reduced by TI-233. The decay rate of
      extracellular e.j.ps was slightly increased 3 min after the addition of TI-233 at
      concentrations higher than 0.05 mM. Repetitive stimulation of the excitatory axon
      at a high frequency caused a gradual decrease in the amplitudes of extracellular
      e.j.ps in the presence of TI-233. After prolonged application of TI-233 with
      repetitive nerve stimulation, the glutamate-induced response became significantly
      smaller than the control. TI-233 increased the input resistance of the crayfish
      muscle fibre and facilitated transmitter release at the excitatory neuromuscular
      junction. These two effects would entirely explain the augmentation of
      intracellular e.j.ps by TI-233. TI-233 (greater than 3 microM) reduced the
      amplitude of current responses to trains of glutamate pulses in a dose-dependent
      manner, but this reduction by TI-233 was time- and activity-dependent. The effect
      of TI-233 on glutamate-induced responses was voltage-dependent and
      hyperpolarization increased this effect. Pretreatment of the muscle fibre with
      concanavalin A did not affect the gradual decline, caused by TI-233, of the
      successive currents evoked by a train of glutamate pulses. The apparent
      differences between the glutamate-induced current and nerve-evoked synaptic
      response revealed by TI-233 can be explained by open-channel block of the
      glutamate-activated ion-channel, and do not confute the hypothesis that glutamate
      is the natural transmitter substance at this junction.

PMID- 2413934
TI  - [3H]-tetracaine binding on rat synaptosomes and sodium channels.
AB  - [3H]-tetracaine binding was studied in a rat synaptosomal preparation. [3H]
      tetracaine bound to a single class of binding sites with a mean KD of 188 +/- 28
      nM and a mean maximal binding capacity of 13 +/- 0.7 pmol mg-1 protein. [3H]
      tetracaine binding was inhibited by tetracaine, procaine and by beta-adrenoceptor
      blocking agents which possess local anaesthetic properties. [3H]-tetracaine
      binding was not modified by neurotoxins interacting specifically with the sodium
      channels.

PMID- 2413935
TI  - The effects of the dihydropyridine Bay K 8644 in guinea-pig isolated trachealis.
AB  - In trachea bathed by Krebs solution containing indomethacin 0.8 mumol l-1, Bay K
      8644 (0.01-1 mumol l-1) evoked mild spasm. Peak tension was achieved after 10 min
      and was generally less than 20% of an acetylcholine (ACh) maximum. The effect of
      Bay K 8644 was not potentiated by addition of 2.5 mmol l-1 potassium chloride
      (KCl) to the Krebs solution. Bay K 8644 (1 mumol l-1) caused a small potentiation
      of KCl and tetraethylammonium (TEA). In contrast it did not modify the actions of
      ACh or histamine. Bay K 8644 (1 mumol l-1) caused a small potentiation of the
      effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2) tested in trachea bathed by a K+-rich, Ca2+
      free, MOPS-buffered physiological salt solution. Organic inhibitors of calcium
      influx such as nifedipine (0.1 mumol l-1), verapamil (1 mumol l-1) or diltiazem
      (10 mumol l-1) each caused marked depression of concentration-effect curves to
      KCl. Bay K 8644 (0.01-1 mumol l-1) provided concentration-dependent protection
      against this effect in all three cases. Estimation of calcium influx by the
      lanthanum technique revealed that Bay K 8644 (1 mumol l-1) was able to promote
      the cellular influx of Ca2+. Intracellular electrophysiological recording showed
      that Bay K 8644 (1 mumol l-1) caused no change in the resting membrane potential
      of trachealis cells and no change in the properties of the spontaneous electrical
      slow waves. However, Bay K 8644 was able to delay the slow wave suppression
      evoked by 1 mumol l-1 nifedipine. The ability of Bay K 8644 to promote Ca2+
      influx and its ability to protect against the effects of several structurally
      unrelated inhibitors of Ca2+ influx are consistent with Bay K 8644 acting as an
      agonist at the dihydropyridine receptor associated with the voltage-operated Ca2+
      channel (VOC) of trachealis muscle. By this action it potentiates those
      spasmogens (KCl, TEA) which act by permitting Ca2+ influx through VOCs. In
      contrast it has no effect on those spasmogens (ACh, histamine) which principally
      act to liberate Ca2+ from intracellular sites of sequestration.

PMID- 2413936
TI  - The 5-HT1 receptor agonist RU-24969 decreases 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release
      and metabolism in the rat frontal cortex in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - K+-stimulated release of [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine ( [3H]-5-HT) from rat frontal
      cortex slices was decreased by the 5-HT receptor agonists 5-methoxy-n1N
      dimethyltryptamine and 5-methoxy-3(1,2,3,6,-tetrahydro-4-pyrindinyl)-1H-indole
      (RU-24969) (1 X 10(-5)M). RU-24969 (10 mg kg-1, i.p.) decreased extracellular 5
      HT and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid measured in vivo by use of
      intracerebral dialysis combined with high performance liquid chromatography and
      electrochemical detection. The decrease in extracellular 5-hydroxyindoleacetic
      acid in vivo after RU-24969 (10 mg kg-1, i.p.) was also observed by in vivo
      voltammetry. The non-selective 5-HT antagonist metergoline prevented the RU-24969
      induced decrease in 5-HT release and metabolism in vivo while the 5-HT2 receptor
      antagonist R-55669 (ritanserin) did not. The results support the view that RU
      24969 stimulates a 5-HT1 receptor that is involved in the autoregulation of 5-HT
      release and metabolism.

PMID- 2413937
TI  - Galanin: neuromodulatory and direct contractile effects on smooth muscle
      preparations.
AB  - The effects of galanin, a newly isolated neuropeptide, and of a galanin fragment
      (galanin 1-10) were studied on various smooth muscle preparations in vitro.
      Direct motor effects as well as effects on electrically induced (neuronally
      mediated) responses (neuromodulatory effects) were observed. Both gatanin and
      galanin 1-10 evoked a strong contractile response in rat jejunal longitudinal
      muscle. This effect was a direct one on the smooth muscle. Addition of galanin to
      guinea-pig taenia coli inhibited the contractile response to electrical
      stimulation, mediated by endogenous substance P and acetylcholine. In the rabbit
      iris sphincter, galanin reduced the acetylcholine-mediated but not the substance
      P-mediated contraction evoked by electrical stimulation. The neuromodulatory
      effects seem to be presynaptic and require the whole or possibly only the C
      terminal part of the galanin molecule, since galanin 1-10 was ineffective. Rabbit
      femoral artery and vein, gastroepiploic and basilar arteries and guinea-pig
      trachea and main bronchi did not respond to either galanin or galanin 1-10.

PMID- 2413939
TI  - Kinin effects on ion transport in monolayers of HCA-7 cells, a line from a human
      colonic adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Using epithelial monolayers of HCA-7 cells, derived from a primary human colonic
      adenocarcinoma and grown on pervious supports, it is shown that responses to
      lysylbradykinin can be elicited from either side. It is proposed that kinin
      receptors are inserted into both apical and basolateral membrane domains.

PMID- 2413938
TI  - The positive inotropic action of the nifedipine analogue, Bay K 8644, in guinea
      pig and rat isolated cardiac preparations.
AB  - The inotropic effect of Bay K 8644 has been studied in rat and guinea-pig atria
      and ventricular strips stimulated at 1 Hz, in a medium containing CaCl2 1.8 mM.
      The positive inotropic effect at maximal effective concentrations of Bay K 8644
      was in the following order: guinea-pig ventricle greater than rat ventricle
      greater than guinea-pig atria greater than greater than rat atria. In rat
      preparations, the tension recorded at maximum effective concentrations of Bay K
      8644 was similar at three different calcium concentrations (0.7, 1.8, 3.0 mM).
      The amplitude of the positive inotropic effect evoked by Bay K 8644 increased
      when atrial and ventricular contractions were reduced by lowering the external
      calcium concentration. The contractile tension reached in the presence of maximum
      effective concentrations of Bay K 8644 (3 X 10(-7) -1 X 10(-6) M) was greater
      than that produced by the maximum effective concentration of external calcium (3
      mM) in rat ventricles but not in rat atria. High doses of nifedipine (3 X 10(-7) 
      1 X 10(-6) M) depressed the contraction of rat atria more than the contraction of
      rat ventricles. In rat ventricles, nifedipine shifted to the right the inotropic
      dose-effect curve of Bay K 8644. It is concluded that the interaction between
      nifedipine and Bay K 8644 occurred at the same binding sites. These sites have
      some characteristics of the low affinity binding sites of nifedipine and other
      related dihydropyridines.

PMID- 2413940
TI  - Stimulation and inhibition of gastrointestinal propulsion induced by substance P
      and substance K in the rat.
AB  - Substance P and substance K (neurokinin A) (dose range: 0.08-80 nmol kg-1) were
      tested for their effects on gastrointestinal propulsion in the rat. The peptides
      were given by intraperitoneal injection concurrently with the intragastric
      administration of a test meal containing charcoal and 51Cr. Examination 3 min
      after the test meal showed that high doses of substance P (greater than 0.74 nmol
      kg-1) and substance K (greater than 8.8 nmol kg-1) inhibited gastric emptying and
      gastrointestinal transit. This inhibitory effect was changed to a stimulant
      effect by pretreatment of the rats with atropine (3.5 mumol kg-1). Guanethidine
      pretreatment (67 mumol kg-1) revealed a facilitatory effect of low doses of the
      two tachykinins (about 1 nmol kg-1) on gastrointestinal propulsion. Examination
      15 min after the test meal demonstrated that substance P (greater than 0.74 nmol
      kg-1) dose-dependently enhanced gastrointestinal propulsion, an effect that was
      also seen after atropine pretreatment. Low doses of substance K (about 1 nmol kg
      1) also stimulated gastrointestinal propulsion but this effect was abolished by
      atropine. In addition, atropine pretreatment revealed a stimulant effect of high
      doses of substance K (88 nmol kg-1) on gastric emptying. These results show that
      the effects of substance P and substance K on gastrointestinal propulsion vary
      with dose and time and involve, at least partly, activation of the autonomic
      nervous system.

PMID- 2413941
TI  - Effects of conditioned running on plasma, liver and brain tryptophan and on brain
      5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism of the rat.
AB  - An investigation was made into the effects of conditioned running (1 h and 2 h at
      20 m min-1), which accelerates lipolysis, on the concentrations of tryptophan
      (Trp) in plasma, liver and brain and on 5-hydroxytrptamine (5-HT) and 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in brain. Running caused time-dependent
      increases in plasma free Trp and brain Trp of the rat, leading to increased brain
      5-HT turnover as revealed by higher amounts of its metabolite, 5-HIAA. The ratio
      of brain Trp to plasma free Trp was decreased after 2 h of running. Liver Trp
      content rose only after 3 h of running, while liver unesterified fatty acid (UFA)
      concentrations remained unmodified. A comparison between food deprivation and
      running (both of which promote lipolysis) was performed. Running for 2 h affected
      to the same extent plasma Trp disposition when compared with 24 h food
      deprivation. Nevertheless, the ratio of brain Trp to plasma free Trp was
      decreased in the food-deprived rats, when compared to the runners. Nicotinic
      acid, which inhibits fat catabolism, completely abolished the plasma UFA increase
      induced by 1 h of running. The drug did not affect plasma free Trp, brain Trp, 5
      HT or 5-HIAA but enhanced plasma total Trp level. Naloxone, an opiate antagonist,
      which decreased running-induced lipolysis, did not alter plasma Trp disposition.
      Desipramine, an antidepressant compound, affected only peripheral Trp
      concentrations of the runners. Plasma free and total Trp concentrations were
      increased in desipramine-treated runners, compared with saline-treated runners.
      In addition, desipramine increased the ratio of brain Trp to plasma free Trp of
      the runners. Brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA were increased in both desipramine-treated
      controls and runners. 9 The results suggest that running, which like food
      deprivatiQn accelerates lipolysis, increases brain Trp content and then 5-HT
      turnover. Comparison of these two physiological situations suggests that
      effectiveness of brain Trp entry is much more altered by fasting.

PMID- 2413942
TI  - Effects of selective channel blocking agents on contractions and action
      potentials in K+-depolarized guinea-pig atria.
AB  - Contractions and transmembrane action potentials were induced by 1 microM
      isoprenaline in K+-depolarized guinea-pig left atria driven at 0.5 Hz. The
      stability of these responses was significantly increased by doubling the
      extracellular glucose concentration to 22 mM. Action potential overshoot
      increased by 28 mV per ten fold increase in extracellular calcium concentration
      suggesting that the inward current in this preparation is carried by Ca2+. In
      depolarized driven preparations, nanomolar concentrations of nifedipine and
      nisoldipine reduced contractility, maximum rate of depolarization (dV/dt max) and
      action potential height, whereas the fast channel blocking agents tetrodotoxin
      and mexiletine (in micromolar concentrations) produced little change. Nifedipine
      also rendered spontaneously beating depolarized right atrial preparations
      quiescent. In concentrations which reduced dV/dt of normal action potentials, the
      sodium channel blocking agents quinidine and Org 6001 reduced the amplitude of
      contractions and reduced the maximum rate of phase 0 depolarization (dV/dt) of
      action potentials in depolarized tissue. These actions were reversed by Ca2+ and
      suggest calcium antagonistic activity. However action potential height was not
      reduced. Like bepridil, both drugs also reduced the frequency of spontaneous
      contractions in depolarized right atrial preparations. Unlike Org 6001, quinidine
      failed to produce a shift in calcium log dose-response curves in driven
      depolarized preparations and induced positive inotropy in the presence of
      functional sodium channels. Bepridil inhibited contractions in depolarized atria
      in the absence of a reduction in dV/dt suggesting that any calcium antagonistic
      action in atrial tissue is mainly located at an intracellular site. In
      conclusion, action potentials elicited by isoprenaline in potassium-depolarized
      atria bathed in high glucose appear to be Ca2+ mediated. In concentrations which
      inhibit the inward Na+ current, both quinidine and Org 6001 exhibit calcium
      channel blocking properties.

PMID- 2413943
TI  - A pharmacological study on respiratory rhythm in the isolated brainstem-spinal
      cord preparation of the newborn rat.
AB  - An in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparation of the newborn rat was used to
      examine the effects of neurotransmitters and transmitter candidates on
      respiratory frequency. Spontaneous periodic depolarization of the spinal ventral
      roots of the 4th or 5th cervical segment was observed at a frequency of 5-15 min
      1 constantly for more than 5 h. The frequency of this depolarization was
      monitored as an index of the respiratory frequency. An elevation of the
      concentration of Ca2+ or Mg2+ caused a decrease in the respiratory frequency,
      whereas an elevation of K+ concentration caused an increase. The frequency was
      also increased by a reduction of pH. The highest frequency was observed at 27-28
      degrees C. Dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine, acetylcholine, glutamic
      acid, substance P, and thyrotropin releasing hormone accelerated the respiratory
      frequency when applied by perfusion to the brainstem, whereas noradrenaline,
      gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine, and [Met5] enkephalin and [Leu5] enkephalin
      slowed the frequency. Experiments with antagonists suggested that the stimulant
      effect of acetylcholine on respiratory frequency was mediated mainly by
      muscarinic receptors and the depressant effect of noradrenaline was mediated by
      alpha-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2413944
TI  - An investigation of alpha-adrenoceptor responsiveness in the vas deferens of
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - alpha-Adrenoceptor-mediated responses were investigated in isolated vasa
      deferentia from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar
      rats (NWR). There was no significant difference between NWR and SHR in the
      inhibition of the isometric contraction to single pulse field stimulation by
      alpha 2-selective agonists in prostatic portions, nor by alpha 2-selective
      agonists and the alpha 1-selective agonist, amidephrine in epididymal portions in
      the presence of nifedipine to prevent postjunctional actions of alpha-1-selective
      agonists. There was no significant difference between NWR and SHR in the potency
      of amidephrine in causing a postjunctionally mediated potentiation of the
      isometric contraction to single pulse field stimulation in prostatic portions but
      the maximum potentiation was significantly reduced in SHR. However, the maximum
      potentiation of the isometric contraction by the calcium entry facilitator, Bay K
      8644, was not significantly different between NWR and SHR. The maximum direct
      contraction to amidephrine, but not to Bay K 8644, was also significantly reduced
      in SHR. The irreversible alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, phenoxybenzamine was
      more potent in SHR than NWR in reducing the maximum potentiation by amidephrine
      of the stimulation-evoked isometric contraction and in reducing the maximum
      direct contraction to amidephrine. It is concluded that there is a reduced
      postjunctional alpha 1-mediated responsiveness in the vas deferens of SHR due
      probably to a reduction in receptor number.

PMID- 2413945
TI  - The effects of the protease inhibitor, aprotinin, on the course of shock induced
      by endotoxin in cats.
AB  - The administration of endotoxin derived from Escherichia coli to anaesthetized
      cats resulted, within the first 5 min, in an initial increase in right atrial
      pressure and a reduction in systemic arterial blood pressure. Over the next 2 h
      shock was characterized by a reduced cardiac output, tachycardia, reduced
      arterial pH and an increased level of lactate. The survival rate at the end of
      the 8 h experimental period was only 10%. The protease inhibitor aprotinin
      (Trasylol), given as a continuous intravenous infusion 1000 kallikrein inhibitor
      units (k.i.u.) kg-1h-1 together with a bolus of 40,000 k.i.u. kg-1, significantly
      inhibited the severity and incidence of the initial endotoxin response (increase
      in right atrial pressure and systemic hypotension), perhaps suggesting the direct
      or indirect involvement of kinins. Aprotinin did not reduce the delayed effects
      of endotoxin (sustained reduction in cardiac output, lacticacidosis), nor did it
      improve survival at 8 h. Indeed, there was some evidence that aprotinin
      exaggerated the delayed effects of endotoxin in this model.

PMID- 2413947
TI  - Antiviral chemotherapy and interferon.

PMID- 2413946
TI  - Possible involvement of K+-conductance in the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid
      in the guinea-pig hippocampus.
AB  - The mechanism underlying the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the
      hippocampus was investigated using guinea-pig brain slices. GABA either
      superfused or applied directly by microiontophoresis produced a biphasic response
      in pyramidal cells, comprising hyperpolarizing and depolarizing components. When
      different concentrations of GABA were applied to the same neurone, the lower
      concentrations generally produced a hyperpolarization-predominant response, while
      higher concentrations resulted in a depolarization-predominant response. The
      depolarizing component of the response to GABA was augmented in a medium
      containing a low concentration of Cl-, relatively unaffected by a change in
      external K+ concentration, and blocked by picrotoxin (2 X 10(-5) M). The
      depolarizing response to GABA persisted in a Ca2+-free medium in which the
      concentration of Na+ was reduced to 13 mM. Combined application of low doses of
      picrotoxin and bicuculline eliminated the major part of the depolarizing
      component of the biphasic response to GABA and produced a relatively pure
      hyperpolarizing response. The reversal potential of this pharmacologically
      'isolated' hyperpolarizing response to GABA was estimated, from the current
      voltage relationships, to be about -90 mV and was the same as that of the
      hyperpolarization induced by baclofen. When the membrane was successively
      hyperpolarized by inward direct current (d.c.) injections, the reversal point of
      the 'pharmacologically isolated' hyperpolarizing response to GABA coincided with
      that of the post-burst hyperpolarization. Low concentrations of Cl- in the
      bathing medium had no noticeable effect on the hyperpolarizing component of the
      response to GABA, whereas it markedly increased the amplitude of the depolarizing
      component. These results suggest that the action of GABA in the hippocampus may
      involve an activation of K+ conductance.

PMID- 2413948
TI  - The interferons.

PMID- 2413949
TI  - Viral keratitis.

PMID- 2413950
TI  - Skin infections.

PMID- 2413951
TI  - Future prospects.

PMID- 2413952
TI  - An outbreak of scabies in a hospital and community.

PMID- 2413953
TI  - Intravenous opioids in chronic cancer pain.

PMID- 2413954
TI  - Phaeochromocytoma with transient hyperamylasaemia during hypertensive crisis.

PMID- 2413955
TI  - A procedural approach to the study of aphasia.
AB  - Linguistic models have a fundamental weakness in the study of aphasia in that as
      models of a single linguistic competence they cannot in principle explain
      dissociations in language disturbances. Procedural (i.e., computational) models
      of specific language abilities/tasks are to be preferred in that they can explain
      dissociation data and they are necessarily very detailed to account for varied
      patterns of disrupted behavior. A procedural model of sentence production is
      outlined and the model is applied to account for some aspects of agrammatic
      speech.

PMID- 2413956
TI  - Optic aphasia, optic apraxia, and loss of dreaming.
AB  - A 47-year-old man with a left temporo-occipital infarct in the area of the
      posterior cerebral artery is presented. The neuropsychological examination did
      not reveal aphasia or gross mental deficits. The patient presented with alexia
      without agraphia, color agnosia, but few visual perceptual deficits. The main
      impairment was in confrontation naming; he was incapable of naming objects and
      pictures, not from lack of recognition (excluding visual agnosia) but from lack
      of access to the appropriate word (optic aphasia). The patient also exhibited a
      deficit in the evocation of gesture from the visual presentation of an object
      (optic apraxia) and a difficulty in "conjuring up" visual images of objects
      (impaired visual imagery) and loss of dreams. The fundamental deficit of this
      patient is tentatively explained in terms of visuoverbal and visuogestural
      disconnection and a deficit of mental imagery.

PMID- 2413957
TI  - On the development of color naming in young children: data and theory.
AB  - Among the semantics of different common attributes of the environment, consistent
      and correct color naming seems to develop paradoxically late in children, for
      even young infants discriminate and categorize colors well, color is a salient
      feature of the child's world, and children are aware of color as a separate
      domain, know color terms, and respond to color questions with color names.
      Several specific anomalies characterize early linguistic development in this
      domain: Errors in beginning color naming are perseverative or random, there seems
      to be a minimum age for correct and consistent color naming, developmental rate
      shows wide individual differences, and acquisition among girls is generally
      faster than among boys. This essay reviews data that support these observations,
      and evaluates three traditional explanations for them--including the perceptual
      salience of color for children, experience and learning in the child, and
      cognitive development--against a fourth new possibility. It is hypothesized that
      appropriate color naming may depend on the maturation and integration of specific
      cortical neurological structures; among several interpretations, the neurological
      one accounts best for diverse characteristics of early color naming.

PMID- 2413958
TI  - Effect of neonatal optic nerve transection on some classes of amacrine cells in
      the rat retina.
AB  - An optic nerve section of the right eye of rat pups was carried out and the
      retina of the left and right eyes analyzed eight weeks later. Immunocytochemical
      studies for the localization of tyrosine-hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase
      and substance P in amacrine cells revealed no qualitative differences in the
      distribution of the cell bodies or dendrites for the right and left retinas.
      Biochemical analysis showed a higher level of choline acetyltransferase, dopamine
      and glutamate decarboxylase in the right than in the left retina, though the
      glutamate decarboxylase difference was statistically insignificant. The
      biochemical difference is thought to reflect the differences in the protein or
      wet weight content of the retinas due to degeneration of the ganglion cells. It
      is concluded that destruction of the ganglion cells has no obvious effect upon
      the development or survival of some classes of amacrine cells.

PMID- 2413959
TI  - Axonal transport of antibodies to subcellular and protein fractions of rat brain.
AB  - Experiments examined the feasibility of using the axonal transport of antibodies
      as a possible means to characterize nerve membrane composition and the fate of
      internalized macromolecules. Polyspecific antibodies were generated in rabbits
      against rat brain synaptosomal and microsomal subcellular fractions and against
      wheat germ agglutinin-binding proteins isolated by lectin affinity
      chromatography. Antisera were injected into the vitreal chamber of the eye and
      into the facial musculature of anesthetized rats to test, respectively, for
      anterograde transport in retinotectal neurons and for retrograde transport in
      facial motoneurons. Control injections of preimmune serum were made into the
      opposite side. After survival for 4-168 h, animals were perfused and the axonally
      transported rabbit immunoglobulins detected in frozen sections of the brainstem
      using a modified peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical procedure. Antisera
      against all 3 classes of neuronal antigens contained antibodies that underwent
      retrograde axonal transport. No evidence of anterograde transport was seen.
      Neurons containing retrogradely transported immunoglobulins exhibited punctate as
      well as diffuse staining of the cytoplasm and proximal dendrites, exclusive of
      the nucleus. Following retrograde transport of antibodies to the synaptosomal
      fraction, staining of the neuropil around motoneurons was also observed,
      suggesting transcellular transport of these antibodies. Concentrations of
      injected antibodies as low as 1% of whole antiserum led to detectable retrograde
      transport. Increasing concentrations of antibodies above the amount in whole
      antiserum did not increase the intensity of staining in retrogradely labeled
      neurons, suggesting saturation. The findings support the view that antibodies to
      neural membranes are taken up and transported by binding to specific sites on
      nerve terminals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413960
TI  - Deafferentation causes a loss of presynaptic bombesin receptors and
      supersensitivity of substance P receptors in the dorsal horn of the cat spinal
      cord.
AB  - Bombesin (BN)- and substance P (SP)-containing neurons are found in the dorsal
      root ganglia, and project to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The present
      study was undertaken to determine if chronic deafferentation of the cat spinal
      cord would affect BN or SP receptors in the spinal cord. Ten and 30 days after a
      unilateral lumbosacral dorsal rhizotomy, BN and SP receptor binding was evaluated
      autoradiographically using iodinated ligands to bind to these receptors in vitro.
      The normal distribution of BN receptors detected by this method was restricted to
      the head of the dorsal horn. Deafferentation caused a 38% and 22% decline in BN
      receptor binding in laminae I-IV at 10 or 30 days postoperatively, respectively.
      These data suggest that 'presynaptic' BN receptors are found on the central
      nervous system terminals of primary sensory afferents. Normal SP receptor
      distribution was most dense in lamina X, not in the superficial laminae of the
      dorsal horn. Deafferentation caused an initial decline in SP receptor binding in
      laminae I-II, followed by a 14% increase at 30 days in comparison to the
      unoperated side of the spinal cord. This delayed supersensitivity of SP receptors
      was confirmed in a separate experiment using a homogenate binding assay. These
      data are discussed with respect to the potential roles of receptor
      supersensitivity or subsensitivity in the development of deafferentation-induced
      changes in reactivity of dorsal horn neurons to nociceptive and non-nociceptive
      stimuli.

PMID- 2413961
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of tolerance to methamphetamine.
AB  - We have reported that the ability of high doses of methamphetamine to impair
      dopamine and serotonin synthesis in the rat brain is attenuated when animals are
      pretreated with gradually increasing doses of methamphetamine. To examine the
      mechanism of this tolerance phenomenon, the effect of methamphetamine on several
      neurochemical parameters was determined in naive and methamphetamine-pretreated
      rats. The elevation of nigral substance P concentrations by methamphetamine was
      attenuated in pretreated compared to naive rats. The methamphetamine-induced
      reduction in [3H]sulpiride binding in the rat neostriatum and nucleus accumbens
      was similarly attenuated in animals pretreated with methamphetamine.
      Determination of brain concentrations of methamphetamine and amphetamine revealed
      significantly lower concentrations of both compounds in the brains of pretreated
      compared to naive animals. The results indicate a reduction in the ability of
      methamphetamine to increase dopamine transmission in the brains of
      methamphetamine-pretreated rats. Furthermore, this effect appears to be due, at
      least in part, to a change in the disposition of methamphetamine in pretreated
      animals.

PMID- 2413962
TI  - Selective neuronal uptake of 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic
      acid (SITS) and other related substituted stilbenes in vivo: a fluorescent whole
      cell staining technique.
AB  - The uptake of fluorescent stilbene derivatives including 4-acetamido-4'
      isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) was shown to occur from the
      blood or cerebrospinal fluid in the adult albino rat. SITS was found to be
      internalized in select populations of neurons, especially pyramidal neurons in
      layers V and VI of neocortex, granule, hilar and pyramidal neurons in the
      hippocampus, Purkinje neurons of the cerebellar cortex and predominantly large
      multipolar neurons in the oculomotor nuclei, lateral vestibular nucleus, red
      nucleus and the medial gigantocellular brainstem reticular formation neurons. The
      extent and quality of labeling of neuronal somata, dendrites and axons can be
      exploited with this technique to produce selective, 'Golgi' type labeling in the
      nervous system. The methods utilized are fast, economical, long lasting and
      compatible with fluorescence tracers and immunofluorescence techniques.

PMID- 2413963
TI  - Myelin basic protein stimulates the proliferation of astrocytes: possible
      explanation for multiple sclerosis plaque formation.
AB  - In dissociated mouse brain cell cultures we frequently observed an association
      between myelin basic protein (MBP) positive oligodendrocytes and proliferating
      astrocytes. When MBP was added in a purified form to the culture medium, it
      greatly stimulated the proliferation of astrocytes, while other proteins tested
      did not. This finding allows us to speculate that the gliosis observed in
      demyelinating diseases or/and in central nervous system (CNS) injury would be due
      to the mitogenic effect exerted by MBP or its fragments when there is myelin
      breakdown.

PMID- 2413964
TI  - Calcium dependence of A-currents in perfused Aplysia neurons.
AB  - Transient outward currents were studied in neurons in the visceral ganglion of
      Aplysia californica, using intracellular perfusion and voltage-clamp techniques.
      The early outward currents in response to depolarizations from holding potentials
      near -90 mV were activated in the range -60 to -20 mV, below the threshold for
      the delayed outward current. Resting inactivation of the early outward currents
      was removed by prehyperpolarizations in the range -130 to -70 mV. A-currents
      produced in this manner were blocked by external application of CoCl2 and
      augmented by increasing external Ca-concentration. They were also blocked by
      treatment with 4-aminopyridine. The currents were reduced by treatment with
      verapamil hydrochloride, further suggesting a role for calcium in the current
      generating mechanism. A model with a fourth-power activation process and first
      power inactivation process could fit the early outward currents reasonably well.
      The effect of application of Ca-free, cobalt-containing solution was modeled as a
      decrease in peak conductance and an increase in the time constants of activation
      and inactivation.

PMID- 2413965
TI  - Neuronal subpopulations in the dorsal root ganglion of the mouse as characterized
      by combination of ultrastructural and cytochemical features.
AB  - The neuronal population of dorsal root ganglia in mouse consists of various
      classes of ganglion cells which may be divided in turn into subclasses by using
      several criteria. In class A cells, membrane-bound organelles are distributed
      ubiquitously throughout the large perikarya. Subclass A alpha (12%), which is
      characterized by large clumps of Nissl substance separated by narrow strands of
      neuroplasm, lacks detectable carbonic anhydrase activity. Subclass A beta (16%)
      displays small clusters of Nissl substance isolated by broad channels of
      neuroplasm and a moderate activity of carbonic anhydrase. Subclass A gamma (8%)
      shows the most intense carbonic anhydrase activity and a lack of uptake for [3H]L
      glutamine. In class B cells (63%), the small perikarya display a zonal
      distribution of the organelles. Subclass B alpha contains parallel cisternae of
      rough endoplasmic reticulum and acid phosphatase isoenzymes present in long and
      curved Golgi saccules. Subclass B beta displays straight Golgi saccules rich in
      acid phosphatase isoenzymes and a high affinity uptake for glutamine. Subclass B
      gamma is characterized by the absence of acid phosphatase isoenzymes and by the
      presence of substance P-immunoreactivity. Class C cells (1%) have the smallest
      size and the highest affinity uptake for glutamine. Thus subtypes of primary
      sensory ganglion cells may be identified by the concomitant use of multiple
      criteria.

PMID- 2413966
TI  - Anterograde and retrograde axonal transport of native and derivatized wheat germ
      agglutinin in the visual system of the chicken.
AB  - The anterograde and retrograde rates of axonal transport of the lectin wheat germ
      agglutinin (WGA) were investigated using native and derivatized lectins in
      embryonic (stage 39) and posthatch chickens. Anterograde transport rates in the
      retinotectal projection of posthatch animals ranged from 168 mm/day for native
      WGA to 345 mm/day for horseradish peroxidase conjugated WGA. Anterograde
      transport rates in embryos were at least 258 mm/day based on experiments
      employing tritium and horseradish peroxidase conjugates. Retrograde rates
      measured by appearance of label in the isthmo-optic nucleus in both embryonic and
      posthatch chickens were in the range of 150-180 mm/day. A fluorescein
      isothiocyanate conjugate of WGA was transported retrogradely but not
      anterogradely. When the extraocular eye muscles were labeled accidentally during
      injection, cells in the oculomotor or trochlear nuclei were more intensely
      labeled than neurons in the isthmo-optic nucleus. It was concluded that at least
      some conjugates of WGA, and possible the native lectin as well, travel in the
      fastest component of axonal transport. In view of the known intercellular
      movement of WGA from labeled presynaptic processes, it is recommended that
      survival times be kept short in experiments using WGA as a neuronal tracing agent
      (less than 24 h) to minimize the possibility of uptake and redistribution of the
      lectin by nearby cells.

PMID- 2413967
TI  - Labelling of olfactory bulb glomeruli following horseradish peroxidase lavage of
      the nasal cavity.
AB  - The transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from the nasal cavity to the
      olfactory bulb was examined in rat. HRP was present primarily in the olfactory
      nerve and glomerular layer. In some animals the glomeruli were densely filled
      with product while in others there was considerable interglomerular variation in
      density. Examination of the decalcified noses revealed a restricted distribution
      of HRP in those rats with partially labelled olfactory bulbs. The presence of
      small groups of densely labelled glomeruli was also noted using the 2
      deoxyglucose method to examine odor-induced metabolic activity.

PMID- 2413968
TI  - Peptides and the blood-brain barrier: lipophilicity as a predictor of
      permeability.
AB  - Eighteen peptides were examined for penetration across the blood-brain barrier
      (BBB) in rats. Iodinated peptides were injected via the carotid artery and 5 sec
      later the rats were decapitated. The results were expressed as a brain to blood
      ratio. The results showed that small amounts of most peptides enter the brain.
      The octanol coefficient, a measurement of lipophilicity, was a good predictor of
      penetration for most peptides. The low molecular weight, N-tyrosinated peptides
      (leucine-enkephalin, methionine enkephalin, N-Tyr-MIF-1, and N-Tyr-FMRF), that
      have been shown to be transported out of the brain by a saturable, carrier
      mediated system, had much lower penetration rates than those predicted by their
      octanol coefficients. Molecular weight, percent of unbound peptide, total charge,
      net charge, and absolute charge were not good predictors of peptide penetration.
      Pretreatment of the rats with IP aluminum, which has been suggested to increase
      lipophilic permeability of the BBB, enhanced passage of 15 of the 18 peptides but
      not radioiodinated serum albumin or radioactive red blood cells. Thus, of the
      various physicochemical characteristics of peptides tested here, lipophilicity
      was most important in determining penetration of peptides across the BBB.
      However, the existence of one class of peptides that deviates from this trend
      (those of low molecular weight with an N-tyrosine) and the variability among the
      remaining peptides suggests that other, unidentified factors may be important in
      the prediction of peptide penetration across the BBB.

PMID- 2413969
TI  - Noncollateral projections of basal forebrain neurons to frontal and parietal
      neocortex in primates.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that axons of the basal forebrain cholinergic system
      collateralize to innervate widely separated areas of cortex, two distinct,
      retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes were injected into discrete neocortical
      regions of three macaques. In two monkeys, True Blue was injected into parietal
      cortex and Nuclear Yellow into frontal cortex; in a third monkey, placement of
      the dyes was reversed. Following these large (3-10 microliters total) injections,
      neurons single labeled with either Nuclear Yellow or True Blue were seen
      throughout most of the ipsilateral nucleus basalis of Meynert and nucleus of the
      diagonal band of Broca. Neurons projecting to either frontal or parietal cortex
      were most heavily concentrated in the anteromedial aspect of the basal forebrain.
      A small number of labeled neurons was also seen in the contralateral basal
      forebrain. Cells single labeled with either True Blue or Nuclear Yellow were
      frequently adjacent to one another, but in no case was a neuron labeled with both
      dyes. Thus, individual neurons of the basal forebrain complex do not appear to
      innervate both frontal and parietal lobes of monkeys. This finding is consistent
      with recent studies in rodents which suggest that basal forebrain neurons
      innervate relatively small, restricted cortical fields.

PMID- 2413970
TI  - Streptococcus mutans and vaccines for dental caries: a personal commentary and
      critique.

PMID- 2413971
TI  - Ionic regulation of peripheral vascular tone and its interaction with
      norepinephrine.
AB  - The effects of various concentrations of K+ (0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 20, and
      40 mM) on the tone of femoral arterial strips of rabbit were studied. None of the
      concentrations of K+ produced relaxation of the arterial strips. Potassium in the
      concentrations of 10 mM and above produced a concentration dependent increase in
      the arterial tone. Potassium-induced contraction was dependent upon extracellular
      Ca++. Norepinephrine (NE) produced contraction in the absence of K+ but the
      norepinephrine-induced contraction increased with increasing concentration of K+
      to a limit. Potassium in lower concentrations (8, 16, 32 mM) accelerated the rate
      of relaxation of norepinephrine-induced contraction. Verapamil in the
      concentration of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 microgram/ml produced a concentration dependent
      inhibition of K+-induced contraction and this inhibition was inversely
      proportional to the extracellular Ca++. Verapamil in the concentration of 0, 0.1,
      0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 micrograms/ml produced a concentration dependent
      inhibition of norepinephrine (1 microgram/ml) and potassium (40 mM)-induced
      contraction. The concentration of verapamil (2 micrograms/ml) which produced 92%
      inhibition of K+-induced contraction, produced only 48% inhibition of
      norepinephrine-induced contraction. Even 10 micrograms/ml of verapamil could not
      block the effect of NE. These results suggest that potassium is not a vasodilator
      and that there is interaction between K+ and Ca++, and K+ and NE. Ca++ channel
      blocker has a differential effect on the K+ and NE-induced contraction.

PMID- 2413972
TI  - Regression of cardiomegaly induced in newborn rats.
AB  - Pressure overload was induced by banding the abdominal aorta in newborn male rats
      on day 5. Half of the animals were killed on day 30 while in the remaining
      animals the aortic band was removed and the rats were killed four weeks later.
      The banded rats had 2.5 x greater left ventricular mass than their sham-operated
      controls. This was due to both increased number of myocytes (hyperplasia) and of
      their increased size (hypertrophy). In the hearts of banded rats, significantly
      higher concentrations of RNA and hydroxyproline were found together with
      decreased concentrations of DNA. However, the total DNA content increased as well
      as the amount of DNA contributed by muscle cell nuclei. In the debanded rats, the
      mass of the left ventricle remained moderately elevated and contained more
      myocytes as compared to their age-controls. Similarly, myocardial RNA
      concentration, total DNA, and the amount of DNA contributed by muscle nuclei
      remained elevated in contrast to the concentrations of DNA and hydroxyproline
      which returned to control values. In addition, the percentage of polynucleated
      myocytes was higher in the hearts from experimental animals.

PMID- 2413974
TI  - Mexiletine: long-term efficacy and hemodynamic actions in patients with
      ventricular arrhythmia.
AB  - Fifty-one patients with symptomatic ventricular tachycardia who failed control on
      current anti-arrhythmics were studied. Seventy-four percent had ischemic heart
      disease and 81% had congestive heart failure. Patients underwent serial 24 Holter
      recordings and radionuclide ventriculography before, during dose titration and
      during long-term mexiletine therapy. Twenty-eight patients (55%) were
      successfully controlled. Of these, 17 (33%) remained controlled greater than or
      equal to 1 year. Early and late side effects were common but benign and included
      mostly gastric pain and nausea. Twenty-eight patients underwent radionuclide
      ventriculography before and during mexiletine therapy: there was no significant
      difference in heart rate, blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction,
      stroke volume and end-diastolic volumes before and during mexiletine. Left
      ventricular ejection fraction was 21.4 +/- 2.2%, (SD) and 21.3 +/- 2.2% (SD)
      before and during mexiletine respectively. Digoxin blood levels measured in 15
      patients were not significantly changed by mexiletine. In conclusion, mexiletine
      is effective and safe in many patients with intractable ventricular tachycardia.
      It has no significant hemodynamic effects even in patients with congestive heart
      failure nor does it affect digoxin blood levels. Its usefulness is limited by a
      high incidence of gastric intolerance.

PMID- 2413973
TI  - Alterations of sarcolemmal Na+-Ca2+ exchange in catecholamine-induced
      cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Rats were injected intraperitoneally with 40 mg/kg body weight isoproterenol and
      the heart sarcolemma was isolated 3, 9 and 24 hours later. The heart/body weight
      ratio increased and varying degrees of change in cardiac ultrastructure were
      apparent at 9 and 24 hours after isoproterenol injection. Na+-dependent Ca2+
      uptake activities of heart sarcolemma were depressed at 3, 9 and 24 hours; such
      alterations in 24 hour preparations were evident at different times of incubation
      and at different concentrations of Ca2+. No differences in Na+-induced Ca2+
      release or Na+-K+ ATPase activities were observed between the control and
      experimental membranes. The control and isoproterenol-treated heart sarcolemmal
      preparations were minimally but equally contaminated by other subcellular
      organelles. Although there was no significant change in the phospholipid
      composition, the protein pattern as determined by gel electrophoresis was altered
      in sarcolemma at 24 hours of isoproterenol treatment. These results indicate an
      abnormality of heart sarcolemmal Na+-dependent Ca+ uptake during the development
      of catecholamine-induced cardiotoxicity. It is suggested that a depression in the
      ability of the cell to remove Ca2+ through the Na+-Ca2+ exchange in sarcolemma
      may contribute to the development of intracellular Ca2+ overload in catecholamine
      induced cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2413975
TI  - Effects of increase in extracellular calcium on frequency-dependent inotropism in
      cardiac muscle.
AB  - Frequency-dependent effects on contractility in isolated rabbit papillary muscles
      were compared at different calcium concentrations ranging between 1 and 12.5 mM.
      Increase in extracellular calcium up to 3 mM resulted in an increase in the
      frequency-dependent positive inotropy. A further increase in extracellular
      calcium, up to 5 mM, brought about a quantitative decrease in the frequency
      dependent positive inotropy. Still higher concentrations of extracellular
      calcium, 7.5 and 12.5 mM, altogether abolished the frequency-dependent increase
      in contractility. The latter at these concentrations of calcium was rather
      depressed in response to frequency increases. These characteristic changes in the
      frequency-dependent inotropism at different extracellular calcium concentrations
      may have been due to the occurrence of a moderate to severe intracellular calcium
      overload. It is suggested that heart function in certain cardiac diseases,
      associated with intracellular calcium overload, may not improve with an increase
      in heart rate.

PMID- 2413976
TI  - Stereospecific opioid drug receptors on excitable cell membranes.
AB  - In the past decade evidence has accumulated showing that there are stereospecific
      opioid drug receptors located on the surface membranes of neurones and skeletal
      muscle fibres which can block action potentials when opioid drugs are applied to
      the cells. The nature of this evidence and the difficulties involved in this area
      of investigation are discussed in detail. Two different mechanisms have been
      described for this depression of excitability; one, a direct blocking action on
      sodium channels (or the calcium channels in the case of cells with calcium action
      potentials) and the other, a stimulation of membrane potassium conductance which
      results in hyperpolarization and increased membrane conductance both of which
      decrease excitability. For the most part these different mechanisms seem to
      prevail in different cell types as will be discussed. Some other points discussed
      are as follows: first, in higher doses (or concentrations) opioids produce a
      local anestheticlike effect which cannot be antagonized by opioid antagonists;
      next, the opioid antagonists which are easily easily available and commonly
      employed change from antagonists to agonists as their concentration is increased;
      and finally, the evidence required for the demonstration of stereospecific opioid
      receptors is considered in some detail.

PMID- 2413977
TI  - Guar gum consumption in adolescent and adult rats: short- and long-term metabolic
      effects.
AB  - Metabolic responses to short- and long-term guar gum consumption were studied in
      adolescent and adult rats. For the long-term study, male adolescent rats were
      divided into four groups (n = 60/group) and fed guar gum, cellulose, or bran diet
      for 67 weeks. Metabolic studies (food--water intake, feces--urine output, body
      weight, carbohydrate tolerance) were performed eight times during the 67 weeks.
      The guar gum group consumed less diet throughout the entire study and gained less
      weight over the first 20 weeks compared with the cellulose and bran groups. A
      second bran-fed group was food restricted over the first 20 weeks to match the
      reduced weight gain of the guar gum group and then fed ad libitum. Reduced plasma
      glucose excursions were measured for only the guar gum group after both fibre
      free glucose and sucrose challenges at weeks 6, 12, and 18; from 24 to 64 weeks
      all four groups had similar glucose tolerance responses. Twenty-four hour urinary
      glucose excretion was similar during all eight metabolic studies up to 64 weeks
      for guar gum and cellulose groups. In the short-term study, male adolescent (200
      g; n = 10/group) and adult (630 g; n = 15/group) rats were divided into five and
      four groups, respectively, and fed guar gum, guar by-product (GBP), cellulose, or
      bran diet for 6 weeks. A metabolic study was performed during the 6th week.
      Adolescent rats fed guar gum or GBP diets gained less weight than the cellulose
      group; only the guar gum group displayed improved carbohydrate
      tolerance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2413978
TI  - Human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen in extragonadal tumors.
      An immunoperoxidase study of ten non-germ cell neoplasms.
AB  - The immunoperoxidase localization of the alpha and beta subunits of human
      chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and of human placental lactogen (hPL) was studied in
      ten extragonadal nontrophoblastic tumors associated with raised serum levels of
      one or more of these placental proteins. Three of the tumors were bronchial
      carcinomas, one was a gastric carcinoma, two were malignant carcinoids (one
      bronchial and one gastric), two were pancreatic islet cell carcinomas, and two
      were metastatic carcinomas with an unknown primary site. The maximum alpha
      subunit serum level was 33,000 ng/ml (gastric carcinoid), the maximum hCG/hCG
      beta level was 705,000 ng/ml, and the maximum hPL level was 50 ng/ml (both in the
      gastric carcinoma). An indirect immunoperoxidase technique and rabbit polyclonal
      affinity-purified antibodies and peroxidase conjugates were used on formalin
      fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. Five blocks (eight cases) or six blocks (two
      cases) from various sites were obtained from each patient at surgery and/or
      autopsy. Positive stains for hCG/hCG-beta were seen in six of seven tumors (25/37
      blocks) with raised levels, for the alpha subunit in nine of nine tumors (30/47
      blocks), and for hPL in two of five tumors (4/26 blocks). Only a relatively minor
      number of the cells were positive, and within the same case, there was
      considerable site-to-site variation in the number of positive cells. Large
      bizarre cells contained hCG/hCG-beta as well as the alpha subunit, if it was
      demonstrated in the same tumor as the beta subunit. Otherwise, the alpha subunit
      was found in small unremarkable cells. Giant cells that were smaller than those
      positive for hCG/hCG-beta contained in hPL. In some serial sections, hCG-alpha,
      hCG/hCG-beta, and hPL were segregated in different cell populations, supporting
      the concepts of their separate genetic control.

PMID- 2413979
TI  - Amphicrine cells, dysplasias, and neoplasias.
AB  - The existence of epithelial cells displaying synchronous features of exocrine and
      endocrine differentiation has been well established. Sporadic descriptions of
      neoplasms comprising or including such cells have also been recorded. The authors
      investigated eight carcinomas (lung, two; stomach, two; colon, one; appendix,
      one; esophagus, one; and pancreas, one). By conventional light microscopy, all
      eight neoplasms appeared as moderately to well-differentiated adenocarcinomas.
      Mucosubstance stains showed positive material within well-defined lumina and as
      intracytoplasmic droplets. Argyrophil stains were positive in seven of the eight
      neoplasms. The esophageal tumor was a predominantly solid carcinoma; it
      compromised small to intermediate cells with focal mucosubstance positivity and
      squamous pearls. By electron microscopy, all these carcinomas including cells
      displaying variable complements of neurosecretory granules, which were
      concentrated in the basal pole or in cytoplasmic processes. The granule
      population was often heterogeneous. The pancreatic carcinoma also showed typical
      zymogen granules. In all cases, many of the neoplastic cells had true lumina or
      intracytoplasmic lumina, as well as arrays of filaments; secretory granules were
      also observed in cells with true or intracytoplasmic lumina. Immunohistochemical
      studies revealed in all cases either serotonin or one of a spectrum of
      neuropeptides. Five tumors contained more than one immunoreactive material. The
      authors conclude that synchronous exocrine and endocrine differentiation may be
      comparatively frequent in a spectrum of tumors that may be properly termed
      "amphicrine" carcinomas. This demonstrable heterogeneity of malignant cell
      populations, however variably expressed, may prove to have considerable
      significance in the diagnosis and management of these neoplasms.

PMID- 2413980
TI  - Esophageal dilation in malignant dysphagia.
AB  - Esophageal dilation by means of guided Neoplex (Medoc) tubes in 38 patients with
      malignant obstruction of the esophagus was analyzed. Peroral dilation proved to
      be a simple, well-tolerated primary procedure in the management of malignant
      strictures. Most patients have a temporary improvement of dysphagic symptoms, but
      the benefit appears to decrease progressively in successive dilatatory sessions.
      Dilations were more difficult, with a 10% perforation rate, in previously
      radiated patients. Esophageal dilations may play a complementary role in addition
      to other palliative techniques in the management of malignant dysphagia.

PMID- 2413981
TI  - Adriamycin treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Experience with 109 patients.
AB  - One hundred nine patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were treated with
      intravenous (IV) Adriamycin (doxorubicin). Cumulative survival rate was 34% at 6
      months and 13% at 1 year. Survival was positively related to a good performance
      status and to alpha-fetoprotein less than 50 ng/ml, not influenced by hepatitis B
      surface antigen (HBsAg) and by presence of clear cells in the tumor. Partial
      response (alpha-fetoprotein decrease by greater than or equal to 50% of the
      initial value) was observed in 10 patients and complete response in 1 patient,
      always within the fourth dose, with a 10% response rate. Twenty of 75 symptomatic
      patients (27%) achieved improvement in performance and/or pain reduction.
      Withdrawal of treatment became necessary for side effects in six patients. In
      conclusion, IV Adriamycin in hepatocellular carcinoma has only limited efficacy.
      Because of its early activity, treatment can be stopped after three doses if
      there is no evidence of response.

PMID- 2413982
TI  - Hypomagnesemia, renal dysfunction, and Raynaud's phenomenon in patients treated
      with cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin.
AB  - Thirty men with metastatic germ cell cancer were treated with cisplatin (20 mg/m2
      administered intravenously, days 1-5), vinblastine, and bleomycin at 3- to 4-week
      intervals for four to six courses. There was a sequential fall in serum magnesium
      (P less than 0.001) with each course of therapy: 26 of the 30 patients (87%)
      became hypomagnesemic, and the median magnesium nadir was 1.1 meq/l. No acute
      clinical effects of the hypomagnesemia were observed. The mean creatinine
      clearance declined from 115 ml/minute before therapy to 65 ml/minute, and the
      mean serum creatinine rose from 0.9 mg/dl to 1.6 mg/dl after six courses of
      therapy. With a minimum follow-up of 36 months, 13 of the patients (43%) have
      clinical evidence of Raynaud's phenomenon. Severity of prior hypomagnesemia
      predicted an increased risk of Raynaud's phenomenon. Renal dysfunction,
      hypomagnesemia, and Raynaud's phenomenon are common chronic toxicities of
      vinblastine, bleomycin, and cisplatin therapy.

PMID- 2413983
TI  - Immunohistologic distribution of CEA defined by human anti-CEA antibody in the
      serum of a colonic cancer patient.
AB  - The serum from a colonic cancer patient was examined showing anti-CEA
      (carcinoembryonic antigen) activity but not anti-NCA (nonspecific cross-reacting
      antigen) activity. Conventional immunoelectrophoresis and
      radioimmunoelectrophoresis in conjunction with iodine 125-labeled CEA strongly
      suggested that this serum contained M-protein (IgG kappa). Most of the anti-CEA
      activity was found in the M-component using radioimmunoelectrophoresis,
      suggesting the monoclonal nature of anti-CEA autoantibodies. With the use of this
      serum the histologic distribution of the antigen by the immunoperoxidase method
      was demonstrated for the first time. Anti-CEA specificity of this serum was
      confirmed by the fact that the absorbed antibody with purified CEA gave negative
      staining of the serial sections of the tissues that formerly had immunostaining.
      Interestingly, this distribution was almost superimposed on that detected by the
      murine monoclonal anti-CEA antibody AS802. The data suggested that the antibody
      in the serum reacted with the CEA molecule in the tissue sections, the majority
      of which were found in the cancerous tissues.

PMID- 2413984
TI  - Immunocytochemistry of acinic cell carcinomas and mixed tumors of salivary
      glands.
AB  - Antisera of several secretory products of the salivary gland were used to
      investigate the histogenesis of acinic cell tumors and mixed salivary gland
      tumors for comparison. Amylase, lactoferrin, secretory piece, and proline-rich
      protein (PRP) immunoreactivity was detected in the majority of acinic cell
      tumors; staining was focal, except for PRP, which was diffuse. Lysozyme
      immunoreactivity was rare. There was discordance for immunoreactivity with
      several antisera in identifiable tumor lobules of half of the neoplasms. An
      antikeratin serum outlined microcystic and follicular areas but rarely solid
      foci. These findings support the contention that acinic cell tumors derive from a
      tubular type stem cell. Lactoferrin and secretory piece immunoreactivity was not
      common in mixed tumors and was confined to scattered ductal cells and luminal
      contents. Rare small foci of amylase and PRP immunoreactivity were found in two
      mixed tumors only.

PMID- 2413985
TI  - Protein composition of cyst fluids from mature teratoma in patients with
      nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis.
AB  - Protein analyses were performed in 15 cyst fluids (CF) from mature teratoma (TD)
      and in 15 corresponding sera from 9 nonseminomatous germ cell tumor patients.
      Qualitatively, many similarities between the protein compositions of CF and
      corresponding sera were seen. Quantitative comparisons suggested free diffusion
      of plasma proteins into the cyst lumen in nine cases, whereas in five CF a
      decreased size selectivity of the blood-TD barrier was observed. From the
      quantitative data it was concluded that the significantly increased CCF/Cserum
      concentration ratios for the tumor markers alpha-fetoprotein (8/14), human
      chorionic gonadotropin (3/14), and carcinoembryonic antigen (13/13) as well as
      for lysozyme (12/13), ferritin (12/13), and fibronectin (3/6) were either due to
      local synthesis or to concentrating properties of the TD cells. The results of
      the current study encourage further research for new tumor-associated proteins in
      cyst fluids.

PMID- 2413986
TI  - Nucleolar organizer regions in patients with precancerous and cancerous lesions
      of the uterine cervix.
AB  - Nucleolar organizer regions (Ag-NORs) were studied in patients with cervical
      precancerous and cancerous lesions along with controls. The data revealed a
      statistically significant decrease of Ag-NORs in cancer patients, as well as in
      women with severe precancerous lesions as compared with controls. A similar
      decrease in the amount of Ag-staining was also observed in both cancer and severe
      dysplasia cases. The study suggests a possible relationship of Ag-NOR activity to
      malignancy.

PMID- 2413987
TI  - Effects of alpha-difluoromethyl ornithine on alpha-fetoprotein and albumin
      secretion in human hepatoma cell line, PLC/PRF/5.
AB  - The in vitro effects of alpha-difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO) on the growth and
      the secretion of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and albumin in human hepatoma cell line
      PLC/PRF/5 were studied. DFMO caused a marked reduction in the growth rate and de
      novo synthesis of DNA, whereas secretion of AFP and albumin was not altered.
      These data indicate that AFP and albumin secretion are neither linked to
      polyamine synthesis nor to cellular proliferation in human hepatoma cells.

PMID- 2413988
TI  - Rat lung macrophage tumor cytotoxin production: impairment by chronic in vivo
      cigarette smoke exposure.
AB  - Macrophages in the presence of bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimuli
      produce a soluble cytotoxin which is toxic to tumor cells. In this study, we
      examined various parameters of cytotoxin production from pulmonary lavage cells
      obtained from Fisher 344 cesarean-derived rats. Cultures of macrophages were
      derived from pulmonary lavage cells and stimulated in vitro with LPS. Cytotoxin
      production was assayed in vitro using an L-929 cell target assay. Pulmonary
      lavage preparations contained a relatively pure population of macrophages, and
      adherence studies revealed that nonadherent lavage cells contributed negligible
      amounts of cytotoxin, indicating that macrophages were responsible for cytotoxin
      production. After LPS stimulation, cytotoxin production became maximal within 10
      h and thereafter plateaued. Doses of LPS above 0.1 microgram/ml were optimal for
      production, and in the absence of LPS, no cytotoxin was detected. Because
      cigarette smoke is the major etiological factor in the development of lung
      cancers and because smoking is known to profoundly alter the function of alveolar
      macrophages in humans and experimental animals, subsequent experiments examined
      the role of chronic cigarette smoke exposure on tumoricidal activity of lung
      macrophages. Rats were exposed in vivo for 8 wk to either cigarette smoke or air
      (sham-treated controls). When lavage cells were cultured and stimulated with LPS
      (1 microgram/ml), 5- to 10-fold less cytotoxin was produced by lavage cells from
      rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Similarly, using a direct cytotoxicity assay,
      lung macrophages of smoke-exposed animals also revealed marked impairment in
      cytotoxicity against L-929 cell targets, and this was noted over a wide range of
      macrophage:tumor target cell ratios. Another product of macrophages, interferon,
      was also decreased in rats exposed in vivo to cigarette smoke when compared to
      sham-treated controls. These results suggest that cigarette smoke exposure may
      impair pulmonary macrophage-mediated tumor defense mechanisms.

PMID- 2413989
TI  - Increased sensitivity to oxanosine, a novel nucleoside antibiotic, of rat kidney
      cells upon expression of the integrated viral src gene.
AB  - The mechanism of antitumor action of oxanosine was studied using a strain of rat
      kidney cells infected with a mutant Rous sarcoma virus, the src gene of which was
      temperature sensitive. Oxanosine inhibited cell growth in vitro, as well as
      nucleic acid synthesis in these cells, 10 times more strongly at a permissive
      temperature (33 degrees C) than at a non-permissive temperature (39 degrees C).
      Protein synthesis was inhibited only slightly at either temperature. The
      inhibition of cell growth and nucleic acid synthesis was reversed by guanosine,
      GMP, and to a lesser extent by adenosine and inosine. Oxanosine inhibited the
      conversion of [14C]hypoxanthine to guanine nucleotides in cells and again in the
      same temperature-related fashion. The conversion to adenine nucleotides was not
      inhibited. Oxanosine-5'-monophosphate was found to be a potent nearly competitive
      inhibitor, with respect to IMP, of IMP dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.14; IMP:NAD+
      oxidoreductase) isolated from cells grown either at 33 degrees C or at 39 degrees
      C; with the former and the latter enzyme preparations, KmS for IMP were 6.0 X 10(
      6) M and 5.3 X 10(-6) M, respectively, while Kis for oxanosine-5'-monophosphate
      were 1-3 X 10(-6) M and 5.2 X 10(-6) M, as well.

PMID- 2413990
TI  - Induction of thymidine kinase activity in a spontaneously enzyme-deficient murine
      tumor cell line by exposure in vivo to the DNA-hypomethylating agent 5-aza-2'
      deoxycytidine: implications for mechanisms of tumor progression.
AB  - We previously reported that thymidine kinase (TK) activity in a spontaneously TK
      deficient (TK-) mouse tumor cell line (called L61-M) could be partially restored
      by brief exposure of the cells in vitro to the DNA-hypomethylating agent 5
      azacytidine. We now show that similar results can be obtained by exposing L61-M
      cells growing in mice to the DNA-hypomethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine.
      The frequency of TK+ cells within the TK- L61-M cell population was increased
      approximately 26,000-fold by the in vitro 5-azacytidine treatment. The frequency
      of L61-M TK+ cells was increased from between 200- and 1000-fold depending upon
      the routes of tumor and drug inoculation following the in vivo administration of
      5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment increased the proportion
      of L61-M TK+ cells by the induction of TK activity and not as a result of the
      selection of any preexisting TK+ cells from within the L61-M tumor cell
      population. While 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment increased the frequency of L61
      M TK+ cells within the tumor cell population, it had no effect upon the survival
      times of mice bearing the L61-M tumor line. These results indicate that some
      anticancer chemotherapeutic drugs may be able to promote the diversification of
      tumor cell populations in vivo through the activation of previously quiescent
      genes as a result of alterations in the methylation of DNA.

PMID- 2413991
TI  - Isolation and characterization of Chinese hamster ovary cell lines sensitive to
      mitomycin C and bleomycin.
AB  - Seven Chinese hamster ovary K1 cell lines exhibiting sensitivity to anticancer
      drugs have been isolated by a replica-plating technique. Five of the mutants are
      hypersensitive (approximately 7-fold, as judged by D37 values) to the DNA cross
      linking agent mitomycin C. Of these, one is also appreciably sensitive to UV
      light. Significant variations in their cross-sensitivity to cis-platinum(II)
      diammine dichloride, chlorambucil, and Adriamycin have also been observed. Two
      additional mutants have been isolated on the basis of sensitivity to the
      radiomimetic agent bleomycin. One of these shows greater than 6-fold sensitivity
      to bleomycin, while the other is approximately 14 times more sensitive than the
      parental strain to bleomycin and is also hypersensitive to a number of other DNA
      damaging agents, including cis-platinum(II) diammine dichloride, chlorambucil, X
      rays, and UV light. Both bleomycin-sensitive mutants also exhibit some degree of
      sensitivity to Adriamycin. In all cases, the cell lines have been grown in
      continuous culture for 3 months without evidence of reversion and should act as
      suitable recipients in DNA transfection experiments aimed at identifying human
      DNA repair genes.

PMID- 2413992
TI  - Increase in H-2 antigen expression and immunogenicity of BL6 melanoma cells
      treated with N-methyl-N'-nitronitrosoguanidine.
AB  - Treatment of the BL6 melanoma cells in vitro with N-methyl-N'
      nitronitrosoguanidine dramatically increased their expression of H-2Kb and H-2Db
      antigens as well as beta 2-microglobulin but not Class 2 major histocompatibility
      complex antigens. The treated tumor cells also became immunogenic and were
      rejected in 70% of syngeneic C57BL/6 recipients, whereas these tumor cells
      produced progressively growing tumors in 100% of irradiated (550 R) or nude mice.
      In contrast to the effects of N-methyl-N'-nitronitrosoguanidine treatment, no
      influence of H-2 antigen expression or tumorigenicity was found when BL6 melanoma
      cells were treated with 5-azacytidine, phorbol myristate acetate, 5
      bromodeoxyuridine, theophylline, or 6-thioguanine. H-2 antigen expression and the
      tumorigenic properties of 48 individual clones derived from BL6T2 melanoma line
      and 15 clones from the original BL6 melanoma were investigated. No H-2 antigens
      were found on the cell surface of the parental BL6 clones, whereas all tum-
      clones from the BL6T2 line expressed high levels of H-2 antigens. Although four
      of six tested tum+ clones had high levels of H-2b antigen expression similar to
      that of tum- clones, they were nonimmunogenic. These data indicate that an
      increase in major histocompatibility complex antigen expression is essential but
      not sufficient for the immunogenicity of tumor cells. This conclusion was also
      supported by the results of interferon treatment of BL6 melanoma cells: this
      induced an increase in the expression of beta 2-microglobulin and Class 1 H-2b
      antigens but not an increase in their immunogenicity. Detection of tumor
      associated transplantation antigens on the melanoma cells also appeared to be
      dependent on the level of expression of H-2 antigens. Although tum+ clones grew
      in normal mice, immune mice were able to prevent the growth of tum+ clones with
      high levels of H-2 antigens. However, immune mice only partially inhibited the
      growth of the parental BL6 melanoma or tum+ clones which have low expression of H
      2 antigens.

PMID- 2413993
TI  - Immunophenotype of human melanoma cells in different metastases.
AB  - The pattern of melanoma-associated antigens (MAAs) expressed on the surface of
      melanoma cells in 23 metastases, 15 obtained from different patients and 8 from
      different metastases in two patients, was studied by immunoprecipitation and
      sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis using
      monoclonal and polyclonal melanoma antisera. Though there were differences in the
      MAAs expressed by each melanoma, there were marked similarities as well. No more
      than two melanomas had a similar pattern of MAAs. However, all melanomas
      expressed some MAAs, and most MAAs were commonly expressed by several melanomas.
      Two of the MAAs studied, with molecular weights of approximately 75,000 and
      95,000 to 97,000, were particularly well represented, and at least one of these
      two antigens was expressed by all melanoma cells. These results suggest that
      complete absence of tumor-associated antigens on metastatic melanoma cells is a
      rare phenomenon. All melanoma lines we studied expressed at least one of a
      restricted number of antigens. Thus despite antigenic heterogeneity, sufficient
      similarity remains between different melanomas to permit specific immunotherapy
      to be targeted to a limited number of tumor antigens.

PMID- 2413994
TI  - Surface expression of tumor-associated antigens in primary cultured human colonic
      epithelial cells from carcinomas, benign tumors, and normal tissues.
AB  - A new method for the analysis of the binding of monoclonal antibodies to cell
      surface tumor-associated antigens utilizes 1- to 2-day primary cultures of human
      colonic carcinomas, adenomas, and normal epithelial tissue. The antibodies are
      added to the live cells which form monolayer epithelial patches of several
      hundred cells on the surface of the Petri dish by migration in a continuous sheet
      from a small explant. These epithelial patches are then fixed with methanol and
      processed in situ using the indirect immunoperoxidase assay. Three monoclonal
      antibodies (MAbs) prepared against membrane-enriched fractions of human
      metastatic breast cancer were assayed. MAb B1.1 bound to each of 11 benign and
      each of 18 malignant colonic tumors tested. MAb B6.2 displayed similar
      reactivity, binding to each of 7 adenomas and each of 15 carcinomas assayed. Both
      MAbs also bound to normal colonic epithelial cells in both the live cell studies
      presented here and in earlier studies (D. Stramignoni et al., Int. J. Cancer, 31:
      543-552, 1983). MAb B72.3 bound only to tumor cells and not to normal epithelial
      cells in the live cell assay. This epitope was rapidly lost in culture. B72.3
      reactivity on each of two carcinomas was decreased 9- to 36-fold when primary
      culture continued for 5-6 days. B72.3 bound to each of 20 tumors (15 carcinomas,
      5 adenomas) when the cells were cultured for 1 or 2 days but on only 2 of 8
      tumors when the cells were cultured for 3 to 8 days. The B72.3 epitope was more
      strongly expressed on the live cells in the explant and on those monolayer cells
      directly adjacent to the explant than on the cells more towards the edges of the
      patch colony. This implied that the cell flattening which occurred when cells
      migrated from the explant may have played some role in antigen loss. A very
      similar fraction of primary cultured carcinoma and adenoma cells bound each MAb,
      indicating that these MAbs in live cell assay do not distinguish between benign,
      noninvasive colonic tumors and invasive carcinomas. The live cell assay was
      compared to the standard assay utilizing sectioned, fixed tumors. In parallel
      assays of eight tumors the fraction of cells reactive in the indirect
      immunoperoxidase assay was consistently higher on live cells for each of these
      MAbs than on fixed tissue. Due to this greater sensitivity the live cell assay
      was able to detect reactive cells in two cases which were scored as negative
      (less than 1% positive cells) in the fixed tissue assay.

PMID- 2413995
TI  - Histochemical studies with a monoclonal antibody raised against a partially
      purified soluble estradiol receptor preparation from human myometrium.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (D5) raised against affinity-purified cytosol estradiol
      receptor (REC) from human myometrium has been used to stain human tissues by
      means of an indirect immunoperoxidase method. Good staining was obtained with
      ethanol-, glutaraldehyde-, or Carnoy's-fixed material but not with formalin or
      Bouin's fixation. Cytoplasmic staining of human breast tumors exhibited a highly
      significant correlation (P less than 0.001) with REC assayed by conventional
      estradiol-binding assay provided that allowance was made for both staining
      intensity and cellularity of the tumor; no correlation existed with soluble
      progesterone receptor content. Both patient age and tumor differentiation
      influenced staining patterns in the same way as did REC content. Cultured REC
      positive human breast tumor cell lines (MCF-7, ZR-75-1, and CA-2) showed positive
      staining as did cultured epithelium from human milk. Epithelia in normal breast
      and fibroadenoma exhibited variable staining that rarely reached the intensity
      seen in REC-positive tumor cells. The staining patterns of human normal
      endometrium, myometrium, fallopian tube, ectocervix, endocervix, and ovary and
      neoplastic endometrium and ovary are described. In every situation thus far
      examined only cytoplasmic staining has been observed.

PMID- 2413996
TI  - Cell lineages in liver carcinogenesis: possible clues from studies of the
      distribution of alpha-fetoprotein RNA sequences in cell populations isolated from
      normal, regenerating, and preneoplastic rat livers.
AB  - We analyzed in isolated rat liver cell populations and in fetal and neoplastic
      livers the distribution of RNA sequences which hybridize with alpha-fetoprotein
      (AFP) complementary DNA clones. Parenchymal and nonparenchymal cell populations
      were isolated from normal, regenerating, preneoplastic, and bile duct-ligated rat
      livers. We found that oval cells, fetal liver, and a primary hepatocellular
      carcinoma contain the full length 2.3-kilobase AFP messenger RNA (mRNA); in
      normal adult rat liver, 2.3-kilobase AFP mRNA is found at low levels in an
      unidentified subpopulation of nonparenchymal cells but is not detected in
      hepatocytes; both parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells from normal or
      preneoplastic livers contain in variable proportion a smaller AFP RNA which
      hybridizes only with complementary DNA clones containing sequences located near
      the 5' end of the rat AFP gene; during liver regeneration induced by CCl4,
      elevation of the full length AFP mRNA occurs in nonparenchymal cells but
      seemingly not in hepatocytes. The results suggest that some cells in the
      nonparenchymal cell fraction of normal adult rat liver might retain the capacity
      to produce the 2.3-kilobase AFP mRNA found in large amounts in fetal livers, oval
      cells, and hepatic tumors. Although the nature of these cells remains to be
      determined, we suggest that such cells might be the source of the small amounts
      of AFP synthesized in normal rat liver and may constitute the proposed but as yet
      uncharacterized "facultative stem cell" compartment in rat liver.

PMID- 2413997
TI  - Definition by monoclonal antibodies of a repertoire of epitopes on
      carcinoembryonic antigen differentially expressed in human colon carcinomas
      versus normal adult tissues.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) designated COL-1 through 15 have been generated and
      characterized and show a strong degree of selective reactivity for human colon
      carcinomas versus normal adult tissues. To prepare the MAbs, mice were immunized
      with extracts or membrane-enriched fractions of biopsy material from either
      primary or metastatic colon carcinoma lesions. The fifteen COL MAbs, all of the
      immunoglobulin G subclasses 1, 2a, or 2b, reacted with purified carcinoembryonic
      antigen in solid-phase radioimmunoassay and by immunoblotting, but none reacted
      with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes or certain spleen preparations previously
      shown to be rich in carcinoembryonic antigen-related or cross-reactive antigens.
      MAbs COL-1 through 15 could be divided into at least five groups based on their
      differential range of reactivities to the surface of colon carcinoma cells or
      other carcinoma cell preparations. The COL MAbs were tested via immunoperoxidase
      with a wide range of primary and metastatic colon carcinomas, benign or
      dysplastic colon lesions, and 34 normal adult tissues. With few exceptions, the
      COL MAbs tested in this manner showed reactivity only to the primary and
      metastatic colon carcinomas. These studies thus provide a well-characterized
      repertoire of MAbs that are well suited for potential clinical trials involving
      the radiolocalization and possibly therapy of human colon carcinoma lesions. The
      fact that at least five epitopes are being recognized also provides the
      opportunity for testing the efficacy of cocktails of the COL MAbs toward these
      goals.

PMID- 2413998
TI  - CAR-3, a monoclonal antibody-defined antigen expressed on human carcinomas.
AB  - Several monoclonal antibodies were raised against the human epidermoid carcinoma
      line A 431. The antibody produced by clone AR-3, when tested in enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay, was found to react with the cell line used as immunogen, the
      human gastric carcinoma line KATO III, the colon carcinoma line HT29, and the
      ovarian carcinoma line SW626. This monoclonal antibody was found unreactive when
      tested on human peripheral blood leukocytes or on a number of normal or
      neoplastic cell lines. The antibody precipitated a high-molecular-weight
      glycosylated component. When tested on paraffin sections by the avidin:biotin:
      peroxidase method, the AR-3 antibody stained pancreatic (6:7), gastric (11:14),
      ovarian (5:6), colon (4:8), endometrial (4:6), and cervical (4:7) carcinomas. A
      small minority of carcinomas of other organs was also stained. Sarcomas,
      lymphomas, and other tumors of nonepithelial origin were constantly negative.
      Staining of some normal epithelial cells was also observed. Among the fetal
      tissue tested, the antibody reacted with pancreatic ducts and the small
      intestine. The antibody recognized metastatic carcinoma cells in peritoneal
      effusions. On the basis of its tissue distribution, the antigenic determinant
      defined by the AR-3 monoclonal antibody was called CAR-3. The monoclonal AR-3 did
      not cross-react with partially purified preparations of carcinoembryonic antigen,
      gastrointestinal carcinoma antigen, or the human milk fat globule antigen. The AR
      3 MAb appear, thus, to broaden the number of available reagents for
      histopathological diagnosis of carcinomas.

PMID- 2413999
TI  - Monoclonal antibody 44-3A6 as a probe for a novel antigen found on human lung
      carcinomas with glandular differentiation.
AB  - This paper describes an immunoglobulin G1 mouse monoclonal antibody (MCA) 44-3A6
      directed against a human adenocarcinoma of the lung, cell line A549. This hybrid
      is a fusion product of the mouse myeloma SP 2/0.Ag14 and spleen cells from a
      BALB/c mouse which had been hyperimmunized with A549. Live cell
      radioimmunoassays, immunofluorescences, and fluorescent activated cell sorter
      analysis indicate that MCA 44-3A6 reacts with a cell surface antigen. Western
      blot analysis identifies a major antigen band with the apparent molecular weight
      of 40,000. Enzyme treatment of A549 target plates shows that the antigen is
      sensitive to proteases. This MCA does not react with carcinoembryonic antigen.
      Patients having a variety of different lung carcinomas do not appear to have
      detectable antigen in their serum, nor does the antigen appear to be shed into
      culture supernatants by human lung carcinoma cell lines. The antigen is preserved
      in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections and shows a cell surface
      and/or cytoplasmic staining pattern. Immunohistochemical staining of various
      bronchopulmonary carcinomas demonstrated binding to be restricted to tumors with
      features of "glandular" differentiation. This MCA may have clinical and
      diagnostic utility due to its selective binding for a subset of carcinomas of the
      lung.

PMID- 2414000
TI  - Immunohistochemical analysis of human pulmonary carcinomas using monoclonal
      antibody 44-3A6.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody, 44-3A6, was raised against the human pulmonary
      adenocarcinoma cell line A549. This antibody recognizes a protein antigen at the
      cell surface, which is preserved after formalin fixation and paraffin embedding.
      Immunohistochemical staining of lung tissue with this antibody revealed diffuse
      immunoreactivity of type II pneumocytes. Bronchial epithelial cells were also
      focally immunoreactive. Immunostaining of various bronchopulmonary carcinomas
      demonstrated characteristic patterns of reactivity. All of the 42 adenocarcinomas
      and 18 carcinoids were strongly immunoreactive either diffusely or focally. The
      immunoreaction occurred at the cell membrane and/or in the cytoplasm. None of the
      39 squamous cell carcinomas, 12 bronchioloalveolar carcinomas, and 30 small cell
      neuroendocrine carcinomas was immunostained. Ten intermediate cell neuroendocrine
      carcinomas and 8 well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas were relatively
      weakly immunoreactive, while 7 and 2 of them were negative. Six adenosquamous
      carcinomas were focally positive in glandular and "basaloid" areas, whereas
      squamous areas were negative. Twenty-one large cell carcinomas were focally
      immunoreactive, while 6 were negative. It appears that MCA 44-3A6 is an effective
      marker for certain features of "glandular" differentiation, which may be present
      even in tumors lacking obvious glands, and that it may be useful for the
      differential diagnosis of various bronchopulmonary carcinomas.

PMID- 2414001
TI  - Keratin gene expression in mouse skin tumors and in mouse skin treated with 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
AB  - Alterations in the pattern of epidermal differentiation and proliferation occur
      during mouse skin carcinogenesis. We have used cDNA clones corresponding to the
      major keratin subunits synthesized in differentiating epidermal cells (Mr 67,000
      and 59,000) and in proliferating epidermal cells (Mr 60,000, 55,000, and 50,000)
      to study changes in keratin gene transcript levels in mouse epidermis exposed to
      tumor promoters. The same probes were used to characterize the keratin expression
      patterns in benign and malignant skin tumors. A single topical treatment with 12
      O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate caused a rapid initial decrease in the
      epidermal transcript levels corresponding to the Mr 67,000 and 59,000 keratin
      subunits. By 48 h the transcript level for the Mr 67,000 keratin subunit was
      restored to control values, whereas the transcript levels for the Mr 59,000
      subunit returned to control at a slower rate. In contrast, the transcript level
      for the Mr 55,000 subunit was increased substantially 12- 48 h after treatment,
      the Mr 50,000 subunit transcript increased to a lesser extent, and the Mr 60,000
      subunit message was transiently decreased at 12 h but returned to the level of
      solvent-treated skin by 24 h. Single exposure to the incomplete tumor promoters 4
      O-methyl-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, the ionophore A23187, and mezerein
      induced changes in keratin gene transcripts similar to those of 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. The antipromoter fluocinolone acetonide,
      administered with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, partially inhibited the
      decrease in the Mr 59,000 and 67,000 transcripts and completely inhibited the
      increase in the Mr 55,000 transcript. In skin papillomas produced by initiation
      and promotion, keratin gene expression was similar to normal skin, with the
      exception of a two-fold increase in the transcript levels for the Mr 55,000
      keratin subunit. However, in carcinomas, the transcript levels for the Mr 67,000
      and 59,000 subunits were only 1-3% of those observed in untreated mouse
      epidermis. In concert with other data, the rapid and selective loss of
      transcripts for differentiation-related keratins after exposure to both complete
      and incomplete tumor promoters is most consistent with an accelerated rate of
      maturation in differentiating keratinocytes, resulting in the rapid production of
      transcript-depleted fully mature squames. The enhanced level of Mr 55,000
      transcripts suggests a concomitant increase in the number of all cells or a
      subset of cells in the proliferative compartment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2414002
TI  - Phase II trial of a complex polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid with poly-L
      lysine and carboxymethyl cellulose in the treatment of children with acute
      leukemia and neuroblastoma: a report from the Children's Cancer Study Group.
AB  - Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity were evaluated in 28 children with acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia, in ten with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL), and
      in 13 with metastatic neuroblastoma. All were refractory to standard
      chemotherapeutic agents and 25 were refractory to an investigational drug. The
      initial dose was 12 mg/m2/day and was based on an established maximal dose
      tolerated in adults. This dose was found to be intolerable in 5 of 5 children
      with leukemia. Similarly an initial dose of 9 mg/m2/day was intolerable in 4 of 5
      patients with leukemia. The starting dose in the next 28 children with leukemia
      or neuroblastoma was 3 mg/m2. This drug was gradually increased to the highest
      tolerated dose by 3-mg/m2 increments. Fifteen children with acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia, 3 children with ANLL, and 2 children with neuroblastoma received the
      drug daily. Seven patients with ANLL and 7 patients with neuroblastoma received
      the drug biweekly. Seventeen patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 6
      patients with ANLL, and 5 patients with neuroblastoma had an adequate trial of
      the drug. An adequate trial was defined as a minimum of 5 weeks of therapy unless
      progressive disease developed. Side effects of the drug were striking and
      included fever, hypotension, myalgia, bone pain, arthralgia, arthritis, abdominal
      pain, liver toxicity, thrombocytopenia, and neurotoxicity. No complete remission
      occurred although interferon levels above 100 units/ml were induced in nearly 50%
      of the patients.

PMID- 2414003
TI  - Common antigenic sites on exfoliated cells derived from cervical carcinoma and in
      tumor cells of nonuterine origin as demonstrated by monoclonal antibodies in
      immunoperoxidase assay.
AB  - The binding characteristics of monoclonal antibodies produced against a variety
      of human tumor cells were studied on cervical carcinoma cell lines and on
      exfoliated cells of cervical smears. The latter included normal epithelial cells,
      cells derived from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and cells from squamous
      cell carcinoma. Monoclonal antibodies that bound in immunoperoxidase assays to
      ethanol-fixed smears of cultured human tumor cells but not to normal cervical
      smears were screened on cervical smears containing malignant cells. Of the six
      antibodies selected for detailed studies, two each had been produced against
      bladder carcinoma and melanoma and one each against cervical and gastric
      carcinoma. Antibody 99-57 stained malignant cells from invasive carcinoma but not
      normal cervical cells. In cells from intraepithelial neoplasia, staining
      intensity was highest in severely dysplastic cells. Thus monoclonal antibodies
      are potentially useful in the detection of malignant cervical cells within a
      large number of nonmalignant cells, in conjunction with other diagnostic
      procedures.

PMID- 2414005
TI  - Re: Carl S. Killian et al. Prognostic importance of prostate-specific antigen for
      monitoring patients with stage B2 to D1 prostate cancer.

PMID- 2414004
TI  - Eradication of neuroblastoma cells in vitro by monoclonal antibody and human
      complement: method for purging autologous bone marrow.
AB  - We describe an in vitro method which is useful for purging autologous bone marrow
      of neuroblastoma cells. The method utilizes a single murine monoclonal antibody
      3G6 (an immunoglobulin MK) which we have previously developed against the
      ganglioside GD2; undiluted human complement; and unfractionated whole bone marrow
      at 1 X 10(7) nucleated cells/ml. Tumor cell clonogenic assays, Hoechst 33342
      fluorescent nuclear stain, and trypan blue viability stain methods were used to
      assay cytotoxicity. This complement-mediated cytotoxicity technique killed 99.9
      100% of neuroblastoma cell lines NMB-7, LAN-1, LAN-5, and IMR-6, while normal
      marrow precursor cells were not detectably damaged. The presence of normal bone
      marrow did not inhibit the human complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Applying the
      cytotoxicity method to whole unseparated bone marrow demonstrated killing of
      seeded neuroblastoma cells, with no gross hemolysis or cell clumping. The method
      did not require expensive special equipment, use of animal complement sera, or
      prior fractionation of the bone marrow. The average marrow nucleated cell
      recovery was 95%. These studies indicate that in vitro purging of autologous
      marrow infiltrated with neuroblastoma with monoclonal antibody 3G6 and human
      complement is both technically feasible and effective in eradicating residual
      tumor while preserving bone marrow stem cells.

PMID- 2414006
TI  - In vitro studies of human lung carcinogenesis.
AB  - Advances in the methodology to culture normal human lung cells have provided
      opportunities to investigate fundamental problems in biomedical research,
      including the mechanism(s) of carcinogenesis. Using the strategy schematically
      shown in Figure 1, we have initiated studies of the effects of carcinogens on the
      normal progenitor cells of the human cancers caused by these carcinogens.
      Extended lifespans and aneuploidy were found after exposure of mesothelial cells
      to asbestos and bronchial epithelial cells to nickel sulfate. These abnormal
      cells may be considered to be preneoplastic and at an intermediate position in
      the multistage process of carcinogenesis. Human bronchial epithelial cells can
      also be employed to investigate the role of specific oncogenes in carcinogenesis
      and tumor progression. Using the protoplast fusion method for high frequency gene
      transfection, vHa-ras oncogene initiates a cascade of events in the normal human
      bronchial cells leading to their apparent immortality, aneuploidy, and
      tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice. These results suggest that oncogenes may
      play an important role in human carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2414007
TI  - Phenotypic and cytogenetic characteristics of different stages during spontaneous
      transformation of mouse keratinocytes in vitro.

PMID- 2414008
TI  - Interaction between nontransforming retroviruses and chemicals in cells in vitro:
      association with progression to neoplastic phenotypes.

PMID- 2414009
TI  - Long-term ECG in pheochromocytoma.
AB  - In 13 patients with pheochromocytoma (in all but 2 cases localization by
      scintigraphy) investigations using Holter long-term ECG were performed under
      medication with alpha- and beta-sympathicolytic drugs under bed rest conditions.
      The incidence of ventricular dysrhythmias hardly exceeded the extent of a normal
      control group. In 1 case alpha-methyltyrosine caused a first to second degree AV
      block and beyond this a stable high frequency sinus rate without any adaptation
      to the environmental requests. In 12 patients the frequency profile showed sudden
      and inadequate rises of heart rate up to 200% of very short duration, reaching
      their maximum within about 20 s of the onset of muscular activity. Although less
      pronounced, these characteristics were still found 1-2 weeks after operation. In
      our opinion the heart rate profiles described reveal a dysfunction of the entire
      autonomus nervous system in pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2414010
TI  - The carbohydrates of secretory granules and the glycocalyx in developing mucoid
      cells.
AB  - Complex carbohydrates in secretory granules and at the apical cell surface of
      mouse gastric mucoid cells were studied during embryogenesis and in the early
      postnatal period by various cytochemical methods; the periodic acid
      thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) and tannic acid-uranyl acetate
      (TA-UA) procedures made neutral mucosubstances (NMS) visible, whereas the hexose
      residues of glycoconjugates were identified using WGA-, RCA II- and ConA
      ferritin. The glycocalyx was stained with ruthenium red (RR). During
      differentiation of the embryonic mucoid cells the number of secretory granules
      increased in parallel to the increase in their carbohydrate component. NMS
      stainable parts in secretory granules also had binding sites for the conjugates
      RCA II- and WGA-ferritin, but the binding of ConA could not be identified. The
      increasing quantity of NMS in secretory granules was correlated with the
      increased amount of PA-TCH-SP and TA-UA positive substances in the apical
      glycocalyx only in 14- and 18-day-old embryos. The observed uniform affinity for
      RR and lectin conjugates in all analysed developmental stages remains to be
      explained.

PMID- 2414011
TI  - Identification and cloning of localized maternal RNAs from Xenopus eggs.
AB  - A central question in developmental biology is to explain how cells in different
      regions of an embryo acquire different developmental fates. We have begun to
      address this question by investigating whether specific RNAs are localized within
      a frog egg. Differential screening of a cDNA library shows that most maternal
      RNAs are uniformly distributed along the animal-vegetal axis. However, we find
      that a rare class of maternal RNAs is localized. cDNA clones of four localized
      RNAs have been characterized. Three of these cDNAs are derived from maternal RNAs
      that are concentrated in the animal hemisphere of unfertilized eggs and remain
      localized through the early blastula stage. One cDNA is derived from a maternal
      RNA found almost exclusively in the vegetal hemisphere at both stages. These
      studies show that some informational molecules, specifically RNAs, are localized
      in eggs and are inherited by particular blastomeres.

PMID- 2414012
TI  - Transient accumulation of c-fos RNA following serum stimulation requires a
      conserved 5' element and c-fos 3' sequences.
AB  - Transcription of the c-fos gene is transiently activated to generate large
      amounts of unstable c-fos RNA when quiescent fibroblasts are stimulated by
      polypeptide mitogens or whole serum. A cloned human c-fos gene (c-fosH)
      transfected into mouse fibroblasts is regulated in a similar manner. An element
      essential for transcription activation is located between nucleotides -332 and 
      276 relative to the mRNA cap site. This element has properties similar to those
      of previously characterized transcription enhancer elements. However, replacement
      of the 5' activating element by enhancers from SV40 or Moloney murine leukemia
      virus does not allow regulated c-fosH expression. The study of fusion genes
      showed that in addition to the 5' activating element, transient accumulation of c
      fosH RNA following serum stimulation requires sequences at the 3' end of the c
      fosH gene.

PMID- 2414013
TI  - Nucleotide sequences of two mRNAs for rat brain myelin proteolipid protein.
AB  - The 3200 and 1600 nucleotide mRNAs encoding rat brain proteolipid protein (PLP),
      the major protein component of central nervous system myelin, are heterogeneous
      at their 5' ends, differ in their 3' polyadenylation sites, and are transcribed
      from a single gene. The mRNAs, which first appear postnatally, encode identical
      277 amino acid proteins that are 99% identical to the bovine protein sequence.
      Thus, PLP has been highly conserved during mammalian evolution. A single amino
      terminal methionine is removed post-translationally, indicating that PLP does not
      require a signal peptide sequence for insertion into the myelin membrane. Mouse
      and monkey utilize the 3200 but not the 1600 nucleotide mRNA, suggesting that
      there is no functional necessity for two sizes of rat PLP mRNAs.

PMID- 2414014
TI  - Alternative conformations of the ColE1 replication primer modulate its
      interaction with RNA I.
AB  - Replication of the ColE1 plasmid is regulated by the interaction of its primer
      RNA with a small countertranscript (RNA I) that acts as a repressor of functional
      primer formation. The interaction is dependent on the specific conformations of
      the complementary RNA molecules. Early in its synthesis, primer adopts an "anti
      RNA I" configuration. As transcription proceeds, it is preempted by formation of
      an alternative domain designated stem-loop IV. This conformational transition has
      a significant effect on the rate of association of RNA I with the primer in
      vitro. Nascent primer in the "anti-RNA I" conformation (135 nucleotides)
      interacts with RNA I 6-fold faster than primer in the stem-loop IV conformation
      (241 nucleotides), and 35-fold faster than a 567 nucleotide primer precursor. We
      propose that a conformation-dependent "window of susceptibility" of primer to RNA
      I exists during primer transcription, and that altered conformations play a role
      in modulating the rate of functional primer formation.

PMID- 2414015
TI  - [Blood levels of acute phase proteins in liver diseases in pregnancy].

PMID- 2414016
TI  - Single agents known to be active in head and neck cancer.
AB  - Despite good results of polychemotherapy in head and neck cancer,
      monochemotherapy retains a valuable role in managing patients with advanced
      disease. In a palliative setting, lower toxicity and simpler handling of therapy
      with single agents are outlined by the Authors, who review results of most active
      drugs in their different schedules.

PMID- 2414017
TI  - Survival of pathogenic organisms in immunocompetent hosts.
AB  - Pathogens have evolved highly individual means of immune evasion. These involve
      their location within relatively shielded sites, the variability shedding or
      disguise of surface antigens and modifications of the host immune response. The
      latter include the use of proteases to split surface-bound antibodies, the
      production of compounds which consume complement, the avoidance of phagocytosis
      or the evasion of lysosomal systems of phagocytes and the excretion of products
      which inactivate effector functions of specific host cell populations. The
      continued study of immune evasion will enhance understanding of parasitism and
      promote the means for controlling organisms which are important pathogens of man
      and domestic animals.

PMID- 2414018
TI  - Early cellular effects of Trp-P-1 on adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture.
AB  - Trp-P-1, a DL-tryptophan pyrolysis product, was previously known for its
      mutagenic and hepato-carcinogenic properties and for inducing nucleolar damage in
      adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture. In this paper, the effect of Trp-P-1
      was investigated on DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in hepatocytes treated with 1,
      5 and 10 micrograms/ml for 1, 2 and 4 h in order to determine the cascade of
      events which could occur in cells exposed to this agent. The inhibition of the 3
      biosynthetic pathways was linearly dependent on the concentration of Trp-P-1 in
      the culture medium for each duration of treatment. For a given concentration, the
      degree of inhibition depended on the duration of incubation and varied according
      to the type of synthesis. DNA synthesis appeared as the most rapidly and strongly
      impaired: 16% of control values in hepatocytes treated with 10 micrograms/ml Trp
      P-1 for 1 hour against 50.7% for RNA and 66.7% for protein synthesis. These data
      indicated that DNA should be the primary target of Trp-P-1 action in good
      agreement with the genotoxic activity of this agent. The complete recovery of RNA
      synthetic capability within 2 h after the removal of Trp-P-1 from the medium
      could however indicate that transcription was not definitely altered. By contrast
      the lack of protein synthesis recovery in a Trp-P-1 free medium for 24 h might
      signify the extended impairment of a step of translational process at the
      cytoplasmic level.

PMID- 2414019
TI  - The modulation of ion channels by the inhalation general anaesthetics. A1H-NMR
      investigation using unilamellar phospholipid membranes.
AB  - The modulation of a variety of mechanisms of channel-mediated transport across
      unilamellar phospholipid membranes by a range of halogenated inhalation general
      anaesthetics (chloroform, enflurane, halothane and methoxyflurane) was
      investigated using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Transport of the probe ion Pr3+ across
      egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC) and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC)
      vesicular membranes in the presence of the channel forming polypeptides
      alamethicin 30 and melittin, and the polyene antibiotic nystatin, as well as the
      degree of vesicular lysis at the gel to liquid-crystal phase transition of DPPC
      vesicles was monitored. The observation that the inhalation general anaesthetics
      inhibit such membrane permeability independently of the channel system or type of
      lipid used, suggests that hydrogen-bonded water structure and/or hydrogen-bonding
      centres at dipolar lipid-polypeptide interfaces, can be likely sites of action of
      the general anaesthetics.

PMID- 2414020
TI  - Homovanillic acid, vanillylmandelic acid and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid are
      undetectable in urine of the muskrat.

PMID- 2414021
TI  - Phase I clinical trial of fludarabine phosphate (F-ara-AMP).
AB  - F-Ara-AMP (fludarabine phosphate) is an adenosine analogue that is resistant to
      deamination; it is a more potent cytotoxic compound than ara-A in experimental
      tumor systems. F-Ara-AMP was given by continuous IV infusion over 5 days once
      every 4 weeks to 27 evaluable adult patients with advanced cancer. The median
      Karnofsky performance status was 70% (range 50%-90%), and the median age was 58
      years (range 41-74). In addition to adequate blood counts, a creatinine clearance
      of at least 60 ml/min was required. The initial dose level was 35 mg/m2/day. Dose
      limiting myelosuppression was seen in the first patient. Subsequent patients were
      treated at lower doses. Myelosuppression was the only major toxicity. Leukopenia
      was generally more prominent than thrombocytopenia, but 2 patients experienced
      prolonged thrombocytopenia which prevented further therapy. Nausea was minimal,
      and neither renal nor neurologic toxicity was encountered. In patients with good
      renal function a dose of 25 mg/m2/day can be safely administered. However,
      because of apparent cumulative myelosuppressive effects a lower dose is more
      appropriate for patients who have had extensive prior chemotherapy or
      radiotherapy.

PMID- 2414022
TI  - Insulin effects on methotrexate polyglutamate synthesis and enzyme binding in
      cultured human breast cancer cells.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that insulin augments methotrexate transport
      and enhances its cytotoxicity to human breast cancer cells. We therefore
      investigated the effects of insulin on methotrexate polyglutamate synthesis and
      binding to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in two human breast cancer cell lines,
      MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Cells were exposed to 2 microM [3H]MTX and varying insulin
      concentrations for the desired time before determination of the polyglutamate
      content by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). DHFR-bound drug was
      separated from free intracellular drug by chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel
      minicolumns prior to HPLC analysis. Incubation of MCF-7 cells with 2.5 nM insulin
      for 48 h before exposure to 2 microM [3H]MTX for a further 24 h resulted in a
      significant increase in both total drug and total polyglutamates compared with
      control cells. Increasing the insulin concentration in the medium yielded further
      increases in polyglutamylation so that at 250 nM insulin and above total
      polyglutamates were increased by 64% compared with control cells. Further
      evaluation of the effects of physiologic insulin levels on polyglutamate
      synthesis revealed that 2.5 nM insulin caused an increase in the net
      glutamylation rate for each polyglutamate derivative during the final 12 h of a
      24 h exposure to MTX. Analysis of the effects of insulin on polyglutamate binding
      to DHFR revealed that exposure to 2.5 nM insulin resulted in the preferential
      binding of higher polyglutamates to DHFR. In MDA-231 cells, a breast cancer cell
      line with a poor capacity for polyglutamate synthesis, insulin exposure resulted
      in an increase in the cellular accumulation of each polyglutamate derivative,
      with the greatest proportionate increases occurring in the cellular levels of
      higher polyglutamates. These data suggest that insulin augmentation of MTX
      polyglutamate synthesis may account for its previously observed ability to
      enhance MTX cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2414023
TI  - Cisplatinum and bleomycin for advanced or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of
      the head and neck: a randomised factorial phase III controlled trial.
AB  - A phase III 2 X 2 factorial trial of cisplatinum and bleomycin in 116 patients
      with recurrent or advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is
      reported. Thirty percent of patients proved to be unfit for chemotherapy, and of
      those treated progression of tumour was the commonest "response". However, 25% of
      patients achieved a partial or complete response, with no significant difference
      in response rates between the treated arms. The median number of courses received
      was 1 (range 0-6) and the commonest causes for discontinuation of treatment were
      renal toxicity and death. Bleomycin reduced survival, but not significantly so,
      whereas cisplatinum prolonged median survival significantly by 10 weeks.
      Significant predictors of survival, in addition to treatment by cisplatinum, were
      age, performance status, N status, number of courses and response of the tumor.

PMID- 2414024
TI  - Phase II study of combination bleomycin, vincristine and high-dose methotrexate
      (BOM) with leucovorin rescue in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the anal
      canal.
AB  - Fifteen patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal were
      treated with a combination of bleomycin, vincristine, and high-dose methotrexate
      (BOM) with leucovorin rescue. Three out of twelve patients with measurable
      disease had objective responses of 1, 2, and 5 months. Five of the fifteen
      patients had severe or life-threatening complications as a result of this
      treatment regimen. The narrow therapeutic index of the BOM therapy makes it a
      less than ideal drug combination for the treatment of advanced squamous cell
      carcinoma of the anal canal.

PMID- 2414025
TI  - Induction of papillomas with a high probability of conversion to malignancy.
AB  - Papillomas induced by standard initiation-promotion protocols progress to
      carcinomas at a low frequency. Experimental protocols were developed to elicit
      papillomas with a higher probability of malignant conversion. SENCAR mice
      initiated by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene were promoted by treatment with 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) for 5, 10, 20 or 40 weeks. With promotion
      for 10 weeks or more, a peak of papilloma incidence at 16-20 weeks was followed
      by a 35-40% decrease within 3 months. A much lower papilloma response was seen in
      mice promoted for 5 weeks, but these papillomas persisted. The yield of malignant
      tumors was similar in all four groups, with 20-25 carcinomas per group of 30
      mice. Thus, the papillomas induced by the first few TPA treatments are much more
      likely to progress to carcinomas than those which appear later. In a separate
      study, initiated Charles River CD-1 mice were promoted with TPA for either 12 or
      52 weeks. Acetone solvent treatment was begun at Week 13 in the group treated 12
      weeks with TPA. At Week 16, the papilloma incidence was identical in the two
      groups of mice. However, by Week 28, the papilloma yield in the continuous TPA
      group had increased and was twice that of the acetone group, in which papillomas
      had regressed. The first carcinoma arose 14 weeks earlier with continuous TPA,
      but the final number of carcinomas per group of 40 mice was 17 with TPA and 20
      with acetone. Neither the increase in papillomas in TPA-treated mice nor the
      regression of papillomas after cessation of promotion with TPA affected the final
      carcinoma yield. This result suggests that TPA-dependent papillomas are very
      unlikely to progress to carcinomas. In a third experiment, promotion of initiated
      SENCAR mice with mezerein resulted in a small number of papillomas which had a
      much higher probability of progression to carcinomas than the large number of
      papillomas promoted by TPA. The ability to induce papillomas promoted by TPA. The
      ability to induce papillomas with a known probability of conversion to carcinomas
      will facilitate the identification of markers associated with malignant
      progression.

PMID- 2414026
TI  - Reaction of 2-acetylaminofluorene-N-sulfate with RNA and glutathione: evidence
      for the generation of two reactive intermediates with different reactivities
      towards RNA and glutathione.
AB  - The sulfate ester of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF-N-sulfate) is one of
      the reactive intermediates of this carcinogen. This ester breaks down
      spontaneously to a very reactive nitrenium ion, which reacts with nucleophilic
      groups in protein, DNA, RNA and glutathione (GSH). Reactions involving the
      nitrenium ion with several nucleophiles under various conditions were studied.
      The adduct formation to RNA was much higher in Tris-HCI buffer than in phosphate
      buffer (at pH 7.4), while adduct formation to deoxy-guanosine monomers was the
      same in both buffers. The presence of 150 mM KCI had the same decreasing effect
      in both cases. Ionic strength effects may be involved in these phenomena. GSH
      decreased RNA adduct formation by 20-45%, while other thiols were much more
      effective. On the other hand, RNA did not decrease the formation of GSH
      conjugates from AAF-N-sulfate. The decrease in RNA adduct formation by thiols
      corresponded with an increase in the formation of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF)
      from AAF-N-sulfate, while no N-hydroxy-AAF was formed. These results suggest that
      two independent reactive intermediates are formed from AAF-N-sulfate, with
      different reactivities towards RNA and glutathione. Possibly these intermediates
      are the 'hard' triplet state nitrenium ion and the 'soft' singlet state nitrenium
      ion. Cysteine, cysteamine and penicillamine were most effective in the inhibition
      of RNA adduct formation; the extent of inhibition correlated with the extent of
      AAF formation. The mechanisms involved are discussed.

PMID- 2414027
TI  - Experimental endotoxemia in the rat: efficacy of prostacyclin or the prostacyclin
      analog iloprost.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of PGI2 and iloprost, a
      prostacyclin analog, on the sequelae of experimental endotoxic shock. Endotoxemia
      was produced in rats by IV injection of 20 mg/kg Salmonella enteritidis (LPS).
      Mean arterial blood pressure fell from 117 +/- 5 mmHg (N = 22) to 92 +/- 5 mmHg
      and 71 +/- 10 mmHg at 30 and 180 min post-LPS, respectively. In LPS vehicle
      treated rats, blood glucose levels fell from 100 +/- 10 mg/dl to 36 +/- 8 mg/dl
      at 180 min. Plasma glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase
      (liver fraction) activities were significantly elevated above concentrations in
      nonshocked animals, increasing to 426 +/- 86 IU/ml and 1,019 +/- 339 IU/ml,
      respectively. Infusion of PGI2 or iloprost (0.5 micrograms/kg/min) did not alter
      the blood pressure response to LPS compared to vehicle controls. PGI2
      significantly prevented the LPS-induced hypoglycemia while neither treatment
      significantly reduced the elevations in plasma enzymes nor prevented the
      lethality of LPS. Thus, the hemodynamic and biochemical indices of shock severity
      were not significantly improved by either prostacyclin or iloprost. It is
      suggested that the beneficial effects of PGI2 or prostacyclin analogs observed in
      other species during endotoxemia does not extend to the rat.

PMID- 2414028
TI  - The effects of H1 and H2 histamine receptor antagonists on the development of
      endotoxemia in the conscious, unrestrained rat.
AB  - This study was designed to use the H2 antagonist cimetidine and the H1 antagonist
      diphenhydramine alone and in combination to clarify the role of histamine in the
      development of endotoxin shock. The jugular vein and the carotid artery of male
      Sprague-Dawley rats were cannulated during enflurane anesthesia. After recovery,
      blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate were continuously monitored.
      Animals were pretreated with saline, a combination of the H1 and H2 receptor
      antagonists diphenhydramine (20 mg/kg) and cimetidine (80 mg/kg), or individual
      doses of diphenhydramine or cimetidine. After pretreatment an endotoxin bolus (40
      mg/kg) was given. Arterial blood samples (0.35 ml) were taken before endotoxin
      and after endotoxin at 60 and 240 min for measurement of pH, PO2, PCO2,
      hematocrit, glucose, and lactate. Pathological examinations were made at 240 min.
      Four additional groups of animals (N = 10) were studied for the effect of each of
      the treatment modes on 24-hr survival rate. Treatment with cimetidine plus
      diphenhydramine prevented the endotoxin-induced blood pressure fall, increase in
      heart rate, and hypoglycemia; increased the 24-hr survival rate from 10 to 60%;
      and inhibited the small intestinal pathology found in control rats. Treatment
      with diphenhydramine alone produced similar results except that there was a
      gradual blood pressure decrease later in shock. The results obtained from the
      cimetidine-treated groups were much the same but there was a slight, transient
      decrease in blood pressure early after endotoxin and the survival rate was
      increased to 90%. These results demonstrate that in the conscious rat antagonism
      of the H1 and/or H2 receptors modifies hemodynamic and metabolic responses and
      the subsequent pathology, altering the course of endotoxin shock and survival.
      This study provides substantial evidence to implicate histamine as one of the key
      vasoactive mediators in the development of endotoxin shock.

PMID- 2414029
TI  - Pertussis toxin treatment blocks hyperpolarization by muscarinic agonists in
      chick atrium.
AB  - Atrial and ventricular adenylate cyclase activity and atrial membrane potentials
      were measured in hearts from hatched chicks at 2-3 days after intravenous
      administration of pertussis toxin (0.5-1.0 micrograms, total) or saline. Both in
      atrium and ventricle, treatment with pertussis toxin antagonized inhibition by
      carbachol of basal and isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity
      without changing either basal or isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase. In
      atria from pertussis toxin-treated animals (5.4 mM potassium), carbachol
      hyperpolarized the resting membrane by 0.3 +/- 0.3 mV (n = 9) and did not
      increase resting potassium conductance. In contrast, carbachol hyperpolarized the
      resting membrane by 4.5 +/- 0.8 mV (n = 11) and increased resting potassium
      conductance more than 4-fold in saline-treated animals. Carbachol did not
      significantly affect the atrial action potential peak or duration at 50%
      repolarization of pertussis toxin-treated animals. This muscarinic agonist
      reduced action potential peak by 7.8 +/- 1.2 mV and the duration at 50%
      repolarization by 22.1 +/- 3.0 msec in atria from saline-treated animals.
      Pertussis toxin treatment also prevented the negative inotropic effect and the
      inhibition of calcium-dependent action potentials caused by carbachol in atrial
      muscle. Neither the affinity nor the maximal specific binding of
      [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate in ventricular homogenates was changed by pertussis
      toxin treatment. The apparent affinity of carbachol for muscarinic receptor was
      slightly (approximately 2-fold) diminished in pertussis toxin-treated animals.
      The inhibition of carbachol-induced hyperpolarization by pertussis toxin
      treatment implicates a guanosine 5'-triphosphate-dependent protein (Ni or a
      similar protein) as an essential link that permits muscarinic receptor to
      regulate atrial potassium channels.

PMID- 2414030
TI  - Cardiac energy metabolism: contributions from nuclear magnetic resonance.

PMID- 2414031
TI  - Overview of the processes of delivery: flow, transmembrane transport, reaction,
      and retention.

PMID- 2414033
TI  - Bronchial allergy in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Thirty-one patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were thoroughly evaluated for
      allergy. This included a clinical history, skin tests with twenty-three allergens
      and bronchial provocation with inhaled allergens and histamine. The bronchial
      response was measured by whole body plethysmography. Of the patients studied, 40%
      showed a bronchoconstrictor response to inhaled allergens, despite the fact that
      none had reported asthma in their clinical history. Strong skin test reactions
      (3+ and 4+) and weak reactions (2+) were associated with 65% and 4% of positive
      reactions of the airways respectively. Weak skin reactions with Aspergillus
      fumigatus, however, were associated with 43% of positive bronchial challenges. In
      addition to Aspergillus, the mould Alternaria tenuis was found to be an important
      allergen causing a bronchial response in CF patients. There was no correlation
      between the thresholds of bronchial sensitivity to allergen and histamine,
      suggesting that the pathogenetic mechanisms of CF and bronchial asthma are
      different.

PMID- 2414032
TI  - Use of shift reagents for nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the kinetics of
      ion transfer in cells and perfused hearts.

PMID- 2414034
TI  - A double antibody radioimmunoassay for myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal
      fluid.
AB  - Levels of myelin basic protein (MBP) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are useful in
      assessing the extent of demyelination which has occurred, or is occurring, in a
      variety of human problems associated with demyelination. Thus, an accurate,
      specific, simple, and consistent test for detecting MBP in CSF is needed. We
      describe such a test herein. The radioimmunoassay (RIA) described is a double
      antibody RIA using human MBP, and rabbit anti-MBP as reagents. The test can be
      done using only 200 microL of unconcentrated CSF. The test was sensitive to 0.1
      microgram MBP/L. Recovery of known amounts of MBP was 97-105%, the within-assay
      and between-assay reproducibility were excellent. The "normal range" for our MBP
      RIA was less than 2 micrograms/L, with a "grey area" between 2.0 and 3.0
      micrograms/L.

PMID- 2414035
TI  - Measurement of myelin basic protein by radioimmunoassay in closed head trauma,
      multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases.
AB  - A double antibody sequential radioimmunoassay for human myelin basic protein
      (MBP) has been developed. The assay utilizes a rabbit antibody to human MBP and
      purified rabbit MBP as the radiolabelled antigen. This assay was used to analyze
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 22 patients with severe head injury, 61 other
      cases of various neurological disorders, and 106 normal controls. The results
      showed that closed head trauma caused moderate to severe elevations in CSF MBP,
      and elevated CSF MBP was detectable in several diseases which involve CNS myelin.

PMID- 2414036
TI  - Particle-counting immunoassay of a fetuin-like antigen in serum and cerebrospinal
      fluid.
AB  - A fetuin-like antigen was detected (smallest concentration detectable: 5
      micrograms/L) by particle-counting immunoassay in 2% (13/641) of consecutive
      patients' sera but not in sera from 80 healthy blood donors, 40 neonates, or 40
      pregnant women. The relation of the presence of detectable antigen to patients'
      diagnosis is not yet clear. However, in the group with cancer (154), it was found
      only in two of four patients with nephroblastoma and in three of five with tumors
      of tissue derived from the neurological crest: retinoblastoma (1/1),
      neuroblastoma (1/3), and medulloblastoma (1/1). Serum specimens from 422 patients
      with neurological disorders showed the antigen at a concentration greater than 5
      micrograms/L in cases of neurosyphilis (5/11), peripheral neuropathy (12/38),
      Guillain-Barre syndrome (7/27), and multiple sclerosis (74/184). When we assayed
      232 specimens of cerebrospinal fluid from the same neurological patients, we
      found the antigen in two cases of multiple sclerosis (6 and 15 micrograms/L) and
      in one case of Guillain-Barre syndrome (54 micrograms/L).

PMID- 2414037
TI  - Multiple markers of malignancy in sera of patients with colorectal carcinoma:
      preliminary clinical studies.
AB  - Eleven potential biochemical markers were measured in serum from 33 patients with
      malignant and 13 with benign colorectal disease: four isoenzymes (creatine kinase
      BB, homoarginine-sensitive alkaline phosphatase, salivary-type amylase, and macro
      creatine kinase type 2), five specific proteins (ferritin, alpha 1-acid
      glycoprotein, C-reactive protein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and ceruloplasmin), one
      oncofetal antigen (carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA), and one hormone (beta human
      choriogonadotropin). The sensitivity of individual markers for the detection of
      early-stage malignancy (n = 11) ranged from 0% to 64% (CEA 18%); for late-stage
      colon malignancy (n = 12) from 8% to 83% (CEA 83%). Specificity in patients (n =
      10) with benign intestinal disease ranged from 80% to 100% (CEA 100%). The five
      most-sensitive markers--C-reactive protein, alpha 1-glycoprotein, CEA,
      macrocreatine kinase type 2, and homoarginine-sensitive alkaline phosphatase-
      were selected for use as a "colon panel." In retrospective comparison, use of the
      colon panel instead of CEA alone increased sensitivity by 17% and 64% for late
      and early-stage cancer, respectively; specificity, however, decreased by 30%, but
      should improve with serial testing.

PMID- 2414039
TI  - Evaluation of a commercial immunoenzymometric assay for alpha-fetoprotein.
AB  - A two-site immunoenzymometric assay (Abbott Diagnostics) for alpha-fetoprotein
      (AFP) in maternal serum and amniotic fluid has been evaluated for its suitability
      as a screening test for open neural tube defects. In a retrospective study based
      on 190 pregnancies of known outcome, performance of the kit in measuring both
      serum and amniotic fluid AFP correlated well with that of an in-house
      radioimmunoassay. Of 39 pregnancies associated with open neural tube defects,
      only four would not have been detected by the use of sequential measurement of
      serum and amniotic fluid AFP (also essentially in agreement with results obtained
      by the RIA). We conclude that this immunoassay could form the basis for a
      screening program for antenatal detection of open neural tube defects.

PMID- 2414038
TI  - Analytical considerations for quantitative determination of serotonin and its
      metabolically related products in biological matrices.
AB  - We discuss the use of "high-performance" liquid chromatography with
      electrochemical detection for the quantification fo serotonin (5
      hydroxytryptamine) and metabolically related products (i. e., 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 5-hydroxytryptophan) in biological matrices. Two
      methods are described: one for routine quantification of nanogram amounts or
      more; the other a two-column purification-separation ("trace enrichment")
      technique for determining subnanogram amounts of these compounds. Various factors
      affecting the liquid-chromatographic separation and quantification of 5-hydroxy
      indoles are detailed, including selection of appropriate internal standard,
      sample purification, and effects of changes in mobile phase composition, e.g.,
      ion-pair reagent, organic modifier content, and pH. We describe in detail the
      trace-enrichment method for determinations in the range of 25 pg to 25 ng, and
      discuss the general factors to consider when developing or modifying an assay for
      specific applications.

PMID- 2414040
TI  - Characterisation of high affinity binding sites of androgens in primary
      hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - The reported presence of androgen receptors (AR) in hepatocellular carcinoma
      (HCC) and foetal liver, but not in normal adult human liver, has been followed by
      further study of AR employing a new microassay. Tissues examined were: 5 samples
      of HCC with surrounding normal liver in 3 cases; 5 samples of cirrhotic liver and
      a single specimen of HCC in a child. High affinity binding of 5 alpha
      dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was detected in cytosol (11.5-21 fmol/mg, Kd 1.5 X 10(
      10)-3.1 X 10(-11) mol/l) and in nucleosol (8.7-11.4 fmol/mg, 6.7-1.4 X 10(-11)
      mol/l) of the 5 HCC samples. All other liver samples exhibited non-specific
      binding only. Competition studies indicated that DHT, testosterone,
      androstenedione, 5 alpha-androstan-3 beta, 17 beta-diol, androst-5-ene-3 beta,17
      beta-diol and cyproterone acetate were acting at the same receptor binding site,
      relative displacement of 3H-DHT being 100, 85.7, 77.4, 67.8, 34.5 and 60.2 per
      cent respectively. Presence of 3.5S cytosolic and both 2.8S and 4S nucleosolic
      receptor patterns were demonstrated in both prostatic and HCC tissue. These
      studies confirm the presence of a cytosolic and nucleosolic androgen receptor in
      HCC which possesses similar characteristics to the AR of human prostate.

PMID- 2414041
TI  - Effect of differences in saturation sensitivity of phospholipid stains on
      clinical predictivity of L/S ratios.
AB  - Owing to the importance of the degree of fatty acid side chain saturation in the
      ability of lecithin molecules to function as surfactant, we assessed the clinical
      effectiveness of analytical methods which differ with respect to methodologic
      influences by saturated and unsaturated phospholipids. The lecithin/sphingomyelin
      ratios, determined with either cupric acetate or phosphomolybdate as the
      detection reagent, are compared for their abilities to predict respiratory
      distress syndrome (RDS), transient tachypnea (TTN), or the absence of respiratory
      difficulty in neonates. A group of 47 amniotic fluids were analyzed from 25 non
      problem cases, 13 cases of TTN and 9 cases of RDS. Receiver operating
      characteristic analysis shows that in our sample population, the measurement of
      total lecithin for the prediction of neonatal respiratory distress failed to
      demonstrate an advantage over the measurement of unsaturated lecithin alone.

PMID- 2414042
TI  - Immunoextraction of lipoamide dehydrogenase from cultured skin fibroblasts in
      patients with combined alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase deficiency.
AB  - Combined deficiency of the pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate and branched-chain keto
      acid dehydrogenase complexes is a rare condition in which activity of lipoamide
      dehydrogenase is either reduced or grossly deficient. Activities in three cell
      strains from patients with excretion of branched chain ketoacids and alpha
      ketoglutarate and lactic-acidemia showed decreased levels of the three alpha
      ketoacid dehydrogenases. Lipoamide dehydrogenase activity was 5% of normal in one
      cell stain and 50-60% in the other two. Antiserum raised against lipoamide
      dehydrogenase was used to immunoprecipitate labelled lipoamide dehydrogenase from
      fibroblasts grown on [35S]methionine. After separation of cell proteins from
      control fibroblasts by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      and fluorography, a prominent 55 kilodalton band was evident in cell extracts
      treated with the antiserum which corresponded to lipoamide dehydrogenase. In the
      cell lines from patients with combined alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase deficiency
      immunoprecipitation of lipoamide dehydrogenase showed that this protein was
      present in similar amounts to that seen in control cell lines and was also of the
      correct molecular weight.

PMID- 2414043
TI  - Platelet-associated proteins in human breast cyst fluids.
AB  - Thrombospondin, beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 were measured by
      radioimmunoassay in fluids from 50 human breast cysts. beta-Thromboglobulin
      concentrations were less than 4-330 ng/ml (median 13.5 ng/ml), while normal
      plasma contained 14-80 ng/ml. Cyst fluids contained 8-225 ng/ml platelet factor 4
      with a median of 25 ng/ml (range in plasma 6.5-29 ng/ml). Thrombospondin levels
      in cyst fluids were 65-55 000 ng/ml (median 2 500 ng/ml) and 92% contained
      concentrations above the plasma range (58-215 ng/ml). When cyst fluids were
      classified by their electrolyte composition, group II cysts had similar levels of
      platelet factor 4 but significantly higher levels of beta-thromboglobulin and
      thrombospondin than group I. From the remarkably high concentrations of
      thrombospondin within cyst fluids and the differences between cyst types, it
      seems that either the protein is synthesised locally or selectively accumulated.
      Increased platelet activation is unlikely to be the source of the high
      thrombospondin levels in group II cysts.

PMID- 2414044
TI  - An enzyme-amplified monoclonal immunoenzymometric assay for prostatic acid
      phosphatase.
AB  - An immunoassay for prostatic acid phosphatase is described in which a high degree
      of specificity for the prostatic isoenzyme, obtained by the use of monoclonal
      antibodies, is combined with great sensitivity, made possible by enzyme-amplified
      measurement of the combination of the isoenzyme with its antibody. The increase
      in sensitivity thus achieved is of the order of 170 times that of conventional
      methods of measurement. The advantages of the enzyme-amplified method have been
      shown to be particularly useful in detecting and monitoring small abnormalities
      of prostatic acid phosphatase levels in patients with prostatic cancer.

PMID- 2414045
TI  - Primary muscle disease: definition of a 25-kDa polypeptide myopathic specific
      chagas antigen.
AB  - The sera from patients with primary heart and skeletal muscle diseases,
      hospitalized patients without intrinsic muscle disease from an area endemic for
      Trypanosoma cruzi infections, and normal subjects (N = 693) were studied for the
      presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antisarcolemma activity using serologic
      methods. The prevalence of elevated serum IgG antisarcolemma activity from
      patients with chronic Chagas' cardiomyopathy, idiopathic cardiomyopathy,
      polymyositis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy was 58.9 +/- 10.4% (N = 101) (P
      less than 0.001 when compared to normal subjects). Two of twelve (16.7%) patients
      with acute T. cruzi infection and parasitemia developed elevated antisarcolemma
      titers, and 9/46 (19.6%) patients with chronic T. cruzi infection without
      evidence of cardiomyopathy yielded high antisarcolemma titers. On the other hand,
      patients with chronic T. cruzi infection with advanced cardiomyopathy yielded
      high antisarcolemma titers in 35/74 (47.3%) (P less than 0.001 when compared to
      normal subjects). Radioimmunoprecipitation showed a circulating antibody to a 25
      kDa T. cruzi polypeptide (P25) in 16/17 (94.1%) patients with advanced
      cardiomyopathy and T. cruzi infection. No such antibody was shown in 12
      asymptomatic subjects with chronic T. cruzi infection.

PMID- 2414046
TI  - Neuropeptides are chemoattractants for human tumor cells and monocytes: a
      possible mechanism for metastasis.
AB  - Bombesin (BN), a tetradecapeptide neuropeptide growth factor, is shown to be a
      potent (ED50 of 5 X 10(-12) M) chemoattractant for human monocytes and small cell
      lung carcinoma cells (SCCL). These effects are BN receptor-mediated since
      potencies of several BN analogs to induce chemotaxis and to inhibit [125I-tyr4]
      BN binding activity correlate well (P less than 0.001). As has been demonstrated
      for other BN receptor-mediated effects, carboxy-terminal amino acids are required
      for optimum biological activity. BN is not an exclusive chemoattractant for SCCL
      cells but was also active in promoting migration of other, but not all, lung
      tumor cells. Other neuropeptides, such as beta-endorphin, substance P, and arg
      vasopressin, are also shown to be chemoattractants for SCCL cells, with EC50's
      also in the 10(-12) M range. The ability of these ligands to effect monocyte and
      some tumor cell migration suggest a role for neuropeptides in inflammation and
      metastasis. In the latter case, tumor cells, in response to neuropeptide chemical
      gradients, may become localized at specific body sites. Neuropeptide release, in
      response to cognitive or other stimuli, may thereby modify cell migratory
      patterns. Additionally, such hormones may influence early developmental events
      such as tissue organization and histogenesis.

PMID- 2414047
TI  - Teratology and genetic counseling in the diabetic pregnancy.

PMID- 2414048
TI  - Retinopathy in the pregnant diabetic.

PMID- 2414049
TI  - Two cases of schistosomiasis.
AB  - Two patients with neuroschistosomiasis are reported. In both patients diagnostic
      problems were encountered. The first case began with an aspecific allergic
      reaction of facial oedema and abnormal behaviour. The symptoms were followed by
      generalized convulsive seizures, dysphasia and hemiparesis. The disease
      characteristics, paraclinical findings and remarkable improvement on
      antischistosomal drug therapy strongly suggested cerebral schistosomiasis. The
      second case history starts with a cauda syndrome while in the end the diagnosis
      of transverse myelitis was confirmed.

PMID- 2414050
TI  - Changes in sterol and phospholipid fatty acid composition in Refsum's disease
      fibroblasts grown in the presence of phytol.
AB  - Fibroblasts derived from an individual with Refsum's disease (GM 3896) and a
      normal control (GM 1717) were grown in the presence of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mM
      phytol. Cultures were analyzed for total sterol content, and the fatty acid
      composition of the extractable phospholipids. The fatty acid composition of the
      phospholipids are similar for control and Refsum's disease fibroblasts when grown
      on media lacking phytol. However, the addition of phytol to the growth medium
      produces differences in fatty acid composition between the phospholipids
      extracted from control and Refsum's disease cells. With regard to sterol
      composition, data are presented which suggest that an altered sterol is induced
      in Refsum's disease fibroblasts by the presence of phytol in the growth medium.
      The possible relationship of these findings to the mechanism of Refsum's disease
      is discussed.

PMID- 2414051
TI  - [Iatrogenic hyperaldosteronism. Presentation of 3 cases].

PMID- 2414052
TI  - [Salmon synthetic calcitonin in the treatment of Sudeck's osteodystrophy].

PMID- 2414053
TI  - Calcium channel blocking drugs. Part I: The calcium channel.

PMID- 2414054
TI  - Calcium channel blocking drugs. Part II: Clinical applications.
AB  - CCB are a diverse group of drugs that bind to specific glycoprotein receptors
      associated with the cell membrane that are most likely identical to the voltage
      sensitive calcium channel. By inhibiting the influx of calcium into myocardial,
      pacemaker, and conducting tissues and vascular smooth muscle, these agents modify
      excitation-contraction coupling in muscle and electrical impulse transmission in
      the heart. The vasodilating and electrophysiologic actions of these drugs have
      been harnessed for the treatment of coronary vasospasm, angina pectoris, and
      supraventricular arrhythmias. They also have great potential for the treatment of
      hypertension, cerebrovascular disorders, and Raynaud's phenomenon. Their utility
      in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, myocardial
      preservation, and primary pulmonary hypertension has not been convincingly
      established. Future second-generation CCB may offer greater selectivity, improved
      side effect profiles, and an even wider range of actions.

PMID- 2414055
TI  - Effects of saltwater adaptation on serotonin metabolite concentrations in the
      cerebrospinal fluid of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).
AB  - A new procedure was applied to rainbow trout for collecting cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF). CSF was withdrawn continuously from the third ventricle at a flow rate of
      0.7 microliter/min for up to 6 hr. The 5-HIAA concentrations in trout CSF are
      temperature-dependent and decrease exponentially after pargyline injection. The
      computed half-life of 5-HIAA production in CSF is 78 min at 15 degrees C. 5-HIAA
      concentrations in CSF are considered to reflect serotonin (5-HT) metabolism. The
      5-HIAA content in the CSF of trout held in freshwater for several weeks is
      significantly higher than in trout held in either 1.6 or 3.0% saltwater while
      sodium content only exhibits a very slight change in the CSF of trout held in
      3.0% saltwater. It is hypothesized that 5-HT could participate in the neurally
      mediated adaptation to various osmotic conditions.

PMID- 2414056
TI  - Effect of new organophosphates on the membrane of identified central neurons of
      Helix pomatia L. (Mollusca, Gastropoda).
AB  - Effects of two newly synthesized organophosphates were studied on identified
      neurons of Helix pomatia by microelectrophysiological methods. The single
      intracellular spikes were processed by computer using a "phase-plane trajectory"
      method. Dimethoate was also involved as reference substance. The mechanism of
      action of the substance NE-79297 was found to be similar to that of dimethoate
      resulting in prolongation of action potentials due to a delayed rectification of
      the outward current. Phosmethylan (NE-79168), a much more selective compound,
      altered the membrane parameters in a different way: it affected the slow--mainly
      calcium-mediated--inward current.

PMID- 2414057
TI  - Barium and strontium as calcium substitutes for contractile responses in the rat
      tail artery.
AB  - The ability of Ba2+ and Sr2+ to substitute for Ca2+ in contractile responses of
      the rat tail artery has been examined. Both Ba2+ and Sr2+ caused comparable
      contractions in Ca-depleted NA-stimulated, or K+-depolarized strips. Ba2+ and
      Sr2+ substitute poorly for Ca2+ at noradrenaline-sensitive membrane sites. At
      high concentrations, the three divalent cations stabilize the membrane in the
      order: Ca2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Ba2+. The relaxation rates following
      high-K+ contractions were similar for all three divalent cations, suggesting a
      common mechanism for sequestration/extrusion.

PMID- 2414058
TI  - Biogenic amine uptake by nerve cords from the American cockroach and the
      influence of amidines on amine uptake and release.
AB  - Uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by isolated whole nerve cords of the
      American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), involved a dual component system,
      with one component consisting of rapid active uptake and the other of passive
      diffusion. Using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical
      detection, it was shown that nerve cords contained 5-HT levels of about 350 ng/g
      and an equivalent amount of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), a 5-HT
      metabolite not previously reported in cockroach nerve cords. Amidines had no
      discernable effect on uptake of 5-HT or octopamine by nerve cords or on
      endogenous levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in cords.

PMID- 2414059
TI  - Neurotransmitters in the intestine of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua.
AB  - The effects of the putative neurotransmitters acetylcholine, adrenaline,
      adenosine, ATP, bombesin, 5-hydroxytryptamine, met-enkephalin, neurotensin,
      somatostatin, substance P and VIP have been investigated in the perfused
      intestine of the cod, Gadus morhua. The presence and distribution of the
      different types of nerves was investigated with immunohistochemistry and Falck
      Hillarp fluorescence histochemistry. A spontaneous rhythmic activity of the
      perfused preparations usually occurred within a few minutes from the start of the
      experiment. This activity was diminished or abolished by addition of atropine,
      methysergide or tetrodotoxin to the perfusion fluid. Acetylcholine, 5
      hydroxytryptamine or substance P caused a contraction of the intestinal wall. The
      response to acetylcholine was blocked by atropine but not by tetrodotoxin, while
      the response to 5-hydroxytryptamine was blocked by methysergide and usually also
      by tetrodotoxin. This indicates that the effect of acetylcholine is direct on the
      muscle cells, while the effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine may be at least partly via
      a second neuron. All adrenergic agonists (adrenaline, isoprenaline and
      phenylephrine) had a dominating inhibitory effect on the intestine. Experiments
      with antagonists showed that the inhibition is due to stimulation of both alpha
      adrenoceptors and beta-adrenoceptors. ATP, adenosine and somatostatin also caused
      a relaxation of the intestinal wall, often followed by a contraction. Met
      enkephalin produced variable responses, either a relaxation, a contraction or
      both. Bombesin caused a weak inhibition, if anything. Neurotensin and VIP did not
      visibly affect the intestinal motility. 5-HT-, substance P- and VIP-like
      immunoreactivity and catecholamine fluorescence were observed in the myenteric
      plexus, submucosa and muscle layers in all parts of the intestine.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2414060
TI  - Spontaneous variability and detection of repetitive extrasystoles during
      simulated acute antiarrhythmic testing.
AB  - In order to estimate the reduction in ventricular premature contractions (VPCs)
      due to spontaneous variability during simulated acute antiarrhythmic testing, and
      also to determine the detection capacity for repetitive VPCs during short periods
      of ECG monitoring usually employed as baseline recordings, 2 groups of patients
      were studied A reduction by more than 50% of the baseline VPC-rate can be
      expected to occur as a result of an antiarrhythmic intervention, while
      approximately 40% of the patients with repetitive high risk VPCs escape detection
      during short periods of control recordings. It is suggested to use a 24 to 47
      hour ambulatory monitoring for the diagnosis and classification of VPCs, while
      acute antiarrhythmic testing should be employed for assessing individual efficacy
      and tolerance.

PMID- 2414061
TI  - Analysis of prosody in the spontaneous speech of patients with CV-recurring
      utterances.
AB  - We report a study on 9 patients with global aphasia whose language production was
      restricted to chains of one and the same recurring CV syllable. Length of
      utterance was determined by the number of syllables between two pauses and major
      length types were used for pitch analysis. By means of a tonetic method the pitch
      level of syllables was transcribed so that pitch variations could be established.
      Our findings contradicted the clinical impression that these patients can convey
      communicative intentions by means of a variety of fluently produced intonation
      contours. Even though all patients had a considerable inventory of length types
      they predominantly used only one or two of them. Pitch types were found to be
      similarly stereotypical. As an explanation for the fluently produced CV
      utterances with stereotypical length and pitch, the assumption of iterative motor
      mechanisms underlying CV speech production was rejected in favour of preserved
      automatic speech processing and abolished controlled processing.

PMID- 2414062
TI  - Double dissociation between perseveration in memory and problem solving tasks.
AB  - This study reports a double dissociation between perseverative responses on a
      short-term verbal memory test and a card sorting task, as shown by two patients
      with cerebral tumours. The two patients were matched for number of correct
      responses on the memory task. The first patient, with a craniopharyngioma and
      associated dilatation of the third ventricle and lateral ventricles, showed
      perseveration on the short-term memory task but not on the card sorting task. The
      second patient, with a subfrontal tumour involving the anterior corpus callosum,
      perseverated on the card sorting task but not on the short-term memory task. The
      presence of this double dissociation demonstrates the functional specificity of
      perseveration in certain memory and problem solving contexts and suggests that
      distinct subcortical/frontal mechanisms may underly specific types of
      perseveration.

PMID- 2414063
TI  - Reversed hemispheric lateralization of cerebral function: a case study.
AB  - A case is presented of a right-handed man with a large left fronto
      temporoparietal infarct which did not result in aphasia. He did, however, show a
      pattern of deficits in visuospatial/constructional, attentional, and affective
      functioning which is typically seen in patients with right hemisphere lesions.
      These findings are most parsimoniously explained by reversed hemispheric
      lateralization.

PMID- 2414064
TI  - Basic studies of cryochemotherapy in a murine tumor system.
AB  - The combined effect of cryosurgery and anticancer drugs (cryochemotherapy) was
      studied in an experimental B16 melanoma/BDF1 tumor system. Vascular volume and
      vascular permeability after cryosurgery of normal skin and the tumor were
      measured by using 51Cr-labeled red blood cells and 125I-labeled serum albumin.
      The vascular volume and vascular permeability of both the normal vessels and the
      tumor vessels greatly increased immediately after cryosurgery, and their vascular
      volume decreased to less than the normal level within a few hours. However, the
      tumor vessels showed less dilatation and increase in permeability than the
      vessels of normal tissue. There was a difference in functional characteristics in
      response to cryoinjury between the normal vessels and the tumor vessels. The
      anticancer drugs, peplomycin and adriamycin, were administered intraperitoneally
      in combination with cryosurgery. When peplomycin was administered 5 min, 1 hr,
      and 3 hr after cryosurgery, the drug concentration in the frozen tumor was higher
      than that in the untreated tumor. But when administered 1 hr before cryosurgery,
      peplomycin was not trapped in the tumor. Trapping of adriamycin was not observed
      after the same treatment. In cryochemotherapy, it is necessary to administer the
      appropriate drug at the appropriate time. However, the trapping of the anticancer
      drug results in a high concentration and lasts for a long time, so that
      cryochemotherapy is expected to be a new mode of cancer therapy, particularly as
      a multidisciplinary treatment for cancer.

PMID- 2414065
TI  - Especial considerations for neurotoxicological research.
AB  - In recent years, there has been much impetus toward a definition of behavior in
      terms of underlying biological events. Such correlations have been attempted in
      several areas ranging from learning and memory to neurological disease. Increased
      information concerning the relation between behavior and neurobiological
      mechanisms is especially important in the area of neurotoxicology. It is often
      abnormal behavior that is a first sign of exposure to a neurotoxic agent and such
      changes may give clues as to the anatomical or chemical sites of attack on the
      nervous system. These clues might also lead to the development of a therapeutic
      treatment as to the development of tests designed to reveal exposure to a toxic
      agent at levels below those causing gross behavioral change. Unfortunately, there
      is a relatively small amount of literature reporting on both behavioral and
      biological disturbances caused by a toxic agent in the same experimental animal.
      However, a variety of methodological advances combined with a growing interest in
      neurotoxicology is gradually changing this. Increased information concerning the
      role of defined nerve pathways and the means of action of their chemical
      constituents offers an opportunity to bring about a deepening understanding of
      neurotoxic events. This review will suggest how new pharmacological findings can
      be applied to neurotoxicology. Examples of human and animal exposure to toxic
      materials will be used and current problems will be shown to be major
      determinants of future research directions.

PMID- 2414066
TI  - The relative bioavailability of paracetamol and codeine after oral administration
      of a combination of buclizine, paracetamol and codeine, with or without docusate,
      and of paracetamol alone in healthy volunteers.
AB  - A randomized, double-blind, crossover study was carried out in 10 healthy
      volunteers to investigate whether the inclusion of the wetting agent docusate
      sodium (10 mg) in a combined oral formulation ('Migraleve') with buclizine
      hydrochloride (6.25 mg), codeine phosphate (8 mg) and paracetamol (500 mg) had
      any effect on the bioavailability of the analgesics. On 3 occasions at weekly
      intervals, the subjects were given 2 tablets of the standard formulation, the
      combination without docusate or 500 mg paracetamol alone. Blood samples were
      taken before and at fixed times during the 4 hours after administration of each
      preparation for estimation of plasma concentrations of paracetamol, by gas-liquid
      chromatography, and of codeine, by radioimmunoassay. The results showed that
      there were no significant differences between the mean paracetamol concentrations
      achieved after administration of each of the 3 preparations at any of the time
      points. Peak paracetamol plasma concentrations were 11.25 +/- 1.74 micrograms/ml
      at 0.5 hours, 9.6 +/- 1.04 micrograms/ml at 0.75 hours, and 9.53 +/- 1.66
      micrograms/ml at 0.5 hours, respectively, after the standard formulation, the
      combination without docusate, and paracetamol alone. Mean elimination half-lives
      for paracetamol were 2.83 +/- 0.51, 1.92 +/- 0.20 and 2.49 +/- 0.46 hours,
      respectively, and the differences were not significant. The difference between
      mean plasma concentrations of codeine after the two preparations including this
      analgesic bordered on significance at 3 hours and was significant at 4 hours, but
      the areas under the curve were not significantly different. Peak codeine plasma
      concentrations after the standard formulation were 42.1 +/- 9.4 ng/ml at 0.75
      hours compared with 36.9 +/- 3.4 ng/ml at 1.5 hours after the combination without
      docusate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2414067
TI  - Calcium entry blocking drugs: mechanisms of action, experimental studies and
      clinical uses.

PMID- 2414068
TI  - Gonococcal pilus: genetics and structure.

PMID- 2414069
TI  - Genetics of Escherichia coli hemolysin.

PMID- 2414070
TI  - Molecular cloning of genes encoding gram-positive virulence factors.

PMID- 2414071
TI  - Biochemical and genetic aspects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence.

PMID- 2414072
TI  - Genetic determinants of virulence in Shigella and dysenteric strains of
      Escherichia coli: their involvement in the pathogenesis of dysentery.

PMID- 2414073
TI  - Shiverer gene maps near the distal end of chromosome 18 in the house mouse.
AB  - Several mouse mutations cause unstable locomotion, tremor, seizures, and a
      reduced lifespan because of deficient myelin formation in the central nervous
      system. Mutant alleles at the shiverer (shi) locus are the only ones in this
      series with a selective molecular defect, namely, in myelin basic proteins
      (MBPs), which are virtually absent in shi homozygotes and 50% reduced in
      heterozygotes. In the present study, backcross and intercross matings indicate
      recombination of 21.2 +/- 3.3% between myelin deficient, shimld, and fused
      phalanges, syfp, a marker near the middle of chromosome 18. Recombination of
      shimld with twirler (Tw), a marker near the centromere, is 45.7 +/- 4.9%. Thus,
      the shi locus maps near the distal end of mouse chromosome 18 and is the first
      available marker for this region. Given the evidence of other workers that an MBP
      locus maps to the same mouse chromosome, and that part of this chromosome may be
      syntenic with an MBP-PEPA region on human chromosome 18, it is likely that shi is
      in or near an MBP gene.

PMID- 2414074
TI  - Localization of the human myelin basic protein gene (MBP) to region 18q22----qter
      by in situ hybridization.
AB  - A restriction endonuclease fragment derived from a cloned portion of human
      genomic DNA corresponding to the myelin basic protein gene has been used to map
      the position of this gene by in situ hybridization to human metaphase
      chromosomes. Ten percent of the radioactively labeled sites observed were on
      chromosome 18. Eighty-four percent of the grains on chromosome 18 were located
      within the region corresponding to 18q22----qter. This represents a greater than
      10-fold increase in labeling at this position over the background grain
      distribution found along all of the other chromosomes.

PMID- 2414075
TI  - The new understanding of the drug heparin.

PMID- 2414076
TI  - "Escape-reentry-capture" trigeminy. A rare electrocardiographic sequence.

PMID- 2414077
TI  - Characterization of chromosome replication during S-phase with bromodeoxyuridine
      labelling in Chinese hamster ovary and HeLa cells.
AB  - Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and HeLa cells were successively pulse labelled at 1
      h intervals after the cultures were synchronized at the end of G1 (monitored by
      flow cytometry). The metaphases analysed afterwards showed R-type replication
      patterns after 1-h pulses during the early S-phase (SE; from h 1-5 after release)
      and replication of G- and C-bands in late S-phase (SL: from h 6-8 after release).
      The transition from SE to SL is abrupt, constituting a sudden switch of
      replication between different types of chromatin as has been described for human
      lymphocytes. The differences between these two cell lines and earlier results
      reported on a V79 Chinese hamster cell line and on normal diploid human and
      Chinese hamster fibroblasts are discussed.

PMID- 2414078
TI  - [Advances in the diagnosis of early stomach cancer with the fiber-gastroscope].

PMID- 2414079
TI  - [Immunological pathogenesis of hepatitis B].

PMID- 2414080
TI  - [Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract].

PMID- 2414081
TI  - Problems in experimental pancreatic segment transplantation with open duct.
AB  - Using in-situ "autotransplantation model" and dogs with allotransplant of
      pancreatic segment with the open duct, we confirmed the capacity of the canine
      peritoneum to tolerate the presence of inactive pancreatic juice and to resorb
      it. However, non-living tissue surrounding the graft may induce activation of
      pancreatic juice and lead to acute pancreatitis. Diffuse interstitial fibrosis,
      unaffecting endocrine parenchyma, develops in all autologous and allogenic
      pancreatic grafts. Reduction of acinose parenchyma probably accounts for the
      gradual normalization of serum amylase levels. We assume that graft fibrosis is
      caused by a gradual closure of the pancreatic duct. Diffuse interstitial fibrosis
      cannot be classified as a rejection change. It antiplatelet drugs are not
      administered, graft necrosis is caused by splenic artery thrombosis at a low flow
      rate. In diabetic recipients with antiplatelet therapy both the animal and the
      graft survivals averaged 22.5 days. All dogs died of complications at a normal
      glucose metabolism. We hold that at present research should concentrate on
      vascular complications of pancreatic segment transplantation.

PMID- 2414082
TI  - Role of luminal Ca2+ on normal and damaged gastric mucosa in the rat.
AB  - Influence of luminal Ca2+ on the integrity of normal mucosa and recovery of
      damaged mucosa in anesthetized rat stomachs was studied using a perfusion system.
      Changes in the mucosal integrity were monitored by measuring transmucosal
      potential difference (PD) and luminal pH. EDTA, a Ca2+ chelator, dose-dependently
      reduced PD and increased luminal pH. Five mM Ca2+ (CaCl2) alone produced no
      changes in either PD and luminal pH, but the PD which was reduced by 250 mM EDTA
      was significantly recovered. Ethanol or NaCl concentration-dependently reduced
      PD, but gradually reverted to baseline levels. While 5 mM Ca2+ or 5 mM EDTA did
      not influence the reduction in PD with 50% ethanol and 1 M NaCl, these agents
      either enhanced or delayed the recovery processes in reduced PD, respectively.
      Five mM Ca2+ enhanced the recovery of PD which was reduced by 50% ethanol plus 5
      mM EDTA. Gastric damage induced by 50% ethanol plus 5 mM EDTA was much more
      severe than that induced by 50% ethanol alone or 50% ethanol plus 5 mM Ca2+. Both
      50% ethanol and 1 M NaCl significantly increased Ca2+ contents in the gastric
      lumen. Luminal Ca2+ appears to play an important role in maintaining mucosal
      integrity, under normal physiological conditions, and in accelerating the
      recovery process of damaged mucosa in rat stomachs.

PMID- 2414085
TI  - [Highly repetitive B1 sequence in the poly(A)+ RNA of mouse cells].

PMID- 2414084
TI  - Joint application of hyperacuity perimetry and gap tests to assess visual
      function behind cataracts: initial trials.
AB  - We have developed two related clinical tests that offer potential in better
      assessing visual function behind an ocular opacity. The tests are resistant to
      the effects of opacities because they utilize a localization task (vernier
      acuity) rather than a resolution task. In this paper we report the initial trials
      in which we apply the two tests together. Results from six case studies (some
      with actual opacities and some with simulated opacities) illustrate both the
      conduct of the tests and their potential capabilities in detecting even very
      modest retinal dysfunction in the presence of opacities. These techniques offer
      considerable potential in the separation of a given acuity loss observed in the
      presence of cataract into a portion due to the opacity and a portion due to
      retinal dysfunction.

PMID- 2414083
TI  - Ten years experience with choroidal angiography using indocyanine green dye: a
      new routine examination or an epilogue?
AB  - The choroidal circulation can be studied by an angiographic technique which
      utilizes near-infrared light wavelengths and a biocompatible dye, indocyanine
      green (CardiogreenR). Near-infrared light is less absorbed than visible light by
      the pigment epithelium and the macular xanthophyll, and indocyanine green (ICG)
      dye doesn't leak from the choriocapillaris as sodium fluorescein dye typically
      does. Due to the high rate of choroidal blood flow, a fundus camera adapted with
      special filters and a continuous light source was used in order to make
      angiograms at the rate of 10 per second. Our experience at the Wilmer Institute
      and the Eye Clinic at St. Gallen includes 180 choroidal angiograms of normal
      volunteers and approximately 500 choroidal angiograms of patients with several
      fundus diseases, mainly senile macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and
      choroidal tumors. Although many of our results are preliminary, we present them
      to demonstrate the potential applications of this method in ophthalmology. Some
      factors which may have inhibited an extensive propagation of clinical choroidal
      angiography in the past are also discussed.

PMID- 2414086
TI  - [Activity of single acetylcholine-activated ion channels in the sympathetic
      neuron].

PMID- 2414087
TI  - [Diagnosis and prognosis of malignant melanoma].

PMID- 2414088
TI  - Disturbances in tryptophan metabolism in rats following chronic dietary aflatoxin
      treatment.
AB  - Male Holtzman rats were fed 7.8 ppm mixed aflatoxins (AFT) for a 21-week period.
      At sacrifice there was extensive bile ductule cell proliferation and numerous
      precancerous changes evident in AFT-treated animals. The in vitro activity of
      hepatic holo-enzyme tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase was reduced in AFT-treated
      animals which correlated with a reduced urinary excretion of both kynurenine and
      kynurenic acid suggesting that this reduced tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase observed
      in vitro may be relevant to the in vivo response. The levels of serotonin and 5
      hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid were found to be reduced in the pineal, pituitary,
      various brain regions and in duodenum of AFT-treated rats. It is proposed that
      the decreased levels of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in all
      tissues may be due to either a decreased free tryptophan pool or alterations in 5
      hydroxyindole biosynthesis.

PMID- 2414089
TI  - Muscle cell growth and the distribution of water and electrolyte in human
      pregnancy.
AB  - Ten normal pregnant women had muscle composition analyses (rectus abdominis)
      carried out at 39-40 weeks of pregnancy. Water, chloride (Cl), chloride space
      (ECV), non-chloride space (ICW), potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg) and
      zinc (Zn) determinations were carried out. Analyses for DNA (cell number),
      protein: DNA ratio (cell size), RNA and collagen were also performed. Similar
      analyses were performed on uterine muscle and placentae before and after
      perfusion with Earle's solution. Data from pregnant patients were compared with
      similar estimations carried out on rectus abdominis samples from 13 non-pregnant
      subjects undergoing gynaecological procedures. Muscle tissue and predicted muscle
      mass (MM) (which constitutes 40% of body weight) demonstrated that the gain in
      body K was due to the products of conception, that ICW decreased per unit weight
      in muscle (8%), ECV increased (41%) without a radical change in muscle water
      content (2%). Overall a 6 l gain in ECV and a 2 l gain in ICW can be accounted
      for during pregnancy. The results of this study indicate that added hydration
      excluding the products of conception (placenta, infant, uterus) is mainly
      extracellular. Intracellular Na concentration decreases (50%) and it is
      speculated that the cation gap is made up by H+ in the presence of extracellular
      alkalosis. Muscle cells diminish in size but cell number per gram is constant.
      Zinc content (Zn/DNA) decreases. Previous experimental work suggests that MM
      increases by about 10% during pregnancy and this information has been included in
      considerations but it remains to be shown to what extent total muscle cell
      numbers increase and as to whether such increased muscle growth remains following
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2414090
TI  - Preparation of microcapsules with possible pharmaceutical use.

PMID- 2414091
TI  - The causes and prevention of cataract blindness.

PMID- 2414092
TI  - The dermatologic exam.
AB  - This article provides a comprehensive approach to the patient presenting with
      dermatologic concerns. Emphasis is placed on the unique aspects of skin disease
      with regard to history and physical exam. Illustrations to demonstrate primary
      and secondary lesions, shape and configuration of the lesion, and regional
      distribution or pattern of involvement have been included. In addition, aids to
      diagnosis and instructions for slide preparations, patch testing, and performing
      skin biopsies are presented.

PMID- 2414093
TI  - Insect bites and stings.
AB  - This article summarizes the clinical presentation and treatment of common bites
      and infestations in the United States. A survey of this complex and interesting
      area of medicine should help the emergency physician to diagnose and treat many
      patients who present with "nonspecific" bites and rashes.

PMID- 2414094
TI  - Mutagenicity of the fractionated organic emissions from diesel, cigarette smoke
      condensate, coke oven, and roofing tar in the Ames assay.
AB  - Mobile and stationary combustion sources emit particle-bound organics that, after
      extraction, are mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium. In this study, the organic
      emissions from diesel, cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), coke oven, and roofing
      tar were fractionated and compared for mutagenicity in the Ames assay. This study
      demonstrated major differences in the distribution of mutagenicity among the four
      emission sources. Within each source, the relative mutagenicity of each fraction
      was significantly different in the presence and absence of an exogenous metabolic
      activation. In the diesel sample, over 90% of the mutagenic activity is located
      in the aromatic and polar neutral (PN) fractions; nitrated polynuclear aromatic
      hydrocarbons (NO2-PNAs) can account for a significant portion of this activity.
      Most of the mutagenicity of the coke oven main sample was found in the organic
      base (BASE) and PN fractions, which contained aromatic amines and nitrogen
      heterocycles. The CSC sample also had a high percentage of the mutagenic activity
      in the BASE fraction. Chemical analysis, however, indicates that the components
      in the CSC differed from those of the coke oven main sample. The roofing tar
      sample, which was not mutagenic in the absence of metabolic activation, contained
      several components that were very mutagenic after fractionation. This may be due
      to the separation of toxic components from the mutagenic components. The roofing
      tar emissions contained aromatic and polar mutagenic constituents. Although the
      specific mutagens in these different sources are not identical, they all cause
      frameshift mutations and appear to be compounds that could be classified as
      polycyclic organic matter.

PMID- 2414095
TI  - Metabolic activation of organic extracts from diesel, coke oven, roofing tar, and
      cigarette smoke emissions in the Ames assay.
AB  - Four environmental emissions samples were ranked by their genotoxic potency in
      several bioassays. Although the relative potency of a series of automotive
      emissions (diesel and gasoline) in the Ames assay correlated well with the
      relative potency in mammalian cell and mouse skin, this was not the case for the
      coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) emissions. This
      study examines the role of metabolic activation in determining the difference
      between a microbial and a mammalian bioassay in ranking the genotoxic potency of
      these environmental emissions. Uninduced and Aroclor 1254-induced S9 from both
      rat and hamster liver were compared as the metabolic activator in the Ames assay
      with Salmonella typhimurium TA98. The diesel emissions sample was direct-acting
      while the other samples required activation. The standard S9 concentration (only
      Aroclor-induced rat, approximately 1.25 mg protein/plate) also produced the
      maximum mutagenic activity. Induced S9s produced higher mutagenic activity than
      uninduced. The hamster S9 gave significantly higher mutagenic activities than rat
      S9 for the coke oven and CSC. The relative potency of these four samples was not
      significantly different between the microbial (Ames), mammalian cell (mouse
      lymphoma), and tumor initiation (mouse skin) assays. These results suggest that
      the differences observed between the relative mutagenic activity of these
      emissions in the mammalian cell and microbial assays was not due to a lack of
      optimization of the S9 system but may be inherent in the different response of
      the indicator cells to different chemical classes.

PMID- 2414096
TI  - Analysis of guanase by agarose gel electrophoresis and activity staining.
AB  - A method was developed to separate guanase by agarose gel electrophoresis and to
      detect its activity by staining of the bands with a mixture of the enzymes
      xanthine oxidase, catalase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase, the coenzyme NADP+, and a
      substrate of guanine, ethanol, phenazine methosulfate, nitrotetrazolium blue, and
      KCN in Tris-(hydroxymethyl)methylamine buffer (pH 8.0). Serum samples showed
      bands 1 (faster moving) and 2 corresponding to the positions of albumin and alpha
      2-globulin, respectively, found by serum protein staining. The same bands were
      detected with guanase from human liver and kidney, although band 2 from the
      latter samples was not as distinct as that from the liver samples.

PMID- 2414097
TI  - A case of ruptured hepatoma followed by elastase-induced disseminated
      intravascular coagulation.
AB  - In the present study, the first case of ruptured hepatoma followed by
      disseminated intravascular coagulation is reported. An elastase-like enzyme which
      possessed elastolytic and caseinolytic activities was confirmed from patient
      plasma. On the other hand, no elastase activity was detected in the plasma of
      patients with hepatitis, liver cirrhosis or hepatoma without disseminated
      intravascular coagulation. The patient plasma did not possess H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-p
      nitroanilide hydrochloride, succinyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-p-nitroanilide, and pyro
      Glu-Pro-Val-p-nitroanilide amidolytic activities. However, when chromatographed
      on Sephadex G-200, the presence of low-molecular weight plasminogen was
      confirmed. Its molecular weight was approximately 52,000. A slight decrease of
      alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor was noted, but no decrease of alpha 2-macroglobulin was
      detected.

PMID- 2414098
TI  - Complete amino acid sequence of human vitronectin deduced from cDNA. Similarity
      of cell attachment sites in vitronectin and fibronectin.
AB  - cDNA clones for vitronectin, a cell adhesion-promoting plasma and tissue protein,
      were isolated from a lambda gt11 library containing cDNA inserts made from human
      liver mRNA. The library was screened with anti-vitronectin antibodies and the
      positive clones were further identified with synthetic oligonucleotide probes
      deduced from the partial amino acid sequence of vitronectin. Nucleotide sequence
      analysis showed that the largest insert was 1545 bp long and contained the whole
      sequence corresponding to plasma vitronectin. It showed that vitronectin contains
      the entire 44-amino acid somatomedin B peptide at its NH2 terminus and, near its
      COOH terminus, a 34-amino acid glycosaminoglycan binding site in which half of
      the amino acids are basic residues. Three potential carbohydrate attachment sites
      are present in the sequence. An Arg-Gly-Asp sequence, which has previously been
      shown to be the cell attachment site in fibronectin, was found in vitronectin
      immediately after the NH2-terminal somatomedin B sequence. No other homologies
      with fibronectin were found. The Arg-Gly-Asp sequence appears to constitute the
      cell attachment site of vitronectin, since it is in the region where we have
      previously localized the cell attachment site, its presence correlate with cell
      attachment activity among the insert-coded polypeptides, and because previous
      results have shown that synthetic peptides containing the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence
      inhibit the cell attachment function of vitronectin. The discovery of an Arg-Gly
      Asp cell attachment site in a protein with a known cell attachment function
      emphasizes the general importance of this sequence in cell recognition.

PMID- 2414099
TI  - Appearance of cytolytic granules upon induction of cytolytic activity in CTL
      hybrids.
AB  - Examining a CTL-line (B6.1) with specific cytolytic activity, we have confirmed
      the ability of CTL-lines to produce poly C9-like, tubular complexes of two sizes
      (polyperforin 1 and 2). Isolated cytoplasmic granules from this cell line can
      induce hemolysis and contain the lysosomal marker arylsulfatase. Electron
      microscopial studies show that granules contain precursor molecules which are
      assembled into polyperforin upon addition of Ca2+. Antibodies raised against
      granules predominantly react with a 27-kd protein. We compared the B6.1 cell with
      a hybrid, PC60, derived from a cross between B6.1 and a non-cytolytic rat
      thymoma. This hybrid line exhibits inducible CTL-activity. In PC60 with induced
      cytolytic activity, polyperforins 1 and 2, cytolytic granules and granule
      associated proteins are detected. Non-cytolytic PC60 cells lack cytolytic
      granules and polyperforin 1, but contain polyperforin 2. These results suggest
      that cytolytic granules appear in parallel with the expression of cytotoxicity
      during T-lymphocyte differentiation.

PMID- 2414100
TI  - Promotion of RNA transcription on the insertion element IS30 of E. coli K12.
AB  - Two promoters of RNA transcription have been identified on IS30 by an in vivo
      assay, in which various DNA fragments with IS30 sequences were inserted in front
      of the promoterless galK gene of plasmid pFD51. Both promoters have a similar
      activity of approximately 10% of the activity of the lacUV5 promoter. Promoter
      P30A precedes the long open reading frame (ORFA), and its proposed -35 region
      lies within the left-hand terminal inverted repeat of IS30. However, the apparent
      activity of promoter P30A is significantly reduced when measured in the 3' region
      of ORFA. Thus, either the activity of promoter P30A is controlled by an IS30
      encoded product from the same element, or some termination of transcription from
      P30A occurs within the coding region of ORFA. Promoter P30C precedes a short open
      reading frame (ORFC) in-frame with ORFA, but in the opposite strand. Reading
      frame ORFC is closely followed by a terminator of RNA transcription, T30C. None
      of the other potential open reading frames predicted from the DNA sequence, with
      one possible exception, are preceded by a promoter of RNA transcription active in
      the assay. No significant transcription was detected out of the left-hand end of
      the complete element. However, a small amount, probably due to read-through from
      promoter P30A, was detected out of the right-hand end of a complete copy of IS30.
      In addition the right-hand end of IS30 has been shown to have the potential to
      create promoters by insertion.

PMID- 2414101
TI  - In vitro methylation of undermethylated yeast poly(A)-rich RNA using mRNA(guanine
      7-)-methyltransferase purified from wheat germ or yeast.
AB  - By crossing two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient for each of the two
      methionine adenosyltransferase isoenzymes (ATP: L-methionine S
      adenosyltransferase EC 2.5.1.6) respectively, we have constructed a strain
      strictly auxotrophic for S-adenosylmethionine and used it as a source of
      undermethylated mRNA suitable for in vitro transmethylation studies. RNA has been
      phenol-extracted from yeast cells shifted down to S-adenosylmethionine-free
      medium for 90 min and poly(A)-rich RNA has been prepared by oligo(dT)-cellulose
      chromatography. Upon incubation in vitro in the presence of methyl-labeled S
      adenosylmethionine and mRNA (guanine-7-)-methyltransferase purified from wheat
      germ or yeast, undermethylated poly(A)-rich RNA became significantly labeled as
      compared to non-starved cells from the same strain, or from a wild-type control.
      Cap structures were resolved by paper chromatography afer T2 and P1 RNase
      digestion, and shown to be a mixture of m7G5'ppp5'G and m7G5'ppp5'A, irrespective
      of the enzyme source, in agreement with earlier in vivo studies in yeast mRNA
      capping and methylation.

PMID- 2414102
TI  - Hydroxyapatite high-performance liquid chromatography: column performance for
      proteins.
AB  - Hydroxyapatite columns for high-performance liquid chromatography that are
      reusable for a long time were developed; performance tests were carried out by
      using several types of protein. Using a high flow rate, a sharp chromatographic
      peak can be obtained for a homogeneous molecule. A very high level of
      chromatographic separation can be achieved by decreasing the slope of the
      gradient and increasing the total column length at the same time.

PMID- 2414103
TI  - Comparative studies of conformation and internal mobility in native and circular
      basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance in solution.
AB  - A circular derivative of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (c-BPTI) with the C-
      and N-termini covalently linked with a peptide bond, has been studied in solution
      by spectroscopic techniques, principally two-dimensional 1H NMR. Near complete
      sequence specific assignment of the 1H NMR spectrum of c-BPTI has been obtained
      in a highly efficient manner, using recently developed experimental techniques.
      The assignments serve as the necessary background for detailed examination of the
      effects of the chemical modification on global and local features of the protein
      conformation and on the internal mobility. Analysis of chemical shifts, spin-spin
      coupling constants, amide proton exchange and proton-proton Overhauser
      enhancements indicates that perturbations of the native BPTI conformation in c
      BPTI involve exclusively residues adjacent to the modification site. The strict
      localization and small magnitude of the conformation changes relative to native
      BPTI emphasize the important role of the salt bridge between the chain ends in
      determining the solution conformation and dynamics in the chain terminal regions
      of the native protein.

PMID- 2414104
TI  - Ribosomes are stalled during in vitro translation of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1.
AB  - In the presence of plant tRNAs the full-length translation product of alfalfa
      mosaic virus RNA 1 is produced in rabbit reticulocytes only at low mRNA
      concentration. At higher mRNA concentration translation is restricted to the 5'
      half of RNA 1. At high mRNA concentration the full-length product can be formed
      when additional plant tRNA and glutamine are supplied to the translation mixture.
      In contrast, in the presence of yeast or calf liver tRNA the translation pattern
      of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 always results in the synthesis of the full-length
      product. Pulse-chase experiments in the presence of plant tRNAs show that the
      ribosomes pause at several positions in the 5' half of RNA 1. The pausing time is
      different at the different 'halting places'. Protein synthesis is resumed upon
      addition of glutamine, even when the addition is delayed for more than 3 h after
      the start of protein synthesis. Only one tRNA species, purified from wheat germ
      or tobacco, could promote full-length translation of RNA 1. This tRNA can be
      charged with glutamine. Analysis of the position of glutamine codons on RNA 1
      shows a correlation between the positions of the CAA codons and the halting
      places of the ribosomes. The CAA codon (for any other codon) on its own cannot be
      responsible for the pausing of the ribosomes, since a variety of RNAs, known to
      contain all sense codons, are translated efficiently in rabbit reticulocyte
      lysates in the presence of plant tRNAs. Apparently other elements can restrict
      decoding of normal codons during protein chain elongation.

PMID- 2414105
TI  - Role of the Arg158 residue of the outer membrane PhoE pore protein of Escherichia
      coli K 12 in bacteriophage TC45 recognition and in channel characteristics.
AB  - In order to study the structure-function relationship of the PhoE protein pore we
      have isolated five independent, TC45-resistant, phoE mutants all of which
      appeared to produce normal amounts of an electrophoretically altered PhoE
      protein, designated as PhoE* protein. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the DNA
      fragments carrying the mutations showed that the mutations all correspond to a
      G.C to A.T transition at the same place within the phoE gene resulting in a
      deduced change of amino acid residue arginine 158 into histidine. This result
      shows that the arginine 158 residue plays an important role in the interaction of
      the PhoE protein pore with phage TC45. Moreover, studies on the channel
      properties of the PhoE* protein showed that the PhoE channel has lost part of its
      preference for negatively charged solutes, as a result of the arginine to
      histidine change. The results are discussed in terms of the structure-function
      relationship of PhoE protein as well as in terms of the topological organization
      of the protein channel in the outer membrane.

PMID- 2414106
TI  - Use of panendomicroscopy in the detection and evaluation of cervical premalignant
      and malignant conditions. A preliminary report.
AB  - A new diagnostic method, panendomicroscopy, provides an accurate diagnosis and
      follow-up of normal and abnormal tissues at cellular level. A prospective study
      of 36 patients presenting with gynaecological symptoms, was undertaken to compare
      the diagnostic accuracy of cytologic, colposcopic, histologic and
      panendomicroscopic findings in gynaecology. We have found that panendomicroscopy
      gave a 95% (19/20) accurate diagnosis of cervical premalignant and malignant
      conditions, compared to an 80% (16/20) accuracy with traditional Papanicolaou
      smear and colposcipc screening.

PMID- 2414107
TI  - High doses of gamma globulin and methylprednisolone therapy for idiopathic
      thrombocytopenic purpura in children.
AB  - In four children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), high
      doses of gamma globulin or methylprednisolone were effective in increasing
      platelet counts transiently, yet there was no quantitative relationship between
      the platelet responses to these two therapies. This finding suggests a
      qualitative difference in the mechanisms of increasing platelets by the two
      drugs. High doses of gamma globulin and methylprednisolone showed a synergistic
      effect on the initial and maximal platelet responses, suggesting an
      intensification of the effect of gamma globulin by methylprednisolone. This
      combination therapy should be clinically useful, particularly in the control of
      acute haemorrhage or in preparations for emergency surgery.

PMID- 2414108
TI  - Neonatal nemaline myopathy presenting with multiple joint contractures.
AB  - A sporadic case of the rare and most severe neonatal form of nemaline myopathy is
      reported. Intrauterine manifestation included reduced fetal movements and breech
      position with a normal amount of amniotic fluid. After delivery by Caesarian
      section at 34 weeks of gestation the infant boy, who was not asphyctic, failed to
      establish spontaneous breathing and required immediate intubation and
      ventilation. Marked muscular hypotonia and weakness persisted and reflexes
      remained absent. Hip dislocation, joint contractures, absent palmar creases,
      prominent lateral palatal ridges and cryptorchidism were interpreted as
      consequent to prenatal paralysis. The boy died after 5 h due to hyaline membrane
      disease and meconium aspiration. At autopsy the skeletal muscles were found to be
      hypoplastic. The muscle fibres contained numerous rods, a typical finding of
      nemaline myopathy. Nemaline myopathy should be considered in fetuses and newborns
      with multiple joint contractures, severe muscular weakness and respiratory
      insufficiency.

PMID- 2414109
TI  - Long-term study of isoprinosine in a case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
AB  - A long-term study of isoprinosine, with temporary discontinuation of the
      treatment, in a 25-year-old man with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is
      presented. Isoprinosine appears to have mainly an effect on the mental
      disturbances in stage I. EEG and CFS changes correlate well with the clinical
      course and the influence of isoprinosine.

PMID- 2414110
TI  - Mapping the functional topography of Fc gamma with monoclonal antibodies:
      localization of epitopes interacting with the binding sites of Fc receptor on
      human K cells.
AB  - A panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for the C gamma 2, C gamma 3 or
      inter C gamma 2/C gamma 3 domain epitopes was tested for inhibition of antibody
      dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) specific for anti-D IgG-coated
      erythrocytes. Significant inhibition of ADCC was demonstrable for some antibodies
      having specificity for C gamma 2 or C gamma 3 domain epitopes, while others gave
      no inhibition. Fab fragments of a representative C gamma 2-specific antibody
      (A55) and C gamma 3-specific antibody (x3a8) retained their inhibitory capacity
      in lymphocyte-mediated ADCC, but only A55 Fab inhibited monocyte-mediated lysis.
      Furthermore, the Fab portion of A55 completely abolished the complement-dependent
      enhancement of ADCC mediated by concanavalin A-stimulated cells, while x3a8 Fab
      had no effect in this system. On the other hand, x3a8 Fab inhibited the binding
      of anti-D IgG-sensitized erythrocytes to lymphocytes while A55 Fab did not
      influence this latter interaction. The results suggest that C gamma 2 domain-FcR
      interaction is essential for the triggering of lytic process both in lymphocyte
      and in monocyte-mediated ADCC, while C gamma 3 domain has no role in the latter
      but is responsible for the appropriate contact between effector lymphocytes and
      target cells. A site in the region of Lys274 appears to be critical for
      triggering of both lymphocyte and monocyte-mediated ADCC.

PMID- 2414111
TI  - Insulin-specific T cell hybridomas derived from (H-2b x H-2k)F1 mice preferably
      employ F1-unique restriction elements for antigen recognition.
AB  - T cell hybridomas of (B10 X B10.BR)F1 genotype with reactivity to bovine insulin
      (BI) were established to analyze the restriction and antigen fine specificity of
      (H-2b X H-2k)F1 T cells towards BI. Our data indicate a focusing of the response
      on two epitopes on the insulin molecule, the A chain loop determinant comprising
      amino acids A8 and A10, as well as the glutamic acid residue in position 4 of the
      A chain. Both were recognized either separately or in conjunction. Unexpectedly,
      the T cell hybridomas exhibited a marked preference for recognizing insulin in
      the context of F1-unique restriction elements of Ab alpha Ak beta type rather
      than parental high-responder I-Ab molecules. Analysis of the response of primed
      lymph node T cells of (B10 X B10.BR)F1 mice towards BI corroborated the finding
      of a preponderant corecognition of F1-unique I-A molecules.

PMID- 2414112
TI  - Further characterization and subcellular localization of Sm and U1
      ribonucleoprotein antigens.
AB  - Sera from patients with systemic autoimmune diseases often contain antibodies
      against small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particles. Anti-Sm antibodies
      react with the entire set of U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6 (U1-U6) RNP particles whereas
      anti-(U1)RNP sera specifically recognize particles containing U1 RNA. Here we
      performed semi-quantitative immunoblotting using 16 human anti-Sm, 15 human anti
      (U1)RNP sera and two mouse monoclonal antibodies to establish which snRNA
      associated proteins carry antigenic determinants. Almost every (15/16) human anti
      Sm sera recognized epitopes present on a 28-kDa (B/B') protein doublet and on a
      16-kDa (D) polypeptide. Nine anti-(U1)RNP sera also recognized the B/B' doublet,
      but in all cases a much stronger reaction was observed with one or more of the
      specifically U1 RNA-associated 70 kDa, A or C antigens. With affinity-purified
      antibody fractions eluted from individual antigen bands on nitrocellulose blots
      it is shown that the anti-Sm-reactive polypeptides B/B' and D contain common
      epitopes. We also report the finding of one human anti-Sm serum with exclusive
      specificity for the B/B' doublet and a mouse monoclonal anti-Sm antibody
      recognizing only the D protein, indicating that these antigens also carry unique
      epitopes. In immunoprecipitation assays, purified anti-B/B' and -D antibodies
      react with (U1-U6) RNP while purified anti-70 kDa, anti-A and anti-C antibodies
      precipitate exclusively U1 RNP particles. Finally, we established the subcellular
      localization of Sm and U1 RNP antigens using a biochemical cell fractionation
      procedure. Part of the 70 kDa and B/B' antigens were found in a nuclease and high
      salt-resistant nuclear substructure, usually referred to as nuclear matrix, while
      the A and D antigens could be extracted completely from HeLa nuclei by
      ribonuclease treatment and subsequent high salt extraction.

PMID- 2414113
TI  - The acute effects of methamphetamine, amphetamine and p-chloroamphetamine on the
      cortical serotonergic system of the rat brain: evidence for differences in the
      effects of methamphetamine and amphetamine.
AB  - Cortical tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity was reduced 3 h after a 10 or 15
      mg/kg i.p. dose of either amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (METH), or p
      chloroamphetamine (PCA). These injections of METH or PCA also decreased cortical
      serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations; none of
      the four doses of AMP decreased indoleamine concentrations. The time course of
      the effects following a 15 mg/kg dose of each amine was also different. Cortical
      TPH activity was reduced by all three amines for periods up to 24 h, whereas only
      METH and PCA significantly decreased 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations for long
      periods. These data suggest that each of the amphetamines may inhibit TPH
      activity, whereas only METH and PCA produced long-lasting decreases in
      indoleamine concentrations, reflecting either varying degrees of toxicity or
      differential effects of AMP on enzyme activity and neurotransmitter
      concentrations.

PMID- 2414114
TI  - Phosphoinositide hydrolysis is correlated with agonist-induced calcium flux and
      contraction in the rabbit aorta.
AB  - In the present study changes in the extent of 32P labelling of membrane
      phospholipids were correlated with the alpha 1-adrenoceptor-induced events of
      increased 45Ca influx, 45Ca release and contraction in the rabbit aorta. Under
      basal conditions 32P incorporation into all phospholipids proceeded without
      saturation through 80 min of labelling. During a 5 min exposure to 10(-5) M
      norepinephrine (NE) after 25 min of prelabelling the incorporation of 32P into
      certain phospholipids was substantially increased. Phosphatidic acid (PA)
      labelling was increased above basal levels by 4.1 fold, phosphatidylinositol (PI)
      2.5 fold and phosphatidylcholine (PC) 1.8 fold. Half maximal stimulation of 32P
      labelling of PA occurred at 2.0 microM, which was similar to the EC50 value for
      stimulation of 45Ca influx (2.5 microM) and 45Ca release (2.1 microM) but
      slightly higher than the value for contractile response (0.9 microM). Antagonist
      sensitivity studies reinforced the alpha 1 receptor subtype character of the
      rabbit aorta. Prazosin (10(-7) M) reduced agonist-induced events by 63-82% while
      yohimbine (10(-7) M) was without influence. Phenoxybenzamine (10(-8) M) reduced
      agonist-induced events by 56-76%. A temporal comparison showed that agonist
      stimulation of PA labelling was slower than 45Ca release, but similar to the time
      course of 45Ca influx. Hydrolysis of 32P-labelled phosphatidylinositol
      diphosphate (PIP2) was more rapid and paralleled 45Ca release. These findings
      suggest that PIP2 hydrolysis may account for the rapid phase of norepinephrine
      induced contraction in rabbit aorta while PA or its immediate precursor
      diacylglycerol may account for receptor-induced Ca2+ influx.

PMID- 2414115
TI  - Increased cyclic AMP in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells and relaxation of
      aortic strips by parathyroid hormone.
AB  - The effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) were examined in three model systems to
      determine the mechanism of PTH action in vascular tissue. Bovine parathyroid
      extract and synthetic bPTH-(1-34) relaxed norepinephrine-contracted rabbit aortic
      strips in a dose-dependent fashion. The ED50 was 33.1 nM (21.8-50.1 nM). The
      hypotensive diterpene, forskolin and the phosphodiesterase inhibitors,
      methylisobutylxanthine and papaverine, all greatly potentiated the relaxant
      action of PTH. Primary cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from
      rabbit and rat aorta and bovine pulmonary artery all responded to bPTH-(1-34)
      with 5- to 10-fold increases in intracellular cyclic AMP concentrations within 1
      min. Again, this action of PTH was also markedly augmented (3-fold or greater) by
      methylisobutylxanthine, papaverine or forskolin. In addition, 1 microM bPTH-(1
      34) stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in membrane preparations from vascular
      smooth muscle cells in the presence or absence of 100 microM GMPPNHP. These
      results indicate that PTH exerts direct relaxant actions on vascular smooth
      muscle and that cyclic AMP may be involved in the mechanism of PTH action in
      vascular tissue.

PMID- 2414116
TI  - Neuropeptide Y-induced pressor responses: activation of a non-adrenergic
      mechanism, potentiation by reserpine and blockade by nifedipine.
AB  - Intravenous administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) to pentobarbital anesthetized
      rats produced a short-lasting concentration-dependent increase in systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure. Pretreatment of rats with 2 mg/kg reserpine potentiated
      the NPY-induced pressor responses causing a leftward shift of the NPY
      concentration-response curve. In addition, reserpinization lengthened the
      duration of the NPY pressor effects. Reserpine also potentiated the noradrenaline
      induced pressor effect but not that caused by angiotensin II. The NPY-induced
      increase in blood pressure was not antagonized by phenoxybenzamine. On the
      contrary, some degree of potentiation was observed, particularly with the larger
      doses of NPY. The NPY pressor responses were reduced by nifedipine in control and
      in reserpinized rats. The results demonstrate that the NPY-induced pressor
      responses were not related to adrenergic mechanisms. NPY may activate calcium
      channels in the cardiovascular system to promote an influx of calcium, causing
      peripheral vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2414117
TI  - Alterations in immunolocalization of the phosphoprotein B23 in HeLa cells during
      serum starvation.
AB  - Bright nucleolar immunofluorescence was observed in HeLa S3 cells by
      immunostaining with a monoclonal antibody to the nucleolar phosphoprotein B23 (MW
      37 kD/pI 5.1). After 48 h of incubation in a serum-free medium, the nucleolar
      fluorescence was diminished and a general nuclear immunofluorescence was
      observed. This change in localization of fluorescence indicated that protein B23
      had migrated out of the nucleoli. No gross morphological change in nucleoli was
      observed by light microscopy and the immunolocalization of another nucleolar
      phosphoprotein, C23, was unaffected by serum deprivation. Relocation of protein
      B23 in nucleoli was observed after refeeding with serum-containing medium. This
      re-entry process was not observed after treatment with actinomycin D (50 ng/ml-5
      micrograms/ml), but the process was unaffected by cycloheximide (0.2 mM).
      Quantitation of protein B23 in the nucleoli of the control (fed) or starved HeLa
      cells was done by ELISA immunoassay. A marked decrease in the amount of protein
      B23 occurred in the nucleoli of the starved cells (11.8 micrograms B23/mgDNA) as
      compared with the control nucleoli (20.8 micrograms B23/mgDNA). The amount of
      protein B23 in the nucleoplasm (excluding nucleoli) was 70% higher in the starved
      cells. Protein B23 was analysed by one- and two-dimensional PAGE. Three
      components of protein B23 with slightly different molecular weights and pIs (37
      kD/5.1, 35 kD/5.1 and 35 kD/5.3) were observed in nucleoli. The lower molecular
      weight components were predominantly found in the nucleoplasm.

PMID- 2414118
TI  - Maintenance of desmosomes in mouse hepatocytes after drug-induced rearrangement
      of cytokeratin filament material. Demonstration of independence of desmosomes and
      intermediate-sized filaments.
AB  - The distribution of desmosomes and cytokeratin filaments (tonofilaments) in
      hepatocytes of normal mice and those intoxicated with griseofulvin was studied by
      immunofluorescence microscopy. Treatment with griseofulvin over prolonged periods
      of time resulted in the dissociation of cytokeratin filaments from the plasma
      membrane and the inclusions of cytokeratin material in typical cytoplasmic
      aggregates, i.e. "Mallory bodies". However, such hepatocytes still displayed
      typical desmosomal arrays, including rather regularly spaced desmosomes along the
      bile canaliculi. These observations show that, in this tissue, desmosomes are
      able to maintain their characteristic positions along the plasma membrane after
      disconnection of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton. This indicates that
      maintenance of desmosomal integrity and position is independent of desmosome
      anchorage to tonofilaments. The results are discussed in relation to current
      concepts of desmosome formation and turnover.

PMID- 2414119
TI  - Localization of hyaluronate and hyaluronate-binding protein on motile and non
      motile fibroblasts.
AB  - The distribution of a hyaluronate-binding (HABP) and rhodamine B-isothiocyanate
      (RITC)-labeled hyaluronate (HA) were studied on both actively motile and
      stationary chick heart fibroblasts to assess the relationship of these molecules
      to each other, to other extracellular matrix molecules, to membrane protrusions
      and to adhesion sites. RITC-HA and HABP, detected by indirect immunofluorescence,
      were concentrated in the perinuclear region, the leading lamella and retraction
      processes of actively motile cells, although RITC-HA also occurred diffusely over
      the rest of the cell body. Double immunofluorescence confirmed that HA and HABP
      co-localized in the former three regions, suggesting that, at these locations,
      the HABP may act as a cell surface-binding site for HA. With increasing culture
      confluency and consequent slowing of fibroblast motility, the localization of
      both polymers changed to a uniform and diffuse distribution over the cell body
      and processes. On actively motile cells, RITC-HA and HABP did not co-distribute
      with fibronectin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan or laminin. Areas coated with RITC
      HA and HABP often contained specialized adhesion sites as determined by
      interference reflection microscopy (IRM) but neither polymer appeared to
      particularly localize to adhesion sites. However, the occurrence of RITC-HA and
      HABP in the leading lamellae of motile cells consistently coincided with ruffling
      activity. These results are discussed with respect to a possible instructive role
      of HA in cell motility.

PMID- 2414120
TI  - Some factors affecting the action of restriction endonucleases on human metaphase
      chromosomes.
AB  - We have investigated whether restriction endonucleases produce bands on human
      chromosomes by extracting DNA, using staining methods which are stoichiometric
      for DNA. Restriction enzymes that produce C-band patterns appear to remove DNA
      extensively from chromosome arms. In general, however, those restriction enzymes
      that produce G-bands do not extract DNA from chromosomes, and their effects are
      believed to be due to conformational change in the chromosomal DNA; in these
      cases, the chromosomal regions affected appear to be determined by the chromosome
      structure and not by the specificity of the enzyme. DNA loss from chromosomes due
      to digestion by restriction enzymes may in some cases be uniform, although a G
      banding pattern is visible after Giemsa staining.

PMID- 2414122
TI  - Type III procollagen N-terminal peptides in experimental pulmonary fibrosis and
      human respiratory diseases.
AB  - In order to detect the fibrotic response in lung-tissue, concentrations of type
      III procollagen N-terminal peptide (P-III-P) were examined in sera and
      bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from rabbits with bleomycin-induced pulmonary
      fibrosis, and in sera from patients with various respiratory diseases, using a
      radioimmunoassay method. In the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, a
      significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) rise in P-III-P levels was observed in
      the lavage fluid at 7 days, and in the sera at 21 days after bleomycin treatment,
      with histological confirmation of pulmonary fibrosis. Many of the patients with
      pulmonary fibrotic changes had significantly elevated serum P-III-P level. In
      lung cancer patients, most of the post-radiation serum samples were found to have
      P-III-P levels greater than or equal to 18 ng/ml. These results suggest that the
      increase in P-III-P levels is the reflection of fibrotic changes in the lungs and
      that the clinical assessment of serum P-III-P level could be important in the
      early detection of pulmonary fibrosis.

PMID- 2414121
TI  - Homogeneously staining regions (HSRs) of a rat hepatoma cell line are not early
      replicating.
AB  - The rat hepatoma cell line H4-IIE-C3 (H4) has homogeneously staining regions
      (HSRs) which contain multiple, tandemly repeated copies of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
      genes. We determined the time of replication of the DNA within these HSRs
      autoradiographically after incorporation of [3H]thymidine and by Hoechst 33258
      and Giemsa staining after 5-bromodeoxyuridine (5-BrdU) incorporation. The DNA
      within the H4 HSRs is not early replicating, unlike that in other HSRs. It begins
      replicating later than much of the other nuclear DNA, continues replicating
      throughout most of the S phase, and is completed 1-2 h before mitosis.

PMID- 2414123
TI  - Role of the interval between axotomy and nerve suture on the success of muscle
      reinnervation: an experimental study in the rabbit.
AB  - The influence of the time interval between nerve transection and neurorrhaphy on
      motor and sensory reinnervation was studied experimentally in the rabbit. We
      evaluated the maximal tetanic tension, the amplitude of the compound action
      potential, and the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase 30 and 60 days
      after neurorrhaphy carried out at 0, 10, or 20 days after transection of the
      nerves to the medial and lateral gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. The results
      showed that the suture 20 days after transection was followed by a more
      precocious motor reinnervation, whereas the outgrowth of motor axons past the
      suture was not affected by the time interval between transection and
      neurorrhaphy. On the contrary, the best regrowth of afferent axons was obtained
      after an interval of 10 days between transection and suture. We conclude that the
      time interval did not influence motor axon growth, but was involved in the
      operation of mechanism(s) involved in the reestablishment of impulse conduction
      and/or synaptic efficacy. In contrast, the time interval appeared to be related
      to factors involved directly in the axonal elongation of afferent fibers.

PMID- 2414124
TI  - Central nervous system axonal regeneration into sciatic nerve grafts:
      physiological properties of the grafts and histologic findings in the neuraxis.
AB  - Autologous nerve grafts were implanted extraspinally between the medulla and the
      ipsilateral cervical spinal cord in adult rats. Four to eight months after
      implantation, electrical stimulation of the grafts evoked EMG activity in a
      variety of head and neck muscles in 8/10 rats. In 5/10 rats, electrical
      stimulation of the graft during inspiration potentiated or inhibited EMG activity
      in each of the diaphragms. After the recordings were completed, the grafts were
      cut and their ends soaked in horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The average count of
      HRP-labeled neurons, both in the spinal cord and brain stem, was 969 (252 to
      1961). Most labeled neurons were located within +/- 2 mm of the implant sites,
      with labeling seen in neurons as far as 9 mm away. In the brain stem, 20
      different nuclei were labeled. Among them were the reticular formation, raphe
      complex, cranial nerve nuclei, the subceruleus, ventrolateral pontine tegmentum
      regions, and contralateral red nucleus. These results in adult rats showed that
      (i) CNS axons elongating within peripheral nerve grafts were able to conduct
      action potentials and maintain functional synapses on CNS neurons; (ii) newly
      growing neurons were situated in close proximity to the nerve graft; and (iii)
      many different kinds of central neurons, including monoaminergic and descending
      spinal tract neurons, can elongate their axons into peripheral nerve grafts.

PMID- 2414125
TI  - Structure and biological activity of polysomes stained with Coomassie blue.
AB  - Polysomes prestained with Coomassie blue were fractionated on sucrose density
      gradients giving rise to visible bands corresponding to different size classes of
      aggregates. Coomassie blue staining enhanced the capacities of brain and liver
      polysomes to synthesize proteins in vitro, including the synthesis of neuron
      specific enolase. This positive action of the dye was restricted to polysomes and
      was not manifested when mRNAs isolated from prestained polysomes were tested in
      in vitro translation or reverse transcription, indicating that the action of the
      dye consists in stabilization of polysomal structure.

PMID- 2414126
TI  - Functionally important site in the vicinity of the amino-terminus of the
      Escherichia coli RNA polymerase beta subunit.
AB  - We have analyzed the interaction of monoclonal antibodies against Escherichia
      coli RNA polymerase with products of its limited proteolysis. Two major
      proteolytic fragments of molecular masses 107 and 43 kDa originate as a result of
      a single cleavage in the vicinity of the 980th amino acid residue. Anti-beta
      subunit monoclonal antibody PYN-2 inhibiting RNA polymerase activity at the stage
      of RNA elongation reacts with an epitope located between the amino-terminus and
      the 50th amino acid residue of the beta subunit. DNA sequencing has shown that
      the RNA polymerase mutation rpoB22 converts the Gln(1111) codon of the beta
      subunit gene into the amber codon. An epitope for the monoclonal antibody PYN-6
      was located between the major site of proteolytic cleavage and Gln(1111) of the
      beta subunit.

PMID- 2414127
TI  - Single channel recordings obtained from basolateral membranes of isolated rabbit
      enterocytes.
AB  - Epithelial cells isolated by hyaluronidase incubation from rabbit small intestine
      were used to explore the presence of ionic channels by the patch-clamp method.
      Recordings were made from cell-attached or excised patches of basolateral
      membrane. Evidence was obtained for the presence of at least two kinds of
      channels conducting potassium currents. One of these can be shown to be activated
      by Ca2+.

PMID- 2414128
TI  - Primary structure of the beta-subunit of bovine transducin deduced from the cDNA
      sequence.
AB  - DNA complementary to the bovine retinal mRNA coding for the beta-subunit of
      transducin has been cloned by screening a cDNA library with
      oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the cloned cDNA
      has revealed that this polypeptide consists of 340 amino acid residues (including
      the initiating methionine). Furthermore, cDNA hybridizable with a transducin beta
      subunit cDNA probe has been cloned from a library derived from bovine brain
      poly(A)+ RNA. Comparison of the cloned cDNAs, in conjunction with blot
      hybridization analysis and S1 nuclease mapping of poly(A)+ RNA from bovine
      retina, brain and liver, suggests that the mRNAs coding for the beta-subunits of
      transducin and other guanine nucleotide binding proteins have the same protein
      coding sequence but partly different 5'-noncoding sequences.

PMID- 2414129
TI  - Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is one of the three major RNA-binding
      proteins of rabbit reticulocytes.
AB  - One of the 3 major RNA-binding proteins of rabbit reticulocytes, a polypeptide of
      36 kDa, is identified as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD). This
      fact was deduced from the identity of molecular masses, one-dimensional peptide
      maps and isoelectric points of the 36 kDa protein and GAPD from rabbit muscle. It
      is concluded that GAPD can bind rather unspecifically different RNAs and
      polynucleotides. This means that GAPD, like other RNA-binding proteins, can form
      loose dynamic complexes with polyribosomes. Association of such a kind may be
      used for compartmentation of glycolysis near polyribosomes.

PMID- 2414130
TI  - Two distinct polypeptides may be translated from a single spliced mRNA of the X
      genes of human T-cell leukemia and bovine leukemia viruses.
AB  - Human T-cell leukemia and bovine leukemia viruses have a potential transforming
      gene, termed X. In addition to the major open reading frame known to encode a
      functional protein, the X gene harbors another short open reading frame which
      overlaps this major one. Both of these open reading frames are found on a single
      spliced X mRNA in a potentially functional form. Circumstantial evidence strongly
      suggests that they are both translated from the single X mRNA molecule, showing
      striking similarity to the translation mechanism of an adenovirus Elb gene mRNA.
      We note that the short open reading frame has the capability to encode a putative
      nuclear protein with structural features similar to those of an AIDS virus trans
      acting protein.

PMID- 2414131
TI  - Kainate-induced uptake of calcium by synaptosomes from rat brain.
AB  - Kainic acid induces a rapid increase in 45Ca2+ uptake by crude synaptosomal
      fractions isolated from rat brain. This enhanced Ca2+ permeability occurs with a
      half-time of approx. 1 s, similar to the fast phase of depolarization-induced
      calcium uptake. The depolarization-induced uptake of calcium is inhibited 85% by
      3 mM CoCl2, 80% by 100 microM quinacrine and 50% by 15 microM trifluoperazine
      while these agents had little effect on the kainate-induced uptake. It is
      proposed that kainate induces receptor-mediated opening of a class of calcium
      channels with properties different from those of the voltage-dependent channels.

PMID- 2414132
TI  - Phosphorylation of p36 in vitro with pp60src. Regulation by Ca2+ and
      phospholipid.
AB  - P36 is a major substrate of the tyrosine protein kinases. P36 isolated from
      bovine intestine was used in phosphorylation reactions with pp60src.
      Phosphorylation was stimulated 3-5-fold by Ca2+, however the Km was the same (2.5
      microM) at high or low Ca2+. Although the level of free Ca2+ needed for this
      enhanced phosphorylation was 10(-4)-10(-3) M, phosphatidylserine shifted the Ca2+
      sensitivity to the 10(-6)-10(-5) M range. Independent evidence suggested that p36
      interacts directly with liposomes containing phosphatidylserine. This raises the
      possibility that p36, like c-kinase, is a Ca2+-activated, phospholipid-dependent
      protein.

PMID- 2414133
TI  - [Obstetrical model made of wet anatomical preparations].

PMID- 2414134
TI  - Unilateral vulvar edema after intraperitoneal Hyskon administration.
AB  - Two patients are presented who developed vulvar edema after intraperitoneal
      instillation of Hyskon. Regardless of the route of extravasation, Hyskon's high
      molecular weight and osmotic effects may lead to further soft tissue swelling.
      Correct diagnosis warrants the exclusion of wound infection, hematoma, or seroma.
      Special attention to ensuring peritoneal closure may lessen the risk for the
      development of this complication.

PMID- 2414135
TI  - Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema secondary to intrauterine instillation of 32%
      dextran 70.

PMID- 2414136
TI  - Preliminary results with the antiprogestational compound RU-486 (mifepristone)
      for interruption of early pregnancy.
AB  - RU-486 (mifepristone) (Roussel-Uclaf, Paris, France) is an antiprogesterone that
      acts through a competitive binding at the site of the progesterone and cortisol
      receptor. It induced a complete expulsion in 29 (83%) of 35 patients with an
      unwanted pregnancy with up to 55 days of amenorrhea. A complete expulsion
      occurred in 17 (89%) of the 19 nulliparous women, and no serious side effects
      were seen. However, our results were less successful in ine patients with a more
      advanced pregnancy (between 8 and 10 weeks). In this group, only three complete
      expulsions were seen.

PMID- 2414137
TI  - [Role of M- and N-cholinoreceptors in regulating the metabolism of the pyrimidine
      nucleotides of RNA in digestive glands].

PMID- 2414138
TI  - [Device for recording the activity of single channels in nerve and muscle cells].

PMID- 2414139
TI  - [Proteins and RNA in the neuron-neuroglia system of the nucleus raphe dorsalis of
      the suslik brain during hibernation].
AB  - The concentration and the content per cell of total proteins were found to be
      considerably decreased during deep hibernation (in December) in the ground
      squirrel (Citellus pygmaeus Pall.) brain n. raphe dorsalis neurons, whereas in
      glial cells--satellites with the same concentration, the protein content
      reduction was lesser than in the neurons. Preceding the awakening (in March), the
      protein content in neuron cytoplasma increased, the protein concentration
      remaining equal to control, whereas the values related to gliocytes did not vary
      in March from those in December. In March, a considerable RNA content increase
      occurred in the neuron cytoplasma, its concentration remaining the same, whereas
      the RNA values in gliocytes approximated the control values (those of the animals
      in wakefulness).

PMID- 2414140
TI  - Biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides in embryonic liver. Formation of
      mannose containing derivatives.
AB  - In the presence of exogenous dolichyl phosphate mannosyl transferase activity
      towards dolichyl phosphate was nearly 3-fold higher in microsomes from pig
      embryonic liver compared to that from adult liver. After incubation of microsomes
      from embryonic liver with UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and GDP-[14C]mannose lipid
      linked tri- to undecasaccharides were discovered in CHCl3-CH3OH (2:1, v/v) and
      CHCl3-CH3OH-H2O (1:1:0.3, by vol) extracts. The main proportion of the
      radioactivity was incorporated into penta-, sexta and undecasaccharides.
      Amphomycin at concentration 500 micrograms/ml inhibited almost completely
      dolichyl phosphate mannose synthesis in embryonic liver microsomes without
      inhibition the formation of lipid-linked penta- and sextasaccharides. It was
      suggested that mannose transferred to lipid-linked tetra- to heptasaccharides
      comes from GDP-mannose but not from dolichyl phosphate mannose.

PMID- 2414141
TI  - Stimulation by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine of rat
      hepatic polyamine biosynthesis in vivo.
AB  - Intraperitoneal injection of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1
      methylxanthine (IBMX), resulted in a rapid and transient induction of rat hepatic
      ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity. Maximal activity was found about 5 hr
      after application. The levels of putrescine and spermidine increased accordingly,
      reaching a maximum at 7 and 12 hr following injection, respectively, while the
      concentration of spermine remained almost constant. The implications of these
      findings are discussed in relation to the mechanism of induction of ornithine
      decarboxylase and concomitant polyamine biosynthesis.

PMID- 2414142
TI  - Effects of tunicamycin on preimplantation mouse embryos: prevention of molecular
      differentiation during blastocyst formation.
AB  - To examine the role of carbohydrate-containing molecules of preimplantation mouse
      embryos in early development, effects of tunicamycin were analyzed at the
      molecular level. Embryos cultured in the presence of tunicamycin (0.1
      micrograms/ml) from earlier than the 16-cell stage did not develop into
      blastocysts, though cell divisions continued normally. Tunicamycin inhibited not
      only the synthesis of carbohydrate chains of usual N-glycosidic glycoproteins but
      also that of characteristic large polysaccharides (Mr greater than 9K) of early
      embryos. Expression of several polypeptides which are characteristic of the
      blastocyst stage (blastocyst-characteristic proteins: BCPs) was strongly
      inhibited in the embryos treated by tunicamycin from earlier than the 16-cell
      stage, while the expression was not inhibited in the embryos treated by the drug
      after that stage as analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. The expression of BCPs appeared to be dependent on de novo mRNA
      synthesis, since it was also inhibited by alpha-amanitin treatment. Since
      tunicamycin was shown not to inhibit expression of most other proteins and the
      bulk of mRNA, the inhibitory effects of tunicamycin appeared to be specific for
      the induction of BCPs. These observations suggest that the glycoprotein(s) and/or
      the characteristic large polysaccharides on the morula stage embryos play an
      essential role not only for morphological development but also for triggering
      differentiation at the molecular level.

PMID- 2414143
TI  - Single-channel activity of bilayers derived from sea urchin sperm plasma
      membranes at the tip of a patch-clamp electrode.
AB  - Changes in the plasma membrane permeability of echinoderm sperm play a
      fundamental role in the acrosome reaction. During the reaction there is an
      increase in intracellular Ca2+ and Na+ and an efflux of H+ and K+. We have formed
      bilayers at the tip of patch pipets from a mixture of lipid vesicles and sea
      urchin sperm plasma membranes (12-50 microgram protein/ml). We observed three
      types of K+ channels (conductances: 22, 46, and 82 pS), two of which are
      partially blocked by TEA, and one Cl- channel (148 pS). The presence of K+
      channels in sperm plasma membranes is consistent with the inhibition by TEA of
      the acrosome reaction in whole sperm and the membrane potential change that
      occurs during the reaction.

PMID- 2414144
TI  - Cell fate in the polar trophectoderm of mouse blastocysts as studied by
      microinjection of cell lineage tracers.
AB  - Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), together with Fast Green or rhodamine-conjugated
      dextran (RDX), was used as an intracellular lineage tracer to determine cell fate
      in the polar trophectoderm of 3.5-day-old mouse embryos. In HRP-injected midstage
      (approximately 39-cell) and expanded (approximately 65-cell) blastocysts
      incubated for 24 hr, the central polar trophectoderm cell was displaced from the
      embryonic pole an average of 20 micron (5% of blastocyst circumference) and 29
      micron (6% of blastocyst circumference), respectively. Expanded blastocysts
      injected with HRP + Fast Green and incubated for 24 hr or with HRP + RDX and
      incubated for 48 hr showed a displacement of 24 micron (4% of blastocyst
      circumference) and 88 micron (14% of blastocyst circumference), respectively. Up
      to 10 HRP-positive trophectoderm cells were observed among embryos incubated for
      48 hr, indicating that in those cases, the labeled progenitor cells had divided
      at least three times. Our observations show that the central polar trophectoderm
      cell divides in the plane of the trophectoderm in expanded blastocysts and, along
      with its descendants, is displaced toward the mural trophectoderm. The systematic
      tandem displacement of labeled cells and their descendants toward the abembryonic
      pole suggests the presence of a proliferative area at the embryonic pole of the
      blastocyst. Large shifts in inner cell mass (ICM) position in relation to the
      trophectoderm do not occur during blastocyst expansion. Furthermore, random
      movements within the polar trophectoderm population do not account for the
      replacement of labeled cells by unlabeled polar trophectoderm cells. Rather, we
      propose the hypothesis that the ICM contributes these replacement cells to the
      polar trophectoderm during blastocyst expansion.

PMID- 2414145
TI  - Gastric-bypass-induced pneumothorax.
AB  - Substernal gastric bypass has been recently revived to palliate unresectable
      esophageal carcinoma. We report an unusual postoperative complication of gastric
      bypass: recurrent pneumothorax responding to nasogastric tube decompression of a
      distended thoracic stomach.

PMID- 2414146
TI  - Human chorionic gonadotropin in normal, inflammatory, and carcinomatous gastric
      tissue.
AB  - Tissues from 12 patients with gastric ulcers, 50 patients with gastric carcinoma,
      and 2 normal subjects who died suddenly were examined immunohistochemically with
      antiserum against the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. Human
      chorionic gonadotropin-beta-immunoreactive cells were present in the neck portion
      of the pyloric and pseudopyloric glands of normal and inflammatory gastric
      tissue. Gastric cancers located in the antrum-pylorus and the cardia were
      frequently associated with human chorionic gonadotropin immunoreactivity. These
      findings indicate that human chorionic gonadotropin-producing cells normally
      exist in the gastric mucosa, especially in the pylorus. It is speculated that
      normal human chorionic gonadotropin-producing cells may give rise to cancer in
      certain cases.

PMID- 2414147
TI  - [Complications and side effects of artificial ascites for adhesion prevention].
AB  - The side-effects of "artificial ascites" induced with Dextran 60 (Makrodex 6%) as
      a mean of preventing adhesions were investigated in 47 patients (treatment group:
      32 patients; control group: 15 patients) in whom microsurgery had been performed
      for infertility with adhesiolysis. On the day of surgery and the following four
      days 300 to 500 ml of Makrodex was instilled via an intraperitoneal catheter (7.5
      ml/kg body weight on day of surgery; 5 ml/kg body weight on days 2 to 5). In
      addition, the patients received, on the day of surgery, single doses of 450 IU of
      hyaluronidase (Kinetin), 500,000 KIU of aprotinine (Trasylol) and 1 g of
      hydrocortisone acetate instilled intraperitoneally. In the group treated with
      Dextran, there was a significantly higher number of patients who felt unwell and
      had abdominal complaints and dyspnea. In six cases in the Dextran group a vulval
      edema was seen, and in 2 cases a thigh edema. A significant weight increase and
      elevation of central venous pressure occurred for the duration of the "artificial
      ascites" in this group. There were a few cases of bradycardia with frequencies of
      under 50 beats per minute. On the fifth p.o. day 75% of the patients in the
      Dextran group had a pleural effusion. Such changes were not observed in the
      control group. In view of these side-effects and the fact that it is still not
      proven that Dextran effectively prevents adhesions we no longer carry out this
      form of adhesion prophylaxis.

PMID- 2414148
TI  - [Comparative analysis of the methods of determining polymer levels in gamma
      globulin preparations].

PMID- 2414149
TI  - [Effect of andekalin and kontrikal on the blood proteolytic systems, vascular
      reactivity and the content of kinin system components].

PMID- 2414150
TI  - [Diphosphonate dextran derivatives: their interaction with hemoglobin].

PMID- 2414151
TI  - DNA sequences of frameshift and other mutations induced by ICR-170 in yeast.
AB  - ICR-170-induced mutations in the CYC1 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      were investigated by genetic and DNA sequence analyses. Genetic analysis of 33
      cyc1 mutations induced by ICR-170 and sequence analysis of eight representatives
      demonstrated that over one-third were frameshift mutations that occurred at one
      site corresponding to amino acid positions 29-30, whereas the remaining mutations
      were distributed more-or-less randomly, and a few of these were not frameshift
      mutations. The sequence results indicate that ICR-170 primarily induces G.C
      additions at sites containing monotonous runs of three G.C base pairs. However,
      some (Formula: see text) sites within the CYC1 gene were not mutated by ICR-170.
      Thus, ICR-170 is a relatively specific mutagen that preferentially acts on
      certain sites with monotonous runs of G.C base pairs.

PMID- 2414152
TI  - Genetic analysis of mutants with a reduced Ca2+-dependent K+ current in
      Paramecium tetraurelia.
AB  - Two mutants of Paramecium tetraurelia with greatly reduced Ca2+-dependent K+
      currents have been isolated and genetically analyzed. These mutants, designated
      pantophobiac, give much stronger behavioral responses to all stimuli than do wild
      type cells. Under voltage clamp, the Ca2+-dependent K+ current is almost
      completely eliminated in these mutants, whereas the Ca2+ current is normal. The
      two mutants, pntA and pntB, are recessive and unlinked to each other. pntA is not
      allelic to several other ion-channel mutants of P. tetraurelia. The
      microinjection of a high-speed supernatant fraction of wild-type cytoplasm into
      either pantophobiac mutant caused a temporary restoration to the wild-type
      phenotype.

PMID- 2414153
TI  - A detailed developmental and structural study of the transcriptional effects of
      insertion of the Copia transposon into the white locus of Drosophila
      melanogaster.
AB  - The copia insertion responsible for the wa mutation is 3' to the white promotor
      and in the same transcriptional orientation as white. First, we have analyzed the
      effects of the wa copia insertion on levels of polyadenylated white transcripts
      and find large, developmentally programmed effects. Second, we have isolated and
      sequenced an LTR-excision event involving the copia insertion at wa. This
      represents the first documented case of an LTR-excision event in Drosophila. This
      single copia LTR has developmentally programmed effects on white transcript
      levels qualitatively similar to the intact copia element. Third, we have
      characterized the structures of white transcripts from wa. We find polyadenylated
      white transcripts apparently having 3' termini in or near the 3' LTR of the wa
      copia insertion, as has been reported in limited studies of wa transcription in
      adults by others. These earlier studies also revealed wa transcripts apparently
      corresponding to polyadenylated terminus formation in the 5' LTR of the copia
      transposon; however, our more detailed studies reveal that these transcripts
      probably have other origins and that little, if any, polyadenylated terminus
      formation for white transcripts occurs in the 5' LTR of the wa copia insertion.
      Moreover, we find no polyadenylated terminus formation for white transcripts
      occurring in the single LTR of the wa LTR-excision product. Fourth, we find that
      each of three mutant alleles at su(wa) produces elevated levels of several
      classes of RNAs apparently corresponding to transcriptional readthrough of the wa
      copia transposon. Elevated levels of one presumptive readthrough transcript were
      observed previously in one su(wa) mutant strain. Fifth, we have confirmed the
      existence of a transcript initiated in the 3' LTR of the wa copia insertion and
      find the levels of this transcript to be strongly influenced by developmental
      stage and genetic background. Lastly, we have analyzed white transcripts produced
      by the whd81b11 allele, which carries an insertion of copia in the opposite
      transcriptional orientation and in a different position than the wa copia
      insertion. In contrast to the wa copia insertion allele, the whd81b11 allele
      produces polyadenylated white transcript levels very similar to the w+ case at
      the stages examined. Moreover, the whd81b11 copia element apparently produced
      polyadenylated terminus formation in white transcripts and we observe no effect
      of the allelic state of su(wa) on apparent readthrough of this stop
      site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2414154
TI  - The nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the 16S rRNA from the
      archaebacterium Halobacterium halobium.
AB  - The complete 1473-bp sequence of the 16S rRNA gene from the archaebacterium
      Halobacterium halobium has been determined. Alignment with the sequences of the
      16S rRNA gene from the archaebacteria Halobacterium volcanii and Halococcus
      morrhua reveals similar degrees of homology, about 88%. Differences in the
      primary structures of H. halobium and eubacterial (Escherichia coli) 16S rRNA or
      eukaryotic (Dictyostelium discoideum) 18S rRNA are much higher, corresponding to
      63% and 56% homology, respectively. A comparison of the nucleotide sequence of
      the H. halobium 16S rRNA with those of its archaebacterial counterparts generally
      confirms a secondary structure model of the RNA contained in the small subunit of
      the archaebacterial ribosome.

PMID- 2414155
TI  - High-level expression of RNAs and proteins: the use of oligonucleotides for the
      precise fusion of coding-to-regulatory sequences.
AB  - We show that the fusion between regulatory sequences present on expression
      vectors and coding sequences can be efficiently achieved by oligonucleotide
      directed mutagenesis. We have constructed single-stranded (ss) expression vectors
      that facilitate this process. These plasmids derive from vectors that have been
      used for the synthesis of quantities of proteins in Escherichia coli or RNAs in
      vitro. By inserting the origin of replication of the ss phage f1 into these
      plasmids it became possible to package their ss DNA into phage rods. Deletion of
      unwanted sequences or simple base changes can then be obtained by oligonucleotide
      directed mutagenesis using the vector ss DNA as a template. We discuss the
      results of several experiments where this technique was applied to our expression
      vectors and we demonstrate the construction of a plasmid which efficiently
      synthesizes in vitro a regulatory RNA molecule that is involved in the control of
      plasmid copy number.

PMID- 2414156
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the Bacillus subtilis ribosomal RNA operon, rrnB.
AB  - The primary sequence of DNA covering a complete ribosomal RNA (rRNA) operon from
      Bacillus subtilis, designated rrnB has been elucidated. Following a set of tandem
      promoters, rrnB encodes: (i) a 16S and a 23S rRNA determinant with no tRNA spacer
      region in between; (ii) a 5S rRNA determinant; and (iii) 21 contiguous tRNA
      species; before (iv) two characteristic terminator hairpins are found. More than
      7 kb are included within this operon, which maps between aroG and thr5 on the B.
      subtilis chromosome. This represents the first report of the entire sequence of
      an rRNA operon from B. subtilis or from any Gram-positive organism.

PMID- 2414157
TI  - Thymosins, lymphokines, and the immunology of aging.
AB  - Recent data point to a significant role for thymosins, lymphokines, and other
      soluble mediators in the senescence of the immune response that occurs with
      aging. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the isolation and
      physiochemical characterization of several of these soluble mediators. We are now
      beginning to define the mechanisms by which these molecules regulate and mediate
      immune responses. In this paper we review the properties of the best
      characterized thymic hormones and lymphokines and focus on the role of the
      endocrine thymus in modulating immune responses. Of particular interest is the
      recent observation that thymosin fraction 5 can enhance production of interleukin
      2 (IL-2) and colony-stimulating factor (CSF), and that IL-2 production, but not
      CSF production, is selectively diminished in aging mice. Several of the products
      of the immune system also can act as neuroactive immunotransmitters and modulate
      a number of neuroendocrine responses. Current studies point to an important role
      for these molecules in modulating neuroendocrine function, suggesting a broader
      role for the endocrine thymus in the aging process.

PMID- 2414158
TI  - Recurrent proliferations in macular pucker, diabetic retinopathy, and retrolental
      fibroplasialike disease after vitrectomy.
AB  - The clinical and ultrastructural details of recurrent epiretinal and transvitreal
      membranes from patients with macular pucker, diabetes mellitus, and a retrolental
      fibroplasialike disease are presented. The membranes were characterized
      ultrastructurally by the presence of reactive glia and moderate amounts of
      collagen in the extracellular matrix. Many of the cells in the recurrent
      membranes showed myofibroblastlike differentiation. Recurrence of transvitreal
      membranes in a previously vitrectomized eye may be explained by spontaneous
      detachment of contracting epiretinal membranes.

PMID- 2414159
TI  - Blockage at two points of axonal transport in glaucomatous eyes.
AB  - Blockage of axonal protein transport in intraocular hypertensive primates (Macaca
      irus) was studied autoradiographically and quantitatively and the findings
      compared with our previous work on rabbits. Fast axonal transport was blocked at
      two points, at the lamina scleralis and at the edge of posterior scleral foramen,
      and reduced by 25% when intraocular pressure of 50 mmHg continued for 6 h. The
      importance of the blockage at the lamina scleralis and at the edge of scleral
      foramen for the explanation of paracentral scotomas and the peripheral nasal step
      (Ronne) is discussed.

PMID- 2414160
TI  - [Selected problems of morphology of the venous system of the female internal
      genital organs. II. Morphology of the veins of the mesosalpinx. The venous system
      in cases of uterine myoma. Atypical anastomoses between ovarian and uterine
      venous trunks].

PMID- 2414161
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of action of dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate in the human
      jejunum.
AB  - An intestinal perfusion technique has been used to investigate the mechanism of
      action of the laxative, dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate, in the human jejunum.
      Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate stimulated net secretion of water, sodium,
      chloride and potassium and inhibited net absorption of glucose and bicarbonate.
      These changes in water and solute transport were partially reversed by
      administration of indomethacin (4 mg/kg/day orally for three days), which
      suggests that they are mediated in part by endogenous prostaglandins.

PMID- 2414162
TI  - Small cell carcinoma of the ovary: a rapidly lethal tumor occurring in the young.
AB  - Two patients with metastatic small cell carcinoma of the ovary managed by the
      Clinical Gynecologic Oncology Service at Roswell Park Memorial Institute are
      presented. Despite intensive multimodal therapy after extensive cytoreductive
      surgery, both patients expired from this rare tumor within 6 months of diagnosis.
      Neither tumor was associated with hypercalcemia, previously reported in the only
      existing review of the tumor in the world literature. Because of the highly
      aggressive nature of this cancer, effective combination chemotherapy must be
      found if the natural history of this tumor is to be altered.

PMID- 2414163
TI  - Plasma exchange as intensive therapy in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

PMID- 2414164
TI  - [Effect of erythropoiesis, size of iron accumulation and oxygen saturation of
      tissues on iron resorption].
AB  - The volume of iron resorption is altered by numerous factors. To a wide extent,
      the exact regulating mechanisms have not been elucidated to the present day. The
      present paper deals with representing the influence of iron resorption by
      erythropoiesis, filling condition of iron stores and oxygen saturation of the
      tissue as well as with main aspects which are relevant for future research.

PMID- 2414165
TI  - [Stimulation of leukocyte migration by L-carnitine].
AB  - In order to stimulate the vitality and growth of cell cultures, serum from calves
      or horses is frequently added to different concentrations. It is only in serum
      free systems, however, that exactly defined constant conditions of cultures can
      be created and that cellular regulating factors can be characterized in a
      biochemical way. From this aspect we investigated the impact of L-carnitine on
      leukocyte migration in vitro. In a serum-free medium a significant stimulation of
      migration could be identified in 6.2 mmol/l of L-carnitine by means of the
      agarose-microdroplet technique. Even those concentrations of carnitine which
      elicited no significant stimulation resulted in a homogeneous distribution of
      cells on the migrating area, thus unequivocally limiting the distance of
      migration. An unspecific effect of concentration or ions was excluded by the
      application of gamma-butyrobetaine which did not produce any stimulation of
      migration. Even lymphokine activity (leukocyte inhibitory factor of migration)
      could be represented after having added carnitine.

PMID- 2414166
TI  - N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in lymphocytes of patients with diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - In 55 patients with diabetes mellitus the significant quantitative increase in
      numbers of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase-positive lymphocytes in the peripheral
      blood has been examined by cytochemical methods. The enzyme-positive lymphocytes
      of these patients were characterized by prevalence of extralysosomal localization
      of the enzyme and a decrease in the numbers of those cells having intact enzyme
      positive lysosomes. No association between these alterations and therapy with
      insulin or oral hypoglycemic drug and overweight could be stated.

PMID- 2414167
TI  - Lymphoblastic lymphoma in a female with chronic granulocytic leukaemia.
AB  - In a 18 years old, Ph1 negative woman a lymphoblastic lymphoma developed after 16
      months of treatment for juvenile form of CGL. In the course of the disease we
      observed twice the myeloblastic transformation and once the low differentiated
      transformation of CGL. Based on available methods we are not in a position to
      exclude a particular form of lymphoblastic transformation of CGL involving lymph
      nodes without leukaemic blood picture.

PMID- 2414168
TI  - Leucine aminopeptidase of neutrophils and lymphocytes in patients with cancer.
AB  - The leucine aminopeptidase activity has been determined by using the cytochemical
      method of Burston and Folk in peripheral blood neutrophils and lymphocytes of 45
      patients with various malignancies. Lung cancer, carcinoma of the stomach and
      cancer of the colon was diagnosed in 24, 16, and 5 patients, respectively.
      Patients with metastases showed a significantly higher activity of the enzyme if
      compared with that in the control group of healthy subjects and patients without
      metastases. The percentage of enzyme-positive lymphocytes was elevated
      significantly in patients with metastases whereas a total percentage of
      lymphocytes with regard to differential leukocyte count was diminished both in
      patients with and without metastases. The absolute count of neutrophils was
      elevated both in patients with and without metastases. The authors discuss the
      significance of their observation with regard to the antitumor cytotoxic effect
      of neutrophils and lymphocytes.

PMID- 2414169
TI  - [Phagocytosis activity of monocytes and macrophages in patients with
      plasmacytoma].
AB  - The capacity to phagocytosis in monocytic macrophages was investigated in 24
      patients with plasmocytoma. The investigation of this capacity was made by using
      short-term cultures with sheep erythrocytes loaded with antibodies and
      complement. In comparison to the control group the percentage of phagocyting
      macrophages was lowered in 16 from 24 patients. This impairment of the function
      of monocytic macrophages seems to be bound neither to the type of plasmocytoma
      nor to the stage of disease. Among other things, the nature of cell defect is
      discussed. The necessity of further investigations is emphasized.

PMID- 2414170
TI  - [Polydactyly in the Pelger-Huet anomaly].
AB  - The present paper is concerned with a report on a kin affected with Pelger-Huet's
      anomaly (PHA). 17 living heterozygous carriers of the anomaly are covered by the
      pedigree. Three further dead carriers of anomaly could be detected by
      genealogical studies. Polydactylia was found in three members of the kin, viz. in
      two sisters and a niece of second degree. Polydactylia could be found to have
      occurred at the same place in all these three persons concerned, with only one of
      them being a carrier of PHA: in all cases it was the doubling of the fifth toe of
      the right leg. This localisation of the same kind favours the assumption that
      this malformation is caused by genetics, however, without its having any
      genetical connection with PHA. The hypothesis was put forth that an enzyme defect
      is responsible for this hyposegmentation which simultaneously could have an
      impact on further elements of the mesenchymal tissue playing an important part in
      the histogenetic differentiation of organs.

PMID- 2414171
TI  - Response of granulocyte-committed progenitors from patients with chronic myeloid
      leukemia to humoral regulators release by macrophages in agar diffusion chamber
      culture.
AB  - We investigated the responsiveness of granulocyte-committed progenitors (CFU-G/D)
      from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and healthy subjects to
      stimulating and inhibiting activities released by murine macrophages in diffusion
      chamber culture. CFU-G/D from CML demonstrate a normal response to macrophage
      derived stimulation. The responsiveness of CFU-G/D from patients with CML to
      indomethacin-sensitive inhibition was significantly suppressed. In this regard no
      difference between CFU-G/D from bone marrow and blood of patients with CML could
      be observed. Colonies formed both by CFU-G/D from healthy subjects and CML
      consisted exclusively of cells of granulocyte line: from myeloblasts up to
      polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Similar cellular composition of colonies could be
      noted during macrophage-derived stimulation and inhibition of CFU-G/D growth. In
      conclusion, we have demonstrated that CML CFU-G/D which proliferate and
      differentiate in diffusion chamber culture show a normal response to macrophage
      derived stimulation but are less sensitive to indomethacin-dependent inhibition.

PMID- 2414172
TI  - Sickle cells show low expansibility and high resistance to saponin.
AB  - The expansibility under hypotonic condition and the susceptibility to saponin
      under hypotonic and deoxygenated conditions were determined. The experiments were
      carried out using a conventional blood cell counter and comparable volume changes
      were displayed on a chart as a graphic presentation. The sickle cells showed low
      expansibility and strong resistance to saponin, where the resultant curve of
      sickle cells showed prolonged hemolysis time and characteristic volume change.
      Thus, the methods would be useful for detecting sickle cell disease during
      routine laboratory procedures.

PMID- 2414173
TI  - [Hageman factor deficiency (factor XII)--hemorrhage or thrombosis?].
AB  - Four generations of a kin with congenital Factor XII deficiency were examined for
      coagulation and fibrinolysis, with the homozygous female carrier of features with
      a Factor XII below 1% also revealing certain indications of a disturbed
      fibrinolysis. The other members of the family had to be evaluated as heterozygous
      ones, showing values of Factor XII between 40 and 60%. The findings are discussed
      by referring to data from literature.

PMID- 2414174
TI  - Plasma thromboxane B2 in haemodialysed patients.
AB  - Plasma thromboxane B2 (TXB2) concentration was measured in 7 cases of terminal
      renal failure before and after haemodialysis. The TXB2 levels were higher in the
      investigated group than in the control group (p less than 0.05). Haemodialysis
      induced a further increase in the TXB2 concentration. Increased thromboxane
      production may play a part in the pathogenesis of accelerated atherosclerosis in
      uraemic patients treated with chronic haemodialysis.

PMID- 2414175
TI  - [Donor selection for the production of factor XIII preparations].
AB  - For the purpose of establishing a programme of plasmapheresis for manufacturing
      preparations containing factor VIII, investigations were made to check the
      expediency of selecting donors. Factor VIII activity (Factor VIII: C) was
      determined in a total of 165 donors of plasmapheresis. Dependencies of factor
      VIII: C on blood group, age and influence of smoking were examined. Depending on
      the blood group (0 less than A, B, AB) the results found by us showed significant
      differences in factor-VIII: C. The results are discussed and compared with data
      in literature. A selection of donors is considered to be reasonable. Increases in
      gaining factor-VIII are possible by making a pre-selection according to blood
      groups or better by exact testing respectively.

PMID- 2414176
TI  - [Evaluation of the erythrocyte antibody registry in East Germany (1978-1980)].
AB  - On the basis of statistics on erythrocyte antibodies annually transmitted to the
      Ministry of Health by the institutions of blood transfusion service in the GDR,
      an analysis on frequency, population and distribution of specificity to be found
      in erythrocyte antibodies was established for the first time from 1978 to 1980.
      For the time covered by the investigation, the GDR percentage of the total
      detection rate for antibodies amounted to 0.39%, with a fluctuating range of
      0.14% to 0.7% being present in the various districts. Even the percentages of
      immunoantibodies and natural antibodies greatly differed within the country. Anti
      D could be identified as the most frequent antibody. Moreover, the specificities
      anti-E, anti-P1, anti-Lea, anti-D + C and anti-Lea + Leb were significant in
      their number. The variety of antibodies detected justifies the necessity of
      consequently applying antibody screenings in the pretransfusional serology of
      hospitals. The percentage of antibodies predominantly identified by the indirect
      antihuman globulin test has to be enhanced by the continual application of this
      method.

PMID- 2414177
TI  - [Attempts at a demonstration of cross reactivity between the HLA- antigens A2 and
      B12 or A1 and B8].
AB  - Using human anti-HLA-A1, A2, B8 and B12 sera the cross reactivity between HLA
      antigens A1 and B8 or A2 and B12 respectively was investigated by means of the
      absorption test. A cross reactivity could be proved to exist between A2 and B12
      antigens, but only with an anti-HLA-B12 serum which was adsorbed by A2 positive
      and B12 negative thrombocytes as well as by A2 negative and B12 positive ones.
      Thus, the conclusion may be drawn that this serum covers a determinant common to
      HLA-A2 and B12.

PMID- 2414178
TI  - [Cytogenetic findings in acute myelogenous leukemias (FAB M 1 to M 6)].
AB  - The results published in the period from 1973 to 1983 entitled "Cytogenetic
      findings in acute myeloic leukemias" (M 1 to M 6 of FAB classification) were
      compiled. In 50-60 per cent of those patients affected with acute myeloic
      leukemia a deviating karyotype could be detected. With a markedly higher
      frequency chromosomes 8 and 21 will take part in aberrations, with translocations
      (8; 21) having the main share with about 30-40 per cent. More than half the male
      bearers of translocation exhibits a loss of the Y-chromosome, a third of female
      patients a loss of the X-chromosome. Trisomy 8 and 9 as well as monosomy 7 appear
      in about 20 per cent. These aberrations can also be found in all other leukemic
      and preleukemic processes. Patients with karyotypic abnormalities in all their
      cells will have the slightest average survival time and the worst appeal to
      therapy. The sole appearance of monosomy 7 or Ph1-chromosome respectively seems
      to be an unfavourable sign from a prognostic point of view. Children with acute
      myeloic leukemia will possess an aberrant karyotype more frequently than adults,
      but they have a longer average life, boys are more frequently affected by this.
      Acute promyelocytic leukemia can be characterized cytogenetically in 94 per cent
      of the cases by translocation (15; 17). However, distinct geographical
      differences can be observed here, the causes of which have not been elucidated.
      About 40 per cent of the patients with acute myelo-monocytic leukemia developed
      aberrations. Further investigations will have to show whether the chromosome 11
      really took part in it somewhat more frequently than merely at random. Chromosome
      anomalies have not a visible influence on the course of the disease. In 30-40 per
      cent of patients with a rarely occurring acute monocytic leukemia, an abnormal
      karyotype could be found. There was an incidence of 47 per cent for a specific
      translocation (9; 11) or a similar variant respectively. Erythroleukemia is
      characterized by a high instability of chromosomes and karyotypical variability,
      particularly in erythrocyte precursors and by an average survival time of one
      months. Megakaryoblastic and eosinophilic leukemia are very rare kinds of acute
      leukemias. The small number of publications allows no general statement to be
      made concerning karyotypical changes.

PMID- 2414179
TI  - [Cytogenetic findings in chronic myelogenous leukemia].
AB  - Cytogenetic findings in chronic myeloic leukemia are represented in a survey.
      More than 90 per cent of CML are characterized by Ph1 chromosomes, with more than
      90 per cent of the cases being involved in a translocation (9; 22). Further, non
      incidental aberrations are +Ph1, isochromosome (17q) and +8 which particularly
      develop at the acute stage. Isochromosome 17q is assumed to be a marker for a
      straightly impending development of a blast crisis. Ph1-negative CML is connected
      with a comparatively bad prognosis for the patient. Partial trisomy 9q+ is
      indicated here as a marker chromosome. For the patient concerned congenital
      chromosome defects, such as the Down-syndrome, represent a higher risk of being
      affected with leukemia.

PMID- 2414180
TI  - [Neoplastic meningosis in immature cell leukemias and malignant lymphomas].
AB  - 162 patients with acute leukemias or malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas were
      examined for meningeal and cerebral manifestations of their disease. A clinically
      manifest disease could be found in 13 patients, meningosis was additionally
      detected by autopsy in 32 patients. The highest frequency was found in acute
      lymphatic leukemia followed by lymphoblastic lymphomas and acute myeloic
      leukemias. Less frequently there was a meningeal involvement in low-grade
      malignant lymphomas which becomes clinically manifest only in some rare cases. In
      this respect, non-lymphoblastic, high grade-malignant lymphomas take an
      intermediate position. On principle, meningosis prophylaxis is imperative for
      acute lymphoblastic leukemias and advanced lymphoblastic lymphomas.

PMID- 2414181
TI  - TFX immunotherapy in children with ALL during remission.
AB  - The in vivo effect of thymus factor X (TFX) on the E-rosetting capacity, the
      absolute peripheral blood lymphocytes and T-cell number per microliter, the skin
      test reactivity to recall antigens, and the immunoglobulin production was
      evaluated in 20 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The in vitro effect
      of TFX was also tested. The mean percentage of E-rosettes in these patients
      increased from 50 to 64%. Although absolute peripheral blood lymphocyte and T
      cell number per microliter rose significantly, the mean values did not reach
      those in healthy children. The tests with recall antigens were positive in 13% of
      patients prior to immunotherapy and 32% following the therapy. The influence of
      immunotherapy on infectious episodes and on the stabilisation of remission was
      also evaluated. TFX in vivo appears to restore immunocompetence, decrease
      infections, and prolong remissions in children with ALL in remission.

PMID- 2414182
TI  - The mechanism of myelopoiesis inhibition in childhood acute leukemia.
AB  - The use of leukemic cells as source of CSF has been found to result in sharply
      reduced colony formation along with diminished proliferative activity of
      clonogenic precursors of nonleukemic granulo- and monocytopoiesis. Cells of a
      leukemic clone have no cytotoxic effect on the normal precursors of granulo- and
      monocytopoiesis and reduce the proliferative potential of these because their
      proliferation stimulating activity is low.

PMID- 2414183
TI  - [An unusual case of a basophilic variant of chronic myelogenous leukemia].
AB  - The described basophilic variant of CML in blastic crisis was characterized by a
      distinct hyperhistaminemia, a moderate hypocoagulation and an insufficiently
      effective cytostatic therapy. Cell kinetic was characterized by a marked
      diminution of the whole marketing index (with H3-thymidine) of blasts and
      immature basophils with simultaneous prolongation of the generation time in
      comparison to myeloblasts at the chronic stage of the CML. Aneuploid cell clones
      prevailed in the bone-marrow.

PMID- 2414184
TI  - [Electron microscopic determination of phenoloxidase (EC 1.14.18.1) in
      eosinophilic granulocytes of the small intestine of white rats].
AB  - It is shown that the light microscopic permanent detectable phenoloxidase
      activity, using dihydroxyphenylalanine as substrate, of the small intestine of
      white rats is localized in the most cases in eosinophilic granulocytes. The
      enzyme has been found as well in the cytoplasma as in the granules. The enzyme
      proof triggered in the granules the so called reverse effect. The results allow
      to conclude new aspects for the cell mediated immunological defense reaction.

PMID- 2414185
TI  - [Folic acid deficiency anemia caused by therapy in chronic renal insufficiency].
AB  - The turbidimetric determination of folic acid concentration in serum and
      erythrocytes was made by means of a spectrophotometer multiscan in 35
      conservatively treated patients with chronic renal failure with a minimum
      creatine retention of 309 mumol/l and in 63 hemodialysed patients with terminal
      renal insufficiency. The result showed a statistically significant diminution of
      serum folic acid concentration in those patients treated in a conservative manner
      and a significant diminution of plasmatic and erythrocytic folate++ activity in
      patients under hemodialysis. There was a correlation between the folic acid
      concentration and the hemoglobin level in both groups of patients, whereas there
      was no correlation to the number of leukocytes and thrombocytes. A protein
      deficiency diet or loss of dialysis through the capillary membrane could be found
      to be the cause for the loss of folic acid. The possibility of folate++
      substitutive therapy and its performance was discussed and recommended for
      selected indications.

PMID- 2414186
TI  - Experimentally induced toxic-haemolytic anaemia in laboratory rats following
      phenacetin administration.
AB  - In an attempt to give assistance in the search for a simple haematological system
      for the detection of toxic-haemolytic effects of chemical substances, we used a
      battery of simple tests and phenacetin as a reference substance. The drug was
      administered in a single dose or repeatedly for two or four weeks. Higher plasma
      haemoglobin levels and symptoms of anaemia (decreased blood haemoglobin levels,
      erythrocytic counts, haematocrit) and activated erythropoiesis (increased
      reticulocyte counts, MCV, marrow and splenic E:M ratios) were found to be best
      marked following administration of phenacetin in the very high dose of 1.0 g/kg
      per orally for two weeks. Our results suggest that plasma haemoglobin levels
      could provide information on the haemolytic potential of phenacetin if the
      experimental schedule included the optimal combination of suitable phenacetin
      dosage and duration of loading.

PMID- 2414187
TI  - [Leukergy-stimulating factors in polycythemia vera].
AB  - In a group of patients with polycythaemia vera (n = 10) a leukocyte activation
      could be identified in all cases by leukocyte agglomeration (LA). During full
      remission, LA remained within the normal range in nearly all patients. By means
      of plasma exchange trials leukocyte activation could be demonstrated to be caused
      by humoral factors being insensitive to inactivation at 56 degrees C. Factors
      stimulating leukergy apparently indicate a close relation to the activity of
      myelopoiesis. Its evidence can be applied as a diagnostic criterion for
      polycythaemia vera.

PMID- 2414188
TI  - [Evaluation of clinical efficacy of platelet substitution in acute leukemia using
      resonance thrombography].
AB  - For evaluating the clinical effectiveness of thrombocyte substitution, the
      resonance thrombogram was registered before and after thrombocyte substitution in
      50 patients with acute leukemia and the increase of thrombocytes (corrected
      increment) determined. Thrombocyte substitution led to a significant diminution
      of the platelet amplitude (p less than 0.01) and platelet value. The highest
      value of these alterations of parameters was reached 1 hour after transfusion, it
      was somewhat lower after 24 hours, yet the initial value was not reached again.
      Correlations could be found to exist between the platelet amplitude and the
      corrected thrombocyte increase 1 hour and 24 hours after transfusion. The
      resonance thrombography enables the successful control of thrombocyte
      substitution to be made and it is suitable for monitoring hemostasis in severe
      thrombocytopenia due to production.

PMID- 2414189
TI  - Antithrombin III deficiency: a report of 14 cases belonging to three different
      kindreds.
AB  - A hereditary deficiency of AT III is described in 14 subjects belonging to three
      different kindreds. There is no consanguineity in any of the families
      investigated. The pattern of inheritance of defect appears autosomal dominant.
      Seven of the affected subjects presented thrombotic episodes (deep vein
      thrombosis, splanchnic thrombosis, pulmonary embolization). The main laboratory
      features were: normal routine clotting tests, decreased AT III activity in all
      assay systems and concomitantly reduced AT III antigen levels. Crossed
      immunoelectrophoresis showed only reduced peaks with respect to normal in both
      plasma and serum. No correlation was found between age of patients and AT III
      levels.

PMID- 2414190
TI  - [Animal experimental and clinical studies on the behavior of an in vitro
      electrically produced thrombus mass].
AB  - In the electric field the solid blood components will move to the anode because
      of their negative surface charge. When influenced by a direct current of constant
      force and duration a thrombus differing in size will develop depending on the
      composition of the coagulation system. This regularity could be used for
      diagnostic purposes. By means of experiments with animals and clinical
      examinations the development of the "electro-clot" is observed in vitro before
      and after the administration of heparin. In addition, the behaviour of the
      thrombus developed in vitro in the electric field is checked in patients affected
      with obstructive lung diseases. Here a correlation existing between the mass of
      the thrombus and hematocrit could be proved.

PMID- 2414191
TI  - [Production and characterization of a new prothrombin complex concentrate].
AB  - A procedure is described for producing prothrombin complex concentrates from
      human citrate plasma by adsorption to DEAE-sephadex A 50. The technical
      appliances developed are described. As compared with the level of technology an
      efficient manufacture of the preparations can be ensured by essentially
      simplifying the technique at a charge volume of 10 l.

PMID- 2414192
TI  - Aggristin (ristomycin) precipitation test: a new tool for the detection of fibrin
      monomer and fibrin degradation products.
AB  - The specific detection of fibrin monomer and fibrin degradation products is of
      high importance in the laboratory diagnosis of intravascular clotting
      (disseminated intravascular coagulation, deep vein thrombosis). The methods
      proposed until now are partly time-consuming, needing special laboratories or
      insensitive and poorly specific. Applying ristomycin instead of ristocetin
      (another member of the vancomycin antibiotics) a new simple, specific and
      sensitive method has been elaborated and recommended for the laboratory diagnosis
      of intravascular coagulation and its differentiation from primary
      fibrinogenolysis. The results obtained from in vitro and animal experiments and
      from human studies are presented.

PMID- 2414193
TI  - Some further notes on Monrad-Krohn's case study of foreign accent syndrome.

PMID- 2414194
TI  - [Hydroxyethyl starch solution in patients with fundus arteriosclerosis and
      cerebral sclerosis].

PMID- 2414195
TI  - [The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)].

PMID- 2414196
TI  - [Study of functional domain structures on human DR determinants with mouse
      hybridoma antibody Tyn B1].

PMID- 2414197
TI  - Gastroduodenal mucosal hormone content in duodenal ulcer disease.
AB  - To further elucidate the pathophysiological role of peptide hormones in duodenal
      ulcer (DU) disease, several endocrine, paracrine and neurocrine peptides were
      determined radioimmunologically in biopsies of gastroduodenal mucosa obtained
      endoscopically in 8 subjects without upper gastrointestinal disease, and in 8
      duodenal ulcer patients. The DU patients had a BAO of 6.6 +/- 1.9 and a PAO of
      41.8 +/- 6.1 mEq/h. In DU patients, a lack of the acid and gastrin-release
      inhibiting agent somatostatin was found neither in antral nor in fundic mucosa
      (185 +/- 60 vs 83 +/- 19 pmol/g tissue wet weight in controls). Basal and peak
      acid outputs of DU patients were positively correlated with fundic somatostatin
      concentrations (p less than 0.01). While gastrin levels were not significantly
      elevated in the antrum of DU patients, the mucosal content of potentially
      releasable gastrin of the duodenal bulb and the descending duodenum was higher
      than in controls (p less than 0.01). In the whole duodenum, CCK-like
      immunoreactivity was also more abundant in DU patients than in controls, whereas
      GIP and motilin did not exhibit characteristic profiles. Presumably as a reactive
      phenomenon, the mucosal levels of the peptidergic neurotransmitters VIP and
      substance P were markedly increased in the proximal duodenum of DU patients.

PMID- 2414198
TI  - Effect of new oligopeptide inhibitors of elastase on acute experimental
      pancreatitis in the rat.
AB  - Acute experimental pancreatitis was induced in male Wistar rats by retrograde
      injection of 0.4 ml 2% sodium taurocholate into the common choledochopancreatic
      duct. Prophylactic intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg glutaryl-trialanine
      ethylamide, Glt-(Ala)3-NH-Et, 30 min. before induction of pancreatitis reduced
      the amount of fat necroses and the activity of amylase and lipase in ascites.
      Repeated intraperitoneal injection of this inhibitor decreased pancreatic
      hemorrhage. Simultaneous administration of 20 mg Glt-(Ala)3-NH-Et
      intraperitoneally, and 10 000 KIU of aprotinin intravenously was followed by the
      most extensive inhibitory effect. Prophylactic and repeated administration of
      both inhibitors also reduced the area of pancreatic hemorrhage. The same mode of
      administration of 20 mg undecenoyl-aspartyl-dialanyl-proline-ethylamide, UDE-Asp
      (Ala)2-Pro-NH-Et, intraperitoneally and 20 000 KIU of aprotinin intramuscularly,
      resulted in selective inhibition of fat necroses in all localizations. Glt-(Ala)3
      NH-Et and UDE-Asp-(Ala)2-Pro-NH-Et are considered effective inhibitors of various
      macroscopic and biochemical signs of acute pancreatitis in the rat during short
      ferm experiments, if administered prophylactically or early after induction of
      the disease.

PMID- 2414199
TI  - NMR spectrometric stool fat analysis--a new technique for quantifying steatorrhea
      and establishing the indication for enzyme replacement in chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - In 93 patients with known exocrine pancreatic function (secretin-pancreozymin
      test), NMR spectrometry and chloroform-methanol extraction of quantitatively
      collected, homogenized and lyophilized stools provided significantly correlated
      results with respect to stool fat concentration (r = 0.872) and total stool fat
      excretion/day (r = 0.983). In 83% of 24 patients with total stool fat
      excretion/day of more than 15 g (chloroform-methanol extraction), the indication
      for enzyme replacement was also established by stool fat concentrations of more
      than 35% determined by NMR spectrometry, irrespective of whether stool fat was
      measured in total stools or in 3 consecutive unhomogenized samples. In the
      remaining (17%) patients total stool fat excretion/day was only slightly elevated
      (16-21 g). Interestingly, in only 58% of patients actually needing enzyme
      replacement, did the secretin-pancreozymin test reveal a reduction of stimulated
      enzyme secretion to below 15% of the lower normal limit. The results indicate
      that NMR spectrometry of lyophilized samples of 3 consecutive unhomogenized
      stools is suitable for stool fat quantitation and for establishing the indication
      for enzyme replacement in chronic pancreatitis.

PMID- 2414200
TI  - [Experimental induction and cytogenetic study of yolk sac tumors in Chinese
      hamsters].
AB  - The development of teratomas and yolk sac tumors from displaced yolk sac is well
      documented in rats and mice. However, precise mechanisms of induction and
      pathogeneses of these tumors still remain unknown. The present study was
      undertaken in order to elucidate whether this phenomenon is common to all
      rodents, to identify the origin of these tumors and to explore specific
      chromosomal changes in yolk sac tumors. Ten benign teratomas and two malignant
      tumors with teratomatous elements were obtained from 33 chinese hamsters after
      fetectomy, followed by displacement of yolk sac. The histological characteristics
      and the presence of laminin and alpha-FP suggested that the malignant tumors
      belonged to the category of yolk sac tumors. Similarities of electromicroscopic
      features observed in the tumor cells and the yolk sac of normal 12-day
      conceptuses suggested that the tumor originated from yolk sac cells. Chromosomal
      analyses of in vitro cell lines established from one of yolk sac tumors disclosed
      that the tumor was composed of clones with XX and XY sex chromosome constitution.
      The 1P+marker chromosome was identified as a consistent abnormality, which seemed
      to play an important role for the development of yolk sac tumors in chinese
      hamsters.

PMID- 2414201
TI  - [Genetic restriction specificity of suppressor T cell circuit--analyses by
      allogeneic bone marrow chimeras].
AB  - To study adaptive differentiation phenomenon of T lymphocytes, a number of
      irradiation chimeras constructed from various combinations of marrow cells and
      recipient mice were prepared, and Ly-1 T cell suppressor inducer factor (Ly-1
      TsiF) and Ly-2 T cell suppressor factor (Ly-2 TsF) from these chimeras were
      analyzed for their ability to inhibit in vitro primary antibody responses to
      sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) of spleen cells from various strains of mice. AKR mice
      reconstructed with B10 marrow cells, [B10----AKR] chimeras, were able to produce
      Ly-1 TsiF and Ly-2 TsF following hyper-immunization with SRBC. The Ly-1 TsiF from
      [B10----AKR] chimeras suppressed antigen-specifically primary antibody responses
      to SRBC generated in the spleen cells of the same Igh-Vb haplotype as that of
      donor strains but not those in the cells of different Igh-V type. The Ly-2 TsF
      from [B10----AKR] chimeras was also shown to be donor restricted, but in this
      case restriction molecules were demonstrated to be H-2 products. Furthermore, the
      Ly-2 TsF from [B10----AKR] chimeras suppressed the responses seen in B10.A (3R)
      and B10.A (5R) mice but not those in B10.A (4R) mice, indicating that identity
      between the factor producing cells and target cells was required at the left side
      from E beta locus of the H-2 for the factor to show suppressive activity and that
      putative I-Jb was not involved in the suppression. Very similar results were
      obtained when Ly-1 TsiF and Ly-2 TsF from [B6----BALB/c] and [BALB/c----B6]
      chimeras were analyzed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2414202
TI  - Leucocyte antigens in human post mortem tissues: their preservation and loss as
      demonstrated by monoclonal antibody immunohistological staining.
AB  - The development of monoclonal antibodies and of techniques for demonstrating
      antigens in situ in frozen tissue sections has been responsible for remarkable
      progress in diagnostic histopathology. We explored the potential of these
      techniques when applied to post mortem tissues that were frozen at various
      intervals after death and stained by monoclonal antibodies using immunoperoxidase
      technique. The monoclonal antibodies were selected according to their reactivity
      with essential markers of the lymphatic system and also to their availability.
      Lymph nodes and splenic tissue from 30 autopsy cases were stained in addition to
      thymic tissue from eight deceased infants. The antigens proved to be surprisingly
      well preserved. Staining could be precisely evaluated with UCHT1, OKT6 and anti
      Leu-7 antibodies at least 72 h after death; staining with DAKO-pan-B, DAKO-LC and
      anti-Leu-3a was also very reliable. Antigens expressed by T-suppressor
      lymphocytes and dendritic reticulum cells were less well preserved. The T8
      antigen of suppressor lymphocytes was usually demonstrable in the lymph nodes but
      less frequently in the splenic tissues. It is concluded that most leucocyte
      antigens are very resistant to post mortem disintegration, and that they can be
      reliably interpreted by immunohistological staining using monoclonal antibodies.
      We therefore recommend this in autopsy specimens in cases where in-vivo
      examination was not feasible.

PMID- 2414203
TI  - Human lung tumours: a correlation of antigenic profile with histological type.
AB  - Fifty-four human lung tumours have been immunostained with a large panel of
      monoclonal antibodies including reagents against cytokeratins, prekeratins,
      epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and neural
      antigens. These results have been compared with the histological types of tumour
      using the current WHO classification scheme. The most striking finding of this
      study was the considerable overlap of antigenic profile between different
      histological types of tumour. This suggests that there may be a greater
      underlying similarity between different histological categories of lung tumour
      than has hitherto been assumed. Secondly it was evident that immunostaining
      highlighted areas of different morphology within many tumours emphasizing the
      heterogeneous differentiation patterns seen in lung cancers. The present study
      supports the viewpoint that lung tumours arise from a common stem cell and that
      these neoplasms represent a single tumour with a tendency to differentiate along
      one or more pathways.

PMID- 2414204
TI  - The characterization of two monoclonal anti-keratin antibodies and their use in
      the study of epithelial disorders.
AB  - The present paper describes the production and characterization of two monoclonal
      antibodies, K20 and K92. Immunohistological staining showed these two antibodies
      to be specific for keratinizing epithelium. However, whereas K20 stained all
      layers of the epidermis K92 reacted with only the suprabasal epidermal layers.
      Immunoblotting studies with preparations of keratins from both the non-cornified
      (i.e. the basal, spinous and granular layers) and cornified (stratum corneum)
      layers of epidermis showed that K20 recognized the 46, 48, 50, 55, 56, 56.5, 59,
      61, 62, 64, 65, 66 and 67 kd bands, of which the 50 and 46 kd bands appeared to
      be masked in tissue sections. In contrast, antibody K92 was more restricted in
      its activity, recognizing only the 55 and 56 kd bands strongly. These antibodies
      were used in the study of various epithelial disorders and revealed alterations
      in the epithelial intermediate filament expression in both benign and malignant
      disease processes.

PMID- 2414205
TI  - Demonstration of S-100 protein distribution in human lymphoid tissues by the
      avidin-biotin complex immunostaining method.
AB  - Immunoreactivity for S-100 protein was investigated immunohistochemically in a
      series of 49 fixed and paraffin-embedded normal, reactive, and neoplastic human
      lymphoid tissue specimens. The avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase method was
      used, with overnight (12-hour) incubation with a commercially available antiserum
      to S-100 protein. In addition, cryostat sections were tested with DRC 1
      monoclonal antibody to dendritic reticulum cells (DRCs) in three cases and with
      OKT6 antibody to interdigitating reticulum cells (IRCs) in nine cases. All
      tissues, including lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoid, spleens, appendices, thymuses,
      and tissues containing nodular reactive lymphoid infiltrates, demonstrated a
      consistent immune staining pattern. A striking network composed of dendritic
      processes that showed finely granular S-100 protein immunoreactivity was observed
      in most of the follicular germinal centers; a similar dendritic pattern was
      observed in the follicular centers when the corresponding frozen sections were
      immunostained with DRC 1. In the extrafollicular areas, the S-100-positive cells
      topographically and morphologically resembled the IRCs that were demonstrated by
      OKT6 antibody in the corresponding frozen sections. The results seem to indicate
      that cells topographically and morphologically similar to IRCs and DRCs in human
      lymphoid tissues from different sites share immunoreactivity for S-100 protein.
      The present study confirms the unexpected presence of S-100 protein in dendritic
      cells of follicular germinal centers by a simple and currently available method.

PMID- 2414206
TI  - DNA restriction polymorphism of alpha-fetoprotein gene after digestion by MspI
      endonuclease.
AB  - Hybridization of alpha-fetoprotein clones cDNA with human DNAs digested by seven
      restriction endonucleases reveals one polymorphism. This polymorphism, detected
      after restriction by MspI, is at low frequency (f = 0.02) and is validated by
      family analysis. It corresponds to an intronic sequence, for a methylated site
      external to the probes utilized.

PMID- 2414207
TI  - Relating the sodium current and conductance to the shape of transmembrane and
      extracellular potentials by simulation: effects of propagation boundaries.

PMID- 2414208
TI  - Simulation of use-dependent uptake of ion channel blocking agents by excitable
      membranes.

PMID- 2414209
TI  - Effect of limited interval resolution on single channel measurements with
      application to Ca channels.

PMID- 2414210
TI  - A combination of soluble helper factors bypasses the requirement for stimulator
      cells and induces nonspecific cytotoxic T cell responses.
AB  - The specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses generated in the
      presence of lymphokines was studied. Thymic responder cells were activated in the
      presence of stimulator cells that differed in their metabolic activity. After 5
      days of culture, the cytotoxic response was estimated in a 4-h 51Cr-release test.
      Coculture of thymic responders with irradiated splenic stimulator cells in the
      presence of interleukin 2(IL 2) led to preferential cytolysis of target cells
      that expressed the same histocompatibility antigens as the cells used for
      sensitization. Addition of T cell cytotoxicity-inducing factor 1 (TCF1), however,
      to those cultures made the presence of stimulator cells unnecessary and induced
      cytotoxic responses against all target cells tested, including target cells
      syngeneic to the responder cells. This activation was neither due to
      contaminating mitogen nor to the effect of heterologous serum in the assay
      system. The conclusion of these findings was that either polyclonal activation of
      CTL was induced by TCF1 or that some specific CTL clones differentiated into
      unrestricted killer cells under the influence of TCF1.

PMID- 2414211
TI  - Specific and non-specific components in the triggering of proliferative and
      cytotoxic responses of T lymphocytes with different cell density.
AB  - We hve analyzed the functional behavior of lymphocyte subsets separated on the
      basis of cell density. Low and high density subpopulations were cultured in FCS,
      alone or with allogeneic irradiated PBL, and then examined for proliferation and
      cytotoxic activity against autologous (responder) and allogeneic (stimulator) PHA
      induced blasts, K562 and Daudi. In the high density subset proliferation and
      generation of anti-K562 and anti-Daudi effects were induced by FCS and to higher
      extent by allospecific stimulation. Exposure to alloantigens induced allospecific
      cytotoxicity. Autologous PHA blasts were not affected. The results with the low
      density subset differed. Independently of the type of stimulus imposed, the low
      density fraction showed little if any proliferation, but its cytotoxic activity
      was stronger against all targets tested. In some of the experiments, anti
      alloblast cytotoxicity was generated in the control cultures. Thus, polyclonal
      activation induced by FCS triggered in this fraction allospecific cytotoxicity.
      In this subset, the effect against allogeneic PHA blasts comprised a specific and
      a non-specific component because autologous PHA blasts were also lysed. Limiting
      dilution analysis involving allostimulation showed higher frequency of cytotoxic
      precursors in the low density subset. Split minicultures were tested for lysis of
      auto- and allogeneic blasts. Alloreactive cultures that did not lyse the
      autologous target were more frequent in the cultures initiated with the high
      density cells. There was no conclusive evidence for the existence of autoreactive
      cultures that did not lyse the allogeneic blasts.

PMID- 2414212
TI  - Antibodies to calmodulin during experimental Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
      infections in rabbits.
AB  - Calmodulin is an intracellular Ca2+ receptor protein which regulates a wide
      variety of enzymatic processes in eukaryotic cells examined in detail. Native
      calmodulin is not antigenic in rabbits because of its small size, high degree of
      amino acid sequence conservation and hydrophobicity. African trypanosomes contain
      a novel calmodulin which is structurally distinct from bovine brain and
      Tetrahymena calmodulins. In the present study, we examine the antibody response
      towards these calmodulins during chronic Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
      infections. Injection of purified trypanosome calmodulin into rabbits stimulates
      the production of specific IgG antibodies which recognize trypanosome, but not
      bovine brain or Tetrahymena calmodulins. By contrast, during chronic T. brucei
      infections in rabbits, antibodies (IgG + IgM + IgA) that recognize trypanosome,
      Tetrahymena and mammalian calmodulins arise. When only IgG antibodies are
      evaluated from infection sera, the major response is against mammalian and
      Tetrahymena calmodulins. Significantly fewer IgG antibodies are measured in the
      infection sera which recognize trypanosome calmodulin, while the non-specific
      control protein, chicken ovalbumin, is not recognized. Peak IgG antibody
      responses against calmodulin occur between Days 30-34 post-infection. Competition
      assays indicate that Tetrahymena and mammalian calmodulins are recognized at
      identical epitopes which are distinct from epitopes on trypanosome calmodulin. We
      conclude that, in the context of chronic T. brucei infections in rabbits,
      antibodies arise which are able to recognize mammalian host calmodulin.

PMID- 2414213
TI  - Establishment and characterization of a permanent T-cell line producing an
      antigen non-specific suppressor factor.
AB  - A permanent cell line designated SL4c has been established from a primary culture
      of murine BALB/c spleen cells regularly stimulated with large doses of irradiated
      allogeneic cells plus exogenous interleukin-2(IL-2). After 8 months of
      cultivation, the cells of the SL4c line proliferate spontaneously and do not
      respond with an increase in proliferation to alloantigenic stimulation. The cells
      have the Lyt 1.2+, Lyt 2.2-, L3T4a+, Thy 1.2+ phenotype and exert a strong
      suppressive effect upon stimulation with freshly explanted cells. The SL4c line
      produces a suppressor factor (SF4c), which inhibits the mitogen-induced
      proliferation of normal lymphoid cells but does not suppress the proliferation of
      fibroblasts and sarcoma cells. The suppression is antigen non-specific, is not
      limited by H-2 restriction nor by interspecies barrier, and is not due to
      cytotoxic effect. However, the suppression is only detectable if the SF4c is
      added to the stimulated cells during the early stages of mitogen-induced
      proliferation. A tentative characterization of the relative molecular weight (MW)
      of the suppressor molecule based upon fractionation of SF4c supernatant on a
      Sepharose 6B column shows that the inhibitory activity is confined to the high MW
      fractions (300,000-350,000). Translation material obtained from Xenopus laevis
      oocytes, which were injected with RNA preparations isolated from SL4c cells, also
      shows the suppressive effect.

PMID- 2414214
TI  - Activation and proliferation signals in mouse B cells. VII. Calcium ionophores
      are non-mitogenic polyclonal B-cell activators.
AB  - Calcium ionophores cause polyclonal proliferation of lymphocytes from man, rabbit
      and pig, but are not mitogenic for mouse T or B lymphocytes. We show here that
      two Ca2+ ionophores (A23187 and ionomycin) nonetheless activate a substantial
      proportion of mouse B lymphocytes at concentrations which effectively inhibit DNA
      synthesis induced by conventional mitogens, such as anti-immunoglobulin
      antibodies. Activation of B cells was detected by (i) increased expression of Ia
      antigen after 24 hr culture with ionophores, and (ii) the accelerated onset of
      DNA synthesis in B cells primed with ionophores for 24 hr, washed and then
      rechallenged with anti-Ig. Unlike anti-Ig, the ionophores did not induce either
      the breakdown of inositol phospholipids, or RNA synthesis in B cells. Finally,
      activation of B cells by ionophores is highly susceptible to inhibition by
      cyclosporine. These results therefore suggest that elevation of intracellular
      Ca2+ induced by these ionophores is sufficient to cause B cells to leave Go, but
      not to enter the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Clearly, additional signals are
      required for B cells to progress further into cycle and eventually become
      committed to DNA synthesis.

PMID- 2414215
TI  - The mouse Ly-17 locus identifies a polymorphism of the Fc receptor.
AB  - The mouse Ly-17.2 alloantigen has recently been defined with both conventional
      and monoclonal antibodies; it identifies a locus, sited on chromosome 1, the
      products of which were considered to be specific for B cells. Using another Ly
      17.2-specific monoclonal antibody (described herein), the tissue distribution of
      the Ly-17.2 antigen was shown to extend to a subpopulation of T lymphocytes and
      to neutrophils. This distribution is remarkably similar to that of the Fc
      receptor for immunoglobulin. Indeed, we now demonstrate that the Ly-17 locus
      codes for a polymorphism of the Fc receptor, a conclusion based upon (a) an
      identical tissue distribution of Ly-17.2 and FcR on both normal and tumor tissue;
      (b) specific inhibition of EA rosette formation by F(ab')2 fragments of anti-Ly
      17.2; (c) inhibition of the binding of the 2.4G2 monoclonal rat antimouse Fc
      receptor antibody by Ly-17.2 antibody; (d) precipitation of an identical series
      of molecules by our Ly-17.2-specific antibody and by the recognized Fc receptor
      specific antibody (2.4G2); and (e) the demonstration by coprecipitation that the
      Ly-17.2 specificity is present on Fc receptor molecules. The studies suggest that
      the xenogeneic monoclonal antibody (2.4G2) which recognizes an invariant site on
      the FcR molecule and the polymorphic site are closely associated. In addition,
      the studies firmly map a gene coding for or regulating the expression of the FcR
      to chromosome 1.

PMID- 2414217
TI  - Intubation in oesophageal cancer: endoscopic or surgical approach?

PMID- 2414216
TI  - Analysis of associative recognition determinants on class I H-2Kb mutant
      molecules.

PMID- 2414218
TI  - Palliative surgical intubation for advanced oesophageal malignancy.

PMID- 2414219
TI  - Endoscopic palliative intubation in advanced esophageal carcinoma.

PMID- 2414220
TI  - Usefulness of combination chemotherapy in relieving dysphagia of carcinoma
      esophagus. (A preliminary report).

PMID- 2414221
TI  - Foetomaternal haemorrhage in Rh negative responders & non-responders.

PMID- 2414222
TI  - Clinical significance of serum lactate dehydrogenase, phosphohexose isomerase,
      aldolase and hexokinase in prostatic carcinoma.
AB  - The enzyme activities of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). prostate fluid LDH
      isoenzymes phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), Aldolase (ALD) and Hexokinase (HK) were
      determined in the sera of 77 samples of males. There were 12 cases of carcinoma
      prostate with metastases, 15 without metastases, 25 with benign prostatic
      hypertrophy and 25 nontumor. The enzyme activities of nontumor and benign group
      were statistically similar. The prostatic fluid LDH5/LDH1 ratio and PHI has been
      found to be the most sensitive parameter for detecting carcinoma prostate. Serial
      determinations of LDH, PHI, ALD and HK were found valuable for following the
      course of the disease during therapy.

PMID- 2414223
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to enterobacterial common antigen and to Escherichia coli
      lipopolysaccharide outer core: demonstration of an antigenic determinant shared
      by enterobacterial common antigen and E. coli K5 capsular polysaccharide.
AB  - We established hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies against
      enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) and a substructure of the outer core of
      different Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). Anti-ECA antibodies 865
      and 898 reacted with ECA in extracts of heated E. coli and with ECA-bound R1 and
      R4 core-containing LPS preparations, as well as with a purified sample of ECA
      from Salmonella montevideo. Antibody 865, but not antibody 898, cross-reacted
      with K5 capsular polysaccharide, suggesting that 4-linked alpha-N
      acetylglucosamine is part of an antigenic determinant shared by both K5
      polysaccharide and ECA. Anti-LPS antibody 786 recognized an outer core structure
      common to E. coli K-12, B, R2, and R4 core type LPS, but not to R1 and R3 core
      type LPS. Its most probable target is the trisaccharide sequence Hexp(1----2)
      alpha-D -Glcp(1----3) alpha-D-Glcp----(Hepp) (where Hex is hexose, p is
      phosphate, Glc is glucose, and Hep is heptose), the first glucose being the
      immunodominant moiety. These monoclonal antibodies may be used not only for the
      detection of ECA, K5, and LPS core structures but also for analysis of the
      molecular forms resolved on polyacrylamide gels (banding patterns) of both ECA
      and LPS, independently of one another.

PMID- 2414224
TI  - T cell clones and their products: experimental clues for the immunoprophylaxis
      and immunotherapy of intracellular bacterial infections?
AB  - In this paper experimental models utilizing murine T cell clones specific for the
      intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes are described and some matters of
      possible relevance to the development of novel immunological strategies against
      intracellular bacterial infections discussed. Improved vaccines against
      intracellular bacteria should be selected for their expression of a maximum
      amount of immunoprotective epitopes and their lack of immunosuppressive epitopes.
      Analysis of these epitopes may be accomplished with T cell clones of known
      biological activities. Alternatively, active vaccination in the absence of the
      etiological agent using idiotypic or clonotypic antibodies may be considered.
      Improved vaccines against intracellular bacteria must also have the capacity to
      induce strong T cell responses. Intensified efforts should therefore be
      undertaken to overcome the current lack of medically acceptable adjuvants for the
      stimulation of cellular immunity. Once adjuvants as well as defined antigens have
      become available, the construction of a novel generation of highly effective
      vaccines should become feasible. In experimental models, T cell clones which
      confer antibacterial protection have been established. However, these T cell
      clones expressed low in vivo activity, most probably due to the acquisition of an
      aberrant migration pattern. Thus, the application of T cell clones for adoptive
      vaccination against intracellular bacteria in clinical medicine appears to be
      premature. The observation that lymphokines could protect mice against
      listeriosis indicates that immunotherapy of intracellular bacterial infections
      with lymphokines may be a realistic goal in the near future.

PMID- 2414225
TI  - Indirect evidence of cell wall alterations in pseudomonas aeruginosa by
      immunoglobulin preparations.
AB  - Ten strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different clinical sources
      were incubated with immunoglobulin preparations for i.v. use. This resulted in
      the release of beta-lactamases normally cellbound in the periplasmic space. The
      amount of released beta-lactamases--depending on the degree of cell wall
      alteration--was spectrophotometrically determined by the use of nitrocefin as an
      indicator substance. Beta-lactamase release varies according to strain
      specificity and depends on the chemical modification of the immunoglobulins used.

PMID- 2414226
TI  - Prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus infections with interferons and
      immune globulins.
AB  - With the exception of congenitally-infected infants, cytomegalovirus infection is
      generally benign in persons with normal host defenses. In contrast, among
      immunosuppressed patients, these infections may be severe and sometimes fatal.
      Treatment of cytomegalovirus infection with presently available antiviral agents
      including interferons has not been successful. Prevention of infection has been
      successful in several circumstances, however. Cytomegalovirus is transmitted by
      blood products from seropositive donors, and screening to remove seropositive
      blood products or freezing to destroy leukocytes has been effective amont
      neonates, cardiac transplant patients and renal dialysis patients. An alternative
      approach used among marrow transplant patients is passive immunization of
      seronegative patients with plasma or globulins with high antibody titers against
      cytomegalovirus. Alpha interferon given prophylactically has been effective in
      delaying virus reactivation and reducing the severity of infection among
      seropositive renal transplant patients. All of these approaches, as well as the
      continued development of more effective antiviral agents, will be needed for
      control of cytomegalovirus infection.

PMID- 2414228
TI  - Effects of various cytochalasins on the IgE-mediated serotonin release from rat
      basophilic leukemia cells.
AB  - The effects of cytochalasins on the antigen-induced serotonin release from rat
      basophilic leukemia cells were investigated. These drugs could be divided into
      four groups based on their effect on the release: (1) drugs which enhance the
      release, (2) drugs which enhance the release at a low dose (10(-7) and 10(-6) M)
      and inhibit it at a high dose (10(-5) and 10(-4) M), (3) drugs which show only
      inhibition, and (4) drugs which are inert or slightly stimulate the reaction.
      Cytochalasins B and D were included in group 1 and chaetoglobosins A, D and J
      were placed in group 2. Group 3 contained aspochalasins B, D and cytochalasin A,
      and group 4 included chaetoglobosins E and F. The structure and activity
      relationships of these drugs are also discussed.

PMID- 2414229
TI  - Glycoprotein allergens in pollen of timothy. II. Isolation and characterization
      of a basic glycoprotein allergen.
AB  - A basic glycoprotein allergen has been isolated from pollen of timothy by a
      combination of chromatography on columns of CM-Sepharose CL-6B, Bio-Gel P-30,
      DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and Ultrogel AcA 44. The allergen which is immunologically
      identical with the allergen formerly denoted as antigen 30 had an isoelectric
      point of 9.45. The MW of the glycoprotein was found to be 54,000 and 38,000 by
      SDS-PAGE and gel filtration, respectively. The allergen contains arabinose
      (3.1%), fucose (0.7%), xylose (0.7%), mannose (2.1%), galactose (2.8%) and
      glucose (0.2%). In rocket radioimmunoelectrophoresis the allergen bound IgE from
      57 (78%) of 73 patient sera tested. The allergen did not bind Yariv artificial
      galactosyl- and glucosyl-carbohydrate-binding antigens or a monoclonal antibody
      against ryegrass pollen glycoprotein allergens.

PMID- 2414227
TI  - The experimental and clinical use of immune-modulating drugs in the prophylaxis
      and treatment of infections.
AB  - Therapeutic agents capable of stimulating immune responses could be of great
      value in the prophylaxis and treatment of infectious diseases. Three classes of
      compounds, each representing a separate approach to the goal of immune
      stimulation, are discussed with respect to recent experimental and clinical
      findings. The action of microbial structures and their derivatives can be
      understood on the basis of "acquired cellular immunity", a phenomenon first
      described in connection with infections by mycobacteria and other intracellular
      organisms. In contrast, there is hardly a common denominator for synthetic
      compounds which are currently used as immune-stimulatory agents. Substances which
      influence purine metabolism in lymphocytes on the one hand and histamine H2
      blockers such as cimetidine on the other hand seem to represent the most
      promising developments in this field to date. Products of immune cells such as
      transfer factor and lymphokines form the third and possibly most important group
      of immune-stimulating agents. Current experimental and clinical trends in this
      field are briefly described. It is suggested that the delineation of the
      mechanism of action of lymphokines will open the door to the identification or
      synthesis of artificial agonists and antagonists as has been the case in the
      pharmacology of the endocrine and nervous systems.

PMID- 2414230
TI  - Purification and characterization of a major allergen from Dactylis glomerata
      pollen: the Ag Dg1.
AB  - We have isolated an allergen (Ag Dg1) from Dactylis glomerata pollen which is
      recognized by the serum of 95% of human patients sensitive to D. glomerata
      pollen, as has been shown by the nitrocellulose immunoprint technique. After two
      successive purifications by preparative isoelectric focusing (IEF), Dg1 was
      characterized as a single band in analytical agarose IEF with a pI of 5.9 and was
      found to display 3 bands by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel with the
      respective molecular weights: 21,000, 31,000 and 33,000 daltons. The high
      recognition frequency by IgE antibodies of Dg1 in the sera of allergic patients
      and its ability to trigger histamine release from sensitized human basophils
      allow to consider that Ag Dg1 is the main major allergen extracted from D.
      glomerata pollen.

PMID- 2414231
TI  - Regulation of natural killer cell activity and interferon production in the rat
      lung following aerosol challenge.
AB  - High levels of natural cytotoxicity were detected in vitro in cells from the lung
      interstitium of the rat following collagenase digestion of lung tissue. In
      contrast, alveolar cells exhibited negligible levels of natural cytotoxicity and
      furthermore suppressed the natural cytotoxicity of interstitial lung leukocytes.
      This suppression was alleviated following in vivo administration of indomethacin.
      The natural cytotoxicity of cells from both the lung and spleen was transiently
      suppressed following exposure of normal rats to aerosols of Escherichia coli
      lipopolysaccharide or of ovalbumin-sensitized rats to an ovalbumin aerosol.
      Parenchymal lung leukocytes, like those from the spleen and peripheral blood,
      showed enhanced cytotoxicity when treated with interferon in vitro. In addition
      interstitial leukocytes were capable of producing interferon when cocultured with
      P815 cells and, as was the case with the spleen, low density cells produced the
      most interferon. However, alveolar cells did not produce interferon in this
      system. These studies suggest that the lung is capable of self-regulation of the
      high levels of natural cytotoxicity present in interstitial tissue; alveolar
      cells or their products may suppress interstitial natural killer cells whilst
      interstitial leukocytes have the capacity to stimulate natural killer cells by
      producing interferon.

PMID- 2414232
TI  - Selective removal of plasma constituents potential application in the treatment
      of renal disease.
AB  - Perfectioning of the currently available techniques of selective extraction of
      plasma constituents by chemical, immunological and physical means either on-line
      or off-line is likely to have an impact on the current practice of plasmapheresis
      in renal disease. Because of its intrinsic advantages and the resemblance to
      standard dialysis techniques, hemoperfusion provides a model for future
      developments. Likely to find an application in the therapy of renal diseases are
      techniques of cascade filtration, cryogelation and filtration as well as more
      selective techniques such as removal of specific antibodies, G gammaglobulins,
      immune complexes and DNA antibodies.

PMID- 2414233
TI  - Multiple epitopes on a human breast-carcinoma-associated antigen.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody (MAb) NCRC-11 identifies an epitope expressed variably in
      human breast cancer. The degree of expression of this epitope in primary operable
      tumours is closely related to the subsequent clinical course of the disease
      (Ellis et al., 1985). The target antigen for NCRC-11 was isolated from
      subcellular membranes of breast carcinomas and purified by immunoadsorbent
      chromatography. NCRC-11 epitopes were expressed upon a large glycoprotein of more
      than 400 kd. This material was susceptible to degradation by pronase and papain
      and contained N-acetylglucosamine, as indicated by its binding to wheat-germ
      agglutinin. The NCRC-11-defined antigen expressed epitopes for the anti-human
      milk-fat globule membrane antibodies HMFG-1 and HMFG-2, and other antibodies
      against epithelial membrane antigens (EMA, LICR-LON-M8). The reactivity of these
      antibodies with tumour membranes was also similar, but not identical, to that of
      the NCRC-11 antibody. In competitive binding-inhibition assays, these antibodies
      partially inhibited the binding of 125I-NCRC-11 antibody to antigen, suggesting
      that the epitopes involved are topographically closely associated. Sandwich
      immunoassays demonstrated that NCRC-11 epitopes are likely to represent repeated
      structures of the NCRC-11 antigen. The findings presented are interpreted as
      indicating that the NCRC-11 antigen expresses a variety of epitopes which are
      associated with normal differentiation and malignant change.

PMID- 2414234
TI  - Improved detection of labile cell-surface components with zinc chloride
      aprotinin: demonstration of glycoprotein differences in K-1735 metastatic
      melanoma variants.
AB  - Metabolic labelling of K-1735 melanoma variants with 3H-glucosamine and cell
      harvesting with the commonly used protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride
      revealed a Triton-insoluble fibronection-like 230 kd component in poorly
      metastatic cells. This component was not evident in highly metastatic cells.
      Significantly improved surface labelling and detection of the 230 kd glycoprotein
      in the highly metastatic variant was achieved by zinc chloride-aprotinin
      treatment of cells prior to harvesting. This procedure also revealed an increase
      in a trypsin-sensitive glycoprotein of higher molecular weight in the Triton
      insoluble fraction of the highly metastatic cell variant. Glycoprotein labelling
      in this fraction showed an electrophoretic pattern strongly resembling that
      reported by others for the high-molecular-weight human melanoma-associated
      glycoprotein complex. The differential detection of the high-molecular-weight
      glycoprotein species in melanoma variants with differing metastatic abilities in
      an animal model provides a means of studying their possible relevance to
      metastatic melanoma. Our data also suggest that zinc chloride-aprotinin can be
      used to improve the detection of labile cell-surface components.

PMID- 2414235
TI  - Electromechanical delay in the intact dog heart.
AB  - A computer method was developed for the determination of electromechanical delay
      defined as the time between the onset of Q-wave and the onset of the left
      ventricular systolic pressure rise. It was validated for heart catheterization
      studies on 56 intact anaesthetized beagle dogs in 86 sessions. The mean basal
      value of the electromechanical delay was 22 +/- 4 msec. Heart rate,
      contractility, preload and afterload were changed by atrial pacing and by
      infusions of calcium chloride, isoproterenol, propranolol, dextran and
      phenylephrine. Increase of heart rate by pacing from the spontaneous rate of 90
      per min to 240 per min prolonged the electromechanical delay from 21 +/- 5 to 33
      +/- 14 msec (P less than 0.001). Otherwise the duration of electromechanical
      delay changed independently of the heart rate. If it changed, the direction of
      the change followed that of the pre-ejection period. Its proportion of the pre
      ejection period varied from 26 to 52%. The electromechanical delay shortened when
      a positive inotropic effect was noticed or the presystolic fibre length
      increased.

PMID- 2414236
TI  - Use of acute phase protein changes to assess the effects of a nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drug (niflumic acid) on the inflammation process induced by
      limited plastic surgery.
AB  - Serum levels of acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein, alpha 1 acid
      glycoprotein, and haptoglobin) have been measured to assess the effects of a
      nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (niflumic acid). Thirty patients undergoing
      plastic surgery have been studied. The results obtained from this surgical model
      prove that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs can modify acute phase response
      and especially acute phase proteins levels. The participation of prostaglandins
      in the acute phase protein variations is discussed. The authors conclude that
      haptoglobin could provide a convenient tool for studying some aspects of
      prostaglandin action in vivo.

PMID- 2414237
TI  - Combination of chemotherapy with radiotherapy: review of previous studies and new
      perspectives.
AB  - A review is made of the effectiveness of various combinations of radio- and
      chemotherapy in head and neck cancers and it is suggested that cisplatin combined
      with radiotherapy is likely to produce the most favourable results.

PMID- 2414238
TI  - Histochemical study of endocervical glycoproteins throughout the normal menstrual
      cycle and adjacent to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
AB  - Intracellular endocervical mucins from 45 normal uteri at different phases of the
      menstrual cycle, assessed by endometrial histology, have been investigated
      quantitatively. Both acidic and neutral mucins are produced by mucosal cells,
      although acidic mucin is far in excess of neutral mucin. Both acidic components
      undergo cyclical changes: an increase in sialoglycoproteins occurs in the
      periovulatory phase with a decrease in the secretory phase when sulphomucins
      increase. This suggests that sialoglycoprotein plays a role in the production of
      sperm-penetrable mucus at midcycle. Endocervical mucins adjacent to 37 examples
      of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia have also been investigated. In nine cases
      glands immediately adjacent to the abnormal squamous epithelium showed a decrease
      in sulphomucins together with an increase in sialomucins when compared with
      others 8 mm distant. Such changes are similar to those described adjacent to
      colonic adenocarcinoma and may reflect a premalignant mucosa.

PMID- 2414239
TI  - Immunohistochemical study of amylase in common epithelial tumors of the ovary.
AB  - Cellular localization of amylase in various ovarian tumors was studied by the
      immunoperoxidase method using an antibody to human pancreatic amylase. Amylase
      was present in eight of 34 serous carcinomas and eight of 27 endometrioid
      carcinomas. However, only in one poorly differentiated serous carcinoma and two
      well-differentiated endometrioid carcinomas were a large number of amylase
      reactive cells found. Five benign and three borderline serous tumors contained no
      amylase. Also, amylase was not detected in any of 34 mucinous tumors or five
      malignant clear cell tumors. The results obtained suggest that amylase will be a
      useful tumor marker, when present, for follow-up of endometrioid and serous
      carcinomas of the ovary.

PMID- 2414240
TI  - Florid mesonephric hyperplasia of the cervix: a report of a case with review of
      the literature.
AB  - A rare case of florid mesonephric hyperplasia (FMH) of the cervix found
      incidentally in the hysterectomy specimen of a 49-year-old woman was studied with
      light and electron microscopy as well as histochemistry and immunohistochemistry.
      A lack of architectural and cytologic atypia of the glands and tubules and a
      benign clinical course are consistent with a hyperplastic rather than neoplastic
      process. Direct histologic continuity between mesonephric duct remnants and
      hyperplastic glands with numerous cytotelolysosomes and lack of intracellular
      mucin and carcinoembryonic antigen are the features that distinguish FMH from
      minimal deviation adenocarcinoma of the endocervix.

PMID- 2414241
TI  - Semisynthesis of linear gramicidins using diphenyl phosphorazidate (DPPA).
AB  - Sequential HPLC analysis has been used to optimize a synthetic scheme for the
      preparation of semisynthetic position 1 analogues of the channel-forming
      pentadecapeptide, gramicidin A. Diphenyl phosphorazidate (DPPA) was more
      efficient than dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) for the coupling of N-formyl amino
      acids to des(formyl-valyl) gramicidin A. The DPPA coupling proceeds rapidly, and
      with high yield, at 0 degree. The absence of significant (less than 0.1%)
      racemization is demonstrated by the lack of electrophysiologically active formyl
      L-valine gramicidin A in preparations of formyl-D-valine gramicidin A. This
      scheme has proved useful for the preparation of microgram to gram amounts of
      position-1-substituted gramicidin analogues suitable for crystallography and
      electrophysiology. Details of the techniques for the preparation of these highly
      purified analogues are discussed.

PMID- 2414242
TI  - Pediatric applications of serial auditory brainstem and middle-latency evoked
      response recordings.
AB  - Serial auditory brainstem (ABR) and middle-latency (AMR) response recordings were
      made for 12 children (8 male, 4 female) ranging in age from 2 weeks to 10 years.
      A total of 40 ABR and 32 AMR assessments were carried out at bedside in varied
      hospital environments, including a pediatric intensive care unit (ICU), a
      neonatal ICU and an operating room. Clinical entities were distributed as
      follows: acute, severe head injury (5), hydrocephalus (2), meningomyelocele (2),
      hyperbilirubinemia (1), ototoxic drug overdose (1), severe developmental delay
      (1). Auditory evoked responses were applied in monitoring peripheral and central
      auditory system status, and contributed to medical, surgical and audiologic
      management. Abnormalities of the ABR were reversed in some children, such as
      those with hydrocephalus, with medical or surgical therapy. In other cases, such
      as a hyperbilirubinemic child, a marked ABR abnormality apparently reversed
      spontaneously. We present five cases to illustrate diverse applications of serial
      auditory evoked response measures in children.

PMID- 2414243
TI  - The effects of stress and relaxation on oral digestion of a complex carbohydrate
      food.

PMID- 2414244
TI  - Elimination of protease-inhibitor complexes from the arthritic joint.
AB  - In the rheumatic joint, destructive proteolytic enzymes are released and
      counteracted by complexation to the predominant inhibitors alpha 2-macroglobulin
      and alpha 1-antitrypsin. The articular elimination of these complexes is thought
      to be of decisive importance in the protease-inhibitor interplay influencing the
      inhibitory capacity of the synovial fluid. Protease-alpha 2-macroglobulin
      complexes showed an intraarticular half-life shorter than 2 hours in arthritis
      and were eliminated by various routes including phagocytosis in cells of the
      synovial membrane and in regional lymph nodes, in addition to haematogenous
      resorption and uptake in the liver. The phagocytosed complexes were degraded to
      low-molecular-weight metabolites excretable in the urine. The articular
      elimination of elastase-alpha 1-antitrypsin complexes seemed to be an equivalent
      process, but an additional intrasynovial dissociation of the complexes was also
      indicated. Thus the intraarticularly released elastase seemed to be bound and
      eliminated in complex with alpha 2-macroglobulin.

PMID- 2414245
TI  - Cell position and cell interactions in expression of fetal phenotype of
      hepatocyte.

PMID- 2414246
TI  - Primitive never-dividing macronuclei of some lower ciliates.

PMID- 2414247
TI  - Essential ions for maintenance of the corneal epithelial surface.
AB  - It is generally believed that tears are required to furnish only oxygen to the
      corneal epithelium. However, as tears are a very complicated solution, it is
      likely that other factors are essential to the cells of the corneal surface. The
      amount of light scattered from the epithelial surface of the excised rabbit
      cornea was examined with the in vitro specular microscope while the epithelium
      was bathed in different solutions. It was shown that the epithelial surface was
      maintained best with a buffered solution containing potassium, calcium,
      magnesium, phosphate and bicarbonate, in addition to sodium chloride. The
      solution was named Basic Tear Solution (BTS). The effect was not due to
      osmolarity. Potassium was particularly important, as corneas bathed with sodium
      chloride and potassium chloride were maintained better than corneas bathed with
      sodium chloride only. The appearance of the epithelial surface was different in
      these bathing solutions. In sodium chloride the surface scattered more light and
      more cells were sloughed. Least light was scattered in BTS, and cell-sloughing
      was at a minimum. Thus, the rate at which cells were sloughed from the epithelial
      surface and the quality of the surface were dependent on the bathing solution.

PMID- 2414248
TI  - Corneal allografts induce cytotoxic T cell but not delayed hypersensitivity
      responses in mice.
AB  - In order to study the cellular immune responses induced by corneal allografts
      transplanted to a nonimmunologically privileged site, we have used a previously
      described murine heterotopic corneal allograft model. BALB/c (H-2d) corneal
      allografts transplanted to a vascular graft bed on the thorax of C57BL/6 (H-2b)
      recipients were rapidly rejected within 14 days, while corneal syngrafts survived
      indefinitely (greater than 28 days). Analysis of both primary and secondary
      cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses 7, 10, 14, and 21 days after heterotopic
      transplantation revealed antigen-specific CTL reactivity at all time points
      tested (P less than 0.01). By contrast, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)
      responses to corneal alloantigens (footpad swelling assay) were negative (P
      greater than 0.05) in 83% of the animals tested. The absence of DTH
      responsiveness to corneal allografts was not a result of the small graft size or
      antigenic load. Either two or six circular skin allografts (3-mm diam) of BALB/c
      origin induced both strong CTL and DTH responses (P less than 0.001) in C57BL/6
      recipients, while two or six corneal allografts (2-mm diam) induced strong CTL
      responses, but DTH responses again failed to develop (P less than 0.05) in over
      75% of the animals tested. The ability of corneal alloantigens to elicit CTL
      responses but not DTH reactivity when grafted to a heterotopic site provides a
      basis for understanding the immune privilege enjoyed by this tissue.

PMID- 2414249
TI  - Effect of irradiation on vascularization of corneas grafted onto chorioallantoic
      membranes.
AB  - Several studies have shown that total body irradiation decreases the angiogenic
      response to corneal cauterization. This inhibition could be due to alterations in
      angiogenic stimuli within injured corneas and/or to a decreased ability of
      irradiated animals to respond to such stimuli. To determine whether total body
      irradiation specifically affects angiogenic stimuli within injured corneal
      tissue, cauterized corneas from mice exposed to 900 rads of total body
      irradiation and from non-irradiated controls were grafted onto the
      chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) of chick embryos and their abilities to stimulate
      the ingrowth of healthy embryonic blood vessels were compared. Cauterized corneas
      incorporated into CAM mesenchymal tissue were invaded by blood vessels in 34.6%
      of the irradiated group and in 75% of the non-irradiated controls. This
      difference in the two groups was statistically significant (P less than 0.03).
      Total body irradiation significantly decreased the frequency of vascular invasion
      of cauterized corneal tissues by healthy CAM blood vessels. This finding suggests
      that total body irradiation can specifically affect the stimulus for angiogenesis
      within cauterized corneas.

PMID- 2414250
TI  - Use of different derivatives of D-Val-Leu-Arg for studying kallikrein activities
      in cat submandibular glands and saliva.
AB  - Glandular kallikrein shows a special selectivity for D-Val-Leu-Arg-4-methoxy-2
      naphthylamide in comparison with other potential oligopeptide substrates and it
      provides a useful histochemical substrate, although the reaction may not always
      be specific. However, in cat submandibular saliva, a biochemical assay using the
      closely related D-Val-Leu-Arg-7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (AFC) as
      substrate, which affords more sensitive detection, showed that soya bean trypsin
      inhibitor causes no inhibition. This indicates that there are unlikely to be
      contaminating enzymes competing for the substrate in this body fluid. Support for
      this observation has been gained by the useful new enzyme overlay membrane
      technique for fluorescent assessment of reactive bands of enzymes after
      isoelectric focusing, using membranes of cellulose acetate impregnated with D-Val
      Leu-Arg-AFC. Comparison of results after isoelectric focusing of purified cat
      submandibular kallikrein with samples of cat submandibular saliva confirmed that
      the substrate is monospecific for kallikrein in saliva of the cat. This knowledge
      has enabled us to start assessing the dynamics of the secretion of kallikrein by
      the gland. Testing individual drops of saliva has shown that an amazingly rapid
      mobilization of kallikrein occurs in high concentrations on sympathetic nerve
      stimulation. The corresponding oligopeptide-based inhibitor D-Val-Leu-Arg
      chloromethyl ketone was found to be strongly inhibitory of the amidase reaction
      by kallikrein but showed a low specificity for kallikrein. Nevertheless, its
      effects have been tested in vivo by the intravascular route and it caused an
      increase in the resting salivary vascular resistance whether administered close
      arterially or intravenously. Thus, it would seem that a kallikrein-like protease
      does influence the background tone in the vessels and the source of this enzyme
      is thought to be mast cells.

PMID- 2414251
TI  - Complexity of minor histocompatibility loci.
AB  - Allografts can be rejected as a result of major histocompatibility antigen
      disparity or as a result of differences at any of a number of minor
      histocompatibility antigens. In many cases, rejection due to multiple minor
      histoincompatibility is as difficult to control as that induced by major
      histoincompatibility. Although an understanding of the molecular, biochemical,
      and functional parameters of the major histocompatibility loci and their products
      is increasing at an exponential rate, little is known about these same facets of
      minor histocompatibility loci and their products. It is generally accepted that
      minor histocompatibility loci in the murine model have a degree of polymorphism
      similar to that of H-2K or H-2D. This conclusion was based on typing alleles by
      the classic F1-skin graft test. Based on these allelic assignments, numerous
      unexpected findings of CTL specificity were made. Therefore, a systematic
      analysis was made comparing CTL specificity, F1-complementation, and allograft
      rejection. Based on these three parameters, the data presented using strains of
      mice that were bred to, and therefore presumed to, differ only at H-3 indicate
      that the antigen disparity of these congenic strains and the parental B10 strain
      as defined by CTL specificity and skin graft rejection is much more complex than
      originally described. One especially interesting chromosomal region is H-3/beta 2
      microglobulin in the fifth linkage group of chromosome 2. Using CTL, ten
      specificities are defined, three of which appear to be specific for beta 2
      microglobulin-A, -B, and -C. These findings raise the question of whether any
      minor histocompatibility locus is polymorphic or is instead a composite of
      multiple minor H-loci which are masquerading as a single locus.

PMID- 2414252
TI  - Long-term culture and characterization of alloreactive T-cell infiltrates from
      renal needle biopsies.
AB  - Long-term T-cell lines have been established by culturing renal needle biopsies
      from kidney recipients undergoing graft rejection. These cultures are maintained
      in the presence of Interleukin 2, with weekly addition of irradiated donor
      lymphocytes as a source of antigen. The cells express T-cell markers, T3, T4, and
      T8, T-cell growth factor (IL2) receptor, and HLA-DR antigens. In one cell line,
      J2, the T4 and T8 antigens are found on two separate cell populations. This line
      is also shown to specifically kill Epstein Barr Virus transformed donor cells.
      This cytotoxicity is directed against HLA-B35 determinant and has been maintained
      in vitro for over 6 months.

PMID- 2414253
TI  - Bleomycin and radiation therapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aero
      digestive tract: a phase III clinical trial.
AB  - A group of 222 consecutive patients admitted with squamous cell carcinoma of the
      upper aero-digestive tract were studied in a prospectively randomized and
      stratified clinical trial. One-half of the patients received bleomycin injected
      intramuscularly 1 hour before the radiation treatment daily for 5 days a week;
      the other half received radiation therapy without the added chemotherapy. The
      total dose of radiation in both groups was about the same, and was given with
      curative intent even to the patients with advanced tumors who constituted the
      majority in both groups. Interstitial radiation as boost therapy or surgery was
      added in patients with residual tumor if the lesions were considered operable and
      the patient's condition would allow surgery. The addition of bleomycin did not
      increase the combined local and regional tumor control rates nor did it improve
      the survival, but did significantly increase the morbidity and the complication
      rate.

PMID- 2414254
TI  - Treatment complications after sequential combination chemotherapy and
      radiotherapy with or without surgery in previously untreated squamous cell
      carcinoma of the head and neck.
AB  - One hundred consecutive patients with previously untreated advanced squamous cell
      carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with induction combination
      chemotherapy followed by definitive surgery and/or radiotherapy, and were
      evaluated for radiotherapy related toxicity. The induction regimen consisted of
      cisplatin, bleomycin and methotrexate/leucovorin. Acute toxicity consisted
      predominantly of mucositis and weight loss, and was mild or moderate by degree in
      94% of patients. Six percent of patients experienced severe or life threatening
      acute toxicities. Two acute toxic deaths were noted in this series, one from a
      combination of mucositis, weight loss and infection and one from hypoglycemia of
      unknown origin. Thirty-five percent of patients had radiation treatment
      interrupted briefly because of acute toxicity. Toxicity was greatest in patients
      who were nonresponders to induction chemotherapy and such may have been related
      to the continued presence of advanced tumor. Radiotherapy dose, surgical
      intervention and age did not have an impact on the presence or degree of acute
      toxicity. Late toxicities included: hypothyroidism in 32% of patients tested:
      osteoradionecrosis in 5% of patients, associated primarily with a composite
      resection (4 of 5 cases); and soft tissue ulcerations in 3%. Taken together,
      these data indicate that induction combination chemotherapy did not significantly
      increase the toxicity of subsequent radiotherapy with or without surgery.

PMID- 2414255
TI  - Fluorescent probes for cellular hypoxia: lack of transfer of fluorescence between
      cells in vitro.
AB  - Fluorescent nitroheterocycles may be useful as probes for cellular hypoxia.
      Reductive metabolism of AF-2 (cis 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide) and
      NFVO (trans-5-amino-3((5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl)1,2,4-oxadiazole) results in
      intracellular accumulation of fluorescent molecules; the mean cellular
      fluorescence has previously been shown to be related to the cellular oxygen
      content during incubation in vitro. However, factors in addition to oxygen and
      nitroreductive activity may also affect cellular accumulation of these drugs. The
      stability of cellular fluorescence and possible diffusion of metabolites were
      examined by flow cytometric analysis of mouse and hamster fibroblasts exposed to
      NFVO and AF-2. Incubation of cells with 14C-AF-2 allowed calibration of the flow
      cytometer for AF-2 fluorescence; 5 X 10(8) molecules/cell resulted in double the
      spontaneous cellular fluorescence. Cellular fluorescence was stable for days
      after exposure to AF-2, and no evidence of transfer between exposed and unexposed
      cells was observed. For concentrations resulting in less than 5 X 10(9) AF-2
      adducts/cell, all of the metabolites could be accounted for intracellularly.
      Therefore, it is unlikely that transfer of reduced nitroheterocycles occurs
      between cells.

PMID- 2414256
TI  - Hemibody irradiation in lymphomas and related malignancies.
AB  - Between 1979 and 1984, 34 patients with advanced lymphoma or leukemia resistant
      to other treatments have been treated with single or sequential hemibody
      irradiation (HBI). Good symptomatic relief was obtained in the majority of
      patients, with minimal acute toxicity. Disease regression occurred in the
      majority of patients and was maintained in those achieving a complete remission.
      Stage III disease and 'good risk' histology predicted a good outcome. Marrow
      toxicity was marked only in those patients with marrow involvement. HBI is
      recommended as a worthwhile palliative treatment particularly in nodal nodular
      disease.

PMID- 2414257
TI  - Radiation therapy in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Adenocarcinoma of the kidney is an unusual tumor, both in its biological behavior
      and in its response to radiation treatment. Historically, these tumors have been
      considered to be radioresistant, and the role of radiation therapy remains
      questionable in the primary management of this disease. However, radiation
      treatment is routinely used in the palliation of metastatic lesions for relief of
      symptoms. Therefore we have undertaken a review of our experience in the
      treatment of this disease to determine the effectiveness of radiation in its
      palliation. From 1956 to 1981, 125 patients with metastatic lesions from
      hypernephroma have been treated in the Department of Radiation Therapy at Thomas
      Jefferson University Hospital. Most patients were referred for relief of bone
      pain (86), brain metastasis (12), spinal cord compression (9), and soft tissue
      masses (18). Total doses varied from 2000 rad to a maximum of 6000 rad. Response
      to treatment was evaluated on the basis of relief of symptoms, either complete,
      partial or no change. Our results indicate a significantly higher response rate
      of 65% for total doses equal to or greater than a TDF of 70, as compared to 25%
      for doses lower than a TDF of 70. No difference in response was observed either
      for bone or soft tissue metastasis or visceral disease. This leads us to believe
      that metastatic lesions from adenocarcinomas of the kidney should be treated to
      higher doses to obtain maximum response rates. Analysis of these results are
      presented in detail.

PMID- 2414258
TI  - Vitamin K treatment of sweet clover poisoning in calves.
AB  - Dicumarol poisoning was reproduced by feeding naturally spoiled, sweet clover
      hay, which contained a minimum of 90 ppm dicumarol. Vitamin K1 administered IM
      was effective in treating the disease at dosages of 1.1, 2.2, and 3.3 mg/kg of
      body weight. Vitamin K3 treatment by various routes and dosages was ineffective.

PMID- 2414259
TI  - ECG of the month. Ventricular premature complexes in a dog.

PMID- 2414260
TI  - Rat prostate as one of the target organs for 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl
      induced carcinogenesis: effects of dietary ethinyl estradiol and
      methyltestosterone.
AB  - Twenty consecutive weekly sc injections of 50 mg/kg body weight of 3,2'-dimethyl
      4-aminobiphenyl (DMAB), a multipotential carcinogen, were given to male F344 rats
      and subsequently groups of animals were treated with dietary ethinyl estradiol
      (EE, 2.5 ppm) or methyltestosterone (MT, 300 ppm) for up to 40 weeks. Prostate
      carcinomas were found in 4 out of 32 rats given DMAB followed by MT and in 2 out
      of 29 rats given DMAB alone. Atypical hyperplasia of the prostate epithelium in
      these two groups was found in 22% and 14%, respectively. Neither carcinoma nor
      atypical hyperplasia was seen in the prostate of animals given DMAB followed by
      EE. In other organs, tumors were frequently found in the ear duct, skin, and
      large intestine and less frequently in the lung, preputial glands, small
      intestine and liver. EE significantly suppressed tumor incidence of the ear duct
      and sebaceous glands while increasing the incidence of liver tumor and
      mesothelioma. The present data indicates DMAB to be a useful carcinogen for the
      induction of prostate carcinomas in rats.

PMID- 2414261
TI  - A soluble factor distinct from interleukin 2 is involved in the generation and
      differentiation of cytotoxic T cells.
AB  - The involvement of cytotoxic cell-generating factor (CGF) in the generation of
      cytotoxic cells against syngeneic tumor (T-9) cells and in the rejection of the
      tumor cells has been investigated. It was found that Con A-sup (culture
      supernatant of concanavalin A-stimulated rat spleen cells) contained CGF, which
      was distinct from interleukin (IL) 2 and interferon. It should be noted that
      spleen cells produced CGF upon inoculation of syngeneic tumor cells into tumor
      sensitized rats. Production of CGF preceded the appearance of cytotoxic cells
      against inoculated tumor cells. In these rats, the inoculated tumor was rejected.
      In contrast, spleen cells failed to produce CGF upon inoculation of tumor cells
      into normal rats; in these rats, cytotoxic cells were not detected and the
      inoculated tumor grew. These data suggested that CGF was produced as an in vivo
      response of the host immune system and was involved in the generation of
      cytotoxic T cells. CGF obtained from sensitized spleen cells was
      chromatographically separated from IL 1, IL 2, and colony-stimulating factor, and
      the chromatographically separated CGF did not contain IL 3 activity.

PMID- 2414262
TI  - Symbols of transformation in a dream.

PMID- 2414263
TI  - Volcanic themes in dreams.

PMID- 2414264
TI  - A note on the occurrence of Leuconostoc oenos as a spoilage organism in canned
      mango juice.
AB  - A strain of Leuconostoc oenos was isolated from a blown can of mango juice.
      Various tests to identify and characterize the bacterium suggested that it could
      be a strain of L. oenos. This is the first report of L. oenos as a spoilage
      organism in fruit products other than wine.

PMID- 2414265
TI  - Binding of serum proteins to polymer gels. II. Binding mechanism to polyoxyphenol
      formaldehyde gels.
AB  - The binding mechanism of proteins to an amorphous polymer gel [formaldehyde
      hydroquinone (FA-HQ)], which is a product of addition condensation of
      hydroquinone with formaldehyde, is examined. Proteins such as serum albumin and
      gamma-globulin bound to the FA-HQ gel rapidly and irreversibly (without elution
      by acid, alkali, urea, or detergent solution). The binding of a modified bovine
      albumin to the FA-HQ gel showed that the blocking of the amino groups in the
      albumin molecule decreased the amount of protein bound to the gel. Amino acids
      bound to the FA-HQ gel to a larger extent at alkaline than at neutral pH. These
      results supported the essential role of the amino groups in binding to the FA-HQ
      gel. Using the FA-HQ gel-packed glass column or polymer tube, rapid and complete
      removal of proteins from serum could be carried out, which suggests the
      usefulness of the gel for the easy pretreatment of biological samples for
      clinical assays using immobilized enzyme columns.

PMID- 2414266
TI  - The absence from the oocyte secretory apparatus of a protein kinase capable of
      phosphorylating sequestered caseins.
AB  - The lactating guinea-pig mammary gland synthesizes and secretes four major milk
      proteins, i.e., three caseins and alpha-lactalbumin. Of these, the caseins are
      highly phosphorylated, a post-translational event which in the mammary gland
      involves a specific casein kinase, which is an integral membrane protein probably
      of Golgi origin. The microinjection of milk protein mRNA into Xenopus oocytes in
      the presence of [35S]methionine leads to the synthesis, sequestration, and
      secretion of proteins which coelectrophorese with alpha-lactalbumin and with
      partially processed caseins. That the secreted caseins were not phosphorylated
      was shown by the use of 32P. Either the oocytes were injected with mammary gland
      mRNA followed by incubation with [32P]phosphate containing media or the mRNA was
      co-injected with [gamma-32P]ATP and the oocytes were then incubated. In neither
      case were 32P-labeled caseins secreted. Golgi-rich fractions, identified by the
      marker enzyme galactosyltransferase, were isolated from the postnuclear
      supernatant of both oocytes and lactating mammary gland by sucrose density
      gradient fractionation. In contrast to the mammary gland fractions those derived
      from the oocytes contained no detectable casein kinase activity. Homogenates of
      oocytes do effect the phosphorylation of casein but the enzyme activity appears
      to be present in the soluble fraction and is not membrane bound. It is concluded
      that the Xenopus oocyte lacks the specific kinase that in the mammary gland
      phosphorylates sequestered caseins and that the phosphorylation of the caseins is
      not a prerequisite for their secretion by the oocyte.

PMID- 2414267
TI  - Opposing hemodynamic effects of substance P on pulmonary vasculature in rabbits.
AB  - Substance P is a peptide implicated in the control of a variety of physiological
      processes. Although substance P-containing neurons impinge on the pulmonary
      vasculature, the effects of substance P on the pulmonary circulation have not
      been systematically investigated. Rabbits were anesthetized with methohexital
      sodium and paralyzed with pancuronium bromide. Injection of substance P (0.002
      0.10 microgram/kg) in the vena cava produced dose-dependent pulmonary
      vasoconstriction and systemic vasodilation. Pulmonary arterial pressure reached a
      peak within 15-20 s and declined toward base line over 10 min. Aortic pressure
      fell rapidly, reaching minimum at 5-10 s. At higher doses cardiac output fell
      transiently, resulting in a 65% fall in pulmonary vascular conductance. If repeat
      substance P dosages were administered 15 min apart, there was no tachyphylaxis.
      Pulmonary vasoconstriction was inhibited by the cyclooxygenase blocker
      meclofenamate (10 mg/kg) and the thromboxane synthase inhibitor Dazmegrel (UK
      38,485) (2 mg/kg). In contrast, vasoconstriction was enhanced by atropine (2
      mg/kg). In Dazmegrel-treated animals in whom pulmonary vasoconstriction was
      established by epinephrine infusion, low doses of substance P produced
      vasodilation. Our findings indicate that substance P produces pulmonary
      vasoconstriction via prostaglandin (particularly thromboxane) generation and
      pulmonary vasodilation via activation of cholinergic pathways.

PMID- 2414268
TI  - Calcium secretion in canine tracheal mucosa.
AB  - Calcium (Ca) affects many cellular functions of the respiratory tract mucosa and
      might alter the viscoelastic properties of mucus. To evaluate Ca homeostasis in a
      respiratory epithelium we investigated transport of Ca by the canine tracheal
      mucosa. Mucosal tissues were mounted in Ussing-type chambers and bathed with
      Krebs-Henseleit solution at 37 degrees C. Unidirectional fluxes of 45Ca were
      determined in tissues that were matched by conductance and short-circuit current
      (SCC). Under short-circuit conditions there was a significant net Ca secretion of
      1.82 +/- 0.36 neq . cm-2 . h-1 (mean +/- SE). Under open-circuit conditions,
      where the spontaneous transepithelial potential difference could attract Ca
      toward the lumen, net Ca secretion increased significantly to 4.40 +/- 1.14
      compared with 1.54 +/- 1.17 neq . cm-2 . h-1 when the preparation was short
      circuited. Addition of a metabolic inhibitor, 2,4-dinitrophenol (2 mM in the
      mucosal bath), decreased tissue conductance and SCC and slightly decreased the
      unidirectional movement of Ca from submucosa to lumen. Submucosal epinephrine (10
      microM) significantly enhanced Ca secretion by 2.0 +/- 0.63 neq . cm-2 . h-1.
      Submucosal ouabain (0.1 mM) failed to inhibit Ca secretion. The data suggest that
      canine tracheal mucosa secretes Ca; this secretory process is augmented by
      epinephrine or by the presence of a transepithelial potential difference as found
      under in vivo conditions.

PMID- 2414269
TI  - Characterization of the in vivo RNA product of the pOUT promoter of IS10R.
AB  - We characterized a single RNA species (RNAout1) which was the major in vivo RNA
      made from pOUT of IS10R. RNAout1 was 70 nucleotides long; its 5' end corresponded
      exactly to the in vitro start of pOUT transcription. The concentration of RNAout1
      was estimated at 5 to 10 molecules per cell containing the single-copy plasmid
      NR1. RNA sequences from pOUT of IS10L were detected at a much lower (less than
      one molecule per cell) steady-state concentration and may be preferentially
      degraded in vivo. We suggest that the low level of the IS10L transcript led to
      the inability of IS10L sequences to translationally inhibit Tn10 transposition.

PMID- 2414270
TI  - Chloramphenicol-induced translation of cat-86 mRNA requires two cis-acting
      regulatory regions.
AB  - Sequences essential to the chloramphenicol-inducible expression of cat-86, a
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, reside in a 144-base pair (bp) regulatory
      region that intervenes between the cat-86 coding sequence and its promoter. A key
      regulatory element within the 144-bp segment consists of a pair of inverted
      repeat sequences that immediately precede the cat-86 coding region and span the
      ribosome-binding site for the gene. Because of the location of the inverted
      repeats, cat-86 transcripts are predicted to sequester the ribosome-binding site
      in a stable RNA stem-loop structure which should block translation of cat-86
      mRNA. Chloramphenicol induction of gene expression is believed to result from
      ribosome-mediated destabilization of the RNA stem-loop structure, which frees the
      cat-86 ribosome-binding site, thereby allowing translation. In this study we
      demonstrated that deletion of 85 bp from the 5' end of the 144-bp regulatory
      region abolishes inducible expression of cat-86, although the gene is
      transcribed. This deletion leaves intact both the inverted repeats and the cat-86
      coding sequence, and the deletion mutation is not complementable. Therefore,
      inducible regulation of cat-86 requires the inverted repeats plus an upstream,
      cis-acting regulatory region. The cis-acting region is believed to control
      translation of cat-86 mRNA by its essential participation in chloramphenicol
      induced opening of the RNA stem-loop. cat-86 deleted for the 85-bp regulatory
      region and therefore virtually unexpressed was used to select for mutations that
      restore expression to the gene. An analysis of one mutant plasmid showed that the
      cat-86 gene is constitutively expressed and that this results from a duplication
      of the DNA sequence that spans the ribosome-binding site. The duplication
      provides cat-86 with two ribosome-binding sites. One of these sites is predicted
      to be sequestered in an RNA stem-loop, and the other is not involved in RNA
      secondary structure.

PMID- 2414271
TI  - Apurinic and apyrimidinic DNA endonuclease of extremely thermophilic Thermothrix
      thiopara.
AB  - An endonuclease specific for apurinic, apyrimidinic (AP) sites in DNA was
      purified nearly to homogeneity from the extremely thermophilic bacterium
      Thermothrix thiopara. The enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 26,000.
      It cleaves neither native nor UV- or gamma-irradiated DNAs and has no
      contaminating exonuclease or uracil-DNA glycosylase activities. The enzyme has no
      cofactor requirement and is not inhibited by EDTA or N'-ethylmaleimide. It shows
      maximal activity at 70 degrees C and a pH between 7.5 and 9.0. The Arrhenius
      activation energy of the reaction is 17 kJ/mol, and the apparent Km for AP sites
      is 38 nM. The rate of heat inactivation of the enzyme followed first-order
      kinetics, with a half-life of 10 min at 70 degrees C but about 150 min in the
      presence of 0.5 M ammonium sulfate or 0.5 mg of bovine serum albumin per ml at
      the same temperature. One cell of T. thiopara contains sufficient AP endonuclease
      activity for hydrolysis of about 10(6) phosphodiester bonds per h at 70 degrees
      C. An extract of these bacteria does not contain detectable Mg-dependent AP
      endonuclease activity, and the above-mentioned enzyme appears to be the main AP
      endonuclease of T. thiopara.

PMID- 2414272
TI  - Coupling between DNA replication and cell division mediated by the FtsA protein
      in Escherichia coli: a pathway independent of the SOS response, the "TER"
      pathway.
AB  - Inhibition of DNA synthesis prevented the recovery of cell division in filaments
      of D-3R [ftsA3(Ts) recA56] returned to the permissive temperature. The FtsA
      protein may be a signal involved in the "TER" pathway, a series of events that
      coordinate cell division with DNA replication, that is independent of the SOS
      pathway.

PMID- 2414273
TI  - Short term and long term effects of beta-adrenergic effectors and cyclic AMP on
      nitrendipine-sensitive voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels of skeletal muscle.
AB  - The effects of short term stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors and elevations
      in intracellular cyclic AMP on nitrendipine-sensitive voltage-dependent Ca2+
      channels of skeletal muscle cells in vitro has been studied using both the 45Ca2+
      flux technique and [3H] nitrendipine-binding experiments. Isoproterenol increased
      the nitrendipine-sensitive 45Ca2+ influx under depolarizing conditions. The
      effects of isoproterenol were additive to those of depolarization and were
      antagonized by alprenolol. Half-maximal inhibition of 45Ca2+ influx induced both
      by depolarization and by isoproterenol occurred at a nitrendipine concentration
      of 1 nM. Treatments that resulted in an increased level of intracellular cyclic
      AMP, such as treatment with 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, theophylline, dibutyryl
      cyclic AMP, or 8-bromocyclic AMP also resulted in an increased rate of 45Ca2+
      entry via nitrendipine-sensitive Ca2+ channel. In contrast, long term treatment
      of myotubes in culture with isoproterenol and other compounds that increased
      intracellular cyclic AMP led to a large increase in the number of nitrendipine
      receptors. This increase was accompanied by a 4-10-fold decrease in the affinity
      of the receptors for nitrendipine. Alprenolol inhibited the long term effects of
      isoproterenol. In vivo treatment of 7-day-old chicks with reserpine and
      alprenolol produced a decrease in the number of skeletal muscle nitrendipine
      receptors. This decrease in receptor number was accompanied by an increase in the
      affinity of nitrendipine for its receptor by a factor of 4 to 5. These effects on
      the nitrendipine receptor were prevented by simultaneous injection of
      isoproterenol. The results are discussed in relation to the role of beta
      adrenergic receptors and intracellular cyclic AMP in the regulation of skeletal
      muscle Ca2+ channels.

PMID- 2414274
TI  - Muscarinic cholinergic inhibition of beta-adrenergic stimulation of phospholamban
      phosphorylation and Ca2+ transport in guinea pig ventricles.
AB  - The effects of muscarinic cholinergic stimulation on beta-adrenergic induced
      increases in phospholamban phosphorylation and Ca2+ transport were studied in
      intact myocardium. Isolated guinea pig ventricles were perfused via the coronary
      arteries with 32Pi, after which membrane vesicles were isolated from individual
      hearts. Isoproterenol produced reversible increases in 32P incorporation into
      phospholamban. Associated with the increases in 32P incorporation were increases
      in the initial rate of phosphate-facilitated Ca2+ uptake measured in aliquots of
      the same membrane vesicles isolated from the perfused hearts. The increases in
      32P incorporation and calcium transport were significantly attenuated by the
      simultaneous administration of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine also attenuated
      increases in phospholamban phosphorylation and Ca2+ uptake produced by the
      phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine and forskolin. The contractile
      effects of all agents which increased cAMP levels (increased contractility and a
      reduction in the t1/2 of relaxation) were also attenuated by acetylcholine. The
      inhibitory effects of acetylcholine were associated with attenuation of the
      increases in cAMP levels produced by isoproterenol and isobutylmethylxanthine but
      not by forskolin. Acetylcholine also increased the rate of reversal of the
      functional and biochemical effects of isoproterenol by propranolol without
      affecting cAMP levels. These results suggest that cholinergic agonists inhibit
      the functional effects of beta-adrenergic stimulation in part by inhibition of
      phospholamban phosphorylation. This inhibition may be mediated by two potential
      mechanisms: inhibition of beta-adrenergic activation of adenylate cyclase and
      stimulation of dephosphorylation.

PMID- 2414275
TI  - A mutation in the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II alters RNA chain
      elongation in vitro.
AB  - An in vitro transcription system which utilized a semisynthetic DNA template
      (Kadesch, T. R., and Chamberlin, M. J. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 5286-5295) was
      developed and used to compare RNA chain elongation by wild type and mutant RNA
      polymerases II of Drosophila. With this template, all of the active polymerases
      rapidly initiated RNA chains at synthetic single-stranded sites at the ends of
      the DNA, and then entered a long (15 to 20 min) period of elongation through
      duplex regions of template before any measurable termination occurred. A
      comparison of wild type and mutant polymerase activities during this elongation
      phase indicated that a mutation to amanitin resistance reduces the rate at which
      the enzyme elongates transcripts. The reduced elongation rate of the mutant was
      associated with an altered substrate Km. Because the polymerase II mutation is in
      the largest enzyme subunit (Greenleaf, A. L. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 13403
      13406), these results demonstrate a functional role for this subunit during RNA
      chain elongation.

PMID- 2414276
TI  - Immunochemical studies on blood groups. The combining site specificities of mouse
      monoclonal hybridoma anti-A and anti-B.
AB  - Mouse monoclonal hybridomas, five anti-blood group A, three anti-B, and one anti
      AB, produced by various methods of immunization, have been characterized by
      quantitative precipitin tests and the fine structures of their combining sites
      have been mapped by oligosaccharide inhibition assays. The combining sites of
      antibodies of each specificity differed among themselves. Three of the five
      monoclonals were specific for difucosyl and two for monofucosyl A determinants.
      All but the anti-AB were strictly specific for blood group A or blood group B
      erythrocytes; all of the anti-A monoclonals gave essentially equivalent titers in
      hemagglutination tests with A1 and A2 erythrocytes except for a monoclonal anti-A
      prepared by immunization with a human gastric cancer cell line. The data provide
      additional evidence for the heterogeneity of the antibody response to the
      different antigenic determinants present on blood A and B substances and
      emphasize the importance of difucosyl determinants which comprise most of the
      determinants on the water-soluble blood group substances.

PMID- 2414277
TI  - Differing reactions of monoclonal anti-A antibodies with oligosaccharides related
      to blood group A.
AB  - Inhibition radioimmunoassays with blood group A-related oligosaccharides have
      been used to investigate the specificities of six monoclonal anti-A antibodies,
      three of which had been intentionally generated by immunization of mice with
      blood group A erythrocytes and A-active blood group substance, and three were
      incidentally produced following immunization of mice with human tonsil cell
      membranes or a human colon cancer cell line. By hemagglutination, these
      antibodies are highly specific for human blood group A erythrocytes. However,
      they differ from one another in their reaction patterns with mono- and difucosyl
      A antigen structures and the corresponding afucosyl sequences on Type 1 and Type
      2 backbone structures. The six antibodies, together with four previously
      characterized anti-A monoclonal antibodies (originally raised against the
      receptor for epidermal growth factor) have been classified into five groups. The
      first two groups consist of antibodies with broad specificities for A-related
      structures. There are five antibodies in the first group (TL5, 29.1, A17/3D1,
      MH2/6D4, and MH1/5D1) reacting to varying degrees with the mono- and difucosyl A
      antigen structures on either type of backbone sequence. In the second group are
      two antibodies (A15/3D4 and A15/3D3) which are difficult to inhibit with the
      oligosaccharides tested, but they reacted best with monofucosyl A structure on
      either type of backbone. Each of the remaining three antibodies had a distinct
      and more restricted reaction pattern, with a specificity for the difucosyl A
      antigen on both types of backbone (antibody EGR/G49) or the Type 1-based mono-
      and difucosyl A antigen structures (antibody MAS 016c) or the Type 2-based
      monofucosyl A antigen structure (antibody 455). The reactions of four of the
      antibodies with N-acetylgalactosamine or with oligosaccharides containing the
      afucosyl sequence GalNAc alpha 1-3Gal suggest that they may react with certain
      glycoconjugates with alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl termini ("A-like" structures)
      that are unrelated to the products of the blood group A gene-specified alpha-N
      acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase. Knowledge of the differing reactions of these
      monoclonal antibodies is important for interpreting their reactions with
      glycoproteins and glycolipids of diverse origins.

PMID- 2414278
TI  - Xenopus transcription factor A promotes DNA reassociation.
AB  - We demonstrate by agarose gel electrophoresis and DNase I footprinting that
      Xenopus transcription factor A promotes DNA reassociation. This ability of factor
      A is dependent upon the domain-like structure of the protein. Digestion of factor
      A by papain results in a protein fragment which promotes DNA reassociation
      whereas a smaller fragment obtained by trypsin digestion does not. Although
      factor A requires zinc for specific binding to the 5 S RNA gene, the metal is not
      required for single-stranded DNA binding or promotion of DNA reassociation by
      this protein. The factor A-dependent renaturation of the 5 S RNA gene from its
      individual 32P end-labeled strands results in the proper gene conformation as
      evidenced by the restoration of the DNase I footprint characteristic of the
      intragenic control region. Alterations in DNase I cleavage patterns induced by
      factor A on the individual 5 S DNA strands are distinct from those induced by the
      protein on the duplex 5 S RNA gene. The ability of factor A to promote DNA
      reassociation further defines the possible roles of this protein in the formation
      of active transcription complexes and their maintenance during repeated rounds of
      transcription.

PMID- 2414279
TI  - Syngeneic monoclonal antibody against melanoma antigen with interspecies cross
      reactivity recognizes GM3, a prominent ganglioside of B16 melanoma.
AB  - It has previously been reported that a mouse (C57BL/6) monoclonal antibody,
      M2590, was established against syngeneic melanoma B16 cells, which was shown to
      react only with melanoma cells from various species but not with other tumor
      cells or normal tissues (Taniguchi, M., and Wakabayashi, S. (1984) Gann 75, 418
      426). In the present study, the specificity of M2590 antibody was shown to be
      directed to a saccharide arrangement (NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4Glc (or 
      GlcNAc)) of gangliosides by three different assay systems including enzyme
      immunostaining on thin layer plates, sandwich radioimmunoassay, and enzyme-linked
      immunoadsorbent assays using a variety of glycolipids with known structures.
      Neither gangliosides having NeuGc terminus, including NeuGc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1
      4Glc-ceramide and NeuGc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc
      ceramide, nor ganglio series gangliosides carrying NeuAc reacted with the
      antibody. An M2590 antibody-reactive antigen was isolated from B16 melanoma
      cells, and its structure was determined to be NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4Glc
      ceramide by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, methylation analysis, and
      exoglycosidase treatment. The ceramide was composed of d18:1 as its long-chain
      base and C16:0, C24:1, and C24:0 as major fatty acids. The same ganglioside was
      also detected in the culture supernatant of the melanoma cells as shedding
      antigen.

PMID- 2414280
TI  - Tyrosine phosphorylation of a 94-kDa protein of human fibroblasts stimulated by
      streptococcal lipoteichoic acid.
AB  - Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is an amphipathic component of Gram-positive bacteria.
      Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that at low concentrations,
      ranging from 0.1 to 10.0 micrograms/ml, LTA binds to mammalian cells and
      stimulates mitogenic responses as demonstrated by increased DNA and RNA
      synthesis. Tyrosine kinase appears to be involved in the action of a number of
      mitogens including epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and
      insulin. In the present study, we report the novel finding that tyrosine protein
      kinase activity is increased in human fibroblasts treated with LTA. Sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of the
      whole cell lysate of fibroblasts cultured with 32Pi showed increased
      phosphorylation of a 94-kDa polypeptide. Alkali treatment of the gel resulted in
      a decreased intensity of the 94-kDa phosphorylated protein in control cells, but
      not in LTA-treated cells, suggesting the addition of phosphate groups to
      threonine or tyrosine residues. High voltage electrophoresis of the acid
      hydrolysate of the excised and eluted 94-kDa protein revealed that LTA stimulated
      the phosphorylation of tyrosine but not threonine residues. These results suggest
      that LTA acts on mammalian cells by phosphorylating tyrosine residues of certain
      proteins and thereby may regulate diverse functions of these cells.

PMID- 2414281
TI  - Identification and characterization of an ATP.Mg-dependent protein phosphatase
      from pig brain.
AB  - Substantial amounts of ATP.Mg-dependent phosphorylase phosphatase (Fc. M) and its
      activator (kinase FA) were identified and extensively purified from pig brain, in
      spite of the fact that glycogen metabolism in the brain is of little importance.
      The brain Fc.M was completely inactive and could only be activated by ATP.Mg and
      FA, isolated either from rabbit muscle or pig brain. Kinetical analysis of the
      dephosphorylation of endogenous brain protein indicates that Fc.M could
      dephosphorylate 32P-labeled myelin basic protein (MBP) and [32P]phosphorylase
      alpha at a comparable rate and moreover, this associated MBP phosphatase activity
      was also strictly kinase FA/ATP.Mg-dependent, demonstrating that MBP is a
      potential substrate for Fc.M in the brain. By manipulating MBP and inhibitor-2 as
      specific potent phosphorylase phosphatase inhibitors, we further demonstrate that
      1) Fc.M contains two distinct catalytic sites to dephosphorylate different
      substrates, and 2) brain MBP may be a physiological trigger involved in the
      regulation of protein phosphatase substrate specificity in mammalian nervous
      tissues.

PMID- 2414282
TI  - Evolution of the amylase multigene family. YBR/Ki mice express a pancreatic
      amylase gene which is silent in other strains.
AB  - The two isozymes of pancreatic amylase in mouse strain YBR/Ki are encoded by
      closely linked genes which are independently regulated. We have isolated these
      two pancreatic amylase genes, Amy-2.1 and Amy-2.2, from a cosmid library of
      YBR/Ki genomic DNA and compared the nucleotide sequences of coding regions with
      the amino acid sequences of the protein isozymes. Transcripts of both genes were
      also isolated from a pancreatic cDNA library and partially sequenced. The results
      demonstrate that Amy-2.1 encodes the A1 isozyme of YBR/Ki pancreatic amylase,
      while Amy- 2.2 encodes the insulin-dependent B1 isozyme. Similarities of
      restriction maps and nucleotide sequences suggest that Amy-2.1 is closely related
      to the active Amy-2a gene previously isolated from strain A/J (Schibler, U.,
      Pittet, A.-C., Young, R. A., Hagenbuchle, O., Tosi, M., Gellman, S., and
      Wellauer, P. K. (1982) J. Mol. Biol. 155, 247-266). Expression of Amy-2.2 may be
      limited to strain YBR/Ki. The inactive Amy-X gene from A/J (Schibler, U., Pittet,
      A.-C., Young, R. A., Hagenbuchle, O., Tosi, M., Gellman, S., and Wellauer, P. K.
      (1982) J. Mol. Biol. 155, 247-266) is apparently a null allele of Amy-2.2. An
      additional amylase gene from YBR/Ki has been identified as a pancreatic amylase
      pseudogene which diverged between sixteen and thirty-two million years ago. The
      pancreatic amylase subfamily in strain YBR/Ki thus consists of two active genes
      and one pseudogene. The low rate of amylase production in YBR/Ki pancreas,
      relative to that of other inbred strains, can be accounted for by the lower
      number of gene copies in this strain. Comparison of pancreatic amylase genes from
      different inbred strains provides evidence for several duplication and deletion
      events during the recent evolution of this chromosome region.

PMID- 2414283
TI  - Intracellular transport of endocytosed chylomicron [3H]retinyl ester in rat liver
      parenchymal cells. Evidence for translocation of a [3H]retinoid from endosomes to
      endoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - The intracellular transport of chylomicron remnants labeled with [3H]retinyl
      ester was studied in rat liver parenchymal cells by means of subcellular
      fractionation in Nycodenz and sucrose density gradients. The data presented
      indicate that endocytosed chylomicron remnant [3H]retinyl ester initially is
      located in low density endosomes. Radioactivity is subsequently transferred to a
      denser vesicle. Equilibrium as well as rate zonal centrifugation suggest that
      this denser [3H] retinoid-containing vesicle may represent endoplasmic reticulum.
      We have compared the intracellular transport of chylomicron remnant [3H]retinyl
      ester and 125I-asialofetuin. The receptor-mediated endocytosis of
      asialoglycoproteins in rat liver parenchymal cells is a thoroughly studied
      system. Our results suggest that the [3H] retinoid and 125I-asialofetuin follow
      the same path initially to the endosomes. After transit in endosomes, the
      intracellular transport differs. While asialofetuin is transported to the
      lysosomes, the retinoid is probably transferred to the endoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 2414284
TI  - Activation of transglutaminase and production of protein-bound gamma
      glutamylhistamine in stimulated mouse mast cells.
AB  - The identification of transglutaminase in the growth-factor-dependent mouse mast
      cell line PT18 was accomplished through its characteristic catalytic properties
      (specificity, calcium dependency, and inhibition by iodoacetamide); and by both
      immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis using affinity purified antibody.
      The enzymatic activity in these cells increased in association with the release
      of histamine from the cells induced by an IgE-dependent mechanism or by exposure
      to the ionophores A23187 or Br-x537A. The increase in transglutaminase activity
      was paralleled by a marked increase in the level of protein-bound gamma
      glutamylhistamine, determined in radiolabeled form in mast cells that were either
      metabolically labeled with [3H]histidine or incubated with [3H]histamine before
      degranulation. The highest level of bound gamma-glutamylhistamine was found in
      the immunologically stimulated cells. Enzymatic activity and the gamma-glutamyl
      derivative were associated primarily with the cells, both before and after
      stimulation. Separation of gamma-glutamylhistamine in a proteolytic digest of
      these cells was carried out using a combination of ion exchange chromatography
      and high performance liquid chromatography. The gamma-glutamyl compound was
      identified and quantitated through the enzymatic production of histamine with the
      use of gamma-glutamylamine cyclotransferase, an enzyme specific for the
      disassembly of gamma-glutamylamines.

PMID- 2414285
TI  - Inositol trisphosphate induces calcium release from nonmitochondrial stores i sea
      urchin egg homogenates.
AB  - This study presents evidence that inositol trisphosphate (IP3) releases Ca2+ from
      intracellular stores in sea urchin eggs. First, high voltage discharge was used
      to transiently permeabilize eggs and introduce IP3; the resultant induction of
      cortical reactions (a well characterized Ca2+-dependent event) provided indirect
      evidence that IP3 released Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Next, Ca2+ uptake and
      release from egg homogenates and homogenate fractions were monitored by both Ca2+
      minielectrodes and the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, quin-2. Both assay methods
      showed Ca2+ release upon IP3 addition, with a half-maximal response at 50-60 nM
      IP3 and maximal Ca2+ release at approximately 1 microM IP3. Homogenates were 300
      fold more sensitive to IP3 than IP2, and Ca2+ release was 95% inhibited by the
      Ca2+ antagonist TMB-8 (3 mM). Fractionation by density gradient centrifugation
      showed that activities for Ca2+ sequestration and IP3 responsiveness co-purified
      with endoplasmic reticulum microsomes. Following an initial IP3 addition,
      homogenates were refractory (desensitized) to additional IP3. However, if
      homogenates were centrifuged and the vesicles resuspended in media lacking IP3,
      they would respond to added IP3, therefore, showing that desensitization is most
      likely due to the presence of IP3. This study also shows that the mechanism of
      IP3 action is inherent to the microsomes and ions present in the medium used,
      with no cytoplasmic factors being required. The stability of this microsome
      preparation and the purification obtained with density gradient centrifugation
      make this a promising system with which to further characterize the mechanism of
      IP3 action.

PMID- 2414286
TI  - The cytochrome d complex is a coupling site in the aerobic respiratory chain of
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - The cytochrome d complex from Escherichia coli has been reconstituted in
      proteoliposomes. Previous studies have shown that the enzyme rapidly oxidizes
      ubiquinol-8 within the bilayer as well as the soluble homologue, ubiquinol-1, and
      that quinol oxidase activity is accompanied by the formation of a transmembrane
      potential across the vesicle bilayer. In this work, the proton pumping activity
      of the cytochrome in the reconstituted vesicles is examined. Ubiquinol-1 oxidase
      activity is shown to be accompanied by the net alkalinization of the interior
      space of the reconstituted vesicles and by the release of protons in the external
      volume. H+/O ratios varying from 0.6 to 1.2 were measured in different
      preparations, by the oxygen pulse technique. Antibodies which bind specifically
      to subunit I (cytochrome b558) of the 2-subunit oxidase were used to estimate the
      topology of the reconstituted oxidase in the vesicles. It was concluded that 70
      85% of the molecules were oriented with subunit I facing the outside and that
      this population of molecules is responsible for the observed proton release.
      Correction for the fraction of the oxidase which pumps protons into the vesicle
      interior yields an estimate of H+/O = 1.7 +/- 0.2. It is proposed that the enzyme
      does not function as an actual proton pump, but that the enzyme oxidizes
      ubiquinol and reduces oxygen (to water) on opposite faces of the membrane. Hence,
      scalar chemistry would yield H+/O = 2 and an electrogenic reaction by virtue of
      the transmembrane electron transfer between the proposed active sites.

PMID- 2414287
TI  - In situ assembly states of (Na+,K+)-pump ATPase in human erythrocytes. Radiation
      target size analyses.
AB  - The in situ assembly state of the (Na+,K+)-pump ATPase of human erythrocytes was
      studied by applying the classical target theory to radiation inactivation data of
      the ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux and ATP hydrolysis. Erythrocytes and their
      extensively washed white ghosts were irradiated at -45 to -50 degrees C with an
      increasing dose of 1.5-MeV electron beam, and after thawing, the Na+-pump flux
      and/or enzyme activities were assayed. Each activity measured was reduced as a
      simple exponential function of radiation dose, from which a radiation sensitive
      mass (target size) was calculated. When intact cells were used, the target sizes
      for the pump and for the ATPase activities were equal and approximately 620,000
      daltons. The target size for the ATPase activity was reduced to approximately
      320,000 daltons if the cells were pretreated with digitoxigenin. When ghosts were
      used, the target size for the ATPase activity was again approximately 320,000
      daltons. Our target size measurements together with other information available
      in literature suggest that (Na+,K+)-pump ATPase may exist in human erythrocytes
      either as a tetramer of alpha beta or as a dimer of alpha beta in tight
      association with other protein mass, probably certain glycolytic enzymes, and
      that this tetrameric or heterocomplex association is dissociable by digitoxigenin
      treatment or by extensive wash during ghost preparation.

PMID- 2414288
TI  - Photoaffinity labeling of the follitropin receptor.
AB  - A photoactivatable derivative of human follitropin was used to identify the
      follitropin receptor on porcine granulosa cells. The hormone was condensed with a
      heterobifunctional reagent, the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of 4
      azidobenzoylglycine, and radioiodinated. The 125I-labeled hormone (125I-hormone)
      derivative associated with the same number of receptors as 125I-hormone itself,
      but with a slightly lower Ka, 1.12 X 10(10) M-1 compared with 1.4 X 10(10) M-1
      for the 125I-hormone. The binding could be blocked with untreated hormone. Its
      alpha and beta subunits could be cross-linked to produce alpha beta dimer by
      photolysis. When the 125I-hormone derivative bound to the cells was photolyzed
      for crosslinking and the products resolved by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gels under reducing conditions, two new bands (106 and 61
      kDa) of lower electrophoretic mobility appeared in addition to the alpha, beta,
      and alpha beta bands. Formation of these crosslinked complexes required
      photolysis, and the 125I-hormone derivative specifically bound to cells bearing
      the receptor. Binding could be blocked by excess untreated follitropin but not
      with human choriogonadotropin and thyrotropin. Under nonreducing conditions, one
      major band (104 kDa) of cross-linked complexes appeared. Upon reduction with
      dithiothreitol and second-dimensional electrophoresis, the 104-kDa band produced
      two smaller complexes of 75 and 61 kDa, indicating the loss of two components and
      the existence of intercomponent disulfides. Successful production of the 104-kDa
      complex requires blocking of free sulfhydryl groups with N-ethylmaleimide. It is,
      however, independent of various protease inhibitors or the temperature and the
      time period of hormone incubation with cells or the plasma membrane fraction. The
      mass estimates and the interaction with the hormone of the photoaffinity-labeled
      components are discussed.

PMID- 2414289
TI  - Coordinate control by vitamin A of keratin gene expression in human
      keratinocytes.
AB  - In the present study, we examine the effects of vitamin A on keratin protein and
      mRNA levels in human keratinocytes. In epidermal keratinocytes, the levels of
      keratins 5, 6, 14, and 17 decrease and keratins 13 and 19 increase in response to
      increasing concentrations of a potent synthetic trans-retinoic acid analog,
      arotinoid Ro 13-6298. In tracheal keratinocytes, a similar suppression is
      observed for keratins 5, 6, 14, 17, and 18 and an increase in keratin 19. Both
      induction and suppression responses show identical kinetics and both processes
      are half-maximal at 5 nM arotinoid and maximal at 10 nM. Utilizing cDNAs specific
      for keratins 5, 6, 13, and 19, we demonstrate that the mRNA levels for these
      keratins change coordinately with the corresponding amount of keratin protein,
      indicating that the control of keratin protein expression most likely resides at
      the level of mRNA synthesis and/or degradation. The identical kinetics for all of
      the responses, both inductive and suppressive, suggests that a common mechanism
      controls the expression of these genes. These results indicate that vitamin A
      produces more sweeping changes in keratinocyte function than previously
      appreciated in that many and perhaps all keratins are modulated by vitamin A.
      Moreover, these responses are 10- to 100-fold less sensitive to retinoid than the
      process of envelope formation, suggesting that at least two sets of processes
      with different sensitivities to vitamin A are present in keratinocytes.

PMID- 2414290
TI  - Rapid flow chemical quench studies of calcium release from isolated sarcoplasmic
      reticulum.
AB  - 45Ca2+ release from a heavy fraction of rabbit skeletal muscle microsomes was
      induced by chemical depolarization (replacement of 0.15 M K gluconate with 0.15 M
      choline Cl), or addition of Ca2+ plus caffeine, or both. The time courses of Ca2+
      release were investigated with a multimixing chemical quench apparatus by
      quenching the Ca2+ release reaction using 10 mM EGTA and 5 microM ruthenium red.
      At low ATP (e.g. 0.2 mM) and low extravesicular [Ca2+] (e.g. 0.1 microM), the
      time course of depolarization-induced Ca2+ release was similar to that determined
      by a spectrophotometric method (Ikemoto, N., Antoniu, B., and Kim, D.H. (1984) J.
      Biol. Chem. 259, 13151-13158). An increase of the extravesicular [Ca2+] up to 5
      microM, or addition of high concentrations of ATP (e.g. 7.5 mM), shortened the
      lag phase that precedes depolarization-induced Ca2+ release and increased the
      amount of Ca2+ released. On the other hand, upon addition of several millimolars
      ATP the rate of (Ca2+ plus caffeine)-induced Ca2+ release was increased,
      resulting in the same time course as that of depolarization-induced Ca2+ release.
      Induction of Ca2+ release by combined application of chemical depolarization and
      Ca2+ plus caffeine resulted in the same time course as that induced by either
      method alone, suggesting that both types of Ca2+ release are mediated by a common
      channel rather than separate channels.

PMID- 2414291
TI  - Molecular cloning of DNA complementary to rat alpha 2-macroglobulin mRNA.
AB  - Rat alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) is an acute-phase protein synthesized in the
      liver. Using an in vitro translation system coupled with solid-phase
      radioimmunoassay, alpha 2M mRNA activity was found to rise to a maximum level in
      16-24 h after turpentine injection. Poly(A)+ RNA from turpentine-injected rat
      liver was converted to cDNA by the method of Okayama-Berg, and about 50,000
      transformants were obtained. From these transformants, clones containing alpha 2M
      cDNA were selected using the following criteria: 1) alpha 2M cDNA should
      hybridize with synthetic oligonucleotides encoding portions of the alpha 2M amino
      acid sequence, 2) alpha 2M cDNA should hybridize preferentially with RNA which
      increases during inflammation, 3) mRNA which hybridizes with alpha 2M cDNA should
      encode a polypeptide which specifically reacts with antibody against alpha 2M,
      and 4) the cDNA should contain the nucleotide sequences encoding the amino acid
      sequences of alpha 2M. We found clones which fulfilled these criteria. Using the
      cDNA clone as a probe, we demonstrated that the level of alpha 2M mRNA in the
      liver of inflamed animal markedly increased up to 1000-fold. The size of the
      alpha 2M mRNA was about 4800 nucleotides in length by Northern analysis.

PMID- 2414292
TI  - Coordinate expression of a small polypeptide with the lactose carrier of
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Induction of the lac operon in wild type Escherichia coli strains results in
      synthesis of a 16-kDa inner membrane protein in addition to the known products of
      the lacZ, lacY, and lacA genes. Cells carrying the lacY gene on a multicopy
      plasmid overproduce this 16-kDa polypeptide as well as the Lac carrier, the
      membrane protein product of the lacY gene. However, [35S]methionine labeling of
      minicells carrying the lacY plasmid shows that the 16-kDa protein is not
      synthesized from the plasmid DNA. We have purified and partially characterized
      the 16-kDa protein. It is an acidic membrane protein of apparent Mr = 15,800
      whose amino-terminal sequence (NH2-Met-Arg-Asn-Phe-Asp-Leu-) does not match any
      known lac operon DNA sequence. Using antibody prepared to the purified 16-kDa
      protein, we have quantitatively analyzed conditions under which this protein is
      made and have shown that the amount of 16-kDa protein which appears in the
      membrane is proportional to lac operon expression. Hybridization of a synthetic
      oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe complementary to the 5' end of 16-kDa protein mRNA
      shows that its synthesis is regulated at the level of transcription.

PMID- 2414293
TI  - A 90,000-dalton binding protein common to both steroid receptors and the Rous
      sarcoma virus transforming protein, pp60v-src.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that the avian progesterone receptor, when in the
      nontransformed 8 S state, is complexed to another cellular protein having a
      molecular weight of 90,000. In this report, we show that this receptor-binding
      protein is indistinguishable from the 90,000-dalton protein which associates in a
      complex with the Rous sarcoma virus transforming protein, pp60v-src. This
      identity was established by the following criteria. 1) Monoclonal antibodies
      directed against the pp60v-src-associated 90-kDa protein recognized the 90-kDa
      progesterone receptor binding protein in an immunoblot assay. Conversely,
      monoclonal antibodies that recognize the progesterone receptor binding protein
      bind to the 90-kDa protein which complexes with pp60v-src. 2) Peptide maps
      prepared from the 90-kDa proteins immunoprecipitated from chicken cells with
      monoclonal antibodies directed against either the 90-kDa receptor binding protein
      or the 90-kDa pp60v-src-associated protein were indistinguishable. 3)
      Preincubation of the progesterone receptor complex with monoclonal antibodies
      prepared against the pp60v-src-associated protein caused a shift in the
      sedimentation of the progesterone receptor. Previous studies have established
      that the pp60v-src-associated protein is indistinguishable from one of the major
      heat shock proteins which are induced under a variety of stress conditions in
      eukaryotic cells. These present studies implicate a new role for this 90-kDa
      protein in the action of steroid hormones.

PMID- 2414294
TI  - Purification and partial characterization of a nucleolar scleroderma antigen (Mr
      = 34,000; pI, 8.5) rich in NG,NG-dimethylarginine.
AB  - A new scleroderma antigen of Mr = 34,000; pI, 8.5 has been identified. This 34
      kDa protein is a nucleolar protein as determined by immunostaining procedures
      with affinity-purified antibodies. The 34-kDa protein was shown to localize to
      the fibrillar regions of the nucleolus by immunoelectron microscopy. Antibodies
      against the 34-kDa protein precipitate U3 RNA-containing particles. The 34-kDa
      protein has been isolated from Novikoff hepatoma cell nucleoli by ion exchange
      and reverse-phase column chromatography. The protein contains 4.1 mol % NG,NG
      dimethylarginine (DMA) and 22.8 mol % glycine. It is the most highly arginine
      methylated protein thus far detected in higher eukaryotes. This nucleolar 34-kDa
      protein resembles several nucleoplasmic proteins that are associated with
      heterogeneous nuclear RNA with respect to isoelectric point, Mr, presence of
      NG,NG-dimethylarginine, and its high glycine content. The amino-terminal sequence
      of the first 31 residues of the 34-kDa protein is: Met-Lys-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro
      DMA-Gly-Gly-Gly-Phe-Gly-Gly-DMA-Gly-Gly- Phe-Gly-Asp-DMA-Gly-Gly-DMA-Gly-Gly-Gly
      DMA-Gly-Gly-DMA. In the first 31 residues, there are 16 glycine, 6 DMA, and 3
      phenylalanine residues. This is a novel demonstration of clusters of glycine and
      DMA in a protein.

PMID- 2414295
TI  - Structural and functional properties of adult rat heart myocytes lysed with
      digitonin.
AB  - Low concentrations of digitonin disrupt the sarcolemma of adult rat heart
      myocytes selectively and completely. When the digitonin lysis is carried out in
      the presence of 10 mM Mg-ATP, the permeabilized cells retain the rod-cell
      morphology typical of heart cells in situ and show spontaneous phasic
      contractions. The rate of contraction is a function of the free Ca2+
      concentration from a pCa of 7.2 to 5.2. Higher levels of free Ca2+ result in
      hypercontracture of the myocytes into round cells with characteristically
      distorted morphology. The sarcoplasmic reticulum of digitonin-lysed myocytes
      takes up Ca2+ in an ATP-dependent reaction that is inhibited and reversed by
      caffeine and strongly enhanced by procaine or ruthenium red. The Ca2+
      accumulation has a Km of 0.6 microM Ca2+, depends on Pi (Km of 13 mM), and is
      strongly inhibited by bicarbonate ion. The hypercontracture of digitonin-lysed
      myocytes is a function of both the pCa and the Mg-ATP concentration of the
      suspending medium. Hypercontracture requires ATP. Hypercontracture due to Ca2+
      overload occurs at lower Ca2+ concentrations when Mg-ATP is decreased from 10 to
      1 mM. However, at low concentrations of Mg-ATP (in the range from 1 to 10
      microM), hypercontracture also occurs and is essentially Ca2+-independent. Since
      hypercontracture of heart myocytes appears analogous to the formation of
      contraction bands in situ, these observations may be relevant to the phenomena of
      oxygen paradox and of Ca2+ paradox in intact myocardial tissue.

PMID- 2414296
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against histone H5. Epitope mapping and binding to
      chromatin.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies against chicken erythrocyte histone H5 were produced. Nine
      hybridomas of different clonal origin were selected, and the antibodies were
      purified by affinity chromatography. Typing of the antibodies indicated that all
      but one (IgM) belong to the IgG1 class and contain kappa light chains. Indirect
      immunoprecipitation, solid-phase radioimmunoassay, and competitive inhibition
      assays using various H5 fragments revealed that the antigen-binding sites were
      localized on the central region of H5 (GH5, residues 22-100). Results of
      immunoblots from gels containing different denaturing agents indicate that some
      of the antibodies recognize related continuous epitopes localized at the junction
      of the GH5 with the rest of the molecule. Competition experiments between pairs
      of the eight different IgGs suggest that they recognize at least seven distinct
      sites on GH5. The epitopes appear to represent different regions of GH5 although
      some of them overlap. In general, the antibodies recognize epitopes which are not
      too accessible to the environment in the native conformation of the histone. All
      of the antibodies examined, except one of them (5H10), react with nuclei and
      chromatin from the erythroid cells but not from other cell lines. The site
      recognized by 5H10 is likely to be one of the regions where GH5 interacts with
      the nucleosome. No cross-reactivity of the antibodies with other histones
      including H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4, and rat liver histone H1(0) was observed.

PMID- 2414297
TI  - Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of L-type pyruvate kinase in
      diabetic rat liver by insulin and dietary fructose.
AB  - Regulation of the expression of the hepatic L-type pyruvate kinase gene by
      insulin and dietary fructose was studied in diabetic rats. Insulin increased the
      levels of putative nuclear RNA precursor species of this enzyme in parallel with
      that of total cellular pyruvate kinase L mRNA. These changes occurred more slowly
      than those induced by dietary fructose. Insulin caused a 3-fold increase in
      transcription of the pyruvate kinase L gene after 6 h and a 6-fold increase after
      16 h. The increase caused by insulin was inhibited by glucagon, but not by
      adrenalectomy. Cycloheximide inhibited the induction caused by insulin,
      suggesting that insulin may stimulate transcription of the pyruvate kinase L gene
      by stimulating synthesis of some unknown protein. On the other hand, feeding
      fructose had no effect on transcription of the pyruvate kinase L gene. We
      previously showed that increases in the levels of putative nuclear RNA precursor
      species of the pyruvate kinase L after fructose feeding preceded changes in the
      levels of cytosolic pyruvate kinase L mRNA (Inoue, H., Noguchi, T., and Tanaka,
      T. (1984) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 96, 1457-1462). Thus, dietary fructose may increase
      the levels of pyruvate kinase L mRNA by stabilizing nuclear RNA species. Glucagon
      inhibited the increase in pyruvate kinase L mRNA caused by dietary fructose.
      However, plasma levels of glucagon and thyroid hormones were not decreased in
      diabetic rats after fructose feeding. In addition, treatment with triiodo-L
      thyronine caused no change in the pyruvate kinase L mRNA level. Furthermore,
      adrenalectomy did not impair enzyme induction by fructose in diabetic rats. Thus,
      the effect of fructose on pyruvate kinase L seems to be directly on the liver.

PMID- 2414298
TI  - The induction and characterization of rat liver stearyl-CoA desaturase mRNA.
AB  - Poly(A+) RNA isolated from livers of rats induced for stearyl-CoA desaturase
      contains elevated levels of mRNA for this enzyme which is translated in a rabbit
      reticulocyte system. The protein is immunologically and by peptide fingerprinting
      following Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease digestion identical to the isolated
      enzyme and, therefore, not synthesized in a detectable larger precursor form. The
      desaturase mRNA is selectively translated on free cytoplasmic polysomes from rat
      liver and represents at least a 40-fold increase in translatable mRNA in livers
      of induced animals. Northern blot analysis, using a cDNA probe complementary to
      rat liver desaturase mRNA, demonstrated that the desaturase is encoded by a 4900
      base mRNA which is elevated approximately 50-fold in induced liver.

PMID- 2414299
TI  - Extracellular processing of proapolipoprotein A-II in Hep G2 cell cultures is
      mediated by a 54-kDa protease immunologically related to cathepsin B.
AB  - Apolipoprotein A-II is the second most abundant polypeptide found in human plasma
      high density lipoprotein particles. The primary translation product of human apo
      A-II mRNA is a prepropolypeptide. We have previously reported (Gordon, J. I.,
      Sims, H. F., Edelstein, C., Scanu, A. M., and Strauss, A. W. (1984) J. Biol.
      Chem. 259, 15556-15563) that the prosegment of apo-A-II was removed following
      export from a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2). This represented a novel
      processing compartment for prosegments terminating with paired basic residues and
      differed from the processing of proalbumin which occurred with high efficiency
      prior to export from these cells. We have now characterized the enzyme
      responsible for this extracellular cleavage. The proapo-A-II converting activity
      is blocked by the thiol protease inhibitors antipain, E-64, leupeptin, and Ala
      Lys-Arg chloromethyl ketone. Incubation of 125I-iodotyrosylated Ala-Lys-Arg
      chloromethyl ketone with serum-free media harvested from cell cultures over a 12
      h period revealed a time-dependent accumulation of a 54-kDa protease. Although
      small quantities of the 54-kDa protease were detected in cell lysates, the major
      intracellular sequences labeled by the affinity probe had masses of 31.5 and 6
      kDa. The 54-kDa extracellular, as well as 31.5- and 6-kDa intracellular, species
      were all immunoprecipitated by monospecific anti-human liver cathepsin B IgG.
      Addition of this antibody to media inhibited extracellular conversion of proapo-A
      II to the mature protein. Based on these observations, we conclude that a "pro"
      cathepsin B-like protease exported by Hep G2 cells is responsible for proapo-A-II
      prosegment removal. It appears that cathepsin B-like proteases exhibit a complex
      pattern of segregation within the secretory pathway and that larger molecular
      weight forms of cathepsin B-like proteases are capable of accurately processing
      propolypeptides.

PMID- 2414300
TI  - Evidence for negative control of cya transcription by cAMP and cAMP receptor
      protein in intact Escherichia coli cells.
AB  - The transcriptional regulation of cya by cAMP and its receptor protein (CRP) has
      been studied by S1 nuclease and RNA dot blot assays. The crp- Escherichia coli
      cells were shown to produce about 5-fold more cya mRNA than do the wild type
      cells. The effect of cAMP and CRP on the cya transcription was directly examined
      by introducing a crp plasmid into the cells and/or by adding cAMP exogenously.
      The levels of cya mRNA in crp+ cells decreased with increasing concentrations of
      cAMP in the growth medium. The repressive effect of cAMP on cya transcription was
      strongly enhanced in cells carrying a multicopy crp plasmid. These results
      indicate that the cya transcription is negatively regulated by cAMP-CRP complex
      in intact cells.

PMID- 2414301
TI  - Characterization of cholinoreceptors in the rat urinary bladder by the use of
      agonists and antagonists of the cholinergic system.
AB  - The effects of stimulatory and inhibitory compounds acting on both nicotinic and
      muscarinic receptors have been evaluated in the isolated urinary bladder from
      adult and immature (14-18 days old) rats. Acetylcholine and bethanechol were
      found to induce concentration-dependent contractions which were inhibited by
      atropine and pirenzepine; compound McN-A-343 had a negligible contractile
      activity whereas DMPP had no effect at all. Responses to electrical field
      stimulation were abolished by tetrodotoxin (3 X 10(-8) M), enhanced by eserine
      (10(-8) M) and scarcely affected by hexamethonium (10(-3) M), trimethaphan (10(
      3) M) and d-tubocurarine (10(-3) M). Atropine, pirenzepine and DMPP induced only
      a partial inhibition (50%) of the twitch response, whereas compound McN-A-343
      caused a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect which was maximum (100%
      inhibition) at 10(-2) M. No significant differences were found between results
      obtained in immature and adult animals as regards either the stimulatory or the
      inhibitory compounds tested. It was concluded that postjunctional muscarinic
      receptors were responsible for the stimulatory responses observed, whereas an
      additional involvement of unknown mechanisms, probably not related to the
      cholinergic system, was suggested by the peculiar results obtained with DMPP and
      compound McN-A-343 on electrically-stimulated urinary bladder. Whatever the
      mechanisms involved, however, they are already present at the first stage of
      postnatal development.

PMID- 2414302
TI  - Magnetic Sephadex as a carrier for enzyme immobilization and drug targeting.
AB  - Magnetic materials were suggested as carriers for protein immobilization about 10
      years ago [1,2]. The main advantage of these carriers is their ability to be
      concentrated near magnetic terminals upon the application of the external
      magnetic field. This property is used in technological processes for selective
      catalyst removal from the reaction mixture [3], in immunological studies for the
      separation of cells to which magnetic particles are specifically bound modified
      with antibodies against cell surface components [4], in experiments for the drug
      targeting in vivo into appropriate tissues under the action of external magnetic
      field [5]. The properties of magnetic carriers are reviewed in [3]. There exist a
      number of methods to obtain porous magnetic carriers, containing immobilized
      matter not only on the surface, but also in the volume of a particle. Normally,
      these preparations are obtained by the granule formation from the suspension of
      ferromagnetic particles in the solution or melt of appropriate high-molecular
      weight compound [5,6]. The drawback of the above-mentioned methods is the
      pronounced aggregation of ferromagnetic particles. The aggregation does not
      permit to use concentrated enough suspensions of magnetic particles and causes
      the formation of the product with a variety of sizes and magnetic properties. We
      made an attempt to synthesize the magnetic carrier for protein immobilization on
      the basis of commercial Sephadex porous spheres. Sephadex granules were made
      magnetic by adsorptional fixation of ferromagnetic particles in its pores. The
      properties of the "native" and "magnetic" Sephadexes as carriers for protein
      immobilization were compared by parallel immobilization on both carriers of alpha
      chymotrypsin and 131I-albumin. In in vivo experiments we studied the ability of
      magnetic Sephadex to be concentrated in a desired region of the circulation under
      the action of external magnetic field.

PMID- 2414303
TI  - Gap junction structures after experimental alteration of junctional channel
      conductance.
AB  - Gap junctions are known to present a variety of different morphologies in
      electron micrographs and x-ray diffraction patterns. This variation in structure
      is not only seen between gap junctions in different tissues and organisms, but
      also within a given tissue. In an attempt to understand the physiological meaning
      of some aspects of this variability, gap junction structure was studied following
      experimental manipulation of junctional channel conductance. Both physiological
      and morphological experiments were performed on gap junctions joining stage 20-23
      chick embryo lens epithelial cells. Channel conductance was experimentally
      altered by using five different experimental manipulations, and assayed for
      conductance changes by observing the intercellular diffusion of Lucifer Yellow
      CH. All structural measurements were made on electron micrographs of freeze
      fracture replicas after quick-freezing of specimens from the living state; for
      comparison, aldehyde-fixed specimens were measured as well. Analysis of the data
      generated as a result of this study revealed no common statistically significant
      changes in the intrajunctional packing of connexons in the membrane plane as a
      result of experimental alteration of junctional channel conductance, although
      some of the experimental manipulations used to alter junctional conductance did
      produce significant structural changes. Aldehyde fixation caused a dramatic
      condensation of connexon packing, a result not observed with any of the five
      experimental uncoupling conditions over the 40-min time course of the
      experiments.

PMID- 2414304
TI  - Pair formation and promiscuity of cytokeratins: formation in vitro of heterotypic
      complexes and intermediate-sized filaments by homologous and heterologous
      recombinations of purified polypeptides.
AB  - Cytokeratins are expressed in different types of epithelial cells in certain
      combinations of polypeptides of the acidic (type I) and basic (type II)
      subfamilies, showing "expression pairs." We have examined in vitro the ability of
      purified and denatured cytokeratin polypeptides of human, bovine, and rat origin
      to form the characteristic heterotypic subunit complexes, as determined by
      various electrophoretic techniques and chemical cross-linking, and, subsequently,
      intermediate-sized filaments (IFs), as shown by electron microscopy. We have
      found that all of the diverse type I cytokeratin polypeptides examined can form
      complexes and IFs when allowed to react with equimolar amounts of any of the type
      II polypeptides. Examples of successful subunit complex and IF formation in vitro
      include combinations of polypeptides that have never been found to occur in the
      same cell type in vivo, such as between epidermal cytokeratins and those from
      simple epithelia, and also heterologous combinations between cytokeratins from
      different species. The reconstituted complexes and IFs show stability properties,
      as determined by gradual "melting" and reassociation, that are similar to those
      of comparable native combinations or characteristic for the specific new pair
      combination. The results show that cytokeratin complex and IF formation in vitro
      requires the pairing of one representative of each the type I and type II
      subfamilies into the heterotypic tetramer but that there is no structural
      incompatibility between any of the members of the two subfamilies. These findings
      suggest that the co-expression of specific pair combinations observed in vivo has
      other reasons than general structural requirements for IF formation and probably
      rather reflects the selection of certain regulatory programs of expression during
      cell differentiation. Moreover, the fact that certain cytokeratin polypeptide
      pairs that readily form complexes in vitro and coexist in the same cells in vivo
      nevertheless show preferential, if not exclusive, partner relationships in the
      living cell points to the importance of differences of stabilities among
      cytokeratin complexes and/or the existence of extracytokeratinous factors
      involved in the specific formation of certain cytokeratin pairs.

PMID- 2414305
TI  - Regulation of purine biosynthesis in G1 phase-arrested mammalian cells.
AB  - The effects of G1 phase growth arrest on purine biosynthesis were studied in
      cultured S49 T lymphoma cells. Incubations of wildtype S49 cells for 18 hr with
      dibutyryl cyclic AMP or forskolin, two agents which induced G1 arrest, reduced
      the rates of purine biosynthesis by 95%. Time course and concentration dependence
      studies indicated that the decrease in rates of purine biosynthesis correlated
      with the extent of G1 phase arrest. Similar studies with somatic cell mutants
      deficient in some component of cyclic AMP action or metabolism indicated that the
      depression in purine synthetic rates required G1 arrest and did not result from
      cell death. Rates of RNA and DNA synthesis were also markedly diminished in the
      growth arrested cells. Measurements of purine rates in the presence of azaserine
      indicated that the block in purine biosynthesis was prior to the formation of
      phosphoribosylformylglycinamide. Additionally, the activities of adenylosuccinate
      synthetase and IMP dehydrogenase were diminished in G1 arrested cells. The levels
      of all controlling enzymes, substrates, and cofactors, however, were not
      diminished in G1 arrested cells. Despite diminished rates of purine biosynthesis,
      the amounts of intracellular nucleotides in G1 cells were equivalent to those in
      exponentially growing cells. However, the concentrations of intracellular
      nucleotides were 30-50% higher in the growth arrested cells. These results
      suggested that perturbations in the consumption of nucleotides via inhibition of
      nucleic acid synthesis have profound effects on the purine pathway and indicated
      the importance of feedback inhibition by nucleotides in the regulation of purine
      synthesis in situ.

PMID- 2414306
TI  - The changing approach to cancer surgery.

PMID- 2414307
TI  - Jehovah's Witnesses with leukemia.

PMID- 2414308
TI  - A liquid-phase ELISA and its use in the identification of epitopes on foot-and
      mouth disease virus antigens.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed which would detect
      antigen/antibody reactions in liquid-phase; that is under test conditions which
      should not alter the structure or reactivity of either antigen or antibody. This
      liquid-phase ELISA was at least as efficient, both qualitatively and
      quantitatively, as the double sandwich or antigen-trapping ELISA (Crowther and
      Abu Elzein, 1979), but six to eight times more sensitive than the indirect ELISA.
      The liquid-phase test can be used to assay both antisera and hybridoma cultures,
      and will show the greatest discrimination of antibody specificities. Since the
      liquid-phase ELISA will detect antibody/antigen reactions which are of direct
      relevance to the protective immune response in vivo (opsonisation; neutralisation
      of pathogen infectivity), it is recommended that this assay should be used to
      characterise the antibody reactivity of antisera and hybridoma culture
      supernatants.

PMID- 2414309
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to human chorionic gonadotropin: implications for antigenic
      mapping, immunoradiometric assays, and clinical applications.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies to intact hCG and free beta-subunit of hCG permit the
      recognition of different individual antigenic sites on the hCG molecule. At least
      seven different epitopes may be recognized on the native molecule and a further
      two on the free beta-subunit. These antibodies were used in a mouse Leydig cell
      bioassay system to compare the degree of inhibition of hCG-induced testosterone
      production. Two antibodies were particularly potent at inhibiting hCG action,
      suggesting that they bind near to the receptor-recognition site on the hCG
      molecular. One antibody had little effect on biological action and was presumably
      binding distant from the biologically active site on the hCG. Combinations of
      monoclonal antibodies in immunoradiometric assays were used to develop highly
      sensitive and specific assays to intact hCG, free beta-subunit of hCG, and beta
      subunit as part of intact hCG. Using these assays it was possible to detect 0.1
      ng/ml hCG in the presence of high levels of LH. In 106 serum samples from
      pregnant woman free beta-subunit was considerably higher in samples with low
      concentrations of intact hCG, suggesting that free beta-subunit is not a limiting
      factor in placental production of intact hCG in early pregnancy. Comparison of
      urinary to serum ratios of hCG and free beta-subunit using specific
      immunoradiometric assays showed a good correlation for intact hCG but not for
      free beta subunit which was present in very high concentrations in urine.

PMID- 2414310
TI  - Comparison of hormonal secretory behavior of gonadotroph cell adenomas in vivo
      and in culture.
AB  - To determine whether pituitary macroadenomas associated with supranormal serum
      FSH concentrations represent gonadotroph cell adenomas or nonsecreting adenomas
      that selectively impair LH secretion by normal gonadotroph cells, we studied the
      secretory behavior in dispersed cell culture of three pituitary adenomas from
      patients who had supranormal serum FSH concentrations. Similar comparisons were
      made for 11 other adenomas, which were associated with the in vivo hypersecretion
      of alpha-subunit (n = 4) or PRL/GH (n = 4) or with no obvious hypersecretion (n =
      3). Adenomas associated with supranormal serum FSH in vivo released more FSH in
      culture (5.1-27.0 ng/well . 24 h) than they did other hormones (TSH, less than
      0.33; GH, less than 0.10; PRL, less than 0.14 ng/well . 24 h) and more FSH than
      did PRL/GH-secreting (less than 0.1-0.9 ng/well . 24 h) and nonsecreting (less
      than or equal to 0.5 ng/well . 24 h) adenomas. Adenomas associated with
      supranormal serum alpha-subunit in vivo released not only more alpha-subunit in
      culture (7.2-22.0 ng/well . 24 h) than did other adenomas (0.1-2.4 ng/well . 24
      h), but two of them also released as much FSH (12.7 and 17.0 ng/well . 24 h) as
      did adenomas associated with supranormal serum FSH. The close correlation between
      the hormonal secretory behavior in vivo and that in culture of the three
      pituitary macroadenomas associated with supranormal serum FSH concentrations
      suggests that these are indeed adenomas of gonadotroph cells that are
      hypersecreting FSH. The release of relatively large amounts of FSH by cultured
      cells of adenomas that appeared to be hypersecreting only alpha-subunit in vivo
      suggests that at least some alpha-subunit-secreting adenomas are also gonadotroph
      cell adenomas.

PMID- 2414311
TI  - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone testing during antithyroid drug treatment of
      Graves' disease as an indicator of remission.
AB  - In 74 patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease, TRH tests were undertaken every
      third month during the course of a standardized antithyroid drug and T4 treatment
      program. The antithyroid drug dose was reduced gradually and finally withdrawn
      when persistently normal TSH responses were obtained. In 46 patients (62%), such
      normal responses occurred and therapy was discontinued after a mean treatment
      period of 13 months (range, 5-24 months). In the remaining unresponsive 28
      patients (38%), therapy was gradually withdrawn after 2 yr of treatment (mean
      treatment period, 27 months; range, 25-36 months; P = 0.0001 vs. the other
      group). The mean overall follow-up period after cessation of treatment was 65
      months (range, 32-100 months) and did not differ between the TRH-responsive and
      TRH-unresponsive group. In the TRH-responsive group, 12 relapses (26%) occurred
      23 months (range, 6-45 months) after discontinuation of therapy, in contrast to
      20 relapses (71%) after 6 months (range, 0-12 months) in the TRH-unresponsive
      group. The differences in relapse rates and time duration until relapse are
      highly significant (P = 0.0003 and P = 0.0001, respectively). Small but
      significant differences in serum T3 and T4 levels were found between the groups
      throughout the treatment periods, emphasizing the importance of thyroid hormone
      levels in regulating the pituitary responsiveness to TRH. It is concluded that
      regular TRH tests during antithyroid drug treatment are useful in deciding the
      dose and duration of therapy and in predicting the likelihood of remission.

PMID- 2414312
TI  - Discordant and variable production of human chorionic gonadotropin and its free
      alpha- and beta-subunits in early pregnancy.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies specific to dimer hCG (alpha beta), free beta-subunit (beta
      hCG), free alpha-subunit (alpha hCG), and total beta hCG (dimer + free beta hCG)
      were used to monitor discordant production of hCG and its subunits during the
      early stages of embryo implantation. Sera collected 3 to 22 days postovum
      retrieval were assayed from patients participating in an in vitro fertilization
      program. In the majority of patients with ongoing pregnancies (n = 16), rising
      levels using the dimer hCG assay were first detected at an average time of 9.2
      days post retrieval compared to 8.3 days for the total beta hCG assay and 6.5
      days for the free beta hCG assays. Between days 5 to 9 after retrieval, the rises
      in the total beta hCG assay were due to predominantly free beta hCG subunit
      production. The proportion of total beta hCG levels due to free beta hCG subunits
      declined progressively from day 9 to less than 5% by day 22. Free alpha hCG
      levels remained low with rising levels first detected from day 18. A second group
      of patients (n = 12) had delayed, slowly rising levels in the total beta hCG
      assay which were first detected at an average of 12.4 days and associated with
      mainly biochemical pregnancies (n = 10). In these patients, rising total beta hCG
      levels were due to predominantly free beta hCG production. The subsequent loss of
      their pregnancy may be due to poor luteal support associated with delayed rises
      in dimer hCG levels. In nonconceptual cycles (n = 47) no significant rises were
      detected in dimer or free hCG subunits. Although the major form of hCG in
      circulation is dimer hCG, the origin of free beta hCG production in the early
      stages of implantation may be due to poorly differentiated trophoblastic tissue.
      Thus falling levels of free beta hCG subunits associated with increasing dimer
      hCG production may reflect increasing alpha hCG production by the proliferating
      layer of cytotrophoblastic cells.

PMID- 2414313
TI  - Nuclear membrane-staining antinuclear antibody in patients with primary biliary
      cirrhosis.
AB  - An antinuclear antibody specific for nuclear membrane (ANMA) was observed by the
      immunofluorescence method in sera from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
      (PBC). ANMA was present in 18 of 63 PBC sera (28.5) and in 1 of 431 control sera
      (0.2%). Its reaction appeared as a thin fluorescent ring confined to the nuclear
      envelope and was more evident when the sera were highly diluted and the
      fluorescence, due to frequently associated antimitochondrial antibody, faded. The
      ANMA fluorescent pattern was confirmed by indirect immunoperoxidase staining.
      ANMA was seen on both tissue cryostat sections and HEp-2 cells. It was a poorly
      or non-complement-fixing IgG, specific for an antigen resistant to DNase I,
      RNase, and trypsin. The significance of its presence in PBC in unknown at
      present. Identification of its antigen with one of the centromeric antigens is
      suggested.

PMID- 2414314
TI  - Advantages of a modified toluidine blue O stain and bronchoalveolar lavage for
      the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
AB  - A modified toluidine blue O staining technique for Pneumocystis carinii is
      described. An easily prepared sulfation reagent made with sulfuric and acetic
      acids was used. The stain can be employed for bronchoalveolar lavages and lung
      tissue touch preparations. Most background material was removed by the sulfation
      reagent, slides were generally easy to read, and time from receipt of a specimen
      to reporting of results was approximately 1 h. P. carinii cysts were more easily
      visualized with this stain than in slides stained with modified methylene blue,
      Gram, Gram-Weigert, and standard toluidine blue O procedures. The importance of
      certain procedural aspects of subsegmental bronchoalveolar lavage, by which most
      of the specimens were obtained, is also emphasized.

PMID- 2414315
TI  - Voltage-dependent ion channels in T-lymphocytes.
AB  - The gigaohm seal 'patch-clamp' technique has recently enabled exploration of the
      electrical properties of cells of the immune system. In this paper we review
      progress made to date in cataloguing the ion channels present in the cell
      membranes of T-lymphocytes and present new data on the types of ion channels
      present in a number of human and murine T-cell-derived cell lines. The ion
      channels thus far described in these cells are strikingly similar to those found
      in nerve and muscle cells. Voltage-gated potassium channels resembling delayed
      rectifier potassium channels in excitable cells are present in most T
      lymphocytes, T-lymphocyte-derived cell lines and macrophages. Sodium channels
      indistinguishable from those in excitable cells are present in a small fraction
      of T-cells and T-cell lines, and in some natural killer cells. Calcium channels
      have been reported in B-lymphocyte-derived cell lines, but have not been found in
      T-lymphocytes or in any T-cell-derived cell line. Potassium channels are required
      for activation of T-lymphocytes by mitogen, allogeneic cells, or by antigen, for
      lysis of target cells by natural killer cells, and may be involved in the
      triggering mechanism for activation of T-cells. The prevailing conception of
      early events in T-lymphocyte activation, the 'calcium hypothesis', involves an
      elevation of cytoplasmic free calcium levels as the proposed 'second messenger'
      in activation, giving rise to a cascade of subsequent events resulting eventually
      in cell division. A major focus of this paper is to evaluate specific mechanisms
      which have been proposed to account for experimental evidence, both in the
      literature and also presented here, pertaining to the calcium hypothesis. One
      such mechanism involves calcium channels, which have been postulated to account
      for the early calcium influx in activated T-lymphocytes. Since calcium channels
      have not been detected in T-cells, we explore the possibility that existing data
      can be accounted for without calcium channels. In particular, we show that many
      of the effects of 'calcium channel antagonists' such as verapamil, nifedipine,
      diltiazem and some polyvalent cations, can be accounted for by their blocking of
      voltage-gated potassium channels.

PMID- 2414316
TI  - Determinants of the sensitivity of human small-cell lung cancer cell lines to
      methotrexate.
AB  - We have characterized the determinants of methotrexate (MTX) responsiveness in
      eight patient-derived cell lines of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Clonogenic
      survival was correlated with factors known to affect sensitivity to drug. NCI
      H209 and NCI-H128 were most drug sensitive, with drug concentrations required to
      inhibit clonogenic survival by 50% with less than 0.1 microM MTX. Six cell lines
      (NCI-H187, NCI-H345, NCI-H60, NCI-H524, NCI-H146, and NCI-N417D) were relatively
      drug resistant. In all cell lines studied, higher molecular weight MTX
      polyglutamates (MTX-PGs) with 3-5 glutamyl moieties (MTX-Glu3 through MTX-Glu5)
      were selectively retained. Relative resistance to low (1.0 microM) drug
      concentrations appeared to be largely due to decreased intracellular metabolism
      of MTX. Five of the six resistant lines were able to synthesize polyglutamates at
      higher (10 microM) drug concentrations, although one resistant cell line (NCI
      N417D) did not synthesize higher molecular weight MTX-PGs, even after exposure to
      10 microM drug. Two cell lines with resistance to 10 microM MTX (NCI-H146 and NCI
      H524) synthesized and retained higher molecular weight MTX-PGs in excess of
      binding capacity after exposure to 10 microM drug. However, the specific activity
      of thymidylate synthase in these cell lines was low. MTX sensitivity in patient
      derived cell lines of SCLC requires the ability of cells to accumulate and retain
      intracellular drug in the form of polyglutamate metabolites in excess of
      dihydrofolate reductase, as well as a high basal level of consumption of reduced
      folates in the synthesis of thymidylate.

PMID- 2414317
TI  - Structural analysis of hepatitis B surface antigen by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - A method has been developed for the analysis of hepatitis B surface antigen
      (HBsAg) antigenic structure at the molecular level that creates "fingerprints" or
      "signatures" of various hepatitis B viral (HBV) strains. This technique employs
      high affinity IgM and IgG monoclonal antibodies (anti-HBs) directed against
      distinct and separate determinants on HBsAg. In performing this antigenic
      structural analysis, separate binding curves for different monoclonal anti-HBs
      are generated by measuring immunoreactivity in serial dilutions of HBsAg-positive
      serum by radioimmunoassay. Since the HBsAg concentration in serum is unknown, the
      binding profiles of groups of samples are aligned by an iterative least-squares
      procedure to generate the numerical signature characteristic of the viral strain.
      The numerical signatures are then displayed on a computer-graphic plot. The
      signature profiles of HBsAg subtypes are a true reflection of their antigenic
      structure, and in vertical and horizontal transmission studies the molecular
      characteristics of the viral epitopes are conserved. By signature analysis we
      found substantial antigenic heterogeneity among the ayw3 strain both in the U.S.
      and France, as well as in populations of the Far East and Africa. Populations in
      Ethiopia, Gambia, and the Philippines were infected with two antigenically
      distinct HBV strains. In some newly identified HBV strains, it was found that
      epitopes identified by some monoclonal antibodies were absent or substantially
      reduced, which suggested that a genetic mutation may have occurred. Thus this
      study suggests that there is far more antigenic heterogeneity in HBV than
      previously recognized. These variants are antigenically distinct from each other
      at the epitope level, and were heretofore unrecognized by polyvalent anti-HBsAg
      antibodies.

PMID- 2414318
TI  - Nasal challenge with cold, dry air results in release of inflammatory mediators.
      Possible mast cell involvement.
AB  - The purpose of our study was to assess the effect of cold, dry air (CDA) on the
      nasal mucosa of selected individuals in relation to the release of inflammatory
      mediators associated with mast cells. 12 subjects with a history of nasal
      symptoms of rhinorrhea and congestion upon cold or dry environmental exposure
      were challenged by nasal breathing of CDA and warm, moist air (WMA). Each subject
      was tested on two occasions with the order of the challenges reversed. Symptom
      scores were recorded, and the levels of histamine, prostaglandin (PG) D2, kinins,
      and [3H]-N-alpha-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME)-esterase activity in nasal
      lavage fluids were measured. CDA caused a significant increase in mediator levels
      and in symptom scores as compared to baseline or to WMA. No significant increase
      in symptom scores or mediators was noted after WMA challenge, with the exception
      of a marginal increase in kinins. The response to CDA was similar, regardless of
      challenge order. Changes in mediators correlated with one another, and symptom
      scores correlated significantly with the levels of histamine, kinins, and PGD2.
      Five subjects without a history of nasal symptoms on cold air exposure had no
      change in mediators or symptom scores after CDA or WMA challenge. We conclude
      that CDA causes the release of inflammatory mediators possibly associated with
      mast cells and speculate that such a mechanism may be involved in the
      bronchospasm induced by CDA in asthmatics.

PMID- 2414319
TI  - Viral infection of vascular endothelial cells alters production of colony
      stimulating activity.
AB  - Viral infections in humans are frequently associated with granulocytopenia and/or
      granulocytosis. Such changes in myelopoiesis could result from infection of the
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cell (CFC-GM) or changes in the production
      of colony-stimulating activity (CSA). Endothelial cells are a known source of CSA
      and may be transiently or persistently infected during a number of viral
      infections, including infection with herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-I) and
      measles virus. Therefore, we examined the effect of endothelial cell infection
      with these two viruses on the production of CSA. Uninfected passaged endothelial
      cells produce CSA when stimulated by the continual presence of a factor present
      in medium conditioned by peripheral blood monocytes (MCM). Within 4 h of
      infection with HSV-I, endothelial cells no longer produced CSA in response to
      MCM. In contrast, measles virus infection induced CSA production by passaged
      endothelial cells even in the absence of MCM. Measles virus-induced CSA
      production was maximal at 24 h and required the presence of live virus within the
      endothelial cells. The effects of HSV-I and measles virus on CSA production were
      not dependent on alterations in the production of alpha- or gamma-interferon by
      the infected endothelial cells. Infection with HSV-I did not stimulate
      endothelial cells to release any detectable interferon. In contrast, the
      supernatants of the measles-infected cells contained only beta-interferon, a
      known inhibitor of CFC-GM development. These studies suggest that CSA production
      by endothelial cells is directly altered by infection with HSV-I and measles
      virus. An alteration in CSA production might contribute to changes in
      myelopoiesis that frequently accompany viral infection in humans.

PMID- 2414320
TI  - Definition of a possible genetic basis for susceptibility to acute myelogenous
      leukemia associated with the presence of a polymorphic Ia epitope.
AB  - The polymorphic Ia epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody 109d6 is detectable
      on the leukemic cells of a significantly increased number of individuals with
      acute myelogenous leukemia, compared with its frequency in normal healthy control
      individuals. In control individuals, the presence of the 109d6 epitope is closely
      correlated with but not identical to the DRw53 allo-specificity. However, the
      frequency of particular conventional Ia allodeterminants, including DRw53, is not
      significantly elevated in the leukemia group. Considerable evidence supports the
      conclusion that the high frequency of the 109d6 epitope reflects an inherited
      basis for susceptibility to the development of acute myelogenous leukemia and not
      a differentiation event occurring in the leukemic lineage. The 109d6 determinant
      is expressed by leukemic myeloblasts as well as by homologous normal B cells and
      monocytes obtained from the same individuals during remission of the leukemia.
      Furthermore, in healthy family members the 109d6 epitope is encoded by Ia
      haplotypes that are shared with the patient. Of special interest, certain of
      these haplotypes have combinations of the 109d6 epitope and Ia specificities not
      commonly seen in normal individuals; here, also, healthy family members share
      these haplotypes.

PMID- 2414321
TI  - Pathophysiology of protracted acute renal failure in man.
AB  - Postischemic acute renal failure (ARF) induced by cardiac surgery is commonly
      prolonged and may be irreversible. To examine whether persistence of
      postischemic, tubular cell injury accounts for delayed recovery from ARF, we
      studied 10 patients developing protracted (36 +/- 4 d) ARF after cardiac surgery.
      The differential clearance and excretion dynamics of probe solutes of graded size
      were determined. Inulin clearance was depressed (5.0 +/- 1.7 ml/min), while the
      fractional urinary clearance of dextrans (radii 17-30 A) were elevated above
      unity. Employing a model of conservation of mass, we calculated that 44% of
      filtered inulin was lost via transtubular backleak. The clearance and fractional
      backleak of technetium-labeled DTPA ([99mTc]DTPA, radius = 4 A) were identical to
      those of inulin (radius 15 A). The time at which inulin or DTPA excretion reached
      a maximum after an intravenous bolus injection was markedly delayed when compared
      with control subjects with ARF of brief duration, 102 vs. 11 min. Applying a
      three-compartment model of inulin/DTPA kinetics (which takes backleak into
      account) revealed the residence time of intravenously administered inulin/DTPA in
      the compartment occupied by tubular fluid and urine to be markedly prolonged, 20
      vs. 6 min in controls, suggesting reduced velocity of tubular fluid flow. We
      conclude that protracted human ARF is characterized by transtubular backleak of
      glomerular ultrafiltrate, such that inulin clearance underestimates true
      glomerular filtration rate by approximately 50%, and by sluggish tubular fluid
      flow, which strongly suggests the existence of severe and generalized
      intraluminal tubular obstruction. Because all patients also exhibited extreme
      hyperreninemia (16 +/- 2 ng/ml per h) that was inversely related to inulin
      clearance (r value = -0.83) and urine flow (r value = -0.70), we propose that
      persistent, angiotensin II-mediated renal vasoconstriction may have delayed
      healing of the injured tubular epithelium.

PMID- 2414322
TI  - Anti-idiotypic antibodies against a human multiple organ-reactive autoantibody.
      Detection of idiotopes in normal individuals and patients with autoimmune
      diseases.
AB  - We have recently isolated and characterized a human monoclonal autoantibody, MOR
      h1 (multiple organ-reactive human 1), that reacts with antigens in multiple
      organs and have shown that this antibody binds to human growth hormone and a
      35,000-mol wt protein. In the present study we generated three monoclonal anti
      idiotypic antibodies (4E6, 3E5, and 3F6) against MOR-h1. These anti-idiotypic
      antibodies specifically reacted with MOR-h1 and not with 26 other multiple organ
      reactive monoclonal IgM autoantibodies nor with pooled human IgM (myeloma
      proteins). The binding of the anti-idiotypic antibodies to MOR-h1 was inhibited
      by both human growth hormone and the 35,000-mol wt protein, which strongly
      suggests that these antibodies react with epitopes at or near the paratope on MOR
      h1. The results of competitive binding experiments revealed that the epitope
      recognized by 4E6 is distinct from that recognized by 3E5 and 3F6. Using these
      anti-idiotypic antibodies, lymphocytes and sera from normal individuals were
      tested for the presence of the 4E6 and 3E5/3F6 idiotopes. By indirect
      immunofluorescence, the 4E6 idiotope was detected on an average of 1.1% of normal
      circulating B lymphocytes, and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, the 4E6 and
      to a lesser extent the 3E5/3F6 idiotopes were found on IgG molecules in sera of
      normal individuals. In spite of the expression of idiotopes known to be present
      on MOR-h1, no MOR-h1-like antibody activity was detected in normal sera.
      Examination of sera from patients with several autoimmune diseases failed to show
      an increased expression of the 4E6 idiotope as compared with normal controls.
      These data suggest that anti-idiotypic antibody 4E6 recognizes a public idiotope,
      the expression of which is not restricted to autoimmune disease.

PMID- 2414323
TI  - Selective expression of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity in
      human lymphoblast lines.
AB  - Phenotypic expression of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase
      superactivity was examined in lymphoblast lines derived from six unrelated male
      patients. Fibroblasts from these individuals have increased rates of PRPP and
      purine nucleotide synthesis and express four classes of kinetic derangement
      underlying enzyme superactivity: increased maximal reaction velocity (catalytic
      defect); inhibitor resistance (regulatory defect); increased substrate affinity
      (substrate binding defect); and combined catalytic and regulatory defects.
      Lymphoblast lines from three patients with catalytic defects and from three
      normal individuals were indistinguishable with respect to enzyme activities, PRPP
      concentrations and generation, and rates of purine synthesis. Enzyme in
      lymphoblasts from a patient with combined defects also showed normal maximal
      reaction velocity but expressed purine nucleotide inhibitor resistance. A second
      regulatory defect and a substrate binding defect were also demonstrable in
      lymphoblasts and were identical to the enzyme defects in fibroblasts from the
      respective patients. Regulatory and substrate binding defects in lymphoblasts
      were accompanied by increased rates of PRPP and purine nucleotide synthesis.
      Among explanations for selective expression of enzyme superactivity, reduced
      concentrations of catalytically superactive enzymes seemed unlikely:
      immunoreactive PRPP synthetase was comparable in normal-derived and patient
      derived cells. Activation of normal enzyme in transformed lymphocytes was also
      unlikely because absolute specific activities of lymphoblast PRPP synthetases
      corresponded to those of normal fibroblast and erythrocyte enzymes. Abnormal
      electrophoretic mobilities and thermal stabilities, identified in certain
      catalytically superactive fibroblast PRPP synthetases, were not found in the
      corresponding lymphoblast enzymes. Thus, lymphoblast PRPP synthetases from
      patients with catalytic superactivity appeared to differ structurally and
      functionally from their fibroblast counterparts.

PMID- 2414324
TI  - Profiles of steady state levels of messenger RNAs coding for type I procollagen,
      elastin, and fibronectin in hamster lungs undergoing bleomycin-induced
      interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.
AB  - We have characterized the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) coding for procollagen alpha
      1(I), elastin, fibronectin, and actin in the lungs of Syrian golden hamsters by
      Northern blot analyses. While elastin, fibronectin, and beta-actin were each
      coded for by a single mRNA species of 4.1 kilobases (kb), 9.1 kb, and 2.1 kb in
      size, respectively, we identified a major (5.4 kb) and a minor (6.5 kb)
      procollagen alpha 1(I) mRNA species in the hamster lungs. The mRNAs for the three
      extracellular matrix proteins showed increased accumulation followed by steady
      decline in the bleomycin-treated lungs. There were significant differences among
      the three mRNAs in the relative increase and the time of maximum accumulation.
      After reaching the peak levels between 2-3 wk posttreatment, the levels of
      procollagen alpha 1(I) and elastin mRNAs declined to near normal values around
      the fourth week. In contrast, the accumulation of fibronectin mRNA was maximum in
      the first week after bleomycin treatment. The procollagen alpha 1(I) mRNA
      accumulated most dramatically (sevenfold above the levels in the untreated
      animals) compared with a five-fold increase in mRNA coding for fibronectin.
      Elastin mRNA increased approximately twofold above the control values. Nuclear
      runoff transcription experiments demonstrated a selective increase in the rates
      of transcription of genes coding for procollagen alpha 1(I), fibronectin, and
      elastin; the extent of transcriptional stimulation of procollagen alpha 1(I) and
      fibronectin genes was significantly greater than that of elastin. Since the
      amount of actin mRNA, as well as the rate of transcription of actin gene(s),
      varied only slightly after bleomycin treatment, we conclude that the metabolism
      of mRNAs coding for extracellular matrix proteins may be preferentially perturbed
      during pulmonary fibrosis.

PMID- 2414326
TI  - Polymorphism of the complement receptor for C3bi.
AB  - RM2.184, a mouse IgG2a monoclonal antibody, recognizes a polymorphic determinant
      on the complement receptor for C3bi which is present on granulocytes and
      monocytes. The RM2.184 epitope is distinct from the monomorphic determinant
      recognized by the monoclonal antibody OKM1. The RM2.184 epitope is probably on
      the alpha subunit and dependent on the association of the alpha and beta subunits
      for its configuration, as it can not be detected after the subunits have been
      dissociated. The phenotypic frequency of the RM2.184 antigen is approximately
      14%, and its segregation in families is independent of HLA and consistent with an
      autosomal co-dominant mode of inheritance.

PMID- 2414325
TI  - Independent modulation of von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen binding to the
      platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex as demonstrated by monoclonal
      antibody.
AB  - In this study we have used two new monoclonal antibodies, designated LJP5 and
      LJP9, as well as a previously described one, AP2, all specific for the platelet
      membrane glycoprotein (GP)IIb/IIIa complex. None of them reacted with dissociated
      GPIIb or GPIIIa. The monovalent Fab fragment of both LJP5 and LJP9 bound to
      unstimulated platelets in a saturable manner, but binding was markedly decreased
      after platelets had been incubated at 37 degrees C in the absence of added
      extracellular calcium. The binding of LJP9 was not affected by AP2, but was
      blocked by excess LJP5. On the contrary, the binding of LJP5 was blocked in the
      presence of both AP2 and LJP9. Thus, these antibodies bound to distinct epitopes
      of GPIIb/IIIa. At saturation, the binding to unstimulated platelets was between
      2.41 and 10.9 X 10(4) molecules/platelet for LJP5 and between 3.47 and 9.1 X
      10(4) molecules/platelet for LJP9 (range of 11 and 10 experiments, respectively).
      Binding increased up to 50% after thrombin stimulation. The estimated association
      constant, Ka, was 2.7 X 10(7) M-1 for LJP5 and 3.85 X 10(7) M-1 for LJP9. Both
      LJP5 and LJP9 partially inhibited the association of 45Ca2+ with the surface of
      unstimulated platelets. Moreover, both antibodies blocked the binding of von
      Willebrand factor (vWF) to stimulated platelets, whereas only LJP9, but not LJP5,
      blocked fibrinogen binding. LJP9 was also a potent inhibitor of platelet
      aggregation, whereas LJP5 was without effect in this regard. The results of the
      present study demonstrate that independent modulation of vWF and fibrinogen
      binding to stimulated platelets can be attained with monoclonal antibodies
      directed against distinct epitopes of GPIIb/IIIa.

PMID- 2414327
TI  - Alkaline phosphatase immunoenzymatic staining for detection of antigens induced
      by cytomegalovirus.
AB  - An indirect alkaline phosphatase immunoenzymatic staining method was developed to
      localise antigens in human embryo fibroblasts that have been induced by
      cytomegalovirus. The enzyme label was developed with a naphthol salt and fast
      blue to obtain a bright blue staining of the antigens that could be clearly
      visualised under an ordinary light microscope. The procedure is rapid, sensitive,
      and specific and can be used in diagnostic laboratories to detect active
      infection caused by cytomegalovirus.

PMID- 2414328
TI  - A study of the substance P innervation of the intermediate zone of the
      thoracolumbar spinal cord.
AB  - Immunocytochemical procedures have been used to examine the distributions of
      substance P (SP)-positive fibres within the intermediate zone of the
      thoracolumbar spinal cords of rabbits, cats, and monkeys. In all three species SP
      fibres were concentrated in areas known to contain sympathetic preganglionic
      neurones. These included the intermediolateral nucleus and the funiculus just
      lateral to it, the medial gray matter in the area of the nucleus intercalatus,
      and the paracentral region. The density of the SP innervation varied in a
      characteristic way both between these subpopulations of sympathetic neurones and
      in its overall input to different segmental levels. Generally the greatest
      accumulations of SP fibres were found in the T3-T5 and L2-L4 regions and these
      were concentrated in the intermediolateral nucleus (ILN). The highest densities
      of SP fibres in the lateral funiculus were in the upper thoracic and upper lumbar
      segments whereas SP fibres forming transverse bands, possibly in association with
      neurones in the nucleus intercalatus, were most prominent in T5-T8. Substance P
      fibres adjacent to the midline were more or less equally dense throughout the
      segments examined. Substance P-positive cell bodies situated immediately lateral
      to the central canal were present at a density of 200-300 per segment throughout
      the cat thoracolumbar cord. These neurones may be the cells of origin of at least
      some of the SP fibres in the intermediate zone. The close association of
      sympathetic preganglionic neurones with SP fibres, many of which are thought to
      be derived from cells in the medulla, suggests a role for SP-containing fibres in
      the modulation of sympathetic activity. The variation in input to different
      segments and classes of sympathetic neurones further suggests a specificity which
      may be related to the different functions of the neurones innervated.

PMID- 2414329
TI  - Topographical projections of the cerebral cortex to the subthalamic nucleus.
AB  - Corticosubthalamic projections in the rat were investigated using the
      autoradiographic anterograde axonal tracing technique. After unilateral
      injections of tritiated amino acids in the cerebral cortex, projections to the
      ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus (STH) could be found arising only from the
      frontal agranular cortex and the zone of MI-SI overlap. Injections into granular
      areas of the cortex (e.g., somatosensory and visual areas) did not result in
      labeling in STH. Following injections in the frontal agranular cortex, labeling
      was present in the ipsilateral but not the contralateral STH. In general,
      injections that involved the lateral agranular field of frontal cortex, as
      defined by Donoghue and Wise ('82), resulted in a greater amount of labeling in
      STH than injections within the medial agranular area or the zone of MI-SI
      overlap. The projection from the frontal agranular areas to STH is
      topographically organized. The rostral part of the lateral agranular cortex
      projects to the lateral portion of the rostral two-thirds of STH, and the caudal
      part of this field projects to the ventral aspect of the middle third of STH.
      Injections in the rostral part of the medial agranular cortex resulted in
      labeling throughout the ventral two-thirds of the medial half of STH. The caudal
      part of the medial agranular cortex projects to the dorsolateral part of the
      caudal two-thirds of STH. The present results reveal projections from only the
      frontal agranular cortex and the zone of MI-SI overlap to STH in the rat. The
      cortico-STH projection is ipsilateral and terminates in a topographical manner in
      all parts of STH.

PMID- 2414330
TI  - Compensatory climbing fiber innervation after unilateral pedunculotomy in the
      newborn rat: origin and topographic organization.
AB  - In neonatal rats the unilateral transection of the cerebellar peduncles causes a
      fast and complete degeneration of the contralateral inferior olive. Axons from
      the remaining olive recross the cerebellar midline and partially innervate the
      deprived hemicortex. Analysis of the topographic organization of this
      compensatory projection studied with the axonal tracing method provided the
      following results: Retrograde tracing experiments revealed that the bulk of
      compensatory afferents originates from neurons in the ipsilateral medial
      accessory olive, especially from its medial region, whereas afferents from the
      principal olive and the dorsal accessory olive contribute to a much lesser
      degree. In case of incomplete neonatal pedunculotomy, neurons with a similar
      location in the ipsilateral intact olive still contribute to the innervation of
      the partially deprived hemicortex, along with the atrophic contralateral olive.
      Moreover, these experiments revealed important information about the organization
      of the compensation. Although its specificity was not totally maintained, the
      mediolateral distribution of sprouted afferents in the cerebellum matched the
      caudorostral disposition of parent neurons in the olive, as in the case in normal
      olivocerebellar projection. Anterograde studies showed that compensatory fibers
      recrossing the cerebellar midline spread throughout the whole extent of the
      deprived cortex and terminate solely in the molecular layer as typical climbing
      fibers. The latter were not homogeneously distributed, their density being
      markedly reduced according to a mediolateral gradient. Compensatory projection
      followed a sagittal striped pattern, as does the normal climbing fiber
      projection. Moreover, if the cortex is divided broadly into vermal, intermediate,
      and hemispheral regions, an apparent reciprocity seems to exist concerning the
      relative involvement of the various cortical subdivision in both hemicerebella.
      Our present results indicate that the immature olivocerebellar system is capable
      of anatomical plasticity, although to a limited extent. More important, they
      suggest that a certain degree of specificity is maintained during the process of
      sprouting, resulting in a topographical arrangement of the transcommissural
      climbing fiber projection. This indicates, in turn, that cues which guide the
      growth of olivocerebellar fibers during normal development could also direct the
      compensatory innervation.

PMID- 2414331
TI  - Mechanoreceptive neurons in an insect brain.
AB  - Staining deutocerebral nerves in locusts with cobalt chloride revealed a
      connective tissue strand innervated by the first side branch of the nervus
      scapalis medialis. The strand spans the joint between the basal segment of the
      antenna (scapus) and the head capsule (tentorium), parallel to the levator scapi
      muscle. It is shortest with the antenna completely elevated and becomes stretched
      during depression. The four to five neurons innervating the strand near its
      distal insertion are activated by mechanical stimuli such as direct elongation of
      the strand or depression of the antenna. As revealed by centripetal staining
      these neurons have their central arborizations in the posterior deutocerebrum,
      but their perikarya are located in the protocerebrum, close to the pars
      intercerebralis and the central body. These morphological and physiological
      characteristics identify the structure as a mechanoreceptive sense organ of the
      strand receptor class.

PMID- 2414332
TI  - Cytoarchitecture and ultrastructure of the avian ectostriatum: afferent terminals
      from the dorsal telencephalon and some nuclei in the thalamus.
AB  - The cytoarchitecture, ultrastructure, and afferent terminals in the ectostriatal
      complex of the Japanese quail were examined. The complex consists of the central
      core (Ec) and peripheral belt (Ep). Terminals in the complex were categorized
      into three main groups according to the shape of synaptic vesicles: S
      (spherical), P (pleomorphic), and F (flat). S terminals are further classified
      into three types: Ss, small terminals which have densely packed vesicles and a
      long active zone and are presynaptic to large spines; Sm, medium-sized to large
      terminals which have a relatively short active zone and contact dendritic spines,
      trunks, and somata; Sl, large terminals which have many mitochondria and cored
      vesicles and form synapses only with somata. Some of the Sm terminals are derived
      from myelinated axons. The Sl terminals are frequently combined with gap
      junctions as so-called mixed synapses. The P terminal occasionally surrounds an
      axon hillock, making symmetric synaptic contacts. The F terminals often cover a
      wide area of the soma. A few gap junctions are also recognized between adjacent
      somata. Afferent sources of the ectostriatal complex were examined by means of
      horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport. Many large HRP-labeled cells
      were recognized in the nucleus rotundus (Rt). HRP-labeled cells were seen in the
      nucleus triangularis (Tr), nucleus dorsolateralis posterior thalami (DLP), and a
      few labeled cells were scattered in the hyperstriatum ventrale (HV). Substantial
      numbers of Sm terminals in Ec degenerated after destruction of Rt; they made
      synaptic contacts with dendritic trunks (71.8%) and small spines (28.2%).
      Degenerating and intact Sm terminals were found to form synapses with the same
      dendritic trunk by the reconstruction of serial thin sections. Among the 167 Sm
      terminals, 20 terminals (12.0%) degenerated after lesions in Rt. The Sm terminals
      in Ec degenerated after destruction of Tr and the terminals formed synapses with
      somata as well as dendritic trunks and spines. After lesions of the dorsal
      telencephalon including HV, degenerating fibers sparsely entered the ectostriatal
      complex associated with the Ss terminal degeneration. DLP seemed to project
      mainly on the medial area of posterior Ep. The terminals from DLP made asymmetric
      synaptic contacts with dendritic spines, trunks, and somata. Some of the
      terminals from DLP were identified as the Sl type, but other S types could not be
      identified.

PMID- 2414333
TI  - RNA content of normal and axotomized retinal ganglion cells of rat and goldfish.
AB  - The responses of rat and goldfish retinal ganglion cells to axotomy were examined
      by a quantitative cytochemical method for RNA and by morphometric measurement 1
      60 (rat) and 3-90 (goldfish) days after interruption of one optic nerve or tract
      intracranially. Unoperated control animals were studied also. The RNA content of
      axotomized neurons of rat fell 7-60 days postoperatively. Additionally, atrophy
      of the axotomized somas occurred. Over time, neuronal atrophy approximately
      paralleled the loss of RNA, and mean cell area and RNA content were reduced by
      about 25% 60 days after axotomy. Incorporation of 3H-uridine by axotomized
      neurons declined also. Axotomized retinal ganglion cells of goldfish behaved
      differently from those of the rat and showed increases in RNA content, most
      conspicuously 14-60 days postoperatively. Enlargement of axotomized fish neurons
      occurred but was less proportionately than concomitant increases in RNA content.
      The nonaxotomized ganglion cells of goldfish displayed statistically significant
      increases in size and RNA content 14-49 days after unilateral optic nerve or
      tract lesions. In contrast, alterations in rat retinal ganglion cells
      contralateral to interruption of one optic nerve were of limited and questionable
      significance. The contrasting reactions to axotomy by the retinal ganglion cells
      of these two vertebrates, one of which regenerates optic axons and one of which
      does not, may support the proposition that the somal response to axon injury has
      an important bearing upon the success or failure of CNS regeneration.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2414334
TI  - Convergence of intra- and interhemispheric cortical afferents: lack of
      collateralization and evidence for a subrhinal cell group projecting
      heterotopically.
AB  - The distribution of corticocortical projecting neurons in the rat's brain was
      investigated with fluorescent dyes and the retrograde transport of horseradish
      peroxidase. Although the fluorescent techniques especially revealed the existence
      of a considerable number of neurons interconnecting the limbic areas (sub- and
      perirhinal cortex, prefrontal, cingulate, and retrosplenial cortex) both intra-
      and interhemispherically, only a negligibly small number of neurons with
      collateralized axons could be detected. In the rat's anterior dorsolateral cortex
      an area is described whose neurons are organized in a columnlike fashion and
      project intra- and interhemispherically to the limbic areas examined. The density
      of efferent connections differed between areas, with an especially high density
      found in a small region of the subrhinal cortex. Injections of horseradish
      peroxidase into different regions of the cingulate and retrosplenial cortex
      confirmed the existence of widespread heterotopic interhemispheric connections
      originating from this defined subrhinal area, though the number of retrogradely
      labeled cells remained consistently smaller than that obtained following the
      injection of fluorescent dyes. Among the regions studied with horseradish
      peroxidase injections, those into the retrosplenial cortex showed the highest
      density of labeled cells within this subrhinal area. A more detailed examination
      of the subrhinal region containing the densely labeled neurons (projecting to the
      contralateral hemisphere) made use of Nissl stains and revealed a morphologically
      separable area which was characterized by medium-sized, dark-staining neurons
      whose long axons were oriented mediolaterally. The region includes portions of
      the insular-perirhinal, entorhinal, and piriform cortex. It is suggested that the
      corticocortical projections are basically noncollateralized in the rat. However,
      there apparently is a dense interhemispheric interconnectivity between the limbic
      areas. Functional evidence for the defined subrhinal area suggests a prominent
      role of its neurons in cognitive information processing. The present evidence for
      considerable interhemispheric cortical projections may provide a new impetus for
      studying the intercommunication of the two sides of the brain with both
      anatomical and behavioral methods.

PMID- 2414335
TI  - Topographical organization of the afferent connections of the principal
      ventromedial thalamic nucleus in the cat.
AB  - The afferent connections to the principal division of the ventromedial thalamic
      nucleus (VMP) were studied in the cat by means of the HRP retrograde transport
      technique. The large (40 nl) and small (20 nl) injections of this enzyme were
      delivered into the VMP using different stereotaxic approaches. The main afferents
      to VMP emanated bilaterally from the prefrontal, premotor, and rostral agranular
      insular cortices. Another important group of afferents to the VMP were those
      originating in the rostral third of the reticular thalamic nucleus, the
      entopeduncular nucleus, the substantia nigra pars reticulata, and the deep
      cerebellar nuclei. From the cerebellar nuclei, the contralateral lateral nucleus
      and the caudal third of both (ipsi and contralateral) medial cerebellar nuclei
      were the origin of afferents to the VMP. Other cortical areas projecting (in a
      lower density) to the VMP were the motor cortex, the cortex along the anterior
      ectosylvian sulcus, the granular insular cortex, the posterior agranular insular
      area, the prelimbic area, and the cortex along the posterior rhinal sulcus (SRP).
      Among other subcortical prosencephalic structures projecting to the VMP are the
      dorsal claustrum, substantia innominata, hypothalamic formations, and the zona
      incerta. Projections originated from the brainstem in the lateral part of the
      intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, the central gray matter,
      the locus coeruleus, and the reticular formation. The nucleus tegmenti
      pedunculopontinus pars compacta, parabrachial nuclei, the vestibular complex, and
      the spinal trigeminal nucleus were also origins of projections to the VMP. We
      conclude by emphasizing the important bilateral cortical modulation of the
      different functions attributed to the VMP: recruiting-response mediation,
      reticular-activating system participation, and extrapyramidal motor integration.
      In light of the connections just described, the VMP may be considered as a point
      for impulses coming from complex association cortical areas and limbic formations
      to converge with those emanating from cortical and subcortical motor structures.

PMID- 2414336
TI  - A morphological investigation of thalamic neurons by intracellular HRP staining
      in cats.
AB  - Morphological analysis of 77 neurons in the ventroanterior (VA), ventrolateral
      (VL), ventromedial (VM), and central lateral (CL) nuclei was performed by
      intracellular HRP staining in combination with electrophysiological studies. The
      neurons were classified into four groups according to either electrophysiological
      or morphological criteria, i.e., 20 relay neurons (18 thalamocortical (T-C) and
      two thalamocaudate (T-Cd) relay neurons), 17 projection neurons, 36 unidentified
      neurons, and four presumed interneurons. All 36 unidentified neurons had
      morphological features similar to those of relay and projection neurons. All
      neurons except four presumed interneurons had dendrites sparsely covered with
      spinelike appendages. Most of their dendrites displayed a spherically radiating
      branching pattern, and a few showed a tufted or linearly oriented pattern. Sizes
      of somata and dendritic radii were compared in entopeduncular (Ent)-responsive (n
      = 25) and cerebellar (CN)-responsive groups (n = 37) in VA, VL, and VM nuclei.
      The soma size was similar in VL (18-21 X 29-34 micron) and VM (15-19 X 29-31
      micron), but in VA, CN-responsive neurons (15 X 30 micron) seemed to be smaller
      than Ent-responsive ones (22 X 36 micron). The largest dendritic field of neurons
      in each thalamic nucleus was similar in both groups. They were about 250-320
      micron in radius. Diameters of axons were also compared but no statistically
      significant difference was detected (i.e., 1.5 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- S.D.) micron for
      the Ent group and 1.7 +/- 0.5 micron for the CN group). Three types of axonal
      trajectories were noted, i.e., neurons projecting their axons dorsolaterally,
      ventrolaterally, or horizontally. Fourteen neurons out of 37 relay and projection
      neurons gave off several fine distal axon collaterals in the thalamic reticular
      nucleus, and one T-Cd, three projection, and one unidentified neurons gave off
      proximal axon collaterals near the soma-dendritic domain in addition to those in
      the thalamic reticular nucleus. Four neurons classified as presumed interneurons
      had smaller somata (9-13 X 18-23 micron) and varicose dendrites. Three of them
      received Ent-induced inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) or CN-induced
      excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). Several presumed axon terminals were
      found to cover the soma of an adjacent neuron, which seemed to indicate their
      inhibitory nature. The proximal axon collaterals in the ventral thalamic nuclei
      may consist of local inhibitory circuits with presumed interneurons in addition
      to other inhibitory circuits with thalamic reticular neurons.

PMID- 2414337
TI  - Retinal ganglion cell death during optic nerve regeneration in the frog Hyla
      moorei.
AB  - In the frog Hyla moorei we have estimated there to be between approximately
      450,000 and 750,000 cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer. Optic axon counts
      and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) indicated that 72-76% of
      these were ganglion cells. Cells of this type were distributed as a temporally
      situated area centralis within a horizontal visual streak. Cell and optic axon
      counts showed that there was an approximately 40% loss of ganglion cells during
      optic nerve regeneration. Ganglion cells appeared chromatolysed by 6-8 days after
      an extracranial nerve crush but there was no indication of cell death until 15
      days. By this stage anterograde transport of HRP indicated that axons had reached
      the chiasma. Death was first seen in the area centralis, extended along the
      streak, and finally was observed in the periphery by 65 days; cell counts
      demonstrated that at this time the wave of death was almost complete. We have
      previously shown by electrophysiological visual mapping (Humphrey and Beazley,
      '82) and confirmed in this study that visuotectal projections were
      retinotopically organized during regeneration. Multiunit receptive fields were
      initially large but progressively refined starting in nasal field (temporal
      retina) to restore a normal projection. The similar sequences whereby the
      visuotectal projection became refined and death took place in the retinal
      ganglion cell layer suggested that death may be related to a process of
      organization within the regenerating projection. In normal animals primary visual
      pathways revealed by anterograde transport of HRP were essentially similar to
      those of Rana pipiens and R. esculenta. Regenerating axons generally remained
      within optic pathways. Exceptions were a retinoretinal projection which was not
      completely withdrawn even after 1,028 days and a direct projection to the
      ipsilateral tectum via an inappropriate part of the optic tract.

PMID- 2414339
TI  - The neostriatal mosaic. I. Compartmental organization of projections from the
      striatum to the substantia nigra in the rat.
AB  - Combined neuroanatomical techniques were used to examine the organization of the
      striatal projection to the substantia nigra in the rat. Both double anterograde
      axonal tracing methods (Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin (PHA-L) and 3H-amino
      acid tract tracing) and double fluorescent retrograde axonal transport tracing
      methods were used to examine the relationship among striatal neurons projecting
      to separate areas of the substantia nigra. Additionally, the distributions of
      retrogradely labeled striatonigral projection neurons were charted relative to
      the neurochemically distinct striatal "patch" compartment, identified by
      substance P- or leu-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity, and the complementary
      "matrix" compartment, identified by somatostatin-like immunoreactive fibers.
      These studies show two distinct types of organization in the striatonigral
      projections. One type is topographic in that the mediolateral relationships among
      these striatal efferent neurons are roughly maintained by their termination
      patterns in the substantia nigra, while the dorsoventral relationships are
      inverted. Projections from any part of the striatum, however, are distributed
      throughout the rostrocaudal axis of the substantia nigra. Despite their general
      topographic organization, the variable and dispersed nature of such projections
      from individual striatal loci results in partial overlap of afferent fields from
      separate striatal areas. The second type of organization is nontopographic and
      provides a different system for convergence of inputs from separated striatal
      areas that is superimposed on the rough topographic system. In this other
      projection system the mediolateral and dorsoventral relationships typical of the
      topographically ordered system are not maintained and are sometimes reversed. For
      example, PHA-L injected into the dorsal striatum labels a topographic (inverted
      relationship) projection to the ventral substantia nigra pars reticulata but also
      a smaller and separate projection to the dorsal pars reticulata and adjacent pars
      compacta. Retrograde tracer deposits in the pars compacta label neurons in the
      ventral striatum (the inverted relationship) but also clusters of neurons in the
      dorsal striatum. These clusters are in the neurochemically defined patch
      compartment whereas neurons in the matrix are labeled by injections into the pars
      reticulata. The dendrites of both retrogradely filled patch and matrix neurons
      are confined to the compartment containing their cell bodies, suggesting a
      restriction that would functionally segregate extrinsic striatal afferents shown
      in other studies to be confined to either patches or matrix.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2414338
TI  - Distribution of certain peptide-containing nerve fibres and endocrine cells in
      the gastrointestinal mucosa in five mammalian species.
AB  - The distribution of mucosal nerve fibres containing vasoactive intestinal peptide
      (VIP), substance P, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and enkephalinlike
      immunoreactivity was mapped by conventional immunohistochemical techniques
      throughout the mucosa of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and
      gall bladder. In addition, the distributions of endocrine cells immunoreactive
      for three peptides localized by these antisera (namely somatostatin, pancreatic
      polypeptide, and substance P) were recorded. Tissues from guinea pigs, rats,
      dogs, marmosets, and humans were studied. It was hoped that this information
      would enable possible target tissues and functional roles for the peptides to be
      identified. In the mucosa, peptide nerve fibres were found throughout the lamina
      propria, including some which were close to the epithelium and others associated
      with small blood vessels. Although there was a general similarity of peptide
      nerve distribution between regions and species, many small variations were
      observed. VIP and substance P fibres were the most prevalent nerve type; NPY
      fibres were also usually quite common. The distribution of somatostatin fibres
      was extremely variable between regions and species, and enkephalin fibres were
      usually rare. Endocrine cells of open (flask- or pyramid-shaped) and closed
      (rounded) types were seen; basal cytoplasmic processes (of variable length) were
      seen on many cells immunoreactive for somatostatin or pancreatic polypeptide.
      Epithelial cells immunoreactive for substance P were seen in the dog, marmoset,
      and human. The distributions and shapes of endocrine cells varied widely between
      areas and species. These studies provide a basis for the correlation of nerve
      distribution with pharmacological and physiological studies.

PMID- 2414340
TI  - Regeneration of peptide-containing retinofugal axons into the optic tectum with
      reappearance of a substance P-containing lamina.
AB  - Twenty-five specimens of Rana pipiens were subjected to a unilateral crush of the
      optic nerve. Substance P (SP)-, leucine enkephalin (LENK)-, cholecystokinin
      octapeptide (CCK8)-, and bombesin (BOM)-like immunoreactivities were analyzed in
      the retinae, optic nerves, and optic tecta, 9 days to 9 months postoperatively,
      by means of immunohistochemical methods. Peptide-like immunoreactivity was
      observed in axons within the optic nerve stump retinal to the crush, as in
      previous studies (Kuljis and Karten, '83b, Kuljis et al., '84). Peptide
      containing retinofugal axons began traversing the lesion site between 10 and 20
      days postoperatively, in progressively increasing numbers. Ten to 20 days
      following crush of the optic nerve SP-, LENK-, and CCK8-containing axons could be
      found in the cerebral stump of the optic nerve and in the optic chiasm, advancing
      to the side of the brain deafferented by the crush. The number of axons
      displaying peptide-like immunoreactivity within the optic nerve, retinal or
      cerebral to the crush, and within the optic chiasm gradually decreased after 2-3
      months. The optic nerve contralateral to the procedure displayed only occasional
      isolated peptide-containing fibers, as in normal optic nerves. The retinae
      ipsilateral and contralateral to the crush exhibited no change in the normal
      pattern of peptide-like immunoreactivity, including the absence of demonstrable
      peptide-like immunoreactivity in the somata of retinal ganglion cells. The optic
      tectum deafferented by the procedure underwent modifications in the pattern of
      peptide-like immunoreactivity identical to those reported following unilateral
      eye enucleation (Kuljis and Karten, '82a, '83a). The patterns of LENK-, CCK8-,
      and BOM-like immunoreactivities in the tectum were identical to those following
      irreversible retinal deafferentation as long as 9 months postoperatively. SP-like
      immunoreactivity, however, was gradually restored in layer 11 of Ramon y Cajal
      ('46; layer D of Potter, '69) of the superficial (retinorecipient) neuropil 4-6
      months postoperatively. The persistence of lamina-specific depletion patterns of
      LENK-, CCK8-, and BOM-like immunoreactivities in reafferented tecta represents a
      puzzling observation. The latter findings contrast sharply with the recovery of
      SP-like immunoreactivity, which occurs long after apparently complete restitution
      of the retinofugal projection, as shown by anatomical (Stelzner et al., '81),
      physiological (Maturana et al., '59), and behavioral (Sperry, '44)
      methods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2414341
TI  - Segmental distribution of peptide- and 5HT-like immunoreactivity in nerve
      terminals and fibers of the thoracolumbar sympathetic nuclei of the cat.
AB  - The distribution of leucine-enkephalin, methionine-enkephalin, neurotensin,
      somatostatin, substance P, oxytocin, vasopressin, neurophysin II, and serotonin
      in nerve terminals and fibers of sympathetic autonomic areas of the thoracolumbar
      (T-L) spinal cord was studied immunohistochemically in cats. Densities of these
      immunoreactive terminals and fibers were estimated in the intermediolateral
      nucleus pars principalis (IMLp) and pars funicularis (IMLf), the nucleus
      intercalatus (IC), and the central autonomic area (CA). Results for leucine- and
      methionine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (ENK) were similar and
      immunoreactivity for vasopressin was not observed. The greatest numbers of
      terminals and fibers in the IMLp region contained ENK, neurotensin-(NT), and
      serotonin-like immunoreactivity (5HT); terminals and fibers containing substance
      P-(SP) and neurophysin II-like immunoreactivity (NP2) were intermediate in
      number, and those containing somatostatin-(SS) and oxytocin-like immunoreactivity
      (OXY) were generally sparse. In the IC and CA, terminals and fibers containing
      ENK and NT were dense, those containing SP were moderate, and those containing
      OXY, NP2, and 5HT were sparsely represented. In the IMLp, where the largest
      proportion of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) is found, the greatest
      concentration of terminals and fibers containing ENK was found in segments T1-T8;
      for NT these segments were T1-T5 and T11-L1, for SP-C8-T2 and T11-L1, for NP2-T4
      T7 and L2 to L3, and for 5HT-T1-T5. Terminals and fibers containing SS and OXY
      were present in segments C8-T10 and segments C8, T2-T8, T13, and L2 to L3,
      respectively. These results indicate that while ENK, NT, SP, NP2, and 5HT fibers
      and terminals are widely distributed throughout the T-L cord, they may influence
      to a greater degree the SPN in segments where they are present in greater
      numbers. As SS and OXY were not found at all levels of the IMLp, their functions
      may be more organ specific.

PMID- 2414342
TI  - Segmental distribution of peptide-like immunoreactivity in cell bodies of the
      thoracolumbar sympathetic nuclei of the cat.
AB  - The distribution of leucine-enkephalin, methionine-enkephalin, neurotensin,
      somatostatin, substance P, oxytocin, vasopressin, and neurophysin II in cell
      bodies of sympathetic autonomic nuclei of the thoracolumbar (T-L) spinal cord was
      studied immunohistochemically in cats after intrathecal administration of
      colchicine. Neurons containing only enkephalin-, neurotensin-, somatostatin-, and
      substance P-like immunoreactivity (ENK, NT, SS, SP, respectively) were found in
      the intermediolateral nucleus pars principalis (IMLp) and pars funicularis
      (IMLf), the nucleus intercalatus (IC), and the central autonomic area (CA). The
      size, shape, location, and numbers of the peptide-positive neurons in the IMLp,
      IMLf, and IC suggested that they were sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN).
      This was confirmed by a combined retrograde tracing/immunohistochemical study
      showing that most of these neurons at the levels of the T-L cord known to provide
      preganglionic fibers to the stellate ganglion were SPN. On the other hand, the
      functional identification of the neurons in the CA is uncertain as neurons were
      not observed which were both retrogradely labelled and contained ENK, NT, SS, or
      SP. Immunoreactive neurons in each area were counted in ten sections from each
      segment from C8 to L4. In the IMLp, the SPN with ENK were greatest in number (up
      to 25) in segments T4-T7 and L2-L3. The maximum number of SPN containing NT was
      found in segments T4-T7 (45 neurons). Of the four peptides, neurons containing SS
      were found in the greatest number (up to 48 in segments T2-T6); neurons
      containing SP were found in the smallest number (15 or fewer per segment). Few
      SPN containing each of the four peptides were found in the IC; CA neurons with
      ENK and NT were also few in number. A comparison of the numbers of immunoreactive
      neurons in the IML with earlier estimates for the total numbers of SPN in the IML
      at each level showed that the proportions of IML neurons containing each of the
      four peptides were fairly consistent throughout the T-L cord, with some
      exceptions. These results suggest that the innervation of visceral organs is not
      obviously peptide-specific, although some organs may be innervated by a greater
      proportion of SPN containing one of these peptides. Finally, the presence of ENK,
      NT, SS, and SP in SPN suggests that these four peptides act as neurotransmitters
      in preganglionic pathways to sympathetic ganglia.

PMID- 2414343
TI  - Distribution and immunoreactivity of glia in the retina of the rabbit.
AB  - Glial markers, namely antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP),
      vimentin, galactocerebroside (GC), and 08 antigen, were used to study the
      occurrence and location of neuroglial cells in adult rabbit retinae. Mullerian
      glia were vimentin-positive, lacked detectable amounts of GFAP, and were found in
      all parts of the rabbit retina. The neuronal A-type horizontal cells were labeled
      by vimentin antibody only in the superior retina and at the medullary rays but
      not in the inferior retina. They lacked GFAP in all regions. Astroglia showing
      GFAP and vimentin immunoreactivity were absent from most of the superior and
      inferior retina, being found only in the myelinated area of the ganglion cell
      axon bundles, the medullary rays. Thus the rabbit retina differs from the retinae
      of all mammals studied to date by this restriction of astroglia to just one area.
      The medullary rays, which are known to be myelinated, were labeled by the
      antibodies to GC and 08 antigen. Boycott and Hopkins ('84) found, using whole
      mounted rabbit retinae stained by the reduced silver method of Richardson, that
      all neurons in the ganglion cell layer of the rabbit retina have a cilium, while
      cells that have only a diplosome are either neuroglia or microglia. By using this
      criterion as a basis to differentiate between neurons and glia, the absence of
      neuroglia from the nerve fiber layer outside the medullary rays was confirmed in
      the same silver-stained material. Thus, the data obtained from
      immunocytochemistry and conventional silver staining agree closely. It has been
      concluded that, at least in the adult, significant lengths of ganglion cell axons
      extend without astroglial sheaths.

PMID- 2414344
TI  - Primary sensory ganglion cells projecting to the principal trigeminal nucleus in
      the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos.
AB  - The trigeminal and glossopharyngeal ganglia of the adult mallard were studied
      following HRP injections into the principal trigeminal nucleus (PrV). The PrV
      consists of the principal trigeminal nucleus proper (prV) and the principal
      glossopharyngeal nucleus (prIX). After an injection into the prV, the labeled
      cells were found in the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion. After an injection into
      the prIX, labeled cells were found in the ipsilateral distal glossopharyngeal
      ganglion, but not in the proximal ganglion of the IX and X cranial nerve (pGIX +
      X). In Nissl preparations, two types of ganglion cells in the trigeminal
      ganglion, pGIX + X, and distal ganglion of N IX could be distinguished: larger
      light cells and smaller dark cells. We could not determine whether the HRP
      labeled cells belonged to both types or to one of them; but because all the
      labeled cells were over 20 microns, we concluded that the smallest cells (10-19
      microns) in the trigeminal ganglion and distal ganglion of N IX did not project
      to the PrV. The labeling of the cells in the distal ganglion of N IX (average
      34.5 microns) was uniformly moderate. In the trigeminal ganglion there were two
      types of labeled cells: heavily labeled cells (average 29.1 microns) and
      moderately labeled cells (average 35.1 l microns). These two types of labeling
      (moderate and heavy) may reflect two types of primary sensory neurons: cells with
      ascending, nonbifurcating axons, and cells with bifurcating axons. We speculate
      that the former are proprioceptive neurons and the latter tactile neurons.
      Labeled bifurcating axons in the sensory trigeminal complex gave off collaterals
      to all parts of the descending trigeminal nucleus except to the caudalmost
      laminated spinal part.

PMID- 2414345
TI  - Sensorimotor cortical projections to the primate cuneate nucleus.
AB  - The organization of the corticocuneate pathway was investigated in monkeys by
      using the anterograde and retrograde axonal transport of either horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase
      (WGA-HRP). Injection of either tracer into the precentral cortex (centered on
      area 4) results in heavy anterograde labeling in the tegmental region, which lies
      immediately ventrolateral to the cuneate nucleus, particularly at levels caudal
      to the obex. On the other hand, injections of the same tracers involving areas
      3b, 1, and 2 cause anterograde labeling mainly within the core (pars rotunda of
      Ferraro and Barrera, '35, Arch. Neurol. Psychol. 33:262-75) of the cuneate
      nucleus. Anterograde labeling is also evident in the rostral parts of the cuneate
      nucleus, especially after injections involving areas 1 and 2. Injections
      restricted largely to area 3b cause anterograde labeling preferentially in the
      core of the cuneate nucleus. After injection of HRP or WGA-HRP into the dorsal
      medulla, retrogradely labeled neurons are present both in the pre- and
      postcentral gyrus, but their location depends upon the sites and extent of the
      injection site. When the tracer diffuses into the underlying tegmental area, many
      retrogradely labeled neurons appear in the precentral motor cortex, principally
      in area 4 although some of them also occur in area 6. With smaller injections,
      largely restricted within the cuneate nucleus, most labeled neurons are present
      in the postcentral gyrus, with the largest population in areas 1 and 2; a smaller
      number of small neurons in area 3b are best demonstrated with WGA-HRP; and area
      3a contains the smallest complement of retrogradely labeled neurons. The data
      from these studies suggest a segregation of pre- and postcentral afferents in the
      ventral tegmental region and the cuneate nucleus, respectively. These findings
      pertaining to the corticocuneate projection in the monkey are discussed in
      relation to the parallelism between monkeys and cats possible physiological
      implications of the anatomical organization described, and conflicting evidence
      in the neurophysiological observations obtained, by earlier investigators, by
      antidromic and orthodromic activation of this pathway.

PMID- 2414346
TI  - Management of condyloma acuminatum.
AB  - This article describes an approach to the evaluation and treatment of condyloma
      acuminatum (anogenital warts) that is based on the results of new clinical
      research on the biology of the human papillomavirus. A more extensive diagnostic
      protocol, including routine cervicovaginal examination and Papanicolaou smear, is
      proposed for female patients because of the close association of genital human
      papillomavirus infections with cervical carcinoma. Two highly effective
      therapies, cryosurgery and carbon dioxide laser photocoagulation, are described
      and compared with older regimens. Recent developments in immunotherapy for
      resistant condyloma acuminatum are also discussed.

PMID- 2414347
TI  - Flagellate pigmentation from intrapleural bleomycin. A light microscopy and
      electron microscopy study.
AB  - A case is presented of a 65-year-old white man with left pleural mesothelioma
      treated with a single intrapleural instillation of bleomycin for cavitary
      sclerosis. One month later the patient developed pigmented flagellate streaks on
      his arms and chest wall. To our knowledge, this is the first case in the
      literature showing these typical pigmentary changes in which a single small dose
      of bleomycin acted as an intrapleural sclerosing agent.

PMID- 2414348
TI  - Persisting Raynaud's phenomenon following intralesional bleomycin treatment of
      finger warts.

PMID- 2414349
TI  - Caution in reconstituting bleomycin.

PMID- 2414350
TI  - The skin as an immunologic organ. A tribute to Marion B. Sulzberger.
AB  - The early experiments of Marion B. Sulzberger suggested that the skin played a
      vital role in the generation of allergic contact dermatitis and other delayed
      type hypersensitivity reactions. This lecture is presented in the historical
      context of Dr. Sulzberger's lifework and interest in mechanisms involved in
      delayed type hypersensitivity. I review recent studies indicating that epidermal
      Langerhans cells are critical for many immune responses involving the skin and
      that keratinocytes may also play a role in epidermal immunologic functions in
      that they secrete factors that may modulate various types of skin reactions. The
      interaction between these cells and factors and lymphoid cells indicates, as Dr.
      Sulzberger implied, that the skin should be viewed as an organ of immunity.

PMID- 2414351
TI  - Separation of human basophils into two fractions with different density and
      histamine content.
AB  - We designed experiments in this study to test the hypothesis suggested by recent
      purification data that blood basophils comprise two populations of different
      density, which circulate in numbers characteristic for each human subject.
      Basophils were separated into two density bands by single step centrifugation on
      a discontinuous Percoll gradient. Band 1 cells were at the interface between
      plasma and Percoll of density 1.070 gm/ml. Band 2 cells were at the Percoll 1.070
      to 1.080 interface. When the number of band 1 basophils was expressed as a
      percentage of the total in bands 1 and 2, this relative amount generally remained
      in a narrow range for blood obtained from the same donor on 3 successive days but
      differed markedly in different individuals. In a series of leukapheresis
      experiments, we demonstrated that the percentage of band 1 basophils in
      postleukapheresis venous blood was strikingly similar to the preleukapheresis
      value. If basophils that repopulated the leukapheresis-depleted circulation came
      from the bone marrow, we can conclude that blood levels of basophils in bands 1
      and 2 are under physiologic control and that the two types of basophils are
      released in amounts characteristic for each human subject. Additional evidence
      for two distinct blood basophil populations was provided by histamine
      measurements. The histamine content per basophil was consistently higher in cells
      from band 1 than from band 2, the mean difference between pairs of values for 30
      subjects being 0.3 +/- 0.04 pg or about 27% of the band 1 basophil histamine
      content of 1.1 pg.

PMID- 2414352
TI  - Heterogeneity of metachromatic cells in human nose: significance of mucosal mast
      cells.
AB  - The distribution and abundance of histochemically and morphologically distinct
      subpopulations of metachromatic cells were investigated in nasal secretions and
      scrapings from patients with allergic rhinitis, as well as in nasal biopsy
      specimens from other patients. These analyses of the metachromatic cells
      demonstrate that basophils and two distinct mast cell populations are present in
      nasal specimens. One mast cell subpopulation was analogous to the atypical
      mucosal mast cell of the rat and human intestine, whereas the other cell
      population was similar to the typical connective tissue mast cell type. In nasal
      scrapings greater than 80% of the metachromatic cells was mast cells, almost
      exclusively of the atypical "mucosal" type. However, basophils were the
      predominant metachromatic cell type in nasal secretions, and atypical mast cells
      were more abundant than typical mast cells. Few basophils were observed in biopsy
      specimens, but mast cells were widely distributed in various anatomic
      compartments. Atypical mast cells outnumbered the typical type in the epithelium
      and lamina propria, whereas the reverse was true in the submucosa. When the
      number and type of metachromatic cell in scrapings were analyzed in relation to
      clinical findings, there was a significant correlation with severity of
      symptomatology and nasal swelling and pallor. Atypical "mucosal" mast cells were
      the major cell type in all specimens, from those with mild to those with severe
      clinical findings. When the distinct spectrum of responsiveness to antiallergic
      compounds of atypical mast cells is considered, these observations have important
      therapeutic implications.

PMID- 2414353
TI  - Purification and partial characterization of two major allergens from the house
      dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.
AB  - Two major allergens of the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp),
      were purified, and their molecular weight and isoelectric points (pIs) were
      determined. Dp 42 was purified from an acetone-precipitated mite-excrement
      extract by a combination of hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl
      Sepharose and copper-chelate chromatography. The molecular weight was determined
      to be 18,000 and 25,000 to 30,000 by gel filtration (G-75) and sodium dodecyl
      sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively, and pI values of 4.6,
      5.6, and 6.6 were obtained by sucrose gradient isoelectric focusing (IEF). These
      values correspond well with those described for the identical allergen, P1. The
      pI 6.6 variant was considerably enriched in the purified material. Dp 42
      constituted 6.4% of the dry weight of a reference whole mite-culture extract. Dp
      X was obtained partially purified by gel filtration (G-75), ammonium sulphate
      precipitation, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The molecular weight
      was 18,000 to 20,000 by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis. Multiple pIs in the range 5 to 7 were found by sucrose
      gradient IEF and crossed IEF. The two purified allergens carried clearly distinct
      activities toward human IgE and appeared as potent allergens in crossed
      radioimmunoelectrophoresis, RAST, and RAST inhibition.

PMID- 2414354
TI  - Clinical studies of the cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer's disease. I.
      Neurochemical and neuroendocrine studies.
AB  - Autopsy studies indicating that cholinergic neurons are selectively lost in
      patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type
      (SDAT) suggest that peripheral markers for central cholinergic activity would be
      useful in diagnosis. The present studies found that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) correlated with the degree of cognitive
      impairment (r = .70) in a sample of carefully diagnosed patients with AD/SDAT,
      but metabolites of other neurotransmitters were not related to cognitive state;
      this suggests that CSF ACh may be a valid measure of cholinergic degeneration.
      Cortisol and growth hormone were measured in plasma samples drawn from patients
      and controls every 30 minutes from 2100 to 1100 hours the next day. Mean plasma
      cortisol concentrations were higher in patients with AD/SDAT than in controls and
      correlated inversely with CSF methoxy-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) (r = .61) and
      positively with degree of cognitive impairment (r = +.53); as anticholinergic
      drugs suppress cortisol this finding indicates that cortisol dysregulation may be
      a marker for abnormalities in other neurotransmitter systems, particularly the
      noradrenergic system. Growth hormone secretion was not different in patients and
      controls but was positively correlated with CSF MHPG (r = +.63).

PMID- 2414355
TI  - The influence of early deficits on later development. Panel report.

PMID- 2414356
TI  - Fractionation of diesel particle extracts by sephadex LH-20 and thin-layer
      chromatography.
AB  - A method was developed to concentrate fractions high in bacterial mutagenicity
      from diesel exhaust particle (DEP) extracts. The two-step fractionation of
      organic extracts of DEP employed Sephadex LH-20 followed by thin-layer
      chromatography (TLC). In both steps, nitro-substituted polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) were found to co-elute with the fractions of highest
      specific bacterial mutagenic activity. Although recoveries of mass and
      mutagenicity from the LH-20 fractionation were high, very low (20-30%) recovery
      of mutagenicity was found after TLC. Recovery studies using 14C-labeled 1
      nitropyrene showed that 78% of the compound was recovered unaltered through the
      combined fractionation. The most bioactive TLC subfraction was chromatographed
      using gas chromatography with thermionic specific detection. A sizeable peak was
      found to co-elute with a nitropyrene standard, but no peak was found co-eluting
      with nitrofluoranthene. Triple quadrapole mass spectrometry was used to measure
      the concentrations of nitropyrene in each of the fractions. Nitropyrene was
      enriched 160-fold in the most bioactive TLC subfraction over the starting
      material, for a final concentration of over 3200 micrograms g-1. Masses
      corresponding to several two- and three-ring methylated nitro-PAHs were found in
      the same fraction, including nitro-(methylbiphenyls/methylacenapthenes) and nitro
      (methylanthracenes/methylphenanthrenes).

PMID- 2414357
TI  - Pulmonary function responses in cats following long-term exposure to diesel
      exhaust.
AB  - Long-term inhalation studies were carried out to evaluate the toxic pulmonary
      effects of diesel engine emissions. Cats were exposed for over 2 years to whole,
      diluted diesel exhaust at levels expected to produce frank toxic effects. During
      the first 61 weeks of exposure, the cats received exhaust having a particulate
      level of 6 mg m-3. This was followed by a doubling of the exposure level from
      weeks 62 to 124 resulting in particulate levels of 12 mg m-3. No definitive
      pattern of pulmonary function response was observed following 61 weeks; however,
      a classic pattern of restrictive lung disease was found at 124 weeks. The
      significantly reduced lung volumes and diffusing capacity were indicative of a
      pulmonary interstitial response which was later verified by histopathology.

PMID- 2414358
TI  - Diminished responsiveness of homosexual men to antiviral therapy for HBsAg
      positive chronic liver disease.
AB  - To identify factors predicting response to antiviral therapy, we reviewed the
      clinical features of 38 male hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers who
      received adenine arabinoside or lymphoblastoid interferon. All patients were
      followed for one year or longer. Response was defined as loss of hepatitis B e
      antigen, hepatitis B virus DNA and DNA polymerase from the serum. Only 2 of 19
      (11%) homosexual men responded, compared with 10 of 19 (53%) heterosexual men (P
      less than 0.02). Both responders in the homosexual group had received
      lymphoblastoid interferon. None of the 13 homosexual men, but 8 of 16
      heterosexual men, responded to adenine arabinoside or its monophosphate (P less
      than 0.01). Responders to antiviral therapy had higher (P less than 0.05) serum
      levels of aspartate aminotransferase (median 115, range 51-344) than did non
      responders (median 83, range 32-181). The decreased responsiveness of homosexual
      men to antiviral therapy may be a result of more severe immunologic abnormalities
      in homosexual than in heterosexual men with HBsAg-positive chronic liver disease.

PMID- 2414359
TI  - Bicarbonate-stimulated ATPase activity of bovine liver alkaline phosphatase.
AB  - A commercial preparation of bovine hepatic alkaline phosphatase was found to have
      a Mg2+-stimulated ATPase activity. The pH optimum was 8.5, the Km for ATP was 4.2
      X 10(-5) M and the Vmax was 88.3 mumol Pi . h-1 . mg-1. HCO3- had a stimulatory
      effect on Mg2+ -ATPase activity. Other anions had no effect or an inhibitory
      effect while Na+, K+ and ouabain had no effect. Purification of the commercial
      preparation by gel filtration and affinity chromatography yielded a fraction with
      alkaline phosphatase and (Mg2+ + HCO3-)ATPase activities that had been enriched
      respectively 27-fold and 23-fold; both activities were inhibited by levamisole
      (93.1% and 93.8%, respectively) and the purified fraction was found to be a
      single protein on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
      These results suggest that alkaline phosphatase and (Mg2+ + HCO3-)ATPase may be
      properties of the same liver protein that might be involved in biliary HCO3-
      transport and bile secretion.

PMID- 2414360
TI  - Is the enigma of non-A, non-B hepatitis being solved?

PMID- 2414361
TI  - Influence of fixation and decalcification on the immunohistochemical staining of
      cell-specific markers in paraffin-embedded human bone biopsies.
AB  - A number of fixation and decalcification procedures were evaluated to determine
      their suitability for immunohistochemistry on trephine samples of bone marrow
      after paraffin embedding. In particular, the immunoreactivity of antigens
      characteristic for various hematopoietic cell lines (immunoglobulin heavy and
      light chains for plasmacytoid cells; elastase for neutrophil myeloid cells;
      lysozyme, alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin for hystiocytic cells;
      leukocyte common antigen for lymphocytes; hemoglobin and glycophorin A for
      erythroid cells; Factor VIII-related antigen for thrombocytoid cells) as well as
      some antigens specific for epithelial tumors (CEA, 115D8, and keratin) were
      investigated. Fixation in a mercuric chloride-formaldehyde mixture followed by
      decalcification in acetic acid-formaldehyde-saline proved to be the best
      procedure for antigen preservation and retention of morphologic detail. Moreover,
      there is no need of trypsinization when using this procedure. The only exception
      was Factor VIII-related antigen in megakaryocytes, which was best demonstrated in
      trypsin-digested sections of formalin-fixed and acetic acid-decalcified biopsies.

PMID- 2414362
TI  - Intermediate filaments in the developing type II cell of fetal monkey lung.
AB  - Anticytokeratin monoclonal antibody was used to study epithelial cell development
      in fetal monkey lungs taken from animals of different ages. It is well
      established that the overall maturity of fetal lung depends greatly on the
      maturation of type II epithelial cells in the alveolus. In this study, we have
      correlated the cytokeratin phenotype of mammalian epithelial cells with
      pneumocyte maturation. We show that differentiation and maturation of the type II
      cell is related to intermediate filament expression. Twenty-four fetal monkeys
      (Macaca nemestrina) were delivered by cesarean section at a gestational age of
      135-140 days (term = 168 days) and divided into two groups. One group of animals
      was sacrificed during the first 3 hr of life, and the other group was maintained
      in incubators for 92-120 hr. Anticytokeratin monoclonal antibody recognizes only
      alveolar type I and type II epithelial cells. In the first 3 hr of life, the
      cytokeratin was localized only at the alveolar surface and at the cytoplasmic
      periphery of the type II cells of these premature animals. However, at the age of
      92-120 hr, the epithelia in the lungs reacted more intensely than they did during
      the first 3 hr. Electron microscopy revealed and confirmed that the type II cells
      were matured and abundant intermediate filaments appeared in the cytoplasm. The
      filaments appeared to form either aggregates or parallel filament bundles and few
      were closely associated with the lamellar bodies. In the immature type II cells
      at 0-3 hr of life, few intermediate filaments could be localized in the
      cytoplasm, and no parallel filament bundle was observed, though many appeared in
      the 92-120 hr lungs. This suggests that the intermediate filaments have a
      functional significance in the development and maturation of the type II cell.
      The location and stability of keratin filaments in type II cells may confer the
      structural strength necessary for cells covering a free surface in the alveoli
      during lung maturation.

PMID- 2414363
TI  - Glycogen staining on sections of aqueous-embedded cyanobacteria and muscle.
AB  - We offer histochemical evidence that glycogen is preserved in the cytoplasm of
      cyanobacteria and muscle specimens that have been embedded in the water-soluble
      melamine resin Nanoplast for electron microscopy.

PMID- 2414364
TI  - An improved fluorochrome microassay for the detection of living and non-living
      intracellular bacteria in human neutrophils.
AB  - Acridine orange fluorescence may be used to distinguish living from non-living
      intracellular bacteria in individual glass-adherent neutrophil granulocytes
      (PMN). An improvement of the original assay (Smith and Rommel, 1977; Pantazis and
      Kniker, 1979) is described which allows differentiation between ingested and cell
      adherent bacteria. It is shown that this differentiation is impossible with the
      original method using wet-mounted preparations. With the improved method,
      however, using dry-mounted preparations, cell-adherent as well as extracellular
      bacteria lose their fluorescence. Moreover, the fluorescence of cell nuclei and
      granula is reduced to a minimum. Phagocytosis kinetics and selective inhibition
      of the myeloperoxidase of PMN show that living intracellular bacteria fluoresce
      green and non-living bacteria red in such dry-mounted preparations. The
      preparations can be stored and interpreted for at least 2 months. Application of
      this method requires 0.1 ml blood or cell-rich body fluid per preparation and is
      fast and inexpensive.

PMID- 2414365
TI  - Chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay using beta-D-galactosidase as the label and
      the bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate-fluorescent dye system.
AB  - A chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using beta-D-galactosidase as the
      enzyme label is described in this report. The activity of beta-D-galactosidase,
      after separation of bound and free fractions, was measured using a coupled enzyme
      procedure: lactose and glucose oxidase were used as the substrate and coupling
      enzyme, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide generated from glucose was determined by
      the chemiluminescence reaction using the bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate
      fluorescent dye system. This assay system was applied to the EIA of phenytoin
      using beta-D-galactosidase as the label and assay sensitivity was increased about
      10 times compared with the original method. This method may also be applied to
      other EIAs of digitoxin, alpha-fetoprotein and thyroid-stimulating hormone.

PMID- 2414366
TI  - The immune response to a schistosomacide, amoscanate. I. Serum antibody
      responses.
AB  - A potent antischistosomal drug, Amoscanate, was found to be immunogenic to mice
      and Cebus apella monkeys. The drug was readily haptenated to proteins under
      relatively mild conditions. The Amoscanate-protein conjugates were observed to be
      immunogenic when injected into the footpads of several strains of mice. However,
      such protein conjugates were not found to raise IgE antibody to the drug in high
      responder strains using several procedures. When the formulated drug (dissolved
      in oil) was fed to CD 1 mice, a rise in serum antibody against the drug was noted
      1 week following the primary dose. This is preliminary evidence that the drug, or
      a cross-reactive metabolite, becomes covalently bound to proteins in vivo. Cebus
      apella monkeys fed the drug exhibited a rise in anti-Amoscanate antibody one
      month after a second oral dose. These data suggest that the immunogenicity of
      Amoscanate is readily detected; furthermore, since there is no lasting immunity
      to schistosomiasis, thus necessitating multiple administration of the drug, the
      possibility that serum antibody titers to Amoscanate may interfere with its
      therapeutic efficacy cannot be overlooked.

PMID- 2414367
TI  - Anti-T4-tyrosinase monoclonal antibodies--specific markers for pigmented
      melanocytes.
AB  - Tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) is the enzyme essential to pigment formation in
      mammals; this enzyme is specifically localized in melanocytes, which occur
      primarily in the skin, hair bulbs, and eyes. Three hybridomas, TMH-1, TMH-2, and
      TMH-3, which produce monoclonal antibodies directed against tyrosinase, were
      obtained by fusion of SP2/0 myeloma cells and lymphocytes of rats hyperimmunized
      with purified melanosomal tyrosinase. These three monoclonal antibodies bound
      specifically to the mature, T4 form of tyrosinase, and did not bind to either of
      the precursor forms (T1 or T2) of the enzyme, which demonstrates that further
      posttranslational modifications of this enzyme occur which had not previously
      been detected. Epitope mapping studies have shown that at least two different
      immunologic determinants on tyrosinase are recognized by these antibodies. All
      three antibodies showed positive immunofluorescence staining of pigmented murine
      melanocytes from various sources, including B16 melanoma growing in vivo and in
      vitro, epidermal melanocytes, and retinal melanocytes. The antibodies did not
      cross-react with unpigmented cells, including K1735 amelanotic melanoma cells,
      albino murine skin or eye tissue, fibrosarcoma cells, rat fibroblasts, or
      epidermal keratinocytes. These monoclonal antibodies are sensitive, highly
      specific probes for pigmented mammalian melanocytes.

PMID- 2414368
TI  - Epidermal cell-derived thymocyte activating factor (ETAF) is a potent T-cell
      chemoattractant.
AB  - The epidermis, in particular epidermal cytokines, have been shown to modulate a
      number of inflammatory and cellular immune responses. In this study we have
      demonstrated that the partially purified epidermal cytokine, epidermal thymocyte
      activating factor (ETAF), a polypeptide released by keratinocytes, is a potent T
      cell chemoattractant. Compared to its ability to augment lectin-stimulated
      thymocyte proliferation, ETAF is much more active as a T-cell chemoattractant.
      The results of this study give further support to the role of local epidermal
      factors in immune reactivity. This finding may have particular relevance to
      pathologic states characterized by T-cell infiltration in the skin, such as
      cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2414369
TI  - Keratin type intermediate filaments in sweat gland myoepithelial cells.
AB  - A study was undertaken to clarify the origin of sweat gland myoepithelial cells
      using monoclonal antibodies EKH1, EKH4, and AN3. EKH1 recognizes all classes of
      intermediate filaments. EKH4 and AN3 recognize keratin type intermediate
      filaments. Since within the skin, only epithelial cells of ectodermal origin
      contain keratin, EKH4 and AN3 could be used as ectodermal markers within the
      skin. Sweat gland myoepithelial cells were labeled by all three antibodies. In
      contrast, arrector pili muscle and vascular smooth muscle were recognized only by
      EKH1, but not by EKH4 and AN3. This study demonstrated that myoepithelial cells
      of sweat glands contain keratin type intermediate filaments and suggested their
      ectodermal origin. On the other hand, arrector pili muscle and vascular smooth
      muscle did not contain keratin type intermediate filaments, despite their
      ultrastructural similarity to myoepithelial cells. Electron microscopic studies
      using human fetal and adult skin revealed that myoepithelial cells are developed
      from basal cells of the coiled tip of fetal gland and not from mesenchymal cells.
      In order to determine the time of appearance of myoepithelial cells during fetal
      development, embryonic and newborn mouse skin was also examined. It was found
      that sweat gland myoepithelial cells first appear around 20 weeks of gestation in
      humans and after birth in mice.

PMID- 2414370
TI  - Establishment of basal cell carcinoma in culture: evidence for a basal cell
      carcinoma-derived factor(s) which stimulates fibroblasts to proliferate and
      release collagenase.
AB  - The connective tissue adjacent to basal cell carcinomas (BCC) is frequently
      abnormal and contains increased numbers of fibroblasts and increased extractable
      collagenase. To determine whether BCC could produce these alterations by
      releasing mediators that regulated fibroblast function, we established BCC in
      culture and tested the ability of their culture supernatants to alter fibroblast
      proliferation and production of collagenase. Using tissue culture plates coated
      with type IV collagen and containing x-irradiated 3T3 feeder cells, we
      established epithelial colonies from 47% of the BCC cultured. The BCC-derived
      colonies differed from normal epidermal cell colonies in their morphology, growth
      rate, and keratin production. Culture supernatants from 4 out of 5 confluent BCC
      derived colonies contained factors that stimulated fibroblasts to proliferate and
      release collagenase. These findings show that BCC-derived epidermal cell colonies
      release mediators which alter fibroblast functions and suggest that some of the
      connective tissue changes associated with BCC in vivo are the result of BCC
      fibroblast interactions.

PMID- 2414371
TI  - SV 40-transformed (SVK14) and normal keratinocytes: similarity in the expression
      of low-density lipoprotein, epidermal growth factor, glucocorticoid receptors,
      and the regulation of lipid metabolism.
AB  - Transformation of normal keratinocytes by simian virus 40 (SV 40) leads to the
      establishment of epithelial cell lines that can be cultured in the absence of the
      feeder layer and do not become senescent in culture. The SVK14 cell line
      developed by Taylor-Papadimitriou et al can serve as a model for study of the
      modification of various cellular processes by certain pharmacologic and
      physiologic agents, because these cells resemble normal keratinocytes with
      respect to a variety of parameters related to proliferation and differentiation,
      as follows: The SVK14 cells show the same ability to form ionophore-induced cross
      linked envelopes that is strongly suppressed when the calcium level in the
      culture medium is reduced. When cultured in a high-calcium medium, both cell
      types showed a high rate of de novo cholesterol synthesis that was independent of
      the extracellular lipoprotein concentration. Cells cultured in a low-calcium
      medium had a much lower rate of cholesterol synthesis, but this rate increased
      markedly in cells preincubated in lipoprotein-deficient (LPDS) medium and
      decreased again with the addition of increasing amounts of low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL). Both types of cell showed decreased ability to bind epidermal
      growth factor (EGF) and LDL during calcium-induced differentiation, the
      expression of LDL and/or EGF receptors being high in low-calcium and low in high
      calcium cells. Addition of etretinate (0.05-5.0 microM) suppressed cholesterol
      synthesis and strongly stimulated triglyceride synthesis in both cell types
      without significantly affecting the rate of protein synthesis. The addition of
      small doses of glucocorticoids (10(-9) to 10(-6) M) led to stimulation and higher
      doses (up to 5 X 10(-5) M) to inhibition of cell proliferation.

PMID- 2414372
TI  - Trials of some antibiotics and chemotherapeutics on experimental trichinosis.

PMID- 2414374
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies as structural probes for oligomeric human interferon-gamma.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) B1 and B3, specific for human interferon-gamma (IFN
      gamma) failed to immunoprecipitate heat-inactivated human IFN-gamma in solution.
      However, both MAb retained some reactivity with denatured IFN-gamma immobilized
      on vinyl plates. The two MAb have been employed in a sensitive immunoradiometric
      assay (IRMA). In this IRMA one MAb was bound to polystyrene beads and used as
      immunoadsorbent. The second MAb, labeled with 125I, was used as the tracer to
      quantitate the amount of IFN-gamma bound to the immobilized MAb. Addition of
      unlabeled MAb B1 did not inhibit the binding of 125I-labeled MAb B3 (and vice
      versa), indicating that the two MAb react with two different and nonoverlapping
      epitopes. Yet, when the same MAb was used in IRMA as both immunoadsorbent and
      tracer, the amount of labeled MAb bound to a given concentration of natural or E.
      coli-derived recombinant human IFN-gamma was very similar as with two different
      MAb, indicating that a single IFN-gamma molecule must have two or more identical
      binding sites for each of the two MAb. These findings show that biologically
      active natural and recombinant human IFN-gamma exist in oligomeric form.

PMID- 2414373
TI  - A comparison of interferon responses to poly ICLC in males and females.
AB  - Interferon (IFN) responses to polyriboinosinic acid polyribocytidylic acid in
      poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose (poly ICLC) have been studied in detail
      in 6 men and 3 women as part of a preliminary trial in patients with multiple
      sclerosis (MS). Patients received intravenous (i.v.) doses of 100 micrograms/kg
      poly ICLC, and serum IFN levels were determined serially every 4 h for 16 h. Men
      and women produced substantial levels of IFN at 8, 12, and 16 h after infusion,
      but levels in men were consistently and significantly higher (p less than 0.05).
      Interferon responses were examined also in 3 male and 3 female Rhesus monkeys.
      Serum samples were obtained 8 and 24 h after i.v. injections of 1 mg/kg of poly
      ICLC. Again, there were significantly higher levels of IFN in males. The observed
      differences may reflect sex-linked differences in either drug metabolism or
      specific sensitivity to IFN induction by poly ICLC. The most interesting
      possibility is that the difference is due to a more general difference in IFN
      response between males and females. Studies are currently in progress to evaluate
      these possibilities.

PMID- 2414375
TI  - Characterization of antibodies against recombinant HuIFN-gamma produced by
      hybridoma cells.
AB  - Balbc/c mice were immunized with purified recombinant E. coli-derived human gamma
      interferon (HuIFN-gamma). Their spleen cells were fused with a mouse myeloma cell
      line (Sp2/0). Hybridomas producing antibodies reacting with HuIFN-gamma were
      screened by a soluble-phase radioimmunoassay using pure 125I-labeled cloned IFN
      gamma as antigen, and tested for their ability to neutralize the antiviral
      activity of IFN. Three hybridomas S1-1, S1-2, and S1-3, were cloned and subcloned
      and remained stable. Although the antibodies produced by clones S1-1 and S1-2
      were both able to neutralize specifically the antiviral activity of natural and
      recombinant HuIFN-gamma, they appeared to recognize different epitopes on the
      HuIFN-gamma molecule. The antibodies produced by the S1-3 clone failed to
      neutralize the antiviral activity of either interferon. The antibodies from all
      three clones were characterized as IgG1 subclass. Their affinity constants were
      determined from competitive inhibition curves and ranged from 1 to 4.3 X 10(8) M
      1.

PMID- 2414376
TI  - On the relationship between human interferon alpha 1 and beta 1 genes.
AB  - The human interferon alpha 1 and beta 1 (IFN-alpha 1 and -beta 1) genes are
      approximately 56% identical in the nucleotide sequence across the regions coding
      for the mature proteins. An IFN-alpha 1 cDNA insert containing such sequences can
      be used to isolate 15 IFN-beta 1 cDNA colonies present in a 2600-strong library
      in Escherichia coli prepared from polyadenylated RNA extracted from human diploid
      fibroblasts (FS-4) induced with poly(I).poly(C). Conversely, a clone containing
      an IFN-alpha 1 cDNA exhibited detectable hybridization with an IFN-beta 1 probe.
      One of the IFN-beta 1 cDNA clones isolated in these experiments had lost the
      internal PstI and PvuII sites due to a change at nucleotide 277 from a C to an A.
      As a consequence, this allele codes for Met-47 instead of Leu-47. Suggestive
      evidence has been obtained for the presence of this allele in human genomic DNA
      (IFN-beta 1 Met-47).

PMID- 2414378
TI  - [Simple semiquantitative method for the detection of protease activity].

PMID- 2414377
TI  - [Molecular structures of preproenkephalins and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor].

PMID- 2414379
TI  - Expression of cytokeratins in Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors of the ovary.

PMID- 2414380
TI  - [Recent progress in the placental hormone. Molecular regulation in the synthesis
      and secretion of placental protein hormones].

PMID- 2414381
TI  - Chemotherapy of disseminated testicular cancer.

PMID- 2414382
TI  - [Clinical studies of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) nephrotoxicity-
      influence of aging and urinary diversion].

PMID- 2414383
TI  - [Prognosis of tongue carcinoma according to the therapeutic modality--with
      special reference to stages I and II].

PMID- 2414384
TI  - [Clinical and pathological studies on amylase-producing ovarian cancer].

PMID- 2414385
TI  - [Analysis of arrhythmias documented by Holter electrocardiographic monitoring in
      healthy subjects].

PMID- 2414386
TI  - Palliation in head and neck cancer.

PMID- 2414387
TI  - Lack of binding of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to mouse lung macrophages and
      restoration of binding by gamma interferon.
AB  - Although peritoneal resident macrophages (PRM) or peritoneal exudate macrophages
      (PEM) were activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to kill tumor cells in vitro,
      lung macrophages (LM) obtained by mincing lung tissues or by harvesting bronchial
      lavage were not activated by LPS under any experimental conditions, i.e.,
      different LPS concentrations, incubation times and cytotoxicity assay methods.
      The unresponsiveness of LM to LPS was seen in all of the mouse strains tested.
      Treatment of LM with indomethacin did not affect the unresponsiveness, although
      it greatly augmented the cytotoxicity of PRM stimulated with LPS. LM treated in
      vitro with crude lymphokines (LK) did not show cytotoxicity, but became sensitive
      to LPS and cytotoxic for tumor cells. LM treated first with crude LK and then
      with LPS were cytotoxic, but LM treated first with LPS and then with crude LK
      were not. The ability of crude LK to render LM responsive to LPS was neutralized
      by rabbit anti-mouse gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) antiserum but not by anti-mouse
      IFN-(alpha + beta) antiserum. LM treated with recombinant murine IFN-gamma became
      responsive to LPS and showed cytotoxicity. LM were resistant to direct toxicity
      of LPS under conditions in which significant populations of PRM and PEM died.
      However, LM became sensitive to direct toxicity of LPS by treatment with crude LK
      or recombinant murine IFN-gamma. Fluorescence microscopy showed that almost all
      PRM and PEM were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-LPS, while less
      than 5% of the LM were stained. Instead, approximately 60% of the LM treated with
      the crude LK or recombinant IFN-gamma for 20 h were stained with FITC-LPS.
      Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis confirmed this result. The
      staining of IFN-gamma treated LM with FITC-LPS was inhibited by polymyxin B or
      unlabeled LPS. These results suggest that the defective responsiveness of LM to
      LPS is due to the lack or very low expression of LPS-binding sites on the cell
      surface and that in vitro treatment with IFN-gamma brings about the expression of
      them and renders LM responsive to LPS.

PMID- 2414388
TI  - Strain-specific silencing of a predominant antidextran clonotype family.
AB  - The immune response to dextran is characterized by marked phenotypic differences
      among murine strains. In particular, Igha strains, as opposed to strains of other
      Igh haplotypes, respond relatively vigorously to dextran B1355 fraction S (DEX),
      producing predominantly antibodies bearing the lambda light chain, and specific
      for the alpha(1----3) glucose linkage. We have investigated this disparity in
      BALB/c (Igha) vs. C.B20 (Ighb) mice at the individual precursor cell level.
      Consistent with previous findings (7-9, 35, 40, 42, 43), there was a 10-fold
      higher frequency of lambda-bearing splenic B cells specific for the alpha(1----3)
      linkage in Igha mice. As with previously studied (25-27) predominant
      specificities, the origin of this high frequency of lambda-bearing alpha(1----3)
      DEX-specific B cells appears to be a reflection of a high expression of this
      specificity in surface Ig (sIg)-negative cells emerging from the bone marrow
      generative cell pool. Surprisingly, although C.B20 mice (Ighb) have a low
      frequency of lambda-bearing alpha(1----3) DEX-specific B cells in their mature
      primary splenic population, the frequency of precursor cells of this clonotype in
      their sIg- bone marrow cell population is equivalent to that of BALB/c sIg-
      cells. These cells could only be stimulated in allotype allogeneic (Igha), as
      opposed to allotype syngeneic (Ighb), carrier-primed irradiated recipients. This
      finding was confirmed by the finding that a high proportion of antidextran
      hybridoma cell lines derived from C.B20 bone marrow cells produced lambda-bearing
      alpha(1----3) DEX-specific antibodies that were IdX+. These findings have led us
      to conclude that the well-established phenotypic difference between Igha and Ighb
      mice with respect to the expression of lambda-bearing alpha(1----3) DEX-specific
      antibody responses is not, as previously assumed, the result of an inability of
      Ighb mice to generate B cells of this clonotype, but rather, is the product of
      environmental, possibly antiidiotypic, silencing of cells of this clonotype as
      they mature in Ighb mice.

PMID- 2414389
TI  - Determinants recognized by human cytotoxic T cells on a natural hybrid class I
      HLA molecule.
AB  - The major histocompatibility complex class I HLA molecules are the primary
      determinants recognized by allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and serve as
      restricting elements for CTL recognition of viral, chemical, or minor
      histocompatibility antigens. HLA-Aw69 is a naturally occurring hybrid class I
      molecule that we have used to investigate the regions of class I antigens
      involved in human CTL recognition. HLA-Aw69 appears to have resulted from an exon
      shuffle between two closely related class I genes: the alpha 1 domain of HLA-Aw69
      is identical to that of HLA-Aw68, while the alpha 2 and alpha 3 domains are
      identical to HLA-A2. The determinants recognized by human allogeneic CTL clones
      specific for HLA-A2, -Aw68, and/or -Aw69 fall into three patterns: (a) CTL
      determinants are located on both the alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains; (b) interaction
      of the alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains results in new combinatorial determinants; (c)
      interaction of the alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains in the hybrid molecule results in
      the loss of CTL determinants that are present on both parental molecules. Thus,
      using human CTL clones, target cells, and HLA molecules, we show that the
      interaction of the alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains alters CTL determinants in ways
      not directly predictable from primary structure.

PMID- 2414390
TI  - Accumulation of RNA in blastocysts during embryonic diapause and the
      periimplantation period in the western spotted skunk.
AB  - The in vivo incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA was studied in delayed
      implanting and activated blastocysts obtained from 33 western spotted skunks. 3H
      uridine was incorporated into RNA by all blastocysts; however, significantly more
      label was incorporated as blastocyst diameter increased. Activated blastocysts
      with diameters of 1.6 mm or greater on average incorporated 65 times more 3H
      precursor in 5 hr than diapausing blastocysts with diameters of 1.1 mm or less.
      Polyadenylated RNA was likewise synthesized by delayed implanting and activated
      skunk blastocysts; however, the proportion of polyadenylated RNA synthesized by
      the former was greater than in the latter (43.9% vs. 27.5%). Our data suggest
      that the transition from embryonic diapause to fully activated blastocysts first
      occurs gradually for several days before entering a 1-2-day period of rapid
      development characterized by an abrupt increase in RNA accumulation.

PMID- 2414391
TI  - An alpha 2-macroglobulinlike activity in the blood of chelicerate and mandibulate
      arthropods.
AB  - The alpha 2-macroglobulins are large molecular weight proteinase-binding proteins
      that inhibit the ability of proteinases to hydrolyze protein substrates without
      suppressing activity against amide or ester substrates. They are also able to
      protect the active site of bound proteinases from active site inhibitors of
      suitably high molecular weight. The ability to protect the amidolytic activity of
      trypsin from the macromolecular active site inhibitor, soybean trypsin inhibitor,
      was used to demonstrate an alpha 2-macroglobulinlike activity in the blood of the
      horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus and the crustaceans Libinia emarginata (the
      spider crab) and Cancer borealis (the Jonah crab). The alpha 2-macroglobulinlike
      activities of L. polyphemus and L. emarginata are sensitive to methylamine, but
      that of C. borealis is relatively insensitive. The molecular weights (mw) of the
      trypsin-protecting proteins in L. emarginata and C. borealis, estimated from
      gelfiltration studies, are, respectively, 480 X 10(3) and 460 X 10(3), and are
      significantly smaller than that of L. polyphemus (Mr = 570 X 10(3)).

PMID- 2414392
TI  - Photoinduced removal of nifedipine reveals mechanisms of calcium antagonist
      action on single heart cells.
AB  - The currents through voltage-activated calcium channels in heart cell membranes
      are suppressed by dihydropyridine calcium antagonists such as nifedipine.
      Nifedipine is photolabile, and the reduction of current amplitude by this drug
      can be reversed within a few milliseconds after a 1-ms light flash. The blockade
      by nifedipine and its removal by flashes were studied in isolated myocytes from
      neonatal rat heart using the whole-cell clamp method. The results suggest that
      nifedipine interacts with closed, open, and inactivated calcium channels. It is
      likely that at the normal resting potential of cardiac cells, the suppression of
      current amplitude arises because nifedipine binds to and stabilizes channels in
      the resting, closed state. Inhibition is enhanced at depolarized membrane
      potentials, where interaction with inactivated channels may also become
      important. Additional block of open channels is suggested when currents are
      carried by Ba2+ but is not indicated with Ca2+ currents. Numerical simulations
      reproduce the experimental observations with molecular dissociation constants on
      the order of 10(-7) M for closed and open channels and 10(-8) M for inactivated
      channels.

PMID- 2414393
TI  - Kinetics of intramembrane charge movement and conductance activation of
      batrachotoxin-modified sodium channels in frog node of Ranvier.
AB  - Sodium current and intramembrane gating charge movement (Q) were monitored in
      voltage-clamped frog node of Ranvier after modification of all sodium channels by
      batrachotoxin (BTX). Sodium current activation followed a single-exponential time
      course, provided a delay was interposed between the onset of the step ON
      depolarization and that of the current change. The delay decreased with increased
      ON depolarization and, for a constant ON depolarization, increased with
      prehyperpolarization. ON charge movement followed a single-exponential time
      course with time constants tau Q,ON slightly larger than tau Na, ON. For pulses
      between -70 and -50 mV, tau Q,ON/tau Na,ON = 1.14 +/- 0.08. The OFF charge
      movement and OFF sodium current tails after a depolarizing pulse followed single
      exponential time courses, with tau Q, OFF larger than tau Na, OFF. tau Q,OFF/tau
      Na,OFF increased with OFF voltage from 1 near -100 mV to 2 near -160 mV. At a set
      OFF potential (-120 mV), both tau Q,OFF and tau Na,OFF increased with ON pulse
      duration. The delay in INa activation and the effect of ON pulse duration on tau
      Q,OFF and tau Na,OFF are inconsistent with a simple two-state, single-transition
      model for the gating of batrachotoxin-modified sodium channels.

PMID- 2414394
TI  - Voltage dependence of the Na/Ca exchange in voltage-clamped, dialyzed squid
      axons. Na-dependent Ca efflux.
AB  - A combination of the voltage-clamp and the intracellular dialysis techniques has
      been used to study the membrane potential dependence of the Nao-dependent Ca
      efflux in squid giant axons. In order to improve axon survival, experiments were
      carried out using internal solutions prepared with large impermeant organic
      anions and cations, which did not affect the operation of the Na/Ca exchange
      mechanism. In axons dialyzed with solutions prepared without internal Na, the Nao
      dependent Ca efflux had a small sensitivity to membrane potential changes. For a
      25-mV membrane displacement in the hyperpolarizing direction, the basal Ca efflux
      increased by only 7.4% (n = 13). When the dialysis medium contained Na (from 20
      to 55 mM), the efflux increased 32.3% (n = 25) for the same membrane potential
      change. The K1/2 for this effect is approximately 5 mM Na, and saturation appears
      to occur at a Na concentration above 20 mM. Adding ATP to the dialysis medium
      increased the magnitude of the Nao-dependent Ca efflux without changing its
      voltage sensitivity. Wide changes in the intracellular ionized Ca concentration
      (from 0.1 to 230 microM) did not modify the voltage sensitivity of the exchange
      system. Elimination of the reversal of Na/Ca exchange (Nai-dependent Ca influx)
      by removing Cao did not modify the voltage sensitivity of the Nao-dependent Ca
      efflux. When the axon membrane potential was submitted to prolonged changes, the
      corresponding changes in the Ca efflux were not sustained, but declined
      exponentially to intermediate values. This effect may indicate a slow
      inactivation process in the Na/Ca exchange mechanism. Voltage-clamp pulse
      experiments revealed: (a) the absence of a fast inactivation process in the Na/Ca
      exchange, and (b) that the activation of the carrier for hyperpolarizing pulses
      occurs as rapidly as 1 ms.

PMID- 2414395
TI  - Antiviral activity of prostaglandin A on encephalomyocarditis virus-infected
      cells: a unique effect unrelated to interferon.
AB  - Antiviral effects of prostaglandins of the A series (PGAs) on Sendai, vaccinia
      and vesicular stomatitis viruses have previously been reported and a relationship
      between the antiviral actions of PGAs and interferons has been suggested. We have
      investigated the antiviral activity of PGAs on encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus.
      Using single-cycle assays of virus replication our results indicate that PGAs
      only inhibit when present in the culture medium after the cells are infected, and
      that they are most effective during incubation periods including from 3 to 5 h
      post-infection. Furthermore, viral RNA synthesis is blocked in infected cells
      treated with PGA and, as a result, viral antigens are greatly reduced in the
      cytoplasm of the cells 5 h post-infection. Since the antiviral effect of PGAs is
      unperturbed by actinomycin D, when cellular RNA synthesis is greatly reduced, it
      appears unlikely that induction of new cellular proteins is the reason for the
      antiviral activity of PGAs. In separate experiments we were unable to demonstrate
      directly the induction of interferon, or of the two dsRNA-dependent enzymes,
      2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and protein kinase, which are greatly increased
      in interferon-treated cells. Thus, we conclude that the antiviral activity of
      PGAs is unrelated to the antiviral action of interferons and involves a unique
      mechanism independent of cellular protein synthesis.

PMID- 2414396
TI  - Effect of mutation in immunodominant neutralization epitopes on the antigenicity
      of rotavirus SA-11.
AB  - Exposure of rotavirus SA-11 to polyclonal neutralizing antibody from
      hyperimmunized guinea-pigs permitted selection of variants which were poorly
      neutralized by antisera against the parental virus. In one-way cross
      neutralization experiments, at least 22 of 24 plaque-purified variants could be
      classified as belonging to a serotype different from that of the parent. Most
      antisera generated against the variants, however, readily neutralized the
      parental virus. This indicates that immunodominant neutralization epitopes in the
      parent differed from those in the variants. Changes in immunodominant epitopes
      caused the serotypic relationships between the variants and other strains of
      rotavirus to differ from those of the parental SA-11. The serotypic relatedness
      of human strain P (human serotype 3) was reduced while, in contrast to results
      found with the parental SA-11, several of the antisera against the variants
      recognized the bovine rotavirus NCDV as the same serotype. Causes for these
      changes are discussed.

PMID- 2414397
TI  - [Fetal ascites as a manifestation of infantile sialidosis. Significance of a
      study of oligosaccharides in amniotic fluid].
AB  - Non immune hydramnios and fetal ascite are demonstrated at 31 weeks gestation.
      There is no familial story. All etiologic investigations (repeated
      ultrasonographic examinations, amniocentesis) are negative. The delivered girl
      has a normal development. She presents a congenital ascite and edema. The
      diagnosis of sialidosis (mucolipidosis type I) is supported by the early finding
      of vacuolated lymphocytes, the excretion of oligosaccharides in the urine and,
      finally, the results of the study of alpha-D-neuraminidase fibroblasts and others
      lysosomal enzymes activities. Oligosaccharides and enzymic studies provide same
      results in amniotic fluid. Authors point the particular interest of amniotic
      fluid oligosaccharides study when the etiologic diagnosis of idiopathic fetal
      ascite or hydrops is to be done.

PMID- 2414398
TI  - [Results of an experiment in systematic prenatal screening for neural tube
      malformations by assay of alpha fetoproteins in dried blood samples (12,480
      pregnancies)].
AB  - Measurement of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in eluate of dried blood was carried out
      in 12,480 pregnant women, between the 10th and 30th weeks of amenorrhea. In 348
      cases, AFP level was greater than normal (greater than 99th centile). 225 control
      measurements were performed (123 women dropped out of the study). In 173 cases,
      the AFP level returned to normal (1.4% false positives). In 52 cases, AFP title
      remained above the 99th centile: in 8 cases, the fetus was malformed (4
      anencephalics, 1 spina bifida, 1 hydrocephalus, 1 laparoschisis, 1 exomphalos).
      Of the 44 remaining cases, 26 were multiple pregnancies, 5 were cases of acute
      fetal distress, 7 false positives normalized when a second control was made, 5
      false positives up to the end of pregnancy, and 1 spina bifida (normal ultrasound
      scan on two different occasions). During this prenatal screening, 7 false
      negatives (0.56%) not detected by AFP assay should be noted: 3 anencephalics, 2
      spina bifida, 1 hydrocephalus, 1 exomphalos. In all cases except one, the AFP
      test was carried out too early (before the 10th week) or too late (after the 30th
      week). The authors stress that screening must be done during the precise period
      between the 16th and 20th weeks of amenorrhea, and that close collaboration with
      a competent ultrasonographist is necessary. In 5 cases of false negatives where
      AFP assay and ultrasound scan had been carried out, the two methods are compared.
      Measurement of AFP in eluate of dried blood thus seems a reliable test which
      could be the first stage in a plan for systematic prenatal screening for certain
      serious fetal malformations with high incidence (1,2% in the Midi-Pyrenees
      region).

PMID- 2414399
TI  - [Contribution of amniocentesis to prenatal screening of neural tube closing
      defects: evaluation of 10 years of a center's experience].
AB  - The authors report retrospective data on analysis of amniotic fluid DFTN markers
      (AFP and AChE) from 306 cases. Data were obtained from 261 amniocentesis done
      because there was a recurrence risk of DFTN and from 45 amniocentesis done
      because an anomaly as DFTN was diagnosed with ultrasonography. Results first show
      that the risk of recurrence is 3.03% in Rhone-Alpes area. In utero exposure to
      valproate appears as new indication for amniocentesis, in view of the possible
      association between Spina-Bifida and prenatal-valproate exposure (1/8 in the
      study). In contrast to anencephaly, Spina Bifida can be difficult to diagnose
      with ultrasonography before 20 weeks and require amniocentesis with AFP and AChE
      study.

PMID- 2414400
TI  - Leptinotoxin-h action in synaptosomes, neurosecretory cells, and artificial
      membranes: stimulation of ion fluxes.
AB  - Leptinotoxin-h (LPTx), a neurotoxin (otherwise designated beta-leptinotarsin-h)
      known to stimulate the release of neurotransmitters from synapses, was purified
      from the hemolymph of the potato beetle, Leptinotarsa haldemani, by a
      simplification of the procedure originally developed by Crosland et al.
      [Biochemistry 23, 734-741, (1984)]. Highly and partially purified preparations of
      the toxin were applied to guinea pig synaptosomes and neurosecretory (PC12)
      cells. When applied in a Ca2+-containing Ringer medium, at concentrations in the
      10(-11) - 10(-10) M range, the toxin induced: (a) rapid depolarization of the
      plasma membrane, which was not inhibited by organic blockers of voltage-dependent
      Na+ and Ca2+ channels (tetrodotoxin or verapamil); (b) large 45Ca influx; and (c)
      increased free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. These latter two effects were
      unaffected by verapamil. In Ca2+-free media the effects of the toxin were
      different in the two systems investigated. In synaptosomes, depolarization was
      still observed, even if the toxin concentrations needed were higher
      (approximately 10X) than those effective in the complete medium. In contrast, in
      PC12 cells no effect of the toxin on membrane potential was observed. Binding of
      LPTx to its cellular targets could not be investigated directly because the toxin
      was inactivated by the procedures used for its labeling. Indirect evidence
      suggested however that Ca2+ is necessary for toxin binding to PC12 cells.
      Interaction of LPTx with air/water interfaces, as well as with
      cholesterol/phospholipid mono- and bilayer membranes was investigated. The
      results indicate that the toxin has affinity for hydrophobic surfaces, but lacks
      the capacity to insert across membranes unless transpositive voltage is applied.
      Our results are inconsistent with the previous conclusion of Crosland et al.
      (1984), who suggested opening of the Ca2+ channel as the mechanism of action of
      LPTx. The effects of the toxin resemble those of alpha-latrotoxin (alpha-LTx) of
      the black widow spider venom, and therefore the two toxins might act by similar
      mechanisms. However, the sites recognized by the two toxins might be different,
      because LPTx does not inhibit alpha-LTx binding.

PMID- 2414401
TI  - Leptinotoxin-h action in synaptosomes and neurosecretory cells: stimulation of
      neurotransmitter release.
AB  - Guinea pig brain cortex synaptosomes and neurosecretory PC12 cells were loaded
      with [3H]3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine ([3H]DA, [3H]dopamine) and then exposed to
      leptinotoxin-h (LPTx) (purified and partially purified preparations, obtained
      from the hemolymph of Leptinotarsa haldemani). In a Ca2+-containing Ringer medium
      the toxin induced prompt and massive release of the neurotransmitter. Half
      maximal effects were obtained at concentrations estimated of approximately 3 X
      10(-11) M for synaptosomes, and 1.5 X 10(-10) M for PC12 cells. Release responses
      in the two experimental systems investigated were dependent to different extents
      on the Ca2+ concentration in the medium. In synaptosomes clear, although slow,
      release of [3H]DA was elicited by the toxin even in Ca2+-free, EGTA-containing
      medium, provided that high (in the 10(-10) M range) concentrations were used;
      near-maximal responses were observed at 10(-5)M Ca2+. In contrast, the toxin
      induced release from PC12 cells was appreciable only at 3 X 10(-5) M Ca2+, and
      was maximal at 2 X 10(-4) M and above. In both synaptosomes and PC12 cells Sr2+
      and Ba2+ could substitute for Ca2+; Co2+ was inhibitory, whereas Mn2+ failed to
      modify the release induced by the toxin in Ca2+-containing medium. Organic
      blockers of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel (verapamil and nitrendipine) and
      calmodulin blocking drugs (trifluoperazine and calmidazolium) failed to inhibit
      the toxin-induced release of [3H]DA. LPTx induced profound morphological effects.
      Synaptosomes treated in the Ca2+-containing medium exhibited fusion of synaptic
      vesicles, formation of numerous infoldings and large cisternae, and alterations
      of mitochondria. In the Ca2+-free medium the effects were similar, except that
      their appearance was delayed, and mitochondria were well preserved. Swelling was
      observed in PC12 cells, accompanied by enlargement of the Golgi area,
      accumulation of multivesicular bodies, mitochondrial alterations, and decreased
      number of secretion granules (Ca2+-containing medium). Morphometric analyses
      revealed a good correlation between the decrease of both synaptic vesicles
      (synaptosomes) and neurosecretory granules (PC12 cells), and the release of
      [3H]DA measured biochemically. This is a good indication that the release effect
      of the toxin is due to stimulation of exocytosis. Taken as a whole, these results
      confirm the similarity of the effects of LPTx with alpha-latrotoxin of the black
      widow spider venom, mentioned in the companion article. However, differences in
      effect and target specificity suggest that the two toxins are specific to
      separate binding sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2414402
TI  - Effects of substance P on carbachol-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake into cultured
      adrenal chromaffin cells.
AB  - Substance P is known to modulate acetylcholine-induced catecholamine release from
      adrenal chromaffin cells. To investigate the mechanisms involved in this
      modulation, the present study examined the effects of substance P on net 45Ca2+
      fluxes in cultures of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Two effects of substance P
      were observed: (1) Substance P inhibited carbachol-induced 45Ca2+ uptake and
      45Ca2+ efflux and (2) substance P protected against desensitization of carbachol
      induced 45Ca2+ uptake and 45Ca2+ efflux. Thus substance P modulates two other
      cholinergic responses, 45Ca2+ uptake and 45Ca2+ efflux, in a manner similar to
      its modulation of catecholamine release. The results also indicate that substance
      P's inhibition of net carbachol-induced 45Ca2+ uptake is due to inhibition of
      45Ca2+ uptake rather than enhancement of 45Ca2+ efflux. Substance P almost
      completely inhibited carbachol-induced 45Ca2+ uptake in both Na+-containing and
      Na+-free media, suggesting that substance P can inhibit the uptake of 45Ca2+
      induced by carbachol regardless of whether 45Ca2+ is taken up through voltage
      sensitive or acetylcholine receptor-linked channels. However, substance P
      produced only a small inhibition of K+-induced 45Ca2+ uptake, indicating that
      substance P does not interact directly with voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. In
      addition, substance P's inhibition of carbachol-induced 45Ca2+ uptake was
      noncompetitive with respect to Ca2+, were unable to overcome substance P's
      inhibition of [3H]-norepinephrine ( [3H]NE) release. It is concluded that
      substance P does not interact directly with Ca2+ channels in bovine adrenal
      chromaffin cells.

PMID- 2414403
TI  - Retrograde axonal transport of phospholipid in rat sciatic nerve.
AB  - Retrograde axonal transport of phospholipid was studied in rat sciatic motoneuron
      axons by placing collection crushes on the nerve at intervals after injection of
      [methyl-3H]choline into the lumbosacral spinal cord, and allowing labelled
      material undergoing anterograde or retrograde movement to accumulate adjacent to
      the collection crushes. Control experiments showed that the accumulations of
      label were not a result of local uptake of circulating precursor. The majority of
      the 3H label was associated with phosphatidylcholine. Accumulation of label at
      the distal collection crush, representing retrograde transport, was observed
      subsequent to the anterograde transport of phospholipid. In comparison with a
      previous study on retrograde transport of protein, the following points were
      noted: (1) onset of retrograde transport occurred at approximately the same time
      after precursor injection (10-20 h) for both protein and phospholipid; (2)
      retrograde transport of lipids was more prolonged: maximum retrograde transport
      occurred later for phospholipid (approximately 30 h) than for protein (15-20 h),
      and declined to half-maximum between 49 and 99 h, compared to a corresponding
      value of 24-28 h for protein; (3) the proportion of total anterograde-transported
      activity subsequently undergoing retrograde transport was less in the case of
      phospholipid, at least over the time interval studied (up to 99 h after precursor
      injection). The similar times of onset of retrograde transport of phospholipid
      and protein support the concept of retrograde transport as a recycling mechanism
      returning to the cell body membrane fragments that were earlier transported into
      the axon. Coordinated retrograde transport of labelled protein and phospholipid
      components of the recycled membranes would be predicted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2414404
TI  - Dose-dependency of MBP-induced demyelination in the guinea pig.
AB  - The pathology of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by bovine
      myelin basic protein (MBP) has been examined in the guinea pig with a series of
      doses ranging from 37.5 micrograms to 600 micrograms. This was to investigate
      whether the previously demonstrated lack of demyelinative effect by MBP was dose
      related. At all doses tested, MBP induced clinical disease. Inflammation was the
      major feature of lesions in all animals. However, no demyelination was seen when
      75 micrograms MBP or less was given. At higher doses (150 micrograms upwards),
      MBP always induced intense inflammation but demyelination was encountered
      inconsistently. These observations support the contention that in addition to an
      immune response to MBP, other factors contribute to autoimmune demyelination.

PMID- 2414405
TI  - Neurotransmitter metabolites, enzymes and receptors in experimental scrapie.
AB  - A comprehensive study has been made of metabolites, enzymes and receptors for a
      variety of neurotransmitter systems in different parts of the CNS from mice
      affected with 139A scrapie. Studies were made at the early clinical stage so as
      to minimise secondary alterations in terminally sick mice. Even though
      histological lesions (vacuolation) are widespread in the CNS in this model of
      scrapie, no consistent neurochemical changes were found in mid- or anterior
      brain. In the cerebellum, the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase was reduced
      and the binding of [3H]muscimol to gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors was
      increased. In the brain stem, the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5
      HIAA) was increased and there was a reduced binding of appropriate ligands to
      serotonin and to muscarinic cholinergic receptors. In the spinal cord, the
      activity of choline acetyl transferase was reduced and the concentration of 5
      HIAA was increased. The extent of these alterations was about 20-40% of control
      values. The specificity of these changes for a few neurotransmitter systems in
      hind brain and spinal cord raised the possibility of their being a primary cause
      of clinical disease and led us to study a different scrapie model. Present and
      published findings show that an increased concentration of 5-HIAA, some
      alterations in the binding properties of serotonin receptors and a decreased
      number of muscarinic receptor sites are common to both 139A scrapie in CW mice
      and 263K scrapie in hamsters.

PMID- 2414406
TI  - Plasma and gamma-globulin infusion in chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy.
AB  - We treated 17 patients with chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy (CIP) with
      infusions of fresh-frozen plasma (FFP). Thirteen patients had a beneficial
      response: 12 improved considerably and one moderately. The first signs of
      improvement were seen within 8 days of the onset of treatment. None of these
      patients had had spontaneous remissions for 2 months prior to treatment, and none
      had received immunosuppressive medication during the plasma infusions. The
      treatment effect was short-lasting in 9 patients. Re-institution of the FFP
      infusions was always followed by improvement. The same effect could be achieved
      by intravenous gamma-globulin. We conclude that infusions with FFP, of which the
      IgG fraction is the effective part, may induce a rapid and clinically important
      improvement in patients with CIP.

PMID- 2414407
TI  - Primary degeneration of motor neurons by toxic lectins conveyed from the
      peripheral nerve.
AB  - In attempts to degenerate motor neurons experimentally by way of retrograde
      axoplasmic transport, ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), a potent protein
      inhibitor, was intraneurally injected into the rat sciatic nerve.
      Immunohistochemically, RCA was shown to be intra-axonally carried up to motor
      neuronal soma and to the dorsal root ganglia of L4-6. Within a few days, these
      dorsal root ganglion cells and large motor neurons giving rise to sciatic nerve
      efferents in the lumbar spinal cord degenerated, whereas small internuncial
      neurons and glia remained unaffected. The degeneration of motor neurons was
      characterized by a profound diffuse chromatolysis and subsequent dissolution,
      after which a mild gliosis remained. The retrograde axoplasmic flow of neurotoxic
      substance and motor neuron degeneration observed here may be a phenomenon
      implicated in the pathogenesis of human motor neuron diseases.

PMID- 2414408
TI  - Generation of monoclonal antibodies recognizing neuronal elements in formalin
      fixed paraffin-embedded human tissue.
AB  - We used formalin-fixed human spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia as immunogens to
      generate monoclonal antibodies (mAb) which immunohistochemically react with
      neurons in formalin-fixed human tissue sections. Three of the mAb recognized all
      neuronal populations studied, including those in spinal cord, dorsal root
      ganglia, cerebellum, and cerebrum. A fourth mAb recognized neurons within spinal
      cord, dorsal root ganglia and dentate nucleus of cerebellum but not those in
      cerebrum or cerebellar hemispheres. This mAb, unlike the other three, did not
      recognize murine neurons. These data indicate the feasibility of generating mAb
      suitable for analysis of human pathological material in its most readily
      available form, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue.

PMID- 2414409
TI  - Combination chemotherapy with bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin in metastatic
      non-small-cell lung cancer.
AB  - Fifty-three patients with recurrent and advanced stage (III and IV) non-small
      cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were treated with a combination of bleomycin, etoposide
      (VP-16-213), and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (BEP). Forty-eight patients were
      appraisable for response. The response rates were 44% for the entire group, 57%
      in 30 patients with combined squamous-cell and large-cell carcinoma, and 22% in
      18 patients with adenocarcinoma (40%, 50%, and 19%, respectively, if patients not
      appraisable for response are included as nonresponders). The median survival time
      of patients with squamous-cell and large-cell carcinoma was slightly longer than
      that of patients with adenocarcinoma (23 weeks v 19 weeks). Patients with
      responsive disease survived significantly longer (median, 34 weeks) than did
      patients with unresponsive disease (median, 16 weeks) (P = .001). In the entire
      group, the median survival time of patients with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology
      Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1 was better (23 weeks) than of those
      with a status of 2 or 3 (15 weeks), but this difference was not seen in the
      subgroup with squamous-cell and large-cell carcinoma (24 weeks v 23 weeks,
      respectively). Thus, the performance status was not of prognostic value in the
      histologic subgroups experiencing the best response rate. There were two
      treatment-related deaths, but otherwise the toxicity of BEP was acceptable. Only
      four of the 119 treatment cycles were followed by fever even though there was
      significant neutropenia (0.5 X 10(9)/L) after 20 of 97 treatment cycles. The
      majority of patients receiving BEP experienced relief of cough, hemoptysis, pain,
      and fatigue associated with their disease. There was a good correlation between
      objective responses and palliation of symptoms. Thus, BEP offers good palliation,
      particularly for patients with squamous-cell and large-cell lung cancer.

PMID- 2414411
TI  - Staging of small-cell lung cancer.

PMID- 2414410
TI  - Allogeneic marrow transplantation in the treatment of MOPP-resistant Hodgkin's
      disease.
AB  - Eight patients with disseminated Hodgkin's disease resistant to MOPP
      (mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) chemotherapy were
      treated with high-dose chemoradiotherapy and marrow transplantation from an HLA
      identical sibling. Two patients remain alive in unmaintained complete remission
      (CR) at 38 and 39 months after transplant. In the other six patients, reasons for
      failure included relapse of lymphoma (two patients), or death due to
      complications of the transplant procedure, including Legionnaire's disease,
      disseminated zoster, graft-v-host disease, and aspiration pneumonia secondary to
      severe mucositis. These results demonstrate that some patients with MOPP
      resistant Hodgkin's disease can obtain prolonged CR following intensive
      chemoradiotherapy and allogeneic marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2414412
TI  - Neuropeptides in neurological tumours.
AB  - Concentrations of seven neuropeptides have been determined in 69 human
      neurological tumours. The majority of tumours were intrinsic to the central
      nervous system, being astrocytomas. In general, within the the better
      differentiated tumours (Grade I/II astrocytomas) higher concentrations of five
      neuropeptides (neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal
      peptide and cholecystokinin) were measured in comparison to the poorly
      differentiated tumours. Of the metastatic tumours, five were derived from oat
      cell carcinoma of the bronchus. Very high concentrations of bombesin were
      identified in these metastases.

PMID- 2414413
TI  - Response of a recurrent choroid plexus tumor to combination chemotherapy.
AB  - Choroid Plexus tumors are rare. Surgery and biopsy is diagnostic, and
      radiotherapy has been used as the treatment of choice for choroid plexus
      carcinoma (CPC) and recurrent choroid plexus papilloma (CPP). We report the first
      case of CPP responding to combination chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin,
      bleomycin and vinblastine (CBV). This chemotherapy regimen should be considered
      for future trials in patients with choroid plexus tumors and recurrence after
      surgery and/or radiotherapy.

PMID- 2414414
TI  - Immunological uniqueness of human monoamine oxidases A and B: new evidence from
      studies with monoclonal antibodies to human monoamine oxidase A.
AB  - Monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4; MAO) is the primary enzyme responsible for the
      intraneuronal degradation of biogenic amines in the central nervous system. An
      understanding of the physiological significance of the functional and regulatory
      differences between the two forms of the enzyme, MAOs A and B, would be
      facilitated by the availability of antibodies specific for the two forms of the
      enzyme. We previously isolated and characterized a monoclonal antibody (MAO B
      1C2, previously designated MAO-1C2) which binds human MAO B but not A. We
      describe here four new monoclonal antibodies (designated MAO A-3C9, A-4F10, A
      7B10, and A-7E10) which were elicited to highly purified MAO A from human
      placenta and which, in the presence of antimouse IgG and Staphylococcus aureus,
      immunoprecipitate greater than 90% of the catalytically active purified MAO A.
      MAO A-3C9 appears to have a lower affinity for purified MAO A than the other
      three antibodies and does not immunoprecipitate either MAO A or MAO B from human
      platelets or from Triton X-100 extracts of human placental and liver
      mitochondria. MAO A-4F10, A-7B10, and A-7E10 immunoprecipitate catalytically
      active MAO A from Triton X-100 extracts of human placental and liver
      mitochondria, but not catalytically active MAO B from either pletelets or from
      Triton X-100 extracts of human liver mitochondria. Collectively, these anti-MAO
      monoclonal antibodies reveal unique epitopes on human MAO A not shared by MAO B,
      and at least one epitope on MAO B not shared by MAO A. These immunochemical
      differences support the hypothesis that MAO A and MAO B are different proteins,
      presumably isozymes.

PMID- 2414415
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of slow retrograde axonal transport: an
      autoradiographic study.
AB  - We used [3H]-N-succinimidylpropionate ([3H]-N-SP) to covalently label endogenous
      intra-axonal proteins within the nerve in order to study their bidirectional
      transport. At the time of injection virtually all of the labeled proteins are
      found at the injection site. At later times specific patterns of labeled proteins
      are found within the nerve both proximal to and distal from the injection site,
      as a result of retrograde and anterograde axonal transport, respectively. We
      undertook the current study to determine the ultrastructural distribution of the
      [3H]-N-SP-labeled transported proteins in the nerve. One microliter of [3H]-N-SP
      was injected subepineurially in sciatic nerve, and 5 days later the nerves were
      processed either for light and electron microscopic autoradiography or for gel
      electrophoresis and fluorography. At the injection site the labeled proteins are
      predominantly myelin proteins. Distally, a pattern similar to that described for
      slow anterograde transport is seen. Proximal to the injection site a
      constellation dominated by the 68-kilodalton protein is seen. Light microscopic
      autoradiography shows diffuse labeling both in axons and in myelin at the
      injection site, with predominant axonal labeling distant from the injection site.
      Electron microscopic autoradiography of segments distal to the injection site
      show silver grains which are distributed within the axoplasm without apparent
      relationship to organelles. In contrast, segments proximal to the injection site
      show silver grains which seem closely related to membrane-bound organelles,
      predominantly mitochondria. These results suggest that slow retrograde transport
      has a unique subcellular distribution that is distinct from that of slow
      anterograde transport.

PMID- 2414416
TI  - Slowing of neurofilament transport and the radial growth of developing nerve
      fibers.
AB  - Several lines of evidence indicate that neurofilaments are major intrinsic
      determinants of axonal caliber in myelinated nerve fibers, and that the delivery
      of neurofilaments by slow axonal transport is an important mechanism by which
      neurons regulate axonal caliber. To further clarify the relationship between
      neurofilament transport and axonal caliber, we examined transport in developing
      motor fibers of rat sciatic nerve. In 3-, 10-, 12-, and 20-week-old rats, lumbar
      motor neurons were labeled by the intraspinal injection of radioactive amino
      acids, and the distributions of labeled cytoskeletal proteins within the sciatic
      nerve were analyzed at various times afterwards using sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel fluorography, and liquid scintillation
      spectroscopy. There was a progressive decline in the velocity of neurofilament
      transport with increasing distance along axons undergoing radial growth. By
      examining transport in different regions of the nerve in animals of the same age,
      we separated age-dependent reductions in velocity from those related to position
      along the nerve. The cross-sectional areas of these motor axons (in the L5
      ventral root) increased linearly between 3 and 18 weeks of age. Quantitative
      electron microscopic analysis at 3 and 10 weeks of age revealed that
      neurofilament density was comparable in fibers of all calibers, indicating that
      the radial growth of these myelinated nerve fibers correlates with a proportional
      increase in neurofilament content. We propose that progressive reduction in the
      velocity of neurofilament transport along the nerve provides for radial growth
      during development.

PMID- 2414417
TI  - The timely expression of myelin basic protein gene in cultured rat brain
      oligodendrocytes is independent of continuous neuronal influences.
AB  - The developmental expression of the myelin basic protein (MBP) gene was studied
      in rat cultured oligodendrocytes using immunofluorescence and in situ
      hybridization. In newborn rat brain cultures, which contain only glial cells,
      large amounts of MBP-specific mRNA (as assayed by grain counts in autoradiograms)
      abruptly accumulated within immature oligodendrocytes 5 to 6 days postnatal. MBP
      always emerged 6 to 8 days after birth; thus, a week after, galactocerebroside
      (GC), an early oligodendrocyte marker, had appeared. The percentage of MBP mRNA
      and MBP-positive cells peaked at about 15 days postnatal and decreased
      thereafter. The time of emergence of MBP in these cultured oligodendrocytes
      appears to be determined at a very early stage in their development and
      independent of continuous neuronal influences. There is a striking correspondence
      between the times of appearance of MBP in cultured oligodendrocytes and those in
      the intact animal. Thus, primary cultures made from 5-day prenatal, newborn, and
      2-day postnatal animals all express MBP at about the same developmental stage,
      namely, after 14, 8, and 6 days in culture, respectively. Furthermore, cultured
      oligodendrocytes obtained from the spinal cord express MBP before those obtained
      from midbrain or hemispheres, as they would in the intact animal. Thus, the
      developmental expression of the MBP gene occurs in a similar time frame in vitro
      and in vivo. In oligodendrocyte-enriched cultures, where 60% to 80% of the cells
      express MBP, in situ hybridization with the cDNA clone revealed MBP-specific mRNA
      in the cell body and sometimes in the processes of the differentiated
      oligodendrocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2414418
TI  - Regular alternation of fiber types in the transversus abdominis muscle of the
      garter snake.
AB  - The snake transversus abdominis muscle is an extremely simple segmentally
      repeating muscle containing 80 to 100 muscle fibers in a single-fiber-thick
      sheet. This muscle exhibits a striking pattern of muscle fiber types: twitch
      fibers alternate with tonic fibers and, among the twitch fibers, slower and
      faster contracting subtypes also alternate. Thus, in many regions of the muscle
      the pattern of fiber types is: faster twitch, tonic, slower twitch, tonic, faster
      twitch, tonic, and so on. The existence of a spatial pattern of fiber types,
      perhaps discernible in this muscle because of the muscle's extreme geometrical
      simplicity, provides good evidence for an intrinsic component to muscle fiber
      differentiation.

PMID- 2414419
TI  - Cells born in adult canary forebrain are local interneurons.
AB  - Thymidine autoradiography and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase
      (HRP) were combined to determine the connectivity of neurons born in adult canary
      forebrain. Adult male and female canaries were pretreated with [3H]thymidine to
      label cells undergoing DNA synthesis prior to mitosis. Thirty or 60 days later,
      neurons in a forebrain nucleus, hyperstriatium ventralis, pars caudalis (HVc),
      were labeled by retrograde transport of HRP injected into the only two nuclei
      known to receive a projection from HVc: robustus archistriatalis (RA) and area X
      of lobus parolfactorius. The birds were then killed and brain sections were
      treated to visualize cells containing HRP; these sections were processed for
      autoradiography to detect [3H]thymidine-labeled cells in the same tissue. More
      than 9% of all neurons in HVc were thymidine labeled; but of the almost 20,000
      HRP-labeled projection neurons examined, fewer than 20 (0.1%) were labeled by the
      thymidine treatment. Furthermore, the median cell body size for area X-projecting
      cells was significantly larger than that of thymidine-labeled cells, and the
      median size of thymidine-labeled cells was significantly larger than that of RA
      projecting cells. The simplest interpretation of these results is that the new
      neurons incorporated into nucleus HVc in adult canary brain are local
      interneurons, intermediate in size between neurons projecting to RA and area X.

PMID- 2414420
TI  - Immunobiology of primary intracranial tumors. Part 10: Therapeutic efficacy of
      interferon in the treatment of recurrent gliomas.
AB  - Human lymphoblastoid alpha-interferon was administered intravenously or
      intramuscularly to 19 patients with recurrent gliomas. Each patient had
      previously undergone surgery and radiation therapy. The treatment course
      consisted of 8 weeks of therapy with an escalating daily dosage and number of
      days of treatment per week to a total dose of 900 X 10(6) U/sq m. Response to
      treatment was determined by serial computerized tomography (CT) scans. Seven of
      the 17 evaluable patients were determined to be treatment responders at 12 weeks
      (1 month after completion of treatment), and the other 10 patients exhibited
      tumor progression during this period. Median survival time was 511 days for the
      responders versus 147 days for the non-responding patients. Interferon appears to
      be efficacious in the treatment of recurrent anaplastic gliomas as defined by CT
      brain scan responses following therapy.

PMID- 2414421
TI  - Enhancement of RNA synthesis in chick liver by food intake: possible role of high
      mobility group nonhistone proteins.
AB  - RNA synthesis in the nuclei of liver from newly hatched (4-d-old) chicks is
      enhanced by intake of food. The enhanced synthesis was ascribed not to an
      increase in the activity of solubilized DNA-dependent RNA polymerase but to an
      increase in the initiation of RNA synthesis. Enhanced RNA synthesis in fed chicks
      was accompanied by greater susceptibility of nuclei to digestion by micrococcal
      nuclease. Salt extraction abolished the difference in nuclease sensitivity
      between the fed and fasted groups. Reconstitution with either 0.35 M NaCl
      extracts or high mobility group (HMG) nonhistone proteins restored digestion
      susceptibility, but changing the source of extracted proteins did not equalize
      the extent of digestion in nuclei from livers of fed and fasted chicks. Sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of HMG proteins revealed the
      presence of HMGs 1 and 2 as well as a 38,000-dalton protein. The nuclear HMG
      protein content in fed chicks was greater than that of fasted chicks (121 +/- 17
      micrograms/mg DNA vs. 31 +/- 12 micrograms/mg DNA). The electron microscopic
      examination of hepatocyte nuclei revealed the enlargment of nucleoli and scarcity
      of aggregated heterochromatin structures in the fed chicks as compared with the
      fasted chicks. These morphological features are compatible with the high
      transcriptional activity in liver of fed chicks.

PMID- 2414422
TI  - Advanced methods in the evaluation of premalignant lesions and carcinomas of the
      oral mucosa.

PMID- 2414423
TI  - Product definition of pleomorphic adenoma of minor salivary glands.
AB  - Thirteen cases of pleomorphic adenoma were studied by both immunohistochemical
      and other histochemical methods. The exocrine cells and myoepithelial cells
      appear to produce similar cell products as their normal salivary gland
      counterparts. Keratin was found in both exocrine cells and myoepithelial cells.
      CEA, secretory component, and lactoferrin were detected only in the tumor
      exocrine cells with adenoid differentiation. S-100 protein, ferritin,
      fibronectin, laminin and elastin were detected only in the myoepithelial cells.
      The residual sugars glucosyl, mannosyl, galactosyl and fucosyl were identified in
      both cell types, in variably detectable amounts.

PMID- 2414424
TI  - Modulation of HLA-DR antigens in the gingival epithelium in vitro by heat-killed
      Fusobacterium nucleatum and E. coli lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - The in vitro influence of the periodontopathic organism Fusobacterium nucleatum
      (FN) on gingival tissue was examined using an organ culture system. Treatment of
      gingival explants obtained from periodontally diseased sites with suspensions of
      FN, stimulated the expression of HLA-DR antigens by Langerhans cells (LC) in a
      dose-dependent fashion, and produced a maintenance of the LC markers T6 and
      ATPase. Similar effects were seen when E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was
      substituted for suspensions of FN. With both FN and LPS the expression of HLA-DR
      by gingival keratinocytes was maintained throughout the 72-h culture period,
      despite the cytotoxic effects of these agents. Using a variety of
      immunohistological techniques and a monoclonal antibody specific for the strain
      of FN used, it was possible to demonstrate the uptake of FN antigens by LC within
      the gingival epithelium.

PMID- 2414425
TI  - Histochemical studies of obstructive adenitis in human submandibular salivary
      glands. II. Lectin binding and keratin distribution in the lesions.
AB  - Lectin-binding profiles and keratin distribution in obstructive adenitis of human
      submandibular glands (SMGs) are reported and compared those of normal SMGs.
      Histologically, obstructive changes in the SMGs included acinar atrophy, duct
      like structure formation in the early stage, and disappearance of acinar cells
      and dilation of ductal segments in the later, chronic stage. The following
      lectins were used: Con A (Glc, Man), PNA(Gal, GalNAc), RCA-I(Gal), DBA(GalNAc),
      SBA(Gal, Gal-NAc), UEA-I(alpha-L-Fuc) and WGA(GlcNAC, NeuNAc). Lectin staining in
      atrophic acinar cells was usually reduced except for SBA binding and was
      irregularly distributed in altered acinar and ductal epithelia. Binding of DBA
      and UEA-I lectins were particularly intense along the luminar borders of ductal
      segments in the lesions. Immunohistochemically detectable keratins were
      characterized by intense staining in atrophic acinar cells and in all the ductal
      segments, whereas normal acinar cells, either serous or mucous, were negative.

PMID- 2414426
TI  - Reevaluation of Russell-Silver syndrome.
AB  - Russell-Silver syndrome was reevaluated 2.9 to 13.0 years after initial diagnosis
      in 15 patients. At follow-up, five of the 15 patients exhibited late catch-up
      growth and had normal height, six had developmental delays or mental retardation,
      and asymmetry was present in five. Given the great variability in the long-term
      prognosis for growth and development in patients with Russell-Silver syndrome,
      there is a need to reevaluate this syndrome and its clinical implications.

PMID- 2414427
TI  - Event memory: the temporal organization of social action sequences.
AB  - We used comparative judgment procedures in two experiments to investigate the
      cognitive processes that mediate people's reconstruction of the social events
      they read about. Subjects in Experiment 1 read a passage describing a series of
      behaviors manifested by a person in three situations. Subsequently, they were
      given pairs of these actions and were asked to judge either which action occurred
      sooner or which occurred later. These judgments were (a) faster when the
      behaviors being compared occurred near the middle of the situation to which they
      pertained than when they occurred near either the beginning or the end, (b)
      faster when the three situations were unrelated to one another than when they
      were thematically related, and (c) faster when the behaviors being compared
      occurred in different situations than when they occurred in the same situation.
      Actions were compared more quickly if they were far apart in the overall series
      presented than if they were close together, replicating the symbolic temporal
      distance effects obtained when scripted actions are judged on the basis of
      general knowledge. However, a semantic congruity effect (a tendency for actions
      near the beginning of the series to be discriminated more quickly when subjects
      are asked which comes sooner, but for actions near the end to be discriminated
      more quickly when subjects are asked which comes later) was not evident. In
      Experiment 2, subjects read a passage about a person's visit to a restaurant in
      which both generic actions (e.g., ordering the meal) and particularized actions
      (e.g., salting the fries) were described. Symbolic distance had a greater effect
      on judgments of particularized actions than on judgments of generic actions.
      Congruity effects were found only for judgments of generic actions. To account
      for these effects, a model of temporal order judgments is proposed that considers
      both the manner in which situation-specific actions are encoded into memory at
      the time they are learned and the process of comparing the actions at the time
      they are judged.

PMID- 2414428
TI  - Gene expression at each stage of the life cycle of spore-forming bacteria:
      different sensitivity of transcription to antibiotics which act on DNA gyrase.
AB  - Effects of antibiotics acting on DNA gyrase, novobiocin and nalidixic acid on RNA
      synthesis during germination, vegetative growth and sporulation of Bacillus
      subtilis were examined. These drugs were relatively ineffective in inhibiting RNA
      synthesis of phase Gm 1 (5-15 min) during germination but effective in those of
      Gm 2 (15-40 min) and Gm 3 (40-60 min) during germination (Matsuda and Kameyama
      1980). No distinguishable inhibitory effects of RNA synthesis in B. subtilis
      NOVr1TT mutant could be detected by novobiocin. RNA synthesis of Gm 2 and Gm 3 of
      this mutant was inhibited by nalidixic acid. When novobiocin was added to
      exponential vegetative cell or sporulating cell culture at T0 and T1 stage, the
      rate of RNA synthesis was inhibited by 80% for 5 min following addition of the
      drug. However, RNA synthesis after T2 of sporulation became resistant toward
      novobiocin, as was the case at an early stage of germination. RNA profiles from
      transcripts synthesized on administration of NOV suggested that the suppression
      of the synthesis of 23S and 16S rRNA is relatively greater than 4 to 5S RNA at
      the middle stage of germination and at vegetative growth stage in the presence of
      NOV. Our present data suggest that DNA gyrase is involved in the regulation of
      gene transcription during middle and late phases of germination, vegetative
      growth and T0 and T1 of sporulation. The transcription during early phase of
      germination and sporulation after T2 may proceed independently of this enzyme.

PMID- 2414429
TI  - Plasma membrane calcium flux, protein kinase C activation and smooth muscle
      contraction.
AB  - Isolated perfused rabbit ear arteries contract when treated with 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an activator of the calcium-activated,
      phospholipid-dependent protein kinase or C-kinase. Under conditions where the
      calcium concentration in the perfusate is 1.5 mM and the potassium concentration
      is 4.8 mM, there is a latent period of 70 +/- 19 min (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 10)
      between TPA addition and the onset of the contractile response. Once initiated,
      the contractile response is progressive and sustained. When perfusion conditions
      are altered in such a way as to modify calcium flux across the plasma membrane
      (i.e., raising the extracellular calcium concentration to 2.5 mM Ca++, raising
      the extracellular potassium concentration to 10 mM, and/or preincubating the
      tissues in media containing 100 nM Bay K 8644, a potent calcium channel agonist),
      the latency period between TPA addition and initiation of the contractile
      response is significantly reduced (2.5 mM Ca++, 37 +/- 7 min; 10 mM K+ and 2.5 mM
      Ca++, 11 +/- 3 min; 100 nM Bay K 8644 and 1.5 mM Ca++, 20 +/- 7 min; 100 nM Bay K
      8644 and 2.5 mM Ca2+, 8.5 +/- 1.7 min; 10 mM K+ and 100 nM Bay K 8644, 11 +/- 5
      min). Likewise, the combination of 2.5 mM calcium, 100 nM Bay K 8644, and 3.3
      microM ouabain results in a contractile response 4.5 +/- 2.0 min after TPA
      addition (means +/- S.E.M., n = 4). Control tissues (absence of TPA addition) run
      simultaneously show no contractile responses to the various Ca++ flux regulators
      even after 90 min of incubation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2414430
TI  - Intraseptal microinjections of substance P and analogs potentiate pentobarbital
      induced narcosis and depression of hippocampal cholinergic activity.
AB  - Intraseptal microinjection of Substance P (SP) has been shown to depress activity
      in the septal-hippocampal cholinergic pathway in the rat. Pentobarbital also
      depresses septal-hippocampal cholinergic activity, and a relationship between
      this depressed activity and pentobarbital-induced narcosis is suggested by a
      variety of studies. To examine this relationship further, we microinjected SP and
      its analogs, [D-Arg1, D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9, Leu11]-SP and [D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]-SP,
      intraseptally in rats pretreated with pentobarbital, and measured the duration of
      loss of righting reflex and change in choline uptake in hippocampal synaptosomes.
      The duration of pentobarbital-induced loss of righting reflex was prolonged and
      the pentobarbital-induced reduction of hippocampal choline uptake was enhanced by
      all three drugs. A negative correlation (r = -0.96, P less than .02) was seen
      between duration of loss of righting reflex and synaptosomal choline uptake.
      Thus, the two analogs of SP appear to act as SP agonists at the septum, judged by
      their abilities to potentiate pentobarbital narcosis and reduce septal
      hippocampal cholinergic activity. This is in contrast to reported actions of
      these two analogs as SP antagonists in various peripheral tissues.

PMID- 2414431
TI  - Mechanism of calcium channel inhibition by phenytoin: comparison with classical
      calcium channel antagonists.
AB  - The mechanism of calcium channel antagonism by phenytoin was studied by comparing
      the effects of phenytoin and classical calcium channel antagonists on K+
      stimulated 45Ca uptake and [3H]nitrendipine binding in the PC12 pheochromocytoma
      cell line. Inhibition of K+-stimulated 45Ca uptake occurred at clinically
      relevant concentrations of phenytoin (IC50 = 9.6 +/- 2.1 microM) and was not
      significantly modified by Na channel blockade with tetrodotoxin, K channel
      blockade with tetraethylammonium or depolarization with carbachol rather than K+.
      Phenytoin, verapamil and diltiazem inhibited 45Ca uptake with Hill coefficients
      of less than 0.7, whereas values for nimodipine and flunarizine were close to
      1.0. Phenytoin inhibited binding of the dihydropyridine Ca channel antagonist
      [3H]nitrendipine to PC12 membranes (Ki = 31 +/- 3 microM) by decreasing binding
      affinity, with no change in the maximal number of binding sites. Phenytoin and
      nimodipine reduced [3H]nitrendipine binding without altering the first-order rate
      constant for dissociation; this rate was increased by verapamil and flunarizine
      and decreased by diltiazem. Diltiazem enhanced inhibition of [3H]nitrendipine
      binding by phenytoin, reversed inhibition by verapamil and flunarizine and had no
      effect on inhibition by nimodipine. These findings suggest that phenytoin and
      classical Ca channel antagonists inhibit voltage-gated Ca++ flux by distinct but
      functionally linked mechanisms.

PMID- 2414432
TI  - Voltage-dependent potassium currents in developing neurones from quail
      mesencephalic neural crest.
AB  - Neurones in explants cultured from quail mesencephalic neural crest were studied
      at different stages of their development using the voltage-clamp technique. A
      voltage-dependent outward current activated by membrane depolarization was
      identified as a potassium current by the sensitivity of its reversal potential to
      extracellular potassium. The voltage-dependent potassium current is made up of
      two components which differ in their sensitivity to 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and
      tetraethylammonium (TEA). The component most sensitive to 4-AP has fast
      activation kinetics and inactivates quickly at sustained depolarized voltages. By
      analogy with a current described in other preparations, this current was called
      IA. The component most sensitive to TEA has slower activation kinetics and
      inactivates more slowly at sustained depolarized voltages. This current was
      called IK. IA and IK were already present in neurones cultured for 24 h. The
      ratio between the peak of IK and that of IA increased significantly between 24 h
      and 4 days in culture. This means that the two components of the voltage
      dependent potassium current follow a different time course during development.

PMID- 2414433
TI  - Role of calcium mobilization in mediation of acetylcholine-evoked chloride
      currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
AB  - The involvement of Ca ions in the mediation of muscarinic Cl- current responses
      in Xenopus oocytes was studied using the voltage-clamp technique and direct
      measurements of 45Ca efflux. The injection of Ca into the oocytes produced a dose
      dependent transient inward (depolarizing) current carried by Cl. This current was
      occasionally followed by a second, long-lasting inward current. The muscarinic
      response was evoked by the application of acetylcholine (ACh). It consisted of a
      transient inward current response, and a long-lasting inward current response,
      both inward currents carried by Cl ions. Both responses were inhibited by
      intracellular injection of ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethylether)N,N'
      tetraacetic acid (EGTA), the long-lasting response being inhibited faster than
      the transient response. The calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine, inhibited both
      the Cl-current responses to ACh and to Ca injection. ACh (10 microM) evoked a
      release of 45Ca from pre-loaded oocytes. This effect was inhibited by atropine (1
      microM). In the absence of external Ca, the muscarinic transient and long-lasting
      responses were partially inhibited. The long-lasting response was more sensitive
      to the external Ca depletion than the transient response. Repetitive applications
      of ACh in the absence of external Ca resulted in a progressive decrease in the
      response amplitudes. Under these conditions, a temporary exposure to normal Ca
      solution ('Ca window') resulted in a partial recovery of the response amplitudes.
      The muscarinic inward current responses were not inhibited by nifedipine (20
      microM). In the presence of a high external concentration of Mn ions ([Mn]o = 18
      mM), the transient response was potentiated. Subsequent applications of ACh in
      high [Mn]o resulted in progressively decreasing responses. It is concluded that
      the muscarinic Cl responses in Xenopus oocytes are mediated by an increase in the
      intracellular free Ca activity, aiCa. Ca ions involved in the mediation of the
      muscarinic Cl current responses are released from cellular Ca stores. It is also
      proposed that the transient and long-lasting responses result from the release of
      Ca from two different stores.

PMID- 2414434
TI  - Voltage-dependent activation of the inward-rectifier potassium channel in the
      ventricular cell membrane of guinea-pig heart.
AB  - The activation kinetics of the inward-rectifier K+ channel were studied by single
      channel recording in isolated single cells of the guinea-pig ventricle with two
      different extracellular concentrations of K+ ([K+]o 150 and 75 mM). When voltage
      pulses were applied from a holding potential more positive than the potassium
      equilibrium potential (EK), to potentials more negative than EK, the probability
      of the channel being in the open state (Po) increased with time after the onset
      of the command pulse. The ensemble averaged current increased in its initial
      phase (activation). When the command potential was more negative than EK-40 mV,
      the current decreased after rapid activation due to the inactivation of the
      channel. The averaged current could be divided into an instantaneous and a time
      dependent activation component; the latter was fitted by a single exponential
      function. The time constant of the time-dependent component became shorter, at
      more negative command potentials. When compared at the same command potential,
      the instantaneous component became smaller, as the patch membrane was held at
      more depolarized potential. This indicates that the steady-state Po of the
      channel decreases with depolarization at potentials more positive than EK. The Po
      of the activation gate of the channel was estimated by dividing the steady-state
      Po of the channel by the Po of the inactivation gate at each potential. It was
      about 0.1 at EK + 20 mV and increased sigmoidally with hyperpolarization. At
      potentials more negative than EK-40 mV, the Po of the activation gate saturated
      and was almost 1. The single-channel analysis and the noise analysis of the
      steady-state current fluctuations revealed that the activation gate of the
      channel follows first-order kinetics between the open and closed states. The
      activation kinetics shifted along the voltage axis in a similar way as EK when
      different [K+]o were used. Thus, the activation of the channel depends not only
      on the membrane potential but also on EK, when [K+]o is changed. The macroscopic
      current flowing through the inward-rectifier K+ channel during the activation
      process was calculated, assuming that the elementary conductance of the channel
      is not voltage dependent. The calculated current showed a prominent inward
      rectifying property in the steady state and formed a negative conductance region
      at potentials positive to EK. It was, therefore, concluded that the properties of
      the inward-rectifier time-independent background K+ current (iK1) in the whole
      cell current records (Noble, 1979) mainly depend on the activation kinetics of
      the inward-rectifier K+ channel in the cardiac myocyte membrane.

PMID- 2414435
TI  - Gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake and the termination of inhibitory synaptic
      potentials in the rat hippocampal slice.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from CA1 pyramidal cells in the rat
      hippocampal slice to study the processes that influence the time course of
      inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (i.p.s.p.s) mediated by gamma-aminobutyric
      acid (GABA), and conductance changes evoked by ionophoretically applied GABA. The
      GABA-uptake inhibitors, nipecotic acid and cis-4-OH-nipecotic acid (1 mM),
      greatly prolonged conductance increases associated with both hyperpolarizing and
      depolarizing responses to ionophoretically applied GABA. In contrast to their
      effects on GABA-evoked conductances, uptake inhibitors only slightly prolonged
      antidromically evoked i.p.s.p.s. Their primary effect occurred after the i.p.s.p.
      had decayed to 5-30% of its peak. 4-OH-isonipecotic acid, a nipecotic acid
      analogue that does not inhibit GABA uptake, did not prolong i.p.s.p.s or
      ionophoretically evoked conductance changes. Sodium pentobarbitone (100 microM),
      a drug that prolongs the open time of GABA-activated chloride channels,
      potentiated both i.p.s.p.s and responses to ionophoretically applied GABA.
      Whereas pentobarbitone also prolonged i.p.s.p.s, it did not prolong responses to
      ionophoretically applied GABA. The prolongation of i.p.s.p.s by pentobarbitone
      occurred equally in both the early and late phases of the i.p.s.p., in contrast
      to the effects of GABA-uptake inhibitors. I.p.s.p.s did not usually decay
      exponentially. The observation that uptake inhibitors prolonged the late but not
      the early decay phase of the i.p.s.p., together with the previous finding that
      the conductance change persists for the duration of the i.p.s.p., indicate that
      GABA is present in the synapse throughout much of the i.p.s.p. These data suggest
      that diffusion of GABA out of the synapse, a non-exponential process, is an
      important determinant of the i.p.s.p. decay time course. Increasing the
      extracellular potassium concentration from 3.5 to 8.5 mM resulted in
      spontaneously occurring, synchronous burst firing of pyramidal cells. Cis-4-OH
      nipecotic acid significantly reduced the number and amplitude of extracellularly
      recorded population spikes within each burst. We conclude that diffusion, channel
      open time and GABA uptake all influence the time course of GABA-mediated
      i.p.s.p.s. The time course of a single, brief i.p.s.p. is determined
      predominantly by post-synaptic channel kinetics and diffusion of GABA out of the
      synapse, whereas the inhibition produced by prolonged synaptic bursts or
      relatively long application of exogenous GABA can be markedly influenced by GABA
      uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2414437
TI  - Potassium channels in cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells.
AB  - K channels of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells were studied using patch-clamp
      techniques. Whole-cell K currents measured near +10 mV were much larger in 1 mM
      external Ca than in Ca-free saline. Noise analysis suggested that this Ca
      dependent current was carried by a large unitary conductance channel, called BK
      channel, which was previously described in inside-out patches (Marty, 1981). The
      Ca-dependent K current near +10 mV declined with time due to 'run-down' of Ca
      channels. At the same time, a fraction of the outward current observed above +50
      mV was also eliminated. This outward current component probably represents K
      efflux through Ca channels. Whole-cell Ca-dependent K currents were studied using
      various Ca buffers. EGTA buffers were surprisingly inefficient: in order to block
      the current entirely, it was necessary to use an isotonic EGTA solution and to
      increase internal pH. 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid
      (BAPTA) was at least five times more efficient than EGTA. In isolated patches
      three types of single-channel K currents were observed. Under normal ionic
      conditions (140 mM-K inside, 140 mM-Na outside), the unitary conductances
      measured between -20 and +40 mV were 96 pS, 18 pS and 8 pS. The 96 pS channels
      are the Ca-dependent BK channels. 18 pS and 8 pS channels were both activated and
      then inactivated by membrane depolarization. Both displayed complex kinetics;
      single-channel currents were grouped in bursts. Activation and inactivation
      kinetics were faster for the 18 pS channel (therefore termed FK channel, for fast
      K channel) than for the 8 pS channel (SK channel, for slow or small amplitude
      channel). The voltage dependence of opening probability was steeper for the FK
      channel as compared to the SK channel.

PMID- 2414436
TI  - Muscarinic and peptidergic excitation of bull-frog sympathetic neurones.
AB  - The large B cells of bull-frog sympathetic ganglia are well known to be
      depolarized by slow synaptic transmission, muscarinic agonists, analogues of
      luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), and substance P. Voltage-clamp
      analysis shows that these actions result from two underlying mechanisms:
      inhibition of the M-current, a voltage-dependent potassium current; and in some
      cells, an inward current associated with an increase in conductance. The
      additional inward current appears as a voltage-insensitive change in the
      instantaneous conductance (i.e. apparent leak conductance). The additional inward
      current is typically slower in onset and offset than is M-current inhibition. It
      is typically seen for higher concentrations and longer durations of agonist
      application. In many cells, only a decrease in M-current can be demonstrated.
      Muscarine inhibits the M-current with 50% inhibition (I50) at 0.7 microM. At
      least 86% of the M-current is muscarine sensitive. At comparable concentrations,
      oxotremorine produces less M-current inhibition than does muscarine. Some
      analogues of teleost LHRH (T-LHRH) are more potent as M-current inhibitors than T
      LHRH itself. Those peptides tend to act more slowly than T-LHRH. Substance P
      shows variable potency for M-current inhibition, with I50 s ranging from 2 nM to
      greater than 2 microM on different cells. The response to long applications of
      substance P desensitizes in some cells, which has not been observed for
      comparable applications of muscarinic or LHRH agonists. Other tachykinins
      (including substance K) inhibit the M-current. C-terminal fragments of substance
      P are ineffective, and M-current inhibition by substance P is not blocked by [D
      Pro2,D-Trp7,9]- or [D-Arg1,D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9,Leu11] substance P. The slow
      muscarinic excitatory post-synaptic potential (e.p.s.p.) produces a graded
      inhibition of up to 90% of the M-current. Occasional cells show an additional
      inward current with an associated increase in conductance during the slow
      e.p.s.p. This effect is less marked than with exogenous muscarinic agonists. The
      late, slow e.p.s.p., which is produced by stimulation of high threshold C-fibre
      inputs and is resistant to cholinergic antagonists, also involves M-current
      inhibition. An additional inward current can be observed in some cells. M-current
      inhibition (by agonists or slow synaptic potentials) increases the number of
      spikes produced by a given depolarizing current, often allowing maintained
      firing. This action is not mimicked by equivalent depolarization, and is still
      seen when the cell is manually clamped to the original resting
      potential.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2414438
TI  - Calcium entry into voltage-clamped presynaptic terminals of squid.
AB  - Voltage-clamp measurements of Ca current and Arsenazo III measurements of
      intracellular Ca concentration were used to assess Ca ion entry into voltage
      clamped presynaptic terminals of squid 'giant' synapses. Depolarization of
      voltage-clamped terminals filled with Arsenazo III produced absorbance changes
      consistent with intracellular accumulation of Ca ions. These intracellular Ca
      transients had a bell-shaped dependence on presynaptic potential and were maximal
      at approximately -10 mV. Arsenazo III signals recorded from the proximal portion
      of voltage-clamped presynaptic terminals had a dependence on command potential
      which was shifted relative to signals recorded from other presynaptic regions.
      Micro-electrode measurements of presynaptic membrane potential showed that during
      voltage-clamp depolarizations the proximal region was less depolarized than the
      rest of the presynaptic terminal. This indicates that voltage-clamped presynaptic
      terminals may be poorly controlled at their proximal region due to current flow
      into the adjacent axon. This poor control can cause heterogeneous Ca entry into
      the presynaptic terminal and thus heterogeneous release of transmitter along the
      terminal. Application of Ca ions from an extracellular pipette positioned near
      the distal end of the presynaptic terminal was used to restrict Ca entry to this
      well-controlled region. Local Ca application decreased the contribution of
      release from the poorly controlled proximal region to synaptic transfer curves.
      Presynaptic Ca currents were derived by correcting membrane currents for leakage
      and capacitive currents and other currents measured in the absence of Ca
      application. Ca currents measured in this way activated along a sigmoidal time
      course and did not inactivate for depolarizations as long as 25 ms. Peak Ca
      currents occurred at approximately -10 mV and inward Ca currents had an apparent
      'reversal potential' near +60 mV. Ca channel activation, assessed with tail
      current measurements, was half-maximal at -13 mV and maximal at +20 mV.
      Simultaneous measurements of presynaptic Ca currents and Arsenazo III transients
      revealed a quantitative correspondence between Ca current integrals and Arsenazo
      III signal amplitude. This suggests that both methods provide reliable measures
      of Ca ion entry into presynaptic terminals under these conditions.

PMID- 2414439
TI  - Membrane voltage, resistance, and channel switching in isolated mouse fibroblasts
      (L cells): a patch-electrode analysis.
AB  - The whole-cell patch-electrode technique of Fenwick, Marty & Neher (1982) has
      been applied to single suspension-cultured mouse fibroblasts. Seals in the range
      of 10-50 G omega were obtained without special cleaning of the cell membranes.
      Rupture of the membrane patch inside the electrode was accompanied by a shift of
      measured potential into the range -10 to -25 mV, but in most cases with little
      change in the recorded resistance. The latter fact implied that the absolute
      resistance of the cell membrane must be in the same range as the seal resistance
      and the recorded potential is a poor measure of actual cell membrane potential.
      Steady-state current-voltage curves (range -160 mV to +80 mV) were generated
      before and after rupture of the membrane patch, and the difference between these
      gave (zero-current) membrane potentials of -50 to -75 mV, which represents a leak
      corrected estimate of the true cell-membrane potential. The associated slope
      conductivity of the cell membrane was 5-15 microS/cm2 (assumed smooth-sphere
      geometry, cells 13-15 microns in diameter) and was K+-dominated. With 0.1 mM (or
      more) free Ca2+ filling the patch electrode, membrane potentials in the range -60
      to -85 mV were observed following patch rupture, with associated slope
      conductivities of 200-400 microS/cm2, also K+-dominated. Similar voltages and
      conductivities were observed at the peak of pulse-induced 'hyperpolarizing
      activation' (Nelson, Peacock, & Minna, 1972), and the two phenomena probably
      reflect the behaviour of Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Both the pulse-induced
      conductance and the Ca2+-activated conductance spontaneously decayed, the latter
      over periods of 5-15 min following patch rupture. Sr2+, Ba2+, and Co2+ could also
      activate the putative K+ channels, but only Sr2+ really mimicked Ca2+. Co2+ and
      Ba2+ activated with a delay of several minutes following patch rupture, and
      deactivated quickly with a small decrease of conductance and a large decrease of
      membrane potential. Evidently, Co2+ and Ba2+ affect channel specificity as well
      as channel opening and closing kinetics.

PMID- 2414440
TI  - Calcium regulation of potassium fluxes in rabbit aorta during activation by
      noradrenaline or high potassium medium.
AB  - The dependency of noradrenaline- and depolarization-mediated increases in K
      permeability on cellular Ca was investigated by measuring the effect of diltiazem
      and Ca-free medium on stimulated 42K efflux and contracture. The increase in the
      rate constant (k) for 42K efflux induced by cellular depolarization with 80 mM-K
      was inhibited by 70% in the presence of 10(-5) M-diltiazem. The noradrenaline
      (NA)-mediated increase in k was only slightly suppressed by diltiazem at 10(-5) M
      NA, but was inhibited by diltiazem in a dose-dependent fashion for a submaximal
      concentration of NA 10(-7) M. Similar inhibitory effects were observed on
      contractile responses. Basal 42K efflux progressively increased in a 0 Ca
      physiological salt solution (PSS) containing 2 mM-EGTA. This process was
      suppressed in a concentration-dependent manner as [Mg] was increased. In
      experiments utilizing 0 Ca PSS, [Mg] was therefore raised to 15 mM to maintain
      stable basal effluxes. Ca removal for 30 min reduced the 80 mM-K-mediated
      increase in k by 64%. The NA-induced increase in k became more transient in 0 Ca
      PSS with a progressive diminution in the magnitude of this response as the
      duration of Ca depletion was increased. The diminution of the 42K efflux response
      in 0 Ca PSS was well fitted by a mono-exponential function (half-time, t1/2 = 46
      min). The NA-induced contracture in 0 Ca solution decreased with a biphasic time
      course subsequent to Ca removal. Intracellular Ca release by NA, measured by
      means of a 45Ca efflux protocol, decreased as a mono-exponential function of
      time, with a t 1/2 of 21 min. We conclude that both alpha-receptor activation and
      membrane depolarization increase K permeability largely as a result of increased
      cellular free [Ca]. The effect of depolarization appears to depend mainly on
      influx of extracellular Ca. NA increases both influx and intracellular release of
      Ca which serve to open K channels. The apparent release of cellular Ca as
      measured by 45Ca efflux into Ca-free solution decreased more rapidly, however,
      than did the NA stimulation of 42K efflux and tension. These observations may
      result from the presence of a slowly depleted Ca store which cannot be detected
      directly by measuring NA-induced release of 45Ca.

PMID- 2414441
TI  - Activation of acetylcholine synthesis in cat sympathetic ganglia: dependence on
      external choline and sodium-pump rate.
AB  - Acetylcholine synthesis in the perfused cat superior cervical ganglion is
      maximally activated without activation of release during a 10 min recovery in
      Locke solution following a 15 min period of Na-pump inhibition by perfusion with
      K-free Locke solution; choline (5 X 10(-5) M) being present throughout. This
      procedure combined with the use of very high rates of perfusion flow has now
      permitted an examination of the roles of choline uptake and Na in the activation
      of synthesis. The data were analysed by analysis of variance as a basis for
      assessing experimental error and by Bartlett's test to assess equality of
      variance. Significance of differences between groups was estimated from this
      analysis (see Appendix). By selective omission of choline, either with or without
      addition of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), in the K-free or in the recovery period it
      was found that choline is only taken up for formation of acetylcholine in the
      recovery period. With the use of different concentrations of choline in the
      recovery period, and omission of choline in the K-free period, it was found that
      the rate of acetylcholine synthesis increased with increasing choline
      concentration in conformity with Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The choline
      concentration giving half-maximal synthesis rate was 3.6 microM. Addition of 10(
      6) M-HC-3 during recovery completely abolished synthesis in the presence of 5 X
      10(-6) M-choline, and 2.5 X 10(-7) M-HC-3 reduced it by 68%. These values for
      choline dependence and inhibitory potency of HC-3 are similar to those found for
      high affinity choline transport in brain synaptosomes, indicating that the same
      system operates in brain and in ganglia. In additional experiments in which
      choline was omitted in the K-free period and with 5 X 10(-5) M-choline in the
      recovery fluid a reduction of external Na to 50 mM during recovery did not reduce
      significantly the maximal rate of acetylcholine synthesis. Further reduction to
      25 nM, which would be expected to abolish the Na gradient, reduced the rate of
      synthesis by only 18%. The presence of 2 X 10(-5) M-ouabain during recovery in
      normal Locke solution containing 5 X 10(-5) M-choline abolished synthesis. It is
      concluded that choline uptake for acetylcholine synthesis in ganglia is via the
      high affinity transporter; that the transport is rate limiting for acetylcholine
      synthesis and; that the transport process is intimately linked to Na-pump
      rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2414442
TI  - Kinetic properties and selectivity of calcium-permeable single channels in
      Aplysia neurones.
AB  - Two kinds of single channels, carrying inward currents even above the Na and Cl
      ion equilibrium potentials, were observed in outside-out patches from Aplysia
      neurones bathed in K-free internal and external solutions. The channel carrying
      the larger elementary current has been studied in detail. When the internal
      solution contained mainly CsCl, this channel usually inactivated during the first
      minutes following isolation of the membrane patch. However, when the internal
      solution contained NaCl instead of CsCl, the channel remained functional during
      several hours, thus allowing the present study. Na-Tris, NaCl-mannitol and Ca-Ba
      external substitution experiments showed that the channel studied is much more
      permeable to divalent cations than to sodium ions. Mono-exponential open-time
      distributions obtained under identical conditions from different membrane patches
      indicated either slow (in the order of 100 ms at 0 mV) or rapid (a few
      milliseconds at 0 mV) mean open-times. Biphasic open-time distributions could be
      obtained from other membrane patches under the same conditions. These results
      suggest the existence of two different gating modes. Both the open-time
      distribution and the closed-time distribution are voltage sensitive: membrane
      depolarization activates the channel by lengthening the openings and shortening
      the closures. The threshold of activation if any, is very low and the
      inactivation, if present, is never complete. Ca-Ba, Ca-Sr and Ca-Mg external
      substitution experiments showed that the elementary current amplitude is not very
      sensitive to the nature of the external divalent cation. The elementary current
      can be slightly larger when carried by Ba ions rather than by Ca ions, but is
      nearly identical whether carried by Ca, Sr or even Mg ions, which leads to the
      elementary conductance sequence: Ba greater than or equal to Ca = Sr congruent to
      Mg. In contrast, the mean open-time of the channel is very sensitive to the
      nature of the external permeant ion. The longest mean open-time is observed in
      the presence of Ca ions, and the mean open-time sequence is: Ca greater than Sr
      greater than Ba greater than Mg. The closed-time distribution is also affected by
      the nature of the external divalent cation. The above results show that the
      nature of the permeant ion affects the kinetic properties of the channel much
      more than its elementary current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2414444
TI  - Esthetic matching.
AB  - A chart that allows the reader to appreciate the diverse factors involved in
      esthetic matching has been presented. Although substantial information is
      presented in the chart, it is incomplete; and future research will contribute
      additional information. The chart is not intended as a substitute for learning,
      but a stimulus to further study.

PMID- 2414443
TI  - Cholinergic agonists suppress a potassium current in freshly dissociated smooth
      muscle cells of the toad.
AB  - Single micro-electrode voltage-clamp and current-clamp techniques were used to
      study cholinergic responses in single freshly isolated gastric smooth muscle
      cells from the toad Bufo marinus. Acetylcholine (ACh) or muscarine caused
      membrane depolarization, which sometimes gave rise to action potentials and
      contractions. The agonist-induced depolarization is due to the suppression of a
      voltage-dependent K+ conductance, a conclusion based on the following
      observations. Depolarization was accompanied by an apparent membrane conductance
      decrease, seen as the increased size of voltage deflexions in response to
      constant current pulses. The conductance decrease was confirmed under voltage
      clamp, where current deflexions in response to constant voltage jumps were
      smaller in the presence of cholinergic agonists. Muscarine induced net inward
      currents at potentials positive to the K+ equilibrium potential (EK), and net
      outward currents at potentials negative to EK. In experiments where external K+
      concentration ([K+]o) ranged from 20 to 90 mM the reversal potentials shifted 58
      mV positive per tenfold elevation of [K+]o, as expected for a K+ current. The
      steady-state current-voltage relationship revealed that the K+ current inhibited
      by muscarine was larger at more positive potentials than expected from driving
      force considerations alone. Therefore, the underlying conductance suppressed by
      cholinergic agonists was voltage dependent, with almost complete deactivation at
      potentials more negative than approximately -70 mV and exhibiting a sigmoidal
      activation curve upon depolarization. The deactivation of this voltage-dependent
      K+ conductance caused slow current relaxations to occur in response to
      hyperpolarizing voltage commands from depolarized holding potentials. In
      experiments where [K+]o ranged from 3 to 30 mM, these current relaxations
      reversed direction at potentials near EK and the reversal potential shifted 52 mV
      positive per tenfold elevation of [K+]o, indicating that K ions carry most of the
      charge. The current relaxations that occurred in response to hyperpolarizing
      voltage commands were suppressed by ACh, muscarine and oxotremorine. The effects
      of muscarine persisted in nominally Ca2+-free solutions containing Mn2+. Ba2+
      mimicked the effects of muscarinic agonists. Thus, isolated smooth muscle cells
      exhibit a K+ current resembling the M-current of sympathetic and other neurones,
      which is reversibly suppressed by cholinergic agonists. The existence of a
      cholinergic K+ conductance decrease is of interest because it has not previously
      been demonstrated in smooth muscle.

PMID- 2414445
TI  - Interaction between fibronectin, rheumatoid factor and aggregated gamma
      globulins.
AB  - Fibronectin (Fn) was detected in 12/14 2.5% polyethylene glycol precipitates of
      rheumatoid serum positive for rheumatoid factor (RF). This association led to an
      investigation of the capacity of Fn to interact with IgM RF and heat aggregated
      human IgG. Our data suggest that Fn can interact directly with both of these
      substances at a site in the Fc fragment of the immunoglobulin molecule. The exact
      cite of the interaction is still to be defined but evidence indicates that it is
      probably distinct from sites binding staphylococcal protein A and complement.

PMID- 2414446
TI  - Phenamil: an irreversible inhibitor of sodium channels in the toad urinary
      bladder.
AB  - Several new amiloride analogues and two reported photoaffinity analogues were
      tested for irreversible inhibition of short-circuit current, Isc, in toad
      bladder. Bromoamiloride, a photoaffinity analogue, induced 40% irreversible
      inhibition at 500 microM after irradiation with ultraviolet light greater than or
      equal to 320 nm. Iodoamiloride caused no irreversible inhibition. Of the new
      analogues tested, only 3,5-diamino-6-chloro-N-[(phenylamino) amino-methylene]
      pyrazinecarboxamide, phenamil, irreversibly inhibited Isc at concentrations of
      0.05 to 5 microM when added to the mucosal solution. Irreversible inhibition of
      Isc by phenamil may be attributed to specific blockage of the mucosal sodium
      channels, which depended on: 1) time of exposure; 2) mucosal pH; 3) mucosal
      sodium concentration. For example, 5 microM phenamil irreversibly inhibited Isc
      by 38% in 103 mM Na at pH 8.6 and nearly 75% in 30 mM Na at pH 6.4 after a 40-min
      exposure. Irreversible inhibition occurred in two phases with time constants of
      less than or equal to 10 min and approximately 140 min. Due to its irreversible
      nature, phenamil may be used to measure channel density.

PMID- 2414447
TI  - Kinetics of the effect of amiloride on the permeability of the apical membrane of
      rabbit descending colon to sodium.
AB  - The effects of the addition of graded concentrations of amiloride, (A)m, to the
      mucosal bathing solution on the permeability of the apical membrane of rabbit
      descending colon to Na (PmNa) were determined when the Na activity in the mucosal
      bathing solution, (Na)m, was 18, 32 or 100 mM. PmNa was obtained from current
      voltage relations determined on tissues bathed with a high-K serosal solution
      before and after the addition of a maximally inhibitory concentration of
      amiloride to the mucosal solution as described by Turnheim et al. (Turnheim, K.,
      Thompson, S.M., Schultz, S.G. 1983. J. Membrane Biol. 76:299-309). The results
      indicate that: (1) As demonstrated previously (Turnheim et al., 1983), PmNa
      decreases with increasing (Na)m. (2) PmNa also decreases hyperbolically with
      increasing (A)m. Kinetic analyses of the effect of amiloride on PmNa are
      consistent with the conclusions that: (i) the stoichiometry between the
      interaction of amiloride with apical membrane receptors that results in a
      decrease in PmNa is one-for-one; (ii) there is no evidence for cooperativity
      between amiloride and these binding sites; (iii) the value of (A)m needed to
      halve PmNa at a fixed (Na)m is 0.6-1.0 microM; and, (iv) this value is
      independent of (Na)m over the fivefold range studied. These findings are
      consistent with the notion that the sites with which amiloride interacts to bring
      about closure of the channels through which Na crosses the apical membrane are
      kinetically distinct from the sites with which (Na)m interacts to bring about
      closure (i.e., "self-inhibition"). In short, the effects of (Na)m and (A)m on
      PmNa in this tissue appear to be independent and additive.

PMID- 2414448
TI  - Effects of internal and external pH on amiloride-blockable Na+ transport across
      toad urinary bladder vesicles.
AB  - We have examined the effect of internal and external pH on Na+ transport across
      toad bladder membrane vesicles. Vesicles prepared and assayed with a recently
      modified procedure (Garty & Asher, 1985) exhibit large, rheogenic, amiloride
      sensitive fluxes. Of the total 22Na uptake measured 0.5-2.0 min after introducing
      tracer, 80 +/- 4% (mean +/- SE, n = 9) is blocked by the diuretic with a KI of 2
      X 10(-8) M. Thus, this amiloride-sensitive flux is mediated by the apical sodium
      selective channels. Varying the internal (cytosolic) pH over the physiologic
      range 7.0-8.0 had no effect on sodium transport; this result suggests that
      variation of intracellular pH in vivo has no direct apical effect on modulating
      sodium uptake. On the other hand, 22Na was directly and monotonically dependent
      on external pH. External acidification also reduced the amiloride-sensitive
      efflux across the walls of the vesicles. This inhibition of 22Na efflux was noted
      at external Na+ concentrations of both 0.2 microM and 53 mM. These results are
      different from those reported with whole toad bladder. A number of possible bases
      for these differences are considered and discussed. We suggest that the
      natriferic response induced by mucosal acidification of whole toad urinary
      bladder appears to operate indirectly through one or more factors, presumably
      cytosolic, present in whole cells and absent from the vesicles.

PMID- 2414449
TI  - Glutaraldehyde-induced changes in the axially projected fine structure of
      collagen fibrils.
AB  - The fine structure of the collagen fibril, as seen in axial projection, is
      changed by treatment with glutaraldehyde. The changes are detectable in electron
      optical staining patterns and in the intensities of the low-angle meridional X
      ray diffraction maxima. Current knowledge of the amino acid sequence of collagen
      and of the axial arrangement of molecules in fibrils permits interpretation in
      terms of specific alterations to the axial distribution of electron density along
      the fibril. Analysis of fibril staining patterns from glutaraldehyde-treated calf
      skin collagen shows that uptake of staining ions in positive staining patterns is
      inhibited at residues known to interact with glutaraldehyde (lysyl, hydroxylysyl
      and probably histidyl side-chains) and on other charged residues in the immediate
      neighbourhood of the glutaraldehyde-reactive residues. This can be seen as a
      "stain-exclusion effect" due to the presence of bulky polymeric complexes of
      glutaraldehyde molecules at cross-linking sites. Such stain exclusion accounts
      for the drastic changes in the negative staining pattern following treatment with
      glutaraldehyde. The intensity changes observed in the low-angle meridional X-ray
      reflections from rat tail tendon, similarly treated, also can be explained by the
      presence of these bulky complexes. Existing data have been used to predict a
      model of the altered electron density profile indicating the axial distribution
      of glutaraldehyde along a D-period of moist tendon collagen.

PMID- 2414450
TI  - Calculations of electrostatic energies in proteins. The energetics of ionized
      groups in bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor.
AB  - The importance of including different energy contributions in calculations of
      electrostatic energies in proteins is examined by calculating the intrinsic pKa
      values of the acidic groups of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. It appears
      that such calculations provide a powerful and revealing test; the relevant
      solvation energies of the ionized acids are of the order of -70 kcal/mol (1 cal =
      4.184 J), and microscopic calculations that do not attempt to simulate the
      complete protein dielectric effect (including the surrounding solvent) can
      underestimate the solvation energy by as much as 50 kcal/mol. Reproducing
      correctly, by the same set of parameters, the solvation energies of ionized acids
      in different sites of a protein cannot be accomplished by including only part of
      the key energy contributions. The problems associated with macroscopic
      calculations are also considered and illustrated by the specific case of bovine
      pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. A promising approach is shown to be provided by a
      refinement of the previously developed Protein Dipoles Langevin Dipoles model.
      This model seems to represent consistently the microscopic dielectric of the
      protein and the surrounding water molecules. The model overcomes the problems
      associated with the macroscopic models (by treating explicitly the solvent
      molecules) and avoids the convergence problems associated with all-atom solvent
      models (by treating the average solvent polarization rather than averaging the
      actual polarization energy). This paper describes in detail the actual
      implementation of the model and examines its performance in evaluating intrinsic
      pKa values. Preliminary microscopic considerations of charge-charge interactions
      are presented.

PMID- 2414451
TI  - Hydrogen kinetics of peptide amide protons at the bovine pancreatic trypsin
      inhibitor protein-solvent interface.
AB  - Hydrogen exchange rate constants of the 25 most rapidly exchanging peptide amide
      protons in bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor have been determined over a range
      of pH that spans pH min, the pH of minimum rate. Most of these are on the protein
      surface, exposed to solvent and not hydrogen bonded in the crystal structure.
      Contrary to commonly held assumptions, the exchange kinetics of surface NH groups
      are not equivalent to the kinetics of NH groups in peptides in the extended
      configuration. All surface NH groups exchange more slowly than NH groups in model
      peptides, with rate constants distributed over a range of more than two orders of
      magnitude. In addition, their pH min values vary widely. For most of the surface
      NH groups, pH min is lower than in model compounds and, for several, pH min is
      less than 1. These results indicate that the local environment of the surface
      peptide groups when the exchange event occurs is very different from that of
      extended peptides. Analysis based on consideration of an O-protonation mechanism
      for acid catalysis and of electrostatic effects on exchange kinetics further
      indicates (see the accompanying paper) that, in general, exchange of surface NH
      groups occurs from a conformation of the protein approximated by the crystal
      structure. The 1H-2H exchange rate constants were measured from 300 MHz nuclear
      magnetic resonance spectra in which assigned surface N1H resonances are resolved
      by the use of partially deuterated protein samples. A marked pH dependence of the
      chemical shifts observed in the pH range 1 to 4.5 for several surface NH groups
      reflects the titration of nearby carboxyl groups.

PMID- 2414452
TI  - Mechanism of surface peptide proton exchange in bovine pancreatic trypsin
      inhibitor. Salt effects and O-protonation.
AB  - The acid-catalyzed hydrogen exchange rate constants kH, and the base-catalyzed
      rate constants kOH, have been determined (in the preceding paper) for the 25 most
      rapidly exchanging NH groups of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Most of
      these NH groups are at the protein-solvent interface. The correlation of kH, but
      not kOH, with the static accessibility and hydrogen bonding of the peptide
      carbonyl O atom indicates that the mechanism of acid catalysis in proteins
      involves O-protonation. Agreement between the ionic strength dependence observed
      for kH and kOH and the ionic strength dependence calculated for an O-protonation
      mechanism supports this conclusion. N-protonation for acid catalysis, as well as
      N-deprotonation for base catalysis, have traditionally been assumed in the
      mechanism of the chemical step in peptide amide proton exchange. A preference for
      the alternative O-protonation mechanism has far-reaching implications in the
      interpretation of protein hydrogen exchange kinetics. With an O-protonation
      mechanism, acid-catalyzed rates of surface NH groups are primarily a function of
      the average solvent accessibility of the carbonyl O atoms in the dynamic solution
      structure, while base-catalyzed rates of surface NH groups measure solvent
      accessibility of the peptide N. The relative dynamic accessibilities of peptide O
      atoms, as measured by relative values of kH (corrected for electrostatic
      effects), correlate with O static accessibilities in the crystal structure. A
      lower correlation of static accessibility of N atoms with kOH is observed for
      surface NH groups in peptide groups in which the carbonyl O is not hydrogen
      bonded. For some surface NH groups, the observed pH of minimum rate, pHmin,
      deviates widely from the pHmin of model compounds. This is explained as the
      combined result of electrostatic effects and of the differences in accessibility
      of the carbonyl O and N atoms that result in a change in the relative values of
      kH and kOH as compared to those of model peptides. A mechanism whereby exchange
      of interior sites is catalyzed by interactions of catalysis ions with protein
      surface atoms via charge transfer is suggested.

PMID- 2414453
TI  - Lactose promoter mutation Pr115 activates an overlapping promoter within the
      lactose control region.
AB  - The Escherichia coli lac promoter mutation Pr115, an A X T to T X A transversion
      at +1 (the transcription initiation site of the lac wild-type and lac UV5
      promoters), creates a new "-10 region"-like sequence starting at +1. We show that
      this mutation activates a new RNA polymerase binding site (P115) that overlaps
      with, and is shifted 12 base-pairs downstream from, the wild-type RNA polymerase
      binding site (P1). Nuclease S1 mapping studies and RNA polymerase protection
      experiments in vitro indicate that, in the absence of CAP-cAMP, this new site is
      used preferentially over the P1 site. In vivo, beta-galactosidase assays of the
      Pr115 mutation in combination with mutations of the P1 "-35 region" demonstrate
      that the P1 -35 region sequences are not involved in the interaction between RNA
      polymerase and P115 in the absence of CAP-cAMP; therefore P115 is an independent
      binding site. The presence of CAP-cAMP in vivo stimulates polymerase binding and
      initiation at P1, which serves to block polymerase from binding at P115.

PMID- 2414454
TI  - Genetic dissection of stringent control and nutritional shift-up response of the
      Escherichia coli S10 ribosomal protein operon.
AB  - The S10 operon of Escherichia coli is autogenously regulated by L4, one of 11
      ribosomal proteins encoded by the operon. We have previously shown that L4
      regulates transcription of the operon by modulating the level of read-through at
      an attenuator in the S10 leader. To determine the physiological roles of both L4
      mediated attenuation and the regulation of transcription initiation, we have
      constructed mutations eliminating their two regulatory targets, the S10 leader
      and the S10 promoter. Our results indicate that stringent control requires only
      the S10 promoter and therefore is mediated at the level of initiation. However,
      growth-medium-dependent control after a nutritional shift-up involves regulation
      of both initiation of transcription at the promoter and transcription read
      through at the attenuator.

PMID- 2414455
TI  - Processing enzyme ribonuclease E specifically cleaves RNA I. An inhibitor of
      primer formation in plasmid DNA synthesis.
AB  - When the RNA processing enzyme RNAase E is inactivated in an Escherichia coli
      strain carrying derivatives of the colicin E1 plasmid, a small RNA, about 100
      nucleotides long, accumulates. Structural analysis of this RNA showed that it is
      RNA I, the RNA that inhibits plasmid DNA synthesis. RNA I is a specific substrate
      for RNAase E and the cleavage takes place between the fifth and sixth nucleotides
      from the 5' end of the molecule. This is only the second natural RNA substrate
      that has been found, so far, for the RNA processing enzyme ribonuclease E, the
      other being a precursor for 5 S ribosomal RNA. It is remarkable that nine
      nucleotides around the cleavage sites are identical in both substrates: (Formula:
      see text). Therefore, we suggest that at least part of the interaction between
      RNAase E and its substrate is controlled by these nine nucleotides.

PMID- 2414456
TI  - Messenger RNA from Staphylococcus aureus that specifies macrolide-lincosamide
      streptogramin resistance. Demonstration of its conformations and of the leader
      peptide it encodes.
AB  - The +1 site for transcription initiation of the inducible 23 S rRNA adenine
      methylase encoded by plasmid pE194 was determined experimentally by nuclease S1
      mapping of mRNA synthesized in vivo, and by nuclease T1 mapping of (5'-gamma-32P)
      end-labeled transcripts synthesized in vitro. By partial digestion of the in
      vitro transcripts using S1 and cobra venom nuclease as probes of mRNA
      conformation, the analysis was extended to reveal single-stranded and double
      stranded regions, respectively, which correspond to the critical stems and loops
      postulated for active and inactive conformations of the nascent mRNA. According
      to the model for induction, the transition from inactive to active conformation
      involves disruption of mRNA secondary structure which, in turn, is predicated on
      protracted occupancy by ribosomes complexed with erythromycin of one of the
      critical stem sequences. Ribosome occupancy of the critical stem sequence is due
      to the presence of an open reading frame that encodes part of a 19 amino acid
      residue "leader" peptide. The existence of this peptide, deduced from the
      nucleotide sequence of the control region upstream from the methylase structural
      gene, was demonstrated in vivo as part of a translational fusion with Escherichia
      coli beta-galactosidase in which the first four amino acid residues of the N
      terminal sequence of the fusion protein, analyzed directly by the microsequencing
      method, were found to comprise N-terminal amino acids 2 through 5, Gly-Ile-Phe
      Ser, predicted for the leader peptide.

PMID- 2414457
TI  - The effect of citrate and polyamines on human benign prostate in organ culture.
AB  - A technique for short-term cultivation of slices of human benign prostate tissue
      in an organ culture environment is described. Minimum essential medium utilized
      was supplemented with 10 percent fetal bovine serum and 25 mg/mL of citrate,
      spermine, and spermidine. Spermine in the presence of testosterone in the culture
      medium induced morphological changes, enhancing the morphology of the tissue. The
      epithelium was well preserved morphologically. Citrate or spermidine together
      with testosterone does not enhance any morphological change. After seven days of
      culture, necrosis was developed. The spent culture medium showed a pattern of
      prostatic acid phosphatase production. When treated with spermine, the maximum
      level was reached at four days, after which it decreased. With spermidine or
      citrate, the maximum level is reached at two days of culture. Tissue beta
      glucuronidase activity was enhanced by either spermidine, spermine, or citrate
      together with testosterone. The biochemical studies suggested that explants of
      human benign prostate can be well maintained in organ culture for a few days.

PMID- 2414459
TI  - Intraocular kainic acid injection suppresses fast axonal transport in the
      developing rat optic nerve.
AB  - A single intraocular injection of 1 or 3 nmol kainic acid (KA) into the right eye
      of rats aged 5 days postnatal (5 dpn) significantly reduced the incorporation of
      3H-proline into retinal proteins and suppressed the amount of 3H-proline-labeled
      materials fast axonally transported in the optic nerve for at least 2 weeks
      thereafter. Intraocular KA injection within this dose range had no adverse effect
      on the optic axon population compared to normal nerves determined at 21 dpn;
      however, doses above 3 nmol (i.e., 6 nmol) caused significant axonal
      degeneration. Although partially recovered by 21 dpn this effect of KA on protein
      synthesis and axonal transport suggests that, as in the adult, retinal ganglion
      cells are also KA-sensitive during postnatal development.

PMID- 2414458
TI  - Update in cancer chemotherapy, Part III: Lung cancer, Part 1.
AB  - An update in cancer chemotherapy that deals with the various therapies of lung
      cancer is described. At present, the stage of the disease and cell type are the
      major factors that determine the treatment. Important differences in the
      biological behavior and response to treatment exist between small cell and non
      small cell cancers. The small cell type is sensitive to many chemotherapeutic
      agents. Differences in response to chemotherapy and survival have been less among
      the non-small cell types.The treatment of non-small cell carcinomas including
      squamous cell, large cell, and adenocarcinoma are reviewed in Part I of this
      paper. Small cell lung cancer will be described in Part II, which will be
      published in a future issue of the journal.

PMID- 2414460
TI  - Observations on the idioblasts of Dieffenbachia.
AB  - The toxicity of the Arum genus, especially the Dieffenbachia, has long been a
      topic of controversy. Some believe that the injury inflicted is primarily
      mechanical, the result of needle like crystals of calcium oxalate (raphides)
      found in the stems and leaves. Others cite evidence supporting the existence of
      enzymatic and allergic injury. This paper describes a hitherto neglected third
      factor, specialized cells which can forcibly shoot the raphides and which may be
      necessary for the toxic effect since raphide containing plants devoid of these
      cells are not toxic. The effects of physical and chemical factors on the behavior
      of these cells are described.

PMID- 2414461
TI  - Carcinosarcoma of the floor of mouth.
AB  - Carcinosarcomas are rare tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract, consisting of
      both carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissue. The larynx and oral cavity are most
      frequently involved. There has been much controversy regarding the histological
      nature and clinical course of these tumors. We report a case of carcinosarcoma of
      the floor of mouth in a 76 year old man who presented with a large pedunculated
      sublingual mass. There was no evidence of regional or systemic metastatic
      disease. After local excision, he was followed for one year without evidence of
      recurrence or metastasis. A review of the literature is presented, with an
      attempt to clarify clinically relevant aspects of nomenclature, pathogenesis, and
      clinical course.

PMID- 2414462
TI  - Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to polyomavirus major
      capsid protein VP1.
AB  - Four hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies against intact polyoma
      virions were produced and characterized. These antibodies were selected for their
      ability to react with polyoma virions in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
      The antibodies immunoprecipitated polyoma virions and specifically recognized the
      major capsid protein VP1 on an immunoblot. Distinct VP1 isoelectric species were
      immunoprecipitated from dissociated virion capsomere preparations. Two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis demonstrated antibody reactivity with specific
      VP1 species. Monoclonal antibodies E7 and G9 recognized capsomeres containing VP1
      species D, E, and F, while monoclonal antibodies C10 and D3 recognized capsomeres
      containing species B and C. Two of the monoclonal antibodies, E7 and G9, were
      capable of neutralizing viral infection and inhibiting hemagglutination. The
      biological activity of the monoclonal antibodies correlated well with the
      biological function of the species with which they reacted.

PMID- 2414463
TI  - Abrogation of simian virus 40 DNA-mediated transformation of primary C57BL/6
      mouse embryo fibroblasts by exposure to a simian virus 40-specific cytotoxic T
      lymphocyte clone.
AB  - Primary mouse embryo fibroblasts of C57BL/6 origin (B6/MEF) were transformed in
      vitro by transfection with simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA. The transformation
      frequency was markedly reduced if the SV40 DNA-transfected cultures were briefly
      exposed to K11 cells, an SV40-specific clone of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This
      abrogation of SV40 transformation in vitro by cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clone K11
      was specific, since transformation of B6/MEF cells by adenovirus type 5 DNA was
      not affected. The approach described here should serve as an ideal model of
      dissecting immunological events during in vivo tumorigenesis.

PMID- 2414464
TI  - Regulation of viral transcription by the matrix protein of vesicular stomatitis
      virus probed by monoclonal antibodies and temperature-sensitive mutants.
AB  - The ability of the matrix (M) protein of wild-type vesicular stomatitis virus
      (VSV) to regulate viral transcription was studied with monoclonal antibodies and
      temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants in complementation group III, the M proteins
      of which are restricted in transcription inhibition. The marked inhibition of
      transcription by VSV ribonucleoprotein (RNP) cores complexed with M protein
      (RNP/M) was reversed by antibody to epitope 1. Antibodies to epitopes 2 and 3 not
      only failed to reverse the transcription-inhibitory activity of isolated M
      protein but actually increased M-protein inhibition of transcription in a
      reconstituted system. Monoclonal antibodies to epitopes 2 and 3 strongly bound to
      M proteins from all wild-type and ts-mutant virions, but monoclonal antibody to
      epitope 1 completely failed to bind to the M protein of ts023(III) even though it
      reacted strongly with M proteins of mutants tsG31(III) and tsG33(III). The M
      protein of a tsO23 revertant (R11) completely recovered its capacity to inhibit
      transcription and to bind monoclonal antibody to epitope 1, whereas the M
      proteins of three other revertants remained restricted in their capacity to
      inhibit transcription and to bind monoclonal antibody to epitope 1. These studies
      indicate that exposure of epitope 1 on the surface of M protein is essential for
      inhibiting transcription by VSV RNP cores.

PMID- 2414466
TI  - Urothelial hyperplasia and neoplasia. II. Detection of nitrosamines and
      interferon in chronic urinary tract infections in rats.
AB  - In rats with chronic urinary tract infections, urine and blood were examined for
      two classes of compounds (nitrosamines and interferon) which may lead to the
      development of urothelial hyperplasia and neoplasia. In vitro, Escherichia coli,
      a Proteus species or a mixture of both were able to induce high levels of
      interferon which theoretically could reduce the host's cellular immune
      surveillance. These high levels were not detected in vivo in either short-term (5
      hr. to 2 wk.) or long-term (2 wk. to 24 wk.) infected rats. In contrast, N, N
      dimethylnitrosamine was detected in the majority (greater than or equal to 50 per
      cent) of long term infected rats after 12 wk. although individual rats showed
      detectable levels as early as 2 wk. post infection. Sterile human or rat urine
      supported bacterial growth and subsequent production of N, N dimethylnitrosamine,
      but only after 16 wk. of subculturing in vitro. Gas chromatography was able to
      detect small amounts of nitrosamines extracted from urine. The mass spectrometer
      yielded quantitatively and qualitatively better detection. With long term
      infections, the appearance of a potential carcinogen, N, N dimethylnitrosamine,
      occurs in vivo and in vitro and correlates with previous findings that describe
      the development of hyperplastic and early neoplastic changes in the rat
      urothelium.

PMID- 2414465
TI  - Circles with two tandem long terminal repeats are specifically cleaved by pol
      gene-associated endonuclease from avian sarcoma and leukosis viruses: nucleotide
      sequences required for site-specific cleavage.
AB  - The avian retroviral pol gene-encoded DNA endonuclease (pol-endo) has been shown
      to selectively cleave the viral long terminal repeat sequences (LTRs) in single
      stranded DNA substrates in a region known to be joined to host DNA during
      integration (G. Duyk, J. Leis, M. Longiaru, and A.M. Skalka, Proc. Natl. Acad.
      Sci. USA 80:6745-6749, 1983). The preferred sites of cleavage were mapped to the
      unique U5/U3 junctions found only in covalently closed circular DNA molecules
      containing two tandem LTRs. The cuts occurred three nucleotides 5' to the axis of
      symmetry of the 12-of-15-base-pair nearly perfect inverted repeat which marks the
      LTR junction. Experiments with double-stranded supercoiled DNA substrates
      revealed a similar specificity for nicking. Also, the endonuclease associated
      with the pol cleavage product, pp32, has the same specificity as the alpha beta
      form. The limits of sequence required for site-selective cleavage near the U5/U3
      junction were established with single-stranded DNA substrates. A domain no larger
      than 44 base pairs allowed site-selective cleavage in each strand in vitro.
      Recognition of either strand appeared to be independent of the other, and in each
      case, the critical sequence was asymmetrically distributed with respect to the
      U5/U3 junction. The predominant contribution was from the U5 domain; this is
      consistent with its conservation in the LTR sequences of a number of avian
      sarcoma and leukosis viruses.

PMID- 2414467
TI  - Demonstration of cytokeratins by immunoperoxidase staining in prostatic tissue.
AB  - The presence and distribution of cytokeratins (CK) have been investigated using
      an epidermal keratin antiserum in various dilutions and the PaP (peroxidase
      antiperoxidase) and avidin-biotin-peroxidase (ABC) immunohistochemical methods. A
      total of 44 samples of prostatic tissue were divided into alcohol-fixed (22
      cases) and formaldehyde-fixed (22 cases). Each group included 12 non-malignant
      lesions (hyperplasias and prostatitis) and 10 adenocarcinomas. The best results
      were achieved with the ABC method in alcohol-fixed tissues, while formaldehyde
      fixed tissues gave poor staining despite the use of different enzymes to unmask
      antigenic determinants. With similar dilutions of the specific antiserum the PaP
      method gave less intense staining. Cytokeratins were detected in basal and
      columnar cells, in areas of transitional and squamous metaplasia and in normal
      transitional epithelium. Columnar cells showed strong staining in the
      supranuclear portion. Adenocarcinomas gave positive staining for cytokeratins
      varying from weak to strong. The intensity of staining showed no correlation with
      the degree of differentiation of the tumor. Different degrees of intensity were
      frequently observed within the same tumor. High dilutions of the specific
      antiserum (greater than 1/400) failed to stain carcinomas or stained them poorly,
      whereas they still stained normal or hyperplastic tissues. Gland-forming tumors
      showed a highly polarized labelling with the strongest staining in the luminal
      portion of the cell. The conclusion is that all epithelial prostatic tissues,
      benign and malignant, express cytokeratins.

PMID- 2414468
TI  - Free autogenous muscle transplantation in rabbits: a technique for correction of
      urinary incontinence.

PMID- 2414469
TI  - Perirenal urinoma secondary to prostatic obstruction.
AB  - We report a case of perirenal urinoma secondary to benign prostatic hypertrophy.
      This rare complication of bladder outlet obstruction was due to subsequent
      hydronephrosis and increased pressure in the renal cavities, leading to rupture
      of caliceal fornix and allowing perirenal extravasation of urine. Complete
      resolution of the urinoma was obtained with bladder decompression and
      conservative management.

PMID- 2414470
TI  - Primary chemotherapy followed by a selective retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in
      the management of clinical stage II testicular carcinoma: a preliminary report.
AB  - In 28 patients with primary clinical stage II testicular carcinoma
      (retroperitoneal mass of less than 10 cm. in diameter) or persistently elevated
      levels of serum biomarkers after orchiectomy primary chemotherapy was
      administered followed by selective lymphadenectomy for patients with a persistent
      retroperitoneal mass. Of the patients 21 were treated with cyclophosphamide,
      doxorubicin, cisplatin/vinblastine and bleomycin, and 7 who were not candidates
      for this regimen received less aggressive chemotherapy. All 28 patients were free
      of disease after a mean followup of 93.6 weeks and a median of 89 weeks (range 28
      to 199.5 weeks). No patient who achieved complete remission has had relapse. Of
      the 28 patients 1 had a seminoma and an elevated alpha-fetoprotein level, 15 had
      embryonal carcinoma (Dixon-Moore category II) and 12 had teratocarcinomas (Dixon
      Moore category IV). Only 1 of the 15 patients with embryonal carcinoma required
      surgical exploration for a persistent radiographic abnormality, whereas 6 of the
      12 patients with Dixon-Moore category IV tumors required surgical exploration (p
      less than 0.0147). This delayed approach did not increase surgical complications.
      Our experience with primary chemotherapy followed by selective lymphadenectomy
      for stage II testicular carcinoma resulted in universal survival. Only 8 of the
      28 patients (29 per cent) required lymphadenectomy.

PMID- 2414471
TI  - Isometric detrusor pressure in the male patient: a comparison between voluntary
      urethral sphincter contraction and forced penile compression techniques.
AB  - Different functions of detrusor contraction are estimated by measurement of
      maximum isometric detrusor pressure with voluntary urethral sphincter contraction
      and forced penile compression flow-stop techniques. Maximum isometric pressure
      curves with these 2 techniques consist of 2 and 3 phases, respectively. The first
      phase of each method is a linearly increasing curve whose slope seems to indicate
      the speed of isometric detrusor contractions. The second phase in the curve
      obtained by the voluntary flow-stop technique is considered to be an inhibitory
      phase, while that obtained by the forced technique is considered to be a
      continuing phase followed by a plateau, the third phase. The maximum isometric
      pressures obtained with the forced flow-stop technique were statistically higher
      than those obtained with the voluntary flow-stop technique in patients with
      enuresis and prostatic obstruction. Although in volunteers the maximum isometric
      pressure measured with the forced flow-stop technique showed higher values than
      that measured with the voluntary method there was no statistical difference.
      There was no statistical difference in the speed of detrusor contractions
      obtained with either technique in all of the patients except those with urethral
      stricture, in whom the speed of detrusor contraction measured with the forced
      flow-stop technique showed a lower value than that obtained with the voluntary
      method. We believe that the penile urethra distal to the stricture acts as a
      reservoir when urinary flow is poor. The forced flow-stop technique was necessary
      to measure maximum isometric pressure in patients with neurogenic bladder
      dysfunction, many of whom could not stop urinary flow voluntarily.

PMID- 2414472
TI  - Chylothorax: a rare complication of metastatic prostatic carcinoma.
AB  - Chylothorax is an uncommon condition rarely seen in urological oncology and it is
      an extremely rare complication of prostatic carcinoma. Such a case is described
      in which successful palliative management with a combination of chemotherapy and
      radiation therapy was used. Alert recognition of the process and aggressive
      therapy would appear to be the key to management.

PMID- 2414473
TI  - The effect of testicular irradiation on established BPH in the dog: evidence of a
      non-steroidal testicular factor for BPH maintenance.
AB  - Irradiation of the testes of four to 13-year-old male beagles with benign
      prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was undertaken to attempt to evaluate the possibility
      that the testes secrete a non-androgenic accessory sex gland-stimulating
      substance that may have a critical role in the development of BPH. Available
      evidence indicates that development of prostatic hyperplasia in dog and man is
      dependent on testicular secretions and that testes irradiation is unlikely to
      alter testosterone secretion appreciably but does produce profound effects on the
      seminiferous tubules. Thirteen non-irradiated and shoulder irradiated control and
      16 beagles subjected to 1500 to 2200 rads single dose testis irradiation had pre
      irradiation, interval post-irradiation and terminal caliper measurements of
      prostatic length, width and depth, prostatic and testicular biopsies, and
      determination of serum testosterone and estradiol levels. Four beagles survived
      in a group observed for 109 weeks post testis irradiation, 12 in a group observed
      for 51 and 10 in a group observed for 59 weeks. The wet weight of the prostate
      was determined at sacrifice. Ratios of the final/initial length and width and
      final actual/initial calculated weight of the prostate were significantly
      decreased in testis-irradiated as compared to control beagles. Histologic
      evaluation also demonstrated a significant difference in degree of prostatic
      stimulation in control and testis-irradiated groups. The serum testosterone and
      estradiol levels were not significantly different in the testis-irradiated and
      control beagles. These observations indicate that irradiation of the testes of
      beagles with BPH alters the size, weight and histology to suggest decreased
      stimulation of the prostate without producing an identifiable change in the serum
      levels of the steroid hormones studied. The data support the hypothesis that the
      testis of the aging beagle secretes a non-androgenic and probably non-steroidal
      prostatic stimulating substance which is affected by irradiation of the testis.

PMID- 2414474
TI  - Alpha-adrenoceptors and muscarinic receptors in the isolated human prostate.
AB  - Prostatic specimens of adenomatous tissue (PA) were obtained from the lateral
      lobe of the prostate in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Non
      hyperplastic specimens of the outer prostatic tissue (PC) were taken from the
      dorsal part of the prostate in patients undergoing cystourethrectomy. Effects of
      alpha-adrenoceptor and muscarinic receptor active drugs were studied.
      Noradrenaline (NA) and the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine induced
      concentration-dependent contractions in PC and PA preparations. The alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonist clonidine was without effect on PC but contracted PA
      preparations; it was less potent and had less intrinsic activity than
      phenylephrine. In PC and PA strips, the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin
      was more effective than the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist rauwolscine to
      inhibit NA-induced contractions. Prazosin, but not rauwolscine, inhibited
      electrically induced contractions in PC strips. The muscarinic receptor agonists
      acetylcholine and carbachol were without effect in PC and PA preparations. In
      both PC and PA preparations, clonidine decreased and rauwolscine increased the
      electrically elicited 3H-efflux after pre-loading of the tissues with 3H
      noradrenaline. Carbachol and scopolamine were without consistent effects. In
      radioligand receptor binding experiments, the occurrence of alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptor binding sites was demonstrated; the ratio between alpha 1- and alpha
      2-adrenoceptor binding sites was 3/2 in PC, but 2/3 in PA tissue. By
      autoradiography, muscarinic receptors were found to be localized exclusively to
      the glandular epithelium, consistent with the lack of contractile effects of
      muscarinic receptor active drugs on PC and PA preparations. Our results thus
      suggest that the main alpha-adrenoceptor function in human prostatic smooth
      muscle is of the alpha 1-type and that muscarinic receptors in the prostate are
      involved in processes other than control of smooth muscle contraction.

PMID- 2414475
TI  - Immunoperoxidase in fine-needle aspirate specimens.

PMID- 2414476
TI  - The undifferentiated malignant neoplasm. Identification of lymphoma arising in
      skeletal muscle by immunohistochemical analysis.
AB  - The undifferentiated malignant neoplasm presents a significant problem in the
      intelligent selection of therapy. Because of advances in chemotherapy, there are
      cancers that are effectively palliated, and sometimes cured if appropriately
      treated. Characterization of tumors by immunohistochemical stains drastically
      reduces the incidence of "undifferentiated" diagnoses and will optimize patient
      management, as illustrated by two cases of large-cell lymphoma arising in
      skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2414477
TI  - Early detection of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Screening for primary
      hepatocellular carcinoma among persons infected with hepatitis B virus.
AB  - High rates of hepatitis B virus infection and primary hepatocellular carcinoma
      are present among Alaskan Natives. To determine if primary hepatocellular
      carcinoma could be detected at an early surgically resectable stage, serological
      screening for elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels was done semiannually among
      Alaskan Natives infected with hepatitis B virus. During a 26-month screening
      period, 3,387 alpha-fetoprotein tests were performed on 1,394 persons. Of 126
      persons with elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein (greater than 25 ng/mL), nine
      males were found to have primary hepatocellular carcinoma (all with alpha
      fetoprotein levels greater than 350 ng/mL). Six of these nine persons were
      asymptomatic for primary hepatocellular carcinoma and four had small tumors (less
      than 6 cm) that were surgically resected. After surgery, the alpha-fetoprotein
      levels in all four patients fell to normal and have remained normal after a
      follow-up of four to 20 months (median, ten months). alpha-Fetoprotein screening
      proved to be an effective approach in this population in detecting primary
      hepatocellular carcinoma at a potentially curable stage and should be considered
      in other individuals or populations infected with hepatitis B virus.

PMID- 2414478
TI  - [Clinical study on serum immunosuppressive factors in gastric cancer patients-
      with special reference to preoperative IAP values and the influence of surgical
      stress].
AB  - Serum IAP values were measured preoperatively in 83 gastric cancer patients. The
      levels were significantly higher in cases of total, stage III and IV, n (+) and
      non-curative resection than in normal subjects, stage I, n (-) and curative
      resection. There was a significant correlation between IAP on the one hand, and
      IgG FcR (+) T cell, alpha 2-globulin and CEA on the other. OK-432 was serially
      administered pre- and postoperatively (A) and only postoperatively (B). IAP was
      examined at one, two and four weeks postoperatively, and the findings were
      compared. It was increased markedly at one week and was slightly reduced at two
      and four weeks. These changes in IAP showed no significant differences between
      groups A and B.

PMID- 2414479
TI  - [Malignant lymphoma].
AB  - A strategy for treatment of malignant lymphoma requires fundamentally a field of
      multidisciplinary treatment including mainly radiotherapy and chemotherapy in a
      collaboration with surgical procedure and immunotherapeutic maneuver. In the
      therapy of malignant lymphoma the classifications of both the histologic type and
      the stage of disease which influence therapeutic effect and prognosis are
      actually very important to decide a plan of treatment. In particular, recent
      advance of chemotherapy makes possible of curing of advanced lymphoma patients,
      especially Hodgkin's disease. In this article a cure-oriented therapy was
      discussed under some considerations of specificity of Japanese lymphoma.

PMID- 2414480
TI  - [Present status of the multidisciplinary treatment of advanced testicular
      tumors].
AB  - Present status of multidisciplinary treatment for advanced testicular tumors was
      reviewed. Recently dramatic changes have occurred in the management of the
      disease, resulting substantial improvement in ultimate survival. Many
      developments in chemotherapy, particularly the introduction of cis-platinum, have
      been largely responsible for the dramatic change in treatment and prognosis.
      Therapy depends a large extent upon the histological type and stage of tumors.
      Surgical excision of primary tumors followed by combination chemotherapy is
      primary mode of treatment in advanced testicular tumors. Standard chemotherapy
      involves either cis-platinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin (PVB therapy), or the
      above 3 drugs combined with actinomycin D and cyclophosphamide (VAB-6 therapy).
      These therapies have produced complete remission rates of 50%-70% and improved
      the frequency of long-term survival. Furthermore, post-chemotherapy residual
      tumors should be treated by aggressive combined therapy with mainly surgery,
      radiation, and added chemotherapy. The treatment goal for this disease is the
      achievement of disease free status, namely complete cure.

PMID- 2414481
TI  - [Problems in the management of testicular cancer].
AB  - Within the last decade, progress in the management of testicular cancer has been
      remarkable. It has become a well-known fact that chemotherapy with or without
      excision of residual tumors can cure far-advanced disease. There are, as yet,
      unsolved problems such as the management of stage I disease, role of surgery in
      the treatment of stage III non-seminomatous testicular cancer and testicular
      damages by chemotherapy and so on. These problems will be discussed in this
      paper.

PMID- 2414482
TI  - [Multidisciplinary treatment of head and neck cancer].
AB  - A new multidisciplinary treatment for head and neck cancer was shown by focusing
      on the maxillary and oropharyngeal carcinoma. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy which
      consists of cisplatin and peplomycin was incorporated into it. In terms of
      maxillary carcinoma, 2 courses of chemotherapy were given with an interval of 2
      weeks, followed by radiotherapy (40 Gy) combined with intraarterial chemotherapy
      (5-FU). When no cancer cells were detected at the completion of this therapy,
      adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy was given. When an apparent tumor was still revealed
      by CT, radical surgery was performed. When cancer cells were detected only by
      histological examination, additional radiotherapy up to 60 Gy was given by Linac.
      The results obtained were analysed in 14 cases. We also presented another type of
      multidisciplinary treatment in oropharyngeal carcinoma.

PMID- 2414483
TI  - [Multidisciplinary treatment of esophageal cancer].
AB  - It is well known that surgical treatment is a major therapy on esophageal
      carcinoma. But the prognosis of the operated patients has not been yet
      satisfactory due to high frequency of recurrence. Therefore effective adjuvant
      therapy is necessary pre and/or post operatively such as radiation therapy,
      chemotherapy, immunotherapy and hyperthermia, etc. However, there is no general
      method of combination therapy with operation, since each patient shows different
      sensitivity to adjuvant therapy. This paper summarized that an appropriate
      multidisciplinary therapy had been carried on each case.

PMID- 2414484
TI  - [Infectious complications of lung cancer and its management].
AB  - Analysis of clinical features of infectious complications of lung cancer was
      carried out to obtain the informations necessary for the efficient management.
      Infectious complications developed in 114 patients out of 188 patient of primary
      lung cancer who were admitted to the institute during the period of two years
      from 1982 to 1983. From the results of the analysis it was revealed that
      anticancer chemotherapy was extensively restricted by coexistent infectious
      complications. Therefore, complete and partial responses in the patients
      associated with infections was significantly (p less than 0.05) lower than that
      in the patients without infection. Survival rate at the point of one year after
      the admission was also lower with significance (p less than 0.05) in the patients
      with infections than that in the patients without infections. Main and direct
      cause of the infection was bronchial obstruction. Therefore, the incidence of the
      infectious complication was the highest in the patients with squamous cell
      carcinoma. Of defence mechanism against infection, cellular immunity seemed to
      play the more important role as compared with that of humoral immunity. And it
      was shown that decrease in number of lymphocytes was most closely related to the
      development of serious or terminal infections. Causative organisms in most of the
      pulmonary infections were opportunistic Gram-negative bacilli. Recently, the
      incidence of the infections due to E. colioand K. pneumoniae decreased and that
      due to Enterobacteriaceae except for these two species increased. Therapeutic
      efficacy rate of antimicrobial agents including cephems of the 3rd generation
      remained as low as 50% or so. However, the cure rate of the triple regimen
      consisted of beta-lactam, aminoglycoside and tetracycline was revealed to be
      satisfactorily high.

PMID- 2414485
TI  - [Erythropoietin and hemoglobin biosynthesis in vitro].

PMID- 2414486
TI  - [Studies on the effects of five monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal rabbit antibody
      and homologous antibody to human F VIII/vWF on ristocetin-induced platelet
      agglutination and platelet retention by glass bead column].

PMID- 2414487
TI  - [Memory--1. Learning, memory and protein biosynthesis in the brain].

PMID- 2414488
TI  - [Memory--2. Neurophysiologic studies of learning].

PMID- 2414489
TI  - [Early diagnosis of cancer using monoclonal antibodies].

PMID- 2414490
TI  - Stainability of lung cancer cells with Leu-7 and OKT-9 monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - One hundred and one cases of lung cancer were immunohistochemically studied for
      stainability with Leu-7 (anti-myelin fiber associated glycoprotein) and OKT-9
      (anti-transferrin receptor) monoclonal antibodies. All small cell carcinomas and
      carcinoid tumors were positively stained by Leu-7, and 22 of 41 differentiated
      adenocarcinomas were also positively stained, especially well-differentiated
      Clara cell-type adenocarcinoma, (11/14 cases). However, only one of 26 squamous
      cell carcinomas, one of six large cell carcinomas, one of six adenosquamous
      carcinomas and none of 16 poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas were stained by
      Leu-7. On the other hand, all squamous cell carcinomas (26/26 cases), 10 of the
      16 poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas, four of the six large cell carcinomas
      showed positive membranous staining with OKT-9. However, only one of 41
      differentiated adenocarcinomas and no small cell carcinomas nor carcinoid tumors
      were stained by OKT-9. The stainability of lung cancer by these antibodies is
      discussed.

PMID- 2414491
TI  - A case of mixed mesodermal tumor of the uterus with alpha-fetoprotein production.
AB  - A case of mixed mesodermal tumor of the uterus with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
      production in a postmenopausal woman is reported, with special reference to its
      histogenesis. Judging from the serum AFP levels, the AFP content of the tumor and
      immunohistochemical localization of AFP in the tumor, AFP was produced by the
      tumor. The observation that in this patient AFP existed exclusively in carcinoma
      cells strongly supports the hypothesis that malignant transformation of Mullerian
      epithelial and stromal cells in mixed mesodermal tumors of the uterus occurs
      independently after the primitive mesenchymal cells have differentiated towards
      epithelial and stromal components.

PMID- 2414492
TI  - [Study on anti-DNA-histone complex (DNP) antibodies. Discrepancy among results in
      the LE cell test and latex agglutination test (SLE latex test)].

PMID- 2414493
TI  - [Evaluation of postextrasystolic potentiation by gated radionuclide
      ventriculography].

PMID- 2414494
TI  - [Pre and postoperative management of patients undergoing TUR (transurethral
      resection)].

PMID- 2414495
TI  - [Pre and postoperative nursing of patients with bladder cancer. Management of
      patients before and immediately after total excision of the bladder].

PMID- 2414496
TI  - [Pre and postoperative nursing of patients with bladder cancer. Nursing following
      TUR-bt (transurethral resection of bladder tumor)].

PMID- 2414497
TI  - Is the site of action of grayanotoxin the sodium channel gating of squid axon?
AB  - An attempt was made to elucidate the site of action of grayanotoxin (GTX) in the
      nerve membrane by using various endopeptidases. The experiment was conducted on
      squid axons isolated from Doryteuthis bleekeli with both voltage clamp and
      internal perfusion methods. Intracellular application of various endopeptidases
      for more than 30 min eliminated the gating action from both Na current and K
      current systems. When GTX (100 microM) was subsequently applied to the internal
      medium, the membranes could depolarize to various extents. This finding strongly
      suggests that the site of action of GTX is not confined to the channel gating but
      is present in a part of the Na channel having both voltage sensor and ion filter
      functions. With the application of trypsin, St. fradiae trypsin, pronase, BPN',
      and St. fradiae protease (group B), GTX-induced depolarization was much smaller
      than that with the application of alpha-chymotrypsin, N-protease, and thermolysin
      (group A). The difference in the sensitivity to GTX between group A and group B
      became remarkable as the time for application of the enzymes was prolonged. Since
      all enzymes belonging to group B retain trypsin-like activity and are more
      effective in removing the sensitivity to GTX, it is suggested that the molecular
      moiety around the binding site of GTX is rich in basic amino acids or the
      essential part for opening the Na channel should be protected by basic amino
      acids.

PMID- 2414498
TI  - Frequency-dependent effects of aconitine and veratridine on membrane currents in
      the crayfish giant axon.
AB  - Effects of aconitine and veratridine on membrane currents in the crayfish giant
      axon were studied under voltage-clamped conditions. Aconitine at 50 microM
      reduced the Na current without changing the K current. The Na current left after
      aconitine block showed the activation and inactivation kinetics unaltered from
      the normal. These aconitine effects differ from those reported previously with
      myelinated nerves. The rate of Na channel block by aconitine was increased with
      increasing either frequency or voltage of depolarizing pulses delivered
      repetitively from the holding potential but was not affected by a change in the
      pulse duration from 2 to 10 msec. The same change in the pulse duration, however,
      caused about a 4-fold increase in the blocking rate in the axon of which
      inactivation process had been removed by a pretreatment with a sea anemone toxin
      from Parasicyonis actinostoloides. These results are explained by a model in
      which Na channels are occluded with aconitine molecules only when the channels
      are open. Veratridine at 50 microM also exhibited frequency-dependent actions,
      depressing the maximum peak inward current and shifting the reversal potential of
      the transient current in the hyperpolarized direction. These veratridine effects
      persisted after washing. In addition to such persistent actions, veratridine
      induced a maintained Na current at the holding potential during repetitive
      stimulation. This effect was abolished after a brief wash unlike the above
      mentioned persistent effects, suggesting that veratridine has two (or more)
      different modes of actions on Na channels in the crayfish giant axon.

PMID- 2414499
TI  - Photoreceptor sensitivity as a function of rhodopsin content in the isolated
      bullfrog retina.
AB  - Using isolated bullfrog retina treated with both aspartate and Ba2+, the relation
      between the threshold of fast PIII response and rhodopsin content was examined.
      The change caused by a decrease in rhodopsin in response threshold from the
      original dark-adapted level could be described by the Michaelis-Menten equation.
      However, the data points deviated slightly from the theoretical curve when the
      rhodopsin content was below 30%. After reducing Ca2+ concentration in the bathing
      solution from the normal (1.0 mM) to 0.01 mM, the threshold change of the
      response was more pronounced than that observed in the normal solution. In the
      presence of 0.1 mM papaverine, which is known as an inhibitor of
      phosphodiesterase, the threshold change increased in a similar way to that
      observed in 0.01 mM Ca2+ solution. However, isobutyl methylxanthine (IBMX), also
      an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase, showed no such effect. On the basis of the
      present findings, the transduction mechanism in the photoreceptors was discussed.

PMID- 2414500
TI  - Histochemical and immunohistochemical studies on development of biliary carcinoma
      in forty-seven patients with choledochal cyst--special reference to intestinal
      metaplasia in the biliary duct.
AB  - Histochemical and immunohistochemical studies on 47 consecutive specimens excised
      for choledochal cyst were performed to clarify possible metaplastic changes of
      the biliary duct in relation to carcinogenesis. An anomalous arrangement of the
      pancreaticobiliary ductal system was observed in all 39 cases examined. Among the
      47 patients, 5 (10.6 per cent) had biliary carcinoma. 27.3 per cent mucous gland,
      13.0 per cent goblet cell and 9.5 per cent argyrophil cell in 23 children. On the
      other hand, 81.8 per cent exhibited mucous gland, 41.7 per cent goblet cell and
      27.3 per cent argyrophil cell in 24 adults. These metaplastic changes seemed to
      be an intestinal metaplasia and increased with age. Immunoreactive-gastrin or 
      somatostatin were evident immunohistochemically in 4 adults. These findings
      confirmed that intestinal metaplasia may develop in the biliary duct in cases of
      choledochal cyst. Although direct evidence between intestinal metaplasia and the
      development of biliary carcinoma was not found, reflux and stasis of pancreatic
      enzymes in the biliary duct may relate to the development of intestinal
      metaplasia and be an important factor related to the carcinogenesis of
      choledochal cyst.

PMID- 2414501
TI  - [Inhibition of a calcium antagonist, nicardipine, of histamine release from
      basophil leukocytes of patients with bronchial asthma].

PMID- 2414502
TI  - [Effects of elastase administration on experimental bleomycin-induced pulmonary
      fibrosis].

PMID- 2414503
TI  - [A case of primary mediastinal germ cell tumor with production of alpha
      fetoprotein, successfully treated with chemotherapy (cis-platinum, vinblastine,
      peplomycin), and curative resection].

PMID- 2414504
TI  - [Studies on antitumor effects of human interferon (IFN). (I) In vitro
      antiproliferative effects of IFNs on cell lines derived from urinary tract
      tumors].

PMID- 2414505
TI  - Natural cytotoxicity of human blood lymphocytes and monocytes and their cytotoxic
      factors: effect of interferon on target cell susceptibility.
AB  - The effect of interferon (IFN) on target cell susceptibility to human natural
      killer (NK) cells and monocytes was analyzed in direct cell-mediated and their
      cytotoxic factor-mediated cytotoxicity assays. Treatment of K562 cells with IFN
      resulted in a decrease in their sensitivity to lysis by nonadherent lymphocytes
      and Percoll-purified large granular lymphocytes (LGL) when tested in a 4-hour
      51Cr release assay. In contrast, the treatment did not affect the target
      susceptibility to monocytes purified by adherence to autologous serum-coated
      plastic surfaces. In the target-binding assay with LGL or monocytes the number of
      conjugates was not altered after IFN treatment of K562. Lymphocytes and monocytes
      were induced to release soluble cytotoxic factors, termed "natural killer
      cytotoxic factors (NKCF) and monocyte cytotoxic factors (MCF)," respectively,
      when co-cultured with K562. Both NKCF and MCF lysed K562 in a 48-hour
      microcytotoxicity assay or in an 18-hour 51Cr release assay in the presence of
      dactinomycin. IFN-treated K562 reduced or completely lost their ability to
      stimulate the release of NKCF, whereas they triggered MCF secretion as
      effectively as did the untreated K562. When lymphocytes or monocytes were
      pretreated with IFN, they released NKCF or MCF with augmented lytic activity. In
      contrast to the sensitivity to NK cell-mediated lysis, IFN pretreatment of K562
      induced no change in their susceptibility to NKCF and MCF. When IFN was added to
      NKCF and MCF assays, the cytotoxicity was enhanced. The addition of IFN to K562
      that had been pretreated with NKCF or MCF and washed resulted in no increase in
      lysis. The capacity of K562 to absorb the lytic activity of NKCF and MCF was not
      altered by IFN. These results indicate that IFN treatment of target cells can be
      used to distinguish the two distinct types of blood mononuclear cells with
      natural cytotoxicity, NK cells and monocytes, and that each effector cell type is
      stimulated to release cytotoxic factors by the different target determinant after
      the initial effector-target cell binding.

PMID- 2414506
TI  - [Correction of metabolic disorders of the myocardium in acute myocardial infarct
      as an important factor in preventing the development of circulatory
      insufficiency].

PMID- 2414507
TI  - [Digoxin in the treatment of patients with ventricular disorders of cardiac
      rhythm].
AB  - A study of digoxin antiarrhythmic effect in 44 patients with recurrent
      ventricular extrasystole showed the drug to be effective in an average 34% of
      patients, the effect being more marked in patients with originally impaired
      ventricular function.

PMID- 2414508
TI  - [Changes in hepatic blood flow during palliative operations for hepatic alveolar
      hydatid diseases].

PMID- 2414509
TI  - [Therapeutic procedure in hematosarcoma of the small intestine].

PMID- 2414510
TI  - [Clinical application of immobilized enzymes in surgery. Status and prospects
      (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2414511
TI  - [Effect of the culture technic on results following corneal preservation].
AB  - Organ culture of human donor material extends post mortem storage times up to 4
      weeks. If dextrane is omitted from the medium, as in the authors' current
      technique, a stromal swelling occurs which can be reserved preoperatively. The
      authors also report on their experience with organ culture of donor material in a
      culture medium containing dextrane. Short-term incubation of donor tissue in
      culture medium at 32 degrees C containing dextrane may be possible as an
      alternative to the MK technique, in which the donor tissue is kept at 4 degrees
      C. All methods have specific advantages and disadvantages, not only in laboratory
      handling but also in the postoperative development of the graft.

PMID- 2414512
TI  - Responses of mice susceptible or resistant to lethal infection with mouse
      hepatitis virus, strain JHM, after exposure by a natural route.
AB  - CF1 mice were resistant and BALB/cByJ mice were susceptible to the lethal effects
      of MHV-JHM infection after intranasal inoculation. Virus was recovered rarely
      from tissues of CF1 mice. In contrast, MHV-JHM was pantropic in BALB/cByJ mice.
      The peak systemic interferon response of Balb/cByJ mice occurred 30 hours later
      than that of CF1 mice. Exogenously administered interferon resulted in partial
      protection of Balb/cByJ mice challenged with MHV-JHM. Prior immunization of
      susceptible mice with MHV-JHM protected against challenge with homologous or
      heterologous (MHV-3) virus.

PMID- 2414513
TI  - [Possibilities of methodologic errors in studying enzymes and their inhibitors].

PMID- 2414514
TI  - [Determination of enzymatically-active and immunoreactive ceruloplasmin in human
      blood serum].

PMID- 2414515
TI  - [Effect of drugs on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes].

PMID- 2414516
TI  - [Kinetic micromethod for determining acetylcholinesterase].

PMID- 2414517
TI  - [Micromethod for determining prekallikrein in blood plasma using a chromogenic
      substrate].

PMID- 2414518
TI  - [Supplemental immunochemical test for prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects].

PMID- 2414519
TI  - [Rosette-forming capability and proliferative activity of peripheral blood
      lymphocytes in subjects with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency].

PMID- 2414520
TI  - [Study of the ability of monocytes from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis to
      reduce nitroblue tetrazolium during phagocytosis of latex particles].

PMID- 2414521
TI  - [Screening test for evaluating the pathogenic properties of immune complexes].

PMID- 2414522
TI  - [Use of micromethods for immunohematologic population studies].

PMID- 2414523
TI  - [Improved method of measuring agglutination in immunologic reactions].

PMID- 2414524
TI  - [Method of creating a collection of Mycoplasma frozen in liquid nitrogen].

PMID- 2414525
TI  - [Rapid method for determining the content of lysozyme in biological liquids].

PMID- 2414526
TI  - [Ultrastructural characteristics of alveolar macrophages in chronic bronchitis
      with varying courses].

PMID- 2414527
TI  - [Gastric juice carboxylesterase].

PMID- 2414528
TI  - [Electrophoresis of gastric juice in polyacrylamide gel].

PMID- 2414529
TI  - [Use of Levine's medium for isolating coagulase-positive Staphylococci].

PMID- 2414530
TI  - [Serodiagnosis of dysentery using Shigella diagnostic agents (synthetic colored
      and erythrocytic)].

PMID- 2414531
TI  - [Experimental study of the sensitivity of the enzyme-labeled antibody reaction
      and the coagglutination reaction for detection of Shigella and Salmonella
      antigens in urine].

PMID- 2414532
TI  - [Current problems of biochemical service in the Socialist Republic of
      Montenegro].

PMID- 2414533
TI  - [Laboratory quality control chart].

PMID- 2414534
TI  - [The KEF-1 electrophoretic concentrator for concentration of microorganisms].

PMID- 2414535
TI  - [Detection of hexokinase isoenzymes on polyacrylamide gel using tetrazolium
      salts].

PMID- 2414536
TI  - [Binding of Ca++ ions by 5-dithio-2 nitrobenzoic acid].

PMID- 2414537
TI  - [Determination of free polyamines in blood].

PMID- 2414539
TI  - [Micromethod for determining the osmotic resistance of erythrocytes].

PMID- 2414538
TI  - [Holographic interferometry].

PMID- 2414540
TI  - [Quantitative method for assessing the activity of lysosomes in peripheral blood
      leukocytes].

PMID- 2414541
TI  - [Enzymatic characteristics of peripheral blood neutrophils in the acute period of
      typhoid fever].

PMID- 2414542
TI  - [Spectrophotometric method of determining hemoglobin in blood].

PMID- 2414543
TI  - [Use of a cytological method in examining patients with gastric ulcer].

PMID- 2414544
TI  - [Cytological diagnosis of cancer of the cervical canal].

PMID- 2414545
TI  - [Method of detecting soluble immune complexes using IgG Fc fragments].

PMID- 2414546
TI  - [Immunoglobulins of classes G, A and M in the exudate and blood serum of patients
      with pleuritis].

PMID- 2414547
TI  - [Combination of counter and parallel immunoelectrophoresis for rapid simultaneous
      determination of proteins moving to the anode and cathode].

PMID- 2414548
TI  - [Unification of the reverse passive hemagglutination reaction for determining
      hepatitis B surface antigen].

PMID- 2414549
TI  - [Methodologic and diagnostic evaluation of the immunoenzyme test system for
      determining HBs-antigen].

PMID- 2414550
TI  - [Effect of drugs on the results of laboratory diagnostic studies].

PMID- 2414551
TI  - [Content of gastrin in the blood serum of patients with a recurrence of
      cardiospasm].

PMID- 2414552
TI  - [Evaluation of the indirect (equilibrium state) method for determining inulin and
      para-aminohippuric acid clearances].

PMID- 2414553
TI  - [Comparison of methods for determining bile acids in bile].

PMID- 2414554
TI  - [Extraction of nonesterified fatty acids from blood plasma].

PMID- 2414555
TI  - [Thin-layer chromatography in the rapid diagnosis of acute drug poisoning in
      children].

PMID- 2414556
TI  - [Laboratory diagnosis of scabies].

PMID- 2414557
TI  - [Chemiluminescent method of recording the enzyme-labeled antibody reaction].

PMID- 2414558
TI  - [Rapid identification of Candida albicans on agar with eosin-methylene blue
      (Levin's medium)].

PMID- 2414559
TI  - [Blood tellurite media using aminopeptide with an expired period of usefulness
      for indication of Corynebacterium diphtheriae].

PMID- 2414560
TI  - [Kharkov experimental control serum prepared from surplus donor blood].

PMID- 2414561
TI  - [Centralized microbiological service of the sanitary-epidemiologic facility].

PMID- 2414562
TI  - [Comparative study of 2 methods of isolating Bacteroides].

PMID- 2414563
TI  - [Experience in the use of Soviet agar in the gel precipitation reaction].

PMID- 2414564
TI  - Relationship of Mallory bodies to intermediate filaments in hepatocytes. A
      scanning electron microscopy study.
AB  - Livers from 12 mice fed griseofulvin for 4 to 6 months were perfused in situ with
      a detergent solution to extract lipid membranes leaving the cytoskeleton intact.
      Seven control mice were similarly studied. After 30 to 120 minutes perfusion,
      liver samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission
      electron microscopy. By light microscopy, Mallory bodies (MBs) were observed in
      pericentral hepatocytes. These were confirmed by transmission electron
      microscopy. Intermediate filaments (IFs) were observed in close apposition to
      MBs. Numerous IFs were seen throughout the cytoplasm. The 3-dimensional
      organization of the cytoskeleton and MBs were clearly visualized by scanning
      electron microscopy. The IFs were disorganized in the hepatocytes and formed
      small MBs in griseofulvin-treated mice. In the case of hepatocytes containing
      large MBs, there was an apparent decrease in the concentration of IFs. Transition
      forms of dense networks of IFs between the normal cytoskeleton and the MBs were
      noted in the cytoplasm between small MBs and the nucleus and also at the cell
      border. The IFs connected to the nucleus and invaded the MBs. The MBs appeared to
      form as a result of condensation or collapse of the IFs.

PMID- 2414565
TI  - Use of lectins in the study of histogenesis of renal cysts.
AB  - Two peroxidase-labeled lectins, from Tetragonolobus lotus and from peanut
      (Arachis hypogaea), were used in the study of five cases of polycystic kidney of
      different types. The two lectins bind with high selectivity of proximal tubules
      and collecting ducts, respectively. It was found that in infantile polycystic
      kidneys the cyst walls consistently stained with peanut lectin but not with
      Tetragonolobus lectin, confirming their origin from collecting ducts only. In
      adult polycystic kidneys there was mixture of two types of cysts: one positive
      for peanut, the other positive for Tetragonolobus. The two lectins were, however,
      mutually exclusive. Moreover, some cysts did not stain for either lectin. The
      findings suggest that in this type of disease a cyst can originate from any
      portion of the nephron. The data are also consistent with reports in the
      literature which used microdissection techniques or chemical analysis of the cyst
      content. The use of lectins will probably be useful in investigating other types
      of cystic kidneys, such as dysplastic kidneys and experimental models. The
      technique is relatively easy to use, but must be applied under strictly
      controlled conditions, especially when using surgical or postmortem material.

PMID- 2414566
TI  - Effects of personally relevant language materials on the performance of severely
      aphasic individuals.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not severely aphasic adults
      perform better with personally relevant language materials than with otherwise
      similar nonpersonal language materials. The subjects for this study were 24
      severely aphasic individuals. Subjects responded to personally relevant and
      nonpersonal materials in four language tasks: auditory comprehension, speech
      repetition, naming, and reading comprehension. Subjects showed significantly
      better performance on personally relevant items than on nonpersonal items. This
      was true for each of the four tasks.

PMID- 2414568
TI  - Adrenoreceptors, calcium and excitation-contraction coupling: mechanisms and
      pharmacological interference. International Society of Hypertension Satellite
      Symposium, Lucerne, Switzerland, June 16-17, 1984.

PMID- 2414567
TI  - Modification of focal cerebral ischemia by cardiac output augmentation.
AB  - Intravascular volume expansion has been employed successfully for treatment of
      ischemic stroke from cerebral vasospasm and from cerebrovascular occlusive
      disease. The physiologic mechanism responsible for this success has not
      previously been delineated in controlled experimentation. The objective of this
      investigation was to delineate the effects of cardiac output and of hemodilution
      in a primate model of focal cerebral ischemia. Two groups of anesthetized rhesus
      monkeys received extensive cardiovascular monitoring, and local cerebral blood
      flow (lCBF) was determined in both ischemic and nonischemic brain regions by the
      hydrogen clearance method. Both groups were subjected to unilateral middle
      cerebral artery occlusion. One group then underwent blood volume expansion with
      Dextran 40 (cardiac output augmentation), and one group underwent isovolemic
      hemodilution with Dextran 40, cardiac output being maintained constant.
      Significant increases in lCBF occurred in ischemic regions only and occurred only
      in response to augmentation of cardiac output. Isovolemic hemodilution failed to
      produce any changes in lCBF. This investigation indicates that ischemic brain
      regions are selectively vulnerable to alterations in cardiac output, these
      effects being independent of alterations in blood pressure. Blood viscosity
      changes may play only a minor role. This study strongly suggests an important
      role of intravascular volume expansion and cardiac output augmentation in
      treatment of acute ischemic stroke.

PMID- 2414569
TI  - Platelets and hypertension.
AB  - Various physiological changes of platelets and the vascular smooth muscle cell
      are intimately related. For this reason, in addition to the number of features in
      common between platelets and vascular smooth muscle and the increased risk for
      thromboembolic complication in essential hypertension, the platelet was used as
      an experimental model for the investigation of calcium-dependent functional
      anomalies associated with hypertension. It is demonstrated, by a sequential
      analysis of receptor and postreceptor events, that platelets in hypertension
      exhibit (a) a greater adenylate cyclase-activation and c-AMP-accumulation
      response to PGE1, (b) an enhanced epinephrine-induced phosphorylation response,
      and (c) an increased shape change sensitivity to serotonin and epinephrine. The
      anomalies in these calcium-dependent processes are linked to elevated free
      calcium concentrations in platelets from hypertensive subjects.

PMID- 2414570
TI  - Coupling mechanisms of alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
AB  - Activation of adrenoceptors of the alpha 2-subtype can cause an inhibitory or an
      excitatory response, depending on the cellular system affected. At the plasma
      membrane, where the extracellular signal is transduced via the alpha 2
      adrenoceptor into an intracellular signal, only one transduction process has
      clearly been established until now by studies in various cellular systems, namely
      the inhibition of adenylate cyclase. The enzyme inhibition, which is caused by
      activation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors, is mediated by the inhibitory guanine
      nucleotide-binding regulatory component (Ni). This component serves as coupler
      between the activated alpha 2-adrenoceptor and the adenylate cyclase. Selective
      inactivation of Ni by pertussis toxin not only impairs the alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      mediated adenylate cyclase inhibition but also the overall cellular response
      caused by activation of the receptors. It is suggested that Ni and the adenylate
      cyclase inhibition mediated by this regulatory protein is the major cellular
      transduction process following interaction of agonists with alpha 2
      adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2414571
TI  - Calcium dependency of vasoconstriction mediated by alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptors.
AB  - A survey is given of the calcium dependency of vasoconstriction mediated by alpha
      1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors. In all species studied and with all drugs
      investigated, it has been confirmed that alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated
      vasoconstriction is sensitive to calcium entry blockade with calcium antagonists,
      both in vivo and, under suitable experimental circumstances, also in vitro. The
      calcium entry promotor (calcium agonist) Bay k8644 appears to behave as a mirror
      image of the calcium-entry blockers. alpha 1-Adrenoceptor-agonist-induced
      vasoconstriction shows a differential picture with respect to the dependency of
      extracellular calcium. Accordingly, the vasoconstriction induced by the alpha 1
      agonists cirazoline, (-)-phenylephrine, (+/-)-erythro-methoxamine, and (-)
      amidephrine is not primarily dependent upon an influx of calcium, whereas other
      compounds like St 587 and Sgd 101/75 cause vasoconstriction which is very
      sensitive to drug-induced calcium entry blockade. It may be possible that
      different recognition sites of the alpha1-adrenoceptors are involved. In this
      connection, the calcium-entry promotor Bay k8644 does not simply behave as the
      mirror image of calcium entry blockers.

PMID- 2414572
TI  - Cardiac alpha-adrenoceptors involving positive chronotropic responses.
AB  - Phenylephrine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline have been shown to act on both alpha
      and beta-adrenoceptors to produce an increase in heart rate in the pithed rat
      and rat isolated atria. Abolition of these responses requires blockade of both
      types of adrenoceptors. The rank order of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists to produce
      positive chronotropic responses was adrenaline greater than noradrenaline greater
      than phenylephrine greater than methoxamine. In the case of methoxamine, positive
      chronotropic responses were largely due to the activation of alpha 1
      adrenoceptors. The positive chronotropic responses to activation of alpha 1
      adrenoceptors developed more slowly than did the response to beta-adrenoceptor
      activation in the pithed rat. The fact that blockade of one receptor type
      enhanced the positive chronotropic responses to activation of the other receptor
      type suggests that there may be an interaction between the cardiac alpha 1- and
      beta-adrenoceptors mediating positive chronotropic responses. In the rat isolated
      atria, the calcium antagonists verapamil (10 nmol/L) and nifedipine (10 nmol/L)
      also inhibited the alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated positive chronotropic effect of
      phenylephrine to the same extent as prazosin (10 nmol/L). Prazosin was not a
      calcium antagonist, as shown by its failure to block the contracture of the
      depolarized rat isolated aortic strips. Neither verapamil nor nifedipine were
      alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists at these concentrations.

PMID- 2414573
TI  - (Imidazolinyl-2)-2-benzodioxane 1-4 (idazoxan) and its stereoisomers, new alpha 2
      antagonists.
AB  - Since (+/-) idazoxan is well known as alpha 2-antagonist, the present report
      described some results on the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking properties of the
      stereoisomers of idazoxan. At peripheral sites, (+) idazoxan revealed to be
      equipotent for blocking postsynaptic alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors of the
      rat. On the other hand, it revealed to be a full antagonist of the inhibitory
      effects of clonidine on presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors of rats. However, in
      vitro investigations have shown (+) idazoxan to be less selective than (-)
      idazoxan for alpha 2-adrenoceptors. (-) Idazoxan was selective for postsynaptic
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors and antagonized presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors of the
      rat. Results obtained in central investigations revealed species differences
      between chickens and mice. The present results led to the conclusion that (+)
      idazoxan was equipotent on alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors whereas (-)
      idazoxan was selective for alpha 2-adrenoceptors. On the other hand, they
      suggested a stereoselectivity of peripheral and central alpha 2-adrenoceptors for
      alpha-antagonists.

PMID- 2414574
TI  - Excitation-contraction coupling in hypertrophied myocardium.
AB  - In hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy, inotropic responsiveness of alpha and beta
      adrenergic stimuli is reduced. We have previously shown that hearts from two
      kidney, one-clip renal hypertensive rats (RHR) have increased beta-adrenergic
      receptor density and a defect in the guanine nucleotide regulatory protein,
      leading to decreased adenylate cyclase activity. In spontaneously hypertensive
      rats (SHR), beta-receptor density was decreased with no change in adenylate
      cyclase. In these present experiments, we have shown that the alpha 1-adrenergic
      receptor changes are in the opposite direction, decreasing in RHR and increasing
      in SHR. All these changes are reversible within 4 weeks following removal of the
      clipped kidney in RHR, at which time blood pressure and heart weight have also
      returned towards normal. Further studies on the excitation-contraction pathway
      have indicated that c-AMP-stimulated protein kinase is decreased in SHR with no
      changes seen in RHR. Subcutaneous infusion of epinephrine leads to some increase
      of cardiac mass associated with decreased beta-adrenergic receptors element and
      decreased adenylate cyclase activity. However, following angiotensin II infusion,
      even though hypertrophy is more pronounced, no changes in receptors or cyclase
      are detected. We conclude that different models of hypertensive cardiac
      hypertrophy associated with different biochemical defects in the adrenergic
      excitation response pathway, and that if some of these changes become
      irreversible, further cardiac deterioration and even heart failure may ensue.

PMID- 2414575
TI  - Adrenoceptors, calcium, and vasoconstriction in normal and hypertensive humans.
AB  - The sympathetic nervous activity contributes to the pathophysiology of essential
      hypertension in an early phase and in younger patients mainly through increased
      beta-adrenoceptor-mediated functions and in a later phase and in older patients
      in whom beta-adrenoceptor-mediated functions are blunted, through increased alpha
      adrenoceptor-mediated and calcium-influx-dependent vasoconstriction.
      Intracellular free calcium concentration is elevated in platelets of hypertensive
      patients and relates directly to the degree of their blood pressure, likely
      reflecting increased intracellular calcium concentration in vascular smooth
      muscle cells. A sympathetic factor is suggested further by the enhanced alpha 1
      and alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated and calcium influx-dependent, vasoconstriction
      both of which are normalized by antihypertensive treatment in parallel with a
      normalization of intracellular free calcium and of the increased adrenaline
      sensitivity of platelets. The higher sensitivity to adrenaline for thrombin
      induced calcium increases in platelets of hypertensive patients indicates
      potentiation of calcium influx (and mobilization from intracellular stores) by
      adrenaline, a mechanism that is mediated by alpha 2-adrenoceptors. As this effect
      is more pronounced in younger patients, increased adenylate cyclase sensitivity
      may prevail in the early and alterations in calcium influx-dependent mechanisms
      in the later phase of essential hypertension. The transition into a hypertensive
      state with reduced-reflex cardiovascular counterregulation codetermines the
      antihypertensive effectiveness of calcium antagonists in these patients.

PMID- 2414576
TI  - In vivo and in vitro studies of alpha 2-adrenoceptor responses in human vascular
      smooth muscle.
AB  - To assess the role of alpha 2-receptor mechanisms in the control of vascular tone
      in humans, the pharmacological activities of RX 781094, an alpha 2-antagonist,
      and UK 14304, an alpha 2-agonist, have been investigated with the additional use
      of an alpha 1-antagonist, doxazosin. The effects of these agents on human forearm
      blood flow have been studied. In addition, some preliminary observations on the
      effects of these alpha 2-selective agents on isolated human arterial segments
      have been made. The alpha 2 agonist, UK 14304, produced a dose-dependent
      reduction in forearm blood flow, but the antagonism of this response by both
      doxazosin and RX 781094 at a dose which must be regarded as nonselective casts
      doubt on the hypothesis that alpha 2-receptors may be located postsynaptically in
      human vascular smooth muscle. These observations may be explained by UK 14304
      having partial alpha 1-agonist activity. RX 781094 infused at low doses produced
      a dose-dependent reduction in forearm blood flow, which is interpreted as
      evidence for a presynaptic alpha 2 autoregulatory mechanism in the vasculature.
      Observations on isolated arterial segments (mesenteric, renal, splenic, gastric,
      and brachial) obtained during surgical procedures and mounted under tension in
      tissue baths did not provide evidence for a postsynaptic alpha 2-receptor
      mediating vasoconstriction. In contrast, the potentiation of the adrenaline
      response in the presence of the alpha 2 antagonist, RX 781094, supports the
      possibility that, in humans, an extrajunctional alpha 2-receptor may serve as the
      adrenergic mechanism for the release of an endothelial derived relaxing factor.

PMID- 2414577
TI  - Prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors and norepinephrine release in the forearm of
      normal humans.
AB  - To investigate the prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated autoinhibitory
      feedback for norepinephrine (NE) release, we measured the response of forearm
      blood flow (FAF, mercury in silastic strain gauge plethysmography) and changes of
      the forearm venous-arterial NE difference (delta VA-NE, deep forearm vein,
      brachial artery norepinephrine concentration) induced by six intrabrachial artery
      5-min infusions of clonidine in 13 normal volunteers. NE spillover into the
      forearm circulation was estimated as the product of delta VA-NE and FAF after
      three clonidine infusions. Clonidine caused dose-dependent decreases in FAF with
      a maximum reduction of FAF after the highest dose of clonidine of 32 +/- 8%, (N =
      7, p less than 0.01) indicating postjunctional alpha-adrenergic stimulation.
      delta VA-NE increased slightly yet calculated norepinephrine spillover remained
      statistically unchanged after clonidine. The results suggest that auto-inhibitory
      feedback control of neuronal transmitter release via prejunctional alpha 2
      adrenoceptors may not to an important degree modulate norepinephrine release in
      the forearm vasculature of healthy subjects.

PMID- 2414578
TI  - Postjunctional alpha-adrenoceptors and the regulation of arteriolar tone in
      humans.
AB  - The highly selective alpha-adrenoceptor agonists methoxamine (alpha 1) and
      azepexole (alpha 2), the less selective alpha-adrenoceptor agonists clonidine
      (alpha 2 greater than alpha 1) and guanfacine (alpha 2 greater than alpha 1), and
      the highly selective antagonists doxazosin (alpha 1) and yohimbine (alpha 2) were
      used to study post-junctional alpha-adrenoceptor subtypes in human blood vessels.
      Studies were done in healthy volunteers. All drugs were given intraarterially,
      and changes in forearm blood flow were measured by plethysmography. All agonists
      produced a significant and dose-dependent vasoconstriction. The effect of
      azepexole was abolished by yohimbine but hardly influenced by doxazosin. The
      reverse was found for methoxamine. The clonidine and guanfacine-induced
      vasoconstriction was partly prevented by both antagonists. Single infusions of
      doxazosin and yohimbine gave significant vasodilation. It is concluded that post
      junctional alpha 1-and alpha 2-adrenoceptors are present in human blood vessels
      and contribute to basal vascular tone. In a second study, it was shown that both
      alpha-adrenoceptor subtypes are involved in the vasoconstrictor effect of
      exogenous adrenaline and noradrenaline. No preference was found of either
      catecholamine for the postjunctional alpha 1-and alpha 2-adrenoceptor.

PMID- 2414579
TI  - Methods for measuring vascular and nonvascular alpha-receptor sensitivity in
      humans.
AB  - Since increased alpha-adrenergic reactivity may participate in the
      pathophysiology of essential hypertension, methods for accurately assessing in
      vivo alpha-receptor sensitivity in humans might be useful. The goals of this
      study were to employ previously used methods, namely pupillometry and local
      forearm intraarterial infusions, to assess alpha-receptor sensitivity, create an
      in vivo environment of decreased sympathetic drive (plasma norepinephrine) and
      increased alpha-receptor number (platelet alpha 2), in which increased alpha
      receptor sensitivity to exogenous agonists might occur. Five patients with
      minimally elevated blood pressure (139 +/- 5/90 +/- 4 mm Hg) while on diuretic
      monotherapy completed assessment of biochemical and physiologic variables on
      diuretic alone and again on diuretic and guanadrel. Guanadrel plus diuretic
      compared with diuretic alone lowered the seated diastolic and standing systolic
      and diastolic blood pressure. Heart rate was decreased about 10 beats/min.
      Baseline supine norepinephrine was reduced an average of 40% (from 281 +/- 23 to
      168 +/- 16 pg/ml, p = 0.03), and platelet alpha 2-receptors were increased
      roughly 40% (from 178 +/- 34 to 250 +/- 54 fmol/micrograms, p = 0.07). Despite
      the expected decrease in sympathetic drive and increase in alpha-receptors
      (platelet alpha 2), the pupillary mydriatic response to phenylephrine and the
      forearm vasoconstrictor response to intraarterial norepinephrine were not
      augmented. The failure to detect increased physiologic responsiveness in the
      presence of decreased norepinephrine and increased alpha 2-receptor number lends
      itself to multiple explanations which need to be tested in future
      research.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2414580
TI  - Peripheral alpha 2 adrenoceptor stimulation contributes to the sympatholytic
      effect of guanfacine in humans.
AB  - Guanfacine 3 mg was infused into six volunteers over 1 h on two occasions to
      investigate whether its sympatholytic effect is centrally or peripherally
      mediated. On one occasion, the central effects of guanfacine were blocked by
      prior administration of idazoxan 0.2 mg/kg i.v. (45 min preguanfacine); central
      alpha 2-blockade was confirmed by inhibition of the guanfacine-induced rise in
      plasma growth hormone. Rapid disappearance of idazoxan from the circulation
      prevented antagonism of peripheral alpha 2 receptor effects of guanfacine
      (confirmed by suppression of plasma insulin by guanfacine on both occasions).
      Idazoxan elevated plasma noradrenaline concentration by 0.26 +/- 0.018 ng/ml;
      however, guanfacine caused a similar (approximately 30%) reduction in plasma
      noradrenaline after both idazoxan and vehicle. Idazoxan elevated systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure, but no change was observed after guanfacine on either
      occasion. Thus, the reduction in plasma noradrenaline caused by guanfacine
      appears to be peripherally mediated but is not due to baroreceptor activation.
      This is consistent with stimulation of presynaptic alpha 2 receptors.

PMID- 2414581
TI  - Properties of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in circulating blood cells of
      patients with essential hypertension.
AB  - The properties of platelet alpha 2-adrenoceptors and of lymphocyte beta 2
      adrenoceptors were determined in 40 male patients with established essential
      hypertension and compared with those in 40 male normotensives. The densities of
      platelet alpha 2-adrenoceptors (assessed by 3H-yohimbine binding) and of
      lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptors [determined by (+/-)-125iodocyanopindolol
      binding] were in patients with essential hypertension significantly higher than
      in controls; there were significant positive correlations between the mean
      arterial blood pressure of the subjects and alpha 2- and beta 2-adrenoceptor
      density, respectively. Concomitantly with receptor densities, functional
      responses to adrenergic stimulation were exaggerated in essential hypertension:
      in platelets, the aggregatory response to (-)-adrenaline (via alpha 2
      adrenoceptor stimulation) was enhanced; in lymphocytes, the cyclic AMP response
      to (-)-isoprenaline (via beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulation) was elevated. It is
      concluded that the increased adrenoceptor density and responsiveness in
      circulating blood cells of patients with essential hypertension may reflect
      increased sympathetic activity, which might contribute to the elevation of blood
      pressure.

PMID- 2414582
TI  - Increased beta-adrenoceptor binding capacity is associated with blunted beta
      adrenoceptor-mediated cardiovascular responses in essential hypertension.
AB  - Age and elevated blood pressure are associated with blunted beta-adrenoceptor
      mediated cardiovascular effects. To investigate a possible relationship between
      beta-adrenoceptor cardiovascular function and receptor density, beta-adrenoceptor
      binding capacity in mononuclear leucocytes and cardiac isoproterenol sensitivity
      were compared in 12 essential hypertensive and 17 normotensive subjects of
      comparable age. The bolus dose of isoproterenol which increased heart rate by 25
      beats/min (CD25) as well as plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, and renin
      activity were measured. In a radioreceptor assay using [3H]dihydroalprenolol, the
      antagonist binding capacity (Bmax) and the affinity constant (KD) of mononuclear
      leucocytes were determined. Bmax in patients was higher than in normotensive
      subjects (66.8 +/- 4.1 versus 48.0 +/- 3.8 SEM fmol/mg, p less than 0.05), and KD
      was identical in both groups. In hypertensive patients, Bmax correlated
      positively with age (r = 0.639, p less than 0.05) and CD25 (r = 0.593, p less
      than 0.05) and negatively with plasma renin activity (r = 0.679, p less than
      0.05), while in normotensive subjects, Bmax correlated with CD25 only (r = 0.615,
      p less than 0.05). Thus, in patients with essential hypertension, a decrease in
      cardiac isoproterenol sensitivity and plasma renin activity is associated with an
      age-related increase in antagonist binding capacity. This suggests a defect in
      the membrane coupling of the beta-adrenoceptor effector system distal to the
      receptor recognition site in patients with essential hypertension.

PMID- 2414583
TI  - Cardiovascular adrenoreceptor number and function in experimental hypertension in
      the baboon.
AB  - We studied adrenoreceptor density and affinity in the myocardial and pooled
      arterial smooth muscle membranes in a baboon model (Grollman 2-kidney, 2-figure
      of-8) of hypertension, using tritiated prazosin (alpha 1-antagonist), yohimbine
      (alpha 2-antagonist) and dihydroalprenolol (beta-antagonist) as ligands. By the
      end of 24 weeks, mean arterial blood pressure had increased from 105 +/- 3 to 155
      +/- 8 mm Hg, and heart rate increased from 102 +/- 6 to 118 +/- 2/min. In the
      myocardium, there was a significant decrease in alpha 2- and beta-receptor
      density, and significant decreases in alpha 1-, alpha 2- and beta-receptor KD
      values. In membranes from arteries, Bmax for alpha 1- and alpha 2-receptors more
      than doubled, with significantly increased Kd values for both receptor subtypes.
      The decrease in myocardial beta-receptor density may represent a down-regulatory
      response to the increased sympathetic activity in this type of hypertension, and
      the decreased Bmax for myocardial alpha 2-receptors may cause a decreased
      feedback inhibition of norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerve terminals,
      contributing to the increased heart rate. The increase in both alpha-receptor
      subtypes in arteries may be part of the pathogenesis of the hypertension.
      However, we were unable to show increased chronotropic responses to infused
      isoproterenol, or increased blood pressure responses to phenylephrine.

PMID- 2414584
TI  - Does nifedipine reveal a functional abnormality of arteriolar smooth muscle cell
      in essential hypertension--the effect of altering sodium balance.
AB  - Nifedipine, given to both normotensive and hypertensive subjects, caused a
      greater fall in blood pressure the higher the initial blood pressure. Increasing
      salt intake enhanced the acute blood-pressure-lowering effect of nifedipine in
      both normotensive and hypertensive subjects. In hypertensive subjects on longer
      term treatment with nifedipine tablets, the addition of bendrofluazide caused no
      further significant fall in blood pressure. These findings provide circumstantial
      evidence that there may be a link between sodium intake, sodium balance, and
      inhibitor of sodium transport, and a functional abnormality of the smooth muscle
      cell to calcium-entry antagonists.

PMID- 2414585
TI  - Increased cardiovascular responses to norepinephrine and calcium antagonists in
      essential hypertension compared with normotension in humans.
AB  - The responses to a supine rest, norepinephrine (NE) and angiotensin II (Ang II)
      were investigated in the absence and presence of calcium antagonist nifedipine or
      diltiazem in essential (genetic, arterial) hypertension and normotension in
      humans. A supine rest significantly decreased blood pressure (BP), heart rate
      (HR), stroke volume index (SI), and cardiac output index (CI). On the contrary,
      the rest increased total peripheral vascular resistance index (TPRI) in both
      normotensives and hypertensives. The decrease in BP was significantly greater in
      hypertensives than in normotensives. NE significantly increased BP and TPRI,
      whereas it decreased HR, SI, and CI. The increase in BP was greater in
      hypertensives than in normotensives. Nifedipine and diltiazem inhibited the NE
      induced increases in BP and TPRI. Ang II increased BP and TPRI, but it decreased
      HR, SI, and CI. Diltiazem did not inhibit the Ang-II-induced increases in both BP
      and TPRI. The increased responses to a rest and NE were observed in the early
      stage of essential hypertension. The increased responses may contribute to both
      the increase in BP and the induction of high blood pressure in essential
      hypertension. The calcium antagonists inhibited the NE-induced increases in BP
      and TPR. The results suggest that the antagonists inhibit the NE-dependent
      calcium influx and calcium release in the arterial smooth muscle. The observed
      responses to Ang II suggest that the antagonists may not inhibit Ang-II-dependent
      calcium-channel activity in the smooth muscle.

PMID- 2414586
TI  - Calcium metabolism and the renin-aldosterone system in essential hypertension.
AB  - Despite recent appreciation of a role for calcium in clinical hypertension,
      evidence at present is conflicting. Thus, certain studies suggest increased
      calcium availability may be associated with increased levels of blood pressure,
      while others suggest that a calcium deficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis
      of hypertensive disease. Our own group has thus far demonstrated deviations of
      circulating levels of ionized calcium and of magnesium in essential hypertension,
      linked with concurrent deviations in the activity of the renal pressor hormone,
      renin. Furthermore, calcium metabolic indices may predict and even determine
      dietary sodium sensitivity in hypertension, as well as the blood pressure
      responsiveness to antihypertensive drug therapy. Moreover, oral calcium
      supplementation may itself possess antihypertensive actions in specifically
      targeted renin subgroups of essential hypertensive subjects. Altogether, these
      results link calcium metabolism, renin system activity, and the pathogenesis of
      hypertensive disease. It may ultimately be calcium-regulating hormones, which
      determine cellular disposition of calcium, rather than circulating levels of
      calcium itself, that mediate the blood pressure and possibly even the renin
      deviations observed among differing hypertensive individuals.

PMID- 2414587
TI  - Adrenergic sodium handling and the natriuretic action of calcium antagonists.
AB  - Stimulation and denervation experiments have provided evidence that adrenergic
      mechanisms can enhance sodium and water reabsorption from the renal tubule, and
      that this influence is probably exerted on the entire tubular extent. Reflexes
      originating from cardiopulmonary and renal receptors can control adrenergic renal
      sodium handling, and evidence has recently been presented that a reno-renal
      reflex tonically inhibits the contralateral sympathetic control of tubular
      reabsorption of sodium and water. Other investigations indicate that adrenergic
      renal sodium handling is mediated through alpha-rather than beta-receptors, and
      that the alpha-receptors are of the alpha 1-subtype. The question of whether the
      natriuretic action of calcium antagonists is, at least in part, mediated by
      interference with adrenergic control of tubular reabsorption cannot yet be
      definitely answered. Although available data are only preliminary, they do not
      support an important action of calcium antagonists on adrenergic renal sodium
      handling, but a separate contribution of impaired adrenergic control and of a
      direct tubular effect of calcium antagonists cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2414588
TI  - Calcium entry blockade and alpha-adrenergic responsiveness in vivo.
AB  - In an initial series of studies in pithed normotensive rats, nitrendipine (3, 10,
      30 micrograms/kg/min X 15 min) preferentially antagonized the pressor responses
      to BHT 920, a selective alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, while hardly interfering with
      responses to methoxamine, a selective alpha 1-agonist. The preferential alpha 2
      antagonism by nitrendipine (0.01-0.3 mg/kg i.v.) was also shown by its greater
      antagonism of pressor responses to norepinephrine in propranolol (1 mg/kg)
      prazosin (0.3 mg/kg i.v.)-pretreated pithed rats (alpha 1-receptors blocked,
      alpha 2 exposed) than in propranolol-yohimbine (0.3 mg/kg)-pretreated
      preparations (alpha 2 blocked, alpha 1 exposed). However, the effect of
      nitrendipine on vascular alpha 2-adrenergic responsiveness was found to be not
      specific for calcium entry blockers (CaEB) since vasodilators without calcium
      entry blocking properties [sodium nitroprusside (3-30 mg/kg/min X 15 min) and
      hydralazine (0.03-3.0 mg/kg/min X 15)], gave the same pattern of interference
      with pressor responses to methoxamine and BHT 920 in exactly the same model. Both
      vasodilators depressed the pressor dose-response curves to BHT 920, while sparing
      those to methoxamine. Thus, calcium entry blockade preferentially antagonized
      alpha 2-mediated vasoconstriction, but this effect was common to other non-CaEB
      vasodilators. The reason for the relative sparing by CaEB of pressor responses to
      alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation was sought in a second series of studies of dose
      response curves to methoxamine following partial alpha-adrenoceptor inactivation
      by phenoxybenzamine (0.3 mg/kg i.v.). In these conditions, nitrendipine (30
      micrograms/kg/min), sodium nitroprusside (30 micrograms/kg/min), and hydralazine
      (3 mg/kg/min) all strongly depressed the pressor responses to
      methoxamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2414589
TI  - Calcium channels: basic properties as revealed by radioligand binding studies.
AB  - The structural features and molecular properties of calcium channels have been
      explored with 1,4-dihydropyridines, d-cis diltiazem and verapamil in radiolabeled
      form. The concept of multiple (at least three) drug receptor sites of the channel
      (sites 1, 2, and 3) has been proposed. Site 1 is labeled by 1,4 dihydropyridines,
      site 2 by (+/-) verapamil (in skeletal muscle) and by (-) desmethoxyverapamil (in
      brain, skeletal muscle, and heart), site 3 by d-cis diltiazem (in skeletal
      muscle). The three distinct drug receptor sites communicate with each other via
      reciprocal allosterism and are linked to divalent cation binding sites. The
      concept of the reciprocal allosteric communication between the receptor sites has
      been proven by individual labeling of each of the drug receptor sites in the
      skeletal muscle t-tubule membrane where the density of calcium channels is
      extremely high. In brain and heart, labeling of the receptor sites 1 and 2 has
      also been successful. Three novel ligands for the calcium channel are presented:
      125I-iodipine, a 1,4 dihydropyridine ligand, which has an exceptionally high
      specific activity (2,200 Ci/mmol), 3H-azidopine, a high-affinity, photoaffinity
      ligand and finally (-) 3H-desmethoxyverapamil, a high-affinity radioligand for
      receptor site 2. These ligands will aid in the isolation and final
      characterisation of the calcium channel. 125I-iodipine, 3H-azidopine and (-) 3H
      desmethoxyverapamil bind to detergent-solubilized channels from skeletal muscle t
      tubules. Whereas the 1,4-dihydropyridines label only a 12.9 S macromolecule, (-)
      3H-desmethoxyverapamil additionally labels a approximately 5.0 S peak, where
      almost no high-affinity 1,4 dihydropyridine binding is found. Taken together with
      the results from target-size analysis experiments and photoaffinity labeling, an
      oligomeric structure of the channel is most likely. One polypeptide chain (Mr =
      145,000) in reduced form has been unambiguously identified and is currently
      further characterized. It remains to be seen if the all of the earlier postulated
      four elements of the channel (alpha, beta, delta, gamma) are on different
      polypeptide chains or if the 145,000 peptide corresponds to the (beta, delta) or
      the (delta, gamma) element.

PMID- 2414590
TI  - Clinical pharmacological studies on the interaction between alpha-adrenoceptors
      and calcium antagonists.
AB  - On the basis of animal studies, it has been proposed that calcium antagonists
      selectively interfere with the pressor response to alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonists and have less direct action on alpha 1-adrenoceptor mechanisms. In
      placebo-controlled randomized studies in healthy normotensives, we have found
      that verapamil 160 mg significantly increases the fall in blood pressure after
      prazosin 1 mg orally. In part, this appears to be related to the cardioinhibitory
      and negative chronotropic action of verapamil, but it is also likely to depend on
      increases in bioavailability of prazosin and higher plasma levels when the drug
      is given with verapamil. Interactions of calcium antagonists with alpha-receptors
      were further explored in a study in which the pressor responses to intravenous
      angiotensin II were compared with those after phenylephrine (alpha 1-agonist) or
      alpha-methylnoradrenaline (alpha 2-agonist) in subjects treated with verapamil or
      nisoldipine, a new dihydropyridine related to nifedipine. Both calcium
      antagonists attenuated the pressor response to all three pressor substances to a
      similar degree. There was no evidence that pressor responses to alpha
      methylnoradrenaline were selectively or more extensively reduced. Calcium
      antagonists can modify responses to both alpha 1- and alpha 2-receptors. Calcium
      antagonists in combination with drugs modifying adrenoceptor activity may have
      useful additional antihypertensive activity.

PMID- 2414591
TI  - Contraction of vascular muscle as related to membrane potential and calcium
      fluxes.
AB  - Using the rabbit main pulmonary artery (RMPA) as an example of vascular smooth
      muscle, the processes underlying contraction to high potassium as well as to
      alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists have been analyzed in terms of changes
      in membrane potential and availability of calcium. In strips of RMPA, contraction
      to high potassium depends strictly on the presence of external calcium and
      evidence is provided that the overwhelming part of the activator calcium enters
      the cells through voltage-dependent calcium channels. The majority of these
      calcium channels opens in the potential range between -45 and -33 mV (resting
      membrane potential of RMPA close to -60 mV) and is highly susceptible to blockade
      by calcium antagonists. Depolarization by noradrenaline and alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      agonists appears to be too small to open voltage-dependent calcium channels and
      the same holds true for alpha 2-agonists. Calcium antagonists and omission of
      calcium from the bath fluid have a relatively minor inhibitory effect on alpha 1
      agonist-induced contraction. This suggests that the major part of the activator
      calcium is released in this case from cellular storage sites. Under the same
      experimental conditions, alpha 2-agonist-induced contractions are highly
      susceptible to inhibition by calcium antagonists and by calcium withdrawal. It is
      hypothesized that alpha 2-agonists open receptor-operated calcium channels. This
      explanation is complicated by the absence of clearcut evidence for two different
      types of alpha-adrenoceptor in the RMPA.

PMID- 2414592
TI  - In vitro comparative studies of the calcium-entry activators YC-170, CGP 28392,
      and BAY K 8644.
AB  - Recently, the novel dihydropyridine derivates YC-170, CGP 28392, and BAY K 8644
      have been reported to act in the opposite way to Ca2+-entry blockers. We have
      found that these compounds inhibit the binding of [3H]nitrendipine on guinea pig
      heart membranes (Ki: 6 nM BAY K 8644, 115 nM CGP 28392 and 690 nM YC-170). Like
      those of nifedipine (Ki 1 nM), the curves had slopes close to unity, and, unlike
      those of some nondihydropryridine Ca2+ antagonists, were not altered in the
      presence of diltiazem, indicating a competitive interaction at dihydropyridine
      sensitive sites. In isolated guinea pig atria, these agents exerted positively
      inotropic effects similar in their potency ratio to those observed in the binding
      experiments (BAY K 8644 1, CGP 28392 1:17, YC-170 1:600). The maximum inotropic
      effects of BAY K 8644 and CGP 28392, and of YC-170 corresponded respectively to
      two-thirds and one-third of those induced by isoprenaline or extracellular Ca2+.
      In the isolated rat mesenteric artery, perfused with a depolarizing solution,
      vasoconstrictor Ca2+ dose-response curves are shifted to the right by nifedipine.
      By contrast, BAY K 8644 and CGP 28392 caused a distinct leftward shift of the
      Ca2+ dose-response curves, at concentrations of 3-300 nM and 30-300 nM,
      respectively, and YC-170 a marginal shift at concentrations of 200-2000 nM, i.e.,
      similar ranges to their inhibitory effects on [3H]nitrendipine binding. At higher
      concentrations, all three compounds produced Ca2+-antagonistic effects. These
      results indicate that the compounds act at dihydropyridine-sensitive sites and
      exert partial agonistic activities in vascular and myocardial tissue.

PMID- 2414593
TI  - Norepinephrine-induced intracellular Ca2+ release from vascular smooth muscle.
AB  - In rabbit aorta and superior mesenteric artery, application of NE causes release
      of Ca2+ from an intracellular Ca2+ store, probably SR. The amount of released
      Ca2+ is sufficient to activate the myofilaments submaximally. It is suggested
      that NE mediates Ca2+ release by a rapid increase in the free Ca2+ concentration
      near the SR (Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release). The uptake of Ca2+ into the store and
      the Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release is modulated by c-AMP.

PMID- 2414594
TI  - Effect of felodipine on resistance vessels from spontaneously hypertensive and
      normotensive rats.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of felodipine [4-(2,3,-dichlorophenyl)-1,4
      dihydro-2, 6-dimethyl-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-ethoxycarbonylpyridine] on the calcium
      concentration response relations of noradrenaline-activated mesenteric resistance
      vessels from 3-mo-old spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and age-matched Wistar
      Kyoto (WKY) rats. SHR vessels were more sensitive to calcium (ED50 approximately
      equal to 5.49 X 10(-5) M) than WKY vessels (ED50 approximately equal to 1.01 X
      10(-4) M) in control condition. Also, maximal active tension development in SHR
      vessels was greater (3.14 N/m) than in WKY vessels (2.22 N/m). Felodipine (10(
      12) M) decreased calcium sensitivity in vessels from both strains and also
      decreased maximal active tension development of SHR vessels. In a higher
      concentration (5 X 10(-10) M), the calcium sensitivity of both SHR and WKY
      vessels became similar. The active tension development was equally reduced in
      both rat strains. The results indicate that at least part of the antihypertensive
      effect of felodipine is due to a direct vasodilation, and also that vessels from
      SHRs may be more sensitive to felodipine than those from WKY rats.

PMID- 2414596
TI  - Modification of the vasoconstrictor effects of noradrenaline and serotonin by the
      selective calcium antagonist PY 108-068 in the peripheral circulation of
      anesthetized cats.
AB  - The effects of a noradrenaline (NA, 1 microgram/kg min) or serotonin (5-HT, 10
      micrograms/kg min) infusion on regional blood flow and conductance were assessed
      with tracer microspheres before and after administration of the calcium
      antagonist PY 108-068 (PY; 30 micrograms/kg). Chloralose-urethane-anesthetized
      cats were pretreated with propranolol 1 mg/kg i.v. or chlorisondamine 1 mg/kg
      i.v. for the experiments with NA or 5-HT, respectively. PY attenuated the NA
      induced increase of blood pressure and the decrease of total peripheral
      conductance. The NA-induced vasoconstriction, occurring mainly in the kidneys,
      adrenals, liver, spleen, and arteriovenous shunts, was significantly attenuated
      by PY. The vessels of heart, stomach, pancreas, and skeletal muscle were not
      constricted by NA. In contrast, 5-HT dilated or tended to dilate almost all
      vascular beds examined. Only arteriovenous shunts were constricted. PY did not
      antagonize this vasoconstrictor effect. Moreover, after but not before PY
      treatment, a coronary vasoconstrictor effect of 5-HT was seen.
      Antivasoconstrictor effects of PY were observed both in organs where
      dihydropyridines normally elicit vasodilatation and in organs where such
      compounds have no vasodilator effects in the absence of a vasoconstrictor
      infusion. The regional distribution of the antivasoconstrictor effects was
      different for each vasoconstrictor tested so far (angiotensin II, 5-HT, and NA).
      The sites of action of calcium antagonists in peripheral blood vessels appear to
      depend on the mechanism of activation operating at that site and at the time of
      the investigation.

PMID- 2414595
TI  - Lipoxygenase and calcium entry in vascular smooth muscle.
AB  - In the canine saphenous vein, inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase augment contractile
      responses to acetylcholine, potassium chloride and partial alpha-adrenergic
      activation. This augmentation is prevented by inhibitors of lipoxygenase, and
      abolished by calcium entry blockers. These observations suggest that when Ca2+
      enters the smooth muscle cells it activates the metabolism of arachidonic acid.
      If cyclo-oxygenase is inhibited, end-products of lipoxygenase exert a positive
      feedback on calcium entry. A similar mechanism may explain the hypoxic
      contractions observed in various blood vessels, including coronary arteries.

PMID- 2414597
TI  - Interference of the calcium antagonist nisoldipine with the abnormal response of
      vessels from hypertensive rats to alpha-adrenergic stimulation.
AB  - The effects of the calcium antagonist nisoldipine on contractions stimulated by
      phenylephrine and B-HT 920 (agonists of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors) in
      isolated aortic rings from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP)
      and from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were investigated in vitro.
      Phenylephrine and B-HT 920 produced concentration-dependent contractions of
      vessels from both groups of animals. The absolute force of the contractions was
      less in the aortae from hypertensive rats after all doses of both agonists.
      Nisoldipine inhibited the B-HT 920-induced contraction much more in vessels from
      SHRSP than in those from normotensive WKY rats (IC50 = 1.5 X 10(-10) versus 7 X
      10(-9) g/ml). The phenylephrine contractions were inhibited in SHRSP aortae by
      higher concentrations (IC50 = 8.5 X 10(-8) g/ml) of nisoldipine; in WKY,
      nisoldipine only produced a slight inhibition of phenylephrine-induced
      contractions. The inhibitory concentrations of nisoldipine on BHT-920-induced
      contractions are similar to those for the inhibition of the calcium or
      depolarization-induced contractions in other experiments. The alpha 2-agonist
      induced contractions of rat aorta are dependent on transmembrane calcium supply.
      The higher efficacy of nisoldipine in aortae from SHRSP suggests an increased
      transmembrane availability of calcium ions in hypertension.

PMID- 2414598
TI  - Agonists interaction with radiolabeled alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists binding
      sites in rat mesenteric artery.
AB  - The nature of the postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors in vasculature has been a
      matter of debate with the differences in the observations from in vivo and in
      vitro experiments. These studies were done on the basis of the selectivity of the
      alpha-adrenoceptor agonists. In the present study, we investigated the nature of
      these agonists interaction with the [3H]prazosin and [3H]yohimbine binding sites
      in the plasma membrane vesicles of rat mesenteric artery. Phenylephrine and
      methoxamine were used as the putative alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists. Clonidine,
      naphazoline, B-HT 920, and UK-14,304 were used as the putative alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonists. All these agonists except B-HT 920 competed with similar
      affinity for the specific binding sites of [3H]prazosin and [3H]yohimbine. The
      order of the potency for the agonists in competing for [3H]prazosin binding sites
      was clonidine greater than naphazoline greater than UK-14,304 greater than
      phenylephrine much greater than B-HT 920 greater than or equal to methoxamine,
      and for the [3H]yohimbine binding sites, the order was clonidine greater than
      naphazoline greater than B-HT 920 greater than UK-14,304 greater than
      phenylephrine much greater than methoxamine. Similar pA2 values for prazosin and
      yohimbine were calculated regardless of whether alpha 1-selective agonist,
      methoxamine, or alpha 2-selective agonist, B-HT 920 were used. Putative alpha 2
      adrenoceptor-selective agonists behave as partial agonists in functional studies
      inhibiting just maximal responses to alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists and
      norepinephrine in a dose-dependent fashion. It is therefore concluded that in rat
      mesenteric artery, there are two distinct sites of interaction for the
      antagonists, prazosin and yohimbine, but the alpha-adrenoceptor agonists interact
      nonselectively with a single site in such a way that they are capable of
      affecting binding of either antagonist. A model for the postsynaptic alpha
      adrenoceptor as a macromolecule has been proposed.

PMID- 2414599
TI  - Neurogenic responses in resistance vessels: roles of alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptors, transmitter reuptake, ouabain, and plasma factors.
AB  - Experiments on the vasoconstrictor fiber control of isolated spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) resistance vessels, which is
      throughout more efficient in SHR, suggest that the presynaptic alpha 2-negative
      feedback mechanism and the reuptake pump are largely complementary in adjusting
      the effective transmitter concentrations in these narrow junctions, and first
      when both are blocked a marked leftward displacement of the nervous frequency
      response curve ensues. Also, ouabain causes a marked leftward displacement of the
      frequency response curve in a way which suggests a considerable increase of
      transmitter release/impulse. Finally, normal rat plasma contains agent(s) which,
      even in very low concentrations, seems to cause a strong ouabain-like effect on
      the neurogenic responses. However, these various interferences with the
      neurogenic vascular effects influence SHR and WKY to largely equal extents,
      implying that the more efficient nervous control in SHR vessels is not merely due
      to an altered balance of the ordinary local mechanisms that influence the
      adrenergic transmitter release.

PMID- 2414600
TI  - Cultured vascular smooth muscle cells: an in vitro system for study of alpha
      adrenergic receptor coupling and regulation.
AB  - Cultured vascular smooth muscle cells derived by enzymatic dissociation of rabbit
      aortic media were used for study of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors (AAR) and
      receptor-coupled calcium flux. AAR were characterized by binding of the alpha 1
      selective radioligand [3H]prazosin, and norepinephrine-stimulated 45calcium
      efflux was measured as an index of AAR-mediated calcium flux. The binding of
      [3H]prazosin to a crude cellular homogenate was to a single, saturable site of
      high affinity (Kd = 0.15 nM, Bmax = 75-125 fmol/mg protein), which was stereo
      specific and exhibited the appropriate potency order for competition by agonists.
      Prazosin (Kd = 0.07 nM) was approximately 3000-fold more potent than the alpha 2
      selective antagonist yohimbine (Kd = 222 nM), both of which exhibited Hill
      coefficients of one, indicative of binding to a single receptor type. In intact
      cells, norepinephrine caused a concentration-related (EC50 = 100 nM) increase in
      45calcium efflux which was blocked by low concentrations of prazosin (IC50
      approximately equal to 0.1 nM), but not yohimbine (IC50 greater than 100 nM). An
      alpha 1-selective concentration of prazosin (100 nM) fully blocked norepinephrine
      stimulated 45calcium efflux, and therefore, it appears that this effect does not
      involve alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. Treatment of cultured cells with 1
      norepinephrine for 48 h caused a concentration-related decrease in both AAR
      density and maximum norepinephrine-stimulated 45calcium efflux. This cultured
      vascular smooth muscle cell system provides several advantages for the study of
      alpha-adrenergic receptor coupling and regulation.

PMID- 2414601
TI  - Inverse reciprocal regulation of alpha 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in the rat
      liver: possible mechanism.
AB  - Reciprocal changes in alpha- and beta-receptor responses occur in a number of in
      vivo as well as in vitro conditions. Incubation of isolated rat liver cells in a
      serum-free buffer results in the conversion of the adrenergic activation of
      glycogenolysis from an alpha 1 to a beta-receptor mediated response within 4 h.
      The decrease in the alpha 1-adrenergic response and the simultaneous emergence of
      a beta-adrenergic response are selective with regards to the effects of other
      glycogenolytic hormones and are not accompanied by changes in the density or
      affinity of alpha 1 or beta-receptor binding sites. Lipomodulin, an endogenous
      inhibitor of membrane phospholipase A2, reverses the receptor response in 4 h
      cells from beta to alpha, whereas lipomodulin antibody, or melittin, a
      phospholipase A2 activator, have opposite effects in freshly isolated cells. The
      time-dependent conversion of the adrenoceptor response is prevented by the
      presence of indomethacin or inhibitors of protein or mRNA synthesis, and is
      accelerated by a serine protease inhibitor. These findings are interpreted to
      indicate that changes in membrane phospholipase A2 activity are involved in the
      conversion of the adrenergic receptor response in isolated rat liver cells, by
      influencing the coupling of alpha 1 and beta-receptors to postreceptor pathways
      in an inverse, reciprocal manner. The activation of this mechanism requires a
      protein factor(s), whose cellular levels are controlled by a balance between
      protein synthetic and proteolytic activities. The possibility that this
      phospholipase effect is mediated by a cyclooxygenase product is under study.

PMID- 2414602
TI  - Excitation-contraction coupling in vascular smooth muscle cells and perivascular
      nerve stimulation.
AB  - Smooth muscle contraction depends largely on the increase of the cytoplasmic Ca2+
      concentration. This change can be brought about by the opening of voltage
      dependent Ca channels or receptor operated Ca channels. Although in some vascular
      smooth muscle cells the addition of noradrenaline does not appreciably change the
      membrane potential, it is observed that stimulation of the perivascular nerve
      fibres elicits excitatory junction potentials and action potentials. This
      difference between the action of exogenous and endogenous noradrenaline could be
      due to either the existence of intrajunctional gamma-receptors, which differ from
      the extrajunctional alpha-receptors or to the release from the nerve fibres of
      cotransmitters together with noradrenaline. It can be concluded that the clear
      distinction between electromechanical coupling and pharmacomechanical coupling
      only applies to some experimental conditions in vitro, but that the distinction
      cannot be used for conditions in vivo.

PMID- 2414603
TI  - Cardioprotective and antidysrhythmic effects of alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade
      during myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion in the dog.
AB  - Recent research in cats suggests that cardiac alpha 1-adrenoceptors are involved
      in the genesis of early life threatening ventricular dysrhythmias following
      myocardial infarction. Evidence for the existence of cardiac alpha 1
      adrenoceptors has been obtained in all the mammalian species investigated to date
      and includes guinea pig, rabbit, cat, dog, rat and humans. The present series of
      experiments was conducted in dogs, a species in which reperfusion is associated
      with higher mortality than the cat. It was found that alpha-adrenoceptor block
      with prazosin significantly reduced ventricular ectopic activity during coronary
      artery occlusion and reperfusion and reduced mortality associated with
      reperfusion. To ascertain the site of action of prazosin and other alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonists in this context it is necessary to consider their
      effects on haemodynamics, the coronary vasculature and the myocardium. Prazosin
      and related alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists have been shown to be extremely
      effective in abrogating catecholamine induced ventricular arrhythmias in the dog
      and are additive with beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in this respect. However, in
      the present experiments prazosin caused a significant attenuation of the
      repayment of coronary flow debt on reperfusion, reduced the ischaemia induced
      rise in filling pressure and increased coronary blood flow during coronary artery
      occlusion. Thus, whether the beneficial effects of alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade
      are solely the result of blockade of myocardial alpha 1-adrenoceptors and not, at
      least in part, improved coronary blood flow within the ischaemic bed requires
      further study.

PMID- 2414604
TI  - Role of ionic events in the triggering of phagocytosis.

PMID- 2414605
TI  - Anti-inflammatory actions of tannins isolated from the bark of Anacardium
      occidentale L.
AB  - A mixture of tannins (hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable) obtained from the bark
      of Anacardium occidentale L., on i.p. injection, demonstrated apparent anti
      inflammatory activity in carrageenan- and dextran-induced rat paw oedemas, cotton
      pellet granuloma test and adjuvant-induced polyarthritis in rats. At higher doses
      orally administered tannins also had activity in carrageenan paw oedema and
      adjuvant arthritis experiments. The tannins i.p. also inhibited acetic acid
      induced "writhing responses" in mice and were found to antagonise the
      permeability-increasing effects in rats of certain mediators of inflammation and
      to inhibit the migration of leucocytes to an inflammatory site. While not
      appearing to act by the release of adrenal hormones, tannins may produce effects
      in a non-specific manner by their astringent properties on cell membranes thus
      affecting cell functions. The above results should be considered while studying
      the anti-inflammatory actions of plant extracts which contain tannins.

PMID- 2414606
TI  - Repeated determination of cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites by automated
      direct sampling from an implanted cannula in freely moving rats.
AB  - A method is described for the automatic sampling of CSF from conscious freely
      moving rats and the simultaneous determination of 5-HIAA and HVA by high-pressure
      liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). Timed samples (30
      microliters) were taken directly from a chronically implanted cannula in the
      cisterna magna of adult female rats by the HPLC autoinjector. The low volume of
      sample permitted withdrawal of repeated samples without cross-contamination. The
      cannula could be used the day after implantation and remained patent for at least
      two weeks. Treatment with probenecid (200 mg/kg i.p.) caused an increase of both
      metabolites in the CSF. Pargyline (50 mg/kg i.p.) affected both the 5-HT and
      dopaminergic systems, reducing their metabolite levels. alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine
      (200 mg/kg i.p.) acted selectively on the catecholaminergic system lowering HVA
      levels. The method accurately measured amine metabolite changes in the CSF due to
      pharmacological manipulations.

PMID- 2414607
TI  - An improved EPTA staining method for synapses in rat cerebral cortex cultures.
AB  - Ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (EPTA) staining has proved to be a useful tool in
      electron microscopic studies on synapse formation and maturation in the
      developing brain. However, the available staining procedures did not give
      satisfactory contrast between synaptic structures and background in reaggregated
      cerebral cortex tissue grown in vitro. Such contrast is a prerequisite for
      reliable quantitative studies. We therefore varied several steps of the staining
      procedure and have succeeded in obtaining a modification which gives the required
      contrast. A short rinsing time after EPTA staining turned out especially to be
      very crucial.

PMID- 2414608
TI  - A retrograde tracer strategy using True Blue to label the preganglionic
      parasympathetic innervation of the abdominal viscera.
AB  - A simple and reliable method for labeling the preganglionic neurons which
      innervate the abdominal viscera is described. Infusion of a True Blue (TB)
      suspension in several different concentrations directly into the peritoneal
      cavity consistently labeled the medullary vagal nuclei including the dorsal motor
      nucleus (DMN), nucleus ambiguus (NA), and retrofacial nucleus (RFN). Quantitative
      analysis of cell labeling after 30 microliters infusions of a large range of
      concentrations of TB (0.001-20.0%) showed that: (1) as little as 0.0075 mg of TB
      was sufficient to label DMN cells distinctly while only 0.075 mg (or larger)
      doses of TB were adequate for labeling cells of the NA and the RFN, and (2) doses
      of 3.0 mg (or greater) labeled the maximum number of cells in the DMN, NA, and
      RFN. Qualitative analysis suggested that medium range doses (0.075-0.75 mg) were
      optimal for discerning cell size and type throughout each of these nuclei.

PMID- 2414609
TI  - A method for in vitro enzymatic dissociation of nerve roots and peripheral nerves
      from adult mammals.
AB  - Preparations yielding a high percentage of undamaged axons from fresh peripheral
      nerve or nerve root were made using an enzymatic dissociation regimen. The nerve
      was placed in a temperature-controlled chamber mounted over an inverted phase
      contrast microscope. An oxygenated solution (Brimijoins) or modified Hank's
      solution was pumped through the chamber, first in a calcium-free form and then
      containing enzymes. The enzymes for dissociation were collagenase and trypsin,
      alternated. Enzymatic dissociation of the epineurium, perineurium and
      extracellular matrix was achieved. We supplemented the gentle agitation of a 10
      roller peristaltic pump by periodically raising and lowering the fluid level in
      the chamber to provide a controlled mechanical agitation that promoted
      dissociation. A large percentage of the axons can be dissociated from the nerve,
      varying from approximately one-quarter to occasional complete dissociation.
      Action potentials were still conducted through dissociated axons, and axon
      transport was also still present, as documented by direct visualization using an
      AVEC-DIC type of microscope system. The axons had a better morphological
      appearance and displayed better transport than comparison preparations prepared
      by the usual mechanical teasing method, in our hands. The enzymatic method allows
      study of axons in an adult or developing mammal with regard to their electrical
      conduction and axon transport mechanisms. It should help to avoid a selection
      process for more hardy axons which may be imposed by traditional mechanical
      teasing methods. Mechanical stress was observed to cause widened Schmidt
      Lanterman clefts, widened nodes, myelin bubbles, and other abnormal morphology as
      evidence of damage.

PMID- 2414610
TI  - Neurotransmitter receptor autoradiography in immunohistochemically identified
      neurons.
AB  - A method for the simultaneous visualization of neurotransmitter receptor binding
      sites and immunohistochemically characterized cells is described using in vitro
      sections of rat striatum. The striatum provides a rich neurochemical environment
      in which to examine muscarinic acetylcholine receptor relations to peptide
      reactive somata, or to assess the cellular locale of the dopamine receptor linked
      to adenylate cyclase activation. Different modifications of the procedure are
      employed to determine the localization pattern of 3H-radioligands with slow or
      rapid receptor dissociation times. The present technique is compatible for use
      with any combination of immunohistochemical antibody/radioligand probe that can
      be studied on fresh-frozen, slide-mounted tissue sections.

PMID- 2414611
TI  - Clinical management of patients with hyperthyroidism.
AB  - The clinical management of the hyperthyroid patient is controversial, because
      there is no perfect treatment. Factors that influence the choice of therapy
      include the patient's age, sex, and type of hyperthyroidism, as well as patient
      and physician preference.

PMID- 2414612
TI  - Early peritoneal mesothelioma: a treatable malignancy.
AB  - 37 patients with malignant peritoneal mesothelioma were studied to assess the
      efficacy of combined therapy. 14 patients presented after 1982. Of 6 patients
      treated intensively, all remain alive with no evidence of disease by computed
      tomographic scan at 9-36 months. Of 8 patients treated palliatively, 5 are dead.
      (5 had stable disease, 1 has progressed despite all treatment, and 2 were not
      treated.) Survival of the intensively treated group is significantly better than
      that of other stage I patients in this series. Patients under 40 had a
      significantly better survival rate than older patients.

PMID- 2414613
TI  - Intracavitary irradiation in palliation of carcinoma of oesophagus and cardia.
AB  - Palliative treatment by intracavitary irradiation using the 'Selectron' has been
      used in 40 patients with advanced carcinoma (all histological types). Relief of
      dysphagia occurred in 65%. This treatment method is suggested as an effective
      alternative to intubation.

PMID- 2414614
TI  - Medical management of intestinal obstruction in patients with advanced malignant
      disease. A clinical and pathological study.
AB  - A clinical and pathological study was made of 40 patients with intestinal
      obstruction due to far-advanced abdominal and/or pelvic malignant disease.
      Surgical intervention was feasible in only 2 cases. The remaining 38 patients
      were managed medically without intravenous fluids and nasogastric suction.
      Obstructive symptoms such as intestinal colic, vomiting, and diarrhoea were
      effectively controlled by drugs.

PMID- 2414615
TI  - Postsympathectomy pain and changes in sensory neuropeptides: towards an animal
      model.
AB  - Postsympathectomy limb pain, postsympathectomy parotid pain, and Raeder's
      paratrigeminal syndrome are pain states associated with the loss of sympathetic
      fibres and in particular with postganglionic sympathetic lesions. There is a
      characteristic interval of about 10 days between surgical sympathectomy and onset
      of pain. It is proposed that this pain in man is correlated with the delayed rise
      in sensory neuropeptides seen in rodents after sympathectomy. These chemical
      changes probably reflect the sprouting of sensory fibres and may result from the
      greater availability of nerve growth factor after sympathectomy. The balance
      between the sensory and sympathetic innervations of a peripheral organ may be
      determined by competition for a limited supply of nerve growth factor.

PMID- 2414616
TI  - [Value of computer tomography for evaluation of local operability and choice of
      surgical procedure in esophageal cancer].
AB  - The correlation of the preoperative staging by CT with the post-operative or
      postmortem staging was investigated in 74 patients with esophageal carcinoma.
      Criteria for the evaluation of local resectability were analyzed prospectively.
      According to TNM-classification, the pre- and post-operative staging showed
      identical results in T1 in 3/4, in T2 in 17/26 and in T3 in 42/44 patients. Thus,
      the preoperative staging turned out to be correct in 62/74 cases (83.7%). By
      conventional diagnostic methods identical results of pre- and postoperative
      staging were found in 28/74 patients (37.8%). The local resectability can be
      judged by the sagittal infiltration area and especially by the vertical extent of
      tumor infiltration of the aorta and/or trachea. Esophageal resection was not
      possible, if infiltration had been suspected in more than 4 tomograms (8 mm-CT
      sections). Only palliative resection could be performed in cases with a 3
      tomogram infiltration. A suspected infiltration up to 2 tomograms did not exclude
      a blind dissection of the esophagus without thoracotomy. The impression of the
      trachea with an irregular borderline of the lumen or tumor growth surrounding the
      trachea are additional infiltration signs in the CT. By the differentiated
      interpretation of local tumor growth the CT reached a central position planning
      surgical strategy.

PMID- 2414617
TI  - [Perioperative staging and the Munster TNM classification in ampullary and
      pancreatic cancer].
AB  - From 1974 to 1982 607 patients with diseases of the pancreas were treated at the
      Surgical University Clinic of Munster/West Germany. 256 of those suffered from
      pancreatic and 42 from ampullary cancer. All patients were grouped according to a
      TNM-System for pancreatic cancer developed for that particular purpose. Of the
      curative resections performed (n = 73) with a resection rate of 78.6% for
      ampullary and 15.6% for pancreatic cancer, a distinct preponderance of early
      stages (T1N0M0/T2N0M0 greater than 60%) was noticed for the first, of late stages
      for the latter (T1N0M0/T2N0M0 = 25%). The frequencies of distant metastases for
      all operations also differed significantly, being 9.5% respectively 43.4% at the
      time of operation (p less than 0.05). At the low mean survival time for
      palliative operations an mean survival time of 40.3 months for the Whipple
      operation was evaluated, of 28.0 months for total pancreatectomy. At the stage
      T1N0M0/T2N0M0 the mean survival time was greater than 63 months.

PMID- 2414618
TI  - [Prognosis of cardia cancer].
AB  - 224 of 853 gastric carcinomata in the years 1974-1984 were located in the cardia.
      Here early stages of carcinoma were less frequent in comparison to the other
      gastric carcinomas. 46.4% were resectable. Proximal resection was performed in 88
      patients, total gastrectomy in 16. Recurrent carcinoma was seen in 27.3%. The 5
      year-survival time in all treated patients was 15%, in all resected cases 26%, in
      all fully resected cases 35%. Stage I showed a five-year-survival time of 42%,
      stage II of 22%, in stage III and IV no survivors. A generally applicable
      suggestion as to the radicality of operation can at present not be given. Too
      many prognostic factors in carcinoma of the cardia cannot be properly assessed.

PMID- 2414619
TI  - [The concept of therapy in liver metastases].

PMID- 2414620
TI  - [Transdiaphragmatic esophagus resection--a procedure for the curative and
      palliative treatment of esophageal cancer].
AB  - From 12/80 to 1/85 133 patients with a carcinoma of the esophagus were admitted
      to the hospitals in Dusseldorf and Wurzburg. 105 (7 total, 98 subtotal) of them
      were resected (79%). 14 were treated with a substernal bypass (average age: 60
      years). 76% of all tumors were found in stage III and IV. The esophagus was
      replaced with stomach (98) and colon (7). For bypass the stomach (12) and jejunum
      (2) were used. The hospital mortality was 17.6% (all operations), 16.2%
      (resection) and 28.2% (bypass). The 2-year-survival-rate was only 15% (due to 76%
      of stage II and IV).

PMID- 2414621
TI  - [Intraluminal irradiation with iridium 192--a new method for the treatment of
      inoperable esophageal cancers?].
AB  - In inoperable esophageal carcinoma the intraluminal high dose afterloading
      therapy with Iridium 192 was employed as an alternative to the palliative
      resection. Prerequisite for this treatment, which was used in 19 patients during
      the last year, is the preceding passage restoration of the tumor stenosis by
      endoscopic laser therapy. Every two weeks the patients are endocavitarily
      irradiated up to 3 times with a dose of 7 Gy. Observing the patients by
      endoscopic means the implantation of a tubus is avoidable achieving better
      quality of life and comparable survival times.

PMID- 2414622
TI  - [Operative therapy of small intestine ileus with special reference to patients
      with advanced tumor disease].
AB  - Between 1979 and 1984 a total of 233 patients underwent surgical treatment of
      small bowel obstruction. In 43 patients (18.4%) the obstruction was caused by an
      advanced tumor disease (peritoneal carcinosis, local recurrence). In patients
      with benign obstruction the operative mortality was 5.2%; in the tumor patients
      it was 14%. Wound infection and cardio-pulmonary disturbances were the most
      frequent complications. The mean survival time of the tumor patients was 159
      days. In 65% of these patients the operation had a significant palliative effect.

PMID- 2414623
TI  - [Pathophysiology of ulcer disease].
AB  - The pathophysiological structure shows aggressors like increased acid and pepsin,
      an impaired defence system of the mucosa (mucus, mucosal circulation and possibly
      PG's and epidermal growth hormone). Disturbances in the interdigestive and
      digestive motility brings about most clearly the pathophysiological differences
      between GU and DU. Therapeutic corrections of the high secretion lead to
      pathological reactions in other parts of the system (gastrin). SPV is the only
      therapeutic procedure which reduces irreversibly the enlarged secretory capacity
      of the gastric mucosa (parietal cell reduction). This surgical treatment should
      therefore have priority in the treatment also of uncomplicated duodenal ulcers
      and with some exceptions of GU.

PMID- 2414624
TI  - Vocal cord polyps: biochemical and histologic evaluation.
AB  - The stratified squamous epithelium covering vocal cord polyps can vary from
      normal to hyperplastic and keratinized. We have analyzed the histology and
      cytokeratins of 11 of these polyps. Cytokeratins were separated on one
      dimensional SDS-acrylamide gels to determine molecular weights. There was
      significant heterogeneity in the cytokeratins present in the different polyps.
      Comparison of histologic findings and cytokeratin content showed a correlation
      between extent of keratinization and presence of high molecular weight
      cytokeratins. We conclude that the epithelium of vocal cord polyps exhibit
      patterns of cytokeratins characteristic of both hyperproliferation and abnormal
      states of differentiation, which are mirrored by histologic variations, and that
      vocal cord polyps are a heterogeneous group of benign lesions.

PMID- 2414625
TI  - Quality control of skin smear services in leprosy programmes: preliminary
      experience with inter-observer comparison in routine services.

PMID- 2414626
TI  - A spot test for detection of antibodies to phenolic glycolipid I.

PMID- 2414627
TI  - Central effects of an antagonist and an antiserum to substance P on serum
      gonadotropin and prolactin secretion.
AB  - The central effects of both an antagonist and an antiserum to substance P (SP) on
      gonadotropin and prolactin (Prl) secretion were studied in castrated male rats.
      The lateral ventricular injection (20 micrograms) of an analogue to SP possessing
      antagonistic properties resulted in significantly suppressed serum LH levels
      without altering serum FSH and Prl levels when compared with saline-injected
      control animals. Similarly, the lateral ventricular injection of an antiserum to
      SP also resulted in significantly suppressed LH levels when compared to control
      animals injected with normal rabbit serum. Additionally, no changes were observed
      in the levels of serum FSH and Prl as a result of the anti-SP injection. Thus,
      although indirect, these results support the hypothesis that SP may have a
      central stimulatory action on LH secretion, but not FSH and Prl secretion.

PMID- 2414628
TI  - Modification of morphine withdrawal: effect of tuftsin, [Lys4]-tuftsinyltuftsin,
      tetrapeptide fragment (1-4) of substance P and its amide.
AB  - Withdrawal behavior in morphine-dependent rats precipitated by naloxone was
      attenuated after pretreatment with the tetrapeptide tuftsin and to some extent by
      its synthetic derivative [Lys4]-tuftsinyltuftsin. The tetrapeptide fragment (1-4)
      of Substance P was ineffective in suppressing morphine-withdrawal behavior,
      whereas its C-amide exerted only weak action. Possible involvement of an
      immunological mechanism is discussed.

PMID- 2414629
TI  - Stress-induced synthesis of melatonin: possible involvement of the endogenous
      monoamine oxidase inhibitor (tribulin).
AB  - Cold-restrained stress increased rat pineal melatonin and N-acetylserotonin
      content. This effect was partially prevented by lorazepam. Serotonergic turnover
      (ratio of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid to serotonin) was significantly decreased
      in stressed but not in stressed rats pretreated with lorazepam, suggesting stress
      induced inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO). Literature data indicate that the
      same type of stress increases the production of the endogenous MAO inhibitor. The
      implication of stress-induced MAO inhibition on melatonin synthesis in anxiety
      and drug withdrawal is discussed.

PMID- 2414630
TI  - Brain serotonin and blood pressure regulation: studies using in vivo
      electrochemistry and direct tissue assay.
AB  - Hypotensive responses to tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan infusions were
      studied in normotensive male Sprague-Dawley rats. Results showed that 5
      hydroxytryptophan but not tryptophan lowered pressure in a dose dependent way in
      direct relation to the production of brain serotonin and 5-HIAA. Intrinsic
      release of serotonin from brain was also studied during periods of induced
      hypertension and hypotension. Brain monoamine responses to blood pressure changes
      induced by intravenous phenylephrine and nitroprusside were measured in dorsal
      raphe nucleus and nucleus tractus solitarius by in vivo electrochemistry. Results
      showed that 5-HIAA was increased during drug induced hypertension and during
      reflex hypertension which followed a period of hypotension. These changes were
      blocked by sinoaortic denervation indicating that these central serotonergic
      neurons are responding to increased pressure sensed by baroreceptors. Therefore,
      serotonin has a role in blood pressure regulation as a pharmacologic agent and as
      a neurotransmitter in homeostatic control of pressure.

PMID- 2414631
TI  - Acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and morphine inhibit behavioral responses to
      intrathecally administered substance P or capsaicin.
AB  - Intrathecally administered substance P (SP) or capsaicin in mice elicited a pain
      related behavioral response consisting of vigorous biting, licking and scratching
      of the caudal part of the body. Pretreatment of the animals with
      intraperitoneally injected acetylsalicylic acid (300 and 400 mg/kg), paracetamol
      (300 and 400 mg/kg) and morphine (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) reduced the responses in a
      dose-dependent manner. The analgesia is probably mediated by inhibition of a
      postsynaptic SP sensitive mechanism. Thus these results demonstrate central
      antinociceptive effects of acetylsalicylic acid and paracetamol.

PMID- 2414632
TI  - Modulation of calcium channel function by drugs.
AB  - Calcium channel blocking drugs, or "calcium antagonists", have been increasingly
      used in the last decade, both as valuable cardiovascular drugs, and as tools to
      investigate the pharmacology of the calcium channels which play a vital role in
      the excitation-activation coupling of many excitable cells. Three important
      developments, "patch clamping" to investigate single calcium channels, ligand
      binding studies to investigate the calcium antagonist "receptor sites", and the
      introduction of novel calcium channel activators, or "calcium agonists", have
      recently led to greater understanding of the mechanism of action of drugs on the
      calcium channel. We show here how the calcium channel modulators interact with
      the binding sites to increase or decrease calcium flux, and hence to modulate the
      activity of many excitable tissues. We predict that these new developments will
      soon result in the isolation of purified calcium channels, and investigation of
      their subtypes and drug sensitivities. This information could lead to the
      introduction of novel, more selective calcium antagonists for a variety of
      indications such as atherosclerosis or neurological disorders. Of particular
      interest is the potential of tissue-selective calcium agonistic drugs to combat
      cardiac failure or endocrinological disorders.

PMID- 2414633
TI  - Chylomicron remnant and asialoglycoprotein metabolism are independent.
AB  - Because of the considerable similarities between the hepatic metabolism of
      chylomicron remnants and asialoglycoproteins, the hypothesis that they might
      share a cell surface receptor or a common step in internalization was tested.
      Unlabeled chylomicron remnants did not reduce the binding of 125I-asia
      glycoprotein to plasma membranes, but did compete for 125I-chylomicron remnant
      binding. The converse also was true. This suggested the receptors were distinct.
      The two substances did not compete with each other for removal by the isolated
      perfused rat liver. This suggests that no potentially common post binding events
      can become rate limiting. In conclusion, despite similarities in their removal
      and metabolism, chylomicron remnants and asialoglycoproteins are metabolized
      independently.

PMID- 2414634
TI  - Mechanically isolated hepatocytes are unsuitable to detect antibodies directed
      against plasma membrane determinants.
AB  - The ultrastructural morphology of mechanically and enzymatically isolated
      hepatocytes was compared. Plasma membrane integrity was evaluated by electron
      microscopy, both in the absence and in the presence of ruthenium red, which
      stains cell coat glycoproteins and makes it possible to identify even partially
      permeable cells, and by indirect immunofluorescence using experimental antibodies
      directed against epithelial submembranous components (prekeratin, actin). In
      order to evaluate the antigenic integrity of the hepatocellular plasma membrane
      after the isolation procedures, an immuno-electronmicroscopical technique (Staph.
      pA-colloidal gold) was applied using the IgG fraction from two liver-kidney
      microsomal antibody (LKM) positive sera, known to react with both plasma
      membranes and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Enzymatic procedure made it
      possible to isolate hepatocytes with a good preservation of both plasma membranes
      and subcellular organelles. Ruthenium red staining was confined to plasma
      membranes, thus indicating the preservation of both cell-coat glycoproteins and
      plasma membrane. Most cells were negative after exposure to experimental
      antibodies. After exposure to LKM positive sera colloidal gold was strictly
      confined to the plasma membrane. On the other hand, mechanically isolated
      hepatocytes showed wide interruptions of the plasma membrane and gross
      alterations of subcellular organelles. Most cells were stained by ruthenium red,
      thus confirming the plasma membrane permeability. In addition, a linear
      peripheral positivity was found in the vast majority of the cells tested with
      anti-prekeratin and anti-actin antibodies. LKM-colloidal gold complexes were
      found at the level of both residual plasma membrane and SER.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2414635
TI  - Human hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with quantitative and qualitative
      changes in glycolipids.
AB  - Changes of glycolipids in the naturally occurring human hepatocellular carcinoma
      tissues were studied. Neutral glycolipids (two fractions) and gangliosides from
      human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and their adjacent uninvolved liver
      tissues from ten patients were purified and analyzed by high-performance thin
      layer chromatography. Human hepatocellular carcinoma was shown to be associated
      with the extensive changes of the thin-layer chromatography patterns of both
      neutral glycolipids and gangliosides. Changes in neutral glycolipids were: (a)
      increased dihexaosylceramide with the concomitant decrease of trihexosylceramide
      and globoside, (b) increased ratio of the lower band of globoside to the upper
      band, and (c) increased expression of at least two "upper-phase" neutral
      glycolipids. Changes in gangliosides were: (a) increased expression of
      gangliosides migrating slower than GM3 on thin-layer chromatography with relative
      decrease of GM3, and (b) expression of tumor-associated new gangliosides, i.e.,
      "neogangliosides".

PMID- 2414636
TI  - The effect of prednisone in a high-dose, alternate-day regimen on the natural
      history of idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
AB  - Experience in 45 children with diffuse proliferative MPGN of all three types has
      provided evidence that a high-dose, alternate-day regimen of prednisone alters
      the natural history of the disease. The experience has been gained over a 17-year
      period and the patients have been followed on the regimen for an average of 6.5
      years. Evidence that the regimen has a salutary effect was provided by several
      observations: Survival was better than that in four other series in which the
      patients were not treated or treated sporadically. The difference was
      particularly marked when survival was compared with that in series in which the
      patients had diffuse proliferative lesions exclusively. Mesangial proliferation
      was less in biopsies obtained after 2 or more years of the alternate-day regimen.
      This was quantitated as a significant increase in the estimated percentage of
      open glomerular capillary lumens and a significant diminution in the prominence
      of PAS-positive mesangial matrix. In the second biopsy, as compared to the pre
      regimen biopsy, no patient had a diminution in the estimated percent of open
      capillary lumens and 65% had a meaningful increase. Likewise, only 3% had an
      increase in prominence of PAS positive matrix and 68% had a diminution in matrix
      prominence. Of 32 patients who were hypoalbuminemic when the regimen started, the
      level rose into the normal range in 62%. The level became subnormal in none of
      the 13 who had a normal level at the start of the regimen. While receiving the
      regimen, renal function, as measured by serum creatinine levels, continued to be
      normal or improved in 73% and deteriorated in 27%. Hematuria disappeared in 80%
      of the 41 in whom it was present when the regimen started. Urinalysis became
      completely normal in 27% and none of these have relapsed while under observation.
      Comparison of data from 20 patients who did not receive the regimen for an
      average of 42 months after clinical onset with data for 25 patients who likewise
      were, on the average, 42 months from clinical onset but who had received the
      regimen for an average of 38 of those months provided the most convincing
      evidence that the regimen altered the natural history. In those receiving the
      regimen, the frequency of hematuria, proteinuria, and hypoalbuminemia was
      significantly less.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2414637
TI  - [Action of different types of gramicidin S derivatives on bacterial cells and
      protoplasts].
AB  - The work was concerned with studying the effect of gramicidin S derivatives with
      modified free amino groups of ornithine residues on bacterial cells and
      protoplasts. The substitution of the amino groups with neutral or carboxyl
      containing groups eliminated or sharply decreased the antibacterial activity of
      gramicidin S, its binding to the cells, and the ability to change the
      permeability of the cytoplasmic membranes of the intact cells. However, the
      neutral derivatives and the derivative with acidic properties showed a
      considerable lytic activity when they were incubated with the protoplasts of
      Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis. Hence,
      these compounds preserved a certain membranotropic level. Those gramicidin S
      derivatives with modified ornithine amino groups which possessed basic properties
      were similar to gramicidin S in the antibiotic activity, the modified
      permeability of the membranes, the ability to bind with the cells, and the lytic
      action on the protoplasts.

PMID- 2414638
TI  - [Intraspecies antigenic differences between Trichomonas strains isolated from the
      human respiratory tract and oral cavity].

PMID- 2414639
TI  - [Undifferentiated pulmonary carcinoma secreting beta-HCG].

PMID- 2414640
TI  - [Combined effects of local hyperthermia, bleomycin, and x-ray on Ehrlich ascites
      tumor in mice].
AB  - The combined effects of local hyperthermia at 42.5 degrees C for 30 minutes
      (HTM), 1/10 LD50 Bleomycin iv(BLM) and 200 rad-irradiation (200R) were studied in
      DDD strain male mice with Ehrlich ascites tumor. The objective was to acquire
      data on the optimum regimen for a combined administration of these 3 modalities.
      The treatments were carried out 10 days after the inoculation of 2 X 10(6) of the
      cells into the right hind-limb. HTM was applied by water bath heating.
      Concomitant application of the 3 modalities led to the best effect with a 80%
      complete regression. A single modality produced no significant effect and a 30
      50% regression occurred when 2 modalities were combined. To assess the influence
      of timing and sequence, HTM was applied at 1,2,4 and 6 hours before, after or
      simultaneously with the combination of BLM and 200R. A significant effect was
      obtained in case of simultaneous application of the 3 modalities and the
      effectiveness of HTM remained as long as the time interval between HTM and BLM
      plus 200R was 2 hours. This enhancement disappeared in case of 4 hour intervals.

PMID- 2414641
TI  - [Clinical and experimental studies on serum and urine amylase levels in carcinoma
      of the pancreas and periampullary region].
AB  - Serum and urinary amylase level are different between in cases with carcinoma of
      the pancreas head and in those with carcinoma of body or tail of the pancreas. In
      this study the relationship between elevation in serum and urinary amylase level
      and the portion of obstructed pancreatic duct by tumor was analysed in cases with
      pancreatic carcinoma was analysed and also this was investigated in experimental
      model of pancreatic duct ligated dog. In patients with carcinoma of the pancreas
      and periampullary region, the site of obstruction of the main pancreatic duct was
      estimated by ERP and serum and urinary amylase level were measured. The values of
      serum amylase level were different according to the site of obstruction of the
      pancreatic duct by the tumor and in cases with highly elevated serum amylase
      levels the main pancreatic duct was obstructed within 5cm from the duodenal
      papilla. Pathology of these cases revealed pancreatic fibrosis derived from
      pancreatitis accompanied by tumor was closely related to serum and urinary
      amylase level. In pancreatic ligated dogs similar findings were observed. These
      data suggested that elevated serum amylase level is due to the pancreatic duct
      obstruction in cases with carcinoma of the periampullary duodenum.

PMID- 2414642
TI  - Phasic ion channel blockade. A kinetic model and parameter estimation procedure.
AB  - For excitable membranes, use and frequency dependence represent a progressive
      incorporation of drug into gated ion channels with repetitive stimulation. In
      contrast to receptors where access to ligand is continuous in time, we define
      guarded receptors, such as gated ion channels, as receptors whose access to the
      ligand pool is transient and controlled by the channel-gating process. During
      repetitive stimulation, the fraction of ligand-bound channels (ion channel
      blockade) follows an exponential time course, determined by the interstimulus
      interval, channel-gating processes, drug concentration, and the forward and
      reverse rate coefficients characteristic of the binding process. Based on a first
      order model of ligand-receptor binding, we derive a characterization of ion
      channel blockade via a single diffusion path under conditions of repetitive
      phasic stimulation. Extension to multiple diffusion paths and multiple drugs
      leads to a more complex scheme, but these generalizations are straightforward.
      For the case of one diffusion path, we derive the steady state level of channel
      blockade for guarded receptors as a function of stimulus rate and develop a data
      analysis strategy suitable for characterizing ion channel-blocking agents such as
      local anesthetics and antiarrhythmic drugs. We show that as receptor access time
      increases, the transient and steady state properties of guarded receptors become
      equivalent to those derived from the standard continuous access ligand-receptor
      model. The analysis tools presented simplify the quantitative description of the
      functional properties of many ion channel blockers and appear to have general
      applicability to characterization of periodically accessible receptors.

PMID- 2414643
TI  - Captan alters transcription in Escherichia coli permeabilized by toluene.
AB  - RNA synthesis was measured in toluenized E. coli by the incorporation of
      radiolabeled precursor into either acid precipitable or phenol extracted RNA.
      Exposure to captan (100 microM) caused a 2.6 fold increase in the apparent rate
      of RNA synthesis. When captan was tested for its effect on the initiation of RNA
      synthesis, using either rifampicin-treated cells or by measuring the
      incorporation of gamma [32P]ATP or gamma [32P]GTP, no change was observed in the
      number of RNA chains being initiated. Thus, captan does not exert its influence
      at the level of initiation of nascent chains. However, captan did have an effect
      on chain growth. From calculations of the incorporation of precursors molecules,
      RNAs isolated from treated cells were measured to be an average of 2.7 times
      longer than those from untreated cells. RNA chain lengths were also analyzed by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By this latter technique it was also shown
      that cells exposed to captan synthesized RNAs that were longer than those of
      untreated cells. Alterations in the degradation of RNA molecules do not account
      for the captan mediated response in RNA synthesis.

PMID- 2414644
TI  - Genetic control of immune response to staphylococcal nuclease. XII: Analysis of
      nuclease antigenic determinants using anti-nuclease monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - SJL mice, which are high responders to Staphylococcal nuclease (nuclease), were
      immunized and used to produce hybridoma cell lines secreting anti-nuclease
      monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Ten stable clones were derived from a single fusion.
      Seven of these produced antibodies of the IgG1, kappa isotype and were more
      precisely characterized for antigenic specificity. Only one hybridoma cell line
      (54-10-4) produced anti-nuclease antibodies capable of inhibiting enzymatic
      activity of nuclease. Binding inhibition analyses strongly suggest that the other
      monoclonal antibodies, which failed to inhibit nuclease activity detect two
      different antigenic regions, or epitopes, of the molecule: epitope cluster 1
      domain is defined by hybridomas 54-2-7, 54-5-2, 54-9-8, and 54-10-8; epitope
      cluster 2 by 54-5-1 and 54-1-9. Because of its capacity to inhibit nuclease
      enzymatic activity mAb 54-10-4 was considered specific for a third epitope of the
      nuclease molecule called epitope 3. Binding studies of these monoclonal
      antibodies were extended to peptide fragments of the nuclease molecule in order
      to examine possible cross-reactions with such fragments, as has previously been
      reported for antibodies purified from polyclonal antisera. Monoclonal antibodies
      specific for epitope cluster 1 on the native molecule also bound to the fragments
      1-126 and 49-149 but failed to bind to fragment 99-149, suggesting that the
      corresponding epitope(s) is determined by amino acids localized between residues
      49 and 99. The epitope clusters 2 and 3 appeared to be expressed only on the
      native molecule. Monoclonal antibodies of different clusters exhibited very
      different migration patterns on isoelectric focusing while monoclonal antibodies
      of the same cluster were indistinguishable, which suggests that they may have
      originated from the same B cell precursor. Taken together these data suggest that
      this panel of monoclonal antibodies detects at least three distinct epitopes of
      the nuclease molecule, one of which could be involved in the determination of the
      enzymatic site.

PMID- 2414645
TI  - Influence of E. coli lipopolysaccharide binding to rat alveolar type II cells on
      their functional properties.
AB  - The interaction between lipopolysaccharide from E. coli 0111:B4 and rat alveolar
      type II pneumocytes and its influence on the functional properties of the cells
      and their membranes were studied. Type II cells were isolated by a novel
      procedure involving digestion of the lung connective tissue with elastase and
      Percoll-gradient centrifugation. Binding of (14C)lipopolysaccharide to type II
      cells resulted in a partially reversible; non-specific, high affinity process.
      (14C)Choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine by type II cells was
      stimulated by lipopolysaccharide, the maximum effect being observed at 10-20
      micrograms/ml. 45Ca2+ uptake by type II cells was also increased by
      lipopolysaccharide. Using plasma membranes from lung homogenates an increase of
      membrane microviscosity versus the amount of lipopolysaccharide was shown. These
      results indicate that E. coli lipopolysaccharide interacts with alveolar type II
      cells by binding reversibly to particular ingredients of the membrane bilayer and
      induces a modification of ion permeability and fluidity of the membrane.

PMID- 2414646
TI  - Epitope distribution and immunochemical characterization of nucleolar
      phosphoprotein C23 using ten monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Extractable nucleolar proteins from HeLa cells were used as a source of antigen
      to immunize mice for monoclonal antibody (MAb) production. Ten of the resulting
      MAbs shown to identify nucleolar phosphoprotein (110 kD/pI 5.5) were purified and
      used in immunochemical studies to further characterize protein C23. All ten MAbs
      showed nucleolar localization by indirect immunofluorescence; one antibody (FR2)
      also showed some nucleoplasmic localization that was attributed to a shared
      epitope between protein C23 and a 72 kD nuclear/nucleolar antigen. Reciprocal
      antibody cross blocking studies indicated that the ten MAbs identified nine
      distinct epitopes on protein C23. Interestingly, seven of the nine epitopes were
      shown by immunofluorescence and competitive ELISA studies to be species related.
      Immunostained patterns of exponentially growing HeLa cells suggest that protein
      C23 exists in vivo solely as a 110 kD peptide. However, protein C23 was subject
      to rapid degradation into a number of proteolytic fragments upon extraction or
      storage of isolated nucleoli. The failure to find protein C23 related peptides
      with molecular sizes less than 110 kD in exponentially growing cells and the lack
      of cytoplasmic localization of any of the ten MAbs suggests that protein C23 is
      not a prepro-protein processed in vivo to form ribosomal proteins as previously
      suggested (1).

PMID- 2414647
TI  - [Fetal hemoglobin in hemolytic disease of the newborn infant].
AB  - The authors describe the significant rise in the percentage of erythrocytes
      containing fetal hemoglobin during the course of morbus haemolyticus neonatorum.

PMID- 2414648
TI  - Preneoplasia and neoplasia of the bronchus, esophagus, and colon: the use of
      markers in determining phenotypes and classification.

PMID- 2414649
TI  - Axonal regeneration in wobbler motor neuron disease: quantitative histologic and
      axonal transport studies.
AB  - The regenerative capacity of the cervical anterior horn cells was studied at 4
      and 7 days following forelimb nerve crush in 19 wobbler mice and 18 normal
      littermates. Quantitative histologic and radiolabeled axonal transport techniques
      showed that the axotomized neurons of the wobbler mouse supported active axonal
      elongation. However, the average axon outgrowth rate determined by histologic
      technique was diminished by 25% and the fastest axon outgrowth rate determined by
      axonal transport technique was also decreased by 30% in wobbler mice as compared
      to controls. The distal labeled peak was absent in the wobbler mouse at 7 days,
      indicating that the regeneration rate of individual axons was widely dispersed.
      Histologic studies also showed that the wobbler axons grew slowly. This study
      suggests that axonal regeneration does occur in motor neurons undergoing a
      primary neuronopathy. However, the regenerative capacity was reduced and this
      appears to reflect an impairment of functional integrity in the anterior horn
      cells of the wobbler mouse.

PMID- 2414650
TI  - Activity of 2'3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase and content of PO protein
      in the peripheral nervous system of the dystrophic mouse and chicken.
AB  - To investigate whether various myelin markers could detect pathological changes
      in myelination, the activity of 2'-3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase
      (CNP) and the level of PO protein were compared in the peripheral nervous system
      (PNS) of the dystrophic mouse and chicken and their phenotypically normal
      siblings. The same comparison was made for subcellular fractions of these nerves.
      The level of PO protein and the activity of CNP were normal in the spinal roots
      of sciatic nerves of the 129B6F1/Jdy/dy strain of dystrophic mouse. These
      parameters were slightly but significantly lower in the spinal roots of the
      129REJ/dy/dy strain of dystrophic mouse. These results suggest that the
      129B6F1/Jdy/dy mutant and the 129REJ/dy/dy mutant mouse might not have the same
      type of biochemical abnormality in their PNS. The specific activity of CNP and
      the proportion of PO protein increased significantly in the various regions of
      the PNS of 1-day-old chicks when compared to that of the 18-day-old embryos.
      Subcellular fractionation of peripheral nerves indicated that these components
      were enriched in the crude myelin fraction. These results support the conclusion
      that PO protein and CNP are suitable markers of myelinogenesis in the PNS of the
      chick. These parameters were normal in the line 413 dystrophic chicken. These
      results do not support the conclusion of a systemic membrane defect in the PNS of
      the dystrophic mouse and chicken.

PMID- 2414651
TI  - Differential effects of alpha-latrotoxin on mouse nerve endings and fibers.
AB  - The action of alpha-latrotoxin (alpha-LTx), the major toxic component from black
      widow spider venom, was studied on mammalian motor nerve endings and fibers.
      Electrophysiologic recordings of presynaptic and postsynaptic responses at early
      stages after the application of different doses of alpha-LTx showed massive
      transient increases in transmitter release and changes in the configuration of
      presynaptic currents. Later, a loss of invasion of terminals by nerve impulses
      occurred, whereas the impulse conduction in nerve fibers was unmodified. These
      results support the idea of a selective effect of alpha-LTx on presynaptic
      membrane excitability.

PMID- 2414652
TI  - Ligature-induced injury in peripheral nerve: electrophysiological observations on
      changes in action potential characteristics following blockade of potassium
      conductance.
AB  - The effects of the potassium channel blocking agent 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on
      action potential properties were studied in chronically injured rat sciatic
      nerves. In normal, mature myelinated fibers, application of 4-AP does not lead to
      any significant change in action potential waveform or firing pattern in response
      to single stimuli. In contrast, application of 4-AP to nerves injured by the
      placement of loose ligatures results in the appearance of late rippled components
      in the compound action potential. This alteration in waveform is present at the
      injury site, but not at nerve segments proximal or distal to this region. Paired
      stimulation experiments demonstrate that this oscillation of the whole nerve
      response reflects repetitive firing in response to single stimuli following
      application of 4-AP. Intra-axonal recording following 4-AP application
      demonstrates bursts of action potentials, with several spikes of reduced
      amplitude arising from a depolarizing potential following the initial spike.
      Refractory period for the late spike is greater than that of the primary action
      potential. These results demonstrate that potassium channels are present and
      functional in chronically injured nerves, where blockage of these channels
      results in repetitive firing in response to single stimuli.

PMID- 2414653
TI  - Modified methods for preparation of cryostat sections of skeletal muscle.
AB  - We developed two modified methods for the preparation of cryostat sections of
      skeletal muscle: one using solid carbon dioxide and the other using the ultra-low
      freezer to prepare 2-methylbutane (isopentane) for freezing of skeletal muscle.
      The results were quite satisfactory, with good preservation of cellular details
      and histochemical properties. Freezing artifacts were minimal when compared with
      the standard liquid nitrogen method.

PMID- 2414654
TI  - Degradation of human hair by some dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi.

PMID- 2414655
TI  - Isolation and characterisation of nucleic acids from the hydatid organisms,
      Echinococcus spp. (Cestoda).
AB  - DNA and RNA in combination have been prepared and characterised from the hydatid
      disease organisms, Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis. The
      DNA obtained is of high molecular weight, pure and can be cleaved by restriction
      enzymes, thereby facilitating future production of genomic DNA probes for studies
      of Echinococcus gene expression. Moreover, cloned DNA segments from Schistosoma
      mansoni hybridise strongly to Echinococcus DNA following restriction and Southern
      blot analysis. The extracted RNA is functional and has been translated in vitro.
      The major translated polypeptides and antigens have been identified, and the
      technique can now be used to analyse differential gene expression during
      development and differentiation of the hydatid organisms and to identify specific
      polypeptide antigens which may have potential as immunodiagnostic reagents.

PMID- 2414656
TI  - In vitro synthesis of a 28 kilodalton antigen present on the surface of the
      schistosomulum of Schistosoma mansoni.
AB  - Adult Schistosoma mansoni proteins were fractionated on polyacrylamide slab gels,
      recovered by electrophoretic elution and used for immunization of Fischer rats.
      Three antisera recognizing, respectively, 28, 78 and 85 kDa antigens were
      obtained. The 28 kDa antigen was found among the in vitro translation products
      from adult worm RNA, and among the 125I-labelled surface antigens of S. mansoni
      schistosomula. The isoelectric point of the 28 kDa antigen was 6.3-6.5. The 28
      kDa antiserum mediated a cytotoxic activity against schistosomula when used in an
      in vitro assay in the presence of a purified eosinophil cell population.

PMID- 2414657
TI  - Expression in Escherichia coli of two Schistosoma mansoni genes that encode major
      antigens recognized by immune mice.
AB  - Two clones which contain genes encoding Schistosoma mansoni proteins recognized
      by immune mouse sera were chosen from cDNA lambda gt11 expression vector library
      by preselecting clones from the library with rabbit antisera against adult worm
      phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-soluble antigens. One clone, MAC 182, codes for
      part of a Mr 70 000 protein; the other clone, MAC 184, codes for a Mr 27 000
      protein. The insert sizes of MAC 182 and MAC 184 are 400 bp and 800 bp,
      respectively. Both clones express S. mansoni beta-galactosidase fusion proteins
      as products of the construct. Antibodies from either chronically infected mice or
      mice vaccinated with irradiated cercariae recognize the MAC 182 fusion protein
      (MAC 182fp) but not the MAC 184 fusion protein (MAC 184fp). Rabbit antibodies
      prepared against MAC 182fp immunoprecipitate a Mr 70 000 in vitro translation
      product from adult mRNA and react in Western blot with a corresponding Mr 70 000
      protein present in eggs, cercariae and adult worms but absent in schistosomula.
      Although the MAC 184fp is not recognized directly by chronic infection or
      vaccinated mouse antibodies, antisera prepared against the purified fusion
      protein immunoprecipitate a Mr 27 000 in vitro translation product which also
      reacts with mouse chronic infection sera. The same Mr 27 000 protein appears to
      be present in eggs, cercariae, schistosomula and adults as determined by Western
      blots with rabbit antisera against the MAC 184fp. These results suggest that the
      S. mansoni polypeptide encoded by the MAC 184 gene, when expressed within a
      fusion protein, fails to present epitopes normally recognized during natural
      infection. We propose that these epitopes are conformationally determined and are
      destroyed when the MAC 184 protein is expressed within beta-galactosidase. This
      abrogation of conformational epitopes may explain the failure of antibodies from
      chronically infected or vaccinated mice and rabbits to effectively recognize gene
      products of certain lambda gt11-fusion protein clones.

PMID- 2414658
TI  - Two Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface polypeptides share epitopes with a
      single Mr 185 000 parasite glycoprotein.
AB  - The malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum synthesizes a major glycoprotein (gp)
      of Mr 185 000 during its asexual blood cycle. Immunoprecipitation of
      [35S]methionine- or [3H]glucosamine-labeled schizont antigens indicated that two
      groups of polypeptides were distinguished with anti-gp 185 mouse monoclonal
      antibodies: group A was composed of glycosylated molecules of Mr 185 000, 120
      000, 90 000, 88 000, 46 000, and 40 000 while group B contained, in addition to
      gp 185, polypeptides of Mr 152 000, 106 000 and 83 000. The latter polypeptides
      lacked detectable amounts of radiolabeled saccharide. The smaller Mr polypeptides
      were specifically immunoprecipitated and not merely coprecipitated with gp 185.
      Our results suggest that gp 185 contains at least two structurally distinct
      domains which may be processed independently into either the group A or group B
      polypeptides. Although gp 185 may not be a merozoite surface protein,
      representative group A and group B-specific monoclonal antibodies bound to
      surface antigens of the merozoite as demonstrated by immunolabeling followed by
      electron microscopy. Therefore, at least one group A antigen and one group B
      antigen appeared to be on the extracellular surface of the merozoite. The
      proteins found in immunoprecipitates after both (1) sonication in aqueous medium
      and ultracentrifugation and (2) solubilization and phase separation of parasite
      molecules with Triton X-114 suggested that the group A and group B polypeptides
      and glycoproteins are either soluble or peripheral membrane proteins. Some of
      these, therefore, may be components of the surface coat of the merozoite.

PMID- 2414659
TI  - Effects of a novel compound (AL 721) on HTLV-III infectivity in vitro.

PMID- 2414660
TI  - Consequences of unremitting middle-ear infection in early life.

PMID- 2414661
TI  - Modulation of fetal hemoglobin synthesis by iron deficiency.

PMID- 2414662
TI  - Developmental neurobiology. Trophic control of channel gating?

PMID- 2414663
TI  - Presynaptic control of synaptic channel kinetics in sympathetic neurones.
AB  - The kinetic properties of synaptically activated ion channels are an important
      determinant of the duration of the synaptic currents that produce postsynaptic
      potentials in autonomic neurones and skeletal muscle. In the two types of
      principal neurones in frog sympathetic ganglia, B and C cells, a twofold
      difference in the mean open time of the nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh-gated) ion
      channels accounts for the twofold difference in the decay rate of their fast
      excitatory postsynaptic currents (e.p.s.cs). The B and C cells are selectively
      innervated by two distinct classes of cholinergic preganglionic axons called B
      and C fibres, respectively. The present study examined the influence of the
      preganglionic nerve on the expression of synaptic ion channel properties in
      sympathetic neurones. B cells were denervated surgically and allowed to become
      innervated solely by preganglionic C fibres. These B cells, innervated by C
      fibres, acquired slowly decaying e.p.s.cs and long channel open times,
      characteristics normally seen in C cells only. These findings provide the first
      evidence that the kinetic properties of postsynaptic channels can be determined
      by the particular class of axon innervating a neurone.

PMID- 2414664
TI  - Inverse relationship of the durations of adjacent open and shut intervals for C1
      and K channels.
AB  - Ion channels in cell membranes, whether voltage-dependent or activated by
      ligands, make repeated transitions among open and shut states during activity.
      Information about the number of states and the transitional pathways between them
      can be obtained from the durations of open and shut intervals, as transitions to
      states of different lifetimes result in intervals of different mean durations. If
      there is only one open conformation, or state, then the durations of open
      intervals would be independent of the durations of adjacent shut intervals. On
      the other hand, if a channel has two or more open states with different mean
      lifetimes, and if each open state is entered directly from a different shut state
      with a different mean lifetime, then the open intervals should be related to the
      adjacent shut intervals. We now report that the durations of adjacent open and
      shut intervals for both a C1 channel and a large conductance Ca-activated K
      channel in skeletal muscle are inversely related; shorter open intervals are
      adjacent to longer shut intervals. These findings indicate that two or more shut
      states make direct transitions to two or more open states, and suggest that the
      lifetimes of adjacent open and shut states are inversely related.

PMID- 2414665
TI  - Post-transcriptional control of myc and p53 expression during differentiation of
      the embryonal carcinoma cell line F9.
AB  - Teratocarcinoma cells provide us with a model system for the study of
      differentiation and development. One of the best characterized cell lines, the
      embryonal carcinoma stem cell line F9, differentiates after treatment with
      retinoic acid (RA) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP into parietal endoderm. This
      differentiation process is accompanied by the induction of several genes, for
      example, those encoding collagen IV, plasminogen activator and intermediate
      filaments like laminin. In contrast, a marked reduction of stable messenger RNA
      has been observed for the gene encoding p53 and for c-myc. Both cellular
      oncogenes seem to be involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation and
      neoplastic transformation. For growth-arrested 3T3 fibroblasts, growth-factor
      induced changes of myc RNA are controlled at the level of transcription. In
      contrast, F9 cells provide a differentiation system in which cells are able to
      change from a tumorigenic state into non-dividing, non-tumorigenic endodermal
      cells. The latter process enabled us to study the regulation of myc and p53 genes
      in the same cells at different stages of growth, tumorigenicity and
      differentiation. Here we report that down-regulation of stable myc and p53 RNA
      during irreversible differentiation of F9 cells occurs at the post
      transcriptional level. Using an in vitro nuclear transcription assay, we found
      that the polymerase II density on both genes remains constant during
      differentiation. In agreement with this interpretation, we detected myc RNA as
      stable transcripts in differentiated F9 cells after treatment of the cells with
      cycloheximide. The post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms controlling p53 and
      myc stability follow different kinetics. Whereas the down-regulation of myc seems
      to be an early event of F9 differentiation occurring within the first 24 h, the
      post-transcriptional regulation of p53 occurs at a later stage (two to three
      days), possibly as a consequence of cell cycle changes.

PMID- 2414666
TI  - Paraneoplastic myasthenic syndrome IgG inhibits 45Ca2+ flux in a human small cell
      carcinoma line.
AB  - Certain cancers exert unexplained remote effects on the nervous system. Small
      cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung, a tumour capable of spike electrogenesis and
      which is of possible neural crest origin, is present in approximately 70% of
      patients with the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), a disorder
      characterized by fatigable muscle weakness. Patients with this syndrome have a
      defect in the (Ca2+-dependent) quantal release of acetylcholine from motor nerve
      terminals evoked by a nerve impulse or by high K+ (ref.5), and a decreased number
      of presynaptic active zone particles. The physiological and morphological
      features of the syndrome can be transferred to mice by the patients' IgG,
      consistent with an autoantibody interfering with the function of voltage
      dependent Ca2+ channels. Here we demonstrate that K+-induced 45Ca2+ flux in a
      cultured human SCC line is significantly reduced by LEMS IgG, suggesting that in
      SCC-LEMS an autoantibody to tumour Ca2+-channel determinants is triggered; its
      cross-reaction with similar determinants at the motor nerve terminal could lead
      to the remote neurological syndrome.

PMID- 2414667
TI  - Voltage-dependent calcium and potassium channels in retinal glial cells.
AB  - Glial cells, which outnumber neurones in the central nervous system, have
      traditionally been considered to be electrically inexcitable and to play only a
      passive role in the electrical activity of the brain. Recent reports have
      demonstrated, however, that certain glial cells, when maintained in primary
      culture, possess voltage-dependent ion channels. It remains to be demonstrated
      whether these channels are also present in glial cells in vivo. I show here that
      Muller cells, the principal glial cells of the vertebrate retina, can generate
      'Ca2+ spikes' in freshly excised slices of retinal tissue. In addition, voltage
      clamp studies of enzymatically dissociated Muller cells demonstrate the presence
      of four types of voltage-dependent ion channels: a Ca2+ channel, a Ca2+-activated
      K+ channel, a fast-inactivating (type A) K+ channel and an inward-rectifying K+
      channel. Currents generated by these voltage-dependent channels may enhance the
      ability of Muller cells to regulate extracellular K+ levels in the retina and may
      be involved in the generation of the electroretinogram.

PMID- 2414668
TI  - Nuclear extracts from globin-synthesizing cells enhance globin transcription in
      vitro.
AB  - In vitro transcription studies of cloned messenger RNA-coding genes have yielded
      considerable information regarding the sequence elements and protein factors
      involved in transcription initiation and RNA processing. Fractionation of whole
      cell, S-100 protein and nuclear extracts reveals the existence of both general
      class II and gene-specific transcription initiation factors. Because the soluble
      in vitro transcription systems prepared from cells in culture are largely
      nonspecific for the origin of the template DNA, they are highly suited to
      searching for tissue-specific and gene-specific transcription regulatory factors.
      In the experiments reported here, we have added a nuclear extract prepared from
      human erythroleukaemia-like cells (K562, which can be induced to synthesize
      epsilon- and gamma-globin mRNA and protein) to several deproteinized DNA
      templates, and monitored transcription levels in a HeLa cell-free transcription
      system. The K562 nuclear extract enhanced transcription of beta-, epsilon- and
      gamma-globin genes by as much as 30-fold compared with control non-globin
      templates. These results suggest the presence of a globin gene regulatory factor
      in erythroleukaemia cell nuclei.

PMID- 2414669
TI  - Isolation of a protein that stimulates blood vessel growth.

PMID- 2414670
TI  - Thrombospondin binds falciparum malaria parasitized erythrocytes and may mediate
      cytoadherence.
AB  - Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes containing mature trophozoites and
      schizonts sequester along venular endothelium and are not in the peripheral
      circulation of patients with malaria. Knobs appear on infected erythrocytes and
      are the points of attachment to endothelium. Sequestration may protect the
      parasite from splenic destruction and may play a role in the pathogenesis of
      cerebral malaria. Correlates of sequestration have been developed in vitro using
      cultured human endothelium and an amelanotic melanoma cell line. Knobless strains
      (K-) of P. falciparum fail to sequester in vivo and to bind to cells in vitro. We
      now present evidence that the receptor for cytoadherence is the glycoprotein,
      thrombospondin. Aotus monkey or human erythrocytes containing knobby (K+) but not
      Aotus erythrocytes containing knobless strains of P. falciparum bind to
      immobilized thrombospondin. Neither binds to the adhesive proteins laminin,
      fibronectin, factor VIII/von Willebrand factor or vitronectin. Both soluble
      thrombospondin and anti-thrombospondin antibodies inhibit binding of parasitized
      Aotus erythrocytes to immobilize thrombospondin and to melanoma cells which
      secrete thrombospondin.

PMID- 2414671
TI  - Mechanisms in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2414672
TI  - Insulin rapidly stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of a Mr-185,000 protein in
      intact cells.
AB  - Phosphotyrosine-containing proteins are minor components of normal cells which
      appear to be associated primarily with the regulation of cellular metabolism and
      growth. The insulin receptor is a tyrosine-specific protein kinase, and one of
      the earliest detectable responses to insulin binding is activation of this kinase
      and autophosphorylation of its beta-subunit. Tyrosine autophosphorylation
      activates the phosphotransferase in the beta-subunit and increases its reactivity
      toward tyrosine phosphorylation of other substrates. When incubated in vitro with
      [gamma-32P]ATP and insulin, the purified insulin receptor phosphorylates various
      proteins on their tyrosine residues. However, so far no proteins other than the
      insulin receptor have been identified as undergoing tyrosine phosphorylation in
      response to insulin in an intact cell. Here, using anti-phosphotyrosine
      antibodies, we have identified a novel phosphotyrosine-containing protein of
      relative molecular mass (Mr) 185,000 (pp185) which appears during the initial
      response of hepatoma cells to insulin binding. In contrast to the insulin
      receptor, pp185 does not adhere to wheat-germ agglutininagarose or bind to anti
      insulin receptor antibodies. Phosphorylation of pp185 is maximal within seconds
      after exposure of the cells to insulin and exhibits a dose-response curve similar
      to that of receptor autophosphorylation, suggesting that this protein represents
      the endogenous substrate for the insulin receptor kinase.

PMID- 2414673
TI  - Central effects of baclofen on the L-dopa induced hyperactive urinary bladder of
      the rat.
AB  - Cystometric recordings were performed in pentobarbitone anaesthetized rats and
      the effects of baclofen on urinary bladder function were evaluated as their
      influence on bladder hyperactivity induced by 1-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa)
      after peripheral decarboxylase inhibition. The bladder response was inhibited by
      intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v., 4th ventricle, 0.1 microgram) as well as by
      systemically administered (10 mg/kg i.v.) baclofen. Intravenous naloxone but not
      i.v. bicuculline i.c.v. substance P or i.c.v. glutamate antagonized the
      inhibitory actions of i.c.v. or/and i.v. baclofen. It is suggested that baclofen
      depresses the hyperactive bladder by a central action that is unrelated to
      bicuculline sensitive gamma aminobutyric acid mechanisms, substance P or
      glutamate neurotransmission but that is possibly related to interference with
      opioid mechanisms.

PMID- 2414674
TI  - Properties of Vmax block of INa-mediated action potentials during combined
      application of antiarrhythmic drugs in cardiac muscle.
AB  - Modifications of drug-induced Vmax inhibition by the combined treatment of the
      cardiac membrane with several class 1 antiarrhythmic agents were studied in
      guinea pig's ventricular myocardium taking the depression of upstroke velocity in
      fast action potentials as an indicator for INa blockade. A novel analytical
      procedure, first beat phasic block determination, provided the opportunity to
      estimate phasic drug binding initiated by a single action potential. Total Vmax
      blockade increased in response to the addition of quinidine (1 X 10(-5) mol/l),
      lidocaine (3 X 10(-5) or 3 X 10(-4) mol/l) or prajmalium (2.5 X 10(-5) mol/l) to
      a propafenone-containing (5 X 10(-6) mol/l) medium. This intensification
      originated from an increase of both tonic (rested-state) and phasic (use
      dependent) Vmax blockade when kinetically similar drugs such as propafenone and
      quinidine may interact simultaneously with Na+ channels and, thus, resembles the
      effects of a rise in drug concentration. Accordingly, the development kinetics of
      phasic Vmax blockade were accelerated but block relaxation kinetics remained
      unaffected. Intensification of total Vmax blockade induced by combining
      propafenone with the kinetically different lidocaine resulted exclusively from an
      increase of tonic blockade at driving rates between 0.2 and 1 Hz. Steady state
      phasic Vmax blockade remained within this frequency range unchanged or decreased
      depending on whether the lidocaine concentration in the propafenone-containing
      medium was low or high. Although the strength of first beat phasic Vmax block
      went up in both cases, the propafenone-induced fraction declined in the presence
      of the higher lidocaine concentration. Development and relaxation kinetics of
      phasic Vmax blockade became modified when Na+ channels were exposed to a mixture
      of kinetically different drugs, propafenone plus lidocaine or propafenone plus
      prajmalium. Instead of a single exponential time course, development and removal
      of phasic Vmax blockade consisted of two different components. The biexponential
      time course of phasic block onset in propafenone plus prajmalium, the
      biexponential time course of phasic block relaxation in propafenone plus
      lidocaine and the interference of one drug with the blocking action of another
      strongly suggest a Na+ channel-associated drug receptor. Propafenone and
      lidocaine very probably find a common target which might bear a single or two
      allosterically linked binding sites.

PMID- 2414675
TI  - [Arthralgia and neurologic deficit. A differential diagnostic review].
AB  - The diagnostic classification of arthralgia and non-characteristic neurological
      deficit is a challenge for the neurologist and the internist if both symptoms
      arise simultaneously or in combination. Diseases with the combined appearance of
      both symptoms are grouped into those with early and more or less simultaneous
      onset, those starting with arthralgias followed by neurological deficits,
      neurogenic arthropathies, and those presenting both symptoms as complications of
      ongoing internal disease. A diagnostic procedure is set out and recommended.

PMID- 2414676
TI  - Dementia in human populations exposed to neurotoxic agents: a portable
      microcomputerized dementia screening battery.
AB  - Dementia has been described as a clinical syndrome associated with chronic
      diffuse cerebral hemispheric dysfunction resulting in multiple involvement of
      cognition, memory, language, visual-spatial skills, and personality. While the
      specific diseases causing dementia are diverse, the severity of the dementia is
      directly correlated with the loss of functional brain tissue, independent of the
      primary neuropathology. Many neurotoxicants are pharmacologically nonselective.
      Thus, chronic exposure to these agents would be expected to result in
      progressive, diffuse impairment of CNS functioning that would present clinically
      as a substance-induced dementia. This suggests that diagnostic techniques
      developed for the early detection of incipient dementia in the aged might prove
      useful in screening for dementia in younger populations. A microcomputer based
      Psychometric Assessment System (PAS) and Dementia Screening Battery (DSB) with
      high predictive value for differentiating the normal age-related changes in
      cognition from those associated with incipient dementia in the aged have been
      developed. The DSB is DSM-III compatible as it evaluates intellectual
      deterioration, malignant memory loss, amnestic aphasia, and spatial
      disorientation. A diagnosis of dementia is obtained by findings of intellectual
      deterioration and malignant memory loss and either amnestic aphasia or spatial
      deterioration.

PMID- 2414677
TI  - Age-associated alteration of serotonergic synaptic neurochemistry in rat rostral
      hypothalamus.
AB  - Levels of monoamines and metabolites in rostral and caudal hypothalamic fragments
      of young (3-4 months) and old (25-26 months) Fischer 344-rats were compared.
      There were no differences between fragments of young animals. In senescent rats,
      5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) increased in both rostral and caudal
      hypothalamus. The ratio 5HIAA/5HT (serotonin), an index of serotonin turnover,
      increased only rostrally. This age-related increase of 5HIAA/5HT in rostral
      hypothalamus was associated with a decrease in [3H]-spiperone binding. There were
      no age-related changes of MAO-A activity in the hypothalamus or of serum tyrosine
      or tryptophan levels.

PMID- 2414678
TI  - Effect of age on substance P levels in the rat mesenteric artery and vein.
AB  - The content of substance P in the vasculature of Fischer 344 rats 6 to 27 months
      of age was determined by radioimmunoassay. Substance P could not be measured in
      the subclavian vein, femoral artery and vein or cerebral arteries of 6 month old
      rats. Levels of substance P in the mesenteric artery and vein of 6 month old rats
      averaged 4.8 +/- 1.0 and 8.3 +/- 1.8 pmole/g wet weight (n = 6-7), respectively.
      At 20 months of age, substance P levels in the vein were significantly increased.
      At 27 months, levels of substance P in both mesenteric artery and vein were
      increased to almost twice the values found in younger animals. This increased
      substance P content could reflect increased nerve density, or, more likely, an
      increased substance P content in each nerve ending. In the latter case, it is not
      possible to distinguish between increased content due to decreased nerve activity
      or increased content which would result in increased amounts of substance P
      released with each nerve impulse.

PMID- 2414679
TI  - Microcephalic cerebrum with hypomyelination in the growth hormone-deficient mouse
      (lit).
AB  - To determine whether GH has an independent action on cerebral development, we
      examined the central nervous system of the little mouse (lit), a promising model
      of isolated growth hormone deficiency. Our findings are (A); the weights of two
      parts of the lit brain were significantly less than those of the normal controls,
      81.5% less for the cerebrum, and 81.6% for the cerebellum, (B): the total DNA
      content was reduced to approximately 80% in the cerebrum and 84% in the
      cerebellum compared to those of the normal controls, (C); the total RNA content
      was also reduced in the cerebrum and cerebellum, proportional to the reduction in
      DNA, (D); CNPase activity was reduced selectively in the cerebrum of the lit
      mouse (74.4% of the normal control), and (E); the lit mice exhibited a strikingly
      reduced level of activity with an indistinct diurnal periodicity. These results
      indicate that GH has independent actions on cerebral development, especially on
      glial cell proliferation as a precondition of myelin formation.

PMID- 2414680
TI  - Photoaffinity labeling of the tetrodotoxin binding component of Electrophorus
      electricus electroplax.
AB  - Radioactive azide derivatives of tetrodotoxin (TTX) were synthesized using 2
      nitro-4-azidephenyl-[3H]beta alanine for the purpose of photolabeling of the Na
      channel. Three azide derivatives, N1, N2 and N3, were separated by ion exchange
      chromatography on Bio-Rex 70 resin and reversed phase high performance liquid
      chromatography. N3 was more stable and obtained at a higher yield than the other
      two derivatives. Bioactivity of N3 was one-twentieth of that of TTX. N3 showed
      reversible binding to membranes of Electrophorus electricus electroplax in the
      dark with Kd = 30 nM and B max = 5.2 pmol/mg protein. By photoirradiation,
      irreversible binding of N3 to the membranes was observed. A N3 binding component
      was solubilized by lubrol PX and partially purified from the electroplax
      membranes by Sephadex G25 and Sepharose 6B column chromatography. The component,
      purified 500 fold from the starting membranes, showed molecular weight of 10,000.

PMID- 2414681
TI  - Disorders in myelination in the twitcher mutant: immunohistochemical and
      biochemical studies.
AB  - The twitcher is an autosomal recessive mutant mouse characterized by absence of
      galactosylceramidase. The twitcher shows clinical and histological features
      similar to those of human Krabbe-type leukodystrophy. We here present the results
      of a neurochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of the twitcher.
      Electrophoretic analysis revealed that in the particulate fraction of the spinal
      cord, myelin basic proteins (MBP) and proteolipid protein were decreased, and in
      the sciatic nerve fibers, PO protein, X, Y and MBP were clearly decreased. 2',3'
      Cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) activities of the pallium
      cerebri, brain stem and spinal cord of the twitcher were about 20% less than
      those of the control. However, in the sciatic nerve, the activity was half that
      of the control. Immunohistochemical studies were carried out by means of antisera
      against MBP and CNPase. There were clear patches indicating both MBP- and CNPase
      negative reactions in the white matter of the central nervous system from the
      twitcher. The reaction on the section of sciatic nerve fibers from the twitcher
      showed a positive reaction only in a very limited number of fibers with both MBP
      and CNPase antisera. A clear astrocytic hypertrophy was detected by the antiserum
      against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Even in the grey matter of the
      cerebral cortex, strong GFAP-positive astrocytes were clearly observed.

PMID- 2414682
TI  - Effects of glycoprotein synthesis inhibitor on myelination in rat cerebellum.
AB  - Effects of a glycoprotein synthesis inhibitor on myelination were investigated in
      rat cerebellum. The glycoprotein synthesis inhibitor, tunicamycin (TM), was
      injected intracranially into newborn rats. The activity of 2',3'-cyclic
      nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) in the cerebellum was significantly
      reduced in 2-week-old animals and was restored to the normal level by age 3
      weeks. When TM was injected into newborn rats every 3-4 days for a total of 6
      times, CNPase activity was still low at 3 and 4 weeks. Immunohistochemical
      stainings for CNPase and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) were performed on
      paraffin sections of multiple-TM-injected cerebellum at 3 weeks. The intensity of
      the staining with MAG antiserum in the white matter was clearly decreased in TM
      treated cerebellum compared with the control. The myelin in the granule cell
      layer was poorly stained with CNPase antiserum in TM-treated cerebellum.
      Subcellular fractionation was carried out and the CNPase activity in each
      fraction was measured. The CNPase activity in the myelin fraction (P2A) from the
      TM-treated cerebellum was significantly lower than that in the control. In
      contrast, the activity in the synaptosomal (P2B) and microsomal (P3) fractions
      from the multiple-TM-injected cerebellum was higher than in those from the
      controls. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of the P2A fractions were
      analyzed. The P2A fraction from TM-treated cerebellum contained less Wolfgram
      protein than the control. These results suggest that glycoprotein synthesis plays
      certain roles in myelination in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2414683
TI  - Cathinone affects dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons in vivo as measured by
      changes in metabolites and synthesis in four forebrain regions in the rat.
AB  - Cathinone is an active ingredient in the leaves of the Khat shrub. Cathinone
      affects behavior, neurochemistry and electrophysiology in a manner similar to the
      stimulants amphetamine, cocaine and methylphenidate. The present study extended
      these studies by evaluating the effects of (+/-)cathinone on dopamine (DA) and 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-containing neurons in several regions of the rat brain
      in vivo. An index of the rate of synthesis of DA and 5-HT in vivo was determined
      in the nuclei caudatus putamen (CP), accumbens (NA), amygdaloideus centralis
      (AC), septi lateralis (SL), preopticus pars suprachiasmatica (PSCN) and
      dorsomedialis (hypothalami; DMN) of male rats (175-225 g) by measuring the
      concentration of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)
      after the administration of NSD 1015 (100 mg/kg, i.p.) an inhibitor of aromatic L
      amino acid decarboxylase. Concentrations of DA, 5-HT and their major metabolites
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA),
      respectively, were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to an
      electrochemical detector. Cathinone decreased levels of DOPAC in a time- and dose
      related manner in the caudatus putamen, accumbens, amygdaloideus centralis and
      septi lateralis with the peak effect occurring 30-60 min after a dose of 6 mg/kg
      (i.p.). Cathinone had no effect on DOPAC in the preopticus pars suprachiasmatica
      or dorsomedialis (hypothalami). The drug also decreased the accumulation of DOPA
      in the caudatus putamen, accumbens, amygdaloideus centralis and septi lateralis,
      but in the preopticus pars suprachiasmatica and dorsomedialis (hypothalami),
      there was no effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2414684
TI  - Different coupling of excitatory amino acid receptors with Ca2+ channels in
      primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells.
AB  - Cerebellar granule cells in primary culture express receptors for excitatory
      amino acids. The activation of these receptors results in an increased uptake of
      Ca2+, however, the effects are different depending on the agonists used.
      Aspartate, NMDA and ibotenate are active only in depolarized conditions, whereas
      kainate and glutamate activate Ca2+ uptake independently from depolarization. The
      results indicate the presence of two receptor types: kainate recognition site
      coupled with voltage-independent Ca2+ channels and NMDA recognition site coupled
      with voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels.

PMID- 2414685
TI  - Cardio-respiratory actions of substance P, TRH and 5-HT in the nucleus tractus
      solitarius of rats: evidence for functional interactions of neuropeptides and
      amine neurotransmitters.
AB  - The cardiovascular and respiratory effects of Substance P (SP) and Thyrotrophin
      Releasing Hormone (TRH) microinjections into the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS)
      of urethane anaesthetized rats have been investigated. Dual injections of the
      peptides with serotonin (5-HT) were given to investigate possible functional
      interactions. In addition, SP and TRH were injected into rats in which 5-HT in
      the NTS area had been depleted by prior treatment with 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine
      (5,7-DHT). SP (65pmol) did not elicit significant effects on blood pressure (BP)
      or heart rate (HR), but produced a marked, acute reduction in respiration rate
      (RR). TRH (110pmol) elicited a small but significant reduction in mean arterial
      pressure (MAP), whereas 5-HT (15nmol) caused a rise in MAP. Neither TRH nor 5-HT
      modified RR when given alone. A dual injection of SP (6.5pmol, ineffective alone)
      and 5-HT (15nmol) resulted in a rise in MAP which was insignificantly different
      from the effect of 5-HT alone. However, a prolonged fall in RR, unlike the effect
      of SP alone was also observed. A dual injection of TRH (11pmol, ineffective
      alone) and 5-HT (15nmol) resulted in a profound fall of RR but no significant
      changes in MAP or HR. SP elicited similar effects in 5,7-DHT lesioned animals as
      in sham operated controls. In contrast, TRH microinjections in lesioned rats were
      associated with a profound fall in RR, and a blood pressure response
      significantly different to that observed in the corresponding sham group. The
      results are discussed in relation to other evidence suggesting functional
      interactions between neuropeptides and amine neurotransmitters in the mammalian
      brainstem.

PMID- 2414686
TI  - Antigen-specific proliferation of CSF lymphocytes in Lyme disease.
AB  - The neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease include meningitis,
      radiculoneuritis, and cranial neuritis. In two patients, we investigated the
      proliferative response of CSF and peripheral blood lymphocytes to protein
      antigens derived from the Lyme disease spirochete. The response of CSF
      lymphocytes was 5 to 10 times greater than that of peripheral blood lymphocytes.
      In contrast, in the one patient studied, lectin-induced proliferation was less in
      CSF than in peripheral blood. These findings show that the CSF of patients with
      Lyme meningitis is an enriched source of antigen-specific proliferative
      lymphocytes.

PMID- 2414687
TI  - [Haptenic dextran in the prevention of dextran reactions].

PMID- 2414688
TI  - [Effect of methisoprinol on neutrophil functions in patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis].
AB  - Neutrophils and monocytes are fundamental to the inflammatory process. They
      migrate into inflammatory foci where they manufacture and release numerous
      substances (enzymes X O2 ions) which if not controlled may injure the tissues
      they come in contact with. This enhanced response is responsible for the
      degenerative reaction typical of inflammation which occurs in rheumatoid
      arthritis. neutrophil and monocyte metabolism are activated in response to
      various drugs or to chemicals that may be produced either by the inflammatory
      agents or by other immunocompetent cells. Hence, immune system modulators may be
      employed to control their response. For this reason neutrophil and monocyte
      function was studied in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis as was the ability of
      methisoprinol, a major immunomodulating drug, to control their functional
      response both in vivo and in vitro. Neutrophils present a defective chemotactic
      activity attributable to a circulating inhibitory factor, a defect that
      methisoprinol can correct. The drug also stimulates lymphocytes and monocytes to
      produce substances that activate neutrophil chemotaxis. Methisoprinol is an
      excellent drug that can modify the altered cell-mediated immunity of rheumatoid
      arthritis patients.

PMID- 2414689
TI  - Effect of proteolipid protein on central nervous system myelin membrane fluidity.
AB  - The effect which intrinsic (proteolipid) protein has on fluidity of central
      nervous system myelin membrane was measured through differences in temperature
      dependent anisotropy of the lipid-soluble fluorescence probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5
      hexatriene (DPH), in multilamellar vesicles (MLV) prepared from total myelin
      lipids in the presence and absence of proteolipid protein. Very little difference
      was observed in the anisotropies of DPH incorporated into intact myelin membrane
      vesicles compared with MLV reconstituted from total myelin lipid plus proteolipid
      protein but excluding myelin basic protein. In contrast, a significant decrease
      (P less than 0.01) in anisotropy was observed when MLV prepared from total myelin
      lipids depleted of proteolipid protein were compared with vesicles containing
      proteolipid protein. Given the different distributions of myelin basic protein
      and proteolipid protein suggested by freeze-fracture, neutron and X-ray
      diffraction studies, and the fact that the hydrophobic DPH probe is known to
      distribute in the non-polar regions of lipid bilayers, we interpret the marked
      decrease in anisotropy when proteolipid protein is excluded from MLV to suggest
      that at least part of the proteolipid is distributed in the hydrocarbon region of
      the MLV. These findings are consistent with the earlier physical studies and
      recent postulations that extensive hydrophobic segments exist in proteolipid
      protein and that these hydrophobic segments are buried in the myelin lipid
      bilayer and alternate with hydrophilic extra-membrane segments.

PMID- 2414690
TI  - High-resolution measurements of single-channel currents activated by glutamate in
      crayfish muscle.
AB  - Patch-clamp pipettes filled with 50-5000 microM glutamate were placed on crayfish
      muscle fibers treated with collagenase, formed G omega seals and elicited single
      channel currents with a main amplitude of about -8 pA at -70 mV membrane
      potential, representing a conductance of about 100 pS (19 degrees C). Evaluation
      of the channel openings longer than 1 ms yielded three sublevels of this
      conductance. The channels opened in bursts, the durations of which were
      distributed in two exponential components with time constants of about 0.1 and
      0.3 ms at low glutamate concentrations, which rose to about 0.4 and 1.8 ms,
      respectively, at high glutamate concentrations. The distributions of closed times
      could be described by three time constants which also varied with glutamate
      concentration. Comparison of the burst durations with the decay time constants of
      natural synaptic currents indicates effective glutamate concentrations in the
      millimolar range during transmission.

PMID- 2414691
TI  - High- and low-affinity binding of [3H]acetylcholine at nicotinic cholinergic
      receptors in rat brain.
AB  - There is both high-affinity and low-affinity nicotinic cholinergic binding of
      [3H]acetylcholine [( 3H]ACh) in rat brain membrane preparations. As determined by
      a filtration binding assay, [3H]ACh bound with Kd = 36.0 +/- 8.4 nM and Bmax =
      19.4 +/- 4.5 fmol/mg protein or 3.3 +/- 0.7 fmol/mg tissue for high-affinity
      binding and Kd about 10(-7) to 10(-6) M and Bmax about 6-10 fmol/mg tissue or 40
      60 fmol/mg protein for low-affinity binding. d-Tubocurarine (1 mM) inhibits high-
      as well as low-affinity binding, whereas 10 microM alpha-bungarotoxin does not
      compete at both binding sites. Substance P had no effect on the binding
      parameters of high-affinity nicotinic cholinergic binding.

PMID- 2414692
TI  - Na+,K+-activated adenosine triphosphatase of isolated Muller cells from the
      rabbit retina shows a K+ dependence similar to that of brain astrocytes.
AB  - Muller (glial) cells from the rabbit retina were isolated by means of papain and
      mechanical dissociation. Their Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity
      was measured using a radiochemical method, and its K+ dependence was determined.
      In contrast to that of photoreceptors (data from the literature), the Na+,K+
      ATPase of Muller cells could be shown to increase its activity greatly when the
      [K+] was enhanced up to 10 mM. The functional implications of this behaviour for
      the K+ clearance in the retina are discussed.

PMID- 2414693
TI  - Changes in extracellular potassium accumulation produced by opioids and naloxone
      in frog spinal cord: relation to changes of Na-K pump activity.
AB  - Superfusion of the isolated spinal cord of the frog with Ringer solution
      containing ouabain or naloxone elevated resting [K]e and depolarized the dorsal
      roots, while the application of enkephalins or morphine decreased [K]e and
      hyperpolarized the dorsal roots. During repetitive electrical stimulation (10-100
      Hz) ouabain and naloxone increased the transient changes of [K]e and enhanced
      dorsal root potentials. When stimulation stopped, the clearance of K+ was slowed,
      the poststimulation K+ undershoot disappeared and poststimulation
      hyperpolarization of dorsal roots was diminished. The opposite effects were found
      during the application of enkephalins or morphine. Our results imply that the
      activity of the membrane Na-K pump is reduced after application of naloxone,
      while opioids enhance it.

PMID- 2414694
TI  - Axosomatic retinal projection to deep tectal neurons and retinopetal neurons in
      largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides lacepede).
AB  - Retinal connections were studied in largemouth bass with a cobalt-lysine method.
      Retinopetal neurons were identified in the area ventralis pars ventralis of the
      telencephalon. The retinofugal pathways are the same as reported earlier, except
      for a massive projection to one layer of cells in the striatum griseum
      periventriculare of the optic tectum. Such a projection has not previously been
      reported in any vertebrate.

PMID- 2414695
TI  - Depression of hippocampal low calcium field bursts by the antiepileptic drug
      valproic acid.
AB  - The antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) reduces the occurrence of the rhythmic
      and synchronous bursts produced by hippocampal neurons maintained 'in vitro' and
      bathed in Ringer-containing low-Ca2+ (0.2 mM), high-Mg2+ (4.0 mM). In this
      medium, synaptic transmission is blocked, thus demonstrating an action of VPA
      unrelated to potentiation of GABAergic phenomena. This conclusion is reenforced
      by the persistence of VPA effects in the presence of bicuculline. Also, the VPA
      doses effective in reducing the low-calcium synchronous burst in the hippocampal
      slice are similar to the free plasma levels of VPA observed to exert
      anticonvulsant effects in kindled rats.

PMID- 2414696
TI  - Pentobarbital promotes bursts of gamma-aminobutyric acid-activated single channel
      currents in cultured mouse central neurons.
AB  - The extracellular patch clamp method was used to study the influence of
      pentobarbital (PB) on membrane channels induced by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
      in cultured mouse spinal neurons. PB (200 microM) increased the probability of
      finding GABA-sensitive channels in the open state; it also increased the average
      frequency at which GABA-induced single channel currents occur, without decreasing
      the number of data sweeps which showed no single channel activity. These results
      indicate that PB potentiates GABA responses by promoting burst-like openings of
      the GABA-sensitive channel.

PMID- 2414697
TI  - Decrease of potassium permeability by intracellular application of sodium ions in
      snail neurons.
AB  - In the identified neurons B1, B2 and B3 of Helix pomatia an intracellular
      injection of Na+ induced an outward current in 10% and an inward current in 90%
      of the experiments. The outward current was associated with an increase and the
      inward current with a decrease of the membrane conductance. Both currents
      reversed at membrane potentials of between -60 and -70 mV. Inward currents were
      also elicited by intracellular Li+ or tris-[hydroxymethyl]-aminomethane (Tris+)
      injection. All inward currents were reduced by extracellular administration of
      tetraethylammonium or quinine. It is suggested that the outward current
      represents a calcium-activated potassium current and that the inward current is
      due to a blockade of potassium channels from the intracellular side.

PMID- 2414698
TI  - Neurokinin A depolarizes neurons of the guinea pig inferior mesenteric ganglia.
AB  - Neurokinin A (NKA) applied either by superfusion (0.1-10 microM) or by pressure
      ejection evoked a slow membrane depolarization in neurons of the inferior
      mesenteric ganglia in vitro. The NKA-induced depolarization which was not
      significantly affected by reducing the Ca concentration or by tetrodotoxin was
      associated in most cases by a small-to-moderate increase in membrane resistance;
      however, conditioning hyperpolarization increased rather than decreased the
      response. The depolarization elicited by NKA was eliminated in the presence of
      substance P (SP) and the depolarization by SP in the presence of NKA. The results
      suggest that the actions of NKA on prevertebral neurons are similar to that of SP
      and that these two peptides may act on the same receptors or share similar ionic
      channels.

PMID- 2414699
TI  - The effects of changes in intracellular calcium on rat synaptosomal cyclic
      adenosine monophosphate.
AB  - Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration was measured in rat striatal
      and hippocampal synaptosomes. Incubation in 50 mM K+ medium caused a decrease in
      both striatal and hippocampal cAMP: this effect was dependent on extracellular
      Ca2+. Replacement of NaCl with sucrose in the incubation medium increased cAMP.
      Incubation with 0.5 mM ouabain was without effect.

PMID- 2414700
TI  - Substance P-immunoreactive nerves in the rat kidney.
AB  - Previously published data have indicated that in the rat, unlike other species
      examined, the kidney is not supplied by sensory nerves containing substance P
      (SP). As part of a study of reflex control of renal function in the rat, we have
      now reassessed this situation. Many fine, varicose, SP-immunoreactive nerve
      fibers were found in the wall of the proximal ureter and the renal pelvis, and
      around the larger renal blood vessels. Sparser populations of similar nerves were
      also seen running close to proximal and distal tubules in the renal cortex.
      Occasional fibers were seen at the margins of the glomeruli. Our findings suggest
      that sensory nerves containing SP may carry sensory information of several types
      from the rat kidney.

PMID- 2414701
TI  - Evidence for an anterograde transport of the fluorescent tracer Fast Blue in the
      strio-nigro-striatal loop of the rat.
AB  - The report is concerned with serendipitous observations which were made in the
      course of investigations on the connectivity of the claustrum. Stereotaxical
      injections of Fast Blue were made in the neostriatum. All major sources of
      striopetal fiber systems were found to contain fluorescent cell bodies. Quite
      unexpectedly, also fluorescent axons and terminals could be observed in brain
      regions known to receive a striofugal input including the globus pallidus,
      entopeduncular and subthalamic nucleus, and the substantia nigra, zona
      reticulata. It is concluded that Fast Blue may be used for both retrograde and
      anterograde neuronal tracing.

PMID- 2414702
TI  - Evidence that large synaptic vesicles containing substance P and small synaptic
      vesicles have a surface antigen in common in rat.
AB  - Synaptic vesicles were purified from rat brain synaptosomes by osmotic lysis and
      chromatography on CPG-3000 controlled-pore glass beads. Large (approximately 100
      nm) synaptic vesicles containing the peptide substance P (SP) were shown to be
      immunoprecipitated by a monoclonal antibody previously shown by W.D. Matthew, L.
      Tsavaler and L.F. Reichardt (J. Cell Biol., 91 (1981) 257-269) to selectively
      immunoprecipitate small (approximately 50 nm) synaptic vesicles from brain.
      Precipitation of SP-containing vesicles showed a saturable dependence on antibody
      concentration. These findings constitute direct, immunochemical evidence that
      large, peptidergic synaptic vesicles and small synaptic vesicles from brain have
      a surface antigen in common.

PMID- 2414703
TI  - Natural history of partial molar pregnancy.
AB  - Between January 1979 and August 1984, 81 patients with partial molar pregnancy
      were observed at the New England Trophoblastic Disease Center. The preevacuation
      clinical diagnosis in 74 (91.3%) patients was either missed or incomplete
      abortion. The uterine size was either small or appropriate for gestational age in
      78 (96.3%) patients. Only five (6.2%) patients presented with excessive uterine
      size or toxemia and were thought to have a molar pregnancy. Preevacuation human
      chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels exceeded 100,000 mIU/mL in only two (6.6%) of
      30 patients. No patient had prominent theca lutein cysts. After evacuation, eight
      (9.9%) patients developed nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic disease.
      Patients with partial moles usually do not present with the clinical features
      that are characteristic of complete molar pregnancy. The diagnosis of partial
      mole is generally only considered after histologic review of curettage specimens.

PMID- 2414704
TI  - Wrongful birth, wrongful life: the doctor between a rock and a hard place.
AB  - Recent court decisions and advances in medical technology have put the doctor in
      the position of serving many masters at the same time. The conflicts created
      often do not deal with good or bad medicine, but rather with the concept of
      alternative choices. It is unfair to ask the medical field to be solely
      responsible for making decisions involving such widespread social and economic
      consequences.

PMID- 2414705
TI  - [Effect of guaiacol on cultured cells].

PMID- 2414706
TI  - Radial keratotomy complicated by sterile keratitis and corneal perforation.
      Histopathologic case report and review of complications.
AB  - A 35-year-old physician had radial keratotomy (RK) for correction of myopia.
      Combined radial and transecting circumferential incisions were used which
      resulted in wound gape, persistent epithelial defect, and severe sterile
      keratitis. Progressive corneal decompensation required an initial patch graft
      followed by a penetrating keratoplasty four months after RK. Histopathology of
      the cornea demonstrated epithelial edema and persistent incisional epithelial
      plug formation, deep and superficial vascularization, variable incision depth
      (superficial to full thickness), endothelial cell loss, and inflammatory cell
      infiltration at all levels of the cornea. A review of the reported complications
      of RK is included in the discussion of this case.

PMID- 2414707
TI  - Immunohistochemical staining of Langerhans cells and macrophages in oral lichen
      planus.
AB  - Twenty patients with clinically and microscopically confirmed lichen planus were
      studied immunohistochemically. Monoclonal antibody to HLA-DR antigens and
      polyclonal antisera to S-100 protein and muramidase were applied to paraffin
      embedded sections for the purpose of elaborating on the pathogenesis of this
      disease. Trypsin incubation of sections was also done in order to determine its
      effect on immunostaining. Langerhans cells were identified with anti-S-100 and
      anti-HLA-DR, and macrophages were identified with antimuramidase and anti-HLA-DR.
      Keratinocytes also expressed HLA-DR membrane activity in lichen planus tissue.
      Trypsinization significantly improved the expression of S-100 protein and
      muramidase antigens. It was concluded that Langerhans cells, macrophages, and
      keratinocytes play important roles in antigen processing and/or phagocytosis
      during the natural history of this disease.

PMID- 2414708
TI  - Coexpression of keratin and desmin in a carcinosarcoma involving the maxillary
      alveolar ridge.
AB  - Immunohistochemical determination of the class of intermediate filaments
      (keratins, vimentin, desmin, neurofilaments, and glial fibrillary acidic protein)
      expressed by tumors has become an important diagnostic procedure for the
      histogenetic classification of neoplasms. A case of a poorly differentiated
      malignant neoplasm of the maxillary alveolar ridge which coexpressed keratin and
      desmin types of intermediate filaments is reported. These intermediate filaments
      have been associated with epithelial and muscle cell differentiation,
      respectively. The morphologic features of the tumor plus the expression of both
      these intermediate filaments indicate that this neoplasm represents a true
      carcinosarcoma.

PMID- 2414709
TI  - Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma: immunohistochemical characterization.
AB  - A 15-year-old boy was referred to the ear, nose, and throat clinic because of a
      swelling in the upper premolar region. The initial diagnosis of a poorly
      differentiated soft-tissue sarcoma was made. Further immunohistochemical studies
      established a definitive diagnosis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. The tumor cells
      coexpressed both desmin, the component of muscle type intermediate filaments, and
      vimentin, which is typically found in mesenchymal tissues. Such coexpression is
      found in the early stages of myogenic differentiation. Another cytoskeletal
      protein, actin, was also found in relatively high concentrations. These results
      suggested the possible use of antibodies to these cytoskeletal proteins as
      histogenetic markers for the diagnosis of poorly differentiated rhabdomyosarcoma.

PMID- 2414710
TI  - [In vitro interferon production of leukocytes from patients dialyzed for chronic
      uremia].

PMID- 2414711
TI  - [Calcitonin analgesia in patients with malignant tumors].

PMID- 2414712
TI  - A preoperative counseling aid for tracheoesophageal puncture.

PMID- 2414713
TI  - [Post-extrasystolic potentiation of the left and right ventricles following right
      atrial and left and right ventricular extrasystoles].

PMID- 2414714
TI  - [Effect of staphylococcal toxin on the calcium-transporting systems of the heart
      muscle].

PMID- 2414715
TI  - [Role of serotonin in the development of compensatory-reparative processes after
      damage to the anterior areas of the cerebral cortex].

PMID- 2414716
TI  - Gifted or dysfunctional: the child savant.

PMID- 2414717
TI  - Voltage sensitive, high-conductance chloride channels in the luminal membrane of
      cultured pulmonary alveolar (type II) cells.
AB  - The properties of ion channels in patches from the luminal membrane of cultured
      monolayers of type II alveolar epithelial cells from adult rat lung have been
      studied. In excised patches, prepared as described to yield the "outside-out"
      configuration (with cesium ions in the bathing solutions to suppress currents
      arising from potassium channels), we observed anion-selective channels with a
      conductance of 350-400 pS, and burst lengths lasting seconds. When patches were
      bathed in solutions with equal chloride concentrations, channels opened and
      closed spontaneously at membrane voltages close to zero, but tended to close when
      the potential was shifted by +/- 10 mV, particularly in the negative direction.
      Other anions could pass through these channels with a permeability sequence of
      I(1.5) greater than Br(1.02) = greater than Cl(1.00) greater than NO3(0.9)
      greater than gluconate(0.6) but there was a very low permeability for sodium
      (PNa/PCl = 0.015 +/- 0.006). Calcium ions reduced channel conductance. The
      channels probably have a role to play in salt absorption by this epithelium, but
      insufficient information is available about how sodium crosses it for the role of
      the anion channels in transport to be defined with confidence.

PMID- 2414718
TI  - Effects of ouabain, age and K-depletion on K-uptake in rat soleus muscle.
AB  - The relationship between the number of 3H-ouabain binding sites and the Na, K
      pump mediated K-uptake has been characterized in rat soleus muscle. By brief
      exposure to 3H-ouabain (1 X 10(-6)-1 X 10(-5) mol/l) in vitro, it could be
      measured that 19-94% of the ouabain binding sites had been occupied. This was
      associated with a proportionate decrease in the ouabain suppressible K-uptake
      indicating that under strictly standardized conditions, measurements of 3H
      ouabain binding sites quantify functional Na,K-pumps. When 3 week old rats were K
      depleted for a further week followed by K-repletion 2 h before measurements, the
      3H-ouabain binding site concentration was 61% lower than in age-matched control
      soleus muscles. However, the ouabain suppressible K-uptake was only reduced by
      35%, partly because intracellular Na remained higher in the muscles obtained from
      K-depleted rats. From the 1st to the 4th week of life, the 3H-ouabain binding
      site concentration increased 2.9-fold. In contrast, the ouabain suppressible K
      uptake decreased by a factor 3.5. Accordingly, in muscles from 1 week old rats,
      the ouabain suppressible K-uptake per 3H-ouabain binding site was 10-fold higher
      than in muscles from 4 week old rats. This difference could not be accounted for
      by changes in intracellular Na, total or extracellular water. It may be related
      to differentiation and change in structure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2414719
TI  - A microscope stage temperature controller for the study of whole-cell or single
      channel currents.
AB  - The construction of a microscope stage temperature controller is described that
      works equally well with upright or inverted microscopes. The control circuit
      directly regulates the bath temperature near the physiological preparation from
      0.0 degree C to 40.0 degrees C with a stability of +/- 0.1 degrees C; it allows
      biophysical studies of whole-cell or single channel currents to be carried out at
      different temperatures without introducing additional electrical noise into the
      measurements. The device may also be of interest to neurobiologists who work with
      tissue-culture preparations.

PMID- 2414720
TI  - Voltage-gated Ca2+ current in pancreatic B-cells.
AB  - Voltage-dependent inward Ba++ and Ca++ currents were recorded in cultured
      neonatal rat pancreatic islet cells using the whole-cell voltage clamp technique.
      Outward current was suppressed by internal Cs+ and ATP and external TEA. Inward
      currents activated rapidly and decayed to a variable extent. The current decay
      was particularly marked when using long duration or large depolarizing pulses.
      Currents were due to Ca++ channel activation since they were abolished by
      omitting Ba++ and Ca++ or including Co++.

PMID- 2414721
TI  - Tension development and calcium sensitivity in skinned muscle fibres of the frog.
AB  - Calcium activated isometric tension development was measured in single skinned
      muscle fibres of the ileofibularis muscle of the frog. The experiments were
      carried out at 5 degrees C, pH = 6.9, 1 mM free Mg2+ and an ionic strength of 160
      mM. A Hill curve was fitted to the isometrically developed tension at different
      Ca2+ concentrations by means of a non-linear least mean square approximation. At
      a sarcomere length of 2.15 micron, the Ca2+ concentration for half maximum
      tension (K) was 1.6 microM. This Ca2+ concentration decreased with increasing
      sarcomere length; at 2.7 micron, K was 1.1 microM and at 3.1 micron, K was 0.9
      microM. Therefore, Ca sensitivity is increased at larger sarcomere lengths.
      Consequently, the optimal sarcomere length for tension development shifted to
      larger values when the Ca2+ concentration was lowered. Osmotic compression of the
      fibre at 2.15 micron by means of 5% Dextran also caused an increase in Ca
      sensitivity (K was 1.0 microM). At 2.7 micron, addition of 5% Dextran hardly
      affected the Ca sensitivity. The possible role of the interfilament spacing in
      the explanation of these results discussed.

PMID- 2414722
TI  - Beta-adrenergic modulation of the Na+-K+ pump in frog skeletal muscles.
AB  - Adrenaline markedly increased the ouabain-sensitive 22Na+-efflux by stimulating
      the Na+-K+ pump in frog skeletal muscle. The facilitatory effects of adrenaline
      had the following properties. The effects of adrenaline on the ouabain-sensitive
      Na+-efflux were observed at concentrations greater than 0.1 microM and the
      magnitude increased with concentration up to 10 microM. At a concentration of 30
      microM, adrenaline markedly augmented the ouabain-sensitive Na+-efflux, but other
      biogenic amines were less effective (noradrenaline and dopamine) or ineffective
      (histamine and serotonin). The increase of Na+-efflux induced by 1 microM
      adrenaline was blocked by 3 microM propranolol, but not by 3 microM
      phenoxybenzamine. The properties of the facilitatory action of adrenaline on the
      ouabain-sensitive Na+-efflux suggest that beta-adrenoceptors have an important
      role in modulating the Na+-K+ pump activity in the skeletal muscle membrane. The
      protein complex localized in excitable membranes, namely the Na+-K+ ATPase-beta
      adrenoceptor complex, may be the functional unit which operates the membrane
      machinery driving the Na+-K+ pump.

PMID- 2414723
TI  - Sodium conductance and the activation potential in Xenopus laevis eggs.
AB  - Experiments have been performed to identify the membrane permeability changes
      causing activation potential in Xenopus eggs. The eggs were artificially
      activated either by pricking or by addition of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 to the
      bath. Two different ionic currents appear to control the activation potential:
      (i) a chloride current which develops after a delay of 30 s to 5 min from the
      activating stimulus and which, in low external chloride, produces a
      depolarization and, (ii) a voltage-dependent outward current which begins to flow
      when the membrane potential is more positive than about +20 mV and tends to
      hyperpolarize the membrane. The chloride current lasts about 3-4 min; the voltage
      dependent outward current is present before activation and disappears more slowly
      than the Cl- current. Changes in external sodium concentration affect the
      reversal potential of the outward current before and after the development of the
      inward Cl- current. We suggest that the chloride current has the role of
      producing a rapid depolarization necessary to block polyspermy, while the voltage
      dependent sodium outward current might prevent the depolarization from reaching
      excessively high values and help the repolarization phase.

PMID- 2414724
TI  - Slow calcium and potassium currents in frog skeletal muscle: their relationship
      and pharmacologic properties.
AB  - Slow Ca and K currents across frog skeletal muscle membrane were recorded with
      the Vaseline gap voltage clamp in order to investigate block by divalent cations
      and various organic compounds. Cd2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Mg2+ all block Ca
      currents, as do barbiturates, D-600 and nifedipine. Local anesthetics also block
      Ca currents, with the impermeant quaternary lidocaine derivative, OX-314, being
      more than an order of magnitude less potent than its permeant parent compound.
      Surprisingly, all agents that blocked Ca currents also blocked the slow K
      currents. To explain this pharmacologic parallel, one could suggest that K
      current is activated by Ca2+ appearing in the myoplasm due to the combination of
      Ca current and release from internal stores. While possibly correct for intact
      fibres, this hypothesis appears not to apply in our case where the myoplasm
      contained the Ca chelator EGTA at high concentration. Instead, K currents seem to
      be activated by a decrease in external [Ca2+]. In the transverse tubules, Ca
      current is known to cause [Ca2+] to decline to submicromolar concentrations, and
      evidence is presented that K currents are activated by Ca depletion from a
      restricted extracellular space. It is suggested that K currents flow through Ca
      channels that have become capable of passing monovalent cations after the tubules
      have become depleted of Ca2+.

PMID- 2414725
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of small polyadenylated B2 RNA.
AB  - Small poly(A)-containing RNA molecules which hybridize to the ubiquitous short
      repetitive sequence B2 and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase III have been
      identified in the cytoplasm of mouse cells. Here, we describe the structure of
      this small B2 RNA. A cDNA library was prepared from low-molecular-weight
      cytoplasmic poly(A)+RNA isolated from Ehrlich carcinoma cells and the clones
      which hybridized to B2 sequence were selected. The clones were sequenced and
      shown to contain B2 sequences followed by a poly(A) tract. The sequences of the
      cloned B2 RNAs different from each other by 3-10%, being similar in this respect
      to genomic B2 copies. Thus, B2 RNA is transcribed from many different B2
      sequences in the genome. The 5'-ends of B2 RNA at least in most molecules
      coincide with the beginning of B2 genomic sequence. The poly(A) segments located
      at the 3'-end of small B2 RNA are the same size as in mRNA molecules, suggesting
      posttranscriptional formation. In some clones, additional sequences were detected
      between the 3'-end of B2 sequence and the poly(A) stretch. They seem to result
      from a lesion in the RNA polymerase III terminator in the corresponding B2
      sequences. The possible significance of B2 sequences and small B2 RNA is
      discussed.

PMID- 2414726
TI  - Post-transcriptional regulation of rat liver gene expression by glucocorticoids.
AB  - We have investigated the mechanisms whereby glucocorticoids control the
      expression of specific genes in the livers of adult male rats. Construction and
      differential screening of a cDNA library representing normal rat liver polysomal
      poly(A)+ RNAs allowed selection of probes for hormonally regulated genes. The
      mechanism of this regulation was analysed by studying the changes in relative
      abundance of the RNA sequences homologous to four selected recombinants in RNA
      from subcellular fractions of liver, and comparing them with that of albumin
      mRNA. The relative abundance of these four RNA sequences increased to varying
      degrees in the nucleus, whilst that of three of them was concomitantly depleted
      in polysomal RNA when circulating levels of glucocorticoids were negligible, i.e.
      14 days after adrenalectomy. One of the sequences was identified as alpha 2U
      globulin mRNA. Within 2 hours of injecting Dexamethasone (a synthetic
      glucocorticoid) into rats that had been adrenalectomised 14 days previously, the
      relative abundances of alpha 2U-globulin RNA in nuclear and polysomal RNA
      returned to those found in normal rat liver. The data indicate that reduced
      glucocorticoid levels lead to sequence specific retention of RNA in the nucleus
      and that the RNA retained is released to the cytoplasm following glucocorticoid
      injection. Our results provide an example, for the first time, of glucocorticoid
      regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level of nucleo
      cytoplasmic transport.

PMID- 2414727
TI  - A gene family in Drosophila melanogaster coding for trypsin-like enzymes.
AB  - We have isolated a clustered gene family in D. melanogaster that codes for
      trypsin-like enzymes. The gene family has been localized to 47D-F by in situ
      hybridization to polytene chromosomes. The four genes in the family are
      transcribed in alternating orientations, and code for 1000 nt mRNAs. Transcripts
      are present at all stages of the life cycle. In situ hybridization to mRNA in
      tissue sections of third instar larvae showed that transcripts were restricted to
      the mid-gut. One gene was sequenced. The translated amino acid sequence of the
      proposed active enzyme is 42% homologous to bovine trypsin. Regions of functional
      importance are more strongly conserved. These include the active site residues
      asp102, his57, ser195, and the residue asp189 which is reputed to bind the basic
      residue at the substrate cleavage site. The activation peptide is not homologous
      to that of most vertebrate trypsins, suggesting a modified activation mechanism.
      The sequence further strengthens the hypothesis that the chymotrypsin cleavage
      specificity developed separately in the vertebrates and invertebrates.

PMID- 2414728
TI  - Is the bithiazole moiety of bleomycin a classical intercalator?
AB  - Bleomycin is a widespread anticancerous drug, the biological activity of which
      having been extensively studied. Its metal ion-chelating portion has been shown
      to cleave DNA whereas the role of the bithiazole moiety is still questionable. In
      order to elucidate this problem some 2', 4-disubstituted bithiazoles structurally
      related to the "tripeptide S" moiety of bleomycin were synthesized and their
      interaction with DNA was studied using delta Tm, fluorescence, EPR and viscometry
      techniques. The results of delta Tm and fluorescence quenching determinations
      were in favour of a binding of the bithiazole part by an intercalation process.
      Nevertheless, the use of the spin-label probes indicated only a partial
      intercalation of the ring between the base-pairs. Moreover, viscometry data which
      clearly exhibited a slight decrease of DNA length in the presence of bithiazole
      derivative led to the proposal of a binding model involving a partial insertion
      of a thiazole ring which wedges in between the bases at a bending point of DNA.

PMID- 2414729
TI  - Two RFLPs for human alpha-2 macroglobulin (A2M).

PMID- 2414730
TI  - RFLP for the human apolipoprotein B gene: IV;MspI.

PMID- 2414731
TI  - RFLPs for the human alphafetoprotein (AFP), at 4q11-4q13.

PMID- 2414732
TI  - The distribution and properties of RNA primed initiation sites of DNA synthesis
      at the replication origin of Escherichia coli chromosome.
AB  - RNA-linked DNA molecules were obtained from E. coli dnaCts cells synchronously
      initiating a new round of chromosome replication. The deoxynucleotides at the
      transition from primer RNA to DNA were 32P-labeled, and their positions were
      located on the nucleotide sequence of 1.4 kb genomic region (position -906 to
      +493) including the oriC and its leftside flanking region. In the r-strand (the
      counterclockwise strand), many strong transition sites were mapped in the left
      half portion of the oriC and a few weak sites in the left outside region. In the
      1-strand (the clockwise strand), no transition sites were found inside the oriC
      but many weak sites were found in the left outside region. The results support
      the initiation mechanism in which the first leading strand synthesis starts with
      the r-strand counterclockwise from the oriC that is followed by the 1-strand
      synthesis on the displaced template strand on the left of oriC. Primer RNA
      molecules attached to the strong r-strand transition sites were only a few
      residues in length. Properties of the transition sites were discussed.

PMID- 2414733
TI  - Affinity electrophoresis for monitoring terminal phosphorylation and the presence
      of queuosine in RNA. Application of polyacrylamide containing a covalently bound
      boronic acid.
AB  - An affinity electrophoretic method has been developed to study the state of
      terminal phosphorylation of RNAs and the presence of the hypermodified base Q in
      tRNA. It is based on the copolymerization of acryloylaminophenylboronic acid into
      standard polyacrylamide gels and the interaction of this derivative with free cis
      diol groups present in the RNA. In the case of terminal phosphorylation, free
      ribose groups are present either as such, or may be introduced by enzymatic
      reactions specific for a particular phosphorylation pattern (e.g. using T4 RNA
      ligase or guanylyltransferase). Additionally, tRNA species containing the Q base
      may be resolved from Q-lacking tRNAs by boronate affinity electrophoresis. The
      introduction of a non-destructive, one-step electrophoretic procedure not only
      offers an alternative to classical analytical methods, but also provides a means
      of isolating such populations of RNAs for which other methods are unavailable or
      are less convenient.

PMID- 2414734
TI  - Characterization of the 7S RNA and its gene from halobacteria.
AB  - The 7S RNA is an abundant nonribosomal RNA in H. halobium and other halobacteria.
      A specific 7S RNA gene probe shows high homology to genomic DNA of all
      halobacteria tested but not to those of several other archaebacteria, eubacteria
      and eukaryotes. All halobacterial genomes seem to carry a single copy of the 7S
      RNA gene. The coding region of the 7S RNA gene is highly G+C rich whereas the 5'-
      and 3'-noncoding regions possess a rather low G+C content. An extended double
      stranded structure for the 7S RNA is deduced from its nucleotide sequence. The 7S
      RNA of H. halobium (304 nucleotides) resembles in size and structure the 7S-L RNA
      from mammalian cells and shares with it a sequence homology of about 50% when
      arranged in a colinear fashion. The similarities in sequence are found
      particularly at the 3'- and 5'-termini. No similarity was detected between the 7S
      RNA from H. halobium and the nonribosomal 6S RNA from Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2414735
TI  - 5-Methylcytidylic modification of in vitro transcript from the rat identifier
      sequence; evidence that the transcript forms a tRNA-like structure.
AB  - Previous studies showed that the rat identifier sequence, the rodent type 2 Alu
      family, the rabbit C family and the bovine or goat 73 bp repeat show remarkable
      resemblance with a few specific tRNA molecules (Sakamoto and Okada, J. Mol. Evol.
      in press). This paper reports 5-methylcytidylic modification of the in vitro
      transcript from the ID sequence, and provides further evidence that the
      transcript forms a tRNA-like structure in vitro. Fingerprint analysis and
      oligonucleotide mapping suggested that the sequence of the oligonucleotide
      containing 5-methylcytidine is CpCpm5CpUpGp, which corresponds to the extra and T
      psi stem regions in the secondary structure of phenylalanine tRNA. Since the
      sequence of the corresponding oligonucleotide in the phenylalanine tRNA is
      Cpm5CpCpUpGp, these results suggests that a tRNA (cytosine-5) methyl transferase
      recognizes the secondary structure of the transcript from the ID sequence rather
      than the primary sequence. The significance of this modification in relation to
      the functional role of the ID sequence is discussed.

PMID- 2414736
TI  - Bidirectional transcription of maize streak virus DNA and identification of the
      coat protein gene.
AB  - Three RNA transcripts encoded by maize streak virus DNA were detected in
      polyadenylated RNA from virus-infected maize leaves. Two of the transcripts, a
      major 0.9 kb and a minor 1.05 kb RNA, were mapped on the virion (+) sense DNA and
      the other minor transcript of 1.2 kb was mapped on the complementary (-) sense
      DNA, demonstrating that transcription of MSV DNA was bidirectional. The two
      virion sense transcripts were 3' coterminal at nucleotide 1114 but had 5' termini
      at nucleotides 2682 and 163 respectively. Virus-specific polyadenylated RNA
      translated in vitro to produce a 28,000 MW polypeptide, specifically
      immunoprecipitable by antiserum raised against whole virus. The mRNA for this
      protein was mapped by hybrid-arrested translation to the long open reading frame
      in virion sense DNA whose potential amino acid composition, calculated from
      nucleotide sequence data, closely agreed with that determined experimentally for
      the coat protein.

PMID- 2414737
TI  - Attenuation and processing of RNA from the rpsO-pnp transcription unit of
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Ribosomal protein S15 and polynucleotide phosphorylase of E. coli are encoded by
      two adjacent genes, rpsO and pnp, respectively. Analysis of in vivo transcripts
      from these two genes shows that they are within the same operon (S15 operon). By
      correlating the 5' and 3' ends of their in vivo transcripts with the DNA
      sequence, we have identified several features of the operon structure. These
      features include a promotor upstream from rpsO, an attenuator downstream from
      rpsO and an RNA processing site between these two genes.

PMID- 2414738
TI  - Evidence from cauliflower mosaic virus virion DNA for additional discontinuities
      in the plus strand.
AB  - Two-dimensional electrophoresis of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) virion DNA and
      analysis of Southern blots using (+) strand-specific probes to the 5' termini of
      the beta (5.4 Kb) and alpha (2.6 Kb) strands, revealed the presence of molecules
      in addition to those predicted from the known structure of CaMV DNA. The presence
      of 8 Kb molecules of (+) sense after denaturation suggested that a small
      proportion of circular molecules have only a single discontinuity in the (+)
      strand. Other molecules, probably 5' coterminal with the beta strand but smaller
      than 5.4 Kb, indicated that a minority of the circular full length CaMV DNA
      contain additional gaps in the (+) strand. Consequently, molecules equivalent to
      the remainder of the beta strand could be identified using a single strand probe
      for a region towards the 3'-end of the beta strand. Computer analysis of the
      nucleotide sequence of CaMV DNA in the region of the proposed additional
      discontinuities revealed regions displaying some homology with the major (+)
      strand priming sites at the 5' ends of the beta and alpha strands. It is our
      contention that the additional (+) strand molecules of beta specificity are a
      consequence of minor (+) strand priming sites.

PMID- 2414739
TI  - Low ionic strength extraction of nuclease-treated nuclei destroys the attachment
      of transcriptionally active DNA to the nuclear skeleton.
AB  - We have studied how the conditions in which the nuclear matrix is isolated
      influence the association of transcribing DNA with the nuclear matrix. Extraction
      of nuclease-treated nuclei with a low ionic strength solution before a high salt
      nuclei with a low ionic strength solution before a high salt extraction
      completely abolishes this association. However, RNA removal by RNAase treatment
      does not affect the binding of transcribing DNA to the nuclear matrix. The nature
      of the association of active genes with the nuclear matrix is discussed.

PMID- 2414740
TI  - [The suppression test in the control of the course of antithyroid drug therapy:
      renaissance of an in vivo nuclear medicine procedure?].
AB  - Measurements of thyroidal suppressibility by thyroid hormones belong to the
      diagnostic program in nuclear medicine for more than 30 years. Suppression tests
      are used in follow-up of antithyroidal treatment to predict remission or relapse
      of hyperthyroidism. Recently, the number of publications dealing with suppression
      tests has been increasing. Apparently, non-suppressibility of the thyroid after
      antithyroidal treatment for about 1 year corresponds to a rate of relapse of
      about 70% whereas in the case of a positive suppression test, the relapse rate
      amounts to about 20% only. The diagnostic procedures described in the literature
      are different with respect to radiopharmaceuticals, activity doses, thyroid
      hormone suppression and, above all, to the time of uptake measurements. After a
      critical discussion of the literature, a modern diagnostic procedure for the
      suppression test is proposed using 123I or 99mTc and a computer-assisted gamma
      camera.

PMID- 2414741
TI  - Burford Nursing Development Unit. Short-stay patients and the nursing process.

PMID- 2414742
TI  - Accident and emergency. Watching while you wait.

PMID- 2414743
TI  - Controlled cryothermal injury to the AV node: feasibility for AV nodal
      modification.
AB  - Elective subtotal injury to the AV node-His bundle region may create a negative
      dromotropic effect to provide a therapeutic advantage in some patients with
      supraventricular tachycardia without creating complete AV block. We examined the
      effects of cryosurgery to the AV nodal region, varying temperature and time using
      a 15 mm circular cryoprobe applied directly to the canine AV node-His bundle
      region. Twelve dogs were anesthetized and the heart was exposed through a right
      thoracotomy. Electrophysiological data obtained included conduction intervals,
      incremental pacing, and extrastimulus testing. Under inflow occlusion, the
      cryoprobe was positioned over the AV node-His bundle region using anatomical
      landmarks and a single freeze was applied (-15 degrees C to -60 degrees C, 15 to
      60 seconds). Dogs were allowed to recover for 1 month, after which time
      electrophysiological testing was repeated under similar conditions; then the
      animals were sacrificed. With probe temperatures of -60 degrees C for 15 to 60
      seconds, five of six dogs experienced complete heart block with dense fibrosis
      observed in the AV nodal-His bundle region. After freezing with higher
      temperatures, the remaining seven dogs had return of atrioventricular conduction
      postoperatively with prolongation of AH time observed in five and marked
      prolongation of the Wenckebach cycle length in three of the five. We conclude
      that controlled cryothermal injury to the AV node-His bundle region may be useful
      to create a desirable negative dromotropic response without creating complete AV
      block.

PMID- 2414744
TI  - Low energies and Helifix electrodes in the successful ablation of
      atrioventricular conduction.
AB  - High energies delivered via standard pacing catheter electrodes produce permanent
      atrioventricular conduction block and generate high pressures. We investigate the
      use of lower energies and an active fixation electrode. Ten patients with
      refractory supraventricular tachycardias (six with paroxysmal atrial
      fibrillation, three with dual AV nodal pathways, and one with a concealed
      accessory atrioventricular pathway) were treated. A 6F Vitatron Helifix electrode
      was positioned to give the maximum His bundle deflection. Four shocks of only 50
      joules each were delivered at 1-minute intervals. Long-term follow-up showed that
      seven patients (70%) had persistent complete heart block and two had atrial
      fibrillation with slower ventricular rates. Nine patients (90%) were symptom-free
      without antiarrhythmic therapy. Permanent pacemakers were implanted in eight
      patients. There were no complications resulting from the procedure. Transvenous
      ablation of atrioventricular conduction can be safely achieved using a Vitatron
      Helifix electrode and much lower energy values than have been previously
      employed.

PMID- 2414745
TI  - Examination of an exponential model of conduction through the human
      atrioventricular node.
AB  - The atrioventricular node (AVN) has been modeled by relating output (A2H2 or
      H1H2) to input (A1A2) where A and H are atrial and His bundle electrograms during
      fixed rate atrial pacing (A1A1) or with an extrastimulus (A2). (Formula: see
      text) This study examined this model in 61 nonselected patients, specifically for
      AVN (in)stability and the possibility of multiple pathways. After programmed
      atrial stimulation at two basic cycle lengths of 600 ms and 462 ms, A1H1, A2H2
      and H1H2 were digitized and plotted as a function of A1A2. Seven of 104 trials
      were rejected as SD. A1H1 was greater than 15 ms, suggesting AVN instability.
      Another 26 and 34 plots, respectively, of A2H2 and H1H2 were rejected because of
      inadequate data. In the remainder, goodness of fit of the single exponentials was
      tested statistically in three ways: R2, the runs test, and the Kendall rank
      coefficient test. Results were compared with an electrophysiologist who examined
      plots for one or more pathways (either discontinuous curves or slope change in a
      continuous curve). Single exponentials were successfully fitted (by runs test) in
      44/71 and 34/63 of A2H2 and H1H2 plots, respectively, usually in accordance with
      the cardiologist. Discordance between computations and the cardiologist could be
      attributed to data scatter and lack of a sufficiently rigid stimulation protocol.
      The identification of bifurcation points in the presence of multiple pathways,
      particularly when manifest as a change in slope (approximately 6% of trials)
      rather than discontinuity of plots (approximately 20% of trials) remains an
      outstanding problem.

PMID- 2414746
TI  - The use of exercise testing in children to evaluate abnormalities of pacemaker
      function not apparent at rest.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of exercise testing in
      identifying abnormalities of pacemaker function and in confirming set parameters
      not apparent at rest in children with implanted atrial synchronous physiologic
      pacemakers. Maximal exercise tests were performed on 24 children (15 boys, 9
      girls) from 4.5 to 18 years of age (median = 15) with physiologic pacemakers. The
      lower rate limit was observed before or following testing in 19 of 24 cases. In
      each case this correlated with the set lower rate limit. The upper rate limit was
      reached in 10 of 24 cases and was found to be lower than that programmed in one
      case in which a long atrial refractory period had limited the upper rate limit.
      Six children reached the maximum upper rate limit to which their pacemaker could
      be programmed. No abnormalities of atrial capture or ventricular capture occurred
      during exercise testing. Ventricular sensing was normal in each case. Atrial
      sensing was observed to be normal in 15 of the 24 cases. Two patients had
      decreased atrial sensing with exercise. Reversion to the "noise rate" due to
      myopotential inhibition was found in seven other cases. Subsequent tests on two
      of these children showed normal sensing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2414747
TI  - Antibiotic prophylaxis in pacemaker surgery: a prospective trial with local or
      systemic administration of antibiotics at generator replacements.

PMID- 2414748
TI  - Pullout His bundle/electrophysiologic studies using leads previously inserted via
      the subclavian vein.
AB  - Conventional electrophysiologic studies involve the insertion of several catheter
      electrodes, positioned to pace and record from the high right atrium, His bundle
      region, and the right ventricular apex. The present study was undertaken to
      determine whether similar information could be obtained during removal of
      temporary pacing leads previously inserted via the subclavian vein, without the
      need for further invasive studies. Attempts to record a His bundle potential were
      successful in 157 of 200 patients (79%). A His bundle potential could be recorded
      during low right atrial pacing on 24 of 58 attempts. The Wenckebach cycle length
      was compared during high and low right atrial pacing in 34 patients, and did not
      differ significantly. Ventricular stimulation from the right ventricular apex and
      right ventricular inflow tract could be performed for assessment of ventricular
      vulnerability. Similarly, high right atrial pacing for sinus node testing was
      readily accomplished. In conclusion, detailed electrophysiologic studies can be
      performed during termination of temporary pacing, in sufficient detail to provide
      results equivalent to those of a more formal study.

PMID- 2414749
TI  - Nonclinical ventricular tachycardia in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
AB  - Between September 1980 and June 1984 we assessed the specificity of induction of
      ventricular tachycardia (VT) with one or two ventricular extrastimuli in a
      consecutive series of 148 patients undergoing electrophysiological assessment for
      the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome by standard electrophysiological
      techniques. Fifteen patients (10%) had six or more beats of VT induced by one
      ventricular extrastimulus after a ventricular drive (9 patients), two ventricular
      extrastimuli during reciprocating tachycardia (6 patients), and during a single
      atrial extrastimulus (1 patient). None of the six men and nine women, aged 16-61
      years, had apparent heart disease. VT lasted for 20 +/- 14 (mean +/- standard
      deviation) cycles with a cycle length of 235 ms +/- 27 and was generally
      polymorphic. One patient had ventricular fibrillation. These patients were
      compared to 15 age- and sex-matched patients studied in the same time period.
      There was no difference in anterograde effective refractory period of the
      accessory pathway (316 +/- 92 vs 319 +/- 68 ms), ventricular effective refractory
      period (218 +/- 12 vs 227 +/- 23), shortest pacing cycle length maintaining 1:1
      anterograde conduction over the accessory pathway (306 +/- 132 vs 320 +/- 67) or
      minimum R-R interval between preexcited beats during atrial fibrillation (280 +/-
      68 vs 294 +/- 105). All patients are alive and well over a follow-up interval of
      20 +/- 11 months on no antiarrhythmic therapy (13 patients) or on propranolol (2
      patients).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2414750
TI  - Pacemaker electrocardiography of rate smoothing during DDD pacing.
AB  - A rate smoothing option is available in a new bipolar AV universal (DDD)
      pacemaker. In three patients, two with intact retrograde conduction and one with
      retrograde block, rate smoothing values of 3% and 6% were programmed. Irregular
      pacemaker-mediated tachycardia occurred in one patient and AV synchrony was
      temporarily lost in the other two patients. In this report, we describe the
      pacemaker electrocardiography of rate smoothing during DDD pacing.

PMID- 2414751
TI  - Pacemaker diagnostic diagrams.
AB  - Dual-chamber pacemakers interact with cardiac rhythms in complex ways. The
      resultant surface electrocardiograms (ECGs) are often very difficult to
      interpret. A simple and automatic diagnostic diagram is described that
      graphically illustrates pacemaker-heart interactions. Pacemaker operation is
      explained by a continuous series of lines and symbols that interconnect any
      sequence of paced and sensed events in both chambers. Fixed, programmable, and
      adaptive pacemaker timing intervals are all shown in a simple format. The
      pacemaker diagnostic diagram is plotted directly below the ECG to help users
      interpret the paced cardiac rhythm. The pacemaker diagnostic diagram is generated
      by software in a pacemaker programmer from: (1) telemetered real-time event
      markers; (2) fixed and programmable timing parameters (lower rate, AV interval,
      etc.); (3) pacemaker conditional logic. If this computer analysis of the
      telemetered event markers is not consistent with normal pacemaker operation, a
      specific error-message is printed. The pacemaker diagnostic diagram should be
      useful for instruction, pacemaker follow-up, and troubleshooting.

PMID- 2414752
TI  - Reliability of the evoked response in determining the paced ventricular rate and
      performance of the QT or rate responsive (TX) pacemaker.
AB  - The TX pacemaker uses a conventional transvenous electrode to sense T-waves of
      paced ventricular complexes and it adapts the pacing rate to varying
      physiological demands by responding to changes in the QT or, more correctly, the
      stimulus artifact-to-T-wave (stimulus-T) interval. This pacing system was
      assessed in 13 patients. The relation between heart rate and stimulus-T interval
      and the effect of programming on the performance of this pacemaker were studied
      on several occasions in each patient. Treadmill exercise performance during TX
      pacing mode was compared with atrial synchronized ventricular (VAT) and
      asynchronous ventricular demand (VOO and VVI--70 beats per minute) pacing modes.
      T-wave sensing problems arose in three patients. In one, this was overcome by
      reducing the pulse amplitude from 5.0 to 2.5 V. In another patient, spontaneous
      recovery of T-wave sensing occurred 5 months after pacemaker implantation. T-wave
      sensing deteriorated with the passage of time in most patients. Satisfactory rate
      response as assessed by treadmill exercise testing and Holter monitoring was
      achieved in 12 patients through adjustments of two programmable parameters: the
      slope that defines the alteration in heart rate in response to a millisecond
      change in stimulus-T interval and the "sensing window" that is the interval
      during which T-waves can be sensed and a rate response is possible. Exercise
      performance was significantly better during rate responsive pacing (TX) mode as
      compared with VVI pacing but was comparable to that during VAT pacing. The
      resting heart rate/stimulus-T interval can be described by the following linear
      regression equation: stimulus-T interval = 466 - 1.68 X paced-rate, r2 = -0.62.
      This relation, however, was subject to wide inter- and intra-patient variation.
      Consequently, given identical programmed parameters and exercise protocol, the
      chronotropic response differed significantly from patient to patient and in the
      same patient from one occasion to another. Our results show that a
      physiologically beneficial chronotropic response can be achieved in most
      patients. However, reprogramming, based on results of exercise tests and Holter
      monitoring, may be necessary to adjust for changes in T-wave sensing and the
      heart rate/stimulus-T interval relation and, thus to ensure that the pacemaker
      continues to function optimally.

PMID- 2414753
TI  - Transvenous cardioversion and defibrillation of ventricular tachyarrhythmias:
      current status and future directions.

PMID- 2414755
TI  - Frequent attacks of supraventricular tachycardia in a patient treated with an
      automatic scanning pacemaker (PASAR): Holter documentation of 554 episodes.
AB  - A 68-year-old woman suffering from frequent attacks of supraventricular
      tachycardia received an implantable, automatic scanning pacemaker for tachycardia
      termination (PASAR). Electrophysiological study had shown the mechanism to be
      atrioventricular reentry with retrograde conduction through a concealed bypass
      tract. During 1 year of follow-up, a total of twenty-one 24-hour Holter
      recordings documented 554 episodes of tachycardia. In spite of marked fluctuation
      in tachycardia rate from 135 to 195 bpm and a considerable variation in diurnal
      pattern of onset of episodes, a clinical improvement resulted. Previous episodes
      of tachycardia had been isolated and of longer duration. Following implantation,
      an unexpected observation was made of numerous episodes of supraventricular
      tachycardia confined to periods lasting up to several hours. This pattern seemed
      to result from the efficacy of tachycardia termination combined with a continued
      presence of factors responsible for initiation of tachycardia.

PMID- 2414754
TI  - Permanent cardiac pacing after open heart surgery: congenital heart disease.
AB  - A retrospective review of 6,004 patients who underwent open repair of congenital
      heart defects revealed that 132 patients (2.2%) required permanent cardiac pacing
      postoperatively. The indications for pacing were early atrioventricular (AV)
      block in 55%, late onset AV block in 31%, and sick sinus syndrome in 14%. A
      ventricular septal defect (VSD) was the most common congenital anomaly present
      alone or in association with other lesions in 67% of the patients. Atrial surgery
      accounted for 21% of the patients requiring pacing. Ten-year patient survival was
      found to be 66% (+/- 6%). Thirty-five percent of the deaths were sudden and
      unexpected, presumably due to an arrhythmia. Reoperation for pacing system
      failure has occurred too frequently (12% per year). The most common causes for
      reoperation were battery failure (44%) and exit block (25%).

PMID- 2414756
TI  - Noise mode response at peak exercise in a DDD pacemaker.
AB  - The noise sampling period has been recognized as a cause of apparent sensing
      malfunction in demand pacemakers. Physiologic signals as well as external
      electromagnetic interference can cause certain demand pacemakers to remain
      refractory and escape asynchronously at a specified rate. In this case, noise
      mode reversion pacing at the programmed lower rate limit of a Cordis 415A DDD
      pacemaker was observed during exercise when P-waves fell within the noise
      sampling period.

PMID- 2414757
TI  - Emergency defibrillation using a temporary pacing electrode catheter.
AB  - Direct application of electrical current to the heart utilizing special equipment
      such as implantable defibrillators or specially designed catheters has been
      useful in patients with recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias. We describe a
      patient who developed intractable ventricular fibrillation (VF) during the course
      of electrophysiologic testing. VF continued for 50 minutes, during which time
      multiple transthoracic shocks of 360 joules failed to convert the arrhythmia.
      Intracardiac shocks were then delivered via a transvenous 6 French standard
      quadripolar pacing catheter positioned in the right ventricular apex by direct
      application of the defibrillator paddle to the catheter, with the patient lying
      on the posterior paddle. Energy of up to 300 joules failed to defibrillate the
      patient, but use of 360 joules delivered in this fashion defibrillated the
      patient twice. Despite the protracted time of cardiac arrest, the patient
      recovered without sequelae. We report this case to demonstrate that VF refractory
      to transthoracic defibrillation may be converted by intracardiac shocks using a
      temporary pacing catheter without special equipment.

PMID- 2414758
TI  - Pacemaker malfunction simulated by amplifier saturation.
AB  - In this case report, pacemaker malfunction is simulated by prolonged pauses after
      each pacemaker discharge. The pauses were due to saturation of the input of the
      telemetry monitor amplifier by the discharge voltage of the pacemaker. It is
      important to recognize amplifier saturation as a form of artifact that can mimic
      pacemaker malfunction.

PMID- 2414759
TI  - Removal of fractured pacemaker electrode tip using Dotter basket.
AB  - During attempted removal of an infected permanent pacemaker system, the electrode
      fractured, leaving the tined tip embedded in the wall of the left subclavian
      vein. The electrode tip was successfully removed using a Dotter basket retrieval
      kit.

PMID- 2414760
TI  - Male breast cancer from pacemaker pocket.
AB  - One year following implantation of a mercury zinc pulse generator under the right
      breast, a 75-year-old man developed an ulcerative tumor of the nipple. Initially,
      the process was misinterpreted as a pacemaker pocket infection, until a diagnosis
      of papillary adenocarcinoma was made. The patient died from generalized
      metastases. To our knowledge, the association of a pacemaker implant and male
      breast cancer has not been previously reported; the probability of this occurring
      by chance seems rather low.

PMID- 2414761
TI  - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of prostatic diseases].

PMID- 2414762
TI  - [Disorders of the blood coagulation system and liver damage after using gestagen
      preparations].

PMID- 2414763
TI  - [Pathogenesis of renovascular hypertension in the light of experimental studies].

PMID- 2414764
TI  - [Immunopotentiation with methisoprinol in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma].

PMID- 2414765
TI  - Pulmonary hypertension. A common but often overlooked condition.
AB  - Pulmonary hypertension accompanies many primary disorders and produces common
      symptoms. However, measurement of pulmonary blood pressure is not routine, and as
      a result, symptoms are often overlooked. Pulmonary hypertension may lead to cor
      pulmonale, which has an unfavorable prognosis. Drug treatment for pulmonary
      hypertension and cor pulmonale may improve prognosis and prolong life. In cases
      of irreversible primary disease, therapy is palliative. Vasodilator therapy
      appears to benefit certain patients with primary pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 2414766
TI  - Health effects of diesel exhaust. A contemporary air pollution issue.
AB  - Extracts of diesel exhaust particles are mutagenic in bacterial and mammalian
      cell assays; they contain hundreds of identifiable organic compounds, some of
      which are known mutagens and carcinogens. The particles are readily respired and
      about 20% to 30% of them are deposited in the pulmonary region, where they are
      retained for long periods. At low diesel exhaust concentrations, typical of those
      likely for human exposure, particle deposition and clearance rates are
      essentially normal and particle concentrations in the pulmonary region are
      expected to remain quite low. At very high concentrations of diesel exhaust,
      clearance processes may be overwhelmed and lung burdens of particles may continue
      to increase over long periods. Evidence from laboratory animals suggests that
      pulmonary injury and reduced respiratory function would occur in humans at these
      high concentrations. Epidemiologic data and laboratory studies appear to indicate
      that the human lung cancer risk from exposure to diesel exhaust would be quite
      low, even if use of diesel vehicles increased substantially.

PMID- 2414767
TI  - Warts and other human papillomavirus infections.
AB  - Currently, 25 different types of human papillomavirus (HPV) are recognized, each
      responsible for a characteristic clinical manifestation of warts or wart-like
      lesions. Increasingly, evidence supports a close relationship between certain
      types of HPVs--5, 8, 14, 16, 18, and perhaps 6 and 11--and malignant
      transformation. Before therapy is initiated, the probability of spontaneous
      resolution must be considered. The discomfort and possible risks of treatment
      must be balanced against the patient's discomfort and pain. Possible modes of
      treatment include topical therapy, cryotherapy and surgery, intralesional
      injections, and immunotherapy.

PMID- 2414768
TI  - Native alpha 2-macroglobulin binds to a surface component of human placental
      trophoblast.
AB  - Immunofluorescence and radiobinding studies have shown that native human alpha 2
      macroglobulin (alpha 2M), but not alpha 2M-trypsin complexes, binds to isolated
      human placental syncytiotrophoblast microvillous plasma membrane vesicles.
      Inhibition studies have indicated that alpha 2M may bind to a trophoblast surface
      protease. This interaction is of significance for the control of trophoblast
      invasiveness and haemostasis within the placental bed.

PMID- 2414769
TI  - Nematosomes in the human placenta.
AB  - In this study, the ultrastructure of the human placental 'nematosome' or
      'glomerular body' is described. It is usually found as electron-dense aggregates
      forming an inclusion 0.3 to 0.5 micron in diameter and of variable length, and
      occurs within cytotrophoblast cells in different configurations which include
      spirals, concentric rings, parallel arrays, random coils and paracrystalline
      structures. Analysis of random electron micrographs of placentae from normal and
      complicated pregnancies showed that the nematosome is present in low frequencies
      in the first and second trimesters but is more commonly found at full term; their
      incidence did not differ markedly from normal in any of the pathological
      conditions studied, ranging from 10.4 to 21.9 per cent, and their frequency
      suggests that there may be several nematosomes per cell. The relationship of the
      nematosome to the centriole is discussed, and it is suggested that morphometric
      analysis may elucidate the three-dimensional structure of nematosomes, their
      distribution within cells and their relationship to the plasma and other
      membranes.

PMID- 2414770
TI  - Identification of triploidy by DA/DAPI staining of trophoblastic interphase
      nuclei.
AB  - Combined staining of non-cultured interphase nuclei from hydatidiform moles with
      distamycin A and DAPI resulted in the presence of specific stained interphase
      bodies. A mean number of six interphase bodies was observed in moles with a
      diploid karyotype and a mean number of nine interphase bodies was observed in
      triploid moles. It is concluded that the interphase bodies are primarily due to
      specific staining of the large heterochromatic areas on chromosomes 1, 9 and 16.
      The method may permit a rapid measurement of the ploidy of non-cultured
      hydatidiform moles and identify partial, triploid moles.

PMID- 2414771
TI  - [Experimental basis for using physical and enzyme therapy with terrilytin in
      renal tuberculosis].

PMID- 2414772
TI  - Tyrosine sulfation of proteins from the human hepatoma cell line HepG2.
AB  - [35S]Sulfate labeling of the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 showed it to contain
      many sulfated proteins of diverse molecular weight range. The isolation of
      tyrosine O-sulfate indicated the supernatant fraction to contain a 5- to 7-fold
      higher level than the cellular fraction at the end of a 24-hr incubation. The
      proteins in the supernatant fraction were immunoprecipitated and examined for
      sulfation. Of 15 proteins tested, 7 were found to be sulfated as indicated by
      [35S]sulfate incorporation into proteins separated by NaDodSO4/PAGE and detected
      by autoradiography. The 35S-labeled bands were excised from the dried gel and
      subjected to extensive Pronase hydrolysis and the hydrolysates were analyzed for
      tyrosine [35S]sulfate by a two-dimensional procedure combining high-voltage
      electrophoresis and thin-layer chromatography [Liu, M. C. & Lipmann, F. (1984)
      Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 3695-3698]. Of the sulfated proteins, three-
      fibrinogen, alpha-fetoprotein, and fibronectin--were found to contain tyrosine O
      sulfate. The simultaneous presence of carbohydrate-bound sulfate, however, could
      not be exactly determined, but the other four [35S]sulfate-containing proteins-
      alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, and
      transferrin--did not reveal any tyrosine O-sulfate and might be sulfated on their
      carbohydrate moieties.

PMID- 2414773
TI  - Localization of Ca2+ release channels with ryanodine in junctional terminal
      cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum of fast skeletal muscle.
AB  - The mechanism of Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum, which triggers
      contraction in skeletal muscle, remains the key unresolved problem in excitation
      contraction coupling. Recently, we have described the isolation of purified
      fractions referable to terminal and longitudinal cisternae of sarcoplasmic
      reticulum. Junctional terminal cisternae are distinct in that they have a low net
      energized Ca2+ loading, which can be enhanced 5-fold or more by addition of
      ruthenium red. The loading rate, normalized for calcium pump protein content,
      then approaches that of longitudinal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum. We now
      find that the ruthenium red-enhanced Ca2+ loading rate can be blocked by the
      previous addition of ryanodine. The inhibition constant is in the nanomolar range
      (20-180 nM). Ryanodine and ruthenium red have no effect on the Ca2+ loading rate
      of longitudinal cisternae. Direct binding studies with [3H]ryanodine localized
      the receptors to the terminal cisternae and not to longitudinal cisternae.
      Scatchard analysis of the binding data gives a dissociation constant for
      ryanodine in the range of the drug action on the terminal cisternae
      (approximately 100 nM range) with approximately 4 to 20 pmol bound per mg of
      protein. Ryanodine is known to be toxic in animals, leading to irreversible
      muscle contractures. These studies provide evidence on the mode of action of
      ryanodine and its localization to the terminal cisternae. The low concentration
      at which the drug is effective appears to account for its toxicity. Ryanodine
      locks the Ca2+ release channels in the "open state," so that Ca2+ is not
      reaccumulated and the muscle fiber cannot relax.

PMID- 2414774
TI  - Increased pp60c-src tyrosyl kinase activity in human neuroblastomas is associated
      with amino-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation of the src gene product.
AB  - We have observed a 20- to 40-fold increase in pp60c-src tyrosyl kinase activity
      in human neuroblastoma cell lines over that found in either human glioblastoma
      cells or human fibroblasts. The level of c-src gene transcripts and pp60c-src
      protein synthesis in the neuroblastoma cells was not significantly increased when
      compared to the levels found in glioblastoma cells. Approximately one-half of the
      pp60c-src molecules synthesized during a 4-hr [35S]methionine or
      [32P]orthophosphate labeling period in neuroblastoma cells were found to migrate
      more slowly on NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gels than pp60c-src molecules labeled in
      glioblastoma cells. Peptide and phosphoamino acid analysis of the in vivo
      phosphorylated c-src molecules from these two cell types revealed that pp60c-src
      molecules from the neuroblastoma cells possess in the amino-terminal portion of
      the protein at least one unique tyrosine phosphorylation site not found in pp60c
      src derived from glioblastoma cells.

PMID- 2414775
TI  - Structural analysis of an HLA-B27 functional variant: identification of residues
      that contribute to the specificity of recognition by cytolytic T lymphocytes.
AB  - The structure of a variant HLA-B27 antigen, B27.2, that is distinguished from the
      HLA-B27.1 and HLA-B27.3 subgroups by specific cytolytic T lymphocytes has been
      established by comparative peptide mapping and sequence analysis. There are only
      three amino acid substitutions between B27.1 and B27.2: aspartate-77, threonine
      80, and leucine-81 in HLA-B27.1 are changed to asparagine-77, isoleucine-80, and
      alanine-81 in HLA-B27.2. These changes account for their single charge difference
      detectable by isoelectric focusing. The three clustered substitutions of HLA
      B27.2 are identical to the corresponding residues in HLA-A24, so that both
      molecules become identical in their amino acid sequence between residues 72 and
      96. This suggests that gene conversion may have occurred during the
      diversification of the HLA-B27 antigens. HLA-B27.2 has no changes in the alpha 2
      domain and is similar in its pattern of substitutions to the murine bm11 mutant.
      It is suggested that residues 77-81 are of major significance in determining the
      specificity of cellular recognition of class I HLA antigens. This study, together
      with the previous analyses of HLA-B27.1 and HLA-B27.3, completes the structural
      characterization of the three major HLA-B27 functional subtypes and establishes
      the molecular basis of their functional and serological differences.

PMID- 2414776
TI  - Monoclonal antibody that defines human myoepithelium.
AB  - We have isolated a mouse monoclonal antibody that, upon immunohistochemical
      localization in frozen sections, displays specificity for human myoepithelial
      cells in the resting mammary gland, sweat glands, and salivary glands.
      Furthermore, this antibody was strongly and homogeneously reactive with frozen
      sections of 3 of 60 breast carcinoma specimens. Using immunolocalization
      techniques in conjunction with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we have
      determined that the reactivity of this monoclonal antibody is directed toward a
      51,000-dalton keratin polypeptide. The potential uses of this antibody in the
      prognosis of human mammary carcinoma and in understanding the role of the
      myoepithelium in development and differentiation are discussed.

PMID- 2414777
TI  - Neurokinin B is a preferred agonist for a neuronal substance P receptor and its
      action is antagonized by enkephalin.
AB  - Receptor specificity of the substance P-related peptides neurokinin A and
      neurokinin B was studied in the isolated guinea pig ileum. Substance P and the
      recently discovered neurokinins elicit contraction of the ileum both directly
      through action on a muscle cell receptor and indirectly through stimulation of a
      neuronal receptor, leading to release of acetylcholine, which causes muscle
      contraction via muscarinic receptors. Two specific assay procedures for the
      function of the neuronal receptor were developed. The muscular receptor was
      inactivated either by desensitization with the selective agonist substance P
      methyl ester or by receptor blockade with the selective antagonist [Arg6, D
      Trp7,9, Me-Phe8]substance P-(6-11) hexapeptide. Both procedures revealed that the
      neuronal receptor is clearly distinct from the muscular receptor, since it
      exhibits different agonist specificity and is insensitive to antagonists of the
      muscular receptor. Neurokinin B was found to be the most potent agonist (EC50 = 1
      nM) for the neuronal receptor. Furthermore, [D-Ala2, Met5]enkephalinamide
      inhibited in a naloxone-sensitive manner the effect of neurokinin B mediated via
      the neuronal receptor. These results suggest that the different mammalian
      tachykinins can play specific physiological roles by virtue of their distinct
      receptor specificities.

PMID- 2414778
TI  - The presence of voltage-gated sodium, potassium and chloride channels in rat
      cultured astrocytes.
AB  - Patch-clamp recording from the plasmalemma of rat cultured astrocytes reveals the
      presence of both voltage-dependent sodium and voltage-dependent potassium
      conductances. These conductances are similar but not identical to the
      corresponding conductances in the axolemma. Whereas the h infinity relation of
      the sodium channels has the same voltage dependence as in the nodal axolemma, the
      peak current-voltage relation is shifted by about 30 mV along the voltage axis in
      the depolarizing direction. It is speculated that the glial cells synthesize
      sodium and potassium channels for later insertion into the axolemma of
      neighbouring axons. The astrocytes also express a plasmalemmal voltage-dependent
      anion conductance that is turned on at about -40 mV (that is, near the resting
      potential of the cultured astrocytes). The channels involved are large enough to
      be just permeable to glutamate but not to ascorbate. It is suggested that the
      conductance of this channel for chloride plays a physiological role in the
      spatial buffering of potassium by glial cells.

PMID- 2414779
TI  - Ion channel block by acetylcholine, carbachol and suberyldicholine at the frog
      neuromuscular junction.
AB  - Three nicotinic agonists, suberyldicholine, acetylcholine and carbachol, have
      been investigated by single channel recording at the endplates of adult frog
      muscle fibres. All three agonists can block the channels that they open.
      Suberyldicholine is the most potent blocker; it has an equilibrium constant for
      binding to the open channel of about 6 microM and blockages last for about 5 ms
      on average, at -105 mV. A plot of the mean number of blockages per unit open time
      against concentration ('blockage frequency plot') suggests that suberyldicholine
      does not produce long-lived blocked states such as might occur, for example, if
      it could be trapped within a shut channel. The characteristics of the 'blockage
      frequency plot' are analysed in Appendix 2. Block by acetylcholine and carbachol
      has much lower affinity (the equilibrium constants being a few millimolar for
      both), and blockages are much briefer, so that blockage appears to produce noisy
      single channel currents of reduced amplitude. A method based on the spectral
      density of the excess 'open' channel noise has been used to investigate the rate
      of blocking and unblocking. The basis of this method is discussed in Appendix 1.
      It is estimated that the mean duration of a blockage is about 18 microseconds for
      acetylcholine and 9 microseconds for carbachol.

PMID- 2414780
TI  - Taurine on hippocampal slices: comparison to GABA and glycine, and antagonism by
      4-aminopyridine.

PMID- 2414781
TI  - Inhibition by taurine of the phosphorylation of rat retinal membranes.

PMID- 2414782
TI  - Apparent ionophoric effects of red blood cell deformation.
AB  - Normal human RBCs in vitro demonstrated increased utilization of ATP in when
      subjected to shear stress. Much of the increased ATP utilization appeared to be
      due to stimulation of membrane ion pumps. Thus, there was an apparent ionophoric
      effect of RBC deformation. Whether deformation-induced increases in membrane
      permeability occur in the circulation remains to be determined. It is suggested
      that in addition to chemically and electrically coupled channels, mechanically
      coupled "channels" may be modifiers of cellular functions under some conditions.

PMID- 2414783
TI  - The effect of a prostacyclin analogue (Iloprost) on skin temperature.
AB  - Skin temperature was measured in the forearms of 8 healthy volunteers to study
      the effect of transdermal application of a stable prostacyclin analogue
      (Iloprost). Local skin temperature was significantly increased 24 hours and 48
      hours after application of the drug when compared with an area of control skin.
      The effect had worn off by 72 hours. At a dose of 25 micrograms there were no
      systemic effects of vasodilatation or antiplatelet behaviour, but when the dose
      was increased to 75 micrograms there was a decreased rate of platelet aggregation
      for 24 hours. Histology of a skin biopsy suggested that the increase in skin
      temperature was due to vasodilatation and not acute inflammatory reaction. The
      results of this pilot study suggest that transdermal application of Iloprost is a
      suitable vehicle for administration of the drug and a prospective randomised
      trial is proposed for patients with Raynaud's Syndrome.

PMID- 2414784
TI  - Bepridil: a review of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy as an anti-anginal
      agent with anti-arrhythmic properties.
AB  - Bepridil is an anti-anginal agent with a novel chemical structure. Its main
      pharmacological effects are an increase in coronary blood flow, a reduction in
      myocardial oxygen demand, reduction in cardiac work, primarily by a decrease in
      after-load and a dose-dependent negative chronotropic effect, and anti-arrhythmic
      properties. These are mainly due to a calcium-antagonistic action. There is
      evidence that fast sodium channels in heart muscle are also inhibited. Trials
      have shown that bepridil is effective in the prophylactic treatment of various
      forms of angina pectoris and accompanying arrhythmias. Pharmacokinetic data
      justify once-daily administration. The evidence suggests that bepridil is
      generally well tolerated. This paper reviews already published studies and the
      results of recent investigations on the pharmacological and clinical efficacy of
      bepridil.

PMID- 2414785
TI  - Effect of 5-azacytidine and its derivatives on gastric secretion.

PMID- 2414786
TI  - Effects of 5-azacytidine and its 2'-deoxyderivative on cell differentiation and
      DNA methylation.

PMID- 2414787
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to serum lipoproteins: their present and future use in
      biology and medicine.

PMID- 2414788
TI  - The cellular pharmacology of methotrexate.

PMID- 2414789
TI  - [Debrisan paste for refractory venous ulcers. Apropos of 11 case reports].

PMID- 2414790
TI  - Ionic channels in epithelial cell membranes.
AB  - This review focused on results obtained with methods that allow studies of ionic
      channels in situ, namely, patch clamping and current-noise analysis. We reported
      findings for ionic channels in apical and basolateral plasma membranes of various
      tight and leaky epithelia from a wide range of animal species and tissues. As for
      ionic channel "species," we restricted ourselves to the discussion of cation
      specific (Na+ or K+), hybrid (Na+ and K+), and Cl- channels. For the K+-specific
      channels it can be said that their properties in conduction (multisite, single
      file), selectivity (only "K+-like" cations), and blocking behavior (Ba2+, Cs+,
      TEA) much resemble those observed for K+ channels in excitable membranes. This
      seems to include also the Ca2+-activated "maxi" K+ channel. Thus, K+ channels in
      excitable membranes and K+ channels in epithelia appear to be very closely
      related in their basic structural principles. This is, however, not at all
      unexpected, because K+ channels provide the dominant permeability characteristics
      of nearly all plasma membranes from symmetrical and epithelial cells. An
      exception is, of course, apical membranes of tight epithelia whose duty is Na+
      absorption against large electrochemical gradients in a usually anisosmotic
      environment. Here, Na+ channels dominate, although a minor fraction of membrane
      permeability comes from K+ channels, as in frog skin, colon, or distal nephron.
      Epithelial Na+ channels are different from excitable Na+ channels in that they 1)
      are far more selective and 2) seem to be chemically rather than electrically
      gated. Furthermore, their specific blockers belong to very different chemical
      families, although a guanidinium/amidinium moiety is a common feature (TTX vs.
      amiloride). [For a more detailed summary of Na+ channel properties see sect. IV
      H.] Most interesting is the occurrence of relatively nonselective cationic
      (hybrid) channels in apical membranes of tight epithelia, like larval or adult
      frog skin. Here, not only the weak selectivity is astonishing but also the fact
      that these channels react with so-called K+-channel-specific (Ba2+, TEA) as well
      as with Na+-channel-specific (amiloride, BIG) compounds. Moreover, this cross
      reactivity does not seem to be inhibitory but, on the contrary, stimulating.
      Clearly these channels may become a fascinating object with which to assess
      whether Na+ and K+ channels are not only structurally but also genetically
      related and whether they can somehow be converted into each other.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2414791
TI  - Ion transport across plasma membrane in primary hypertension.

PMID- 2414792
TI  - Biochemical effects of corticosteroids on neural tissues.
AB  - Corticosteroids appear capable of exerting an impressive array of effects on the
      metabolism of neural tissues. The diversity of these effects is perhaps not
      surprising given the wide variety of biochemically and morphologically
      distinguishable cell types present in the combined central and peripheral nervous
      systems. In conclusion, it seems useful to summarize the state of knowledge in
      some of the most critical research areas discussed in this review and to predict
      what major advances are probably forthcoming in the next few years.

PMID- 2414793
TI  - The effects of isolation, grouping and aggressive interactions on indole- and
      catecholamine levels and apparent turnover in the hypothalamus and midbrain of
      the male golden hamster.
AB  - Although the golden hamster is widely used for studies on aggression, there have
      been no previous investigations of the role of biogenic amines in this species.
      Like the mouse, isolated male hamsters are highly aggressive towards a
      conspecific while grouped males are relatively unaggressive. Isolated males
      exhibited no differences in levels of midbrain or hypothalamic serotonin (5HT), 5
      hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) or norepinephrine (NE) compared with grouped
      males. Nor were there differences in the percentage changes in 5HT or 5HIAA
      following monoamine oxidase inhibition by pargyline, nor in the percentage fall
      in hypothalamic NE after tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition by alpha-methyl-p
      tyrosine (AMPT); midbrain NE in isolates (unlike grouped males) did not decline
      after AMPT administration. The percentage changes in 5HT after pargyline
      administration were unaffected by fighting, but the expected percentage fall in
      hypothalamic 5HIAA did not occur in males (either grouped or isolated) taking
      part in an aggressive interaction; this may be an indication of increased 5HT
      turnover. The percentage change in NE after AMPT administration was unaffected by
      fighting. Pargyline administration (70 mg/kg IP) reduced the aggressive response
      of isolated male hamsters to an intruder while AMPT (200 mg/kg IP) had no
      significant effect.

PMID- 2414794
TI  - Non-opiate analgesia following stressful acoustic stimulation.
AB  - The change in the nociceptive reactions of rats was characterized after stressful
      acoustic (115 dB) stimulation. Acoustic loading for five minutes resulted in
      considerable analgesia in the hot-plate test, whereas a significant analgesic
      response was not observed in the tail-flick test. The analgesic reaction after
      acoustic stimulation was resistant to naloxone pretreatment and was also found in
      morphine-tolerant rats, but the acute thermoregulatory and analgesic effects of
      morphine were greatly potentiated by simultaneous acoustic loading. Substance P
      or cholecystokinin treatment likewise failed to prevent the analgesic effect of
      auditory stimulation. No tolerance developed to the analgesic effect on repeated
      stressing. Diltiazem, a slow calcium channel blocker, facilitated the analgesia.
      The data suggest a stress-induced analgesia with obviously non-opiate properties,
      although an indirect involvement of opiate effects could not be excluded.

PMID- 2414795
TI  - [Exactly like the truth].

PMID- 2414796
TI  - Considerations for care when the anesthetic is lidocaine.

PMID- 2414797
TI  - [Hallucination of a presence at the thought of an absence: apropos of the role of
      absence in relation to an early object].

PMID- 2414799
TI  - [Drive and symbolism].

PMID- 2414798
TI  - Carbohydrate craving, conduct disorder, and low 5HIAA.

PMID- 2414800
TI  - Hormonal changes in premenstrual syndrome.

PMID- 2414801
TI  - Whipple's disease: an historical perspective.

PMID- 2414802
TI  - [Howie's antithrombin activity and thrombin inhibitors in the nephrotic
      syndrome].
AB  - A prospective study was carried out on a group of 28 patients affected by
      nephrotic syndrome in order to compare the antithrombin activity, measured by the
      technique of Howie, the antithrombin III, measured with chromogenic substrate and
      by radial immunodiffusion, the alpha 2-macroglobulin and the alpha 1-antitrypsin.
      An increased level of alpha 2-macroglobulin and of the antithrombin activity,
      measured by the technique of Howie and a reduction of the level of antithrombin
      III and of alpha 1-antitrypsin was observed. It is suggested that the increased
      antithrombin activity is related to the increase of alpha 1-antitrypsin was
      observed. It is suggested that the increased antithrombin activity is related to
      the increase of alpha 2-macroglobulin concentration in spite of the simultaneous
      decrease of antithrombin III.

PMID- 2414803
TI  - [Chemical method for the determination of fetal hemoglobin at low
      concentrations].
AB  - A new method of determination of foetal haemoglobin by means of the alkali
      denaturation is described. This method allows to determinate low levels of foetal
      haemoglobin and that is an important date in the screening of beta-thalassemia
      where the per cent of foetal haemoglobin is only a little increased than in
      physiological condition.

PMID- 2414804
TI  - [Effects of aminoglycosides on T and B lymphocyte populations: in vitro study].
AB  - The authors tested the influence of gentamycin, spectinomycin,and
      dihydrostreptomycin on the formation of EAChu and EAT rosettes and they have
      found a significant reduction of the percentage of EAChu rosettes. Probably this
      reduction is due to an interaction with the receptor sites for the Complement of
      B lymphocytes and/or an in vitro denaturation Complement.

PMID- 2414805
TI  - [Embolization therapy of kidney tumors--experience with a group of 60 patients].
AB  - A series of 60 patients is reported, in whom embolization was carried out because
      of a kidney tumor. In 9 cases, this treatment was given for purely palliative
      reasons, but in the remaining 51 cases, this treatment was a preoperative measure
      in order to achieve coagulation or "dry the tumor out" intra vitam. Although we
      formerly used materials such as gel foam and muscle homogenates, in the last
      three years, Ethibloc or pure alcohol has been used exclusively. The risks
      involved in this therapy are discussed. In patients with large arteriovenous
      shunts or fistulas, alcohol should not be used and we prefer polyacrylic agents
      like Ethibloc.

PMID- 2414806
TI  - [Synthesis and secretion of mouse interferon-beta by a Bacillus subtilis alpha
      amylase secretion vector].

PMID- 2414807
TI  - International symposium on peptides and ion transport. April 24-26, 1985,
      Florence, Italy.

PMID- 2414808
TI  - Effects of sodium pump inhibition on the relaxation induced by synthetic atrial
      natriuretic factor (ANF) and sodium nitroprusside.

PMID- 2414809
TI  - Cellular actions of a neuropeptide hormone on ion transport across an insect
      renal epithelium.

PMID- 2414810
TI  - Vaso-active intestinal peptide affects the renal transport of ions.

PMID- 2414811
TI  - Peptide and amino acid electropharmacology of cultured mammalian central neurons
      and clonal pituitary cells.

PMID- 2414812
TI  - Some ionic mechanisms of slow peptidergic neuronal excitation.

PMID- 2414813
TI  - Gamma-aminobutyric acid and chloride channels: regulation by neuropeptides.

PMID- 2414814
TI  - Ionic involvements in the neuronotrophic action of nerve growth factor.

PMID- 2414815
TI  - Neurotensin effect on calcium transport and dopamine release in rat striatum.

PMID- 2414816
TI  - Does an anion channel mediate the action of kappa opioid receptors?

PMID- 2414817
TI  - Control of epithelial ion transport by neuropeptides.

PMID- 2414818
TI  - Influence of antidipsogenic peptides of the mammalian brain on electrolyte and
      water balance.

PMID- 2414819
TI  - Effect of a beta-casomorphin analog on ion transport in rabbit ileum: evidence
      for a cholinergic mediation.

PMID- 2414820
TI  - Neuropeptide modulation of GABA receptor C1- channels.

PMID- 2414821
TI  - Peptides as promoters of ion-permeable channels.

PMID- 2414822
TI  - "Pure" presynaptic stimulatory toxins and ion transport.

PMID- 2414823
TI  - Cross-linking of H,K-ATPase subunits opens anion channel, triggering gastric acid
      secretion.

PMID- 2414824
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to antidiuretic hormone.

PMID- 2414825
TI  - GH clonal cells as a model for the relation between peptide control of
      hypophysial secretion and intracellular modulation of membrane electrical
      activity.

PMID- 2414826
TI  - Effect of oxytocin on calcium movements in uterine smooth muscle.

PMID- 2414827
TI  - Abnormalities of caerulein- and carbamylcholine-stimulated pancreatic enzyme
      secretion in the obese Zucker rat.
AB  - The secretory function of the exocrine pancreas has been studied in dispersed
      pancreatic acini from obese and homozygous lean Zucker rats at 6 and 22 wk. No
      abnormality was found in acini from young rats. Acini from 22 wk obese and lean
      rats were equally responsive to secretagogues which stimulate cAMP, i.e.
      vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and secretin. By contrast, there was a
      reduction in the maximum responsiveness to caerulein and carbamylcholine in acini
      from obese rats. These latter secretagogues act through mobilization of
      intracellular Ca2+. Since obese animals are insulin resistant and amylase release
      is modulated by insulin, the role of insulin resistance in the secretory defect
      was then investigated. A group of 22 wk obese rats received treatment with
      Ciglitazone (a drug which reduces insulin resistance in obese laboratory animals)
      for 4 wk before the secretion study. Despite the expected reduction in insulin
      resistance there was no improvement of the secretory defect seen with caerulein
      and carbamylcholine stimulation. Thus, the secretory abnormality in the exocrine
      pancreas of adult obese Zucker rats does not appear to be directly associated
      with insulin resistance. Furthermore, the secretory defect is linked to those
      secretagogues which induce Ca2+-independent phosphoinositide hydrolysis and Ca2+
      mobilization in the target cell.

PMID- 2414828
TI  - [Angiographic studies of liver metastases and primary liver tumors with an oily
      contrast medium].
AB  - First, limited experiences with hepatic angiography using an oily contrast medium
      (Lipiodol) show an accumulation of the Lipiodol in a hypervascularized primary
      hepatic carcinoma. No enhancement could be seen in hypovascularized metastasis of
      a colonic cancer. There were no side effects of the intraarterial application of
      the oily contrast medium in the examined patients.

PMID- 2414829
TI  - Genotoxicity of 1,1-dichloroethane.
AB  - 1,1-Dichloroethane is covalently bound to macromolecules of rat and mouse organs
      in vivo after ip injection. Covalent Binding Index is typical of initiators
      classified as weak carcinogens. In vitro binding of 1,1-dichloroethane to nucleic
      acids and proteins is mediated by liver P-450-dependent microsomal mixed function
      oxidase system. Lung microsomes are weakly efficient whereas kidney and stomach
      microsomal fractions are uneffective. Interaction with macromolecules is enhanced
      by pretreatment with phenobarbitone and suppressed by 2-diethyl-aminoethyl-2,2
      diphenyl valerate. Cytosolic enzymes from all of tested organs do not catalyze
      binding to macromolecules. GSH and/or cytosol addition to microsomal system
      determine a decrement or suppression of binding extent. This fact suggests that
      GSH plays a detoxificant role in 1,1-dichloroethane metabolism as for some other
      chlorinated compounds occurs.

PMID- 2414830
TI  - Binding of 3H-iloprost to rat gastric mucosa: a pitfall in performing radioligand
      binding assays.
AB  - Binding of 3H-iloprost was studied in a 20,000 x g sediment of the rat gastric
      mucosa. When pH in both test tubes for total and non-specific binding was kept
      identical, no displaceable binding of iloprost could be detected. When no care
      was taken to keep the pH identical in corresponding test tubes of the binding
      assay, changes in pH simulated specific and displaceable binding of iloprost.
      Therefore it is concluded that - in contrast to earlier reports - it is not
      possible to demonstrate specific iloprost binding using the given method.

PMID- 2414831
TI  - The effect of infrarenal aortic clamping and declamping on central haemodynamics
      and tissue blood flow in pigs--a comparison of fluid replacement between a
      colloid and a cristalloid.
AB  - A study has been undertaken to compare the effect of fluid administration of a
      cristalloid (Ringer glucose) with that of a colloid (dextran 40) on central
      haemodynamics and organ blood flow distribution during clamping and after
      declamping of infrarenal aorta in pigs. The declamping hypotension was
      significantly greater in the cristalloid group where a decrease in cardiac output
      was also seen. Tissue blood flow to the kidneys decreased in the cristalloid
      group during clamping but was maintained in the dextran group. At declamping
      there was a reactive kidney hyperaemia in the dextran group, while the medullar
      flow was still significantly decreased in the cristalloid group. The reactive
      hyperaemia seen in pancreas and small intestines was also greater in the dextran
      group.

PMID- 2414832
TI  - Hepatic artery administration of degradable starch microspheres. I. Effect on
      energy charge and incorporation of precursors into rat liver nucleic acids.
AB  - The effects of hepatic artery administration of degradable starch microspheres on
      liver energy charge and nucleic acid anabolism were studied in rats. Liver energy
      charge was evaluated 20 and 60 min after the injection of degradable starch
      microspheres. As compared to controls the microspheres had no effect on liver
      energy charge. The incorporation of orotic acid, uracil, and thymidine into liver
      RNA or DNA was studied 1 h after hepatic artery injection of precursor alone or
      together with degradable starch microspheres. Orotic acid and uracil
      incorporation into RNA was studied in normal rats and the DNA incorporation of
      thymidine in animals with regenerating livers. Orotic acid and thymidine were
      given in trace amounts. Uracil was given in amounts corresponding to a
      therapeutic dose of 5-fluorouracil. The addition of microspheres had no effects
      on the incorporation of the nucleic acid precursors into RNA or DNA. Thus, in the
      normal liver degradable starch microspheres administered by the hepatic artery
      had no influence on liver energy charge or RNA anabolism in the liver. Also the
      microspheres had no negative effects on the DNA anabolism in proliferating liver
      cells.

PMID- 2414833
TI  - Cell instability in basophil leukocytes of patients with chronic obstructive
      airway disease.
AB  - The histamine release from basophils induced by hypo-osmolarity was investigated
      in 75 healthy persons and in 43 patients with chronic obstructive airway disease.
      Leukocyte suspensions were diluted with destilled water in cell/water ratio
      volumen of 1:1, 1:3, and 1:7. Basophils, sequentially treated with increasing
      amounts of water, show an activation of the release process. A statistically
      significant age-dependent hypo-osmolar histamine liberation could be
      demonstrated. Furthermore, a significant higher cell stability was found for the
      group of patients.

PMID- 2414834
TI  - [Changes in the plasma proteins in diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2414835
TI  - [The viral hypothesis in the etiopathogenesis of lupus diseases].

PMID- 2414837
TI  - The impact of combined therapeutic modalities in head, neck, and esophageal
      cancer.
AB  - Nearly 50% of head and neck cancers and two-thirds of patients with esophageal
      cancer generally present late for initial treatment. The patterns of failure are
      generally locoregional with around 10% showing distant dissemination. Surgery
      alone and in combination with pre-operative radiation has not significantly
      increased salvage in these groups of cancer. The availability of increasingly
      effective drugs (Cisplatinum, MTX., Bleomycin), for head, neck and esophageal
      cancers have produced dramatic initial responses with excellent palliative relief
      of symptoms enabling adequate definitive radiotherapy or surgery for advanced T3,
      T4 lesions. Cisplatinum 20 mg/m2 daily X 5 - twice at the interval of 10 days
      with MTX 25 mg/m2 and Bleomycin 15 mg/m2 weekly X 2 have been used for T3 and T4
      Head and Neck Cancers and Cisplatinum in the same dosage and MTX 200 mg twice in
      10 days have been used for esophageal cancers. 88% responses in 35 patients have
      been noted in head and neck cancers and when the chemotherapy was followed by
      definitive radiotherapy, complete responses were achieved in 16 out of 25
      patients (64%). This is a very significant response rate for T3, T4 cancers.
      Patients who were in a reasonably acceptable general condition after this regimen
      were further considered for two more courses of consolidative chemotherapy.
      Response rates in esophageal cancer was 78% (26 of 34 evaluable patients) - 6 of
      the 26 showed a complete response and all are alive from 8 months to 26 months.
      Our failure to obtain increasing cures at 3 and 5 years may be due to our
      ignorance of the capacity of dormant cells to proliferate, tumor cell kinetics,
      more effective use of chemotherapy or the biology of the host. These areas need
      further investigation.

PMID- 2414836
TI  - [Peripheral peptidergic neurons. II. Substance P, tachykinins and the axon
      reflex].

PMID- 2414838
TI  - RNA tumor virus in human thymomas and thymus hyperplasias.
AB  - Human thymomas and thymus hyperplasias were examined for retroviruses. Most of
      these patients were complicated by systemic immunological diseases such as
      myasthenia gravis and pure red cell aplasia. The thymus cells were co-cultured
      with allogenic B cells or peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) pretreated with
      mitomycin C. Retrovirus-like particles were demonstrated in cultured thymus cells
      in all cases of thymomas and thymus hyperplasias examined by electron microscopy.
      In most cases, these particles were detected in thymus epithelial cells. Reverse
      transcriptase activity sedimenting at a density of 1.15-1.17 gm/cm3 in sucrose
      density gradients was eluted in the culture fluids. Retrovirus-like particles
      were demonstrated in human T cells infected with these particles. Antibodies to
      virus-infected T cells were detected in sera of the patients with thymoma and
      thymus hyperplasia. These results suggest that in thymomas and thymus
      hyperplasias, retroviruses that can be induced, following a proliferative
      stimulus, may be involved in the genesis of thymic disorders and in the
      pathogenesis of systemic immunological diseases.

PMID- 2414840
TI  - [Bacteriology I].

PMID- 2414839
TI  - [Monoarthritis as initial manifestation of multiple myeloma diagnosed from
      synovial fluid analysis].

PMID- 2414841
TI  - [Nursing care of the candidate for heart transplantation].

PMID- 2414842
TI  - [Indications, procedures and choice of embolization material in transcatheter
      vascular occlusion].
AB  - If it is planned to effect transcatheteral occlusion of vessels, it must be
      examined whether the relevant vessel should be occluded permanently or
      temporarily and whether the occlusion should be located centrally in the vascular
      trunk or in a major twig, or peripherally in the region of the capillaries,
      arterioles and small vessels. Temporary occlusion with fibrospum is usually
      sufficient for treating a haemorrhage. Ethibloc or Bucrylate can be employed to
      shut off an organ and to achieve partial organ necrosis. Arteriovenous
      connections with a large vascular lumen can be occluded by means of metal
      particles. Peripherally occluding substances should not be used for embolisations
      in the gastrointestinal range because of the risk of local necrosis and possible
      dangerous infection resulting therefrom. To the present day hardly any
      indications have been found for the use of absolute alcohol. Bucrylate has the
      drawback, compared against Ethibloc, that the catheter may adhere to the vascular
      wall. Vessels with a low flow rate should be occluded either by means of balloon
      catheter or a coaxial catheter system because of the risk of reflux.

PMID- 2414843
TI  - PF 4 versus beta TG as evidence for platelet activation in myeloproliferative
      disorders.
AB  - 19 patients with MPD have been studied. As described in normals, an age-related
      increase in beta thromboglobulin (beta TG) release is observed. Such release,
      however, is greater in patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). MPD seem
      therefore to cause platelet activation, allowing an earlier and more evident
      manifestation of physiologic ageing phenomena. PF 4 levels are near zero both in
      controls and patients, regardless of platelet number. This suggests that
      increased levels of PF 4 represent only a laboratory artifact, caused by platelet
      activation in vitro. Mean ability in producing thromboxane B2 (TxB2) is
      increased, but is perfectly normal in patients with normal platelet count and
      decreased in 3 thrombocythaemic patients, who seem to present an increased
      thrombotic risk. TxB2 is reduced almost to zero by the administration of aspirin
      plus dipyridamole; contrarily, all other parameters were unaffected, either by
      such drugs or by AD 6, a new coumarin derivative with antiplatelet properties.

PMID- 2414844
TI  - Transurethral versus transvesical prostatectomy. Physiological strain.
AB  - The present randomized study evaluated the physiological strain in transurethral
      (TURP) versus transvesical (TVP) prostatectomy in 75 patients with clinically
      benign, medium-sized prostatic enlargement. In both groups 5 patients had
      coincidental prostatic carcinoma. During TURP a suprapubic trocar was inserted
      for irrigation with 1.5% glycine. Antibiotics were given to patients with
      preoperative urinary tract infection and postoperatively tranexamic acid was
      administered to all patients. Coexisting diseases which might increase the
      operative risk were equally present in TURP and TVP patients. No patient died in
      connection with the operative procedures. Median duration of anaesthesia for TVP
      was 95 min and for TURP 60 min (p less than 0.001). Almost identical operative
      blood loss was seen in the two groups. However, more blood transfusion were given
      to TVP patients. Following discharge, more episodes of bleeding were registered
      in the TURP group, but no significant difference was observed in number of
      secondary operations for bleeding. In the TVP group, more patients had pulmonary
      complications, elevated rectal temperature as well as antibiotic treatment and
      34% of these patients developed wound infection. Secondary operations before
      discharge were also more frequently undertaken in TVP patients. No differences
      between the two groups were seen pre- or postoperatively with respect to
      electrolyte, protein, creatinine and haemoglobin values. In the patients with
      incidental prostatic carcinoma a TURP was the most gentle procedure. With respect
      to physiological strain a TURP is clearly to be preferred over a TVP for
      obstructive clinically benign, medium-sized prostatic hyperplasia.

PMID- 2414845
TI  - The cellular basis of hearing: the biophysics of hair cells.
AB  - A crucial event in the hearing process is the transduction of mechanical stimuli
      into electrical signals by hair cells, the sensory receptors of the internal ear.
      Stimulation results in the rapid opening of ionic channels in the mechanically
      sensitive organelles of these cells, their hair bundles. These transduction
      channels, which are nonselectively permeable, are directly excited by hair-bundle
      displacement. Hair cells are selectively responsive to particular frequencies of
      stimulation, both due to the mechanical properties of their hair bundles and
      because of an ensemble of ionic channels that constitute an electrical resonator.

PMID- 2414846
TI  - Plasticity of the differentiated state.
AB  - Heterokaryons provide a model system in which to examine how tissue-specific
      phenotypes arise and are maintained. When muscle cells are fused with nonmuscle
      cells, muscle gene expression is activated in the nonmuscle cell type. Gene
      expression was studied either at a single cell level with monoclonal antibodies
      or in mass cultures at a biochemical and molecular level. In all of the nonmuscle
      cell types tested, including representatives of different embryonic lineages,
      phenotypes, and developmental stages, muscle gene expression was induced.
      Differences among cell types in the kinetics, frequency, and gene dosage
      requirements for gene expression provide clues to the underlying regulatory
      mechanisms. These results show that the expression of genes in the nuclei of
      differentiated cells is remarkably plastic and susceptible to modulation by the
      cytoplasm. The isolation of the genes encoding the tissue-specific trans-acting
      regulators responsible for muscle gene activation should now be possible.

PMID- 2414847
TI  - Circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium vivax: gene cloning and characterization
      of the immunodominant epitope.
AB  - The gene encoding the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of the human malaria parasite
      Plasmodium vivax has been cloned. The deduced sequence of the protein consists of
      373 amino acids with a central region of 19 tandem repeats of the nonapeptide Asp
      Arg-Ala-Asp/Ala-Gly-Gln-Pro-Ala-Gly. A synthetic 18-amino acid peptide containing
      two tandem repeats binds to a monoclonal antibody directed to the CS protein of
      Plasmodium vivax and inhibits the interaction of this antibody with the native
      protein in sporozoite extracts. The portions of the CS gene that do not contain
      repeats are closely related to the corresponding regions of the CS genes of two
      simian malarias, Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium knowlesi. In contrast, the
      homology between the CS genes of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum,
      another malaria parasite of humans, is very limited.

PMID- 2414848
TI  - Amino acid homology between the encephalitogenic site of myelin basic protein and
      virus: mechanism for autoimmunity.
AB  - Amino acid sequence homology was found between viral and host encephalitogenic
      protein. Immune responses were then generated in rabbits by using the viral
      peptide that cross-reacts with the self protein. Mononuclear cell infiltration
      was observed in the central nervous systems of animals immunized with the viral
      peptide. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is a host protein whose encephalitogenic site
      of ten amino acids induces experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. By computer
      analysis, hepatitis B virus polymerase (HBVP) was found to share six consecutive
      amino acids with the encephalitogenic site of rabbit MBP. Rabbits given
      injections of a selected eight- or ten-amino acid peptide from HBVP made antibody
      that reacted with the predetermined sequences of HBVP and also with native MBP.
      Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the immunized rabbits proliferated when
      incubated with either MBP or HBVP. Central nervous system tissue taken from these
      rabbits had a histologic picture reminiscent of experimental allergic
      encephalomyelitis. Thus, viral infection may trigger the production of antibodies
      and mononuclear cells that cross-react with self proteins by a mechanism termed
      molecular mimicry. Tissue injury from the resultant autoallergic event can take
      place in the absence of the infectious virus that initiated the immune response.

PMID- 2414849
TI  - Congenital anomalies: detection and strategies for management.

PMID- 2414850
TI  - Polluting and healing among the Northern Yaka of Zaire.
AB  - The Northern Yaka of Zaire construct a meaningful world by reference to the human
      body. They understand the socio-cultural domain in terms of bodily exchanges such
      as ingestion and excretion, sexual processes or listening and speech. They
      perceive their bodies simultaneously as bounded entities and as meeting points
      between inner and outer, self and other, and so on. Pollution occurs in the
      ominous transition, or the closure of corporeal and/or socio-cultural boundaries.
      Healing rituals aim to integrate bodily and socio-cultural domains and to mediate
      boundaries and boundary-transition. Part 1 of this paper transforms Mary Douglas'
      social perspective into a subject-centred view of the symbolic dimensions of
      sexuality, of pollution, and of the main forms of healing among the Northern
      Yaka. Here 'pollution' (mbeembi) has to do with an ominous disturbance of the
      cultural body schema and of domestic boundaries. Part 2 focuses on the
      ideological relationship between gender, the 'transgression of sexual rights'
      (yidyaata), and reproduction.

PMID- 2414851
TI  - [If your wear a pacemaker ...].

PMID- 2414852
TI  - A nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever at Tygerberg Hospital.
      Part II. Management of patients.
AB  - During the outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) at Tygerberg
      Hospital 8 patients were diagnosed positive. CCHF was diagnosed in another
      patient several months later. The treatment of these 9 cases is outlined. When it
      became evident that CCHF could present with a spectrum of severity, treatment was
      adjusted according to each patient's requirements. The essential components
      consisted of correction of haematological abnormalities combined with hyperimmune
      serum; the latter is particularly important for the severely ill patient with no
      antibodies to CCHF. The antiviral agents ribavirin and interferon were used but
      evidence to substantiate their application in future cases was inconclusive.
      Interferon was discontinued because of severe side-effects, many of which
      simulated the clinical features of CCHF. Objective improvement after
      corticosteroid treatment was noted in only 1 patient, but some of her symptoms
      could have been due to a transfusion reaction. Antibiotics were not routinely
      used. The 2 patients who died were diagnosed late, did not receive hyperimmune
      serum, and eventually developed multi-organ failure. The course of CCHF can
      probably be modified if the diagnosis is made early, if antiserum is given, and
      if the haematological abnormalities are promptly corrected.

PMID- 2414853
TI  - A nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever at Tygerberg Hospital.
      Part IV. Preventive and prophylactic measures.
AB  - During the Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) outbreak at Tygerberg Hospital
      a particular problem existed: a simultaneous influenza epidemic complicated the
      screening of contacts because of its very similar clinical picture to that of
      early CCHF. The methods of identifying and screening contacts are described. Of
      459 listed CCHF contacts, 7 (1,5%) developed the disease; 6 were contacts of the
      index case and only 1 a contact of a secondary case. Two of the 7 CCHF patients
      had no direct contact with the index case; this caused great concern about the
      dissemination, despite the otherwise full protective measures. Four of 46 blood
      contacts (8,7%) and 3 of 9 needle contacts (33%) developed the disease.
      Prophylactic interferon therapy had to be discontinued because of side-effects
      mimicking the symptoms of CCHF. Ribavirin was used prophylactically in 6 of the 9
      inoculation contacts. One of the patients on ribavirin had a mild clinical course
      while 5 others who received the drug developed neither clinical CCHF nor
      antibodies to the virus. Two of the 3 needle contacts not treated with ribavirin
      had a severe clinical course. One contact with needle inoculation and 42 proven
      blood contacts who had not received ribavirin did not become infected. No firm
      conclusion can therefore be made about the protective value of prophylactic
      ribavirin.

PMID- 2414854
TI  - Hepatitis B virus gene expression in two cell lines, one derived from a natural
      human infection, the other experimentally infected in vitro.
AB  - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) gene expression was investigated in the PLC/PRF/5 human
      hepatoma cell line and the mouse L-cell line transfected with HBV DNA by
      modulating the in vitro growth conditions. Both cell lines contain the viral
      genome integrated into cell chromosomes and both have been shown to produce
      hepatitis B surface antigen only. Treatment with 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) did not
      enhance hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) synthesis in experimentally transfected
      mouse L cells. Low levels of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) were detected from the
      L cells regardless of 5-azaC treatment, and synthesis of HBeAg was dependent on
      the growth state of the cultures. No HBcAg or HBeAg was detected in PLC/PRF/5
      cells with or without 5-azaC treatment. This observation suggests that there is a
      distinct difference between experimentally transfected cells with HBV and the
      naturally derived material.

PMID- 2414855
TI  - Released granulocytic elastase: an indicator of pathobiochemical alterations in
      septicemia after abdominal surgery.
AB  - To discover the role of lysosomal enzyme release from polymorphonuclear (PMN)
      leukocytes during septicemia, plasma levels of PMN elastase were measured with a
      newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of the PMN
      elastase-alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor complex (E-alpha 1PI). Plasma samples from
      41 patients were assayed continuously before and after major abdominal surgery.
      The patients were divided into a group without infection (group A) and two
      septicemia groups (survivors in group B and nonsurvivors in group C). The E-alpha
      1PI levels of the 11 patients in group A without any signs of pre- or
      postoperative infection were in the normal range (a normal value of 86.5 +/- 25.5
      ng/ml has been reported in 153 healthy subjects), except for a small increase to
      208.8 +/- 25.6 ng/ml 12 hours after surgery. When septicemia was confirmed
      clinically in patients in groups B and C, the E-alpha 1PI levels rose on average
      to six times the norm in group B (649.9 +/- 116.3 ng/ml) and to more than 10
      times the norm in group C (985.0 +/- 154.6 ng/ml). Peak values greater than 2,200
      ng/ml could be measured in both groups. In patients in group B, the E-alpha 1PI
      levels returned to normal during recovery, while in those in group C they
      remained significantly elevated (560.5 +/- 174.7 ng/ml) until death. Correlations
      were demonstrated between the amount of elastase released into the circulation
      and the decrease in the activities of antithrombin III, coagulation factor XIII,
      and alpha 2-macroglobulin, as well as the increased C-reactive protein in plasma.
      We conclude that release of elastase and other lysosomal factors from PMN cells
      plays a major role in the pathobiochemical alterations during septicemia. In
      addition, significantly elevated E-alpha 1PI levels in the postoperative course
      seem to be a suitable indicator for onset and persistance of sepsis as well as of
      the severity of this disorder in patients after major surgery.

PMID- 2414856
TI  - Effect of luminal contents on postresectional longitudinal and mucosal growth in
      the ileum of suckling rats.
AB  - Effects of luminal contents on adaptive growth of the ileum in the neonatal small
      bowel of rats were examined after resection of the proximal small bowel and after
      removal of the ileum from the enteric stream. Four weeks after resection of the
      proximal 60% of the small bowel in 10-day-old rats, the distal 40% of the small
      bowel elongated by 281%. This distal segment also elongated by 265% after
      intestinal transection (p greater than 0.05), but by only 191% when it was
      bypassed (bypass versus resection or transection, p less than 0.001). After
      resection the distal villi were 81% taller, but after transection they were only
      19% taller (p less than 0.001 versus resection); after bypass they did not grow
      (p less than 0.001 versus resection or transection). The distal crypts were 404%
      deeper after resection, 331% deeper after transection (p less than 0.05), and
      291% deeper after bypass (p less than 0.001 versus resection, p greater than 0.05
      versus transection). The DNA content was 517% greater after resection, 364%
      greater after transection (p less than 0.001), and 73% greater after bypass (p
      less than 0.001 versus transection or resection). Maximal elongation of the small
      bowel occurs in the presence of luminal nutrition. Increasing luminal nutrition
      is associated with increasing mucosal hyperplasia.

PMID- 2414857
TI  - [Whipple's disease].

PMID- 2414858
TI  - [Calcitonin as an analgesic agent in the treatment of skeletal metastases].

PMID- 2414859
TI  - A monoclonal antibody detecting an HLA-DQwl-related determinant.
AB  - A complement fixing monoclonal antibody (moab) was prepared which reacts with a
      polymorphic determinant on HLA class II molecules. The moab IIB3 recognises all
      DQwl (DC1, MB1, LB-E12) positive cells as well as some DR4, DR7, DRw8 and DRw9
      positive cells. The moab reacts mainly with B-cells and not or with only a
      minority of the monocytes. Segregation of the determinant with HLA-DR could be
      shown. The determinant is strongly expressed on DR2, DR4 and DRw6 positive cell
      lines but only weakly on DR1 lines. In contrast to a monoclonal antibody against
      a monomorphic determinant on class II molecules IIB3 did not give a distinct
      inhibition of the MLC nor did it inhibit the generation of CTLs in MLC as has
      been described for the DQwl like moab BT 3/4 (Corte et al. 1982).
      Immunoprecipitation indicates that IIB3 reacts with DQ-like molecules.

PMID- 2414860
TI  - A monoclonal antibody recognizing a determinant shared by HLA-A2 and HLA-Aw69
      (A28* variant).
AB  - A cytotoxic murine monoclonal antibody, designated P5.1, was tested against 613
      unrelated donors and found to react with 401 who were positive for HLA-A2
      (sensitivity = 100%) and with 8 of 82 positive for HLA-A28. The latter split of
      A28 corresponds to the "A28* variant" that in the Ninth International
      Histocompatibility Workshop (9WS) was designated Aw69(28*). The epitope
      recognized by antibody P5.1 is distinct from the alloantisera-defined
      determinants that characterize HLA-A2 and A28. Immunoprecipitation of specific
      antigens with selected monoclonal antibodies and isoelectric focusing gel
      electrophoresis demonstrated that A2, Aw68(28) and Aw69(28*) are distinct
      polypeptides. Thus, the A2-A28 antigen family consists of at least three
      different alleles definable using alloantiserums specific for A2 and A28, and
      monoclonal antibodies such as P5.1 recognizing the A2,Aw-69(28*)-epitope.

PMID- 2414861
TI  - Expression of HLA class I alpha chain determinants by human X mouse hybrid T
      cells is correlated with HLA-beta 2m but not with H-2.
AB  - The expression of HLA class I alpha chains by clones derived from a human X mouse
      T-cell line containing human chromosomes 6 and 15 was analysed by
      immunofluorescence. Evidence is presented showing that the expression of HLA
      class I alpha chains is associated with HLA-beta 2m. This is based on the
      phenotypic and quantitative fluorescence flow cytometric analysis of a series of
      cloned hybrids. In contrast, HLA and H-2 class I determinants show no evidence of
      such correlation. Results of cell-sorting indicate that the loss of HLA class I
      alpha chain expression is due to phenotypic modulation, in addition to gene
      segregation.

PMID- 2414862
TI  - Reduced cadmium-induced cytotoxicity in cultured liver cells following 5
      azacytidine pretreatment.
AB  - Recent work indicated that administration of the pyrimidine analog 5-azacytidine
      (AZA), either to cells in culture or to rats, results in an enhancement of
      expression of the metallothionein (MT) gene. Since MT is thought to play a
      central role in the detoxification of cadmium, the present study was designed to
      assess the effect of AZA pretreatment on cadmium cytotoxicity. Cultured rat liver
      cells (TRL 1215) in log phase of growth were first exposed to AZA (8 microM).
      Forty-eight hours later, cadmium (10 microM) was added. MT concentrations were
      then measured 24 hr after the addition of cadmium. A modest increase in MT
      amounts over control (1.7-fold) was detected after AZA treatment alone. Cadmium
      alone resulted in a 10-fold increase in MT concentrations. The combination of AZA
      pretreatment followed by cadmium exposure caused a 23-fold increase in MT
      concentrations over control. Treatment with the DNA synthesis inhibitor
      hydroxyurea (HU) eliminated the enhancing effect of AZA pretreatment on cadmium
      induction of MT, indicating that cell division is required. AZA-pretreated cells
      were also harvested and incubated in suspension with cadmium (250 microM, 37
      degrees C) for 0 to 90 min. After incubation intracellular and extracellular
      fluids were separated by centrifugation through an oil layer. AZA-pretreated
      cells showed marked reductions in cadmium-induced cytotoxicity as reflected by
      reduced intracellular potassium loss, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase loss, and
      lipid peroxidation (assessed by thiobarbituric acid reactants) following cadmium
      exposure. AZA pretreatment had no effect on the cellular uptake of cadmium.
      Results suggest that AZA pretreatment induces tolerance to cadmium cytotoxicity
      which appears to be due to an increased capacity to synthesize MT rather than
      high quantities of preexisting MT at the time of cadmium exposure.

PMID- 2414863
TI  - Actions of epimers of 12-(OH)-reduced saxitoxin and of 11-(OSO3)-saxitoxin on
      squid axon.
AB  - The actions of the 12 alpha-saxitoxinol, 12 beta-saxitoxinol and a C-12 ethylene
      thioketal derivative of saxitoxin, as well as those of 11 alpha-(OSO3)-saxitoxin,
      11 beta-(OSO3)-saxitoxin and 11 alpha-(OH)-saxitoxin, have been examined on the
      isolated squid giant axon. Each of these analogues acted similarly to saxitoxin
      in blocking specifically the sodium channel. The relative potencies are: STX (1);
      11 beta-(OSO3)-STX (gonyautoxin III) (0.42); 11 alpha-(OSO3)-STX (gonyautoxin II)
      (0.20); 11 alpha-(OH)-STX (0.10); 12 alpha-saxitoxinol (0.0021); 12 beta
      saxitoxinol (0.0005). Thus, the presence of a bulky and negatively charged
      sulphate group on C-11 does not materially affect the biological activity of STX.
      Hydrogen bonding at the C-12 position is probably an important means of binding
      of STX to the membrane receptor site. The difference between the epimers of
      saxitoxinol suggests that the H in one of them may be geometrically better
      aligned than that in the other, with the hydrogen acceptor group in the receptor.

PMID- 2414864
TI  - Purification and partial characterization of the hemorrhagic factor from the
      venom of Crotalus adamanteus (eastern diamondback rattlesnake).
AB  - A proteinase from Crotalus adamanteus venom has been isolated to the stage of
      electrophoretic homogeneity by chromatography of the crude venom on CM-Sepharose,
      Phenyl-Sepharose, Ultrogel AcA 44 and DEAE-Sepharose. The proteinase accounts for
      100% of the detectable hemorrhagic activity in the venom, and the name C.
      adamanteus proteinase H is suggested. Proteinase H is a single chain glycoprotein
      with a molecular weight of 85,700. Proteinase H is active on casein and hide
      powder azure, but does not digest benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester or benzoyl-L
      tyrosine ethyl ester. Proteolytic and hemorrhagic activity were both abolished by
      treatment with EDTA and neither activity was restored by prolonged dialysis
      against Zn2+ or Ca2+. However, both activities were retained after treatment with
      phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. A minimal hemorrhagic response was elicited in
      mice by s.c. injection of 0.1 microgram of proteinase H. The caseinolytic
      activity of proteinase H was not inhibited during incubation with human alpha 2
      macroglobulin, nor was the inhibitor inactivated by proteinase H.

PMID- 2414865
TI  - Differential sensitivity of [3H]nitrendipine binding to cations of toxicological
      interest in various rat brain areas.
AB  - [3H]Nitrendipine ([3H]NTP) is a radiolabelled calcium antagonist which can be
      used to study neuronal calcium (Ca2+) channels. The interaction of Mn2+, Zn2+,
      Pb2+ and La3+ on [3H]NTP binding was studied in 3 brain areas particularly rich
      in [3H]NTP binding sites. Differences were observed in the brain regional
      distribution of [3H]NTP binding as well as in their sensitivity to the metal ions
      Pb, Mn and Zn. The binding data suggest that neuronal Ca2+ channels in different
      brain areas display distinct sensitivity to selected divalent cations.

PMID- 2414867
TI  - Photodynamic laser therapy. A ray of hope for cancer patients.

PMID- 2414866
TI  - The effect of endotoxin on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in the rat.
AB  - Bleomycin is a commonly used antineoplastic agent which produces dose- and time
      dependent pneumonitis and fibrosis in humans. The mechanism of bleomycin-induced
      lung injury is uncertain. However, current data shows that bleomycin can generate
      reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. We therefore
      investigated whether intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of endotoxin, a protectant
      for hyperoxia, could modulate the biochemical and morphological estimates of
      bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats. However, pretreatment with multiple i.p.
      injections of endotoxin, combined with intratracheal bleomycin instillation,
      resulted in increased lung collagen content compared to bleomycin treatment alone
      and controls. Furthermore, morphological estimates of the severity of lung
      lesions present in the endotoxin-bleomycin treatment group were increased when
      compared with saline and endotoxin control lung lesions. These data indicate, in
      the current study design, that endotoxin did not reduce, but instead increased
      the severity of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. The mechanism for
      this increase in fibrosis may be the result of pre-existing endotoxin-induced
      cell injury.

PMID- 2414868
TI  - Fetal liver transplantation in the dog. II. Repopulation of the granulocyte
      macrophage progenitor cell compartment by fetal liver cells from DLA-identical
      siblings.
AB  - The restoration of the granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell (CFU-GM)
      compartments in blood and bone marrow, and the recovery of blood monocytes were
      followed for up to one year in ten beagles that had been exposed to fractionated
      (3 X 6 Gy) total-body irradiation before being transfused with cryopreserved
      fetal liver cells (FLC) from sibling donors that were genotypically matched for
      dog leukocyte antigens. Grafts contained 0.2-1.6 X 10(8) mononuclear cells and
      0.9-19.8 X 10(4) CFU-GM/kg body weight. Numbers of circulating monocytes rose
      parallel to granulocyte numbers after day 6 and became normal by day 18
      posttransplant. In bone marrow aspirates, low numbers of CFU-GM were detected on
      day 3 and their incidence per 10(5) mononuclear cells was normal after day 14.
      Circulating CFU-GM were present in significant numbers by day 7 and their
      elevated concentration per milliliter of blood after day 14 continued for one
      year. Dextran sulfate injection mobilized normal numbers of CFU-GM into the blood
      early after transplantation, and spontaneously circulating CFU-GM in a later
      phase did not differ from blood progenitors of normal animals with respect to
      radiation sensitivity and sedimentation velocity. Thus, FLC transplantation
      effected a rapid restoration of granulopoiesis and monocytopoiesis, which was
      reflected at both the level of mature blood cells and the compartments of CFU-GM
      in blood and bone marrow, underlining the high repopulating capacity of fetal
      liver stem cells.

PMID- 2414869
TI  - Reactivity of in-vitro-expanded alloimmune cytotoxic T lymphocytes and Qa-1
      specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes against AKR leukemia in vivo.
AB  - The ability of alloimmune spleen cells expanded in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC)
      and cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to kill H-2-compatible leukemia in vivo
      was evaluated. In comparison with fresh alloimmune spleen cells, MLC-expanded
      cells had a significantly higher frequency of CTL reactive against leukemia
      targets in vitro. However, the reactivity of MLC-expanded cells against first
      passage spontaneous AKR (H-2k) leukemia in vivo was significantly less than when
      an equivalent number of fresh alloimmune spleen cells was injected. Comparable
      antileukemia reactivity was observed in vivo only when the inoculum of MLC
      expanded cells was 2-3-fold higher than that of fresh spleen cells. This relative
      ineffectiveness was attributed to the altered migration pattern of cultured cells
      in vivo. IL-2-dependent cloned CTL, specific for a normal lymphocyte antigen (Qa
      1b) also present on leukemia cells, were derived from MLC-expanded cultures and
      tested in vivo. For cloned CTL, as with MLC-expanded cells, eradication of AKR
      leukemia in vivo was associated with the tissue distribution pattern of the
      injected effector cells. That is, an effective antileukemia reaction was achieved
      only in tissues in which effector and target proximity was maintained. Qa-1b
      specific cloned CTL did not interfere with engraftment of autologous or
      allogeneic bone marrow in lethally irradiated host mice, nor did they cause any
      clinically evident graft-versus-host disease. These findings suggest that cloned
      CTL specific for a normal cell surface antigen with limited host tissue
      distribution, but present on tumor cells, could be used for adoptive
      immunotherapy, provided CTL and tumor cell proximity can be attained.

PMID- 2414870
TI  - Therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies to the leukocyte-common antigen.
      Synergy and interference in complement-mediated lysis.
AB  - A series of rat monoclonal antibodies against the human leukocyte-common antigen
      were isolated and, by means of competitive binding assays with purified antigen,
      two distinct groups were defined that recognize different epitopes of the
      molecule. None of these antibodies were lytic with human complement, but when
      antibodies against each of these two epitopes were used in combination,
      synergistic lysis with human complement could be obtained. Synergistic lysis was
      only seen when each antibody of the pair was of the IgG2b subclass. IgG2a
      antibodies could not synergize, and in fact could interfere with lysis obtained
      by the pair of IgG2b antibodies. Although synergy has so far only been studied
      for rat monoclonal antibodies we also show that it is possible with mouse
      antibodies or with combinations of mouse and rat antibodies. The information
      about the principles of synergy and its interference should provide a rationale
      for using well-planned cocktails of monoclonal antibodies for therapy rather than
      a shotgun polyclonal antiserum.

PMID- 2414871
TI  - [Functional evaluation of cultured cells under hypotonic conditions by intravital
      staining with neutral red].
AB  - A high stability of pig embryo kidney-cells to hypotony was shown with neutral
      red vital staining. In the medium, diluted 1 : 1, the cells kept their ability to
      make granules during 6 days. In the medium diluted by water 1 : 3, both granular
      and diffuse staining of cells was shown within 6-12 hours. Later (18-48 hours)
      the cell ability to make granules was kept, but the neutral red was deposed as
      large vacuoles. In the normal medium the cell ability to make granules was kept
      too. In the medium, diluted by water 1 : 7, the cells lost their ability to make
      granules. The ability was recovered when cells were returned to the normal
      medium. Thus, after 6-18 hours of incubation in such a hypotonic medium, the
      cells produced small granules of neutral red, and 24-48 hours later they made
      large granules.

PMID- 2414872
TI  - [Dependence of ion transport across the plasma membrane on the density of the
      cell culture. I. Ion flows and the potassium and sodium content in 3 Chinese
      hamster cell lines (CHO)].
AB  - Cation transport has been investigated in three lines of Chinese ovary cells CHO
      K1 during the cell culture growth. With the increase in the cell density
      potassium and sodium contents decreased from 1.2 to 0.8-0.5 and from 0.5 to 0.15
      0.1 mmole/g protein, respectively. The time courses of potassium and sodium
      changes were different, and the increase in intracellular K/Na ratio from 1.5-2.0
      to 5-10 with the increase in cell density was revealed. The rubidium influx was
      found to decrease during the culture growth mainly due to the decrease in ouabain
      inhibitable and (ouabain + furosemide)- non-inhibitable influxes. The changes in
      cation fluxes and cation contents were observed in transformed cells without
      contact inhibition of division and were considered as a manifestation of density
      dependent alterations of plasma membrane.

PMID- 2414873
TI  - [Differences in the expression of prekeratin and vimentin in organ and monolayer
      cultures of rat hepatocytes].
AB  - Results obtained by the indirect immunofluorescence method employing specific
      monoclonal antibodies show that during the first 24 hours of cultivation in a
      monolayer there appears another protein of intermediate filaments--vimentin,
      which is a characteristic of most mesenchymal cells. At the same time, in the
      organ liver culture maintained in the same culture medium, no expression of
      vimentin was observed up to 5-7 days of cultivation. Vimentin was revealed only
      in cells that migrated from a tissuepiece to collagen. Besides the vimentin
      expression in these migrating cells and monolayer cultures of hepatocytes, a
      redistribution of prekeratin filaments took place: the cytoplasmic network
      appeared instead of thick fibers underlying membranes. The results of the present
      work suggest that the vimentin expression and the prekeratin filament
      redistribution in epithelial liver cells in vitro do not depend on the changes of
      natural humoral factors for the components of culture medium but are due to
      damages of the intact liver tissue structure.

PMID- 2414874
TI  - [Effect of dye quality and the method of preparing a Schiff reagent on the
      staining intensity and DNA-fuchsin absorption spectra in performing the Feulgen
      reaction].
AB  - Dependence of the staining and absorption spectra of DNA-fuchsin on the dye
      quality and modes of preparation of the Schiff-reagent was studied. It is shown
      that many dyes supplied by different producers do not suit the purposes of
      quantitative cytochemical investigations. Before use the absorption spectra of
      the DNA-fuchsin must be taken using the standard object. The use of dyes
      possessing a multi-peak absorption curve should be avoided.

PMID- 2414875
TI  - Relationship between smooth muscle and cytoskeleton antibodies in neuroblastoma.
AB  - The previously reported high prevalence of smooth muscle antibodies in
      neuroblastoma has been found to be associated with a similarly elevated
      prevalence of anti-cytoskeleton antibodies. The most relevant finding is related
      to anti-microfilaments (anti-actin) and anti-microtubules antibodies, which were
      detected with highly significantly different prevalences when compared with a
      disease control group (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.000001, respectively).
      The correspondence between smooth muscle antibodies and anti-cytoskeleton
      antibodies is incomplete, and it is more relevant for anti-microfilaments. It is
      concluded that antigen specificities of smooth muscle antibodies in neuroblastoma
      are as complex as documented in other diseases. Possible pathogenetic and
      clinical implications emerging from these data are discussed.

PMID- 2414876
TI  - [Immunological recognition of antigenic determinants of proteins and peptides].
AB  - The data available in literature and those obtained by the author about the
      structure of the antigenic determinants of proteins and peptides which are
      identified by antibodies and different populations of immunocompetent cells are
      reviewed. The problems on interaction of different cells in the immune response
      against proteins, presentation of the immunogenic complex for identification by T
      lymphocytes, structures of the antigen-identifying receptor of T-cells are
      discussed.

PMID- 2414877
TI  - An electron microscopic histochemical study of the histogenesis of major salivary
      gland pleomorphic adenoma.
AB  - Six pleomorphic adenomas were studied histochemically by electron microscopy
      after staining with ruthenium red, high iron diamine-thiocarbohydrazide-silver
      proteinate (HID-TCH-SP), and tannic acid-ferric chloride (TA-FeCl3); the latter
      two are quite specific for sulfated glycoconjugates. With ruthenium red staining,
      the proteoglycans of the myxochondroid stroma could be visualized as numerous
      extracellular 25 to 50-nm polygonal matrix granules with fine projecting
      filaments. Similar positive ruthenium red-stained intracellular granules were
      observed within the Golgi-derived vacuoles of the modified "myoepithelial" cells
      in the myxochondroid region. Secretion of these granules by exocytosis was
      occasionally observed. The modified myoepithelial cell in the myxoid region
      exhibited strong HID-TCH-SP- and TA-FeCl3-reactive sites within the Golgi-derived
      vacuoles. The intercellular space or microcyst of the cellular clusters and the
      extracellular matrix granules stained strongly positive with both HID-TCH-SP and
      TA-FeCl3. Some cells located at the periphery of the cellular clusters also
      showed similar but weaker reactive sites. No staining was obtained in neoplastic
      ductal epithelium. The above cytochemical observations indicate that the modified
      "myoepithelial" cell probably derives from the periphery of the cellular clusters
      and is the cellular source of the stromal matrix. Moreover, the observations are
      compatible with the histogenetic model recently proposed by Dardick et al. that
      the neoplastic, modified myoepithelial cell is the principal proliferating cell
      in pleomorphic adenoma.

PMID- 2414878
TI  - Concentric membranous bodies in hepatocytes from a patient with systemic lupus
      erythematosus.
AB  - Concentric membranous bodies (CMB) are described in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes
      in a liver biopsy from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
      Histologically, the biopsy showed binucleated hepatocytes and rosette formation
      with lymphocytic infiltrates in portal fields. Hepatocyte cytoplasm showed focal
      fatty metamorphosis, focal staining for RNA with azure B at pH 4.0 (which was
      perchloric acid labile), diffuse alloxan-Schiff staining for protein, and PAS
      positive, diastase-sensitive glycogen. By electron microscopy one to three CMB
      were present in 10-15% of hepatocytes. CMB appeared as concentric, "fingerprint"
      or parallel arrays of particle-studded, membranous profiles. Other membranous
      configurations included mazelike forms. The space of Disse was dilated. Bile
      ductular changes included basement membrane thickening and redoubling and luminal
      bulging of ductular epithelium devoid of microvilli. CMB have been rarely
      reported in human hepatoma and have not heretofore been observed in non
      neoplastic human liver. Their appearance in hepatocytes in a patient with SLE may
      reflect an increase in protein synthesis during regeneration.

PMID- 2414879
TI  - [Quantitative estimation of isoamylase in the serum of patients with acute
      abdomen].

PMID- 2414880
TI  - Effects of halothane and hydrostatic pressure on sodium channels in squid axon.
AB  - The effects of halothane and hydrostatic compression have been studied on the
      voltage-dependent sodium conductances in the squid giant axon. Compression to 150
      atmospheres reduced the time course of both the activation and inactivation
      phases of the sodium current, reduced the amplitude of the peak inward current,
      and shifted the sodium reversal potential in a slightly hyperpolarizing
      direction. Halothane also depressed the sodium current amplitude and shifted the
      reversal potential but did not alter the membrane kinetics. Subsequent
      compression to 100 ATA did not restore the inward current flux to its control
      value, nor reverse the shift in the sodium reversal potential. We conclude that
      pressure and halothane do not act antagonistically at common sites in this
      preparation.

PMID- 2414881
TI  - [Gene expression and its consequences in genetic diseases].

PMID- 2414882
TI  - [Differentiation and cancer].

PMID- 2414883
TI  - [Epithelium-stroma interactions in epithelial differentiation].

PMID- 2414884
TI  - [The cytoskeleton, cellular differentiation and tumor typing].

PMID- 2414885
TI  - [Lesions of the kidneys, urinary tract and adjacent tissues in prostatic adenoma
      (autopsy data)].

PMID- 2414886
TI  - [Variants of the clinical course of prostatic adenoma].

PMID- 2414887
TI  - [Classification of "accidentally-detected" cancer of the prostate based on the
      data of repeated transurethral resection].

PMID- 2414888
TI  - [Changes in zinc, copper and nucleic acid metabolism in kidney recipients after
      allotransplantation].

PMID- 2414889
TI  - [Sexual activity of patients with prostatic adenoma].

PMID- 2414890
TI  - Activity of phosphatases and cellular contents in glomeruli and tubules isolated
      from growing rat renal cortex.
AB  - The activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases was determined in glomeruli and
      tubules isolated from 14-day old to adult rat renal cortex. Within a nephron
      fraction, each phosphatase activity produced a specific pattern which was not
      similar to that in other fractions. In the glomeruli the acid phosphatase
      activity increased between 14 and 21 days of life and was always higher than in
      the tubules where it did not significantly change with age. By using tartrate
      sodium and formaldehyde it was shown that the acid phosphatase isoenzymes are
      distributed according to a specific pattern which does not change during
      maturation. The alkaline phosphatase activity in glomeruli and in tubules
      increases with age but is always lower in the former fraction than in the latter.
      Furthermore, in young as well as in adult rats, glomeruli were characterized by a
      higher DNA content and lower RNA and protein/DNA ratios than the corresponding
      tubular fragments.

PMID- 2414891
TI  - Reproducibility of uroflowmetry variables in elderly males.
AB  - In the evaluation of prostatism urodynamics and especially uroflowmetry has
      received widespread attention. Review of the literature, however, revealed little
      information on the consistency of flow variables. Therefore eleven male
      volunteers above fifty years of age were asked to void five times during a short
      period of time. Each subject was found to reproduce his own flow curve fairly
      well. Statistical analysis of various flow variables, i.a. Q1s, Qmax, volume
      corrected Qmax, Qmax time, Qave and volume voided, demonstrated a high degree of
      reproducibility. In conclusion a single flow curve is sufficient for clinical
      routine on the assumption that the patient declares the voiding to be typical.

PMID- 2414892
TI  - [Clinical observations in vascular occlusion of kidney tumors by absolute
      alcohol].
AB  - The results of the occlusion of renal tumors by two different materials-Ethibloc
      (n = 26) and absolute alcohol (n = 72) are being compared. The kidneys were
      occluded under equal clinical conditions. The clinical symptoms following
      embolisation are fewer in the group of alcohol embolized patients than in the
      group with Ethibloc. On the capillary level, the histological reaction to alcohol
      corresponds to a histotoxic alteration. This reaction goes beyond the reactive
      inflammation of the tissue observed after Ethibloc. This intensified reaction of
      the tissue after alcohol application partially explains the advantage of a
      fractionated application of alcohol during tumor embolisation.

PMID- 2414893
TI  - [Risks of operative treatment of prostatic adenoma in terminal renal failure].
AB  - Three patients in terminal renal failure who developed strictures in the
      operative area after the operative removal of a prostate adenoma are presented.
      These typical complications, as described in the literature, are not only a
      result of transurethral resections. According to our investigations they also
      develop after open prostate operations. Strictures are a result of an
      insufficient or lacking urinary flow in terminal renal failure. When sufficient
      quantity of fluid can be offered to the bladder for drainage through a suprapubic
      catheter strictures after transurethral and open prostate operations can be
      avoided.

PMID- 2414894
TI  - [Krypton red laser coagulation of subretinal neovascular membranes].

PMID- 2414895
TI  - [Trans-scleral panretinal cryotherapy combined with cyclocryocoagulation in
      neovascular glaucoma].

PMID- 2414896
TI  - [Various components of the kallikrein-kinin system in penetrating wounds of the
      eye].

PMID- 2414897
TI  - [Acute opisthorchiasic cholecystocholangitis].
AB  - Morphologic alterations in the major duodenal papilla were studied in 36 corpses
      of people with opisthorchiasis. Experience with the treatment of 1135 patients
      with acute opisthorchiasic cholecystocholangitis (AOChCh) has been analysed.
      Conservative treatment was used in 852 patients, operations were performed on 283
      patients, 31 of them died. The trigger for the appearance of AOChCh is thought to
      be occlusion of the common bile duct and the presence of infection in bile ducts.
      The treatment should be started by conservative methods. Surgery is indicated if
      they proved to be ineffective.

PMID- 2414898
TI  - [Correction of microcirculatory disorders in the surgical treatment of late-stage
      mitral stenosis].
AB  - The article is concerned with an analysis of results of the aimed medicamental
      correction of microcirculatory disorders performed by an original scheme. It
      shortened the time of preoperative preparation, extended indications for surgery,
      reduced the amount of postoperative complications and gave good results of the
      surgical correction.

PMID- 2414899
TI  - Comparison of Brucella abortus and B melitensis antigens for the Rose Bengal
      plate test on sera from cattle infected with B abortus biovar-5.

PMID- 2414900
TI  - Co-expression of cytokeratin and vimentin intermediate-sized filaments in renal
      cell carcinomas. Comparative study of the intermediate-sized filament
      distribution in renal cell carcinomas and normal human kidney.
AB  - The expression of intermediate-sized filaments (IF) was examined by
      immunocytochemical methods in 40 primary renal cell carcinomas and compared with
      the IF distribution in the normal adult human kidney. All tumours stained
      positively with cytokeratin IF antibodies. Co-expression of cytokeratins and
      vimentin was observed in 21/40 (52,5%) renal carcinomas. Double
      immunofluorescence labelling demonstrated that in most of these cases tumour
      cells contained both cytokeratin and vimentin type IF. In normal human kidneys,
      cells of the various tubular segments disclosed a positive reaction with
      cytokeratin antibodies in a different intensity and intracellular localization.
      Co-expression of cytokeratin and vimentin IF in normal adult human kidneys has
      never been observed. From a histogenetic point of view, co-expression of
      cytokeratins and vimentin in renal cell carcinoma obviously represents an
      atavistic phenomenon since vimentin is re-expressed by these tumour cells during
      neoplastic transformation. This finding indicates the metanephric origin of the
      renal parenchyma. In surgical pathology the possibility of very rare co
      expression of cytokeratin and vimentin IF within tumour cells should be
      considered, particularly in the differential diagnosis of clear cell carcinomas.

PMID- 2414901
TI  - Perturbation of differentiated functions during viral infection in vivo. I.
      Relationship of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and host strains to growth
      hormone deficiency.
AB  - Disordered growth and glucose metabolism secondary to growth hormone deficiency
      is associated with persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)
      infection. C3H/St, BALB/WEHI, and SWR/J mice infected at birth with LCMV:ARM
      carried virus in their blood and organs throughout life but only C3H/St mice
      developed growth hormone insufficiency. BALB/WEHI and SWR/J infected mice
      contained normal amounts of growth hormone in their pituitaries and a relatively
      small proportion of the cells containing growth hormone replicated the virus. In
      susceptible C3H/St mice, the disease-causing viral strains (LCMV:ARM, E-350, and
      Pasteur) replicated to higher titers and infected the vast majority of cells
      producing growth hormone in the anterior lobe of the pituitary. In contrast, LCMV
      strains Traub and WE replicated in far fewer growth hormone-producing cells and
      failed to disorder growth hormone synthesis. In another paper (Y. Riviere, R.
      Ahmed, P. Southern, and M. B. A. Oldstone (1985), Virology 142, 175-182) these
      findings are used to make reassortants between LCMV:ARM (disease positive) and
      LCMV:WE (disease nil) and the pathogenic effect is mapped to the small RNA
      segment of LCMV:ARM. Peptides cleaved by trypsin and chymotrypsin from growth
      hormone molecules isolated from infected cells or control cells were equivalent
      when examined by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Further, transfer of antibody
      to interferon failed to alter the growth hormone insufficiency in these mice,
      although it corrected LCMV-induced liver disease of BALB mice, suggesting that
      interferon did not play a dominant role in this disease. The selective tropism of
      LCMV:ARM for cells containing growth hormone over cells that contain prolactin
      was observed in both infected animals and in cultured GH-3 cells.

PMID- 2414902
TI  - Point mutations in the P30 domain of the gag gene of Moloney murine leukemia
      virus.
AB  - A series of point mutations in the P30 domain of the Moloney murine leukemia
      virus gag gene was generated by bisulfite treatment of heteroduplex DNAs
      containing a single-stranded region in the gag gene. One virus bearing such a
      mutation exhibited a coordinate defect in gag and pol function, and was similar
      to previously described deletion mutants with alterations in this gene. One
      mutant virus displayed a different phenotype: it could assemble virion particles
      and provide pol function, but the particles were defective in the early stages of
      infection. The continued concordance of the mutants' failure or ability to both
      assemble virions and provide pol lends further support to the proposal that
      similar parts of the gag gene are required for these two processes.

PMID- 2414903
TI  - Transcription of Bacillis subtilis plasmid pBD64 and expression of bacteriophage
      SPO1 genes cloned therein.
AB  - Plasmid pBD64, a vector which is useful for cloning in Bacillis subtilis (T. J.
      Gryczan, A. G. Shivakumar, and D. Dubnau (1980), J. Bacteriol. 141, 246-253), has
      at least three substantial transcription units. Two of these include the single
      EcoRI, XbaI, and BamHI sites, while the other includes the single BglII site.
      Each of these transcripts was synthesized in the counterclockwise direction,
      relative to the pBD64 restriction map. No transcripts were detected in the
      opposite direction. Infection by bacteriophage SPO1 caused a substantial decrease
      in each of these transcripts. No new pBD64 transcripts were detected during SPO1
      infection. Various SPO1 genes, cloned at several of these pBD64 sites, were
      tested for expression by observing their capacity to complement SPO1 mutants.
      Several middle and late genes were expressed substantially, regardless of the
      orientation in which the fragments were inserted. Since transcription from the
      vector could cause expression only in one orientation, this argues that the
      necessary transcription originated at SPO1 promoters, and, thus, that SPO1 middle
      and late promoters can be active in thymine-containing DNA.

PMID- 2414904
TI  - Biochemical and biological characteristics of epitopes on the E1 glycoprotein of
      western equine encephalitis virus.
AB  - Antigenic determinants identified by monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) on the E1
      glycoprotein of western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus have been characterized
      by their serological activity, requirements for secondary structure, expression
      on the mature virion, and their role in protecting animals from WEE virus
      challenge. On the basis of a cross-reactivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA) and hemagglutination inhibition assay, eight antigenic determinants
      (epitopes) on the E1 glycoprotein have been identified, ranging in reactivity
      from WEE-specific to alphavirus group reactive. No neutralization of virus
      infectivity was demonstrable with any of the Mabs. An alphavirus group-reactive
      hemagglutination (HA) site, a WEE complex-reactive HA site, and a WEE virus
      specific HA site were identified. Spatial arrangement of these epitopes was
      determined by a competitive binding ELISA. Four competition groups defining three
      distinct antigenic domains were identified. Antibodies directed against four E1
      epitopes were capable of precipitating the E1/E2 heterodimer from infected cells
      or purified virus disrupted with nonionic detergents. These same antibodies
      precipitated only E1 in the presence of 0.1% SDS. That E1 conformation was
      important was shown by the inability of antibodies specific for seven of the
      epitopes to bind to virus denatured in 0.5% SDS. As determined by equilibrium
      gradient analysis of virus-antibody mixtures, four epitopes were found to be
      fully accessible on the mature virion, three epitopes were inaccessible, and one
      epitope was partially accessible to antibody binding. Antibodies specific for
      three epitopes were able to passively protect mice from WEE virus challenge.

PMID- 2414905
TI  - The neutralization site on the E2 glycoprotein of Venezuelan equine
      encephalomyelitis (TC-83) virus is composed of multiple conformationally stable
      epitopes.
AB  - The neutralization (N) site on the gp56 (E2) surface glycoprotein of the TC-83
      vaccine strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus has been
      characterized using monoclonal antibodies. Five new epitopes (E2d-h) were
      identified three of which could be mapped into the critical N site by using a
      competitive binding assay (CBA). Antibodies reactive with these three epitopes
      had either N or N and hemagglutination-inhibition activity. All epitopes
      contained within this N site elicited monoclonal antibodies that could protect
      mice from peripheral virus challenge. Antibodies reactive with the N site on
      other subtypes of VEE virus (IC and II) bound to, but failed to neutralize, TC-83
      virus. Epitopes defined by these antibodies could be located outside of the N
      site on TC-83 virus by CBA. Antigenic activity of all epitopes except E2d was
      resistant to treatment with 2% SDS, 3% beta-mercaptoethanol, or cleavage with
      Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. Those antibodies which defined epitopes
      located within the N site of TC-83 with CBA bound the same V8 fragments in
      immunoblots. Those antibodies which defined epitopes not located within the N
      site bound a different set of fragments than neutralizing antibodies. These
      results indicate that there is a specific N site on the E2 of VEE virus which
      undergoes significant antigenic drift while maintaining structural and functional
      integrity.

PMID- 2414906
TI  - Interferon induction by viruses. XIII. Detection and assay of interferon
      induction-suppressing particles.
AB  - An assay is described for detecting and measuring the capacity of a single virus
      particle to suppress completely the yield of interferon from a cell otherwise
      competent to product interferon. The assay defines virus populations in terms of
      a newly quantifiable attribute--interferon induction-suppressing particles (ISP).
      The antagonistic actions of interferon-inducing particles and interferon
      induction-suppressing particles are thought to determine the interferon-inducing
      capacity intrinsic to a virus population.

PMID- 2414907
TI  - Molecular basis of altered mouse mammary tumor virus expression in the D-2
      hyperplastic alveolar nodule line of BALB/c mice.
AB  - The preneoplastic D-2 hyperplastic outgrowth line, which was derived from a
      hormone-induced hyperplastic alveolar nodule (HAN) of a BALB/c mouse, was used
      for a detailed analysis of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) expression. The D-2
      HAN line has previously been shown to express viral RNA representative of the
      entire genome, although viral particles have been noted only rarely. The MMTV
      specific mRNA, protein, and DNA content of the D-2 tissues was defined in an
      effort to better understand the molecular basis of the aberrant virus expression.
      Northern blotting techniques demonstrated the presence of properly processed 8.9
      kb (genomic) and 3.6 kb (envelope) mRNA. Protein electroblotting procedures
      established the presence of properly processed viral core protein p28. In
      contrast, the envelope precursor polyprotein was not processed into detectable
      levels of gp52. Analysis of MMTV proviral content by Southern blot methodology
      revealed the presence of a newly acquired provirus which serves as a marker for
      the clonal nature of the D-2 line. The origin of the new provirus is unknown.
      Methylation studies established that the new proviral insert is hypomethylated
      and, therefore, is likely serving as the template for the MMTV expression
      observed in the D-2 HAN line. These characteristics of the D-2 line make it an
      excellent system in which to study the role, if any, of MMTV in the progression
      of D-2 preneoplastic tissues to the tumor phenotype.

PMID- 2414908
TI  - Detailed immunologic analysis of the structural polypeptides of rubella virus
      using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - A panel of murine monoclonal antibodies prepared against rubella virus is
      described. Fourteen of these monoclonal antibodies react with the E1 glycoprotein
      of rubella virus and define a total of six spacially separate epitopes in
      competitive inhibition assays. Antibodies binding to epitopes E1(a), E1(b),
      E1(c), or E1(e) inhibit the hemagglutinin function of the virus, while antibodies
      binding to epitopes E1(d) or E1(f) do not. Monoclonal antibodies binding to
      epitopes E1(c) or E1(d) prevent virus infectivity and identify antigen in
      distinct intracytoplasmic vacuoles of rubella virus-infected Vero cells by
      indirect immunofluorescence. Monoclonal antibody to epitope E1(f) localizes
      antigen primarily to the plasma membrane of infected cells, while antibodies
      binding to epitopes E1(a), E1(b), or E1(e) localize antigen throughout the
      infected cell's cytoplasm. A single monoclonal antibody is described which only
      reacts with the mature form of the virion E2 glycoprotein after rubella virus is
      treated with a disulfide-bond reducing agent. This antibody immunoprecipitates a
      43,000 MW precursor to the E2 glycoprotein from lysates of infected cells and
      localizes its antigen throughout the cytoplasm of infected cells. The five
      remaining monoclonal antibodies react with the rubella virus C polypeptide. They
      define four topographically separate epitopes on the C polypeptide, C(a), C(b),
      C(c), and C(d), each of which is diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm
      of rubella virus-infected cells.

PMID- 2414909
TI  - Induction by synthetic peptides of broadly reactive, type-specific neutralizing
      antibody to poliovirus type 3.
AB  - A region of virus capsid protein VP1 located 89-100 amino acids from the N
      terminus has been proposed to comprise a major antigenic site involved in the
      neutralization of poliovirus type 3. Synthetic peptides 10-18 amino acids in
      length, containing all or part of this sequence, were tested for their ability to
      induce antiviral antibodies. Rabbits, but not guinea pigs or mice, immunized with
      the most active peptide, developed hightitered, type-specific, neutralizing
      antibodies for a wide range of poliovirus type 3 strains. Consistent with the
      broad type specificity of the antibody response was the observation that amino
      acids 89-100 of VP1 are highly conserved among different poliovirus type 3
      strains. This sequence thus appears to provide, at least in part, a molecular
      basis for serotype antigenic specificity. Individual amino acids from 93 to 98
      within this sequence were shown to be important for the neutralization of virus
      by antipeptide sera by examination of the ability of the sera to neutralize
      laboratory-derived poliovirus type 3 mutants with known single amino acid
      substitutions in the proposed antigenic site.

PMID- 2414910
TI  - Antigenic variation in the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of human
      parainfluenza type 3 virus.
AB  - Sixteen monoclonal antibodies directed to the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN)
      protein of a 1957 isolate of parainfluenza type 3 virus (PIV3) were produced and
      used to examine antigenic variation in clinical strains. Analysis of
      hemagglutination-inhibition reactivity patterns of antigenic variants selected in
      vitro in the presence of monoclonal antibodies indicated that there were a
      minimum of six distinct epitopes detectable on the HN molecule. Competitive
      binding assays indicated that these epitopes were located in two topologically
      nonoverlapping antigenic sites. An additional four epitopes were detected when 37
      PIV3 clinical strains isolated over a period of 26 years in three geographic
      regions were tested for reactivity with the antibodies. Of the 10 unique epitopes
      defined by our monoclonal antibodies, 5 did not undergo detectable antigenic
      variation in any of the 37 strains examined. These results were expected since
      PIV3 viruses have been characterized as being antigenically monotypic. In
      contrast, antigenic variation was detected in the remaining five epitopes. This
      variation was not characterized by the accumulation of antigenic alterations with
      time (as for influenza A viruses), but appeared to represent genetic
      heterogeneity within the PIV3 population.

PMID- 2414911
TI  - The antigenic structure of the influenza B virus hemagglutinin: operational and
      topological mapping with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - We have probed the antigenic structure of the influenza B virus hemagglutinin
      (HA) with monoclonal antibodies specific for the HA of influenza B virus,
      B/Oregon/5/80. Seventeen laboratory-selected antigenic variants of this virus
      were analyzed by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assays or ELISA and an
      operational antigenic map was constructed. In addition, the monoclonal antibodies
      were tested in a competitive binding assay to construct a topological map of the
      antigenic sites. In contrast to the influenza A virus HA, only a single
      immunodominant antigenic site composed of several overlapping clusters of
      epitopes was defined by the HI-positive antibodies. Three variants could be
      distinguished from the parental virus with polyclonal antisera by HI and
      infectivity reduction assays suggesting that changes in this antigenic site may
      be sufficient to provide an epidemiological advantage to influenza B viruses in
      nature. In addition, two nonoverlapping epitopes of unknown biological
      significance were identified in the competitive binding analysis by two
      monoclonal antibodies with no HI activity and little or no neutralizing activity.
      We previously identified single amino acid substitutions in the HAs of the
      antigenic variants used in this study (M. T. Berton, C. W. Naeve, and R. G.
      Webster (1984), J. Virol. 52, 919-927). These changes occurred in regions of the
      molecule which, by amino acid sequence alignment, appeared to correspond to
      proposed antigenic sites A and B on the H3 HA of influenza A virus. Correlation
      with the antigenic map established in this report, however, demonstrates that the
      amino acid residues actually contribute to a single antigenic site on the
      influenza B virus HA and suggests significant differences in the antigenic
      structures of the influenza A and B virus HAs.

PMID- 2414912
TI  - Characterization of host cell binding variants of influenza virus by monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - We have previously shown that a plaque-type mutant of influenza virus A/WSN has a
      growth advantage in MDBK cells because its hemagglutinin (HA) has a greater
      affinity for host cell receptors than does the HA of the parent virus. We show
      here that the mutant is also less sensitive than the parent to neutralization by
      antibodies to epitopes in at least two regions on the HA. WSN-specific monoclonal
      antibodies which had higher radioimmunoassay (RIA) titers against the parent than
      the mutant virus also had higher plaque inhibition (PI) and hemagglutination
      inhibition (HI) titers. In contrast, cross-reacting antibodies bound equally well
      to the parent and mutant viruses as judged by RIA but those which bound to the Cb
      region of the HA exhibited higher PI and HI titers against the parent virus. The
      results suggest that preferential neutralization of the parental virus by
      antibodies can contribute to the selective advantage of mutants which have
      increased affinity for cellular receptors.

PMID- 2414913
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to the matrix protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (New
      Jersey serotype) and their effects on viral transcription.
AB  - Of 33 hybridomas raised by immunization of BALB/c mice with the matrix (M)
      protein of the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), 17
      secreted monoclonal antibodies (mAb) of the IgG isotype and, unexpectedly, 16 of
      the IgM isotype. All these monoclonal antibodies bound strongly to VSV-New Jersey
      M protein by ELISA, immunoprecipitation, and immunoblotting assays, but exhibited
      only slight or no cross-reactivity with the M protein of VSV-Indiana. Four
      antigenic determinants of VSV-New Jersey M protein could be identified by
      competitive binding of 125I-labeled monoclonal antibodies but three of these
      epitopes exhibited partial overlap. Monoclonal antibodies to two epitopes
      reversed the inhibitory effect of M protein on in vitro transcription of VSV-New
      Jersey ribonucleoprotein. However, monoclonal antibodies to the other two
      epitopes had little effect on M-protein transcription inhibition but actually
      increased significantly the transcriptional inhibitory effect of M protein under
      certain experimental conditions. Monoclonal antibodies to all four epitopes
      reacted strongly with the M protein of the tsC1 mutant of VSV-New Jersey which is
      restricted in transcription inhibition.

PMID- 2414914
TI  - Amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequence of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse
      transcriptase.
AB  - The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse
      transcriptase was determined to be Thr-Leu-Asn-Ile-Glu-Asp-Glu-Tyr-Arg-Leu-His
      Glu-. The comparison of the amino acid analysis data obtained after
      carboxypeptidase Y digestion with the published nucleotide sequence (T. M.
      Shinnick, R. A. Lerner, and J. G. Sutcliffe, Nature (London) 293, 543-548, 1981)
      led to the conclusion that the COOH-terminus is Leu coded by CTC in nucleotide
      positions 4608-4610, and the tentative COOH-terminal sequence is Pro-Asp-Thr-Ser
      Thr-Leu-Leu-OH. In light of these and previously reported results the complexity
      and map order of the pol gene are discussed.

PMID- 2414915
TI  - Oncogene expression in murine splenic T cells and in murine T-cell neoplasms.
AB  - The differential expression of a series of proto-oncogenes has been examined in a
      group of cultured murine T-cell lymphomas that were induced following virus
      inoculation into, or X irradiation of, C57BL/6 mice. Two classes of T lymphoma
      cell lines were studied: growth factor-dependent (autocrine) cells, and growth
      factor-independent T lymphoma cells. Cell lines that were established from X
      irradiation-induced T lymphomas were growth factor dependent, whereas T lymphoma
      lines grown from virus-induced tumors were generally growth factor independent.
      Of 18 cellular proto-oncogenes studied, five (c-myc, c-myb, c-abl, c-rasHa, c
      rasKi) were consistently expressed in all cell lines tested. Thirteen other proto
      oncogenes (c-mos, c-sis, c-rel, c-yes, c-fes3, c-fes4, c-fos, c-fms, c-src, c
      erbA, c-erbB, int-1, Pim-1) were not expressed in any of the T lymphoma cells
      tested. Concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells, representative of replicating T
      cells, expressed c-myc, c-abl, and Pim-1, suggesting that the products of these
      proto-oncogenes are involved in T-cell proliferation. The results indicate no
      qualitative differences (albeit some quantitative differences) in proto-oncogene
      expression between the growth factor-dependent and growth factor-independent
      cells. This suggests that expression of the five proto-oncogenes is in itself not
      sufficient to induce the progression of the growth factor-dependent cells to
      their fully growth factor-independent counterparts. Changes in the regulation of
      one or more of the five active proto-oncogenes, i.e., from an inducible to a
      constitutive state, and/or additional changes in the expression of other cellular
      genes may be required to induce the transformation of neoplastic T cells from
      growth factor dependence to growth factor independence.

PMID- 2414916
TI  - Antigenic and immunogenic characteristics of bovine herpesvirus type-1
      glycoproteins GVP 3/9 and GVP 6/11a/16, purified by immunoadsorbent
      chromatography.
AB  - Glycoproteins GVP 3/9 and GVP 6/11a/16, two of the major glycosylated proteins
      specified by bovine herpesvirus type-1 (BHV-1), were purified on immunoadsorbents
      consisting of the appropriate monoclonal antibodies linked to Affigel-10. Each
      glycoprotein, whether purified from virus-infected cells or from virus, retained
      antigenic activity and induced high titers of monospecific antibodies in rabbits.
      These antibodies could neutralize virus and mediate complement-dependent lysis of
      virus-infected cells. Denatured glycoproteins GVP 3, GVP 6, GVP 11a, and GVP 16,
      which were purified by immunoadsorbent chromatography, followed by preparative
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, also retained
      antigenicity and immunogenicity, though to a lesser extent than the native
      glycoproteins. Antibodies induced by GVP 9, GVP 6, and GVP 11a could also
      neutralize and mediate immune lysis. Even though GVP 16 induced high levels of
      antibody, these antibodies could not neutralize virus or participate in antibody
      and complement-mediated cytolysis. These results may suggest that the orientation
      of GVP 6/11a/16 in the membrane is such that GVP 11a is better exposed on the
      virion envelope and the cell surface than GVP 16. Cross-reactivity between
      monospecific antibodies against GVP 3 and GVP 9, as well as GVP 6, GVP 11a, and
      GVP 16 supported the previously proposed hypothesis that GVP 3 (180K) is a dimer
      of GVP 9 (91K) and that GVP 6 exists in two forms: one being a 130K polypeptide
      and the other composed of GVP 11a (74K) and GVP 16 (55K) linked by disulfide
      bonds. These data suggest that, thus far, either GVP 6/11a/16 or GVP 3/9 may be a
      potential candidate for a subunit vaccine against BHV-1 infection.

PMID- 2414917
TI  - Topographical analysis of bovine herpesvirus type-1 glycoproteins: use of
      monoclonal antibodies to identify and characterize functional epitopes.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies, specific for two of the major bovine herpesvirus type-1
      (BHV-1) glycoproteins, GVP 3/9 and GVP 6/11a/16, have been previously produced
      and characterized. The reactivity of each monoclonal antibody was determined by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the ability to neutralize viral
      infectivity, and the capacity to mediate complement-dependent (AbC') lysis of
      virus-infected cells. The topography of epitopes on GVP 3/9 and GVP 6/11a/16 was
      analyzed, using selected monoclonal antibodies in a competitive antibody binding
      assay (CBA). Nine epitopes were identified on GVP 3/9. Comparison of the
      biological activities and epitope specificities of the monoclonal antibodies
      against GVP 3/9 showed that one epitope was involved in virus neutralization,
      whereas six epitopes mediated AbC' lysis of the virus-infected cell. Of the seven
      epitopes identified on GVP 6/11a/16, six were involved in neutralization and
      three participated in AbC' lysis. In some cases, partial competition between
      monoclonal antibodies was observed, indicating that they were directed against
      overlapping or closely adjacent epitopes. In other instances, asymmetrical
      competition between monoclonal antibodies suggested conformational changes in the
      glycoprotein molecule induced by antibody binding. Mixtures of two monoclonal
      antibodies with different epitope specificities resulted in higher neutralizing
      activity than either antibody alone, suggesting that multiple monoclonal
      antibodies can exert a synergistic effect on virus neutralization.

PMID- 2414918
TI  - Identification and antigenicity of the major envelope glycoprotein of
      lymphadenopathy-associated virus.
AB  - The major envelope glycoprotein of the causative agent of Acquired Immune
      Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) has been
      identified and characterized. The glycoprotein has an apparent molecular weight
      of 110,000-120,000 under denaturing conditions in polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. Upon deglycosylation by a specific endoglycosydase, its size is
      reduced to 80,000. Cellular precursors of this glycoprotein have been detected
      with apparent molecular weight of 150,000 and 135,000. Nearly all AIDS and pre
      AIDS patients have detectable antibodies against this viral glycoprotein.

PMID- 2414919
TI  - Correlation between epitopes on hemagglutinin of measles virus and biological
      activities: passive protection by monoclonal antibodies is related to their
      hemagglutination inhibiting activity.
AB  - Measles virus monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) were used to investigate the
      structure of the hemagglutinin (H) antigen, in order to study the regions of the
      molecule implicated in protection. Using a competition binding assay, three
      overlapping domains were defined, and these have been correlated with the
      biological activities of their corresponding MoAb. All of the anti-H MoAbs, with
      a single exception, neutralized virus infectivity in vitro. We investigated their
      capacity in passive protection using a measles virus-mouse model, in which
      inoculated newborn mice died of an acute encephalitis. The course of the disease
      was monitored after passive administration of the MoAbs, and from their activity,
      these MoAbs could be divided in three groups: I--protective, II--inducer of a
      retarded disease, III--nonprotective. The isotype of the antibody did not play a
      direct role in determining the course of the disease. Moreover, we were able to
      correlate protection with biological activity of the MoAbs. Only the MoAbs which
      inhibit hemagglutination activity (HI) protected against the acute disease.
      Measles MoAbs which neutralize canine distemper virus (CDV) in vitro failed to
      passively protect CDV-infected mice against disease. These results suggest an
      immune mechanism for in vivo protection different from that implicated in in
      vitro neutralization. Administration of one MoAb (55) led to a retarded
      neurological disease. Mice receiving lower quantities of other protective MoAbs
      did not display such disease. These results are discussed in relationship to
      immunization and protection.

PMID- 2414920
TI  - Epitopes of the G1 glycoprotein of La Crosse virus form overlapping clusters
      within a single antigenic site.
AB  - Antigenic sites on the G1 glycoprotein of La Crosse bunyavirus were defined by
      constructing a panel of neutralizing and nonneutralizing monoclonal antibodies
      (F. Gonzalez-Scarano, R. E. Shope, C. H. Calisher, and N. Nathanson (1982),
      Virology 120, 42-53). To analyze the relationship between the individual epitopes
      delineated by monoclonal antibodies, 11 neutralizing antibodies were used to
      select variant viruses. These variant viruses were tested against the panel of
      anti-G1 protein monoclonal antibodies by neutralization and by ELISA. The
      neutralization tests assigned the 11 epitopes to five groups, consisting of 6, 2,
      1, 1, and 1 epitopes. ELISA tests gave a similar pattern, but also demonstrated
      interrelationships between four of the five epitope groups, suggesting that there
      may be a single immunodominant antigenic site on the G1 protein. When eight
      nonneutralizing anti-G1 monoclonal antibodies were tested in ELISA, they fell
      into three of the five epitope groups defined by neutralization; there was no
      evidence of a separate noneutralizing antigenic site on the G1 protein.

PMID- 2414921
TI  - Expression of proto-oncogenes in normal and papovavirus-transformed or -infected
      rat fibroblasts.
AB  - Dot blot hybridization was used to determine the transcript levels of 10 cellular
      oncogenes in Fischer rat fibroblasts transformed or infected in tissue culture by
      polyoma virus or SV40. The level of these messages was compared to that
      determined for nontransformed, noninfected control cells. The analysis includes
      the oncogenes myc, sis, mos, erbB, erbA, Ha-ras, Ki-ras, src, fps, and abl. For
      all the oncogenes tested, except for mos, detectable expression was observed in
      all cell lines studied including the normal control cells; when normal and
      transformed or infected cells were compared, no significant difference in
      transcript level was found for any of the oncogenes except one. A slight
      elevation of sis message was observed for some transformants. The results of this
      study apply to six polyoma and seven SV40 transformants which were chosen with
      the purpose of analyzing transformants displaying a variety of properties. Thus,
      the polyoma-transformed cell lines varied in their expression of the transformed
      phenotype as judged by anchorage-independent growth and cell morphology, in their
      coding capacity for and expression of early gene products, and included two
      classes of rat fibroblasts transformed by ts-a mutants: those with a temperature
      insensitive transformed phenotype, and those with a temperature-sensitive
      phenotype, A-type and N-type, respectively. Concerning the latter two types, no
      differences in oncogene expression were observed between cells grown at low and
      those grown at high temperatures, or between the two groups of cells at either
      temperature.

PMID- 2414922
TI  - The neuraminidases of the virulent and avirulent A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/83 (H5N2)
      influenza A viruses: sequence and antigenic analyses.
AB  - To define the sequence changes that occurred in an avian influenza virus
      neuraminidase (NA) during the evolution of virulence, we have studied the NA of
      the virulent and avirulent A/Chick/Penn/83 (H5N2) influenza viruses. A comparison
      of the deduced amino acid sequence from these viruses shows that the virulent
      strain, which evolved from the avirulent by the accumulation of point mutations
      (Bean et al., 1985), acquired four amino acid changes in the NA: one in the
      transmembrane segment, one in the stalk, and two in the head. A comparison of the
      deduced amino acid sequences with those of the human N2 NAs indicates a 20-amino
      acid deletion in the stalk of the Chick/Penn/83 NA. Antigenic analysis of the NAs
      from the avirulent and virulent Chick/Penn/83 virus shows they are antigenically
      very closely related, but can be distinguished with two monoclonal antibodies at
      a site which probably involves at least one of the amino acid changes in the NA
      head. Antigenic analysis also shows the Chick/Penn/83 NAs are closely related to
      the NAs of other N2 avian influenza viruses isolated between 1965 and 1984,
      supporting previous studies which indicate a relative antigenic stability of the
      NA among avian N2 influenza viruses. The Chick/Penn/83 NAs are the first N2 NA
      genes of an avian virus to be sequenced. These NAs are antigenically closely
      related to the 1957 human N2 NAs, and show a high degree of amino acid sequence
      homology with the prototype 1957 human N2 NA. These data give further support to
      the view that the 1957 human H2N2 viruses were at least partially derived from an
      avian source.

PMID- 2414923
TI  - [Structural polypeptides and antigenicity of poliovirus].

PMID- 2414924
TI  - [Outlook on the use of interferon and its inducers in preventing influenza].

PMID- 2414925
TI  - [Detection of a heterogeneous population of influenza virus type A/H1N1 with
      monoreceptor sera to hemagglutinin antigenic determinants].
AB  - Studies of the antigenic composition of hemagglutinins of influenza H1N1 virus
      variants isolated in 1981 using monoreceptor antibody to individual antigenic
      determinants obtained by the selective adsorption method showed some variants to
      represent heterogeneous populations manifesting antigenic properties of different
      H1N1 viruses. Passages of the heterogeneous virus in the presence of
      antiinfluenza serum resulted in cloning a subpopulation with the antigenic
      properties of the hemagglutinin similar to that of H1N1 viruses which had
      circulated in the end of the first period of epidemic activity of H1N1 viruses.
      The method "from-plaque-to-plaque" passages in MDCK cells yielded from the
      heterogeneous population a homogeneous variant which by the hemagglutinin
      antigenic properties was similar to H1N1 viruses isolated in 1956-1957.

PMID- 2414926
TI  - [Effect of different interferon preparations on the synthesis of cellular DNA].
AB  - The relationship between the age of interferon producers and the capacity of
      interferon to inhibit DNA synthesis in L929 cells was demonstrated on interferon
      models produced by fibroblast cultures from newborn and adult mice in the
      presence of blood sera of hemologous ages. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by both
      types of interferon partially purified with the use of porous glass and having
      similar antiviral activity depended both on the dose of the preparation and on
      the time of cell incubation with it. Under equal conditions, the interferon
      produced by newborn mouse cells inhibited DNA synthesis 1.9-fold less effectively
      than interferon produced by adult mouse cells.

PMID- 2414927
TI  - [Antiproliferative effect of interferon inducers].
AB  - The antiproliferative effect of clinically promising interferon inducers, phage
      f2 ambermutant dsRNA, polyguacyl, tiloron, Tash-4, was demonstrated in Raji
      lymphoblastoid cells. Concentrations of the inducers producing death of 48-66% of
      Raji cells were determined to be: for dsRNA, 200 micrograms/ml; polyguacyl, 400
      micrograms/ml; tiloron, 100 micrograms/ml; Tash-4, 200 micrograms/ml, which
      corresponded to the antiproliferative effect of 200 units/ml of alpha-interferon
      and 40 units/ml of gamma-interferon. No antiproliferative effect was observed at
      dsRNA, polyguacyl, and Tash-4 concentrations below 100 micrograms/ml. None of the
      inducers exerted the antiproliferative effect on the selected concentrations on
      normal human diploid cells. The results obtained explain the antitumorigenic
      effect of these inducers, demonstrated previously.

PMID- 2414928
TI  - [Various genetic aspects of immunological response].

PMID- 2414929
TI  - [Monoclonal antibodies and their potential application to medicine].
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies have been increasingly applied in medicine for diagnostic
      and therapeutic purposes instead of conventional antisera. In addition to their
      unlimited availability monoclonal antibodies have the advantage of defined
      specificity, affinity and of standard parameters. This paper describes the
      production of monoclonal antibodies using the hybridoma technique and surveys
      some potential fields of application such as infections, transplantations,
      tumours and lung diseases.

PMID- 2414930
TI  - [Interferon induction in lymphocytes using a bacterial lysate].
AB  - A polyvalent bacterial lysate (IRS 19) could be shown to induce interferon (IFN)
      in peripheral mononuclear leukocytes isolated from human and mouse blood by
      density gradient centrifugation. Upon stimulation with optimal doses of the
      inducer, the cells of both species produced 1000 to 2000 IU IFN/ml when cultured
      for up to 72 hours. In both systems the interferon was released to the culture
      supernatants in a first wave from one to four hours after addition of the inducer
      and in a second beyond the 16th hour of incubation increasing up to 72 hours,
      this time, reaching a 10 fold higher titer.

PMID- 2414931
TI  - [Isolated exocrine pancreas cells--a model for the study of the pathogenesis of
      experimental acute pancreatitis].
AB  - For elucidation of the very initial phases of pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis
      an evaluation of the cellular metabolism may be an important question. Therefore
      we isolated acinar cells from guinea pig and studied them at morphological and
      biochemical levels. Generally, the cells maintained their typical arrangement of
      the enzyme granules in the apical region during isolation procedure. The
      measurement of the parameters of cellular energy metabolism was regarded as
      essential for determination of functional intactness of the pancreocytes. To this
      end oxygraphic and fluorescence microscopic methods were applied. The results
      show that the hydrogen supply of isolated acinar cells can be remarkably improved
      by addition of glucose or 80 mM succinate which was sensitively recorded by
      fluorescence microscopic measurement of rhodamine accumulation. The difference
      between maximal fluorescence and minimal one at excess dinitrophenol can be used
      as measure for evaluation of the energy state of isolated pancreatic acinar
      cells.

PMID- 2414932
TI  - [Percutaneous transhepatic bile duct drainage (PTCD)].
AB  - At the instance of a female patient with obstructive jaundice due to inoperable
      carcinoma of the head of the pancreas is reported on the percutaneous
      transhepatic cholangiodrainage. With the help of this non-operative palliative
      drainage of the system of bile ducts in malignant tumors of the biliopancreatic
      area an at least transitory relief with regression of the jaundice and the
      excruciating pruritus is achieved. With regard to the relatively high
      complication rate of the percutaneous drainages performed without laparotomy
      (haemorrhage, cholangitis, sepsis) and to the possibly already early loss of
      function by occlusion or dislocation of the catheter the indication for such an
      approach is strictly to be made.

PMID- 2414933
TI  - Cell mediated cytotoxicity to autologous hepatocytes in hepatitis B virus
      infection: facts, limits and relevance.

PMID- 2414934
TI  - [Left ventricular diastolic function and ventricular arrhythmias in coronary
      heart disease].
AB  - In 70 patients suffering from coronary heart disease, to a large extent after
      myocardial infarction, left ventricular diastolic function was examined with a
      nuclear stethoscope using Peak Filling Rate (PFR) and Time to Peak Filling Rate
      (TPFR). Ventricular arrhythmias were recorded by 24-hour ECG and the arrhythmias
      were analyzed according to the Lown classification. The parameters severing the
      ventricular arrhythmias were correlated with the previously mentioned parameters
      of diastolic left ventricular function. A correlation was found between PFR and
      TPFR and the severity of ventricular arrhythmias, whereby the difference in the
      PFR between Lown classes 0 and III and also between 0 and IVa was statistically
      significant. For TPFR a statistically significant distribution could be found
      only between Lown 0 and III.

PMID- 2414935
TI  - [Determination of pancreatic amylase activity in serum using an inhibitor
      containing protein solution].

PMID- 2414936
TI  - Biological and immunological properties of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase
      expressed from cloned cDNAs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
AB  - To study the biological and immunological properties of influenza virus surface
      glycoproteins, cDNA copies of the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA)
      genes of A/WSN/33 influenza virus were cloned and expressed in prokaryotic and
      eukaryotic cells. In Escherichia coli, maximum expression of HA is obtained only
      as a fusion protein in which the NH2-terminal portion is provided by a bacterial
      protein (i.e. beta gal or trpLE'). The HA expressed in bacteria (bacterial HA) is
      recognized by polyclonal anti-WSN antibodies but not by neutralizing monoclonal
      antibodies. The antibodies made against the bacterial HA bind to the detergent
      treated viral HA, intact virus and live influenza infected cells, but fail to
      show either haemagglutination inhibition (HI) or virus neutralization. These
      results suggest that the three-dimensional structure as well as the antigenic
      epitopes of the bacterial HA are different from that of native viral HA. HA,
      expressed from cDNA in cultured animal cells, is shown to possess the structural
      features of the native viral HA. It is glycosylated, transported to the apical
      domain of the plasma membrane of polarized cells, causes haemadsorption and can
      induce cell to cell fusion at low pH after proteolytic cleavage. An attempt was
      made to define the structural features of HA required for sorting and directional
      transport by making chimeras with vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV G) proteins
      either by switching the amino terminus or the carboxy terminus of HA with that of
      VSV G. These chimeric proteins were translocated across the rough endoplasmic
      reticulum (RER) but were blocked in transport between the RER and cell
      membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2414937
TI  - Expression of haemagglutinin gene.
AB  - Antigenic drift of the haemagglutinin (HA) molecule of type A influenza viruses
      has been thought to occur by the accumulation of a series of point mutations in
      the antigenically important regions of the molecule. In order to study the
      antigenic sites on the HA molecule, an attempt was made to use the site-specific
      mutagenesis method.

PMID- 2414938
TI  - Conformational changes in influenza virus haemagglutinin and its monomer detected
      by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Exposure of influenza virus haemagglutinin to pH 5 results in conformational
      changes occurring in the molecule which are accompanied by antigenic
      modifications. Furthermore, isolated haemagglutinin (HA) at a concentration of
      0.1 nM undergoes dissociation from the trimeric to a monomeric form when exposed
      to pH 5. Whether present on intact virus or as the isolated monomer, each form of
      haemagglutinin from pH 5 exhibits similar alterations in antigenic
      characteristics. These forms of HA show modifications in the antigenic sites
      located in the hinge (site C), tip (site B) and subunit interface (site D)
      regions. Whereas binding of monoclonal antibodies recognizing the tip and
      interface is abrogated or diminished, binding of antibodies to the hinge region
      is greatly enhanced following exposure of virus or the monomeric form of HA to pH
      5.

PMID- 2414939
TI  - Effects of glycosylation on the conformation and antigenicity of influenza C
      viral glycoproteins.
AB  - The antigenicity of influenza C viral glycoprotein gp88 was compared with that of
      its non-glycosylated counterpart T76 by immunoprecipitation utilizing monoclonal
      antibodies against gp88. Of the three monoclonal antibodies tested, an antibody
      designated Q-5 was found to precipitate gp88 but not T76, indicating the
      requirement for glycosylation for the binding of Q-5 to gp88. However, the
      antigenic determination recognized by Q-5 did not appear to be carbohydrates
      since trypsin-treatment of gp88 eliminated its reactivity with this antibody.
      These results suggest that glycosylation is important in determining the
      antigenicity of gp88 presumably by influencing the folding of the glycoproteins.

PMID- 2414940
TI  - Murine helper T lymphocyte response to influenza virus: recognition of
      haemagglutinin by subtype-specific and cross-reactive T cell clones.
AB  - Helper T cel lines specific for influenza virus were established by continuous
      culture of Mem 71-Bel (H3) virus-immune spleen cells in the presence of virus and
      antigen-presenting cells and their specificity assessed in proliferation
      experiments. A line stimulated in vitro with Mem 71-Bel virus was able to
      proliferate in response to viruses of the same, and also of different, type A
      haemagglutinin (HA) subtypes as the immunizing virus but not to a type B
      influenza virus. A component of this cross-reactivity was due to recognition of
      the HA molecule. Lines stimulated in vitro with purified disrupted H3 or H2
      viruses showed a higher degree of cross-reactivity. Of nine clones isolated from
      these lines, seven were directed against the HA molecule and recognized the HA1
      chain. The HA-specific T cell clones were either subtype-specific T cell clones
      were either subtype-specific, recognizing only viruses of the H3 subtype, or
      cross-reactive, also recognizing viruses of the H2 subtype of type A (but not
      type B). Subtype-specific and cross-reactive T cell clones were shown to function
      as helper T cells in vitro. In addition to collaborating with H3 virus-primed B
      cells responding to H3 virus in culture, the cross-reactive T cell clone could
      also provide help for H2 virus-primed B cells making anti-HA antibody in response
      to H2 virus.

PMID- 2414941
TI  - [Stress-induced disorders in the antitumor immunity system and their limitation
      by stress-limiting factors].

PMID- 2414942
TI  - [Use of etimizol as a pharmacologic probe in studies on the molecular basis of
      memory].

PMID- 2414943
TI  - Differing responses of hamsters to infection by vesicular stomatitis virus
      Indiana and New Jersey serotypes.
AB  - Intraperitoneal injection of vesicular stomatitis virus, New Jersey serotype (VSV
      NJ), into inbred LSH hamsters resulted in an inapparent infection and survival of
      the majority of the animals. Infectivity titrations of tissues from VSV-NJ
      infected hamsters showed that little or no virus was present following infection.
      The few animals that died from VSV-NJ succumbed to neurological disease. This is
      in contrast to our previous work where we found that LSH hamsters are exquisitely
      sensitive to i.p. infection by VSV, Indiana serotype (VSV-IND), and that large
      amounts of VSV-IND could be detected in tissues. The 50% lethal doses of VSV-NJ
      and VSV-IND for LSH hamsters are approximately 10(7) pfu and 1 pfu, respectively.
      When peritoneal cells from LSH hamsters were infected in vitro with both VSV
      serotypes, the yields of VSV-NJ consistently were lower than yields of VSV-IND.
      The growth of the two serotypes in fibroblast and epithelial cell lines of
      hamster origin was similar. VSV-NJ was not more efficient than VSV-IND in
      inducing interferon in vitro or in vivo, and there appeared to be no difference
      in the sensitivities of the two serotypes to the antiviral activity of hamster
      interferon. Thus, i.p. infection with less than 10(7) pfu of VSV-NJ is avirulent
      for LSH hamsters and this avirulence may be due, in part, to partial intrinsic
      resistance of peritoneal macrophages to infection by VSV-NJ. When four LSH
      hamsters that had been immunized with VSV-NJ were challenged with 10(6) LD50 of
      VSV-IND, three of the four animals survived. Despite the fact that neutralizing
      antibodies to VSV-NJ did not cross-neutralize VSV-IND, five out of five LSH
      hamsters were protected by passive transfer of 1 ml of immune hamster anti-VSV-NJ
      antiserum prior to challenge with VSV-IND. This suggests an important role for
      non-neutralizing antibodies.

PMID- 2414944
TI  - [Successful treatment of several metachronous pulmonary metastases of a
      chondroblastic osteosarcoma].
AB  - The case of an 11-year-old girl suffering from chondroblastic osteosarcoma of the
      left tibia head is reported. Within 19 months following the amputation of the
      thigh and during intensive chemotherapy a total of 7 pulmonary metastases were
      diagnosed and resected in 3 sessions. The patient has been free of any metastases
      for 5 years.

PMID- 2414945
TI  - A sensitive and simple assay of saliva on stamps.
AB  - Identification of saliva on stamps or envelope flaps remains yet a not widely
      studied problem. In most forensic laboratories it is seldom carried out, but this
      fact does not reduce the importance of the assay. Most authors consider amylase a
      sufficiently specific marker of the presence of saliva; really, the only other
      human body fluid that contains high amounts of this enzyme is the pancreatic
      juice (and therefore feces). Here we present a simple and sensitive assay for the
      determination of alpha-amylase that uses a commercially available and well-known
      substrate. It is hydrolyzed by amylase with the production of soluble blue
      fragments, that can be measured by photometry, obtaining objective results. The
      presented assay identifies 1 X 10(-6) diluted saliva or that present on 0.5 mg of
      a stamp; 16-year-old samples can also be identified. Intra-assay and day-to-day
      CV resulted in 10.8% and 13.7%, respectively. Owing to the high sensitivity of
      the test, handling samples or reagents can introduce contamination with saliva
      traces, giving false-positive results. Addition of EDTA 0.1 mol/l to the
      incubation mixture, lowering the sensitivity to 1 X 10(-3) diluted saliva,
      overcomes this problem.

PMID- 2414946
TI  - Pre-operative information nurses communicate to patients undergoing general
      surgery.

PMID- 2414947
TI  - [Therapeutic vascular embolization in life-threatening gynecologic hemorrhages].
AB  - Report on 12 women with acute massive or chronic tumor hemorrhage, treated with
      embolisation. There were 7 women with cervical cancer T3/T4, 3 women with
      adenocarcinoma (2mal primary progressive, one with metastases in lymph-nodes),
      one woman with progressive malignant mesenchymale tumor in vagina and one with
      local persistent ovarian cancer. In 10/12 cases hemorrhage stopped immediately
      after embolisation. In 3 cases, after one-sided embolization, repeated procedure
      of the contralateral vessel was necessary. In 2/12 cases side-effects like fever
      and subileus, and, in one case, complications like skin necrosis and bladder
      vagina-fistula were seen. In all patients temporary improvement of life-quality
      were found. Low risk and good tolerance of this palliative therapy are
      emphasized.

PMID- 2414948
TI  - [Radiotherapy of uterine cancer. A retrospective study].
AB  - 96 women with primary carcinoma corporis uteri and 79 women after surgery were
      treated between 1965-1970 with different radiotherapeutic methods, in some cases
      in combination with cytostatics and gestagens. In the group of primary radiation
      best results are obtained with combination of intracavitary brachytherapy and
      external radiation (55% 5-year-survival), and in the postoperative group with
      external radiation alone (67% 5-year-survival). Late complications with 17%
      fibrosis in the parametrial tissue and 12% persistent diarrhoea in the
      postoperative group needs more individualization in therapy. This requires exact
      knowledge about extention and biological behaviour of the tumor.

PMID- 2414949
TI  - A new scheme for additional typing of P. aeruginosa using antisera prepared
      against glycopolypeptide derived from the slime of the microorganisms.
AB  - The author used the slide agglutination with antisera prepared against
      glycopolypeptides (GP) derived from the slime of the P. aeruginosa mucoid strains
      to classify one hundred and nine P. aeruginosa strains in three homogeneous
      groups. Seventy three per cent were agglutinated by only one of the two initial
      GP a or b, seventeen percent by both of them and ten per cent remained
      unagglutinated by these sera. The classification that was described here was
      demonstrated to be independent from the previously described ones related to
      protective properties and specific of bactericidal activity of macrophages.

PMID- 2414950
TI  - [Processes of ventricles I-III. Review of the patient population of the
      Neurosurgery Clinic of the Karl Marx University 1953-1983].
AB  - Within three decades 254 patients with processes of the brain ventricles I-III
      have been treated at the Leipzig Neurosurgical Clinic. The article subdivides the
      patients in general and according to the histology, localisation, lateral
      differences, dignity, operability as well as the postoperative lethality. The
      evaluation gives many clues with respect to the diagnostics and therapy of these
      ventricular processes. Today, the improvements obtained by computer tomography
      and by microsurgery are well the to fore.

PMID- 2414951
TI  - [Affinity interactions of bacterial proteins with blood plasma components].

PMID- 2414952
TI  - [Specific antigens of the causative agents and their antibodies in the
      circulating immune complexes in acute dysentery].
AB  - The level of circulating immune complexes has been determined in 53 patients in
      the dynamics of the disease. For the first time circulating immune complexes have
      been found to contain Shigella sonnei K-antigen and Shigella flexneri O-antigen,
      as well as IgA, IgG and IgM to Shigella. Shigella antigens can be detected from
      the first week of the disease, and their occurrence does not depend on the level
      of circulating complexes in patients blood serum.

PMID- 2414953
TI  - Participation of Ca2+ channel in liver calcium regulation by calcitonin in rats.
AB  - A possible regulatory role of calcitonin (CT) upon liver calcium content was
      investigated by using a Ca2+ channel blocker in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX)
      rats. In bile duct-ligated TPTX rats, liver calcium content was not significantly
      increased by a single ip injection of calcium chloride (4.0 mg Ca2+/100 g body
      weight). Administration of CT (80 MRC mU/100 g) caused a remarkable elevation of
      liver calcium content. This hormonal effect was inhibited by administration of
      verapamil (1.0 mg/100 g) or lanthanum chloride (0.4 mg/100 g), Ca2+ channel
      blockers. CT administration markedly increased the transport of calcium into the
      bile through the liver cells of TPTX rats injected ip with calcium. This increase
      in the bile calcium content was prevented by administration of verapamil or
      lanthanum chloride. Administration of epinephrine (10 micrograms/100 g),
      vasopressin (10 micrograms/100 g), or concanavalin A (1.0 mg/100 g) produced a
      significant elevation of bile calcium content; these elevations were not
      significantly altered by addition of verapamil (1.0 mg/100 g). These data suggest
      the presence of CT receptors on liver cell plasma membranes which are involved in
      regulation of membrane Ca2+ channels. It is proposed that CT facilitates the
      entry of extracellular calcium into liver cells by opening Ca2+ channels located
      on their plasma membranes.

PMID- 2414954
TI  - Lower molecular weight species of alpha 2-macroglobulin-plasmin complexes in
      human plasma activated by urokinase.

PMID- 2414955
TI  - Significance of number of HLA determinants in HLA capping in childhood acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - The density of HLA determinants on the cell surface was studied in relation to
      HLA capping in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Analysis was
      performed with flow cytometry (FACS) and a subjective labeling score. These two
      methods gave comparable results. In T-ALL high percentages of capped cells were
      related to low numbers of HLA determinants. In c-ALL we found the opposite. This
      study shows that capping capacity and number of HLA determinants in childhood ALL
      are inversely related.

PMID- 2414956
TI  - Effect of Iloprost (ZK 36 374), a novel prostacyclin analogue, on ADP-induced
      platelet aggregation.
AB  - The effect of Iloprost (ZK 36 374), a chemically stable carboprostacyclin
      derivative, on ADP-induced platelet aggregation was investigated using platelet
      rich plasma obtained from healthy male volunteers. It was shown that Iloprost in
      a dose-dependent fashion powerfully inhibits both the primary and secondary wave
      of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Similarly, Iloprost immediately and most
      effectively disaggregates preformed platelet aggregates.

PMID- 2414957
TI  - [Suitability of specific staining methods for the estimation of beta cell volume
      in rat pancreas with normal and reduced insulin content].
AB  - Investigations were carried out on streptozotocin (SZ)-treated female Wistar rats
      (single i.v. injection of 30 mg/kg body weight) and control animals with normal
      pancreatic insulin content. After staining of the pancreatic slices with aldehyde
      fuchsin (AF), Victoria Blue (Ivic 1959), and FITC-labelled antiserum (indirect),
      the beta-cell volume was determined with a point sampling method. For control
      animals, all 3 selected beta-cell specific staining methods are equivalent. After
      reduction of the pancreatic and the beta-cell insulin content by SZ-treatment the
      sensitivity of the common histochemical methods is diminished in comparison to
      the immunofluorescence method. In normoglycemia SZ-treated animals (pancreatic
      insulin content about 30% of control values) 0.22% AF-stained beta-cells are
      demonstrable, after IVIC-staining 0.14% beta-cell volume is visible. In
      hyperglycemic SZ-treated rats (about 6% of pancreatic insulin content of
      controls) with AF-staining only 0.08% and with IVIC-staining 0.03% beta-cell
      volume could be measured whereas with fluorescence technique in both SZ treated
      groups 0.34% beta-cell volume is measurable. The reduction of pancreatic insulin
      content after the injection of 30 mg/kg SZ is caused by a reduction of the beta
      cell volume and a diminution of the insulin content in the remaining beta-cells.

PMID- 2414958
TI  - Distribution of negative charges of rat brain synaptosomes established by means
      of protamine-ferritin conjugate.
AB  - The negative electric charges on the synaptosomes from rat cerebral cortex were
      studied by means of protamine-ferritin conjugate. The synaptic vesicles in some
      synaptosomes were heavily labelled with the positively charged conjugate. The
      synaptosomal membranes including presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes were also
      stained but in a lesser degree. It was established that the major dense line and
      the intraperiod line of myelin contaminants were labelled, too.

PMID- 2414959
TI  - Identification of proximal tubule segments in the mouse nephron by simultaneous
      visualization of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.
AB  - ALP and gamma-GT are 2 brush border enzymes that can be individually demonstrated
      on adjacent sections by the histochemical methods of Mayahara (ALP) and Rutenberg
      (gamma-GT). On the basis of each enzyme activity, it was possible to recognize
      different categories of tubules in the mouse nephron. In fact, both enzymes were
      heterogeneously distributed along the proximal tubule, but in opposite gradients.
      The various staining intensities probably corresponded to proximal segmentation,
      but were sometimes difficult to evaluate. A technique was perfected to localize
      both enzymes in the same tissue section. Since each enzyme produced a distinct
      type of colored precipitates (ALP: black, gamma-GT: red), 4 categories of tubules
      could be identified, according to staining characteristics: 1. black tubules
      where ALP activity was predominant, corresponded to S1 segments, 2. black and red
      tubules where the 2 activities were about equivalent, were considered as parts of
      S2, 3. red ones where gamma-GT activity was high, were identified as portions of
      S3, 4. negative tubules where no activity was apparent, represented distal and
      straight collecting tubules. In addition to economize time and tissue, this
      simple technique permits to easily estimate variations in enzyme activities that
      probably correspond to structural and functional differences in the segments of
      the proximal tubule.

PMID- 2414960
TI  - Electron microscopic findings of polyglucose reacting with iodine.
AB  - The reaction product of iodine and native glycogen or polyglucose synthesized
      histochemically by glycogen synthetase or phosphorylase with branching enzyme was
      studied in the paraboloid of the chick retina by light and electron microscopy.
      Native glycogen in the paraboloid stained brown, while histochemically
      synthesized polyglucose stained brown or purple. Electron microscopy revealed
      that the paraboloid in all experimental groups appeared to have many vacant
      spaces at the sites of polyglucose particles, as after the amylase digestion
      test. Native and histochemically synthesized polyglucose particles themselves
      looked like fine granules or appeared to have various densities in electron
      micrographs. These findings suggest that native or histochemically synthesized
      polyglucose particles are partly masked by the iodine atoms involved in the
      amylase channel in electron micrographs.

PMID- 2414961
TI  - The influence of plasma volume expanders on initial haemostasis in the rabbit
      mesentery.
AB  - An experimental study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of dose (1 and 2 g/kg
      b.w.) and molecular weight (40 000, 70 000, 110 000 and 500 000 daltons) of
      dextran on primary haemostatic plug formation in the rabbit mesenteric
      microcirculation. All experiments were made 3 h after the infusion of the
      different substances. Albumin and hydro-oxyethyl starch treatment was used for
      control plasma volume expansion and did not influence arteriolar and venular
      haemostasis as compared with saline. Dextran gave a prolonged haemostatic plug
      formation time with increasing dose and with increasing molecular weights.
      Clinically relevant doses of dextran 40 and 70 (1 g/kg b.w.) did not influence
      haemostatic plug formation time.

PMID- 2414962
TI  - Intraoperative blood component and fluid therapy.

PMID- 2414963
TI  - Differential distribution of immunohistochemically detected keratin proteins in
      mammalian oral epithelia.
AB  - Keratin proteins were immunohistochemically demonstrated in different parts of
      the oral epithelium. Keratin staining in the squamous-cell epithelium was
      restricted to the spinous and granular cell layers, with a comparatively low
      reaction in the basal layer cells and none in the superficial cornified layer. In
      comparing the keratin staining levels, those in the buccal and sublingual
      epithelia were rather higher than those in the hard palatal epithelia. Staining
      intensities for keratin proteins were not the same in either different locations
      of the oral epithelium or in the same location in different animals.

PMID- 2414964
TI  - Epithelial kinetics affect Langerhans' cells of mouse vaginal epithelium.
AB  - Langerhans' cells were found to vary in their morphology and density in the
      vaginal epithelium of ovariectomized mice stimulated by single daily injections
      of oestrogen. In ATPase-stained epithelial sheet preparations, Langerhans' cells
      were small and stellate in dense distribution after ovariectomy produced
      epithelial atrophy. They became highly dendritic in sparse distribution as
      epithelial thickness increased with high mitotic activity. Keratinization when
      prolonged by daily oestrogen injections did not affect their morphology or
      distribution.

PMID- 2414965
TI  - Beta-thromboglobulin in pre-eclampsia.
AB  - Beta-thromboglobulin was tested in blood and urine in a study group of pre
      eclamptic patients. The control group comprised a subgroup of normal non-pregnant
      women and a second subgroup of normal pregnant women. The results of the plasma
      beta-thromboglobulin blood test revealed no significant difference between the
      groups, whereas the urine of the pre-eclamptic group showed a significantly
      increased concentration of beta-thromboglobulin. This difference may reflect
      renal involvement in the pre-eclamptic patients; the turnover of platelets may be
      increased but the plasma level of beta-thromboglobulin is apparently maintained
      by the increased renal clearance.

PMID- 2414966
TI  - Effect of intraperitoneal instillation of 32% dextran 70 on postoperative
      adhesion formation after tubal surgery.
AB  - The intraperitoneal instillation of 32% dextran 70 (HyskonR, Pharmacia AB,
      Sweden) has previously been reported to prevent the formation of postoperative
      adhesions. Against this background, the present study was undertaken to evaluate
      the efficacy of HyskonR in counteracting peritoneal adhesions following tubal
      microsurgery. 105 infertile women were operated upon in a prospective,
      randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicenter study. The intra-abdominal
      adhesions present from the beginning were classified by means of a standardized
      scoring scale and the extent of adhesions was again evaluated at follow-up
      laparoscopy 4-10 weeks later. A reduction in the extent of the intra-abdominal
      adhesions (statistically highly significant) was revealed in both the Hyskon
      group and the saline control group. The extent of adhesions in the Hyskon group
      was not lesser than in the saline group, however. The pregnancy rates in the two
      groups were also similar.

PMID- 2414967
TI  - Maternal-serum-alphafetoprotein screening for fetal malformations in 28 062
      pregnancies. A four-year experience from a low-risk area.
AB  - From 1st March, 1980 and up to 29th February 1984 a multicenter serum alpha
      fetoprotein (S-AFP) screening project was carried out for the detection of severe
      fetal malformations. S-AFP was determined by a radio-immunoassay in 28 062
      pregnant women between the 16th and 20th week of gestation. Patients with
      elevated S-AFP values, e.g. above 95 percentile, were examined further with a
      second S-AFP and by ultrasound scan. 244 amniocenteses (0.9%) were carried out to
      detect 62 malformations (21 anencephalies, 14 spina bifidas, 2 encephaloceles, 7
      omphaloceles, 5 gastroschises, 4 chromosome abnormalities and 9 other
      malformations). Fifteen of the 16 cases of spina bifida could not be verified by
      ultrasound scan, whereas all other malformations except chromosome abnormalities
      were confirmed by ultrasonography. Two cases of spina bifida and one case of skin
      covered encephalocele had normal S-AFP concentrations and were therefore not
      detected. There were no definitive false-positives, e.g. therapeutic abortion of
      a normal fetus. Our conclusion is that a nationwide S-AFP screening should be
      recommended.

PMID- 2414968
TI  - Structural features of the basal lamina in Reissner's membrane of the guinea pig.
AB  - The structural features of the basal lamina in Reissner's membrane were examined
      electron microscopically using tannic acid fixation, poly-cationic staining
      (ruthenium red), and mono-cationic staining (safranin O). Tannic acid fixation
      revealed 5-10-nm filaments which ran perpendicularly between the lamina densa and
      the cytoplasmic surface of squamous epithelial cells. Ruthenium red staining
      showed a lattice-like arrangement of anionic sites on both sides of the lamina
      densa. Safranin O staining revealed filamentous networks at the same sites. These
      structural features of the basal lamina in the Reissner's membrane were very
      similar to those of the glomerular and the alveolar basement membrane. Therefore,
      the possibility that anionic sites of Reissner's membrane may play the role of a
      size and charge-selective barrier between the scala media and the scala
      vestibuli, in much the same way that the glomerular basement membrane plays the
      same role of barrier, must be taken into account.

PMID- 2414969
TI  - The histochemistry of the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle in the dog,
      compared with the diaphragm, the sternothyroid and the sternomastoid muscle.
AB  - The canine posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle was compared histochemically
      with pieces of the diaphragm (Dia), an infrahyoid muscle (the sternothyroid, ST),
      and with a reference skeletal muscle (the sternomastoid, SM) taken from the same
      animal. The muscle fibre type composition in the PCA, Dia and ST differed very
      little and showed a slight type II preponderance. In the SM there was a strong
      type II preponderance. A subgrouping of the type II muscle fibres could not be
      carried out in any of the muscles. The oxidative activity was greater in the PCA
      than in the other three muscles and greater in type I than in type II fibres for
      all muscles except the Dia. In the Dia, some type I fibres had a larger cross
      sectional area and showed a greater oxidative activity and contained less
      glycogen than the rest of the type I fibres in the muscle. These fibres seemed to
      represent a separate subgroup of type I fibres possibly serving quiet
      respiration.

PMID- 2414970
TI  - Ultrastructural features of the interferon-treated adult laryngeal papilloma.
AB  - The ultrastructural features of the interferon-treated adult laryngeal papillomas
      are described. Compared with untreated papillomas, no differences in
      ultrastructure were found by transmission electron microscopy. By scanning
      electron microscopy, significant alterations comprising a smooth and oedematous
      surface with a uniform microvilli pattern of the superficial cells were observed
      after interferon therapy. Our observations suggest an increased cell adhesion and
      maturation of epithelial cells caused by interferon.

PMID- 2414971
TI  - Diffusion of horseradish peroxidase at the injection site.
AB  - The sensitivity of diaminobenzidine (DAB), tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and Hanker
      Yates (H-Y) methods was compared in order to determine which procedure shows best
      the effective site of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) uptake. The lateral geniculate
      nucleus was chosen as the target nucleus for HRP injections, and the neuronal
      labelling in the superior colliculus and in zona incerta was used as a control.
      While TMB showed images that overestimated the effective site of uptake, the H-Y
      procedure showed more restricted HRP spots, similar to those obtained with DAB,
      that corresponded well with the neuronal labelling observed in the control areas.
      These results underline the usefulness of the H-Y procedure upon evaluation of
      the effective site of uptake. In addition, they do not support an underestimation
      of this effective site by this method.

PMID- 2414972
TI  - Effect of illumination on different lipid fractions of rat pinealocytes. A
      histochemical study.
AB  - Total lipids and phospholipids of pineal glands of female rats maintained under a
      diurnal rhythm of 12 hr of light and 12 hr of darkness, continuous illumination
      for 2 days or 4 weeks and constant darkness for 2 days or 4 weeks were studied
      histochemically. The controlled chromation of Elftman followed by Sudan black B
      to visualize total lipids and by hematoxylin to reveal phospholipids was used.
      Staining was made on paraffin embedding and vibratome sections. Total lipids
      showed a significant decrease under constant illumination for 2 days or 4 weeks,
      but phospholipids, which suffered a dramatic decrease in rats maintained under
      constant light for 4 weeks, remained without significant variation after 2 days
      of treatment. Thus, the lipid decrement after 2 days of constant light seems to
      be due to another lipid fraction, probably triglycerides. Total lipids and
      phospholipids remain almost unchanged after 2 days or 4 weeks of constant
      darkness. The solubility in lipid solvents was considerably increased for
      phospholipids after 4 weeks and for the non-phospholipidic fraction after 2 days
      of permanent light. This suggests that continuous illumination induces a change
      in the solubility of lipid droplets components affecting different kinds of
      lipids depending on the light stimulation.

PMID- 2414973
TI  - The effect of crown ethers on ionic currents in myelinated nerve fibres from
      Xenopus laevis.
AB  - The effect of several crown ethers on the currents at the node of Ranvier was
      studied. At differing potencies they caused a time- and potential-dependent
      inactivation of potassium permeability and a time- and potential-independent
      decrease in sodium permeability. The relative effect on potassium and sodium
      systems varied and was not directly related to their ionophoric properties. A
      computer analysis indicated that the induced inactivation was dependent on the
      normal potassium activation mechanism.

PMID- 2414974
TI  - Non-nicotinic, non-adrenergic excitatory motor fibres in the preganglionic
      sympathetic supply to the feline colon. An axon reflex arrangement associated to
      thin sensory neurons, involving substance P?
AB  - Experiments were performed on chloralosed cats with ligated adrenals. The
      peripheral ends of the preganglionic sympathetic nerves to the colon were
      stimulated and colonic motility was monitored by a volumetric method. Electric
      nerve stimulation with various intensities elicited inhibitory motor responses
      and occasionally contractions. Hexamethonium and/or guanethidine blocked all
      inhibitory actions and revealed pure excitatory responses at high stimulation
      intensities. These colonic contractions were inhibited by atropine. However,
      atropine-resistant contractions were sometimes observed, predominantly in the
      colorectal region. Thoracic sympathetic nerves affected the motility in the
      proximal colon only, while lumbar sympathetic nerves acted on both proximal and
      distal parts. Strength-duration relationships and sensitivity to local heating
      suggest that the excitatory responses are due to an antidromic activation of
      thin, possibly afferent nerve fibres. Small doses of substance P injected close
      i.a. induced colonic contractions unchanged by hexamethonium and/or guanethidine
      but sensitive to atropine. The neurally-induced colonic contractions are
      suggested to be due to an antidromic activation of thin sensory neurons which in
      the periphery release substance P, in turn activating cholinergic motor neurons,
      thus constituting an axon reflex arrangement. The possibility of a similar axon
      reflex mechanism, associated to thin afferents, activating adrenergic inhibitory
      neurons at the prevertebral ganglionic level is discussed.

PMID- 2414975
TI  - An in vivo model for the simultaneous study of motility of the gallbladder,
      sphincter of Oddi and duodenal wall in the cat.
AB  - An in vivo model for the simultaneous study of motility of the gallbladder,
      sphincter of Oddi and the duodenal wall in species with an intraduodenal location
      of the sphincter has been developed. Gallbladder motility is registered by
      manometry, while trans-sphincteric flow and duodenal wall motility are recorded
      by perfusion methods. The sphincter of Oddi proper is totally uninfluenced by any
      mechanical procedures since the outflow of fluid is collected via a funnel-shaped
      human femoral vein graft fixed to the duodenal mucosa by tiny sutures peripheral
      to the sphincteric muscle. The motility of the duodenal wall influences the flow
      of saline through a small feline vein graft inserted across the duodenal wall.
      The method is described in detail as well as nerve stimulation experiments and
      some pharmacological tests (e.g. infusion of substance P) to demonstrate the
      usefulness of the method. With this method the physiology and pharmacology of
      this region can be investigated in species, which, like man, have an
      intraduodenal location of the sphincter of Oddi.

PMID- 2414976
TI  - On the mechanism of barbiturate action on potassium channels in the nerve
      membrane.

PMID- 2414977
TI  - Oligoclonal immunoglobulins and immunoreactive myelin basic protein in the
      cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological
      diseases.

PMID- 2414978
TI  - [Is intravenous urography still indispensable in the assessment of prostatic
      adenoma?].

PMID- 2414979
TI  - [The significance of serum gamma-seminoprotein in prostatic cancer].
AB  - The level of serum gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) was determined by enzyme
      immunoassay using an EIA gamma-Sm test kit in 32 patients with prostatic cancer
      (before treatment for 12 and after treatment was started for 20), 24 patients
      with benign prostate hypertrophy and 22 patients with other urogenital cancer. A
      gamma-Sm level of over 4.0 ng/ml was considered to be positive. The positive rate
      was 43.8% in prostatic cancer patients (83.3% before and 20.0% after treatment),
      25.0% in benign prostate hypertrophy and 0% in other urogenital cancer. Since the
      positive rate of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was 34.3% in prostatic cancer
      patients (75.0% before and 10.0% after treatment) and 16.7% in benign prostate
      hypertrophy patients, gamma-Sm may be more sensitive but less specific as an
      indicator of prostatic cancer in PAP. In 9 patients with prostatic cancer before
      treatment, the levels of serum gamma-Sm and PAP were serially determined for up
      to 11 months. The level of gamma-Sm decreased in 7 patients, and PAP in all
      patients after hormone therapy. One patient showed a consistently positive gamma
      Sm level and the level of the others became positive only for gamma-Sm during
      follow-up. There was a statistical correlation between the levels of serum gamma
      Sm and PAP in patients with prostatic cancer (r = 0.595, p less than 0.01), in
      patients with benign prostate hypertrophy (r = 0.882, p less than 0.01) and also
      in the patients in both groups together (r = 0.590, p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2414980
TI  - [Clinical and statistical study on recent cases of suprapubic prostatectomy].
AB  - Results of operation were analyzed statistically in 123 patients who underwent
      suprapubic prostatectomy for benign prostatic hypertrophy from 1974 through 1981.
      Age of the patients ranged from 48 to 89 years and the mean age was 70.1 years.
      The average amount of blood loss during operation was 590 ml. Amount of blood
      loss in patients operated under epidural anesthesia was less than that in the
      patients operated under general anesthesia. Furthermore, significant correlation
      was observed between amount of blood loss and the weights of enucleated prostate
      glands. The average weight of enucleated prostate glands was 33.4 g and the
      weight increased as the patient's age increased. Histological examination of the
      enucleated specimens revealed occult carcinoma in 4.1% of the patients.
      Association of bladder neck sclerosis was observed in 27% of the patients whose
      prostate weighed less than 20 g. Significance of prophylactic vasectomy for the
      prevention of postoperative epididymitis was considered to be low. Incidence of
      postoperative bacteriuria was higher in patients who had bacteriuria
      preoperatively than those without preoperative bacteriuria. Therefore,
      eradication of preoperative bacteriuria seemed important in the prevention of
      postoperative bacteriuria. No significant correlation was observed between
      postoperative residual urine volume and the weight of the enucleated prostate
      glands.

PMID- 2414981
TI  - [Sequential combination chemotherapy consisting of vincristine, peplomycin,
      methotrexate, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II), cytosine arabinoside and 5
      fluorouracil, for advanced urothelial cancer].
AB  - Two VPM-CisCF chemotherapy regimens (vincristine (VCR), peplomycin (PEP),
      methotrexate (MTX), cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP), cytosine
      arabinoside (Ara-C) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), established using human bladder
      cancer xenografts in nude mice were applied for advanced urothelial cancer. VPM
      CisCF (I) consisted of 0.4 mg/m2 VCR on days 1 and 4, 2 mg/m2 PEP on days 1-7, 2
      mg/m2 MTX on days 2, 3, 5 and 6, 20 mg/m2 CDDP on days 8, 20 mg/m2 Ara-C on days
      8 and 13, and 150 mg/m2 5-FU on days 10-12. VPM-CisCF (II) consisted of 0.6 mg/m2
      VCR on days 1 and 3, 3 mg/m2 PEP on days 1-4, 3 mg/m2 MTX on days 2 and 3, 35
      mg/m2 CDDP on day 4, 20 mg/m2 Ara-C on days 4 and 7, and 200 mg/m2 5-FU on days 5
      and 6. These doses were adjusted for each case: the above mentioned dose x
      [(80/(40 + Age))2 + (Karnofsky's performance status/100)2]. VPM-CisCF (I) was
      administered to 6 patients (bladder cancer and transitional cell carcinoma),
      intra-arterially in two cases. One patient showed a complete response and
      survived for 7 months, three partial response (PR) surviving for 13, 8 and 37
      (arterial-infused case) months, one showed minor response (MR) surviving for 4
      months, and one had no change (NC) surviving for 5 months. VPM-CisCF (II) was
      administered to 11 patients (1 ureteral cancer, 1 renal pelvic cancer, 9 bladder
      cancer, and 10 transitional cell carcinoma except a case of mixed type of
      transitional cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma). Four of the patients
      who had PR survived for 9, 8, 8 and 7 (alive) months, two who had MR survived for
      8 and 4 months, three who had NC survived for 6, 4 and 4 months, and who two had
      progressive disease survived for 8 and 6 months. The major toxicities were
      myelosuppression and gastrointestinal symptoms, especially nausea and vomiting,
      but the treatment was well-tolerated.

PMID- 2414982
TI  - Concealed atrial quadrigeminy.

PMID- 2414983
TI  - Electrophysiologic evaluation of the antiarrhythmic effects of N
      acetylprocainamide for ventricular tachycardia secondary to coronary artery
      disease.
AB  - Antiarrhythmic properties of N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), an active metabolite of
      procainamide, were studied in 12 patients with coronary artery disease who
      presented with cardiac arrest or documented sustained ventricular tachycardia
      (VT). Programmed electrical stimulation (PES) studies were performed in 10 men
      and 2 women, aged 52 to 80 years (mean 63), who had a left ventricular ejection
      fraction of 16 to 69% (mean 33). All patients tested had inducible VT provoked by
      PES without antiarrhythmic therapy. Patients were then tested with procainamide,
      1,000 mg administered intravenously. VT could be provoked after procainamide
      treatment in 8 of 10 patients. Twenty-four to 36 hours later NAPA was
      administered, 18 mg/kg body weight intravenously, and PES was performed after 20
      minutes. NAPA did not significantly change heart rate, mean arterial blood
      pressure, electrocardiographic intervals and AH or HV conduction times. The QT
      interval lengthened, but not significantly. The mean serum NAPA levels were 15.7
      +/- 4 micrograms/ml in the group protected by NAPA and 16.2 +/- 4 micrograms/ml
      in the group not protected by NAPA. Five patients were discharged with NAPA
      therapy, 1.5 g orally every 8 hours. Two patients have been maintained with
      chronic NAPA therapy (10 +/- 3 months), and 2 patients had breakthrough VT on
      follow-up Holter monitoring and alternative therapy was given. One patient died
      while taking oral therapy. NAPA demonstrates antiarrhythmic efficacy in
      preventing induction of VT by PES in a high-risk group of patients. During
      chronic oral therapy in some patients, NAPA appears to be well tolerated, with
      antiarrhythmic efficacy that may be enhanced with further upward dose titration.

PMID- 2414984
TI  - Long-term comparative effect of cholecystokinin and gastrin on mouse stomach,
      antrum, intestine, and exocrine pancreas.
AB  - Mice were injected three times a day for 12 days with 300 micrograms/kg body
      weight of gastrin G17 or 37.5 Ivy dog U/kg body weight of CCK or saline. Other
      mice were also injected four times an hr for 1 hr with 7.5 micrograms/kg of
      gastrin, nine Ivy dog U/kg of CCK or saline; 1 hr before killing, they were
      injected with tritiated thymidine to evaluate the labelling indices in peptic,
      antral, duodenal, jejunal, and ileal mucosae. Four hours after the first
      injection of the two peptides, the peptic labelling indices increased while those
      of intestinal mucosa increased 8 hr after these injections. Long-term injections
      of CCK had a trophic effect on secretory cells of the digestive tract: the number
      of gastric zymogenic cells, Paneth cells, and the mucous cells of Brunner glands
      were hypertrophied. The pepsin, amylase, chymotrypsin, and lysozyme activities
      increased in stomach, exocrine pancreas, and intestine, respectively. Neither
      parietal cells nor intestinal enterocytes and hydrolase activities were affected.
      The trophic effect of long-term injections of gastrin is confirmed on parietal
      cells and exocrine pancreatic parenchyma and is demonstrated in Paneth cells.
      Confirming cytological results, pancreatic lipase and amylase activities and
      intestinal lysozyme activity were increased after gastrin. Although CCK and
      gastrin have a structural analogy, these two peptides did not affect the same
      cellular types. A specific action of CCK on the main secretory cells of the
      digestive mucosa is demonstrated.

PMID- 2414985
TI  - Plasma membrane biogenesis in the avian salt gland: a biochemical and
      quantitative electron microscopic autoradiographic study.
AB  - The avian salt gland provides an ideal system for the study of plasma membrane
      (PM) biogenesis. Feeding ducklings 1% sodium chloride (salt stress) induces the
      secretory cells of the gland to synthesize large amounts of PM, which forms an
      extensive basolateral PM domain after 7-9 days of treatment. In the present
      study, the initial biosynthetic events following salt stress were investigated.
      In vivo studies using 3H-uridine indicated that increased rates of RNA synthesis
      could be detected by 2 hr after the beginning of salt stress and continued
      through at least 12 hr. Under in vitro conditions, increased rates of protein and
      glycoprotein synthesis (as monitored by 3H-leucine and 3H-fucose incorporation,
      respectively) were also detected after 2 hr and continued through 7-9 days.
      Increased levels of Na,K-ATPase, a specific secretory cell PM marker, were
      detected after 8 hr of treatment as monitored by specific activity and 3H-ouabain
      binding. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis coupled
      with fluorography indicated that both 3H-leucine and 3H-fucose were incorporated
      into partially purified preparations of Na,K-ATPase isolated after 12 hr. Light
      microscopic autoradiographic analysis of pulse-chase experiments indicated that
      in secretory cells of 12-hr salt-stressed glands, 3H-leucine- and 3H-fucose
      labelled products reached the cell periphery by 1-2 hr after the initial pulse.
      The incorporation of both tritiated precursors was predominantly associated with
      the secretory cells. Quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography indicated
      that 3H-leucine is initially taken up by elements of the rough endoplasmic
      reticulum (RER) and cytoplasm (5 min postpulse), subsequently transported to and
      concentrated within components of the Golgi apparatus (10 min of chase), and
      ultimately incorporated into all domains of the plasma membrane of secretory
      cells by 1-2 hr of chase. The data is consistent with a flow of newly synthesized
      membrane components from RER to Golgi to plasma membrane and is analogous to the
      pattern previously found for the synthesis and processing of PM proteins in a
      wide variety of cell types.

PMID- 2414986
TI  - The effect of atrophy, hyperplasia, and keratinization accompanying the estrous
      cycle on Langerhans' cells in mouse vaginal epithelium.
AB  - The morphology and numbers of Langerhans' cells vary in epithelia with different
      patterns of hyperplasia and keratinization. Langerhans' cells stained for ATPase
      were compared at five phases of the estrous cycle in murine vaginal epithelium.
      The cells were more dendritic and sparsely distributed with hyperplasia and were
      less dendritic and more densely distributed with atrophy. Greater numbers of the
      cells did not accompany keratinization at estrus. Ultrastructurally, three types
      of Langerhans' cells were discriminated. The first type, active in protein
      synthesis and phagocytosis, was commonest in sloughing and atrophic epithelium.
      The second type, containing accumulated and dispersed, electron-dense bodies
      presumed to be lysosomes, predominated in hyperplastic epithelium. The third, a
      mature resting cell, was found only after keratinization was complete. This study
      shows that Langerhans' cells in murine vaginal epithelium vary in morphology and
      numbers with the epithelial changes of the estrous cycle which may relate to
      their immunological role, but does not support the contention that their
      distribution is important for keratinization.

PMID- 2414987
TI  - Multimodality therapy for unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and
      neck.
AB  - Eighteen patients with unresectable Stage III or IV squamous cell carcinoma of
      the head and neck were treated with induction therapy consisting of sequential
      methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. This was followed by full course radiation
      therapy and radical neck dissection for those with residual neck disease. Those
      with local control were then treated with vinblastine, bleomycin, and cisplatin
      (VBP). Although 79% of patients achieved a partial or complete response to
      chemotherapy, only 50% of patients achieved local control. Marked mucositis
      limited the dose and schedule of radiation therapy. The methotrexate and 5
      fluorouracil combination appears to be too toxic for multimodality therapy of
      advanced head and neck cancer.

PMID- 2414988
TI  - Pulmonary strongyloidiasis. Diagnosis by sputum gram stain.
AB  - Sputum Gram stain was diagnostic for pulmonary strongyloidiasis in four patients
      from Tennessee with chronic obstructive lung disease treated with steroids. The
      case reports of these patients and photomicrographs of the larval forms by Gram
      stain are presented. Sputum Gram stain may be a useful procedure to screen for
      pulmonary strongyloidiasis in steroid-treated patients with chronic lung disease
      who come from an endemic area.

PMID- 2414989
TI  - Effect of different dialyzers on proteinases and proteinase inhibitors during
      hemodialysis.
AB  - The effect of different membrane materials on plasma levels of granulocyte
      elastase, 'unspecific' proteolytic (azocasein-hydrolyzing) activity, and activity
      and concentration of the main plasma proteinase inhibitors alpha 1-proteinase
      inhibitor (alpha 1PI) and alpha 2-macroglobulin during hemodialysis was
      investigated. Cuprophan (679.6 +/- 80.0 ng/ml) and polymethyl methacrylate (873.0
      +/- 20.6 ng/ml) membranes caused a significantly higher maximal increase of
      plasma levels of granulocyte elastase-alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (E-alpha 1PI)
      complex compared with polyacrylonitrile (395.3 +/- 56.0 ng/ml) or polysulfone
      (295.2 +/- 41.3 ng/ml) membranes (healthy subject 70.3 +/- 4.4 ng/ml). The
      activity of alpha 1PI increased significantly during hemodialysis using
      polyacrylonitrile (+36%) or polysulfone (+29%) membranes, whereas this increase
      was less using cuprophan (+6%) or polymethyl methacrylate (+8%) membranes. The
      reverse effect, however, was observed analyzing alpha 1PI concentrations
      (cuprophan +33%, polymethyl methacrylate +23%, polyacrylonitrile +12%,
      polysulfone +7%). 'Unspecific' proteolytic activity and non-trichloroacetic acid
      precipitable small molecular weight plasma protein fraction decreased
      significantly during hemodialysis in the presence of all four membranes. We
      conclude that neutral granulocyte proteinases can be released during hemodialysis
      independent of the change of white blood cells during the 1st h of dialysis
      therapy.

PMID- 2414990
TI  - Are children too young for mental disorders?

PMID- 2414991
TI  - Decreased levels of amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein associated with Down
      syndrome.
AB  - Low maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels have been associated with fetal
      aneuploidies. Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein levels have been reported to be
      low with Down syndrome (trisomy 21) but not with other fetal trisomies. We
      compared the amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein levels from 25 cases of autosomal
      trisomy (18 of trisomy 21, four of trisomy 13, three of trisomy 18) diagnosed by
      midtrimester fetal cytogenetic studies with those from matched, cytogenetically
      normal pregnancies. With these normal pregnancies used as controls, statistical
      analyses were performed on the data for all the trisomic fetuses, on the data for
      trisomy 21 only, and on the data for trisomies 13 and 18 combined. Amniotic fluid
      alpha-fetoprotein levels were significantly lower in the 25 trisomic cases
      compared with controls, 0.77 +/- 0.34 versus 1.03 +/- 0.34 mg/dl (p less than
      0.001). However, further analysis revealed that the difference was due to the
      trisomy 21 data alone. In the trisomy 21 cases there was a significant difference
      for alpha-fetoprotein levels between cases and controls (p less than 0.001),
      whereas there was no difference for the combined trisomy 13 and 18 cases compared
      to controls (p greater than 0.40). These findings suggest that the low maternal
      serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein reported in cases of Down syndrome may be
      related to reduced amniotic fluid concentrations. However, the reduced maternal
      serum alpha-fetoprotein levels reportedly associated with trisomies 13 and 18 do
      not seem to be explained by low amniotic fluid concentrations.

PMID- 2414992
TI  - Gynecologic amyloidosis.
AB  - Amyloidosis is a generalized metabolic disorder characterized by deposition of
      insoluble protein in the extracellular space of various organs. We have treated a
      woman presenting with menorrhagia and anemia, who was subsequently diagnosed as
      having systemic amyloidosis. This represents the first known documentation of
      amyloid involvement of the female reproductive tract.

PMID- 2414993
TI  - Neovascular glaucoma after intracapsular and extracapsular cataract extraction in
      diabetic patients.
AB  - A retrospective study of the rate of development of neovascular glaucoma after
      cataract extraction in 242 eyes of 186 diabetic patients identified neovascular
      glaucoma in 13 of 146 eyes (8.9%) after intracapsular extraction, in two of 17
      eyes (11.8%) after extracapsular extraction with primary capsulotomy, and in zero
      of 53 eyes after extracapsular extraction without capsulotomy. The incidence of
      neovascular glaucoma was significantly lower in patients who underwent
      extracapsular extraction with preservation of an intact posterior capsule than in
      those undergoing intracapsular cataract extraction (P less than .01) or
      extracapsular cataract extraction with primary capsulotomy (P less than .05).

PMID- 2414994
TI  - The intermediate filament cytoskeleton of malignant mesotheliomas and its
      diagnostic significance.
AB  - The intermediate filament cytoskeleton of epithelial, biphasic, and fibrous
      malignant pleural mesotheliomas was studied by immunohistochemistry and gel
      electrophoresis. The results were compared with data similarly obtained from lung
      adenocarcinomas. All mesotheliomas immunostained with various monoclonal and
      polyclonal antibodies against cytokeratins. By double immunofluorescence
      microscopy, coexpression of cytokeratins and vimentin was found in the fusiform
      cells of biphasic and fibrous mesotheliomas. As determined by two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis, lung adenocarcinomas exclusively expressed Cytokeratins 7, 8,
      18, and 19, and the same polypeptides were found in the fibrous mesotheliomas.
      These four cytokeratins were also found in the epithelial and biphasic
      mesotheliomas, most of which, however, also expressed, additional cytokeratins,
      such as the basic Polypeptide 5 and, in some cases, Cytokeratins 4, 6, 14, and
      17. The results demonstrate the epithelial nature of all types of malignant
      mesotheliomas and thus justify their classification as carcinomas. When
      epithelial morphology is evident, the pattern of cytokeratin expression is
      usually more complex, as indicated by the synthesis, in addition to the "simple
      epithelial" pattern (7, 8, 18, and 19), of certain cytokeratin polypeptides which
      hitherto have been presumed to be typical of stratified epithelia. This
      cytokeratin complexity and the coexpression of vimentin and cytokeratins in
      certain forms of mesotheliomas indicate that these tumors are a clearly distinct
      and complex group of carcinomas. Their special cytoskeletal filament protein
      expression should prove useful in differentiating mesotheliomas from other
      carcinomas, particularly from adenocarcinomas growing in the lung.

PMID- 2414995
TI  - Lymphokine regulation of macrophage-derived growth factor secretion following
      pulmonary injury.
AB  - Rat alveolar macrophages secrete enhanced levels of a growth factor for
      fibroblasts following acute lung injury. The authors have previously identified
      this anionic, heat-labile substance as macrophage-derived growth factor (MDGF)
      and have now focused on how its release by alveolar macrophages is controlled
      following lung damage. In response to pulmonary injury induced with a single
      intratracheal instillation of bleomycin sulfate, the lymphocyte count rose from
      undetectable to 23% of the cells retrieved in lavage fluid. Spontaneous MDGF
      secretion by macrophages cultured from the same lungs generally paralleled the
      changes in lymphocyte counts over time. To test whether lymphokine(s) secreted by
      alveolar lymphocytes regulated MDGF secretion by macrophages in this model, the
      authors exposed normal macrophages harvested from control rat lungs to lymphokine
      preparations in vitro. Lymphokines provided a powerful stimulus to normal
      macrophages, inducing MDGF secretion at dilutions as low as 10(-6). Fractionating
      T-lymphocyte subsets by adherence to monoclonal antibodies indicated that the
      W3/25+ cells elaborated the macrophage-stimulating lymphokine, but that OX8+
      cells did not. Furthermore, recombinant murine gamma interferon was capable of
      substituting for native lymphokine in activating MDGF secretion by normal
      macrophages. It is concluded that immune stimulation of fibroblast proliferation
      requires cooperative interaction of both lymphocytes and macrophages in this
      model of acute lung injury.

PMID- 2414996
TI  - Characterization of tumor cells in malignant fibrous histiocytomas and other soft
      tissue tumors, in comparison with malignant histiocytes. II. Immunoperoxidase
      study on cryostat sections.
AB  - The authors have investigated a possible relationship between tumor cells of
      malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFHs) and histiocytes. This relationship was
      studied by means of immunophenotyping using monoclonal antibodies specific for
      the monocyte cell lineage (FMC-17, Mac-1, OKM-1, Leu-M1, and lysozyme) and mono-
      and polyclonal antibodies specific for fibroblasts (respectively, FIB-86 and
      FSG). The immunophenotypes of the MFH tumor cells were compared with those of
      tumor cells of "true" histiocytic tumors. Monocyte lineage-specific determinants
      could be demonstrated in varying amounts on cells of the "true" histiocytic
      tumors but not on cells of MFH or other soft-tissue tumors. The reverse was true
      for determinants on fibroblasts. The absence of these determinants on malignant
      histiocytes, and their presence on MFH (and also on benign fibrous histiocytomas,
      fibrosarcomas, schwannomas, osteosarcomas, hemangiosarcomas, leio- and
      rhabdomyosarcomas) supported the conclusion that MFH tumor cells originate from
      mesenchymal cells which do not belong to the mononuclear phagocytic system.
      Subdivision of the MFH tumors revealed that the storiform-pleomorphic subtypes
      could express HLA-Dr/Ia antigens, like histiocytic tumors. The inflammatory cell
      subtype, however, lacked these antigens.

PMID- 2414997
TI  - The effects of NO2 on ionic surface charge on type I pneumocytes of hamster
      lungs.
AB  - Pinocytotic vesicles have been found to be common organelles throughout the
      cytoplasm of Type I pneumocytes. The number of uncoated vesicles were increased
      in response to acute exposure to NO2. These uncoated vesicles endocytosed
      horseradish peroxidase. In this study, the aim was to determine plasma membrane
      surface properties which were induced by NO2 exposure on the Type I pneumocytes
      of hamster lungs. Cationic ferritin and ruthenium red were used as ionic surface
      probes. Transmission electron microscopy was performed on thin sections of lung
      tissue fixed in vivo by vascular perfusion with glutaraldehyde after exposure to
      NO2 and cationic ferritin. Tissues exposed and fixed were also treated with
      cationic ferritin or ruthenium red. Transmission electron microscopic examination
      of glutaraldehyde-fixed Type I pneumocytes demonstrated both coated and uncoated
      vesicles. Cationic ferritin, which normally binds sparingly to control Type I
      pneumocytes, had a high affinity for the plasma membranes of Type I pneumocytes
      after NO2 exposure. Many of the binding sites were associated with vesicles on
      the basis of presence of bound cationic ferritin in developing and formed
      vesicles. Cationic ferritin wals also observed in vesicles adjacent to and on the
      basal lamina in the lungs from hamsters incubated with ferritin for 30 minutes.
      This indicated that the ferritin is transported across the epithelium by the
      uncoated vesicles. Ruthenium red, another cationic molecule, was found in the
      same sites as the cationic ferritin. The data showed that NO2 induced a change in
      the ionic surface charge, which may have contributed to the formation of uncoated
      pinocytotic vesicles.

PMID- 2414998
TI  - Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. A clinically significant predictor of
      early recurrence in stage I breast carcinoma is independent of estrogen receptor
      status.
AB  - Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) immunopositivity and extensive
      tumor necrosis have been shown to correlate significantly with early (less than
      24 months) recurrence in patients with Stage I breast carcinoma negative for
      estrogen receptor (ER). In this study we have extended our analysis of Stage I
      disease to include 30 ER-positive cases. Twenty-five traditional clinical and
      pathologic features were reviewed in addition to the immunoperoxidase staining
      characteristics of PAPP-A for examination of the independent relationship of
      immunopositivity both to early recurrence and to ER and progesterone receptor
      (PR) status. Clinical recurrence developed in 6 of 30 (20%) patients, 4 of the 30
      (13%) patients experiencing early recurrence. Pearson chi-square tests revealed
      significant correlations between early recurrence and PAPP-A tumor positivity (P
      less than 0.002), younger age (P less than 0.009), and premenopausal status (P
      less than 0.03). Stepwise regression analysis showed that PAPP-A-positive
      staining correlated independently with early recurrence. Of the 10 PAPP-A
      positive tumors, 4 (40%) recurred within 2 years, compared with no early
      recurrences in the 20 PAPP-A-negative cases. With a comparison of frequency of
      PAPP-A positivity of ER-positive (30%) tumors and ER-negative tumors (40%), there
      was no correlation with ER or PR status. PAPP-A tumor positivity is independent
      of ER status and is a clinically significant independent predictor of early
      recurrence in both ER-positive and ER-negative Stage I patients.

PMID- 2414999
TI  - 200 years of digitalis: the emerging central role of the sodium ion in the
      control of cardiac force.
AB  - Digitalis has been used therapeutically for two centuries, but the mechanism by
      which it enhances the ability of cardiac muscle to produce force (the positive
      inotropic effect) has not been fully elucidated. The major controversy concerns
      the question of whether the inhibition of the Na+-K+ pump by digitalis,
      particularly at low (therapeutic) concentrations, increases the intracellular Na+
      concentration and thus is causally related to the positive inotropic effect. Na+
      selective microelectrodes, introduced recently, have made it possible to measure
      small changes in intracellular Na+ activity (aiNa) in beating preparations of
      cardiac muscle and, in particular, to follow the exact time course of change in
      both aiNa and contractile force during the positive inotropic effect of
      digitalis. It has been demonstrated that digitalis at low and high concentrations
      produces a parallel increase in aiNa and in contractile force during the onset of
      its effect; washout of the drug results in a parallel and complete recovery of
      aiNa and contractile force. Additional strong evidence for a correlation between
      the pump inhibition and digitalis inotropy is the fact that the magnitude of
      increase in aiNa and contractile force produced by digitalis depends on the level
      of aiNa and therefore on the rate of Na+ extrusion by the Na+-K+ pump. The study
      on the quantitative relationship between aiNa and contractile force reveals that
      the force of contraction is a power function of aiNa, such that a small rise in
      aiNa produces a significant increase in contractile force. Direct measurements of
      aiNa and intracellular free Ca2+ during digitalis inotropy strongly support the
      hypothesis that an increase in aiNa raises intracellular Ca2+ via Na+-Ca2+
      exchange, thus producing the positive inotropic effect. In conclusion, the recent
      data available from the simultaneous and continuous measurements of aiNa and
      contractile force strongly indicate that the inhibition of the Na+-K+ pump is
      causally related to the positive inotropic effect of digitalis on cardiac muscle.

PMID- 2415000
TI  - Electrophysiology and noise analysis of K+-depolarized epithelia of frog skin.
AB  - Epithelia of frog skin bathed either symmetrically with a sulfate-Ringer solution
      or bathed asymmetrically and depolarized with a 112 mM K+ basolateral solution
      (Kb+) were studied with intracellular microelectrode techniques. Kb+
      depolarization caused an initial decrease of the short-circuit current (Isc) with
      a subsequent return of the Isc toward control values in 60-90 min. Whereas
      basolateral membrane resistance (Rb) and voltage were decreased markedly by high
      [Kb+], apical membrane electrical resistance (Ra) was decreased also. After 60
      min, intracellular voltage averaged -27.3 mV, transcellular fractional resistance
      (fRa) was 86.8%, and Ra and Rb were decreased to 36.1 and 13.0%, of their control
      values, respectively. Amiloride-induced noise analysis of the apical membrane Na+
      channels revealed that Na+ channel density was increased approximately 72% while
      single-channel Na+ current was decreased to 39.9% of control, roughly
      proportional to the decrease of apical membrane voltage (34.0% of control). In
      control and Kb+-depolarized epithelia, the Na+ channel density exhibited a
      phenomenon of autoregulation. Inhibition of Na+ entry (by amiloride) caused large
      increases of Na+ channel density toward saturating values of approximately 520 X
      10(6) channels/cm2 in Kb+-depolarized tissues.

PMID- 2415001
TI  - Effects of pertussis toxin treatment on metabolism in hamster brown adipocytes.
AB  - This communication reports the effects of the exotoxin of Bordetella pertussis
      (pertussis toxin) on hamster brown fat cells. Pertussis toxin significantly
      increased the lipolytic and respiratory responses to isoproterenol but did not
      increase the basal rates of either of these processes. In contrast, the
      stimulation of respiration by the alpha-adrenergic agent phenylephrine was not
      altered by pertussis toxin. The inhibitory effects of adenosine on stimulated
      lipolysis, respiration, and adenylate cyclase activity were completely abolished
      by pertussis toxin, as was the ability of methylxanthines or adenosine deaminase
      to potentiate isoproterenol stimulation of respiration or lipolysis. These
      effects of pertussis toxin were associated with an ADP ribosylation of a single
      membrane protein having a molecular weight of approximately 41. These data
      demonstrate that pertussis toxin can prevent the inhibitory action of adenosine
      on brown fat cells and suggest that the effects of the nucleoside on these cells
      results from inhibition of adenylate cyclase. We further suggest that the
      enhanced responses to isoproterenol in pertussis-treated adipocytes results from
      a blockade of the action of endogenous adenosine. In addition to blocking
      adenosine action, pertussis toxin also abolished the antilipolytic effect of
      insulin. However, because the antilipolytic effect of insulin was prevented by
      adenosine deaminase and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and restored by 2
      chloroadenosine, we conclude that insulin action on these cells is dependent on
      adenosine. Thus pertussis toxin blockade of insulin action appears to be
      secondary to blockade of adenosine action.

PMID- 2415002
TI  - Insulin stimulates macromolecular synthesis in cultured glial cells from rat
      brain.
AB  - The effect of insulin on macromolecular synthesis in glial cells cultured from
      brains of 1-day-old rats was studied to investigate the role of insulin in brain
      growth. Insulin caused a dose-dependent stimulation of protein synthesis
      (measured by [3H]valine incorporation into protein) that became significant by 7
      nM insulin. Maximal stimulation of protein synthesis of 145% of control occurred
      with 18 nM insulin. Long-term protein synthesis was also stimulated to 136% of
      control by insulin in a dose-dependent manner after 6 days of insulin incubation.
      Insulin also stimulated net RNA and DNA synthesis (measured by [3H]uridine and
      [3H]thymidine incorporation into RNA or DNA, respectively) with significant
      stimulation by 2 nM insulin. Net RNA synthesis stimulation was maximal at 120% of
      control by 18 nM insulin. Plateau stimulation of DNA synthesis of 175% of control
      was reached by 200 nM insulin. The effects of insulin on glial protein and RNA
      synthesis appear to be mediated completely by the insulin receptor. Insulin, in
      physiological concentrations, stimulated glial DNA synthesis via its interaction
      with the insulin receptor (46% of total response). At supraphysiological
      concentrations insulin may have stimulated DNA synthesis via its cross-reactivity
      with the insulinlike growth factor I receptor (54% of total response). Thus
      insulin, at concentrations known to exist in the brain, stimulates the processes
      necessary for growth in the glial cell and is an important growth factor in the
      developing rat brain.

PMID- 2415003
TI  - Nuclear RNA polymerase activity in tumor-host livers.
AB  - This study has evaluated changes in RNA synthesis in livers under the distant
      influence of a malignant tumor. A transplantable-induced sarcoma (MCG 101),
      transplanted on inbred adult mice (C57BL/6J), was used. Activities of DNA
      dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) were measured in relation to RNA content
      and translational activity. Liver nuclei from freely fed sarcoma-bearing mice had
      increased RNA synthesis. As a consequence of this, RNA content per DNA was
      increased in liver tissue. This was independent of depressed food intake and
      malnutrition. Elevated RNA synthesis, proportional to the tumor burden was due to
      an increased proportion of chromatin-engaged RNA polymerase I and II activities.
      RNA polymerase III activity (template-engaged form) was unchanged when evaluated
      in isolated nuclei, but appeared to be increased in partially purified extracts
      of nuclei. RNA content in tumor-host liver was a composite of increased levels of
      rRNA and tRNA, whereas the levels of poly(A)+ mRNA could not be measured as
      increased. Overall translational activities in vitro of mRNA from liver tissue of
      tumor-bearing, pair-weighed, and freely fed tumor-free controls were
      qualitatively and quantitatively different. mRNA from tumor-bearing mice directed
      an increased synthesis, particularly of larger proteins (above 55,000 daltons)
      compared with control animals. The results support the conclusion that previous
      evidence of elevated net protein synthesis in tumor-host liver is accompanied by
      increased transcription of genes coding for RNA and also for some or several
      hepatic proteins.

PMID- 2415004
TI  - Effect of malaria on rate of protein synthesis in individual tissues of rats.
AB  - The levels of total RNA and protein and the fractional rate of protein synthesis
      were measured in nine tissues of rats infected with malaria and compared with
      those of uninfected controls fed either ad libitum or the same amount of food as
      that eaten by the infected animals (pair fed). Apart from spleen there were no
      appreciable differences in any of the three aspects measured in the early part of
      the infection (on day 4). By day 10, however, some nonmuscle tissues from
      infected rats had increased amounts of RNA and protein relative to the ad libitum
      controls, whereas skeletal and smooth muscle both showed decreased levels. In
      most cases the content of RNA and protein were higher in tissues from infected
      rats when compared with the pair-fed controls. The rate of protein synthesis in
      spleen, lung, and heart of infected rats was higher or equal to that in ad
      libitum controls. In the other tissues it was lower. In many cases the observed
      changes in infected rats could not be attributed solely to a decreased food
      intake. The data illustrate how the response of protein metabolism to an
      infection differs in individual tissues, with some of them exhibiting catabolic
      responses and others anabolic ones.

PMID- 2415005
TI  - Effects of volume expansion on renal nerve activity, renal blood flow, and sodium
      and water excretion in conscious dogs.
AB  - Effects of acute volume expansion with isotonic isoncotic 3% dextran in saline
      were examined on renal nerve activity (RNA), renal blood flow, vascular
      resistance, and sodium and water excretion in conscious dogs. In intact dogs,
      acute volume expansion increased mean arterial pressure 15 +/- 3 mmHg, left
      atrial pressure 5.5 +/- 0.6 mmHg, and decreased RNA 88 +/- 2%, whereas renal
      blood flow did not change and renal vascular resistance increased slightly. When
      renal perfusion pressure was maintained at control levels, volume expansion
      decreased RNA 87 +/- 2% and renal vascular resistance 15 +/- 4%. During the 80
      min period after volume expansion, urine flow rate increased 0.66 +/- 0.13 ml/min
      and sodium excretion rose 3.89 +/- 0.54 mueq X min-1 X kg-1, whereas RNA remained
      depressed. Arterial baroreceptor denervation (ABD) did not diminish responses of
      RNA, renal blood flow, renal vascular resistance, or sodium and water excretion
      to volume expansion. After ABD plus bilateral cervical vagotomy, volume expansion
      did not decrease RNA, and diuretic and natriuretic responses were significantly
      attenuated (P less than 0.025). However, responses of renal blood flow to volume
      expansion were not altered significantly. In conscious dogs with renal
      denervation, responses of renal blood flow to volume expansion were not impaired,
      whereas diuretic and natriuretic responses were attenuated (P less than 0.025).
      Thus, in intact conscious dogs, vagally mediated reflex decreases in RNA induced
      by acute volume expansion exerted a significant effect on sodium and water
      excretion but little control of renal blood flow and renal vascular resistance.

PMID- 2415006
TI  - cAMP- and beta-adrenergic-stimulated chloride-dependent Ca2+ secretion in frog
      skin.
AB  - This study examined the possible existence and nature of Ca2+ transport in frog
      skin using 45Ca fluxes and short-circuiting technique. Following the addition to
      full-thickness frog skin (FTFS) of 8-[p-chlorophenylthio]cAMP (8-CPT-cAMP),
      forskolin, or 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, the secretory Ca2+ flux increased
      severalfold, inducing net Ca2+ secretion. The absorptive flux was unchanged.
      Isoproterenol (10(-6)M) reproduced the effects of cAMP on Ca2+ secretion (-3.76
      +/- 0.80 nmol X cm-2 X h-1 vs. +0.04 +/- 0.05 in control) while vasopressin and
      parathyroid hormone did not alter Ca2+ fluxes. Because FTFS contains subepidermal
      glands capable of Cl- secretion in response to beta-adrenergic stimulation, split
      thickness frog skin (STFS) consisting of the gland-free Na-absorbing surface
      epithelium was used to localize the anatomic site of Ca2+ secretion. In STFS,
      addition of 8-CPT-cAMP or isoproterenol failed to induce Ca2+ secretion,
      suggesting that this transport in FTFS is localized in skin glands. Additional
      studies explored the relationship between Ca2+ and Cl- transport in FTFS.
      Furosemide prevented the stimulation of both Ca2+ and Cl- secretion. Removal of
      Cl- from the bathing medium abolished Ca2+ secretion. Thus, FTFS exhibits a beta
      adrenergic, cAMP-stimulated net Ca2+ secretion that is Cl- dependent. As this
      effect is not observed in STFS, the pathway of Ca2+ secretion in frog skin is
      probably localized in the subepidermal glandular epithelium in association with
      Cl- secretion. Frog skin glands may represent a useful model for the study of
      Ca2+ transport in Cl--transporting epithelia.

PMID- 2415007
TI  - Lipolysis in isolated myocardial cells from diabetic rat hearts.
AB  - Diabetes in rats was induced with streptozotocin (100 mg/kg); myocardial cells
      (myocytes) were isolated from the hearts 3-4 days later. Diabetic myocytes were
      characterized as having the same viability and ATP content as control myocytes,
      but the yield was reduced. The triacylglycerol content of diabetic myocytes was
      elevated by 3.7-fold; this resulted in an increased rate of glycerol output
      during subsequent incubations. There was a stoichiometric relationship between
      the decline in the cellular triacylglycerol content and the release of glycerol
      into the incubation medium. Isoproterenol stimulated the output of glycerol from
      control myocytes by about twofold, but the stimulation of glycerol output from
      diabetic myocytes by isoproterenol was markedly less. The combination of 1-methyl
      3-isobutylxanthine with isoproterenol or 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-adenosine 3',5'
      cyclic monophosphate also failed to produce the same lipolytic response in
      diabetic myocytes as in control myocytes. Triacylglycerol-loaded myocytes from
      control rats, prepared by including palmitate in the isolation buffers, were also
      characterized as having increased basal rates of glycerol output and a reduced
      lipolytic response to isoproterenol. The level of free fatty acids in diabetic
      myocytes was 2.8-fold greater than in myocytes from control hearts. The
      intracellular accumulation of free fatty acids in these quiescent populations of
      diabetic myocytes may limit the ability of catecholamines to produce a further
      stimulation of lipolysis.

PMID- 2415008
TI  - Maternal serum AFP: educating physicians and the public.

PMID- 2415009
TI  - What participants understand about a maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening
      program.
AB  - We investigated the knowledge of pregnant women participating in a maternal serum
      alphafetoprotein (MSAFP) screening program for the detection of neural tube
      defects (NTDs) in the fetus. Women participating in the screening program scored
      higher on two knowledge tests than a comparison group of pregnant women who were
      not offered screening. However, there were substantial gaps in the knowledge base
      of women in the program, as measured by one of the tests. Women did not
      misinterpret a negative test result to mean that the test had identified a
      potential problem with the fetus; instead, there is a suggestion that they tended
      to interpret a negative result too positively, as an assurance that the baby was
      healthy in all respects.

PMID- 2415010
TI  - Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. The nature and diagnostic significance of the
      methenamine silver-positive "intracystic bodies".
AB  - The cyst forms of Pneumocystis carinii in specimens stained with methenamine
      silver contain single or paired discrete foci of enhanced staining that measure 1
      2 micron in maximum size. The nature of these foci and their location within the
      cysts have been disputed. We demonstrate by electron microscopy of silver-stained
      sections that the darkly stained foci correspond to a focal thickening of the
      cyst wall and are unrelated to sporozoites and other intracystic organelles. The
      morphology of these structures by light microscopy is characteristic, and their
      recognition is helpful in identifying P. carinii cysts and in differentiating
      them from yeast-form fungi and argyrophilic tissue elements in histologic
      sections and cytology specimens.

PMID- 2415011
TI  - Effect of aprotinin on fibrinopurulent peritonitis in rats.
AB  - The effect of aprotinin on the clinical and pathologic course of experimentally
      induced peritonitis in the rat was studied. Peritonitis was induced in 40 rats by
      creating a closed ileal loop 4 cm long 5 cm from the ileocecal valve. The rats
      were divided into two groups of 20 rats each. Group 1 served as a control group,
      whereas each animal in Group 2 received a bolus dose of aprotinin (10 ml)
      intraperitoneally immediately after closing the laparotomy. In the aprotinin
      treated group, survival was drastically increased (p less than 0.01) and
      formation of adhesions and abscesses was considerably reduced. The results of
      peritoneal cultures showed a decreased incidence of Escherichia coli and
      Clostridia in the aprotinin-treated group. We conclude that the administration of
      aprotinin significantly prolongs the survival time of animals with peritonitis
      and reduces the development of adhesions and abscesses in the peritoneal cavity.
      This beneficial effect can be attributed to decreased fibrinogen deposits within
      the peritoneal cavity and the stabilization of the organism after bacterial
      shock. Thus, bacteria were more susceptible to cellular and noncellular clearing
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2415012
TI  - Behavioral depression after intraventricular infusion of octopamine in rats.
AB  - The behavioral and neurochemical effects of four intraventricular infusions of
      octopamine (3,200 micrograms), tryptophan (800 micrograms), and octopamine plus
      tryptophan delivered over 6 hours was studied in rats after performing a
      portacaval anastomosis or a sham operation. After each infusion, each animal was
      rated for neurologic depression with a 17 point test battery. Although overt coma
      was not induced, octopamine infusions severely depressed neurologic function.
      Concentrations of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in the brain were
      significantly decreased after the infusion of octopamine. Levels of
      norepinephrine in the brain were significantly correlated with neurologic status
      and greater depletion of norepinephrine was associated with greater neurologic
      depression. These studies demonstrate that infusing large amounts of the trace
      amine octopamine depresses behavior in the rat and this depression is most
      closely associated with depletion of stores of norepinephrine in the brain.

PMID- 2415013
TI  - [Use of an immunoenzyme method of determining trophoblastic beta l-globulin in
      the diagnosis of extrauterine pregnancy].

PMID- 2415014
TI  - [Interferon in the amniotic fluid (preliminary report)].

PMID- 2415015
TI  - Rett syndrome: initial experience with an emerging clinical entity.
AB  - Five female patients have been presented with the typical clinical appearance of
      the Rett syndrome. A systematic evaluation of a variety of anatomic, physiologic
      and biochemical parameters has revealed two potential leads regarding the
      pathogenesis of this disorder. First, a reduction in the levels of
      neurotransmitter metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid was noted in each patient, a
      dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid, being reduced to the greatest extent.
      Second, a sural nerve biopsy from one patient examined by electron microscopy
      revealed intact myelin with an axonopathy. Confirmation of these studies is
      necessary. This initial description of patients from the United States is quite
      consistent with previous reports by Professor Rett and Professor Hagberg and
      colleagues.

PMID- 2415016
TI  - Etomidate: an 'immunologically safe' anaesthetic agent?

PMID- 2415017
TI  - Neuromuscular transmission and its blockade. Pharmacology, monitoring and
      physiology updated.
AB  - The role of two recently introduced muscle relaxants--atracurium and vecuronium-
      in contemporary anaesthetic practice is assessed. Recent advances in the
      physiology of neuromuscular transmission, particularly the roles of calcium and
      calmodulin, are reviewed, and new ideas concerning the reversal and monitoring of
      neuromuscular blockade are discussed.

PMID- 2415018
TI  - Microassay for proteins on nitrocellulose filter using protein dye-staining
      procedure.
AB  - A simple and rapid microassay for proteins utilizing the protein dye-staining
      procedure with a nitrocellulose (NC) filter is described. Proteins were directly
      bound to an NC filter using the "BIO DOT" microfiltration apparatus to ensure
      their uniformity. The proteins were then stained with a dye (Ponceau Red 3R or
      amido black 10B), and the optical density of the stained protein spots was
      directly measured by a densitometer. A good linearity between the optical density
      and the amount of protein was obtained in the range 0.05 to 10 micrograms. A
      larger number of samples (up to 96 samples) could be assayed within 1.5 h
      simultaneously. Contaminating chemicals, such as amino acids, sugars, reducing
      agents, chelating agents, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, deoxyribonucleic acid,
      and nucleotides, did not interfere with the assay. The reproducibility, pH
      dependency, and application of the assay to the quantitation of a small amount of
      proteins in body fluids are discussed.

PMID- 2415019
TI  - Simultaneous banding of rat embryo DNA, RNA, and protein in cesium
      trifluoroacetate gradients.
AB  - A procedure for the simultaneous banding of cellular DNA, RNA, and protein by
      centrifugation in cesium trifluoroacetate (CsTFA) gradients is described.
      Starting with homogenates of Day 11 rat embryos, this procedure was used to
      separate total DNA, RNA, and protein. Under the conditions used DNA banded at a
      peak density of 1.63 g/ml, RNA at a peak density of 1.83 g/ml, and protein at a
      peak density of 1.40 g/ml. Nucleic acids isolated from CsTFA gradients were
      judged to be protein free. RNA isolated by this method is apparently free of DNA
      contamination; however, DNA isolated by this method does contain some RNA (less
      than 5% contamination).

PMID- 2415020
TI  - A comparison of silver staining methods for detecting proteins in ultrathin
      polyacrylamide gels on support film after isoelectric focusing.
AB  - The application of silver staining methods to the detection of proteins on
      ultrathin isoelectric focusing gel systems requires the optimization of many
      steps in the procedure in order to obtain reproducible staining of proteins with
      acceptable levels of background. Three different methods which have been reported
      for detecting proteins by silver staining in sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel systems were investigated. A major problem with staining
      ultrathin isoelectric focusing gels was found to be surface staining that was
      associated with gels cast on support films. A modification of the method of
      Poehling and Neuhoff (H.-M. Poehling and V. Neuhoff, 1981, Electrophoresis 2, 141
      147) was found to give the best results.

PMID- 2415021
TI  - Analysis of sugars in glycoproteins by high-pressure liquid chromatography.
AB  - A method for analyzing the carbohydrate composition of glycoproteins and similar
      glycoconjugates by methanolysis followed by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid
      chromatography of the perbenzoylated methyl glycosides has been developed. As
      described, the method is capable of quantifying sugars in the 1- to 10-nmol range
      while further optimization of procedures may increase the usable sensitivity by a
      factor of 10 or greater. Improved yields of the sugar derivatives have been
      achieved by incorporating several modifications of the original methanolysis
      procedure. This, together with the use of high-pressure liquid chromatography
      rather than gas chromatography for separating the sugar derivatives, eliminates
      the need for empirically determined molar response ratios.

PMID- 2415022
TI  - A specific iron stain for iron-binding proteins in polyacrylamide gels:
      application to transferrin and lactoferrin.
AB  - A new method for specifically staining the iron atoms present in transferrin and
      lactoferrin after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing is
      described. The stain, 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-bis(2-(5-furylsulfonic acid))-1,2,4
      triazine, disodium salt, or Ferene S, will detect transferrin in 5 microliters of
      human serum, lactoferrin in 10 microliters of human whey, and 10 micrograms of
      purified primate (Macaca fascicularis) transferrin. This method of staining is
      very rapid as the serum transferrin bands can be seen within 5 to 10 min of
      staining.

PMID- 2415023
TI  - The embryological development and cytodifferentiation of the anterior pituitary
      in the marsupial, Isoodon macrourus.
AB  - Light and electron microscopy were used to study the development of the anterior
      pituitary gland from fetal stages to the end of pouch life in the marsupial I.
      macrourus. The early morphological development of the anterior pituitary in I.
      macrourus follows a similar pattern of events to that described for eutherians.
      Rathke's and Seessel's pouches were present in 10 1/2 day old embryos. At birth
      these pouches had formed a multi-chambered vesicle which was still connected to
      the stomodeum by a thin cord of tissue. A small number of granules (200-400 nm
      dia.) were found in cells at birth. These cells could not be classified on
      ultrastructural features but alcian blue-periodic acid Schiffs-orange G staining
      suggested one cell type was possibly a presumptive thyrotroph. There were no
      capillaries in the pars distalis at birth. The cords connecting Rathke's and
      Seessel's pouches to the stomodeum were located at the site of the periosteal bud
      of the developing basisphenoid which commenced to ossify at 7 days. At this stage
      presumptive thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs, and somatotrophs could be distinguished
      using alcian blue-periodic acid Schiffs-orange G staining. However, five cell
      types could be categorised at the same age using ultrastructural characteristics
      alone. Precise names for these cells are unavailable but two closely resemble
      presumptive mammotrophs and thyrotrophs described for another marsupial M.
      eugenii. By 13 days after birth the anterior pituitary of I. macrourus had become
      vascular and acidophils were concentrated in a posterior zone. There was little
      gross morphological change from 13 to 66 days after birth by which the time
      weaning has occurred. Cilia were seen in cells of the anterior pituitary and
      mitosis of granulated cells was observed from birth onwards. There is a
      considerable range of variation in pituitary cytogenesis amongst marsupials, and
      its functional significance awaits further investigation.

PMID- 2415024
TI  - Acceleration of epinephrine absorption by lidocaine.

PMID- 2415025
TI  - [Complications of transurethral operations].

PMID- 2415026
TI  - The effects of cromolyn sodium on the nasal mast cells.
AB  - To elucidate the characteristics of two different kinds of nasal mast cells, ie,
      the mucosal mast cells (MMC) and connective tissue mast cells, we examined the
      inhibitory effects of cromolyn sodium (CS) on in vitro allergen-induced histamine
      release from the nasal mast cells. The pharyngeal mast cells were also examined
      as control. Nasal scrapings (containing mainly MMC) were faintly sensitive to CS,
      whereas both the chopped nasal mucosas without epithelial layer and chopped
      pharyngeal mucosas (containing mostly connective tissue mast cells) were markedly
      sensitive in patients with allergic rhinitis. This result indicates that there
      are at least two distinct types of mast cells in allergic nasal mucosa, and the
      nasal MMC are insensitive to CS.

PMID- 2415027
TI  - In vitro resistance to dexamethasone of basophils from patients receiving long
      term steroid therapy.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that in vitro culture of human basophils for 24 h
      with physiologic concentrations of glucocorticoids leads to a pronounced
      inhibition of the subsequent release of histamine or leukotrienes when the cells
      are challenged with anti-IgE. However, both acute and chronic therapy in vivo
      with steroids fails to lead to an impairment of subsequent histamine release in
      vitro. To test whether the failure of in vivo steroid therapy to inhibit
      subsequent in vitro histamine release was due to the selection of a subpopulation
      of basophils that responded normally to anti-IgE but were resistant to steroids,
      the in vitro sensitivity to inhibition of mediator release by steroids in
      basophils obtained from normal patients as well as patients receiving chronic
      steroid therapy was studied. Basophils from steroid-dependent asthmatics (SDA)
      who had been receiving steroid doses orally of 7.5 to 50 mg equivalents of
      prednisone per day (mean, 19 mg), patients with collagen vascular disease (CVD)
      who had been receiving steroids orally of 4 to 80 mg equivalents (mean, 25 mg),
      non-steroid-dependent asthmatics (NSDA), and normal subjects were prepared, and
      their in vitro response to the potent glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, was
      determined. Dexamethasone was considerably more effective as an inhibitor of
      histamine release from basophils of normal subjects and NSDA than from basophils
      of SDA and patients with CVD. Because this was true in both SDA and patients with
      CVD, it seems most likely to be the result of the treatment with steroids rather
      than the underlying disease processes. Such a finding may be the result of a
      steroid-induced selection process by which sensitive cells are removed from the
      bloodstream in steroid-treated persons.

PMID- 2415028
TI  - Characterization of purified dog mastocytoma cells. Autonomic membrane receptors
      and pharmacologic modulation of histamine release.
AB  - There is conflicting evidence as to which autonomic receptors mast cells possess
      and whether the receptors are capable of modulating mediator release. We have
      studied dog mastocytoma cells because they are available in large numbers in a
      relatively pure form, unlike normal dog mast cells. Mastocytoma nodules from a
      dog were excised and disaggregated with collagenase to provide a cell suspension
      of mastocytoma cells of greater than 92% purity. The presence of autonomic
      receptors was assessed by both radioligand binding assays and by evaluating
      pharmacologic modulation of mediator release. In the radioligand binding assays,
      beta-adrenergic receptors were estimated by [3H]dihydroalprenolol binding, alpha
      adrenergic receptors by [3H]prazosin binding and cholinergic receptors by
      [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding. Nonspecific binding was determined in each
      case by incubation in the presence of the specific antagonists propranolol,
      phentolamine, and atropine, respectively. The effect of autonomic agonists on
      immunologic and nonimmunologic histamine release was examined, using the beta
      adrenergic agonists isoproterenol and terbutaline, the alpha-adrenergic agonist
      phenylephrine with and without propranolol, and the cholinergic agonist
      acetylcholine. Dose-response curves were constructed both for the autonomic
      agonists and the histamine-releasing agents. Results from the radioligand binding
      and the pharmacologic studies were concordant. These dog mastocytoma cells had a
      high density of beta-receptors (21,500 +/- 3,300; mean +/- SE beta
      receptors/cell, n=5) of which the predominant subtype appeared to be beta2. No
      evidence was found for the presence of alpha-adrenergic or cholinergic receptors
      either by direct receptor binding or by their actions on histamine release.

PMID- 2415029
TI  - [Children of mothers with autoimmune conditions].

PMID- 2415030
TI  - [Neonatal hyperthyroidism].

PMID- 2415031
TI  - Metronidazole-induced pancreatitis.

PMID- 2415032
TI  - Bullous pemphigoid and intravenous gammaglobulin.

PMID- 2415033
TI  - [Cytodiagnosis of hepatoma. Apropos of 100 fine needle punctures of primary
      cancers of the liver].
AB  - The authors report the results of 100 liver biopsies with fine needle aspiration
      performed in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (P.H.C.). The method
      is simple, quick, without danger and reliable: cytodiagnosis on aspirated
      material shows typical P.H.C. in 69 p. 100 of cases and probable P.H.C. in an
      additional 21 p. 100 of cases. Peritoneoscopic or ultrasonic guidance gives even
      better results.

PMID- 2415034
TI  - Bovine alveolar macrophage: a review.

PMID- 2415035
TI  - Antitumour effect of interferons, cytostatic drugs and their combinations in
      subrenal capsule assay (SRCA).
AB  - Combinations of interferons (IFNs) and cytostatic drugs were studied in subrenal
      capsule assay (SRCA) using fresh human ovarian cancer samples. Slight tumour
      growth inhibition was observed with IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma. The effect was more
      pronounced if combination IFN-alpha + IFN-gamma was used. Cytostatic drug
      combination cyclophosphamide + cisplatin + doxorubicin (combination I) was more
      effective than interferons, and combination methotrexate + tegafur (combination
      II) was about equal to IFN-alpha. When IFN-alpha was given together with
      cytostatic drugs, the antitumour effect was diverse: both synergistic and
      antagonistic effects were found, as well as no evidence of interaction. IFNs did
      not increase the toxicity of cytostatic drugs. If there is a good correlation
      between SRCA and clinical results, the combination of IFNs and cytotoxic drugs
      should be used clinically in connection with a predictive test.

PMID- 2415036
TI  - The measurement of high density lipoprotein subfractions in patients with primary
      gout using a simple precipitation method.
AB  - We have evaluated a simple dextran sulphate precipitation method for measuring
      high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) subfractions and have used this method
      to measure plasma HDL2 and HDL3 in a group of 28 patients with primary gout.
      These patients were found to have significantly lower levels of plasma HDL and
      HDL2 than a group of healthy controls, matched for age and sex and of similar
      body mass index (BMI); no significant difference in mean levels of the HDL3
      subfraction was found however. We have confirmed the high prevalence of
      hypertriglyceridaemia in subjects with gout compared to controls and the mean
      serum triglyceride levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in the
      gout group than in controls. We have also shown that subjects with high serum
      triglyceride levels tend to have low plasma HDL2 concentrations, a finding which
      is consistent with an inverse relationship between these two parameters. These
      lipid abnormalities may partly explain the high prevalence of premature
      atherosclerosis in patients with primary gout.

PMID- 2415037
TI  - Peptide hormone precursors, subunits, and fragments as human tumor markers.
AB  - Hormone-related peptides (HRPs) are more frequently and abundantly produced in
      ectopic hormone-secreting tumors than in tumors of the respective endocrine
      glands. Most HRPs may have little functional activity. Therefore, tumors
      producing even high amounts of HRPs are either clinically silent or produce minor
      endocrine symptoms. The potential use of HRPs as tumor markers has several
      limitations. The difference in production and secretion between the tumor tissues
      and the respective normal endocrine glands is usually only a quantitative one. In
      cancer patients, different patterns of structural heterogeneity for different
      forms of hormone precursors and fragments may occur. Marked variation in the
      production and secretion of HRPs may occur depending on the physiological
      conditions; in some patients the amounts of HRPs may be about the same as in
      normal persons. Furthermore, the relative amounts of these substances, either in
      blood or in tumor tissues, may not be useful for prognosis.

PMID- 2415039
TI  - The effect of dextran-40 on platelet adenosine triphosphate release in vitro.
AB  - Studies of dextran's effect on platelet function have revealed inconclusive
      results; some reports have suggested it acts as an aggregating agent, others as
      an inhibitor to aggregation. This study demonstrates the inhibitory effect of
      dextran (40,000 MW) on in vitro platelet adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release
      when stimulated by conventional aggregatory reagents. These data support
      inhibition of platelet surface phenomena, possibly involving receptor sites,
      rather than intracellular phenomena as the mechanism of dextran's anti
      aggregatory effect. Significant inhibition occurs in vitro at dextran levels
      approximately twice that normally attained in vivo.

PMID- 2415038
TI  - Use of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin in gestational aging.
AB  - Quantitative radioimmunoassay (RIA) of the beta chain of human chorionic
      gonadotropin (B-hCG) in serum has been used to evaluate the gestational status of
      99 normal early pregnancies in contrast to 29 ectopic, threatened, aborted and/or
      terminated cases. Quantitative measurement of serum B-hCG-RIA standardized
      against the second international standard (2dIS) accurately established age of
      normal pregnancies in utero up to but not after three weeks postconception and
      with an accuracy of plus or minus four days between the third and eighth week of
      gestation. Quantitative urinary hCG-RIA standardized against the 2dIS were not
      useful for gestational aging. Useful serum hCG-RIA were identically linear and
      parallel with the 2dIS, had negligible crossreactivity with LH, FSH and/or TSH,
      and had low nonspecific binding. Of 13 hCG-RIA evaluated, only assays having
      these latter characteristics were able to detect ectopic pregnancies, spontaneous
      abortions, and/or threatened pregnancies with up to 90 percent accuracy. However,
      some assays not standardized to the 2dIS gave over 200 percent error in hCG serum
      values. Thus, correct choice of quantitative B-hCG reagents is necessary for
      early pregnancy assessment.

PMID- 2415040
TI  - The immunoregulatory importance of interferons in vivo.

PMID- 2415041
TI  - Interferons as cytokines regulating leukocyte functions in vivo.

PMID- 2415042
TI  - The natural immunoregulatory role of interferon.

PMID- 2415043
TI  - What is the relevance of the various immunomodulatory effects of interferons?

PMID- 2415044
TI  - Immunological significance of interferon.

PMID- 2415045
TI  - Characteristics of normal rat mammary epithelial cells and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea
      induced mammary adenocarcinoma cells grown in culture.
AB  - The characteristics of normal mammary epithelial cells derived from Lewis and
      Sprague-Dawley rats and N-Ethyl-N-Nitrosourea (ENU)-induced mammary gland
      adenocarcinoma cells derived from Sprague-Dawley (CD) and Fisher (CDF) rats and
      grown in culture were compared. After collagenase treatment, the rat mammary
      epithelial cell aggregates were placed in a hormone-supplemented medium. The
      normal mammary epithelial cells (NE) attached to the surface of the dish within
      50 hours, whereas the mammary adenocarcinoma cells (MA) attached within 24 hours
      and grew as cell multilayers. After the colonies of NE and MA cells became
      confluent, the culture system entered a steady state in which the cells from the
      upper layer were shed into the medium. The rate of proliferation and squame
      detachment in confluent cultures was increased by the presence of epidermal
      growth factor (EGF). Rhodanile blue staining and transmission electron microscopy
      showed that the shed cells were partially keratinized. In addition, cultured MA
      (but not normal) cells were able to grow in soft agar and form tumors when
      inoculated into appropriate hosts. The opposite was true in each case for the
      mammary adenocarcinoma cells. Karyotypes of normal and neoplastic rat epithelial
      cells revealed a hypodiploid modal number of chromosomes.

PMID- 2415046
TI  - Blood pressure distribution of Nigerians in the first two decades of life.
AB  - The systolic and diastolic blood pressures of 2301 Nigerian boys and 2017
      Nigerian girls were measured. Their ages, which were in the range 1-20 years,
      heights and weights were also recorded. The relationship between these variables
      are discussed. Selected percentiles of systolic and diastolic pressures for
      different ages and weights are given.

PMID- 2415047
TI  - Microangiopathy in Singapore diabetic children.
AB  - Nineteen children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were assessed for
      microangiopathic complications in the University Department of Paediatrics,
      Singapore. Of 17 who underwent nerve conduction studies, all showed impaired
      nerve conduction velocities, with more sensory than motor nerve involvement. The
      extent of neuropathy was significantly correlated with the duration of disease.
      Of five children who showed significant proteinuria, two had impaired creatinine
      clearance, two had cataract formation, and two retinopathy, in one background and
      in one proliferative. Our study showed a high prevalence of microangiopathic
      complications in these diabetic children and it is hoped that improved blood
      glucose control, with the aid of home blood glucose monitoring, may minimize or
      arrest the microangiopathic complications.

PMID- 2415048
TI  - Changing pattern of neonatal septicaemia in an African city.
AB  - The pattern of neonatal septicaemia in a large cosmopolitan African city is
      presented. Comparison of microorganisms isolated in the present study when
      compared with the results of previous reports from the same institution, show an
      increase in the incidence of klebsiella and pseudomonas septicaemia. In contrast,
      Escherichia coli infection has decreased appreciably from an incidence of 56.8%
      to 14.3%. Staphylococcus aureus has remained the dominant Gram-positive pathogen
      over the last decade while group B streptococcal (GBS) disease was rarely
      encountered. A significant finding was the emergence of gentamicin-resistant
      strains of E. coli and proteus species during the past 5 years. The overall
      incidence of neonatal septicaemia was 5.6/1000 livebirths and the mortality rate
      was 30.6%.

PMID- 2415049
TI  - Serum bilirubin levels in Melanesian neonates.
AB  - The pattern of early neonatal serum bilirubin levels in a population of normal
      fullterm healthy Melanesian babies was determined. The mean (and standard
      deviation) of cord blood serum bilirubin from 98 babies was 1.2 (1.4) mg/dl (20.5
      (23.9) mumol/l). Between 24 and 60 h of age the mean serum bilirubin from 99
      babies was 8 (3.5) mg/dl (136.8 (59.85) mumol/l). Seventeen babies excluded from
      the main study group because of factors known to predispose to neonatal jaundice
      had a mean serum bilirubin of 10.7 mg/dl (183 mumol/l). In the early neonatal
      period, Melanesian babies have a mean serum bilirubin level higher than that
      reported for Caucasian but lower than that reported for Asian babies. Genetic
      factors are the most likely explanation for these differences.

PMID- 2415050
TI  - The nutritional status and feeding practices among sick urban pre-school children
      admitted to a major hospital in Accra, Ghana.
AB  - In a prospective study of 652 sick pre-school children only 33% were found to be
      adequately nourished. Among the malnourished, 54.3% had first degree malnutrition
      while 32.3% and 13.4% had second and third degree malnutrition respectively. The
      majority of malnourished children (72.4%) had undernutrition: kwashiorkor
      (14.2%), marasmus 7.3%) and marasmic kwashiorkor (6.1%) was relatively less
      common. Furthermore, 58% of the underweight children were stunted, indicating
      malnutrition of some considerable duration. Malnutrition was essentially of
      postnatal origin and closely related to a high incidence of malnutrition
      associated illnesses: diarrhoea (74%), measles (51%) and intestinal parasites
      (54%). Though breast feeding was universal and of adequate duration, milk
      production was mostly inadequate because of too early supplementation with low
      energy cereal gruels with little or no protein-enrichment. The majority of
      children came from low socio-economic homes (61%) with mostly illiterate or semi
      literate mothers. It is essential that newer methods of teaching be employed in
      the health education of these unfortunate mothers. Health institutions other than
      well-baby clinics need to have integrated units for nutritional and immunization
      surveillance and also for serving as avenues for the supply of free supplementary
      food items to children with poor weight gain, especially those from poor homes.
      Clinical Nutrition Units are needed to ensure that inpatients receive nutrients
      sufficient for continuing and catch-up growth.

PMID- 2415051
TI  - Soluble immune complexes, acute phase proteins and E-rosette inhibitory substance
      in sera of malnourished children.
AB  - The percentage of circulating E-rosetting lymphocytes and the presence of serum E
      rosette inhibitory substance were determined in 58 marasmic, 13 kwashiorkor and
      22 well-fed children. The blood levels of soluble immune complexes and some acute
      phase proteins were also measured. The percentage of E-rosetting lymphocytes was
      significantly higher in the well-fed than in the malnourished children. The
      presence of the inhibitory substance in serum correlated with depressed levels of
      circulating mean percentage E-rosetting lymphocytes. Elevation in the level of
      soluble immune complexes was observed to correlate closely with the presence of
      serum E-rosette inhibitory substance and with a diminished percentage of E
      rosetting lymphocytes. There was no significant correlation between the
      percentage of circulating E-rosetting lymphocytes and the serum alpha 1
      antitrypsin, alpha 2 macroglobulin or C-reactive protein levels. It is suggested
      that at high serum concentrations soluble immune complexes may bind selectively
      to human T lymphocytes in vivo, thereby inhibiting the latter's ability to form E
      rosettes in vitro.

PMID- 2415052
TI  - Hypersplenism in homozygous sickle-cell disease in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - Black children with homozygous sickle-cell disease usually have anatomic asplenia
      by 6-8 years of age. In the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, sickle-cell disease
      runs a benign course. Here we report six sicklers with hypersplenism as
      manifested by 1: splenomegaly (6/6); 2: persistent thrombocytopenia (6/6); 3:
      increasing severity of anaemia with the need for repeated blood transfusion
      (5/6); 4: leukopenia (1/6); 5: high reticulocyte count (6/6); 6: circulating
      nucleated red blood cells (5/6). All improved after splenectomy, with resolution
      of the thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, improvement in the degree of anaemia,
      decrease in the reticulocytes and disappearance of circulating nucleated red
      blood cells.

PMID- 2415053
TI  - The relationship between the percentage saturation of maternal and cord plasma
      transferrin and the maternal and cord blood free erythrocyte protoporphyrin:haem
      ratio.
AB  - The relationship between the percentage saturation of maternal and cord plasma
      transferrin and the maternal and cord blood free erythrocyte protoporphyrin:haem
      ratio were investigated in 49 healthy mothers following an uncomplicated
      pregnancy, and in their full term newborn infants. The variables studied were
      plasma iron, plasma total iron-binding capacity, percentage saturation of plasma
      transferrin, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin:haem ratio and haematocrit value.
      The same variables were also investigated in a group of 60 healthy university
      students. Though the measurement of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin:haem ratio
      has broad application in public health studies, little information is available
      regarding the possible application and clinical use of this variable in the
      Nigerian population. The results obtained suggest that the free erythrocyte
      protoporphyrin:haem ratio of blood has a significant negative correlation with
      that of the percentage saturation of plasma transferrin of the sample. The
      maternal percentage saturation of plasma transferrin has a significant positive
      correlation with that of the corresponding fetal (cord) sample. There was no
      significant correlation between maternal and cord free erythrocyte protoporphyrin
      [FEP]:haem ratio.

PMID- 2415054
TI  - A comparison of the white cell counts of cord blood from babies of different
      ethnic origins.
AB  - Cord blood samples were collected from 242 babies of five different ethnic
      groups. All had a birth weight of at least 2.5 kg, but they were otherwise
      unselected. No ethnic differences were found in the total white cell count,
      neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte or eosinophil counts. Thus the lower total white
      cell and neutrophil count which has been observed in adults of African and Afro
      Caribbean origin is not present in neonates. Similarly eosinophil counts did not
      differ between the different ethnic groups suggesting that high eosinophil counts
      previously reported in Indian and African subjects have an environmental cause.

PMID- 2415055
TI  - Educational rehabilitation of mentally and physically handicapped children in
      Benin City, Nigeria.
AB  - Handicapping diseases have remained major problems associated with immense
      suffering and superstition in the African setting. There are no accurate vital
      statistics of the incidence of mental and physical retardation in children in
      Nigeria, but it is presumed to be higher than in the U.S.A. or Europe. This study
      shows that provision for education and rehabilitation for handicapped children,
      such as school accommodation, transportation, teaching aids, specialist teachers
      etc., attract low priority in the minds of the education planners. In developing
      countries, the efforts of voluntary organizations to supplement government
      efforts should be encouraged by the Government and by the public. Intensive
      health education is needed for the public and also for the teachers who come in
      contact with handicapped children.

PMID- 2415056
TI  - Tick-borne relapsing fever in a premature infant.
AB  - Relapsing fever is caused by the Borrelia species of spirochetes. Louse-born
      epidemics of the disease may occur but the endemic disease is usually transmitted
      to humans by the bite of an infected tick (Ornithodorus). Transplacental
      infection was suggested more than 75 years ago (1) but has been rarely documented
      (2). We describe a case of neonatal relapsing fever where maternal infection was
      the probable cause of the premature delivery and infection in the infant.

PMID- 2415057
TI  - Asymptomatic rotavirus infection in Nigerian day-care centres.
AB  - One hundred and sixteen stool specimens were collected from five day-care centres
      in Benin City, Nigeria, one each from children aged 6-48 months who were free
      from diarrhoea or any other acute illness. The ELISA method showed that 17.2% of
      the children had rotavirus in their stools. No rotavirus could be detected in the
      19 children aged 6-12 months. The incidence of asymptomatic excretors in girls
      (19.1%) was slightly higher than in boys (15.9%), although this difference was
      not significant. Rotavirus was detected in children in all the day-care centres.
      This finding emphasizes the importance of better control of the proliferation of
      day-care centres and of surveillance of existing ones to enhance the provision of
      basic hygienic conditions. It also stresses the need for the development of a
      vaccine against rotavirus and for its availability at low cost for vaccination of
      children in day-care centres, especially in developing countries where diarrhoea
      still leads to high morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2415058
TI  - Growth control in microbial cultures.

PMID- 2415059
TI  - [Antitoxic activity of interferon preparations].
AB  - The antitoxic activity of leucocytic injection interferon I and immune interferon
      was shown in experimental erythrocyte hemolysis in the presence of staphylococcus
      alpha-toxin. The antitoxic effect was directly proportional to the interferon
      concentration in the medium and inversely proportional to the toxin
      concentration. Neutralization of the antiviral activity of leucocytic interferon
      did not lower its antitoxic effect. The highly purified and concentrated
      preparation of leucocytic injection interferon I and recombinant interferon had
      no antitoxic effect.

PMID- 2415060
TI  - [Interferon-inducing activity of a tilorone hydrochloride preparation].
AB  - The experiments on CBA mice showed that tyloron hydrochloride was an active
      inductor of interferon. The maximum production of interferon in blood (2560
      units/ml) was achieved with oral administration of tyloron in a dose of 400
      mg/kg. It was demonstrated that the character of interferon accumulation in
      different organs depended on the route of tyloron administration. When the
      inductor was administered orally, the highest levels of interferon were observed
      in the intestine (5000 units/g) and blood (320-640 units/ml). When the inductor
      was injected intraperitoneally, significant levels of interferon were detected in
      the animal brain (at least 5000 units/g). After intramuscular injection of the
      inductor insignificant levels of interferon were practically detected in all the
      organs. Participation of the brain cells and blood elements in production of
      interferon is discussed.

PMID- 2415061
TI  - Immunological characterization of phosphoprotein phosphatases.
AB  - Phosphoprotein phosphatases regulate the biological activities of proteins
      through their involvement in cyclic phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascades. A
      variety of multimeric phosphatases have been isolated and grouped into several
      classes, termed type 1 and types 2A, 2B, and 2C. To elucidate the relationship
      between the different phosphoprotein phosphatases, highly purified enzymes from
      soil amoebae, turkey gizzards, bovine heart and brain, and rabbit skeletal muscle
      and reticulocytes were tested for immunological antigenic relatedness. Two
      heterologous antibody preparations were employed for this purpose. One was made
      against an Acanthamoeba type 2A phosphatase and the other was made to bovine
      brain phosphatase type 2B (calcineurin, holoenzyme). Specific subunit cross
      reactivity was examined by protein blot ("Western") analysis. The antibody to the
      type 2A phosphatase reacted with the catalytic subunits of every type 2 enzyme
      tested, including both the catalytic and Ca2+-binding subunits of the
      Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent type 2B phosphatase (calcineurin), bovine cardiac type
      2A phosphatase, and turkey gizzard smooth muscle phosphatase-1 (type 2A1). It did
      not react with any type 1 phosphatase (catalytic subunit or ATP-Mg-dependent).
      The antigenic relatedness of calcineurin and the bovine cardiac type 2A
      phosphatase (Mr 38,000) was demonstrated further by protein blot analysis showing
      that the anti-calcineurin antibody cross-reacted with both enzymes. The mutual
      cross-reactivity poses an intriguing problem because these enzymes are so
      different in their molecular structures and modes of regulation. The degree of
      evolutionary conservation exhibited by the antigenic cross-reactivity of the type
      2 enzymes from a broad range of species and tissues suggests a strong selective
      pressure on maintaining one or more features of these important regulatory
      enzymes.

PMID- 2415062
TI  - Amidase-like activity of calpain I and calpain II on substance P and its related
      peptides.
AB  - Porcine calpains (Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteinases) I and II, which had been
      purified each to a homogeneous state, were found to hydrolyze specifically
      carboxyl-terminal amide of substance P and several other biologically active
      peptidyl amides. This amidase-like activity was demonstrated both by determining
      released ammonia and by separating products on high-performance liquid
      chromatography followed by amino acid analysis. The calpain-catalyzed deamidation
      of substance P occurred exclusively at the carboxyl-terminal amide, leaving the
      side-chain glutamine intact. Enkepharinamide and MSH-release inhibiting factor
      were scarcely deamidated. Calpains I and II showed similar specificities for
      these amide substances and similar profiles of inhibitions by various protease
      inhibitors, but distinctly different Ca2+ requirements. The specificity
      constants, kcat/Km, for substance P were found to be three to four orders of
      magnitude higher than those for the synthetic substrates.

PMID- 2415063
TI  - alpha-Fetoprotein gene DNA-binding proteins.
AB  - The technique of protein blotting was used to study nuclear protein interaction
      with the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) gene. The DNA-binding specificity was optimized
      by varying the amount of competitor DNA and the ionic strength. The specific
      binding of AFP gene DNA was observed for a set of Morris hepatoma 7777 nuclear
      proteins. Similar specificity was not seen for these same proteins in liver. In
      normal rat livers, however, two unique proteins were observed which displayed
      specific binding. The speculated involvement of these proteins in AFP gene
      regulation is discussed.

PMID- 2415064
TI  - Ruthenium red-insensitive Ca2+ uptake and release by mitochondria.
AB  - Calcium uptake by rat liver mitochondria driven by an artificial pH gradient is
      ruthenium red insensitive, electrically neutral, and inhibited by the local
      anesthetic, nupercaine. This pH-driven Ca2+ transport is also inhibited by NH3,
      Pi, and acetate. Direct measurements of Pi indicate it is not translocated with
      Ca2+ during pH-driven Ca2+ uptake. Calcium is therefore not transported by a Ca2+
      Pi symport mechanism. Ruthenium red-insensitive Ca2+ efflux is similar in its
      inhibition by nupercaine and its kinetics, and is also electroneutral. This
      suggests that the Ca2+ uptake described here occurs via reversal of the principal
      pathway of mitochondrial Ca2+ release. From the available data, pH-driven Ca2+
      uptake (and presumably Ca2+ efflux) is hypothesized to occur by Ca2+ symport with
      unidentified anions. Protons may move counter to Ca2+ or reversibly dissociate
      from cotransported anions, which therefore couples Ca2+ transport to the pH
      gradient.

PMID- 2415065
TI  - Thyroid cell responses to thyrotropin and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate:
      translocation of protein kinase C and phosphorylation of thyroid cell polypeptide
      substrates.
AB  - Not all of the effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) on the thyroid are
      mediated by activation of the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system, indicating
      that other control systems must also exist. Although a calcium-phospholipid
      dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) and specific substrates had been
      identified in thyroid tissue, their responsiveness to TSH and other stimulators
      has not been determined. In thyroid cells which had been preloaded with
      [32P]orthophosphate, TSH and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)
      increased the phosphorylation of a 33K polypeptide substrate within 5 min in a
      dose-dependent fashion. The effect was observed with 1 mU/ml TSH and 3 nM TPA and
      was maximal with 100 mU/ml TSH and 100 nM TPA. The biologically inactive analog
      of TPA, 4 alpha-phorbol, had no effect. Isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) decreased
      the phosphorylation of the 33K polypeptide and inhibited the effect of TSH and
      TPA, indicating that the phosphorylation is not mediated by cyclic AMP. TSH and
      IBMX, but not TPA, augmented phosphorylation of a 38K polypeptide, suggesting
      involvement of cyclic AMP. In contrast TPA, but not TSH, increased the
      phosphorylation of 58K and 28K polypeptides. TSH, but not TPA or 4 alpha-phorbol,
      elevated the cyclic AMP level of thyroid slices. Incubation of thyroid slices
      with TSH or TPA significantly decreased protein kinase C activity in the 100,000g
      cytosol fraction and increased it in an extract of plasma membranes. The effect
      was present within 5 min and was maximal by 30 min. The effect was observed with
      100 mU/ml TSH or 1 nM TPA. The stimulation by TSH or TPA of protein kinase C and
      its translocation from the cytosol to the plasma membranes of thyroid tissue may
      provide another mechanism for control of thyroid cell metabolism.

PMID- 2415066
TI  - [A review of experimental thermochemotherapy in cultured cells].
AB  - Recent studies and reports on interactions of heat and drugs are somewhat
      scattered both in the temperatures and types of drugs adopted. In the present
      review, the current skate of knowledge regarding experimental thermochemotherapy
      and thermotolerance and heat shock proteins was evaluated. Hyperthermia is not
      only interesting as an adjuvant therapy but is also expected to be developed as
      an independent modality among oncotherapies available at present.

PMID- 2415067
TI  - [Chemotherapy and total body hyperthermia].
AB  - Combination therapies of anti-tumor drugs such as doxorubicin, cis-platinum and
      bleomycin or its analogues and extracorporeally induced total-body hyperthermia
      (THT) were performed against various advanced solid tumors. Fifty-nine patients
      were treated with combination chemotherapy including doxorubicin and THT. The
      overall response rate was 41.4%. However, against colo-rectal and stomach cancer,
      the response rate was only 25% (2/8) and 28.5% (2/7) respectively. Twelve
      patients were treated with chemotherapy including cis-platinum and THT and the
      response rate was 57.1% (4/7). Three patients (malignant lymphoma, nasopharyngeal
      cancer and maxillary sinus cancer) were treated with THT in combination with cis
      platinum, peplomycin and doxorubicin. Two cases were evaluable and recognized as
      complete responses. In these studies, no new side effect of the drugs appeared
      and thus, advantageous combination chemotherapy with doxorubicin, cis-platinum
      and bleomycin analogues and hyperthermia for the treatment of advanced cancer is
      implied.

PMID- 2415068
TI  - [Kinetics of etoposide cytotoxicity against mouse P388 leukemia].
AB  - The in vitro cytotoxicity of etoposide against mouse P388 leukemia cells was
      kinetically studied and compared with those of podophyllotoxin, the parent
      compound, and other antitumor agents. When P388 cells were exposed to etoposide,
      surviving-cell fraction decreased with etoposide concentration and exposure time.
      Similar results were obtained with doxorubicin, peplomycin and cisplatin. The
      cytotoxicity of melphalan was dependent on concentration but scarcely on exposure
      time. From these data, n in Cn X T = K where T, C and K are exposure time,
      concentration required for killing 90% of P388 cells and a constant,
      respectively, was calculated. Etoposide gave an n value of 1.16. n values for
      doxorubicin, peplomycin and cisplatin, all belonging to the Shimoyama type Ib
      group where the cytotoxicity of the agent depends on both concentration and
      exposure time, were 1.29, 1.28 and 3.03, respectively. The n value for melphalan,
      belonging to the type Ia group where cytotoxicity depends only on concentration,
      was 54.0. From these results, it was concluded that etoposide is of type Ib. The
      cytotoxicities of podophyllotoxin, 5-fluorouracil, cytarabine and vinblastine
      were greatly dependent on exposure time. Podophyllotoxin may be an agent of type
      II whose cytotoxicity depends only on exposure time.

PMID- 2415069
TI  - Interferon system in acute transient synovitis.
AB  - The interferon system of 20 children aged 2 to 11 years (mean 5 years), diagnosed
      as having transient synovitis of the hip by clinical criteria, was studied. The
      mean blood interferon concentration was significantly higher than that of normal
      children, and the incidence of an antiviral state of cells (in 78% of patients)
      was also significantly higher than in the control group. These findings are
      compatible with the hypothesis that the aetiology of transient synovitis is an
      acute, possibly unusual, viral infection.

PMID- 2415070
TI  - [Inverted papilloma of the bladder. Apropos of a new case].

PMID- 2415071
TI  - [Keratins in normal bronchial mucosa and bronchopulmonary tumors.
      Immunohistochemical study on biopsies and cells in suspension].

PMID- 2415072
TI  - Pain and rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2415073
TI  - Cellular immunolocalization of inhibin-like peptide in human benign prostatic
      hyperplasia.
AB  - Immunoperoxidase staining method and specific antisera against highly purified
      inhibin-like material (ILM) from human seminal plasma were utilized to localize
      immunoreactive ILM in benign hyperplastic prostate (BPH) in human. Immunoreactive
      ILM was strictly localized to glands of hyperplastic nodules. The concentration
      of ILM was more in epithelial cells lining the healthy lobule than in those
      undergoing atrophy.

PMID- 2415074
TI  - Immunological studies on seminal plasma proteins of the Indian buffalo and
      cattle.
AB  - Seminal plasma proteins of the Indian buffalo and cattle were immunologically
      investigated using rabbit antibuffalo seminal plasma serum, rabbit anticattle
      seminal plasma serum (unabsorbed and absorbed), gel diffusion, and
      immunoelectrophoretic analysis. At least 9-12 and 7-10 different proteins,
      respectively, were present in the seminal plasma of the buffalo and cattle.
      Albumin and IgG were identified in both the species. At least 4-6 seminal plasma
      proteins of the buffalo and cattle were antigenically similar to their blood
      serum proteins. Using absorbed rabbit antibuffalo seminal plasma serum and rabbit
      anticattle seminal plasma serum, at least 6-7 and 5-6 seminal plasma specific
      proteins, respectively, were observed in the buffalo and cattle seminal plasma.
      Antigenically these proteins were different from the blood serum proteins of
      these two species. The origin and biological significance of seminal plasma
      proteins are discussed.

PMID- 2415075
TI  - Fertility and hormonal function in patients with a nonseminomatous tumor of the
      testis.
AB  - Semen quality and serum testosterone, LH, and FSH levels were studied in 54
      patients with a unilateral nonseminomatous tumor of the testis--14 before and 40
      after orchiectomy. Semen analyses before and after orchiectomy gave essentially
      no different results: a poor semen quality was found in most men. The additional
      effect of a recent orchiectomy on semen quality was not demonstrable in the
      patients described here. Before orchiectomy, increased testosterone levels were
      found in patients with a beta-hCG-producing tumor. After orchiectomy serum
      testosterone levels were decreased, and LH and FSH levels increased. With beta
      hCG-producing tumors FSH was suppressed after orchiectomy, and testosterone
      levels did not exceed those in patients with a tumor not producing beta-hCG. The
      results of semen analysis and of hormonal studies after orchiectomy suggest a
      dysfunction of the remaining "normal" testis. Diminished spermatogenesis and
      insufficient testosterone production by the Leydig cells clearly indicate
      anomalies already present before orchiectomy.

PMID- 2415076
TI  - Seminal plasma levels of PAPP-A in normospermic and oligospermic men and tissue
      localization of PAPP-A in the male genital tract.
AB  - Radioimmunoassay, gel filtration, isoelectric focusing, and immunoperoxidase
      methods were used to study the levels, properties, and localization of pregnancy
      associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) in the human seminal plasma and male genital
      tract. Seminal plasma specimens from 20 normospermic and 20 oligospermic men were
      studied. PAPP-A was found in 30 of 40 samples, the levels ranging from
      undetectable to 135 micrograms/liter (median 35 micrograms/liter) in the
      normospermic group and from undetectable to 111 micrograms/liter (median 21
      micrograms/liter) in the oligospermic group. There was no significant difference
      in the PAPP-A levels between the two groups, and no correlation was observed
      between the seminal plasma PAPP-A levels and the volume of seminal plasma or the
      sperm count or the viability of spermatozoa. Serial dilutions of seminal plasma
      and PAPP-A standard yielded parallel dose-response curves, and incubation with
      seminal plasma did not result in any change in the elution pattern of [125I]PAPP
      A in gel filtration. PAPP-A-immunoreactive material from seminal plasma eluted as
      two peaks, the major one corresponding to the elution volume of purified PAPP-A
      and the minor eluting more slowly. The isoelectric point of seminal plasma PAPP-A
      was 4.3-4.7 and that of term pregnancy serum was 4.2-4.6. In the immunoperoxidase
      staining, PAPP-A was seen in the epithelium of the prostate, seminal vesicle, and
      the ampullar part of the vas deferens but not in the testis, epididymis, proximal
      parts of vas deferens or urethra. The results confirm the occurrence of PAPP-A in
      the seminal plasma but do not suggest any clinical utility for seminal plasma
      PAPP-A measurements.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2415077
TI  - Toxicological significance of impurities in pesticides.

PMID- 2415078
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of the calcium-agonistic dihydropyridine BAY K 8644 in
      conscious dogs.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of the dihydropyridine-derivative BAY K 8644 (methyl-1,4
      dihydro-2, 6-dimethyl-3-nitro-4-(2-trifluoro-methylphenyl)-pyridine-5
      carboxylate), a chemical analogue of Nifedipine, were evaluated in 9 conscious,
      chronically instrumented dogs. Compared to Nifedipine, BAY K 8644 displays an
      opposite pharmacological profile. Dose-dependent hemodynamic effects are observed
      at doses of 4 micrograms/kg i.v. and above. With 32 micrograms/kg i.v. BAY K 8644
      increases total peripheral vascular resistance by 100%. It causes a rise of both,
      systolic and diastolic, blood pressure up to 196/138 mm Hg at spontaneous sinus
      rhythm and up to 216/162 mm Hg when keeping heart rate constant at 150
      beats/minute. Spontaneous heart rate reflexly drops to 52 beats/minute. Cardiac
      contractility as indicated by LV(dP/dt)max markedly increases from 2800 to 5600
      mm Hg/s at spontaneous sinus rhythm and from 2900 to 6100 mm Hg/s while pacing at
      150 beats/minute. These effects are apparently neither affected by alpha
      adrenergic blockade with Phenoxybenzamine (5 mg/kg i.v.) nor by beta-blockade
      with Propranolol (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) but can be reserved by equivalent doses of
      Nifedipine. In conclusion, the Calcium-agonistic dihydropyridine BAY K 8644 due
      to its novel mechanism of action could be the precursor of a new class of
      positive inotropic or antihypotensive drugs.

PMID- 2415079
TI  - Further studies on the antiarrhythmic effect of iloprost.
AB  - The effect of iloprost on cardiac dysrhythmias induced by G-strophanthin and
      aconitine was studied in the isolated perfused whole heart, spontaneously beating
      right atria from rabbits and isolated whole heart, spontaneously beating atrial
      and ventricular strips from frog (Rana Ridibunda). The effect of iloprost on
      rhythm disturbances induced by warming of the bathing medium was also studied in
      the isolated spontaneously beating ventricular strips. Addition of iloprost to
      the bathing medium at the concentrations below 10(-8) M completely abolished the
      ectopic beating induced by different arrhythmogens used and caused a prolongation
      of the time for the occurrence of fibrillation. The antidysrhythmic effect of the
      iloprost was still continued after withdrawal of the drug from bathing medium.
      Iloprost itself had positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the frog but
      not rabbit heart preparations with relatively higher concentrations. These
      concentrations of the drug produced a dysrhythmic effect which terminated within
      a few min after the withdrawal from the medium. A possible mechanism of action of
      iloprost was discussed and the validity of prostacyclin to be an endogenously
      occurring antiarrhythmic substance in the myocardium was emphasized.

PMID- 2415080
TI  - Mechanism of the hypotensive effect of a new beta-adrenergic blocking drug,
      arotinolol (S-596) in anesthetized rabbits.
AB  - The mechanism of the hypotensive effect of arotinolol (dl-2-(3'-t-butylamino-2'
      hydroxypropylthio)-4-(5'-carbamoyl-2'-th ienyl) thiazole hydrochloride, S-596), a
      new beta-adrenergic blocking drug with a weak alpha-adrenergic blocking activity,
      was studied in anesthetized rabbits. Intravenously administered arotinolol
      produced hypotension at doses above 3 micrograms/kg. Postganglionic renal nerve
      impulses (RNI) were effect-dependently at doses of 3 and 30 micrograms/kg but
      augmented after 300 micrograms/kg of arotinolol. The effects of the lower doses
      of arotinolol were similar to those of clonidine or propranolol, while the
      effects of the higher doses were similar to those of nitroprusside or
      phentolamine. The regression line representing the relation between the per cent
      change of the resting blood pressure and that of the numbers of RNI produced by
      the lower doses of arotinolol coincided with that of propranolol. Arotinolol
      blocked the pressor response to phenylephrine but not that to noradrenaline.
      Administration of arotinolol via the carotid artery produced a hypotension and a
      concomitant decrease of the numbers of RNI at doses of 3 to 30 micrograms/kg. The
      above results suggest that the hypotension produced by lower doses of arotinolol
      was attributable to a decreased sympathetic nervous activity, as is the case with
      propranolol, while the hypotension by higher doses was peripheral in origin,
      occurring as a consequence of the blocking effect on the alpha 1-adrenoceptor.

PMID- 2415081
TI  - Teleocidin, a tumour promoter, stimulates synthesis of primate retroviruses in
      persistently infected human cells.
AB  - The naturally occurring tumour promoter teleocidin produces a pronounced but
      transient enhancement of the synthesis of extracellular viral particles in human
      cells chronically infected with simian retroviruses of type C (baboon endogenous
      virus, simian sarcoma virus) or type D (Mason-Pfizer monkey virus) or a human
      cell line-derived type D isolate (PMF virus), respectively. The retrovirus
      stimulating activity of teleocidin is very similar to that previously described
      for the tumour-promoting phorbol ester TPA in the same cell systems.

PMID- 2415082
TI  - [Diagnostic and therapeutic status of bronchial cancer in districts of East
      Germany 1970 to 1979--a critical assessment].

PMID- 2415083
TI  - Comparison of lipopolysaccharides of Rhodomicrobium vannielii grown in photo- and
      chemotropic conditions.
AB  - Chemical composition of the lipopolysaccharides obtained from the strain
      Rhodomicrobium vannielii (ZoBell) grown in photo- and chemoheterotrophic
      conditions was compared. No significant differences in the constitution of both
      lipopolysaccharides were revealed, except for the presence of an additional 2-0
      methyl-pentose and palmitic acid in the LPS isolated from the chemotrophically
      grown bacteria. The degraded polysaccharides from both lipopolysaccharide
      preparations, when fractionated in column chromatography, revealed the occurrence
      of two fractions only: the first one containing all the sugars present in the
      respective lipopolysaccharide and the second composed of KDO. Glucan was shown to
      be produced by the investigated strain in phototrophic conditions only.

PMID- 2415084
TI  - Effects of vitamin A on the metabolism and mutagenicity of 2AAF in vitro and on
      the covalent binding to rat liver DNA/RNA in vivo.
AB  - Vitamin A has been shown to affect the in vitro metabolism of 2AAF. At low
      concentrations of retinol or retinyl palmitate, a decreased production of ring
      hydroxylated as well as deacetylated and N-hydroxylated metabolites was observed,
      measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The increased mutagenicity of
      2AAF observed after addition of vitamin A in the Ames test cannot therefore be
      explained as a result of stimulated N-hydroxylation. However, the addition of
      retinol was found to enhance the mutagenicity of the metabolite N-OH-2AAF in the
      presence of an S-9 fraction of rat liver homogenate. No differences with regard
      to the covalent binding of 2AAF or its metabolites to rat liver DNA/RNA in vivo
      could be demonstrated in animals fed diets with normal or high vitamin A content.

PMID- 2415085
TI  - The influence of Norakin on the reproduction of influenza A and B viruses.
AB  - The action of the anticholinergic drug Norakin (triperiden) on the reproduction
      of influenza virus A and B strains was studied. In cell culture, primary
      transcription of influenza A/FPV/Weybridge and of influenza B/Japan/73 is
      strongly inhibited by Norakin (20 micrograms/ml). When present simultaneously,
      Norakin and rimantadine exert an additive effect. Rimantadine-resistant mutants
      of influenza A exhibit a definite, though limited, cross-resistance to Norakin,
      and vice versa. The results indicate that Norakin blocks early stages of the
      infectious cycle and that the modes of antiviral action of Norakin and
      rimantadine are not identical.

PMID- 2415086
TI  - Homologous interference by a foot-and-mouth disease virus strain attenuated for
      cattle.
AB  - An attenuated strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of the A24 Cruzeiro
      subtype grew less well than wild-type virus in primary bovine fetal kidney (PBK)
      cells resulting in a 4-log lowered efficiency of plaque formation. Both wild-type
      and attenuated virus grew equally well in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells and in
      suckling mice. Using PBK cells, virus-specific RNA of the wild-type accumulated
      up to 6 hours after infection. In contrast, PBK cells infected with the
      attenuated strain made less than 20 per cent of the RNA synthesized by wild-type
      virus. Infection of the cell with wild-type virus followed by superinfection with
      attenuated virus led to almost complete inhibition of viral RNA synthesis, an
      effect which is dependent on the concentration of input attenuated virus. Three
      subsequent undiluted successive passages of the attenuated virus resulted in a
      preparation which no longer interfered with wild-type RNA synthesis and which
      induced more of its own viral RNA synthesis in PBK cells. The basis of this
      interference was considered. Interference occurred intracellularly and was
      directed only against viruses within the genus FMDV. A role for interferon was
      ruled out. Attempts to demonstrate the physical presence of defective interfering
      (DI) particles of FMDV in the attenuated strain failed; but, cyclic patterns of
      infectivity were produced during successive undiluted passages.

PMID- 2415087
TI  - Basophil histamine release induced by Candida albicans. Relation to specific IgE
      and IgG antibodies.

PMID- 2415088
TI  - [Status of the DNA-RNA-protein synthesizing system in neurons of the sensomotor
      cortex of the brain of the 30-day-old rat].
AB  - By means of the electron cytochemical method ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles,
      condensed chromatin (CCh) and ribosomes of cytoplasm are describe in normo- and
      hyperchromic neurons (HChN) of the V and VI layers of the sensomotor cortex. The
      normochromic neurons are characterized by nearly a complete absence of CCh, a
      great number of fibrillar RNP particles. The ribosomes of cytoplasma are
      organized as polysomes. This demonstrates a high metabolic activity of the DNA
      RNA-protein system in these cells. In nuclei of one HChN group numerous small CCh
      clumps are revealed, amount of RNP particles does not change noticeably,
      comparing the nuclei of the normochromic cells. In cytoplasm a partial
      dissociation of polysomes takes place. All this demonstrates a decreased RNA
      synthesis in the nucleus and protein in cytoplasm of the given cells. In another
      HChN group the nucleus is filled with large CCh clumps. The number of fibrillar
      RNP particles decreases noticeably, and the number of granular ones increases. A
      complete dissociation of polysomes occurs. This demonstrates that in the cells
      mentioned not only RNA and protein synthesis is decreased, but the processing and
      nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of RNA is disturbed. The presence of transitional
      forms between the neuronal forms described makes it possible to suppose certain
      cyclicity in the work of their plastic apparatus, the normo- and hyperchromic
      neurons being morphologic equivalents of certain phases of the cycle.

PMID- 2415089
TI  - [Enteroendocrine cells, their structure and function].
AB  - The modern classification of the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system (GEPES)
      is presented. Qualitative and quantitative composition of the entero-endocrine
      system (EES) included in the GEPES is considered, as well as functional role of
      every type of the cells. The literature data are summarized and the morphology at
      the light optic and electron microscopic levels of the endocrine cells and the
      peptidergic nerves of the intestine is demonstrated. The existing methods for
      investigation of the EES endocrine cells and for the whole neuroendocrine complex
      of the gastro-intestinal tract taken together are analysed.

PMID- 2415090
TI  - [Systemic-pulmonary anastomosis with a homologous umbilical vein graft in the
      palliative treatment of congenital heart disease with decreased pulmonary flow].

PMID- 2415091
TI  - [Myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid in neurocysticercosis].
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 115 patients with several neurological disorders
      were tested for the presence of myelin basic protein (MBP), fragment P1 43-88.
      Cases were divided into groups according to neurological diagnosis. The control
      group (50 patients with chronic headache) presented normal CSF composition and
      presented no evidence of the presence of MBP. MBP was found in: four cases of the
      44 of neurocysticercosis; three of the 8 cases of multiple sclerosis; one case of
      schistosomiasis with spinal cord involvement. Neuroimmunological data are
      discussed considering results found in this investigation.

PMID- 2415092
TI  - Serotoninergic system in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Abnormal forms of 5
      hydroxytryptophan and serotonin in cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - Serotonin (5-HT), its precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and its major
      metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in the cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) of 14 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and in nine
      controls by high-performance liquid chromatography with a novel multisensor
      coulometric detection system. Concentrations of both 5-HT and 5-HIAA detected by
      this system were lower than the concentrations obtained using conventional
      amperometric detection. This difference was caused by coelution of compounds that
      could be resolved from 5-HT and 5-HIAA by the multisensor coulometric system. One
      of the coelution compounds, observed in DAT but not in control CSF, behaved like
      a partially oxidized 5-HT. A compound behaving like partially oxidized 5-HTP was
      also observed in DAT CSF. Concentrations of 5-HTP, 5-HT, and 5-HIAA were lower in
      DAT CSF than in a corresponding fraction of control CSF. These results indicate
      involvement of the serotoninergic system in DAT and might lead to development of
      a diagnostic test for DAT.

PMID- 2415093
TI  - The effect of procedures intended to alter the interstitial fluid pressure in the
      sockets of resected rat incisors on their eruption rate.
AB  - Eruption rates of resected incisors were measured while their sockets were kept
      open to the mouth. In other resected incisors, hypertonic solutions were placed
      in the pulp cavity, with the intention of drawing fluid by osmosis across the
      membrane separating the pulp cavity from the socket, to lower the pressures
      within the socket. These procedures slowed eruption when control resected
      incisors were erupting rapidly but not during their initial and final slow phases
      of eruption. The findings are consistent with there being two factors making
      resected incisors erupt, tentatively identified as the periodontal ligament and,
      when eruption is rapid, the interstitial pressures of the tissues in the socket.

PMID- 2415094
TI  - Circinate-pattern interstitial keratopathy in daily wear soft contact lens
      wearers.
AB  - Three male and two female patients (aged 16 to 22 years) developed bilateral deep
      corneal stromal vascularization and circinate-pattern lipid exudation resembling
      interstitial keratitis after wearing adequately fitting hydrogel daily wear soft
      contact lenses comfortably for periods of ten to 24 months. The circinate pattern
      consisted of lipid deposition in circular distribution either parallel to the
      limbus or around a deep stromal blood vessel. All had negative serologic test
      results for syphilis. The cause of these changes is uncertain.

PMID- 2415095
TI  - Optic nerve head drusen and glaucoma.
AB  - The simultaneous occurrence of both optic nerve head drusen and glaucoma may make
      it difficult to evaluate visual field defects and the appearance of the optic
      nerve head. We saw five patients with both conditions, of whom four had
      pigmentary glaucoma or pigmentary dispersion syndrome. Drusen do not preclude the
      development of cupping, and they make it difficult to interpret its significance.
      Management of these patients requires serial visual field testing, serial disc
      photographs, and treatment aimed at keeping the intraocular pressures as low as
      possible.

PMID- 2415096
TI  - Large cholesterol granuloma cysts in the mastoid. Clinical and histopathologic
      findings.
AB  - Large cholesterol cysts were found in revision surgery in six patients with
      previous ear surgery one to 28 years ago. The cysts mimicked brain herniation in
      open cavities, filled the mastoid and ear canal in closed cavities, or caused
      postauricular swelling. Bone around the cysts was soft and granulomatous.
      Secretory cells were scarce in the epithelial lining of the lumen, but
      subepithelial glands were frequent. Cholesterol granulomas and hemosiderin-laden
      macrophages were present inside the wall. The cyst lining and the glands under it
      showed cytokeratin staining typical for simple and glandular epithelia.
      Antiprekeratin antibodies showed no decoration of the lining but reacted
      positively with the meatal skin. These findings prove that respiratory-type
      epithelium separated from an aerated middle ear does not undergo changes into
      keratin-forming epithelium.

PMID- 2415097
TI  - Amino-oxyacetic acid as a palliative in tinnitus.
AB  - Amino-oxyacetic acid, previously shown to cause a reversible loss of hearing
      sensitivity and a reduction in endocochlear potential, was tried as a palliative
      in human tinnitus. Because the drug seemed to have a cochlear site of action,
      patients were selected for the study if their audiograms were indicative of
      cochlear lesions and if there was a reduction in tinnitus following intravenous
      lidocaine (lidocaine positive). Ten such patients received either 50 or 75 mg of
      amino-oxyacetic acid four times a day orally for one week or placebo administered
      in a random, crossover, double-blind design. Of these ten, three reported
      subjective lessening of tinnitus. One of those three and two others not reporting
      subjective lessening of tinnitus showed a substantial improvement in speech
      discrimination scores while receiving amino-oxyacetic acid but not placebo. One
      additional patient who did not receive lidocaine also reported a subjective
      lessening of tinnitus. Four patients who were lidocaine negative showed neither
      subjective nor objective improvement in tinnitus after treatment with amino
      oxyacetic acid.

PMID- 2415098
TI  - A randomized clinical trial of two topical preparations (framycitin/gramicidin
      and oxytetracycline/hydrocortisone with polymyxin B) in the treatment of external
      otitis.
AB  - In a randomized trial, 55 patients with acute external otitis were treated with
      either topical framycitin/gramicidin (Sofradex) or oxytetracycline/hydrocortisone
      (Terracortril) with polymyxin B (TPB) ear-drops for 1 week. Staphylococcus aureus
      and Pseudomonas pyocyanea were the bacteria most frequently found in the ear
      canal; 78% of the patients were cured. However, no significant differences in
      therapy were found when either of the preparations was used. S. aureus seemed to
      be most resistant to treatment, while P. pyocyanea was less of a therapeutic
      problem. Additionally, previous episodes of external otitis or other skin
      diseases did not seem to influence any treatment given.

PMID- 2415099
TI  - Nutritional and immunological investigations in head and neck cancer patients
      before and after therapy.
AB  - We studied the nutritional and immunological states of 20 patients with advanced
      head and neck carcinomas. Treatment included chemotherapy with methotrexate, cis
      platinum and bleomycin prior to operation and radiotherapy. Nutritional and
      immunological parameters were examined before and after each therapy given. Most
      of these parameters decreased during chemotherapy. However, while we found that
      nutrition improved or normalized by the end of the primary tumor treatment,
      immunologic parameters failed to change significantly.

PMID- 2415100
TI  - Antibody levels in adoptively immunized mice after infection with Babesia microti
      or injection with antigen fractions.
AB  - Specific IgG anti-Babesia antibodies could be detected by an ELISA test in the
      serum of adoptively immunized mice which subsequently were infected with Babesia
      microti. Initially, higher IgG antibody levels were present in the recipients of
      either untreated immune spleen cells or mitomycin C-treated immune spleen cells
      compared with the values in control mice which received the infection alone.
      Subsequently, a marked anamnestic response occurred only in mice which received
      untreated immune spleen cells and not in the recipients of mitomycin C-treated
      cells, demonstrating a requirement for proliferation of B memory cells in the
      anamnestic response. When mice were injected with either T or B enriched spleen
      cell subpopulations and infected with B. microti, the anamnestic antibody
      response in each animal correlated well with protection against infection. The
      stimulation of the adoptively transferred immune spleen cells in recipient mice
      by injection of B. microti antigen fractions prepared by DEAE cellulose
      chromatography increased the level of antibody production and protection against
      infection in these mice. A highly significant correlation between these two
      parameters could be demonstrated for certain antigen fractions.

PMID- 2415101
TI  - A tissue culture procedure for the isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from koalas
      (Phascolarctos cinereus).

PMID- 2415102
TI  - The function of dendritic spines: a review of theoretical issues.
AB  - The discovery of dendritic spines in the late nineteenth century has prompted
      nearly 90 years of speculation about their physiological importance. Early
      observations that bulbous spine heads had very close approximations with the axon
      terminals of other neurons, confirmed later by ultrastructural study, led to
      ideas that spines enhance dendritic surface areas for making synaptic contacts.
      More recent application of cable and core-conductor theory to the anatomical
      study of spines has raised a number of new ideas about spine function. One
      important issue was derived from the theoretical treatment of spines as tiny
      dendrites with much higher input resistances than those of the larger parent
      dendrites. The high spine-stem resistance results in relative electrical
      isolation of the spine head; this causes large local depolarizations in the spine
      head. Several theoretical studies have also shown that if the spine-head input
      resistances are substantially higher than those of the parent dendrites, spines
      have the potential for modulating a host of biochemical and biophysical processes
      that might regulate synaptic efficacy. Empirical studies have documented that
      spine heads increase rapidly in size after afferent projections have been
      stimulated electrically and after animals have engaged in a single bout of
      ecologically important behavioral activity. Such spine head enlargement dilates
      the portion of the spine stem adjacent to the spine head and this process
      shortens the spine stem without appreciably altering overall spine length.
      Theoretical study shows that spine-stem shortening lowers the spine-head input
      resistance relative to the branch input resistance. This reduction in input
      resistance can enhance the transfer of electrical charge from the spine head to
      the parent dendrite, especially when the synaptic conductance is large relative
      to the spine-head input conductance. Spine-stem shortening also lowers the peak
      transient membrane potential in the spine head and this factor could delimit Ca2+
      influx into the spine head via voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. The modulation of
      Ca2+ influx by spine-stem shortening has the potential for regulating Ca2+
      sensitive enzymatic activity in the spine head that could affect phosphorylation
      of cytoskeletal proteins maintaining spine shape and phosphorylation of proteins
      in the postsynaptic density. Finally, theoretical findings are described that
      examine the effects of voltage-dependent inward-current channels in the spine
      head and their ability to amplify the charge transfer due to transmitter
      dependent synaptic conductances.

PMID- 2415103
TI  - Effects of unilateral and bilateral training in a reaching task on dendritic
      branching of neurons in the rat motor-sensory forelimb cortex.
AB  - Effects of motor training on a neocortical nerve cell population involved in
      performance of the motor task were assessed by measuring Layer V pyramidal neuron
      apical dendritic branching in motor-sensory forelimb cortex of rats trained to
      reach into a tube for food. Rats were trained to reach with the forepaw they
      preferred to use (group PRAC), the nonpreferred forepaw (REV), both forepaws
      (ALT), or neither forepaw (CONT). Across groups, hemispheres opposite trained
      forepaws had larger apical dendritic fields, in terms of total dendritic length,
      number of oblique branches from the apical shaft, and length of terminal
      branches. Similar, although somewhat less consistent, effects were seen when
      results were analyzed for between- (CONT vs ALT) and within-subject comparisons
      (trained vs nontrained hemispheres of REV and PRAC). This finding is compatible
      with the hypothesis that altered dendritic patterns, with associated synapses,
      are involved in storage of information from the training experience. The within
      subject effects mitigate suggestions that these differences arise from generally
      acting hormonal or metabolic consequences of the training experience, although
      the possibility that these effects result from neural activity per se and are
      unrelated to information storage cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2415104
TI  - Faster protein and ribosome synthesis in hypertrophying heart.
AB  - Faster rates of protein synthesis in hypertrophying rat heart were associated
      with a 25% greater content of ribosomal RNA, termed capacity for protein
      synthesis. Efficiency of synthesis, nmol phenylalanine/mg RNA X h, was unchanged
      in hypertrophy induced by aortic banding or thyrotoxicosis. The proportion of
      total RNA in free ribosomal subunits in hypertrophying hearts was unchanged from
      that observed in perfused hearts from control rats and from unperfused normal
      hearts. Accelerated synthesis of new ribosomes was observed within 8 h of the
      injection of a pharmacologic dose of thyroxine, well before an increase in whole
      heart protein synthesis was observed. These results indicated that increased
      protein synthetic machinery, as monitored by content of ribosomes, rather than
      more efficient initiation or elongation of peptide chains, accounted for the
      faster rate of protein synthesis and that accelerated ribosome formation was an
      early and quantitatively important factor in hypertrophy.

PMID- 2415105
TI  - Appearance of M-band attached MM-creatine kinase in differentiating chicken heart
      cells after injection of M-type isoprotein or poly (A+)-RNA enriched for M-type
      creatine kinase message.
AB  - Myofibrils of chicken heart cells do not contain the electron-dense material of
      the so-called m-bridges which transverse the sarcomere in the M-region. It has
      been shown that the M-isoform of creatine kinase (MM-CK) which is mainly
      responsible for the m-bridge material is not expressed during differentiation of
      chicken heart cells. No transition from the embryonic BB-CK to the muscle
      specific MM-CK takes place in chicken heart, thus no MM-CK is available for m
      bridge formation. Here we report on chicken heart cells microinjected with either
      MM-CK protein or with poly(A+)RNA enriched for M-CK message. In both cases
      appearance of MM-CK within the M-band of heart myofibrils could be observed by
      immunofluorescence, indicating translation of the injected message as well as
      specific binding of the translation product to the M-band of myofibrils. The M
      band protein myomesin which is regularly found in heart myofibrils served as
      specific marker for assembled myofibrils in double immunofluorescence
      experiments.

PMID- 2415106
TI  - Ionic movements and irreversible anoxic damage.
AB  - Myocyte hypercontracture can be produced by adding Ca2+ to calcium-intolerant
      myocytes. A similar morphologic change occurs in Ca2+-free media when anoxic, ATP
      depleted myocytes are reoxygenated or when respiring myocytes are lysed with
      digitonin. Hypercontracture in Ca2+-free media is abolished by rotenone, an
      inhibitor of NADH-linked respiration. Rotenone-treated, digitonin-permeabilized
      myocytes were used to examine the effects of MgATP, pCa, and respiration on
      hypercontracture. In the absence of Ca2+ (pCa 8.5), hypercontracture occurred at
      low MgATP but not when ATP was increased above 1 mM. At high MgATP (1-10 mM),
      hypercontracture was Ca2+-dependent. Succinate did not cause hypercontracture in
      the absence of added MgATP, but it shifted the concentration dependence for Ca2+
      independent hypercontracture to lower values by regenerating ATP.

PMID- 2415107
TI  - Functional alterations of the sarcolemma in Ca2+-free perfused hearts.
AB  - The preservation of sarcolemmal Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase activity was shown to be
      dependent on a critical Ca++ concentration (10(-5) - 2 X 10(-5) M) present during
      both perfusion of the heart muscle and isolation of the plasma membrane. The Ca
      transport activity of sarcolemmal vesicles isolated from Ca-deprived myocardium
      decreased by 80% to 24 +/- 6 compared to control values of 148 +/- 12 nmoles
      Ca/mg X min at 22 degrees C. Coinciding with Ca depletion a change in the
      tertiary structure of the sarcolemma, i.e. a significant increase in the alpha
      helical content of membrane proteins could be observed. The impairment of the Ca
      transport was elicited during the period of Ca-free perfusion and was not bound
      to the ultrastructural damage following Ca overload of the cell upon reperfusion
      with Ca (Ca paradox). Whenever the Ca pump protein was exposed to low
      concentrations of Ca either during separation over a density gradient or by
      incubating sarcolemmal vesicles after isolation in Ca-free medium, the Ca
      transport function was rendered ineffective. It is concluded that the net gain in
      tissue calcium which occurs during Ca repletion may be associated with a loss of
      the ability of the cell to extrude Ca actively via a sarcolemmal Ca2+, Mg2+
      ATPase.

PMID- 2415108
TI  - The electrophysiological properties of the isolated adult heart cell: an
      overview.
AB  - We review the 3 current components iNa, iCa and iK and present those data which
      have been recently obtained from single cells. We discuss how the new data
      compare with those from multicellular tissue, and what they contribute to our
      understanding of the cardiac action potential. For the reasons of space and
      clarity, some of the problems will be oversimplified and presented incompletely.

PMID- 2415109
TI  - Comparison of electrophysiological properties of embryonic and adult heart cells.
AB  - Almost any membrane or structural property of cultured embryonic heart cells is
      identical to that of nodal pacemaker cells in the adult myocardium. The present
      electrophysiological data show that single cultured cells are advantageous to the
      study of cardiac impulse generation. Evidence is presented for the presence of a
      Na/K pump system, the dominant role of the slow Ca-inward current in excitation
      but not in automaticity and the susceptibility of automaticity to changes in
      membrane potential induced by current injection.

PMID- 2415110
TI  - Single channel and whole cell sodium currents in heart cells.
AB  - We studied TTX-sensitive Na channels in dissociated single ventricular cells from
      neonatal rats using the patch clamp method for single channel and whole cell
      recording. In both cases, slowly inactivating or window currents were observed
      that decayed in a biexponential fashion. Customary models of Na current kinetics
      such as the Hodgkin-Huxley model attribute activation to a process that is much
      faster than inactivation. The model of Aldrich, Corey and Stevens(1), says that
      inactivation is fast and final and activation is dispersed. We found activation
      too associated, deactivation too quick, and reopenings too frequent to accept
      this model for cardiac Na channels. We also found that the predominant set of
      single Na channels had one open state and two inactivated states. Rarely, a
      second set of Na channels having about 2/3 the conductance and mean open time of
      the predominant set was found.

PMID- 2415111
TI  - Cardiac Ca channel currents at the level of single cells and single channels.
AB  - Ca channels in excitable membranes are of great importance for many cellular
      functions. Modulation of these channels by voltage, neurotransmitters and drugs
      regulates Ca influx into the cell and thereby alters the functional state of the
      cell (7). For many years, quantitative analysis has been seriously complicated by
      experimental problems (see 2, 8, 10). There has been no preparation as suitable
      and no drug as specific for Ca channels, as the squid axon and TTX are for Na
      channels (10). The advent of the isolated adult heart cell and the development of
      powerful new electrophysiological methods, however, have opened up the
      possibility to record Ca channel activity at the level of single cells and single
      channels and to obtain evidence on molecular mechanisms of Ca channel gating and
      modulation.

PMID- 2415112
TI  - Modulation of calcium sensitivity in cardiac muscle cells.
AB  - In the myocardium the relationship between intracellular free calcium and
      contraction is not unique but may vary over a wide range. Modulation of calcium
      sensitivity of the myofibrils may be studied in chemically skinned fibres which
      are devoid of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and in which the ionic composition of
      the interfilament space can be controlled and influenced at will. Here we review
      conditions and mechanisms which either lower or raise the free calcium ion
      concentration required for half maximal activation of a functionally isolated
      contractile mechanism.

PMID- 2415113
TI  - Drug-binding properties of human alpha-foetoprotein.
AB  - The drug-binding properties of human alpha-foetoprotein (alpha FP) were
      investigated by a fluorescence-spectral method. Human alpha FP was shown to bind
      to albumin's site I marker (warfarin, phenylbutazone), site II marker (L
      tryptophan), but not site III marker (cholic acid, digoxin). The binding of human
      alpha FP towards lower alcohols was examined, and this binding seems to depend
      partly on the hydrophobicity of the ligands. The binding of human alpha FP is
      discussed in comparison with human serum albumin or rat alpha FP.

PMID- 2415114
TI  - Control by amino acids of the activity of system A-mediated amino acid transport
      in isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - The effect of amino acids, in concentrations corresponding to those found in the
      portal vein of rats given a high-protein diet, was investigated on the activity
      of system A amino acid transport in hepatocytes from fed rats. Amino acids
      counteracted the induction of system A by insulin or glucagon. This effect was
      observed at all concentrations of hormones tested, up to 1 microM. Amino acids
      did not affect the basal cyclic AMP concentration in hepatocytes, or the large
      rise in cyclic AMP elicited by glucagon. The reversal of system-A induction was
      observed at relatively low concentration of amino acids, corresponding to plasma
      values reported in rats given a basal diet. Amino acids were separately tested:
      substrates of system A were particularly efficient, but so were glutamine and
      histidine. Non-metabolizable substrates of system A, such as 2-aminoisobutyrate,
      were also inhibitory, suggesting that a part of the effect of amino acids is
      independent of their cellular metabolism. Provision of additional energy
      substrates such as lactate and oleate did not affect induction of system A or the
      inhibitory effects of amino acids. Thus amino acids do not act by serving as an
      energy source and by maintaining the integrity of hepatocytes. Inhibition of mRNA
      synthesis by actinomycin practically abolished the effect of amino acids on the
      induction of system A by glucagon. The results suggest that amino acids may
      promote the synthesis of protein(s) affecting the activity of system A either
      directly at the carrier unit or at an intermediate stage of its emergence.

PMID- 2415115
TI  - Kinetics of the reaction of thrombin and alpha 2-macroglobulin.
AB  - The kinetics of the reaction of alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) with human
      thrombin were studied by recording the appearance of thiol groups
      spectrophotometrically and by measuring the distribution of protein species by
      denaturing non-reducing gel electrophoresis. The goals were to study the relation
      between the formation of various covalent enzyme-inhibitor complex species and
      the appearance of free thiol, and from the kinetic analysis, to try to
      characterize the chemical nature of the protein complexes. The kinetics of thiol
      group release were observed to be biphasic, the early phase showing second-order
      behaviour, results consistent with previous reports in the literature. The
      observed second-order rate constant for thiol-group release was found to be
      faster than the second-order rate constant for the disappearance of the band
      corresponding to native alpha 2M on gel electrophoresis. This may be a reflection
      of the multiple products formed from the thioester. Alternatively, it is possible
      that covalent-bond formation is slower than some enzyme-induced change in the
      thioester centre, and this may be suggestive evidence for a reactive alpha 2M
      centre that does not contain an intact thioester. The kinetics of covalent-bond
      formation were found to be consistent with the internal cross-link of several
      alpha 2M chains by the bound proteinase, providing further evidence that the very
      high-Mr species seen on gels may arise from dimers of the alpha 2M molecule held
      together by covalent bonds to the enzyme.

PMID- 2415116
TI  - Binding of proteinases to human alpha 2-macroglobulin with its thioester bonds
      cleaved by methylamine in the presence of a thiol-group-cyanylating reagent.
AB  - After cleavage of the thioester bonds of human alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M)
      by methylamine, the inhibitor undergoes an extensive conformational change and
      loses its ability to bind proteinases. In contrast, similar cleavage in the
      presence of dinitrophenyl thiocyanate, a reagent that cyanylates the liberated
      thiol groups, does not change the mobility of alpha 2M in gel electrophoresis,
      and the inhibitor also retains activity [Van Leuven, Marynen, Cassiman & Van den
      Berghe (1982) Biochem. J. 203, 405-411]. Analyses in this work show that also the
      spectroscopic properties of alpha 2M are essentially unperturbed under these
      conditions. These observations are consistent with the major change of the
      conformation of the protein having been arrested by the cyanylation reaction.
      However, several functional properties of the protein are altered, indicating
      that a limited conformational change does occur. The apparent stoichiometry of
      binding of trypsin is thus decreased to about 0.5 mol of enzyme/mol of alpha 2M.
      Nevertheless trypsin induces a similar conformational change in all molecules of
      the modified inhibitor as that induced in untreated alpha 2M. This behaviour
      indicates a similar mode of binding of the enzyme to the modified alpha 2M as to
      intact alpha 2M, but also a high extent of non-productive activation of binding
      sites in the modified inhibitor. A further difference to untreated alpha 2M is
      that most of the bound trypsin molecules react considerably faster with soya-bean
      trypsin inhibitor. The rate of inhibition of thrombin is also greatly decreased,
      and the modified inhibitor is more sensitive than untreated alpha 2M to
      proteolysis at sites outside the 'bait' region. The properties of the cyanylated
      human alpha 2M are thus similar to those of bovine alpha 2M in which the
      thioester bonds have been cleaved by methylamine in the absence of the
      cyanylating reagent [Bjork, Lindblom & Lindahl (1985) Biochemistry 24, 2653
      2660]. These results indicate that the thioester bonds of human and bovine alpha
      2M are not required as such for the stability of the gross conformation of the
      protein or for the binding of proteinases. Nevertheless they participate directly
      in maintaining certain structural features, similar in the two inhibitors, that
      are necessary for full proteinase-binding ability. Disruption of these structures
      leads to a slower and less efficient trapping of the enzymes.

PMID- 2415117
TI  - Evidence from the use of monoclonal antibody probes for structural heterogeneity
      of the growth hormone receptor.
AB  - We describe the use of four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the rabbit liver
      growth hormone (GH) receptor and one raised against purified rat liver GH
      receptor to characterize liver receptor subtypes which differ in their hormone
      binding regions. The anti-(rat liver GH receptor) MAb both inhibited and
      precipitated rat and rabbit GH receptors, but only one-half of 125I-oGH (ovine
      GH) binding to liver microsomes could be inhibited by excess antibody.
      Conversely, only one-half of 125I-anti-(rat GH receptor) MAb binding was
      inhibited by excess oGH and Scatchard plots for this MAb exhibited two
      components. Although only 50% of 125I-oGH binding to membranes was inhibited by
      this MAb, all solubilized receptor could be immunoprecipitated. We postulate two
      epitopes for the anti-(rat GH receptor) MAb, one located at the hormone-binding
      site (inhibitory site) and one elsewhere (immunoprecipitating site). A second,
      rabbit-specific antibody (MAb 7) inhibited 85% of hormone binding but only 30% of
      125I-anti-(rat GH receptor) MAb binding to rabbit liver microsomes. A combination
      of this MAb with the anti-(rat GH receptor) MAb totally inhibited 125I-oGH
      binding. MAb 7 alone totally inhibited 125I-rat GH binding to rabbit liver
      microsomes, as it did with 125I-oGH binding to purified receptor. On the basis of
      these results and others we postulate three types of GH receptor in rabbit liver
      membranes and ascribe approximate extents of 125I-oGH binding to each. A
      cytosolic 'GH receptor' which is not poly(ethylene glycol)-precipitable is shown
      to share five epitopes with 'type 2' microsomal receptors. Purified plasma
      membrane and endoplasmic reticulum fractions derived from a rabbit liver
      microsomal preparation have identical antigenic characteristics with respect to
      the GH-binding region, indicating that the heterogeneity we describe is not
      related to receptor processing. Of the three types of GH receptor in the plasma
      membrane of the rabbit (and possibly rat) we postulate that one (type 1)
      corresponds to the GH receptor involved in stimulating growth and possesses all
      of the epitopes studied here. A second (type 2) appears to be identical with the
      cytosolic 'GH receptor' and lacks the epitope for the anti-(rat GH receptor) MAb
      in the hormone binding site region. A third (type 3) does not possess the epitope
      for the inhibitory anti-(rabbit GH receptor) MAb, appears not to bind rat GH and
      is lost during purification. The availability of type-specific MAbs will
      facilitate assignment of specific functions to liver receptor subtypes which
      mediate the multiple functions of GH.

PMID- 2415118
TI  - Trapidil derivatives as potent inhibitors of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase from
      heart and coronary arteries.
AB  - New trapidil derivatives were found to be more potent inhibitors of cyclic AMP
      phosphodiesterase activity from heart and coronary arteries than trapidil itself.
      IC50 value of the derivative AR 12-456 was calculated to be 20 microM which is in
      the range of the inhibitory potency of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine for the
      studied enzyme activities.

PMID- 2415119
TI  - Trapidil and other 5-triazolo-(1, 5-alpha)-pyrimidine derivatives as calcium
      channel blockers in 108CC5 cells.
AB  - The action of trapidil (RocornalR) and its derivatives AR 12-456 and AR 12-160 on
      the inward calcium current (ICa) was studied in mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma
      hybrid cells of the line 108CC5 under voltage clamp conditions by means of a
      suction pipette method. A dissociation constant of the calcium channel-trapidil
      complex of 277 microM was estimated for the initial inhibition of ICa by
      trapidil. Half maximal block of ICa was produced by 80 +/- 20 microM AR 12-456
      and 500 +/- 150 microM AR 12-160.

PMID- 2415120
TI  - Mechanism of inhibitory effect of calcium on negative inotropic activity of
      acetylcholine in guinea pig atria.
AB  - The mechanism of inhibition of negative inotropic effect (NIE) of acetylcholine
      (ACh) by high extracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]0) has been studied in
      isolated guinea pig atria. Atropine (10(-10) - 10(-7) M) as well as enhanced
      [Ca2+]0 (3.26 - 13.6 X 10(-3) M) caused a concentration dependent inhibition of
      NIE indicating a competitive antimuscarinic effect of these agents. The observed
      dose ratio of ACh in the presence of atropine and high [Ca2+]0 together was
      greater than the theoretically expected value. D600 (10(-7) - 10(-6) M), a
      calcium channel blocker, potentiated NIE of ACh, reduced its dose ratio and
      antagonised the antimuscarinic effect of excess [Ca2+]0. It is concluded that the
      present observations support the suggestion that NIE of ACh is primarily due to
      inhibition of calcium channel by muscarinic receptor activation. In addition,
      high [Ca2+]0 inhibits the NIE of ACh by acting on multiple sites, e.g. muscarinic
      receptors, calcium channel and other sites, sensitive to variations in [Ca2+]0.

PMID- 2415121
TI  - A novel mass spectrometric procedure for the rapid determination of the types of
      carbohydrate chains present in glycoproteins: application to alpha-galactosidase
      I from Vicia faba seeds.
AB  - A fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric protocol has been developed to
      determine the type of oligosaccharide chain present in glycoproteins. The
      procedure is based on acetolysis of the intact glycoconjugate, extraction of the
      peracetylated carbohydrate fragments and analysis by fast atom bombardment mass
      spectrometry. The molecular ions present in the FAB spectra uniquely define the
      composition of the oligosaccharides with respect to hexose, aminohexose and
      sialic acid content. High mannose oligosaccharides yield a series of
      peracetylated hexose oligomers whereas complex-type oligosaccharides afford a
      series of N-acetyl-lactosamine containing species. Fucosylation is usually not
      detected but sialylated oligosaccharides are readily identified and the type of
      sialic acid is also defined. The method has been tested on three glycoproteins of
      known structure - fetuin, ribonuclease B and erythrocyte Band 3 - and on a
      glycoprotein of unknown structure - alpha-galactosidase I, an enzyme lectin from
      Vicia faba. The latter is shown to contain high mannose carbohydrate chains.

PMID- 2415122
TI  - Inhibitory action of phorbol myristate acetate on histamine secretion and
      polyphosphoinositide turnover induced by compound 48/80 in mast cells.
AB  - Rat peritoneal mast cells which had been preincubated with phorbol myristate
      acetate (PMA, 10 - 100 ng/ml) for 5 min did not elicit the full histamine
      secretion induced by a potent secretagogue, compound 48/80. Furthermore, this PMA
      treatment was found to inhibit the agonist-mediated hydrolysis of
      phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) in [32P]labeled cells. However, it
      was also observed that the level of [32P]PIP2 was markedly reduced by 5 min
      incubation with PMA. This suggests the enhanced hydrolysis of PIP2 by PMA which
      was reflected in a greater formation of inositol trisphosphate (IP3). These
      observations indicate that the formation of IP3 may not be profoundly related to
      secretory response in mast cells.

PMID- 2415123
TI  - Monoclonal antibody specific for chicken DNA polymerase alpha associated with DNA
      primase.
AB  - Four monoclonal antibodies against chicken DNA polymerase alpha were obtained
      from mouse hybridomas (see ref. 1). Two of them, 4-2D and 4-8H, recognized
      different epitopes of the DNA polymerase alpha-DNA primase complex as determined
      by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody 4-8H partially
      (about 30%) neutralized the combined activity of primase-DNA polymerase alpha as
      well as the DNA polymerase alpha activity. In contrast, antibody 4-2D did not
      neutralize DNA polymerase alpha activity, but neutralized the primase-DNA
      polymerase alpha activity extensively (up to 80%). Furthermore, although an
      immunoaffinity column made with 4-8H antibody retained virtually all of the DNA
      polymerase alpha with and without associated primase, a column made with 4-2D
      antibody did not bind DNA polymerase alpha without the primase, but retained the
      enzyme associated with the primase. These results indicate that 4-8H monoclonal
      antibody is specific for DNA polymerase alpha and 4-2D monoclonal antibody is
      specific for the primase or a special structure present in the primase-DNA
      polymerase alpha complex.

PMID- 2415124
TI  - Specific binding activities and cyclic GMP responses by atrial natriuretic
      polypeptide in kidney epithelial cell line (LLC-PK1).
AB  - Receptor binding activities and cyclic GMP responses by alpha-human atrial
      natriuretic polypeptide (alpha-hANP) and its fragments were studied in a kidney
      epithelial cell line (LLC-PK1). Binding of 125I-alpha-hANP to the cells at 0
      degrees C was saturable, time-dependent and reversible, indicating the presence
      of a single class of binding sites. alpha-hANP (7-23)NH2 fragment inhibited most
      effectively the specific binding of 125I-alpha-hANP to the LLC-PK1 cells,
      followed by alpha-hANP (17-28) and alpha-hANP (8-22), while alpha-hANP (1-6) and
      alpha-hANP (24-28) did not. alpha-hANP stimulated the formation of cyclic GMP in
      the LLC-PK1 cells dose-dependently. Although no fragments of alpha-hANP used were
      effective for cyclic GMP formation in the LLC-PK1 cells, alpha-hANP (7-23) NH2
      antagonized the action of alpha-hANP on cyclic GMP formation. These data suggest
      that the LLC-PK1 cells retain specific receptors for atrial natriuretic
      polypeptide (ANP) and respond to ANP by stimulating cyclic GMP formation, and
      therefore this cell line may be useful for studying the mechanism of action for
      ANP in renal tubular cells.

PMID- 2415125
TI  - Expression of c-myc gene in human hepatoma.
AB  - The level of c-myc transcript was examined in liver samples from seven hepatoma
      patients. Transcripts were detected in all the normal liver parts examined; in
      contrast, in two hepatoma parts, there was a dramatic reduction in c-myc
      transcripts. The restriction enzyme pattern of c-myc gene appeared the same among
      samples. The data suggest that c-myc gene expression might not be required for
      the maintenance of the tumor state in human liver carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2415126
TI  - RNA-like conformational properties of a synthetic DNA poly(dA-dU).poly(dA-dU).
AB  - Differences in the circular dichroism of poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) and poly(dA
      dU).poly(dA-dU) and in its temperature induced changes are reported. A comparison
      to the data obtained with DNA and RNA indicates that an absence of thymine methyl
      groups in the polynucleotide results in promoting its RNA-like conformational
      properties. However, poly(dA-dU).poly(dA-dU) is not an A-DNA type of double
      helix.

PMID- 2415127
TI  - Novel approach to the study of the antigenicities and receptor functions of
      carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins.
AB  - This report describes the construction of neoglycolipids as a novel approach to
      determining the antigenicities and receptor functions of minute amounts of
      oligosaccharides derived from glycoproteins. Reduced oligosaccharides are
      converted into oligosaccharide alditols by controlled selective periodate
      oxidation and conjugated to phosphatidyl ethanolamine dipalmitoyl by reductive
      amination. The resulting neoglycolipids can be rendered multivalent by binding to
      polyvinylchloride or silica plates or they can be incorporated into liposomes and
      their antigenicities and receptor activities determined in low concentrations by
      direct binding or inhibition of binding assays. This approach, which has been
      successfully used with two monoclonal antibodies and a plant lectin, should be
      widely applicable to the direct analysis of O- and N-glycosidically linked
      carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins and proteoglycans both as antigens and
      recognition structures of diverse receptor systems.

PMID- 2415128
TI  - An increase in putative voltage dependent calcium channel number following
      reserpine treatment.
AB  - Rats were treated with reserpine (0.2 mg/kg) on days 1, 3, and 5. On day 6,
      binding parameters for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors (3H-prazosin) and putative
      voltage dependent calcium channels, VDCC (3H-nitrendipine), were determined.
      There was an increase in both the number (2.1 fold) and affinity (1.8 fold) of
      alpha-1 adrenergic receptors following reserpine treatment. In addition, there
      was a 2.7 fold increase in the number of VDCCs, but no change in VDCC binding
      affinity, following reserpine treatment. These data are consistant with the
      development of smooth muscle supersensitivity following reserpine treatment in a
      variety of tissues, and suggest that VDCC number may be modulated by the cell in
      response to tonic levels of catecholamines. Changes in the number of VDCCs may be
      an important regulatory mechanism for cell function in physiologic and pathologic
      states.

PMID- 2415129
TI  - Tissue specific expression of p422 protein, a putative lipid carrier, in mouse
      adipocytes.
AB  - The differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes leads to the expression of a new
      protein, p422, and its mRNA. This protein has 70% and 20-30% amino acid sequence
      homology to myelin P2 and the fatty acid binding proteins of liver and intestine,
      respectively. Investigation of the distribution in mouse tissues of p422 protein
      by immunoblotting and of p422 mRNA by cDNA hybridization indicates that they are
      expressed only in adipose tissue. Liver and intestinal fatty acid binding protein
      mRNA's were not detectable in mouse adipose tissue or in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. It is
      suggested that p422 functions as an adipocyte fatty acid binding protein.

PMID- 2415130
TI  - Effects of membrane channel-forming polypeptides on mitochondrial oxidative
      phosphorylation. A comparison of alamethicin, gramicidin A, melittin and
      tetraacetyl melittin.
AB  - Transmembrane channel-forming polypeptides can function as uncouplers of
      mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The observed effects are dependent on
      the phosphate ion (Pi) concentration in the medium. At low Pi (2.5 mM) the order
      of uncoupling efficiencies is gramicidin A much greater than alamethicin greater
      than tetraacetyl melittin greater than melittin. The remarkably high activity of
      gramicidin A suggests insertion of preformed channel dimers into the membrane. It
      is also suggested that lipid phase association of peptides is necessary in the
      other cases. At Pi = 100 mM inhibitory effects are observed for alamethicin and
      tetraacetyl melittin. Less pronounced inhibition is seen for melittin, while no
      such effect is noted for gramicidin A. The site of inhibition is shown to be
      complex IV, and the differences in the behavior of the peptides are rationalized
      in terms of channel structures.

PMID- 2415131
TI  - Inflammatory response induced by intrapleural injection of antiserum to IgE in
      rat. An evaluation of the role of histamine.
AB  - Intrapleural injection of antiserum to rat IgE (anti-IgE) into rats resulted in
      release of histamine from mast cells and rapid effusion of fluid and plasma
      proteins into the pleural cavity. By 4 hr this was followed by infiltration of
      neutrophils. These responses were dependent on the amount of anti-IgE injected,
      and maximal responses were greater than those obtained with compound 48/80. The
      effusion of fluid and protein, but not the infiltration of cells, was partially
      suppressed by prior treatment with the H1 histamine receptor antagonist
      mepyramine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) or the H2 antagonist metiamide (100 mg/kg, s.c.) and
      was almost totally suppressed (85-88%) when both drugs were administered
      simultaneously. Neither methysergide (1 and 4 mg/kg, s.c.) nor indomethacin (5
      and 10 mg/kg, i.v.) had an effect on the responses to anti-IgE. Although it
      seemed likely that histamine was a primary mediator of increased vascular
      permeability, the intrapleural injection of histamine agonists or histamine in
      large amounts (50 micrograms) provoked a much less intense response than did anti
      IgE. The effects of injected histamine may not, therefore, mimic those induced by
      histamine released from mast cells in situ. The intrapleural injection of
      histamine releasers such as anti-IgE may serve as a useful model to test the
      therapeutic efficacy of antihistamine drugs. The present results also confirm
      previous reports that localized neutrophil infiltration occurs after mast cell
      degranulation.

PMID- 2415132
TI  - Proteolytic inactivation of substance P in the epithelial layer of the intestine.
AB  - Metabolites of substance P, produced by incubation with isolated epithelial cells
      and with purified brush border and basolateral membrane from pig small intestine,
      were isolated by high performance liquid chromatography and identified by amino
      acid analysis. Rapid cleavages between Gln6-Phe7, Phe7-Phe8 and Gly9-Leu10 and
      oxidation of the methionine residue at position 11 were observed with cells and
      with both membrane fractions. Formation of substance P3-11' indicative of the
      action of dipeptidylaminopeptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.5), was observed only at high
      substrate concentration. Proteolytic degradation was inhibited by phosphoramidon
      and by EDTA but was insensitive to chloride ion concentration and to captopril.
      These observations suggest that inactivation of substance P in the epithelial
      layer of the gut is mediated through endopeptidase-24.11 (EC 3.4.24.11) in the
      cell-surface membrane and that degradation by angiotensin-converting enzyme (EC
      3.4.15.1), although present in high concentration in the mucosa, is unimportant.

PMID- 2415133
TI  - Effects of actinomycin D analogs on nucleolar phosphoprotein B23 (37,000
      daltons/pI 5.1).
AB  - Localization of protein B23 in HeLa cells after treatment with actinomycin D and
      its analogs was studied using indirect immunofluorescence. Bright nucleolar
      fluorescence was observed in control HeLa cells. After treatment with actinomycin
      D (250 ng/ml) for 2 hr, a uniform nucleoplasmic fluorescence was observed.
      Similar results were obtained with the actinomycin analogs, actinomycin Z5 and
      actinomycin K2T. Only after a much longer incubation (24 hr) with actinomycin 4
      4'-gly was nucleoplasmic fluorescence observed. Actinomycin D, actinomycin Z5,
      and actinomycin K2T inhibited [3H]uridine incorporation into the trichloroacetic
      acid insoluble fraction of HeLa cells with IC50 values of 9.5 +/- 3.2, 59.1 +/-
      19.6 and 1423.3 +/- 212.2 ng/ml respectively. No inhibition of [3H]uridine
      incorporation was observed using actinomycin 4-4'-gly (2000 ng/ml, 2-hr
      incubation). The order of potency for the loss of nucleolar fluorescence and the
      concurrent increase in nucleoplasmic fluorescence was actinomycin D greater than
      actinomycin Z5 greater than actinomycin K2T greater than actinomycin 4-4'-gly,
      which correlated with the order of their IC50 values for inhibition of
      [3H]uridine incorporation. Studies of the effects of actinomycin D and its
      analogs on RNA synthesis and localization of protein B23 indicated that there is
      a direct relationship between the B23 "translocation" from nucleolus to
      nucleoplasm and the inhibition of RNA synthesis. At 45-55% inhibition of RNA
      synthesis, both nuclear and nucleolar B23 immunofluorescence were observed. At 75
      85% inhibition, only a uniform nucleoplasmic fluorescence was observed.

PMID- 2415134
TI  - Inhibition of HTLV-III/LAV replication by foscarnet.

PMID- 2415135
TI  - [Antigenic bacterial polysaccharides. 14. Structure of the O-specific
      polysaccharide chain of a lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      (Lanyi)].
AB  - The lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa O12 (Lanyi classification)
      gave on mild acid hydrolysis an O-specific polysaccharide built of D-ribose and N
      acetyl-D-galactosamine. The disaccharide structure----4)-alpha-GalNAcp-(1----2)
      beta-Ribf-(1----for the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established by
      nondestructive way involving full interpretation of its 1H- and 13C-NMR-spectra,
      using homonuclear and selective heteronuclear 13C[1H] double resonances.

PMID- 2415136
TI  - [Different forms of a lipopolysaccharide-protein complex from Yersinia
      pseudotuberculosis].
AB  - Two forms of lipopolysaccharide-protein complex with buoyant densities of 1,43
      and 1,40 g/cm3 were found in the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis cell wall. These
      forms have the similar monosaccharide, fatty acid and polypeptide compositions,
      but differ in the length of O-specific chains. The differences in density are
      stipulated by the different contents of the main components of the complex. Both
      forms contain the related antigenic determinants but have some differences in the
      antigenic structure. The ability of the two forms to produce a hybrid form with
      the intermediate density of 1,41 g/cm3 has been shown.

PMID- 2415137
TI  - [Substance P. New cyclic analogs].
AB  - [Adpoc-Glu(N3)6, (Met-N3)11] substance P-(6-11)-peptide was reacted with diamines
      H2N(CH2) nNH2 (n = 3-10, 12) to give cyclopeptides. Subsequent careful cleavage
      of the Adpoc group leads to the formation of compounds of type cyclo-[H-Glu-Phe
      Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH-(CH2) n-NH-] X HCl. The substances produce a specific two
      phase myotropic effect in experiments on isolated guinea pig ileum. The compounds
      where n is 3, 7, 12 exhibit also a hypotensive activity when assayed on
      anaesthetized rats.

PMID- 2415138
TI  - Carbohydrate-containing derivatives of the trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor aprotinin
      from bovine organs. II. Inhibitor coupled to the (carboxymethyl)dextran
      derivatives of D-galactose.
AB  - The trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor aprotinin was coupled to (carboxymethyl)dextran
      derivatives of D-galactose. The conjugates contained 14 and 38 D-galactose
      residues/mol of protein, respectively. The apparent dissociation constants Ki of
      the complexes between trypsin and modified aprotinins proved to be one order of
      magnitude higher than the respective values for native aprotinin. The
      distribution of the modified aprotinins in rat organs after endocardial injection
      has been studied. The conjugates of aprotinin with (carboxymethyl)dextran
      derivatives of D-galactose were characterized by decreased clearance rates; they
      accumulated in the active form in liver. The accumulation was 2.5-10 times higher
      than native aprotinin for the time of observation (5 min-2 h).

PMID- 2415139
TI  - T-lymphocyte recognition of antigen in association with gene products of the
      major histocompatibility complex.

PMID- 2415140
TI  - The coming of age of the immunoglobulin J chain.
AB  - During the last decade the immunoglobulin J chain has indeed come of age. The
      amino-acid sequence has been determined for the mouse and human polypeptides, and
      the data obtained have established the uniqueness of the primary structure and
      its high degree of conservation in vertebrates. The biosynthesis of J chain has
      been defined: The information is encoded in a simple transcription unit that is
      induced by changes in chromatin structure to express a single primary transcript
      and a single mature message; translation of the message yields a propolypeptide
      which is processed and transported through the cell by the conventional pathway
      for secreted proteins. As a result of these advances, many of the functions of
      the J chain have been clarified. Analyses of the expression of J chain mRNA and
      protein in mouse lymphocytes have shown that the initiation and amplification of
      J-chain synthesis are critical steps in the pentamer IgM response because the J
      polypeptide is required for the assembly of the IgM antibody. Analyses of the
      behavior of the polymeric Igs have established that the J-chain component
      contributes, certainly indirectly and perhaps also directly, to the secretion of
      pentamer IgM and the transcellular transport of both IgM and IgA. However,
      knowledge of the J chain has yet to achieve full maturity. How the J chain
      participates in the polymerization of IgM and IgA needs to be reexamined in view
      of the recent findings that assembly may involve an oxidative mechanism catalyzed
      by a lymphocyte-specific enzyme. The observation that J chain may be
      constitutively expressed in human B cells and the possibility that J chain
      performs additional regulatory functions in monomer-Ig secreting cells should be
      pursued. Determination of the J-chain secondary structure and its arrangement in
      the polymer Fc domains is critical to understanding the effector functions of
      polymer Ig. Lastly, the finding that late-acting factors, such as interleukin-2,
      induce an amplification in J-chain synthesis opens the way to using the
      expression of J chain as a model system for dissecting the mechanism of gene
      regulation. These are the challenges for the next decade.

PMID- 2415141
TI  - Immunologic abnormalities in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - The immune systems of patients with AIDS are characterized by a profound defect
      in cell-mediated immunity which is predominantly due to a decrease in the number
      and function of the helper/inducer T lymphocytes, particularly the antigen
      reactive cells. This defect is manifested primarily as decreases in delayed-type
      hypersensitivity reactions and decreased in vitro proliferation to soluble
      antigen. A variety of secondary manifestations of immunologic dysfunction occur,
      some of which result from a lack of effective inducer-cell function, others from
      the occurrence of opportunistic infections. Among these secondary phenomena are
      decreased cytotoxic lymphocyte responses, polyclonal B-cell activation, decreased
      monocyte chemotaxis, and a number of serologic abnormalities. The primary cause
      of this defect in the antigen-reactive helper/inducer T lymphocyte is infection
      with a class of T-cell tropic retroviruses known as HTLV-III or LAV. This virus
      is capable of selectively infecting T4 + lymphocytes and can be isolated
      consistently from patients with AIDS or AIDS-related conditions. Despite
      substantial knowledge concerning the nature of the immune defect in AIDS and its
      causative agent, little progress has been made in developing effective therapies
      for this uniformly fatal illness. Because the incidence of this disease continues
      to increase, and patients stricken with this illness have a median survival of
      two years, additional investigation in this area is greatly needed. Continued
      effort aimed at delineating the precise nature of the immune defect in these
      patients should be of value in attempting to enhance our understanding of the
      human immune system in both normal and disease states.

PMID- 2415142
TI  - The atomic mobility component of protein antigenicity.

PMID- 2415143
TI  - [Biochemical analysis of transmitters in the brains of multiple system atrophy].

PMID- 2415145
TI  - Expression of MHC products and leucocyte differentiation antigens in
      gynaecological neoplasms: an immunohistological analysis of the tumour cells and
      infiltrating leucocytes.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies directed against monomorphic determinants of Class I and
      Class II products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and against
      leucocyte differentiation antigens were used in an indirect immunoperoxidase
      technique to compare their expression in normal and malignant disease of the
      ovary, cervix and endometrium. MHC Class I products, strongly expressed on normal
      ovarian epithelium, were uniformly absent from 7/8 ovarian carcinomas of varying
      histology. Lack of Class I expression was also a feature of 6/10 cervical
      carcinomas and of 4/8 endometrial carcinomas, in comparison with their respective
      normal tissues. Relative to normal tissue epithelium MHC Class II products, could
      be either lost or gained, the pattern of expression being either uniform or
      heterogeneous. Leucocytes were sparse in normal ovary but more numerous in cervix
      and endometrium. In tumours, with few exceptions, they were abundant, though
      usually confined to the stroma. T cells, largely of cytotoxic/suppressor (OKT8)
      phenotype, tended to predominate though in some tumours, particularly cervical
      carcinoma, large numbers of macrophages and to a lesser extent, B cells were
      sometimes detected. By contrast, leucocytes of natural killer (NK) phenotype were
      virtually non-existent in any tumour or normal tissue. The ingress of leucocytes
      into gynaecological neoplasms does not appear to be a random event and may be
      evoked by an immune response against tumour-associated antigens. However, the
      relationship between in situ mononuclear cell infiltration and MHC expression on
      epithelial tumour cells is complex and remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2415144
TI  - Defective responses of transformed keratinocytes to terminal differentiation
      stimuli. Their role in epidermal tumour promotion by phorbol esters and by deep
      skin wounding.
AB  - Epidermal tumourigenesis can be achieved in rodents by the application of a
      single subthreshold dose of a carcinogen (initiation) followed by repeated
      applications of a tumour promoter such as 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol, 13-acetate
      (TPA). TPA induces terminal differentiation in the majority of epidermal
      keratinocytes in vitro. However, transformed keratinocytes respond weakly to this
      terminal differentiation signal, and it is suggested that this property allows
      initiated cells and their progeny to obtain a selective advantage over their
      normal counterparts during promotion of papilloma formation by TPA. New data are
      reviewed which suggest that a putative wound hormone TGF-beta has similar
      differential effects on normal and transformed epithelial cells to those of TPA.
      It is proposed that the release of TGF-beta from platelets following deep skin
      wounding may be an explanation as to why wounding is a promoting stimulus but
      milder forms of epidermal injury are not. Weakly promoting hyperplasiogenic
      agents are also discussed within the context of a selection theory of tumour
      promotion.

PMID- 2415146
TI  - Influence of added catalase on chromosome stability and neoplastic transformation
      of mouse cells in culture.
AB  - The generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the derivative free hydroxyl
      radical (. OH) in cultures of mouse cells grown in the presence of visible light
      and ambient oxygen was shown previously to be implicated in chromatid damage.
      Furthermore, chromosome alterations appear to be associated with the spontaneous
      neoplastic transformation of mouse cells in culture. An attempt was made in this
      study to reduce the incidence of chromosomal aberrations and delay or prevent the
      onset of spontaneous neoplastic transformation of freshly isolated mouse cells,
      both fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes, by adding catalase to the culture
      medium, shielding the cultures from wavelengths less than 500 nm and providing a
      gas phase of 0-1% O2. These conditions significantly decreased the incidence of
      chromosomal aberrations in both cell types, and in fibroblasts prevented
      tumourigenicity in non-irradiated syngeneic mice, and increased latent periods
      for tumour development in X-irradiated mice. The epidermal keratinocytes were
      particularly resistant to spontaneous neoplastic transformation under all
      conditions tested. These observations on the protective effect of extracellular
      catalase suggest that H2O2, a normal metabolite, and/or the derivative .OH can
      directly or indirectly produce genetic damage and neoplastic transformation in
      mouse fibroblasts.

PMID- 2415147
TI  - Influence of antigen charge in the pathogenicity of immune complexes in rats.
AB  - Immune complexes (IC) formed in the presence of excess antigen with native human
      anionic (AA) or cationic (CA) albumin and anti-human albumin rabbit gamma
      globulin were administered to 51 female Wistar rats. In animals injected with IC
      formed with CA, IC deposition in the renal glomeruli (glomerular capillary walls
      and mesangium) occurred as early as 5 min after injection. These animals also
      showed slight alterations in renal structure and albuminuria, whereas in the
      animals injected with IC formed with AA there was no IC deposition in the renal
      glomeruli nor any alteration in renal structure or albuminuria. The serum
      complement levels of animals injected with IC formed with CA were significantly
      lower than those observed in animals treated with similar doses of IC formed with
      AA. In vitro experiments also showed that the IC formed with CA fixed more
      complement than those formed with AA.

PMID- 2415148
TI  - In vitro PUVA radiation abolishes fluorescent staining with epidermal cell and
      basement membrane zone markers.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate whether 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP)
      plus long-wave ultraviolet (UV-A) light irradiation (PUVA) had a direct effect on
      the expression of epidermal cell and basement membrane zone (BMZ) markers without
      altering intracellular metabolic pathways. Cryostat sections of guinea-pig skin
      were covered with an 8-MOP solution and irradiated in vitro with UV-A light.
      Treated sections were stained subsequently with various membrane markers
      including pemphigus sera, pemphigoid sera (BMZ marker) and a group of biotin
      labelled lectins (Concanavalin-A, peanut agglutinin, soybean agglutinin, Ulex
      europeus agglutinin (UEA) and wheat germ agglutinin). Fluorescent staining with
      all reagents except for UEA was reduced appreciably in intensity by PUVA
      radiation at higher energy doses (20 micrograms/ml of 8-MOP plus 20-30 J/cm2 of
      UV-A). Radiation with lower energy doses did not affect membrane marker staining.
      Weakened or abolished marker staining was restored to normal when scavengers of
      oxygen intermediates such as superoxide dismutase (540-5400 units/ml) or sodium
      azide (10-200 mM) were added to the 8-MOP solution during UV-A irradiation. UEA
      staining was negative in both PUVA-irradiated and untreated guinea-pig skin. PUVA
      at higher energy doses appeared to cause tissue damage by photodynamic reactions,
      resulting in decrease in membrane marker staining.

PMID- 2415149
TI  - A study of the dermo-epidermal junction in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa using
      the periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate technique.
AB  - Dermo-epidermal separation in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) is thought
      to results from an abnormality of anchoring fibrils which, in normal skin, are
      stained selectively by the periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate
      technique. This method was applied to non-lesional skin from four patients with
      generalized recessive DEB, five with localized recessive DEB and one with
      dominant DEB. No anchoring fibrils were present in the subjects with generalized
      recessive DEB, but they were morphologically normal in the case of dominant DEB
      and in three patients with mild localized recessive DEB. Two patients with a more
      severe form of localized recessive DEB possessed attenuated anchoring fibrils
      which lacked the normal banding of the mid-portion. The lamina densa, normally
      unlabelled, was consistently stained in patients with generalized recessive DEB,
      suggesting a biochemical abnormality of this structure.

PMID- 2415150
TI  - Angiotensin-induced hypertension and chemotherapy for multiple lesions of
      malignant melanoma.
AB  - By continuous infusion of angiotensin II, a marked increase in blood flow can be
      induced in tumour tissues, with no increase in normal tissues. This functional
      characteristic of tumour blood vessels, i.e., lack of autoregulation, has been
      utilized as an aid to chemotherapy by selectively enhancing drug delivery to
      tumour tissues. We describe our results in seven patients with malignant
      melanoma.

PMID- 2415151
TI  - Elevated serum amylase in a case of toxic epidermal necrolysis.

PMID- 2415152
TI  - Stimulatory serum factors in aplastic anaemia. I. Serum 'releaser' activity for
      haemopoietic growth factors, a regulator?
AB  - Human serum contains an activity which enhances the release of colony stimulating
      and burst promoting activity (CSA and BPA). It is low in the majority of normal
      sera and was found elevated in patients with aplastic anaemia. The patient's
      'response' to autologous serum releaser activity was measured by comparing CSA
      and BPA release by patient cells in percentage of release by normal cells. This
      'response' was negatively correlated with serum releaser activity (P = 0.0035 for
      CSA-release, P less than 0.0001 for BPA-release), i.e. releaser activity was
      high, when factor release was low. This inverse relationship between releaser
      activity and the patient's response was also observed in four patients with
      pancytopenia of causes other than aplastic anaemia. We conclude that elevated
      serum releaser activity reflects a repair mechanisms which operates when CSA- and
      BPA-production is inadequate. Thus, releaser activity is likely to be a
      haemopoietic regulator.

PMID- 2415153
TI  - Stimulatory serum factors in aplastic anaemia. II. Prognostic significance for
      patients treated with high dose immunosuppression.
AB  - Serum from patients with aplastic anaemia contains two distinct stimulatory
      activities on haemopoiesis in culture. The first is a highly unstable enhancing
      activity, which mainly stimulates colony formation from BFU-E and macrophage
      precursors, and only acts when added directly to target bone marrow cultures. It
      is destroyed by Sephadex G-150 chromatography, and thus differs from colony
      stimulating activity (CSA) and burst promoting activity (BPA). Its mode of action
      is unknown. It was elevated in 70/97 patients with severe aplastic anaemia (SAA).
      71 of these 97 patients were treated with high dose immunosuppression. 55/71 who
      achieved self-sustaining haemopoiesis had higher serum stimulating activity on
      BFU-E than 16/71 who never achieved remission (P = 0.0004). It was predictive of
      response as an all or none phenomenon, independent of the time required for
      recovery. It was, however, unsatisfactory as a single prognostic test. Bone
      marrow reconstitution also occurred in 4/71 patients whose serum inhibited BFU-E
      in direct culture. The second stimulator acts via enhancement of CSA- and BPA
      release by accessory cells and is therefore termed 'releaser' activity. It was
      elevated in 27 of 51 aplastic anaemia patients and did not correlate with direct
      stimulatory activity. High 'releaser' activity was not predictive of response in
      42 patients treated with high dose immunosuppression. However, the ability of
      patient cells to respond to autologous 'releaser' activity was a positive risk
      factor. Patients whose cells released an excess of CSA in the presence of
      autologous serum had a significantly higher chance of autologous recovery within
      3 months than patients who produced little or no CSA in the presence of normal or
      excess releaser activity (P less than 0.0001). A scoring system which includes
      these two good risk factors is proposed for estimation of a patient's probability
      to recover autologous bone marrow reconstitution.

PMID- 2415154
TI  - Coagulation factors and fibrinolytic proteins in menstrual fluid collected from
      normal and menorrhagic women.
AB  - Menstrual fluid was collected in vaginal cups inserted for 2 h during the first 2
      days of menstruation and selected coagulation and fibrinolytic proteins were
      measured. All the samples showed a virtual absence of thrombin generating
      activity and exhaustion of fibrinolytic proteins. In 14 women in whom menstrual
      fluid was collected on both days, no significant difference in the levels of any
      factor was found apart from alpha-2-macroglobulin which were lower on day 1 than
      on day 2. Except for plasminogen and alpha-2-macroglobulin concentrations on day
      1, no correlation was found between any of the factors on either day and
      menstrual blood loss (range 15-666 ml).

PMID- 2415155
TI  - Relation of antigenic structure of cereal proteins to their toxicity in coeliac
      patients.
AB  - Unfractionated gliadin and its alpha-, beta-, gamma- and omega-gliadin
      subfractions were used as rabbit immunogens. The antisera were characterized by
      (1) Ouchterlony double diffusion, (2) binding of 125I-labelled gliadin
      subfractions, (3) inhibition by several gliadin subfractions of binding between
      gamma-gliadin antiserum and 125I-labelled gamma-gliadin. Double diffusion showed
      identical cross-reactivity between the antisera and the gliadin subfractions with
      the exception of omega-gliadin. Precipitin lines of partial identity with gliadin
      were observed against rye secalins and barley hordeins but not oat avenins or
      maize zeins. Binding was observed between unfractionated 125I-labelled alpha-,
      beta-, gamma- and omega-gliadins and all the antisera. There was binding of 125I
      labelled omega-gliadin to the omega-gliadin antiserum but poor binding of 125I
      labelled omega-gliadin to unfractionated alpha-, beta- and gamma-gliadin
      antisera. Competitive inhibition of binding between 125I-labelled gamma-gliadin
      and gamma-gliadin antiserum diluted 1:250 (v/v) demonstrated similar competition
      between alpha-, beta- and gamma-gliadins and this antiserum but poor competition
      between omega-gliadin, wheat glutenins, albumins and globulins, rye secalins,
      barley hordeins and oat avenins. These findings suggest that there is a good
      correlation between the antigenic structure of gliadin proteins and their
      toxicity to patients with coeliac disease.

PMID- 2415156
TI  - Thyroid hormone regulates transcription of the gene for cytosolic
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) in rat liver.
AB  - Using an in vitro assay with isolated rat nuclei, we have determined that thyroid
      hormone causes a 4-6-fold increase in the synthesis of mRNA coding for
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Proportional changes were seen in the steady
      state cytosolic mRNA levels for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.
      Dibutyryladenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate, which stimulates transcription of
      the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene in normal rats, remained effective in
      hypo- or hyperthyroid animals. The effect of epinephrine on transcription of the
      gene for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase appears to be modulated by thyroid
      hormone.

PMID- 2415157
TI  - Binding and endocytosis of alpha 2-macroglobulin-plasmin complexes.
AB  - The clearance of 125I-labeled alpha 2-macroglobulin-plasmin complexes (125I-alpha
      2M-PM) from mouse circulation is slower than that of 125I-labeled alpha 2M
      methylamine complexes (125I-alpha 2M-CH3NH2). In addition, clearance of 125I
      alpha 2M-PM is biphasic, but that of 125I-alpha 2M-CH3NH2 follows simple first
      order kinetics. Treatment of alpha 2M-PM with trypsin yields a complex that
      clears like alpha 2M-CH3NH2. Complexes of alpha 2M with Val442-plasmin (alpha 2M
      Val442-PM) were prepared; alpha 2M-Val442-PM has a stoichiometry of 2 mol of
      Val442-PM to 1 mol of alpha 2M and also clears like alpha 2M-CH3NH2. In vitro 4
      degrees C binding inhibition studies with mouse peritoneal macrophages show that
      alpha 2M-CH3NH2, alpha 2M-PM, trypsin-treated alpha 2M-PM, and alpha 2M-Val442-PM
      bind with the same affinity, apparent Kd = 0.4 nM. The binding isotherms at 4
      degrees C are the same for 125I-alpha 2M-CH3NH2, 125I-alpha 2M-PM, and 125I
      trypsin-treated alpha 2M-PM in both mouse peritoneal macrophages and 3T3-L1
      fibroblasts. The Scatchard plots for the binding isotherms in macrophages were
      curved; those in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts were linear with an apparent Kd of 0.48 nM
      and a receptor activity of 140 fmol/mg of cell protein for alpha 2M-CH3NH2, an
      apparent Kd of 0.29 nM and a receptor activity of 110 fmol/mg of cell protein for
      alpha 2M-PM, and an apparent Kd of 0.35 nM and a receptor activity of 210 fmol/mg
      of cell protein for trypsin-treated alpha 2M-PM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2415158
TI  - Structure and function of the proline-rich region of myelin basic protein.
AB  - Myelin basic protein (MBP)--the major extrinsic membrane protein of central
      nervous system myelin--from several species contains a rarely encountered highly
      conserved triproline segment as residues 99-101 of its 170-residue sequence. Cis
      peptide bonds are known to arise at X-Pro junctions in proteins and may be of
      functional significance in protein folding, chain reversal, and/or maintenance of
      tertiary structure. We have examined the conformation of this proline-rich region
      using principally 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (125 MHz) both in
      intact bovine MBP and in several MBP fragment peptides which we synthesized,
      including octapeptide 97-104 (Arg-Thr-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-Gln-Gly). Results suggested
      an all-trans conformation in aqueous solution for the triproline segment in MBP
      hexapeptide (99-104), heptapeptide (98-104), and octapeptide. Comparison with the
      13C spectrum of intact MBP (125 MHz) suggested that the proline-rich region, as
      well as all other X-Pro MBP peptide junctures, was also essentially all trans in
      aqueous solution. Although experiments in which octapeptide 97-104 was bound to a
      lipid preparation (4:1 dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/dimyristoylphosphatidic
      acid) demonstrated that cis-proline bonds do arise (to the extent of ca. 5%) in
      the membrane environment, a role of linear chain propagation is suggested for the
      triproline segment of myelin basic protein.

PMID- 2415159
TI  - Antibody-nucleic acid interactions. Monoclonal antibodies define different
      antigenic domains in 2',5'-oligoadenylates.
AB  - To define the epitopes involved in binding anti-oligonucleotide antibodies,
      several hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies directed against 2',5'
      oligoadenylate were established. A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoassay that
      employed microtiter wells coated with Ficoll-2',5'-oligoadenylate conjugates
      proved useful in screening and characterizing hybridoma supernatants. Control
      experiments demonstrated that the conjugates were irreversibly adsorbed to
      polystyrene wells under the conditions employed in the assay. Reactivity of
      monoclonal antibodies with numerous analogues of 2',5'-oligoadenylate was
      measured by using a competition assay. Several monoclonal antibodies originating
      from different mice immunized with the same or different immunogens possessed
      distinctive fine specificities. At least one 2',5'-phosphodiester bond was
      important in forming each epitope, suggesting that the ribose phosphate backbone
      is a critical element in defining an antigenic domain of an oligonucleotide. The
      purine bases were also important, and modification of the bases had varied
      effects on the extent of antibody recognition. The length of the oligonucleotide
      and the nature of the termini were also of some importance. In several instances
      the modification created by linkage of 2',5'-oligoadenylate to carrier protein
      also contributed to the determinant. The monoclonal antibody most specific for
      2',5'-oligoadenylates was relatively insensitive to ionic strength. In contrast,
      a monoclonal antibody with a 2',5'-oligopurine specificity appeared to bind 2',5'
      oligoadenylate through one ion pair, whereas the binding of a monoclonal antibody
      with a low degree of base specificity appeared to bind through two ion pairs. The
      results demonstrated that 2',5'-linked oligoadenylate-protein complexes possess
      at least three distinct oligonucleotide-related antigenic surfaces that can be
      recognized with high apparent affinity by monoclonal antibodies. A model for the
      three epitopes is presented.

PMID- 2415160
TI  - Infrared spectroscopic studies on gramicidin ion-channels: relation to the
      mechanisms of anesthesia.
AB  - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies are reported on gramicidin ion
      channels in phospholipid bilayers and the effects on the spectra of the
      anesthetics and related compounds (methoxyflurane, halothane, chloroform, carbon
      tetrachloride, n-pentane and n-decane) have been determined. The addition of
      anesthetics containing the 'acidic hydrogen' caused unique changes particularly
      on the amide I bands at 1639 cm-1 and 1670 cm-1. The 1639 cm-1 band became more
      intense while the intensity near 1670 cm-1 decreased dramatically. These effects
      were not observed with carbon tetrachloride, n-pentane and n-decane. The 1670 cm
      1 band is interpreted as arising from the carbonyls involved in the head-to-head
      hydrogen-bonded dimerization where the relationship between chains is analogous
      to that of the antiparallel beta-pleated sheet structure and the anesthetics with
      'acidic hydrogens' are considered to disrupt the hydrogen-bonded dimerization by
      competitive hydrogen bonding to the carbonyls at the head-to-head junction. As
      the dimer-monomer equilibrium is the 'on-off' mechanism for gramicidin ion
      channel conductance, the results are considered in terms of the mechanism of
      action of anesthetics and are taken to suggest, for certain anesthetics, a
      hydrogen-bonding role to protein ion-channel components.

PMID- 2415161
TI  - Calcium-activated cation channel in rat thyroid follicular cells.
AB  - Using the patch-clamp single-channel current recording technique, a cation
      channel in the contraluminal membrane of rat thyroid follicular cells has been
      characterized. The channel has a unit conductance of about 35 pS and is equally
      permeable to sodium and potassium. The pattern of channel opening and closing is
      independent of the membrane potential. The channel is only operational when the
      ionized calcium concentration in the fluid which is in contact with the inside of
      the membrane is at least 1 microM. This conductance pathway can be classified as
      a calcium dependent non-selective cation channel and could explain stimulant
      evoked depolarizations in the thyroid follicular cells.

PMID- 2415162
TI  - Roflamycoin--a new channel-forming antibiotic.
AB  - Ion permeability of lipid bilayers was studied in the presence of a new
      antifungal pentaene antibiotic, roflamycoin, the structure of which differs
      considerably from that of the well-known polyene channel-former amphotericin B.
      Both of them, however, show the property of increasing the membrane permeability
      only in the case of sterol-containing membrane when added on both its sides. The
      conductance is strongly dependent on the concentration of the antibiotic in the
      solutions and of sterol in the membrane. Unlike the amphotericin B channels,
      roflamycoin channels are potential-dependent and have short lifetime (approx. 1
      s) and high conductance (approx. 100 ps in 1 M KCl), which increases linearly
      with the salt concentration and is not blocked by the familiar blockers of
      amphotericin B channels. The two antibiotics seem to have a common mechanism of
      channel formation, viz. the formation starts from two semi-pores assembled in the
      opposite monolayers from several molecules of the antibiotic and sterol. However,
      the inner diameter of the roflamycoin channel is larger because of the different
      antibiotic-to-sterol ratio in the channel aggregate. It is believed that the
      difference in the ratio is due to the presence of the methyl group in the polyene
      chain of roflamycoin, and the considerable difference in lifetimes of the two
      types of channels depends on the terminal groups of the antibiotics.

PMID- 2415163
TI  - Interaction of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with artificial membranes. II. Expression of
      partial transport reactions.

PMID- 2415164
TI  - Inhibition and acceleration of erythrocyte aggregation induced by small
      macromolecules.
AB  - The aggregation (especially the 'rouleau' formation) of human erythrocytes
      induced by polysaccharide and polyglutamic acid was quantitatively examined by
      using a low-shear rheoscope combined with a television image analyzer and a
      computer. (1) The morphological characteristics of rouleaux induced by these
      macromolecules are presented. (2) Polysaccharides with high molecular weights of
      70 400 and 494 000 and poly(glutamic acids) with weights of 50 000 and 66 000
      formed the rouleaux (then the three-dimensional aggregates). But polysaccharides
      with the low molecular weights of 10 300 and 42 500 and poly(glutamic acids) with
      weights of 8000 and 20 000 did not. The dependences of the velocity of rouleau
      formation on the macromolecule concentration and on the shear rate are shown. (3)
      The erythrocyte aggregation induced by high-molecular-weight polysaccharides was
      inhibited by low-molecular-weight polysaccharides and glucose, but was not
      affected by low-molecular-weight poly(glutamic acids). (4) The aggregation
      induced by high-molecular-weight poly(glutamic acids) was inhibited by
      poly(glutamic acid) with a molecular weight of 8000, but was accelerated by that
      of 20 000. The poly(glutamic acid)-induced aggregation was not affected by low
      molecular-weight polysaccharides. (5) The stereochemical structure-dependent
      interaction (or the mode of bridging) of macromolecules with erythrocytes was
      stressed for the mechanism of erythrocyte aggregation.

PMID- 2415165
TI  - Analysis of nuclear RNA processing and transport by temperature perturbation of a
      cell-free system from mammalian cells.
AB  - The similarity of the Arrhenius plots relating temperature to messenger RNA
      (mRNA) transport from intact and membrane-denuded rat liver nuclei demonstrates
      that the ATP and cytosol-dependent transport is independent of the lipid phase of
      the nuclear membrane. This temperature dependence of RNA release was confirmed
      for alpha 2u-globulin mRNA by use of a recombinant DNA probe. Ribosomal RNA
      (rRNA) release showed a similar temperature dependence, suggesting that both mRNA
      and rRNA share a common temperature-sensitive step. The kinetics of RNA release
      at different temperatures suggest that RNA transport from mammalian cell nuclei
      is a rate-controlled rather than a graded unlocking phenomenon. The processing of
      mRNA precursors also exhibits a temperature dependence as shown by the linear
      increase in the ratio of total alpha 2u-globulin RNA to alpha 2u-globulin
      precursor as a function of time at 30 degrees C but not at 14 degrees C in spite
      of residual transport at the lower temperature. This temperature dependence of
      mRNA processing was confirmed by Northern blot analysis of the nuclear RNA
      following a 45 min incubation. Thus, both the processing and transport of RNA
      show temperature-sensitive steps when analyzed in cell-free systems derived from
      mammalian cells.

PMID- 2415166
TI  - Effects of ligand multivalency in binding studies: a general counterpart of the
      Scatchard analysis.
AB  - A general counterpart of the Scatchard analysis has been developed which takes
      into account the valence of the ligand. Its use is first demonstrated by
      application to binding data obtained by exclusion chromatography of mixtures of
      Dextran T2000 and concanavalin A (a bivalent ligand) on a column of porous glass
      beads (Glyceryl-CPG 170) equilibrated at 5 degrees C with phosphate-chloride
      buffer (pH 5.5), I 0.5. A recycling partition equilibrium study with Sephadex G
      100 as gel phase then provides a quantitative evaluation of the interaction
      between haemoglobin and a monoclonal mouse antihaemoglobin antibody preparation
      in 0.1 M phosphate (pH 7.0) in order to emphasize the ability of the present
      analysis to consider collectively binding results obtained with a range of
      acceptor concentrations. Finally, the use of the generalized Scatchard analysis
      to assess acceptor site homogeneity is illustrated by reappraisal of results for
      the binding of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to erythrocyte membranes.

PMID- 2415167
TI  - Adenine nucleotide synthesis de novo in mature rat cardiac myocytes.
AB  - Inadequate oxygenation of cardiac muscle leads to rapid loss of high energy
      compounds essential for contractile function. ATP can be regenerated by synthesis
      de novo, a route operating at a relatively slow rate in the heart. Myocytes
      isolated from mature rat heart have been used to measure the rate of ATP
      synthesis de novo from both [14C]glycine and [14C]ribose. Incorporation of
      glycine into ATP is accelerated 10-fold in the presence of 1 mM ribose. Myocytes
      also accumulate both precursors into IMP and four other metabolites on the de
      novo synthesis pathway. These metabolites represent 80% of the glycine entering
      the pathway. The potential of de novo synthesis for restoration of adenine
      nucleotides appears to be limited by the rates of early reactions,
      adenylosuccinate synthetase being only one of the enzymes operating at a
      sufficiently slow rate to make this pathway an inherently weak route for the
      restoration of normal energy status in post-ischemic myocardium. Interventions
      are being sought to alleviate these apparent metabolic delays.

PMID- 2415168
TI  - Involvement of cyclic AMP and calcium in exocrine protein secretion induced by
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in rat parotid cells.
AB  - The effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on exocrine protein
      secretion were studied in enzymatically dispersed cell aggregates from rat
      parotid glands. VIP (10(-9) - 10(-7) M) stimulated secretion of alpha-amylase in
      a dose-dependent manner. The VIP-induced release of alpha-amylase was potentiated
      in the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Basal levels of cyclic AMP of
      the dispersed cells were increased 6.7-fold after stimulation for 10 min by VIP
      (10(-7) M). The VIP-induced release of alpha-amylase was reduced by 40% when
      cells were incubated in a Ca2+-free medium in the presence of ethylene glycol
      bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Efflux of 45Ca2+ was
      significantly increased over basal levels by stimulation with VIP (10(-8) and 10(
      7) M), but this increased efflux was approximately only half the increased efflux
      induced by carbachol (10(-5) M). VIP had no effect on the incorporation of
      [14C]leucine into protein by parotid cells, whereas incorporation was reduced to
      30% of the control value by carbachol (10(-5) M). Thus, the VIP-ergic secretory
      response in the rat parotid gland is associated with a raised intracellular
      cyclic AMP level and the mobilisation of a different intracellular Ca2+ pool than
      that mobilised by carbachol. It is, therefore, closely analogous to the beta
      adrenergic response.

PMID- 2415169
TI  - Evidence that chicken antithrombin III is a developmentally regulated
      glycoprotein synthesized by hepatocytes.
AB  - Antithrombin III is the principal circulating active-site inhibitor of thrombin
      and other serine proteinases. We studied a protein synthesized and secreted by
      cultured chick embryo hepatocytes that has very similar immunological, structural
      and functional properties to adult antithrombin III. Its presence was
      demonstrated by; immunodiffusion analysis of a 100-fold concentrate of culture
      medium, which produced a single precipitin line of identity with adult and 1-day
      old hatchling plasma antithrombin III; immunoprecipitation of a metabolically
      labelled protein from culture medium, having the same molecular size as adult
      chicken antithrombin III; conversion of antithrombin activity in culture medium
      to a faster acting thrombin inhibitory activity in the presence of heparin.
      Antithrombin III antigen levels were increased 3- to 4-fold in the presence of
      dexamethasone (2 nM) during a 3-day culture period. Plasma antithrombin III
      antigen levels from unhatched chicks increased from 26 +/- 6 micrograms/ml at 16
      days of development to 104 /+- 6 micrograms/ml at 20 days, whereas 1-day-old
      hatchlings (21 days) had levels similar to that in adults (135 +/- 7
      micrograms/ml vs. 143 +/- 24 micrograms/ml). In contrast to immunodiffusion and
      immunoelectrophoretic analysis of hepatocyte or hatchling plasma antithrombin
      III, which showed lines of identity with adult antithrombin III, 16- and 20-day
      old embryonic plasma antithrombin III yielded lines of partial identity and
      migrated less anodally than adult antithrombin III. Consistent with this finding,
      embryonic plasma antithrombin III had no sialic acid (less than 0.01 residue/mol)
      in contrast with the adult form (3.5 residues/mol). These studies show that the
      increase in adult antigen levels and sialation of antithrombin III occurs rapidly
      after hatchling, suggesting developmental changes in expression at the
      transcriptional and translational levels in addition to post-translational
      carbohydrate processing.

PMID- 2415170
TI  - [Autolytic degradation of RNA: effect of autolysates and native preparations of
      pre-mRNA on the level of transcription in model systems in vitro and in vivo].
AB  - The effects of autolysates and native preparations of pre-mRNA on RNA
      biosynthesis in isolated rat liver nuclei in vitro and in mouse liver cells in
      vivo were studied. The correlation between the experimental data obtained in both
      test systems and the differences in the effects of native pre-mRNA preparations
      and their autolysates suggest that the autolytic degradation in vitro is a
      reflection of processes occurring in eukaryotic cells. The feasible role and
      significance of such fragments in the general scheme of transcription regulation
      are discussed.

PMID- 2415171
TI  - [Limited proteolysis of human leukocyte interferon-alpha2 and localization of the
      antigenic determinant binding the monoclonal antibodies].
AB  - Large peptide fragments of human leucocyte interferon-alpha 2 (INF-alpha 2) were
      obtained by limited proteolysis with trypsin, pepsin, thermolysine and Bacillus
      amyloliquefaciens intracellular serine proteinase. The ability of the fragments
      to bind murine monoclonal antibodies NK2 raised against INF-alpha 2 was studied
      by the immunoblotting technique. The region of sequence 110-149 is the most
      sensitive to proteolytic attack, being probably exposed on the surface of the INF
      alpha 2 molecule. INF-alpha 2 fragments 1-139, 1-147, 1-149 are capable of
      binding antibodies, whereas fragments 1-109 and 1-112 do not bind antibodies NK2.
      A comparison of the primary structure of human leucocyte and murine leucocyte INF
      families in the region of sequence 110-139 and an analysis of the ability of
      human INF differing in amino acid sequences to bind antibodies NK2 demonstrated
      that the antigenic determinant for antibodies NK2 is the sequence Glu114-Asp115
      Ser116-Ile117 of the INF-alpha 2 molecule.

PMID- 2415172
TI  - [Interaction of cytochrome c with mitochondrial proteins and cybacrone-dextran].
AB  - Interaction of cytochrome c with electron carriers in intact and damaged (with
      destroyed outer membrane) rat liver mitochondria was studied. It was shown that
      the increase in ionic strength causes changes in the respiration rate of damaged
      mitochondria due to the reduction of the cytochrome c affinity for its binding
      sites in the organelles. This suggests that cytochrome c concentration in the
      intermembrane space of intact mitochondria is increased by salts, whereas the
      increase in ionic strength has a slight influence on the rates of succinate
      oxidase and external rotenone-insensitive NADH-oxidase of intact mitochondria. At
      low ionic strength values, the Michaelis constant (KM) value of external NADH
      oxidase for cytochrome c exceeds by one order of magnitude that for succinate
      oxidase, while the maximal activity of these two systems is nearly the same. The
      increase in ionic strength causes an increase in the KM value for both oxidases.
      Interaction of cytochrome c with mitochondrial proteins was modelled by
      cytochrome c interaction with cibacron-dextran anions. It was concluded that the
      ionic strength-sensitive electrostatic interactions play a decisive role in
      cytochrome c binding to electron carriers in mitochondrial membranes. However,
      cytochrome c content and its binding parameters in intact-mitochondrial membranes
      prevent the latent activity of external NADH oxidase to be revealed in intact
      mitochondria after the increase in the ionic strength of the surrounding medium.

PMID- 2415173
TI  - [The nature of thyroid hormone receptors. Intracellular functions of thyroxine
      binding prealbumin].
AB  - The effect of tyroxin-binding prealbumin (TBPA) of blood serum on the template
      activity of chromatin was studied. It was found that the values of binding
      constants of TBPA for T3 and T4 are 2 X 10(-11) M and 5 X 10(-10) M,
      respectively. The receptors isolated from 0.4 M KCl extract of chromatin and
      mitochondria as well as hormone-bound TBPA cause similar effects on the template
      activity of chromatin. Based on experimental results and the previously published
      comparative data on the structure of TBPA, nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial
      receptors of thyroid hormones as well as on translocation across the plasma
      membrane and intracellular transport of TBPA, a conclusion was drawn, which
      suggested that TBPA is the "core" of the true thyroid hormone receptor. It was
      shown that T3-bound TBPA caused histone H1-dependent conformational changes in
      chromatin. Based on the studies with the interaction of the TBPA-T3 complex with
      spin-labeled chromatin, a scheme of functioning of the thyroid hormone nuclear
      receptor was proposed.

PMID- 2415174
TI  - [How the activity of membrane enzymes is regulated].
AB  - The pattern of dependence of catalytic function for a number of key membrane
      bound enzymes on the state and properties of their lipid environment is analysed
      in the review presented. Using hexokinase, cytochrome c-oxidase, transport
      ATPases and other membrane bound oligomeric systems it has been shown that
      phospholipid bilayer regulates the interaction of protein components of these
      ensembles in the bilayer. This feature of membrane structures regulates the
      substrate accessibility and affinity to the corresponding active centres, the
      formation and a life-time of the oligomeric associates (that is especially
      important for membrane channels), their stability and so on. As the
      microviscosity of membrane bilayer is strongly modified not only in the course of
      pathologic but also in the process of adaptive alterations as well as depending
      on the day time, season and as a result of action of biologically active
      substance on membrane, the regulation of the functional activity of membrane
      proteins by this factor is an effective mode for metabolic control.

PMID- 2415175
TI  - Anterior cerebellar vermal stimulation: effect on behavior and basal forebrain
      neurochemistry in rat.
AB  - Stimulation of the anterior cerebellar vermis (ACV) has been shown to be of
      therapeutic value in several patients with chronic intractable psychiatric
      disorders, although the mechanism of action of ACV stimulation remains obscure.
      The present study sought to clarify how cerebellar stimulation might function by
      investigating the behavioral and biochemical effects of ACV stimulation in rats.
      Stimulation was found to increase the amplitude of the acoustic startle response
      and to produce a borderline enhancement of the potentiated startle effect,
      results that were interpreted as evidence that ACV stimulation enhances
      responsiveness to significant environmental cues. A concurrent increase in
      dopamine turnover and a decrease in serotonin release in the nucleus accumbens
      suggest possible mechanisms of action of the stimulation. It is proposed that
      cerebellar stimulation may exert a positive therapeutic effect only in Type II
      schizophrenia (negative symptomatology), a category of cases possibly associated
      with an underactive mesolimbic dopamine pathway and, hence, not responsive to
      neuroleptic treatment.

PMID- 2415176
TI  - Regulation of uterine nucleolar RNA synthesis by estrogens.
AB  - Administration of estradiol to ovariectomized mature rats results in a biphasic
      early (4 h) and late (24 h) increase in transcriptional activity of isolated
      uterine nucleoli. The increased rate of nucleolar RNA synthesis is dependent upon
      the dose of estradiol over the range of 0.1 to 1 micrograms/animal, and exhibits
      hormone specificity. Administration of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein
      synthesis, prior to the administration of hormone or during the early phase of
      estrogen action (less than 4 h) blocks the estrogen-induced increase in uterine
      nucleolar transcriptional activity. Administration of cycloheximide during the
      later phase (greater than 8 h) of estrogen action is without effect on the
      estrogen-induced increase in transcriptional activity of isolated uterine
      nucleoli. This suggests that the longer term maintenance of the hormone
      stimulated increase in nucleolar RNA synthesis is independent of continuous
      protein synthesis. Results indicate that the estrogen-induced accumulation and
      subsequent decline in uterine nuclear estradiol receptor levels is unaffected by
      cycloheximide treatment. Together, these results indicate the presence of the
      receptor-hormone complex in the nucleus is not solely responsible for the
      increased transcriptional activity of uterine nucleoli following in vivo hormone
      treatment. The early activation of uterine nucleolar RNA synthesis by estrogen
      seems to result from the synthesis of a short-lived protein(s) that modified RNA
      polymerase I and/or the nucleolar chromatin template.

PMID- 2415177
TI  - Access permeability of ionic channels. Dependence on aqueous jump distance.
AB  - The access diffusion permeability of pores with diameters comparable to the
      aqueous jump distance is characterized using a rate theory analysis for the
      aqueous diffusion process. It is found that this process gives rise to two
      permeability terms, one associated with bulk diffusion and the other a jump from
      the aqueous solution into a position where it has access to the channel. The
      latter term dominates for small channel diameters and vice versa for large
      channel diameters. The properties of access diffusion with respect to
      concentration polarization is shown to be different in the two limits of large
      and small values of the channel radius. A necessary criterion for bulk access
      diffusion to be rate limiting is given in terms of measured channel conductance
      G, aqueous jump distance lambda and aqueous resistivity rho, G greater than pi
      lambda/rho, which does not require a knowledge of channel geometry.

PMID- 2415178
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against neoantigens of the terminal C5b-9 complex of human
      complement.
AB  - Assembly of the terminal C5b-C9 complement components into the cytolytic C5b-9
      complex is accompanied by exposure of characteristic neoantigens on the
      macromolecule. We report the production and characterization of mouse monoclonal
      antibodies to C9-dependent neoantigens of human C5b-9. Binding-inhibition assays
      with EDTA-human plasma and micro-ELISA assays with purified C9 showed that the
      antibodies did not react with native complement components and thus confirmed the
      specificity of the antibodies for the neoantigens. The monoclonal antibodies did,
      however, cross-react with cytolytically inactive, fluid-phase C5b-9 complexes.
      Thus, expression of the neoantigenic determinants was not dependent on the
      formation of high molecular weight C9 polymers with the complex, since these are
      absent in fluid-phase C5b-9. Radioiodinated antibodies could be utilized in
      immunoradiometric assays for the detection and quantitation of C5b-9 on cell
      membranes. Cross-reactivities of the antibodies with C9-dependent neoantigens of
      several other animal species were examined and antibody clones cross-reacting
      with rabbit (clones 3B1, 3D8, and 2F3), sheep (clones 3D8 and 2F3) and guinea-pig
      (clone 3D8) neoantigens were identified. Three of four tested clones (3D8, 2F3,
      1A12) precipitated C5b-9 complexes in double-diffusion assays, probably due to
      their interaction with multiple and repeating C9-epitopes on the terminal
      complexes. The monoclonal antibodies will be of value for definitive
      identification and quantitation of C5b-9 on cell membranes and in tissues, and
      for establishing immunoassays for detection and quantitation of terminal fluid
      phase C5b-9 complexes in plasma.

PMID- 2415179
TI  - Rabbit antibodies with specificity for tyrosine phosphate are not reactive with
      tyrosine sulphate.
AB  - Tyrosine phosphate is a frequently observed modification in a limited number of
      protein molecules, principally the products of viral oncogenes and membrane
      receptors for mitogenic growth factors. Such a group is therefore an attractive
      candidate for affinity selection of such phosphoproteins by antibodies with
      specificity for tyrosine phosphate. This report demonstrates that antisera raised
      against 4-aminobenzylphosphonic acid have specificity for tyrosine phosphate, but
      are not inhibited by tyrosine sulphate. This observation has important
      ramifications for the detection and isolation of phosphotyrosine-containing
      proteins without copurification or detection of tyrosine sulphate-containing
      proteins, which are present in cells of all lineages. Furthermore, we demonstrate
      that antisera raised against the sulphanilate moiety are not reactive with
      tyrosine sulphate.

PMID- 2415180
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 2415181
TI  - Effects of dextran and membrane shear rate on red cell membrane viscosity.

PMID- 2415182
TI  - [Effect of pyromecaine on ionic currents in electrically excitable membranes].
AB  - The effects of the local anesthetic pyromecaine on the action potential
      parameters of the guinea-pig heart ventricular cardiomyocytes as well as on Na
      and K ionic currents of the neurons in the rat spinal ganglions have been
      studied. Pyromecaine was shown to reduce preferentially the first derivative of
      the ascending phase of cardiomyocyte action potential suggesting the blocking
      action of the anesthetic on the fast sodium inward current. The experiments on
      the isolated neurons in the rat spinal ganglions have shown that interaction of
      pyromecaine with inactivated Na+ channels makes a considerable contribution to
      the blocking effect of anesthesia.

PMID- 2415183
TI  - [Change in the staining properties of pyriform neurocytes in the mouse cerebellum
      during protein-calorie deficiency and subsequent rehabilitation].
AB  - Quantitative analysis has been carried out on semithin sections of cerebellum
      cortex to investigate the relation between Purkinje cells with different dyeing
      properties. The number of dark Purkinje cells was found to increase after a month
      long food rehabilitation of ill-fed mice. At the same time addition of carnitine
      to the mouse food has resulted in a significant decline in the number of dark
      Purkinje cells, as compared to control animals. The data obtained suggest that
      the rising number of dark Purkinje cells in the cerebellum cortex under
      conditions of malnutrition is probably due to the increased intracellular
      accumulation of free fatty acids.

PMID- 2415184
TI  - [Pathomorphism of experimental pancreatic necrosis after endolymphatic
      administration of contrical].
AB  - Histological and electron microscopic studies of canine pancrease were conducted
      with biochemical control of pancreatic enzyme activity before and after treatment
      of experimental hemorrhagic pancreatonecrosis. 30-60 minutes after the disease
      induction microfocal pancreatonecrosis was revealed, while 6-8 hours later
      subtotal hemorrhagic pancreatonecrosis with changes in microcirculatory vessels
      of the pancreas manifested in erythrostasis, thrombosis and fibrinoid wall
      necrosis accompanied by the increase of pancreatic enzyme activity and decrease
      in blood, lymph and serum antienzyme activity developed. The treatment of
      experimental pancreatonecrosis with endolymphatic injection of contrical resulted
      in the morphologically confirmed attenuation of the necrosis intensity,
      limitation of necrotic zone size, blood circulation recovery in microcirculatory
      system, marked decrease of proteolytic enzyme activity and increase of blood
      serum and central lymph antienzyme activity.

PMID- 2415185
TI  - Establishment and characterization of a new human eosinophilic leukemia cell
      line.
AB  - A human eosinophilic leukemia cell line, designated as EoL, was established from
      the peripheral blood of a patient with Philadelphia chromosome-negative
      eosinophilic leukemia (EL). The EoL cell line grows in single cell suspension
      with a doubling time of 48 hours for about one year. The reactivity of these
      cells was tested with a panel of monoclonal antibodies; they were found to
      express surface IA antigen, myeloid antigen (IF10, MY9) and membrane receptors
      for interleukin 2 (IL-2, Tac antigen). Under standard culture conditions, a small
      percentage of cells having more typical eosinophilic characteristics was present.
      These cells had cytoplasmic granules and were positive for Luxol-fast-blue and
      eosinophil peroxidase. Under culture conditions to induce the maturation of
      myeloid cells, such as alkaline medium or addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO),
      the frequency of cells with typical eosinophilic features increased to about 40%.
      In addition, cytogenetic studies showed that cultured cells and original leukemic
      blasts presented similar chromosome abnormalities. EoL seems to be a unique
      leukemic line committed to the eosinophilic lineage and can provide a useful in
      vitro model for the study of malignant eosinophilic properties.

PMID- 2415186
TI  - Clonal analysis of basophil differentiation in bone marrow cultures from a Down's
      syndrome patient with megakaryoblastic leukemia.
AB  - We present the in vitro differentiation of marrow cells from a patient with
      Down's syndrome accompanied by megakaryoblastic leukemia into basophils in the
      presence of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated leukocyte conditioned medium, using a
      liquid culture and methylcellulose culture system. Identification of basophils
      was established by metachromatic staining with toluidine blue, transmission
      electron microscopy, and the presence of histamine. However, these basophils did
      not release histamine in response to calcium ionophore or chemotactic peptide.
      Samples from suspension cultures that contained 90% basophils showed chromosomal
      markers characteristic of leukemic cells (48, XY, +11, +21, t(1;15)) in all
      examined mitoses. The cellular composition of leukemic colonies grown in
      methylcellulose culture from single cells was studied using the micromanipulation
      technique. High plating efficiency and extreme predominance of basophil colonies
      were observed. In a total 137 cultures, 79 revealed colony growth. Of 59 colonies
      that were analyzed by cytologic examination, 46 were pure basophil colonies.
      These basophil colonies showed disperse morphology, similar to that of a normal
      basophil colony. The clonality of the basophil colonies and skewing of lineage
      expression were documented from leukemic single-cell cultures. These data showed
      that leukemic cells have the capacity for differentiation into some lineages that
      are not expressed in vivo.

PMID- 2415187
TI  - Separation of lymphoid and myeloid blasts in the mixed blast crisis of chronic
      myelogenous leukemia: no evidence for Ig gene rearrangement in CALLA-positive
      blasts.
AB  - Recent studies suggest that lymphoid blast crisis cells of chronic myelogenous
      leukemia (CML) expressing the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA)
      are B precursor cells, based on the demonstration of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene
      rearrangement similar to common acute lymphocytic leukemia. There is little
      evidence to suggest whether the cells with similar lymphoid characteristics in
      the mixed blast crisis of CML are also committed to B cell lineage. A patient in
      "mixed" blast crisis of CML was studied. On the basis of morphology,
      cytochemistry, and immunological studies, the blasts were classified as having
      either lymphoid or myeloid characteristics. A proportion of the leukemic blasts
      expressed CALLA, whereas others expressed My7 antigen. In order to characterize
      both populations of cell further, CALLA+ blasts and My7+ (myeloid) blasts were
      isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The My7+ cells were highly
      proliferative in cell culture blast colony assays, retained the Ph1 chromosome,
      and were indistinguishable from acute myelogenous leukemia blasts. The CALLA+
      cells were also Ph1-chromosome positive, but in contrast, were poorly
      proliferative in vitro. Of particular note was their retention of germline
      configuration of Ig genes, thus distinguishing them from blasts in the lymphoid
      crisis of CML. We conclude that the lymphoid component in mixed blast crisis may
      represent a stage of differentiation prior to commitment to B lineage.

PMID- 2415188
TI  - Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin or (delta beta)o-thalassemia: three
      types observed in South-Chinese families.
AB  - Hematological and hemoglobin composition data, and results from extensive gene
      mapping, using a battery of restriction enzymes and probes, have been used to
      distinguish different types of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH)
      (or delta beta-thal) among three Chinese families from the southern part of
      China. The first (Family Z) is an A gamma-(delta beta)+-HPFH without a detectable
      deletion and may be the same as, or similar to, that described by Farquhar et al
      (Am J Hum Genet 35:611, 1983). The second (Family C) resembles a G gamma(A gamma
      delta beta)o-thalassemia and is characterized by a large deletion of DNA
      originating 3' to the G gamma globin gene and extending beyond sequences
      recognized by the pRK28 probe. Data from various digests indicate possible
      differences in the 3' end of the deletion when compared with data for some other
      types of G gamma(A gamma delta beta)o-thalassemia, described by Trent et al (Br J
      Haematol 57:279, 1984). The third (Family Zh) concerns a G gamma A gamma(delta
      beta)+-HPFH, which is characterized in heterozygotes by a fetal hemoglobin level
      of 20% to 25% with a G gamma value averaging 60% and by the absence of any DNA
      deletion detectable by extensive gene mapping analyses. The C----G mutation at
      position 202 5' to the G gamma globin gene [characteristic for the high G gamma
      (delta beta)+-HPFH (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:4894, 1984; Blood 64:1292, 1984)]
      was absent, but the Xmn I site at position 158 5' to the G gamma globin gene
      [characteristic for a modest increase in G gamma values and thus and increased G
      gamma to A gamma ratio (Blood)] was present. No indication has yet been obtained
      explaining the elevation in both G gamma and A gamma chains; haplotyping showed
      that the chromosome carrying this G gamma A gamma(delta beta)+ determinant is
      unusual among the Chinese population.

PMID- 2415189
TI  - Leukemia with Down's syndrome: translocation between chromosomes 1 and 19 in
      acute myelomonocytic leukemia following transient congenital myeloproliferative
      syndrome.
AB  - A girl with Down's syndrome was born with a myeloproliferative disorder. The
      child had spontaneous regression of the myeloproliferation, with acute leukemia
      developing at a later date. Morphologic, cytochemical, immunologic, and
      immunoglobulin gene configuration studies all supported the diagnosis of acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia. High-resolution chromosome studies revealed that the
      leukemic cells consistently contained a translocation between chromosomes 1 and
      19: der(19)t(1;19)(q25;p13). Spontaneous regression of the transient
      myeloproliferative syndrome of the newborn with Down's syndrome may not always be
      permanent, and the transient myeloproliferative syndrome may sometimes represent
      an early sign of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2415190
TI  - Phenoxybenzamine-sensitive mechanically induced alterations of sodium fluxes in
      smooth muscle cells of the rat tail artery.
AB  - The intracellular sodium content, unidirectional radiosodium efflux, and
      unidirectional radiosodium influx were studied in whole rat tail arteries and in
      rat tail artery strips. The tissues were allowed to come to a steady condition
      while immersed in physiological salt solution at 37 degrees C, then were
      subjected to a small transient mechanical disturbance or to a larger disturbance
      of 5-20 min duration. The small transient disturbance caused a large transient
      increase in the sodium content of the cells, in the radiosodium influx, and in
      the radiosodium efflux. The sustained disturbance caused a sustained increase in
      sodium content. All effects of a mechanical disturbance were prevented by
      blockade of alpha-adrenoreceptors with 1 microM phenoxybenzamine. Pre-treatment
      of the rat with reserpine was as effective as acute treatment of the artery with
      phenoxybenzamine in preventing the transient increase in the radiosodium efflux.
      It is hypothesized that mechanical disturbances cause norepinephrine release from
      terminal adrenergic plexuses in the artery wall, and that the binding of
      norepinephrine to alpha-adrenoreceptors in the smooth muscle cells causes an
      increase in the sodium permeability of the cell membrane.

PMID- 2415191
TI  - The cytochemical demonstration of cyanide resistant peroxidase does not identify
      eosinophils selectively.
AB  - Potassium cyanide (KCN) resistant peroxidase is generally accepted by
      hematologists as a selective stain for the eosinophilic cell line. However, it
      has been demonstrated biochemically that not only the peroxidases of neutrophils
      but also those of eosinophils can be inhibited by KCN. Therefore, bone marrow
      smears of hematologically normal patients were subjected to the peroxidase
      reaction in the presence of varying concentrations of KCN. It was found that with
      increasing concentrations of KCN not only neutrophils but also eosinophils were
      inhibited. Moreover, there were always neutrophilic promyelocytes that were still
      positive when a considerable number of the eosinophils was already inhibited.
      Therefore, it can be concluded from our results as well as from biochemical data
      that there is no concentration of KCN which demonstrates the total of the
      eosinophilic cell line selectively. The implications of these findings are
      discussed.

PMID- 2415192
TI  - The role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of asthma.

PMID- 2415193
TI  - Nuclear protein, matrix and structural changes in rooster liver after estrogenic
      induction of vitellogenesis.
AB  - The estrogenic induction of vitellogenesis in avian and amphibian liver has been
      well characterized at the target gene level. Comparatively little however, is
      known about cognate nuclear events associated with the response, particularly
      those involving large-scale structural changes and the non-histone proteins
      (NHP). We have examined these aspects further in primary stimulated roosters. In
      the first 24 hr post induction with estradiol, hepatocyte nuclei enlarged by 50%
      and exhibited sharp rises in total protein and RNA content. In particular, the
      mass of residual NHP rose about 40%. Extensive internal reorganization was
      evident, including partial disaggregation of chromatin, proliferation of
      interchromatin components and de novo appearance of prominent "nuclear bodies".
      These changes were accompanied by quantitative fluctuations in nucleoplasmic and
      several matrix fraction proteins. A marked relative decrease was evident in all
      three lamins, as well as approximately 75 and approximately 175 kD proteins. Hn
      RNP-associated polypeptides however, and various unidentified components became
      much more prominent. By 24 hr, cells were fully differentiated for bulk export of
      vitellogenin and low density lipoproteins. All changes persisted for several days
      before gradually regressing to normal over a 2-4 week period. Many key nuclear
      modifications, however, did not regress fully, including persistent enlargement,
      elevated NHP content and modified matrix fraction proteins. Collectively, these
      may reflect part of the "memory" effect, commonly observed in steroid target
      tissues, whereby a second, more pronounced response can be triggered long after
      primary induction has subsided.

PMID- 2415194
TI  - Influence of embedding media on DNA structure in herpes simplex virus type 1.
AB  - The organization of encapsidated herpes simplex viral DNA in situ was examined by
      use of the osmium-amine stain specific for DNA. After either formaldehyde or
      glutaraldehyde fixation the DNA is packaged in a compact toroid without inner
      structure with Epon or GMA embedment but revealed a complex inner structure with
      Lowicryl K4M embedment. In the latter there was an inner cylindrical core, 50 X
      80 nm, around which were apposed one or more thick filaments of 5-8 nm diameter.
      Thinner DNA filaments of 3-4 nm diameter form a cage of loose coils around the
      core with an intervening space of approximately 15 nm. Lowicryl embedding may be
      considered as a tool to investigate the packaging of viral DNA in virions.

PMID- 2415195
TI  - Receptors in the management of breast cancer.
AB  - Assay of breast cancers for oestrogen receptors helps to select advanced cases
      (about 30%) who will benefit from milder (endocrine) therapy, and, in early
      disease, gauge overall survival and likelihood of benefit from adjuvant endocrine
      therapy. A reliable immunocytochemical assay for receptor, now available, should
      extend the usefulness of such measurements.

PMID- 2415196
TI  - The isolated stomach preparation of the mouse: a physiological unit for
      pharmacological analysis.
AB  - Although oxyntic cell secretion can be studied at many organisation levels
      between isolated cell suspensions and non-invasive techniques in animals, the
      isolated, lumen-perfused, stomach preparation of the mouse represents a
      hierarchical level which eliminates extrinsic regulatory influences but retains
      all the cellular architecture known to be necessary for physiological responses
      and so can be defined as the physiological unit of acid secretion. The feeding
      pattern before and the distending pressure during an experiment have been
      identified as the main determinants of basal secretion: the combination of an
      intragastric pressure of 12 cmH2O and the fasted state generated a stable basal
      secretion over 2 h providing a satisfactory basis for bioassays. Basal acid
      secretion was lowered by treatment with omeprazole and sodium thiocyanate but not
      with tetrodotoxin, N-methylatropine or tiotidine, suggesting that basal secretion
      does not involve nervous stimulation or the local release of histamine under
      these experimental conditions. The improved assay permitted the full
      characterization of cumulative agonist concentration-effect curves in single
      stomach preparations to histamine, 5-methylfurmethide, pentagastrin and isobutyl
      methylxanthine. Interestingly, pentagastrin produced sustained stimulation of
      gastric acid secretion under conditions when there was no pharmacological
      evidence that histamine secretion was taking place. This finding is discussed in
      relation to the role of histamine in the control of gastric acid secretion.

PMID- 2415197
TI  - Pharmacological analysis of the muscarinic receptors involved when McN-A 343
      stimulates acid secretion in the mouse isolated stomach.
AB  - In view of the recent M1 and M2 subclassification of muscarinic receptors and the
      suggestion of separate populations of muscarinic receptors on oxyntic and
      histamine cells in the gastric mucosa, we have analysed the effects of McN-A 343,
      classified as an M1-selective agonist, on gastric acid secretion by the mouse,
      isolated, lumen-perfused stomach assay. Acid secretion stimulated by McN-A 343
      was not inhibited by tetrodotoxin pretreatment, although it was competitively
      antagonized by atropine (pKB 7.90), suggesting a muscarinic site of action
      between postganglionic neurones and the final secretory event. Acid secretion
      stimulated by McN-A 343 was more sensitive than 5-methylfurmethide-stimulated
      secretion to H2-receptor blockade: the profile of inhibition was consistent with
      expectations for a model of indirect agonism, suggesting that McN-A 343
      preferentially stimulated the release of endogenous histamine from mucosal
      histamine cells. In view of this selective action the McN-A 343-pirenzepine
      interaction was studied, the latter being classified as an M1-selective
      antagonist. Results were consistent with expectations for a competitive
      interaction but the pKB (6.69) was not significantly different from the value
      obtained at the oxyntic cell, using 5-methylfurmethide as agonist in the presence
      of H2-receptor blockade, in a previous study. We suggest that there is no need to
      postulate differences in oxyntic and histamine cell muscarinic receptors to
      account for the selective stimulant activity of McN-A 343 observed in this study
      and the relatively selective inhibition of gastric acid secretion by pirenzepine
      in vivo. McN-A 343 selectivity may be accounted for by a higher muscarinic
      receptor density on the histamine cell and pirenzepine selectivity by a smaller
      degree of loss into the gastric secretion compared to atropine.

PMID- 2415198
TI  - Plasma amino acids in relation to cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in
      schizophrenic patients and healthy controls.
AB  - Compared to healthy controls, unmedicated schizophrenic patients had
      significantly higher plasma concentrations of taurine, methionine, valine,
      isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine. Except for taurine, these amino
      acids share the L-transport system for neutral amino acids. In the patients,
      homovanillic (HVA) acid levels in CSF were decreased and the plasma levels of the
      amino acids competing with tyrosine and tryptophan for transport into the brain,
      were all negatively correlated to the CSF concentrations of HVA and 5-HIAA. These
      findings could be explained by a change in the affinity of the L-system or by a
      decrease in its overall capacity in schizophrenia. Raised plasma levels of the
      competing amino acids may limit the brain uptake of tyrosine, leading to a
      diminished dopamine turnover, and resulting in a compensatory development of
      supersensitive dopamine receptors.

PMID- 2415199
TI  - Platelet sensitivity to a prostacyclin analogue in systemic sclerosis.
AB  - Vascular prostacyclin (PGI2) regulates platelet function and blood flow. In
      systemic sclerosis (SS) there is increased platelet aggregation (PA) but no
      information is available on the platelet/PGI2 relationship. We evaluated platelet
      sensitivity to a PGI2 analogue ZK36374 in 17 SS patients and 18 controls. The
      percentage (%) inhibition of PA was measured at two doses of ZK36374 with saline
      giving the 100% baseline. In the SS group 2 ng ZK36374 produced a percentage
      inhibition of 19 + 14 compared to a control value of 60 + 21, and 3 ng a
      percentage inhibition of 47 + 21 in the SS group and 82 + 20 in the controls. In
      11 SS patients treated with either prostaglandin E or nifedipine the sensitivity
      approached normal. These data suggest that SS platelets are less sensitive to the
      inhibitory effect of PGI2 on PA. This may contribute to the vascular lesions of
      SS. Other cells are resistant to the effects of PGI2 and our findings support
      this picture of cellular resistance.

PMID- 2415200
TI  - Quantitation by flow cytofluorometry of response of tumours of the uterine cervix
      to radiotherapy.
AB  - We are presently involved in a project to investigate the use of flow
      cytofluorometry in assessing, by means of serial biopsies, the response to
      radiotherapy of tumours of the uterine cervix. This technique enables changes in
      the DNA content profiles and content of proliferating cells in the tumour
      biopsies to be determined at intervals as therapy progresses. A means has been
      devised to quantitate the content of hyperdiploid cells, hypertetraploid cells,
      and dead and dying cells, by computer analysis of DNA vs. RNA scattergrams
      obtained by flow cytofluorometric analysis. Plotting of these parameters for the
      serial biopsies vs. time since start of tumour irradiation presents a graphical
      indication of the response of the tumour to irradiation. Over 100 patients (stage
      Ib and IIa) have been followed during intracavitary (Cathetron) therapy with
      parallel flow cytofluorometric analysis and histopathological assessment of
      serial biopsies. Patterns are beginning to emerge from these analyses which
      promise to indicate within 14-21 days and sometimes earlier the extent of
      radioresponsiveness of the tumour. These patterns may also be of assistance in
      planning modified dose fractionation schedules to obtain improved therapeutic
      ratios.

PMID- 2415201
TI  - Comparison as a lymphoscintigraphic agent between 99Tcm dextran and 99Tcm
      antimony sulphide colloid.
AB  - To determine its suitability as a lymph node imaging agent, 99Tcm dextran
      (99TcmDx) was compared with 99Tcm antimony sulphide colloid (99TcmSb2S3) in
      rabbits and dogs. In two groups of five rabbits each, absorption from the
      interstitial injection site, popliteal lymph node sequestration and total body
      uptake and distribution of both agents were determined. In three dogs, both
      agents were studied simultaneously, 99TcmDx and 99TcmSb2S3 being injected into
      the left and right hind feet respectively; therefore, only popliteal lymph node
      sequestration and image qualities were evaluated. Uptake curves in the rabbits
      indicated that total body uptake of 99TcmDx is faster and greater than that of
      99TcmSb2S3. In spite of rapid lymph node uptake rates, total popliteal lymph node
      sequestration of 99TcmDx is significantly lower than that observed for
      99TcmSb2S3. While lymph node uptake of 99TcmDx in dogs is higher than in rabbits,
      disparity between the two agents persists and is demonstrable in the image in
      both species. Reduced lymph node sequestration of 99TcmDx may result from its non
      colloidal nature as well as its instability, both of which render this agent
      unsuitable for imaging pathological features of lymph nodes although its rapid
      absorption and distribution may be ideal characteristics for the study of
      lymphatic kinetics.

PMID- 2415202
TI  - Successful response of extragonadal retroperitoneal seminoma to chemotherapy.

PMID- 2415203
TI  - Cisplatin combination chemotherapy for advanced germ-cell testicular tumours.
AB  - Thirty-six patients with advanced non-seminomatous germ-cell testicular tumours
      and two patients with advanced seminomas were treated with cisplatin-containing
      combination chemotherapy. Thirty-four patients received cisplatin 100 mg/m2 iv,
      vinblastine 0.3 mg/kg iv and bleomycin 30 mg iv (PVB) and three patients received
      this combination with etoposide (VP16-213) 120 mg/m2 iv on 3 consecutive days
      substituted for vinblastine (BEP). One patient received cisplatin and bleomycin
      only. All 35 evaluable patients with non-seminomatous tumours responded; 22
      patients (61%) achieved a complete response (CR); 16 of these (73%) are alive
      with no evidence of disease at follow-up ranging from 18 to 55 months (median
      36). Of 13 patients achieving a partial response (PR), 11 have died of
      progressive disease at 7 to 30 months (median 11) and two are alive with disease
      which has continued to regress following chemotherapy. Of 32 patients who
      received adequate chemotherapy, 16 (50%) are alive and disease-free and three
      (9%) are alive with evidence of disease. The chances of achieving a CR were
      reduced in those patients with bulky disease or high levels of AFP or beta hCG at
      presentation but not in those who had received prior radiotherapy. Toxicity was
      considerable, including alopecia and nausea or vomiting in all patients, and
      haematological toxicity, neurotoxicity, hearing loss and dyspnoea in a
      substantial number of patients.

PMID- 2415204
TI  - Screening for Down's syndrome in the North East Thames region.
AB  - The suggested strategies for a screening programme for Down's syndrome by
      maternal serum alpha fetoprotein concentration were examined and tested on the
      experience of the North East Thames Regional. Screening by maternal serum alpha
      fetoprotein concentration may be used to identify pregnancies at increased risk,
      but this is useful only in women aged over 32 whose collective risk is greater
      than one in 200. The absolute probability of carrying babies with Down's syndrome
      for individuals in this high risk group can then be calculated and used to decide
      whether further diagnosis by amniocentesis is desired.

PMID- 2415205
TI  - Macroamylasaemia: how common is it?

PMID- 2415206
TI  - Prevalence of inappropriate drug treatment in patients with hyperthyroidism.

PMID- 2415207
TI  - A comparison of methods for demonstrating colonization in the small intestine of
      piglets by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2415208
TI  - Syntactical knowledge in a case of agrammatism: evidence from transcoding Roman
      and Arabic numerals.
AB  - The ability of an aphasic subject with agrammatism in both comprehension and
      production to transcribe quantities from Roman numerals to Arabic and the reverse
      was investigated. Systematic errors in the transcoding processes were observed
      that could not be accounted for by the peculiarities of the two ideographic
      coding systems or by difficulties with direct transcoding rules. The results are
      discussed in the framework of the current debate on preserved/impaired
      hierarchical syntactical knowledge of agrammatic subjects. The findings
      paralleled the results of previous studies on the transcoding skills of
      agrammatics from/to alphabetic numerals to/from digital forms. In the case of
      this particular patient, it is therefore tentatively concluded in favor of
      preserved syntactical knowledge.

PMID- 2415209
TI  - Identification of language-impaired children on the basis of rapid perception and
      production skills.
AB  - Discriminant function analysis was used to determine whether performance on
      temporal perception and production tasks alone could correctly classify children
      as language-impaired or normal. The analysis identified six variables, all of
      which assessed temporal perceptual and production abilities, which taken in
      combination correctly classified 98% of participating subjects. None of these
      variables assess the higher-level linguistic abilities (semantic, syntactic,
      pragmatic) that have classically been considered to be deficient in language
      impaired children, or have been used to diagnose them clinically.

PMID- 2415210
TI  - Bilateral language: is the left hemisphere still dominant?
AB  - A 13-year-old left-handed boy with a left fronto-parietal vascular malformation
      evidenced bilateral symmetrical language representation at intracarotid amytal
      testing. Surgical resection of the parietal motor and frontal premotor area
      (sparing classical perisylvian language regions) for seizure control resulted in
      an acute aphasia. Language deficits were still apparent 3 months and to a lesser
      degree 1 year after surgery. This suggests that when language is bilateral and
      symmetrical, the left hemisphere may still be dominant or both hemispheres may be
      necessary to sustain full language competence. Explanations for atypical language
      localization within the left hemisphere are also discussed.

PMID- 2415211
TI  - Two syndromes of aphasia occurring with ischemic lesions involving the left basal
      ganglia.
AB  - Seven aphasic patients with circumscribed left basal ganglia infarctions were
      investigated within the first 15 days after their strokes. Five showed
      transcortical motor aphasia initially. Two patients suffered from anterior
      chorioideal artery infarction. As this vessel does not contribute to cortical
      supply, cortical malfunction probably cannot account for the language deficits.
      Patients with infarctions in the supply area of anterior lenticulostriate
      arteries became fluent with frequent phonemic and semantic paraphasias resembling
      Wernicke's aphasia. Three of four patients showed transiently more pronounced
      deficits in auditory than in written-language comprehension.

PMID- 2415212
TI  - Axonal transport of the voltage-dependent Na+ channel protein identified by its
      tetrodotoxin binding site in rat sciatic nerves.
AB  - Na+ channels levels were measured in different segments of rat vagus and sciatic
      nerves by in vitro binding using a tritiated ethylene-diamine tetrodotoxin
      derivative ([3H]en-TTX). Binding sites were found to accumulate on both sides of
      a ligature tied on the sciatic nerve indicating an anterograde and retrograde
      axoplasmic transport of Na+ channels. Accumulation of Na+ channels at the
      ligature was time-dependent and appeared to occur through fast axoplasmic
      transport mechanisms. This accumulation on both sides of a ligature was also
      visualized by autoradiographic studies in longitudinal sections of sciatic nerves
      using [3H]en-TTX.

PMID- 2415213
TI  - Inhibition of the retrograde axonal transport of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
      antibodies by the calcium ionophore A23187.
AB  - High levels of calcium, as well as calcium ionophores, have been reported to
      inhibit the anterograde transport of proteins. The effect of the calcium
      ionophore, A23187, on the retrograde axonal transport of proteins was therefore
      investigated. The uptake of antibodies to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (anti-D beta
      H) by sympathetic nerve terminals in the iris and their subsequent accumulation
      in the superior cervical ganglion was inhibited by up to 65% by A23187 (6 nmol,
      i.o.). At this dose, catecholamine fluorescence in the iris was reduced,
      indicating a high rate of exocytosis, but tyrosine hydroxylase levels and the
      capacity of the treated irides to take up noradrenaline were unaffected. Higher
      amounts of A23187 (28 nmol, i.o.) did not cause a greater degree of inhibition of
      retrograde transport. However, this dose was toxic to the neurons, as shown by a
      68% decrease in the ability of the nerve terminals in the iris to take up
      [3H]noradrenaline. This loss of function occurred gradually over a 12-h period.
      On the other hand, tyrosine hydroxylase levels were unaffected by 28 nmol A23187.
      The toxicity of A23187 may be a consequence of a build up in intracellular
      calcium, but such toxicity did not lead to any apparent loss of nerve terminals
      within a 3-day period.

PMID- 2415214
TI  - Dopamine inhibition of neurotensin-induced increase in Ca2+ influx into rat
      pituitary cells.
AB  - In this paper, we report that the intracellular mechanism by which neurotensin
      stimulates prolactin release involves an increase in Ca2+ uptake by pituitary
      cells rather than an effect on adenylate cyclase system. In addition, dopamine
      can prevent neurotensin-induced calcium influx by interacting with dopamine D2
      receptors which appear to be completely independent of the adenylate cyclase
      moiety but are coupled to calcium channels.

PMID- 2415215
TI  - In vitro dopamine biosynthesis in the median eminence of rat hypothalamic slices:
      involvement of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels.
AB  - It was investigated whether Ca2+ is involved in the regulation of basal
      depolarization-induced dopamine biosynthesis in tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic
      neurons. The rate of dopamine biosynthesis was estimated by in vitro
      dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) synthesis in the median eminence following
      incubation of rat hypothalamic slices with a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor.
      Depolarizing agents such as K+ and veratridine increased the synthesis rate of
      DOPA in the median eminence in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal synthesis
      rate obtained at concentrations of 50 mM and 50 microM, respectively. Removal of
      Ca2+ and addition of EGTA (1 mM) into the medium did not influence basal DOPA
      synthesis in the median eminence but blocked the K+- and veratridine-induced DOPA
      synthesis. The Ca2+ channel blockers verapamil (100 microM) and Co2+ (4 mM) were
      effective in reducing the depolarization-induced DOPA synthesis. A23187 (10
      microM), a Ca2+ ionophore, stimulated basal DOPA synthesis in the median
      eminence. On the other hand, tetrodotoxin (2 microM), a Na+ channel blocker, did
      not change the basal and K+-induced DOPA synthesis in the median eminence whereas
      it completely inhibited the veratridine-induced DOPA synthesis. These results
      suggest that depolarization-induced synthesis of dopamine in tuberoinfundibular
      neurons requires Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels.

PMID- 2415216
TI  - Acetylcholine responses in snail neurons: increase and decrease in potassium
      conductance succeeding inward currents.
AB  - In the identified neurons B1 and B3 of the buccal ganglion of Helix pomatia, the
      initial acetylcholine (ACh) inward current was succeeded by two types of
      secondary responses. The secondary responses consisted either in an outward
      current or in a long-lasting inward current or in a combination of both. The
      secondary outward current was decreased with membrane hyperpolarization,
      associated with a decrease of membrane resistance and abolished in Ca2+-free Co2+
      solution. It is assumed to be a K+ current activated by an influx of Ca2+. The
      secondary inward current also decreased with membrane hyperpolarization, but was
      associated with an increase of the membrane resistance and could be mimicked by
      an injection of Na+ into the cells. It is suggested to be due to a block of K+
      channels by intracellular Na+. When the secondary responses appeared combined,
      the outward current preceded the inward current.

PMID- 2415217
TI  - Long-term reorganization of afferents to the mediobasal hypothalamus following
      retrochiasmatic knife cuts. A study using horseradish peroxidase.
AB  - Retrochiasmatic knife cuts produce a series of dynamic changes across time in the
      luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and catecholamine content of the mediobasal
      hypothalamus (MBH). We have examined the sources of afferents projecting to the
      mediobasal hypothalamus of female rats at 7, 60 and 90 days following
      retrochiasmatic frontal cut (FC) surgery using the intra-axonal retrograde
      transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in order to better define the
      functional plasticity demonstrated by the MBH at these time periods after damage.
      Age-matched, previously unoperated, female rats served as controls. Small HRP
      injections placed in the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) in control animals labelled
      neurons within the VMN, dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) and lateral hypothalamic area
      (LHA). Larger injections also labelled neurons in the anterior hypothalamic area
      (AHA), preoptic area (POA), septal nuclei, periventricular nuclei (PVN),
      supraoptic nucleus (SON), zona incerta (ZI) and suprachiasmatic nucleus (Schn).
      Seven days after surgery, no labelled neurons could be detected rostral to the
      knife cut when the injection site was confined to the boundary of the glial scar.
      At 60 days, labelled soma were observed in LPOA, POA, AHA, PVN, SON and ZI. At 90
      days only the SON contained labelled neurons rostral to the knife cut. These
      results suggest a dynamically changing pattern of innervation to the MBH
      following damage.

PMID- 2415218
TI  - Cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate mimics slow synaptic excitation in myenteric
      plexus neurons.
AB  - Iontophoretic injection of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) into the somas
      of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus of guinea pig small intestine mimicked
      the slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials that occur in these neurons. These
      effects were: (1) membrane depolarization. (2) decreased membrane conductance,
      (3) augmented excitability with increased probability of spontaneous spike
      discharge and increased spike discharge during depolarizing current pulses, (4)
      anodal break excitation, (5) suppression of hyperpolarizing afterpotentials. The
      same effects were produced by application of membrane-permeable analogs of cAMP
      in the bathing medium. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1
      methylxanthine, potentiated the effects of the analogs. The results suggest that
      the biochemical basis for long-lasting excitatory neuromodulation in myenteric
      neurons is activation of adenylate cyclase and elevation of intraneuronal cAMP.

PMID- 2415219
TI  - Transganglionic transport of wheat germ agglutinin-HRP and choleragenoid-HRP in
      rat trigeminal primary sensory neurons.
AB  - Horseradish peroxidase conjugates of either the lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA
      HRP) or choleragenoid (B-HRP) have been shown to be sensitive neuroanatomical
      tracers. In the present study a comparison was made between these two conjugates
      as transganglionic tracers in trigeminal primary sensory neurons following
      injection into the rat mystacial vibrissae skin. Differences between the two
      tracers were observed in the labeling of cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion.
      Injection of WGA-HRP resulted in labeling of predominantly small cell bodies,
      whereas B-HRP gave rise to labeling of somewhat larger cell bodies. By increasing
      the concentration of the injected WGA-HRP solution the number of labeled cells
      increased substantially, while a corresponding increase in the concentration of B
      HRP resulted in a relatively small increase in the number of labeled cells. WGA
      HRP injection resulted in labeling of primary afferents mainly in the substantia
      gelatinosa of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis. When the concentration of the
      injected WGA-HRP solution was increased, labeling was also observed in the
      marginal and magnocellular zones. Following B-HRP injection, labeling was only
      observed in the magnocellular zone and innermost part of the substantia
      gelatinosa. This general pattern of labeling was the same when the concentration
      of the B-HRP solution was increased.

PMID- 2415220
TI  - Entorhinal and prepiriform cortices of the European hedgehog. A histochemical and
      densitometric study based on a comparison between Timm's sulphide silver method
      and the selenium method.
AB  - The Timm and selenium staining techniques, based on silver amplification of
      endogenous zinc, produce an electron-dense precipitate in boutons. The staining
      characteristics of the two methods were compared by examining two allocortical
      regions, prepiriform cortex and entorhinal cortex, in the brain of the European
      hedgehog. In the 3 layers of prepiriform cortex and the 6 layers of entorhinal
      cortex the methods revealed sublayers, which allows a precise delimitation of
      areas 28M, 28L, a short transition zone, and the prepiriform cortex. The
      lamination of the entorhinal cortex of the hedgehog is similar to that found in
      the rat, but appears less distinct. This may point to a lower degree of afferent
      organization. For light microscopical investigations, the selenium technique
      appears superior to Timm's method because it produces a more distinct zonation
      pattern.

PMID- 2415221
TI  - Lack of relationship between the direction of operant turning and horseradish
      peroxidase uptake by crossed nigro-striatal projections.
AB  - We examined the effect of training rats to perform an operant turning response on
      the crossed nigro-striatal projections. Rats were reinforced for circling
      behavior with water. After 7 days of reinforced circling, the animals were
      implanted with horseradish peroxidase in the striatum either ipsilateral or
      contralateral to the direction in which they had been trained to turn.
      Subsequently, the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and retrorubral area
      in both hemispheres were examined for labeled cells. This analysis failed to
      reveal any relationship between the direction of reinforced circling and
      efferents from these areas to the striatum.

PMID- 2415222
TI  - [Comparison of the effect of pentacaine on membrane and contractile properties of
      muscle fibers with sodium and calcium electrogenesis].

PMID- 2415223
TI  - [The importance of determining human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha
      fetoproteins in the diagnosis of testicular tumor recurrence].

PMID- 2415224
TI  - [Decrease in the transforming action of Rous sarcoma virus produced by avian
      cells grown in the presence of 5'-deoxy-5'-S-isobutyladenosine (SIBA)].
AB  - Treatment of Rous Sarcoma virus transformed chick embryo fibroblasts with 1 mM 5'
      deoxy-5'-S-isobutyladenosine for 24 hrs. leads to the inhibition of transforming
      virus production. A kinetic analysis of the inhibition of active virion
      production revealed that the effect of the drug was time and concentration
      dependent. After 24 hrs. with 1 mM SIBA, the production of transforming virus was
      inhibited 165 fold. However, under these conditions there was only a 2 fold
      inhibition in viral particle production. Thus, these viral particles were either
      non infective (non adsorbed on cell membrane) or non transforming. The majority
      of viral particles produced by cells cultured with the drug have a decreased
      density. Analysis of these virions showed a decrease of protein P19 and an
      accumulation of proteins with high molecular weight.

PMID- 2415225
TI  - [Formation of mixed spheroids by a coculture of human cancerous and fibroblast
      cells].
AB  - The coculture of fibroblasts with cancerous cells under the conditions which lead
      to spheroid formation, allowed the obtention of spheroids composed of a
      fibroblastic core surrounded by cancerous cells. The fibroblast core was labelled
      by hyaluronic acid and hyaluronectin. Hyaluronic acid concentration was also
      measured by enzymoimmunological assay in culture medium where it was found to
      accumulate during spheroid growth. The composite spheroid technique is a good
      model system for analysis of cancer cells-fibroblasts interaction in vitro.

PMID- 2415226
TI  - [Changes induced by expression of the v-src gene in the regulation of cell
      proliferation. Hypothesis and preliminary results].
AB  - Similarities between the mode of action of growth factors and the oncogene
      product (pp 60 src protein) of Rous Sarcoma virus have been described. However, a
      major difference is that addition of growth factors does not induce a malignant
      transformation of cells. The present work proposes a hypothesis concerning this
      difference. Various data suggest that density-dependent inhibition (DDI) of
      growth in non-transformed cells is due to the diffusion of growth inhibitory
      molecules. Inhibitory factors of 45 K (IDF 45) and 12 K have been fractionated.
      We assume that the stimulation of DNA synthesis induced by growth factor addition
      to dense quiescent cultures of non-transformed cells leads to an increase in the
      activity of autocrine inhibitory molecules in such a manner that the growth
      factor stimulatory effect is only transient, and cells re-enter the Go phase. On
      the contrary, the stimulation of DNA synthesis by v-src transformation would not
      be counterbalanced by inhibitory diffusing factors and cells would not enter Go
      phase. We present preliminary results which support this assumption. Dense
      quiescent cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts infected by Ny 68 virus (ts mutant
      for transformation of Rous Sarcoma virus) were stimulated to proliferate either
      by addition of growth factors in cultures maintained at 41 degrees C or by
      expression of transformation (by the cell transfer from 41 to 37 degrees C, the
      permissive temperature for expression of transformation). Stimulation of DNA
      synthesis by growth factors was totally inhibited by the inhibitory diffusing
      factors of 45 K (IDF45) whereas the stimulation of DNA synthesis produced by
      transformation was reproducibly not decreased by IDF45.

PMID- 2415228
TI  - The use of monoclonal antibodies to probe human apolipoprotein B structure and
      function.
AB  - Apolipoprotein (apo) B plays an important role in plasma lipid transport and in
      the maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis. Attempts to determine the structure
      of apo B have been hampered by technical obstacles resulting from its chemical
      and physical properties. Recently monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against human apo
      B have been used as probes to study apo B structure and heterogeneity. Certain
      Mabs are capable of blocking binding of low density lipoprotein (LDL) apo B to
      the cell surface LDL receptor, which presumably reflects the proximity of their
      antigenic determinants to the receptor recognition domain. The distribution of
      antigenic determinants recognized by Mabs has been studied on the hepatic (apo B
      100) and intestinal (apo B-48) forms of apo B and on fragments generated by
      limited proteolysis of apo B. Some Mabs are specific for apo B-100, whereas
      others cross-react with apo B-48. Apo B-100 specific Mabs coupled to Sepharose
      have been used to isolate separately apo-B-containing lipoproteins of intestinal
      and hepatic origin and their respective lipid and apolipoprotein compositions
      have been determined. Using the separated fractions it has been shown that apo B
      100, but not apo B-48, can react with the LDL receptor. Most Mabs failed to react
      with apo B which had been delipidated and resolubilized, but in some cases
      immunoreactivity could be recovered if the solubilized apo B were reincorporated
      into lipid vesicles. These experiments showed that different determinants had
      different lipid requirements for their expression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2415227
TI  - Stimulation of alkaline phosphatase activity in cultured neonatal mouse calvarial
      bone cells by parathyroid hormone.
AB  - The effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on alkaline phosphatase activity was
      examined in confluent, serum-free primary cultures of neonatal mouse calvarial
      cells. It was found that synthetic bPTH-(1-34) caused an increase in the specific
      activity of skeletal alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme by 18 hours. Between 10 and
      500 ng/ml, the magnitude of the change was directly related to peptide
      concentration. The change occurred in the absence of any effect on cell number,
      total cell protein, or DNA and was not the result of an effect on either
      proliferation or survival of a specific cell population. Results of histochemical
      studies indicate that bPTH-(1-34) caused an increase in the proportion of cells
      containing enzyme activity. The response was duplicated by intact bPTH-(1-84) and
      DBcAMP, but not by oxidized bPTH-(1-34) or insulin and did not require
      prostaglandin synthesis or hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. These results
      demonstrate that bPTH has a direct effect on osteoblast maturation in vitro, that
      the effect is specific for PTH, and suggest that it is mediated by cAMP.

PMID- 2415229
TI  - Synchronization of human lymphocyte cultures by fluorodeoxyuridine.
AB  - A simple technique for synchronization of human lymphocyte cultures with
      fluorodeoxyuridine (FudR) is presented. The S-phase block induced by the FudR is
      released by simultaneous exposure to 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and Hoechst 33258
      or by thymidine and Hoechst 33258. This method provides a high mitotic index with
      high percentage of prometaphase chromosomes. This simple method is highly
      advantageous and easy to utilize in clinical cytogenetics.

PMID- 2415230
TI  - Pelvic exenteration for advanced primary and recurrent adenocarcinoma.
AB  - The authors report on 45 patients who have undergone pelvic exenteration for
      adenocarcinoma since 1979. Three patients underwent exenteration as the initial
      treatment for their disease but all others had had previous surgery, radiotherapy
      or chemotherapy. Operating time and blood loss were lower in previously
      irradiated patients. There were seven in hospital deaths (15.5%). The number of
      complications and length of postoperative hospital stay have decreased
      significantly as experience with pelvic exenteration has been acquired. Symptoms
      have been controlled in a high proportion of patients. Exenterative surgery is an
      effective method of treatment in selected patients with pelvic adenocarcinoma but
      should be undertaken only by experienced surgeons who have access to a wide range
      of supportive facilities for optimal perioperative management.

PMID- 2415231
TI  - An evaluation of the effects of combination chemotherapy in vitro using DNA
      reactive agents.
AB  - The combined application of DNA unwinding and strand-scission agents is a novel
      and potentially important approach to cancer therapy, based in part on
      mechanistic considerations of drug action. In order to evaluate this hypothesis a
      number of experiments were performed in which the cellular cytotoxicity of DNA
      reactive agents (ethidium bromide, adriamycin or cis-platinum) were evaluated
      alone and in combination with bleomycin, a strand-scission agent, using a number
      of different tumor cell systems in vitro. The results of these studies indicated
      that combinations of these agents were found to be much more effective than
      treatment with single drugs alone. This conclusion was warranted for the action
      of ethidium bromide followed by bleomycin with murine L1210 leukemia, melanoma
      B16-BL6 and human HeLa cells, and cis-platinum followed by bleomycin with L1210
      and B16-BL6 cells. These data support previous findings in which synergistic
      growth inhibition of L1210 cells by ethidium bromide, followed by bleomycin was
      explained by a two-step mechanism; first, ethidium bromide introduces changes in
      DNA-conformation resulting in the facilitation of a second step in which
      bleomycin cleaves DNA more efficiently. Therefore, the rational use of
      combinations of DNA reactive agents based on mechanistic considerations should
      result with improved therapeutic regimens for the treatment of cancer.

PMID- 2415232
TI  - Maintenance of peritoneal catheter function by the intraperitoneal administration
      of 32% dextran 70.
AB  - Thirty-two percent dextran 70 was administered to 53 patients receiving
      intraperitoneal (i.p.) chemotherapy in an attempt to better maintain catheter
      function. One hundred milliliters of 32% dextran 70 was administered i.p. at the
      time of catheter placement and at the completion of each course of chemotherapy
      (every 3 to 4 weeks). Analysis of the functional survival of the dextran treated
      catheters and 20 historical controls was performed. The cumulative probabilities
      of catheters maintaining bi-directional function in the dextran treated and
      control groups were 0.75 and 0.50 respectively. This difference was statistically
      significant at p = 0.051 by two-tailed Wilcoxon analysis. The difference between
      survival of dextran treated and control catheters increased if patients who
      received intraperitoneal doxorubicin were factored out (p = 0.035 by two-tailed
      Wilcoxon analysis). Plasma and peritoneal dextran levels were measured on 9
      courses in 8 patients. Dextran was detectable in the peritoneal cavity up to 7
      days after administration. The "apparent half-life" of dextran 70 in the
      peritoneal cavity was 36 hours. Plasma dextran concentrations increased for 2
      days following i.p. administration and then decreased with an apparent half-life
      of 36 hours. One patient experienced chills and another had an anaphylactoid
      reaction following administration of the dextran. This study suggests that i.p.
      administration of 32% dextran 70 may be an effective means of minimizing
      peritoneal catheter failures.

PMID- 2415233
TI  - Administration of interferon at night may increase its therapeutic index.

PMID- 2415234
TI  - Proposed designation of homogeneously staining regions in the human karyotype.

PMID- 2415235
TI  - Cell cycle analysis using bromodeoxyuridine: comparison of methods for analysis
      of total cell transit time.
AB  - Results are presented supporting the study of cellular proliferation utilizing 5
      bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation followed by sister chromatid differential
      staining. In order to determine the relative accuracy of this method in
      estimating total cell transit time (TC), we utilized a thermosensitive rat
      embryonic cell line to compare measurement of TC based on the percent
      differentially labeled (PDLM) technique, with cell cycle measurements using [3H]
      thymidine [( 3H]-TdR) incorporation and the percent labeled mitoses (PLM)
      technique. Results of PLM and PDLM analysis were shown to be highly concordant,
      indicating the utility of the BrdU method for analysis of Tc. Results are
      presented suggesting the general application of the PDLM method for estimations
      of TC in cultures of human tumors.

PMID- 2415236
TI  - Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity in rat urothelium treated with bladder
      carcinogens.
AB  - Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity during urothelial carcinogenesis was
      examined histochemically in rats treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or N
      butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BHBN). GGT-positive cells developed with a
      high frequency in foci of nodulopapillary hyperplasia and carcinoma. GGT-positive
      cells, both individually and in nests, were also frequent in foci of simple
      hyperplasia and interlesion normal urothelium of carcinogen-treated bladders. The
      results suggest that development of GGT-positive cells in interlesion normal
      urothelium is specific to carcinogen treatment.

PMID- 2415237
TI  - Treatment of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder
      with intravesical poly I: poly C effects on natural killer function.
AB  - Considerable interest has been focused on the use of interferon (IFN) and IFN
      inducers as antineoplastic agents in humans. The current report will focus on the
      effect of intravesical administration of Poly I: Poly C on NK activity in
      patients with TCC of the urinary bladder. NK cytotoxicity was measured in 14
      patients with primary TCC, 8 patients received Poly I: Poly C and 5 other
      patients received intravesical thiotepa. Blood samples were obtained prior to and
      48 h following each drug treatment. A variation in the initial NK level
      determined prior to treatment was observed in the different TCC patients: 5
      patients treated with Poly I: Poly C and 5 patients treated with thiotepa
      exhibited low NK activity prior to treatment, whereas the other 3 patients who
      were treated with Poly I: Poly C had high initial NK levels. Following drug
      treatment it was shown that a significant elevation in the NK cytotoxicity was
      only observed in patients treated by intravesical Poly I: Poly C who had low NK
      activity prior to treatment. No such effect was observed in patients treated with
      thiotepa or in patients treated with Poly I: Poly C who exhibited a high NK
      activity prior to treatment.

PMID- 2415238
TI  - Effect of 5-azacytidine on DNA methylation and the malignant properties of B16
      melanoma cells.
AB  - The role of DNA methylation in the expression of the metastatic phenotype in B16
      murine melanoma cells in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice has been investigated. B16
      cultures were incubated in vitro for either 6 or 18 h with the DNA
      hypomethylating agents, 5-azacytidine (5-Aza-CR) or 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine
      (FCdR). At various times (1-13 days) following treatment, tumor cells were tested
      for their ability to form metastatic deposits when injected at different doses
      either i.v. (experimental metastasis) or s.c. in the footpad (spontaneous
      metastasis). Both 5-Aza-CR (0.5-15 microM) and FCdR (0.3-30 microM) caused a dose
      dependent increase in the ability of B16 cells to form experimental pulmonary
      metastases. Increased capacity to form experimental pulmonary metastases was
      evident 24 h following treatment with 5-Aza-CR and 13 days following treatment
      with FCdR. The enhanced metastatic burden involved both an increase in the median
      number of lung colonies and a substantial increase in the size of individual
      lesions. 5-Aza-CR or FCdR treatment of B16 cell populations did not influence
      either the tumorigenicity or their ability to form spontaneous metastases.
      Parallel in vitro experiments using high-performance liquid chromatography
      analysis of cellular DNA demonstrated that under conditions in which 5-Aza-CR and
      FCdR enhanced formation of experimental metastases by B16 cells, there were
      readily detectable alterations in the 5-methylcytosine levels in DNA extracted
      from drug-treated cultures. These data suggest that drug-induced alterations in
      DNA methylation can affect biochemical pathway(s) whose expression is associated
      with the successful organ colonization by circulating tumor cells.

PMID- 2415239
TI  - Localization of human renal cell carcinoma xenografts with a tumor-preferential
      monoclonal antibody.
AB  - We previously described an immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody (UMVA-RCC-A6H)
      that is highly reactive with human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and has little
      cross-reactivity to other cell types both normal and malignant. In efforts
      detailed herein, radiolabeled A6H selectively localized to RCC xenografts and
      provided high resolution images of the xenografts. Also, A6H clearly
      discriminated between RCC xenografts and other human tumor xenografts. Consistent
      images of RCC xenografts (greater than 60 mg) were obtained without background
      subtraction. The amount of radiolabeled A6H in the tumor usually ranged from five
      to twenty times that of the blood. Normal mouse tissues, abscesses, and other
      human tumor xenografts contained less radiolabel per mg than did blood. A control
      monoclonal antibody of the same isotype failed to exhibit any localization in
      xenografts or normal tissues. Approximately 40% of the radiolabeled A6H dose per
      g was localized in the RCC xenograft 2 days after injection, although at the time
      of imaging about 60% of the radiolabel remaining in the mouse was associated with
      the xenograft. These results demonstrate that a RCC restrictive monoclonal
      antibody does specifically localize to RCC xenografts and supports the hope that
      this approach may have clinical value for diagnosis, staging, or treatment.

PMID- 2415240
TI  - Phenotypic heterogeneity in cultured human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
      lines with low-level methotrexate resistance.
AB  - Low-level methotrexate (MTX) resistance (less than 20-fold) was induced by
      gradual selection pressure in four human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
      lines established in culture from biopsies of patients not previously treated
      with MTX. Each parental and resistant line was characterized with respect to MTX
      uptake and polyglutamylation, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) content, and growth
      rate. Relative DHFR gene copy numbers and amounts of DHFR-related cytoplasmic
      messenger RNA were analyzed by plasmid complementary DNA hybridization in a dot
      blot assay and were correlated with the amount of gene product. The resistant
      lines were not cloned in order to simulate in vitro the conditions which might
      exist in an in vivo setting, where multiple resistant subpopulations of cells may
      be present in a tumor. The study was restricted to cells with low-level
      resistance since these are likely to be the clinically most relevant type. Of the
      four resistant lines characterized, one showed a severe defect in MTX uptake and
      polyglutamylation, another was a DHFR overproducer with only small changes in
      uptake and polyglutamylation, a third was likewise a DHFR overproducer but also
      showed lower MTX uptake, and the fourth was minimally altered except for growth
      rate. The diversity in resistance phenotype among these cells in vitro suggests
      that in vivo resistance in patients with head and neck carcinoma who are treated
      with MTX may similarly involve multiple mechanisms and that further therapeutic
      intervention using MTX or other antifolates should take this into account.

PMID- 2415241
TI  - Pseudouridine excretion and transfer RNA primers for reverse transcriptase in
      tumors of retroviral origin.
AB  - To evaluate the relationship between pseudouridine increase in biological fluids
      and retroviral cell transformation, we have studied the effect of retrovirus
      infection and/or transformation on the rate of pseudouridine excretion by chick
      embryo fibroblasts. The results show that: pseudouridine excretion by chick
      embryo fibroblasts transformed by Rous sarcoma virus is several times higher than
      that of normal cells; this increased excretion precedes by many hours the
      appearance of the morphological signs of transformation and it is always present
      when neosynthesized infectious viral particles are released into the culture
      medium; and pseudouridine excretion was also increased in cells infected by a
      mutant of Rous sarcoma virus (RAV-1) which, lacking the src gene, does not
      transform the cells but replicates normally. To investigate if pseudouridine
      overproduction is related to an altered turnover rate of specific transfer RNA
      (tRNA) species which functions as primer of retrovirus reverse transcriptase, the
      concentration of non-acylated proline-accepting tRNA and non-acylated tryptophan
      accepting tRNA, primers of reverse transcriptase of murine leukemia virus and of
      Rous sarcoma virus, respectively, has been measured, the former in normal and
      transformed AKR thymus and the latter in normal fibroblasts and in fibroblasts
      infected by Rous sarcoma virus or by its nontransforming mutant. The results show
      that in both systems a significant increase of the primer tRNA species occurs in
      the infected or transformed cells.

PMID- 2415242
TI  - Two monoclonal antibodies defining unique antigenic determinants on human B
      lymphoma cells.
AB  - The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are a clinically, morphologically, and
      immunologically heterogeneous group of diseases. Why lymphoma cells are
      unresponsive to normal regulatory growth controls and how they differ from normal
      lymphocytes are not well understood. In order to address these questions we have
      raised monoclonal antibodies to neoplastic B-cells. Two of these, LM-26 and LM
      155, show a high degree of specificity for B-cell lymphomas. When tested by
      fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis, LM-26 reacted with 80% (18 of 23) of
      B-cell lymphomas freshly explanted from patients and LM-155 reacted with 20% (5
      of 23). The antigenic determinant detected by LM-26 was also found to be present
      on four of seven neoplastic large cell B-lymphoma lines. LM-155 detected a
      determinant present on all seven of these lines. For neither monoclonal antibody
      was there any association between antibody reactivity and the morphological
      subtype of lymphoma examined or the type of cell surface immunoglobulin
      expressed. LM-155 reacted with one case of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
      Neither antibody reacted with normal B-cell blasts, normal peripheral blood
      mononuclear or marrow cells, T-cell leukemias or lymphomas, or chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia cells. Lymphocytes from reactive lymphoid hyperplasias
      involving lymph nodes, spleen, peripheral blood, and lung were also negative for
      LM-26 and LM-155 binding or showed only a small percentage of cells positive (4
      8%). Both monoclonals were unreactive with non-B-lymphoid neoplastic cell lines,
      nine of ten Epstein-Barr virus transformed B-cell lines, and cells freshly
      explanted from patients with cancers of diverse cellular origins. Fluorescence
      activated cell sorter analysis of the expression of the antigens defined by LM-26
      and LM-155 on lymphoma cells and normal B-cell blasts suggests that they are not
      normal differentiation antigens associated with lymphocyte activation or
      proliferation. The highly restricted expression of detectable levels of antigens
      reactive with monoclonal antibodies LM-26 and LM-155 on non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
      cells suggests a possible relation to their neoplastic properties. From a
      practical viewpoint these monoclonals may prove useful in the diagnosis,
      classification, detection of residual disease, and treatment of the non-Hodgkin's
      lymphomas.

PMID- 2415243
TI  - Hormonal control of alpha-fetoprotein secretion in human hepatoma cell lines
      proliferating in chemically defined medium.
AB  - The regulation of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) secretion and growth rate by various
      hormones in established human hepatoma (HuH-7, PLC/PRF/5, huH-1, huH-4, and KIM
      1/c-4) and hepatoblastoma (HUH-6 Clone 5) cell lines was studied. These 6 cell
      lines replicated continuously in a chemically defined medium and secreted 84 ng
      (HuH-7) to 23 pg (huH-4) AFP per 24 h per 1 X 10(4) cells into the culture
      medium. The addition of insulin increased the growth rate of all examined cell
      lines and partially inhibited the AFP secretion in those cell lines except KIM
      1/c-4, while the addition of dexamethasone inhibited the growth and stimulated
      the AFP secretion in all of the cell lines. The addition of 3,3',5
      triiodothyronine inhibited the growth of all cell lines; however, different
      effects on the AFP secretion were observed depending on the cell lines used.
      Obviously, the AFP secretion was unrelated to the change in growth rate. When
      dexamethasone and N6-O2-dibutyryl cyclic AMP were added together, the AFP
      secretion was further stimulated. On the other hand, when dexamethasone and
      insulin were added simultaneously, the dexamethasone-mediated stimulation of AFP
      secretions was diminished. The data indicated that the regulatory mechanisms of
      AFP secretion by the hormones in the established human hepatoma and
      hepatoblastoma cell lines cannot be deduced according to the results of one cell
      line.

PMID- 2415244
TI  - Role of methotrexate polyglutamates in methotrexate- and sequential methotrexate
      5-fluorouracil-mediated cell kill.
AB  - The synthesis of methotrexate (MTX) polyglutamates has been investigated in a
      human leukemia cell line, CCRF-CEM. An increase in either the extracellular MTX
      concentration (0.1-10 microM) or exposure time (4-24 h) allowed a greater
      accumulation of polyglutamate derivatives. The species which predominated (di-,
      tri-, or tetraglutamate) was also time and concentration dependent. Derivatives
      up to the pentaglutamate were readily detectable, with hexaglutamate present
      under some conditions. Polyglutamate derivatives were preferentially retained
      when the cells were transferred to drug-free medium. MTX itself rapidly exited
      the cells under these conditions. In the absence of extracellular MTX, the
      performed intracellular MTX polyglutamates continued to be elongated.
      Accumulation of MTX polyglutamates, particularly triglutamate and longer species,
      positively correlated with cytotoxicity to CCRF-CEM cells as measured by a
      clonogenic assay. Investigation of the methotrexate-fluorouracil interaction
      revealed no effect of 5-fluorouracil on MTX polyglutamate accumulation under
      various conditions where widely different degrees of cytotoxicity were found. The
      synergy observed when MTX precedes fluorouracil treatment is therefore not an
      effect on MTX polyglutamylation. MTX polyglutamates may, however, play an
      indirect role in this synergy.

PMID- 2415245
TI  - Sensitivity of human, murine, and rat cells to 5-fluorouracil and 5'-deoxy-5
      fluorouridine in relation to drug-metabolizing enzymes.
AB  - Six cell lines differing in histological origin were studied regarding the growth
      inhibitory effect of fluoropyrimidines in relation to their metabolism. The human
      colon carcinoma cell line WiDr was most sensitive to 5-fluorouracil (FUra) (50%
      growth inhibitory concentration, 0.7 microM) and to its analogue 5'deoxy-5
      fluorouridine (5'dFUR) (50% growth inhibitory concentration, 18 microM). The
      murine B16 melanoma cell line was moderately sensitive to FUra but least
      sensitive to 5'dFUR. The 50% growth inhibitory concentration values in the human
      melanoma cell lines IGR3 and M5, the transformed human intestine cell line
      intestine 407 and the rat hepatoma cell line H35 varied for FUra between 1.7 and
      5.0 microM, and for 5'dFUR between 54 and 160 microM. Several enzymes from
      pyrimidine metabolism responsible for FUra metabolism were measured with FUra as
      a substrate. The activity of uridine phosphorylase, which catalyzes the
      conversion of 5'dFUR to FUra, was lowest in B16 cells correlating with the low
      sensitivity to 5'dFUR. When adenosine 5'-triphosphate was included in the
      reaction mixture for uridine phosphorylase, FUra was rapidly channeled into FUra
      nucleotides via its nucleoside. The rate of channeling appeared to correlate with
      the nucleoside phosphorylase activity in the various cell lines. In several cell
      lines activities of nucleotide-degrading enzymes were rather high and interfered
      with the measurement of orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT) with FUra as
      substrate. Addition of the phosphatase inhibitor glycerol-2-phosphate partly
      prevented breakdown of the newly formed 5-fluorouridine 5'-monophosphate and
      enabled measurement of OPRT. The WiDr cell line had a relatively high OPRT
      activity which could explain its sensitivity to FUra. The activity of thymidylate
      synthase was measured at a suboptimal concentration of 1 microM and at the
      optimal concentration of 10 microM deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate. With all cell lines
      the ratio between the activities at 10 and 1 microM was between 2.3 and 3.6. The
      activity of thymidylate synthase was lowest in WiDr and IGR3 cells and 3-4 times
      higher in M5 and Intestine 407 cells. The inhibition of 0.01 microM 5
      fluorodeoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate was 80-90% at 1 microM deoxyuridine 5'
      phosphate and 50-70% at 10 microM deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate with all cell lines.
      At 0.1 microM 5-fluorodeoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate enzyme activity was inhibited
      by 95-100%. The incorporation of FUra into RNA was relatively low in IGR3 cells
      and 3-5 times higher in all other cell lines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2415247
TI  - Growth and differentiation of human esophageal carcinoma cell lines.
AB  - Human esophageal carcinoma cell lines (8 cell lines) differed from their normal
      counterpart in terms of their morphological appearance, growth properties, and
      the expression of certain differentiated functions, namely keratin proteins and
      cross-linked envelopes. In contrast to normal human esophageal keratinocytes, the
      carcinoma cells were pleomorphic and tended to pile up in an unorganized fashion.
      When grown under optimal growth conditions the carcinoma cells generally grew to
      a higher saturation density than their nontransformed counterpart; their
      generation times were variable. Transformed cells grew better under stringent
      growth conditions (e.g., decreased serum and no additional growth factors except
      hydrocortisone) than did nontransformed human esophageal keratinocytes but their
      growth was still restricted under these conditions. The carcinoma cells retained
      a requirement for a 3T3 feeder layer when grown at clonal densities (5 X 10(3)
      cells/60-mm dish) but could be passaged and maintained without a feeder layer if
      plated at higher than clonal densities (10(5) cells/60-mm dish). All cell lines
      grew in an anchorage-independent fashion in soft agarose although the colony
      forming efficiency and size of the colonies varied among the different cell
      lines. Not all anchorage-independent cell lines were tumorigenic. Tumorigenic
      potential was greatly augmented by the use of cell lines derived from soft
      agarose selected clones. Altered expression of keratin proteins and cross-linked
      envelopes was observed in the carcinoma cell lines and generally reflected those
      changes seen in primary esophageal carcinomas. In two cell lines (HCE-4 and HCE
      6), the synthesis of the Mr 44,000 (analogous to Rheinwald's Mr 40,000 keratin)
      and 52,000 keratins was suppressed coincident with the appearance of the 67 Kd
      keratin in tumors derived from these cell lines. These keratin patterns were once
      again reversed in cell lines recultured from these tumors, suggesting that the
      expression of these specific keratins is subject to extrinsic growth regulation.
      Another feature of terminal differentiation in keratinocytes, cross-linked
      envelope formation, was found to be significantly altered (reduced) in most but
      not all human esophageal carcinoma cell lines.

PMID- 2415246
TI  - Chemotherapy of subcutaneous and intracranial human medulloblastoma xenografts in
      athymic nude mice.
AB  - The continuous human medulloblastoma cell line TE-671 was grown as s.c. and
      intracranial xenografts in athymic nude mice. Tumor-bearing animals were treated
      with chemotherapeutic agents at the 10% lethal dose; s.c. xenografts were
      sensitive to melphalan, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-1-piperidyl)-1
      nitrosourea, and 5-azacytidine. No consistent response could be demonstrated to 9
      beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine 5'-monophosphate, and no response to
      methylglyoxal bis(guanyl hydrazone), N-trifluoroacetyl adriamycin-14-valerate, or
      to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine was observed. Melphalan produced a
      significant (P = less than or equal to 0.007) increase in the median survival of
      mice bearing intracranial xenografts, whereas no response was seen to 1-(2
      chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-1-piperidyl)-1-nitrosourea or 5-azacytidine. This model
      will allow analysis of the chemotherapeutic profile of human medulloblastoma, and
      provides a means to differentiate cellular sensitivity and resistance from drug
      access to the intracranial site.

PMID- 2415248
TI  - Epitopes of carcinoembryonic antigen defined by monoclonal antibodies prepared
      from mice immunized with purified carcinoembryonic antigen or HCT-8R cells.
AB  - A library of 18 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reactive with purified
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has been prepared. The specificity of these MAbs
      was tested and they have been separated into nine subgroups, each recognizing a
      different region of the CEA molecule. Seven MAbs from four of the groups also
      react with the nonspecific cross-reacting antigen. Some of the MAbs are directed
      against conformational determinants: three of the MAb groups bind poorly to
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated CEA, while five of the groups are not reactive
      with reduced and alkylated CEA. Three of the groups react with purified CEA but
      not with the cell surface CEA of HCT-8R cells, while the other groups react with
      both forms. The MAbs were tested for binding to fragments of CEA obtained by
      chemical cleavage and the groups of MAbs were found to react with different
      subsets of such fragments.

PMID- 2415249
TI  - Interaction of three second-generation anthracyclines with polynucleotides, RNA,
      DNA, and nucleosomes.
AB  - The interaction of three second-generation anthracycline derivatives with
      polynucleotides, supercoiled DNA, and calf thymus nucleosomes has been studied by
      terbium fluorescence measurements and agarose gel electrophoresis. It was shown
      that, as expected, N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate had little detectable
      effect on the fluorescence of this guanine-specific probe except for polydisperse
      calf thymus linear DNA fragments. The soluble analogue, N
      trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-O-hemiadipate, did show marked effects on terbium
      fluorescence with all nucleic acids and nucleosomes, but the effects were
      generally not as striking as were those observed with the epimer, 4'-epi
      Adriamycin, which tended to produce a similar effect to its parent drug,
      Adriamycin, showing that a marked change in the hexose ring did not appreciably
      affect the interaction of the drug with DNA. Changes in the electrophoretic
      mobility of supercoiled pBR322 DNA were observed only at very high drug
      concentrations, much higher than those required with Adriamycin or actinomycin D.
      The effect was a smearing of the form I DNA and the production of some circular
      relaxed form II DNA. The drugs produced the effect in the following order:
      Adriamycin greater than N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-O-hemiadipate greater than
      or equal to epi-Adriamycin. N-Trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate had little
      effect, even at very high drug concentrations (1:2, drug:DNA ratios).

PMID- 2415250
TI  - Human prostate tissue antigens defined by murine monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - BALB/c mice were hyperimmunized against a membrane preparation derived from a
      pool of transurethral resection specimens which included three benign prostatic
      hyperplasia and one prostate adenocarcinoma tissue samples. The activated
      lymphocytes were fused with the NS-1 mouse myeloma cell line, and supernatants
      from immunogen-reactive hybridomas were screened for antibody binding activity
      using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay against the Calu-1 human lung adenocarcinoma
      cell line and several membrane preparations derived from various normal human
      tissues. Hybridoma cultures secreting antibodies which did not appear cross
      reactive were doubly cloned by limiting dilution and screened against a large
      panel of membrane preparations derived from normal prostate, benign prostatic
      hyperplasia, and prostate adenocarcinoma tissues as well as samples obtained from
      a variety of normal human tissues. The monoclonal antibodies were also evaluated
      against 24 normal, virally transformed, and malignant human cell lines. Two
      monoclonal antibodies were isolated which demonstrated a restricted binding
      activity to prostate antigens and were not widely cross-reactive with nonprostate
      normal tissues or cell lines. These antibodies were designated TURP-27 (IgG3, k)
      and TURP-73 (IgG2a, k). Both of these monoclonal antibodies were reactive against
      formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues in the immunoperoxidase assay and were
      subsequently tested against a variety of normal, hyperplastic, and malignant
      human tissues. These studies indicated that TURP-27 may be directed against a new
      prostate organ-associated marker and that TURP-73 is directed against an antigen
      expressed on prostate and a limited number of other tissues.

PMID- 2415251
TI  - Immunological variables as predictors of prognosis in patients with Kaposi's
      sarcoma and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - Multivariate analysis was used to identify which of a large number of
      pretreatment immunological parameters correlated with therapeutic response,
      subsequent development of opportunistic infection, and survival from the time of
      diagnosis in a group of 70 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma and acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome treated with recombinant leukocyte A interferon. In a
      logistic regression model, delayed type hypersensitivity response to one or more
      recall antigens and high proliferative response to Escherichia coli were
      significant predictors for response to recombinant leukocyte A interferon (for
      the model, P = 0.01). For prediction of the development of opportunistic
      infection, the model selected low proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin
      and E. coli (P less than 0.001). Favorable factors predicting survival in the Cox
      regression model were the absence of endogenous serum interferon activity and a
      high proliferative response to E. coli (P less than 0.001). The estimated median
      survival for the group with endogenous serum interferon activity and low E. coli
      response was 12 months; the median has not yet been reached for the group with no
      serum interferon and a high E. coli response. We conclude that immunological
      parameters may be useful in predicting prognosis in patients with Kaposi's
      sarcoma and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2415252
TI  - Monoclonal antibody 101 that precipitates the glycoprotein receptor for epidermal
      growth factor is directed against the Y antigen, not the H type 1 antigen.

PMID- 2415253
TI  - Carcinogen-related tumor markers.
AB  - Animal experiments on markers of tumors induced by physical and chemical
      carcinogens are discussed. The results lead to the conclusion that there are no
      specific markers induced by certain carcinogenic agents.

PMID- 2415254
TI  - Markers of oral and salivary gland tumors: immunocytochemical investigations.
AB  - In oral dysplasias and squamous cell carcinomas, relationships exist between the
      presence of keratin filaments and cell differentiation. The keratinized areas of
      high differentiated carcinomas are carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) positive. The
      labeling of the higher molecular keratins is similar to the distribution of
      lectin receptors so that lectins represent membrane-oriented markers of
      differentiation. In dysplasias a gradual loss of blood group substances A and B
      can be observed. Squamous cell carcinomas possess no substances A or B. H antigen
      as precursor of A and B is increased in preneoplasias and absent in carcinomas.
      In oral papillomas, leukoplakias, and carcinomas virogen koilocytotic cell
      changes, papilloma viruses and viral antibodies can be demonstrated. In salivary
      gland tumors a distinct pattern of distribution for keratin, vimentin, CEA,
      tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), metalloproteins, and enzymes can be observed.
      The cellular stromal reaction (lymphocytes, Langerhans cells, and so forth) can
      be defined more exactly by monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2415255
TI  - [Comparison of mexiletine and dihydroquinidine in the treatment of ventricular
      asystolic arrhythmia].

PMID- 2415256
TI  - The effect of low doses of fluoride on the content of cyclic AMP and amylase in
      human parotid saliva.

PMID- 2415257
TI  - Further study of the correlation between Na-pump activity and membrane
      chemosensitivity.
AB  - Using internally dialyzed neurons of Helix, we have examined the effects of
      sodium-pump activity and intracellular ATP concentration on transmembrane
      currents induced by acetylcholine (ACh) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). We
      also report on the effects of pump activity and levels of intracellular ATP on
      binding by Helix ganglia of 3H-alpha-bungarotoxin (3H-alpha-BT) and 3H-GABA. Both
      ouabain-containing and potassium-free solutions depressed the neurotransmitter
      induced transmembrane current of one type of dialyzed neurons. An increase in the
      intracellular ATP concentration led to a depression of ACh-induced currents and
      to the disappearance of the blocking effect of ouabain on these currents.
      Intracellular ADP had a similar but smaller effect on transmitter-induced
      currents, and intracellular AMP was ineffective. The depressing effect of
      internal ATP on ACh-induced currents was absent in the presence of an inhibitor
      of membrane phosphorylation (dinitrophenol). The binding of tritium-labeled alpha
      BT and GABA to the membranes was depressed by both ouabain-containing and K-free
      solutions and also by compounds (theophylline and NaF) which increase the levels
      of intracellular ATP. The results suggest that the Na pump modulates the affinity
      of ACh and GABA membrane receptors by the regulation of the phosphorylated state
      of membrane receptors.

PMID- 2415258
TI  - Interactions of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), pentobarbital, and
      homopantothenic acid (HOPA) on internally perfused frog sensory neurons.
AB  - Augmentatory actions among Cl- currents (ICl) induced by gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA), pentobarbital (PB), and homopantothenic acid (HOPA) were investigated in
      isolated frog sensory neurons after suppression of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ currents
      using a suction pipette technique which combines internal perfusion with voltage
      clamp. GABA-sensitive neurons responded to both PB and HOPA, and the responses
      behaved as a simple Cl- electrode and reversed at the Cl- equilibrium potential
      (ECl). The dose-response curve for GABA-induced Cl- conductance was sigmoidal
      with the GABA concentration producing a half-maximum response (4.2 X 10(-5) M).
      Both GABA and HOPA dose-response curves shifted to the left in the presence of
      PB, though the facilitatory action of PB on GABA- and HOPA-induced ICl was more
      effective in the former. There was a significant facilitatory interaction between
      GABA- and HOPA-induced ICl. It is concluded that HOPA affects the GABA-GABA or PB
      PB receptor interactions.

PMID- 2415259
TI  - Localization of actin in Chlamydomonas using antiactin and NBD-phallacidin.
AB  - We have localized actin in gametes of Chlamydomonas reinhardi by two approaches:
      (1) indirect immunofluorescence with an affinity-purified antibody and (2)
      staining with NBD-phallacidin, a fluorescent reagent that binds only to F-actin
      [Barak et al, 1980, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 77:980-984]. Staining of either mating
      type "plus" (mt+) or "minus" (mt-) gametes with antiactin antibody resulted in
      similar fluorescent images: most of the actin was located peripherally along the
      lateral and posterior aspects of the cells. There was diffuse staining centrally,
      but the flagella did not stain. No brightly stained spot was observed near the
      mt+ mating structure, the site where the fertilization tubule elongates with
      concomitant polymerization of actin [Detmers et al, 1983, J Cell Biol, 97:522
      532]. Gametes stained prior to mating with NBD-phallacidin showed no fluorescence
      above background, indicating that there were no concentrations of F-actin in
      these cells. This suggested that the cytoplasmic staining observed with antiactin
      represented primarily a nonfilamentous form of the protein. In mating gametes
      staining with NBD-phallacidin was detected only in the fertilization tubule,
      indicating that this was the only dense accumulation of filamentous actin within
      the cells. Mating gametes stained with antiactin antibody exhibited cytoplasmic
      fluorescence that was slightly more punctate than prior to mating, and the
      fertilization tubule was brightly stained. Our observations suggest that the site
      specific polymerization of actin within the fertilization tubule occurs in the
      absence of a concentrated pool of actin subjacent to the mating structure.

PMID- 2415260
TI  - Vascular outgrowths from tissue explants embedded in fibrin or collagen gels: a
      simple in vitro model of angiogenesis.
AB  - Explants of muscular and adipose tissue embedded in a three-dimensional matrix of
      fibrin or collagen fibrils give rise to an extensive outgrowth of branching and
      anastomosing capillary-like tubes. This culture system provides a simple in vitro
      model for the study of angiogenesis.

PMID- 2415261
TI  - Three morphogenetic waves in early development of Physa acuta (Gastropoda,
      Pulmonata).
AB  - Evidence is presented that there are three morphogenetic waves in early
      development of Physa acuta: a) around 24-cell stage, b) at early gastrula, and c)
      at early trochophore, using a proflavin biological test. These morphogenetic
      maxima fit very well with three transcriptional maxima. Furthermore, it is shown
      that proflavin inhibits almost completely the RNA synthesis.

PMID- 2415262
TI  - Actin participates in the structure of liver intermediate filaments.
AB  - A dominating protein fraction (p45) having molecular weight of 45000 and pI 5.45
      was found in the intermediate filaments pellet obtained from rat liver besides
      the present cytokeratins. Peptide mapping and radioimmunological assays with
      antibodies against this protein and muscle actin proved that the p45 protein
      belongs to the actin group. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that this protein
      is located on the liver intermediate filaments. By melting of the cytokeratin
      complexes in urea it was established that p45 protein is complexed with the low
      molecular weight cytokeratin.

PMID- 2415263
TI  - Growth and polyploidization of the liver of early postnatal rats treated with
      bleomycin.
AB  - Bleomycin was administered to 6- and 10-day-old rats and its effects were
      examined after a two-week survival period. Decreases in body weight and some
      phenotype abnormalities occurred in both age groups. Decreased relative liver
      weight (g/g b.w.) was observed only in animals injected on PD 10. DNA
      microdensitometry and microfluorometry (Feulgen reaction and Hoechst 33342
      staining) revealed an increase in the frequency of intermediate DNA values in
      animals injected on PD6 and killed on PD20. In older animals, i.e. in rats
      injected on PD10 and killed on PD25, increases in 4c mononucleate and 8c
      binucleate cells and also a reduction of the relative number of binucleate cells
      appeared, as compared with age-matched controls. In both age groups, karyological
      abnormalities, including micronucleate cells and imbalanced DNA content in
      binucleate cells, were observed.

PMID- 2415264
TI  - [Pregnancy proteins and their use in medicine].

PMID- 2415265
TI  - [Calcium ions, calmodulin and axon transport].

PMID- 2415266
TI  - [Palliative embolization of nonresectable kidney tumors from the aspect of
      patient survival].

PMID- 2415267
TI  - Serum alpha fetoprotein kinetics in hepatocellular carcinoma. A case for
      cessation of therapy.
AB  - As chemotherapy with adriamycin is accompanied by toxic side effects, early
      recognition of ineffective treatment is important. Marker kinetics, apparent half
      life (AFL) and doubling time (DT), showed that in five patients with advanced
      hepatocellular carcinoma, adriamycin was ineffective. Failure of the
      chemotherapeutic regimen was apparent by the third course of treatment.

PMID- 2415268
TI  - Interferon-beta inhibits 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-dependent mutagenesis in
      a keratinocyte cell-mediated mutation assay.
AB  - A cell-mediated mutagenesis assay employing cultured primary SENCAR keratinocytes
      for the metabolism of promutagens, and V-79 fibroblasts as target cells for the
      resulting genotoxic metabolites, was used to survey the effects of murine beta
      interferon (IFN-beta) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and benzo[a]pyrene
      (BP)-dependent mutagenesis and cytotoxicity. Pre-incubation of the keratinocyte
      cultures with greater than 100 units/ml IFN-beta, but not mock IFN, partially
      inhibited DMBA (25-60%) and BP (25-63%) dependent mutagenesis, but had little
      effect on the cytotoxicities of these agents. The level of inhibition was
      influenced by the length of keratinocyte pre-incubation with IFN-beta, and the
      concentration of IFN-beta, and the number of keratinocytes per nmol of
      promutagen. IFN-beta dependent inhibition of DMBA mutagenesis correlated with
      alterations in DMBA metabolism, including a decrease in the intra- and
      extracellular concentrations of the proximal promutagen (+/-) trans-DMBA-3,4
      dihydrodiol.

PMID- 2415269
TI  - Changes in poly (A) + RNA translational pattern during chemically induced
      hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - Hepatocarcinoma was induced by administration of diethylnitrosamine to rats. The
      rats were sacrificed 70 weeks after the administration and the carcinoma nodules
      were separated from the perinodular parenchymental cells after perfusion of liver
      with collagenase. The in vitro translational pattern of mRNAs from hepatocellular
      carcinomas, from perinodular hepatocytes and from regenerating liver after
      partial hepatectomy were compared by one- and two-dimensional electrophoreses to
      the pattern obtained with RNA from normal hepatocytes. An increased synthesis of
      several peptides was observed with RNAs from carcinoma and from regenerating
      liver and to a lesser extent with RNA from perinodular hepatocytes, which
      suggests that the increase in synthesis is at least partly related to cell
      proliferation. A decreased synthesis of several other peptides was observed with
      RNA from carcinoma nodules and to a lesser extent with RNA from perinodular
      hepatocytes, but not with RNA from regenerating liver, which suggests that this
      decrease in synthesis is related to some transformation specific process. These
      changes are observed as soon as 22 weeks after carcinogen administration. These
      observations also suggest that at least part of the perinodular hepatocytes have
      some characteristics of the transformed cells.

PMID- 2415270
TI  - Hyperamylasemia, specific pancreatic enzymes, and hypoxanthine during recovery
      from diabetic ketoacidosis.
AB  - The contribution of the exocrine pancreas to hyperamylasemia in diabetic
      ketoacidosis was investigated by measuring total amylase, salivary and pancreatic
      isoamylases, cathodic trypsin-like immunoreactivity, and pancreatic lipase in 12
      consecutive patients recovering from diabetic ketoacidosis. Hyperamylasemia was
      present in six of the patients [50%; expected incidence: 21.1-78.9% (95%
      confidence limits)]--in five with simultaneously increased activities of all
      three specific pancreatic enzymes, and in one with only increased salivary
      isoamylase. The serum concentration of hypoxanthine--an indicator of the cellular
      energy state--was above normal in all patients at admission. We found no
      differences in concentrations of hypoxanthine in serum of patients with or
      without hyperamylasemia or in patients with or without increases in the specific
      pancreatic enzymes. In none of the patients was the clinical course or the time-
      concentration curves of the pancreatic enzymes consistent with acute
      pancreatitis. The pathogenic mechanism leading to hyperamylasemia in diabetic
      ketoacidosis remains uncertain.

PMID- 2415271
TI  - Effects of dextran on five biuret-based procedures for total protein in serum.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of dextran on values for total protein in serum as
      measured by the biuret method with five widely used automated instruments: the
      American Monitor Parallel; the Du Pont aca II; the Roche Cobas-Bio; the Kodak
      Ektachem 400; and the Beckman Astra 8. Dextran concentrations as great as 25 or
      30 g/L had relatively little or no influence on total protein measurements by the
      latter three instruments. Dextran concentrations exceeding 6 g/L caused falsely
      low results with the aca, whereas the Parallel gave falsely high results when the
      dextran concentration exceeded 2 g/L. The aca total protein procedure could be
      protected from the interference by dextran concentrations up to 30 g/L by
      injecting 0.4-0.8 mL of ethylene glycol directly into the reagent pack before
      sampling. However, we could not eliminate the interference with the Parallel
      procedure by any simple means; we thus recommend that it not be used for
      measuring total protein in serum samples from patients who are being treated with
      dextran.

PMID- 2415272
TI  - Further observations on prestaining of human serum with Remazol Brilliant Blue.

PMID- 2415273
TI  - A microassay for acid beta-galactosidase activity toward asialofetuin.
AB  - To study the enzymatic properties of beta-galactosidase from the patients with a
      beta-galactosidase deficiency such as GM1 gangliosidosis, determination of
      enzymatic activity with naturally occurring substrates, asialofetuin in addition
      to another natural substrate, GM1 ganglioside, is essentially required. With a
      previously reported, simple and sensitive fluorometric assay for GM1 ganglioside
      beta-galactosidase using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), optimal
      reaction conditions were determined for the assay of acid beta-galactosidase
      activity toward asialofetuin in skin fibroblast homogenates. Under these
      conditions, reduced enzymatic activities could be detected in cultured skin
      fibroblasts from patients with type 1 and 3 GM1 gangliosidoses and
      mucopolysaccharidosis IV-B (Morquio B syndrome). This method was applicable to
      study of the enzymatic properties of the mutant beta-galactosidase and provided
      an alternative to assays employing radioactive or artificial substrates.

PMID- 2415274
TI  - An improved method for the simultaneous analysis of normal and modified urinary
      nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2415275
TI  - The pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy.
AB  - The pathology of the orbital changes in Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) has been
      discussed in detail. The target tissue is the eye muscle and the damage probably
      results from autoimmune processes. Cell-mediated immune responses have been
      demonstrated and an antibody to eye muscle is detectable in 70% of patients.
      There is no direct evidence for an effect of thyroid hormones or TSH on orbital
      tissues in GO. The relation between GO and autoimmune thyroid disease is
      discussed. Present evidence suggests that in GO autoimmune responses are directed
      to orbital tissue antigens and do not cross-react with thyroid antigens. Clinical
      studies suggest that all patients with hyperthyroidism have some abnormality of
      eye muscle, whereas not all patients with ophthalmopathy have evidence of thyroid
      disease. It is not possible at the present time to be certain whether GO is an
      integral part of Graves' disease or a separate entity.

PMID- 2415276
TI  - Hyperthyroidism with a low iodine uptake.

PMID- 2415277
TI  - Post-partum hyperthyroidism.
AB  - The importance of recognizing the frequent occurrence of the destructive (i.e.
      PPT) and stimulatory (i.e. PGD) causes of PH have been discussed. The estimated
      prevalence of PH in several geographical regions of Japan, North America and
      Europe ranges from 2.0-5%. Although the autoimmune basis for GD has been well
      established, the clinical and laboratory features of PPT as well as the
      alterations of humoral and cellular thyroidal immune parameters, the typical
      needle biopsy evidence of lymphocytic infiltration, and the association with HLA
      and Gm allotypes associated with the PPT syndrome, favour the view that it is
      also likely a variant form of subclinical ATD which becomes transiently more
      active post-partum. Post-partum transient hyperthyroidism with or without
      transient or permanent hypothyroidism and relapse of GD thyrotoxicosis have been
      observed in patients with or without a previous history of GD. Hence, an RAIU
      test is the preferred diagnostic test in differentiating between these two
      entities, especially in the absence of associated stigmata of GD. When the RAIU
      test is suppressed, other causes such as thyrotoxicosis factitia and iodine
      exposure should be excluded. Without an RAIU test, only a rapid and spontaneous
      resolution of post-partum hyperthyroidism, accompanied by laboratory confirmation
      of a subsequent hypothyroid phase, can indirectly facilitate the differentiation
      between PGD and PPT. In the first trimester of pregnancy, an increased FT4I has
      been proposed as a risk factor for PGD and an increased AMA titre for PPT.
      Depending upon clinical manifestations, severity, patient and physician
      preferences, PGD can be treated by one of several choices of conventional
      therapy. The transient thyrotoxic phase of PPT when relatively asymptomatic may
      require no therapy, but when symptomatic, only conservative therapy with beta
      adrenergic blockers, sedatives and/or tranquilizers is indicated. Close follow-up
      and long-term surveillance of mothers with PH due to PPT is essential for early
      detection and management of a possible subsequent hypothyroid phase, which may be
      symptomatic, but is seldom permanent. Treatment of recurrent episodes of PPT is
      controversial. Thyrotoxic symptoms are usually mild and transient and can best be
      managed by symptomatic therapy as indicated. In a few exceptional patients with
      recurrent episodes, prophylactic treatment with corticosteroid may be warranted
      but thyroidectomy and ablative radioactive iodine therapy is seldom
      justified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2415278
TI  - Immunosuppressive effects of antithyroid drugs.

PMID- 2415280
TI  - Doxorubicin as a fluorescent nuclear marker in tumors of the human nervous
      system: a simple and reliable staining technique.
AB  - This paper concerns the use of the fluorescent cytostatic compound doxorubicin
      (adriamycin) as a simple and reliable staining technique for nuclear DNA on
      tissue sections, isolated cell smears and imprint preparations. This method can
      be applied successfully to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of human
      brain tumors. The distribution and concentration of chromatin within each cell
      nucleus can be assessed with great accuracy due to the distinct orange
      fluorescence of doxorubicin. Various cell types can be identified by their
      nuclear chromatin pattern, and signs of cellular malignancy can be revealed by
      the drug-induced fluorescence. The new method seems to be suitable both for
      routine neuropathological work and for tumor research. Quantitative studies on
      the nuclear DNA content can be easily and rapidly performed, since the method
      does not require a previous extraction of the cellular RNA.

PMID- 2415279
TI  - Natural killer cells in intravenous drug abusers with lymphadenopathy syndrome.
AB  - We have investigated 25 intravenous drug abusers with the clinical and laboratory
      features of lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS) and 10 AIDS patients for the
      expression of NK activity. LAS and AIDS patients had low NK cytotoxicity compared
      to normal donors. The defective NK cytotoxicity was analysed in the eight LAS
      subjects with most marked depression. NK effectors were identified by morphology
      (large granular lymphocytes, LGL) and monoclonal antibody-defined surface markers
      (B73.1, N901, HNK1). LAS patients had normal percentages of LGL and B73.1+ and
      N901+ cells. with the exception of two subjects with very low frequency of B73.1+
      and N901+ cells. The percentage of HNK1+ cells was increased in LAS, probably
      because of the reactivity of this reagent with a subset of conventional OKT8+
      cells, relatively augmented in LAS subjects. Depletion of monocytes did not
      enhance NK activity consistently. LAS patients had a normal frequency of cells
      capable of binding K562. In-vitro exposure to interferon beta (natural) or gamma
      (recombinant) augmented the defective NK activity of LAS subjects. Thus, patients
      with LAS have defective NK activity that cannot be accounted for by a low
      frequency of the relevant effector cells or by monocytic suppressors. These
      observations suggest a functional defect of NK cells at one or more of the post
      binding steps required for the completion of killing.

PMID- 2415281
TI  - [Aphasic seizure provoked by bemegride administration].

PMID- 2415282
TI  - An update on the surgical treatment of malignant pineal region tumors.
AB  - Our current pineal region tumor series (n = 34) now spans 11 years and currently
      includes 15 patients with malignant pineal region tumors, only 3 of whom had pure
      germinomas. Complete gross microsurgical excision of well-encapsulated tumors was
      possible in 9 of 13 patients (69%) who underwent definitive surgical exploration.
      Subtotal excision only was possible in 2 of the other patients. In the remaining
      2 patients who had pineal germinomas, a less aggressive subtotal excision was
      done because of the known radiosensitivity of this tumor. Four of the operative
      patients had a tumor of mixed histology with benign and malignant components,
      emphasizing the need for adequate tissue sampling (Table 20.2). Eleven of the 13
      surgical patients received postoperative craniospinal radiation; a 6-month-old
      girl who had a gross total excision of a pineoblastoma was too young to be
      irradiated. Ten of the patients continue to do well up to 12 years
      postoperatively. In view of the fact that only 3 of the 15 patients had pure
      germinomas, these results appear to be better than those reported with shunting
      and radiotherapy. Only one of our surgical patients developed postoperative
      metastases, an embryonal cell tumor that spread to the spinal canal. In the 34
      patients in this series with lesions of the pineal region, surgical exploration
      was associated with only one death (a patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma). As
      is common with the occipital transtentorial approach, a postoperative hemanopsia
      is common but usually transient. The wide exposure of this approach, however, may
      be responsible for the greater proportion of complete gross excisions of
      malignant pineal tumors using other approaches (24). We have also shown the
      importance of tumor markers and that germinomas are very sensitive to
      chemotherapy. Thus, microsurgery for pineal tumors provides a viable potential
      for complete gross tumor extirpation even with malignant lesions, and/or adequate
      tissue for diagnosis which is necessary in appropriate therapeutic planning for
      radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. The traditional therapeutic approach of empiric
      radiotherapy without a tissue diagnosis for pineal lesions may no longer be
      acceptable.

PMID- 2415283
TI  - Intracranial germ cell tumors.

PMID- 2415284
TI  - Therapeutic modalities for pineal region tumors.
AB  - Since there is no radiographic test that can definitely predict the histology of
      a pineal tumor, we believe all patients should be treated first with a surgical
      approach to the tumor. This usually is accomplished by the supracerebellar
      suboccipital route. Hydrocephalus is best treated at the time of surgery with
      ventricular drainage. Sometimes, surgery can decompress the CSF obstruction, and
      the need for a shunt can be averted following surgery; if not, the ventricular
      drain is converted to a shunt several days later. If a pineal tumor is found to
      be benign and encapsulated, it is removed by surgery, and the patient requires no
      additional therapy. Meningiomas, cysts, and low grade cystic astrocytomas all
      fall into this category. Some germ cell tumors are well differentiated and can
      also be grossly excised, but one must exercise caution in assuming that the
      entire tumor is benign. Many seemingly well-differentiated teratomas contain
      admixtures, sometimes microscopic, of more malignant elements. Careful
      pathological evaluation of the operative specimen and analysis of biological
      markers (AFP and beta-HCG) can alert the clinician to the presence of malignant
      tumor. With germinomas, radiation therapy is initially effective, and
      chemotherapy has a proven role in treating recurrences. Spinal radiotherapy is
      withheld unless there is a strong suspicion of spinal seeding. Tumors of pineal
      cell origin are radiosensitive and should be treated with radiation therapy.
      Because these tumors are rare, there is little data to date to justify one
      particular form of chemotherapy over another for recurrent pineal cell
      malignancies. Likewise, whether chemotherapy is preferable to radiation therapy
      in the initial treatment of nongerminomatous germ cell malignancies is as yet
      unclear.

PMID- 2415285
TI  - To shunt or not to shunt: hydrocephalus and dysraphism.
AB  - Objective criteria are available for decision making in children with
      ventriculomegaly and spina bifida cystica. Figure 29.7 is the evaluation
      algorithm used in the Hydrocephalus/Myelodysplasia Clinic at Rainbow Babies and
      Children's Hospital. In children without serious neurosurgical complications such
      as the Chiari crisis or problems with wound healing, we rely on three reasonably
      objective measurements for decision making. Head circumference: Measured daily
      while in hospital and at each visit. If the pattern of head growth crosses
      multiple percentile lines indicating that the child will be severely
      megalencephalic, a shunt will be performed. Ultrasonography: Ultrasound
      determinations are made in the first few days of life, prior to discharge, at 6
      weeks of age, and each 6 weeks of age until 6 months. Some measurements of
      ventricular size (usually CT scan because of a small anterior fontanelle) should
      be made at age 1 year. Denver Developmental Testing (DDST): These are performed
      at age 6 weeks and each 6 weeks thereafter. If the child shows significant
      ventriculomegaly, a shunt is performed. When the results are questionable the
      decision is delayed and the test repeated in 6 weeks. Whether a shunt is or is
      not placed in an infant with ventriculomegaly and myelodysplasia, follow-up must
      remain compulsive. Following shunting, not only should the head circumference
      stabilize, but the cortical mantle should increase. Often children shunted in
      this situation fail to show signs of increased intracranial pressure with shunt
      malfunction and must be followed with serial head circumference measurements as
      well as ultrasounds and CT scans. If the decision is made not to shunt the child
      the work of Hall et al. (10) would suggest the possibility that later in life
      shunts may be needed to prevent scoliosis secondary to hydromyelia. More
      information is needed as the aggressively treated population become adults.

PMID- 2415286
TI  - Epidural and intrathecal opiates: cerebrospinal fluid and plasma profiles in
      patients with chronic cancer pain.
AB  - We studied the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma concentration-time profiles
      of morphine, methadone, and beta-endorphin after lumbar epidural or intrathecal
      injection in 17 patients with cancer. After epidural injection, all three drugs
      reached peak levels in lumbar CSF within 34 minutes that were 50 to 1300 times
      higher than free drug concentrations in plasma. The rate of decline of CSF levels
      correlated with drug lipid solubility (methadone [t1/2 = 73 minutes] greater than
      morphine [126 minutes] greater than beta-endorphin [317 minutes]). Plasma levels
      were comparable with those after intragluteal injection of the same dose. In four
      patients given intrathecal morphine or methadone, CSF at the C1-2 level contained
      high levels of morphine as early as 1 hour after injection, but levels of
      methadone were lower or undetectable. Three of 17 patients reported improved
      analgesia initially, but none were improved at 2 weeks after chronic therapy. We
      conclude that analgesia induced by intrathecal or epidural morphine injections is
      caused by drug acting at both spinal and supraspinal sites. The use of spinal
      opiates such as morphine is of limited value in patients whose pain is not
      adequately managed by high systemic doses of morphine-like drugs.

PMID- 2415287
TI  - Molecular biology and the treatment of cancer.

PMID- 2415288
TI  - Preliminary experience with iodine-125 seeds in Newcastle upon Tyne.
AB  - Iodine-125 is useful in curietherapy because of its advantages relating to
      radiation protection. Dosimetric systems for 125I are discussed. It is concluded
      that 12 000 cGy calculated by the Manchester system leads to acceptable late
      results. Nineteen patients were treated, mostly for palliation. Therapeutic
      benefit was seen in nine; one developed necrosis.

PMID- 2415289
TI  - Demonstration of pancreatic parenchyma by digital subtraction techniques during
      endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
AB  - This paper reports the feasibility of using digital subtraction angiography
      techniques during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to obtain
      greater detail of pancreatic structure. The pancreatic duct was filled in 23 of
      27 cases attempted and in 17 cases parenchymal detail was obtained. Filling
      defects due to neoplasm were clearly defined and the changes of chronic
      pancreatitis visualised. The technique seems valuable for small lesions but may
      carry a higher risk of producing pancreatitis.

PMID- 2415290
TI  - Hepatic arterial embolisation in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumours.
AB  - Hepatic arterial embolisation was performed in six patients with malignant
      carcinoid tumours; five with the carcinoid syndrome and the other with
      intractable pain due to pleural and hepatic metastases. A total of 11
      embolisations was performed, each time producing noticeable symptomatic relief,
      especially of facial flushing and diarrhoea. Apart from occasional episodes of
      the post-embolisation syndrome, no significant complications were experienced.
      Relief of symptoms lasted 2 months to 18 months in all patients with the
      carcinoid syndrome. Repeat embolisation was performed in three of the six
      patients. Three of the six patients have died at intervals ranging from 3 weeks
      to 20 months after the last embolisation. The cause of death was not related to
      embolisation. Hepatic embolisation is an effective, safe and repeatable method of
      palliating the symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome.

PMID- 2415291
TI  - Cisplatin-containing chemotherapy in advanced head and neck cancer.
AB  - Sixty-two patients with previously untreated advanced head and neck cancer were
      admitted to a study of pre-radiotherapy combination chemotherapy containing
      cisplatin. After two courses only 3% were in complete response but 47% had
      achieved a partial response. Ninety per cent of patients completed radical
      radiotherapy and at least one course of chemotherapy; 54% of these achieved a
      complete response at 1 month post-therapy. The overall actuarial survival rate at
      2 years was 40.3%, with a median survival of 12 months. The median survival of
      those with complete response 1 month after therapy has not yet been reached. The
      toxicity of the chemotherapy was low and no increase in morbidity from the
      subsequent radiotherapy was noted. Comparison with historical data from this
      hospital does not suggest any improvement in overall survival for the use of
      cisplatin-containing chemotherapy prior to radiotherapy.

PMID- 2415292
TI  - Effects of synthetic atrial natriuretic peptides on sodium-potassium transport in
      human erythrocytes.
AB  - The effects of synthetic human and rat atrial peptides on sodium and potassium
      ion transport has been investigated in intact human erythrocytes. The effects of
      these peptides have been tested on the active, sodium pump-dependent (ouabain
      sensitive) and on the sodium-potassium cotransport system (bumetanide-sensitive)
      with 86Rb used as a tracer. Human (alpha-ANP, 28 amino acids) or rat (atriopeptin
      III) atrial peptides, over a wide range of concentrations, did not influence the
      uptake of 86Rb in either the ouabain-sensitive or the bumetanide-sensitive
      transport system. These results suggest that the natriuretic effect of the atrial
      peptides is not mediated through inhibition of the sodium pump or the loop
      diuretic-sensitive Na-K cotransport.

PMID- 2415293
TI  - Increased albumin and normal dextran clearances in protein-overload proteinuria
      in the rat.
AB  - Female Wistar rats were made heavily proteinuric by daily intraperitoneal
      injections of bovine serum albumin over 5 days. The size and charge permeability
      characteristics of the glomerular filter in this condition were determined by
      studying the renal handling of poly-dispersed uncharged dextran over the range of
      molecular radii 2-6 nm (albumin 3.6 nm), and of endogenous rat serum albumin over
      the same clearance period. In proteinuric rats the clearance of rat serum albumin
      was significantly increased with a resultant reduction in the circulating levels
      of rat serum albumin. The clearance of uncharged dextran was not significantly
      different in proteinuric rats compared with control animals. There does not
      appear to be any size selective defect of the glomerular filtration barrier in
      this condition. This suggests that the observed increase in the clearance of the
      negatively charged endogenous albumin may be due to a reduction in the glomerular
      charge barrier.

PMID- 2415295
TI  - Survival and rejection of the fetal allograft.

PMID- 2415294
TI  - Fever in various rheumatic diseases.
AB  - In many rheumatic diseases fever may occur. This review presents data about the
      frequency of fever in rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis,
      systemic lupus erythematosus, crystal induced arthritis, various vasculitides and
      sarcoidosis. The mechanism by which body temperature rises in these situations is
      discussed.

PMID- 2415296
TI  - Immunological aspects of benign and malignant tumors of the prostate.

PMID- 2415297
TI  - Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, interleukin-2 and trophoblast involvement.

PMID- 2415298
TI  - Development of immunosuppressor cells in the mouse embryo.

PMID- 2415300
TI  - Pericardial window surgery for cardiac tamponade.

PMID- 2415299
TI  - Porin from bacterial and mitochondrial outer membranes.
AB  - The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria acts as a molecular filter with
      defined exclusion limit for hydrophilic substances. The exclusion limit is
      dependent on the type of bacteria and has for enteric bacteria like Escherichia
      coli and Salmonella typhimurium a value between 600 and 800 Daltons, whereas
      molecules with molecular weights up to 6000 can penetrate the outer membrane of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The molecular sieving properties result from the presence
      of a class of major proteins called porins which form trimers of identical
      subunits in the outer membrane. The porin trimers most likely contain only one
      large but well-defined pore with a diameter between 1.2 and 2 nm. Mitochondria
      are presumably descendents of gram-negative bacteria. The outer membrane of
      mitochondria contains in agreement with this hypothesis large pores which are
      permeable for hydrophilic substances with molecular weights up to 6000. The
      mitochondrial porins are processed by the cell and have molecular weights around
      30,000 Daltons. There exists some evidence that the pore is controlled by
      electric fields and metabolic processes.

PMID- 2415301
TI  - Vascular disease and postoperative nursing management.

PMID- 2415303
TI  - Antigens of African trypanosomes.

PMID- 2415302
TI  - Teratomas in infancy and childhood.

PMID- 2415304
TI  - Infundibular and trichilemmal keratinization of a pilar tumor.
AB  - Microscopic examination of a cystic epithelial tumor removed from the elbow of a
      52-year-old man showed islands of epithelium undergoing keratinization without
      formation of a visible granular cell layer, as occurs within the follicular
      isthmus, in trichilemmal cysts, and in pilar tumors (proliferating trichilemmal
      cysts). Other areas showed keratinization with the formation of a distinct, even
      prominent, granular cell layer, as seen within the follicular infundibulum and in
      epidermal cysts. Possible modes of origin and relationships among these tumors
      and epidermal cysts are presented.

PMID- 2415305
TI  - Nodular colloid degeneration: distinctive histochemical and ultrastructural
      features.
AB  - We recently evaluated a patient with a unique form of nodular colloid
      degeneration. Lesions consisted of pruritic, purpuric plaques involving the upper
      and lower extremities and the neck. Examination of a biopsy specimen revealed
      large, fissured masses of amorphous material in addition to solar elastosis. The
      amorphous material showed negative reactions to stains for amyloid, and other
      histochemical studies showed results similar to those for colloid milium. The
      amorphous masses demonstrated a marked positive reaction to the Verhoeff-van
      Gieson stain for elastin. Electron microscopic examination revealed masses of
      degenerated elastic tissue bordered by fibrillar material that resembled amyloid
      morphologically. We believe this case represents a nodular form of solar
      degeneration with clinical and histologic resemblances to both colloid milium and
      cutaneous amyloidosis.

PMID- 2415306
TI  - High dose rate intraluminal irradiation in recurrent endobronchial carcinoma.
AB  - Palliative therapy for previously irradiated patients with symptomatic recurrent
      endobronchial malignancy is a difficult problem. We have had the opportunity to
      treat 20 such patients with high dose rate (50-100 rad/min) endobronchial
      brachytherapy. Eligible patients had received previous high dose thoracic
      irradiation (TDF greater than or equal to 90), a performance status of greater
      than or equal to 50, and symptoms caused by a bronchoscopically defined and
      implantable lesion. The radiation is produced by a small cobalt-60 source (0.7
      Ci) remotely afterloaded by cable control. The source is fed into a 4 mm diameter
      catheter which is placed with bronchoscopic guidance; it may oscillate if
      necessary to cover the lesion. A dose of 1,000 rad at 1 cm from the source is
      delivered. We have performed 22 procedures in 20 patients, four following YAG
      laser debulking. Most had cough, some with hemoptysis. Eight had dyspnea
      secondary to obstruction and three had obstructive pneumonitis. In 12, symptoms
      recurred with a mean time to recurrence of 4.3 months (range 1-9 months).
      Eighteen patients were followed-up and reexamined via bronchoscope 1-2.5 months
      following the procedure; two were lost to follow-up. All had at least 50 percent
      clearance of tumor, and six had complete clearance; most regressions were
      documented on film or videotape. In six, the palliation was durable. The
      procedure has been well tolerated with no toxicity. We conclude that palliative
      endobronchial high dose rate brachytherapy is a useful palliative modality in
      patients with recurrent endobronchial symptomatic carcinoma.

PMID- 2415307
TI  - Developmentally disabled children can be adopted.
AB  - People have often thought that developmentally disabled children were hard to
      place and poor risks in adoption. However, this research shows that a large
      number of children of all ages and disabilities were placed for adoption with few
      disruptions. In light of these findings, agencies may well put more effort into
      identifying developmentally disabled children as suitable candidates for adoption
      services.

PMID- 2415308
TI  - Two major RNA products are transcribed from heat-shock locus 93D of Drosophila
      melanogaster.
AB  - The heat-shock locus 93D from Drosophila melanogaster has recently become
      available for a molecular analysis. We established a restriction site map of a
      recombinant DNA clone covering the major part of heat-shock locus 93D. This clone
      includes part of a repetitive Taq I region and neighbouring unique sequences. The
      portion of the Taq I repeat analysed consists of tandemly arranged sequence
      blocks of about 280 base pairs (bp) in length. Using genomic and cDNA as
      hybridization probes we examined the transcription of 93D in 2- to 4-day-old
      flies. We identified two major RNA classes enhanced after heat shock, namely
      nonpolyadenylated transcripts of heterogeneous length derived from the repetitive
      region and one discrete polyadenylated transcript in spliced and unspliced form
      from the neighbouring unique region. The occurrence of a highly heterogeneous
      poly(A)- transcript and high levels of an unspliced discrete poly(A)+ species
      suggests unusual mechanisms of transcription regulation in the 93D region.

PMID- 2415309
TI  - Effect of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) on 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd)
      incorporation into DNA measured with a monoclonal BrdUrd antibody and by the
      BrdUrd/Hoechst quenching effect.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to improve the application of bromodeoxyuridine
      (BrdUrd) for the flow cytometric analysis of cell kinetics. In order to obtain a
      quantitative measure of the DNA synthesis rate (or the number of divided cells),
      BrdUrd should replace thymidine (dThd) completely in the newly synthesized DNA
      strands. The de novo synthesis of dThd monophosphate competing with BrdUrd
      incorporation was stopped by fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd). Cells of a human
      leukemic cell line (REH) were exposed to BrdUrd for either 20 min, 8 h, or 24 h.
      Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation was determined by a monoclonal antibody as well
      as by the BrdUrd/Hoechst (H) technique. Counterstaining of the DNA was performed
      with propidium iodide or ethidium bromide. DNA fluorescence was measured in both
      techniques with a two-parameter flow cytometer, the histograms being analyzed by
      computer. It was found that FdUrd is required in the BrdUrd/H technique for
      replacement of dThd at low BrdUrd concentrations and long incubation times. With
      short incubation periods, as used for detection by the monoclonal anti-BrdUrd
      antibody, FdUrd increases the incorporated BrdUrd amount when BrdUrd
      concentrations of 10 microM or less are applied.

PMID- 2415310
TI  - DNA replication and differentiation in rat myoblasts studied with monoclonal
      antibodies against 5-bromodeoxyuridine, actin, and alpha 2-macroglobulin.
AB  - During the differentiation of skeletal muscle, mononucleate myoblasts
      proliferate, then stop replicating, spontaneously fuse, and express a large
      number of genes which encode the muscle phenotype. We have used monoclonal
      antibodies specific for 5-bromodeoxyuridine, myoactin, and equine alpha 2
      macroglobulin to follow and establish the sequence of events that surround the
      transition from a replicating to a differentiating population. Triple-label
      immunofluorescence microscopy was used to visualize the changes in DNA synthesis,
      formation of myoactin fibers, and the cessation of endocytosis of alpha 2
      macroglobulin that accompany myogenesis. Our results indicate that myoblasts
      cease actively endocytosing alpha 2-macroglobulin after stopping DNA synthesis
      but prior to fusion. Formation of myoactin fibers rarely occurs in mononucleate
      myoblasts and only in post-mitotic cells, but they are common in multinucleate
      myotubes. We suggest that the regulation of DNA synthesis is critical to normal
      myogenesis and that detection of incorporated BrdUrd by immunofluorescence, in
      conjunction with other antibodies and nucleic acid probes, is a convenient method
      with which to study and sequence the molecular events in single cells as they
      relate to the transition in DNA synthesis that accompanies differentiation.

PMID- 2415311
TI  - Phorbol ester enhances deoxynucleoside incorporation while inhibiting
      proliferation of K-562 cells.
AB  - Recently a new technique has been developed to study bromodeoxyuridine
      incorporation into DNA as a function of the cell cycle phase distribution. We
      have made the observation that treatment of the hematopoietic cell line K-562
      results in a complete and immediate cessation of cell growth, although tritiated
      thymidine incorporation is markedly elevated for as long as 5 days. We have made
      use of that newly described technique to study this phenomenon.

PMID- 2415312
TI  - [Identification of endogenous retroviruses in the rat liver by molecular
      hybridization of nucleic acids].

PMID- 2415313
TI  - [Effect of Ca2+ ions on the channel-blocking action of hexamethonium in the
      sympathetic ganglion].

PMID- 2415314
TI  - [Effect of crezacine on the exocrine activity of the pancreas].

PMID- 2415315
TI  - [Primary chemotherapy of advanced squamous epithelial carcinomas of the head and
      neck].
AB  - Advanced stage squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck have a particularly
      poor prognosis despite surgical and irradiation treatment. Over the last few
      years attempts have been made to improve the local control rate using primary
      chemotherapy. 70 patients with advanced carcinomas were treated with
      methotrexate, cisplatin and bleomycin using double the dose of cisplatin as in
      the EORTC-study. The remission rate for patients undergoing two treatment courses
      was 83%. Toxicity was moderate to low with additional intensive anti-emetic
      treatment. The combination is well suited for chemotherapy of advanced tumours of
      the head and neck in combined treatment programmes.

PMID- 2415316
TI  - [Detection of anti-HTLV-III antibodies in gammaglobulin preparations for
      intramuscular injection].

PMID- 2415317
TI  - Warts. Fact and fiction.

PMID- 2415318
TI  - Membrane-bound form of acetylcholinesterase activated during postnatal
      development of the rat somatosensory cortex.
AB  - We are interested in the expression of synapse-specific macromolecules and its
      correlation with the appearance of neuronal types and synaptogenesis during
      development of the mammalian brain. We report here studies showing that the
      appearance of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at layer IV of the rat somatosensory
      cortex is correlated with the expression of a membrane-bound AChE. Both its
      electrophoretic mobility and its sedimentation coefficient remain unaltered
      during maturation; however, its kinetics parameters, the heat and fixative
      sensitivities and the substrate inhibition changed through development. Our
      results suggest that an adult form of membrane-bound AChE is expressed
      postnatally.

PMID- 2415319
TI  - [Effect of actions inhibiting neovascularization of the metastasis of Lewis lung
      carcinoma].
AB  - Indomethacine, protamine-sulphate and hydrocortisone were found to decrease the
      activity of metastatic processes of Lewis carcinoma after the removal of the
      primary tumour. The most pronounced effect was observed in case of the complex
      application of these preparations. The effect obtained correlates with the
      ability of these preparations to inhibit the neovascularization.

PMID- 2415320
TI  - Nocturnal sleep in mentally retarded infants with cerebral palsy.
AB  - Sleep EEG patterns in 23 mentally retarded children with cerebral palsy (CP)
      (from 4 months to 5 years of age) and 39 reference mentally retarded children of
      no abnormality with the exception of psychomotor retardation (from 4 months to 12
      years of age) were studied throughout nocturnal sleep, and the following results
      were obtained. Eleven CP cases and 30 reference cases evidenced normal sleep
      patterns that could be classified into 6 stages. Twelve other cases in CP and 9
      reference cases showed some abnormal sleep EEG patterns as follows: (i) in CP
      cases absence of EEG patterns characteristic of wakefulness, NREM sleep and REM
      sleep without spindles (n = 3); porencephaly with microcephaly (n = 1) and
      cytomegalovirus infection (n = 2), no characteristic EEG patterns of stages 1-4
      without spindles (n = 2); cardiac arrest (n = 1) and agenesis of corpus callosum
      with lissencephaly (n = 1), absence of REM sleep (n = 1); kernicterus, spindles
      with an extremely low incidence (n = 5); perinatal anoxia (n = 2), kernicterus (n
      = 1), Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (n = 1) and cerebral palsy due to unknown etiologies
      (n = 1), and extreme spindles (n = 1); cerebral palsy due to unknown etiologies,
      (ii) in reference cases no spindles (n = 2), spindles with an extremely low
      incidence (n = 6), and extreme spindles (n = 1). Short sleep and long waking
      times during the night were noted in 4 out of 23 CP subjects; kernicterus (n =
      2), agenesis of corpus callosum with lissencephaly (n = 1), and porencephaly with
      microcephaly (n = 1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2415321
TI  - Aberrant wave forms to pattern reversal stimulation: clinical significance and
      electrographic 'solutions'.
AB  - Aberrant wave forms (AWFs) which are pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEPs)
      with ambiguous P2 peaks, were found in 13.7% of our patient population and not in
      our control group. The distribution of AWFs among the clinical entities of
      chronic myelopathy, questionable early MS, MS without visual lesions, MS with
      visual lesions and other neurological disorders, were similar to that of normally
      formed PVEPs with delayed P2 peaks. AWFs therefore appear to have a similar
      clinical significance to that of delayed, normally formed PVEPs, whether or not
      their latencies are within the normal range. Electrographic fields of non
      aberrant PVEPs with well defined P2 peaks were studied to define the following
      obligate P2 characteristics: P2 always attained highest amplitude at the midline
      occipital position (Ox), hemifield stimulation using Fz as a reference always
      evoked a larger NPN complex over the hemisphere ipsilateral to stimulation than
      over the contralateral hemisphere. Multiple-channel analysis of both fullfield
      and hemifield stimulation and bipolar transverse montages reconstructed from
      referential recordings were employed to identify the P2 peak in AWFs. Bipolar
      reconstruction identified the P2 peak in 61% of all instances in which it was
      employed while hemifield stimulation did so in 84% of instances. In the 82
      instances in which both were employed, hemifield stimulation identified the P2 in
      84% as compared to only 33% for bipolar reconstruction. Therefore, although
      bipolar reconstruction may often identify the P2, hemifield stimulation is more
      effective for particularly complex situations.

PMID- 2415322
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with occlusions of cerebral arteries.
AB  - The material consists of 100 patients suffering from occlusion of a cerebral
      artery, admitted for the performance of arterial bypass. Before the operation
      SEPs of the median nerve and CT scans were taken. Three main types of SEP were
      found (symmetric, asymmetric-attenuated, asymmetric-augmented) and pathological
      changes of latency, amplitude and wave form of the primary complex N1-P2 were
      described. The changes were correlated with the localization and extent of the
      hypodense lesion in the cerebral hemispheres. The cause of the decreased
      latencies on the side of the lesion is discussed and reported in relation to
      'travelling waves' (Cracco 1980) in normals. The cause of the increased amplitude
      on the side of the lesion is also discussed and reported in relation to a
      disturbance of the suppressor cortex 8s, 19s and of the head of the caudate
      nucleus.

PMID- 2415323
TI  - Functioning of the brain-stem auditory pathway in non-retarded autistic
      individuals.
AB  - Functioning of auditory brain-stem pathways was examined in non-retarded autistic
      individuals (14-28 years of age). Functioning was assessed by recording ERPs
      (event-related brain potentials) generated by these auditory pathways. These ERPs
      were evoked by click stimuli and occurred within the first 8 msec following the
      onset of the click. To assess the ability of these early auditory pathways to
      process sensory stimuli of varying characteristics, we systematically varied
      click intensity, rate of stimulation, ear of stimulation, and polarity of clicks.
      The results show that non-retarded autistic individuals have normal functioning
      of the brain-stem auditory pathways which generate these ERPs: every autistic
      subject had normal ERPs. So, disorder in auditory brain-stem pathways which
      generate these ERPs is not necessary for autism to occur. The dysfunctioning
      neural systems directly responsible for autism in non-retarded individuals must
      be sought elsewhere. Ten of the autistic subjects in this study, whom we found to
      have normal auditory brain-stem ERPs, had previously been found to have
      abnormalities in longer latency cognitive ERP components (Courchesne et al. 1984,
      1985). We conclude, therefore, that those abnormalities in longer latency
      components are not the downstream consequences of abnormalities in the structures
      generating the auditory brain-stem ERPs recorded in the present study.

PMID- 2415324
TI  - Quantitative EEG analysis and survival in liver disease.
AB  - A simple, objective method for measuring hepatic encephalopathy (automated
      spectral analysis of the EEG) was tested for its prognostic value in a group of
      60 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and in 10 patients with acute hepatic
      insufficiency. A highly significant correlation was found between the grade of
      hepatic encephalopathy and survival. This study further validates the clinical
      value of objectively grading hepatic encephalopathy by spectral analysis.

PMID- 2415325
TI  - Relation of blood estradiol levels to EEG photic driving in smoking vs. non
      smoking normal males.
AB  - In normal young males, estradiol has effects which are opposite to those of
      testosterone on EEG driving responses to photic stimulation. Testosterone in
      males impairs the EEG driving response to photic stimulation, while estrogen
      enhances the EEG response to photic stimulation. Estrogen in males would appear
      to impair central adrenergic functioning.

PMID- 2415326
TI  - A decrease in clonus amplitude by topical anesthesia.
AB  - Skin desensitization by topical anesthetic was studied for its effects on the
      frequency and amplitude of 3 overt involuntary oscillations of the ankle:
      pathological clonus, physiological clonus, and physiological action tremor.
      Pathological clonus was studied in two spinal cord patients, physiological clonus
      in 3 normal subjects following prolonged exercise, and physiological action
      tremor in 7 normal subjects performing voluntary movements. Topical anesthetic
      applied to the skin of the leg, ankle and proximal half of the foot resulted in a
      significant decrease in the amplitude of all 3 oscillations with no significant
      change in frequency. The effect of topical anesthetic on pathological clonus
      amplitude was so profound that neither patient could initiate clonus for
      approximately 30 min, despite repeated attempts to do so. While the mechanism
      determining the frequencies of these oscillations is a matter of considerable
      debate, the consistency in their response to topical anesthetic suggests that a
      common mechanism may exist. A possible clinical application is suggested. Topical
      anesthetic may be a non-invasive means of attenuating undesirable large amplitude
      tremors and clonus.

PMID- 2415327
TI  - Subcortical correlates of the somatic, auditory and visual vertex activities in
      man. I. Bipolar EEG responses and electrical stimulation.
AB  - Bipolar responses correlated to somatic, auditory and visual vertex activities
      were studied in different subcortical structures of patients with implanted
      electrodes used as an electrophysiological procedure for surgical treatment. In
      addition, we studied the subjective responses of patients to electrical
      stimulation of subcortical structures where vertex-like activities (VA) were
      recorded, in order to determine their possible role in somatic, auditory and
      visual sensations. Typical subcortical VA evoked by somatic, auditory and visual
      stimuli, were recorded together from a single structure of a non-specific system
      including: reticulo-, medial dorsal-thalamic, orbito-frontal, limbic and striatal
      structures. Typical subcortical VA were formed by 4 consecutive components: O, A,
      B and C correlated to P1, N1, P2 and N2 of the surface VA. Polarity of component
      A was inverted between reticulo- and medial-thalamic structures while that of
      component B was inverted between medial thalamic and dorsal thalamic and between
      fronto-limbic and striatal structures. Typical subcortical VA were absent within
      specific thalamic nuclei and pathways in presence or absence of short latency
      responses evoked by specific sensory stimuli. Atypical subcortical VA of 1, 2 and
      3 sensory modalities with inconsistent amplitudes, latencies and polarities were
      recorded from an intermediate zone surrounding and between specific and non
      specific structures. Electrical stimulation of the non-specific structures at the
      reticulo- and medial thalamic levels elicited sensation of falling down and
      increase tension and tremor of the contralateral hand while no subjective
      responses were elicited by the stimulation at the dorsal thalamic, fronto-limbic
      and striatal levels. Stimulation of the specific structures and the intermediate
      zone elicited somatic, auditory and visual sensations with and without and
      apparent topographical organization, respectively.

PMID- 2415328
TI  - Three-channel Lissajous' trajectory of human auditory brain-stem evoked
      potentials. I. Normative measures.
AB  - Three-channel Lissajous' trajectories (3-CLTs) of auditory brainstem evoked
      potentials (ABEPs) were obtained from 14 humans (28 ears) in response to 75 dB
      nHL, 10/sec alternating polarity clicks. A normative set of 3-CLT quantitative
      measures was calculated and compared with amplitudes and latencies of the
      simultaneously recorded, single-channel, vertex-mastoid ABEP. The comparison
      included average values as well as intersubject variability. The 3-CLT measures
      included: apex latencies; planar segment durations, orientation, size and shape;
      trajectory-amplitude peaks and their latencies. Apex latencies of 3-CLT were
      comparable to peak latencies of the vertex-mastoid records, both in absolute
      values and in intersubject variability. Durations of planar segments were
      approximately 0.7 msec and their standard deviations were about a half of their
      average. Individual planar segment orientations were typically within 50 degrees
      of the normative average. Trajectory amplitudes were, in general, somewhat larger
      than peak amplitudes of the vertex-mastoid records, while their intersubject
      variabilities were comparable. Size and shape measures of planar segments were
      variable across subjects, making their clinical use, in their present form,
      questionable. The quantitative study of the 3-CLT of auditory brain-stem evoked
      potentials will enable evaluation of normal, as well as pathological, evoked
      potentials, to further the understanding and utility of this comprehensive
      representation of brain-stem function.

PMID- 2415329
TI  - Intra- and extracranially recorded auditory evoked potentials in the cat. II.
      Effects of interaural time and intensity differences.
AB  - The effects of interaural time differences and interaural intensity differences
      on binaural interactions in the brain-stem evoked response (BSER) and auditory
      field potentials (AFPs) in superior olive and inferior colliculus were studied.
      Interaural time differences of up to +/- 2048 microseconds and interaural
      intensity differences of up to +/- 30 dB were used. Binaural interactions were
      studied for waves P4 and P5 of the BSER and the corresponding AFP components.
      When binaural interactions were present (wave P4 and subsequent waves), the
      dichotic potential was less than the sum of left and right evoked potentials. At
      zero interaural intensity difference the maximum binaural interaction was seen at
      zero interaural time difference. When an interaural intensity difference was
      present, maximum interaction was shifted away from zero interaural time
      difference such that left louder gave maximal interaction at right lead and vice
      versa. The time intensity trading values for this shift were between 9 and 20
      microseconds/dB. The trading ratios for the superior olive wave P4 component and
      BSER P4/P5 were in the same range, i.e., no extra effects could be seen in the
      BSER postsynaptic to the superior olive. These time intensity trading ratios
      correspond to those of medial superior olive cells but not to those of lateral
      superior olive cells (Caird and Klinke 1983). We suggest that these binaural
      effects are produced by binaural mechanisms in the medial superior olive and that
      the lateral superior olive does not significantly contribute to the BSER. The
      inferior colliculus AFP slow wave binaural interactions do not correspond to
      those of the BSER.

PMID- 2415330
TI  - P300 and psychophysiological analysis of the structure of behavior.
AB  - P300 wave was analyzed on the basis of comparison between brain potentials, the
      structure of behavior and single unit activity within the signal detection task
      through experiments with humans and animals. The similarity of the late positive
      components following detected light flashes in humans and rabbits, identified as
      P300, permitted the use of data concerning single unit activity. The analysis of
      single unit activity in the visual and motor cortex of rabbits demonstrated that
      the sequence of behavioral stages in signal detection is based on different sets
      of units. There is a strong correspondence between the change of set and the P300
      development. Since the activity of certain units in behavior reflects the
      realization of certain functional systems, the modification of the sets of
      activated units indicates the transformation of the composition of functional
      systems of different hierarchical levels during the change of behavioral stages.
      This is the basis for our suggestion that P300 reflects the process of
      reorganization of the structure of the behavior which is responsible for the
      transition from one stage of behavior to another.

PMID- 2415331
TI  - Slow and multiple unit potentials in trace and temporal conditioning controlled
      by electrical reward in the rat.
AB  - Rats trained to expect medial forebrain bundle electrical reward every 17 sec
      acquire, in their visual cortex, a linear gradient of increasing negative
      potential over the prereinforcement half of the interval. The postreinforcement
      half of the interval is occupied by a less linear reversal of the negative shift.
      Integrated multiple unit activity from the same electrodes shows for the same
      half intervals, respectively, acquisition of progressive increase and sudden
      decrease. Behaviorally, naive subjects are most active following the
      reinforcement, becoming progressively less active in the second half of the
      interreinforcement interval. After training, the above pattern is reversed with
      sudden cessation of activity following reinforcement and progressive increase
      beginning about 5 sec later and continuing to the time of reinforcement. Slopes
      for the negative anticipatory potential gradient (APG) ranged from 8 to 28
      microV/sec in different subjects on the 17 sec interreinforcement interval.
      Doubling the interval halved the slope, the maximum prereinforcement negative
      voltage remaining constant. The phenomenon thus appears as a relative or pacing
      dynamic rather than as an absolute or fixed microvolts/second function. Making
      the interreinforcement interval variable caused loss of both the anticipatory
      gradient and the integrated multiple unit increment. Trace conditioning with
      variable intertrial interval restored an anticipatory gradient and multiple unit
      increment. The specific dissociation of unit firing activity during the APG
      previously reported in the quietly expectant cat is not seen in this study owing
      to the excited expectancy in the rat anticipating MFB reward. Although the longer
      periods of negative potential gradient and unit action potential activity appear
      associated rather than dissociated, transient dissociations in patterns were
      observed during shorter duration shifts in the slow potential. Resolution of
      these variations must await more definitive study of unit activity and sustained
      potential genesis.

PMID- 2415332
TI  - Mu- and delta-opioid receptor-mediated epileptoid responses in morphine-dependent
      and non-dependent rats.
AB  - In 3 different models of opioid epileptogenesis we have utilized opioid receptor
      antagonists to differentiate the nature and role of opioid receptor subtypes
      involved in opioid agonist-induced epileptoid responses in rats. Selective mu
      opioid receptor agonism can initiate epileptoid responses in non-dependent rats.
      Delta-opioid agonism is important in sustaining mu-initiated epileptoid
      responses. A role for mu-opioid receptor stimulation in delta-opioid initiated
      epileptoid responses remains yet to be clarified. Delta-opioid antagonism does
      not precipitate classic autonomic and behavioral signs of withdrawal in morphine
      dependent rats but blocks epileptoid responses in naloxone-precipitated morphine
      withdrawal without affecting autonomic and behavioral components of an ongoing
      withdrawal reaction.

PMID- 2415333
TI  - Spatio-temporal EEG measures and their application to human intracranially
      recorded epileptic seizures.
AB  - We describe analysis methods which involve the computation of band-integrated,
      intrachannel spectral measures from the EEG. These measures require only very
      general assumptions, have a simple interpretation and achieve significant data
      reduction, while providing a quantitative assessment of significant EEG
      modification at seizure or onset or in the course of seizure evolution. In
      developing these measures, we experimented with various measures derived from
      spatio-temporal power spectra. Bandpass (8-30 Hz) integrated relative energy
      measures appear to be the most useful since they objectively measure paroxysmal
      modification. Two such measures are illustrated in this report: the band
      integrated power z-score (BIPZ), which is a quantitative measure designed to
      allow significance testing, and the band-integrated power ratio (BIPR), which is
      a simply calculated qualitative measure that behaves very similarly to the BIPZ
      measure and may be useful for real-time data screening. In addition to developing
      these intrachannel measures, we have also developed methods of displaying these
      measures in a format appropriate to the analysis of interchannel relationships.
      In a general sense, the displays provide objective information regarding the
      spatio-temporal dynamics of the EEG in a condensed format which is still readily
      understandable to the electroencephalographer. This analysis was applied to 29
      spontaneous, depth-recorded seizures in 14 patients with the aim of identifying
      the initial locus of seizure activity in each seizure episode. The initial locus
      was defined as that location (or set of locations) to first exhibit statistically
      significant values of the BIPZ measure. The method was very effective in this
      regard, as shown by correspondence between the conclusions of this automated
      analysis and conventional visual analysis.

PMID- 2415334
TI  - Automation of the seizure investigation unit at the University of British
      Columbia Health Sciences Centre Hospital.
AB  - At the University of British Columbia Health Sciences Centre Hospital we have
      constructed an automated Seizure Investigation Unit for long term monitoring of
      epileptic patients. A central component of this system is a new device, developed
      at the University of British Columbia, which prevents video and EEG records of
      seizures recorded on video tape from being over-recorded. Computer technology is
      relied upon to a considerable degree in our unit. Computers are seen, in this
      phase of development of the SIU, as a means of making patient monitoring less
      dependent on supervision. They can help to redirect human energy towards complex
      analysis rather than time consuming and simple monitoring tasks.

PMID- 2415335
TI  - Pattern reversal evoked potentials: age, sex and hemispheric asymmetry.
AB  - Binocular pattern reversal evoked potentials (PREPs) and EEG power were recorded
      bilaterally from occipital scalp of 50 boys and 50 girls aged 5-14. PREP latency
      was unaffected by either age or gender. Amplitudes, however, were consistently
      larger for girls than boys, with differences diminishing by adolescence.
      Significant electrophysiological asymmetries were also found; larger PREP
      amplitudes were measured at the right occipital electrode than the left for the
      two waves investigated. These asymmetries were apparent in both girls and boys
      across all ages, although they tended to diminish with maturation. EEG alpha
      asymmetry did not correlate with PREP amplitude asymmetry. PREPs elicited by half
      field stimulation of 8 girls aged 9-10 years determined that 'paradoxical
      lateralization' of the half-field response was the same for both left and right
      half-fields, thus failing to account for the asymmetry of the full-field
      binocular response.

PMID- 2415336
TI  - The dissociation of early SEP components in lesions of the cervico-medullary
      junction: a cue for routine interpretation of abnormal cervical responses to
      median nerve stimulation.
AB  - In non-cephalic reference records the lesions of upper cervical cord and medulla
      dissociate SEPs to median nerve stimulation, cervical N11 and N13 potentials
      being preserved whereas later components, generated above the foramen magnum, are
      absent or desynchronized and delayed. This was observed in 4 patients with space
      occupying lesions of the cervico-medullary junction. In three of them serial
      postoperative SEP records demonstrated a progressive normalization of the
      responses following decompression. During normalization delayed cortical
      components could reappear on the scalp before the far-field P14 positivity.
      Before surgery the widespread N18 potential was absent, at least on one side, in
      the 4 patients and was never found to be dissociated from the P14 component. The
      reversibility of early SEP dissociations after surgery allowed a documented study
      of the abnormal patterns of cervical to Fz responses that may be observed with
      various lesions of the cervical cord, including demyelination. When the P14
      component is delayed because of conduction slowing it is injected as an abnormal
      'N14' in the Cv6-Fz response; in this situation the use of a non-cephalic
      reference is necessary to make the distinction between the cervical N13 potential
      and brain-stem 'N14' negativity.

PMID- 2415337
TI  - Velocity-dependent suppression of somatosensory evoked potentials during
      movement.
AB  - Sensory transmission is known to be impaired during movement of the stimulated
      body part. This phenomenon is manifested by a decrease of perceptual acuity and a
      correlated decrease in the size of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs). The
      goal of the present study was to define the relationship between SEP amplitude
      and speed of movement. SEPs were elicited by brief (25 msec) loading of the wrist
      flexor muscles. Stimuli were applied while the wrist joint was stationary or
      moving voluntarily at one of several velocities. In all subjects, SEP amplitude
      was approximately inversely related to speed of movement at the time of
      stimulation. The findings refine and extend studies suggesting the velocity
      dependence of sensory suppression during movement.

PMID- 2415338
TI  - Brain-stem auditory evoked potentials in different age groups.
AB  - Brain-stem auditory potential (BAEP) latencies were measured from individuals
      with normal or nearly normal hearing. Different age groups were studied
      separately. Males have 0.1-0.2 msec longer latencies of waves III and V and
      longer I-V IPLs than females in all age groups. The latencies of waves I, III and
      V increase 0.1-0.2 msec with increasing age, but the I-V IPL was the same in all
      age groups. The recognizability was very good for waves I, III and V and fairly
      good for waves II and IV. There was no interaural time difference.

PMID- 2415339
TI  - Age-related latency changes in the brain-stem auditory evoked potentials.
AB  - The effects of age on the brain-stem auditory evoked potentials were studied on
      156 healthy subjects with ages ranging from 18 to 76 years. The latencies of
      peaks I-VII and the interpeak latencies of I-III, III-V and I-V were consistently
      shorter for the female group than the male group. The females also had higher
      peak amplitude than the males. The effects of sex on the peak and interpeak
      latencies were observed in all age groups. There was a small progressive
      prolongation in the peak latency with increasing age, particularly peak V.
      Although a correlation between the age and the I-III interval was not observed,
      there was also a small increase with age in the interpeak latencies of III-V and
      I-V.

PMID- 2415340
TI  - Auditory frequency discrimination and event-related potentials.
AB  - Auditory stimulus blocks were presented to 6 subjects. 80% of the stimuli in each
      block were standards of 1000 Hz and 20% were deviants of either 1002 Hz, 1004 Hz,
      1008 Hz, 1016 Hz or 1032 Hz, one deviant type in each block. The constant
      interstimulus interval was 1 sec and the order of the stimuli was randomized. The
      subject was instructed either to ignore the deviant stimuli (ignore condition) or
      to press a response key to them (discrimination condition). In the ignore
      condition, an ERP component called the mismatch negativity (MMN), with a peak
      latency of approximately 170 msec, was elicited by those deviants exceeding the
      discrimination threshold (1016 Hz and 1032 Hz) and also those at the threshold
      (1008 Hz) tended to elicit a small MMN. In the discrimination condition, in
      addition to MMN, another negative component, N2b, was elicited by the detected
      deviants. This component had a somewhat longer latency than, and its midline
      distribution was posterior to, the MMN. The present results are in line with the
      hypothesis according to which the MMN component reflects the activation of
      cerebral mechanisms of passive discrimination, those which cause us to become
      aware of occasional changes in unattended stimulus sequences. In the
      discrimination condition, N2b and the slow parietal positivity were dominant
      features of the ERPs elicited by the detected suprathreshold deviants. The data
      obtained at the discrimination threshold specifically associate the parietal
      positivity with becoming aware of stimulus change since those deviants which were
      detected elicited this positivity whereas there was none to those (physically
      identical) deviants which remained undetected.

PMID- 2415341
TI  - Gustatory evoked potentials in man.
AB  - Despite numerous attempts, a satisfactory method of recording gustatory evoked
      potentials (GEPs) had not been found as yet. This study reports a new stimulation
      technique by which taste receptors can be stimulated selectively. Gaseous
      chemical stimuli of an approximately rectangular concentration course were
      presented to 5 subjects. Acetic acid at different concentrations was used as the
      stimulant. The EEG was recorded from standard 10/20 positions referred to A1.
      Taste receptors were activated in a sufficiently synchronous manner to evoke
      summated slow wave potentials in the central nervous system. Concordant with
      other cortical evoked potentials, the vertex was the site of the most pronounced
      deviations of GEPs. Potential amplitudes increased and latencies decreased with
      rising concentrations. After application of the local anaesthetic tetracaine
      hydrochloride (10 mg) to the tongue, GEPs and taste sensations were eliminated.
      In one patient ageusia coinciding with irradiation therapy (36 Gy) was proved by
      the attenuation of the GEPs. Also GEPs to sweet (chloroform), salty (ammonium
      chloride) and bitter (thujone) taste sensations were recorded for the first time.

PMID- 2415342
TI  - Short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials in myotonic dystrophy: evidence for
      a conduction disturbance.
AB  - Short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded in 13 patients with
      myotonic dystrophy (MyD). The MyD were compared with age-matched controls. The
      mean conduction latency between the brachial plexus and dorsal column nuclei (EP
      N14) was significantly longer for the MyD. Results suggest an afferent conduction
      disturbance in MyD.

PMID- 2415343
TI  - Source derivation of the brain-stem auditory evoked potential.
AB  - This study described the results of applying source derivation to the brain-stem
      auditory evoked potential. Unilateral stimulation gives rise to current sinks,
      associated with waves I and III, which are located in the vicinity of the
      ipsilateral mastoid. Waves II and V are associated with a pair of current sinks
      which appear bilaterally in the vicinity of each mastoid.

PMID- 2415344
TI  - A theoretical justification of the average reference in topographic evoked
      potential studies.
AB  - For multichannel evoked potential recording, several authors have proposed to use
      the 'average reference.' This paper tries to justify the choice of this
      reference. Indeed, it can be shown that the integral of the potential
      distribution over a sphere including current dipoles is null. The limitations of
      the use of such an average reference are discussed.

PMID- 2415345
TI  - Neural conduction time and steady-state evoked potentials.
AB  - Signal processing in neural networks will inevitably include delays due to the
      finite conduction velocity of the neurones and their interconnections. Diamond
      proposed a method for finding these delays in the case of (visual) steady-state
      responses. Alignment of response features, when represented in a time domain
      plot, would, allegedly, yield the delay. We show that filter action, by
      introducing frequency-dependent phase shifts, is bound to distort the time domain
      plot considerably, thereby aligning the response features in such a way that a
      wrong value for the delay is found. This makes that analysis method of doubtful
      significance.

PMID- 2415346
TI  - Release of growth hormone (GH) from purified somatotrophs: interaction of GH
      releasing factor and somatostatin and role of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate.
AB  - An acutely dispersed and purified preparation of somatotrophs obtained from rat
      adenohypophyses was used to study the mechanism of action of GH-releasing factor
      (GRF). Synthetic GRF [human pancreatic, hpGRF-(1-40)-OH] stimulated the immediate
      (within 4 min) release of GH in a dose-related manner, with a preceding or
      concurrent increase in cAMP in the somatotrophs. Somatostatin, at concentrations
      as low as 1.0 ng/ml, completely blocked the GRF-induced increase in GH release,
      with only a partial reduction in the GRF-induced accumulation of cAMP in the
      somatotrophs. 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor,
      potentiated the action of GRF in increasing cAMP in the somatotrophs, with
      subsequent GH release. These results along with those of previous studies suggest
      that cAMP is an intracellular mediator in the action of GRF and that somatostatin
      has a major effect on blocking GH release at a step subsequent to cAMP
      accumulation.

PMID- 2415347
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against human follicle-stimulating hormone.
AB  - Five monoclonal antibodies to human (h) FSH have been prepared, isolated, and
      characterized. They were produced by hybridomas derived from FO myeloma cells and
      spleen cells from mice immunized with hFSH or its beta-subunit (hFSH beta). Two
      of the antibodies (A101 and A102) which recognized the alpha-subunit of hFSH
      bound much better when alpha was associated with the beta-subunit forming the
      intact hFSH molecule than when alpha was in free form. These antibodies showed 9
      10%, 2-3%, and 1-3% cross-reactions with alpha-subunits in hTSH, hCG, and hLH,
      respectively. Two antibodies (B201 and B202) recognized only free beta-subunit.
      One antibody (B305) recognized free beta-subunit and native hFSH. There was no
      significant cross-reaction of these antibodies to FSH beta with hTSH, hLH, and
      hCG. Using solid phase competitive binding and sandwich assays, we compared the
      epitopes for these antibodies. Antibodies A101 and A102 recognize the same
      epitope on hFSH alpha. Antibodies B201 and B202 recognize different epitopes, but
      they seemed to be adjacent. Antibody B305 bound a different epitope than B201 and
      B202. Such characteristics of these antibodies can be useful for sensitive and
      specific assay of hFSH or hFSH beta and also may be helpful in studying FSH
      interaction with its receptor.

PMID- 2415348
TI  - Stress-induced secretion of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and its
      physiological role in modulating the secretion of prolactin and luteinizing
      hormone in the female rat.
AB  - The pattern of alpha MSH release during immobilization stress in ovariectomized
      rats was determined and correlated with that of plasma PRL and LH. Stress induced
      a marked elevation in plasma immunoreactive alpha MSH, with a time course
      identical to that of plasma PRL. The increment in plasma PRL was greater than
      that in plasma alpha MSH. Plasma LH was markedly lowered by stress. Analysis of
      pituitary and hypothalamic alpha MSH indicated a significant (P less than 0.05)
      increase in the neurointermediate lobe and anterior lobe content of alpha MSH.
      The alpha MSH content in the hypothalamus was lowered by stress when expressed as
      tissue content (P less than 0.025), although no significant differences in
      content in this area were detected when the results were expressed in terms of
      tissue protein. Stress induced a marked increase (P less than 0.01) in the median
      eminence levels of alpha MSH. Intraventricular (third ventricle) injection of the
      gamma-globulin fraction of a specific antiserum raised against alpha MSH
      increased basal PRL levels (P less than 0.025) and prevented the decline in
      plasma PRL that occurred 60 min after the onset of stress in the normal rabbit
      serum-injected rats. The stress-induced suppression of plasma LH was attenuated
      and delayed by the administration of alpha MSH antibodies. In conclusion, alpha
      MSH of brain origin is released during stress and is involved in lowering plasma
      PRL to basal levels and producing a partial suppression of plasma LH.

PMID- 2415349
TI  - Effects of intratracheal administration of bleomycin on prostaglandins and
      thromboxane-B2 and collagen levels of the lung in hamsters.
AB  - The effects of intratracheal administration of one unit of bleomycin on the lung
      levels of different prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxane B2 (TxB2), and total
      collagen were investigated in hamsters in two separate sets of this study.
      Averaging the values from two sets, the lung levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (stable
      metabolite of PGI2), TxB2 (stable metabolite of TXA2), PFG2 alpha, and PGE in
      bleomycin-treated animals were increased by 11-, 7.5-, 7-, and 3-fold over the
      saline control at 14 days post treatment, respectively. The total lung collagen
      content in bleomycin-treated animals was significantly increased to 180% of the
      control during the same period. A number of possibilities for a marked variation
      in the levels of rise for different PGs and TxB2 and their significance in
      bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis have been discussed. It was concluded from the
      findings of the present study that there is a relationship between the lung
      levels of various metabolites of arachidonic acid cascade and bleomicin-induced
      increases in the synthesis and accumulation of lung collagen. The nature of this
      relationship, however, remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2415350
TI  - Structure-activity correlations for interactions of bicyclophosphorus esters and
      some polychlorocycloalkane and pyrethroid insecticides with the brain-specific t
      butylbicyclophosphorothionate receptor.
AB  - [35S]t-Butylbicyclophosphorothionate or [35S]TBPS is an improved radioligand for
      the picrotoxinin binding site in rat brain synaptic membranes. The toxic isomers
      of the hexachlorocyclohexanes, polychlorobornanes, and chlorinated cyclodienes
      displace [35S]TBPS with a stereospecificity and potency generally correlated with
      their mammalian toxicity. In a few cases this correlation is improved by
      correction for metabolic activation or detoxification on using a coupled brain
      receptor/liver microsomal oxidase system. The alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl
      pyrethroids, although less potent, inhibit [35S]TBPS binding in a stereospecific
      manner correlated with their toxicity. Scatchard analyses indicate that these
      three classes of polychlorocycloalkane insecticides act at the TBPS binding site
      within the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-ionophore complex whereas the
      alpha-cyano pyrethroids interact with a closely associated site. These
      insecticides and TBPS analogs may serve as useful probes further to elucidate the
      topography of the TBPS binding site and its relationship to the chloride channel.

PMID- 2415351
TI  - Toxicity of the mycotoxin patulin for rat alveolar macrophages.
AB  - Agricultural workers are exposed to a variety of organic dusts containing fungi
      and their secondary metabolites. Patulin, a polyketide lactone mycotoxin produced
      by several common species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, is found in corn
      silage. Patulin is toxic in experimental animals and has been reported to be
      mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. The cytotoxicity of patulin was studied
      in rat alveolar macrophages in vitro. The effects of patulin on membrane
      integrity were studied by measuring cell volume changes and release of 51Cr.
      There was a significant release of 51Cr after 1 hr exposure to submillimolar
      concentrations of patulin. Similarly, there was a significant decrease in ATP in
      cell cultures exposed to 0.5 mM patulin for 15 min and in cultures exposed to
      0.05 mM patulin for 2 hr. There was a significant increase in mean cell volume
      after 2 hr exposure to 1.0 mM patulin but not after a 1 hr exposure. The effects
      of patulin on protein and RNA synthesis were studied by monitoring the
      incorporation of [3H]leucine and [3H]uridine, respectively. Inhibitions of
      protein and of RNA synthesis were both dose and time dependent. Protein synthesis
      was the most sensitive cellular parameter studied, with 50% inhibition after 1 hr
      at ca. 0.002 mM patulin. The data demonstrate that patulin is cytotoxic for rat
      alveolar macrophages in vitro.

PMID- 2415352
TI  - Demonstration of immunochemical identity between the nerve growth factor
      inducible large external (NILE) glycoprotein and the cell adhesion molecule L1.
AB  - The nerve growth factor-inducible large external (NILE) glycoprotein and the
      neural cell adhesion molecule L1 were shown to be immunochemically identical.
      Immunoprecipitation with L1 and NILE antibodies of [3H]fucose-labeled material
      from culture supernatants and detergent extracts of NGF-treated rat PC12
      pheochromocytoma cells yielded comigrating bands by SDS-PAGE. NILE antibodies
      reacted with immunopurified L1 antigen, but not with N-CAM and other L2 epitope
      bearing glycoproteins from adult mouse brain. Finally, by sequential
      immunoprecipitation from detergent extracts of [35S]methionine-labeled early post
      natal cerebellar cell cultures or [3H]fucose-labeled NGF-treated PC12 cells, all
      immunoreactivity for NILE antibody could be removed by pre-clearing with L1
      antibody and vice versa.

PMID- 2415353
TI  - Antibodies to the autophosphorylation sites of the epidermal growth factor
      receptor protein-tyrosine kinase as probes of structure and function.
AB  - Antisera were prepared against three synthetic peptides with amino acid sequences
      identical to those surrounding the three major autophosphorylation sites of the
      epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. The affinity-purified antibodies reacted
      strongly in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against the immunizing peptide
      but showed little cross-reaction with the other two phosphorylation site
      peptides. EGF receptors labelled by autophosphorylation could be specifically
      precipitated by each of the phosphorylation site antibodies. The antibodies
      recognised EGF receptors labelled at each of the autophosphorylation sites,
      indicating that they could bind to the immunizing sequences irrespective of their
      states of phosphorylation. The antibodies were able to inhibit EGF receptor
      autophosphorylation without affecting EGF-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity
      towards exogenous peptide substrates, suggesting that the kinase and
      autophosphorylation sites were in distinct domains. Immunofluorescent staining of
      A431 cells showed that the autophosphorylation site sequences resided inside the
      cell. The autophosphorylation sites were shown to be within a domain of 20 000
      mol. wt. which could be cleaved from the receptor through limited proteolysis by
      the calcium-dependent protease, calpain. The position of cleavage of the EGF
      receptor by the protease was mapped to lie between residues 996 and 1059. These
      results are discussed in the context of a model for the structure and function of
      the human EGF receptor.

PMID- 2415354
TI  - Mediation of anion transport in oocytes of Xenopus laevis by biosynthetically
      inserted band 3 protein from mouse spleen erythroid cells.
AB  - mRNA from the spleens of anemic mice was purified by oligo(dT)-cellulose
      chromatography and fractionated by density gradient centrifugation. After
      injection into oocytes of Xenopus laevis, two of the four fractions obtained led,
      after 16 h of incubation at 20 degrees C, to the expression of mouse band 3
      protein, as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation with polyclonal antibodies
      against mouse band 3. Flux measurements showed an approximately 2- to 4-fold
      increment of 36Cl- uptake, which could be abolished by two different stilbene
      disulfonates, specific inhibitors of band 3-mediated anion transport in red blood
      cells.

PMID- 2415355
TI  - Subunit composition of skeletal muscle transverse tubule calcium channels
      evaluated with the 1,4-dihydropyridine photoaffinity probe, [3H]azidopine.
AB  - The arylazide 1,4-dihydropyridine, [3H]azidopine, binds with high affinity to
      calcium channels in partially purified guinea-pig skeletal muscle transverse
      tubule membranes. Upon brief exposure to u.v. light, [3H]azidopine incorporates
      covalently into transverse tubule membrane proteins, as judged by SDS-PAGE. After
      alkylation of sulfhydryl groups with N-ethylmaleimide three specifically labelled
      bands of mol wts. 240 kd, 158 kd and 99 kd are always observed with fluorography
      after one-dimensional SDS-PAGE. Two other specific bands with mol. wts. of 52 kd
      and 55 kd, respectively, were sometimes observed. Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE (non
      reduced but alkylated in the first dimension and reduced in the second dimension)
      revealed that the 240-kd band after reduction migrates with a mol. wt. of 99 kd.
      The 158-kd and 99-kd bands do not change in mobility. It is suggested that
      [3H]azidopine binds in such a way that the arylazide moiety of the ligand comes
      into contact with at least three calcium channel components: the A component of
      mol. wt. 240 kd, the B component of mol. wt. 158 kd and a C component of mol. wt.
      99 kd. B and C are non-covalently bonded subunits of the channel, whereas A could
      be a heterodimer consisting of B and C, linked by disulfide bonds. Subunits of
      smaller mol. wt. may be also part of the ionic pore. Photolabelling of transverse
      tubule membranes after high energy irradiation with 10 MeV electrons supports
      this interpretation.

PMID- 2415356
TI  - Rearrangement and expression of the antigen receptor alpha, beta and gamma genes
      in suppressor antigen-specific T cell lines.
AB  - The rearrangement and transcription of the antigen receptor alpha, beta and gamma
      genes were investigated in murine antigen-specific suppressor T cell lines, to
      establish whether the suppressor T cell subset expresses the same antigen
      receptor transcripts previously found in helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The
      genomic organization of the alpha, beta and gamma chain loci was investigated
      using probes representative of the entire gene or fragments from variable,
      joining and constant regions. The present results show that in functional
      suppressor T cells the three antigen receptor genes are all rearranged. The beta
      gene is expressed in all the tested cell lines, while the expression of the alpha
      and gamma genes is variable. In one cell line (LH8) alpha and gamma genes are not
      efficiently transcribed; in the other cell line (LA41) the gamma mRNA is found in
      amounts similar to beta mRNA, whereas the alpha gene is expressed at low levels.
      These data suggest that in suppressor T cells no direct correlation exists
      between the expression of alpha, beta and gamma antigen receptor genes and the
      effector function.

PMID- 2415357
TI  - Signal recognition particle (SRP) does not mediate a translational arrest of
      nascent secretory proteins in mammalian cell-free systems.
AB  - The ability of the signal recognition particle (SRP) to induce translational
      arrests in wheat germ, reticulocyte and HeLa cell-free translation systems was
      examined. In accordance with published data, SRP caused a complete arrest of
      secretory protein (IgG light chain) translation in wheat germ. In contrast, SRP
      had no effect on translation in either reticulocyte or HeLa cell lysates, even at
      5-fold higher SRP levels than needed for complete arrest in wheat germ. The
      existence of a "docking-protein-like" releasing activity was ruled out, in the
      case of reticulocyte lysate, by experiments in which reticulocyte subfractions
      were added to blocked translations in wheat germ. In the absence of additional
      evidence to the contrary, it seems as if the translational arrest is peculiar to
      the wheat germ cell-free system.

PMID- 2415358
TI  - Suppressor mutations identify box9 as a central nucleotide sequence in the highly
      ordered structure of intron RNA in yeast mitochondria.
AB  - Data presented here lend support to the notion that RNA splicing in yeast
      mitochondria depends on the formation of hybrid structures involving the well
      conserved intron sequences box9 and box2. Starting with the cis-dominant splicing
      defective box2 mutant G2590, a G----A transition, we isolated a revertant having
      a mitochondrial second site suppressor mutation, which restores splicing
      competence in the presence of the original mutation. Sequence analysis reveals
      that the suppressor mutation is a C----T transition in box9(5' part). This second
      mutation compensates for the first one in box2 and restores a box2/box9(5')
      hybrid. Combined with previous data demonstrating an interaction of the adjacent
      sequence box9(3' part) with the upstream box9c sequence in intron 4, the central
      role of box9 in the formation of the intron 4, the central role of box9 in the
      formation of the intron 4 RNA high order structure becomes evident.

PMID- 2415359
TI  - Accumulation of UDP-GlcNAc into intracellular vesicles and occurrence of a
      carrier-mediated transport. Study with plasma-membrane-permeabilized mouse
      thymocytes.
AB  - Metabolic labelling of mouse thymocytes with radioactive mannose or glucosamine
      leads to the formation of labelled GDP-Man and UDP-GlcNAc. Using isotonic
      ammonium chloride treatment which renders the plasma membrane of thymocytes
      permeable to sugar nucleotides, we demonstrate that, in contrast to GDP-Man, a
      pool of UDP-GlcNAc remains associated with the cells after plasma membrane
      permeabilization. These observations are confirmed in experiments in which
      permeabilized thymocytes are incubated with exogenous labelled GDP-Man and UDP
      GlcNAc, and we show that only UDP-GlcNAc is accumulated into sealed intracellular
      vesicles. This accumulation is a saturable process which can be inhibited by UDP,
      demonstrating the occurrence of a specific carrier. This transport mechanism can
      be blocked by covalent attachment of a non-permeant inhibitor UDP-dialdehyde
      without affecting the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase itself. The fact that this
      carrier-mediated transport is not inhibited by tunicamycin indicates that this
      translocation process of UDP-GlcNAc does not involve lipid intermediates.

PMID- 2415360
TI  - The role of the proton motive force and electron flow in solute transport in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Transport of lactose and methyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside, a melibiose
      analogue, was studied in intact cells of Escherichia coli. A proton motive force
      could drive the translocation of these solutes via these two transport systems,
      but the initial rates and steady-state levels of solute accumulation increased
      upon initiation of electron transfer. When the absolute value of the proton
      motive force was decreased by ionophores the steady-state levels of lactose
      accumulation did not decrease as expected if thermodynamic equilibrium with the
      proton motive force had existed. Accumulation of lactose was also observed in the
      absence of any measurable proton motive force as long as electron transfer took
      place. Since both proton/lactose and sodium/methyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside
      symport showed the same characteristics, an explanation based on local proton
      diffusion pathways is unlikely.

PMID- 2415361
TI  - Schistosoma mansoni surface glycoproteins. Analysis of their expression and
      antigenicity.
AB  - Surface glycoproteins from newly transformed schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni
      have been identified by surface radioiodination and lectin-affinity
      chromatography. From the glycoconjugates bound by the three lectins used,
      concanavalin A, peanut agglutinin and fucose-binding protein, only in the
      concanavalin-A-bound fractions were glycoproteins identified. Changes in
      concanavalin-A-binding glycoproteins were detected after transformation and early
      maturation of the schistosomula. Some glycoproteins disappeared (Mr 38 000, 29
      000 and 25 000), some appeared independently of host molecules (Mr 19 000),
      others only appeared after culture in human serum (Mr 45 000). Two major
      glycoproteins of Mr 32 000 and 16 000 were detected on all stages examined.
      Within the total set of surface glycoproteins identified on 3-h schistosomula
      only the strong Mr-38 000-32 000 complex was found to be antigenic. Thus many
      major low-molecular-mass surface glycoproteins of the parasite are not recognised
      as antigens by immune animals. The separation of only the Mr-38 000-32 000
      antigens by concanavalin A affinity chromatography indicates the feasibility of
      using this method in conjunction with immunoaffinity columns to purity these
      molecules.

PMID- 2415362
TI  - Different conformations of tRNA in the ribosomal P-site and A-site.
AB  - Footprinting studies involving radioactively end-labelled tRNA species bound at
      either the ribosomal P- or A-site have yielded information that the tRNA's
      conformation is different in the two sites. Appropriate controls showed the
      relevance of using poly(U)-directed tRNAPhe binding in the P-site and Phe-tRNAPhe
      in the A-site. Digestion of the tRNA species was effected by RNases T1, T2 and
      cobra venom RNase. Experiments were performed with tRNAs 32P-labelled at either
      end to establish positions of primary cuts more confidently. In addition to the
      common protection of the aminoacyl-stem and anticodon-arm, footprinting
      experiments revealed striking differences in the accessibility of the T- and D
      loops of tRNAs bound in the P- and A-sites. We observed a more open structure for
      the tRNA in the A-site. These results are consistent with a dynamic structure of
      tRNA during the translocation step of protein biosynthesis.

PMID- 2415363
TI  - [Number agraphia].
AB  - One hundred and seventy-five aphasic patients (50 total, 50 mixed, 50 motor
      amnesic and 25 sensory-amnesic aphasics) were tested for the writing to dictation
      of numbers with more than one digit. Twelve types of error were found. The
      percentages for the different types of error were determined for all subtypes of
      aphasic patients and for the total group of patients. In 98% of the aphasic
      subjects at least one or several types of error were ascertained. In all, 80.6%
      of the patients were unable to write correctly a number of three digits. Certain
      types of disturbances, such as macrographia, serial writing, perseveration and
      mirror writing, occurred more often when numbers were dictated than when words or
      letters were dictated. In the patients with sensory-amnesic aphasia these
      disturbances were found more often than in those with motor-amnesic aphasia. With
      respect to German-speaking patients, a particular type of error concerns the
      serial ordering of numbers with more than one digit (Stellenwertfehler). This
      type of error was found in 34.9% of our patients. Our results suggest standard
      examinations of aphasic patients should include the writing to dictation of
      numbers with more than one digit.

PMID- 2415364
TI  - Kinetics of the inhibition of food-stimulated secretion by ranitidine in dogs.
AB  - Five Labrador retrievers provided with one vagally innervated and one denervated
      pouch were given graded doses of food composed of liver, heart and bonemeal to
      make dose/response curves of food-stimulated gastric secretion. A constant
      ranitidine infusion resulted in a decreased inhibition of acid output as the
      physiological stimulation increased both in the innervated and in the denervated
      pouch. The pepsin output behaved quite differently. The increased physiological
      stimulation did not increase the pepsin output. There was no inhibition by
      ranitidine in the innervated pouch and a constant inhibition by ranitidine in the
      denervated pouch. The results indicated a component of competitive interaction
      between meal-stimulated acid secretion and the H2-receptor antagonist, which is
      similar to the interaction between H2-receptor antagonist and histamine.

PMID- 2415365
TI  - Phase I study of fludarabine (2-fluoro-ara-AMP).
AB  - Fludarabine phosphate is a derivative of adenosine arabinoside. The compound is
      an antimetabolite which resists deamination by the addition of a phosphate
      moiety. A phase I trial was conducted and showed the safe dose to good-risk
      patients to be 20 mg/m2 in 125 ml of 5% dextrose given over 30 min every 12 hr
      for 6 doses. The cycle can be repeated every 21 days. The major side-effect is
      myelosuppression, which can be severe at higher doses.

PMID- 2415366
TI  - Nude mice are nonpermissive towards the anti-dextran response of congenic cells.
AB  - Nude mice bearing allotype Ighb on a BALB/c genetic background (= CB nu/nu) are
      nonresponders to alpha (1----3)dextran (Dex), in contrast to BALB/c or BALB/c
      nu/nu. Although CB nu/nu mice accept transplants of congenic BALB/c, or BALB
      nu/nu lymphocytes, as shown by the expression of donor allotype Igha, they are
      not permissive for a primary anti-Dex response by the grafted cells. BALB/c or
      BALB nu/nu cells, however, give a strong anti-Dex response when grafted onto
      irradiated CB nu/nu or CB 23 (Ighb) euthymic mice. A thymus-independent,
      radiation-sensitive suppressor cell population is postulated, which specifically
      hinders the anti-Dex response, and which is exhibited by strains bearing that
      portion of chromosome 12 which codes for CH allotype Ighb, not containing the
      germ-line anti-Dex V/D genes. The suppressive action of Ighb lymphocytes could be
      demonstrated directly in staggered co-transfer experiments.

PMID- 2415367
TI  - Transformation of B and non-B cell lines with the 2,4,6,-trinitrophenyl (TNP)
      specific immunoglobulin genes.
AB  - The rearranged mu and kappa genes from the 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-specific
      hybridoma Sp6 have been introduced into B cells from three different stages of
      differentiation as well as 5 non-B cell lines to determine the levels and modes
      of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene expression. In pre-B cells transformed with the mu
      and kappa genes, low levels of Sp6-specific mu RNA were produced and
      approximately 210-fold less mu and 800-fold less kappa proteins were produced
      than in the hybridoma Sp6. The Ig proteins were present intracellularly, but were
      not detected on the cell membrane. In mature surface sIg+ B cell transformants,
      higher levels of mu Sp6 and kappa Sp6 proteins and RNA were produced than in the
      pre-B cell transformants (12 X mu, 70 X kappa). These transformants displayed the
      mu Sp6 and kappa Sp6 proteins on the cell membrane and also secreted the
      transfected Ig product. Plasma cell transformants produced the highest amounts of
      mu Sp6 and kappa Sp6 proteins. These transformants secreted pentameric IgM but
      did not display detectable amounts of these proteins on the cell membrane. T cell
      and one fibroblast transformant produced Ig as normal sized mu Sp6 and kappa Sp6
      proteins. All other mu Sp6 and kappa Sp6 non-B cell transformants (melanoma,
      teratoma and macrophage) failed to produce enough Ig to determine whether the Ig
      proteins were of the correct molecular weights. The T cell and fibroblast
      transformants that produced Ig proteins did not secrete or display detectable Ig
      on the cell membrane. The expression of Ig did not inhibit the expression of the
      T cell antigen Thy-1 in the T cell transformants.

PMID- 2415368
TI  - Opioid control of the function of primary afferent substance P fibres.
AB  - Lofentanil, a very potent and long-acting opiate agonist, was used to evaluate
      the opioid control of substance P release from primary afferents. Substance P
      release from the central terminals of primary afferents was studied in the
      superfused isolated dorsal half of the rat spinal cord. Substance P release as
      initiated by electrical field stimulation and by capsaicin was found to be
      diminished by 50% by lofentanil (1 microM) in a naloxone-reversible manner.
      Substance P release from peripheral terminals of primary afferents was induced by
      antidromic saphenous nerve stimulation. Release was measured indirectly by its
      effect on blood flow and plasma extravasation in the rat hind paw. Both
      antidromic vasodilatation and plasma extravasation were dose dependently
      inhibited by lofentanil. The inhibition of antidromic vasodilatation by 10
      micrograms X kg-1 lofentanil i.p. was completely prevented by 1 mg X kg-1
      naloxone. On the other hand, vasodilatation and plasma extravasation induced by
      infusion of 3.7 pmol X min-1 substance P remained unaffected by lofentanil. It is
      concluded that lofentanil inhibits the release of substance P from central as
      well as peripheral terminals of substance P-containing primary afferent neurons.

PMID- 2415369
TI  - Histamine release induced from mast cells by active components of compound 48/80.
AB  - Compound 48/80 and 14C-labeled compound 48/80 were synthesized, and fractionated
      by thin-layer chromatography into 14 components (A-N) with various histamine
      releasing activities and different Ca2+ requirements for their actions. The
      histamine release induced from rat mast cells in vitro by the most active
      component, fraction D (molecular weight = 2280, a tridecamer composed of 13
      monomer units), was greatly enhanced by extracellular Ca2+, and was partially
      reduced by pretreatment of the cells with dinitrophenylated ascaris antiserum, an
      IgE. In contrast, the histamine release induced by fraction H (molecular weight =
      1580, a nonamer composed of 9 monomer units), was higher in Ca2+ -free medium
      than in Ca2+-containing medium, and was partially reduced by pretreatment of mast
      cells with neurotensin or substance P, Ca2+-independent releasers. Apparently
      both fractions D and H are useful reagents for investigating the role of Ca2+ in
      histamine release and releaser binding in mast cells.

PMID- 2415370
TI  - Binding of active components of compound 48/80 to rat peritoneal mast cells.
AB  - The binding characteristics of compound 48/80 were examined using rat mast cells
      and fractionated 14C-labeled compound 48/80 components at 4 degrees C in vitro
      where no degranulation of the cells occurred. The binding potencies of these
      components in the presence of Ca2+ generally paralleled their histamine releasing
      activities, except in the case of fractions G (decamer) and H (nonamer), both
      Ca2+-independent releasers, for the binding of which Ca2+ was inhibitory.
      Scatchard analyses and displacement studies indicated that the mast cells had two
      types of binding sites with high and low affinities for fractions D (tridecamer,
      Ca2+-dependent releaser, Kd = 3.41 X 10(-8) M and 3.35 X 10(-6) M) and H (Ca2+
      independent releaser, Kd = 1.11 X 10(-7) M and 9.11 X 10(-6) M), respectively.
      These sites partially overlapped each other, and also the fraction D site
      partially overlapped the IgE site and the fraction H site overlapped the
      neurotensin or substance P site.

PMID- 2415371
TI  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent inhibitor of substance P degradation.
AB  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was found to potently inhibit a substance
      P endopeptidase isolated from human CSF. CGRP potentiated substance P irritant
      actions; a possible mechanism is interaction for a common metabolic step.
      Somatostatin is another peptide capable of competing with substance P
      endopeptidase.

PMID- 2415372
TI  - [Studies on implantation traces in rats. II. Staining of cleared uteri, formation
      and distribution of implantation traces].
AB  - We made an investigation of implantation traces in delivered rats. 1. Non-fixed
      rat uteri were immersed in 2%-NaOH solution for over one hour. The uteri were
      then cleared and the implantation traces were seen to be stained yellowish-brown.
      This staining method was convenient for observation of the implantation traces.
      2. Stillbirth was induced by stabbing or crushing, either in some embryos on one
      day between the 6th and 12th day of gestation, or in all embryos after the 13th
      day of gestation. Also, abortion was induced by stabbing or crushing all embryos
      before the 10th day of gestation. 3. When live embryos existed in the uterine
      horns, abortion traces were not detected. 4. In cleared uteri stained with 2%
      NaOH solution, abortion traces were observed as small globes, reddish-brown.
      Normal delivery traces were observed as large globes, yellowish-brown, covered
      with yellowish-white of agglomerate cells, while stillbirth traces appeared as
      middle-sized, orange or yellowish-brown masses. 5. Though the implantation traces
      in rats which had been delivered four times were arranged like beads, they were
      recognizable by NaOH stain as either old or new traces, the former appearing
      smaller without agglomerate cells and a little more brown in comparison with the
      latter. 6. As the implantation traces increased in the uterine horns they became
      distributed from the central region to the cervical end, and the mean space
      between them narrowed. The implantation traces occupying the ovarian end or
      central region of the uterine horns trendes smallest size or largest size. 7. The
      implantation traces were composed of cicatrical tissue, and the area they
      occupied did not show adhesion of the placenta. On the other hand, placenta
      adhering to the uterine wall proliferated, and formed new implantation traces
      which did not overlap the old traces after decollement of the placenta.

PMID- 2415373
TI  - The antiproliferative effect of interferon and the mitogenic activity of growth
      factors are independent cell cycle events. Studies with vascular smooth muscle
      cells and endothelial cells.
AB  - We studied the antagonistic effects of interferon (IFN) and growth factors in
      G0/G1-arrested normal bovine aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) which were
      stimulated by serum, or purified platelet derived growth factor (PDGF),
      supplemented with plasma-derived serum (PDS). The growth response, measured as
      [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, was dependent on the concentration of the
      mitogen. Human IFN alpha, recombinant human IFN alpha 2, or a crude bovine-IFN
      preparation prepared from virus-infected bovine aortic endothelial cells,
      inhibited SMC growth induced by either serum or PDGF with PDS. The extent of IFN
      inhibition was inversely related to the concentration of the mitogenic stimulus.
      We also investigated whether IFN inhibited the early events in G1 phase,
      stimulated by the competence factor PDGF, or the progression of the cell into the
      S phase induced by PDS. The results indicated that IFN inhibited these two stages
      of the G1 phase independently. In addition, we investigated the antiproliferative
      effect of IFN on bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC), which do not respond to
      PDGF but to the mitogenic activity of fibroblast growth factor (FGF). IFN
      inhibited the mitogenic activity of FGF in a dose-dependent manner. The results
      indicate that the anti-proliferative activity of IFN and the mitogenic effects of
      different growth factors are independent.

PMID- 2415374
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a membrane-DNA complex in the mitochondria of
      Physarum polycephalum.
AB  - A membrane-DNA complex was isolated by centrifugation of sheared lysate of
      isolated mitochondria in 20-60% sucrose step solution. Analyses using Hoechst
      33258/CsCl density gradient centrifugation and restriction endonuclease treatment
      showed that DNA in the membrane-DNA complex was AT-rich compared with total
      mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) and contained Eco RI fragments of E-4, 5 and 8, which
      were localized on the right hand of Physarum mitochondrial genome. Phenethyl
      alcohol (PEA) and ethidium bromide (EB) could disrupt the membrane-DNA complex to
      release DNA fragments from their complex in vitro. Addition of 0.5% or more PEA,
      which released 80-90% of the DNA from the membrane-DNA complex in vitro,
      inhibited not only mitochondrial nuclear division but also mitochondrial division
      in vivo. EB treatment at more than 1 mg/ml disrupted the membrane-DNA complex in
      vitro to release 77% of the total DNA in the complex. Addition of 10
      micrograms/ml EB induced unequal mitochondrial nuclear division in the
      microplasmodia, e.g., a dividing dumbbell-shaped mitochondrion had the mt-nucleus
      in one side and as a result formed then one nucleated and one enucleated
      mitochondrion. From the EB-pretreated mitochondria, a lesser amount of the
      membrane-DNA complex was isolated than from the control. These findings mean than
      the unequal mt-nuclear division is due to dissociation of DNA and the membrane
      system in the membrane-DNA complex. They strongly suggested that the DNA region
      (E-4, 5 and 8), where the mitochondrial nucleus is associated with the
      mitochondrial membrane system plays an important role in mitochondrial nuclear
      division.

PMID- 2415375
TI  - Surface antigens of Paramecium primaurelia. Membrane-bound and soluble forms.
AB  - The surface antigens of Paramecium constitute a family of high molecular weight
      (ca 300 kD) iso-proteins whose alternative expression, adjusted to environmental
      conditions, involves both intergenic and interallelic exclusion. Since the
      surface antigen molecules had previously been shown to play a key role in the
      control of their own expression, it seemed important to compare the structural
      particularities of different surface antigens: the G and D antigens of P.
      primaurelia expressed at different temperatures, and which are coded by two
      unlinked loci. Here we demonstrate that in all cases a given surface antigen
      presents two biochemically distinct basic forms: a soluble form recovered from
      ethanolic extraction of whole cells, and a membrane-bound form recovered from
      ciliary membranes solubilized by detergent. The membrane-bound form differs from
      the soluble one by its mobility on SDS gels and by an electrophoretic mobility
      shift in the presence of anionic or cationic detergents. Furthermore, two 40-45
      kD polypeptides sharing common determinants with soluble antigens were found
      exclusively in ethanolic extracts but not in ciliary membranes: the cross
      reactivity of these light polypeptides with ethanol-extracted antigens could be
      demonstrated only after beta-mercaptoethanol treatment. Immunological comparisons
      between allelic and non-allelic soluble antigens demonstrate that allelic
      antigens share a great number of surface epitopes, most of which are not
      accessible in vivo, while non-allelic antigens appear to share essentially
      sequence-antigenic determinants. The significance of these results is discussed
      in relation to the mechanism of antigenic variation.

PMID- 2415376
TI  - Analysis of Physarum proteins throughout the cell cycle by two-dimensional PAGE.
AB  - The accumulation of several hundred proteins during the nuclear division cycle of
      Physarum polycephalum was measured by digital image processing of silver-stained
      two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide gels. In contrast to previous studies, we
      have used an organism with a naturally synchronous cell cycle, so there are no
      uncertainties concerning synchronization artifacts or cell-sorting artifacts, and
      we have measured the specific amounts of each protein rather than the rate of
      synthesis. Since one-dimensional SDS-PAGE shows no significant fluctuations in
      the most abundant plasmodial proteins, we have loaded 2D gels so that proteins of
      low-to-moderate abundance appear in the linear range of the silver stain standard
      curve. Only five proteins showed reproducible, measureable fluctuations during
      the cell cycle. One of these proteins was tubulin. Full quantitative information
      was obtained by analysing the digital images of silver-stained gels by a general
      image processing system.

PMID- 2415377
TI  - Ploidy class-dependent metabolic changes in rat hepatocytes after partial
      hepatectomy.
AB  - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity
      and the single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) content of isolated hepatocytes of different
      ploidy classes from adult male rats have been studied after partial hepatectomy
      using quantitative cytochemical means. The SDH activity and ssRNA content in all
      classes of hepatocytes are decreased during the first hours after operation
      followed by an increase above control values. The increase of both SDH activity
      and ssRNA content is significant only in the mononuclear diploid (MD) cells but
      not in the hepatocytes of higher ploidy classes and is related with the mitotic
      wave at 32 h after hepatectomy. After the mitotic wave, the values quickly return
      to normal levels. The G6PDH activity does not show any significant change in
      hepatocytes other than MD cells. In MD cells the G6PDH activity is elevated on a
      highly significant level up to a maximum value of 3.5 times the control value at
      48 h after operation. The G6PDH activity in MD cells is returned to normal values
      within 14 days after operation. It is concluded that: 1. The MD cells show a
      distinct metabolic behaviour due to their function as stem cells of liver
      parenchyma and retain at least some of their fetal characteristics. 2. G6PDH
      activity is not a transformation-linked discriminant for neoplastic metabolism.

PMID- 2415378
TI  - The nuclear lamins. A multigene family of proteins in evolution and
      differentiation.
AB  - The nuclear lamina consists of a proteinaceous layer or meshwork situated
      subjacent to the inner nuclear membrane. It is a karyoskeletal structure formed
      by a polymer containing one to three major polypeptides collectively termed the
      lamins. In all cells examined of vertebrates and invertebrates, the lamins
      exhibit very similar Mr ranging from 60 000 to 80 000. In vertebrates, two groups
      of lamins can be distinguished by their isoelectric value, one being near-neutral
      and the other acidic (isoelectric pH values of 5.6 and lower). The lamins
      represent a family of polypeptides with regions highly conserved during
      evolution. In certain species, e.g., the amphibian, Xenopus laevis, they exhibit
      cell type-specific expression during embryonic development, terminal
      differentiation of certain somatic cells, and gametogenesis. The nuclear lamina
      of diverse cell types can be composed of one, two or three different lamin
      polypeptides, without obvious differences in its morphology.

PMID- 2415379
TI  - Phosphoprotein pp135 is an essential component of the nucleolus organizer region
      (NOR).
AB  - The association of phosphoproteins pp135 and pp105 with distinct substructures of
      the nucleolus was studied by cytochemical and immunological methods at the light
      microscopic and electron microscopic level. Both phosphoproteins exhibited a very
      high affinity for silver and Giemsa staining compared to other nucleolar
      proteins. Immunolocalization of pp135 and pp105 during mitosis by light
      microscopy revealed a tight association of pp135 with the silver staining
      nucleolus organizer region (NOR), whereas pp105 (cross-reacting with C23)
      appeared to be only partially associated with the NOR, exclusively at telophase.
      At the immunoelectron microscopic level the distribution of pp135 and pp105 was
      investigated in interphase nucleoli. Phosphoprotein pp135 was located in the
      fibrillar shell and pp105 in the fibrillar shell and the granular zone. The
      fibrillar centers were essentially free of both phosphoproteins..

PMID- 2415380
TI  - Variation and frequency of cytokeratin polypeptide patterns in human squamous non
      keratinizing epithelium.
AB  - The squamous non-keratinizing epithelium of the human upper digestive tract was
      analyzed for keratin-like cytoskeletal proteins (cytokeratins) by both high
      resolution one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The Triton/high salt
      insoluble portion of pure epithelial homogenates contains a number of SDS- and
      urea-extractable polypeptides, whose two-dimensional gel pattern (NEpHG/SDS)
      typically represents a defined subset of human cytokeratins. The cytoskeletal
      preparations of epithelial tissue samples obtained from different individuals
      were found to be uniform with respect to their content of cytokeratin
      polypeptides 55.0 kD/basic, 52.0 kD/acidic, and 49.0 kD/acidic. However, we have
      observed that four basic members of apparent molecular weight 60.0, 59.0, 56.5,
      and 56.0 kD occur at an inconstant rate. Consequently, the cytokeratin
      polypeptide patterns appeared highly variable as a result of the presence of
      constant plus compositionally different subsets of inconstant members. From the
      analysis of cytoskeletal portions of more than 300 individual tissue samples we
      demonstrate eight different keratin-like polypeptide patterns including their
      frequencies and propose the existence of no more than nine. These, most probably,
      encompass all the possible inter-individual variations to which the cytokeratins
      of this type of epithelium will combine for forming intermediate-sized filaments
      in vivo. We furthermore hypothesize that the observed variation of cytokeratin
      patterns may reflect a polymorphism of genes coding for the variable keratin-like
      polypeptide members.

PMID- 2415381
TI  - Levels and stability of DNA methylation in random surviving cell clones derived
      from a Chinese hamster cell line after prolonged treatment with 5-aza-2'
      deoxycytidine.
AB  - SCC30 cells (derived from a single cell from the Chinese hamster ovary CHO-K1
      cell line, selected on the basis of a stable chromosome complement) were used to
      select cell variants with hypomethylated DNA. Cells were treated with 5-aza-2'
      deoxycytidine (5azadCyd) at 0.1, 1, or 5 microM for two weeks with the medium and
      drug renewed twice weekly. From the few surviving cells, 25 random single cell
      derived clones were grown for freezing cell stocks, and for DNA isolation for 5
      methyldeoxycytidine (5medCyd) estimations. After a minimum of one month's
      recovery from the drug, these cells showed a continuum of 5medCyd levels ranging
      from ones with the same as the parental clone (2.93%) to ones having lost almost
      50% of their DNA methylation. The modal value corresponded to a loss of one third
      to one quarter of methylated sites. Five subclones with hypomethylated DNA were
      grown from the frozen stocks. These cells were shown not to be 5azaCyd-resistant
      cell variants. By the time sufficient cells had been grown to determine DNA
      methylation levels, the average percentage of 5medCyd had increased to 76% of the
      SCC30 value compared to 67% at the time of freezing cell stocks. However, this
      level of DNA hypomethylation remained constant over two months of continuous
      culture. Cells of one of these hypomethylated subclones were subjected to a
      second cycle of 5azaCyd treatment. Six random clones from the survivors showed a
      further decrease averaging 11% in the level of DNA methylation but, by two months
      in continuous culture, 5medCyd levels had returned to that present before the
      second cycle of selection. Hence, cell variants can be readily obtained which
      have lost some 8-10 million methylated sites (pairs of methylated
      deoxycytidines), and this loss does not compromise cell viability in in vitro
      culture. This is consistent with mammalian genomes containing a high level of
      background methylation in non-essential sites. The usefulness of such single cell
      derived clones with stably hypomethylated genomes is discussed in relation to
      understanding the functions of deoxycytidine methylation in mammalian DNA.

PMID- 2415382
TI  - Cell type heterogeneity of cytokeratin expression in complex epithelia and
      carcinomas as demonstrated by monoclonal antibodies specific for cytokeratins
      nos. 4 and 13.
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies, 1C7, 2D7 and 6B10, directed against cytokeratins of
      human esophagus were isolated and characterized by one- and two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis and by immunohistochemical staining on sections of human
      epithelial tissues. In immunoblot experiments, antibodies of clones 1C7 (IgG2a)
      and 2D7 (IgG2b) react only with cytokeratin no. 13 of the acidic (type I)
      subfamily of cytokeratin polypeptides (Mr 54000; pI 5.1); antibodies of clone
      6B10 (IgG1) detect only cytokeratin no. 4 (Mr 59000; pI 7.3) of the basic (type
      II) cytokeratin subfamily and allows the detection of this protein and possible
      degradation products at high sensitivity. In immunohistochemical staining all
      three antibodies stain non-cornifying squamous epithelium (e.g., tongue,
      esophagus, anus) and transitional epithelium of the bladder. Antibodies of clone
      6B10 also stain cells in certain ciliated pseudostratified epithelia and ductal
      epithelia of various exocrine glands. These monoclonal antibodies are the first
      examples of antibodies specific for individual cytokeratin polypeptides
      characteristic of certain complex epithelia. They allow the identification of
      distinct minor populations of cells present in certain complex and glandular
      epithelia and in tumors derived therefrom which hitherto have not been
      distinguished. The possible reasons for the occurrence of cell type heterogeneity
      of cytokeratin expression in complex epithelia and in some carcinomas are
      discussed.

PMID- 2415383
TI  - Antisera to synthetic peptides of lens MIP26K (major intrinsic polypeptide):
      characterization and use as site-specific probes of membrane changes in the aging
      human lens.
AB  - Based upon the amino acid sequence of bovine lens MIP26K obtained from cDNA
      cloning (Gorin, Yancey, Cline, Revel and Horwitz, 1984), two octapeptides (amino
      acid nos 252-259, 240-247) near the C-terminus have been synthesized. Rabbit
      antisera to these peptides recognize the intact MIP26K molecule from bovine,
      human and chick lens membrane. When compared with rabbit antisera to intact
      MIP26K or to its major cyanogen bromide fragment (CB-1), the antiserum to the
      sequence 252-259 was able to recognize age-related changes in human MIP26K not
      detectable by the conventional anti-MIP26K or anti-CB-1 sera.

PMID- 2415384
TI  - Antilupus activity of copper (II).
AB  - Collagen-like syndrome was induced in rats by oral hydralazine administration
      during 5 months. After 4 months, a subgroup of rats was shifted from the standard
      diet to the diet supplemented with copper (II) (60 micrograms of copper per g of
      pellet) as copper sulphate. A decreased serum copper concentration was noted, LE
      cells were observed in the blood of 75% of rats fed with standard diet. In the
      subgroup of copper supplemented rats, the LE cells were observed in 40% of rats
      only. The activity of superoxide dismutase, the antioxidative copper-dependent
      enzyme, was significantly lower in erythrocytes of rats fed with standard diet,
      than the activity in rats fed with copper supplemented diet. These results are
      briefly discussed.

PMID- 2415385
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against antigens on breast cancer cells.
AB  - Of 360 mAb obtained in a cell fusion experiment with the spleen cells of a mouse
      immunized with a mixture of different human breast carcinoma cell lines, 30 mAb
      were selected which reacted more strongly with tumor cells than with
      (noncancerous) fibroblasts. These mAb were tested for reactivity with additional
      types of cancerous and noncancerous tissues. Two mAb showed high tumor
      selectivity, but the corresponding epitopes on individual tumor cells were
      heterogeneously expressed. The mAb will be evaluated for in vivo applications.

PMID- 2415386
TI  - Transport of a low molecular weight extracellular esterase into membrane vesicles
      of Candida lipolytica.
AB  - The low mol. wt extracellular esterase of Candida lipolytica is actively
      transported into membrane vesicles. In the absence of metabolic energy, a proton
      gradient can drive the transport process. The transport system does not
      accumulate the enzyme at peak levels due to the presence of a leak pathway.

PMID- 2415387
TI  - Induction of the synthesis of thymidine kinase by aldosterone in the kidney of
      the immature male rat.
AB  - Thymidine kinase activity was studied in kidneys from immature male rats after
      administration of aldosterone. Kinetic studies showed that the enzyme activity
      reached its maximum level 24 h after aldosterone injection. That increase was
      specific for aldosterone and could be related to the synthesis of new molecules
      of enzyme.

PMID- 2415388
TI  - An economical large scale procedure to purify E. coli amplifiable plasmids for
      DNA sequencing, in vitro transcription and in vitro mutagenesis.
AB  - A reproducible and economical procedure for obtaining a large and quantitative
      yield of highly purified covalently closed circular plasmid DNA is described. The
      procedure departs in several ways from more commonly used methods. These are a)
      avoidance of the use of CsCl, ethidium bromide and ultracentrifuge, b) enrichment
      of the plasmid DNA by selective denaturation of chromosomal DNA with an alkaline
      SDS solution, c) enrichment of covalently closed circular plasmid DNA by
      extraction with acid-phenol, and d) removal of small degraded RNA fragments by
      molecular sieve chromatography after digestion with RNase A. The plasmid DNA
      prepared by this new procedure is free of contaminants and has been used for DNA
      sequencing, in vitro transcription, transformation and in vitro mutagenesis.

PMID- 2415389
TI  - Progressive pulmonary fibrosis in rats: a biochemical, cell kinetic, and
      morphologic analysis.
AB  - The concomitant treatment of rats with bleomycin and hyperoxia results in
      synergistic development of pulmonary injury. We exposed rats to 70% oxygen for 72
      hr following an intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (0.2 U/kg body wt).
      Animals were killed 15, 30, 60 and 90 days after treatment for hydroxyproline,
      cell kinetics, and histopathologic analysis. A 16% increase in hydroxyproline
      over controls was seen 15 days after treatment which was manifested by the
      proliferation phase of diffuse alveolar damage and an increase in cell labeling
      by tritiated thymidine. Thirty days after treatment the hydroxyproline remained
      elevated while lung injury appeared to be healing with a residual focal
      interstitial pneumonitis and a drop in cell labeling. Between 60 and 90 days,
      there was an additional significant increase in hydroxyproline to 44% over
      controls. Diffuse interstitial pneumonitis with fibrosis was observed. Cell
      labeling remained constant between 60 and 90 days. We conclude that the treatment
      of rats with bleomycin and hyperoxia results in slowly progressive pulmonary
      fibrosis. The increase in hydroxyproline in the chronic phase was not accompanied
      by an increase in cell proliferation, and therefore may have resulted from an
      increase in cellular production of hydroxyproline rather than increased number of
      cells producing collagen.

PMID- 2415390
TI  - A new model of diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis in the rat.
AB  - We have produced experimental diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis in rats
      with a combination of low and repeated doses of paraquat plus continuous exposure
      to normobaric 74% O2 in the breathing air for several weeks. Pulmonary fibrosis
      was evaluated histologically and biochemically, through the determination of
      total collagen content in the lung. Our procedure is characterized by low initial
      mortality, the development of extensive distortion of the pulmonary architecture,
      and the presence of severe and diffuse interstitial fibrosis. The model was
      compared with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the same rat strain, in
      which the process is focal and leaves most of the lung unaffected. We conclude
      that lung damage produced by the combination of low doses of paraquat plus
      normobaric 74% O2 concentration in the breathing air is an adequate experimental
      model of diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis as it occurs in many of the
      human cases of this condition.

PMID- 2415391
TI  - CMP-sialic acid, the sole sialosyl donor, is intra-axonally transported.
AB  - N-Acetyl-D-[6-3H]mannosamine was injected into the 9th dorsal root ganglion of
      Xenopus laevis and the intra-axonal transport of chloroform/methanol-soluble
      radioactivity was analyzed using thin-layer chromatography coupled with
      fluorography. Three radioactive groups were distinct in consecutive segments of
      the sciatic nerve. The first is due to N-acetyl-D-mannosamine itself which labels
      the nerve uniformly, but does not seem to migrate within axons. The second group,
      representing most probably CMP-sialic acid, migrates at about 8 mm/day at 15
      degrees C. The third is a species of ganglioside uniquely present in the frog
      nerve, and this migrates at 1-3 mm/day. Our demonstration of the intra-axonal
      transport of CMP-sialic acid affords direct support to the contention that
      sialosylation of the ganglioside can occur in axon terminals.

PMID- 2415392
TI  - Hormonal activation of single K+ channels via internal messenger in isolated
      pancreatic acinar cells.
AB  - The mechanism underlying hormonal activation of potassium channels was
      investigated in pig pancreatic acinar cells by patch-clamp single-channel and
      whole-cell current recordings. It was shown directly that a peptide hormone
      belonging to the cholecystokinin-gastrin family, CCK5, can activate single
      voltage-sensitive potassium channels which can be blocked by tetraethylammonium.
      The single-channel currents were recorded from electrically isolated cell
      attached membrane patches to which the hormone had no access and the activation
      must therefore involve an intracellular messenger. The hormonal response requires
      external Ca2+ in the isolated membrane-patch area indicating that calcium gating
      is not directly linked to hormone-receptor interaction.

PMID- 2415393
TI  - Stimulation of protein accumulation in HeLa cells by inhibitors of DNA
      replication. Ferritin.
AB  - Incubation of HeLa cells for 24 h with either hydroxyurea (HU), aphidicolin
      (APHI), thymidine (T) or butyrate (BU), substances used to inhibit replication
      and accumulate cells at the G1/S interphase, followed by the elimination of the
      inhibitor and the addition of iron to the growth medium, results in an immediate
      (HU, APHI, T) or slightly delayed (BU) increased accumulation (18-24-fold higher
      than the basal level) of ferritin. Under the same experimental circumstances, 5
      azacytidine is without effect. As a result of the action of these inhibitors on
      the structure of DNA, it is proposed that ferritin genes remain accessible to RNA
      polymerase allowing the accumulation in the cytoplasm of mature ferritin mRNA
      ready to be mobilized by iron for the production of ferritin molecules.

PMID- 2415394
TI  - S-phase patterns of cyclin (PCNA) antigen staining resemble topographical
      patterns of DNA synthesis. A role for cyclin in DNA replication?
AB  - The sequence of cyclin (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA), antigen
      staining throughout the cell cycle of African green monkey kidney cells (BS-C-1)
      has been determined by indirect immunofluorescence using PCNA autoantibodies
      specific for this protein. Patterns of cyclin staining observed between the
      beginning of S-phase and maximum DNA synthesis are similar to those reported in
      human AMA cells [(1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 3262-3266], while those
      detected thereafter are significantly different; the most striking feature being
      the continuous staining of the nucleoli up to or very near the S/G2 border of the
      cell cycle. Using [3H]thymidine autoradiography and indirect immunofluorescence
      of the same cells we show a remarkable correlation between cyclin antigen
      distribution and topographical patterns of DNA synthesis. In addition, we present
      evidence showing that DNase I treatment of Triton-extracted monolayers abolishes
      cyclin antigen staining but does not result in a substantial release of this
      protein. Taken together the above observations argue for a role of cyclin in some
      aspect of DNA replication.

PMID- 2415395
TI  - The structure of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel. Inferences derived from
      computer-aided analysis of the Electrophorus electricus channel primary
      structure.
AB  - A variety of computer-aided analyses was applied to the recently derived amino
      acid sequence of the Electrophorus electricus sodium channel protein in order to
      extract structural information such as hydrophobicity, periodicity, and secondary
      structure predictors. We propose a schematic model for the arrangement and
      folding of the polypeptide chain within the bilayer. The model consists of 4
      homologous regions, each containing 8 membrane-spanning (probably alpha-helical)
      structures. Several of these structures are amphipathic with a repeat of 3.5
      residues, 4 of which (one from each homologous region) are postulated to form a
      negatively charged channel lining. Gating currents are proposed to arise from
      voltage-dependent separation of multiple ion pairs buried within the hydrophobic,
      intramembranous protein interior.

PMID- 2415396
TI  - Isolation of a cDNA clone for a catalytic subunit of Torpedo marmorata
      acetylcholinesterase.
AB  - We have constructed a cDNA library from Torpedo marmorata electric organ poly(A+)
      RNA in the lambda phage expression vector lambda gt11. This library has been
      screened with polyclonal anti-acetylcholinesterase antibodies. One clone, lambda
      AChE1, produced a fusion protein which was recognized by the antibodies and which
      prevented the binding of native acetylcholinesterase in an enzymatic immune
      assay. These results indicate that lambda AChE1 contains a cDNA insert coding for
      a part of a catalytic subunit of Torpedo acetylcholinesterase. The 200-base-pair
      cDNA insert hybridized to three mRNAs (14.5, 10.5 and 5.5 kb) from Torpedo
      electric organs. These mRNAs were also detected in Torpedo electric lobes.

PMID- 2415397
TI  - Azidocytidine is incorporated into RNA of 3T6 mouse fibroblasts.
AB  - Earlier work has shown that azidocytidine inhibits the growth and DNA synthesis
      of 3T6 mouse fibroblasts by inactivation of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase.
      RNA synthesis, as measured by incorporation of [3H]cytidine was not affected.
      Here I show that azidocytidine is incorporated into RNA, but not into DNA.
      Incorporation of the analogue into RNA may under special circumstances contribute
      to the biological effect of the nucleoside.

PMID- 2415398
TI  - Primary structure of rabbit lung uteroglobin as deduced from the nucleotide
      sequence of a cDNA.
AB  - Double-stranded cDNA was synthesized from partially purified uteroglobin mRNA
      from rabbit lung. A cDNA coding for lung uteroglobin was then cloned in the
      plasmid pUC18 and both the nucleotide sequence and the derived amino acid
      sequence were determined. This allowed us to demonstrate unequivocally that
      uteroglobins from lung and uterus are identical proteins.

PMID- 2415399
TI  - Surgical management of advanced gastric carcinoma in Zaria, Nigeria.
AB  - In Zaria, Nigeria, 47 men and 37 women aged 25 to 70 years were operated upon for
      advanced carcinoma of the stomach between 1971 and 1982. In 1971-1976, gastric
      resection was performed in 33% of the 42 patients and by-pass in 31% compared to
      67% and 17% respectively in the other 42 patients treated in 1977-1982. Increased
      resection of tumours of the corpus, cardia and fundus and of involved adjacent
      organs accounted for this increase. The in-hospital death rate (29%) was the same
      for gastric resection and by-pass operations. In this part of the world where
      reliable chemotherapy and radiation technology are not yet available, the role of
      the surgeon in securing palliation from gastric cancer remains very prominent.

PMID- 2415400
TI  - Gated ionic channels and the mechanism of excitability.
AB  - Fluctuating ionic currents caused by the activation of individual ionic channels
      can be observed in excitable membranes. These single-channel currents allow
      experimenters to characterize the stochastic properties of the membrane protein
      conformational transitions that underlie excitation. This exact characterization
      is leading to a new level of precision in the description of excitable cell
      behavior throughout the nervous system.

PMID- 2415401
TI  - Excitation dynamics: insights from simplified membrane models.
AB  - Excitable nerve membranes and models for their electrical activity exhibit a
      broad repertoire of dynamic behavior. To reveal these behaviors the theoretician
      seeks a model that is simple enough to analyze yet one that retains adequate
      biophysical realism. Here we strike such a balance by describing a two-variable
      simplification of the Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) model, which exhibits many membrane
      phenomena and reproduces, with good agreement, many HH responses. Comparisons and
      illustrations are presented for the single spike response, repetitive firing (and
      its cessation by a brief current pulse), and bistable behavior for increased
      extracellular K+ concentrations.

PMID- 2415402
TI  - Statistics and quantum bumps in arthropod photoreceptors.
AB  - Discrete waves of depolarizing membrane potential in arthropod photoreceptors,
      called quantum bumps, appear to result from single-photon absorptions of the
      visual pigment. Statistical analysis of bump records suggest a model for bump
      occurrence in dark-adapted receptors at low levels of illumination. This model
      assumes that a photon that isomerizes a visual pigment molecule can trigger a
      stochastic process that can produce no more than one bump under normal
      conditions, and that the stochastic processes triggered by different isomerized
      visual pigment molecules are independent of each other.

PMID- 2415403
TI  - Calcium diffusion models and transmitter release in neurons.
AB  - Calcium enters neurons or nerve terminals through the surface membrane, and then
      diffuses inwardly and is diluted. Calcium acts at membrane sites to release
      transmitter or modulate channels, or at organelles or the nucleus to regulate
      metabolism. Thus the average cytoplasmic calcium concentration is a poor
      predictor of calcium-dependent processes. Solutions of the diffusion equation
      with appropriate geometries and boundary conditions help considerably in our
      quantitative understanding of calcium-dependent processes in neurons.

PMID- 2415404
TI  - Effects of ryanodine on cardiac subcellular membrane fractions.
AB  - Both the rate and the steady-state magnitude of net calcium accumulation by
      cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles are increased by ryanodine.
      Sarcolemmal calcium transport mechanisms are not affected. The apparent
      augmentation of calcium accumulation by membrane vesicles from junctional SR
      derives not from an increase in the rate at which calcium is pumped into the
      vesicles, but from a slowing of the rate of calcium efflux. Recent results show
      that decamethonium blunts these effects of ryanodine, whereas valinomycin
      potentiates them. The mechanisms for these latter effects are not well
      understood, but may involve limitation and promotion, respectively, of access of
      potassium ion to the interior of the membrane vesicles.

PMID- 2415405
TI  - Effects of ryanodine in skinned cardiac cells.
AB  - Ryanodine (1 X 10(-5) M) did not affect the Ca2+ sensitivity of the myofilaments
      of skinned (sarcolemma removed by microdissection) cardiac cells from the rat
      ventricle. Ryanodine (1 X 10(-5) M) inhibited three types of Ca2+ release from
      the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), which have different mechanisms: 1) Ca2+-induced
      release of Ca2+ triggered by a rapid and transient increase of [free Ca2+] at the
      outer surface of the SR; 2) caffeine-induced release of Ca2+; 3) spontaneous
      cyclic release of Ca2+ occurring in the continuous presence of a [free Ca2+]
      sufficient to overload the SR. These results suggest that the three types of Ca2+
      release are through the same channel across the SR membrane, although the gating
      mechanisms are different for the three types. Ryanodine also diminished the rate
      of Ca2+ accumulation into the SR. Even in the presence of 1 X 10(-5) M ryanodine
      the SR accumulated Ca2+ that could be released when the SR was sufficiently
      overloaded with Ca2+. Thus, ryanodine pretreatment did not permit the direct
      activation of the myofilaments by externally applied Ca2+. The approximately 1000
      fold difference in the effective concentrations of ryanodine in intact vs.
      skinned cardiac cells suggests that low concentrations of ryanodine act in the
      intact cardiac tissues through processes or on structures that are destroyed by
      the skinning procedure. No significant differences were observed in the effects
      of ryanodine in skinned cardiac cells from different adult mammalian species.

PMID- 2415406
TI  - Ryanodine: a modifier of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release in striated
      muscle.
AB  - We have proposed that the naturally occurring alkaloid ryanodine reduces the
      release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in cardiac muscle cells.
      We summarize the data that support this hypothesis and discuss possible
      mechanisms for 1) the differences in sensitivity to ryanodine displayed by intact
      skeletal and cardiac muscle preparations vs. that of skinned cardiac cells and
      isolated SR membranes, 2) the ability of ryanodine to cause either an increase or
      a decrease in calcium accumulation by isolated skeletal muscle SR vesicles
      depending on experimental conditions, and 3) the positive inotropic effects
      produced by ryanodine in cardiac muscle preparations under certain experimental
      circumstances. In addition, we also show how ryanodine can be used to evaluate
      the contributions made by SR calcium release to cellular events in striated
      muscle.

PMID- 2415407
TI  - Changes in the activity of transport of newly synthesized RNA from nucleus and
      nucleolus into cytoplasm during interphase.
AB  - In antheridial filaments of Chara vulgaris given a 20 min incubation in 3H
      uridine and a 40 min period of postincubation the radioactivity of extranucleolar
      nucleoplasm was found not altered, the radioactivity of nucleoli decreased by
      some 50%, and the radioactivity of cytoplasm increased by about 50%, as compared
      with the values obtained from preparations fixed immediately after labelling.
      During the periods characterized by an enhanced transcriptional activity of
      nucleoli, i.e. in middle stages of S and G2 phases, the most intensive RNA
      migration from nucleolus into the cytoplasm takes place. By the end of interphase
      the rate of the above process becomes slower, thus leading to accumulation of an
      intranucleolar pool of rRNA reserved for the sake of daughter cells.

PMID- 2415408
TI  - Nucleolar size and the activity of rRNA transport in the course of morphogenetic
      reduction of cell dimensions.
AB  - In antheridial filaments of Chara vulgaris during the first period of
      spermatogenesis which consists of 6 synchronous cell division cycles there occurs
      a gradual decrease in sizes of cells entering successive mitoses. Present studies
      indicate that this process is correlated with a considerable reduction of total
      nucleolar volume in late G2 phase which, in turn, brings about decrease in sizes
      of nucleoli reappearing in telophase of the subsequent cell cycle. A consequence
      of the above phenomenon evidenced using 3H uridine autoradiography is a gradual
      increase--from one generation to the next--in an amount of rRNA transported into
      cytoplasm due to an increase in number of small nucleoli which were found to be
      more active in transport than larger nucleoli. This process leads to a lowering
      of an increase in nucleolar volumes during consecutive interphase periods owing
      to a progressively limited accumulation of rRNA for the sake of daughter cells,
      i.e. to a spontaneously magnifying reduction of nucleolar sizes in the
      forthcoming cell generations. Thus, diminution of nucleoli observed during the
      development of antheridial filaments seems to be due to a chain-series of
      processes connected with mechanisms which possibly regulate rRNA transport and
      accompany morphogenetic events.

PMID- 2415409
TI  - Studies on the cytosolic DNA of chick embryo fibroblasts and its uptake by
      recipient cultured cells.
AB  - Cytosol and extruded DNA complexes from cultured chick embryo fibroblast cells
      have been separated by agarose gel chromatography at intervals after pulse
      labelling with [3H]thymidine. The proportion of the various cytosol components
      changed markedly with time: there was a lag period of 3 hr before the major
      labelled (5 X 10(5) dalton) DNA complex appeared in the cytosol, and a further
      lag period of 5 hr before it was extruded from the cell. Cultured chick embryo
      fibroblast, and rat spleen, cells rapidly and very efficiently import their own
      or each others cytosolic DNA complexes into their respective cytosol fractions:
      the material recovered from the cytosol of recipient cells is characteristic of
      the presented material. Homologous cytosolic DNA complex presented to chick
      embryo fibroblast cells also becomes associated with the nucleus. The rat at
      which this occurs is comparable with the rate of incorporation of [3H]thymidine
      into nuclear DNA.

PMID- 2415410
TI  - The preliminary evaluation of degradation of substance P(SP) fragment's analogue
      less than Glu SP6-11 in the subcellular fractions from different areas of rat
      brain.
AB  - Peptidase(s) activity of different subcellular fractions isolated from cortex,
      hippocampus, midbrain, thalamus with hypothalamus, cerebellum and medulla
      oblongata exerted against less than Glu SP6-11 (3H-Phen8) was evaluated in "low
      ionic" and similar (in composition) to both extracellular and intracellular
      conditions. The incubation of less than Glu SP6-11 with different fractions
      leaves the hexapeptide undegraded in the studied conditions in most cases.
      Peptidases activity results in the formation of the first of all C-terminal and
      exceptionally "internal" labelled products. Labelled N-terminal products were not
      seen. The most effective degradation in vitro of less than Glu SP6-11 takes
      place, in the majority of cases, in "low ionic" conditions when compared to those
      similar to extra or intracellular ones. The biggest total (per 1 g of wet mass)
      and specific activities against less than Glu SP6-11 can be shown in the
      hippocampus areas.

PMID- 2415411
TI  - Cyclic AMP mediates the negative regulation of Y-organ ecdysteroid production.
AB  - The putative neuropeptide, molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH), regulates crustacean
      growth by periodically suppressing the secretion of ecdysteroid molting hormone
      from peripheral glands (Y-organs). A mediating role for cyclic AMP (cAMP) in MIH
      action was evaluated with isolated Y-organs of the crab, Cancer antennarius. MIH
      activity in eyestalk extracts inhibited ecdysteroid secretion but increased cAMP
      levels dose-dependently in 24-h incubations. The cAMP rise preceded the onset of
      ecdysteroid suppression. Dibutyryl cAMP, activators of adenylate cyclase
      (forskolin, choleragen), and an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (IBMX), but not
      AMP or cGMP, mimicked the inhibitory action of MIH.

PMID- 2415412
TI  - Perinatal dietary supplementation with a commercial soy lecithin preparation:
      effects on behavior and brain biochemistry in the developing rat.
AB  - Rats exposed perinatally to dietary commercial soy lecithin preparation (SLP)
      showed alterations in sensorimotor development and brain cell maturation.
      Latencies for righting responses (measured on postnatal Days 1-4) and negative
      qeotaxis (measured on postnatal Days 5-8) were shorter in the SLP treated
      animals. This pattern was accompanied by specific alterations in cerebellar
      development; biochemical markers for cellular maturation indicated a compression
      of the ontogenetic time course, as assessed by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)
      activity, and levels of nucleic acids and proteins. In contrast, cellular
      development in the cerebral cortex indicated a generalized slowing of the time
      course of maturation and a deficit in the number of cells which persisted into
      adulthood. Behavioral abnormalities also did not disappear in adulthood, as
      morphine analgesia was markedly reduced in the SLP group. These results indicate
      that exposure of the fetus and neonate to dietary SLP during development leads to
      regionally specific alterations in brain cell maturation associated with
      disruption or behavioral patterns.

PMID- 2415413
TI  - Retrograde axonal transport in rat ileal mesenteric nerves. Characterization
      using intravenously administered 125I-nerve growth factor and effect of chemical
      sympathectomy.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated the reproducible occurrence of dystrophic
      axonopathy and a defect in the retrograde axonal transport of 125I-nerve growth
      factor (125I-NGF) involving postganglionic sympathetic axons in the alimentary
      tract of rats with chronic streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. To avoid
      complexities inherent in monitoring the accumulation of 125I-NGF in the superior
      mesenteric ganglion as a measure of retrograde transport in the peripheral axons
      of the extensive alimentary territory, we have examined retrograde axonal
      transport of 125I-NGF directly in ileal mesenteric nerves. 125I-NGF was injected
      systemically, and 2-2.5 h later ileal mesenteric nerve pedicles were ligated in
      vivo for various intervals. Retrogradely transported 125I-NGF in rat mesenteric
      nerves was measured distal to a ligature placed on the ileal mesenteric pedicle.
      Transport-unrelated processes, such as mechanical compression or bleeding at the
      site of ligation, did not contribute significantly to accumulation measured in
      this fashion. Accumulation of retrogradely transported 125I-NGF at the ligature
      began 4 h after ligation and remained linear for approximately 12 h. The amount
      of retrogradely transported 125I-NGF accumulating distal to the ligature
      reflected the length of the ileal segment served by the pedicle, which allowed
      the standardization of accumulation based on length of ileum innervated. The
      results of several experiments showed that 125I-NGF transport originated largely
      from nerve terminals within the ileal wall with a smaller component from
      extramural sites, probably terminals within the walls of blood vessels.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2415414
TI  - Retrograde axonal transport of 125I-nerve growth factor in rat ileal mesenteric
      nerves. Effect of streptozocin diabetes.
AB  - The retrograde axonal transport of intravenously (i.v.) administered 125I-nerve
      growth factor (125I-NGF) was examined in mesenteric nerves innervating the small
      bowel of rats with streptozocin (STZ) diabetes using methods described in detail
      in the companion article. The accumulation of 125I-NGF distal to a ligature on
      the ileal mesenteric nerves of diabetic animals was 30-40% less than in control
      animals. The inhibition of accumulation of 125I-NGF in diabetic animals was
      greater at a ligature tied 2 h after i.v. administration than at a ligature tied
      after 14 h, which suggests that the diabetic animals may have a lag in initiation
      of NGF transport in the terminal axon or retardation of transport at some site
      along the axon. The 125I-NGF transport defect was observed as early as 3 days
      after the induction of diabetes, a time before the development of structural
      axonal lesions, and did not worsen at later times when dystrophic axonopathy is
      present. Both the ileal mesenteric nerves, which eventually develop dystrophic
      axonopathy in experimental diabetes, and the jejunal mesenteric nerves, which
      never develop comparable structural alterations, showed similar 125I-NGF
      transport deficits, suggesting that the existence of the transport abnormality
      does not predict the eventual development of dystrophic axonal lesions.
      Autoradiographic localization of 125I-NGF in the ileal mesenteric nerves of
      animals that had been diabetic for 11-13 mo demonstrated decreased amounts of
      125I-NGF in transit in unligated paravascular nerve fascicles. There was,
      however, no evidence for focal retardation of transported 125I-NGF at the sites
      of dystrophic axonal lesions.

PMID- 2415415
TI  - Developmental abnormalities in infants and children with acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex.
AB  - Children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) display two types of
      clinical picture: a full-blown AIDS characterized by the presence of
      opportunistic infections and/or Kaposi's sarcoma and a prodromal stage now
      identified as AIDS-related complex (ARC). Neurological complications have been
      identified in infants and children with the disease. This paper discusses the
      developmental abnormalities in 16 pediatric patients, seven with AIDS and nine
      with ARC, ranging in age from six months to six years. In all cases, the mothers
      of these children either had ARC, AIDS and/or used intravenous drugs.
      Developmental histories showed delayed acquisition of milestones in most children
      following the diagnosis of AIDS or ARC, with delayed motor milestones
      consistently noted in both groups. Several children with AIDS actually lost
      milestones as their illness progressed; this has not occurred in the ARC group.
      Psychometric testing revealed more severe cognitive dysfunction in the group with
      AIDS. Involvement of the central nervous system was documented clinically,
      radiologically, and/or electrophysiologically in all patients with AIDS. In the
      ARC group the course of the illness has shown greater variability. Medical and
      social factors that may contribute to the developmental abnormalities are
      discussed.

PMID- 2415416
TI  - Congenital trypanosomiasis in a child born in London.
AB  - A female infant of 22 months was referred to the Hospital for Sick Children,
      London, because of delayed psychomotor development. Extensive investigations
      revealed no cause, but eventually trypanosomiasis was diagnosed. The infant had
      not been outside the UK, but her mother came from Zaire, where the disease is
      endemic, but had lived in Kinshasa, where there is no sleeping sickness. It is
      thought, that the mother may have been asymptomatically infected by a fresh-blood
      transfusion four years earlier, since no other source of infection was apparent.

PMID- 2415417
TI  - Interaction of acetylcholine and gastric inhibitory polypeptide on endocrine and
      exocrine rat pancreatic secretion: augmentation of acetylcholine-induced amylase
      and volume secretion by the insulinotropic action of gastric inhibitory
      polypeptide.
AB  - Exocrine pancreatic secretion is under partial control of endocrine pancreatic
      hormones. We studied the interaction of three doses of acetylcholine (Ach), a
      stimulator of exocrine and endocrine pancreatic secretion, with one dose of
      gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) which is strongly insulinotropic, but has no
      effect on exocrine pancreatic secretion. The effects of Ach and GIP on insulin
      secretion from the rat pancreas were additive at 0.05 X 10(-6) M Ach and
      slightly, but not significantly less than additive at 0.25 or 2.5 X 10(-6) M Ach.
      GIP had an augmenting effect on amylase and volume secretion from the pancreas,
      when pancreatic secretion was stimulated by 2.5 X 10(-6) M Ach, but not by 0.05
      or 0.25 X 10(-6) M. Exogenous rat insulin could exert an effect similar to that
      of GIP, although a higher dose was required. Atropine inhibited the effect of Ach
      on exocrine and endocrine pancreatic secretion, but not the insulinotropic action
      of GIP. It is hypothesized that GIP could play a role in regulating exocrine
      pancreatic secretion by its insulinotropic action.

PMID- 2415419
TI  - Influence of aprotinin on insulin absorption and subcutaneous blood flow in type
      1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes.
AB  - Ten normal-weight Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients (12 h
      postprandial) with normal insulin requirement were given 125I-labelled soluble
      insulin (10 U) in the thigh together with aprotinin (10000 KIU) or its diluent on
      two consecutive mornings. Disappearance of 125I-radioactivity was followed
      continuously for 3 h by external detection and plasma free insulin measured by
      radioimmunoassay. Subcutaneous blood flow following aprotinin or diluent was
      studied concomitantly in the contralateral thigh by external monitoring of
      locally injected 133Xenon. Plasma free insulin increased significantly faster (p
      less than 0.05) and the insulin area under the curve was significantly (p less
      than 0.05) greater during the first hour after injection of insulin with
      aprotinin. Subcutaneous blood flow (rate constants for 133Xenon) was
      significantly higher with aprotinin (p less than 0.05), the highest flow
      occurring early after injection. In conclusion, subcutaneously injected soluble
      insulin is more rapidly absorbed by addition of aprotinin to the insulin solution
      in Type 1 diabetes. Blood flow increase at the injection site may explain part of
      this effect.

PMID- 2415418
TI  - Analysis of insulin receptors on heterogeneous eukaryotic cell populations with
      fluorochrome-conjugated insulin and fluorescence-activated cell sorter.
      Advantages and limitations to the 125I-labelled insulin methodology.
AB  - The diversity in insulin receptor expression within eukaryotic cell populations
      can be studied with fluorochrome conjugated reagents with high affinity to the
      insulin receptor in combination with flow cytometry. We studied the optimal
      conditions for application of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated
      insulin in combination with the fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) to
      analyse insulin receptor expression, and also studied the feasibility of this
      method for identifying and isolating viable subsets with differences in insulin
      receptor expression within a cell population. Semisynthetic human insulin was
      conjugated to FITC, which resulted in at least four types of FITC-insulin
      molecules with different affinities to the insulin receptor. Each type of FITC
      insulin was isolated by semipreparative reverse phase high pressure liquid
      chromatography. The preparation with a fluorescein/protein ratio of approximately
      1.0 was found to have the highest affinity to the receptor, the highest
      biological activity (approximately 50% of native insulin), and similar
      antigenicity as native insulin. The optimal staining conditions with respect to
      pH, time of incubation, and cell number were determined, and were different in
      some aspects from labelling with 125I-insulin. The binding of FITC-insulin to
      cells was saturable and could be displaced with unlabelled insulin. The
      fluorescence signal could be converted to absolute numbers of fluorescein
      molecules by a calibration curve, and the absolute number of specifically bound
      FITC-insulin molecules calculated from a F/P ratio approximately 1.0. The FITC
      insulin/FACS method permits estimation of the total number of insulin receptors
      (high plus low affinity), and the data obtained correlate well with the results
      from Scatchard plot of 125I-insulin binding data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2415420
TI  - [Ion channels in cardiac tissue. Validity and limits of cellular
      electrophysiology in the interpretation of clinical data].
AB  - New experimental methods in cellular electrophysiology allowed the identification
      and characterization of specific "ion channels" in the plasma membrane of cardiac
      cells in different regions of the heart. Function and implication of the "ion
      channels" have been considered in 1) the initiation of the heart-beat, 2) the
      chronotropic and inotropic effects of neurotransmitters (nor-epinephrine
      acetylcholine), 3) the action mechanism of the steroid cardioactive drugs, 4) the
      cardiac repolarization, 5) the physiopathology of several arrhythmias. Moreover
      clinical data useful for the indirect evaluation of the ion channels function
      have been pointed out, stressing the ion channels models contribution for the
      cardiac pathology interpretation, particularly in the cardiac arrhythmias field.

PMID- 2415421
TI  - [Palliative care of patients with digestive cancer at an advanced stage].

PMID- 2415422
TI  - [Assay of alpha-fetoprotein by monoclonal antibodies: progress in the diagnosis
      of hepatocellular carcinoma?].

PMID- 2415423
TI  - [AFP and HbF determination in maternal blood as a parameter of fetomaternal
      microtransfusion in interventions of the pregnant uterus].
AB  - The applicability of AFP assay (radioimmunologic) and of erythrocytes containing
      Hb-F (Kleihauer et al. 1957) in maternal blood as a means of detecting
      fetomaternal microtransfusion was examined in 57 cases of abruptio and 65 women
      in whom genetically indicated amniocentesis was performed. There was a
      significant increase in AFP postoperatively in 40% of the abruptiones; after
      amniocenteses such behavior was far less pronounced (18.5%). The count of cells
      containing Hb-F in maternal blood smears revealed no significant increase in any
      of the cases examined. A correlation on the basis of these examination results is
      therefore unlikely. However, an evaluation of them demands that the assay methods
      used for AFP and Hb-F cells and, above all, their physiology, be taken into
      account. The diaplacental passage rates of the two substances are probably
      different, and under certain conditions they may also be produced by the maternal
      organism to a varying extent. It could be concluded from this that even though
      the AFP assay involves a simpler method and is more sensitive, neither parameter
      can replace the other, and therefore neither can be made the basis for a decision
      against anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis.

PMID- 2415424
TI  - [Disorders of hemoglobin synthesis and erythrocytic enzyme activity in
      myeloproliferative hemoblastoses].

PMID- 2415425
TI  - [Effect of the stage of isoelectric sedimentation on the quality of commercial
      preparations of gamma globulin].

PMID- 2415426
TI  - Effect of gramicidin A and thallium ions on cation effluxes in frog sartorius
      muscle.
AB  - The effluxes of potassium, rubidium, sodium and lithium from the sartorius muscle
      of Rana temporaria in magnesium-Ringer solution free of sodium and potassium have
      been studied with the flame-emission technique. The channel-forming antibiotic
      gramicidin A (2.5 X X10(-7)-1 X 10(-6) mol/l) enhanced the efflux of potassium
      and rubidium and increased the rate constants of these effluxes. Gramicidin had
      small if any effect on sodium and lithium effluxes and rate constants. After 60
      100 min in a gramicidin-containing medium, the potassium efflux and the
      corresponding rate constant reached a steady-state level. This steady-state value
      depended on gramicidin concentration. Effect of gramicidin on both the potassium
      efflux and the rate constant was partially reversible. Thallium ions (2.5 X 10(
      3) and 5 X 10(-3) mol/l) in sodium- and potassium- free magnesium Ringer solution
      caused a large increase in effluxes of all the cations examined (K+, Rb+ and Na+)
      both in presence and absence of gramicidin. Possible mechanisms of gramicidin and
      thallium effects are discussed.

PMID- 2415427
TI  - Cytosolic free Ca2+ level in isolated hepatocytes: the effect of insulin.
AB  - Cytosolic free Ca2+ level was estimated in rat hepatocytes using the method
      described by Murphy et al. (1980). For control hepatocytes, a value of 0.20 +/-
      0.06 mumol/l was obtained. Insulin increased cytosolic free Ca2+ level to 0.63 +2
      0.24 mumol/l. No net fluxes of Ca2+ across the plasma membrane were observed
      during incubation of hepatocytes with insulin. Mitochondria were shown to be the
      main Ca2+ buffering system. FCCP released 77-88% of releasable calcium from the
      cell. Dibucaine increased cytosolic free Ca2+ level to 1.16 mumol/l.

PMID- 2415428
TI  - A new putative gene in the mitochondrial genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The 2200-bp ori2-ori7 region of the mitochondrial (mt) genome of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae has been sequenced on the genome of a petite, b7, excised at those ori
      sequences from wild-type strain B. The region contains an open reading frame,
      ORF5, which is transcribed into a 900-nucleotide (nt) RNA in both the parental
      wild-type strain and its derived petite, b7. This RNA uses as a template the
      strand used by most mt transcripts. Its start point is located 337 nt upstream of
      ORF5; and a messenger termination site has been found 900 nt downstream of the
      initiation site. These data suggest that ORF5 is a new mitochondrial gene. The G
      + C content of ORF5 is only 15.7%; 90% of the G + C base pairs of ORF5 are
      comprised in a palindromic G + C cluster similar to that present in the varl
      gene. The coding capacity of ORF5 is 46 amino acids (aa), mainly represented by
      methionine, phenylalanine, arginine, valine, asparagine, isoleucine and tyrosine.
      The aa composition and the codon usage of ORF5 are reminiscent of those of varl
      and of other intergenic ORFs.

PMID- 2415429
TI  - Molecular cloning of cDNA coding for human preprourokinase.
AB  - A cDNA library was constructed in pBR322 from 18S to 20S mRNA that was extracted
      from human kidney cells, fractionated on oligo(dT)-cellulose column and sucrose
      density gradient, and confirmed for urokinase production in Xenopus laevis
      oocytes. The Escherichia coli RR1 transformants were hybridized to synthetic
      oligonucleotide probe prepared according to the known amino acid sequence, Glu 73
      to Glu 77 of human urinary urokinase chain B. The entire cloned cDNA covers a
      2250-bp region, wherein the 1293-bp sequence codes for preprourokinase consisting
      of 431 amino acids, with the first 20 residues being a signal peptide. The 5'
      untranslated region is at least 80 bp long and the 3'-untranslated region is
      longer than 850 bp.

PMID- 2415430
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a Xenopus laevis mitochondrial DNA fragment containing the
      D-loop, flanking tRNA genes and the apocytochrome b gene.
AB  - Extensive corrections of the nucleotide sequence of the Xenopus laevis
      mitochondrial (mt) displacement (D) loop and surrounding genes [Wong et al.,
      Nucl. Acids Res. 11 (1983) 4977-4995] are reported, including addition of two
      stretches of nucleotides and 60 scattered modifications. The additional sequences
      presented here correspond to the apocytochrome b gene, the tRNAGlu gene and part
      of URF6. This allows us to propose a conformational model for the X. laevis
      apocytochrome b protein and also permits comparisons with mammalian mtDNA. The D
      loop sequence is poorly conserved except for sequences involved in the regulation
      of the mt genome (conserved sequence blocks and the DNA polymerase stop
      sequences). On the other hand, all genes show marked conservation both of their
      nucleotide sequence and their respective location on the mt genome. Organization
      of the genetic information described for mammalian mtDNA also holds for the X.
      laevis mtDNA. This result strongly suggests that all animal vertebrate mtDNAs
      have followed the same evolutionary pathway.

PMID- 2415431
TI  - Physical mapping and nucleotide sequence of the rnpA gene that encodes the
      protein component of ribonuclease P in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The rnpA gene, coding for the protein component of ribonuclease P (RNase P), was
      allocated to the dnaA region at 83 min of the E. coli K-12 map. This was
      accomplished through analysis of recombinant pBR322 plasmids, some of which
      complemented the temperature sensitivity of a strain carrying the rnpA 49 allele
      and restored the RNA processing activity. Although the temperature sensitivity of
      a strain carrying the rnp-241 allele could not be complemented by the rnpA+
      plasmid, the RNA-processing activity was restored, suggesting that the rnp-241
      mutation is allelic with rnpA 49. In this analysis we also found two genes coding
      for proteins (60 and 50 kDal) of unknown function. The order of the genes located
      in this region is in the clockwise orientation: rpmH (5.4 kDal; ribosomal protein
      L34), rnpA (14 kDal; protein component of RNase P), a gene for a 60-kDal protein
      (inner membrane protein), a gene for a 50-kDal protein, and tnaA. All these genes
      are expressed in the clockwise orientation. From the DNA sequence of the rnpA
      gene region a very basic polypeptide with an Mr of 13773 could be deduced. We
      conclude that this polypeptide is the rnpA gene product, and is the protein
      component of RNase P. Comparison with previously published data on the
      transcription of rpmH suggests that the rnpA gene is the second gene in the rpmH
      operon.

PMID- 2415432
TI  - [Survival and mortality in surgically-treated and untreated patients with
      ischemic heart disease with ventricular arrhythmia in relation to the nature of
      coronary artery lesions].

PMID- 2415433
TI  - [Heterogenous immune reactivity in brain tumors: results of cellular immunity in
      relation to brain tissue antigens].
AB  - In brain tumors and other neurological diseases cell-mediated immune reactions to
      fetal brain tissue antigens (FBA), normal tissue antigen of adult brain (NTA) and
      tumor-associated antigens of different brain tumors (TAA) have been analysed. The
      detection of sensitized lymphocytes using the MEM-(macrophage-electrophoretic
      mobility-) test revealed general tumor-related results applying the FBA, in some
      extent a cross reactivity and partly no kind of reaction. A phase-specific
      reactivity to normal brain antigens could not be found, only cases of multiple
      sclerosis produced restrictive results employing the NTA. By testing tumor
      associated brain antigens different reaction types were seen: The common TAA
      caused a tumor-characteristic reaction; the histo-specific TAA predominantly
      presented a organotypic form of reaction, confined a histo-specific reaction
      pattern; in some cases there were found inadequate, non-corresponding reactions
      as well as unreactivity. With regard to different types of reaction the problems
      of heterogeneity of the brain tumors and the cellular immune response--i.e. a
      heterogeneity of 1. or 2. order--were discussed including further factors
      concerning several special conditions in the nervous system.

PMID- 2415434
TI  - [Regulation of alpha 2-macroglobulin synthesis in primary cultures of rat
      hepatocytes by humoral factors].

PMID- 2415435
TI  - Hepatocellular carcinoma after thorotrast exposure: establishment of a new cell
      line (Mz-Hep-1).
AB  - A human hepatoma cell line, associated with thorotrast exposure, from an
      hepatitis B marker-negative patient was established as a permanent cell line (Mz
      Hep-1) in tissue culture. Histology of the primary tumor, as well as phase
      contrast, transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the cultured cells
      showed typical characteristics of liver cells. Mz-Hep-1 cells secreted complement
      components (C2, C3, C4), carcinoembryonic antigen, lactate dehydrogenase,
      chymotrypsin, haptoglobin and retinol-binding protein and expressed HLA-,
      transferrin-, blood group B-related determinants and complement component C5 and
      carcinoembryonic antigen on their cell surface. Mz-Hep-1 cells represent the
      first human hepatoma cell line, which is strongly associated with a carcinogen.

PMID- 2415436
TI  - A randomized study of the effects of adenine arabinoside 5'-monophosphate (short
      or long courses) and lymphoblastoid interferon on hepatitis B virus replication.
AB  - A previous randomized controlled study has shown a 30% rate of HBe
      antigen/antibody seroconversion within 1 year of a month course of adenine
      arabinoside-5'-monophosphate; no seroconversion occurred in the control group. In
      this study of patients derived from the same population, 45 hepatitis B virus
      carriers with chronic liver disease were randomized to receive either a short (4
      week) course of adenine arabinoside-5'-monophosphate, a long (7 to 8-week) course
      of adenine arabinoside-5'-monophosphate or a 12-week course of lymphoblastoid
      interferon. Long-lasting suppression of hepatitis B virus replication with
      disappearance of serum hepatitis B virus DNA and clearance of HBeAg occurred
      within 12 months of treatment in four patients who received the short course of
      adenine arabinoside-5'-monophosphate and in five who received interferon. Of the
      nine responders, four also lost HBsAg. A response to antiviral therapy was
      accompanied by clinical and biochemical evidence of improvement in liver disease.
      None of the patients who received a long course of adenine arabinoside-5'
      monophosphate responded. Peripheral neuropathy and myalgia were the most serious
      adverse effect affecting three recipients of the short course of adenine
      arabinoside-5'-monophosphate and eight recipients of the long course. Thrice
      weekly administration of interferon was well-tolerated. Further studies to
      identify the characteristics of the "responder patients" and large-scale
      controlled trials of antiviral therapy in these subgroups are indicated.

PMID- 2415437
TI  - Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: a clinicopathologic study of 35 cases.
AB  - Acute fatty liver of pregnancy is a disease of the third trimester which is
      generally considered to be rare and to have a grave prognosis. This study found
      an optimistic outlook for patients with acute fatty liver of pregnancy due to
      early termination of the pregnancy as well as the recognition of milder cases. In
      prospectively followed women, a maternal mortality of 8% and a fetal mortality of
      14% were observed. The disorder also appears to be more common than previously
      suspected and should be considered in all women with liver dysfunction in late
      pregnancy, even if they are anicteric. Histologically, the characteristic fine
      droplet steatosis usually produces distinct vacuolization in sections stained
      with hematoxylin-eosin. However, early in the course of the illness, liver cells
      have a ballooned appearance and the presence of lipid is masked. When accompanied
      by a significant necroinflammatory reaction, this stage may be difficult to
      distinguish from acute viral hepatitis. Whenever acute fatty liver of pregnancy
      is suspected, a small piece of the biopsy should be reserved for special stains
      to confirm the presence of lipid in frozen sections. Significant loss of hepatic
      parenchyma is a regular accompaniment of acute fatty liver of pregnancy and is
      due to hepatocytolysis, acidophilic degeneration and liver cell atrophy.
      Extramedullary hematopoiesis and giant mitochondria are often present; the latter
      change is probably an adaptive or degenerative response to an altered metabolic
      environment. Despite the frequent presence of signs and symptoms of toxemia in
      patients with acute fatty liver of pregnancy, no histologic overlap was observed,
      suggesting that they represent distinct etiologic entities.

PMID- 2415438
TI  - Congenital portacaval shunt in rats: liver adaptation to lack of portal vein--a
      light and electron microscopic study.
AB  - In five rats with congenital portacaval shunt, liver atrophy, hyperplastic foci
      in the periportal zone, atrophic hepatocytes in the centrolobular zone, well
      preserved hepatocyte ultrastructure with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum,
      packed mitochondria and numerous peroxisomes were observed as in surgical
      portacaval shunt. However, portal triads were abnormal in contrast to surgical
      shunt. In large portal triads, hepatic arteries were prominent, bile ducts
      numerous and portal veins were lacking. Instead, small or large capillaries were
      seen in the portal tracts usually at the periphery. These capillaries appeared to
      be in continuity with nearby sinusoids presenting the ultrastructural
      characteristics of capillaries. These observations suggest that absence of the
      portal vein is compensated by formation of neocapillaries. It is assumed that
      these capillaries originate from periportal sinusoids and are necessary to
      distribute blood to all sinusoids and form a reservoir to lower arterial
      pressure.

PMID- 2415439
TI  - Spindle cell carcinoma (pseudosarcoma) of the anus: a light, electron microscopic
      and immunocytochemical study of a case.
AB  - We report a case of polypoid spindle cell squamous carcinoma (pseudosarcoma)
      occurring in the anal canal. Electron microscopic findings and the demonstration
      of keratin by an immunoperoxidase method, gave clear cut evidence of the
      epithelial nature of the sarcomatoid cells forming this tumour. To our knowledge,
      this is the first reported case in the literature.

PMID- 2415440
TI  - APA's model commitment law and the need for better mental health services.
AB  - The author commends the American Psychiatric Association's model law on civil
      commitment model law on civil commitment as a practical document that is symbolic
      of psychiatry's concern about the quality of public mental health services.
      However, he believes that even the most progressive mental health laws have done
      little to ensure better or more responsive delivery of psychiatric services.
      Their effectiveness has been hampered by states' failure to provide funds for
      adequate services, lax interpretation and application of their provisions, and
      increasingly bureaucratic procedures resulting in impersonal treatment of
      patients. The author would strengthen the model law's section on patient
      advocacy, giving greater autonomy to advocates, and would extend legal authority
      for commitment to psychologists meeting specific qualifications.

PMID- 2415441
TI  - Fat staining in parathyroid disease--diagnostic value and impact on surgical
      strategy: clinicopathologic analysis of 191 cases.
AB  - The study comprised 191 cases of surgically treated hyperparathyroidism, with all
      principal types of parathyroid disease represented. At least two complete glands
      stained with a modified isopropanol oil red O method for fat, in addition to
      sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin, were available in each case. On the
      basis of the morphologic evaluation and the clinical follow-up data, it is
      concluded that access to two complete glands and the use of fat staining allow
      highly reliable intraoperative distinction between adenoma and hyperplasia. Of
      105 patients followed up for at least one year (mean, 20 months) in whom adenomas
      were diagnosed, a single possible error was identified. In each of 68 cases
      classified as hyperplasia on the basis of two abnormal glands, every additional
      complete gland available (total, 182 glands) was at least partially abnormal,
      with distinct signs of hyperactivity, irrespective of size. The rate of equivocal
      findings for cases in which two glands were available (probably adenoma but
      hyperplasia not excluded) was 8 per cent in 165 cases of primary
      hyperparathyroidism. These results justify limitation of surgery to one side of
      the neck in patients in whom adenoma is diagnosed on the basis of a complete,
      functionally normal (inactive) gland in addition to the presumed adenoma. Thus,
      the methods described provide a basis for optimal utilization of imaging
      techniques that allow preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas.

PMID- 2415442
TI  - Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and phenotypically abnormal epidermal dendritic cells in
      fixed cutaneous eruptions.
AB  - Fixed cutaneous eruptions are erythematous plaques or bullae that recur, often
      after drug ingestion, at precisely the same cutaneous sites. The study of this
      condition may provide insight into the mechanisms responsible for regionally
      localized, immunologically mediated dermatoses. Biopsy specimens from both
      advancing borders and established centers of fixed eruptions were studied by
      immunofluorescence microscopy, light microscopy (1-micron sections), and
      transmission electron microscopy, and with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to
      Langerhans cells and subsets of T lymphocytes. The dermal inflammatory
      infiltrates of the advancing edges of the lesions were composed predominantly of
      OKT4/Leu-3a-positive lymphoid cells in perivascular array. In more established
      regions (the centers of the lesions), the majority of mononuclear cells were OKT8
      positive lymphocytes disposed along the dermal-epidermal junction and migrating
      into the epidermis through focal defects in the basement membrane. In these
      areas, keratinocyte reactivity for anti-HLA-DR antibody and the apposition of
      intraepidermal lymphocytes to degenerating keratinocytes were observed. T6
      positive epidermal dendritic cells were observed in normal numbers in the
      epidermis, although extensive study failed to reveal characteristic Langerhans
      cell granules within these cells. It is concluded that fixed cutaneous eruptions
      are characterized by an early vascular phase involving lymphocytes with
      helper/inducer phenotypes, and a later epidermal phase involving
      cytotoxic/suppressor cells. Potential effector cells with the phenotypic
      characteristics of cytotoxic T cells appear to represent important mediators of
      the epidermal damage characteristic of fixed cutaneous eruptions. Morphologically
      abnormal epidermal dendritic cells may contribute to regionally altered antigen
      presentation and may thus be relevant to the recurrence of lesions at identical
      cutaneous sites.

PMID- 2415443
TI  - Low alpha-fetoprotein and serum albumin levels in Morbus Down may point to a
      common regulatory mechanism.

PMID- 2415444
TI  - Acetaldehyde.

PMID- 2415445
TI  - Analysis of hen egg white lysozyme (HEL)-specific delayed type hypersensitivity
      hybridomas.
AB  - Hen egg white lysozyme (HEL) specific delayed type hypersensitivity hybridomas
      (TDTH hybridomas) were established by fusing HEL specific C3H/HeN (H-2k
      haplotype) TDTH with BW5147 thymoma cells. TDTH hybridomas, which had Lyt-1+2-
      and Thy-1.2 antigens on their surfaces, were injected into mouse footpads with
      HEL antigens, and foot pad swellings were measured 24 h later. Mice with I-Ak
      haplotype showed strong responses, and their swellings were reduced by anti-I-Ak
      specific monoclonal antibodies, which suggests that the activity of the
      hybridomas is restricted by I-Ak. However, TDTH hybridomas did not modulate HEL
      specific T-cell proliferation responses.

PMID- 2415446
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies specific for the mouse IgG1 allotypic determinants:
      reactivity with inbred and outbred mice.
AB  - C57BL/6J mice were immunized with an affinity purified monoclonal antibody (IgG1)
      derived from BALB/c mice and their spleen cells were fused with the mouse myeloma
      X63.Ag8.653. Two monoclonal antibodies (3A9, gamma 1,kappa and 1C10, gamma
      1,kappa) derived from separate fusions were originally found to react with BALB/c
      monoclonal antibodies expressing a gamma 1 heavy chain isotype but not with other
      heavy chain isotypes. The results from strain distribution reactivity patterns
      indicate that these antibodies recognize determinants coded by the allotype locus
      designated Igh-4a. In a survey of 22 different inbred or congenic strains of
      mice, no additional polymorphism associated with this locus has been detected.
      However, allelic polymorphism of the gamma 1 heavy chain allotype does exist in
      the wild mouse population. The 3A9 and 1C10 antibodies recognize the same
      determinants (i.e., specificity 1) associated with Igh-4a allotype.

PMID- 2415447
TI  - Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against human
      thyroglobulin.
AB  - Spleen cells of Biozzi-HR mice immunized with human thyroglobulin (hTg) were
      fused with P3-X63-Ag8.653 mouse myeloma cells. Twenty monoclonal antibodies
      (MAbs) selected by an enzyme immunoassay (indirect ELISA) were produced, purified
      and characterized. The equilibrium association constant (Ka) of one of the MAbs,
      determined by Scatchard analysis of the ELISA data, was found to be 2 X 10(9) M
      1; the Ka of the other MAb, estimated from titration curves by comparison with
      the aforementioned MAb, ranged from 8 X 10(9) M-1 to 6 X 10(7) M-1. The reaction
      between the MAb and hTg was not inhibited by thyroxin (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)
      and triiodothyropropionic acid (DT3). Species specificity of the MAb was studied
      using bovine and porcine Tgb. The topology of the MAb was investigated by
      competitive inhibition immunoassays. Seven distinct antigenic regions were
      identified.

PMID- 2415448
TI  - [Cellular and humoral bases of allergic reactions].
AB  - The inflammatory symptoms of allergic reactions are caused by complex
      interactions of mediator substances. They are either split from humoral precursor
      molecules by proteolytic enzymes or released from various cells. Mediators may
      cause the allergic symptoms directly or act on other mediators and mediator
      systems. New activities may be generated by mediator cooperation. Mediator
      systems can be activated by immunological antigen-specific and nonimmunological
      nonspecific mechanisms. In a given reaction both types of induction mechanisms
      are involved. It is not possible to relate a certain allergic symptom to a
      certain mediator or a set of mediators.

PMID- 2415449
TI  - [Immunologic basis of allergic contact eczema].
AB  - Allergic contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disorder induced by low
      molecular and reactive haptens (contact allergens) coming into contact with the
      skin of sensitized individuals. The sensitization or induction phase is
      characterized by an activation of allergen-specific T-effector lymphocytes. For
      proliferation and differentiation of these cells presentation of hapten,
      associated with Ia-molecules on the surface of Langerhans cells, is required.
      Further activating and modulating signals are delivered by interleukin 1,
      interleukin 2, interferon, prostaglandins and some more. The activation and
      function of the T-effector cells is controlled by T-suppressor lymphocytes.
      Antibody, in particular antiidiotype antibody, can be regulators of this cell
      mediated immune response. The effector phase is characterized by a reaction of
      the T-effector lymphocytes with the eliciting allergen: this results in a
      secretion of lymphokines. Lymphokines attract and activate other cells such as
      macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophile and basophile leukocytes. These cells
      release inflammatory mediators.

PMID- 2415450
TI  - Control of synthesis and expression of H-2 heavy chain and beta-2 microglobulin
      in AKR leukemias.
AB  - In a series of newly isolated AKR leukemias, some tumors expressed large amounts
      of both H-2K and H-2D molecules, while others had reduced levels of both
      antigens. The number of H-2 antigens expressed in steady state showed a
      consistent correlation with the rate of synthesis of the H-2 class I heavy chain
      and the beta-2 microglobulin (beta 2m) light chain, and with the amount of H-2-
      and beta 2m-specific mRNA present in the tumors. Stimulation of leukemic cells
      with interferon induced an increased transcription of both H-2 and beta 2m mRNA.
      These results suggest that there is a mechanism that regulates, at the
      transcriptional level, the coordinate expression of H-2K and H-2D heavy chains,
      and the beta 2m light chains encoded by genes on chromosomes 17 and 2,
      respectively.

PMID- 2415451
TI  - Hemolytic plaque inhibition by synthetic antigenic peptides of sperm whale
      myoglobin.
AB  - We have investigated the systemic antibody response to sperm whale myoglobin
      (SWMb) antigenic sites in three strains of inbred mice using an inhibition of
      plaque assay. Sperm whale myoglobin was attached to sheep red blood cells (SRBC)
      via rabbit anti-SRBC Fab' fragments. Inhibition of lysis was obtained with
      synthetic peptides representing the purported five antigenic sites but not with a
      peptide whose sequence was unrelated to SWMb and synthetic peptides of SWMb from
      outside the antigenic sites gave minimal or no inhibition. The results of our
      studies show that the pattern of response to the five antigenic sites differs in
      each strain, but that almost total inhibition is obtained in all strains with
      these five sites. The antigenic dominance of these sites supports the concept of
      discrete antigenic sites on soluble proteins. They also suggest a reason for
      contrary reports in the literature based on hybridoma technology.

PMID- 2415452
TI  - [Keratinization under complete dentures after multiple extractions and ridge
      modification].

PMID- 2415453
TI  - Identification and partial characterization of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi major
      protein immunogens.
AB  - Strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi so far examined have either three or four
      quantitatively predominant proteins, which apparently are surface proteins and
      which range in size between 50 and 63 kilodaltons. These polypeptides also were
      the major immunogens detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of extracted
      rickettsial proteins which had been precipitated by hyperimmune rabbit sera. The
      major proteins from different rickettsial strains share some epitopes, as
      evidenced by the lack of strain specificity of the rabbit sera in the
      immunoprecipitation tests. However, similar experiments with a limited number of
      monoclonal antibodies showed that strain-specific determinants also are
      associated with at least the 58/60-kilodalton polypeptide. A lack of strain
      specific epitopes on the rickettsial surface was indicated by our inability to
      detect binding of heterologous antisera to the rickettsial surface by
      immunoferritin labeling. Because the three major proteins of the Karp and Gilliam
      strains are accessible to antibody in unextracted organisms, it is possible that
      the exteriorly exposed epitopes of these three polypeptides are strain specific
      and that their common determinants are normally buried in the membrane or
      otherwise inaccessible. Attempts to absorb out specific antibody with intact
      rickettsiae gave equivocal results; however, when immune complexes formed before
      rickettsial extraction were examined by electrophoresis, antibody appeared to
      have bound strain specifically with at least the 60-kilodalton protein.

PMID- 2415454
TI  - Antibacterial resistance, macrophage influx, and activation induced by bacterial
      rRNA with dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide.
AB  - Intraperitoneally injected rRNA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa combined with
      dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) increased nonspecifically the
      resistance of mice against an intraperitoneal challenge with extracellular (P.
      aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) and intracellular (Listeria monocytogenes)
      bacteria. This study concerns the mechanism underlying the nonspecific
      resistance. RNA with DDA (RNA-DDA) induced a cell influx and activated peritoneal
      macrophages (M phi) as judged by the decreased 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline
      phosphodiesterase activities in M phi lysates, the enhanced O2- release, and the
      increased antitumor activity in comparison with unstimulated M phi. RNA without
      DDA did not enhance the resistance and did not influence the peritoneal cell
      numbers or M phi properties. DDA without RNA enhanced the resistance of mice only
      slightly; it induced a cell influx, yielding elicited M phi as judged by the
      decreased 5'-nucleotidase activity and increased alkaline phosphodiesterase
      activity, the slightly enhanced O2- release, and the absence of increased
      antitumor activity. Both RNA-DDA and DDA M phi showed an enhanced capacity to
      ingest and kill L. monocytogenes in vitro, DDA M phi being slightly less
      effective than RNA-DDA M phi with respect to killing. We conclude that the
      enhanced killing capacity of M phi for L. monocytogenes is characteristic of both
      elicited DDA M phi and activated RNA-DDA M phi. The relationship between
      nonspecific resistance, peritoneal cell numbers, and antibacterial M phi activity
      is discussed. In addition, it is shown that RNA and DDA retain their activity
      when they are injected apart, suggesting that they activate M phi by sequential
      action.

PMID- 2415455
TI  - Inhibition of plaque and caries formation by a glucan produced by Streptococcus
      mutans mutant UAB108.
AB  - A mutant (UAB108) derived from Streptococcus mutans UAB66, a spectinomycin
      resistant (Spcr) isolate of strain 6715, inhibited plaque formation when grown
      with strain 6715 in a sucrose medium and also inhibited caries formation in
      gnotobiotic rats infected with both strain UAB108 and 6715. A substance obtained
      from UAB108 culture supernatant fluid after ethanol precipitation and DEAE
      cellulose treatment, designated glucan 108, inhibited S. mutans 6715 virulence
      and was shown to be a water-soluble glucan. In the presence of sucrose and
      increasing concentrations of glucan 108, the activity of a glucosyltransferase
      (GTase) preparation from S. mutans 6715 to synthesize adhesive water-insoluble
      glucan (ad-WIG) was inhibited, and the activity to synthesize non-ad-WIG was
      stimulated. Glucan 108 similarly inhibited sucrose-dependent adherence of heat
      treated cells, was a poor inducer of cell aggregation, and inhibited S. mutans
      6715-induced dental caries in gnotobiotic rats. In the presence of GTase, glucan
      108, and sucrose, the glucose moiety of sucrose was found to be incorporated into
      glucan 108, and most of this glucose-incorporated glucan 108 was found in the non
      ad-WIG fraction. The mode of inhibition of plaque formation by S. mutans 6715
      appears to involve a shift from ad-WIG to non-ad-WIG formation. The water-soluble
      glucan 108 was found to have an approximate molecular weight of 2 X 10(6) and was
      hydrolyzed by fungal dextranase to yield glucans with an average molecular weight
      of about 1.2 X 10(4). This glucan (designated glucan 12k) was further hydrolyzed
      by bacterial dextranase to yield smaller glucans and oligosaccharides, but was
      refractile to alpha (1----3) glucanase. These results suggest that glucan 108 is
      a branched alpha (1----6) glucan, and it is proposed that UAB108 is defective in
      its ability to polymerize glucan 12k with alpha (1----3)-linked glucosyl
      residues.

PMID- 2415456
TI  - Expression of human choriogonadotropin-like material in coagulase-negative
      Staphylococcus species.
AB  - We identified 101 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains obtained from
      different laboratories, the American Type Culture Collection, and our collection,
      isolated from 23 patients with overt cancer and 34 normal individuals through
      Kloos and Schleifer conventional methods and the Staph-Ident staphylococcal
      system (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.). In 40 strains, identity was further
      verified by DNA-DNA hybridization techniques. Identification revealed 39 S.
      epidermidis, 22 S. hominis, 8 S. haemolyticus, 9 S. capitis, 5 S. warneri, 5 S.
      cohnii, 8 S. saprophyticus, and 5 S. xylosus strains, all resident species found
      in humans. All bacteria were tested for the expression of human
      choriogonadotropin (hCG)-like material by the indirect fluorescein and peroxidase
      immunocytochemical labeling techniques by using specific antisera to the whole
      hormone, to its alpha and beta subunits, to the hCG beta COOH-terminal peptide,
      and to a monoclonal antibody to the hCG beta. The results demonstrated that the
      isolates from cancer patients were not unique bacteria, as has been postulated by
      others; the expression of immunoreactive hCG-like material is a strain, not a
      species, characteristic; not every bacterial strain isolated from a cancer
      patient is able to express the material; hCG-producing bacteria do not
      necessarily indicate the presence of active disease; 20% of the strains that we
      studied revealed a clonal variation of the expression of hCG-like material or its
      subunits or both as well as a variable expression of a single hCG epitope, an
      observation similar to that described for malignant cells; and a specific
      antiserum to the whole hormone with a high affinity and high sensitivity for
      immunocytochemistry can be a reliable reagent for screening purposes.

PMID- 2415457
TI  - Presence of common antigens, including major surface protein epitopes, between
      the cattle (intraerythrocytic) and tick stages of Anaplasma marginale.
AB  - Epitopes of major surface proteins of the intraerythrocytic cattle stage of
      Anaplasma marginale were demonstrated in the midgut stage of the organism within
      the infective tick host Dermacentor andersoni. These proteins were common to all
      A. marginale isolates tested and at all stages of parasitemia. Sera from cattle
      immunized with the tick midgut stage of A. marginale immunoprecipitated multiple
      erythrocyte-stage proteins, as demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The major proteins recognized (primarily
      greater than 14 and less than 200 kilodaltons [kDa]) included two major
      erythrocyte-stage surface proteins of 36 and 105 kDa molecular size. To confirm
      the presence of common tick and erythrocyte A. marginale antigens with the
      immunized cattle sera, we purified the 36-kDa erythrocyte-stage protein by
      monoclonal immunoaffinity chromatography and developed an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay based on the purified protein. All sera from cattle immunized
      with tick-stage A. marginale and cattle infected with various isolates of A.
      marginale developed antibodies to the 36-kDa protein. The potential
      immunoprophylactic, diagnostic, and epidemiologic value of the major epitopes
      common to both the invertebrate and mammalian stages of A. marginale, especially
      the 36-kDa protein, is discussed.

PMID- 2415458
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies that recognize the P fimbriae F71, F72, F9, and F11 from
      uropathogenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - The Escherichia coli P fimbriae F71, F72, F9, and F11 from four cloned strains
      were purified, and polyclonal antisera were raised in rabbits. Cross-reactions of
      these antisera with eight different cloned and purified fimbriae were measured in
      an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These antisera showed a reaction with the
      homologous fimbriae and also with most heterologous fimbriae. Monoclonal
      antibodies (MAbs) directed against the same four native fimbriae were produced by
      the fusion of spleen cells from immunized BALB/c mice with SP2/0 myeloma cells.
      The resulting four series of MAbs were also screened in an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay with eight different cloned and purified fimbriae. Four
      different F71 hybridomas produced MAbs which recognized only epitopes on F71
      fimbriae. Two F72 MAbs recognized epitopes on F72 and F9 fimbriae, whereas
      another F72 MAb recognized an epitope on only F72 fimbriae. Three MAbs raised
      against F9 reacted only with epitopes on F9 fimbriae. Six MAbs against F11
      fimbriae could be divided into two groups: on the one hand two MAbs recognizing
      F11, pyelonephritis-associated pilus, Pap, and F72 fimbriae and on the other hand
      four MAbs recognizing F11 and "Clegg" fimbriae. None of the MAbs reacted with 1A
      or 1C fimbriae. In a hemagglutination inhibition assay it was shown that none of
      the MAbs produced inhibited the adhesive properties of homologous cloned strains.

PMID- 2415459
TI  - Mechanisms of immunity to infection with typhus rickettsiae: infected fibroblasts
      bear rickettsial antigens on their surfaces.
AB  - As with any immune response to infectious organisms, both antibody and T cell
      mediated immune responses to infection with Rickettsia typhi require the
      appropriate presentation of rickettsial antigens to immunocompetent cells.
      Considering the obligate intracellular nature of rickettsiae, the exact
      mechanisms by which lymphocytes and macrophages encounter and respond to
      rickettsial antigens may depend on certain aspects of pathogenesis and on the
      availability of organisms or their antigens to cells of the immune system. One
      potential mode of rickettsial antigen presentation, not previously identified, is
      the appearance in vitro of rickettsial antigens on the cell membrane of R. typhi
      infected L-929 fibroblasts. Polyvalent fluoresceinated rabbit antisera directed
      against whole R. typhi cells used in flow cytometric analysis of infected
      fibroblasts showed an increasing presence of R. typhi antigen on the host cell
      membrane 1 to 3 days postinfection. The significance of this finding in the
      pathophysiology of rickettsia-host interactions and the generation of cytotoxic T
      cell-mediated immunity and antibody immunity is discussed.

PMID- 2415460
TI  - Investigation of the allergenicity of beta-lactoglobulin and its cleavage
      fragments.
AB  - Fragments of beta-lactoglobulin were produced by proteolytic cleavage with
      trypsin, and chemical cleavage with cyanogen bromide, followed by gel filtration
      on Sephadex G-50. The antigenicity and allergenicity of the products were
      studied, before and after reductive cleavage by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol.
      The former was determined by inhibition ELISA using IgG anti-beta-lactoglobulin
      raised in rabbits, whilst the latter was determined by inhibition ELISA and mast
      cell challenge, using respectively the sera and peritoneal cells of rats
      experimentally sensitised to beta-lactoglobulin. The findings raise interesting
      points about the structural basis of allergenicity in relation to antigenicity.

PMID- 2415461
TI  - Enhancement of hydrophobic interaction, negative charge and phagocytosis by
      dinitrophenyl ligand coupling to Salmonella typhimurium 395 MS.
AB  - Dinitrophenylation of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria increased their
      hydrophobicity, negative charge, and interaction with PMNL in vitro, effects
      which are similar to the consequences of S-R mutation in S. typhimurium. The
      effects are ascribed to the hydrophobicity of the dinitrophenyl (DNP) ligand.
      Coupling of DNP-groups to the bacteria also enhanced their clearance by the
      reticuloendothelial system after intravenous injection into mice. Extensive DNP
      coupling to the bacteria led to rapid deposition of injected bacteria outside the
      reticuloendothelial system. The kinetics of DNP-coupling showed saturation at 4-5
      X 10(7) DNP groups per bacterium, similar for S and R bacteria, boiled and
      nonboiled. After 2 h of reaction with fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) more than
      80% of the total DNP coupling observed after 4 h had occurred. The capacity of
      MOPC-315 IgA myeloma protein, which possesses anti-DNP activity, to bind to
      dinitrophenylated bacteria paralleled the number of DNP groups per bacterium, but
      smaller numbers of IgA molecules were bound. Approximately one IgA molecule bound
      per thousand DNP ligands. Only when bacteria were boiled prior to DNP coupling
      was agglutination observed after the addition of anti-DNP-IgA.

PMID- 2415462
TI  - The effects of binding mouse IgA to dinitrophenylated Salmonella typhimurium on
      physicochemical properties and interaction with phagocytic cells.
AB  - The binding of mouse IgA antibody to DNP-conjugated bacteria enhanced the
      hydrophobic interaction when measured in dextran-poly(ethyleneglycol) two-phase
      systems and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Similarly the interaction
      with polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro increased. In contrast, the rate of
      clearance of IgA-reacted bacteria from the blood stream of mice, after
      intravenous injection, was reduced under the conditions tested. Our data showed,
      with respect to increased hydrophobic interaction and opsonization, that binding
      of IgA antibody to bacteria produced less pronounced effects than those of IgG
      antibody binding. In contrast, secretory IgA antibody binding has been shown to
      reduce hydrophobic interaction and phagocytosis. Thus, serum IgA antibody has
      properties intermediate to IgG and SIgA with respect to hydrophobicity and
      opsonization.

PMID- 2415463
TI  - Immunochemical characterization of antigens of Parietaria judaica pollen.
      Identification of allergens by means of crossed radio immunoelectrophoresis.
AB  - A crude extract of Parietaria judaica pollen was obtained by means of extraction,
      centrifugation and dialysis, and studied by means of quantitative
      immunoelectrophoresis. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis, using a high-titer purified
      rabbit antibody fraction, showed that the pollen extract contained at least 26
      antigens of which 18 moved towards the anode, 6 moved towards the cathode and 1
      moved both towards the anode and the cathode. The allergens in the extract were
      identified by means of crossed radio immunoelectrophoresis. Nine of the 26
      antigens were able to bind specific human IgE to their corresponding
      immunoprecipitates, and 4 of these antigens can be classified as major allergens.
      The apparent molecular weights of 17 antigens were determined by a combination of
      size exclusion chromatography and immunochemical analysis. Ten antigens had Kav
      values corresponding to molecular weights in the range of 10-40 kilodaltons, 1
      antigen possessed an apparent molecular weight of less than 10 kilodaltons, and
      six antigens had molecular weights above 40 kilodaltons. Most of the antigens, as
      analysed by column isoelectric focusing, had pI values between 4 and 7. Crossed
      line immunoelectrophoresis using an extract of Parietaria officinalis shows that
      the antigens of this extract exhibit a high degree of identity with those of P.
      judaica.

PMID- 2415464
TI  - Antigenic competition in IgE, IgG1 and IgG2 antibody production in the mouse.
AB  - A comparative study of the effects of antigenic competition on the IgE, IgG1 and
      IgG2 antibody production was performed in mice immunized with two unrelated
      antigens. These antigens were injected as a mixture or in different sites. In
      addition, the groups of mice received one or three boosters of one or both
      antigens. The passive cutaneous anaphylaxis titres obtained in several bleedings
      showed a suppression of IgG1 and IgG2 antibody responses only in the groups
      injected with the two antigens in the same site, independently of antigenic
      boosters. The IgE antibody response was diminished when the antigens were given
      in a mixture, but this effect disappeared after a second booster. In contrast,
      groups injected with antigens separately started to show a suppressed response
      only at this time.

PMID- 2415465
TI  - Preparation of carrier free [125I]iodoHoechst 33258.

PMID- 2415466
TI  - Ag-NOR staining in human chromosomes: differential staining in normal and
      leukemic bone-marrow samples.
AB  - A silver staining technique developed by Goodpasture and Bloom (1975) stains a
      specific protein associated with the activity of ribosomal cistrons during the
      preceding interphase. By counting the number of chromosomes with darkly stained
      nucleolus organizer regions (NORs), the number of active NORs per metaphase can
      be determined. A comparison of NOR activity in bone-marrow cells from leukemic
      patients in different stages of disease with that of bone marrow from normal,
      healthy individuals was conducted and differential NOR activity was detected. The
      control group showed significantly lower NOR activity when compared with a group
      of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). These preliminary data
      indicate that this simple cytochemical technique can be effectively used to
      differentiate between normal and ALL bone-marrow samples.

PMID- 2415467
TI  - The diagnostic value of a hepatoma-specific band of serum gamma-glutamyl
      transferase.
AB  - Using a vertical slab electrophoretic apparatus loaded with polyacrylamide stage
      gel plate, we observed a total of II bands of gamma-glutamyl transferase (EC
      2.3.2.2,GGT) on a gel plate and designated these GGT I-XI by order of distance
      beginning at the positive pole. Positive GGT II was found in 81 (90%) of 90 cases
      of primary hepatic carcinoma (PHC), in 9(90%) of 10 cases of secondary hepatic
      carcinoma (SHC), and in only 4 (3.1%) of a total of 128 cases of acute and
      chronic liver disease. There was one case with positive GGT II among 45 cases of
      cancer of ampulla of Vater, but the possibility of hepatic metastasis could not
      be excluded. No GGT II was found in a total of 250 healthy persons and 21
      pregnant women. PHC patients with negative alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) had a positive
      GGT II rate of 84.6%, whereas in those with negative GGT II the positive rate for
      AFP was only 44.4%.

PMID- 2415468
TI  - Human T-cell leukemia virus type I: pseudotype neutralization of Japanese and
      American isolates with human and rabbit sera.
AB  - CCC/2M, CCC/10Y and CCC/MT-2 cat kidney cells producing Japanese isolates of
      human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLVs) and HOS/PL human osteosarcoma cells
      producing an American isolate of HTLV were infected with vesicular stomatitis
      virus (VSV) to prepare VSV pseudotypes bearing envelope antigens of HTLVs. VSV
      propagated in CCC/2M cells contained plaque-forming fractions that were not
      neutralized by treatment with anti-VSV serum alone: VSV pseudotypes bearing
      envelope antigens of HTLV2M and CCC cat endogenous virus were formed by infection
      of CCC/2M cells with VSV. Japanese HTLV2M, HTLV10Y and HTLVMT-2 and American
      HTLVPL pseudotypes were neutralized by sera of Japanese, American and British
      patients with ATL. Each serum, including the serum of the patient from whom
      HTLV2M or HTLV10Y had been derived, gave similar antibody titers against Japanese
      and American HTLV pseudotypes. The HTLV pseudotypes were also neutralized by
      rabbit serum raised against HTLVMT-2. A rabbit antiserum against the C-terminal
      half of the HTLV env protein produced in E. coli also neutralized Japanese and
      American HTLV pseudotypes. Thus, VSV pseudotype analyses indicated that envelope
      antigens of HTLVs represent a single serotype worldwide. The env protein produced
      in E. coli may be used to raise neutralizing antibody against HTLVs.

PMID- 2415469
TI  - Monoclonal antibody (anti-Leu 7) directed against natural killer cells reacts
      with normal, benign and malignant prostate tissues.
AB  - The reactivity of monoclonal antibody (MAb) anti-leu 7 (HNK-1) on formalin-fixed
      sections of prostate tissues was determined by an immunoperoxidase assay. Anti
      Leu 7 was found to react with both primary and metastatic tissues from 6/6 normal
      prostate, 15/15 benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 37/39 prostate carcinoma
      samples. Anti-Leu-7 reactivity was localized in the cytoplasm of the supranuclear
      region of prostatic epithelial cells and the fibromuscular stroma did not stain.
      Myelinated nerve fibers in the stroma were stained with anti-Leu 7 and this
      served as an internal control. Anti-Leu 7 did not bind to prostatic acid
      phosphatase (PAP) or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in direct or competitive
      binding radioimmunoassays. Anti-Leu 7 was more effective (5/5) in the
      identification of metastatic tumors of prostate origin than an MAb to PSA (2/5).
      The differential pattern of reactivity of anti-Leu 7 compared to anti-PSA on
      serial sections of prostate tissues suggests that Leu 7 may be a useful
      diagnostic and prognostic marker of prostate cancer.

PMID- 2415470
TI  - Recognition by a natural cytotoxic antibody of lactoneotetraglycosyl ceramide as
      an antigenic molecule in a syngeneic rat fibrosarcoma.
AB  - Conventionally bred rats possess in their sera an NA which has a cytotoxic effect
      on a tumor cell line (KMT-17) derived from a fibrosarcoma induced by 3
      methylcholanthrene and which can be absorbed by normal rat tissues. We have
      succeeded in purifying a glycosphingolipid as an antigen reactive to NA. GSLs
      isolated from the tumor cells were separated into neutral and acidic fractions.
      The former fraction was judged to be antigenic as detected by its capacity to
      absorb NA. The antigenic fraction was further separated into 7 fractions (Frs. A
      to G) by silicic acid chromatography. The antigenic activity was detected in only
      Frs.D and E, although Fr.D was a more potent antigen than Fr.E. Chemical and
      immunochemical analyses showed that both fractions are composed of
      lactoneotetraglycosyl ceramide (paragloboside), Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1
      3)Gal(beta 1-4)Glc(beta 1-1)ceramide, and that the more active GSL, Fr.D,
      contains larger amounts of long fatty-acid chains. Inhibition studies using
      disaccharides and monosaccharides indicated that a N-acetyllactosamine moiety,
      Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc, of the GSL is a specific site of NA. These results suggest
      that paragloboside is an NA antigen and that a sugar chain portion of this GSL is
      required for defining specificity while the ceramide portion plays a role in
      potentiating the antigenicity of this GSL antigen for NA.

PMID- 2415471
TI  - The Rauscher-MuLV-induced leukemia, RBL-5, bears two tumor-associated
      transplantation antigens expressed on distinct molecules.
AB  - Tumor cells frequently express on their surface a new antigenic determinant which
      renders them immunogenic in the host animal. When immunity to this antigen
      results in rejection of a syngeneic tumor transplant, it is referred to as a
      tumor-associated transplantation antigen (TATA). RBL-5 is a Rauscher murine
      leukemia virus (MuLV)-induced leukemia of C57B1/6 origin that is potently
      immunogenic and shares a TATA with other tumors induced by the closely related
      Friend and Moloney-MuLVs (FMR-TATA). We have recently isolated a 175 kilodalton
      (kd) glycoprotein (gp175) which has all the properties expected of the FMR-TATA
      (Rogers et al., 1984). When this molecule was separated from a purified total
      glycoprotein fraction by DEAE chromatography, the remaining glycoproteins still
      contained a highly immunogenic TATA. Control experiments involving
      radioimmunoassay and immunoprecipitation with rabbit anti-gp175 indicated that
      this immunogenicity was not due to residual gp175 or breakdown products of gp175.
      We therefore conclude that RBL-5 expresses at least two distinct TATAs: gp175 and
      another glycoprotein distinguished from gp175 by its elution from a
      diethylaminoethyl-cellulose (DE52) column. These results, from a completely in
      vivo system, support data with other tumors obtained by in vitro methods and
      indicate that tumor cells may express several immunogenic molecules.

PMID- 2415472
TI  - Mast cells and tumour angiogenesis: the tumor-mediated release of an endothelial
      growth factor from mast cells.
AB  - Exposure to tumour cells has previously been shown to induce mast cells to
      degranulate and release heparin. Isolated mast-cell granules were found to be
      mitogenic for endothelial cells in vitro. This effect was a property of mast-cell
      heparin, whose potency as a mitogen exceeded that of commercial heparins. The
      basis of this difference lay in the proteoglycan structure of the molecule. The
      release of heparin in mast-cell-tumour co-cultures was examined by both
      endothelial cell proliferation and isotopic techniques. The kinetics and mode of
      release are described. The results are discussed in relation to the role of the
      mast cell in angiogenesis assays and tumour neovascularization.

PMID- 2415473
TI  - Actinic granuloma: the expanding significance. An analysis of its origin in
      elastotic ("aging") skin and a definition of necrobiotic (vascular), histiocytic,
      and sarcoid variants.

PMID- 2415474
TI  - Epidermal calmodulin and skin disease.

PMID- 2415475
TI  - Cellular differentiation.
AB  - Substantial evidence now points to DNA methylation playing a primary role in
      locking genes in the "off' condition. Specific hypomethylation events may be
      necessary but not sufficient for gene expression. 5-azacytidine is a useful drug
      to perturb DNA methylation patterns and determine the effects of these
      perturbations on gene expression.

PMID- 2415476
TI  - Characteristics of the rat adipoblast during differentiation in culture.
AB  - In the present study, stromal vascular cells were obtained from the inguinal fat
      pad of 3-day-old rats and layered on a continuous density gradient (Percoll).
      After centrifugation, it was possible to collect three homogeneous cell
      populations of different densities and to grow them separately in primary
      culture. Upon reaching a confluent state two of them particularly (the lighter
      fractions) converted to adipocytes with a high frequency (90 per cent) in the
      presence of physiological concentration of insulin (10(-8) M). During the adipose
      conversion insulin markedly enhanced the activities of lipogenic enzymes. When
      VLDL (350 micrograms lipids/ml) and heparin (10 IU/ml) were added to the medium,
      this effect was not potentiated. However VLDL and heparin in presence of insulin
      increased the triacylglycerol content of the differentiated cells. The heavier
      fraction did not undergo adipose conversion to the same extent as the lighter
      ones. It was concluded that the high ability of these precursor cells to convert
      to adipocytes and their response to low concentration of insulin could be related
      to the early development stage of the tissue.

PMID- 2415477
TI  - The hamster cheek pouch--an experimental model to study postischemic
      macromolecular permeability.
AB  - In order to study permeability changes after local ischemia the cheek pouch of
      the hamster was everted for intravital microscopy. Macromolecular permeability
      was quantified as leakage of fluoroscein labelled dextran (Mw 70,000). Temporary
      ischemia with total circulatory arrest of the whole cheek pouch was obtained by a
      cuff mounted around the everted cheek pouch where it leaves the mouth of the
      hamster. At reperfusion after repeated ischemic periods of 5 min no leaks were
      seen. A prolongation of the ischemic period to 30 min resulted in a temporary
      increase in the number of postcapillary venular leaks. When the occlusion was
      repeated the response was significantly smaller. An occlusion period of 60 min
      gave no further increase in macromolecular permeability. Locally applied
      histamine was used to test the reactivity of the cheek pouch. It was concluded
      that the model is suited for studies of permeability increase after local
      ischemia.

PMID- 2415478
TI  - Survival of L1210 leukemia cells and normal hematopoietic stem cells following in
      vivo administration of cyclocytidine.
AB  - The survival of L1210 cells following increasing doses of cyclocytidine (cyclo-C)
      was determined by spleen colony assay. For single dose, cyclo-C was effective
      reaching a fractional survival of less than 10(-3) at 10 mg/mouse. This is
      significantly more effective than a similar dose of arabinosyl cytosine (ara-C)
      given by rapid infusion. The time-survival curve demonstrated extended
      cytotoxicity following a single 10 mg/mouse dose of cyclo-C as expected for a
      long-acting agent. When a 24-hour infusion was examined, however, ara-C was more
      effective than cyclo-C by a factor of about 10. The clinical implication of this
      is discussed.

PMID- 2415479
TI  - Detection of IgG oligoclonal bands in unconcentrated CSF by means of agarose
      isoelectric focusing, double immunofixation peroxidase staining and avidin-biotin
      amplification.
AB  - To detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) oligoclonal bands in unconcentrated
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) we used a recently developed method combining agarose
      isoelectric focusing (IEF) and double immunofixation peroxidase staining with
      Avidin-Biotin amplification. We studied 65 CSF and serum paired specimens from
      normals, multiple sclerosis (MS), other neurological diseases (OND) and benign
      monoclonal gammopathies (BMG). We found that the oligoclonal IgG pattern can be
      demonstrated after IEF of 15 microliter of CSF specimens with an IgG
      concentration of 15 mg/L. In 98% of CSF from patients with clinically definite MS
      a sharp oligoclonal band pattern was detected. The reliability and the
      sensitivity of this powerful technique is compared to agarose IEF of concentrated
      CSF, followed by Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining. This method constitutes a
      real improvement in the detection of CSF IgG oligoclonal bands because it avoids
      CSF concentration and allows the detection of IgG bands only.

PMID- 2415480
TI  - Is a genetic screening test ready when the lawyers say it is?

PMID- 2415481
TI  - [Contribution of immunohistology in the differential diagnosis of tumor
      pathology].

PMID- 2415482
TI  - ["Incidental carcinoma" of the prostate: exact staging by secondary TUR].

PMID- 2415483
TI  - [Treatment of "incidental prostate carcinoma"].

PMID- 2415484
TI  - Immunocytochemical staining of cytocentrifuge prepared cultured cells:
      nonspecific staining and its elimination.
AB  - In an attempt to localize hormones in cytocentrifuge-prepared cultured cells of
      small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL), various modifications of the
      immunoperoxidase (PAP) procedure (Sternberger, 1979) were tested. When using
      glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, or p-benzoquinone fixation (Pearse & Polak, 1975)
      and rabbit antibodies in primary or bridging steps of the PAP procedure,
      nonspecific staining (false positives) could be elicited with the majority of
      rabbit antibodies tested, but not with antibodies from other animal sources. This
      problem could be eliminated by fixation of cells either with formalin-acetone
      (Mason et al., 1975) or, when using antibodies from a source other than rabbit,
      glutaraldehyde. It was not possible to localize ACTH in DMS-79, a human SCCL line
      known to produce this hormone. However, calcitonin was localized in the
      calcitonin-producing SCCL line DMS-53. Failure to localize ACTH in DMS-79 may be
      due to the lower levels of this hormone in DMS-79, as compared to the levels of
      calcitonin in DMS-53. This study emphasizes the importance of proper controls
      before concluding successful localization in a given immunocytochemical
      preparation of cultured cells.

PMID- 2415485
TI  - Immunocytochemical detection of ricin. I. Preliminary immunofluorescence studies.
AB  - Ricin injected into rat muscle in vivo can be localized within a few hours using
      routine immunofluorescence techniques on formalin-fixed tissues. However, the
      level of sensitivity decreases with increase in size of animal injected, time
      after administration and decrease in dose given. These findings are discussed in
      relation to the known chemistry and subcellular mode of action of ricin.

PMID- 2415486
TI  - Arylsulphatases in the rabbit oviduct: postovulatory changes tested by
      histochemical and biochemical procedures.
AB  - A histochemical and biochemical study of the activity of arylsulphatases A and B
      was carried out on the oviduct of female rabbits during the first days after
      mating. The histochemical results demonstrated that the ampullary and the isthmic
      epithelial cells have a positive reaction to the sulphatases during the whole of
      the postovulatory period tested. The enzymatic activity is mainly localized in
      the basal cellular cytoplasm. The biochemical results confirmed that both
      arylsulphatase A and B are active. Arylsulphatase A activity is more intense in
      the ampulla than in the isthmus and it increases during the whole of the
      postovulatory period; in the isthmus the activity increases up to 72 h,
      thereafter decreasing again. The arylsulphatase B activity is always lower than
      arylsulphatase A activity; maximum activity is reached between 66 to 72 h after
      mating. The arylsulphatase B is relatively higher in the ampulla than in the
      isthmus. The biological role of these enzymes is discussed in relation to the
      regulation of the sulphated glycoconjugates.

PMID- 2415487
TI  - Chemical and histochemical studies of normal and diseased human gastrointestinal
      tract. V. A differential diagnostic method for the histochemical classification
      of glycoproteins.
AB  - A differential diagnostic scheme is described for the division of colonic
      epithelial glycoproteins into eleven histochemically distinct classes. The scheme
      depends upon the use of seven histochemical techniques which, collectively,
      permit the differential staining of O-sulphate ester, sialic acid and its side
      chain O-acyl variants and vicinal diols located on carbohydrate residues other
      than sialic acids. Elements of the scheme also provide a general approach to the
      classification of epithelial glycoproteins in anatomic sites other than the
      colon. Application of the scheme permitted the classification of the epithelial
      glycoproteins in the mucosa 0.5-5.0 cm from human colonic tumours and provided
      direct confirmation of previous observations that changes from normal in the
      relative proportions of either side chain O-acylated sialic acids or sialic acids
      and O-sulphate esters can occur independently of one another.

PMID- 2415488
TI  - Alterations in glomerular lectin binding sites of human kidney as detected by
      fluorescence microscopy.
AB  - Different lectins were used to study frozen sections of kidney samples showing
      alterations in routine immunofluorescence studies. Arachis hypogaea agglutinin
      (peanut lectin, PNA), lacking binding sites in normal glomeruli, bound to the
      glomeruli in two of the five samples studied, giving a granular fluorescence
      pattern. Concomitantly with the appearance of PNA-binding, binding sites for
      wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) appeared to be lost at glomeruli. Furthermore,
      changes in the expression of glomerular binding sites for Wistaria floribunda
      (WFA), Helix pomatia (HPA) and Dolichos biflorus (DBA) agglutinins could be seen
      in the kidneys studied, whereas the binding sites for Ulex europaeus agglutin
      (UEA I) in vascular endothelia seemed to be unaltered. The results show that
      kidney specimens presenting changes in routine immunofluorescence studies may
      also present altered binding for certain lectins. On this basis we propose that
      certain lectins may aid in characterizing these changes and are thus of potential
      use in studying diseased kidneys.

PMID- 2415489
TI  - Histochemical studies on pseudocysts in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the human
      salivary gland.
AB  - Pseudocysts are unique structures found in adenoid cystic carcinomata of human
      salivary glands. They were studied in 13 such cases by histochemical and
      immunohistochemical means. The pseudocysts contained an abundance of mucoid
      materials which reacted strongly with both Alcian Blue and dialysed iron
      ferrocyanide. The mucoid material was digested with chondroitinase ABC and
      heparitinase, but was resistant to Streptomyces hyaluronidase. The inner surfaces
      of the pseudocysts were strongly reactive for laminin, whereas the interface
      between the tumour cell nests and the outer stromal area was intensely reactive
      for fibronectin. Numerous fibronectin-reactive fibrils and blood coagulation
      factor XIII (F-XIII)-positive cells were distributed extensively in the outer
      stromal area. The F-XIII-positive cells were also found within some pseudocysts.
      The results obtained in the present study have shown that the pseudocysts
      represent a peculiar structure consisting of basement membrane components;
      laminin, fibronectin, heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate.

PMID- 2415490
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of rRNA in HeLa cells, rat liver cells and Xenopus
      laevis oocytes by means of the monoclonal antibody--protein a--gold technique.
AB  - The postembedding localization of rRNA was investigated in ultrathin sections of
      HeLa cells, rat liver and Xenopus laevis oocytes by means of the monoclonal
      antibody to rRNA and protein A-gold technique. The incidence of gold particles
      was highest in nucleoli and cytoplasmic areas containing ribosomes. The
      chromosomes were labelled less than the surrounding cytoplasm in mitotic HeLa
      cells. In nucleoli of HeLa cells and rat hepatocytes, the labelling of areas
      containing ribonucleoprotein components was greater than the labelling of
      fibrillar centres. In segregated nucleoli of X. laevis oocytes, the labelling of
      the granular region substantially exceeded that of the fibrillar regions. The
      incidence of nucleoplasmic gold particles in interphasic HeLa cells was found to
      be slightly increased in the vicinity of nucleoli. The labelling of clusters of
      interchromatin granules in rat hepatocytes was not significantly different from
      that of the rest of the nucleophasmic interchromatin spaces.

PMID- 2415491
TI  - Contamination of a commercial antifibronectin antiserum by antibodies directed
      against glycosaminoglycan determinants. A hypothesis.

PMID- 2415492
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of DNA and RNA in Allium porrum interphase cells by
      means of nuclease-gold complexes.
AB  - Nucleic acids have been localized in Allium porrum interphase meristematic cells
      by means of labelling with nuclease-gold complexes, a technique which provides
      high resolution and improved specificity. DNase-gold labelling was observed over
      dense chromatin and to a lesser extent over dispersed chromatin. Nucleolar
      labelling was restricted to the dense fibrillar component, very few particles
      being located over the fibrillar centres. Labelling by the RNase-gold complex was
      present over both the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm. Cytoplasm labelling was
      intense over the rough endoplasmic reticulum but absent over vacuoles. In the
      nucleoplasm many gold particles were located at the border between the condensed
      and the dispersed chromatin. Nucleolar labelling was intense over the granular
      zones but many gold particles were also seen over the dense fibrillar component.
      Fibrillar centres showed, however, no labelling with the RNase-gold complex.
      These results are consistent with previous autoradiographic and cytochemical
      observations carried out on the same plant material.

PMID- 2415493
TI  - Application of rapid freezing followed by freeze-substitution acrolein fixation
      for cytochemical studies of the rat stomach.
AB  - A method involving rapid freezing followed by substitution fixation was
      developed, using acrolein as a fixative. This was then applied to several
      cytochemical stainings, and showed well preserved and clear cell structures.
      Membranes were apparently negatively stained and the ultrastructure of
      mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus was clearly
      discernible. The mitochondrial and cytoplasmic matrices were stained rather
      densely compared with routine chemically fixed preparations, implying a good
      preservation of matrix substances. Periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver
      proteinate staining was applied to the present method. The mucous granules of
      surface covering epithelial cells indicated fine staining of bipartite structure
      and the Golgi apparatus of mucous cells showed clear staining differences based
      on polarity. Postembedding lectin-ferritin and immunocytochemical stainings were
      applicable to the present preparations and stable stainings of secretory granules
      were obtained. A low temperature embedding material, Lowicryl K4M, was also
      examined. The cell preservation of these samples was not as good as those
      embedded in Epon, but the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of
      chief cells were stained with anti-pepsinogen antibody as were the secretory
      granules. The present method was also applicable to light microscopy.

PMID- 2415494
TI  - The biotinylation of the rabbit serotonin antibody and its application to
      immunohistochemical studies using the two-step ABC method.
AB  - A newly modified and improved immunohistochemical method was devised for the
      demonstration of the serotonin neuron system in the central nervous system of the
      rabbit using serotonin antibody obtained by the immunization of rabbits, i.e.,
      the biotinylation of serotonin antibodies, and the application of the two-step
      avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method. Using this technique, high
      background staining and nonspecific reactions were avoided, and extremely clear
      preparations were produced. The serotonin neurons of rabbit brain, which have a
      Golgi-like appearance, were followed to the fine terminals. This technique were
      also applied for electron microscopy, and satisfactory results concerning the
      submicroscopical distribution of serotonin were obtained.

PMID- 2415495
TI  - Simultaneous inhibition of endogenous avidin-binding activity and peroxidase
      applicable for the avidin-biotin system using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The use of the avidin-biotin technique in immunoperoxidase staining provides a
      simple and highly sensitive method for detecting the localization of antigens
      defined by monoclonal antibodies. However, endogenous biotin, which is widely
      distributed in tissues, often causes non-specific staining by binding to avidin
      [endogenous avidin-binding activity (EABA)]. Endogenous peroxidase activity (EPA)
      also makes the estimation of specific staining difficult. In the present study,
      several methods for the inhibition of EABA and/or EPA were examined using the
      avidin-biotin technique and monoclonal antibodies against murine Mac-1 and Ia
      antigen. Of these, the overnight incubation of sections in 40% methanol in
      phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.3% hydrogen peroxide gave the best result,
      as it inhibited EABA and EPA simultaneously without denaturating of the antigenic
      determinants recognized by the monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2415496
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of cholecystokinin in endocrine cells of the dog
      duodenum by the immunogold technique.
AB  - Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been localized by the immunogold technique in a type of
      endocrine cell of the dog duodenum characterized by small (166 +/- 38 nm)
      secretory granules with fairly dense, homogeneous core separated from its
      enveloping membrane by a thin clear space. The CCK cell is immunocytochemically
      distinct and cytologically different from other types of endocrine cells, as the
      secretin, GIP and motilin cells, already identified in the dog duodenum.

PMID- 2415497
TI  - Ethylcholine mustard aziridinium blocks the axoplasmic transport of
      acetylcholinesterase in cholinergic nerve fibres of the rat.
AB  - A cholinotoxin, ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion, (AF64A) specifically and
      irreversibly blocks the intraaxonal transport of acetylcholinesterase in the rat.
      Impairment of the transport of this enzyme in the septo-hippocampal cholinergic
      fibres and in the sciatic nerve has been studied, using different doses of AF64A.
      It is demonstrated that the effect on the axonal transport is dose-dependent, but
      is not related to the mode of drug application. AF64A thus may exert its
      neurotoxic effects on cholinergic neurons at several target sites of action. In
      addition to the localized presynaptic mechanisms, it may also be compromising
      cholinergic function by inhibiting axonal transport in vivo.

PMID- 2415498
TI  - Immunohistochemistry of beta-neoendorphin and dynorphin in the endocrine pancreas
      of rat and man.
AB  - Serial sections from araldite-embedded rat and man pancreata were investigated
      immunohistochemically for the presence of prodynorphin-related peptides and alpha
      endorphin. Immunoreactivities were visualized by the avidin/biotin-peroxidase
      complex (ABC) technique. In the human pancreas, none of the endocrine cells could
      be immunostained for prodynorphin-, proopiomelanocortin-related peptides and
      enkephalins. In the rat pancreas, however, all glucagon cells exhibited
      immunoreactivities for both beta-neoendorphin and dynorphin A. In addition, these
      cells contain alpha-endorphin-like immunoreactivity but no immunoreactivities for
      corticotropin, melanotropin, 16 K-fragment, alpha-N-acetyl-alpha-endorphin and
      enkephalins. All specificity controls confirmed that the rat endocrine pancreas
      might be an other source of dynorphin and endorphin with a biosynthetic pathway
      different from that in the pituitary or in other locations. However, concerning
      synthesis or degradation of peptide precursor substances interspecies differences
      may exist.

PMID- 2415499
TI  - The interaction between bleomycin and radiation on cell survival and DNA damage
      in mammalian cell cultures.
AB  - Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to various concentrations of
      bleomycin (BLM) for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, or 24 hours, followed with graded doses (0
      to 800 rad) or radiation. The response to this chemotherapy-radiation combination
      treatment was measured by cell survival studies and DNA damage as determined by
      alkaline elution assay. Isobolograms for 1 and 2 log cell kills showed that
      cytotoxicity from BLM and from radiation were additive at 4, 15 and 75
      milliunit/ml (mu/ml) for 1 or 4 hour exposure. When the exposure time of BLM was
      extended to 24 hours, slightly supraadditivity of lethality was found for the
      combination treatment with pharmacologically pertinent concentrations of 4 or 15
      mu/ml. Therefore 4, 15 and 75 mu/ml concentrations of BLM all interacted
      positively with all doses of radiation to give enhanced cell kill. The alkaline
      elution patterns from the BLM-radiation combination also showed an enhancing
      effect on single strand breaks of DNA from treated cells. A human oat cell
      carcinoma cell line (MEMAR cells) was also studied and found to be more sensitive
      to BLM than were CHO cells.

PMID- 2415500
TI  - 5-Azacytidine-induced exencephaly in mice.
AB  - Maternal intraperitoneal administration of 1 mg/kg 5-azacytidine to pregnant
      S1c:ICR mice on gestational Day 7.5 resulted in a high incidence of exencephalic
      offspring. Histological examination of untreated 7.5 days mouse embryos revealed
      that the head folds were formed in the anterior halves of the embryos, whereas
      the primitive streaks still remained in the posterior halves. At 12 hours after 5
      azacytidine administration (8.0 days embryos), numerous pyknotic cells were
      observed in the neurectoderm of the head folds, in the embryonic ectoderm and the
      migrating mesoderm of the primitive streak region. These pyknotic cells had
      almost disappeared from the embryonic tissues, and few abnormalities were
      encountered, in embryos 24 hours after 5-azacytidine administration (8.5 days
      embryos), except for the slight reduction in thickness of the neurectoderm of the
      head folds compared with that in untreated 8.5 days embryos. In untreated 9.5
      days embryos, the head folds had entirely closed along the anterior neuroaxes,
      whereas those treated with 5-azacytidine 48 hours earlier displayed head folds
      that were open in various degrees along the neuroaxes anterior to the fourth
      ventricle. The primary cause of 5-azacytidine-induced exencephaly is considered
      to be attributable to a powerful cell-killing action of 5-azacytidine and the
      subsequent loss of germinal cells in the neurectoderm of the head folds. The
      precise mechanisms by which this damage results in the failure of neural tube
      closure in the cephalic region remains unclear.

PMID- 2415501
TI  - The mechanism of action of myxovalargin A, a peptide antibiotic from Myxococcus
      fulvus.
AB  - Myxovalargin A has two modes of action. At low concentrations (below 1
      microgram/ml) it inhibits bacterial protein synthesis specifically and
      instantaneously. In vitro experiments suggest that it interferes with the binding
      of aminoacyl tRNA to the A site of the ribosome. At higher concentrations (above
      5 micrograms/ml), or upon prolonged incubation, the antibiotic damages cell
      membranes. This leads to secondary effects, like decreased O2 consumption or
      instant break down of RNA synthesis, and may be the reason for the
      irreversibility of the antibiotic action. The membrane effect is not restricted
      to prokaryotes and may explain the high toxicity of the compound for higher
      organisms.

PMID- 2415502
TI  - Radioimmunoassay of bleomycins.
AB  - Rabbit antisera highly specific to the bleomycinic acid moiety of bleomycins were
      obtained by immunizing with a conjugate of copper-complex of bleomycin A5 and
      bovine serum albumin. These antisera not only reacted with bleomycin A5 but also
      with other bleomycins such as bleomycin A2, bleomycin B2 and peplomycin. The
      antisera showed little cross-reactivity with deamido-, depyruvamido- and
      decarbamoyl-bleomycins. Thus, these antisera were found to be highly specific for
      the intact bleomycinic acid moiety. One of the antisera was successfully applied
      to radioimmunoassay of bleomycin and peplomycin in mouse and human sera. The
      detection limit was 1 ng/ml. This radioimmunoassay is expected to be widely used
      for the determination of active bleomycins in biological and clinical samples.

PMID- 2415503
TI  - Mechanisms affecting peplomycin sensitivity of Chinese hamster cell lines.
AB  - Chinese hamster lung cell line V79 was ca. 13 times more resistant to peplomycin
      (PEP), and 6 times more resistant to bleomycin (BLM)-A2 than Chinese hamster
      ovary (CHO) cell line. The natural resistance of V79 cells to PEP or BLM was
      attributed to higher levels of BLM hydrolase activity and lower cellular uptake
      of the antibiotic. The sensitivity to PEP of a mutant clone CHO/O-2 T-1 was
      similar to that of CHO. A hybrid clone of CHO/O-2 T-1 X V79 showed an
      intermediate sensitivity to PEP between those of both parental cell lines,
      suggesting that the gene responsible for the natural resistance to PEP appears
      codominantly in the hybrid. The BLM hydrolase activity of the hybrid was also
      found intermediate between those of both parental cells. Mutant clones CHO/O-2 T
      5 and CHO/O-2 T-6 were 8.3-9.0 times more sensitive to PEP than CHO cells. Hybrid
      clones CHO/O-2 T-5 X V79 and CHO/O-2 T-6 X V79 displayed PEP sensitivity similar
      to that of V79, suggesting that the gene responsible for the PEP supersensitivity
      (PEPss) behaves recessively in the hybrids. Both PEPss clones showed levels of
      BLM hydrolase and cellular uptake of [3H]PEP similar to the parental CHO cells,
      suggesting that the PEPss is due to neither BLM hydrolase nor cellular uptake of
      the antibiotic. Increased PEP-induced DNA cleavage and decreased DNA repair in
      the PEPss clones were demonstrated by alkaline sucrose density gradient
      sedimentation method. The results suggest that the PEPss of these mutant clones
      is attributed to decreased DNA-repairing activity and/or increased DNA-breaking
      activity.

PMID- 2415504
TI  - The kinetics of dihydrostreptomycin uptake in Pseudomonas putida membrane
      vesicles: absence of inhibition by cations.
AB  - Dihydrostreptomycin was taken up in isolated cytoplasmic membrane vesicles of
      Pseudomonas putida by an active transport mechanism. Saturation kinetics were
      observed with an apparent Km and Vmax of 15 mM and 50 nmol/min/mg of protein
      respectively. The evidence suggested that the observed kinetics was that of the
      energy-dependent phase I component of dihydrostreptomycin uptake. Neither
      magnesium nor the polyamine, spermine, inhibited dihydrostreptomycin transport.
      Thus, the inhibition of aminoglycoside uptake in intact cells of Gram-negative
      bacteria and the increase in the minimal inhibitory concentration in the presence
      of multivalent cations and polyamines were interpreted to be effects that take
      place at the outer membrane level.

PMID- 2415507
TI  - Alternate dosage regimens for high molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch.
AB  - Six percent high molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch (HES) was used in the
      standard 500 ml dose and in various decreased doses to assess the efficacy of
      alternate dosage regimens for granulocyte procurement. When used in full
      strength, yields of 0.57 +/- .15 X 10(10) per liter of blood processed (LBP) were
      obtained. When HES was used on only the first three passes, the subsequent three
      passes, done with Anticoagulant Citrate Dextrose Solution USP Formula A (ACD-A);
      Fenwal Laboratories, Deerfield, IL), reduced the yield to 0.14 +/- .06 X
      10(10)/LBP. Reversing this procedure gave yields of 0.06 +/- .05 X 10(10)/LBP
      (without HES) and 0.49 +/- 0.36 X 10(10)/LBP when HES was added during the next
      three passes. When the HES dose was reduced to half-strength on the second
      consecutive day of leukapheresis, the granulocyte yields were reduced from 0.57
      +/- .15 X 10(10)/LBP to 0.42 +/- .07 X 10(10)/LBP. Use of half-strength HES on
      virgin donors gave yields of only 0.35 +/- .39 X 10(10)/LBP. Infusion of the
      entire 500 ml dose of HES 1/2 hour prior to the procedure produced low yields of
      0.20 +/- .12 X 10(10)/LBP, indicating that HES must be present during the
      centrifugation and separation procedure in order to enhance yields. The data
      suggest that alternate dosage regimens of this form of HES are not advisable and
      that optimal yields are produced when 500 ml of the six percent solution is used
      during the collection procedure.

PMID- 2415505
TI  - Regulation and genetic enhancement of beta-amylase production in Clostridium
      thermosulfurogenes.
AB  - We studied the general mechanism for regulation of beta-amylase synthesis in
      Clostridium thermosulfurogenes. beta-Amylase was expressed at high levels only
      when the organism was grown on maltose or other carbohydrates containing maltose
      units. Three kinds of mutants altered in beta-amylase production were isolated by
      using nitrosoguanidine treatment, enrichment on 2-deoxyglucose, and selection of
      colonies with large clear zones on iodine-stained starch-glucose agar plates.
      beta-Amylase was produced only when maltose was added to cells growing on sucrose
      in wild-type and catabolite repression-resistant mutant strains, but the
      differential rate of enzyme synthesis in constitutive mutants was constant
      regardless of the presence of maltose. In carbon-limited chemostats of wild-type
      and catabolite repression-resistant mutant stains, beta-amylase was expressed on
      maltose but not on glucose or sucrose. beta-Amylase synthesis was immediately
      repressed by the addition of glucose. Therefore, we concluded that beta-amylase
      synthesis in C. thermosulfurogenes was inducible and subject to catabolite
      repression. The addition of cAMP did not eliminate the repressive effect of
      glucose. The mutants were generally characterized in terms of beta-amylase
      production, growth properties, fermentation product formation, and alterations in
      glucose isomerase and glucoamylase activities. A hyperproductive mutant produced
      eightfold more beta-amylase on starch medium than the wild type and more rapidly
      fermented starch to ethanol.

PMID- 2415506
TI  - Sigma 29-like protein is a common sporulation-specific element in bacteria of the
      genus Bacillus.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody specific for an antigenic determinant on the Bacillus
      subtilis sporulation-induced sigma factor sigma 29 reacted with proteins similar
      in size to sigma 29 in extracts of sporulating Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus
      amyloliquifaciens, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus natto, and Bacillus pumilus but not
      in extracts prepared from vegetatively growing cultures of these bacteria. These
      results indicate that RNA polymerase modifications, initially described for B.
      subtilis, are likely to be common among sporulating Bacillus spp. and that at
      least some of the specific modifications that are observed in sporulating B.
      subtilis are conserved among members of this genus.

PMID- 2415508
TI  - Ribosomal RNA synthesis in mammalian cells permealized by diethylaminoethyl
      (DEAE)-dextran treatment.
AB  - Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were made permeable to nucleoside triphosphates by
      treating them with diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-dextran. Permeable cells incorporated
      labeled UTP into RNA at a constant rate for at least 30 min at 37 degrees C and
      100 min at 25 degrees C, whereas no incorporation was detected without DEAE
      dextran treatment. This RNA synthesis is dependent on added nucleoside
      triphosphates and is affected differentially by different concentrations of alpha
      amanitin. The results of both hybridization and S1-nuclease protection mapping
      experiments with pulse-labeled RNA synthesized in this system indicate that
      reinitiation of rRNA transcription takes place from the physiological initiation
      site in cells made permeable by treatment with DEAE-dextran. By using this
      system, we examined the kinetics of rRNA synthesis in mouse FM3A cells during
      inhibition of protein synthesis. The results reflected those previously obtained
      by analyses of nucleolar RNA synthesis in vivo during protein synthesis
      inhibition. This permeable cell system should provide a rapid and reproducible
      assay method for rRNA synthesis in mammalian cells.

PMID- 2415509
TI  - Isolation of human, swine, and rat prepepsinogens and calf preprochymosin, and
      determination of the primary structures of their NH2-terminal signal sequences.
AB  - The total RNAs were extracted from human, swine, rat, and calf gastric mucosae,
      and translated in vitro in the presence of radiolabeled amino acids using a wheat
      germ cell-free system. Upon sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis of the translation products, a protein band with a molecular
      weight of about 43,000 was obtained in each case as one of the major products.
      These products could be specifically immunoprecipitated with a corresponding anti
      pepsinogen or anti-chymosin antiserum. Radiosequence analysis of these
      translation products purified by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed
      that each of them is a precursor form, i.e., prepepsinogen or preprochymosin,
      having an amino-terminal extension peptide (signal sequence) comprising 15 (human
      and swine) or 16 (rat and calf) amino acid residues. The primary structures of
      these signal sequences were determined to be as follows: (Sequence: see text).
      These signal sequences share common characteristics with those of other pre
      secretory proteins, i.e., the presence of positive charges in the NH2-terminal
      region, hydrophobic amino acid clusters in the interior part, and amino acids
      with short side chains at the site of cleavage by the signal peptidase.

PMID- 2415510
TI  - Comparison of apurinic DNA-binding protein from an ataxia telangiectasia and a
      HeLa cell line. Evidence for an altered processing of apurinic/apyrimidinic
      endonuclease.
AB  - The major apurinic (AP) DNA-binding protein was purified from a HeLa cell line
      and from the SV40-transformed cell line AT5BIVA derived from a patient with the
      repair deficiency syndrome ataxia telangiectasia (AT). This protein appears to be
      identical with the major cellular apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease. The two
      endonucleases differ in their molecular weight (HeLa, 37,600; AT, 38,900) and
      their dissociation equilibrium constant for AP sites (HeLa, 7.8 X 10(-11) M; AT,
      28.3 X 10(-11) M). These variances might be the consequence of a different post
      translational modification. Evidence for this interpretation stems from the
      observation that the AP DNA binding activity of AP endonuclease, as measured in a
      glass-fiber filter binding assay, is inactivated upon incubation with snake venom
      phosphodiesterase and that the AP endonuclease from AT cells in 5-10-fold more
      sensitive than the HeLa enzyme. For both enzymes, the diesterase treatment leads
      to the formation of a protein of Mr 35,500 which might be the unmodified
      precursor of AP endonuclease. The loss of AP DNA binding does not reduce but
      rather increases the catalytic activity of AP endonuclease when measured at
      excess substrate concentration.

PMID- 2415511
TI  - Use of fluorinated tyrosine phosphates to probe the substrate specificity of the
      low molecular weight phosphatase activity of calcineurin.
AB  - Calcineurin, a calmodulin-activated protein phosphatase, is known to
      dephosphorylate certain low molecular weight phosphate esters. The low molecular
      weight phosphatase activity of calcineurin has been studied by utilizing tyrosine
      phosphate derivatives. Kinetic studies suggest that the substrate specificity is
      dependent upon the electronic nature of the substrate in contrast to results
      obtained with alkaline phosphatase from Escherichia coli. Comparison of
      calcineurin and acid-catalyzed hydrolyses indicates a 1:1 correlation between the
      rate constants for the two processes. This correlation and other model studies
      have been utilized to provide insight into the chemical mechanism of calcineurin.
      Possible chemical mechanisms for calcineurin are discussed.

PMID- 2415512
TI  - Labeling of specific lysine residues at the active site of glutamine synthetase.
AB  - Glutamine synthetase (Escherichia coli) was incubated with three different
      reagents that react with lysine residues, viz. pyridoxal phosphate, 5'-p
      fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine, and thiourea dioxide. The latter reagent reacts
      with the epsilon-nitrogen of lysine to produce homoarginine as shown by amino
      acid analysis, nmr, and mass spectral analysis of the products. A variety of
      differential labeling experiments were conducted with the above three reagents to
      label specific lysine residues. Thus pyridoxal phosphate was found to modify 2
      lysine residues leading to an alteration of catalytic activity. At least 1 lysine
      residue has been reported previously to be modified by pyridoxal phosphate at the
      active site of glutamine synthetase (Whitley, E. J., and Ginsburg, A. (1978) J.
      Biol. Chem. 253, 7017-7025). By varying the pH and buffer, one or both residues
      could be modified. One of these lysine residues was associated with approximately
      81% loss in activity after modification while modification of the second lysine
      residue led to complete inactivation of the enzyme. This second lysine was found
      to be the residue which reacted specifically with the ATP affinity label 5'-p
      fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine. Lys-47 has been previously identified as the
      residue that reacts with this reagent (Pinkofsky, H. B., Ginsburg, A., Reardon,
      I., Heinrikson, R. L. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 9616-9622; Foster, W. B.,
      Griffith, M. J., and Kingdon, H. S. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 882-886). Thiourea
      dioxide inactivated glutamine synthetase with total loss of activity and
      concomitant modification of a single lysine residue. The modified amino acid was
      identified as homoarginine by amino acid analysis. The lysine residue modified by
      thiourea dioxide was established by differential labeling experiments to be the
      same residue associated with the 81% partial loss of activity upon pyridoxal
      phosphate inactivation. Inactivation with either thiourea dioxide or pyridoxal
      phosphate did not affect ATP binding but glutamate binding was weakened. The
      glutamate site was implicated as the site of thiourea dioxide modification based
      on protection against inactivation by saturating levels of glutamate. Glutamate
      also protected against pyridoxal phosphate labeling of the lysine consistent with
      this residue being the common site of reaction with thiourea dioxide and
      pyridoxal phosphate.

PMID- 2415513
TI  - cAMP-dependent protein kinase and lipolysis in rat adipocytes. I. Cell
      preparation, manipulation, and predictability in behavior.
AB  - With the use of -cAMP/+cAMP activity ratios of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A
      kinase) in fat cell extracts as an index of cellular cAMP concentrations, it is
      apparent from both the current literature and from data presented in this paper
      that classical cell isolation procedures yield cells whose behavior is
      unpredictable from day to day. Herein, procedures are described for isolating
      adipocytes, preparing cytosolic extracts, and assaying A-kinase that result in
      kinase activity ratios in isolated cells equal to those in the fat pad from which
      cells are derived, approximately 0.05. An important modification in the procedure
      is the inclusion of 200 nM exogenous Ado in all cell manipulation media, and the
      data indicate that variable removal of contaminating endogenous Ado accounts for
      unpredictable results with standard cell isolation techniques. A further benefit
      of Ado inclusion is greatly reduced cell lysis. Acute removal of Ado with
      adenosine deaminase results in rapid elevation of A-kinase activity ratios and
      lipolysis which, in fasted animals, equals that achieved with lipolytic hormones.
      Cells from fed animals exhibit poor predictability in behavior. Moreover, A
      kinase activity ratios exhibit seasonal tendencies in response to Ado removal,
      with cells isolated in spring being more activated than cells isolated later in
      the year. The information and procedures in this paper form the basis for
      succeeding papers on the regulation of adipocyte metabolism by hormones.

PMID- 2415514
TI  - The structure of the human apolipoprotein C-II gene. Electron microscopic
      analysis of RNA:DNA hybrids, complete nucleotide sequence, and identification of
      5' homologous sequences among apolipoprotein genes.
AB  - Cloned human apo-C-II cDNA was used as a hybridization probe to identify the
      human apo-C-II gene in a genomic library constructed in our laboratory. The
      isolated apo-C-II DNA was studied both by electron microscopy and by direct
      sequence analysis. Ultrastructural morphological analysis of RNA-DNA hybrids
      revealed that the apo-C-II gene had complex structures because of regions of
      inverted complementary sequences in and around the gene forming stem-and-loop
      structures which interfere with the formation of stable RNA:DNA hybrids.
      Extensive morphological analysis revealed a minimum of 3 intervening sequences
      (IVS), and their lengths were measured. Direct sequence analysis of the cloned
      gene confirmed the presence of 3 IVS. There are 4 Alu type sequences in IVS-I. We
      sequenced 4340 nucleotides which include 545 nucleotides in the 5' flanking
      region, the entire gene which spans 3320 nucleotides, and 475 nucleotides in the
      3' flanking region which also encompasses an additional Alu sequence. The 5' end
      of the gene was identified by primer extension and sequencing of the primer
      extended cDNA. Apo-C-II mRNA structure was deduced from the cDNA sequence, the
      primer extension experiments, and the genomic sequence. It is 494 nucleotides in
      length. Its sequence differs from previously published sequences in that there
      are 7 additional nucleotides before the polyadenylate tail. In the 5' flanking
      region, nucleotides -234 to -213 encompass a GC-rich region which exhibits high
      homology (greater than 70%) to the 5' flanking regions of the genes of all the
      apolipoproteins published to date, namely, apo-A-II (-497 to -471), apo-A-I
      (approximately -196 to -179), apo-E (-409 to -391), and apo-C-III (approximately 
      116 to -103). This highly conserved region might represent some evolutionarily
      conserved sequences from these related genes and/or might represent a region with
      regulatory function.

PMID- 2415515
TI  - Isolation and characterization of the human apolipoprotein A-II gene. Electron
      microscopic analysis of RNA:DNA hybrids, nucleotide sequence, identification of a
      polymorphic MspI site, and general structural organization of apolipoprotein
      genes.
AB  - Three cloned apolipoprotein A-II genes were isolated from a human genomic cosmid
      library constructed in our laboratory. An approximately 3-kilobase HindIII insert
      containing the entire gene was analyzed by RNA:DNA hybridization and electron
      microscopy. The apo-A-II gene was found to consist of 4 exons and 3 intervening
      sequences (IVS), and the lengths of each exon and IVS were estimated by direct
      observation of the hybrids. The entire approximately 3-kilobase HindIII insert
      was sequenced. The 5' end of the gene was determined by primer extension. The DNA
      sequence confirms the presence of 4 exons and 3 IVS: exon 1, 34 nucleotides; exon
      2, 76 nucleotides; exon 3, 133 nucleotides; exon 4, 230 nucleotides; IVS-I, 169
      nucleotides; IVS-II, 299 nucleotides; and IVS-III, 396 nucleotides. A "TATA box"
      is located at position -29 from the CAP site. A "CAT box" is present at position 
      78. A "TG" element consisting of (TG)19 is identified at the 3' end of IVS-III.
      Furthermore, an enhancer core sequence, CTTTCCA, is identified at position -355
      in the 5' flanking sequence. At positions -497 to -471 upstream from the CAP site
      is a stretch of 27 nucleotides that show high homology to stretches of 5'
      flanking sequences in the apo-C-II, apo-A-I, apo-E, and apo-C-III genes. An Alu
      dimer sequence is located approximately 300 nucleotides from the 3' end of the
      gene. Within this Alu sequence, we have identified a polymorphic MspI site.
      Restriction fragment length polymorphism involving this site has been previously
      shown to correlate with apo-A-II levels and high density lipoprotein structure.
      Analysis of conformation by Chou-Fasman analysis and by the helical hydrophobic
      moment of Eisenberg et al. (Eisenberg, D., Weiss, R. M., and Tergwillager, T. C.
      (1982). Nature (Lond.) 299, 371-374) indicates that in all of the 5
      apolipoproteins characterized at the nucleotide level to date, i.e. apo-C-II, apo
      A-II, apo-E, apo-A-I, and apo-C-III, the 2 IVS within the peptide coding regions
      of the gene tend to occur at regions corresponding to the surface of the
      polypeptide chain and divide the protein into distinct functional domains.

PMID- 2415516
TI  - Biochemical characterization of VLA-1 and VLA-2. Cell surface heterodimers on
      activated T cells.
AB  - The very late antigen complexes VLA-1 and VLA-2 which appear on long-term
      activated human T cells have been characterized with respect to 1) subunit
      arrangement, 2) location of monoclonal antibody (MAb) binding sites, 3)
      carbohydrate content, and 4) protein homology. Cross-linking experiments showed
      that the VLA-1 complex is a heterodimer composed of an Mr 210,000 subunit (alpha
      1) in acid-labile association with an Mr 130,000 subunit (beta). The VLA-2
      complex is a heterodimer with an Mr 165,000 subunit (alpha 2) in base-labile
      association with the Mr 130,000 beta subunit. The subunits of VLA-1 (alpha 1
      beta) and VLA-2 (alpha 2 beta) each appear to be arranged with 1:1 stoichiometry.
      The MAb A-1A5 has been shown to bind to an epitope on the common beta subunit,
      consistent with its recognition of both the VLA-1 and VLA-2 heterodimers. On the
      other hand, MAb TS2/7 bound to an epitope of the alpha 1 subunit, thus explaining
      the specific recognition of the VLA-1 heterodimer by TS2/7. Digestion of the
      alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta subunits with neuraminidase and with endoglycosidase F
      revealed that each subunit contains substantial sialic acid and N-linked
      carbohydrate. By one-dimensional peptide mapping, the alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta
      subunits were shown to be highly nonhomologous with respect to each other,
      although each subunit from different T cell sources appeared highly homologous if
      not identical.

PMID- 2415517
TI  - Effects of sequence alterations in a DNA segment containing the 5 S RNA gene from
      Lytechinus variegatus on positioning of a nucleosome core particle in vitro.
AB  - Reassociation of a 260-base pair cloned fragment of Lytechinus variegatus DNA
      with core histones has been shown to give rise to a uniquely positioned
      nucleosome (Simpson, R. T., and Stafford, D. W. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.
      S. A. 80, 51-55). In an attempt to define the features that dictate the unique
      positioning of the nucleosome, we have constructed a number of mutants of this
      DNA sequence. The ability of these mutants to form positioned nucleosomes was
      analyzed by DNase I digestion of the DNA after reassociation with chicken
      erythrocyte core histones. While all the mutants were efficiently incorporated
      into core particles, not all of these modified sequences were capable of forming
      a positioned nucleosome. Of the 13 mutants examined, 7 fell into a class that
      gave rise to nucleosomes in which no unique positioning could be demonstrated.
      While no specific feature of the DNA sequences has been identified as the
      critical factor in allowing, or dictating, the formation of positioned
      nucleosomes, our results do indicate that the region 20-30 bases either side of
      the center of the core particle appears to contain the major elements necessary
      for positioning. Additionally, these studies clearly show that differences in the
      digestion of naked and core particle DNA are related to specific interactions of
      the DNA and histones rather than to an altered specificity of the enzyme induced
      by the presence of the proteins.

PMID- 2415518
TI  - Sexual dimorphism of testosterone 15 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA levels in mouse
      liver. cDNA cloning and regulation.
AB  - A cDNA library was constructed from 129/J female mouse liver poly(A)+ RNA
      immunoenriched for testosterone 15 alpha-hydroxylase (P-450(15)alpha) in the
      expression vector pUC9. Fifteen clones coding for P-450(15)alpha were identified
      by duplicate colony hybridization to nick-translated cDNAs synthesized from
      immunoenriched or depleted poly(A)+ RNA. Recombinant plasmid p 15 alpha-29
      contained the largest cDNA (1.6 kilobases) and cross-hybridized strongly with all
      other clones. cDNAs representing two different transcripts were identified based
      on restriction map analysis. Clones p 15 alpha-29 and p 15 alpha-15 have
      identical internal restriction fragments generated by ClaI, BamHI, and StuI
      digests, but p15 alpha-15 has unique PstI and HindIII sites located within 150
      base pairs of each other. This suggests P-450(15)alpha is transcribed from two
      genes. Northern hybridization of poly(A)+ RNA with nick-translated p15 alpha-29
      or p15 alpha-15 showed a single size mRNA of 2.1 kilobases. The level of P
      450(15)alpha mRNA was 6.6 times higher in 129/J female than in male mice. The
      difference between P-450(15)alpha mRNA levels in females and males was positively
      correlated with P-450(15)alpha protein detected by anti-P-450(15)alpha and
      testosterone 15 alpha-hydroxylase activity in microsomes. Sexual dimorphism in
      hepatic testosterone 15 alpha-hydroxylase activity is shown to result from
      differential mRNA regulation in females and males.

PMID- 2415519
TI  - Acute phase mediators and glucocorticoids elevate alpha 1-acid glycoprotein gene
      transcription.
AB  - Acute phase mediators and glucocorticoids increase the synthesis of the acute
      phase protein alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, also known as orosomucoid, by inducing
      the hepatic level of its mRNA. Concurrently the acute phase response depresses
      the hepatic synthesis of albumin and alpha 2u-globulin and their mRNA levels.
      Present transcriptional studies in isolated liver nuclei demonstrate that
      turpentine-induced acute phase mediators simultaneously enhance transcription of
      the alpha 1-acid glycoprotein gene and diminish transcription of albumin and
      alpha 2u-globulin genes; parallel alterations in the hepatic level of the
      corresponding mRNAs ensue. The present transcriptional studies also demonstrate
      that administration of dexamethasone to adrenalectomized rats dramatically
      elevates the rate of transcription of the alpha 1-acid glycoprotein gene as well
      as the alpha 2u-globulin and the albumin genes, leading to elevations in alpha 1
      acid glycoprotein and alpha 2u-globulin hepatic mRNA levels. Thus, hepatic alpha
      1-acid glycoprotein mRNA levels are predominantly regulated in vivo at the
      transcriptional level by glucocorticoids as well as by acute phase mediators.

PMID- 2415520
TI  - The redox state of activated bleomycin.
AB  - Activated bleomycin appears to have two more oxidizing equivalents than the
      Fe(III).bleomycin to which it spontaneously decays. Activated bleomycin reacts
      with NADH and thio-NADH, two-electron reductants, and with KI, a one-electron
      reductant, to yield Fe(III).bleomycin. The observed stoichiometries were 0.85 +/-
      0.07 eq of thio-NADH oxidized or 1.5 +/- 0.25 eq of KI oxidized per mole of
      activated bleomycin. None of these reactions requires the presence of a redox
      mediator, as does the reduction of Fe(III).bleomycin by NADH or thio-NADH. The
      oxidations of both pyridine nucleotide coenzymes and of KI are inhibited by DNA,
      the usual bleomycin target.

PMID- 2415521
TI  - Association of thrombin-antithrombin III complex with vitronectin in serum.
AB  - Purification of vitronectin by identical procedures from serum instead of plasma
      results in the coisolation of an additional protein component with mobility on
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of 82 kDa.
      We show that this component is the thrombin-antithrombin III complex based on the
      following evidence. Similar to a complex constructed using purified thrombin and
      antithrombin III, the 82-kDa component has a reduced molecular size of 69 kDa if
      it is not boiled prior to SDS-PAGE. Upon prolonged boiling in SDS it dissociates
      into 56- and 32-kDa components which co-migrate in SDS-PAGE with purified
      antithrombin III and thrombin, respectively. The 82- and 56-kDa components react
      with an antiserum against antithrombin III, and an antiserum prepared against the
      82-kDa complex reacts with purified antithrombin III. Thrombin-antithrombin III
      complex, from either serum or recalcified clotted plasma, bound to vitronectin
      immobilized on Sepharose or plastic. However, purified antithrombin III which had
      not reacted with thrombin lacked affinity for vitronectin as did antithrombin III
      from citrated plasma. Purified antithrombin III acquired affinity for immobilized
      vitronectin if it was complexed with thrombin or was modified by radioiodination.
      Binding of vitronectin to antithrombin III coated on plastic was demonstrated
      using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These results demonstrate that
      vitronectin binds thrombin-antithrombin III complexes through a cryptic site in
      antithrombin III which can be exposed when antithrombin III is radioiodinated,
      bound to plastic, or complexed with thrombin. Since vitronectin can interact with
      cells, the binding of vitronectin to the thrombin-antithrombin III complex may
      serve to facilitate the interaction of this complex with cell surfaces.

PMID- 2415522
TI  - Characterization of human pregnancy zone protein. Comparison with human alpha 2
      macroglobulin.
AB  - Native human pregnancy zone protein (PZP), a close homolog of alpha 2
      macroglobulin (alpha 2M), can be obtained in approximately 20% yield from pooled
      late pregnancy plasma or serum by a combination of polyethylene glycol
      precipitation, euglobulin precipitation, DEAE-Sephacel chromatography, zinc
      chelate affinity chromatography, and negative affinity chromatography on
      insolubilized antibodies against human serum proteins. Both proteins are
      similarly organized as disulfide-bridged dimers of 360 kDa containing 180-kDa
      subunits. These dimers constitute the proteinase-binding units of PZP, and in
      contrast to alpha 2M, they appear to be only loosely associated, indicating a
      subtle difference in the quaternary structure of these alpha-macroglobulins. The
      preparations contain functionally intact beta-cysteinyl-gamma-glutamyl thiol
      esters, located in the same nonapeptide sequence as found in alpha 2M, and form
      complexes with a variety of proteinases in which a large fraction of the
      proteinase is bound covalently. Proteinases bound to PZP are still active and
      poorly accessible to reaction with large inhibitors like alpha 1-proteinase
      inhibitor. The structural and functional features of PZP indicate that PZP and
      alpha 2M, although extremely similar, may have different yet overlapping sets of
      proteinases as targets. It is possible that PZP mainly controls the activity of
      cellular proteinases released under conditions of increased cellular turnover and
      that PZP could be the human equivalent to the acute phase alpha-macroglobulins
      known in other species.

PMID- 2415523
TI  - Serological homologies between H1 degrees and H5 include the carboxyl-terminal
      domain.
AB  - We have reported previously that antibodies to chicken H5 and antibodies to H1
      both cross-react with mammalian H1 degree (Mura, C. V., and Stollar, B. D. (1981)
      J. Biol. Chem. 256, 9767-9769). The antigenic sites in H1 degree recognized by
      these antibodies were analyzed using immunoblotting. Peptides of H1 degree were
      prepared by partial digestion with acetic acid and tested for reactivity with: 1)
      antibodies induced by H5 alone, which reacted primarily with the central globular
      region of H5; 2) antibodies induced by H5 X RNA complexes, which reacted with
      this domain as well as the basic COOH-terminal domain; and 3) antiserum to calf
      thymus H1. Anti-H5 antibodies (anti-globular region) cross-reacted with H1 degree
      peptides that co-migrated with peptides of H5 that contain the globular region,
      but did not cross-react with H1. Anti-H5/RNA antibodies (anti-globular + anti
      COOH-terminal) cross-reacted with these peptides and, in addition, with a lysine
      rich H1 degree peptide that co-migrated with the basic COOH-terminal H5 peptide.
      This H1 degree peptide, but not the putative globular H1 degree peptides, was
      also recognized by an antiserum to calf H1 which was primarily reactive with the
      large, COOH-terminal N-bromosuccinimide fragment of calf H1. A weaker cross
      reaction between this antiserum and the carboxyl-terminal domain of H5 could be
      visualized when large quantities of H5 were used in immunoblots. The results
      indicate that structural homologies between H5 and H1 degree extend beyond the
      globular region and into the lysine-rich carboxyl-terminal domain. Antigenic
      homologies between H1 degree and H1 are also at least partially localized in this
      domain. H1 degree is serologically intermediate between H5 and H1.

PMID- 2415524
TI  - Preimplantation mouse embryos and liver express the same type I keratin gene
      product.
AB  - The cytoskeletal B protein isolated from extraembryonic endodermal cells (Endo B)
      is a 50-kDa subunit of intermediate filaments that is expressed in trophoblast
      and extraembryonic endoderm of early mouse embryos. Endo B was compared to
      cytokeratin D of adult mouse liver by immunoprecipitation, two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis, and peptide mapping. The two proteins were indistinguishable. A
      cDNA probe for Endo B mRNA identified mRNA species of similar size in liver and
      endoderm, and primer extension analysis indicates that the Endo B mRNAs from the
      two cell types have similar 5' ends. An internal fragment of the Endo B cDNA was
      found to cross-hybridize with a conservative domain of a human type I keratin
      cDNA under low stringency conditions, demonstrating that Endo B is related to
      type I keratins. However, under stringent conditions necessary for genomic
      Southern analysis, mouse and human genomic fragments homologous to the Endo B
      cDNA were distinct from those defined by hybridization with the type I keratin
      cDNA. These results indicate that Endo B is related to the type I keratin family
      and expands the number of type I keratin genes identified in both the mouse and
      human genomes. It is likely that extraembryonic endoderm, one of the first
      differentiated cell types of the mammalian embryo, and adult liver express the
      same Endo B gene.

PMID- 2415525
TI  - Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA for S-acyl fatty acid synthase thioesterase
      from the uropygial gland of mallard duck.
AB  - In vitro translation of poly(A)+ RNA from the uropygial glands of mallard ducks
      (Anas platyrhynchos) generated a 29-kDa protein which cross-reacted with rabbit
      antibodies prepared against S-acyl fatty acid synthase thioesterase (Kolattukudy,
      P. E., Rogers, L., and Flurkey, W. (1985) J. Biol. Chem., 260, 10789-10793). A
      poly(A)+ RNA fraction enriched in this thioesterase mRNA, isolated by sucrose
      density gradient centrifugation, was used to prepare cDNA which was cloned in
      Escherichia coli using the plasmid pUC9. Using hybrid-selected translation and
      colony hybridization, 17 clones were selected which contained the cDNA for S-acyl
      fatty acid synthase thioesterase. Northern blot analysis showed that the mature
      mRNA for this thioesterase contained 1350 nucleotides whereas the cloned cDNA
      inserts contained 1150-1200 base pairs. Five of the 6 clones tested for 5'
      sequence had identical sequences, and the three tested for 3'-end showed the same
      sequence with poly(A) tails. Two clones, pTE1 and pTE3, representing nearly the
      full length of mRNA, were selected for sequencing. Maxam-Gilbert and Sanger
      dideoxy chain termination methods were used on the cloned cDNA and on restriction
      fragments subcloned in M13 in order to determine the complete nucleotide sequence
      of the cloned cDNA. The nucleotide sequence showed an open reading frame coding
      for a peptide of 28.8 kDa. Two peptides isolated from the tryptic digest of the
      thioesterase purified from the gland showed amino acid sequences which matched
      with two segments of the sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence. Another
      segment containing a serine residue showed an amino acid sequence homologous to
      the active serine-containing segment of the thioesterase domain of fatty acid
      synthase. Thus, the clones represent cDNA for S-acyl fatty acid synthase
      thioesterase. The present results constitute the first case of a complete
      sequence of a thioesterase.

PMID- 2415526
TI  - Methylation of the rat seminal vesicle secretory protein IV gene. Extensive
      demethylation occurs in several male sex accessory glands.
AB  - Seminal vesicle secretory protein IV (SVS IV) is perhaps the most abundant
      protein made by the epithelial cells of the rat seminal vesicle. In this report,
      we have asked whether the methylation of its gene correlates with its tissue
      specific pattern of expression. Using methylation-sensitive restriction
      endonucleases HpaII and AvaI, we could examine seven potential methylation sites
      in or near the gene. All seven sites were largely unmethylated in the seminal
      vesicle, while in most nonexpressing organs, all sites were heavily modified. The
      correlation of demethylation with expression was broken by finding that both
      ventral prostate and coagulating gland (anterior prostate) DNA showed the same
      demethylation pattern seen for the seminal vesicle. SVS IV protein has not been
      reported in either of these two organs, and we could not detect mature SVS IV
      message in prostate RNA or SVS IV transcription by in vitro incubation of
      prostate nuclei. We conclude that demethylation of the SVS IV gene accompanies
      the differentiation of several androgen-dependent sex accessory glands but
      confirm that demethylation per se is not a sufficient signal to bring about gene
      transcription.

PMID- 2415527
TI  - Testis-specific histone H1t is antigenically distinct among H1 subtypes.
AB  - Histone H1t has been purified from rat testes and antibodies were elicited in
      rabbits. Immunoblotting studies with anti-histone H1t-IgG have shown that it
      reacted specifically with histone H1t but not with other histone H1 subtypes,
      namely H1a, -b, -c, -d, -e and H10. The anti-histone H1t-IgG also did not react
      with chicken erythrocyte histone H5. Immunoblotting studies have also revealed
      that the polyclonal anti-histone H1t-IgG reacted with (a) two polypeptide
      fragments, NBS-N and NBS-C, derived from N-bromosuccinimide cleavage of histone
      H1t, (b) two polypeptide fragments, CT-N and CT-C, derived from alpha
      chymotrypsin cleavage of histone H1t, and (c) GH1t, globular domain of histone
      H1t obtained after trypsin cleavage. The indirect immunofluorescence studies on
      nuclei isolated from adult rat testes with anti-histone H1t-IgG showed that the
      fluorescence, particularly, of the pachytene nucleus was the brightest. On the
      other hand, anti-histone H1t-IgG did not stain nuclei from either liver or nuclei
      isolated from the testes of 10-day-old rats.

PMID- 2415528
TI  - Hormonal regulation during secretion of alpha-fetoprotein in hepatoma cells grown
      in synthetic medium.
AB  - The variant cell line of H4-II-E-C3 cells derived from the Reuber H-35 hepatoma
      cells has been established using protein- and lipid-free synthetic medium. This
      H4-II-E-C3-V line can synthesize and secrete considerable amounts of alpha
      fetoprotein (AFP) and albumin. The addition of 5 X 10(-7) M dexamethasone to the
      medium stimulated the excretion of AFP without increasing total AFP synthesis,
      whereas 8.7 X 10(-8) M insulin inhibited the excretion of AFP without a
      significant inhibition of intracellular AFP synthesis. However, neither
      dexamethasone nor insulin altered either the cellular or secreted levels of
      albumin. Cells were pulse labeled with [35S]methionine and then chased after
      addition of excess unlabeled methionine. AFP appeared in the medium after 10 min,
      and 50% of the protein was secreted after 110 min. The rate of secretion of AFP
      was much slower than that of albumin, 50% of which was secreted after 25 min.
      Dexamethasone, 5 X 10(-7) M, caused a marked enhancement in the rate of AFP
      secretion, with 50% released after 75 min. Insulin, 8.7 X 10(-8) M, by contrast,
      caused a marked delay in AFP secretion with only 20% released after 180 min and
      then a plateau was approached. Since the intracellular AFP was excreted 55% after
      180 min the remaining 25% of newly made AFP was suggested to be degraded during
      secretion. The kinetics of movement of AFP during secretion and endoglycosidase H
      treatment of intracellular and secreted AFP suggested that insulin impeded the
      transport of AFP from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.

PMID- 2415529
TI  - The expression of a gene for eukaryotic elongation factor Tu in Artemia during
      development. Translation of poly(A)+ RNA and the use of a synthetic
      oligonucleotide to detect the presence of eukaryotic elongation factor Tu
      specific mRNA.
AB  - Total in vivo proteins from Artemia embryos at different developmental stages
      were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A variety of peptides
      change during development, with one of them, the eukaryotic elongation factor Tu
      (eEF-Tu), presenting a dramatic increase from dormant embryos to nauplii. When
      poly(A)+ RNA is translated in vitro, the same relative increase is seen for eEF
      Tu during development. Based on the amino acid sequence for Artemia eEF-Tu
      (Amons, R., Pluijms, W., Roobol, K., and Moller, W. (1983) FEBS Lett. 153, 37
      42), a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide was prepared and used to prime the
      synthesis of cDNA with poly(A)+ RNA from 12-h developing embryos as template.
      Direct sequence analysis of the 900-base primary cDNA product shows it to be
      specific for the 5' end of Artemia eEF-Tu mRNA. Hybridization of a "Northern"
      blot of denatured (poly(A)+ RNA from different developmental stages with this
      cDNA reveals a major band migrating at about 1800 bases, which increase in
      intensity as development proceeds, paralleling the increase in eEF-Tu seen by in
      vitro translation. When poly(A)+ RNA is separated on a nondenaturing gel, blotted
      to poly(U) paper, and hybridized with the eEF-Tu cDNA, a single band is observed
      migrating faster than 18 S. Elution and in vitro translation of this band results
      in a major product migrating with eEF-Tu in a dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      and which is precipitable with eEF-Tu-specific antibodies.

PMID- 2415530
TI  - Three Ca2+-binding proteins from porcine liver and intestine differ
      immunologically and physicochemically and are distinct in Ca2+ affinities.
AB  - Intestinal brush-border-derived membrane vesicles contain, after demembranation
      in the presence of Ca2+, a subset of polypeptides that are specifically
      solubilized by the addition of Ca2+ chelators. As described previously, this
      fractionation scheme leads to the enrichment of two major proteins (I and II),
      one of which has been shown to be identical to the cellular p36K target of Rous
      sarcoma virus-encoded tyrosine-specific protein kinase (Gerke, V., and Weber, K.,
      (1984) EMBO J. 3, 227-233). We have applied a similar protocol to membrane
      vesicles from porcine liver and purified a third Ca2+-binding protein (III). All
      three proteins had wide tissue distributions, and were absent from brain, red
      blood cells, and cardiac and skeletal muscle. Relative amounts varied between
      tissues, with protein I low in liver and protein III very low in intestine.
      Despite their similar extractability the three proteins (I, II, and III) are
      clearly distinct as far as immunological, biochemical, and physicochemical
      properties are concerned. They also show characteristic differences in their
      affinities for Ca2+ ions. The association constants of Ca2+ binding for proteins
      I and III have been estimated by means of indirect methods to be 10(4) M-1
      (protein I) and 10(6) M-1 (protein III), while the direct Hummel-Dreyer method
      reveals Ca2+ binding to protein II, characterized by an association constant of
      0.4 X 10(5) M-1 in the absence and 0.2 X 10(5) M-1 in the presence of 2 mM MgCl2.
      Conformational changes upon binding Ca2+ are described for protein II using
      circular dichroism, fluorescence emission, and UV difference spectra. These
      alterations could be attributed to an increased exposure of tyrosine and
      tryptophan residues to a more aqueous environment, and led to increased
      hydrophobicity of protein II that would explain the observed Ca2+-dependent
      interaction with hydrophobic matrices like phenyl-Sepharose.

PMID- 2415531
TI  - Ligand-mediated conformational changes in Trp repressor protein of Escherichia
      coli probed through limited proteolysis and the use of specific antibodies.
AB  - Trp repressor of Escherichia coli K-12 is a dimeric protein (monomer size, 108
      amino acids) that acquires high affinity for certain operator targets in double
      stranded DNA upon interaction with L-tryptophan. High titer antiserum directed
      against E. coli Trp repressor protein, elicited in rabbits, was monospecific
      toward native or denatured Trp repressor. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay to measure antigen-antibody reaction, we found that the binding of L
      tryptophan to Trp repressor was associated with a marked decrease in antibody
      reactivity that presumably accompanied a conformational change in this protein to
      a state with strong affinity for trp operator-bearing DNA. We analyzed the
      pattern of cleavage of Trp repressor by chymotrypsin and trypsin and the effect
      of L-tryptophan on such hydrolytic cleavages. Chymotrypsin cleaved Trp repressor
      mainly between residues 71 and 72. In the presence of L-tryptophan this cleavage
      was slowed. The first-order rate constants for chymotryptic digestion of Trp
      repressor were 7.6 X 10(-2) and 4.6 X 10(-2) min-1 in the absence and presence of
      L-tryptophan, respectively. Tryptic digestion was more complex. Initial cleavage
      of Trp repressor occurred with approximately equal facility between residues 69
      70 or 84-85. Subsequent tryptic hydrolyses led eventually to a major core
      fragment containing the first 54 amino acids of Trp repressor plus four other
      fragments from the carboxyl-terminal half of the protein. In the presence of L
      tryptophan, cleavage by trypsin between residues 54-55 and 84-85 was retarded,
      even when a previous hydrolytic event elsewhere in the protein had occurred.
      Tryptophan had essentially no effect on the tryptic hydrolysis of peptide bond 97
      98, but accelerated cleavage at peptide bond 69-70. The first-order rate
      constants for the first tryptic cleavage of Trp receptor were 1.55 X 10(-1) and
      1.33 X 10(-1) min-1 in the absence and presence of ligand, respectively. Our
      results are compatible with a structural model wherein certain amino acid side
      chains and peptide bonds of Trp repressor (specifically, those of residues 69-85)
      lie on or near the surface of the protein. This region of Trp repressor has been
      predicted to contain the operator recognition site. The susceptibility to
      proteolytic attack of at least four peptide bonds in this area changes when the
      protein interacts with L-tryptophan.

PMID- 2415532
TI  - Transposition of the great arteries in the neonate: failed balloon atrial
      septostomy.
AB  - The authors discuss the early management of patients with transposition of the
      great arteries in the neonate. The success of early operative procedures in the
      neonatal period has limited the usefulness of the Rashkind balloon septostomy.
      The authors propose that both the Senning and arterial switch procedure may be
      better accomplished if the septostomy is not performed. The Senning operation
      appears to be the current method of choice and early operative intervention is
      highly successful.

PMID- 2415533
TI  - Clathrin structure characterized with monoclonal antibodies. I. Analysis of
      multiple antigenic sites.
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies that react with previously undefined antigenic
      determinants on the clathrin molecule have been produced and characterized. They
      were isolated from a fusion between myeloma cells and popliteal lymphocytes from
      SJL mice that had received footpad injections of human brain clathrin. This
      protocol was chosen to favor the production of antibodies to poorly immunogenic
      proteins and thereby increase the repertoire of anti-clathrin monoclonal
      antibodies. One antibody (X16) reacts preferentially with the heavier of the two
      clathrin light chains (LCa) when it is not associated with heavy chain. This
      specificity is different from that of the anti-LCa antibody, CVC.6, which has
      preferential reactivity with heavy chain-associated LCa. In addition, X16 and
      CVC.6 bound simultaneously to LCa, confirming that they react with different
      sites. The other two antibodies produced, X19 and X22, react with two different
      determinants on the clathrin heavy chain, based on immunoprecipitation, Western
      blot, and binding studies. Competitive binding studies with anti-clathrin
      monoclonal antibodies showed that they define a total of five distinct antigenic
      determinants on bovine clathrin.

PMID- 2415534
TI  - Desmocalmin: a calmodulin-binding high molecular weight protein isolated from
      desmosomes.
AB  - A unique high molecular weight protein (240,000 mol wt) has been purified from
      isolated desmosomes of bovine muzzle epidermis, using low-salt extraction at pH
      9.5-10.5 and gel-filtration followed by calmodulin-affinity column
      chromatography. This protein was shown to bind to calmodulin in a Ca2+-dependent
      manner, so we called it desmocalmin here. Desmocalmin also bound to the
      reconstituted keratin filaments in vitro in the presence of Mg2+, but not to
      actin filaments. By use of the antibody raised against the purified desmocalmin,
      desmocalmin was shown by both immunoelectron and immunofluorescence microscopy to
      be localized at the desmosomal plaque just beneath the plasma membrane. Judging
      from its isoelectric point and antigenicity, desmocalmin was clearly distinct
      from desmoplakins I and II, which were identified in the desmosomal plaque by
      Mueller and Franke (1983, J. Mol. Biol., 163:647-671). In the low-angle, rotary
      shadowing electron microscope, the desmocalmin molecules looked like flexible
      rods approximately 100-nm long consisting of two polypeptide chains lying side by
      side. The similar rodlike structures were clearly identified in the freeze-etch
      replica images of desmosomes. Taken together, these findings indicate that
      desmocalmin could function as a key protein responsible for the formation of
      desmosomes in a calmodulin-dependent manner (Trinkaus-Randall, V., and I.K.
      Gipson, 1984, J. Cell Biol., 98:1565-1571).

PMID- 2415535
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies specific for an acetylated form of alpha-tubulin recognize
      the antigen in cilia and flagella from a variety of organisms.
AB  - Seven monoclonal antibodies raised against tubulin from the axonemes of sea
      urchin sperm flagella recognize an acetylated form of alpha-tubulin present in
      the axoneme of a variety of organisms. The antigen was not detected among
      soluble, cytoplasmic alpha-tubulin isoforms from a variety of cells. The
      specificity of the antibodies was determined by in vitro acetylation of sea
      urchin and Chlamydomonas cytoplasmic tubulins in crude extracts. Of all the
      acetylated polypeptides in the extracts, only alpha-tubulin became antigenic.
      Among Chlamydomonas tubulin isoforms, the antibodies recognize only the axonemal
      alpha-tubulin isoform acetylated in vivo on the epsilon-amino group of lysine(s)
      (L'Hernault, S.W., and J.L. Rosenbaum, 1985, Biochemistry, 24:473-478). The
      antibodies do not recognize unmodified axonemal alpha-tubulin, unassembled alpha
      tubulin present in a flagellar matrix-plus-membrane fraction, or soluble,
      cytoplasmic alpha-tubulin from Chlamydomonas cell bodies. The antigen was found
      in protein fractions that contained axonemal microtubules from a variety of
      sources, including cilia from sea urchin blastulae and Tetrahymena, sperm and
      testis from Drosophila, and human sperm. In contrast, the antigen was not
      detected in preparations of soluble, cytoplasmic tubulin, which would not have
      contained tubulin from stable microtubule arrays such as centrioles, from
      unfertilized sea urchin eggs, Drosophila embryos, and HeLa cells. Although the
      acetylated alpha-tubulin recognized by the antibodies is present in axonemes from
      a variety of sources and may be necessary for axoneme formation, it is not found
      exclusively in any one subset of morphologically distinct axonemal microtubules.
      The antigen was found in similar proportions in fractions from sea urchin sperm
      axonemes enriched for central pair or outer doublet B or outer doublet A
      microtubules. Therefore the acetylation of alpha-tubulin does not provide the
      mechanism that specifies the structure of any one class of axonemal microtubules.
      Preliminary evidence indicates that acetylated alpha-tubulin is not restricted to
      the axoneme. The antibodies described in this report may allow us to deduce the
      role of tubulin acetylation in the structure and function of microtubules in
      vivo.

PMID- 2415536
TI  - Cross-bridges mediate anterograde and retrograde vesicle transport along
      microtubules in squid axoplasm.
AB  - To assay the detailed structural relationship between axonally transported
      vesicles and their substrate microtubules, vesicle transport was focally cold
      blocked in axoplasm that was extruded from the squid giant axon. A brief
      localized cold block concentrated anterogradely and retrogradely transported
      vesicles selectively on either the proximal or or distal side of the block.
      Normal movement of the concentrated vesicles was reactivated by rewarming the
      cold-blocked axoplasm. At the periphery of the axoplasm, moving vesicles were
      located on individual microtubules that had become separated from the other
      cytomatrix components. The presence of moving vesicles on isolated microtubules
      permitted the identification of the structural components required for vesicle
      transport along microtubules. The results show that 16-18-nm cross-bridges
      connect both anterogradely and retrogradely moving vesicles to their substrate
      microtubules. These observations demonstrate that cross-bridges are fundamental
      are fundamental components of vesicle transport along axonal microtubules. Thus,
      vesicle transport can now be included among those cell motile systems such as
      muscle and axonemes that are based on a cross-bridge-mediated mechanism.

PMID- 2415537
TI  - Sequence and expression of a human type II mesothelial keratin.
AB  - Using mRNA from cultured human mesothelial cells, we constructed bacterial
      plasmids and lambda phage vectors that contained cDNA sequences specific for the
      keratins expressed in these cells. A cloned cDNA encoding keratin K7 (55 kD) was
      identified by positive hybrid selection. Southern Blot analysis indicated that
      this sequence is represented only once in the human genome, and Northern Blot
      analysis demonstrated that the gene encoding K7 is expressed in abundance in
      cultured bronchial and mesothelial cells, but only weakly in cultured epidermal
      cells and not at all in liver, colon, or exocervical tissue. The predicted amino
      acid sequence of this keratin has revealed a striking difference between this
      keratin and the type II keratins expressed in epidermal cells: whereas all of the
      epidermal type II keratins thus far sequenced have long nonhelical termini rich
      in glycine and serine, this mesothelial type II keratin has amino and carboxy
      terminal regions that are unusually short and lack the inexact repeats of glycine
      and serine residues.

PMID- 2415538
TI  - Analysis of the mitogenic effect of fetuin preparations on arterial smooth muscle
      cells: the role of contaminant platelet-derived growth factor.
AB  - Fetuin, a major protein of fetal calf serum, partially purified by the method of
      Pedersen, stimulated growth of aortic smooth muscle cells. More highly purified
      fetuin preparations stimulated growth less than Pedersen fetuin, as previously
      described for other cell types, suggesting that this activity is due to a
      contaminant. Recently bovine alpha 2-macroglobulin or "Embryonin" has been
      proposed as the mitogenic component of crude fetuin preparations. We found that
      active fetuin preparations did contain alpha 2-macroglobulin that stimulated
      smooth muscle cell growth. However, alpha 2-macroglobulin purified directly from
      platelet-poor bovine plasma or fetuin purified from Pedersen fetuin by gel
      filtration lacked appreciable mitogenic effect on smooth muscle cells. Since
      alpha 2-macroglobulin can bind platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and since
      highly acidic fetuin might bind the very basic PDGF molecule non-specifically, we
      measured the PDGF content of various fetuin preparations and found a good
      correlation between the PDGF content and mitogenic activity. Gel filtration
      experiments demonstrated that in Pedersen fetuin PDGF occurred both free, and in
      association with alpha 2-macroglobulin. We conclude that the principal mitogenic
      component for smooth muscle cells in crude fetuin preparations is PDGF, since
      purified bovine alpha 2-macroglobulin or fetuin do not appreciably affect growth
      of these cells. These results help to resolve a long-standing controversy
      regarding the nutrition of cultured cells. In addition, we suggest that before
      alpha 2-macroglobulin or "Embryonin" is accepted as a bona fide growth factor for
      a given cell type, the role of contamination with PDGF should be assessed.

PMID- 2415539
TI  - Nerve growth factor does not activate Na+/H+ exchange in PC12 pheochromocytoma
      cells.
AB  - We have reexamined the possible role of the Na+/H+ antiport in the cellular
      response by PC12 pheochromocytoma cells to nerve growth factor (NGF). In contrast
      to previous reports, we observe no activation of Na+/H+ exchange in these cells,
      using a very sensitive assay based on the measurement of cytoplasmic pH with
      dimethylfluorescein dextran (Rothenberg et al., J. Biol. Chem., 258:4883-4809,
      1983). Our measurements indicate that the PC12 pheochromocytoma cells, under all
      conditions tested, show a high rate of Na+/H+ exchange. The discrepancy between
      these observations and previous experiments could be due to differences in cells
      in different laboratories, but also to changes in cell adhesion induced by NGF.
      We describe conditions where intracellular pH and rates of Na+ uptake can be
      measured reliably in PC12 cells with adequate controls for cell adhesion. We
      conclude that activation of Na+/H+ exchange is neither sufficient nor required
      for the differentiation of PC12 cells induced by NGF.

PMID- 2415540
TI  - Analysis of stable and unstable viral forms in SV40-infected human keratinocytes.
AB  - We analyzed the state of the genomic DNA of the papovavirus SV40 in human
      keratinocytes as viral-infected cells gradually acquired a transformed phenotype
      over time. Initially, the vast majority of the viral DNA is maintained either in
      a full-length supercoiled form or as truncated subgenomic fragments with little
      evidence of integration. However, analyses of clonal populations revealed great
      heterogeneity and instability of the viral DNA, and we were able to isolate one
      clonal subpopulation in which integrated forms of the virus appeared to
      predominate. Similarly, uncloned populations eventually ceased production of the
      "free" viral DNA after several years in culture and instead came to display
      tandemly repeated SV40 copies at a single host integration site. Interestingly,
      Bg1 II digestion of host DNA generated restriction fragments containing the
      integrated SV40 DNA, which were of differing sizes in cultures at the 144th vs
      the 163rd serial passage suggesting modification or rearrangement of sequences at
      or near the integration site. Host sequences flanking the integrated viral DNA at
      the 163rd serial passage have been isolated on restriction fragments generated by
      Eco RI, Bam HI, and Hpa II digestion. These analyses suggest that the integrated
      virus is linearized near the Bg1 I site and contains a large deletion in the SV40
      early region at one of the viral-host junctions.

PMID- 2415541
TI  - Nifedipine-sensitive calcium channels are involved in polar growth of lily pollen
      tubes.
AB  - Pollen germination and tube growth of Lilium longiflorum in vitro are affected by
      10(-5) M-nifedipine. Germinating 'tubes' form broad protuberances along the whole
      colpus. Short tubes show a high tendency to grow 'amoeboid-like' and to branch;
      or a second tube emerges in another region of the colpus. Longer tubes (greater
      than or equal to 100 micron) broaden irregularly or swell at their tips. The
      diameter of the tube can vary drastically within the same tube. With increasing
      time of treatment many tubes burst. Normal tip growth stops within 10 min, but
      protoplasmic streaming continues even after 15 h. More or less regularly, wall
      thickenings are formed along the whole tube or on the flanks of the germinating
      region after some hours. The internal calcium gradient, visualized by
      chlorotetracycline (CTC) fluorescence, is also disturbed. Nifedipine treatment
      results in uniform or irregular CTC fluorescence. Branching tubes temporarily
      show a new subapical CTC gradient. After 6-8 h of nifedipine treatment many cells
      are no longer stainable with CTC. The results indicate the presence of nifedipine
      sensitive calcium channels in pollen tubes.

PMID- 2415542
TI  - Biologicals for cancer treatment: interferons.

PMID- 2415543
TI  - Reversed-phase liquid chromatography of biotin-labelled nucleotides. A new class
      of markers in molecular biology.

PMID- 2415544
TI  - Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of N,N',N''-triethylene thiophosphoramide and
      N,N',N''-triethylene phosphoramide in biological samples.

PMID- 2415545
TI  - Detection of the changes in cellular proteins in regenerating rat liver by high
      resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis.
AB  - The changes in cellular proteins in regenerating rat liver after partial
      hepatectomy were examined by high-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis. The
      cellular proteins in regenerating rat livers were separated into two fractions
      (soluble and insoluble protein fractions) and the proteins in each fraction were
      analysed by means of two-dimensional electrophoresis. A rapid increase in three
      proteins and a rapid decrease in two proteins were detected after partial
      hepatectomy. The changes in these proteins were in parallel with the regeneration
      rate of liver, suggesting a close relationship with the proliferation of liver
      after partial hepatectomy.

PMID- 2415547
TI  - Breast self-examination palpation skill: a methodological note.
AB  - A current issue in research of breast self-examination (BSE) efficacy is the
      competency of BSE performance. A nonverbal method for testing two palpation
      skills were developed. They were designed for mail surveys, or other cost
      effective methods of following up subjects in a longitudinal study design. They
      were also designed to avoid semantics problems associated with verbal
      descriptions of BSE performance, as noted in earlier research of the author.
      These pictorial questions were included in three mail surveys of the general
      female population. The data were consistent across all three surveys for both the
      verbal and nonverbal questions of palpation skill. The diagram index of the hand
      part used in BSE suggested that a higher proportion of BSE practicers are using
      the recommended hand part than their verbal reports would indicate. However, the
      data from the diagram assessing the amount of pressure used for BSE were not very
      different from the results of the verbal questions.

PMID- 2415546
TI  - Determination of streptomycin in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for monitoring the
      serum concentration of streptomycin. The method includes clean-up using a Sep-Pak
      C18 cartridge and quantitation using dihydrostreptomycin as an internal standard.
      Streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin were separated by reversed-phase ion-pair
      chromatography on LiChrosorb RP-18 and detected by UV absorption (195 nm). The
      calibration graph of serum streptomycin concentration was linear over the range 5
      50 micrograms/ml. Streptomycin was added to serum at the level of 20.0
      micrograms/ml and its concentration was determined to be 18.9 micrograms/ml with
      a coefficient of variation of 2.07% (n = 5). The clinical application of this
      method was confirmed by comparison with fluorescence polarization immunoassay.

PMID- 2415548
TI  - Administration of low dose pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to
      GnRH-deficient men regulates free alpha-subunit secretion.
AB  - Although pharmacological doses of GnRH and TRH stimulate free alpha-subunit
      (alpha-subunit) secretion from the pituitary, little is known about the pattern
      and control of alpha-subunit release under physiological circumstances. Euthyroid
      men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, a condition of deficient GnRH
      release, provide a unique opportunity to study alpha-subunit secretion before and
      during administration of a physiological regimen of GnRH administration. Before
      GnRH therapy, six euthyroid IHH men with normal endogenous TSH secretion had
      circulating alpha-subunit levels close to or below assay detection limits, with a
      mean level less than 0.5 ng/ml. During 12-42 weeks of physiological GnRH
      replacement, serum alpha-subunit concentrations rose to a mean value of 2.07 +/-
      0.3 (+/- SEM) ng/ml (P less than 0.01). After GnRH administration, alpha-subunit
      was released in a pulsatile pattern following each dose of GnRH and mirrored the
      secretory pattern of LH. Increases in serum alpha-subunit concentrations during
      GnRH administration were closely correlated with increases in LH (r = 0.91; P
      less than 0.01), but not FSH (r = 0.24; P = NS), levels. In addition, a situation
      in which LH secretion was clearly predominant and FSH levels were barely
      detectable was created by increasing the frequency of GnRH administration to
      every 30 min. In this circumstance, free alpha-subunit concentrations increased
      in conjunction with LH levels in the face of decreased FSH levels. We conclude
      that replacement of GnRH regulates both the level and pattern of alpha-subunit
      secretion in GnRH-deficient men, and that there is tight correlation of alpha
      subunit with LH, but not with FSH, secretion.

PMID- 2415549
TI  - Thyroid function and histology in forty-five patients with hyperthyroid Graves'
      disease in clinical remission more than ten years after thionamide drug
      treatment.
AB  - Thyroid function was determined in 45 patients with hyperthyroidism due to
      Graves' disease who had been diagnosed and treated with thionamide drugs between
      1965 and 1971 and had remained clinically euthyroid for greater than 10 yr after
      discontinuation of therapy. Physical examination revealed that only 2 patients
      had signs of mild hyperthyroidism; all others were euthyroid. Measurements of
      serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and TSH revealed elevated free T4 index
      values and serum T3 in 3 (6.7%), T3 toxicosis in 4 (8.9%), and subclinical
      hypothyroidism in 2 patients (4.4%). The remaining 36 patients were biochemically
      euthyroid. TRH tests were performed in these 36 patients, and hyporesponsiveness
      was found in 3 and hyperresponsiveness in 5 patients. T3 suppression tests were
      performed in 15 of the 36 patients; 10 were suppressible and 5 were
      nonsuppressible. All suppressible patients responded to TRH. Large needle
      biopsies performed in 8 biochemically euthyroid patients and 1 patient with
      subclinical hypothyroidism revealed chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in 7 and
      normal biopsies in 2 patients. Diffuse epithelial hyperplasia was not found in
      any of the specimens. Antithyroid antibody titers were significantly higher than
      in 1972 at the time of discontinuation of therapy using the same methods. These
      results suggest that Graves' disease may evolve into chronic thyroiditis in some
      patients who are in permanent remission, and some patients in apparent permanent
      remission have hyperthyroidism and concomitant chronic thyroiditis.

PMID- 2415550
TI  - [Clinical application of BRM on cancer treatments].

PMID- 2415551
TI  - Crossbridge kinetics in chemically skinned rabbit psoas fibres when the actin
      myosin lattice spacing is altered by dextran T-500.
AB  - The actin-myosin lattice spacing of chemically skinned rabbit psoas fibres was
      osmotically altered by dextran T500, and the transient kinetic response of
      tension arising from maximally cycling cross-bridges was measured by sinusoidal
      length perturbations. The lattice spacing was estimated from the width of the
      fibres measured under a light microscope. As the dextran concentration was
      increased, the widths during both relaxation and Ca-activation decreased
      monotonically. The tension increased to a maximum at 7% dextran, and decreased
      again at further increases in dextran. Dynamic modulus (stiffness) increased
      monotonically with compression by dextran; this increase is primarily due to the
      elastic modulus. The rate constants slightly decreased between 0% and 4% dextran,
      then decreased rapidly at higher concentrations. The rate of oscillatory work
      output stayed approximately constant between 0% and 4% dextran, and sharply
      decreased at higher concentrations. Apparently, two independent effects occur as
      the lattice is compressed by dextran: (1) a compensation for the spacing change
      through an increase in tension and a decrease in the rate constants (this takes
      place at low dextran concentrations); and (2) an alteration of the crossbridge
      kinetics by grossly decreasing both the tension and the rate constants (at high
      dextran concentrations). The first effect is interpreted as a decrease in the
      detachment rate, while the second effect is interpreted as a decrease in the rate
      of the 'power stroke' reaction.

PMID- 2415552
TI  - The characterization and cellular distribution of a family of antigens related to
      myelin associated glycoprotein in the developing nervous system.
AB  - The antigenic epitope detected on myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) by the
      monoclonal antibody HNK-1 (Leu 7) was sensitive to degradation by
      trifluoromethane-sulfonic acid (TFMS) and is therefore probably carbohydrate in
      nature. This antigen was found to be widely distributed within the rat and
      chicken embryonic nervous system and was present on cultured central and
      peripheral neurons (100%), oligodendrocytes (100%) and astrocytes (70-80%) as
      detected by double marker immunofluorescence. The antigen could be removed from
      cultured neurons by trypsinization and its resynthesis was blocked by
      cycloheximide, suggesting that the carbohydrate epitope detected by HNK-1 was
      attached to a de novo synthesized protein. Several molecular species were
      detected on Western blots of detergent extracts from 13-15d rat embryonic brain
      and neuron-enriched cultures from chick spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia.
      Protein components with molecular weights in the ranges of 90-100 kd to 280 kd
      were observed and comprise a family of glycoproteins containing the HNK-1
      reactive carbohydrate epitope present on MAG. These glycoproteins could play a
      role in intercellular interactions within the developing nervous system.

PMID- 2415553
TI  - Human natural killer cell activity is reduced by treatment of anti-myelin
      associated glycoprotein (MAG) monoclonal mouse IgM antibody and complement.
AB  - Human mononuclear cells could be stained by anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein
      (MAG) monoclonal mouse IgM antibody. The remaining human natural killer (NK) cell
      activity examined by using K-562 cells at 20:1 as effector:target ratio after
      treatment of anti-MAG monoclonal mouse or anti-Leu-7 (HNK-1) antibody and
      complement revealed 13.4% and 15.1%, respectively (untreated NK activity was
      40.8%). However, human NK activity could be abrogated by anti-Leu-11 and
      complement. The remaining NK activity shown as lytic units after treatment with
      anti-MAG, anti-Leu-7 or anti-Leu-11 and complement was 6.1, 5.3 and below 1.0,
      respectively (untreated NK cells showed 15.4). When NK activity was examined in
      another target cell, MOLT-4, the remaining activity shown as lytic units was also
      decreased with anti-MAG antibody (4.3) or with anti-Leu-7 (3.0) (untreated NK
      activity was 8.3). Our findings suggest that NK cells may be influenced by anti
      MAG antibody if it is found in the sera as anti-lymphocytotoxic antibody.

PMID- 2415554
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of MAG, MBP and P0 protein in acute and relapsing
      demyelinating lesions of Theiler's virus infection.
AB  - Acute demyelinating and relapsing demyelinating lesions from spinal cords of mice
      infected with the WW strain of Theiler's encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) were
      studied immunocytochemically with antisera to various myelin constituents. Acute
      lesions were studied for differences in the distribution of myelin basic protein
      (MBP) and myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG). Relapsing lesions, characterized
      by demyelination of areas previously remyelinated by Schwann cells, were studied
      for differences in the distribution of P0 and MAG. In both instances the earliest
      lesions were characterized by preferential disappearance of MBP and P0
      respectively when compared to MAG. In well-developed lesions, MAG, MBP and P0
      were absent in essentially equal proportion. These observations are in agreement
      with previous findings suggesting a primary loss of myelin rather than a direct
      attack on oligodendrocytes as the main pathogenetic mechanism of demyelination in
      this viral model.

PMID- 2415555
TI  - The multipotential outcome of Fragile X syndrome.

PMID- 2415556
TI  - The distribution of synapses on the two fields of neurites of spiking local
      interneurones in the locust.
AB  - Spiking local interneurones in the metathoracic ganglion of the locust have two
      fields of neuropilar branches linked by a single process. One, with numerous fine
      neurites of relatively uniform diameter, is in a ventral area of neuropile where
      the afferents from hairs on a hind leg also terminate. The other, with sparser
      and varicose neurites, is in a more dorsal area of neuropile where the motor
      neurones of the leg muscles have many neurites. Physiological studies have shown
      that these interneurones receive direct inputs from some hair afferents and in
      turn synapse directly upon some leg motor neurones (Burrows and Siegler, '82;
      Siegler and Burrows, '83). The distribution of synapses in these two fields was
      revealed by injecting HRP intracellularly into an interneurone following its
      physiological characterization. In the ventral field, the majority of synapses
      are input synapses. Many are from profiles with round agranular vesicles of
      similar diameter to those of known afferents. Other presynaptic profiles contain
      pleomorphic agranular, or large round granular, vesicles. There are also some
      output synapses, each with only a small population of vesicles. Most input
      synapses are made onto small-diameter neurites, whereas the majority of outputs
      are made from the larger-diameter neurites. In the dorsal field, the majority of
      synapses are output synapses. They are made from vesicle-filled varicosities onto
      postsynaptic profiles of small diameter. A single varicosity can be the site of
      many output synapses. Input synapses are few in number, but occur close to the
      output synapses. The absence of varicosities in the ventral field cannot
      therefore be correlated with a lack of output synapses and while the dorsal
      varicosities can be the sites of output, they can also receive input synapses.

PMID- 2415557
TI  - The structure of locust nonspiking interneurones in relation to the anatomy of
      their segmental ganglion.
AB  - The morphology of eight nonspiking local interneurones in the metathoracic
      ganglion of the locust is described in relation to known tracts, commissures,
      regions of neuropile, and identified motor neurones. They are compared with the
      spiking local interneurones in the same ganglion. Each nonspiking local
      interneurone was injected intracellularly with cobalt, following characterization
      of its physiological effects on identified leg motor neurones. The shapes of the
      nonspiking interneurones are diverse, although all have processes restricted to
      one ganglion and lack an axon. Their cell bodies are distributed in the ventral
      and dorsal cortex of the ganglion. Interneurones with cell bodies in similar
      places have similar basic structures, with primary neurites in the same
      commissure or tract, and major branches in the same tracts. The fine branches of
      all the interneurones have the same texture throughout, and occur in the same
      lateral region of neuropile, dorsal to the prominent neurite of the fast extensor
      tibiae motor neurone. Some interneurones have branches that extend both to the
      midline and to the dorsal boundary of the neuropile, but none have branches in
      the ventral, medial neuropile. This distribution of branches corresponds with two
      known features of the physiology of these interneurones: they make what appear
      physiologically to be direct connections with motor neurones, and have branches
      in the same region of the neuropile as the motor neurones. They do not appear to
      receive direct inputs from hair afferents, and they have no branches in the
      ventral neuropile to which these afferents project.

PMID- 2415558
TI  - Golgi and Nissl studies of the visual cortex of the bottlenose dolphin.
AB  - Nissl, Golgi and fibre preparations were made of the cerebral cortex of the
      lateral gyrus of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in the region where
      visual evoked potentials have been reported (Sokolov et al., '72; Ladygina et
      al., '78). In the adult the visual cortex is relatively thin (average about 1,300
      micron) for so large a brain (fixed brain weight for a typical adult in our
      series was 1,330 g). Layers I, III, and VI are wide and represent three-quarters
      of the total cortical thickness. Layer I contains few cell bodies, while III and
      VI have a variety of pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons. Layers II and V are
      narrow and contain striking palisades of darkly staining pyramidal cells that are
      particularly large in layer V. No clearly demarcated layer IV is present in the
      adult dolphin visual cortex. Many of the neurons identified with the Golgi
      technique are typical of pyramids in other mammals, with a single apical dendrite
      and a bouquet of basal dendrites, mostly highly spiny. Others are unusual in
      having bifurcated or oblique apical dendrites. Typical large and small spiny and
      nonspiny stellates are also found, mainly in layers III and VI. In addition
      various forms of spindle-shaped, bipolar and multipolar neurons are found in most
      layers. An 18-day-old brain shows signs of immaturity in its visual cortex. It is
      thinner (970 micron) and on average its neurons are smaller, paler, and more
      densely packed. Especially the pyramids of layer V are much smaller than in the
      adult. Also, a distinct "granular" band occurs between layers III and V and seems
      to be a rudimentary layer IV. At 3 years of age most of the adult features have
      developed, but layer IV is still detectable. No striking differences were
      observed in cell and fibre architecture between the cortex of the lateral gyrus
      and that of the so-called "calcarine" area that has also been considered as
      "visual." We concluded that, although different in many respects from other
      mammalian visual cortices, that of the dolphin is apparently well developed and
      differentiated.

PMID- 2415559
TI  - Observations on the pancreas of cattle deficient in copper.
AB  - Lesions were found in the pancreas of clinically normal cattle of low copper
      status. In comparison with the pancreas of cattle with normal hepatic copper
      reserves, the abnormalities were an increase in the dry matter content and
      reduction in the concentrations of protein and copper in the wet tissue.
      Cytochrome oxidase activity and protein-to-RNA ratio were also reduced.
      Histologically, there were defects in acinar basement membranes, splitting and
      disorganization of acini, cellular atrophy and dissociation, and stromal
      proliferation. The pancreatic ductular system did not show atrophy or
      disorganization.

PMID- 2415560
TI  - The mammary gland as a target organ for infection with caprine arthritis
      encephalitis virus.
AB  - A herd of 15 dairy goats with a previous history of neurological disease in kids
      was screened for caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) virus infection. Virus was
      isolated from the PBL of all animals as well as milk from lactating does. All
      animals had antibody detected by ELISA and gel immuno-diffusion. Two animals from
      this herd were examined for responses to infection. One was an adult female with
      poor milk production and the other was a 3-month-old female kid which developed
      acute neurological disease. Both animals had a chronic mastitis compatible with a
      viral aetiology, and CAE virus was isolated from the mammary tissue of both. The
      mammary gland must thus be considered an important target organ for virus
      infection and dissemination.

PMID- 2415561
TI  - Forskolin stimulates bovine epididymal sperm motility and cyclic AMP levels.
AB  - Forskolin, a diterpene, has been reported to reversibly stimulate adenylate
      cyclase from a number of mammalian tissues. Adenylate cyclase preparations
      derived from sperm are reported to be both deficient in the guanine nucleotide
      subunit and insensitive to forskolin. Despite the latter observation, we report
      here that forskolin elevates cAMP levels in immature caput sperm, and initiates
      motility in the presence of "permissive" agents such as bicarbonate, procaine and
      dibucaine. In mature caudal sperm forskolin stimulates motility in a
      concentration dependent manner in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor
      IBMX but elevates cAMP levels only briefly before nucleotide levels return to
      control values. In addition, forskolin stimulates adenylate cyclase activity
      associated with plasma membrane preparations of caput sperm but not caudal sperm.
      This differential action of forskolin on these cell types could provide a basis
      for understanding the regulation of adenylate cyclase in both immature and mature
      bovine sperm.

PMID- 2415562
TI  - Fluid replacement in hypovolaemia.

PMID- 2415563
TI  - Cardiac calcium channels and their control by neurotransmitters and drugs.
AB  - Calcium channels, which play a primary role in the control of the calcium influx
      into cardiac cells, were initially studied by recording macroscopic currents in
      multicellular preparations. More recently, channel research has combined studies
      of whole cell calcium currents and elementary currents through single calcium
      channels, both measured in isolated cardiac cells. These studies provide insight
      into the mechanism of opening and closing of single calcium channels and enable
      inferences to be made about the whole cell calcium current from the average
      gating behavior of single channels. In addition, they promise a more complete
      understanding of the relation between the biophysical properties and molecular
      structure of the calcium channel. New information has also been obtained on the
      modulation of calcium channel gating by neurotransmitters and drugs.

PMID- 2415564
TI  - Use of sodium amytal interviews in prepubertal children: indications, procedure,
      and clinical utility.

PMID- 2415565
TI  - A generally applicable improved method for preparation of single stranded cDNA
      probes from clones constructed in M13 vectors.
AB  - A generally applicable simplified procedure for the preparation of radiolabeled
      cDNA hybridization probes from cDNA clones in M13 (M13mp8) bacteriophage vectors
      is described. A cDNA copy of the insert DNA is synthesized by controlled reaction
      with the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I, primed with oligo-dT or
      sequencing primer. The cDNA is separated from the recombinant phage DNA template
      by alkaline gel electrophoresis. Sensitivity of the cDNAs was tested by
      quantitative measurement of specific mRNAs in solution hybridization under RNA
      (R0t analysis) or cDNA (RNA titration) excess conditions. The procedure permits
      measurement of mRNA levels as small as 0.00001-0.00006% in total RNA preparation.
      Cellular accumulation of hormone-induced mRNAs for the milk proteins, whey acidic
      protein and epsilon-casein was also measured using the cDNAs.

PMID- 2415566
TI  - Factors influencing the properties of voltammetric carbon fibre electrodes: the
      importance of the pH of the medium used for the electrical treatment and of the
      resin coating of the fibres.
AB  - Electrical treatment of resin-coated voltammetric carbon fibre electrodes with
      triangular voltage at low (1.1) pH resulted in electrodes almost insensitive to
      ascorbic acid (AA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) while their response to
      5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was practically the same as after treatment
      in the usually employed pH 7.4 medium. Electrodes treated at high pH (12.0), on
      the other hand, were more sensitive to AA and DOPAC than those treated at pH 7.4
      and less sensitive to 5-HIAA. Exposing resin-coated electrodes to the treatment
      media without electrical treatment was not sufficient to obtain the same results
      as with the application of the current. Electrodes without resin coating were
      sensitive to AA without electrical treatment while coated electrodes were not.
      Electrical treatment increased the sensitivity of non-coated electrodes and
      rendered coated electrodes even more sensitive than non-coated ones. Treatment of
      coated electrodes for a maximum sensitivity to 5-HIAA was found to require less
      time than to obtain maximum sensitivity to the other compounds. Present results
      suggest that it is possible to prepare selective voltammetric electrodes by
      choosing the right parameters for their electrical pretreatment.

PMID- 2415567
TI  - Detection of alkaline phosphatase activity after conventional isoelectric
      focusing by an indoxyl-tetrazolium salt technique.
AB  - Alkaline phosphatase was solubilized from human and rat tissues using papain in
      the presence of TRITON X-100 and subjected to isoelectric focusing (IEF) in
      polyacrylamide or agarose gels. Up till now, usually 1- and 2-naphthylphosphates
      have been used as substrates in order to specifically stain molecular forms of
      this enzyme by the azo-dye technique. In this paper, the use of another
      histochemical substrate, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl phosphate, in combination
      with tetrazolium salts [McGadey, J. (1970) Histochemie 23, 180-184] is presented.
      After hydrolysis, the released indoxyl moieties reduce tetrazolium salts to
      insoluble formazans at the zones of alkaline phosphatase activity. Zymogrammes
      showing molecular forms of alkaline phosphatase from 20 rat organs and the
      application of this staining technique for the detection of alkaline phosphatase
      activity in non-dialyzed human plasma after IEF are presented.

PMID- 2415568
TI  - Colorimetric assay of gramicidin A in the presence of surfactants and
      phospholipids.
AB  - Gramicidin A, a hydrophobic polypeptide containing 4 tryptophan
      residues/molecule, may be determined quantitatively after reaction with 4
      (dimethylamino)benzaldehyde, a method previously proposed for tryptophan
      analysis. The assay may be carried out even in the presence of various
      surfactants and phospholipids at high concentrations.

PMID- 2415569
TI  - Quantitative determination of Coomassie R bound to proteins in polyacrylamide
      gel. A facilitated method for multi-spot analysis of electrograms.
AB  - Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was found to be an efficient solvent for extraction of
      Coomassie Blue R 250 (Coomassie R) from stained proteins on polyacrylamide gels.
      Kinetic measurements show that the extraction of the dye from a 2-D gel reached
      equilibrium in 48 h. Staining of E. coli ribosomal proteins by Coomassie R
      dissolved in trichloroacetic acid exhibited two types of dye-protein complexes,
      the majority of them yield a blue-purple colour, while the rest are stained with
      a light-blue tone and fluorescent appearance as well. The absorbance spectra of
      the complexes in the gel matrix differ significantly from each other. However,
      the DMSO-extracted Coomassie show identical absorbance profiles with lambda max
      at 602 nm, thus the amount of the bound dye can easily be measured
      spectrophotometrically.

PMID- 2415570
TI  - Topographic organization of substance P and monoamine cells in the ventral
      medulla of the cat.
AB  - A topographic map of the substance P and monoamine neurons in the ventrolateral
      medulla of the cat has been constructed from peroxidase anti-peroxidase
      immunohistochemically stained sections. The coordinates of this map use the
      foramen cecum of the medulla oblongata (i.e. the triangular depression at the
      junction between the caudal boundary of the pons and the rostral limit of the
      median fissure between the pyramidal tracts) as the zero point. Two distinct
      groups of substance P neurons have been found: a rostral group lies ventral to
      the facial nucleus and a caudal one is found ventrolateral to the inferior
      olivary nucleus. Two dopamine beta-hydroxylase-containing cell groups were
      identified that correspond to the A1 and A5 cell groups. The A5 cell group lies
      dorsal, lateral and caudal to superior olivary nucleus. The A1 cell group lies
      approximately 4.0-5.0 mm lateral to the midline at the level of the inferior
      olive; these cells lie mainly dorsolateral to the region of the magnocellular
      division of the lateral reticular nucleus. The B1 and B3 serotonin (5
      hydroxytryptamine) cell groups of the ventrolateral medulla appear to form a
      continuous column with a rostral and a caudal swelling. The rostral group begins
      at the level of the facial nucleus (approximately 4 mm caudal to the foramen
      cecum) and is concentrated in the area just lateral to the pyramidal tract. It
      becomes reduced in size approximately 8.0 mm caudal to the foramen cecum, and
      then enlarges to form a caudal group (approximately 10 mm caudal to foramen
      cecum). Portions of this column overlap with the caudal substance P cell group.
      The C1 cell group lies in a restricted zone approximately 4.0 mm lateral to the
      midline at the level of the rostral part of the inferior olivary nucleus.

PMID- 2415572
TI  - Model based transparencies for gross anatomical teaching.

PMID- 2415571
TI  - Mapping of different neuropeptides in the lower brainstem of the rat: with
      special reference to the ventral surface.
AB  - A neuropeptide map of beta-endorphin-, vasoactive intestinal peptide-, substance
      P-, and somatostatin-like reactive neurons and nerve fibers was made by means of
      immunohistochemistry. Indirect immunofluorescence was carried out in parallel to
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase reaction using a modified fixation technique. Special
      interest was directed to the superficial ventral regions of the medulla oblongata
      where regulative centers for respiration and circulation have been localized. The
      atlas presented offers a reliable tool for a precise neuromorphological
      localization of these neuropeptides in pharmacophysiological experiments.

PMID- 2415573
TI  - Analysis of human bone marrow with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - In order to study the antigenic phenotype of different hemopoietic cells, we used
      a series of monoclonal antibodies to investigate normal bone marrow in a standard
      immunofluorescence assay. The antibodies detected the following antigens: HLA
      ABC, beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m), HLA-DR (Ia), a lymphocyte subset and
      specific antigen (T and B) HuLy-m2, m3, T lymphocyte antigen (HuLy-m1),
      lymphocyte T200 antigen (HuLy-m4), a viral-associated antigen (HuLy-m5), and
      platelet-specific glycoproteins IIb-IIIa (HuPl-m1). The following results were
      obtained: (a) normoblasts were weakly HLA-ABC+, beta 2m+ and Ia-; all other
      lymphocyte and platelet antigens were not detected. (b) Myeloid cells at all
      stages of differentiation (promyelocytes, myelocytes, metamyelocytes, and
      neutrophils) were HLA-ABC+; beta 2m+; HuLy-m1-, m2-, m3+/- (20%), m4+, m5+/-
      (20%); HuPl-m1-; in addition, promyelocytes and myelocytes were Ia+ but
      neutrophils and metamyelocytes were Ia-. (c) Lymphocytes were HLA-ABC+, beta 2m+,
      Ia+/- (20-30%), HuLy-m1+/- (40-50%), m2+/- (60-70%), m3+, m4+, m5+; Pl-m1-. (d)
      Platelets and megakaryocytes were HLA-ABC+; beta 2m+; Ia-; HuLy-m1+-, m2-, m3-,
      m4-, m5-, HuPl-m1+, and the putative "megakaryocyte precursors" were HuPl-m1+, Ia
      , HuLy-m1-. The different cell types in bone marrow could readily be
      distinguished, particularly cells of the myeloid series (Ia and HuLy-m4, m5),
      lymphocytes (Ia and HuLy-m1, m2, m3), and platelets and their precursor cells
      (HuPl-m1). This simple method of defining cellular phenotypes in bone marrow has
      demonstrated the practicality of using monoclonal antibodies to identify marrow
      cells and should be of diagnostic value.

PMID- 2415574
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of tubulin and actin in rat hepatocytes in situ
      using a perfusion extraction-fixation procedure.
AB  - There have been many studies on the localization by immunocytochemistry of
      cytoskeletal proteins in cells cultured in vitro. However, the distribution of
      cytoskeleton in cells in situ has yet to be elucidated. In the present study we
      developed an immunohistochemical method for visualizing tubulin and actin in rat
      hepatocytes in situ, using a perfusion extraction-fixation procedure, in which
      the liver was perfused through the portal vein with a nonionic detergent to make
      the plasma membranes permeable to soluble substances, followed by a fixative to
      preserve cytoskeletal structure. Using the immunogold and peroxidase
      antiperoxidase (PAP) staining procedures, we found that in hepatocytes in situ,
      tubulin was localized in cytoplasmic filamentous networks and in spindle fibers,
      as in hepatocytes and other cells in vitro. On the other hand, the distribution
      of actin in hepatocytes in situ was considerably different from that in well
      spread hepatocytes and other cells cultured in vitro. In hepatocytes in situ,
      actin did not form any stress fibers, but was distributed preferentially under
      the plasma membrane, especially around the bile canaliculi. The perfusion
      extraction-fixation procedure could be adapted to visualize cytoskeleton in other
      tissues.

PMID- 2415575
TI  - Sensitive detection of hybridocytochemical results by means of reflection
      contrast microscopy.
AB  - A new sensitive method for visualization of nonautoradiographic hybridization
      results in microscopic preparations is described. The method is based on the
      reflection of the incident light by diaminobenzidine precipitates deposited at
      the site of hybridization during an indirect hybridocytochemical procedure. The
      reflected light is detected by means of reflection-contrast microscopy. The
      applicability of the procedure is demonstrated with nucleic acid probes modified
      with 2-acetylaminofluorene groups. These in turn are localized in situ by an
      indirect immunoperoxidase reaction. Besides its sensitivity, this simple
      visualization technique possesses the additional advantages, over absorption and
      fluorescence microscopy, that it provides a total DNA counterstain and a
      chromosomal banding pattern.

PMID- 2415576
TI  - Applications of immunocolloids in light microscopy. IV. Use of photochemical
      silver staining in a simple and efficient double-staining technique.
AB  - We report the development of a new light-microscopic double-staining technique
      using colloidal gold as sole marker. The contrasting color to the red of
      colloidal gold is achieved by the application of photochemical silver reaction.
      The silver reaction, which is principally performed at the end of the first
      staining sequence, converts the red color of a gold-labeled reagent into black.
      This contrasts clearly with the red coloration that results from the second
      incubation sequence without silver reaction. For antigen double staining, the
      same protein A-gold complex can be used to provide the black and the red color,
      thus rendering the technique very economical. Alternatively, combination of
      protein A-gold immunolocalization and lectin-gold staining is possible, as is
      combined lectin-gold staining.

PMID- 2415577
TI  - Changes in sodium pump activity and vascular contraction.

PMID- 2415578
TI  - Alterations in renal Na+K+ATPase activity and [3H]ouabain binding in Goldblatt
      hypertensive rabbits.
AB  - To evaluate the role of renal Na+K+ATPase in the presence of Goldblatt
      hypertension, the enzyme activity and [3H]ouabain binding were examined in
      cortical and medullary homogenates from two-kidney, one clip (2K1C), one-kidney,
      one clip (1K1C), unilaterally nephrectomized and normal rabbits. Four weeks after
      the surgery, systolic blood pressures (SBPs) of 2K1C and 1K1C rabbits were
      increased significantly to 128 +/- 3 and 129 +/- 2 mmHg, respectively. In
      contrast, SBPs in the normal controls and unilateral nephrectomized (1K) animals
      were 83 +/- 2 and 86 +/- 3 mmHg, respectively. In the 2K1C rabbits, atrophy (91%)
      occurred in the kidney on the ischaemic side and hypertrophy (110%) occurred in
      the contralateral kidney. Na+K+ATPase activity and number of [3H]ouabain binding
      sites were reduced in the homogenates of the ischaemic kidney of 2K1C rabbits. In
      the 1K1C rabbits, marked hypertrophy of the kidney (155%) occurred, and the
      activity of Na+K+ATPase and the number of [3H]ouabain binding sites increased
      slightly in the cortex and medulla, compared with the normal controls. 5'
      Nucleotidase, a plasma membrane marker enzyme, remained unchanged in both groups
      of hypertensive rabbits. Dissociation constant (KD) values for [3H]ouabain
      binding did not differ significantly in the renal homogenates of of 2K1C and
      1K1C, compared with findings in the normal controls. The inhibitory activity of
      plasma was measured by studying [3H]ouabain binding to Na+K+ATPase of renal
      tubular basolateral membrane vesicles purified by Percoll gradient. The
      inhibition was more pronounced with plasma from 2K1C, 1K1C and 1K rabbits than
      from the control animals. Our findings suggest that in the Goldblatt hypertensive
      model, changes in Na+K+ATPase activity were due to alterations in glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR).

PMID- 2415579
TI  - Effect of changes in dietary sodium and potassium on blood pressure and cellular
      electrolyte handling in young normotensive subjects.
AB  - In a study on 22 normotensive male subjects, a change in dietary sodium intake
      from 29.6 +/- 6.0 to 332.5 +/- 13.9 mmol/day (mean +/- s.e.m.), over 7 days, was
      associated with a significant rise in supine and standing systolic blood pressure
      and a fall in sodium pump activity. Intracellular sodium remained constant, while
      intracellular potassium fell. These changes appeared to be reversed by the
      addition of potassium (96 mmol/day) to the high sodium diet. The 12 subjects with
      a family history of essential hypertension, as determined by measurement of
      parental blood pressure, did not differ in their response from those whose
      parents were normotensive.

PMID- 2415580
TI  - Generation of cytotoxic T cells specific for minor histocompatibility antigens by
      cross challenge in vitro with H-2 disparate adherent cells.
AB  - Although it is well known that an H-2-restricted cytotoxic T cell response to
      minor histocompatibility antigens (MIHA) can be primed in vivo with H-2 disparate
      spleen cells, it has not been previously possible to induce cytotoxic T
      lymphocyte (CTL) precursors (CTLp) in vitro by this type of challenge. In this
      work, we demonstrate that the inability to cross challenge in vitro is due to the
      existence of inhibitory effects that can be obviated by cell fractionation, and
      to insufficient priming in vivo. BALB/c CTLp (H-2d) that have been repeatedly
      primed in vivo with B10.D2 can be challenged in vitro with C57BL10/J (H-2b) or
      B10.BR (H-2k)-adherent cells to generate CTL able to lyse B10.D2 (H-2d) target
      cells. The H-2 restriction properties of the cross-challenged CTL specific for
      MIHA were analyzed by using the technique of cold target competition. Within the
      limits of detection in bulk cultures, the entire response appeared to be H-2
      unrestricted, whether the cross challenge was with intact C57BL10/J-adherent
      cells, or with membrane fragments of C57BL10/J presented by BALB/c adherent
      cells. The frequency of CTLp responsive to cross challenge was analyzed by
      limiting dilution, with cold target competition at each cell number to establish
      the restriction properties of the MIHA-specific CTL induced. We were able to
      detect two subsets of H-2-unrestricted CTLp responsive to intact C57BL10/J
      adherent cells; one present at high frequency (1/250 T cells) and subject to
      suppressive effects at high cell number, and a second present at lower frequency
      (1/9800 T cells). There appeared to be a relatively infrequent subset of H-2
      restricted CTLp as well (1/52,500 T cells). The frequency of CTLp responsive to
      cross challenge is of comparable magnitude to the frequency of H-2-restricted
      CTLp responsive to H-2-matched cells bearing MIHA. These observations are
      discussed in relationship to immunodominance and clonal dominance effects in the
      response to MIHA.

PMID- 2415581
TI  - Expression of H-2I region-restricted cytolytic activity by an Lyt-2+ influenza
      virus-specific T lymphocyte clone.
AB  - The expression of Lyt-2 on T lymphocytes has been postulated to correlate closely
      with restriction by, or alloreactivity to, class I MHC gene products, whereas I
      region-restricted or alloreactive populations appear to be associated with Lyt-1
      and L3T4 expression. However, exceptions to this axiom among alloreactive T cells
      have been shown to exist. In this report we describe a clonal population of
      influenza virus-specific T lymphocytes that bears the Lyt-2+, L3T4- phenotype.
      Notably, this clone is restricted in influenza virus recognition by class II MHC
      molecules and is cytolytic for virus-infected target cells expressing the
      appropriate class II molecules. Antibody directed to the Lyt-2 molecule does not
      inhibit cytolysis.

PMID- 2415583
TI  - The sites of antigen-T cell and antigen-MHC interactions overlap.
AB  - The immune responses of B10.A and B10.A(3R) strains of mice to a synthetic
      variant of moth cytochrome c 86-103 were compared, and an immune response
      difference between the two strains was found. When T cell hybridomas were made
      from both strains it was found that the responsive T cells showed degenerate MHC
      restriction. The hybridomas from B10.A(3R) mice consistently showed a specificity
      pattern, when tested with allogeneic B10.A APC, different from that seen when
      syngeneic B10.A(3R) APC were used. The difference in the immune responses of the
      two strains of mice could be attributed to this APC-expressed specificity. The
      results were analyzed to determine whether the portion of the antigen that
      effected T cell memory (the epitope) and the portion that effected APC-expressed
      specificity (the agretope) were independent. It was found that a) these sites
      overlap and b) the APC-expressed specificity (i.e., the specificity of agretope
      recognition) was dependent on the T cell clonotype. This implies that the
      agretope is not an independent parameter in the process of MHC-restricted antigen
      recognition. Therefore its employment as an explanation for various phenomena
      will be limited by the likelihood of circularity.

PMID- 2415582
TI  - A murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone from the intestinal mucosa that is antigen
      specific for proliferation and displays broadly reactive inducible cytotoxic
      activity.
AB  - Thy-1+, Lyt-1-,2+, asialo GM1+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones have been
      isolated from the intestinal mucosa of mice primed with alloantigens. Two
      different types of cytotoxic clones have been obtained. The first type is
      functionally similar to most splenic and lymph node-derived CTL clones in that
      they are strictly antigen specific with respect to proliferation and cytolytic
      activity. The second type of CTL clone has several unique characteristics.
      Although these clones are also antigen specific with regard to proliferation,
      they are not cytolytic under standard growth conditions in medium containing 4%
      rat concanavalin A-induced spleen cell supernatant. After culture for 4 days in
      the presence of high concentrations of interleukin 2, cells become activated and
      exhibit broad lytic potential. Moreover, during the activation process, these CTL
      begin to express a murine T cell surface antigen, CT-1, which is associated with
      activated cytotoxic cells. The findings reported in this report should now allow
      us to precisely define, both phenotypically and functionally, specific lymphocyte
      populations that make up the gut-associated lymphoid tissues. These data also
      describe a new type of effector CTL that differs from other cytotoxic cells
      reported to date, because it is antigen dependent for proliferation, but requires
      signals mediated by lymphokines for lytic activation.

PMID- 2415584
TI  - Fucose-activated killer (FAK) cells: anomalous killers with augmented cytotoxic
      activity.
AB  - The effects of monosaccharides on various lymphocyte functions have provided
      useful probes for the study of cell-cell interactions. In this report, we show
      that a monosaccharide, alpha-L-fucose, significantly enhances the cytolytic
      capacity of MLC-induced or preincubated effector cells. The increase in activity
      was seen against cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) targets (:relevant PHA blasts),
      natural killer cell (NK) targets (:K562), and natural cytotoxic cell (NC) targets
      (:MA-160). In addition, traditionally NK-insensitive targets (Raji cells,
      irrelevant and autologous PHA blasts) were lysed after preincubation of effector
      cells with fucose. Conversely, ADCC activity was not significantly increased with
      fucose induction. The addition of fucose directly to assay cultures did not
      enhance NK or CTL activity, whereas other sugars, such as alpha-methyl-D
      mannoside and D-fructose, were inhibitory. The proportion of target-binding cells
      was not affected by preincubation with fucose, but the percentage of lytic
      conjugates was doubled. Significant augmentation of NK activity could be observed
      within 24 hr of incubation with alpha-L-fucose. Conversely, when fucose was added
      more than 24 hr after initiation of the culture, the increase in cytolytic
      activity was not observed. Parallel to the increase in cytolytic activity, after
      preincubation with alpha-L-fucose, an increase in the expression of a newly
      defined human NC cell marker, HNC-1A3, was observed. The HNC-1A3+ cells were not
      the major subpopulation responsible for fucose-induced activity, as ascertained
      by the use of positively sorted cells. The populations expressing antigens
      defined by the antibodies OKT8 and Leu-7 showed no quantitative change. The
      treatment of cells with OKM1 and complement (C) before culture eliminated fucose
      enhanced killing, whereas similar treatment with OKT8 and C had no significant
      effect. The induction of fucose-activated killers (FAK) does not result in higher
      concentrations of interferon (IFN) in culture supernatants, in contrast to poly
      I:C, which induced both higher cytolytic activity and high titers of IFN. In
      addition, the induction of FAK was not sensitive to 100 ng/ml of cyclosporin A,
      suggesting that IL 2 did not play a major role in fucose activation of killing.
      These results provide strong evidence that alpha-L-fucose is capable of
      augmenting nonspecific activity by acting on OKM1+ precursors of cytotoxic cells
      and influencing a postbinding event.

PMID- 2415585
TI  - Preparation and analysis of antigen-specific memory B cells.
AB  - A procedure has been developed for the enrichment of TNP-binding memory B cells
      (TNP-MABC) from spleens of immunized mice. More than 75% of the cells expressed
      surface IgM (sIgM) and IgD (sIgD) and about 9% expressed surface IgG (sIgG). The
      TNP-MABC consisted of small resting lymphocytes with high affinity antigen
      binding receptors. These cells expressed increased densities of Ia antigens and
      decreased densities of sIgD. Adoptive transfer of the cells into irradiated,
      carrier-primed syngeneic recipients resulted in their differentiation into IgG
      anti-TNP antibody-secreting cells. TNP-MABC secreted high affinity IgG anti-TNP
      antibodies when cultured in vitro with carrier-primed T cells and antigen.
      Limiting dilution analysis revealed that TNP-MABC contained a relatively low
      frequency of precursors for IgG-secreting cells that had an exceptionally large
      clone size. These results show that a highly enriched population of antigen
      specific memory B cells can now be prepared and used to analyze their activation
      requirements.

PMID- 2415586
TI  - A novel method to bursectomize avian embryos and obtain quail----chick bursal
      chimeras. I. Immunocytochemical analysis of such chimeras by using species
      specific monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Chick embryos were bursectomized at 5 days of incubation according to a novel
      surgical technique described in this article. This method yields birds that are
      able to hatch and are devoid of the physiologic deficiencies resulting from the
      previously used method, which involved resection of the cloacal and posterior
      embryonic region. The bursectomized embryos were grafted in situ with a quail
      bursa of the same age, which thereafter became chimeric through chick host
      hemopoietic cell invasion. By means of species-specific antibodies, the chimeric
      condition revealed 1) that the bursal epithelium expresses a unique antigenic
      determinant (MB1 determinant), until now considered to be an exclusive feature of
      blood vessel endothelium and hemopoietic cells, and 2) that this determinant
      appears in bursal epithelium at the time and site of hemopoietic cell invasion.
      The other point arising from this work concerns the apparent constitutive Ia
      expression by perifollicular blood capillary endothelial cells in normal and
      chimeric bursas.

PMID- 2415587
TI  - The CD20 (Bp35) antigen is involved in activation of B cells from the G0 to the
      G1 phase of the cell cycle.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies, 1F5 and B1, directed against the CD20 (Bp35) antigen
      were found to have both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on B cells. 1F5, but
      not B1, induces small resting tonsillar B cells and prolymphocytic leukemia cells
      to enlarge, to rapidly increase their RNA synthesis, and to become responsive to
      growth factors present in mixed lymphocyte reaction supernatants. In addition,
      1F5 induces a moderate increase in thymidine uptake, which is accompanied by
      enhanced viability of the cells, but not by any increase in total cell number or
      by any detectable entry into S phase or mitosis. Taken together, these
      observations suggest that 1F5 can initiate transition from the G0 to the G1 phase
      of the cell cycle. The fact that all the changes observed can be inhibited by low
      concentrations (I50 = 50 ng/ml) of cyclosporin A is further evidence that 1F5 is
      involved at an early stage of B cell activation. Because both 1F5 and B1 belong
      to the IgG2a subclass, differences in their activities are likely to reflect
      their different epitope specificities. Although only 1F5 had stimulatory
      activity, both 1F5 and B1 strongly inhibited B cell differentiation to
      immunoglobulin secretion. Possible explanations for the dual activities of 1F5
      and implications for the role of the CD20 antigen in B cell differentiation are
      discussed.

PMID- 2415588
TI  - Differential regulation of activation, clonal expansion, and antibody secretion
      in human B cells.
AB  - Limiting dilution analysis, hemolytic plaque assay, and ELISA procedures were
      used to study the recruitment, clonal expansion, and antibody secretion in human
      TNP-specific B cells activated in the presence of TNP-ovalbumin (TNP-OA),
      pokeweed mitogen (PWM), or regulatory T cells. TNP-OA-responsive, hapten-specific
      PFC precursor cells occupy approximately 0.5% of all sIgM+/sIgD+ B cells in cord
      blood, bone marrow, peripheral blood, and tonsil. The PWM-responsive, hapten
      specific PFC precursor pool is 70 to 90% smaller and does not express sIgD.
      Antigen-reactive B cells go through a minimum of three divisions in culture (six
      to nine PFC per clone), and antibody secretory rates of about 10(4) molecules
      IgM/cell/hr are achieved. In contrast, PWM-induced clone sizes were at least 60
      PFC per clone, with antibody secretory rates of approximately 6 to 7 X 10(4)
      molecules IgM/cell/hr. Addition of high-dose carrier-primed suppressor T cells to
      limit dilution cultures reduced PFC precursor cell recruitment by up to 99%.
      However, in the few clones escaping from suppression, both clonal expansion and
      antibody secretory rates were much higher than in suppressor cell-free cultures,
      generating 30 to 60% of the antibody secreted in controls but with consequently
      much more restricted clonal diversity. When limiting dilution cultures were
      compared with standard microcultures of 2 X 10(5) cells, both clonal expansion
      and antibody secretory rates were much lower than expected, with a culture
      efficiency calculated to be 10 to 20% of that in low-density cultures. Our data
      suggest that the B cell subsets activated by antigen and by mitogen differ in
      their abilities for clonal expansion and antibody secretion. The hapten-specific
      and -responsive B cell family is expressed early in ontogeny, and in adults it is
      distributed evenly throughout the body. These limiting dilution experiments
      revealed that the primary effect of regulatory T cells is a drastic reduction in
      clonal diversity, and much less a mere reduction in overall response magnitude.

PMID- 2415589
TI  - Dietary fat and immune function. I. Antibody responses, lymphocyte and accessory
      cell function in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice.
AB  - The influence of dietary fat on autoimmunity in lupus-prone (NZB x NZW)F1 mice
      has been demonstrated. In defining further the effects of dietary lipid on the
      immune system of this strain, female weanling mice were placed on four diets
      differing in quantity and type of fat. Their immunologic response was then
      studied by a variety of tests at 4 and 7 mo of age. Few differences were seen
      among the four groups at 4 mo of age. At 7 mo of age, however, the mice receiving
      diets high in saturated and unsaturated fats had a reduced mitogenic response to
      T cell mitogens and an enhanced response to the B cell mitogen LPS.
      Immunoglobulin levels and delayed hypersensitivity responses did not show any
      consistent differences among the diet groups. At 7 mo, however, mice receiving
      diets high in unsaturated fat demonstrated hyperresponsiveness to injected sheep
      red blood cells as measured by the hemolytic plaque technique. In addition,
      peritoneal leukocytes from the same diet group exhibited an increased response to
      bromelain-treated autologous erythrocytes which was decreased after treatment
      with anti-Thy-1 antiserum and complement. Phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages
      was significantly decreased in the animals fed high-fat diets, particular high
      saturated fat. Similarly, natural killer cell activity was markedly reduced in
      the mice with a high intake of saturated lipid, a finding which correlated with
      the in vitro production of interferon. These results indicate that diets high in
      fat influence immune responses and thus can affect the onset and severity of
      autoimmune disease. A low-fat diet can reduce the development of disease by
      maintaining normal immune responses. The data also suggest that unsaturated fat
      may influence T helper cell activity and therefore antibody production, whereas
      saturated fats may affect cellular immune responses which are dependent on
      membrane contact.

PMID- 2415590
TI  - Isolation and characterization of Ni-specific T cell clones from patients with Ni
      contact dermatitis.
AB  - Ni-specific T lymphocyte clones (TLC) were isolated from two patients with Ni
      contact dermatitis. All of the isolated TLC required both histocompatible antigen
      presenting cells (APC) and Ni for induction of proliferation. By using a panel of
      HLA-typed Epstein Barr virus-transformed B cells (EBV-B cells) as APC and
      monoclonal anti-DR antibody, the clones were shown to recognize Ni in the context
      of HLA class II determinants. All of the clones that were isolated are OKT3+,
      OKT4+, OKT8-. In the presence of Ni, they polyclonally activate autologous B
      cells, and in the presence of Ni and autologous EBV-B cells, they produce IL 2
      and very high levels of IFN-gamma. The Ni-specific clones should be helpful in
      the identification of the Ni-induced antigen which is recognized by T cells.

PMID- 2415591
TI  - Cell surface molecular changes on the activation of human thymocytes.
AB  - The changes in the expression of antigen molecules on the cell surface membranes
      of uncultured (nonactivated) and activated human thymocytes have been studied by
      flow cytometry and immunoprecipitation techniques. Nonactivated thymocytes do not
      have the phenotypic profile of a resting population because they express cell
      proliferation molecules such as the transferrin receptor and the 4F2 antigens
      (mainly the 100,000 dalton subunit). After activation with IL 2-containing
      supernatants, mature T3+, T6- thymocytes proliferate and are able to
      nonspecifically kill different target cells. The activated thymocytes are T3+,
      T11+, T6-, OKM1- and bear T4 or T8 antigens in mutually exclusive cell
      subpopulations. They also "de novo" express the IL 2 receptor, and the
      210.000/130.000 molecular complex defined by the TS2/7 MAb. Activated human
      thymocytes express higher amounts of class I and class II MHC antigens, equal T3
      and LFA-1, and lower quantities of T11 and T4 molecules than nonactivated
      thymocytes. Furthermore, activated thymocytes only express the T8 34,000 dalton
      polypeptide subunit, whereas the nonactivated thymocyte population expressed the
      T8 34,000 dalton associated with a 46,000 glycoprotein. We have demonstrated that
      this structural change in the T8 molecule from a complex of two polypeptide
      subunits of 46,000 and 32,000 does not indeed occur in the activation process but
      rather in the maturation from T6+ to T6- thymocytes.

PMID- 2415592
TI  - Cell surface glycoproteins involved in the stimulation of interleukin 1-dependent
      interleukin 2 production by a subline of EL4 thymoma cells. I. Functional
      characterization by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Three rat monoclonal antibodies (MAb) capable of stimulating interleukin 2 (IL 2)
      production by a variant subline of EL4 thymoma cells (EL4-6.1) have been
      produced. The stimulatory capacity of these MAb (designated RL73, RL119, and
      RL388) was originally found to be dependent on the presence of irradiated
      peritoneal exudate cells; however, this requirement could be replaced by the
      cellfree supernatant of the "macrophage-like" cell line P388D1 or by
      biochemically purified human interleukin 1 (IL 1). A number of other rat MAb
      directed against cell surface structures did not stimulate IL 1-dependent IL 2
      production by EL4-6.1 cells; however, certain MAb directed against Thy-1 as well
      as the lectin phytohemagglutin did have this capacity. Furthermore, the
      stimulatory activity of MAb RL73, RL119, and RL388 appeared to be restricted to
      the EL4-6.1 variant line, because neither the parental EL4 line from which it was
      derived nor a series of ovalbumin-specific T-T hybrids responded to these MAb.
      The cell surface antigens recognized by MAb RL73, RL119, and RL388 were present
      on a wide variety of T cell lines and T-T hybrids, as well as on lines of B cell,
      macrophage, and fibroblast origin. Interestingly, the MAb reacted with the
      majority (approximately 85%) of thymocytes but not (or only to a very small
      extent) with resting T lymphocytes. After stimulation by concanavalin A, however,
      the three MAb reacted strongly with activated T lymphoblasts. The latter data
      suggest that MAb RL73, RL119, and RL388 may react with cell surface structures
      that are normally expressed as a consequence of lymphocyte activation.

PMID- 2415593
TI  - Human interleukin 1 is a cytocidal factor for several tumor cell lines.
AB  - Highly purified interleukin 1 (IL 1) obtained from stimulated human monocytes
      appeared to be growth inhibitory and cytocidal for a human melanoma cell line,
      A375. Although IL 1 did not have an immediate cytolytic effect, with time in
      culture the growth of the target cells was irreversibly inhibited. The cells
      eventually lysed and decreased markedly in number; the IL 1 effect can therefore
      be said to be cytocidal. IL 1 activity could not be separated from the cytocidal
      activity by a variety of chromatography procedures by using conventional and high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The A375 melanoma cell line was also
      sensitive to another human cytokine alpha-lymphotoxin (alpha-LT) derived from a
      human B cell line. IL 1 also appeared to be partially growth inhibitory and
      cytocidal for a LT-sensitive mouse fibroblast cell line, L929; but not for LT
      resistant cells, including a subline of L929; a human epithelial carcinoma cell
      line, HeLa; a human osteosarcoma cell line, HOS; and a mouse SV40-transformed
      kidney cell line, TU5. However, the LT-sensitive mouse fibroblast cell line, L-M,
      was resistant to IL 1. Therefore, the cytocidal activity of IL 1 only partially
      overlapped the target cell selectivity of alpha-LT. Although natural IFN-alpha
      and recombinant IFN-beta were appreciably growth inhibitory for the A375 cell
      line, natural and recombinant IFN-alpha and recombinant IFN-beta and IFN-gamma
      exhibited little cytocidal activity. Purified IL 1 did not have any antiviral
      activity, and conversely, IFN and alpha-LT were not co-mitogenic for thymocytes.
      Furthermore, by ELISA and radioimmunoassays, antibodies against human alpha-LT,
      tumor necrosis factor, and IFN-gamma did not react with IL 1, indicating that IL
      1 is antigenically distinct from these other cytokines. These in vitro results
      suggest that IL 1 may play a role in host defense against some tumors as a
      cytocidal factor.

PMID- 2415594
TI  - Regulation of the IgM and IgA anti-dextran B1355S response: synergy between IFN
      gamma, BCGF II, and IL 2.
AB  - T cell help is required for the induction of the humoral antibody response to
      dextran B1355S, a type II thymus-independent bacterial polysaccharide antigen. In
      the present study we have identified three B cell growth and differentiation
      factors that can substitute for T cells in the induction of IgM and IgA antibody
      responses to alpha(1,3) glucan determinants on dextran B1355S. Dextran B1355S
      stimulated murine B cell cultures supplemented with a combination of murine
      recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and a late-acting B cell growth and
      differentiation factor, BCGF II, produced both IgA and IgM anti-alpha(1,3)
      dextran plaque-forming cells (PFC). Interleukin 2 (IL 2) was not required for
      those responses. In contrast, recombinant IFN-gamma and recombinant IL 2 in
      combination supported the induction of IgA but not IgM anti-alpha(1,3) dextran
      PFC. In all cases, depletion of surface IgA-bearing B cells significantly
      decreased IgA but not IgM anti-dextran responses, indicating that the B cells
      responding to those lymphokines already were committed to IgA expression. These
      studies indicate that B cell growth and differentiation factors can exhibit
      differential effects on the induction of IgA compared with IgM responses.

PMID- 2415595
TI  - Murine transfer factor. III. Specific interactions between transfer factor and
      antigen.
AB  - The interactions between dialyzable transfer factor and antigens have been
      studied. Incubation of transfer factor-containing dialysates from ferritin
      sensitized mice or ferritin-coated plastic surfaces removed the antigen
      sensitizing activity; incubations of the same preparations on cytochrome c-coated
      surfaces did not. Similar results were obtained when cytochrome c-transfer factor
      was studied. Incubation on cytochrome c-coated surfaces removed the activity, but
      incubation on ferritin-coated surfaces did not. Specific transfer factor
      activities could be recovered by elution with 8 M urea or acetonitrile. The
      finding of interactions between transfer factor and antigens provides evidence
      for a molecular basis of the specificity of the immunologic effects of transfer
      factor. This technique may also enable us to obtain amounts of specific material
      that are adequate for chemical analysis.

PMID- 2415596
TI  - Cytotoxic lymphokines produced by cloned human cytotoxic T lymphocytes. I.
      Cytotoxins produced by antigen-specific and natural killer-like CTL are
      dissimilar to classical lymphotoxins.
AB  - Several cloned lines of IL 2-dependent human T cells derived from alloantigen,
      mitogen, or IL 2-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined for their
      surface marker expression, cytolytic activity in a 51Cr-release assay, and
      capacity to release cytotoxic lymphokines. Thirty cell lines exhibiting either
      antigen-specific natural killer cell activity or lectin-dependent killer cell
      function, which expressed either the CD4 or CD8 surface differentiation markers,
      were capable of producing cytotoxin(s) in response to the lectins
      phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A. Cytotoxin activity was detected on the
      murine L929 target cell in a 16-hr cytotoxicity assay. In contrast, several
      nonlytic T cell tumor lines failed to produce a soluble cytotoxin. Antibodies
      capable of neutralizing human alpha-lymphotoxin were completely ineffective in
      inhibiting the cytotoxin(s) produced by any of the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)
      cell lines. Comparative gel filtration and HPLC hydrophobic chromatography of
      alpha-lymphotoxin and CTL toxin produced by the CTL-830.B2 clone revealed
      significant differences in their elution profiles. The CTL-produced toxin and
      alpha-lymphotoxin exhibited similar kinetics of lysis of the L929 target cells,
      with 50% target cell lysis occurring at 10 hr. These data indicate human CTL
      produce a cytotoxin(s) antigenically distinct from alpha-lymphotoxin and imply
      that human cytolytic effector T cells are not the cellular source for the
      production of human alpha-lymphotoxin. The relationship of alpha-lymphotoxin and
      CTL toxin production was investigated in unseparated peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells stimulated with lectins or IL 2 for 1 and 5 days. Anti-alpha-lymphotoxin
      antibodies were capable of neutralizing only 30 to 50% of the cytotoxic activity
      in 24-hr supernatants. Cytotoxic activity in supernatants harvested after 120 hr
      stimulation with PHA or Con A was neutralized 70 to 100%, whereas the toxin(s)
      released from IL 2-stimulated lymphocytes was only neutralized 30%. These data
      suggest the observed heterogeneity of cytotoxic lymphokines produced by
      unseparated mononuclear cells depends in part on the subpopulations of effector
      cells responding to a given stimulus and the capacity of different subpopulations
      to produce distinct cytotoxins.

PMID- 2415597
TI  - Haplotype-specific suppression of antibody responses in vitro. III. Haplotype
      specific suppressor factor (TsF-H) binds to but fails to suppress responses by
      the I-A mutant strain B6.C-H-2bm12.
AB  - Spleen cells from C57BL/6 and B6.C-H-2bm12 mice, both responder strains to GAT,
      differ in their ability to be suppressed by the monoclonal I-A-restricted,
      nonantigen-specific, but haplotype-specific suppressor factor, TsF-H, from the
      hybridoma 266A4.5. Whereas GAT-specific responses by C57BL/6 spleen cells are
      susceptible to TsF-H-mediated suppression, responses by bm12 spleen cells are
      nonsuppressible under the same conditions. Responses of both C57BL/6 and bm12
      spleen cells are suppressed by monoclonal GAT-specific suppressor factors. The
      inability of TsF-H to suppress responses by the bm12 spleen cells presumably
      reflects the effects of the mutation in the beta-chain of the I-A antigen in this
      strain on the required I-A restriction between TsF-H and target cell for
      manifestation of suppressive activity. The data are discussed in terms of
      involvement of I-A or recognition of I-A in mediating suppression.

PMID- 2415598
TI  - Sequence similarities and cross-idiotypic specificity of L chains among human
      monoclonal IgM kappa with anti-gamma-globulin activity.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of five light chain variable (V) regions of
      human monoclonal IgM kappa rheumatoid factors (RF) was determined, and their
      cross-reactive idiotypes (CRI) were characterized with antibodies induced by
      immunization with synthetic peptides PSL2 and PSL3, corresponding to the second
      and third complementarity-determining regions (CDR) of the SIE light chain.
      Together with two additional RF studied previously, all seven RF belong to the V
      kappa IIIb sub-subgroup. The region encoded by the V kappa gene segment
      (positions 1 to 95) in all seven proteins was virtually identical in primary
      structure, whereas the sequence from positions 96 to 108 defined the usage of the
      J kappa 1 gene in three proteins and the J kappa 2 gene in four of them. Position
      96 contributed by the recombination of the V kappa and J kappa gene segments
      showed the presence of four different amino acid residues. Both anti-PSL2 and
      anti-PSL3 bind efficiently to all separated L chains when analyzed by the Western
      blot technique, and the binding was inhibited specifically by the corresponding
      peptides. The results reveal that the majority of human IgM-RF light chains are
      derived from a single germ line V kappa gene or a family of closely related V
      kappa III germ line genes, and express two "primary structure-dependent" CRI,
      which are largely dependent on the amino acid sequence of the second and third
      light chain CDR.

PMID- 2415599
TI  - A1 and A2 erythrocytes can be distinguished by reagents that do not detect
      structural differences between the two cell types.
AB  - The differential reactivity of four mouse monoclonal antibodies (AbCB, AbHT29-36,
      AbM2, and AbS12) and Dolichos biflorus lectin with A1 and A2 erythrocytes was
      analyzed. Only AbS12 and D. biflorus lectin were able to preferentially
      agglutinate A1 erythrocytes. AbS12 is known to react only with short chain,
      unbranched structures (such as Aa-2 and Ab-2 glycolipids) and not with longer
      chains or with type 3 and type 4 structures. D. biflorus was shown to have a
      similar specificity by lectin staining of glycolipids separated by thin-layer
      chromatography. Analysis of the binding of radiolabeled AbCB and AbS12 to A1 and
      A2 erythrocytes by Scatchard analysis showed that, whereas the former antibody
      recognizes high-affinity sites on both A1 and A2 cells, AbS12 reacts with high
      affinity sites only on A1 cells. Because A1 and A2 erythrocytes have a similar
      complement of short chain type 2 glycolipids, although in different amounts, it
      is suggested that AbS12 and D. biflorus lectin differentiate between the two cell
      types on the basis of quantitative, nonstructural features. This is in contrast
      to AbTH1, which reacts with a repetitive A epitope (type 3 A chain) and
      distinguishes between A1 and A2 cells based on the preferential expression of
      type 3 A chains in A1 erythrocytes. Thus, two views of A1/A2, i.e., qualitative
      vs quantitative are correct, depending on the properties of the reagent being
      used to distinguish between the two cell types.

PMID- 2415600
TI  - Binding of histamine and histamine analogs to lymphocyte subsets analyzed by flow
      cytometry.
AB  - The binding of histamine, 4-methylhistamine (a histamine type 2 receptor
      agonist), cimetidine (a histamine type 2 receptor antagonist), and
      telemethylhistamine (an inactive analog) to human peripheral blood mononuclear
      cell subsets was investigated by flow cytometry by using conjugates of these
      ligands coupled to fluorescein-labeled human serum albumin. Our results indicate
      that binding of fluorescent protein conjugates of histamine and its analogs does
      not selectively identify a lymphocyte subset(s) that mediates the
      immunomodulatory effects of histaminergic ligands. Conjugates with both low (2.5
      to 2.8:1) and high (28 to 57:1) ligand to protein coupling ratios were used. No
      binding above background could be detected for the low mole ratio reagents. The
      high mole ratio reagents were bound by 95 to 99% of all lymphocytes when used at
      ligand concentrations of 50 microM or greater. At lower ligand concentrations,
      the number of lymphocytes exceeding a set fluorescence threshold was decreased,
      but fluorescence distributions remained unimodal at all concentrations used (1 to
      500 microM). Monocytes also bound the high mole ratio reagents and gave rise to a
      second high-intensity peak in the fluorescence distribution unless they were
      excluded by other means. Levels of conjugate binding detected by flow cytometry
      did not parallel ligand potencies at classical histamine type 2 receptors; at
      equivalent ligand concentrations, approximately equal amounts of histamine or 4
      methylhistamine conjugate were bound per lymphocyte, and only 30% less
      telemethylhistamine conjugate was bound. Competition with free ligands (10(2)- to
      10(4)-fold excess histamine, 4-methylhistamine, cimetidine, or
      telemethylhistamine) did not significantly decrease the level of binding observed
      for the high mole ratio reagents at bound ligand concentrations of 1 to 25
      microM. Dual staining with fluorescein-labeled conjugate and phycoerythrin
      labeled monoclonal antibodies Leu-3ab (anti-helper T), Leu-2a (anti-suppressor
      T), Leu-M3 (anti-monocyte), or anti-HLA-DR (B cells and monocytes) was also
      carried out. The extent of conjugate binding to helper and suppressor cells was
      identical for each of the ligands used, but higher levels of conjugate binding
      were seen for monocytes and B cells than for T cells in every case. Our data do
      not exclude the possibility of enhanced conjugate binding to small numbers of
      activated (HLA-DR positive) T cells that might be involved in mediation of
      histamine effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2415601
TI  - Test of a theory relating to the cross-linking of IgE antibody on the surface of
      human basophils.
AB  - Recent mathematical models of bivalent hapten-induced histamine release from
      basophils predict that under appropriate conditions histamine release is maximum
      when cross-link formation is maximum, at a hapten concentration equal to 1/(2Ka),
      where Ka is the average affinity constant of the hapten for a single IgE binding
      site. To test this prediction we sensitized human basophils with a monoclonal
      anti-dinitrophenol IgE and generated histamine release dose-response curves with
      a bivalent hapten, alpha, epsilon-DNP-lysine. The monoclonal IgE has a published
      affinity constant of 7.1 X 10(7) M-1 for epsilon-DNP-lysine as determined by
      equilibrium dialysis. From the position of the maximum of the histamine dose
      response curves, both in the presence and in the absence of monovalent DNP
      hapten, we determine that the sensitizing IgE has an intrinsic affinity constant
      of 6.9 +/- 0.5 X 10(7) M-1 for epsilon-DNP-lysine and 1.2 +/- 0.6 X 10(6) M-1 for
      alpha-DNP-lysine. The agreement between the two estimates of the epsilon-DNP
      lysine affinity constant, one from histamine release experiments involving
      surface bound IgE and one from binding experiments involving IgE free in
      solution, 1) is consistent with a central prediction of the theory of cross
      linking and 2) indicates that the hapten-binding properties of the IgE are
      unaffected by its being bound to Fc epsilon receptors on the basophil surface.

PMID- 2415602
TI  - Molecular mimicry of a carbohydrate epitope on a major surface glycoprotein of
      Trypanosoma cruzi by using anti-idiotypic antibodies.
AB  - The use of anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab2) to induce anti-microbial immunity
      might be particularly advantageous with respect to responses directed against
      carbohydrate determinants, because it may not be feasible to reproduce these
      epitopes by recombinant DNA technology. In the present studies, rabbit Ab2 were
      produced against a recurrent BALB/c idiotype defined by a monoclonal antibody
      (WIC 29.26) with specificity for a carbohydrate epitope of a major surface
      glycoprotein of Trypanosoma cruzi. The Ab2 induced specific antibodies in mice,
      rabbits, and guinea pigs, and reacted with parasite-induced anti-T. cruzi
      antibodies from mice and rabbits as well as humans. The behavior of this Ab2 is
      therefore consistent with that of the antigen itself, and suggests that molecular
      mimicry of carbohydrate epitopes can be easily achieved.

PMID- 2415603
TI  - Mycobacterium leprae antigens involved in human immune responses. I.
      Identification of four antigens by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Four distinct antigens were identified in soluble sonicates of Mycobacterium
      leprae by using a panel of 11 monoclonal antibodies. Cross-reactivity studies
      with other mycobacterial species were conducted by using ELISA and immunoblot
      assays, and demonstrated that determinants on two of the antigens were present in
      many mycobacteria, whereas the other two were limited in distribution.
      Competitive inhibition experiments with radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies showed
      cross-inhibition between antibodies identifying two of the four antigenic bands.
      These two bands, of Mr 4.5 to 6 KD and 30 to 40 KD, were resistant to protease
      treatment after immunoblotting. In contrast, the two other bands of 16 and 70 KD
      were protease-sensitive. Although all four bands reacted with some human
      lepromatous leprosy sera in immunoblots, the 4.5 to 6 KD and 30 to 40 KD bands
      were most prominent. Lepromatous leprosy sera also inhibited the binding of
      radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies to each of the four antigens, with the mean
      titer causing 50% inhibition being higher for antibodies reacting with the 4.5 to
      6 KD and 30 to 40 KD bands. These findings indicated that all four antigens were
      involved in the human B cell response to M. leprae.

PMID- 2415604
TI  - An unusual clonotypic determinant on a cytotoxic T lymphocyte line is encoded by
      an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene.
AB  - We have detected, in a CTL clone, an mRNA homologous to an immunoglobulin heavy
      chain variable region (VH) gene segment. A full-length copy of this mRNA was
      cloned and sequenced, revealing that it is the transcript of an authentic,
      unrearranged VH gene. The predicted protein product of this expressed VH gene is
      an approximately 12-kilodalton polypeptide, with secretory signal peptide leader
      and no membrane-anchoring sequences. Using immunologic reagents generated against
      a synthetic peptide representing the carboxyl terminus of the VH protein, we
      detect this protein as a clonotypic cell surface molecule. Strikingly, the anti
      peptide reagents also exert effects on CTL function clonotypically.
      Immunoprecipitation experiments suggest that the VH protein may be associated
      noncovalently with the consensus, major histocompatibility complex-restricted,
      antigen-specific T cell receptor alpha- and beta-chains on the cell surface of
      this CTL. We detect weakly cross-reactive material similar to the VH protein in
      electrophoretic mobility in other CTL clones and suggest the possibility that
      small VH-like molecules may constitute a novel class of receptor components with
      variable determinants involved in the binding of nominal antigen and contributing
      to overall receptor diversity.

PMID- 2415605
TI  - Sequences of variable regions of hybridoma antibodies to alpha (1----6) dextran
      in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice.
AB  - The variable region sequences of light and heavy chains of three hybridoma
      antibodies to alpha (1----6) dextran, two from BALB/c and one from C57BL/6 mice,
      were determined by cloning and sequencing their cDNA. The three kappa-light
      chains are identical in nucleotide and amino acid sequences, except for the use
      of different J by BALB/c and C57BL/6; all three had the germ-line sequence of
      antibodies to 2-phenyloxazolone (20). Nevertheless, 2-phenyloxazolone BSA did not
      cross-react in gel with antidextrans, nor did dextran react with anti-2
      phenyloxazolone ascitic fluids. The heavy chains differed, the BALB/c hybridomas
      having only three amino acid differences in CDR2 and two in CDR3; the C57BL/6
      hybridoma differed throughout the variable region. All three VH are members of
      the J558 family. The three identical V kappa sequences suggest a significant role
      in dextran binding, with the differences in CDR of VH and the various J mini
      genes of VL and VH being responsible for only fine differences in specificity.
      Alternatively, the role of V kappa might be minor, with most of the
      complementarity ascribable to VH. Additional sequences are needed to evaluate
      whether these data are typical of the repertoire of anti-alpha (1----6) dextran
      combining sites.

PMID- 2415606
TI  - Comparison of multiple HLA-A alleles at the DNA level by using Southern blotting
      and HLA-A-specific probes.
AB  - Numerous alleles of the HLA-A gene have been serologically identified. In this
      report we present a rapid and straightforward means to assess HLA-A polymorphism
      at the genomic level. Using 5' and 3' HLA-A-specific DNA probes and Southern
      blotting, we have placed the recognition sequences for five endonucleases
      relative to the coding regions of 15 HLA-A alleles. These data permit two
      interesting conclusions: four of the HLA-A alleles studied are associated with
      unique restriction fragments, and HLA-A alleles of a cross-reactive group are
      more closely related at the DNA level than are noncross-reactive alleles.

PMID- 2415607
TI  - Cytotoxic granules from killer cells: specificity of granules and insertion of
      channels of defined size into target membranes.
AB  - The channel-forming polyperforins P1 and P2 are thought to be formed from the
      contents of dense core vesicles of cytolytic effector cells. To test this
      hypothesis, granules from various cytotoxic effector cells were assayed for
      cytolytic activity on nucleated or unnucleated targets. The results show that in
      general, granules from cytolytic effector cells are cytolytic, whereas granules
      from noncytotoxic cells are not. Cytotoxicity of granules is not specific, but
      there appears to be a preference in that nucleated targets are lysed better than
      are erythrocytes by granules from T killer or natural killer cells. Granules from
      CTLL-2, however, preferentially lyse erythrocyte targets. This cell line has been
      in culture for a long period of time and has lost its cytotoxicity. We tested
      whether granules from CTLL-2 caused formation of transmembrane pores in
      erythrocyte target membranes. We found that granule- and complement-induced
      lesions have similar pore sizes. They are big enough to allow the total release
      of alpha-bungarotoxin, an 8000 Mr polypeptide with dimensions of 4 X 2.5 nm.
      Larger molecules are released partially or not at all. Under acidic conditions
      (pH 5.4) granules do not permeabilize target membranes. This may suggest a pH
      dependent control mechanism in the formation, insertion, or function of
      polyperforin channels, in addition to a previously recognized Ca2+-dependent
      mechanism. Permeabilization of lipid vesicles by granules was studied to explore
      what the molecular requirements for channel insertion into membranes may be.
      Release of alpha-bungarotoxin induced by granules was observed in liposomes made
      of soybean lipid with or without cholesterol, suggesting that no membrane
      component other than lipid is required for the insertion of polyperforins, and
      that the action of polyperforins does not require other mechanisms in the target
      cell. When pure lecithin from soybean and egg, or synthetic phosphatidylcholines
      were used, slower release or no release of macromolecules was observed. We
      suggest that some kind of lipid specificity is required for perforin action. This
      may be related to the hydrophobic region of the lipid bilayer rather than to the
      polar portion, because different lecithins with varying fatty acid composition
      gave similar results.

PMID- 2415608
TI  - T cells in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. II. Lack of antigen-specific T
      suppressor cells and their progenitors.
AB  - Nylon wool-purified T cells (Tn) of two patients with chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia of the B cell type were phenotyped and tested in various assays for
      antigen-specific T helper (Th), T suppressor effector (Tse), T suppressor
      precursor (Tsp), and T suppressor inducer (Tsi) function. Antigen-specific Th as
      well as Tsi activity could be effectively generated. Although phenotypically CD8+
      T cells, carrying the receptor for the Fc part of IgG, were present in
      mononuclear blood cells and Tn fractions, no antigen-specific Tse cell activity
      could be induced. In addition, Tsp cells were found to be functionally absent.
      These findings are discussed in relation to a tumor-induced limited heterogeneity
      within the T suppressor (Ts) cell compartment.

PMID- 2415609
TI  - Isolation and characterization of in vitro and in vivo functions of a tumor
      specific T suppressor cell clone from a BALB/c mouse bearing the syngeneic ADJ-PC
      5 plasmacytoma.
AB  - A spontaneously transformed T suppressor (Ts) clone, A12-D11/t, is described
      which arose from the antigen-specific Ts clone A12-D11 isolated from cells of the
      inguinal lymph node of a BALB/c mouse bearing the syngeneic plasmacytoma ADJ-PC
      5. A12-D11/t Ts cells suppress in vitro specifically a primary syngeneic
      cytotoxic antitumor response with the consequence that no ADJ-PC-5-specific
      cytotoxic T cells can be generated. The in vivo effects of A12-D11/t Ts cells
      were studied by injecting them into BALB/c mice. Spleen cells from those mice
      subsequently failed to respond against ADJ-PC-5 plasmacytoma cells, whereas their
      response against other syngeneic BALB/c tumors remained unaffected. By using a
      model system which allows us to study the host's immune reactions to the
      antigenic load corresponding to initial stages of tumorigenesis, it has been
      shown previously that ADJ-PC-5-specific Ts cells are activated before the antigen
      threshold for the activation of cytotoxic T cells is reached. Regarding its
      phenotype and specificity, the A12-D11/t Ts clone seems to be the exact
      counterpart of such a Ts cell, and is therefore of special interest in the study
      of the role of Ts cells preventing immunity against a growing tumor.

PMID- 2415610
TI  - Differential localization within human kidney of five membrane proteins expressed
      on acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells.
AB  - The reactivity of a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) produced against non-T,
      non-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells was investigated by immunoperoxidase
      staining of sections of normal human kidney. The antigens of kidney reactive with
      the MAb were isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography and were purified further
      by immunoprecipitation. Two MAb, 44D7 and 44H9, reacted with determinants found
      exclusively on the basolateral membranes of proximal convoluted tubules. The 44D7
      antigen isolated from kidney was biochemically similar to that isolated from
      leukemic cells. It was resolved as a multimeric complex with an apparent m.w. of
      120,000 when analyzed by SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions. The 44H9 antigen
      has not yet been purified from kidney. MAb 50B4 reacted with components of the
      interstitium and with the mesangium of glomeruli. It immunoprecipitated a
      polypeptide chain of apparent m.w. 85,000, similar to that of the 50B4 antigen
      isolated from leukemic cells. MAb 44G4 also reacted with the mesangium of
      glomeruli and with the interstitium of the kidney. However, the endothelium of
      glomerular capillaries and of interstitial blood vessels has also reacted with
      MAb 44G4. The kidney antigen recognized by MAb 44G4 was characterized as a major
      polypeptide band, 95,000 m.w. (reduced) and 125,000 m.w. (nonreduced), a subunit
      structure analogous to the 44G4 antigen isolated from leukemic cells. MAb 44E3
      reacted with all cellular elements of glomeruli, tubules, blood vessels, and
      interstitium. Two polypeptide chains of apparent m.w. 94,000 and 90,000 were
      immunoprecipitated from kidney by MAb 44E3, while a single polypeptide chain of
      94,000 m.w. was precipitated from leukemic cells. Our results describe five new
      antigens with distinctive cellular distributions within kidney.

PMID- 2415611
TI  - MHC-restricted cytotoxic response of chicken T cells: expression, augmentation,
      and clonal characterization.
AB  - Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxicity of chicken
      lymphocytes was studied by using three reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV)
      transformed cell lines as targets in 51Cr-release assays. The cell lines,
      designated RECC-UG5, RECC-UG6, and RECC-UG8, were developed from bone marrow
      cells of REV-infected line G-B1, line G-B2, and (G-B1 X G-B2)F1 chickens
      respectively. Effector cells were obtained from spleens of G-B1, G-B2, F1, and F2
      chickens 7 days after inoculation of REV. The inbred G-B1 (MHC genotype B13/B13)
      and G-B2 (MHC genotype B6/B6) lines originate from a common partially inbred
      line. Initial studies with effector cells from G-B1 and G-B2 chickens showed that
      significant cytotoxicity occurred only with syngeneic target cells. The degree of
      cytotoxicity was markedly enhanced by neonatally treating effector cell donors
      with cyclophosphamide (CY) and delaying virus challenge until the birds were 4 wk
      old. Augmentation of cytotoxicity was presumed to be due to elimination of bursal
      dependent suppressor T cells by CY. The results with spleen cells from REV
      inoculated F2 birds clearly showed that cytotoxicity was MHC restricted; i.e.,
      significant lysis only occurred if effector cells and target cells had a common B
      system antigen. Lysis of RECC-UG5 targets was three to four times higher than
      lysis of RECC-UG6 targets when effector cells were from heterozygous (B6/B13)F1
      and F2 birds. Because these two target cell lines generally showed a similar
      degree of lysis by effector cells from syngeneic B homozygous birds, the
      differences obtained with effector cells from B heterozygous birds was most
      likely due to differences in the number of effector cells with specificity for
      each target line. Evidence for an additive cytotoxic effect, considered to be due
      to the lytic activity of two separate T cell clones, was obtained when F1
      effector cells were tested with the F1-derived RECC-UG8 targets. The results of
      other experiments indicated that the effector cells were of T cell lineage and
      that their activity was probably directed against virus-induced antigens on the
      transformed target cells.

PMID- 2415612
TI  - An immunopathologic study of a 330-kD protein defined by monoclonal antibodies
      and reactive with anti-RTE alpha 5 antibodies and kidney eluates from active
      Heymann nephritis.
AB  - There is evidence indicating that the glomerular Ig deposits of Heymann's
      nephritis (HN)--a model of epimembranous glomerulonephritis--may be formed at
      least in part in situ by binding of free circulating antibody with brush border
      (BB) antigen expressed by glomerular epithelial cells. In this work, we provide
      evidence that a 330-kD protein defined by seven monoclonal antibodies is
      responsible for HN. 1) Ig eluted from glomeruli of rats with HN induced
      classically with crude BB preparation bind specifically the 330-kD antigen; 2)
      passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies induces epimembranous glomerular
      Ig deposits; 3) active immunization with the 330-kD antigen induces proteinuric
      glomerulonephritis; 4) the 330-kD antigen was present in the nephritogenic
      preparation purified by Edgington, Glassock, and Dixon, because it was identified
      by the corresponding heterologous antisera. These results, obtained by a
      completely different approach, confirm and extend those of Kerjaschki and
      Farquhar and provide a link with the classical studies on HN.

PMID- 2415613
TI  - Specific sensitization of Lyt-1+2- T cells to spleen cells modified by the drug D
      penicillamine or a stereoisomer.
AB  - A mouse model for assessing the sensitization of T cells to the drug D
      penicillamine (D-Pen) has been established. Mice were primed with D-Pen in vivo
      and the secondary response of specific T cells was measured in a proliferative
      assay in vitro. Priming was achieved by injecting either free D-Pen or, more
      effectively, D-Pen in complete Freund's adjuvant at the base of the tail. After 7
      to 9 days, the draining lymph node cells (responder cells) were restimulated in
      vitro with syngeneic spleen cells that had been preincubated with D-Pen for 20 to
      22 hr and washed (D-Pen-SC). The thiol (-SH) group of D-Pen was required for
      generating effective stimulator cells; other thiol compounds, however, or heavy
      metals (Hg, Au) were unable to generate cross-reacting stimulators on incubation
      with spleen cells. Although D-Pen-SC proved to be good stimulator cells,
      thymocytes and mouse erythrocytes, after having been preincubated with D-Pen,
      completely failed to stimulate. The proliferating responder cells were Lyt-1+2- T
      cells that were highly specific for D-Pen-SC and were even capable of
      distinguishing between the two stereoisomers D-Pen and L-Pen. The splenic T cells
      of recipient mice were effectively primed by injecting D-Pen-SC, but not free D
      Pen, via the i.v. route. These findings indicate that D-Pen can act as a hapten
      for specific T cells when presented on the surface of appropriate stimulator
      cells. Conceivably, if D-Pen were able to generate effective stimulator cells in
      vivo, this could lead to T cell reactions comparable to those in the graft-vs
      host reaction (GVHR). We discuss the possibility that the GVH-like adverse
      immunologic side-effects of D-Pen in patients may have a GVHR-like pathogenesis.

PMID- 2415614
TI  - Differential effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, and
      somatostatin on immunoglobulin synthesis and proliferations by lymphocytes from
      Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen.
AB  - We examined the effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, and
      somatostatin on concanavalin A (1 microgram/ml)-induced lymphocyte proliferation
      and immunoglobulin (IgA, IgM, and IgG) synthesis by cells from spleens, Peyer's
      patches, and mesenteric lymph nodes. These neuropeptides (10(-7) to 10(-12) M)
      modulated immune responses in a dose-dependent manner. For a comparative study,
      neuropeptides were used at 10(-8) M concentration. Both vasoactive intestinal
      peptide and somatostatin significantly decreased DNA synthesis (30 to 50%),
      whereas substance P increased synthesis (40%) in lymphocytes from all organs
      tested. IgA synthesis was significantly altered by all of the neuropeptides
      tested, whereas IgM synthesis was less affected and IgG synthesis was virtually
      unchanged. Somatostatin inhibited IgA (20 to 50%) and IgM (10 to 30%) synthesis
      in lymphocytes from all three organs. Substance P increased IgA synthesis in
      mesenteric lymph nodes (50%), spleens (70%), and Peyer's patches (300%). It also
      increased IgM synthesis in Peyer's patches (20%) and spleens (30%), but was
      without effect on IgM synthesis in mesenteric lymph nodes. Vasoactive intestinal
      peptide increased the IgA response in mesenteric lymph nodes (20%) and spleens
      (30%), but inhibited IgA synthesis in lymphocytes from Peyer's patches (60%).
      Interestingly, in Peyer's patches, IgM synthesis was increased by vasoactive
      intestinal peptide (80%), whereas it was unchanged in mesenteric lymph nodes and
      spleen. Thus, not only did these neuropeptides have different effects on the
      production of different immunoglobulin isotypes, but their effect was also organ
      specific. Because neuropeptides which are abundant in the intestine can modulate
      IgA and other immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro, they may play a significant
      regulatory role in mucosal immune responses in vivo.

PMID- 2415615
TI  - The immunopathology of chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced in
      rabbits with bovine proteolipid protein.
AB  - The role of myelin proteolipid apoprotein (PLP) in the central nervous system
      (CNS) immune response of rabbits has been investigated by analyzing the
      immunopathology of chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced
      by sensitization with PLP. Clinical disease occurred in seven out of nine rabbits
      sensitized with bovine PLP and monitored for up to 6 mo. Positive delayed
      hypersensitivity skin test reactions to PLP occurred in all but one of the PLP
      sensitized animals. All PLP-sensitized animals had meningeal and CNS parenchymal
      inflammation that correlated with disease severity. Serial blood samples were
      stained with a panel of antibodies to rabbit T and B cells, as well as Ia, and
      large and small mononuclear cell populations were analyzed by flow cytometry.
      Peripheral leukocyte population staining did not correlate with clinical signs or
      sensitization to PLP. Cryostat CNS tissue sections were stained with the same set
      of antibodies by using an immunoperoxidase technique, and positive cells and
      vessels were counted. T cells and macrophages were numerous and in equal numbers
      in perivascular parenchymal inflammatory infiltrates, whereas B cells were less
      numerous (p less than 0.001). T cells also diffusely infiltrated the parenchyma.
      Most perivascular inflammatory cells and many scattered parenchymal cells were
      Ia+; Ia vascular expression was increased over controls (p less than 0.001), and
      also correlated with disease severity. The immunopathology of this chronic EAE
      model is the same as that of whole CNS tissue- and myelin basic protein-induced
      EAE in other species, and is similar to that of multiple sclerosis. Cellular
      immune responses to PLP may therefore contribute to systemic and in situ
      responses in CNS tissue demyelinating diseases.

PMID- 2415616
TI  - Changes in mouse MHC expression during the cell cycle of Con A-treated spleen
      cells.
AB  - This study was directed at correlating the expression of class I MHC determinants
      with different segments of the cell cycle by using dual laser flow
      microfluorometry to measure levels of both DNA and cell surface H-2Kd or H-2Dd
      determinants for single cells. Con A-treated mouse spleen cells were identified
      as being in the G2/M or G0/G1 phases of the cell cycle on the basis of propidium
      iodide or Hoechst 33342 dye bound to DNA. Monoclonal anti-H-2 antibodies,
      indirectly fluoresceinated with goat anti-mouse IgG, were used to detect MHC
      determinants. The average level of both Kd and Dd determinants expressed by G2/M
      cells was about 1.6-fold higher than that expressed by G0/G1 cells. These
      observations indicate that the average-size G0/G1 and G2/M cells have the same
      apparent surface density of Kd and Dd determinants, insofar as we estimate that
      these cells differ in surface area by a factor of about 1.5. We also analyzed the
      expression of Kd and Dd determinants by measuring how they changed as a function
      of the intensity of forward light scatter from cells. For both G2/M and G0/G1
      cells, changes in light scatter intensity were associated with parallel changes
      in levels of Dd and Kd determinants, indicating a common mechanism(s) that
      controls their cell surface expression.

PMID- 2415617
TI  - Histamine-producing cell stimulating factor (HCSF) and interleukin 3 (IL 3):
      evidence for two distinct molecular entities.
AB  - Because homogeneously purified interleukin 3 (IL 3) can induce an increase in
      histamine synthesis by normal bone marrow cells like histamine-producing cell
      stimulating Factor (HCSF), it has been suggested that HCSF and IL 3 might be
      identical. In this paper, we provide evidence that HCSF activity can be obtained
      without IL 3 activity (determined by the proliferation of an IL 3-dependent cell
      line). This distinction between HCSF and IL 3 has been achieved in three
      different ways: a) biochemical separation of HCSF from IL 3 in crude secondary
      MLC supernatants with description of different physicochemical characteristics of
      the two molecules; b) demonstration of an HCSF activity devoid of IL 3 activity
      in P388D1 conditioned medium, with the same characteristics as HCSF produced
      during secondary MLC but different from WEHI-3-derived HCSF activity resulting
      from IL 3; c) demonstration of a lack of inhibition of HCSF-induced histamine
      synthesis by anti-IL 3 immunoglobulins that clearly diminish IL 3-induced
      histamine production. These results demonstrate that two distinct factors (IL 3
      and HCSF) promote histamine synthesis, but that IL 3 has more general effects on
      hemopoietic cells, whereas HCSF seems to be restricted to histamine-producing
      cells.

PMID- 2415618
TI  - Effect of alpha-endorphin on the antigen-induced primary antibody response of
      human blood B cells in vitro.
AB  - The interference of alpha-endorphin with the primary antibody response to
      ovalbumin (OA) of human blood lymphocytes in vitro was investigated. It was found
      that alpha-endorphin can block the OA-specific IgM-PFC response in a
      concentration of 0.05 to 0.5 microM. The decrease in the PFC response is due to
      an inhibitory effect of alpha-endorphin at the T cell level as well as at the B
      cell level. It appears that the neuropeptide is capable of blocking the
      production and/or secretion of antigen-specific T cell helper factor as well as
      of anti-OA antibodies by PFC. In addition, alpha-endorphin was shown to be
      capable of inhibiting the transition of B cells into PFC, which normally occurs
      after stimulation with antigen in the presence of adequate T cell helper
      activity. When alpha-endorphin, lacking the N-terminal amino acid residue
      tyrosine, is added to the cultures, inhibition of the PFC response is no longer
      observed. This indicates that alpha-endorphin influences the PFC response via
      opiate receptor interaction.

PMID- 2415619
TI  - Phorbol-ester stimulated lysis of weak and nonspecific target cells by cytotoxic
      T lymphocytes.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of short-term incubation of cloned and in vivo
      produced cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) with phorbol esters on their lytic
      activity against weak and nonspecific targets. These experiments demonstrate that
      4 beta-phorbol-12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA), 4 beta-phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate,
      and 4 beta-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate, but not the 4 alpha-phorbol-12,13
      didecanoate esters stimulate the lytic apparatus. The stimulation is specific for
      the CTL rather than the target and appears to be nearly instantaneous in action.
      This rapid stimulation of the CTL lytic process is consistent with previously
      reported effects of phorbol esters associated with T cell activation in other
      functional assays.

PMID- 2415620
TI  - The pigeon cytochrome c-specific T cell response of low responder mice. I.
      Identification of antigenic determinants on fragment 1 to 65.
AB  - An examination of the proliferative response to pigeon cytochrome c fragments 1
      to 65 and 1 to 80 by T cells from mice that are low responders to the native
      molecule revealed that some of the strains could respond to antigenic
      determinants on these fragments. T cell clones derived from B10.A(3R) and
      B10.A(4R) mice were used to characterize the antigenic determinants on fragment 1
      to 65. All of the clones recognized syngeneic A beta:A alpha Ia molecules as
      their restriction element. Three B10.A(3R) clones and six B10.A(4R) clones
      recognized fragment 39 to 65. Another four B10.A(4R) clones responded to fragment
      1 to 38. By stimulating with a series of cytochrome c fragments from different
      species, as well as a synthetic peptide, it was possible to localize the
      antigenic determinant(s) recognized by the B10.A(3R) clones to residues 45 to 58.
      Each clone showed a unique pattern of responsiveness to the various fragments,
      suggesting a diversity of T cell receptors specific for the same peptide. One
      B10.A(3R) clone could be stimulated by many of the 1 to 65 fragments in
      association with allogeneic B10.SM presenting cells and by tuna fragment 1 to 65
      in association with B10.M presenting cells, although the rank order of potency
      for several of the fragments was different than that observed with syngeneic
      antigen-presenting cells. In addition, the clone was poorly reactive to a
      synthetic peptide containing a conservative substitution, serine for threonine,
      at position 49. The implications of these results for subsite dissection
      (agretope and epitope) of the antigenic determinant recognized by this clone are
      discussed.

PMID- 2415621
TI  - Phospholipase A2 stimulation during cell secretion in rat basophilic leukemia
      cells.
AB  - The bridging of IgE receptors on rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3) results
      in a number of biochemical events that accompany histamine secretion. Prominent
      among these is the release of arachidonic acid from cellular phospholipids, which
      could be due to the activation of phospholipase enzymes. In the present
      experiments we studied the intracellular activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
      during histamine release. RBL-2H3 cells were stimulated through the IgE receptor,
      and the homogenates were prepared and tested for phospholipase A2 activity on 1
      stearoyl-2-[14C]arachidonyl-sn-3-phosphatidylcholine. The amount of activity in
      the homogenates was dependent on the concentration of secretagogue used to
      activate the cells. Under optimal conditions there was a 1.86 +/- 0.12-fold (mean
      +/- SEM, N = 44) increase in the activity found in homogenates of stimulated
      cells. Activity was present in homogenates prepared 30 sec after cell activation,
      was optimal between 5 and 10 min, and decreased later. In time course experiments
      the PLA2 activation preceded histamine release. The activation of the enzyme in
      the cell occurred in the presence of 10 microM EGTA in the extracellular medium,
      which completely inhibited release of arachidonic acid and histamine. However,
      the activity of the enzyme required Ca2+. The PLA2 activity in the homogenates
      and the extent of cell stimulation for histamine release were maximal at the same
      concentration of antigen, and both were blocked by the addition of a monovalent
      hapten. The enzyme in the homogenates was capable of cleaving arachidonic acid
      from different phospholipids. The production of lysophospholipids could play a
      critical role in histamine release from cells. These results demonstrate the
      activation of PLA2 enzyme in cellular homogenates during the secretory process.

PMID- 2415622
TI  - Inhibition of T lymphocyte activation by cyclosporin A: interference with the
      early activation of plasma membrane phospholipid metabolism.
AB  - Rabbit lymph node and thymus lymphocytes were stimulated with concanavalin A (Con
      A). Cyclosporin A (CSA) inhibited in a dose-dependent way the induction of RNA
      and DNA synthesis; nearly complete inhibition was observed at a concentration of
      200 ng/ml. Results of kinetic studies suggested that the immunosuppressive drug
      interfered with an early event occurring in activated lymphocytes. Among the
      earliest changes detectable in activated lymphocytes, the turnover of plasma
      membrane phospholipids is increased, predominantly of their fatty acid moieties,
      catalyzed by the membrane-bound lysophosphatide acyltransferase. CSA, at
      concentrations identical with those inhibiting macromolecular synthesis, also
      inhibited the Con A-stimulated specific increase in the incorporation of labeled
      fatty acids into plasma membrane phospholipids. When lymphocytes were stimulated
      with Con A for 1 hr, incorporation of labeled oleic acid and arachidonic acid
      approximately doubled in plasma membrane phospholipids. CSA at a concentration of
      200 ng/ml prevented the elevated incorporation of labeled fatty acids into plasma
      membrane phospholipids of Con A-stimulated thymocytes. Concomitantly, the
      activation of lysolecithin acyltransferase, the key enzyme for the incorporation
      of long-chain fatty acids into phospholipids, was strongly inhibited. Up to high
      concentrations, CSA had no effect on the phospholipid metabolism of unstimulated
      lymphocytes. The results suggest that CSA inhibits the activation of T
      lymphocytes by interfering with the early activation of plasma membrane
      phospholipid metabolism.

PMID- 2415623
TI  - Expression of the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) on the
      surface of individual cells of human lymphoblastoid lines.
AB  - Expression of the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) on the
      surface of individual cells of the human lymphoblastoid lines CW678, Namalwa, and
      Nalm-6, and the distribution of the antigen epitopes within the cell populations
      have been determined quantitatively with the murine monoclonal anti-CALLA
      antibody J5. The distribution of CALLA epitopes in the cell populations was
      analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence measured by using flow cytometry. The
      average number of CALLA epitopes per cell were measured by two assays: in a
      direct assay by binding 125I-labeled antibody J5 to cells, and indirectly by
      binding 125I-labeled protein A from Staphylococcus aureus to J5-coated cells. On
      average, CW678, Namalwa, and Nalm-6 cells bore about 1 X 10(4), 6 X 10(4), and 8
      X 10(4) CALLA epitopes per cell respectively. Histograms of the absolute number
      of CALLA epitopes expressed by individual cells in the populations of CW678,
      Namalwa, and Nalm-6 cultures were generated by a combined analysis of all the
      binding data. This is the first example of histograms showing quantitative
      distribution of antigen epitopes. Previously, the expression of antigens by
      individual cells as obtained by flow cytometry was only presented in terms of
      relative fluorescence intensity of individual cells in cell populations.

PMID- 2415624
TI  - Incompatible A antigen expressed in tumors of blood group O individuals:
      immunochemical, immunohistologic, and enzymatic characterization.
AB  - Monofucosyl type 1 chain A (type 1 Aa) and difucosyl type 1 chain A (ALeb), but
      not other types of A antigens, have been detected by application of carrier type
      specific monoclonal anti-A antibodies (AH21 and HH3) in colonic tumors of blood
      group O individuals. An A-transferase activity (UDP-Gal-NAc:H-alpha-GalNAc
      transferase) was demonstrated in the extract of one of the O tumors expressing A
      antigen. The incidence of A antigen expression in O tumors was found to be two
      out of 15 cases, based on TLC immunostaining of glycolipid extracts, and five out
      of 50 cases, based on immunofluorescent staining of tumors with AH21 and HH3
      antibodies.

PMID- 2415625
TI  - Different phenotypic variants of the mouse B cell tumor A20/2J are selected by
      antigen- and mitogen-triggered cytotoxicity of L3T4-positive, I-A-restricted T
      cell clones.
AB  - The L3T4+, Lyt-2-, cloned BALB/c T cell lines 5.9.24 and 5.8.6 are cytotoxic for
      the BALB/c B cell tumor line A20/2J. The T cell cytotoxicity against A20/2J cells
      could be triggered either by the specific antigen ovalbumin (OVA), which is
      recognized by the T cell clones in association with I-Ad determinants, or by the
      T cell mitogens Con A and rabbit anti-mouse brain (RaMBr) antiserum. Repeated
      exposure of A20/2J cells to 5.9.24 and 5.8.6 T cell cytotoxicity selected variant
      cell lines that had developed resistance to cytotoxicity. The variant lines could
      be classified into four different variant phenotypes of which three were stably
      maintained in vitro. The type of variant obtained appeared to be related to the
      nature of the ligand used to trigger T cell cytotoxicity during selection.
      Cytotoxicity triggered by the antigen OVA generated type 1 variants that
      expressed abnormally low levels of I-Ad determinants at the cell surface. Type 1
      variants were resistant to OVA-triggered 5.9.24 T cell cytotoxicity, but were
      fully susceptible to cytotoxicity triggered by Con A or RaMBr antiserum. RaMBr
      triggered cytotoxicity generated two unique types of variant cell lines: type 3
      variants that were deficient in cell surface Fc receptors and resistant to 5.9.24
      cytotoxicity only when triggered by RaMBr antiserum, and type 4 variants that
      were resistant to cytotoxicity triggered by all three ligands. One type 4
      variant, the IC-1 cell line, appeared to be resistant to soluble cytotoxic
      factors released by 5.9.24 T cells after activation by antigen. All of these
      variant lines retained sensitivity to cytotoxicity by classic Lyt-2+ cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes (CTL), a finding that indicates that L3T4a+ T cells and Lyt-2+ CTL
      use different molecules to attack their target cells. The variant phenotypes were
      inherited by clones derived from the original cell lines. Because the variants
      were generated without mutagenesis, they are thought to have been derived by the
      immunoselection of pre-existing variant cells that arose spontaneously in the
      parental A20/2J cell line. It is postulated that inheritable variation of A20/2J
      cells may represent changes that normally occur during B cell differentiation in
      response to T cell signals. The variant A20/2J cell lines described here provide
      material for the investigation of B cell surface structures that may regulate T-B
      cell interactions.

PMID- 2415626
TI  - IL 2 restores memory B cell activation by antigen-specific T cell clone variants.
AB  - It has recently been demonstrated that there are at least two separate pathways
      by which a single keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) reactive T cell clone can
      induce B cell differentiation. With the use of the high-dose antigen-driven
      system (10 micrograms/ml trinitrophenyl (TNP)-KLH), a KLH-specific T cell clone
      was able to induce a primary anti-TNP response in unprimed B cells. In the
      presence of aliquots of the same T cell clone, a low-dose of antigen (5 X 10(-2)
      micrograms/ml TNP-KLH) induced an immunoglobulin (Ig)G response in primed B
      cells. It has also been demonstrated that there are variant subclones of such KLH
      specific helper T cell clones that are unable to provide antigen-specific help in
      the presence of low-dose antigen but maintain the high-dose antigen-driven helper
      response. This study was undertaken to investigate whether interleukin 2 (IL 2)
      had some activity in the low-dose, antigen-driven response induced by the T cell
      clone. With the use of a variant T cell clone (which lost low-dose, antigen
      driven helper activity), it was demonstrated that IL 2 was capable of
      reconstituting the low-dose, antigen-driven helper activity. To investigate
      whether accessory cells were required in this system, we removed the adherent
      cell population from the primed spleen cells added to culture. Interestingly,
      removal of the G10-adherent cells eliminated the low-dose, antigen-driven
      response induced by IL 2. Additionally by add-back experiments, we were able to
      demonstrate that the necessary adherent cell population did not require major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction for reconstitution of the IL 2
      dependent, low-dose, antigen-driven response. Furthermore, 1% concanavalin A (Con
      A) supernatant (Sn), but not interleukin 1 (IL 1), could replace this adherent
      cell function. These data suggest that in this system, IL 2 bypasses the MHC
      restricted interaction between T cells and antigen-charged adherent cells; B
      cells can present antigen to cloned helper T cells efficiently for primary
      responses but need an added factor(s) to induce IgG production; and adherent
      cells are essential for IgG production in primed B cells, possibly through the
      release of soluble factor(s) included in Con A Sn.

PMID- 2415627
TI  - Cytolytic activity of antigen-specific T cells with helper phenotype.
AB  - We have investigated an unusual cytolytic activity displayed in vitro by cloned T
      cells which have the cell surface phenotype of helper T cells. When the cloned T
      cells are cultured with the appropriate antigen and antigen-presenting cells
      (APC), the T cells become activated in that they produce lymphokines and
      proliferate in an antigen-specific and major histocompatibility complex
      restricted manner. At the same time, these T cells cause lysis of the APC. In
      addition, innocent non-histocompatible bystander cells present in the cultures
      can also be killed. The cytolytic activity may be involved in a mechanism of
      immune regulation.

PMID- 2415628
TI  - Anti-idiotypic B cells are required for the induction of suppressor T cells.
AB  - A nylon wool-adherent, B cell-enriched population is required during the in vitro
      induction of third order effector suppressor T cells (Ts3). This B cell
      population expresses IgM and IgD and is devoid of conventional T cell markers
      such as Thy-1, L3T4, and Lyt-1. Treatment of the B cell population with anti-NP
      antibodies expressing the NPb idiotype and complement specifically eliminated the
      ability to generate Ts cell activity, suggesting that the critical B cells
      expressed anti-idiotypic receptors. To independently verify the role of anti
      idiotypic B cells in the generation of Ts cells, B cells were panned on antibody
      coated plates. The results demonstrated that only NPb idiotype-binding B cells
      could induce effector suppressor cells from naive T cell populations. The
      combined data demonstrate the role of Ig network interactions in the generation
      of Ts cells.

PMID- 2415629
TI  - Single cell analysis of calcium mobilization in anti-immunoglobulin-stimulated B
      lymphocytes.
AB  - A rapid increase in the concentration of intracellular free calcium ([Ca++i]) in
      B cells after mIg crosslinking has been documented previously by fluorimetric
      analysis of cell populations loaded with the fluorescent Ca++ indicator Quin 2.
      Although providing a valuable indication of Ca++ mobilization in the population
      as a whole, it has not been possible to determine whether only a subpopulation of
      the cells or the entire population exhibits this response. In this report, we
      describe the marriage of flow cytometry and Quin 2 technology, which permits
      discrimination of Ca++ mobilization by subpopulations of cells, as well as in
      whole populations. We have determined that the entire mIg+ population exhibits a
      synchronous increase in [Ca++i] rapidly after stimulation. Furthermore, all
      members of the population appear to undergo an approximately equal response.

PMID- 2415630
TI  - Glycopeptides inhibit allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition in an MHC
      specific manner.
AB  - Attempts to block specific T cell recognition with soluble extracts have been
      uniformly unsuccessful. However, we found that glycopeptides prepared from three
      MHC-different tumor cell lines were able to inhibit binding of allospecific
      cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to an appropriate tumor cell or Con A blast target
      cell. Inhibition was only observed when the MHC of the cell providing the
      glycopeptide was the same as the MHC of the target cell being recognized. This
      result was obtained by using both fully allogeneic CTL and CTL generated between
      B10 congenic mice differing only at the MHC. This suggests that the inhibition
      depends on the MHC expressed by the target cell. Because we extensively pronase
      digested cell glycoproteins and then enriched for glycopeptides containing small
      amounts of peptide, we attribute the inhibition to the carbohydrate portion of
      the glycopeptide. Our observations suggest that CTL may, in part, recognize
      carbohydrate molecules on the target cell surface whose specific structure(s) is
      influenced or regulated by genes in or near the MHC. They also suggest that the T
      cell receptor complex has some lectin-like properties.

PMID- 2415631
TI  - A monoclonal antibody specific for rat intestinal lymphocytes.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody, RGL-1, was produced by fusion of NSI myeloma cells with
      spleen cells of a mouse immunized with isolated rat intraepithelial lymphocytes
      (IEL). SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that RGL-1 precipitated two major noncovalently
      bound chains of about m.w. 100,000 and 125,000, and a minor component of m.w.
      200,000. Examination of both tissue sections and isolated cells indicated that
      RGL-1 stained the majority of the lamina propria lymphocytes and IEL but only
      very few cells (less than 2%) in the lymphoid organs and small numbers of
      lymphocytes in other mucosae. In the small intestine, RGL-1 stained lymphocytes
      with the helper (W3/25) as well as the cytotoxic/suppressor (OX8) phenotype. The
      antibody reacted with 95% of the granular IEL but with less than 0.1% of the
      blood large granular lymphocytes. Although mature IgA plasma cells in the lamina
      propria were RGL-1-, some large IgA-containing cells were weakly positive. In the
      gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), studies combining immunofluorescence and
      autoradiography indicated that 56 and 73% of rapidly dividing cells of mesenteric
      lymph nodes and of thoracic duct lymph (TDL) stained with RGL-1, respectively. In
      addition, 90 to 100% of the IgA-containing blasts of MLN and 75% of those of TDL
      were labeled by RGL-1. In contrast, rapidly dividing cells of spleen and of
      peripheral lymph nodes did not stain with RGL-1. Because RGL-1 can be
      demonstrated on both intestinal lymphocytes and their immediate precursors in the
      GALT, its expression may be related to the homing of lymphocytes into the gut
      mucosa.

PMID- 2415632
TI  - Production of monoclonal antibodies against prostatic acid phosphatase by in
      vitro immunization of human spleen cells.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies against human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAPase) were
      produced by immunization of human primary spleen cell cultures. Dissociated
      spleen cells were cultured for 5-8 days in the presence of 100 ng/ml of PAPase
      and pokeweed mitogen (1:5000). Following immunization, B cells were isolated and
      infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Two weeks after EBV-transformation, cells
      were fused with either mouse myeloma cells (SP2/OAg14) or human/mouse
      heteromyeloma cells (SHM-D33). Hybrid clones were screened for anti-PAPase
      production. In 7 independent immunizations, the average fusion frequency was 3.6
      per 10(6) lymphocytes. 18-32% of the hybridomas produced anti-PAPase;
      approximately 75% of these secreted IgM and 25% secreted IgG. Antibody
      specificity was determined by immunoassay and immunohistological studies. The
      procedures described here may be suitable for the production of human monoclonal
      antibody of a useful specificity.

PMID- 2415633
TI  - ELISA solid phase: stability and binding characteristics.
AB  - Stability of solid-phase antibody (SP-Ab) was investigated using polystyrene
      surface coated, by simple physical adsorption, with a rabbit antibody against the
      beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. SP-Ab stored wet in 0.1 M Tris-HCl
      buffer, pH 7.2, or in 10% ammonium sulphate solution in the Tris buffer did not
      lose any activity upto the entire period of the study, i.e., 95 days at 6 degrees
      C and room temperature and 53 days at 40 degrees C. However, SP-Ab lost some
      activity upon drying and decrease in activity continued when air-dried SP-Ab was
      stored at any of these temperatures. Secondary coating of SP-Ab with sucrose or
      lactose before drying offered only partial protection to the activity of SP-Ab.
      Using radiolabeled antibody it was found that the loss of activity was not caused
      by desorption of the antibody; rather it could be the result of surface
      denaturation of the molecules. Binding of the antibody to polystyrene was so
      strong that week-long storage of SP-Ab in 6 M urea or 0.1% acetic acid could not
      bring about desorption by more than 1.8%. It is recommended that SP-Ab should be
      stored in a buffer and should not be allowed to dry.

PMID- 2415634
TI  - A monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for human lactoferrin.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies against human lactoferrin define at least 3 and possibly as
      many as 6 different epitopes. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay, using
      monoclonals against different epitopes, has been optimised for the measurement of
      serum lactoferrin. In 35 samples from healthy adults the mean lactoferrin content
      of serum from blood clotted overnight was 0.54 +/- 0.26 micrograms/ml.

PMID- 2415635
TI  - Human IgG subclass-specific rabbit antisera suitable for immunoprecipitation in
      gel, ELISA and multilayer haemagglutination techniques.
AB  - Antisera specific for human IgG subclasses were raised in rabbits by tolerance
      induction at birth followed by active immunization at 8 weeks of age. This
      procedure gave better antisera compared to tolerance/immunization of adult grown
      animals. Many animals gave antisera with subclass-specific precipitating activity
      without the need to use absorption procedures. However, for sensitive techniques
      such as ELISA and multilayer haemagglutination it was necessary to absorb the
      antisera to make them subclass-specific. Subclass specificity in ELISA and
      haemagglutination was verified by inhibition. We believe this is the first
      description of a procedure to prepare antisera specific for human IgG subclasses
      suitable for use in immunoprecipitation, ELISA and haemagglutination techniques.

PMID- 2415636
TI  - Use of the average antibody-antigen bond concept and probability theory to
      simplify modeling of linear and circular antibody-antigen complex formation.
AB  - We illustrate use of a simple approach to describe the equilibrium interactions
      of mixtures of monoclonal antibodies and antigens. This procedure is based on
      elementary concepts in probability theory and is readily suited to describing
      interactions of antibodies and antigens which form circular as well as linear
      complexes. The method is also suited to describing the inhibitory effects of
      antibodies which compete for overlapping epitopes and an example is provided to
      show how the procedure can be used to describe the interactions of antibodies
      which inhibit circular complex formation. We also outline simple strategies for
      preparing computer programs to simulate binding of antigens to defined antibody
      mixtures. The methods described should facilitate design of immunoassay
      procedures based on the use of defined mixtures of monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2415637
TI  - Specificity of monoclonal antibodies reactive with Fusobacterium nucleatum:
      effect of formalin fixation.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody specific for Fusobacterium nucleatum was reacted with
      untreated and formalin fixed F. nucleatum cells by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) and by indirect immunofluorescence. Treatment of bacterial cells
      with formalin destroyed the antigenic determinant responsible for reactivity with
      this monoclonal antibody in both assays. Formalin fixation had no effect on
      hemagglutination activity (HA) of F. nucleatum cells or reactivity with
      polyvalent rabbit antiserum in double diffusion in agar. Scanning electron
      microscopy demonstrated that formalin fixation did not affect binding of F.
      nucleatum cells to microtiter plates. When developing monoclonal antibodies to be
      used as diagnostic reagents, the antigenic form utilized for immunization should
      be identical to the antigenic form which will eventually be used in the
      diagnostic assay.

PMID- 2415638
TI  - ELISA for the detection of the lymphokine soluble immune response suppressor.
AB  - Murine soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS) is a product of Ly 2+ suppressor
      T cells which is activated to SIRSox by peroxide produced by macrophages. SIRSox
      inhibits cell division by normal and transformed cell lines and antibody
      secretion by B lymphocytes. Rat monoclonal anti-SIRS antibodies were developed to
      determine if ELISA methodology could replace bioassays for quantitation of SIRS
      in biological samples. Purified SIRS, applied to nitrocellulose, was detected
      with an avidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase system. This ELISA was capable of
      detecting pg quantities of SIRS and detected SIRS after fractionation by high
      performance liquid chromatography. However, SIRS in crude supernatant fluids was
      undetectable by this method, presumably due to the small percentage of SIRS
      protein in relation to total protein in these samples. Thus, a competitive ELISA
      was adopted which, in initial experiments, detected SIRS in impure sources. This
      competitive ELISA may be useful in evaluating the presence or absence of SIRS in
      various biological samples.

PMID- 2415639
TI  - Effect of pH on the recovery of human alpha-fetoprotein from immunosorbent
      columns. An improved elution procedure.
AB  - A slow decrease in pH was shown to be more efficient in eluting human alpha
      fetoprotein bound to Sepharose-immobilized antibodies than a pH shock. With this
      method, nearly 50% of the antigen absorbed onto the column was recovered in a
      single peak whereas the yield was 3 times lower in the case of a single elution
      at pH 2.6. Our result suggests that dissociation of the antigen-antibody complex
      occurred only within a narrow pH range.

PMID- 2415640
TI  - Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen is synthesized by both human
      keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblasts.
AB  - In order to determine the source of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA)
      antigen, we studied its synthesis by human keratinocytes and fibroblasts in
      culture. To identify the antigen, we used the sera of 5 patients with EBA. These
      sera had antibodies directed against the epidermal basement membrane zone (BMZ)
      at titers of 5-80. The 5 sera were further characterized by immunoblotting on
      extracts of the epidermal BMZ. In concert with previous reports, 4 sera stained a
      290 kD polypeptide, 3 sera weakly stained a 145 kD polypeptide, and 1 serum did
      not bind either polypeptide. To study the synthesis of the EBA antigen, cultured
      human keratinocytes and fibroblasts, derived from neonatal foreskins, were
      metabolically labeled with 14C-labeled amino acids. Radiolabeled newly
      synthesized proteins that were extracted from these cultures with nonionic
      detergent were used in an immunoprecipitation assay. The precipitated proteins
      were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      fluorography. All 5 EBA sera, but none of 3 bullous pemphigoid or 4 normal human
      sera, precipitated a 290 kD polypeptide from extracts of both keratinocytes and
      fibroblasts. Approximately equal amounts of this 290 kD polypeptide were
      precipitated from equivalent amounts of extracts from either cell type. The 290
      kD polypeptide was also specifically precipitated by EBA sera from extracts of a
      human squamous cell carcinoma line, SCC-15. The 145 kD polypeptide was not
      detected in the newly synthesized proteins of any of these cell cultures. This
      finding suggests that the 145 kD polypeptide is not a precursor of the 290 kD
      polypeptide. Taken together these results demonstrate that the EBA antigen is
      synthesized by both human keratinocytes and fibroblasts, and is not a tissue
      (epidermal)-specific product.

PMID- 2415641
TI  - Expression of HLA-DR by anagen hair follicles in alopecia areata.
AB  - The expression of HLA-DR within hair follicles in alopecia areata was studied
      using an immunoperoxidase method. Scalp biopsies were taken from 12 patients with
      alopecia areata and from 6 normal control subjects. Frozen sections were stained
      with a panel of 4 anti-HLA-DR monoclonal antibodies, Leu 2, Leu 3, Leu 4, and T6
      antibodies. The expression of DR in normal hair follicles and in most anagen
      follicles from nonlesional alopecia skin was confined to dendritic cells which
      were sparse below the level of the arrector pilorum insertion. Of the 37 anagen
      follicles examined in lesional skin, 25 displayed staining for DR on epithelial
      cells in the precortical matrix and presumptive cortex. Six follicles showed DR
      staining in other epithelial compartments, the lower bulb matrix, inner root
      sheath, and outer root sheath. Infiltration of the hair bulb matrix by T cells
      was seen in the majority of follicles where epithelial cells were DR+. The
      aberrant expression of DR antigens by hair follicle epithelium provides direct
      evidence that immune mechanisms are operating in the pathogenesis of alopecia
      areata. In a previous study of alopecia areata we found evidence of cell injury
      confined to the precortical matrix and presumptive cortex in lesional anagen
      follicles. The relative restriction of epithelial DR expression to the same site
      suggests that this region of the follicle is of fundamental importance in the
      disease process.

PMID- 2415642
TI  - Cellular immunity in Q fever: specific lymphocyte unresponsiveness in Q fever
      endocarditis.
AB  - Human infection with the rickettsia Coxiella burnetii presents as acute influenza
      like primary Q fever, subacute granulomatous hepatitis, or chronic endocarditis
      with hepatitis. To investigate whether persistent infection is associated with a
      possible immunologic defect, we tested lymphocyte proliferation specific for
      Coxiella in vitro in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients and
      controls. All four patients with endocarditis had profound lymphocyte
      unresponsiveness to Coxiella antigens with normal proliferation to control
      antigens. Hepatitis and primary Q fever were associated with vigorous responses
      in vitro to Coxiella antigens. Suppression of lymphocyte unresponsiveness was in
      part mediated by an antigen-nonspecific, glass-adherent cell. We hypothesize that
      specific T cell unresponsiveness is an important factor in persistent infection
      with C. burnetii and offer in vitro lymphocyte stimulation as a more specific
      diagnostic test to distinguish cases of endocarditis among those with chronic
      hepatitis due to Q fever.

PMID- 2415643
TI  - A new common polysaccharide antigen of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa detected
      with a monoclonal antibody.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody, E87, that binds to various serotype strains of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa was produced by a hybridoma cell line prepared by fusion of mouse
      plasmacytoma P3-X63-Ag8-U1 with spleen cells of mice immunized with P. aeruginosa
      strain IFO3080 (serotype M). E87 bound to approximately 80% of the tested strains
      of various serotypes of P. aeruginosa. The antigen recognized with E87 was found
      in the lipopolysaccharide and was eluted in void volume fractions of Sephadex G50
      column chromatography after acetic acid treatment. This antigen was eluted in the
      fraction containing substances of lower molecular weight than the O side chain by
      Sephacryl S-300 column chromatography, and this fraction was found to be the peak
      fraction of hexose. This antigen was not separated from the O side chain by
      Sephacryl S-300 column chromatography of untreated lipopolysaccharide.
      Colorimetric analyses and thin-layer chromatography showed that this antigen
      consisted mainly of rhamnose and ribose (molar ratio, 10:1).

PMID- 2415644
TI  - Identification of a specific epitope of Haemophilus influenzae on a 16,600-dalton
      outer membrane protein.
AB  - A mouse monoclonal antibody that recognizes an epitope on a 16,600-dalton outer
      membrane protein was developed to nontypable Haemophilus influenzae. This epitope
      was present on all 115 isolates of H. influenzae tested, including typable and
      nontypable strains. Screening of 89 strains of other bacteria demonstrated that
      this epitope is a highly specific marker for H. influenzae because the epitope
      was absent in virtually all other bacterial species tested. Western blot assays
      were performed with two normal human serum samples and convalescent-phase serum
      from an adult with bacteremia due to nontypable H. influenzae. Antibody to the
      16,600-dalton outer membrane protein was present in all three human serum
      samples.

PMID- 2415645
TI  - Immunologic and clinical responses to varicella-zoster virus-specific transfer
      factor following marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2415647
TI  - Sequential histochemical staining for resident and recruited macrophages.
AB  - A new histochemical technique is described that permits differentiation of
      resident from recruited macrophages by staining of paraffin sections of tissues
      from rats and mice. Resident macrophages are identified by their ability to
      phagocytose and retain intravenously injected colloidal Prussian blue. New
      macrophages that emigrate into tissue are identified by phagocytosis of a second
      colloid, iron dextran. Paraffin sections of formalin-fixed tissues are
      sequentially stained for the presence of the two colloids with different
      chromogens, the endogenous pseudo-peroxidase activity of colloidal Prussian blue
      used to catalyze the polymerization of diaminobenzidine and after conversion of
      iron dextran to Prussian blue, the second colloid used to catalyze the
      polymerization of tetramethylbenzidine. The staining results in resident
      macrophages staining brown while newly recruited macrophages stain blue. The
      studies have shown that colloidal Prussian blue is stable in vivo and neither
      loses its catalytic activity nor undergoes extensive redistribution. They also
      show that the technique can be used to measure Kupffer cell recruitment
      stimulated by complete Freund's adjuvant in rats and tumor-associated macrophage
      recruitment in subcutaneous and spontaneous liver metastases in mice.

PMID- 2415646
TI  - Radioimmunoassay of human platelet thrombospondin: different patterns of
      thrombospondin and beta-thromboglobulin antigen secretion and clearance from the
      circulation.
AB  - A method for radioimmunoassay of human thrombospondin was developed. Monospecific
      precipitating anti-human thrombospondin antibody was raised in rabbits after
      injection of thrombospondin purified by fibrinogen-agarose chromatography and
      preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The linear
      portion of the thrombospondin radioimmunoassay standard curve was 0.5 to 20
      ng/ml. Normal platelets and platelet-poor plasma contained 28,900 +/- 14,500 ng
      thrombospondin per 10(9) platelets and 60.6 +/- 10.7 ng/ml (mean +/- SD),
      respectively. Using radioimmunoassays for beta-thromboglobulin and thrombospondin
      antigens, we compared platelet location and secretion of these proteins. Both
      antigens shared similar distributions in platelet subcellular fractions with the
      largest amount localized to platelet alpha-granules. With thrombin (0.25 U/ml) as
      a platelet agonist, 62.4% and 19.5% of total beta-thromboglobulin and
      thrombospondin, respectively, were secreted from suspensions of washed human
      platelets. Because only 20% of the total platelet thrombospondin was secreted,
      further studies were initiated to determine whether the remaining thrombospondin
      became localized on the activated platelets membrane. 125I-Fab antithrombospondin
      specifically bound to activated platelets but not to unstimulated platelets. In
      contrast, 125I-Fab anti-beta-thromboglobulin did not bind to activated platelets.
      Plasma clearance of human beta-thromboglobulin (half-life fast 7.6 minutes, slow
      56.6 minutes) and of human thrombospondin (half-life fast 29.9 minutes, slow 190
      minutes) followed a biphasic exponential curve. In conclusion, both beta
      thromboglobulin and thrombospondin are located in platelet alpha-granules, but
      they show a different pattern of secretion and expression on the platelet
      membrane and plasma clearance.

PMID- 2415648
TI  - Characterization of human pericardial macrophages.
AB  - This paper deals with the study of the cell population in 13 samples of normal
      human pericardial fluid. Large mononuclear cells (LMC) constituted 74.1 +/- 18.5%
      of the total cell population. These LMC possess the characteristics of
      macrophages firm adherence to glass intracytoplasmic presence of vimentin without
      keratin, ultrastructural observation of a lysosomal apparatus cytoenzymatic
      activities: acid phosphatases, naphthol AS.D acetate esterase and peroxidases,
      and phagocytosis of Baker's yeasts. All these data clearly show that macrophages
      are the main component of the pericardial fluid cell population and can be of
      great significance in the defense mechanisms and physiology of the pericardial
      space.

PMID- 2415649
TI  - Electrophysiological effect of disopyramide on rabbit sinus node cells.
AB  - The effects of disopyramide on the membrane potentials and currents of rabbit
      sinus node cells were studied using the conventional microelectrode and voltage
      clamp methods. Disopyramide (5 and 10 micrograms/m1) produced a negative
      chronotropic effect, and decreased the maximum rate of depolarization, the
      overshoot potential and the maximum diastolic potential. The action potential
      duration at half-amplitude was prolonged, and the slope of diastolic
      depolarization was reduced. In the voltage clamp experiments, disopyramide (10
      and 50 micrograms/m1) reduced the potassium outward current (IK) without changing
      its kinetics. Disopyramide reduced the slow inward current Isi and increased the
      recovery time constant of Isi. The hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih) was
      also decreased by the drug. From these results, it is concluded that disopyramide
      has a depressant effect on the electrical activity of sinus node cells by
      mediating depression of IK, Isi and Ih.

PMID- 2415650
TI  - Prime number variant of concealed trigeminy.
AB  - A 53-year-old man with myocardial infarction was found to have frequent premature
      ventricular beats. The predominant pattern was classical concealed trigeminy;
      i.e., the number of conducted sinus beats, S, between extrasystoles satisfied the
      equation S = 3n + 2, where "n" is zero or any positive integer. Two other
      transient patterns also occurred. The first one was characterized by exceptional
      values of S, which satisfied the equation S = 3n + 3. In the second transient
      pattern, all values of S fitted the classical equation, but there were singularly
      absent values; i.e., the "n" in the equation was exclusively an odd number,
      giving rise to only prime numbers of interectopic conducted sinus beats. It is
      proposed in this last form that there are two sites of fixed block proximal to a
      variable distal block in a re-entry loop responsible for the ventricular
      extrasystoles.

PMID- 2415651
TI  - Castration increases luteinizing hormone subunit messenger RNA levels in male rat
      pituitaries.
AB  - The effect of castration on pituitary common alpha and LH-beta subunit mRNA
      levels was examined in adult male rats in a dot-blot hybridization assay using
      cytosolic mRNA and 32P labelled plasmids containing cDNA encoding sequences of
      the subunits. Orchidectomy increased alpha subunit mRNA levels threefold by day 4
      with no further rise at 2 months. The LH-beta subunit mRNA levels increased by
      threefold at 2 months. Serum LH levels increased by up to fortyfold (2 months).
      Pituitary LH content increased by fourfold at 2 months, though was reduced at 4
      days after castration. These results suggest that transcription of the alpha and
      LH-beta genes are similarly regulated after castration. However the greater
      magnitude of serum LH increase after castration than that of both LH subunit mRNA
      levels and the bidirectional changes in pituitary LH content implies additional
      translational/post-translational control of gonadotrophin biosynthesis by gonadal
      hormones.

PMID- 2415652
TI  - A novel form of ectopic human chorionic gonadotrophin beta-subunit in the serum
      of a woman with epidermoid cancer.
AB  - A novel form of free human chorionic gonadotrophin beta-subunit (hCG beta) was
      found in serum from ElBre, a woman with epidermoid carcinoma of unknown origin.
      ElBre hCG beta was larger than standard (pregnancy urine) hCG beta when analysed
      by gel chromatography (apparent molecular weight 54 000 vs 44 000). This size
      difference appeared to be due to a larger carboxyterminal extension (CTE) of
      ElBre hCG beta since thermolysin cleavage of the CTE from standard hCG beta and
      Elbre hCG beta yielded core products of the same size. Oligosaccharides, O-linked
      to serine or threonine, were present in ElBre hCG beta, presumably on its CTE as
      judged by the complete binding of desialylated ElBre hCG beta to immobilized
      peanut agglutinin (this lectin is specific for terminal galactose linked beta 1--
      -3 to N-acetylgalactosamine, a disaccharide exposed after desialylation of the O
      linked oligosaccharides of standard hCG beta). ElBre hCG beta, however, was
      incompletely recognized by antisera specific for the CTE of standard hCG beta,
      especially the carbohydrate-sensitive antiserum R141. The O-linked
      oligosaccharides of standard hCG beta are heterogeneous in size; 13% are of the
      largest (hexasaccharide) form. In contrast, over 50% of the O-linked
      oligosaccharides in hCG beta from the JAr choriocarcinoma cell line are
      hexasaccharides. Like desialylated ElBre hCG beta, desialylated JAr hCG beta
      bound completely to peanut agglutinin, but was incompletely recognized by
      antisera to the hCG beta-CTE. Furthermore, JAr hCG beta was intermediate in size
      between standard hCG beta and ElBre hCG beta when analysed by gel chromatography
      (apparent molecular weight 49 000).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2415653
TI  - Pressure-induced changes in Ca2+-channel excitability in Paramecium.
AB  - The behaviour of swimming Paramecium is markedly affected by hydrostatic pressure
      (50-200 atm, 1 atm = 101 325 Pa). To investigate whether pressure might alter
      behaviour by acting directly on specific ion channels that mediate the
      behavioural responses, we examined the effects of K+, Na+ and Ba2+ ions on
      swimming speed and the reversal response during pressurization and decompression.
      If pressure acted on the channels that transport these ions, then the pressure
      induced responses of swimming Paramecium should be exaggerated or diminished,
      according to which ions were present in the experimental buffer. Pressurization
      to 100 atm in standard buffer inhibited the brief reversal of swimming direction
      that occurred at atmospheric pressure when a paramecium encountered the wall of
      the pressure chamber. To determine whether pressure impaired mechanoreceptor
      function or directly blocked the Ca2+-channels that control ciliary reversal, we
      added Ba2+ or Na+ to standard buffer to induce multiple spontaneous reversals.
      Pressurization blocked these reversals, suggesting that channel opening is
      directly inhibited by pressure. Decompression in standard buffer elicited
      momentary ciliary reversal and backward swimming. Buffers with a high ratio of K+
      to Ca2+ suppressed this response, and the decompression-induced reversal was
      exaggerated in the presence of Ba2+ or Na+, consistent with the effects that
      these ions are known to have on Paramecium's reversal response. These data imply
      that, upon decompression, the Ca2+-channels that mediate ciliary reversal open
      transiently. In addition to blocking the reversal response, pressurization slowed
      forward swimming. By examining the response to pressurization of Paramecium
      immobilized by Ni2+, we found that hydrostatic pressure apparently slows swimming
      by reorientating the direction of ciliary beat.

PMID- 2415654
TI  - The location of cardiac vagal preganglionic neurones in the brain stem of the
      dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula.
AB  - The locations, within the brain stem, of vagal efferent preganglionic neurones
      with axons in the two pairs of cardiac vagal rami of the dogfish have been
      defined by the retrograde intra-axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP).
      HRP was applied to the cardiac rami in one of two ways: either as crystals placed
      on the cut central end of the nerve or as a dried concentrated solution
      administered into the nerve on the tip of a fine pin. No difference was observed
      in the number of labelled cell bodies identified using either method. Labelled
      branchial cardiac vagal motoneurones were found ipsilaterally in the medial
      division of the vagal motor column, in the lateral division of the vagal motor
      column, and scattered between these two locations. In contrast, visceral cardiac
      vagal motoneurones were confined to the ipsilateral medial division of the vagal
      motor column. We suggest that the dual location of cell bodies supplying axons to
      the branchial cardiac branch of the vagus may represent a separation of function
      with respect to the two types of activity conducted by this nerve. Cardiac
      efferent fibres are confined in their exit from the brain to a middle group of
      vagal rootlets. This corresponds to the topographical representation of cardiac
      efferent somata within the extent of the vagal motor column.

PMID- 2415655
TI  - Evidence for a shared HLA-A intralocus determinant defined by monoclonal antibody
      131.
AB  - We describe here a monoclonal antibody, 131, which appears to recognize a
      determinant shared by HLA-A locus-encoded gene products. Isoelectric focusing
      analysis demonstrates that 131 reacts with the products of at least seven
      different HLA-A alleles but none of the five HLA-B allelic products tested.
      Together with evidence provided by other studies, this finding indicates the
      existence of A-unique and B-unique determinants, which may have different
      biological functions. Monoclonal antibody probes, such as the one described here,
      specific for shared intralocus determinants, may be valuable for assessing these
      possible functional differences.

PMID- 2415656
TI  - IgG rheumatoid factors and staphylococcal protein A bind to a common molecular
      site on IgG.
AB  - The antigenic determinant on the Fc region of human IgG for two IgG rheumatoid
      factors (IgG-RF) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were investigated in
      detail. The RF did not interact with IgG fragments that contained the C gamma 2
      or C gamma 3 region alone, but required the presence of both regions for binding.
      The RF binding to solid-phase IgG were poorly inhibited by the IgG3 subclass and
      strongly inhibited by staphylococcal protein A (SPA) (42 kD), and fragment D of
      SPA (7 kD), indicating that the binding site is most likely the same as the Ga
      antigenic determinant described for IgM-RF, and is in the same location as the
      site on IgG that binds SPA. pH titration studies of the RF binding to IgG
      indicated the involvement of histidine and lysine or tyrosine side chains.
      Chemical modification studies showed the histidines were involved on the Fc side
      of the interactions, and tyrosines were involved on both the antigenic and
      antibody sides of the interactions. Lysines were not involved. The above
      information, and the knowledge of the number and position in space of the amino
      acid residues involved in the C gamma 2-C gamma 3 interface region of IgG, the
      binding site for SPA, and the amino acid substitutions in IgG3 that account for
      its inability to bind protein A, allowed the identification of the site on IgG
      that bind IgG-RF. This binding site involves some of the same amino acid side
      chains, His 435, Tyr 436, and one or both His 433 and 310, and is in the same
      location as the site that binds SPA. The same site is likely to be a common
      antigenic determinant for other RF. Furthermore, the described molecular mimicry
      suggests a biological relationship between bacterial Fc-binding proteins and the
      production of RF in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2415657
TI  - Truncated mu (mu') chains in murine IgM. Evidence that mu' chains lack variable
      regions.
AB  - Secreted IgM was shown to contain truncated mu (mu') chains with an apparent
      molecular mass of approximately 55 kD. The estimated percentage of IgM heavy (H)
      chains in the mu' form ranged from less than or equal to 1% in the case of one
      tumor IgM protein (104E) to greater than or equal to 30% in normal serum IgM.
      Serum mu' chains lacked antigenic determinants characteristic of immunoglobulin
      variable regions and showed a restricted isoelectric focusing pattern compared
      with that of conventional mu chains. Intracellular mu' chains were readily
      detected in bone marrow cells but not in spleen or lymph node cells; mu' chains
      were also detected in IgM-producing tumor cells and in a hybridoma cell line that
      deleted its productive mu allele. These results predict irregularities in IgM
      structure and recall an old controversy concerning the valence of IgM molecules.

PMID- 2415658
TI  - Tolerance to parenchymal self. Regulatory role of major histocompatibility
      complex-restricted, OX8+ suppressor T cells specific for autologous renal tubular
      antigen in experimental interstitial nephritis.
AB  - BN rats develop interstitial nephritis after immunization with rabbit, but not
      rat renal tubular antigen. Using RT1n rat strains that differentially express
      tubular antigen, we investigated the unresponsiveness of BN rats to BN tubular
      antigen (BN-TBM) using delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to BN-TBM as
      a measure of cell-mediated immunity. Our results indicate that rat strains
      expressing tubular antigen respond to immunization with BN-TBM with the clonal
      expansion of antigen-specific, cyclophosphamide-sensitive, OX8+, MHC-restricted
      suppressor T cells. Such suppression appears to be relevant to the maintenance of
      tolerance to parenchymal self, since chronic cyclophosphamide therapy abrogates
      suppression and results in significant interstitial nephritis.

PMID- 2415659
TI  - Studies on the release of leukotrienes and histamine by human lung parenchymal
      and bronchial fragments upon immunologic and nonimmunologic stimulation. Effects
      of nordihydroguaiaretic acid, aspirin, and sodium cromoglycate.
AB  - Fragments of human lung parenchyma or bronchi were studied by high performance
      liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and bioassay for the
      biosynthesis of 5-lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid, and by
      radioenzymatic assay for the release of histamine, upon immunologic and
      nonimmunologic stimulation. Human lung parenchyma were passively sensitized with
      serum from timothy-positive allergic patients (radioallergosorbent test, 30-40%)
      and challenged with 0.5 microgram/ml of timothy allergen. Analysis of the
      incubation media showed the presence of LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4, and histamine.
      Maximum release of LTB4 and LTD4 was observed after 15 min of challenge (92.8 +/-
      21, and 67.8 +/- 14 pmol/g tissue wet weight, respectively; mean +/- SEM) whereas
      maximum release of LTC4 was observed after 5 min of challenge (25 +/- 7.1 pmol).
      In parallel to leukotriene formation, histamine was released rapidly and reached
      a maximum after approximately 15 min of challenge (2.85 +/- 0.76 nmol/g tissue).
      When fragments of human lung parenchyma were stimulated with ionophore A23187 (4
      microM), we observed a profile of leukotriene and histamine release similar to
      that seen in response to the allergen. Ionophore A23187 stimulated the release of
      two- to fivefold greater amounts of leukotrienes and histamine than did the
      allergen. Release of LTC4 and histamine was maximal after 5 min of stimulation
      (83 +/- 22.2 and 5.2 +/- 0.95 nmol/g tissue, respectively), whereas LTB4 and LTD4
      release reached a maximum after 15 min (438 +/- 66.6 and 205 +/- 68 nmol/g
      tissue, respectively). In addition, human lung parenchyma metabolized LTB4 into
      omega-OH-LTB4 and omega-COOH-LTB4. This tissue also released 5-hydroxy
      eicosatetraenoic acid (5-Hete), 12-Hete, and 15-Hete. Fragments of human lung
      bronchi also released a similar profile of leukotrienes (except LTC4) and
      histamine when challenged with the allergen or ionophore A23187. Maximum release
      of LTB4 and LTD4 by allergen or ionophore stimulation was observed after
      approximately 15 min (40 +/- 7.5 and 21 +/- 8 pmol/g tissue, respectively, upon
      allergen challenge; 100 +/- 13 and 47 +/- 10.6 pmol/g tissue, respectively, upon
      ionophore stimulation). The maximum release of histamine by bronchi was observed
      after approximately 15 min of allergen challenge and 5 min of ionophore
      stimulation (2.25 +/- 0.65 and 3.15 +/- 0.9 nmol/g tissue, respectively). The
      release of leukotrienes but not of histamine by human lung parenchyma upon both
      allergen and ionophore challenge was inhibited by nordihydroguaiaretic acid
      (NDGA) (ID50, 2 X 10(-6)M).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2415660
TI  - Restricted replication of lentiviruses. Visna viruses induce a unique interferon
      during interaction between lymphocytes and infected macrophages.
AB  - Lentivirus infections are characterized by a persistent, restricted type of virus
      replication in tissues. Using sheep and goat lentiviruses, whose target cells in
      vivo are macrophages, we explored virus-host cell interactions to determine
      whether an interferon (IFN) is produced during virus replication in vivo which
      causes restricted replication. We show that the lentiviruses were incapable of
      inducing IFN directly in any infected cell, including macrophages and
      lymphocytes. However, after infection with these viruses, sheep and goat
      macrophages acquired a factor that triggered IFN production by T lymphocytes.
      Only sheep/goat lentiviruses were capable of inducing the factor and, although
      these viruses replicated productively in various cell cultures of the natural
      host animal, only infected macrophages developed the IFN-inducing factor. The
      factor was produced continuously and was strictly cell associated, requiring
      direct contact with lymphocytes. The lymphocytes responded with a single, sudden
      release of IFN beginning 7 h after cocultivation and reaching peak values at 48
      h, after which they ceased production and became refractory. IFN production was
      not immunologically specific and did not require histocompatibility between
      donors of the two cell types. The IFN is a nonglycosylated protein of molecular
      weight 54,000-64,000, and is stable to heat and acid treatments. These findings
      identify a unique IFN and a new method for virus induction of IFN. The novel two
      stage process of induction provides a mechanism for local amplification and
      continuity of production of IFN in vivo. This is compatible with infection in the
      animal whose lentivirus-induced pathologic lesions consist of accumulations of
      lymphocytes and infected macrophages in target tissues.

PMID- 2415661
TI  - Persistent expression of Ia antigen and viral genome in visna-maedi virus-induced
      inflammatory cells. Possible role of lentivirus-induced interferon.
AB  - In this study we investigated the pathogenesis of the lymphoproliferative
      response in the chronic-active visna maedi virus-induced inflammatory lesions.
      Viral RNA expression was confined to macrophages, but only in tissues showing
      inflammatory lesions. A persistent and high level of Ia antigen expression was
      seen in macrophage-like cells in the inflammatory lesions, and the amounts of
      viral RNA and Ia expression were closely correlated. A small subpopulation of
      macrophages contained both viral RNA and Ia antigen, and these were found in
      greatest number in the lung. In vitro experiments showed that a lentivirus
      induced interferon (LV-IFN) could induce Ia antigens in normal sheep spleen and
      lymph node cells as well as in a transformed sheep macrophage cell line. Ia
      antigen expression in macrophages was transient in the absence of a continuing
      IFN stimulus and persisted for at least 2 wk in the presence of LV-IFN. LV-IFN
      also restricted viral replication in macrophages. It is suggested that LV-IFN
      induced by the inflammatory cells in visna-maedi lesions may induce Ia antigen
      expression in macrophages, thereby indirectly causing the lymphoproliferative
      response and restricted virus replication.

PMID- 2415662
TI  - Analyses of gonococcal H8 antigen. Surface location, inter- and intrastrain
      electrophoretic heterogeneity, and unusual two-dimensional electrophoretic
      characteristics.
AB  - The H8 protein is a surface-exposed antigen that is found, among members of the
      Neisseria genus, primarily on pathogenic species. In this study, the surface
      exposure of H8 was reassessed by four techniques. Results of slide agglutination,
      indirect fluorescent antibody binding, absorption of sera with whole gonococci,
      and immune electron microscopy all confirmed the presence of H8 in the outer
      membrane. The degree to which protein A-gold-labeled monoclonal antibodies bound
      to H8 was marked, and suggested that this antigen was present in abundant amounts
      in the outer membrane. Also in this study, the electrophoretic heterogeneity of
      this common surface antigen was examined. Because H8 stains poorly,
      electrophoretic mobility was assessed using polyclonal antibodies and a
      monoclonal antibody that recognizes a common H8 epitope. H8 was analyzed with
      respect to protein I, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and pilus and opacity phenotypic
      variation; results confirmed that heterogeneity of Mr was the rule among strains
      (21 were examined), however, the variability in Mr was independent of protein I
      or LPS Mr. In one strain (FA1090), the heterogeneity of H8 was examined among 10
      piliation/opacity variants; the H8 (and LPS) Mr was identical in all variants;
      similar data were generated in strains JS3 and JS1. The electrophoretic mobility
      of H8 was altered in serum-resistant and neutrophil enzyme-resistant gonococci
      compared to the sensitive gonococci. Some of the unusual electrophoretic
      migration characteristics of the antigen were also examined. H8 formed a unique
      mushroom-shaped band in one-dimensional gels; in a two-dimensional
      electrophoresis system, the antigen migrated aberrantly, very similarly to LPS.
      Also seen in the two-dimensional electrophoresis profile were multimers of the H8
      antigen; in strain JS3 (Mr 23,500), these migrated at 43,600, 86,000, and greater
      than 150,000. In other strains, the Mr of the multimers differed depending upon
      the Mr of the monomer. The two-dimensional migration characteristics (as measured
      by antigenicity) were completely destroyed by proteinase K digestion. Activity of
      H8 polyclonal antibodies to the antigens in two-dimensional gels was completely
      removed by adsorption of formalin-fixed whole cells, but was not affected by
      adsorption with LPS. These electrophoretic characteristics may reflect the close
      association of some nonprotein constituent, perhaps lipid or carbohydrate or
      both.

PMID- 2415663
TI  - Functional properties of a unique subset of cytotoxic CD3+ T lymphocytes that
      express Fc receptors for IgG (CD16/Leu-11 antigen).
AB  - A subset of peripheral blood T lymphocytes coexpressing CD3 and IgG Fc receptors
      (FcR) (CD16/Leu-11 antigen) have been identified, isolated, and functionally
      characterized. The CD3+, CD16+ cells were established in short-term culture using
      growth medium containing interleukin 2 (IL-2). Both the freshly isolated cells
      and the cultured cell line stably expressed the CD3+, CD16+ phenotype.
      Furthermore, a majority of these T cells lacked either CD4 or CD8 expression.
      Like in vitro-activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells,
      the CD3+, CD16+ cells showed numerous azurophilic granules. Although these cells
      failed to mediate significant levels of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity even after
      stimulation with IL-2, they efficiently functioned as effectors of antibody
      dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The Ig isotype specificity of the ADCC
      was analyzed using an isotype switch-variant family of a murine anti-HLA
      monoclonal antibody (mAb). Similar to the CD3-, CD16+ NK cell population, the
      CD3+, CD16+ T cells preferentially used the IgG2a antibody to mediate ADCC. The
      CD3+, CD16+ cells demonstrated a proliferative response when cocultured with
      either a NK-sensitive tumor cell line, K562, or a NK-insensitive B lymphoblastoid
      cell line, CCRF-SB. The response against CCRF-SB was significantly inhibited by
      anti-IL-2 receptor antibody, whereas the response against K562 was only partially
      diminished. Cytotoxicity was also induced in the CD3+, CD16+ population by the
      presence of anti-CD3 mAb, indicating that cytotoxicity can be triggered by
      stimulation via the CD3-T cell antigen receptor complex. By isolating these CD3+,
      CD16+ cells from the peripheral blood of a normal, healthy individual, it has
      been possible to extensively study the morphology, antigenic phenotype, and
      functional behavior of this unique subset of T lymphocytes expressing IgG FcR.

PMID- 2415665
TI  - bcr Rearrangement without juxtaposition of c-abl in chronic myelocytic leukemia.
AB  - Southern blot analysis detected a bcr gene rearrangement within leukemic cells of
      a Philadelphia chromosome-negative chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) patient that
      led to transcription of a novel 7.3 kb bcr RNA species. Participation of the c
      abl oncogene in this genomic recombination could be ruled out by in situ
      hybridization studies and Northern blot analysis.

PMID- 2415666
TI  - Reference values for automated cytochemical differential count of leukocytes in
      children 0-16 years old: comparison with manually obtained counts from Wright
      stained smears.
AB  - Reference values for the differential leukocyte count using an automated
      cytochemical method (Hemalog D) were determined in 1216 healthy children aged 0
      16 years. Log-normal distributions for the absolute counts of all the separate
      cell types and for the total leukocyte counts were determined. For the relative
      values, a log-normal distribution for the eosinophils and basophils was also
      established. The Hemalog D gives narrower limits compared with the manual count,
      but the differences between the two methods are smaller than expected. It appears
      that the lower limit of the separate cell types is not zero.

PMID- 2415664
TI  - Encephalitogenic T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein. An unusual bias
      in antigen recognition.
AB  - Class II-restricted T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein (MBP) have
      been generated from PL/J and (PL/J X SJL/J)F1 [((PLSJ)F1] mice following
      sensitization to rat MBP. Of 17 T cell clones generated from (PLSJ)F1 mice, 5 are
      I-Au(A alpha uA beta u) restricted, one is restricted to I-As(A alpha sA beta s),
      10 are restricted to hybrid I-A(u X s)F1 (A alpha sA beta u) determinants, and
      one clone is restricted to hybrid I-E(u X s) (E alpha uE beta s) molecules. Thus,
      of 16 I-A-restricted T cell clones generated from (PLSJ)F1 mice, only one is I-As
      restricted, reflecting a lack of priming to MBP in association with I-As. T cell
      clones restricted to I-Au and to I-E (E alpha u E beta s) molecules recognize
      mouse (self) MBP. Furthermore, only the five T cell clones restricted to I-Au
      molecules recognize a determinant in common with mouse (self) MBP within the
      encephalitogenic N-terminal peptide. Three such I-Au restricted T cell clones,
      derived independently, cause paralysis in 100% of (PL/J X SJL/J)F1 mice tested.
      Acute, chronic unremitting, and chronic relapsing paralysis are all induced
      following injection of these clones. Administration of greater numbers of cloned
      T cells causes acute and fatal experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, while
      administration of lower numbers of cloned T cells is associated with chronic
      unremitting and relapsing paralysis. Paralysis induced with T cell clones shares
      many clinical, immunologic, and histologic aspects with human demyelinating
      diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Histopathology reveals perivascular
      lymphocytic infiltration, demyelination, and remyelination. These studies
      demonstrate the utility of T cell clones for analyzing the association between
      class II major histocompatibility complex molecules and disease susceptibility.

PMID- 2415667
TI  - The preparation and use of a carrier-bound acceptor for the determination of
      sialyl transferase activity in serum.
AB  - Agarose-bound asialofetuin functions as an insoluble sialyl group acceptor in a
      simplified assay for sialyl transferase (CMP-neuraminate: D-galactosyl
      glycoprotein N-acetylneuraminyl transferase; EC 2.4.99.1) in serum. Since sialyl
      transferase levels in serum are elevated in a large number of malignant
      conditions, the simplified assay is of use for clinical monitoring in tumour
      therapeutic programmes.

PMID- 2415668
TI  - Identification of fetal bloodstains by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for
      human alpha-fetoprotein.
AB  - A rapid and highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for
      determination of human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) using commercially available
      reagents was devised and applied to identification of fetal bloodstains. When
      experimentally prepared bloodstains, 1 by 2 mm in area, were submitted to
      analysis, only fetal bloodstains showed positive reactions in the present ELISA.
      The reactions did not change significantly when these bloodstains were stored at
      room temperature for one week. The present ELISA seems to be suitable for
      forensic science practice.

PMID- 2415669
TI  - N-bromoacetamide removes a calcium-dependent component of channel opening from
      calcium-activated potassium channels in rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - Calcium-activated potassium channels from cultured rat skeletal muscle were
      treated with the protein-modifying reagent N-bromoacetamide (NBA) (0.3-1 mM) and
      studied in excised patches using patch-clamp techniques. After NBA treatment,
      channels opened only occasionally, and, in contrast to untreated channels, the
      open probability was no longer sensitive to intracellular surface calcium ions (1
      nM to 100 microM). Channel activity did, however, exhibit a voltage dependence
      similar in direction and magnitude to that shown before NBA treatment (increasing
      e-fold with 19 mV depolarization). Distributions of open channel lifetimes
      revealed that NBA treatment virtually abolished openings of long duration, which
      suggests that this class of openings requires calcium sensitivity. These effects
      were not reversed by subsequent washing. Quantitatively similar open probability,
      voltage dependence, and open-interval distributions were observed in untreated
      channels in calcium-free medium. These results suggest that NBA removed a calcium
      dependent component of channel opening, and that normal channels are able to open
      in the absence of significant intracellular calcium concentrations.

PMID- 2415670
TI  - Cardiac Na currents and the inactivating, reopening, and waiting properties of
      single cardiac Na channels.
AB  - Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive Na currents were examined in single dissociated
      ventricular myocytes from neonatal rats. Single channel and whole cell currents
      were measured using the patch-clamp method. The channel density was calculated as
      2/micron 2, which agreed with our usual finding of four channels per membrane
      patch. At 20 degrees C, the single channel conductance was 20 pS. The open time
      distributions were fit by a single-exponential function with a mean open time of
      approximately 1.0 ms at membrane potentials from -60 to -40 mV. Averaged single
      channel and whole cell currents were similar when scaled and showed both fast and
      slow rates of inactivation. The inactivation and activation gating shifted
      quickly to hyperpolarized potentials for channels in cell-attached as well as
      excised patches, whereas a much slower shift occurred in whole cells. Slowly
      inactivating currents were present in both whole cell and single channel current
      measurements at potentials as positive as -40 mV. In whole cell measurements, the
      potential range could be extended, and slow inactivation was present at
      potentials as positive as -10 mV. The curves relating steady state activation and
      inactivation to membrane potential had very little overlap, and slow inactivation
      occurred at potentials that were positive to the overlap. Slow inactivation is in
      this way distinguishable from the overlap or window current, and the slowly
      inactivating current may contribute to the plateau of the rat cardiac action
      potential. On rare occasions, a second set of Na channels having a smaller unit
      conductance and briefer duration was observed. However, a separate set of
      threshold channels, as described by Gilly and Armstrong (1984. Nature [Lond.].
      309:448), was not found. For the commonly observed Na channels, the number of
      openings in some samples far exceeded the number of channels per patch and the
      latencies to first opening or waiting times were not sufficiently dispersed to
      account for the slowly inactivating currents: the slow inactivation was produced
      by channel reopening. A general model was developed to predict the number of
      openings in each sample. Models in which the number of openings per sample was
      due to a dispersion of waiting times combined with a rapid transition from an
      open to an absorbing inactivated state were unsatisfactory and a model that was
      more consistent with the results was identified.

PMID- 2415672
TI  - 16S ribosomal RNA analysis of Filibacter limicola indicates a close relationship
      to the genus Bacillus.
AB  - The phylogenetic relationship of the Gram-negative, filamentous gliding bacterium
      Filibacter limicola was analysed by 16S rRNA oligonucleotide cataloguing. In
      contrast to the proposed membership of this asporogenous species in the
      Flexibacteriaceae, Filibacter limicola clusters phylogenetically with the Gram
      positive eubacteria Bacillus pasteurii, Sporosarcina ureae and the asporogenous
      species Planococcus citreus. The genetic relationship is supported by several
      common phenotypic properties.

PMID- 2415671
TI  - Kinetic analysis of the action of Leiurus scorpion alpha-toxin on ionic currents
      in myelinated nerve.
AB  - The effects of a neurotoxin, purified from the venom of the scorpion Leiurus
      quinquestriatus, on the ionic currents of toad single myelinated fibers were
      studied under voltage-clamp conditions. Unlike previous investigations using
      crude scorpion venom, purified Leiurus toxin II alpha at high concentrations (200
      400 nM) did not affect the K currents, nor did it reduce the peak Na current in
      the early stages of treatment. The activation of the Na channel was unaffected by
      the toxin, the activation time course remained unchanged, and the peak Na current
      vs. voltage relationship was not altered. In contrast, Na channel inactivation
      was considerably slowed and became incomplete. As a result, a steady state Na
      current was maintained during prolonged depolarizations of several seconds. These
      steady state Na currents had a different voltage dependence from peak Na currents
      and appeared to result from the opening of previously inactivated Na channels.
      The opening kinetics of the steady state current were exponential and had rates
      approximately 100-fold slower than the normal activation processes described for
      transitions from the resting state to the open state. In addition, the dependence
      of the peak Na current on the potential of preceding conditioning pulses was also
      dramatically altered by toxin treatment; this parameter reached a minimal value
      near a membrane potential of -50 mV and then increased continuously to a
      "plateau" value at potentials greater than +50 mV. The amplitude of this plateau
      was dependent on toxin concentration, reaching a maximum value equal to
      approximately 50% of the peak current; voltage-dependent reversal of the toxin's
      action limits the amplitude of the plateauing effect. The measured plateau effect
      was half-maximum at a toxin concentration of 12 nM, a value quite similar to the
      concentration producing half of the maximum slowing of Na channel inactivation.
      The results of Hill plots for these actions suggest that one toxin molecule binds
      to one Na channel. Thus, the binding of a single toxin molecule probably both
      produces the steady state currents and slows the Na channel inactivation. We
      propose that Leiurus toxin inhibits the conversion of the open state to
      inactivated states in a voltage-dependent manner, and thereby permits a fraction
      of the total Na permeability to remain at membrane potentials where inactivation
      is normally complete.

PMID- 2415673
TI  - Influence of interferon on persistent infection caused by Borna disease virus in
      vitro.
AB  - The effect of interferon (IFN) on infection and maintenance of persistent
      infection of Borna disease (BD) virus in cell cultures was investigated. Acutely
      BD virus-infected primary rabbit brain and rat lung cells produced significant
      levels of interferon detectable 3 days post-infection in the culture
      supernatants. Rat brain and rat lung cells persistently infected with BD virus
      produced only moderate levels of IFN over a long period. In contrast,
      persistently infected Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells did not produce
      detectable amounts of IFN. Exogenous homologous IFN completely inhibited the
      expression of BD virus antigen in acutely infected rabbit brain cells, when added
      during the first 24 h after infection. IFN added later (2 to 6 days post
      infection) reduced virus titres to different degrees depending on the onset of
      treatment. However, IFN added to persistently infected rat lung cells did not
      appear to influence the degree or quality of BD virus antigen expression or the
      intracellular amount of infectious virus. Two facts indicate that IFN is not
      involved in the establishment or maintenance of persistent BD virus infection in
      vitro. Thus, MDCK cells, which could not be induced to produce IFN, can be
      readily persistently infected with BD virus in vitro, and exogenous IFN did not
      appear to influence persistent BD virus infection.

PMID- 2415674
TI  - Three-dimensional distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the
      urinary bladder of rat.
AB  - The overall distribution of substance P-like immunoreactive (SPI) fibers in the
      rat urinary bladder was examined by means of frozen sections and whole mount
      preparations. Two types of SPI fibers entered the urinary bladder from the neck;
      one forming thick fiber bundles and the other around the blood vessels. These SPI
      fiber bundles branched into several thinner segments which often project many
      collaterals to the smooth muscle and submucosal layers. In the smooth muscle
      layer, single SPI fibers were seen running parallel to both longitudinal and
      circular muscle bundles. They appeared to be evenly distributed in the smooth
      muscle layer. SPI fiber bundles located in the circular muscle layer dissociated
      SPI fibers which entered the submucosal layer, where they directed to the
      epithelium and formed a meshwork just beneath it. SPI fibers often left the
      meshwork to enter the epithelium where abundant arborization of fine SPI fibers
      was seen. The density of SPI fibers in the submucosal layer and epithelium was
      not even. The highest density was identified in the neck and the trigonum area.

PMID- 2415675
TI  - Rat brain serotonin: biochemical and functional evidence for a sex difference.
AB  - Male and female rats were compared with respect to brain serotonin (5-HT) levels,
      synthetic capacity, receptor sensitivity, and CNS functions. Levels of whole
      brain 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were higher in females. The
      accumulation of 5-HT after treatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor
      pargyline alone and in combination with the 5-HT precursor L-tryptophan was
      greater in females than in males. 5-HT increased and 5-HIAA decreased to the same
      extent in both sexes after administration of the 5-HT agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n
      propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). The temperature fall after all drug treatments
      was greater in females, but the "5-HT behavioural syndrome" was more pronounced
      in females merely after pargyline plus tryptophan; the behavioural response after
      8-OH-DPAT did not differ between the sexes. These results are indicative of sex
      differences in the brain 5-HT neuronal systems. They are discussed in relation to
      differences between males and females in sexual behaviour, aggression and
      affective disorders.

PMID- 2415676
TI  - Hormonal modulation of pineal melatonin synthesis in rats and Syrian hamsters:
      effects of adrenalectomy and corticosteroid implants.
AB  - Pineal levels of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, N-acetylserotonin,
      melatonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and the activities of the enzymes N
      acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase were determined in male
      albino rats and Syrian hamsters that were implanted with the appropriate
      corticosteroid or adrenalectomized two weeks earlier. Melatonin content and NAT
      activity were increased at 4 hours (during darkness) in adrenalectomized
      hamsters; conversely, no alterations in melatonin levels were observed in either
      adrenalectomized or implanted rats. It is suggested that the changes in adrenal
      function probably have a minor influence on pineal melatonin production.

PMID- 2415677
TI  - Dopamine metabolites in rat cisternal cerebrospinal fluid: major contribution
      from extrastriatal dopamine neurones.
AB  - The interpretation of central 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine, DA)
      metabolism, as indicated by determinations in rat cisternal CSF, was investigated
      using intrastriatal injection of the DA neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and
      intraperitoneal injection of the noradrenergic neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N
      ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4). DA turnover was subsequently determined by
      measurement of the rate of accumulation of total 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
      and homovanillic acid (DOPAC + HVA) in the CSF after probenecid was given. Two
      days later the rats were killed, and metabolism of DA and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5
      HT) was investigated by determining levels of the amines and their metabolites in
      brain regions. Although 6-OHDA greatly decreased striatal DA metabolism, this was
      not paralleled by DA turnover as indicated by CSF, as this fell only moderately
      and approximately in parallel with results for the brain as a whole. 5-HT
      metabolism was essentially unaltered. DSP4 considerably depleted noradrenaline
      and caused smaller decreases of 5-HT metabolism in some regions. However, DA
      metabolism was not significantly affected, either in brain or CSF, which suggests
      that noradrenaline neurones make only a small contribution to central DA
      metabolism. Results as a whole suggest that DOPAC and HVA concentrations in rat
      cisternal CSF reflect whole brain DA metabolism and derive predominantly from DA
      neurones in extrastriatal regions of the brain.

PMID- 2415678
TI  - Ethanolamine base-exchange reaction in rat brain microsomal subfractions.
AB  - Crude microsomal fractions have been subfractionated by differential
      ultracentrifugation into subfractions A, B, and C, corresponding to light smooth,
      heavy smooth, and rough microsomal membranes, respectively. The purity and the
      vesiculation of the membranes were checked biochemically. Subfraction C showed
      the highest ethanolamine base-exchange activity, both on phospholipid and protein
      bases. The other two subfractions had roughly similar activities. The kinetic
      behavior of the enzyme activity, although anomalous, was similar in the three
      subfractions. Treatment of the vesicles with Pronase or with mercury-dextran
      produced inactivation of the ethanolamine base-exchange reaction in the three
      subfractions. These findings suggest that the active site of base-exchange
      activity would be localized on the external leaflet of the vesicles. Treatment of
      the membranes with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) has shown that the newly
      synthesized phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) belongs to a pool easily reacting with
      the probe, independent of the subfraction investigated. On the other hand, the
      distribution of the bulk membrane PE reacting with TNBS differs in the three
      subfractions examined. It is concluded that the newly synthesized PE and probably
      the active site of the enzyme are on the external leaflet of the membrane in all
      subfractions and that the ethanolamine base-exchange reaction has similar
      properties in all subfractions.

PMID- 2415679
TI  - Studies on the role of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the control of synaptosomal [3H]5
      hydroxytryptamine release: effects of antidepressant drugs.
AB  - The sensitivity of alpha 2-adrenoceptors on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) nerve
      endings obtained from rat cerebral cortex was investigated following treatment
      with the antidepressant drugs desipramine (10 mg/kg/day for 21-28 days) or
      clorgyline (1 mg/kg/day for 21-28 days). [3H]5-HT (100 nM) was used to load
      cortical synaptosomes (P2) after experiments with uptake inhibitors confirmed
      that this concentration of amine ensured exclusive uptake into 5-HT nerve
      terminals. The sensitivity of K+-stimulated release of [3H]5-HT to alpha 2
      adrenoceptor occupancy was assessed in a superfusion system by means of the dose
      dependent inhibition of [3H]5-HT release by clonidine. This is blocked by
      yohimbine (1 microM), which, when administered alone, enhances release,
      suggesting that endogenous catecholamines released from other synaptosomes act on
      these alpha 2-heteroreceptors. The effect of addition of citalopram (1 microM) to
      superfusates suggests that some reuptake of [3H]5-HT occurs during superfusion.
      Of the tritium released into superfusates during "background" and K+-stimulated
      release, 17 and 90%, respectively is [3H]5-HT. The attenuation of K+-stimulated
      release by clonidine is apparently diminished by the chronic clorgyline regimen
      but not by desipramine. However, clorgyline elevates catecholamine levels, and
      this might increase endogenous noradrenaline (NA) efflux, which by competition
      with clonidine could appear to alter alpha 2-adrenoceptor sensitivity. This
      possibility was investigated by depleting NA with the neurotoxin N-(2
      chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4). These studies showed that the
      apparent effect of chronic clorgyline on alpha 2-adrenoceptor sensitivity to
      clonidine was due to competition with increased levels of endogenous NA.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2415680
TI  - Interactions between vasoactive intestinal peptide and dopamine in the rabbit
      retina: stimulation of a common adenylate cyclase.
AB  - Although 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine, DA) and vasoactive intestinal
      peptide (VIP) have been reported to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity in the
      rabbit retina, possible interactions between VIP-sensitive and DA-sensitive
      adenylate cyclase systems have not been previously investigated. To elucidate the
      interactions between these two putative transmitter-stimulated cyclase systems,
      the effects of VIP, DA, and VIP + DA on the conversion of [alpha-32P]ATP to
      [32P]cyclic AMP in rabbit retinal homogenates were measured. VIP stimulated
      adenylate cyclase activity in a biphasic manner, suggesting that two classes of
      VIP receptors may be involved in the induction of cyclic AMP formation. DA was
      less potent than VIP, and stimulated cyclase activity with a monophasic dose
      response curve. When assayed together, these stimulations were partially
      nonadditive, implying the existence of a common adenylate cyclase pool that may
      be stimulated by both putative neurotransmitters. The dopaminergic antagonist (+)
      butaclamol completely blocked dopaminergic stimulation, but had no significant
      effect on VIP-induced stimulation, indicating that VIP interacts with specific
      VIP receptor sites, which are distinct from the dopaminergic receptor sites.
      Furthermore, the specific D-2 dopaminergic receptor agonist LY141865 demonstrated
      no inhibitory effect on adenylate cyclase activity, suggesting that the
      interaction between the VIP- and DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase systems does not
      result from a D-2 receptor-mediated cyclase inhibition in the rabbit retina.
      Finally, at maximally effective concentrations, DA and VIP were less potent than
      fluoride or forskolin in the stimulation of cyclic AMP formation, suggesting that
      adenylate cyclase pools that are not sensitive to DA and VIP may also be present
      in this retina.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2415681
TI  - Cyclic AMP stimulates serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in Xenopus retina in
      vitro.
AB  - The possible involvement of cyclic AMP in the regulation of retinal serotonin N
      acetyltransferase (NAT) activity was investigated using eye cups of Xenopus
      laevis cultured in a defined medium. Addition of dibutyrylcyclic AMP (dbcAMP)
      increased retinal NAT activity in eye cups cultured in light. Addition of
      adenosine or 5'-AMP under identical conditions was without effect. 3
      Isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) increased both retinal cyclic AMP levels and NAT
      activity in light-exposed eye cups. Forskolin also increased the concentration of
      cyclic AMP and the activity of NAT, and the effect of forskolin on both of these
      parameters was synergistically enhanced by IBMX. The effects of forskolin and of
      dbcAMP did not require the addition of calcium to the medium; thus, Ca2+ 
      dependent synaptic transmission does not appear to be required for the response
      to these drugs. Incubation conditions that activate cyclic AMP-dependent protein
      kinase in retinal homogenates had no effect on NAT activity, suggesting that
      direct phosphorylation of NAT was probably not involved in the response to
      elevating cyclic AMP in situ. The effect of dbcAMP was blocked by protein
      synthesis inhibitors. These results suggest that cyclic AMP increases retinal NAT
      activity by a mechanism that involves protein synthesis, and support a role for
      cyclic AMP in the nocturnal increase of NAT activity in darkness.

PMID- 2415682
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to human myelin basic protein.
AB  - SJL/J and (SJL X PL) F1 hybrid mice were immunized with intact human myelin basic
      protein (MBP) or the three major peptic fragments of MBP, residues 1-38, 39-89,
      and 90-170. Immune spleen cells were fused with mouse myeloma P3 X 63Ag8 (NS1)
      cells in the presence of polyethylene glycol. Hybridoma supernatant culture
      fluids were screened for antibody to MBP by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA).
      The specificity of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) was characterized by RIA using
      the three major MBP peptic fragments and subfragments as well as MBP and MBP
      fragments of different species with known amino acid sequence differences. Six
      MBP mAbs were generated, one of them IgM isotype and the remainder IgG isotypes.
      One mAb each reacted against regions of residues 22-38, 39-69, 70-89, 90-116, and
      two reacted against residues 118-157. Immunoblots also showed that the five IgG
      mAbs were reactive against MBP and the peptic fragment of MBP containing the
      epitope. Immunohistochemical studies showed the IgG mAbs specifically stained
      myelinated fiber tracts in human brain tissue.

PMID- 2415683
TI  - Uptake and release of tryptophan and serotonin: an HPLC method to study the flux
      of endogenous 5-hydroxyindoles through synaptosomes.
AB  - An HPLC assay with fluorometric detection has been developed that is sensitive
      enough to measure simultaneously endogenous levels of tryptophan, serotonin (5
      hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) inside
      synaptosomes as well as that released into the incubation medium. Using this
      assay, we have observed that tryptophan is rapidly taken up by synaptosomes and
      turned over to 5-HIAA without a concurrent release of 5-HT. Exogenous 5-HT is
      also rapidly taken up, and, within 20-30 min, 80% of the 5-HT is deaminated.
      Veratridine induces release of both tryptophan and 5-HT from synaptosomes.
      Changes in the disposition of exogenous tryptophan or 5-HT can be completely
      accounted for by uptake or by stoichiometric changes in metabolites. This assay
      method should be valuable in the study of 5-HT pools and in the determination of
      from which pool 5-HT release occurs.

PMID- 2415684
TI  - Involvement of calcium in the regulation of serotonin N-acetyltransferase in
      retina.
AB  - The possible involvement of calcium in the regulation of retinal serotonin N
      acetyltransferase (NAT) activity was investigated using eye cups of Xenopus
      laevis cultured in defined medium. Omitting CaCl2 from the culture medium
      completely inhibited the dark-dependent increase of NAT activity at night.
      Approximately 10(-4)-10(-3) M free Ca2+ was found to be required for the maximal
      increase of NAT activity in the dark. Other divalent cations--Ba2+, Sr2+, and
      Mn2+--did not substitute for Ca2+. Antagonists of voltage-sensitive calcium
      channels, including nifedipine, methoxyverapamil (D600), Co2+, and Mg2+, were
      found to be effective inhibitors of the dark-dependent increase of retinal NAT
      activity. Trifluoperazine also decreased retinal NAT activity. These studies
      indicate that the increase of retinal NAT activity in the dark is mediated by a
      specific Ca2+-dependent process and that Ca2+ influx through voltage-sensitive
      calcium channels is involved.

PMID- 2415685
TI  - Postnatal growth of motor nerve terminals in muscles of the mouse.
AB  - A reduced silver stain was used to examine the development of complexity of motor
      nerve terminals in the postnatal period. Terminals in three histochemically
      different muscles were examined in mice aged 12 days to 3 years. The total number
      and total length of intraterminal axon branches increases with age, but only
      until animals are 3 months old. Terminals become longest and most branched in the
      histochemically glycolytic tensor fascia latae (TFL) muscle, shortest and least
      branched in the oxidative diaphragm, and intermediate in the histochemically
      mixed gluteus muscle. In addition, myelinated terminal branches develop in TFL
      and to a lesser extent in the gluteus between 1 and 3 months of age. These
      myelinated branches appear to be produced by nodal sprouting from the penultimate
      node of Ranvier of the terminal axon, and also by myelination of pre-existing
      terminal branches. The diameter of muscle fibres also increases until animals are
      3 months old, and there is a good correlation between mean fibre diameter and
      either mean terminal length or mean number of terminal branches when all muscles
      at all ages are compared. This suggests that terminal growth could be determined
      by muscle fibre growth; however, within any given muscle there is little or no
      correlation between the diameter of a muscle fibre and either the length or
      number of branches of its nerve terminal, suggesting that terminal morphology is
      not controlled solely by muscle fibre growth. The presence of a myelinated branch
      in a nerve terminal is also unrelated to fibre diameter within a given muscle,
      but again when means are compared there are good, but significantly different
      correlations for the three different muscles. Thus some kind of muscle or nerve
      type-specific property additional to a general effect of muscle fibre size
      influences the development of myelinated terminal branches. Between 3 and 12
      months of age terminal complexity remains constant or may decrease slightly. At
      19 months or older, when mice are becoming senile, a large proportion of synapses
      have terminal sprouts and muscle fibres become innervated by two or more distinct
      axons. These changes can be attributed to the death of some motor neurons and
      sprouting of the remaining axons.

PMID- 2415686
TI  - A glutamate-sensitive neuronal system originating from the area postrema
      terminates in and transports acetylcholinesterase to the nucleus of the solitary
      tract.
AB  - The possible cellular mechanism of action of systemically administered monosodium
      L-glutamate and the projections of glutamate-sensitive area postrema neurons have
      been studied in rats. Parenteral administration of monosodium-L-glutamate induced
      a selective degeneration of a particular population of AChE-containing area
      postrema neurons. Electron microscopic cytochemistry and X-ray microanalysis
      revealed the presence of calcium-containing electron-dense deposits in the
      mitochondria of degenerating area postrema neurons indicating the possible
      pathogenetic role of an enhanced intracellular calcium level in the mechanism of
      monosodium-L-glutamate-induced nerve cell degeneration. Degeneration of area
      postrema neurons was followed by the appearance of degenerating axon terminals in
      a well-defined region of the nucleus of the solitary tract, the area subpostrema.
      Degenerating area postrema neurons and axon terminals were rapidly engulfed by
      phagocytes predominantly of microglial character. AChE activity, localized to the
      basal lamina of the capillaries of the area subpostrema under normal conditions,
      could no longer be detected in rats treated with monosodium-L-glutamate 3-4 weeks
      previously. These findings provide evidence for the existence of a particular
      population of glutamate-sensitive, AChE-containing area postrema neurons which
      project and transport AChE to the nucleus of the solitary tract. This specific
      neuronal pathway connecting the area postrema with the nucleus of the solitary
      tract may play an important role in some of the functions attributed to the area
      postrema. The results also strengthen the hypothesis that brain capillary AChE
      activity may be of neuronal origin.

PMID- 2415687
TI  - Both electrical and chemical transmission between the 'lobula giant movement
      detector' and the 'descending contralateral movement detector' neurons of locusts
      are supported by electron microscopy.
AB  - Conventional electron microscopy combined with cobalt staining techniques has
      revealed chemical synapses and gap junction-like areas denoting specific regions
      of contact between two large, uniquely identifiable visual interneurons in the
      brain of the locust Schistocerca gregaria. The morphological demonstration of
      chemical synapses suggests that one of the two neurons, the 'descending
      contralateral movement detector', receives a chemically mediated input from its
      main presynaptic element, the 'lobula giant movement detector'. This observation
      supports recent electrophysiological studies demonstrating synaptic delays
      between the two cells, characteristic of chemical synapses. However, regions with
      the appearance of gap junctions are also observed. This corroborates earlier work
      which suggested that these two neurons are coupled electrically.

PMID- 2415688
TI  - Compensation in the number of presynaptic dense projections and synaptic vesicles
      in remaining parallel fibres following cerebellar lesions.
AB  - Our previous investigations demonstrated an increase in the size of remaining
      synaptic sites as an intermediate or possible alternative to sprouting
      plasticity. The total amount of postsynaptic contact area remained relatively
      constant for each target neuron even though there was a marked decrease in the
      number of sites on these neurons. In addition, enlarged boutons containing
      numerous synaptic vesicles were positioned adjacent to enlarged postsynaptic
      sites. The question posed by this study was to determine whether dense
      projections, parts of the presynaptic grids of the remaining parallel fibres,
      spread to cover the enlarged postsynaptic sites, or if the number of these
      densities increased on each site to maintain the structural organization of the
      presynaptic grid. In addition, the number of synaptic vesicles per bouton was
      quantitated to determine whether they compensated by increasing their number in
      relationship to the increased area of the presynaptic grid. The number of
      parallel fibre synapses on Purkinje cells was reduced by transection of a narrow
      bundle of parallel fibres accompanied by a small lesion undercutting the
      molecular layer to destroy granule cells contributing to this bundle. The number
      of presynaptic dense projections was quantitated in control and lesioned
      preparations (using ethanolic acid staining) in order to determine their
      correlation to the area of each site. In addition, the average number of synaptic
      vesicles in boutons was compared to the average size of boutons and the average
      contact area of the synaptic sites. At 3 to 7 days following partial
      deafferentation of Purkinje cells in adult rats, the density of dense projections
      of parallel fibre synapses on Purkinje cell spines remained uniform. This
      occurred throughout a range of reduction in the number of synapses in conjunction
      with a reciprocal increase in the size of sites. The finding of a uniform density
      of these projections and an increase in the size implies that each granule cell
      axon must gain dense projections. In addition, the remaining presynaptic boutons
      had a uniform density of synaptic vesicles even though the volume of the boutons
      and the area of the synaptic contact doubled. Thus, the number of synaptic
      vesicles gained in proportion to the total enlargement of the contact site and
      the bouton size. These results strongly suggest that deficits or losses in
      synaptic connections of parallel fibre on Purkinje cell spines produces a
      compensation in the total number of synaptic vesicles and presynaptic dense
      projections of the remaining boutons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2415689
TI  - Ataxia-telangiectasia: an overview.
AB  - The more subtle clinical findings that facilitate early diagnosis and the most
      provocative long-term clinical observations in our series of patients are
      emphasized. The most striking pathological findings in our own series of 11
      complete autopsies are reviewed in relation to new findings from 57 autopsy
      reports in the recent literature. Clinical and pathological findings in our
      oldest patient, who died at age 32, are systematically compared with those of her
      sister, who died 20 years earlier at age 10 1/2 and who was the subject of the
      first autopsy in AT, thus providing a rare comparison of the early and late
      stages of the disease. The clinical and pathological findings, including the
      gliovascular malformations in the CNS described recently in autopsies on older
      patients, reveal that AT is characterized throughout its course by multisystemic
      progeric changes. It is proposed, therefore, that AT can serve as a model for the
      study of premature aging. Clinical diagnosis, laboratory markers, and special
      diagnostic procedures, along with general management, immunotherapy, and
      rehabilitative measures, are reviewed in Part II.

PMID- 2415690
TI  - Chromosomal localization, structure, and expression of the human alpha
      fetoprotein gene.
AB  - By in situ hybridization of cloned human alpha-fetoprotein cDNA to human mitotic
      chromosome preparations, the alpha-fetoprotein gene was localized within the q11
      22 region on the long arm of human chromosome 4. In addition, the human alpha
      fetoprotein gene was isolated from a genomic phage library. The gene is split
      into 15 exons and 14 introns, and the entire structure is contained within two
      large (9.5 and 9.0) and two small (0.3 and 0.25 kb) EcoRI fragments of contiguous
      chromosomal DNA. The structure of alpha-fetoprotein and its gene is very similar
      to the corresponding structures of serum albumin, indicating a common
      evolutionary origin of these two serum proteins. However, the two genes are
      differentially expressed during normal development and under certain pathological
      conditions such as hepatomas, germ-cell tumors, or ataxia-telangiectasia. The
      molecular basis of this differential gene expression remains to be understood.

PMID- 2415691
TI  - Selective vulnerability in the nervous system.

PMID- 2415692
TI  - Iodine 131 antiferritin, a new treatment modality in hepatoma: a Radiation
      Therapy Oncology Group study.
AB  - One hundred five patients with hepatoma were treated with iodine 131 antiferritin
      in three sequential protocols in phase 1-2 trials. Therapy began in all trials
      with external beam irradiation and chemotherapy. The dosimetric results with 131I
      antiferritin indicated that 30 mCi (8 to 10 mCi/mg immunoglobulin G [IgG]) was
      sufficient to saturate the tumor. Tumor-effective half-life of the radioactive
      antibody was 3 to 5 days and was dependent on the species of animal from which
      the antibody was derived. This led to a 30 mCi on day 0 and 20 mCi on day 5
      treatment schedule. Toxicity was predominantly thrombocytopenia. Due to clinical
      remission, cyclic therapy was next developed with antibodies from different
      species of animals. Rabbit, pig, monkey, and bovine antibodies were determined to
      produce the longest tumor-effective half-life and therefore the highest dose of
      radiation. Integration of 15 mg doxorubicin and 500 mg 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with
      131I antiferritin was accomplished next. Remission to external beam radiation was
      evaluated by computed tomography (CT) scan tumor volume computations that
      indicated that 22% of the patients had a partial remission (PR) from initial
      presentation to 1 month following external irradiation and chemotherapy. From the
      time of radioactive antibody administration, 48% of the patients (7% complete
      response [CR] and 41% PR) achieved remission to 131I antiferritin. Of 79 patients
      evaluated by CT scan tumor volumetrics 50% of the patients (7% CR and 43% PR)
      remitted to the entire treatment regimen. Patients not previously treated and
      without metastasis who were alpha fetoprotein positive (AFP+) had a 5-month
      median survival compared with AFP- median survival of 10 1/2 months. There were
      four CRs with one being 3 years and 6 months. The longest PR was 5 years and 8
      months. These studies have demonstrated the toxicity and therapeutic activity of
      131I antiferritin and the emerging role of radiolabelled antibody in cancer
      therapy.

PMID- 2415693
TI  - Treatment of squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck with cisplatin and 5
      fluorouracil.
AB  - Seventy patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated
      with a 24-hour infusion of cisplatin, followed by a 5-day continuous infusion of
      5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Among 31 patients without prior treatment, stage III (six
      patients) and IV (25 patients), there were seven complete responses (CRs) and 19
      partial responses (PRs) for an overall response rate of 84%. In the group of 30
      patients with recurrent disease after surgery and/or radiotherapy, there were
      five CRs and ten PRs (total response rate of 50%). Among nine patients who failed
      prior chemotherapy, there were two CRs and one PR. Performance status and stage
      had minor effects on response frequency. The projected survival in the no prior
      treatment group was 59% at 22 months while the median survival of the recurrent
      cancer group was nine months. Compared to our previous study using cisplatin
      vincristine-bleomycin (COB) chemotherapy, our present regimen has a higher CR
      rate (P less than .008). Durations of response and survival in the present study
      appear to be longer in the unresectable group and the recurrent cancer group.
      Toxicity was generally mild. The use of dexamethasone, diphenhydramine,
      droperidol, and perphenazine as antiemetics prophylactically resulted in 28% of
      treatment cycles associated with vomiting. This compares favorably with our
      previous 79% incidence of vomiting. This regimen appears to be more effective
      than our previous regimen and can be given with less toxicity.

PMID- 2415694
TI  - Effect of 3-acetylpyridine on the development of rat brain.
AB  - 3-Acetylpyridine, an antagonistic agent of nicotinic acid, was given to suckling
      rats from 6 days of age. Rats were killed at 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30
      days of age respectively, and their brains were analyzed for several biochemical
      parameters of brain growth and myelination for comparison with those of pair-fed
      and ad libitum control rats. Results of DNA, RNA and protein content measurements
      in the brain of rats which had received 3-acetylpyridine and of pair-fed control
      suggested a retardation of about one week in brain growth and development
      compared to ad libitum control with most striking differences noted at 12 days of
      age. At 30 days of age, rats which had received 3-acetylpyridine showed lower
      values in yield of myelin, content of cerebroside and specific activity of 2', 3'
      cyclic nucleotide-3-phosphohydrolase, when compared with pair-fed and ad libitum
      controls. These results indicate that undernourishment due to restricted food
      intake during brain growth-spurt results in retardation of brain development to
      some extent. They also suggest that nicotinic acid plays an important role in
      myelination associated with synthesis of cerebroside which contains high levels
      of long-chain fatty acid.

PMID- 2415695
TI  - The use of the lectin Ulex europeus to study epithelial cell differentiation in
      neoplastic and non-neoplastic oral white lesions.
AB  - Ulex europeus (Ulex 1) has been used to study the expression of cell surface
      alpha-L-fucose on oral epithelial cells of normal human mucosa, white lesions and
      carcinomas. In normal tissue and in 11 of 12 specimens of non-specific keratoses
      (leukoplakia), Ulex 1 stained epithelial spinous cells only. In 16 specimens of
      oral lichen planus, Ulex 1 labelled spinous epithelial cells, and in 12 there was
      also staining of the basal epithelial cells. Two specimens of white sponge naevus
      showed a total absence of epithelial staining with Ulex 1. Squamous carcinomas
      showed a loss of staining in the invading epithelial islands in six of eight
      specimens, but normal labelling of the surfaces of spinous cells at sites distant
      from the areas of epithelial invasion. When the severity of epithelial dysplasia,
      as assessed by the index of epithelial atypia, was compared with the pattern of
      staining of Ulex 1 in normal mucosa and white lesions there was no correlation.
      The results show that failure of Ulex 1 to stain cell surface carbohydrates may
      not be attributable to malignant transformation. The staining of cells not
      normally stained may be related to hitherto masked residues revealed by cell
      damage or altered differentiation.

PMID- 2415696
TI  - Indoleacetic acid-induced hypothermia and changes in serotonin metabolism in
      mice.
AB  - The effects of the tryptamine metabolite, indoleacetic acid (IAA) on body
      temperature and serotonin (5-HT) metabolism in mice were investigated. IAA at 300
      mg/kg i.p. induced significant hypothermia in mice. It caused a remarkable
      decrease in concentration of total tryptophan (TRP) and a considerable increase
      in free TRP in serum. IAA increased 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and TRP in
      the brain, but decreased 5-HT synthesis in the brain. The 5-HT antagonist,
      methysergide and the 5-HT depleter, p-chlorophenylalanine did not affect IAA
      induced hypothermia.

PMID- 2415697
TI  - Aluminum and the central nervous system.

PMID- 2415698
TI  - [Ionic currents and secretion in the exocrine glands].
AB  - Exocrine glands extrude both proteins and salt. Fluid secretion is related to a
      modification of the membrane permeability of secreting cells. This permeability
      change may be measured as an increase of labelled ion fluxes or as a rise of
      membrane conductance. It involves Na+, K+, Cl- and Ca2+ ions. Intracellular Ca2+
      acts as "second messenger" in the development of the electrical response. Recent
      recordings using the "patch-clamp" technique have revealed three types of ion
      channel activated by secretory agents. These channels are sensitive to internal
      Ca2+ ions. They are respectively selective to K+, Cl- and positively charged
      monovalent ions. Two models suggesting possible roles for these channels in the
      secretion process are presented. However, evaluation of such models is presently
      restricted by numerous uncertainties on the function of secreting cells in vivo.
      Information is notably lacking concerning the exact composition of the secreted
      fluid, and the exchanges between exocrine glands and blood circulation.

PMID- 2415699
TI  - [Physiology and pharmacology of the Na and K channels of axon membranes].
AB  - The electrical activity of axons is due to changes in Na and K membrane
      permeabilities. Ions cross the membrane through specific pathways (Na et K
      channels). Ionic channels are transmembrane proteins forming pores whose openings
      are controlled by the membrane potential. Their properties are mainly studied by
      electrophysiological (current recording under voltage clamp conditions) and
      biochemical (characterization of toxin binding sites) techniques. The purpose of
      these studies is to determine the structure of these channels and to delineated
      their mode of functioning.

PMID- 2415700
TI  - RNA and protein synthesis during meiotic prophase in Tetrahymena thermophila.
AB  - Tetrahymena is one of the few organisms from which large amounts of precisely
      staged meiotic material can be obtained. We took advantage of this fact to
      monitor RNA and protein synthesis during meiosis. The rate of total protein
      synthesis as well as the synthesis of the majority of heavily labeled conjugation
      specific polypeptides (monitored by high resolution two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis) was maximal during meiotic prophase. We therefore cloned cDNAs
      corresponding to genes active during this time. The mRNA levels of three
      conjugation-specific genes (pC1, pC2, and pC7) and one conjugation-induced gene
      (pC3) were followed by using the corresponding labeled cDNAs to probe RNA
      isolated from different times during mating that was also followed cytologically.
      Synthesis of the conjugation-specific mRNAs was maximal just prior to maximum
      crescent stage (pachytene). Evidence is presented for transcription by the
      normally inactive micronucleus just prior to the maximum crescent stage,
      confirming an earlier report. The significance of these results is discussed.

PMID- 2415701
TI  - Type A and ectopy in patients with coronary artery disease and controls.

PMID- 2415702
TI  - Progress towards a malaria vaccine.

PMID- 2415703
TI  - Structural features of rat epididymal epithelial cells in vitro.
AB  - Epididymal epithelial fragments, free of stromal elements were isolated from
      mature rats using two sequential collagenase digestions. Within 24 h these
      attached efficiently to a variety of substrates including glass, plastic,
      placental collagen, type IV collagen and epididymal extracellular matrix
      material. Cells spreading away from the fragments rapidly assumed a flattened,
      overlapping, monolayer appearance typical of epithelial cells in culture. Cells
      still associated with the fragments or adjacent to them remained more polarized
      and more closely resembled epididymal principal cells in vivo than did cells that
      had migrated to the periphery of the monolayer. Apical microvilli characteristic
      of these cells in vivo were common during the first 4 days in culture but
      diminished in number and size thereafter. Cultured cells maintained many of the
      structural features characteristic of principal cells in vivo, including a well
      developed Golgi apparatus, coated pits and vesicles, and many multivesicular
      bodies. An extensive filamentous network, shown immunocytochemically to consist
      of keratin, was present in the cytoplasm of all cells but was more obvious in
      flattened cells at the periphery of the monolayer. Rhodamine phalloidin labelling
      of filamentous actin showed that concentrations of actin occurred corresponding
      to microvilli on the apical surface, in a continuous ring just below the apical
      surface, and also in stress fibres at the base of the cells. Cells isolated and
      cultured from the distal caput epididymidis possessed lobulated nuclei, in
      contrast to the round or oval nuclei found in cells cultured from the proximal
      caput epididymidis. Cells from the distal caput epididymidis were also
      characterized by the presence of many lipid droplets in their cytoplasm.
      Autofluorescent granules were observed in epithelial cells from both regions but
      were larger and more numerous in cells isolated from the distal caput
      epididymidis. Tritiated thymidine incorporation by the cells after 4 days in
      culture showed that cells adjacent to the parent epithelial fragment were
      dividing at a greater rate than cells that had migrated to the periphery of the
      monolayer.

PMID- 2415704
TI  - T cell receptors and immunoregulation.

PMID- 2415705
TI  - Opioid receptor interactions and conformations of the 6 alpha and 6 beta epimers
      of oxymorphamine. Solid-state conformation of 6 alpha-oxymorphamine.
AB  - The affinities of the oxymorphamine epimers for mu and delta opioid receptors
      were determined in vitro. The 6 alpha and 6 beta epimers are potent mu-selective
      ligands with similar receptor-binding profiles. The relatively undramatic effect
      of C-6 chirality on receptor interactions is intriguing in view of the recently
      demonstrated profound influence of C-6 chirality on ring-C solution conformations
      (ring C is a chair conformer in the beta epimer but adopts a twist-boat
      conformation in the alpha epimer) and prompted the determination of the crystal
      structure of alpha-oxymorphamine. The crystal structure showed that ring C in
      this epimer also adopts a twist-boat conformation in the solid state. Molecular
      modeling of the oxymorphamines in the preferred ring-C conformations (alpha =
      boat, beta = chair) demonstrated that the 6-amino groups project to spatial loci
      significantly more proximal (0.35 A) than would be the case (2.2 A) if both
      epimers adopted chair conformations for ring C. Consequently, although the
      epimeric oxymorphamines differ in ring-C conformation, the principle potential
      heteroatomic binding sites in each epimer are oriented similarly, which may be
      partly responsible for the lack of dramatic differences in receptor binding
      profiles.

PMID- 2415706
TI  - Imidazo[1,5-d][1,2,4]triazines as potential antiasthma agents.
AB  - By using inhibition of histamine release from antigen-challenged, sensitized
      human basophils as a means of identifying a potentially prophylactic drug for the
      treatment of asthma, a series of substituted imidazo[1,5-d][1,2,4]triazines were
      found, which were active. These compounds were prepared by treating
      imidazolecarboxaldehydes with excess Grignard agent and then oxidizing the
      resulting alcohols to ketones with Jones reagent. Pyrolysis of a mixture of
      ketone and methyl carbazate at 200 degrees C in diphenyl ether produced the
      desired imidazo[1,5-d][1,2,4]triazines. Those compounds with the greatest
      basophil activity were tested for in vivo activity in the mouse passive cutaneous
      anaphylaxis (PCA) and the guinea pig passive anaphylaxis tests. The best
      compounds, 1-ethyl-8-methyl-6-propylimidazo[1,5-d][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)- one (4
      17) and 1,8-dimethyl-6-propylimidazo[1,5-d][1,2,4]triazin-4-(3H)-one (4-16) were
      chosen for further study.

PMID- 2415707
TI  - The lecture room.

PMID- 2415708
TI  - Evolutionary conservation of DNA sequences expressed in sea urchin eggs and early
      embryos.
AB  - DNA sequence divergence measurements indicate that Strongylocentrotus
      franciscanus is more distinct from S. purpuratus and S. drobachiensis than these
      two species are from each other, in agreement with paleontological and
      morphological evidence. The evolutionary divergence of several classes of
      expressed DNA sequences was compared with that of total single-copy DNA. Between
      S. franciscanus and S. purpuratus the divergence of cDNA made from gastrula
      cytoplasmic poly(A)+ RNA is about half that of total single-copy DNA. Similar
      results were obtained for cDNA made from unfertilized egg poly(A)+ RNA. In
      contrast, sequences expressed in gastrula nuclear RNA have diverged almost as
      much as total single-copy DNA.

PMID- 2415709
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of keratin in head and neck neoplasms and normal
      tissues.
AB  - Immunohistochemical localization of keratin antigens using keratin antisera and
      the immunoperoxidase technique have been shown to be helpful in identifying
      certain epithelial cells. Our study was designed to evaluate the application of
      this technique to head and neck neoplasms and normal tissues using two keratin
      antibody preparations. Our data indicate that the keratin antibodies stained
      normal epithelial structures in the head and neck except for cells with active
      secretory functions such as mucus, cerumen, or salivary secretion. Neoplasms of
      the head and neck showed keratin antibody staining for epithelial neoplasms and
      negative staining for mesenchymal neoplasms. The immunohistologic demonstration
      of keratin is useful in distinguishing undifferentiated or poorly differentiated
      epithelial malignancies from sarcomas or lymphomas and demonstrating myo
      epithelial cells in salivary neoplasms.

PMID- 2415710
TI  - Morphogenesis and cytochemistry of the postacrosomal dense lamina during mouse
      spermiogenesis.
AB  - During the elongation phase of spermiogenesis in the mouse, a layer of electron
      dense material appears just below the posterior portion of the acrosomal zonule.
      Subsequently this material accumulates on the outer side of the nuclear envelope
      immediately subjacent to the caudal tip of the acrosomal zonule--the anlage of
      the future postnuclear band--as well as on the inner side of the plasma membrane
      vis-a-vis to this region--the anlage of the future postacrosomal dense lamina
      (PADL). Corresponding to further development the postacrosomal region of the
      nucleus becomes directly enveloped by the plasma membrane, and the PADL, situated
      on its inner side, grows adequately. The postnuclear band, however, staying the
      same size as in the preceding elongation phase, gets shifted to the caudal end of
      the PADL, where it closes the perinuclear space. Since the anlagen and the mature
      PADL and postnuclear band show the same cytochemical reactions as the dense basal
      plaque of the acrosomal zonule and the thin layer on the nuclear envelope vis-a
      vis to it, a relationship between these structures can be assumed. Furthermore,
      the demonstration of ribonucleoproteins in all these structures is discussed in
      connection with a possible nucleolar genesis.

PMID- 2415711
TI  - Structure of membrane domains and matrix components of the bovine acrosome.
AB  - The acrosomal membrane system of bovine spermatozoa was examined by thin-section,
      freeze-fracture, surface-replica, and negative staining techniques in order to
      identify structural differentiations of specific acrosomal membrane domains. The
      outer acrosomal membrane of the apical and principal segments is characterized by
      a prominent electron-dense complex associated with its luminal face and a random
      intramembranous particle distribution. In the equatorial segment, the two
      dimensional organization of bridging elements extending between the outer and
      inner acrosomal membrane was determined and correlated to freeze-fracture images.
      The inner acrosomal membrane lacked the electron-dense assembly noted on the
      outer acrosomal membrane and in freeze-fracture it appears crystalline. Further
      studies identified the distribution of the electron-dense subacrosomal material
      in the space between the inner acrosomal membrane and outer nuclear membrane.
      Finally, new observations on the structural organization of the acrosomal matrix
      are presented.

PMID- 2415712
TI  - Immunogenicity of a bovine rotavirus glycoprotein fragment.
AB  - Previous experiments demonstrated that an antigenic site responsible for virus
      neutralization and cell attachment was located on a 14,000-molecular-weight
      fragment of the major bovine rotavirus (BRV) glycoprotein (M. Sabara, J. E.
      Gilchrist, G. R. Hudson, and L. A. Babiuk, J. Virol. 53:58-66, 1985). However, it
      was necessary to investigate whether this fragment also had the ability to induce
      the production of neutralizing antibodies. Upon immunization of mice, the bovine
      serum albumin-conjugated 14,000-molecular-weight fragment, the unconjugated
      14,000-molecular-weight fragment, and the native glycoprotein all induced a
      similar neutralizing antibody response, albeit to a lesser extent than did the
      infectious, whole virus. In addition, immuno-blot enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay analysis of the reactivity of anti-peptide serum versus anti-glycoprotein
      serum with the glycoprotein was very comparable. These results suggest that the
      14,000-molecular-weight fragment may represent not only a biologically active
      region but also an immunodominant area of the glycoprotein.

PMID- 2415713
TI  - Novel 2',5'-oligoadenylates synthesized in interferon-treated, vaccinia virus
      infected cells.
AB  - 2-5A[ppp(A2'p)nA] and related materials accumulate to greater than micromolar
      concentrations in vaccinia virus-infected HeLa cells and in interferon-treated,
      vaccinia-infected HeLa, CV1, and L929 cells even when virus replication is not
      inhibited. A variably complex mixture of authentic 2-5A (n = 2 to 4),
      nonphosphorylated cores [(A2'p)nA; n = 2 to 5], and additional compounds of
      unknown structure was observed.

PMID- 2415714
TI  - Normal expression of polymorphic endogenous retroviral RNA containing segments
      identical to mink cell focus-forming virus.
AB  - In the absence of infectious virus, strains of mice express polyadenylated RNA
      transcripts homologous to the genome of murine leukemia virus. In addition to
      transcripts consistent with full-length and spliced env retroviral RNAs, several
      unique RNA species which lack the env sequence accumulate in a tissue-specific
      manner. These RNA species are presumed to be transcribed from endogenous
      retroviral sequences that constitute the bulk of the murine leukemia virus
      related sequences in the murine genome. To determine the relationship of these
      RNA transcripts to infectious murine leukemia virus and the precise structural
      basis of the heterogeneity observed for the env-lacking transcripts, we isolated
      and sequenced cDNA recombinants representing the RNAs expressed in strain 129
      GIX+ mice. Comparisons of the nucleotide sequences demonstrated that the
      endogenous retroviral transcripts differed in pol, p15E, and R-peptide regions by
      single nucleotide changes. In contrast, the gp70-coding regions of two cDNA
      clones derived from epididymis and liver were completely homologous over a 599
      nucleotide overlapping sequence. The structures of env-lacking transcripts were
      examined in two independent cDNA clones, and each was found to contain a
      different deletion that was potentially mediated by seven-base pair direct
      repeats in the intact sequence. The extensive sequence homology between cDNAs
      allowed construction of a cumulative sequence map of the 3' end of an intact
      endogenous retroviral transcript. A comparison of this sequence with infectious
      ecotropic and mink cell focus-forming viruses revealed that the endogenous
      transcripts are highly homologous with the substituted portions of leukemogenic
      mink cell focus-forming viruses and therefore further define the boundaries of
      recombination required to generate these viruses.

PMID- 2415715
TI  - Molecular analysis of several classes of endogenous feline leukemia virus
      elements.
AB  - Five recombinant DNA clones of endogenous feline leukemia virus-related DNA
      sequences were isolated by screening a lambda phage genomic library of cat
      placental DNA with a probe specific to the gag-pol region of infectious feline
      leukemia virus. The clones containing retroviral long terminal repeat-like
      sequences demonstrated the existence of different size classes of endogenous
      elements in the cat genome, including those of nearly full length in which the
      gag region is heterogeneous but all of pol and most of env are highly conserved.
      Other size classes included elements with major deletions in gag or pol. A
      genomic DNA analysis suggested that the majority of endogenous elements were
      close to full length in size and that the highly truncated sequences which we
      described previously (Soe et al., J. Virol. 46:829-840, 1983) represented only a
      subset of the elements present. A restriction analysis of genomic DNA suggested a
      high degree of conservation in pol and the 5' portion of env among the various
      endogenous sequences present in the cat genome. We also found by using DNA
      transfection that while all of the endogenous clones were noninfectious, there
      was differential expression of the elements which we examined. These findings
      correlate with the subgenomic expression of endogenous feline leukemia virus
      sequences in cat placental tissue.

PMID- 2415716
TI  - Differential activation of hybrid genes containing herpes simplex virus immediate
      early or delayed-early promoters after superinfection of stable DNA-transfected
      cell lines.
AB  - We compared the levels of gene expression obtained after herpes simplex virus
      (HSV) superinfection of cell lines containing integrated human beta-interferon
      (IFN) or chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) genes under the control of HSV
      immediate-early (IE) or delayed-early class promoters. DNA-transfected mouse Ltk+
      cell lines harboring coselected IE175-IFN or thymidine kinase (TK)-IFN hybrid
      genes gave only low basal expression of human IFN. However, infection of both
      cell types with HSV type 1 or HSV type 2 produced abundant synthesis of IFN
      specific RNA and biologically active IFN protein product. The IE175-IFN cell
      lines consistently gave 20- to 150-fold increases in IFN titers, and several TK
      IFN cell lines yielded 100- to 500-fold induction. In the IE175-IFN cells,
      expression of IFN RNA also increased up to 200-fold and was detectable within 30
      to 60 min after virus infection. Qualitatively similar results were obtained with
      hybrid G418-resistant Ltk- or Vero cell lines containing coselected IE175-CAT and
      TK-CAT constructs, except that there was relatively high basal expression of
      IE175-CAT. All three sets of IE cell lines (but not the delayed-early cell lines)
      responded to virus infection both in the presence of cycloheximide and with
      mutants defective in IE gene expression, demonstrating specific trans-activation
      by the pre-IE virion factor. In contrast, activation in the TK hybrid cell types
      required viral gene expression and the presence of a functional IE175 gene
      product. Up to 30-fold amplification in the copy number of the resident IFN or
      CAT DNA sequences also occurred within 20 h after HSV infection in IE175 hybrid
      cells but not in TK hybrid cells. Amplification was abolished either by treatment
      with phosphonacetate or by superinfection with a ts mutant unable to synthesize
      viral DNA, demonstrating specific HSV activation of the viral DNA replication
      origin (oriS) present in the IE hybrid constructs.

PMID- 2415717
TI  - Anatomy of region L1 from adenovirus type 2.
AB  - The structure of r-strand-specific RNAs encoded between coordinates 26 and 32 on
      the adenovirus type 2 genome was mapped by a combination of S1 endonuclease
      analysis, primer extension, and in vitro transcription. The region includes the
      third leader segment (coordinates 26.8 to 27.0), the genes for the low-molecular
      weight virus-associated RNAs (VA RNAs) (coordinates 29.5 to 30.7), and the amino
      terminal end of the gene for the L1 52,000-55,000 polypeptide (coordinates 30.7
      to 32.1). The positions at which the tripartite leader was attached to the three
      longest L1 mRNAs were mapped at the nucleotide level. The leader splice junction
      of species L1a was located at coordinate 26.8 and coincided with the 3' splice
      site for the third leader segment, whereas the leader-body splice junction of
      species L1b and L1c were located at coordinates 29.0 and 30.7, respectively. No
      protein products have so far been assigned to the L1a and L1b mRNAs, although it
      can be predicted from the nucleotide sequence that species L1b encodes a 8,300
      polypeptide. The third RNA, species L1c, encodes the well-characterized 52,000
      55,000 polypeptide. It was also shown that a previously unidentified class of VA
      RNAs exists predominantly in the poly(A)-fraction of late RNA preparations. These
      RNAs are heterogeneous in length (up to 3,000 nucleotides) because of irregular
      transcription termination and have 5' ends which map precisely to the initiation
      sites for VA RNAI and VA RNAII transcription. Finally it was shown that an RNA
      with a 5' end coinciding with the 5' splice site for the third leader segment
      exists in the poly(A)-fraction of late cytoplasmic RNA. This RNA species might
      represent an excised intron.

PMID- 2415718
TI  - Localization of a neutralization site of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis
      viruses.
AB  - Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis viruses (TMEV) are picornaviruses that produce
      enteric and neurological diseases in mice. Subgroup TO strains of TMEV cause
      persistent infections with demyelination, while subgroup GDVII strains neither
      persist nor demyelinate. We produced neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to
      clarify the mechanisms of persistence and demyelination. Some of the neutralizing
      mAbs reacted with isolated VP1 on Western blots, while others were conformation
      specific. The neutralization site for the former TMEV mAbs was on the VP1 trypsin
      cleavage site of the intact virion. The neutralization site for the conformation
      specific mAbs was distinct and was not affected by trypsin. Trypsin treatment of
      subgroup TO strains increased their infectivity for L cells, whereas the
      infectivity of subgroup GDVII strains was decreased by trypsin treatment.
      Subpopulations of virus in subgroup TO-infected tissue culture cells and in
      infected mouse brain homogenates contained VP1-cleaved virus; this VP1-cleaved
      virus gave rise to a large persistent fraction in neutralization tests when it
      was reacted with VP1-specific mAbs. These findings have implications regarding
      the pathogenesis of subgroup TO demyelinating disease. TMEV VP1 cleavage may be
      important for virus persistence because of disruption of a major neutralization
      epitope. The change in virus surface structure caused by VP1 cleavage may affect
      cell binding and lead to altered cytotropism. Immunocytes, which have been
      implicated in subgroup TO demyelination, may provide a source for proteases for
      VP1 cleavage.

PMID- 2415719
TI  - Passive immune protection by herpes simplex virus-specific monoclonal antibodies
      and monoclonal antibody-resistant mutants altered in pathogenicity.
AB  - Virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies specific for 13 different genetically
      defined epitopes of glycoproteins gC, gB, and gD of herpes simplex virus type 1,
      strain KOS-321, were compared for their ability to provide passive immunity to
      DBA-2 mice challenged intracranially. Protection was highly specific, since
      individual monoclonal antibodies failed to protect against infection with
      monoclonal antibody-resistant (mar) mutants altered in the single epitope
      recognized by the injected antibody. The dose-response kinetics of passive
      immunity paralleled the in vitro neutralization titers for each antibody. No
      correlation was observed between immune protection and antibody isotype or
      complement-dependent in vitro neutralization titers. This suggests that virus
      neutralization was not the protective mechanism. In general, antibodies reactive
      with epitopes of gC were protective at the lowest antibody doses, antibodies
      specific for gB were less efficient in providing immunity, and antibodies against
      gD were the least effective. mar mutants with single epitope changes in gC and
      multiple epitope changes in gB showed highly reduced pathogenicity, requiring up
      to 5 X 10(6) PFU to kill 50% of infected animals. These findings indicated that
      antigenic variation affects virus growth and spread in the central nervous
      system. Thus, mutations which affect antigenic structure also can alter virus
      pathogenicity. The alteration of these epitopes does not, however, appreciably
      reduce the development of resistance to infection. Infection of mice with these
      mutants or inoculation of mice with UV-inactivated, mutant-infected cells before
      challenge rendered the animals resistant to infection with wild-type herpes
      simplex virus type 1.

PMID- 2415720
TI  - [Combination chemotherapy with peplomycin, cis-platinum and mitomycin C in
      gynecologic cancer].
AB  - Eight patients with gynecologic cancer (cervix: 6, corpus: 1 and vulva: 1) were
      treated with combination chemotherapy, PPM therapy consisting of continuously
      infused PEP 4mg/m2 days 1-5, CDDP 13 mg/m2 days 1-5, and MMC 3mg/m2 day 1. This
      was repeated every three to five weeks. Six of the eight patients were evaluable,
      two had a complete response and one had a partial response, for an overall
      response rate of 50%. Because of hematological toxicity, blood transfusion was
      carried out in four patients. Nephrotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity were slight.
      Nausea and vomiting were controlled with dexamethasone and domperidone. PPM
      therapy is considered to be an effective and useful combination chemotherapy for
      patients with gynecologic cancer.

PMID- 2415721
TI  - [New technology and prospects in the field of cytodiagnosis. B.
      Immunohistocytochemical findings on tumor makers].

PMID- 2415722
TI  - [Cytodiagnosis from the surgical viewpoint. C. Technical problems of
      cytodiagnosis in breast aspiration biopsies].

PMID- 2415723
TI  - [Breast cytodiagnosis from the point of view of the cytoscreener. A method of
      taking and screening nipple discharge specimens].

PMID- 2415724
TI  - [Breast cytodiagnosis from the point of view of the cytoscreener. B. A method of
      handling specimens collected by aspiration biopsy of the breast].

PMID- 2415725
TI  - [Diagnostic criteria standards in aspiration biopsy cytodiagnosis. B. Diagnosis
      of malignant cases].

PMID- 2415726
TI  - [Serum concentration and clinical efficacy of drugs in pulmonary and cardiac
      disease].

PMID- 2415727
TI  - [Lipid profile by agarose electrophoresis with the group-specific enzymatic lipid
      staining method].

PMID- 2415728
TI  - [Effect of sera from urticaria patients on purified rat mast cells].

PMID- 2415729
TI  - [Isolation and characterization of hematoxylin stain-positive protein of the
      newborn rat epidermis].

PMID- 2415730
TI  - [Distribution of -SH and S-S in human sebaceous glands and apocrine glands].

PMID- 2415731
TI  - [A case of macroamylasemia complicated by ulcerative colitis].

PMID- 2415732
TI  - [Correlation between CA 19-9 and Lewis antigen in blood].

PMID- 2415733
TI  - [Basic and clinical evaluation of serum TRAb measurement].

PMID- 2415734
TI  - [Fundamental and clinical studies on TRAb kit].

PMID- 2415735
TI  - Immunochemical and kinetic evidence that heparin enhances aprotinin activity.
AB  - Both immunochemical and kinetic evidence suggest that the increase in aprotinin
      activity in the presence of heparin is not due to an increase in the active form
      of aprotinin, but rather to a qualitative change in the aprotinin molecule which
      would lead to an increase in aprotinin activity.

PMID- 2415736
TI  - Somatostatin, substance P and [Lys]-vasopressin interfere with the binding of
      [3H][D-Ala2, Met5]enkephalinamide to rat brain membranes.
AB  - Somatostatin and substance P (10(-6)-3 X 10(-5) M) inhibited dose-dependently the
      specific binding of [3H] [D-Ala2, Met5]enkephalinamide [( 3H]-DALAMID) to rat
      brain membranes, by decreasing the number of binding sites. [Lys]-Vasopressin
      also inhibited the binding, by affecting both the number of binding sites and the
      affinity of receptors to [3H]DALAMID. The results indicate that somatostatin and
      substance P may interfere with the endorphin system by an apparently competitive
      manner.

PMID- 2415737
TI  - Effects of adenylate cyclase inhibitors, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and
      dibutyryl cyclic AMP on spontaneous and various stimuli-induced acetylcholine
      release from guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus.
AB  - In order to examine a possible contribution of cyclic AMP to acetylcholine (ACh)
      release from guinea pig ileum myenteric plexus, effects of adenylate cyclase
      inhibitors, phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors and dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the
      spontaneous and the various stimuli-induced ACh release were investigated. A PDE
      inhibitor, theophylline (1 mM) increased the ACh release induced by nicotine
      (6.16 microM) significantly. Another PDE inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
      (IBMX, 1 mM) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (4 mM) had no effect. The adenylate cyclase
      inhibitors dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid (DTNB, 1 mM) and alloxan (4 mM) both
      decreased the nicotine-induced ACh release remarkably. PDE inhibitors increased
      and adenylate cyclase inhibitors decreased the high-K+-induced ACh release.
      Dibutyryl cyclic AMP brought about a slight but significant increase of the high
      K+-induced ACh release. All the drugs failed to alter the ACh release induced by
      electrical field stimulation (EFS) at 10 Hz. Effects of all drugs except
      dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the spontaneous ACh release were the same as those on the
      nicotine-induced one. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP decreased it significantly. These
      results suggest that the cyclic AMP system is involved in the spontaneous, the
      nicotine-induced and the high-K+-induced ACh release and that the EFS-induced ACh
      release is independent of cyclic AMP.

PMID- 2415738
TI  - Forskolin induces supersensitivity of the amylase secretory response of rat
      parotid tissue.
AB  - The stimulatory effect of forskolin on amylase secretion was studied by
      pretreating rat parotid tissue with forskolin for 10 min, incubating it in medium
      without forskolin for 10 min, and then treating it with forskolin again.
      Pretreatment with 10 microM forskolin for 10 min resulted in increased amylase
      secretion and enhanced accumulation of cyclic AMP in the tissue during the second
      incubation with forskolin. In the presence of colchicine or vinblastine, the
      enhancement in cyclic AMP accumulation during the second incubation with
      forskolin was prevented, but the increased amylase secretion remained unchanged.
      The increased amylase secretion was counteracted only in the presence of
      concanavalin A. On the other hand, increased amylase secretion induced by
      isoproterenol (IPR) pretreatment was counteracted by colchicine, vinblastine,
      concanavalin A or strychnine. These data suggest that the total amount of cyclic
      AMP in the tissue does not have any essential role in the supersensitivity of the
      amylase secretory response, and that the supersensitivity induced by forskolin
      differs from that induced by IPR.

PMID- 2415739
TI  - Effects of dextran sulfate on aprotinin activity.
AB  - Dextran sulfate has an action on aprotinin activity similar to that seen with
      heparin: preincubation of dextran sulfate with aprotinin enhanced the inhibitory
      effect of aprotinin on the esterolytic activity of trypsin, but did not change
      the effect on the proteolytic activity of trypsin or on the esterolytic and
      proteolytic activities of chymotrypsin. The enhancing effects of heparin and
      dextran sulfate were not due to increase in the active form of aprotinin which
      reacts with trypsin, but rather due to a change in the aprotinin molecule which
      would lead to an increase in aprotinin activity.

PMID- 2415740
TI  - [The effect of alpha 1-antitrypsin on histamine release from human basophils].

PMID- 2415741
TI  - Augmentation of porcine spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro.

PMID- 2415742
TI  - Natural killer cytotoxic factor induction by K562 cells in patients with advanced
      cancer: correlation with production of interferon.
AB  - Advanced cancer patients were studied for their ability to produce natural killer
      cytotoxic factor (NKCF). Of 23 patients with advanced epithelial cancers, 8
      showed deficient natural killer (NK) activity, as measured in a standard 51Cr
      release assay. Lymphocytes from these patients did not generate NKCF
      (nonproducers) in the presence of K562 cells. In addition, 7 other patients whose
      NK activity was in the normal range did not generate NKCF. Thus the deficiency in
      NKCF production was only partially correlated with the level of NK activity.
      Supernatants generated for NKCF were also assayed for antiviral activity. Mean
      interferon (IFN) titer of supernatants generated from peripheral blood
      lymphocytes (PBL) of cancer patients was significantly lower than that of
      supernatants generated by PBL from normal donors. Supernatants from 10 of 15 NKCF
      nonproducers contained no detectable IFN, whereas the remaining 5 contained up to
      100 U IFN. NKCF was never generated in the absence of IFN. The defect in NKCF
      production by PBL from cancer patients could be corrected by the incubation of
      effector cells with exogenous IFN-alpha or IFN-alpha inducers, such as other
      tumor cells or viruses. The relationship among NKCF, IFN, and NK activities is
      discussed.

PMID- 2415743
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies raised against cell membrane components of human bladder
      tumor tissue recognizing subpopulations in normal urothelium.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies to human bladder carcinoma membrane antigens were produced
      by fusion of MOPC-21 NS/1 mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice
      immunized against a crude membrane extract from a metastatic bladder carcinoma.
      Hybrids were screened for antibody production in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay
      and selected for their reactivity with subpopulations of urothelial cells on
      normal bladder tissue sections. Three antibody groups were defined: Group I (4-72
      2) was urothelium specific and stained the basal and intermediate cells in normal
      urothelium; group II (3-48-2, 48-1, and 3-50-3) showed reactivity with
      intermediate and superficial cells; group III (8-30-3, 77-1, 2-94-2, 3-71-1, and
      94-3) was restricted to antigens on the luminal membrane of superficial cells.
      All antibodies recognized antigenic determinants in fixed paraffin-embedded
      material and within groups showed a range of staining patterns in other tissues.
      Studies on sections representing different stages of neoplastic progression
      showed disruption in the antibody-staining pattern in urothelium and, in all
      cases, a strong distinct staining of invasive tumor areas and metastatic
      secondary tumors. Biochemical analysis of the antigens defined at least three
      antigenic systems, two of which consisted of molecules having Mr of 250,000 and
      300,000 as judged by Western blot analysis. Antigenic determinants recognized by
      some antibodies (3-48-2, 48-1, 3-50-3, 8-30-3, 77-1, and 3-71-1) were shown to be
      carbohydrate by reactivity with glycolipid fraction and suggest that antibodies
      within groups recognize different epitopes on the same molecule.

PMID- 2415744
TI  - Leukocyte adherence inhibition to myelin basic protein by cancer patients' T
      lymphocytes in association with class II major histocompatibility antigens on
      monocytes.
AB  - Patients' leukocytes were shown to react consistently in tube leukocyte adherence
      inhibition (LAI) assays with myelin basic protein (MBP) at optimal concentration,
      whereas control leukocytes were nonreactive. Mononuclear cells from patients with
      cancer gave positive LAI reactions with MBP, but separated T-lymphocytes,
      monocytes, and neutrophils did not. The mononuclear cell LAI responses were
      blocked by monoclonal antibody (MAb) to monomorphic determinant of class II major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and to T4+ (Leu-3a+) and T3+ (Leu-4+) T
      cell differentiation antigens but not by antibody to class I MHC antigens or T8+
      (Leu-2a+) antigens. MBP was thus recognized by helper T-cells, requiring
      presentation in association with class II MHC determinants on monocytes. MAb to
      class I and class II MHC antigens and to T8+ (Leu-2a+), T4+ (Leu-3a+), and T3+
      (Leu-4+) differentiation antigens did not negate LAI mediated by peripheral blood
      lymphocytes to organ-specific cancer neoantigens (OSN) of crude extracts of
      allogeneic cancer, which had previously been shown to react with cytophilic
      antibody on allogeneic monocytes. When membrane OSN and leukocytes were
      autologous, T8+ (Leu-2a+) phenotypic T-cells also mediated LAI that was blocked
      by anti-T8 (Leu-2a) and anti-T3 (Leu-4). LAI induced by MBP was also negated by
      drugs that antagonize thromboxane-leukotriene biosynthesis, indicating that, in
      common with other LAI reactions, the terminal mediators of nonadherence are
      oxidative metabolites of arachidonic acid. In addition to clarifying the role of
      MBP in the cellular in vitro immunoreactivity of cancer patients, the present
      observations have important implications for theories of LAI. Sensitized
      leukocytes have different mechanisms for the recognition of antigens in different
      forms, and the antigen-stimulated leukocytes produce mediators that in a final
      common pathway induce nonadherence of surrounding cells through leukotriene-like
      metabolites.

PMID- 2415745
TI  - [Retinal findings in the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin and glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G-6-PD deficiency)].
AB  - Peripheral arteriolar occlusions of the retinal vessels and the 'black sunburst
      sign' as the first stage of sickle-cell retinopathy (Goldberg 1976) were found in
      a 34-year-old black patient from West Africa with hereditary persistence of fetal
      hemoglobin (HPFH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G-6-PD-D).
      The patient's son was found to have HPFH without G-6-PD-D, his daughter HPFH as
      well as G-6-PD-D. Ophthalmoscopic findings in the two children were normal. In
      the mother - a white German without clinical symptoms - neither HPFH nor G-6-PD-D
      were found. This is the first description of the typical picture of 'sickle-cell
      retinopathy' in a patient with HPFH combined with G-6-PD-D. HPFH is not
      associated with any retinal symptoms or hematological abnormalities. Hemolytic
      crises induced by fava beans or drugs in G-6-PD-D alone lead to different ocular
      complications from those found in this patient.

PMID- 2415746
TI  - [Pedicled papilloma of the conjunctiva with papilloma virus. Immunohistochemical
      detection of species specific papilloma-virus antigens].
AB  - Report on the immunohistochemical detection of genus-specific papillomavirus
      antigen with an immunoperoxidase technique - in a papilloma of the caruncle, in
      which papillomavirus-specific DNA was previously successfully, demonstrated in a
      virological examination by means of hybridization of nucleic acid.

PMID- 2415747
TI  - [Vital staining of the conjunctiva for prevention of epithelial implantation
      cysts].
AB  - Selective vital staining with 1% toluidine blue makes short-term intraoperative
      differentiation of the conjunctiva from Tenon's capsule possible. It is used with
      advantage in operations where the anatomical situation is unclear to avoid
      displacement of conjunctival epithelium into deeper tissues and subsequent growth
      of cysts. Examples of its application are reoperations with excessive scars after
      squint or detachment surgery, wound dehiscence after enucleations, lacerated
      wounds after accidents, and as an aid for beginners in ophthalmic surgery.

PMID- 2415749
TI  - [How long will preserved blood and bone marrow films give reliable cytochemical
      staining?].
AB  - We tested how long unstained and unfixed films of blood and aspirated bone marrow
      could be kept before special cytochemical staining. To exclude influences other
      than time on the outcome of the reactions, all the material was taken from
      hematologically normal persons. A simple score was used to evaluate the results.
      These may be summarized as follows: in most cells Naphthol-AS-acetate-esterase
      first shows a progressive decline in reactivity after a delay of 6 weeks, the
      reaction becoming very weak after 10 +/- 1 weeks. This does not hold for
      monocytes, megakaryocytes and platelets, which maintain reactivity (and
      susceptibility to NaF) for more than three months. With PAS staining, a slight
      decrease in reactivity after 8 +/- 2 weeks could be observed, whereas all other
      stainings tested (POX, Sudan black B and Naphthol-AS-D-esterase) were unaffected
      even by a delay of up to 16 weeks.

PMID- 2415748
TI  - Post operative stimulation of cell mediated immunity.
AB  - The consequences of altered immuno-competence resulting from anaesthesia and
      surgery are potentially hazardous to the patient with malignant disease.
      Malnutrition also produces reduction in cell mediated immunity, a condition which
      is commonly incurred in patients with neoplastic disorders. Numerous agents have
      been claimed to stimulate the immune responses but few have proved to be of
      practical value. This paper reports the use variously of protease inhibitors,
      using Aprotinin, and post operative nutritional therapy, following major surgical
      resection for carcinoma - specifically as regards their influence on parameters
      believed to relate to cell mediated immunity. No clinical, metabolic or
      immunologic benefit was identified from either method of post operative
      stimulation of cell mediated immunity, although this study did confirm post
      operative depression of these parameters. The significance of these changes is
      unclear but there is no evidence to support an immunological mechanism for either
      of these approaches being of benefit in clinical practice.

PMID- 2415750
TI  - [Current status of the problem of disseminated sclerosis].

PMID- 2415751
TI  - [Combined effect of stress factors at the level of spinal reflex arc structures].

PMID- 2415752
TI  - [Study of hypothalamo-hypophyseal relations in pathology].

PMID- 2415753
TI  - [Determination of blood catecholamines by high performance liquid chromatography
      using electrochemical detection].

PMID- 2415754
TI  - [Method for quantitative determination of chlorpropamide in blood serum].

PMID- 2415755
TI  - [Determination of the higher fatty acid content of the blood serum of normal
      subjects and patients with chronic pancreatitis using gas chromatography].

PMID- 2415756
TI  - [Separation and identification of human globin chains by the method of
      isoelectric focusing].

PMID- 2415757
TI  - [Seasonal variability of blood sugar in neurosurgical patients].

PMID- 2415758
TI  - [Rapid simplified technic for determining an increased content of glucose in the
      tears of patients with diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2415759
TI  - [Possibility of using the indices of blood iodine ion concentration in the
      laboratory diagnosis of the functional state of the thyroid gland].

PMID- 2415760
TI  - [Cytologic characteristics of poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas,
      undifferentiated and rare forms of stomach cancer using gastric biopsy material].

PMID- 2415761
TI  - [Cytologic changes in the punch biopsy during treatment of acute odontogenic
      maxillofacial lymphadenitis].

PMID- 2415762
TI  - [Cytologic studies in the diagnosis and outpatient care of patients with
      precancerous bladder diseases].

PMID- 2415763
TI  - [Complement fixation micromethod for determining hepatitis B surface antigen].

PMID- 2415764
TI  - [Detection of blood serum precipitating autoantibodies using autoantigens
      prepared from separate layers of a sclerotic aorta].

PMID- 2415765
TI  - [Requirements and standardization of the conditions for carrying out the
      microfluorometric test].

PMID- 2415766
TI  - [Prognostic value of studying indices of nonspecific resistance and humoral
      immunity in patients with erysipelas].

PMID- 2415767
TI  - [Method of determining the enterotoxigenicity of gram-negative bacterial
      species].

PMID- 2415768
TI  - [Method of detecting non-hemadsorbing and non-hemagglutinating viruses].

PMID- 2415769
TI  - [Analysis of time expenditures in work with viruses of Groups I-II].

PMID- 2415770
TI  - [Flow cytofluorometer based on a luminescent microscope].

PMID- 2415771
TI  - [Improved method of protein staining after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis].

PMID- 2415772
TI  - [Blood sugar determination by the benzocaine method].

PMID- 2415773
TI  - [Possibility of using nutrient media based on dry enzymatic casein hydrolysates
      stored for different periods].

PMID- 2415774
TI  - Immunochemical and ultrastructural assessment of the nature of the pericellular
      basement membrane of human decidual cells.
AB  - Human decidual cells of early and late pregnancy were studied immunochemically
      and ultrastructurally with respect to the presence and nature of pericellular
      basement membrane material. The most prominent cell type in decidual tissue of
      both early and late pregnancy were large, mature epithelioid decidual cells
      (greater than 25 micron) with a distinct pericellular basement membrane,
      containing at least laminin, type IV collagen, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and
      fibronectin. Laminin was extracted from the decidual tissue at a concentration of
      3 micrograms/gm as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Biosynthesis of
      laminin was shown by [35S]methionine labeling of short term organ cultures of
      decidual tissue followed by immunoprecipation, sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and fluorography. The laminin chains migrated
      with the apparent molecular weights of 300 and 200 kilodaltons under reducing
      conditions. Two other separate populations of cells were apparent in the decidual
      tissue of early pregnancy. A smaller group of rounded intermediate sized (15 to
      25 micron) decidual cells had focal deposits basement membrane immunoreactive
      material scattered at the cell surfaces. Ultrastructurally, clumps of electron
      dense basement membrane material were present in close vicinity to the cell
      membrane. Occasional populations of small (greater than 15 micron) elongated
      fibroblastic-like cells were identified which did not display any
      immunoreactivity for any of the investigated basement membrane components. The
      two latter populations of decidual cells were not observed in the decidual tissue
      investigated from the placental bed of late pregnancy. It is suggested that these
      three types of decidual cells might represent various stages of the sequential
      differentiation of stromal cells into decidual cells of the pregnant endometrium.
      Predecidualization of the human endometrium, which is seen in the late secretory
      phase of the normal menstrual cycle and in some states of hyperplasia, was also
      shown to be accompanied by the presence of deposits of laminin-positive material
      at the cell surfaces. In the latter case, these cells resembled the intermediate
      sized decidual cells of the pregnant endometrium. In conclusion, the results
      suggest that the process of decidualization and predecidualization can be
      characterized morphologically and immunochemically by the accumulation of
      basement membrane material in specific decidua cell subpopulations.

PMID- 2415775
TI  - Cholesterol accumulation in vascular smooth muscle cells incorporated into
      platelet-rich plasma clots.
AB  - Thrombus formation is thought to contribute to the growth of atherosclerotic
      lesions. Lipid-containing cells accumulate within thrombi as they become
      organized and incorporated into atherosclerotic lesions. This study examined
      cholesterol accumulation within vascular smooth muscle cells in clots formed in
      vitro from platelet-free and platelet-rich plasma. The fluorescent cholesterol
      probe filipin was used to detect cholesterol within the clots. Smooth muscle
      cells accumulated cholesterol when included within clots formed from platelet
      rich plasma. Smooth muscle cells did not accumulate cholesterol when included
      within plasma clots lacking platelets. Thus, platelets in some way can induce
      cholesterol accumulation within vascular smooth muscle cells. This finding may be
      relevant to the cholesterol accumulation within vascular smooth muscle cells that
      occurs during atherogenesis.

PMID- 2415776
TI  - Histochemical and immunohistochemical characterization of amyloid associated with
      chronic hemodialysis as beta 2-microglobulin.
AB  - The carpal tunnel syndrome has been associated with amyloid deposits and is now
      regarded as a major complication in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. The
      hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis appears to have systemic rather than local
      involvement, although its full extent is yet to be determined. In an attempt to
      examine the chemical and immunologic nature of the amyloid, the authors carried
      out a series of histochemical and immunohistochemical studies with the following
      results. The amyloid was "sensitive" to the "permanganate treatment," suggesting
      it was the AA (secondary) type. On immunohistochemistry, however, anti-human AA
      did not give positive reaction with the amyloid deposits, suggesting that this
      would be a new form of amyloid. As reported elsewhere, the authors' preliminary
      results on the amino acid sequence analysis in one specimen have revealed
      homology of its amino terminal sequence to beta 2-microglobulin. In the present
      study, anti-beta 2-microglobulin did indeed react positively (with appropriate
      controls) with the amyloid deposits in the tissues collected from five different
      patients, confirming the beta 2-microglobulin-related nature of the amyloid. The
      present observations are significant in two points: (a) they confirm that
      hemodialysis-associated amyloid is of beta 2-microglobulin origin since it shares
      same antigenic determinant(s) with it and since the amino acid sequence is
      homologous; and (b) it adds what many have suspected, i.e., "permanganate
      sensitive" amyloid is not specific for the AA type but includes AA and beta 2
      microglobulin amyloid deposits at the minimum.

PMID- 2415777
TI  - Calcium signal and calcium antagonists.
AB  - Understanding of intracellular calcium signal and its modulations allows a better
      comprehension of mechanisms of action of calcium antagonists. This paper deals
      with one possible functional classification of calcium antagonists based on the
      actual concepts on cellular calcium regulation.

PMID- 2415778
TI  - Effect of an atypical barbiturate, the 2-allophanyl-2-allyl-4-valerolactone
      (valofan), on exploratory behaviour and brain serotonin concentrations in mice.
AB  - This study investigates, both behaviourally and biochemically, the action of 2
      allophanyl-2-allyl-4-valerolactone (Valofan) in the mouse, after acute or
      repeated administration. The exploratory behaviour was measured in different
      experimental conditions by a hole-board test modified in observation length: 10
      min instead of original 5. The variations in 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels were measured
      in cortex and brainstem. Acute administration of Valofan (50 to 500 mg/kg os) did
      not change exploration during the first 5 min period, while at higher doses (200
      500 mg/kg) it did produce a significant increase in basal exploratory behaviour,
      measured by prolonging hole-board test to 10 min. These data were confirmed by
      the habituation test to he thole-board whereby, after three days of exposure, low
      exploratory baseline of mice was constant. The elevation of the exploration was
      consistant with a significant net increase in 5-HT levels (greater than 5-HT;
      less than 5-HIAA) in brainstem, and with a relative enhance in amine levels (= 5
      HT; less than 5-HIAA) in cortex for higher doses of the drug. Modifications of
      serotonin mechanisms positively affect behaviour in an unfamiliar environment.
      Surprisingly repeated treatment (for 8 days) with Valofan did not change
      exploration in respect of controls. The biochemical pattern of repeated
      treatments showed that higher doses of drug increased 5-HT without affecting 5
      HIAA levels in brainstem and cortex. Repeatedly handheld mice showed control
      values significantly higher than those of acute treatment. This increase in
      activity corresponded to a biochemical pattern similar to that obtained after
      acute administration of 500 mg/kg Valofan, indicating that handling affected the
      basal 5-HT content. Thus Valofan could stimulate exploration in mice with a low
      baseline, while it did not change the activity of animals with a higher baseline.
      Further evidence for a possible involvement of 5-HT mechanisms in the action of
      Valofan was given by the fatigue test. Mice, submitted to hole-board after 24 h
      of forced walking, showed, with 500 mg/kg, a significant decrease in exploration:
      action of Valofan seemed to potentiate the effects exerted by stress on serotonin
      turnover.

PMID- 2415779
TI  - The human leucocyte-common (LC) molecule: dissection of leukaemias using
      monoclonal antibodies directed against framework and restricted antigenic
      determinants.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies have previously been raised against two separate antigenic
      determinants on the human LC molecule. One, F10.89.4, recognizes a 'framework'
      epitope on all LC molecules; these are found on the majority of leucocytes. The
      other, F8.11.13, recognizes only a 'restricted' epitope present on a subset of
      these molecules; this subset is found on B lymphocytes and a subpopulation of T
      lymphocytes. LC molecules on myeloid cells do not carry the 'restricted'
      antigenic determinant. We have investigated the differential expression of these
      LC epitopes on human leukaemias, using immunofluorescence on fresh leukaemic
      blasts and established cell lines. Our study shows that, as on normal
      haemopoietic cells, LC molecules on B leukaemias bear both 'framework' and
      'restricted' epitopes, while the majority of T leukaemias bear only the
      'framework' determinant. The small proportion of T cells that are F8.11.13+
      ('restricted' epitope) are relatively mature, being of either OKT4+ or OKT8+
      phenotype, and may be in an activated state (HLA-DR+). However, in contrast to
      normal haemopoietic cells, some myeloid leukaemias carry both 'framework' and
      'restricted' epitopes (30% AML and AMML samples are F10.89.4+, F8.11.13+), and it
      is within this group that all TdT+ AML and AMML cases lie. Thus, these monoclonal
      antibodies should be useful for studying haemopoiesis in man and for analyzing
      human haemopoietic malignancies.

PMID- 2415780
TI  - DNA and RNA analysis by flow cytometry of the leukemia in AKR mice.
AB  - The development of the leukemia-lymphoma complex was studied in AKR/J (H-2k) mice
      using flow cytometry and staining with acridine orange. Investigation of
      cytokinetics and of cellular RNA content showed that during the neonatal period
      all mice had a significant increase of S phase cells in the thymus, bone marrow,
      lymph nodes and spleen reflecting extramedullary hematopoiesis. Concomitantly,
      G0/G1 cells were significantly reduced in the thymus, lymph nodes and spleen when
      compared to 6-week old mice of the same strain. No changes in the cell cycle or
      in RNA content were observed until 10 months of age in congeneic AKR (H-2b) mice,
      which do not develop leukemia during the first year of life. In leukemia-prone
      AKR/J (H-2k) mice, however, it was shown that the first appearance of a leukemic
      process may be recognized in the thymus by a significant increase of cells in G1
      phase of the cell cycle which have a high RNA content. These changes were first
      seen at 5 months of age before the increased expression of MuLV antigen signals
      preleukemic alterations at 6 months of age and long before morphological changes
      appear (8-10 months). Furthermore, at 6 months these mice showed a significant
      elevation of cells in S phase which always appeared initially in the thymus. By
      10 months of age, when the mice were overtly leukemic, these changes had
      progressed in all lymphoid organs and in the peripheral blood. At the same time a
      unique population of cells was observed that was characterized by cells in S and
      G2M with very low RNA content. The method used is applicable to further analysis
      of the precise locus of development of leukemia in the thymus of AKR/J (H-2k)
      mice, analysis of the nature of the earliest malignant cells, and investigation
      of the influence of viruses in the pathogenesis of AKR leukemia.

PMID- 2415781
TI  - Production of monoclonal antibodies against HTLV-I proteins recognizing surface
      epitopes of live infected cells.
AB  - The proteins of HTLV-I virus, the only human retrovirus implicated in the
      etiopathogenesis of the T-cell leukemia, were previously studied with the use of
      monoclonal antibodies. Different groups have produced specific monoclonal
      antibodies that recognized the core proteins of the virus p19 and p24 and in one
      case a monoclonal specific of a gp21 protein. All these antibodies were shown to
      react with the virus-producing fixed cells. We also developed a battery of
      antibodies against p24 and p19 antigens from HTLV-I virus but the anti-p19
      monoclonal antibodies happened to recognize epitopes exposed on the surface of
      live HTLV-I infected cells. One of the monoclonal antibody that bound to the
      surface of HTLV infected cells recognized a protein of an approximate mol. wt of
      33 kilodalton (KD). These antibodies that bound to the live cells should be
      precious tools to study leukemic patients with T-cell leukemia and the evolution
      of the live cell populations during the course of the disease.

PMID- 2415782
TI  - Potentiation between intracellular cyclic-AMP-elevating agents and inducers of
      leukemic cell differentiation.
AB  - Acute leukemia is the result of a defect in the process of normal cellular
      differentiation. Human leukemia cell lines (HL60, RDFD-2) have been established
      which can be induced to differentiate into phenotypically mature cells by a
      variety of agents. Recent evidence suggests that cyclic adenosine 3'-5'
      monophosphate (cAMP) and the cAMP dependent protein kinase (cAMP-dPK) may be
      intimately involved in myeloid differentiation. The addition of low levels of a
      wide variety of inducers of a diverse chemical nature, dimethylformamide (DMF),
      retinoic acid (RA), actinomycin D (ACT-D) or hypoxanthine (HPX) prior to the
      addition of 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine 3'-5' monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP), cholera
      toxin (CT) or the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX)
      results in marked potentiation of differentiation of both HL60 and RDFD cells as
      manifested by the acquisition of the antigen OKM-1, the ability to reduce
      nitroblue tetrazolium or expression of the chemotactic receptor. Potentiation of
      differentiation is also observed when 8-Br-cAMP, CT or IBMX is added prior to the
      addition of either RA, DMF, ACT-D or HPX. These results suggest a role for cAMP
      in myeloid differentiation.

PMID- 2415783
TI  - The synthesis of amylase in parotid glands of young and old rats.
AB  - The age-related changes in the rate of synthesis of total and secretory proteins
      were examined in parotid glands of young (2 months) and old (24 months) rats. The
      differences in the rate of incorporation of radioactive leucine into acid
      insoluble proteins of the gland indicate that the rate of protein synthesis
      declines with age in this gland. To determine whether the rate of synthesis of
      secretory proteins changes with age in this gland, the rates of incorporation of
      [3H]leucine into amylase, a major secretory protein of the gland, were compared
      by radioactivity determinations. For this comparison, amylase was precipitated
      with glycogen after incubating the gland slices in the presence of the labeled
      amino acid. The study shows that rate of synthesis of amylase declines
      significantly with age in this gland. The possible relationship between the
      decline in protein synthesis and the reduced level of secretory activity of the
      gland due to aging is discussed.

PMID- 2415784
TI  - Interspecies chimeras: an experimental approach for studies on embryonic
      angiogenesis.
AB  - Most studies on the growth of vessels have so far focused on the tumour
      vascularization or that occurring in the area of inflammation. The mechanisms of
      embryonic angiogenesis have not been characterized in such a detail and only
      relatively few experimental studies have been carried out to analyse the origin
      and development of the embryonic vasculature. It is not known if the vessels
      develop in situ in each organ rudiment or by invasion of earlier committed
      vascular cells. Because morphological analyses of in vivo tissues have proved to
      be unreliable for judging the origin of vascular cells, new methods have been
      presented. Nuclear differences between of some species can be used to trace the
      origin of cells in interspecies transplantation experiments. This review presents
      data on the biology of vasculogenesis and shows how interspecies chimeras can be
      used in studies on angiogenesis. For example, the transplantation experiments
      with embryonic kidneys are described in more detail.

PMID- 2415785
TI  - Separate populations of primary sensory neurons project to the splanchnic nerve
      and thoracic spinal nerve rami of the rat. A fluorescent double labelling study.
AB  - Using fluorescent double labelling technique with one tracer applied to the
      greater splanchnic nerve and a second to the ventral or dorsal spinal nerve ramus
      at the T9 level, it was shown that two separate populations of sensory nerve cell
      bodies in the T9 dorsal root ganglion were projecting to the splanchnic nerve and
      spinal rami, respectively. Only two double labelled cells were detected. The
      results support the theory that spinal and/or supraspinal interactions and not
      dichotomizing sensory axons are responsible for referred pain.

PMID- 2415786
TI  - The dopaminergic innervation of the intermediate lobe and of the neural lobe of
      the pituitary gland.
AB  - The intermediate and the neural lobe of the pituitary gland are innervated by
      two, virtually independent, groups of dopaminergic neurons which, until recently,
      were considered as a uniform system and referred to as the "tubero-hypophyseal
      dopamine system". Some aspects of the separate physiological functions of these
      neurons in the intermediate and in the neural lobe, of their microanatomy and
      biochemistry as well as of dopamine release from their terminals are discussed in
      this review.

PMID- 2415787
TI  - Calcium movements through cardiac cell membranes.

PMID- 2415788
TI  - Effect of early neurodevelopmental therapy in normal and at-risk survivors of
      neonatal intensive care.
AB  - At a corrected age of 3 months, 80 low birth-weight infants were assigned to
      normal or at-risk groups on the basis of a neurodevelopmental assessment scale.
      Both groups were further divided into intervention and non-intervention sub
      groups (20 infants in each). Intervention consisted of monthly hospital-based
      neurodevelopmental therapy in addition to a home exercise programme. Infants were
      re-assessed by a physiotherapist at 6, 9, and 12 months, and were tested at 12
      months by an independent psychologist blinded for infant group. Mean birthweight
      and gestational age were similar for normal and at-risk groups. At-risk infants
      had higher mean neurodevelopmental scores throughout the study period and lower 1
      year development quotients (DQ) than normals. In neither normal nor at-risk
      groups did neurodevelopmental therapy alter the pattern of development or the
      outcome.

PMID- 2415789
TI  - Fucosylated alpha-fetoprotein as marker of early hepatocellular carcinoma.

PMID- 2415790
TI  - Intracavitary irradiation for oesophageal cancer.

PMID- 2415792
TI  - A device for instruction and practice of endoscopic intralaryngeal and tracheal
      procedures.

PMID- 2415791
TI  - [Sialochemical and morphology studies of the submandibular gland of the diabetic
      patient--a contribution to diabetic sialadenosis].
AB  - Sixty-four sialochemical and six morphological examinations were carried out on
      diabetics with swollen glandula submaxillaris. The significant decrease of the
      sodium content, the significant increase of potassium content as well as the
      significantly decreased amylase content of submaxillary saliva speak for
      diabetogenous sialadenosis. The microscopical and ultramicroscopical findings in
      needle biopsies confirm the morphological pattern of sialadenosis in the diabetic
      submaxillary gland.

PMID- 2415793
TI  - A comparison between dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase and 3H-SCH 23390
      binding in rat striatum.
AB  - Methods for measuring 3H-SCH 23390 binding and dopamine (DA) stimulated adenylate
      cyclase (AC) were established in identical tissue preparations and under similar
      experimental conditions. Pharmacological characterization revealed that both
      assays involved interaction with the D1 receptor or closely associated sites. In
      order to investigate whether the binding sites for 3H-SCH 23390 and DA in fact
      are identical, the antagonistic effects of a variety of pharmacologically active
      compounds were examined. Surprisingly, the Ki-values obtained from Schild-plot
      analysis of the antagonism of DA-stimulated AC, were 80-240 times higher than the
      Ki-values obtained from competition curves of 3H-SCH 23390 binding. Since both
      assays were performed under identical conditions, the differences in Ki-values
      indicate the possibility of different binding sites for DA and 3H-SCH 23390 or,
      that DA and 3H-SCH 23390 label different states of the same receptor.

PMID- 2415794
TI  - A model for exocytosis based on the opening of calcium-activated potassium
      channels in vesicles.
AB  - It is proposed that the role of calcium in calcium-induced exocytosis is to open
      Ca-activated K channels present in vesicle membranes. The opening of these
      channels coupled with anion transport across the vesicle membranes would result
      in an influx of K and anions, increasing the osmotic pressure of the vesicles.
      For those vesicles situated very close to the cell plasma membrane, this would
      lead to fusion with the membrane and exocytosis of the vesicle contents. This
      model can account for facilitation and other key properties of transmitter
      release. In addition, the model predicts that vesicles with a higher transmitter
      content, and hence higher initial osmotic pressure, would be preferentially
      discharged. The model also predicts that a faster response can be obtained for
      small vesicles than for large vesicles, providing a rationale as to why
      neurotransmitters, which must be released quickly, are packaged in small
      vesicles.

PMID- 2415795
TI  - Influence of blood proteins on biomedical analysis. VIII. Attempts at
      purification of gliclazide-degrading factor in human serum.
AB  - Gliclazide(hypoglycemic drug having sulfonylurea structure)-degrading activity
      was found in fraction M(macroglobulin, Fr. M) obtained from pooled human serum by
      gel filtration using a Sephadex G-150 column. The main degrading activity was in
      the fraction eluted from the Fr. M-subjected DEAE-cellulose column with 0.4 M
      phosphate buffer (pH 5.2), and the gliclazide-degrading protein localized around
      alpha 2 to beta-globulin on an electrophoretic pattern using a cellulose acetate
      membrane. The degrading activity was enhanced about two-fold by lyophilizing Fr.
      M solution containing a higher sodium phosphate (Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4), over 0.27 M.
      This indicates that the appearance and enhancement of the degrading activity
      required the combination of the lyophilization of the sample solution and a
      certain initial concentration of sodium phosphate prior to lyophilization.

PMID- 2415796
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the pithed rat:
      comparison with substance P.
AB  - Recently it has been shown that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and
      substance P (SP) are coexisting in central and peripheral nerve endings of
      sensory neurons. In the present study we compared the vasodepressor and plasma
      extravasating activity of CGRP with that of SP. Systemic administration of CGRP
      to pithed, vagotomized rats evoked a dose dependent, long lasting vasodilation
      accompanied by a parallel rise in heart rate. The tachycardic response to CGRP
      may indicate a direct positive chronotropic action on the heart since this effect
      could not be blocked by beta-adrenoceptor blockade. For any equimolar dose the
      hypotensive effect of CGRP was much larger than that of SP. Both, CGRP and SP,
      showed a more pronounced decrease in mean arterial blood pressure after elevation
      of basal blood pressure levels by constant infusion of either phenylephrine,
      arginine-vasopressin, or angiotensin II. After systemic administration in
      equimolar doses CGRP was much less effective in producing plasma extravasation
      than SP. In conclusion, at equimolar doses CGRP is 10 times more potent than SP
      in producing vasodilatation but it possesses less than a third of the potency of
      equimolar doses of SP in producing plasma extravasation.

PMID- 2415797
TI  - Target size of Ca-pumps in pig coronary artery smooth muscle.
AB  - The target sizes of the oxalate-independent Ca uptake by the plasma membrane
      enriched fraction F2, and the oxalate-stimulated Ca uptake by a fraction F3
      slightly enriched in the endoplasmic reticulum were determined by radiation
      inactivation. The oxalate-independent Ca uptake was inactivated with a D37 value
      of 1.96 +/- 0.30 Mrad but the oxalate-stimulated Ca uptake had a D37 value of
      0.45 +/- 0.07 Mrad. Thus, in the smooth muscle the oxalate-stimulated Ca uptake
      appeared to be due to a structure 3 to 6 times larger than was the oxalate
      independent Ca uptake. The subcellular site of the ATP-dependent azide
      insensitive Ca uptake in the smooth muscle has been disputed in the past. It has
      been suggested to be plasma membrane (PM) by several workers, and endoplasmic
      reticulum (ER) by others. Recently, however, there has been substantial evidence
      to support the hypothesis that one Ca uptake system, unaffected by oxalate,
      resides in the PM and another, stimulated by oxalate, is located in the ER of the
      smooth muscle. The evidence has been reviewed recently. Here, we show that the
      two modes of Ca uptake differ in their target sizes as well. To our knowledge,
      this is the first report on the use of radiation inactivation to distinguish
      between the two modes of Ca uptake in any tissue.

PMID- 2415799
TI  - Smoking and healthy pregnancy: now is the time to quit.

PMID- 2415798
TI  - Influence of sodium butyrate on HeLa cell morphology and proliferation.
AB  - The effect of one-week exposure to sodium butyrate on HeLa S3 cell cultures was
      studied with special regard to influence on prekeratin synthesis, by comparison
      to cultures similarly treated with the known proliferation inhibitor hydroxyurea,
      and not treated. Like hydroxyurea, sodium butyrate inhibited cell proliferation
      to a considerable degree, but accounted additionally for an increase in membrane
      bound alkaline phosphatase activity, cellular prekeratin synthesis, tonofilament
      number, and filament bundle formation. These phenomena unequivocally indicate
      that sodium butyrate acted as a specific stimulator of Hela (epithelial) cell
      differentiation. Similar differentiation phenomena can be observed during early
      spontaneous keratinization of the stratified horny epithelium.

PMID- 2415800
TI  - [Scintigraphy with 111In-bleomycin in the diagnosis of recurrences of rectal
      cancer].
AB  - Altogether 76 patients were examined using scintigraphy with 111In-bleomycin.
      Clinicoroentgenological diagnosis of recurring rectal cancer was confirmed in 62
      of them. Fourteen patients were without signs of recurrence. A focus of RP
      hyperfixation in the small pelvis was revealed on scintigrams in 52 (84%) of 62
      patients. In 4 cases the results of examination were considered doubtful, and in
      6 cases the results were false positive. Of 14 recurrence-free patients 4 had
      recurring tumors at early stages prior to clinical manifestations. The authors
      pointed to the prospects of the employment of 111In-bleomycin for diagnosis of
      rectal cancer recurrences.

PMID- 2415801
TI  - Monoclonal and oligoclonal immunoglobulins localized in human dental periapical
      lesion.
AB  - The gamma-globulin fractions of extracts obtained from 70 periapical lesions were
      studied by agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation. In agarose gel
      electrophoresis, homogeneous bands in the gamma-globulin region were found in 25
      of 70 specimens (36%). Among the 25 specimens showing homogeneous bands, these
      bands in six specimens were identified as monoclonal or oligoclonal
      immunoglobulins. Local production of oligoclonal immunoglobulins was suggested
      since the corresponding homogeneous bands were not detected in the serum of the
      same patient. These immunoglobulins may be produced as a result of local
      immunogenic response against infecting bacteria in periapical inflammation.

PMID- 2415802
TI  - Anti-O-phosphotyrosine antibodies in human sera.
AB  - Antibodies reactive with O-phosphotyrosine (PTYR) were detected in 60 out of 621
      inpatients, with high frequencies in hematologic and lung malignancies, hepatic
      diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and autoimmune diseases. Affinity-purified
      antibodies proved capable of recognizing PTYR-containing proteins in a human
      carcinoma cell line, A431, both by immunofluorescent staining and by
      immunoaffinity chromatography, but had no detectable affinity for phosphorylated
      serine or threonine, or for the nucleotides tested. In these respects, the
      antibodies observed in human sera were indistinguishable from anti-PTYR
      antibodies raised experimentally in rabbits or mice.

PMID- 2415803
TI  - Cloning and expression of the pnd gene of R16: determination of transcriptional
      direction and evolutionary analysis.
AB  - The gene promoting nucleic-acid degradation (pnd) of IncB plasmid R16 was cloned
      into the vector plasmid pACYC177. The pnd gene was found to be located on a 0.55
      kilobase (kb) AluI-PstI fragment by constructing subclones carrying various
      portions of the initially cloned fragment. The direction of transcription of the
      pnd gene was determined by inserting the gene in both orientations into the lacZ'
      gene of the plasmid pUR222. In the recombinant plasmid pCM2, transcription of the
      pnd gene was controlled by the lac promoter region. Addition of cAMP at 42 C
      resulted in rapid degradation of stable RNA in cells harboring pCM2. In contrast,
      no RNA degradation was observed in cells harboring pCM14, which has the same
      insert as pCM2 but in the opposite orientation. The equivalent gene, pnd of IncI
      alpha plasmid R483, has previously been cloned, and a detailed restriction map of
      the region has been constructed (Akimoto, S., and Ohnishi, Y. 1982. Microbiol.
      Immunol. 26: 779-793). We constructed a detailed restriction map of the pnd
      region of R16 and compared it with that of R483. Restriction analyses revealed a
      similar structure in these two pnd regions. The results suggest that the pnd
      genes of R16 and R483 have a common evolutional origin.

PMID- 2415804
TI  - Persistence of mumps virus in mouse L929 cells.
AB  - The characteristics of a persistent infection of L929 cells with mumps virus
      (MuV) is presented. The persistent infection (L-MuV cells) was regulated by
      interferon (IFN) produced endogenously and almost all the properties showed that
      the carrier culture was maintained by horizontal transmission of the virus. Small
      plaque mutants, but not temperature-sensitive variants, were selected during the
      persistent infection. MuV released from L-MuV cells (MuV-pi) replicated
      efficiently in L929 cells, while infection of L929 cells with the original MuV-o
      resulted in an abortive infection. The efficient replication of MuV-pi in L929
      cells can be explained by the findings that MuV-pi induced IFN more slowly and
      had lower susceptibility to IFN in L929 cells than MuV-o did. M protein was
      synthesized to a considerable degree in MuV-pi-infected cells, while it could not
      be detected in MuV-o-infected cells. By contrast, MuV-pi formed small plaques in
      Vero cell monolayers and the yield of MuV-pi in Vero cells was lower than that of
      MuV-o. M protein induced by MuV-pi decayed easily in Vero cells. M protein was
      considered to be a limiting factor for MuV replication in both cell lines.

PMID- 2415805
TI  - [Haptens].

PMID- 2415806
TI  - [Immunoprophylaxis for newborn infants of HBsAg-positive mothers].

PMID- 2415807
TI  - [Iatrogenic pseudohyperaldosteronism: clinical polymorphism].

PMID- 2415808
TI  - Drug pharmacokinetics in thyroid dysfunction.

PMID- 2415809
TI  - Differentiation of keratinocytes in vitro: a new culture vessel mimicking the in
      vivo situation.
AB  - A culture vessel consisting of two independent chambers separated only by the
      growth substrate is described. Cells may be cultured on both sides of the growth
      substrate. Culture medium and gas exposure can independently be controlled in
      both compartments. Human hair follicles have been used as source of keratinocytes
      and the bovine eye lens capsule has been explored as growth substrate. The
      presence of 5% CO2 in air in the lower compartment appears to have a significant
      effect on the morphology of the cultures. When the cultures are being exposed to
      air with 5% CO2, the culture medium being applied in the lower compartment,
      formation of corneocytes characteristic for adult stratum corneum is induced, as
      evidenced by light and electron microscopy. To the knowledge of the authors, this
      stage of differentiation in vitro has not been obtained with previously described
      systems. Differentiation of the lower cell layers has been characterised with
      specific antibodies. The possible use of the system for applied and pure
      scientific research is discussed.

PMID- 2415810
TI  - Immunochemical studies of conjugates of isomaltosyl oligosaccharides to lipid:
      production and characterization of mouse hybridoma antibodies specific for
      stearyl-isomaltosyl oligosaccharides.
AB  - Twelve C57BL/6J hybridoma clones, 9, 2 and 1 from mice immunized with stearyl
      isomaltotetraose, stearyl-isomaltopentaose and stearyl-isomaltohexaose
      respectively were characterized. Seven produced IgA and 5 IgM. The specificities
      and sizes of their combining sites were determined by quantitative precipitin and
      precipitin inhibition assays. All 12 hybridoma antibodies precipitated with alpha
      1----6 dextran B512 and linear dextran LD7, indicating that they recognize an
      internal -Glc alpha 1----6Glc alpha 1----6Glc- determinant. This in contrast with
      the results with rabbit antisera obtained in response to the same immunogen which
      recognize the non-reducing terminal determinant Glc alpha 1----6Glc alpha 1---
      6Glc-. Of the 12 hybridoma antibodies, 1 has an antibody combining site
      complementary to 4 alpha 1----6-linked glucoses while others have combining sites
      complementary to isomaltohexaose or isomaltoheptaose. The large combining-site
      sizes found in C57BL/6 hybridoma clones may be related to the pre-existing clonal
      repertoire in this strain. Binding constants of monomers of these antibodies for
      dextran B512 and isomaltoheptaose determined by affinity electrophoresis range
      from 1.4 X 10(3) to 4.6 X 10(5) ml/g and from 1.2 X 10(3) to 3.5 X 10(4) M-1
      respectively, which is consistent with previous studies in the anti-dextran B512
      system. The use of synthetic glycolipids as antigens enables us to study the gene
      control of antibody responses to glycolipids and to investigate the combining
      site specificities of antibodies to a single antigenic determinant. Results so
      far show that all 12 hybridoma proteins are different despite the simplicity of
      the antigens. The findings provide further insight into the specificity of
      antibody combining sites.

PMID- 2415811
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to nerve growth factor from bovine seminal plasma.
AB  - Mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against nerve growth factor (beta NGF) from
      bovine seminal plasma have been isolated and characterized. They are produced by
      hybridomas derived from Sp2/0.Ag14 myeloma cells and spleen cells from BALB/c
      mice immunized with beta NGF which was purified by the method of Harper et al.
      [J. biol. Chem. 257, 8541-8548 (1982)]. Five of these hybridomas can be grown in
      ascites tumor form and secrete antibodies of the IgG1 or IgG2a subclass. When
      used to probe the components of seminal plasma extracts or purified beta NGF as
      separated electrophoretically on SDS gels, the antibodies react with the beta NGF
      band at Mr = 15,000. The antibodies bind to native bovine beta NGF, but bind very
      poorly to mouse beta NGF. Antibody exclusion and additive-binding experiments
      indicate that these antibodies bind to the 1 antigenic domain. The cell receptor
      binding site is probably not close to this domain, as the antibodies fail to
      block the biological activity of bovine beta NGF on cultures of dissociated
      neurons from sensory ganglia. These monoclonal antibodies define a region in
      which bovine beta NGF is structurally different from the closely related molecule
      mouse beta NGF.

PMID- 2415812
TI  - Antigenic determinants of pregnancy-associated alpha 2-glycoprotein and alpha 2
      macroglobulin defined by poly- and monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Human alpha 2-macroglobulin and pregnancy-associated alpha 2-glycoprotein (PA
      alpha 2G) share several physicochemical characteristics. By the use of unabsorbed
      or absorbed polyclonal antibodies to these antigens, the existence of common
      epitopes in these molecules were demonstrated in crossed immunoelectrophoresis.
      Two monoclonal antibodies out of 9 raised against purified PA alpha 2G were
      demonstrated to react with both antigens, indicating close immunochemical
      relatedness between these macroglobulins. The findings might have functional
      implications.

PMID- 2415813
TI  - Isolation of the major IgE-binding protein from Parietaria judaica pollen using
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Allergen molecules from Parietaria judaica pollen, a widely distributed allergy
      inducer in Southern and Western Europe, have been studied using specific
      monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). MAbs against IgE-binding components were selected
      in a 4-step radioimmunoassay. Three different MAbs (AC/1.1, AC/7.1 and AC/15.1)
      were obtained which recognized epitope(s) located on a polypeptide of 10 Kd
      (Pj10). This polypeptide displayed the highest IgE-binding ability under either
      native or SDS-denatured conditions, as determined by immunoadsorption and
      immunodetection after SDS-PAGE, respectively. The Pj10-containing allergen,
      purified on an AC/1.1 MAb-Sepharose column, was able to inhibit most of the
      binding of specific IgE to the pollen extract coupled to paper discs in an
      inhibition radioallergosorbent test (RAST). The affinity-purified allergen
      exhibited the same immunoelectrophoretic behaviour as the native allergen.

PMID- 2415814
TI  - Differences in carbohydrate specificities and complement-activating capacity of
      guinea pig and human antibodies to neuraminidase-treated autologous erythrocytes.
AB  - Guinea pig erythrocytes desialated by treatment with neuraminidase from Vibrio
      cholerae were lyzed in autologous serum through a natural-antibody-dependent
      activation of the classical complement pathway. Lysis was inhibited when a
      mannose, glucose, galactose or N-acetyl-glucosamine was added to the incubation
      mixture. Methyl-alpha- or -beta-D-galactopyranosides were poorly effective and N
      acetyl-D-galactosamine was not effective at all. Inhibition of lysis by the
      carbohydrates was due neither to an anti-complementary effect nor to a
      modification of the osmotic pressure since: (a) they did not alter the total
      complement haemolytic activity of guinea pig serum, and (b) they did not inhibit
      lysis of desialated guinea pig erythrocytes in human serum through activation of
      the alternative complement pathway. The presence of mannose, glucose, galactose
      or N-acetyl-glucosamine in the incubation mixture resulted in an impaired
      fixation of natural auto-antibodies on antigenic sites, namely the T-antigen
      (Thomsen-Friedenreich), which were unmasked following membrane sialic acid
      removal. When tested under the same conditions, only small percentage of the
      normal human population showed the phenomenon of lysis of desialated erythrocytes
      in autologous serum. Lysis was not due to a particular susceptibility of
      erythrocytes from these individuals to complement-mediated lysis but to the
      presence in their serum of complement-activating anti-T antibodies. As expected,
      the activity of human anti-T antibodies was inhibited by galactose and N-acetyl
      galactosamine, which are the immunodominant sugars of the human T-antigen.
      Mannose and glucose had no effect, and methyl- alpha- or - beta-D
      galactopyranosides were almost as effective as galactose. The heterogeneity of
      the human population with regard to the complement-activating capacity of anti-T
      antibodies could be of significance for the individual response of the host to an
      infection by a neuraminidase-producing microorganism. That the immunodominant
      sugars of the T-antigen were different between humans and guinea pigs was further
      assessed by absorption experiments. We have demonstrated that guinea pig anti-T
      antibodies were not removed during contact with desialated human red cells which
      do not have the mannose specificity, whereas human antibodies were almost
      entirely retained on desialated guinea pig red cells which, beside mannose,
      express galactose. These results also suggest that guinea pig antibodies are
      mostly directed towards mannose and glucose.

PMID- 2415815
TI  - [Perinatal relation of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and its effect on
      protein composition of the cerebrospinal fluid].
AB  - The lumbar spinal fluid of 70 infants aged 238-461 days after conception was
      examined for total protein with the Cu-Folin-differential test, and for variation
      of single CSF proteins as a function of developmental age using agar gel
      electrophoresis. In the early stages of development all CSF fractions as well as
      total protein are increased compared with adult persons. The absolute amounts
      decrease after birth more or less rapidly (partly exponentially) and reach a
      minimum between the 52nd and 57th week of development (prealbumin and beta 1
      globulin somewhat earlier, albumin somewhat later). Except for beta 1-globulin
      this minimum is always lower than the normal adult values. There seems to be a
      linear correlation between the logarithm of the total protein (also of certain
      single proteins) and the gestational age over a wide range of development. The
      behaviour of the haptoglobin and immunoglobulin fractions demonstrates especially
      well that many independent factors may simultaneously influence the concentration
      of the CSF proteins (e.g. plasma content of proteins, permeability of the
      blood/brain or blood/CSF barrier) and that these factors themselves depend on
      both the developmental state (gestational age) and chronological age (birth).
      This study, in agreement with the results of other authors suggests that in human
      neonates the reference range of those CSF parameters which depend on barrier
      conditions should be related to the gestational age rather than to the
      chronological age.

PMID- 2415816
TI  - [Methods for the demonstration of the glomerular capillary basement membrane.
      III].

PMID- 2415817
TI  - Reactivity of a monoclonal antibody produced to the histidine-rich protein of
      Plasmodium lophurae with Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were produced against the histidine-rich protein of
      Plasmodium lophurae and tested for reactivity with Plasmodium falciparum
      antigens. One anti-histidine-rich protein monoclonal antibody showed
      immunological cross-reactivity with polypeptides of P. falciparum synthesized in
      vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 2415818
TI  - HTLV-III infection and epitope recognition by OKT4 monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 2415819
TI  - Systemic lupus erythematosus with deficiency of the T4 epitope on T4
      helper/inducer cells.

PMID- 2415820
TI  - Failure of intraventricular gamma globulin to eradicate echovirus encephalitis in
      a patient with X-linked agammaglobulinemia.

PMID- 2415821
TI  - Stimulation of F-cell production in patients with sickle-cell anemia treated with
      cytarabine or hydroxyurea.
AB  - To investigate the mechanism of pharmacologic stimulation of fetal hemoglobin in
      sickle-cell anemia (hemoglobin S disease), we treated two patients with
      homozygous disease with various doses of cytarabine (also known as Ara-C) or
      hydroxyurea and evaluated the effects of each treatment on F-reticulocyte
      production and on hemopoiesis. The treatments stimulated F-cell production in a
      dose-related fashion. Treatments that increased F-cell production also increased
      the patient's hematocrit and caused only minor, transient decreases in white
      cells. The main effect on erythropoiesis consisted of cytoreduction of the mature
      erythron (as assessed by measurements of reticulocytes) or a decrease in the
      compartment of erythroid progenitors (colony-forming units--erythroid and burst
      forming units--erythroid). The reduction phase was followed by reticulocyte
      regeneration, during which most of the increase in the absolute numbers of F
      reticulocytes took place. Lower doses of cytarabine or hydroxyurea resulted in
      smaller waves of reticulocyte regeneration and lesser effects on F-reticulocyte
      production. These results suggest that the main cause of stimulation of fetal
      hemoglobin in patients with sickle-cell anemia treated with cell cycle-specific
      compounds is the erythroid regeneration triggered by the drug treatment.

PMID- 2415822
TI  - Surgery for hepatic neoplasms.

PMID- 2415823
TI  - Interferon and micRNA in cellular defence.

PMID- 2415824
TI  - Plasticity of functional epithelial polarity.
AB  - The fundamental characteristics that allow vectorial transport across an
      epithelial cell are the differential sorting and insertion of transport proteins
      either in the apical or the basolateral plasma membrane, and the preferential
      association of endocytosis and exocytosis with one or the other pole of the cell.
      Asymmetrical cellular structure and function, being manifestations of terminal
      differentiation, might be expected to be predetermined and invariant. Here we
      show that the polarity of transepithelial H+ transport, endocytosis and
      exocytosis in kidney can be reversed by environmental stimuli. The HCO3-
      secreting cell in the cortical collecting tubule is found to be an intercalated
      cell possessing a Cl-/HCO3- exchanger in the apical membrane and proton pumps in
      endocytic vesicles that fuse with the basolateral membrane; the H+-secreting cell
      in the medullary collecting tubule has these transport functions on the opposite
      membranes. Further, the HCO3- -secreting cell can be induced to change its
      functional polarity to that of the H+-secreting cell by acid-loading the animal.

PMID- 2415825
TI  - Upstream sequences modulate the internal promoter of the human 7SL RNA gene.
AB  - The human genome is rich in sequences which are structurally related to the 7SL
      RNA component of the signal recognition particle. The 7SL DNA sequence family
      consists of four 7SL genes, 500 7SL pseudogenes (which are truncated at one or
      both ends of the 7SL sequence) and 500,000 Alu sequences. Both 7SL genes and Alu
      elements are transcribed by RNA polymerase III, and we show here that the
      internal 7SL promoter lies within the Alu-like part of the 7SL gene. Why then
      does RNA polymerase III transcribe the few 7SL genes so efficiently, while
      transcripts from the far more abundant Alu elements are not readily detectable?
      We find that a human 7SL gene and a synthetic Alu sequence derived from it are
      expressed 50-100-fold more efficiently in vitro than either a representative Alu
      element or two 7SL pseudogenes. 5' Deletion and insertion mutants of the 7SL gene
      demonstrate that, in conjunction with the internal promoter, the first 37
      nucleotides upstream from the transcription start site are essential for
      efficient and accurate initiation in vitro. We suggest that the genomic sequences
      upstream from most Alu elements and 7SL pseudogenes do not contain this element,
      and consequently that only a small subset of such sequences can be transcribed in
      vivo. This may help to explain the homogeneity of the Alu family within each
      mammalian genome, as well as the species-specific differences between mammalian
      Alu families.

PMID- 2415826
TI  - Role of acetylcholine receptor subunits in gating of the channel.
AB  - The Torpedo and calf acetylcholine receptors and hybrids composed of subunits
      from the two species have been produced in Xenopus oocytes by the use of the
      cloned complementary DNAs. Single-channel current measurements indicate that
      these receptors form channels of similar conductance but with different gating
      behaviour.

PMID- 2415827
TI  - Reverse transcriptase activity and Ty RNA are associated with virus-like
      particles in yeast.
AB  - The Ty element of yeast represents a class of eukaryotic transposons that show
      remarkable structural similarity to retroviral proviruses. Recently, these
      comparisons have been strengthened by a series of observations on the yeast Ty
      element: Ty transposes via an RNA intermediate; it contains a sequence (Fig. 1)
      which, when translated, is homologous to a conserved region found in all reverse
      transcriptases; a fusion protein encoded by Ty is produced by a frameshift event
      that is directly analogous to the production of Pr180gag-pol in a retrovirus such
      as Rous sarcoma virus. Here we identify the reverse transcriptase activity that,
      until now, has been presumed to mediate Ty transposition and show that it is
      sequestered in virus-like particles that also contain Ty RNA.

PMID- 2415828
TI  - Monoamine content in rat brain during carcinogenesis and the influence of the CNS
      drugs piracetam and imipramine.

PMID- 2415829
TI  - The calcium channel activator, Bay K 8644, enhances K+-evoked efflux of
      acetylcholine and noradrenaline from rat brain slices.
AB  - Slices of rat brain were incubated with either (3H) choline (hippocampus) or (3H)
      noradrenaline (hypothalamus) and superfused with Krebs buffer. The release of
      (3H) acetylcholine and (3H) noradrenaline after inhibition of monoamine oxidase
      by pargyline was induced by a short exposure to Krebs buffer containing elevated
      K+ ions (25 mmol/l). Nifedipine (1 mumol/l) caused only a slight inhibition of
      noradrenaline efflux and was without effect on acetylcholine overflow. The
      calcium channel activator, Bay K 8644 (0.1-1 mumol/l), increased the K+-evoked
      efflux of both neurotransmitters. The additional efflux evoked by Bay K 8644 (0.3
      mumol/l) was blocked by nifedipine (1 mumol/l). The results from the present
      study thus extend the earlier findings with the neurotransmitter 5
      hydroxytryptamine to include noradrenaline and acetylcholine. The functional
      correlates for voltage operated calcium channels concerned with transmitter
      release are clearly a widespread phenomenon in the CNS.

PMID- 2415830
TI  - Effect of short-term swimming stress and diazepam on 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic
      acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in the caudate
      nucleus: an in vivo voltammetric study.
AB  - The effects of swimming stress on dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons were
      studied by an in vivo voltammetry technique. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
      (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in rat striatum were
      measured by differential pulse voltammetry with an electrochemically treated
      carbon fiber electrode. Exposure to swimming stress for 1 to 10 min to the animal
      increased the DOPAC and 5-HIAA peaks, which depended on the length of stress.
      Pretreatment of the rats with diazepam (10 mg/kg, i.p.) prevented completely the
      stress-induced increase in DOPAC levels but only partially reduced the increase
      in 5-HIAA levels.

PMID- 2415832
TI  - [Application of monoclonal antibodies in pathologic anatomy studies].

PMID- 2415831
TI  - The different mechanisms of action of nicorandil and adenosine triphosphate on
      potassium channels of circular smooth muscle of the guinea-pig small intestine.
AB  - Nicorandil (10 mumol/l-0.3 mmol/l) and ATP (1 mumol/l - 0.1 mmol/l)
      hyperpolarized the membrane of circular smooth muscle of the guinea-pig small
      intestine and increased conductance of the membrane probably to K ions as
      estimated by the effect on the current-voltage relationship. In the presence of a
      maximally hyperpolarizing concentration of nicorandil (0.1 mmol/l), ATP produced
      a further hyperpolarization of 5 mV. The ATP-induced but not the nicorandil
      induced hyperpolarization required the presence of Ca in the medium, and the ATP
      induced hyperpolarization was blocked by apamin treatment (1 nmol/l) or by MnCl2
      (1.3 mmol/l). On the other hand, both hyperpolarization responses were blocked by
      the local anaesthetics procaine (0.1 - 1 mmol/l), lidocaine (0.1 - 1 mmol/l) or
      cocaine (0.3 - 1 mmol/l), with different potencies. Field stimulation of smooth
      muscle of the small intestine produced inhibitory junction potentials (i.j.p.s)
      and these were inhibited by apamin (10 nmol/l - 100 nmol/l). In the presence of
      ATP, the amplitude of the i.j.p.s was markedly reduced, but in the presence of
      nicorandil the amplitude was only slightly reduced, consistent with the same
      increase in ionic conductance and hyperpolarization of the membrane. These
      results indicate that ATP and nicorandil hyperpolarize the membrane by activating
      different K-channels, i.e. Ca dependent and Ca insensitive K channels,
      respectively. As assessed from the effects of local anaesthetics and the membrane
      properties, the circular muscle may also possess other K channels different from
      the ATP and nicorandil sensitive K channels.

PMID- 2415833
TI  - [2 calcium currents in the somatic membrane of neurons of Helix pomatia].
AB  - Two different calcium currents were revealed in the somatic membrane of Helix
      pomatia neurons. In addition to the main current described in literature,
      depolarizing the membrane from the holding potential level (-120 divided by -100
      mV) an additional calcium current was observed. It was activated at
      depolarizations to -80 divided by -40 mV. Contrary to the main calcium current it
      did not deteriorate during intracellular perfusion by solutions containing
      fluoride. Time-dependence of this current could be described in the framework of
      the Hodgkin-Huxley model with time constants for activation and inactivation
      equal to tau m = 6-8 ms and tau h = 300-600 ms, respectively. The amplitude of
      this current increased with increase of extracellular Ca2+ concentration and
      decreased after addition of Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, nifedipine and verapamil.
      Dissociation constants of these substances with corresponding channels determined
      for the maximum of current-voltage relationship were 2 (Ca2+), 3 (Co2+), 0.06
      (nifedipine) and 0.2 mmol/l (verapamil). Properties of the fluoride-insensitive
      calcium current and data obtained for other calcium channels are compared. Its
      possible functional role is also discussed.

PMID- 2415834
TI  - [Effect of potassium and calcium channel blockers on changes in the
      transepithelial potential and spike responses of electroreceptors of the ampullae
      of Lorenzini in the skate].
AB  - Action of TEA, 4-AP, Co2+, Cd2+, Cs+, EDTA and verapamile on sensory epithelium
      of Lorenzinian ampullae was studied in the Black Sea skate Raja clavata.
      Application of TEA to the basal face of epithelium in current-clamped ampulla
      caused oscillations of transepithelial potential and oscillatory spike discharges
      in response to excitatory stimulation. The oscillations were suppressed by Co2+,
      Cd2+ and EDTA. Application of Cs+ was followed by partial or complete suppression
      of spike response adaptation. TEA injection into the ampulla produced an increase
      in the spike frequency reaction and speeding of adaptation. Co2+, Cd2+ and
      verapamile inside the ampulla caused almost no changes. The contribution of
      various ionic channels to the function of the electroreceptor cell is discussed.

PMID- 2415835
TI  - [Single calcium channels of spinal ganglion neurons in the rat].
AB  - Single calcium channels in isolated dorsal root ganglion cells of the newborn rat
      were studied using the method of patch clamp in its cell-attached configuration.
      With 60 mmol/l of Ca2+ in the pipette (extracellular) solution, the amplitude of
      unitary Ca currents varied from 0.58 +/- 0.05 pA to 0.43 +/- 0.05 pA with a 20 mV
      change of the potential, which corresponds to a channel conductance of 7 +/- 0.5
      pS. The distribution of the open time was monoexponential with the time constant
      of 0.75 ms not depending on the membrane potential. The distribution of closed
      time approached a biexponential time course. The fast component (approximately
      0.8 ms) showed no dependence on the membrane potential, while the time constant
      of the slow one decreased with increasing depolarization (from 22 ms to 4 ms with
      a 20 mV change of the potential). Using experimentally obtained time parameters
      which describe single calcium channel function and assuming a three-state model
      of the channel, the numerical values of the rate constants of transitions between
      individual states were determined.

PMID- 2415836
TI  - [Deactivation of calcium currents in the soma of spinal ganglion neurons after
      elimination of the depolarizing shift in the membrane potential].
AB  - Kinetic and voltage-dependent characteristics of deactivation of calcium inward
      currents with the removal of membrane depolarization were studied in the somatic
      membrane of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons by intracellular dialysis technique.
      The "tail" of low-threshold calcium current could be described reliably by one
      exponent with time constant tau 1-1.2-1.8 ms at repolarization to --90 mV. The
      "tail" of the high-threshold calcium current represented a sum of several
      exponents; the time constant of the main component tau h was in the range of 250
      380 microseconds. tau 1 and tau h remained practically unchanged for
      repolarization potentials in the subthreshold region; however, they increased if
      it was in the range of potentials at which the corresponding component of the
      calcium current started to activate. A dependence of tau 1 and tau h on the
      duration of depolarizing shift was observed. The results obtained are discussed
      in the framework of a three-level kinetic model of calcium channels.

PMID- 2415837
TI  - Expression of retrovirus-related functions in the methylcholanthrene-induced rat
      myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - The rat MR-leukemia (MR-Le) induced in Wistar rats by methylcholanthrene and
      whole-body irradiation, has been shown to be transmitted by means of cell-free
      filtrates of spleen and liver extracts. These earlier results lead us to
      determine the expression of retroviral functions by MR-Le myeloblasts in vivo and
      in vitro. DNA polymerase activity associated with particulate material purified
      from plasma of rats carrying MR-Le and from MR-Le tissue culture fluid, increased
      with the number of MR-Le myeloblasts. Interspecies-specific antigenic
      determinants, common to some mammalian retroviruses, are expressed on the surface
      of MR-Le cells. Electrophoretic pattern of the MR-Le viral material purified from
      leukemic plasma and tissue culture fluid revealed the presence of polypeptides
      with molecular weights related to proteins of mammalian retroviruses which were
      not identical with main structural proteins of the endogenous rat C-type helper
      virus (RaLV). The results strongly support the proposition that RaLV-unrelated
      rat retrovirus is involved in the onset of MR-Le.

PMID- 2415838
TI  - Relationship between peroxidase activity and steroid receptors in human mammary
      tumors.
AB  - The interrelationships between levels of estradiol receptors (ER) and estrogen
      dependent proteins, peroxidase and progesterone receptors (PgR) were examined in
      54 histologically proven primary breast tumors in Indian women. ER and PgR were
      determined by the agar gel electrophoresis and dextran coated charcoal methods,
      respectively. Peroxidase activity (PA) was estimated by the guaiacol method. Our
      results showed a lack of correlation between ER and PA as well as between
      concentrations of PgR and PA in the tumors. It was concluded from this
      preliminary investigation that, in addition to ER and PgR, estimation of PA does
      not contribute significantly to more accurate assessment of hormone dependence of
      human breast tumors.

PMID- 2415839
TI  - Schistosomiasis, metaplasia and squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate:
      histogenesis of the squamous cancer cells determined by localization of specific
      markers.
AB  - Histogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma in two prostates heavily affected by
      schistosomiasis was determined immunohistochemically by localization of two
      prostatic specific markers and keratin. The demonstration of prostatic specific
      antigen and keratin served to differentiate between metaplasia and squamous cell
      carcinoma associated with prostatic schistosomiasis from other prostatic and
      urinary bladder neoplasms.

PMID- 2415840
TI  - [Repetitive verbal behavior in severe aphasia].

PMID- 2415841
TI  - Human alpha 1-microglobulin and its relationship to renal function.
AB  - To evaluate the clinical usefulness in terms of estimation for glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR), we determined the levels of alpha 1-microglobulin (alpha
      1m) in the serum and urine of patients with various renal diseases and compared
      with those of beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) and creatinine. Serum and urinary
      alpha 1m levels were measured by using single-radial immunodiffusion method. 24
      hour creatinine clearance (Ccr) was used as a indicator of GFR. There was a
      significant positive correlation between serum alpha 1m and creatinine levels (r
      = 0.75, p less than 0.001). Serum alpha 1m, beta 2m and creatinine inversely
      correlated and logarithmically correlated to Ccr as shown in the following
      equations: log alpha 1m = 2.30 - 0.42 X log Ccr (r = -0.74); log beta 2m = 2.06 -
      0.91 X log Ccr (r = -0.92); log creatinine = 1.57 - 0.78 X log Ccr (r = -0.94).
      Both correlation coefficient and regression coefficient for alpha 1m were rather
      poor compared to those for beta 2m and creatinine. However, alpha 1m levels
      started to increase over normal range when Ccr fell below 80 liters/day, while
      beta 2m and creatinine remained within normal ranges. The daily urinary excretion
      of alpha 1m was increased in the patients whose Ccr was within normal limits
      compared to that of healthy control subjects (15.2 +/- 3.2 mg/day, n = 19, vs.
      5.7 +/- 0.7, n = 7, p less than 0.001). Fractional clearance of alpha 1m
      increased proportionally to the decrease of Ccr. These data suggest that combined
      measurements of alpha 1m in the serum and urine seem to be useful to estimate
      GFR, especially to detect the mild reduction of CFR.

PMID- 2415842
TI  - Active neural processes within the brain stem in production of coma--Araki's coma
      puncture revisited.

PMID- 2415843
TI  - Comparative study of chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy of established
      experimental brain tumors.

PMID- 2415844
TI  - Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of S-100 protein in stromal cells
      of cerebellar hemangioblastomas.

PMID- 2415845
TI  - Post-irradiation brain tumors.

PMID- 2415846
TI  - Clinical significance of short-term cerebral aneurysmal enlargement.

PMID- 2415847
TI  - Follow-up study of intracranial aneurysms with special reference to long-term
      social rehabilitation.

PMID- 2415848
TI  - Glossopharyngeal neuralgia treated by microvascular decompression--case report.

PMID- 2415849
TI  - Intracranial embryonal carcinoma mixed with endodermal sinus tumor and
      teratomatous elements in the anterior third ventricle--case report.

PMID- 2415850
TI  - Surgical intervention in ruptured venous angioma--case report.

PMID- 2415851
TI  - Myxofibroxanthoma of the fourth ventricle--case report.

PMID- 2415852
TI  - Spontaneous subdural hematoma in patients with advanced cancer--report of two
      cases.

PMID- 2415853
TI  - Total removal of embryonal carcinoma in the pineal region--case report and review
      of the literature.

PMID- 2415854
TI  - [5'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine and 5-fluorouracil concentrations and thymidine
      phosphorylase activity in brain tumors following intravenous administration of 5'
      deoxy-5-fluorouridine].

PMID- 2415855
TI  - [Cerebral hemorrhage from unsuspected intracranial tumors].

PMID- 2415856
TI  - [Anterior pituitary function in cerebrovascular disease. Cerebral arteriovenous
      malformation cases and unruptured giant cerebral aneurysm cases].

PMID- 2415857
TI  - [Postoperative course of involved cranial nerves due to intracranial aneurysms.
      Especially about the oculomotor nerve palsy].

PMID- 2415858
TI  - [Intracranial hemorrhage during pregnancy].

PMID- 2415859
TI  - [Nonsurgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma. Sequential changes of
      computed tomography findings].

PMID- 2415860
TI  - [Diagnosis of adult communicating hydrocephalus by simultaneous radioisotope and
      computed tomography cisternographies].

PMID- 2415861
TI  - [Dural arteriovenous fistulas associated with superior sagittal sinus occlusion.
      Report of two cases].

PMID- 2415862
TI  - [Intracranial penetrating injuries caused by glass splinters. Report of three
      cases].

PMID- 2415863
TI  - [Giant brain-stem arteriovenous malformation in infant].

PMID- 2415864
TI  - [Simultaneous occurrence of a pituitary adenoma and a falcotentorial junction
      meningioma. Case report].

PMID- 2415865
TI  - [Spinal subdural hematoma following lumbar puncture. Case report].

PMID- 2415866
TI  - A pharmacological overview of opioid mechanisms mediating analgesia and
      hyperalgesia.
AB  - We present a review of the opioid mechanism of analgesia and hyperalgesia and
      attempt to integrate some of the most recent findings in neuro-anatomy, neuro
      physiology and neuropharmacology that indicate the presence of two distinct
      opioid systems; the one analgesic and the other hyperalgesic. The initial finding
      of a paradoxical effect of naloxone in which it was able to enhance the analgesic
      effects of nitrous oxide under certain circumstances led us to postulate the
      existence of such antagonistic opioid systems which appear to be important in the
      perception. The review details the further experimental evidence that has
      subsequently emerged to support our original hypothesis. This includes a
      hypothesis developed by other workers (viz. diffuse noxious inhibitory control
      system) which has attempted to explain the analgesic effects of naloxone. Recent
      anatomical evidence locating the hyperalgesic system in the medullary pontine
      region is given.

PMID- 2415867
TI  - Clonazepam-induced up-regulation of serotonin1 binding sites in frontal cortex of
      rat.
AB  - Chronic administration of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam, increased the number of
      [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT1) binding sites in the frontal cortex of the rat.
      The increase reflected a change in the maximum density of binding sites (Bmax)
      with no change in ligand affinity (Kd). Increased binding occurred after
      continued exposure (10 days) to large (5.0 mg/kg) doses of clonazepam. The
      changes in [3H]5-HT binding were regional in that they occurred in membranes from
      the frontal cortex but not the brainstem. The effects were also at least
      partially selective for 5-HT receptors since the binding of the beta-adrenergic
      radioligand, [3H]dihydroalprenolol, was not affected by clonazepam. A second
      benzodiazepine, diazepam, did not affect the binding of [3H]5-HT at doses of 30
      mg/kg per day. The latter data suggest that the effects of benzodiazepines on
      serotonin 5-HT1 receptors are unique to clonazepam.

PMID- 2415868
TI  - Spontaneous spinal cord "injury potential" in the rat.
AB  - A marked ionic change in both the intra- and the extracellular space at the site
      of an acute spinal cord lesion has been reported in the literature. The present
      study was undertaken to measure spontaneous electrical potentials that might be
      associated with the previously observed ionic shifts. With the use of an impact
      (weight drop) model of cord injury in rats, lesions were induced at T-8. DC
      potentials were measured simultaneously both rostrally and caudally with respect
      to site of injury over a time course of 4 hours after injury. The potentials were
      positive with respect to lesion site, and the intensity decreased with time
      during 4 hours of observation. These results seem to support reported ionic
      shifts and migrations in injured cords and represent, to our knowledge, the first
      reported measurement of spontaneous injury potential in the cord of a mammal.

PMID- 2415869
TI  - Longisectional interaction structure analysis (LISA) in psychopharmacology and
      developmental psychopathology.
AB  - Longisectional interaction structure analysis (LISA) is a method for evaluating
      multivariate observations in a sample of individuals (patients) at two or more
      than two subsequent times (stages). It combines cross-sectional configural
      frequency analysis (CFA) for defining interactions between variables at a given
      stage with longitudinal interaction structure analysis (ISA) in relating
      variables observed at two subsequent stages, nonparametrically. The interactions
      are identified locally as types rather than globally as contingencies, where
      types are defined as (cross-sectional or longitudinal) patterns occurring in more
      individuals than expected under H0 of no (cross-sectional or longitudinal)
      interaction. LISA is applied to data sets from a clinical follow-up study and
      from a longitudinal study within developmental psychology. It is shown to be a
      useful technique for the interpretation of such data.

PMID- 2415870
TI  - D-1 and D-2 dopaminergic receptors regulate protein phosphorylation in the rat
      neurohypophysis.
AB  - Dopamine stimulates the phosphorylation of the neuron-specific synaptic vesicle
      proteins Synapsin I, Protein IIIa and Protein IIIb in the posterior pituitary
      gland of the rat [Tsou and Greengard (1982) Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79,
      6075-6079]. This effect has been characterized in the present investigation. The
      stimulatory effect of dopamine was mimicked by the selective D-1 receptor agonist
      SKF 38393 and was competitively and potently inhibited by the selective D-1
      receptor antagonist SKF 83509 as well as by the mixed D-1/D-2 antagonist
      fluphenazine. Conversely, the effect of dopamine was attenuated by a D-2 receptor
      agonist (LY 141865) and potentiated by a D-2 receptor antagonist (sulpiride).
      Norepinephrine also stimulated phosphorylation of the synaptic vesicle proteins,
      apparently through activation of the D-1 receptor. D-1 and D-2 dopaminergic
      receptors may play a role in the regulation of hormone secretion from the
      neurohypophysis. Evidence exists that in the isolated neurophypophysis activation
      of D-1 receptors facilitates, while activation of D-2 receptors inhibits, release
      of vasopressin. Further work will be required to determine whether the regulation
      by D-1 and D-2 receptors of the protein phosphorylation in the neurohypophysial
      peptidergic terminals is related to the regulation by those receptors of the
      neurohypophysial hormone secretion.

PMID- 2415871
TI  - Release of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine from the neural and the intermediate
      lobe of the rat pituitary gland evoked by electrical stimulation of the pituitary
      stalk.
AB  - A calcium-dependent release of 5-hydroxytryptamine from the neural and
      intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary gland has been demonstrated following
      electrical stimulation of the pituitary stalk with stimulation parameters thought
      to evoke propagated action potentials. The 5-hydroxytryptamine release from the
      intermediate lobe was double that from the neural lobe. The mass of the
      intermediate lobe of the rat is about 80% of that of the neural lobe [Holzbauer,
      Racke, Mann, Cooper, Cohen, Krause and Sharman (1984) J. Neural Transm. 59, 91
      104]. The relatively high overflow of 5-hydroxytryptamine from the intermediate
      lobe agrees with immunohistochemical studies in which a larger number of 5
      hydroxytryptamine fibres were seen in the intermediate lobe than in the neural
      lobe. The present results have demonstrated that the rat hypophysis contains
      neuronal 5-hydroxytryptamine. They also suggest that this amine may act as a
      neurotransmitter substance in the neural and intermediate lobe.

PMID- 2415872
TI  - Anatomical and cytochemical relationships of adenosine deaminase-containing
      primary afferent neurons in the rat.
AB  - The distribution of adenosine deaminase-containing neurons and fibers in the
      spinal cord and medulla was examined and the relationship of dorsal root ganglia
      neurons containing this enzyme to those containing somatostatin, substance P,
      fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP) and 5'-nucleotidase was determined
      using immunohistochemical and histochemical methods. In the spinal cord adenosine
      deaminase-immunoreactive fibers and neurons were confined to layer I and IIo. A
      similar localization of these was observed in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. In
      adult animals treated neonatally with capsaicin adenosine deaminase-positive
      fibers were totally depleted in layer IIo but only partially depleted in layer I.
      Analysis of lumbar sensory ganglia revealed that small type-B neurons
      immunoreactive for adenosine deaminase were also immunoreactive for somatostatin
      but not substance P. In addition, adenosine deaminase-positive neurons lacked
      histochemical reaction-product for FRAP and exhibited the lowest activity of 5'
      nucleotidase. Examination of the neuronal populations containing the two
      phosphatase enzymes showed that a proportion of neurons exhibiting 5'
      nucleotidase activity were devoid of FRAP activity. It is concluded that dorsal
      root ganglia neurons immunoreactive for adenosine deaminase and somatostatin
      constitute a single subpopulation of type-B ganglion cells separate from those
      containing substance P or FRAP. It appears that the lack of coexistence of
      adenosine deaminase with either FRAP or 5'-nucleotidase cannot be attributed
      simply to a coexistence of the two latter enzymes since some 5'-nucleotidase
      positive neurons lacking FRAP were also devoid of adenosine deaminase
      immunoreactivity. Insofar as these three enzymes may contribute to the regulation
      of transmission processes in primary sensory neurons, our results indicate a
      minimal functional relationship between adenine nucleoside and nucleotide
      degrading enzymes in these neurons. In addition, FRAP appears to have some
      functional independence from 5'-nucleotidase.

PMID- 2415873
TI  - Differential regulation of peptide and catecholamine characters in cultured
      sympathetic neurons.
AB  - Mechanisms regulating peptidergic, noradrenergic and cholinergic development were
      compared in dissociated cell cultures of neonatal rat sympathetic ganglia. The
      majority of cultured neurons contained at least two neurotransmitters and many
      neurons contained three or more. These studies were undertaken to determine
      whether co-existing transmitters were co-ordinately regulated by the environment.
      Co-culture of sympathetic neurons with ganglion non-neuronal cells increased
      substance P and choline acetyltransferase activity but decreased somatostatin and
      tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Conversely, elimination of non-neuronal cells
      virtually abolished neuronal expression of substance P and choline
      acetyltransferase and increased somatostatin and tyrosine hydroxylase.
      Consequently, under these conditions, somatostatin and tyrosine hydroxylase were
      similarly regulated, whereas substance P was associated with choline
      acetyltransferase. By contrast, stimulation of adenylate cyclase or treatment
      with membrane-permeable adenosine 3',5'-phosphate analogs increased tyrosine
      hydroxylase and decreased choline acetyltransferase, but had no effect on
      substance P or somatostatin levels. Moreover, potassium- or veratridine-induced
      membrane depolarization increased tyrosine hydroxylase but decreased substance P,
      somatostatin and norepinephrine levels. However, inhibition of neurotransmitter
      release with magnesium or calcium-free medium prevented the decrease in
      norepinephrine levels but not the decrease in substance P and somatostatin.
      Consequently, the effects of membrane depolarization on peptide levels cannot be
      ascribed to release and subsequent depletion of substance P and somatostatin and
      must result from decreased net synthesis (synthesis minus catabolism) of the
      transmitters. Nerve growth-factor treatment also differentially regulated
      transmitter metabolism; nerve growth factor increased protein-specific activities
      of tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase but did not increase the
      protein-specific content of substance P and somatostatin. Quantitative
      transmitter expression was also influenced by neuron density; increasing density
      elevated substance P and choline acetyltransferase activity but decreased
      somatostatin and tyrosine hydroxylase activity per neuron. Finally, culture of
      sympathetic neurons in a defined (serum-free) medium also altered some but not
      all traits, decreasing substance P, somatostatin and choline acetyltransferase
      without any change in tyrosine hydroxylase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2415874
TI  - Functional relationship of ammonia to DNA, RNA and protein in brain.
AB  - The functional significance of the production of ammonia during neuronal activity
      is not known, although a number of studies are available concerning the mechanism
      of of ammonia toxicity in brain. Hyperammonemia without behavioural change was
      induced in experimental rats by i.p. administration of either a single dose of
      ammonium acetate or 6 doses with an interval of 1 h during the day or one single
      dose daily for 7 days. No significant change was observed in the content of DNA,
      RNA and protein in cerebral cortex, cerebellum and brain stem following the
      administration of a single dose. There was a marked decreased in the content of
      DNA in all three brain regions after the administration of 6 hourly doses of
      ammonium acetate. Under these conditions the RNA was found to increase in all
      three brain regions. A decrease in the content of protein per gram wet weight was
      observed in cerebral cortex and brain stem while the change in cerebellum was
      found to be insignificant. However, the content of RNA and protein was found to
      show a very significant increase when expressed per microgram of DNA for each
      region under these conditions, indicating an increase in RNA and protein in the
      cells surviving the toxic damage caused by ammonia. A marked and significant
      increase in the content of RNA and protein was observed in all three brain
      regions following the administration of a single dose per day for 7 days. These
      results are discussed not only with respect to toxic damage to the glial cells by
      ammonia, but also with respect to the probable effect of ammonia liberated during
      neuronal activity on inhibition of lysosomal degradation of protein, and on its
      stimulatory effects of transcriptional and translational activities. The
      increased RNA and protein under these conditions may be contributing not only in
      the proliferation of glial cells (Alzheimer Type II cells) but also in the
      dendritic spinous growth.

PMID- 2415875
TI  - Immunogenic potentials of copolymer I in normal human lymphocytes.
AB  - Copolymer I (COP I), a nonencephalitogenic polypeptide analogous to myelin basic
      protein, is currently being tested for possible effectiveness in treating MS.
      Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal human donors respond
      blastogenically to the L-form of COP I. This response was greater than that
      obtained with either bovine or guinea pig myelin basic protein (GPMBP), with no
      specificity for a particular T-cell subset. Analyses of culture supernatants
      demonstrated the presence of interleukin-2 and gamma interferon. Mononuclear
      cells from human fetal cord blood also responded blastogenically to COP I, but
      the magnitude of the response did not differ from that induced by GPMBP.

PMID- 2415876
TI  - Systemic toxicity from arteriovenous shunting of hepatic artery infusion
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 2415877
TI  - Uptake of the retrograde fluorescent tracer fast blue from the cerebrospinal
      fluid of the rat.
AB  - Injections of the fluorescent dye Fast blue (FB) into the subarachnoid space
      result in the retrograde labeling of cells in many brainstem and forebrain
      structures. These nuclei include precerebellar nuclei, cranial nerve nuclei,
      raphe nuclei, reticular formation and regions giving rise to tracts traveling
      near the surface of the brainstem. These results present a serious source of
      potential error (false positives) in retrograde tracing studies using FB and
      perhaps other fluorescent dyes. More importantly, they demonstrate possible
      potential routes, i.e. across the axonal membrane, or uptake by axon terminals at
      the brain surface, by which compounds, including toxins, can gain entrance into
      the central nervous system via the cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 2415878
TI  - Inhibition of inositol phospholipid breakdown by D2 dopamine receptors in
      dissociated bovine anterior pituitary cells.
AB  - Inositol phospholipids have been labelled with [3H]inositol in a lactotroph
      enriched preparation of dissociated bovine anterior pituitary cells. Stimulation
      of cells with thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor agonists leads to
      accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphates, and this effect may be inhibited by
      dopamine (DA) agonists. The DA agonist effect may be prevented by D2 DA receptor
      selective antagonists. Thus the D2 receptors on these cells are linked to
      inhibition of inositol phospholipid metabolism, and this provides a functional
      assay for the receptor.

PMID- 2415879
TI  - The ionic mechanisms underlying N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-induced,
      tetrodotoxin-resistant membrane potential oscillations in lamprey neurons active
      during locomotion.
AB  - Activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors can induce tetrodotoxin (TTX)
      resistant membrane potential oscillations as well as fictive locomotion in the in
      vitro preparation of the lamprey spinal cord. The ionic basis of these
      oscillations were investigated in the presence of N-methyl-D,L-aspartate and TTX.
      Addition of blocking agents (2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate and tetraethylammonium
      (TEA)) and selective removal or substitution of certain ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+,
      Ba2+) were used in the analysis of the oscillations. The depolarizing phase of
      the oscillation requires Na+ ions but not Ca2+ ions. The depolarization becomes
      larger if TEA is administered in the bath, which presumably is due to a blockade
      of potassium (K+) channels activated during the depolarizing phase. The
      repolarization appears to depend on a Ca2+ entry, which presumably acts
      indirectly by an activation of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels. Together with the NMDA
      induced voltage dependence, this will bring the membrane potential back down to a
      hyperpolarized level.

PMID- 2415880
TI  - Labeling of motoneurons supplying the cutaneous maximus muscle in the rat,
      following injection of the triceps brachii muscle with horseradish peroxidase.
AB  - Injection of the triceps brachii muscle of the rat with horseradish peroxidase
      (HRP) led to labeling of motoneurons in the dorsolateral and ventral aspects of
      the ventral grey horn of the brachial spinal cord. Ventral, labeled neurons were
      absent, however, in rats in which the motor branches of the radial nerve to
      triceps were exposed to HRP. Cutting the radial nerve, prior to the injection of
      the triceps, did not diminish this ventral labeling, whereas cutting both the
      radial nerve and the nerves to the cutaneous maximus muscle before injection
      completely eliminated it. Leakage or diffusion of HRP from the triceps and its
      subsequent uptake by damaged fibers of the cutaneous maximus muscle was the most
      likely cause of the labeling of the ventrally located motoneurons.

PMID- 2415881
TI  - Furosemide blocks the apomorphine-elicited Cl-channel activity of rat striatal
      dopamine receptors functionally reconstituted into bimolecular lipid membrane.
AB  - Furosemide blocks the apomorphine-induced step-like conductance increase of the
      bimolecular lipid membrane pretreated with rat striatal homogenate. Biionic
      potential measurements also suggest that the reconstituted dopamine receptor is
      probably linked to a chloride channel.

PMID- 2415882
TI  - Innervation of the feline cerebral vasculature by nerve fibers containing
      calcitonin gene-related peptide: trigeminal origin and co-existence with
      substance P.
AB  - The presence of a population of nerve fibers containing immunoreactive calcitonin
      gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been demonstrated around cerebral arteries of the
      cat with immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. CGRP immunoreactivity in the
      feline cerebral vasculature, as characterized by high-performance liquid
      chromatography, is similar to authentic rat CGRP. Numerous perikarya containing
      CGRP are present in the trigeminal ganglia, and surgical lesions of the
      trigeminal ganglia significantly reduce the levels of CGRP in the cerebral
      vasculature, suggesting that this cranial nerve is the principal origin of these
      cerebrovascular nerve fibers. As demonstrated by sequential immunocytochemistry,
      CGRP coexists with substance P both in the trigeminal ganglion and nerve fibers
      around cerebral blood vessels. The presence of CGRP in the cerebrovascular
      trigeminal innervation provides further versatility and complexity for this
      sensory afferent system putatively involved in the transmission of intracranial
      pain.

PMID- 2415883
TI  - Assessment and management of the developmentally delayed infant in primary care.
AB  - Developmental delay is common, and early identification is important. This
      article discusses the nurse practitioner's role in the assessment and management
      of the developmentally delayed infant. Assessment procedures and tools are
      described. Current controversies regarding early assessment and intervention are
      discussed. Research on early intervention programs for both the environmentally
      deprived and the biologically impaired infant is reviewed, and guidelines for the
      evaluation of these programs are given. Management issues and the nurse
      practitioner's role in the ongoing care of these infants are discussed.

PMID- 2415884
TI  - Ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

PMID- 2415885
TI  - Effects of drugs on neurotransmitter release: experiments in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Calcium ions play a fundamental role in the release of transmitters in the
      nervous system. Therefore, drugs capable of modifying Ca2+ transport are useful
      tools for studying the mechanisms of such release in vivo and in vitro. In this
      article the action of some of these drugs on motor behavior, as well as on Ca2+
      uptake and neurotransmitter release in synaptosomes, is reviewed. Ruthenium red
      (RuR) inhibits Ca2+ uptake and transmitter release in synaptosomes, and produces
      flaccid paralysis when injected intraperitoneally (IP) and convulsions after
      intracranial administration. Drugs which stimulate the Ca2+-dependent transmitter
      release in synaptosomes, such as 4-aminopyridine, antagonize the paralysis
      produced by RuR. Lanthanum ions also inhibit Ca2+ uptake and neurotransmitter
      release in synaptosomes, but no paralysis was observed after La2+ IP injection.
      However, this cation blocks the binding of RuR to the presynaptic membrane, and
      prevents the RuR-induced paralysis. Veratridine and the Ca2+ chelator EGTA were
      used to demonstrate in synaptosomes that besides the Ca2+-dependent mechanism of
      release of the central inhibitory transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA),
      there seems to be a strictly Na+-dependent process which is not shared by other
      transmitters such as acetylcholine or dopamine.

PMID- 2415886
TI  - John, a boy with a rare disease.

PMID- 2415887
TI  - Classifying patients for ambulatory surgical care.

PMID- 2415888
TI  - Neural tube defects: issues in prenatal diagnosis and counselling.
AB  - Neural tube defects are a heterogeneous group of malformations resulting from
      failure of neural tube closure during early embryogenesis. They range widely in
      severity from the lethal condition of anencephaly, to severely disabling
      meningomyeloceles, to completely surgically correctable meningoceles. Occurring
      in 1.4 to 1.6 per 1000 live births, neural tube defects rank second only to
      cardiac abnormalities as a cause of major congenital malformations in the United
      States. Technical developments over the past decade have enabled better detection
      of these conditions prenatally. Understanding of the etiology, neonatal
      treatment, and potential prevention of neural tube defects is increasing.
      Further, the ethical issues of treatment and screening are being widely discussed
      in both news magazines and the Congressional Record. Thus, it is timely to review
      this important area of prenatal counselling, diagnosis, and management.

PMID- 2415889
TI  - Elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein associated with Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors of
      the ovary.
AB  - Two young girls are described who presented with amenorrhea, large ovarian
      masses, elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and signs of androgen excess.
      Whereas the findings of an ovarian mass and elevated serum AFP typically suggest
      an ominous diagnosis, ie, endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary, both of these
      patients were found at laparotomy to have Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors of the
      ovary. Unilateral oophorectomy rapidly led to undetectable AFP levels in both
      patients, and resumption of menses.

PMID- 2415890
TI  - [History of ophthalmology in philately].

PMID- 2415892
TI  - Alpha-2-macroglobulin deficiency in patients with advanced prostate cancer.
AB  - Four out of approximately 36,000 specimens, examined by immunoelectrophoresis,
      showed no precipitin line of alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) with anti-whole
      human serum and antiserum to alpha 2M. Serum alpha 2M levels were below 10 mg/100
      ml with single radial immunodiffusion. These cases were diagnosed as having
      prostate cancer based on prostate biopsy. After estrogen or anti-androgen
      therapy, the initially severe deficiency of alpha 2M changed toward normal
      limits. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced lymphocytes from patients with severe
      alpha 2M deficiency revealed normal response. Sera from patients with alpha 2M
      deficiency and healthy subjects (serum alpha 2M concentration of 8-208 mg/100 ml)
      did not suppress lymphocyte response to PHA, while purified alpha 2M from fetal
      cord and healthy sera, and serum from a patient with advanced urinary cancer
      (serum alpha 2M concentration above 360 mg/100 ml) to PHA-induced lymphocytes
      demonstrated a dose-dependent suppression. Thus, these results indicate that
      alpha 2M in elevated concentration results in decreased PHA-induced lymphocyte
      response and suggest that alpha 2M may have, principally suppressive,
      immunoregulatory properties in vivo.

PMID- 2415891
TI  - [New developments in the area of markers in diagnosis and monitoring of ovarian
      cancer].
AB  - The diagnostic and prognostic prediction of ovarian carcinoma can be
      substantially improved by combining serological markers synchronized with
      radiological and morphological methods. The validity of the following markers was
      investigated in a prospective trial between 1977 and 1983: CEA, TPA, SP-1, SP-3,
      alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-2-macroglobulin, c-reactive protein. The results were
      correlated with those of the CA 12-5 determination. Pre-operatively, ovarian
      carcinoma was indicated by CA 12-5 (93.7%), sialyl transferase (65.6%), TPA
      (53.1%), CEA (28.1%). These markers would appear suitable to control the clinical
      course.

PMID- 2415893
TI  - [Cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors of estradiol in the hypothalamus and cerebral
      cortex of female rats in the neonatal period].
AB  - The content of estradiol receptors (E2) was studied in the cytoplasmic and
      nuclear fractions of the female rat hypothalamus and cortex during neonatal
      development. In the cytosol the E2-binding proteins, having a high capacity,
      include both true estradiol receptors and proteins identical with alpha
      fetoprotein. True E2 receptors were found in the nuclear fraction: their
      concentration underwent almost no changes in hypothalamus and decreased from the
      1st to the 5th day of postnatal development in cortex.

PMID- 2415894
TI  - Identical twins with subretinal neovascularization complicating senile macular
      degeneration.
AB  - This is the first report, to our knowledge, of proliferative macular degeneration
      developing in the same eye of identical twins. The concept of a familial
      predisposition in age related macular degeneration is consistent with other known
      risk factors including race, iris pigmentation, hyperopia and macular drusen
      which are known to be genetically determined. Monozygotic twins provide
      ophthalmology with an excellent opportunity to study the hereditary aspects of
      ocular disease.

PMID- 2415895
TI  - Management of complications following dermis-fat grafting for anophthalmic socket
      reconstruction.
AB  - Sixty consecutive cases of dermis-fat grafts for anophthalmic socket
      reconstruction were reviewed to examine the frequency, severity, and management
      of postoperative complications. In seven patients, the conjunctiva failed to
      resurface the graft and central ulceration developed. Ten cases resulted in
      enophthalmos. Two patients developed keratinized sockets with chronic discharge
      and desquamation. Three patients required excision of conjunctival granulomas.
      One patient developed a primary graft infection. A donor site hematoma occurred
      in one patient. Secondary surgical intervention was required in ten patients.
      Nine complications in eight patients were managed in the office; five
      complications in four patients were observed and subsequently resolved without
      surgical intervention. Most complications occurred in patients with severely
      traumatized sockets who had undergone extensive earlier ocular surgery, or who
      had a systemic disease contributing to defective wound healing.

PMID- 2415896
TI  - Krypton red laser photocoagulation for subretinal neovascularization.
AB  - One hundred fifty-seven patients with subretinal neovascularization (SRN) were
      treated in a prospective, nonrandomized, consecutive study with the krypton red
      laser (KRL). The patients were analyzed with respect to age, etiology of the SRN,
      location of the SRN, and pre- and post-treatment visual acuity in patients with
      at least three months follow-up. Previous studies have not investigated KRL
      photocoagulation within the foveal avascular zone (FAZ). The results of this
      study compare favorably with other large series in which patients with SRN
      located outside the FAZ were treated with the argon blue-green laser (ABGL).

PMID- 2415897
TI  - [Primary bone consolidation after diaphyseal fractures in various conditions of
      intraosseous circulation].

PMID- 2415898
TI  - [Anatomico-functional evaluation of the vascularization of the limb in focal
      discrete tissue tension].

PMID- 2415899
TI  - Registration of centric-protrusive relationship: an alternate technique.

PMID- 2415900
TI  - Giardiasis and the dentist.

PMID- 2415901
TI  - Dentists and bulimia/anorexia nervosa.

PMID- 2415902
TI  - [Involvement of biologic and psychosocial risk factors in the etiologic structure
      of child development disorders].

PMID- 2415903
TI  - Pathology of Schistosoma curassoni infection in sheep.
AB  - The gross- and histopathology of natural and experimental Schistosoma curassoni
      infections in sheep were studied. The data obtained showed that S. curassoni
      infection in sheep causes only slight clinico-pathological manifestations with
      preferential involvement of the liver, the lower intestine and the urinary
      bladder. A variable spectrum of host reaction to the eggs within an individual
      animal was observed, reflecting the duration of presence of eggs in the organs.
      In the liver, egg granulomas were most numerous in the perilobular regions, while
      in the intestine, lesions were most pronounced in the mucosa of the rectum. The
      presence of eggs in 10% of the urinary bladders examined indicated some bladder
      involvement.

PMID- 2415904
TI  - Glomerular podocytic injury in protein overload proteinuria.
AB  - Injection of rats with large doses of bovine serum albumin causes proteinuria
      which may persist long after the period of overload has ended. In order to assess
      in this model of proteinuria the relative importance of podocytic epithelial
      changes versus alterations in anionic groups in the glomerular capillary wall a
      morphological study has been made of animals in which the kidneys were fixed by
      vascular perfusion or by in situ drip fixation. By transmission electron
      microscopy, podocytes showed protein droplets, cytoplasmic vacuoles, spreading of
      epithelial cytoplasm with loss of foot processes, and focal separation of
      epithelium from the glomerular basement membrane, occasionally with cytoplasmic
      disruption. Staining with colloidal iron showed no reduction in the density of
      anionic groups per unit area on epithelial cell surfaces or elsewhere in
      glomeruli. However, the reduced surface area of epithelial cells caused by the
      changes to their structure accounts adequately for the less intense glomerular
      colloidal iron staining evident by light microscopy. Changes in podocyte
      structure, particularly those leading to focal cytoplasmic defects on the outer
      surface of the glomerular basement membrane, appear to be more important than
      loss of glomerular anionic groups for the development of proteinuria in protein
      overload nephropathy.

PMID- 2415905
TI  - [Oxygen regime of the body after replacement of acute blood loss with polyglucin
      in normo- and hyperoxic conditions].

PMID- 2415906
TI  - Regulatory peptides and the lung.
AB  - Powerful regulatory peptides have been found in nerves and cells of peripheral
      tissues. The lung has been found to contain almost all the active peptides
      previously described. The respiratory tracts of three mammalian species--rat,
      guinea pig, and cat--were examined, and significant quantities of vasoactive
      intestinal peptide (VIP), bombesin, substance P, somatostatin, and
      cholecystokinin were found. The VIP nerves were most numerous in the upper
      respiratory tract, particularly the nasal mucosa. A close association with
      seromucous glands, blood vessels, and bronchial smooth muscle was particularly
      noteworthy and paralleled the pharmacologic actions of VIP, i.e., secretomotor,
      vasodilatory, and smooth muscle relaxation. In contrast, bombesin was localized
      to epithelial amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells, which were
      particularly numerous in the fetus, suggesting a possible role in control of
      pulmonary growth. Substance P, a peptide thought to subserve a sensory role, was
      localized to fine nerve fibers, with a particularly close association with
      bronchial epithelium. The quantities of somatostatin and cholecystokinin were
      very low and, therefore, difficult to localize. In the human, bombesin and VIP
      were present in considerable quantities. Bombesin cells were again most numerous
      in the fetal and neonatal small bronchi and bronchiolar epithelium. During
      development VIP-ergic nerves showed little change in number but demonstrated a
      gradient of distribution, with the largest quantities located in the
      extrapulmonary airways. In preliminary investigations of pulmonary disease,
      bombesin levels were found to be very greatly reduced with acute hyaline membrane
      disease in the newborn.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2415907
TI  - Novel peptides in the lung.
AB  - Peptides found in the normal lung are described, and present theories as to their
      functions are presented.

PMID- 2415908
TI  - Alterations of airway smooth muscle cell membrane by sensitization.
AB  - The sensitization of guinea pigs with ovalbumin and Bacillus pertussis vaccine
      caused an increase (P less than 0.001) in the resting membrane potential (Em) of
      airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells, from -61.3 +/- 0.5 mV (+/- SE) to -72.7 +/- 0.6
      mV (+/- SE). One, two, and three weeks after resensitization of sensitized
      animals with ovalbumin, Em further increased (P less than 0.001) to -76.2 +/- 0.2
      mV (+/- SE), -77.4 +/- 0.3 mV, and -78.1 +/- 0.5 mV, respectively. Similarly,
      both in vivo and in vitro passive sensitization caused an increase (P less than
      0.001) in Em of ASM cells to -69.5 +/- 0.3 mV and -68.5 +/- 0.4 mV, respectively.
      ASM preparations isolated from rabbits showed a similar increase (P less than
      0.001) in Em after passive in vitro sensitization with serum from ovalbumin
      sensitized rabbits. An increase in the contribution of the electrogenic Na+-pump
      was found to be responsible for the observed changes in Em following both active
      and passive sensitization. The presence of diphenhydramine (anti-H1),
      methysergide, indomethacin, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (ETYA), FPL 55712 (a
      leukotriene receptor blocker), phenoxybenzamine, and disodium cromoglycate (a
      stabilizing agent) during passive in vitro sensitization failed to prevent an
      increase in the Em of ASM cells. However, incubation of normal guinea pig and
      rabbit ASM preparations with heated serum (60 degrees C for 2 hours) from
      ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs or rabbits partially inhibited (in guinea pigs)
      or completely abolished (in rabbits) such an increase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2415909
TI  - Status of pediatric pain control: a comparison of hospital analgesic usage in
      children and adults.
AB  - A chart review was conducted of the records of 90 children and 90 adults,
      randomly selected and matched for sex and diagnosis, to investigate analgesic
      usage. Four diagnostic categories (hernias, appendectomies, burns, and fractured
      femurs) at two hospitals were examined. Results revealed that adults received an
      average of 2.2 doses of narcotics per day, whereas children received 1.1 (P =
      .0001). Significant differences in dosing were noted between the diagnostic
      categories. Diagnoses associated with a longer hospital stay showed a greater
      discrepancy between narcotic usage in children and adults. Hospital differences
      were also significant (P = .004) with more doses per day administered at the
      urban hospital than the rural one. Infants and young children were less likely
      than older children to have narcotics ordered for them, but, if ordered,
      frequency of administration was similar for all children. Our study demonstrates
      that children and adults with the same diagnoses are treated differently as
      regards narcotic administration. Further research is necessary to determine
      whether these results represent a difference in pain tolerance in children or a
      lack of recognition of their discomfort.

PMID- 2415910
TI  - High technology for handicapped children: a pediatrician's viewpoint.
AB  - Children with various types of disabilities are beginning to benefit from the
      extensive developments in the field of electronic and microcomputer technology
      that have occurred in recent years. There exists now many devices that can assist
      children with physical or communication handicaps, learning difficulties, or
      sensory impairments. Reviews of the literature were made in order to present some
      of the devices that are currently available and to introduce the concepts that
      they exemplify. With all of these devices, but especially for those designed to
      aid physically or communicatively handicapped children, careful planning and
      evaluation is needed. Steps in the processes of evaluation and selection of
      devices are outlined and discussed. Proper training and monitoring the use of
      these devices are other aspects that are addressed. Several issues dealing with
      the funding of these devices and how these devices can be used in innovative
      research, are also presented.

PMID- 2415911
TI  - [Indices of the blood kinin system and their kontrikal correction in acute
      respiratory viral infections with an obstructive bronchial syndrome in young
      infants].

PMID- 2415912
TI  - The detection of Chinese strokes and characters in visual noise.

PMID- 2415913
TI  - Toward an understanding of angiogenesis: search and discovery.

PMID- 2415914
TI  - Two Ca-dependent K-channels classified by the application of tetraethylammonium
      distribute to smooth muscle membranes of the rabbit portal vein.
AB  - Dispersed single smooth muscle cells of rabbit portal vein were prepared by
      treatment with collagenase and trypsin. The muscle cells were 100-300 micron in
      length, 5-10 micron in maximum width and cylindrical in shape. In inside-out
      membrane patches, two different amplitudes of ionic currents were recorded, and
      these single channel conductances were 273 pS (KL-channel) and 92 pS (KS
      channel), when both sides of the membrane were exposed to 142 mM K+ solution. The
      channel conductances depended on concentrations of K+ on both sides of the
      membrane. When K+ were replaced with Na+ or Tris+, these single-channel currents
      were abolished. When the concentration of Ca2+ inside the membrane was greater
      than 10(-7) M, the channel activity was enhanced but there was enhancement when
      Ca2+ was applied to the extracellular membrane surface, in concentrations ranging
      between 10(-9) and 10(-3) M. During application of tetraethylammonium (TEA+; 1-10
      mM) to the intracellular membrane surface, amplitudes of the single-channel
      current of both types of the K-channel were not modified. By contrast application
      of TEA+ (0.1-1 mM) to the extracellular membrane surface, reduced the amplitudes
      of the current and increased noise levels during the open-state of the KL
      channels, but did not have such an effect on the KS-channel. We conclude that
      there are at least two different Ca-dependent K-channels distributed on the
      smooth muscle membrane of the rabbit portal vein. TEA+ applied to the
      extracellular membrane surface blocks activation of the KL-channel, but not that
      of the KS-channel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2415915
TI  - Blocking and modifying actions of octanol on Na channels in frog myelinated
      nerve.
AB  - The actions of externally applied n-octanol on Na channels in myelinated frog
      nerve fibres were studied under voltage clamp conditions. Upon octanol
      application peak Na inward currents declined in two phases: 90% of the reduction
      occurred in less than 2 min but a steady-state was reached only after 15 min.
      During washout the currents came to a stable level within 10 min. The reduction
      of Na inward currents by octanol was dependent on the amplitude and duration of
      prepotentials. At the resting potential (VH = 0 mV) 0.4 mM octanol reduced peak
      Na inward currents at V = 60 mV by 50%. After a prepulse of -60 mV and 50 ms
      duration Na currents decreased only by 20%. At a hyperpolarizing holding
      potential of VH = -28 mV 0.7 mM octanol reduced peak inward Na currents to one
      half. Octanol depressed Na currents at all potentials by approximately the same
      factor. The Na reversal potential VNa remained unchanged. 0.7 mM external octanol
      shifted the Na activation curve m infinity (V) by 5 mV to more positive and the
      inactivation curve h infinity (V) by 14 mV to more negative potentials. The
      midpoint slopes of both curves were reduced. The time constants of Na activation
      and inactivation at small depolarizations were decreased. The conductance gamma
      of a single Na channel and the number No of conducting Na channels per node were
      determined from nonstationary Na current fluctuations. 0.7 mM octanol increased
      gamma by a factor of 1.6 and reduced No by a factor of 0.34. It is concluded that
      octanol blocks some Na channels and modifies the remaining unblocked channels.

PMID- 2415916
TI  - Cooperativity of tetrodotoxin action in the frog node of Ranvier.
AB  - The steady state effects and rates of action of tetrodotoxin (TTX) on sodium
      current were studied in the voltage clamped frog node of Ranvier. Inactivation of
      the sodium current was separated into fast and slow phases. Both phases were
      assumed to correspond to two different currents (fast and slow) flowing through
      fast and slow channels (Benoit et al. 1985). The dose-response curve of the
      steady state effect of tetrodotoxin on the fast current was sigmoid. An analysis
      of this effect in double logarithmic coordinates gave a Hill coefficient of 1.74.
      The rates of tetrodotoxin action on the fast current were determined by the
      reversible reduction of the peak current recorded at a potential (+20 mV) at
      which the slow current was relatively small. After an initial delay, the onset of
      TTX effect followed an exponential function of time whose constant decreased with
      increasing tetrodotoxin concentrations. Expressed as the time corresponding to a
      reduction of 2% of the current, the delay (delta t2%) increased from about 100 ms
      with 300 nM-TTX to about 30 s with 1 nM-TTX. When tetrodotoxin was removed, the
      offset developed quasi-instantaneously and followed an exponential function of
      time whose constant was independent of the toxin concentration. Both steady state
      and rates of tetrodotoxin effects could be fitted well if one assumed that the
      block of one fast channel occurred after binding of two TTX molecules to two
      cooperative sites.

PMID- 2415917
TI  - Ca2+-sensitive, spontaneously fluctuating, cation channels in the apical membrane
      of the adult frog skin epithelium.
AB  - The fluctuations in transepithelial current through the abdominal skin of
      bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) were analysed while the transepithelial voltage was
      clamped to zero. A Lorentzian component in the power spectrum was recorded when
      the skin was bathed with Ca2+ free NaCl Ringer's on both sides. After replacement
      of all mucosal Na+ by choline the Lorentzian component disappeared. The
      application of mucosa positive potentials enhanced the plateau of the relaxation
      noise component while it was depressed by mucosa negative potentials. These
      observations showed that the current associated with the relaxation noise, was
      carried by Na+ moving in the inward direction. Divalent cations added to the
      mucosal solution in micromolar concentrations depressed the relaxation noise
      immediately, which is indicative for an apical localization of the fluctuating
      channels. The relaxation noise depended strongly on the pH of the mucosal medium:
      alkalinization enhanced the relaxation noise while acidification depressed the
      fluctuations. Micromolar concentrations of the diuretic amiloride, which is known
      to block the Na+ entry into the cellular compartment, enhanced the Na+-dependent
      relaxation noise while at higher concentrations an inhibitory effect was
      observed. From these observations it was concluded that the relaxation noise is
      caused by inward Na+ movement through fluctuating channels which are localized in
      the apical membrane. These channels seem to constitute a pathway in parallel with
      the amiloride-blockable channels. Ionic substitution of Na+ by other monovalent
      cations showed that these channels are also permeable for K+, Rb+, NH4+, Cs+ and
      Tl+, but not for Li+. Divalent cations in micromolar concentrations completely
      occlude these fluctuating channels. Therefore, this pathway will be blocked for
      monovalent cations when normal Ca2+ containing Ringer's are used as mucosal
      bathing medium.

PMID- 2415918
TI  - A comparative electrophysiological study of enzymatically isolated single cells
      and strips of frog ventricle.
AB  - Single heart cells were obtained from frog ventricle using an enzymatic
      dispersion technique. The whole cell variation of the patch clamp technique was
      used to monitor action potential and cell membrane currents. The clamp circuit
      could be switched electronically between voltage and current clamp modes. The
      effects of seal leakage currents were to depolarize the cell, reduce the
      amplitude of the plateau, and lengthen the action potential duration. A scheme to
      compensate for these currents is presented. The membrane currents obtained from
      the single cell under voltage clamp conditions were compared to those obtained
      from multicellular preparations using the single sucrose gap technique.
      Hyperpolarizing clamps showed time-dependent, depletion-related K+ currents for
      the multicellular preparation, whereas for the single cell no such currents were
      observed. The absence of extracellular accumulation or depletion of K+ in the
      single cell was confirmed by the lack of post-clamp afterpotentials or changes in
      resting potential following a train of frequently elicited action potentials. The
      TTX-insensitive inward current was relatively faster in the single cell, compared
      to that measured in the multicellular preparation. A delayed time-dependent
      outward current was observed in the positive potential range for both single and
      multicellular preparations. The isochronal current-voltage (I-V) relations
      obtained at 400 ms were N-shaped for both preparations, but was more negative for
      the single cell at potentials positive to -20 mV. The results indicate a strong
      similarity between membrane currents obtained in single and multicellular
      preparations. The differences in the currents in the two preparations are due in
      large part to accumulation or depletion of K+ in the extracellular space.

PMID- 2415920
TI  - Temperature-induced transitory and steady-state changes in the calcium current of
      guinea pig ventricular myocytes.
AB  - ICa was recorded in guinea pig ventricular myocytes using the whole-cell voltage
      clamp technique. The shape of the I-V relation was unaffected by temperature (21
      37 degrees C) but there were large changes in ICa amplitude and time course.
      Steady-state responses indicated Q10's of 2.96 +/- 0.14 (amplitude), 2.52 +/-
      0.13 (time to peak), and 2.82 +/- 0.28 (T1/2 inactivation) (mean +/- SD, n = 6).
      Quick changes in temperature (T1/2 less than 30 s) induced pronounced deviations
      from the steady-state Q10 relations (early depression, compensatory overshoot).
      Thus, cardiac ICa differs from other currents in having a high amplitude-Q10 and
      an oscillatory response to rapid temperature changes.

PMID- 2415919
TI  - On the mechanism of beta-adrenergic regulation of the Ca channel in the guinea
      pig heart.
AB  - Dose-response relations for the increase in the amplitude of Ca current (ICa) on
      external application of isoprenaline (ISP) and internally applied cyclic AMP
      (cAMP) or catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (C subunit) were
      established in single ventricular cells of the guinea pig. An intracellular
      dialysis technique was used. The threshold concentration was for ISP 10(-9) M,
      for cAMP 3 microM (pipette concentration to which 10(-5) M 3-isobutyl-1
      methylxanthine was added) and for C subunit around 0.4 microM (pipette
      concentration). The concentrations for the half-maximal effect were 3.7 X 10(-8)
      M (ISP), 5.0 microM (cAMP) and 0.95 microM (C subunit) and for the maximum effect
      10(-6) M (ISP), 15-20 microM (cAMP) and 3-4 microM (C subunit). For all three
      agents the maximum increase in the Ca current density was similar (a factor of 3
      4), suggesting that they converge on the same site of the Ca channel.
      Accordingly, the effects of cAMP and C subunit on ICa were non-additive to those
      of ISP. From these data the relationship both between concentrations of ISP and
      cAMP and between those of cAMP and active C subunit in terms of their effects on
      ICa could be estimated and were compared with those obtained in broken cell
      preparations. A competitive inhibitor of phosphorylation, 5'-adenylyl
      imidodiphosphate (5 mM), greatly reduced the effects of ISP and C subunit on ICa.
      Cell dialysis with 3 mM adenosine-5'-(gamma-thio)-triphosphate, which produces a
      dephosphorylation-resistant phosphorylation, markedly potentiated the effects of
      ISP and cAMP on ICa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2415921
TI  - [Studies on serum protein fractions of patients with maxillary sinus cancer
      undergoing a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy].

PMID- 2415922
TI  - Selective protection of in vitro synthesized cDNA against nucleases by
      incorporation of phosphorothioate-analogues.
AB  - The conditions for the stepwise synthesis of single- (ss) and double-stranded
      (ds) cDNA using thio-analogues instead of dNTPs are described in this paper. RNA
      of paramyxovirus Sendai (strain 6/94) serves as template in these experiments.
      The increased resistance of this alpha S-modified cDNA against several nucleases,
      like S1-Nuclease, DNase I, Exonuclease III, snake venom Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
      and the combination of DNase I and PDE is demonstrated.

PMID- 2415923
TI  - Self-catalyzed cyclization of the intervening sequence RNA of Tetrahymena:
      inhibition by intercalating dyes.
AB  - The intervening sequence (IVS) excised from the pre-rRNA of Tetrahymena undergoes
      a self-catalyzed cleavage-ligation reaction to form a covalently closed circular
      RNA. This cyclization reaction is kinetically inhibited by ethidium bromide (50%
      inhibition at 22 +/- 14 microM, greater than 99% inhibition at 53 +/- 16 microM
      for a 20 minute reaction). The dye does not alter the sites of the cyclization
      reaction, but it does increase the relative amount of reaction at a minor site 19
      nucleotides from the 5' end of the IVS. The reversibility of the inhibition and
      the relative inhibitory strength of acridine orange, ethidium and proflavine
      suggest that inhibition is due to intercalation of the dye in functionally
      important secondary or tertiary structures of the IVS. The concentration of dye
      required to inhibit cyclization is much higher than expected from the known
      binding constants of such dyes to tRNA. At high Mg2+ to Na+ ratios, conditions
      which should stabilize RNA structure, a subpopulation of the IVS RNA molecules is
      resistant to ethidium inhibition, even at 200 microM ethidium. These data are
      interpreted as reflecting two conformational isomers of the IVS that differ in
      their reactivity and in their sensitivity to dye binding.

PMID- 2415924
TI  - Self-catalyzed cyclization of the intervening sequence RNA of Tetrahymena:
      inhibition by methidiumpropyl.EDTA and localization of the major dye binding
      sites.
AB  - The intervening sequence (IVS) excised from the rRNA precursor of Tetrahymena
      thermophila is converted to a covalently closed circular RNA in the absence of
      proteins in vitro. This self-catalyzed cyclization reaction is inhibited by the
      intercalating dye methidiumpropyl.EDTA (MPE; R.P. Hertzberg and P.B. Dervan
      (1982) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 313-315). The MPE binding sites have been localized
      by mapping the sites of MPE.Fe(II) cleavage of the IVS RNA. There are three major
      binding sites within the 414 nucleotide IVS RNA. Two of these sites coincide with
      the A.B and 9L.2 pairings. These are structural elements that are conserved in
      all group I introns and are implicated as being functionally important for
      splicing. We propose that interaction of MPE with these sites is responsible for
      dye inhibition of cyclization. The reactions of MPE.Fe(II) with an RNA of known
      structure, tRNAPhe, and with the IVS RNA were studied as a function of
      temperature, ionic strength and ethidium concentration. Based on the comparison
      of the reaction with these two RNAs, we conclude that the dye is a very useful
      probe for structural regions of large RNAs, while it provides more limited
      structural information about the small, compact tRNA molecule.

PMID- 2415925
TI  - Sequence of a cDNA encoding a small polymorphic histidine- and alanine-rich
      protein from Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - We describe the expression in Escherichia coli, isolation by immunological
      screening and complete nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone from the malaria
      parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The deduced amino acid sequence contains separate
      blocks of repetitive hexapeptide and pentapeptide sequences and we have confirmed
      that these represent epitopes by reaction of the corresponding synthetic peptides
      with human antibodies. As the predicted size is Mr 21,000 and the overall
      composition is 30% His and 29% Ala, the polypeptide has been termed the small
      histidine-alanine rich protein (SHARP). This polypeptide is highly polymorphic in
      different P. falciparum isolates and cross reacts immunologically with a distinct
      gene product of P. falciparum. Although it is related to the Histidine Rich
      Protein (HRP) of P. lophurae by virtue of its high His content, it shows no
      obvious sequence relationship to the HRP outside the repeats.

PMID- 2415926
TI  - Evolutionary and structural relationships among the group-specific component,
      albumin and alpha-fetoprotein.
AB  - The group-specific component (Gc) is a plasma protein that binds vitamin D.
      Recent characterization of human Gc cDNA demonstrated homology with serum albumin
      and alpha-fetoprotein. This study compares the sequences of the three proteins
      and demonstrates a strong evolutionary relationship. Albumin, alpha-fetoprotein
      and Gc evolved from an ancestral gene containing an intragenic triplication.
      Comparison of the amino acid sequences and patterns of double disulfide bonds
      suggests that the Gc gene may have diverged from an ancestral gene earlier in
      evolution than the genes encoding albumin and alpha-fetoprotein. Analysis of the
      amino acid and nucleotide sequences of the three internal domains of Gc revealed
      19-23% amino acid sequence identity and the localization of three homology blocks
      with 40-44% nucleotide sequence identity. The deduced amino sequence of Gc
      furnished data for comparing its molecular configuration based on the predicted
      secondary structure with those predicted for human albumin and alpha-fetoprotein.
      Utilization of Gc cDNA has also led to the identification of its genomic DNA and
      detection of a human DNA polymorphism.

PMID- 2415927
TI  - Methylation of the alphafetoprotein gene in cell populations isolated from rat
      livers during carcinogenesis.
AB  - We examined the methylation pattern and organization of the AFP gene in whole
      livers and in isolated cell populations purified from livers of rats fed a
      carcinogenic diet which interferes with DNA methylation. Using restriction
      endonuclease digestion, we find no differences in methylation pattern and overall
      organization of the AFP gene in oval cells (AFP-producers) and hepatocytes (non
      producers) isolated at the early stages of carcinogenesis. Our studies indicate
      that in cell populations which produce AFP as well as in cells which are not
      active in AFP synthesis, the majority of the CCGG sites of the AFP gene are
      extensively methylated. In addition, we describe the existence of polymorphism in
      the AFP and albumin genes of Sprague-Dawley rats.

PMID- 2415929
TI  - Three RFLPs associated with the human alpha 2-macroglobulin gene (A2M).

PMID- 2415928
TI  - Thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of nucleosides and of
      enzymatic hydrolysates of nucleic acids.
AB  - Nucleosides dissolved in aqueous buffered solutions undergo ionization during
      direct introduction of the solution into a mass spectrometer using a thermospray
      interface. The principal ions formed represent the protonated molecule, the
      corresponding protonated free base, and sugar. In addition to potential utility
      for characterization of new nucleosides, the technique can be used to monitor
      nucleosides separated from enzymatic hydrolysates by liquid chromatography. The
      selectivity of chromatographic detection is significantly greater than with UV
      absorbance alone so that independent detection of components of unresolved
      chromatographic peaks is usually possible. Detection limits, with signal/noise
      greater than 10 for most nucleosides, are approximately 0.1-1 ng per component
      for selected ion monitoring and 10-50 ng for full-scan mass spectra. Examples are
      given from the detection of modified nucleosides in enzymatic hydrolysates of
      0.05 A260 units (2.5 micrograms) of rabbit liver tRNAVal and of unfractionated H.
      volcanii tRNA.

PMID- 2415930
TI  - Pacemaker warranties.

PMID- 2415931
TI  - Evaluation of pacemaker performance using computer simulation.
AB  - A description is given of a mathematical model of impulse conduction through the
      heart. The model can be used to evaluate the best pacing mode for the individual
      patient and to develop new pacemakers. This allows study of the influence of
      different parameters related to the behavior of the heart or pacemaker. Two
      examples using a model of a DDD pacemaker and two examples describing simulation
      of an antitachycardia pacing system are given to illustrate how the performance
      of pacemakers under different conditions can be simulated.

PMID- 2415932
TI  - Inhibition of a physiologic pacing system due to its anti-pacemaker-mediated
      tachycardia mode.
AB  - Newer programmable DDD pacemakers prevent pacemaker-mediated tachycardia by
      automatic extension of the atrial refractory period after a detected premature
      ventricular contraction. We present an example in which the automatic extension
      of the atrial refractory period resulted in pacemaker inhibition, which should
      not automatically be assumed to represent pacemaker malfunction. A careful
      understanding of pacemaker timing intervals may allow for identification and
      correction of this problem.

PMID- 2415933
TI  - Effect of transvenous atrioventricular nodal ablation on the function of
      implanted pacemakers.
AB  - We report on seven patients with implanted pacemakers who underwent transvenous
      ablation of the atrioventricular junction using direct current shocks of 200 to
      350 joules. Pacemaker impulse duration and rate were unaffected, but one rate
      responsive (TX) pacemaker was reprogrammed by a 300-joule shock. Transient
      increases in stimulation threshold did occur in two patients, and exit block for
      2-15 seconds developed on four occasions. Chronic stimulation thresholds were
      unaffected. We conclude that it is preferable to carry out ablation before
      pacemaker implantation, but it is possible to perform transvenous ablation of the
      atrioventricular junction without damage to an implanted pacemaker; however, a
      transient rise in stimulation threshold or even exit block may occur, and
      pacemaker function should be carefully assessed after the procedure.

PMID- 2415934
TI  - An investigation into the electrical ablation technique and a method of electrode
      assessment.
AB  - Ablative techniques, using standard defibrillators and commonly available cardiac
      catheters, have been applied to the His bundle and bypass tracts for the
      management of arrhythmias. We have done in vitro studies of the physical effects
      of these high energy electrical impulses delivered via different pacing
      electrodes. Unipolar impulses of 10 to 400 joules were delivered via three
      U.S.C.I. bipolar electrodes and three Vitatron Helifix electrodes immersed in
      Ringer's solution. The effects were recorded on 35 mm still film, video tape, and
      high speed cine film. Pressure, voltage, and current were measured. The U.S.C.I.
      bipolar electrodes and the Vitatron Helifix electrodes safely withstood repeated
      delivery of 400-joule impulses which produced similar flash shapes. Each took the
      form of an incandescent, spherical "fire-ball" centered around the exposed
      electrode surface. The mean diameters of the "fire-ball" for 10 to 400 J using
      the U.S.C.I. electrodes were 5-24 mm and 3-20 mm for the Helifix catheter
      electrodes. Peak pressure excursions of over an atmosphere were observed 3 cm
      from the electrode tips. Higher pressures, lower voltages, and larger currents
      occurred using the U.S.C.I. pacing lead. The simple, 35 mm time exposure
      technique showed that at low energies the flashes appeared to emerge in a
      retrograde manner from the U.S.C.I. catheters and more distally from the Helifix
      electrode. This suggested that the latter might be more effective with lower
      energy impulses. It is concluded that lower energies should be used to take full
      advantage of the active fixation electrode.

PMID- 2415935
TI  - Changes in Q-T and Q-aT intervals at rest and during exercise with different
      modes of cardiac pacing.
AB  - The influence of heart rate variation on the Q-T and Q-aT intervals (measured
      from the onset of the QRS to the end or the apex, respectively, of the T-wave)
      was studied both at rest and during exercise using different modes of pacing. The
      studies were made on 21 patients with high-degree atrioventricular block. In
      seven patients with programmable ventricular inhibited (VVI) pacemakers, an
      increase in pacing rate during rest produced significant shortening of both Q-T
      and Q-aT. During observations made at rest and during exercise in 14 patients
      with fixed rate VVI, atrial rate matched asynchronous (VVIm) or atrial triggered
      (VAT) pacing. Significant shortening of Q-T and Q-aT intervals occurred during
      exercise in all pacing modes, but was greatest with VVIm and VAT. The Q-T and Q
      aT changes were almost parallel in all situations. For measurements made by two
      independent observers the coefficient of variation was lower for Q-aT than for Q
      T (2.2 versus 2.5) and the correlation coefficient was higher (0.96 versus 0.93),
      indicating easier identification of Q-aT than of Q-T. This study indicated that
      changes in Q-T and in Q-aT are influenced by intrinsic factors in addition to the
      ventricular rate. Atrioventricular synchronization did not seem to influence
      these changes.

PMID- 2415936
TI  - Two false-negative responses to the ajmaline test in the Wolff-Parkinson-White
      syndrome.
AB  - Anterograde block in the accessory pathway with a short effective refractory
      period was observed after intravenous (IV) injection of 1 mg/kg of ajmaline in
      two patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The possibility of a false
      negative response to this test is discussed. Ajmaline is proposed as an emergency
      drug in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in the setting of atrial fibrillation
      with a very high ventricular rate.

PMID- 2415937
TI  - A time-related study of the hemodynamic benefit of atrioventricular synchronous
      pacing evaluated by Doppler echocardiography.
AB  - We have used Doppler echocardiography to estimate the stroke volume (SV) in a
      study of 13 patients equipped with DDD pacemakers. SV was measured both during
      DDD and VVI pacing after observation times of 1,3,6, and 12 months of DDD pacing.
      SV was also measured at seven atrioventricular (AV) intervals (75-250 ms) in the
      search for optimal AV intervals. Mitral flow velocity was investigated to see if
      DDD pacing resulted in synchronous atrial contraction, and if mitral
      insufficiency existed at any of the pacing modes. Compared with the VVI mode, DDD
      pacing resulted in a mean increase in SV of 21 +/- 2% for the four observation
      periods. Two patients with severe left ventricular failure had no significant
      increase in SV during DDD vs VVI pacing. In each patient, an optimal AV interval
      ranging between 100-250 ms for the SV was found. Velocity profiles of mitral flow
      showed synchronous atrial contraction during DDD pacing, but not during VVI
      pacing. Mitral insufficiency was not seen in any pacing mode. DDD pacing resulted
      in a reduction in SV during the first 6 months, and was constant thereafter.
      Doppler echocardiography can be used repeatedly to evaluate the hemodynamic
      response of DDD pacing vs VVI pacing, and to find which AV interval gives the
      highest SV in the individual patient. Our study further shows that the
      hemodynamic benefit of DDD pacing is present after short-term as well as after
      long-term DDD pacing.

PMID- 2415938
TI  - Survival and follow-up after pacemaker implantation: a comparison of patients
      with sick sinus syndrome, complete heart block, and atrial fibrillation.
AB  - The number of patients receiving cardiac pacemakers for sick sinus syndrome (SSS)
      has increased considerably in recent years. The literature has suggested that
      patients with sick sinus syndrome have a shorter life expectancy with pacemaker
      therapy than patients with total heart block or atrial fibrillation. We studied
      the survival rate of 1,049 patients with complete heart block, 592 with sick
      sinus syndrome and 447 with atrial fibrillation. After 10 years we found a
      survival rate of 54.5% for patients paced for SSS, 34.4% for those with complete
      heart block, and 24.7% for those with atrial fibrillation (statistical
      significance: SSS--heart block: p less than 0.05; SSS--atrial fibrillation: p
      less than 0.01; heart block--atrial fibrillation: NS). Considering the calculated
      survival rates of a comparable normal population (i.e., 56.5%; 41.2%; 47.8%), the
      differences in survival expectancy are even more pronounced (SSS-normal: NS;
      heart block-normal p less than 0.05; atrial fibrillation-normal: p less than
      0.05). For patients with sick sinus syndrome, the life expectancy parallels that
      of the general population, while that of patients with complete heart block or
      atrial fibrillation have a life expectancy that is considerably lower.

PMID- 2415939
TI  - Valsalva-induced variations in the intracardiac signal.
AB  - Variations in the intracardiac signal may substantially affect the sensing
      function of cardiac pacemakers. As the Valsalva maneuver causes a change in heart
      volume, its effect on the intracardiac signal was studied in seven patients with
      an adequate escape rhythm who had permanent ventricular pacemakers. During
      generator replacement, they were asked to perform a standardized Valsalva
      maneuver. An increase from the baseline amplitude ranging from 5% to 70% was
      noted during forced expiration against the closed glottis. There was a decrease
      from the baseline ranging from 15% to 50% after termination of this maneuver.
      Similar changes were noted for the rate of voltage change (slew rate). The
      magnitude of these alterations was most pronounced in patients with comparatively
      low intracardiac amplitudes. Because marked changes in the intracardiac signal
      can result from the Valsalva maneuver, it might be an important source of
      undersensing among patients with permanent pacemakers.

PMID- 2415940
TI  - Choice of the optimum pulse duration for precordial cardiac pacing: a theoretical
      study.
AB  - In precordial pacing with skin-surface electrodes, the goal is to excite the
      ventricles with minimal stimulation of overlying tissues. A theoretical analysis
      is presented to identify the relevant factors; the two most important are
      electrode location and pulse duration. Using the basic law of stimulation, we
      developed a model which indicates that the optimum pulse duration for the closed
      chest pacing pulse is one that is long with respect to the membrane time constant
      of cardiac muscle. Current-versus-duration curves are presented for pacing and
      pain, based on experimentally obtained data. For pacing with minimum pain, the
      optimum stimulus duration was found to be about 10 ms.

PMID- 2415941
TI  - Intracardiac electrograms and sensing test signals: electrophysiological,
      physical, and technical considerations.
AB  - Until now, the characterization of intracardiac electrograms was carried out
      mainly in the frequency domain by which filtering and sensitivity testing was
      decidingly influenced. The typical structure of the intracardiac electrogram
      derived with unipolar electrodes that is normally responsible for synchronization
      can be explained theoretically by assuming two dipoles perpendicular to each
      other moving along with an excitation wave. An abstraction of this typical
      structure yields, as a sensitivity test signal, an asymmetric triangle with a 4
      ms decay time and a 16-ms rise time. A correlation of different test signals and
      real heart signals applied to 16 different pacemakers demonstrates that the
      proposed test signal is superior to all others known so far.

PMID- 2415942
TI  - Early afterdepolarizations: role in conduction block, "prolonged repolarization
      dependent reexcitation," and tachyarrhythmias in the human heart.

PMID- 2415943
TI  - Osteomyelitis of the first rib presenting as a cold abscess nine months after
      subclavian venous catheterization.
AB  - Percutaneous subclavian catheterization has been associated with numerous
      complications including osteomyelitis of the clavicle and sternoclavicular joint.
      We report a case of staphylococcal aureus osteomyelitis of the first rib
      associated with subclavian vein catheterization performed for temporary right
      ventricular pacing. This case is unusual because of its involvement of the first
      rib, its late development, and its presentation as a cold chest wall mass.

PMID- 2415944
TI  - Pacing failure due to flecainide acetate.
AB  - Flecainide acetate is a recently introduced, class 1 antiarrhythmic agent that is
      highly effective in the treatment of ventricular and atrioventricular/nodal
      reentrant tachycardias. Although both intravenous and orally administered
      flecainide are known to cause an increase in the pacing threshold, an abrupt and
      potentially lethal rise in threshold causing failure of a properly functioning,
      newly implanted pacing system has not to our knowledge been described. We report
      such a case to stress the need for caution when using this drug in elderly
      pacemaker patients.

PMID- 2415945
TI  - Late purulent pacemaker pocket infection caused by staphylococcus epidermidis:
      serious complications of in situ management.
AB  - The pathophysiology of late pacemaker pocket infection is poorly understood. We
      report three cases of late infection caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis.
      Despite initial local conservative management ultimate removal of the entire
      pacing system was required. In late pacemaker pocket infection we recommend
      initial removal of the entire pacing system and replacement on the contralateral
      side. When retrieval of the lead system requires open-heart surgery epicardial
      wires should be placed.

PMID- 2415947
TI  - Interpretation of dual chamber pacemaker electrocardiograms.

PMID- 2415946
TI  - Prescribing follow-up frequency for patients with cardiac pacemakers.

PMID- 2415948
TI  - Suggested nomenclature code for cardiac pacing leads.

PMID- 2415949
TI  - Age and strain differences in some behavioral effects of intracranial substance
      P.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of substance P (SP) induce a vigorous
      reciprocal hindlimb scratching (RHS) syndrome, accompanied by extensive grooming
      behavior. There is a significant (approximately 1000X) difference in
      responsiveness to SP, as measured by RHS and grooming, in mice as a function of
      genetic strain (Swiss/Webster, C57 or DBA) and age. There was considerable
      specificity in the ability of drugs to increase responsiveness in the least
      responsive type of mouse (aged DBA/2J). Responding in old DBAs was enhanced by
      high doses of naloxone, suggesting the involvement of opioid peptides.
      Significant enhancement of responding by alpha-methyl tyrosine and propranolol,
      but not by phenoxybenzamine or haloperidol, indicated that beta-adrenergic
      systems are also involved. Similar manipulations of serotonergic systems were
      without effect.

PMID- 2415950
TI  - Synthesis and biological activity of Boc [Nle28, Nle31]CCK27-33, a highly potent
      CCK8 analogue.
AB  - A new CCK8 related peptide, Boc[Nle28,Nle31]CCK27-33 (Boc[diNle]CCK7) was
      synthesized and tested for cholecystokinic activity, at both the peripheral and
      the central level. This analogue, protected against both chemical oxidation and
      enzymatic degradation by aminopeptidases, was shown to be equipotent to CCK8 in
      releasing amylase from rat pancreas fragments. In addition, the EC50 values of
      Boc[diNle]CCK7 in the guinea pig gallbladder and ileum contraction assays (3.2 nM
      and 3.0 nM respectively) were similar to those of CCK8 (6.0 nM and 2.0 nM).
      Moreover both Boc[diNle]CCK7 and CCK8 elicited similar effects on the open field
      test over the same concentrations range. These results demonstrate the ability of
      Boc[diNle]CCK7 to be a suitable tool for investigating the physiological role of
      native CCK8.

PMID- 2415951
TI  - Organization of LHRH cells: differential apposition of neurotensin, substance P
      and catecholamine axons.
AB  - A wealth of evidence suggests that catecholamines (particularly norepinephrine)
      influence gonadotropin secretion via a direct interaction with the LHRH neurons.
      Neuropeptides such as neurotensin (NT) and substance P (SP) are likewise
      implicated in the control of LHRH secretion, based on pharmacological and
      preliminary anatomical studies. Since sub-populations of LHRH neurons project to
      areas of the brain other than the median eminence, a detailed analysis of the
      topography of axonal interactions of catecholamines (CA), substance P and
      neurotensin with LHRH cells was conducted in adult male mice using dual
      immunocytochemical techniques. An analysis of the patterns of apparent contact of
      NT or SP axons on LHRH cells as determined by close apposition of immunoreactive
      axons to LHRH cells when viewed under a light microscope at high magnification
      revealed that the density of NT or SP axons was not a reliable index of the
      degree of contact; in many locations, NT and SP had similar densities yet a
      greater portion of the LHRH cells appeared contacted by SP than NT. NT axons were
      in close contact with up to one-third of the LHRH cells. Analysis of the location
      of these "contacted" cells did not reveal a discrete subnucleus controlled by NT.
      Rather, the NT-contacted cells were scattered throughout the LHRH cell field.
      Interactions of LHRH cells with SP axons were likewise uniform throughout most of
      the LHRH cell field, with the exception of the most anterior portion of the
      field. In the anterior septum, few SP axons appeared to contact LHRH cells.
      Elsewhere, most of the LHRH cells were in contact with SP axons. For the CAs, the
      fiber density in the regions of the LHRH cells was uniformly moderate, yet the
      pattern of cells contacted showed variation across the LHRH cell field, with most
      of the "contacted" cells located near the OVLT and medial preoptic area. These
      data suggest that LHRH cells may be differentially regulated by NT, SP and the
      CAs.

PMID- 2415952
TI  - Immunohistochemical mapping of galanin-like neurons in the rat central nervous
      system.
AB  - Using an antiserum generated in rabbits against synthetic galanin (GA) and the
      indirect immunofluorescence method, the distribution of GA-like immunoreactive
      cell bodies and nerve fibers was studied in the rat central nervous system (CNS)
      and a detailed stereotaxic atlas of GA-like neurons was prepared. GA-like
      immunoreactivity was widely distributed in the rat CNS. Appreciable numbers of GA
      positive cell bodies were observed in the rostral cingulate and medial prefrontal
      cortex, the nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis, the caudate, medial
      preoptic, preoptic periventricular, and preoptic suprachiasmatic nuclei, the
      medial forebrain bundle, the supraoptic, the hypothalamic periventricular, the
      paraventricular, the arcuate, dorsomedial, perifornical, thalamic
      periventricular, anterior dorsal and lateral thalamic nuclei, medial and central
      amygdaloid nuclei, dorsal and ventral premamillary nuclei, at the base of the
      hypothalamus, in the central gray matter, the hippocampus, the dorsal and
      caudoventral raphe nuclei, the interpeduncular nucleus, the locus coeruleus,
      ventral parabrachial, solitarii and commissuralis nuclei, in the A1, C1 and A4
      catechaolamine areas, the posterior area postrema and the trigeminal and dorsal
      root ganglia. Fibers were generally seen where cell bodies were observed. Very
      dense fiber bundles were noted in the septohypothalamic tract, the preoptic area,
      in the hypothalamus, the habenula and the thalamic periventricular nucleus, in
      the ventral hippocampus, parts of the reticular formation, in the locus
      coeruleus, the dorsal parabrachial area, the nucleus and tract of the spinal
      trigeminal area and the substantia gelatinosa, the superficial layers of the
      spinal cord and the posterior lobe of the pituitary. The localization of the GA
      like immunoreactivity in the locus coeruleus suggests a partial coexistence with
      catecholaminergic neurons as well as a possible involvement of the GA-like
      peptide in a neuroregulatory role.

PMID- 2415953
TI  - Role of cyclic AMP in corticotropin releasing factor mediated ACTH release.
AB  - To elucidate the role of cAMP in the secretion of ACTH, the effect of (1) three
      phosphodiesterase inhibitors, (2) forskolin, and (3) 8Bromo-cAMP, on CRF mediated
      ACTH release was studied in rat pituitary cell culture. The action of
      glucocorticoids on CRF induced cAMP accumulation and ACTH release was
      investigated. Isobutyl-methylxanthine (IBMX), caffeine, and forskolin augmented
      the release of ACTH induced from CRF 1.0 nM by 17%, 39%, and 20%, respectively.
      Also IBMX and caffeine potentiated CRF 10 nM stimulated ACTH release by 32% and
      20%. Doses of forskolin and 8Bromo-cAMP, which alone stimulate large amounts of
      ACTH release, did not increase the amount of ACTH released from CRF 100 nM
      stimulated cells. Cortisol (500 nM) and corticosterone (500 nM) inhibited CRF
      induced intracellular cAMP by 39% and 26% while inhibiting pituitary ACTH release
      by 40% and 52%. In conclusion, cAMP plays an important role in the mechanism of
      ACTH secretion and it appears the final intracellular mechanism of CRF stimulated
      ACTH is via cAMP. Also, glucocorticoids exert their inhibitory influence prior to
      cAMP generation.

PMID- 2415954
TI  - Neuropeptidergic control of cyclic AMP accumulation in human thyroid cell.
AB  - Somatostatin (SRIF), cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin and substance P, as single
      agents, do not influence baseline cellular cAMP levels in human thyroid cultures.
      SRIF inhibits TSH-induced cAMP accumulation in human thyroid cell, while CCK,
      gastrin and substance P do not modify cAMP response to TSH. Vasoactive intestinal
      peptide (VIP) increases cellular cAMP levels in human thyroid cultures and its
      effect is additive to increases produced by norepinephrine (NE) and isoproterenol
      (ISO). Neither SRIF nor the other tested peptides influence adrenergic and VIP
      ergic cAMP stimulation.

PMID- 2415955
TI  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide coexists with substance P in capsaicin sensitive
      neurons and sensory ganglia of the rat.
AB  - Immunohistochemical and radioimmunoassay studies revealed that both CGRP- and SP
      like immunoreactivity in the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract, the
      substantia gelatinosa and the dorsal cervical spinal cord as well as in cell
      bodies of the trigeminal ganglion and the spinal dorsal root ganglion is markedly
      depleted by capsaicin which is known to cause degeneration of a certain number of
      primary sensory neurons. Higher brain areas and the ventral spinal cord were not
      affected by capsaicin treatment. Furthermore CGRP and substance P-like
      immunoreactivity were shown to be colocalized in the above areas and to coexist
      in cell bodies of the trigeminal ganglion and the spinal dorsal root ganglia. It
      is suggested that CGRP, like substance P, may have a neuromodulatory role on
      nociception and peripheral cardiovascular reflexes.

PMID- 2415956
TI  - Endocrine tumors of the ileum. Cytochemical and clinical aspects.
AB  - Sixteen patients with endocrine ileal tumors and liver metastases were analyzed
      with regard to the size, multicentricity, and growth pattern of the primary
      tumor, the occurrence of carcinoid syndrome, as well as the concentrations of
      serotonin and substance P (SP) in blood, 5-hydroxy-indole-acetic acid (5-HIAA) in
      urine, and the course of the disease. Excised specimens from the tumors were
      immediately processed for immunocytochemical investigations of the presence of
      neurohormonal peptides, using a broad spectrum of antisera and optimal
      histoprocessing techniques. In all patients the serotonin levels in blood and/or
      the 5-HIAA in urine were high. The SP concentration in plasma was markedly
      elevated in all but two of the ten patients investigated in this respect. A mixed
      growth pattern prevailed in the tumors of 7 patients with fatal disease.
      Serotonin cells were found in all tumors and SP-immunoreactive tumor cells in all
      but one; one of the carcinoids also contained a few tumor cells displaying
      enkephalin immunoreactivity. In conventionally fixed and paraffin embedded
      specimens of the same tumors usually no immunoreactive tumor cells at all could
      be demonstrated, showing that SP is among the peptides vulnerable to poor
      histotechniques. Nevertheless, SP, together with serotonin, constitute reliable
      clinical tumor markers for ileal carcinoids.

PMID- 2415957
TI  - The rarity of rhabdomyosarcomas in the adult. A morphologic and
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - An analysis was made of the rhabdomyosarcomas diagnosed in the Dept. of Pathology
      of the University of Groningen between 1971 and 1983. Ten cases diagnosed in
      patients over 30 years of age were studied in detail. After review the diagnosis
      was discarded on morphologic criteria in all cases. In 9 cases it was changed
      into malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) and in one case this diagnosis was
      favoured, but inconclusive. In 5 cases immunohistochemical studies could be
      performed. In all cases staining for the muscle specific intermediate filaments
      desmin appeared negative and for the mesenchymal intermediate filaments vimentin
      positive. These cases were also positive for one or more of the histiocytic
      markers alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, alpha-1-antitrypsin and lysozyme. It is
      concluded that rhabdomyosarcoma in older patients is extremely rare and the
      possible relationship between MFH in the adult and rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood
      is discussed.

PMID- 2415958
TI  - Myofibrillar degeneration--a common type of myocardial lesion and its selective
      identification by a modified luxol fast blue stain.
AB  - Myofibrillar degeneration is a very common form of myocardial damage. It occurs
      as a disseminated lesion after various forms of injury (e.g. association with
      cardiovascular surgery, raised intracranial pressure). As a localized alteration
      it surrounds the coagulation necrosis of infarcts. The present study introduces a
      modification of the Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) stain as a specific marker of
      myofibrillar degeneration. In formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded myocardium of
      human autopsies and biopsies two LFB-reaction types are demonstrable: A)
      irregular blue transverse bands and B) a diffuse blue staining of the entire
      myocyte. The first type corresponds to the cross band lesion typical of
      myofibrillar degeneration. By electron microscopy it consists of dense
      aggregations of disorganized myofilaments. The second form exhibits diffusely LFB
      coloured cells and ultrastructurally an irregular felt-like splitting of
      myofibrils. The latter represents another, until now unrecognized type of
      myofibrillar degeneration which is not clearly detectable when using other
      staining methods. Since a coagulation necrosis is only faintly LFB-positive, this
      method is not suitable for the detection of early stages of infarcts. The obvious
      advantages of the LFB-method are: detection of type, amount and distribution
      pattern of myofibrillar degeneration in low-power-views, even if myocytes are cut
      transversely, high sensitivity, easy handling and reliability. The affinity of
      damaged cells for the LFB-stain seems to be related to the pathogenesis of
      myofibrillar degeneration, in which abundant Ca++-influx plays a primary role.

PMID- 2415959
TI  - Effect of dopamine on the transmembrane potentials of guinea-pig heart
      preparations.
AB  - The effects of dopamine on the transmembrane action potentials of electrically
      driven left auricle and right papillary muscle of guinea pig were studied in
      Tyrode solution and in 25 mM K+-Tyrode solution. Under physiological condition
      dopamine at concentration less than 10(-6) M had no effect, at concentrations
      between 10(-6) and 10(-4) M it slightly increased the resting potential (RP),
      caused a marked increase of the overshoot (OS), but did not change the maximum
      rate of rise (Vmax) of the action potential (AP). The duration of AP was
      significantly enhanced by 10(-6) and 10(-5) M but was shortened by 10(-4) M
      dopamine. The effects of dopamine on AP were antagonized by pindolol (4 X 10(-7)
      M) but not by phentolamine (5 X 10(-6) M). In the atrium in which the fast sodium
      channels were blocked by partial depolarization (25 mM K+-Tyrode) and the
      preparation was inexcitable, dopamine in high concentrations (10(-4)--2.5 X 10(
      4) M) restored the electrical and mechanical activity. Dopamine induced APs
      having very slow rate of rise and low RP, characteristics of the given
      extracellular K+ concentration. The slow electrical responses were unaffected by
      haloperidol (10(-5) M), but were abolished by pindolol. The effects of dopamine
      and adrenaline on the depressed fast Na+ system (using 4 mM to 20 mM K+-Tyrode
      solution) were compared in the papillary muscle. The steady state inactivation of
      Vmax was shifted by 6 mV to more negative potentials by adrenaline (5 X 10(-6) M)
      and by 3 mV to more negative potentials by dopamine (2.5 X 10(-4) M).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2415961
TI  - Developmental assessment: why, when and how.

PMID- 2415960
TI  - Effect of dopamine on the inward membrane currents of the sinoauricular fibers of
      the frog heart.
AB  - Dopamine increased the slow inward current in the cardiac preparation after
      blocking (with tetrodotoxin) or eliminating (with Na+-free perfusion) of the
      "fast Na+ channel". Dopamine was, however, ineffective, if the "slow channel" was
      blocked (by MnCl2 or D-600) or eliminated (by Ca2+ free perfusion). This
      adrenaline-like effect of dopamine was prevented by beta-adrenergic blockade
      (pindolol) and was not modified by previous depletion of tissue catecholamine
      stores (pretreatment with reserpine). Our data suggest that dopamine affects
      cardiac electrogenesis through beta-adrenergic receptors and any dopamine-induced
      noradrenaline release may be only of secondary importance beside this direct
      agonistic effect.

PMID- 2415962
TI  - Distinguishing hygroma and amniotic fluid.
AB  - Fluid from cystic hygromata can be distinguished from amniotic fluid by
      measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzymes. The former has a serum-type
      ALP, made up largely of the liver/bone/kidney isoenzyme and virtually no
      intestinal isoenzyme. Second trimester amniotic fluid ALP contains approximately
      80 per cent intestinal isoenzyme.

PMID- 2415963
TI  - Expression in Escherichia coli of a cloned DNA sequence encoding the pre-S2
      region of hepatitis B virus.
AB  - A DNA sequence encoding the entire pre-S2 region (amino acids 120-174; serotype
      ayw) of human hepatitis B virus envelope protein has been inserted into the lacZ
      gene of the plasmid pSKS105 yielding a recombinant, pWS3. Lac+ colonies of the
      Escherichia coli M182 delta (lacIOPZYA), isolated after transformation with pWS3,
      produced a pre-S2 peptide-beta-galactosidase fusion protein. This fusion protein,
      which comprised as much as 3% of the total bacterial protein, was purified to
      greater than 90% homogeneity by affinity chromatography on p-aminophenyl-beta-D
      thiogalactoside-Sepharose. It is immunoprecipitable with rabbit antibodies to a
      synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids 120-145 of the pre-S2 region of
      serotype adw [pre-S(120-145)] or with antibodies to hepatitis B virus. pre-S(120
      145) completely blocked the binding of either antibody to the pre-S2 peptide-beta
      galactosidase fusion protein. These results indicate that there are antigenic
      determinants on the fusion protein that are closely related to, if not identical
      to, determinants on synthetic pre-S(120-145) and on pre-S2 sequences of native
      hepatitis B virus particles. Thus, bacteria transformed with pWS3 can provide an
      abundant source of pre-S2-beta-galactosidase fusion protein, which may prove
      useful either as a diagnostic reagent possessing marker enzyme activity suitable
      for ELISA tests or as an immunogen with potential to contribute to active
      prophylaxis of hepatitis B.

PMID- 2415964
TI  - A method to detect and characterize point mutations in transcribed genes:
      amplification and overexpression of the mutant c-Ki-ras allele in human tumor
      cells.
AB  - A significant percentage of human tumors contain activated ras oncogenes that
      have acquired oncogenic potential as a result of somatic point mutations at codon
      12 or 61 of the encoded ras gene product. We report here a method to detect and
      characterize mutations in ras genes that is based on the ability of pancreatic
      ribonuclease (RNase A; EC 3.1.27.5) to cleave RNA heteroduplexes containing
      single-base mismatches. Using this method, we show that certain human tumor cells
      contain mutant c-Ki-ras genes, and we define the nature and position of these
      mutations. At the same time, we describe the presence and estimate the expression
      of both normal and mutant c-Ki-ras alleles in the same tumor cells. This method
      should be useful for the diagnostic detection and characterization of single
      point mutations in expressed genes.

PMID- 2415965
TI  - Protein microcrystal diffraction and the effects of radiation damage with ultra
      high-flux synchrotron radiation.
AB  - By using ultra-high-flux synchrotron x-radiation from a wiggler source, good Laue
      diffraction data have been obtained from protein microcrystals of size 30 X 35 X
      10 microns3, mounted wet in glass capillaries. At the flux level of 10(13)-10(14)
      photons per sec/mm2, the radiation damage is still low enough to allow a large
      survey of reciprocal space for a microcrystal and a complete survey for a normal
      sized protein crystal. The development of sources for ultra-high-intensity
      synchrotron radiation is thus an important improvement in the technique for
      determination of structure through protein crystallography as well as in other
      cases where crystal size is often a limiting factor.

PMID- 2415966
TI  - Inhibitory effects of interferon on the expression of genes regulated by platelet
      derived growth factor.
AB  - The G0/G1 to S transition in quiescent BALB/c 3T3 cells stimulated by serum
      growth factors can be specifically blocked by the administration of interferon
      (IFN) to the system. In the present communication, we studied whether IFN
      inhibits the early events in the G0/G1 phase that are initiated by the platelet
      derived growth factor (PDGF). The results show that IFN inhibits most of the PDGF
      mediated increase of c-myc, ornithine decarboxylase, and beta-actin mRNAs
      measured 3 hr after stimulation. c-fos mRNA levels are reduced by IFN as early as
      20 min after exposure of the quiescent cells to PDGF. The expression of several
      genes that belong to the competence gene family is, therefore, inhibited by IFN
      and this could account for the failure of the IFN-treated cells to enter into the
      S phase when growth factors present in the platelet-poor plasma are added. We
      also report that the PDGF-mediated increase in the uptake of deoxyglucose is not
      impaired by IFN, thus suggesting that the early effects of IFN on gene expression
      do not result from inhibition of binding of PDGF to its cell-surface receptors.
      Unlike the direct stimulatory effect of PDGF, which is not sensitive to
      cycloheximide, the inhibitory effect of IFN on c-myc mRNA levels depends in part
      on protein synthesis. We propose that a putative product of one of the IFN
      induced genes could mediate the decrease in expression of the PDGF-regulated gene
      family.

PMID- 2415967
TI  - Mobilization of specific maternal RNA species into polysomes after fertilization
      in Xenopus laevis.
AB  - Unfertilized eggs of many species contain large amounts of maternal mRNA that are
      used to support protein synthesis during the first few hours of development,
      before the onset of embryonic transcription. We have examined the accumulation of
      nonpolysomal maternal RNAs in polysomes after fertilization in Xenopus laevis by
      measuring the distributions of specific sequences in nonpolysomal and polysomal
      fractions. In an arbitrary selection of 18 maternal sequences that are largely
      nonpolysomal in the full-grown oocyte, 13 became enriched in polysomes by the 16
      cell cleavage stage. One sequence accumulated only 50% in polysomes at this time,
      while four sequences became polysomal later than the 16-cell stage. Several RNA
      sequences decreased in titer during early embryogenesis and were rare during
      organogenesis. Sequences that are mobilized rapidly and efficiently into
      polysomes shortly after fertilization and whose cellular concentrations are
      highest in embryos before organogenesis may provide genetic information for
      developmental functions restricted to very early embryogenesis. These experiments
      serve to identify such sequences in Xenopus.

PMID- 2415968
TI  - Shared idiotopes among antibodies encoded by heavy-chain variable region (VH)
      gene members of the J558 VH family as basis for cross-reactive regulation of
      clones with different antigen specificity.
AB  - A wide idiotype cross-reactivity was observed among six groups of monoclonal
      antibodies specific for arsonate and nitrophenyl haptens, hemagglutinin of PR8
      and X31 influenza viruses, dextran, A48-idiotype, and a set of six monoclonal
      antibodies with unknown antigenic specificity. All of these antibodies are
      encoded by heavy-chain variable region (VH) genes belonging to the J558 VH
      family. This idiotypic cross-reactivity was determined by studying the binding of
      these antibodies to a panel of six monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies, each one
      raised against a member of the six groups of monoclonal antibodies. The
      administration at birth of two such monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies induced a
      long-lasting suppression not only of the corresponding idiotype but also of VH
      related idiotypes with different antigenic specificities. These results suggest
      that the idiotypes encoded by VH genes that belong to the same VH gene family are
      interactive one with another. The possible physiological consequences of this
      immunochemical cross-reactivity are discussed.

PMID- 2415969
TI  - Experimental diabetic neuropathy: impairment of slow transport with changes in
      axon cross-sectional area.
AB  - Analysis of slow axonal transport in the sciatic and primary visual systems of
      rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes of 4-6 weeks duration showed impairment
      of the transport of neurofilament subunits, tubulin, actin, and a 30- and a 60
      kDa polypeptide in both systems. The degree of impairment was not uniform.
      Transport of polypeptide constituents of the slow component b, such as the 30-
      and 60-kDa polypeptides, appeared to be more severely affected than the transport
      of constituents of the slow component a, such as neurofilaments. Morphometric
      analysis of sciatic axons revealed a proximal increase and a distal decrease of
      axonal cross-sectional area. It is proposed that impairment of axoplasmic
      transport and changes of axonal size are related. Transport impairment results in
      a larger number of neurofilaments, microtubules, and other polypeptides in the
      proximal region of the axon, which increases in size, whereas fewer
      neurofilaments, microtubules, and other polypeptides reach the distal axons that
      show a size decrease. Such changes in axonal transport and area are likely to
      occur in other diabetic animal models and in human diabetes.

PMID- 2415970
TI  - Localization of human factor FVIII inhibitor epitopes to two polypeptide
      fragments.
AB  - Epitopes for 22 alloantibodies that inhibit factor VIII procoagulant protein
      (FVIII) from multitransfused individuals with severe hemophilia A and three
      autoantibodies from nonhemophilic individuals appeared to be restricted to two
      specific regions of the FVIII molecule. Immunoblotting of purified FVIII and
      purified thrombin-degraded FVIII, followed by reaction with inhibitor plasma
      samples, monoclonal anti-human IgG3 and IgG4 antibodies, and radiolabeled
      affinity-purified rabbit anti-mouse IgG, revealed that inhibitor epitopes could
      be localized to the Mr 72,000 and Mr 44,000 thrombin fragments of FVIII. These
      two chains are located at the carboxyl terminus and near the amino terminus of
      the FVIII molecule, respectively. The pattern of reactivity of the inhibitor
      alloantibodies could be divided into three types: 10 reacted with the Mr 72,000
      chain, 3 reacted with the Mr 44,000 chain, and 9 reacted with both of these
      chains. Among the 3 inhibitor autoantibodies, 1 of each type was found. Ten
      normal plasmas, as well as 14 plasmas from multitransfused individuals with
      severe hemophilia A and no inhibitor, were not reactive with the FVIII
      immunoblots. However, one multitransfused individual with severe hemophilia A and
      no detectable inhibitor revealed the presence of an antibody reactive with the
      middle section of the FVIII molecule. The existence of FVIII inhibitor epitopes
      on both the Mr 72,000 and Mr 44,000 chains raises the possibility that these
      epitopes might be further restricted to regions of homology between the two
      chains. These data suggest the possibility of designing inhibitor blocking
      polypeptides for use as therapeutic agents.

PMID- 2415971
TI  - Suppression of retroviral propagation and disease by suramin in murine systems.
AB  - Retroviral propagation crucially depends on reverse transcriptase (RT). We have
      developed murine models to test the biological effectiveness of the RT inhibitor
      suramin. The drug was active in our assay system, which includes (i) inhibition
      of RT activity in the murine T-cell tropic virus SL3-3 and Rauscher murine
      leukemia virus (MuLV), (ii) inhibition of plaque formation in the XC plaque
      assay, (iii) inhibition of viral infection of cultured murine T cells, and (iv)
      inhibition of splenomegaly induced by Rauscher MuLV in BALB/c mice. Suramin
      decreases viral titers significantly, even if started 36 hr after infection.
      Viral titers and number of infected cells increased to control levels after
      removal of the drug. BALB/c mice treated i.v. with 40 mg of suramin per kg twice
      per week following infection with Rauscher MuLV showed a 35% decrease in
      splenomegaly. Suramin is an active antiretroviral agent whose effect on
      retroviral propagation is reversible. We conclude that it acts as a virustatic
      drug and that long-term administration of suramin will be necessary if it is used
      for experimental treatment of human retroviral illnesses such as the acquired
      immune deficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2415972
TI  - Single anion-selective channels in basolateral membrane of a mammalian tight
      epithelium.
AB  - Basolateral membrane chloride permeability of surface cells from rabbit urinary
      bladder epithelium was studied using the patch-clamp technique. Two types of
      anion-selective channel were observed. One channel type showed inward
      rectification and had a conductance of 64 pS at-50 mV when bathed symmetrically
      by saline solution containing 150 mM chloride; the other resembled high
      conductance voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs). Both channels had the
      selectivity sequence Cl-approximately equal to Br-approximately equal to I-
      approximately equal to SCN- approximately equal to NO3- greater than F- greater
      than acetate greater than gluconate greater than Na+ approximately equal to K+
      and were sensitive to the anion exchange inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene
      2,2'-disulfonic acid. Basolateral chloride conductance in urinary bladder is
      apparently due to the 64 pS anion channel, which is active at physiological
      potentials. Imperfect selectivity of this channel against cations might also
      account for the low, but finite, sodium permeability of the basolateral membrane.

PMID- 2415973
TI  - The product of the protooncogene c-src is modified during the cellular response
      to platelet-derived growth factor.
AB  - We have observed a modification of the cellular protein kinase pp60c-src,
      elicited in murine 3T3 fibroblasts by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). The
      modification occurred rapidly after addition of PDGF to the culture medium and
      was first detected as a reduction in the electrophoretic mobility of a portion of
      the pp60c-src molecules. A similarly modified form of the viral homologue pp60v
      src occurs in vivo in the absence of stimulation by PDGF. The occurrence of
      modified forms of both pp60c-src and pp60v-src was associated with a novel
      phosphorylation at tyrosine in the amino-terminal domains of the proteins. The
      time-course and dose-response for this modification of pp60c-src paralleled PDGF
      induced increases in phosphorylation of pp36, a major cellular substrate for
      several tyrosine-specific protein kinases. In parallel experiments, treatment of
      cells with PDGF increased the kinase activity of pp60c-src in an immunocomplex
      assay. These results suggest pp60c-src may play a role in the mitogenic response
      to PDGF.

PMID- 2415974
TI  - Amino-terminal sequence of p36 and associated p10: identification of the site of
      tyrosine phosphorylation and homology with S-100.
AB  - p36 is a major substrate of both viral and growth factor-receptor-associated
      tyrosine protein kinases. p36 can be isolated as a complex consisting of a
      subunit of Mr 36,000 (p36) and a subunit of Mr 10,000 (p10), and it represents an
      abundant cellular protein. We have isolated the p36-p10 complex from bovine
      intestinal epithelium and analyzed the amino terminus of both subunits. Sequence
      analysis of the first 56 amino acids of p10 demonstrates a striking sequence
      homology (48% identically placed residues) with the Mr 10,000 calcium-binding
      proteins from bovine brain, termed S-100. Intestinal p36 could be effectively
      labeled on a single tyrosine in vitro with immunoprecipitated pp60v-src and
      [gamma-32P]ATP. Mild proteolysis of p36 with chymotrypsin resulted in the
      cleavage into large (Mr, 33,000) and small domains (Mr, 3000), with the latter
      representing the phosphorylated amino terminus. Although the amino terminus is
      apparently blocked, sequence analysis of a secondary tryptic peptide of the Mr
      3000 fragment as well as the amino-terminal sequence of the Mr 33,000 domain and
      overlapping peptides clearly established the site of tyrosine phosphorylation.

PMID- 2415976
TI  - Complexes of polyoma virus medium T antigen and cellular proteins.
AB  - Antibodies against synthetic peptides corresponding to the carboxyl-terminal six
      amino acids, Lys-Arg-Ser-Arg-His-Phe (KF), and an internal region, Glu-Glu-Glu
      Glu-Tyr-Met-Pro-Met-Glu (EE), of polyoma virus medium T antigen were used
      successively to purify medium T antigen by affinity chromatography. Medium T
      antigen from cell extracts was first bound to anti-KF antibodies and released
      from the immune complex with excess KF peptide; then it was bound to anti-EE
      antibodies and released with excess EE peptide. Two proteins, pp60c-src and a new
      protein of approximately equal to 61,000 Da (61-kDa protein), were copurified
      because they formed complexes with medium T antigen. The 61-kDa protein-medium T
      antigen complex was detected in extracts from wild-type-infected and transformed
      cells but not from cells infected with NG59 virus, which has a mutation in the
      medium T gene and is transformation defective. Instead, NG59 medium T antigen
      formed a complex with another cellular protein of approximately equal to 72,000
      Da.

PMID- 2415975
TI  - An antipeptide antibody that specifically inhibits insulin receptor
      autophosphorylation and protein kinase activity.
AB  - Two site-specific antibodies that immunoprecipitate the human insulin receptor
      have been prepared by immunizing rabbits with chemically synthesized peptides
      derived from the cDNA-predicted amino acid sequence of the beta subunit of the
      proreceptor. Antibodies to the carboxyl terminus (AbP5) and to a domain around
      tyrosine-960 (AbP4) specifically recognize the beta subunit of the receptor on
      immunoblots. Both antibodies immunoprecipitated 125I-labeled insulin-receptor
      complexes and the autophosphorylated receptor. Although neither antibody
      inhibited insulin binding to the receptor, both insulin-dependent
      autophosphorylation and exogenous substrate phosphorylation were inhibited by
      AbP4. Inhibition by AbP4 was dependent upon the phosphorylation state of the
      receptor; it was not detected when the receptor was autophosphorylated prior to
      addition of AbP4. AbP4 did not inhibit activity of the related epidermal growth
      factor (EGF)-receptor tyrosine protein kinase nor did it inhibit the activity of
      cAMP-dependent kinase or protein kinase C. The observation that an antibody
      directed to residues 952-967 of the proreceptor neutralizes the protein kinase
      activity of the beta subunit suggests that this region may play a critical role
      in the function of the hormone-dependent, protein tyrosine-specific kinase
      activity of the insulin receptor.

PMID- 2415977
TI  - Human group-specific component (Gc) is a member of the albumin family.
AB  - The group-specific component (Gc) is the major vitamin D-binding protein in
      plasma. The gene encoding Gc is linked, on human chromosome 4, to the albumin and
      alpha-fetoprotein genes. These two genes previously were shown to have evolved
      from a smaller ancestral gene by intragenic triplication. Recombinant plasmids
      containing human cDNA encoding Gc have been isolated by screening an adult human
      liver library with a mixed oligonucleotide probe. Characterization of Gc cDNA has
      provided the complete amino acid sequence of the protein and revealed strong
      sequence homology with albumin and alpha-fetoprotein. Of particular interest is a
      conserved pattern of disulfide bridges that form the triple-domain structures in
      albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, and Gc. Gc cDNA was used as a probe in Southern blot
      analysis of somatic-cell hybrids to confirm that the Gc locus is on chromosome 4.

PMID- 2415978
TI  - Hormone secretagogues increase cytosolic calcium by increasing cAMP in
      corticotropin-secreting cells.
AB  - Corticotropin (ACTH)-releasing factor, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and
      catecholamines--hormones that stimulate ACTH secretion and cAMP generation-
      increased cytosolic calcium in AtT-20 cells. The increase in intracellular
      calcium is presumably a consequence of the stimulated cAMP synthesis, since
      forskolin, an activator of the catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase, and the cAMP
      analog 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8Br-cAMP) also increased the
      cytosolic levels of this ion. Pretreatment with somatostatin, a neuropeptide that
      inhibits stimulation of the adenylate cyclase system and the secretion of ACTH
      blocked the increase of cytosolic calcium. The effect of 8Br-cAMP, which bypasses
      the cyclase, was not inhibited by somatostatin pretreatment. The source of the
      increased calcium appears to be mainly extracellular. This is indicated by the
      inability of the secretagogues to increase cytosolic calcium in a medium deprived
      of this ion or in the presence of blockers of voltage-gated calcium channels. The
      involvement of calcium channels in the calcium rise evoked by the secretagogues
      was supported by experiments using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. In these
      experiments 8Br-cAMP increased voltage-dependent calcium currents. These results
      suggest the following chain of events in the receptor-mediated elevation of
      cytosolic calcium and the concomitant release of ACTH from AtT-20 cells: hormone
      receptor binding----cAMP synthesis----protein kinase activation----calcium
      channel activation----increase in cytosolic calcium----many steps----ACTH
      release. Phorbol myristate acetate, a compound which does not stimulate cAMP
      generation but enhances the release of ACTH in AtT-20 cells, decreased the
      cytosolic calcium level.

PMID- 2415979
TI  - Characterization of antigens recognized by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies
      directed against uvomorulin.
AB  - Uvomorulin is a cell surface glycoprotein involved in compaction of early mouse
      embryo. Antibodies, either monoclonal or polyclonal, raised against a purified
      tryptic fragment of uvomorulin recognize, in a detergent lysate of embryonal
      carcinoma cells metabolically labeled with 35S, three molecules (120, 100, and 88
      kDa) that are not related, as judged by peptide mapping. Only the 120-kDa form is
      related to the tryptic fragment of uvomorulin and, thus, is considered as the
      native form of uvomorulin. Although all three products are apparently detectable
      at the cell surface, only the 120-kDa form is glycosylated. Coimmunoprecipitation
      of the three different polypeptides is probably due to shared epitopes rather
      than to their presence in a multimeric complex.

PMID- 2415980
TI  - Cytotactin, an extracellular matrix protein of neural and non-neural tissues that
      mediates glia-neuron interaction.
AB  - An extracellular matrix protein, cytotactin, with widespread tissue distribution
      has been identified, isolated, and partially characterized. Cytotactin mediates
      glia-neuron adhesion in vitro, but unlike Ng-CAM, the neuron-glia cell-adhesion
      molecule, it is absent from neurons. Cytotactin was isolated from 14-day
      embryonic chicken brains as structurally related polypeptides of Mr 220,000,
      200,000, and 190,000. These polypeptides were efficiently extracted in the
      absence of detergent and appeared to be disulfide-linked into higher polymers.
      Immunofluorescence staining with specific antibodies indicated that cytotactin is
      found in extracellular spaces and in basement membranes of a variety of non
      neural tissues including smooth muscle, lung, and kidney. In the cerebellum, it
      appears on glial end-feet, on Bergmann glial fibers, and in extracellular spaces.
      The molecule is synthesized by glia and cells from smooth muscle, lung, and
      kidney. It is found at the surface of glia in culture in a cell-associated
      fibrillar pattern. A survey of the times and sites of its appearance during
      embryogenesis is consistent with the hypothesis that cytotactin is a cell
      substrate adhesion molecule that may mediate cell migration in a site-restricted
      fashion.

PMID- 2415981
TI  - DNA methylation at asymmetric sites is associated with numerous transition
      mutations.
AB  - We describe two unusual 5S RNA regions from Neurospora crassa that are tightly
      linked. Sequence analysis suggests that these genes or pseudogenes, which we
      designate zeta (zeta) and eta (eta), arose by a 794-base-pair tandem duplication
      followed by hundreds of exclusively cytosine to thymine mutations. The
      duplication was most likely generated by nonhomologous recombination involving a
      DNA segment having a striking purine-pyrimidine strand asymmetry. Restriction
      analysis of genomic DNA from tissue grown in the presence or absence of 5
      azacytidine indicates that many, and perhaps all, cytosines in the duplicated
      region are methylated in most cells. This is in contrast to the situation
      typically observed in eukaryotes, where 5-methylcytosine is found only at
      positions one or two nucleotides preceding guanine residues. No DNA methylation
      was detected in the unique DNA flanking the zeta-eta duplication. Thus the
      "signal" for methylation may be the duplication itself. The numerous transition
      mutations in this region probably occurred by deamination of 5-methylcytosines.
      Our results suggest that DNA methylation can have important evolutionary
      consequences in eukaryotes.

PMID- 2415982
TI  - Distinct H-2-linked regulation of T-cell responses to the pre-S and S regions of
      the same hepatitis B surface antigen polypeptide allows circumvention of
      nonresponsiveness to the S region.
AB  - Recently, additional polypeptide components of the surface envelope of hepatitis
      B virus (HBV) have been identified. The pre-S(1) and pre-S(2) regions of the HBV
      genome encode NH2-terminal amino acid residues that together with the S-gene
      product (25 kDa) comprise polypeptides of 33 kDa and 39 kDa. The possible
      immunopathologic significance of these larger polypeptides and their relevance to
      vaccine development prompted us to examine the murine immune response to pre-S(2)
      encoded determinants as compared to S-encoded determinants on the same
      polypeptide. Previous work showed that the pre-S(2) region elicits greater
      antibody production in vivo than does the S region of hepatitis B surface
      antigen. In this study, we examined immunogenicity of the pre-S(2) region at the
      T-cell level, H-2- and non-H-2-linked genetic influences on the pre-S(2)
      response, and the effect of the immune response to one region on the immune
      response to the other region. The results indicate that (i) the pre-S(2) region
      is significantly more immunogenic than the S region at the T-cell level; (ii) pre
      S(2)-region-specific T-cell activation is regulated by H-2-linked genes and
      correlates with the H-2 restriction of in vivo antibody production to the pre
      S(2) region; (iii) the H-2 restriction of the T-cell response to the pre-S(2)
      region is distinct from the H-2 restriction of the T-cell response to S-region
      determinants; (iv) non-H-2-linked and non-Igh-linked genes also influence the
      humoral immune response to the pre-S(2) region; and (v) immunization of an S
      region-nonresponder, pre-S(2)-region T-cell-responder strain with HBV envelope
      particles containing both the pre-S(2) and S regions can circumvent
      nonresponsiveness to the S region through pre-S(2)-specific T-cell helper
      function.

PMID- 2415983
TI  - Antigen-induced increase in protein kinase C activity in plasma membrane of mast
      cells.
AB  - Bridging of cell-bound IgE antibody molecules on colony-stimulating factor
      dependent mouse mast cell line (PT-18) cells by multivalent antigen induces
      phospholipid methylation, a transient rise in intracellular cAMP, intracellular
      mobilization and uptake of Ca2+, and formation of diacylglycerol followed by
      histamine release. Exposure of the sensitized cells to antigen also induces a
      substantial increase in protein kinase C activity in the plasma membrane, which
      is accompanied by a slight decrease in the enzyme in cytosol. Protein kinase C
      activity in the membrane fraction reached maximum within 30 sec after antigen
      challenge and then gradually declined. The increase of the enzyme activity in the
      membrane could not be explained by a shift of the enzyme from cytosol, and it
      suggested that bridging of IgE-receptor may induce a modulation of existing
      enzyme to a state of higher catalytic activity. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
      also induced a rapid but persistent increase in protein kinase C activity in the
      membrane fraction of mast cells. However, the increase in the enzyme activity in
      the membrane was accompanied by a marked decrease in the enzyme in cytosol.

PMID- 2415984
TI  - Cellular targets for SV40 large T-antigen.
AB  - SV40 virus infection is able to induce tumours in newborn hamsters and to
      transform a wide range of eukaryotic cells in in vitro culture. This is achieved
      by integration of the viral DNA into the host cell DNA and expression of the
      virus-encoded Large T-antigen. The expression of Large T, a 708 amino acid
      phosphoprotein, is required both to induce and maintain the transformed state.
      The Large T protein initiates viral DNA synthesis and regulates viral
      transcription, apparently by binding in a specific manner to viral DNA sequences
      at and near the viral origin of replication. SV40 Large T also affects cellular
      DNA synthesis and transcription and this may account for its oncogenic activity.
      A novel immunochemical procedure has permitted the isolation of cellular DNA
      sequences occupied by SV40 Large T in the chromatin of SV40 transformed cells.
      Some of the cellular sequences contain high affinity binding sites for SV40 Large
      T, and hybridize to messenger RNAs expressed in SV40 transformed but not in
      normal cells. A second type of cellular target for Large T is the cell coded p53
      protein that it binds to and stabilizes. A range of monoclonal antibodies to p53
      has been isolated and characterized. They demonstrate that p53 is in the
      cytoplasm of normal cells but is located in the nucleus of transformed cells. One
      of the antibodies recognizes an epitope on p53 that is stabilized or induced by
      binding to Large T. Further studies on the T-p53 protein complex have been
      facilitated by constructing bacterial plasmids that direct the synthesis of
      substantial quantities of Large T-beta-galactosidase and p53-beta-galactosidase
      fusion proteins in bacteria. The results are discussed in the context of our
      current knowledge of oncogene action.

PMID- 2415985
TI  - Axonally transported alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites as a putative mechanism for
      motor nerve backfiring.

PMID- 2415986
TI  - An experimental model for mouse prostatic hyperplasia: characterization of
      hormonal, age and tissue specificities.

PMID- 2415987
TI  - Positive inotropy, calcium dependence and arrhythmogenicity of lindane in atrial
      tissue from the guinea pig.

PMID- 2415988
TI  - Is tetrodotoxin block of cardiac sodium channels voltage dependent?

PMID- 2415989
TI  - Methylation and gamma-globin expression.

PMID- 2415990
TI  - Developmental changes in the methylation pattern, chromatin conformation and
      expression of the rat phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene.

PMID- 2415991
TI  - A two step model for mammalian X-chromosome inactivation.

PMID- 2415992
TI  - Cell specific DNA methylation patterns; formation and a nucleosome locking model
      for their function.

PMID- 2415993
TI  - Adipocyte differentiation in CHEF cells.

PMID- 2415994
TI  - Lung hypersensitivity responses: dissociation of human lung mast cell leukotriene
      C4 (LTC4) from histamine release.

PMID- 2415995
TI  - Identification of a Tn5 determinant conferring resistance to phleomycins,
      bleomycins, and tallysomycins.
AB  - Tn5 conferred resistance to the related antibiotics, phleomycins, bleomycins, and
      tallysomycins in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. For pure
      phleomycins the level of resistance was influenced by the structure of the
      terminal basic group. Deletion derivatives of a pBR322::Tn5 plasmid were used to
      show that the phleomycin resistance determinant is located between the previously
      identified neomycin and streptomycin resistance determinants. The pattern of
      expression of phleomycin and neomycin resistance in the deletion derivatives
      suggests that the phleomycin resistance gene is transcribed from the same
      promoter, PL, which is essential for expression of neomycin and streptomycin
      resistance. The location of the phleomycin resistance determinant correlates with
      the location of an open reading frame in the Tn5 sequence, which codes for a
      polypeptide of 126 amino acids.

PMID- 2415997
TI  - Brain ventricular size and CSF monoamine metabolites in an adolescent inpatient
      population.
AB  - The cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites, homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), were compared with ventricle-brain ratios
      (VBRs) in a group of adolescent inpatients who were divided into psychotic and
      nonpsychotic groups. HVA, 5HIAA, and VBR did not differ significantly between the
      two groups. There were no significant relationships between these variables in
      the nonpsychotic group. Psychotic adolescents, however, displayed significant
      negative correlations between VBR and HVA, and between VBR and 5HIAA. The
      relationship between VBR and monoamine metabolites appears to occur in psychoses
      other than schizophrenia, is present early in the course of illness, and probably
      does not represent a dilutional effect.

PMID- 2415996
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine and monoamine metabolite concentrations in
      melancholia.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid levels of norepinephrine and six monoamine metabolites were
      measured in 28 medication-free depressed patients. Patients with a major
      depressive episode with melancholia (n = 15) had significantly lower levels of
      the three dopamine metabolites: homovanillic acid (HVA), dihydroxyphenylacetic
      acid (DOPAC), and conjugated dihydroxyphenylacetic (CONJDOPAC), when compared
      with a combined group of patients with a major depressive episode or dysthymic
      disorder (n = 13). In patients with major depressive episode with melancholia,
      levels of HVA and of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      significantly correlated with the severity of depression. In the total group of
      28 depressed patients, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of norepinephrine
      significantly correlated with symptoms of anxiety. In both patients with major
      depressive episode and major depressive episode with melancholia, those who were
      non-suppressors on the dexamethasone suppression test had significantly higher
      CSF levels of the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol
      compared to those who were suppressors.

PMID- 2415998
TI  - "China" as a symbol for vagina.

PMID- 2415999
TI  - [Understanding subjective processes].

PMID- 2416000
TI  - The in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of pepleomycin alone or in combination
      with radiation.
AB  - Pepleomycin is a derivative of bleomycin, which is less toxic to the host but
      possesses greater antitumor activity. Experiments are described here in which
      Chinese hamster V-79 cells in culture and a murine squamous cell carcinoma in
      vivo have been used to obtain survival curves for pepleomycin alone or in
      combination with radiation. In both systems the survival curves for pepleomycin
      alone are biphasic, and this drug proved to be twice as effective as bleomycin.
      Further, in contrast to bleomycin, which showed simple additivity with radiation,
      pepleomycin potentiated radiation injury to the tumor cells both in vivo and in
      vitro. Therefore, pepleomycin may be superior to bleomycin not only in drug
      therapy but also in combined modality therapy.

PMID- 2416001
TI  - The diethyldithiocarbamate concentration effects and interactions with other
      cytotoxic agents on Chinese Hamster cells (V79).
AB  - A metal chelator, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) perturbs the chromosome
      condensation processes in dividing cells. The length of the metaphase chromosomes
      in Chinese hamster cells (V79) treated with 17.2 micrograms/ml of DDC for 2 hr is
      about half of that in untreated cells. However, concentrations of 1.7 microgram
      or 172 micrograms/ml DDC apparently do not produce this effect. DDC at 17.2
      micrograms/ml also disrupts spindle fibers. Penicillamine, EDTA, EGTA, and
      diamide show no effect on chromosome condensation. Bleomycin, but not mitomycin
      and cisplatin, added simultaneously with DDC can prevent the DDC effect on
      chromosomes. The cytotoxic effect of increasing concentrations of DDC to V79
      cells incubated at 37 degrees C exhibits a similar biphasic response. This
      concentration biphasic toxic effect is not altered when the cells are treated
      with DDC in combination with radiation, heat, or other cytotoxic drugs. These
      observations suggest that the different effects of DDC concentrations on
      chromosome condensation should be considered as one important modification factor
      for DDC related toxicity.

PMID- 2416002
TI  - Influence of ethidium bromide on hyperthermic modification of bleomycin-DNA
      interaction.
AB  - The effect of hyperthermic treatment on the binding of 59Fe-labeled bleomycin to
      DNA has been studied. Enhanced binding was observed at elevated temperatures. The
      influence of the DNA-intercalating agent, ethidium bromide, on bleomycin-DNA
      interaction was also studied and revealed a considerable decrease in this
      interaction at ethidium bromide levels below 1 microgram/ml. Ethidium bromide was
      observed to remove the enhanced bleomycin-DNA interaction recorded previously
      following incubation at hyperthermic temperatures. Synergistic action of
      bleomycin and hyperthermia on loss of clonogenic ability of HT29R cells is
      reported. Incubation of cells under hyperthermic conditions with bleomycin in the
      presence of ethidium bromide removes this synergism, producing a less than
      additive effect for the action of bleomycin and heat after ethidium bromide
      effects are taken into account.

PMID- 2416003
TI  - Inhibition of protein synthesis in developing mouse brain after fission neutron
      irradiation in utero.
AB  - Previous investigations showed that when pregnant mice were exposed to a single
      whole-body dose of 0.5 Gy fission neutrons on Day 17 +/- 2 of gestation [H. H.
      Vogel, Jr. and S. Antal, Radiat. Res. 98, 52-64 (1984)] about 40% of the newborn
      mice died and the body and brain weights of surviving animals decreased by 30
      35%. Decreases of body and brain weights were most prominent by the third week
      after birth, but the content of nucleic acids related to wet weight did not
      change in liver and brain upon irradiation [S. Antal, A. Fonagy, Z. Fulop, E. J.
      Hidvegi, and H. H. Vogel, Jr. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 46, 425-433 (1984)]. Studies
      presented in this paper show that after a single whole-body dose of 0.5 Gy
      neutron irradiation on Day 18 of pregnancy protein synthesis decreased in liver
      and brain of 3-week-old mice irradiated in utero. Incorporation of labeled amino
      acids in vivo into acid soluble nuclear proteins decreased by 15% in liver and by
      40% in brain. It was significantly reduced into brain histones and certain brain
      nonhistone proteins (separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis). The amount of
      H1 and H4 brain histones decreased as well. Investigations with isolated protein
      synthesizing systems proved that the peptide bond formation was not impaired by
      irradiation. The aminoacylation of transfer-RNA, however, decreased in both liver
      and brain by 26-34 and 34-41%, respectively. Comparing the aminoacylation
      capacities in the two unirradiated organs, a much lower (about one-third)
      capacity was found in brain than in liver. Moreover, this low aminoacylation
      capacity of brain decreased further by about 40% after neutron irradiation. These
      results suggest that in the developing irradiated brain the reduced capacity of
      aminoacylation of transfer-RNA might be rate limiting for the efficiency of
      protein synthesis.

PMID- 2416004
TI  - [Study of the antiradiation properties of contrykal in experiments on mice].
AB  - From experiments in mice exposed to gamma-rays (LD95 and LD91) it is shown that
      single intraperitoneal administration of contrykal (30-50 units per animal)
      elicits a slight (20-30%) radioprotective and therapeutic effect. An
      insignificant therapeutic effect is also registered after repeated injections of
      the drug at the height of radiation sickness (on the 5th-20th days).

PMID- 2416005
TI  - Prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia: inability of MR imaging to
      distinguish between the two diseases.
AB  - Forty patients with prostatic carcinoma or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
      underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the prostate. In vitro MR images of
      six prostate specimens were also obtained. The prostatic parenchyma was best
      evaluated by a T2-weighted spin-echo pulse sequence. The prostate both in
      patients with prostatic carcinoma and patients with BPH often had an
      inhomogeneous and nodular appearance on T2-weighted images. While most of the
      prostatic carcinomas appeared hyperintense relative to muscle and adjacent
      prostatic parenchyma, some of the hyperplastic nodules had a signal intensity
      similar to carcinoma. With current imaging techniques, MR imaging cannot
      differentiate prostatic carcinoma from BPH with certainty.

PMID- 2416006
TI  - Biliary decompression: an institutional comparison of percutaneous and endoscopic
      methods.
AB  - Endoscopically performed biliary drainage (EPBD) is now an alternative to
      percutaneous biliary drainage. The morbidity, mortality, and survival statistics
      of 97 patients with obstructive jaundice who had undergone percutaneous
      transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) and surgery, PTBD alone, EPBD and surgery,
      or EPBD alone were compared. Overall, the EPBD group had fewer complications and
      lower mortality than the other groups. When palliative treatment of patients with
      malignancies was compared, the complication rates associated with EPBD and PTBD
      were similar; however, mortality was lower with EPBD. No negative effect on
      survival was found with EPBD. In addition, EPBD offered several additional
      advantages over PTBD, including fewer bleeding complications, better patient
      acceptance, and avoidance of external catheter care. EPBD should be considered as
      a viable alternative to PTBD. Additional studies are needed to determine whether
      it is to be considered the initial drainage procedure of choice in patients with
      obstructive jaundice.

PMID- 2416007
TI  - New drugs and new delivery techniques.

PMID- 2416008
TI  - Radiotherapy for cerebral metastases.

PMID- 2416009
TI  - [Comparative biochemistry of interferon].

PMID- 2416010
TI  - [Molecular mechanism of stringent control].

PMID- 2416011
TI  - Effect of regulatory polypeptides on the substance P stimulated lower esophageal
      sphincter pressure in pigs.
AB  - The effect of graded doses of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP),
      enkephalin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), gastrin-17, pentagastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK)
      4, CCK-8, neurotensin, somatostatin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on
      the substance P (SP)-stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) in
      anaesthetized pigs was studied by direct infusion of the peptides into the
      arterial supply of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Infusion of SP in a dose
      of 20 pmol/kg per min for 3 min significantly increased the LESP (P less than
      0.01). Simultaneous VIP infusion at 5--40 pmol/kg per min showed a dose-dependent
      inhibition of the effect of SP on the LESP. None of the other peptides had any
      effect on the LESP during simultaneous infusion of SP. Pharmacological blockade
      by atropine (250 mu/kg) or guanethidine (1 mg/kg) had no effect on the SP
      stimulated LESP. In conclusion, the SP-induced stimulation of the LESP is
      abolished by VIP, and both peptides seem to play a role in the complex regulation
      of the LESP.

PMID- 2416012
TI  - Innervation of human omental arteries and veins and vasomotor response to
      noradrenaline, neuropeptide Y, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide.
AB  - Human omental arteries and veins are supplied with nerve fibers containing
      noradrenaline (NA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY); these two agents probably co-exist
      in perivascular sympathetic nerve fibers. Substance P (SP)- or vasoactive
      intestinal peptide (VIP)-containing fibers could not be detected. In studies on
      isolated omental vessels NA produced constriction. The results of blockade
      experiments suggest that human omental arteries are equipped predominantly with
      alpha 1-adrenoceptors and omental veins with a mixture of alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptors. NPY at a concentration of 10(-7) M or higher had a weak
      contractile effect on veins and virtually no effect on arteries. NPY at a
      concentration of 3 X 10(-8) M shifted the NA concentration response curve to the
      left in arteries (pD2 = 5.8 for NA versus 6.6. for NA in the presence of NPY; P
      less than 0.001) but not in veins. Both SP and VIP relaxed arteries precontracted
      with NA or prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha). The potency of SP as a relaxant
      agent was similar in arteries and veins; the effect of VIP was elicited at lower
      concentrations in veins than in arteries.

PMID- 2416013
TI  - Effects of tachykinins on the electrical activity of isolated canine tracheal
      epithelium: an exploratory study.
AB  - Substance P (SP) and other tachykinins altered the potential differences (P.D.)
      and resistances (omega) of open-circuited epithelial preparations. (1) The
      effects observed were critically dependent on the side to which the peptides were
      added. Luminal addition of SP (5 x 10(-7) M) produced within 8-20 s, a rapid
      decrease in P.D. (dip) followed by an increase that peaked transiently and
      declined. Serosal addition led to an increase in P.D. after a longer lag (40-90
      s). In both cases, resistance decreased. (2) Low concentrations of SP (5 x 10(
      12) M) elicited only an increase in P.D., the dip appearing at concentrations 50
      100-fold higher, indicating perhaps receptors with different affinities. (3)
      Changes in P.D. and resistance were seen on luminal addition of physalaemin,
      eledoisin, kassinin, alpha-neurokinin, neuromedin K and C-terminal SP fragments
      larger than 5 amino acids. No responses were seen with SP tetrapeptide, SP 9-11,
      bombesin, litorin, neurotensin, dynorphin. The sequence Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2
      thus seems necessary to elicit changes in P.D. and resistance. (4) As with SP,
      low doses of physalaemin, eledoisin, kassinin elicited only an increase in PD,
      the dip appearing with higher concentrations.

PMID- 2416014
TI  - Galanin potentiates electrical stimulation and exogenous norepinephrine-induced
      contractions in the rat vas deferens.
AB  - In order to evaluate the mode of action of galanin (GAL) on the neuroeffector
      mechanism of peripheral sympathetic nerve fibers, the effects of this peptide
      were tested on the electrical stimulated and the unstimulated preparations of the
      isolated rat vas deferens in the presence of 10(-7) M atropine. The contractile
      responses, which were mediated predominantly by activation of postganglionic
      noradrenergic nerve fibers were dose-dependently potentiated by GAL in
      concentrations ranging from 1 to 50 nM. The facilitatory action induced by GAL in
      high concentrations (greater than 10 nM) usually returned to the control level at
      2-3 min and were tachyphylactic. The potentiating action of GAL was not modified
      by pretreatment with 10(-7) M propranolol. Contractions produced by exogenous
      norepinephrine (NE) in the unstimulated preparations were not affected by
      pretreatment with low concentrations (less than 5 nM) of GAL. On the other hand,
      the contractions were dose-dependently potentiated 1 min after pretreatment with
      higher concentrations (greater than 10 nM) of GAL, which recovered 15 min after
      constant flow washout. Contractions developed by exogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine
      were not affected, or slightly inhibited, by GAL (1-50 nM). In some preparations
      without electrical stimulation, high concentrations of GAL caused a slight
      contraction, which was not blocked by pretreatment with 10(-6) M phentolamine and
      10(-6) M tetrodotoxin. These results suggest that GAL receptors exist
      presynaptically in the rat vas deferens and that stimulation of the receptors by
      GAL potentiates the release of NE from the nerve terminals during postganglionic
      sympathetic nerve stimulation. Other mechanisms for GAL action, such as influence
      on neuronal uptake and catecholamine metabolism, cannot be ruled out.

PMID- 2416015
TI  - [Analysis of genetic structure with radioisotopes].

PMID- 2416016
TI  - [Nuclear spin tomography of the male pelvis. Methods, anatomy and initial
      clinical results].
AB  - A pilot study of MRI was carried out on three normal male volunteers and 15
      patients with tumours in the prostate or bladder. One advantage of the method is
      the ability to obtain images in three planes, without moving the patient. It is
      therefore possible for the first time to demonstrate lesions in the base of the
      bladder in their cranio-caudal extent. Tissue contrast of MRI, using long
      sequences with suitable proton or T2-weighted images is better than with CT and
      provides more accurate diagnosis. Even non-expansive tumours within the gland can
      be differentiated from normal glandular tissue. It has been noted that carcinoma
      of the prostate in the T2-mode provides an increased signal, whereas tumours of
      the bladder look dark. Up to a point, tissue characterisation may be possible.

PMID- 2416017
TI  - Occurrence and distribution of regulatory peptides in the respiratory tract.

PMID- 2416019
TI  - Neurotransmitters and their role in pulmonary physiology.

PMID- 2416018
TI  - Peptide hormones and their possible functions in the normal and abnormal lung.

PMID- 2416020
TI  - Integrating developmental, pharmacologic, and psychological diagnoses and
      management through the transdisciplinary team process.

PMID- 2416021
TI  - Recent state of lindane metabolism. Part III.

PMID- 2416022
TI  - Retinochoroidal coloboma associated with subretinal neovascularization.
AB  - Reported herein are the cases of two patients who developed subretinal
      neovascularization at the margin of a retinochoroidal coloboma. Possible
      explanations for the occurrence of this previously unemphasized association are
      addressed.

PMID- 2416023
TI  - Peripapillary subretinal neovascularization in peripheral uveitis.
AB  - A 29-year-old white female with peripheral uveitis developed bilateral disc edema
      and unilateral peripapillary subretinal neovascularization which was successfully
      treated with argon laser photocoagulation. To our knowledge, this is the first
      reported case of peripapillary subretinal neovascularization complicating the
      course of peripheral uveitis.

PMID- 2416024
TI  - [Identification of the site of origin of ventricular arrhythmia].

PMID- 2416025
TI  - Heme metabolism and turnover of cytochrome P-450 in tumor-bearing mouse livers.
AB  - Hepatic heme metabolism and in vitro translation of poly(A) + RNA from livers
      were studied to elucidate the mechanism of the reduction of microsomal cytochrome
      P-450 in tumor-bearing mouse livers. Hepatic delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase
      activity in male C57BL/6N mice (0.203 nmol/mg protein/h) at 8 days after the
      transplantation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was the same level as that of
      normal livers (0.206 nmol/mg protein/h). On the other hand, hepatic heme
      oxygenase activity of tumor-bearing mice (0.482 nmol/mg protein/10 min) had
      increased 8 days following i. p. transplantation of tumor cells when compared
      with that of normal mouse livers (0.296 nmol/mg protein/10 min). SDS-gel
      electrophoresis of in vitro translation products of poly(A) + RNA extracted from
      membrane-bound polysomes of the livers from tumor-bearing mice showed no
      significant differences from that of normal controls in the region of cytochrome
      P-450, that is, the molecular weight region of Mr = 47,000-60,000, although
      microsomal protein content in this region estimated by Coomassie-blue staining
      was reduced. These results suggest that the decrease of heme biosynthesis or the
      translation of cytochrome P-450 mRNA played a very small part in the reduction of
      microsomal cytochrome P-450 in tumor-bearing mice.

PMID- 2416026
TI  - [Serum type III procollagen peptide in diagnosis of lung fibrosis due to
      silicosis and bleomycin toxicity].
AB  - Early diagnosis of lung fibrosis has been hampered by the lack of a simple,
      convenient and specific test. Measurement of serum type III procollagen peptide
      (Pro (III)-N-P) by the method originally developed by Rohde et al. has been shown
      to be useful for the evaluation of hepatic fibrosis. The present study,
      therefore, was carried out to investigate the usefulness of the measurement of
      Pro (III)-N-P in 24 patients with lung fibrosis due to silicosis, and in 7
      patients with malignant lymphoma treated with bleomycin, antitumor antibiotic
      which was the adverse effect of producing fibrosis in the lung. The normal value
      of the peptide in adults was 8.60 +/- 2.35 ng/ml (mean +/- SD; n = 68) and the
      normal upper level was set at 13.4 ng/ml (mean +/- 2SD). Patients with silicosis
      had significantly but not extremely high levels of the peptide and 25% of the
      patients showed abnormally high values. The level of Pro (III)-N-P was associated
      with neither physical findings, chest X-p findings nor pulmonary function test
      results. Three of 7 patients showed increased levels during treatment with
      bleomycin. In one case, a total dose of 120 mg of bleomycin for over a period of
      14 months markedly increased the level of the peptide. These observations suggest
      that the determination of Pro (III)-N-P may be useful for the detection of lung
      fibrosis.

PMID- 2416027
TI  - Antigens of Onchocerca volvulus.
AB  - Most studies on immunologic responses to Onchocerca volvulus have employed
      extracts or antigens from related filarial parasites. Consequently, little is
      known about the nature of O. volvulus antigens. Potential antigen sources include
      in vitro cultures and physicochemical fractionation of O. volvulus extracts. IgE
      antibody responses to a wide range of antigens occur in patients with
      onchocerciasis, but there is little evidence of species specificity in serologic
      tests. Some potent allergens are released by microfilariae, but host serum
      proteins appear to contaminate the most reactive fractions obtained thus far.
      Antibody-mediated cell adherence to microfilariae of O. volvulus occurs in vitro,
      and both stage and species specificity have been demonstrated. Monoclonal
      antibodies to O. volvulus antigens have been prepared, but, unfortunately, all to
      date show cross-reactivity to antigens of other filarial nematodes. Circulating
      antigens have been detected in patients' sera; no data are available yet on the
      specificity of these components. Research needs include the need for species- and
      stage-specific reagents for immunodiagnostic assays and for investigations on
      immunopathogenic mechanisms in onchocercal disease.

PMID- 2416028
TI  - [Fabrication of composite slides].

PMID- 2416029
TI  - [A proposal for discussion: the role of the nurse in the surgical unit].

PMID- 2416030
TI  - Spontaneous vesicular and prostatic gland epithelial squamous metaplasia,
      hyperplasia, and keratinized nodule formation in rabbits.
AB  - Histopathology of the reproductive system of 76 young adult Dutch Belted and 22
      young adult or adult male New Zealand White rabbits was conducted as part of
      fertility studies. Thirty-five (46%) of the Dutch Belted and 11 (50%) of the New
      Zealand White males had multifocal vesicular gland basal epithelial cell atypia
      and hyperplasia without metaplasia. The affected cells were taller with pale
      cytoplasm and a prominent basophilic nucleus longitudinally oriented and
      increased in number compared to more normal adjacent epithelium. Thirty-one (41%)
      of the Dutch Belted and 10 (45%) of the New Zealand White males showed one or
      more nodules of squamous metaplasia in the alveolar epithelial lining or seen
      occasionally within alveolar walls of the vesicular gland. The prostate was less
      commonly affected and none of the early cellular atypia or later cornification
      changes were seen. A few cornified nodules with mitotic figures resembled
      "carcinoma in situ," but the morphology and available biologic data supported the
      judgment that the lesion was benign, metaplastic, proliferative, and clinically
      silent.

PMID- 2416031
TI  - Alpha-fetoprotein subfractions in amniotic fluid identified by a modification of
      the method of concanavalin A, lentil lectin or phytohemagglutinin-E affinity
      crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis.
AB  - Using a modified method of concanavalin A (Con A), lentil lectin (LCH) or
      phytohemagglutinin-E (PHA-E) affinity crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis, alpha
      fetoprotein (AFP) subfractions were studied in 33 samples of human amniotic fluid
      obtained between 41 and 287 days of gestation. Fetal tissues (yolk sac, liver,
      stomach and small intestine) obtained from a fetus of 68 days' gestation were
      incubated for 24 hours and AFP subfractions in the culture fluid examined. AFP in
      control amniotic fluids yielded two subfractions (types a and b) with Con A,
      three subfractions (types A, B and C) with LCH, and four subfractions (types W,
      X, Y and Z) with PHA-E. Serial changes of AFP subfractions in the amniotic fluid,
      as well as in the incubation study, indicated that the yolk sac and the
      gastrointestinal tract were responsible for the production of the Con A non
      reactive subfraction (type b), the LCH weakly-reactive subfraction (type B) and
      the PHA-E reactive subfraction (types W and X), at an early stage of gestation.
      The Con A reactive subfraction (type a), LCH reactive subfraction (type A), PHA-E
      weakly-reactive subfraction (type Y) and PHA-E non-reactive subfraction (type Z)
      were assumed to be produced mainly by yolk sac, liver or gastrointestinal tract.
      We also found that the LCH non-reactive subfraction (type C) was synthesized
      either by liver or by the gastrointestinal tract at an early stage of gestation.
      At term, type a of Con A, type C of LCH and types Y and Z of PHA-E were the main
      subfractions in amniotic fluid, assumed to be produced by the fetal liver.

PMID- 2416032
TI  - The influence of pergonal on in vitro production of placental protein 5 (PP5) by
      ovarian tumour cells.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of placental protein 5 (PP5) has been
      developed using a second antibody-polyethyleneglycol method to separate free from
      bound ligand. PP5 immunoreactivity was detected in culture media from a cell line
      derived from a small cell carcinoma of the ovary (SCCWm2). The culture-derived
      PP5 shares immunological identity with pregnancy and ovarian follicular PP5.
      Affinity interactions between PP5 and matrices such as heparin or thrombin
      Sepharose were similar and independent of the origin of PP5. PP5 was
      heterogeneous with two forms, a monomer (18k) and dimer (36k) being detected in
      all biological fluids examined. The dimer was predominant in ovarian follicles
      and the SCCWm2 cell line, while the monomer predominated in pregnancy serum. The
      basal rate of PP5 secretion by the SCCWm2 cell line was 0.61AU/24h/10(5) cells.
      Incubation of cells in the presence of 150mIU Pergonal stimulated PP5 production
      20.6 fold and following removal of Pergonal the production rate was maintained at
      18.0 times the basal rate. No choriconic gonadotrophin, pregnancy-specific beta 1
      glycoprotein, pregnancy associated plasma protein-A or alpha fetoprotein was
      detected in the culture medium of the SCCWm2 cell line.

PMID- 2416033
TI  - The prevention of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in rats by combining active and
      passive immunization with alpha-fetoprotein.
AB  - The rats were immunized actively with mouse alpha-fetoprotein and passively with
      a horse antiserum against rat alpha-fetoprotein. The immunized rats fed 3'-methyl
      4-dimethylaminoazobenzene containing diet. The development of hepatocellular
      carcinoma in livers were completely prevented.

PMID- 2416034
TI  - Circulating blood group-related antigen(s) in cancer patients detected by the
      monoclonal antibodies produced against hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.
AB  - Two murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) S1 and S3 produced against a human
      hepatoma cell line were found to recognize both H (type II) antigen and difucosyl
      type II structure (Y-antigen). Both MAbs reacted with hepatoma tissues obtained
      from surgical resection. A double determinant enzyme immunoassay (DDEI) employing
      these MAbs successfully detected the corresponding antigen(s) in the supernatant
      which is either released or shed from the immunizing hepatoma cell line. DDEI
      also revealed that these antibodies reacted with the corresponding antigen(s) in
      the sera from cancer patients. Among the sera from O blood group donors,
      individuals with primary hepatoma showed markedly higher levels of antigen
      concentration than the normal control group. Several cases with gall bladder,
      lung and pancreas carcinomas, which are of O blood type, also had significantly
      higher levels of antigen. One case with ovarian cancer of B blood type showed
      higher antigen concentration than normal O blood group donors suggesting a change
      in the carbohydrate structure of the corresponding antigen(s) in the serum. These
      data suggest that the release or the shedding of the antigen(s) from the cells
      may increase due to the malignant transformation, resulting in higher amounts of
      the antigen(s) in the serum of certain cancer patients.

PMID- 2416035
TI  - [Tumor marking in the female breast--results--consequences].
AB  - The author reports on the results of preoperative tumour marking in case of
      occult changes in the female breast. His observations cover a period of eight
      years. 18 400 mammographic examinations were performed, and of these 86 occult
      carcinomas of the breast and 98 occult benign findings were treated surgically.
      Two changes which had been evaluated radiologically as probably benign-
      confirmation was obtained later by the course of the disease--must be rated as
      failures due to technical reasons. The author makes it a point to emphasise that
      the practising radiologist should not only describe suspicious occult changes
      which he sees in the mammogram, but should also underline the need for effecting
      preoperative marking. A localisation device for marking the occult change is
      absolutely mandatory. All clinically occult changes discovered in the mammogram
      must be followed by preoperative marking.

PMID- 2416036
TI  - A scanning electron microscopic study of chromosomes and nuclei.
AB  - The fine structure of metaphase chromosomes and nuclei were studied by scanning
      electron microscopy. A coiled-coil structure of chromosomes was suggested by
      hypotonically unravelled chromosomes observed under light microscope. But
      chromosome preparations made for the light microscopic studies were not adequate
      for detailed examination with scanning electron microscope. Surface-spread
      chromosomes revealed that they were composed of nodular, twisted looping fibers
      of about 300 A in diameter. Surface-spread nuclei were also composed of fibers
      identical to the chromosome fibers.

PMID- 2416037
TI  - A new approach for studying semithin sections of human pathological material:
      intermicroscopic correlation between light microscopy and scanning electron
      microscopy.
AB  - In order to obtain useful and complete information on the study of pathological
      material, we observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the same semithin
      sections observed by light microscopy (LM). For this purpose, the specimen must
      have, at the same time, chromatic and electron dense characteristics. We thus
      developed different specimen preparation methods, subjecting the semithin
      sections to specific polychromatic staining with high atomic number (Z) elements,
      to monochromatic staining followed by routine contrasting with uranyl acetate and
      lead citrate, and to specific cytochemical and immunocytochemical procedures. The
      specimens were examined in sequence by LM, by SEM equipped with secondary
      electron, backscattered electron, transmitted electron detectors and by scanning
      transmission electron microscopy (S(T)EM).

PMID- 2416038
TI  - Contribution of scanning electron microscopy and associated analytical techniques
      to the study of atherosclerotic disease.
AB  - Human carotid atheroma has been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
      utilizing both secondary and backscattered electron detectors and transmission
      electron microscopy (TEM) both at conventional and high voltage. Different
      cytochemical techniques have been used to map elastic fibers, proteoglycans,
      calcium, non esterified cholesterol. By immunocytochemistry the distribution of
      factor VIII related antigen and actin has been studied. With SEM it was possible
      to detect aspects of carotid plaques not appreciated when using other
      conventional techniques. With TEM some modifications of the structural and/or
      functional features of connective tissue macromolecules have been observed. The
      occurrence of anomalous collagen has been shown. The fine investigation of
      endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and the intercellular matrix components
      has supplied information of particular morpho-functional significance, thus
      allowing the development of new ideas on the complex pathogenetic mechanisms of
      atherosclerosis and suggesting some important anatomo-clinical correlations.

PMID- 2416039
TI  - Optical and scanning electron microscopy in the single osteoclast resorption
      assay.
AB  - The present studies relate to the single or isolated osteoclastic resorption
      function assay which we introduced in 1983 to overcome objections to assays based
      upon measurements of calcium release from bones, in which it was never strictly
      controlled whether the mechanism involved the destruction of bone with the
      formation of classical Howship's lacunae. The method may prove to be quite
      popular in the near future and has already been adopted by other research groups.
      In previous work, we had utilised stereophotogrammetry of scanning electron
      micrographs to measure the depth, volume and other parameters of the individual
      lacunae. However, increasing experience with the method has suggested that we can
      await a wide range of biological variability in single cell function in any one
      experiment. We have therefore tested other methods from which data could be
      obtained more rapidly to permit a better statistical analysis, albeit with
      reduced accuracy, of each resorption complex. The main aim of the studies
      reported here was to evaluate various methods of optical and scanning electron
      microscopy that can be used for the visualization of osteoclasts and their
      associated resorption lacunae generated in vitro in slabs of dentine and bone.
      Optical microscopy was found to be complementary to SEM, enabling vital
      microscopy of unstained and stained cells. In particular, oblique illumination LM
      and tandem scanning reflected LM (TSRLM) proved to be of paramount value for this
      purpose. Fixed coated specimens could be most rapidly scanned for resorption
      lacunae using darkfield reflected LM or TSRLM.

PMID- 2416040
TI  - Enhancement of cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells by interleukin 2, and
      antagonism between interleukin 2 and adenosine cyclic monophosphate.
AB  - Two cytokines, interferon (IFN) and interleukin 2 (IL-2), activate murine natural
      killer (NK) cells in vitro. Together both factors synergize considerably.
      Antibody against IFN eliminates the response of NK cells to IFN as well as to IL
      2, whereas antibody against IL-2 blocks the effect of IL-2 but not of IFN. These
      findings as well as previous observations imply that both factors act on the same
      cell but have different roles. We suggest that IFN induces NK cell activation and
      IL-2 enhances this effect. Further studies revealed that besides inducing
      cytotoxicity in NK cells IFN induces the production of prostaglandin E (PGE)
      which inhibits NK cell activation. We propose therefore that IFN has a dual
      effect on NK cells: it induces NK cells to become cytotoxic and initiates a
      negative feedback by increasing the production of PGE. IL-2, which synergizes
      with IFN in the activation of NK cells, ceases to do so when the negative
      feedback (PGE-mediated) is blocked with indomethacin. We infer that IL-2 enhances
      NK cell activity by interfering with the negative feedback rather than by aiding
      NK cell activation.

PMID- 2416041
TI  - The validity of functional assessment with neuropsychological tests in aphasic
      stroke patients.

PMID- 2416042
TI  - The validity of aphasic subtypes.

PMID- 2416043
TI  - Visual short term memory in aphasic patients.

PMID- 2416044
TI  - Domiciliary oxygen and hypoxic cor pulmonale.
AB  - Long-term domiciliary oxygen has become an established therapy for hypoxic cor
      pulmonale associated with obstructive airways disease. Critical evaluation of
      patients to receive such treatment remains of great importance. Not all
      hypoxaemic patients will necessarily require therapy. The interaction of drug
      therapy with oxygen will assume increasing importance as new drugs such as
      almitrine bismesylate become available. Finally long-term oxygen must be clearly
      distinguished from portable oxygen and short burst oxygen which have quite
      different indications.

PMID- 2416045
TI  - [Interleukin 1].
AB  - Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is secreted by macrophages, macrophage-like cells (e.g.
      Langerhans cells) and by astrocytes, keratinocytes, fibroblasts or natural killer
      cells. IL-1 is directly involved in the activation of helper T lymphocytes.
      However, it has been shown that IL-1 also induces release of collagenase and
      prostaglandins by fibroblasts. Furthermore, injections of IL-1 into animals are
      followed by fever, leukocytosis, increased serum concentrations of fibrinogen,
      serum amyloid A and haptoglobin, and decreased levels of iron and zinc. IL-1 has
      been extracted from experimental granuloma and from tissues of animals with
      endotoxinemia. Synovial fluids from patients with osteoarthritis contain
      significant amounts of IL-1. All in all, IL-1 may be ultimately involved in the
      development of fever and fibrosis, in the destruction of joints and the
      activation of T lymphocytes during inflammatory processes.

PMID- 2416046
TI  - [Falling as a method of suicide--psychodynamic aspects].
AB  - After some reflections upon the phenomenon of falling/jumping, the fall from a
      height and its meaning in fairy tales, in literature and in history is discussed.
      Eight casuistics with fatal and non-fatal issue serve to shed light on the
      psychodynamics which precipitate such acts. Referring to world-famous buildings
      such as the Eiffel Tower in Paris or the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, the
      fact is stressed that many suicidal persons are attracted by these constructions
      and choose the place for their suicidal act accordingly. The possibilities of
      suicide prevention and the treatment of patients who have survived their attempt
      are presented.

PMID- 2416047
TI  - [Ambulatory treatment of sex offenders with cyproterone acetate (Androcur). A
      catamnestic study].
AB  - The authors report about the catamnestic inquiry concerning 13 patients with
      sexual problems treated with cyproterone acetate (CA) of whom 12 relapsed
      repeatedly in sexual delinquency. Since 1972 the Basle University Psychiatry
      Outpatient-Department treated 12 of these patients with CA-tablets and
      psychotherapy. One patient was treated in the same way by a head physician of the
      Basle University Psychiatry Hospital. Reason for CA-intake: 6 patients took CA
      because they were obliged by legal order. 4 patients were "voluntarily" ready to
      take CA for fear of imprisonment. 2 patients who were not accountable for their
      crimes were treated with CA and one patient desired CA-medication because he
      suffered from his masochism severely. The mean age of the patients was 34.5
      years, the mean daily dosage 115 mg. Result of CA-therapy and psychotherapy: 11
      patients (85%) did not relapse under CA treatment which lasted on the average
      three years. 3 patients succeeded under CA treatment with full social
      integration. 3 patients showed an improvement of social integration and 3
      patients one of whom received Disulfirame (Antabus) reduced alcohol intake. After
      having ended or interrupted CA-medication two of 7 patients relapsed. 3 patients
      who did not relapse after stopping the CA-intake were observed for as long as 3
      years. As forensic psychiatric consequence it follows that CA in combination with
      psychotherapy can be considered--in spite of the side-effects linked with it--as
      a method of choice in the ambulatory treatment of sexual delinquents who have
      frequently relapsed and whom psychotherapy alone did not help.

PMID- 2416048
TI  - [Differential diagnostic problems in psychiatric diseases of involution
      illustrated with a case of abortive Osler disease].
AB  - Differentialdiagnostic problems of psychic diseases in the lifetime of involution
      commented on a case of abortive Osler's disease. From a differentialdiagnostic
      view, common problems of ranging in forms of psychosis in the age of involution
      are discussed by demonstration of a several years persisting and interesting
      course of psychosis in involution in a case of abortive Osler's disease,
      sustained by affectiveness. We underline, that in reflections of
      differentialdiagnostic value about psychosis of the involutional age, it is of
      priority, to identify a clear contoured psychic disorder as an accessory one in a
      primary somatic disease, or as a representative syndrome of a primary psychic
      disease. Somatic findings, in particular those of vascular origin
      (neuroradiological findings in the present case too) may complicate the
      problematic diagnostic efforts anyhow in the group of psychosis in the age of
      involution too.

PMID- 2416049
TI  - [Swiss Association for EEG and Clinical Neurophysiology. 5th spring meeting.
      Brunnen, 25-26 May 1984. Abstracts].

PMID- 2416050
TI  - The molecules of the cell membrane.

PMID- 2416051
TI  - The molecules of life.

PMID- 2416052
TI  - RNA.

PMID- 2416053
TI  - The calcium signal.

PMID- 2416054
TI  - Expression of the Rous sarcoma virus pol gene by ribosomal frameshifting.
AB  - The pol gene of Rous sarcoma virus is positioned downstream of the gag gene in a
      different, briefly overlapping reading frame; nevertheless, the primary
      translation product of pol is a gag-pol fusion protein. Two mechanisms, ribosomal
      frameshifting and RNA splicing, have been considered to explain this phenomenon.
      The frameshifting model is supported by synthesis of both gag protein and gag-pol
      fusion protein in a cell-free mammalian translation system programmed by a single
      RNA species that was synthesized from cloned viral DNA with a bacteriophage RNA
      polymerase. Under these conditions, the ratio of the gag protein to the fusion
      protein (about 20 to 1) is similar to that previously observed in infected cells,
      the frameshifting is specific for the gag-pol junction, and it is unaffected by
      large deletions in gag. In addition, synthesis of the fusion protein is ten times
      less efficient in an Escherichia coli cell-free translation system and cannot be
      explained by transcriptional errors or in vitro modification of the RNA.
      Ribosomal frameshifting may affect production of other proteins in higher
      eukaryotes, including proteins encoded by several retroviruses and transposable
      elements.

PMID- 2416055
TI  - Disease linked to a faulty potassium channel.

PMID- 2416056
TI  - A new class of steroids inhibits angiogenesis in the presence of heparin or a
      heparin fragment.
AB  - Steroids that lack glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid activity were found to
      inhibit angiogenesis in the presence of heparin or specific heparin fragments.
      This newly discovered steroid function appears to be governed by distinct
      structural configurations of the pregnane nucleus. These compounds are here named
      angiostatic steroids.

PMID- 2416057
TI  - Sequence of the immunodominant epitope for the surface protein on sporozoites of
      Plasmodium vivax.
AB  - Plasmodium vivax is one of the four malaria parasites that cause disease in
      humans. The structure of the immunodominant repeating peptide of the
      circumsporozoite (CS) protein of P. vivax was determined. A fragment of P. vivax
      DNA that encodes this tandemly repeating epitope was isolated by use of an
      oligonucleotide probe whose sequence is thought to be conserved in CS protein
      genes. DNA sequence analysis of the P. vivax clone indicates that the CS repeat
      is nine amino acids in length (Gly-Asp-Arg-Ala-Asp-Gly-Gln-Pro-Ala). The
      structure of the repeating region was confirmed with synthetic peptides and
      monoclonal antibodies directed against P. vivax sporozoites. This information
      should allow synthesis of a vaccine for P. vivax that is similar to the one being
      tested for P. falciparum.

PMID- 2416058
TI  - Detection of DNA sequences in nuclei in suspension by in situ hybridization and
      dual beam flow cytometry.
AB  - This report describes the fluorescence hybridization of DNA sequence probes to
      interphase nuclei in suspension and the quantification of bound probe by dual
      beam flow cytometry. Nuclear proteins were first cross-linked with
      dimethylsuberimidate to prevent disintegration of the nuclei during denaturation
      and hybridization. To demonstrate that in situ hybridization can be performed in
      suspension, stabilized mouse thymocyte nuclei were hybridized with a probe for
      mouse satellite DNA sequences. The DNA probes were labeled with 2
      acetylaminofluorene. After hybridization, an indirect immunofluorescent labeling
      procedure was used to visualize the target sequences. With dual beam flow
      cytometry, both the amount of hybridized probe and the DNA content of individual
      nuclei were determined. Thus, the specificity of DNA hybridization can be
      combined with the speed and quantitative analysis provided by flow cytometry.

PMID- 2416059
TI  - Determinants of von Willebrand factor activity elicited by ristocetin and
      botrocetin: studies on a human von Willebrand factor-binding antibody.
AB  - The three main probes for functional vWF activity--ristocetin, botrocetin, and
      the PAggF test--and similarities and differences in their elicited vWF activities
      have been reviewed. Emphasis has been placed on the technologies dependent on
      these probes, with a brief description of a series of relatively simple and
      sensitive tests developed in this laboratory. These tests include the development
      of the PAF test for vWF in certain animal plasmas; the development and use of
      fixed lyophilized platelets that retain receptor activity for vWF; the
      purification of botrocetin (venom coagglutinin) freed of thrombinlike enzymes and
      its use in vWF assays; the development of macroscopic platelet aggregation tests
      for screening and assay of vWF; and the application of the macroscopic test for
      rapid screening and quantitation of human plasmas for acquired inhibitors of vWF
      utilizing each of the three probes. Historically, the similarities of the
      ristocetin and botrocetin probes were first observed. For normal human plasmas
      and for patients with classic vWD, both homozygous or heterozygous, similar
      values for vWF were obtained with these two probes. Similar platelet binding of
      vWF in the presence of the two probes was likewise noted. However, further
      studies of these two probes revealed striking differences. Especially important
      for study of animal plasmas generally as well as a canine model of vWD was the
      observation that the vWF in all animal plasmas tested with botrocetin was highly
      reactive, whereas with ristocetin nearly all plasmas were resistant. Similarly,
      all animal platelets tested for vWF-dependent aggregation with the two probes
      were highly reactive with botrocetin, but inactive with ristocetin.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416060
TI  - Perturbation of protease inhibitors and substrates in inflammatory arthritis.
AB  - Defective systemic fibrinolysis and articular persistence of fibrinlike material
      are well recognized in RA. Perturbation of the major plasma protease inhibitors,
      A1AT, A2MG, and AT III, was explored in RA, psoriatic arthritis, and Reiter's
      syndrome. Experimental evidence is presented and assessed with respect to the
      potential role of serine esterases and their inhibitors in the pathophysiology of
      inflammatory arthritis.

PMID- 2416061
TI  - [Role of the nurse with a patient with surgery for arteritis].

PMID- 2416062
TI  - [Follow-up of social and psychiatric interventions: evaluation of the development
      of 15 children born in high-risk situations].

PMID- 2416063
TI  - [Interferon secretion in patients with chronic urticaria and Quincke's edema].

PMID- 2416064
TI  - [Suppression of the activity of biologically active substances for the relief of
      itching in atopic dermatitis].

PMID- 2416065
TI  - [Use of acetylsalicylic acid and dextran preparations in the treatment of
      ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2416066
TI  - [Application of the plasma-agarose gel diffusion method to the detection and
      measurement of anti-Factor-VIII:C and other inhibitors of coagulation].

PMID- 2416067
TI  - [Copper in neoplasia and tumor angiogenesis].

PMID- 2416068
TI  - Experimental splenic regeneration.
AB  - The results of studies which indicate that splenic resection of residual
      parenchyma is able to regenerate are based primarily upon the weight increase of
      the splenic remnant at specified times after partial resection. This study was
      done to determine the histologic characteristics of the residual splenic tissue
      at 30 and 90 days after partial splenectomy in rats. The average increase in
      weight of the splenic polar residual after subtotal resection was 43 per cent at
      30 days and 44 per cent at 90 days, and 10 per cent at 30 days and 30 per cent at
      90 days for residual half spleen after hemisplenectomy. Histologic alterations,
      mainly present in the parenchyma near the section surface at 30 days were clearly
      inflammatory secondary to surgical trauma. There was no regenerative
      significance. At 90 days, the results of histologic study demonstrate a
      readjustment of the vascular net and the lymphoid tissue of the white pulp. The
      result is new structures which reproduces the follicular morphologic
      characteristics. This process requires 90 days to predominate over inflammatory
      postsurgical changes. Only during this phase may it have an important role in
      determining the increase of the residual weight. Further research into the
      functional capacity of the newly formed structures is necessary to confirm that
      the histologic modifications observed are comparable to true regeneration.

PMID- 2416069
TI  - Serum calcium metabolism in acute experimental pancreatitis.
AB  - Serum calcium changes in severe pancreatitis were studied in 23 dogs. Twelve dogs
      underwent duodenotomy and served as controls. Pancreatitis was induced in the
      other 11 by autologous bile injection (1 ml/kg) into the pancreatic duct. Serum
      amylase, total calcium, ionized calcium, albumin, magnesium, chloride,
      phosphorous, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin were measured at 0, 1/2,
      1, 3, 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after duodenotomy or bile injection. Serum amylase
      levels became significantly elevated in all dogs with pancreatitis at 30 minutes
      (p less than 0.01) and remained so throughout the entire experiment. Total
      calcium levels dropped significantly 30 minutes after pancreatitis was induced
      from 10.0 +/- 0.3 mg/dl compared with 8.8 +/- 0.4 mg/dl in control dogs (p less
      than 0.05) and remained statistically lower for as long as 1 hour. Ionized
      calcium levels were significantly lower than were those of control dogs at 1/2,
      1, 3, and 6 hours (p less than 0.05). Serum magnesium and chloride levels showed
      no significant changes between both groups. The only significant difference in
      phosphorus values was at 6 hours when they were higher in dogs with pancreatitis
      than in controls (6.2 +/- 0.3 mg/dl versus 4.8 +/- 0.4 mg/dl; p less than 0.05).
      Serum albumin levels remained unchanged throughout the study except for 48 hours
      when they were significantly lower in animals with pancreatitis (p less than
      0.02). PTH levels were significantly greater in dogs with pancreatitis than in
      controls at 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours (p less than 0.05). There was no significant
      difference in calcitonin levels between both groups. Ionized calcium is a more
      reliable indicator of calcium fluxes in acute experimental pancreatitis since it
      remains depressed longer than total serum calcium. The time course of PTH
      elevation indicates a reaction to hypocalcemia, and failure of PTH secretion is
      not the cause of hypocalcemia in pancreatitis. This study does not support
      elevation of calcitonin as a cause of hypocalcemia in acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 2416070
TI  - Hyperparathyroidism and gastroenteropancreatic hormone levels.
AB  - The diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) in patients with presumed
      hyperparathyroidism has important ramifications for patient management especially
      since as many as 20% of patients with hyperparathyroidism may have associated
      MEN. Gut hormone levels were measured before and after surgery in 28 patients who
      underwent resection of a single parathyroid adenoma for biochemical or clinical
      evidence of hyperparathyroidism. The mean serum calcium level was 11.9 +/- 0.2
      mg/dl before surgery and 9.3 +/- 0.3 mg/dl after surgery (p less than 0.001). Two
      or more hormone levels were elevated in 32% of patients before surgery and 21%
      after surgery. The same hormone abnormalities (pancreatic polypeptide [PP] and
      gastrin) occurred 56% of the time. Of elevated preoperative levels of PP, 91%
      were in the normal range after surgery. In patients with elevated preoperative PP
      levels, the postoperative level of PP decreased by an average of 64% of the
      preoperative level. In 27% of patients the level increased more than double the
      preoperative value. In two of four patients with high levels of PP after surgery
      the serum calcium level failed to fall. Of 18 patients whose PP levels fell, 17
      had a fall in serum calcium levels. Of six patients whose PP levels rose, four
      had a significant fall in calcium levels. There was no correlation between the
      absolute levels or the decremental change of calcium and the change in PP.
      Several abnormalities in gut hormone secretion occur in patients with primary
      hyperparathyroidism and a parathyroid adenoma. An elevated serum level of PP does
      not signify MEN syndrome and must be reevaluated after resection of the
      parathyroid adenoma. Failure of adequate tumor resection is attended by
      persistent elevation of serum calcium and PP levels.

PMID- 2416071
TI  - Betablockers compared with antithyroid drugs as preoperative treatment in
      hyperthyroidism: drug tolerance, complications, and postoperative thyroid
      function.
AB  - Subtotal thyroid resection or hemithyroidectomy was performed for hyperthyroidism
      on two groups of patients: 84 treated before surgery with antithyroid drugs and
      thyroxin and 111 given only beta-blocking agents before surgery. These two
      patient groups were compared with reference to preoperative medication,
      operation, immediate postoperative course, and late results, with follow-up for 3
      to 7 years. The advantages of beta-blockers compared with conventional
      antithyroid medication were lack of adverse reactions, rapid effect of treatment,
      considerably shortened preoperative treatment time, and fewer outpatient visits,
      with consequent financial benefit. No disadvantages of beta-blockers were found
      except that 18% of the patients required additional propranolol in the immediate
      postoperative period. There were no surgical complications in either group other
      than a mild persistent hypocalcemia in two patients from the beta-blocked group.
      The serum thyrotropin levels during the first 6 postoperative months were
      significantly higher in the patients treated with antithyroid drugs. The
      frequency of postoperative thyroid dysfunction showed no intergroup difference
      during the observation period. Signs of hypofunction, necessitating thyroxin
      supplementation, were observed in 28.6% of patients in the antithyroid
      drug/thyroxin group and in 25.7% in the beta-blocker group. Toxic recurrence
      occurred in 1.8% of the group that received beta-blockers and in 1.2% of the
      other patients. The study demonstrated that beta-adrenoceptor blockade is a safe
      method for preoperative treatment in hyperthyroidism, with advantages for
      patients and regarding costs.

PMID- 2416072
TI  - [Correction of microcirculatory disorders in rheumatic diseases].
AB  - The present article is concerned with the problems of pharmacotherapy of
      microcirculatory disorders (MD) in rheumatic diseases (RD) and with the complex
      of methods permitting one to judge the intensity of the pathological process at
      the microcirculatory level. Based on the study of the problems of the correction
      of MD in more than 300 patients with RD the vasospastic, ischemic,
      cutaneotrophic, renal and pulmorenal syndromes as well as the DIC syndrome were
      recognized which require the correction therapy. Differentiated therapy including
      heparin, deaggregating agents, rheopolyglucin and peripheral vasodilators should
      be performed with regard to the degree of blood rheological properties
      derangement and tendency of alterations in the hemostatic potential. To evaluate
      the treatment, efficacy, biomicroscopy of the vessels of the eyeball conjunctiva
      and laboratory standardized methods for hemostasis study are the most available
      techniques.

PMID- 2416073
TI  - [Hemosorption in the complex treatment of rheumatic diseases].
AB  - The authors describe the results of the use of hemosorption in combined treatment
      of 42 patients with rheumatic diseases. The main group comprised patients with
      thromboangitis obliterans (23), nonspecific aortoarteritis was recognized in 6
      cases, systemic scleroderma and systemic lupus erythematosus in 4, nodular
      periarteritis in 2. The functional skin tests were made with the aid of the KDU-3
      unit, the level of the peripheral blood flow was measured with tetrapolar
      rheography and impedometry. The degree of redox processes and oxygen tension in
      the tissues was studied by the polarographic technique, the character of
      microcirculatory processes with the aid of biomicroscopy of the eyeball
      conjunctiva, the intensity of immunologic shifts by means of precipitation with
      polyethylene glycol at different dilutions. In addition, alterations in cellular
      and serum enzymes were also examined. The data obtained suggest that hemosorption
      is one of the effective additional methods of the treatment of patients with
      rheumatic diseases.

PMID- 2416074
TI  - [Various quantitative and qualitative characteristics of circulating immune
      complexes in rheumatic vasculitis].
AB  - Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus associated
      with and without the clinical signs of the involvement of blood vessels were
      examined for the concentration of circulating immune complexes (CIC) and for the
      content of rheumatoid factor (RF), DNA and RNA as well as for the concentration
      of DNA, RNA and activity of acid nucleases in blood plasma. It was established
      that rheumatic vasculitis is coupled with a high concentration of CIC. In
      rheumatoid vasculitis, CIC contain a lot of rheumatoid factors which become far
      more activated after acidic dissociation of CIC. In patients with lupus
      vasculitis, CIC contain extremely much DNA. This is accompanied by dissociated
      interaction of DNA-DNase in blood plasma - activation of the enzyme is followed
      by the increased concentration of the substrate.

PMID- 2416075
TI  - Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease after chemotherapy.

PMID- 2416076
TI  - [Interferons and their physiological significance].

PMID- 2416077
TI  - Current reconstructive management of subglottic stenosis of the larynx with
      reference to sixty consecutively treated cases.
AB  - Sixty patients with subglottic stenosis of acquired and nonneoplastic origin were
      surgically managed by multiple open procedures. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 10
      years. Fifty-seven patients had stable and excellent or good results, 2 of them
      after further surgery, 1 patient had to live with a retained tracheostomy
      indefinitely and the remaining 2 patients died. While the whole spectrum of
      surgical modalities employed in this series may not be recommended with total
      conviction, the authors express their satisfaction with single resection and end
      to-end anastomosis which yields invariably good and rapidly obtainable results
      (22 cases with complete success). Nevertheless, laryngeal enlargement seems to be
      essential in the case of upper glottic lesions (19 operations provided 19
      successes) while primary resection with moulding plasties may be applicable to
      complex and extended stenoses (19 operations: 16 successful results and 3
      failures). With regard to the choice of operation, the authors emphasize the
      importance of careful preoperative assessment of the lesions which should assure
      adequate selection of therapeutic methods according to the degree of associated
      involvement of the trachea, glottis or supraglottic area. Conservative measures
      including dilatation, electro-coagulation and laser-beam surgery are considered
      as palliative only, however, they may be useful either in the course of the
      patient's preparation or in order to achieve more successful postoperative
      results.

PMID- 2416078
TI  - Selection and preoperative treatment of over-seventy-year-old patients undergoing
      thoracotomy.
AB  - The thoracic surgeon is confronted with the question of the operability of
      patients over 70 years old more and more frequently. Not only the advanced age,
      but also probable functional impairments are decisive for the outcome of an
      operation in this often polymorbid age group. Fifty-three patients over 70 years
      old underwent 58 thoracotomies. The hospital lethality was 7.5%, the complication
      rate 17%. These results could be obtained by a specific selection of patients,
      based on functional parameters, intensive preoperative medical and
      physiotherapeutic treatment in terms of improvement of possible functional
      deficits and the usual postoperative intensive care. In our long-term
      observations we could record a 5-year survival rate of 100% in patients with
      benign diseases and of 46% in cases of bronchial carcinoma. These results confirm
      our attitude that the age 70 years and older should not be considered as
      contraindication for thoracic surgery.

PMID- 2416079
TI  - Follow-up study of 100 malignant pleural mesotheliomas.
AB  - One hundred malignant pleural mesotheliomas have been treated in our hospital
      since 1955. Clinical and autopsy findings are analyzed and compared to X-ray
      changes. The most common symptoms were dyspnea (49%), pain (40%) and cough (36%).
      The main initial X-ray signs were pleural effusion (62%), pleural thickening
      (29%) and solitary nodules (6%). Prior to death a combination of effusion and
      pleural thickening was the usual finding. Histologically there were 49 biphasic,
      32 mesenchymal and 18 epithelial malignant pleural mesotheliomas. At autopsy 82%
      of the cases had distant metastases, most of which had not been expected
      clinically. The median survival time was 7.3 months following the first clinical
      symptoms, and only 4 months after the first radiological signs.

PMID- 2416080
TI  - Catheter jet ventilation, a favorable technique during resection of the central
      tracheobronchial system.
AB  - Experience with catheter jet ventilation as an optimal ventilation technique
      during the critical phase of resection in the region of the central
      tracheobronchial system (bifurcational resections, extended resections in the
      bifurcational region) in 9 patients is described. For this technique we use a
      simple and cheap system consisting of a pressure-reduction valve, an interruption
      valve manually worked with a pistol handle, 2 manometers and a thin plastic
      catheter as a jet. In 8 cases the anesthesiologic management during the jet
      ventilation phase, ranging between 35 and 150 minutes, was without any problem;
      the one complication and the possible way of solving similar accidents are
      discussed. In comparison with the conventional technique, catheter jet
      ventilation gives the surgeon the possibility of complete freedom of action
      during suturing of the airway anastomosis.

PMID- 2416081
TI  - Controlled cardiotomy suction during clinical bubble oxygenator perfusions.
AB  - Cardiotomy suction causes platelet damage and hemolysis due to air aspiration
      along with blood suction (uncontrolled suction = US). However, prevention of air
      aspiration (controlled suction = CS) reduces platelet damage and hemolysis and
      improves postoperative hemostasis, as only attainable in membrane oxygenator (MO)
      perfusions. We therefore studied 3 groups of patients subjected to extracorporeal
      circulation: bubble oxygenator (BO) with CS (n = 10), BO with US (n = 8) and MO
      with US (n = 10). If CS was used during BO perfusions we found that only
      hemolysis was significantly reduced, if compared to BO perfusions with US.
      Despite the use of CS during BO perfusions, platelets were still significantly
      better preserved during MO perfusions in which US was used. This was indicated by
      a higher platelet number, higher ADP-induced platelet aggregation, and lower beta
      thromboglobulin plasma concentration, during and immediately after MO perfusions.
      Blood loss and blood transfusions during the first 18 hours after perfusion were
      not significantly different between the 3 groups. We conclude that the platelet
      preserving capacity of CS is completely lost by the platelet damaging effect of
      the BO. However, reduction in hemolysis is well maintained.

PMID- 2416082
TI  - Serious acute renal failure following open heart surgery.
AB  - The influence of 51 preoperative, peroperative and postoperative variables on the
      development of serious acute renal failure (ARF) following open heart surgery was
      studied. Although a large number of significant variables was found, a logit
      model with only 2 explanatory variables showed an almost perfect fit. With this
      model the chances of serious ARF up to 90% were estimated. The results suggest
      that a critical circulation is the main cause of serious ARF. Furthermore, a
      reduced ability to cope with a critical circulation without renal failure plays
      an important role in the pathogenesis. There is a higher risk of serious ARF for
      patients older than 70, especially when circulatory support with dopamine is
      needed.

PMID- 2416083
TI  - Hemodynamic and angiographic late results following enlargement of narrow aortic
      root using autologous pericardium in prosthetic aortic valve replacement.
AB  - From 1976 to 1984, 31 patients underwent enlargement of very small aortic roots
      using autologous pericardial strips the subannular part of which extended into
      the incised anterior mitral valve leaflet. The majority of these interventions (n
      = 24) were carried out before the end of 1980. Over an average follow-up period
      of 52.5 months, only one of the surviving patients had a complication traceable
      to the pericardial implantation (aneurysmatic patch dilatation), and 2 late
      deaths were also not directly connected with the type of surgical procedure.
      Objective findings for evaluating the hemodynamic status and behavior of the
      patch material were attained in a total of 14 patients by heart catheterization
      and angiography. Eleven patients were examined twice at an average of 2.5 months,
      and 11 at an average of 52.5 months. Eight of latter patients had undergone an
      early postoperative investigation. The hemodynamic results after prosthetic valve
      replacement and aortic annulus enlargement was satisfactory in those examined. No
      evidence could be found in any patient of disturbance of the mitral valve's
      function, paravalvular leakage at the aortic prosthesis, or obstruction of the
      left ventricular outflow tract caused by this operative technique. Progressive
      patch dilatation which had already been proved at the first examination was
      observed in one case. These results verify not only the efficiency of this
      technique for the enlargement of a small aortic root in the frame of prosthetic
      valve replacement, but especially the suitability of autologous pericardium as
      patch material for this purpose.

PMID- 2416084
TI  - Clinical performance of the omniscience prosthetic heart valve with Dacron sewing
      ring.
AB  - The Omniscience prosthetic heart valve has been clinically evaluated in 44
      patients operated on between January and July, 1981. There were 23 aortic valve
      replacements (AVR), 18 mitral valve replacements (MVR) and 3 double valve
      replacements (DVR). Mean age was 48 +/- 11 years. Preoperatively, 61% patients
      were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class IV, 36% in class III
      and 2% in class II. The hospital mortality rate was 4.5%. Actuarial freedom from
      thromboembolic events was 97.4 +/- 2.6% (3 1/2 years of follow-up).
      Postoperatively, 93% of the patients were in NYHA class I and 7% in class II.
      There were 7 cases of periprosthetic leak requiring reoperation (6 AVR, 1 MVR)
      for an overall incidence of 6.3% per patient year. In all these cases the
      causative factor was considered to be the Dacron sewing ring. All patients
      survived the reoperation. The actuarial survival rate was 93.9 +/- 5.9% for AVR
      and 93.7 +/- 6.1% for MVR. These data would suggest that the Omniscience
      prosthesis represents an acceptable device for heart valve replacement, except
      for the high incidence of periprosthetic leakage, related to the Dacron sewing
      ring. Recent modification of the valve-construction including a Teflon sewing
      ring may avoid the relatively high rates of periprosthetic leakage following
      implantation of this mechanical valve.

PMID- 2416085
TI  - Prophylactic vancomycin versus placebo in arterial prosthetic reconstructions.
AB  - Vascular reconstructive surgery with the placement of prosthetic material caudal
      to the diaphragm is occasionally associated with postoperative wound infection.
      These infections often lead to amputation and can be lethal. Only a few published
      reports contain information on the value of prophylactic antibiotic treatment
      with these operations, but its use is common throughout the world. To investigate
      this problem, a prospective, double blind, randomized study of vancomycin versus
      placebo in 128 vascular graft operations caudal to the diaphragm was conducted
      from June, 1982 to July, 1984. The difference in infection rate was significant
      (2 p = 0.0008) in favor of the vancomycin group. Fourteen wound infections
      (21.2%) were found in the placebo group, 3 of which (4.5%) were prosthesis
      infections. Among the 62 vancomycin-treated patients, one case of superficial
      wound infection (1.6%) and no cases of prosthesis infection were found. The most
      common pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus. The study has demonstrated that
      vancomycin, a narrow spectrum antibiotic, in an ultra-short regimen (one gram one
      hour before surgery and one gram 4 hours later) is an effective prophylactic
      agent against postoperative wound infection. Temporary and, in most cases, doses
      related side effects were seen in 7.9% of the patients treated with vancomycin.

PMID- 2416086
TI  - Doppler frequency spectrum analysis and digital subtraction angiography in
      carotid artery disease.
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of frequency
      spectrum analysis complementary to direct Doppler sonography in comparison to
      conventional biplane arteriography and transvenous digital subtraction
      angiography in internal carotid artery stenosis. In a group consisting of 229
      carotid arteries visualized by conventional biplane arteriography, Doppler
      frequency spectrum analysis had a specificity of 97% and concerning all stenoses
      and occlusions, a sensitivity of 89%. In a second group consisting of 198 carotid
      arteries imaged by transvenous digital subtraction angiography, Doppler
      sonographic examination had a specificity of 65% only, and concerning all
      categories of stenoses and occlusions a sensitivity of 85%. These differences
      concerning specificity are not interpreted as false positive diagnoses in Doppler
      spectrum analysis but are considered to be due to false negative findings of
      digital subtraction angiography in stenoses of less than 50% vessel diameter
      reduction.

PMID- 2416087
TI  - A modified technique for enlargement of small aortic roots during aortic valve
      homograft transplantation.
AB  - A modified technique for enlargement of small aortic roots during homograft
      transplantation using the non-coronary sinus and a continuous aortic flap of the
      graft is reported.

PMID- 2416088
TI  - Congenital esophagobronchial fistula in the adult.
AB  - Three adult patients with congenital esophagobronchial fistula, treated between
      1967 and 1984 at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Helsinki
      University Central Hospital, are presented. Correct preoperative diagnosis is
      very difficult and was not made for several years in our cases. Unexplained
      recurrence of pulmonary infection was the common feature in the patients'
      histories, and repeated esophagograms were helpful in diagnosing this rare
      congenital abnormality, which was fatal in one of our cases. The treatment should
      always be surgical.

PMID- 2416089
TI  - Surgical experience with thrombotic and fibrotic forms of non-tropical
      eosinophilic endomyocardial disease.
AB  - Surgical treatment in 8 cases of non-tropical eosinophilic endomyocardial
      diseases with (4 patients) and without (4 patients) eosinophilia is reported.
      Follow-up results (1 to 4 years) in the 6 survivors, including hemodynamic re
      study, were excellent even in patients operated on in the thrombotic stage (3) or
      with hypereosinophilia (2), or with dominant right ventricular involvement (3).
      Two-dimensional echocardiography gave the correct description of the pathologic
      stage and ventricular involvement in 6 of the 8 cases before catheterization.

PMID- 2416090
TI  - Desmoplastic fibroma of the rib.
AB  - We present a 17-year-old male patient who had a desmoplastic fibroma. The
      diagnosis is histologically verified and differentiated from other tumors. The
      rare localization of this benign lesion in the rib is of particular interest.

PMID- 2416091
TI  - Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula in association with recurrent cerebral abscess.
AB  - Cerebral abscess secondary to a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation is rare, but
      a definite entity. A case is reported of a woman treated for a cerebral abscess
      on 2 separate occasions, where a right lower lobectomy and removal of a pulmonary
      arteriovenous fistula has resulted in cure.

PMID- 2416092
TI  - Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm after closed transapical mitral commissurotomy.
AB  - The case of a female patient presenting with a pseudoaneurysm of the left
      ventricle 16 years after a closed mitral commissurotomy is presented. This is a
      very rare complication after a closed transapical dilatation of the mitral valve.
      Some considerations on its origin are put forward.

PMID- 2416093
TI  - Postoperative histological diagnosis in two cases of unsuspected bioprosthetic
      endocarditis.
AB  - Two cases of preoperatively unsuspected porcine bioprosthetic endocarditis are
      presented. Both cases, thought to be a sterile thrombosis and a primary tissue
      failure respectively, were correctly diagnosed only with histological
      examination. Cultures and histological examination of the explanted tissue are
      necessary for a definite diagnosis in every case of prosthetic malfunction.

PMID- 2416094
TI  - Closed mitral commissurotomy. An obsolete operative approach?

PMID- 2416095
TI  - [Treatment of contagious ecthyma in chamois].
AB  - The infection with ecthyma contagiosum in chamois and the successful treatment
      with hexachlorocyclohexane are reported.

PMID- 2416096
TI  - A study of insulin and glucagon secretion from adult rat pancreatic monolayer
      islets.
AB  - The present study confirms and extends previous observations that whole
      pancreatic islets form a monolayer culture in vitro. Our technique, using a
      medium containing 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), clearly demonstrated
      enzymatic disruption of the islets and cellular organization of isolated
      pancreatic islets. Insulin or glucagon secretion of monolayer culture was
      measured during incubation in a medium containing 5.5 mM D-glucose, then in 16.7
      mM D-glucose, and finally in a combination of 16.7 mM D-glucose and IBMX, or of
      low glucose and 20 mM L-arginine. Clearly, such a technique might permit the
      recovery of collagenase-isolated pancreatic islets during the culture period and
      also an increase in glucose-induced insulin secretion and arginine stimulated
      glucagon secretion.

PMID- 2416097
TI  - [Palliative bile duct irradiation].
AB  - Carcinoma of the common hepatic bile duct or common bile duct were treated by
      interstitial irradiation with gold seeds using the percutaneous transhepatic
      drainage partly boosted by external irradiation. The interstitial dose of 50 Gy
      was given in two applications and 40 Gy by linac. Twice histological examination
      showed wide tumor destruction of local irradiation, but also much more tumor
      extension than seen before by diagnostic investigation. Mostly the therapy is
      only palliative because of the infiltration of liver and lymph nodes.

PMID- 2416098
TI  - [Isoallotypes of the Gm system of human blood].

PMID- 2416099
TI  - Association of inclusion of the donor spleen in pancreaticoduodenal
      transplantation with rejection.
AB  - Clinical pancreas transplantation (txp) using a pancreaticoduodenal allograft
      (pda) and the donor spleen has been applied as treatment for insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus. Inclusion of the spleen in the pda is purported to protect
      against thrombosis and may be of possible immunological benefit. In
      pancreatectomized pigs, we compared the results of pda txp with (n = 8) and
      without (n = 10) the donor spleen. Animals were maintained on cyclosporine (6
      mg/kg/day i.v.) and prednisolone (1.5 mg/kg/day i.v. tapered over 7 days to a
      maintenance dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day i.v.). Pancreatic exocrine enzyme replacement
      was administered daily. In 10 recipients of the technically successful pda
      without the spleen, rejection (blood glucose greater than 150 mg/dl) was not seen
      in the 28 days after txp. Mean daily blood glucose was 95 +/- 8 mg/dl during this
      period. In contrast, 5 of 8 recipients of the technically successful pda with the
      donor spleen rejected their grafts an average of 13 days (range 7-16) after txp
      (P less than 0.01). Mean daily blood glucose was 88 +/- 21 mg/dl prior to the
      declaration of rejection and increased to 275 +/- 59 mg/dl after rejection (P
      less than 0.0001). Rejection was histologically confirmed in all cases. None of
      the recipients of the pda with the donor spleen developed signs of graft-versus
      host disease. Glucose tolerance testing carried out 28 days after transplantation
      in normoglycemic pigs from both experimental groups demonstrated no difference
      between the groups. In the porcine pda model used in this study, the inclusion of
      the spleen in the pda was associated with rejection of the transplant.

PMID- 2416100
TI  - [Natural killers and their physiological importance].
AB  - Natural killer cells (NK cells) are a distinct subset of mononuclear cells that
      rapidly kill certain tumor cell lines and even normal cells without a prior
      sensibilization to the targets. Probably, NK cells are the "first line of
      defence" in the body against foreign agents. A hypothesis about the role of NK
      cells in the natural antitumor resistance and in the control of cell
      proliferation and differentiation has recently been confirmed.

PMID- 2416101
TI  - [Dependence of ion transport across the plasma membrane on cell culture density.
      II. Active and passive cation transport during the growth of L cell cultures].
AB  - Rubidium and lithium influxes as well as intracellular potassium and sodium
      contents were investigated in L cells during the culture growth. In sparse
      culture over the cell densities 0.5-3 X 10(4) cells/cm2 ouabain-sensitive
      rubidium influx is small and ouabain-resistant lithium influx in high. With the
      increase in culture density up to 4-5 X 10(4) cells/cm2 the active rubidium
      influx, mediated by ouabain-sensitive component, is enhanced, and ion "leakage"
      tested by lithium influx is diminished. Simultaneously with the exponential
      growth of culture the intracellular potassium content is increased and the
      intracellular sodium content is decreased resulting in the higher K/Na ratio in
      cell. During the further transition to dense culture and in stationary state (10
      17 X 10(4) cells/cm2) the sodium content and lithium influx do not change
      significantly, but the potassium content is decreased. The decrease in
      intracellular potassium is correlated with that in the portion of cells in S
      phase from 27-30 to 12%. Thus, in transformed cells the density-dependent
      alterations in membrane cation transport are observed.

PMID- 2416102
TI  - [Cytotoxic properties of the splenocytes of C3HA mice following treatment with
      exogenous RNA].
AB  - The influence of fractions of exogenous RNA, isolated from spleens of C3HA mice
      and of rats, both intact (control--cRNA) and immunized with homogenate of normal
      syngenic, allogenic and xenogenic tissues (immune--immRNA), on the cytotoxic
      properties of splenocytes of C3HA intact mice was compared in the in vitro
      cytotoxic experiments. The splenocytes treated with different RNA fractions were
      used as effector-cells. In vitro cultivated MGXXIIa cells of strain specific C3HA
      mice hepatoma, and K562 cells of human erythroleukemia, both labeled with 3H
      uridine, served as target cells. Thus, it is only the cytoplasmic fraction of
      immRNA isolated from the spleens of rats immunized with tissue antigens of C3HA
      mice that induced a more pronounced stimulation of cytotoxic activity of
      splenocytes.

PMID- 2416103
TI  - [Isolation of a biologically active poly(A)+RNA from tissues enriched with
      polysaccharides].
AB  - A special technique is developed for isolation of biologically functional
      poly(A)+RNA from higher plant cells to start with some procedures used to isolate
      RNA of the eucaryote cells. The technique includes cell disruption with a 4 M
      guanidine thiocyanate solution, hot phenol extraction of RNA following proteinase
      K digestion and methoxyethanol treatment to remove polysaccharides. Finally,
      poly(A)+RNA was purified by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. Using this
      technique poly(A)+RNA preparations were obtained from French bean embryo axis,
      maize and sugar beet seedings, potato tubers and seedlings. It is shown that
      poly(A)+RNA isolated from the plant cells directs protein synthesis in the cell
      free system. This RNA may be also used as a matrix for synthesis of cDNA in the
      reverse transcription reaction.

PMID- 2416104
TI  - [An epidural neuroleptic used for potentiating epidural opiates. Supplemented
      pain treatment in terminal pain].

PMID- 2416105
TI  - [Late outcome in very severe injuries with special reference to psychosocial
      sequelae].

PMID- 2416106
TI  - Natural killer cells in patients with renal cell cancer.
AB  - Cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells in peripheral blood was studied
      in 60 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by means of a 51Cr release assay
      against K 562 cells, homologous and autologous RCC. All patients were tested
      prior to surgery and thereafter followed up for 1 year. Immunostimulating agents
      as interferon, levamisole, OMPI, and various bacterial extracts were tested for
      their boosting capacity on NK cells. Patients with localized tumor showed
      increased activity in comparison to age-matched controls, whereas NK cell
      activity and interferon-boosted activity in patients with advanced disease and
      tumor spread was decreased. Augmentation of NK activity could only be achieved by
      interferon, while application of levamisole, OMPI, and bacterial extracts
      resulted rather in suppression of cytotoxic activity.

PMID- 2416107
TI  - Primary carcinoid tumor of urinary bladder.
AB  - Invasive carcinoid tumor of the urinary bladder in a sixty-five-year-old man who
      presented with painless gross hematuria was documented by light and electron
      microscopic studies. The presence of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and
      absence of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) was determined in the neoplastic tissue by
      chemical analysis. This was consistent with the findings of elevated 5-HIAA and
      normal VMA in the twenty-four-hour urine sample. Sections of the tumor yielded
      negative argentaffin and argyrophil reactions. The relevant literature is
      reviewed.

PMID- 2416108
TI  - Correlations between radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography and
      pathologic findings in prostatic disease.
AB  - A total of 20 macroscopically normal or hypertropic prostates were taken from
      cadavers of men older than fifty, who died of causes other than urologic ones.
      The samples were studied in vitro by nonscreen x-ray films, ultrasonography,
      computed tomography, and then by a pathologist. There were 4 normal prostates, 12
      with benign prostatic hypertrophy, 3 with carcinoma, and 1 with prostatitis.
      Conventional radiography which showed only prostatic calcifications was of no
      pathologic interest. Computed tomography is by no means of diagnostic use in
      distinguishing between benign prostatic hypertrophy and carcinoma, and should be
      used only as an alternative in the evaluation of regional extension of prostatic
      carcinoma. On the other hand, ultrasonography appears to be sensitive to
      detection of very small nonpalpable nodules. However, its specificity is poor and
      its use should be restricted as a guide in obtaining biopsy specimens or as a
      means of evaluating tumor volume.

PMID- 2416109
TI  - [Emergency transvesical adenomectomy].
AB  - Based upon the present-day theories and their personal clinical experiences (236
      patients with urgent adenomectomies) the authors show the expediency of the
      urgent radical operative treatment of patients with adenoma of the prostate
      complicated by ischuria.

PMID- 2416110
TI  - Upper airway obstruction. General principles and selected conditions in the dog
      and cat.
AB  - This article presents an overview of the clinical features of upper airway
      obstructive disorders. It includes more detailed discussions of certain common
      conditions such as brachycephalic airway syndrome, laryngeal paralysis, and upper
      airway obstruction due to trauma, foreign bodies, extraluminal masses, and
      tumours of the larynx and trachea.

PMID- 2416111
TI  - [Selected indicators of colostrum quality in cows over the period of a year].
AB  - Under the conditions of large-scale breeding, seasonal changes in the total
      protein of colostrum whey, gammaglobulins, vitamins A, E, C, and carotene in
      cow's colostrum from the first milking, were studied in the course of the first
      12 months. As indicated by the results of an analysis of 302 colostrum samples,
      the concentrations of total protein in whey were significantly higher in winter
      (P less than 0.01) than in the summer season. On the other hand, vitamin C levels
      were higher in summer than in winter. A lower level of total protein of colostral
      serum than the required minimum of 120 g per litre was recorded in 64.4% of the
      cows. A highly positive correlation (r = +0.981) was demonstrated between the
      concentration of total protein and gammaglobulins in colostrum whey. This fact
      makes it possible to consider and use for diagnostic purposes the total protein
      of whey as a sufficiently exact parameter of colostrum quality without having to
      determine the gammaglobulin level. On the basis of these analyses it is possible
      to some extent not only to evaluate the health condition of high-pregnant cows
      and the quality of attendance, but also to prognosticate the health of their
      calves.

PMID- 2416112
TI  - Subcellular localization of tissue polypeptide antigen and cytokeratins in
      epithelial cells (salivary ad mammary glands). Combined use of the
      cryoultramicrotomy and the protein A-gold technique.
AB  - Epithelial cells from various sites and at various stages of differentiation
      reveal distinct cytokeratin polypeptide patterns. WE have localized these
      heterogeneous elements at the subcellular level in human salivary glands and in a
      solid tumor of the breast using a monoclonal and a polyclonal antibody against
      cytokeratin, and an antibody against tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) which seems
      to be related to some cytokeratins. Labeling by the cytokeratin antibodies was
      more intense in squamous and duct cells than in acinar cells. The TPA:B1 antibody
      reacted predominantly with duct cells and to a lesser extent with acinar and
      squamous cells. A precise evaluation of the labeling pattern and a well-preserved
      cell structure appeared to be important factors in obtaining more detailed
      information about intermediate filament proteins. The cryoultramicrotomy and the
      protein A-gold technique are suitable for these studies.

PMID- 2416113
TI  - Biochemical characterization of two Epstein-Barr virus early antigen-associated
      phosphopolypeptides.
AB  - Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nonproducer cells NC37 induced to viral early antigen
      (EA) synthesis by the tumor promotor 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)
      were labeled at Day 4 after induction with 32P, and were analyzed by
      immunoprecipitation with human EA-positive sera. By employing this method the
      appearance of two phosphopolypeptides of 50 and 58K (pp50 and pp58) was well
      correlated with EA complex. Partial V8 protease digestion and two-dimensional
      peptide analysis revealed that the polypeptides pp50 and pp58 are related. The
      analysis of phosphoamino acids indicated that pp58 contains phosphoserine and
      phosphothreonine to the same percentage, whereas in pp50 only phosphoserine was
      found. The analysis of the subcellular distribution revealed that pp50 and pp58
      are located in the chromatin. Both phosphopolypeptides exhibit DNA-binding
      activity, and are recognized by two monoclonal antibodies described recently (R3
      and 1108-1).

PMID- 2416114
TI  - The nucleoprotein as a possible major factor in determining host specificity of
      influenza H3N2 viruses.
AB  - In an attempt to assess the importance of the nucleoprotein (NP) in the
      determination of host specificity, a series of experiments was performed on
      influenza A viruses of the H3N2 subtype. We have examined rescue of mutants of
      A/FPV/Rostock/34 with temperature-sensitive (ts) lesions in the nucleoprotein
      (NP) gene by double infection of chick embryo cells with H3N2 strains isolated
      from different species. The ts mutants could be rescued by all avian H3N2 strains
      but not by any of the human H3N2 isolates. Only two of the swine H3N2 strains
      tested were able to rescue our mutants. The NP gene of these two swine isolates
      resembled the NP gene of the avian strains genetically in the hybridization test.
      However, their NPs reacted differently with a set of monoclonal antibodies when
      compared with NPs of avian H3N2 strains. Concerning multiplication in ducks they
      behaved like the other swine and human strains. The phosphopeptide fingerprints
      of all swine isolates tested were alike and were different from those of human or
      avian origin. Our observations are compatible with the idea that human H3N2
      strains might not be able to cross the species barrier to birds directly, and
      possibly also not the other way around, without prior reassortment in pigs, which
      seem to have a broader host range concerning the compatibility of the NP gene in
      reassortants.

PMID- 2416115
TI  - Analyses of the mRNA transcription processes of Punta Toro phlebovirus
      (Bunyaviridae).
AB  - The time course of the syntheses of Punta Toro (PT) phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae)
      small (S)-size viral RNA (S vRNA), viral complementary RNA (S vcRNA), and
      messenger RNA (S mRNA) species has been analyzed using single-stranded DNA probes
      representing the two S-coded gene products. The data obtained support the
      conclusion that PT S RNA has an ambisense coding strategy (T. Ihara, H. Akashi,
      and D. H. L. Bishop, Virology 136, 293-306, 1984) with the viral nucleocapsid
      protein, N, encoded in a viral-complementary, subgenomic, mRNA species and a
      putative nonstructural protein, NSs, encoded in a viral-sense, subgenomic, second
      S mRNA species. In the absence of puromycin (or cycloheximide) full-length S
      vRNA, S vcRNA, and subgenomic N mRNA and putative NSs mRNA species were
      identified in PT virus-infected cell extracts. In the presence of inhibitors of
      protein synthesis (puromycin or cycloheximide) newly synthesized N mRNA species
      were detected, but not full-length S vcRNA, nor S vRNA, nor the S coded NSs mRNA
      species. The mRNA species recovered from drug-treated cells have been translated
      in vitro to synthesize viral N protein. Analyses of the 5' ends of the N and NSs
      mRNA species have shown them to be heterogeneous in sequence and some 11-18 bases
      longer than the ends of the genomic RNA species, indicating that they represent
      nonviral primer sequences like those identified for bunyavirus mRNA species (D.
      H. L. Bishop, M. E. Gay, and Y. Matsuoka, Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 6409-6418,
      1983). The presence of such additional sequences on mRNA derived from
      representatives of two Bunyaviridae genera appears by these analyses to be a more
      conserved feature than the S RNA coding arrangement of the respective viruses.

PMID- 2416117
TI  - The relative translation efficiencies of reovirus messenger RNAs.
AB  - The relative translation efficiencies of reovirus messenger RNAs were measured by
      infecting BHK cells with serotype 1, 2, or 3 virus and measuring the rate of
      formation of each viral protein species and the amount of each viral single
      stranded (ss) RNA species present in the infected cells throughout the
      multiplication cycle. The translation efficiency of each ssRNA species was then
      calculated as a percentage of the species that was translated most efficiently.
      The relative translation efficiencies of the various ssRNA species did not change
      significantly during the multiplication cycle and cognate mRNA species of
      serotype 1, 2, and 3 virus were generally translated with similar efficiencies.
      However, the relative translation efficiencies of the individual ssRNA species
      differed greatly. The most efficiently translated ssRNA species was usually
      species s4, followed by species m2 which, on average, was translated about two
      thirds as efficiently as species s4. Species s2 and s3 were translated slightly
      less than one-half as efficiently as species s4; species m3, l2, and l3 one
      quarter to one-third as efficiently; and species s1 one-twentieth to one-tenth as
      efficiently. Finally, species l1 and m1 were translated very inefficiently under
      all conditions; their translation efficiencies were usually no more than 1% of
      that of species s4.

PMID- 2416116
TI  - Characterization of the AIDS-associated retrovirus reverse transcriptase and
      optimal conditions for its detection in virions.
AB  - The RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of the AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV) gives
      highest activity with the synthetic template, poly(rA)oligo(dT) and prefers Mg2+
      over Mn2+ as a divalent cation. It can use other template-primer combinations but
      with poly(rCm)oligo(dG), it prefers Mn2+ over Mg2+. Detection of ARV reverse
      transcriptase in culture fluids is substantially increased with an optimal KCl
      concentration and a special combination of EGTA and reducing agents. Our results
      indicate some distinguishing characteristics of the ARV reverse transcriptase and
      optimal conditions for its detection.

PMID- 2416118
TI  - Template-dependent RNA polymerase from black beetle virus-infected Drosophila
      melanogaster cells.
AB  - Infection of cultured cells of Drosophila melanogaster with black beetle virus
      (BBV) induces an RNA polymerase that is bound to cellular particulate material in
      a complex with a template RNA. We have solubilized the polymerase by treatment of
      the relevant particulates with detergents such as dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside. The
      polymerase activity was made dependent upon exogenous RNA by destruction of the
      endogenous template RNA with micrococcal nuclease. Addition of BBV RNA1 or RNA2
      induced synthesis of full-length negative-strand RNA isolated as a double
      stranded complex with the added RNA. Newly synthesized plus strands were also
      detected in the RNA2 complexes. Certain other viral RNAs also induced synthesis
      of their negative strands.

PMID- 2416119
TI  - Antiviral and antiproliferative effects of interferons in quiescent fibroblasts
      are dissociable.
AB  - Quiescent mouse Swiss 3T3 cells or human fibroblasts treated with interferon for
      only 2 hr before the addition of serum are effectively protected against virus
      infection for up to 24 hr after the addition of serum and the removal of
      interferon. In sharp contrast, exposure of quiescent fibroblasts to interferon
      only before addition of serum or the peptides epidermal growth factor and
      insulin, has no inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. Further, even when
      interferon is added after the addition of growth factors, an exposure of several
      hours is required to inhibit stimulation of DNA synthesis. These findings
      strongly suggest that the antiviral action of interferons is dissociable from
      their ability to inhibit cell proliferation. The implications of these findings
      for elucidating the molecular events leading to the biological responses elicited
      by interferon are discussed.

PMID- 2416120
TI  - AIDS-associated retroviruses (ARV) can productively infect other cells besides
      human T helper cells.
AB  - We have examined the host range of AIDS-associated retroviruses (ARV) that are
      known to infect human T cells of the helper subset. We have observed that the
      virus cannot infect fibroblast and epithelial cell lines of many different animal
      species. It is infectious and replicates efficiently in peripheral mononuclear
      cells (PMC) of chimpanzee and at low levels in baboon and rhesus monkey PMC. Most
      importantly, it has been found to replicate in established lines of human B
      cells, monocytes, and promyelocytes. This ability to infect these other cell
      types appears to be associated, in most cases, with the presence of the Leu 3 T
      helper cell antigen on the cell surface. Other mechanisms for virus infection,
      however, may be involved. The results suggest that ARV will be found in other
      cells of AIDS patients, besides T cells, and that these cells could be the
      reservoir for continual virus spread in the host. Variations in the replicative
      ability of ARV isolates in human cells have also been noted; they could reflect
      potentially important pathogenic differences among these human retroviruses.

PMID- 2416121
TI  - Immunogenic and antigenic epitopes of immunoglobulins. X: Monoclonal antibodies
      specific for human IgA, the IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses and an nA2m(2) iso-allotypic
      epitope.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (McAb) specific for human IgA, the IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses
      and the iso-allotypic epitope nA2m(2) have been produced. Three distinct McAb
      recognize an IgA1-specific epitope expressed in the C alpha 2 domain or the hinge
      region whilst a further McAb is directed possibly to an IgA1 hinge region
      epitope. The McAb having nA2m(2) specificity recognizes an iso-allotypic epitope
      expressed within the Fab region. IgA1 and IgA2 epitopes were detected in gorilla
      but not rhesus or baboon sera suggesting that the IgA subclasses represent a
      recent gene duplication even. However, these epitopes were also detected in some
      non-primate sera.

PMID- 2416122
TI  - Transplantation of major ABO-incompatible bone marrow depleted of red cells by
      hydroxyethyl starch.
AB  - 23 bone marrow transplant recipients whose donors where major ABO-incompatible
      received marrow depleted of red cells prior to infusion utilizing gravity
      sedimentation in hydroxyethyl starch. The in vitro red cell-depletion procedure
      effectively removed 97.8% (mean) of the red cells from the harvested marrows and
      preserved 86.8% of the nucleated cells and 98.2% of the CFU-C activity in 25.4%
      of the original volume. All recipients had a significant quantity of
      isohemagglutinins of both IgM and IgG classes demonstrable in their serum at the
      time of the marrow infusion. Patients were premedicated and well-hydrated prior
      to the infusion and tolerated the infusion well. These patients demonstrated bone
      marrow engraftment at the same rate as did those patients whose marrow donors
      were either ABO-identical or minor ABO-incompatible. There was no difference in
      the incidence of or time to development of graft versus host disease, the
      incidence of graft rejection, or patient survival among the groups. Recipients of
      red cell-depleted major ABO-incompatible bone marrow transplants demonstrated
      production of donor-type red cells somewhat later and required slightly more red
      cell transfusion support that did the other groups of recipients. This red cell
      depletion technique is safe and effective in the management of major ABO
      incompatible bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2416123
TI  - Evaluating the quality of immunoglobulin G preparations for intravenous therapy.
AB  - The major function of immunoglobulins is recognition of the antigen that has
      caused their formation with subsequent antigen binding and removal through
      antigen nonspecific recognition systems of the body. Such clearance for
      detrimental antigens depends on a complex system of now clearly characterized
      single features of the immunoglobulin molecule, such as antigen-binding capacity,
      viral neutralization, complement activation, fixation to receptors on the
      reticuloendothelial system, and maintenance of an optimal half-life in
      circulation before antigen removal. When gamma-globulins are used
      therapeutically, the producer must choose a purification procedure that aims at
      fully maintaining these features. In fact, isolation of any protein from its
      natural plasma protein environment may induce subtle losses of function that do
      not appear when such variables as molecular weight or subunit size are applied as
      the only quality criteria.

PMID- 2416124
TI  - Individualizing the dose of intravenous immune serum globulin for therapy of
      patients with primary humoral immunodeficiency.
AB  - The availability of safe and effective IgG preparations for replacement therapy
      for patients with primary disorders of humoral immunity allows almost unlimited
      doses of IgG to be used. Thus, knowledge of the optimal dose and serum
      concentration of IgG to be achieved is of practical importance. In a multicenter
      study of a reduced and alkylated IgG preparation (MISG), it was shown that the
      MISG was well tolerated and as effective as the intramuscular immune serum
      globulin (ISG) used for more than 30 years. During the course of this study, we
      observed that the standard dose of 100 mg/kg/month resulted in a wide range of
      IgG levels. We began a study using another intravenous IgG preparation to
      determine whether the variable IgG levels were due to variability in the half
      life of IgG in these patients and whether an individualized dose of IgG could be
      calculated based on the half-life for each patient. The half-life was greatly
      prolonged, ranging from 26 to 86 days compared with 21 days in normal
      individuals. However, there was no correlation between the half-life and the
      serum IgG concentration over the range of concentrations measured. When patients
      were treated with higher doses of IgG, based on the amount calculated to raise
      the serum IgG concentration to 200 mg/dl, only 1 patient actually achieved that
      level and only 3 had a significant increase in the serum concentration despite
      the higher dose. Failure to achieve the predicted levels could not be explained
      by a shortened half-life and seemed to be related to increased losses in the
      early, redistribution, phase. The half-life was not reduced in patients who did
      achieve higher serum IgG concentrations, suggesting that the half-life is
      characteristic for each patient and not directly dependent on the serum IgG
      concentration. However, only modest increases were observed and additional
      studies using much higher doses of IgG will be necessary before this issue can be
      settled. Similarly, we did not see an additional benefit in those patients
      receiving higher doses of IgG, and further studies will be necessary before it
      can be determined whether higher levels of IgG can reduce the incidence of
      chronic infections and justify the increased time and expense. The results of the
      completed study have been published elsewhere [7].

PMID- 2416125
TI  - Intravenous gamma-globulin (Sandoglobulin) therapy in the management of four
      patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - We have used intravenous polyvalent intact gamma-globulin concentrate
      (Sandoglobulin-immune globulin IV) in the management of 2 adults and 2 children
      with refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Excellent responses were
      obtained in 2 children with chronic ITP as compared to no response in 2 adults
      with long-standing, severe ITP. The 2 adults who failed intravenous Sandoglobulin
      therapy had prolonged reticuloendothelial system (RES) clearance of autologous
      antibody-coated red blood cells before initiation of therapy as compared to
      normal RES clearance rates in the 2 children who responded to therapy. Blockade
      of the RES is one mechanism by which intravenous Sandoglobulin therapy may
      reverse thrombocytopenia in ITP - our observations suggest that patients who have
      impaired RES function before starting intravenous Sandoglobulin therapy may fail
      to respond to treatment. Continued studies are required to confirm these
      observations.

PMID- 2416126
TI  - Evaluation of intravenous immune serum globulin in immune thrombocytopenia:
      preliminary results.
AB  - Due to difficult clinical problems caused or aggravated by the presence of severe
      thrombocytopenia, 4 patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) refractory to
      conventional regimens were treated with intravenous gamma-globulin. One patient
      had a lasting remission, 2 others had a partial or brief response, and 1 patient
      had no improvement in platelet count.

PMID- 2416127
TI  - Intravenous immune serum globulin in immune thrombocytopenia: clinical results
      and biochemical evaluation.
AB  - Intravenous gamma-globulin of the pH 4-treated Swiss Red Cross (SRC) preparation
      is an effective therapy for acute and chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) of
      childhood and chronic ITP in adults. Patients who may respond satisfactorily to
      treatment include those without detectable immune complexes and those with poor
      response to pretreatment. Results are especially good in children, half of whom
      with chronic conditions are able to discontinue therapy.

PMID- 2416128
TI  - Intravenous immune serum globulin in immunodeficiency.
AB  - This study was undertaken to compare intravenous gamma-globulin (IVGG) for 1 year
      in patients with primary immune defects who had previously been treated with
      intramuscular gamma-globulin (IMGG). Forty-three patients were available for
      analysis. After administration of 300 mg/kg of IVGG every 3 weeks, blood
      immunoglobulin levels increased to within 1 SD of normal for the patient's ages.
      In 5 patients, this dosage regimen did not raise the immunoglobulin levels
      satisfactorily, although they were still better than those achieved with IMGG. In
      18 patients, treatment benefits became apparent after 5 - 6 months of treatment.
      Substantial improvement was observed in 70% of these patients. Sixteen reactions
      occurred with 638 infusions, an incidence rate of 2.5%. If 2 patients with an IgM
      macroglobulin and 1 patient with an anti-IgA antibody were excluded, the reaction
      incidence would probably have been 1%.

PMID- 2416129
TI  - [Experimental study of the myocardial capillary bed in hormonal damage and their
      pharmacological correction].

PMID- 2416130
TI  - [Premature ventricular repolarization syndrome in adolescents].

PMID- 2416131
TI  - [Activity of the kallikrein-kinin system in patients with ischemic heart disease
      treated with parmidine].

PMID- 2416132
TI  - [Reactive oligonucleotide derivatives as potential antiviral preparations].

PMID- 2416133
TI  - [Immunological identification of the precursor protein of alphaviruses].
AB  - Only p 57 and p 110 proteins among those synthesized in the infected cells,
      precursors of virus structural proteins: p 57, p 110, p 140, were shown to
      possess the antigenic determinants of structural proteins of Venezuelan equine
      encephalomyelitis virus.

PMID- 2416134
TI  - [Production of inhibitors of interferon action by cell lines sensitive and
      insensitive to the antiviral action of interferon].
AB  - The capacity of a number of human and murine cell cultures to produce, upon virus
      induction of interferon synthesis, low molecular admixtures inhibiting interferon
      antiviral activity was studied. The cells resistant to interferon were found to
      be 8-16 times as active producers of these admixtures as sensitive cells. A
      possible role of the production of these admixtures in functional, i. e. not
      depending upon the interferon receptor gene, fluctuations of interferon
      inducibility and sensitivity to it is discussed.

PMID- 2416135
TI  - [Comparative study of the antiproliferative action of placental interferons].
AB  - The antiproliferative activity of placenta interferons (amniotic, chorional)
      prepared at the Institute of Experimental Morphology, Academy of Sciences of the
      Georgian SSR, was studied. Amniotic interferon was found to be most active in
      tumor cell cultures of human origin. Placenta interferons showed lower
      antiproliferative activity in continuous monkey and hamster kidney cell cultures
      and primary human embryo fibroblast cultures.

PMID- 2416136
TI  - [Criteria for the active inflammatory process in patients with infectious
      allergic bronchial asthma].
AB  - A total of 114 patients with infections-allergic bronchial asthma were studied,
      being subdivided into two groups. The first group covers 53 patients without
      clinical, immunologic, X-ray, enzymatic and biochemical sings of active
      inflammation. The second group includes 61 patients with manifested bronchial
      pulmonary inflammation. Immunoglobulins of classes IgA, IgM, and IgG, complement
      enzymatic activity of total acid phosphatase were studied as well as
      sorbitoldehydrogenase and "acute phase" proteins. The values of immunoglobulin
      classes IgA and IgG, coplement, enzymatic activity of total acid phosphatase and
      sorbitodechydrogenase and "acute phase" proteins were established to be with
      regularly increased values with high statistical significance. Those indices
      could serve the differentiation and making the diagnosis of acute and exacerbated
      pulmonary inflammation as well as for prescribing the adequate antiinflammatory
      treatment of the patients with infectious-allergic bronchial asthma.

PMID- 2416137
TI  - [Endoscopic palliative drainage of the bile ducts].
AB  - Initial results of palliative endoscopic retrograde drainage of the common bile
      duct are reported. In 12 out of 19 patients the treatment was successful (63%
      cases). In every case the serum bilirubin level quickly decreased to normal
      values. The life span of the endoprostheses lasted on average for 3 months. No
      fatal complications occurred in connexion with prosthesis implantation.
      Endoscopic drainage of the common bile duct in patients with an inoperable tumour
      of the biliary tract represents an alternative procedure to palliative surgery in
      the management of malignant occlusion icterus.

PMID- 2416138
TI  - [Diagnostic and therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies].
AB  - During the last years monoclonal antibodies have become an important constituent
      of the clinical diagnostic systems for the detection of various humoral and
      cellular antigens. By means of monoclonal antibodies new knowledge could be
      observed in the typing of leukaemias and in the functional characterization of
      immune cells. Furthermore, possibilities of therapeutical use of monoclonal
      antibodies and present problems concerning this matter are discussed. The
      development of human monoclonal antibodies will be helpful in the solution of
      some of these problems.

PMID- 2416139
TI  - [Long-term electrocardiography: value and reliability of various systems].
AB  - 25 years after the introduction of ambulatory electrocardiography four concepts
      are available: the conventional Holter-ECG, computer-based systems, entire ECG
      recording in miniaturized form and the event recorder. In contrast to visual
      analysis with the aid of an arrhythmia computer a more precise and quantitative
      evaluation of long-term ECG is possible. The reliability of a computer-based
      system is indicated by its sensitivity, positive predictive accuracy and
      reproducibility of automatic analysis. Only few of the computerized systems have
      been repeatedly tested on a company independent basis using these criteria in a
      representative number of patients, with frequent arrhythmias, and with a separate
      documentation of false negative, false positive and true positive events. Data
      available so far show that a reasonable reliability is possible, but 100% remains
      the exception to the rule. Thus, there is no complete automatic analysis of
      cardiac arrhythmias, and corrections by the physician are mandatory. This is
      further emphasized by the fact that only a part of all possible arrhythmias may
      be identified by computer whereas the other part has to be evaluated by visual
      control. In this context entire ECG recording is helpful, as an isolated method,
      however, it cannot be recommended, since the miniaturized ECG prevents analysis
      of subtle details and provides no quantitative data. Event recorders rely
      exclusively on the accuracy of the portable arrhythmia detector. Due to the
      concept of discontinuous ECG recording evaluation of this accuracy is pronounced
      problematic. Only by changing to the continuous recording mode does validation of
      the event recorder become possible. The first data demonstrate that the
      reliability of real-time analysis by the portable arrhythmia detector is not
      superior to highspeed analysis by the arrhythmia computer. Thus, quality control
      is necessary when using the event recorder as it is with continuous long-term
      ECG. However, there are significant limitations: with discontinuous ECG recording
      false negative events are not documented, separation of false positive from
      correct positive findings is restricted to the limited recording capacity (12-120
      min real time) and the short ECG samples (6-12s) do not allow verification of
      sustained arrhythmias. Furthermore, questions regarding arrhythmias, ST-segment
      changes and pacemaker dysfunctions unidentifiable by computer remain unanswered
      with the use of the event recorder. For these reasons, continuous ambulatory
      electrocardiography providing complete data for every kind of analysis is still
      the standard method.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2416140
TI  - [Arrhythmias in relation to transient ST elevations in Prinzmetal angina:
      induction by occlusion and reperfusion].
AB  - To study the temporal relationship of occlusion and reperfusion we examined 16
      patients (14 m, 2f) with variant angina for the occurrence and time course of
      arrhythmias with episodes of ST-elevation (n = 82). The patients underwent
      frequency-modulated ambulatory ECG recording, episodes of ST elevation were
      defined, and the arrhythmias were counted before, during and after each episode.
      In 10 patients (group A) no or only infrequent extrasystoles occurred. Of the
      other 6 patients (group B), one had a-v block II degree, 5 had frequent (greater
      than 2/min) ventricular or supraventricular premature beats, 3 with couplets or
      runs of VPB. Patients of group A and B did not differ in age, severity of fixed
      coronary stenoses and ventricular ejection fraction. There was a tendency towards
      a greater incidence of higher ST-elevations (greater than 2 mm) in group B (4 of
      6 patients versus 2 of 10 in group A, p = 0.09). The relationship of arrhythmias
      and ST changes showed different patterns: the maximum of arrhythmias occurred
      during the episode in 3 patients, during and after the episode in 2 patients and
      only after the episode in 1 patient. Potentially dangerous arrhythmias are
      frequent in patients with variant angina and persist beyond the ST segment
      changes in one half of the affected patients.

PMID- 2416141
TI  - [Ionic mechanisms of generating electrical activity in smooth muscle cells of the
      gastrointestinal tract].

PMID- 2416142
TI  - [New findings on angiogenesis within the scope of organization processes].

PMID- 2416143
TI  - Isolation and characterization of influenza C virus inhibitor in rat serum.
AB  - Two hemagglutination inhibitors for influenza C virus were isolated from pooled
      sera of normal rats by sequential chromatography on Blue Sepharose CL 6B,
      Ultrogel AcA 22, and DEAE-cellulose. The two inhibitors were identified as alpha
      1-macroglobulin and murinoglobulin by comparison with the authentic samples.
      These inhibitors abolished the hemagglutination by influenza C virus strains but
      did not affect the hemagglutination by influenza A and B virus strains.
      Hemagglutination inhibition activity of both inhibitors was completely destroyed
      by incubation with influenza C virus at 37 degrees C but not with the other types
      of influenza virus, indicating that the inhibitors are specific for influenza C
      virus. The inhibitory activity was also destroyed by incubation with
      neuraminidase from Arthrobacter ureafaciens. By contrast, no activity was lost
      after treatment with neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae. These results suggest
      that the sialic acid residue(s) which is cleavable by the former neuraminidase
      but not by the latter is essential for the hemagglutination inhibition. The two
      inhibitors were inactivated by treating with sodium hydroxide and methylamine but
      not with sodium metaperiodate.

PMID- 2416144
TI  - [Effect of prolonged interaction of mice with aggressive and submissive types of
      behavior on the concentration of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and
      noradrenalin in the brain].
AB  - As a result of repeated experience of victories and defeats in mice of C57BL/6
      line, submissive and aggressive types of behaviour were elaborated, the
      stabilization of which was accompanied by a change in serotonin and noradrenaline
      content in various parts of the brain, at least of two kinds. Nonspecific
      unindirected changes in transmitter' levels found in both groups of animals in
      comparison with the control, are apparently due to the experience of zoosocial
      contracts. Changes were also noted connected with specificity of the observed
      behaviour.

PMID- 2416145
TI  - [Structural, functional and molecular characteristics of the central nervous
      system of young fish raised in ecologically different conditions].
AB  - On example of wild and hatchery (cultivated in ponds and pools) young Russian
      sturgeons and white salmons, it is shown that fishes cultivated in more
      complicated ecological conditions (in natural reservoir in comparison to
      artificial and in ponds in comparison to pools) have greater sizes of CNS
      structures connected with the development of the analyzer leading in the life of
      this species (the midbrain--in white salmon, the forebrain--in sturgeon) and are
      characterized by a higher content of DNA in the brain and of RNA at the unit of
      DNA. This testified to more intensive processes of replication and transcription
      in CNS cells, more expressed manifestation of motor activity and higher
      parameters of elaboration and retention of a new habit. All this points to the
      necessity of enrichment of the medium in the hatchery reservoirs and the
      expediency of using of genetic-neurobiological criteria of hatching the young.

PMID- 2416146
TI  - [The occurrence of goitrogenic substances in milk. 1. Release of goitrin in the
      milk of cows fed on rapeseed extract cakes].
AB  - A total of six cows, divided into 3 groups, were fed various amounts of rape cake
      containing 6 g of goitrin/kg over a period of 7 days. The cows were milked twice
      a day and the goitrin content of the heated milk samples were determined by a
      HPLC-method within 2 h. When rape cake was fed at 0.39, 1.9 and 3.9% resp. of the
      total feed this resulted in medium goitrin values of 37, 163 and 707 micrograms/l
      milk. These values correspond to a transfer of about 0.1% of the original
      progoitrin content in the feed. 12 h after the last rape feeding the amount of
      goitrin in the milk was below the detection limit of 7 ppb. The toxicological
      significance of these findings are dicussed.

PMID- 2416147
TI  - [Possible common partial antigens in human Ig allotype structure and ubiquitous
      bacteria, studied with the example of Escherichia coli].
AB  - As can be learned from the literature, bovine serum may contain antibodies
      directed against human immunoglobulin allotypes. This gave rise to the question
      of what the origin of those antibodies is. We tested bacteria (E. coli) by means
      of the haemagglutination inhibition assay, which is used to type either Gm or Km
      factors. Anti-G1m(2) and anti-G3m(10)-specific antibodies were inhibited by the
      bacteria in a clear-cut manner, as was anti-Km(1), albeit less significantly. In
      contrast, the bacteria tested almost totally failed to inhibit anti-G3m(21)
      serum. The results lead to the assumption that E. coli may carry both Gm- and Km
      like antigenic structures, which are presumably the antigenic material leading to
      immunization of cattle. Furthermore, new attention is drawn to a mechanism for
      immunization which is discussed regarding the genesis of either AB0
      isoagglutinins in man or other "naturally occurring" antibodies.

PMID- 2416149
TI  - [Suprapubic transvesical adenomectomy by local anesthesia. Preliminary report].
AB  - The suprapubic transvesical adenomectomy is possible under local anaesthesia. In
      11 risk patients operated in this way the operation and the postoperative course
      were without complications.

PMID- 2416148
TI  - [Current status and conservative and operative therapy of urogenital
      tuberculosis].
AB  - In each case the primary treatment of tuberculosis is a medicamentous therapy.
      Using the modern basis medication of isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and
      streptomycin at present for the normal case the short-term therapy of maximally
      12 months made its way. The operative treatment of the urogenital tuberculosis is
      only a part of the total therapy plan. Among 715 patients nearly half of them had
      to undergo at least one surgical intervention from 1966 to 1983. The nephrectomy
      rate of 22.3% is to be classified as high and is conditioned by progressing and
      extended changes of the kidneys, which are in most cases recognized too late. In
      69 patients partial resections of the kidney were performed. Since 1976 the
      indication for this intervention was in 13 cases made only intraoperatively and
      at the same this the planned nephropyeloplasty was performed on account of
      disturbance of the urine flow. Good postoperative results encourage to perform
      plastic reconstructive measures also in changes of the kidneys of stage III.

PMID- 2416150
TI  - Tissue specific expression of hepatitis B surface antigen in mice following
      liposome--mediated gene transfer into blastocysts.

PMID- 2416151
TI  - [Effect of vitamins of the B group on the accumulation of complex antigens of
      dysentery bacteria in the process of deep cultivation].

PMID- 2416152
TI  - [Effectiveness of treating the specimens containing hepatitis B surface antigen
      with cold ethanol by the Cohn method during preparation of gamma globulin].

PMID- 2416153
TI  - [Antigenic characteristics of standard strains of Providencia rettgeri (O- and H
      antigens)].
AB  - Additions and changes have been introduced into the existing antigenic diagnostic
      scheme of P. rettgeri on the basis of the study of the antigenic structure of
      standard strains from foreign collections: new, formerly unknown varieties of
      somatic and flagellar antigens (O35, O36, H27, H28) have been discovered, the
      complex of antigenic factors for H-antigens 7, 10, 23, 27 has been discovered.
      Strains 958 (36 : 28) and 979 (16 : 27a, 23b, 2a), previously classified with the
      genus Morganella, have been identified by O- and H-antigens.

PMID- 2416154
TI  - [Comparative characteristics of antigenic conversion induced by Shigella flexneri
      and Escherichia coli 0129 phages].
AB  - The interaction of S. flexneri converting phages PE5, P90 and fV with E. coli
      antigenic variant O129, E. coli O129 converting phage VB with the above antigenic
      variant and with S. flexneri y-variant was studied. Phage PE5 and phage VB were
      found to induce the conversion of O-antigen in E. coli antigenic variant 0129 and
      in S. flexneri y-variant with the detection of antigens V and 7,8. Phages P90 and
      fV induced no conversion of O-antigen. Changes in the antigenic properties of
      convertants were confirmed by the results obtained in the agglutination test and
      in the agglutination adsorption test.

PMID- 2416155
TI  - [Speech disorders with localization of the vascular focus in deep structures of
      the dominant hemisphere of the brain].
AB  - The authors present the clinical picture and time-course of aphasia (A) in 25
      patients, 18 of whom had had hemorrhagic and 7 ischemic stroke. Dynamic
      neuropsychological examination and computer-aided tomography (CT) of the brain
      were carried out. The development of marked and stable A was observed in 20% of
      the cases. The frequency was higher with brain infarction and lower with cerebral
      hemorrhage. In 3 cases of deep localization of brain infarction the authors
      describe a peculiar speech syndrome not observed in other aphasic patients. It
      was characterized by (1) intactness of mechanisms underlying the realization of
      speech despite the presence of marked aphasia, (2) greater variability and
      inconsistence of results of implementation by patients of speech tasks. Clinico
      CT correlations gave grounds for explaining the rate and degree of speech
      recovery, as well as the nature of A with the predominant lesion to some or other
      deep structures of the left hemisphere of the brain.

PMID- 2416156
TI  - [Serotonin and its metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood of patients
      with tumors of the spinal cord].
AB  - Twenty-six patients with extra- and intramedullary tumors of the spinal cord had
      a considerably increased content of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and
      melatonin in the cerebrospinal fluid (highest in patients with total blockade of
      the subarachnoid space) as well as of serotonin in blood platelets. The results
      of tests for serotonin metabolism can be used as a diagnostic test in the early
      stages of the tumor growth and are an additional factor in determining the
      indications for contrast examination of patients with a suspected spinal tumor.

PMID- 2416157
TI  - The ultrastructure of treponema pallidum isolated from human chancres.
      Morphologic variations from Nichols' strain.
AB  - The ultrastructure of treponema pallidum obtained directly from human chancres by
      biopsy was studied by electron microscopy. The treponemes were enveloped by a
      trilaminar cytoplasmic membrane and a trilaminar periplastic membrane. The
      central part of the periplastic membrane corresponds to the protective mucoid
      layer. In undamaged organisms bunches of axial filaments were seen to entwine the
      whole cytoplasmic body without any disruption or overlapping. The number of axial
      filaments varied between three and four. Identical nose pieces were demonstrable
      in both ends of the treponemes. Axial filaments and nose pieces seem to differ
      from those of Nichols' strain.

PMID- 2416158
TI  - Relative efficiency of human Langerhans' cells and blood derived dendritic cells
      as antigen-presenting cells.
AB  - T4 cells recognize antigens together with HLA class II molecules in the membrane
      of antigen-presenting cells (APC). The magnitude of the induced T cell response
      is in part dependent upon the APC's amount of MHC-class II molecules. Langerhans'
      dendritic cells (LC) express 50-100 times more HLA-DR molecules than monocytes
      (Mo) and blood derived dendritic cells (DC). We report here that LC are more
      efficient APC than DC from the same donor, indicating that the APC capacity of
      dendritic cells isolated from different organs is correlated to their expression
      of HLA class II gene products.

PMID- 2416159
TI  - Studies on fibronectins in the skin. VIII. Influence of corticosteroids on cell
      cultures from normal human skin.
AB  - Fibronectins are important glucoproteins of mesenchymal tissue. Fibronectins are
      also found in the human skin, and tissue cultures demonstrate the production of
      soluble dimers and insoluble fibrous polymers from dermal fibroblasts. Under the
      influence of different glucocorticoids, inhibited production of these
      fibronectins from cultured human skin cells is demonstrated.

PMID- 2416160
TI  - Correlation between quantitative in vivo and in vitro responses in nickel
      allergic patients.
AB  - Forty-three nickel-allergic patients (40 females and 3 males) participated in
      this study which was designed to elucidate the correlation between quantitative
      in vivo and in vitro responses. All were patch-tested with various concentrations
      of nickel-sulphate serial-diluted in water. The lowest concentration eliciting a
      cutaneous reaction (indicating the severity of the allergy) was recorded for each
      individual and compared with the in vitro lymphocyte response, using the
      lymphocyte transformation test. The best correlation coefficients obtained were
      0.42 and 0.46, tested for linear and logarithmic correlation respectively.
      However, there were individuals who showed a weak cutaneous response and high
      lymphocyte reactivity. The converse situation was also found, however, indicating
      that other mechanisms than those mediated via lymphocytes may be of significance
      in the patch test response.

PMID- 2416161
TI  - Psoriasis infiltrating cell immunophenotype: changes induced by PUVA or
      corticosteroid treatment in T-cell subsets, Langerhans' cells and interdigitating
      cells.
AB  - The effects of PUVA or corticosteroid treatment on the distribution pattern of
      immunocompetent cells in psoriasis symptomatic skin were investigated. A total of
      29 biopsies, taken before and a regular intervals during treatment, were studied
      in a two-stage immunoperoxidase technique using monoclonal antibodies directed
      against T cells, their major subsets, interdigitating cells, and Langerhans'
      cells. T cell exocytosis was not affected by PUVA or corticosteroid treatment.
      Instead, both treatment regimens led to an initial increase in interbasally
      localized T8+ suppressor/cytotoxic T cells. Increased T4/T8 ratios within the
      subepidermal infiltrates were restored to normal except in one case, who did not
      respond to PUVA-treatment. Epidermal and dermal T6+ Langerhans' cells decreased
      to almost absent. RFD1+ interdigitating cells had the same tendency, except in
      the PUVA-non-responding patient. Treatment of psoriasis with PUVA or
      corticosteroids thus results in a normalization of an initial immune imbalance in
      infiltrating immunocompetent cells. A working hypothesis on psoriasis
      immunopathogenesis and its restoration by treatment is presented.

PMID- 2416162
TI  - Immunophenotyping of the dermal cell infiltrate in lichen planus treated with
      PUVA.
AB  - To evaluate the immunoregulatory mechanisms in lichen planus (LP) responding to
      PUVA therapy, the LP skin lesions of eight patients were biopsied before and
      after treatment with trioxsalen baths and UVA. The percentages of B, T, and MPS
      (monocyte-macrophage) cells as well as OKT-4+ (helper) and OKT-8+ (suppressor) T
      cells were calculated. OKT-8+ T cells were the dominating cell type in untreated
      LP lesions. Following PUVA therapy, the percentage of OKT-8+ T cells decreased
      very significantly (p less than 0.001) as did also the number of MPS cells. These
      results suggest that cell-mediated immune mechanisms are involved in the
      pathogenesis of LP, and T suppressor cells most probably participate in
      evolvement of the typical LP lesions. T suppressor cells in the LP lesions are
      reduced after local PUVA therapy, occurring simultaneously with complete healing
      of the affected skin.

PMID- 2416163
TI  - The effect of cyclophosphamide on the allergic contact reaction in guinea pig:
      dose effects and influence on peripheral blood.
AB  - Single intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide were administered 6 days
      before testing guinea pigs sensitized to oxazolone in order to study the effects
      on inflammatory cell populations in blood and dermis. Skin tests were assessed
      macroscopically (erythema and oedema) and microscopically (counting of the dermal
      inflammatory cell infiltrate). At the highest dose (300 mg/kg) the allergic
      contact reaction was augmented with increases in erythema and oedema and the
      mononuclear dermal infiltrate. At the lowest dose (75 mg/kg), redness and oedema
      and all components of the dermal inflammatory cell infiltrate decreased. Total
      and differential white blood counts up to 20 days after administration of
      cyclophosphamide showed that a dose-dependent leukopenia maximal around 6 days
      occurred. During the leukopenia the differential count showed a lymphocytosis
      with a marked granulocyte depletion. The augmentation of the contact allergic
      reaction produced at the highest dose of cyclophosphamide occurs despite a marked
      peripheral blood leukopenia. Cyclophosphamide's effects at the lower dose would
      appear to be of a non-specific anti-inflammatory nature.

PMID- 2416164
TI  - Experimental pruritus evoked by platelet activating factor (PAF-acether) in human
      skin.
AB  - Cutaneous pruritic effects of synthetic platelet activating factor (PAF-acether)
      and, in particular, its interference with dermal mast cells, were studied in
      human volunteers. Intradermal injections of 10-100 ng produced dose-dependent
      flare and itching responses. The cutaneous reactions were inhibited by local
      administration of the H1 antihistamine mepyramin. The cutaneous responses were
      also markedly reduced in histamine-depleted skin. These findings indicate that
      the cutaneous responses produced by PAF-acether were mediated via an indirect and
      mainly histamine-dependent mechanism.

PMID- 2416165
TI  - Protein content of comedones from patients with acne vulgaris.
AB  - Characteristic early lesions in acne vulgaris are the open and closed comedones
      (blackheads and whiteheads) which are well known to contain a "plug" of cornified
      material. Histological analysis of these lesions has indicated that their protein
      content, presumed in part to be keratin, may be degraded, possibly by bacterial
      action, though this has never been adequately demonstrated biochemically. We have
      analysed the keratin content in a pool of material taken from a number of open
      comedones (approximately 200-500 mg by weight). Using a highly sensitive silver
      stain technique which can detect minute quantities of protein we have also been
      able to analyse individual lesions. In normal keratin extracted from human
      stratum corneum using a Tris-urea-mercaptoethanol buffer, SDS/polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis reveals the presence of a group of polypeptides with molecular
      weights in the range 66 000-44 000. Comedonal material contained bands of the
      same molecular weight but in addition to these undegraded keratin polypeptides,
      showed bands corresponding to molecular weights in the region of 15 000-10 000
      and 30 000-25 000 indicating that the keratins in this material are partially
      degraded. Similar groups of low molecular weight polypeptides were observed when
      keratin was digested with purified V8 protease from Staphylococcus aureus. It is
      possible that inflammation around the follicle could involve the leakage of
      keratin digestion products into the dermis.

PMID- 2416166
TI  - Dry hands in scleroderma. Including studies of sweat gland function in healthy
      individuals.
AB  - Complaints of dry hands were evaluated in 68 patients with generalized
      scleroderma (GS) and 66 healthy individuals (HI) for comparison. Studies included
      evaporimetry of the hands and forearms as performed under physiological
      conditions indicating sweat gland function. Complaints of dry hands were more
      frequent (p less than 0.001) in GS (71%) than in HI (32%) as was the use of
      emollients (68% and 32% respectively). Evaporimetry at eight different locations
      (flexor and extensor aspects of middle phalanx, proximal phalanx, hand and
      forearm) showed decreased evaporation (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.001) in
      GS. However, there was no difference in evaporation between patients complaining
      of dry hands and patients without complaints. In a few locations the evaporation
      was negatively correlated (r from -0.287 to -0.376, p less than 0.05 and p less
      than 0.01) to the duration of GS and positively correlated to parameters of
      cutaneous thickening (ultrasound measurement skin thickness r = 0.252, p less
      than 0.05; ring size r = 0.294, p less than 0.05). In the group of healthy
      individuals complaints of dryness was more frequent (p less than 0.05) in females
      (39%) than in males (7%), and females also used emollients more frequently (p
      less than 0.01). HI complaining of dryness had similar evaporation as HI with no
      complaints. Physiological evaporation was negatively correlated to age, in
      particular in the palm and volar side of fingers (r from -0.424 to -0.454, p less
      than 0.01 and p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416167
TI  - Candida albicans infections in leg ulcers and surrounding skin after the use of
      ointment impregnated stockings.
AB  - Six elderly women treated with double elastic bandages for chronic venous leg
      ulcers presented a clinical picture beneath these bandages as seen in
      intertriginous candidiasis. Painful, bright red, glistening skin lesions with
      pustules, denuded skin and scales were seen. Cultures on Sabouraud's agar from
      skin erosions and toe webs confirmed the suspicion of Candida albicans infection.
      Treatment with topically applied clotrimazole cream resulted in relief of pain
      and healing of skin lesions. There is a possibility of the Candida albicans
      having been transmitted from the toe webs by the bandages, and that the bandages
      creates a microenvironment suitable for growth of the yeast.

PMID- 2416168
TI  - Enzyme production of propionibacteria from patients with acne vulgaris and
      healthy persons.
AB  - 375 strains of propionibacteria isolated from pustules, comedones, and from
      normal skin of patients with acne vulgaris and from healthy persons have been
      examined for their enzymatic activity. In contrast to healthy individuals,
      protease and caseinase production of strains from acne patients was significantly
      lower. On the other hand, DNA'ase production of strains from acne lesions was
      increased, and lecithinase could be demonstrated in strains from acne patients
      only.

PMID- 2416169
TI  - Cholinergic urticaria shows neutrophilic inflammation.
AB  - Three patients with cholinergic urticaria were studied by biopsy and neutrophilic
      urticaria was observed in two. Direct immunofluorescence was negative in 1
      patient, and monoclonal antibody studies identified a large population of OKM-1
      antibody positive cells.

PMID- 2416170
TI  - Oxidation of dopa in human albinism.
AB  - The urine of an albino woman contained small quantities of 5-S-cysteinyldopa; 6
      hydroxy-5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, a melanin precursor metabolite, was
      lacking. The 5-S-cysteinyldopa excretion observed may reflect non-specific
      oxidation of dopa. Two other albino patients showed normal values for the
      excretion of 5-S-cysteinyldopa and of 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic
      acid.

PMID- 2416172
TI  - Linear IgA disease and chronic active hepatitis--a coincidence or not?
AB  - Linear IgA disease (granular type) associated with chronic active hepatitis in a
      sixteen-year-old male patient is described. The diagnosis was established by
      clinical and histopathological findings supported by immunofluorescence studies.
      The immunofluorescence pattern (granular IgA deposits along the basement
      membrane, more pronounced at tips of papillae) showed much transition in
      dermatitis herpetiformis and also to a lesser extent in pemphigoid (linear IgG
      and IgM deposits along the basement membrane). Chronic active hepatitis as linear
      IgA disease are significantly correlated with HLA B8. This is the first report of
      the association of linear IgA disease and chronic active hepatitis.

PMID- 2416171
TI  - Urinary excretion of 5-S-cysteinyldopa and 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic
      acid: differences between pigmented and albino mice.
AB  - Urinary excretion of the phaeomelanin precursor 5-S-cysteinyldopa (5-S-CD) and
      the eumelanin metabolite 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (6H5MI-2-C)
      was studied in black and albino mice. The urinary concentration of 5-S-CD was
      31.7 ng/ml in black and 16.1 ng/ml in albino mice. The concentration of 6H5MI-2-C
      was 21.0 ng/ml in the urine of black mice. The compound could not be demonstrated
      in the urine of albino mice.

PMID- 2416173
TI  - Kveim test reactivity in Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (cheilitis granulomatosa).
AB  - The relation between the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) and sarcoidosis is
      unclear. The Kveim test, a test for sarcoidosis, was performed in seven patients,
      two with complete and five with abortive forms of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome.
      All were found to be negative. Serum levels of angiotensin converting enzyme and
      calcium were normal. These facts make it unlikely that MRS is a type of
      sarcoidosis.

PMID- 2416174
TI  - Unilateral facial circumscribed hyperhidrosis.
AB  - A case of a 15-year-old male with unilateral facial circumscribed hyperhidrosis
      is reported. No morphological anomalies of the eccrine sweat glands could be
      noted. The results obtained with local applications of aluminium hexachloride in
      20% alcoholic solution are discussed together with the few previous cases
      appearing in the literature.

PMID- 2416175
TI  - Lupus erythematosus-like eruption from captopril.
AB  - A patient on Captopril treatment is reported. This patient developed a dermatitis
      that clinically recalled a gyrate subacute lupus erythematosus and showed
      lichenoid features on light microscopy.

PMID- 2416176
TI  - Ultraviolet light therapy in chronic urticaria.
AB  - Fifteen patients with chronic urticaria were treated with ultraviolet light B
      (UVB) for 1-3 months during the spring 1984 and a follow-up study was performed
      in November 1984-January 1985. Patients with cold urticaria, cholinergic
      urticaria and dermographism became clearly better or got rid of their symptoms
      more often than those with "non-specific" chronic urticaria. The good results
      achieved during the phototherapy held during the summer but in the autumn
      urticaria became worse in one third of the cases. The result suggests that UV
      therapy might be worth trying in many patients with chronic urticaria.

PMID- 2416177
TI  - PUVA treatment of chronic eczematous dermatitis of the palms and soles.
AB  - Thirty-eight patients were treated with PUVA for chronic eczematous dermatitis of
      the palms. Twenty (53%) were completely free from lesions when treatment was
      stopped, and 11 (29%) were improved. Patients who showed healing remained in
      remission for an average of greater than or equal to 11 months (range 3 weeks to
      greater than or equal to 36 months). When the rash recurred it was often milder
      than before PUVA. Sixteen of the 38 patients also had chronic plantar dermatitis;
      PUVA treatment resulted in complete clearing in 7 (41%), and remission persisted
      for an average of greater than or equal to 16 months.

PMID- 2416178
TI  - Lichen amyloidosus: a new therapeutic approach.
AB  - The result of topical treatment by dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) in a patient with
      lichen amyloidosus is reported. Itching improved within five days of therapy.
      Remarkable flattening of the papules was obtained within two weeks. The clinical
      result was confirmed by histological examination which revealed partially
      disappearance of amyloid deposits.

PMID- 2416179
TI  - Treatment of chancroid with enoxacin.
AB  - Chancroid (ulcus molle) was treated in 7 male patients with enoxacin (2 X 400
      mg/die). Microbiological and clinical examinations proved complete healing in all
      cases after 7 to 12 days. No side effects were mentioned. Enoxacin seems to be an
      excellent alternative treatment for this sexually transmitted disease.

PMID- 2416180
TI  - A comparative study on the suppression of peritoneal adhesion formation in the
      rat.
AB  - The importance of periadnexal adhesions as cause in female infertility is widely
      recognized. The incidence of salpingo-ovariolysis (in the absence of tubal
      obstruction) has been reported as being 35% of the surgical procedures to promote
      fertility. In addition, one of the important causes of failure of reconstructive
      fertility surgery is related to postoperative adhesions (either reformed of
      formed de novo). Adhesions may encapsulate the ovary and/or the terminal end of
      the oviduct; they may disturb the physiologic spatial, relationship between the
      fimbriae and ovary and thus impair ovum pick up. Adhesions may also disturb
      ovarian function decreasing the number of ovulations. The importance of
      postoperative adhesions is evident also by the vast numbers of studies, published
      on this subject in the last decade.

PMID- 2416181
TI  - [Plasmapheresis with a single use of dextran 40 in primary macroglobulinemia].

PMID- 2416182
TI  - Histological markers of solid cell nests of the thyroid. With some emphasis on
      their expression in thyroid ultimobranchial-related tumors.
AB  - It was recently demonstrated that C cells, mucosubstances, and the intermediate
      filament epidermal keratin are present in solid cell nests (SCN) of the thyroid.
      The reliability and usefulness of these markers in detecting these
      ultimobranchial nests have, so far, not been comparatively investigated. In the
      light of this, a study for the presence of these tracers in SCN at different
      stages of postnatal life was undertaken. The existence of carcinoembryonic
      antigen (CEA) in this gut-derived tissue was also searched for. Epidermal keratin
      was present in the epidermoid-like cells from all SCN studied; calcitonin
      immunoreactive C cells and mucosubstances did not always occur. These findings
      reveal that this cytokeratin would remain as a potential marker to detect and
      trace back the ultimobranchial tissue component of the thyroid in earlier stages
      of development. The presence of CEA in practically all SCN surveyed would further
      support the view that they originate in the gut. This antigen would also be of
      great value for histological identification of these nests. The usefulness of
      these markers for the interpretation of the histogenesis of some ultimobranchial
      related thyroid neoplastic growths, specifically the medullary and mucoepidermoid
      carcinomas, is briefly discussed.

PMID- 2416183
TI  - Diminished retrograde transport causes axonal dystrophy in the nucleus gracilis.
      Electron- and light-microscopic study.
AB  - To examine a possible cause of axonal dystrophy in the nucleus gracilis, dorsal
      root ganglion (DRG) neurons of rats were investigated by means of electron
      microscopic autoradiography and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing method.
      Following injections of tritiated amino acids into the L6 and S1 DRG, labeling
      was observed on the initial and halfway developed dystrophic terminals in the
      ipsilateral gracile nucleus. However, no grains or few, if any, were found on the
      well developed huge dystrophic endings. Compared with the thoracic and upper
      lumbar DRG, a decrease in velocity and amount of retrograde HRP transport was
      demonstrated in the lower lumbar and sacrococcygeal DRG neurons, especially of
      large cell diameter, irrespective of age of rats. These findings led us to
      conclude that the axonal dystrophy reflects a state of an anterograde
      overtransport of the axoplasm caused by a diminished retrograde transport which
      is specific to lower lumbar and sacrococcygeal DRG large neurons.

PMID- 2416184
TI  - Solitary gastric polyps in the fundic gland area. A histochemical study.
AB  - Six solitary gastric polyps in the acid-secreting fundic mucosa were
      histochemically investigated using the mucin histochemistry, immunoperoxidase
      method, and silver methods for endocrine cells. Histologically, the polyps were
      grouped into three types: they largely consisted of either hyperplastic foveolar
      cells (group 1), normal-appearing fundic gland cells with mild cystic changes
      (group 2) or hyperplastic fundic gland cells with cystic dilatation (group 3).
      The presence of parietal cells and mucous neck cells was confirmed in all polyps
      by the immunoperoxidase method using parietal cell autoantibody and the
      paradoxical Concanavalin A staining, respectively. Regarding the endocrine
      component, somatostatin-containing cells, Grimelius-positive argyrophil cells,
      and Fontana-Masson-positive enterochromaffin cells were scattered in the fundic
      gland area of the polyps as well as in the surrounding normal-appearing fundic
      mucosa. Gastrin-containing cells were absent. In one of the group 2 polyps and
      both group 3 polyps, a varying number of glicentin-containing cells were found
      among the fundic gland components: In one polyp in group 3, glucagon
      immunoreactivity was detected in the glicentin-containing cells. These findings
      suggest that some of the polyps express characteristics of the fetal fundic
      mucosa, since glicentin and glucagon immunoreactivities in normal human stomach
      have been detected exclusively in the fetal fundus.

PMID- 2416186
TI  - Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver in a patient with multiple myeloma
      and systemic amyloidosis.
AB  - A 68-year-old man with multiple myeloma and systemic amyloidosis also had nodular
      regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) of the liver. This unusual case is discussed and
      the association of NRH with various other systemic disorders are reviewed.

PMID- 2416185
TI  - Multiple hormone production in an oat cell carcinoma of the larynx.
AB  - A 60-year-old white woman with laryngeal oat cell carcinoma is described. She was
      a heavy smoker who had been treated seven years earlier with 5,000 rads for a
      well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to a left submandibular
      lymph node. She presented this time with a two month history of hoarseness and
      tumor of the supraglottic larynx was found. There was clinical and chemical
      evidence of an ectopic ACTH syndrome. The histology and fine structure of the
      tumor were typical of oat cell carcinoma. Immunoreactive ACTH, GRP, NSE, Beta
      endorphin, calcitonin, and keratin were found in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells
      by indirect immunoperoxidase techniques. We could find no previously reported
      case of laryngeal oat cell carcinoma with ectopic ACTH syndrome or cytoplasmic
      localization of polypeptides.

PMID- 2416187
TI  - Alpha fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen producing hepatocellular
      carcinoma. A case report studied by immunohistochemistry.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) showing marked elevation of serum alpha
      fetoprotein (AFP) (maximum; 70942.0 ng/ml at the end stage) and serum
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)(maximum; 7368.4 ng/ml at the end stage) was
      surgically resected. In the resected liver, there were two different tumor
      nodules which were adjacent to each other but clearly separated by a thin
      connective tissue. One of the nodules was a well differentiated and the other was
      poorly differentiated HCC. Immunoperoxidase study revealed that both CEA and AFP
      were localized in the tumor cells of the poorly differentiated HCC. This is the
      first report which clearly proved CEA synthesis in the cells of HCC. Serial
      staining showed that there was simultaneous synthesis of CEA and AFP in some of
      the tumor cells.

PMID- 2416188
TI  - [Effect of verapamil on the action of isoproterenol].

PMID- 2416189
TI  - [Recent advances in the pharmacology of the calcium channel].

PMID- 2416190
TI  - Hemodialysis in the treatment of a group of schizophrenic patients.
AB  - The aim of the study was to examine the possible therapeutic effects of
      hemodialysis in a group of therapy resistant schizophrenic patients. Eleven
      patients diagnosed as schizophrenics according to the Feighner and DSM III
      criteria fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study. One
      patient was administered active hemodialysis in an open study for about two
      years. The remaining ten patients entered a double-blind crossover study with
      active and sham treatment. Seven of these patients completed the full program,
      four of whom belonged to a large family with a high incidence of schizophrenia.
      All patients were on antipsychotic medication throughout the study. For the
      psychopathological evaluations the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale
      (CPRS) and the Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE-30) were
      used. Samples of blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and spent dialysate were
      obtained for examination. This study did not demonstrate a therapeutic effect of
      hemodialysis when compared to sham procedure. Although in some patients
      improvement of the clinical condition was observed, there were only small changes
      in the nuclear symptoms of schizophrenia. Improvement occurred during the first
      treatment period irrespective of the type of treatment administered. Possible
      factors for this improvement, such as method of selection, medication,
      psychological mechanisms in relation to the treatment or care, and attention
      provided by the staff are discussed. Many therapy resistant schizophrenic
      patients had to be rejected because of their poor compliance, unwillingness to
      participate and difficulties in maintaining an adequate blood access route. The
      conclusion is, that the results of the present study do not justify the use of
      hemodialysis in its present form as treatment of schizophrenic patients.

PMID- 2416191
TI  - Pulmonary changes at computed tomography in patients with testicular carcinoma
      treated with cis-platinum, vinblastine and bleomycin.
AB  - Computed tomography was performed before and after CVB therapy (cis-platinum,
      vinblastine, bleomycin) in 42 patients with metastatic testicular carcinoma.
      Twenty-one of these (3 symptomatic, 18 asymptomatic) developed subpleural
      pulmonary abnormalities which were streaky or reticular in 7, homogeneous with a
      broad base against pleura in 3 and had a mixed pattern in 11 patients. Histologic
      examination was obtained in 3 patients and showed fibrosis with no tumor tissue.
      Twelve patients with marked CVB induced abnormalities underwent repeat CT within
      6 to 24 weeks. Changes disappeared spontaneously in 7, diminished in 3 and
      increased in 2 of these. Further conventional chest radiography of the latter two
      revealed complete regression of changes. Pulmonary lesions induced by CVB therapy
      should be kept in mind at follow-up so that an erroneous diagnosis of tumor
      progression is not made.

PMID- 2416192
TI  - Increased concentrations of the monoamine metabolites homovanillic acid and 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid in lumbar and central CSF and of 3-methoxy-4
      hydroxyphenylglycol in lumbar CSF after subarachnoid haemorrhage.
AB  - The concentrations of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA), the
      serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and the norepinephrine
      metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MOPEG) were determined in
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) using
      a mass fragmentographic method. In a first group of 24 patients lumbar CSF was
      collected during the first 10 days after SAH. The concentrations of HVA and 5
      HIAA showed a several-fold increase in the majority of subjects while that for
      MOPEG was less pronounced in comparison to controls. In a second group of 12 SAH
      patients, CSF was collected in 10 ml fractions during surgical clipping of
      aneurysms. The mean concentrations of HVA, 5-HIAA and MOPEG in lumbar CSF was
      469,275 and 39 pmol/l, respectively, whereas central CSF concentrations were
      1,212, 499 and 48 pmol/ml, respectively. Compared to healthy controls, both HVA
      and 5-HIAA showed increased levels (pl 0,01) but MOPEG was within the normal
      range. No correlation between the concentrations of the monoamine metabolites,
      the neurological condition or the cerebral vascular diameter was observed in
      neither of the two groups. It is suggested that the accumulation of HVA and 5
      HIAA in SAH patients is explained by a disturbance of the active transport
      mechanism.

PMID- 2416193
TI  - Glutamylation of methotrexate in hepatoma cells in vitro: regulation and the
      development of specific inhibitors.
AB  - Methotrexate is glutamylated in cultured hepatoma cells to derivatives that
      contain a total of 2 to 5 gamma-glutamyl residues. The rate of polyglutamate
      formation and extent of accumulation are saturable with respect to both medium
      concentration of methotrexate and time. Maximal rates of glutamylation and
      accumulation of methotrexate polyglutamates at steady state occur at
      approximately 10 microM extracellular methotrexate. Inclusion of physiologic
      concentrations of insulin or removal of folate from the medium each cause a
      doubling of the rate of glutamylation, and these effects are additive. Insulin
      and folate restriction also enhance the accumulation of methotrexate
      polyglutamates. In combination they result in a doubling in the intracellular
      methotrexate polyglutamate pool at steady state and a shift in the polyglutamate
      distribution to longer-chain-length species. The importance of the longer-chain
      length polyglutamates is apparent from the 6-hr retention of the polyglutamate
      species: Glu2, 15%; Glu3, 21%; Glu4, 50%; and Glu5, 83%. In probing the
      glutamylation reaction, a new series of inhibitors have been initiated. These are
      based upon replacing the incoming glutamate with 4-fluoroglutamate or
      synthesizing methotrexate with the glutamate replaced by 4-fluoroglutamate. The 4
      fluoroglutamyl analogs of methotrexate are effective inhibitors of dihydrofolate
      reductase but cannot be glutamylated. They will be utilized to probe the role of
      glutamylation in antifolate activity and folate metabolism.

PMID- 2416194
TI  - Uridylate-trapping sugar analogs in combination with inhibitors of uridylate
      synthesis de novo and 5-fluorouridine.
AB  - The combination of 3 types of antipyrimidines was studied in AS-30D hepatoma
      cells in suspension culture and in the rat in vivo. Cellular UTP and CTP pools
      can be depleted most effectively by combining an inhibitor of de novo UMP
      synthesis with sugar analogs diverting UMP to UDP-sugar analogs. The following
      UMP-trapping sugar analogs were employed: D-galactosamine, D-galactosone, D
      glucosone, and D-glucosamine. These D-galactose and D-glucose analogs intensified
      the depletion of UTP and CTP pools induced by the following inhibitors of de novo
      UMP synthesis: acivicin, PALA, lapachol, pyrazofurin, and 6-azauridine. The sugar
      analogs, in the absence of inhibitors of the de novo pathway, enhanced the rate
      of de novo UMP synthesis several-fold, as indicated by incorporation of 14CO2
      into intermediates and products of the pathway and by the expansion of the acid
      soluble uracil nucleotide pool. Reduction of UTP and CTP contents to less than 5
      and 15% of control, respectively, by D-galactosamine and PALA resulted in a
      decrease of the rate of RNA synthesis to 19% of control as calculated from the
      changes in specific activities of [14C]CTP and of [14C]cytidine in RNA after
      labeling with [14C]uridine. Hepatoma cells released uridine and cytidine into the
      extracellular fluid. This release was reduced to one third in UTP-deficient
      cells, indicating that pyrimidine nucleoside excretion is regulated by pyrimidine
      nucleotide levels, possibly by UTP and CTP regulation of uridine kinase.
      Determination of the rates of de novo pyrimidine synthesis, of the formation of
      RNA pyrimidines, and of pyrimidine nucleoside excretion indicates that de novo
      synthesis provides only about 67% of the pyrimidines required for the consuming
      processes. The difference, as well as the dilution of labeled pyrimidine
      nucleotide pools under conditions of a blocked de novo pathway, suggests a
      considerable salvage of pyrimidine nucleosides derived from RNA. This salvage of
      pyrimidines may be intracellular and/or by an excretion and re-uptake process.
      Depletion of UTP and CTP pools, induced in hepatoma cells by D-galactosamine and
      6-azauridine, leads to growth inhibition in suspension culture; this inhibition
      becomes irreversible in an increasing percentage of cells, killing all cells
      after 20 hr of UTP deficiency. The enhanced uptake of 5-fluorouridine by UTP
      deficient cells was associated with an increase of FUMP incorporation into RNA up
      to 4-fold and with stronger inhibition of cell growth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2416195
TI  - Perspectives of the immunology of proteins.

PMID- 2416196
TI  - Synthetic hepatitis B surface antigen peptide vaccine.
AB  - A synthetic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) peptide was prepared containing
      amino acid residues 122-137 of the major HBsAg polypeptide. This peptide was
      cyclized by the introduction of an intrachain disulfide bond between cysteine
      residues at positions 124 and 137 because previous studies had shown that intact
      disulfide bonds are critical for maintenance of HBsAg activity. An anti-HBs
      response was produced in mice by free peptide entrapped in liposomes. However,
      the immunogenicity was enhanced by aggregation into micelles, and by coupling to
      tetanus toxoid. Analysis of the peptide with a panel of monoclonal antibodies
      showed that peptide 122-137 contained a conformation (discontinuous) group a
      epitope and a sequential (continuous) subgroup y epitope. In addition, the cyclic
      peptide inhibited a human anti-HBs idiotype-anti-idiotype reaction with
      specificity for group a determinant(s). The potential for synthetic peptides for
      hepatitis B virus vaccine development is discussed.

PMID- 2416197
TI  - Antigen mimicry by anti-idiotype antibodies that recognize a common anti
      hepatitis B surface antigen idiotype.
AB  - Anti-idiotype antibodies that recognize a common human idiotype present on
      antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) from individuals naturally
      infected by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and an interspecies idiotype on anti-HBs
      produced by active immunization with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were
      used in vivo to modulate idiotype networks in mice. Injection of anti-idiotype
      antibodies without subsequent HBsAg stimulation induced an anti-HBs response. The
      anti-idiotype-induced anti-HBs recognized the group-specific a determinant (s) of
      HBsAg, which has been shown to be responsible for induction of protective
      immunity to HBV in both chimpanzees and humans. In addition, the anti-HBs
      expressed an interspecies idiotype which is shared by humans naturally infected
      with HBV. Prior inoculation of mice with alum-adsorbed anti-idiotype potentiated
      the immune response to a subsequent inoculation with either native HBsAg
      particles or with a synthetic HBsAg peptide. These data suggest the potential use
      of anti-idiotype antibodies as a vaccine or vaccine potentiator for HBV.

PMID- 2416199
TI  - Protective immunity evoked by synthetic peptides of streptococcal M proteins.

PMID- 2416198
TI  - Immune induction by a protein antigen and by a peptide segment of the protein.
AB  - The immune induction by a protein (the tobacco mosaic virus protein-TMVP) was
      compared to the immune induction by the free, non-conjugated eicosa tryptic
      peptide fragment of the protein (tryptic peptide 8 representing residues 93-112
      of the protein). The results demonstrated that like TMVP, peptide 8 was
      immunogenic in A/J mice. TMVP and peptide 8 do not cross react on the T cell
      level. However, immunization with TMVP or with peptide 8 induces antibodies which
      react with both TMVP and peptide 8. Characterization of the antibodies produced
      by both immunogens revealed that: their isotope composition is similar with IgG1
      and IgG2 being the predominant isotypes; this composition indicates that both
      immunogens are T cell dependent antigens, the antibodies induced by TMVP and by
      peptide 8 are directed against the C-terminal decapeptide portion of peptide 8
      (residues 103-112 of the protein), the fine specificity of these antibodies is
      the same. These results, and results of adoptive transfer experiments, indicate
      that antigen specific T cells had no effect on the expression of the fine
      antibody specificity. The results demonstrate the feasibility of immunizing with
      a portion of a protein for the purpose of inducing antibodies with the same
      isotype composition and specificity towards a protein epitope as those induced by
      immunization with the whole protein.

PMID- 2416200
TI  - Rotavirus antigens.
AB  - The rotaviruses are important medical and veterinary pathogens that cause acute
      diarrheal disease in children and in the young of most mammalian and avian
      species. The successful development of a rotavirus vaccine should significantly
      reduce worldwide infant morbidity and mortality and economic losses and increase
      food-production. Recent successes in the cultivation and characterization of
      rotavirus strains from humans and animals have led to a better understanding of
      the major antigens of these viruses and the genes encoding these antigens. The
      products of three independent genes (1) the neutralization antigen (the outer
      capsid glycoprotein); (2) the subgroup antigen (the major inner capsid protein);
      and (3) the hemagglutinin (the outer capsid protease-sensitive protein) are the
      major viral antigens. The properties and structure of these antigens are
      discussed. Further knowledge should facilitate the synthesis and development of
      novel antigen or subunit vaccines.

PMID- 2416201
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against bacterial outer membrane antigens.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies have proved to be highly specific tools for defining the
      antigenic epitopes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane macromolecules. In
      this article we have highlighted the use of monoclonal antibodies in the study of
      lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity and in particular have demonstrated that single
      monoclonal antibodies can recognize epitopes on lipid A which are conserved in
      all Gram negative bacteria tested. Monoclonal antibodies against P. aeruginosa
      outer membrane proteins have been used to demonstrate the strong conservation of
      specific antigenic sites in all P. aeruginosa strains tested. In the case of one
      monoclonal antibody, specific for outer membrane lipoprotein H2, the antigenic
      site recognized by the antibody was also found to be conserved in all group 1
      Pseudomonads. The implications of these monoclonal antibodies to bacterial
      taxonomy is discussed. Monoclonal antibodies against two separate conserved
      surface epitopes on outer membrane protein F were isolated and differentiated
      according to their reactions with 2 mercaptoethanol-reduced protein F and with
      proteolytic and cyanogen bromide peptide fragments of protein F. One of these
      protein F-specific monoclonal antibodies has been demonstrated to have
      immunotherapeutic potential.

PMID- 2416202
TI  - The primary sequence and antigenic structure of gonococcal pilin: approaches
      towards a gonococcal vaccine.

PMID- 2416203
TI  - Foot-and-mouth disease and its antigens.
AB  - Many factors combine to make foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) one of the most
      damaging and intractable disease of animals. These include its extreme contagion,
      wide geographic distribution, great multiplicity of both susceptible animal hosts
      and viral serotypes, a relatively short duration of immunity to a given serotype
      and a post-recovery carrier state of the virus in many animal species (e.g.,
      cattle, sheep and goats). Nevertheless, import restrictions and other actions of
      the U.S. Government have kept the United States free of FMD since 1929, even
      during outbreaks of the disease in Mexico and Canada in the early 1950's.
      Beginning in the late 1940's, the systematic vaccination of cattle has been
      practiced in several areas of the world with varying degrees of success. While
      this procedure has succeeded in Western Europe in greatly reducing the incidence
      of FMD, the presence of live virus in some batches of vaccine and the escape of
      virus from vaccine from manufacturing facilities are now responsible for a large
      proportion of the outbreaks that still occur there. A vaccine is needed that has
      no possibility of producing the disease. During the last few years, it has been
      demonstrated that capsid protein VP1, isolated from type A and C virions or
      biosynthesized in E. coli transformed with the gene for VP1, can be used to
      immunize livestock against FMD. Immunization of livestock has also been achieved
      with a 13 kd fragment (amino acid residues 55 through 179) cleaved with CNBr from
      the 213 amino acid long VP1 chain of type A virions. Immunogenic sites on intact
      virions, 12 S subunit particles and isolated VP1 chains have been studied by a
      combination of methods, including: assessment of the immunogenicity of VP1
      specific fragments and synthetic peptides and mapping monoclonal antibodies
      (Mabs) generated with virus, VP1 and the 13 kd fragment to virus, 12 S subunits,
      VP1, VP1-specific fragments and a biosynthetic 32mer. Correlation of these
      results with sites having variant and serotype sequence variability indicates
      that the 136-179 region of type A12 VP1 possesses four putative neutralization
      specific epitopes (ca. 137-143, 146-151, 152-157 and 170-175). Of three
      neutralization-specific epitopes on type A12 virus, two are also present on 12 S
      subunits and isolated VP1 chains. Mabs to the three epitopes appear to neutralize
      virus by different mechanisms: by viral aggregation, by blocking the site on
      viral VP1 that binds to cell receptors or by interfering with a postreceptor
      attachment step, possibly penetration or uncoating.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2416204
TI  - Histamine-releasing properties of Polysorbate 80 in vitro and in vivo:
      correlation with its hypotensive action in the dog.
AB  - The solvent of commercial amiodarone (Polysorbate 80) has been reported to
      produce haemodynamic responses in humans and in dogs similar to those produced by
      histamine infusion. We therefore evaluated the correlation between hypotension
      induced by the solvent of amiodarone and its histamine-releasing properties in
      the awake dog. The solvent of amiodarone administered to a dog, over 5 min in a
      dose of 10 mg/kg of Polysorbate 80, produced severe hypotension after the first
      administration; the second injection (24 h later) caused fewer hypotensive
      effects. Histamine release in the peripheral tissues was demonstrated by a marked
      increase in plasma histamine concentrations, with the maximum value 10 min after
      the solvent administration. H1- and H2-receptor blockade with mepyramine (5
      mg/kg) and cimetidine (10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the cardiovascular effects
      of the solvent. Isolated peritoneal mast cells from rats also released histamine
      in response to Polysorbate 80. These studies show that Polysorbate 80 releases
      histamine both in vitro and in isolated mast cells from rats and in vivo in the
      dog, and that the plasma concentrations are correlated with the haemodynamic
      responses.

PMID- 2416206
TI  - Monoclonal murine anti-DNP IgE: in vitro histamine release of rat mast cells in
      the presence of reaginic rat and mouse sera.
AB  - Mast cells from normal rats and animals reinfected with Nippostrongylus
      brasiliensis (N.b.) were sensitized in vitro with monoclonal anti-DNP mouse IgE,
      reaginic mouse serum with ovalbumin (OA) specificity and reaginic rat serum
      against N.b. The sensitized cells were triggered for the release of histamine
      with DNP-bovine-serum-albumin (DNP-BSA), OA, N.b.-homogenate and guinea-pig anti
      mouse IgE. The histamine release from normal mast cells sensitized with
      monoclonal mouse IgE was inhibited either with N.b.-reaginic rat serum or OA
      reaginic mouse IgE (30 micrograms/10(5) mast cells) completely desensitized mast
      cells from reinfected rats for specific histamine release in the presence of
      either N.b.-antigen or DNP-BSA. Anti-mouse IgE which was prepared by monoclonal
      mouse IgE did not bind to rat mast cells sensitized with rat IgE as was revealed
      by immunofluorescence experiments. Consequently we observed that anti-mouse IgE
      failed to trigger the histamine release from mast cells of reinfected rats.

PMID- 2416205
TI  - On the interaction of beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs with isolated mast cells.
AB  - The interaction of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs (BAB drugs) with isolated
      mast cells resulted, according to the compound, in either a liberation of
      biogenic amines or an inhibition of stimulated amine release. The liberatory
      drugs exaprolol and Ko 1124 decreased the level of cAMP, stimulated the activity
      of cyclic nucleotide-phosphodiesterase, decreased the incorporation of
      orthophosphate into membrane phospholipids and rapidly displaced calcium from
      binding sites in mast cells. The inhibitory drugs alprenolol, metipranolol,
      oxprenolol, practolol and propranolol, possessing lower liposolubility, produced
      opposite effects. Drugs from both groups displaced histamine from binding sites
      in isolated mast cell granules. The interaction of BAB drugs with mast cells is a
      result of non-specific rather than specific receptor interactions. Inhibitory
      drugs interfere with mast cells at membrane sites while liberatory drugs
      penetrate the membrane, thus acting both at the level of membrane and
      intracellularly.

PMID- 2416207
TI  - Inhibition of allergen-induced early reactions in atopic skin by salbutamol and
      theophylline.
AB  - The possible antagonistic effect of the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist salbutamol
      and the methylxanthine theophylline on allergen-induced immediate skin reactions
      was elucidated. Dose-dependent reductions of early allergen-induced responses
      (flare and weal) were produced in eight atopic patients by salbutamol, 2.5 ng-1
      micrograms (p less than 0.001). Theophylline attenuated these responses only at a
      high dose, 100 micrograms (p less than 0.01). Histamine-induced flare responses
      were not influenced by these agents, but wealing was inhibited by 35% by 1
      microgram of salbutamol (p less than 0.001). It is concluded that agents which
      interact with anaphylactic histamine release and elevate cyclic AMP level in
      heterogeneous tissues in vitro have similar counteracting effects on allergen
      induced skin reactions in atopic subjects.

PMID- 2416208
TI  - Actions of polypeptides at the neuromuscular junction.
AB  - The effects of several polypeptides, e.g. angiotensin II, substance P, oxytocin
      and vasopressin, on the isolated frog gastrocnemius, chick biventer cervicis and
      rat hemodiaphragm preparations were studied using electrophysiological and
      neurochemical techniques. The effects of angiotensin II, substance P, oxytocin
      and vasopressin on neuromuscular transmission and muscle contraction were
      investigated by studying the following parameters: the directly and indirectly
      elicited twitch and tetanic contractions, nerve compound action potential, uptake
      of 3H-methylcholine into nerve-muscle preparations, the contractures produced by
      depolarizing drugs, e.g. ACh or TEA. The results showed that angiotensin II (10(
      10)-10(-6) M) and substance P (10(-7)-10(-6) M) enhanced neuromuscular
      transmission and muscle contraction by increasing the amplitudes of the
      indirectly-elicited twitch and tetanic contractions. Oxytocin and vasopressin (1
      100 mU/ml-1) both depressed neuromuscular transmission by reducing the
      contractile and electrical response in the frog, chick and rat skeletal muscle.
      It was concluded that, like their effects on ganglionic transmission, the
      peptides can modify neuromuscular transmission. The mechanism by which these
      peptides produce their effects may be dependent on external calcium
      concentration. These peptides may affect both pre- and postjunctional mechanisms;
      prejunctionally by increasing/decreasing the release of ACh, and postjunctionally
      by affecting the sensitivity of the postjunctional membrane to depolarizing drugs
      and/or producing a contracture in the skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2416209
TI  - [Studies on experimental subretinal neovascularization. 2. Regression of the new
      vessels].

PMID- 2416210
TI  - [Antigen processing and antigen presentation by accessory cells of the immune
      system].
AB  - T lymphocytes do not recognize antigens directly, but only after certain
      molecular modifications, the so-called antigen processing. This process has been
      studied mostly in macrophages and recently in B cells as well. Antigen processing
      takes place in lysosomes, biochemically is a limited proteolysis and only after
      the reexpression on the cell membrane of macrophages epitopes are recognized by T
      cells in the context of MHC class II molecules (Ia antigens). This is called
      linked or cognate recognition. Experiments leading to these conclusions were
      discussed, the heterogeneity of accessory immune cells is shown, and as an
      antithesis the possibility emerges that processing is not conditio sine qua non.
      Antigen presentation by accessory cells is shown as a precondition for cognate
      recognition in MHC restricted T cell responses. The existence and specificity of
      class II-epitope associates, the conditions for their reexpression, the size of
      epitopes and the influence of accessory immune cells on the specificity of
      presentation were discussed, based on the literature until summer of 1984.

PMID- 2416211
TI  - Analysis of proteolytic enzymes and their natural inhibitors in serum and
      bronchial lavage fluid in atopic bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and
      pneumonia.
AB  - The protease-antiprotease balance was evaluated in some respiratory tract
      diseases. Analysis of the protease activity and the natural inhibitors of
      proteolytic enzymes was carried out on 10 patients with atopic bronchial asthma,
      21 with chronic bronchitis, 12 with pneumonia and 11 health volunteers.
      Paralelly, the inflammatory potency of bronchial lavage fluid was determined in
      guinea-pig skin test. In our studies of bronchial lavage fluids some selective
      changes of proteolytic enzyme activities were documented as follows: in pneumonia
      patients--the increase of acid and neutral proteases activity; in chronic
      bronchitis--the moderate increase of activities of all examined proteases and in
      atopic bronchial asthma--the increase of acid protease activity. Similarly,
      levels of the natural inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes were selectively
      elevated: alpha-1-antitrypsin in pneumonia and chronic bronchitis patients and
      alpha-2-macroglobulin in asthmatics. This finding may suggest that the
      proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors play an important role in the
      respiratory tract pathology. This concept is supported by the high inflammatory
      response observed with bronchial lavage fluids obtained from pneumonia patients
      in guinea-pig skin test. The authors suggest that the determination of protease
      activity and level of the natural inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes in bronchial
      lavage fluids may be useful for clinical prognosis and pharmacological treatment.

PMID- 2416212
TI  - Procainamide administration during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

PMID- 2416213
TI  - Experimental chronic cerebrovascular spasm in the monkey: an assessment of the
      functional changes in the cerebral arteries and their protection by diltiazem.
AB  - The structure and function of cerebral arteries obtained from a monkey model of
      chronic cerebral vascular spasm 5 days after hemorrhage have been examined.
      Narrowing of the larger cerebral arteries demonstrated by angiography at all
      sites of measurement seems to be due primarily to an increased wall rigidity
      associated with cellular damage, the resultant inflammatory response and large,
      long-lasting spontaneous increases in muscle tone. Changes in agonist sensitivity
      were extremely variable. The reduction of contractility of the vessel wall to a
      mean of 30% of control diminished the consequence of any changes in active tone
      characteristics. Neurogenic control on the side of the lesion was remarkably
      depressed. When treated with diltiazem, beginning 1 day before induction of
      hemorrhage and continuing to the time of sacrifice, arterial diameter was reduced
      at only 1 of the 6 standard sites of measurement and then by only a small amount.
      Neurologic effects invariably seen in the untreated monkeys were prevented by
      diltiazem. Many of the changes in the artery wall, including structural
      alterations, were diminished by the drug. Abnormal spontaneous myogenic tone was
      present but was less in the diltiazem-treated group; however, nerve damage and
      its functional consequences were not prevented. It is concluded that diltiazem,
      presumably by preventing the accumulation of intracellular calcium within the
      cell, prevents the initial events in the evolution of chronic cerebrovasospasm or
      narrowing. This is probably achieved by a diminishing of the direct
      vasoconstrictor effects and the toxicity of putative spasmogens released from
      blood clots, nerves and the brain on the vascular smooth muscle, thus
      interrupting the sequence leading to pathologic change.

PMID- 2416214
TI  - Experimental basis of the long-term therapy of arterial hypertension with calcium
      antagonists.
AB  - In vascular smooth muscle (as in myocardial fibers) a transmembrane supply of
      Ca++ ions is required for active tension development. In consequence, Ca++
      antagonists, which restrict transmembrane Ca++ delivery, possess a wide scope of
      action against practically all types of vasoconstrictor or spastic reactions on
      coronary, pulmonary, cerebral, renal or mesenteric arteries. Another important
      target of Ca++ antagonists is the resistance vessels of systemic circulation in
      both animals and humans. Thus, Ca++ antagonists are successfully used for the
      treatment of acute hypertensive crises as well as for long-term antihypertensive
      therapy. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) also respond to suitable Ca++
      antagonists with a dramatic fall in blood pressure. The acute spasmolytic effects
      of Ca++ antagonists can be directly visualized by ophthalmoscopic examination of
      the arterioles in the ocular fundus. In untreated SHRs these arterioles are
      always heavily constricted, and aneurysm-like luminal protuberances develop. In
      contrast, after 1 adequate Ca++ antagonist dose, blood pressure instantaneously
      falls to its normal level while the retinal arterioles dilate. A further
      important effect of Ca++ antagonists that we have demonstrated in experiments on
      SHRs is the prevention of progressive arterial Ca++ overload, which otherwise
      produces severe calcinotic or arteriosclerotic damage of the arterial walls.
      However, with the help of Ca++ antagonists, arterial integrity can be totally
      preserved. Interestingly, this anticalcinotic arterial protection by Ca++
      antagonists may also manifest itself independent of any blood pressure change.
      This is true of arterial calcinosis in normotensive rats because of advanced age,
      alloxan diabetes or intoxication with overdoses of vitamin D3, dihydrotachysterol
      or nicotine.

PMID- 2416215
TI  - Monoclonal anti-keratin (AE1) reactivity in routinely processed tissue from 166
      human neoplasms.
AB  - A large number of human neoplasms were tested for their keratin expression in
      routinely processed tissues by a simple, three-stage immunoperoxidase method
      using a broadly reactive monoclonal anti-keratin antibody AE1, which recognizes a
      number of keratin polypeptides distributed in a wide variety of epithelia. All
      carcinomas, with the exception of hepatocellular, adrenocortical, and basal cell
      carcinomas and occasional renal cell, pulmonary small-cell, and pulmonary large
      cell anaplastic carcinomas, reacted with this antibody irrespective of
      differentiation, in most instances displaying staining of strong or moderate
      intensity in the majority of tumor cells. Equivocal results were obtained in some
      seminomas and dysgerminomas. Malignant melanoma, large-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's
      disease, malignant histiocytosis, and stromal mesenchymal elements in all tumors
      did not show any reactivity with AE1. Even after routine processing, the
      determinant detected by AE1 is conserved and restricted to epithelial neoplasms.
      This suggests that AE1 would be valuable in the diagnostic distinction of
      anaplastic carcinoma from lymphoma and melanoma in routinely processed tissues.

PMID- 2416216
TI  - Argyrophilic cells in 202 human mucinous breast carcinomas. Relation to
      histopathologic and clinical factors.
AB  - Two hundred two human, mucinous breast carcinomas were investigated for the
      presence of argyrophilic granules, and these granules were found in 25% of the
      cases. The granules were located in the cytoplasm and were heterogeneously
      distributed within the tumors. Tumors with granules were otherwise
      morphologically indistinguishable from those tumors without granules. The
      recurrence-free survival was independent of the presence of granules, and no
      relation was found to other clinical or histopathologic factors. Tumors with
      granules were found to be estrogen-receptor positive, and they appear to have a
      slightly less aggressive growth pattern than tumors without granules, but the
      difference is far from being statistically significant. It is concluded that
      there is no convincing evidence that this group of primary breast carcinomas with
      argyrophilia originates from APUD cells.

PMID- 2416217
TI  - Immunoreactive myelin basic protein in tumor cells associated with carcinomatous
      neuropathy.
AB  - Tumors from two patients with carcinomatous neuropathy were studied with an
      immunohistochemical method using anti-myelin basic protein (anti-MBP) sera. In
      both cases, immunoreactive MBP was clearly demonstrated in some of the tumor
      cells, which were widely distributed either singly or, more often, in clusters.
      The staining intensity varied from cell to cell. An autoimmune mechanism to
      nervous elements has been suggested in the pathogenesis of carcinomatous
      neuropathy. MBP is known to be a highly specific and potent antigen that can
      induce allergic neuritis in animals. In one patient the progressively worsening
      neurologic condition rapidly improved after gastrectomy removed the carcinoma. It
      is possible that immunoreactive MBP in tumor cells may function as an "antigen"
      in the development of carcinomatous neuropathy.

PMID- 2416218
TI  - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and the pituitary. New insights into the mechanism
      of stimulated secretion and clinical usage.
AB  - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, a hypothalamic tripeptide, has become a useful
      pharmacologic tool in clinical medicine. Evidence supporting a role for
      thyrotropin-releasing hormone as a physiologic regulator of thyroid-stimulating
      hormone (thyrotropin) but not prolactin secretion is reviewed. Data from animal
      studies employing thyrotropin- and prolactin-secreting cells that demonstrate
      that thyrotropin-releasing hormone elevates the concentration of calcium ion free
      in the cell cytoplasm are presented. These observations are consistent with the
      hypothesis that calcium ion couples stimulation by thyrotropin-releasing hormone
      to secretion of thyrotropin and prolactin. A molecular mechanism for thyrotropin
      releasing hormone-induced elevation of cytoplasmic free calcium concentration and
      hormone secretion is proposed. The clinical utility of the thyrotropin-releasing
      hormone stimulation test in endocrine disorders is discussed. It is recommended
      that the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test be used to aid in the
      diagnosis of hyperthyroidism when other tests show equivocal results, to
      determine the adequacy of thyroid hormone suppression therapy, to distinguish the
      two forms of thyrotropin-induced hyperthyroidism, and to assess pituitary reserve
      of thyrotropin and prolactin.

PMID- 2416219
TI  - Granulocytic sarcoma of the anterior mediastinum.
AB  - Granulocytic sarcoma, or chloroma, rarely occurs in the anterior mediastinum.
      When it does, the clinical picture may resemble lymphoma. We report two patients
      in whom evaluation for mediastinal mass revealed the diagnosis of granulocytic
      sarcoma. In both patients, careful histopathologic evaluation with the aid of
      special stains confirmed the granulocytic origin of these tumors.

PMID- 2416220
TI  - Fetal heart rate changes following maternal administration of a nasal
      decongestant.
AB  - Repeated use of a long-acting sympathomimetic amine in the form of a nasal spray
      was associated with a nonreactive nonstress test and late decelerations in a
      patient at 41 weeks of gestation. Six hours after the last dose, these changes
      gradually disappeared.

PMID- 2416221
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of prostate-specific antigen in metastases with
      the use of monoclonal antibody F5.
AB  - With the use of a murine monoclonal antibody (F5), a panel of metastatic tumors
      was evaluated for the expression of prostate-specific antigen (PA) under
      immunoperoxidase staining procedures. Specimens studied included 25 of prostatic
      origin and 73 originating from nonprostatic primary sites. Regardless of the site
      of dissemination or the malignancy grade, all metastases from the prostate were
      antibody-reactive. In contrast, nonprostatic metastases were negative in each
      case, including those originating from other genitourinary neoplasms. Thus, PA
      expression as detected with monoclonal antibody F5 is a stable characteristic of
      disseminated prostatic tumors.

PMID- 2416222
TI  - Triphenyltetrazolium staining of irreversible ischemic injury following coronary
      artery occlusion in rats.
AB  - The objectives of this study of triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) gross
      histochemical staining of myocardial infarcts were to determine the accuracy of
      sizing of established infarcts, to determine the time course of development of
      staining defects during infarct evolution, and to determine the effect of
      clinically relevant autolysis on the detectability of early infarcts. Transverse
      sections of excised rat hearts after left coronary artery occlusion were
      incubated in TTC for 5 minutes at 37 C. After 48 hours, planimetrically
      determined infarct size (percent left ventricle [LV%]) by TTC and by conventional
      histologic study (H) correlated well: TTC (LV%) = 1.04 X H(LV%) - 2.94 (r = 0.98;
      P less than 0.001). Ischemic zone staining defects, detected in 50% of hearts 30
      minutes after occlusion, were noted in all hearts occluded 3 hours or longer.
      Gross staining contrast was not diminished by in situ autolysis for 6 hours at
      ambient temperature or for 24 or 72 hours at 4 C. In conclusion, TTC reliably
      permits quantitation of the size of completed infarcts. TTC often detects
      ischemic injury as early as 30 minutes after coronary occlusion in the rat and in
      all hearts by 3-6 hours. Infarct demarcation by TTC is preserved during simulated
      clinical autolysis.

PMID- 2416223
TI  - Effects of calcium on the vasopressin-sensitive cAMP metabolism in medullary
      tubules.
AB  - The modulatory effect of Ca on [Arg8]vasopressin-dependent (AVP) cAMP metabolism
      was studied in medullary collecting tubules (MCT) and medullary ascending limbs
      (MAL) microdissected from rat kidney. In MCT segments incubated in vitro with
      AVP, the accumulation of cAMP was enhanced (delta +59%) when Ca was omitted from
      the incubation medium compared with a medium with 2 mM of ionized calcium (Ca2+).
      Ionophore A23187 caused a decrease in AVP-stimulated cAMP accumulation in MCT in
      the presence of 2 mM Ca2+ but not in a Ca2+-free medium. Diltiazem and verapamil
      enhanced the AVP-stimulated cAMP accumulation in MCT; PTH had no detectable
      effect. A23187 caused a dose-dependent inhibition of cAMP accumulation stimulated
      by AVP with forskolin in both MCT and in MAL. However, in MAL the A23187
      concentration needed for half-maximum inhibition (6.3 X 10(-6) M) was higher than
      for MCT (3.9 X 10(-7) M). The maximum inhibition in MAL (-65%) was less than in
      MCT (-97%). In the presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, AVP-stimulated cAMP
      accumulation was inhibited by A23187 in MCT (-45%) but not in MAL. Naproxen or
      ibuprofen did not relieve the inhibitory action of A23187 in MCT. Added Ca2+
      inhibited the AVP-stimulated adenylate cyclase in MCT and MAL (half-maximum
      approximately equal to 5 X 10(-4) M Ca2+) and stimulated cAMP phosphodiesterase
      (cAMP-PDIE) in both MCT and in MAL (half-maximum approximately equal to 9 X 10(
      5) M Ca2+). Incubation of MCT and MAL with A23187 decreased (-50%) the content of
      ATP. Results suggest that increased influx of extracellular Ca2+ inhibits the AVP
      stimulated cAMP accumulation in MCT and to a much lesser degree in MAL. Deceased
      cAMP accumulation in MCT is probably due to both stimulation of cAMP-PDIE and the
      inhibition of adenylate cyclase, whereas in MAL it is due to stimulation of cAMP
      PDIE. The results suggest that Ca2+ influx exhibits a negative modulatory effect
      on AVP-dependent cAMP metabolism mainly in MCT.

PMID- 2416224
TI  - Demonstration of cytokeratins and an epithelial membrane antigen in chordomas and
      human fetal notochord.
AB  - The application of immunohistochemical staining with anti-epithelial monoclonal
      antibodies to the differential diagnosis of chordomas is described. Cytokeratins
      and an epithelial membrane-specific oligosaccharide sequence are found in
      chordomas but not in chondrosarcomas or normal cartilage. The same cytokeratins
      and oligosaccharide sequence are demonstrated in human fetal notochord.
      Immunohistochemical staining with antiepithelial antibodies is therefore of value
      in distinguishing chordomas from cartilaginous tumours. The staining of notochord
      with the same monoclonal antibodies adds weight to the proposition that chordomas
      arise from embryonic rests of notochordal cells.

PMID- 2416225
TI  - Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the bladder and urethra. A report of three cases and
      review of the literature.
AB  - The clinical and pathological features of three hitherto unreported and 16
      previously reported examples of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder
      and urethra are presented. Six tumors arose in the bladder and 13 in the urethra.
      Sixteen of the patients were female; they ranged in age from 35 to 78 years. The
      majority of the tumors were papillary but some were sessile. Microscopic
      examination revealed a variety of patterns, including tubular glands, cysts,
      papillae, and diffuse areas. Cells with abundant glycogen-rich clear cytoplasm
      and hobnail cells were identified in most of the tumors. These tumors must be
      distinguished from nephrogenic adenomas. A young age or a history of
      genitourinary trauma, operation, or calculous disease may be a clue to the latter
      diagnosis; microscopic features such as sheets of clear cells, significant
      pleomorphism, or mitotic activity favor the diagnosis of clear cell
      adenocarcinoma. Follow-up of most of the patients, the majority of whom were
      treated by a radical operation, was short; five tumors are known to have
      metastasized.

PMID- 2416226
TI  - Dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. A clinicopathologic study of six patients.
AB  - To evaluate the consequences of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus, six patients
      with esophageal mucosal biopsies showing dysplastic Barrett's mucosa in the
      absence of clinically evident esophageal carcinoma were identified and their
      clinicopathologic features reviewed. The patients, four men and two women,
      averaged 60 years and had long histories of gastroesophageal reflux. Four
      patients had high-grade dysplasia; two had low-grade. Dysplastic Barrett's mucosa
      appeared to arise most commonly from specialized-type Barrett's mucosa. After a
      mean follow-up of 29 months, four patients, all with high-grade dysplasia, had
      esophageal resections. Three of the four were found to have invasive
      adenocarcinoma, which extended through the esophageal wall in two patients. The
      fourth patient had a noninvasive adenomatous polyp ("Barrett's adenoma"), an
      infrequently described form of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. The two patients
      with low-grade dysplasia had developed no clinical indications of carcinoma. The
      results confirm that dysplastic Barrett's mucosa, particularly the high grade, is
      a morphologic marker for adenocarcinoma. Biopsy surveillance of patients with
      Barrett's esophagus is histologically feasible, but prospective studies are
      required to prove its effectiveness.

PMID- 2416227
TI  - Segmental pulmonary resection for cancer.
AB  - Segmental pulmonary resection was employed in 61 patients with cancer whose ages
      ranged from 44 to 82 years (average 62 years). There were 39 patients in the
      curative group with disease staged T1N0M0, 9 patients in the limited group with
      residual thoracic disease, 8 patients in the palliative group with severe chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease, and 5 patients in the metastatic group. Two
      patients died within 30 days after operation. Significant palliation was obtained
      in the limited and metastatic groups. Most patients in the palliative group died
      from emphysema within 1 to 2 years after resection. Early survival rates (64
      percent after an average of 16 months) in the curative group were not as good as
      had been anticipated because small peripheral, asymptomatic, and predominantly
      scar adenocarcinoma spread systemically more than similar bronchogenic cancer.
      Furthermore, about half the deaths were related to the many other diseases of
      smoking. However, the local recurrence rate of 5 percent was low. Segmentectomy
      was well tolerated, even in patients with compromised pulmonary function.

PMID- 2416228
TI  - Middle ear cholesteatoma: an animal model.
AB  - Topical otic preparations now in clinical use contain a variety of antibiotics
      and solvents that may produce severe inflammation if they reach the middle ear
      cavity. This report describes the response of the chinchilla middle ear to direct
      application of one such preparation that appears to act as a nonspecific
      irritant. Cortisporin otic suspension (containing neomycin, polymyxin B,
      hydrocortisone, and propylene glycol) was introduced into the bullae of 32
      chinchillas that were kept alive for four days to five months before histologic
      examination of their temporal bones. All the experimental animals had tissue
      damage and inflammation within the middle ear. The changes observed included
      proliferation of ciliated and secretory columnar cells, formation of granulation
      tissue, bone erosion, and osteoneogenesis. Some areas of the mucosa underwent
      metaplasia to stratified squamous epithelium; this metaplastic epithelium,
      however, did not produce keratin. In the majority of animals kept for two months
      or more, cholesteatoma was identified in the middle ear. The cholesteatomas
      appeared to develop as a result of penetration of external canal epidermis
      through intact tympanic membranes or as the result of migration of epidermis
      through perforations. The experimental cholesteatomas behaved like those seen
      clinically in humans, with extensive erosion of bony structures within the middle
      ear.

PMID- 2416229
TI  - [Indicators of arterial blood pressure during hormonal contraception].

PMID- 2416230
TI  - Incidence, effects, and management of sickle cell disease in Brazil.
AB  - Forty-five percent of the 121 million persons who live in Brazil have
      morphological indications of Black admixture, and 5-6% of them are carriers of
      the hemoglobin S gene. But even in persons identified as white, the hemoglobin AS
      genotype is present in about 1%. The total number of people with sickle cell
      disease is estimated as 45,000. The present analysis is based in 409 patients
      studied in Rio de Janeiro. The observed frequency of deformities of the vertebrae
      (18%), bone infarcts (12%), and gnathopathy (4%) was lower than those found in
      any other series. The proportion of adults with splenomegaly was also lower than
      that of other studies. Chest pains were more frequent in males, while bone or
      joint pains and splenic sequestration crises seemed to be more common in females.
      Effects of the disease in the viability and fertility of these patients were
      quantified. Fetal loss in 67 pregnancies was 48%. Hemoglobin F levels showed a
      clear age effect, and higher levels were associated with a more benign course of
      the disease. Information about the services for prevention and treatment of
      sickle cell disease that exist in Brazil and one place in Venezuela, is provided.
      Treatment is only symptomatic in 12 centers, while in Sao Paulo piracetam is
      being successfully used in the treatment of crises. A brief overview about the
      current Brazilian studies on this disease is also presented.

PMID- 2416231
TI  - Chemotherapy to increase fetal hemoglobin in patients with sickle cell anemia.
AB  - The obvious beneficial effects of hemoglobin F on sickling have motivated
      numerous investigators to increase this type of hemoglobin artificially in
      patients with sickle cell anemia. Various chemotherapeutic agents including 5
      azacytidine, hydroxyurea, and cytosine arabinoside, have been used successfully
      in patients. All of these drugs can increase the level of hemoglobin F in sickle
      cell anemia (SS) patients, but the kinetics and magnitude of the responses are
      highly individual and variable. The mechanism or mechanisms responsible for the
      increased synthesis of hemoglobin F remain unknown. Further controlled studies in
      a limited number of patients with severe sickle cell disease will be necessary in
      order to work out a rational, safe treatment program suitable for wider use.

PMID- 2416232
TI  - Hypnosis for hemophiliacs: methodologic problems and risks.

PMID- 2416233
TI  - Failure of Verapamil in inhibiting allergen-induced histamine release in vivo.
AB  - In order to evaluate the effect of Verapamil on human cutaneous anaphylactic
      responses, ragweed-sensitive individuals were skin tested with ragweed, ragweed
      plus Verapamil, and Verapamil alone. In addition, using a skin chamber technique,
      the effect of Verapamil on antigen-induced histamine release in vivo was
      investigated. The results suggest that Verapamil, applied locally in non-irritant
      doses, does not affect Type I hypersensitivity skin reactions.

PMID- 2416234
TI  - Histamine release from human leucocytes by IgG4 subclass in the sera of allergic
      children.
AB  - Our studies on histamine release from normal washed leucocytes sensitised with
      sera of children allergic to various inhaled and ingested allergens show that
      besides IgE, IgG4 present in these sera was capable of sensitising leucocytes of
      normal donors, and these leucocytes released histamine on challenge with anti
      IgG4. By contrast, antisera of other subclasses of IgG released very small
      amounts of histamine from sensitised leucocytes. A discordant correlation between
      skin tests and RAST IgE was observed in some children. Significantly greater
      amounts of histamine were released from normal leucocytes sensitised with serum
      from these children when challenged with anti-IgG4 compared to anti-IgE. These
      studies indicate that IgG4 merits further study as a reaginic marker in atopic
      diseases of the children with possible prognostic significance.

PMID- 2416235
TI  - [Laryngeal papillomatosis].

PMID- 2416236
TI  - [Inhibition of histamine liberation with atropine sulfate following
      administration of d-tubocurarine].
AB  - The influence of atropine on the release of histamine following the
      administration of tubocurarine (Amelizol) was studied in anesthetized monkeys.
      Four groups were prepared: group (a) was not given atropine sulfate as a
      premedication and (b), (c) and (d) were given atropine 0.0125 mg/kg, 0.025 mg/kg,
      0.05 mg/kg by intramuscular injection 30 min before the first blood sampling,
      respectively. Tubocurarine was given in a dose 0.5 mg/kg intravenously, to all
      animals. Blood samples were obtained in cases of the preinjection (control) and
      1, 3, 6, 10 and 20 min after injection of tubocurarine. The concentration of
      histamine in the plasma was measured by a fluorometric method and high speed
      liquid chromatography. When atropine sulfate was given in doses over 0.025 mg/kg
      intramuscularly 30 min before the administration of tubocurarine, the release of
      histamine induced by tubocurarine was inhibited, compared to the findings in the
      non-pretreated groups. Atropine sulfate probably inhibits histamine release
      induced by tubocurarine through the mediation of intracellular cyclic GMP and
      atropine can be used as a premedicant in cases of general anaesthesia.

PMID- 2416237
TI  - Allergic reaction to chlorhexidine in an anaesthetised patient.

PMID- 2416238
TI  - Hybridization histochemistry.
AB  - In this review we have used our own recent work as a flagship to illustrate the
      recent renaissance of interest in hybridization histochemistry. A trickle of
      papers followed the initial key excursion into the in situ labeling of tissue
      sections (48-50). Our own entry into this field started in 1978 and since then a
      confluence of important questions and technical advances has served to make
      hybridization histochemistry much more attractive as a research tool.
      Hybridization histochemistry is able to solve some problems for which there is no
      other suitable technique at this time. Hybridization histochemistry provides the
      location of anatomical sites of gene expression, and viral replication, with
      uniquely high specificity. We have taken 32P-labeled probes to what appears to be
      their limit of resolution, which is single cells in thin sections. While 32P has
      clear disadvantages, exposure time is relatively short and the use of fast-X-ray
      film to preview the results and estimate exposure time for emulsion has been
      turned to advantage. Our introduction (27) of the use of whole-mouse sections in
      hybridization histochemistry has great potential in hormonal, enzymatic, and
      growth factor gene expression and will no doubt prove of great use in
      developmental studies and examination of viral infection. The use of synthetic
      DNA (synthetic oligonucleotides) unshackles the technique from the need for an
      associated molecular biology laboratory and at once widens the horizon of
      application of the technique. Although hybridization histochemistry is a valuable
      research tool which will soon find a niche in many fields, in a short time it
      should become a key diagnostic aid. It may well become the method of preference
      for detection of the expression of oncogenes and other cancer-related genes and
      for viruses which for other reasons are difficult to detect.

PMID- 2416239
TI  - Sensitive assay systems for detection of hemoglobin with 2,7-diaminofluorene:
      histochemistry and colorimetry for erythrodifferentiation.
AB  - Sensitive and rapid assays, colorimetry and histochemistry, for hemoglobin in
      erythroid cells are established. The assays are based on pseudoperoxidase
      activity of hemoglobin using 2,7-diaminofluorene as a hydrogen donor for the
      peroxidase, instead of benzidine which is widely benzidine which is widely used
      for the detection of small amounts of hemoglobin but which is a potent carcinogen
      and has been banned from laboratory use. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide,
      hemoglobin catalyzes the formation of a blue compound (fluorene blue), which has
      a broad absorption band between 500 and 690 nm with a peak at 610 nm, from 2,7
      diaminofluorene. The reagent is safe to use in the laboratory. The methods could
      be applied to the detection of hemoglobin in Friend erythroleukemia cells induced
      to cell differentiation along the erythroid pathway by dimethyl sulfoxide.

PMID- 2416240
TI  - Rapid separation of phosphoamino acids including the phosphohistidines by
      isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography of the orthophthalaldehyde
      derivatives.
AB  - Amino acids were derivatized with orthophthalaldehyde and separated by high
      performance liquid chromatography on a polymer-based reverse-phase column
      (Hamilton PRP-1) at pH 7.2 using isocratic elution with 14.3 mM sodium phosphate,
      1.1% tetrahydrofuran, 6.6% acetonitrile. Phosphorylated amino acids were eluted
      with baseline resolution in the following order: 1-phosphohistidine,
      phosphoserine, 3-phosphohistidine, phosphotyrosine, phosphothreonine, and
      phosphoarginine. Each of the phosphoamino acids was separated from its parent
      amino acid but aspartate and glutamate eluted in the same region as the
      phosphoamino acids. The sensitivity is in the picomole range and the separation
      time, injection to injection, is 15 min. The linearity for phosphothreonine
      extends at least from 30 pmol to 30 nmol. Quantitation by radioactivity is good
      for each of the phosphoamino acids except in the case of [1-32P]phosphohistidine,
      which coelutes with inorganic phosphate.

PMID- 2416241
TI  - Assay of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function in cultured cardiac cells by
      stimulation of 86Rb+ efflux.
AB  - An assay for the increase in potassium permeability mediated by muscarinic
      acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) in cultured cardiac cells is described, using the
      K+ ion substitute 86Rb+ as the tracer ion. Cardiac cells accumulate 86Rb+ from
      the extracellular medium in a Na+/K+ ATPase-dependent manner. Subsequent efflux
      of 86Rb+ in the absence and presence of muscarinic agonists follows kinetics
      similar to those previously reported for 42K+. The mAChR agonist carbamylcholine
      (carbachol) stimulated 86Rb+ efflux with an EC50 of 50 nM. The half-time for
      efflux is reduced by greater than 40% at maximally effective concentrations of
      agonist. Stimulation of 86Rb+ efflux by carbachol is blocked by the mAChR
      antagonist atropine with an IC50 of 15 nM. The stimulation of 86Rb+ efflux by
      carbachol is not affected by the presence of the Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor ouabain.
      This assay provides a method for quantitating the mAChR-mediated increase in K+
      permeability in cardiac cells without the use of 42K+.

PMID- 2416242
TI  - Direct localization and quantitation of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity in
      polyacrylamide gel.
AB  - A simple procedure for the direct localization and quantitation of aminoacyl-tRNA
      synthetase activity in polyacrylamide gel is described. The method is based on
      the white precipitation of Ca-PPi. The white bands of the precipitated calcium
      salt are clearly visible when viewed against a dark background and can be
      photographed or scanned.

PMID- 2416243
TI  - Immunoenzymoassay of the hyaluronic acid-hyaluronectin interaction: application
      to the detection of hyaluronic acid in serum of normal subjects and cancer
      patients.
AB  - The binding of a hyaluronic acid-binding glycoprotein, hyaluronectin (HN),
      isolated from human brain, to hyaluronic acid (HA) was investigated with the
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique using plastic microtest plates coated
      with a 50 mg/liter solution of HA in 0.1 M bicarbonate. Optimum conditions for HN
      binding to HA were in 0.2 M NaCl buffered with 0.1 M sodium phosphate at pH 7. An
      assay for HA in solution was set up exploiting the fact that HN binding could be
      inhibited by soluble HA. HA was preincubated for 1 h in a test tube with a 30
      ng/ml HN solution (v/v) in the buffer containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin.
      Incubation on HA-coated microtest plate lasted 4 h and maximum sensitivity was
      achieved when incubation was carried out at 4 degrees C. HN bound to the plate
      was revealed by means of alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-HN antibodies. The
      test was used to measure HA inhibitory activity after depolymerization by ferrous
      ions. No difference was found between inhibitory activity or smaller fragments
      and that of high-molecular-weight HA. The assay was applied to determination of
      HA in sera. Specificity was demonstrated by Streptomyces hyaluronidase digestion
      of reactive material in sera. Other glycosaminoglycans did not interfere with the
      assay. Recovery of HA was good and intra- and interassay variation coefficients
      were 6 +/- 2.2 and 12%. In 103 blood donor sera, HA was found at 22.4 +/- 16.7
      micrograms/liter. HA was elevated in most of the cancer patient sera tested.

PMID- 2416244
TI  - The organization of serotonin fibers in the mammalian superior colliculus. An
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The distribution of serotonin immunoreactivity in the superior colliculus (SC) of
      the rat, hamster, chipmunk, cat, and monkey was studied using a sensitive
      immunohistochemical method. In all of these animals, serotonin immunoreactivity
      formed a dense network of varicose fibers throughout the SC. These fibers had a
      characteristic arrangement corresponding to the laminar structures of the SC.
      Except in the chipmunk, serotonergic fibers were more dense in the stratum
      griseum superficiale than in the other layers. In the SC of the chipmunk, these
      fibers appeared evenly distributed. To explore the degree of serotonergic
      innervation in each layer, a semi-quantitative assay of serotonin immunoreactive
      varicosities was conducted in the rat, chipmunk, cat, and monkey. Peaks in
      varicose density were seen in the stratum griseum superficiale, the stratum
      griseum intermedium and the stratum griseum profundum. In the rat, cat, and
      monkey, the highest density of these varicosities was in the stratum griseum
      superficiale. On the other hand, the stratum griseum intermedium of the chipmunk
      SC received the greatest innervation of serotonergic varicose fibers.

PMID- 2416245
TI  - Histochemical localization of glycosaminoglycans during morphogenesis of the
      secondary palate in mice.
AB  - The hydration of hyaluronic acid (HA) accumulated in the secondary palatal
      processes is expected to exert an intrinsic tissue pressure that could, in part,
      provide the impetus for shelf reorientation. Glycosaminoglycans were
      histochemically localized in the A/J mouse palate during development (days 12 to
      15) by specific enzymatic degradation followed by preferential staining with
      alcian blue under differential pH or MgCl2 concentration. The presence of HA and
      chondroitin sulphates A and C (CS) was demonstrated in proportions that differed
      regionally. At the time of reorientation (days 14 to 15) HA was the predominant
      staining component, being distributed according to the relative prominence of
      extracellular spaces (ECS). HA was present in higher concentration in the
      anterior than the posterior part of the palate, particularly in an area of low
      cell density adjoining the CS-rich mesenchyme of the maxillary process. This
      arrangement suggests that the maxillary process might provide a resilient
      incompressible structural base for the palate as its HA-rich ECS expands.
      Sulphated GAG, with CS being the predominant component, was localized for the
      most part on the oral-side mesenchyme both in the anterior and posterior palate.
      The most intense staining of sulphated proteoglycans occurred in association with
      the basal lamina along the presumptive oral-side. Mesenchymal cells along this
      region appeared condensed and may have been stabilized by these sulphated GAG
      providing structural constraints which might function in palate morphogenesis.

PMID- 2416246
TI  - The substance P innervation of the rat hippocampal region.
AB  - The distribution of substance P (SP) immunoreactive nerve cell bodies and
      preterminal processes was studied in the rat brain by using several anti-SP
      antibodies in combination with immunohistochemical techniques. In normal rats and
      in rats pretreated with colchicine, SP immunoreactive preterminal processes were
      found in the hippocampal region, but SP positive cellbodies could be detected
      only after colchicine pretreatment. Medium-sized to large, multipolar cells
      immunoreactive for SP were found in stratum oriens of the hippocampal subfield CA
      3 and in the hilus of the area dentata. Medium-sized to small, round or fusiform
      cells were detected in the pyramidal layer of the ventral subiculum and in layers
      III-VI of the ventral entorhinal area. The SP stained preterminal processes were
      of two types. Numerous fine, varicose axons were stained in different parts of
      Ammon's horn, while in the retrohippocampal structures, the SP immunoreactivity
      was present in small distinctly stained puncta. These frequently formed
      pericellular arrangements around unstained cells, indicative of axosomatic
      contacts between SP terminals and cells in the hippocampus. In Ammon's horn, the
      densest SP innervation was found in strata oriens, radiatum and moleculare of
      subfields CA 3a and CA 2. Scattered fibers were also present in the stratum
      oriens of CA 3a-c and in the hilus, in particular at ventral levels. In
      retrohippocampal structures, the SP innervation predominated in the deep
      pyramidal layer of the subiculum, the second layer of the presubiculum and in
      layers VI and IV of the medial and lateral entorhinal area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416247
TI  - The neocortical projection to the inferior colliculus in the albino rat.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to define the field of termination of the
      neocortical projection to the inferior colliculus in rat. The study was based on
      fiber degeneration following large lesions of the cerebral cortex, and
      anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin horseradish peroxidase ejected
      iontophoretically into more restricted neocortical loci. Neocortical fibers were
      found to supply the dorsal and external cortices of the inferior colliculus. The
      central nucleus, in contrast, did not receive such fibers. The results speak in
      favor of three separate projections, one partly bilateral to the deeper part of
      the dorsal collicular cortex, a second ipsilateral to the superficial part of
      this subdivision, and a third ipsilateral to the external collicular cortex.

PMID- 2416248
TI  - Substance P immunoreactivity in the major pelvic ganglion of the rat.
AB  - Substance P immunoreactivity in the major pelvic ganglion (MPG) of the rat was
      studied to define a possible role for this neuropeptide in functions of the
      pelvic portion of the autonomic nervous system. Substance P immunoreactivity was
      found in three locations in the ganglion: 1) as a plexus of varicose fibers, 2)
      in small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, and 3) after colchicine pretreatment,
      in some principal neurons. The perineuronal plexus of fibers appeared as small
      varicosities closely related to the somae of principal neurons. Approximately 10
      20% of principal neurons were enclosed by a substance P-positive plexus. SIF
      cells were intensely stained for substance P. The general relationships of SIF
      cells in this ganglion were confirmed by their staining for substance P: their
      occurrence singly or in large clusters, their short tapering processes often
      related to principal neurons, and the occasional presence of a beaded process.
      Colchicine treatment resulted in the appearance of rare principal neurons that
      stained for substance P. The pelvic nerve was surgically interrupted to determine
      whether the perineuronal plexus of varicose fibers had an intrinsic origin or
      arose from cell bodies outside the ganglion. The perineuronal plexus was
      virtually absent following this procedure. The results of this study indicate
      that principal neurons in the major pelvic ganglion may be subject to the
      influence of substance P derived from two sources: 1) intrinsic substance P
      containing SIF cells and 2) neurons probably residing in dorsal root ganglia. The
      nature of principal neurons that acquire staining for substance P after
      colchicine is unclear.

PMID- 2416249
TI  - Ruthenium red staining of vaginal epithelial cells and adherent bacteria.
AB  - The vaginal epithelium of the rhesus monkey is a keratinized stratified squamous
      epithelium throughout the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy. The superficial
      cells have a thickened cell envelope, surface microridges, and numerous adherent
      bacteria. During later pregnancy the cells mucify and have a typical cell
      membrane, microvilli, and no adherent bacteria. In the present study we have
      extended these observations by examining vaginal surface structures after
      ruthenium red staining. Throughout the cycle, the superficial cells have a thin
      layer of stained material closely associated with the cell membrane, but in some
      cases a much thicker mucous blanket was observed. During later pregnancy the
      epithelial cells had a moderately thick, somewhat clumped ruthenium red-positive
      material associated with the cell membrane. Glycocalyx components of the surface
      of many bacteria also stained with ruthenium red. The adherence of many types of
      bacteria to the vaginal epithelial cells appears to be effected by the
      interaction of polyanionic components on the surface of both the bacterial and
      epithelial cells.

PMID- 2416250
TI  - Distribution and characterization of anionic sites in the basal lamina of
      developing human amniotic epithelium.
AB  - We have studied the distribution of anionic sites in the basal lamina of
      developing human amniotic epithelium by using the cationic stain ruthenium red.
      Amnions at 7-12 weeks of gestation and at term contained ruthenium red-positive
      granules in a quasi-regular array on both the cellular and interstitial sides of
      the lamina densa. In order to characterize the anionic sites, small pieces of
      amnion were incubated in the presence or absence of either chondroitinase ABC,
      neuraminidase, Streptomyces hyaluronidase, or heparitinase in appropriate buffer
      systems. Incubation in the presence of heparitinase resulted in the complete
      disappearance of the basal lamina-associated granules, but other enzymes tested
      had no demonstrable effect on these granules. We conclude that the anionic sites
      associated with amnion basal lamina, and demonstrable with ruthenium red, consist
      of glycosaminoglycans rich in heparan sulfate, probably present as heparan
      sulfate proteoglycan. Because amniotic fluid has a low protein content and
      amniotic epithelium (at least at term) lacks tight junctions, we postulate that
      the heparan sulfate proteoglycan associated with the amnion basal lamina may have
      an important function as a permeability barrier to anionic macromolecules.

PMID- 2416251
TI  - Immunohistochemical observation on substance P in regenerating taste buds of the
      rat.
AB  - The present study was performed to investigate the relationship between substance
      P-positive (SP-positive) nerve fibers and regeneration of taste buds in the
      foliate papillae of the rat by means of immunohistochemistry. It was confirmed by
      neurotomy that taste buds in the foliate papillae of the rat were innervated
      mostly (90%) by the glossopharyngeal (IXth) nerve and partly (10%) by the chorda
      tympani. In this experiment, the IXth nerve was sectioned distal to the petrosal
      ganglion. The rats were sacrificed at various intervals from 20 days to 80 days
      after the operation. In the course of degeneration and disappearance of taste
      buds, both SP-positive fibers and taste buds disappeared completely from the
      posterior folds of the foliate papillae 7 days after the operation. Within 22
      days, regenerated SP-positive fibers began to appear in the lamina propria, and
      following the penetration of the fibers into the epithelium, taste bud anlagen
      reappeared at the bottom of the trench, and in the posterior folds at 24 days.
      The process of new taste bud formation extended toward the apex of the trench and
      to the anterior folds, which seemed to follow the regeneration in the nerve
      trunk. Quantitative data showed a gradual increase in the number of taste buds
      and taste buds containing SP-positive fibers. These findings indicate that SP
      might have a role in regeneration of taste buds.

PMID- 2416252
TI  - Macrophage-like cells in the muscularis externa of mouse small intestine.
AB  - In muscularis externa of mouse small intestine, cells with ultrastructural
      features of macrophages were invariably observed in three layers: in the
      subserosal layer, between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers, and in
      association with the deep circular plexus. These macrophage-like cells (MLC) had
      a single indented nucleus, perinuclear Golgi complex, smooth and rough
      endoplasmic reticulum, many pits (coated and uncoated) in the plasma membrane,
      coated vesicles, light vesicles, and primary lysosomes, but rather few
      heterogeneous lysosomal vacuoles. MLC were partially enveloped by processes of
      interstitial cells of Cajal. FITC-dextran used in combined fluorescence stereo
      microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and electron microscopy was employed as a
      tracer to study the endocytic qualities of the MLC. The mice were killed 5, 15,
      30, and 60 min, 1 day, and 4 days after dextran administration. By fluorescence
      microscopy after 1 or 4 days MLC were observed as a constant cellular population
      with a strikingly regular distribution. By electron microscopy dextran-containing
      vacuoles were conspicuous after 1 h or more. MLC of the subserosal layer and
      between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers could be distinguished with
      respect to general appearance, pattern formation, and apparent dextran contents.

PMID- 2416253
TI  - Ultrastructural cytochemistry of carbohydrates in microfibrils associated with
      the amorphous elastin in the monkey aorta.
AB  - Two distinct ultrastructural components of elastic fibers can be identified-
      namely, the amorphous elastin and the microfibrils. We have examined the tunica
      adventitia of monkey aortas to demonstrate differential localization of
      carbohydrates in elastic fibers and collagen fibrils using Thiery's periodic acid
      thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) staining of thin sections for
      vicinal-glycol-containing complex carbohydrates, en bloc concanavalin A (Con A)
      staining specific for alpha-D-mannosyl and alpha-D-glucosyl groups, and en bloc
      wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining specific for N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N
      acetylneuraminic acid, and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. The PA-TCH-SP method
      moderately stained microfibrils and weakly stained collagen fibrils, but did not
      stain the amorphous elastin. Both Con A and WGA staining methods strongly stained
      microfibrils and moderately stained collagen fibrils, whereas the amorphous
      elastin lacked staining. Thus PA-TCH-SP, Con A, and WGA staining methods allow
      differential ultrastructural localization of carbohydrates in elastic fibers and
      collagen fibrils in monkey aortic adventitia and demonstrate the presence of more
      carbohydrate components in microfibrils than in collagen fibrils, whereas
      amorphous elastin lacks carbohydrate staining.

PMID- 2416254
TI  - Assessment of in vitro IgE testing to diagnose allergic disease.

PMID- 2416255
TI  - A lymphocyte-derived histamine-releasing factor in asthmatic patients. III.
      Further studies.
AB  - Peripheral blood lymphocytes from atopic asthmatic patients cultured overnight
      (16 hours) produced a novel lymphokine-histamine releasing factor (HRF) in the
      culture supernatant. Activity of this lymphokine has been tested in the basophil
      histamine release test. Supernatant from unstimulated lymphocytes released 29%
      histamine from basophils. A short incubation of lymphocytes with skin test
      positive allergens (grass, mite) enhanced the generation of HRF. Skin test
      negative allergens had no effect. HRF appeared in the supernatant as early as
      four hours after the start of the culture and its production level remained high
      even at 48 hours. Gel-filtration with Sephadex G-75 revealed an apparent
      molecular weight for HRF in the range of 10,000 to 15,000. HRF is relatively heat
      stable at 56 degrees C.

PMID- 2416256
TI  - Characteristics of the pulmonary cellular immune response to two strains of
      Blastomyces dermatitidis in the mouse.
AB  - In order to assess the cellular responses in the lung in murine pulmonary
      blastomycosis, serial lung lavages were performed in normal BALB/cByJ mice that
      had received an intranasal inoculation with 1 of 2 strains of Blastomyces
      dermatitidis of opposite virulence. The virulent strain, ATCC 26199, induced an
      increasing number of neutrophils recovered from the lung lavages. An early peak
      of incoming neutrophils was seen at 1 to 2 days, followed by a more rapid
      accumulation of intraalveolar neutrophils, until by the ninth day after
      infection, 80% of the cells recovered from the mice were neutrophils. In
      contrast, the avirulent strain, ATCC 26197, induced the same degree (20%) of
      neutrophil influx on Days 1 and 2. Thereafter, the percentage of neutrophils
      consistently declined, so that by Day 6 after inoculation, the differential
      counts were normal. The total number of cells recovered from the mice challenged
      with the virulent strain did not increase significantly until Day 4; then the
      total number of cells consistently increased until the experiment was terminated
      on Day 14. The total number of cells obtained from the mice challenged with the
      avirulent organism never exceeded the normal range. To assess the effects of
      nonviable inert particles, mice were given Sephadex G-25 beads by the intranasal
      route, and the total number of cells recovered from the lung lavage fluid and the
      differential counts were determined. The peak neutrophil influx occurred 6 h
      after aspiration of the beads, compared with 24 to 48 h with the fungi.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416257
TI  - Inhibitors of adenosine deaminase and the development of antiviral agents.

PMID- 2416259
TI  - Plasma alpha-fetoprotein concentrations in pre-term neonates.

PMID- 2416258
TI  - The changing trend in prostatectomy in a district general hospital.
AB  - The results of 600 prostatectomies performed at Kingston Hospital are reviewed
      with particular reference to morbidity and mortality. The indication for surgery
      was prostatism in 61% of patients and retention in 34.5%. Transurethral resection
      (TUR) was performed in 65.5% of the operations. The mean postoperative stay for
      TUR was 6 days but for open operation 10 days. The overall complication rate
      including urinary tract infections was 14.8%, with an overall mortality of 1.3%.
      The results show the trends and improvement in service achieved since an earlier
      report of 600 cases published in 1979.

PMID- 2416260
TI  - The role of climatic conditions and histamine release in exercise-induced
      bronchoconstriction.
AB  - We examined the role of climatic conditions on exercise induced asthma in
      patients in the tropics. Ten asthmatic patients exercised on a cycle ergometer
      achieving similar maximal heart rates, oxygen consumption, work load, and minute
      ventilation on three occasions, breathing warm humid air, cool drier air and cold
      dry air. Blood for plasma histamine was collected before and after exercise
      breathing cold air. The exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) was least in
      warm air, maximal in cold air and intermediate in cool air. Post exercise venous
      histamine was raised in only 2 out of 7 patients. We conclude that temperature
      and humidity have a direct role in EIB and that mediator release is probably the
      result rather than the cause of EIB.

PMID- 2416261
TI  - Observations and perspectives of the pathology and possible aetiology of
      infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis--a histological, biochemical,
      histochemical and immunocytochemical study.
AB  - This study was aimed at providing new knowledge on the pathology of Infantile
      Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (IHPS) with some recently developed techniques and
      hence contributing to the understanding of its unsolved aetiology. Biopsy
      specimens of the pylorus were obtained from 15 children with IHPS at operation
      and 6 normal children at autopsy and compared as follows: (a) the presence or
      absence of muscle hyperplasia in IHPS was studied with special chromatin stain.
      No mitotic figures were observed in 10,000 cells screened; (b) Using the
      Schneider procedure, specimens from IHPS showed 1.47 +/- 0.09 mg DNA/g wet tissue
      (mean +/- SEM) compared with 2.38 +/- 0.18 mg DNA/g wet tissue in normal,
      defining the magnitude of muscular hypertrophy objectively to be in the region of
      1.62 times normal; (c) Cholinesterase staining revealed adequate density of
      ganglia with no gross distortion of morphology in IHPS; (d) Immunocytochemical
      study with the marker neurone-specific-enolase confirmed that ganglia in IHPS
      were mature; (e) Immunocytochemical study with substance P revealed rich
      peptidergic innervation of the normal pylorus and a relative paucity in IHPS.
      This was interpreted as a phenomenon of exhaustion of substance P-neurones in
      IHPS. In conclusion, IHPS is a true muscle hypertrophy with little or no
      hyperplasia. The cholinergic ganglia are adequate and neural elements in general
      are sufficiently mature. The novel idea of possible disturbances of peptidergic
      innervation contributing to its aetiology has received some support.

PMID- 2416262
TI  - A human cell-surface antigen defined by a monoclonal antibody and controlled by a
      gene on human chromosome 1.
AB  - An antigen expressed by most human cells, but not erythrocytes, has been defined
      by a murine monoclonal antibody, TRA-2-10. This antigen is expressed on the
      surface of human-mouse somatic cell hybrids, and segregation analysis indicates
      that it is controlled by a gene located on human chromosome 1. From lysates of
      most human cells, surface-labelled with 125I, TRA-2-10 immunoprecipitates two
      polypeptides with molecular weights in the range of about 55 000 to 73 000
      depending upon the cell line. Since the TRA-2-10 polypeptides from a fibroblast
      cell strain and a hepatoma cell line from one individual differ, we conclude that
      the observed difference in molecular weight has an epigenetic origin.

PMID- 2416263
TI  - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Part 2. Etiopathogenesis.
AB  - The pathogenesis of the motor neuronal degeneration in amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis (ALS) is unclear, though several possible etiological factors are
      currently being investigated. A unifying hypothesis will have to explain the
      diverse geographical occurrence, clinical features, and selective vulnerability
      and relative resistance of different neuronal populations in the disease. It is
      possible that different biochemical defects underlie this diversity, or
      alternatively that the many factors incriminated in the etiology may act upon an
      underlying genetic-biochemical abnormality to trigger premature neuronal death.
      Viruses, metals, endogenous toxins, immune dysfunction, endocrine abnormalities,
      impaired DNA repair, altered axonal transport, and trauma have all been
      etiologically linked with ALS, but convincing research evidence of a causative
      role for any of these factors is yet to be demonstrated.

PMID- 2416264
TI  - Use of interferon in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2416265
TI  - Serial immunological studies in multiple sclerosis patients treated systemically
      with human alpha interferon.
AB  - A battery of immunological functions was studied over a 2-year period in
      conjunction with a placebo-controlled trial of natural human alpha interferon in
      patients with multiple sclerosis. IgG synthesis was increased both systemically
      and intrathecally by administration of interferon; however, there were only minor
      changes in cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands. Levels of helper and suppressor
      T lymphocytes fluctuated independently of clinical exacerbations, although mean
      helper/suppressor ratios were higher in multiple sclerosis patients than in
      controls and increased further during interferon treatment. Cerebrospinal fluid
      myelin basic protein and antibodies to basic protein were not affected by
      exacerbations or by interferon administration. Circulating IgG antibodies induced
      by interferon treatment appeared to be directed at a non-interferon contaminant
      of the preparation. None of the assays was a consistent indicator of disease
      activity or of clinical response to interferon.

PMID- 2416267
TI  - Phenotypic and functional analysis of T cells cloned directly from the blood and
      cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis.
AB  - A single-cell cloning technique was used to analyze both phenotype and function
      of individual T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Blood and
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytes were plated at 1 cell per well, stimulated
      with phytohemagglutinin followed by interleukin 2, and expanded to 3 X 10(6)
      cells per "clone." More than 90% of the T8 clones generated from patients with MS
      and controls in both blood and CSF were cytotoxic precursors. There was also a
      slight decrease in cytotoxic T4 clones in the blood of patients with MS. The
      cytotoxic precursor frequencies of T cells in the CSF generally reflected those
      in the blood. In separate experiments, antigen reactivity was examined in lines
      established from blood or CSF. No reactivity to myelin basic protein or white
      matter was found in patients with MS or controls. Myelin basic protein-reactive
      clones could, however, be generated after first stimulating lymphocytes with
      antigen before cloning. These results suggest that changes in the T8 population
      from the blood of patients with MS involve cytotoxic as well as suppressor cells.
      Sequestration of myelin basic protein- or white matter-reactive T cells was not
      seen in the CSF of patients with MS, unlike reports of viral meningoencephalitis,
      in which large numbers of antigen-specific cells were found in the CSF. Direct
      single-cell clonal analysis of the CSF should provide a more sophisticated
      approach to the study of T cell abnormalities in patients with MS.

PMID- 2416266
TI  - Immunological complications in multiple sclerosis patients receiving interferon.
AB  - In a prospective, placebo-controlled study designed to test the efficacy of human
      alpha interferon (IFN) in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, we monitored
      several immunological functions. Interferon was shown to have many effects on the
      immune system, including activation of natural killer cells in vivo and elevation
      of serum immunoglobulin and cerebrospinal fluid IgG ratios. Furthermore, all
      patients who received IFN developed antibody titers to a protein contaminant
      (molecular weight, 27 kilodaltons) in the IFN preparation. This antibody was
      associated with an elevation in serum concentrations of C1q- and Raji-binding
      immune complexes in 6 of 12 patients. Some of these 12 patients developed
      symptoms suggestive of immune complex disease. IFN had pronounced effects on the
      immune system of these patients.

PMID- 2416268
TI  - A derivative of myelin-associated glycoprotein in cerebrospinal fluid of normal
      subjects and patients with neurological disease.
AB  - A procedure for quantitating the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) in
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was developed. The procedure involved
      immunoprecipitation with rabbit polyclonal anti-MAG antiserum followed by immune
      staining of electroblots with the monoclonal antibody HNK-1. This method could
      detect as little as 2 ng of MAG per ml of CSF and could accurately measure levels
      of 5 ng/ml or greater. No intact MAG was detected in any of the CSF samples
      examined, but all samples contained the 90K dalton proteolytic derivative of MAG
      called dMAG. Samples from normal volunteers and patients with demyelinating
      diseases contained levels of dMAG ranging from 2 to 13 ng/ml. There was no
      correlation of dMAG levels with levels of myelin basic protein or with active
      demyelinating disease. The relatively high levels of dMAG, even in control CSF
      samples, probably resulted from normal physiological turnover of MAG and could
      possibly obscure any additional increments of MAG or dMAG release that might
      occur as a result of demyelination.

PMID- 2416269
TI  - Progressive supranuclear palsy: relationship between extrapyramidal disturbances,
      dementia, and brain neurotransmitter markers.
AB  - Biochemical markers for the major neurotransmitter systems were measured in the
      brains of 5 patients who had died with neuropathologically confirmed progressive
      supranuclear palsy. A marked nigrostriatal dopamine deficiency, observed in 4 of
      the 5 patients, was sufficient to explain the parkinsonian features (especially
      bradykinesia) observed in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. Dopamine
      concentrations, however, were normal in the nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, and
      temporal cortex. Brain noradrenalin, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and
      aspartic acid levels were generally normal. Normal brain choline
      acetyltransferase activity (the marker enzyme for cholinergic neurons) in the 2
      patients with severe dementia suggests that, at least in some patients, the
      cognitive impairment in this disorder is likely to be related to noncholinergic
      neurotransmitter system changes. The glutamic acid concentration was elevated in
      many brain areas in 3 of the 5 patients studied.

PMID- 2416270
TI  - Autoimmune response of patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration to a
      Purkinje cell cytoplasmic protein antigen.
AB  - Sera from 6 of 12 patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD)
      contained anti-Purkinje cell antibodies, as determined by indirect
      immunofluorescence on frozen sections of normal human cerebellum. Samples of
      cerebrospinal fluid from 2 of the patients with serum antibodies were tested, and
      both specimens contained anti-Purkinje cell antibody. The anti-Purkinje cell
      antibodies were polyclonal, fixed complement, and were present in all patients at
      serum dilutions of 1:1,000 or greater. Antibody activity could not be suppressed
      by preabsorption of sera with human or animal brain and tissue powders or with
      fresh crude human cerebellar extracts. No anti-Purkinje cell antibodies were
      detected in control sera from 167 neurologically normal cancer patients, 32
      normal volunteers, 10 patients with other causes of cerebellar degeneration, or 8
      patients with other paraneoplastic neurological diseases. Preliminary evidence
      suggests that the Purkinje antigen is a protein that is often concentrated in the
      periphery of the cytoplasm in disc-shaped structures. Patients with antibodies
      often developed signs of PCD near the time of detection of the tumor and had
      relentless progression of neurological disease. Patients without antibodies
      frequently had cancer for months to years before PCD developed, and often had
      spontaneous stabilization of neurological disease with time. Four patients
      without and 3 patients with antibodies underwent plasmapheresis without response.

PMID- 2416271
TI  - Antibacterial activities of antineoplastic agents.
AB  - Fourteen antineoplastic agents were examined for in vitro antibacterial activity
      against 101 aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates representing indigenous
      human microflora and selected opportunistic pathogens. Only 5-fluorouracil,
      mitomycin, and etoposide demonstrated inhibitory effects at achievable plasma
      concentrations, while the remaining drugs lacked appreciable antibacterial
      activities.

PMID- 2416272
TI  - Activity of arildone with or without interferon against acute hemorrhagic
      conjunctivitis viruses in cell culture.
AB  - Arildone (WIN 38020; 4-[6-(2-chloro-4-methoxyphenoxy)hexyl]-3,5-heptanedione)
      inhibited the infectivity of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis viruses in tissue
      culture. Arildone did not inhibit interferon (IFN) production or IFN activity.
      Treatment of cultures with combinations of arildone and IFN resulted in an
      additive inhibition of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis virus production.

PMID- 2416273
TI  - Pediatric manpower needs in the area of developmental disorders and other chronic
      handicapping conditions.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the availability of and need for
      pediatricians specifically trained in the diagnosis and care of children with
      developmental disorders and/or other chronic handicapping conditions.
      Questionnaires were sent to department chairmen of 260 pediatric residency
      programs. Results of the survey are presented. On the basis of 73% responses, it
      is concluded that a need for pediatricians trained in developmental disorders
      and/or other chronic handicapping conditions exists. There were at the time of
      the study 32 open positions for pediatricians with such training. Eighty-four
      pediatric residents were interested in a fellowship and an additional 79 were
      considering it.

PMID- 2416274
TI  - [A new in vitro chemosensitivity test. Individualized chemotherapy against
      ovarian cancer and its clinical effect].
AB  - A new in vitro chemosensitivity test was developed from comparative studies on
      the cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs against human tumor tissues xenografted into
      nude mice and their cultivated cells in vitro. Half a gram of the material was
      sufficient to examine the sensitivity of the tissues to 10 kinds of potential
      anticancer drugs and the results were obtained within 24 hours. The test was
      applied to all of 20 patients with advanced ovarian cancer. The predictive
      accuracy was 58% in 12 evaluable patients. This response rate was higher than
      those of conventional combination chemotherapy with or without cisplatin and
      adriamycin. Individual ovarian cancers showed different sensitivities to the
      drugs. These results indicate that heterogeneity of sensitivity to anticancer
      drugs exists among individual ovarian cancers and that our new type of in vitro
      chemosensitivity test is useful for selecting the most effective drugs for each
      individual type of ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2416275
TI  - [Possibilities, limits and hopes of gynecologic oncology].

PMID- 2416276
TI  - [Chromocystoscopy using methylene blue in the early diagnosis of tumors of the
      bladder and of precancerous lesions].

PMID- 2416278
TI  - Chondrosarcoma of the chest wall: factors affecting survival.
AB  - The cases of 96 patients (55 male and 41 female) with primary chondrosarcoma of
      the chest wall were reviewed. Ages ranged from 17 to 78 years (median, 53.5
      years). The tumor involved the rib in 78 patients and the sternum in 18. Seventy
      two patients had treatment at the Mayo Clinic, 28 by wide resection, 25 by local
      excision, and 19 by palliative excision. There was 1 operative death. Follow-up
      ranged from 1 to 46 years. Recurrent chondrosarcoma developed in 37 patients. All
      had local recurrence, and 14 also had metastases. Within 10 years, recurrence had
      developed in 50% of patients who had local excision and in 17% of patients who
      had wide resection. Ten-year chondrosarcoma survival (Kaplan-Meier) for patients
      treated by wide resection was 96%; by local excision, 65%; and by palliative
      excision, 14% (p less than 0.0001). Tumor grade, tumor diameter, tumor location,
      and date of operation all had a significant influence on survival. This report
      documents the natural history of chest wall chondrosarcoma and demonstrates that
      early wide resection is the treatment of choice.

PMID- 2416277
TI  - Impact of radiotherapy on palliative gastroenterostomy in pancreatic cancer.
AB  - The previously unaddressed impact of radiotherapy and vagotomy on palliative
      gastroenterostomy (GE) in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer was
      studied. Sixty-eight patients were retrospectively evaluated. A higher overall
      incidence of complications was found in the group (N = 44) undergoing irradiation
      as well as gastroenterostomy compared to a group undergoing gastroenterostomy
      alone. The increased complications were due to 16 episodes of bleeding among the
      irradiated patients. Rates of obstructive complications were similar for both
      groups (20%). Rates of bleeding were highest among patients undergoing
      prophylactic GE and irradiation compared to those receiving GE alone. Vagotomy in
      12 patients who were irradiated did not appear to protect against bleeding. We
      found the irradiated prophylactic GE to provide poor palliation in patients with
      unresectable pancreatic cancer and recommend it not be performed if radiotherapy
      is to be used for attempt in local control of unresectable pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 2416279
TI  - [Impact of experimental infarction of the right ventricle on P, Ta and QTa
      readings].
AB  - Right atrial (RA) damage was produced by subepicardial infiltration with 96
      percent alcohol in 18 dogs' hearts. Anterolateral, right appendage and right side
      of interauricular band were injected. 19 surface readings, including right
      thoracic, abdominal (MD, ME, MI), and five direct atrial unipolar records were
      obtained using VR6 photographic paper and a direct-writing machine (Sanborn 150)
      with 4 channels at 50 and 100 mm/sec speed. Records were made in control
      conditions and immediately after infiltration as well as 120 minutes later.
      Premature atrial contractions and A-V block were provoked in order to measure,
      precisely, the QTa duration and its termination in the ventricular ST. Rate
      slowing, slight broadening of P and P-R as well and in 4 cases low right atrial
      rhythm were observed. Significant changes in the right thoracic leads and even in
      the V4-V5 leads, as well as in RA unipolars, were also demonstrated, that is: P-R
      segment elevation (injury vector pointing toward the RA), Qr or Wp waves
      (necrosis vector away from RA). Nevertheless, leads II, III and a VF showed q o w
      p waves with less significant Ta changes. Ischemic vector went away RA pointing
      toward the left one, magnifying the protuberance or irregularities on ventricular
      ST. The QTac was prolonged beyond VM + 0.04, with the greater one in RA leads.
      This behaviour was evidenced on premature blocked atrial contractions as well as
      in A-V block. Similar alterations of P wave can be observed in RA infarction as
      well in myocarditis.

PMID- 2416280
TI  - [Duration of the atrial QT (QTa) under normal conditions and its values in atrial
      damage].
AB  - Atrial QT(QTa) was measured in lead II, in right thoracic leads V4R, V3R and V1
      as well as in five direct atrial unipolar leads in 40 dogs. Atrial damage of
      right or left atrium was provoked by infiltration of 96 degree alcohol in 30 dogs
      Premature right atrial beats were induced till one was blocked and A-V block was
      provoked in 10 other normal dogs as well as in those with right atrial damage.
      Control QTa was observed to include the terminal QRS notch and the proximal
      irregularity on ventricular ST interval that was better seen in direct leads with
      sinus rhythm and confirmed later in A-V block and blocked atrial premature beats.
      It was concluded that normal corrected QTa (QTac) can be obtained by QTac = 0.32
      2 square root P-P +/- 0.02. In atrial damage the value increases beyond + 0.04
      inclusive + 0.013 with the greater values in the right atrial unipolar. This
      formula allow us to recognize normal or abnormal QTac duration and to be
      acquainted that the terminal notch of QRS is produced by the final forces of
      atrial recoviry in some cases as well as to determine the position of vulnerable
      atrial period on the ST ventricular segment with and without atrial damage.

PMID- 2416281
TI  - [Diagnostic criteria for myocardial ischemia using the exercise test].

PMID- 2416282
TI  - Aging changes of riboflavin concentration and glutathione reductase activity in
      erythrocytes.
AB  - Aged erythrocytes obtained by fractionation using gradient centrifugation with
      Dextran 40, showed lower glutathione reductase activity and riboflavin content
      than young cells. However, both young and old cells displayed almost the same
      increase in enzyme activity upon addition of flavin adenine dinucleotide to the
      test hemolysate in vitro. The lipid peroxide content in the cell membranes showed
      no consistent changes with aging.

PMID- 2416283
TI  - Role of histamine on plasma fibrinogen levels in rats with surgical injury
      (laparotomy).
AB  - The probable role of endogenous histamine in the increase of plasma fibrinogen in
      rats submitted to tissue injury (laparotomy) was studied. In laparotomized rats
      with 10 mg kg-1 day-1 of diphenhydramine (a H1-histamine receptor blocker) plasma
      fibrinogen decreased significantly as compared to the group of rats laparotomized
      only (P less than 0.02), reaching values similar to those observed in rats
      laparotomized with removal of the adrenal medulla or laparotomized with severing
      of splanchnic nerves. There is a significant difference between these latter
      groups and the normal noninjured group (P less than 0.01). Plasma fibrinogen did
      not modify (as compared with the uninjured group) in rats injected only with
      histamine (1 mg kg-1 day-1) or with diphenhydramine. Taking into account the
      results obtained and the mechanism of action of diphenhydramine, it would seen
      that endogenous histamine takes part in the increase of plasma fibrinogen in
      laparotomized rats, perhaps indirectly through stimulation of the adrenal medulla
      secretion.

PMID- 2416284
TI  - Anemonia sulcata toxin (ATX II) enhances spontaneous electrical activity and
      tension in chronically denervated rat diaphragm.
AB  - In isolated strips of rat diaphragm denervated 9-21 days prior to
      experimentation, spontaneous action potentials were recorded extracellularly and
      twitch and resting tension were measured. The sea anemone toxin ATX II enhances
      the occurrence of spontaneous action potentials, increases resting tension and
      depresses twitch tension. These effects are essentially irreversible. In low
      sodium solution substituted with sucrose the effects of ATX II are attenuated,
      however, they fully develop upon return to normal sodium solution with a marked
      transient increase in the incidence of spontaneous action potentials and in
      resting tension. ATX II remains uneffective after pretreatment with tetrodotoxin.
      Reelevation of the extracellular sodium concentration after exposure to low
      sodium solution per se causes a marked increase in occurrence of fibrillation
      potentials, however the transient increase in resting tension was much smaller
      than in the presence of ATX II. Substitution of chloride with the impermeable
      anion methylsulphate enhances spontaneous activity and resting tension without an
      effect on twitch tension. Addition of ATX II elevates resting tension although
      the concomitant further increase in incidence of spontaneous action potentials is
      small. It is concluded that the increase in resting tension reflects a summation
      of the fibrillatory activity, but fibrillations become more effective when the
      preparations are exposed to ATX II. This finding points at the possible role of
      sodium ions in excitation contraction coupling of denervated skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2416285
TI  - Anionic and neutral glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes in the freshwater worm
      Tubifex tubifex (O.F.M.).
AB  - The anionic and the neutral glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzymes from the
      freshwater worm Tubifex tubifex (O.F.M.) were separated in one step by
      chromatofocusing on a Polybuffer exchanger 94 column, eluted with Polybuffer 74.
      Their pI values ranged between 4.12 and 6.98, and their molecular weight between
      30 000 and 38 400. The apparent Km values towards glutathione and 1-chloro-2,4
      dinitrobenzene were also determined. The high number of non-cationic GST
      isoenzymes is unusual. Tubifex worms seems well equipped for attacking
      environmental pollutants.

PMID- 2416286
TI  - Evidence for extrinsic control of oesophageal primary peristalsis.
AB  - The role of both peripheral and central mechanism in the control of primary
      peristalsis was studied in pigeon cervical oesophagus. The results from the
      transection of oesophageal muscular wall and of extrinsic nerves suggest that:
      primary peristalsis is programmed centrally. extrinsic motor input is carried in
      glossopharyngeal nerves and distributed separately at each oesophageal level
      through intramural neurons. intramural neurons do not seem capable of propagating
      the peristaltic sequence irrespective of the central control.

PMID- 2416287
TI  - Acute modifications of extracellular space components and urinary kallikrein
      excretion.
AB  - In control rats urinary kallikrein excretion was positively correlated with
      inulin space and its both components, plasma volume and interstitial space. When
      the animals were infused with dextrose solution or dextrose albumin solution the
      distribution of water in extracellular space was altered and the correlations
      with urinary kallikrein excretion disappear. We conclude that the possible
      regulation of the components of the extracellular space on urinary kallikrein
      excretion has not the same importance when water distribution is altered, at
      least in acute situations.

PMID- 2416288
TI  - Feeding responses by adult males of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius) to
      carbohydrates and amino acids.
AB  - Adult males of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius), the migratory grasshopper,
      were starved for 18 h and were placed, one per arena, into arenas containing
      treated glass-fibre discs. The discs had been dipped into aqueous solutions of
      carbohydrates or amino acids of 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, or 0.1 M concentration and
      allowed to dry at air temperature. They were placed vertically on pins and
      distributed at random among five equidistant stations around the periphery of the
      bottom of the arena. Each arena was provided with a glass-fibre disc that had
      been dipped in distilled water, as a control. The grasshoppers were allowed to
      feed at room temperature at 16:8 (L:D) for 24 h. Determinations of the effects of
      nutrient chemicals on feeding were determined by dry-weight differences between
      the weights of the treated discs before and after testing. Ribose, glucose,
      mannose and trehalose had no influence on feeding; 0.01 M fructose of 0.1 M
      arabinose, galactose, melibiose or sucrose increased feeding over that obtained
      with the control discs (P = 0.05); and 0.01 M xylose or sorbose depressed
      feeding. Each of the 11 amino acids investigated was phagodeterrent to adult
      males of M. sanguinipes. The present results confirm the variability of responses
      to carbohydrates among acridids; however, the reversal of phagodeterrency of
      sorbose or xylose at 0.1 M concentration is believed to be the first reported
      instance of such behaviour. In contrast to other reports of phagostimulation of
      acridids by individual amino acids or amino-acid mixtures, all protein amino
      acids tested in the present study were phagodeterrent to adult males of M.
      sanguinipes, even at low concentrations.

PMID- 2416289
TI  - Procaine effects on the sodium transport in frog skin.
AB  - A study on the influence of procaine on the sodium transport properties in frog
      skin was carried out. The application of procaine hydrochloride on either the
      mucosal or the serosal sides of the isolated frog skin has opposite effects. When
      added to the mucosal compartment, the procaine (as well as two procaine based
      drugs: Gerovital H3 and Aslavital) biphasically increase the short-circuit
      current (Isc) with a noticeable "recline" phenomenon, and decrease the slope
      resistance, as given by the I-V curves. When applied in the serosal compartment,
      Isc is decreased and the slope resistance of the epithelium is increased. The
      procaine effect on the apical membranes shows a pronounced dependence on the
      external sodium concentration. The shift of the E2 inflection point (which
      indicates the critical intensity of the electric field at which the epithelial
      conductance changes), with respect to the transepithelial open-circuit potential,
      shows a rapid and quasi-exponential increase following the application of 25 mM
      procaine in addition to the different mucosal Na concentrations.

PMID- 2416290
TI  - Preservation of myocardial oxygen balance and functional reserve by coronary
      vasodilators.
AB  - Reduced myocardial function at very high heart rates may be due to limited
      coronary blood supply. The effects of the vasodilators nitroglycerin (10
      micrograms kg-1 min-1) and elevated CO2 upon regional function during tachycardia
      were studied. In open-chest anaesthetized dogs, regional contractile force,
      epicardial tissue blood flow and local NADH redox level were recorded during
      graded ventricular pacing. It was found that the vasodilating action of
      nitroglycerin in the unpaced heart was much lower than produced by CO2 (23.6 +/-
      5.8% vs. 137.6 +/- 33.5%). Maximal pacing at 275 bpm caused only a moderate flow
      elevation in control (20 +/- 6.8%) and CO2 conditions (20.3 +/- 4.03%), but
      marked vasodilation during nitroglycerin infusion (85.2 +/- 14.6%). Regional
      function during tachycardia was improved similarly by both vasodilators. NADH
      levels increased with heart rates under all experimental conditions, but the
      absolute NADH levels were consistently lower following vasodilator treatments.
      The lowest NADH levels were observed during nitroglycerin treatment at all heart
      rates. It is suggested that nitroglycerin augments myocardial functional reserve
      by preserving oxygen balance more than predicted by its vasodilatory effect
      alone.

PMID- 2416291
TI  - Demonstration of H2O2 production in vivo during aminopyrine metabolism and
      phenobarbital induction.
AB  - It has been shown previously that, by using methanol and a catalase inhibitor, 3
      amino-1, 2, 4,-triazole, changes in hepatic H2O2 production in vivo can be
      detected. Using this method in guinea pigs and rats we could demonstrate
      increased H2O2 production during metabolism in vivo of aminopyrine, especially in
      phenobarbital-pretreated animals. In contrast, administration of antipyrine does
      not lead to H2O2 production. In the guinea pigs, phenobarbital induction also
      stimulates the H2O2 production in vivo without administration of exogenous
      substrates. The rate and extent of this additional H2O2 production depend on the
      induction state, drug metabolism and species; the major findings are in agreement
      with and extend previous research in vitro on microsomes, isolated hepatocytes
      and perfused liver.

PMID- 2416292
TI  - Effect of vagotomy on plasma levels of growth hormone, free fatty acids and
      glucose in the pigeon.
AB  - Plasma levels of growth hormone (GH), free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose were
      measured in vagotomized (VgX) and sham-operated (VgS) control pigeons. In VgX
      pigeons, GH level was significantly lower whereas FFA and glucose levels were
      higher than in VgS pigeons. The depression in GH level in VgX pigeons has been
      attributed to the significantly high levels of norepinephrine (NE) and
      corticosterone in these Birds. The higher plasma FFA concentration in VgX pigeons
      was therefore due to adipokinetic hormonal action other than of GH. It has been
      suggested that the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and/or NE could have
      produced the increase in plasma FFA in VgX pigeons. The pronounced hyperglycemia
      seen in VgX pigeons has been attributed to catecholamine action in the absence of
      the vagal tone.

PMID- 2416293
TI  - Discovery of a natural spirolactone derivative in man and animal.
AB  - The presence of 6,7-dihydroxy-6,7-dihydrocanrenone (DHC) in man and in animal has
      been shown. Sodium loading results in a decrease of urinary DHC. On the contrary,
      sodium depletion increases its concentration.

PMID- 2416294
TI  - Ruthenium-induced red blood cell agglutination in the rat. In vivo and in vitro
      studies.

PMID- 2416295
TI  - [Mechanism of the jumping metastasis of esophageal cancer and distribution of
      bleomycin in regional lymph nodes].

PMID- 2416296
TI  - [Levels of 5-HIAA and beta-endorphin in CSF after intrathecal morphine].

PMID- 2416298
TI  - The detection of oligoclonal IgG bands in unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid by
      isoelectric focusing on thin-layer agarose gels and silver staining.
AB  - Isoelectric focusing on thin-layer agarose gels with silver staining was used to
      detect oligoclonal bands of IgG in unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
      Comparison of this procedure with Coomassie blue staining for the detection of
      oligoclonal bands in CSF yielded concordant results; CSF samples were either
      positive or negative for oligoclonal bands by both techniques. The silver
      staining procedure was capable of detecting oligoclonal bands in CSF samples with
      IgG levels as low as 2 mg/dL, which was 200 ng/10-microliter sample. False
      positive results were not detected in CSF samples with either a high initial IgG
      level or a low initial IgG level that required concentration before analysis,
      even by silver staining. This procedure has several advantages over conventional
      assays: it is fast, needing only five hours; it uses only 10 to 15 microliter of
      sample; it is easy to perform; and it can be done routinely in the clinical
      laboratory.

PMID- 2416297
TI  - Selective antidepressants and cerebrospinal fluid. Lack of specificity on
      norepinephrine and serotonin metabolites.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of the norepinephrine metabolite, 3-methoxy-4
      hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), the serotonin metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      (5-HIAA), and the dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid, were measured in
      depressed patients before and after treatment with three putatively specific
      antidepressants. The expected specificity of action on these three
      neurotransmitter metabolites was not observed. Desipramine hydrochloride, a
      norepinephrine uptake inhibitor, reduced 5-HIAA as well as MHPG concentrations;
      zimeldine hydrochloride, a serotonin uptake inhibitor, reduced MHPG as well as 5
      HIAA concentrations; and clorgyline, a selective monoamine oxidase type A
      inhibitor, which might be predicted to most affect 5-HIAA, dramatically reduced
      MHPG, moderately reduced homovanillic acid, and only modestly reduced 5-HIAA
      concentrations.

PMID- 2416299
TI  - Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of the ovary with alpha-fetoprotein production.
AB  - A case of poorly differentiated Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor with elevated serum
      alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels occurred in a 17-year-old girl. No germ cell
      component and no heterologous elements were identified, but a retiform pattern
      was present. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated immunoreactivity for AFP
      and testosterone in Leydig's cells only. Secretion of AFP by Sertoli-Leydig cell
      tumors has rarely been mentioned previously, and its mechanism is difficult to
      explain. Non-germ cell tumors must be considered in the differential diagnosis of
      ovarian tumors with elevated serum AFP levels.

PMID- 2416300
TI  - Direct assessment of beliefs and attitudes of chronic pain patients.
AB  - Traditional approaches to psychological assessment of chronic pain patients have
      centered either on underlying psychopathology or environmental reinforcers for
      pain behavior. The current research focuses on patient beliefs and attitudes
      about their pain and its treatment, an additional dimension which appears to be
      important in treatment outcome but has seldom been systematically examined.
      Patients' ratings of agreement/disagreement with information presented in a brief
      educational videotape about chronic pain were examined via factor analysis. The
      four factors which emerged from the rating were: admission of emotionality,
      perceived relevance of the videotaped information, acknowledgment of personal
      responsibility in the treatment, and discrimination of noninvasive treatments.
      These four factors appear to have convergent validity with those suggested by
      other researchers. The validity and utility of this approach to patient
      assessment in rehabilitation settings are discussed.

PMID- 2416301
TI  - [Clinical morphology of alcoholism].
AB  - Separation of the alcoholic disease into a special nosological entity is founded
      on the basis of a clinico-morphological analysis. It is suggested to distinguish
      hepatic, gastric, pancreatic, cardiac, pulmonary and renal clinico-anatomical
      forms of the alcoholic disease that are most frequently observed in the
      therapeutic clinics. The most characteristic signs of the ethanol effect
      ("morphological markers") are as a rule observed in the exacerbation of the
      disease. They are as follows: alcoholic hyalin in hepatocytes and accumulation of
      intermediate filaments in the epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Pathology of the
      cytoskeleton is a morphological expression of the affected protein metabolism.
      Apart from the disturbance of the protein metabolism, the metabolism of lipids is
      damaged as well, this being manifested in the accumulation of fat inclusions in
      the cytoplasm of the different organ cells. Leucocytes and macrophages of the
      exudate in the alcoholic disease possess the signs of the functional
      insufficiency thus confirming the state of the immunodeficiency in alcoholics.

PMID- 2416302
TI  - A new look at the retinal pigment epithelium and its neighbors.

PMID- 2416303
TI  - Subretinal new vessels after krypton laser photocoagulation.
AB  - The eye of a patient with age-related macular degeneration was treated with
      krypton laser photocoagulation and later studied histopathologically. Five months
      after treatment the original membrane was completely obliterated, but a separate
      new membrane was found, which was fed by the retinal circulation and not by the
      choroid. The frequency of such recurrences is not known, but they may be related
      to krypton laser treatment.

PMID- 2416304
TI  - Retinal pigment epithelial cells release an inhibitor of neovascularization.
AB  - Human retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture were found to release a
      substance (or substances) that causes the regression of new blood vessels on the
      chick embryonic yolk sac and inhibits proliferation of fetal bovine aortic
      endothelial cells in vitro. Neither astrocytes nor fibroblasts, under identical
      test conditions, released detectable inhibitors of neovascularization or
      endothelial cell growth. Subconfluent and superconfluent cultures of human
      retinal pigment epithelial cells released higher levels of inhibitor than
      confluent cultures.

PMID- 2416305
TI  - New concepts in the treatment of chronic recurrent parotitis.
AB  - The release of glandular kallikrein into the interstitium of the parotid gland
      appears to play an important role in the occurrence of the inflammatory
      interstitial edema in chronic recurrent parotitis. This provides fresh impetus
      for the treatment of this parotid disease with a kallikrein inhibitor. In our
      present study, seven patients with acute exacerbated chronic recurrent parotitis
      were treated with the kallikrein inhibitor aprotinin (Trasylol, Bayer AG,
      Leverkusen). With this therapy all patients were free of pain 12 h after the
      start of the therapy and most salivary gland function had returned to normal by
      48 h after beginning treatment. Within this period of time, concomitant swelling
      of the affected parotid gland disappeared completely in five patients and
      resolved in the other two patients after 1 week.

PMID- 2416306
TI  - Extracellular matrices and cell adhesion.

PMID- 2416307
TI  - Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase--with special reference to the mechanism of
      interferon action.

PMID- 2416308
TI  - Effect of proteolytic cleavage on functional properties of muscarinic
      acetylcholine receptors in rat pancreatic and parotid acinar cells.
AB  - Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells have
      an apparent Mr of 88 000, which could be decreased to 46 000 by papain, as
      deduced by covalent binding of the specific alkylating agent
      [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard. Muscarinic receptors on papain-treated acinar
      cells retained the antagonist-binding site and both high- and low-affinity
      binding sites for the cholinergic agonist carbachol. Similar results were
      observed in studies with rat parotid acinar cells, although the receptors in both
      control and papain-treated cells were each 10 000-15 000 Da smaller than in
      pancreas. Additionally, muscarinic receptors in papain-treated pancreatic acinar
      cells retained the ability to mediate carbachol stimulation of digestive-enzyme
      secretion. These results demonstrate that the characteristic binding properties
      of muscarinic receptors for both agonists and antagonists as well as their
      ability to translate agonist occupancy into a physiological response are not
      altered by proteolytic cleavage.

PMID- 2416309
TI  - Intracellular distribution of haem after uptake by different receptors. Haem
      haemopexin and haem-asialo-haemopexin.
AB  - How the interaction of haemopexin with two different receptors affects its
      subsequent metabolism and 'intracellular' haem transport was examined by using
      mesohaem-haemopexin and mesohaem-asialo-haemopexin. The physical properties of
      the two haem proteins, including their absorption and c.d. spectra, are similar.
      Binding studies in vitro showed that haem-asialo-haemopexin interacts with both
      the haemopexin-specific and galactose-specific receptors on liver plasma
      membranes, but that haem-haemopexin interacts only with the haemopexin receptor.
      In vivo haem-asialo-haemopexin rapidly interacts with the liver via the galactose
      specific receptor, since the protein is extensively catabolized and uptake is
      blocked by asialofetuin. Haem iron from haem-asialo-haemopexin is not accumulated
      in the liver to the same extent as from intact haem-haemopexin, and the native
      sialylated protein is not proteolysed. Moreover, after fractionation of
      homogenized liver by using colloidal-silica gradients, liver-associated haem
      haemopexin and haem-asialo-haemopexin produced distinctly different patterns for
      both protein and ligand, consistent with their uptake by two distinct receptors.
      These results demonstrate that the interaction of haemopexin with different
      receptors influences its subsequent metabolic fate and that haem iron from haem
      haemopexin is efficiently conserved only if it enters the liver cell via the
      specific haemopexin receptor.

PMID- 2416310
TI  - Epitope-relatedness and phenotyping of hepatic cytochromes P-450 with monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - The epitope-specific cytochrome P-450 content of animal livers was analysed by
      radioimmunoassay using a panel of seven monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) made to a 3
      methylcholanthrene-induced rat liver cytochrome P-450. Competitive
      radioimmunoassays utilizing a reference radiolabelled MAb and a series of
      unlabelled MAbs indicated that there are at least three distinct classes of MAbs
      to different epitopes on cytochrome P-450. In addition, a direct radioimmunoassay
      employing a radiolabelled second antibody detected MAb-specific cytochromes P-450
      in livers from different animals. This radioimmunoassay detected large elevations
      in the levels of these cytochromes P-450 in the livers of 3-methylcholanthrene
      treated rats and C57BL/6 mice compared with untreated rats, 3-methylcholanthrene
      treated DBA/2 mice or guinea pigs. The two complementary radioimmunoassay methods
      are sensitive, efficient, and easily applicable for screening large number of
      tissue samples for MAb-defined cytochrome P-450 phenotype.

PMID- 2416312
TI  - A human prostatic growth factor (hPGF): partial purification and
      characterization.
AB  - A growth factor capable of stimulating DNA synthesis of BALB/3T3 cells was
      purified about 1,000-fold from the cytosol of human benign hypertrophic prostates
      by heparin-Sepharose chromatography; the growth factor bound to the column in the
      presence of 0.5 M NaCl was eluted with 1.5-1.7 M NaCl. Its molecular weight and
      isoelectric point were estimated to be 11,000-13,000 and 10.5, respectively. It
      was sensitive to heat- and acid-treatments but resistant to disulfide-reducing
      agent. The final preparation was able to stimulate DNA synthesis at 10 ng/ml. The
      degree of stimulation was dependent on serum concentration in the assay system;
      the degree of maximum stimulation increased about 5 times as serum concentration
      increased from 0.2 to 2%.

PMID- 2416311
TI  - A peptide that inhibits the mitogenic stimulation of Swiss 3T3 cells by bombesin
      or vasopressin.
AB  - The synthetic peptide [D-Arg1,D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9,Leu1]substance P inhibits the
      stimulation of DNA synthesis induced in Swiss 3T3 cells by bombesin or
      vasopressin, but not that induced by a wide range of other growth factors and
      mitogens. The stimulation induced by 10 pM-3 nM-bombesin is inhibited by 1-30
      microM-antagonist in a manner consistent with competition at the bombesin
      receptor. The inhibition by the antagonist of the stimulation induced by
      vasopressin suggests a previously unrecognized interaction of the antagonist with
      vasopressin receptors. The antagonist should be useful in studies of cell
      proliferation both in vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 2416313
TI  - Synergistic stimulation of VIP/PHM-27 gene expression by cyclic AMP and phorbol
      esters in human neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - The effects of dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2cAMP) and phorbol esters such as 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and phorbol-12,13-didecanoate (PDD) on
      VIP/PHM-27 gene expression in human neuroblastoma cells in culture were
      investigated. Bt2cAMP and phorbol esters increased the VIP/PHM-27 mRNA level by
      about 9- and 4-fold, respectively. In the presence of both Bt2cAMP and phorbol
      esters, the VIP/PHM-27 mRNA level increased by about 36-fold. The intracellular
      cAMP level was essentially unaffected by phorbol esters. The VIP/PHM-27 gene
      dosage was unchanged by Bt2cAMP and phorbol esters. The results suggest that cAMP
      and phorbol esters synergistically induce the VIP/PHM-27 gene expression through
      independent pathways.

PMID- 2416314
TI  - Calmodulin in interferon preparations: effect of interferon on calmodulin
      bioactivity.
AB  - Heat-stable calmodulin immunoreactivity and bioactivity were detected in crude
      preparations of various types of human, murine and chicken interferons (IFNs).
      Calmodulin containing HuIFN-alpha was retained on a trifluorophenothiazine
      Sepharose column. The two activities were separated by serial elutions with 50
      microM Ca2+ (HuIFN-alpha) followed by 2 mM EGTA (calmodulin). While maintaining
      its full antiviral activity, calmodulin free HuIFN-alpha inhibited enhancement of
      Ca2+-ATPase activity in vitro by authentic purified eukaryote calmodulin. These
      results indicate that IFNs are calmodulin-binding proteins and that the secretion
      of both IFNs and calmodulin occurs from IFN-induced cells.

PMID- 2416315
TI  - Calcium-independent desensitization of rises in intracellular free Ca2+
      concentration and catecholamine release in cultured adrenal chromaffin cells.
AB  - Exposure of adrenal chromaffin cells to carbamylcholine (CCh) in the absence of
      extracellular Ca2+ suppressed rises in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration
      ([Ca2+]i) induced by subsequent addition of Ca2+ into the incubation medium. The
      extent of the suppression was dependent on the concentration of CCh and the
      duration of exposure. A similar inhibitory effect of CCh was also observed in the
      case of catecholamine release. In contrast, pretreatment with 56 mM K+ did not
      affect these two responses induced by Ca2+. Recovery from the desensitized state
      was rapid, since the responses became normal within 3 min following washout of
      the maximum concentration of CCh. These results show that, in Ca2+-free medium,
      exposure of the cells to CCh induces desensitization as indicated by diminished
      rise in [Ca2+]i and reduced release of catecholamines. These phenomena were not
      due to direct inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels by CCh, but seem to
      be due to an uncoupling of signal transduction between the nicotinic receptor and
      Ca2+ channel.

PMID- 2416316
TI  - Mechanism of interferon action. Production and characterization of monoclonal and
      polyclonal antibodies to the interferon-induced phosphoprotein P1.
AB  - Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to the interferon-induced phosphoprotein P1
      were prepared using protein P1 purified from human amnion U cells as the
      immunogen. Rabbit antiserum to protein P1 recognized with comparable efficiency
      P1 both from human U cells and from mouse L929 cells. Immunoprecipitates that
      contained protein P1 also possessed a protein kinase activity that catalyzed the
      phosphorylation of protein P1 and the alpha subunit of initiation factor eIF-2.
      Three BALB/C mouse monoclonal antibodies efficiently recognized human protein P1,
      but either did not recognize or recognized very poorly P1 from mouse cells. A
      fourth monoclonal antibody against human P1 recognized mouse P1 with nearly equal
      efficiency. Immunoprecipitation of human P1 with different sequential
      combinations of the monoclonal antibodies suggest that two antigenic classes of
      protein P1 may exist.

PMID- 2416317
TI  - Attenuation of pulmonary fibrosis in mice by aminophylline.
AB  - Cyclic nucleotides have been shown in vitro to regulate fibroblast proliferation
      and/or collagen production. We have reported previously that propranolol, which
      decreases the cAMP/cGMP ratio, potentiates the amount of fibrosis produced in a
      damaged lung. The purpose of this study was to determine if elevations in the
      cAMP/cGMP ratio may attenuate collagen production by fibroblasts following lung
      damage. Lung injury was induced in mice by either butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
      (350 or 400 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or bleomycin (4 units/kg intratracheally).
      The mice were treated with a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, aminophylline (20 mg/kg
      twice daily), prior to induction of lung injury and for the duration of the
      study. Cyclic nucleotide changes in the lung were also determined during lung
      injury, with and without aminophylline. The administration of aminophylline,
      which increased the cAMP/cGMP ratio, resulted in attenuation of the increase in
      total lung collagen normally seen after injury, while having no effect on
      collagen levels in the undamaged lung. The results are compatible with the
      hypothesis that elevation of whole lung cAMP/cGMP ratio early in the damage and
      repair process correlates with decreased hydroxyproline deposition.

PMID- 2416318
TI  - Overview of enzyme systems involved in bio-reduction of drugs and in redox
      cycling.

PMID- 2416319
TI  - Generation of photoemissive species during quinone redox cycling.

PMID- 2416320
TI  - The role of mitomycin antibiotics in the chemotherapy of solid tumors.

PMID- 2416321
TI  - [Study of the spatial structure of the protein component of the carcino-embryonic
      antigen by circular dichroism, Raman spectroscopy and UV-spectroscopy].
AB  - The spatial structure features of intact and deglycosylated carcino-embryonic
      antigen (CEA) have been studied by circular dichroism. Raman and UV-spectroscopy
      methods in order to elucidate a pattern and localization of CEA immunodominants.
      The temperature-induced changes in the spatial structure of the protein moiety
      were compared with data on the CEA immunochemical activity estimated by EIA
      procedure. A conformational transition was found within the 55-75 degrees range
      that produced irreversible alterations in the tertiary structure, while the
      secondary structure could be restored after lowering the temperature to 20
      degrees C. Spectral studies of intact and deglycosylated CEA demonstrated that
      immunochemical activity, at least partly, was associated with the tertiary
      structure of the CEA protein portion.

PMID- 2416322
TI  - [General method of isolation and analysis of polynucleotide fragments cross
      linked with proteins].
AB  - A fragment of 16S RNA, cross-linked to S7 protein by UV irradiation of the 30S
      subunit of E. coli ribosome, was obtained by the action of T1 ribonuclease on the
      irradiated nucleoprotein. The digest was treated with polynucleotide kinase in
      the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP and the S7-cross-linked oligonucleotides were
      isolated. An individual oligonucleotide attached to S7 protein was obtained after
      proteinase treatment of the respective spot followed by electrophoresis.
      Sequencing of this oligonucleotide established its structure as 1233-1240
      fragment of 16S RNA, the U1239 residue being the site of the S7 cross-linking.
      The developed general approach can be used for localizing protein - cross-linked
      residues in polynucleotides, whatever is the procedure employed for cross
      linking.

PMID- 2416323
TI  - Postprandial pancreatic exocrine secretion in dogs after oral administration of
      pirenzepine dihydrochloride.
AB  - The effect of orally administered 1,5-dihydroxy-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-
      acetyl-6H-pyrido[2,3-b]-1,4-benzodiazepin-6-one dihydrochloride (pirenzepine
      dihydrochloride, LS-519 Cl, Gastrozepin) on the postprandial secretion of
      pancreatic juice and the duodenal pH was studied in conscious dogs. An inhibition
      of the normal increase of the postprandial pancreatic secretion was observed. A
      possible indirect role of endogenous secretin and a cholinergic enteropancreatic
      reflex was discussed.

PMID- 2416324
TI  - [In vitro methods for testing of plant derived, bacterial and synthetic agents
      and toxins with the use of leukocyte primary cell cultures and cell lines].
AB  - In this article a variety of in vitro methods is presented to test bacterial,
      plant-derived and synthetic products on eukaryotic cells. These in vitro methods
      give a lot of valuable information and thus in some cases may substitute for
      animal experiments. The influence of plant-derived substances on the
      macromolecular cellular syntheses (RNA-, DNA- and protein syntheses) and on cell
      membranes (incorporation of oleate into membrane lecithin, histamine release,
      cell lysis) was investigated. The in vitro experiments were performed on primary
      leucocyte cultures with lima bean lectins, suzukacillin, trichotoxin,
      alamethicin, cianidanol, and beta-hydroxy-ethylrutoside. Also various cell
      activating compounds were used to test the stimulation of mitosis and the
      production of immunoglobulins in B-lymphocytes: lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin),
      lipoprotein, and the synthetic lipoprotein analogues tripalmitoyl pentapeptide
      (TPP) and tripalmitoyl cysteine (TPC). Moreover we studied the effects of these
      substances on the incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids into the cell membrane
      constituents. Plant-derived and synthetic metal-complexing agents and
      polyethyleneglycols were also tested for synergistic or inhibitory effects on
      mitogen activated primary cell cultures and lymphoid cell lines. In many cases,
      the conclusions from the in vitro experiments may be extended to predict the
      results of in vivo experiments. In some cases, in vitro results are definitive,
      therefore experiments with animals can be avoided.

PMID- 2416325
TI  - Cyclic AMP accumulation in rabbit aorta smooth muscle cells altered in the
      presence of hyperlipidemic serum.
AB  - We investigated the effect of hyperlipidemic serum on cAMP accumulation in
      cultured smooth muscle cells from the rabbit aorta. The cells were grown to
      confluence, then cultured for 24 h in hyperlipidemic medium (total cholesterol:
      2.2 mmol/l). cAMP accumulation was enhanced in response to isoproterenol 10(-6)
      M, as compared to control cells, and this enhancement was still detectable in the
      presence of IBMX 10(-3) M, a potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. Application
      of propranolol 10(-4) M at 5 min after isoproterenol showed a similar time course
      for cAMP disappearance. The phosphodiesterase activity in the 40 000 g
      supernatant of the Triton X-100 solubilized homogenates of the cells in
      hyperlipidemic medium remained unchanged. Beta-receptor assays showed an
      increased Bmax with a similar Kd, and such may contribute, at least in part, to
      the increased adenylate cyclase activity. An extended incubation in the presence
      of hyperlipidemic medium attenuated the cAMP accumulation, possibly due to
      excessive increases in the total cholesterol content.

PMID- 2416326
TI  - [Alveolar soft part sarcomas. Apropos of 6 cases and review of the literature].
AB  - This is a clinicopathologic study of 6 cases of alveolar soft-part sarcoma. The
      patients age ranges from 8 to 47 years. All patients are women. In 5 cases the
      localization of the primary tumor is the lower extremities. Histologically the
      tumors have a distinctive organoid pattern outlined by thin-walled capillaries
      and are composed of nests of large polyhedral cells with abundant finely
      granular, acidophilic cytoplasm. Two tumors, among the 4 tested cases, have
      cytoplasmic PAS positive diastase-resistant crystalline structures. Electron
      microscopic study of one tumor shows intracytoplasmic glycogen, small membrane
      bound electron-dense granules, Golgi lamellae and crystalline structures.
      Immunoperoxidase study performed in one case reveals a positivity with
      antikeratin and anti-enolase (NSE) antibodies. The prognosis of this tumor is
      poor. The main metastasis are in the lung and in the brain. Often the patients
      develop metastasis before detection of the primary tumor. The histogenesis of
      alveolar soft part sarcoma and the identity of the characteristic crystalloids
      remain open for discussion.

PMID- 2416327
TI  - Electrocardiogram of the month: extrasystole.

PMID- 2416328
TI  - [Demonstration of the vasoproliferative activity of heparin on chorioallantoic
      membrane].

PMID- 2416329
TI  - [A case of cerebellar ganglioglioma in an infant--immunohistochemical study].
AB  - Ganglioglioma is a rare brain tumor which occurs in an infant and young adult.
      The term "ganglioglioma" was originally proposed by Ewing in 1926 and
      subsequently adopted by Courville in 1930. Histogenesis of ganglioglioma is still
      speculative, but the hypothesis that ganglioglioma is derived from hamartomatous
      sympathetic neurons is generally thought to be probable. Gangliogliomas of the
      brain arise frequently from the temporal lobe, frontal lobe, cerebellum and
      spinal cord. Its growth is gradual and clinically it is a benign tumor, but its
      malignant transformation has been reported. Ganglioglioma is a tumor composed of
      both neuronal and glial cells, but the ratio of these two-cell components varies
      a great deal from case to case and in different areas even of the same tumor. The
      authors experienced a cerebellar ganglioglioma in an infant which was
      successfully removed. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies of the
      biopsy specimen have been done. That is, histopathological staining with H-E
      (hematoxylin eosin), PTAH (phosphotangustic acid hematoxylin), cresyl-violet and
      Bodian, and electron microscopical studies were performed. Also the authors
      immunohistochemically examined the presence or absence of GFAP (glial fibrillary
      acidic protein), NSE (neuron specific enolase), S-100 alpha and beta subunits.
      Histopathologically, the authors could find nerve fiber, glial fiber and identify
      neuronal cells which had Nisslgranules in the cytoplasm. Electron microscopically
      the authors could distinguish the neuronal cells which had large nuclei and
      prominant nucleoli from the glial cells which had processes filled with
      intermediate glial filaments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416330
TI  - [beta-Endorphin and monoamine metabolite concentrations in patients with
      intractable pain--changes before and after deep brain or spinal dorsal column
      stimulation].
AB  - Baseline concentrations of beta-endorphin (beta-EP) and monoamine metabolites
      (MHPG: 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol, HVA: homovanillic acid, 5-HIAA: 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid) in lumbar CSF (LCSF) and ventricular CSF (VCSF) were
      measured in 18 patients with intractable pain; 10 with deafferented pain and 8
      with peripheral pain. Control values were obtained from 37 individuals of various
      ages. Changes in the concentrations of these substances were determined before
      and after giving stimulations (2-5 V, 0.2-0.5 msec, 40-50 Hz, 20-sec duration) to
      6 patients through electrodes implanted in deep brain structures (DBS; posterior
      limb of the internal capsule in 5 patients and rostral mesencephalic lemniscus
      medialis in one patient), and to 2 other patients through electrodes implanted in
      the spinal dorsal column (DCS). The control value of beta-EP in LCSF was 57.6 +/-
      24.7 pg/ml, which was not significantly different from that of VCSF. Great
      variation in the individual control LCSF beta-EP concentrations was found, but it
      was not related to differences in age. The mean baseline LCSF beta-EP
      concentration was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than the control in the
      patients with deaffernted pain before stimulation. One of the monoamine
      metabolites, MHPG, showed higher level in the patients with peripheral pain (p
      less than 0.01). The LCSF beta-EP concentration was not affected by deep brain
      stimulation, but was increased by dorsal column stimulation. In one patient with
      excellent pain relief by stimulation of the posterior limb of the internal
      capsule, the LCSF HVA and 5-HIAA concentrations were conspicuously
      increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416331
TI  - Tofisopam and midazolam: differences in clinical effects and in changes of CSF
      monoamine metabolites.
AB  - The effect of two repeated oral doses of 100 mg tofisopam 15 mg midazolam and
      placebo on the concentrations of monoamine metabolites (MHPG, 5-HIAA, HVA) in
      lumbar CSF were studied in general surgical patients operated on under spinal
      analgesia (n = 12 in each group). Midazolam, but not tofisopam, improved the
      quality of sleep the night before surgery. Both active agents reduced
      preoperative anxiety of the patients, but tofisopam was without subjective
      sedative action. In the placebo group, in contrast to the active drug groups,
      there was a slight positive correlation between the MHPG concentration and degree
      of anxiety before surgery. The only significant difference in the monoamine
      metabolites in lumbar CSF was found in the concentrations of HVA between
      tofisopam and placebo treated patients. The lower HVA concentrations suggest that
      the curious 3,4-benzodiazepine derivative, tofisopam, modifies central
      dopaminergic activity.

PMID- 2416332
TI  - An in-vitro comparison of the disintegration of human ear wax by five
      cerumenolytics commonly used in general practice.

PMID- 2416333
TI  - Antigenic expression of heat-stable and heat-labile binding sites on
      carcinoembryonic antigen.

PMID- 2416334
TI  - Copper-bleomycin has no significant DNA cleavage activity.
AB  - In contrast to a very recent report [Ehrenfeld, G. M., Rodriguez, L. O., Hecht,
      S. M., Chang, C., Basus, V. J., & Oppenheimer, N. J. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 81
      92], the present careful reexamination demonstrated that copper-bleomycin systems
      have no significant DNA cleavage activity. In the presence of dithiothreitol, the
      bleomycin-Cu(II) complex showed little activity for DNA degradation. The DNA
      strand scission by the Cu(I)-bleomycin-dithiothreitol system was remarkably
      depressed by deferoxamine rather than by bathocuproine, suggesting the effect of
      trace amounts of contaminating iron in the experiments. It seems highly unlikely
      that the DNA breakage activity due specifically to the Cu(I)-bleomycin complex
      system is substantially strong. Our results indicate that the metal really
      relevant to the DNA cleavage by bleomycin is iron not copper.

PMID- 2416335
TI  - Calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of the human placental membrane receptor
      for epidermal growth factor urogastrone.
AB  - The findings of our work were 2-fold: (1) calcineurin (from bovine brain) can
      catalyze the complete dephosphorylation of the phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine
      residues in the human placental receptor for epidermal growth factor urogastrone
      (EGF-URO), and (2) the major calmodulin-binding protein of human placental
      membranes is a calcineurin-related protein. In terms of its metal ion dependence
      (Ni2+ greater than Mn2+ greater than Co2+), its calmodulin dependence, and its
      sensitivity to inhibitors (Zn2+, fluoride, orthovanadate), the phosphotyrosyl
      protein phosphatase activity of calcineurin, using the EGF-URO receptor as
      substrate, paralleled the enzyme activity measured with p-nitrophenyl phosphate
      (PNPP) as a substrate. These characteristics distinguish calcineurin from other
      classes of protein phosphotyrosyl phosphatases. Calcineurin purified from
      placental membranes was similar to, if not identical with, bovine brain
      calcineurin in terms of enzymatic specific activity toward PNPP, subunit
      electrophoretic mobilities, and immunological cross-reactivity. The enzymatic
      properties and comparative abundance of calcineurin in the placenta membranes
      suggest that this enzyme may play an important role in regulating the
      phosphorylation state of those receptors (e.g., for EGF-URO or insulin) also
      known to be present in the membranes.

PMID- 2416336
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of poly[d(G-z5C)]. B-Z transition and inhibition
      of DNA methylase.
AB  - Deoxy-5-azacytidine 5'-triphosphate was synthesized and used as a substrate for
      the enzymatic synthesis of the polynucleotide poly[d(G-z5C)]. Whereas the
      triphosphate decomposes in solution, the azacytosine analogue incorporated into
      DNA is stable under conditions preserving the double-helical structure. Poly[d(G
      z5C)] undergoes the transition to the left-handed Z conformation at salt (NaCl
      and MgCl2) concentrations approximately 30% higher than those required for
      unsubstituted poly[d(G-C)]. However, the incorporation of azacytidine potentiates
      the formation at room temperature of the Z helix stabilized by the transition
      metal Mn2+; in the case of poly[d(G-C)], a heating step is required. The spectral
      properties of the two polymers in the B and Z forms are similar. Both left-handed
      forms are recognized by anti-Z DNA immunoglobulins, indicating that the DNAs bear
      common antigenic features. Poly[d(G-z5C)] is not a substrate for the DNA cytosine
      5-methyltransferase from human placenta. It is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme
      when tested in a competitive binding assay. These results are compatible with a
      very strong, possibly covalent, mode of interaction between methyltransferases
      and DNA containing 5-azacytosine.

PMID- 2416337
TI  - Determination of the kinetics of deuteration of DNA.RNA hybrids by ultraviolet
      spectroscopy.
AB  - The kinetics of the hydrogen-deuterium exchange reactions of poly(dA).poly(rU)
      and poly(rA).poly(dT) has been examined, at pH 7.0 and at various temperatures in
      the 15-35 degrees C range, by stopped-flow ultraviolet spectrophotometry. For
      comparison, the deuteration kinetics of poly[d(A-T)].poly[d(A-T)] and
      poly(rA).poly(rU) has been reexamined. At 20 degrees C, the imino deuteration (NH
      ---ND) rates of the two hybrid duplexes were found to be 1.5 and 1.8 s-1,
      respectively. These are nearly equal to the imino deuteration rates of poly[d(A
      T)].poly[d(A-T)] (1.1 s-1) and poly(rA).poly(rU) (1.5 s-1) but appreciably higher
      than that of poly(dA).poly(dT) (0.35 s-1). It has been suggested that a DNA.RNA
      hybrid, an RNA duplex, and the AT-alternating DNA duplex have in general higher
      base-pair-opening reaction rates than the ordinary DNA duplex. The amino
      deuteration (NH2----ND2) rates, on the other hand, have been found to be 0.25,
      0.28, and 0.33 s-1, respectively, for poly(dA).poly(rU), poly(rA).poly(dT), and
      poly[d(A-T)].poly[d(A-T)], at 20 degrees C. These are appreciably higher than
      that for poly(rA).poly(rU) (0.10 s-1). In general, the equilibrium constants (K)
      of the base-pair opening are considered to be greatest for the DNA.RNA hybrid
      duplex (0.05 at 20 degrees C), second greatest for the RNA duplex (0.02 at 20
      degrees C), and smallest for the DNA duplex (0.005 at 20 degrees C), although the
      AT-alternating DNA duplex has an exceptionally great K (0.07 at 20 degrees C).
      From the temperature effect on the K value, the enthalpy of the base-pair opening
      was estimated to be 3.0 kcal/mol for the DNA.RNA hybrid duplex.

PMID- 2416338
TI  - Induction of angiogenesis by bovine brain derived class 1 heparin-binding growth
      factor.
AB  - The angiogenic capacity of the class 1 heparin-binding growth factor from bovine
      brain, an anionic endothelial cell mitogen of Mr 16 000, has been evaluated. Its
      ability to induce the growth of new blood vessels has been assessed by means of
      two established assay systems. On the embryonic chick chorioallantoic membrane
      dose-response studies demonstrate that 160 ng (10 pmol) of mitogen is required to
      induce angiogenesis in greater than 50% of the eggs within 72 h. In the presence
      of 1 unit of exogenous heparin only 40 ng of mitogen (2.5 pmol) is needed to
      induce a similar response. Moreover, this occurs within 48 h, indicating that
      heparin also augments the angiogenic response by enhancing the rate of induction
      of angiogenesis. Eighty nanograms (5 pmol) of mitogen also induces the ingrowth
      of new blood vessels into the rabbit cornea, both in the presence and in the
      absence of heparin. These results establish that the class 1 heparin-binding
      growth factor from bovine brain is an angiogenesis factor. Importantly, the
      neovascularization induced by this angiogenesis factor is enhanced by heparin.
      The mechanistic implications for neovascularization under certain normal and
      pathological conditions are discussed.

PMID- 2416339
TI  - Tissue-specific hypomethylation and expression of rat phosphoenolpyruvate
      carboxykinase gene induced by in vivo treatment of fetuses and neonates with 5
      azacytidine.
AB  - Rat fetuses of 17-19-day gestation were injected in utero with 5-azacytidine (two
      to three daily injections of 40 micrograms/fetus). Neonates were injected with
      seven daily injections (1 mg/kg). DNA samples were isolated from the fetal and
      neonatal livers and neonatal spleen and subjected to analysis of their
      methylation status. Overall methylation was analyzed by the nearest-neighbor
      analysis (at CpG sites) and the pattern of methylation at CCGG sites by Southern
      blot analysis using phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) sequences as
      probes. While DNAs from the liver and spleen undergo hypomethylation to the same
      extent in response to the 5-azacytidine treatment, the changes in the methylation
      patterns of the PEPCK gene in the two tissues are strikingly different. The
      changes observed indicate that a decrease in the methylase activity (inhibition
      by 5-azacytidine) results in site- and tissue-specific hypomethylation. The
      tissue-specific changes in the methylation pattern are associated with a tissue
      specific expression of the PEPCK gene. Although the gene is hypomethylated by
      azacytidine in both liver and spleen, it is expressed only in the liver. The
      expression of already active genes (PEPCK in the kidney and albumin in the liver)
      is not further enhanced by the drug.

PMID- 2416340
TI  - Increase in vesicle permeability mediated by myelin basic protein: effect of
      phosphorylation of basic protein.
AB  - The two most basic charge isomers of myelin basic protein (BP), components 1 and
      2 (C1 and C2), which presumably differ in the degree of deamidation, were
      purified from bovine BP by cation-exchange chromatography. Two additional
      specific types of posttranslational modifications were introduced into the
      purified isomers: (1) C-terminal arginine deficient derivatives of C1 and C2 were
      prepared by incubating the isomers with a carboxypeptidase, and (2)
      phosphorylated derivatives of C1 (1.6 and 1.7 mol of phosphate/mol of protein)
      were prepared by incubating C1 with the protein kinase from rabbit muscle. The
      ability of these charge isomers to increase the permeability of multilamellar
      vesicles composed of phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine (1:11.5 w/w) and
      sphingomyelin/cholesterol/phosphatidic acid (1:1:0.2 w/w/w) was measured by
      monitoring the release of a water-soluble spin-label (tempocholine chloride) from
      the vesicles. The increase in vesicle permeability caused by BP was taken as a
      measure of the degree of perturbation of the bilayer by the protein, most likely
      by penetration partly into the bilayer. All classes of charge isomers (naturally
      occurring or generated in vitro) were more effective at increasing vesicle
      permeability than was poly(L-lysine), a polycation that only interacts
      electrostatically with the bilayer. Although C1 and C2 and their C-terminal
      deficient derivatives did not differ in the amount of marker released, the
      phosphorylated derivative of C1 caused a smaller increase in vesicle permeability
      than did the other isomers, suggesting that phosphorylation had altered the
      ability of the protein to perturb the bilayer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416341
TI  - DNA methylation diminishes bleomycin-mediated strand scission.
AB  - Three DNA duplexes differing substantially in sequence were derived from pBR322
      plasmid DNA and supercoiled SV40 DNA by digestion with appropriate restriction
      endonucleases. Following treatment with the restriction methylase HhaI
      (recognition sequence: GCGC) or HhaI and HpaII (CCGG), the unmethylated and
      methylated DNAs were compared as substrates for the antitumor agent bleomycin.
      Bleomycin-mediated strand scission was shown to diminish substantially at a
      number of sites in proximity to the methylated cytidine moieties, especially
      where multiple sites had been methylated within a DNA segment of limited size.
      Detailed analysis of the DNA substrates revealed that both strands of DNA within
      a methylated region became more refractory to cleavage by bleomycin and that the
      protective effect could extend as many as 14 base pairs in proximity to the 5
      methylcytidine moieties. Among the methylated DNA segments that became more
      resistant to bleomycin cleavage was a HpaII site of SV40 DNA, methylation of
      which has previously been shown to diminish the synthesis of the major late viral
      capsid protein following microinjection into Xenopus laevis oocytes. Study of the
      cleavage reaction at varying salt levels suggested that diminished bleomycin
      strand scission may be due, at least in part, to local conformational changes of
      the DNA to Z form (or other non-B-form structures). The results are generally
      consistent with the hypothesis that one mechanism for the expression of selective
      therapeutic action by certain DNA damaging agents could involve the recognition
      of specific methylation patterns.

PMID- 2416342
TI  - Local base dynamics and local structural features in RNA and DNA duplexes.
AB  - Local base motion and local structural base information are derived with a simple
      motional model from site specifically spin-labeled polyribo- and
      polydeoxyribonucleotides. The model was developed earlier for some nucleic acids
      and has now been applied to analyze 22 different nucleic acid systems. We
      conclude that the base motion of the spin-labeled nucleotide in single-stranded
      RNA, DNA, or non-base-paired bases in duplexes is of the order of 1 ns and that
      its base mobility decreases by about a factor of 4 upon base pairing. Also, the
      tether motion of the probe is slower in an RNA than in a DNA duplex.

PMID- 2416343
TI  - Approach to the direct intramolecular localization of antigenic determinants in
      Androctonus australis hemocyanin with monoclonal antibodies by molecular
      immunoelectron microscopy.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed vs. subunits from hemocyanin (Hc) of the
      scorpion Androctonus australis were used in molecular immunoelectron microscopy
      (MIEM) to directly localize the epitopes within the subunits. Four types of mAb
      were used. First, mAb 6302, an IgG clone highly specific for subunit Aa 2,
      produced with native hemocyanin long strings composed of hemocyanin molecules in
      the side view and in the 45 degrees view. At lower concentration, "parachute" and
      "butterfly" structures composed of two Hc molecules and one monoclonal
      immunoglobin G (IgG) molecule were obtained. Fab fragments prepared from mAb 6302
      bound exactly on the top and bottom edges of the molecule. The second type of mAb
      (6003), directed vs. subunit Aa 2, produced nice immunocomplexes with the free
      subunit but nothing with the native oligomer. It is suggested that due to steric
      hindrance or to conformational changes the epitope is not accessible in the
      native molecule. The third mAb belonged to the IgM class and apparently bound Hc
      in the Aa 2 area. However, because of the difficulty of separating the
      immunocomplexes from the residual mAb and the polymorphism of the IgM molecules,
      monoclonal IgM are no longer used for MIEM. The last type of mAb (5701) had a
      high affinity and a high specificity for subunit Aa 6. It produced two types of
      immunocomplexes with native Hc. The two types differed by a 180 degrees rotation
      around one of the Fab arms. These complexes, which support recent results of
      Wrigley et al. [Wrigley, N. G., Brown, E. B., & Skehel, J. J. (1983) J. Mol.
      Biol. 169, 771-774] and of Roux [Roux, K. H. (1983) Eur. J. Immunol. 14, 459
      464], indicate that monoclonal IgG have a high degree of rotational flexibility
      around the Fab arm. Monoclonal antibody 5701 bound exactly at the corner of the
      molecule in the area where subunit Aa 6 is known to be located. The MIEM approach
      of the location of the epitope requires the model of the architecture and of the
      quaternary structure to be very precise. Thus, recent findings of Gaykema et al.
      [Gaykema, W. P. J., Hol, J. M., Vereijken, J. M., Soeter, N. M., Bak, H. J., &
      Beintema, J. J. (1984) Nature (London) 309, 23-29] and of Van Heel et al. [Van
      Heel, M., Keegstra, W., Schutter, W., & Van Bruggen, E. F. J. (1983) Life Chem.
      Rep., Suppl. Ser. 1, 69-73] led to a reexamination of previous models.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2416344
TI  - Tissue-specific regulation of two functional malic enzyme mRNAs by
      triiodothyronine.
AB  - Rat liver malic enzyme (ME) synthesis is known to be regulated by 3,5,3'-triiodo
      L-thyronine (T3). Hybridization of 32P-labeled ME cDNA with RNA extracted from
      normal and T3-induced livers (15 or 50 micrograms/100 g body weight for 10 days)
      showed an increase in the ME mRNA concentration by approximately 11-fold in T3
      treated rats. ME activity and ME mass were stimulated to the same degree as ME
      mRNA. Northern blot analysis of either total or poly(A+) RNA revealed two
      distinct ME mRNAs (21 and 27 S) which were equally induced by T3 treatment. Both
      mRNAs were shown by in vitro translation assay to program the synthesis of the
      same immunoprecipitable protein corresponding to full-sized ME. From all the
      above, we concluded that both messages code for active enzyme. ME activity and ME
      mRNA were also detected in nonhepatic tissues for which different responses to T3
      induction were observed without direct correlation with their respective content
      of T3 nuclear receptor. Increases in ME activity and level of hybridizable ME
      mRNA were seen 48 h after a single administration of T3 (200 micrograms/100 g
      body weight) in liver, kidney, and heart (10.3- and 15.5-, 1.7- and 2.6-, and
      1.72- and 3.4-fold above basal values, respectively). Lower levels of induction
      could already be detected after 24 h, liver being the most stimulated tissue. ME
      was not affected in brain, lung, testis, and spleen. Northern blot analysis
      showed that both ME mRNAs are present in all tissues tested, although in
      different relative proportions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416345
TI  - Alkaline phosphatase and 5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase from bovine intestine
      are cross-reactive.
AB  - Polyclonal antibodies to native alkaline phosphatase and to native 5'-nucleotide
      phosphodiesterase were found to strongly cross-react with both enzymes. The
      antibodies also cross-react with both denatured enzymes, with glycopeptides from
      5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase, and with the oligosaccharides remaining after
      Pronase E digestion of the phosphodiesterase. They do not cross-react with either
      enzyme after their oligosaccharides have been modified or removed by periodate or
      trifluoromethanesulfonic acid treatment. Antibodies to denatured 5'-nucleotide
      phosphodiesterase do not bind to the native phosphodiesterase or alkaline
      phosphatase but do cross-react with denatured alkaline phosphatase even after
      removal or modification of the carbohydrate moieties. These results suggest that
      antibodies to denatured 5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase may recognize amino acid
      sequence homology between alkaline phosphatase and 5'-nucleotide
      phosphodiesterase. However, antibodies to native enzymes apparently recognize
      cross-reactive determinants of the native enzymes which are carbohydrate in
      nature. This is the first report of antimammalian alkaline phosphatase antibodies
      which recognize the carbohydrate moieties of the enzyme.

PMID- 2416346
TI  - NMR studies of chromomycin A3 interaction with DNA.
AB  - The binding of chromomycin A3 to calf thymus DNA and poly(dG-dC) has been studied
      by 13C and 1H NMR with emphasis on the mode of binding, the role of Mg2+, and pH
      effects. The most prominent changes in the DNA base pair 13C NMR resonances upon
      complexation with chromomycin were observed for G and C bases, consistent with
      the G-C preference exhibited by this compound. Comparison of the 13C spectrum of
      DNA-bound chromomycin A3 with that of DNA-bound actinomycin D, a known
      intercalator, showed many similarities in the base pair resonances. This
      suggested the possibility that chromomycin A3 binds via an intercalative
      mechanism. 1H NMR studies in the imino proton, low-field region of the spectrum
      provided additional evidence in support of this binding mode. In the low-field
      spectrum of chromomycin A3 bound to calf thymus DNA, a small shoulder was
      observed on the upfield side of the G-C imino proton peak. Similarly, in the
      chromomycin A3 complex with poly(dG-dC), a well-resolved peak was found upfield
      from the G-C imino proton peak. These results are expected for ligands that bind
      by intercalation. Furthermore, in both the calf thymus and poly(dG-dC) drug
      complexes (in the presence of Mg2+) a broad peak was also present downfield
      (approximately 16 ppm from TSP) from the DNA imino protons. This was attributed
      to the C-9 phenolic hydroxyl proton on the chromomycin chromophore. Visible
      absorbance spectra at different pH values showed that the role of Mg2+ in the
      binding of chromomycin A3 to DNA is more than simple neutralization of the drug's
      anionic change.

PMID- 2416347
TI  - Membrane proteins in reverse micelles: myelin basic protein in a membrane-mimetic
      environment.
AB  - The solubility, reactivity, and conformational dynamics of myelin basic protein
      (MBP) from bovine brain were studied in reverse micelles of sodium bis(2
      ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT)-isooctane and water. Such a membrane-mimetic
      system resembles the aqueous spaces of native myelin sheath in terms of
      physicochemical properties as reflected in the high affinity of MBP for
      interfacial bound water. This is marked by the unusual profile of the solubility
      curve of the protein in reverse micelles, which shows optimal solubility at a
      much lower molar ratio of water to surfactant ([ H2O]/[AOT] = w0) than that
      reported for other water-soluble proteins. The role of counterions and/or charged
      polar head groups in the solubilization process is revealed by comparison of the
      solubility of MBP in nonionic surfactant micellar solutions. Whereas MBP is
      unfolded in aqueous solutions, insertion into reverse micelles generates a more
      folded structure, characterized by the presence of 20% alpha-helix. This
      conformation is unaffected by variations in the water content of the system (in
      the 2.0-22.4 w0 range). The reactivity of epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues
      with aqueous solutions of o-phthalaldehyde demonstrates that segments of the
      peptide chain are accessible to water. Similar results were obtained with the
      sequence involved in heme binding. In contrast, the sole tryptophan residue, Trp
      117, is shielded from the aqueous solvent, as indicated by lack of reaction with
      N-bromosuccinimide. The invariance of the wavelength maximum emission in the
      fluorescence spectra as a function of w0 is consistent with this result.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416348
TI  - Influence of Ca2+ on the plasma membrane potential and electrogenic uptake of
      glycine by myeloma cells. Involvement of a Ca2+-activated K+ channel.
AB  - The involvement of Ca2+-activated K+ channels in the regulation of the plasma
      membrane potential and electrogenic uptake of glycine in SP 2/0-AG14 lymphocytes
      was investigated using the potentiometric indicator 3,3'
      diethylthiodicarbocyanine iodide. The resting membrane potential was estimated to
      be -57 +/- 6 mV (n = 4), a value similar to that of normal lymphocytes. The
      magnitude of the membrane potential and the electrogenic uptake of glycine were
      dependent on the extracellular K+ concentration, [K+]o, and were significantly
      enhanced by exogenous calcium. The apparent Vmax of Na+-dependent glycine uptake
      was doubled in the presence of calcium, whereas the K0.5 was not affected.
      Ouabain had no influence on the membrane potential under the conditions employed.
      Additional criteria used to demonstrate the presence of Ca2+-activated K+
      channels included the following: (1) addition of EGTA to calcium supplemented
      cells elicited a rapid depolarization of the membrane potential that was
      dependent on [K+]o; (2) the calmodulin antagonist, trifluoperazine, depolarized
      the membrane potential in a dose-dependent and saturable manner with an IC50 of
      9.4 microM; and (3) cells treated with the Ca2+-activated K+ channel antagonist,
      quinine, demonstrated an elevated membrane potential and depressed electrogenic
      glycine uptake. Results from the present study provide evidence for Ca2+
      activated K+ channels in SP 2/0-AG14 lymphocytes, and that their involvement
      regulates the plasma membrane potential and thereby the electrogenic uptake of
      Na+-dependent amino acids.

PMID- 2416349
TI  - Identification and reconstitution of a Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter and K+ channel
      from luminal membranes of renal red outer medulla.
AB  - Electrophysiological studies on renal thick ascending limb segments indicate the
      involvement of a luminal Na+/K+/Cl- cotransport system and a K+ channel in
      transepithelial salt transport. Sodium reabsorption across this segment is
      blocked by the diuretics furosemide and bumetanide. The object of our study has
      been to identify in intact membranes and reconstitute into phospholipid vesicles
      the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter and K+ channel, as an essential first step towards
      purification of the proteins involved and characterization of their roles in the
      regulation of transepithelial salt transport. Measurements of 86Rb+ uptake into
      membrane vesicles against large opposing KCl gradients greatly magnify the ratio
      of specific compared to non-specific isotope flux pathways. Using this sensitive
      procedure, it has proved possible to demonstrate in crude microsomal vesicle
      preparations from rabbit renal outer medulla two 86Rb+ fluxes. (A) A furosemide
      inhibited 86Rb+ flux in the absence of Na+ (K+-K+ exchange). This flux is
      stimulated by an inward Na+ gradient (Na+/K+ cotransport) and is inhibited also
      by bumetanide. (B) A Ba2+-inhibited 86Rb+ flux, through the K+ channel. Luminal
      membranes containing the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter and K+ channels, and
      basolateral membranes containing the Na+/K+ pumps were separated from the bulk of
      contaminant protein by metrizamide density gradient centrifugation. The Na+/K+/Cl
      cotransporter and K+ channel were reconstituted in a functional state by
      solubilizing both luminal membranes and soybean phospholipid with octyl
      glucoside, and then removing detergent on a Sephadex column.

PMID- 2416350
TI  - Hb F-Forest Park, a new A gamma variant with two amino acid substitutions,
      75(E19)Ile----Thr and 73(E17)Asp----Asn, which can be identified in adults by
      gene-mapping analysis.
AB  - The discovery is reported of a new fetal hemoglobin (Hb) variant which has an
      abnormal A gamma globin chain with two substitutions, namely 73(E17) Asp----Asn
      and 75(E19) Ile----Thr (the latter is also seen in the common A gamma T chain).
      This A gamma T variant was present in a female Caucasian newborn; its quantity at
      birth was 12.2% of the total Hb F (including F, F1 and F-Forest Park). Extensive
      gene-mapping analyses with a battery of restriction enzymes and probes identified
      normal globin gene arrangements in the baby and several relatives, but a -G gamma
      G gamma-globin gene arrangement was present in the father, paternal grandmother
      and half-sister. The Hb F-Forest Park anomaly could be detected in the father,
      paternal grandfather, half-brother and the baby through digestion of their DNA's
      with SfaNI and hybridization with the gamma IVS-II probe, because the G----A base
      substitution at codon 73 leads to loss of a restriction site and to the
      occurrence of an abnormal fragment.

PMID- 2416351
TI  - [Ca2+ ions induce successive capacity and ion currents in BLM from phosphatidic
      acid as a result of phase transition].
AB  - Time dependence of Ca2+-induced electric current in BLM formed from DPPA was
      studied at constant temperature and pH. The phase transition in BLM is
      accompanied by capacity current and following appearance of single ionic
      channels. It was shown that transferred charge was 5 nC/F, conductivity of single
      ionic channels--500-100 pSm.

PMID- 2416352
TI  - The subunit structure of the insulin receptor and molecular interactions with
      major histocompatibility complex antigens.
AB  - Insulin receptors were labeled with 125I-photoreactive insulin (specifically
      labeling alpha-subunits) and by insulin-stimulated autophosphorylation
      (specifically labeling beta-subunits). The results show that the insulin receptor
      exists under different free and disulfide-linked combinations of alpha and beta
      subunits. Moreover, the insulin receptor is closely associated to class I
      antigens of the major histocompatibility complex to form a high molecular weight
      multi-molecular membrane complex.

PMID- 2416353
TI  - The liver plasma membrane Ca2+ pump: hormonal sensitivity.
AB  - The liver plasma membrane Ca2+ pump is supposed to extrude cytosolic calcium out
      of the cell. This system has now been well defined on the basis of its plasma
      membrane origin, its high affinity Ca2+ -stimulated ATPase activity, its Ca2+
      transport activity, its phosphorylated intermediate. The liver calcium pump
      appears to be a target of hormonal action since it has been shown that glucagon
      and calcium mobilizing hormones namely alpha 1-adrenergic agonists, vasopressin,
      angiotensin II inhibit this system. The present review details the mechanism of
      calcium pump inhibition by glucagon and points out its difference from the
      inhibition process induced by calcium mobilizing hormones. We conclude that the
      inhibitory action of the Ca2+ mobilizing hormones and glucagon on the liver
      plasma membrane Ca2+ pump might play a key role in the actions of these hormones
      by prolonging the elevation in cytosolic free Ca2+.

PMID- 2416354
TI  - [Sequential changes in the macrostructure and RNA-synthesizing activity of
      nucleolar and extranucleolar chromatin from rat liver cells during induction of
      DNA synthesis].
AB  - The dynamics of structural changes and RNA-polymerase activity in rat liver cell
      chromatin caused by drastic changes in the rates of protein synthesis was
      investigated. Inhibition of protein synthesis after a single injection of animals
      with cycloheximide (0.3 mg/100 g of body weight) increased the total
      condensibility of chromatin. Under these conditions, the stepwise activation of
      RNA-polymerases I and II correlated with decondensation of chromatin. By the 6
      12th hour following cycloheximide injection, a chromatin fraction enriched with
      RNA-polymerase I and a RNA-polymerase II-rich fraction could be isolated from
      liver cell nuclei.

PMID- 2416355
TI  - [Isolation of modification-restriction enzymes HpaI and HpaII].
AB  - A method for simultaneous isolation of four enzymes of modification-restriction
      of DNA from Haemophilus parainfluenzae is proposed. The properties of HpaI and
      HpaII DNA-methylases were investigated.

PMID- 2416356
TI  - [Catalytic properties of the membrane enzyme prostaglandin H synthetase in a
      system of inverted micelles of aerosol OT in octane].
AB  - Prostaglandin H synthetase solubilized in octane with the aid of hydrated
      reversed micelles of Aerosol OT (AOT) exhibits a catalytic activity dependent on
      hydration of the surface-active substance and its concentration. The maximum rate
      of the reaction is attained at the H2O/AOT molar ratio equal to 20 and amounts to
      a value close to the one observed in an aqueous solution. The inactivation rate
      of the enzyme in the course of the reaction does not depend on the water content
      in the system and is described by a Kin value commensurable with the Kin in an
      aqueous solution.

PMID- 2416357
TI  - [Sequence of activation of template biosynthesis in normal and transformed human
      cells after synchronization by a double thymidine block].
AB  - The sequence of matrix biosyntheses of DNA, RNA and various proteins in normal
      and transformed human fibroblasts in the first mitotic cycle after
      synchronization of cells by double thymidine block was studied. Two important
      regularities of synthesis of acid-soluble histone-like and acid-insoluble
      proteins in normal and transformed cells were established. In normal fibroblasts,
      the synthesis of both acid-soluble and acid-insoluble proteins is minimal before
      DNA replication and maximal in the G2-phase; that in transformed cells is maximal
      after removal of the thymidine block and decreased in the G2-phase. In normal
      fibroblasts, the synthesis of acid-insoluble proteins is maximal before, while
      that of acid-soluble ones--after the maximum of DNA synthesis. In transformed
      cells the situation is opposite. RNA synthesis in normal and transformed cells is
      stimulated at the end of the G2-phase. In normal cells, protein synthesis is
      coupled with the activation of RNA synthesis, whereas in transformed fibroblasts
      protein synthesis occurs, in all probability, in the next mitotic cycle. These
      differences are especially well-pronounced in the expression of some LMG
      proteins. It is concluded that in transformed cells the regulatory control over
      the coupling of matrix biosyntheses is impaired.

PMID- 2416358
TI  - [Comparative immunochemical analysis of various human leukocyte interferons].
AB  - Using radioimmunological methods based on the use of mono- and polyclonal
      antibodies raised against interferon alpha A, it was shown that polyclonal
      antibodies quantitatively reacted not only with this protein, but also with
      interferons alpha F and alpha N, whereas all the variants of monoclonal
      antibodies studied reacted only with interferons alpha A and alpha N. Monoclonal
      antibodies 5A6, 11E9, 19C10, 258 and 268 are directed against overlapping
      epitopes of the interferon alpha A molecule, which simultaneously binds not more
      than two molecules of antibodies with different specificity. The correlation
      between immunochemical and biological activities of interferon alpha A during
      temperature denaturation and proteolytic degradation and its ability to form
      oligomeric complexes were investigated.

PMID- 2416359
TI  - [Blocking with phorbol ester, a protein kinase C activator, of receptor-dependent
      platelet calcium channels].
AB  - The regulation of receptor-operated calcium channels of human platelets by
      phospholipid-dependent, Ca2+- and diacylglycerol-activated protein kinase C was
      studied. In order to induce the activation of endogenous protein kinase C, a cell
      penetrable structural diacylglycerol analog, 4 beta-phorbol 12 beta-myristate-13
      alpha-acetate (FMA), was used. Using two independent approaches, i. e., the
      fluorescent probe for Ca2+, quin-2, and 45Ca2+ absorption technique, it was
      demonstrated that FMA (10(-10) - 10(-8) g/ml) blocks Ca2+ influx into the
      platelets induced by aggregation factors, e. g., ADP, vasopressin, platelet
      activating factor, thrombin and thromboxane A2 receptor agonist U46619. The half
      maximum inhibition of the receptor-sensitive influx of Ca2+ was observed at (3-6)
      X 10(-10) g/ml of FMA. Under physiological conditions, protein kinase C is
      activated with an increase in Ca2+ concentration in the cytoplasm in the presence
      of diacylglycerol. Since the above-mentioned inducers besides Ca2+ influx
      stimulate diacylglycerol synthesis, it was assumed that the activation of protein
      kinase C triggers a negative feedback mechanism which blocks the receptor
      operated calcium channels.

PMID- 2416360
TI  - [The role of sarcolemma and mitochondria in calcium-dependent control of
      myometrium relaxation].
AB  - Using atomic absorption spectroscopy, it was shown that the amount of firmly
      bound Ca2+ in cattle mitochondria and myometrium sarcolemma is 160 +/- 10 and 30
      +/- 10 mumol/kg of wet tissue, respectively. The Ca2+ 1 accumulating capacity of
      mitochondria (350 nmol per mg of protein) markedly exceeds that of sarcolemmal
      vesicles (30 nmol per mg of protein). Using a Ca2+-EGTA buffer, it was found that
      the affinity of ionized Ca for the mitochondrial transport system (Km = 5.69
      microM) is higher than that for the Na+-Ca2+ system of sarcolemma exchange (Km =
      30 microM), but is markedly lower than that for the Mg2+, ATP-dependent Ca2+
      efflux (Km = 0.35 microM). A kinetic analysis demonstrated that the sarcolemmal
      Ca2+ pump is incapable of causing complete relaxation of the smooth muscle within
      the physiologically significant time, whereas the Ca2+ transport system of
      mitochondria evokes this process within 21 s. However, the contribution of the
      Ca2+ pump to the regulation of the Ca2+ content in myocytes is paralleled with
      the accumulation of Ca2+ in mitochondria and is realized at low concentrations of
      this cation in the myoplasm, i.e., at late steps of relaxation. A mechanism of
      Ca2+ control over myometrium relaxation is proposed. The system of non
      electrogenic Na+-Ca2+ exchange maintains Ca2+ concentration in the myoplasm as
      high as 10(-5) M. Mitochondria which accumulate the bulk of Ca2+ rapidly decrease
      its concentration in the cytoplasm down to 10(-6)-10(-7) M; at these values, the
      activity of the sarcolemmal Ca2+ pump with a high affinity for the transfer
      substrate is manifested. In this way, the Ca2+ pump accomplishes fine regulation
      of Ca2+ concentration in the myocytes.

PMID- 2416361
TI  - Interaction of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) with coagulation: a
      bioassay for PAPP-A.
AB  - The observation that pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A)
      concentrations are higher in plasma compared to serum obtained from the same
      patient, together with fact that PAPP-A binds to heparin, prompted us to study
      the interaction between PAPP-A and the clotting system. It was determined that
      pure PAPP-A inhibits thrombin-induced coagulation of citrated plasma. The
      presence of antithrombin III (AT III) was necessary since PAPP-A had no
      inhibitory effect on coagulation of AT III-depleted plasma. The effect of PAPP-A
      is thus similar to that of heparin. This property of PAPP-A was used to develop a
      bioassay. Thrombin-induced polymerization of purified fibrinogen was measured in
      a spectrophotometer. AT III is a weak inhibitor of polymerization, but its effect
      is magnified in the presence of PAPP-A or heparin. The residual thrombin
      activity, when plotted against the concentration of PAPP-A, gives a linear
      relationship. The assay conditions developed allow maximal sensitivity and
      reproducibility. The kinetics of inhibition due to PAPP-A and heparin was first
      order. With this bioassay, activities of PAPP-A molecules isolated by the same
      technique from different fetomaternal compartments were compared.

PMID- 2416362
TI  - Characterization of a calcium-modulated adenylate cyclase from abalone
      spermatozoa.
AB  - Abalone spermatozoa contain a particulate adenylate cyclase that displays maximal
      catalytic activity when Mn2+ is present as a metal cofactor in excess of ATP.
      Unlike other sperm adenylate cyclases, the abalone enzyme displays a high Mg2+
      supported catalytic activity (Mg2+/Mn2+ activity ratio = 0.8). Kinetics analyses
      demonstrate that the enzyme contains both a MgATP catalytic site and a separate
      Mg2+ regulatory site. Mg2+-supported enzyme activity, however, is not stimulated
      by guanine nucleotides, NaF, cholera toxin, forskolin, or a variety of hormones.
      The enzyme from unfractionated sperm homogenates is inhibited by added Ca2+ in a
      concentration-dependent manner, when EGTA is not present in the assay.
      Methylxanthines, such as 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine and theophylline, also
      inhibit enzyme activity in a concentration-dependent manner through a
      noncompetitive mechanism. On the other hand, when intact cells are preincubated
      with Ca2+ prior to breakage and assayed for enzyme activity, Ca2+ stimulates
      enzyme activity at low concentrations. Enzyme activity of intact sperm
      preincubated with methylxanthines, in either the absence or presence of added
      Ca2+, is also stimulated. This effect is expressed via an effect on the velocity
      of the enzyme. A-23187 has similar stimulatory effects on the enzyme under these
      conditions. These data provide further support for the role of Ca2+ conductance
      in modulating sperm adenylate cyclase activity. The abalone sperm enzyme also
      appears to have regulatory properties that are unique among other sperm types.

PMID- 2416363
TI  - Binding of the calcium antagonist [3H] nitrendipine to human myometrial
      plasmalemma.
AB  - Membrane fragments were prepared from nonpregnant human myometrium and
      fractionated by differential and sucrose gradient centrifugation. Reversible high
      affinity binding sites of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist nitrendipine
      were identified in highest density in that membrane fraction most enriched in
      markers for plasmalemma. In determinations done on several preparations, the
      equilibrium dissociation constant for nitrendipine at 37 degrees C was found to
      be 0.3 to 0.8 nM and was the same for each fraction. The maximum binding capacity
      was found to be 400-500 fmol/mg protein in the plasmalemma fraction.

PMID- 2416364
TI  - Is the potassium channel distribution in glial cells optimal for spatial
      buffering of potassium?
AB  - Glial cells in the nervous system are believed to reduce changes of extracellular
      potassium concentration ([K+]o), caused by neural activity, by carrying out
      spatial buffering of potassium. In the case of retinal glial cells (Muller
      cells), light-evoked increases of [K+]o within the retina are reduced by K ions
      flowing through the Muller cell to the vitreous fluid of the eye. We have
      calculated the optimal way to distribute the potassium conductance of the Muller
      cell to maximize spatial buffering to the vitreous fluid. The best distribution
      is with half the potassium conductance in the outer part of the cell, where K+
      enters, and half the conductance in the vitreal endfoot, where K+ leaves the
      cell. This calculated distribution is very different from the actual distribution
      measured by Newman (1984, Nature [Lond.], 309: 155-157), where only 6% of the
      Muller cell conductance is in the outer cell and 94% is in the endfoot. The
      experimentally observed distribution gives less than a quarter of the spatial
      buffering that would be produced by the optimal distribution. The possible
      advantages of this arrangement are discussed.

PMID- 2416365
TI  - [Immunochemical study of estrogen-binding alpha-globulin in the tissues and blood
      serum of cancer patients].
AB  - EBA distribution in tumour and normal tissues was investigated using
      immunochemical method. The antigen was found in spleen, kidney and mammary gland
      extracts, as well as in the extracts of the malignant stomach tissue, throat,
      kidney, urinary bladder, testicles, i.e. this antigen can be secreted into blood
      in some forms of malignant neoplasia and is, consequently, a tumour-associated
      antigen. Further investigations will show, if this protein can be used for the
      diagnosis of malignant diseases.

PMID- 2416366
TI  - Chronic B-lymphocytic leukemia cells proliferate and differentiate following
      exposure to interferon in vitro.
AB  - The ability of interferon (IFN) to induce proliferation and differentiation in
      malignant B cells from 29 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and in
      lymphoid cells from 11 healthy donors was investigated. IFN induced
      transformation and plasmacytoid differentiation in B cells from 19 of 29 CLL
      patients. The transformed cells belonged to the malignant clone as indicated by
      the immunoglobulin (lg) light chain restriction. Cells exposed to IFN expressed
      intracellular lg to a varying degree, which was correlated to the level of
      plasmacytoid differentiation. IFN gave rise to proliferative responses in cells
      from three patients. Cytogenetic studies on lymphoid cells from one patient
      showed that proliferation occurred in the malignant B cells. Induction of
      proliferation and differentiation was observed with various alpha-IFN and gamma
      IFN preparations, as well as with a completely pure beta-IFN, showing that IFN
      and not contaminants in the preparations were responsible for the observed
      effects. Maximal transformation and proliferation usually occurred after four
      days of incubation at an IFN concentration of 500 to 5,000 U/mL. The ability of
      IFN to induce differentiation in CLL cells may be of importance for the reported
      antitumoral effects observed in some B cell malignancies during IFN therapy.

PMID- 2416367
TI  - Natural killer cell activity from hemophiliacs exhibits differential responses to
      various forms of interferon.
AB  - Patients with hemophilia are at risk for the development of acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Patients with AIDS have recurrent infections
      and/or malignancy and altered immune response, including decreased T lymphocyte
      counts, decreased T helper lymphocytes, defective T cell blastogenesis,
      hypergammaglobulinemia, defective natural killer (NK) activity and impaired
      response of NK to interferon-beta (IFN-beta). It is feasible that chronic antigen
      stimulation with subsequent release of interferon could be related to the
      impaired NK reactivity to IFN-beta of patients with AIDS. Because hemophiliacs
      are subjected to chronic antigen stimulation secondary to the administration of
      foreign protein, the reactivity of NK cells from patients with hemophilia to IFN
      alpha, IFN-beta and IFN-gamma was studied. Eight patients with hemophilia
      requiring high levels of clotting factor replacement were assessed. Three
      patients were antibody positive to HTLV-III. All had normal baseline NK cell
      function. In the first set of experiments, all patients responded normally to in
      vitro IFN-alpha by increasing NK activity, but four patients had significant
      failure and two had mild impairment in NK response to IFN-beta. This latter
      observation was particularly evident at very low concentrations of IFN. In
      repeated experiments, seven of eight had impaired NK response to IFN-beta and IFN
      gamma but normal response to IFN-alpha. Only one patient's NK cells responded
      better to IFN-gamma. There was no obvious correlation of these findings to
      antibody status to HTLV-III. Chronic antigen stimulation and the modulation of
      interferon receptors are discussed as possible mechanisms that could produce
      these findings.

PMID- 2416368
TI  - Fetal to adult hemopoietic cell transplantation in humans: insights into
      hemoglobin switching.
AB  - A 2-year-old boy with refractory acute leukemia (ALL) was transplanted with liver
      cells from twin fetuses of an 18-gestational-week age. Regeneration of
      hemopoietic cells was evident during the second week following transplantation
      when a cellular, predominantly erythroid, marrow was present. Studies of bone
      marrow and peripheral blood cells obtained 21 days posttransplant showed that
      bone marrow and peripheral blood BFU-E-derived erythroblasts displayed typical
      fetal patterns of globin chain synthesis (gamma/gamma + beta ratios: 0.87 to
      0.98). In addition, all of the individually analyzed erythroid clones displayed a
      fetal type of globin program, suggesting that the presence of rare, partially
      switched clones was unlikely. Additional evidence supported the fetal phenotype
      of these progenitors. The il expression of culture-derived erythroblasts was
      typical for fetal erythroid cells. As in fetal cells, fetal sheep serum
      influenced neither the globin nor the il phenotypes, and the growth
      characteristics were as those observed in fetal liver cultures. That these fetal
      progenitors matured in vivo and produced cells with a fetal program was shown by
      the pattern of globin biosynthesis in bone marrow cells and peripheral blood
      reticulocytes (gamma/gamma + beta ratios: 0.85 to 0.95) at days 14 and 21
      posttransplantation. These results indicate that the transplanted fetal cells, in
      spite of their proliferation and differentiation in the environment of the
      recipient, continued to express during the early posttransplantation period fetal
      patterns of globin, surface antigenic determinants, and growth and response to
      environmental modulation. The observations in this patient support the notion
      that hemoglobin switching is primarily controlled by a mechanism intrinsic to the
      stem cell.

PMID- 2416369
TI  - Sea-blue histiocytes in canine ceroid-lipofuscinosis (CCL).
AB  - Cells corresponding to sea-blue histiocytes are described in bone marrow
      aspirates from dogs suffering hereditary ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Sea-blue
      histiocytes also occur in humans with so-called neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis
      and both exhibit strong autofluorescence. By quantitative fluorometric
      techniques, each species have similar spectral characteristics and, thus, the
      English setter with CCL can serve as a useful animal model.

PMID- 2416370
TI  - [Determination of estrogen receptors in 160 breast tumors using monoclonal
      antibodies: comparison of Abbott's immunoenzymatic method with the carbon dextran
      method].
AB  - Estrogen receptor determinations were performed on 241 cytosols from 160 breast
      cancer tumors, using both dextran coated charcoal method (D.C.C.) and monoclonal
      antibodies (Abbott's ER-EIA kit) in order to compare the two methods, and to
      evaluate the clinical usefulness of this new immunological simplified assay.
      Intra- and inter-assay reproducibility were studied during a six month period.
      Intra-assay of both methods were lower than 5%. Inter-assay variation
      coefficients of ER-EIA studied on 35 standard curves varied from 12.5% (standard:
      0) to 6.7% (standard: 250 fmoles/ml). ER determination of 80 human breast cancers
      were performed both by EIA and Scatchard analysis. The regression curve obtained
      was (EIA) = 1.04 (Scatchard) + 21 fmoles/mg of proteins (r = 0.963). With 153
      breast cancer cytosols whose volume was too small for multipoint Scatchard
      analysis, EIA results were compared to results obtained by a "near saturating"
      concentration of tritiated ligand (5 nM). The regression curve obtained was (EIA)
      = 1.34 (5nM) + 5 fmoles/mg proteins (r = 0.978). These results can be compared
      with those obtained between Scatchard and 5 nM: (Scatchard) = 1.29 (5nM) - 9
      fmoles/mg proteins (r = 0.985). Reproducibility was studied on clinical specimens
      assayed at two different periods during the clinical evaluation. Regression
      curves obtained were (2nd assay) = 1.05 (1st assay) - 5.5 fmoles/mg proteins for
      EIA, and (2nd assay) = 0.96 (1st assay) + 9 fmoles/mg proteins for DCC method.
      EIA assay presented an high stability for protein concentrations very low, up to
      0.2 mg/ml. Finally, a very good correlation was obtained between ER-EIA and DCC
      method, and ER-EIA seemed specially well fitted to small tumors.

PMID- 2416371
TI  - [Prostatic carcinoma: immunoperoxidase study with antisera against prostatic acid
      phosphatase and the prostate-specific antigen].
AB  - An immunoperoxidase study in 19 patients with cancer of prostate, using
      antiserums directed against prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate
      specific antigen (PSA), allowed classification of tumors as strongly, moderately
      and poorly differentiated, and undifferentiated forms. Tests were conducted on
      specimens fixed and embedded in paraffin wax. Evaluation of degree of positivity
      for cells most marked by PAP and by PSA failed to establish its correlation with
      tumoral differentiation. Results, in fact, showed that poorly differentiated or
      undifferentiated forms of prostatic carcinoma contained cells with enhanced
      positive reactions when compared with strongly differentiated forms.
      Morphologically strongly differentiated forms showed weaker positivity than
      observed in normal prostate, this positivity being relatively homogeneous
      throughout the zone of proliferation, and cells varied little in their degree of
      positivity. Characteristic findings in less well differentiated forms were
      several strongly positive cells, with marked differences in positivity between
      cells and frequent alternating positive and negative zones. These findings may be
      of particular interest for diagnostic interpretation of strongly or poorly
      differentiated forms.

PMID- 2416372
TI  - [Prostatic cancer: role of echography in the diagnosis, evaluation and
      surveillance].
AB  - The author reviews the latest technical improvements, the benefits and
      limitations of prostatic sonography in the evaluation and follow-up of prostatic
      cancer. Emphasis is put on the optimal cost/risks/information ratio of
      transrectal scanning, the accuracy of real-time ultrasound guided transperineal
      prostatic biopsies and the basic role of transrectal sonography in monitoring the
      response to treatment.

PMID- 2416373
TI  - Studies on toxic effects of gamma-pentachlorocyclo-hexene (PCCH).

PMID- 2416374
TI  - [Mechanisms of the action of drugs in the short-course chemotherapy].

PMID- 2416375
TI  - [Response to the short-course chemotherapy in patients presenting initial
      resistance].

PMID- 2416376
TI  - The Expanded Program on Immunization in the Americas: a review.

PMID- 2416377
TI  - Electrophysiological and other aspects of the relaxant action of isoprenaline in
      guinea-pig isolated trachealis.
AB  - In guinea-pig isolated trachealis isoprenaline (0.001-0.1 mumol l-1) caused
      concentration-dependent relaxation. Propranolol (1 mumol l-1) antagonized the
      effects of isoprenaline by more than 100 fold but did not modify the relaxant
      action of sodium nitrite. The tracheal relaxant actions of isoprenaline and ATP
      were unaffected by apamin (0.1 mumol l-1) but apamin profoundly antagonized the
      effects of noradrenaline and ATP on guinea-pig isolated taenia caeci.
      Tetraethylammonium (TEA; 8 mmol l-1) and procaine (5 mmol l-1) each evoked
      tracheal spasm but neither agent antagonized the isoprenaline-evoked relaxation
      of the trachealis. Trachealis exposed to K+-rich (120 mmol l-1) Krebs solution
      developed near-maximal tension. Both isoprenaline and sodium nitrite relaxed the
      K+-depolarized tissue though concentration-effect curves for both relaxants were
      moved to the right compared to those obtained in non-depolarized tissues. The
      maximal effect of sodium nitrite was markedly reduced. Intracellular
      electrophysiological recording showed that isoprenaline (0.01-1 mumol l-1) caused
      hyperpolarization and reduced or abolished slow wave discharge in trachealis
      muscle. These effects were accompanied by relaxation. Propranolol (1 mumol l-1)
      virtually abolished both the electrical and mechanical responses to isoprenaline
      (0.1 mumol l-1). Apamin (0.1 mumol l-1) did not alter the spontaneous electrical
      activity of trachealis cells or their electrical and mechanical responses to
      isoprenaline (0.1 mumol l-1). TEA (8 mmol l-1) caused depolarization and often
      increased slow wave amplitude and induced spike discharge. Isoprenaline (0.01
      mumol l-1) failed to hyperpolarize TEA-treated trachealis cells. Higher
      concentrations of isoprenaline suppressed TEA-induced spasm, caused
      hyperpolarization and thereby increased slow wave or spike amplitude. Slow wave
      or spike frequency decreased as the hyperpolarization progressed but abolition of
      slow waves or spikes sometimes required more than 4 min exposure to isoprenaline.
      Procaine (5 mmol l-1) increased the amplitude of slow waves and induced spike
      discharge. Procaine markedly reduced the hyperpolarization induced by
      isoprenaline (0.1 and 1 mumol l-1) but had little effect on isoprenaline-induced
      relaxation. It is concluded that isoprenaline activates beta-adrenoceptors in
      guinea-pig trachealis and thereby evokes relaxation and hyperpolarization of the
      smooth muscle. The hyperpolarization does not involve the opening of apamin
      sensitive K+-channels and it probably plays a supportive rather than a crucial
      role in the process by which isoprenaline-induced relaxation is achieved.

PMID- 2416379
TI  - Biochemical tests for acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 2416378
TI  - Inflammatory oedema induced by synergism between calcitonin gene-related peptide
      (CGRP) and mediators of increased vascular permeability.
AB  - The potent vasodilator calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP, human synthetic),
      when mixed with histamine and injected intradermally in the rabbit, induced a
      marked potentiation of local oedema. CGRP also potentiated oedema induced by
      other mediators of increased microvascular permeability in the rabbit;
      bradykinin, platelet-activating factor (Paf), C5a des Arg, N-formylmethionyl
      leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Substance P alone, or
      mixtures of substance P and CGRP, failed to induce oedema in rabbit skin. In rat
      skin, however, substance P induced oedema and this was potentiated by CGRP. CGRP
      had a protracted potentiating action following intradermal injection in the
      rabbit. The time for half loss of activity for CGRP was 40.1 +/- 7.5 min compared
      to 18 +/- 1 min for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). No loss of potentiating activity was
      detected after incubation of CGRP in rabbit plasma or blood for 60 min. We
      postulate that endogenous CGRP, if released locally from nerve endings, could
      have a marked enhancing effect on oedema induced by other mediators in an
      inflammatory reaction.

PMID- 2416380
TI  - Screening for Down's syndrome.

PMID- 2416381
TI  - Distinct localization of FMRFamide- and bovine pancreatic polypeptide-like
      material in the brain, retrocerebral complex and suboesophageal ganglion of the
      cockroach Periplaneta americana L.
AB  - One bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP) antiserum and two FMRFamide antisera were
      applied in the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical technique on a
      complete series of sections of brains, suboesophageal ganglia (SOG), corpora
      cardiaca (CC) and corpora allata of Periplaneta americana L. Double
      immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that the same perikarya and processes
      were stained by both the BPP and FMRFamide antisera. This was caused by cross
      reaction of the BPP and FMRFamide antisera with common antigenic determinants as
      was shown by a number of solid-phase absorptions. Application of a third
      FMRFamide antiserum, which was especially selected for its inability to react
      with bovine and avian pancreatic polypeptide, showed that more than half of the
      structures that were stained with the 'unspecific' BPP and FMRFamide antisera,
      contained material which was genuinely FMRFamide-like. This peptide material was
      located in cerebral neuronal structures, in the SOG, in the storage site of the
      CC and in numerous nerve fibres throughout the neuropile regions, which suggested
      a neurotransmitter/modulator as well as a neurohormonal role. The FMRFamide-like
      peptide was also found to be present in the same brain sites as an adipokinetic
      hormone-like peptide, but double labelling revealed that these two substances
      were never located in the same perikarya or fibres.

PMID- 2416382
TI  - Immunocytochemical demonstration of glycine in retina.
AB  - An antiserum against glycine (Gly) conjugated to bovine serum albumin was raised
      and used to localize Gly-containing neurons in the retina. Reactive cells were
      also seen in the brainstem. This provides the first direct confirmation of the
      Gly content of these cells.

PMID- 2416383
TI  - Colocalization of [3H]muscimol and antisera to GABA and glutamic acid
      decarboxylase within the same neurons in monkey retina.
AB  - Two procedures have been used to test for the colocalization of different
      neuroanatomical gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic markers within the same
      neurons in primate retina. First, sequential immunocytochemical processing of
      sections was done using antisera to glutamic acid decarboxylase and to GABA, and
      these antisera were visualized by peroxidase-antiperoxidase and fluorescein
      isothiocyanate techniques respectively. Colocalization of both antisera was found
      within the same neuron cell bodies. In the second experiment, immunocytochemical
      staining using GABA antiserum was performed on retinal tissue that had been
      previously incubated in vitro for neuronal uptake of [3H]muscimol. Both markers
      colocalized in 70% of the labeled cell body population.

PMID- 2416384
TI  - Topographical dopamine and serotonin distribution and turnover in rat striatum.
AB  - Topographic distribution of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT),
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and
      homovanillic acid (HVA) was determined in rat striatum using high-pressure liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. The ratios of DOPAC:DA and
      5-HIAA:5-HT were calculated as indices of turnover of DA and 5-HT. There was a
      rostro-caudal gradient for both DA and 5-HT, with DA highest in rostral striatum
      and 5-HT highest in caudal striatum (P less than 0.01). DA concentrations in the
      coronal plane showed a homogeneous distribution except at the level of the globus
      pallidus. DOPAC also showed a rostro-caudal gradient and concentrations were
      significantly increased in the nucleus accumbens (P less than 0.01). DOPAC:DA
      ratios were significantly increased in both the nucleus accumbens and the
      ventromedial striatum as compared to the remaining striatal punches. 5-HT was
      more heterogeneously distributed in the coronal plane with concentrations highest
      in the ventromedial and the ventrolateral quadrants, where they were 2-3-fold
      higher than in dorsal striatum (P less than 0.01). Concentrations of 5-HIAA were
      highest in the nucleus accumbens and ventromedial striatum but HIAA-5-HT ratios
      were highest in the dorsolateral striatum (P less than 0.01). DA turnover is
      therefore highest in limbic innervated (n. accumbens and ventromedial) striatum
      while 5-HT turnover is highest in sensorimotor innervated (dorsolateral)
      striatum. These findings provide further evidence for functional
      compartmentalization within the striatum.

PMID- 2416385
TI  - Myelin sheath remodelling in regenerated rat sciatic nerve.
AB  - Adult rat sciatic nerves were subjected to a crush lesion and allowed to survive
      during 2 weeks-11 months. Segments of regenerated nerve were removed from
      exsanguinated animals and subjected to physiological analysis and light
      microscopic examination of teased fibres. Application of the potassium channel
      blocking agent 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) to regenerated nerve segments had marked
      effects on action potential waveform and recovery properties. When applied to
      normal control nerves 4-AP had minimal effects. Examination of teased
      preparations from the same nerves revealed the presence of two classes of
      internodes along regenerated nerve fibres. A majority of conventional regenerated
      internodes exhibited lengths (L) of at least 150 microns. Maximal L reached about
      350 microns after one month survival and 550 microns 10 months later. In the
      individual nerve the maximal L-values tended to increase with fibre size. Most
      convential regenerated internodes had L-values of 200-400 microns. In addition,
      scattered unusually short sheaths, with L-values of 10-150 microns, were found
      intercalated between conventional internodes. Some intercalated sheaths had a
      wrinkled irregular configuration and some lacked a light-microscopically distinct
      myelin layer. We suggest that the occurrence of unusually short and partly
      distorted sheaths along regenerated fibres reflects a nodal-internodal
      remodelling in response to longitudinal crowding. These sites might represent
      foci with aberrant functional properties, possibly accounting for the 4-AP
      sensitivity of regenerated nerve.

PMID- 2416386
TI  - The actions of substance P and serotonin on myenteric neurons in tissue culture.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from guinea-pig myenteric neurons in tissue
      culture. The responses to substance P (SP) and serotonin were compared. Putative
      transmitters were ejected by pressure from micropipettes. The response to SP was,
      in the majority of cases, a prolonged depolarization, with a latency of 1-5 s and
      a duration of 1-2 min. During the depolarization there was an increase in the
      input resistance of the cells, and the excitability was augmented. In two neurons
      the response to SP was hyperpolarization followed by depolarization. In about 30%
      of the cells the response to SP was relatively fast, with a duration of less than
      10 s and a latency of less than 100 ms. These responses did not show
      desensitization. Serotonin induced relatively fast responses only, with durations
      of 0.3-3 s and latencies of 20-50 ms. These responses were usually depolarizing,
      but in 3 cells were hyperpolarizing. Two types of behaviour were observed during
      repetitive ejection of serotonin. Some cells showed strong desensitization while
      in others there was no desensitization and there was even summation. The actions
      of SP and serotonin were compared by their ejection in the same experiments. The
      same general properties described above were observed. It is concluded that the
      two putative transmitters act via distinct response mechanisms. The SP-induced
      depolarizations in tissue culture resemble in several respects the slow synaptic
      potentials recorded previously in myenteric neurons in freshly isolated
      preparations.

PMID- 2416387
TI  - Thiamine blockade of neuromuscular transmission.
AB  - The effects of thiamine on neuromuscular transmission were studied. Thiamine (0.2
      2 mM) decreased the quantal height (q) of the evoked end-plate current (EPC). In
      the presence of 2 mM thiamine, the shape of the decay phase of the EPC remained
      exponential but the decay time constant increased dramatically. Thiamine changed
      the EPC height/holding potential and log (EPC decay time constant)/holding
      potential relationships from linear to non-linear. The reversal potential and the
      rate of rise of the EPC were unaffected. Analysis of the ACh-induced noise
      revealed that thiamine increased the mean channel lifetime and decreased the
      single channel conductance. Under normal conditions, the ACh-induced single
      channel conductance had no membrane voltage dependency, while thiamine caused the
      single channel conductance to decrease with hyperpolarization. The effects of
      thiamine could be explained in computer simulation of the peak EPC/membrane
      potential relationship by the assumption that thiamine prolonged the channel
      lifetime and decreased the single channel conductance with hyperpolarization. It
      is concluded that thiamine modifies the kinetics of ACh-receptor ion channel
      complex and that this effect is dependent on the membrane voltage.

PMID- 2416388
TI  - Further studies on the action of baclofen on neurons of the dorsolateral septal
      nucleus of the rat, in vitro.
AB  - Baclofen hyperpolarizes rat dorsolateral septal neurons in a concentration
      dependent manner. The apparent dissociation constant for this action is 200 nM.
      The baclofen-induced hyperpolarization is due to an increase in potassium
      conductance with a reversal potential of -88 mV. Of the various potassium and
      calcium channel blockers we tested, only 4-aminopyridine blocked baclofen-induced
      hyperpolarizations. Our results suggest that baclofen does not activate a calcium
      dependent potassium conductance.

PMID- 2416389
TI  - Evaluation of the electrophysiological consequences of GABA removal from the
      synaptic cleft by Na+ ion transport-coupled neuronal uptake.
AB  - The pre- and postsynaptic electrophysiological consequences of a carrier
      mediated, Na+ ion transport-coupled removal of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
      from the relevant synaptic clefts are discussed. Assuming for the GABA
      internalization process a stoichiometry like GABAo + 3NA+o + K+i in equilibrium
      GABAi + 3Na+i + K+o and a synaptic cleft GABA maximal concentration of 100 microM
      we calculated the presynaptic depolarization associated with GABA removal between
      11.5 and 38.2 mV. At the postsynaptic level the effect appears to be less marked.

PMID- 2416390
TI  - Kainic acid responses and toxicity show pronounced Ca2+ dependence.
AB  - Responses of pyramidal neurons to ionophoretic kainate, quisqualate and N-methyl
      aspartate were studied in a submerged rat piriform cortex slice as a function of
      Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations. The results suggest that the channel activated by
      kainate is unusually influenced by Ca2+, excitotoxicity is Ca2+-dependent and a
      function of Ca2+ concentration, and the excitotoxic actions of various amino acid
      agonists are correlated with the Ca2+ dependence of their responses.

PMID- 2416392
TI  - Cholecystokinin and substance P concentrations in discrete areas of the rat
      brain: sex differences.
AB  - Cholecystokinin (CCK) and substance P (SP) concentrations were measured in
      discrete brain areas of adult male and diestrous female rats. Significant sex
      differences in CCK concentration were found in the ventromedial hypothalamic
      area, medial and lateral preoptic area, nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca,
      ventral tegmental area, entorhinal and in several cortical areas. No sex
      differences in SP concentrations were observed in any of these areas. However,
      significant sex differences in SP concentration were found in the amygdala. These
      data indicate that the CCK and to some extent the SP systems are sexually
      differentiated in certain brain areas.

PMID- 2416391
TI  - Ionic mechanisms of 3 types of functionally different neurons in the lamprey
      spinal cord.
AB  - Action potentials and afterpotentials were compared in giant interneurons,
      sensory dorsal cells and large intraspinal axons in the lamprey spinal cord.
      Afterpotentials of giant interneurons and dorsal cells consisted of two
      hyperpolarizing phases, an early and a late one, which were separated by a
      delayed depolarization. The afterpotentials of axons had a single hyperpolarizing
      phase also followed by a delayed depolarization. Tetraethyl ammonium chloride
      (TEA+) eliminated the early phase of the afterhyperpolarization in giant
      interneurons, only partially reduced the early phase in dorsal cells and did not
      affect the single phase of axons. The delayed depolarization of dorsal cells was
      attenuated by TEA+ but in axons it was unaltered. The heavy metal ions Mn2+ and
      Co2+ (2 mM) eliminated the late phase in giant interneurons but did not reduce
      the late phase in dorsal cells. The delayed depolarization remained in both types
      of cell in the presence of these ions. Action potentials of giant interneurons
      and dorsal cells, but not those of axons, were broadened by TEA+. The TEA
      prolonged action potentials were narrowed by Mn2+ applied in combination with
      TEA+. The afterhyperpolarizations of all 3 cells were reduced by injection of
      negative current and enhanced by positive current. Repetitive stimulation
      resulted in summation of the afterhyperpolarization in giant interneurons and
      dorsal cells. The results suggest that different sets of potassium channels are
      responsible for the afterhyperpolarizations in each type of cell. In giant
      interneurons fast channels which are sensitive to TEA+ may underlie the early
      phase and slow channels activated by calcium entry may underlie the slow phase.
      The early phase of dorsal cells may be caused by two types of fast channel, one
      similar to that in giant interneurons and another less sensitive to external
      TEA+. This latter type may also cause the afterhyperpolarization in axons.
      Although calcium channels appear to contribute to the action potentials of giant
      interneurons and dorsal cells, the late phase of the latter neurons does not seem
      to be activated by calcium entry. The delayed depolarizations of the neurons
      appear to be due to an inward current which is not carried by calcium.

PMID- 2416393
TI  - Axoplasmic transport of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in rat sciatic
      nerve.
AB  - Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase were localized immunohistochemically in the
      rat sciatic nerve by immunofluorescence using specific rabbit antisera. Both
      proteins showed strong immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm of Schwann cells and at
      the nodes of Ranvier. The axoplasm of myelinated axons also showed a low, evenly
      distributed immunoreactivity for both proteins. A single or double crush of the
      nerve caused accumulation of immunoreactivity in dilatated axons both proximally
      and distally to the crush for up to 8 h. Local cooling of the nerve or
      subepineural injection of either colchicine or vinblastine prevented the
      accumulation indicating a role of microtubules. The results showed that
      thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase are synthesized in nerve cell bodies and
      rapidly transported in axons both in anterograde and retrograde directions.

PMID- 2416394
TI  - Regional distribution of substance P, neurokinin alpha and neurokinin beta in rat
      spinal cord, nerve roots and dorsal root ganglia, and the effects of dorsal root
      section or spinal transection.
AB  - The regional distribution of 3 mammalian tachykinins (substance P, neurokinin
      alpha and neurokinin beta) in the rat spinal cord and related structures was
      investigated using a method of radioimmunoassay combined with high performance
      liquid chromatography. Substance P and neurokinin alpha were found to be
      distributed in a very similar manner with fairly constant molar ratios i.e.
      ratios of substance P to neurokinin alpha were 3.69 in the dorsal root ganglia,
      3.49 in the dorsal root and 3.09 in the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord.
      On the other hand, the distribution of neurokinin beta was different from other
      tachykinins; although concentrated in the dorsal horn, neurokinin beta in the
      dorsal root ganglia or in the dorsal roots was negligibly small in amount. When
      the cervical dorsal roots were sectioned unilaterally, substance P and neurokinin
      alpha were decreased in a parallel fashion in the dorsal horn, whereas neurokinin
      beta was not. In addition neurokinin alpha was selectively and significantly
      decreased in the dorsal horn of the intact side when compared to that in the
      unoperated control rat. Since the magnitude of a decrease of neurokinin alpha in
      molar basis was approximately the same as a decrease of substance P, these
      findings suggest that the neurokinin alpha and substance P-containing primary
      afferent fibres could project partly to the contralateral dorsal horn as well.
      When the thoracic spinal cord was transected, substance P (and neurokinin alpha)
      was decreased in the ventral part of the lumbar spinal cord, suggesting the
      presence of tachykinin(s)-containing descending fibres.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2416395
TI  - Noradrenergic inhibition of the release of substance P from the primary afferents
      in the rabbit spinal dorsal horn.
AB  - To investigate pre-synaptic influence of the descending noradrenergic system on
      the primary afferents containing substance P (SP), effects of noradrenergic
      manipulations on the in situ release of immunoreactive SP (iSP) from the dorsal
      horn were examined in the thalamic rabbit. Local application of noradrenaline (10
      microM) to the dorsal horn produced complete inhibition of the noxious mechanical
      stimuli-evoked release of iSP. This effect was reversed by yohimbine (the more
      selective alpha 2-blocker, 10 microM) and partially antagonized by prazosin (the
      more selective alpha 1-blocker, 10 microM). The resting release of iSP was not
      affected by noradrenaline. The noxious mechanical stimuli-evoked release of iSP
      was significantly increased by acute spinal transection and local application of
      yohimbine (10 microM) alone to the dorsal horn. Prazosin (10 microM) slightly
      increased the evoked iSP release, and a beta-blocker metoprolol did not affect
      it. These results suggest that the nociceptive primary afferents containing SP
      are tonically inhibited by the descending noradrenergic system linked to alpha
      adrenoceptors, and that such alpha-adrenoceptors located on the primary afferent
      terminals may be one of the sites of action of noradrenaline spinal analgesia. In
      contrast to the evoked iSP release, the resting iSP release was increased only by
      acute spinal transection and not by yohimbine, prazosin and metoprolol. All these
      observations suggest that tonic inhibition in propriospinal neurons containing SP
      is mediated by a non-noradrenergic system.

PMID- 2416396
TI  - Axonal transport of beta-receptors during the response to axonal injury and
      repair in locus coeruleus neurons.
AB  - Injections of the catecholamine neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine, were placed in the
      ascending locus coeruleus (LC) pathway in the right cerebral cortex of rats
      partially destroying the noradrenergic projection to the somatosensory cortex.
      Norepinephrine (NE) levels fell to a nadir of 49% of control over the first 14
      days, associated with a 40% increase in the number of beta-adrenoreceptor binding
      sites (labeled with [3H]dihydroalprenolol; [3H]DHA) in the denervated cortex.
      Both NE levels and cortical beta-receptor binding returned to control levels by
      28 days. Similar changes, of lesser magnitude, also occurred in the unlesioned,
      left somatosensory cortex. Catecholamine histofluorescence studies supported
      these findings of denervation and reinnervation of the right cortex over a 3
      month period. Anterograde axonal transport of beta-receptors was assessed by
      measuring the accumulation of beta-receptor binding sites ([3H]DHA) behind a
      second lesion placed in the more proximal portion of the ipsilateral LC pathway.
      Anterograde transport was completely blocked at 4 days, during the initial fall
      of NE levels, then was increased to 200% of control at 14-21 days, when recovery
      of cortical NE levels was beginning, and then returned towards control levels by
      2-3 months when normal NE levels had been restored.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2416397
TI  - Sodium channel localization in rat sciatic nerve following lead-induced
      demyelination.
AB  - Daily intraperitoneal injections of lead acetate for several weeks were followed
      by a peripheral neuropathy. The conduction of impulses in the sciatic nerve
      became slower, but their amplitude, duration and threshold remained normal.
      Sodium channel labeling with specific monoclonal antibodies revealed staining at
      demyelinated regions, while normal axons were stained exclusively at nodes of
      Ranvier. These results support the view that remodelling of sodium channel
      distribution may contribute to impulse conduction in demyelinated fibers.

PMID- 2416398
TI  - Loose patch clamp recording of ionic currents in demyelinated frog nerve fibers.
AB  - Ionic currents in demyelinated segments of frog sciatic nerves have been detected
      by means of a patch clamp technique. Axons were examined 6-13 days after
      lysolecithin-induced demyelination. Both voltage-gated sodium channels and
      voltage-gated potassium channels could be demonstrated in the demyelinated
      axolemma.

PMID- 2416399
TI  - Characterization of mRNA responsible for induction of functional sodium channels
      in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - When Xenopus laevis oocytes were microinjected with poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from
      adult rat brains or electric organs of Electrophorus electricus, the oocytes
      developed functional sodium channels. Upon application of veratrine, the
      microinjected oocytes exhibited transient depolarization, resulting in
      spontaneous repetitive spikes in some occasions, and action potentials. These
      responses were mediated mainly by external Na ions, prolonged by scorpion toxin,
      completely blocked by tetrodotoxin, and suppressed by local anesthetics. Thus the
      mRNA-induced sodium channels exhibited essentially all the functional properties
      expected for native sodium channels in nerve and muscle membranes. Rat brain mRNA
      was fractionated into 4 fractions by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Each
      fraction and various combinations of them were examined for the efficiency in
      inducing functional sodium channels in Xenopus oocytes. A fraction corresponding
      to mRNA of approximately 30S to 46S was found to contain all mRNA necessary for
      the expression of the channels, indicating that mRNA of smaller sizes expected to
      code for smaller polypeptides may not be required.

PMID- 2416400
TI  - Right and left cortical lesions asymmetrically alter cerebrovascular permeability
      in the rat.
AB  - Vascular permeability and intravascular space in the rat cerebral cortex and
      hypothalamus were assessed 5 and 14 days after the production of either right or
      left hemisphere frontal cortical suction lesions. Rats were intravenously
      injected with large (dextran, 50,000 kdalton) and small (inulin, 5000 kdalton)
      molecular tracers and tissue samples were removed for assay after 7 min. Five
      days following lesions of the right but not left hemisphere, inulin levels in the
      cortical region posterior and contralateral to the lesion site were significantly
      higher than control values. Dextran levels were not increased in this region by
      lesions of either hemisphere. However, both right and left hemisphere lesions led
      to a significant elevation of inulin and dextran levels (inulin higher than
      dextran) in the cortex surrounding the lesion site. Fourteen days after lesion of
      either hemisphere, tracer levels were not elevated over control in any region
      examined. These results suggest that both right and left hemisphere cortical
      lesions transiently increase local vasopermeability (and perhaps intravascular
      space), but that only right hemisphere lesions selectively increase inulin in
      cortex distant from the lesion site, probably from lesion-induced alterations in
      cerebrovascular permeability.

PMID- 2416401
TI  - Galanin-like immunoreactivity in cholinergic neurons of the septum-basal
      forebrain complex projecting to the hippocampus of the rat.
AB  - It is now well recognized that there are several groups of cholinergic neurons in
      the basal forebrain with direct projections to various cortical regions.
      Immunohistochemical investigations of the distribution of the neuropeptide
      galanin (GAL) have shown that two of these brain areas, the medial septum and
      diagonal band, contained large numbers of GAL-immunoreactive neurons. In the
      present study, double staining techniques using antibodies raised against choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT) revealed that GAL- and ChAT-like immunoreactivities are
      colocalized within a subpopulation of the cholinergic neurons within the medial
      septum and diagonal band. This colocalization of GAL- and ChAT-immunoreactivities
      was not seen to occur within other groups of forebrain cholinergic neurons.
      Immunohistochemistry carried out subsequent to injections of fluorescent
      retrograde tracers into the hippocampal formation revealed that both ChAT/GAL-
      and ChAT-containing neurons project to the hippocampal formation. The question of
      GAL as a modulator of cholinergic transmission in this projection is discussed.

PMID- 2416402
TI  - Existence of a Ca2+-dependent K+ channel in synaptic membrane and postsynaptic
      density fractions isolated from canine cerebral cortex and cerebellum, as
      determined by apamin binding.
AB  - Apamin, a 18-amino acid neurotoxin isolated from bee venom, is a specific blocker
      of one class of the Ca2+-dependent K+ channels. The monoiodo derivative of the
      toxin with high specific radioactivity (1600 Ci/mmol) has been used to study its
      binding to synaptic membrane (SM) and postsynaptic density (PSD) fractions
      isolated from cerebral cortex (CTX) and cerebellum (CL) of canine brains. The
      Bmax (30.2 fmol/mg protein) for CTX-PSD is about twice that for CTX-SM (17.3
      fmol/mg protein), suggesting a concentration of the apamin receptor protein in
      CTX-PSD over CTX-SM fractions. The lower value of Bmax for CL-PSD (12.3 fmol/mg
      protein), and the higher Kd value (51 pM) than for CTX-SM (33 pM), CTX-PSD (24
      pM), and CL-SM (39 pM), may reflect the disruptive effect of Triton X-100 on
      these thin structures. The values of Bmax and Kd for CTX-SM are similar to those
      (22.0 fmol/mg protein and 33 pM) for rat CTX-SM. Both Ca2+ and Na+ inhibit apamin
      binding to CTX-PSD with K0.5 values of 14 and 31 mM, respectively, while the
      optimum concentration of KCl for activation is 5 mM. All these values are similar
      to those found for rat synaptosomes. Covalent labeling of the apamin binding
      protein, using the non-cleavable cross-linker, disuccinimidyl suberate, reveals
      an apamin binding polypeptide of 27 kdaltons under reducing and denaturing
      conditions in both the CTX-SM and CTX-PSD preparations, similar to that (28
      kdaltons) reported for rat CTX-SM fractions. Prior phosphorylation of isolated
      CTX-PSD had no effect on apamin binding, nor did apamin binding influence
      subsequent phosphorylation of CTX-PSD. Calmodulin, an intrinsic PSD protein, may
      not play a role in apamin binding to PSD, since addition of calmodulin, or
      removal of the calmodulin by EGTA treatment, resulted in no change in the binding
      capacity of the PSD. The apamin binding protein seems to be bound quite firmly in
      the CTX-PSD fraction since treatments with 0.5% deoxycholate, 1% N-lauroyl
      sarcosinate, 4 M guanidine-HCl, pH 7.0, 0.5 M KCl and 1.0 M KCl, could only
      remove the apamin-receptor complexes from CTX-PSD by 40, 55, 52, 12 and 15%,
      respectively. These results contrast with the findings that the two detergents
      mentioned solubilize 80-93% of the receptor from synaptosomal or synaptic
      membrane fractions, indicating that a good deal of the receptor in these
      fractions is membrane-bound and not connected to the PSD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2416403
TI  - Distribution of exponentiality in miniature endplate current decay.
AB  - Exponential functions are commonly used to describe miniature endplate current
      (MEPC) decay; under control conditions a monoexponential is usually regarded as
      sufficient, whereas in the presence of some drugs a biexponential may be
      necessary. Using an automated fitting procedure which estimated exponential
      parameters and the period of decay from peak to baseline, a unimodal distribution
      of curvature was found for control MEPCs recorded in frog sartorius muscle. The
      majority of MEPCs were of monoexponential form, while the remainder were
      biexponential with either less or greater curvature than expected for a simple
      exponential (hypoexponential or hyperexponential, respectively). The proportion
      of MEPCs in each of the 3 groups was constant for a given endplate but varied
      between endplates. A possible explanation for this phenomenon could be
      differences in synaptic geometry within and between endplates. The increased
      curvature of individual MEPCs in the hyperexponential group was analyzed by
      assuming a sequential model for agonist blockade or desensitization, and
      calculating closing and reopening rate constants. These rate constants were
      altered by procaine and verapamil (100 microM) in a manner consistent with
      blockade of the acetylcholine receptor by enhancement of agonist-induced
      desensitization.

PMID- 2416404
TI  - Myelin deficient (shimld) mutant allele: morphological comparison with shiverer
      (shi) allele on a B6C3 mouse stock.
AB  - A new B6C3 stock of shimld mutant mice is compared in terms of behavior and CNS
      morphology with both a B6C3 shi stock and reports on other shimld animals.
      Defects of B6C3 shimld myelination seen at postnatal day 21 (P-21) are comparable
      to those in B6C3 shi with respect to % axons myelinated, sheath thickness, errors
      in the wrapping and targeting of myelin and abnormal oligodendrocyte shape. The
      two mutations are similarly expressed in cerebellar organotypic cultures.
      However, the major dense line (MDL) is present in a few shimld myelin sheaths at
      P-21 and a few sheaths show myelin basic protein by immunocytochemistry, while
      neither phenomenon is seen in shi at this age in the same CNS regions. Shimld
      mice survive their disease significantly better than shi. The shimld stock
      currently under study elsewhere differs from this B6C3 stock in that MDL was
      reported only in older animals, and behavior and survival were severely
      compromised.

PMID- 2416405
TI  - Local stimulation induced GABAergic response in rat striatal slice preparations:
      intracellular recordings on QX-314 injected neurons.
AB  - Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic responses evoked by electrical stimulation in
      the neostriatal slice preparation were studied in neurons injected
      intracellularly with Na-conductance blocker QX-314. Local stimulation elicited
      depolarizing postsynaptic potentials (DPSPs) in the QX-314-injected neurons when
      the membrane potential was more negative than -60 mV. When DPSPs were minimized
      by depolarizing current injection in the QX-314-injected neuron,
      hyperpolarization was clearly observed following local stimulation. The maximum
      duration of the hyperpolarizing response to strong local stimulation was about
      130 ms. The hyperpolarizing response was blocked by the addition of bicuculline
      or picrotoxin to the Ringer solution. Intracellular Cl- injections produced
      changes in the pattern of the local stimulation-induced responses; the initial
      depolarizing response was followed by a relatively large amplitude long duration
      depolarization. The polarity of the long duration depolarizing response could not
      be reversed by depolarizing currents which were normally sufficient to reverse
      the polarity of DPSPs in the neurons without Cl- injection. The application of
      pentobarbital enhanced the amplitude and the duration of the hyperpolarizing
      responses. The reversal potential of the pentobarbital-enhanced response was
      estimated to be -60 mV. On the basis of their reversal potential, sensitivity to
      injected Cl-, sensitivity to GABA blockers picrotoxin and bicuculline, and the
      effect of pentobarbital, these hyperpolarizing responses are shown to be
      GABAergic Cl-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs).

PMID- 2416406
TI  - [Kallikrein inhibition of the expression of the lymphocyte E rosette receptor.
      Prevention of this effect by alpha-2-macroglobulin].
AB  - In vitro Kallikrein inhibits the expression of lymphocytes-E-rosetting-receptor.
      The preincubation of alpha-2-macroglobulin with Kallikrein prevents this effect
      quickly. The incubation with alpha-2-macroglobulin of Kallikrein pretreated
      lymphocytes is ineffective.

PMID- 2416407
TI  - [High blood triiodothyronine and the euthyroid state].
AB  - A high excess of circulating T3 was observed in an euthyroid woman. Agarose gel
      electrophoresis of serum preincubated with 125I-T3 revealed an abnormal T3
      binding in gamma-globulin zone. This binding interfered with the hormone
      radioimmunoassay. Immunological characterization identified this protein as an
      IgG-K and IgG-lambda polyclonal antibody that bound T3 but not T4. Scatchard
      analysis of 125I-T3 binding to the gamma-globulin fraction isolated showed a
      single class of binding sites with a high affinity Ka = 0.4 X 10(9) L/M and
      maximal binding capacity of 5.2 X 10(-9) M.

PMID- 2416408
TI  - [Severe anaphylactic complications during anesthesia induction. Survey of
      accidents reported to the Sou Medical Insurance Company from 1963 to 1983].

PMID- 2416409
TI  - [The application of monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratin in the pathological
      diagnosis of tumors].

PMID- 2416410
TI  - Defense mechanisms in the bovine lung.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to examine factors contributing to defense of the
      bovine lung from microbial infection. Appropriate physical, cellular, and
      secretory defense components are assessed. Attention is paid to the thin line
      separating host-mediated defense from host-mediated injury of the lung.

PMID- 2416411
TI  - New technology for prevention and control of infectious bovine respiratory
      diseases.
AB  - Recent advances in molecular biology, genetics, and immunochemistry have provided
      the basis for a new generation of vaccines, diagnostic tools, and prophylactic
      substances for the prevention of infectious diseases in cattle. This article
      describes how these new technologies are being applied to veterinary medicine and
      their potential in bovine respiratory diseases caused by infectious agents.

PMID- 2416412
TI  - Cardiovascular responses to the insertion of nasogastric tubes during general
      anaesthesia.
AB  - Eighty female patients free of cardiovascular disease who were having excision of
      breast lesions were randomly allocated to one of two groups. In the first group a
      nasogastric tube was inserted blindly during the surgical procedure, while in the
      second group the tube was inserted under direct laryngoscopy, using Magill
      forceps. Both groups exhibited a significant increase in systolic blood pressure
      (SBP) (p less than 0.001) and heart rate (HR) (p less than 0.005). These
      increases declined during the following 3 minutes. Ventricular extrasystoles
      (more than 5 during the 3 min following the insertion of the nasogastric tube)
      occurred only in the group having the nasogastric tube with the aid of
      laryngoscopy (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2416413
TI  - Anaesthetic breathing circuit leak from cracked oxygen analyzer sensor connector.

PMID- 2416414
TI  - Chlorpyrifos for control of the short-nosed cattle louse, Haematopinus
      eurysternus (Nitzsch) (Anoplura, Haematopinidae) during winter.
AB  - Two groups (A and C) of range cows were treated in February with chlorpyrifos (16
      mL Dursban 44/cow) for the control of heavy infestations of the short-nosed
      cattle louse. Group A was treated in 1977 and group C in 1979 and each treated
      group was compared with a separate untreated group. Some of the treated cows were
      identified as carriers of louse infestation (subgroups A1 and C1), while others
      were noncarriers (subgroups A2 and C2). The maximum level of reduction in louse
      populations was 99% at week 4 posttreatment in subgroup A1, 99% from weeks 2-16
      posttreatment in subgroup A2, 92% at week 3 posttreatment in subgroup C1 and 100%
      at weeks 15-17 in subgroup C2. Clinically, the treated cows, which were anemic at
      the time of treatment, recovered from anemia during the posttreatment period of
      25 weeks for group A and 17 weeks for group C. Remission of anemia also occurred
      in the two untreated groups, possibly because of natural summer decline in louse
      population. The treatment had no effect on the whole blood cholinesterase of the
      cows and the treated cows showed no signs of organophosphorous toxicity.

PMID- 2416415
TI  - Spontaneous and GABA-induced single channel currents in cultured murine spinal
      cord neurons.
AB  - Intracellular and patch clamp recordings were made from embryonic mouse spinal
      cord neurons growing in primary cell culture. Outside-out membrane patches
      obtained from these cells usually showed spontaneous single channel currents when
      studied at the resting potential (-56 +/- 1.5 mV). In 18 out of 30 patches
      tested, spontaneous single channel activity was abolished by making Tris+ the
      major cation on both sides of the membrane. The remaining patches continued to
      display spontaneous single channel currents under these conditions. These events
      reversed polarity at a patch potential of 0 mV and displayed a mean single
      channel conductance of 24 +/- 1.2 pS. Application of the putative inhibitory
      transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (0.5-10 microM) to outside-out patches of
      spinal cord cell membrane induced single channel currents in 10 out of 15 patches
      tested. These channels had a primary conductance of 29 +/- 2.8 pS in symmetrical
      145 mM Cl- solutions. Frequency distributions for the open times of these
      channels were well fit by the sum of a fast exponential term ("of") with a time
      constant tau of = 4 +/- 1.3 ms and a slow exponential term ("os") with a time
      constant tau os = 24 +/- 8.1 ms. Frequency distributions for channel closed times
      were also well fit by a double exponential equation, with time constants tau cf =
      2 +/- 0.2 ms and tau cs = 62 +/- 20.9 ms.

PMID- 2416416
TI  - The calcium channel agonist, Bay K-8644, antagonizes effects of diacetyl monoxime
      on cardiac tissues.
AB  - Effects of a novel slow channel activator, Bay K-8644 (Bay K), were studied on
      slow action potential (APs) in young and old embryonic chick hearts, and on its
      antagonism of the effects of diacetyl monoxime (DAM). The slow APs of young
      hearts are mediated by slow Na+ channels, whereas those of old hearts are
      mediated by slow Ca2+ channels. In slow APs of old (13-18 days old) embryonic
      chick hearts superfused with a high (22 mM) K+ solution, Bay K (10-6 M) gradually
      increased the amplitude, maximum rate of rise (Vmax), and duration of the slow
      APs. The actions of Bay K persisted for a long time (greater than 30 min) after
      washout of the drug. DAM (10 mM) depressed the Vmax, duration and amplitude of
      the slow APs. Some of the changes in slow AP parameters produced by DAM, e.g.,
      Vmax decrease, were antagonized by the addition of Bay K (10(-6) M). In 3-day-old
      embryonic chick hearts. Bay K potentiated the slow APs and DAM depressed them;
      Bay K antagonized these effects of DAM. Thus, the actions of Bay K and DAM are
      likely to be produced, respectively, via the activation and depression of slow
      Ca2+ channels in old embryonic chick hearts. In addition, the drugs seem to
      influence slow Na+ channels found in young embryonic chick hearts.

PMID- 2416417
TI  - Rapid axonal transport in Xenopus nerve in divalent cation free media.
AB  - An investigation was made of the effects of bathing media low in divalent cations
      on rapid axonal transport in the sciatic nerve of the amphibian Xenopus laevis.
      The anterograde transport of a pulse of [35S]methionine proteins was observed
      using a multiple proportional counter as the detector. Organelles undergoing
      anterograde and retrograde transport were detected by light microscopy. The
      structure of nerve fibers was examined by light and electron microscopy. There
      was no significant difference in the anterograde transport of proteins in nerves
      bathed in normal medium (NM) containing millimolar Ca2+ and Mg2+ and in those
      bathed in calcium-free medium (CaFM) containing Mg2+. The anterograde transport
      of labelled proteins continued at a normal velocity in nerves bathed in divalent
      cation free medium (DCFM) for at least 14 h. DCFM did cause some alterations in
      protein transport: the ratio of the plateau (following pulse passage) to the peak
      radioactivity was increased, the pulse amplitude decreased more rapidly, and the
      label continued to arrive at the distal end of the nerve for greater than 16 h.
      Anterograde and retrograde organelle transport continued normally for periods of
      greater than or equal to 4 h in fibres bathed in DCFM. All myelinated fibres
      became distorted within 4 h in DCFM. Similar distortion was rare in fibres bathed
      in CaFM. The results indicate that axonal transport in Xenopus is largely
      independent of lowered concentrations of divalent cations in the bathing medium.
      Those alterations in axonal transport that were produced by DCFM may have been
      secondary to morphological changes in the nerve fibres.

PMID- 2416418
TI  - Retarded recovery of excitability and twitches of frog toe muscles after K
      induced depolarization (slow inactivation) in the presence of alkyl amphipaths.
AB  - Alkyl amphipaths resemble conventional local anesthetics in their ability to
      retard the recovery of excitability and twitch tension after depolarization at
      high Ko, an effect that is attributed to slow inactivation of potential-dependent
      sodium channels. The similar effect of low temperature offers an explanation for
      its ability to enhance the frequency-dependent effects of these agents.

PMID- 2416419
TI  - The effect of D600 on tonic tension, Na+ inward current, and Na+-Ca2+ exchange in
      frog heart.
AB  - Preparations of frog atrial muscle were stimulated at 0.33 Hz under voltage
      clamp, and the resulting membrane currents and the twitch contractions (phasic
      and tonic components) were recorded in presence or absence of D600. It has been
      suggested earlier that the tonic contractions are regulated by an electrogenic
      Na+-Ca2+ exchange, while the phasic contractions are closely related to the
      calcium inward current (Isi). In this study we investigated the effect of D600 on
      (i) the tonic contractions elicited by long depolarizing pulses of high amplitude
      and (ii) the tonic contractions increased by veratrine and resulting in a
      positive inotropic effect (PIE). While 1 microM D600 reduced Isi and the
      corresponding phasic contractions to less than 30% of their initial values within
      5 min, the inhibitory effect of D600 on tonic contractions developed more slowly
      or higher concentrations of D600 were needed to achieve similar levels of
      inhibition within the same time. Furthermore, applications of 5-50 microM D600
      inhibited the veratrine-induced increase in INa and in tonic contractions, and
      both of these effects again fully developed within a few minutes of D600 being
      removed. The results demonstrate that D600 inhibits not only Isi and phasic
      contractions, but it also decreases the tonic contractions in frog heart. The
      effect on the tonic component is associated with inhibition of the tetrodotoxin
      sensitive Na+ inward current, and the results are interpreted as an effect of
      D600 on the electrogenic Na+-Ca2+ exchange. These additional effects of D600
      should be considered when using this drug as the "specific" calcium channel
      blocker.

PMID- 2416420
TI  - The interactive effects of fatigue and pH on the ionic conductance of frog
      sartorius muscle fibers.
AB  - The effects of fatigue on the membrane conductance of frog sartorius muscle at
      the resting potential and during an action potential were studied. When muscles
      were exposed to an extracellular pH of 8.0 the membrane conductance at the
      resting potential increased during fatigue by about 20% and returned to
      prefatigue level in about 20 min. The membrane conductance of muscle fibers
      exposed to pH 6.4 was about three times less than that of pH 8.0 and decreased
      further during fatigue. Furthermore, the recovery of a normal membrane
      conductance was slow at pH 6.4. Both the inward, depolarizing and the outward,
      repolarizing currents during the action potential are reduced in fatigue. In each
      case the effect is greater at pH 6.4 than at 8.0 and recovery towards normal
      values is slower at pH 6.4. It is concluded that the ionic conductance of the
      sarcolemmal membrane at the resting potential and during an action potential are
      modified by fatigue and that these changes are modulated by pHo.

PMID- 2416421
TI  - A fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic muscle with a robust inward calcium current.
AB  - This report describes the histochemical and physiological properties of a rat
      skeletal muscle with a robust activity-dependent slow inward Ca2+ current. The
      muscle, the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), is a small plantar flexor from the
      hindfoot. It is a homogeneous muscle consisting of approximately 90% fast-twitch
      oxidative-glycolytic (type IIA) fibers. Stimulation of the FDB with repetitive
      stimulus trains (30 or 50 Hz for 330 ms, 1 train/s for 2-5 min) produced a slow
      increase in the base-line or resting tension of the muscle between trains. This
      progressive increase in resting tension appears to be due to the activation of
      voltage-dependent slow Ca2+ channels, since it could be eliminated (i) by
      stimulating the muscle in a medium containing 2 mM EGTA and without Ca2+, and
      (ii) by the addition of either Co2+ or verapamil. The presence of a slow current
      may be associated with an increase in K+ efflux as stimulation continues, and
      with a prolongation of relaxation time. We also propose that the slow Ca2+
      current may contribute to the allosteric activation of phosphorylase kinase
      during muscle activity. The FDB provides an excellent preparation to investigate
      the regulation of muscle metabolism by intra- and extra-cellular Ca2+ during
      exercise.

PMID- 2416422
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with endometrioid features. A light microscopic
      and immunohistochemical study of ten cases.
AB  - The authors reviewed the histologic slides of 2600 prostatic carcinomas seen at
      Memorial Hospital from 1963 to 1983. In ten cases, resection specimens had a
      predominantly endometrioid appearance. Six patients had polypoid lesions in and
      around the verumontanum, and one had a polypoid lesion away from the
      verumontanum. Two patients had no mucosal lesions and one was not cystoscoped.
      Histologically, the tumors showed a tall pseudostratified columnar epithelium,
      usually with amphophilic cytoplasm. The cells were arranged either along papillae
      or in complexes of large acini or in single glands. In eight of the ten cases,
      the endometrioid carcinomas were associated with a prior or coexistent typical
      microacinar prostatic adenocarcinoma. In four cases, the endometrioid pattern
      existed in a pure form, although in two such cases with urethral tumors, the
      patients had histories of successfully treated microacinar adenocarcinomas of the
      posterior prostatic lobe. In one case, a urethral endometrioid tumor coexisted
      with a small posterior lobe microacinar adenocarcinoma. In five cases, both
      endometrioid and microacinar carcinomas were seen, including endometrioid and
      microacinar carcinomas found at the same site at different times (2 cases),
      tumors with a predominantly endometrioid, yet focally microacinar pattern (1
      case), and primary tumors where lymph node metastases had different histologic
      features (2 cases). Of the three patients with a pure or predominantly
      endometrioid pattern treated with diethylstilbestrol, two had a marked clinical
      response. All ten endometrioid prostatic adenocarcinomas showed prostate-specific
      antigen and prostate-specific acid phosphatase immunoreactivity, in contrast to
      none of the control uterine endometrial carcinomas. In material spanning a 20
      year period, the authors have not seen a single prostatic tumor entirely
      analogous to the uterine endometrial carcinoma. Until such proof exists,
      prostatic carcinomas with endometrioid features are best classified and treated
      as variants of prostatic duct carcinomas.

PMID- 2416423
TI  - Chemotherapy for head and neck cancer. Comparison of cisplatin + vinblastine +
      bleomycin versus methotrexate.
AB  - One hundred ninety-one patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell
      carcinoma of head and neck origin were allocated at random to chemotherapy with
      conventional-dose weekly intravenous methotrexate or the combination of
      cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin. Methotrexate induced responses in 16 of 98
      patients (16%), whereas 22 of 92 (24%) responded to the combination regimen (P =
      not significant). Remission duration (20.2 weeks methotrexate; 15.1 weeks
      combination) was similar on both arms, as was survival (31.4 weeks methotrexate;
      29.0 weeks combination). Therapy was relatively well-tolerated on both treatment
      arms, although methotrexate produced more mucositis and the combination more
      gastrointestinal and renal toxicity. Response to chemotherapy and disease
      confined to the locoregional area were associated with somewhat longer survival.
      Combination chemotherapy as given in this study did not improve any observed
      parameter, and the results of treatment were poor in both arms.

PMID- 2416424
TI  - Expression of Mallory bodies in hepatocellular carcinoma in man and its
      significance.
AB  - Evidence has been accumulating that Mallory body (MB) is a heritable phenotype of
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is closely related to hepatocarcinogenesis in
      some carcinogen-fed animals. This prompted us to try to evaluate the MB
      phenomenon in human HCCs, in which its significance remains unclear to date.
      Whole liver slices were obtained from 28 autopsied livers in which MB-positive
      HCC was found, and distribution of MBs within the HCC was examined. There were
      three distribution patterns: clustering, diffuse, and sparse types. The
      clustering type was the most frequent and was found in 21 of the 28 cases. In
      this type, there was a formation of groups of the MB-containing cells within the
      HCC, and the cluster of MB-positive cells was variable in number, size, and
      shape. There was often a sharp border line between MB-positive clusters and the
      surrounding MB-negative HCC cell areas where a collision line could occasionally
      be seen. Some of the MB-containing HCC cells were positive for gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase and alpha-fetoprotein. These data led the authors to speculate
      that MB-positive HCC cells in human livers are capable of proliferation to form
      the clusters and that therefore, MBs are expressed as a kind of heritable
      phenotype in such clusters.

PMID- 2416425
TI  - DNA methylation and cancer.
AB  - The main thrusts of the arguments that aberrant DNA methylation is involved in
      the generation of tumor heterogeneity and progression can be summarized as
      follows. The methylation of specific cytosine residues in DNA is certainly an
      important component in multilevel gene control in eukaryotes. The discovery of
      CpG clusters in the flanking regions of genes and their under-methylation on
      housekeeping genes, except those located on inactive X-chromosomes, strongly
      suggests a controlling function for modification in these regions. Since
      methylation plays an important role in controlling normal cellular development,
      it follows that aberrations within this mechanism may be implicated in the
      abnormal gene control which characterizes cancer. Methylation patterns are not
      copied rigorously in rapidly dividing cells. This may be because there is
      normally a close coordination between DNA synthesis, DNA methylation, and DNA
      packaging, and changes in the timing of these processes could conceivably result
      in hypomethylation at some sites and de novo methylation at others. Since the
      greatest variability of methylation patterns is seen in nonexpressed genes, it is
      possible that there is a tendency for cells to activate genes when dividing in an
      inappropriate growth environment. The constant evolution and shuffling of
      methylation patterns which occur during division might play a role in the
      development of new phenotypes within cell populations. One might predict that
      selective pressures within the host would select for those cells with specific
      new methylation patterns allowing for the expression of genes necessary for
      survival in a particular environment. Many experiments have in fact shown that
      methylation levels and patterns and indeed methyltransferase levels (57) are
      altered in cancer cells. Thus, there is considerable heterogeneity within tumor
      populations with regard to this fundamental biological control mechanism. The
      fact that direct intervention by the use of 5-aza-Cyd can result in dramatic
      alterations in malignant potential allows this hypothesis to be tested more
      critically. Hopefully, the use of 5-aza-Cyd in defined systems will allow us to
      isolate genes which might become activated by drug treatment and which might
      contribute to metastatic potential. An understanding of the fundamental aspects
      of the enzymology and control of DNA methylation might therefore allow us to make
      significant inroads into understanding how heterogeneity is generated and what we
      might do about it.

PMID- 2416426
TI  - How is blood vessel growth regulated in normal and neoplastic tissue? G.H.A.
      Clowes memorial Award lecture.

PMID- 2416427
TI  - Synergistic antiproliferative effects of human recombinant alpha 54- or beta ser
      interferon with gamma-interferon on human cell lines of various histogenesis.
AB  - The antiproliferative effects of human interferon (IFN), IFN-gamma, IFN-alpha 54,
      and IFN-beta ser, alone and in combination, were assessed on 10 human cell lines.
      All IFNs were produced by recombinant technology and purified to homogeneity. In
      all cell lines except one, the addition of IFN-gamma to either IFN-alpha 54 or
      IFN-beta ser resulted in a synergistic antiproliferative effect, regardless of
      individual IFN sensitivities or tissue of origin. The only exception was a normal
      diploid fibroblast cell in which an additive antiproliferative effect occurred
      with combination IFN treatment. A malignant fibrosarcoma cell line of similar
      mesenchymal origin demonstrated a synergistic antiproliferative effect. One cell
      line was sensitive to both type I and type II IFN alone. Three cell lines were
      relatively resistant to IFN-gamma but not to IFN-beta ser, one was relatively
      resistant to IFN-beta ser but not to IFN-gamma, and the remainder were resistant
      to both IFN-gamma and IFN-beta ser or IFN-alpha 54. The addition of IFN-alpha 54
      to IFN-beta ser in the SKCO 1 cell line resulted in an antagonistic interaction.
      Timing experiments with RT112 cells indicate that IFN-gamma and IFN-beta ser need
      not be in the media at the same time for the synergistic effect to occur.
      Combinations of type I and type II IFN thus resulted in synergistic
      antiproliferative effect for transformed human cells of various histogenesis,
      including some with a relative resistance to one or both IFN types.

PMID- 2416428
TI  - Antifolate polyglutamylation and competitive drug displacement at dihydrofolate
      reductase as important elements in leucovorin rescue in L1210 cells.
AB  - Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that the addition of leucovorin
      to tumor cells dissociates methotrexate, but not methotrexate polyglutamates,
      from dihydrofolate reductase (L. H. Matherly, D. W. Fry, and I. D. Goldman,
      Cancer Res., 43: 2694-2699, 1983). To further assess the importance of these
      interactions to leucovorin rescue, antifolate growth inhibition toward L1210
      cells in the presence of leucovorin was correlated with the metabolism of (6S)-5
      formyl tetrahydrofolate to dihydrofolate as a measure of dihydrofolate reductase
      activity. Growth inhibition (greater than 95%) by methotrexate (5-10 microM)
      following its intracellular polyglutamylation during a 3-h preexposure, or by
      continuous treatment with high levels of the lipophilic antifolate, trimetrexate
      (1 microM), was only slightly diminished by 10 microM leucovorin (15-25%). High
      pressure liquid chromatographic analyses of the derivatives formed from
      radiolabeled (6S)-5-formyl tetrahydrofolate under these conditions showed an
      incomplete conversion to dihydrofolate and metabolism to predominantly 10-formyl
      tetrahydrofolate. Neither of the antifolates interfered appreciably with the
      metabolism of the folate derivatives to polyglutamates. Growth inhibition in the
      presence of leucovorin correlated with the accumulation of dihydrofolate (1.5-2.2
      nmol) from radiolabeled (6S)-5-formyl tetrahydrofolate, reflecting continued
      suppression of dihydrofolate reductase activity at these drug concentrations.
      With lower equitoxic levels of the trimetrexate (7.5 nM), the provision of
      leucovorin allowed for a restoration of cell growth to a level greater than 90%
      of control. Under these conditions, control levels of dihydrofolate (0.2 nmol)
      were formed from radiolabeled cofactor, consistent with sustained dihydrofolate
      reductase activity. These findings support a role for the activation of
      dihydrofolate reductase as an important component of the reversal of the effects
      of diaminoantifolates by leucovorin, presumably by a competitive displacement of
      drug from the enzyme. Since no displacement occurs in cells which have
      accumulated methotrexate polyglutamates, or in the presence of high levels of
      trimetrexate, it appears that the concentration of unbound drug within cells is a
      significant determinant of the extent of this competitive binding interaction.
      From these considerations, the high levels of methotrexate polyglutamates that
      accumulate in sensitive tumors relative to bone marrow and gastrointestinal cells
      would appear to represent an important factor for the selectivity of leucovorin
      rescue in vivo.

PMID- 2416429
TI  - Loss in cell killing effectiveness of anticancer drugs in human gastric cancer
      clones due to recovery from potentially lethal damage in vitro.
AB  - The ability of human gastric cancer clones to recover from potentially lethal
      damage was studied. Recovery was greatest following treatments with bleomycin or
      Adriamycin; the recovery ratios (i.e., survival) increased almost 8-fold during a
      posttreatment incubation period. Recovery was also possible following treatments
      with actinomycin D, 1,2:5,6-dianhydrogalactitol, and diaziquone; however, the
      recovery ratios never increased above 2. No recovery was observed following
      treatment with 5-fluorouracil. Recovery from potentially lethal damage may be
      related to the heterogeneity in survival responses observed following treatment
      with some anticancer drugs. Bleomycin and Adriamycin treatments result in large
      heterogeneous survival fractions among these human stomach cancer clones, and the
      potentially lethal damage recovery ratios were larger (and variable). However,
      actinomycin D, diaziquone, and 1,2:5,6-dianhydrogalacticol produce very uniform
      killing effects in these cells and the recovery ratios are very much smaller and
      less variable. Finally the large amount of recovery observed after bleomycin or
      Adriamycin treatments resulted in the loss of cell killing effectiveness of the
      agents. Because the survival fractions increased during the recovery period, the
      net effect on cell killing was reduced to an amount normally obtained with doses
      that were up to six times smaller.

PMID- 2416430
TI  - Hepatic parenchymal cell glutamylation of methotrexate studied in monolayer
      culture.
AB  - A detailed analysis of the gamma-glutamylation of methotrexate has been conducted
      in primary cultures of rat hepatic parenchymal cells in monolayer culture. The
      rates of glutamylation are concentration dependent and saturable when measured
      over a 6-h period at concentrations between 2 and 50 microM. The removal of
      folate and inclusion of insulin, dexamethasone, and tocopherol enhance
      glutamylation. Omission of methionine from the medium increases glutamylation,
      whereas the 6-h period of syntheses, methotrexate the reaction. During the 6-h
      period of syntheses, methotrexate diglutamate is the primary product, whereas the
      di- and triglutamates are the major cellular species when the incubation is
      extended to 24 h. Lower extracellular methotrexate concentrations result in the
      formation of relatively greater amounts of longer chain length derivatives. The
      accumulation of methotrexate polyglutamates at steady state is saturable and
      occurs by 24 h. The predominant species contain two to four glutamate residues,
      and the distribution depends upon the culture conditions and the extracellular
      methotrexate concentration. The turnover of cellular polyglutamates at saturation
      occurs at 30 to 40% of the total cell pool over a 6-h period. Placement of
      hepatocytes with saturating levels of methotrexate polyglutamates in medium
      lacking methotrexate results in the slow loss of all derivatives, and the rate of
      loss is inversely related to polyglutamate chain length. Following a pulse dose
      of methotrexate, hepatocytes continue to increase the chain length of the
      cellular pool of polyglutamates, and this process is impaired by addition of
      folinic acid to the medium. In the pulse experiments as in the longer term
      incubations, the primary species are the di- and triglutamates. The results
      demonstrate limited capacity of the hepatocytes to glutamylate longer chain
      length polyglutamate derivatives.

PMID- 2416431
TI  - Possible participation of tumoricidal macrophages in the therapeutic effect of
      bleomycin on a transplantable rat fibrosarcoma.
AB  - When bleomycin (BLM) (5 mg/kg/day) was administered i.p. to WKA rats for 5 days
      from the eighth day after KMT-17 implantation, the therapeutic effects of BLM
      were demonstrated by complete tumor regression in 50% of the cases and
      prolongation of the mean survival time of the remainder [survival days, 44.3 +/-
      13.6 (SD)]. The combined administration of an antimacrophage agent, carrageenan,
      with BLM significantly inhibited the therapeutic effects of BLM (cure rate, 33%;
      survival days, 29.8 +/- 5.8). By means of a Winn assay, the tumor neutralizing
      activity of both spleen cells and peritoneal cells (PC) against KMT-17 cells was
      found to be augmented in BLM-treated tumor bearing rats as compared with that in
      nontreated tumor bearing rats. The enhanced tumor neutralizing activity of spleen
      cells was not abolished by an anti-rat T-cell serum plus complement treatment and
      was present in an adherent macrophage enriched population. Similarly, an in vitro
      [125I]iododeoxyuridine release test enabled us to observe the enhancement of the
      cytotoxic activity of adherent spleen cells and adherent PC in BLM-treated rats.
      The cytotoxic activity of the PC of BLM-treated rats was not specific to KMT-17
      cells alone but was also observed to operate against antigenically different
      tumor cells such as WFT-2N, KST-20, and K562 cells. An in vitro carrageenan
      treatment of PC taken from BLM-treated rats reduced their cytotoxic activity. At
      the same time, the combined administration of carrageenan and BLM also reduced
      the cytotoxic activity of PC. These results suggest that the tumoricidal activity
      of macrophages in tumor bearing rats is augmented after BLM therapy and that the
      activated tumoricidal macrophages may participate in the host-mediated antitumor
      effects of BLM.

PMID- 2416432
TI  - Effects of sodium butyrate on the synthesis and methylation of DNA in normal
      cells and their transformed counterparts.
AB  - The effects of various concentrations of sodium butyrate were examined on a
      normal embryonic lung fibroblast cell line (WI-38) and its two transformed
      counterparts, a simian virus 40-transformed line (SVWI-38) and a cell line
      transformed by gamma-irradiation (CT-1). The rate of thymidine incorporation into
      DNA was inhibited by 60-80% in the WI-38 cells, even at butyrate concentrations
      as low as 5 mM. The two transformed cell lines showed no inhibition of DNA
      synthesis, even at concentrations of 75 mM butyrate. Analysis of RNA and protein
      synthesis revealed that the former was inhibited by +/- 20% at 5-10 mM butyrate
      in the normal WI-38 cell line, while protein synthesis was not inhibited at these
      concentrations. The inhibition of RNA synthesis was not dose dependent up to
      butyrate concentrations of 20 mM, and protein synthesis was inhibited less than
      15% at this concentration. None of these inhibitory effects was observed in the
      case of the SVWI-38 or CT-1 cell lines. Analysis of the 5-methylcytosine content
      of DNA that was labeled either prior to or during treatment with butyrate
      revealed an increased content of methylcytosine when compared with control cells.
      Both preexisting and newly synthesized DNAs were thus subject to
      hypermethylation. Although all three cell lines showed a dose-dependent
      hypermethylation of DNA, the extent of this methylation differed in the normal
      and transformed lines, as preexisting DNA was more methylated in WI-38 cells
      compared with SVWI-38 and CT-1 cells, while methylation of newly synthesized DNA
      occurred to a greater extent in the SVWI-38 cells. These studies show that sodium
      butyrate affects major macromolecular synthetic processes as well as DNA
      methylation quite differently in normal and transformed cells.

PMID- 2416433
TI  - Arabinofuranosyl-5-azacytosine: antitumor and cytotoxic properties.
AB  - Arabinofuranosyl-5-azacytosine (ara-AC), a nucleoside combining the structural
      elements of 5-azacytidine and arabinofuranosylcytosine, exhibited unusually wide
      therapeutic activity against several murine leukemias and all three human
      xenografts of the National Cancer Institute tumor panel. Activity was observed
      following either a daily or an intermittent regimen of treatment in the i.p.
      L1210 model. However, when multiple doses were administered on each treatment
      day, a greater therapeutic effect was produced and the total dose was reduced.
      Extensive necrosis was observed by light and electron microscopy in P388 tumors
      treated with ara-AC. Following s.c. administration, ara-AC caused regression of
      the mammary and lung xenografts (MX-1 and LX-1) and a 93% inhibition of the human
      colon tumor (CX-1); other analogues of this drug failed to demonstrate a
      comparably broad spectrum of activity. Morphological assessment of treated
      xenografts revealed a general loss of cell-to-cell contact and abundant necrosis
      24 h after the administration of ara-AC. In culture, the 50% inhibitory
      concentrations of ara-AC for P388 and L1210 cells at 24 h were 1.9 and 4.5
      microM, respectively, and the decline in replication rates was dependent on drug
      concentration. The cytocidal nature of the drug was demonstrated by cloning
      experiments in which it was observed that ara-AC abolished the clonogenicity of
      lymphoblasts but was only minimally cytotoxic to normal murine bone marrow
      progenitor cells. As adjudged by flow cytometry, the drug induced a distinct
      slowing of cell cycle traverse through S phase. Induction of the differentiation
      of HL-60 cells in culture was another cytotropic effect of this drug. At 44%
      differentiation (10 microM ara-AC), 50% of the cultured cells were viable. Its
      broad spectrum antitumor activity, its selective toxicity to tumor cells, and its
      ability to produce cytodifferentiation render ara-AC of interest as a potential
      antineoplastic agent in humans.

PMID- 2416434
TI  - Enhanced experimental metastatic capacity of a human tumor line following
      treatment with 5-azacytidine.
AB  - We have studied the effect of the nucleoside analogue 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) a
      known activator of gene expression, on the metastatic behavior of the human
      melanoma cell line DX3. After exposure to 3 microM 5-azaC for 24 h cells were
      carried through five subcultures before being tested for their metastatic
      capacity. Following i.v. injection in BALB/c nude mice, cells treated with 5-azaC
      showed a 40-fold increase in the number of lung tumor nodules as compared to that
      obtained with control cells. Tumors resulting from 5-azaC-treated cells exhibited
      a 5-fold increase in mitotic figures, considerable cellular pleomorphism, and
      variation in the histological character of the individual nodules. These in vivo
      differences were not reflected in vitro where treated and untreated cells showed
      no significant differences in morphology, karyotypes, growth rates, saturation
      densities, or plating efficiencies. Cells populating the lung tumor nodules
      retained their increased metastatic capacity through successive cycles of growth
      in vitro followed by reinjection into nude mice and indeed the ability of the
      cell lines to form lung tumors was increased with the succeeding cycles in vivo.
      These cell lines, each established from individual tumor nodules, maintained a
      human karyotype and reacted positively with human-specific antiserum.
      Characterization of these lines showed that while there were no alterations in in
      vitro growth behavior the selected lines exhibited a decreased latency period for
      s.c. tumor formation, increased retention in the lungs following i.v. injection,
      and enhanced lung nodule formation (60- to 80-fold compared to control cells).
      Examination of genomic DNA showed that treatment with 5-azaC brought about a
      significant decrease (50%) in the percentage of methylated cytosine residues but
      this extensive hypomethylation was not maintained in the lung tumor nodule
      derived cell lines.

PMID- 2416435
TI  - Promotion of pulmonary metastasis in mice by bleomycin-induced endothelial
      injury.
AB  - The passage of circulating tumor cells across the vascular wall is an important
      step in the evolution of cancer metastases. Since tumor cells attach
      preferentially to subendothelial matrix at sites of endothelial injury and
      retraction in vitro, we have used an established in vivo model of pulmonary
      endothelial damage to examine the effects of endothelial injury on the
      localization and metastasis of circulating tumor cells in vivo. C57BL/6 mice were
      given a single i.v. dose of bleomycin (120 mg/kg) or multiple i.p. injections (10
      mg/kg, twice weekly for 6 wk). Five days after the single injection or 4 days
      after the last i.p. injection, 2 X 10(5) [131I] iododeoxyuridine-labeled
      fibrosarcoma cells or unlabeled cells were injected i.v. Two to 8 times as many
      labeled cells were found in the lungs of bleomycin-treated animals after 24 h.
      Two and 3 wk after injecting unlabeled fibrosarcoma cells, 1.4 to 5 times more
      metastatic lung colonies were counted in bleomycin-treated animals than in
      controls. Morphometric analysis of histological sections demonstrated that the
      percentage of lung area occupied by tumor in bleomycin-treated animals was
      between 4 and 16 times that of controls. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage
      fluids demonstrated 5-fold increases of total protein content and leakage of
      previously injected 125l-labeled albumin, indicating increased endothelial
      permeability. Electron microscopic examination of lungs of bleomycin-treated mice
      demonstrated endothelial retraction with exposure of the underlying basement
      membrane. Electron microscopy of [3H]thymidine-labeled tumor cells, located by
      autoradiography, demonstrated their attachment to exposed basal lamina. Data from
      these experiments in vivo support the hypothesis that endothelial damage can
      facilitate the metastasis of circulating tumor cells.

PMID- 2416436
TI  - Direct identification of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins in some retrovirus
      transformed cells by use of anti-phosphotyrosine antibody.
AB  - For direct identification of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins in lysates of
      various cells, phosphotyrosine (P-Tyr) was coupled to carrier proteins and anti-P
      Tyr antibodies were raised in rabbits and mice. The antibodies were highly
      specific for P-Tyr and did not cross-react with phosphoserine or
      phosphothreonine. The mean association constant of rabbit anti-P-Tyr antibody to
      N-acetyl-P-Tyr was about four times that of rabbit anti-azobenzene phosphonate
      antibody. In addition, anti-P-Tyr antibody scarcely cross-reacted with the 5'
      monophosphate of ribosyladenine or the 5'-monophosphate of ribosylinosine,
      whereas anti-azobenzene phosphonate antibody cross-reacted appreciably with these
      compounds. Anti-P-Tyr antibody immunoprecipitated three oncogenic gene products
      from cells transformed with Rous sarcoma virus, Fujinami sarcoma virus, and
      Abelson murine leukemia virus, respectively. The immunoprecipitates with anti-P
      Tyr antibody from cells transformed with these three retroviruses all manifested
      tyrosine kinase activity including activity for phosphorylations of oncogene
      products. In addition to the proteins reported previously, the following new
      phosphotyrosine-containing proteins were immunoprecipitated from the respective
      retrovirus-transformed cells by anti-P-Tyr antibody: Mr 230,000, 74,000, and
      24,000 proteins (Rous sarcoma virus); Mr 230,000, 69,000, and 24,000 proteins
      (Fujinami sarcoma virus); and Mr 230,000, 62,000, and 54,000 proteins (Abelson
      murine leukemia virus).

PMID- 2416437
TI  - Effective treatment of pure akinesia with L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine
      (DOPS): report of a case, with pharmacological considerations.
AB  - A patient with pure akinesia, who experienced freezing only when starting to walk
      backward or when turning, is reported. L-DOPA, maprotiline, clonazepam, DL-threo
      3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS), and L-threo-DOPS were administered to the
      patient. Only DL-threo-DOPS and L-threo-DOPS were effective, but they
      concurrently brought on a hypomanic state. Combining carbidopa with DL (or L)
      threo-DOPS did not change the effectiveness of the treatment. DL (or L)-threo
      DOPS did not affect monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The
      effectiveness of L-threo-DOPS on freezing, the induction of affective changes,
      and the absence of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol alteration in the CSF suggest
      that L-threo-DOPS acts centrally but may not directly involve the noradrenergic
      system.

PMID- 2416438
TI  - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: in vivo and in vitro effects on human preleukemic and
      leukemic cells.
AB  - The active metabolite of vitamin D known as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
      [1,25(OH)2D3] is a major physiologic regulator of mineral metabolism in man. The
      compound is also a potent inducer of differentiation of a human promyelocytic
      leukemia cell line known as HL-60. The induction of differentiation of myeloid
      leukemia cells to functional end cells offers an appealing therapeutic prospect.
      We investigated the ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 both to induce in vitro the
      differentiation of blast cells taken from patients with acute myelogenous
      leukemia and to improve hematopoiesis in vivo in patients with the
      myelodysplastic syndromes (preleukemia). We found that high concentrations (10-6
      M) of 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly induced the in vitro differentiation of blast
      cells as measured by morphology, phagocytosis, and superoxide production. A
      concentration of 10-9 M 1,25(OH)2D3 had no effect on blast cell differentiation.
      We gave 2 microgram/day of 1,25(OH)2D3 to 18 patients with myelodysplastic
      syndrome (preleukemia) in an attempt to improve their hematopoiesis. During
      therapy, their peak peripheral blood granulocyte, platelet, and macrophage
      concentrations were slightly elevated as compared to their baseline, starting
      levels. Eight patients had a partial or minor peripheral blood response to the
      compound during the administration of 1,25(OH)2D3. However, no patient showed
      significant improvement of peripheral blood cell or marrow blast cell counts by
      the end of the study (greater than or equal to 12 weeks) as compared to their
      starting levels. Seven of the patients developed leukemia before or by 12 weeks
      of treatment. Nine of the 18 patients developed hypercalcemia. Taken together,
      the study shows that high concentrations (10-6M) of 1,25(OH)2D3 can induce
      differentiation of leukemia blast cells in vitro, but the administration of
      1,25(OH)2D3 to patients with the myelodysplastic syndromes (preleukemia) does not
      have an enduring therapeutic effect. Hypercalcemia prevented administering
      greater amounts of 1,25(OH)2D3. In the future, the use of new vitamin D analogs
      that induce hematopoietic cell differentiation without inducing hypercalcemia
      might allow the achievement of higher blood levels of the inducing compound and
      might be medically useful for selected preleukemic and leukemic patients.

PMID- 2416440
TI  - Salivary hyperamylasemia after L-asparaginase therapy.

PMID- 2416439
TI  - Intensive short-term chemotherapy for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia:
      long-term follow-up.
AB  - Our pilot study addresses the problem of early relapse from complete remission in
      young adults with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Twelve patients with AML, 16
      58 years of age, were entered in a study of four intense courses of cytotoxic
      chemotherapy using the following drugs: cytarabine, daunorubicin, 5-azacitidine,
      and 6-thioguanine. They received no maintenance therapy. Nine of 12 patients
      achieved complete response. With a minimum follow-up of 35 months, the observed
      disease-free survival at 2 years was 67% (14 +/- SE) and the actuarial disease
      free survival at 4 years was 38% (17 +/- SE). It appears that brief intensive
      chemotherapy early in the management of AML can produce prolonged remission
      without the need for maintenance therapy.

PMID- 2416441
TI  - Tumor markers: value and limitations in the management of cancer patients.
AB  - Sixteen tumor markers are reviewed, and measured to the ideal: produced by the
      tumor cell alone absent in health and in benign disease present in all patients
      with a given malignancy level in the blood representative of tumor mass
      detectable in occult disease. The only marker that approaches the ideal is human
      chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in gestational trophoblastic tumors. In this
      malignancy, the HCG level suggests the diagnosis and stage, confirms response to
      therapy, and predicts relapse. The three most widely used and intensely studied
      tumor markers are carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alphafetoprotein (AFP), and
      HCG. CEA cannot be used in screening for cancer, but in carcinoma of the colon
      its elevation preoperatively increases the likelihood of advanced disease and
      postoperative recurrence. Postoperatively, elevated titers are often but not
      invariably associated with recurrent disease. AFP and HCG are useful in the
      management of nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors. Like CEA, they cannot
      be used for screening. They are more likely to be increased with advancing stage,
      and after therapy rising levels almost always mean recurrent disease. Some
      markers are valuable in specific circumstances, such as calcitonin in screening
      for familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. In multiple myeloma,
      immunoglobulins are useful in determining the tumor mass and response to therapy.
      In neuroblastoma, catecholamine metabolites are useful primarily in making the
      diagnosis. In some malignancies, the absence of effective therapy lowers the
      value of the marker, as for AFP in hepatoma. The remaining markers are too
      unreliable or too little studied to be useful in the management of an individual
      patient with cancer. The purpose of this paper is to provide the clinician with
      an understanding of the limitations of the present tumor markers that will lead
      to wiser use of the tests, and to provide standards to which future tumor markers
      should be measured.

PMID- 2416442
TI  - Embolization of glomus tumors of the carotid: temporary or definitive?
AB  - The authors describe the use of preoperative embolization of glomus tumors in 7
      patients. In two cases a nonresorbable substance (IBCA) was used for the
      embolization, and no subsequent operation was needed. They therefore suggest that
      embolization could be a definitive treatment and an alternative to surgery.

PMID- 2416443
TI  - Behavioural and chemical changes in mice during morphine dependence development,
      withdrawal and naloxone administration.

PMID- 2416444
TI  - The trajectory of a stiff rod in a curved potential energy trough. An initial
      result for short nucleosomal rods.
AB  - The equilibrium trajectory of the axis of a rod subject to an externally imposed
      curved potential energy trough tends to conform to the shape of the curved
      trough, but also tends to be straight because of elastic resistance to bending.
      The actual path of the axis is a balance between the two extremes. We consider a
      potential energy trough centered along a circular arc of radius R. For a rod of
      small length compared to R, we show that the axis at equilibrium forms an arc of
      a circle of radius greater than R. The value of the radius of the axial path
      depends on the relative values of the Hooke's Law bending constant for the rod
      and the depth and width of the trough. Motivation for the calculation is provided
      by nucleosomal DNA, which conforms to the surface of a roughly cylindrical
      histone core at physiological ionic strength, but is observed to unwind into a
      partially extended conformation at very low ionic strength. We suggest that the
      rigidity to bending of short DNA segments becomes sufficiently great at low ionic
      strength to overcome attractive interactions with the histone surface.
      Alternately, of course, if during the cell cycle mutually attractive forces
      between DNA and histone core are weakened at constant ionic strength, the same
      type of unfolding would be expected to occur as the strength of the DNA-histone
      contacts drops below the level required to overcome elastic resistance to bending
      of the DNA rod.

PMID- 2416445
TI  - Response of a neuronal membrane to applied sinusoidal currents.
AB  - The membrane model of Connor and Stevens was used to calculate the response of a
      neuron to an injected sinusoidal current. This stimulating current simulates the
      effects of cell exposure to incident time-harmonic electromagnetic fields. The
      theoretical results obtained with this model were compared with intracellular
      recordings carried out during the injection of a sinusoidal transmembrane current
      through a single microelectrode. Experimental and theoretical data were
      substantially in agreement for current amplitudes that can be induced by actual
      exposure conditions.

PMID- 2416446
TI  - Effect of preferential insertion of LDL receptors near coated pits.
AB  - Recent experiments suggest that low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on human
      fibroblasts are not inserted into the plasma membrane uniformly, as earlier
      experiments indicated, but are inserted into specialized regions, called plaques,
      where coated pits form. If the consequent reduction in the time required for LDL
      receptors to diffuse to coated pits were significant, this could alter
      conclusions drawn from previous calculations based on the assumption that LDL
      receptors are inserted uniformly. In particular, the conclusion could be wrong
      that diffusion of LDL receptors to coated pits is the rate limiting step in the
      interaction of cell surface LDL receptors with coated pits. Here we calculate the
      extent of the reduction in mean travel time of an LDL receptor to a coated pit,
      as a function of the plaque radius. We find that only if LDL receptor insertion
      is limited to a very small portion of the plasma membrane near coated pit sites
      is there a substantial decrease in the average time it would take an LDL receptor
      to diffuse to a coated pit. In order for preferential insertion of LDL receptors
      into plaques to cut the mean receptor travel time in half, plaques would have to
      take up no more than 10% of the cell surface area; to reduce the travel time by a
      factor of 10, plaques would have to cover only 2% of the cell surface,
      approximately twice the area covered by coated pits at 37 degrees C.

PMID- 2416447
TI  - Electrooptical behavior of heme-like molecules adsorbed on nerve membrane.
AB  - This paper discusses the electrooptical properties of iron tetrasulfonated
      phthalocyanine (Fe-TsPc) adsorbed on a nerve membrane. The study is based on a
      comparative analysis of the properties of an aqueous solution of Fe-TsPc and the
      properties of Fe-TsPc adsorbed on a silver electrode. The resonant Raman spectra
      were obtained from the adsorbed Fe-TsPc on the interfaces of a silver electrode
      and the nerve membrane. Considerable optical signal changes have been observed
      when the interfacial potential is altered. The Raman spectra are sufficiently
      sensitive to indicate the submolecular mechanisms of electron delocalization. The
      changes in Raman signals as a function of the interfacial potential provide a
      means for optically monitoring electrical excitability in nerve.

PMID- 2416448
TI  - Toward molecular electronics. Self-screening of molecular wires.
AB  - One-dimensional polyelectrolytes are proposed as molecular devices based on
      soliton propagation. The use of such "molecular wires" as delay lines or shift
      registers raises the problem of their electrical screening, because, when a large
      number of these wires are densely packed, cross-talking between them might occur.
      In order to overcome such a drawback, a detailed study of the polyelectrolyte
      behavior in an ionic solution has been developed, under equilibrium conditions.
      The results bring into evidence a condensation process, around each molecular
      wire, of the mobile ions in the solution. The consequent self-screening effect
      could be relevant in reducing cross-talking.

PMID- 2416449
TI  - Comparative distribution of neuropeptide tyrosine-, vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide-, substance P-immunoreactive, acetylcholinesterase-positive and
      noradrenergic nerves in the reproductive tract of the female rat.
AB  - Location, distribution and density of nerve fibers immunoreactive to neuropeptide
      tyrosine, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P were studied in the
      reproductive tract of the female rat and compared with acetylcholinesterase
      positive ("cholinergic") and noradrenergic nerves. Plexuses of all types of
      fibers were present in the vagina, uterine cervix, uterine horn and oviduct. In
      the tubular reproductive organs all of these types of nerve fibers appeared to
      innervate vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle and nearly all types of fibers
      formed plexuses subjacent to the epithelium lining the organs. Individual fibers
      of all classes appeared to innervate fascicles of smooth muscle in the
      mesometrium of the uterine horn. A few acetylcholinesterase-positive and
      substance P-immunoreactive fibers were present in the ovary but no vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerves were observed. Noradrenergic and
      neuropeptide tyrosine-immunoreactive nerves were numerous in the ovary where they
      were seen in the interstitial gland tissue and associated with follicles and
      blood vessels. It is suggested that these nerves may influence hemodynamic events
      and non-vascular smooth muscle in such functions as transport of sperm and ova
      and parturition. Substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibers are likely to be sensory
      fibers that could have roles in neurohormonal reflexes.

PMID- 2416450
TI  - Ontogenetic appearance of immunoreactive GRF-containing neurons in the rat
      hypothalamus.
AB  - Ontogenetic development of GRF-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus was
      studied employing antisera which were generated against hpGRF (1-44)NH2 and
      rhGRF(1-43)OH: anti-hpGRF-C and -rhGRF sera recognize the species-specific C
      terminal portions of the peptides, and anti-hpGRF-MC and -N sera recognize
      hpGRF(27-44)NH2 and the N-terminal portion of hpGRF(1-44)NH2, respectively. The
      anti-hpGRF-C and -rhGRF sera stained different neuronal cell bodies, which were
      localized in distinct hypothalamic areas. The former serum did not stain the
      axonal terminals in the median eminence, but the latter stained them strongly.
      The anti-hpGRF-MC and -N sera stained neuronal cell bodies, some of which
      corresponded to those immunolabelled with anti-hpGRF-C or -rhGRF serum. The anti
      rhGRF serum first demonstrated immunoreactive perikarya in the ventral-lateral
      border of the arcuate nucleus of 19.5-day-old fetuses that had received an
      intraventricular colchicine administration 24 h previously. The immunoreactive
      fibers were recognized first in the external layer of the median eminence of
      untreated fetuses on day 19.5 of gestation, and then they increased in amount
      with development. No immunoreactive fibers, however, were found in the median
      eminence of colchicine-treated animals during the fetal period. It is concluded
      that in rats GRF may be synthesized in the perikarya on day 18.5 of gestation and
      conveyed to the median eminence without delay via axonal flow.

PMID- 2416451
TI  - Label-retaining keratinocytes and Langerhans cells in mouse epithelia.
AB  - Slowly cycling cells in murine epithelia can be marked by their retention of a
      tritiated-thymidine nuclear label. The position and identity of such label
      retaining cells in palatal and lingual epithelia and ear epidermis was examined
      using autoradiography and histochemistry. They were found to be either (a)
      basally positioned keratinocytes preferentially occupying sites within units of
      epithelial structure that correspond to those expected for epithelial stem cells,
      or (b) nonkeratinocytes of the Langerhans cell type which lie suprabasally except
      in the epidermis where they are present in low numbers and occupy a similar
      position to label-retaining keratinocytes.

PMID- 2416452
TI  - In-vivo stimulation of rat pancreatic acinar cells by infusion of secretin. I.
      Changes in enzyme content, pancreatic fine structure and total rate of protein
      synthesis.
AB  - Infusion of synthetic secretin in conscious unrestricted rats for periods up to
      24 h was used to study the structural and functional adaptation of pancreatic
      acinar cells to this secretagogue. Initial dose-response studies established 16
      clinical units (CU) per kg and h (corresponding to 4.64 micrograms X kg-1 X h-1)
      as optimal dose for persistent stimulation of enzyme discharge. Infusion of this
      dose led to a slow but progressive depletion of enzyme stores with minimal
      content by 12 h stimulation. As a result of persistent stimulation total protein
      synthesis in the acinar cells increased after a lag period of 3 h and reached
      maximal values 90% above controls by 6 and 12 h secretin infusion. No structural
      equivalent for pronounced fluid and bicarbonate secretion was observed for either
      acinar or duct cells over the entire dose range (1 to 64 CU X kg-1 X h-1) and
      infusion period (1-24 h), except an increased number of coated vesicles in duct
      cells. Discharge of enzymes from acinar cells was paralleled by a high frequency
      of exocytotic images at the luminal plasma membrane and was accompanied by the
      occurrence of membrane fragments in the luminal space, especially after 3 and 6 h
      secretin infusion. An increased number of lysosomal bodies at these time points
      especially in the vicinity of the Golgi complex was interpreted in relation to
      membrane recycling following massive exocytosis. This pattern of structural and
      functional adaptation of acinar cells following secretin infusion corresponds to
      previously described changes following caerulein and carbamylcholine stimulation.

PMID- 2416453
TI  - In-vivo stimulation of rat pancreatic acinar cells by infusion of secretin. II.
      Changes in individual rates of enzyme and isoenzyme biosynthesis.
AB  - Intravenous infusion of synthetic secretin for periods up to 24 h in conscious
      rats was combined with in-vitro amino acid incorporation in isolated pancreatic
      lobules and high-resolution separation of individual enzyme proteins by two
      dimensional isoelectric focusing and SDS gel electrophoresis. With this method
      persistent changes in the biosynthesis of ten enzyme and isoenzyme proteins can
      be studied as a result of prolonged secretin stimulation. Three major patterns of
      response were observed: progressive increases in the synthetic rates were found
      in six out of ten enzyme proteins with most pronounced changes in the synthetic
      rates of lipase (4.10-fold increase), two forms of proelastase (2.80-fold
      increase, respectively), the two acidic forms of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen
      (2.60- and 2.40-fold increase, respectively), and of ribonuclease (2.30-fold
      increase). Only moderate changes (1.30- to 1.90-fold increase) occurred in the
      synthetic rates of four isoenzymatic forms of procarboxypeptidase and the basic
      forms of chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen, respectively. No absolute change in
      the rate of synthesis was observed in both forms of amylase. These data obtained
      after secretin stimulation differ significantly from previous results after
      caerulein stimulation, but it is not clear so far whether this is due to
      differential effects of the two second messengers released by each of the
      hormones on the level of transcription or translation.

PMID- 2416454
TI  - Alterations in calcium metabolism in phorbol ester-treated mouse peritoneal
      macrophages.
AB  - Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-treated macrophages exhibited a two-fold
      increase in the rate of 45Ca++ efflux and over a three-fold increase in the size
      of the exchangeable calcium pool, resulting in almost a seven-fold increase in
      the slow phase of calcium efflux. The calcium antagonist 8-(N,N-diethylamino)
      octyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride (TMB-8) by itself did not affect
      calcium efflux in macrophages; but abolished the PMA-induced increase in the rate
      of calcium efflux. The divalent cationphore A23187 increased the rate constant of
      the fast phase of calcium efflux two-fold when applied alone or when applied with
      PMA. These effects might be linked to ionophore enhancement and TMB-8 inhibition
      of PMA-induced macrophage chemotaxis and spreading (previously reported in Cell
      Calcium 3:503-514 and Cancer Research 43:3385-3391). No change in calcium efflux
      was observed if cells were exposed to PMA only during the efflux experiment
      suggesting that a prolonged exposure to PMA is required to elicit changes in
      calcium flux. Increased 45Ca++ remained in treated cells at each time point
      perhaps reflecting the PMA-induced increase in exchangeable calcium.

PMID- 2416455
TI  - Characterization of ATP-driven calcium uptake in renal basal-lateral and renal
      endoplasmic reticulum membrane vesicles.
AB  - ATP-driven calcium uptake was studied in basal-lateral membranes and in
      microsomal fractions, isolated from pig kidney cortex. The uptake is strongly
      enhanced in conditions where calcium inside the vesicles is precipitated by
      oxalate (5 mM) or phosphate (40 mM). Both anions were equally effective for the
      stimulation of calcium uptake in the microsomes but oxalate was less effective
      than phosphate in the basal-lateral membrane fraction. The active calcium pumps
      in the renal basal-lateral and microsomal fractions are different transport
      ATPases characterized by phosphorylated intermediates of 135 kDa and 115 kDa
      respectively. The subcellular distribution of the 135 kDa and 115 kDa
      phosphointermediates, reflects the distribution of typical marker enzymes for the
      basal-lateral membrane and for the endoplasmic reticulum. The calmodulin binding
      to the 135 kDa polypeptide as estimated by 125I-labelled calmodulin overlay, can
      be used as a specific marker for the basal-lateral plasma membrane calcium pump.

PMID- 2416456
TI  - A model for fast axonal transport.
AB  - A model for fast axonal transport is developed in which the essential features
      are that organelles may interact with mechanochemical cross-bridges that in turn
      interact with microtubules, forming an organelle-engine-microtubule complex which
      is transported along the microtubules. Computer analysis of the equations derived
      to describe such a system show that most of the experimental observations on fast
      axonal transport can be simulated by the model, indicating that the model is
      useful for the interpretation and design of experiments aimed at clarifying the
      mechanism of fast axonal transport.

PMID- 2416457
TI  - Sequence of Dictyostelium DIRS-1: an apparent retrotransposon with inverted
      terminal repeats and an internal circle junction sequence.
AB  - The Dictyostelium discoideum transposon DIRS-1 contains long terminal repeats
      that are inverted (ITRs) and nonidentical. We show here that the internal
      sequence contains 4158 nucleotides and encodes three open reading frames (ORFs).
      Two of the ORFs (ORFs 2 and 3) are colinear and overlap for more than 2000 bases.
      Unusual sequence conservation between the two DIRS-1 elements in the overlap
      region is discussed. The conserved reading frame (ORF3) contains a 200 amino acid
      region that bears significant homology to retrovirus reverse transcriptase. Based
      on this homology, we classify DIRS-1 as a possible retrotransposon and propose a
      model by which the nearly genomic length 4.5 kb DIRS-1 RNA could be used to
      generate a genomic DNA copy of DIRS-1 with nonidentical inverted terminal
      repeats.

PMID- 2416459
TI  - Expression during embryogenesis of a mouse gene with sequence homology to the
      Drosophila engrailed gene.
AB  - Regions of the mouse and human genomes with strong homology to the Drosophila
      engrailed gene have been identified by Southern blot analysis. One mouse
      engrailed-like region, Mo-en.1, has been cloned and partially sequenced; homology
      with the engrailed gene is localized to a 180 bp engrailed-like homeo box and 63
      nucleotides immediately 3' to it. The protein sequence this region can encode
      includes 81 amino acids, of which 60 (75%) are identical with those of the
      putative translation product of the corresponding engrailed sequence. These data
      suggest that Mo-en.1 represents a mouse homolog of a gene of the Drosophila
      engrailed gene complex. Mo-en.1 has been mapped to chromosome 1, indicating it is
      not linked to other homeo box sequences that have been mapped in the mouse
      genome. Analysis of poly(A)+ RNA extracted from teratocarcinoma cells and whole
      mouse embryos demonstrates that the conserved homeo box region of Mo-en.1 is
      expressed differentially during mouse embryogenesis.

PMID- 2416458
TI  - A significant part of macrophage-derived growth factor consists of at least two
      forms of PDGF.
AB  - The macrophage has been suggested to be responsible for the connective tissue
      cell proliferation that accompanies most chronic inflammatory responses. One of
      the secretory products of activated macrophages is MDGF, a growth factor (or
      factors) for fibroblasts, 3T3 cells, smooth muscle, and vascular endothelium.
      This report demonstrates that a significant portion of the mitogenic activity for
      3T3 cells secreted by cultured human alveolar and peritoneal macrophages is due
      to a molecule (or molecules) similar to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF).
      Two size classes (approximately 37,000-39,000 and 12,000-17,000 daltons) of
      mitogenically active PDGF-like molecules are detected by two criteria--antigenic
      similarity with PDGF and ability to compete with 125I-PDGF for high-affinity
      binding to the PDGF receptor. The presence of mRNA for the B chain of PDGF is
      demonstrated by Northern analysis, and de novo synthesis of these molecules by
      activated macrophages is shown by immunoprecipitation of 35S-labeled proteins
      with anti-PDGF IgG.

PMID- 2416460
TI  - Biological clocks in Drosophila: finding the molecules that make them tick.

PMID- 2416461
TI  - Tn10 protects itself at two levels from fortuitous activation by external
      promoters.
AB  - Tn10 rarely transposes, primarily because its IS10-encoded transposase protein is
      synthesized infrequently. Since the 5' end of the transposase gene is immediately
      adjacent to flanking host sequences, insertion of Tn10 into an actively
      transcribed operon could conceivably result in dramatically increased
      transposition. We show here that Tn10 is protected from such fortuitous
      activation; high levels of transcription from an upstream promoter actually
      decrease its rate of transposition. Protection operates at two levels. First,
      externally-initiated transcripts yield only a small amount of additional
      transposase protein, primarily because of inhibition at a posttranscriptional
      level. We suggest that the transposase gene start codon is sequestered in an mRNA
      secondary structure not present in transcripts initiated at the normal promoter.
      Second, transcription per se across an IS10 terminus inhibits its activity, thus
      negating any small transposase increase. These observations provide additional
      evidence that Tn10 has evolved specific mechanisms for keeping its transposition
      activity low.

PMID- 2416462
TI  - Clustered homeo boxes are differentially expressed during murine development.
AB  - A murine homeo box (m6-12) known to be expressed during differentiation of
      embryonal carcinoma cells lies within a cluster of homeo boxes located in 30
      kilobase pairs of genomic DNA. We have established the organization of the boxes
      within this complex, as well as the nucleotide sequence of a second box, m5-4.
      Similar to the m6-12 box, expression of novel m5-4 transcripts is induced upon
      differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells. Transcripts of genes containing m6
      12 were found in embryonic tissue during almost all stages of prenatal
      development studied, whereas expression of m5-4 was detected only in 12 day
      embryonic tissue. Finally, we have described the differential expression of these
      homeo-box-containing regions in various adult tissues.

PMID- 2416463
TI  - Homeo box genes of the Antennapedia and bithorax complexes of Drosophila.
AB  - The Antennapedia, Ultrabithorax, and fushi tarazu genes of Drosophila
      melanogaster each contain a very similar protein coding sequence, the homeo box.
      Previously cloned homeo box sequences were used to isolate additional well
      conserved members of the homeo box gene family. The most strongly conserved
      members of the homeo box gene family map within either the Antennapedia or
      Bithorax gene complexes. The tissue distribution of transcripts encoded by the
      two rightmost homeo box genes of the Bithorax complex are compared with the iab-2
      and iab-7 phenotypes.

PMID- 2416464
TI  - A lymphocyte-specific protein-tyrosine kinase gene is rearranged and
      overexpressed in the murine T cell lymphoma LSTRA.
AB  - Protein-tyrosine kinases are implicated in the control of normal and neoplastic
      cell growth. We have used molecular cloning strategies to characterize a
      lymphocyte-specific protein-tyrosine kinase gene distinct from but closely
      related to src and yes. This gene, encoded by a genetic locus defined here as
      lskT, is rearranged and overexpressed in the murine T cell lymphoma LSTRA. Thus
      alterations in the structure or expression of this protein-tyrosine kinase gene
      may in some cases mediate neoplastic transformation. In addition, transcription
      of the normal lskT gene is restricted to cells of lymphoid origin. We infer that
      the lskT-encoded protein-tyrosine kinase may aid in transducing proliferative or
      differentiative signals unique to lymphocytes.

PMID- 2416465
TI  - Intermediates in transcription initiation from the E. coli lac UV5 promoter.
AB  - We have used nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to separate
      intermediates in transcription initiation that result from action of E. coli RNA
      polymerase on the lac UV5 promoter. The resolved gel complexes are characterized
      by DNAase I footprinting, protein subunit content, RNA content, and transcription
      ability. There are two "open" complexes, whose equilibrium ratio is a function of
      temperature; they differ in their ability to escape abortive cycling, but not in
      their DNAase I footprints. We find three "initiated" complexes, containing RNA
      chains at least 11 nucleotides long, and lacking the sigma subunit of RNA
      polymerase. These experiments provide a detailed view of the early initiation
      steps and their thermal regulation at the E. coli lac promoter.

PMID- 2416466
TI  - ras proteins can induce meiosis in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - Injection of human H-ras protein induces maturation of Xenopus oocytes; that is,
      progression from prophase to metaphase of meiosis. The oncogenic protein encoded
      by H-rasval12 is nearly a 100-fold more potent than the protein encoded by the
      wild-type gene. We do not observe any measurable increase or decrease in cyclic
      AMP concentration in injected oocytes, and the effects of H-ras protein are only
      partially blocked by cholera toxin. Our results suggest that not all, if any, of
      the effects of H-rasval12 protein in this system are mediated by adenylate
      cyclase.

PMID- 2416467
TI  - Different axoplasmic proteins generate movement in opposite directions along
      microtubules in vitro.
AB  - Single microtubules from squid axoplasm support bidirectional movement of
      organelles. We previously purified a microtubule translocator (kinesin) that
      moves latex beads in only one direction along microtubules. In this study, a
      polar array of microtubules assembled off of centrosomes in vitro was used to
      demonstrate that kinesin moves latex beads from the minus to the plus ends of
      microtubules, a direction that corresponds to anterograde transport in the axon.
      A crude solubilized fraction from squid axoplasm (S1a), however, generates
      bidirectional movement of beads along microtubules. Retrograde bead movement (1.4
      micron/sec) is inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and 20 microM vanadate while
      anterograde movement (0.6 micron/sec) is unaffected by these agents. Furthermore,
      a monoclonal antibody against kinesin, when coupled to Sepharose, removes the
      anterograde, but not the retrograde, bead translocator from S1a. These results
      indicate that there is a retrograde bead translocator which is pharmacologically
      and immunologically distinct from kinesin.

PMID- 2416468
TI  - Two interferon-induced proteins are involved in the protein kinase complex
      dependent on double-stranded RNA.
AB  - The double-stranded (ds) RNA-dependent protein kinase is a 100,000-110,000 Mr
      complex of two interferon-induced subunits each having ATP binding sites: a
      48,000 Mr protein (p48) which appears to be responsible for the phosphorylation
      of a 68,000 Mr protein (p68) in the presence of dsRNA. The p68 subunit once
      phosphorylated is converted to an active protein kinase capable of
      phosphorylating exogenous substrates such as the alpha subunit of protein
      synthesis initiation factor eIF2 or calf thymus histone. The phosphorylation of
      exogenous substrates is highly correlated with the degree of phosphate saturation
      of p68 and does not require the presence of dsRNA. Both the p68 and the p48
      subunits of the protein kinase complex are purified by an immuno-affinity column
      containing monoclonal antibody specific for the p68 subunit.

PMID- 2416469
TI  - The T-cell-independent immune response to the hapten NP uses a large repertoire
      of heavy chain genes.
AB  - Hybridomas generated from C57BL/6 mice immunized with the hapten NP coupled to
      ficoll, a T-cell-independent carrier, produce monoclonal antibodies that use a
      large repertoire of VH regions and light chains. This contrasts with the
      homogeneity of the strain-specific response to NP observed with T-cell-dependent
      carriers, where most of the antibodies use a single VH region, V186.2, in
      combination with the lambda-1 light chain. There is no evidence for somatic
      mutation in any of the sequenced regions of the antibodies generated by NP
      ficoll. Thus T cell participation is required for the homogeneity of the strain
      specific hapten response, and probably for somatic mutation as well.

PMID- 2416470
TI  - Alternative splicing accounts for the four forms of myelin basic protein.
AB  - We have isolated cDNA clones encoding the four different forms of mouse myelin
      basic protein (MBP) and have analyzed the structure of the MBP gene. The three
      larger forms of MBP differ from the smallest by the inclusion of either or both
      of two short amino acid sequences at positions 57 and 124 of the smallest
      protein. The mouse genome contains a single MBP gene comprised of seven exons.
      The two amino acid sequences present only in the larger MBPs are encoded by
      separate exons. Furthermore, all exons in the coding region begin or end in
      complete codons so that alternative splicing does not alter the reading frame. We
      conclude that the four forms of this myelin protein are encoded in separate
      mRNAs, each derived by a simple alternative splicing of the primary MBP gene
      transcript. Comparison of the amino acid sequence encoded by each exon with a
      recent model of the secondary structure of MBP suggests that each of the seven
      exons encodes one or two of the predicted structural motifs of the protein.

PMID- 2416471
TI  - Pleiotropic phenotypic expression in cybrids derived from mouse teratocarcinoma
      cells fused with rat myoblast cytoplasts.
AB  - Cybrid clones were isolated by fusing mouse embryonal carcinoma (PCC4) cells with
      cytoplasts of rat myoblastic cells (L6TG X CAPr). Although some clones were
      similar to PCC4 (Type II), a high proportion (88%) were differentiated; the
      differentiated cells had a mesh-like arrangement (Type I) or were flat with many
      projections (Type III). Protein patterns of both Type I and Type III cells
      changed markedly from that of PCC4 cells. Type III cells lacked alkaline
      phosphatase and expressed endo A and B proteins predominantly. One Type III clone
      produced alpha-fetoprotein and plasminogen activator (visceral endoderm-like),
      while another clone consisted of trophectodermal cell-like giant cells. Therefore
      it was shown that introduction of the somatic cell cytoplasm induces
      differentiation of teratocarcinoma stem cells, suggesting a cytoplasmic element
      (or elements) regulating gene expression.

PMID- 2416472
TI  - Control of primer formation for ColE1 plasmid replication: conformational change
      of the primer transcript.
AB  - The ColE1 primer transcript (RNA II) hybridizes to the template DNA near the
      replication origin. The hybridized RNA II is cleaved by RNAase H to form the
      primer. Hybridization is inhibited by binding of another RNA, RNA I, to RNA II.
      This binding alters the secondary structure of RNA II even in the region far
      downstream of the segment where RNA I binds. Similar functional and structural
      alterations of RNA II are produced by a single base-change within this segment.
      However, a region of about 200 nucleotides proximal to the 5' end of RNA II that
      includes the segment can be deleted with little effect on primer formation. By
      forming an alternative structure, the dispensable region affects folding of a
      downstream region, and thus participates in regulation of primer formation.

PMID- 2416473
TI  - Growth inhibition of transformed cells correlates with their junctional
      communication with normal cells.
AB  - The growth of various chemically and virally transformed cell types in culture is
      inhibited when they are in contact with normal cell types. We show that this
      growth inhibition is contingent on the presence of junctional communication
      between the normal and transformed cells (heterologous communication), as probed
      with a 443 dalton microinjected fluorescent tracer. In cell combinations where
      heterologous communication is weak or absent there is no detectable growth
      inhibition; the inhibition appears when communication is induced by cyclic AMP
      dependent phosphorylation, and only then. In cell combinations where heterologous
      communication is spontaneously strong, the growth inhibition is present, but it
      is abolished when the communication is blocked by retinol or retinoic acid. The
      cell-to-cell membrane channels of gap junctions are the likely conduits of the
      signals for this growth control.

PMID- 2416474
TI  - DNA determinants of rRNA synthesis in E. coli: growth rate dependent regulation,
      feedback inhibition, upstream activation, antitermination.
AB  - We have examined the DNA regions required for rRNA synthesis in E. coli using
      promoter-lacZ and lambda PL-rrnB operon fusions. Sequences between -51 and -20
      with respect to the P1 promoter transcription initiation site contain the
      critical information for growth rate dependent control. The region essential for
      growth rate regulation is the same as that necessary for feedback inhibition. A
      separate upstream region, between -51 and -88, increases rRNA transcription at
      least 15-fold and appears to have an abnormal conformation. The box A sequence
      downstream of promoter P2, but not DNA between P2 and box A, is required for
      efficient rRNA chain elongation. These results indicate that neither upstream
      activation nor antitermination determines growth rate dependence. Rather, growth
      rate regulation takes place at the target site for the negative feedback system,
      the P1 promoter itself. We propose that negative feedback regulation is
      responsible for the growth rate dependence of rRNA synthesis in E. coli.

PMID- 2416475
TI  - Identification and immunochemical analysis of biologically active Drosophila P
      element transposase.
AB  - We have identified proteins encoded by P transposable elements expressed in
      transformed Drosophila tissue culture cells. Two proteins have been identified by
      immunochemical techniques. One, an 87,000 dalton polypeptide, is encoded by a P
      element mRNA lacking the third (ORF2-ORF3) intervening sequence. The other
      protein, a 66,000 dalton polypeptide, is encoded by an mRNA that retains the
      third intron and is found in somatic tissues. Furthermore, tissue culture cell
      lines expressing the 87,000 dalton polypeptide are able to catalyze both the
      precise and imprecise excision of a nonautonomous P element. The 87,000 dalton
      protein is encoded by sequences from all four P element open reading frames.
      Taken together, these data strongly suggest that the 87,000 dalton polypeptide is
      the P element transposase.

PMID- 2416476
TI  - Embryonic induction and cation concentrations in amphibian embryos.
AB  - Explanted ectoderm from early gastrulae of Triturus alpestris was treated with
      the Na-K ionophore gramicidin (10(-9) to 10(-5) M) and the Ca-ionophore A 23187
      (10(-7) to 10(-5) M). The ectoderm developed almost exclusively to atypical
      epidermis as in the control explants. When the ectoderm was treated with ouabain
      (10(-4) M), intracellular Na+ increased about 4.4-fold and K+ was reduced by
      half. Mesenchyme cells in small number differentiated in about 40% of the ouabain
      treated explants. The time course of total Na+ and K+ ion concentrations was
      measured over a period of 72 h in ectoderm of T. alpestris after induction with
      vegetalizing factor and in control explants. In the first 15 h after
      explantation, no significant differences between control and induced explants
      were found. Thereafter, the steady state concentration of K+ decreased in the
      induced explants, whereas the steady-state concentration of Na+ slightly
      increased. The membrane resting potential recorded intracellularly of ectoderm
      sandwiches from early gastrula stages was found to be -41.3 mV in control and 
      59.3 mV in induced explants. From the specific conductances and permeabilities of
      non-induced and induced cells it is concluded that the induction process leads to
      a differentiation of the cell membrane, which acquires the characteristics of
      ionic selectivity. Ectoderm from Ambystoma mexicanum forms neural or neuroid
      tissue, mesenchyme and melanophores after explantation in salt solution in up to
      50% of the explants without any additions. Isolated Ambystoma ectoderm is
      therefore not suitable for test experiments.

PMID- 2416477
TI  - Effects of denervation and direct electrical stimulation upon the post-hatching
      differentiation of posterior latissimus dorsi muscle in chicken.
AB  - The influences of denervation and of direct electrical stimulation of denervated
      muscle upon the post-hatching differentiation of fibre types in the fast avian
      muscle posterior latissimus dorsi have been investigated. Denervation inhibits
      the normal decrease in number of muscle fibres exhibiting acid-stable
      myofibrillar ATPase activity and leads to weak oxidative activity in all the
      fibres. Direct stimulation at a low rhythm of denervated muscle induces the
      normal decrease of fibres exhibiting acid-stable myofibrillar ATPase but does not
      allow the occurrence of normal oxidative activity pattern. The results emphasize
      the role of muscular activity upon the differentiation of fibre types in a
      developing muscle.

PMID- 2416478
TI  - Characterization of cytotoxic cells generated from in vitro cultures of murine
      bone marrow cells.
AB  - Bone marrow cells cultured for 5-6 days generate cytotoxic activity against a
      number of natural killer (NK)-susceptible tumor cells. In this study, these bone
      marrow cytotoxic cells were compared to cells with NK activity obtained either
      from spleen cells activated in vitro with interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) or mitogen
      or from peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) obtained 4 days after bacillus Calmette
      Guerin (BCG) infection. Splenic and PEC cytotoxic cells were shown to be Thy
      1.2+, NK 1.1+, Asialo GM+1, Lyt 1.2-, Lyt 2.2-. In contrast, bone marrow
      cytotoxic cells were Thy 1.2+, NK 1.1-, Lyt 1.2-, Lyt 2.2- and expressed low
      levels of Asialo GM1 antigen (Asialo GM +/- 1). Precursor cells for bone marrow
      cytotoxic activity were shown to be Thy 1.2-, NK 1.1-, Lyt 1.2-, Lyt 2.2- but
      also expressed low levels of Asialo GM1 antigen (Asialo GM +/- 1). Cytotoxic
      activity for both bone marrow and spleen cells peaked in the low-density
      fractions of discontinuous Percoll density gradients. The cytotoxic activity of
      these bone marrow cells was augmented by pretreatment with IFN (-alpha/beta, 
      gamma) or soluble factors (IFN free) from activated EL-4 thymoma cells.
      Surprisingly, the ability of bone marrow cells to generate high levels of
      cytotoxic activity following in vitro culture appeared to be associated primarily
      with mice which were of the H-2b haplotype.

PMID- 2416479
TI  - Frequency analysis of the antibody specificity repertoire of mitogen-reactive B
      cells and "spontaneously" occurring "background" plaque-forming cells in nude
      mice.
AB  - The antibody specificity repertoire of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-reactive B cells
      has been determined in the spleens and bone marrow (BM) of C57BL/Ka athymic nude
      mice using a limiting dilution culture system that allows the growth and
      development of every LPS-reactive B cell into a clone of IgM-secreting cells. In
      addition, the numbers of "spontaneously" occurring ("background") IgM-, IgG-, and
      IgA-secreting cells as well as the "background" IgM antibody specificity
      repertoire has been assessed in spleens and BM. The frequencies of antigen
      specific LPS-reactive B cells of C57BL/Ka nude and thymus-bearing mice showed a
      great similarity and ranged from 1 in 1000 to 1 in 2500 for sheep red blood cells
      (SRBC), horse red blood cells (HRBC), and goat red blood cells (GRBC), from 1 in
      10 to 1 in 25 for 5-iodo-3-nitrophenyl-coupled (SRBC), from 1 in 15 to 1 in 150
      for 4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrophenyl-coupled SRBC, and from 1 in 70 to 1 in 140 for
      2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-coupled SRBC. The specificity repertoire of the "background"
      IgM-secreting cells differed from that of age-matched thymus-bearing controls and
      was different in young and old C57BL/Ka nude mice. Within the limitations of
      having assessed only a minor fraction of the total B-cell antibody specificity
      repertoire and supposing that nude mice are largely devoid of functional T cells,
      the data presented suggest that the generation of the specificity repertoire of
      newly-formed B cells is hardly or not affected by T cells. On the other hand, T
      cells do affect the expression of the established repertoire, represented by
      "background" immunoglobulin-secreting cells.

PMID- 2416480
TI  - On the molecular basis of T-helper-cell function. IV. B-lymphocyte-promotor
      factors: on their mode of action, biochemical nature and possible relationship to
      molecules involved in specific T-helper-cell activity.
AB  - Some further aspects of B-lymphocyte-promotor factor (B-LPF) activity have been
      studied. This activity was present in the supernatants of certain helper-T-cell
      lines, and it induced polyclonal activation of Ig+ B cells into Ig-secreting
      cells. It was found that B-LPF induced polyclonal, terminal B-cell
      differentiation (1) in T-cell- and macrophage-depleted spleen cell populations,
      (2) in both Lyb-5- and Lyb-5+ cells as well as in small and blast-like splenic B
      cells, and (3) in normal rather than memory B cells. B-LPF function was neither
      restricted to major histocompatibility complex gene products nor to
      immunoglobulin allotypes. B-LPF-like activity was also produced by some B-cell
      lymphomas/hybrids and by the P388-D1 macrophage line. B-LPF activity was found in
      three MW fractions: (I) greater than 180,000 (pI greater than 7.0 and 4.5-5.5);
      (II) 50,000-70,000 (pI greater than 7.0; 6.0-6.5, and 4.5-5.5); and (III) 10,000
      15,000 (pI greater than 7.0). All three MW forms of B-LPF activity carried
      antiserum 6036-defined and AB-1.9.3 monoclonal antibody-defined determinants, and
      they reacted with chicken gammaglobulin (CGG)-Sepharose but not with human serum
      albumin-Sepharose. These data indicate that the three MW forms of B-LPF activity
      are associated/dissociated forms of a 10,000-15,000 MW form (subunit) rather than
      three different molecular species with B-LPF activity. A comparative study
      between antigen-specific helper factors and B-LPF was hampered by the finding
      that the helper-T-cell hybridomas used (e.g., T85-109-45/1) only produced B-LPF
      in our hands. Previously, it has been described that these helper-T-cell hybrids
      produced CGG-specific, I-Ak-restricted helper factors. However, one surprising
      observation was that B-LPF produced by both T85 hybrid cells and L12 T lymphoma
      cells was absorbed and could be eluted from CGG-Sepharose columns. The
      relationship of B-LPF to other nonspecific and apparently specific T-helper-cell
      products is discussed in particular in the light of the observations that many
      immunologically active molecules are built up from 10,000-12,000 molecular weight
      domain-like polypeptide structures.

PMID- 2416481
TI  - Role of polyglutamates in methotrexate action.
AB  - Numerous cell systems and tissues contain methotrexate (MTX) polyglutamates after
      MTX and HDMTX (high dose) treatment. The formation of MTX polyglutamates is
      concentration- and time-dependent. Great differences in the length of the poly-y
      glutamyl side chains are observed. Efflux kinetics of MTX and MTX polyglutamates
      vary considerably depending on the kind of cells and the length of the side
      chain. In erythrocytes accumulation of MTX and MTX polyglutamates results in
      intracellular concentrations much higher than the serum MTX levels. Efflux
      differences with long-lasting storage of the polyglutamate forms of MTX up to the
      total life-span of the single erythrocyte. Even 6-14 days after HDMTX therapy,
      high MTX levels could be determined in sarcoma tissue. In each case besides
      unchanged MTX there was a formation of MTX polyglutamates. The portion of
      polyglutamates varied considerably, amounting from 3% to 68% of total tumor MTX.
      A relation between the formation of MTX polyglutamates and the clinical
      effectiveness of HDMTX therapy seems to be possible. MTX polyglutamates play a
      major role in the principles and effectiveness of HDMTX therapy.

PMID- 2416482
TI  - Interaction of 3-[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1
      nitroso urea hydrochloride with nucleic acids and proteins.
AB  - The binding of the 14C-labelled-ethylene and -pyrimidine moieties of 3-[(4-amino
      2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea hydrochloride
      (ACNU) to the biological macromolecules was studied with the AH-130 hepatoma
      bearing rats, suspension of AH-130 cells, and isolated nucleic acids and
      proteins. In all systems examined, a significant level of the binding of the
      [14C]ethylene of ACNU to nucleic acids, probably due to alkylation, was observed.
      In contrast, the extent of the binding of the [14C]-pyrimidine was negligible.
      When a compound lacking the 4-amino group of ACNU (deamino-ACNU) was used for the
      binding study, relatively higher binding of this compound than that of ACNU to
      [14C]lysine was observed. It was revealed, therefore, that the low binding of
      ACNU to proteins could be due to instantaneous depletion of an isocyanate
      intermediate, according to the formation of an intramolecularly carbamoylated
      product with the amino-group on the pyrimidine ring of ACNU molecule during
      incubation. This could be the molecular basis for the low carbamoylating activity
      of ACNU in vivo and in vitro, and the antitumor action of ACNU would be dependent
      on its alkylating activity only.

PMID- 2416483
TI  - Initiation of transcription in nuclei is inhibited by captan.
AB  - Captan (N-trichloromethylthio-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide) was examined for
      its effects on bovine liver nuclear RNA synthesis. Transcription was measured by
      [3H] UTP incorporation into either acid insoluble product or isolated RNA. Captan
      (1 mM) was found to inhibit RNA synthesis 50% in intact nuclei and 70% in a
      hypotonic lysate of nuclei. Individual RNA polymerase activities were
      distinguished in both intact nuclei and hypotonic lysate by alpha-amanitin
      sensitivity. Captan inhibited RNA polymerase I and II activities to an equal
      extent in both intact and lysate systems. The sulfhydryl compound dithiothreitol
      (DTT) protected the RNA polymerase activities from inhibition by captan.
      Initiation of transcription in intact nuclei was measured by [gamma-32P] ATP
      incorporation into purified RNA and was found to be inhibited 75% by 1 mM captan.
      This report describes the inhibition of nuclear RNA polymerase activities by
      captan and suggests a possible mechanism for its toxic effect on eukaryotic
      polymerases.

PMID- 2416484
TI  - [The ND-Yag laser in the treatment of non-resectable esophageal neoplasms:
      evaluation and results].
AB  - The Authors show a set of 9 cases of patients suffering from oesophagus flaky
      carcinoma, judged radically non-operable, and treated with endoscopic laser
      therapy by N.D. Yag Laser. They illustrate the patients' main clinical data,
      method followed, complications observed and results obtained. What seems to
      emerge from the analysis of the data is: the effectiveness of laser-therapy in
      the control of disphagia, simplicity of the technique and its acceptability by
      the patient, as well as the rareness of complications. Three are the clinical
      parameters used for the checking of patients before and after the laser
      treatment: disphagia, odynophagia and thoracic ache. The intenseness of symptoms
      was classed from 0 up to 3. Before the treatment, six patients out of nine showed
      class 3 disphagia; after the treatment, two could assume fluids (class 2), two
      fed also on minced foods (class 1), and two fed normally; in the two cases with
      initial class 2 disphagia a normal feed could be adopted; in one case no initial
      disphagia was present. Odynophagia was initially present in one case only at
      class 3, in three cases at class 1, and in all the other cases it was absent (0).
      After the treatment, odynophagia disappeared totally, except in one class 1 case,
      which remained unchanged. The presence of thoracic ache before the treatment was
      class 1 in four cases, class 3 in one case, and absent in four cases. After the
      treatment, the class 3 ache turned into class 1: in one class 1 case it was not
      modified; in the remaining cases the ache, if present, disappeared. Some
      questions remain opened, concerning the effect on survival, even in relation to
      other palliative methods, to the duration of the palliation obtained and to the
      eventual associability of lasertherapy to radiotherapy.

PMID- 2416485
TI  - A developmental test based on the STYCAR sequences used in the National Childhood
      Encephalopathy Study.
AB  - During the National Childhood Encephalopathy Study, standard neurodevelopmental
      assessments had to be performed on a large number of children under 3 years of
      age scattered throughout Great Britain. Currently available tests were reviewed
      but were found to be impractical for this purpose. We describe a simple test
      procedure, based on the STYCAR sequences, suitable for use in a clinic or at home
      with the minimum of special equipment. Results were reliable and provided an
      informative record of a child's developmental progress. It may be possible to
      modify the scheme for general use.

PMID- 2416486
TI  - Unexpected effects of treating hypertension in men with electrocardiographic
      abnormalities: a critical analysis.
AB  - The relationship between diuretic therapy and possible increased risk of coronary
      heart disease (CHD), especially sudden death, is controversial. The initial
      report from the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) raised the
      possibility that the increased CHD mortality observed in a subset of special
      intervention men with hypertension and certain electrocardiographic abnormalities
      on their baseline examination might be an unexpected adverse effect of diuretic
      therapy. Subsequent reports from the MRFIT have revealed a stronger association
      of CHD mortality to hydrochlorothiazide than to chlorthalidone. There was no
      consistent relationship of CHD mortality to the dose of either drug, to the most
      recent serum potassium level, or to the presence of ventricular premature beats.
      Unfavorable trends of the same magnitude were also seen among similar white men
      in the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program and in the Oslo hypertension
      trial, although the sample sizes in these two studies were too small to yield
      clearcut conclusions. Clinical studies have shown an increased risk of CHD death
      among hypertensive men with left ventricular hypertrophy. Such men are also noted
      to have a higher frequency of ventricular premature beats, even in the absence of
      diuretic therapy. Other studies have shown that diuretic-induced hypokalemia is
      accentuated in the presence of epinephrine and that low potassium levels decrease
      the threshold for ventricular fibrillation. Thus, although the evidence is still
      incomplete, it is possible that the excess CHD mortality among MRFIT special
      intervention men with electrocardiographic abnormalities may have been caused by
      a combination of increased left ventricular mass in the presence of coronary
      atherosclerosis, and hypokalemia caused by good compliance with diuretic therapy
      and accentuated by stress-induced increases in circulating catecholamines. Given
      the very large population of patients receiving diuretic therapy, further
      evaluation of this possibility is important.

PMID- 2416487
TI  - Allergy to muscle relaxants and related compounds.

PMID- 2416488
TI  - Dynamics of mast cell degranulation in human allergic nasal epithelium after
      provocation with allergen.
AB  - The histamine content in the nasal epithelial layer of twenty-five patients with
      nasal allergy was measured before, 10 min after and 1 hr after nasal provocation
      with allergen. A decrease in histamine content was observed 10 min after
      provocation compared to the values obtained before provocation (P less than
      0.05). There was a tendency for an increase in the histamine content of the nasal
      epithelium one hour after provocation when compared with the amounts present 10
      min after provocation (P less than 0.1). Mast cells in the nasal epithelial layer
      of a further five patients were studied by electron microscopy 10 min and 1 hr
      after provocation. The rate of mast cell degranulation appeared to decrease 1 hr
      after provocation when compared with 10 min. Our study suggests that some mast
      cells commence their migration to the nasal epithelial layer over a short time
      period and that they may play a role in the onset of the allergic nasal reaction
      in patients with allergic nasal symptoms.

PMID- 2416489
TI  - Allergy to guinea pigs: II Identification of specific allergens in guinea pig
      dust by crossed radio-immunoelectrophoresis and investigation of the possible
      origin.
AB  - An extract of dust from the air-vent filters of a room housing guinea pigs was
      analysed by quantitative immunoelectrophoretic procedures and compared with
      extracts of various materials derived from guinea pigs. Crossed radio
      immunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) of the dust, performed with sera from twenty
      asthmatic patients who were positive by skin testing and RAST to guinea pig
      extracts, identified fourteen IgE-binding constituents. Although responses
      varied, most sera reacted with four particular allergens, antigens 2, 3, 10 and
      Sl. The numbers of allergens recognized by individual patients correlated with
      the RAST score, but not with total serum IgE. All seventeen dust constituents
      detected by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (and all four major allergens), were
      also present in extracts of guinea pig dander, fur, saliva and urine; several of
      these components were absent in an epithelial extract, and there were even less
      in preparations of shaved pelt, serum or faeces. None of the dust extract
      antigens were detected in materials used in animal husbandry, dust samples from
      rooms without guinea pigs, or a D. pteronyssinus extract. These findings suggest
      that inhalant allergens may be derived predominantly from material shed from the
      guinea pig coat after contamination with saliva, and possibly to a lesser extent,
      urine.

PMID- 2416490
TI  - Photodiode array detection for liquid chromatographic profiling of carboxylic
      acids in physiological fluids: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria.
AB  - 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria was detected in a newborn. The progress of
      the dietary therapy for the disorder was monitored by dual-column "high
      performance" liquid chromatography with a computer-controlled photodiode array
      spectrophotometric detector. This procedure is a quick way to detect and monitor
      the progress of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria.

PMID- 2416491
TI  - Automated determination of glycated hemoglobins with a new high-performance
      liquid chromatography analyzer.

PMID- 2416492
TI  - Carbodiimide used in coupling triiodothyronine antibody to carboxymethyl
      cellulose powder for solid-phase radioimmunoassay.

PMID- 2416493
TI  - Simultaneous determination of cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands and the
      "gamma-protein index" by agarose electrophoresis and densitometry.
AB  - Oligoclonal bands were identified in electropherograms of cerebrospinal fluid,
      and the "gamma-protein index" was concurrently calculated from the same strip.
      For the index, an upper limit of normal of 0.66 was established. We compared
      results with the clinical diagnosis in 69 patients with multiple sclerosis and 48
      control patients with other diseases. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive
      predictive values of 73%, 96%, and 96%, respectively, were obtained from the
      index. An abnormal index and the presence of oligoclonal bands combined increased
      the positive predictive value to 100%. This approach may allow adequate
      qualitative and quantitative assessment of gamma-globulin abnormalities in
      cerebrospinal fluid after a single laboratory procedure.

PMID- 2416494
TI  - Crude spectrin extraction from reticulocyte-rich blood samples.
AB  - Crude spectrin was extracted from the isolated red cell ghosts with low ionic
      strength buffer at 37 degrees C for 30 min. No significant alterations in crude
      spectrin extractability in wide range of patients with various hematologic
      diseases were observed. However, blood samples characterized by elevated
      reticulocytosis provided crude extracts with increased amount of non-heme
      membrane skeletal proteins. The presence of ribose in the crude spectrin extracts
      obtained from reticulocyte-rich blood samples indicates also the presence of
      nucleic acids which causes the shift of protein peak in the extract from 280 nm
      towards lower wavelengths. A model experiment with a normal crude spectrin
      extract mixed with various amounts of RNA allowed us to obtain the correction
      curve which served for determination of non-heme protein (crude spectrin)
      extractability.

PMID- 2416495
TI  - Raised C-reactive protein levels in serum from smokers.
AB  - Investigation of a possible quantitative relationship between the extent of
      tissue injury due to inhalation of tobacco smoke and changes in concentrations of
      a number of acute phase proteins were studied in smokers. Smokers showed an acute
      phase response as indicated by significantly raised serum C-reactive protein
      levels. Significant lowering of serum albumin levels was also observed in
      smokers. Serum levels of alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, alpha 1
      acid glycoprotein, transferrin and haptoglobin did not show any significant
      changes due to inhalation of tobacco smoke. Although the C-reactive protein test
      is non-specific, evidence for elevated levels of C-reactive protein indicates the
      presence of tissue inflammation.

PMID- 2416496
TI  - Systemic immune response of patients with active pulmonary sarcoidosis.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with active pulmonary sarcoidosis had the subpopulations of
      the lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid measured. All 12 with
      hypergammaglobulinaemia had a T4/T8 ratio of greater than 2.0 and five of 10
      without hypergammaglobulinaemia had a ratio less than 2.0 (chi 2 = 5.18, P less
      than 0.025). When an increased number of T4 lymphocytes was present in the BAL
      fluid, there was a significant decrease in the absolute number of T4 lymphocytes
      in the peripheral blood (chi 2 = 6.84, P less than 0.01). The number of T4
      lymphocytes in the BAL fluid correlated with the subsequent response to daily
      steroid therapy for 2 months, as assessed by improvement in vital capacity (r =
      0.89, P less than 0.01).

PMID- 2416497
TI  - Association of the lymphoproliferative disease inducer gene Arp with autoimmunity
      and resistance to tumour growth.
AB  - This report describes a biological role for the diallelic gene system, Arpa and
      Arpb, which codes for surface antigens on murine lymphocytes and tumour cells.
      Arpb is present only in a mutant strain of BALB/c which is designated BALB/c
      Arpb. Normal BALB/c and all other strains of mice tested express Arpa. Cross
      immunizations between BALB/c and BALB/c-Arpb generated autoantibodies and
      autoreactive cytostatic effector cells which recognize Arp-encoded determinants
      on normal and tumour cells. The latter expressed quantitatively more Arp encoded
      products than normal cells as indicated by increased binding of autoantibodies
      and susceptibility to cytostasis. The anti-tumour response generated by Arp
      incompatible immunizations resulted in increased resistance to challenge with
      syngeneic tumour cells and in some cases total suppression of tumour growth.
      BALB/c-Arpb mice were inherently different from BALB/c in that they generated H-2
      unrestricted cytostatic effectors, produced higher levels of autoantibodies on
      immunization and survived longer than normal BALB/c when challenged with 10(5)
      Meth. A tumour cells. The role of the Arp gene in tumour immunity is discussed.

PMID- 2416498
TI  - Expression of T3 and T11 determinants on human peripheral lymphocytes as analysed
      by the indirect antiglobulin rosetting reaction (IARR) and indirect
      immunofluorescence.
AB  - Whereas by indirect immunofluorescence approximately 80% of freshly isolated
      human peripheral blood lymphocytes bound T3 (Leu 4)-specific and T11-specific
      monoclonal antibodies, by a more sensitive technique--the indirect antiglobulin
      rosetting reaction--more than 90% of these lymphocytes were T3+ (Leu 4+) and
      T11+; this finding suggested that some non-T cells may also express T3 and T11
      determinants. In double labelling experiments most normal surface membrane
      immunoglobulin (smIg)-bearing lymphocytes, ie, B cells, were shown to express T3
      and T11 determinants at low density. The determinants were re-expressed after
      stripping with trypsin. Moreover, greater than 90% of neoplastic lymphoid cells
      expressing monotypic smIg from six donors were T3+ and/or T11+. Together these
      results provide new data on the cell distribution of 'T cell markers'. These
      findings also indicate that the rosette test is too sensitive to distinguish
      between biologically distinct lymphocyte population, ie between T and B cells.

PMID- 2416499
TI  - In vivo detection of human hepatoma secreting hepatitis B surface antigen in nude
      mice with radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies that recognize distinct epitopes.
AB  - Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), produced by a human hepatoma which had been
      transplanted into athymic nude mice, was specifically detected in vivo by 131I
      labeled monoclonal antibodies (McAb) directed against distinct epitopes of HBsAg
      (anti-HBs). Significantly higher levels of radioactivity were present in the
      hepatoma secreting HBsAg when compared to either a non-HBsAg producing epidermoid
      tumor or most other tissues obtained from nude mice treated with the 131I-labeled
      anti-Hbs McAb. A radiolabeled control McAb that did not recognize HBsAg failed to
      discriminate between either the HBsAg positive and negative tumors or other
      tissues from nude mice. These data demonstrate the in vivo immunological
      specificity of anti-HBs McAb for HBsAg associated with a hepatoma tumor.

PMID- 2416500
TI  - Inhibition of interleukin 2 production and expression of the interleukin 2
      receptor by plasma from acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients.
AB  - Plasmas from acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex
      (ARC) patients were screened for their ability to inhibit mitogen-induced
      proliferation of normal human lymphocytes. Plasmas from 67% of the individuals
      examined contained significant suppressive activity. Additional studies on the
      mechanism of action of the plasma inhibitor demonstrated that it functions as a
      nonlymphotoxic inhibitor of interleukin 2 production by stimulated human
      lymphocytes, and that this activity is accompanied by suppression of expression
      of the cell surface receptor for interleukin 2. A more detailed understanding of
      the action of this activity may aid in the design of therapy to minimize the
      contribution of this agent to the immune anergy observed in these patients.

PMID- 2416501
TI  - The influence of verapamil on renal function in patients treated with cisplatin.
AB  - Nine patients with testicular cancer were treated with four platinum containing
      chemotherapy courses. In order to prevent cisplatin (CDDP)-induced
      nephrotoxicity, verapamil, a calcium entry blocker, was added to the
      chemotherapeutic regimen. Renal function studies, consisting of the measurement
      of the effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and the glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR), were performed before, during and after the first dose of CDDP, at the end
      of the first course and at the end of the fourth course of chemotherapy. The
      results were compared with the results obtained previously in CDDP-treated
      patients not receiving verapamil. The initial decrease in ERPF during and after
      the first CDDP infusion was completely prevented by verapamil. Despite
      continuation of verapamil throughout all four courses, it failed to reduce the
      ultimate fall in GFR.

PMID- 2416502
TI  - Pancreatic A- and B-cell responses to intravenous arginine in cancer of the head
      of the pancreas: relation to clinical features.
AB  - The endocrine pancreatic functions were evaluated in 19 patients with pancreatic
      head cancer by measuring plasma immunoreactive pancreatic glucagon (IRG) and
      insulin (IRI) responses to an intravenous dose of 30 g of arginine. The IRG
      responses differed by level of urinary amylase excretion, degree of glucose
      intolerance and degree of exocrine insufficiency. Higher IRG responses were
      observed in the nondiabetic subset, the hyperamylasuric subset, and the mild to
      moderate exocrine insufficient subset than in the corresponding opposites. Even
      higher responses were also found in the subset with all 3 characteristics,
      suggesting better preservation of the pancreatic tissue, than in that with 2 or
      fewer. The results obtained suggest that A-cell function increases in the earlier
      stages of pancreatic head cancer.

PMID- 2416503
TI  - Clearance of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in patients undergoing
      continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

PMID- 2416504
TI  - Drug-induced torsade de pointes.
AB  - Three patients who developed torsade de pointes associated with antiarrhythmic or
      psychotropic drugs are described, and the electrocardiographic characteristics,
      clinical presentation, predisposing factors, and management of this form of
      ventricular tachycardia are reviewed. The first patient was a 56-year-old
      schizophrenic man receiving thioridazine hydrochloride, trifluoperazine
      hydrochloride, and benztropine mesylate who was admitted to a hospital after a
      syncopal episode. Subsequently, the patient experienced several episodes of
      ventricular tachycardia combined with multifocal premature ventricular
      contractions (PVCs) and torsade de pointes; the arrhythmias were attributed to
      antipsychotic therapy. The second patient was a 69-year-old man who experienced
      ventricular tachycardia that progressed to ventricular fibrillation 41 days after
      surgery. Quinidine sulfate probably induced the ventricular tachycardia, which
      was identified as torsade de pointes. The third patient was a 71-year-old man
      admitted to the hospital for treatment of refractory ventricular arrhythmias.
      Previous drug therapy with quinidine sulfate and procainamide hydrochloride had
      been associated with torsade de pointes. Despite unsuccessful treatment of
      ventricular ectopy, the patient was discharged on maintenance therapy with
      pindolol, topical nitrates, and phenytoin. No additional episodes of torsade de
      pointes have been observed. Torsade de pointes is characterized by polymorphous
      electrocardiographic appearance and delayed repolarization (prolonged QT
      interval). It may occur in association with a number of disease states and also
      as a complication of treatment with therapeutic doses of drugs that affect
      repolarization (quinidine, disopyramide, procainamide, and phenothiazines).
      Clinical outcomes range from asymptomatic, self-terminating arrhythmias to
      ventricular fibrillation resulting in cardiac arrest. The definitive emergency
      therapy for torsade de pointes is overdrive pacing; cautious isoproterenol
      administration can also be used. Lidocaine and bretylium are often ineffective in
      treating this form of ventricular tachycardia. Potassium and magnesium repletion
      appear to be essential in abolishing drug-induced torsade de pointes. Drug
      induced torsade de pointes is best prevented by avoiding agents known to induce
      arrhythmias in patients with a pre-existing prolonged QT interval. Periodic serum
      electrolyte assessment is warranted, and new drugs that prolong the QT interval
      should be considered potential causative agents of torsade de pointes.

PMID- 2416505
TI  - IgG rheumatoid factors and self-association of these antibodies.
AB  - IgG RFs are unique antibodies since they form immune complexes by self
      association without the presence of separate antigen molecules. These immune
      complexes can drive inflammation by complement activation and by interaction with
      monocytes. Plasma cells in the synovial tissues of patients with RA synthesize
      IgG RFs and other rheumatoid factors. The reason for the accumulation of these
      cells in the synovium has not been elucidated. The detection and quantitation of
      IgG RFs has been difficult owing to the unique nature of these antibodies. The
      methods for this purpose, however, have improved. In patients with RA the
      presence of high levels of IgG RFs in serum is associated with clinical evidence
      of vasculitis. The quantitation of IgG RFs in serum of patients has not yet been
      established as a diagnostic or prognostic tool. Available evidence, however,
      suggests that these antibodies have a significant role in the pathogenesis of
      rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2416506
TI  - Interleukins, interferon and rheumatic disease.

PMID- 2416507
TI  - Ia antigens and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Since the first description of human leukocyte agglutination antibodies,
      knowledge of the MHC, particularly the Ia region, has grown immensely and it is
      now recognized as a major polymorphic multigene family involved in the regulation
      of immune response and disease susceptibility. This review examined the
      hypothesis that there is another level of complexity within the Ia system, beyond
      multiple loci and allelic series, that involves specific epitopes as the
      functionally important components of the Ia molecule. Certain of these epitopes
      are likely to be responsible for the regulation of immune responses and
      susceptibility to certain autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
      Evidence was presented that certain monoclonal antibodies recognize epitopes
      found in a significantly more positive association with susceptibility to RA than
      available markers such as DR4. Biochemical characterization of the Ia molecules
      bearing this epitope revealed that the same epitope was present on two different
      molecules. The possibility was considered that such epitopes are closely related
      but not identical to Ia determinants that are primarily involved in producing the
      abnormal immune state characterizing those with RA.

PMID- 2416508
TI  - Isolation, purification and characterization of intact and pepsin-derived
      fragments of laminin from human placenta.
AB  - Human laminin, in intact form and as pepsin cleaved fragments, was isolated and
      purified from placenta. The intact laminin was extracted by 1-M NaCl at neutral
      pH in the presence of 10-mM EDTA and 3% Triton X-100. This recovered material was
      purified by DEAE-cellulose and agarose gel chromatography. The laminin fragments
      P1, P2 and P3 were prepared by limited pepsin proteolysis. Antibodies were
      prepared against fragment P2. The laminin and its fragments were characterized by
      amino acid composition, NaDoSO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      immunochemistry. Results from these studies show that substantial quantities of
      laminin can be prepared from placenta in this manner.

PMID- 2416509
TI  - Reconstitution of ion channels.

PMID- 2416510
TI  - Compartmentation of intracellular nucleotides in mammalian cells.
AB  - The important role of nucleotides in cellular metabolism requires that serious
      consideration be given to the question of the homogeneity or inhomogeneity of
      nucleotide pools in cells. The purpose of this review is to summarize the
      existing evidence for compartmentation of nucleotide pools, discuss the
      limitations of this evidence, and to discuss the implications of compartmentation
      for the interpretation of nucleotide concentration measurements. Evidence for
      nucleotide compartmentation comes from the following types of evidence:
      compartmentation of RNA precursors; compartmentation of deoxynucleoside
      triphosphates; mitochondrial compartmentation; the existence of tightly bound
      nucleotides; pools derived from alternative synthetic routes; compartmentation in
      cyclic nucleotide metabolism; channeling in the synthesis of pyrimidine
      nucleotides; and others. The types of evidence adduced for compartmentation will
      be considered critically and in detail, and alternative explanations considered,
      as well. Implications of the data and hypotheses on nucleotide compartmentation
      for the interpretation of nucleotide pool measurements in various types of
      experiments will be discussed.

PMID- 2416511
TI  - Effects of cryosurgery in experimental carcinoma on lectin binding and keratin
      distribution.
AB  - Histochemical alterations of lectin binding and keratin distribution in
      experimental carcinomas of the hamster cheek pouch were obtained following
      cryotreatment. Cryotreated carcinoma cells showed a characteristic reduction in
      lectin binding and keratin staining shortly following cryosurgery. Tumor tissue,
      on the 2nd and 3rd days after cryotreatment, displayed destruction and necrosis
      with almost a complete loss of lectin binding and keratin staining. The remaining
      neoplastic cells located in the deeper layer showed positive reaction for both
      lectin binding and keratin, which is indicative of tumor recurrence.
      Histochemical staining of lectin binding and keratin proteins were useful markers
      in cryotreated tumor cells to identify either destruction and necrosis or vital
      activity of neoplastic growth.

PMID- 2416512
TI  - Lens junctions are communicating junctions.
AB  - Lens fibers are electrically coupled with each other and directly exchange dyes
      and metabolites. In most cells, this form of communication is mediated by gap
      junctions. Lens fibers lack typical gap junctions. The lens junctions, although
      morphologically similar to gap junctions, differ from them structurally,
      chemically and immunologically. Nevertheless, recent evidence suggests that
      indeed lens junctions are communicating junctions. The lens junction protein,
      MIP26, displays structural characteristics similar to other channel proteins.
      Once incorporated into liposomes it forms channels permeable to molecules as
      heavy as 1.5 kDa. Like other communicating junctions, lens junctions assume
      crystalline arrays and uncouple with Ca++. The liposome incorporated channels
      close with Ca++ and H+ in the presence of calmodulin (CaM). Partial loss of
      gating competency occurs after proteolytic cleavage of the C-terminal arm of
      MIP26. The need for a unique type of communicating junction in lens is unclear. A
      possibility is that this tissue has some special cell-to-cell transport
      requirements, in terms of size and/or charge of permeants, not shared by coupled
      cells of other tissues.

PMID- 2416513
TI  - Effectors of rat lung cGMP binding protein-phosphodiesterase.

PMID- 2416514
TI  - Proliferative characteristics of human haemopoietic cells in culture.
AB  - The proliferative characteristics of haemopoietic cells, either stimulated by PHA
      or cultured in the mixed colony assay, the CFU-GM assay or in the leukaemic blast
      cell assay, was studied using BrdU incorporation and sister chromatid
      differential staining. There were considerable differences between the various
      cell types in their proliferative characteristics. Cells cultured in the mixed
      colony assay showed the greatest proliferative activity with 18% of cells
      completing two cell cycles in 18 h. PHA stimulated lymphocytes and cells cultured
      in the leukaemic blast cell assay proliferated at a slower rate with 48 and 45%
      of cells, respectively, completing three cell cycles in 48 h. Bone marrow cells
      cultured in the CFU-GM assay showed the slowest proliferative activity with only
      1% of third division metaphases at 48 h.

PMID- 2416516
TI  - Structural organization of ribosomal cistrons in human nucleolar organizing
      chromosomes.
AB  - The variable morphology of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) of human
      acrocentric chromosome 13 was studied in detail by the N-banding technique. It
      was demonstrated that NOR may become further segmented and several hypotheses
      have been proposed for structural variability. The polymorphic nature of NORs may
      have an important significance in human evolution.

PMID- 2416515
TI  - A simple and rapid method for the identification of cycling cells in freshly
      excised tumours.
AB  - Cytogenetic studies of fresh solid tumours are hampered by the small numbers of
      poor quality metaphases which are obtained through direct preparations. The
      proportion of cycling cells in freshly excised tumours have been identified by
      measuring the incorporation of the nucleoside analogue 5-bromo-2'deoxyuridine
      (BrUdR) into DNA. We have developed an immunochemical method using a mouse
      monoclonal antibody directed against BrUdR which stains nuclei of cells which
      have incorporated this nucleoside. Using this method, optimal culture conditions
      and harvest times may be identified, to provide greater numbers of high quality
      metaphases, suitable for karyotyping solid tumours.

PMID- 2416517
TI  - [Esophagus perforation--treatment and results].
AB  - Esophageal perforation is most often caused by instrumental lesion during
      endoscopy. Mortality is still high; underlying malignant disease, septic
      complications and cardiopulmonary problems are endangering the patient. In small
      perforation with poor clinical symptoms, conservative treatment (i.e.
      antibiotics, gastric suction, parenteral nutrition) should be considered. We
      could treat in this way more than 50% of our cases. On the other hand, some
      patients require agressive surgical procedures, e.g. cervical esophagostomy
      gastrostomy and disconnection of esophageal continuity.

PMID- 2416518
TI  - In vivo effects of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in the
      hypophysectomized rat: comparison with human growth hormone and the possible role
      of the specific IGF carrier proteins.
AB  - Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II produce acute insulin-like effects or
      promote growth indices in hypophysectomized rats, depending on their mode of
      administration. Intravenous bolus injections of IGF I and II, like insulin, lower
      the blood sugar level and lead to a pronounced stimulation of glycogen synthesis
      in skeletal muscle. The two factors are equipotent in this respect. Continuous
      subcutaneous infusions of IGF I or II over six days have no hypoglycaemic effect.
      They mimic the effects of growth hormone, increasing the width of the tibial
      epiphysis and stimulating the thymidine-incorporating activity of costal
      cartilage in the absence of growth hormone. IGF I (identical to somatomedin C) is
      more potent than IGF II and causes a dose-dependent increase in body weight at
      concentrations where IGF II is still ineffective. The absence of acute insulin
      like effects in long-term experiments is explained by the presence in serum of
      highly specific carrier proteins that interfere with the insulin-like properties
      of IGF I and II and restrict their capillary permeability. Growth hormone induces
      the formation of both IGF and the major IGF carrier protein in the liver. Thus,
      while IGFs mediate the actions of growth hormone on growth, growth hormone
      appears to modulate these actions via IGF carrier proteins.

PMID- 2416519
TI  - [Peptide neurotransmitters and extrapyramidal disorders].

PMID- 2416520
TI  - Symptomatic cimetidine treatment of duodenal and prepyloric ulcers.
AB  - In a randomized trial, 75 patients with an endoscopically confirmed and
      symptomatic duodenal (N = 50) or prepyloric (N = 25) ulcer were allocated to
      cimetidine treatment (1 g/day) either regularly for four weeks (standard
      treatment group) or regularly for a minimum of one week and thereafter only until
      the symptoms were controlled (symptomatic treatment group). The four-week healing
      frequencies in the standard and symptomatic treatment groups were 72 and 67%,
      respectively. The difference +/- 95% confidence limits was 5 +/- 21%. Prospective
      recording of pain revealed that the two treatment regimens were about equally
      effective in relieving symptoms during weeks 2-4. Patients with unhealed ulcers
      reported pain during the day and night significantly more often than those with
      healed ulcers. In the symptomatic treatment group the average patient saved 11
      days of cimetidine medication during weeks 2-4. We believe that disappearance of
      symptoms might be a valuable means of deciding when treatment for peptic ulcers
      can be discontinued. Provided its efficacy and safety can be further confirmed,
      symptomatic treatment might become a practical and possibly a money-saving mode
      of ulcer management, which should also be applicable to the ulcer regimens of
      tomorrow.

PMID- 2416521
TI  - Acute starvation and suckling rat pancreas. Effect on exocrine pancreas and role
      of corticosteroids.
AB  - Starving of rat pups at the 5th or 10th day of life for three days led to lower
      body and pancreatic weights compared to age-matched controls. When compared to
      the weights before fasting, only the 5-day-old pups showed increases in
      pancreatic protein and DNA contents despite food deprivation. Pancreatic acinar
      responsiveness to carbachol stimulation was not affected. Accumulations of
      amylase and lipase in the pancreas of the rat pups were increased by fasting,
      with an accompanied surge in the level of serum corticosterone. In 10-day-old rat
      pups, injection with aminoglutethimide (AG), a drug which suppresses
      steroidogenesis, prevented the enzymatic increases and concomitantly suppressed
      the serum total corticosterone levels at 12 and 24 hr after the onset of fasting.
      These results strongly support the role of corticosterone in the modulation of
      the pancreatic adaptation to food deprivation in the suckling rat.

PMID- 2416522
TI  - [Restoration of the 3-dimensional structure of phage MS2 RNA and 16S rRNA after
      heating above the melting point].

PMID- 2416523
TI  - [Present possibilities of the treatment of malignant ventricular arrhythmia in
      coronary disease].

PMID- 2416524
TI  - [Long-term observation of ventricular extrasystole in children with normal
      hearts].
AB  - Between 1971 and 1980 uniform ventricular extrasystoles, classified as benign,
      were noticed in 47 children with normal hearts. After a mean observation period
      of 4.4 years 27 of these children, mean age 10.5 years, could be reexamined. This
      involved physical examination followed by resting and exercise ECG, 24-hour
      continuous ECG and echocardiography. Of the 27 children, 18 still had
      extrasystoles having the same morphological characteristics and identical
      behaviour under exercise as those seen on first examination. Nine children were
      free of extrasystoles in all ECG examinations. In none of the 27 children were
      there any complaints between the first and the second examination or signs of
      degeneration of the extrasystoles into threatening dysrhythmias. CONCLUSION:
      Uniform extrasystoles disappearing or decreasing on exercise in otherwise healthy
      children require no treatment even when occurring frequently and persisting over
      years.

PMID- 2416525
TI  - [The interferon system with special reference to gamma-interferons].

PMID- 2416526
TI  - Dendritic development in the isthmo-optic nucleus of chick embryos.
AB  - In the mature isthmo-optic nucleus, the neuronal perikarya are arranged in a
      convoluted lamina surrounding the neuropil, and the primary dendrites of each
      neuron project perpendicular to the lamina into the neuropil. Thus, the neurons
      are highly polarized. It was previously believed that this mature morphology was
      the result of remodelling during the last week of embryogenesis, and that the
      neurons were initially multipolar and nonpolarized. We here show that as early as
      embryonic day 12 the neurons are already polarized, with a morphology resembling
      that in older embryos and hatched chicks. However, the neurons in the core of the
      isthmo-optic nucleus are almost all polarized ventrally or ventromedially at this
      age, whereas they later take on many different orientations. In contrast, most
      neurons near the border of the nucleus already have inwardly polarized dendrites,
      as in hatched chicks.

PMID- 2416527
TI  - Appearance of myelin proteins during development in the chick central nervous
      system.
AB  - The time course of the appearance of myelin-specific markers was studied in the
      developing chick central nervous system (CNS). Chick CNS tissue was studied for
      the presence of both proteolipid and myelin basic protein by electroblotting and
      for 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (CNPase) by enzyme assay. Four
      regions of chick spinal cord (cervical, brachial, thoracic and lumbar), brain
      stem, cerebellum, optic nerve and cortex were studied. In general, myelin basic
      protein appeared approximately 1 day earlier than proteolipid. In spinal cord and
      brain stem, myelin basic protein appeared at 13 days incubation. In cerebellum
      and optic nerve, it appeared at 17 days incubation and in cortex at hatching.
      CNPase activity increased in most CNS regions between 16 days incubation and
      hatching. These results suggest that myelination occurs earlier in the chick than
      in the rat and that it occurs over a shorter time period.

PMID- 2416529
TI  - Deutsche EEG-Gesellschaft, 29th annual meeting. Dusseldorf, October 11-13, 1984.
      Abstracts.

PMID- 2416528
TI  - EEG correlation topography in poor spellers.
AB  - Twenty-three poor spellers (average age 13 years) and 21 matched controls were
      studied. The EEG from 6 derivations was quantified using Hjorth's parameters
      'Activity' and 'Mobility,' from which product-moment correlations were calculated
      between derivations. Cross-correlations were analogously calculated from EEG
      amplitude values. In poor spellers higher Mobility local correlation indices
      (LCIs) occurred in the right fronto-central derivation during reading. Moreover,
      significantly more right hemisphere dominant Mobility LCIs were seen in the
      fronto-central regions during reading in poor spellers as well as in the
      groupings of prepubertal boys and neonatal risk cases. This seems to be the
      effect of a more right hemisphere dominant activation of the cortical regions
      during reading. During rest, poor spellers had a less posteriorly accentuated
      distribution of Activity and cross-correlations than controls, assumed to be the
      effect of different distributions of alpha activity in the two groups.

PMID- 2416530
TI  - The immediate effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment on
      sleep pattern in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
AB  - We studied the immediate effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
      applied nasally on the pattern of sleep in 12 patients, aged 30-58 years, with
      obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. All patients demonstrated a moderate to severe
      syndrome on the control night; apnea index ranged 28-83 apneas/h sleep. Nasal
      CPAP completely abolished all obstructive apneas and allowed apnea-free breathing
      in all 12 patients. Nasal CPAP had a marked effect on the sleep pattern. It
      significantly reduced stage I/II non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and markedly
      increased stage III/IV NREM and REM sleep on the first treatment night. Stage
      I/II NREM sleep decreased from a control of 62.7 +/- 2.3% to 29.1 +/- 2.3% on the
      first treatment night. Stage III/IV NREM sleep increased from a control of 6.7 +/
      1.6% to 31.5 +/- 1.6%. The rebound in this sleep stage was especially marked in
      3 patients aged 55-58 years. REM sleep increased from a control of 18.4 +/- 2.0%
      to 30.6 +/- 2.0% on the first treatment night. There was an increase in REM
      density. All patients were treated for another 2 nights and their sleep pattern
      analyzed on the third night. All sleep stages were still significantly different
      to the control night. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed.

PMID- 2416531
TI  - Auditory brain-stem evoked potentials in patients undergoing dialysis.
AB  - Auditory brain-stem evoked potentials (ABEPs) and pure-tone audiograms were
      obtained for 38 patients with renal failure, undergoing dialysis, before and
      after a dialysis session, and for 40 healthy normal subjects. Blood chemistry was
      also evaluated for each patient before and after dialysis. ABEP abnormality
      (using 10/sec click rate) was observed for 24% of the patients, rising to 44%
      when 55/sec measures were included. Abnormalities included prolongations of peak
      latencies for both click rates, and prolongation of interpeak latency
      differences. Pre-dialysis calcium was significantly different between patients
      with or without ABEP abnormality. In addition to this chronic effect on ABEPs, an
      acute effect of the dialysis session was found. Blood chemistry data, ABEP
      latencies and I-III interpeak latency differences were significantly different
      before, as compared to after dialysis. The acute effect of dialysis on blood
      calcium levels correlated with its effect on latencies of peaks III and V at
      10/sec click rate, and on peaks I and V latency at 55/sec. These results may
      indicate the types of dysfunction revealed by increased stimulus rate measures.

PMID- 2416532
TI  - The recorded corneo-mandibular reflex.
AB  - Corneo-mandibular reflexes were studied electrophysiologically in 27 patients
      with cerebral lesions and normal consciousness. EMG demonstrated that the reflex
      is absent in 40 controls and may appear with lesions which involve the precentro
      bulbar tract. The reflex is considered to be a pathological exteroceptive reflex.
      The response fell into 4 categories of decreasing spread. In 2 controls and in 2
      patients with hemiplegia clinical corneo-mandibular reflexes turned out
      electromyographically to be corneo-mental reflex responses.

PMID- 2416533
TI  - Electrical status epilepticus lasting for 17 months without behavioural changes.
AB  - In an 8-year-old girl a seizure occurred, lasting 45 min with loss of
      consciousness and deviation of the eyes, 2 days after the onset of mumps. Next
      day the EEG showed bilateral, synchronized, continuous 2.5-3.5 c/sec spike-wave
      discharges, more prominent over the posterior regions. The abnormality was
      suppressed on eye opening and replaced by delta activity and short duration spike
      wave paroxysms. Mental activity, hyperventilation, and photic stimulation did not
      change the pattern. The same EEG pattern persisted during daytime sleep. This
      picture has lasted for 17 months without any associated epileptic manifestations
      or behavioural disturbances. Psychometric tests and CAT scan were normal.

PMID- 2416534
TI  - Photosensitivity as a model for acute antiepileptic drug studies.
AB  - A technique is described for assessing the efficacy and time course of effects of
      antiepileptic drugs, after a single acute dose, by means of their action on the
      human photo-convulsive response. The range of frequencies of intermittent photic
      stimulation to which the patient is sensitive (photosensitivity range) is
      determined in a standardized manner at hourly intervals over the course of a
      waking day. 82 controlled studies have established that, with the rare exceptions
      of patients showing a consistent circadian rhythm of photosensitivity, the
      photosensitivity range is stable over this time scale. A total of 72 studies have
      shown that representatives of all the major groups of established antiepileptic
      drugs, together with some experimental drugs, suppress photosensitivity following
      a single acute administration. By contrast barbiturates without antiepileptic
      action (methohexitone and quinalbarbitone) do not affect photosensitivity even in
      doses producing marked drowsiness. These findings suggest the technique to be a
      potentially useful tool for preliminary investigation of efficacy and duration of
      action of new potential antiepileptic drugs.

PMID- 2416535
TI  - Computed EEG topography of response to visual and auditory stimuli.
AB  - EEG activity was monitored in 15 normal subjects at rest and while they were
      given 10 sec continuous light or tone stimuli of different intensities.
      Topographical cortical changes were assessed using 16-channel EEG power estimate
      maps of the left hemisphere. Statistical analyses were performed using analyses
      of variance and t test, and the reactivity of the EEG, i.e., the percent change
      from the baseline state, in response to stimulation, was topographically mapped.
      Significant EEG reactivity was recorded in alpha, theta and delta bands without
      modification in the beta band. Stimulation-induced effects were maximum in the
      posterior part of the brain for both tone and light. The light effect was
      stronger than tone in the alpha band, but no differences in modality effect were
      recorded in the delta or theta band. Analysis of frequency bands within the alpha
      and theta band revealed a different pattern of reactivity with different regional
      involvements for tone and light. EEG reactivity occurred mainly in 7-10 Hz
      frequency bands with no significant change in 5, 6, 11, 12 and 13 Hz. Reactivity
      was maximal in the temporal area during tone for 7-9 Hz and in the occipital
      region during light for 8-10 Hz. The 8 and 9 Hz frequency bands showed increased
      blocking with an increase in stimulus intensity. Taken together, the results
      indicate that visual and auditory stimuli both produce an EEG amplitude decrease
      which is greatest over their respective primary sensory cortex.

PMID- 2416536
TI  - Three-channel Lissajous' trajectory of human auditory brain-stem evoked
      potentials. II. Effects of click intensity.
AB  - Three-channel Lissajous' trajectories (3-CLT) of the human auditory brain-stem
      evoked potentials (ABEP) were recorded from 14 adult subjects at 15, 45, and 75
      dB (nHL). The 3-CLTs were analysed and described in terms of their constituent
      planar segments and their trajectory amplitudes at each stimulus level. At 75 dB,
      9 planar segments were observed, each having unique apex latency, boundaries,
      duration, shape, size and orientation in voltage space. As stimulus levels were
      lowered, changes were noted in apex latency and trajectory amplitude which
      parallelled changes seen under similar experimental conditions using single
      channel ABEP. In addition, changes were seen in planar segment number,
      boundaries, duration, shape, size and orientation, all of which could be related
      to decreased generator activity. It is proposed that at high stimulus levels,
      there is significant temporal overlap of generator activity which results in a
      larger number of planar segments and single-channel peaks than at low stimulus
      levels. This may be important to the identification of the specific generators of
      the ABEP and their appropriate clinical usage.

PMID- 2416537
TI  - Subcortical correlates of the somatic, auditory and visual vertex activities. II.
      Referential EEG responses.
AB  - A systematic analysis of polarity, amplitude and latency of the referential EEG
      responses correlated to surface somatic (SVA), auditory (AVA) and visual (VVA)
      vertex activities (VA) was done in various subcortical structures of a non
      specific system of the same group of patients with electrodes implanted and
      reported in a previous work. These structures included the caudal and rostral
      mesencephalic reticular formations (cttc and rttc), the subthalamic region (Sth),
      the centro-median (Ce), parafascicular (Pf), ventrolateral (VL), dorsolateral
      (DL) and reticularis (Rt) thalamic nuclei; the orbito-frontal cortex (GO), the
      anterior commissure (Acm), the pallidum medialis and lateralis (Pm and Pl), the
      putamen (Pt) and the amygdala (Am). Subcortical SVA, AVA and VVA were formed by 4
      consecutive components O, A, B and C correlated to components P1, N1, P2 and N2
      of the surface VA. Components A and B of the subcortical SVA reversed polarity 4
      times when recorded in structures arranged in a caudo-rostral order: between rttc
      Ce and VL, between Rt and GO, between GO and Acm and between Acm and Am.
      Components A and B of subcortical AVA and VVA reversed polarity two times each:
      AVA between cttc and rttc and between GO and Acm; while VVA between GO and Acm
      and between Acm and Pm. Components A and B of SVA and VVA attained maximal
      amplitudes and minimal latencies at GO. From here, their amplitude decreased and
      latency increased with distance along other structures rostrally and caudally
      located. Components A and B of AVA attained maximal amplitudes and minimal
      latencies at cttc.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416539
TI  - The brain's magnetic field: some effects of multiple sources on localization
      methods.
AB  - The theoretical basis for magnetic field recording (MEG) methods is briefly
      summarized. Lines of constant radial magnetic field on a spherical surface, which
      are typically used in MEG applications to locate sources, are shown for various
      multiple dipole sources. It is shown that the usual localization methods are
      subject to relatively large error if only one additional dipole is present. New
      methods to improve spatial resolution are discussed.

PMID- 2416538
TI  - Possible mechanism of generation of SEP far-field component in the brachial
      plexus in the cat.
AB  - By cutting the brachial plexus at a few levels on the side stimulated, it was
      verified that the first far-field component of SEPs with forepaw reference
      recording is generated in the brachial plexus in the cat. Incidentally, a
      reversal of the polarity of the earliest portion of the first component was
      observed with abduction of the upper arm to a high position on the side
      stimulated. X-ray photographs of the nerve course in such a high position
      disclosed that both the position and direction of the nerve course in the distal
      brachial plexus were changed substantially. On the other hand, bipolar
      derivations away from the bullfrog sciatic nerve volley revealed that a reversal
      of sign of the action potential could be observed by changing the direction
      and/or position of the nerve traveling impulse against two recording electrodes a
      long distance apart. These findings suggest that a reversal of polarity of the
      earliest portion of the first component in a high upper arm abducted position may
      be produced due to change in the direction and position of the nerve impulse
      against the two recording electrodes placed on the scalp and on the forepaw a
      along distance apart, that is, the forepaw electrode is neither the reference nor
      the indifferent, but is active to far-field components.

PMID- 2416540
TI  - A microelectrode for depth recording in awake animals.
AB  - The manufacture is described of a metal, glass-coated microelectrode for single
      cell recording from deep structures of the brain during behavioral testing. It is
      thin, long, and straight, and has excellent electrical properties.

PMID- 2416541
TI  - Topography of visual event-related potentials during geometric and phonetic
      discriminations.
AB  - Event-related potentials (ERPs) were obtained to letters during 3 tasks that
      involved a SIMPLE RESPONSE (SR) to each letter presentation, a FORM
      discrimination of the letters that formed a closed loop, and a RHYME
      discrimination of the letters that rhymed with the letter 'v'. The first task
      only required detection of the letters, the FORM task required a visual-spatial
      analysis, and the RHYME task, a grapheme-phoneme conversion of the letters
      followed by a determination of rhyming characteristics. The SR ERPs were
      morphologically different from the discriminative ERPs, notably by the absence of
      N2 and P3. The difference wave forms between the discrimination and SR conditions
      and between the targets and non-targets indicated differential topographies of
      components associated with the FORM and RHYME tasks in the 300 msec latency
      region. In both of these tasks, components exhibited distributions localized
      primarily in the occipital regions, whereas in the RHYME task they extended more
      anteriorly and encompassed temporo-parietal regions. Thus, although the stimulus
      presentation was visual, the requirement of a visual-auditory conversion in the
      RHYME task resulted in activity that was more proximal to auditory regions than
      when only a FORM analysis of the letters was required.

PMID- 2416542
TI  - Origin of early waves evoked by infraorbital nerve stimulation in man.
AB  - The origins of early waves recorded from the scalp of man after stimulation of
      the infraorbital nerve have been investigated by simultaneous recording from the
      scalp and from the trigeminal pathway in patients undergoing thermocoagulation
      rhizotomy. It has been found that the surface-recorded W1, W2 and W3 waves
      correspond respectively to the activity of the point of entry of the maxillary
      nerve into the gasserian ganglion, the point of entry of the trigeminal root into
      the pons and the presynaptic portion of the trigeminal spinal tract. It is
      remarked that depth recording during surgery may provide useful information about
      the positioning of the thermocoagulation electrode.

PMID- 2416543
TI  - Comparison of short-latency trigeminal evoked potentials elicited by painful
      dental and gingival stimulation.
AB  - Painful stimulation of tooth pulp and of the maxillary gingiva was undertaken in
      16 volunteers. Short-latency evoked potentials (15-50 msec) were recorded over
      800 trials in each case at F3-P3 of F4-P4, and the resultant averaged wave forms
      were compared. The gingival wave was distinct in all subjects and could be
      averaged across subjects while the dental waves were either noise or very
      inconsistent over subjects. Averaging of the dental wave forms across subjects
      yielded an uninterpretable result. It was clear that dental evoked potentials
      could not be recorded at the sites. These findings could be explained by either
      or both of two hypotheses: dental afferents are predominantly small fiber,
      nociceptive end organs that conduct more slowly than soft tissue afferents
      whereas gingival stimulation activates both large and small fiber populations;
      and dental representation in somatosensory cortex is different and
      phylogenetically more primitive than that of neighboring soft tissue. Therefore,
      the location of the generator sites in cortex and the orientation of the dipole
      may be different for dental than for gingival wave forms.

PMID- 2416544
TI  - Validity of median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials in the diagnosis of
      supraclavicular brachial plexus lesions.
AB  - Experience with median nerve SEPs in the diagnosis of brachial plexus lesions is
      analysed in 49 patients selected from a total material of 264 cases with brachial
      plexus problems tested by SEP techniques. Median nerve SEPs were always compared
      with the results of SEPs after stimulation of at least one other nerve relevant
      to the site of the lesion as suspected clinically and electromyographically. All
      patients presented with unilateral brachial plexus problems and all root lesions
      were verified by clinical presentation, EMG studies, myelogram or surgery. There
      were 19 brachial plexus injuries, 13 cases with cervical spondylopathic
      radiculopaties without myelopathy and 7 patients presented brachial plexopathy
      with systemic cancer. It was found that median nerve SEPs were always normal in
      injuries of upper trunk and root avulsions confined to one or two root levels.
      Median nerve SEPs were abnormal in multiple trunk lesions and multiple root
      avulsions. In patients with spondylopathic radiculopathies median nerve SEPs were
      normal apart from one case where involvement of multiple roots was present.
      Median nerve SEPs were useful in assessing patients presenting brachial plexus
      problems in the presence of systematic cancer apart from cases where lower trunk
      involvement was present. In general, median nerve SEPs are useful if they are
      combined with SEP testing of other nerves anatomically more closely related to
      the problem as outlined clinically and electromyographically.

PMID- 2416545
TI  - Effects of halothane on intraoperative scalp-recorded somatosensory evoked
      potentials to posterior tibial nerve stimulation in man.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were monitored in 116 patients receiving
      halothane anesthesia during spinal fusion surgery. Whereas it has been generally
      assumed that the use of halogenated inhalational anesthetics should be avoided
      with SEP monitoring because of their purported deleterious effects on scalp
      recorded sensory responses, we found that reproducible SEPs were obtained
      throughout the surgical procedure in 91% of the cases we monitored while using
      halothane at concentrations of 0.25-2.0%. In those cases in which halothane was
      delivered continuously at 0.5%, reproducible evoked responses were recorded in
      96% (75 of 78) of the patients. Our data demonstrated 3 major effects of
      halothane on the SEP: (a) a small but significant decrease in the average
      amplitude of the first two components (N25 and P30), (b) a significant increase
      in the average latency of the late positive component (P53) of the wave form, and
      (c) occasional obliteration of components N25, N40, P53, and N71, but never of
      P30. These effects did not, in most cases, interfere with our ability to obtain
      clinically useful recordings. Our results suggest that in many instances the use
      of halothane anesthesia can be combined successfully with the recording of
      intraoperative SEPs.

PMID- 2416546
TI  - Central and spinal somatosensory conduction times during hypothermic
      cardiopulmonary bypass and some observations on the effects of fentanyl and
      isoflurane anesthesia.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) following median nerve stimulation were
      recorded over Erb's point (N10), neck (N13) and scalp (N20) of 17 neurologically
      normal patients during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesia was induced
      with fentanyl and 100% oxygen, and supplemented with isoflurane as necessary. All
      3 SEPs were recorded at esophageal temperatures (Te) of down to 19.5 degrees C.
      The central conduction time (CCT, defined as N20-N13 interpeak interval)
      increased exponentially with decreasing temperature (CCTTe = 1.066(37)-Te X
      CCT37; r = -0.96). The spinal conduction time (SCT, defined as N13-N10 interpeak
      interval) also increased exponentially but less steeply than the CCT (SCTTe =
      1.047(37)-Te X SCT37; r = -0.89), and the N10 peak latency increased
      exponentially and least steeply (N10Te = 1.033(37)-Te. N10(37); r = -0.87).
      Anesthetic doses of fentanyl (75 micrograms/kg) did not affect the SEPs.
      Isoflurane (inspired concentration, 0.25-2.0%) produced dose-dependent increases
      in CCT of up to 13% and decreased N20 amplitude. All patients had normal CTs
      after rewarming and none suffered postoperative neurological deficits.
      Differences in slopes of the latency-temperature functions indicate that cooling
      produces more conduction slowing in central than in peripheral segments of the
      pathway and can be accounted for by estimates of the effects of cooling on
      synaptic delay and axonal conduction between wrist and cortex. The consistency of
      SEPs between patients both during stable hypothermia and when temperature was
      changing suggests their potential as a sensitive monitor of cerebral status
      during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.

PMID- 2416547
TI  - Latency variability and temporal interrelationships of the auditory event-related
      potentials (N1, P2, N2, and P3) in normal subjects.
AB  - Peak latency variation and the temporal interrelationships of the auditory event
      related potential were investigated in 12 normal adults (ages 28-42). Measures of
      variation were based on both conventional averages and single trials. Estimates
      of N1, P2, N2 and P3 latencies were made on a trial-by-trial basis to target
      stimuli recorded from Fz, Cz and Pz scalp locations. Results showed that single
      trial latency variability of the auditory ERP differed both among the various
      components and between subjects. Larger standard deviations were measured for the
      later N2 and P3 components than the earlier N1 and P2 components. Regression
      analyses between various component latencies indicated a strong covarying
      relationship between N2 and P3, with N2 accounting for up to 61% of the variance
      of P3 latency at Pz. Earlier N1 and P2 components added little to the overall
      prediction of either P3 or N2. For the other components, P2 accounted for 9-16%
      of the variance of N2, while N1 accounted for approximately 1% of the variance of
      N2; N1 accounted for 8-10% of the latency variation of P2. The correlations
      between single-trial peak latencies and RTs were positive but of low magnitude.
      The highest correlations between peak latency and RT were found for N2 (r = 0.33)
      and P3 (r = 0.24). The low correlations between the single-trial latencies of N1
      and P3 suggest that the processes reflected by these components are independent
      and support a distinction between the earlier and the later components of the
      ERP. The close temporal coupling between N2 and P3 suggests that N2 may reflect
      cognitive properties in common to P3 in stimulus evaluation processes.

PMID- 2416548
TI  - BAEP subcomponents and wave form--relation to click phase and stimulus rate.
AB  - The latency distributions of normal brain-stem auditory evoked potential (BAEP)
      components elicited by condensation (C) and rarefaction (R) clicks at 10 and 50
      Hz were found to be double- or multi-peaked for II (10 and 50 Hz), III (50 Hz),
      IV (10 and 50 Hz) and V (10 Hz). A bifid component III was found in 3.5% (10 Hz)
      and 7.4% (50 Hz) of BAEPs. A bifid II and triple IV/V configuration were
      occasionally noted. The prevalences of the different IV/V complex configurations
      were significantly dependent upon click phase and rate. These results suggest
      that several subcomponents might participate in the generation of the single BAEP
      components and that a single generator may contribute to different BAEP
      components in different subjects. Early subcomponents between I and II (Ib) were
      found in 13% of 10 Hz BAEPs and 27% of 50 Hz BAEPs (P = 0.002) and the latency
      distribution of Ib seemed to be bimodal. Ib/I relative amplitude frequently
      increased with 50 Hz stimulation. We suggest that the generator of Ib is
      partially cochlear (CM) and partially neural (equivalent to N2 of the ECochG-AP)
      in origin. The existence of subcomponents must be recognized in clinical use of
      BAEPs both to avoid misinterpretation and to decrease the normal variability in
      monophasic click evoked BAEP studies.

PMID- 2416549
TI  - Participation of voltage-dependent calcium channels in the regulation of adrenal
      glomerulosa function by angiotensin II and potassium.
AB  - The stimulation of aldosterone secretion from adrenal glomerulosa cells by
      angiotensin II (AII), potassium, and ACTH is highly dependent on the
      extracellular calcium concentration. To evaluate the role of voltage-dependent
      calcium channels in aldosterone production, we analyzed the actions and binding
      of calcium channel antagonists in collagenase-dispersed adrenal glomerulosa cells
      and membrane-rich particles. In rat glomerulosa cells, nifedipine caused dose
      dependent inhibition of the aldosterone responses to AII and potassium, with half
      maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 100 nM, but had no effect on ACTH or 8
      bromo-cAMP stimulated steroidogenesis in adrenal glomerulosa and fasciculata
      cells. Binding studies with [3H]nitrendipine in adrenal glomerulosa cells
      revealed a high affinity site with dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.4 +/- 0.1 nM,
      similar to that described in other tissues but about 100-fold lower than the IC50
      for blockade of aldosterone production. However, Scatchard analysis of binding
      data from three of seven experiments in isolated adrenal glomerulosa cells
      revealed a low affinity site with Kd of 130 nM, in agreement with the IC50 for
      the effect of nifedipine on aldosterone production. In rat adrenal particles,
      nitrendipine-binding sites were located in the adrenal capsule and medulla and
      were undetectable in the zona fasciculata. Furthermore, there was a close
      correlation (r = 0.92) between the concentrations of nitrendipine-binding sites
      and AII receptors in the different zones of the adrenal in rat, dog, and cow,
      suggesting a functional relationship between AII receptors and calcium channels.
      These studies have shown a major and selective role of voltage-dependent calcium
      channels in the control of aldosterone secretion by the major physiological
      regulators, AII and potassium.

PMID- 2416550
TI  - The antigenic surface of human chorionic gonadotropin as mapped by murine
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - We present a map describing the antigenic determinants (epitopes) of the human CG
      (hCG) molecule. A panel of monoclonal antibodies to hCG, previously characterized
      by us was incorporated into two-site binding assays to probe hCG by a 21 X 11
      matrix of 231 pairs of MCA. Nine different reaction patterns of reciprocal
      homology were distinguished and interpreted as representing nine separate and
      distinct epitopes. Three of them localize on the alpha-subunit, 4 on the beta
      subunit and 2 were expressed by the intact hCG (holo-hCG) molecule only, hence
      designated conformational (c) epitopes. Epitope-contingency analysis revealed
      that each of the 2 subunits of hCG possesses 1 epitope that is neither adjacent
      to nor overlapping with any of the other 8 epitopes. The latter were arranged in
      a complex cluster from which the c-epitopes protrude. Whereas the alpha- and c
      epitopes are specific for glycoprotein hormones of human origin and for hCG,
      respectively, the beta-epitopes appeared to be evolutionarily highly conserved
      structures: with 1 exception, they were also present on the beta-chain of LH from
      many different mammalian species.

PMID- 2416551
TI  - Differential implication of deoxyribonucleic acid methylation in rat prolactin
      and rat growth hormone gene expressions: a comparison between rat pituitary cell
      strains.
AB  - In order to assess the potential role of DNA methylation in the expression of rat
      PRL (rPRL) as compared to rat GH (rGH) gene, the cleavage patterns generated by
      the isoschizomeric restriction enzymes HpaII and MspI were examined in DNA
      isolated from rat pituitary cell lines producing either high levels of rPRL
      (GH3B6) or of rGH (GC) and in a stable variant cell strain which produces minute
      amounts of both hormones (GH3CDL cells). The rPRL and the rGH genes were found
      hypomethylated in GH3B6 and GC cells, respectively, whereas in GH3CDL cells both
      genes were methylated, indicating a correlation between the extent of gene
      methylation and the level of expression. However the use of 5-azacytidine (5
      azaC), which decreases DNA methylation, suggested a variable importance of gene
      methylation in the control of rPRL and rGH gene expression. 5-AzaC was unable to
      increase rPRL production to a detectable level in GC cells, whereas the cytidine
      analog markedly increased rPRL production and rGH production in GH3CDL cells.
      Further analysis using GH3CDL cells showed that the extent of the 5-azaC-induced
      rPRL and rGH gene demethylation was consistent with the 5-azaC-induced increase
      of gene expressions. However, in these cells, the stimulation of rPRL and rGH
      production unexpectedly increased as a function of time elapsed after drug
      withdrawal. The maximal stimulation, 30-fold and 7-fold, respectively, was
      observed 3 weeks after a 60-h exposure to 5-azaC. This pattern suggests that
      other events are required for the full expression of rPRL and rGH genes in
      addition to their own demethylation.

PMID- 2416552
TI  - Stimulation of potassium efflux in rat liver by a low dose of thyroid hormone:
      evidence for enhanced cation permeability in the absence of Na,K-ATPase
      induction.
AB  - The effects of a low dose of T3 on passive cellular K+ efflux and Na,K-ATPase
      activity were studied in hypothyroid rat liver. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were
      rendered hypothyroid by 4 weeks of a low iodine diet with 0.5% NaClO4 added to
      the drinking water, and for the last 2 weeks of this period received daily sc
      injections of either T3 (1 microgram/100 g BW) or diluent alone. At the end of
      this time, both the passive efflux of 86Rb+ (a K+ analog) from liver slices
      isotopically prelabeled in vitro and Na,K-ATPase activity in liver homogenates
      were determined. The T3 treatment regimen resulted in a 55% increase in the 86Rb+
      efflux rate constant (P less than 0.003), while, in contrast, Na,K-ATPase
      activity remained unchanged. These results show that T3, even at a low dose,
      enhances passive K+ efflux from liver slices and that, consistent with previous
      observations, this enhancement can occur in the absence of any detectable change
      in the number of Na,K pumps. Since the rate of Na,K pump function appears in
      general to be limited by the rate of passive cation permeation, rather than by
      Na,K pump number per se, these observations provide additional evidence that
      increased cation permeability may play a role in the stimulation of active cation
      transport by thyroid hormone.

PMID- 2416553
TI  - Interaction of the monoclonal antibodies alpha IR-1 and alpha IR-3 with insulin
      and somatomedin-C receptors.
AB  - alpha IR-3, a monoclonal antibody that interacts with the somatomedin-C receptor,
      inhibited the binding of somatomedin-C, but not of insulin, to human placental
      membranes and intact IM-9 cells. alpha IR-1, a monoclonal antibody that interacts
      with the insulin receptor, did not inhibit the binding of either hormone.
      Inhibition of somatomedin-C binding by alpha IR-3 was mainly due to a decrease in
      its affinity. 125I-Labeled alpha IR-3 bound specifically to placental membranes
      and intact IM-9 cells and was inhibited by concentrations of unlabeled alpha IR-3
      that were lower than those required to inhibit somatomedin-C binding. [125I]alpha
      IR-3 binding was also inhibited by somatomedin-C and insulin, but only at very
      high concentrations. A410, a rabbit antiserum that reacts with both receptors for
      insulin and somatomedin-C, also inhibited labeled alpha IR-3 binding. alpha IR-I
      did not. These results help to define the epitopes with which these antibodies
      interact.

PMID- 2416554
TI  - Triiodothyronine (T3) regulation of thyrotropin subunit gene transcription is
      proportional to T3 nuclear receptor occupancy.
AB  - We have investigated the relationship between T3 nuclear receptor occupancy and
      the T3-mediated responses of TSH subunit gene expression. Hypothyroid mice
      bearing TtT 97 thyrotropic tumors were injected daily for 12 days with 0-10
      micrograms T3/100 g BW, ip. T3 levels were measured in plasma and in tumor
      nuclei, and the maximal T3-binding capacity of tumor nuclei and the fractional
      occupancy of T3 nuclear receptors at each dose were calculated. T3-mediated
      decreases in TSH secretion were half-maximal at a dose of 0.2-0.3 micrograms/100
      g BW, which resulted in plasma T3 levels of 0.98-1.2 ng/ml. Responses at the TSH
      subunit gene levels followed a similar pattern. Transcription of TSH beta and
      alpha-subunit genes was decreased maximally from 384 to 26 ppm for TSH beta and
      from 424 to 112 ppm for alpha-subunit. Inhibition of transcription was half
      maximal at plasma T3 concentrations of 0.8 and 1.0 ng/ml for TSH beta and alpha
      subunit, respectively. The half-maximal effective doses of T3 for decreases in
      TSH gene transcription were in good agreement with the amount of T3 necessary to
      saturate 50% of nuclear T3 receptors in the tumor, calculated at 1.07 ng/ml T3. A
      plot of fractional decrease in TSH subunit gene transcription vs. fractional T3
      nuclear receptor occupancy demonstrated a straight line relationship for both TSH
      beta and alpha-subunit. Thus, the response of both TSH subunit genes to T3, a
      decrease in TSH beta and alpha-subunit gene transcription, is directly
      proportional to nuclear T3 receptor occupancy.

PMID- 2416555
TI  - gamma-Endorphin-generating endopeptidase: distribution in body tissues and
      cellular localization in rat testis.
AB  - The Leu17-Phe18 bond of beta-endorphin is cleaved by a specific endopeptidase
      that generates the biologically active peptide gamma-endorphin. gamma-Endorphin
      generating endopeptidase (gamma EGE) activity was determined by a radiometric
      assay, using as substrate a radioactively labeled, N- and C-terminally protected
      pentapeptide: Ac-Val-Thr-Leu-Lys( [14C]CH3)2-NHCH3, a derivative of beta
      endorphin-(15-19). Here we report the tissue distribution of gamma EGE activity
      and its cellular localization in the testis. gamma EGE activity was present in
      the cytosolic fraction of most tissues. Highest specific activity occurred in the
      testis, ovary, and the uterus (10-16 nmol X mg protein-1 X h-1). In testis
      highest specific gamma EGE activity was found in the tubules (42 nmol X mg
      protein-1 X h-1) and lowest in Leydig cells (8 nmol X mg protein-1 X h-1).
      Further fractionation of the tubules showed that the germinal cell fraction had a
      higher specific activity (24 nmol X mg protein-1 X h-1) than the Sertoli cell
      fraction (8 nmol X mg protein-1 X h-1). In testis depleted of the germinal cells
      by prenatal irradiation of the rat or hypophysectomy, specific activity of gamma
      EGE activity decreased 50-fold and 4-fold, respectively. In testis depleted of
      Leydig cells by treatment of rats with ethane dimethyl sulfonate, specific gamma
      EGE activity did not decrease. Adrenalectomy had no effect on the enzyme
      activity. The results suggest that the germinal cells are sites of processing of
      beta-endorphin into alpha- and gamma-endorphins. It is concluded that 1) gamma
      EGE activity is widely distributed in tissues; 2) highest gamma EGE activity is
      located in reproductive tissues; and 3) in the testis gamma EGE activity is
      mainly associated in the germinal cells.

PMID- 2416556
TI  - Physico-chemical and thermodynamic properties of monomeric concanavalin A.
AB  - An alkylated monomer of Concanavalin A was prepared photochemically according to
      the method of Tanaka et al. (1981). Its affinities for methyl-alpha-D-gluco,
      methyl-alpha-D-manno and p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-manno pyranoside were calculated.
      The enthalpies of these binding reactions were measured calorimetrically and the
      thermodynamic parameters were calculated. The values obtained suggest that the
      structure of the monomer differs from that of the dimeric and tetrameric
      molecules. Calorimetric studies also showed that the monomeric derivative reacts
      with IgM but not IgG. The enthalpy per binding site in the monomer-IgM reaction
      is equal to that of the monomer-mannose derivative reaction; mannose is the
      terminal residue of the saccharide chains of the IgM molecule. The stoichiometry
      of the reaction is ten ConA-m per IgM molecule.

PMID- 2416557
TI  - Characterization of a half-molecular fragment obtained by reduction of human
      alpha 2-macroglobulin with dithiothreitol. A small-angle X-ray and neutron
      scattering investigation.
AB  - A half-molecular fragment of alpha 2-macroglobulin has been prepared by reducing
      and alkylating the inter-subunit disulfide bonds in the tetrameric alpha 2
      macroglobulin molecule with 1 mM dithiothreitol (40 min) and 3 mM iodoacetamide
      (40 min). Further purification was made by gel chromatography and the homogeneous
      population of half-molecules has been characterized by the techniques of small
      angle X-ray and neutron scattering. The radii of gyration found by the two
      methods are 57.0 and 58.0 A, respectively. The match point, obtained by neutron
      scattering from solutions with different H2O/D2O ratios, is at 43% D2O; the data
      are consistent with a particle having a higher scattering density at large
      distances from the particle centre. From the X-ray and neutron intensities
      scattered at zero angle, the specific volume was determined to be 0.73 cm3/g at
      +5 degrees C and the molecular weight to be 390,000; the latter value is
      associated with a relatively large error due to the uncertainty in the
      concentration determination. Shape analysis indicates that the best-fitting
      scattering-equivalent three-axial bodies are oblate shaped, with two of their
      axial dimensions about three to four times larger than the third one. From the
      volume of the best-fitting scattering-equivalent three-axial bodies, 0.72 X 10(6)
      A3, we obtain a water content equal to 0.38 g H2O/g protein (dry weight).

PMID- 2416558
TI  - The alpha-helix dipole in membranes: a new gating mechanism for ion channels.
AB  - Electric dipoles placed side by side attract each other if antiparallel and repel
      each other if parallel. The hydrophobic alpha-helical sections of proteins that
      span membranes are known to possess large electric dipole moments. The first part
      of the paper consists of a calculation of the interaction energies between such
      helices including screening effects. Interaction energies remain comparable with
      a typical thermal energy of KT up to separations of order 20 A. In addition it is
      shown that, due solely to its dipole moment, an alpha-helix which completely
      spans the membrane has an energy up to 5 KT lower than one which terminates
      within the membrane width. The second part of the paper describes the electrical
      interaction of the charge structure of a membrane channel and the protein helices
      that surround the pore. The gating charge transfer that is measured when a
      voltage sensitive ion channel switches, means that the dipole moment of the ion
      channel changes. This in turn results in a change in the radial forces that act
      between the pore and the alpha-helices that surround it. A change in these radial
      forces which tend to open or to close the pore constitutes an electrically silent
      gating mechanism that must necessarily act subsequent to the gating charge
      transfer. The gating mechanism could consist of the radial translation of the
      neighbouring proteins or in their axial rotation under the influence of the
      torque that would act on a pair of approximately equidistant but oppositely
      directed alpha-helices. An attempt to calculate the interaction energy of a
      typical pore and a single alpha-helix spanning the membrane results in an energy
      of many times KT.

PMID- 2416559
TI  - Gonadotroph cell adenomas of the pituitary.
AB  - Although the frequency of gonadotroph cell adenomas among all unselected
      pituitary adenomas is not yet known, it is probably much higher than previously
      suspected. The true incidence is probably somewhere between the 3-4% found in
      surgical and autopsy series, which is probably an underestimate because of its
      reliance on tissue content, and the 17% (24% when alpha-secreting adenomas are
      included) of 139 patients from this institution, which may be an overestimate of
      the incidence among all adenomas, because it is heavily weighted to very large
      adenomas in men only. Most patients who have been reported to have gonadotroph
      cell adenomas have similar clinical characteristics. Most are middle-aged men who
      have a history of normal pubertal development and a normal fertility history, and
      by examination are normally virilized and have testes of normal size. They are
      brought to medical attention because of visual impairment, which is the result of
      the enormous size of the adenoma. The most common hormonal characteristic of
      gonadotroph cell adenomas in vivo is hypersecretion of FSH, which is often
      accompanied by hypersecretion of FSH beta and alpha-subunit and less often by
      hypersecretion of LH beta or intact LH. Another common characteristic is
      secretion of FSH and/or LH in response to TRH. A few patients with gonadotroph
      cell adenomas hypersecrete intact LH and, therefore, have supranormal serum
      testosterone concentrations. A larger number have secondary hypogonadism because
      the adenomas are not secreting intact LH, but are compressing the normal
      gonadotroph cells and impairing LH secretion. These patients have concentrations
      of intact LH that are not elevated in spite of subnormal testosterone
      concentrations. Testosterone levels increase markedly in response to hCG. The
      hormonal characteristics of gonadotroph adenomas in dispersed cell culture are
      similar to their characteristics in vivo, including hypersecretion of FSH and LH
      subunits and responsiveness to TRH. Both the clinical and hormonal
      characteristics of gonadotroph cell adenomas usually make them readily
      distinguishable from pituitary enlargement due to long-standing primary
      hypogonadism. Pituitary adenomas that hypersecrete only alpha-subunit in vivo may
      also be adenomas of gonadotroph cells, because some of them secrete large amounts
      of FSH as well as alpha-subunit in culture. Most gonadotroph cell adenomas are
      now treated first by transsphenoidal surgery, to attempt to restore vision as
      quickly as possible, and then by supervoltage radiation to prevent regrowth of
      the remaining adenomatous tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2416560
TI  - Activation of putative transposition intermediate formation in tumor cells.
AB  - The transcription levels of two families of mouse repetitive elements namely
      intracisternal A particle (IAP) genes, and B2 sequences were analyzed in
      different tumor cells and normal tissues. These sequences belong to two major
      classes of mobile elements present in the mouse genome. The Northern blots
      containing poly(A) + RNAs from tumor cells and normal tissues were hybridized to
      the cloned IAP gene and B2 sequence. The content of IAP gene transcripts in tumor
      cells is much higher than in normal cells. A 10- to 100-fold difference was
      found. The predominant IAP-gene specific RNAs in all investigated tumor cells
      were 9.5, 6.8 and 5.3 kb long. Additional RNA species were found in some of the
      tumors. The active synthesis of small cytoplasmic B2 RNA transcribed by RNA
      polymerase III was also detected in most tumor cells tested. Usually it was
      higher than in normal cells. Free closed circular DNAs hybridizing to IAP gene
      probes were cloned from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. We speculate that the
      data obtained indicate the enhanced transposition of mobile elements in tumor
      cells which may be an important factor of tumor progression.

PMID- 2416561
TI  - Structure of two forms of the interferon-induced (2'-5') oligo A synthetase of
      human cells based on cDNAs and gene sequences.
AB  - The (2'-5') oligo A synthetase E, one of the translational inhibitory enzymes
      whose synthesis is strongly induced by all interferons (IFNs), is shown to be
      encoded in human cells by a 13.5-kb gene. By a cell-specific differential
      splicing, between the seventh and an additional eighth exon of this gene, two
      active E mRNAs of 1.6 and 1.8 kb are produced, along with several longer
      transcripts. cDNA clones for the two mRNAs were obtained and their sequences
      indicate that the human (2'-5') oligo A synthetase gene codes for two forms of
      the enzyme of mol. wt. 41 000 and 46 000, which differ only by their C-terminal
      ends. The product of the 1.6-kb RNA (E16) has a very hydrophobic C terminus,
      which is replaced by a longer acidic C-terminal sequence in the 1.8-kb RNA
      product (E18). The transcriptional start site of the gene was identified and 200
      bp of the 5' flanking region were sequenced. A strong homology was found between
      this region of the IFN-activated (2'-5') oligo A synthetase gene and the
      corresponding region of the human fibroblast IFN-beta 1 gene, whose transcription
      is also stimulated by IFN priming. The gene has two polyadenylation sites which
      share a common undecanucleotide, but are used in a cell-specific manner to give
      rise to the 1.6- and 1.8-kb mRNAs.

PMID- 2416562
TI  - Complete sequence of a bovine type I cytokeratin gene: conserved and variable
      intron positions in genes of polypeptides of the same cytokeratin subfamily.
AB  - The complete sequence of a bovine gene encoding an epidermal cytokeratin of mol.
      wt. 54 500 (No VIb) of the acidic (type I) subfamily is presented, including an
      extended 5' upstream region. The gene (4377 bp, seven introns) which codes for a
      representative of the glycine-rich subtype of cytokeratins of this subfamily, is
      compared with genes coding for: another subtype of type I cytokeratin; a basic
      (type II) cytokeratin gene; and vimentin, a representative of another
      intermediate filament (IF) protein class. The positions of the five introns
      located within the highly homologous alpha-helix-rich rod domain are identical or
      equivalent, i.e., within the same triplet, in the two cytokeratin I genes. Four
      of these intron positions are also identical with intron sites in the vimentin
      gene, and three of these intron positions are identical or similar in the type I
      and type II cytokeratin subfamilies. On the other hand, the gene organization of
      both type I cytokeratins differs from that of the type II cytokeratin in the rod
      region in five intron positions and in the introns located in the carboxy
      terminal tail region, with the exception of one position at the rod-tail
      junction. Remarkably, the two type I cytokeratins also differ from each other in
      the positions of two introns located at and in the region coding for the
      hypervariable, carboxy-terminal portion. The introns and the 5' upstream regions
      of the cytokeratin VIb gene do not display notable sequence homologies with the
      other IF protein genes, but sequences identical with--or very similar to--certain
      viral and immunoglobulin enhancers have been identified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416563
TI  - Phosphorylation of polyoma middle T antigen and cellular proteins in purified
      plasma membranes of polyoma virus-infected cells.
AB  - We have studied phosphorylation carried out by purified plasma membranes from
      polyoma virus-infected cells. When isolated membranes are incubated with [gamma
      32P]ATP, polyoma virus middle T antigen (mT) becomes phosphorylated on tyrosine.
      Partial proteolysis mapping shows the same pattern as previously noted for mT
      labeled in immune complexes. Membranes labeled in vitro were also extracted and
      immunoprecipitated with anti-T or anti-src antibody. With either antibody, both
      mT and pp60c-src were brought down and shown to be labeled on tyrosine. The mT of
      an hr-t mutant (NG59) showed only a trace amount of labeling in membranes under
      the same conditions. Proteins from infected and uninfected cell membranes labeled
      in vitro were separated on two-dimensional gels. An acidic 40-kd phosphoprotein
      was labeled in uninfected cell membranes, but was not seen using membranes from
      wild-type virus-infected cells. Neither NG59, which encodes a defective but
      membrane-associated mT, nor a mutant encoding a truncated mT that fails to
      associate with membranes, alters the level of the 40-kd phosphoprotein in
      membranes labeled in vitro. These results suggest that mT, acting through pp60c
      src and possibly other cellular kinases and phosphatases, can affect cell protein
      phosphorylation as part of the transformation process.

PMID- 2416565
TI  - Isolation and partial characterization of the messenger RNA encoding the B880
      holochrome protein of Rhodospirillum rubrum.
AB  - The B880 holochrome messenger RNA was extracted from cultures of the
      photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. It was purified by chromatography
      on Sepharose 4B followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The purified
      fractions were shown to program an Escherichia coli cell-free system into
      synthesizing both the alpha and the beta polypeptides of the holochrome. The
      translation products were identified by immunoprecipitation with specific
      antibodies raised against these polypeptides. The latter are effective
      competitors with the translation products for antigen-antibody complex formation.
      The purest mRNA preparations contained approximately 33% holochrome messenger RNA
      activity. Its most probable size, as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis in
      the presence of 6 M urea or methylmercuric hydroxide, is approximately 620
      nucleotides. Since the combined sizes of the alpha and beta polypeptides add up
      to only 106 amino acid residues, we conclude that the holochrome mRNA is most
      probably polycistronic.

PMID- 2416564
TI  - E. coli NusA protein binds in vitro to an RNA sequence immediately upstream of
      the boxA signal of bacteriophage lambda.
AB  - The NusA protein of Escherichia coli is a factor which mediates termination of
      transcription. In this paper, we demonstrate that the NusA protein can bind in
      vitro to a specific site on the mRNA of bacteriophage lambda. Several RNAs were
      synthesized by in vitro transcription of truncated lambda DNA templates, and the
      activity of NusA binding to these RNAs was examined by a Millipore filter-binding
      assay. RNAs containing the sequence immediately upstream of the boxA site were
      trapped on the filter by association with the NusA protein, but those lacking the
      site were not. Anti-NusA antibody inhibits this binding. To determine the binding
      site precisely, we developed a new method which we have named 'reverse
      transcriptase mapping'. The RNA transcribed from the pL promoter was incubated
      with 32P-labelled DNA primer and NusA, and the primer-extension reaction was
      started by adding the reverse transcriptase. In this way, the primer extension
      was blocked at the position G of the boxA RNA sequence (5'CGCUCUUA 3'),
      indicating that the NusA-protection site is immediately upstream of boxA and
      includes the 5'-end C. The NusA protein purified from a temperature-sensitive
      nusA mutant defective in transcription termination showed reduced and
      thermolabile RNA-binding activity, suggesting that the RNA-binding activity is
      related to the physiological function of NusA.

PMID- 2416566
TI  - Antiarrhythmic efficacy of pirmenol in the treatment of premature ventricular
      complexes.
AB  - We assessed the antiarrhythmic effectiveness, therapeutic plasma concentrations
      and adverse effects of pirmenol in 16 patients with frequent (mean 933 h-1)
      premature ventricular complexes (PVC). Progressive increase in dose to a maximum
      of 200 mg twice daily suppressed PVC in a majority of patients. By preset
      criteria 11 patients (69%) exhibited an effective suppression of PVCs whereas in
      5 patients (31%) the suppression was inadequate despite therapeutic plasma
      concentrations. The responders exhibited an 87% mean reduction of PVCs and a 97%
      reduction in repetitive PVC. This therapeutic effectiveness was verified against
      placebo by repetitive 24-hour ECG monitorings recorded in a double-blind cross
      over fashion. The plasma trough concentration during the effective dose averaged
      1.31 +/- 0.67 mg-1 (SD). The efficacy was maintained with the twice daily regimen
      despite an elimination half life of 6.3 +/- 1.7 h (SD) but a slight decrease in
      PVC suppression was observed towards the end of the administration interval.
      Pirmenol was well tolerated but aggravation of the arrhythmia occurred in one
      patient who shared an associated excessive prolongation of the Q-T interval, a
      feature observed with quinidine-like class I agents.

PMID- 2416567
TI  - Ventricular tachycardia in myocardial infarction: relation to heart rate and
      premature ventricular contractions.
AB  - Analysis of monitored electrocardiograms, recorded in 77 patients during the
      first 48 hours following the onset of myocardial infarction, revealed 492
      episodes of ventricular tachycardia with rates of 90-220 min-1. Characteristics
      of the ventricular tachycardia episodes were correlated with heart rate and with
      the rate and complexity of ventricular arrhythmias in the 10-min period preceding
      ventricular tachycardia. Ventricular tachycardia with rates of 140-180 min-1 and
      with a QS configuration was the most frequent event. The first ectopic complex of
      VT was R-on-T in only 17.2%. Sinus tachycardia was associated with significantly
      fewer episodes of VT with rates of 110-140 min-1 than when the sinus rate was
      normal. However episodes of ventricular tachycardia with rates of 181 to 220
      beats min-1 were more frequent during sinus tachycardia. Analysis of the
      frequency of premature ventricular contractions in the 10-min period immediately
      preceding ventricular tachycardia revealed no premature ventricular contractions
      in 24.4% of cases. Multiple premature ventricular contractions with a frequency
      of greater than or equal to 5 min-1 were observed in 8.4% of cases, multifocal in
      30.3%, couplets in 24% and early PVCs in 12.2%. In the minute before ventricular
      tachycardia, only 40.2% of cases displayed premature ventricular contractions. In
      that minute, complex premature ventricular contractions were distributed as
      follows: multifocal in 10%, couplets in 8.7% and early PVCs in 2.6% of cases. Out
      of the total of 492 runs of ventricular tachycardia, 5 cases (1%) resulted in
      ventricular fibrillation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416568
TI  - Tumour specificity of the SCM test for cancer diagnosis.
AB  - Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), a well-known mitogen, and encephalitogenic factor (EF)
      are recognized by lymphocytes of patients with different malignant diseases as
      non-specific antigens. Utilizing these two antigens, the SCM (structuredness of
      the cytoplasmatic matrix) test offers a means of discrimination between malignant
      and non-malignant diseases. The SCM test can also be used as a specificity test
      since lymphocytes from donors with a given malignant disease react exclusively
      with the tumour-associated antigen (TAA) of that disease. Results from 73 donors
      (15 healthy patients, 38 patients with different types of malignant disorders and
      20 patients with autoimmune diseases) indicate the predictive value of the test.
      First, the non-specific test was applied in order to establish whether the
      patients suffered from an active malignant disease. The lymphocytes of those
      patients which were found to suffer from an active malignant disorder were then
      exposed to different types of tumour tissues. Twenty-five out of the 38 patients
      with malignant disorders were found by the SCM test to have an active disease.
      The lymphocytes of 24 out of these 25 patients showed a positive reaction when
      exposed to tumour tissue of the same type of cancer of which they were found to
      suffer by other clinical tests, and displayed no reaction with any other tumour
      tissues for which they were tested. One patient, with an inconclusive value of
      the SCM test, showed no reaction with any type of tumour to which he was exposed.
      The remaining 13 patients, who were diagnosed by the test as non-cancerous, did
      not show any clinical evidence of malignancy at the time of the test, after their
      tumours had been excised. Eighteen out of 20 patients with autoimmune diseases
      showed negative results when tested by the general test and by the various
      specificity tests.

PMID- 2416569
TI  - Validation of radioimmunoassay for human lactalbumin in the serum by testing the
      endogenous antibodies interference.
AB  - For re-establishing the value of human lactalbumin as a functional marker of
      normal and pathological activity of the breast a sensitive and specific
      radioimmunoassay was established with the prior important control of the
      interference of endogenous antibodies. The specificity of the assay was assessed
      by the absence of interference from other proteins in milk or in breast cyst
      fluid, various hormones and tumor markers. Bovine lactalbumin showed incomplete
      and weak cross-reactivity. By an enzymoimmunoassay method it was shown that all
      the 222 human sera studied contain IgG immunoglobulins which bind bovine and
      human lactalbumin with greater reactivity of children's serum and without
      relationship to the blood groups. The maximum affinity constant of these
      endogenous immunoglobulins determined by the radioimmunoassay method is 4.5 times
      greater for bovine (Kd = 18 X 4(-11) M) than for human (Kd = 4 X 10(-11) M)
      lactalbumin. These endogenous anti-lactalbumin immunoglobulins caused no
      interference in the radioimmunoassay as shown by the complete correlation between
      the concentrations of human lactalbumin previously incubated and added to sera
      containing high-affinity antibodies and those measured directly in the
      radioimmunoassay. This lack of interference was explained by the higher (22-fold)
      affinity constant of the rabbit antiserum against human lactalbumin (Kd = 9 X 10(
      12) M). The study of endogenous antibodies by the two enzymes and
      radioimmunoassay methods is needed before assessing and using a radioimmunoassay
      of human lactalbumin in serum.

PMID- 2416570
TI  - Potentiation of the bleomycin, arabinofuranosylcytosine and adriamycin-caused
      inhibition of DNA synthesis in lymphocytes by bestatin in vitro.
AB  - Combinations of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (araC), bleomycin (BLM) or
      adriamycin (ADM) with the dipeptide bestatin do not result in an enhanced in
      vitro cytotoxicity in the macrophage-free L5178y mouse lymphoma cell system.
      However, in macrophage-containing murine spleen lymphocytes bestatin causes a
      potentiating effect of the cytostatic drugs araC, BLM and ADM with respect to
      their potencies to inhibit DNA synthesis. In the presence of 1 microgram
      bestatin/ml, the ED50 concentrations causing a 50% reduction of [3H]dThd
      incorporation were significantly lowered; 4.3-fold in the studies with araC and
      BLM, and 1.8-fold in the experiments with ADM. Bestatin, given alone, displays a
      stimulating effect on [3H]dThd incorporation into macrophage-containing
      lymphocyte cultures within the concentration range 0.1-10 micrograms/ml. In
      contrast to the bestatin-stimulated lymphocytes, ConA-stimulated as well as LPS
      stimulated lymphocytes do not show a higher sensitivity to the selected drugs
      inhibiting DNA synthesis. These data should encourage the practical use of
      bestatin in combination with araC, BLM or ADM in cancer treatment.

PMID- 2416571
TI  - Effect of triethyltin chloride on the central aminergic neurotransmitters and
      their metabolites: relationship with pathophysiology of aging.
AB  - Triethyltin (TET) salt intoxication provokes a myelinic vacuolisation associated
      with a white matter cerebral edema. The central nervous system disturbances
      accompanying these phenomena (Na-K-ATPase activity, neurological symptoms, water
      and sodium cerebral content) can be counteracted by drugs used in age-related
      brain failure; consequently, TET intoxication could be suggested as an
      experimental model for studying the aging process. The aim of the present study
      is to follow-up the biogenic amine concentrations in different brain areas of TET
      treated rats, knowing that modifications of cerebral amines exist throughout the
      aging process. The following results are obtained: the cerebral water content of
      the TET treated rats is significantly increased, confirming the existence of a
      brain edema. Monoamine concentrations are significantly decreased, specifically
      noradrenaline (in hypothalamus, mesencephalon, cerebellum); serotonin (in
      striatum, hypothalamus, mesencephalon); dopamine only in hypothalamus; these are
      accompanied by an increase of the metabolites 5 HIAA (in striatum and
      mesencephalon) and HVA (striatum). These modifications are compared to those
      occurring in physiological aging, and hypothetical mechanisms are reviewed. We
      conclude that TET intoxication must not be considered as a pathophysiological
      model of brain aging, but may be considered as a useful pharmacological tool for
      studying experimental drugs liable to counteract brain age-induced disturbances.

PMID- 2416572
TI  - The binding of leukotriene C4 and leukotriene D4 to membranes of a smooth muscle
      cell line (BC3H1) and evidence that leukotriene induced contraction in these
      cells is mediated by thromboxane, protein and RNA syntheses.
AB  - Leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and leukotriene D4 (LTD4) are important mediators of
      anaphylaxis and induced thromboxane (TxA2) synthesis in vivo and in vitro. The
      mechanism by which this occurs is not known and the cellular source of
      leukotriene (LT) induced TxA2 has not been identified. To obtain insights into
      this problem we have established an in vitro system using the BC3H1 murine smooth
      muscle cell line. A membrane fraction obtained from these cells contained binding
      sites for [3H]LTC4 having high specificity and affinity. Binding of [3H]LTC4 was
      saturable, specific and reversible with a dissociation constant (KD) of 33 +/- 16
      nM and a maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) of 25 +/- 6 pmol/mg membrane
      protein. However, the amount of [3H]LTD4 specifically bound was considerably less
      than that of [3H]LTC4. LTC4 and LTD4 induced these cells to contract, a process
      which was blocked by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and thromboxane synthetase.
      Using a radioimmunoassay, we have shown that the level of TxB2 (a stable
      metabolite of TxA2) was increased in response to LTC4 and LTD4 treatment in a
      dose-dependent manner. Cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, and
      actinomycin D, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, were found to inhibit both LTC4-
      and LTD4-induced TxB2 synthesis and cellular contraction. Arachidonic acid, in
      the absence of LT, increased the levels of TxB2 synthesis and contraction even in
      the presence of cycloheximide and actinomycin D. These data are consistent with
      the hypothesis that the rate-limiting step in LT-induced TxB2 synthesis is the
      formation of free arachidonic acid, a process which requires RNA and protein
      synthesis.

PMID- 2416573
TI  - The effect of dopamine upon oxidative metabolism of brown fat adipocytes.
AB  - The effect of dopamine upon the oxygen consumption (QO2) of brown fat adipocytes
      was measured by polarography. The results showed a marked stimulation of QO2 by
      dopamine, similar to that induced by noradrenaline. The dopamine response could
      be blocked by haloperidol, butaclamol, propranolol and by high concentrations of
      tolazoline. These results suggest a role for dopamine in energy release from
      brown fat.

PMID- 2416574
TI  - Effects of the Ca agonist Bay K8644 on 45Ca influx and net Ca uptake into rabbit
      aortic smooth muscle.
AB  - We examined the effects of Bay K8644 and external K+ on isolated rings of rabbit
      aorta. Previous evidence has suggested that the Ca channel agonist, Bay K8644,
      preferentially opens the potential-sensitive Ca2+ channels (PSCs) rather than
      receptor-operated Ca2+ channels (ROCs). Bay K8644 stimulated 45Ca influx, net Ca
      gain and contractile tension were measured as a function of extracellular K+
      concentration. Although Bay K8644 induced little tension at 5 mM K+ (PSS), Ca2+
      influx was stimulated from a resting value of 12 mumol X kg-1 X min-1 (0.02 pmol
      X cm-2 X s-1) to 17 mumol X kg-1 X min-1 while the total Ca content increased by
      95 mumol X kg-1. This net Ca gain was reversed by 50 mM caffeine. As the external
      K+ was increased from 5 to 80 mM, the Bay K8644 stimulation of influx and
      contraction first increased and then decreased. The data are explained in terms
      of a calcium entry model consisting of membrane Ca2+ channels in series with a
      subplasmalemmal barrier consisting of superficial sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).

PMID- 2416575
TI  - Effects of guanethidine and phenethylguanidine on the frog neuromuscular
      junction.
AB  - The effects of two guanidine derivatives, guanethidine and phenethylguanidine (2
      phenyl-ethyl-guanidine), on neuromuscular transmission in the sartorius nerve
      muscle preparation of the frog, Rana pipiens, were investigated. Both compounds
      decreased the peak height of the evoked end-plate current (EPC). The decay of the
      EPC was changed from a single exponential to a double exponential. The effects of
      both compounds on the EPC peak height increased with hyperpolarization, and the
      peak EPC/membrane voltage relationship thus became non-linear. The absence of an
      effect on the mean quantal content (m) indicated that the two compounds acted
      postsynaptically. The power spectrum of the ACh-induced noise was changed by
      guanethidine from a single Lorentzian to a double Lorentzian curve. The single
      channel conductance was decreased with hyperpolarization. It was concluded from
      these observations that guanethidine is an open channel blocker.
      Phenethylguanidine shifted the cut-off frequency of the ACh-induced noise to a
      higher frequency. However, the power spectrum showed only a single Lorentzian,
      and there was a lack of low frequency component in the power spectrum, which was
      expected from the decay phase of the EPC. The single channel conductance
      decreased, but in contrast to the case of guanethidine, there was no voltage
      dependency. The possible mechanism of action of phenethylguanidine is discussed.

PMID- 2416576
TI  - Effects of calcium antagonists on mechanical responses of mammalian skeletal
      muscles.
AB  - Rodent muscles were exposed to several organic calcium antagonists, and
      mechanical responses to direct electrical stimulation were recorded. Verapamil
      and D600, at 25 microM, depressed twitch and tetanus tension and caused fading of
      the tetanus plateau. These effects increased with frequency of stimulation, and
      were not reversed by doubled extracellular calcium. Depression of tension
      progressed to complete paralysis after 60-90 min exposure to verapamil. Bepridil
      and diltiazem both caused depression of tension and tetanus fade. Nifedipine
      caused marked, and nitrendipine caused slight, potentiation of twitch tension but
      did not alter tetanic tension. The magnitude of the observed effects on tension
      (either depression or potentiation) correlated with neither the relative calcium
      antagonist potencies of the drugs in other tissues nor with the ability of the
      drugs to cross the cell membrane. The continued decline in tension observed on
      prolonged exposure indicates that chronic exposure to low levels in vivo might
      lead to significant muscle weakness.

PMID- 2416577
TI  - D600 as a direct blocker of Ca-dependent K currents in Helix neurons.
AB  - The effects of D600 and inorganic Ca blockers on calcium and Ca-dependent
      potassium currents were investigated in Helix neurons under current and voltage
      clamp conditions. At low concentrations (10-50 microM), D600 enlarged the Ca
      dependent spike in U cells, which was blocked at higher concentrations. D600 130
      and 17 microM reduced the Ca current ICa and the Ca-dependent K current IK(Ca)
      respectively by half. IK(Ca) blockade developed rapidly and was almost
      irreversible. ICa blockade had a slower time course and was easily reversible.
      Hyperpolarization unblocked part of the Ca channels but had no effect on the
      blocked K(Ca) channels. Both currents were simultaneously reduced by half with 22
      microM cadmium. These data indicate that D600, verapamil and diltiazem, block
      K(Ca) channels directly whether or not they have a blocking effect on Ca
      channels. It is concluded on the basis of intracellular D600 injection that the
      site of action is located on the outer mouth of the K(Ca) channels.

PMID- 2416578
TI  - Desensitization of substance P-induced K+ release in rat parotid.
AB  - Challenge of rat parotid slices with substance P or its analogs, at
      concentrations which cause less than maximal response resulted in the transient
      release of K+ into the medium. Reuptake of the released K+ into the cell was
      accompanied by a parallel decrease in the biologically active concentration of
      the peptide in the medium, indicating that at low concentrations inactivation of
      the peptide is a mechanism for termination of the substance P response. At
      concentrations of substance P and its analogs which are higher than needed for a
      maximal response, a second mechanism for the termination of the response enters
      into play, resulting in desensitization of the response to substance P.
      Desensitization was specific for substance P and was not influenced by activation
      of the cholinergic or alpha-adrenoceptors. Inactivation of the peptide by
      proteolytic breakdown does not take part in the development of desensitization to
      substance P.

PMID- 2416579
TI  - Tachykinin antagonists have potent local anaesthetic actions.
AB  - Contrary to what would have been expected, an antagonist of substance P (SP)
      [Arg5,D-Trp7,9]SP-(5-11) inhibited the neurogenic contraction of isolated guinea
      pig hilus bronchi more readily than a contraction produced by exogenous SP.
      Furthermore, it has previously been shown that a tachykinin antagonist given
      intrathecally produced motor blockade as do local anaesthetic drugs. We therefore
      examined whether tachykinin antagonists had a depressant action on axonal
      neurotransmission. The compound action potential (APc) of the frog isolated
      sciatic nerve was suppressed in a concentration-dependent manner by the
      tachykinin antagonists [D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9]SP and [Arg5,D-Trp7,9]Sp-(5-11), both
      being about 4 times more potent than lidocaine. SP itself was without effect.
      Similarly in the rat isolated sciatic nerve [D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9]SP suppressed the
      APc. It was more potent in the A alpha- than in the C-fibres. SP did not affect
      conduction in either fibre type. In conscious guinea-pigs [D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9]SP
      injected adjacent to the sciatic nerve was found to block motor but not sensory
      functions of the limb. Thus, commonly used tachykinin antagonists, but not SP
      itself, have potent local anaesthetic properties. This should be considered when
      these agents are employed as pharmacological tools.

PMID- 2416580
TI  - The calcium channel agonist, Bay K 8644, inhibits renin release from rat kidney
      cortical slices.
AB  - The effects of Bay K 8644 [methyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-nitro-4-(2
      trifluoromethylphenyl) -pyridine-5-carboxylate], a calcium channel agonist, on
      renin release in rat kidney cortical slices were examined. Bay K 8644 produced a
      dose-related inhibition of renin release in the presence of 15 mM potassium. The
      inhibitory effect of Bay K 8644 on this release was abolished when calcium was
      excluded from the incubation medium. Nifedipine exerted a concentration-dependent
      blocking action on the inhibition of renin release by Bay K 8644. These findings
      support the proposal that calcium influx into the renin secretory cells is an
      inhibitory signal for renin release.

PMID- 2416581
TI  - Evidence for possible increase of sodium channel open time and involvement of
      Na/Ca exchange by a new positive inotropic drug: OPC-8212.

PMID- 2416582
TI  - Transmitter expression and morphological development of embryonic medullary and
      mesencephalic raphe neurones after transplantation to the adult rat central
      nervous system. I. Grafts to the spinal cord.
AB  - Suspensions of cells derived from the mesencephalic raphe or medullary raphe
      regions of the 13-14 day old embryonic rat brain were injected into the spinal
      cord of adult rats which had been previously denervated with 5,7
      dihydroxytryptamine. At periods of up to 12 months after grafting, the spinal
      cords were taken for immunohistochemical analysis of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT),
      substance P (SP) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). In nearly all cases,
      surviving transplants were found. The grafts derived from mesencephalic raphe
      cells contained neurones which were immunoreactive to 5HT, or SP, but not both
      together. On average 4% of the total possible number of the available embryonic
      mesencephalic serotoninergic cells were found. A very dense outgrowth of 5HT
      positive fibres from the transplant was observed, extending up to 1.5 cm in both
      the caudal and rostral directions from the graft locus. Some SP immunoreactive
      fibres were also apparent near the implant. The grafts derived from the medullary
      transplant also contained 5HT-immunoreactive cells, comprising on average 25% of
      the total 5HT neurones available from the embryonic medullary primordium. In
      addition, neurones co-localizing 5HT together with SP and TRH were visible,
      closely reflecting the situation found in the medullary raphe in situ. Dense
      plexi of fibres containing 5HT-LI extended both caudally and rostrally up to 12
      15 mm from the transplant. Outgrowth of SP and TRH varicose fibres was also
      demonstrable, although to a lesser degree than for 5HT. It was also possible to
      find many motoneurones surrounded by varicose fibres containing both 5HT and SP,
      in contrast to the situation with the mesencephalic grafts, where no such
      patterns of innervation were seen. The experiments indicate that the milieu of
      the spinal cord may compromise the survival of mesencephalic raphe 5HT neurones
      far more than of medullary serotonin cells. However, despite this effect on cell
      survival, the outgrowth of fibres from the remaining mesencephalic 5HT neurones
      was apparently unaffected by their ectopic position. Similarly, the transmitter
      content of both classes of raphe cells was largely unaltered, either by the
      transplantation process or by the environment into which they were placed. It is
      concluded that although the adult denervated spinal cord can selectively affect
      neuronal survival, it is incapable either of inducing in other serotoninergic
      cells placed within it the transmitter phenotype typical of medullary raphe
      neurones, or of causing those ectopically located 5HT cells to form connections
      appropriate to the descending serotonin fibres.

PMID- 2416583
TI  - Effects of neonatal intraocular colchicine on synaptogenesis and on the retention
      of the ipsilateral retinofugal projection within the superior colliculus.
AB  - A normally transient ipsilateral retinofugal projection exists in the rat but is
      retained following eye removal because of the loss of competitive interaction
      between crossed and uncrossed fibers. To further explore this phenomenon,
      colchicine (10(-3)M) was injected into the right eye of newborn albino rats to
      partially suppress axonal transport in optic fibers, alter the developmental time
      course of retinofugal synaptic terminals and determine if this would in turn
      extend the period of survival of the ipsilateral projection. Measurements of the
      number of fibers in the nerve were also made to insure that colchicine was not
      lethal to the retinofugal projection. Projections into the superior colliculus
      were demonstrated by anterograde movement of HRP from the left eye. TMB
      histochemistry revealed dense labeling of the contralateral retino-recipient
      layers at 5 dpn in untreated or saline-injected controls. The ipsilateral
      projection was seen as a lighter band of activity across the colliculus which was
      most concentrated in the antero-medial quadrant. This pathway was transient and
      degenerated by 10 dpn, except for a few antero-medial fibers. Animals treated
      with colchicine demonstrated a retention of this pathway through 20 dpn. A
      concomitant quantitative analysis of synaptic development within the superior
      colliculus revealed populations of boutons with round (R) and flattened (F)
      vesicles, as well as multiple junctional (MJ) and serial (S) complexes, most of
      which were specialized R boutons. The various synaptic categories displayed
      specific ratios unique to the different stages of maturation. Intraocular
      colchicine reduced the ratio of R, MJ and S boutons to F terminals between 5-15
      dpn (P less than 0.01). By 20 dpn, the proportions of MJ and S boutons remained
      depressed but the normal ratio of R to F boutons was restored. Areal
      determinations of each synaptic profile included in the counts revealed a
      significant reduction in the size of MJ synaptic profiles examined in colchicine
      treated animals and this may have been reflected in the slight loss of tectal
      volume (6-9%). Removal of the left eye and assessment of degenerating boutons
      showed that the expanded ipsilateral projection was not sufficiently dense to
      produce such a restoration. It thus appears that colchicine delayed the growth of
      the R population, but the effect was reversible and this category of boutons
      continued to develop, albeit on a later time course.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2416584
TI  - Leucine-enkephalin-like immunoreactive fibers in the medial preoptic area of the
      rat: their distribution and origin.
AB  - We studied the distribution of fibers with leucine-enkephalin-like
      immunoreactivity (L-ENKI) in the medial preoptic area (MPO) of the rat, and the
      origins of such fibers, using indirect immunofluorescence and a combination of a
      retrograde tracer with immunocytochemistry that we have developed. These fibers
      were very dense throughout the rostro-caudal part of the MPO. The distribution
      was uneven with the highest density in the lateral part. Destruction of the
      arcuate nucleus, which contains a group of L-ENKI neurons, resulted in the marked
      reduction of these fibers in the ipsilateral MPO, suggesting that most of these
      fibers originate in this nucleus. This was also suggested by the fact that
      injection of biotin-wheat germ agglutinin into the MPO labelled many neurons in
      the arcuate nucleus ipsilaterally. Simultaneous staining with antiserum showed
      that some of these neurons are L-ENKI.

PMID- 2416585
TI  - Evidence for two types of GABA-containing interneurons in the A-laminae of the
      cat lateral geniculate nucleus: a double-label HRP and GABA-immunocytochemical
      study.
AB  - Neurons containing GABA immunoreactivity were analyzed in the A-laminae of normal
      cat LGN and of LGN retrogradely labeled with HRP from the visual cortex. In
      contrast to retrograde labeling of relay cells, GABA+ cells were devoid of HRP
      label, providing additional evidence for the interneuronal nature of GABAergic
      cells in the cat LGN. Cell body area measurements showed that the population of
      GABA+ cells is composed of a large proportion of small (beta) cells and a smaller
      proportion of medium size (alpha) cells. The proportion of alpha GABA+ cells
      increases from medial to lateral parts of the A-laminae, resembling a similar
      medio-lateral increase of physiologically defined Y cells and of morphologically
      defined type 1 cells in these laminae. This suggests that the alpha and beta
      GABAergic cells are related to the Y and X geniculo-cortical relay cells,
      respectively.

PMID- 2416586
TI  - Number and size of motoneurons in a forelimb motor nucleus of normal and
      dystrophic (C57BL/6J dy2j/dy2j) mice.
AB  - The method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was
      used to identify the motoneurons that innervate the distal forelimb muscles via
      the ulnar nerve in normal and dystrophic (C56BL/6J dy2j/dy2j) mice. In both
      normal and dystrophic mice this motor nucleus was located in spinal segments C6
      through T1. No clear division, on the basis of size, into alpha and gamma
      motoneuron populations was apparent. The motoneurons of dystrophic mice were
      fewer in number (26.5 vs. 35) but larger in cross-sectional area (780 vs. 674
      microns2) than those of age-matched control mice. These results are
      quantitatively similar to those reported for the hind limb soleus muscle of
      dystrophic mice and suggest that the motoneuronal changes are a reflection of the
      dystrophic process rather than the associated spontaneous action potential
      generation seen in the dystrophic hind limb muscles.

PMID- 2416587
TI  - Structural properties of spinal nerve roots: protein composition.
AB  - The protein compositions of dorsal and ventral spinal nerve roots were determined
      using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Protein readily
      soluble in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sample buffer made up 8.1% of the wet
      weight of dorsal and ventral roots. Spinal root protein samples consisted
      predominantly (60%) of myelin-associated proteins. Other major proteins including
      those tentatively identified as tubulin, actin, nuclear histones, and others
      accounted for the remainder of recovered protein. The protein constituents of
      nerve roots were similar to those of peripheral nerve but differed from those of
      spinal cord. Nerve roots and peripheral nerve were characterized by fewer major
      protein bands but greater concentrations of myelin proteins. Collagen which did
      not readily solubilize in SDS sample buffer was estimated by assaying for
      hydroxyproline. Nerve roots consisted of approximately 0.4% collagen by weight
      which was only one-fifth the amount estimated for nerve but six times more than
      spinal cord. It was apparent that the biomechanical frailty of roots compared
      with peripheral nerve might be explained by differences in the relative collagen
      contents of these tissues. The protein constituents of nerve roots after
      unilateral nerve crush were relatively stable compared with the profound changes
      seen in ipsilateral nerve and modest changes seen in contralateral uninjured
      nerve.

PMID- 2416588
TI  - Cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood T-lymphocyte clones activated by hepatitis
      B virus surface antigen.
AB  - The present studies examined the cytotoxic activities of peripheral blood
      lymphocytes (PBL) from volunteers with (sero-positive) and without (sero
      negative) circulating antibodies to hepatitis B virus surface antigen before and
      30 days after vaccination with hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg). Long
      term culture of monospecific hepatitis B surface (HBsAg)-responsive T-lymphocytes
      were isolated and grown in large numbers. The mechanism of T-cell mediated
      cytolysis, and the identification of the carbohydrate determinants on the surface
      of these effector cells responsible for the killing effect, are being examined.

PMID- 2416589
TI  - Induction of IgG1 and IgE responses to protein-conjugated and unconjugated beta
      lactam antibiotics in the mouse--efficacy of Freund's complete adjuvant.
AB  - One or two injections two weeks apart of protein-conjugated penicillin G,
      cephalothin or cefmetazole emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant were quite
      effective in producing anti-antibiotic antibodies of the IgE as well as of the
      IgG1 class in mice. Long-lasting and boostable production of both antibody
      classes was also obtained against unconjugated cephalothin or cefmetazole, though
      the positivity depended on the mouse strain.

PMID- 2416590
TI  - [Effect of an analog of endogenous opioids, dalargin, on the structure and
      function of the exocrine tissue of the pancreas in experimental acute
      pancreatitis].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the inhibitory effect of dalargia, a new analogue of
      leu-enkephalin synthesized at the Laboratory of Peptides, All-Union Cardiology
      Research Center, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. Acute experiments on 22
      dogs were performed to examine the effect of parenteral administration of
      dalargin in the total dose 3 mg on morphological and functional changes in the
      endocrine tissue of the pancreas. It was shown that intravenous injection of
      dalargin reduces the basal secretion and inhibits the synthesis of pancreatic
      enzymes in animals with the intact pancreas. In progressive hemorrhagic
      pancreonecrosis, intravenous drip of dalargin improves the microhemocirculation
      and recovers the blood supply of the pancreatic parenchyma, restricts the foci of
      necrosis, reduces the involvement into the pathological process of unaffected
      exocrine cells. Comparative analysis of changes in enzymological characteristics
      in the course of pancreonecrosis development before and after parenteral
      administration of dalargin has revealed a reduction in the proteolytic and
      kininogenase activity, normalization of the antitryptic activity of the pancreas.

PMID- 2416591
TI  - [Effect of antidepressants on the balance of biogenic amines and their
      metabolites in the rat brain].
AB  - A study was made of changes in the balance of neuromediator monoamines and
      metabolistes in rat brain, induced by a single administration of pyrazidol,
      imipramine and norzimelidine. It was revealed that pyrazidal in a dose of 50
      mg/kg increased the level of noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT),
      particularly in the hypothalamus and raphe-nucleus of rat brain. In the same
      brain regions, imipramine (30 mg/kg) raised the NA content and lowered the
      concentration of 5-HT and dopamine (DA) metabolites. Norzimelidine (60 mg/kg)
      elevated the levels of NA and DA in the hypothalamus and reduced the 5-HT content
      in the raphe nucleus of rat brain. It is suggested that the topography of changes
      in the balance of biogenic amines in the brain induced by different
      antidepressants reflects the pharmacological features of their action.

PMID- 2416592
TI  - [Allosteric, non-competitive and independent modulators of receptor-channel
      ensembles].

PMID- 2416593
TI  - Identification of proliferation-sensitive human proteins amongst components of
      the 40 S hnRNP particles. Identity of hnRNP core proteins in the HeLa protein
      catalogue.
AB  - The core proteins of HeLa 40 S hnRNP monoparticles have been identified in the
      HeLa protein catalogue. Human proteins previously identified as proliferation
      sensitive [NEPHGE 21 and 17; Bravo, R. and Celis, J.E. (1982) Clin. Chem. 28,
      766], as well as two proteins characterized in this study (NEPHGE 16 W and 16
      W1), are shown to be components of these particles. These basic nuclear
      polypeptides correspond to core proteins A1, B1a, B2 and C4, respectively. The
      significance of these results in terms of composition and function of hnRNP
      particles is discussed.

PMID- 2416594
TI  - Codon reading patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria based on
      sequences of mitochondrial tRNAs.
AB  - The sequences of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial tRNA Arg1, tRNA Arg2,
      tRNA Gly, tRNA Lys2, tRNA Leu amd tRNA Pro are reported. Special structural
      features were found in tRNA Pro, which has A8, C21, A48 instead of the constant
      residues U8, A21 and pyrimidine 48, and in tRNA Lys2, which has a U excluded from
      base-paring and bulging out from the TpsiC stem. The tRNA Arg1, tRBA Lys2 and
      tRNA Leu, which belong to two-codon families ending in a purine, have a modified
      uridine in the wobble position, which prevents misreading of C and U. It is
      likely to be 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluridine. tRNA Gly and tRNA Pro have an
      unmodified uridine in the wobble position allowing the reading of all four codons
      of a four-codon family. However, tRNA Arg2, which is a minor species and belongs
      to the CGN four-codon family, has an unmodified A in the wobble position. This
      unusual feature raises the problem of the mechanism by which the codons CGA, CGG
      and CGC are recognized.

PMID- 2416595
TI  - Factors affecting polyamine excretion from mammalian cells in culture. Inhibitors
      of polyamine biosynthesis.
AB  - Canavanine, diaminopropane, alpha-methylornithine and methylglyoxal
      bis(guanylhydrazone) decreased the intracellular polyamine concentrations in
      growing baby hamster kidney cells. Each of the inhibitors also prevented
      polyamine efflux into the extracellular medium. Concomitant with the decrease in
      polyamine excretion was a change in the distribution of polyamines in the
      extracellular medium. In each case there was a decrease in the amount of
      radioactivity present as free spermidine and an increase in that found as acetyl
      polyamines. The magnitude of this shift correlated with the degree of inhibition
      of excretion. It may be that acetyl polyamines play a role in the regulation of
      polyamine excretion.

PMID- 2416596
TI  - Acid endopeptidase activity of human myelin, elicited by using exogenous myelin
      basic protein as enzyme substrate.
AB  - Purified human myelin was incubated with exogenous myelin basic protein (MBP) at
      pH 4.0 to see if there is acid proteinase activity associated with myelin.
      Following incubation for 12 h up to 70% of MBP was degraded. On electrophoresis
      peptide fragments of MBP between 15.8 and 9.4 kDa were consistent with an
      endopeptic cleavage of MBP. Unlike the exogenous substrate MBP associated with
      myelin was only slightly degraded under the experimental conditions used. The
      results show that proteinase activity associated with isolated myelin may be
      elicited and further evaluated by using MBP as enzyme substrate.

PMID- 2416597
TI  - Epidermolytic toxin from Staphylococcus aureus binds to filaggrins.
AB  - The affinity of epidermolytic toxin from Staphylococcus aureus for proteins from
      the target tissue has been tested by a Western blotting procedure. Particular
      proteins in a 1 M phosphate extract of epidermis reacted on nitrocellulose blots
      with a probe prepared by the conjugation of toxin with peroxidase. Protein
      extracted into 50 mM Tris-HCl did not react. The probe detected profilaggrin,
      filaggrin and a smaller unidentified polypeptide. It is suggested that the
      interaction is relevant to the mode of action of the toxin.

PMID- 2416598
TI  - A trisomic child after in vitro fertilization: result of paternal nondisjunction.

PMID- 2416599
TI  - Supravital staining of frozen human spermatozoa.

PMID- 2416600
TI  - [Molecular mechanisms of the action of androgens].

PMID- 2416601
TI  - Cosinor analysis of circadian changes in cytoplasmic RNA of nucleus supraopticus
      and nucleus arcuatus neurons following a single dose of ACTH.

PMID- 2416602
TI  - [Studies of progestin specific binding protein in the human prostate. [III];
      Sodium molybdate effect on SDG analysis].
AB  - The effect of sodium molybdate on the specific binding protein (SBP) of synthetic
      progestin 17 alpha-methyl-[3H]-promegestone (R5020) in the cytosol of the human
      prostate was studied. In a sucrose density gradient analysis, two R5020 SBP
      components at 4S and 7-8S were observed. It was apparent that the 4S component
      was reduced and the 7-8S component increased with the addition of 10mM sodium
      molybdate into the cytosol. Therefore, the molybdate enhancement degree on total
      SBP amount (4S plus 7-8S) was decided by the relationship between the decreasing
      rate at 4S and the increasing one at 7-8S. It was shown that the molybdate effect
      was time-dependent and was not related to the SBP state, whether it was bounded
      with steroid or not. Moreover, it was estimated that the molybdate effect was not
      related to phosphatase inhibition since R5020 SBP in SDG was not enhanced by the
      addition of sodium fluoride which was a phosphatase inhibitor. In this report,
      the possibility of the existence of the 7-8S forming factor in the human prostate
      and the relationship between it and sodium molybdate was also discussed through
      an experiment on a Sephadex G-25.

PMID- 2416603
TI  - Treatment of cutaneous infection due to Mycobacterium ulcerans.
AB  - A Zairese patient with an extensive ulceration on the left foot due to
      Mycobacterium ulcerans was successfully treated with antibiotics and Debrisan.
      The diagnosis and treatment are discussed.

PMID- 2416604
TI  - The immunohistochemical observation of somatostatin-like and avian pancreatic
      polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in certain cellular elements of diabetic
      lipodystrophic skin.
AB  - Somatostatin-like and avian pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivities were
      found to occur within certain cellular elements of the dermis of a patient having
      diabetic lipodystrophic skin lesions. No specific immunofluorescence could be
      seen in the epidermis.

PMID- 2416605
TI  - Amino acid analysis of the horny layer of the soles of patients with hereditary
      palmoplantar keratoderma.
AB  - The amino acid composition of keratin from soles of patients suffering from
      hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma of the Unna Thost variety was investigated.
      Patients were divided into two groups: those without dermatophytosis and those
      whose hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma was complicated with a dermatophyte
      infection. The amino acid composition of the horny layer was compared to that of
      control individuals and to a previously performed analysis of mammalian hair.
      However, no difference was found between the groups nor was any explanation as to
      why Trichophyton mentagrophytes occurred significantly more often in soles of
      patients with hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma made apparent.

PMID- 2416606
TI  - Chicken erythrocyte chromatin and nuclear envelope antigens.
AB  - Chromatin and inner layer nuclear envelope were isolated from chicken erythrocyte
      nuclei. Two antisera against dehistonized chromatin and nuclear envelope of
      chicken erythrocytes were obtained. Using the antiserum against dehistonized
      chromatin of erythrocytes we found: the presence of the antigens at approximate
      mol. wts of 56,000 and 77,000 tightly bound with DNA and characteristic of only
      erythrocyte chromatin; localized antigens at approximate mol. wts of 63,000,
      68,000 and 92,000 tightly bound with DNA and common only for chromatin and
      nuclear envelope of chicken erythrocytes; heterogeneity of the antigens tightly
      bound with DNA. Using the antiserum against inner layer nuclear envelope we did
      not find antigens specific only for nuclear envelope and absent in erythrocyte
      chromatin. Some of the antigens were present in the control preparations of
      chicken liver chromatin and may be regarded as being species specific.

PMID- 2416607
TI  - Human calcitonin in the management of osteoporosis: a multicentre study.
AB  - In a multicentre open trial 530 patients suffering from primary osteoporosis,
      secondary osteoporosis and Sudeck's disease were enrolled to assess synthetic
      human calcitonin efficacy on bone pain relief. Spontaneous pain, pain on
      movement, provoked pain, functional impairment and patient's assessment were
      recorded. During the first 30 days of treatment, all the parameters significantly
      improved (p less than 0.01) and the tolerability was satisfactory. Four hundred
      and ten patients entered a follow-up study, this number gradually decreasing over
      a 6-month period due to a satisfactory outcome. Efficacy on bone pain remained
      very high in most of the patients, many of whom continued to improve. These
      results suggest that synthetic human calcitonin is highly effective on pain and
      functional impairment in bone disease and is well tolerated.

PMID- 2416608
TI  - Evidence for an inhibitory role of cyclic AMP in the control of juvenile hormone
      biosynthesis by cockroach corpora allata.
AB  - High levels of cyclic AMP were found in the corpora allata of adult female
      Diploptera punctata. The adenylate cyclase activator forskolin caused a rapid,
      reversible and dose-dependent accumulation of cAMP in the corpora allata in
      vitro. The sensitivity of the corpora allata to forskolin was low when juvenile
      hormone (JH) synthetic activity was high, and vice versa. Incubation of corpora
      allata with compounds which cause or mimic elevated intracellular cAMP levels
      (forskolin, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, 8-bromo-cAMP) led to a rapid and dose
      dependent inhibition of juvenile hormone synthesis. Glands from day 5 virgin
      females were more sensitive to forskolin than glands from mated females of the
      same age. The results suggest that a cAMP second messenger system may be
      responsible for the intracellular transduction of inhibitory signals to the
      corpora allata of D. punctata.

PMID- 2416609
TI  - Changes in total RNA, polyadenylated RNA, and actin mRNA during meiotic
      maturation of mouse oocytes.
AB  - The total RNA content of mouse oocytes, as measured by ethidium bromide
      fluorescence, was found to decrease by 19% during meiotic maturation (ovulated
      eggs contain 19% less RNA than full-grown oocytes). Consistent with these
      results, prelabeled stable RNA of full-grown oocytes decreased by about 20%
      during in vitro maturation. Polyadenylated RNA represented 19% of total
      prelabeled RNA in full-grown oocytes and 10% in oocytes matured in vitro,
      confirming previous results on in vivo prepared material. To distinguish between
      deadenylation and degradation for one mRNA, the amount and state of adenylation
      of actin mRNA was examined using Northern blots of oocyte RNA probed with a nick
      translated beta-actin cloned chicken cDNA. The results showed that the amount of
      actin mRNA remained similar during maturation, but its molecular weight decreased
      slightly. Experiments in which RNA was treated with oligo(dT) and RNase H
      demonstrated that the actin mRNA was deadenylated during maturation, when actin
      synthesis is known to decline. These results indicate that the previously defined
      loss of bulk RNA and changes in the state of adenylation of mRNA during the first
      11/2 days of embryogenesis actually begin during the 12 hr of meiotic maturation
      preceding fertilization.

PMID- 2416610
TI  - The Jonah genes: a new multigene family in Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - The Jonah gene family consists of approximately 20 genes, distributed in small
      clusters at eight or more widely dispersed chromosomal sites. Gene clusters
      differ in the number of genes per cluster, ranging up to four, and in the
      arrangement of genes within clusters, which include direct repeats, inverted
      repeats, and combinations of direct and inverted repeats. In the third-instar
      larva the Jonah genes are abundantly expressed as transcripts of a single size
      class, located exclusively in the midgut. The Jonah genes were initially defined
      by homology to a reference cDNA clone. However, the structural heterogeneity
      within this gene family is so large that Jonah genes that fail to hybridize to
      the reference cDNA, yet hybridize to other members of the family that do
      hybridize to that cDNA have been subsequently identified. These findings raise
      questions regarding the sharpness of gene family boundaries.

PMID- 2416611
TI  - Developmental and functional analysis of Jonah gene expression.
AB  - The Jonah genes are expressed twice in development: Jonah RNA is detected during
      all larval stages, disappears at the end of the third larval instar, and then
      reappears shortly after eclosion, in the adult midgut. Construction and analysis
      of Jonah cDNA clones reveals that multiple Jonah genes are transcribed; cDNA
      clones deriving from at least four different clusters of Jonah genes have been
      identified. In at least one case, multiple genes in a cluster are transcribed,
      and one cluster is found to be transcribed both in larvae and adults. Evidence
      that different Jonah genes are under different control with respect to both
      spatial and temporal patterns of expression has been provided. Jonah RNA encodes
      a 28-kDa translation product or products for which we consider a possible
      function. Jonah RNA of constant length is found to be conserved in all strains of
      Drosophila melanogaster examined, Jonah genes are found at a minimum of three
      common chromosomal sites in all of seven D. melanogaster strains examined, and
      multiple Jonah genes are found in other Drosophila species.

PMID- 2416612
TI  - Reorganization of intermediate filament cytoskeleton in induced metanephric
      mesenchyme cells is independent of tubule morphogenesis.
AB  - The metanephric mesenchyme becomes converted into epithelial tubules if cultured
      in transfilter contact with an inductor tissue. The expression of intermediate
      filaments (IFs), used as cell-type-specific markers has been studied in this
      model system for differentiation and organogenesis. In immunofluorescence
      microscopy of frozen sections, the undifferentiated cells of isolated metanephric
      mesenchymes uniformly showed IFs of vimentin type only. Also, when cultured as a
      monolayer, cells from the uninduced mesenchymes showed only vimentin filaments.
      In frozen sections of transfilter explants, epithelial tubules apparently
      negative for vimentin could be seen after 3 days in culture, but expression of
      cytokeratin could not be demonstrated in the developing tubules until the fourth
      day of culture. Sections of explants cultured further showed tubule cells with
      distinct fibrillar cytokeratin positivity. The appearance of cytokeratin in the
      explants was also demonstrated with immunoblotting experiments, using two
      different cytokeratin antibodies. Expression of IFs was further examined in
      monolayer cultures of metanephric mesenchymes which had been initially exposed to
      a short transfilter induction pulse. In these experiments, cytokeratin-positive
      cells could be demonstrated after a total of 4 days in culture. Double
      immunofluorescence experiments showed varying amounts of vimentin in the
      cytokeratin-positive cells: after 4 days in culture, most cytokeratin-positive
      cells still showed vimentin-positivity although often in a nonfibrillar form.
      During further culture, gradual disappearance of vimentin-specific fluorescence
      was observed in cytokeratin-positive cells. The results suggest that the vimentin
      positive metanephric mesenchyme cells lose their fibrillar vimentin organization
      upon induction that leads to kidney tubule formation. This change may be
      essential for the transformation from an undifferentiated mesenchymal cell into a
      specialized epithelial cell. Cytokeratin filaments, regarded as a marker for
      epithelial cells, seem to appear simultaneously with or soon after the change in
      vimentin organization. These changes in IF expression also occur in monolayer
      cultures of mesenchyme cells initially exposed to a short transfilter induction
      pulse. This suggests that epithelial differentiation, as revealed by the
      emergence of cytokeratin positivity, may occur even in the absence of a clear
      morphological differentiation and three-dimensional organization of the cells.

PMID- 2416613
TI  - Clonal sublines of rat neurotumor RT4 and cell differentiation. V. Comparison of
      Na+ influx, Rb+ efflux, and action potential among stem-cell, neuronal, and glial
      cell types.
AB  - A multipotential stem-cell-type cell line (RT4-AC) isolated from a rat peripheral
      neurotumor differentiates in culture into two neuronal-type cells (RT4-B and RT4
      E) or into a glial-type cell (RT4-D). The neuronal classification of RT4-B and
      RT4-E cells is based on their positive response to veratridine in the
      tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+-influx and Rb+-efflux assays and on the action
      potential observed upon hyperpolarized stimulation. In addition, these neuronal
      cell types do not synthesize two glial proteins, S100 protein (S100P) and glial
      fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The glial classification of RT4-D is based on
      the syntheses of S100P and GFAP. Additionally, RT4-D does not display veratridine
      activated Na+ influx and Rb+ efflux nor action potential. The stem cell type, RT4
      AC, expresses both neuronal and glial properties to a lesser degree. In the
      neuronal-type cell lines of the RT4 family (RT4-B and RT4-E), the large
      veratridine-activated Na+ influx can further be stimulated by scorpion toxin. The
      Na+ influx of the stem cell (RT4-AC), however, is only slightly stimulated by
      veratridine alone, but greatly stimulated by the addition of veratridine and
      scorpion toxin. These observations suggest that a progressive differentiation of
      voltage-dependent Na+ channels may have occurred by the cell-type conversion from
      the stem cell type to the neuronal cell types. The exact nature of the change in
      Na+ channels is currently not known.

PMID- 2416614
TI  - Developmental changes in keratin patterns during epidermal maturation.
AB  - The biochemical maturation of the epidermis of Xenopus laevis was examined
      through an identification of the keratins expressed at selected stages of
      development. The keratin patterns obtained were compared to those observed in the
      adult epidermis and two Xenopus non-epidermal, epithelial cell lines. The
      keratins expressed during development can be grouped into three classes: (1)
      keratins which are restricted to the embryonic epidermis (58 and 59 kDa); (2)
      keratins which are prominent during development, but become minor components of
      the adult epidermis (47, 48, and 60 kDa); and (3) keratins which accumulate
      during development to become the major keratins of the adult epidermis (49, 53,
      56, and 63 kDa). The embryo-specific keratins are present at all developmental
      stages prior to metamorphosis which we have investigated, but disappear when the
      epidermis keratinizes during metamorphosis. Both class 1 and 2 keratins, while
      undetectable or minor components of the adult skin, are present in the two non
      epidermal cell lines. In contrast, the class 3 keratins show little overlap with
      the keratins of these cell lines. All of the class 3 keratins appear after
      hatching with the exception of the 53-kDa keratin which is present at the
      earliest developmental stage which we have examined. All of the major keratins of
      the adult epidermis accumulate as metamorphosis proceeds, while the embryo
      restricted keratins are gradually lost.

PMID- 2416615
TI  - Hormone-induced loss of surface membrane during maturation of starfish oocytes:
      differential effects on potassium and calcium channels.
AB  - Prior to fertilization, starfish oocytes undergo meiotic maturation, triggered by
      the hormone 1-methyladenine (1-MA). Maturation involves a variety of complex
      biochemical, morphological, and electrical changes, many of which are similar to
      those caused by progesterone in vertebrates. Using voltage-clamp and
      ultrastructural techniques to study maturation in starfish, we have discovered a
      novel process by which 1-MA alters the electrical properties of the oocyte. The
      surface area of the oocyte decreases by more than 50% during the first hour of
      maturation, due to the elimination of microvilli, but the calcium and potassium
      currents present are affected differently by the loss of membrane. The amplitudes
      of both the transient K current ("A-current") and the inwardly rectifying K
      current decrease, following the time course of the decrease in surface area,
      while the Ca current amplitude remains virtually unaffected, and may even
      increase in some oocytes. The kinetics of the currents do not change. This
      selective removal of K channels results in a larger and more rapidly rising
      action potential in the mature egg, which may aid in the fast block to
      polyspermy. The differential accessibility of various ion channels to mechanisms
      of membrane removal and insertion may play an important role in the development
      of excitable cells.

PMID- 2416616
TI  - The development of calcium and potassium currents during oogenesis in the
      starfish, Leptasterias hexactis.
AB  - The development of membrane electrical properties of oocytes of the starfish
      Leptasterias hexactis during oogenesis was studied using voltage- and current
      clamp techniques. Two voltage-dependent K currents--the fast transient and
      inwardly rectifying--are present early in oogenesis, before the rapid growth
      phase, and are maintained throughout oogenesis at the same current density and
      kinetics. The inward current, which is composed of a Ca current and a slower Ca
      dependent inward sodium current, is also present early in oogenesis, but at very
      low current density. Late in oogenesis, after the oocyte has grown to full size,
      the inward current increases in amplitude by about fivefold, and undergoes major
      changes in kinetics. These changes are closely associated with the migration of
      the germinal vesicle to the cell periphery. The relationship of these events to
      electrophysiological changes during subsequent maturation and fertilization of
      the oocytes is discussed.

PMID- 2416617
TI  - Changes in RNA titers and polyadenylation during oogenesis and oocyte maturation
      in Xenopus laevis.
AB  - The titers of over 90 sequences isolated by cDNA cloning of oocyte poly(A)+RNA
      were examined during oogenesis in Xenopus laevis. The relative titers of most
      sequences in unfertilized eggs are established in pre-lamp brush oocytes and
      persist throughout oogenesis. We have identified several sequences whose titers
      decrease significantly during the growth phase of oogenesis as well as a few
      sequences whose titers increase slightly during this period. Among 21 sequences
      analyzed by RNA gel blots, all remained unchanged in titer during oocyte
      maturation. A significant fraction of early oocyte RNA does not bind to
      oligo(dT)cellulose, but by the end of oogenesis transcripts for many RNA species
      examined are detected exclusively in the poly(A)+RNA fraction. During oocyte
      maturation a slight size shift or a broadening of the hybridizing band can be
      seen for many sequences, indicative of poly(A) elongation or degradation.

PMID- 2416618
TI  - Abnormal transverse tubule system and abnormal amount of receptors for Ca2+
      channel inhibitors of the dihydropyridine family in skeletal muscle from mice
      with embryonic muscular dysgenesis.
AB  - We have found two important sets of abnormalities in skeletal muscle from mice
      with embryonic muscular dysgenesis. These abnormalities involve the internal
      structural organization of the muscle fiber and its content of voltage-dependent
      Ca2+ channels. The first abnormality concerns the ultrastructural aspects of the
      membranous couplings between sarcoplasmic reticulum and the transverse tubules,
      known as triads. The triads are less numerous, are disorganized, and lack spaced
      densities (feet). The second abnormality is a significant decrease in specific
      binding sites for the dihydropyridine derivatives, (known as Ca2+ channel
      inhibitors) in striated skeletal muscle, but not in cardiac muscle. Both sets of
      abnormalities are potentially directly linked to the uncoupling of excitation and
      contraction.

PMID- 2416619
TI  - Abnormalities of insulin responses after ambient and previous exposure to glucose
      in streptozocin-diabetic and dexamethasone-treated rats. Role of hyperglycemia
      and increased B-cell demands.
AB  - In NIDDM, B-cells are insensitive to glucose. We studied the specificity and
      evolution of this abnormality in 6-10-wk-old neonatally streptozocin-diabetic
      (STZ) and in dexamethasone-treated (DMT) rats. Not only the effect of ambient but
      also that of previous glucose (priming effect) was characterized in the perfused
      pancreas. In fed STZ, blood glucose was elevated to 9.2 +/- 0.8 versus 5.3 +/-
      0.2 mM in control (C) rats. Ambient glucose (27 mM) in the perfusate induced a
      significant but reduced total response (11% of C) that was predominantly
      monophasic. Secretion was promptly induced (in less than 20 s) both in STZ and C.
      Other nutrients, i.e., glyceraldehyde (10 mM) and alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC)
      (5 mM) also induced reduced and monophasic responses, whereas, in contrast, 3
      isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) induced an enhanced response that was 3.8-fold
      larger than in C. In DMT, blood glucose was normal (5.4 +/- 0.3 mM). Ambient
      glucose (27 mM) in the perfusate induced a normal first phase and a moderately
      reduced second phase (52% of untreated rats). DMT rats were hyperresponsive to
      IBMX, this agent inducing 2.5-fold higher release than in untreated rats.
      Previous perfusion with 27 mM glucose enhanced twofold the effect of a second
      stimulation period with glucose in C. This induction of priming by glucose could
      not be demonstrated in fed STZ or in DMT. However, when STZ were fasted or
      insulin treated for 36 h, induction of priming reappeared, i.e., the second pulse
      of glucose evoked 2-3-fold more insulin release than the first pulse.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416620
TI  - Hospice program eases fear, pain and loneliness.

PMID- 2416621
TI  - Organization of the albumin and alpha-fetoprotein genes in fetal and adult rat
      tissues, and rat hepatomas.
AB  - We compared the organization of the albumin and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) genes in
      chromosomal DNA from different fetal and adult rat tissues as well as from two
      rat hepatomas. These two genes are expressed at widely different levels in the
      tissues and hepatomas analysed. Southern blots of DNAs digested with the
      restriction endonucleases EcoRI, HindIII or MspI were hybridized to albumin and
      AFP complementary DNA (cDNA) and genomic probes. No significant difference was
      observed in the hybridization patterns obtained for the DNAs from the different
      tissues, except for some interstrain variation between the chromosomal DNAs
      isolated from Sprague-Dawley and Buffalo rats, which was due to allelic
      polymorphism. We cannot rule out the possibility of changes in chromosomal gene
      organization which would result either in small alterations of restriction
      fragment size or in translocations of large blocks of DNA containing whole sets
      of restriction enzyme fragments within the chromosome; however, our results
      indicate that the gross organization of the albumin and AFP genes remains
      constant throughout the regulatory processes involved in the tissue- and time
      specific transcription of these genes.

PMID- 2416622
TI  - An ultrastructural and immunohistological study of the rat olfactory epithelium:
      unique properties of olfactory sensory cells.
AB  - The olfactory epithelium contains three cell types: basal cells, supporting cells
      and sensory neurons. Electron microscopy as well as immunofluorescence microscopy
      with intermediate-filament antibodies were used to study the rat olfactory
      epithelium in order to obtain more information about these different cell types
      and to try to investigate their histogenetic origins. We found mitoses in the
      basal-cell layer, as well as multiple centrioles and tonofilaments in some basal
      cells. As revealed by electron microscopy, the supporting cells contained
      tonofilaments and reacted strongly with antibodies to keratin, in line with their
      known epithelial nature. When antibodies to other intermediate-filament types
      were used, i.e. glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, desmin and
      neurofilaments, no reaction was seen in the cells of the olfactory epithelium,
      with the exception of occasional staining of a few axons in the subepithelial
      layer by neurofilament antibodies. In particular, the cell bodies, dendrites and
      most axons of the sensory neurons were negative for a variety of antibodies
      against neurofilaments. Olfactory sensory neurons therefore belong to the very
      few cells in adult animals which seem to lack intermediate filaments. We discuss
      whether this finding is related to the fact that these cells are also unique
      among neurons in that they are not permanent cells but constantly turn over.

PMID- 2416623
TI  - Characterization of human embryonal carcinoma cell lines derived from testicular
      germ-cell tumors.
AB  - Four human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines (ITO, NEC 8, NEC 14, NEC 15)
      derived independently from testicular germ-cell tumors were established in vitro.
      In their xenografted tumor tissues, all of them exhibited histological
      characteristics consistent with EC. The cell-biological characterization of these
      human EC cell lines was investigated with reference to well-known murine EC cell
      lines. This included examination of their morphology, growth, tumorigenic
      potential, karyotype, cell-aggregate formation, HLA expression, large
      glycopeptides, AFP and HCG production, plasminogen-activator secretion, and LDH
      profiles. Three (ITO, NEC 14, NEC 15) of these human EC cell lines shared cell
      biological characteristics consistent with typical EC, but one of them (NEC 8)
      differed from the others with respect to its rapid growth, high tumorigenic
      potential, formation of solid cell aggregates, and less differentiated, solid
      histological pattern. Thus, it is suggested that there are several
      developmentally different types of human EC cells. The relationship between the
      properties of these human EC cell lines and their differentiation potential is
      discussed.

PMID- 2416624
TI  - Phenotype modulation in primary cultures of arterial smooth-muscle cells:
      reorganization of the cytoskeleton and activation of synthetic activities.
AB  - During primary culture, arterial smooth-muscle cells (SMCs) undergo transition
      from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. As a consequence, they lose the
      ability to contract and, instead, acquire the ability to synthesize DNA, divide
      and produce extracellular-matrix components. In the present study, we used
      cytochemical and electron-microscopic methods to study the organization of the
      cytoskeleton in primary cultures of adult rat and human arterial SMCs. Freshly
      isolated cells were all in contractile phenotype and stained intensely with NBD
      phallacidin, a fluorescent marker for F-actin. Diffuse, positive staining was
      also obtained using indirect-immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies
      against tubulin and vimentin, which are subunit proteins of microtubules and
      intermediate filaments, respectively. Fine structurally, the cytoplasm of these
      cells was mainly filled with microfilament bundles coalescing in dense bodies.
      After a few hours in culture, the SMCs attached to the substrate and started to
      extend processes in various directions. These stained with antibodies to tubulin
      and vimentin, but not with NBD-phallacidin. Within 1-3 days of culture, the cells
      spread out on the substrate and developed a system of actin-containing stress
      fibre bundles spanning their entire length, as well as a radiating system of
      microtubules and vimentin filaments, originating in the juxtanuclear region. Fine
      structurally, these changes corresponded to a marked decrease in the number of
      microfilaments, an increase in the number of microtubules and intermediate
      filaments, and the formation of an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and a
      large Golgi complex. The morphological transformation of the cells was
      accompanied by the coordinated activation of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis.

PMID- 2416625
TI  - Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic type B
      hepatitis. A prospective study.
AB  - A prospective surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using serum alpha
      fetoprotein and high-resolution, linear-array, real-time ultrasonography was
      carried out in 432 patients with clinicopathologically proven chronic type B
      hepatitis. During a follow-up period of 6-85 mo (median 23, mean 26.9 +/- 16.8
      mo), asymptomatic HCC was identified in 8 patients, with a calculated annual
      incidence of 826/100,000, and 2768/100,000 for patients over age 35 yr. The
      relative risk of developing HCC in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive chronic
      hepatitis patients was 2 when compared to those that were hepatitis B surface
      antigen-negative, and was 5 when compared in patients over age 35 yr.
      Hepatocellular carcinomas detected by these methods were in a relatively early
      stage as most tumors were small, only 50% were associated with cirrhosis, 37.5%
      were positive for hepatitis B e antibody, and most were still resectable. We,
      therefore, recommend a combination of alpha-fetoprotein and ultrasonography
      surveillance in patients with chronic hepatitis in order to improve the chance of
      early HCC detection as well as the chance for successful resection. In addition,
      the low incidence of cirrhosis and hepatitis B e antibody in these patients with
      "early" HCCs and the occurrence of hepatitis B e antigen/hepatitis B e antibody
      seroconversion after HCC had developed suggest that the development of HCC and
      progression from hepatitis to cirrhosis were two independent (though related)
      sequelae of chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

PMID- 2416626
TI  - Inhibitory effect of the acute inflammatory reaction on liver regeneration after
      partial hepatectomy in the rat.
AB  - We evaluated the influence of an acute inflammatory reaction that triggers the
      synthesis of exportable proteins by hepatocytes on liver regeneration after
      partial hepatectomy, which induces the synthesis of proteins necessary for liver
      cell proliferation. In hepatectomized rats with a turpentine-induced acute
      inflammatory reaction, the first peaks of hepatic DNA synthesis and mitosis were
      significantly inhibited compared with pair-fed controls subjected to partial
      hepatectomy only, and the liver DNA concentration at various times after partial
      hepatectomy was significantly lower in the former than in the latter. Inhibition
      was not obtained when the acute inflammatory reaction was induced 12 h or more
      before partial hepatectomy, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of turpentine
      administration depended on early events in the acute inflammatory reaction. These
      data suggest that one possible mechanism responsible for inhibition of
      regeneration might be competition at the transcriptional or the translational
      level between liver syntheses of various proteins, and that, under certain
      conditions, liver-specific functions might take precedence over regenerative
      functions.

PMID- 2416628
TI  - Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of the CA19-9 and carcinoembryonic
      antigen assays in detecting cancer of the pancreas.
AB  - In this study, we determined the sensitivity and specificity of the new serum
      assay CA19-9 in detecting adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and compared the results
      with those of the serum assay to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Thirty-seven
      patients with biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma (14 patients with resectable disease
      and 23 patients with unresectable disease) were compared with 157 controls (48
      patients with benign pancreatic disease, 34 patients with nonpancreatic sources
      of abdominal pain, 58 patients with benign jaundice, 7 patients with
      nonpancreatic malabsorption, and 10 patients with renal failure on dialysis). It
      was determined that a cutoff of 75 U/ml enhanced the diagnostic efficiency
      (sensitivity + specificity) of CA19-9 over the manufacturer's recommended cutoff
      of 37 U/ml. The sensitivity of CA19-9 (greater than 75 U/ml) in detecting cancer
      was greater than that of CEA (greater than 5 ng/ml) (86.5% vs. 48.4%) (p less
      than 0.01, McNemar test). The sensitivity of CA19-9 was 78.6% in resectable and
      91.3% in unresectable disease. The specificity of CA19-9 was also greater than
      CEA (92.5% vs. 87.3%), although this difference was not statistically
      significant. The higher the CA19-9 or CEA level, the greater the specificity of
      either assay; at CA19-9 levels greater than 600 U/ml and CEA levels greater than
      20 ng/ml the specificity is approximately 99%. The combination of an elevated
      CA19-9 level (greater than 75 U/ml) and an elevated CEA level (greater than 5
      ng/ml) also enhanced specificity to 99%. It is concluded that CA19-9 used alone
      is superior to CEA used alone in detecting cancer of the pancreas and that the
      combination of mild elevations of both assays improves their specificity.
      Although the CA19-9 marker can be elevated with other intraabdominal
      adenocarcinomas (e.g., gastric, biliary, or colonic), CA19-9, together with CEA,
      will be useful to the clinician in differentiating benign from malignant
      pancreatic processes and in alerting the clinician to the possible presence of an
      intraabdominal neoplasm in the proper clinical setting.

PMID- 2416627
TI  - Natural history of minute hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than three centimeters
      complicating cirrhosis. A study in 22 patients.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with cirrhosis and minute hepatocellular carcinoma less than
      3 cm in diameter were followed for periods of 6-37 mo without specific treatment.
      The survival curve drawn by the Kaplan-Meier method showed a 1-yr survival of
      90.7%, a 2-yr survival of 55.0%, and a 3-yr survival of 12.8%. The ultrasonic
      patterns of these masses in the liver were correlated with the size and showed a
      tendency to change from a low echo pattern to a low periphery and, finally, to a
      massive pattern. The growth speed calculated from the doubling time for tumor
      volume varied considerably from case to case with an average of 6.5 +/- 5.7 mo;
      it also changed in some cases during the observation period. Serum alpha
      fetoprotein levels were generally low, rarely assisted in diagnosis, but tended
      to increase when the mass attained a diameter of greater than 3 cm; sudden
      acceleration in the rate of increase in alpha-fetoprotein level often coincided
      with a change of ultrasonic pattern to the massive one.

PMID- 2416629
TI  - New carbohydrate tumor markers.

PMID- 2416630
TI  - [Extrasystole in the neonatal period].
AB  - We investigated the clinical course in 35 healthy newborn with premature beats
      and studied the literature with regard to their frequency, pathogenesis, and
      therapy with the following results: Investigations with continuous monitoring or
      long-term ECG registration show a frequency of 7-25%. In literature, almost one
      fourth, in our patients one-half of the newborn have ventricular premature beats.
      These will probably disappear later than atrial premature beats, but their
      prognosis is not worse. The premature beats of newborn are often complex (blocked
      or aberrant conduction, bigeminus, tachycardia). Atrial flutter is sometimes
      associated. In one-half of cases they disappear spontaneously during the first
      month of life. However, they lasted for longer than 4 months in 7 out of 35
      infants. The disorder increased after birth in 2 children, which is unusual.
      Therapy was indicated if there were signs of heart failure, frequent or
      increasing rate of tachycardia or atrial flutter. Premature beats do not indicate
      primary operative delivery. Immaturity of the central and autonomous nervous
      system and of the conduction-tissue of the heart may be the reason for frequent
      perinatal premature beats.

PMID- 2416631
TI  - Steroidogenesis in ovarian cells of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix
      japonica).
AB  - The influence of follicular maturation on steroidogenesis and steroid metabolism
      by isolated Japanese quail granulosa and theca cells was examined. When
      stimulated with LH, granulosa cells of the largest follicle (F1) responded with a
      sixfold increase over unstimulated progesterone levels, whereas progesterone
      production in cells of F3 less than doubled even when maximally stimulated.
      Forskolin stimulated progesterone synthesis in both F1 and F3 granulosa cells,
      but its effect was less pronounced than that of LH. Furthermore, F1 cells
      metabolized 25-hydroxycholesterol to a greater extent than did F3 cells. There
      was no appreciable metabolism of [3H]progesterone by granulosa cells. Theca cells
      from the smaller follicles (F3-F5) responded to LH stimulation with greater
      estrogen and androstenedione production than theca cells from F1.
      [3H]Progesterone was metabolized mainly to androstenedione in theca cells. Thus,
      the overall pattern of in vitro steroidogenesis in quail granulosa cells is
      similar to that described for the chicken and turkey even though the quantitative
      differences in the steroidogenic capacity between developing and mature follicles
      are more striking in the quail. Furthermore, although the LH-stimulated
      androstenedione and estrogen production appears similar in developing quail and
      chicken theca cells, the profile of [3H]progesterone metabolism is different in
      quail theca cells from that found previously in chicken theca cells.

PMID- 2416632
TI  - Isolation and properties of sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) pituitary prolactin.
AB  - Sea turtle prolactin (PRL) was isolated in a highly purified state from sea
      turtle pituitary side fractions obtained from other studies and some of its
      biological, chemical, and immunological properties were determined. Sea turtle
      PRL is a protein of 22-24 kDa [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis]. Its sole amino terminal amino acid residue is leucine. The
      amino acid composition of sea turtle PRL is similar to ovine PRL and is
      characterized by a high content of aspartic acid (20 residues), glutamic acid (34
      residues), serine (19 residues), and leucine (24 residues). It possess three
      disulfide bonds and 2 tryptophan residues which is also characteristic of many
      species of PRL. As with PRLs of other species, it displayed multiple stained
      bands in disc gel electrophoresis, at pH 8.3. Biologically, sea turtle PRL was
      active in pigeon crop-sac assay but the dose-response characteristics were
      nonparallel when compared to ovine PRL. An antiserum against sea turtle PRL was
      raised in rabbit and a homologous radioimmunoassay was developed with a
      sensitivity of 2.8 ng for sea turtle PRL. Sea turtle gonadotropins did not cross
      react, but sea turtle growth hormone showed a 5% cross-reactivity. Pituitary
      extracts from other species of turtles displayed parallel inhibition curves to
      the sea turtle PRL. Extracts and prolactin preparations from several birds,
      snakes, alligator, and marsupials cross-reacted, but in a nonparallel fashion.
      Bullfrog pituitary extract and Tilapia PRL showed no cross-reaction at high
      doses. Several purified mammalian PRLs (pig, sheep, human, horse, dog) showed
      minimal or no ability to cross-react in the RIA.

PMID- 2416633
TI  - Investigations on the control of in vitro spontaneous brook trout (Salvelinus
      fontinalis) ovulation.
AB  - The possible roles of follicular cyclooxygenase and cAMP in the control of in
      vitro spontaneous brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) ovulation were
      investigated. Brook trout oocytes that had undergone germinal vesicle breakdown
      and follicular separation in vivo, were incubated in vitro in the presence of
      indomethacin. At 3 or 30 microM, indomethacin significantly reduced the levels of
      PGF and PGE (measured by radioimmunoassay) in the incubation medium but did not
      inhibit spontaneous ovulation in vitro. Follicular cAMP levels were measured by a
      competitive protein binding assay, prior to and during spontaneous ovulation.
      cAMP levels were approximately 3.2 pmol/mg protein prior to incubation and did
      not fluctuate significantly from this value throughout the 24-hr incubation
      period. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-l-methyl-xanthine,
      significantly increased follicular cAMP levels at 1.0 and 0.1 mM. The combined
      results suggest that cyclooxygenase metabolites or a decrease in cAMP are not
      involved in the control of spontaneous brook trout ovulation in vitro. The in
      vitro effects of primaquine, a putative phospholipase mediator, were also
      investigated. At lower concentrations (0.1-0.5 mM), primaquine significantly
      enhanced ovulation above that observed in spontaneous controls. However, at 1.0
      mM, primaquine inhibited spontaneous ovulation. Indomethacin at 3 or 30 microM
      did not block the stimulatory effect of primaquine observed at lower
      concentrations, indicating that cyclooxygenase metabolites are not involved in
      the stimulatory effect of primaquine on ovulation.

PMID- 2416634
TI  - Glucagon and insulin regulate in vitro hepatic glycogenolysis in the axolotl
      Ambystoma mexicanum via changes in tissue cyclic AMP concentration.
AB  - Glucagon increases the rate of glycogenolysis in in vitro cultures of hepatic
      tissue from the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum. The hormone causes an increase in
      the concentration of cyclic AMP in the tissue which is followed by activation of
      glycogen phosphorylase and subsequent breakdown of glycogen and release of
      glucose from the tissue. Insulin counteracts the glycogenolytic effect of
      glucagon by inhibiting the increase in tissue cyclic AMP concentration brought
      about by glucagon. This inhibitory effect of insulin is not seen in the presence
      of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX and so it appears that the initial action
      of insulin is a stimulation of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity which lowers
      the tissue concentration of cyclic AMP and so counters the actions of hormones
      that act by raising the tissue concentration of cyclic AMP. This model for the
      mode of action of insulin is supported by the finding that insulin also
      interferes with the glycogenolytic actions of adrenaline, a second hormone which
      acts by raising tissue cyclic AMP concentrations.

PMID- 2416635
TI  - Short gene conversions in the human fetal globin gene region: a by-product of
      chromosome pairing during meiosis?
AB  - DNA sequence comparisons of a 1200-base pair (bp) region in 14 human fetal globin
      genes in seven linked pairs reveal 31 nucleotide substitutions at positions where
      the fetal globin genes, G gamma and A gamma, usually differ. In each case, the
      newly substituted nucleotide is identical to the one found at the same position
      in the linked nonallelic gene. Most of these nucleotide substitutions are clearly
      the result of gene conversions, but 11 could be the result of either very short
      gene conversions or of point mutations. The unexpectedly frequent occurrence of
      these short gene conversions suggests that they may be the relics of some normal
      interaction between homologous but nonallelic DNA sequences, and we discuss the
      possibility that they result from interactions occurring between homologous
      sequences during the process of meiotic chromosome pairing.

PMID- 2416636
TI  - Rat aldolase A messenger RNA: the nucleotide sequence and multiple mRNA species
      with different 5'-terminal regions.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of aldolase A mRNA in rat skeletal muscle was determined
      using recombinant cDNA clones and a cDNA synthesized by primer extension. The
      sequence is composed of 1343 nucleotides (nt) except for the poly(A) tail. Based
      on the sequence analysis we have deduced an open reading frame with 363 amino
      acids (aa) (Mr 39134). The sequence suggests several nt polymorphisms in the mRNA
      population, one of which causes an aa change. The determined sequence of rat
      aldolase A mRNA was compared with the published ones of rabbit aldolase A or rat
      aldolase B mRNAs. The homology between rat and rabbit aldolase A mRNA sequences
      is greater than that between rat aldolase A and B mRNA sequences. Multiple
      aldolase A mRNAs having different Mrs were detected in the various tissues, and
      appeared to be expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Further analysis suggests
      that differences in mRNA length are due to differences in the 5'-noncoding
      terminal region.

PMID- 2416637
TI  - Detection of sickle-cell mutation by electrophoresis of partial RNA:DNA hybrids
      following solution hybridization.
AB  - We have developed a method in which partially single-stranded (ss) DNA molecules
      containing a defined region of duplex RNA:DNA are electrophoretically separated
      in agarose gels. The partial hybrids are formed by solution hybridization with a
      uniform length RNA probe complementary to part of the DNA sequence of interest.
      Following hybridization, the RNA/DNA mixture is fractionated by agarose gel
      electrophoresis at high temperature to minimize intrastrand base pairing which
      causes mobility heterogeneity. Not requiring the steps of DNA transfer from the
      gel to a solid support and subsequent probing, pre-electrophoretic hybridization
      allows the direct identification of single-copy fragments. Conditions for the
      detection of single-copy genes in human DNA digested with specific restriction
      endonucleases were developed and applied to the diagnosis of sickle-cell disease.
      This method should be applicable for the analysis of DNAs of high complexity
      where the presence of DNA polymorphisms and interspersed repeated DNA sequences
      often make impossible the creation of complete RNA:DNA hybrids.

PMID- 2416638
TI  - Lack of exchange among plasma proteins in narrow spaces on glass, demonstrated
      with metal oxide coatings.
AB  - Onto 'activating' surfaces, intact normal plasma deposits an overlapping sequence
      of proteins, each being desorbed by the next. Ultimately, high molecular weight
      kininogen (HMK) is deposited unless contact was too short, or space between 2
      surfaces too narrow. Thus, injected between a glass slide and a convex lens,
      intact plasma will leave a disk of HMK with a center of fibrinogen. We describe
      here how the exchange of proteins on the surface can be demonstrated by staining
      the adsorbate with a metal oxide suspension. Subsequent flooding of the
      preparation with more normal plasma causes lift-off of the oxide where underlying
      fibrinogen is being displaced by the HMK of the newly applied plasma. Kininogen
      deficient plasma fails to remove any oxide, while normal plasma can remove nearly
      all of the oxide and adsorbate, left on glass by HMK-deficient plasma.

PMID- 2416639
TI  - [Revascularization of peripheral nerve transplants. Stereomicroangiographic
      evaluation of revascularization in allogeneic transplants, allogeneic transplants
      with cyclosporin A therapy and autologous transplants].
AB  - Allogeneic nerve grafts of the sciatic nerve longer than 3 cm were transplanted
      between August- and Wistar rats. One group of animals were treated with 17 mg/kg
      body weight Cyclosporine A from day 1-28. Autologous nerves served as controls.
      At various postoperative days contact microangiography, stereoangiography,
      microdensitometry and histology were performed. Allogeneic untreated grafts were
      rejected at day 7. Undisturbed neovascularisation was only seen in autografts. In
      Cyclosporine A treated rats a gradually reduced revascularisation could be
      observed until day 90.

PMID- 2416640
TI  - [Vascularization and resorption of different supporting tissues by the greater
      omentum in the formation of compound microvascular transplants].
AB  - In former investigations the author described the use of omentum majus in
      building microsurgical compound island flaps employing supporting tissue. Now
      different kinds of hard tissue, such as autogenous bone and cartilage, allogenous
      bone and cartilage (preserved by Cialit-solution), Teflon-Fluorocarbon Polymer
      (Proplast) and tri-calcium phosphate were presented in omentum-sandwich flaps in
      a histological investigation. We paid special attention to resorption and
      vascularisation of hard tissue. Allogenous cartilage grafts or artificial
      materials like Proplast were the most suitable to put into a compound omental
      island flap. There was good vascularisation with no resorption, especially with
      Proplast.

PMID- 2416641
TI  - Immunologic characterization of T-lymphoproliferative disorders by monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - A series of 11 mouse monoclonal antibodies reactive with human T lymphoid cells
      at different stages of differentiation was used for immunological classification
      of leukaemic cells of 16 patients with T cell lymphoproliferative disorders by
      using a fluorescence assay. The majority of T-ALL cells had an immature or early
      thymic phenotype and T lymphoblastic lymphoma had phenotypes corresponding to
      different levels of more mature stages of T cell differentiation, Two cases of T
      CLL and one adult patient with mycosis fungoides had mature T cell phenotypes
      being T-3+, T-4-, T-8+, cytotoxic/suppressor cell types and one case of T-CLL had
      T-3+, T-4+, T-8-, "helper/inducer" cell type, too. These results suggested that
      surface marker analysis in T cell lymphoproliferative disorders may be used as a
      highly reproducible immunological classification system that will provide
      additional information about phenotypes of leukaemic cells in connection with
      morphological analysis and clinical diagnosis.

PMID- 2416642
TI  - Phagocytosis, bactericidal capacity, and superoxide anion (O2-) production by
      polymorphonuclear neutrophils from patients with diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Phagocytosis, bactericidal capacity and superoxide anion production of
      polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were estimated in 30 patients with well
      controlled insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) and in 50 patients with non insulin
      dependent diabetes (NIDD). The estimations were additionally done in 20 elderly
      patients without glucose intolerance. The estimations of bactericidal capacity
      were performed in autologous-, zymosan activated-, inactivated- and control
      plasma. The phagocytosis of viable staphylococci was unchanged in all evaluated
      groups. The bactericidal capacity in all diabetic patients was significantly
      reduced. It was fully correctable in patients with IDD by suspension of cells in
      control or zymosan activated plasma. The improvement of PMN bactericidal capacity
      in patients with NIDD in similar conditions was less distinct. The superoxide
      anion production in patients with IDD was similar to values noticed in healthy
      persons. Whereas, the O2- production in patients with NIDD as well as in elderly
      patients were significantly reduced and correlated significantly with
      bactericidal capacity impairment. The possible mechanism of noticed disturbances
      were discussed.

PMID- 2416643
TI  - [Testing of granulocyte function after gravity leukapheresis].
AB  - In a laboratory model granulocyte concentrates are produced by a procedure of
      gravitational leukopheresis. Hydroxyaethyl starch (HAS) served as an accelerator
      of sedimentation. In a parallel test arrangement a preparation of hydroxyaethyl
      taken from the industrial production of the GDR and a control preparation
      (Plasmasteril) was used. The regaining rate of this method amounts to about 70
      per cent with 98 per cent of living cells in the concentrates. Vitality,
      performance of phagocytosis and ability of migration will only reduce to a slight
      degree during the first 4 hours, after that time, however, they will decrease
      significantly. There are no essential differences between the results of both
      preparations.

PMID- 2416644
TI  - Influence of hypoosmotic and ammonium chloride-mediated haemolysis on the
      integrity of human mononuclear blood cells.
AB  - Side effects of both hypoosmotic and ammonium chloride-mediated hemolysis were
      compared looking for cellular integrity of human peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells. Recovery and viability of mononuclear cells significantly declined only
      following water treatment. Cell loss by lysis of non-erythrocyte cells (monitored
      by 51Cr release) preferentially occurred in the lymphocyte population resulting
      in a relative enrichment of monocytes (identified by peroxidase and esterase
      staining as well as phagocytosis of fluorescent latex particles). Consequences of
      this shifted monocyte/lymphocyte ratio for immunological tests are obvious.
      Necessity of red cell lysis and disadvantages referred especially to NH4Cl
      induced white cell functional losses are outlined.

PMID- 2416645
TI  - Fractional administration of adriblastin and modified route of ara-C
      administration for the treatment of acute leukaemia.
AB  - Two groups of AML patients (n1 = 63, n2 = 20) and two groups of ALL patients (n1
      = 33, n2 = 15) were treated using polychemotherapy protocols which in each
      leukaemia subtype differed mainly in adriblastin administration being either in
      bolus form (30 mg/m2/day i.v.) or fractional form at the beginning 20 mg i.v.,
      then 6 mg/m2 every 6 h. The fractional method of administration was elaborated on
      experimental data indicating the superiority of continuous infusion of
      anthracyclines. In AML additional ara-C was given in continuous infusion only on
      1 to 3 days, on 4 to 8 days duplicated dose was administered subcutaneously (i.e.
      100 mg/m2 every 12 h). In patients given fractional doses of adriblastin and in
      AML also ara-C in the modified way the statistical analysis revealed a higher CR
      (ALL - 67%/93%, AML - 46%/60%) and CR + PR rates, a lower rate of infections as
      the cause of death in the AML group, lower rates of nausea and vomiting as well a
      lower increase of infections in the course of the induction treatment in the AML
      group. Another advantage was a lower total dose of adriblastin for remission
      induction treatment as well as an elevated cumulative dose which allows
      anthracyclines to be longer used. The efficacy of the modified ara-C
      administration confirms our earlier observation.

PMID- 2416646
TI  - [Therapeutic results in acute myelogenous leukemia in the years from 1970 to
      1982].
AB  - In a retrospective study, three groups of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia
      were analyzed in respect to the outcome of remission induction therapy: group I
      (vincristine, daunorubicin and prednisone) was treated between 1970 and 1976,
      group II (daunorubicin and cytosine-arabinoside) between 1976 and 1980 and group
      III (daunorubicin, cytosine-arabinoside, 6-thioguanine and consolidation therapy
      with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, cytosine-arabinoside and prednisone) between
      1980 and 1982. Complete remissions were achieved in 49% (group I), 46% (group II)
      and 65% (group III) of the patients (p greater than 0.05, chi-square test). The
      mortality rate of the remission induction therapy was significantly reduced from
      27% in group I to 15% and 13% in group II and III, respectively (p less than
      0.05, chi-square test). The median remission duration increased significantly
      from four months (group I) to nine months (group III) (p less than 0.05, log-rank
      test). The long term results were about the same in the three groups. After three
      years, the proportion of patients being still in first remission was less than
      10% in group I and II 13% in group III.

PMID- 2416647
TI  - T lymphocyte subpopulations and lymphocytotoxic antibodies in patients with
      autoimmune haemolytic anaemia.
AB  - Evaluation of T lymphocyte subpopulations was performed on peripheral blood of
      patients affected by idiopathic or associated autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. A
      marked reduction of absolute number of T gamma and T mu cells was observed in 11
      of 16 patients; a decrease of both OKT4+ and OKT8+ cells was found in 8 of 10
      patients. Circulating cytotoxic antibodies against autologous and allogenic T
      lymphocytes and/or thymocytes were found in almost all the cases. T lymphocyte
      subsets depletion, probably connected to antibodies against T lymphocytes and
      their thymic precursors, could play a role in autoimmunity because of T3+/T4+
      cell depletion.

PMID- 2416648
TI  - Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia (CDA) type I--a case report with
      ultrastructural study.
AB  - A case of type-I congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia (CDA) in a Hindu child is
      described. The clinical and haematological features were characteristic, and the
      erythroblasts in the bone marrow revealed unusual ultrastructural abnormalities
      along with ultrastructural abnormalities in platelets and metamyelocytes.

PMID- 2416649
TI  - [A mathematical model for the decay of conserved blood].
AB  - In the present paper a simple model is presented by means of which a decay of
      stored blood can be predicted. The following factors are incorporated in the
      calculation: The relation of the depot stock to the average number of cross
      matchings per day, the probability of transfusions, the time reserved for crossed
      stored blood and that which is not transfused as well as the percentage of stored
      blood already reserved when arriving at the depot.

PMID- 2416650
TI  - Unreliability in the estimation of the molecular weight of fibrinogen degradation
      products (FDPs) by polyacrylamide/sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis
      (SDS/PAGE).
AB  - Evidence is presented indicating that using different SDS/PAGE techniques the
      molecular weight estimation and the appearance of fibrinogen degradation products
      on the gel may vary according to the type used. It is suggested that changes in
      the structure and shape of the fragments, due to asymmetry in the degradation,
      may explain the differences.

PMID- 2416651
TI  - [Fluid storage of thrombocytes. In vitro viability of thrombocytes at 12 degrees
      C storage temperature].
AB  - Platelet concentrates from ACD-blood were stored with and without agitation at
      +12 degrees C for 3 days. pH-values, hypotonic shock response, serotonin uptake
      and adenine nucleotides were investigated. In addition platelet shape was
      morphologically differentiated in discs with and without pseudopods, in spheres
      and irregular platelets. In accordance with platelet storage at +22 degrees C an
      optimum platelet number and gentle agitation were essential to maintain in vitro
      vitality at +12 degrees C for 3 days. The number of discoid platelets declined
      from 76% in fresh platelet concentrates to 25% after 3 days at +12 degrees C
      although pH-values did not fall below 6.8 in the agitated concentrates. A
      diminished post-transfusion survival could result from this, unless the shape
      change reverses in the circulation.

PMID- 2416652
TI  - Platelet function in hyperlipoproteinaemia.
AB  - A group of 53 healthy donors has been compared with another group of patients
      suffering from lipid metabolic disorders of Fredrickson type IIa (n = 14), IIb (n
      = 11) and IV (n = 21). In the course of three weeks the determinations have been
      carried out of lipid mechanism parameters, of Apoprotein B, of aggregation
      response upon ADP and adrenaline++ induction, of beta thromboglobulin, of heparin
      neutralizing activity, of malonyldialdehyde production upon N-ethylmaleimide
      stimulation and of the amount of circulating aggregates. In patients with HLP of
      IIa and IIb type a significant increase of plasmic beta thromboglobulin level was
      noted as well as shifts of other thrombocytic parameters towards higher platelet
      reactivity. The correlation between individual platelet parameters and parameters
      of lipid metabolism was statistically significant only in the case of cholesterol
      and malonyldialdehyde. A positive correlation of Apo B with BTG and with the
      aggregation response together with the observation of an increased Apo B
      concentration in normolipemic subjects with changed platelet reactivity, are
      indicative of an important role of Apo B during platelet activation in vivo.

PMID- 2416653
TI  - Clinical significance of platelet alloantibodies detected in immunofluorescence
      test (neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia and post-transfusion purpura).
AB  - Three cases of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia and one patient with post
      transfusion purpura could be diagnosed only by introducing the platelet
      immunofluorescence test. Thrombocytopenia was caused by anti-PlA1 platelet
      alloantibodies detected neither in the agglutination nor by the complement
      fixation test.

PMID- 2416654
TI  - ADP-induced refractoriness of platelets preserved in different temperature
      conditions.
AB  - Storage of platelets is known to cause significant cell alterations dependent on
      temperature. The ability of developing the refractory state in platelets exposed
      to different temperature conditions of preservation was investigated. PC storage
      at 4 degrees C was shown to produce a decrease of platelet ability to transform
      to the refractory state under action of ADP and a storage at 22 degrees C
      resulted in an increase of this ability. The inverse correlation between
      refractoriness and aggregation was found in platelets preserved at 22 degrees C
      and in combined temperature conditions. The effects observed were supposed to be
      related to changes in the platelet adenylate cyclase system.

PMID- 2416655
TI  - [Detection of alcohol abuse and monitoring of alcoholic abstinence using
      sideroblastic index and gamma-glutamyltransferase].
AB  - 45 hospitalised patients with chronic alcohol abuse observed immediately until
      that time preceding hospitalisation were examined with the aim of finding out
      whether examinations of the bone-marrow and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) i.s.
      may be used for recording the consumption of alcohol and for monitoring the
      abstinence from alcohol. Bone-marrow puncture was made within 3 days after
      hospitalisation and was repeated at n = 35 after two weeks on an average.
      Simultaneously, GGT was determined. Disturbances of iron utilization, which were
      divided according to frequency and kind of sideroblasts into 4 degrees of
      seriousness, represented by far the most constant hematological findings. An
      sideroblastic+ index (SI) was counted, which, in addition to the count of
      sideroblasts, takes into account even qualitative disturbances. The
      sideroblastic+ index was increased in 91% (41/45) of patients irrespective of the
      presence or extent of an anemia so far as iron stores had not been completely
      depleted because of bleedings. In 71% (32/45) of the patients, gamma
      glutamyltransferase (GGT) remained within the pathological range, thus lying
      significantly (p less than 0.05) below the sensitivity of the sideroblastic index
      (SI). By taking the increase of SI or GGT as a basis, the rate of recording
      alcoholics could be improved to 98% (44/45). Abstaining from alcohol caused a
      highly significant decrease of SI and GGT (p less than 0.005). Thereby, the
      sideroblasts index predominantly normalised in the period of examination, whereas
      gamma-glutamyltransferase fell below the pathological range only by way of
      exception. No significant decrease in the control value of SI and GGT was
      observed in those patients who did not abstain from alcohol. In comparing the
      differences of average values between abstaining and non-abstaining persons only
      SI revealed significant differences (p less than 0.005). SI and GGT complement
      each other in the control function of drinking behaviour. Under the given
      circumstances a simultaneous examination enables alcohol abuse to be recorded
      with nearly 100% of probability. SI is more sensitive and is able to
      differentiate more clearly between abstaining and non-abstaining. Due to its
      slower response GGT can indicate former alcohol abuse over a longer period.
      Concerning doubtful or potentially hepatotoxic+ substances at places of work, the
      sideroblastic+ index could provide an essential aid in deciding whether alcohol
      is a disturbing factor.

PMID- 2416656
TI  - Metabolic adaptation of rat faecal microflora to cyclamate in vitro.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that the rat faecal microflora maintained in
      vitro under conditions of continuous flow possesses bacteriological and metabolic
      characteristics similar to those of the native bacterial population of the
      caecum. Addition of sodium cyclamate (75 mM) to the culture concurrent with the
      progressive dilution of the growth medium promoted metabolism of cyclamate to
      cyclohexylamine (sulphamatase activity) within 4 wk. The maximum formation of
      cyclohexylamine was attained in about 8 wk and was equivalent to a 2-3% molar
      conversion of cyclamate to cyclohexylamine. The recovery of viable cells from the
      culture and the total microscopic count decreased during the adaptation period,
      although the relative proportions of the major bacterial types remained
      unchanged. Concurrent with the increase in sulphamatase activity, other enzyme
      functions (as assessed by the API-zym system) decreased markedly. The ability to
      hydrolyse cyclamate to cyclohexylamine developed independently of other bacterial
      biotransformation enzymes in vitro, and was not associated with any gross
      taxonomic changes. These studies demonstrate the suitability of continuous
      culture systems for investigating the metabolic activity of the rat gut flora.

PMID- 2416657
TI  - The isoelectric focusing of keratins in hair followed by silver staining.
AB  - An isoelectric focusing method followed by silver staining has been developed for
      the study of keratins which is as effective as two-dimensional electrophoresis
      and fluorography for hair species identification. Hair from dogs, rabbits,
      horses, cows, guinea-pigs, donkeys, sheep and cats were successfully identified.
      Narrow pH ranges were used to observe heterogeneity in human hair. Although this
      heterogeneity may be affected by environmental conditions, it may be of use in
      criminalistics.

PMID- 2416658
TI  - [Hemodilution in acute ischemic insults. Comparative study on the clinical and
      hemorheologic effectiveness of 10% HES 200/0.5 and 10% dextran 40].

PMID- 2416659
TI  - [Small ions with large effects].

PMID- 2416660
TI  - [Calcium and ischemic brain damage].

PMID- 2416661
TI  - [Calcium antagonists not to be thrown in one pot].

PMID- 2416662
TI  - Orcein-positive material in Kupffer cells from the liver.
AB  - Orcein-positive material in Kupffer cells obtained from 1,377 needle biopsies of
      the liver was studied for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Fifty-five (57%)
      out of 96 cases with orcein-positive Kupffer cells had acute hepatitis, and 46
      (84%) of these 55 were in the late stage of their illness. Orcein-positive
      material in Kupffer cells was not associated with HBsAg as evaluated by the
      immune peroxidase method. Orcein-positive material in Kupffer cells appears to
      consist mainly of lipofuscins developing in the course of acute hepatitis.

PMID- 2416663
TI  - Output-dependent non-parallel enzyme secretion of the human pancreas.
AB  - In order to study the question as to whether the enzyme ratios in the pancreatic
      juice change with the secretion rate, we analysed the enzyme outputs of 20
      healthy volunteers under combined stimulation with varying doses of
      cholecystokinin (0; 0.5; 1.0 or 1.3 IDU X kg-1 X h-1), administered in random
      order, plus a constant dose of secretin (0.5 CU X kg-1 X h-1). The outputs of the
      individual enzymes correlated significantly (p less than 0.0001) to the
      corresponding amylase outputs in the form of power model regressions.
      Mathematical transformation of these curvilinear regressions permitted a
      comparison of their courses. This analysis revealed that the enzyme ratios in the
      pancreatic secretion change continuously at increasing outputs in favour of
      lipase greater than chymotrypsin greater than amylase. The shift in the ratio of
      lipase to trypsin and to amylase and that of chymotrypsin to amylase was
      significant (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 2416664
TI  - [A monoclonal antibody recognizes a novel HLA-DQ specificity, DQWa].
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (MoAb) with a novel DQ specificity has been produced by
      immunizing a C3H/He mouse with a human B lymphoblastoid cell line EBV-Wa (HLA-Dw
      15/DR 4/DQ blank homozygous). The MoAb, termed HU-46, reacts with panel cells
      associated with HLA-Dw 15/DR 4 and certain panel cells with HLA-Dw 8/DRw 8
      specificity, which are typed as DQ blank. Immunochemical analyses indicated that
      the MoAb recognizes a new class II antigen, which is coded by the HLA-DQ
      sublocus. In the ninth International Histocompatibility Workshop, three HLA-DQ
      specificities, DQw 1, DQw 2 and DQw 3, were officially designated. But the DQ
      specificity detected by HU-46 has not yet been reported. We provisionally named
      this new DQ specificity DQWa and presumed that it is fourth DQ specificity.
      Furthermore, in a genetic analysis, assuming the Hardy-Weinberg condition hold,
      it was confirmed that DQWa is an allele of the three DQ specificities.

PMID- 2416665
TI  - [Behcet's disease and HLA antigens--an association with a new specificity
      recognized by a monoclonal antibody].
AB  - In this study, HLA antigen frequencies of 37 patients with Behcet's disease were
      investigated. A significant association with HLA-B 51 was confirmed (56.8%
      compared with 10.0% controls, P less than 0.0001, relative risk (R.R.) = 11.8).
      Furthermore, significant increases of HLA-DRw 52 (86.1% compared with 50.9%
      controls, Pc less than 0.05, R.R. = 6.0) and a new specificity detected by a
      monoclonal antibody, HU-39 (61.1% compared with 25.5% controls, Pc less than
      0.05, R.R. = 4.6) were also observed. The serologic specificity of HU-39 was DRw
      8 + DRw 12, which has never been defined using alloantisera. Immunochemical
      analyses indicated that the determinant recognized by HU-39 was borne on the HLA
      DR molecule, not on the HLA-DQ molecule. These results suggest that not only HLA
      B locus antigens but also HLA-D region antigens, particularly HLA-DR antigens,
      play a part in the pathogenesis of Behcet's disease. In addition, the usefulness
      of this monoclonal antibody as tissue typing reagent and the application of
      monoclonal antibodies to the analysis of disease susceptibility were discussed.

PMID- 2416666
TI  - Characterization of glycoprotein hormone free alpha-subunit from human pituitary
      and placenta extracts.
AB  - Standard alpha-subunit dissociated from glycoprotein hormones differs from
      individual (free) alpha-subunit found in sera or in cell culture media; secreted
      free alpha-subunit is larger, more acidic and lacks the ability of recombining in
      vitro with standard hCG-beta. It is unclear whether the large free alpha-subunit
      is only a secretory product or whether it is also present in tissue. Herein were
      studied the molecular size, the isoelectric pH, and the recombining activity of
      free alpha-subunit obtained from pituitary and placenta extracts. Sephadex
      exclusion chromatography showed the presence of both a large and a small form,
      and a changing large/small free alpha-subunit ratio in the various extracts. Most
      of the large form obtained from placenta extracts electrofocused into two peaks
      of pI 4.8 and 5.1. The large form showed no recombining activity with standard
      hCG-beta while the small free alpha-subunit recombined as well as did standard
      hCG-alpha. The observation of three common characteristics (a larger size, a pI
      4.8, and a lack of recombining activity) suggests a similarity between the large
      secreted form and a fraction of the free alpha-subunit in tissue.

PMID- 2416667
TI  - Granulation tissue: a new model for studies of vascular complications of
      diabetes.
AB  - New vessels and type I collagen formed in the diabetic milieu differ markedly
      from vessels and collagen formed in nondiabetic animals. The vessels in diabetic
      animals are permeated by albumin much more readily than normal and the collagen
      is much more extensively crosslinked than normal. This is the first animal model
      in which increased vascular permeability analogous to that observed in human
      diabetics can be readily produced and quantified. Two important implications of
      these observations are: 1) vascular and connective tissue constituents formed in
      the diabetic milieu are functionally and structurally compromised and 2) injury
      of any kind which leads to proliferative responses and increased turnover of
      molecular constituents of vessels may increase the rate of development and
      progression of "diabetic" vascular disease.

PMID- 2416668
TI  - Specific staining of human chromosomes in Chinese hamster x man hybrid cell lines
      demonstrates interphase chromosome territories.
AB  - In spite of Carl Rabl's (1885) and Theodor Boveri's (1909) early hypothesis that
      chromosomes occupy discrete territories or domains within the interphase nucleus,
      evidence in favor pf this hypothesis has been limited and indirect so far in
      higher plants and animals. The alternative possibility that the chromatin fiber
      of single chromosomes might be extended throughout the major part of even the
      whole interphase nucleus has been considered for many years. In the latter case,
      chromosomes would only exist as discrete chromatin bodies during mitosis but not
      during interphase. Both possibilities are compatible with Boveri's well
      established paradigm of chromosome individuality. Here we show that an active
      human X chromosome contained as the only human chromosome in a Chinese hamster x
      man hybrid cell line can be visualized both in metaphase plates and in interphase
      nuclei after in situ hybridization with either 3H- or biotin-labeled human
      genomic DNA. We demonstrate that this chromosome is organized as a distinct
      chromatin body throughout interphase. In addition, evidence for the territorial
      organization of human chromosomes is also presented for another hybrid cell line
      containing several autosomes and the human X chromosome. These findings are
      discussed in the context of our present knowledge of the organization and
      topography of interphase chromosomes. General applications of a strategy aimed at
      specific staining of individual chromosomes in experimental and clinical
      cytogenetics are briefly considered.

PMID- 2416669
TI  - Simultaneous production of R-bands and either replication patterns or sister
      chromatid differentiation.
AB  - The dye triplet chromomycin/methyl green/DAPI and some related dye combinations
      were applied to bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-substituted and non-substituted
      chromosomes. In both kinds of chromosome preparations, tri-staining followed by
      observation at pH 7 resulted in well defined R-bands (excitation wavelength 436
      nm) and a mixed DA-DAPI/Q-banding pattern (360 nm). Two approaches have given
      satisfactory expression both of reverse bands and of the differential BrdU
      substitution present in metaphase chromosomes: (1) direct tri-staining at pH 7
      and mounting of the preparations at pH 11; or (2) pretreatment of the
      preparations with Hoechst 33258 plus UV and hot buffer followed by tri-staining
      and mounting at pH 7. These methods should prove useful for routine chromosome
      analysis and, in combination with BrdU-labelling, in studies of chromosome
      structure and replication.

PMID- 2416670
TI  - Signal discretization: a source of error in histograms of ion channel events.

PMID- 2416671
TI  - Interactions of sugars with alpha-globulin from Sesamum indicum L.

PMID- 2416672
TI  - Isolation and characterization of an amylase inhibitor from Echinocloa
      fruneutacea grains.

PMID- 2416673
TI  - [Serologic cross reactions of group B streptococci].
AB  - Group B streptococci contain sialic acid in their capsular polysaccharides thus
      resembling human and vertebrate glycoconjugates which are especially increased in
      human tumors. Sterical and conformational reasons are responsible for the fact,
      that certain streptococcal antigens do not react with antibodies, including
      monoclonal antibodies, against these carbohydrate structures. The usefulness of
      lectins in detecting streptococcal antigens is demonstrated with antigalactans.
      In summary, the relationships between the biochemical structure of streptococcal
      antigens on one side and the serological reactivity on the other side are not
      evident a priori, because there are many cross-reactions which, although being
      expected, serologically do not take place.

PMID- 2416674
TI  - Intra-intestinal priming leads to antigen-specific IgA memory cells in peripheral
      lymphoid organs.
AB  - The aim of this study was to gain more insight into the mechanism of IgA memory
      formation by testing the effects of intra-intestinal antigen priming on various
      booster routes. To obtain a primary immune response trinitrophenyl conjugated
      keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH-TNP) was injected into the lumen of the small
      intestines of mice. For secondary immune responses mice were boosted intra
      intestinally, intravenously or subcutaneously. The distribution of antigen
      specific cells in situ was demonstrated by enzyme histochemistry whereas
      quantification of TNP-specific cells was performed with a plaque-forming cell
      assay. After single or repeated intra-intestinal antigen administrations both
      primary and secondary immune responses in terms of specific antibody containing
      cells were mainly located in the spleen. The anti-TNP antibody-containing cells
      produced predominantly IgM during the primary and IgM, IgG and IgA during the
      secondary response. In mesenteric lymph nodes and villi antigen-specific cells
      were detected sporadically. When intra-intestinal priming was followed by
      intravenous or subcutaneous booster injections most anti-TNP antibody-producing
      cells were demonstrated in the spleen and in the draining popliteal lymph nodes.
      In contrast to repeated intravenous or subcutaneous immunizations alone, these
      organs contained, besides specific IgM and IgG cells, many TNP-specific cells
      producing IgA antibodies. This result demonstrates that the production of IgA
      antibodies is not restricted to mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. IgA memory
      cells are induced in mucosa associated lymphoid tissues, probably in Peyer's
      patches, will consecutively migrate throughout the whole lymphoid system and can
      be triggered by renewed antigen contact to become IgA plasma cells.

PMID- 2416675
TI  - Effect of interferon on the induction of human monocyte secretion of interleukin
      1 activity.
AB  - This study investigates the effect of interferons on the induction of human
      monocyte secretion of interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity by lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
      Monocytes do not spontaneously produce IL-1 and the addition of interferons to
      the culture does not lead to detectable secretion. Addition of LPS alone induces
      the release of measurable amounts of IL-1 activity. The addition of low doses (1
      10 units/ml) of alpha, beta, or gamma interferon to the LPS-stimulated cultures
      further increases this secretion by 50%. The addition of 1000 units/ml of alpha
      or beta interferon leads to inhibition of IL-1 release. By contrast, gamma
      interferon is a dose dependent enhancer of IL-1 release. The effect of gamma
      interferon is on the production of IL-1 and is not an enhancement of IL-1
      activity in the biological assay. Results demonstrate that addition of gamma
      interferon to monocytes increases the rate of secretion of IL-1 by these cells.
      Gamma interferon also appears to abrogate the loss in the ability of monocytes to
      produce IL-1 activity after overnight culture. This last result parallels the
      maintainence of the expression of the HLA-DR surface marker on monocytes by gamma
      interferon. These results may help define a mechanism involving IL-1 generation
      which could have bearing on the in vivo pyrogenic effects of purified gamma
      interferon.

PMID- 2416676
TI  - The effect of interferon treatment of targets on susceptibility to cytotoxic T
      lymphocyte killing: augmentation of allogeneic killing and virus-specific killing
      relative to viral antigen expression.
AB  - The effect on CTL lysis of treatment of CTL targets with IFNs has been
      investigated. Treatment of targets for alloreactive CTL with either IFN-alpha
      beta or IFN-gamma markedly augmented cytotoxicity. Cold competition experiments
      implied that CTL recognized the same target structure on both untreated and IFN
      treated cells. This augmented lysis is presumably caused by IFN increasing
      expression of target MHC antigens. In the case of SFV-specific lysis of SFV
      infected fibroblasts, IFN-alpha beta or IFN-gamma treatment somewhat reduced CTL
      lysis, but less so than Ab + C lysis which was abolished at moderate IFN
      concentrations; in the case of SFV-infected lymphoblastoid cells, CTL lysis
      remained the same or was slightly increased, whilst Ab + C lysis was reduced at
      moderate IFN concentrations and abolished at high IFN concentration; in the case
      of MSV/MLV-infected fibroblasts, CTL lysis was moderately increased whilst Ab + C
      lysis was decreased. IFN therefore increases virus-specific CTL cytotoxicity
      relative to viral antigen expression.

PMID- 2416677
TI  - A role for self-recognizing T cells in the regulation of antibody-forming and
      cell-mediated cytotoxic responses in the mouse.
AB  - Mitogen- or antigen-activated murine spleen and thymus cell blasts have been used
      as inducer cells to stimulate production of suppressor T cells (Ts) in autologous
      mixed leucocyte culture. Ts cells were induced in an MHC-restricted fashion and
      produced suppression of cell-mediated lympholysis and antibody synthesis from
      fresh spleen cells sharing MHC haplotypes with the Ts pool. Ts were Thy 1+, Lyt
      1+ cells. Induction of Ts depended upon expression of class II MHC antigens on
      stimulating cells, but the level of Ts induced by different populations of
      suppressor inducer cells was not correlated with the level of Ia antigen
      expression. Activity of suppressor inducer cells was correlated with the
      functional activity of the inducer pool. The data are interpreted to favour a
      model in which Ts are induced by associative recognition on stimulator cells of
      class II MHC antigens and lymphocyte recognition receptors as nominal antigen
      (i.e. Ts are auto anti-idiotypic in nature). Using as stimulator/responder cells
      in AMLR lymphocytes taken from normal (8-week) or aged (greater than 24-month)
      mice, data were obtained consistent with this model and with earlier evidence for
      an altered expression of both lymphocyte recognition receptors and/or class II
      antigens in senescence.

PMID- 2416678
TI  - Neutralization of activity of effector protein by monoclonal antibody:
      formulation of antibody dose-dependence of neutralization for an equilibrium
      system of antibody, effector, and its cellular receptor.
AB  - Binding of an antibody to an effector protein will not necessarily inactivate it
      totally. In order to incorporate this into mathematical expressions of
      neutralization reaction between a monoclonal antibody and an effector which acts
      on cells through receptor binding, a static equilibrium system was considered
      that consists of effector, receptor and antibody, allowing formation of the
      ternary complex. A formula was derived for the antibody dose-dependence of
      neutralization, which was qualitatively similar to that found experimentally for
      monoclonal antibodies to interferon. According to the formula, the extent of
      neutralization, N, will approach a saturation value N infinity at high antibody
      concentrations, instead of increasing indefinitely, as is the case with
      conventional antibodies; the value N infinity is determined by the degree of
      reduction, upon antibody binding, of the effector's affinity to the receptor
      (and/or by the ability of antibody to inhibit the effector action subsequent to
      receptor binding). On the other hand, experimental data in the region of small
      N's will allow one to estimate the effector-antibody association constant.

PMID- 2416679
TI  - Modulation of expression of mouse macrophage surface antigens by monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - Mouse macrophages from peritoneal cavity were exposed to monoclonal antibodies
      (MAbs) directed against cell surface antigens and the effect on antigen
      expression was investigated. The two Mabs used, 3A33 and 3A35, were produced by
      cell fusion between a mouse plasmacytoma and rat lymphocytes immunized against
      mouse macrophages. The binding of the MAbs to cell surface was measured by
      immunofluorescence and flow cytometry or by a radioimmunological technique. When
      injected i.p. the MAbs diminished the expression of the corresponding antigens
      but did not alter it when added to cultures of adherent macrophages. Antigenic
      modulation, however, could be produced in vitro either by inhibiting macrophage
      adherence during incubation with MAbs or by using a second antibody layer. MAb
      3A33 (IgG2a) was more effective than 3A35 (IgM) in provoking modulation. The
      appearance of re-synthesized antigens on cell surface was not affected by
      macrophage adherence. The modulated antigens were found to internalize into
      cytoplasmic vacuoles.

PMID- 2416680
TI  - Adjuvant actions of linear mannan-possessing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in LPS
      resistant C3H/HeJ mice.
AB  - Immunopotentiation has been demonstrated when Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide
      (KO3 LPS), which possesses a linear mannan as the O-specific side chain, was
      injected subcutaneously into endotoxin resistant C3H/HeJ mice together with
      soluble protein antigens. The LPS exhibited significantly positive adjuvant
      effects on antibody responses in vivo after secondary antigen challenge and on
      delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions against protein antigens. However,
      KO3 LPS was not a polyclonal B cell activator (PBA) in C3H/HeJ mice nor mitogenic
      in cultures of spleen cells of C3H/HeJ. Thus, the activity of the LPS in C3H/HeJ
      mice is confined to the potentiation of T-dependent immune responses. The
      contribution of the mannan O side chain to the adjuvant action of KO3 LPS was
      suggested.

PMID- 2416681
TI  - Thrombin-induced degranulation of cultured bone marrow-derived mast cells: effect
      on calcium uptake.
AB  - The role of calcium in the mechanism of thrombin activation of bone marrow
      derived mast cells (BMMC) was explored by measuring the changes in the uptake of
      45Ca2+ into quiescent BMMC and into cells stimulated by thrombin or by IgE
      antigen. The results indicate that activation of BMMC by either thrombin or IgE
      antigen is Ca2+-dependent. One million BMMC, activated by 0.05-5 U thrombin,
      accumulated 45Ca2+ in a concentration-dependent manner, which levelled off at
      around 1 U thrombin. Extracellular 45Ca2+ uptake of thrombin-stimulated cells is
      saturable within 90 seconds and corresponds to the kinetics of histamine release,
      whereas that of IgE-antigen exposed cells continues unabated for over 5 min. The
      pattern of 45Ca2+ uptake of IgE-sensitized BMMC exposed to thrombin suggests that
      the pro-stimulatory locus of thrombin action on the surface membrane is distinct
      from that of IgE.

PMID- 2416682
TI  - Mononuclear phagocytes of normal and rheumatoid synovial membrane identified by
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The presence of cells bearing epitopes of the mononuclear phagocyte series was
      studied immunohistochemically in synovium removed from joints involved by trauma
      (T), osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Mononuclear phagocytes
      were the most consistent feature of the inflamed rheumatoid synovium. They shared
      at least five epitopes expressed by mononuclear phagocytes in other tissues. In
      OA/T samples, cells bearing markers of the less mature monocyte were present at
      the surface of the synovial membrane, namely the intimal layer, while those
      bearing macrophage epitopes were apparent throughout the intimal layer and
      subintimally. This suggested that maturation of the monocyte population takes
      place after the monocytes have entered the synovial tissues, settled at the
      surface, then moved downward into the subintimal layer. The synovial monocytes
      accounted for all the HLA-D region positive cells in the lining layer.

PMID- 2416684
TI  - Inhibition of the kallikrein-kinin system and vascular reactivity in Bartter's
      syndrome.
AB  - To study the significance of the increased activity of the kallikrein-kinin
      system described in patients with Bartter's syndrome, we investigated the pressor
      response to infused angiotensin II in four patients with the syndrome receiving
      no treatment and during the administration of aprotinin and of indomethacin. Five
      normal subjects served as controls. Aprotinin is a proteolytic enzyme that
      inhibits the formation of kinins by inhibiting plasma and glandular kallikrein.
      Indomethacin, a prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor, can also inhibit the
      kallikrein-kinin system and normalizes vascular responsiveness to angiotensin II
      in Bartter's syndrome. All patients had increased urinary kallikrein and
      prostaglandin E2 concentrations. Aprotinin significantly decreased the dose of
      infused angiotensin II required to induce a 20 mm Hg increase in diastolic blood
      pressure, from 11 +/- 4 ng/kg/min to 7.0 +/- 2.0 ng/kg/min (mean +/- SD; p less
      than 0.05) in normal subjects and from 135 +/- 57 ng/kg/min to 70 +/- 26
      ng/kg/min (p less than 0.05) in the patients with Bartter's syndrome, without
      significantly changing plasma renin activity, mean control blood pressure, or
      urinary prostaglandin E2 concentration. Indomethacin normalized the pressor
      response to angiotensin II in three patients who had been pretreated for 4 days
      (pressor dose, 10 ng/kg/min) but not in one patient who received a single oral
      dose of indomethacin 5 hours before the test. Our results suggest that inhibition
      of the kallikrein-kinin system alone accounts for approximately a 50% decrease in
      vascular resistance to the pressor effect of angiotensin II in Bartter's
      syndrome, while additional suppression of prostaglandins entirely normalizes the
      vascular response to angiotensin II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416683
TI  - Sheep lymphocyte antigens (OLA). I. Major histocompatibility complex class I
      molecules.
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies, SBU.I 41-17, 41-19 and 41-28, have been produced
      which recognize sheep Class I major histocompatibility complex antigens (OLA).
      All three antibodies are able to precipitate a heavy chain of 44,000 MW and a
      smaller beta 2-microglobulin of 12,000 MW from 125I-surface labelled lymphocytes.
      The antibodies have been used to localize OLA Class I antigens in lymphoid and
      non-lymphoid tissues using indirect immunoperoxidase histological staining and
      cytofluorograph analyses. Evidence suggests that the three antibodies are
      directed against monomorphic determinants but that they recognize different
      epitopes.

PMID- 2416685
TI  - Effect of N-formylated methionyl-phenylalanine (FMP) and methionyl-leucyl
      phenylalanine (FMLP) on gut permeability. A model of local inflammatory process.
AB  - With the aim of elucidating inflammatory reactions in intestinal mucosa evoked by
      agents of microbial origin, the effect was assessed on intestinal permeability in
      the rat of two known chemoattractants for granulocytes and macrophages, N-formyl
      methionyl-phenylalanine (FMP) and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP).
      Fluoresceinated dextran (mol wt 3000 daltons) was used as a permeability marker.
      It was found that increasing concentrations of FMP enhanced the transmural
      passage up to a maximum at 2 X 10(-7)-2 X 10(-6)M. With FMLP the effect was
      greater than with FMP and measurable at 2 X 10(-9)-2 X 10(-8)M. The increased
      permeability was apparent 1-5 min after introduction of the peptides and
      prevailed during the 45-min measuring period. The bimodal response to the
      peptides is discussed in relation to different potential target-effector cells in
      the intestinal wall.

PMID- 2416686
TI  - Modulation of locomotor activity of polymorphonuclear cells by cationic
      substances and cationic lysosomal fractions from human neutrophils.
AB  - Seven cationic substances--human and egg-white lysozyme, RNase, protamine,
      histone, poly-L-lysine and poly-L-arginine; five cationic lysosomal fractions
      from human polymorphonuclears (PMNs); RNA; poly-L-glutamic acid; DNA; heparin;
      endotoxin; mastocytotropic agent compound 48/80; and cytochalasin B were tested
      for the influence on chemotaxis and random migration of human PMNs using under
      agarose migration and Boyden chambers with two filters and [51Cr]PMNs. The above
      substances were either preincubated with PMNs, added to chemoattractants, or used
      instead of chemoattractants. In under-agarose migration method chemotaxis was
      inhibited by 11-35% when egg-white lysozyme, protamine, heparin, endotoxin, or
      compound 48/80 was added to the cells. High concentration of cytochalasin B
      inhibited chemotaxis by 73%. Cationic fractions I and V and low concentration of
      cytochalasin B enhanced chemotaxis by 11%, 41%, and 30%, respectively. When human
      and egg-white lysozyme, DNA, or cytochalasin B was added to the chemoattractants,
      motility of PMNs was inhibited. Cationic fractions II and V from human PMNs, when
      used as chemoattractants, enhanced cellular motility by 143-167%. Random
      migration was enhanced by heparin and inhibited by cytochalasin B and by cationic
      fractions from human PMNs. These findings suggest that various cationic and
      anionic substances and cationic fractions from human PMNs have heterogeneous
      influence on random migration and chemotactic activity of human PMN. Analysis
      relating chemotaxis to phagocytosis and to intracellular bactericidal activity
      (ICBA) has shown several patterns. Protamine, poly-L-lysine, poly-L-arginine, and
      agent compound 40/80 all inhibit chemotaxis and enhance phagocytosis and ICBA;
      cationic fractions II and V enhanced all three functions, whereas cytochalasin B
      suppressed phagocytosis and ICBA and had concentration-dependent modulatory
      influence on chemotaxis. It implies diverse mechanisms of action and possible
      impact on inflammatory reactions.

PMID- 2416687
TI  - Immunogenicity and antigenicity of synthetic Escherichia coli lipid A.
AB  - The immunogenicity and antigenicity of synthetic Escherichia coli lipid A
      (compound 506) and its 1- and 4'-monophosphorylated derivatives (compounds 505
      and 504, respectively) and nonphosphorylated derivative (compound 503) were
      compared with those of bis- and 4'-monophosphorylated natural free lipid A from
      E. coli. The synthetic compounds under study were either coated onto sheep
      erythrocytes (except for the water-insoluble preparation 503) or incorporated
      into liposomes and used for the immunization of rabbits. Both types of immunogens
      (the latter representing fully synthetic immunogens) resulted in high-titered
      polyclonal antisera which were characterized before or after absorption in a
      passive hemolysis assay as well as in a passive hemolysis inhibition assay with
      the synthetic compounds as test antigens. All antisera were found to react with
      their corresponding homologous antigens coated onto sheep erythrocytes, with
      titers of up to 2,048, and were comparable to those antisera obtained after
      immunization with natural lipid A exposed on the bacterial surface after acid
      hydrolysis. Antisera against bisphosphorylated compound 506 were highly specific
      for the homologous antigens, showing no interaction with compounds 504 and 505 in
      the passive hemolysis test. The same held true for the absorption experiments in
      which glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep erythrocytes were sensitized with the respective
      antigens. Antisera against monophosphorylated compounds 504 and 505 exhibited,
      besides their expected homologous reactivity, complete cross-reactivity with
      compound 506, but they did not cross-react with each other. Thus, anti-504 and
      anti-505 antibodies recognized distinct antigenic determinants, being related to
      the ester linked 4'-phosphate or the glycosidically linked 1-phosphate,
      respectively. Both antigenic determinants were also expressed by
      bisphosphorylated compound 506 used as an antigen; however, upon immunization,
      only antibodies against compound 506 were elicited.

PMID- 2416688
TI  - Immunoresponses to Neisseria meningitidis epitopes: suppression of secondary
      response to phosphorylcholine is carrier specific.
AB  - Results of our previous work have shown that Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B
      M986 can induce a phosphorylcholine (PC)-specific plaque-forming cell
      immunoresponse in mice. Also, a single injection of a relatively low dose of
      meningococci in NBF1 female mice induced a priming time-dependent suppression on
      subsequent meningococcus challenge. This suppression was not due to switching to
      another class of immunoglobulin nor to the presence of a capsule on N.
      meningitidis. In this study we show that suppression induced by meningococcus is
      carrier specific. Furthermore, we offer evidence suggesting that the structure(s)
      on meningococcus that trigger this suppression is heat labile and different from
      the antigenic structure(s) recognized by the suppressed B cells. In addition, we
      found that there is a gradual increase in antibody secretion rates of N.
      meningitidis-induced anti-PC plaque-forming cells that correlates with N.
      meningitidis priming time. Rather unexpected was the fact that pretreatment of
      mice with PC-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (thymus-dependent antigen) had a great
      influence on the subsequent PC-specific immunoresponses induced by N.
      meningitidis and PC-coupled heat-inactivated meningococcus [PC-(NMB)HI], as shown
      by (i) a striking decrease in T15 idiotype expression, (ii) concomitant direct
      anti-PC plaque-forming cells reduction, (iii) switching to immunoglobulin G (N.
      meningitidis-induced immunoresponse) or immunoglobulin G plus immunoglobulin A
      [PC-(NMB)HI-induced immunoresponse], and (iv) a significant increase in
      heterogeneity of plaque-forming cell secretion rates. The possibility that N.
      meningitidis, PC-(NMB)HI, and PC-KLH stimulate B lymphocytes pertaining to three
      different subpopulations embedded in distinct regulatory circuits is discussed,
      with emphasis on the interrelationships between T-dependent and T-independent
      lymphocyte compartments. We focus on the possibility of the existence of high
      level regulatory circuits in which lymphocyte subpopulations or sets of
      lymphocyte subpopulations with different requirements of activation are
      connected.

PMID- 2416689
TI  - Immunological study of lactate dehydrogenase from Streptococcus mutans and
      evidence of common antigenic domains with lactate dehydrogenases from lactic
      bacteria.
AB  - Rabbit polyclonal antibodies directed against purified Streptococcus mutans L-(+)
      lactate dehydrogenase reacted with the purified enzyme, giving a marked deviation
      of its kinetic parameters. The enzyme affinity for pyruvate or NADH decreased in
      the presence of antibody, the affinity for fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP)
      appeared to be slightly affected, and the cooperativity of the ligand binding was
      lowered. A partial protective effect was observed when the enzyme was
      preincubated with FDP prior to the antibody adjunction. An enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay allowed detection of a 30% decrease in enzyme-antibody
      fixation when FDP was added. The protective effect observed with FDP could be
      correlated with a conformational change induced by the activator. A decrease of
      antibody binding in the presence of FDP was also obtained with S. sanguis,
      Actinomyces viscosus, and Lactobacillus casei lactate dehydrogenases, which
      reflects a similar mechanism of activation among lactic bacteria. NADH did not
      offer any protection against antibody inhibition or fixation, and the coenzyme
      affinity decrease could be attributed to an indirect mechanism. On the contrary,
      pyruvate and the immunoglobulins apparently could compete for specific binding
      sites. A decrease of antibody binding was also obtained with three heterologous
      lactic bacterial lactate dehydrogenases, indicating a conservation of antigenic
      determinants implicated in the substrate binding.

PMID- 2416690
TI  - Antimicrobial factors in whole saliva of human infants.
AB  - Antimicrobial factors were analyzed in samples of whole saliva from 31 children,
      aged 0.8 to 3.8 years. When compared with the adult reference group, the children
      displayed similar levels of lysozyme, salivary peroxidase, and hypothiocyanite
      (OSCN-), whereas the amounts of immunoglobulins (isotypes A, G, and M),
      lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase, thiocyanate (SCN-), amylase, and protein were
      significantly lower than the adult values. The child's behavior during the
      collection period noticeably influenced the composition of the saliva. Children
      who were restless and crying during the collection had significantly more
      immunoglobulins, lysozyme, lactoferrin, salivary peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, and
      protein in their saliva samples, obviously due to the contamination of saliva
      mixed with nasal or lacrimal secretions. Therefore, the normal values for saliva
      could be determined for the noncrying children only. These salivary defense
      systems did not show any relation to the length of breast-feeding or to the
      previous history of antibiotic treatment. Thus, with the exception of lactoferrin
      and myeloperoxidase, the nonimmunoglobulin antimicrobial saliva systems studied
      here seem to be already at the adult level during early childhood, when the
      protective antibody systems are still immature.

PMID- 2416691
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against the nonhemagglutinating fimbrial antigen 1C
      (pseudotype 1) of Escherichia coli.
AB  - Hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibodies were produced with fimbrial preparations
      from Escherichia coli 20025 (04:K12:H-) with fimbrial (F) antigens 1C, 13, one
      related to 12, and one preliminarily termed y and from E. coli 2980 (018ac:K5:H-)
      with F antigens 1C and 8. Two clones of subclonal hybrid cells were studied which
      produced monoclonal antibodies (mc-20025-F2b, immunoglobulin G2b [IgG2b]; mc-2980
      F2, IgG1) that were reactive with E. coli 20025, 2980, and a number of additional
      strains which exhibited the F1C antigen. Results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay and Western blot analysis indicated that the antibodies had F1C
      specificity, and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with 125I-labeled
      antibodies showed that they recognized different epitopes on the fimbrial
      subunit. Neither of the antibodies agglutinated F1C-fimbriated E. coli but bound
      to the bacteria. There was no binding to E. coli without F1C fimbriae.

PMID- 2416692
TI  - Characterization of cellular immune response to chemically defined
      glycoconjugates from Leishmania mexicana subsp. amazonensis.
AB  - Two defined glycoconjugates (GP-10/20 and FR II Phe) purified from Leishmania
      mexicana subsp. amazonensis were analyzed with respect to their ability to induce
      cellular responses in immunized and infected mice. Each glycoconjugate was
      recognized by specific immune cells, as assessed by the proliferative response of
      lymph node cells of immunized mice. The response to GP-10/20 depended on helper T
      cells and antigen-presenting cells and was restricted by a major
      histocompatibility complex class II gene product. A specific anti-GP-10/20 T-cell
      line was established, and it was able to transfer a delayed-type hypersensitivity
      (DTH) response to normal mice. Both antigens were also recognized during an
      ongoing disease, as assessed by DTH response of infected mice. By this response,
      it was possible to distinguish susceptible from resistant strains of mice. In the
      course of the disease in resistant mice a correlation between the size of the
      primary lesion and the DTH response to GP-10/20 was observed. The presence of the
      glycoproteins on both promastigote and amastigote forms of the parasite, the
      antigenic similarities between both fractions, and the distribution of the GP
      10/20 antigen in other trypanosomatids were studied. The results showed that both
      antigens were present on promastigotes and amastigotes. GP-10/20 shared no
      epitopes with FR II Phe, was included as part of the crude preparation
      leishmanin, and had some cross-reactive determinants with Leishmania donovani and
      Crithidia deanei.

PMID- 2416694
TI  - [Dying without pain and in peace].

PMID- 2416693
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of various immunomodulators: independence from normal
      levels of circulating monocytes and natural killer cells.
AB  - The effects of 89Sr treatment on the natural host resistance of CD-1 mice and the
      enhancement of resistance by immunomodulators to infection with Listeria
      monocytogenes or herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) were determined. In the CD-1
      mouse, single-dose treatment with 89Sr caused a profound decrease in the number
      of circulating monocytes (Mo), lymphocytes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      (PMN) within 1 week. There was also marked functional impairment of the Mo
      inflammatory response, as well as markedly decreased spontaneous and activatable
      cytotoxicity by splenic natural killer (NK) cells. Despite this profound cellular
      suppression, there was no significant change in natural resistance of CD-1 mice
      to L. monocytogenes or HSV-2 infection. Furthermore, prophylactic treatment of
      mice with the biologic immunomodulator Corynebacterium parvum or the synthetic
      immunomodulators maleic anhydride-divinyl ether or avridine in liposomes resulted
      in comparable enhancement of resistance in 89Sr-treated and normal mice. These
      data indicate that natural and immunomodulator-enhanced resistance of CD-1 mice
      to microbial infections do not depend on normal levels of Mo, PMN, or NK cells.
      The resistance enhancement may rely on activated tissue macrophages (M phi). In
      contrast to the early changes in circulating leukocytes, the resident peritoneal
      cell populations were not markedly altered until after day 30. There then was a
      distinct decline in lymphocytes and a gradual decline in M phi; the change in M
      phi was apparently due to the lack of an age-related increase in the peritoneal M
      phi population in 89Sr-treated mice in comparison with a slight increase in
      resident M phi in normal mice. After CD-1 mice were treated with 89Sr, the number
      of PMN and the function of NK cells generally recovered by about day 50 and was
      followed by partial recovery of circulating Mo, unless a second dose of 89Sr was
      administered.

PMID- 2416695
TI  - Antigenic and allergenic determinants of ovalbumin. I. Peptide mapping, cleavage
      at the methionyl peptide bonds and enzymic hydrolysis of native and carboxymethyl
      OA.
AB  - The effects of enzymic cleavage and perturbing the conformation of the allergenic
      and antigenic determinants of hens egg white albumin (OA) were examined. Hens egg
      white extract of a total protein concentration 8.43 g/l was prepared. Isoelectric
      focusing in sodium dodecyl sulfate and polyacrylamide gel peptide maps for the
      crude egg white extract showed 26 spots visualized by staining with Coomassie
      blue. The OA was purified using a TSK-2000 gel filtration chromatography column.
      The specific allergenic reactivity of the purified OA as measured by RAST
      inhibition and direct RAST was relatively high: 3 micrograms gave an inhibition
      of approximately 10%. The cleavage of OA with cyanogen bromide resulted in 4
      fractions, all capable of binding specific IgE with the first peak showing the
      highest inhibition. Thermal denaturation of OA had no direct effect on the
      antigenic reactivity. RAST inhibition values for the denatured protein were
      similar to those of the native protein. Carboxymethylation of OA gave a product
      with only 20% of the inhibition reactivity. Further treatment with trypsin did
      not abolish the allergenic and antigenic reactivities as shown by RAST inhibition
      and by deflection of OA line in rocket line immunoelectrophoresis. On the other
      hand, limited pepsin hydrolysis destroyed the antigenic structure of the
      molecule. The reactivity of OA is thus relatively stable and could easily be
      retained making it possible to identify the allergenic determinants of enzymic
      hydrolysates used for elucidating the antigenic structure of the molecule.

PMID- 2416696
TI  - Synergism between gammaglobulin prophylaxis and penicillin treatment in
      experimental post-splenectomy sepsis in the rat.
AB  - In spite of long-term antibiotic prophylaxis and pneumococcal vaccination, there
      still exists a proportion of highly susceptible splenectomized or functionally
      hyposplenic patients at risk of contracting fatal overwhelming infections. We
      have studied the effect of gammaglobulin prophylaxis in experimental sepsis among
      splenectomized rats. Administration of 37.5 mg human gammaglobulin/kg body weight
      24 h before challenge with 10(3) pneumococci resulted in the survival of 19 of 24
      rats, in contrast to 1 of 24 controls. A dose of 19 mg/kg body weight was not
      protective (7 of 23 survived). However, treatment with penicillin 18 h after
      challenge in the gammaglobulin-pretreated group of animals saved 21 of 24
      animals, although penicillin without gammaglobulin prophylaxis showed no effect.
      These data indicate that even relatively low circulating concentrations of
      specific antibody after gammaglobulin prophylaxis might nonetheless be adequate
      to render septic disease easier to treat.

PMID- 2416698
TI  - Modulation of adjuvant-enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity by the interferon
      inducers poly I:C and Newcastle disease virus.
AB  - The modulation by the interferon (IFN) inducers poly I:C and Newcastle disease
      virus (NDV) of the effector phase of adjuvant-enhanced delayed-type
      hypersensitivity (DH) was studied in mice. A strongly enhanced DH was induced in
      mice to ultraviolet (UV) light inactivated Semliki forest virus (SFV) by the use
      of the adjuvant dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide. At day 6 after
      intracutaneous immunization, DH was elicited with SFV and measured 24 and 48 h
      later as increase in footpad thickness (footpad swelling test). Systemic,
      intravenous administration of either poly I:C, UV-inactivated NDV, or NDV-induced
      IFN prior to elicitation of DH with antigen resulted in a temporarily suppressed
      DH reaction. Both the poor swelling at 3 h and strong swelling at 24 h were
      suppressed, while the swelling at 48 h was enhanced. The model described provides
      a sensitive in vivo method to study modulating effects of drugs and microbial
      agents on the effector phase of DH.

PMID- 2416697
TI  - Studies on monovalent anaphylactogens with carbohydrate auxiliary groups:
      exclusion of an artefact.
AB  - N1-DNCP-N6-lactobionoyl-1,6-hexanediamine is an elicitor of anaphylactic
      reactions in the guinea pig passively sensitized by antisera raised with a DNCP
      bovine gammaglobulin conjugate. If the antisera contained anticarbohydrate
      antibodies against the carbohydrate residues of the globulin, significantly cross
      reacting with the lactobionoyl moiety, anaphylactogenic cell triggering would be
      by classical hetero-specific bridging which involved the DNCP- and the
      lactobionoyl residues as ligands. This possibility was excluded by showing that a
      bis-lactobionoyl conjugate is unable to elicit anaphylactic reactions.

PMID- 2416699
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in Sertoli cells in ageing humans.
AB  - Ultrastructural study of seminiferous tubules in ageing men revealed a varying
      degree of spermatogenetic arrest associated with changes in the Sertoli cells.
      Approximately half of the Sertoli cells showed a normal mature nuclear appearance
      although the cytoplasm was altered morphologically. These cells were classified
      as containing abundant lipid droplets (30%), containing large cytoplasmic
      vacuoles filled with an amorphous material similar to that in the tubule lumen
      and surrounded by junctional specializations (8%), multinucleated Sertoli cells
      (4%), or Sertoli cells with numerous mitochondria displaying tubular cristae
      (2%). The remaining 7% of Sertoli cells had an immature nuclear appearance and
      sparse development of the cytoplasmic organelles; these cells probably represent
      dedifferentiated Sertoli cells. Although individual differences were marked, a
      correlation between the increase in gonadotrophin levels and changes in both germ
      cell development and Sertoli cell structure was observed.

PMID- 2416700
TI  - Human tumor cells synthesize and secrete alpha-2-macroglobulin in vitro.
AB  - In previous studies we showed that human sarcoma and melanoma cell lines
      synthesize and secrete into culture medium a glycoprotein, migrating in urea
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at Mr 140,000. It is
      not detected in cultures of the corresponding normal cells. Conditioned medium of
      the melanoma cell line HMB-2, producing among the cell lines tested the largest
      amounts of this glycoprotein, has now been used as a source for purification of
      the protein. NH2-terminal amino-acid sequence determination of the purified
      glycoprotein showed that it is identical to human alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha
      2M). Rabbit antibodies raised against the glycoprotein specifically reacted in
      immunoblotting and immunodiffusion tests with alpha 2M present in human plasma.
      Likewise, these antibodies immunoprecipitated from the conditioned media of 35S
      methionine-labelled melanoma and osteosarcoma cell lines the protein which had a
      molecular weight corresponding to alpha 2M. alpha 2M was also synthesized and
      secreted by 2 strains of fetal lung fibroblasts but not by fetal skin fibroblasts
      or adult skin fibroblasts autologous to the osteosarcoma cell line.

PMID- 2416701
TI  - Prevention of adolescent drug abuse.
AB  - The prevention of drug abuse has been of public concern since the mid-1960s.
      Research efforts to document program effectiveness have met with relatively
      little success. Past research efforts are reviewed. Research on social pressures
      and social skills training approaches to smoking prevention is reviewed in detail
      because of the promise these approaches hold for the prevention of drug abuse.
      Future research needs are identified.

PMID- 2416702
TI  - Chemical analysis of internal environmental response of carp Puntius stigma to
      DDT.
AB  - Exposure of Puntius stigma to sublethal dose of DDT (0.05 ppm) for 15 days
      decreased the liver concentrations of protein and DNA from 65 +/- 0.91 to 63 +/-
      0.78 mg/100 mg and 669 +/- 17 to 575 +/- 14 micrograms/100 mg, respectively
      whereas RNA increased from 8214 +/- 318 to 8929 +/- 209 micrograms/100 mg.
      Biotransformation products of this hydrocarbon interfered in the pathways of
      protein biosynthesis and induced proteolysis in hepatic tissues. The resulting
      changes were explained in the light of hypertrophication of liver parenchyma and
      inter-relationships of chemical constituents.

PMID- 2416703
TI  - Red-cell sodium-potassium pump and sodium-lithium countertransport in human
      obesity. Re-evaluation of the methods and association in a Finnish population.
AB  - Specific ouabain binding, active rubidium transport and sodium-lithium
      countertransport were studied in erythrocytes of 55 normal weight (BMI less than
      27), 10 overweight (27 less than or equal to BMI less than 32) and 27 obese (BMI
      greater than or equal to 32) Finnish subjects after re-examination of the
      methods. Intra-assay variation coefficients for these three determinations were 6
      percent, 6 percent and 12 percent, respectively. When samples from the same
      subjects were analyzed again after one month interval no significant differences
      were obtained between the measurements. However, storing of the cells at +4
      degrees C increased Na-K-ATPase mediated rubidium transport about 1.5-fold within
      one day which may partly account for the discrepancies between the previously
      reported results. Specific ouabain binding of the overweight group appeared to be
      slightly lower (13.4 percent, P less than 0.05) whereas that of the obese
      subjects was slightly higher (8.7 percent, P less than 0.05) in comparison with
      normal weight subjects. Also in active rubidium transport and sodium-lithium
      countertransport the values of the obese subjects were significantly higher (P
      less than 0.01, and P less than 0.05, respectively) than those of the normal
      weight subjects. Furthermore, there existed a significant correlation between
      active rubidium transport and body mass index (r = 0.34; P less than 0.001) and
      also between active rubidium transport and specific ouabain binding (r = 0.67; P
      less than 0.001). In spite of these differences between obese and normal weight
      subjects there existed considerable overlapping between the groups, and these
      changes cannot be used as diagnostic tools in screening persons metabolically
      susceptible to obesity.

PMID- 2416704
TI  - Current contributions of peptide synthesis to studies on brain-gut-skin triangle
      peptides.
AB  - The usefulness of a strong acid, such as MSA or TFMSA/TFA, as a deprotecting
      reagent in peptide synthesis was examined. By synthesizing several structurally
      related brain-gut-skin triangle peptides, a number of advantageous features of
      the thioanisole-mediated deprotecting procedure were demonstrated. New amino acid
      derivatives, Arg(Mts), Trp(Mts) and Asp(OChp), were introduced to improve the
      synthetic methodology of complex peptides and the superior properties of Cys(Ad)
      were evaluated.

PMID- 2416705
TI  - The evolutionary role of recombinational repair and sex.
AB  - We have argued that sexual reproduction arose very early in the evolution of life
      as a way of overcoming informational damage or loss through recombinational
      repair. As organisms became more complex and genome information content expanded,
      diploidy, at first transient, became the predominant way of coping with increased
      vulnerability to mutation. This allowed further genome expansion. Once such
      expansion had occurred, however, diploidy became essentially irreversible, since
      reversion to haploidy would lead to expression of accumulated deleterious
      recessive alleles. This expression of recessive alleles also imposes a stiff
      penalty on organisms that experiment with close inbreeding forms of
      recombinational repair. A consequence of sex is that fitness (defined as per
      capita rate of increase) is density dependent. At low population density, fitness
      declines due to increased costs of finding a mate. This fundamental constraint on
      population increase can inhibit evolutionary success of the best adapted species
      if it is small in numbers. Sexual reproduction also tends to eliminate new
      coadapted genotypes within a species by breaking up their coadapted gene
      complexes; this also contributes to the cohesion of species. In general, we think
      the existence of species and their characteristic cohesion and stability over
      time are direct consequences of sex; and sex in turn is a consequence of the need
      to overcome gene damage through recombinational repair while at the same time
      masking the deleterious effects of mutation.

PMID- 2416706
TI  - Tanycytes: morphology and functions: a review.

PMID- 2416707
TI  - Immunology and oncology.

PMID- 2416708
TI  - [Tumor therapy in the surgical endoscopic boundary area. A problem in
      interdisciplinary indications].

PMID- 2416709
TI  - [Filaggrins].
AB  - It has been shown in recent studies that a group of histidine-rich proteins play
      a significant role--as interfilamentous matrix proteins--in keratin formation in
      the epidermis of man and other species. These proteins have been termed
      filaggrins in reference to their ability to aggregate in vitro reconstituted
      keratin filaments to macrofibrils with a striking similarity to the
      ultrastructural keratin pattern. Filaggrins derive from high molecular weight
      precursor proteins--profilaggrins--which are synthesized in the keratohyaline
      granules and break down rapidly into filaggrins when the granular cells undergo
      transition into corneocytes. Further metabolic breakdown of filaggrins leads to
      the formation of other compounds which subserve physiological functions: e.g.
      urocanic acid, which is possibly a natural sunscreen, and free amino acids, which
      are thought to contribute to the hygroscopic character of the horny layer and to
      its barrier function. Alterations of filaggrin metabolism have been recognized in
      a number of pathological states of the skin and may be responsible for disturbed
      epidermal differentiation.

PMID- 2416710
TI  - Combined polychemotherapy and radiotherapy in advanced inoperable squamous cell
      carcinoma of the head and neck.
AB  - Between August 1979 and August 1984, 46 untreated, inoperable patients with
      advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were submitted to a
      combined modality of treatment based on four courses of polychemotherapy
      (vincristine, bleomycin, and methotrexate), rotated with three courses of
      radiotherapy, 20 Gy each. Forty-six patients entered the study: 45 were evaluable
      for their response to the treatment and 46 for toxicity effects. We observed 26
      complete responses (57.7%) and 14 partial responses (31.1%); overall actuarial
      survival was 28% at 55 months. Mucositis occurred in 11 patients, 3 patients
      suffered from nausea and vomiting, 2 patients developed fever, and 1 had a
      platelet count of 50,000/mm3. One toxic death occurred: one patient developed an
      acute renal failure related to Methotrexate.

PMID- 2416711
TI  - A second family with the Atlanta type of HPFH.

PMID- 2416712
TI  - Lectin histochemistry of nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumour).
AB  - Paraffin sections of seven cases of nephroblastoma and one case of clear cell
      sarcoma were stained with a battery of eleven lectins conjugated to horseradish
      peroxidase. Lectin staining revealed similarities between blastema and stroma
      with respect to their content of glycoconjugates whereas blastema and epithelial
      cells exhibited major differences. In general, blastema and stroma contained
      glycoconjugates with terminal or penultimate beta-galactose, glycoconjugates
      having either biantennary or triantennary N-linked sugar chains or both,
      sialoglycoconjugates, and occasionally glycogen. Epithelial cells also showed
      these complex carbohydrates but stained additionally for terminal disaccharide
      galactose-(beta 1----3)-N-acetylgalactosamine, terminal alpha-galactose and
      terminal alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine. Furthermore, staining with three fucose
      binding lectins revealed that the linkage between terminal alpha-fucose residues
      to the constituent oligosaccharide chains varied between epithelial cells,
      blastema and stroma. In general, the distribution and content of glycoconjugates
      in tumour cells comprising clear cell sarcoma resembled that in blastema and
      stroma of nephroblastoma. Other findings included differences in content of
      glycosubstance between cuboidal and columnar cells within the same tumour. Also
      observed were variations between a primary tumour and its metastasis with respect
      to the occurrence of certain complex carbohydrates.

PMID- 2416713
TI  - Sensitivity of various visualization methods for peroxidase and alkaline
      phosphatase activity in immunoenzyme histochemistry.
AB  - Various chromogen protocols for visualizing peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase
      activity in immunoenzyme histochemistry were compared with respect to their
      sensitivity. They were tested on tissue sections of human skeletal muscle and in
      an antigen spot test using antibodies against slow skeletal muscle myosin. The
      chromogens included 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC), 3, 3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB),
      p-phenylenediamine-pyrocatechol (PPD-PC) and 4-chloro-1-naphthol (CN) in
      peroxidase histochemistry, and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate-nitro blue
      tetrazolium salt (BCIP-NBT), BCIP-tetra nitro blue tetrazolium salt (TNBT) and
      various combinations of substituted naphthol phosphate-diazonium salt in alkaline
      phosphatase histochemistry. DAB, CN, and PPD-PC were also employed with imidazole
      and DAB in addition to Co2+ and Ni2+ ions. The results indicate that DAB
      imidazole and DAB-Co2+ and Ni2+ ions are the most sensitive chromogen protocols
      for visualizing peroxidase activity. Although no large differences were found
      between the various chromogen protocols for visualizing alkaline phosphatase
      activity, the protocol BCIP-TNBT is especially recommended. Furthermore, the
      various chromogen protocols were evaluated as to stability of chromogen solutions
      and final precipitates, background staining, localization properties, and
      enhancement of enzyme activity.

PMID- 2416714
TI  - The action of chromium(III) in fixation of animal tissues.
AB  - Chromic salts have been studied as fixatives of mammalian tissues for light
      microscopy, and the binding of the metal has been examined histochemically.
      Tissues bind chromium(III) from aqueous solutions less acid than pH 2.5; the
      metal attaches mainly to collagen and basement membranes. Solutions containing
      chromium(III) as the only active ingredient cannot be used as fixatives because
      they destroy cytoplasm and cause great structural distortion. When mixed with
      other fixative agents, however, chromic salts can bring about considerable
      improvement in structural preservation. In aqueous mixtures more acid than pH 2,
      and in aqueous-methanolic solutions in the pH range 4.0-5.3, a chromic salt
      provides only a nonspecific osmotic effect: little or no metal is bound to the
      tissue, and an aluminium or a sodium salt can be effectively substituted. In less
      acid (pH 2.3-3.2) aqueous mixtures, the beneficial action of chromium(III) cannot
      be imitated by aluminium or sodium ions. Chromium(III) forms coordinate bonds
      that cross-link ionized carboxyl groups of macromolecules. The reaction occurs so
      slowly that such cross-links can internally strengthen a tissue only after the
      structure has been stabilized by rapidly acting fixative agents. Thus, a valuable
      future use of chromic salts may be in a post-fixation treatment to protect
      specimens against the adverse effects of embedding in paraffin wax. Chromium(III)
      might also be useful for enhancing the opacity of collagen fibrils in electron
      microscopy.

PMID- 2416715
TI  - Lyophilization of protein-gold complexes.
AB  - Conditions for dialysis, freezing and lyophilization of protein-gold complexes
      were established. Lyophilized complexes formed by colloidal gold with
      staphylococcal protein A, with Helix pomatia lectin and with horseradish
      peroxidase retained their original staining properties when reconstituted after
      several months of storage.

PMID- 2416716
TI  - Various keratin antibodies produce immunohistochemical staining of human
      myocardium and myometrium.
AB  - Various polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to keratins were used to stain
      different human muscle tissues by paired immunofluorescence and the unlabelled
      antibody peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method. In the myocardium, distinct
      coloration of the intercalated discs was produced by two polyclonal reagents to
      human epidermal keratins but not by two monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratins
      from pig renal tubular cells. In the myometrium--mainly in the middle layer of
      the uterine wall--cytoplasmic coloration of a varying fraction of the smooth
      muscle bundles was produced, especially by one of the polyclonal and by both
      monoclonal reagents. The staining was often confined to the perinuclear region.
      The keratin-positive myometrial cells usually coexpressed vimentin and actin in
      various proportions. These findings indicated that intermediate filaments of the
      keratin type, or antigenically similar elements, are not restricted to cells of
      epithelial origin. Other types of muscle cells did not react with keratin
      antibodies, but keratin-positive macrophages were occasionally found in tongue
      musculature and in inflamed epicardium. Altogether, our observations emphasize
      that keratin reactivity cannot be considered specific for epithelial (or
      mesothelial) cells without reservation.

PMID- 2416717
TI  - Immuno gold staining (IGS) and immuno gold silver staining (IGSS) for the
      identification of the plant pathogenic bacterium Erwinia amylovora (Burrill)
      Winslow et al.
AB  - For the identification of the plant pathogenic bacterium Erwinia amylovora, the
      immuno gold staining (IGS) and immuno gold silver staining (IGSS) techniques are
      tested. The IGS and IGSS methods are at least as sensitive an indirect
      immunofluorescence and require less primary antiserum. Moreover they have the
      advantage that the preparations can be conserved permanently and unchanged. The
      preparation of the IGS can be observed with transmitted light or--with
      considerable better result--using epipolarization microscopy. The IGSS method
      deserves special attention because of its high contrast in normal brigth field
      microscopy with transmitted light.

PMID- 2416718
TI  - Significant decreases in the intensity of staining for proteins and protein
      thiols in basal-cell epitheliomas (basaliomas) as compared to normal skin.
AB  - Microphotometric measurements of fast reacting protein thiols (PSHr) and proteins
      were performed on freshly frozen sections of samples from normal skin (26 cases
      as controls) and from 45 basal cell epitheliomas (basalioma; BCE). The intensity
      of the staining (E/micron2) for both proteins and PSHr was significantly higher
      in normal epidermis than in the adjacent dermis. The values of QE (quotient of
      values observed in the epidermis divided by those observed in the dermis) were
      calculated to be 3.48 for proteins (QE, Prot) and 4.62 for PSHr (QE, PSHr). In
      cases of BCE, significantly lower QE values were found: QE, Prot = 2.16 and QE,
      PSHr = 1.72. The decrease of QE, PSHr was due to a decrease in the staining
      intensity observed in the BCEs, whereas practically no changes occurred in the
      adjacent dermis. The decrease of QE, Prot was mainly caused by a decrease in the
      staining intensity in the BCE (by 68%) as well as in the adjacent dermis (by
      36%). By dividing the mean extinction value (E/micron2) for PSHr by the E/micron2
      for proteins, a new quotient, PSHr/Prot, is obtained which can serve as a
      quantitative measure of the content of the tissue proteins of PSHr. The proteins
      of normal epidermis contained more PSHr than dermal proteins. The proteins of
      BCEs also contained more PSHr than those of the adjacent dermis, but the
      PSHr/Prot values of both tissues were 1.5 to 1.6 times greater than the
      corresponding values for normal epidermis and dermis, respectively.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416720
TI  - Characterization of a monoclonal anti-Bw4 antibody (Tu109): evidence for similar
      epitopes on the Bw4 and Bw6 antigens.
AB  - The production and serologic, as well as immunochemical properties of a cytotoxic
      murine IgG monoclonal antibody (Tu109) that precipitates HLA-class I molecules,
      are described. In the microcytotoxicity assay Tu109 supernatant was demonstrated
      on a panel of 424 HLA-ABC, -DR, -DQ, -MT typed normal Caucasian blood donors to
      define an epitope on HLA-B locus molecules in great association with the
      supertypic specificity Bw4. Reactivity of supernatant showed MHC linked
      inheritance of the Tu109 determinant and discriminated the HLA-Bw4/Bw6 associated
      HLA-B locus split antigens. Weak or lack of binding on lymphocytes from some HLA
      Bw4 heterozygous individuals, particularly typing for HLA-Bw44, appeared to be
      due to qualitative and/or quantitative variations of HLA-B locus molecules on the
      cell surface. With Tu109 ascites fluid, however, extra-reactivity on all HLA-Bw6+
      cells was demonstrated. Preferential binding of supernatant to HLA-Bw4, but
      reactivity of ascites fluid with HLA-Bw6+ molecules in addition, was furthermore
      confirmed by IEF analysis of antigens immunoprecipitated with Tu109 from cell
      lysates. Thus the antibody may help to analyze the evolutionary relationship of
      the diallelic specificities Bw4 and Bw6.

PMID- 2416719
TI  - Murine monoclonal antibodies as probes for the phenotypical, functional, and
      molecular analysis of a discrete peripheral blood lymphocyte population exerting
      natural killer activity in vitro.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies (AB8.28 and A10) reacting with large granular
      lymphocytes were extensively studied and characterized. The two peripheral blood
      lymphocyte subsets positive for the expression of AB8.28 and A10 determinants
      were isolated by cell sorting and the phenotype analyzed using a panel of anti
      lymphocyte reagents. Both subsets displayed the characteristics of "null cells."
      Moreover, these subsets encompassed a significant amount of the natural killer
      activity, since preparations of peripheral blood lymphocytes deprived of AB8.28+
      and A10+ cells showed a remarkable reduction of such activity. The analysis of
      the distribution of the AB8.28 and A10 epitopes has been carried out using a
      variety of cells, i.e., normal tissues, tumor cells, established cell lines, and
      preparations obtained from patients with different leukemic disorders. The
      structure bearing the epitopes recognized by the two monoclonal antibodies was
      characterized immunologically (immunoprecipitation, SDS-PAGE analysis,
      immunomodulation, and competition with other antibodies) and by various
      functional assays. On the basis of inhibition tests, the AB8.28 molecule seems to
      be related functionally and/or structurally with the IgG Fc receptor. By
      contrast, the A10 structure does not share this activity and so far has eluded
      any precise biological characterization.

PMID- 2416721
TI  - A new allodeterminant on HLA-DQ molecules carrying the DQw3 specificity.
AB  - The la subset that reacts with alloantiserum HON known to possess a strong anti
      DRw53 activity was isolated from a 125I-labeled Ia preparation obtained from
      cells of RPMI 8057 cell line (DR1,4) and was found on peptide mapping to be
      lacking in the pattern characteristic of DR-like molecules carrying the DRw53
      specificity and to display the structural features of DQ molecules, particularly
      those carrying the DQw3 specificity. Distribution analysis on a panel of selected
      la-positive cell lines indicated that the specificity involved is associated only
      with DR4 and DRw9, differing from the known DRw53 pattern (DR4, 7, and w9) and
      also from the known DQw3 pattern (DR4 and 5). Reciprocal sequential binding
      experiments demonstrated that the HON-defined specificity resides along with DQw3
      specificity on the same molecules. Thus, HON alloantiserum possesses two
      different antibody activities; one directed to DRw53 specificity and another
      directed to a new DR4- and w9-associated DQ specificity.

PMID- 2416722
TI  - On the bilateral innervation of masticatory muscles: a study with retrograde
      tracers.
AB  - Using horseradish peroxidase and fluorescent compounds as retrograde tracers, the
      myotopical arrangement and axon trajectories of the motoneurons innervating the
      supramandibular and the suprahyoidal muscles were studied in the rat. Only
      motoneurons ipsilateral to the injection site were labelled. In the trigeminal
      motor nucleus, motoneurons of the superficial masseter muscle were found
      laterally, of the anterior deep masseter muscle centrally, and of the temporalis
      muscle dorsally and medially. Motoneurons of the anterior and posterior digastric
      muscle were located in the accessory motor nucleus of the trigeminal and facial
      nerve respectively. Evidence is provided that jaw-opening muscles are innervated
      from a separate motor complex.

PMID- 2416723
TI  - Neuropeptide localisation in the substantia innominata and adjacent regions of
      the human brain.
AB  - A dense peptidergic innervation has been demonstrated in the substantia
      innominata region in postmortem specimens of human brain using immunocytochemical
      techniques. A peptidergic innervation of the nucleus of Meynert - the prominent
      nucleus of this area containing the cholinergic cell bodies which innervate the
      cerebral cortex - has been demonstrated by immunostaining with antisera against
      the following eight neuropeptides: somatostatin, substance P, cholecystokinin
      octapeptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, met-enkephalin, ACTH, alpha-MSH
      and oxytocin. Other immunocytochemical features of the substantia innominata
      region include a dense band of peptide immunoreactivity beneath the medial aspect
      of the anterior commissure and islands of somatostatin and substance P terminal
      immunoreactivity in the rostral part of the substantia innominata. Somatostatin
      immunostained cell bodies have been located in a discrete area of the bed nucleus
      of the stria terminalis and in the rostral portion of the substantia innominata,
      nucleus accumbens and the ventral part of the putamen. The dense band of peptide
      immunoreactivity beneath the medial aspect of the anterior commissure consists of
      ribbon-like processes stained with antisera against somatostatin, substance P,
      cholecystokinin octapeptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and met
      enkephalin. Less intense immunostaining of ribbon-like elements is also present
      in the globus pallidus. The presence of a peptidergic innervation to the nucleus
      of Meynert suggests a possible important modulatory role in cortical cholinergic
      function.

PMID- 2416724
TI  - Ultrastructural evidence of the existence of the surface connected canalicular
      system in the thrombocyte of the shark (Triakis scyllia).
AB  - The existence of the surface-connected canalicular system has been demonstrated
      ultrastructurally in shark [Triakis scyllia) thrombocytes using the ruthenium red
      method to fix and stain the glycocalyx. In ultrathin sections fixed routinely in
      glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide, numbers of electron-lucent vesicles
      are distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Since ruthenium red-positive reaction
      product is deposited on the inner surface of these vesicles, they are defined as
      the surface-connected canalicular system. Moreover, the semithin sectioned
      thrombocytes fixed by the ruthenium red method provide evidence that the surface
      connected system is not composed of vesicles but also of numerous canaliculi.
      These results suggest that the surface-connected canalicular system is one of the
      most basic organelles of the thrombocyte system, common to submammalian species
      and to mammals.

PMID- 2416725
TI  - Identification of complementary DNA clones that encode rat androgen binding
      protein.

PMID- 2416726
TI  - Enhancement of pyrimidine nucleoside uptake into K562 and YAC-1 cells by
      cadeguomycin.
AB  - Cadeguomycin markedly stimulated the uptake of thymidine, deoxycytidine and
      uridine into the acid-insoluble fraction of K562 human leukemic cells, but did
      not significantly affect adenosine incorporation. The enhancement of pyrimidine
      nucleoside uptake was 6 approximately 17 fold over the control. Aspartate
      incorporation into nucleic acid was not significantly blocked by the antibiotic,
      suggesting that the stimulation of pyrimidine nucleoside incorporation is not due
      to the inhibition of de novo pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. Net DNA and RNA
      syntheses, observed by [32P]phosphate uptake, were not significantly affected by
      cadeguomycin. The enzymatic activity of thymidine, deoxycytidine and uridine
      kinases was higher in cadeguomycin-treated cells than in untreated cells,
      suggesting that the enhancement of pyrimidine nucleoside uptake occurs in the
      phosphorylation process. The stimulatory activity of cadeguomycin of thymidine
      uptake was reversed by guanosine and deoxyguanosine, but not by adenosine and
      deoxyadenosine, suggesting that intracellular metabolism and/or action of
      cadeguomycin is related to that of guanosine and deoxyguanosine. The stimulation
      of pyrimidine nucleoside incorporation by cadeguomycin was also found with YAC-1
      cells, but not with the other cell lines. The enhancement effect of the
      antibiotic seems to be not directly related to its cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2416727
TI  - The role of the cyclic depsipeptide rings in antibiotics.
AB  - The physical and biological roles of the cyclic depsipeptides of actinomycin,
      quinomycin and triostin antibiotic families are proposed by examining the crystal
      structures of d(GC)-actinomycin D and d(CGTACG)-triostin A. The analyses suggest
      that not only are DNA-amino acid hydrogen-bonding and chromophore-base pair
      stacking crucially important for DNA-antibiotic interaction, but also that the
      unique structure of the cyclic depsipeptides (the perfect hydrophobic character
      of the inner surface) is equally necessary to insure that these interactions are
      directed, unambiguous and screened from interference by solvent. Beyond this, the
      characteristic nature of the outer surfaces suggests a further hypothesis for the
      biological role of the cyclic depsipeptide rings; when the antibiotics bind in
      the region around the pause or rho-dependent termination sites on the DNA, the
      drugs actually terminate transcription by RNA polymerase and cause release of a
      premature RNA transcript. Termination is likely because the antibiotics carry
      five to six consecutive apparent A/T sequences on the surface of the cyclic
      depsipeptide rings, thus presenting a deceptive termination signal to the
      polymerase.

PMID- 2416728
TI  - Preparation of fluorinated antibiotics followed by 19F NMR spectroscopy. II.
      Fluorinated actinomycins.

PMID- 2416729
TI  - Abolition of the negative endocochlear potential as a consequence of the
      gentamicin-furosemide interaction.
AB  - The DC endocochlear potential and the AC cochlear potential in response to a 4
      kHz tone were recorded in pigmented guinea pigs before and during ototoxic damage
      induced by sequential administration of the aminoglycoside antibiotic,
      gentamicin, and the loop diuretic, furosemide. Within 4 h significant diminution
      of the amplitude of the AC cochlear potential was accompanied by an almost
      complete abolition of the negative diffusion potential revealed by either
      furosemide administration or terminal anoxia. Thus, one of the effects of this
      interaction appears to involve a reduction in the potassium permeability of the
      cochlear partitions.

PMID- 2416730
TI  - Physiological and morphological characterization of efferent neurones in the
      guinea pig cochlea.
AB  - Efferent neurones within the intraganglionic spiral bundle of the guinea pig
      cochlea were characterized in terms of their response properties, and their
      pattern of termination within the receptor organ revealed by intracellular
      labelling with horseradish peroxidase. All neurones subsequently identified as
      efferent neurones had clear features of their response properties which
      distinguished them from primary auditory afferents. They had long latency, low
      maximum discharge rate and low levels of spontaneous activity under
      Nembutal/Innovar anaesthesia. The pattern of discharge was extremely regular,
      revealed by symmetrical interspike interval histograms. 49.4% responded best to
      ipsilateral, 43.3% to contralateral sound and a third group of 7.3% responded
      equally well to either ipsilateral or contralateral sound. In cochleae in good
      physiological condition, these efferents were as sensitive and as sharply tuned
      as primary afferents with the same characteristic frequencies (CFs). All
      efferents fully traced in histological processing terminated on the outer hair
      cells. Several efferents showed extensive branching beneath the inner hair cells
      which might represent en passant synapses with other neuronal elements. There was
      clear evidence of tonotopic organization of the efferent projection. The site of
      termination on the outer hair cells in most instances was very close to the
      region of the cochlea predicted from the fibres' CF and the known place-frequency
      map for primary afferent neurones in the guinea pig.

PMID- 2416731
TI  - Brainstem location of efferent neurones projecting to the guinea pig cochlea.
AB  - Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase using tetramethylbenzidine as a
      chromagen was used to map the cell bodies of origin of the efferent projection to
      the cochlea in the guinea pig. Large numbers of small labelled neurones were
      found within the body of the lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO) ipsi-lateral
      to the injected cochlea. Labelled cells within the contra-lateral LSO were
      extremely rare (1% or less). Large labelled neurones were found both ipsi
      laterally and contra-laterally in the dorsomedial periolivary region, including
      the medial nucleus of trapezoid body and in the ventral and lateral nuclei of the
      trapezoid body and the ventral nucleus of lateral lemniscus. It was concluded
      that some aspects of the distribution of these efferent neurones in the guinea
      pig are similar to the situation in the rat, whilst others resemble more closely
      the arrangement found in cat.

PMID- 2416732
TI  - Effects of enhanced ventricular filling on cardiac pump performance in exercising
      dogs.
AB  - The extent to which the normal increase in stroke volume during exercise can be
      augmented by increasing preload by dextran infusion was studied in seven dogs.
      Each dog ran 3 min on a level treadmill at mild (3-4 mph), moderate (6-8 mph),
      and severe (9-13 mph) loads during the control study and immediately after 10%
      dextran 14 ml/kg iv. During severe exercise dextran-augmented stroke volume (+5.4
      ml or 19% vs. exercise without dextran, P less than 0.01) and left ventricular
      end-diastolic diameter and pressure did not change heart rate, aortic pressure,
      or maximum derivative of left ventricular pressure but decreased systemic
      vascular resistance by 16%. Similar increases in stroke volume and preload after
      dextran occurred during mild and moderate exercise when arterial pressure and
      heart rate were unchanged or increased and systemic vascular resistance was
      decreased. Thus altering preload above those levels normally encountered during
      exercise is a potential mechanism to increase stroke volume and cardiac output.

PMID- 2416733
TI  - Effects of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-elevating agents and retinoic
      acid on differentiation in retinoid-deficient tracheal cultures.
AB  - The ability of cyclic AMP-elevating agents to induce normal differentiation has
      been investigated in retinoid-deficient hamster tracheal epithelium in organ
      culture. Dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) and other cAMP-regulating agents alone caused
      disappearance of keratin and regeneration of normal mucociliary epithelium in
      retinoid-deficient cultures. Incubation of retinoid-deficient cultures with
      dbcAMP, isoproterenol, and cholera toxin (CT) (without addition of exogenous
      retinoid) reversed keratinization in a dose-dependent manner. The ED50 of
      cultures treated with dbcAMP was 4 X 10(-6) M; ED50 of isoproterenol was 7 X 10(
      5) M; and CT, 0.6 micrograms/ml. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors and other cAMP
      analogs were inactive. Dibutyryl cAMP in combination with theophylline enhanced
      normal differentiation. Retinoid-deficient tracheas pretreated for 20 h with 10(
      9) M all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) responded to 10(-6) M dbcAMP by potentiating
      normal differentiation; this concentration of dbcAMP alone was inactive.
      Isoproterenol showed a similar response but to a lesser degree. These cAMP
      elevating agents applied in combination with theophylline did not increase
      activity.

PMID- 2416734
TI  - Intermediate filament expression and lifespan potential in human somatic cell
      hybrids.
AB  - Limited lifespan human diploid fibroblast cells have been fused with the HeLa
      derived cell line HEB 7A which possesses transformed growth characteristics and
      unlimited division potential. HEB 7A expresses keratin intermediate filaments,
      while the fibroblast cells express only vimentin intermediate filaments.
      Independently arising clones of hybrids were examined for the presence of keratin
      by indirect immunofluorescence. Of 11 limited lifespan hybrids, all were keratin
      negative and possessed the growth characteristics of the fibroblast parent. Of 8
      transformed hybrids, 6 arising early after fusion and 2 arising late, all were
      keratin-positive and simultaneously expressed the transformed growth
      characteristics of loss of density dependent growth inhibition, low serum
      dependence, and anchorage independence. It is concluded that the growth
      properties of these hybrids are associated with the type of intermediate filament
      expressed. The intermediate filament expression is therefore a marker of
      proliferative potential in these hybrids.

PMID- 2416735
TI  - Physical properties of short- and long-O-antigen-containing fractions of
      lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 0111:B4.
AB  - Aggregates of short- and long-chain O-antigen-containing fractions of
      lipopolysaccharide were analyzed by electron spin resonance probing to reveal
      differences in their physical properties. The fluidities of the lipid regions of
      the two fractions were quite similar, although the long-chain lipopolysaccharide
      aggregates appeared to be more hydrated as reflected by the polarity determined
      with a lipid probe. In contrast, the head-group region of the long-chain fraction
      was dramatically more mobile than that of the short-chain sample. The binding of
      polycations (e.g., polymyxin B, spermine) to lipopolysaccharide aggregates was
      measured by the partitioning of a cationic spin probe. Less probe was displaced
      from the long-chain fraction and unseparated lipopolysaccharide than from the
      short-chain fraction by the addition of cations, suggesting that the long O
      antigen masks anionic sites on lipopolysaccharide. These results indicate that
      the aggregate shape and reactivity of lipopolysaccharide are affected by O
      antigen length. Thus, the biological activity of lipopolysaccharide may be
      modulated directly by the presence of O-antigen and indirectly by the effects of
      O-antigen on the lipopolysaccharide aggregate structure.

PMID- 2416736
TI  - The serotonin irritation syndrome--a new clinical entity?
AB  - The literature on the possible existence of a "serotonin irritation syndrome" is
      examined. This syndrome is an anxiety state occurring in the presence of elevated
      levels of atmospheric or ambient cations and is associated with elevated central
      and peripheral serotonin levels. Investigation of these cations' effects on
      microbes, insects, and mammals, including humans, shows a disruption of normal
      activity. It is suggested that clinicians become acquainted with the potential
      relationship between cation exposure and serotonin in their treatment of anxious
      patients. Further research exploring the etiology and diagnostic definition of
      this entity is urged.

PMID- 2416737
TI  - Myelin basic protein antibodies in catatonic schizophrenia.
AB  - Myelin basic protein (MBP) antibodies were determined by solid-phase
      radioimmunoassay in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of 10 patients with
      catatonia, 10 patients with other forms of schizophrenia, and 10 psychiatrically
      healthy controls. The mean counts per minute (cpm) value of serum anti-MBP
      antibody of the catatonia group was significantly higher than that of the
      patients with other forms of schizophrenic psychoses (p less than .05). No
      significant differences were observed among the cpm values of the CSF specimens
      from the three patient groups. The hypothesis of a central virus-induced
      immunologic aberration in catatonic schizophrenia is discussed.

PMID- 2416738
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against hen's egg ovomucoid.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies (mAb 23E5 and 32A8) to hen's egg ovomucoid (OM), which
      causes hen's egg allergy and has trypsin inhibitory activity, were prepared and
      purified. Their affinity to the three separate domains of the ovomucoid, which
      are homologous in primary structure and are designated as DI, DII, and DIII, was
      studied by a competitive radioimmunoassay. MAb 23E5 bound to OM more efficiently
      than to DI, DII, or DIII-2 (with carbohydrate), but reacted with DIII-1 (free
      from carbohydrate) more efficiently than with OM. Except for the binding to OM,
      mAb 32A8 bound to DIII-2 most efficiently and to DIII-1 least efficiently,
      suggesting that this antibody recognized the carbohydrate moiety of DIII. MAb
      32A8 inhibited the trypsin inhibitory activity of OM, whereas mAb 23E5 had no
      effect on it. These monoclonal antibodies should be useful for analyzing the
      antigenic determinants and trypsin inhibitory activity of ovomucoid.

PMID- 2416739
TI  - Activation of vitronectin (serum spreading factor) binding of heparin by
      denaturing agents.
AB  - Vitronectin (serum spreading factor), a cell-adhesive glycoprotein present in
      mammalian serum, has previously been the subject of conflicting reports
      concerning its binding to heparin. Vitronectin purified from human plasma does
      not bind to heparin under physiological conditions, but it does so after
      treatment with denaturing agents including 8 M urea or 6 M guanidine-HC1, or
      heating at 100 degrees C for 5 min. These treatments seem to expose a heparin
      binding site in vitronectin; this finding thus resolves the conflicts concerning
      this function.

PMID- 2416740
TI  - DCCD-sensitive, Na+-dependent H+-influx process coupled to membrane potential
      formation in membrane vesicles of Halobacterium halobium.
AB  - The effects of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) on light-induced H+-transport
      and transmembrane electric potential (delta phi) formation were studied in the
      membrane vesicles of Halobacterium halobium R1M1. In accordance with our previous
      finding of the existence of two DCCD-binding components in vesicle membrane using
      14C-DCCD (Konishi & Murakami FEBS Lett. 169, 283-286 (1984)), DCCD inhibited the
      H+-influx process biphasically; that is, the H+-influx process which is
      electrically silent was initially inhibited at concentrations below 30 nmol of
      DCCD/mg vesicle protein, while another H+-influx process which is coupled to
      delta phi formation was secondarily inhibited above this concentration of DCCD.
      The latter H+-influx process was highly dependent on the Na+ concentration. The
      extents of Na+-dependent recovery of delta phi formation and H+-influx were
      quantitatively correlated. From these results, it was concluded that the second
      DCCD-sensitive H+-influx process which is coupled to delta phi formation is due
      to the hypothetical Na+/H+-antiporter postulated by Lanyi and MacDonald
      (Biochemistry 15, 4608-4614 (1976)). It was also found that Li+ can be
      substituted for Na+ in this system, as is the case with Na+/H+-antiporters found
      in other organisms.

PMID- 2416741
TI  - Native and non-native conformation-specific antibodies directed to the loop
      region of hen egg-white lysozyme.
AB  - Two types of antibodies were differentiated in conventional guinea pig anti-hen
      egg-white lysozyme (HEL) antisera. The specificities of both antibodies were
      directed to the loop I region (mainly directed to Cys64--Cys80 loop) but the
      antibodies were distinct in respect of reactivities with native HEL. One type of
      antibody reacted with HEL and loop-peptides of HEL but not with the completely
      reduced and carboxymethylated form of loop-peptides (native conformation specific
      antibody: NC-Ab). On the other hand, the other type of antibody did not react
      with HEL but reacted with loop-peptides and also with the completely reduced and
      carboxymethylated form of loop-peptides (non-native conformation specific
      antibody: NNC-Ab). The percentage of NNC-Ab in loop I reactive antibody fraction
      from pooled guinea pig anti-HEL antisera obtained by two different immunization
      methods was about 25%. Since the affinities of the NNC-Ab to loop-related
      peptides were higher by one order of magnitude than those of the NC-Ab to the
      same peptides, care is necessary in evaluating antigenic determinants in native
      protein. The immunization of guinea pigs with Ploop I . II [sequence 57-107
      (Cys64-Cys80, Cys76-Cys94)] evoked an antibody population having specificity
      similar to but not identical with that of the NNC-Ab type anti-loop I antibody in
      conventional anti-HEL antisera.

PMID- 2416742
TI  - Observations on the preparation of sections of dental hard and soft tissues
      without conventional embedding procedures.
AB  - Inexpensive thin copper discs loaded with diamonds embedded in small slits around
      the periphery, may be used to cut sections from unembedded tooth samples without
      disrupting the cellular and extracellular components intimately associated with
      hard tissue interfaces. The tissue may be unfixed, fixed or cut using fixation or
      dye solutions as the lubricant. The use of these discs therefore opens up new
      avenues of histochemical investigation of hard tissue unrestricted by those
      artefacts associated with conventional or traditional methods of preparation.

PMID- 2416743
TI  - Size of corneocytes and non-keratinized superficial cells of the human oral
      mucosa at different ages.
AB  - The surface area and the longest diameter of gingival and palatal corneocytes and
      of superficial alveolar mucosa cells were assessed morphometrically. From a total
      of 92 subjects (46 males, 46 females) 5 to 75 years of age, cells of each class
      were collected by either the strip method or the imprint technique. The nuclear
      and cytoplasmic profiles and the diameter of about 30 cells per class and subject
      were drawn and scanned with a MOP-I system (Kontron, Zurich). Average data
      collected for 8 groups of males and females of increasing age demonstrated that
      with respect to the two parameters neither corneocytes nor exfoliating alveolar
      mucosa cells changed in size with increasing age, ther was no general difference
      in cell size between the sexes, and gingival corneocytes with retained nuclei
      were slightly larger than those without nuclei, particularly in males. These
      observations are in contrast to those reported for epidermal corneocytes.

PMID- 2416744
TI  - Nomenclature committee of the International Union of Biochemistry (NC-IUB).
      Nomenclature for incompletely specified bases in nucleic acid sequences.
      Recommendations 1984.

PMID- 2416745
TI  - The sodium channel from rat brain. Role of the beta 1 and beta 2 subunits in
      saxitoxin binding.
AB  - Procedures are described for the selective removal of the beta 1 or the beta 2
      subunits from the detergent-solubilized channel from rat brain, and the
      functional integrity of the resulting protein complex is examined. Treatment of
      the channel with 1.0 M MgCl2 followed by sedimentation through sucrose gradients
      results in complete separation of beta 1 from the alpha-beta 2 complex and
      complete loss of [3H]saxitoxin (STX) binding activity. At intermediate MgCl2
      concentrations, the loss of beta 1 and the loss of [3H]STX binding activity are
      closely correlated. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) quantitatively stabilizes the solubilized
      complex against both the loss of beta 1 and the loss of [3H]STX binding activity.
      This indicates that association of the alpha and beta 1 subunits is required to
      maintain the STX/TTX binding site in a conformation with high affinity for STX
      and TTX in the detergent-solubilized state. Treatment of the solubilized sodium
      channel with dithiothreitol in the presence of TTX causes specific release of the
      beta 2 subunit, without significantly removing beta 1. There is little or no
      correlation between the amount of beta 2 in the sodium channel complex and the
      ability of the preparation to bind [3H]STX. We conclude from these studies that
      the presence of beta 1, but not beta 2, is required for the integrity of the
      STX/TTX binding site of the solubilized and purified rat brain sodium channel.

PMID- 2416746
TI  - Isolation of cDNA clones and complete amino acid sequence of human erythrocyte
      glycophorin C.
AB  - Two cDNA clones for glycophorin C, a transmembrane glycoprotein of the human
      erythrocyte which carries the blood group Gerbich antigens, have been isolated
      from a human reticulocyte cDNA library. The clones were identified with a mixture
      of 32 oligonucleotide probes (14-mer) which have been synthetized according to
      the amino acid sequence Asp-Pro-Gly-Met-Ala present in the N-terminal tryptic
      peptide of the molecule. The primary structure of glycophorin C deduced from the
      nucleotide sequence of the 460 base-pair insert of the pGCW5 clone indicates that
      the complete protein is a single polypeptide chain of 128 amino acids clearly
      organized in three distinct domains. The N-terminal part (residues 1-57,
      approximately) which is N- and O-glycosylated is connected to a hydrophilic C
      terminal domain (residues 82-128, approximately) containing 4 tyrosine residues
      by a hydrophobic stretch of nonpolar amino acids (residues 58-81, approximately)
      probably interacting with the membrane lipids and permitting the whole molecule
      to span the lipid bilayer. Northern blot analysis using a 265-base-pair
      restriction fragment obtained by DdeI digestion of the inserted DNA shows that
      the glycophorin C mRNA from human erythroblasts is approximately 1.4 kilobases
      long and is present in the human fetal liver and the human K562 and HEL cell
      lines which exhibit erythroid features. The glycophorin C mRNA, however, is
      absent from adult liver and lymphocytes, indicating that this protein represents
      a new erythrocyte-specific probe which might be useful to study erythroid
      differentiation.

PMID- 2416747
TI  - Rapid and extensive release of Ca2+ from energized mitochondria induced by EGTA.
AB  - A novel mitochondrial Ca2+ release phenomenon is reported. When rat liver
      mitochondria (oxidizing succinate) are allowed to accumulate Ca2+ in excess of 40
      nmol/mg protein and are then treated with excess EGTA, a fraction of the
      accumulated cation is rapidly (approximately 1 nmol/s/mg protein) released. The
      size of the released fraction is an apparent function of the extramitochondrial
      Ca2+ concentration at the time of EGTA addition and can attain a maximal value of
      approximately 30 nmol/mg protein. Release is inhibited by ruthenium red (I50
      approximately 50 pmol/mg protein) and is not dependent on the presence of Na+ or
      K+ in the medium. During the period of rapid release, O2 consumption is
      inhibited, membrane potential increases, and apparent H+ accumulation occurs at a
      ratio of approximately 2H+ per Ca2+ released. It is proposed that this chelator
      induced Ca2+ release occurs by reverse uniport with H+ back diffusion to the
      matrix space providing charge movement compensation.

PMID- 2416748
TI  - Tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate inhibits Ca2+ influx through voltage
      gated Ca2+ channels in two secretory cell lines, PC12 and RINm5F.
AB  - Protein kinase C is known to be involved both in initiation and termination of
      cellular responses due to phosphoinositide breakdown. Here we report that in PC12
      cells (a line of neurosecretory cells derived from a rat pheochromocytoma),
      pretreatment with nanomolar concentrations of phorbol myristate acetate, PMA,
      which is believed to specifically activate protein kinase C, inhibits the
      cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentration rise induced by depolarizing agents. In
      contrast, plasma membrane potential and 45Ca efflux from preloaded cells were
      unaffected by PMA pretreatment. Inhibition by PMA and diacylglycerol of the
      cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentration rise induced by depolarization was observed
      also in another cell line, the insulin secreting line RINm5F. These results raise
      the possibility that the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel is under inhibitory control
      by protein kinase C.

PMID- 2416749
TI  - Human plasma prekallikrein. Immunoaffinity purification and activation to alpha-
      and beta-kallikrein.
AB  - Prekallikrein was purified from human plasma with a final yield of 76% using as
      the principal step adsorption to immobilized chicken antikallikrein IgY. When
      purified prekallikrein (3.4 microM) was incubated in the presence of beta-Factor
      XIIa (0.068 microM) for 5 min at 37 degrees C and pH 7.5, alpha-kallikrein was
      obtained. Upon prolonged incubation (0.5-28 h), the Mr 52,000 heavy chain of
      alpha-kallikrein was progressively cleaved, resulting in the formation of beta
      kallikrein. The formation of beta-kallikrein was characterized as an autolytic
      process because it was prevented by specific inhibitors of kallikrein, including
      aprotinin and antikallikrein antibody but not by corn trypsin inhibitor, an
      inhibitor specific for beta-Factor XIIa.

PMID- 2416750
TI  - Subunit structure of the dihydrolipoyl transacylase component of branched-chain
      alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex from bovine liver. Mapping of the lipoyl
      bearing domain by limited proteolysis.
AB  - To characterize the lipoyl-bearing domain of the dihydrolipoyl transacylase (E2)
      component, purified branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex from
      bovine liver was reductively acylated with [U-14C] alpha-ketoisovalerate in the
      presence of thiamin pyrophosphate and N-ethylmaleimide. Digestion of the modified
      complex with increasing concentrations of trypsin sequentially cleaved the E2
      polypeptide chain (Mr = 52,000) into five radiolabeled lipoyl-containing
      fragments in the order of L1 (Mr = 28,000), L2 (Mr = 24,500), L3 (Mr = 21,000),
      L4 (Mr = 15,000) to L5 (Mr = 14,000) as determined by the autoradiography of
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel. In addition, a lipoate-free inner E2
      core consisting of fragment A (Mr = 26,000) and fragment B (Mr = 22,000) was
      produced. Fragment A contains the active site for transacylation reaction and
      fragment B is the subunit-binding domain. Fragment L5 and fragment B were stable
      and resistant to further tryptic digestion. Mouse antiserum against E2 reacted
      only with fragments L1, L2, and L3, and did not bind fragments L4, L5, A, and B
      as judged by immunoblotting analysis. The anti-E2 serum strongly inhibited the
      overall reaction catalyzed by the complex, but was without effect on the
      transacylation activity of E2. Measurement of incorporation of [1-14C]isobutyryl
      groups into the E2 subunit indicated the presence of 1 lipoyl residue/E2 chain.
      Based on the above data, a model is proposed in which the lipoyl-bearing domain
      is connected to the inner E2 core via a trypsin-sensitive hinge. The lipoyl
      bearing domain contains five consecutive tryptic sites (L1 to L5), with the L1
      site in the hinge region, and the L5 site next to the terminal lipoyl-binding
      sequence. An exposed and antigenic region is located between L1 and L4 tryptic
      sites of the lipoyl-bearing domain. The region accounts for about 24% of the E2
      chain length. Binding of antibodies to this region probably impairs the mobility
      of the lipoyl-containing polypeptide, resulting in an interruption of the active
      site interactions that are necessary for the overall reaction. The lack of
      antigenicity and resistance to tryptic digestion indicate a highly folded
      conformation for fragment L5, the limit polypeptide carrying the single lipoyl
      residue.

PMID- 2416751
TI  - Formation of transmembrane channels in liposomes during injection of lambda DNA.
AB  - Bacteriophage lambda binds to unilamellar liposomes bearing its receptor protein,
      LamB, and the lambda DNA can be injected into the internal aqueous space. During
      this process, transmembrane channels are formed in the liposomes which permit the
      entry and escape of small molecules, but not proteins. The channels are stable
      and persist after DNA injection.

PMID- 2416752
TI  - A dispersed tyrosine tRNA gene from Xenopus laevis with high transcriptional
      activity in vitro.
AB  - Several kinds of tRNA genes of Xenopus laevis are clustered together within
      tandemly repeated 3.18-kilobase DNA fragments. Other members of these reiterated
      tRNA gene families are dispersed and irregularly arranged in the genome. Here we
      report the isolation and some characteristics of one such dispersed gene that
      codes for a tyrosine tRNA. It is located within a low copy number 9.4-kilobase
      restriction fragment that contains no other RNA polymerase III gene functional in
      vitro. The dispersed gene differs from the clustered tyrosine tRNA gene by a
      single purine transition within the coding region, by extensive sequence
      differences within the intervening sequence and 5' and 3' flanking regions, and
      by its approximately 6-fold higher transcriptional activity in homologous S-100
      extracts. Analyses of hybrid genes and deletion mutants demonstrate that this
      differential transcription is due to DNA in the 5' flanking regions.

PMID- 2416753
TI  - Mechanism-based fragmentation of coenzyme A transferase. Comparison of alpha 2
      macroglobulin and coenzyme A transferase thiol ester reactions.
AB  - The plasma proteins, alpha 2-macroglobulin and complement components 3 and 4,
      contain an internal thiol ester involving a glutamyl and cysteinyl residue. The
      thiol ester is susceptible to cyclization at greater than 37 degrees C and forms
      an unstable 5-oxyproline intermediate. The latter can be hydrolyzed to produce
      two peptide fragments. We propose that enzymes having activated glutamyl residues
      as part of their catalytic mechanisms may undergo an analogous cyclization and
      peptidyl cleavage. As a model, we have investigated pig heart succinyl-CoA:3-keto
      acid transferase. When the CoA-enzyme thiolester intermediate is heated at pH 7.4
      and 70 degrees C for 1 h, approximately 60% of the Mr = 60,000 subunits are
      cleaved to give Mr = 40,000 and 20,000 fragments. We have shown that formation of
      the enzyme thiolester is an obligate precursor for the protein fragmentation.
      However, the reaction was incomplete with a maximum of approximately 65% cleavage
      at times greater than 60 min. These results suggest that there is a competing,
      deactivation reaction; namely, the thiol ester and oxyproline intermediates are
      hydrolyzed to regenerate the active site glutamic acid. Although the maximum rate
      of cleavage is at 70 degrees C, approximately 15% autolysis also occurs at 37
      degrees C. The Mr = 40,000 fragment had the same amino terminal sequence as the
      Mr = 60,000 subunit, (Trp-Lys-Phe-Tyr-Thr-Asp-Ala-Val-Glu-Ala-). No amino
      terminal could be detected for the Mr = 20,000 fragment, even after digesting the
      fragment with pyroglutaminase. Peptide maps of the fragments and the uncleaved
      subunit indicate that the fragments are generated in parallel. The size of the
      fragments puts the active site about two-thirds of the way from the amino
      terminal of the protein.

PMID- 2416754
TI  - Inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger activity in cardiac and skeletal muscle
      sarcolemmal vesicles by monoclonal antibody 44D7.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies 44D7 and 4F2 inhibited specifically the Na+-dependent Ca2+
      fluxes characteristic of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in cardiac and skeletal muscle
      sarcolemmal vesicles. Preincubation of membrane vesicles with monoclonal antibody
      44D7 inhibited 90% of the Na+-dependent Ca2+ uptake measured in the first 10 s of
      the reaction and 50% of that measured after 60 s. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent
      ATPase activity and ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake by sarcolemmal vesicles were not
      affected by monoclonal antibody 44D7 whereas the Na+-dependent release of
      accumulated Ca2+ was inhibited. In the presence of the 44D7 antigen isolated from
      human kidney, monoclonal antibody 44D7 could no longer inhibit Na+-dependent Ca2+
      fluxes. The distribution of 4F2 antigenic activity in the isolated muscle
      membrane fractions correlated with that of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger activity; cardiac
      and skeletal muscle sarcolemmal vesicles expressed higher levels of the antigen
      than skeletal muscle transverse tubule membrane, while no antigen could be
      detected in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. Our results suggest that monoclonal
      antibodies 44D7 and 4F2 interact either directly with the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
      molecules or with some other protein(s) responsible for the regulation of this
      activity in the heart and skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2416755
TI  - Molecular cloning and characterization of the Endo B cytokeratin expressed in
      preimplantation mouse embryos.
AB  - A cDNA clone of a keratin-related, intermediate filament protein, designated Endo
      B, was constructed from size-fractionated parietal endodermal mRNA and
      characterized. The 1466-nucleotide cDNA insert contains an open reading frame of
      1272 nucleotides that would result in 5' and 3' noncoding sequences of 54 and 60
      nucleotides, respectively. The predicted amino acid composition, molecular weight
      (47,400), and peptide pattern correlate well with data obtained on the isolated
      protein. The predicted amino acid sequence fits easily into the general domain
      structure suggested for all intermediate filament proteins with a unique amino
      terminal head domain, a large conserved central domain of predominantly alpha
      helical structure, and a relatively unique carboxyl-terminal or tail domain. Over
      the entire molecule, Endo B is 43% identical with human 52-kDa epidermal type I
      keratin. However, over two of the three regions contained in the central domain
      that are predicted to form coiled-coil structures, the Endo B is 54-68% identical
      with other type I keratin sequences. This homology, along with the presence of
      the completely conserved sequence DNARLAADDFR-KYE, which is found in all type I
      keratins, permits the unambiguous identification of Endo B as a type I keratin.
      Comparison of the Endo B sequence to other intermediate filament proteins reveals
      22 residues which are identical in all intermediate filament proteins regardless
      of whether filament formation requires only one type of protein subunit
      (vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillar acidic protein, or a neurofilament protein) or
      two dissimilar types (type I and type II keratins). Endo B mRNA was detectable in
      RNA isolated from F9 cells treated with retinoic acid for 48 h. Approximately
      three to five genes homologous to Endo B were detected in the mouse genome.

PMID- 2416756
TI  - Streptococcal cytoplasmic pH is regulated by changes in amount and activity of a
      proton-translocating ATPase.
AB  - The Streptococcus faecalis H+-ATPase (F1 X F0 complex) level was elevated when
      the cytoplasmic pH was shifted below 7.5. The elevated level was attained by the
      increase in functional unit (F1 X F0 complex) in membranes, but not by the
      activation of the enzyme. Our data strongly suggested that the increase in enzyme
      arises from stimulation of enzyme biosynthesis. When calls growing at pH 7.6 were
      transferred to an acid medium with a pH below 7, the amount of H+-ATPase
      increased. The amount of H+-ATPase decreased to the basal level when the medium
      was alkalized again. Cytoplasmic pH was not controlled normally in cells where a
      change in the amount of H+-ATPase was inhibited. Based on these findings and
      previous data (Kobayashi, H. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 72-76), we propose a
      model for the regulatory mechanism of streptococcal cytoplasmic pH: the pH is
      regulated by changes in amount and activity of the H+-ATPase, which are dependent
      on the cytoplasmic pH.

PMID- 2416757
TI  - Increased collagen biosynthesis and increased expression of type I and type III
      procollagen genes in tight skin (TSK) mouse fibroblasts.
AB  - The Tight Skin (TSK) mouse is a mutant strain that displays connective tissue
      abnormalities characterized by excessive accumulation of collagen in skin,
      subcutaneous tissues, and some internal organs such as the heart. Increased
      collagen biosynthesis by skin organ cultures from affected mice has been
      previously demonstrated, but the mechanisms responsible have not been identified.
      In order to examine the molecular alterations responsible for the increased
      production of this protein, normal and TSK mouse dermal fibroblast cell lines
      were established, and studies of collagen biosynthesis and expression of Types I
      and III procollagen genes were performed. Secondary cultures of 5 normal and 5
      TSK mice dermal fibroblasts were incubated in media containing 10% fetal calf
      serum and 50 micrograms/ml ascorbic acid and after labeling with [14C]proline for
      72 h the amount of [14C]hydroxyproline synthesized was determined. The results
      showed that TSK mice dermal fibroblasts produced significantly greater amounts of
      [14C]hydroxyproline than their normal counterparts (118 +/- 28.3 X 10(-2) versus
      53.7 +/- 21.9 X 10(-2) dpm/micrograms of DNA; p less than 0.004). Subsequently,
      the expression of three procollagen genes in normal and TSK mice fibroblasts was
      analyzed by Northern blot hybridization of polyadenylated RNA to the human cDNA
      clones alpha 12, Hf 32, and RJ 5 which are specific probes for transcripts of
      alpha 1(I), alpha 2(I), and alpha 1(III) procollagen chains, respectively. It was
      found that TSK mice fibroblasts consistently displayed increased levels (up to 5
      fold) of all three collagen transcripts while beta-actin mRNA levels were
      unchanged. The results demonstrate that TSK mice dermal fibroblasts produce
      excessive amounts of collagen in culture concomitant with a dramatic increase in
      the expression of Types I and III procollagen genes.

PMID- 2416758
TI  - Immunogenicity of glutaraldehyde-treated bovine pericardial tissue xenografts in
      rabbits.
AB  - Xenograft valves of glutaraldehyde-treated bovine pericardial tissue have been
      claimed to be an excellent choice for the replacement of malfunctioning human
      heart valves. These valves exhibit low thrombogenicity, hemodynamic function, and
      transvalvular gradients superior to their mechanical and tissue counterparts.
      However, there are differences of opinion concerning the immunogenic properties
      of these valvular devices. This study was conducted to evaluate the immune
      reactivity of such implants. Data obtained indicated that whole xenograft
      sections of both untreated and treated valvular tissue remain immunogenic
      following initial and secondary subcutaneous implantations in rabbits. Homologous
      and cross-reacting antibodies were detected by means of indirect hemagglutination
      test 30 days after initial implantation of the grafts. Presence of cellular
      immune response as judged by skin reaction and leukocyte migration inhibition
      tests indicated that glutaraldehyde treatment of tissues does not destroy
      cellular immunity. Data obtained also suggest that chemical modification of such
      implants by glutaraldehyde probably alters, but does not abolish some antigenic
      determinant sites on the tissue surface. Glutaraldehyde treatment of bovine
      pericardial tissue does not render the tissue immunologically inert.

PMID- 2416759
TI  - Effect of drug-vinyl copolymer delivery composites on the rat prostate.
AB  - A radiation polymerized drug-vinyl copolymer delivery composite (0.8 mm in
      diameter, 3 mm long) was inserted into the right-lobe ventral prostate (I), into
      the right testis (II), and subcutaneously (III) into the back of male Wistar
      rats. The implantation was carried out over a period of 12 weeks maximum. From
      the relationship between the site of surgical insertion of the implant and the
      physiologic response (as measured by the decrease in the weight of the prostatic
      organs, e.g., ventral prostates, dorsolateral prostates, and seminal vesicles),
      it was found that in an AA560-containing composite (36 micrograms daily), the
      physiologic response is increased in order of (III) greater than (II) greater
      than (I). The same tendency was observed in the Estracyt-containing composite
      system (15 micrograms daily). The difference in the physiologic response owing to
      the site of surgical insertion of the implant was not observed in an E2-17 beta
      containing composite (6 micrograms daily), although this composite showed the
      strongest physiologic response. No physiologic response in rats with CMA
      containing composite (28 micrograms daily) was noted.

PMID- 2416760
TI  - A modification of the cell culture agar diffusion test using fluoresceindiacetate
      staining.
AB  - In order to reduce the uncertainties involved in the morphologic evaluation of
      the cell culture agar diffusion test, the originally recommended neutral red
      stain was replaced by fluoresceindiacetate (FDA). This stain proved to be
      nontoxic in the concentrations used in this study (0.002%). Toxicity tests with
      phenol, formalin, and methylmethacrylate monomer revealed results corresponding
      to literature evaluations by other methods. Since FDA makes cell metabolism
      visible and easily accessible to automated evaluation techniques, it presents
      certain advantages over the morphologic evaluation using the neutral red stain.

PMID- 2416761
TI  - Immunochemical detection by specific antibody to thrombin of prothrombin
      conformational changes upon adsorption to artificial surfaces.
AB  - Polyclonal antihuman alpha-thrombin antibodies produced in rabbits reacted
      minimally (less than 0.05%) in solution with human prothrombin. However, when
      prothrombin was adsorbed to artificial surfaces such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
      the cross-reactivity of surface-bound prothrombin with antibody IgG to thrombin
      (greater than 95% purity) was shown to be significantly enhanced. On PVC, the
      molar ratios of antibody IgG to thrombin/prothrombin approached the same level as
      that of antibody IgG to thrombin/thrombin when thrombin was adsorbed to the same
      material. The analyses of antigen-antibodies interaction, in solution with a
      direct binding assay by immune precipitation at high-speed centrifugation
      (160,000 g, 30 min), and on solid-phase PVC, were accomplished by use of double
      labeling technique, i.e., 131I-thrombin (or 131I-prothrombin) and 125I-antibody
      IgG to thrombin. The results appear to suggest that prothrombin adsorption to PVC
      has resulted in some molecular conformational changes so that immunologically the
      adsorbed prothrombin resembles that of adsorbed thrombin on the same PVC surface.

PMID- 2416762
TI  - Wetting characteristics and blood clotting on surfaces of copoly(gamma-Benzyl-L
      glutamate, gamma-hydroxyethyl-L-glutamine).
AB  - The film surface of poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG) was modified with 2
      aminoethanol to enhance its hydrophilicity. Controlling the reaction conditions
      of PBLG and 2-aminoethanol, various types of copoly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate,
      gamma-hydroxyethyl-L-glutamine) film surfaces were obtained. Surface free energy
      (gamma sv), the dispersive component of gamma sv (gamma dsv), the nondispersive
      component of gamma sv (gamma psv), and the interfacial free energy of polymer
      surface with water (gamma sw), which were obtained by using the contact angle
      measurement and calculation method proposed by Andrade et al., were changed
      remarkably by the aminolysis. The gamma sv value increased after 2 h of
      aminolysis from 48.2 (PBLG) to 65.3 dyn/cm and gradually increased to around 70
      dyn/cm after 12 h reaction. (gamma dsv) and (gamma psv) changed from 31.0 and
      17.2 dyn/cm (PBLG) to 26.5 and 44.3 dyn/cm, respectively. These parameters of the
      material surfaces, modified over 12 h reaction, were found to be similar to those
      of the surfaces of canine aorta, vein, and human fibrin membrane. Blood clotting
      times on these polymer surfaces were comparatively longer than on siliconized
      glass surfaces.

PMID- 2416763
TI  - Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolic disease following hip and knee surgery.

PMID- 2416764
TI  - In vitro differentiation of a human erythroid cell line (KMOE) induced by some
      metabolic inhibitors.
AB  - KMOE-2/05, a continuous human erythroid cell line derived from a patient with
      acute erythremia was capable of differentiating into benzidine positive cells
      following exposure to cytosine arabinoside (CA), mitomycin C, or daunorubicin.
      Among the three substances, CA was the most effective inducer. Other compounds,
      reported as effective inducers on human and murine erythroid cells, were also
      tested but they were ineffective. Benzidine positive cells were counted to be
      approximately 500/1 X 10(5) cells after 10 days incubation with CA at its optimal
      concentration of 1 X 10(-5) M. Under the same conditions, the hemoglobin (Hb)
      concentration quantitated by radioimmunoassay (RIA) was more than 500 ng/1 X
      10(6) cells. Quantitative kinetics of synthesized Hb and of benzidine-positive
      cell counts, after exposure to CA were closely correlated.

PMID- 2416765
TI  - Human keratinocytes that have not terminally differentiated synthesize laminin
      and fibronectin but deposit only fibronectin in the pericellular matrix.
AB  - Fibronectin and laminin production by human keratinocytes cultured in serum-free,
      low-calcium medium without a fibroblast feeder layer were examined by several
      techniques. By indirect immunofluorescence, fibronectin but not laminin appeared
      as short radial fibrils between the cells and the substratum, and in the
      pericellular matrix. Synthesis of fibronectin and laminin by 7-day keratinocyte
      cultures was determined by 18 hr 35S-methionine metabolic labeling followed by
      sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography.
      Fibronectin accounted for 2.9% of total synthesized protein, 26.5% of fluid phase
      protein secretion, and 4.3% of deposited ECM protein. In contrast, only 0.1% of
      the total synthesized protein was laminin, little (6.3%) of this product was
      secreted, and none of this product was deposited in the ECM. Our results indicate
      that human keratinocytes under culture conditions that prevent terminal
      differentiation in vitro can synthesize, secrete, and deposit fibronectin in the
      extracellular matrix. Although these cells synthesize laminin, they secrete very
      little and deposit no detectable laminin in the matrix under these culture
      conditions. From these data we believe that fibronectin may play an important
      role in the interaction of epidermal cells with connective tissue matrix during
      wound healing or morphogenesis in in vivo situations in which the epidermis is
      not terminally differentiated.

PMID- 2416766
TI  - The common alpha subunit of bovine glycoprotein hormones: limited formation of
      native structure by the totally nonglycosylated polypeptide chain.
AB  - The folding of the bovine glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit, synthesized in
      bacteria following insertion of the nucleotide sequence coding for this
      polypeptide, has been studied to determine the effect that a complete lack of
      carbohydrate has on this process. The bacterially derived alpha polypeptide (bac
      alpha), extracted from E. coli in the presence of reductant and denaturant, had
      an estimated 0.2% native structure as determined by a conformationally sensitive
      radioimmunoassay. Upon reduction of disulfide bonds and reoxidation in air, the
      amount of native structure increased about 18-fold. Approximately 2% of the
      refolded bac-alpha preparation combines with the beta subunit of human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG beta) to form a complex that binds to the gonadotropin receptor
      and elicits a biological response. Since the correct folding (by immunological
      criteria) of bac-alpha (ca 3%) is significantly greater than expected from a
      random formation of disulfide bonds (0.1%), it appears that correct folding of
      alpha subunit can occur in the complete absence of carbohydrate, though in very
      low yield. Native bovine lutropin alpha subunit (LH alpha) and chemically
      deglycosylated LH alpha (which retains two asparagine-linked N-acetyl glucosamine
      residues per alpha oligosaccharide) were subjected to the same
      reduction/reoxidation regimen as the bacterially produced alpha subunit. As has
      been reported previously [Giudice LC, Pierce, JG, J Biol Chem 251: 6392, 1976]
      intact LH alpha fully regained its native structure. The partially deglycosylated
      LH alpha also refolds to a native-like structure in high yield as assessed by
      immunological assays and by its ability to combine with HCG beta to form a
      biologically active complex. The data show that carbohydrate, while not
      obligatory for correct folding, greatly facilitates the formation of functional
      alpha subunit.

PMID- 2416767
TI  - Improved staining procedure for nucleic acids in polyacrylamide gels after
      complexing with nitroso compounds.

PMID- 2416768
TI  - Specific labelling of human rotaviruses and adenoviruses with gold-IgG complexes.
AB  - Human rotaviruses and adenoviruses were specifically labelled by an indirect
      immuno gold staining technique for electron microscopy. Rabbit antisera against
      human rota- and adenoviruses were used as the primary antibody and goat anti
      rabbit IgG-gold complexes as secondary antibody. Optimal conditions for the
      procedure were established by testing serial dilutions of the antisera.
      Precoating of electron microscopy grids with bovine rotavirus antibody decreased
      nonspecific background staining and at the same time increased slightly the
      number of virus particles adsorbed to the grid. Noncultivable enteric
      adenoviruses showed no antigenic relationship to adenovirus type 2 and 6 from
      cell culture material when tested by this gold labelled antibody decoration
      technique. However, a slight cross-reaction was observed between adenovirus type
      2 and type 6.

PMID- 2416769
TI  - Ability of monoclonal antibodies to the thyrotropin receptor to increase collagen
      synthesis in human fibroblasts: an assay which appears to measure
      exophthalmogenic immunoglobulins in Graves' sera.
AB  - Immunoglobulin G (IgG) preparations from 17 of 20 hyperthyroid patients with
      Graves' ophthalmopathy stimulated collagen biosynthesis in human fibroblasts, as
      measured by [3H]proline incorporation. This activity was not associated with
      thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb) activity in a thyroid cell cAMP assay in 50%
      of the IgG preparations, and it was not found in IgGs from 12 normal subjects, 7
      of 8 patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism but no ophthalmopathy, 4 patients with
      Hashimoto's disease, 7 patients with nontoxic goiter, or 4 hypothyroid patients.
      In the same assay, 11E8, 22A6, and 13D11, 3 mouse monoclonal antibodies to the
      bovine TSH receptor, and 307H6, a human monoclonal antibody to the TSH receptor
      of the thyroid from a Graves' patient with ophthalmopathy, also stimulated
      [3H]proline incorporation into collagen and were active at more than 1,000- to
      10,000-fold lower IgG concentrations (0.1-0.5 microgram/ml as opposed to greater
      than 1 mg/ml). 11E8 and 13D11 are TSH binding inhibitory antibodies (TBIAbs);
      22A6 and 307H6 are TSAbs in cAMP assays. Two other mouse anti-TSH receptor
      monoclonal antibodies, both TBIAbs, as well as 8 human monoclonal antibodies to
      the TSH receptor from Graves' patients with or without ophthalmopathy (2 TBIAbs
      and 6 TSAbs) were negative or significantly less potent (greater than 50 fold) in
      the assay. The fibroblast activity of the monoclonal antibodies was lost if the
      antibodies were preincubated with thyroid membranes, was significantly decreased
      when fibroblasts were exposed to mild trypsin treatment before the assay, was not
      inhibited by human asialoagalacto-thyroglobulin, and required more than a TSH
      receptor determinant, since TSH alone neither duplicated nor inhibited the
      antibody activity. In summary, an assay for measuring the activity of
      autoantibodies active in causing ophthalmopathy is described, and some but not
      all TSH receptor monoclonal antibodies have been found to duplicate the action of
      the autoimmune IgGs from the ophthalmopathy patients.

PMID- 2416770
TI  - Histochemical analysis of the neural basal lamina in the hindbrain region of
      exencephalic mutant mice.
AB  - The neural basal lamina in hindbrain regions of exencephalic loop-tail (Lp/Lp)
      mice and of their normal (+/+; Lp/+) littermates was analyzed histochemically at
      the electron microscopic level by means of enzyme digestion and alcian blue
      staining with critical electrolyte concentrations (CEC) of MgCl2. At 9 days of
      gestation, the normal and abnormal embryos showed a similar pattern of alcian
      blue staining with a CEC of 0.00 M or 0.05 M MgCl2. However, with a CEC of 0.30 M
      MgCl2, the basal lamina in the abnormals stained more prominently, particularly
      the lamina rara externa, suggesting the presence of more sulfated
      glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in the abnormals. Moreover, predigestion of the tissues
      with Streptomyces hyaluronidase, which removes hyaluronic acid (HA), indicated
      that the abnormal basal lamina contained relatively less HA than in the normal
      embryos. By 10 days of gestation the normal basal lamina contained relatively
      more sulfated GAG and less HA and was thus more similar in appearance to that in
      the abnormal embryos. This apparently premature shift from HA predominance to
      sulfated GAG predominance in the abnormal basal lamina may be of significance in
      the etiology of dysraphism in this mutant.

PMID- 2416771
TI  - Comparison of sedimentation and flotation techniques for identification of
      Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts in a large outbreak of human diarrhea.
AB  - Cryptosporidiosis, previously seen mostly among immunocompromised patients, is
      now recognized among immunocompetent patients. During a large outbreak of
      cryptosporidiosis in two day-care centers, we compared two procedures for the
      demonstration of the organism in preserved stool specimens. Of 703 stool
      specimens tested by both techniques, Sheather sucrose flotation (SSF) identified
      127 (18.1%) as positive for Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts. Ritchie Formalin-ethyl
      acetate sedimentation (F/EA) plus a modified cold Kinyoun acid-fast stain (MCK)
      of the sediment identified 129 (18.4%) as positive for Cryptosporidium sp.
      oocysts. The degree of agreement between the two tests was statistically highly
      significant (P less than 0.0001). A total of 161 (22.9%) were positive by one
      technique or the other; 95 (13.5%) were positive by both techniques. A total of
      32 specimens were positive by SSF but negative by F/EA plus MCK, and 34 specimens
      were positive by F/EA plus MCK but negative by SSF. The discrepancies between the
      two techniques occurred in stool specimens that contained rare to a few oocysts.
      Other parasitic forms were found by both techniques. F/EA plus trichrome staining
      recovered 126 (17.9%) specimens with Giardia lamblia, whereas SSF recovered only
      42 (6.0%) specimens with G. lamblia. No association (chi 2 = 0.02, P = 0.89) was
      observed between the presence of G. lamblia and Cryptosporidium sp. in these
      stool specimens. We concluded that F/EA plus MCK of the sediment was as effective
      in the concentration and identification of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts as SSF.
      F/EA plus MCK may be advantageous as a single concentration method for general
      parasitology when Cryptosporidium sp. is also being sought.

PMID- 2416772
TI  - Examination of preserved stool specimens for parasites: lack of value of the
      direct wet mount.
AB  - To review the appropriateness of standard reference procedures for diagnostic
      parasitology, we examined 2,206 stool specimens in our laboratory by direct wet
      mounting with saline and iodine, by saline and iodine wet mounting from Formalin
      ethyl acetate concentrates, and by permanent staining with Wheatley's modified
      trichrome method (W.B. Wheatley, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 21: 990-991, 1951).
      Parasites were detected in 98 stool specimens (4.4%). In all but three specimens,
      direct wet mounting with saline and iodine contributed little significant
      information to the result yet consumed substantial technical time. We recommend
      that with preserved feces a direct examination not be performed but that
      examination of both a concentrate and a permanent stain be routine.

PMID- 2416773
TI  - The role of myelin lipids in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Part 2.
      Influence on disease production by encephalitogenic doses of myelin basic
      protein.
AB  - Hartley guinea pig CNS myelin lipids (TL) were combined with an encephalitogenic
      dose (50 micrograms) of myelin basic protein (MBP) and injected together with
      complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into juvenile strain 13 guinea pigs. All the
      animals developed acute EAE and recovered, but only 50% had a single mild relapse
      during an observation period of 12 months. To determine the effect of individual
      myelin lipids on EAE, purified fractions comprising the galactocerebrosides (GC)
      or gangliosides (GANG) were combined with 50 micrograms MBP together with
      phosphatidyl choline (PC) and cholesterol (CHOL) and injected with CFA into
      juvenile Hartley guinea pigs. Control animals received MBP mixed with PC and CHOL
      or MBP alone, in CFA. The incidence of acute EAE was similar in all groups, but
      the highest percent recovery (69%) was seen in animals immunized with the MBP-GC
      combination. All animals that developed acute EAE in the control groups died.
      Histologically, CNS myelin breakdown was present during the acute attack except
      in the MBP control group. Parameters of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) showed good
      correlation with the clinicopathological findings in animals that received MBP-GC
      or MBP alone. In most animals, serum anti-MBP antibodies were detected as early
      as 10 days post-immunization (p.i.) whereas anti-lipid antibodies were found at
      90 days p.i. Animals that received MBP-PC did not show any positive CMI or serum
      antibodies although they developed severe disease. The results indicate that
      myelin lipids, especially the galactocerebrosides, contribute to the development
      of chronic EAE; however, the mechanism by which this occurs is still obscure.

PMID- 2416774
TI  - Antibody to myelin-associated glycoprotein reacts with plasma cells in mice.
AB  - A recent study on the relative disappearance of MAG versus MBP in primary and
      recurrent lesions of Theiler's infection had shown that numerous mononuclear
      cells in meninges and perivascular spaces specifically bound anti-MAG antibody.
      The present study was undertaken to clarify the nature of these cells.
      Immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy were done on serial sections of
      affected spinal cords. In addition sequential immunofluorescence and HRP
      immunocytochemistry were performed on single sections of spinal cords and spleens
      from normal mice and mice with Theiler's infection and EAE. Results indicate that
      cells binding anti-MAG antibody are plasma cells and that they are present in
      both normal and diseased animals.

PMID- 2416775
TI  - Recognition of human insulin in vitro by T cells from subjects treated with
      animal insulins.
AB  - Structurally defined proteins and peptides have provided considerable information
      about the specificity and regulation of immune responses in inbred animals. Many
      diabetics require therapy with insulin; therefore, we used this defined protein
      as a model antigen to investigate immune responses in the outbred human
      population. In this report, we examine human T cell recognition of antigenic
      determinants on various insulins. A group of 25 subjects was selected from over
      200 diabetics because of the magnitude of their in vitro responses. 13 of the 25
      had significant T cell responses to human insulin despite treatment with only
      beef/pork insulin mixtures. This autoimmunity may be attributed to
      crossreactivity of lymphocytes highly reactive to "foreign" epitopes on
      therapeutic insulins. Alternatively, identical determinants shared by human and
      animal insulins may be recognized. By employing additional insulins not used
      therapeutically and isolated A and B chains, several potential mechanisms for
      lymphocyte autoreactivity to human insulin were demonstrated. Some epitopes are
      conformational and require recognition of an intact molecule, whereas other
      epitopes may arise from antigen processing at the cellular level. Studies using
      zinc-free insulins suggest that zinc-induced alterations of the molecular surface
      may result in some shared reactivities between animal and human insulin.
      Furthermore, T cell reactivity against "foreign" epitopes is more complex than
      anticipated from differences in amino acid sequence. The response patterns of
      many subjects indicate that the A-chain loop associates with the N-terminal B
      chain to form a complex determinant. This determinant is recognized more often
      than individual amino acids. We conclude that insulin therapy generates
      polyclonal T cell responses directed at multiple epitopes on the molecule. Many
      of these epitopes are not identified by amino acid exchanges and their presence
      on human insulin leads to apparent autoimmunity.

PMID- 2416776
TI  - Dietary intake of sodium chloride in the rat influences [3H]nitrendipine binding
      to adrenal glomerulosa cell membranes but does not alter binding to vascular
      smooth muscle membranes.
AB  - Angiotensin II-stimulated secretion by adrenal glomerulosa cells and contraction
      by vascular smooth muscle (VSM) are dependent on calcium influx through membrane
      calcium channels. We have examined the hypothesis that the altered responsiveness
      of adrenal glomerulosa cells and VSM to angiotensin II during NaCl restriction
      may be associated with a change in membrane calcium channel number. To test this
      hypothesis, female rats were placed on a high or low NaCl diet. On the 14th day,
      membranes were prepared from the zona glomerulosa, aorta, mesenteric artery, and
      uterus. [3H]Nitrendipine binding was used to monitor calcium channel number. The
      [3H]nitrendipine binding capacity was observed to be higher in the zona
      glomerulosa during NaCl restriction than during high NaCl intake (83 +/- 18 vs.
      49 +/- 9 fmol/mg protein, P less than 0.025, n = 6 paired experiments). The
      binding capacities of [3H]nitrendipine on the low and high NaCl diet were similar
      in the mesenteric artery (10 +/- 1 vs. 9 +/- 1 fmol/mg protein, n = 8), aorta (33
      +/- 5 vs. 35 +/- 8 fmol/mg protein, n = 5), or uterus (87 +/- 15 vs. 85 +/- 16
      fmol/mg protein, n = 4), respectively. The dissociation constants of
      [3H]nitrendipine binding did not differ on a low or high NaCl intake in the zona
      glomerulosa (0.84 +/- .12 vs. 0.79 +/- .10 nM), mesenteric artery (0.82 +/- .06
      vs. 83 +/- .05 nM), aorta (0.90 +/- .11 vs. 0.92 +/- .12 nM), or uterus (0.55 +/-
      .12 vs. 0.56 +/- .10 nM), respectively. We conclude that the blunted response of
      VSM to angiotensin II during NaCl restriction is best explained by the previously
      reported lower number of angiotensin II receptors since calcium channel number
      does not change. In the adrenal glomerulosa cell, NaCl restriction is associated
      with a higher number of membrane calcium channels and angiotensin II receptors.
      The increase in calcium channel number may reflect the influence of an unknown
      factor(s) believed to be necessary for the full expression of the adrenal
      glomerulosa cell response to NaCl restriction.

PMID- 2416777
TI  - Nasal challenge with ragweed pollen in hay fever patients. Effect of
      immunotherapy.
AB  - Challenge of the nasal mucosa of allergic subjects with specific allergen induces
      not only the expected sneezing and rhinorrhea, but also the appearance in nasal
      secretions of mediators commonly associated with activation of mast cells or
      basophils: histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), kinins, and TAME
      ([3H]-N-alpha-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester)-esterase. To determine whether
      specific immunotherapy alters mediator release in vivo, nasal pollen challenge
      was used to compare 27 untreated highly sensitive ragweed (RW)-allergic subjects
      with 12 similarly sensitive patients receiving long-term immunotherapy (3-5 yr)
      with RW extract (median dose, 6 micrograms RW antigen E). The two groups were
      equally sensitive based on skin tests and basophil histamine release. The
      immunized group had a diminished response as demonstrated by (a) the treated
      group required higher pollen doses to excite sneezing or mediator release; (b)
      significantly fewer subjects in the treated group released mediators at any dose
      (TAME-esterase [P = 0.005], PGD2 [P = 0.04]), and (c) the treated group released
      3-5-fold less mediator (TAME-esterase [P = 0.01], and histamine [P = 0.02]).

PMID- 2416778
TI  - A unique elastase in human blood platelets.
AB  - Previous investigations suggested that elastolytic activity found in platelets
      could be due to contamination by neutrophil elastase. In the present study, the
      lysate of blood platelets free of detectable neutrophils was examined for
      elastase-like activity using tertiary-butyloxycarbonyl (tBOC)-ala-ala-pro-ala
      aminomethyl coumarin (I), tBOC-ala-ala-pro-val-aminomethyl coumarin (II), and
      succinyl-tri-ala-rho-nitroanilide (SAPNA), and for elastolytic activity using 3H
      labeled dog and human lung elastins. The platelet lysate degraded I at a higher
      rate than II, while the reverse was true of neutrophil elastase. The rate of
      degradation of I, II, and SAPNA by the lysate increased with reaction time up to
      20 min. The rate of I, II, and SAPNA degradation by the lysate was decreased by
      the presence of 0.5 M NaCl, whereas NaCl greatly potentiated their degradation by
      neutrophil elastase. Plasma alpha 2-macroglobulin inhibited elastolysis by the
      platelet lysate, whereas plasma alpha 1-antitrypsin did not. The lysate activity
      was inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride,
      elastatinal, Trasylol, and furoyl-saccharin. The optimum pH for platelet lysate
      activity was 8.5-9.0, as in other studies using elastin as substrate. The pH 4.5
      eluate obtained after incubation of the lysate with dog lung elastin at neutral
      pH exhibited the same catalytic properties as the activity in the lysate. The
      different substrate and inhibitor specificities and the failure of IgG specific
      for neutrophil elastase to remove elastase-like and elastolytic activities from
      the lysate indicate that a unique elastase occurs in platelets.

PMID- 2416779
TI  - Serum vitamin D-binding protein is a third member of the albumin and alpha
      fetoprotein gene family.
AB  - A near full-length cDNA encoding the human vitamin D-binding protein (hDBP) was
      isolated from a human liver mRNA expression library. Complete sequence analysis
      of this clone predicts the full-length amino acid sequence of the pre-hDBP.
      Comparison of the sequence of the hDBP mRNA and protein to existing protein and
      nucleic acid data banks demonstrates a strong and highly characteristic homology
      of the hDBP with human albumin (hALB) and human alpha-fetoprotein (hAFP). Based
      upon this structural comparison, we establish that DBP is a member of the ALB and
      AFP gene family.

PMID- 2416780
TI  - On the efficacy of early intervention programs.
AB  - This article summarizes some of the recent literature on early intervention
      programs and their short and long-term results. The trend away from programs that
      focus primarily on cognitive approaches toward more comprehensive services to
      children and families is considered a step forward. Similarly, the use of broad
      measures of adaptation and social competence for measuring program effectiveness
      rather than cross-sectional IQ outcomes appears to be a sound approach.
      Evaluations of Headstart, The Perry Preschool Program, and the Yale Child Welfare
      Program are cited as illustrations.

PMID- 2416781
TI  - Neuropsychological and academic achievement correlates of abnormal WISC-R verbal
      performance discrepancies.
AB  - This study examined neuropsychological and academic achievement correlates of
      statistically abnormal VIQ less than PIQ discrepancies on the WISC-R in a sample
      of 53 hospitalized children. Of 17 neuropsychological measures, only aphasia
      errors was associated with VIQ. Academic achievement measures of reading,
      spelling, and arithmetic were associated with abnormal VIQ less than PIQ
      discrepancies. The results indicate that statistically abnormal VIQ less than PIQ
      discrepancies reflect specific aphasia deficits rather than generalized
      neuropsychological dysfunction and that academic achievement deficiencies of a
      general nature ensue.

PMID- 2416782
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis.
AB  - Cryptosporidium spp is now widely accepted as a cause of gastroenteritis. Various
      methods have been applied to detect oocysts in faeces, but the difficulties of
      discriminating between non-cryptosporidial bodies, acid fast bodies like
      cryptosporidia, and cryptosporidia remain. A simple examination in two stages,
      suitable for routine use is described, using auramine phenol and carbol fuchsine
      for screening and a modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method for confirmation. A
      further method, using Jenner and Giemsa stains, is of value for confirmation of
      identity, especially where fluorescence microscopy is unavailable. A modification
      of the formol-ether method of concentration is also described. Immunofluorescence
      and thin section electron microscopy provide definitive identification. Vomiting
      can be an important clinical feature of gastroenteritis, and the first
      description of oocysts in vomit is reported. Preliminary findings, after more
      than two years of study show that Cryptosporidium is an important pathogenic
      agent in gastroenteritis, confirm the increased incidence in children, and
      suggest a possible seasonal trend.

PMID- 2416783
TI  - Ontogeny of substance P-like immunoreactive fibers in the taste buds and their
      surrounding epithelium of the circumvallate papillae of the rat. II. Electron
      microscopic analysis.
AB  - We studied the ontogeny of the fine structure of substance P-like immunoreactive
      (SPI) fibers in the extragemmal epithelium and taste buds of the circumvallate
      papillae in the rat tongue by electron microscopy and by the unlabeled antibody
      enzyme method. SPI fibers in the lamina propria first appeared at gestational day
      19, and those in the extragemmal epithelium and in the taste buds at day 21.
      These fibers did not form synaptic contact with underlying cells. In addition,
      the occurrence of nonimmunoreactive fibers in these areas preceded that of SPI
      fibers. Our findings suggest that SPI fibers are not primarilly involved in the
      differentiation of the extragemmal epithelium and taste bud cells.

PMID- 2416784
TI  - The cerebellar and vestibular nuclear complexes in the turtle. II. Projections to
      the prosencephalon.
AB  - Prosencephalic projections from the cerebellar and vestibular nuclear complexes
      in the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans were investigated with anterograde
      tracing. Following injections of 35S-methionine at various locations within the
      cerebellar and vestibular nuclear complexes, labeled ascending fibers were found
      to arise from the lateral cerebellar and the rostral (superior and/or
      dorsolateral) vestibular nuclei. The great majority of these fibers coursed
      within the ipsilateral ascending periventricular tract. There were possible
      terminations in the hypothalamosuprapeduncular region, the ovalis-complex, and
      the nucleus commissuralis anterior, but scarcely any indication of terminal
      labeling within the dorsal thalamus. The labeled fibers, however, continued
      rostralward, entered the lateral forebrain bundle, and terminated in the anterior
      dorsal ventricular ridge--in all but one case, exclusively ipsilaterally. The
      terminal area within the lateral division (referred to as area L) of the anterior
      dorsal ventricular ridge was sharply delimited, being situated ventrolateral to
      the visually oriented area D of the anterior dorsal ventricular ridge (Balaban
      and Ulinski, '81), medial to the lateral cortex, and ventral to the pallial
      thickening (motor pallium of Johnston, '16). The findings are compared with
      related ones in mammals, particularly those pertaining to telencephalic
      somatosensorimotor regions and their interactions with the vestibular nuclear
      complex and the cerebellum.

PMID- 2416785
TI  - Dendritic plasticity in the early postnatal feline retina: quantitative
      characteristics and sensitive period.
AB  - Retinal lesions were made in kittens between 3 and 60 days postnatal age and in
      adult cats. After postlesion survival times ranging from 4 to 11 months the
      dendritic morphology of retinal ganglion cells was revealed by retrograde
      labeling with horseradish peroxidase or with neurofibrillar staining techniques.
      After retinal lesions on the third postnatal day changes of dendritic morphology
      were observed in retinal ganglion cells adjacent to regions of retrograde
      degeneration. Originating from eccentrically positioned somata the dendritic
      fields extended into the regions that were free of neighboring cells. The
      dendrites oriented toward the ganglion-cell-free region were elongated and
      thicker than normal. The density of dendrites per unit area was increased in this
      part of the dendritic trees. Lesions on the 20th, 38th, and 56th postnatal days
      elicited increasingly weaker changes of dendritic morphology. The sensitive
      period for the type of dendritic plasticity described ends between 40 and 60 days
      postnatally.

PMID- 2416786
TI  - The efferent projections from the reticular formation and the locus coeruleus
      studied by anterograde and retrograde axonal transport in the rat.
AB  - Following injections of [3H]leucine into the formatio reticularis
      gigantocellularis (Rgc), reticularis pontis caudalis (Rpc), reticularis pontis
      oralis (Rpo), reticularis mesencephali (Rmes), or the locus coeruleus (LC) of the
      rat, autoradiographic study revealed prominent reticuloreticular projections from
      all areas and secondary projections onto cranial nerve motor nuclei from most
      areas within the brain stem. Common long descending projections extended the full
      length of the spinal cord terminating in the ventromedial ventral horn and
      intermediate zone and more sparsely in the base of the dorsal horn and
      (particularly from Rgc) the region of the motoneurons. Common long ascending
      projections extended into the forebrain via Forel's tegmental fascicles. A dorsal
      branch of fibers innervated the intralaminar and midline nuclei of the thalamus.
      The major fiber system continued forward through Forel's fields and ascended into
      the pallidum from Rpo, Rmes, and LC and into the neostriatum from Rmes and LC.
      Fascicles from all areas also ascended in the medial forebrain bundle through the
      lateral hypothalamus to the lateral preoptic area, substantia innominata, and
      nuclei of the diagonal band. From Rpo, Rmes, and LC, fibers continued forward to
      reach the cerebral cortex, where the innervation was sparse and discrete from Rpo
      and Rmes but moderate and ubiquitous from LC. Retrograde transport of true blue
      and/or nuclear yellow revealed inverse gradients along the brain stem
      longitudinal axis of interdigitated cells respectively projecting caudally into
      the spinal cord (with the greatest number of cells in Rgc, Rpc, and Rpo) and
      rostrally into the diencephalon (with the greatest number of cells in Rmes and
      LC), with very few cells projecting both to the spinal cord and the diencephalon.
      From the basal forebrain, a large number of reticular and LC cells were
      retrogradely labelled, whereas from the frontal cortex, a much smaller number of
      reticular cells was labelled. These results document the widespread efferent
      projections from the reticular formation and overlapping, yet more extensive,
      projections from the LC.

PMID- 2416787
TI  - Peptidergic innervation of insect skeletal muscle: immunochemical observations.
AB  - Proctolin (Arg-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Thr) is a pentapeptide present in the hindgut or
      proctodeum of the cockroach Periplaneta americana where it may be a transmitter.
      Its widespread distribution among peripherally projecting neurons in the CNS
      (Bishop and O'Shea, '82) suggested that proctolin's motor function is not
      restricted to the hindgut, but has a variety of peripheral targets. This idea was
      further supported when proctolin was localized to an identified skeletal
      motoneuron, the slow coxal depressor, where it acts as a cotransmitter (O'Shea
      and Bishop, '82; Adams and O'Shea, '83). Our objective was to investigate the
      proctolinergic innervation of a variety of skeletal muscles of the cockroach
      Periplaneta americana. We used immunohistochemical and radioimmunochemical
      methods to map the distribution of proctolin immunoreactivity. This survey
      revealed that a subpopulation of skeletal muscles are innervated by
      proctolinergic motoneurons. The anatomical features of the peptidergic
      innervation and the levels of proctolinlike immunoreactivity of one muscle group,
      the coxal depressor system, are here described in detail. The source of the
      proctolin innervation to the metathoracic coxal depressor group is identified as
      the slow coxal depressor motoneuron. The results of a survey of fast and slow
      skeletal muscles revealed that proctolin is associated with slow motor function.
      The functional implications of the association of a peptide with motoneurons are
      discussed in relationship to the organization of the insect motor pool.

PMID- 2416788
TI  - Rationally designed combination chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with
      recalcitrant psoriasis.
AB  - In an effort to improve clinical response and reduce systemic toxicity, nine
      patients with recalcitrant psoriasis were treated with rational combinations of
      chemotherapeutic agents. Five patients received methotrexate by injection, 7.5 or
      10 mg, followed 1 hour later by intravenous 5-fluorouracil, 170 to 562 mg/m2, on
      a weekly schedule. Four patients received oral triacetyl-azauridine, 2 to 4 gm
      daily, in combination with intravenous 5-fluorouracil, 225 to 600 mg/m2,
      administered every week. Three patients experienced greater than 75% clearing of
      disease, five patients experienced greater than 50% clearing, and only one
      patient failed to respond. Response rates did not differ between the two
      treatment groups. Adverse effects of these therapies were mild and infrequent. We
      conclude that 5-fluorouracil in combination with either methotrexate or triacetyl
      azauridine is a relatively safe and effective alternative for the therapy of
      patients with severe psoriasis.

PMID- 2416789
TI  - Cutaneous tissue repair: basic biologic considerations. I.
AB  - Wound repair of the integument is reviewed in the context of new developments in
      cell biology and biochemistry. Injury of the skin and concomitant blood vessel
      disruption lead to extravasation of blood constituents, followed by platelet
      aggregation and blood clotting. These events initiate inflammation and set the
      stage for repair processes. The macrophage plays a pivotal role in the transition
      between wound inflammation and repair (granulation tissue formation), since this
      cell both scavenges tissue debris and releases a plethora of biologically active
      substances that include growth factors. Although concrete evidence is lacking,
      growth factors are probably at least partially responsible for the angiogenesis
      and fibroplasia (granulation tissue) that gradually fill the wound void. If the
      epidermal barrier is disrupted during injury, reepithelialization begins within
      24 hours and proceeds first over the margin of residual dermis and subsequently
      over granulation tissue. The signals for angiogenesis, fibroplasia, neomatrix
      formation, and reepithelialization in wound repair are not known, but a number of
      possibilities are discussed. Matrix remodeling is the last stage of wound repair
      and gradually increases the scar tensile strength to 70% to 80% of normal skin.

PMID- 2416790
TI  - A simple and improved method for direct and indirect immunofluorescent staining.
AB  - Several technics for immunofluorescent staining have been described in the
      literature and are presently used by laboratories performing direct and indirect
      tissue immunofluorescence. The purpose of this communication is to describe a
      simple immunofluorescent technic that uses a five-slide polypropylene slide
      mailer containing the diluted conjugated antisera. This technic eliminates the
      need for an incubation chamber, decreases background staining, and uses less
      antiserum.

PMID- 2416791
TI  - Changes in the fluoride-induced modulation of maturation stage ameloblasts of
      rats.
AB  - The maturation stage of enamel development is characterized by a cyclic
      modulation of the ameloblasts between bands of smooth-ended cells and longer
      bands of ruffle-ended cells. There are cyclic patterns of calcein staining of and
      45Ca uptake in the enamel associated with this cellular modulation. Rats were
      given 0, 75, 100, or 150 ppm fluoride in their drinking water. Fluoride disrupted
      the cyclic patterns of the maturation stage, resulting in fewer bands of smooth
      ended ameloblasts, fewer calcein-stained stripes, and fewer cycles of 45Ca
      uptake. When animals were given water containing 0 ppm fluoride following
      ingestion of water containing 100 ppm fluoride, the pattern of calcein staining
      returned to that of the control enamel. The disruption of the cyclic patterns in
      the maturation stage and the increased protein content of maturation enamel seem
      to be among the early events in the development of fluorosis.

PMID- 2416792
TI  - Stability of retinoids in culture. All-trans-retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid
      and etretinate in the culture of human keratinocytes, B16 mouse melanoma cells
      and HeLa cells.

PMID- 2416793
TI  - The inhibitory effect of Alcide, an antimicrobial drug, on protein synthesis in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Alcide, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug, has been shown to kill a wide range
      of common pathogenic bacteria as well as fungi, in vitro. This agent consists of
      Part A and Part B which contain sodium chlorite and lactic acid as the active
      ingredients, respectively. The mixing of these two parts immediately prior to use
      results in the formation of chlorine dioxide (ClO2), a potent germicidal
      compound. Exposure of exponentially growing E. coli cells to Alcide resulted in a
      rapid inhibition of growth as well as loss of viability. Alcide inhibited DNA,
      RNA, and protein synthesis; however, RNA and protein synthesis were affected at
      much lower concentrations. The accumulation of the amino acid analog amino
      isobutyric acid into growing cultures of E. coli was only partially impaired by
      Alcide. Cell-free protein synthesis using an RNA directed system was inhibited by
      Alcide and this effect was lessened in the presence of mercaptoethanol. Higher
      concentrations of Alcide (1 mM) oxidized 25% of the methionine to methionine
      sulfoxide. Aminoacylation of E. coli bulk tRNA was decreased in vitro and the
      aminoacylation of tRNAfMet was particularly sensitive to Alcide.

PMID- 2416794
TI  - [Improvement of retinopathy in the diabetic treated with an intraperitoneal
      insulin pump].
AB  - The recent development of continuous insulin infusion by pump as a treatment
      method of diabetics and the fact that several publications have shown some doubt
      as to the efficiency of this method of treatment on the development of diabetic
      retinopathy, have led us to study this problem. In our study we have followed 24
      patients for an average of 22 months (13-41). These patients were diabetics type
      I, non-obese, normotensive and were divided into three groups based on the extent
      of their diabetic retinopathy. Group I: no retinopathy, 5 patients. Group 2:
      background retinopathy without ischaemia, 14 patients. Group 3: ischaemic
      retinopathy, 5 patients. Only patients from group 3 where subjected to
      photocoagulation. The above classification was based on angiographic findings and
      we compared angiograms before and after treatment. In group I, none of the
      patients developed diabetic retinopathy. In group 2, there was only one
      aggravation of the preexisting retinopathy, however without the development of
      proliferative changes. In group 3, the favourable outcome was mainly due to
      treatment by photocoagulation. The different classification of diabetic
      retinopathy that we have adopted into ischaemic and non-ischaemic forms based on
      angiographic findings might explain our favourable results. The classification
      into background and proliferative retinopathy does not indicate in the background
      type the relative importance of the oedema and the ischaemia. We suggest that the
      improved glycemic control obtained by continuous insulin infusion has a
      favourable outcome on non-ischaemic type of diabetic retinopathy, whereas
      photocoagulation remains the treatment of choice in ischaemic retinopathy.

PMID- 2416795
TI  - [Diabetic papillopathy and pregnancy. Clinical contribution and pathogenetic
      considerations].
AB  - Bilateral mild diabetic retinopathy and disc swelling occurred in a young woman
      with type I diabetes during the second month of pregnancy. The disc edema showed
      the typical pattern of diabetic papillopathy (D.P.). This is a recently
      discovered syndrome of juvenile diabetics characterized by transient bilateral
      edema of the optic disc with minimal functional impairment. The features of D.P.
      and two different pathogenetical hypotheses, ischemic and dysmetabolic, expressed
      by other authors, are listed in detail. The case described showed a particular
      evolution, with bilateral prepapillary transitory neovascularization followed by
      scant glial reaction. Moreover pattern VEPs analysis showed a clearly increased
      latency. These findings suggest that both dysmetabolic (VEPs increased latency)
      and and ischemic (neovascularization) stimuli are responsible for D.P., even if
      differences with typical ischemic optic neuropathy are evident.

PMID- 2416796
TI  - [Unusual technics for argon photocoagulation of the anterior segment].

PMID- 2416797
TI  - [The influence of lindane and lindane metabolites on microsomal and mitochondrial
      ATPase in vitro].
AB  - In vitro investigations of the influence of lindane and its metabolites were
      performed on microsomal and mitochondrial ATPases from liver, kidney and brain of
      rat and mouse. The microsomal Na+-K+-ATPases in rat liver were inhibited by the
      tested substances. An increase of activity was observed only with 2.5 X 10(-5) M
      gamma-HCH. Effects on the microsomal Na+-K+-ATPase from kidney and brain of rat
      were also indicated. The mitochondrial enzyme in rat liver was stimulated by all
      the compounds tested at concentrations of 10(-4) M - 10(-2) M. The effects on
      mitochondrial enzymes from kidney and brain varied in dependence on the tested
      substances. In the microsomes and mitochondria of mouse an influence on the Na+
      K+-ATPases similar to the effects on the preparations from organs of rat was
      evident.

PMID- 2416798
TI  - [Prevention of peritoneal adhesions by local treatments. Experimental study in
      the rat].
AB  - Those local treatments that are most used clinically for the prevention of
      adhesions in the pelvis have been evaluated experimentally using peritoneal
      abrasion in the rat. In a first experiment these products, namely dexamethasone,
      high molecular weight dextran, and noxytioline, were compared with a saline
      solution on the one hand which confirmed the effect of these substances in
      preventing adhesions, and on the other hand showed that noxytioline was about as
      effective as dextran 70 and better than corticosteroids. The score for adhesions
      that were found were; in the control series an average of 9.25, in the
      dexamethasone series 6, in the dextran 70 series 4.1 and in the noxytioline
      series 4.00. This last substance, which has been for less broadly studied than
      dextran, was then made the subject of a second experiment carried out in the same
      way as the first, and showing that the anti-adhesion effect was not something
      that was added on to its anti-bacterial effect because noxytioline alone was more
      effective than a broad spectrum antibiotic by itself, and adding the two together
      gave a still better result. It would seem to us that using noxytioline and
      dextran 70 together does not improve the results achieved by using each substance
      by itself.

PMID- 2416799
TI  - Development of slow Ca2+-Na+ channels during organ culture of young embryonic
      chick hearts.
AB  - Young (3-days-old) embryonic chick hearts have slowly-rising spontaneous action
      potentials, dependent on tetrodotoxin-insensitive slow Na+ channels. When the
      hearts were placed into organ culture for 5-11 days, action potential duration
      was markedly increased by 260-370%, and a notch appeared between the initial
      spike phase and the plateau phase in some hearts. The spike amplitude was mainly
      dependent on [Na]0, whereas the plateau amplitude was dependent on [Ca]0. Thus,
      the young embryonic hearts develop slow Ca2+-Na+ channels (while retaining the
      slow Na+ channels) during organ culture, and the spike phase and the plateau
      phase of the slow action potentials are mainly dependent on currents through slow
      Na+ channels and through slow Ca2+-Na+ channels, respectively. The effects of
      Mn2+ (a specific blocker of slow Ca2+-Na+ channels) and verapamil (a blocker of
      slow Na+ channels as well as of slow Ca2+-Na+ channels) on the spike phase and
      the plateau phase were examined. Mn2+ (0.5 mM) and verapamil (5 microM) depressed
      the plateau duration and overshoot. Verapamil did not decrease the maximum rate
      of rise (Vmax), but Mn++ produced a small, but significant, decrease. High
      concentrations (10/30 microM) of verapamil depressed the action potential
      amplitude and Vmax, and abolished the spontaneous action potentials. These
      results indicate that slow Ca2+-Na+ channels appear de novo during organ culture
      of young embryonic hearts.

PMID- 2416800
TI  - The early stages of flexor tendon healing: a morphologic study of the first
      fourteen days.
AB  - Healing canine flexor tendons treated with protected early motion were studied by
      light and transmission electron microscopy in the early stages after repair. Two
      micrometer sections were made across the repair sites. The repair site
      configuration varied with the extent of gaps that formed between the tendon ends.
      Each tendon had areas where the tendon stumps were well coapted, and other areas
      had defects of up to 3 mm. Some areas had gaps healed by way of a marked cellular
      response from the epitenon, whereas more closely coapted areas had a greater
      initial endotenon response. The repair site was revascularized by day 7 in
      regions with close tendon stump approximation and by 10 to 14 days in regions
      with larger gaps between the tendon ends.

PMID- 2416801
TI  - Endothelial cell-matrix interactions: in vitro models of angiogenesis.

PMID- 2416802
TI  - Infection of T4 lymphocytes by HTLV-III does not require expression of the OKT4
      epitope.

PMID- 2416803
TI  - A selective increase in the generation of phosphorylcholine-specific B cells
      associated with aging.

PMID- 2416804
TI  - Amino acid residues distinct from the determinant region can profoundly affect
      activation of T cell clones by related antigens.
AB  - Hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL)-specific T cell clones derived from the C57BL/6
      strain were found to be about 100-fold more sensitive to the closely related ring
      necked pheasant lysozyme (REL) in a dose-dependent proliferation assay. This
      apparent heteroclicity of REL was independent of the fine specificity of the
      clones. However, when stimulations by corresponding cyanogen bromide-cleaved
      peptides (L2H and L2R) known to contain the determinants recognized by all of the
      clones were compared, the preference for REL was lost. Conversely, an HEL
      specific, I-Ad-restricted clone that did not respond to REL responded equally
      well to L2H and to L2R. Because the HEL/REL reactivity differences involved only
      the T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APC), and were correlated with
      differential sensitivity to the lysosomotropic drug chloroquine, it appears that
      the reactivity differences relate to the manner in which lysozymes are processed
      by the APC. Thus, conclusions about T cell "clonal specificity," usually
      attributed to differences in recognition of the determinant regions, may in some
      cases reflect differential antigen handling that depends on sites on the molecule
      distant from the determinant.

PMID- 2416805
TI  - Clonal analysis of the anti-Qa-1 cytotoxic T lymphocyte repertoire: definition of
      the Qa-1d and Qa-1c alloantigens and cross-reactivity with H-2.
AB  - To characterize the four common Qa-1 allelic products, we examined in detail the
      CTL-defined determinants encoded by Qa-1. In previous studies with anti-Qa-1 CTL
      and alloantisera, investigators have described antigenic determinants present on
      Qa-1a and Qa-1b antigens, but they have defined Qa-1c and Qa-1d exclusively by
      their cross-reactivity with Qa-1a and/or Qa-1b determinants. To delineate further
      the CTL-defined determinants encoded by Qa-1d, we generated CTL clones with Qa-1d
      specificity and demonstrated that the Qa-1d molecule expressed determinants that
      were not detected on Qa-1a, Qa-1b, or Qa-1c target cells. Other CTL clones
      derived from anti-Qa-1d MLC recognized new antigenic determinants on Qa-1c that
      cross-reacted with Qa-1d. Each of the four common Qa-1 phenotypes was shown to
      exhibit unique antigenic determinants. In addition, Qa-1d anti-Qa-1a and Qa-1d
      anti-Qa-1b CTL confirmed extensive cross-reactivity among these Qa-1
      alloantigens. Analysis of CTL from these four immunizations also resulted in the
      isolation of Qa-1a-specific and Qa-1d-specific CTL clones that cross-reacted with
      H-2Df and H-2Ks, respectively.

PMID- 2416806
TI  - High frequency and nonrandom distribution of alloreactivity in T cell clones
      selected for recognition of foreign antigen in association with self class II
      molecules.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that a single T cell clone can respond to both
      a foreign antigen in the context of self major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
      encoded molecules (self plus X) and to an allogeneic class I or class II molecule
      in the absence of antigen (non-self). We have used limiting dilution of T cells
      obtained from the draining lymph nodes of antigen-primed B10.A mice to establish
      a large number of T cell clones that recognize either GAT, pigeon cytochrome c,
      or sheep insulin in association with syngeneic antigen-presenting cells. Sixty
      two antigen-specific T cell clones were assayed for their ability to proliferate
      in response to a panel of nine different allogeneic haplotypes. Of these, 38
      (61%) responded to at least one allogeneic haplotype, and 15 of the 38 (39%)
      responded to more than one allogeneic stimulator. In addition, the patterns of
      alloreactivity varied with the immunizing antigen. The GAT-specific T cells had
      at least one responder to every haplotype tested, although H-2u-responsive T cell
      clones were the most common. In contrast, no pigeon cytochrome c-specific T cells
      responded to stimulators of the H-2u haplotype, but rather predominantly
      responded to H-2t4/H-2s and H-2i5/H-2b. Finally, sheep insulin-reactive T cell
      clones preferentially responded to H-2u stimulators, although stimulation by
      antigen-presenting cells of the H-2p and H-2q haplotypes was also common. A chi 2
      analysis of the data demonstrated that the dependence of the pattern of
      alloreactivity observed upon the antigen used for immunization was statistically
      significant (p less than 0.01). The high frequency of alloreactivity found in
      antigen-specific T cell clones is discussed, as well as the implications that the
      antigen-dependent skewing of the distribution of alloreactivity have for a one
      receptor model vs a two-receptor model of T cell recognition.

PMID- 2416807
TI  - Cell surface expression of invariant gamma-chain of class II histocompatibility
      antigens in human skin.
AB  - A rat monoclonal antibody (McAb 21:9) reactive with the human invariant gamma
      chain of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded antigens was
      isolated and was shown to react with the carbohydrate-carrying, COOH-terminal
      part of the gamma-chain. The McAb 21:9 binds to a molecule that is identified as
      the gamma-chain for the following reasons: it has an apparent m.w. of 33,000,
      similar to that of the gamma-chain; it has a two-dimensional gel migration
      pattern identical to that of the gamma-chain; and it associates with immature,
      but not processed class II antigens. When used for immunohistochemical staining
      on sections of normal human skin, only dendritic, class II MHC antigen, and anti
      Leu-6 reactive Langerhans cells are labeled in the epidermis. HLA-DR-expressing
      keratinocytes present in the tuberculin reaction, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, and
      lichen planus, however, did not react with the anti-gamma-chain antibody, nor
      with a HLA-DQ-reactive antibody. Cell surface expression of the gamma-chain was
      observed on 1 to 3% of normal viable epidermal cells in suspension. By using
      double indirect immunofluorescence, it was possible to demonstrate the
      simultaneous binding of anti-gamma-chain, anti-HLA-DR, anti-Leu-10, and anti-Leu
      6 antibodies, respectively, on the same cells, thus confirming their identity as
      Langerhans cells. The presence of the gamma-chain on the surface of the
      immunocompetent Langerhans cells may indicate that the cell surface, not the
      cytoplasm as has been suggested, is the site of the primary function of the gamma
      chain.

PMID- 2416808
TI  - Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mediated by T lymphocyte lines:
      genotype of antigen-presenting cells influences immunodominant epitope of basic
      protein.
AB  - Lewis rats are susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE),
      and their T lymphocytes recognize epitopes in the 68-88 sequence of guinea pig
      myelin basic protein (BP). BN rats are resistant to EAE, and their T lymphocytes
      recognize epitopes outside of the 68-88 sequence, probably in the 43-67 portion
      of BP. To investigate the influence of the genome of antigen-presenting cells
      (APC) on the dominance of BP epitopes for T lymphocyte lines, we selected anti-BP
      lines from (Lewis X BN)F1 rats by using the APC of Lewis, BN, or F1 origin. We
      now report that the F1/Lewis and F1/F1 lines recognized the 68-88 epitopes and
      were highly encephalitogenic in F1 rats, whereas the F1/BN line recognized the 43
      67 epitopes and was only weakly encephalitogenic. Thus, the genotype of the APC
      can influence the immunologic dominance for T lymphocytes of BP epitopes, and
      this dominance in turn can influence the expression of disease.

PMID- 2416809
TI  - Identification of an antigenic determinant within the phylogenetically conserved
      triprolyl region of myelin basic protein.
AB  - Synthetic peptide SP6 (RTPPPSG), comprising amino acid residues 98-103-Gly of
      myelin basic protein (MBP), and a series of peptide analogs were used to probe
      the structural requirements for antigenicity of a highly conserved region of a
      self protein. By means of a liquid-phase radioimmunoassay, antibody responses
      directed toward this determinant in both multi-specific anti-MBP and monospecific
      anti-peptide antisera were measured. The specificities of the antibodies present
      in the anti-MBP and anti-peptide antisera were examined by an equilibrium
      competitive inhibition radioimmunoassay by using the set of related peptides, as
      well as intact MBP from different species. Although the fine specificities of the
      reagent antisera differed, competitive inhibition analyses with intact MBP
      revealed a cross-reactive determinant involving residues 99-100 (Thr-Pro). This
      suggests that the neighborhood of the triprolyl region of MBP, despite its strong
      phylogenetic conservation, serves as an immunogen for humoral responses whether
      presented as a hapten-carrier conjugate or in the context of intact MBP. The
      latter supports the contention that the general antigenicity of a protein need
      not require sequence differences between the immunizing protein and its
      counterpart in the host.

PMID- 2416810
TI  - Spontaneous interstitial nephritis in kdkd mice. II. Characterization of a
      tubular antigen-specific, H-2K-restricted Lyt-2+ effector T cell that mediates
      destructive tubulointerstitial injury.
AB  - In this report, we have examined the effector T cell repertoire in the
      spontaneous interstitial nephritis of kdkd mice. Lymph node cells from nephritic
      kdkd mice are capable of transferring this disease into thymectomized,
      irradiated, and bone marrow-reconstituted CBA/Ca recipients. CBA/Ca mice do not
      spontaneously develop interstitial nephritis and are normally resistant to the
      adoptive transfer of nephritic cells, a resistance that in the short term can be
      attenuated with low-dose cyclophosphamide. We therefore used delayed-type
      hypersensitivity responses and direct transfer of immune cells under the renal
      capsule to characterize nephritogenic effector cells from kdkd donor mice. Lyt
      2+, L3T4- T cells from the peripheral lymphoid organs of nephritic kdkd mice,
      after adoptive transfer into cyclophosphamide-pretreated CBA/Ca recipients,
      mediate an antigen-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity response to renal
      tubular basement membrane antigens. These cells are restricted by gene products
      in H-2Kk; they are also present in nephritic, but not in control kidneys. We have
      also observed this same phenotypic subpopulation of kdkd lymphocytes mediate a
      destructive interstitial renal lesion within 7 days of being placed under the
      kidney capsule of CBA/Ca mice. These findings suggest that T lymphocytes reactive
      to a parenchymal tubular antigen are of substantial importance in the development
      of spontaneous interstitial nephritis in kdkd mice.

PMID- 2416811
TI  - Supernatant from a cloned helper T cell stimulates most small resting B cells to
      undergo increased I-A expression, blastogenesis, and progression through cell
      cycle.
AB  - Helper T cell clone 52.3 supernatant (52.3 SN) was previously shown to be able to
      stimulate gradient-purified murine resting B cells in the absence of any
      additional stimulus. However, the proportion of cells that were accounting for
      the thymidine uptake and the Ig production was unknown. In this paper, we have
      studied induced changes that can be measured at the single cell level, and have
      thus determined the frequency of resting B cells that respond to 52.3 SN. Results
      indicate that 52.3 SN induces an increased I-A expression and a cell size
      enlargement on virtually all resting B cells. A significant proportion (30%) of
      these cells later becomes large blasts. Acridine orange staining revealed that in
      the presence of 52.3 SN a large fraction of the resting B cells undergoes the G0
      to G1 transition. Furthermore, 52.3 SN is able to induce at least 20% of the
      cells to continue through the cell cycle into S phase as indicated by propidium
      iodide staining of DNA. Finally, a fraction of the 52.3 SN-stimulated cells
      differentiate to Ig-producing cells. Our present results suggest that resting B
      cells express functional receptors for some lymphokines and that these
      lymphokines can act in the absence of membrane Ig occupancy. Our findings further
      support the existence of a B cell-activating factor acting in a MHC-unrestricted
      manner and responsible for the entry of resting B cells into cell cycle. The
      relationship between this factor and other lymphokines is discussed.

PMID- 2416812
TI  - Human T4+ lymphocytes produce a phagocytosis-inducing factor (PIF) distinct from
      interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma.
AB  - Unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with angiocentric T
      cell immunoproliferative disorders and concanavalin A-stimulated normal
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells secrete a phagocytosis-inducing factor (PIF)
      that induces a fivefold to 50-fold enhancement of phagocytosis of IgG-coated ox
      red blood cells by U937 cells. We investigated the identity, production, and
      mechanism of the action of PIF. PIF activity was demonstrated in supernatants
      from nine of 44 phytohemagglutinin-stimulated interleukin 2 (IL 2)-dependent T
      cell lines and clones derived from purified T4+ cells, but was not found in
      supernatants from 26 lines and clones derived from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated
      T8+ cells. In addition, PIF was produced by four of four antigen-specific T cell
      lines and clones after stimulation with the appropriate antigen and antigen
      presenting cells, and by HUT-102, a human T cell lymphotropic virus type I
      transformed T cell line. PIF from all of these sources caused significant
      inhibition of U937 proliferation. This proliferation-inhibiting activity co
      purified with phagocytosis-enhancing activity in sizing procedures and
      isoelectric focusing, which yielded an estimated m.w. of 35,000 to 55,000 and an
      estimated isoelectric point of 5.0 to 6.0 for PIF. In contrast, IL 2, recombinant
      interferon-alpha, and recombinant interferon-gamma had no effect on phagocytosis
      by U937 cells, and antibodies to interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma did not
      block the phagocytosis-inducing activity of PIF-containing supernatants. PIF
      appears to be a distinct lymphokine produced by a subset of T4+ lymphocytes,
      possibly those that proliferate in response to antigen. PIF may be important in
      the induction of erythrophagocytosis, which is associated with certain T cell
      immunoproliferative disorders.

PMID- 2416813
TI  - Partial purification and characterization of a factor from a cloned thymic
      epithelium cell line.
AB  - The culture supernatant from a cloned line of thymic epithelium (TEPI) is shown
      to enhance the response of thymocytes to alloantigen as measured by cell-mediated
      lympholysis. The supernatant has no effect on the spleen cell response to
      alloantigen as measured by cell-mediated lysis and does not contain interleukin
      1, interleukin 2, interleukin 3, or interferon-gamma activity. The activity is
      shown to have an apparent m.w. of 160,000 by Sephacryl S-200 gel permeation
      chromatography, to have an isoelectric point of 6.5, and to elute from DEAE
      Sepharose at 0.07 M NaCl.

PMID- 2416814
TI  - Modulation of mouse anti-SRBC antibody responses by placental extracts. II.
      Antigen specificity and regulatory role of B and T cell populations affected by
      two distinct placental fractions.
AB  - Previous results from our group had shown that when CBA mice are primed to sheep
      red blood cells (SRBC) in the presence of various doses of placental extract (PE)
      (or liver extract [LE] as control), their spleen cells injected into normal
      syngeneic recipients have important immunoregulatory properties. Low doses of PE
      (0.25 to 4 mg per mouse) induce a marked decrease of the PFC response against
      SRBC in recipient animals. In contrast, higher doses of PE (8 to 13 mg per mouse)
      have a potentiating effect on the same response. LE is not different from a
      saline injection, at any dose. The suppressive and enhancing effects can be
      reproduced with two distinct placental fractions (PF) of 40 KD and 60 KD,
      respectively. In the present report, we have studied the requirement for an
      antigenic stimulation at the same time as the injection of PE, and the antigenic
      specificity of the subsequent immunoregulatory effects. In addition, we have
      analyzed the functional properties of the spleen cell populations affected by PE
      or placental fractions: surface Ig- cells mediate the suppressive effect due to
      low doses of PE or the 40-KD fraction, whereas surface Ig+ cells are responsible
      for the enhancing effect due to high doses of PE or the 60-KD fraction. These
      immunoregulatory activities do not appear to be related to the presence of Ig
      fragments in PF, because our results have shown that no Ig fragments can be
      detected in either PF. Surface Ig- T cell populations from spleen cells treated
      with the 40-KD fraction and antigen have been further separated into Lyt-2- and
      Lyt-2+ subpopulations. Our results showed that Lyt-2+ cells alone suppress the
      PFC response anti-SRBC in both normal and irradiated syngeneic recipients. Thus,
      the injection of a 40-KD PF in the presence of antigen activates splenic T
      suppressor cells capable of specifically regulating a secondary antibody response
      in vivo.

PMID- 2416815
TI  - Hypervariable region peptides variably induce specific anti-idiotypic antibodies:
      an approach to determining antigenic dominance.
AB  - Rats and rabbits were immunized with synthetic peptides corresponding to the VH
      hypervariable regions of several alpha (1----3) dextran-specific antibodies from
      mice to study the efficacy of synthetic peptides in the generation of site
      specific anti-idiotypic reagents. Synthetic peptides were made which corresponded
      to the HV1, HV2, and HV3 hypervariable regions of the heavy chain of M104 (IdX+,
      IdI-(M104)+), HV2 of HDex 14 (IdX-), and HV3 of J558 (IdX+, IdI(J558)+). The
      HV1(M104) peptide sequence is found in all dextran-specific immunoglobulins
      examined and the HV2 and the HV3 peptides span the regions implicated in IdX and
      IdI expression, respectively. Sera from many rabbits and rats indicate that all
      five peptides are immunogenic. Antisera to HV3 peptides show excellent binding to
      the appropriate myeloma proteins, with antisera to the HV3(M104) peptide
      demonstrating little binding to proteins that differ in HV3 sequence. Antisera
      generated against HV1(M104) and both HV2 peptides show weak cross-reaction to the
      appropriate proteins; however, these sera are not idiotypic because they cross
      react with immunoglobulins with very limited sequence homology. Thus, it appears
      that some, but not all synthetic peptides from hypervariable regions will be
      capable of generating antisera with useful anti-idiotypic specificities. This may
      reflect differences in the intrinsic antigenicity of various parts of the VH
      region.

PMID- 2416816
TI  - Relationships between epitopes on IgE recognized by defined monoclonal antibodies
      and by the FC epsilon receptor on basophils.
AB  - The present study investigated whether the sites on the FC region of the IgE
      molecule, recognized by different anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies (mAb), are
      identical to those recognized by the Fc receptor (Fc epsilon R). The anti-IgE mAb
      recognize different clusters of epitopes on the Fc region of IgE and could
      interfere to different degrees with the binding of IgE to mast cells and
      basophils, but still recognized cell-bound IgE. Analysis of the stoichiometry and
      affinity binding of 125I anti-IgE mAb Fab' to free IgE have revealed that anti
      IgE mAb of one group (51.3) recognized three repetitive determinants on the IgE
      Fc portion, and another group (95.3) recognized only one determinant. When these
      stoichiometric studies were performed with cell-bound IgE, it was found that only
      one of the sites recognized by 51.3 mAb was involved in the Fc epsilon R binding
      site. On the other hand, the site recognized by 95.3 mAb was not the Fc epsilon R
      binding site. Such findings establish mAb 51.3 as a useful tool for isolating the
      IgE peptides involved in the binding site to the receptor.

PMID- 2416817
TI  - Human T cell lines differing in phenotype and specificity are reactive with the
      same anti-idiotypic antibody.
AB  - 3D6, a monoclonal antibody selected for reactivity with the T cell antigen
      receptor on the T leukemic cell line HPB-ALL, was found to react with 3 to 13% of
      peripheral blood T lymphocytes of 10 out of 15 normal donors. Peripheral T cells
      of two donors were stimulated with allogeneic cells, and the 3D6+ cells were
      enriched by rosetting 3D6-coated cells with goat anti-mouse-coupled human red
      blood cells and were expanded in interleukin 2-containing medium. In this way, 90
      to 100% 3D6+ cell lines were obtained that were cytotoxic for the allogeneic
      stimulator cells. 3D6 antibody could block antigen-specific cytotoxicity, as well
      as induce nonspecific cytotoxicity toward target cells that could not be killed
      in the absence of the 3D6 antibody. The 3D6+ cell populations contained T4+, as
      well as T8+ cells, indicating that 3D6 antibody defined a T cell receptor
      population that might harbor various antigenic specificities. One 3D6+ cell line
      was separated into T4+ T8- and T4- T8+ populations. 3D6 reactive T cell receptors
      isolated from HPB-ALL and normal cell lines were analyzed biochemically by means
      of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric
      focusing, and V8 protease peptide mapping. Isoelectric focusing analysis provided
      additional evidence for the idea that 3D6 antibody detected a number of
      structurally distinct T cell receptors, because the T cell receptor alpha-chain
      was homogeneous in charge after desialation on the clonal tumor line HPB-ALL, but
      remained heterogeneous in charge on the 3D6+ normal cell lines. No great
      differences in charge were found between T cell receptors isolated from T4+ and
      T8+ 3D6+ lines, but their isoelectric focusing patterns were not identical. V8
      protease peptide mapping revealed structural differences between the T cell
      receptor alpha-chain isolated from HPB-ALL on one hand and from the normal 3D6+
      lines on the other, whereas the beta-chains did not differ greatly in primary
      structure according to this analysis. In addition, the peptide mapping suggested
      differences in primary structure between T cell receptors present on the T4+
      population vs those present on the T8+ populations.

PMID- 2416818
TI  - Ionic requirements and subcellular localization of tubulin tyrosinolation in
      human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - We previously reported a specific stimulation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte
      (PMN) tubulin tyrosinolation as induced by the peptide chemoattractant N-formyl
      methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fmet-leu-phe) and the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 that
      is coupled to the NADPH oxidase-mediated stimulation of the PMN respiratory
      burst. The present study demonstrates that the presence of extracellular Ca2+ is
      necessary for fmet-leu-phe- and A23187-induced stimulation of PMN tubulin
      tyrosinolation, as indicated by the complete inhibition of the response by the
      addition of 1 mM EGTA to the extracellular medium. Methoxyverapamil (10(-5) M), a
      putative calcium channel blocker, completely inhibited the fmet-leu-phe-induced
      stimulation of tubulin tyrosinolation in PMN, but did not inhibit the A23187
      induced response. Moreover, the calmodulin-binding drugs, trifluoperazine,
      fluphenazine, or chlorpromazine, at concentrations of 1 to 10 microM, caused
      significant inhibition of fmet-leu-phe- or A23187-induced stimulation of tubulin
      tyrosinolation. In related studies, enzymatic [14C]-tyrosinolation in isolated
      subcellular fractions of PMN revealed the presence of native tubulin in PMN
      fractions that were enriched in plasma membranes, the specific granules, or the
      azurophil granules. Most interestingly, tubulin tyrosine ligase (ligase),
      primarily a cytoplasmic enzyme, was detected in association with the PMN
      azurophil granule-rich fraction. Immunoautoradiography with the alpha-tubulin
      antibody YL 1/2 of isolated PMN subcellular fractions demonstrated a preferential
      stimulation of tyrosinolation of tubulin associated with the plasma membrane-rich
      fraction of fmet-leu-phe-stimulated cells. A significant stimulation was also
      observed in the cytoplasmic tubulin fraction. Consistent with the findings of in
      vitro tyrosinolation studies with PMN subcellular fractions, tyrosinolated
      tubulin was detected in the azurophil granule-enriched fractions isolated from
      both resting and fmet-leu-phe-stimulated cells. The antibody YL 1/2, which reacts
      with tyrosinolated alpha-tubulin and not with the detyrosinolated form, showed
      significant cross-reaction with several nontubulin PMN proteins.

PMID- 2416819
TI  - Cultured human vascular endothelial cells acquire adhesiveness for neutrophils
      after stimulation with interleukin 1, endotoxin, and tumor-promoting phorbol
      diesters.
AB  - Cultured human vascular endothelial cells obtained from umbilical cord veins were
      observed to acquire adhesive properties for purified neutrophils after exposure
      to IL 1, endotoxin, and tumor-promoting phorbol diesters. Adhesiveness induced by
      IL1 and endotoxin had similar kinetics of onset, producing no change after 30 min
      incubation and reaching optimal change by 4 hr of incubation. The phorbol diester
      TPA induced changes in adhesiveness more rapidly, with half maximal increase
      induced by a 15- to 30-min exposure. TPA, but not IL 1 or LPS, induced
      significant morphologic changes in the endothelial cell monolayer. None of the
      stimuli decreased endothelial cell viability. All stimuli induced increased
      adhesiveness at relevant concentrations, i.e., endotoxin, 0.01 to 1 microgram/ml;
      IL 1, 0.5 to 2 U/ml; and TPA, 1 to 30 ng/ml. Structure activity relationships
      among phorbol diesters indicate that the response occurs through a typical
      phorbol diester "receptor." A protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide) and an
      RNA synthesis inhibitor (actinomycin D) prevented the acquisition of adhesiveness
      stimulated by IL 1 and endotoxin but not by TPA. In addition, TPA showed a
      differential temperature sensitivity in inducing adhesiveness in endothelial
      cells. IL 1 and endotoxin did not produce the effect with a 4-hr incubation at 22
      degrees or 4 degrees C, whereas TPA was effective at these lower temperatures.
      Purified human IL 2 and recombinant-derived interferon-gamma failed to induce
      adhesiveness in vascular endothelial cells, indicating that this is not a general
      property of lymphokines. We conclude that endothelium may, under some
      circumstances, play an active role in producing a leukocyte infiltrate at a local
      tissue site by acquiring adhesive properties. The production of IL 1 by tissue
      macrophages, etc., may serve as an important initiator of an inflammatory cell
      infiltrate. Finally, an action of tumor-promoting phorbol diesters in increasing
      endothelial cell adhesiveness, combined with their known effects in activating
      leukocytes, may help explain the extraordinary inflammatory potency of these
      compounds.

PMID- 2416820
TI  - Isolation and characterization of human T cell lines and clones reactive to
      rabies virus: antigen specificity and production of interferon-gamma.
AB  - By using a preparation of inactivated rabies virus, the blood mononuclear cells
      from five rabies vaccine recipients were stimulated in vitro in the presence of
      interleukin 2. T cell lines that displayed significant proliferative responses to
      whole rabies virus and to preparations of rabies glycoprotein and nucleocapsid
      were obtained from all the individuals. Other antigens, such as diphtheria and
      tetanus toxoids, influenza A virus, hepatitis B surface antigen, and serum
      albumin, failed to induce the proliferation of the T cell lines. One of these
      rabies-specific T cell lines was found to proliferate in response to rabies
      antigens only when the antigen-presenting cells expressed homologous HLA-DR
      antigens. The use of mouse monoclonal antibodies specific for human T cell
      surface markers revealed that most of the cells of these rabies-reactive lines
      were of the helper/inducer class of T lymphocytes. Stimulation of the T cell
      lines with the rabies antigens induced the production of interferon-gamma, a
      lymphokine with potent antiviral activity. Several T cell clones were isolated
      from two of these cell lines, and most of them appeared to be specific for the
      antigenic components of the viral nucleocapsid. Two T cell clones specific for
      the rabies glycoprotein were also isolated from one of these lymphocyte
      interleukin 2-dependent lines. Further in vitro studies with rabies-specific T
      cells could help us to understand in more depth the role of regulatory T cells in
      the human immune response to rabies virus.

PMID- 2416821
TI  - Biology of cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for lymphocytic
      choriomeningitis virus. VI. Migration and activity in vivo in acute and
      persistent infection.
AB  - Cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis
      virus (LCMV) were adoptively transferred to syngeneic mice acutely or
      persistently (carrier mice) infected with LCMV. Although infectious virus was
      cleared from the spleens during acute LCMV infection begun 24 hr earlier and the
      spleens remained clear of virus for the 4 days of testing, there was no
      concomitant reduction of viral titers in lymph nodes. In contrast, adoptive
      transfer of cloned CTL into animals with persistent rather than acute LCMV
      infection resulted in deaths of syngeneic but not allogeneic recipients. LCMV
      immune spleen cells taken 30 to 50 days after a primary immunization and
      activated by in vitro stimulation before transfer also caused death of syngeneic
      carrier mice. However, LCMV-immune spleen cell per se provoked no clinical
      manifestations when transferred but cleared infectious virus and viral nucleic
      acid sequences from syngeneic carrier mice. The migration of 51Cr-labeled, LCMV
      specific, H-2-restricted cloned CTL was assessed in vivo. The circulation of
      these CTL clearly differed from that of spleen cells freshly isolated from
      uninfected mice and from non-LCMV-specific CTL clone. Further, the circulatory
      pattern of LCMV-specific, H-2-restricted, cloned CTL in carrier mice was markedly
      different than in uninfected animals; only 7% of the injected cells remained in
      the lungs of uninfected mice 8 hr after injection, whereas 30% had accumulated in
      the liver. However, 55% of the cells injected into carrier mice still remained in
      their lungs 8 to 16 hr later. Hence, LCMV-specific, H-2-restricted, cloned CTL
      have unique trafficking patterns in the presence of LCMV antigens and immune
      activities in vivo.

PMID- 2416822
TI  - C3 binds preferentially to long-chain lipopolysaccharide during alternative
      pathway activation by Salmonella montevideo.
AB  - We studied the population of LPS molecules on Salmonella montevideo that bind C3
      during alternative pathway activation in serum. LPS molecules of Salmonella are
      composed of lipid A:core oligosaccharide (one copy per molecule), substituted by
      an O-polysaccharide (O-PS) side chain, which is a linear polymer of 0 to greater
      than 60 O-antigen repeat units containing mannose. A mutant of S. montevideo
      called SL5222 that inserts galactose only into core oligosaccharide and mannose
      only into O-antigen subunits was grown with [3H]mannose and [14C]galactose, so
      that LPS molecules bearing large numbers of O-antigen subunits have high 3H to
      14C ratios, whereas molecules with few O-antigen subunits have lower 3H to 14C
      ratios. Double-labeled SL5222 was incubated in C8-deficient (C8D) serum or C8D
      serum with 2 mM Mg++Cl2 and 10 mM ethylene glycoltetraacetic acid (MgEGTA C8D).
      LPS molecules with covalently attached C3 were identified by binding to anti-C3.
      LPS molecules that bound C3 under both incubation conditions had O chains seven
      to eight times longer than the average LPS molecule. SL5222 was then grown in
      suboptimal concentrations of mannose in order to decrease the number of LPS
      molecules with long O-PS side chains. C3 attached to progressively shorter chain
      molecules of LPS as the mannose input was lowered, but still chose the longest
      available molecules. This finding and recently published observations indicate
      that C3 can bind to LPS molecules with short O-PS side chains. We postulate that
      preferential attachment of C3 to long-chain LPS in SL5222 results because long
      chain LPS molecules sterically hinder shorter chain LPS molecules from
      macromolecules. This study provides direct proof that the O-PS of LPS sterically
      hinders access of large molecules to the outer membrane and indicates that the
      LPS coat of these bacteria functions as a barrier against large protein
      molecules.

PMID- 2416823
TI  - Changes in thymocyte proliferation at different stages of viral leukemogenesis in
      AKR mice.
AB  - Proliferation in total populations of thymocytes from control AKR mice or AKR
      mice injected intrathymically with MCF 69L1 virus was measured by flow cytometry
      of acridine orange-stained cells. Cell sorting experiments showed that the
      majority subpopulations of small cortical and medullary thymocytes in control
      mice were noncycling and were predominantly in the Go phase of the cell cycle. Of
      the 15 to 20% cycling thymic lymphoblasts, approximately 50% were in the G1
      phase, 35% were in the S phase, and 15% were in the G2 + M phases of the cell
      cycle. Cycling cells appeared to consist of a major subpopulation with low RNA
      content and a minority subpopulation with high RNA content. In virus-injected
      mice, no changes in cell cycling were observed at stage I of leukemogenesis (30
      to 40 days postinjection), at which time infection of thymocytes by MCF virus is
      maximum and constant but no clonality is evident. Thus, MCF virus infection of
      thymocytes per se does not appear to alter cell proliferation. Increased cell
      cycling and a shift in cell cycle distribution to more cells in G1 was observed
      at stage II of leukemogenesis (50 to 60 days postinjection), at which time a
      clonally expanded cell population is known to emerge in thymuses of injected
      mice. Acridine orange staining resolved these novel cycling cells from
      subpopulations of normal thymic lymphoblasts on the basis of intermediate RNA
      content. The transition from stage II to stage III (50 to 60 days postinjection)
      was accompanied by the outgrowth of a major cycling population with a distinct,
      often increased, RNA content. As a result, the residual "normal" background of
      cycling cells often observed in stage II was markedly reduced or completely
      absent by stage III. Populations of cycling blasts from mice with frank leukemia
      differed from those at stage III by a variability in mean RNA content and in cell
      cycle distribution indicative of individual tumor heterogeneity. In addition,
      thymomas often contained multiple populations of cycling blasts that could be
      resolved by their discrete RNA distributions. Simultaneous staining of DNA and
      RNA by acridine orange appears particularly well-suited for studying a
      heterogeneous population of cycling and noncycling cells represented by mouse
      thymus. This method has permitted a rapid and quantitative analysis of cell cycle
      parameters at progressive stages of viral leukemogenesis in AKR mice.

PMID- 2416824
TI  - Cytotoxic and morphologic profile of endogenous and pyrimidinone-activated murine
      NK cells.
AB  - We investigated the effect of therapeutically relevant pyrimidinone molecules on
      murine natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. Our studies demonstrated that
      pyrimidinones augmented or induced substantial levels of NK cell anti-YAC-1
      directed cytotoxic potential in the spleen, bone marrow, peripheral blood,
      peritoneal exudate, lungs, and liver of adult and infant mice. The NK cell
      stimulating effect of pyrimidinones was not restricted to a single mouse strain,
      but was displayed by six different inbred strains of mice. Percoll density
      gradient separation studies demonstrated that activated effector cells were of
      low density, displayed morphology of large granular lymphocytes (LGL), and
      expressed asialo GM-1 cell surface antigen. The analysis of the mechanism of NK
      cell potentiation showed that the increase in the cytotoxic activity was
      manifested on several levels, including an increased kinetics of lysis and an
      increase in the number of LGL and in their tumor-binding and killing capacity.
      Furthermore, the pyrimidinone-mediated NK cell-augmenting effect was abolished by
      anti-interferon serum, indicating the role of interferon in NK cell potentiation.
      In the light of possible role of NK cells in cancer defense, pyrimidinones may
      have therapeutic value in defense against primary and metastatic tumors.

PMID- 2416825
TI  - A chymotrypsin-type serine protease in rat basophilic leukemia cells: evidence
      for its immunologic identity with atypical mast cell protease.
AB  - Activity of a chymotrypsin-type serine protease was found in a subline of rat
      basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells. The protease was immunologically cross
      reactive with anti-atypical mast cell protease immunoglobulin (Ig) G, and its
      activity was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the antibody. The apparent
      m.w. of the protease that reacted with the antibody was 25,000, which was
      identical with that of atypical mast cell protease in rat mucosal mast cells.
      These results show that the chymotrypsin type serine protease in RBL-2H3 cells is
      immunologically identical with atypical mast cell protease, which was first
      purified from rat small intestine. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the
      protease was located not only in intracytoplasmic granules but also in organelles
      synthesizing protein, such as cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum,
      perinuclear spaces, and the Golgi apparatus. However, no immunoreactivity was
      demonstrated in rat basophils. The activity of the protease increased in the
      exponential phase of growth of RBL-2H3 cells in which some activity was also
      detected in the medium, and it decreased in the late stationary phase.

PMID- 2416826
TI  - Augmentation of respiratory mast cell secretion of histamine caused by vagus
      nerve stimulation during antigen challenge.
AB  - We studied the effect of vagus nerve stimulation on the mast cell secretion of
      histamine after intraarterial (i.a.) administration of Ascaris suum antigen (AA)
      into the bronchial circulation of 10 randomly selected, natively allergic dogs in
      vivo. Respiratory mast cell response was measured as the arteriovenous difference
      (AVd) in histamine concentration across the bronchus. Plasma histamine
      concentration was determined simultaneously from right atrium, right ventricle,
      and femoral artery 60 and 15 sec before and 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 sec after
      i.a. injection of sham (Kreb-Henseleit) diluent, 1:100, and 1:30 concentrations
      of AA. The mean AVd in plasma histamine for five parasympathetically blocked
      animals (neural blockade with hexamethonium and beta-adrenergic blockade with
      propranolol) was 1.28 +/- 0.61 ng/ml (sham), 5.16 +/- 19.7 ng/ml (1:100 AA), and
      36.6 +/- 11.1 ng/ml (1:30 AA). Substantial augmentation was obtained when AA was
      administered during parasympathetic stimulation in five other animals (beta
      adrenergic blockade, no neural blockade), which was caused by continuous
      bilateral electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves. A mean AVd in plasma
      histamine of 110 +/- 27.6 ng/ml was obtained after 1:100 AA (p less than 0.001 vs
      parasympathetic blockade) and 166 +/- 32.4 ng/ml for 1:30 AA (p less than 0.001
      vs parasympathetic blockade). Parasympathetic stimulation alone did not cause
      secretion of histamine. In contrast to the AVd response, parasympathetic
      stimulation did not augment nonrespiratory mast cell secretion after AA
      challenge. We conclude that vagus nerve stimulation augments secretion of
      histamine from respiratory mast cells during antigen challenge. We demonstrate
      that parasympathetic stimulation may potentiate the response to antigen challenge
      in central airways through augmented mast cell secretion of mediator.

PMID- 2416827
TI  - Regulation of granulomatous inflammation in murine schistosomiasis. III.
      Recruitment of antigen-specific I-J+ T suppressor cells of the granulomatous
      response by I-J+ soluble suppressor factor.
AB  - Down-modulation of the schistosome egg-induced granulomatous response involves
      various interacting subsets of T suppressor (TS) lymphocytes. In the present
      study the inductive phase of the process of modulation was analyzed. A soluble, I
      J+ granuloma TS cell recruiting factor (Gr-TSRF) derived from spleen cells of
      chronically infected mice is described. This factor eluted from immunoabsorbent
      columns coupled with anti-I-Jk alloantisera induced the recruitment and expansion
      of antigen-specific I-J+ TS cells from a TS precursor cell population in the
      spleens of acutely infected mice. The recruited TS cells suppressed the
      granulomatous response of normal recipients in a 2-day adoptive transfer model.
      The antigenic specificity of the recruited TS cells was demonstrated by their
      inability to suppress KLH-induced artificial granulomatous response. This
      mechanism of recruitment described in the current study and illustrated by
      adoptive transfer experiments is likely to be active in vivo in initiating the
      process of spontaneous modulation. The I-J+ Gr-TSRF and the I-J+ TS cell
      described in this paper, together with the previously described H-2 restricted I
      C+ factor and the subsets of TS cells (THs, TSe, TSpr), indicate the existence of
      an intricate, regulatory pathway(s) that operates during the modulation of the
      granulomatous response.

PMID- 2416828
TI  - Studies on immunity in hybridoma-bearing mice. B. Immunity against the hybridoma.
      II. The phenotype and specificity of the immune cell.
AB  - When appropriate numbers of anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) immunoglobulin (Ig) E
      secreting hybridoma (B 53) cells were injected s.c. into normal BALB/c mice, some
      of the recipients rejected the tumors. These mice were shown to be immune to B 53
      as they withstood, without any ill effect, the i.p. injection of lethal doses of
      B 53 cells. In previous studies, it was shown that the spleen cells of these mice
      protected against the growth of B 53 cells. In this study, the characteristics
      and specificity of the immune spleen cells were examined. The cells responsible
      for this immunity were shown to be T cells that express Ly-2 on their surface.
      These cells were shown in in vivo and in vitro assays to limit the growth of the
      immunizing hybridoma, as well as some but not all BALB/c plasmacytomas and
      hybridomas.

PMID- 2416829
TI  - Functional analysis of the interaction of the antigen-specific T cell receptor
      with its ligands.
AB  - Increasing the number of antigen-specific T cell clones in a T cell proliferation
      assay resulted in a shift in the antigen dose-response curves toward higher
      amounts of antigen (i.e., more antigen was required to achieve a given degree of
      stimulation). The antigen dose-response curve shifts were found to reflect the
      competition that occurred between the antigen-specific T cell receptors for their
      ligand, a combination of antigen and Ia molecule. This observation made it
      possible to determine whether the difference in the potency with which several
      synthetic cytochrome c analogs could stimulate one cytochrome c-specific T cell
      clone was due to a difference in the avidity of the antigen-specific receptors on
      the T cell clone for the different Ia molecule-antigen combinations. It was
      demonstrated that a single amino acid substitution at position 103 (which greatly
      diminished the potency of the analog) did not significantly alter the avidity of
      the T cell antigen-specific receptor for its ligand. In contrast, a substitution
      at position 99 (which resulted in a comparable decrease in potency) caused a
      dramatic loss of avidity. These results are consistent with the previous
      designation of residue 99 as one site on the antigen that contacts the T cell
      antigen-specific receptor, and of residue 103 as one part of the antigen that
      contacts the Ia molecule.

PMID- 2416830
TI  - Murine T cells reactive to type II collagen. I. Isolation of lines and clones and
      characterization of their antigen-induced proliferative responses.
AB  - Mice of the DBA/1 strain develop arthritis after immunization with native chick
      type II collagen. Although both a humoral and a cell-mediated response specific
      to type II collagen are associated with the disease, the underlying immunologic
      basis remains to be established. As an initial step to analyzing the involvement
      of cellular immunity in collagen-induced arthritis, we isolated and characterized
      T cell lines and clones specific to type II collagen. Two sets of T cell lines
      were obtained by limiting dilution. One set was found to react exclusively with
      denatured type II collagen, whereas the other set responded to both native and
      denatured type II collagen. The specificity of such T cells was demonstrated by
      their inability to respond to other soluble proteins such as type I collagen,
      HGG, KLH, or OVA. Cells from these lines recognized type II collagen only in an
      MHC (H-2q)-restricted fashion. Furthermore, the collagen-specific T cells were
      found to respond to type II collagens obtained from various species, including
      chick, bovine, and rat. Finally, each set of cells displayed a phenotype
      characteristic of T helper cells, namely Thy-1+, L3T4+, Lyt-2-.

PMID- 2416831
TI  - Murine T cells reactive to type II collagen. II. Functional characterization.
AB  - DBA/1 mice immunized with native chick type II collagen (NcII) emulsified in
      complete Freund's adjuvant develop arthritis, whose underlying mechanisms are
      still undefined. As an initial step to studying the role of T cells in collagen
      induced arthritis (CIA), we have established T cell lines specific to type II
      collagen. Characterizations of the antigen-induced proliferative responses
      mediated by these T cells have been reported. In essence, two major populations
      of collagen-reactive T cells were isolated: those that responded mainly to
      denatured type II collagen (DcII) and another group that reacted with both DcII
      and NcII. As shown in the present study, all of the collagen-reactive T cell
      lines isolated were found to be functional, although they differed in their
      capacity to mediate helper activities assessed by different assays. Hence, both
      populations of T cells exhibited the ability to trigger B cell proliferation,
      whereas only the population that recognized both DcII and NcII was capable of
      activating the synthesis of immunoglobulins by B cells. T cells from this latter
      group also provided specific help for the generation of a secondary anti-DNP
      antibody response. In addition, these T cells were capable of activating NcII
      specific B cells to produce anti-collagen antibodies. By contrast, the T cell
      lines that reacted exclusively to DcII failed to mediate such specific helper
      functions. The inability of such T cells to activate DNP-primed B cells upon
      challenge with DNP-DcII did not appear to be due to a modification of antigenic
      sites on DcII by haptenation. Inasmuch as the DcII-specific T cell lines also
      proliferate less well in response to DcII than the T cell lines that recognize
      both DcII and NcII, a difference in the nature of the antigen receptors expressed
      by the two populations of collagen-specific T cells may partly explain the above
      observations. However, the inability to generate appropriate factors required for
      further differentiation of B cells to produce antibodies may also account for the
      failure of DcII-specific T cells to activate DNP-primed B cells. Finally, both
      populations of T cells were capable of mediating specific delayed-type
      hypersensitivity response.

PMID- 2416832
TI  - Antigen-induced T suppressor cells regulate the autoreactive T helper-B cell
      interaction.
AB  - The T suppressor (Ts) cell population that functions to regulate antigen-specific
      MHC-restricted T helper (Th)-B cell interactions also regulates the activation of
      B cells by cloned autoreactive Th cells. Activated Ts cells were generated by in
      vivo priming and restimulation in vitro with high concentrations of the specific
      priming antigen. Once generated, this Ts population inhibits the Th-dependent
      activation of primed B cells by both antigen-specific and autoreactive T cells in
      an antigen-nonspecific manner. This suppression requires the participation of
      both Lyt-1+2- and Lyt-1-2+ T cells. It was also demonstrated that accessory cells
      were required for the induction of Ts cells. Moreover, the generation of
      suppression was MHC-restricted and required the recognition by T cells of Ia
      antigens on accessory cells. These studies demonstrate that the same or a very
      similar Ts cell population can function to inhibit the activation of B cells by
      antigen-specific as well as autoreactive T cells.

PMID- 2416833
TI  - Cellular interactions of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT)
      specific suppressor factors. I. Inhibition of the activity of GAT-specific helper
      T cell clones by monoclonal GAT-specific suppressor T cell factors.
AB  - Considerable information concerning the serology and biochemistry of antigen
      specific, T cell-derived suppressor factors has been obtained with the use of T
      cell hybridomas as a source of homogeneous material. Similarly, knowledge of
      helper T cell products and receptors is accumulating from studies of helper T
      cell clones and hybridomas. Our strategy for studying the mechanisms by which
      suppressor factors inhibit responses was to determine whether monoclonal
      suppressor factors could inhibit antibody responses specific for L-glutamic
      acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) in cultures containing unprimed splenic B
      cells, macrophages, and GAT-specific T cell clones as a source of helper
      activity. The MHC-restricted, two chain suppressor factors, GAT-TsF2, inhibited
      these responses if the helper T cell clones and suppressor factor were derived
      from H-2-compatible mice. Furthermore, responses were inhibited by briefly
      pulsing T cell clones with GAT-TsF2 in the presence of GAT, indicating that
      suppressor factors need not be present continuously. In addition, helper T cell
      clones adsorbed syngeneic, but not allogeneic, GAT-TsF2 in the presence of GAT.
      Adsorption also requires a shared antigenic specificity between the H-2b-derived
      helper T cells and TsF2 factor. Thus, helper T cells can serve as the cellular
      target of antigen-specific, MHC-restricted GAT-TsF2, and cloned helper T cells
      can be used as a homogeneous target population for analysis of the molecular
      mechanisms of T cell suppression.

PMID- 2416834
TI  - Regulation of B cell tolerance by macrophage-derived mediators: antagonistic
      effects of prostaglandin E2 and interleukin 1.
AB  - A role for prostaglandins in the mechanism of B cell tolerance induction in
      normal adult mouse spleen cells was examined. Two inhibitors of the
      cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, indomethacin and
      acetylsalicylic acid, abrogated hapten-specific B cell tolerance induction by
      trinitrophenyl-human gamma-globulin. Tolerance was fully restored by the addition
      of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) at a concentration of greater than or equal to 6 nM. T
      cell-depleted spleen cells produced comparable amounts of PGE2 in culture,
      indicating that the tolerance promoting activity of PGE2 occurred with
      physiologically relevant concentrations. Depletion and reconstitution experiments
      indicated that macrophages in the spleen cell preparations completely accounted
      for both PGE2 production and the effects of indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid
      on B cell tolerance induction. The macrophage product interleukin 1 (IL 1) was
      also found to alter B cell susceptibility to tolerance induction. Thus, human IL
      1 containing monocyte supernatants and purified IL 1 were found to interfere with
      B cell tolerance induction when added to macrophage- and T cell-depleted splenic
      B cells. Tolerance was restored in such cultures by the addition of 10 nM PGE2.
      These experiments demonstrate that within mixed lymphoid populations macrophages
      through the release of mediators modulate B cell susceptibility to tolerance
      induction.

PMID- 2416835
TI  - T cell development in B cell-deficient mice. IV. The role of B cells as antigen
      presenting cells in vivo.
AB  - B cell-deficient, rabbit anti-mouse IgM-treated mice were compared with normal or
      normal rabbit immunoglobulin-treated controls in their ability to develop
      proliferative T cell responses, delayed hypersensitivity, and primary or
      secondary cytotoxic T cell responses. Immunization with hapten-coupled autologous
      spleen cells resulted in anti-mu-treated mice generating only marginal T cell
      responses. This decreased responsiveness was shown to be attributable not to an
      intrinsic T cell defect or to changes in the ability of macrophages from anti-mu
      treated mice to present soluble antigen, but rather to the greatly diminished
      capacity of B cell-deficient spleen cells to present antigen. The results support
      the concept that B cells play a significant role in antigen presentation required
      for T cell activation.

PMID- 2416836
TI  - The human immune response to reconstituted bovine collagen.
AB  - The human immune response to bovine dermal collagen was characterized through
      histologic, serologic, and immunoblotting methods. Collagen-sensitive patients
      were identified by hypersensitivity to intradermal exposure to ZYDERM Collagen
      Implant--a pepsin-solubilized, reconstituted, bovine dermal collagen. Biopsies of
      test sites in the forearm were obtained from several collagen-sensitive patients.
      Histologic examination revealed an implant-associated palisading foreign body
      granuloma. The lesion also contained a mixed cell infiltrate of histiocytes,
      lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Sera were collected from patients who developed
      erythema or induration at intradermal test or treatment sites, and were evaluated
      for antibodies to bovine dermal collagen by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA). Sera with anti-collagen antibodies were further characterized in this
      study. The circulating antibodies were reactive with both native and heat
      denatured bovine dermal collagen. By using purified alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I)
      polypeptides, these sera were found to have antibodies reactive with both alpha
      chains. Each alpha-chain was fragmented by using cyanogen bromide (CB). The CB
      peptides were electrophoretically separated, and these sera were evaluated for
      antibodies to the major fragments by using an immunoblotting technique. Of the
      sera evaluated by this method, 89% (23/26) had antibodies to alpha 1-CB6; 77%
      (20/26) had antibodies to alpha 2-CB4; and 65% (17/26) had antibodies reactive
      with both CB fragments. In addition, most sera (77%) contained antibodies
      reactive with two or more (up to five) of the major CB peptides. The least
      antigenic fragment was alpha 2-CB3,5 (8%). In addition, these sera had antibody
      activity against both native and heat-denaturated bovine types III and II
      collagens. Little or no interspecies (rat or guinea pig) cross-reactivity (types
      I and II) was detected. Furthermore, these sera did not have antibodies against
      human types I, II, and III collagens.

PMID- 2416837
TI  - In situ and in vitro characterization of the cellular immune response in erythema
      nodosum leprosum.
AB  - We sought to evaluate cell-mediated immune responses in erythema nodosum leprosum
      (ENL), a reactional state occurring in lepromatous leprosy. Skin biopsies from
      patients with leprosy were studied with monoclonal antibodies against T
      lymphocyte antigenic determinants, interleukin 2 (IL 2), and IL 2 receptors (Tac)
      by using immunoperoxidase staining of frozen sections. Peripheral blood
      lymphocytes from 18 ENL patients were tested in vitro for lepromin-induced
      suppression of Con A stimulation. Serial studies of seven lepromatous patients
      who developed ENL during the course of the study showed increases in both the Leu
      3a:Leu-2a ratio and the number of IL 2-positive cells. IL 2-positive cells
      comprised 0.3% of the cells in all of the ENL lesions studied as compared with
      the 0.03% found in nonreactional lepromatous lesions (P less than 0.001).
      Lepromin-induced suppression of the Con A response, present in nonreactional
      lepromatous patients, significantly decreased in patients developing the ENL
      reaction, but returned after recovery from ENL. These changes in tissues and
      peripheral blood suggest that the pathogenesis of ENL is related to cell-mediated
      immune processes. Despite these immunologic changes, however, ENL patients do not
      recover antigen-specific skin tests or eliminate Mycobacterium leprae.

PMID- 2416838
TI  - Specific activation of lymphocytes against acetylcholine receptor in the thymus
      in myasthenia gravis.
AB  - In 13 patients with myasthenia gravis, spontaneous in vitro production of
      antibody to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) by thymic cells was observed in seven
      patients, by bone marrow cells in nine, by peripheral blood cells (PBL) in six,
      and by lymph node cells in nine. The rate of anti-AChR production in culture
      closely correlated with the serum anti-AChR level. Specific activity of the
      immunoglobulin (Ig) G spontaneously produced (anti-AChR/total IgG) was about 10
      fold higher in the thymus than in bone marrow, peripheral blood, or lymph node
      cultures. Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) enhanced anti-AChR production only by PBL. With
      neither thymus nor lymph node cells did PWM stimulate anti-AChR production,
      although it greatly enhanced total IgG production. In bone marrow, it depressed
      both, and it appeared that the anti-AChR was derived from long-lived plasma cells
      that may be responsible for delaying the fall of serum anti-AChR levels after
      thymectomy. The results suggest that AChR-specific cells are selectively
      activated in the thymus, and this may help to explain the benefits of thymectomy
      in myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 2416839
TI  - Immunoregulation in experimental interstitial nephritis: immunization with renal
      tubular antigen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant induces major histocompatibility
      complex-restricted, OX8+ suppressor T cells which are antigen-specific and
      inhibit the expression of disease.
AB  - We utilized a model of experimental interstitial nephritis induced by renal
      tubular antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant to examine a mechanism of
      immunologic tolerance produced by priming immunization with tubular antigen in
      incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Brown Norway rats primed with tubular antigen in
      incomplete adjuvant do not develop significant nephritis after challenge with
      antigen in complete adjuvant, and this tolerance can be transferred to naive
      recipients with donor T cells. These T cells also specifically suppress a delayed
      type hypersensitivity response to soluble tubular antigen in recipients immunized
      to produce disease. This suppression is MHC-restricted and is mediated by OX8+ T
      cells which bind antigen and bear idiotypes cross-reactive with those on
      antibodies eluted from the tubular basement membrane. Despite the suppression of
      histologic disease, tolerized animals were able to produce significant titers of
      antibodies to tubular basement membrane. Our findings demonstrate an additional
      strategy for altering the natural history of immune-mediated renal disease, and
      further refine the characterization of the suppressive effect produced by
      incomplete Freund's adjuvant.

PMID- 2416840
TI  - Murine interstitial nephritis. V. The auto-induction of antigen-specific Lyt-2+
      suppressor T cells diminishes the expression of interstitial nephritis in mice
      with antitubular basement membrane disease.
AB  - We observed the emergence of an antigen-specific Lyt-2+ suppressor T cell after
      the i.v. injection of tubular antigen-derivatized lymphocytes into mice already
      immunized to produce interstitial nephritis. The auto-induction of these
      suppressor T cells effectively attenuated both the expression of renal injury and
      a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to tubular antigen. This suppressive
      effect was also genetically restricted by gene products in I-J and Igh-1.
      Although this suppressor system had a marked inhibitory effect on the
      nephritogenic effector cell repertoire, there was no diminution of titers of
      antibodies to the tubular basement membrane. Our results demonstrate a protective
      role for antigen-specific suppressor cells in autoimmune renal injury, and the
      strategy for their induction may have important therapeutic implications for
      other immune-mediated disorders.

PMID- 2416841
TI  - Characterization of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-specific
      delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in TMEV-induced demyelinating disease:
      correlation with clinical signs.
AB  - After intracerebral inoculation of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus
      (TMEV), certain mouse strains develop a persistent central nervous system (CNS)
      infection and inflammatory demyelinating lesions containing infiltrates of
      mononuclear cells and macrophages. Previous findings demonstrating a strong
      correlation between disease incidence, the presence of particular H-2 region
      genotypes, and development of high levels of TMEV-specific delayed-type
      hypersensitivity (DTH) supported an immune-mediated basis for myelin breakdown.
      These findings led us to examine whether a possible causal relationship would be
      supported by a temporal analysis comparing the onset of clinical disease and the
      development of TMEV-specific cellular or humoral immune responses in susceptible
      and resistant strains. In susceptible SJL/J mice, TMEV-specific DTH and T cell
      proliferative (Tprlf) responses developed within 10 to 14 days postinfection,
      preceded the onset of clinical signs, and remained elevated for 6 mo. In
      contrast, resistant BALB/c mice developed low levels of TMEV-specific Tprlf and
      no measurable DTH. However, both strains attained comparable levels of TMEV
      specific serum antibody responses with parallel kinetics. Both DTH and Tprlf
      responses in susceptible SJL/J mice were shown to be specific for TMEV and
      mediated by L3T4+, Lyt-1+2-, class II-restricted T cells. A model is proposed
      implicating an effector role for TMEV-specific DTH, wherein lymphokine release by
      virus-specific DTH T cells leads to the recruitment, accumulation, and activation
      of macrophages in CNS tissue, which cause bystander myelin destruction and
      provide a permissive population of host cells for TMEV persistence.

PMID- 2416842
TI  - T cell lines mediating experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) in the rat.
AB  - Long-term S-antigen (S-Ag)-specific T lymphocyte lines were derived from the
      lymph nodes of immunized Lewis rats that had been pretreated with low-dose
      cyclophosphamide. The protocol consisted of functional selection by alternating
      cycles of stimulation with S-Ag presented on syngeneic accessory cells and
      proliferation in IL 2-containing spleen-conditioned medium, coupled with early
      phenotypic selection for cells bearing the helper/inducer membrane marker
      (W3/25), by panning on antibody-coated plastic dishes. This protocol consistently
      resulted in the rapid generation of in vivo functional cell lines capable of
      mediating experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) when transferred into naive
      rats at 5 to 10 X 10(6) cells/rat systemically or 1 to 2 X 10(6) cells/rat
      intravitreally. The disease appeared within 6 to 8 days, usually with minimal
      anterior chamber involvement, and was often unilateral. Pathologic changes
      resembled those seen in EAU induced by active immunization. The disease could be
      transferred without concomitant formation of serum antibodies. The uveitogenic
      line cells were negative for Ia antigen and positive for the W3/25 membrane
      marker, which appeared to be stable in long-term culture. They proliferated
      vigorously in vitro and produced IL 2 in response to S-Ag or Con A, but not to
      unrelated antigens. The establishment of uveitogenic T helper lymphocyte lines
      will permit the analysis of the cellular mechanisms involved in EAU in a more
      defined system than has been available.

PMID- 2416843
TI  - Stages of T cell activation: continued antigen dependence of IL 2-producing cells
      after IL 2 receptor expression.
AB  - Alloantigen stimulation leads, within 48 to 72 hr, to the expression of IL 2
      receptors (IL 2R) on the surface of most of the helper T cells with specificity
      for the stimulating antigens. The IL 2R-bearing cells, separated by flow
      cytometry from 3-day human or mouse mixed lymphocyte cultures, were found by
      limiting dilution methods to be enriched 10- to 20-fold (compared to IL 2R-
      cells) for antigen-specific helper T cells detected by IL 2 production. Although
      these cells have been activated to an IL 2R+ stage, most of them are unable to
      produce detectable IL 2 unless they are cultured together with the original,
      activating antigen. Even when IL 2 is supplied, and lymphokine production
      measured by assay of a second factor, IL 3, the large majority of individual
      activated helper T cells remain dependent on further antigenic exposure for their
      continued maturation into lymphokine-secreting effectors. Helper T cells at this
      early stage of activation can therefore proliferate when given IL 2 alone, but
      lymphokine secretion involves a second antigen-dependent step.

PMID- 2416844
TI  - Detection of E. coli colonies expressing the v-sis oncogene product with
      monoclonal antibodies made against synthetic peptides.
AB  - A method for immunodetection of individual epitopes on eukaryotic proteins
      synthesized in E. coli colonies is described. The system is developed using
      monoclonal antibodies produced against the Ha-ras protein produced in E. coli
      JM103. Monoclonal antibodies made against a synthetic peptide from the v-sis
      oncogene sequence are then used to identify bacterial colonies in which the v-sis
      protein is being produced. Production of the v-sis protein by these E. coli
      colonies was confirmed by immunoblot analysis. The assay utilizes peroxidase
      conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobulin and 4-chloro-1-naphthol to detect the
      positive colonies and can detect on the order of 200 pg antigen per E. coli
      colony.

PMID- 2416845
TI  - Analysis of thymic epithelial cell proliferation in vitro by combining
      bromodeoxyuridine and keratin labeling in an immunofluorescence assay.
AB  - A simple method of analyzing thymic epithelial cell (TEC) proliferation has been
      developed by combining bromodeoxyuridine (BrDU) and keratin labeling in an
      immunofluorescence assay. The first reagent specifically visualizes the cells
      entering the S phase of the cell cycle, whereas the second immunostaining reveals
      which of the proliferating BrDU-positive cells actually belong to the epithelial
      lineage. This method, besides being rapid and free of radioactivity, appears to
      be reliable in view of the minor variations in the percentages of BrDU+ TEC
      observed in several distinct experiments. Thus, BrDU/keratin immunolabeling
      appears to represent a useful tool for the analysis of in vitro TEC
      proliferation.

PMID- 2416846
TI  - Quantitation of activation of the human terminal complement pathway by ELISA.
AB  - We have devised an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantitate fluid
      phase terminal complement pathway activation. Upon activation to form C5b-9,
      terminal complement components express neoantigens not present in the unassembled
      individual components. Expression of one of these neoantigens occurs at the step
      of C9 activation. C9 neoantigen is present in fluid phase SC5b-9 complexes,
      membrane-bound MC5b-9 complexes, and in in vitro polymerized C9. Under
      physiologic conditions, the presence of C9 neoantigen indicates that the terminal
      complement pathway is activated through the terminal component C9. In our assay
      for C9 neoantigen, we used rabbit antiserum to polymerized C9 rendered specific
      for C9 neoantigenic determinants by serial absorption with human serum, human C9,
      and other terminal complement components bound to Sepharose. Using the IgG from
      this antiserum, we devised a sandwich ELISA to bind SC5b-9 from solution onto
      polystyrene plates. The ELISA plates were developed with the use of goat
      antiserum to native C9 epitopes followed by a swine anti-goat IgG-alkaline
      phosphatase conjugate. Quantitation of SC5b-9 in solution was performed by
      comparing sample OD to a standard curve generated with human SC5b-9 that was
      purified from zymosan-activated serum. The assay was sensitive to as little as
      100 ng of SC5b-9/ml and should be useful for screening plasma, serum,
      cerebrospinal fluid, or other biological fluids for the presence of terminal
      complement pathway activation.

PMID- 2416847
TI  - A double determinant sandwich immunoassay for quantitation of serum monoclonal
      anti-I-A antibody.
AB  - A double-determinant sandwich radioimmunoassay (RIA) is described for the
      specific detection of anti-I-Ak monoclonal antibody (mAb) in the sera of non-Ighb
      murine hosts undergoing anti-Ia immunotherapy. This RIA utilizes 2 previously
      undescribed mAb reagents generated against an Ia.17-specific mAb secreted by the
      10-3.6 hybridoma. The first reagent, 7.34, is specific for Ighb-linked allotypic
      determinants on the Fc portion of IgG2a immunoglobulins as defined by the pattern
      of reactivity with normal sera from a panel of inbred and Igh recombinant inbred
      strains. The second reagent, 58.3, is an anti-idiotypic mAb recognizing unique
      determinants in the combining site of 10-3.6 immunoglobulins, as determined by
      the specificity of the 58.3 mAb in solid-phase RIA and the capacity of this
      reagent to inhibit the binding of labeled 10-3.6 mAb to I-Ak-expressing spleen
      cells. In an RIA procedure using purified 58.3 mAb as substrate and 125I-labeled
      7.34 as the detection reagent, serum concentrations of 10-3.6 as low as 1-5 ng/ml
      can be measured reproducibly after mathematical linearization of the sigmoid
      standard curve. In the present studies, the serum half-life of 10-3.6 mAb was
      calculated from assay data to be 3-5 h in I-Ak homo- or heterozygotes and 72 h in
      non-I-Ak mice. The serum level of 10-3.6 as a function of the mAb treatment
      protocol was also examined and results are considered with respect to the
      efficacy of different therapeutic regimens in prolonging transplant survival.
      Sandwich immunoassays of this type (RIA or ELISA) should provide a highly
      sensitive and specific means for monitoring serum mAb levels in individuals
      subjected to antibody immunotherapy for treatment of autoimmune disease,
      transplant rejection or tumor progression.

PMID- 2416848
TI  - Theoretical considerations of the ability of monoclonal antibodies to detect
      antigenic differences between closely related variants, with particular reference
      to heterospecific reactions.
AB  - In theory monoclonal antibodies can be used to analyse antigenic determinants in
      great detail by correlating differences in antibody affinity for variant antigens
      with their amino acid differences. In particular, heteroclitic antibodies should
      be detected, which would normally be masked in a polyclonal antiserum.
      Recognition of such antibodies may be important for our understanding of the
      scope of antibody repertoires particularly when the immunogen is closely related
      to a component of the immunised animal. In practice the immunoassays commonly
      used to measure affinity differences between different antigens fall short of
      these capabilities. Mathematical studies were carried out to identify factors
      controlling the sensitivity of 4 types of assay to differences in affinities for
      different antigens. The most important factors controlling assay sensitivity were
      found to be the ratio of antibody affinity (K) to epitope density in direct
      binding assays, the ratio of K to antibody concentration in liquid phase
      competition assays, and the ratio of solid phase to liquid phase values of K for
      solid-phase competition assays. It is predicted that a combination of solid-phase
      competition assay with high epitope density and direct binding assay with low
      epitope density would result in optimal detection of heteroclitic antibodies and
      small differences in antibody affinity for cross-reactive antigens.

PMID- 2416849
TI  - Practical considerations of the ability of monoclonal antibodies to detect
      antigenic differences between closely related variants.
AB  - This report describes an investigation of the abilities of different immunoassays
      to detect differences in affinities between related antigens for particular
      monoclonal antibodies. Nine different monoclonal antibodies were used and 6
      strains of influenza virus represented closely related antigens. Parameters
      defining assay sensitivity were estimated experimentally for each antibody in 4
      different immunoassays. Predicted failures of particular assays to detect
      differences in antigen affinities, based on these parameters, were demonstrated.
      One assay method failed to detect heteroclitic activity of 1 antibody which was
      clearly evident in the other 3 assays. As well as supporting theoretical models
      of assay sensitivity derived in the preceding paper the experiments demonstrated
      a significant effect of antibody subclass.

PMID- 2416850
TI  - Expression of Xg and the 12E7 antigen in primates.
AB  - Tests on cells from various non-human primates showed that expression of the 12E7
      antigen is the same on cultured fibroblasts, peripheral blood lymphocytes and red
      blood cells. No quantitative polymorphism of 12E7 expression was observed in any
      of the animals tested. Tests on red blood cells of these primates confirm that
      anti-Xga and the monoclonal antibody 12E7 define different determinants.

PMID- 2416851
TI  - [Transvesical prostatic adenomectomy without a urethral catheter. Apropos of a
      continuous series of 200 cases].
AB  - 200 transvesical prostatic adenomectomies were performed without urethral
      catheters between 1977 and 1984. Le Guillou's technique was employed. The
      catheter was removed after one week. 90% of the patients passed water
      immediately. The use of Le Guillou's technique was directly responsible for 1
      death (iatrogenic mechanical anuria). 19 patients (9.5%) had to be trans
      urethrally catheterized of 2 to 8 days after the removal of the cystostomy tube.
      Long-term follow-up available in 148 of the patients showed 1 failure and 10
      successfully treated complications. The advantages of Le Guillou's technique are:
      Reduced bleeding. Reduced postoperative infection. Virtual disappearance of
      urethral iatrogenic stenosis. Improved post-operative comfort. Simplification of
      post-operative nursing.

PMID- 2416852
TI  - Demonstration of Mycobacterium leprae specific antigens in leprosy lesions using
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Cryostat sections of dermal lesions from 13 untreated patients of leprosy were
      studied by indirect immunoperoxidase using monoclonal antibodies (MLO4 & MLO6),
      defining M. leprae specific antigens. The lymphocytes and macrophages in both the
      tuberculoid and lepromatous granulomas showed membranous staining with the above
      antibodies. M. leprae organisms in the lepromatous granulomas and the cells in
      the section of lymph nodes of patients with tuberculosis, or sections of normal
      skin or psoriatic lesions did not show any staining with these antibodies. These
      observations suggest that M. leprae specific antigens are present and expressed
      on the cells infiltrating the granulomas of leprosy lesions.

PMID- 2416853
TI  - [Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase after bacterial endotoxin treatment,
      viral infection or tumor transplantation, and its physiological significance].

PMID- 2416854
TI  - Establishment of human-mouse hybridomas using lymphocytes from sterile women with
      sperm-immobilizing antibodies.

PMID- 2416855
TI  - [Studies on tissue-localization of various tumormarkers in ovarian tumors by
      immunoperoxidase method].
AB  - The tissue-localization of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein
      (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and immunoglobulin were studied by the
      "Immunoperoxidase method" (indirect method) in 150 patients with ovarian tumor.
      The study groups consisted of 86 malignant cases, 28 low-potential malignant
      cases and 36 benign cases. Positive rates of tumor-markers found in the study
      group overall were as follow; CEA 24.7%, AFP 7.3%, HCG 6.7%, Ig-G 27.3% and Ig-M
      8.0% respectively. The positive rate was significantly higher in the malignant
      group (33.7%) than in the low-potential malignant group (21.4%) and benign group
      (5.6%). Similar findings were also obtained for Ig-G among the three groups. CEA
      was more frequently found in "mucinous cyst adenocarcinoma" and "metastatic
      ovarian cancer". A positive correlation was found between tissue-localization of
      CEA and serum level of CEA (p less than 0.05). AFP and HCG were also detected in
      germ cell tumors with high positive rate, 25.9% and 14.8%, respectively.
      Regarding the prognosis, the survival rate for the Ig-G positive group was better
      than for the negative group.

PMID- 2416856
TI  - [Peplomycin and cis-dichlorodiamineplatinum sensitivity of various kinds of human
      gynecological tumor cells in vitro].

PMID- 2416857
TI  - [Decreased pulmonary toxicity of peplomycin in elderly patients employing
      continuous subcutaneous infusion].

PMID- 2416858
TI  - [Effect of decreased body weight and tranilast on pathophysiology of massive
      obese patient with nephrotic syndrome].

PMID- 2416859
TI  - [A case of Burkitt's lymphoma with initial symptom of jaundice during pregnancy-
      comparison Japanese Burkitt's lymphoma with African and American cases].

PMID- 2416860
TI  - Induction of neovascularization by activated human monocytes.
AB  - Neovascularization, the process of new blood vessel growth, is an important
      feature of many pathologic and physiologic processes. Monocytes were isolated
      from citrated blood buffy coat of healthy adult human donors on Ficoll-Hypaque
      gradients. Mononuclear cells from these gradients were fractionated on
      discontinuous Percoll gradients; monocyte-enriched fractions were isolated and
      assessed for angiogenic activity in rat corneas. Freshly isolated monocytes as
      well as monocytes cultured for 20 hr on fibronectin-coated collagen gels failed
      to stimulate neovascularization. In contrast, adherent monocytes activated with
      concanavalin A (25 micrograms/ml) or endotoxin (5 micrograms/ml) for 20 hr were
      found to be potently angiogenic. We conclude that peripheral blood monocytes must
      be activated to acquire the ability to induce new blood vessel growth, a process
      central to inflammation, wound healing, and tumor development.

PMID- 2416861
TI  - [Value of locoregional anesthesia during lumbar sympathectomy performed on the
      elderly patient. Apropos of 507 cases of patients over 70 years old].

PMID- 2416862
TI  - Use of a monoclonal antibody recognizing a cell surface determinant to
      distinguish prestalk and prespore cells of Dictyostelium discoideum slugs.
AB  - Double labelling experiments on Dictyostelium discoideum cells at different
      developmental stages were carried out using monoclonal antibodies MUD1 (prespore
      specific), MUD9 (strong label on prestalk and anterior-like cells) and a
      fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The monoclonal antibody MUD9, which
      recognizes the surface of prestalk and anterior-like cells strongly and prespore
      cells weakly, is also present on the surface of vegetative amoebae and on mature
      stalk cells but not on the spore surface. Sharing of an antigenic determinant
      between vegetative, prestalk and anterior-like cells is consistent with these
      cells being 'less differentiated' than prespore cells.

PMID- 2416863
TI  - Autoradiographic analysis of RNA synthesis in the oocyte-nurse cell complex of
      the polychaete Ophryotrocha labronica.
AB  - Females of the polychaete Ophryotrocha labronica have been pulse labelled with [5
      3H] uridine, and the incorporation of label into the RNA of the oocyte-nurse cell
      complex was followed by light and electron microscope autoradiography. Up to its
      regression the polyploid nurse cell displays an intense synthesis of rRNA and
      mRNA, which sustains an extensive production of electron-dense protein granules
      in it. Concomitantly rRNA and mRNA are synthesized also in the oocyte. Short-term
      treatment (7h) of polychaete females with alpha-amanitin provokes serious
      disturbances of oogenesis and subsequent embryonic development, irrespective of
      when it is applied during oogenesis. In contrast actinomycin gives such effects
      only when it is applied at the onset of oogenesis. A previous investigation has
      demonstrated that nurse cell granules are gradually exported through an
      intercellular canal to the oocyte, where a fraction of them is incorporated into
      the typical yolk granules. The present labelling experiments indicate that nurse
      cell RNA is associated with the exported yolk precursor material. From inhibition
      experiments with alpha-amanitin and from in situ hybridizations with a
      poly(U)probe it appears that mRNA is particularly involved. At the final collapse
      of the nurse cell practically all its contents are transferred to the oocyte.
      From that time the ooplasm is found to contain nuage-like RNA aggregates, which
      in contrast to other [5-3H]uridine-labelled ooplasmic structures (yolk granules,
      and minor granules and aggregates) have a non-uniform distribution. The possible
      origin and function of these aggregates is discussed. The investigation indicates
      that the nurse cell has a significant export of RNA essentially similar to that
      from insect nurse cells.

PMID- 2416864
TI  - Antigenic domains of the streptococcal Pep M5 protein. Localization of epitopes
      crossreactive with type 6 M protein and identification of a hypervariable region
      of the M molecule.
AB  - Pep M5, the pepsin-derived N-terminal half of the group A streptococcal type 5 M
      protein exhibits immunologic crossreaction with type 6 M protein, localizing some
      of the M6-crossreactive epitope(s) within this segment of the M5 protein. Based
      on the amino acid sequence of the Pep M5 protein, two structurally distinct
      domains have been recognized within its coiled-coil structure. We have now found
      that peptides derived from both the structurally distinct domains of the Pep M5
      protein contain antigenic epitopes. Furthermore, only the peptides from the C
      terminal domain of the Pep M5 protein crossreacted with rabbit anti-M6 sera,
      whereas those from the N-terminal domain did not. Consistent with this, sequence
      analyses of the arginyl peptides of the Pep M6 protein, the pepsin-derived N
      terminal half of the M6 protein, revealed extensive homology of some of these
      peptides with regions within the C-terminal domain of the Pep M5 molecule. While
      an arginyl peptide of the Pep M6 protein exhibits 84% homology with region 150
      186 of the Pep M5 protein, the C-terminal hexadecapeptide of the Pep M6 protein
      is virtually identical with the corresponding region of the Pep M5 protein. These
      results are suggestive of conformational similarities in the region around the
      pepsin-susceptible site within the M5 and M6 proteins. In addition, one or more
      epitopes of the M5 protein that are crossreactive with the M6 protein may be
      placed close to the pepsin-susceptible site of the M5 protein. Previous studies
      have suggested the N-terminal half of the M proteins to be the variable part of
      the molecule among the different M protein serotypes. The present results suggest
      that the N-terminal quarter of the M protein may represent the hypervariable
      domain of the M molecule.

PMID- 2416865
TI  - Evidence for sequential signals in the induction of the arachidonic acid cascade
      in macrophages.
AB  - We have examined the requirement for Na+, Ca2+, and protein synthesis in the
      induction of the arachidonic acid (20:4) cascade in cultured murine peritoneal
      macrophages. Replacement of extracellular Na+ with choline or with K+ inhibited
      receptor-mediated 20:4 release by 60-90%, but did not inhibit release stimulated
      by the soluble triggers PMA and A23187. Cells that had preingested zymosan
      particles in a K+ medium could be induced to secrete 20:4 metabolites merely by
      changing the medium to one containing Na+. The Ca2+ ionophore A23187 caused cells
      in Na+-free medium to release and metabolize 20:4 to prostacyclin, PGE2,
      leukotriene C, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, suggesting that the
      phospholipase(s), cyclooxygenase, and lipoxygenase enzymes do not have a
      requirement for extracellular Na+. These data suggest that receptor-mediated 20:4
      secretion has a requirement for extracellular Na+, while 20:4 release triggered
      by soluble stimuli do not. Immune complex- and A23187-induced 20:4 release was
      absolutely dependent on extracellular Ca2+. PMA-triggered 20:4 secretion was
      inhibited 50% in Ca2+-free medium, but could be inhibited completely by
      preloading the cells with the Ca2+ antagonist quinine. Protein and RNA synthesis
      was required for 20:4 release induced by zymosan, immune complex, and PMA, but
      not by A23187. Cycloheximide and emetine were effective within 15 min of
      addition, while actinomycin D was an effective inhibitor within 45 min. We
      suggest that receptor-mediated signal response coupling in the 20:4 cascade in
      macrophages comprises a sequential series of signals that includes an Na+ influx,
      synthesis of a rapid turnover-protein, and finally an increase in intracellular
      Ca2+.

PMID- 2416866
TI  - Phosphatidyl choline is recognized by a series of Ly-1+ murine B cell lymphomas
      specific for erythrocyte membranes.
AB  - Cells from 6 of 14 different Ly-1+ murine B cell lymphomas bound to synthetic
      liposomes encapsulating fluorescein. The liposomes were made from distearoyl
      phosphatidyl choline (DSPC), distearoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DSPG), and
      cholesterol. In all cases, liposome binding was due to recognition of
      phosphatidyl choline by the surface IgM on the tumor cells. Liposome binding
      could be inhibited by DSPC but not by DSPG, and the number of liposomes bound per
      cell was directly related to the cell surface concentration of IgM. The IgM
      secreted by a hybridoma derived from one of the lymphomas, CH12, was shown to
      agglutinate liposomes, and was used in a solid-phase immunoassay to study
      inhibition of liposome binding by pure phospholipids; DSPC and sphingomyelin both
      inhibited, whereas DSPG did not. The Ig borne by the six lymphomas that bind
      phosphatidylcholine also bind to both SRBC and bromelain-treated mouse
      erythrocytes. The idiotypic of CH12 IgM is similar to that expressed by Ly-1+
      normal splenic B cells of the same specificity. The significance of these data in
      relation to other commonly studied autoantigens, and to the restricted
      specificity of normal Ly-1+ B cells is discussed.

PMID- 2416867
TI  - Human-human hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies to the Mr 195,000
      Plasmodium falciparum blood stage antigen.
AB  - Using the human lymphoblastoid cell line, GM 4672, and PBL of Gambian adults
      immune to Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria, we have produced human-human
      hybridomas and selected those that produce mAb against Pf antigens. The fusion
      frequency, using PWM-stimulated donor lymphocytes was between 6.8 X 10(-5) and
      1.5 X 10(-6). Using immune fluorescence, immune precipitation, and Pf in vitro
      growth inhibition, we cloned four hybridomas that reacted with the Pf Mr 195,000
      schizont/merozoite protein. The differences in proteins immune precipitated and
      in growth inhibition indicate that, during development of protective immunity
      against Pf malaria, a spectrum of antibodies is produced reacting with different
      epitopes on the same antigen. Only a portion of these antibodies exhibits
      biological activity, suggesting that the recognition of certain epitopes is
      required for the development of a protective immune response.

PMID- 2416868
TI  - A suppressor lymphokine produced by human T leukemia cell lines. Partial
      characterization and spectrum of activity against normal and malignant
      hemopoietic cells.
AB  - Human T leukemia cell lines spontaneously release into their medium a suppressor
      lymphokine, T leukemia-derived suppressor lymphokine (TLSL), able to inhibit
      proliferation, DNA synthesis, and colony formation in a variety of malignant
      hemopoietic cell lines, as well as in normal myelomonocytic progenitor cells from
      bone marrow and peripheral blood. Titration curves indicated that the inhibitory
      activity in the crude supernatant preparations ranged from 10(-3)-10(-9): the
      supernatants from CCRF/CEM, HUT-78, and MOLT-4 cell lines were the most active,
      those from HPB-ALL, JM, and CCRF/HSB2 displayed an intermediate activity, and the
      Jurkat supernatant was the least active. Target cell lines of B cell origin
      (Burkitt lymphomas) were more sensitive than granulocytic, monocytic, erythroid,
      and T cell lines. Partial purification by ammonium sulfate precipitation and
      column chromatography demonstrated that TLSL is a protein with an Mr of 88,000,
      as determined by gel filtration. A high Mr form (greater than 300,000) was
      produced in serum-free medium by one of the most active producer cell lines
      (CCRF/CEM), and appeared to be an aggregate of the 88,000 Mr form. Neither the
      partially purified fractions obtained nor the crude supernatant preparations
      displayed antiviral activity or contained interleukin 2. Unlike lymphotoxin and
      tumor necrosis factor, TLSL is cytostatic: maximal inhibition of proliferation
      was observed 4-5 d after addition of crude supernatant to the target cells, and
      was not accompanied by a significant loss in cell viability. The
      antiproliferative capacity of TLSL was manifested both in suspension and
      methylcellulose cultures. Treated target cells accumulated either in the G1 or in
      the S phase of the cell cycle. The effect of TLSL on the target cells is
      irreversible: even brief (1 h) incubation of sensitive cells with TLSL resulted
      in inhibition of proliferation measured 5 d later. Although TLSL is produced by
      leukemic T cell lines, this lymphokine inhibits proliferation of normal
      peripheral blood T cells in response to mitogens or alloantigens: T lymphocyte
      activation was inhibited by all of the T cell supernatants tested. In contrast,
      when T cell lines were used as targets, no inhibition of proliferation was
      detected with two exceptions: the low producer Jurkat cell line was sensitive to
      all the T cell-derived supernatants, and the intermediate producer CCRF/HSB2 cell
      line was sensitive only to the three most active supernatants, CCRF/CEM, MOLT-4,
      and HUT-78. The possible significance of TLSL and its relationship with other
      suppressor lymphokines previously described in other systems is discussed.

PMID- 2416869
TI  - Decay-accelerating factor is present on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial
      cells.
AB  - Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) has been previously described only in cells of
      bone marrow origin where it serves as a negative modulator of complement
      activation. Using mAb against human DAF, we demonstrated the presence of DAF in
      human umbilical vein endothelial cells by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow
      cytometry. By means of an immunoradiometric assay we detected an average of 3.3 X
      10(5) molecules of DAF on each cell. When immunoisolates were analyzed in Western
      blots, endothelial cell DAF comigrated with DAF purified from normal
      erythrocytes. DAF was synthesized by the endothelial cells since 35S-labeled DAF
      could be immunoisolated from HUVEC cultured in medium containing [35S]methionine.
      This is the first evidence for the presence of DAF in cells of extra-marrow
      origin. DAF may protect endothelial cells from complement-mediated injury.

PMID- 2416870
TI  - Excitation of skinned muscle fibers by imposed ion gradients. II. Influence of
      quercetin and ATP removal on the Ca2+-insensitive component of stimulated 45Ca
      efflux.
AB  - Ionic gradients imposed by choline Cl replacement of K methanesulfonate (Mes) at
      constant [K][Cl] product stimulate 45Ca efflux from skinned muscle fibers; a
      small, sustained Ca2+-insensitive efflux component, observed in EGTA, appears to
      grade a much larger Ca2+-dependent component responsible for contractile
      activation and is likely to reflect intermediate steps in excitation-contraction
      coupling. The present studies examined ATP-related effects on the Ca2+
      insensitive stimulation. 45Ca efflux was measured on segments of frog
      semitendinosus muscle skinned by microdissection, with isometric force monitored
      continuously. The Ca2+-insensitive component was potentiated by quercetin, a
      flavonoid thought to inhibit the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca pump by
      stabilizing a phosphorylated intermediate. Quercetin increased the stimulated net
      45Ca release in the absence of EGTA, as expected from inhibition of
      reaccumulation, but its effectiveness in EGTA indicated potentiation of
      unidirectional efflux as such. Quercetin also increased unstimulated (control)
      45Ca efflux in EGTA, to a smaller extent; potentiation appeared to be a function
      of efflux, with stimulation above control loss increased approximately 2.6-fold.
      ATP removal before stimulation, which led to rigor force and increased stiffness,
      prevented all quercetin effects in EGTA. ATP removal by itself inhibited ionic
      stimulation of the Ca2+-insensitive component, with little residual increase
      above the parallel control loss. Addition of the nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue AMP
      PCP ([adenylyl-beta,gamma-methylene]diphosphate) (0.8 mM) after ATP removal gave
      similar results to ATP-free solution, which suggests that adenine nucleotide
      binding alone does not support stimulation by choline Cl. These results imply a
      fundamental role for ATP in the excitation of skinned fibers by imposed diffusion
      potentials; they also suggest that ATP regulates the SR Ca efflux channel, in a
      manner that could provide the positive feedback in Ca2+-dependent Ca release.

PMID- 2416871
TI  - Ba2+ unmasks K+ modulation of the Na+-K+ pump in the frog retinal pigment
      epithelium.
AB  - This paper presents electrophysiological evidence that small changes in [K+]o
      modulate the activity of the Na+-K+ pump on the apical membrane of the frog
      retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). This membrane also has a large relative K+
      conductance so that lowering [K+]o hyperpolarizes it and therefore increases the
      transepithelial potential (TEP). Ba2+, a K+ channel blocker, eliminated these
      normal K+-evoked responses; in their place, lowering [K+]o evoked an apical
      depolarization and TEP decrease that were blocked by apical ouabain or
      strophanthidin. These data indicate that Ba2+ blocked the major K+ conductance(s)
      of the RPE apical membrane and unmasked a slowing of the normally hyperpolarizing
      electrogenic Na+-K+ pump caused by lowering [K+]o. Evidence is also presented
      that [K+]o modulates the pump in the isolated RPE under physiological conditions
      (i.e., without Ba2+). In the intact retina, light decreases subretinal [K+]o and
      produces the vitreal-positive c-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG) that
      originates primarily in the RPE from a hyperpolarization of the apical membrane
      and TEP increase. When Ba2+ was present in the retinal perfusate, the apical
      membrane depolarized in response to light and the TEP decreased so that the ERG c
      wave inverted. The retinal component of the c-wave, slow PIII, was abolished by
      Ba2+. The effects of Ba2+ were completely reversible. We conclude that Ba2+
      unmasks a slowing of the RPE Na+-K+ pump by the light-evoked decrease in [K+]o.
      Such a response would reduce the amplitude of the normal ERG c-wave.

PMID- 2416872
TI  - Electroneutral Na/H exchange may depolarize the membrane potential in steady
      state.

PMID- 2416873
TI  - Binding of Bodian's silver and monoclonal antibodies to defined regions of human
      neurofilament subunits: Bodian's silver reacts with a highly charged unique
      domain of neurofilaments.
AB  - Cleavage at cysteine and chymotrypsin digestion were applied to two human
      neurofilament (NF) subunits, low- and high-molecular-weight NF (NF-L and NF-H),
      to locate the regions reacting with Bodian's silver stain and with several
      monoclonal antibodies, including NF-specific antibodies and one that recognizes
      all intermediate filaments (anti-IFA). Our findings indicate that whereas anti
      IFA recognizes the highly conserved rod domain, all the NF-specific antibodies,
      as well as Bodian's silver, react with the carboxy-terminal tailpiece of NF
      subunits. The silver binding sites in NF-L are located in a carboxy-terminal 12
      Kd chymotrypsin fragment, a highly charged, unique domain of NF.

PMID- 2416874
TI  - Expression of myelin proteolipid protein and basic protein in normal and
      dysmyelinating mutant mice.
AB  - Expression of myelin proteins was studied in the brains of 21-day-old normal mice
      and three dysmyelinating mutants-jimpy, quaking, and shiverer. Total brain
      polyribosomes and poly(A)+ mRNA were translated in two cell-free systems and the
      levels of synthesis of the myelin basic proteins (MBPs) and proteolipid protein
      (PLP) were determined. Synthesis of the MBPs in quaking homozygotes was at or
      above normal levels but PLP synthesis was significantly reduced to approximately
      15% of control values, indicating independent effects on the expression of these
      proteins in this mutant. Immunoblot analysis of 21-day-old quaking brain
      homogenates showed a reduction in the steady-state levels of MBPs and PLP,
      suggesting a failure of newly synthesized MBPs to be incorporated into a stable
      membrane structure such as myelin. In the shiverer mutant very little synthesis
      of MBPs was observed, whereas greater synthesis of PLP occurred (approximately
      50% of control). Almost no MBP, and low levels of PLP, were detected in the
      immunoblots, suggesting the possibility of a partial failure of PLP to be
      assembled into myelin in shiverer. In the jimpy mutant, low levels of MBP
      synthesis were observed in vitro (approximately 26% of controls) and very little
      synthesis of PLP was evident. The immunoblots of 21-day jimpy brain homogenates
      revealed no appreciable steady-state levels of PLP or MBP, again indicating that
      most newly synthesized MBPs were not incorporated into a stable membrane
      structure in this mutant. In sum, the data show that in the three cases examined,
      the mutation appears to affect the expression of the MBPs and PLP independently.
      Furthermore, regardless of their absolute levels of synthesis these proteins may
      or may not be assembled into myelin.

PMID- 2416876
TI  - Purification and characterization of a bovine cerebral cortex cell surface
      sialoglycopeptide that inhibits cell proliferation and metabolism.
AB  - A sialoglycopeptide from bovine cerebral cortex cells was purified to apparent
      homogeneity by a procedure that included chloroform/methanol extraction,
      diethylaminoethyl ion exchange chromatography, wheat germ agglutinin affinity
      chromatography, size-exclusion HPLC, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography.
      The cell surface inhibitor had a molecular weight of approximately 18,000, no
      subunit composition was detectable on reduction and polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis analysis, and the glycopeptide apparently contained sialic acid,
      as illustrated by its ability to bind to Limulus polyhemus lectin.
      Deglycosylation of the molecule, however, did not reduce its protein synthesis
      inhibitory activity. As little as 20 ng of the sialoglycopeptide was capable of
      inhibiting protein synthesis in a wide variety of fibroblast cell lines but not
      in transformed cells. Mice immunized with the sialoglycopeptide produced
      antibodies that, when bound to protein A-agarose gel, removed the inhibitory
      activity from solution. The antibodies were used to identify a single isoelectric
      focused band and to establish the pI of 3.0 for the molecule.

PMID- 2416875
TI  - Schwann cell marker defined by a monoclonal antibody (224-58) with species cross
      reactivity. II. Molecular characterization of the epitope.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (mAb) designated 224-58 (IgM-kappa) has been raised by
      fusion of Sp2/0-Ag14 mouse hybridoma cell line with spleen cells of a mouse
      immunized with human brain myelin. This mAb binds specifically to mouse, rat, and
      human Schwann cells membrane. Serological tests showed that mAb 224-58 reacted
      with total lipid extract, but not with total protein extract of human myelin.
      Combination of ELISA, complement fixation, and immunoautoradiographic detection
      on silica gel TLC allowed us to determine that mAb 224-58 reacted with
      sulfomonogalactolipids, namely 3'-sulfogalactosylceramide (SGC) and 3'
      sulfogalactosyl 1-O-alkyl-ether 2-O-acylglycerol (seminolipid). The fine
      molecular structure of the epitope recognized by mAb 224-58 was established by
      studying the cross-reactivity of this mAb toward closely related sulfolipids and
      by comparing its reactivity after submitting either purified sulfolipids or total
      lipid extracts to various chemical and enzymatic treatments. The lipidic hapten
      binding site to mAb 224-58 is dependent on (1) the sulfoester on carbon 3 of the
      galactose molecule, (2) the osidic bond, and (3) the carbonyl group of the fatty
      acid. Interestingly enough, neither the amide bond and the long-chain base nor
      the OH group of the fatty acid belongs to the antigenic determinant recognized by
      mAb 224-58.

PMID- 2416877
TI  - Rat and mouse monoclonal antibodies to human myelin basic protein.
AB  - BALB/c mice and Lewis rats were immunized with human myelin basic protein and its
      N- and C-terminal fragments. Mouse X mouse fusions produced seven monoclonal
      antibodies, all of the IgG class and directed against the N-terminal fragment.
      Five of the antibodies seemed to be against the same epitope, between amino acid
      residues 92 and 118. One antibody bound between residues 45 and 91, and the
      remaining antibody reacted with both peptides 1-44 and 45-91. Three monoclonal
      antibodies, all of the IgM class, were obtained by rat X rat hybridization. Two
      monoclonal antibodies, raised against whole myelin basic protein and the C
      terminal fragment, respectively, each bound to peptide 118-178. The remaining
      antibody, raised against the N-terminal fragment, bound to peptide 45-91. These
      monoclonal antibodies are of interest for use in clinical radioimmunoassays and
      for immunohistochemical investigation of the structural relationships of the
      myelin sheath.

PMID- 2416878
TI  - Unusual phylogenetic conservation of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the
      central nervous system-specific membrane glycoprotein F3-87-8 (CNSgp130).
AB  - CNSgp130 is a CNS-specific membrane glycoprotein abundantly expressed throughout
      the mature mammalian CNS. The molecule is recognised by the mouse monoclonal
      antibody F3-87-8, which reacts with a determinant of CNSgp130 common to all
      mammals tested to date. Rat and human CNSgp130 were purified by a combination of
      F3-87-8 monoclonal antibody affinity and gel permeation chromatography, and the N
      terminal amino acid sequence was determined by gas-phase sequencing techniques.
      The results show a remarkable conservation of the N terminus of the CNSgp130
      polypeptide between rats and humans, with complete identity of the first 20 amino
      acid residues. There was an unusually high and phylogenetically conserved number
      of cysteines in this region. The sequence showed no homology to other known
      sequences and should prove useful in precisely identifying the relationship of
      CNSgp130 to other CNS membrane molecules.

PMID- 2416879
TI  - A double-isotope procedure for examining protein microheterogeneity: multiple
      forms of fast-transported glycoproteins and sulfoproteins possess a common
      polypeptide chain.
AB  - Several fast-transported proteins that appear as single bands after sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolve into multiple spots
      during isoelectric focusing. A method was devised for determining if such
      microheterogeneity in net charge indicates that individual polypeptides have been
      posttranslationally modified to differing extents. Dorsal root ganglia were pulse
      labeled with [35S]methionine and either [3H]leucine or [3H]proline, proteins fast
      transported into peripheral sensory axons were separated by two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis, and isotope incorporation ratios of proteins associated with
      individual gel spots were determined. When four microheterogeneous glycoproteins
      were analyzed, each protein "family" showed markedly similar isotope ratios for
      its three to seven characteristic spots. Such ratios differed between families by
      almost twofold. In addition, a group of nonglycosylated, sulfate-containing
      proteins was identified as a family on the basis of the similar isotope
      incorporation ratios of its component spots. These results suggest that protein
      microheterogeneity can result from variable sulfation of tyrosine residues as
      well as from variation in sialic acid-containing oligosaccharide side-chains.
      More generally, the method can be utilized to test for protein microheterogeneity
      in cases where the amounts of protein are too low to permit peptide mapping
      analysis and where the nature of the charge-altering modification is unknown.

PMID- 2416880
TI  - Fatty acid acylation of rat brain myelin proteolipid protein in vitro:
      identification of the lipid donor.
AB  - The immediate acyl chain donor for fatty acid esterification of proteolipid
      protein (PLP) was identified in an in vitro system. Rat brain total membranes,
      after removal of crude nuclear and mitochondrial fractions, were incubated with
      radioactive acyl donors, extracted with chloroform/methanol, and analyzed by
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the presence of
      [3H]palmitic acid, CoA, ATP, and Mg2+, acylation of endogenous PLP occurred at a
      linear rate for at least 2 h. The radioactivity was associated with the protein
      via an ester linkage, mainly as palmitic acid. Omission of ATP, CoA, Mg2+, or all
      three reduced fatty acid incorporation into PLP to 44, 27, 8, and 4%,
      respectively, of the values in the complete system. Incubation of the membrane
      fraction with [3H]palmitoyl-CoA in the absence of CoA and ATP led to highly
      labeled PLP. These data demonstrate that activation of free fatty acid is
      required for acylation. Phospholipids and glycolipids were not able to acylate
      the PLP directly. Finally, when isolated myelin was incubated with [3H]palmitoyl
      CoA in the absence of cofactors, only PLP was labeled, thus confirming the
      identity of palmitoyl-CoA as the direct acyl chain donor and suggesting that the
      acylating activity and the PLP pool available for acylation are both in the
      myelin.

PMID- 2416881
TI  - Independent evolution of antiviral and growth-modulating activities of
      interferon.
AB  - Interferon (IFN) may be an extraordinarily ancient antiviral defense used by
      animals and plants. In animals, the antiviral properties of IFN may have been
      rendered redundant in part by the evolution of cell-mediated immunity.
      Comparative analysis of gene and protein structures, combined with examinations
      of biological specificities, suggest that IFN-beta and IFN-gamma have evolved new
      functions that include regulation of hematopoietic cell differentiation. An
      inspection of the events required for growth control by IFN suggests that this
      evolution consisted of the addition of an "antiproliferative domain" to a
      primitive IFN molecule that was previously capable of eliciting only an antiviral
      response. These evolutionary considerations lead to the speculation that some
      molecular species of IFN-alpha retain specific and potent biological activities,
      whereas other species may be losing both target cell specificity and biological
      potency over time. Important clinical problems, as well as opportunities, are
      raised by these hypotheses, particularly the problem of toxicity to normal organs
      resulting from the chronic use of certain cloned interferons at the relatively
      high doses that may be necessary to compensate for evolutionary alterations in
      their structure and function.

PMID- 2416882
TI  - Historical overview of the use of polynucleotides in cancer.
AB  - A search for effective inducers of interferon lead to the discovery of
      polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I,C)], which was effective in rodents but
      not primates. Stabilization of poly(I,C) with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethyl
      cellulose produced a derivative that is much more effective as an inducer in
      humans, but also more toxic. The ability of modified poly(I,C) to induce
      interferon in primates appears to be at least partly related to its ability to
      resist hydrolysis by nucleases. As the ability to induce interferon in primates
      increases, so does the toxicity. Several investigations have emphasized
      increasing the ease of hydrolysis in order to minimize toxicity. The inducers
      should not be considered just as a readily available source of interferon, as
      there are a number of differences between the biologic effects of the inducers
      and exogenous interferon.

PMID- 2416883
TI  - Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of poly(I,C)-LC against Rift Valley fever
      virus infection in mice.
AB  - The prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic
      acid stabilized with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose [poly(I,C)-LC] was
      evaluated in female Swiss Webster mice against a lethal infection of Rift Valley
      fever virus (RVFV). Prophylactically, the best effect was obtained with 2-3 doses
      of 1-20 micrograms poly(I,C)-LC, which fully protected the mice in a schedule
      dependent fashion against an LD100 RVFV challenge. Multiple intermittent
      therapeutic administration of 20 micrograms poly(I,C)-LC 24 or 48 h after
      infection protected 100% and 50% of the mice, respectively. When given as late as
      48 h after infection, 20 micrograms poly(I,C)-LC prevented viremia, and single or
      multiple doses induced high levels of serum interferon that peaked 24 h after
      administration of the compound. As late as 48 h postinfection, a high degree of
      therapeutic synergism was achieved with the combined administration of poly(I,C)
      LC and the antiviral compound ribavirin, using doses that were not effective
      alone.

PMID- 2416885
TI  - A preliminary trial of poly(I,C)-LC in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - An open Phase I trial of poly(I,C)-LC in multiple sclerosis was conducted.
      Serious temperature elevations were typical and associated with transient
      accentuation of neurological dysfunction which required intensive nursing care,
      but no permanent complications to the treatment were observed. A regimen was
      developed for management of the side effects and reducing patient discomfort.
      Although there was a suggestion of stabilization of the disease in some patients,
      a conclusion about efficacy cannot be reached without a controlled trial. Future
      use of poly(I,C)-LC in multiple sclerosis should be confined to experimental
      trials in a research setting.

PMID- 2416884
TI  - Phase II trial of poly(I,C)-LC, an interferon inducer, in the treatment of
      children with acute leukemia and neuroblastoma: a report from the Children's
      Cancer Study Group.
AB  - A Phase II study of poly(I,C)-LC was performed in 28 children and adolescents
      with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 10 with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia
      (ANLL), and 13 with metastatic neuroblastoma. All were refractory to standard
      chemotherapeutic agents and 25 to an investigational drug. Initial doses of 12
      mg/m2 and 9 mg/m2 were intolerable. However, 9 mg/m2 was tolerable in the
      majority of patients when the drug was started at 3 mg/m2 and increased by 3
      mg/m2 increments. Fifteen children with ALL, three with ANLL, and two with
      neuroblastoma received the drug daily. Seven patients with ANLL and seven
      children with neuroblastoma received the drug biweekly. Twenty-eight patients
      received an adequate trial, which was defined as a minimum of 5 weeks at the
      maximal tolerated dose, unless there was progressive disease at the maximal
      tolerated dose. Side effects of the drug were striking, and included fever,
      hypotension, myalgia, bone pain, arthralgia, arthritis, abdominal pain, liver
      toxicity, thrombocytopenia, and neurotoxicity. No complete remissions occurred in
      spite of interferon levels above 100 U in nearly 50% of patients.

PMID- 2416886
TI  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity and substance-P-like immunoreactivity in the
      CSF of patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type, multi-infarct syndrome
      and communicating hydrocephalus.
AB  - The concentrations of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) and substance-P
      like immunoreactivity (SPLI) in lumbar spinal fluid of patients with senile
      dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT), multi-infarct syndrome, communicating
      hydrocephalus and control patients were determined by specific radio-immunoassay.
      Mean SLI and SPLI levels were significantly lower in an aged control patient
      group (mean age 83.5 +/- 5.6 years) than in an adult control patient group (mean
      age 30.8 +/- 10 years). In the latter group SPLI levels correlated negatively
      with age. Mean SLI levels decreased with deterioration in SDAT patients by up to
      33% in late dementia. SPLI correlated with SLI in SDAT patients but was decreased
      significantly only in late dementia patients. Moderate and insignificant
      decreases of SLI were observed in patients with multi-infarct syndrome or
      communicating hydrocephalus. Analysis of SLI by gel-permeation chromatography
      revealed molecular heterogeneity of SLI. At least four peaks of SLI were eluted,
      two of which had apparent molecular weights of about 10,000 and 15,500, possibly
      representing somatostatin precursors. The ratio of SRIF to SLI of higher
      molecular weight was increased in patients with dementia compared to control
      patients.

PMID- 2416887
TI  - Myelin basic protein concentrations in the CSF of children receiving
      methotrexate.

PMID- 2416888
TI  - Reversible increase in serum alpha-fetoprotein content associated with hepatic
      dysfunction during chemotherapy for seminoma.
AB  - Serial monitoring of the serum content of the beta subunit of human chorionic
      gonadotropin (beta hCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (alpha FP) is useful in the initial
      staging of germ cell tumors and assessing the response to treatment. An increase
      in either marker during or following treatment almost always heralds disease
      progression and indicates the need for additional therapy. We report two patients
      in whom substantial increases in the serum content of AFP occurred during
      chemotherapy for advanced seminoma. Hepatic dysfunction was present in both
      patients; in one patient, a chronic carrier of hepatitis B virus, the liver
      dysfunction was associated with reactivation of hepatitis B manifested by
      anicteric hepatitis and hepatitis B e antigen positivity. Marked tumor regression
      had occurred in both patients, and chemotherapy was discontinued in spite of the
      elevated alpha FP level. The alpha FP content in the serum gradually returned to
      normal, and hepatic dysfunction resolved. Both patients remain free of disease 15
      and 17 months following the last chemotherapy treatment. These cases illustrate
      that hepatic dysfunction and alpha FP production may occur during chemotherapy
      and that increases in serum alpha FP content must be interpreted with caution
      since the elevated alpha FP level does not always indicate progression of germ
      cell tumors.

PMID- 2416889
TI  - Phase I and II study of fludarabine phosphate in leukemia: therapeutic efficacy
      with delayed central nervous system toxicity.
AB  - Fludarabine phosphate (9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine), a novel purine
      nucleoside, has demonstrated excellent preclinical antitumor activity and little
      toxicity in phase I clinical trials. We evaluated the clinical use of fludarabine
      given as a continuous intravenous (IV) infusion for remission induction in
      patients with relapsed or refractory leukemia. Thirty infusions were administered
      to 25 patients. At doses less than or equal to 125 mg/m2/d for five days, only
      three of 17 patients cleared their bone marrow of leukemic cells, and none
      achieved complete remission (CR). Nine patients received doses of 150 mg/m2/d for
      five days or 125 mg/m2/d for seven days. Four of these patients achieved CR
      (three patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL), one patient with
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL]. However, severe CNS toxicity was encountered
      in five patients at the two highest dose levels. Initial symptoms of
      neurotoxicity were delayed from 21 to 43 days after starting treatment and
      consisted of optic neuritis, cortical blindness, altered mental status, and
      generalized seizure. Only one patient regained visual and neurologic function;
      four other patients experienced progressive neurologic deterioration and died.
      Clinicopathologic evaluation suggested widespread, severe demyelination as the
      etiology of these reactions. We conclude that fludarabine is an effective drug
      for remission induction in acute leukemia. However, doses required to achieve CR
      are associated with unacceptable CNS toxicity. In view of its potent antileukemic
      activity, further evaluation of fludarabine at lower doses (less than or equal to
      75 mg/m2/d for five days) may be warranted in combination with other
      chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of patients with acute leukemia.

PMID- 2416890
TI  - Low-threshold, slow-inactivating Na+ potentials in the cockroach giant axon.
AB  - Electrophysiological properties of the ventral giant axon in the abdominal nerve
      cord of the cockroach were studied by recording intracellular potentials
      following partial or complete block of the K+ conductance. When the K+
      conductance was completely blocked by tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 3,4
      diaminopyridine, the intensity of depolarizing currents necessary for eliciting
      the action potential was markedly decreased, and the action potential was
      followed by a prolonged plateau potential. During the plateau potential following
      the spike, the input resistance was significantly reduced. The plateau potential
      was not affected by changing the external Ca2+ concentration but depended on the
      external Na+ concentration in a manner expected from the Nernst equation and was
      blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX). During the plateau potential, the Na+ conductance
      responsible for the spike was inactivated, whereas immediately after the plateau
      potential a newly evoked spike was not followed by a plateau potential,
      suggesting different inactivation kinetics between the spike and plateau Na+
      conductances. When the K+ conductance was partially blocked by TEA alone, slow
      depolarizing responses were evoked at voltage levels a few millivolts more
      positive than the resting potential. The "threshold" for the slow potential was
      much lower than that for the spike potential. The slow potential produced after
      partial block of the K+ conductance was not affected by alterations of the
      external Ca2+ concentration but was blocked by TTX or in a Na+-free solution.
      Even in normal medium, a small TTX-sensitive depolarizing response was
      discernible. This response was similar in its time course and threshold to the
      slow potential observed after partial block of the K+ conductance. It is
      concluded that the cockroach giant axon has two populations of Na+ channels,
      which can be distinguished by differences in time course and voltage levels for
      activation and that the slow, low-threshold Na+-dependent potential is largely
      masked by delayed increases in the K+ conductance under normal conditions. It
      remains uncertain whether the low-threshold slow potential and the plateau
      potential originate from the same or different populations of Na+ channels.

PMID- 2416891
TI  - Epileptiform activity induced by changes in extracellular potassium in
      hippocampus.
AB  - Using extra- and intracellular recording techniques, we investigated the
      induction and frequency modulation of spontaneous epileptiform activity produced
      by changes in the concentration of extracellular potassium ([K+]o). This paper
      describes a quantitative relationship between [K+]o and the frequency of
      spontaneously occurring epileptiform events. Recordings were made from the CA3
      subfield of the rat in vitro hippocampal slice preparation. Intracellular
      microelectrodes were filled with 2 M Cs2SO4 and connected to a 3-kHz, time-share,
      single-electrode current- and voltage-clamp device. The frequency of spontaneous
      epileptiform (interictal) discharges was determined from extracellular recordings
      as a function of [K+]o. Current- and voltage-clamp techniques were used to
      characterize the intracellular correlate of these epileptiform events. The
      frequency of bicuculline-induced spontaneous epileptiform discharges was
      dependent on [K+]o. Below 4 mM [K+]o, spontaneous discharges occurred
      sporadically in the presence of 10 microM bicuculline. Increasing [K+]o from 5 to
      10 mM caused a fivefold increase in the rate of spontaneous discharges.
      Spontaneous epileptiform discharges also occurred in the absence of bicuculline
      when [K+]o was increased above 6.5 mM. The rate of these discharges was dependent
      on [K+]o in much the same way as the discharges induced by bicuculline. For any
      given [K+]o concentration greater than 6.5 mM, however, the resultant discharge
      rate was faster than that obtained when bicuculline was present in the bathing
      solution. Simultaneous intra- and extracellular recordings revealed that the
      spontaneous high-[K+]o-induced interictal discharge was accompanied by a large
      depolarization of the membrane potential that appeared similar to the paroxysmal
      depolarizing shift (PDS) seen with other convulsants. The intracellularly
      recorded event fulfilled the criteria for a synaptically mediated PDS. The
      waveform of the PDS was complex and dependent on the membrane potential. When the
      membrane potential was held at 0 mV, spontaneously occurring hyperpolarizing
      potentials were noted during the inter-PDS interval. These events were blocked by
      picrotoxin or bicuculline and were probably spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic
      potentials. The complexity of the PDS waveform suggested that more than one
      synaptic conductance was involved in the generation of the PDS. The mean measured
      reversal potential of the depolarizing phase was -10.7 mV. Voltage-clamp
      techniques were used to measure the conductance underlying the depolarizing phase
      of the high-[K+]o-induced PDS. The mean measured conductance was 51.5 nS, with a
      reversal potential of -7.9 mV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2416892
TI  - Lactoseries carbohydrates specify subsets of dorsal root ganglion neurons
      projecting to the superficial dorsal horn of rat spinal cord.
AB  - Cell surface carbohydrates are thought to play important roles in the development
      and differentiation of mammalian cells. In previous studies we have found that
      one population of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons is specified by the
      expression of complex globoseries oligosaccharides (Dodd, J., D. Solter, and T.
      M. Jessell (1984) Nature 311: 469-472; Jessell, T. M., and J. Dodd (1985) Philos.
      Trans. R. Soc. Lond. (Biol.) 308: 271-281). We now report that monoclonal
      antibodies (MAbs) directed against backbone structures of lactoseries
      oligosaccharides define antigens present in the cytoplasm of a second,
      anatomically and functionally distinct subset of DRG neurons. Lactoseries
      carbohydrate structures identified by MAb A5 are restricted to small- and
      intermediate-diameter DRG neurons with central projections in the superficial
      dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. The distribution of labeled terminals
      suggests that many of the DRG neurons that express lactoseries carbohydrates are
      likely to convey nociceptive information. More complex galactose- and fucose
      substituted lactoseries structures recognized by MAbs LD2, KH10, TC6, TD10, LA4,
      and anti-Lewis a are segregated on subsets of DRG neurons that differ in their
      expression of substance P, somatostatin, and fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase
      and in their laminar termination in the superficial dorsal horn. The majority of
      lactoseries carbohydrate antigens identified in the cytoplasm of DRG neurons are
      also expressed on the surface of subsets of DRG neurons in culture. These studies
      establish that structurally defined carbohydrate differentiation antigens specify
      the majority of primary sensory neurons with cutaneous receptive fields.
      Moreover, lactoseries carbohydrate structures similar or identical to those
      expressed on neonatal DRG neurons in culture have been implicated in cell-cell
      interactions at early stages of preimplantation embryonic development. Our
      observations suggest strategies for testing the hypothesis that carbohydrates
      present on the surface of subsets of DRG neurons play a role in cell interactions
      that contribute to the laminar organization of sensory afferents in the
      developing spinal cord.

PMID- 2416893
TI  - Functional substance P receptors on a rat pancreatic acinar cell line.
AB  - A pancreatic acinar cell line, AR4-2J, that expresses a high density of substance
      P (SP)-binding sites has been identified. SP-binding sites on intact AR4-2J cells
      were detected with 125I-Bolton-Hunter SP (125I-BHSP). 125I-BHSP binding to AR4-2J
      cells has an apparent Kd of 40 pm with slow rates of association and
      dissociation. The number of high affinity binding sites was about 10(4)/cell.
      Binding of 125I-BHSP was inhibited by SP and by structurally related peptides.
      Physalaemin was a more potent inhibitor of binding than SP, whereas kassinin,
      eledoisin, and neurokinin A (substance K, neuromedin alpha, or neurokinin L) were
      much less potent. SP-free acid and SP (7-11) were 3 to 4 orders of magnitude less
      potent than SP itself. The membrane, intracellular, and secretory events elicited
      by exposure of AR4-2J cells to SP have also been examined. Intracellular
      recording from AR4-2J cells revealed resting membrane potentials of -40 to -65
      mV. Pressure application of SP (100 pM to 100 nM) evoked depolarizations of 20 to
      40 mV which were maintained for prolonged periods. The intracellular free calcium
      concentration in AR4-2J cells, measured with (2-[2-amino-5-methylphenoxy)-methyl)
      6-methoxy-8-aminoquinolone tetra-acetoxy methyl ester), was between 100 and 500
      nM. Addition of SP (100 pM to 10 nM) or physalaemin (1 nM) induced a transient
      rise in intracellular free calcium. AR4-2J cells synthesize amylase, and exposure
      of cells to SP resulted in a dose-dependent increase in amylase
      secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416895
TI  - The care symposium. Considerations for nursing administrators.

PMID- 2416894
TI  - The occurrence of long openings in the purified cholinergic receptor channel
      increases with acetylcholine concentration.
AB  - To establish the relationship between cholinergic ligand occupancy and channel
      open states, we recorded single-channel currents activated by different
      acetylcholine (ACh) concentrations from Torpedo californica ACh receptors
      reconstituted in lipid bilayers. Inspection of single-channel records shows that
      the frequency of occurrence of long openings increases with ACh concentration.
      Analysis of the probability distribution of open dwell times indicates that the
      ACh receptor channel has two distinct channel open states, short- and long-lived.
      The frequency of occurrence of the long openings over the short increased with
      ACh concentration, whereas the corresponding time constants were virtually
      unaltered. The extent of agonist occupancy at the ACh-binding sites in the
      purified cholinergic receptor appears, therefore, to correlate with an increased
      probability of the long-lived open state. These results are consistent with the
      notion that the two open-channel states arise from different extents of ligand
      occupancy at the receptor molecule.

PMID- 2416896
TI  - Effect of pyridoxine administration on the induction of cytosolic aspartate
      aminotransferase in the liver of rats treated with hydrocortisone.
AB  - The effects of pyridoxine and hydrocortisone administrations on the rate of
      synthesis of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase in adrenalectomized pyridoxine
      deficient rat livers were examined. Induction of cytosolic aspartate
      aminotransferase by hydrocortisone was observed 6 to 10 h after the injection.
      Treatment with pyridoxine daily for 6 days but not for the 2 days, resulted in
      suppression of the enzyme synthesis. Similar suppression of enzyme synthesis was
      observed in rats without hydrocortisone treatment. The activity of tryptophan
      oxygenase, which is known to be induced by glucocorticoid and does not contain
      pyridoxal phosphates, was higher in the livers of pyridoxine-deficient rats than
      in that of controls. The possible effects of pyridoxal phosphate on the action of
      glucocorticoid are discussed based on the results.

PMID- 2416897
TI  - Salivary secretion in hypoproteinaemic states.

PMID- 2416898
TI  - Differential bleaching of bile and melanin pigments.

PMID- 2416899
TI  - Mothers' beliefs about behavioral causes for their developmentally disabled
      infant's condition: what do they signify?

PMID- 2416900
TI  - Human serum antibodies against Bacteroides intermedius. Antigenic heterogeneity
      impairs the interpretation of the host response.

PMID- 2416901
TI  - Acute effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine on dopamine
      metabolism in mouse and rat striatum.
AB  - Monoamines and metabolites in mouse striatum were measured at intervals (0-6 h)
      after injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP; 50 mg kg-1
      subcutaneously). In addition, the accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
      (dopa), induced by inhibition of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase by 3
      hydroxybenzylhydrazine (NSD 1015), was assessed during every 15 min (0-135 min)
      after MPTP administration. The alterations induced by MPTP during the first hour
      after injection were a transient acceleration followed by a marked retardation of
      dopa synthesis, a decrease in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC; -55%) and an
      increase in 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT; +400%). Between 60 and 75 min after
      administration, some dramatic changes took place: a 40% reduction of dopamine
      (DA), a marked additional increase in 3-MT (to 1300% of control) and an increase
      in homovanillic acid (HVA; +50%). The period after 75 min was characterized by a
      further depletion of DA, a decrease in 3-MT and a transient increase in HVA (max.
      240% of control). Six hours after the administration, all concentrations of DA
      and its metabolites were subnormal, i.e. DA (30% of control), 3-MT (10%), DOPAC
      (10%) and HVA (65%). The MPTP-induced retardation of dopa synthesis was not
      antagonized by haloperidol or by reserpine pretreatment. MPTP (25 or 50 mg kg-1
      s.c.) produced similar acute changes in the levels of DA and its metabolites in
      rat as in mouse striatum, though much less pronounced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2416902
TI  - Detection of host-derived contaminants in products of recombinant DNA technology
      in E. coli: a comparison of silver-staining and immunoblotting.
AB  - Contamination of medicines produced in E. coli by recombinant DNA methodology
      with host-cell proteins is considered a potential problem with this type of
      method. In this report techniques for the detection of trace quantities of host
      cell proteins in SDS-gel electrophoretograms were examined. Detection of E. coli
      proteins by immunoblotting, using antisera raised in rabbits to lysates of E.
      coli, was compared with detection using the ultrasensitive silver stain. Silver
      staining detected a larger number of E. coli proteins in a one-dimensional
      electrophoresis system than did immunoblotting. Proteins that were markedly
      antigenic in the rabbit were detected at a greater sensitivity by the
      immunoblotting approach. Both techniques detected contaminant proteins in a
      preparation of methionyl human growth hormone produced in E. coli known to be
      contaminated with host-cell proteins. No contaminating proteins were seen by
      either technique in more rigorously purified preparations of growth hormone. A
      combination of these two approaches would provide useful evidence of purity of
      medicines produced by recombinant DNA technology, and is potentially applicable
      to a wide range of host-vector systems.

PMID- 2416903
TI  - A study on the aetiology of reserpine ulceration and the antiulcer action of
      solcoseryl in rat stomach.
AB  - The aetiology of reserpine-induced gastric ulcer formation and the antiulcer
      effects of solcoseryl were studied in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of
      reserpine produced severe ulceration, as well as mast cell and histamine
      depletion, in the gastric glandular mucosa. Mepyramine and cimetidine markedly
      antagonized the gastric lesions, but did not influence the reduced mast cell
      count; atropine pretreatment significantly inhibited both parameters.
      Intramuscular injection of solcoseryl lessened ulcer severity and prevented the
      decreased mast cell counts and histamine levels in reserpine-treated rats.
      However, the same dose of solcoseryl injected intraperitoneally was ineffective.
      Solcoseryl, irrespective of the route of administration, did not influence the
      gastric secretory activities of reserpine. It is concluded that reserpine
      ulceration is both cholinergic- and histamine-mediated, and that the antiulcer
      effects of solcoseryl appear to be due to prevention of histamine depletion in
      the gastric mucosa.

PMID- 2416904
TI  - Circadian changes in procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide kinetics in the rat.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of the time of
      administration on procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) kinetics in the
      rat. A single 50 mg kg-1 i.p. dose of procainamide was given to Wistar AF SPF
      adult male rats maintained under controlled environmental conditions (LD: 06.00h
      18.00h) at four different fixed times i.e. 10.00, 16.00, 22.00 and 04.00h.
      Procainamide and NAPA plasma levels were determined by an immunoenzymatic method.
      Our data showed significant 24 h variation of the following pharmacokinetic
      parameters: highest elimination half-lives at 10.00h (t1/2 beta = 0.736 +/-
      0.020h) for procainamide and at 04.00h (t1/2 beta = 3.55 +/- 0.08h) for NAPA (P
      less than 0.001); highest apparent volume of distribution at 04.00h for
      procainamide (Vd = 2.35 +/- 0.17 litre) (P less than 0.05); highest ratio AUC
      NAPA/AUC procainamide at 04.00h (1.039 +/- 0.056) (P less than 0.001).
      Procainamide clearance and Cmax and AUC for procainamide and NAPA were not
      significantly dependent on time of day. These data indicate a 24 h variation in
      the metabolism of procainamide which is converted to NAPA, the N-acetylation
      being greatest at 04.00h.

PMID- 2416905
TI  - Effects of environmental toxicants on development of a teleost embryo.
AB  - Embryos of the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus are shown to be useful model systems
      for monitoring the effects of xenobiotic compounds on development. Fourteen
      different substances were tested: malathion, aroclor, aldrin, diquat, parathion,
      pentachlorophenol, sevin, toxaphene, lindane, 2,4-D, DDT, paraquat, 2,4,5-T, and
      aminotriazole. Concentrations used for each of these was from 0.01 to 10.0 ppm in
      the incubation dishes. The variety of effects on development observed depended on
      the compound and its concentration. These effects included inhibition of
      gastrulation, abnormal axis formation, diminished pigmentation, slowed rate of
      development, reduced frequency of hatching, loss of neuromuscular control, and
      reduction or inhibition of heart beat. Possible modes of action of some of these
      compounds are discussed. It is also shown that embryogenesis is not always the
      most susceptible part of the organism's life cycle.

PMID- 2416906
TI  - Structure-activity relationship for substance P inhibition of carbamylcholine
      stimulated 22Na+ flux in neuronal (PC12) and non-neuronal (BC3H1) cell lines.
AB  - The inhibition of carbamylcholine-stimulated 22Na+ flux by substance P and
      various peptide analogs was examined in PC12 cells, a line which contains a
      neuronal-type nicotinic receptor, and BC3H1 cells, a line which contains a muscle
      type nicotinic receptor. Substance P produces a noncompetitive inhibition of
      carbamylcholine-stimulated 22Na+ influx in both cell lines (IC50 = 1.2 microM on
      PC12 cells and 8.2 microM on BC3H1 cells). The structure-activity relation for
      substance P analogs was qualitatively similar in both cell lines; however, there
      were quantitative differences. Substance P was the most potent peptide tested.
      Analogs of substance P with amino acids removed from the N-terminus resulted in
      significant decreases in potency, whereas removal of amino acids from the C
      terminus resulted in analogs virtually devoid of activity. Compounds purported to
      be substance P antagonists had actions similar to substance P in reducing
      carbamylcholine-stimulated 22Na+ flux. The related tachykinins physalaemin and
      eledoisin had low potencies on both cell lines. These results indicate that the
      site through which substance P exerts its inhibitory effects on activation of
      nicotinic receptors is different from the receptors described previously for
      substance P in more classical systems. In addition, our results indicate that
      substance P has an effect on both the neuronal-type nicotinic receptor (alpha
      bungarotoxin insensitive) expressed on PC12 cells and the muscle-type nicotinic
      receptor (alpha-bungarotoxin sensitive) expressed on BC3H1 cells.

PMID- 2416907
TI  - Modulation of the behavioral effects of chlordiazepoxide by methylxanthines and
      analogs of adenosine in squirrel monkeys.
AB  - The effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDAP) on suppressed behavior of squirrel monkeys
      were determined alone and in combination with selected methylxanthines (caffeine,
      theophylline, 8-phenyltheophylline, theobromine, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine) and
      analogs of adenosine (L-PIA, N6-cyclohexyladenosine, NECA). Monkeys responded
      under a fixed-interval schedule of food presentation in which responding was
      suppressed by a concurrent fixed-ratio schedule of response-produced electric
      shock. Dose-effect curves were determined by administering cumulative doses i.v.
      during timeout periods that preceded sequential components of the schedule. When
      administered alone, CDAP produced dose-related increases in the rate of
      suppressed responding at doses up to 17.8 mg/kg and decreased responding at a
      higher dose of 32.0 mg/kg. Under the same conditions, the methylxanthines usually
      had only small effects on responding over the range of doses studied, whereas L
      PIA and NECA usually decreased responding in a dose-related manner. After
      presession treatment with intermediate doses of caffeine, 8-phenyltheophylline or
      3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, the increases is suppressed responding produced by
      CDAP often were larger than those produced by CDAP alone. In contrast, after
      presession treatment with low doses of L-PIA, NECA or N6-cyclohexyladenosine the
      increases in suppressed responding normally produced by CDAP were either reduced
      or eliminated. Although L-PIA, NECA and N6-cyclohexyladenosine attenuated the
      rate-increasing effects of CDAP, there was no indication that they produced an
      overall rightward shift in the CDAP dose-effect curve, suggesting that the
      adenosine analogs did not act simply as competitive antagonists of CDAP.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416908
TI  - Stimulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion from AtT-20 cells by the calcium
      channel activator, BAY-K-8644, and its inhibition by somatostatin and carbachol.
AB  - Somatostatin and carbachol receptors are believed to be negatively coupled to
      adenylate cyclase in AtT-20 mouse pituitary tumor cells by an inhibitory guanine
      nucleotide-binding regulatory subunit. Activation of these receptors causes
      inhibition of cyclic AMP synthesis and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion
      stimulated by a variety of hormones. Secretion in response to several
      pharmacological agents, which do not increase AtT-20 cyclic AMP levels, is also
      antagonized by both somatostatin and carbachol. Inasmuch as ACTH secretion in
      response to all stimulants is dependent on extracellular calcium, the possibility
      that somatostatin and carbachol block calcium entry was investigated by observing
      the effects of these agents on the activity of the calcium channel activator, BAY
      K-8644 [methyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-nitro-4- (2-trifluoromethylphenyl)
      pyridine-5-carboxy-late] in AtT-20 cells. In first characterizing the effect of
      BAY-K-8644, it was noted that the channel agonist at 10(-10) to 10(-6) M itself
      rapidly increased basal ACTH secretion; higher concentrations (10(-4) M) reduced
      basal, (-)-isoproterenol, phorbol ester, 8-Br-cAMP and K+-stimulated secretion.
      BAY-K-8644 did not alter basal formation of cyclic AMP. The secretory response to
      BAY-K-8644 was dependent on extracellular calcium, and was inhibited by the
      calcium channel antagonist, nifedepine. When coapplied with (-)-isoproterenol,
      phorbol ester and 8-Br-cAMP, at a concentration which optimally stimulated ACTH
      secretion, BAY-K-8644 had an additive effect; the secretory responses to K+ (50
      mM) or the calcium ionophore, A-23187, on the other hand, were
      potentiated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416909
TI  - Irreversible opiate agonists and antagonists. II. Evidence against a bivalent
      mechanism of action for opiate azines and diacylhydrazones.
AB  - A series of opiate azines, including naloxonazine, naltrexonazine and
      oxymorphonazine, produce both a wash-resistant inhibition of 3H-opioid binding
      and prolonged actions in vivo. Opiate diacylhydrazones synthesized from succinic,
      adipyl and suberic dihydrazides possess similar actions against 3H-opioid
      binding. Competition studies measuring inhibition of binding in the presence of
      the compounds revealed little difference between standard, reversible opiates
      such as naloxone, oxymorphone and naltrexone and our two series of compounds, the
      diacylhydrazones and the azines. In these assays, the diacylhydrazones, the
      azines, oxymorphone, naloxone and naltrexone all inhibited 3H-opioid binding with
      very similar IC50 values, typically under 5 nM. At concentrations under 5 nM, the
      inhibition of all the compounds was reversible. At higher concentrations,
      however, much of the inhibition of the diacylhydrazones and azines was not freely
      reversible, in distinction to oxymorphone, naloxone and naltrexone. Washing after
      the incubation of membranes with the naloxone, naltrexone or oxymorphone (50 nM)
      returned binding to control levels. Despite the extensive washing, the
      diacylhydrazones, on the other hand, lowered binding by as much as 90%. Mu
      binding was most sensitive to wash-resistant binding. In general, the longer
      dihydrazide derivatives produced wash-resistant inhibition more effectively than
      either the shorter dihydrazide derivatives or the corresponding azines. The
      ability of these compounds to produce wash-resistant inhibition of binding
      probably did not result from a bivalent attachment of the ligand to two binding
      sites at once. Additional assymetric azines and diacylhydrazones unable to bind
      simultaneously to two sites still produced wash-resistant inhibition of
      binding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416910
TI  - Irreversible opiate agonists and antagonists. III. Phenylhydrazone derivatives of
      naloxone and oxymorphone.
AB  - In view of previous studies indicating that the irreversible properties of opiate
      azines such as naloxonazine are not due to a bivalent mechanism, we have
      synthesized a series of opiate hydrazones. In standard competition assays which
      measure both reversible and irreversible inhibition of binding, the hydrazone
      derivatives lowered radiolabeled opioid binding almost as well as naloxone and
      oxymorphone. However, the phenylhydrazone derivatives produced a profound wash
      resistant inhibition of binding. The similar potencies of the methylhydrazine and
      phenylhydrazine derivatives in standard competition studies contrasted
      significantly with their effectiveness in eliciting wash-resistant inhibition of
      binding, suggesting the importance of the phenyl group in the production of wash
      resistant inhibition. The p-nitrophenyl hydrazones were the most effective wash
      irreversible inhibitors. Although oxymorphonazine does not irreversibly inhibit
      radiolabeled opioid binding as effectively as naloxonazine or naltrexonazine, the
      oxymorphone phenylhydrazones were as potent as their corresponding naloxone
      compounds. Incubation of [3H]naloxone-p-nitrophenylhydrazone with albumin
      demonstrated significant incorporation of radiolabel into the protein after
      sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis. This suggests that the
      phenylhydrazones have significant reactivities toward proteins and might produce
      their irreversible actions through covalent interactions.

PMID- 2416911
TI  - Brain vascular volume, electrolytes and blood-brain interface in the cuttlefish
      Sepia officinalis (Cephalopoda).
AB  - Cephalopod molluscs have complex brains and behaviour, yet little is known about
      the permeability of their blood-brain interface. This paper presents studies on
      the brain fluid and electrolyte compartments of the cuttlefish Sepia, as a
      preliminary to characterization of the permeability of the blood-brain interface
      in this group. Sepia is shown to be a satisfactory experimental animal, and
      techniques are described for anaesthesia, cannulation, and tissue and fluid
      analysis. Our ionic analyses of body fluids are in general agreement with those
      of earlier workers. Analysis of brain tissue suggests that the extracellular
      space is 17-20 ml 100 g tissue-1 (i.e. 17-20%). Two large molecular weight
      tracers, 125I-human serum albumin (HSA) and Blue dextran, give consistent values
      for the brain vascular volume of 3.5-5.5%, slightly higher than in vertebrates.
      The HSA results further confirm that the Sepia blood-brain interface is
      relatively tight to proteins. Finally, we have shown that the fluid surrounding
      the brain, pericerebral fluid (PCF), is in relatively free communication with
      plasma.

PMID- 2416912
TI  - Propagating potassium and chloride conductances during activation and
      fertilization of the egg of the frog, Rana pipiens.
AB  - Fertilization or artificial activation of the frog egg (Rana pipiens) elicits a
      positive-going shift in membrane potential which results from an opening of Cl-
      and K+ channels in the egg membrane. We examined the spatial localization of the
      currents produced by the opening of these channels, using large patch electrodes
      (tip diameters 3-10 microns). We also used small patch electrodes (tip diameters
      about 1 micron) to study the single K+ channel currents. After activation, with
      the patch electrode at any position on the egg surface, we observed a transient
      current, with a main peak lasting several seconds. This activation current
      occurred after a variable delay of 0-3 min following the rise of the activation
      potential. With 10% Ringer solution in the bath and pipette, the current was
      usually outward, although it sometimes had an inward component. With one patch
      electrode on the animal surface of the egg and another patch electrode on the
      vegetal surface, we observed that the activation current propagated over the egg
      surface. In experiments where the egg was activated by applying a hyperpolarizing
      pulse, the response in the animal half preceded that in the vegetal half by an
      average of about 1 min. The amplitude of the peak outward current was similar for
      animal and vegetal recordings (1-2 mA/cm2). Tetraethylammonium (11 mM) in the
      patch pipette blocked most of the outward component of the activation current and
      revealed an underlying inward component. The inward component of the activation
      current was carried by Cl-, since it could be reversed by raising the Cl-
      concentration in the pipette. The Cl- component of the activation current
      propagated over the egg surface, with timing similar to that of the total
      current. The average amplitude of the peak Cl- current was six or more times
      larger at the animal than the vegetal surface. Fertilization caused a current to
      propagate from the animal to the vegetal surface, like the current observed
      during activation. With a small patch electrode, single channel currents of the
      K+ component of the activation current could be seen. The probability that the
      channels were open increased at more positive potentials. The single channel
      conductance was estimated to be 25 pS, and the reversal potential to be -150 mV.
      Single Cl- channel currents have not yet been seen. Activation or fertilization
      of the frog egg resulted in a wave-like opening of Cl- and K+ channels, which
      spread from the animal to the vegetal half of the egg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2416913
TI  - A transient outward current in isolated cells from the crista terminalis of
      rabbit heart.
AB  - Voltage-clamp experiments were carried out with the objective of identifying and
      characterizing the time- and voltage-dependent properties of a transient outward
      current recorded in single myocytes from the crista terminalis region of the
      rabbit heart. A collagenase enzymic dispersion procedure similar to that
      described by Desilets & Horackova (1982) was used to obtain these viable
      individual myocytes. Transmembrane ionic currents were recorded using a single
      micro-electrode voltage-clamp technique. In experiments aimed at studying a
      tetrodotoxin-resistant transient inward current, (ICa); a transient outward
      current was consistently recorded following blockade of ICa with Cd2+ (5 X 10(-4)
      M). The time and voltage dependence of the activation and inactivation of this
      current were measured. Its steady-state inactivation curve spans the voltage
      range -70 to -10 mV, and it is activated between -20 and +10 mV. The reversal
      potential of this transient outward current is approximately -75 mV in [K+]O 5
      mM, suggesting that it is carried mainly by K+. This transient outward current
      can be inhibited completely by external application of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 3
      mM). The time- and voltage-dependent properties, the reversal potential, and the
      sensitivity to 4-AP of this transient outward current are all very similar to
      those of a transient outward current first identified in molluscan neurones.
      Hence, we have labelled it, IA. Selective inhibition of IA and knowledge of its
      voltage- and time-dependent properties yield specific predictions concerning its
      role in the action potential of isolated crista terminalis cells. Consistent with
      these predictions, a decrease in stimulus rate is found to decrease the duration
      of the action potential and vice versa; and application of effective doses of 4
      AP results in a substantial lengthening of the action potential. These results
      are discussed in terms of the possible physiological role of IA in subsidiary or
      follower pace-maker tissue, and the anatomical and physiological heterogeneity of
      the sino-atrial node region of the rabbit heart.

PMID- 2416914
TI  - Voltage clamp of bull-frog cardiac pace-maker cells: a quantitative analysis of
      potassium currents.
AB  - Spontaneously active single cells have been obtained from the sinus venosus
      region of the bull-frog, Rana catesbeiana, using an enzymic dispersion procedure
      involving serial applications of trypsin, collagenase and elastase in nominally 0
      Ca2+ Ringer solution. These cells have normal action potentials and fire
      spontaneously at a rate very similar to the intact sinus venosus. A single
      suction micro-electrode technique (Hamill, Marty, Neher, Sakmann & Sigworth,
      1981; Hume & Giles, 1983) has been used to record the spontaneous diastolic
      depolarizations or pace-maker activity as well as the regenerative action
      potentials in these cells. This electrophysiological activity is completely
      insensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX; 3 X 10(-6) M) and is very similar to that
      recorded from an in vitro sinus venosus preparation. The present experiments were
      aimed at identifying the transmembrane potassium currents, and analysing their
      role(s) in the development of the pace-maker potential and the repolarization of
      the action potential. Depolarizing voltage-clamp steps from the normal maximum
      diastolic potential (-75 mV) elicit a time- and voltage-dependent activation of
      an outward current. The reversal potential of this current in normal Ringer
      solution [( K+]0 2.5 mM) is near -95 mV; and it shifts by 51 mV per tenfold
      increase in [K+]0, which strongly suggests that this current is carried by K+. We
      therefore labelled it IK. The reversal potential of IK did not shift in the
      positive direction following very long (20 s) depolarizing clamp steps to +20 mV,
      indicating that 'extracellular' accumulation of [K+]0 does not produce any
      significant artifacts. The fully activated instantaneous current-voltage (I-V)
      relationship for IK is approximately linear over the range of potentials -130 to 
      30 mV. Thus, the ion transfer mechanism of IK may be described as a simple ohmic
      conductance in this range of potentials. Positive relative to -30 mV, however,
      the I-V exhibits significant inward rectification. A Hodgkin-Huxley analysis of
      the kinetics of IK, including a demonstration that the envelope of tails
      quantitatively matches the time course of the onset of IK during a prolonged
      depolarizing clamp step has been completed. The steady-state activation variable
      (n infinity) of IK spans the voltage range approximately -40 to +10 mV. It is
      well-fitted by a Boltzmann distribution function with half-activation at -20 mV.
      The time course of decay of IK is a single exponential. However, the activation
      or onset of IK shows clear sigmoidicity in the range of potentials from the
      activation threshold (-40 mV) to 0 mV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2416915
TI  - The long-term excitability of myelinated nerve fibres in the transected frog
      sciatic nerve.
AB  - The long-term excitability and the ionic currents in the nodes of Ranvier were
      studied in the severed frog sciatic nerve and the unoperated contralateral
      control nerve. After unilateral nerve section, compound action potentials of the
      nerve bundles and action potentials of single myelinated nerve fibres remained
      normal in amplitude and duration in either sciatic nerve for more than 38 days
      when frogs were kept at 11 degrees C. During this period the resting potentials
      averaged about -75 mV. Under voltage-clamp conditions Na currents and K currents
      in transected single myelinated nerve fibres also appeared normal in their
      kinetics, and in their peak amplitudes. These results indicate that the Na- and K
      channel densities are quantitatively unchanged after the nerve transection, up to
      several weeks. The excitability of the severed sciatic nerve, expectedly, depends
      strongly on the time course of Wallerian degeneration. When frogs were kept at
      room temperature, the nerve excitability remained normal for only about 8-10
      days, due to the faster Wallerian degeneration; whereas at 4 degrees C it was
      maintained for more than 84 days, as long as the myelinated nerve fibres did not
      degenerate. Together, these findings demonstrate that Na channels, K channels,
      and Na-K pumps are continuously present for several weeks in the transected nerve
      before nerve degeneration. It is surmised that either, (a) these proteins are
      extremely stable in the transected myelinated nerve fibres, or (b) they are
      supplied locally by Schwann cells, an open question recently posed by Chiu,
      Schrager & Ritchie (1984). In either event, the myelinated nerve fibres do not
      require cell bodies to provide a significant amount of new channels and pumps in
      order to retain their long-term excitability.

PMID- 2416916
TI  - Ionic conductances in frog short skeletal muscle fibres with slow delayed
      rectifier currents.
AB  - Short (0.8-1.6 mm) lumbricalis fibres of Rana pipiens were voltage clamped by a
      two-micro-electrode technique at 5 degrees C in sucrose hypertonic Ringer
      solution (SHR). Terminated linear cable analysis suggests that if the current
      electrode is placed near the centre of the fibre length and the voltage-sensing
      electrode is placed 0.19 times the fibre length from the current electrode, the
      fibre can be adequately voltage clamped and the conductance may be simply
      calculated as I/V for fibre length constants from 1.0 to 0.15 mm. In SHR solution
      lumbricalis fibres have action potentials with peak amplitudes of only +2 to 7 mV
      and a slow, gradual repolarization, distinct from the action potentials observed
      in sartorius muscle. In 60 mM-Na+ SHR the inward Na current could be adequately
      controlled over the fibre length, providing an estimated Na conductance (GNa) of
      8.9 mS/cm2. The magnitude of GNa and GK (delayed rectifier) in lumbricalis fibres
      was approximately 20% of that reported for sartorius and semitendinosus, although
      the resting conductances were similar. Fibres demonstrated delayed rectifier
      currents with complex patterns of activation suggesting two components of
      conductance (fast, GK,f and slow, GK,s) which were combined together in varied
      amounts: (a) GK,f activated rapidly to a maximum within 80 ms at 0 mV as
      previously described (Adrian, Chandler & Hodgkin, 1970a); (b) GK,s activated
      gradually with depolarizations below -50 mV and achieving peak currents at about
      400 ms at 0 mV. In about 10% of lumbricalis fibres studied, GK,s occurred in
      isolation with a peak magnitude of 1.4 +/- 0.4 mS/cm2 (+/- S.D.). GK,s activation
      kinetics and tail currents are described by a squared two-state (l2) Hodgkin
      Huxley model and have a Q10 of 2.8. These currents inactivated with a time
      constant of 5-7 s at 0 mV. Isolated GK,s with identical kinetics was also
      observed in certain sartorius fibres studied with the three-electrode voltage
      clamp. The fractional amount of GK,s in the combined delayed rectifier (GK,s +
      GK,f) currents could be estimated from analysis of the late activation phase with
      depolarization. Combined delayed currents were described by summing GK,f currents
      using a n4 model with GK,s currents defined by the l2 model.

PMID- 2416917
TI  - Biochemical separation of delayed rectifier currents in frog short skeletal
      muscle fibres.
AB  - Frog short (1-1.5 mm) skeletal muscle fibres in sucrose hypertonic Ringer at 5
      degrees C were voltage clamped employing a two-electrode technique. Decreasing pH
      from 7.0 to 5.0 dramatically increased the rate of turn on of the slow delayed
      rectifier (GK,s) current, so that it became similar to the rapidly activated
      form. The accelerating effects of decreased pH upon slow current kinetics had a
      pKa of 5.8. Decreased pH also appeared to shift the voltage dependence of fast
      and GK,s gating to more positive potentials. In addition, a decrease in pH from
      7.0 to 5.0 shifted the reversal potential of GK,s by over 11 mV in the positive
      direction. GK,s was selectively and irreversibly abolished by applying 1 mM
      diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP), a histidine reagent. This effect occurred even after
      GK,s had been accelerated by low pH. DEP had no effect upon fast delayed
      rectifier current except for a small positive shift in voltage dependence.
      Application of 1 or 2 mM-N-ethylmaleimide, a sulphydryl reagent, depressed the
      fast delayed rectifier while sparing the GK,s currents. However, the muscle
      fibres also developed markedly increased leakage currents.

PMID- 2416918
TI  - Ionic basis of the different action potential configurations of single guinea-pig
      atrial and ventricular myocytes.
AB  - Single myocardial cells were enzymatically dispersed from guinea-pig atria and
      ventricles. At 25 degrees C, atrial cell action potentials differed significantly
      from ventricular cell action potentials in duration (atrial = 141 ms, ventricular
      = 497 ms) and over-shoot (atrial = +36 mV, ventricular = +42 mV). Action
      potentials of atrial and ventricular cells responded differently to changes in
      external K+ concentration ([K+]o). Elevation of [K+]o from 6 to 11 mM depolarized
      atrial cells but produced no significant change in action potential duration;
      similar changes in [K+]o depolarized ventricular cells and produced a significant
      shortening of the action potential duration. Voltage-clamp experiments were
      performed to investigate the ionic basis underlying the different action
      potential configurations of single atrial and ventricular myocytes. A single
      micropipette voltage-clamp technique was used, employing either extremely small
      tip diameter pipettes, without internal cell dialysis (Hume & Giles, 1983), or
      larger tip diameter pipettes, with internal dialysis (Hamill, Marty, Neher,
      Sakmann & Sigworth, 1981). Two significant differences in background K+
      conductance in single atrial and ventricular myocytes were observed: (i) the
      isochronal (5 s) current-voltage relationship of single ventricular myocytes
      exhibited a region of prominent negative slope conductance and elevation of [K+]o
      produced cross-over; a negative slope conductance region was absent in atrial
      cells and elevation of [K+]o produced very little cross-over of isochronal
      current-voltage relationships, and (ii) hyperpolarizing voltage pulses applied
      from holding potentials of -50 mV elicited inward current in ventricular cells
      which decayed with time; similar voltage-clamp pulses in atrial cells elicited
      inward currents which fail to decay. Single K+ channel current measurements
      confirmed the existence of different resting K+ channel properties in single
      atrial and ventricular myocytes. Resting K+ channels in both cell types had
      similar single channel conductances (30-32 pS with [K+]o = 145 mM) but
      ventricular K+ channels had significantly slower gating kinetics compared to
      atrial K+ channels (ventricular K+ channel mean open time = 223 ms; atrial K+
      channel mean open time = 1 ms at Vr (resting membrane potential) -20 mV). The
      plateau and duration of the guinea-pig ventricular action potential was
      insensitive to high concentrations of tetrodotoxin (3 X 10(-5) M) but extremely
      sensitive to external Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o). The second inward Ca2+
      current (iCa) density was estimated in small atrial and ventricular myocytes of
      similar diameter and length.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2416919
TI  - Electric current flow inside perineurial sheaths of mouse motor nerves.
AB  - Micro-electrodes were inserted inside the perineurial space to record external
      currents along the superficial nerve bundles of the triangularis sterni muscle of
      the mouse upon motor nerve stimulation. Two kinds of external currents were
      distinguished, the first circulating between neighbouring nodes of Ranvier in
      each fibre and the second circulating between the nodes and the motor endings.
      Ending-node current was caused by differences in the time course and the
      amplitude of the potential change at the endings and at the nodes, which depended
      in turn, on differences between their respective membrane conductances. The
      stretch of nerve over which ending-node current extended served to estimate that
      about eight to ten nodes of Ranvier supply the motor endings with depolarizing
      current.

PMID- 2416921
TI  - [The effects of indomethacin and verapamil on dextran-induced shock in rats].
AB  - To clarify the mechanism of the anti-shock effect of indomethacin, dextran
      induced shock in rats was used as a shock model and compared with the effect of
      verapamil, a calcium antagonist. Thirty minutes after pretreatment with
      indomethacin or verapamil, 5% dextran (1 ml/kg body weight) was iv. infused into
      rats. Pretreatment with indomethacin (5 mg/kg iv.) or verapamil (2 mg/kg iv.) 30
      min prior to the dextran infusion prevented significantly a decrease in blood and
      pulse pressure, and also an increase in the hematocrit value, paw thickness and
      serum histamine level of rats. Neither pretreatment with indomethacin (or
      verapamil) nor saline control changed the serum prostaglandin E level before and
      after the dextran infusion. The effects of verapamil in preventing dextran
      induced shock were found to be much greater than those of indomethacin. These
      results indicated that the shock-preventing effect of indomethacin may be
      ascribed, at least to some degree, to the role of the drug as a calcium
      antagonist like verapamil rather than as a cyclooxygenase inhibitor which lowers
      prostaglandins and/or thromboxane levels. The former effect may be exerted on the
      mast cells to inhibit calcium influx stimulated by dextran, resulting in the
      prevention of histamine release.

PMID- 2416920
TI  - A calcium-activated potassium current in motor nerve terminals of the mouse.
AB  - Local circuit currents involving presynaptic terminals were recorded by micro
      electrodes inserted into the perineurium of nerves from the triangularis sterni
      muscle of the mouse. A transient outward current component was isolated by
      blocking the voltage-activated (delayed rectifier) K current by 3,4
      diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP). The amplitude of this component depended on external K
      concentration and fell to zero at [K]o = 15 mM. Since it also depended on [Ca]o,
      it was identified as a Ca-activated K current (IK(Ca)). Tetraethylammonium (TEA)
      (2 mM), Ba (2 mM), Co (10 mM) and Mn (2.5 mM) blocked IK(Ca). IK(Ca) decayed to
      zero in approximately 12 ms and recovered from inactivation in about 100 ms. Ca
      current was enhanced in inverse proportion to the degree of IK(Ca) depression.
      The possible role of IK(Ca) in the process of neuromuscular facilitation is
      briefly discussed.

PMID- 2416922
TI  - Potential antitumor agents. 45. Synthesis, DNA-binding interaction, and
      biological activity of triacridine derivatives.
AB  - A series of amide-linked triacridines of varying interchromophore separation were
      synthesized as potential DNA trisintercalating agents. The corresponding diamide
      diacridines (lacking the central chromophore) were also prepared, and the DNA
      binding and biological activities of both series of compounds were evaluated.
      Although one of the triacridines shows evidence of a trisintercalative binding
      mode, most of the triacridines (and all the diacridines) bound by
      bisintercalation. The diacridines showed great cytotoxicity and higher DNA
      association constants than the corresponding 9-[[3
      (dimethylamino)propyl]amino]acridine monomer, but addition of a third chromophore
      did not provide corresponding increases in either DNA affinity, inhibition of RNA
      synthesis, or cytotoxicity. Some members of both series show minimal in vivo
      antileukemic activity. The results suggest that further development of trimeric
      molecules as potential antitumor agents should focus on smaller chromophores with
      lower capacity for nonspecific binding and/or the employment of rigid linker
      chains to provide true molecular "staples" for DNA.

PMID- 2416923
TI  - Arginine-vasopressin analogues with high antidiuretic/vasopressor selectivity.
      Synthesis, biological activity, and receptor binding affinity of arginine
      vasopressin analogues with substitutions in positions 1, 2, 4, 7, and 8.
AB  - In a search for more selective agonists of arginine-vasopressin (AVP), 10
      analogues of [Sar7]- and [MeLa7]AVP with additional substitutions in positions 1
      (beta-mercaptopropionic acid), 2 (phenylalanine), 4 (valine), or 8 (D-arginine)
      were synthesized and tested for antidiuretic and vasopressor activities. All
      analogues are characterized by a relatively high antidiuretic activity and by a
      sharp decrease in pressor activity. Their antidiuretic/vasopressor (A/P)
      selectivities were 2-3 orders higher (except for peptides 2 and 3) than that of
      the parent hormone. The additivity of the effects of changes in positions 1, 2,
      4, and 8 combined with the sarcosine or N-methylalanine substitutions in position
      7 on the biological activity is observed. Binding affinities of AVP analogues to
      plasma membranes from bovine kidney inner medulla and from rat liver containing
      specific vasopressin receptors were also determined. Generally, these analogues
      retained high binding affinities to renal vasopressin receptors, and on the other
      hand they are characterized by a large decrease in binding affinities to hepatic
      vasopressin receptors, which share characteristics with vasopressor receptors.

PMID- 2416924
TI  - Sacrococcygeal teratoma and normal alphafetoprotein concentration in amniotic
      fluid.
AB  - It is usually assumed that in the case of sacrococcygeal teratoma the
      concentration of alphafetoprotein in the amniotic fluid is increased. In the case
      reported here the AFP concentration in the amniotic fluid was found to be normal
      in spite of a large teratoma not covered with skin. Possible reasons for this are
      discussed and the histological characteristics of the tumour are reported. It is
      emphasised that this teratoma could not have been recognised antenatally by
      normal AFP screening, but was only possible by ultrasound examination.

PMID- 2416925
TI  - Should women at high risk of neural tube defect have an amniocentesis?
AB  - As part of an investigation into the practical problems of a maternal serum
      alphafetoprotein (AFP) neural tube defect (NTD) screening programme carried out
      in Mid Glamorgan, South Wales, between 1977 and 1979, obstetricians were
      recommended to refer women with high risk pregnancies directly for counselling,
      high resolution ultrasonography, and amniocentesis without first carrying out
      serum screening. Out of 15 687 pregnant women one-third attended too late to be
      screened. A total of 637 was classed as high risk, mostly at greater risk than 1
      in 50 because of a previously affected pregnancy or an affected close relative.
      Compliance with recommended procedure was relatively low as many were screened.
      There were 10 pregnancies with a recurrence of NTD, of which one was not tested
      at all, two were not detected (one closed meningocele and one closed
      iniencephalic), and seven were detected and the pregnancies terminated. All the
      latter, as well as the iniencephalic, would have been detected from a serum AFP
      determination and a high resolution ultrasound scan alone. It is concluded that
      these investigations are sufficient for high risk pregnancies and that
      amniocentesis is not really cost effective or necessary unless either of these
      investigations is abnormal. As numbers in this study were small it is suggested
      that these conclusions should be tested in a larger study.

PMID- 2416926
TI  - Accelerated onset of albuminuria in diabetic rats preimmunized with glucosylated
      rat serum albumin.
AB  - Young adult rats were immunized with either in vitro glucosylated or unmodified
      rat serum albumin (RSA) followed by induction of the diabetic state. At various
      times after streptozotocin administration, sera were evaluated for specific
      antibody response using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay while urine was
      monitored for the presence of albumin by radial immunodiffusion. The data
      indicate that glucosylated RSA is capable of eliciting the production of
      antibodies, but unmodified RSA is not. The specificity of the generated
      antibodies appears to be directed toward the glucitol-lysine residues of the
      modified albumin. Preimmunization of rats with glucosylated RSA followed by
      induction of diabetes causes a rapid decline in specific antibody titers and
      greatly enhances the rate of progression to albuminuria. These results
      demonstrate that in vitro and in vivo glucosylation of an endogenous protein
      provide products with identical antigenicity. They also suggest an animal model
      for the study of diabetic autoimmunity involving glucosylated endogenous
      proteins.

PMID- 2416927
TI  - Na+/Ca2+ countertransport in plasma membrane of rat pancreatic acinar cells.
AB  - The presence of a coupled Na+/Ca2+ exchange system has been demonstrated in
      plasma membrane vesicles from rat pancreatic acinar cells. Na+/Ca2+ exchange was
      investigated by measuring 45Ca2+ uptake and 45Ca2+ efflux in the presence of
      sodium gradients and at different electrical potential differences across the
      membrane (= delta phi) in the presence of sodium. Plasma membranes were prepared
      by a MgCl2 precipitation method and characterized by marker enzyme distribution.
      When compared to the total homogenate, the typical marker for the plasma
      membrane, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase was enriched by 23-fold. Markers for the endoplasmic
      reticulum, such as RNA and NADPH cytochrome c reductase, as well as for
      mitochondria, the cytochrome c oxidase, were reduced by twofold, threefold and 10
      fold, respectively. For the Na+/Ca2+ countertransport system, the Ca2+ uptake
      after 1 min of incubation was half-maximal at 0.62 mumol/liter Ca2+ and at 20
      mmol/liter Na+ concentration and maximal at 10 mumol/liter Ca2+ and 150
      mmol/liter Na+ concentration, respectively. When Na+ was replaced by Li+, maximal
      Ca2+ uptake was 75% as compared to that in the presence of Na+. Amiloride (10(-3)
      mol/liter) at 200 mmol/liter Na+ did not inhibit Na+/Ca2+ countertransport,
      whereas at low Na+ concentration (25 mmol/liter) amiloride exhibited dose
      dependent inhibition to be 62% at 10(-2) mol/liter. CFCCP (10(-5) mol/liter) did
      not influence Na+/Ca2+ countertransport. Monensin inhibited dose dependently; at
      a concentration of 5 X 10(-6) mol/liter inhibition was 80%. A SCN- or K+
      diffusion potential (= delta phi), being positive at the vesicle inside,
      stimulated calcium uptake in the presence of sodium suggesting that Na+/Ca2+
      countertransport operates electrogenically, i.e. with a stoichiometry higher than
      2 Na+ for 1 Ca2+. In the absence of Na+, delta phi did not promote Ca2+ uptake.
      We conclude that in addition to ATP-dependent Ca2+ outward transport as
      characterized previously (E. Bayerdorffer, L. Eckhardt, W. Haase & I. Schulz,
      1985, J. Membrane Biol. 84:45-60) the Na+/Ca2+ countertransport system, as
      characterized in this study, represents a second transport system for the
      extrusion of calcium from the cell. Furthermore, the high affinity for calcium
      suggests that this system might participate in the regulation of the cytosolic
      free Ca2+ level.

PMID- 2416928
TI  - Sodium-dependent ion cotransport in steady-state Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.
AB  - The Ehrlich tumor cell possesses an anion-cation cotransport system which
      operates as a bidirectional exchanger during the physiological steady state. This
      cotransport system, like that associated with the volume regulatory mechanism
      (i.e. coupled net uptake of Cl- + Na+ and/or K+), is Cl- -selective and
      furosemide-sensitive, suggesting the same mechanism operating in two different
      modes. Since Na+ has an important function in the volume regulatory response, its
      role in steady-state cotransport was investigated. In the absence of Na+, ouabain
      insensitive K+ and DIDS-insensitive Cl- transport (KCl cotransport) are low and
      equivalent to that found in 150 mM Na+ medium containing furosemide. Increasing
      the [Na+] results in parallel increases in K+ and Cl- transport. The maximum rate
      of each (18 to 20 meq/(kg dry wt) . min) is reached at about 20 mM Na+ and is
      maintained up to 55 mM. Thus, over the range 1 to 55 mM Na+ the stoichiometry of
      KCl cotransport is 1:1. In contrast to K+ and Cl-, furosemide-sensitive Na+
      transport is undetectable until the [Na+] exceeds 50 mM. From 50 to 150 mM Na+,
      it progressively rises to 7 meq/(kg dry wt) . min, while K+ and Cl- transport
      decrease to 9 and 16 meq/(kg dry wt) . min, respectively. Thus, at 150 mM Na+ the
      stoichiometric relationship between Cl-, Na+ and K+ is 2:1:1. These results are
      consistent with the proposal that the Cl- -dependent cation cotransport system
      when operating during the steady state mediates the exchange of KCl for KCl or
      NaCl for NaCl; the relative proportion of each determined by the extracellular
      [Na+].

PMID- 2416929
TI  - Characterization of a Na : K : 2C1 cotransport system in the apical membrane of a
      renal epithelial cell line (LLC-PK1).
AB  - 86Rb uptake into LLC-PK1 cells (an established renal epithelial cell line) was
      found to be comprised of an active ouabain-sensitive component, a loop diuretic
      sensitive component which was passive and strictly dependent upon the presence of
      extracellular Na+ and Cl- for activity, and a "leak" component. The diuretic
      sensitive component of influx was investigated further in apical membrane
      vesicles derived from these cells. A large fraction of 86Rb, 22Na and 36Cl flux
      into these vesicles was sensitive to inhibition by furosemide and dependent upon
      the presence of the other two co-ions, in keeping with the presence of a loop
      diuretic-sensitive Na+ : K+ : Cl- cotransport system. The kinetic parameters for
      Na+ and K+ interaction have been analyzed under initial linear zero trans
      conditions. The following values were obtained KmNa+ = 0.42 +/- 0.05 mmol/liter,
      Vmax = 303 +/- 24 pmol/mg/6 sec; KmK+ = 11.9 +/- 1.0 mmol/liter, VmaxK+ = 307 +/-
      27 pmol/mg/6 sec. For Cl- interaction evidence for two cooperative binding sites
      with different affinities and different specificities were obtained. Thus, a
      stoichiometry of 1Na+ : 1K+ :2Cl- can be calculated. It is concluded that the
      apical membrane of LLC-PK1 cells contains a Na+ : K+ : 2Cl- co-transport system
      with properties similar to those described for the thick ascending limb of the
      loop of Henle.

PMID- 2416931
TI  - Role of passive potassium fluxes in cell volume regulation in cultured HeLa
      cells.
AB  - Cultured HeLa cells behave as ideal osmometers when subjected to hyperosmolar
      media, and show no volume regulatory behavior. In hypoosmolar solutions, cell
      swelling is not as great as predicted, and this is due largely to a loss of
      intracellular KCl. In hyperosmolar solutions there is a stimulation of the
      ouabain-insensitive but loop diuretic-sensitive 86Rb+ (K+) pathway. Analysis of
      the K+, Na+ and Cl- dependency of this K+ flux pathway demonstrates that the
      increase is principally due to an increase in its maximal velocity (Vmax). The
      sensitivity of this pathway to diuretic inhibition is unchanged in hyperosmolar
      media. Diuretic-sensitive 86Rb+ (K+) efflux stimulated by hypertonicity shows no
      marked dependence on external K+. The K+ loss observed in hypoosmolar media is
      distinct from the K+ transport pathway stimulated by hyperosmolar media on the
      basis of its sensitivity to furosemide and anion dependence.

PMID- 2416930
TI  - The purification of ion channels from excitable cells.

PMID- 2416933
TI  - Interactions of amiloride and other blocking cations with the apical Na channel
      in the toad urinary bladder.
AB  - A simple model of the action of amiloride to block apical Na channels in the toad
      urinary bladder was tested. According to the model, the positively charged form
      of the drug binds to a site in the lumen of the channel within the electric field
      of the membrane. In agreement with the predictions of the model: (1) The voltage
      dependence of amiloride block was consistent with the assumption of a single
      amiloride binding site, at which about 15% of the transmembrane voltage is
      sensed, over a voltage range of +/- 160 mV. (2) The time course of the
      development of voltage dependence was consistent with that predicted from the
      rate constants for amiloride binding previously determined. (3) The ability of
      organic cations to mimic the action of amiloride showed a size dependence
      implying a restriction of access to the binding site, with an effective diameter
      of about 5 angstroms. In a fourth test, divalent cations (Ca, Mg, Ba and Sr) were
      found to block Na channels with a complex voltage dependence, suggesting that
      these ions interact with two or more sites, at least one of which may be within
      the lumen of the pore.

PMID- 2416932
TI  - Phosphorylation of ion channels.
AB  - The introduction of highly specific reagents such as enzymes and inhibitors
      directly into living cells has proven to be a powerful tool in studying the
      modulation of cellular activity by protein phosphorylation. The use of exogenous
      kinases can be thought of as a pharmacological approach: this demonstrates that
      phosphorylation can produce modulation, but does not address the question of
      whether the cell actually uses this mechanism under normal physiological
      conditions. The complementary approach, the introduction of highly specific
      inhibitors such as R subunit or PKI, does ask whether endogenous kinase activity
      is necessary for a given physiological response. Together these two approaches
      have provided rather compelling evidence that cAMP-dependent and
      calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein phosphorylations can regulate membrane
      excitability. In several cases single-channel analysis has allowed the
      demonstration that an ion channel itself or something very close to the channel
      is the phosphorylation target, and it seems reasonable to assume that this will
      also be the case for many if not all of the other systems described above. Have
      any general principles emerged from the results to date? Certainly it seems clear
      that protein phosphorylation regulates not one but many classes of ion channels.
      As summarized in the Table, different channels can be modulated in different
      cells, some channels are activated while others are inhibited, and in some cells
      more than one channel is subject to modulation by phosphorylation. The list in
      the Table is probably not yet complete, and indeed it is not inconceivable that
      all ion channels can under appropriate conditions be regulated by
      phosphorylation. What aspect of channel function is altered by phosphorylation?
      The total membrane current, I, carried by a particular species of ion channel is
      given by Npi, where N is the number of active channels in the membrane, p is the
      probability that an individual channel will be open, and i is the single-channel
      current. In principle a change in I, the quantity measured in whole cell
      experiments, could be caused by a change in any one (or more) of the parameters,
      N, p or i (see Fig. 1). In the two cases in which single-channel measurements
      have allowed this question to be investigated, changes in N (Shuster et al.,
      1985) and p (Ewald et al., 1985) have been observed. Here again it seems unlikely
      that any one mechanism operates in all cases, and it would not be surprising to
      find that phosphorylation of some other channel results in a change in
      i.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2416934
TI  - Osmotic water permeability of small intestinal brush-border membranes.
AB  - A stopped-flow nephelometric technique was used to examine osmotic water flow
      across small intestinal brush-border membranes. Brush-border membrane vesicles
      (BBMV) were prepared from rat small intestine by calcium precipitation. Scattered
      500 nm light intensity at 90 degrees to incident was a linear function of the
      number of vesicles in suspension, and of the reciprocal of the suspending medium
      osmolality. When BBMV were mixed with hyperosmotic mannitol solutions there was a
      rapid increase in the intensity of scattered light that could be fit to a single
      exponential function. The rate constant for vesicle shrinking varied with
      temperature and the size of the imposed osmotic gradient. At 25 degrees C and an
      initial osmotic gradient of 50 mOsm, the rate constant was 1.43 +/- 0.044 sec-1.
      An Arrhenius plot of the temperature dependence of vesicle shrinking showed a
      break at about 25 degrees C with an activation energy of 9.75 +/- 1.04 kcal/mole
      from 11 to 25 degrees C and 17.2 +/- 0.55 kcal/mole from 25 to 37 degrees C. The
      pore-forming antibiotic gramicidin increased the rate of osmotically driven water
      efflux and decreased the activation energy of the process to 4.51 +/- 0.25
      kcal/mole. Gramicidin also increased the sodium permeability of these membranes
      as measured by the rate of vesicle reswelling in hyperosmotic NaSCN medium.
      Gramicidin had no effect on mannitol permeability. Assuming spherical vesicles of
      0.1 micron radius, an osmotic permeability coefficient of 1.2 X 10(-3) cm/sec can
      be estimated for the native brush-border membranes at 25 degrees C.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2416936
TI  - Hydrosmotic salt effect in toad skin: urea permeability and glutaraldehyde
      fixation of water channels.
AB  - The "hydrosmotic salt effect" (HSE), the reversible dependence of skin osmotic
      water permeability upon the ionic concentration of the outer bathing solution, is
      known to induce the appearance of sucrose-impermeable pathways in the apical
      membrane of the outermost epithelial cell layer. Diffusional 14C-urea
      permeability, measured in the Jv = O condition to prevent solvent drag effects,
      indicates that the newly formed pathways induced by HSE are narrower than the
      size of the urea molecule, being therefore highly selective for water molecules.
      After mild glutaraldehyde (2% solution) fixation of the apical membrane
      structures, the water channels induced by the HSE are no longer affected by the
      ionic strength of the outer solution. This indicates that the channel-forming
      membrane protein can be fixed in different configurations with the water channels
      in the open or closed states.

PMID- 2416935
TI  - Growth hormone-releasing factor reduces voltage-gated Ca2+ channel current in rat
      GH3 cells.
AB  - The action of GRF on GH3 cell membrane was examined by patch electrode
      techniques. Under current clamp with patch electrode, spontaneous action
      potentials were partially to totally eliminated by application of GRF. In the
      case of partial elimination, the duration of remaining spontaneous action
      potentials was prolonged and the amplitude of afterhyperpolarization was
      decreased. The evoked action potential in the cells which did not show
      spontaneous action potentials was also eliminated by GRF. In order to examine
      what channels were affected by GRF, voltage-clamp analysis was performed. It was
      revealed that voltage-gated Ca2+ channel current and Ca2+-induced K+ channel
      current were decreased by GRF, while voltage-gated Na+ channel and delayed K+
      channel were not affected. The decrease of Ca2+-induced K+ channel current was
      considered to be a consequence of the decrease of voltage-gated Ca2+ channel
      current. Therefore it is likely that the effect of GRF on GH3 cells was due to
      the block of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The elimination of action potential
      under current clamp corresponded to the block of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and
      the prolongation of action potential could be explained by the decrease of Ca2+
      induced K+ channel current. The amplitude decrease of afterhyperpolarization
      could also be explained by the reduction of Ca2+-induced K+ channel current. Thus
      the results under current clamp well coincide with the results under voltage
      clamp. Hormone secretion from GH3 cells was not stimulated by GRF. However, the
      finding that GRF solely blocked voltage-gated Ca2+ channel suggested the specific
      action of GRF on GH3 cell membranes.

PMID- 2416938
TI  - Some limitations of the use of tannic acid as a marker of damaged skeletal muscle
      fibres.
AB  - Mouse biceps brachii muscles containing single transverse incisions were treated
      with low molecular weight tannic acid. In the absence of fibre degeneration,
      intracellular spread of tannic acid was confined to a short distance along the
      fibres from the damaged portions of the cell membranes. Beyond this, damaged and
      undamaged fibres could not be distinguished from one another. Tannic acid is not
      a reliable marker of localized trauma to skeletal muscle fibres.

PMID- 2416937
TI  - Translation and functional expression of cell-cell channel mRNA in Xenopus
      oocytes.
AB  - mRNA from estrogen-stimulated rat myometrium, a tissue known to upregulate cell
      cell channels in response to this hormone, was microinjected into Xenopus laevis
      oocytes. The oocytes had been freed from covering layers of follicle cells and
      vitelline to allow direct cell membrane interactions when paired. About 4 hours
      after the mRNA injection, paired oocytes become electrically coupled. This
      coupling was due to the presence of typical cell-cell channels characterized by
      size-limited intercellular tracer flux, the presence of gap junctions at the
      oocyte-oocyte interface, and the reversible uncoupling that occurred in the
      presence of carbon dioxide. The induction of new cell-cell channels in the oocyte
      membrane was observed against a zero background or a low level of endogenous
      coupling, depending on the maturation stage of the oocytes. The time course of
      development of cell-cell coupling after the microinjection of mRNA was
      determined. The mRNA capable of inducing cell-cell coupling was confined to an
      intermediate size class when fractionated on a sucrose gradient.

PMID- 2416939
TI  - Transcript length heterogeneity at the small heat shock protein genes of
      Drosophila.
AB  - Expression of the small heat shock protein (hsp) genes can be induced in cultured
      Drosophila cells by high temperature shock and by exposure to physiological doses
      of the insect molting hormone ecdysterone. Northern blot analysis was performed
      in order to compare the size of small hsp transcripts synthesized in response to
      these two stimuli. Transcripts from several other genes were also examined. Two
      types of length heterogeneity were observed for the small hsp gene transcripts.
      One involved the synthesis of what are designated as long form transcripts during
      heat shock; small hsp messenger RNAs extended at the 3' end by some 1.5 X 10(3)
      base-pairs. The second type of size heterogeneity observed is based on
      differences in the length of the poly(A) tail. The results of S1 nuclease
      protection analysis provided evidence that different initiation sites are not
      used for hsp 22 mRNA transcription in response to the two stimuli.

PMID- 2416940
TI  - Isolation and characterization of mutants affecting functional domains of ColE1
      RNAI.
AB  - The control of DNA replication initiation in the plasmid ColE1 is mediated by
      RNAI, a 108 nucleotide plasmid-encoded RNA that is entirely complementary to the
      5'-terminal region of the replication primer RNA. RNAI acts in trans to inhibit
      primer maturation. Previously, we constructed a plasmid in which the ColE1 RNAI
      was separated from the primer and placed under transcriptional control of the
      Serratia marcesens tryptophan promoter. This plasmid provides RNAI in trans in
      vivo and mediates ColE1-type incompatibility. To determine the critical
      structural and functional domains of RNAI, we have undertaken a mutational
      analysis of the RNAI gene carried by this plasmid. We have selected mutants that
      no longer mediate ColE1-type incompatibility in trans. From the DNA sequences of
      18 mutants we have identified mutations at nine new sites in RNAI. In addition,
      we have determined the secondary structural features of several mutant RNAI
      species and compared them to wild-type RNAI. Analysis of these mutations has
      revealed several key features of RNAI secondary structure and function. The
      domains of RNAI identified in this work which are essential for its function are:
      the single-stranded loop regions; the integrity of the double-stranded stems; and
      the single-stranded 5' terminus.

PMID- 2416942
TI  - Chlordecone inhibition of calmodulin activated calcium ATPase in rat brain
      synaptosomes.
AB  - The effect of chlordecone on Ca2+-ATPase of rat brain synaptosomes in the absence
      and presence of calmodulin was determined in vitro and in vivo. A 50% activation
      of Ca2+-ATPase was obtained at 5 micrograms calmodulin per 1.5 ml reaction
      mixture containing 50 micrograms synaptosomal protein. Chlordecone inhibited Ca2+
      ATPase in the absence of calmodulin with an IC50 of 10 microM, whereas
      chlordecone at 1.0 microM, which had no effect on the basal enzyme activity,
      completely inhibited the calmodulin activated Ca2+-ATPase. Chlordecone-treated
      rats showed a significant reduction in calmodulin levels in brain P2 fraction.
      Brain synaptosomal Ca2+-ATPase in chlordecone-treated rats showed a 50%
      reduction, which was restored by exogenously added calmodulin. These results
      suggest that chlordecone may be altering calmodulin-regulated synaptic processes
      in the brain.

PMID- 2416941
TI  - Tubulin evolution: ciliate-specific epitopes are conserved in the ciliary tubulin
      of Metazoa.
AB  - In spite of their overall evolutionary conservation, the tubulins of ciliates
      display electrophoretic and structural particularities. We show here that
      antibodies raised against Paramecium and Tetrahymena ciliary tubulins fail to
      recognize the cytoplasmic tubulins of all the metazoans tested. Immunoblotting of
      peptide maps of ciliate tubulins reveals that these antibodies react with one or
      very few ciliate-specific epitopes, in contrast to polyclonal antibodies against
      vertebrate tubulins, which are equivalent to autoantibodies and recognize several
      epitopes in both ciliate and vertebrate tubulins. Furthermore, we show that the
      anti-ciliate antibodies recognize ciliary and flagellar tubulins of metazoans
      ranging from sea urchin to mammals (with the exception of humans). The results
      support the conclusion that although duplication and specialization of tubulin
      genes in metazoans may have led to distinct types of tubulins, the axonemal one
      has remained highly conserved.

PMID- 2416943
TI  - Distribution and macromolecular binding of benzo[a]pyrene in SENCAR and BALB/c
      mice following topical and oral administration.
AB  - When benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is used as the initiator in initiation-promotion
      assays, the topical route of administration has been shown to produce a greater
      epidermal tumor incidence than do other routes of administration, particularly
      the oral route. In addition, different strains of mice exhibit varying degrees of
      susceptibility to two-stage epidermal tumorigenesis using BaP. The SENCAR strain
      is known to be far more sensitive to epidermal tumor formation following BaP
      initiation than are other strains, such as the BALB/c strain. To investigate the
      possible contribution of distribution and binding to DNA in such route and strain
      differences, the distribution and macromolecular binding of [3H]BaP was examined
      in the skin, liver, lung, and stomach of SENCAR and BALB/c mice following topical
      or oral administration of BaP at time periods ranging from 0.5 to 48 h. Levels of
      labeled material in skin were higher, and the binding of BaP to epidermal DNA was
      greater following topical administration than following oral administration for
      mice of both strains. The much greater binding of BaP to epidermal DNA following
      topical administration may account for the much greater epidermal tumor incidence
      in mice following topical administration of BaP. Following topical
      administration, BALB/c mice had generally higher levels of labeled material in
      whole skin than did SENCAR mice, and the binding of BaP to epidermal DNA at 48 h
      was greater in BALB/c mice than in SENCAR mice following either route of
      administration. Thus, the known differences between these two strains in
      susceptibility to epidermal tumor formation when BaP is used as an initiator
      cannot be explained on the basis of differences in tissue distribution or the
      amount of binding to epidermal DNA at the time periods examined.

PMID- 2416944
TI  - Effects of nitrendipine on the voltage-sensitive calcium channel in mammalian
      sensory neurons.
AB  - We examined the ability of nitrendipine, a calcium antagonist believed to block
      the voltage-sensitive calcium channels in a number of excitable membranes, to
      affect the calcium spike duration and rate of rise (Dv/Dt) in 4-week-old cultured
      mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. Concentrations of 10 nM-1.0 microM
      nitrendipine reduced but did not eliminate calcium spike as measured by the rate
      of rise. These results were obtained at either 22 degrees or 37 degrees C in
      solutions containing 5 mM calcium. A similar lack of total block was seen with
      prolonged incubation in sodium-free recording media containing 1 microM
      tetrodotoxin (TTX), 1.8 mM calcium, and 1 microM nitrendipine. Calcium spike
      duration was affected in an inconsistent manner by nitrendipine and other 1,4
      dihydropyridines. Cobalt (10 mM) totally blocked the voltage-dependent calcium
      mechanism as measured by either the spike duration or the rate of rise. We
      conclude that calcium influx through the voltage-sensitive calcium channel in
      mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons is not blocked by even high concentrations of
      nitrendipine.

PMID- 2416945
TI  - Purification and characterization of cultures of oligodendroglia from rat brain.
AB  - It is possible to purify small dark cells from rat brain which by ultrastructural
      criteria are oligodendroglia. The modified technique involves the use of an
      isolation medium less damaging to the initial cell suspension and then
      differential plating of a stratified primary cell culture obtained from 1-3-day
      old rat brain which has been described. Five percent serum encourages the growth
      of oligodendroglia. In this system, the oligodendroglia can be harvested several
      times from the primary cultures. To retain the homogeneous populations of
      oligodendroglia, it is necessary to constantly manipulate the cultures by hitting
      the flasks and replating the suspended cells. Electron microscopy reveals that
      the small dark cells are differentiated oligodendroglia with prominent
      microtubules. Immunofluorescence staining of the cells shows that the majority of
      the cells are negative for known surface markers which include cerebrosides and
      04 antigen (markers for oligodendroglia), glial fibrillary acidic protein, and
      fibronectin. Interestingly, it is possible to increase the number of 04-positive
      cells by the addition of dibutyryl cyclic AMP to the medium. Rat oligodendroglia
      are able to incorporate about 20% of the radioactivity into cerebrosides, using
      the substrate, [3H]galactose; this is a biochemical feature unique to
      oligodendroglia. The expression of all the oligodendroglial antigens should be
      remarkably enhanced when the cells are induced to produce myelin.

PMID- 2416946
TI  - Fine structure and cytochemistry of the mitotic plaques of Trypanosoma cruzi and
      Crithidia fasciculata.
AB  - The mitotic plaques are double, electron-dense structures which are located at
      the equator of the nucleus during the equatorial (metaphase) stage of mitosis in
      Trypanosoma cruzi, Crithidia fasciculata and other trypanosomatids. Each part of
      the equatorial plaques separates from the other and becomes an hemiplaque at the
      beginning of nuclear elongation. Variations of size of the plaques in different
      species of Trypanosomatidae are restricted to a limited range (less than 30% of
      the average thickness). At least two different components are found in the
      plaques with cytochemical methods: a) a basic protein with a high affinity for
      ethanolic-phosphotungstic acid, which is located in a narrow band towards the
      cleavage plane in each hemiplaque; and b) an osmiophilic component (possibly a
      protein) with a low affinity for uranyl acetate and which is located throughout
      the body of the plaque. The affinity for uranyl acetate can be abolished by
      methylation and acetylation, but remains after extraction with cold perchloric
      acid. No cytochemical evidence for the presence of DNA in the plaques is found.
      However, electron microscopy and cytochemical observations show that the PTA
      affine band of the plaques is associated at its sides with chromatin fibers. Thus
      plaques, as the outer layer of kinetochores in higher eukaryots, have a component
      with high affinity for phosphotungstic acid, strengthening the hypothesis that
      these structures are phylogenetically related.

PMID- 2416947
TI  - Pretreatment with chemotherapy in patients with advanced head and neck cancer.
AB  - Average survival for advanced head and neck cancer (AHNC) is 18 months. In an
      attempt to improve this we treated 29 AHNC patients between 1978-82 with two
      courses of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy consisted of cyclophosphamide,
      methotrexate, 5 fluorouracil and bleomycin; or bleomycin, cisplatinum and
      methotrexate. Chemotherapy was given prior to definitive therapy of radiotherapy
      or radiotherapy and surgery. All patients were stage 3 or 4. All patients were
      Eastern Co-operative Oncology Group status performance 0 or 1. Response to
      chemotherapy did not improve survival. Pretreatment with chemotherapy should be
      investigational until increased survival has been documented.

PMID- 2416948
TI  - A structural comparison of tryptic fragments of three types of intermediate
      filaments.
AB  - We have compared tryptic fragments of three types of intermediate filaments,
      emphasizing structural characteristics as seen in the electron microscope.
      Variable, long alpha-helical rod fragments were found to be similar for keratin,
      neurofilaments and desmin filaments. Short rod fragments from keratin and
      neurofilaments appeared similar when observed by electron microscopy. Short rod
      fragments were not seen in desmin filament digests. In addition to these
      elongated particles, globular fragments, which have not been described
      previously, were obtained from all three types of intermediate filaments. These
      globular fragments were characterized by gel filtration and electron microscopy,
      and compared to globular proteins of known size using both methods. The diameter
      was about 6 nm and the molecular weight was estimated to be 50 000-60 000. These
      globular particles may comprise the short, nonhelical regions from several IF
      protein subunits, which are clustered into an interface in the intact filament or
      protofilaments.

PMID- 2416949
TI  - Polymorphism of reconstituted human epidermal keratin filaments: determination of
      their mass-per-length and width by scanning transmission electron microscopy
      (STEM).
AB  - We have determined the mass-per-length (MPL) and the width of unstained freeze
      dried reconstituted human epidermal keratin filaments by scanning transmission
      electron microscopy (STEM). Filaments were reassembled from keratins extracted
      from four different sources: cultured human epidermal cells (CHEC), human callus
      (CAL), and the living layers (LL) and stratum corneum (SC) of normal human
      epidermis. MPL histograms of all four keratin filament types could be fitted by a
      superposition of two or three Gaussians, with their respective major peaks
      located between 17 and 20 kDa/nm. We interpreted the multiple MPL peaks to
      represent different polymorphic forms of the reconstituted filaments. The number
      of subunits per filament cross section calculated from MPL peak positions,
      average subunit molecular weight, and an axial repeat of the subunits within the
      filament of 46.5 nm revealed an average difference between polymorphic variants
      of 7.5 +/- 0.9 subunits. These data suggest that reconstituted human epidermal
      keratin filaments are made of two to four 8-stranded "protofibrils" (i.e., made
      of two laterally aggregated 4-stranded protofilaments), in agreement with earlier
      observations. The average widths of unstained freeze-dried keratin filaments were
      larger than those of negatively stained filaments: 12.6 nm (9.6 nm) for CHEC,
      12.3 nm (9.7 nm) for CAL, 11.6 nm (8.3 nm) for LL, and 11.3 nm (7.9 nm) for SC
      keratin filaments, with the values in brackets corresponding to negatively
      stained samples. Assuming the MPL to be proportional to the square of the
      filament width, there is a good correlation between the MPL and width
      measurements both for filaments within a given type as well as among those
      reconstituted from different types of keratin extracts.

PMID- 2416950
TI  - Evidence that a capped oligoribonucleotide is the primer for duck hepatitis B
      virus plus-strand DNA synthesis.
AB  - The plus strand of virion DNA of duck hepatitis B virus possessed, at its 5'
      terminus, a capped oligoribonucleotide 18 to 19 bases in length. This
      oligoribonucleotide had a unique 5' end, the heterogeneity in length reflecting
      two distinct junctions with plus-strand DNA that were 1 base apart. The sequence
      of the RNA differed from that predicted by the sequence of duck hepatitis B virus
      upstream of the 5' ends of plus-strand DNA but was identical to a downstream
      sequence corresponding to the 5' terminus of a major poly(A)+ viral RNA mapped by
      Buscher and co-workers (Cell 40:717-724, 1985). This RNA transcript is thought to
      serve as the template (i.e., the pregenome) for minus-strand synthesis via
      reverse transcription. The results suggest that the pregenome also donates a
      capped oligoribonucleotide that acts as the primer of plus-strand DNA synthesis,
      using the minus-strand DNA as template.

PMID- 2416951
TI  - Use of monoclonal antibodies to identify four neutralization immunogens on a
      common cold picornavirus, human rhinovirus 14.
AB  - A collection of 35 mouse monoclonal antibodies, raised against human rhinovirus
      14 (HRV-14), was used to isolate 62 neutralization-resistant mutants. When cross
      tested against the antibodies in a neutralization assay, the mutants fell into
      four antigenic groups, here called neutralization immunogens: NIm-IA, -IB, -II,
      and -III. Sequencing the mutant RNA in segments corresponding to serotype
      variable regions revealed that the amino acid substitutions segregated into
      clusters, which correlated exactly with the immunogenic groups (NIm-IA mutants at
      VP1 amino acid residue 91 or 95; NIm-II mutants at VP2 residue 158, 159, 161, or
      162; NIm-III mutants at VP3 residue 72, 75, or 78; and NIm-IB mutants at two
      sites, either VP1 residue 83 or 85, or residue 138 or 139). Examination of the
      three-dimensional structure of the virus (M. G. Rossmann, E. Arnold, J. W.
      Erickson, E. A. Frankenberger, J. P. Griffith, H.-J. Hecht, J. E. Johnson, G.
      Kamer, M. Luo, A. G. Mosser, R. R. Rueckert, B. Sherry, and G. Vriend, Nature
      [London], 317:145-153, 1985) revealed that each of the substitution clusters
      formed a protrusion from the virus surface, and the side chains of the
      substituted amino acids pointed outward. Moreover, four of the amino acid
      substitutions, which initially appeared to be anomalous because they were encoded
      well outside the cluster groups, could be traced to surface positions immediately
      adjacent to the appropriate viral protrusions. We conclude that three of the four
      antigens, NIm-IB, -II, and -III, are discontinuous. Thus, the amino acid
      substitutions in all 62 mutants fell within the proposed immunogenic sites; there
      was no evidence for alteration of any antigenic site by a distal mutation.

PMID- 2416952
TI  - Specificity of human natural killer cells in limiting dilution culture for
      determinants of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins.
AB  - The frequency and specificity of human cells with natural killer (NK) cytotoxic
      activity for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-infected targets was measured by
      limiting dilution culture. The frequency of NK cell precursors (NK-p) reactive
      with HSV-1-infected cells was 2- to 11-fold higher than that of NK-p reactive
      with mock-infected cells. The frequency of NK-p reactive with infected target
      cells lacking viral glycoprotein C or presenting an antigenically altered
      glycoprotein B was approximately twofold lower than that with wild-type virus
      infected cells. Specificity analysis demonstrated that NK cells with a high
      statistical probability of being monoclonal were reactive with either
      glycoprotein B or C. These results provide the first evidence that cells with
      human NK activity possess clonal specificity for HSV-1-infected target cells.

PMID- 2416953
TI  - Carbohydrate side chains of Rauscher leukemia virus envelope glycoproteins are
      not required to elicit a neutralizing antibody response.
AB  - Antisera raised against Rauscher leukemia virus (R-MuLV) contain a preponderance
      of antibodies against glycoprotein gp70 that are dependent on the presence of
      carbohydrate side chains for reactivity, as judged by immunoprecipitation or
      Western blotting. However, the majority of neutralizing antibodies were not
      dependent on the presence of carbohydrate, as indicated by (i) the ability of
      deglycosylated R-MuLV to adsorb neutralizing antibody from sera as efficiently as
      glycosylated R-MuLV and (ii) the ability of deglycosylated R-MuLV to induce
      neutralizing antibody responses when injected into rabbits. Moreover, a faster
      response was obtained with deglycosylated R-MuLV than with untreated control
      virus in the latter experiments. The results indicate that the neutralizing
      antibodies are a discrete subpopulation of the total antibody response.
      Furthermore, the carbohydrate moieties appear to afford protection to the virion
      during infection, rather than serve as a target for neutralization.

PMID- 2416954
TI  - Analysis of pp60c-src protein kinase activity in hamster embryo cells transformed
      by simian virus 40, human adenoviruses, and bovine papillomavirus 1.
AB  - We have examined the effect of DNA tumor virus transformation of primary hamster
      embryo cells on the tyrosyl kinase activity of pp60c-src. Our present study
      demonstrates that some clones of hamster embryo cells transformed by simian virus
      40, adenovirus type 2, adenovirus type 12, or bovine papillomavirus 1 can possess
      elevated pp60c-src kinase activity when compared with normal hamster embryo
      cells. However, other clones of hamster embryo cells transformed by these same
      viruses were found to have normal levels of pp60c-src kinase activity. In those
      clones of transformed cells where pp60c-src kinase activity was elevated, the
      increased levels of kinase activity were the result of an apparent increase in
      the specific activity of the pp60c-src phosphotransferase rather than an increase
      in the amount of the src gene product. Additionally, pp60c-src was not found to
      be physically associated with tumor antigens known to be encoded by these
      viruses. These results indicate that elevated levels of pp60c-src kinase activity
      can be found in hamster embryo cells transformed by several different DNA tumor
      viruses and suggest that the molecular mechanism by which pp60c-src kinase
      activity is elevated may differ from that previously observed in polyomavirus
      transformed cells. These results also imply that elevation of pp60c-src kinase
      activity is not required for the transformation of hamster cells by these
      viruses.

PMID- 2416956
TI  - Antigen mimicry involving measles virus hemagglutinin and human respiratory
      syncytial virus nucleoprotein.
AB  - Intergenic antigenic relationships between measles virus and respiratory
      syncytial (RS) virus-specific structural components were studied by using
      monoclonal antibodies. Of 75 monoclonal antibodies against these components, only
      one, an anti-measles virus hemagglutinin monoclonal antibody, cross-reacted.
      Immunofluorescence analysis of measles virus- and RS virus-infected cells with
      this monoclonal antibody showed qualitatively different staining patterns which
      indicated that the antigen involved in cross-reaction was the RS virus
      nucleoprotein or phosphoprotein. A radioimmunoprecipitation assay showed the
      antigen to be the nucleoprotein.

PMID- 2416955
TI  - Isolation of a recombinant murine leukemia virus utilizing a new primer tRNA.
AB  - We have previously described the construction of a mutant of Moloney murine
      leukemia virus bearing a deletion at the normal site of integration of the viral
      DNA. We have now recovered a revertant of the virus after abortive infection of
      mouse cells and have determined the structure of the new virus. The revertant is
      a recombinant virus containing a 500-base-pair patch of new sequences derived
      from the mouse genome. The integration site was perfectly restored to the wild
      type sequence, although the patch of DNA was overall only 80% homologous to
      Moloney murine leukemia virus. Surprisingly, the tRNA primer binding site was no
      longer homologous to the usual proline tRNAs, but was a perfect match for
      glutamine tRNA. This result suggests that the Moloney murine leukemia virus
      reverse transcriptase is not specific to one tRNA, but can utilize different
      tRNAs to prime the synthesis of viral DNA. Comparisons with published reports
      allowed the identification of sequences that are 94% homologous to the patch
      sequence, present in one of the endogenous retroviral sequences of the mouse. No
      replication-competent members of this family, utilizing the glutamine tRNA
      primer, have been previously isolated.

PMID- 2416958
TI  - Demonstration of inhibition of mediator release from human mast cells by
      azatadine base. In vivo and in vitro evaluation.
AB  - In vitro experimentation using dispersed human lung mast cells demonstrated that
      azatadine base, a compound with known H1-antihistamine properties, inhibited anti
      IgE-induced release of histamine and leukotriene C4 by 45% and 85%, respectively.
      To assess the clinical relevance of these findings and to compare in vitro mast
      cell data with results obtained in vivo, nasally instilled azatadine was tested
      in a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in which nasal challenges
      with antigen were performed on eight allergic individuals. Pretreatment with
      azatadine significantly suppressed the number of sneezes following antigen
      challenge and inhibited the associated elevations in histamine, kinins, and
      enzyme(s) hydrolyzing the artificial substrate N-alpha-tosyl-L-arginine-methyl
      ester in nasal secretions, whereas placebo was inactive. Hence, we showed
      agreement between our in vitro and in vivo experimental models of the allergic
      reaction. Topical application of azatadine base has the potential to become an
      effective antiallergic treatment.

PMID- 2416957
TI  - Mutations conferring resistance to neutralization with monoclonal antibodies in
      type 1 poliovirus can be located outside or inside the antibody-binding site.
AB  - Antigenic variants resistant to eight neutralizing monoclonal antibodies were
      selected from wild (Mahoney) and attenuated (Sabin) type 1 infectious
      poliovirions. Cross-immunoprecipitation revealed interrelationships between
      epitopes which were not detected by cross-neutralization. Operational analysis of
      antigenic variants showed that seven of eight neutralization epitopes studied
      were interrelated. Only one neutralization epitope, named Kc, varied
      independently from all the others. This latter, recognized by C3 neutralizing
      monoclonal antibody, was present not only on infectious virions but also on heat
      denatured (C-antigenic) particles and on isolated capsid protein VP1. Loss of the
      neutralization function of an epitope did not necessary result from the loss of
      its antibody-binding capacity. Such potential, but not functional, neutralization
      epitopes exist naturally on Mahoney and Sabin 1 viruses. Their antibody-binding
      property could be disrupted by isolating antigenic variants in the presence of
      the nonneutralizing monoclonal antibody and anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibodies.
      Single-point mutations responsible for the acquisition of resistance to
      neutralization in the antigenic variants were located by sequence analyses of
      their genomes. Mutants selected in the presence of C3 neutralizing monoclonal
      antibody always had the mutation located inside the antibody-binding site
      (residues 93 through 103 of VP1) at the amino acid position 100 of VP1. On the
      contrary, antigenic variants selected in the presence of neutralizing monoclonal
      antibodies reacting only with D-antigenic particles had mutations situated in
      VP3, outside the antibody-binding site (residues 93 through 103 of VP1). The
      complete conversion of the Mahoney to the Sabin 1 epitope map resulted from a
      threonine-to-lysine substitution at position 60 of VP3.

PMID- 2416959
TI  - Various "cold warriors" tested against viruses.

PMID- 2416960
TI  - Anti-idiotype antibodies may do what vaccines don't.

PMID- 2416961
TI  - [A pharmacokinetic study of antibiotics in patients with benign prostatic
      hypertrophy].
AB  - Twenty cases intravenously received 1 g of cefotetan before the transurethral
      prostatectomy. High serum and prostatic concentrations were obtained and half
      lives were 298 minutes for serum and 250 minutes for the prostate. The mean value
      of their creatinine clearance was as low as 46.6 ml/min and it was found to be
      the reason why the serum half-life time was longer than that reported for normal
      volunteers.

PMID- 2416963
TI  - [Transfer of delayed-type hypersensitivity to Candida albicans or Sporothrix
      schenkii and protection against experimental candidiasis with murine transfer
      factor].

PMID- 2416962
TI  - [Evaluation of SM-4300, a new intact gammaglobulin, with venoglobulin-I].
AB  - Evaluation of SM-4300, a new intact gammaglobulin for peritoneal use, about
      antimicrobial titers and prophylactic effects on bacterial infections in mice was
      performed. The results are as follows: The antimicrobial titers of SM-4300
      against bacteria, protozoa, and virus were almost the same as those of
      venoglobulin-I, another intact gammaglobulin. The difference in antimicrobial
      titers among several lots of SM-4300 was unrecognizable. Prophylactic effects of
      SM-4300 on systemic infections in granulocytopenic mice were remarkable and were
      comparable to those of venoglobulin-I. About 9% of venoglobulin-I treated mice
      died within 24 hours after the injection. On the contrary, no mice died by SM
      4300 treatment.

PMID- 2416964
TI  - [Neovascularization around tumors in esophageal carcinoma].
AB  - We studied neovascularization around tumors in correlation with other
      histological findings in 54 resected esophageal carcinomas. The resected
      materials were divided into positive (more marked) and negative (less marked)
      vascularization groups according to the degree of neovascularization. So
      classified, the carcinomas were equally divided. There were significantly more
      advanced cases of depth of tumor invasion (a-factor) in the positive than in the
      negative group, and the grade of neovascularization around the tumor tended to
      increase with the depth of invasion (a-factor). In the a1-3 cases, the rates of
      nodal metastasis and lymphatic vessel invasion in the positive group were
      significantly higher than in the negative group. The two-year survival rate of
      the former appeared to be inferior to the latter. We concluded that
      neovascularization around a tumor in esophageal carcinoma is an index of tumor
      malignancy and prognosis.

PMID- 2416965
TI  - [Role of tumor markers in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumor].

PMID- 2416966
TI  - [Tumor markers for hepatoma and carcinoma of biliary tract].

PMID- 2416967
TI  - [The findings of breast cancer cells studied by immunoperoxidase method with anti
      estradiol antiserum].

PMID- 2416969
TI  - [Ultrastructural study on the isthmus of the human anagen hair follicle].

PMID- 2416968
TI  - [Blood coagulation mechanism from the viewpoint of molecular biochemistry:
      Mechanism of fibrinolysis].

PMID- 2416970
TI  - [The effect of etretinate on guinea pig keratinocytes].

PMID- 2416971
TI  - [Development and clinical application of the monoclonal antibodies KM01-antibody
      and KM02-antibody for pancreatic cancer screening].

PMID- 2416972
TI  - [Hyperglycemic action of galanin with reference to insulin and glucagon].

PMID- 2416973
TI  - Pathology of toxic death in mice following intravenous injection of Rickettsia
      tsutsugamushi strain gilliam: examination by light and scanning electron
      microscopy.
AB  - The pathologic manifestations of the toxic death elicited by the iv injection of
      mice with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi strain Gilliam were examined by light and
      scanning electron microscopic techniques to ascertain the cause of death. Light
      microscopic examinations of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of organs
      suggested the presence of fluid in the lungs; this was confirmed by an increase
      in the weight of the lungs of moribund mice. Scanning electron microscopy of
      blood cells demonstrated a marked crenation of erythrocytes from these mice.
      Death appears to be the result of shock brought on by vascular collapse secondary
      to plasma leakage.

PMID- 2416974
TI  - Orthograde axonal transport of optic nerve and injury--morphological study.
AB  - To investigate the effects of injury to the orthograde axonal transport in the
      optic nerve, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the vitreous of the
      cat eye after various types of optic nerve injury, and the retina and optic nerve
      were examined with light and electron microscopes 8 hours after the injection.
      The optic nerve was sectioned in one eye at about 6 mm behind the eyeball and the
      optic nerve of the contralateral eye was used as the control. HRP reaction
      products were frequently observed within the retinal ganglion cells and their
      axons of the nerve fiber layer as well as in the retrolaminar optic nerve on the
      experimental side, and the findings were similar to those on the control side.
      The optic nerve was injured by cryocoagulation for 10 seconds or 30 seconds, and
      ischemic changes of various degrees were induced. Intracellular and intra-axonal
      HRP reaction products were markedly reduced at the retrolaminar portion, and the
      degree of reduction depended on the duration of cryocoagulation. The section of
      the optic nerve had, at least in the early stage, only minimal effects on the
      orthograde axonal transport, but the optic nerve injury accompanied by ischemic
      changes markedly blocked the axonal transport in both the inner part of the
      retina and the optic nerve.

PMID- 2416975
TI  - Augmentation of isoproterenol-stimulated tissue cyclic AMP level by cholinergic
      agonists in rat parotid gland.
AB  - It was found that methacholine and carbamylcholine, in addition to their known
      inhibitory effect, augmented the effect of isoproterenol on tissue cyclic AMP
      accumulation. The effect of methacholine was dose dependent, and significant
      augmentation was obtained at 0.1 microM with the maximum being attained at about
      0.5 microM, whereas more than 10 microM were required to obtain the inhibitory
      effect. Atropine completely blocked the effect of methacholine. Similar
      augmentation of isoproterenol effect was obtained by oxotremorine and
      pilocarpine. Oxotremorine, however, did not inhibit the effect of isoproterenol.
      Difference in the effect between methacholine or carbamylcholine and oxotremorine
      was observed in their binding property to cholinergic receptors. A23187 augmented
      the effect of isoproterenol in a dose-dependent manner. Oxotremorine and A23187
      augmented the effect of isoproterenol in the presence of isobutylmethylxanthine,
      but they did not augment the effect of forskolin and isobutylmethylxanthine on
      tissue cyclic AMP accumulation. Cholinergic agonist- and A23187-induced
      augmentation was abolished by omission of calcium in the medium. These results
      suggest that the augmentation is due to activation of adenylate cyclase, which is
      mediated by an increase in concentration of intracellular calcium.

PMID- 2416976
TI  - Dihydropyridine BAY K 8644 enables reduction of Ca concentration to induce
      catecholamine secretion from the perfused cat adrenal.
AB  - Dihydropyridine derivative BAY K 8644 increased the rate of catecholamine
      secretion from the perfused cat adrenal. The magnitude of the response was
      inversely proportional to the extracellular concentration of Ca, i.e. the lower
      the Ca concentration, the larger the response. The response was markedly
      inhibited by Mg or nifedipine.

PMID- 2416977
TI  - [Characteristics of Candida allergen in bronchial asthma--histamine release from
      basophil leukocytes].

PMID- 2416978
TI  - [Studies on incidence of benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostatic cancer in
      cold districts. I. Mass examination of prostate in Tanno town].

PMID- 2416979
TI  - Monoclonal antibody (G10) to a common antigen of human squamous cell carcinoma:
      binding of the antibody to the H type 2 blood group determinant.
AB  - The IgM monoclonal antibody G10 was raised against the human squamous cell
      carcinoma (SCC) cell line UM-SCC-1. In initial screening against cultured cells,
      G10 bound to 2 SCC lines (UM-SCC-1 and UM-SCC-13) and 1 pancreatic carcinoma line
      (UM-PAd-1) but not to cultured fibroblasts (WI-38), ovarian carcinoma cells (SK
      OV-3), or malignant melanoma cells (SK-MEL-28 and MeWo). In subsequent tests
      against cultured cell lines, G10 gave positive reactions with 30 of 33 SCC lines
      but only 4 of 29 non-SCC lines. The non-SCC lines that bound G10 were UM-PAd-1, 2
      transitional cell carcinoma lines (T24 and RT4), and 1 melanoma line (SK-MEL-22).
      When tested against cultures derived from normal skin or mucosa, G10 was reactive
      with the epitheloid squamous cells but not with the fibroblasts in each culture.
      The antigen defined by antibody G10 was stable to fixation with Formalin, and its
      distribution in tissue sections was examined with the use of immunoperoxidase
      assays. All SCC biopsy specimens examined in this way were reactive with antibody
      G10. In similar tests against sections of fixed normal tissues, G10 stained the
      superficial squamous cells of the epidermis and the basal and suprabasal layers
      of mucosal squamous epithelial cells from the esophagus. All layers of the
      laryngeal epithelium were positive. Endothelial cells and certain glandular cells
      were also positive for G10 binding. G10 agglutinated human red blood cells of all
      blood groups except those from individuals of the Bombay group (Oh) who lack the
      H blood group determinant. Against defined oligosaccharides, G10 bound strongly
      only to the monofucosyl H type 2 structure and was slightly cross-reactive with
      the synthetic difucosyl H type 2 or Y structure. These results are consistent
      with previous reports of blood group antigen tissue distribution and indicate
      that the H type 2 determinant is expressed by all or nearly all mucosal squamous
      cancers. Less frequent expression by cells of other tumor types may correlate
      with tissue-specific activation of the H gene-specified fucosyltransferase.

PMID- 2416980
TI  - [Anti-arrhythmic action of combinations of trimecaine with quinidine,
      novocainamide and cordaron (clinico-experimental study)].

PMID- 2416981
TI  - [Various indices of the kallikrein-kinin and clotting systems of the blood of
      patients with acute myocardial infarcts with and without essential hypertension].
AB  - The kinin and coagulation functions were examined in 78 myocardial infarction
      patients in relation to the presence of essential hypertension. The kallikrein
      kinin activation and blood hypercoagulation were shown to be more pronounced in
      cases of associated essential hypertension.

PMID- 2416982
TI  - [Causes and management of acute urine retention (a decade of experience)].

PMID- 2416983
TI  - [Significance of hospital infection in the late complications following prostatic
      adenomectomy].

PMID- 2416984
TI  - [Detection of cardiac arrhythmia during veloergometry in patients with
      arteriosclerotic cardiosclerosis].

PMID- 2416985
TI  - [Clinical diagnosis of recurrence of rectal cancer].

PMID- 2416986
TI  - [Changes in the activity of proteolytic enzyme inhibitors in the blood serum in
      cholecystopancreatitis].

PMID- 2416987
TI  - [Aphasia/dysphasia in patients with hemiplegia].

PMID- 2416988
TI  - [Luminometry and its use in clinical chemistry (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2416989
TI  - [Method of recording the peroxide chemiluminescence of blood plasma].

PMID- 2416990
TI  - [Polarographic determination of lead in urine].

PMID- 2416991
TI  - [Use of the method of ultrafiltration through UAM Vladipor semipermeable
      membranes for isolating low-molecular blood serum substances].

PMID- 2416992
TI  - [Determination of hydroxylysine glycosides in urine using an amino acid
      analyzer].

PMID- 2416993
TI  - [Determination of testosterone and epitestosterone in biological fluids by high
      performance liquid chromatography].

PMID- 2416994
TI  - [Use of a combined analyzer-computer for evaluating blood fibrinolytic activity].

PMID- 2416995
TI  - [Informativeness of the thromboelastographic method in evaluating coagulative
      hemostasis in oncological patients].

PMID- 2416996
TI  - [Value of measuring intraduodenal pressure for assessing the character of bile
      secretion].

PMID- 2416997
TI  - [Method of preparing sputum for electron microscopic examination].

PMID- 2416998
TI  - [Identification of specific micro-components of human feces].

PMID- 2416999
TI  - [Value of indices of myelopoiesis and blast transformation for prognosis of
      leukopenia in patients with malignant neoplasms].

PMID- 2417000
TI  - [Method of evaluating the functional activity of the primary cellular
      antimicrobial protection system of the blood].

PMID- 2417001
TI  - [Macrophagic transformation of mononuclears in patients with acute injuries to
      the locomotor system].

PMID- 2417002
TI  - [Cytophotometric and microfluorimetric study of the dynamics of the processes of
      activation and proliferation of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood
      lymphocytes from normal subjects].

PMID- 2417003
TI  - [Methods of evaluating the results of the blast transformation of lymphocytes
      reaction].

PMID- 2417004
TI  - [Manganese content of the hair as an auxiliary test for early diagnosis of
      ischemic heart disease].

PMID- 2417005
TI  - [Determination of erythrocyte aggregation properties in the newborn infant].

PMID- 2417006
TI  - [Method of taking and staining blood for reticulocyte counting].

PMID- 2417007
TI  - [Stimulation of rosette formation with calcium ions in acute pneumonia in very
      young children].

PMID- 2417008
TI  - [Method of staining smears in the rosette formation reaction].

PMID- 2417009
TI  - [Method of isolating leukocytes from the peripheral blood].

PMID- 2417010
TI  - [Tasks and basic aspects of postgraduate training of laboratory physicians].

PMID- 2417011
TI  - [Diagnostic value of studying blood serum potassium].

PMID- 2417012
TI  - [Chromogenic substrates for determining coagulation factor X and their use in
      clinical practice (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2417013
TI  - [Study and clinical significance of the fibrinolysis component dependent on
      factor XIIa].

PMID- 2417014
TI  - [Effect of the conditions of acquiring and storing blood plasma on indices of the
      kallikrein-kinin system and on the thrombocyte count].

PMID- 2417015
TI  - [Microcoagulation test].

PMID- 2417016
TI  - [Method of control of the artificial heparinization of blood].

PMID- 2417017
TI  - [Single-stage complex laboratory diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux and
      esophagitis].

PMID- 2417018
TI  - [Value of the cytological method in the diagnosis of endometrial precancer and
      cancer].

PMID- 2417019
TI  - [Circadian rhythm of the carbohydrate, lipid and protein content of human blood].

PMID- 2417020
TI  - [Immunoenzyme analytic method for determining ferritin in blood serum].

PMID- 2417021
TI  - [Urinary cholinesterase activity as a criterion of glomerular filtration
      disorders].

PMID- 2417022
TI  - [Unification of methods of determining blood serum lipase activity].

PMID- 2417023
TI  - [Role of superoxide dismutase in cellular oxidative processes and method of its
      determination in biological materials].

PMID- 2417024
TI  - [Urinary carboxylesterase isoenzymes in patients with hypoxic nephropathy].

PMID- 2417025
TI  - [Blood serum alkaline and acid phosphatase activity in different forms of
      hyperparathyroidism].

PMID- 2417026
TI  - [Modified method of determining delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in
      erythrocytes].

PMID- 2417027
TI  - [Differential immunodiagnosis of tuberculomas and nonspecific pneumonias].

PMID- 2417028
TI  - [Continuous electrophoresis of the antigens of the causative agent of
      melioidosis].

PMID- 2417029
TI  - [Preparation of rabbit antiserum to Fc fragment of normal human IgG].

PMID- 2417030
TI  - [Quantitative study of oral microflora in patients with chronic enteritis].

PMID- 2417031
TI  - [Laboratory diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection in patients with blood
      diseases].

PMID- 2417032
TI  - [Rapid method of counting helminth eggs and coccidial oocysts].

PMID- 2417033
TI  - [Absorption of L-arabinose as a test for assessing the functional state of the
      intestines].

PMID- 2417034
TI  - [Determination of the rheumatoid factor using laser nephelometry].

PMID- 2417035
TI  - Monkeying around with collagen autoimmunity and arthritis.

PMID- 2417036
TI  - Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen with
      increased tumor specificity.
AB  - Nine monoclonal antibodies reacting with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were
      produced after immunization of mice with either purified CEA or a CEA-producing
      human cell line. Their specificities were assessed by immunohistochemistry on
      tissue sections of neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions. These monoclonal
      antibodies have different patterns of tissue reactivity. Two of them, D14 and
      B18, were found to have a high degree of specificity for colonic carcinoma and
      did not react with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of normal colon with
      standardized staining conditions. Most cases of noncolonic adenocarcinomas and
      normal epithelial structures were not stained by these two monoclonal antibodies.
      The specificity of the monoclonal antibodies was further investigated
      immunochemically using intact, reduced, and alkylated or chemically fragmented
      CEA. Liquid phase radioimmunoassays and antibody competition immunoenzymatic
      assays confirmed that the antibodies recognize different epitopes of CEA. These
      data support the concept of CEA heterogeneity and the reactivity of the D14 and
      B18 monoclonal antibodies with colonic adenocarcinomas indicates that they are
      useful immunohistochemical probes.

PMID- 2417037
TI  - Desmosomal proteins: new markers for identification and classification of tumors.

PMID- 2417038
TI  - Investigation of HCB as a metabolite from female rats treated daily for six days
      with lindane.
AB  - The biotransformation of lindane to hexachlorobenzene (HCB) by male rats was
      recently reported. Since HCB has been widely detected in human milk samples, and
      since the transplacental transfer of HCB to the fetus has been demonstrated in
      several species, the metabolism of lindane to HCB in female rats was
      investigated. Young adult female Fischer 344 rats were dosed p.o. with either 20
      mg lindane/kg/day or an equivalent volume of the peanut oil vehicle. Feces
      samples were collected daily for two consecutive 4-hr intervals and a 16-hr
      interval. Twenty-four hours after the final treatment, all rats were sacrificed
      and adipose tissue samples were excised at necropsy. Extracts of fat and feces
      samples were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) on column packings of
      different polarity. Results of this study indicated that no significant
      biotransformation of lindane to HCB occurred in the female Fischer 344 rat.

PMID- 2417039
TI  - Influence of neonatal androgenization on the expression of alpha 2u-globulin in
      rat liver and submaxillary gland.
AB  - We studied the influence of neonatal androgenization on the serum level of alpha
      2u-globulin, the level of the corresponding mRNA in liver and submaxillary gland
      and the concentration of an androgen and oestrogen binding protein in liver
      cytosol. Male rats gonadectomized on day 15 (after the neonatal surge of androgen
      secretion) were used as neonatally androgenized animals, their female littermates
      gonadectomized at the same age served as controls. Using a sensitive
      radioimmunoassay it could be demonstrated that only very low levels of alpha 2u
      globulin are present in adult female control animals. Neonatal androgenization
      increases these levels some 14-fold. Stimulation with testosterone or
      dexamethasone results in a relative increase in the serum levels in animals of
      both sexes. After 11 days of treatment with testosterone propionate or
      dexamethasone, however, the final alpha 2u-globulin levels are respectively 1.8
      times and 8 times higher in neonatally androgenized rats as compared to their
      female littermates. The concentration of the androgen and oestrogen binding
      protein in rat liver cytosol displays parallel sex differences in unstimulated
      animals and parallel changes after treatment with androgens and glucocorticoids.
      Measurements of alpha 2u-globulin mRNA by dot blot hybridization and by
      translation in reticulocyte lysate show a good correlation between the serum
      levels of alpha 2u-globulin and the corresponding mRNA in the liver. The
      abundance of alpha 2u-globulin mRNA in submaxillary gland is not influenced by
      neonatal androgens or hormone treatment during adulthood. These data suggest that
      neonatal androgenization directly or indirectly influences the availability for
      transcription and/or the transcription rate of alpha 2u-globulin genes in the
      liver.

PMID- 2417040
TI  - Direct inhibitory actions of GnRH on accessory reproductive organs of rat.
AB  - Recently gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and its agonistic analogs were
      demonstrated to have some direct actions in accessory reproductive organs. In our
      study the effects of GnRH and its analogs on some steroid hormone induced
      responses were investigated. GnRH and its analogs inhibited estradiol induced
      ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase activities in
      the uterus of rat. These enzymes which are markers for cell proliferation are
      regulatory enzymes in the biosynthetic pathways of polyamines and glycoproteins,
      respectively. Similarly, GnRH and its analogs also inhibited testosterone
      stimulated ODC activity in ventral prostate of rat. In addition, GnRH analog
      inhibited incorporation of radioactive precursors into RNA and protein induced by
      estradiol in uterus or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in ventral prostate. In an
      effort to elucidate the mechanism of action of GnRH in uterus, it was found that
      GnRH analog treatment does not alter the estradiol receptor content in vivo.
      Also, GnRH does not show any effect on radioactive estradiol binding to its
      receptor in vitro. Hence, the inhibitory actions of GnRH in uterus may not
      involve estradiol receptors. However, GnRH analogs were found to have post
      transcriptional effects. It was observed that DHT induced poly(A) polymerase
      activity in ventral prostate and estradiol induced poly(A) polymerase activity in
      uterus were inhibited by GnRH analog treatment. It was further observed that GnRH
      inhibited incorporation of [3H]uridine into poly(A)+ RNA of ventral prostate.
      This indicates that the inhibitory effects of GnRH involve post-transcriptional
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2417041
TI  - The functional significance of alpha adrenergic receptors in hypertension.
      Washington, D.C., May 2-3, 1985.

PMID- 2417042
TI  - Pharmacologic and therapeutic significance of alpha-adrenoceptor subtypes.
AB  - The concept that neurotransmitters can modulate their own release through
      presynaptic inhibitory autoreceptors is well established. The presynaptic
      inhibitory autoreceptors involved in a negative feedback mechanism that modulates
      the release of norepinephrine are of the alpha 2-subtype. Stimulation of central
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors by drugs like clonidine, guanfacine, and guanabenz produces
      an antihypertensive and bradycardiac effect through a decrease in sympathetic
      tone. In vascular smooth muscle, the alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype predominates
      and mediates vasoconstriction although alpha 2-adrenoceptors mediating
      vasoconstriction are also present in some vascular beds. Phenylephrine
      preferentially stimulates alpha 1-adrenoceptors and guanabenz preferentially
      stimulates alpha 2-adrenoceptors in vascular smooth muscle, whereas
      norepinephrine is an agonist at both alpha 1- and alpha 2-subtypes. The pressor
      response to phenylephrine was markedly reduced by prazosin. In contrast, the
      response to norepinephrine was relatively resistant to blockade, and that to
      guanabenz, totally resistant to blockade by prazosin. Inhibition of neuronal
      uptake by cocaine or desipramine and pretreatment of cats with 6-hydroxydopamine
      increased the effectiveness of prazosin in blocking the pressor responses to
      norepinephrine, but not to guanabenz or phenylephrine. These results support the
      proposal that postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptors are preferentially innervated
      (i.e., within the neuroeffector junction), while the postsynaptic alpha 2
      adrenoceptors are in extrasynaptic locations. The subclassification of alpha
      adrenoceptors into alpha 1- and alpha 2-subtypes opens the possibility of
      designing selective drugs to act as agonists or antagonists on these receptor
      subtypes. These compounds have useful therapeutic applications, and in the case
      of selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists, novel potential uses may exist,
      both at the level of the central nervous system and in the periphery.

PMID- 2417043
TI  - Neural control of renal function: role of renal alpha adrenoceptors.
AB  - Adrenoceptors of various subtypes mediate the renal functional responses to
      alterations in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity, the neural component,
      and renal arterial plasma catecholamine concentrations, the humoral component, of
      the sympathoadrenergic nervous system. Under normal physiologic as well as
      hypertensive conditions, the influence of the renal sympathetic nerves
      predominates over that of circulating plasma catecholamines. In most mammalian
      species, increases in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity elicit renal
      vasoconstrictor responses mediated predominantly by renal vascular alpha-1
      adrenoceptors, increases in renin release mediated largely by renal
      juxtaglomerular granular cell beta-1 adrenoceptors with involvement of renal
      vascular alpha-1 adrenoceptors only when renal vasoconstriction occurs, and
      direct increases in renal tubular sodium and water reabsorption mediated
      predominantly by renal tubular alpha-1 adrenoceptors. In most mammalian species,
      alpha-2 adrenoceptors do not play a significant role in the renal vascular or
      renin release responses to renal sympathoadrenergic stimulation. Although renal
      tubular alpha-2 adrenoceptors do not mediate the increases in renal tubular
      sodium and water reabsorption produced by increases in efferent renal sympathetic
      nerve activity, they may be involved through their inhibitory effect on adenylate
      cyclase in modulating the response to other hormonal agents that influence renal
      tubular sodium and water reabsorption via stimulation of adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2417044
TI  - Renal alpha 2-adrenoceptors, their locations and effects on sodium excretion.
AB  - Research on alpha 2-adrenoceptors has been explosive since the first functional
      or pharmacologic classification of these agents in 1977. While several properties
      of renal alpha 2-adrenoceptors have been characterized, their possible role in
      the pathophysiology of hypertension remains elusive. Under normal circumstances,
      alpha 1-adrenoceptors appear to be located postjunctionally and alpha 2
      adrenoceptors are extrajunctional. However, following chronic alpha 1
      adrenoceptor blockade with prazosin, the renal alpha 2-adrenoceptor density
      increases and they may assume the otherwise exclusive alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      postjunctional domain. This assumed role of alpha 2-adrenoceptors may explain the
      absence of natriuresis with the clinical use of prazosin and, if a similar change
      occurs in vascular tissue, the temporary nature of the first-dose phenomenon
      (orthostatic hypotension) that occurs with the use of this drug. Finally, our
      description of the "postsynaptic" location of the ubiquitous plasma membrane
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the original functional or pharmacologic basis of
      classification of alpha-adrenoceptors should now be updated. Under normal
      conditions, the predominant alpha 2-adrenoceptors on effector organ plasma
      membranes appear to be extrajunctional and do not ordinarily mediate the effects
      of sympathetic neuronally released norepinephrine. Postjunctional alpha 1
      adrenoceptors remain postjunctional and ordinarily mediate effects of nerve
      stimulated norepinephrine release.

PMID- 2417045
TI  - Role of alpha-2 receptors in the regulation of renal function.
AB  - Postsynaptic binding sites for alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenoceptor ligands are found
      in abundance in the renal cortex of several species, with reports of 2-3 times as
      many alpha 2 as alpha 1 sites. These alpha adrenoceptor subtypes can potentially
      influence salt and water excretion through both vascular and tubular effects.
      Renal vascular resistance in dogs is increased by both alpha adrenoceptor subtype
      agonists but alpha 1 agonists are more potent. In rats, alpha 2, agonists have
      almost no effect on the renal circulation whereas alpha 1 agonists are capable of
      intense renal vasoconstriction. The mechanisms by which alpha 2 agonists increase
      glomerular filtration rate are not yet clear and may involve the secondary
      release of hormones affecting glomerular dynamics and permeability. Thus, an
      abundance of alpha 2 adrenoceptor binding sites in whole cortical homogenate of
      rat kidneys with little demonstrable vascular effect of alpha 2 agonist suggests
      that the preponderance of these receptors lies instead on the tubular epithelium.
      Alpha-1 adrenoceptors are probably responsible for the increased Na reabsorption
      from the proximal tubule and the anti-natriuresis following low level renal nerve
      stimulation. In contrast, an alpha 2 agonist such as guanabenz produces a
      diuresis by reducing the release of vasopressin and by antagonizing its
      hydrosmotic effect on the nephron, and a modest natriuresis by decreasing
      medullary interstitial osmolality and reducing passive Na reabsorption.

PMID- 2417046
TI  - Effects of alpha-2 agonists on renal function in hypertensive humans.
AB  - Centrally acting adrenergic agonists, by decreasing peripheral adrenergic
      activity, are effective antihypertensive agents. The older agents, however,
      especially methyldopa, have been associated with weight gain, clinical edema, and
      antihypertensive tolerance when used as monotherapy. While acute studies in
      humans have demonstrated weight gain and sodium retention with clonidine and
      guanabenz, chronic administration results in a decrease in weight and plasma
      volume. The absence of chronic weight gain and of sodium retention could be the
      result of a counterbalance between hypotension-related antinatriuresis, secondary
      to a decrease in glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow, and natriuretic
      activity, as a result of a decrease in renal sympathetic tone. Whereas
      natriuresis and water diuresis have been demonstrated in animals with acute
      clonidine or guanabenz administration, this has not been demonstrated in humans.
      Recent studies in which saline administration was used to precondition humans to
      a subsequent natriuretic stimulus (i.e., guanabenz-induced decreased renal
      adrenergic activity) resulted in stabilization of renal blood flow and
      natriuresis. Selective reduction renal sympathetic activity affecting salt and
      water transport may explain why guanabenz and probably also clonidine seem to be
      devoid of the sodium/fluid-retaining properties that are common with other
      antihypertensive agents. Because agents of this class have effects other than
      pure central alpha-2 agonism (such as alpha-1 activity), they might have
      confounding and counterbalancing side effects leading to sodium and water
      retention.

PMID- 2417047
TI  - Mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of alpha 2-agonists.
AB  - Drugs such as clonidine, methyldopa, guanabenz, guanfacine, and lofexidine have
      their primary site of antihypertensive action in the central nervous system (CNS)
      to activate alpha 2-adrenergic receptors and lower arterial pressure. The most
      probable CNS site of action of these drugs is the medulla oblongata at a post
      synaptic location. Current evidence indicates that within the medulla, the
      prototype drug, clonidine, most likely acts at the lateral reticular nucleus.
      This site is the most sensitive in terms of hypotension occurring after
      microinjection of clonidine. In addition, lesion of this nucleus abolishes the
      hypotensive effect of systemically administered clonidine. Recently, a clonidine
      displacing endogenous brain substance has been isolated and partially purified
      from calf brain. Knowledge of where clonidine acts to lower blood pressure should
      help in assessing the role of an endogenous clonidine-displacing substance in CNS
      control of cardiovascular function.

PMID- 2417048
TI  - Central alpha-adrenergic agonists in chronic heart failure and ischemic heart
      disease.
AB  - Central alpha-adrenoceptor agonists (methyldopa, clonidine, guanabenz) decrease
      sympathetic outflow and renin and vasopressin secretion as well as increase
      parasympathetic activity. These drugs are commonly employed as antihypertensives.
      Two other conditions, chronic heart failure and ischemic heart disease, may also
      benefit from central alpha-adrenergic stimulation. In both acute and chronic
      heart failure, central alpha-adrenoceptor agonists reduced cardiac work load by
      decreasing heart rate, systemic arterial pressure and reducing venous tone. Also,
      plasma catecholamines were decreased. Exercise at comparable work loads was
      achieved at a lower pressure-rate product and effort capacity was sometimes
      increased. Central alpha-adrenoceptor agonists increased effort capacity in
      patients with ischemic heart disease and angina pectoris. Again, the benefits are
      thought to be decreased heart rate, systemic arterial blood pressure and rate
      pressure products during exercise; catecholamines are reduced in these patients
      as well. Central alpha-adrenoceptor agonists offer another avenue of approach to
      alter neurohumoral factors in congestive heart failure and ischemic heart disease
      and thereby produce beneficial hemodynamic response.

PMID- 2417049
TI  - Relationship of sodium sensitivity and the sympathetic nervous system.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that salt-sensitive hypertension reflects an abnormal
      response of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to salt, arterial pressure and
      plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentration were measured in 23 black hypertensive
      patients and 28 black normotensive control subjects during 4 days of salt
      depletion and 3 days of salt loading. When the sequence was salt depletion
      followed by salt loading, plasma NE rose with salt depletion and was suppressed
      by salt loading. In normotensive subjects, plasma NE with salt loading returned
      to control values, but in hypertensive patients it remained elevated suggesting
      SNS stimulation by the salt load. Plasma NE responses of hypertensive patients
      did not distinguish between those who became normotensive with salt depletion
      from those who did not. The sequence was reversed with salt loading preceding
      salt depletion, to investigate further these abnormal plasma NE responses to salt
      loading. With this sequence, plasma NE was only slightly and insignificantly
      reduced by salt loading and responses of hypertensive patients were similar to
      those of normotensive subjects. In contrast, plasma NE rose with salt depletion
      as before. With both protocols plasma NE correlated inversely with urinary sodium
      excretion as previously described. These results in black hypertensive patients
      are not consonant with those obtained in other studies of primarily white
      hypertensive patients, suggesting that salt-sensitive hypertension may have a
      different mechanism in blacks than in whites.

PMID- 2417050
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in the treatment of hypertension.
AB  - Alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists are effective antihypertensive drugs that may
      provide particular advantages in the treatment of many types of patients. Of
      those now available, guanabenz has been shown to lower serum cholesterol
      concentration and not to cause sodium and water retention, offering additional
      protection against some of the metabolic side effects often seen with diuretics
      and beta-blockers.

PMID- 2417051
TI  - Microneurography: a technique for assessing central neural effects of adrenergic
      drugs on sympathetic outflow in humans.
AB  - Alpha-2 receptor agonists may act to decrease sympathetic influences through
      central neural actions that inhibit sympathetic outflow and peripheral adrenergic
      effects that inhibit release of norepinephrine. Direct intraneural recordings
      using microneurography of postganglionic sympathetic nerve activity in humans
      permit assessment of effects of alpha-2 agonists on central sympathetic outflow.
      Microneurographic studies during administration of clonidine suggest that alpha-2
      agonists produce a dose-related modulation of central sympathetic nerve
      discharge, but that other mechanisms presumably involving stimulation of
      inhibitory peripheral presynaptic alpha-2 receptors are also involved in the
      antihypertensive action of these agents. This suggests that alpha-2 agonists
      exert combined central and peripheral effects on sympathetic influences in
      humans.

PMID- 2417052
TI  - Radioligand binding and functional assays demonstrate postsynaptic alpha 2
      receptors on proximal tubules of rat and rabbit kidney.
AB  - We have explored the localization of renal alpha 2-adrenoceptors by radioligand
      binding techniques and studies of 22Na+ influx into isolated renal tubular cells.
      Initially, we validated the use of the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist
      [3H]rauwolscine as a high-affinity (Kd = 2.5 +/- 0.65 nM) probe that binds to a
      single class (Hill slope = 0.94 +/- 0.06) of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in rat renal
      cortical membranes (Bmax = 340 +/- 50 fmol/mg). [3H]Rauwolscine and [3H]yohimbine
      identified an identical number of sites, but [3H]rauwolscine bound with a several
      fold higher affinity. Treatment of rats with 6-hydroxydopamine depleted renal
      norepinephrine greater than 80% but failed to alter the number or affinity of
      renal cortical alpha 2-receptors, thus suggesting that these alpha 2-receptors
      are not located on presynaptic sites. Further evidence for the postsynaptic
      localization of these receptors was obtained by in vitro autoradiographic
      studies, which showed that [3H]rauwolscine sites were preferentially located on
      proximal tubular cells, and by functional assays with isolated rabbit proximal
      tubular cells. In the latter studies, Na+-H+ antiport activity was stimulated up
      to 2-fold by the selective alpha 2-adrenergic agonist guanabenz, and this
      stimulation was blocked by yohimbine but not by the alpha 1-blocker prazosin.
      Although amiloride was able to block this response to guanabenz, radioligand
      binding studies demonstrated that amiloride can compete for [3H]rauwolscine sites
      at the concentrations used to block Na+-H+ antiport activity. These data suggest
      that alpha 2-adrenoceptors are present on proximal tubular cells in rats and
      rabbits and that these receptors appear to stimulate Na+-H+ antiport
      activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2417053
TI  - Central alpha 2 receptors and the regulation of blood pressure in humans.
AB  - Alpha 2 receptors in the brain stem and in the periphery inhibit sympathetic
      activity and thus lower blood pressure. Alpha 2 receptor agonists such as
      clonidine or guanabenz reduce central and peripheral sympathetic overflow and via
      peripheral presynaptic receptors may reduce peripheral neurotransmitter release.
      Alpha 2 agonists lower blood pressure in many patients either alone or in
      combination with diuretics. Central nervous side effects are less common when
      lower doses are used. More recent analogues of clonidine with greater alpha 2
      receptor selectivity have been found to have a longer duration of action and may
      be less likely to lead to a withdrawal reaction, with rebound of hypertension and
      symptoms, when treatment is interrupted.

PMID- 2417054
TI  - Use of 111In-bleomycin for combining radiotherapy and chemotherapy on glioma
      bearing mice.
AB  - Mice bearing transplanted glioma received 0.9% NaCl, 0.1 mg of BLM, or 200-250
      microCi of 111In-BLM (0.1 mg BLM) daily for 5 days intraperitoneally. After
      therapy, tumor sizes were in the order NaCl greater than BLM greater than 111In
      BLM. On the 11th day after the first injection, tumor size (mm3) in the 111In-BLM
      group was 1,220; in the BLM group, it was 2,310 (P less than .025). After
      intratumor injection of a total dose of 0.1 mg of BLM/gm tumor weight, or of 1
      mCi/gm tumor weight of 111In-BLM (carried by 0.1 mg of BLM/gm tumor weight), the
      tumor size decreased in the 111In-BLM group more than in the BLM group. On the
      5th day after the 2nd dose therapy, the tumor size in the 111In-BLM group was
      2,020; in the BLM group it was 4,220 (P less than .05). Host weights for these
      two groups were similar. The necrotic area in the tumor was much greater in the
      111In-BLM group than in the BLM group. These results suggest the use for
      radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

PMID- 2417055
TI  - A new 111In-bleomycin complex for combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
AB  - Six days after tumor transplantation three daily intraperitoneal doses of 0.9%
      NaCl, bleomycin (BLM), or a new 111In-bleomycin complex (BLMC, 15 microCi/g body
      weight) were administered to glioma-bearing mice. After therapy, tumors in mice
      treated with 111In-BLMC were smaller than those treated with BLM. Sixteen days
      after the first injection tumor size for 111In-BLMC-treated mice was 560 (240
      1,030) mm3, 1,980 (1,400-3,290) mm3 for BLM (P less than 0.025), and 4,830 (2,580
      9,180) mm3 for NaCl (0.1 less than P less than 0.2). Thirteen days after tumor
      transplantation glioma-bearing mice received single intratumor injection of 0.9%
      NaCl, BLM, or 111In-BLMC (1.5 mCi, carried by 0.5 mg BLM/g tumor weight). The
      average tumor size for 111In-BLMC was smaller than that for BLM by a factor of
      2.5-3.7. Host weights for these two groups were similar, and morphologic
      abnormalities were not found in kidney or liver.

PMID- 2417056
TI  - Prostatic carcinoma metastatic to bone: sensitivity and specificity of prostate
      specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase in decalcified material.
AB  - Decalcified bone marrow biopsies containing metastatic tumor from 36 patients
      were stained for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase
      (PAP) using the avidin biotin complex (ABC) immunoperoxidase technique. Of these
      patients, 22 had known prostate primaries, ten had known nonprostatic, and four
      female patients had unknown primaries. Prostate-specific antigen was identified
      in 86% (19/22) of the metastatic prostatic carcinomas. Prostatic acid phosphatase
      was present in only 36% (8/22). None of the patients with nonprostatic primaries
      or unknown primaries showed positive staining for either antigen (0/14). This
      study indicates that immunoperoxidase staining for PSA is very sensitive and
      specific in the diagnosis of metastatic prostate carcinoma, while PAP was less
      sensitive using decalcified bone marrow specimens. We believe that immunostaining
      with PSA should be of great value in diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma metastatic
      to the bone.

PMID- 2417057
TI  - Production of murine monoclonal antibodies against cell-surface antigens of human
      ovarian carcinoma.
AB  - Splenic lymphocytes of BALB/c mice immunized with human ovarian carcinoma cells
      were fused with the mouse myeloma cell line, NS-1 in the presence of polyethylene
      glycol, MW 1500. The hybrid cultures were screened by a viable cell-binding
      radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the production of relevant antibodies. Hybrids that
      produced antibodies that bound to the surface of the immunizing cell line and
      other ovarian carcinoma cell lines, but not to human fibroblast cell lines or
      erythrocytes and leucocytes isolated from peripheral blood, were cloned twice by
      the limiting dilution method. Two such clones designated 8C3, of the IgG2a
      isotype, and 10D6, of the IgG1 isotype, were checked for specificity by a solid
      phase membrane RIA. The monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) recognized an antigenic
      determinant present on different human adenocarcinomas such as ovary, breast,
      endometrium, colon, and stomach. The normal counterpart tissues of these
      histiotypes showed negligible binding to the MoAbs. The relative specificity of
      these MoAbs encourage further studies towards their characterization and
      evaluation as possible diagnostic and therapeutic agents in human cancer.

PMID- 2417058
TI  - Pelvic exenteration.
AB  - Sixty-eight patients at the University of Illinois, Cook County, and the West
      Side Veterans Administration hospitals underwent pelvic exenteration for advanced
      pelvic malignancies during the 15-year period from 1969 to 1984. Thirty-two had
      colorectal cancers, eleven cervical, seven bladder, and six vulvar; in twelve the
      cancers were in miscellaneous pelvic sites. Forty-five exenterations were done
      with intent to cure, and twenty-three for palliation of patients with bulky,
      necrotic tumors that had caused symptomatic fistulae, local sepsis, chronic
      bleeding, or severe localized pain. The total 30-day postoperative mortality was
      4.4% (3/68). The 5-year survival rate of patients who underwent curative
      exenteration was 33% (median 27 months). Pelvic exenteration appears to be a
      feasible surgical procedure for a variety of advanced malignancies as well as for
      palliation of severely symptomatic patients.

PMID- 2417059
TI  - Juxtadrenal schwannoma: verification of the diagnosis by immunohistochemical and
      ultrastructural studies.
AB  - Solitary schwannomas arising in the juxtadrenal region are exceedingly rare. A
      middle-aged woman with a confusing clinical course was found to have a solid
      periadrenal mass, which was surgically excised. The gross and light microscopic
      appearance of the tumor was suggestive but not diagnostic of this entity.
      However, electron microscopic evaluation of the neoplasm revealed prominent basal
      lamina and interdigitating cellular processes characteristic of a schwannoma. The
      diagnosis of schwannoma was further supported by the demonstration of S-100
      protein, type IV (basement membrane) collagen, and laminin immunoreactivity by
      immunohistochemical techniques. The use of these special studies to arrive at the
      diagnosis in this case and in the larger context in the diagnosis of rare adrenal
      and periadrenal tumors of uncertain origin is fully discussed.

PMID- 2417060
TI  - [Presynaptic effects of aminopyridines on the neuromuscular junction of
      vertebrates].
AB  - In this review the effects of aminopyridines and chemically related compounds are
      documented in an attempt to analyse the mechanism underlying their presynaptic
      actions at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. Aminopyridines and related
      compounds are of particular interest because they greatly increase the amount of
      acetylcholine released in response to both conducted nerve impulses and
      electrotonic depolarizations of tetrodotoxin blocked motor nerve terminals. The
      apparent rank order of potency for increasing quantal transmitter release evoked
      by nerve impulse at physiological pH was as follows: 3,4-diaminopyridine greater
      than 4-aminopyridine greater than 4-aminoquinoline greater than 3-aminopyridine
      greater than 2,6-diaminopyridine greater than 2-aminopyridine greater than 4
      nitropyridine greater than 4-aminopyridine N-oxyde greater than 4-hydroxypyridine
      greater than 2,4-dihydroxypyridine. The fact that both pyridine and aniline were
      found to be inactive indicate that both a pyridine ring and an amino-substituent
      are necessary for activity. A common site of action for the drugs here reported
      should be rationalized on the basis that their protonated molecular forms
      generate a common electrostatic potential field pattern. This results together
      with those concerning the dependence of pyridine activity on extracellular pH
      leads to the conclusion that this family of compounds exert its activity at the
      internal face of the motor nerve terminal membrane. Aminopyridines in
      concentrations that increase transmitter release evoked by nerve impulses block
      potassium conductance in motor nerve terminals and lengthen the presynaptic
      action potential, this effect leads to an enhanced calcium influx and
      consequently to an increase in acetylcholine release. The fact that
      aminopyridines had no consistent effect on transmitter release at junctions
      depolarized by elevated potassium ions strongly supports the view that these
      drugs have no direct effect on voltage-dependent calcium channels and that their
      primary site of action is on voltage-sensitive potassium channels of motor nerve
      terminals.

PMID- 2417061
TI  - A method for studies of tracheobronchial microvascular permeability to
      macromolecules.
AB  - Probably because of methodological problems, little is known about permeability
      to macromolecules and edema formation in the tracheobronchial microcirculation. A
      novel atraumatic technique of exposing the guinea pig airway mucosa to mediators
      has been developed. The intralumenal surface of the trachea and main bronchus is
      superfused (0.02 ml/min) via a thin plastic tubing introduced into the trachea
      through the mouth in anesthetized, tilted, and spontaneously breathing guinea
      pigs. Erythrocytes were labelled in vivo with Technetium 99m and individual
      hematocrit values and plasma concentrations of Fitc-dextran were determined. By
      quantification of content of a macromolecular tracer (Fitc-dextran MW 70,000) and
      blood pool in excised airway tissue the amount of extravasated macromolecules was
      calculated. In control animals where airways were superfused with saline (0.02
      ml/min) during 30 min the extravasated amount of tracer was 0 +/- 14 micrograms/g
      trachea (n = 15), which was similar to what was found in animals without any
      superfusion (n = 6). Capsaicin 10(-6) M (total dose 0.1 nmol), probably by
      activating nerves, produced an extravasation of Fitc-dextran of 223 +/- 32
      micrograms/g, n = 8, (p less than 0.005). In guinea pigs intubated for artificial
      respiration and prepared for vagal stimulation the base-line microvascular values
      were deranged, and large amounts of macromolecules leaked from the vascular
      compartment. Still, vagal stimulation in these animals produced further
      extravasation of macromolecules. It is suggested that atraumatic techniques such
      as the present superfusion method should be employed in studies of physiological
      and pharmacological control of permeability to macromolecules in the
      tracheobronchial microvasculature.

PMID- 2417062
TI  - A visual technique of chemotactic assessment for pharmacological studies.
AB  - A visual assay of chemotactic response was performed by measuring the extent of
      the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) collected from the rat
      pleural cavity toward a dying cell. Various types of cells (erythrocytes, PMN, or
      monocytes) may be destroyed by means of an argon laser, and the process may be
      visualized under a phase-contrast microscope (necrotactic phenomenon). This
      experimental model may simulate pathological events that occur in damaged
      tissues, and it permits the study of cellular migration during inflammatory
      diseases. This method did not seem to involve chemokinetic effects, but instead
      represented a true measure of chemotaxis. A numeration of the migrating PMNs at t
      = 0 and t + 10 min after cell lysis allowed a statistical analysis and the use of
      this phenomenon for pharmacological studies. The modification of rat PMN
      chemotaxis by cholera toxin, substance P, and a synthetic muramyl dipeptide are
      presented as examples of the use of this technique.

PMID- 2417063
TI  - Isomorphism on a physical system of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations for potassium
      conductance.
AB  - A physical system is derived which has properties which are the same as those
      computed for the potassium conductance system in the squid axon with the Hodgkin
      Huxley equations. The system describes a molecule with five ionization states
      which, on hyperpolarization, are stripped of singly charged ions (H+?), and
      doubly charged ions (Ca++?). The dependence of potassium conductance on pH and on
      the calcium substrate concentration is predicted by the physical system. The
      effect of enzyme or allosteric interactions in producing inactivation or blocking
      of conductance is discussed. To consider these effects, the isomorphism is
      augmented to an 8-state system. This 8-state system encompasses the properties of
      both the potassium and, with different parameters, the sodium conductance. It is
      thus general enough to describe all the HH equations in the potential region used
      for the determination of the HH parameters, namely, -30 to 110 mV transmembrane
      potential.

PMID- 2417064
TI  - Management of benign and malignant lesions of the trachea and bronchi with the
      neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser.
AB  - Fifty patients with lesions of the trachea or bronchi have been treated with the
      neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. Forty-three patients had advanced
      carcinoma of the lung with pulmonary infection or abscess distal to an
      obstructing bronchial lesion or else had hemoptysis. Benign lesions were seen in
      seven patients. A total of 72 laser treatments were administered for obstruction
      and/or hemoptysis. There was no significant morbidity and only one hospital death
      occurred, which was unrelated to the laser therapy. Among the 43 patients with
      malignant disease, obstructive complications and hemoptysis were controlled in
      39. All those with benign lesions have been significantly improved. Presently 22
      patients with malignant disease remain alive and are symptomatically improved.
      The longest survival after successful laser treatment has been 73 weeks, and 34
      survived longer than eight weeks. This laser is a very effective means of
      managing patients with benign lesions and offers significant palliation for
      patients with hemoptysis and advanced obstructing carcinoma of the trachea or
      main-stem bronchus.

PMID- 2417065
TI  - Induction of differentiation and inhibition of DNA methylation in HL-60 myeloid
      leukemic cells by 5-AZA-2'-deoxycytidine.
AB  - The effects of 5-AZA-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-CdR) on the induction of
      morphological and biochemical differentiation and inhibition of DNA methylation
      of human HL-60 myeloid leukemic cells were investigated. 5-AZA-CdR at
      concentrations of 0.1-1 microgram ml-1 for 48-h exposure produced significant
      morphological differentiation of HL-60 leukemic cells to a more mature phenotype,
      augmented the cell surface marker (OKMI) for mature granulocytes/monocytes and
      also increased the superoxide anion production. Under these same conditions 5-AZA
      CdR inhibited the synthesis of 5-methylcytosine in DNA suggesting that there is a
      correlation between the induction of differentiation and inhibition of DNA
      methylation. At concentrations of 5-AZA-CdR that inhibit DNA methylation there
      was a marked decrease in colony-formation suggesting that the antileukemic action
      of this analog is related to the methylation of DNA.

PMID- 2417066
TI  - A rapid microprocedure for isolating RNA from multiple samples of human and rat
      brain.
AB  - In order to establish a routine procedure for isolating undegraded RNA from small
      amounts of rat and human brain tissue, several techniques were investigated.
      Initial studies demonstrated that undegraded RNA could not be reproducibly
      isolated from milligram amounts of brain tissue homogenized in an aqueous medium.
      Several isolation techniques utilizing tissue homogenization in the denaturing
      agent guanidinium chloride were compared. This method of homogenization, followed
      by sedimentation of RNA through cesium chloride, resulted in good yields of
      undegraded translationally active RNA. A maximum of 6 RNA samples could be
      processed simultaneously. In contrast, when homogenization in guanidinium
      chloride was followed by repeated guanidinium chloride-ethanol precipitations
      many samples could be processed simultaneously. The resulting RNA yields were
      low. The introduction of several modifications in the guanidinium chloride
      ethanol precipitation technique resulted in a high yield of undegraded
      translationally active RNA. DNA was removed by two guanidinium-ethanol
      precipitations. Residual protein was digested with proteinase K. RNA was
      precipitated after extraction with phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol. This
      refined procedure allows the recovery, in high yields, of translationally active
      undegraded RNA which is both DNA and protein free. Thirty-six samples can be
      processed in one day.

PMID- 2417067
TI  - [Changes in serum levels of ionic calcium during the treatment of hypertensive
      emergencies with nifedipine].

PMID- 2417069
TI  - [Circadian rhythm of ionic calcium].

PMID- 2417068
TI  - [Current considerations on the behavior of serum alpha-fetoprotein as a tumor
      marker].

PMID- 2417070
TI  - Intra-erythrocyte concentration and transmembrane fluxes of sodium and potassium
      during acute and short-term administration of ketanserin in normal male subjects.
AB  - The effect of acute and short-term administration of ketanserin on the
      intracellular concentration and transmembrane fluxes of sodium and potassium in
      erythrocytes was studied in 12 sodium-replete, normal male subjects. The subjects
      received 40 mg ketanserin three times a day for one week. Blood samples were
      drawn before and 2.5 hours after the first dose, 12 hours after the evening dose
      of the sixth day and 1.5 hours after the morning dose of the seventh day. The
      intra-erythrocyte sodium concentration was not changed following the first dose
      of ketanserin, but was decreased (p less than 0.05) during short-term treatment
      with ketanserin. The ouabain-sensitive 86Rb-uptake, an estimate of the Na+,K+
      ATPase pump activity, was decreased (p less than 0.001) after acute ketanserin
      administration, but not (p = 0.07) during short-term treatment. This change in
      intra-erythrocyte sodium concentration was related (r = 0.73, p less than 0.01)
      to the change in ouabain-sensitive 86Rb-uptake. The red cell Na+,K+-cotransport
      and Na+,Li+-countertransport activity were not changed during acute and short
      term administration of ketanserin. The results indicate that short-term
      ketanserin administration decreases the intra-erythrocyte sodium concentration,
      but the flux measurements cannot explain this observation.

PMID- 2417071
TI  - HTLV-III antibody in commercial immunoglobulin.

PMID- 2417072
TI  - Non-A, non-B hepatitis agent.

PMID- 2417073
TI  - Acridine-orange to identify Campylobacter pyloridis in formalin fixed, paraffin
      embedded gastric biopsies.

PMID- 2417074
TI  - Role of Aspergillus amylase in baker's asthma.

PMID- 2417075
TI  - Prospective controlled trial of transhepatic biliary endoprosthesis versus bypass
      surgery for incurable carcinoma of head of pancreas.
AB  - 53 patients with obstructive jaundice due to incurable carcinoma of the head of
      the pancreas were randomly allocated to percutaneous transhepatic placement of a
      permanent biliary endoprosthesis (PTE) or bypass surgery. After exclusions 25
      patients in each group were treated. Technical success was achieved in 21
      patients (84%) in the PTE group and 19 (76%) in the surgery group. The incidence
      of postprocedural complications (PTE 7, surgery 8) and 30-day mortality (PTE 2,
      surgery 5) were similar. Recurrent jaundice occurred more often in the PTE (8/21)
      than the surgery group (3/19). Duodenal obstruction developed in 3 patients in
      the PTE group. Although the initial median postprocedural hospital stay was
      significantly shorter in the PTE than the surgery group, the difference was no
      longer significant when readmissions for blocked endoprosthesis and gastric
      outlet obstruction were taken into account. There was no difference in the median
      survival time in the two groups (PTE 19 weeks, surgery 15 weeks).

PMID- 2417076
TI  - Myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine-receptor antibody: a distinct disease
      entity.
AB  - Immunoglobulin preparations from eight patients with clinical features of
      myasthenia gravis, in whom no serum antibody against acetylcholine receptor
      (AChR) could be detected, were injected intraperitoneally into mice.
      Neuromuscular transmission was significantly impaired compared with mice
      receiving control human immunoglobulin. No antibody bound to the mouse AChR was
      detected, but there was a small loss (9.4%) of AChR in the mouse diaphragms. Mice
      injected with myasthenic AChR-antibody-positive immunoglobulin and mice growing
      hybridoma cells secreting monoclonal AChR antibody showed similar impairment of
      neuromuscular transmission, but 75% and 94%, respectively, of their muscle AChR
      had antibody bound and AChR losses were 47% and 60%. The results suggest that a
      pathogenetic immunoglobulin antibody interferes with neuromuscular transmission
      in these AChR-antibody-negative patients by binding to non-AChR determinants at
      the neuromuscular junction. This form of myasthenia is immunologically and
      physiologically distinct from the AChR-antibody-positive form.

PMID- 2417077
TI  - Antigenic heterogeneity of Escherichia coli verotoxins.

PMID- 2417078
TI  - Cost-effectiveness in oncology.

PMID- 2417079
TI  - In-vitro inhibition of LAV/HTLV-III infected lymphocytes by dithiocarb and
      inosine pranobex.

PMID- 2417080
TI  - [Do hemoglobinopathies correlate with genetically-induced hearing disorders?].
AB  - In hereditary deafness a battery of audiological and medical investigations are
      needed to find out the aetiological factors. We tested the blood of children
      impaired hearing for hemoglobinopathies. Such anomalies might provide a clue to
      the aetiology. We found abnormal structures of hemoglobin in 5 children suffering
      from Fanconi's anemia. Four of these children had prenatal conductive hearing
      loss. The other children showed no abnormal hemoglobin.

PMID- 2417081
TI  - [Endoscopic injection treatment].
AB  - Nowadays injection treatment is not only used for sclerosing esophageal varices
      but also for stopping hemorrhage from mucosal lesions. This method is equally
      effective for treatment of hemorrhages after polypectomies and papillotomies. New
      indications for this method are benign and malignant stenoses of the esophagus.
      Good results in sclerosing of varices and of stopping hemorrhage have been
      confirmed very often; however further experience is needed in the treatment of
      stenoses.

PMID- 2417082
TI  - [Endoscopic endoprosthesis of the bile and pancreatic ducts].
AB  - Endoscopic placement of endoprosthesis in the bile and pancreatic duct system has
      opened up new possibilities in palliative treatment of patients with obstructing
      tumors, where the risk of surgical intervention is too high, the risk of this
      endoscopic procedure however being acceptable (complication rate 9.8%, lethality
      3.5%). Success rate of implanting prosthesis into the bile duct is 90%, leading
      to improvement of jaundice in 80% of the cases. The endoprosthesis occlude on the
      average after 3 months by incrustation and then have to be replaced. The clinical
      relevance of draining the pancreas by this procedure cannot yet be evaluated
      because of lack of sufficient experience.

PMID- 2417083
TI  - Substance K, a novel tachykinin injected bilaterally into the ventral tegmental
      area of rats increases behavioral response.
AB  - Novel tachykinins such as substance K and neuromedin K have been identified in
      the mammalian CNS. Bilateral injections of substance K and related peptides as
      well as of substance P into the dopamine cell body area of the ventral tegmental
      area caused dose-dependent increases in locomotor activity and rearing, in rats.
      As this behavior was blocked by the pretreatment with haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg,
      i.p.), the activation of dopaminergic systems may be involved in the
      hypermotility induced by the administration of substance K.

PMID- 2417084
TI  - Augmentation of cholinergic-mediated amylase release by forskolin in mouse
      parotid gland.
AB  - Cholinergic-mediated amylase release in mouse parotid acini was augmented by
      forskolin; the potency but not the maximal response to carbachol was altered.
      Amylase released by carbachol plus forskolin was dependent on extracellular
      calcium and was mimicked by the calcium ionophore, A23187 plus forskolin.
      Forskolin was also shown to enhance carbachol-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake into
      isolated acini. Hydroxylamine, nitroprusside, and 8-bromo-c-GMP each in
      combination with forskolin mimicked the effects of carbachol plus forskolin on
      amylase release. In the presence of carbachol (10(-8)M) forskolin did not augment
      c-AMP levels. However, in the presence of carbachol (5 X 10(-7) M) or
      hydroxylamine (50 microM) forskolin did significantly augment c-AMP accumulation.
      These results suggest that calcium and c-GMP may mediate the augmentation of
      cholinergic-mediated amylase release by effects on c-AMP metabolism.

PMID- 2417085
TI  - Multiple classes of calcium channels in mouse pituitary tumor cells.
AB  - Synthetic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a potent adrenocorticotropin
      (ACTH) secretagogue in the mouse pituitary tumor cell strain AtT20/D16v (D16). In
      the absence of added calcium in the incubation medium a dose of 5 nM CRF
      stimulates ACTH secretion 2-fold over control values while at medium calcium
      concentrations greater than 1 mM the same dose of CRF elicits a 3-fold
      stimulation. In the presence of EGTA or of the calcium antagonists verapamil,
      cobalt, or lanthanum the CRF effect is abolished. Depolarizing concentrations of
      extracellular K+ lead to a rapid increase in cell-associated calcium, a response
      which is inhibited by the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist nimodipine. Although
      treatment with CRF does not alter the concentration of cell-associated calcium in
      D16 cells, ACTH secretion stimulated by both CRF and elevated medium K+ are
      inhibited by nimodipine in a dose-related manner. The results indicate that D16
      cells possess both voltage-sensitive and CRF-activated calcium channels.

PMID- 2417086
TI  - The interferons.

PMID- 2417087
TI  - The potential of synthetic peptides for vaccines.

PMID- 2417088
TI  - [Clinical use of the Soviet nephrotropic drug 113mIn-pentaind].
AB  - A study of the renal clearance in 37 patients using a Tc nephrotropic agent and a
      drug 113mIn-pentaind demonstrated coincidence of diagnostic information and
      usefulness of the latter for the estimation of the state of glomerular
      filtration.

PMID- 2417089
TI  - [Radionuclide determination of the extent of the tumor process in patients with
      esophageal cancer].
AB  - Scintigraphy with 67Ga-citrate and 111In-bleomycin was conducted in 32 esophageal
      cancer patients, 4 patients with benign esophageal tumors and in 3 patients with
      scarry-ulcerous esophagitis. A raised accumulation of the radiopharmaceutical
      (RP) in the esophagus, in 4 cases in the retroperitoneal paraaortic lymph nodes
      in which a metastatic image was confirmed at computed tomography and diagnostic
      laparotomy, was observed in all cancer patients. No regularities in the intensity
      of the accumulation of both radiopharmaceuticals in the esophageal tumor with
      relation to its histological structure were detected. The advantage of the above
      radiopharmaceuticals is a possibility to use them for the detection of tumor
      dissemination and distant metastases in esophageal cancer.

PMID- 2417090
TI  - Crystallization of macromolecules: general principles.

PMID- 2417091
TI  - Diffractometry.

PMID- 2417092
TI  - Diffraction methods for biological macromolecules. Least squares refinement.
AB  - Most of the methods mentioned in this chapter were known in the early 1960s.
      Because of the availability of large, fast computers, however, the most popular
      technique has been the full-matrix least-squares method. The most significant
      contributions to crystallographic least-squares calculations which have recently
      been developed have been for protein or polynucleotide structure refinement. It
      is clear that these new techniques and those of the early 1960s are more
      economical than the full-matrix least-squares method even for small-molecule
      structures.

PMID- 2417093
TI  - Constrained-restrained least-squares (CORELS) refinement of proteins and nucleic
      acids.

PMID- 2417094
TI  - Distinct reactivities of four monoclonal antibodies with human interleukin 2
      receptor.
AB  - Two new murine monoclonal IgG1 antibodies, H-31 and H-A26, were characterized in
      comparison with two previously obtained monoclonal antibodies against human
      interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor (IL-2 R), anti-Tac and HIEI. In immunofluorescence
      assays with various human hematopoietic cells, H-31 and H-A26 antibodies both
      reacted with only IL-2 R-positive cells, and they precipitated IL-2 R molecules,
      glycoproteins with molecular weights of 60K and 53K daltons (gp60/gp53), from
      human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-carrying MT-2 cells, as demonstrated
      by sequential immunoprecipitation after absorption of IL-2 R with anti-Tac.
      Antibody-binding competition assays showed that H-31 and anti-Tac, and H-A26 and
      HIEI, respectively, competed reciprocally in binding to the cells, and that anti
      Tac also inhibited the binding of HIEI but not vice versa. H-31, like anti-Tac,
      strongly inhibited the IL-2-dependent proliferation of normal activated T-cells,
      absorption of IL-2 and direct binding of IL-2 to the cells, while H-A26, like
      HIEI, inhibited those processes only weakly. The spectra of reactivities of these
      antibodies with various simian cell lines derived by HTLV-I infection were
      different, as revealed by immunofluorescence studies. Human IL-2 R was shown to
      express a unique antigenic determinant, detected with HIEI, that was not
      detectable in IL-2 R molecules of Old and New World monkeys, and also to express
      determinants common to simian IL-2 R molecules. These observations indicate that
      H-31 and H-A26 recognize human IL-2 R molecules and that the antigenic sites on
      the IL-2 R molecule defined by H-31, H-A26, anti-Tac, and HIEI are different.

PMID- 2417095
TI  - Microvillar enzymes in amniotic fluid. Considerations for the prenatal diagnosis
      of cystic fibrosis.
AB  - The activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and the proportion of
      alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity that remains in cell-free amniotic fluid (AF)
      after inhibition by amino acids ("residual ALP activity") have been evaluated as
      possible prenatal diagnostic tests for cystic fibrosis. A total of 1511 AFs were
      examined. In 1435 "reference" AFs (excluding those from pregnancies with a known
      fetal abnormality and those with a known one in four risk of cystic fibrosis) at
      14-24 weeks' gestation, the mean residual ALP activity in the presence of 2.5
      mmol/L L-phenylalanine was 32% (median, 28%) and in 10.0 mmol/L L-homoarginine it
      was 70% (median, 72%). AFs were arbitrarily considered to be "abnormal" if the
      residual activity was greater than 50% in L-phenylalanine and less than 50% in L
      homoarginine. An abnormal residual ALP activity pattern was found in nine of 27
      pregnancies which resulted in a neural tube (or other developmental) defect and
      in five of the 10 pregnancies with a chromosomal abnormality; a further 23 (1.6%)
      abnormal patterns occurred in the 1435 reference AFs from pregnancies that were
      believed to have had a normal outcome. However, of an additional 23 AFs that were
      sampled at the 25th week of pregnancy or later, 13 had an abnormal residual
      activity pattern; the outcome at term in each case was normal. The residual
      activity of ALP in the presence of either inhibitor did not change with
      increasing gestational age. However, the absolute amount of ALP that was
      inhibited by L-phenylalanine (the so-called "phe-inhibitable activity") was
      greatest at 18 weeks. GGT activity decreased with increasing length of gestation.
      Of the AF samples from 16 pregnancies at one in four risk for cystic fibrosis
      that were obtained at 18 weeks' gestation, 11 AFs had a normal residual ALP
      activity pattern, normal GGT and normal phe-inhibitable ALP activity. Of these
      11, five have come to term and the infants are not affected by cystic fibrosis.
      Three of the 16 AFs had an abnormal residual ALP activity pattern, low GGT and
      low phe-inhibitable ALP activity; these pregnancies were assessed to be affected
      by cystic fibrosis and termination was chosen in each case. The two remaining AFs
      had borderline, paradoxical GGT and residual ALP activity, and initially could
      not be classified clearly into either of the two groups; however, phe-inhibitable
      ALP activity was low in each. These pregnancies are continuing.

PMID- 2417096
TI  - Corticosteroid drugs: their role in oncological practice.

PMID- 2417097
TI  - Aspects of immunobiology and immunotherapy and uses of monoclonal antibodies and
      biologic immune modifiers in human gliomas.
AB  - Recent progress in brain tumor biology research has helped us to understand the
      causes of our failure to improve patient survival with current therapeutic
      approaches. Present combination regimens of surgery, radiotherapy, and
      chemotherapy fail to address adequately two inherent biologic properties of brain
      tumors: tumor-induced host immunosuppression and tumor cell heterogeneity. Future
      success in immunotherapy will depend on our ability to dissect the mechanisms
      involved in tumor-host interactions. Also, therapies may have to be
      individualized. The potential for MAs in research and clinical application is
      great owing to their unlimited discriminative power for molecular and functional
      characterization. Differential diagnosis of difficult cases, such as
      parenchymatous tumors or neoplastic cells in CSF, with panels of MAs will be
      available in the near future. The use of MAs to direct localization and therapy
      of brain tumors is also promising, as evidenced by the preliminary data from our
      laboratory and from those of other workers. Other applications of MAs, such as
      prevention of invasion and metastasis by targeting cell surface molecules
      involved in cell-matrix attachment function, are also under study. Future
      refinement in MA-specificity and in enhancement of MA-delivery to tumor sites
      will significantly complement new therapeutic approaches. As brain tumors evade
      immunosurveillance through active participation in inducing tumor-specific
      immunosuppression, successful immunotherapy, either passive serotherapy or active
      immunization, will be best achieved in patients with a slight or moderate
      immunosuppressive state. Alteration of immune status with various biologic
      response modifiers to boost host reactivity against tumors will be an important
      adjunct in our arsenal against brain tumors. IFNs, with their direct tumoricidal
      activity, and lymphokines (such as interleukin-2) may be such reagents with a
      promising future.

PMID- 2417098
TI  - [Effect of peritoneal lavage on renal function in experimental acute
      pancreatitis].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of peritoneal lavage on renal
      function. Pancreatitis was induced by a forceful retrograde injection of 1 ml/kg
      of 15% Na-taurocholate into the main pancreatic duct of the dog. Dogs were
      divided into two groups. Group NT consisted of 7 dogs which received no
      treatment. Group PL consisted of 7 dogs which underwent peritoneal lavage (20
      ml/kg) 5 times for 6 hrs each. In group NT, renal blood flow started to decrease
      at 1 hr after Na-taurocholate injection. At 6 hrs, renal blood flow decreased to
      50% of the initial level. On the other hand, renal blood flow in group PL
      decreased to only 75% of the initial value at 6 hrs. Although FENa (excreted
      fraction of the filtered sodium) and urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase
      elevated in group pL, these values were significantly lower than those in group
      NT. Serum pancreatic enzyme levels in group pL were also kept lower than in group
      NT from 3 hrs to the end of the experiment with a significant difference. These
      results suggest that peritoneal lavage is effective not only for diminishing
      serum pancreatic enzymes but also protecting the kidney from ischemic damage on
      acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 2417099
TI  - The reversible cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine has channel-blocking and
      agonist effects on the acetylcholine receptor-ion channel complex.
AB  - The actions of the carbamate cholinesterase inhibitors, physostigmine (Phy) and
      physostigmine methiodide (MetPhy), were studied on the acetylcholine receptor-ion
      channel complex (AChR) of skeletal muscles. Low concentrations of these agents
      produced cholinesterase inhibition which resulted in potentiation of nerve
      elicited muscle twitches and an increased peak amplitude and prolongation of the
      decay time constant (tau EPC) of endplate currents (EPCs) elicited in frog (Rana
      pipiens) sartorius muscles. However, increasing concentrations of Phy depressed
      the peak amplitude and shortened the decay phase of the EPC with an apparent loss
      in the voltage dependence of tau EPC. At higher concentrations and depolarized
      potentials, EPC decays were double exponential. The effects of both Phy and
      MetPhy on the postsynaptic AChR complex were also evident in preparations
      pretreated with diisopropylfluorophosphate. Under these conditions, a linear
      relationship between the reciprocal of tau EPC and the concentration of these
      agents was observed. Single channel studies revealed that Phy (20-600 microM)
      shortened channel lifetime and decreased channel conductance at very high
      concentrations. In addition, Phy (0.5 microM) induced the appearance of channel
      openings with conductance similar to that of acetylcholine. High concentrations
      (greater than 50 microM) of this agent activated channel openings with decreased
      conductance. Similar results were obtained with MetPhy. Thus, the reversible
      cholinesterase inhibitors Phy and MetPhy altered the properties of the AChR by
      interacting as agonists capable of inducing desensitization and blockade.

PMID- 2417100
TI  - [Multigene organization of structural genes as a phenomenon of eukaryotic
      organisms].
AB  - The paper contains a short review of the data on multigene families of protein
      genes. Structural features and organization of a number of multigene systems
      coding for proteins are described as models of eukaryotic gene loci arrangements.
      Based on the extensive information of multigene families, the principles of
      eukaryotic genome organization are discussed.

PMID- 2417101
TI  - [Principles of selective inactivation of the virus genome. IV. The effect of UV
      irradiation of phage MS2 on its binding with anti-MS2-immunoglobulins].
AB  - Ultraviolet (254 nm) irradiation of the bacteriophage MS2 results in the decrease
      of the number of antigenic determinants exposed on the virion surface. The cross
      section of the decrease, as measured by the number of anti-MS2 IgG molecules
      bound per virion, is 10(-16) mm2 per photon. The decrease of the phage-antibody
      binding proceeds after irradiation with a rate constant of about 5 x 10(-3) min
      1. Since the antigenic determinants of the phage MS2 coat protein does not
      contain photoreactive amino acid residues, the irradiation-induced decrease of
      the phage antibody binding is determined, most probably, by the shielding of the
      antigenic determinants. Such shielding could be caused by rearrangement of coat
      protein molecules and/or of the capsid induced by photomodification of non
      antigenic fragments of coat protein and/or of intraphage RNA.

PMID- 2417102
TI  - [Study of normal human fetal and adult hemoglobins by Mossbauer spectroscopy].
AB  - Human normal fetal and adult hemoglobins were investigated by Mossbauer
      spectroscopy. The differences discovered in quadrupole splitting are connected
      with distinctions in protein molecular structures. An approximation of Mossbauer
      spectra of hemoglobins in supposition of nonequivalence of Fe(II) electronic
      structure in alpha-, beta- and gamma-subunits in tetramers was proposed.
      Qualitative analysis of the relationship of Fe(II) electronic structure,
      molecular structure of the active site and functionality of hemoglobin was
      carried out.

PMID- 2417103
TI  - [Polarization of intrinsic fluorescence of proteins. IV. Changes in the degree of
      polarization from the emission spectra].
AB  - A smooth decrease of the fluorescence emission polarization as the wavelength of
      registration increases along the emission spectrum was determined for some
      proteins and also for tryptophan, N-acetyl-tryptophan and glycyl-tryptophan.
      Various factors that can explain the way of the curve were analysed. A special
      attention was paid to the problem of the possibility of the 1Lb oscillator
      participation in the emission. It is shown that in the case of dual fluorescence
      emission from both 1La and 1Lb states the position and the shape of polarized
      components of emission spectrum and the magnitude of the ratio r320/r365, that
      characterizes the slope of the curve P = f(lambda em), must always depend upon
      lambda ex. Nevertheless it is shown that the dependences of r320/r365 upon lambda
      ex, found for some proteins are explained by the contribution of tyrosine
      residues into emission and there are no reasons to assume the participation of
      the 1Lb oscillator in the emission (even in the case of the proteins with
      shortwave spectrum position as L-asparaginase). It is shown that the slope of the
      curve in the case of individual emission centres is determined by the alteration
      of the electronic states between which the transition accompanied by the emission
      takes place. Heterogeneity of the fluorescence centres, that are to some or other
      extent inherent to proteins, also can influence the slope of the curve P = f
      (lambda em).

PMID- 2417104
TI  - [Comparative study of the kinetics of the reduction of cytochrome c and the
      nitroxide radical in reversed aerosol OT micelles in octane].
AB  - The comparison of the reduction kinetics of cytochrome c and nitroxide radical by
      ascorbate in reversed micelles of aerosol OT in octane was studied. The plot of
      the dependence of the reduction rate constant on the micelle hydratation is bell
      shaped in the case of protein but shows the plateau form for the radical. The
      reaction rates decreases at high micelle concentrations. The equations have been
      drawn that connect the experimental rate constants with intramicellar
      biomolecular rate constant (km) for reagents unsolved in organic phase. In the
      case of strong hydratated micelles km for the radical reduction is practically
      equal to the rate constant in aqueous solution. For cytochrome c the ratio of
      these constants is less than 0.22, that may be explained by protein
      conformational changes detected by optical methods. For small micelle hydratation
      the dependence of the cytochrome reduction rate on ascorbate concentration is
      characterized by plateau. Under these conditions the limited stage of reaction is
      apparently the transition of the protein to the active conformation.

PMID- 2417105
TI  - [tRNA genes of pro- and eukaryotes. II. Gene expression and processing of gene
      products].
AB  - The up-to-date state of investigations on cytoplasmic tRNA genes expression and
      processing of gene products are reviewed. Special emphasize is given to data on
      RNAase P and splicing.

PMID- 2417106
TI  - [Structural and immunochemical analysis of the products of proteolysis of simian
      adenovirus hexons].
AB  - Hexon capsomers of simian adenovirus sim16 (SA7) and of human adenoviruses h5
      (Ad5) and h6 (Ad6) were proteolytically digested and the resulting products
      studied by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by radioimmunoprecipitation
      analysis. The trypsinolysis of native SA7 hexon leads to a stable molecular
      "core" containing 4-5 fragment species of 10 to 65 kDa and resembling the intact
      capsomer in quarternary structure (trimer). Similar cores but consisting of
      smaller fragments (less than 40 kDa) were obtained after chymotryptic digestion
      of native SA7, Ad5 and Ad6 hexons. The chymotryptic hexon fragments were also
      held together in pseudotrimeric structures. The similarity of proteolytic hexon
      fragment patterns between different primate adenoviral hexons suggested a
      homology to exist in localisation of the exposed tryptic and chymotryptic
      cleavage sites in their respective hexon polypeptide chains. Papain caused a
      complete hydrolysis of native SA7 hexon (trimer) yielding small peptides, but at
      first stage of digestion a stable papain hexon core containing small fragments
      (less than 10 kDa) was observed. The tryptic SA7 hexon cores in native state
      retained their antigenicity in reactions with homo- and heterologous antibodies,
      but after core denaturation the resulting fragments had no antigenic activity of
      native capsomer. In contrast to the data previously published, chymotryptic cores
      of SA7, Ad5 and Ad6 hexons not only reacted with respective homologous antibodies
      but also retained (at least in part) cross-reactive antigenic determinants. The
      questions of formation and stability of native adenoviral hexon conformation are
      discussed as well as the possible nature of hexon antigenic determinants.

PMID- 2417107
TI  - [Secondary structure of total protein and 23S RNA in 50S ribosomal subunits and
      in the isolated state].
AB  - Optical and sedimentational studies of isolated 23S RNA, total proteins and some
      RNP-complexes of the 50S subunits were carried out. It is shown that the
      secondary structure content of 23S RNA in the ribosome is lower than in the
      isolated state. Ribosomal proteins stabilize the 23S RNA structure and make it
      more compact. At the same time they cause some unwinding effect on the secondary
      structure of the 23S RNA and possibly fix some segments of the 23S RNA in the
      conformation necessary for its function. In turn, the 23S RNA increased somewhat
      the level of the total ordered secondary structure in the ribosomal proteins.
      There was no considerable change of the ratio between the alpha- and beta
      structures in the proteins.

PMID- 2417108
TI  - Identification and characterization of a hapten-modifiable TEPC 15 cross-reactive
      idiotype in swine.
AB  - Rabbits and swine immunized with TEPC 15 IgA, goats immunized with T15-positive
      IgM and swine immunized with affinity-pure swine anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) all
      produce antibodies which recognize a hapten-inhibitable idiotypic determinant on
      swine anti-PC. The similarity in reactivity and order of inhibitability with
      various PC analogs of the heterologous (swine anti-TEPC 15) and isologous (swine
      anti-swine anti-PC) reagents indicates that they recognize a related idiotype and
      suggest it may be the predominant idiotype expressed on swine anti-PC antibodies.
      The heterologous and isologous anti-idiotypic reagents generated in this study
      recognize swine and mouse anti-PC but not normal swine IgM, IgG or MOPC 460. Only
      reactions with swine anti-PC and mouse T15-positive anti-PC proteins are hapten
      inhibitable. The greater inhibitory capacity of trimethylammonium and
      acetylcholine than PC suggests that the idiotope(s) recognized on swine anti-PC
      by the anti-idiotypic reagents is integral rather than peripheral to the anti-PC
      binding site. The nearly exclusive IgM anti-PC response of swine to Streptococcus
      pneumoniae R36A and PC-Brucella have so far hindered attempts to study the
      isotypic distribution of the idiotype.

PMID- 2417109
TI  - The antigenicity of synthetic peptide fragments of lactate dehydrogenase C4.
AB  - Lactate dehydrogenase C4 (LDH-C4) is an antigenic protein found only in
      spermatozoa and the mature testis. Synthetic peptides containing the amino acid
      sequences of the C-subunit, designated MC5-15, MC97-110 and MC211-220, were each
      conjugated to the carrier proteins diphtheria toxoid or bovine serum albumin.
      Rabbits immunized with these peptide-carrier conjugates produced antibodies to
      the peptide that cross-reacted with native LDH-C4. These data support our map
      that identifies antigenic domains of LDH-C4. Such synthetic peptides will be
      useful in the design of a contraceptive vaccine.

PMID- 2417110
TI  - Delineation of four carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) related antigens in normal
      plasma by transblot studies using monoclonal anti-CEA antibodies with different
      epitope specificities.
AB  - Antigens related to the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were isolated from normal
      human plasma by perchloric acid extraction, gel permeation chromatography and
      immunoaffinity chromatography using a monoclonal antibody with broad specificity
      and high affinity. The antigens were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose. The binding of five monoclonal
      anti-CEA antibodies with different epitope specificities to the immobilized
      antigens was analyzed. Two antigens with mol. wts of greater than 200,000 and
      177,000 bound all five antibodies, and two antigens with mol. wts of 114,000 and
      85,000 bound three of the five antibodies. The findings reported indicate that
      even monoclonal antibodies with high specificity for colonic cancer CEA detect
      CEA-related antigens in normal human plasma.

PMID- 2417111
TI  - Demonstration of a firm association between hepatitis B surface antigen proteins
      bearing polymerized human albumin binding sites and core-specific determinants in
      serum hepatitis B viral particles.
AB  - Hepatitis B viral particles (HB-VP) were purified from sera of chronic hepatitis
      B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive carriers by consecutive isopycnic and rate
      zonal sedimentation in sucrose gradients. Their immunological properties [HBsAg,
      hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) and hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) activities]
      were examined by a radioimmunoassay based upon the classical "sandwich
      principle". A double antibody specificity radioimmunoassay (DAS-RIA) was then
      developed to determine whether envelope proteins (HBsAg) with binding activity
      for polymerized human serum albumin (pHSA-BA) were associated with core-specific
      antigenicities (HBc/HBeAg). An e-antigen activity cosedimenting with intact HB-VP
      (negative for HBcAg reactivity) was detected in association with HBsAg and
      receptors for pHSA. The presence of HBcAg-specific determinant(s) on HBeAg
      molecules was also indicated by DAS-RIA. So, we postulated that such hepatitis B
      virion (HBV) specific molecules are involved in immune complexes with anti-HBc as
      antibodies in sera of patients with chronic HBV infection. To define the
      significance of these molecular forms in HB-VP morphogenesis, we studied the
      effects of a mild treatment with a chaotropic salt, NaSCN, on HB-VP-rich
      fractions (DNA polymerase positive). A small mol. wt HBeAg derived from HB-VP by
      dissociating treatment was detected. We found that core-specific determinants
      (HBe/HBcAg) were bound to large surface proteins (HBsAg) with pHSA-BA and
      therefore probably contained the pre-S sequence. The selective release from HB-VP
      of such molecular forms, which could be a product of the major S-region
      transcript, suggests that they may be components of complete virions.

PMID- 2417112
TI  - Tn epitopes, immunoreactive with ordinary anti-Tn antibodies, on normal,
      desialylated human erythrocytes and on Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen isolated
      therefrom.
AB  - Hybridoma generation, using specifically, maximally desialylated human blood
      group O erythrocytes (T RBC) as immunogen, and biochemical studies suggested the
      presence of immunogenic Tn epitopes. GalNAc alpha-O, on T RBC. We therefore
      investigated by immunochemical means whether or not Tn-specific epitopes
      immunoreactive with anti-Tn antibodies present in ordinary human sera occur on T
      RBC and on Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antigen prepared from them. We did detect the
      Tn epitope with such antibodies, in addition to the T epitope, on isolated T
      antigen. T RBC absorbed specifically, under standard conditions, 25-60% of the
      heterogeneous anti-Tn antibody populations in ordinary human sera of
      appropriately adjusted titer score. The anti-Tn eluted from T RBC had scores
      ranging from 6.5 to 35% of those of the unabsorbed parent sera. The varying fine
      specificities of eluted anti-Tn were demonstrated by inhibition of Tn RBC
      agglutination with putative haptens and antigens. Tn-specific haptens and
      antigens were the most powerful inhibitors. Depending on the serum used to
      prepare the anti-Tn eluates, the antibodies could be divided into those that were
      inhibited well exclusively by GalNAc alpha-O derivatives and those that were also
      inhibited by Gal, notably by Gal alpha-O derivatives and more strongly by GalNAc
      and Me-alpha-GalNAc. In the two reciprocal hemagglutination inhibition systems
      used, Tn-specific haptens were considerably more active than the T-hapten Gal
      beta 1----3GalNAc alpha-O, and desialylated ovine submaxillary mucin (AS-OSM) had
      higher activity than T antigen. Inhibition of Tn RBC agglutination by haptens was
      uniformly more efficient than that of T RBC; this is, at least in part, due to
      the much higher negative charge of Tn as opposed to T RBC. In microprecipitin
      tests, Helix pomatia lectin was nearly as powerful a precipitin of T antigen as
      of AS-OSM. The importance of the terminal GalNAc alpha of T antigen for its
      precipitation with the Helix lectin was demonstrated by the very high and
      virtually exclusive inhibitory activity of Me-alpha-GalNAc and GalNAc. Our
      findings may contribute to comprehension of the significance of uncovered Tn in
      most carcinomas, and the role of anti-Tn as a "natural" anti-carcinoma antibody.
      They may also help illuminate the rare heterozygous, autosomal, apparently
      premalignant spot mutation that leads to Tn RBC in vivo.

PMID- 2417113
TI  - Cardiac arrhythmias in the elderly: selected aspects.

PMID- 2417114
TI  - Genotoxicity of formaldehyde and an evaluation of its effects on the DNA repair
      process in human diploid fibroblasts.
AB  - Formaldehyde treatment of human fibroblasts gave rise to DNA damage detected by a
      nick translation assay. This damage was not repaired by typical 'long-patch'-type
      excision repair as evidenced by the failure of DNA repair inhibitor post
      treatment to elevate the amount of DNA strand breakage. In addition, the effects
      of formaldehyde on DNA repair were examined in light of a recent report
      suggesting that formaldehyde inhibited the repair of X-ray-induced strand breaks
      and UV- and benzo [a]pyrene diol epoxide-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in
      human bronchial cells. We report that formaldehyde (1) was ineffective at
      inhibiting the sealing of X-ray- or bleomycin-induced DNA strand breaks, (2) did
      not inhibit the removal of pyrimidine dimers from cellular DNA at short treatment
      times, and (3) that the previously observed inhibition of unscheduled DNA
      synthesis was most likely due to the inhibition of uptake of labeled precursor
      into formaldehyde-treated cells. Thus, our findings are not consistent with the
      notion that formaldehyde inhibits the repair process in human fibroblasts.
      Finally, formaldehyde was shown to elevate the level of misincorporation of bases
      into synthetic polynucleotides catalyzed by E. coli DNA polymerase I, indicating
      that the mutagenicity of formaldehyde may be due to covalent alteration of DNA
      bases.

PMID- 2417115
TI  - Secreted and circulating antigens of the filarial parasite Brugia pahangi:
      analysis of in vitro released components and detection of parasite products in
      vivo.
AB  - A range of excretory-secretory (ES) antigens have been characterised following in
      vitro culture of adult Brugia pahangi filarial nematodes in serum-free medium.
      Analysis by radioiodination, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, and immunoprecipitation of purified macromolecules with
      antibodies from human and experimental animal infections reveals both host and
      parasite components. Two host molecules appear by molecular weight and
      immunoprecipitation analysis to be immunoglobulin and serum albumin, presumed to
      be taken up from the jird host from which adult worms were recovered. A further
      prominent component, of 19 kDa, reacts with neither anti-host nor anti-filarial
      antibodies, and may represent a non-immunogenic parasite product. Three
      additional bands, although less intensely radiolabelled, did prove to be
      consistently antigenic, with apparent molecular weights of 15, 29 and 40 kDa. A
      further ES antigen, which does not take up radio-iodine or lend itself to
      electrophoretic analysis, has also been detected. This molecule reacts in a
      immunoradiometric assay in which monoclonal antibody directed against a
      repetitive epitope acts both to capture and indicate antigen presence. The same
      antibody, Bp-1, may also be employed to detect circulating antigen in the serum
      of animals experimentally infected with Brugia pahangi, and in the serum of
      patients with each of the three species of human lymphatic filariasis, Brugia
      malayi, Brugia timori and Wuchereria bancrofti.

PMID- 2417116
TI  - Stage and sex specific differences in actin gene expression in Schistosoma
      mansoni.
AB  - We have characterized actin gene expression in Schistosoma mansoni at the RNA and
      protein levels. Northern blot analyses showed two size classes of actin mRNA in
      eggs, cercariae and adult worms of both sexes, approximately 1 900 and 1 400
      bases in length. A higher abundance of actin mRNA of both size classes was
      demonstrated in male worms than in eggs, cercariae, and females. Using a
      phalloidin-rhodamine conjugate, male worms were observed to contain more actin
      protein than females. Southern blot-hybridization indicated that the sexual
      differences in actin mRNA and protein levels were not related to some S. mansoni
      actin genes being sex linked. In addition, two other trematodes, Schistosoma
      japonicum and Fasciola hepatica and a cestode, Taenia pisiformis contained two
      classes of actin mRNA similar in size as those in S. mansoni. In contrast, a
      turbellarian, Dugesia tigrina contained only a single short actin message size
      class approximately 1 400 bases in length.

PMID- 2417117
TI  - Comparative structural analysis of calmodulins from Trypanosoma brucei, T.
      congolense, T. vivax, Tetrahymena thermophila and bovine brain.
AB  - Calmodulin is an intracellular calcium receptor protein utilized extensively by
      eukaryotic cells to mediate responsiveness to calcium signals. The present study
      evaluates the effects on protein structure of amino acid substitutions in
      trypanosome calmodulin. Calmodulin conformation, hydrophobicity and antigenic
      determinants are compared among Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma congolense,
      Trypanosoma vivax, Tetrahymena thermophila and bovine brain. Trypanosome
      calmodulin differs from brain and Tetrahymena calmodulins based upon isoelectric
      point, retention time on a C-2/C-18 reverse phase column and interaction with
      polyclonal antibodies against trypanosome calmodulin by radioimmunoassay or
      Western procedures. These same analyses do not distinguish trypanosome
      calmodulins from each other. Polyclonal antibodies against Tetrahymena calmodulin
      are equally specific and do not recognize the trypanosome or brain calmodulins.
      Calcium-induced exposure of hydrophobic binding sites are quantitated using the
      fluorescent probe, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine. All calmodulins, regardless of
      source, enhance the fluorescence of N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine 3-4 fold in the
      presence of calcium. These data demonstrate the extent to which functional
      calmodulins vary in their structures. We conclude that African trypanosomes share
      a common calmodulin that is structurally distinct from calmodulin of vertebrates
      or Tetrahymena.

PMID- 2417118
TI  - Expression of ras oncogene p21 in prostate cancer.
AB  - The major neoplastic transformation-inducing genes of human solid tumors are
      members of the ras oncogene family. We used an immunohistochemical assay to
      assess expression of both the unaltered and the mutated ras oncogene protein
      (p21) in normal and neoplastic prostatic cells. With the concentration of
      monoclonal antibody used in this study, epithelial and stromal cells from
      subjects with normal prostates and from 19 patients with benign prostatic
      hyperplasia were negative for p21 antigen. This antigen was detected in 2 of 6
      prostates with Grade I carcinoma, 4 of 6 with Grade II, and all of 17 with higher
      grades. A semiquantitative immunohistochemical method demonstrated that
      expression of the p21 antigen in a carcinoma strongly correlated with nuclear
      anaplasia and was inversely related to the degree of glandular differentiation.
      However, markedly anaplastic tumors were often more heterogeneous in expression
      of p21 and contained areas of low staining for the antigen. Comparison of p21
      antigen with tumor carcinoembryonic antigen and prostate-specific antigen
      demonstrated that ras p21 was the only phenotypic marker that correlated with
      histologic tumor grade. Thus, ras oncogene p21 may represent a new class of
      biologically relevant tumor markers and may be a useful adjunct to
      histopathologic examination in determining the prognosis of patients with
      prostate cancer.

PMID- 2417119
TI  - Abrogation by chemotherapy of T-cell antigen expression in B-cell chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2417120
TI  - Levels of quantitative analysis of receptor autoradiography: technical and
      theoretical issues.

PMID- 2417121
TI  - Complementary DNA sequences of ovarian follicular fluid inhibin show precursor
      structure and homology with transforming growth factor-beta.
AB  - Inhibin, a specific and potent polypeptide inhibitor of the secretion of follicle
      stimulating hormone (FSH), of gonadal origin and thus a potential contraceptive,
      may constitute a missing link in the mechanism controlling the differential
      secretion of the pituitary gonadotropins. Inhibin-like bioactivity has been
      reported in various fluids and extracts of testis and in ovarian follicular
      fluid. Although there have been several attempts to purify inhibin from seminal
      plasma, purification from follicular fluid has been more successful (refs 14-16;
      for review see ref. 17). We have previously isolated two forms (A and B) of
      inhibin from porcine follicular fluid. Each form comprised two dissimilar
      subunits of relative molecular mass (Mr) 18,000 (18K, referred to here as the
      alpha-subunit) and 14K (the beta-subunit), crosslinked by one or more disulphide
      bridge(s). Forms A and B differ in the N-terminal sequence of their 14K subunit.
      Preliminary structural characterization of porcine and bovine ovarian inhibins
      shows that they have similar properties. Here, we have used the N-terminal amino
      acid sequence data on the subunits of each inhibin to identify cloned
      complementary DNAs encoding the biosynthetic precursors and report that inhibins
      are the product of a gene family that also includes transforming growth factor
      beta (TGF-beta) and whose structural organization is similar to that of pituitary
      and placental glycoprotein hormones.

PMID- 2417122
TI  - A large anion-selective channel has seven conductance levels.
AB  - Ion channels have generally been found to have two predominant conductance levels
      thought to be associated with 'open' and 'closed' states, but intermediate
      (subconductance) states have also been reported. We have now found that a large
      conductance, anion-selective channel in pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells can
      adopt any of six open levels of conductance that are integer multiples of 60-70
      pS. The channel is usually either fully open or fully closed. The frequencies of
      the different conductance levels are inconsistent with the notion that there are
      six independent channels. We suggest that the channel consists of six conducting
      pathways in parallel, 'co-channels', with a shared gating mechanism that can
      synchronously render all of them non-conducting. Other channels with lower
      maximum conductance may operate in a similar way but multiple conductance levels
      would not easily be detected because of a less favourable signal-to-noise ratio.

PMID- 2417123
TI  - Mycobacterium leprae-specific protein antigens defined by cloned human helper T
      cells.
AB  - Leprosy displays a remarkable spectrum of symptoms correlating with the T-cell
      mediated immune reactivity of the host against the causative organism,
      Mycobacterium leprae. At one pole of this spectrum are lepromatous leprosy
      patients showing a M. leprae-specific T-cell unresponsiveness; at the other are
      tuberculoid leprosy patients displaying both acquired immunity and delayed-type
      hypersensitivity against M. leprae which are thought to be conferred by helper T
      (Th) cells. Because well-defined M. leprae antigens are crucial for the
      prevention and control of leprosy, we have cloned M. leprae-reactive T cells
      (TLC) of the helper phenotype from a tuberculoid leprosy patient. As reported
      here, these TLC show an unexpected diversity in the recognition of M. leprae and
      related mycobacteria, which is different from that exhibited by monoclonal
      antibodies. Half of these TLC are completely or almost M. leprae-specific,
      whereas the other half are cross-reactive with most or all other mycobacteria. A
      M. leprae protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) 36,000 (36K) defined by a M.
      leprae-specific monoclonal antibody stimulates 4 out of 6 TLC tested. Each of
      these TLC recognizes a different antigenic determinant, one of which is M. leprae
      specific. The previous paper describes other M. leprae-specific T-cell clones
      half of which recognize an epitope on a M. leprae protein of Mr 18 K.

PMID- 2417124
TI  - Synapsin I is a microtubule-bundling protein.
AB  - Synapsin I, a synaptic vesicle protein, is thought to be involved in the
      regulation of neurotransmission through its phosphorylation by the cyclic AMP
      dependent and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases which become activated
      upon depolarization of nerve endings. However, despite its recent
      characterization as a spectrin-binding protein immunologically related to
      erythrocyte protein 4.1, other interactions of synapsin I with structural
      proteins remain unknown. We report here that synapsin I can co-cycle with
      microtubules through three cycles of warm polymerization and cold
      depolymerization. Synapsin I binds saturably to microtubules stabilized by taxol,
      with an estimated dissociation constant (Kd) of 4.5 microM and a stoichiometry of
      1.2 mol of synapsin binding sites per mol tubulin dimer. Synapsin I also
      increases the turbidity of tubulin solutions at 37 degrees C, but without causing
      detectable alterations in the critical concentration required for polymerization.
      Mixtures of synapsin I and tubulin observed by negative stain electron microscopy
      contain bundles of microtubules, accounting for the effect of synapsin I on
      tubulin turbidity. Synapsin I is thus a candidate to mediate or regulate the
      interaction of synaptic vesicles with microtubules.

PMID- 2417125
TI  - IgE-mediated degranulation of mast cells does not require opening of ion
      channels.
AB  - Rat peritoneal mast cells respond to antigenic stimulation by releasing histamine
      through exocytosis. The dynamics of exocytosis can be investigated by dialysing
      single cells with patch pipettes using the whole-cell recording configuration of
      the patch-clamp technique. However, dialysed cells fail to respond to external
      stimuli such as compound 48/80 or antigens, suggesting that essential cytoplasmic
      components have been washed out. We have developed a new patch-clamp
      configuration in which the patch under the pipette tip is not disrupted but
      instead permeabilized, preventing the diffusion of large molecules out of the
      cell. In this configuration the cell responds to external stimulation, and the
      capacitance as well as the conductance of the cell membrane can be recorded
      during degranulation. On antigenic stimulation, the cell capacitance
      (proportional to plasma membrane area), after an initial delay, increases by a
      factor of about 3. This increase in capacitance is often preceded by a transient
      increase in conductance. Agents that block Ca-activated channels inhibit this
      conductance change without affecting the amplitude and time course of
      degranulation. We therefore conclude that, in contrast to excitable secretory
      cells such as chromaffin cells, mast cells do not use ion channels in stimulus
      secretion coupling.

PMID- 2417126
TI  - [Structural-analytic thoughts on psychotherapy of schizophrenic patients].

PMID- 2417127
TI  - Bleomycin and pulmonary toxicity.

PMID- 2417128
TI  - [Intracellular sites of corticosteroid hormone action: demonstration of enhanced
      RNA synthesis in the distal parts of the nephron].
AB  - Chronic treatment by deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) is mainly responsible for
      an increase in uridine incorporation within cells of the cortical and medullary
      collecting tubules, reflecting an induction of RNA synthesis in segments
      considered as target sites for corticosteroid hormones.

PMID- 2417129
TI  - [An experimental study on the surgical vulnerability of the auditory tract].

PMID- 2417130
TI  - [Effect of calmodulin antagonist on the growth of rat glioma cells in culture].

PMID- 2417132
TI  - [Effect of intra-arterial sodium nitroprusside on intracranial pressure and
      cerebral autoregulation].

PMID- 2417131
TI  - [Effect of calmodulin antagonist on the growth of rat glioma cells in
      transplantation].

PMID- 2417133
TI  - [Changes of blood coagulability and effects of the platelet aggregation inhibitor
      (ticlopidine) in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs].

PMID- 2417134
TI  - [Myonecrosis following cerebral arterial spasm in meningitis. Case report].

PMID- 2417135
TI  - [Intracranial pressure monitoring by hydrostatic pressure balance method.
      Comparison with conventional method].

PMID- 2417136
TI  - [Randomized controlled study on the effect of adjuvant immunotherapy with OK-432
      on malignant gliomas].

PMID- 2417137
TI  - [Evaluation of radiation therapy for metastatic brain tumor by computed
      tomography].

PMID- 2417138
TI  - [Clinical study of traumatic intracerebellar hemorrhage].

PMID- 2417139
TI  - [Sagittal synostosis with increased intracranial pressure in an 8-year-old boy.
      Case report].

PMID- 2417140
TI  - [An enlarging intraventricular arteriovenous malformation. Case report].

PMID- 2417141
TI  - [Angioarchitecture in experimental hydrocephalus].

PMID- 2417142
TI  - [Effect of combined treatment of x-rays and ACNU on rat glioma cells in monolayer
      and multicellular spheroids].

PMID- 2417143
TI  - [An experimental model for deafferented pain in cats. Considerations based on
      neurochemical and electrophysiological findings].

PMID- 2417144
TI  - [Effect of middle cerebral artery occlusion on catecholamine metabolism in rat
      brain. The correlation with changes of cerebral blood flow and cerebral energy
      metabolism].

PMID- 2417145
TI  - [Effect of middle cerebral artery occlusion on serotonin metabolism in rat brain.
      The correlation with changes of cerebral blood flow and cerebral energy
      metabolism].

PMID- 2417146
TI  - [Automatic and serial monitoring of auditory evoked brain-stem responses.
      Application to severely brain-damaged cases].

PMID- 2417147
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of multi-modality brainstem evoked potentials as a monitor
      for severe head injury].

PMID- 2417148
TI  - [Computerized tomography features of ruptured cerebral arteriovenous
      malformation].

PMID- 2417149
TI  - [Fever mechanisms in ruptured intracranial aneurysm].

PMID- 2417150
TI  - [Surgical treatment of intracranial hematoma with congenital factor XIII
      deficiency. Case report].

PMID- 2417151
TI  - [Intrasellar epidermoid cyst. Case report].

PMID- 2417152
TI  - [Destruction hydrocephalus. Comments on its pathophysiology and case report].

PMID- 2417153
TI  - IgM paraproteinaemia, polyneuropathy and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG).

PMID- 2417154
TI  - The effect of tityustoxin and ruthenium red on the release of acetylcholine from
      slices of cortex of rat brain.
AB  - The effect of tityustoxin and ruthenium red on the release of acetylcholine from
      slices of cortex from the brain of the rat was studied. The results showed that
      ruthenium red stimulated the elicited release of acetylcholine (ACh) by
      tityustoxin. The effect was dependent on the incubation time and the
      concentration of ruthenium red. The stimulation was dependent on calcium and was
      blocked by the presence of tetrodotoxin and ethyleneglycol-bis(beta aminoethyl
      ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). It is suggested that the inhibition of
      buffering by calcium in mitochondria, by ruthenium red increased the level of
      ionized calcium in the symaptoplasm, causing an increase in the release of
      acetylcholine.

PMID- 2417155
TI  - Dihydropyridines change the uptake of calcium induced by depolarization into
      primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells.
AB  - The uptake of calcium (Ca++) into cerebellar granule cells in primary culture was
      increased by depolarizing the cells with either 60 mM KC1 or veratridine.
      Nitrendipine, at concentrations of 100 nM or greater, antagonized approximately
      40 percent of the depolarization induced Ca++ uptake. The half maximal
      concentration of nitrendipine was 7nM. Furthermore, another dihydropyridine
      derivative, BAY K 8644 enhanced the uptake of Ca++ and in the presence of
      nitrendipine, this facilitation of Ca++ uptake was reduced. Thus, these data
      indicate the existence of voltage dependent Ca++ channels which are sensitive to
      dihydropyridines in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells.

PMID- 2417156
TI  - Distribution of galanin immunoreactivity in the central nervous system and the
      responses of galanin-containing neuronal pathways to injury.
AB  - Radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry were used to study the distribution of
      galanin, a novel 29 amino acid porcine intestinal peptide, in the central nervous
      system of the rat and pig. The pattern of distribution was similar in the two
      species, with the highest concentrations of galanin-like immunoreactivity found
      in the neurohypophysis, hypothalamus and sacral spinal cord. Immunocytochemical
      studies of these regions localized galanin-like immunoreactivity to cell bodies
      in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, to fibres in
      the pars nervosa and to numerous cell bodies and fibres in the dorsal horn of the
      spinal cord. On both gel and high pressure liquid chromatography, galanin-like
      immunoreactivity in rat and pig nervous tissue eluted as a single peak in a
      position similar to purified procine intestinal galanin standard. Surgical and
      pharmacological manipulations in the rat suggest the presence of galanin in
      afferent fibres. An increase of galanin-like immunoreactivity was observed in the
      sacral spinal cord of the rat following thoracic spinal cord transection. Thus
      galanin-like immunoreactivity in the brain is mainly localized in the
      hypothalamopituitary region. The decrease of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the
      dorsal horn of the spinal cord, following dorsal rhizotomy and pre-treatment of
      rats with capsaicin, indicates that many of the fibres, which are of small
      diameter, may well be derived from spinal sensory neurones.

PMID- 2417157
TI  - Galanin nerve fibers in the rat gut: distribution, origin and projections.
AB  - Galanin, a 29 amino acid peptide, was recently isolated from the porcine gut.
      Immunocytochemistry revealed a dense network of galanin-immunoreactive nerve
      fibers in the submucosa, smooth muscle layers and intramural ganglia throughout
      the rat gastrointestinal tract. In the smooth muscle the density of innervation
      was lower in the colon than in the small intestine. In the mucosa galanin
      immunoreactive fibers were quite numerous in the small intestine, less numerous
      in the large intestine and rare in the stomach. A moderate number of galanin
      immunoreactive nerve cell bodies could be detected in the myenteric ganglia
      throughout the digestive tract and in the submucous ganglia of the intestines.
      Enteric galanin-immunoreactive fibers seem to be intrinsic to the
      gastrointestinal tract since their distribution and frequency were unaffected
      after extrinsic denervation (chemical sympathectomy, vagal denervation or
      clamping of nerves running within the mesenterium). Myectomy at the mid-jejunal
      level resulted in a total loss of galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibers 5 mm anally
      to the lesion with a gradual return of galanin-immunoreactive fibers up to 15-20
      mm further anally; there was no overt loss of fibers orally. The findings
      indicate that myenteric galanin-immunoreactive neurones issue long descending
      projections that terminate either within the myenteric ganglia or in the smooth
      muscle.

PMID- 2417158
TI  - Co-existence of glucagon- and substance P-like immunoreactivity in the chicken
      retina.
AB  - This immunohistochemical study of chicken retina using flat-mounts shows that
      pancreatic glucagon- and substance P-like immunoreactive amacrine cells have more
      heterogeneous subpopulations than was previously understood to be the case. Using
      double-staining immunohistochemical procedures we demonstrate that a substantial
      proportion of all subtypes of glucagon-like immunoreactive cells contain
      substance P-like immunoreactivity and that the ratio of the amacrine cells
      containing both peptides to total immunoreactive cells varies according to
      position in the retinal and cell type. These results suggest that retinal cells
      may have different functions according to position or cell type.

PMID- 2417159
TI  - Effects of dopamine superfusion on the activity of rabbit carotid chemoreceptors
      in vitro.
AB  - The effect of different concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mM) of dopamine on
      chemo-afferent activity was studied in the rabbit carotid body superfused in
      vitro. Excitation was the sole effect observed: it was always present for
      dopamine tests at 0.1 and 1 mM but was found in only 4 out of 9 tests at 0.01 mM
      and in 1 out of 5 tests at 0.001 mM. By comparison with a natural stimulus like
      hypoxia, dopamine excitation was delayed and had a much slower time course.
      Dopamine antagonists, (+)-butaclamol and haloperidol did not affect the responses
      to dopamine and to hypoxia. The results were not significantly altered when CO2
      was added to the superfusing medium. It is concluded that dopamine is not a
      likely excitatory transmitter for chemoreception in the rabbit carotid body.

PMID- 2417160
TI  - Morphological artifacts induced in intracellularly stained neurons by
      dehydration: circumvention using rapid dimethyl sulfoxide clearing.
AB  - In order to observe the fine details of intracellularly stained neurons in brain
      slices the slices must be cleared of opaque matter. This clearing process
      involves dehydration of the slice, which typically results in significant
      shrinkage of the cleared tissue. However, how this shrinkage affects neuronal
      morphology has not been demonstrated to date. In this paper we detail the
      artifacts induced in the morphology of stained neurons by this clearing process.
      During dehydration-induced shrinkage of the brain slices, neurons stained with
      the water-soluble dye, Lucifer yellow, demonstrated a dramatic decrease in size
      to less than two-thirds of their original dimensions. In contrast neurons stained
      with the horseradish peroxidase/diaminobenzidine reaction-product did not shrink
      with the slice; instead the dendrites bent and curled during dehydration with no
      loss in cell-soma size. We have managed to circumvent these artifacts by using as
      a clearing agent the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide, which is miscible in both
      aqueous and organic phases. This solvent will clear tissue slices without
      inducing the concomitant artifacts caused by tissue shrinkage occurring with the
      alcohol-dehydration process.

PMID- 2417161
TI  - Monoclonal gammopathy and neuropathy: myelin-associated glycoprotein reactivity
      and clinical characteristics.
AB  - Immunoblot analysis was performed on the serum from 29 patients with
      polyneuropathy and monoclonal gammopathy. Nine patients had IgM spikes, and six
      of the nine had reactivity against myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG)
      associated with a slowly progressive, predominantly sensory neuropathy. In
      contrast, 23 patients who lacked anti-MAG reactivity had more severe sensory
      motor neuropathy. Thus, IgM monoclonal gammopathy with reactivity against MAG may
      define a distinct clinical entity.

PMID- 2417162
TI  - Human cellular immune response to copolymer I and myelin basic protein.
AB  - Copolymer I (Cop I) is being tested as a treatment for MS because it protects
      animals against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, and because there is
      immunologic cross-reactivity reported between Cop I and myelin basic protein
      (MBP). From the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of four normal individuals, we
      isolated helper-phenotype T-cell lines that reacted in vitro with Cop I or MBP.
      Cop I-reactive cell lines did not respond to MBP, nor did MBP-reactive T-cell
      lines respond to Cop I. Antigen-specific immune tolerance was induced in MBP
      reactive cell lines by exposure to MBP in vitro, but similar exposure to Cop I
      did not induce tolerance in the MBP-reactive cell lines. We found no evidence of
      immunologic cross-reactivity between Cop I and MBP.

PMID- 2417163
TI  - [Indication and results of different technics in the palliative surgery of tumors
      of the hilus hepatis].

PMID- 2417164
TI  - [Neoplasms of the hilus hepatis: palliative treatment].

PMID- 2417165
TI  - In vitro testing for developmental toxicity using the Hydra attenuata assay.
AB  - The developmental hazard of six chemicals was tested in vitro in the Hydra
      attenuata assay which is based upon the differential toxicity between the adults
      and a regenerating stage known as an artificial "embryo". The toxicity of DMSO,
      ethyl alcohol, lindane and paracetamol was similar for both adults and embryos.
      On the other hand, sodium valproate and isoniazid was, respectively, seven and
      100 times more toxic for embryos than adults, thus indicating that these
      pharmaceuticals might pose developmental hazards to mammalian development. The
      differential toxicities seen in the Hydra assay reflect analogous data on
      laboratory animals.

PMID- 2417166
TI  - The toxic actions of MPTP and its metabolite MPP+ are not mimicked by analogues
      of MPTP lacking an N-methyl moiety.
AB  - 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), its metabolite 1-methyl-4
      phenylpyridine (MPP+) and three analogues of MPTP, lacking an N-methyl moiety,
      namely, 4-phenylpiperidine (I), 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (II) and 4
      phenylpyridine (III), were infused continuously for a period of 4 days into the
      rat substantia nigra. Within 12 h of commencing the bilateral infusion of MPTP or
      MPP+, rats showed marked motor deficits with reduction in locomotor activity,
      loss of ability to move the forelimbs and grip with forepaws and, following MPP+
      infusions, similar loss of movement in the hindlimbs associated with the
      development of limb and body rigidity. These motor deficits were not induced by
      the 3 analogues of MPTP on infusion into the substantia nigra. After 4 days of
      infusion, the motor deficits caused by MPTP and, in particular, MPP+, were still
      marked, and for MPP+ these correlated with marked loss of striatal dopamine (DA),
      3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid. 4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine caused a small loss in striatal DA and DOPAC, but the other
      analogues failed to modify the striatal content of DA or its metabolites. Small
      alterations of chemical structures related to MPTP and its metabolite can
      critically alter ability to induce behavioural and neurochemical changes
      reflecting toxicity on the nigrostriatal DA system.

PMID- 2417167
TI  - On the immunology of nerve growth factor.
AB  - We report some experiments on the immunological properties of nerve growth factor
      from the venom of Heloderma horridum and from bull seminal vesicles. On the basis
      of these results, taken together with results already in the literature, we
      propose an operational definition of the term nerve growth factor.

PMID- 2417168
TI  - Ketamine and phencyclidine cause a voltage-dependent block of responses to L
      aspartic acid.
AB  - Excitatory amino acids depolarize central mammalian neurons by increasing
      membrane conductance. This increase in conductance can be voltage-dependent (i.e.
      N-methyl-D-aspartate or L-aspartic acid (L-ASP)) or voltage-independent (i.e.
      kainic acid (KA)) depending on whether or not the channel is blocked by Mg2+
      [8,9]. Intracellular recordings were made from dissociated mouse spinal cord
      cells and conductance was calculated using constant current techniques. The
      dissociative anesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine caused a selective
      depression in the change in conductance evoked by L-ASP but not that by KA. Under
      whole cell voltage-clamp (in the absence of extracellular Mg2+) this depression
      of responses to L-ASP was found to be highly voltage-dependent suggesting a
      blockade of the channel.

PMID- 2417169
TI  - Serotonin turnover in raphe neurons transplanted into rat hippocampus.
AB  - Injections of the neurotoxin, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, into rostral raphe nuclei
      in rats reduced serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in
      hippocampus to 35-50% of normal levels but only reduced 5-HT synthesis and
      catabolism by 20-35%. The small reduction in 5-HT metabolism as compared to
      depletion of 5-HT suggests that 5-HT turnover was increased in nerve terminals
      that survived the neurotoxin lesion. Transplantation of rat fetal raphe cells
      into the 5-HT-denervated hippocampus restored 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels and 5-HT
      synthesis to 125-150% of normal. This demonstrates that transplantation of fetal
      raphe tissue can restore metabolism to normal levels in the 5-HT denervated
      hippocampus.

PMID- 2417170
TI  - Age-dependent increase in [3H]verapamil binding to rat cortical membranes.
AB  - [3H]Nitrendipine bound to cerebral cortex membranes is displaced more efficiently
      by verapamil in old rats (24 months old) compared to young ones (3 months old).
      In addition, [3H]verapamil binding was studied in detail in 3-, 12- and 24-month
      old rats. Aging increases the Bmax of [3H]verapamil, leaving the affinity
      unchanged. These observations further indicate that aging may affect calcium
      channels leading to a derangement of calcium movements which in turn alter
      neuronal activity.

PMID- 2417171
TI  - Localization of axonally transported [125I]wheat germ agglutinin in rat abducens
      motoneuron axons and terminals after intracisternal injection.
AB  - Iodinated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) was taken up and transported by rat
      abducens motoneurons to nerve terminals in the lateral rectus muscle. Five days
      after intracisternal injection of lectin, axon terminals wee found to be the most
      radioactive source, based on the density of labeling. In axons the radioactive
      label was concentrated in an annular region about 1.26 microns wide beneath the
      plasma membrane. We hypothesize that the WGA was associated with smooth vesicular
      and tubular structures in the axoplasm but not limited to organelles immediately
      beneath the axon plasma membrane. No evidence of intercellular transfer to muscle
      cells was found.

PMID- 2417172
TI  - Cobalt ions block L-glutamate and L-aspartate-induced currents in cultured
      neurons from embryonic chick spinal cord.
AB  - The effects of Co2+ on L-glutamate and L-aspartate responses wee studied in
      cultured spinal cord neurons of the embryonic spinal cord of the chick by
      employing the patch-clamp technique in whole cell mode [9]. It was found that
      Co2+ blocks the responses at negative membrane potentials for both amino acids,
      while only partial inhibition was observed at positive membrane potentials. Co2+
      alone decreases the resting membrane current which exhibits reversal close to
      zero. It is suggested that the effects of Co2+ are produced by non-specific
      interaction with negative charges on the outer side of the membrane.

PMID- 2417174
TI  - Cyclic GMP controls rod phototransduction.

PMID- 2417173
TI  - Interactions between neuropeptides and dopamine neurons in the ventromedial
      mesencephalon.
AB  - Cholecystokinin (CCK), enkephalin, neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP) and
      substance K (SK) are five neuropeptides that exist in neuronal perikarya or
      fibers in the vicinity of the A10 dopamine neurons in the ventromedial
      mesencephalon. Based upon this anatomical proximity, many investigations have
      been evaluating the possibility that these peptides may influence the function of
      the A10 dopamine neurons. A variety of experimental techniques have been employed
      in this regard, including anatomical, electrophysiological, neurochemical and
      behavioral methodologies. Measurement of immunoreactive peptide levels with
      radioimmunoassay, and visualization of peptidergic neurons and fibers with
      immunocytochemistry has demonstrated not only that peptides exist in the vicinity
      of A10 dopamine neurons, but using double labeling techniques NT and CCK have
      been found to coexist with dopamine in the same neuron. Further, by combining
      retrograde tracing technique with immunocytochemistry, the origin of some
      peptidergic afferents to the ventromedial mesencephalon has been determined. With
      the exception of CCK-8, microinjection into the ventromedial mesencephalon of
      rats with all the peptides or potent analogues produces a dose-related increase
      in spontaneous motor activity. For SP, NT and enkephalin the motor response has
      been blocked by dopamine antagonists. Further, an increase in dopamine metabolism
      in mesolimbic dopamine terminal fields is produced concurrent with the behavioral
      hyperactivity. These data indicate that SP, SK, enkephalin and NT can activate
      dopamine neurons in the ventromedial mesencephalon. This postulate is supported
      by electrophysiological studies showing an excitatory action by iontophoretic
      administration of peptide onto dopamine neurons. However, in some studies,
      excitatory electrophysiological effects were not observed. While some
      observations are contradictory, sufficient data has accumulated that tentative
      postulates and conclusions can be made about how these peptides may influence the
      A10 dopamine neurons. Further, speculations are offered as to the role this
      modulatory action may play in the many behaviors and pathologies thought to
      involve these dopamine neurons.

PMID- 2417175
TI  - Electrical properties of ON-OFF transient amacrine cells in the carp retina.

PMID- 2417176
TI  - Does the plasma membrane of the rod outer segment contain more than one type of
      ion channel?

PMID- 2417177
TI  - Acupuncture.

PMID- 2417178
TI  - Comparative study of Harvey-ras oncogene expression with conventional
      clinicopathologic parameters of breast cancer.
AB  - We have previously examined the expression of the Harvey-ras (Ha-ras) oncogene
      related transcripts in human malignant breast tumors and in their respective
      normal tissue [Spandidos and Agnantis, Anticancer Res. 4: 269-272, 1984]. Our
      results revealed a significant elevation of Ha-ras transcripts in malignant
      compared to normal tissue. In the present follow-up study we have examined the
      relationship of Ha-ras oncogene expression to the various clinicopathological
      parameters of these tumors. Although elevated expression was observed in all
      breast tumors as compared to their respective normal breast tissue there was no
      correlation with the tumor stage as defined by the TNM system. However, several
      correlations between Ha-ras oncogene expression and histologic parameters were
      found and comparisons of the mean value of Ha-ras oncogene expression with the
      parameters examined showed the following: the stellate tumor margin and the
      larger tumor size had the lowest mean value; the infiltrating duct histologic
      type had the highest mean value; the mean value was lower in the presence of
      lymphocytic infiltration in the tumor; a higher mean value was obtained in cases
      with lymph node metastases.

PMID- 2417179
TI  - [Post-traumatic dystrophy of the hand (shoulder-hand syndrome)].

PMID- 2417180
TI  - [Palliative surgical management of inoperable esophago-cardial tumors using an
      endoprosthesis].

PMID- 2417181
TI  - [Comparative enzyme- and ultrasonic studies in acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 2417182
TI  - [Practice of prenatal diagnosis in the prevention of the birth of infants with
      neural tube defects].

PMID- 2417183
TI  - [Effect of gamma globulin on platelet count and function in childhood idiopathic
      thrombocytopenic purpura].

PMID- 2417184
TI  - Unusual and newly recognized patterns of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection
      with emphasis on the immunocompromised host.

PMID- 2417185
TI  - Differentiation of serosal hyperplasia and neoplasia in biopsies.

PMID- 2417186
TI  - Effect of age-dependent enzymatic degradation of zymosan into oligosaccharides
      during incubation with serum on its opsonization by complement.
AB  - Incubation of zymosan particles with serum was shown to be accompanied by their
      partial breakdown into the oligosaccharides maltose, maltotriose, and
      maltotetraose, that were quantified under the form of glucose after degradation
      by alpha-glucosidase. Incubation with normal adult serum yielded twice as much
      glucose than incubation with cord serum. The degradation of zymosan could be
      mimicked by incubation with purified pancreatic alpha-amylase. A correlation was
      also found between the amount of oligosaccharides released from the particles
      during their incubation with serum and the concentration of amylase in the sera.
      The latter is low in newborns and increases several-fold, to nearly adult levels,
      at 3-6 months of age. Preincubation of zymosan with purified pancreatic alpha
      amylase resulted in an approximately 50% increase in the binding of radioactive
      anti-C3c in the supernates obtained after subsequent incubation with cord serum
      but not with adult serum. With six of 24 cord sera, but not with adult serum, it
      also resulted in an augmentation of the chemiluminescence accompanying the
      phagocytosis of the particles after their opsonization. It is concluded that the
      relative inefficiency of cord and newborn serum in opsonizing zymosan is
      attributable not only to their lower content of the components of the alternative
      pathway of complement, but also to a lower concentration of serum amylase.

PMID- 2417187
TI  - [Evaluation of levamisole as an interferon inducer in young infants with
      respiratory viral infections].

PMID- 2417188
TI  - [Possible embryofetopathy caused by beta-blocker (sotalol) taken throughout the
      pregnancy].
AB  - The authors envisage the hypothesis of an embryofetal intoxication by a beta
      blocker (B-), sotalol, taken by the mother, not hypertensive, during all her
      pregnancy (160 mg/day). The fullterm newborn, hypotrophic and hypothermic, is
      suffering from facial dysmorphy with microcephaly, and present a severe tracheal
      stenosis associated with cardiopathy and important rhythm disorders: bradycardia
      and permanent bigeminate ventricular extrasystoles for three days. Course is
      fatal at five months old. On the occasion of this probable intoxication, a brief
      recall about pharmacology and physiopathology of transplacental passage of B-
      during pregnancy is done. Then, are enumerated the experimental repercussion of B
      blockers and their more often theoretical than real undesirable effects, on the
      fetus. Sotalol is possibly a B-specially aggressive, when it is prescribed
      abusively, on account of its excellent diffusibility and of its high tissular
      impregnation.

PMID- 2417189
TI  - Glucose dependent K+-channels in pancreatic beta-cells are regulated by
      intracellular ATP.
AB  - The resting conductance of cultured beta-cells from murine pancreases was
      investigated using the whole-cell, cell-attached and isolated patch modes of the
      patch-clamp technique. Whole-cell experiments revealed a high input resistance of
      the cells (greater than 20 G omega per cell or greater than 100 k omega X cm2),
      if the medium dialysing the cell interior contained 3 mM ATP. The absence of ATP
      evoked a large additional K+ conductance. In cell-attached patches single K+
      channels were observed in the absence of glucose. Addition of glucose (20 mM) to
      the bath suppressed the channel activity and initiated action potentials. Similar
      single-channel currents were recorded from isolated patches. In this case the
      channels were reversibly blocked by adding ATP (3 mM) to the solution at the
      intracellular side of the membrane. The conductances (51 pS and 56 pS for [K+]0 =
      145 mM, T = 21 degrees C) and kinetics (at -70 mV: tau open = 2.2 ms and 1.8 ms,
      tau closed = 0.38 ms and 0.33 ms) of the glucose- and ATP-dependent channels were
      found to be very similar. It is concluded that both channels are identical. The
      result suggests that glucose could depolarize the beta-cell by increasing the
      cytoplasmic concentration of ATP.

PMID- 2417190
TI  - Extra- and intracellular lanthanum: modified calcium distribution, inward
      currents and contractility in guinea pig ventricular preparations.
AB  - In guinea pig ventricular strips and isolated cells, 0.1 mM LaCl3 blocks
      contractility and shortens the action potential (AP) in less than 2 min ("early
      La-effect"). After 30 min, it prolongs the APs which trigger slow contractions
      ("late La-effect"). These results confirm earlier reports. X-ray microprobe
      analysis shows that La initially displaces only a small fraction of that Ca which
      is superficially bound to the sarcolemma. But, since this Ca is completely
      removed by Ca-free solutions within 2 min, we suggest that La blocks
      contractility not by displacing superficial Ca but by blocking the Ca inward
      current iCa. Blocking of iCa is analyzed with voltage clamp experiments. It is
      not La-specific, and can also be observed with other calcium channel blockers as
      well. When iCa has been blocked, the membrane can still generate 100-200 ms long
      plateaus via the sodium inward current iNa. During the late La-effect, the cells
      internalize La. Intracellular La is detected by x-ray microprobe analysis in
      cryosections of frozen muscles and as La-precipitates in EM images from freeze
      substituted preparations. Simultaneously, the cytosol gains Na and Ca, but the
      plasmalemmal and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes are no longer occupied by
      Ca but by La. The late La-effect on the prolongation of the AP is La-specific. In
      the absence of extracellular La, it can be induced by pressure injection of La
      into the cytosol. The long APs are based on an additional La, it can be induced
      by pressure injection of La into the cytosol. The long APs are based on an
      additional inward current which is insensitive to Ca-removal, is inactivated by
      holding potentials of -40 mV, and is TTX-sensitive. We suggest that the current
      flows through a fraction of original Na-channels that is modified by i.c. La with
      respect to inactivation and selectivity. We attribute the late re-occurrence of
      contractility to activator Ca entering from the bath. Ca-entry might be mediated
      via enhanced Na/Ca-exchange whose rate is increased by the i.c. Na-load. In
      addition, Ca may enter through the La-modified Na-channels due to their impaired
      selectivity. Since i.c. La is known to interfere with the Ca-sequestration by the
      SR, it is expected to impair relaxation.

PMID- 2417191
TI  - Action potentials and net membrane currents of isolated smooth muscle cells
      (urinary bladder of the guinea-pig).
AB  - Cells were isolated by incubating chunks of tissue from the urinary bladder of
      the guinea-pig in a high potassium, low chloride medium containing 0.2 mM calcium
      plus the enzymes collagenase and pronase. After isolation, the cells were
      superfused with a physiological salt solution (PSS) containing 150 mM NaCl, 3.6
      mM CaCl2 and 5.4 mM KCl (35 degrees C). Patch electrodes filled with an isotonic
      KCl-solution were used for whole cell recordings. With a single electrode voltage
      clamp we measured a capacitance of 50 +/- 5 pF per cell, an input resistance of
      200 +/- 25 kOhm X cm2 and a series resistance of 44 +/- 4 Ohm X cm2. The cells
      had resting potentials of -52 +/- 2 mV. They did not beat spontaneously but
      responded to stimuli with single action potentials (APs) which rose from the
      threshold (-38 mV) with a maximal rate of 6.5 +/- 1.8 V/s to an overshoot of 22
      +/- 3 mV. The AP lasted for 36 +/- 4 ms (measured between threshold and -40 mV).
      Continuous cathodal current produced repetitive activity, a pacemaker
      depolarization followed the AP and preceded the next upstroke. Net membrane
      currents evoked by clamp steps to positive potentials were composed of an inward
      and an outward component. The inward component generating the upstroke of the AP
      was carried by Ca ions (iCa, Klockner and Isenberg 1985). The repolarization
      resulted from a potassium outward current iK. Ca-channel blockers (5 mM NiCl2)
      reduced iK suggesting that (part of) iK was Ca-activated. iK rose within about
      100 ms to a peak of 40-200 muA/cm2 from which it inactivated slowly and
      incompletely. The inactivating iK followed a bell-shaped voltage-dependence, the
      noninactivating iK an outwardly rectifying one. Both parts had similar steady
      state inactivation curves with a half maximal inactivation potential at -36 mV
      and a slope of 9 mV. Repolarization to -50 mV induced outward tail currents which
      reversed polarity at -85 mV (the calculated potassium equilibrium potential). The
      amplitude and the time course of the envelope of the tail currents varied in
      proportion to iK during the prestep. Thus, the tail current is suggested to
      reflect the turning off of a potassium conductance which had been activated
      during the prepulse. iK was largely reduced but not blocked by 20 or 150 mM
      tetraethylammonium (TEA). TEA did not significantly change the resting potential,
      but it prolonged the AP and facilitated upstroke and overshoot.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2417192
TI  - Calcium currents of cesium loaded isolated smooth muscle cells (urinary bladder
      of the guinea pig).
AB  - Single smooth muscle cells isolated from the urinary bladder of the guinea-pig
      were studied at 35 degrees C in a solution composed of 150 mM NaCl, 3.6 mM CaCl2,
      1.2 mM MgCl2, 5.4 mM KCl, 20 mM TEA-Cl, 5 mM glucose, 10 mM HEPES/NaOH (pH 7.4).
      Whole cells were clamped with a single patch electrode. The clamp settled a step
      from -65 to -5 mV within 260 microseconds, and afterwards the voltage
      inhomogeneities were less than 2 mV (measured at the cell edge with a second
      electrode). The calcium inward current iCa was dissected from net currents by
      blocking potassium outward currents by means of patch electrodes filled with 130
      mM CsCl (Klockner and Isenberg 1985 a). Pyruvate, succinate and oxalacetate in
      the patch electrode stabilized iCa and prevented its "run down". 140 ms long
      clamp steps from -65 to -5 mV evoked a net inward current which could be
      reversibly blocked by 5 mM NiCl2. The "Ni-sensitive" difference current iCa
      peaked within 2-4 ms to about 1 nA per cell. Afterwards it completely
      inactivated; the inactivation could be fitted with three exponentials (time
      constants of 4, 30, and 250 ms, respectively). The half decay time of 16 ms
      suggests that most of the inactivation resulted from the fast exponential
      process. The reference current in the presence of Ni was nearly time independent
      and almost zero; therefore, iCa could be approximated from the net inward current
      using the zero current as a reference line.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2417194
TI  - [Results of open prostatectomy at a Tanzanian hospital].

PMID- 2417193
TI  - Effects of Anemonia sulcata toxin II on presynaptic currents and evoked
      transmitter release at neuromuscular junctions of the mouse.
AB  - The effect of Anemonia sulcata toxin II (ATX-II) on the amount of transmitter
      released by nerve impulses was investigated in motor end-plates of the mouse. ATX
      II (80 nM) caused repetitive end-plate potentials in response to a single nerve
      stimulus and a 3- to 4-fold increase in the quantal content of the phasic end
      plate potential. This increase is less than what would be expected if ATX-II
      induced plateau action potentials at the motor endings. To solve this discrepancy
      presynaptic currents were recorded by focal extracellular electrodes. It was
      found that the K current present at the endings is strong enough to prevent the
      development of presynaptic plateau action potentials, in contrast to what has
      been observed in other excitable membranes (unmyelinated axons, nodes of Ranvier
      and skeletal muscle fibres). By using tetraethylammonium and 3,4-diaminopyridine
      to block K channels and Co2+ to block Ca channels, ATX-II allowed the development
      of prolonged plateau responses at the endings upon motor nerve stimulation. These
      results suggest that the mouse motor endings are endowed with a relatively
      powerful K channel system, which effectively controls the amount of presynaptic
      depolarization.

PMID- 2417195
TI  - Cloning of the human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA.
AB  - We show that the human glucocorticoid receptor (GR), isolated from the breast
      cancer cell line MCF-7, has an apparent molecular weight identical to that of rat
      liver GR (94 kDa) and reacts with antibodies raised against the latter. These
      antibodies were used to clone cDNA sequences corresponding to the human GR from a
      lambda gt11 expression library constructed using MCF-7 poly(A)+ RNA. Three non
      homologous cDNA clones with inserts of 125, 220 and 350 bp, which express
      epitopes recognised by the rat liver GR antibodies, were isolated. Rat liver GR
      antibodies, immunopurified using the immobilised purified beta-galactosidase
      fusion proteins, detect partially purified rat liver and human GRs on Western
      blots. In addition, these antibodies immuno-adsorb rat liver and human GRs
      affinity-labelled with [3H] triamcinolone acetonide. Northern blot analysis,
      using all three cDNA probes, reveals the presence of a major MCF-7 poly(A)+ RNA
      species of approximately 7 kb.

PMID- 2417196
TI  - Detection of a subgenomic mRNA for gene V, the putative reverse transcriptase
      gene of cauliflower mosaic virus.
AB  - Polypeptides synthesized in vitro in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, directed by
      poly(A)+ RNA isolated from turnip leaves infected with cauliflower mosaic virus
      (CaMV), were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Following
      translation of virus-specific RNA purified by hybrid-selection using CaMV DNA
      immobilized on DBM papers, the polypeptides observed included the viral gene VI
      inclusion body protein P62, and a larger product, P75, together with several
      smaller polypeptides. By translating RNA hybrid-selected with restriction
      fragments encompassing the CaMV genome, a mRNA for P75 has been mapped to gene V.
      These results, together with sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation studies,
      suggest that a CaMV gene V mRNA is a sub-genomic transcript of approximately
      2.5Kb and 22S. The expression strategy of the CaMV genome is discussed in the
      light of our findings.

PMID- 2417197
TI  - Conformation of yeast 18S rRNA. Direct chemical probing of the 5' domain in
      ribosomal subunits and in deproteinized RNA by reverse transcriptase mapping of
      dimethyl sulfate-accessible.
AB  - The structure of the 5' domain of yeast 18S rRNA has been probed by dimethyl
      sulfate (DMS), either in "native" deproteinized molecules or in the 40S ribosomal
      subunits. DMS-reacted RNA has been used as a template for reverse transcription
      and a large number of reactive sites, corresponding to all types of bases have
      been mapped by a primer extension procedure, taking advantage of blocks in cDNA
      elongation immediately upstream from bases methylated at atom positions involved
      in the base-pair recognition of the template. Since the same atom positions are
      protected from DMS in base-paired nucleotides, the secondary structure status of
      each nucleotide can be directly assessed in this procedure, thus allowing to
      evaluate the potential contribution of proteins in modulating subunit rRNA
      conformation. While the DMS probing of deproteinized rRNA confirms a number of
      helical stems predicted by phylogenetic comparisons, it is remarkable that a few
      additional base-pairings, while proven by the comparative analysis, appear to
      require the presence of the bound ribosomal subunit proteins to be stabilized.

PMID- 2417198
TI  - The antiviral activity of tetrazole phosphonic acids and their analogues.
AB  - 5-(Phosphonomethyl)-1H-tetrazole and a number of related tetrazoles have been
      prepared and their effects on the replication of Herpes Simplex Viruses-1 and -2
      have been investigated as well as their abilities to inhibit the DNA polymerases
      induced by these viruses and the RNA transcriptase activity of influenza virus A.
      Contrary to an earlier report, 5-(phosphonomethyl)-1H-tetrazole was not an
      efficient inhibitor of the replication of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in tissue culture.
      Analogues of 5-(phosphonomethyl)-1H-tetrazole were also devoid of significant
      antiviral activity. Only 5-(phosphonomethyl)-1H-tetrazole and 5
      (thiophosphonomethyl)-1H-tetrazole inhibited the influenza virus transcriptase,
      and both were more effective as inhibitors than phosphonoacetic acid under the
      same conditions. The DNA polymerases induced by HSV-1 and HSV-2 were inhibited
      slightly by 5-(phosphonomethyl)-1H-tetrazole and to a lesser extent by its N
      ethyl analogue and 3-(phosphonomethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole. None of these compounds
      were as effective as phosphonoacetic acid. 5-(Thiophosphonomethyl)-1H-tetrazole
      was a better inhibitor of the DNA polymerase induced by HSV-1 than 5
      (phosphonomethyl)-1H-tetrazole.

PMID- 2417199
TI  - Correlation between the rate of productive transcription initiation and the
      strand-melting property of Escherichia coli promoters.
AB  - "Opening potential"s of DNA segments of about ten base pairs in length were
      calculated for eleven promoters of Escherichia coli using the thermodynamic
      parameter values [Gotoh and Tagashira (1981) Biopolymers 20, 1043-1058] for the
      stabilities of ten kinds of nearest neighbor base pair doublets in a melting
      reaction. They were compared with the strength of each promoter determined
      experimentally with a "mixed transcription" system [Kajitani and Ishihama (1983)
      Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 3873-3888]. A positive correlation was found between the
      calculated opening potential in the -9 to +3 region (+1 denotes the nucleotide
      position at which the transcription starts) and the rate of open complex
      formation.

PMID- 2417200
TI  - The troubleshooter's guide to media.

PMID- 2417201
TI  - Spantide: failure to antagonize bombesin-induced stimulation of gastrin secretion
      in dogs.
AB  - Spantide ([d-Arg1, d-Trp7,9, Leu11] substance P) was shown to function not only
      as a substance P receptor antagonist but also as a bombesin receptor antagonist.
      This study examined the effects of spantide on intravenous bombesin-induced
      stimulation of gastrin and acid secretion. Dogs were infused with spantide (1 or
      10 nmol kg 1 hr 1) or saline and bombesin (60 pmol kg-1 hr-1), and the gastric
      acid and plasma gastrin responses were monitored. Spantide did not significantly
      modify gastrin or gastric acid secretion induced by bombesin. It is concluded
      that spantide may not be a useful bombesin antagonist for in vivo studies.

PMID- 2417202
TI  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the female rat urogenital tract.
AB  - CGRP-immunoreactivity was found throughout the female rat urogenital tract by
      specific radioimmunoassay, and shown to be present in nerve fibres by
      immunocytochemistry. The highest concentrations of CGRP-like immunoreactivity
      were found in the urinary tract, with lower levels in regions of the genitalia.
      Chromatographic analysis of bladder and vaginal extracts on Sephadex G-50 columns
      and HPLC revealed at least three CGRP-immunoreactive peaks. The major peak
      emerged in the same position as synthetic rat CGRP. CGRP nerve fibres were
      associated mainly with blood vessels, non-vascular smooth muscle, squamous
      epithelium and uterine and cervical glands, and were particularly abundant in the
      ureter and bladder. CGRP-immunoreactivity was depleted by neonatal treatment with
      capsaicin and after surgical section of pelvic and/or hypogastric nerves.
      Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that depletion occurred predominantly in the
      mucosal layer of the urogenital tract. These findings indicate a sensory function
      for most of the CGRP-immunoreactive nerves in the rat urogenital tract.

PMID- 2417203
TI  - Behavioral investigation of the coexistence of substance P, corticotropin
      releasing factor, and acetylcholinesterase in lateral dorsal tegmental neurons
      projecting to the medial frontal cortex of the rat.
AB  - Colocalization of substance P (SP), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), and
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was detected by retrograde tracing and
      immunocytochemical staining in the nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis lateralis (ntdl)
      projecting to the medial frontal cortex (MFC), septum, and thalamus of the rat.
      The histochemical results suggest that SP and CRF coexist within a subpopulation
      of ntdl cholinergic neurons that project to a number of forebrain regions
      including the MFC. Behavioral studies of the effects of SP, CRF, and the
      cholinergic agonist, carbachol, employed microinjections into the MFC of rats. SP
      and CRF did not elicit any behavioral effects when administered alone. Carbachol
      (1-5 micrograms/side) produced a stereotyped motor behavior, consisting of rapid
      forepaw treading while in an upright posture, resembling "boxing." SP (1
      micrograms/side) increased carbachol-induced "boxing." CRF (1-10 ng/side)
      decreased carbachol-induced "boxing." One possible functional significance of the
      coexistence of SP, CRF, and acetylcholinesterase, in neurons projecting to the
      medial frontal cortex in rats, appears to be a modulatory potentiation of
      cholinergic response by SP, and a modulatory inhibition of the cholinergic
      response by CRF.

PMID- 2417204
TI  - The effect of opioid peptides on ovine pituitary gonadotropin secretion in vitro.
AB  - Although a hypothalamic site of action has been firmly established for opiate
      mediated gonadotropin regulation, there have been several reports which indicate
      the possibility of a direct influence on the pituitary gland. The objective of
      this study was to further investigate this possibility in an in vitro pituitary
      perifusion system utilizing ovine tissue. Treatment with gamma-endorphin (GE) or
      human beta-endorphin (hBE) resulted in elevated basal LH release (p less than
      0.05), followed by an inhibition in the response to a subsequent GnRH challenge
      (p less than 0.05). The stimulatory effect of hBE was found to be dose-responsive
      (p less than 0.01). PRL secretion was not similarly stimulated. Ovine beta
      endorphin (oBE) had no effect on LH secretion, even though it differs from hBE by
      only 2 amino acids and contains the active GE sequence. Met-enkephalin also did
      not influence gonadotropin secretion. Naloxone pretreatment did not reverse the
      effects of hBE on gonadotropin release. It was found, however, that [D-pGlu1, D
      Phe2, D-Trp3,6]-GnRH, a specific GnRH receptor antagonist, did reduce hBE-induced
      LH and FSH release (p less than 0.05). Naloxone pretreatment alone suppressed the
      response to GnRH (p less than 0.05). These data indicate that certain opioid
      peptides can influence ovine gonadotropin secretion in vitro by activating the
      GnRH receptor. Furthermore, a facilitory role is suggested for endogenous opiates
      in the local regulation of pituitary gonadotropin secretion.

PMID- 2417205
TI  - Anatomy and physiology of the neuroendocrine arcuate nucleus.
AB  - The arcuate nucleus surrounds the ventral part of the third ventricle and
      contains densely packed small neurons with 1-3 dendrites. At least fifteen
      transmitters and neuropeptides have been found in perikarya of arcuate neurons.
      Each transmitter and neuropeptide have a characteristic distribution. In many
      cases distributions overlap (for example, dopamine and somatostatin, dopamine and
      neurotensin, neuropeptide Y and somatostatin) and alpha-MSH and beta-endorphin
      seem to have identical distributions but there are also distinctive neuronal
      populations containing only one of the described transmitters or neuropeptides
      (neuropeptide Y and alpha-MSH). Studies show extensive colocalization of dopamine
      and neurotensin and sparse colocalization of dopamine and GABA, neuropeptide Y
      and FMRF-NH2 and neuropeptide Y and somatostatin. Colocalization does not seem to
      be the rule in the arcuate, however, it is possible that colocalization may vary
      with the physiological state or sex of the animal. It also should be noted that
      our techniques may not be sensitive enough. To study efferent projections as a
      possible organizing principle within the arcuate, retrograde fluorescent tracing
      was combined with transmitter and neuropeptide immunohistochemistry. Mainly NPY
      and alpha-MSH neurons were studied and both peptides are present in projections
      to the preoptic area as well as to the midbrain periaqueductal gray. Some arcuate
      neurons were found to have collateral axons to both these areas. The arcuate
      communicates primarily with the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, limbic system,
      midbrain periaqueductal gray and autonomic nuclei of the brain stem. In this way,
      the arcuate may be involved in integrating emotional, sensory, vegetative
      homeostatic and autonomic functions with endocrine functions.

PMID- 2417206
TI  - Substance P receptor-mediated chemotaxis of human monocytes.
AB  - The undecapeptide substance P (SP) was tested for its ability to promote human
      monocyte chemotaxis in a modified Boyden chamber assay. Substance P was found to
      be active in this assay system with an ED50 for chemotactic effect of
      approximately 10(-13) M. This response was shown to be chemotactic in nature
      since a concentration gradient of attractant was required for maximal effect.
      Other substance P analogs tested showed a rank order of potency of substance P
      greater than or equal to SP(3-11) greater than SP(8-11) approximately equal to
      SP(9-11) much greater than SP(1-9), SP, free acid. These results suggest that
      chemotactic responsiveness is largely encoded in the C-terminus of the molecule.
      The relative potency order for SP and its analogs in promoting monocyte
      chemotaxis correlates well with their potencies in displacing labeled SP when
      binding sites are directly measured in other tissues, such as rat brain or human
      lymphocytes. Additionally, the chemotactic effects of SP could be partially
      reversed by the weak antagonist [D-Arg1, D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9, Leu11]-SP. The N
      formyl peptide receptor antagonist, t-Boc-Phe-Leu-Phe-Leu-Phe, did not block SP
      mediated chemotaxis, further indicating the specificity of these effects. These
      results suggest the existence of a specific substance P receptor on human
      monocytes which directs this chemotactic response. The ability of monocytes to
      respond chemotactically to SP may be relevant to the enhancing effects of SP in
      arthritis or other inflammatory diseases.

PMID- 2417207
TI  - Substance K and substance P differentially modulate mesolimbic and mesocortical
      systems.
AB  - The newly discovered peptide substance K (SK) is an aliphatic tachykinin
      structurally related to the aromatic tachykinin substance P (SP).
      Immunohistochemical examination showed a close association between SK afferents
      and dopamine (DA) cell bodies. Examination of the possible role of SK in
      modulating midbrain DA systems revealed that SP, but not SK, is associated with
      the stress response of the mesocortical system. Ventral tegmental area injections
      of SK effected locomotor hyperactivity, a mesolimbic-mediated behavior. Ventral
      tegmental injections of SP, but not SK, activated DA metabolism in the prefrontal
      cortex, while SK injections altered DA metabolism in the nucleus accumbens, but
      not the cortical site. These data suggest that SK and SP may differentially
      modulate the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems.

PMID- 2417208
TI  - Serotonin and co-localized peptides: effects on spinal motoneuron excitability.
AB  - Iontophoretically applied serotonin (5HT), substance P (SP), thyrotropin
      releasing hormone (TRH) and proctolin all enhanced spinal motoneuron activity
      evoked by glutamate in urethane-anesthetized rats. 5HT and SP produced more
      consistent facilitation of excitability both within and between motoneurons than
      did TRH and proctolin which failed to facilitate several motoneurons. It is
      concluded that 5TH, SP, TRH and proctolin, which appear to co-exist in various
      combinations in ventral horn terminals near spinal motoneurons, have
      complimentary effects on motoneuron excitability.

PMID- 2417209
TI  - Bulbospinal substance P and sympathetic regulation of the cardiovascular system:
      a review.
AB  - The neurotransmitter role of substance P in mediating sympathoexcitatory effects
      in the spinal cord and cardiovascular effects elicited from the ventral medulla
      is presented. SP neurons located in the ventral medulla project to the
      intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the thoracic spinal cord. Intrathecal
      administration of a SP analog excites sympathetic outflow to the cardiovascular
      system. Likewise, activation of the ventral medulla results in sympathetically
      mediated increases in blood pressure and heart rate which are blocked with SP
      antagonists. The IML contained a high density of SP binding sites through which
      the peptide likely exerts its sympathoexcitatory influence on the cardiovascular
      system.

PMID- 2417210
TI  - In situ hybridization--visualization and quantitation of genetic expression in
      mammalian brain.
AB  - In situ hybridization techniques have been developed that quantitate the relative
      levels of specific mRNAs in individual cell types of a heterogeneous tissue, the
      mammalian brain. Here, we discuss those special procedures and precautions
      necessary for hybridizing radiolabeled probes to developing and adult brain
      mRNAs. The probes discussed include double-stranded recombinant DNA, as well as
      single-stranded DNA, RNA, and polyuridylate. We detail the procedure for
      determining the relative numbers of hybrids formed and computing the ratio of
      specific mRNAs to total polyadenylated mRNA and discuss the importance of this
      ratio for comparison of relative levels of specific mRNAs within and among cell
      types in an individual brain or between brains.

PMID- 2417211
TI  - Developmental disabilities. Recent trends in prevention and treatment.
AB  - The author outlines the recent advances in the field of developmental
      disabilities and discusses how these advances have expanded the role and scope of
      various professional groups. Genetic conditions and chromosomal aberrations,
      prenatal diagnosis, the infant at risk, and trends in assessing intelligence are
      detailed within the context of prevention. Treatment modalities are covered in
      detail.

PMID- 2417212
TI  - [Serum levels of acid phosphatase, beta-choriongonadotropin and alpha fetoprotein
      in patients with colorectal cancer].

PMID- 2417213
TI  - What's new in natural killer cells?

PMID- 2417214
TI  - The effect of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol and 17 beta-estradiol on
      the adult and immature chacma baboon prostate.
AB  - We have studied the Chacma baboon prostate in an attempt to develop a primate
      model of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Anatomically, the baboon prostate can be
      divided into caudal, cranial, and prostatic urethral segments. A peri-urethral
      group of glands has been identified in the prostatic urethra. Following treatment
      with either 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol or 17 beta-estradiol, or the
      hormones in combination, the mature baboon prostate showed very little response
      by gravimetric or morphometric analysis. In contrast, the stimulatory effect of 5
      alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol on the caudal lobe of the immature baboon
      prostate and the prostatic urethral segment (a structure that is largely
      fibromuscular) was potentiated by the addition of 17 beta-estradiol. The weight
      of the immature baboon cranial prostate was increased by 5 alpha-androstane-3
      alpha, 17 beta-diol treatment, but 17 beta estradiol did not potentiate androgen
      induced growth. By morphometric analysis it could be shown that both the
      epithelial and stromal component of the immature baboon caudal prostate responded
      to 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (androstanediol) treatment and that
      the addition of 17 beta-estradiol had a slight, but significant, potentiating
      effect on the androstanediol-induced increase of epithelial volume.

PMID- 2417215
TI  - Comparison of subcellular proteins of normal prostate, benign prostatic
      hypertrophy, and prostatic cancer: presence of BPH-associated nonhistone
      proteins.
AB  - Proteins in the cytosol, postnuclear particulate, and nuclear fractions from
      seven specimens of normal prostate from bladder cancer patients, 14 specimens of
      benign hypertrophic prostate (BPH), and three specimens of cancerous prostate
      were analyzed and compared by SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis.
      Abundant protein species in the cytosol fractions were 60K (species having a
      molecular weight of about 60,000) and 42K; their relative contents were about 35%
      for 60K and about 12% for 42K. In the postnuclear particulate fraction, 42K was
      the most abundant (about 10% of the total). The contents of these major protein
      species were similar in specimens of normal and diseased prostates. In addition,
      there are marked similarities in the electrophoretic patterns for all the protein
      (24-29 species) in the cytosol and postnuclear particulate fractions of the human
      prostate, except for four minor species in the cytosol fraction. Of the nuclear
      proteins, the content of core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) was fundamentally
      similar among all the specimens, whereas the content of H1 histone was different
      from one specimen to another. The most remarkable and significant difference was
      that the 42K-NHP (nonhistone protein having a molecular weight of about 42,000),
      55K-NHP, and 190K-NHP concentrations were significantly higher in BPH than in
      normal and cancerous prostates.

PMID- 2417216
TI  - The relationship of natural killer cells to metastasis of a transplantable
      prostate adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Natural killer (NK) cells have been proposed to play a significant role in the
      inhibition of metastasis. The prostate adenocarcinoma (PA-11) in the Lobund
      Wistar (L-W) rat provides a unique model of spontaneous metastasis in which to
      study NK response. Cultured PA-11 tumor cells were shown to be resistant to NK
      lysis in vitro, and enhancement or inhibition of NK reactivity in vivo using
      drugs or antiserum did not change the rate or extent of metastasis evident at
      autopsy. Exposure to PA-11 tumor cells, supernatants from cultured tumor cells,
      or sera from rats with advanced PA-11 in vitro did not result in inhibition of NK
      activity. Exposure to PA-11 tumor cells in vivo also did not cause suppression of
      NK activity. These data indicate that, in the PA-11/L-W system, metastasis is
      independent of NK activity.

PMID- 2417217
TI  - Immunoelectron microscopic demonstration of prostatic acid phosphatase in human
      hyperplastic prostate.
AB  - Immunoelectron microscopic studies were done on prostatic tissues obtained from
      patients with benign hyperplasia. Rabbit IgG-peroxidase conjugate against
      purified human prostatic acid phosphatase band 2 (HPAP-2) was used for studies.
      Under the light microscope, the columnar secretory epithelia of prostatic glands
      showed different intensity and distribution of immunostaining whereas the basal
      cells were unstained. Under the electron microscope, the secretory epithelial
      cells often showed electron-dense reaction product in the Golgi apparatus and
      secretory vesicles and vacuoles, and only sparingly in the cisternae of nuclear
      envelope and rough ER. Sometimes, fusion of secretory vacuolar membrane and
      plasma membrane and discharge of the vacuolar contents into the extracellular
      space were noted. The surfaces of microvilli at the apical portion of the
      columnar epithelia and the lumen of the glandular acini always showed reaction
      product. These findings suggest that HPAP-2 may be synthesized in the rough ER
      and transported to the Golgi apparatus where it is concentrated and transferred
      to the secretory vesicles and vacuoles. HPAP-2 is finally discharged into the
      extracellular spaces through exocytosis, a secretory mechanism similar to that of
      other secretory proteins.

PMID- 2417218
TI  - [Molecular mechanisms of inhibition of RNA synthesis. DNA-interacting
      inhibitors].

PMID- 2417219
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies. Use in detection and treatment of cancer.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies are homogeneous immunoglobulin proteins produced to a
      preselected antigen. These antibodies react to specific sites on the antigen and,
      if the antigen is part of the cell surface, mediate a destructive response
      against that cell. The antibodies may be useful in patients with malignancy to
      detect tumor-related antigens in patient serum, to localize the presence of
      metastatic disease, and to serve as therapeutic agents. The technology of
      monoclonal antibodies is rapidly evolving and will soon be part of routine
      treatment of patients with malignancy.

PMID- 2417220
TI  - [The fear of suffering in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain].

PMID- 2417221
TI  - Purified lens junctional protein forms channels in planar lipid films.
AB  - Junctions isolated from bovine lenses were solubilized with the detergent octyl
      glucoside, and their protein(s) was reconstituted in unilamellar vesicles. The
      protein(s) appears as annular-shaped intramembrane particles approximately equal
      to 10 nm in diameter on the vesicles' fracture faces. The addition of the vesicle
      containing junctional protein(s) to both sides of preformed lipid films induced
      voltage-dependent channels. The channels have a conductance of 200 pS in 0.1 M
      salt solutions and are thus large enough to account for the electrical coupling
      observed between intact lens fibers; they turn off when the magnitude of the
      voltage is increased and in the presence of octanol. Although the identity of the
      reconstituted channels as the communicating pathway between lens fibers remains
      to be proven, it is most likely that the reconstituted channels are formed by MIP
      26, the major protein component of the isolated lens junctions.

PMID- 2417222
TI  - Keratin gene expression in simian virus 40-transformed human keratinocytes.
AB  - Previous reports from this laboratory indicate that cultured simian virus 40
      (SV40)-transformed human keratinocytes express keratin proteins characteristic of
      simple epithelia that are not found in their untransformed counterparts. In this
      study we show by in vitro translation and RNA transfer blot analysis that the
      altered keratin synthesis reflects changes in the abundance of specific keratin
      mRNAs. SV40-transformed keratinocytes have a reduced abundance of transcripts for
      58-, 56-, 52-, 50-, 48-, and 46-kDa keratin species, compared with uninfected
      cultured keratinocytes, but express significant levels of transcripts for 52-, 45
      , and 40-kDa keratins, typical of simple epithelia. The SV40-transformed cells
      also express mRNA for a 48-kDa keratin that is unique to SV40-transformed
      keratinocytes. Analysis of the keratin genome with keratin-specific cDNAs as
      probes indicates that the changes in keratin transcription are not correlated
      with gross rearrangements of the keratin genome. These results suggest that
      analysis of viral transformation of cultured keratinocytes affords a novel
      approach to study mechanisms regulating keratin gene expression.

PMID- 2417223
TI  - Stabilized complexes of epidermal growth factor and its receptor on the cell
      surface stimulate RNA synthesis but not mitogenesis.
AB  - Treatment of mouse fibroblasts, prelabeled at 4 degrees C with 125I-labeled
      epidermal growth factor (EGF), with the lectin concanavalin A (Con A) stabilized
      the 125I-labeled EGF-receptor complex to dissociation and prevented receptor
      mediated endocytosis; after 5 hr at 37 degrees C, approximately 50% of the 125I
      labeled EGF initially bound at 4 degrees C remained cell associated, compared to
      less than 15% in control cells. The radioactivity lost from the Con A-treated
      cells was found as intact hormone in the medium, with almost no hormone
      degradation evident, whereas in control cells most of the medium radioactivity
      was in the form of low molecular weight degradation products. The trimolecular
      complex Con A-EGF-receptor was capable of stimulating RNA synthesis to levels
      greater than control (untreated) or EGF alone and maintained this stimulation for
      prolonged periods of time. However, there was no effect of Con A treatment on the
      stimulation of DNA synthesis induced by EGF prebound at 4 degrees C. Thus,
      maintaining the EGF-receptor complex at the cell surface allows enhanced
      stimulation of an acute biological response to EGF (RNA synthesis) but not
      stimulation of DNA synthesis. These data support the idea that processing
      subsequent to receptor binding is necessary to produce the mitogenic signal.

PMID- 2417224
TI  - Expression of the cytokeratin endo A gene during early mouse embryogenesis.
AB  - Expression of cytokeratin endo A has been analyzed during mouse blastocyst
      formation and embryonal carcinoma cell differentiation. To study the regulation
      of endo A expression, nuclease S1 mapping experiments have been performed on RNA
      extracted from two-cell to 7.5-day embryos. Low levels of endo A mRNA begin to be
      detectable in eight-cell embryos. The amount of this mRNA increases at the
      blastocyst stage, suggesting that endo A expression is regulated at the mRNA
      level during blastocyst formation. At this stage, in situ hybridization studies
      show that endo A mRNA is present in the trophectoderm but not in the inner cell
      mass. In 7.5-day embryos, endo A mRNAs are also detectable in the endoderm layer
      and in the amnion.

PMID- 2417225
TI  - Insertion of a bacterial gene into the mouse germ line using an infectious
      retrovirus vector.
AB  - Using a Moloney leukemia virus vector containing the bacterial neo gene, we
      demonstrate that retrovirus vectors can be used to introduce genes into the mouse
      germ line. Infection of preimplantation embryos with the vector MLV-NEO.1
      resulted in integration of neo sequences in approximately equal to 10% of the
      progeny mice. One of these animals, mouse F.2, contained approximately six MLV
      NEO.1 proviruses at independent integration sites, each present at less than a
      single copy per cell. This mosaic mouse transmitted one of these proviruses to
      her offspring, producing a line of transgenic mice carrying a full-length,
      unrearranged MLV.NEO.1 provirus at a single chromosomal integration site. Mice
      homozygous at this MLV-NEO.1 locus have also been produced. No expression of the
      neo gene has been detected in the transgenic mice, either by screening of primary
      bone marrow or lung cells for resistance to G418 or by RNA transfer blot analysis
      of RNA from several tissues. In addition, the neo gene was found to be
      extensively methylated in the transgenic mice; however, treatment of primary
      cells with 5-azacytidine did not induce G418 resistance. The inactivity of the
      MLV-NEO.1 provirus in transgenic mice and potential means of eliciting neo
      expression under these conditions are discussed.

PMID- 2417226
TI  - Isolation and biochemical and functional characterization of perforin 1 from
      cytolytic T-cell granules.
AB  - The Ca2+-dependent cytolytic activity of isolated T-lymphocyte granules was
      purified to apparent homogeneity by high-salt extraction, gel filtration, and ion
      exchange chromatography. The lytic activity resided in a 72- to 75-kDa protein of
      cytolytic granules. Incubation of the isolated protein with erythrocytes in the
      presence of Ca2+ ions resulted in hemolysis and the formation of membrane lesions
      of 160 A in diameter, corresponding in size and morphology to membrane lesions
      formed on target cells by cloned, intact natural killer (NK) and cytolytic T
      lymphocytes. Hence, the 75-kDa granule protein is identified as monomeric
      perforin 1 (P1), postulated previously from the analysis of membrane lesions
      formed during NK and T-cell-mediated cytolysis. P1-mediated hemolysis is Ca2+
      dependent and is inhibited by Zn2+ ions. Lysis is accompanied by the
      polymerization of P1 to membrane-associated tubular complexes (poly-P1) that form
      large transmembrane pores. P1 causes a rapid membrane depolarization of J774
      cells in the presence of Ca2+. Purified P1 also induces transmembrane monovalent
      and divalent ion flow across lipid vesicles only in the presence of Ca2+. Whole
      cell patch-clamp recordings of S49 lymphoma cells show a P1-dependent inward
      membrane current flow in the presence but not in the absence of Ca2+. The current
      increase can be dissected as a summation of discrete current events, indicative
      of formation of functional channels by polymerization of P1.

PMID- 2417227
TI  - Thyrotropin upregulates alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in rat FRTL-5 thyroid cells.
AB  - FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells grown and maintained in a medium containing 0.05 nM
      thyrotropin have a 10-fold higher number of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors on their
      cell surface than FRTL-5 cells maintained in the absence of thyrotropin in their
      medium. The increased number of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, measured as
      increased specific [3H]prazosin binding per microgram of DNA, is not associated
      with any changes in Kd values for prazosin. Thyrotropin increases the number of
      alpha 1-adrenergic receptors by inducing their biosynthesis, as evidence by the
      inhibitory effects of cycloheximide or actinomycin D; the effect on biosynthesis
      is cAMP-mediated, since 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, cholera
      toxin, forskolin, or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine can mimic the thyrotropin effect
      in both extent and time course. The alpha 1-adrenergic receptors on FRTL-5
      thyroid cells have been functionally linked to iodide efflux into the follicular
      lumen and to the iodination of thyroglobulin--i.e., to the formation of thyroid
      hormones; the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor signal is mediated by Ca2+ rather than
      by cAMP and involves arachidonic acid intermediates. The present data thus
      describe a unique upregulation phenomenon wherein the sequential expression of
      two receptors (thyrotropin and alpha 1-adrenergic) and two distinct signal
      systems (cAMP and Ca2+) are apparently a necessary prelude to thyroid hormone
      homoeostasis.

PMID- 2417228
TI  - Interaction of hydrolysis-resistant analogs of cyclic GMP with the
      phosphodiesterase and light-sensitive channel of retinal rod outer segments.
AB  - cGMP opens cation-selective channels when applied to the cytoplasmic side of
      excised patches of membrane from retinal rod outer segments (ROS). If the light
      sensitive channel in intact rods is gated only by cGMP, it should be possible to
      find a hydrolysis-resistant analog of cGMP that blocks the normal response to
      light by holding the channel open independent of the degree of illumination. We
      have studied the interaction of 8-bromo-cGMP (8-Br-cGMP) and the SP and RP
      phosphorothioate derivatives of cGMP [(Sp)-cGMP[S] and (RP)-cGMP[S]) with the
      cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDEase) of ROS, the cGMP-sensitive channel of excised ROS
      patches, and the light-sensitive channel of intact rods. All three analogs were
      hydrolyzed by PDEase much more slowly than was cGMP. The maximal rates of
      hydrolysis of 8-Br-cGMP, (SP)-cGMP[S], and (RP)-cGMP[S] were 7.3, 3.7, and less
      than 0.2 s-1, respectively, compared with 4000 s-1 for cGMP. These analogs are
      effective competitive inhibitors of the PDEase, with Ki values of 48, 25, and 90
      microM, respectively. The nucleotide-activated conductances of excised patches
      were half-maximal at concentrations of 1.6, 210, and 1200 microM, respectively,
      compared with 17 microM for cGMP. Thus, 8-Br-cGMP is a highly potent channel
      agonist. The effects of these analogs on the dark current and photoresponses of
      intact rod cells were also measured. A suction electrode monitored membrane
      current across the ROS, while a patch electrode sealed on the inner segment was
      used to introduce a cGMP analog and to control membrane potential. All three
      analogs increased the dark current and markedly slowed the response to light
      flashes. 8-Br-cGMP increased the dark current of the outer segment as much as 48
      fold. After the concentration of this analog had risen sufficiently, little of
      the current could be shut off by light, as expected of a direct effect on the
      light-sensitive channel of the plasma membrane. These results are consistent with
      the notions that (i) the light-sensitive channel of rods is controlled solely by
      the instantaneous concentration of cGMP and (ii) the cGMP-sensitive channel of
      excised patches is identical to the light-sensitive channel of intact rods.

PMID- 2417229
TI  - Intracellular calcium regulates basolateral potassium channels in a chloride
      secreting epithelium.
AB  - The two individual cell membranes of epithelia are functionally coupled, so that
      changes in apical membrane conductance are paralleled by changes in basolateral
      K+ conductance. However, the signal that regulates basolateral K+ conductance,
      thereby coupling the two membranes, is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the
      cellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+]c, may regulate basolateral K+ conductance
      in canine tracheal epithelium, a Cl- -secreting epithelium that shows marked
      membrane coupling. Three findings support the hypothesis. First, the
      intracellular Ca2+ antagonist 8-(diethylamino)octyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
      hydrochloride (TMB-8) attenuated the secretory response. Second, the secretagogue
      epinephrine increased [Ca2+]c, as measured with quin-2. Third, we found a K+
      channel that was activated by Ca2+ on the cytosolic side of the membrane. Thus,
      cytosolic Ca2+ regulates the basolateral K+ conductance and may be the signal
      responsible for functional coupling of the two cell membranes.

PMID- 2417230
TI  - Activation of tracheal smooth muscle contraction: synergism between Ca2+ and
      activators of protein kinase C.
AB  - The effects of divalent ionophores (A23187 and ionomycin), Ca2+ channel agonist
      (BAY K 8644), and protein kinase C (C-kinase) activators [phorbol 12-myristate 13
      acetate (PMA), mezerein] on bovine tracheal smooth muscle contraction were
      investigated. A23187 (5 microM) and ionomycin (0.5 microM) produced a prompt but
      transient contraction. C-kinase activators either produced no effect--e.g., PMA
      at 200 nM--or produced a rise in tension that was slow in onset but then
      gradually increased--e.g., mezerein at 400 nM. In contrast, ionophores and C
      kinase activators, in combination, acted synergistically to produce a prompt and
      sustained contractile response that is reminiscent of that observed in response
      to carbachol, a cholinergic agonist. In addition, BAY K 8644 (20 nM), which has a
      minimal effect on tension by itself, could significantly enhance contraction
      induced by C-kinase activators. The contraction induced by all of these agents
      was quickly reversed either by removal of extracellular Ca2+ or upon addition of
      forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase. A similar reversal of carbachol
      induced contraction by forskolin was observed with carbachol-induced contraction.
      These findings strongly suggest that C-kinase plays an important role in
      mediating tracheal smooth muscle contraction.

PMID- 2417231
TI  - Behavior of centrosomes during fertilization and cell division in mouse oocytes
      and in sea urchin eggs.
AB  - The forms and locations of centrosomes in mouse oocytes and in sea urchin eggs
      were followed through the whole course of fertilization and first cleavage by
      immunofluorescence microscopy. Centrosomes were identified with an autoimmune
      antiserum to centrosomal material. Staining of the same preparations with tubulin
      antibody and with the DNA dye Hoechst 33258 allowed the correlation of the forms
      of the centrosomes with the microtubule structures that they generate and with
      the stages of meiosis, syngamy, and mitosis. The results with sea urchin eggs
      conform to Boveri's view on the paternal origin of the functional centrosomes.
      Centrosomes are seen in spermatozoa and enter the egg at fertilization.
      Initially, the centrosomes are compact, but as the eggs enter the mitotic cycle
      the forms of the centrosomes go through a cycle in which they spread during
      interphase, apparently divide, and condense into two compact poles by metaphase.
      In anaphase, they spread to form flat poles. In telophase and during
      reconstitution of the daughter nuclei, the centrosomal material is disposed as
      hemispherical caps around the poleward surfaces of the nuclei. Mouse sperm lack
      centrosomal antigen. In the unfertilized mouse oocyte, the meiotic spindle poles
      are displayed as broad-beaded centrosomes. In addition, centrosomal material is
      detected in the cytoplasm as particles, about 16 in number, which are foci of
      small aster-like arrays of microtubules. The length and number of astral
      microtubules correlate with the size of the centrosomal foci. After sperm
      incorporation, as the pronuclei develop and more cytoplasmic microtubules
      assemble, a few of the foci associate with the peripheries of the nuclei. The
      number of foci multiplies during the first cell cycle. At the end of interphase,
      all of the centrosomal foci have concentrated on the nuclear peripheries and the
      cytoplasmic microtubules have disappeared. At prophase, the centrosomes are seen
      as two irregular clusters, marking the poles which, at metaphase and anaphase,
      appear as rough bands with foci, and the spindle is typically barrel-shaped. At
      telophase, the centrosomes are seen as arcs that lie on the nuclear peripheries
      after cleavage. The ordering of microtubules in all the stages reflects the
      shapes of the centrosomes. The findings on the sea urchin confirm the classical
      theory of the paternal origin of centrosomes and contrast with observations
      tracing the mitotic poles of the mouse egg to maternal centrosomal material. This
      evidence strengthens the conclusion that mouse centrosomes derive from the
      oocyte.

PMID- 2417232
TI  - Selective expression of rat pancreatic genes during embryonic development.
AB  - We present the developmental profiles of the mRNAs of 10 selectively expressed
      pancreatic exocrine genes and of insulin. The mRNA profiles fall into three
      related classes, but each profile is in some respect unique. The data on gene
      expression suggest there are four developmental states of the exocrine pancreas:
      early morphogenesis and low-level gene expression (the protodifferentiated
      state), the embryonic differentiated state, a modulated state in neonatal
      animals, and the adult differentiated state. Each state is characterized by
      distinct ratios of the exocrine mRNAs and presumably involves a distinct
      regulatory transition. This complex differentiative program must involve multiple
      regulatory molecules.

PMID- 2417233
TI  - Polynucleotide phosphorylase and ribonuclease II are required for cell viability
      and mRNA turnover in Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - The isolation of a temperature-sensitive allele of RNase II (rnb) by in vitro
      mutagenesis has permitted the demonstration that RNase II and polynucleotide
      phosphorylase (PNPase) are required for cell viability and mRNA turnover in
      Escherichia coli. Double-mutant strains carrying the pnp-7 and rnb-500 alleles
      (PNPase deficient and RNase II thermolabile) ceased growing in Luria broth within
      30 min after shift to the nonpermissive temperature. Cessation of growth was
      accompanied by an accumulation of mRNA fragments 100-1500 nucleotides long. In
      contrast, single-mutant and wild-type control strains grew normally at the
      nonpermissive temperature and did not accumulate mRNA. No significant changes in
      rRNA patterns were observed in any of the strains.

PMID- 2417234
TI  - Functional channel formation associated with cytotoxic T-cell granules.
AB  - Lymphocyte granules from cytotoxic T-lymphocyte lines A2, A11, and R8 were
      enriched by subcellular fractionation using a Percoll gradient. Granule-enriched
      fractions showed potent hemolytic activity in the presence of Ca2+. Isolated
      granules induced rapid Ca2+-dependent membrane depolarization of J774 macrophage
      like cells. When tested in planar bilayers, granules induced the formation of
      Ca2+-dependent functional ion channels of large conductance steps of 1-6 nS in
      0.1 M NaCl. Granule-induced channels were resistant to closing by an increase in
      transmembrane potential, with few channels shifting to the closed state only at
      voltages of greater than 70 mV, following a Poisson process. These channels
      showed poor ion selectivity and were permeable to all monovalent and divalent
      ions (K+, Na+, Li+, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Ba2+). Ultrastructural examination of
      soluble granule proteins incubated for 48 hr at 37 degrees C in the presence of
      Ca2+ revealed ring-like structures of 150-200 A. Structural and functional
      channel formation may be involved in cytolysis induced by cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes.

PMID- 2417235
TI  - Association of I-J determinants with lipomodulin/macrocortin.
AB  - Stimulation with glucocorticoids of mouse splenic lymphocytes and peritoneal
      adherent cells resulted in the formation of a soluble factor--i.e., glycosylation
      inhibiting factor (GIF)--that inhibits the assembly of N-linked
      oligosaccharide(s) to IgE-binding factors during their biosynthesis. The major
      cell sources of GIF are Lyt 2+ I-J+ T cells and macrophages, respectively. The
      molecular size of GIF from T cells was 15 kDa, while GIF from macrophages
      consisted of 40- and 15-kDa molecules. GIF from both cell sources bound to
      monoclonal antibody against lipomodulin and exerted phospholipase inhibitory
      activity upon dephosphorylation. In view of previous reports that glucocorticoids
      induce the formation of phospholipase inhibitory protein--i.e.,
      lipomodulin/macrocortin--GIF from T cells and macrophages appear to be
      phosphorylated derivatives of lipomodulin. GIF released from splenic lymphocytes
      and macrophages of C57BL/6 mice bound to anti-I-Jb antibodies but not to either
      anti-I-Jk or anti-I-Js antibodies. Upon stimulation with glucocorticoids, CBA and
      B10.A(5R) lymphocytes released GIF that bound to anti-I-Jk antibodies but not to
      anti-I-Jb antibodies, while the same factor from B10.A(3R) lymphocytes bound to
      anti-I-Jb antibodies. The results indicate that I-J determinants are associated
      with lipomodulin/macrocortin from T cells and macrophages.

PMID- 2417236
TI  - Kinase C activator 1,2-oleoylacetylglycerol attenuates voltage-dependent calcium
      current in sensory neurons.
AB  - The diacylglycerol analogue 1,2-oleoylacetylglycerol (OAG) and the phorbol ester
      12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate (DPB) were tested for their effects on the voltage
      dependent calcium (Ca) current in embryonic chicken dorsal root ganglion neurons
      in vitro. OAG (0.6-60 microM) and DPB (0.01-50 microM) produced reversible
      decreases in Ca current. Neither drug affected resting membrane conductance, the
      voltage-dependent potassium current, or the Ca current-voltage relationship. The
      concentrations of OAG and DPB that reduced Ca current correlate well with those
      concentrations that have been shown, in other systems, to activate protein kinase
      C-dependent phosphorylation. The time course for OAG action on Ca current is also
      consistent with an involvement of kinase C. Incubation of dorsal root ganglion
      cells in 60 microM OAG prevented further reductions in Ca current by either 50
      microM DPB or 10 microM norepinephrine, a known modulator of the voltage
      dependent Ca channel in these cells. This evidence suggests that protein kinase C
      may play a role in modulating Ca channel function.

PMID- 2417237
TI  - Phencyclidine in low doses selectively blocks a presynaptic voltage-regulated
      potassium channel in rat brain.
AB  - Phencylidine (PCP) is a major drug of abuse in the United States. It produces a
      toxic confusional psychosis in man. We show here that nanomolar to micromolar
      concentrations of PCP and behaviorally active congeners selectively block voltage
      regulated noninactivating (or very slowly inactivating) presynaptic K channels in
      the brain. The rank order of potency for blockage of these K channels parallels
      both the relative ability of these agents to produce characteristic behavioral
      deficits in rats and their ability to displace [3H]PCP from its high-affinity
      binding sites in brain. In view of the enhanced voltage-gated Ca influx that
      would be expected to accompany blockage of presynaptic K channels, this mechanism
      could explain the excessive neurotransmitter release that is characteristic of
      PCP intoxication.

PMID- 2417238
TI  - Incorporation of calcium channels from cardiac sarcolemmal membrane vesicles into
      planar lipid bilayers.
AB  - When purified porcine cardiac sarcolemmal membrane vesicles are incorporated into
      planar lipid bilayers formed at the tip of patch electrode pipettes, individual
      divalent cation channels can be monitored. Channel activity is increased in the
      presence of the Ca2+ channel agonist Bay K 8644, is voltage dependent, and
      selects for divalent cations over anions. The activity does not inactivate
      because it is maintained during prolonged depolarizations. Determination of
      divalent cation selectivity from the reversal potential of single-channel
      currents indicates a relative permeability ratio for Ba/Ca/Mg of 1:0.45:0.08.
      Mean channel conductance in 0.1 M Ba2+/0.01 M Mg2+ is 8 pS. Channels are
      reversibly blocked by the Ca2+ channel inhibitor nitrendipine, and inhibition can
      be competitively antagonized by Bay K 8644. Binding studies with 3H-labeled D-600
      demonstrate the presence of high-affinity receptors for D-600 in sarcolemmal
      membranes (Kd = 6.4 X 10(-9) M; Bmax = 3 pmol per mg of protein). In addition,
      experiments with resolved D-600 stereoisomers indicate that (-)D-600 is at least
      25-fold more potent than (+)D-600 in competing for this aralkyl amine receptor.
      Consistent with this, (-)D-600 is much more effective than the (+) isomer in
      inhibiting bilayer-incorporated channels. These results demonstrate that the
      divalent cation channel that has been reconstituted in planar lipid bilayers
      possesses many of the characteristics of voltage-regulated Ca2+ channels in heart
      and suggest that receptors for Ca2+ entry blockers are functionally associated
      with this channel.

PMID- 2417239
TI  - Nomenclature for incompletely specified bases in nucleic acid sequences.
      Recommendations 1984. Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of
      Biochemistry (NC-IUB).

PMID- 2417240
TI  - Purification of a terminal uridylyltransferase that acts as host factor in the in
      vitro poliovirus replicase reaction.
AB  - Poliovirus RNA polymerase requires a host factor to initiate RNA synthesis in
      vitro. The host factor was previously purified to near homogeneity from HeLa
      cells but was not assigned an enzymatic activity. This report describes the
      purification of a terminal uridylyltransferase that can act as host factor. By
      all criteria examined it is identical to the factor purified previously. It has
      the same molecular weight (68,000), chromatographic properties, and cellular
      localization. We present evidence that terminal uridylyltransferase can add
      uridine residues to the 3' poly(A) end of virion RNA and that these anneal back
      to the poly(A) and form a hairpin primer for polymerase.

PMID- 2417241
TI  - Antigenic determinants in proteins coincide with surface regions accessible to
      large probes (antibody domains).
AB  - We evaluated surface areas on proteins that would be accessible to contacts with
      large (1-nm radius) spherical probes. Such spheres are comparable in size to
      antibody domains that contain antigen-combining sites. We found that all the
      reported antigenic sites correspond to segments particularly accessible to a
      large sphere. The antigenic sites were also evident as the most prominently
      exposed regions (hills and ridges) in contour maps of the solvent-accessible
      (small-probe) surface. In myoglobin and cytochrome c, virtually all of the van
      der Waals surface is accessible to the large probe and therefore potentially
      antigenic; in myohemerythrin, distinct large-probe-inaccessible, and
      nonantigenic, surface regions are apparent. The correlation between large-sphere
      accessibility and antigenicity in myoglobin, lysozyme, and cytochrome c appears
      to be better than that reported to exist between antigenicity and segmental
      flexibility; that is, surface regions that are rigid often constitute antigenic
      epitopes, whereas some of the flexible parts of the molecules do not appear
      antigenic. We propose that the primary reason why certain polypeptide-chain
      segments are antigenic is their exceptional surface exposure, making them readily
      available for contacts with antigen-combining sites. Exposure of these segments
      frequently results in high mobility and, in consequence, to the reported
      correlation between antigenicity and segmental flexibility.

PMID- 2417242
TI  - Inhibition of heat shock protein synthesis by heat-inducible antisense RNA.
AB  - We show that antisense RNAs transcribed from genes that are stably integrated
      into the genome can be used to inhibit the expression of an endogenous cellular
      gene. Drosophila tissue culture cells were stably transformed with a gene
      encoding a heat-inducible RNA complementary to the message for hsp26, one of the
      small heat shock proteins. These cells produced much less hsp26 after heat shock
      than did untransformed cells. The inhibition was highly specific: expression of
      the closely related heat shock proteins hsp22, hsp23, and hsp28 was unaffected.
      By varying the copy number of the antisense gene, the degree of inhibition was
      varied over a broad range. Reducing the rate of hsp26 synthesis did not appear to
      affect the synthesis of any other protein during either heat shock or recovery.

PMID- 2417243
TI  - Potassium channels mediate killing by human natural killer cells.
AB  - Human natural killer (NK) cells in peripheral blood spontaneously recognize and
      kill a wide variety of target cells. It has been suggested that ion channels are
      involved in the killing process because there is a Ca-dependent stage and because
      killings by presensitized cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which in many respects
      resembles NK killing, is associated with changes in K and Na transport in the
      target cell. However, no direct evidence exists for ion channels in NK cells or
      in their target cells. Using the whole-cell variation of the patch-clamp
      technique, we found a voltage-dependent potassium (K+) current in NK cells. The
      K+ current was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by the K-channel blockers 4
      aminopyridine and quinidine and by the traditional Ca-channel blockers verapamil
      and Cd2+. We tested the effects of ion-channel blockers on killing of two
      commonly used target cell lines: K562, which is derived from a human myeloid
      leukemia, and U937, which is derived from a human histiocytic leukemia. Killing
      of K562 target cells, determined in a standard 51Cr-release assay, was inhibited
      in a dose-dependent manner by verapamil, quinidine, Cd2+, and 4-aminopyridine at
      concentrations comparable to those that blocked the K+ current in NK cells. In
      K562 target cells only a voltage-dependent Na+ current was found and it was
      blocked by concentrations of tetrodotoxin that had no effect on killing. Killing
      of U937 target cells was also inhibited by the two ion-channel blockers tested,
      quinidine and verapamil. In this cell line only a small K+ current was found that
      was similar to the one in NK cells. We could not find any evidence of a Ca2+
      current in target cells or in NK cells; therefore, our results cannot explain the
      Ca dependence of killing. Our findings show that there are K channels in NK cells
      and that these channels play a necessary role in the killing process. In
      contrast, the endogenous channel type in the target cell is probably not a factor
      in determining target cell sensitivity to natural killing.

PMID- 2417244
TI  - Histamine and chondroitin sulfate E proteoglycan released by cultured human
      colonic mucosa: indication for possible presence of E mast cells.
AB  - An association between the release of histamine and chondroitin sulfate E
      proteoglycan (PG) was demonstrated in human colonic mucosa (HCM). Colonic biopsy
      samples incorporated [35S]sulfate (2.7 X 10(6) +/- 188 X 10(3) cpm/mg of wet
      tissue; mean +/- SEM, n = 5) into PG, which was partially released into the
      culture medium during the incubation period. Ascending thin-layer chromatography
      of the released 35S-labeled PG after its digestion by chondroitin ABC lyase
      (chondroitinase, EC 4.2.2.4) followed by autoradiography yielded three products
      that migrated in the position of monosulfated disaccharides of N
      acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate and N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfate and of an
      oversulfated disaccharide possessing N-acetylgalactosamine 4,6-disulfate.
      Cultured colonic mucosa released 23.6 +/- 3.7 ng of histamine per mg of wet
      tissue (mean +/- SEM, n = 16) without any specific trigger. Comparison by linear
      regression analysis of the release of histamine and chondroitin [35S]sulfate E PG
      revealed a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.7 (n = 16; P less than 0.005).
      Histological examination of the colonic biopsies revealed the presence of many
      mast cells in various degrees of degranulation in the mucosa and submucosa, most
      of which were found in the submucosa. Incubation of the HCM biopsies in the
      presence of anti-human IgE revealed 58% +/- 12% (mean +/- SEM, n = 3) enhancement
      in the release of chondroitin [35S]sulfate E PG and 64% +/- 10% (mean +/- SEM, n
      = 4) of histamine release. The above correlation, the observation that most of
      the mast cells showed various degrees of degranulation, and the lack of heparin
      synthesis as opposed to the synthesis and immunological release of chondroitin
      sulfate E strongly suggest that the E mast cell exists in the human colon.

PMID- 2417245
TI  - Voltage-dependent activation in purified reconstituted sodium channels from
      rabbit T-tubular membranes.
AB  - We have examined the voltage-dependent gating of batrachotoxin-modified sodium
      channels purified from rabbit T-tubular membranes in two ways. First, purified
      channels were reconstituted into planar bilayers and single-channel properties
      were measured. Batrachotoxin-activated channels showed steep voltage-dependent
      activation with half-maximal opening probabilities at potentials between -95 and 
      116 mV. The single-channel conductance (500 mM Na+ cis, 200 mM Na+ trans)
      averaged 20 pS and was independent of membrane potential. Channels usually
      inserted with their extracellular faces on the trans side of the bilayer;
      addition of tetrodotoxin to the cis side had no effect, whereas addition to the
      trans side blocked greater than 95% of channel openings at -77 mV. A second
      approach was used to establish that this voltage dependence was a characteristic
      of the entire population of purified channels and not just those few channels
      observed in planar bilayers. Channels reconstituted into egg phosphatidylcholine
      vesicles were functionally oriented by inclusion of internal saxitoxin; vesicle
      membrane potentials were then generated by K+ gradients in the presence of
      valinomycin. After batrachotoxin activation, Vm was altered by shifts of K+o. All
      of the specific 22Na+ influx activated by batrachotoxin and blocked by saxitoxin
      was found to be voltage sensitive, activating between predicted membrane
      potentials of -100 and -50 mV. The single-channel properties of the purified T
      tubular sodium channel correspond closely to those seen with native sodium
      channels from rat sarcolemma. The voltage-dependent activation of the
      batrachotoxin-modified reconstituted channel is the same as that seen with native
      channels in situ or in bilayers after exposure to this toxin. Most importantly,
      this voltage-dependent gating is a property of all of the purified channels
      capable of specific pharmacological activation.

PMID- 2417246
TI  - Central action of dendrotoxin: selective reduction of a transient K conductance
      in hippocampus and binding to localized acceptors.
AB  - Dendrotoxin, a small single-chain protein from the venom of Dendroaspis
      angusticeps, is highly toxic following intracerebroventricular injection into
      rats. Voltage-clamp analysis of CA1 neurons in hippocampal slices, treated with
      tetrodotoxin, revealed that nanomolar concentrations of dendrotoxin reduce
      selectively a transient, voltage-dependent K conductance. Epileptiform activity
      known to be induced by dendrotoxin can be attributed to such an action. Membrane
      currents not affected directly by the toxin include (i) Ca-activated K
      conductance; (ii) noninactivating voltage-dependent K conductance; (iii)
      inactivating and noninactivating Ca conductances; (iv) persistent inward
      (anomalous) rectifier current. Persistence of the effects of the toxin when Cd
      was included to suppress spontaneous transmitter release indicates a direct
      action on the neuronal membrane. Using biologically active, 125I-labeled
      dendrotoxin, protein acceptor sites of high affinity were detected on
      cerebrocortical synaptosomal membranes and sections of rat brain. In hippocampus,
      toxin binding was shown autoradiographically to reside in synapse-rich and white
      matter regions, with lower levels in cell body layers. This acceptor is
      implicated in the action of toxin because its affinities for dendrotoxin
      congeners are proportional to their central neurotoxicities and potencies in
      reducing the transient, voltage-dependent K conductance.

PMID- 2417247
TI  - Molecular model of the action potential sodium channel.
AB  - Secondary and tertiary structural models of sodium channel transmembrane segments
      were developed from its recently determined primary sequence in Electrophorus
      electricus. The model has four homologous domains, and each domain has eight
      homologous transmembrane segments, S1 through S8. Each domain contains three
      relatively apolar segments (S1, S2 and S3) and two very apolar segments (S5 and
      S8), all postulated to be transmembrane alpha-helices. S4 segments have
      positively charged residues, mainly arginines, at every third residue. The model
      channel lining is formed by four S4 transmembrane alpha-helices and four
      negatively charged S7 segments. S7 segments are postulated to be short, partially
      transmembrane amphipathic alpha-helices in three domains and a beta-strand in the
      last domain. S7 segments are preceded by short apolar segments (S6) postulated to
      be alpha-helices in three domains and a beta-strand in the last domain.
      Positively charged side chains of S4 form salt bridges with negatively charged
      side chains on S7 and near the ends of S1 and S3. Putative extracellular segments
      that contain 5 of the 10 potential N-glycosylation sites link S5 to S6. Channel
      activation may involve a 'helical screw' mechanism in which S4 helices rotate
      around their axes as they move toward the extracellular surface.

PMID- 2417248
TI  - Different types of Ca2+ channels in mammalian skeletal muscle cells in culture.
AB  - This paper describes the existence of two pharmacologically distinct types of
      Ca2+ channels in rat skeletal muscle cells (myoballs) in culture. The first class
      of Ca2+ channels is insensitive to the dihydropyridine (DHP) (+)-PN 200-110; the
      second class of Ca2+ channels is blocked by low concentrations of (+)-PN 200-110.
      The two pharmacologically different Ca2+ channels are also different in their
      voltage and time dependence. The threshold for activation of the DHP-insensitive
      Ca2+ channel is near -65 mV, whereas the threshold for activation of the DHP
      sensitive Ca2+ channel is near -30 mV. Current flowing through the DHP
      insensitive Ca2+ channel is transient with relatively fast kinetics. Half-maximal
      inactivation for the DHP-insensitive Ca2+ channel is observed at a holding
      potential Vh0.5 = -78 mV and the channel is completely inactivated at -60 mV. Two
      different behaviors have been found for DHP-sensitive channels with two different
      kinetics of inactivation (one being about 16 times faster than the other at -2
      mV) and two different voltage dependencies. These two different behaviors are
      often observed in the same myoball and may correspond to two different subtypes
      of DHP-sensitive Ca2+ channels or to two different modes of expression of one
      single Ca2+ channel protein.

PMID- 2417249
TI  - Effects of dietary fiber on digestive enzyme activity and bile acids in the small
      intestine.

PMID- 2417251
TI  - Interferon-induced modulation of human ras oncogene expression.
AB  - Treatment of NIH 3T3 cells with interferon (IFN) after transfection with human
      bladder carcinoma EJ/T24 c-Ha-ras1 oncogene DNA caused inhibition of ras-induced
      cell transformation. Furthermore, the effect of IFN on oncogene expression in an
      established tumor line was studied. A tumor line of NIH 3T3 (RS485) was
      transformed by human c-Ha-ras1 activated by a viral long terminal repeat.
      Treatment of the tumor cells with IFN was associated with a progressive
      appearance of reverted, flat colonies which exhibited a normal phenotype with
      respect to morphology and growth. The revertants were well spread, contact
      inhibited cells; they did not grow in soft agar and were not tumorigenic in nude
      mice. Revertants retained their normal phenotype, although they contained
      transfecting human c-Ha-ras1 DNA; but, they produced significantly decreased
      levels of the onc-encoded protein p21 and c-Ha-ras1 mRNA as compared to RS485
      cells.

PMID- 2417250
TI  - Duodenal ulcer induced by MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine).
AB  - Experiments in rats revealed that the parkinsonian drug 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) given in multiple daily doses either per os (p.o.) or
      subcutaneously (s.c.) induced in a dose-dependent manner solitary or double
      ("kissing") duodenal ulcers in the rat. MPTP also diminished cerebral
      concentrations of DOPAC and the duodenal ulcers were prevented by pretreatment
      with dopamine agonists (e.g., bromocriptine, lergotrile) or monoamine oxidase
      inhibitors (e.g., pargyline, 1-deprenyl). High doses of MPTP also caused gastric
      erosions and motility changes resembling parkinsonism (e.g., akinesia, rigidity,
      forward bending of trunk). This chemical decreased gastric secretion of acid and
      pepsin, as well as pancreatic bicarbonate, trypsin and amylase. Thus, MPTP causes
      duodenal ulcers that are possibly associated with impaired defense in the
      duodenal bulb (e.g., decreased availability of duodenal and pancreatic
      bicarbonate).

PMID- 2417252
TI  - Identification and secretion of gamma-endorphin and beta-endorphin-like peptides
      from the neurointermediate pituitary of the rat.
AB  - Gamma-endorphin (gamma E) and related peptides were chromatographically
      identified in extracts of neurointermediate (NIL) pituitary. When extracts of
      this tissue were purified and subjected to HPLC in order to identify gamma E
      related peptides gamma E, des-tyrosine gamma E, des-enkephalin-gamma E, and alpha
      N acetyl gamma E co-elutable peptides were evident. Perifusates of dispersed NIL
      tissue were also shown to contain beta E and gamma E-immunoreactivity, and the
      secretion of both was suppressed by exposure of the tissue to dopamine. This
      study provides evidence of the endogenous presence and secretion of
      pharmacologically active gamma E-related peptides by the intermediate lobe of the
      rat pituitary.

PMID- 2417253
TI  - Neuropeptide modulation of the behavioral effects of drugs.
AB  - Studies employing conditioned operant behavior of squirrel monkeys, rabbits and
      pigeons have demonstrated that the neuroactive peptides thyrotropin-releasing
      hormone (TRH), substance P (SP) and neurotensin (NT) produce marked behavioral
      effects under a wide range of procedures. These compounds appear to be
      particularly active when given in combination with other drugs. The co
      administration of TRH with chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital and ethanol
      potentiates the effects of these agents on punished behavior. Under other
      conditions SP can reverse the effects of chlordiazepoxide, whereas NT enhances
      the effects of haloperidol. Neither TRH, SP nor NT are behaviorally active at
      doses that produced significant interactions. These results support the view that
      neuropeptides exert modulatory effects on various neurotransmitter systems. An
      understanding of peptide-drug interactions should contribute to the development
      of new compounds with enhanced psychopharmacological efficacy and minimal side
      effects.

PMID- 2417254
TI  - Characterization of the metabolism of substance P and neurotensin by human
      angiotensin I converting enzyme and "enkephalinase".
AB  - Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) and neutral endopeptidase ("enkephalinase";
      NEP), were purified to homogeneity from human renal membranes. NEP hydrolyzed
      substance P (SP) at Gln6-Phe7, Phe7-Phe8, and Gly9-Leu10 and neurotensin (NT) at
      Pro10-Tyr11 and Tyr11-Ile12. ACE cleaved SP at Phe8-Gly9 and Gly9-Leu10 to
      release C-terminal tri- and dipeptide (ratio = 4:1). The hydrolysis was dependent
      on chloride ion and inhibited by captopril. Modification of arginine residues in
      ACE with cylcohexanedione or butanedione inhibited hydrolysis of SP, bradykinin
      and Bz-Gly-Phe-Arg (80-93%) indicating an active site arginine is required for
      hydrolysis of SP. ACE cleaved NT at Tyr11-Ile12 to release Ile12-Leu13. These
      studies indicate that ACE and NEP, two enzymes which are widely distributed in
      the body, may be involved in the metabolism of SP and NT.

PMID- 2417255
TI  - Substance P modulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system.
AB  - It has been shown previously that microinjection with substance P into the
      ventral tegmental area of the rat produces an increase in locomotor activity that
      is dependent upon an intact mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system. In this study
      substance P was microinjected into subnuclei of the ventromedial mesencephalon
      and an increase in motor activity was observed in all nuclei corresponding to the
      A-10 dopamine region. Following behavioral measurements, rats were given
      substance P and levels of DA and its metabolites measured in the nucleus
      accumbens. In contrast with the behavioral response, an increase in DA
      metabolites was observed only after injection made into the nucleus paranigralis
      or nucleus parabrachialis pigmentosus. Injections made along the midline (nucleus
      linearis and nucleus interfascicularis) did not elevate DA metabolites in the
      nucleus accumbens.

PMID- 2417256
TI  - Serine phospholipids as endocoids.
AB  - Unusual phospholipid effects may occur when their distribution in the membrane is
      altered or when uncontrolled metabolic reactions yield elevated concentrations of
      their short lived derivatives. Serine phospholipids are normally buried in the
      internal side of plasma membrane. Upon exposure to the extracellular environment
      they elicit a response from selected cell populations. The interaction between
      these phospholipids and neuroactive compounds in rat peritoneal mast cells may
      indicate that serine phospholipids have a role in the nervous system during
      development.

PMID- 2417257
TI  - DNA "standards" and the range of accurate DNA estimates by Feulgen absorption
      microspectrophotometry.

PMID- 2417258
TI  - Refinements in absorption-cytometric measurements of cellular DNA content.

PMID- 2417259
TI  - Microphotometric demonstration of differences in nuclear structure or
      composition.

PMID- 2417260
TI  - Image analysis in biomedical research.

PMID- 2417261
TI  - Preparation of a lactosaminated albumin-ara-AMP conjugate which remains soluble
      after lyophilization.

PMID- 2417262
TI  - Locomotor effects of cocaine, cocaine congeners, and local anesthetics in mice.
AB  - Spontaneous locomotor activity of mice was stimulated by IP administration of
      cocaine and its closely related phenyltropane analogs. In contrast, locomotion
      was inhibited by IP administration of cocaine congeners such as norcocaine, (+)
      pseudococaine, and tropacocaine, and of isomers of phenyltropane analogs. Also
      inhibitory were the local anesthetics procaine, tetracaine, benzocaine,
      lidocaine, and prilocaine. The locomotor inhibition induced by IP norcocaine or
      tetracaine could be reversed by subsequent treatment with cocaine. Both cocaine
      and norcocaine were centrally stimulatory when injected
      intracerebroventricularly. The rank order of potencies of cocaine congeners and
      local anesthetics in depressing locomotion was similar to that of their potencies
      in interacting with sodium channels. From these results we infer that the
      locomotor depression induced by systemic administration of cocaine congeners
      results from a local anesthetic action involving inhibition of the ion
      conductance of sodium channels.

PMID- 2417263
TI  - Social conflict analgesia: studies on naloxone antagonism and morphine cross
      tolerance in male DBA/2 mice.
AB  - It has recently been reported that male mice exhibit pronounced analgesia in
      response to attack from aggressive conspecifics. Although several studies
      indicate that this reaction can be blocked by opiate antagonist pretreatment,
      unequivocal evidence of opioid involvement is very much more limited. In the
      present study, the phenomenon of conflict analgesia has been studied in male
      DBA/2 intruder mice following exposure to a criterion level of attack from
      aggressive BKW residents. Our findings indicate that this analgesia is blocked
      and reversed by naloxone unaltered by methyl naloxone, except at high doses (75
      mg/kg) and fully cross-tolerant with morphine. This profile confirms and extends
      earlier findings with B6AF1 mice, indicating that the opioid mediation of this
      biologically-relevant form of environmental analgesia is not strain specific.

PMID- 2417264
TI  - [Synthesis of cyclic and non-cyclic tachykinin partial sequences. 2. Synthesis of
      the homocyclic substance P(6-11) hexapeptide].
AB  - The authors describe the synthesis of Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met by cyclization of H
      Leu-Met-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly using three different methods. The linear sequence was
      obtained by a (2+4)-segment condensation. The resulting cyclopeptide showed only
      a small kinin activity on isolated guinea pig ileum compared to substance P, but
      it is a full agonist.

PMID- 2417265
TI  - Influence of substance P on nociception and stress.
AB  - In 1980 Oehme and co-workers [11] reported that Substance P (SP) has a dual
      effect on nociception, which is related to the pain threshold before SP
      administration. Our recent results showed that the N-terminal part of the SP
      sequence may be important to the hyperalgesic action, and the C-terminal part to
      the analgesic action of this peptide. The hyperalgesic effect of SP (and N
      terminal fragments of SP) seems to be related to the "anti-stress" effect which
      was first demonstrated by Hecht and co-workers [5] and Oehme and co-workers [12].
      Interaction of SP with opioid peptides could be the common reason of both the
      "anti-stress" effect and the hyperalgesic activity of SP.

PMID- 2417266
TI  - Mode of action and effects of 5-azacytidine and of its derivatives in eukaryotic
      cells.

PMID- 2417267
TI  - Subcellular flux of potassium and rubidium in amphibian oocytes.
AB  - To determine the net Rb+ influx and K+ efflux at a subcellular level, fully grown
      and a Ringer's solution where K+ was substituted for by Rb+ on a molar bases. For
      40 hrs serial samples of the oocytes were cryofixed and cryosectioned for
      elemental analysis in mM per kg dry weight using electron probe x-ray
      microanalysis. Oocyte volume remained constant. Net Rb+ influx showed a slow
      exponential increase into the nucleus, the yolk-free cytoplasm and the yolk
      platelets. There was significant K+ efflux from the nucleus but not from the yolk
      free cytoplasm or the yolk. The Na+ concentration remained unchanged in all
      compartments during the course of the experiment. There was however a slow but
      significant increase in the concentration of Cl- in each of the subcellular
      compartments but this increase was not sufficient to balance the observed
      increase in the sum of K+ plus Rb+. Thus Rb+ accumulates selectively in all three
      subcellular compartments indicating that Rb+ is not a good K+ surrogate in the
      oocytes. That K+ demonstrates efflux from the nucleus but not from the
      cytoplasmic compartments is interpreted to suggest that some of the nuclear K+ is
      lost in exchange for Rb+ but that essentially none of the cytoplasmic K+ is-lost
      in exchange for Rb+. The findings provide strong evidence for adsorption of Rb+
      in the cell.

PMID- 2417268
TI  - Microwave enhancement of membrane conductance: calmodulin hypothesis.
AB  - It has been found that 2450 MHz microwave radiation increases membrane
      conductance in molluscan neurons. Analysis of this effect points to the important
      role of Ca++ in the mechanism of neuron microwave response. However, regulation
      of many intracellular processes is not a direct Ca++ effect, but is mediated
      through calmodulin, a Ca++-binding multifunctional protein. Furthermore, there is
      some evidence showing that Ca++ regulation of a Ca pump, endoplasmic reticulum
      Ca++ buffering, and Ca++-activated K+ conductance are mediated via calmodulin.
      Based on that, calmodulin is hypothesized to be a microwave susceptible protein,
      and a qualitative model of microwave enhancement of membrane conductance is
      suggested.

PMID- 2417269
TI  - Effects of Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom on mouse peripheral nerve.
AB  - A physiological and morphological study has been made of the effects of the venom
      of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer on peripheral nerve and skeletal muscle of
      the mouse. Venom was injected either into the sciatic nerve, via a glass
      micropipette, or into the calf muscles. Repetitive firing of nerve fibres
      commenced within seconds of injection and caused fasciculation of muscles and
      irregular trains of end-plate potentials. These physiological disturbances were
      associated with swelling of the nodal and paranodal axoplasm and the development
      of vacuoles in the periaxonal space. The segments of internode between the
      vacuoles became attenuated, with an increase in the density of axoplasmic
      organelles and a reduction in axonal calibre. The repetitive firing ceased after
      1-3 h with development of conduction block. Both the physiological and the
      morphological abnormalities gradually resolved and by 24 h nerve conduction and
      morphology had largely returned to normal. It seems likely that these short-lived
      abnormalities are a consequence of the influx of sodium ions at the nodes of
      Ranvier, caused by the action of the venom on sodium channels.

PMID- 2417270
TI  - [Beta-thromboglobulin and fibrinopeptide A in acute myocardial infarction].
AB  - Fifty patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction were evaluated for beta
      thromboglobulin and fibrinopeptide A (FpA) during the first 12 hours after
      admission. It has been noted that beta-thromboglobulin levels were higher than
      normal in most of patients examined, whereas FpA levels were higher only in four
      cases. On the contrary, after 12 hours beta-thromboglobulin levels were normal in
      all subjects whereas FpA levels showed the same high values. These results
      indicate that platelets may play an important role only in the acute phase of
      infarction and that the thrombus formation, accounted for by presence of
      fibrinogen derivative, only later might occur.

PMID- 2417271
TI  - Endogenous type-C viral expression during lymphoma development in irradiated NFS
      mice.
AB  - The expression of the type-C retrovirus and the virus-related components in NFS
      mice were examined during preleukemic and leukemic phases after fractionated
      whole-body X irradiation. The NFS mice were highly susceptible to induction of
      thymoma by fractionated X irradiation. The leukemic tissues were negative for
      infectious type-C virus, as detected by both the XC-plaque test and mink S+ L-
      focus-inducing assays, but contained a substantially higher level of viral
      specific RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity and a major core protein p30 than
      the corresponding tissues from unirradiated age-control mice. In the preleukemic
      phase, the amount of p30-related antigen increased transiently in spleen. The
      leukemic cell lines established from radiation-induced lymphomas produced
      particulate entities with a buoyant density of about 1.15 g/ml. These virus-like
      particles lacked in vitro infectivity to mouse cells and mink lung cells and
      leukemogenicity in syngeneic mice. The p30-related antigens of these particles
      were immunologically similar to that of xenotropic virus derived from NZB mouse.

PMID- 2417272
TI  - [Pathologicoanatomic changes during combined radiation and chemical injuries fo
      rats].
AB  - Pathoanatomical analysis, carried out after the combined effect of whole-body
      irradiation and pesticides of different classes over 5 days in doses of 1/4
      LD50/30 and 1/4 LD50, respectively, did not exhibit any changes other than those
      caused by each of the factors applied separately.

PMID- 2417273
TI  - [Quantitative technics in ultrasonic diagnosis].
AB  - This paper presents techniques for computer-aided analysis of medical ultrasonic
      images. Methods of image processing, feature extraction and a classification
      algorithm for tissue characterization are described. Based on these techniques a
      pattern recognition system for semi-automatic analysis of ultrasonic images has
      been developed and proved within three clinical studies, which aimed to improve
      the ultrasound diagnosis of the prostate, the thyroid and the female breast. The
      results show that computer analysis of ultrasonic images is capable of providing
      a quantitative diagnosis as well as of differentiating tumor lesions by
      sonography.

PMID- 2417274
TI  - Gd-DTPA contrast enhancement and tissue differentiation in MR imaging of
      experimental breast carcinoma.
AB  - Gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA) enhancement of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was
      tested for diagnostic utility in evaluating carcinoma. Human breast carcinoma
      implanted in ten nude mice was studied before and after injection of Gd-DTPA at
      two different doses (0.2 and 0.5 mmol/kg body weight). Before injection, all
      tumors appeared homogeneous in intensity on spin-echo images; after injection, it
      was possible to distinguish areas of strong enhancement from areas of weak
      enhancement. Histologic correlations showed that the strongly enhanced areas
      corresponded to richly vascularized connective tissue and apparently viable
      tumoral tissues, while the weakly enhanced areas corresponded to nonvascularized
      necrotic tissue. The results indicate that intravenously administered
      paramagnetic agents such as Gd-DTPA may improve the specificity and diagnostic
      accuracy of MR imaging by permitting better differentiation of tumor elements.

PMID- 2417275
TI  - Renal fascial pathway: posterior extension of pancreatic effusions within the
      anterior pararenal space.
AB  - Retrorenal extension of pancreatic effusion or phlegmon associated with
      pancreatitis has been described frequently and is generally considered to
      represent extension of these processes from the anterior into the posterior
      pararenal space. A series of meticulous cadaveric dissections (n = 8) and a
      review of a large number of patients with pancreatitis (n = 53) show that these
      posterior collections actually represent extension of pancreatitis from the
      anterior pararenal space to a potential space between the laminae of the
      posterior renal fascia. Of 40 patients with posterior extension of pancreatic
      effusion or phlegmon, interfascial involvement was observed in all 40 and was
      bilateral in nine (23%). True involvement of the posterior pararenal space was
      uncommon, as was extension into the perirenal space. This phenomenon appears as a
      continuum of the well-described thickening of the renal fascia secondary to
      pancreatitis. It can be explained by new observations of the relationships
      between the fascia of Gerota and the lateroconal fascia.

PMID- 2417276
TI  - Varying gradient angles and offsets to optimize imaging planes in MR.
AB  - A simple technique for determining the appropriate viewing angle rotations
      necessary to obtain images in any desired plane is presented, along with an
      explanation of the imaging coordinates used in magnetic resonance imaging.
      Viewing angle rotations caused a minimal loss in image quality but no loss in
      signal-to-noise ratio, and were found to be compatible with both multisection and
      multiecho acquisitions. Several examples that show the practical applications of
      these techniques are provided.

PMID- 2417277
TI  - When nurses fail to follow doctors' orders: disaster.

PMID- 2417278
TI  - Light microscopic histochemistry on plastic sections.
AB  - As compared with conventional paraffin, celloidin, and frozen sections, semithin
      plastic sections offer a superior quality of the light microscopic image in terms
      of better resolution, absence of distortion and shrinkage artifacts, and
      suitability for calcified tissues. Application of histochemical methods to such
      sections often encounters, however, serious difficulties resulting from a
      considerably reduced reactivity of plastic-embedded biological material. Factors
      involved include a poor penetration of reagents into plastic embedding media due
      to a steric or hydrophobic hindrance, as well as a blockade of the reactive
      chemical groups in the sample due to interactions with fixatives and plastics.
      Embedding in polar (hydrophilic) plastics, such as glycol methacrylate, permits
      carrying out a large number of histochemical reactions, including the
      demonstration of enzymatic activities, directly on sections, but is less suitable
      for combined light/electron microscopic studies because of an imperfect
      ultrastructural preservation of tissues. Embedding in nonpolar epoxy resins,
      particularly if combined with a double aldehyde-osmium fixation, results in a
      high quality ultrastructure but almost fully inhibits the histochemical
      reactivity of the embedded material. In order to restore this reactivity, i.e. to
      unmask chemical groups bound by the polymerized resin, semithin epoxy sections
      require the removal of the embedding matrix by alkoxides prior to the
      histochemical procedure. Additional steps are also often necessary: treatment of
      osmium-fixed sections with oxidative agents, e.g., hydrogen peroxide or periodate
      which reoxidize the bound osmium and remove it from tissue, and a controlled
      proteolytic digestion, especially useful in immunocytochemical studies, which
      probably cleaves the bonds between the primary aldehyde fixative, and the
      reactive sites. This article reviews histochemical methods which have been
      successfully applied to plastic-embedded material. Using polar methacrylates
      and/or nonpolar epoxy resins as embedding media, it has been possible to
      demonstrate proteins and aminoacid residues, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic
      acids, biogenic amines, inorganic ions, and some enzymes, although the spectrum
      of methods found as suitable for plastic-embedded material is far narrower than
      that available for paraffin or frozen sections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2417279
TI  - The operation of the sodium channel in nerve and muscle.

PMID- 2417280
TI  - Influence of temperature on various mechanisms associated with neuronal growth
      and nerve regeneration.

PMID- 2417281
TI  - [Signal transduction process on membrane].

PMID- 2417282
TI  - [Multi-mixing technique].

PMID- 2417283
TI  - [Triplet probe techniques].

PMID- 2417284
TI  - [Reverse transcriptase].

PMID- 2417285
TI  - Evaluation of radiotherapy according to the aim of treatment for malignant tumors
      -526 patients in 1977 and 1978.
AB  - The effects of radiotherapy were evaluated according to the aim of treatment in
      526 patients with malignant tumors. All of them underwent medical examination and
      were treated by irradiation for the first time in the Department of Radiology,
      Gunma University Hospital, in 1977 and 1978. They were divided into five groups
      according to the aim of treatment, which was established before the start of
      radiotherapy and based on curability. Groups A, B, and C (radical radiotherapy)
      were composed of patients with localized tumors, and Group D (palliative
      radiotherapy) of those with advanced or recurrent tumors. The relative five-year
      survival rate was 107% in Group A (110 patients), 67% in Group B (85 patients),a
      nd 34% in Group C (151 patients), or 66% in all patients treated radically. The
      cumulative 24-month survival rate was 16% in Group D (159 patients). In 21
      patients treated symptomatically (Group E), the rate of effectiveness of
      radiotherapy was 71%. In the 526 patients as a whole, the relative five-year
      survival rate was 46%. We were relatively satisfied with these results, but
      believe that much more favorable results will be obtained in the near future if a
      more suitable method of individual treatment for each patient with malignant
      tumor can be devised.

PMID- 2417286
TI  - Isolation and characterization of substance P, substance P 5-11, and substance K
      from two metastatic ileal carcinoids.
AB  - Using an antiserum directed at the COOH-terminus of tachykinins, we have examined
      postmortem tissue from two cases of metastatic ileal carcinoid for the presence
      of tachykinin-like immunoreactivity. The vast majority of the immunoreactive
      tachykinin-like material eluted from a Sephadex G-50 column as two peaks at
      positions corresponding to molecular weights of 1300 and 850. The 1300 dalton
      peak was resolved by reverse-phase-HPLC into two components which by Edman
      sequencing, amino acid analysis, and fast atom bombardment (FAB)-mass
      spectrometry criteria, were identified as substance P and substance K. The 850
      dalton peak was also resolved on RP-HPLC into two peaks which were resistant to
      Edman degradation but from amino acid analysis and FAB-mass spectrometry criteria
      were identified as pyro-Glu-substance P 5-11 and oxidized pyro-Glu-substance P 5
      11. In control experiments substance P 5-11 was converted to pyro-Glu-substance P
      5-11 during the extraction procedure. Both tumors also contained a minor
      immunoreactive peak which eluted from a Sephadex G-50 sizing column at a position
      corresponding to a molecular weight of 4000 which probably represents
      neuropeptide K. These results suggest that beta-preprotachykinin is
      preferentially expressed in carcinoid tumors and that substance K may also play a
      role in the carcinoid syndrome.

PMID- 2417287
TI  - [Total remission of advanced cancer of the testis with the use of the VAB6
      schedule: experience with 40 cases].

PMID- 2417288
TI  - [Anaphylactic reaction to propanidid].

PMID- 2417289
TI  - [Arrhythmogenic dysplasia of the right ventricle and trisomy X. Presentation of a
      case].

PMID- 2417290
TI  - [Results of intubation in the palliative treatment of cancer of the esophagus].

PMID- 2417291
TI  - [Dubin-Johnson syndrome associated with lithiasis of the gallbladder. Study of 3
      cases].

PMID- 2417292
TI  - [Molecular aspects of the adaptation of pancreatic and intestinal enzymes to
      dietary regimens].
AB  - The levels of digestive enzymes are known for a long time to be modulated by
      dietary manipulations as well as genetic and hormonal factors. Adaptation of both
      types of enzymes, secretory pancreatic hydrolases and intestinal membrane-bound
      enzymes, to changes in diet has been shown to result from specific variations in
      the rate of their biosynthesis. As a first step towards the elucidation of the
      mechanism underlying adaptation of pancreatic enzymes to nutritional substrates
      we have measured the levels of translatable mRNAs coding for amylase, lipase,
      serine proteases and procarboxypeptidases. Our results indicate that dietary
      regulation occurs at a transcriptional level but also involves in some cases
      changes in mRNA stability. With respect to intestinal enzymes, reliable
      quantitative data were obtained by activity determination and monodimensional
      immunoelectrophoresis in response to changes in diet.

PMID- 2417293
TI  - Comparison of 1-methyl-4-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 1-methyl-4
      phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and p-chloroamphetamine as monoamine
      depletors.
AB  - 1-Methyl-4-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (PC-MPTP) failed to mimic
      the effects of MPTP in producing persistent depletion of striatal dopamine and
      its metabolites in mice one week after the last of four daily doses. MPTP was
      given at 20 mg/kg, whereas PC-MPTP was given at doses up to 80 mg/kg. In rats, p
      chloroamphetamine (PCA) given in a single dose of 0.1 mmole/kg (20.6 mg/kg) i.p.
      caused marked depletion of hypothalamic serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      (5HIAA) concentration at 6 hrs, and the depletion persisted at 1 day and at 1
      week. In contrast, PC-MPTP given at an equimolar dose failed to affect either
      serotonin or 5HIAA concentration at these times. Apparently the addition of a p
      chloro substituent to MPTP eliminates its neurotoxicity to striatal dopamine
      neurons, and replacement of the aminoisopropyl side chain of PCA with a 1-methyl
      1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl group eliminates its neurotoxicity to brain
      serotonin neurons.

PMID- 2417294
TI  - Plasmalemmal metabolic activities in cultured calf pulmonary arterial endothelial
      cells.
AB  - We have determined kinetic characteristics of angiotensin converting enzyme, 5'
      nucleotidase and transmembrane serotonin uptake and metabolism in cultured calf
      pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. Angiotensin converting enzyme activity was
      2.8 +/- 0.03 Units/10(6) cells (N = 19; 1 Unit: amount of enzyme required to
      metabolize 1% of substrate, benzoyl-Phe-Ala-Pro, in 1 min under conditions of
      first order reaction kinetics) in confluent monolayers and 2.31 +/- 0.06
      Units/10(6) cells (N = 20) in homogenates. 5'-Nucleotidase activity (substrate:
      5'-AMP) was 0.25 +/- 0.01 Units/10(6) cells (N = 19) in monolayers and 0.26 +/-
      0.01 Units/10(6) cells (N = 20) in homogenates. Kinetic constants for angiotensin
      converting enzyme were: Km = 7.6 microM, Vmax = 5.2 nmol/hour/10(6) cells and for
      5'-nucleotidase: Km = 52.6 microM, Vmax = 6.3 nmol/hour/10(6) cells. These data
      confirm that both angiotensin converting enzyme and 5'-nucleotidase are
      ectoenzymes with no cytoplasmic activity. Serotonin uptake exhibited both a
      saturable (Km = 0.27 microM, Vmax = 17 pmol/hour/10(6) cells) and a non-saturable
      component.

PMID- 2417295
TI  - Elevation of serum pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) in patients with
      serious injury.
AB  - Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) in serum was measured periodically
      in 15 patients with serious abdominal and non-abdominal injuries. From the second
      or third posttraumatic day, serum PSTI began to rise. Elevation of serum PSTI to
      more than twice the initial value was seen in 93% of the patients following
      serious injury. In uneventful cases, it declined and returned to the level at the
      time of admission within 14 days, but in the patients with serious inflammations
      and in the patient who died, it remained elevated. The change in the
      concentration of serum PSTI was significantly correlated with those of the acute
      phase reactants (fibrinogen and alpha 1-antitrypsin). There was no correlation
      between the level of serum PSTI and serum amylase activity or creatinine.

PMID- 2417296
TI  - Liver pathology accompanying chronic liposome administration in mouse.
AB  - Particulate drug carriers have a pronounced tendency to localize in the
      mononuclear phagocyte system and chronic administration of such carriers can
      result in reticuloendothelial (RE) blockade. In a previous study (Allen et al.,
      J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap., 229, 267, 1984) we have examined the ability of
      chronic i.v. administration of liposomes of a variety of compositions to cause RE
      blockade in mice. In this communication we report on the time course of
      histological changes in liver accompanying chronic liposome administration in
      samples collected at the time of our previous studies. The predominant
      histological feature was the appearance of a granulomatous reaction in liver.
      Granulomas were frequent in liver tissue of mice receiving 2 or more injections
      of sphingomyelin:phosphatidylcholine, 4:1 or
      distearoylphosphatidylcholine:cholesterol, 1:1 liposomes, but disappeared shortly
      after termination of liposome injections. In mice receiving
      phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol, 2:1 liposomes no granulomas in liver were
      apparent during the injection course (10 injections of 2 mg phospholipid each
      over 25 days) but granulomatous inflammation of the liver became apparent 2 weeks
      after the last injection and had not resolved by 9 weeks post-injection. The
      appearance of granulomas was correlated with depression of phagocytic index and
      their disappearance was correlated with normalization or stimulation of
      reticuloendothelial function. These observations may be related to the rate of
      phospholipid metabolism for the various phospholipid types or to the nature of
      phospholipid metabolites.

PMID- 2417297
TI  - Dihydrostreptomycin treatment of bovine carriers of Leptospira interrogans
      serovar hardjo.
AB  - Ten non-pregnant heifers, experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans
      serovar hardjo, were each given an intramuscular injection of dihydrostreptomycin
      at a dose rate of 25 mg kg-1. In five of these animals this treatment was
      repeated after 14 days. Treatment failed to remove established genital or renal
      infection in seven of the 10 heifers, although the number of organisms persisting
      was apparently reduced in these animals. Serovar hardjo infection persisted for
      at least 83 days in the oviduct and uterus and these tissues may be as important
      carrier sites for serovar hardjo as bovine kidney tissue.

PMID- 2417298
TI  - [Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: recent achievements and therapeutic perspectives].

PMID- 2417299
TI  - [Value of the radioimmunological assay of HCG and its subunits in the diagnosis
      and follow-up of gestational trophoblastic disease].
AB  - The value of the assay of the sub-units of human chorionic gonadotrophin in the
      diagnosis and follow-up of trophoblastic disease is generally recognised. The
      authors stress that this follow-up allows a maximal preservation of the genital
      tract of the patients and an evaluation of the real effectiveness of treatment.

PMID- 2417300
TI  - [Available, easy and useful tests for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis].

PMID- 2417301
TI  - [Enzymatic activity of different pancreatic supplements: in vitro studies for the
      determination of the compounds with major therapeutic effect].

PMID- 2417302
TI  - Antigenic variation in Trypanosoma evansi: variable antigen type (VAT)
      composition of first relapse populations in mice.
AB  - The variable antigen type (VAT) composition of first relapse populations
      developing in mice infected with 11 VAT populations of a stock of T. evansi was
      shown to be independent of the infecting VAT. Trypanosomes representing three of
      the VATs were found in all relapse populations resulting from infection with each
      VAT. A further seven VATs were detected in at least one relapse population from
      each VAT. These 10 VATs had previously been classed as predominant VATs from
      studies on VAT development in rabbits, sheep and goats. It is probable,
      therefore, that the VAT composition of first relapse populations can be used as a
      basis for the classification of T. evansi stocks into serodemes according to
      their predominant VAT repertoires.

PMID- 2417303
TI  - The protective effect of the 4-5S immune RNA against Trypanosoma cruzi infection
      in mice.
AB  - The immune RNA (iRNA) was extracted from the spleens of mice infected with
      Trypanosoma cruzi. The 4-5S iRNA, obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation,
      was effective in reducing the parasitemia and mortality of mice challenged with a
      virulent strain of T. cruzi. No such activity was found in the RNA fraction
      obtained from the spleens of normal (4-5S nRNA) animals. Mouse peritoneal
      macrophages exposed to the 4-5S iRNA were able to inhibit the growth of T. cruzi.
      These results suggest that the protective effect of the 4-5S iRNA against T.
      cruzi infection could be due to its ability in enhancing macrophage resistance to
      this parasite.

PMID- 2417304
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the measurement of small quantities
      of alpha 2-macroglobulin.
AB  - A simple, sensitive and precise enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the
      quantitation of alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) in supernatants of cell cultures
      was constructed. All reagents apart from the alpha 2M standard were commercially
      available. The assay range was 2.0-500 micrograms/l. The intra-assay coefficient
      of variation (CV%) was 4.6%, and the imprecision between runs was 8.9% at 10
      micrograms/l and 9.0% at 110 micrograms/l. Recovery of alpha 2M, added to cell
      culture medium free of serum, was 97.5 +/- 7.2% (mean +/- SD) and the recovery of
      alpha 2M added to pooled human serum was 101 +/- 6.0%. There was no significant
      difference between the recovery of alpha 2M-standard and alpha 2M-trypsin
      complexes, whereas the dose response of a commercial alpha 2M-standard was lower
      than expected (81.1 +/- 7.5%), indicating a lower purity and/or conformational
      changes in the epitopes of this reagent. As expected, supernatants of mononuclear
      lymphocyte cultures enriched in monocytes contained significantly higher
      concentrations of alpha 2M than supernatants of cell cultures depleted in
      monocytes. Our results indicate that the ELISA method could be useful tool in the
      study of the alpha 2M turnover in all cell cultures in vitro.

PMID- 2417305
TI  - Absence of hepatic peroxisomes in a case of infantile Refsum's disease.

PMID- 2417306
TI  - Prostate specific acid phosphatase versus five other possible tumour markers: a
      comparative study in men with prostatic carcinoma.

PMID- 2417307
TI  - Isoenzyme patterns of prostatic acid phosphatase in serum, urine, and homogenates
      from men and women.

PMID- 2417308
TI  - HLA control of the proliferative T lymphocyte response to antigenic determinants
      on mumps virus. Studies of healthy individuals and patients with type 1 diabetes.
AB  - The proliferative T lymphocyte responses to two different mumps antigen
      preparations, S (nucleocapsid) and V (viral envelope), were characterized. Eight
      patients with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus were all found to be
      responders to S and V mumps antigen. Among the 64 healthy individuals, 52 were
      classified as responders to the S antigen and 50 responders to the V antigen. No
      difference was found between T lymphocytes from Type 1 diabetic patients and
      those from healthy individuals as regards the effect of indomethacin on the mumps
      specific response. The majority of the mumps-specific T lymphocytes seemed to be
      restricted by epitopes on the HLA-DR molecules. The frequency of mumps antigen
      reactive T lymphocytes (ARTL) was found to be low when the response was
      restricted by DR3-associated elements, and high when it was restricted by DR4
      associated elements, compared to the frequency of ARTL when other DR-associated
      elements restricted the mumps-specific response. For the majority of the
      individuals tested, the DR-associated hypo- and hyper-responsiveness was found
      with both the S and the V mumps antigens.

PMID- 2417309
TI  - The role of serologically defined epitopes on mumps virus HN-glycoprotein in the
      induction of virus-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Analysis with monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - The importance of virus structural proteins for the induction of virus-dependent
      cellular cytotoxicity (VDCC) was studied by means of monoclonal antibodies raised
      in mice against mumps virions. Antibodies against the viral glycoprotein bearing
      the haemagglutination and neuraminidase activities (HN) inhibited VDCC but not
      the natural cytotoxicity (NK) displayed by the lymphocytes in the absence of
      virus. Antibodies to the fusion factor, the membrane protein or the nucleoprotein
      were inactive. These results confirmed our previous conclusion, that the only
      viral component required for VDCC induction is the HN protein. To clarify the
      role of this protein in VDCC further, the inhibitory activity of 13 HN-specific
      monoclonals, all of IgG isotype and directed against 9 distinct determinants, was
      studied in detail. Seven antibodies reacting with 3 different determinants of the
      peptide moiety of the HN protein were strongly inhibitory. The remaining
      antibodies, specific for 5 additional peptide epitopes, had intermediate or weak
      inhibitory effects. One carbohydrate specific anti-HN antibody was inactive
      although its antigen-binding capacity was of the same magnitude as that of a good
      inhibitory antibody. The anti-HN antibodies inhibited VDCC regardless of their
      IgG subclass. Moreover, VDCC inhibition was not correlated with the capacity of
      the antibodies to inhibit haemagglutination, haemolysis, neuraminidase activity,
      or the infectivity of the virus. These results suggest that full expression of
      VDCC requires the interaction of more than one of the serologically defined
      structures of the HN polypeptide with virus receptors on the lymphocytes and
      probably also on the target cells. These structures may be different at least in
      part from those involved in other known biological activities of the virus.
      Treatment of lymphocytes with virus increases both the number of target-binding
      cells (TBC) and the number of cytotoxic effector cells. However, when treated
      under conditions which gave optimal VDCC inhibition, none of the inhibitory
      antibodies reduced the virus-mediated increase in TBC. This indicates either that
      the anti-HN antibodies decreased the efficiency of effector-target cell
      interaction necessary for VDCC induction, or that they blocked a post-binding
      step required for triggering of cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2417310
TI  - [Endoscopic insertion of endoprostheses in malignant extrahepatic bile duct
      stenoses].
AB  - In the vast majority of patients with malignant biliary strictures endoscopic
      insertion of biliary endoprostheses leads to good palliation with decline of the
      jaundice and disappearence of the pruritus. The prostheses are positioned
      immediately after diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, thus
      causing only minor additional discomfort for the patients. The insertion
      technique is difficult, but success rates between 70 and 90% are achieved by
      experienced endoscopists. Complications occur in 10 to 20% and mortality is 2-3%.
      Thus, endoscopically inserted endoprostheses have become a good alternative to
      the percutaneous transhepatic procedure and in many cases even to palliative
      surgical biliary drainage.

PMID- 2417311
TI  - Deposition fluxes of lead, cadmium, copper and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
      (PAH) on the verges of a major highway.
AB  - Deposition fluxes of Pb, Cd, Cu and a range of 11 PAH compounds have been
      determined at distances of 3.8-220 m from the M6 motorway in northwest England
      over a period of 21 months. Considerable temporal variation is seen in the
      deposition fluxes, but time-averaged data show that fluxes of Cd, Cu and the PAH
      compounds are highly elevated close to the road, decreasing to background levels
      within 20-40 m. Whilst lead also shows considerable roadside enhancement, its
      deposition continues to decline over the full 220-m measurement interval.
      Background deposition levels for all pollutants measured are of the same order as
      other reported data. Analysis of deposition samples for organic compounds by gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed a wide range of mainly hydrocarbon
      compounds.

PMID- 2417312
TI  - The budget of lead, copper and cadmium for a major highway.
AB  - Data on deposition fluxes and concentrations of lead, cadmium and copper in road
      drainage water at proximate sites on the M6 motorway in northwest England have
      been analysed. The integration of fluxes over a year indicates that metal removal
      in road drainage water exceeds that deposited on the roadside verges, most
      markedly in the case of copper. From estimates of the source strength for lead,
      it is concluded that approximately 90% of emissions are dispersed by the
      atmosphere away from the immediate vicinity of the road. These findings are
      supported by estimation of integrated deposition since the opening of the road,
      derived from analysis of roadside soils.

PMID- 2417313
TI  - A hybrid model for predicting the distribution of pollutants dispersed from line
      sources.
AB  - This paper applies a hybrid modeling methodology to the problem of the dispersion
      of pollutants from line sources. The model combines a deterministic component,
      the GM model (Chock, 1978), with a statistical component, the two-parameter
      Weibull distribution, to produce estimates of the entire distribution of
      pollutant concentration. The approach is demonstrated using hourly average carbon
      monoxide data recorded in Melbourne, Australia. Using a second data set a model
      validation exercise is performed. The hybrid model has worked well, producing
      estimates of pollutant concentration with an accuracy better than a factor of two
      over all percentiles of the distribution of pollutant concentration.

PMID- 2417314
TI  - The effects of heptachlor and lindane on birds, Columbia Basin, Oregon and
      Washington, 1976-1981.
AB  - The effects of heptachlor seed treatments on birds in the vicinity of the
      Umatilla National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon and Washington, were investigated from
      1978 to 1981. An egg was collected from each of 60 nests representing six
      species. Heptachlor epoxide (HE) residues were detected in 35 eggs and were
      particularly high (8-13 micrograms g-1) in a few eggs of the black-billed magpie,
      mallard, and ring-necked pheasant. These residues were within the range that
      induced reproductive problems in other species in the area. Diagnostically lethal
      residue levels (greater than or equal to 9 micrograms g-1) of HE were detected in
      the brains of nine birds (four species). Most of the avifauna in the area
      contained residues of HE and related compounds. Lindane, the replacement chemical
      for heptachlor, did not produce adverse effects in birds, and residues were not
      detected in either their eggs or brains.

PMID- 2417315
TI  - Antigens induced on erythrocytes by P. falciparum: expression of diverse and
      conserved determinants.
AB  - Red blood cells that are infected with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
      express new antigens on their surface. In a study of these antigens in the
      erythrocytes of naturally infected children in the Gambia, an antibody-mediated
      agglutination assay revealed an extreme degree of antigenic diversity. Serum
      samples from each of ten children in the convalescent stage of malaria infection
      reacted with infected cells from the same child but generally not with infected
      cells from the other children. The Gambian children's erythrocytes also expressed
      shared determinants: sera from Gambian adults often reacted with the surface of
      infected cells from all of the children and were shown by adsorption and elution
      experiments to contain antibodies that recognized several isolates. Conserved
      determinants exposed on infected erythrocytes may be important for development of
      antimalarial immunity either naturally or through vaccination.

PMID- 2417316
TI  - Defense strategies against hypoxia and hypothermia.
AB  - Because aerobic metabolic rates decrease in hypoxia-sensitive cells under oxygen
      limiting conditions, the demand for glucose or glycogen for anaerobic glycolysis
      may rise drastically as a means of making up for the energetic shortfall.
      However, ion and electrical potentials typically cannot be sustained because of
      energy insufficiency and high membrane permeabilities; therefore metabolic and
      membrane functions in effect become decoupled. In hypoxia-tolerant animals, these
      problems are resolved through a number of biochemical and physiological
      mechanisms; of these metabolic arrest and stabilized membrane functions are the
      most effective strategies for extending tolerance to hypoxia. Metabolic arrest is
      achieved by means of a reversed or negative Pasteur effect (reduced or unchanging
      glycolytic flux at reduced O2 availability); and coupling of metabolic and
      membrane function is achievable, in spite of the lower energy turnover rates, by
      maintaining membranes of low permeability (probably via reduced densities of ion
      specific channels). The possibility of combining metabolic arrest with channel
      arrest has been recognized as an intervention strategy. To date, the success of
      this strategy has been minimal, mainly because depression of metabolism through
      cold is the usual arrest mechanism used, and hypothermia in itself perturbs
      controlled cell function in most endotherms.

PMID- 2417317
TI  - A parathyroid hormone-like protein from cultured human keratinocytes.
AB  - Parathyroid hormone-like factors have been found in extracts of tumors associated
      with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, many of which are of squamous
      epithelial origin. Cultured, nonmalignant human keratinocytes were examined for
      the production of similar factors. Keratinocyte-conditioned medium from ten
      cultures stimulated the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in clonally
      derived rat osteosarcoma cells sensitive to parathyroid hormone. Bovine [Nle8,18,
      Tyr34]PTH-(3-34)NH2, a competitive inhibitor of parathyroid hormone, stopped the
      adenylate cyclase production stimulated by keratinocyte-conditioned medium, but
      antisera to parathyroid hormone had no effect on such adenylate cyclase activity.
      The active component of keratinocyte-conditioned medium has a molecular weight
      exceeding that of native parathyroid hormone. These characteristics are shared by
      the parathyroid hormone receptor agonists associated with humoral hypercalcemia
      of malignancy, which suggests that normal human keratinocytes may produce a
      factor related to that produced by malignant tumors associated with humoral
      hypercalcemia of malignancy.

PMID- 2417318
TI  - Protein-tyrosine kinase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae was examined for tyrosine kinase activity in vitro
      because this organism offers molecular and genetic approaches for analyzing the
      role of tyrosine phosphorylation in cellular growth control that are unavailable
      in higher eukaryotes. Yeast extracts phosphorylated a random copolymer (glutamic
      acid:tyrosine, 80:20) at tyrosine in a reaction that was linear with respect to
      time and protein concentration. In the absence of added copolymer,
      phosphotyrosine was 0.1 percent of the total phosphoamino acids labeled with
      [gamma-32P]adenosine triphosphate in endogenous yeast proteins. However, specific
      activities of these reactions were low (approximately 1 percent of those in
      extracts of chick embryo fibroblasts). Lack of significant incorporation of label
      from [alpha-32P]adenosine triphosphate into the copolymer or endogenous yeast
      proteins demonstrated that nucleotide interconversion, adenylylation, and
      subsequent hydrolysis could not account for the generation of phosphotyrosine
      observed.

PMID- 2417320
TI  - The palliative-curative interface.

PMID- 2417319
TI  - Palliative care.

PMID- 2417321
TI  - Palliative surgery.

PMID- 2417322
TI  - Palliative radiation therapy.

PMID- 2417323
TI  - Palliative chemotherapy and hormonal therapy.

PMID- 2417324
TI  - Interventional radiology in palliative care.

PMID- 2417325
TI  - Pain management in advanced cancer.

PMID- 2417326
TI  - Psychosocial support: interventions for the physician.

PMID- 2417327
TI  - Bereavement.

PMID- 2417328
TI  - Legal and ethical issues in palliative health care.

PMID- 2417329
TI  - The spiritual care component of palliative care.

PMID- 2417330
TI  - Hospice: the end of the beginning.

PMID- 2417331
TI  - Therapeutic options in renal-cell carcinoma.
AB  - Renal-cell carcinoma rarely responds to cytotoxic chemotherapy, yet considerable
      evidence suggests that host factors may be capable of modifying the course of the
      disease. Although the mechanisms of interferon's antitumor effects are not well
      defined, the possibility that interferon might augment a host immune response
      provided a rationale for early clinical trials in this tumor. Investigations
      using various interferon alpha preparations (including interferons induced in
      human leukocytes and a human lymphoblastoid cell line) and recombinant
      interferons alfa-2a and alfa-2b have all provided evidence for antitumor
      activity. The overall major response rate with interferon alpha species in the
      344 evaluable patients included in these 14 studies was 16.6% (57 patients), with
      response rates in individual studies ranging from 5% (1/21) to 31% (11/35). In
      renal-cell carcinoma, a response rate of the magnitude of 15% can be viewed with
      cautious optimism. Dose, schedule, route, and preparation have yet to be
      established for maximum efficacy, but progress has been made toward defining
      factors predicting response to treatment and mechanisms of interferon action.

PMID- 2417332
TI  - Interferon in the treatment of malignant lymphoma.
AB  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is one of the most extensively studied human
      neoplasms. Oncogenes, cytogenetics, and immunologic surface markers have
      permitted characterization of the principal cell of origin in most instances. A
      new histopathologic staging classification based on prognosis has been defined
      (working formulation); it divides patients into favorable-, intermediate-, and
      poor-prognosis categories. Interpretation of therapeutic data in favorable
      prognosis NHL is extremely difficult because of the disease's long natural
      history. Previously untreated patients tend to respond to a wide variety of
      agents and to radiation, although these modalities do not have a major impact on
      survival. Poor-prognosis NHL is usually treated with combination chemotherapy,
      which results in cure of 30% to 60% of patients. New approaches employing high
      dose chemoradiotherapy and autologous marrow infusion have been investigated as
      salvage therapy. Recombinant interferon alpha has been tested in a large number
      of patients with previously untreated NHL, and some antitumor effect has been
      noted, especially in those with favorable-prognosis disease. In patients with
      poor-prognosis disease, such as diffuse large-cell lymphoma, a composite series
      showed that 9 of 51 patients had transient responses. The response rate in
      favorable-prognosis lymphomas approximated 50%, indicating that favorable
      prognosis lymphomas have intrinsic biologic sensitivity to interferons and should
      be further explored for that effect and for possible synergism between
      interferons and cytotoxic therapy.

PMID- 2417333
TI  - Melanoma: therapeutic options with recombinant interferons.
AB  - Melanoma is a neoplasm of rising incidence, especially in people under 35 years
      of age. It is a neoplasm for which we lack effective treatments after failure of
      definitive surgery. The strong rationale for immunologic intervention and
      encouraging early results obtained with recombinant interferons in multiple
      trials of patients with advanced melanoma are reviewed. Criteria for evaluation
      of response to interferons, which ideally include a minimum treatment duration of
      3 months, liken this modality to endocrine therapy of other cancers. Objective
      regression has been obtained in 20% of patients entered into trials of
      recombinant interferon alfa-2a and alpha-2b. More interestingly, the fraction of
      all responses with alfa-2a and alfa-2b that are complete responses is nearly one
      third; these complete responses have proven to be extremely durable (1 + to 3+
      years) in several independent trials. Trials in progress to determine the effects
      of recombinant alpha interferons in the adjuvant setting of high-risk stage II
      (lymph node metastatic) or stage I (deep primary) melanoma are noted. The
      rationale and trial designs for combined trials of interferons of different types
      (alpha or beta plus gamma), interferons plus more tumor-specific antibodies, and
      interferon-chemotherapy combinations are presented. Recombinant interferons have
      achieved a place in the developmental armamentarium of medical oncology for
      melanoma--and phase III trials to compare the relative effects of decarbazine or
      semustine and interferon alpha are under way. The challenge now is to understand
      the mechanism of action for interferons, which may optimize the effects of the
      substance alone, and for interferon use in combination with other agents, such as
      antibodies, whose effects may be enhanced when used in conjunction with
      interferon treatment.

PMID- 2417334
TI  - Chemotherapy of malignant lymphomas.
AB  - Chemotherapy of malignant lymphomas has entered the exciting era in which cure
      can be expected in a large portion of untreated patients, even those with
      advanced-stage disease. The major obstacle to complete remission is selection and
      overgrowth of a permanent, drug-resistant, neoplastic cell population. For this
      reason, a number of investigators have tested the efficacy of two or more non
      cross-resistant regimens delivered in alternating fashion. In stage IV Hodgkin's
      disease, the MOPP-ABVD program increases the cure rate by 15% to 20% compared
      with MOPP alone. With intensive polydrug regimens, at least 50% of patients with
      diffuse large-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) can now be cured. The risk of
      treatment-induced acute leukemias as well as sterility can be avoided or greatly
      decreased with drug combinations not including procarbazine HCI and alkylating
      agents. Effective salvage regimens for lymphomas resistant to primary
      chemotherapy have been described in part for Hodgkin's disease; a number of
      second-line treatments can probably cure 20% to 25% of MOPP-resistant patients.
      Encouraging results that require confirmation have also been reported in the
      treatment of relapsing NHL with drug combinations including cisplatin (Platinol),
      cytosine arabinoside, etoposide (VP-16), ifosfamide, and amsacrine. Salvage drug
      therapy combined with autologous bone marrow transplantation appears promising
      but, at present, remains experimental.

PMID- 2417335
TI  - [Systematization of early signs of neurologic damage by specific stimulation].

PMID- 2417336
TI  - [Experimental keratoplasty as a model for studying corneal vascularization].

PMID- 2417337
TI  - [Transfusion of vinca alkaloid-loaded thrombocytes and high-dose gamma globulin
      in the treatment of resistant forms of chronic immune thrombocytopenia].

PMID- 2417338
TI  - [Histamine liberation through renal roentgen contrast media: comparison of
      iopamidol and meglumine ioglicinate].

PMID- 2417339
TI  - The use of liposomes to study drug-membrane interactions.
AB  - The effects of free and liposome-encapsulated bleomycin and adriamycin on a human
      hepatocellular carcinoma cell line were studied in vitro. Free and encapsulated
      bleomycin inhibited cell growth over 24 hours by the same amount, but DNA
      synthesis was inhibited more by the encapsulated form. Twenty-five per cent of
      the cell population showed drug resistance to the free drug, whereas this
      decreased to 17% with encapsulated bleomycin. These results suggest that the cell
      membrane plays a role in bleomycin resistance, and that cell death is not solely
      due to inhibition of DNA synthesis. Encapsulated adriamycin inhibited cell growth
      and DNA synthesis by the same amount or less than the free drug. Possible
      explanations are that adriamycin exerts its main cytotoxic action by interacting
      with the cell surface, or that at the low concentrations used, free drug is taken
      up more efficiently than the encapsulated drug. Liposomes as drug carriers
      constitute a useful system for studying the basic mechanisms involved in drug
      action and in particular the role played by cell membranes.

PMID- 2417340
TI  - Ataxia-telangiectasia. X,14 translocation, progressive deterioration of
      lymphocyte numbers and function, and abnormal in vitro immunoglobulin production.
AB  - Three children with ataxia-telangiectasia have been followed up since their early
      childhood. Sequential immunological, biochemical and chromosome studies have been
      performed over the last 7 years. All the children showed progressive cerebellar
      ataxia and inexorable neurological deterioration. Further evidence for the
      progressive nature of this condition is the fall in lymphocyte counts,
      deterioration of lymphocyte transformation responses to mitogens, and an increase
      in chromosomal translocations and breakage. Elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein
      levels are a highly characteristic and useful diagnostic finding in this
      condition. Two of the patients had an X,14 translocation. In vitro studies of
      immunoglobulin synthesis suggest an intrinsic defect in B-cell synthesis as well
      as decreased helper T-cell activity. In spite of moderately severe and
      progressive abnormalities in the immune system, sinopulmonary infections have not
      been prominent in our patients.

PMID- 2417341
TI  - Small and asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma detected by alpha-fetoprotein
      screening in black hepatitis B carriers. A report of 2 cases.
AB  - Two patients in whom asymptomatic and small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) were
      detected by alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) screening are reported. Both patients were
      hepatitis B surface antigen-positive. In the first patient, the tumour grew
      slowly and was resected more than 2 years after a significant elevation in serum
      AFP levels had been first detected and 13 months after hepatic angiography
      confirmed the presence of a vascular tumour. In the second patient, a small
      encapsulated HCC was diagnosed by AFP screening and hepatic imaging. The clinical
      course in these 2 patients illustrates that small, asymptomatic and encapsulated
      HCCs do occur in southern African black hepatitis B carriers. Regular screening
      of patients at risk may be justified.

PMID- 2417342
TI  - Endoscopic applications of laser therapy.
AB  - Lasers have provided a new surgical tool that has several distinct advantages: It
      is effective at a distance ("no-touch" technique). It can cut, coagulate, and
      vaporize depending on the wavelength, energy, and tissue characteristics. Laser
      energy can be carried through flexible fibers and so can be used in previously
      inaccessible sites. Endoscopic laser surgery can now be successfully used for
      control of bleeding, palliation of obstructing tumors, detection in microscopic
      stages, and possibly as definitive treatment of small malignant tumors. The
      indications for the use of lasers and their successful application will
      undoubtedly increase in the near future.

PMID- 2417343
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant conditions.

PMID- 2417344
TI  - [Indicators of the blood kinin system in patients with bronchial asthma during
      health resort treatment].
AB  - Indicators of the blood kinin system were studied in 57 persons including 42
      patients with asthma and 15 healthy persons (control group) in the Kislovodsk
      health resort area. Activation of the blood kinin system (a decrease in the
      content of prekallikrein, fast- and slowly reacting kallikrein inhibitors) was
      observed in patients with infectious-allergic and mixed forms of asthma. Positive
      shifts of the kinin system indicators pointing to a decrease in the "production"
      of free kinins were observed in the patients under the influence of multimodality
      therapy at the health resort.

PMID- 2417345
TI  - [Clinico-immunologic aspects of the differentiated use of plasma substitutes in
      the complex treatment of various bronchopulmonary diseases].
AB  - The authors present some theoretical and experimental prerequisites for
      differentiated use of hemodez, rheopolyglucin and gelatinol in asthma, chronic
      bronchitis and pneumonia. A positive effect of the agents including low- and
      medium-molecular polymers on the clinical and immunological indices of 82
      patients with bronchopulmonary pathology was shown as compared to corresponding
      control groups. Clinico-immunological studies on the use of drugs containing
      synthetic and biological polymers revealed their high immunomodulating activity
      and necessity of differentiated use of these drugs with relation to the
      pathogenetic mechanisms of development of bronchopulmonary diseases as well as
      mechanisms of their immunological action determined by the molecular mass of
      polymers as constituents of blood substitutes.

PMID- 2417346
TI  - [Prognosis of extrasystolic arrhythmia in patients with atherosclerotic
      cardiosclerosis].

PMID- 2417347
TI  - [Immunochemical study of the alpha 2-glycoprotein from the atherosclerotically
      altered aortic wall in the blood serum of ischemic heart disease patients].
AB  - A study was made of the level of alpha- and beta-lipoproteins, apolipoprotein H
      and tissue protein alpha 2-glycoprotein of the arteriosclerotically changed
      aortic wall in the blood serum of 129 patients with coronary arteriosclerosis, 50
      patients with various diseases of the internal organs without clinical signs of
      arteriosclerosis and in 26 healthy patients by the immunodiffusion method using
      standard assays. A significant increase in beta- and alpha-lipoprotein indices
      was revealed in the groups of patients with coronary heart disease as compared to
      the healthy persons. alpha 2-glycoprotein of the arteriosclerotically changed
      aortic wall was undetectable in the blood serum of the healthy persons; in the
      group of patients without clinical signs of coronary heart disease this protein
      was detected in 5 patients only in the concentration of 4-8 micrograms/ml. alpha
      2-glycoprotein concentration in the blood serum of the patients with the
      ischemic, thrombonecrotic and fibrous stages of arteriosclerosis was much higher
      (23.5 +/- 1.0; 27.5 +/- 2.9 and 35.3 +/- 2.2 micrograms/ml respectively). The
      proposed immunochemical determination of some indices of the blood serum can be
      of use to assess the activity of arteriosclerotic processes in patients with
      coronary heart disease. The determination of the level of alpha 2-glycoprotein of
      the arteriosclerotically changed aortic wall serves this purpose most adequately.

PMID- 2417348
TI  - Thrombin induces thromboplastin synthesis in cultured vascular endothelial cells.
AB  - Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells responded to thrombin (10(-2) -
      10 NIH u/ml) with a 2-5 fold increase in thromboplastin activity. The maximum
      response was reached after 4 hr in serum-free medium. The effect of thrombin was
      fully inhibited by the presence of 50% (v/v) fetal calf serum or more in the
      medium, by preincubation of thrombin with hirudin or by treatment of thrombin
      with N-bromosuccinimide or phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. The thrombin-induced
      thromboplastin activity was inhibited by incubation of the cells with
      cycloheximide (2 micrograms/ml) or actinomycin D (2 micrograms/ml) showing that
      the response depended on de novo protein and RNA synthesis. It was also
      suppressed by exposure of the cells to two different phosphodiesterase
      inhibitors, 3-butyl-1-methyl-xanthine (5 X 10(-4) M) and rac-4 (3-butoxy-4
      methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazole (5 X 10(-4) M), to the transmethylation inhibitors 3
      deazaadenosine (10(-5) M) and 1-homocysteine thiolactone (2 X 10(-5) M) in
      combination and to the intracellular calcium antagonist 8-(N,N-diethylamino)
      octyl 3,4,5,-tri-methoxybenzoate hydrochloride (8 X 10(-5) M). Our results
      suggest that small amounts of thrombin can induce thromboplastin synthesis in
      endothelial cells in vitro and that this synthesis probably is regulated by the
      intracellular level of cAMP, by cytoplasmic Ca2+ and possibly also by
      transmethylation reactions.

PMID- 2417349
TI  - Effects of adrenaline infusion on platelet number, volume and release reaction.
AB  - At the end of a diagnostic right heart catheterization ten patients received an
      intravenous infusion of l-adrenaline which gradually increased the arterial
      plasma adrenaline concentration from resting physiological values to high values
      as seen during myocardial infarction, pheochromocytoma and hypoglycemia. Blood
      was sampled from the brachial artery, femoral vein and hepatic vein. During the
      adrenaline infusion venous beta-thromboglobulin concentrations increased 23% from
      61 +/- 5 to 80 +/- 7 micrograms/l (mean +/- SE), arterial platelet counts 20%
      from 212 +/- 17 to 253 +/- 25 X 10(9)/l and arterial platelet volume 4% from 7.25
      +/- 0.20 to 7.56 +/- 0.21 femtoliter. All changes were significant at the 5%
      level. Thus, acute increments of arterial plasma adrenaline significantly
      stimulated the blood platelet parameters studied.

PMID- 2417350
TI  - Increased euglobulin fibrinolytic potential in women on oral contraceptives low
      in oestrogen--levels of extrinsic and intrinsic plasminogen activators,
      prekallikrein, factor XII, and C1-inactivator.
AB  - Components of the fibrinolytic system were studied in samples of plasma from 15
      normal, young women and from 11 women taking oral contraceptives containing 30
      micrograms ethinyl oestradiol and 150 micrograms levo-norgestrel. Fibrinolytic
      activity of euglobulins precipitated at pH 5.9 was higher than normal in the
      hormone group, with significant fluctuations related to the cycle. Normal women
      showed only minor fluctuations. The concentration of C1-inactivator was lower in
      euglobulins of the hormone group. However, the difference in fibrinolytic
      activity was retained, when C1-inactivator was inactivated with sodium
      flufenamate. Fluctuations of the extrinsic (tissue-type) plasminogen activator (t
      PA) activity parallelled those of the euglobulin activity. The intrinsic
      plasminogen activator activity (dextran sulphate precipitated euglobulin) was
      significantly increased in the hormone group and the cyclic pattern differed from
      that of the normal group. The increased activity was factor XII-dependent. Plasma
      prekallikrein did not differ. The factor XII level was increased in the hormone
      group but this could not explain the increased intrinsic fibrinolytic activity,
      suggesting an increase in the quantity of an additional factor XII-dependent
      proactivator.

PMID- 2417351
TI  - The effectiveness of a low molecular weight heparinoid in chronic intermittent
      haemodialysis.
AB  - A new low molecular weight heparinoid, Org 10172 was compared to heparin in a
      randomized single blind cross-over study in 55 patients with end-stage renal
      failure undergoing chronic intermittent haemodialysis. The heparinoid
      administered as a single pre-dialysis i.v. injection of 34.4 anti-Xa units/kg
      body weight was compared to standard heparin (loading dose 2,500 IU + continuous
      infusion of 1,800 IU/hr). Mean anti-Xa plasma levels reached were 0.55 and 0.94
      anti-Xa units/ml midway dialysis respectively. All 110 dialysis procedures were
      successfully performed without clotting or bleeding complications. Analysis of
      the number of clotted hollow-fibres within the dialysers showed a slight
      statistically calculated advantage in favour of heparin. Clinically no difference
      was detected. In conclusion, the heparinoid seems to be a good alternative means
      of anticoagulation in haemodialysis. As it is administered as a single i.v.
      predialysis injection it will simplify the dialysis procedure.

PMID- 2417352
TI  - Increased PA-inhibitor levels in the postoperative period--no cause-effect
      relation with increased cortisol.
AB  - It has been reported that the level of PA-inhibitor increases in postoperative
      patients and on the other hand that glucocorticoids increase the PA-inhibitor
      level in cell culture. Because surgery is associated with increased plasma
      cortisol level, a relation between the postoperative increase in plasma cortisol
      and PA-inhibitor levels was looked for. Blood samples were collected from 8
      patients undergoing extensive abdominal surgery, before operation and
      postoperatively at 2 hr, 4 hr, 24 hr and daily for 7 days. Plasma cortisol and PA
      inhibitor were increased 2 hr after surgery, when there was a significant
      correlation (p less than 0.05). The maximum increase was at 24 hr and the values
      fell to normal on day 6. An increase in t-PA related antigen (t-PA R:Ag) and a
      decrease in euglobulin fibrinolytic activity (EFA) also occurred. In 7 controls
      0.25 mg ACTH was given intravenously and blood was collected after 1/2, 1, 2, 4,
      6 hr. Although the increase in plasma cortisol level following ACTH was
      comparable to that observed after surgery the increase was not associated with
      significant change in PA-inhibitor level, t-PA R:Ag or EFA. A cause-effect
      relationship between the increased plasma cortisol and PA-inhibitor level could
      not be shown. The mechanism of the postoperative increase in PA-inhibitor thus
      remains unknown.

PMID- 2417353
TI  - On the significance of antithrombin-III, alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 2
      antiplasmin, histidine-rich glycoprotein, and protein C in patients with acute
      myocardial infarction and deep vein thrombosis.
AB  - In a longitudinal study the plasma levels of antithrombin-III, alpha 2
      macroglobulin, alpha 2-antiplasmin, histidine-rich glycoprotein, and protein C
      were followed in two groups of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI),
      one with and one without deep vein thrombosis (DVT). None of the sequentially
      studied periods revealed significant differences between the two groups of
      patients. However, small but consistently higher levels of histidine-rich
      glycoprotein in patients with DVT suggested the existence among patients
      submitted for myocardial infarction of a subgroup with increased thrombophilic
      potential. It was concluded that the inhibitors studied are of little value as
      possible indicators of the presence of DVT at early stages of the disease when
      clinical signs are absent and when antithrombotic prophylaxis should preferably
      be initiated.

PMID- 2417354
TI  - Plasma concentrations of platelet-specific proteins in different stages of
      essential hypertension: interactions between platelet aggregation, blood lipids
      and age.
AB  - Plasma beta-thromboglobulin (beta TG) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) were
      significantly higher in a group of 116 hypertensive men than in a normotensive
      group of 142 men. They increased with the stage of hypertension but the level did
      not correlate with the age of the subjects. Platelet aggregation was similar in
      the two groups and positively correlated with the age of the subjects in the
      normotensive group but not in the hypertensive group. A strong positive
      correlation was observed between the levels of plasma beta TG and PF4 and between
      platelet aggregation to ADP and that to epinephrine in both the hypertensive and
      normotensive groups. However, there was no correlation between the level of
      plasma beta TG or PF4 and platelet aggregation. Plasma antithrombin III was lower
      in the hypertensive group than in the normotensive group. These studies suggest
      that plasma levels of beta TG and PF4 are closely related to the stage of
      hypertension and are better indicators than aggregation of in vivo platelet
      activation in hypertensive subjects. Enhanced platelet activation may be involved
      in the acceleration of hypertensive arteriovascular damage and atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2417355
TI  - Does arterial rather than venous plasma beta-thromboglobulin better reflect in
      vivo platelet release reaction?

PMID- 2417356
TI  - Increased beta-thromboglobulin levels in heroin addicts.

PMID- 2417357
TI  - Thrombocytopenia related to synthetic heparin analogue therapy.

PMID- 2417358
TI  - Comparative evaluation of plasma thrombospondin beta-thromboglobulin and platelet
      factor 4 in acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2417359
TI  - Modification of a tyrosine residue in the carboxyterminal portion of human alpha2
      antiplasmin.

PMID- 2417360
TI  - Beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) release by adenosine
      diphosphate (ADP) contact with native whole blood.

PMID- 2417361
TI  - Monoclonal antibody to glycoprotein Ib inhibits both thrombin- and ristocetin
      induced platelet aggregations.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody named TM60, which inhibited both thrombin- and ristocetin
      induced platelet aggregations, was obtained by hybridoma technique. TM60
      inhibited binding of von Willebrand factor to platelets under the presence of
      ristocetin. The subclass of TM60 was IgG2a. TM60 did not inhibit ADP-, collagen-A
      23187-, arachidonic acid- and PAF-induced platelet aggregations, but inhibited
      polylysine-, polybrene- and cationized ferritin-induced platelet aggregations.
      ATP-release from platelets induced by thrombin was also inhibited by TM60.
      Immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE experiments demonstrated that TM60 recognized an
      epitope on GPIb whose molecular weight was 165,000 under non-reduced and 145,000
      under reduced conditions.

PMID- 2417362
TI  - Inhibition of rabbit platelet phosphodiesterase activity and aggregation by
      calcium channel blockers.
AB  - Rabbit platelet cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase is inhibited by the three calcium
      channel blockers nifedipine, diltiazem, and verapamil with IC50's of 100 microM,
      100 microM and 420 microM, respectively. Also, platelet aggregation induced by 4
      microM ADP is inhibited by those compounds. Verapamil is the most potent
      aggregation inhibitor with an IC50 of 260 microM while diltiazem and nifedipine
      have IC50's of 630 microM and 840 microM, respectively. All three compounds
      display a maximum inhibition of 80-85%. Diltiazem and PGD2 potentiate the
      antiaggregatory activity of each other in that the inhibitions occurring in the
      presence of the combination of the two (at varying concentrations) exceed the
      calculated sums of the inhibitions produced by each alone. On the other hand, the
      antiaggregatory activities of verapamil or nifedipine, are additive with that of
      PGD2 in that no significant differences exist between the observed inhibitions
      produced by the combinations and the calculated summed values of the individual
      inhibitions. Our data suggest, therefore, that in addition to lowering
      intracellular calcium ions, which are required for platelet aggregation, the
      three calcium channel blockers inhibit the breakdown of cyclic AMP thereby
      promoting antiaggregation.

PMID- 2417363
TI  - High susceptibility to ADP-induced thrombus formation in mast cell-deficient W/Wv
      mice.
AB  - We used mast cell-deficient W/Wv mice to clarify whether mast cell-derived
      heparin may play a role in inhibiting thrombus formation in the living organism.
      Small veins in the mesentery of W/Wv or congenic +/+ mice were stretched over an
      inverted microscope; a micropipette filled with varying concentrations of ADP was
      set close to the outside of a vein by using a micromanipulator. Thrombus
      formation was directly examined under the microscope. The concentration of ADP
      necessary for thrombus formation was significantly lower in the W/Wv mice than in
      the congenic +/+ mice. Furthermore, the concentration of ADP necessary for
      aggregation of platelets in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was significantly lower in
      W/Wv mice than in +/+ mice. The higher sensitivity of PRP of W/Wv mice is not
      attributed to the platelets, but to the plasma, since platelets of +/+ mice
      suspended in platelet-poor plasma (PPP) of W/Wv mice were more sensitive to ADP
      than platelets of W/Wv mice suspended in PPP of +/+ mice. The present results
      suggest that plasma of W/Wv mice may lack any inhibitory factor(s) or contain
      promoting factor(s) for platelet aggregation.

PMID- 2417364
TI  - [Prostatic surgery. A study of 1-year care material from a small hospital with
      emphasis on investigation, complications and length of stay].

PMID- 2417365
TI  - Pathology of pleural mesothelioma.
AB  - Macroscopic and microscopic details of benign and malignant mesotheliomas are
      discussed in connection with indications for localization and frequency. Of
      special significance are malignant mesotheliomas of the pleura and the peritoneum
      resulting from exposure to asbestos which had often taken place several decades
      earlier. It is especially important to objectify the exposure to asbestos by
      means of histological and pulmonary dust investigations in those cases where the
      occupational anamnesis is vague or questionable.

PMID- 2417366
TI  - Surgical improvement of patients with pulmonary insufficiency due to localized
      bullous emphysema or giant cysts.
AB  - Patients with continuous expansion of either giant lung cysts or areas of
      localized bullous emphysema will eventually deteriorate into a state of extreme
      respiratory distress due to compression of the remaining healthy pulmonary
      tissue. Thirty-one patients with these 2 types of lung disease having very poor
      respiratory function underwent surgery for the release of compromised healthy
      lung by resection of the expanding processes. A rational investigation program
      including respiratory tests, ventilation and perfusion scintigraphy and pulmonary
      angiography was gradually developed and analyzed. Surgical mortality was 12.9% in
      unilateral operations, probably somewhat higher in later contralateral
      interventions. The operative risk was higher in the emphysema group than in the
      group with giant lung cysts. Follow-up has demonstrated encouraging results in
      both groups concerning increased pulmonary function as well as improved working
      capacity.

PMID- 2417367
TI  - Tracheal substitution in dogs with reinforced Gore-Tex prosthesis.
AB  - Reinforced Gore-Tex prostheses were implanted into the trachea, above the
      bifurcation, in 11 dogs. The first 3 animals died within a few days, due to an
      inappropriate surgical technique. The remaining animals were subjected to an
      adequate surgical procedure and all survived for a period of at least several
      months, except one which died of an esophago-tracheal fistula after 6 weeks.
      Ingrowth of respiratory epithelium into the prostheses was observed 5 to 7 weeks
      postoperatively.

PMID- 2417368
TI  - Esophago-pericardial fistula. A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - A case of esophago-pericardial fistula is described which was treated
      successfully by pericardial drainage and closure of the fistula 12 days after
      perforation. The condition is rare and often fatal. In 29 reported cases there
      were only 5 survivors. On the basis of our observation and a review of the
      literature it is concluded that the first step in the treatment should be
      pericardial drainage and antibiotic coverage, followed by elective operative
      closure of the fistula.

PMID- 2417369
TI  - Endoscopic treatment of bronchus stump fistulae following pneumonectomy with
      fibrin sealant in domestic pigs.
AB  - Occlusion of the transected bronchus after pneumonectomy was achieved by
      transthoracic fibrin sealing in 14 domestic pigs. In 9 additional animals
      standardized bronchus stump fistulae could also be closed with fibrin sealant
      which was applied through a flexible bronchoscope. An average of 1 ml of fibrin
      sealant containing 500 units of thrombin and 3500 units of Aprotinin was
      necessary to achieve bronchial closure and to prevent early dissolution of the
      sealant. Endoscopic closure of a bronchus fistula by fibrin plug was successfully
      employed in one clinical case.

PMID- 2417370
TI  - Four- to seven-year follow-up of patients undergoing Carpentier-Edwards porcine
      heart valve replacement.
AB  - From April 1978 through December 1980, 216 Carpentier porcine xenografts (144
      mitral, and 72 aortic) were inserted in 189 patients (117 mitral, 45 aortic, and
      27 mitral and aortic). The hospital mortality was 8.5% (10/117) for mitral
      patients, 6.6% (3/45) for aortic, and 3.8% (1/27) for mitral and aortic. Of 175
      patients discharged from the hospital, there were 16 late deaths, which
      represents an incidence of 1.9% per patient-year (10/107) for mitral, 0.9% per
      patient-year (2/42) for aortic, and 3.4% per patient-year (4/26) for mitral and
      aortic, patients. There were 13 thromboembolic events in 10 patients. This
      represents a linearized incidence of 2.3%, and 0.5% per patient-year for mitral
      and aortic patients, respectively. One of the accidents was fatal, and 3 of the
      10 patients were on a regimen of anticoagulation at the time of embolism. Seven
      instances of valve endocarditis occurred in 4 mitral, 1 aortic, and 2 mitral and
      aortic patients (5 mitral, 2 aortic, and 2 mitral and aortic). This represents a
      linearized incidence of primary tissue failure of 0.96%, 0.96% and 1.7% per
      patient-year for mitral, aortic, and mitral and aortic patients, respectively.

PMID- 2417371
TI  - A new technique for measuring oxygen saturations of hemoglobin and myoglobin and
      its application in open heart surgery.
AB  - Light reflected from the human heart surface was used to determine mixed
      hemoglobin and myoglobin oxygen saturations (O2SAT) in the cardiac tissue. The
      measurements were performed in 8 patients with coronary heart disease including
      stenosis of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) who underwent aorto
      coronary bypass surgery. At the end of the operation the O2SAT was measured in
      the supply area of the LAD either with patent or occluded coronary bypass. In 13
      experiments occlusion of the bypass resulted in a decrease of O2SAT from 74 +/-
      16% to 61 +/- 24% (p less than 0.02). A new technique is introduced and its
      limitations are discussed. Preliminary results of application in coronary bypass
      surgery demonstrate an increase in tissue oxygenation following myocardial
      revascularization.

PMID- 2417372
TI  - Calcium antagonists and myocardial protection: a comparative study of the
      functional, metabolic and electrical consequences of verapamil and nifedipine as
      additives to the St. Thomas' cardioplegic solution.
AB  - Using an isolated rat heart preparation as a model of cardiopulmonary bypass and
      ischemic arrest, a comparative study has been undertaken in order to characterize
      the functional, metabolic and electrophysiological consequences resulting from
      the addition of dl-verapamil or nifedipine to the St. Thomas' Hospital
      cardioplegic solution. Hearts (n = 6 in each group) were subjected to
      cardioplegic infusion with the St. Thomas' solution with or without added
      verapamil (1.1 micromoles/liter) or nifedipine (0.075 micromoles/liter). After 35
      minutes of normothermic (37 degrees C) ischemic arrest, reperfusion was initiated
      and functional recovery was measured and expressed as a percent of its pre
      ischemic control value. Inclusion of nifedipine in the cardioplegic solution
      improved the post-ischemic recovery of cardiac output from its control value of
      59.8 +/- 3.0% to 80.0 +/- 2.5%. The temporal characteristics for the post
      ischemic recovery of electrical activity and contractile performance were
      uncomplicated and similar to control hearts. Inclusion of verapamil also improved
      the protective properties of the St. Thomas' solution with cardiac output
      recovering to 76.8% +/- 2.8%. However, in contrast to the control and nifedipine
      groups, the profile for functional recovery was complex. After an early initial
      recovery, pressure development declined for 0.5 to 6.0 minutes. This occurred
      despite the recovery of electrical activity. Hearts then exhibited a second phase
      of recovery where pressure development returned to normal and this was sustained
      for the duration of the experiment. Analysis of electrocardiographic
      characteristics revealed a significant prolongation of the P-P and P-Q interval
      during the first 10 minutes of reperfusion in the verapamil group.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2417373
TI  - Replacement of the aortic root by free implantation of a stentless aortic porcine
      bioprosthesis in a patient with aneurysm of the sinuses of Valsalva.
AB  - In a patient with aneurysms of the sinuses of Valsalva a stentless porcine
      bioprosthesis was implanted with excellent hemodynamic and clinical short-term
      results. The implantation technique was similar to the technique used for the
      implantation of a composite graft. The postoperative study revealed a pressure
      gradient of 7 mmHg between the left ventricle and aorta and no regurgitation.
      Although the implantation of a porcine aortic root including a part of the
      ascending aorta without any artificial stenting material is feasible, one should
      be aware of the specific technical difficulties due to the increased rigidity of
      the fixated tissue. To our knowledge this is the first report of an implantation
      of a stentless aortic root porcine bioprosthesis for the treatment of aneurysms
      of the sinuses of Valsalva.

PMID- 2417374
TI  - Heart block and atrioventricular septal defect.
AB  - The cardiac conduction system was examined in 2 hearts which had repair of
      atrioventricular septal defect. The first was from a child known to have had a
      prolonged P-R interval and the second was from a girl who developed complete
      heart block before submission to surgery. The atrioventricular conduction axis
      was histologically discontinuous in the first case, but preserved and surrounded
      by hemorrhage in the second case. This study draws attention to the inherent
      vulnerability of the cardiac conduction axis which must also be recognized before
      surgical intervention.

PMID- 2417375
TI  - Anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta:
      successful surgical repair.
AB  - A case of isolated anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the
      ascending aorta with severe pulmonary hypertension is reported. Surgical repair
      was achieved by anastomosis of the anomalous vessel to the pulmonary artery trunk
      using a continuous absorbable suture. Special emphasis is laid on the favorable
      postoperative evolution of the pulmonary hypertensive disease following the
      successful repair. The poor natural history of this uncommon congenital defect if
      untreated makes early corrective surgery imperative.

PMID- 2417376
TI  - Necrotizing enterocolitis in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.
AB  - Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) occurred in 2 neonates with pulmonary atresia and
      intact ventricular septum. Both infants underwent open heart surgery for the
      insertion of a right ventricular outflow tract patch under profound hypothermia,
      surface cooling and a fibrillating heart, without circulatory arrest. In both
      patients the development of NEC preceded both the cardiac catheterization study
      and open heart surgery. Urgent repair of the cardiac lesion was undertaken in an
      attempt at improving the critical bowel wall ischemia. Postoperatively,
      exacerbation of the NEC reached an advanced stage rapidly leading to the death of
      the patients. Recommendations regarding the management of future cases exhibiting
      this potentially lethal combination of disease are presented.

PMID- 2417377
TI  - Progress in limb salvage arterial surgery: components and results of an
      aggressive approach.
AB  - In the past 9 years, 1,196 patients whose lower extremity was threatened because
      of infrainguinal arteriosclerosis have been treated at Montefiore Hospital. In
      the last 6 years, limb salvage was attempted in 679, or 90% of 755 patients.
      Femoropopliteal (318), small vessel (204) and axillopopliteal (29) bypasses were
      used along with transluminal angioplasty (128) and aggressive local operations to
      obtain a healed foot. Immediate (one month) limb salvage was achieved in 583, or
      85%, of the 679 patients in whom revascularization was possible. The 30-day
      mortality rate was 3%. The cumulative life table (LT) survival rate of all the
      patients undergoing reconstructive arterial operations was 48% at 5 years. The
      cumulative LT limb salvage rate after all reconstructive arterial operations was
      66% at 5 years. The cumulative LT patency rate of femoropopliteal bypasses was
      not influenced by angiographic outflow characteristics of the popliteal artery
      but was increased 15% by appropriate reoperations to 67% at 5 years. Cumulative
      LT patency and limb salvage rates of small vessel and axillopopliteal bypasses
      were more than 50% at 2 years. Of patients undergoing arterial reconstruction,
      88% of those who died within 5 years did so without losing their limbs. Of all
      the patients in whom limb salvage was attempted, 68% lived more than one year
      with a viable, usable extremity, and 54% lived over 2 years with an intact limb.
      We believe this aggressive approach to limb salvage is justified, and can be
      undertaken with a low cost in mortality, knee loss and morbidity.

PMID- 2417378
TI  - Below-knee reconstructions with the human umbilical veins--three-year results.
AB  - Arterial reconstructions in high flow, low resistance locations (aorta, iliac and
      common femoral arteries) usually have good long-term results. The late failure
      rate of below-knee arterial grafts is significantly higher because of their
      considerable length, the limited outflow bed and the small diameters (low flow,
      high resistance). In addition, there is the biomechanical stress with
      genuflexion. Apart from the operative technique and patient-specific vascular
      morphology, the long-term success of crural reconstructions depends largely on
      the type of arterial substitute. Based on a retrospective study, we have examined
      the influence of the bypass material in infragenicular reconstructions with
      distal popliteal, and with crural, insertion. The three-year patency (life-table
      method) in reconstructions with distal popliteal insertion was 83% for autologous
      vein grafts and 72% for umbilical vein grafts. In reconstructions with crural
      insertion patency was 62% for autologous veins, 50% for umbilical veins and 26%
      for PTFE grafts. Graft-specific early and late morphologic changes influencing
      the long-term performance have been analyzed by follow-up angiograms, and in some
      cases by macroscopic and histologic examination.

PMID- 2417379
TI  - Crural arterial reconstruction with an adjunct arteriovenous fistula for limb
      salvage.
AB  - Twenty-one femoro-crural bypass procedures with a distal arteriovenous fistula
      (dAVF) were constructed in 20 patients with severe leg ischemia (Fontaine stage
      III, IV). They were followed-up for 3 to 22 months, with a mean of 8 months. The
      15 patients with patent grafts and fistulas no longer had pain at rest; ischemic
      necroses healed. Telethermography showed a considerable augmentation of the
      distal limb perfusion. The mean increase of the transcutaneous oxygen pressure
      was 30 mmHg. One early postoperative amputation was necessary due to graft
      infection. Another patient lost her leg because of bypass occlusion 9 months
      after arterial reconstruction. Four patients with late graft occlusion kept their
      regained mobility and alleviation. Our data confirm experimental results
      suggesting that femoro-crural bypass with a dAVF improves distal leg perfusion by
      reversal venous blood flow and stimulation of a collateral network. Femoro-crural
      bypass with a dAVF may be of benefit in selected cases when only one crural
      artery is patent and pedal arch vessels are absent.

PMID- 2417380
TI  - The potentials of the saphenous vein in reconstructive surgery of the arteries-
      state of the art.
AB  - In femoro-popliteal reconstructions proximal to the knee joint alloplastic and
      heteroplastic material are being used increasingly instead of the autologous
      vein, even though the latter is still unmatched for quality. The 5-year patency
      rate of reconstructions with autologous vein in stage III and IV is significantly
      better compared to that obtained with implanted alloplastic material. It is well
      worth mentioning that the saphenous vein graft is superior to all other vascular
      substitutes with regard to morphological qualities and biocompatibility. Even
      though degenerative changes occur, these can be repaired by surgical procedures
      in about one third of the cases. In stage III and IV of atherosclerotic occlusive
      disease of the lower extremity, a more aggressive mode of reconstruction like
      jump grafts or sequential bypasses significantly improves the long-term results
      and minimizes the need for extensive amputations.

PMID- 2417381
TI  - Prosthetic graft infections: a review of 720 arterial prosthetic reconstructions.
AB  - Six-hundred-and-three patients who underwent 720 vascular prosthetic graft
      operations caudal to the diaphragm were studied retrospectively. Wound
      complications appeared in 99 patients. Prophylactic antibiotics were not used.
      Serous secretion was found after 27 arterial graft procedures (3.8%), superficial
      wound infection after 41 (5.7%), and prosthetic graft infection after 31 (4.3%).
      Of the 31 patients with prosthetic graft infection, 10 recovered (32%). Four of
      these patients recovered after removal of the Staphylococcus aureus-infected
      prosthesis. Three received a replacement prosthesis with systemic antibiotic
      treatment and closed antibiotic irrigation, and one patient's prosthesis was
      replaced with an autologous vein graft with antibiotic treatment. Twelve patients
      (39%) underwent amputation and 9 died. The frequency of graft occlusion was
      greater when the prosthesis was infected with Staphylococcus aureus than with
      other microorganisms. The aggressive approach used in the 4 above-mentioned cases
      could be a treatment modality in prosthetic graft infection with Staphylococcus
      aureus, especially because of the high incidence of graft occlusion associated
      with these microorganisms.

PMID- 2417382
TI  - Intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials as a prognostic factor of
      neurologic state after carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked cervical and cortical potentials (SEP) were analyzed under
      general anesthesia in 106 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Cortical
      electrical silence occurred in 5 patients without an inlying shunt; all developed
      a new neurologic deficit postoperatively. Analysis of the SEP in these patients
      revealed progredient cerebral ischemia as indicated by an increase in central
      conduction time (CCT) and a decrease in amplitude of the primary cortical
      response N20P25 resulting in a complete loss of cortical SEP later on during the
      clamping period. In 6 patients the insertion of a shunt restored the deteriorated
      SEP, these patients and those with unchanged SEP after carotid clamping showed an
      uneventful postoperative recovery. Taking the presence or absence of N20P25 as
      the sole parameter, the sensitivity of this technique was 83%, specificity 99%
      and predictability 83%. A normal range for CCT and amplitude of N20P25 during
      anesthesia and criteria for shunt insertion were developed. The presented
      monitoring regimen appears to be rational and is based on current concepts of
      cerebrovascular physiology and pathophysiology.

PMID- 2417383
TI  - Cardiac surgery in the Federal Republic of Germany during 1984. A report by the
      German Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery.

PMID- 2417384
TI  - Early interferon production in human diploid cells induced by Newcastle disease
      virus in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors.
AB  - When human diploid cells were induced by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in the
      presence of cycloheximide or puromycin, an early interferon was produced up to 4
      hr after induction, but was not produced without these reagents. Early interferon
      production in rabbit kidney cells induced by NDV in the presence of cycloheximide
      was not observed. This early interferon production was also induced in response
      to hydroxylamine-treated NDV, ultraviolet light-irradiated NDV and Sepharose
      coupled NDV, which had no or low induciblity of late interferon, and was
      inhibited by pretreatment with actinomycin D. Protein and RNA synthesis were
      enhanced in the cells which were treated with cycloheximide and then washed out
      as in the induction process. From these findings it has been suggested that the
      induction of early interferon synthesis in the cells pulse-treated with protein
      synthesis inhibitors, was triggered by an interaction between viral envelope and
      cell membrane.

PMID- 2417385
TI  - Comparative sensitivity of bovine and rodent acetylcholinesterase to in vitro
      inhibition by organophosphate insecticides.
AB  - Biochemical studies were conducted to compare the in vitro sensitivities of
      bovine and rodent brain and erythrocyte cholinesterases to inhibition by Dyfonate
      oxon, paraoxon, and malaoxon. This comparison was done to determine if the
      reported greater sensitivity of cattle to Dyfonate might be explained by a
      greater sensitivity of the target enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, in cattle to
      inhibition by Dyfonate's toxic metabolite, Dyfonate-oxon. Studies were conducted
      with brain homogenates and lysed erythrocytes obtained from cows and from male
      and female rats. Additional studies were conducted with a commercially available
      sample of purified bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (ACHE). In all cases,
      the concentrations of organophosphates required to produce 50% inhibition (IC50)
      of enzyme activity were determined. Cow brain ACHE was 1.7 to 3.8 times more
      resistant to inhibition by Dyfonate-oxon, paraoxon, and malaoxon than was brain
      ACHE from male or female rats. For both species, paraoxon was 1.2 to 1.6 times
      more potent than Dyfonate-oxon and 3.8 to 6.9 times more potent than malaoxon.
      The bimolecular reaction rate constants (ki) were also determined for inhibition
      of brain ACHE of cows and male rats by the three organophosphates. In general,
      the ki data were in agreement with the IC50 data indicating that cow brain ACHE
      was less sensitive than rat brain ACHE to inhibition. Additional IC50 studies
      were conducted with lysed erythrocytes from cows and from male and female rats.
      Both quantitative and qualitative differences between species and among the
      organophosphates were in excellent agreement with the results of the brain ACHE
      studies. Also, in related studies with purified bovine erythrocyte ACHE, there
      was excellent agreement with the results of tests involving ACHE inhibition in
      erythrocyte lysates. This study demonstrated that, as an inhibitor of ACHE in
      vitro, Dyfonate-oxon was equal to or slightly lower in potency than paraoxon and
      more potent than malaoxon. In addition, the study demonstrated that, in general,
      ACHE from brain or erythrocytes of cows was less sensitive to in vitro inhibition
      by organophosphates than was that from male or female rats. Thus, the apparent
      greater susceptibility of cows to Dyfonate, in vivo, cannot be explained on the
      basis of an unusual target enzyme (ACHE) sensitivity to inhibition by Dyfonate
      oxon.

PMID- 2417386
TI  - In vivo covalent binding of trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal to rat liver
      macromolecules.
AB  - Trans-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (t-4HH), a metabolite isolated from the macrocyclic
      pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine, was tritiated to perform in vivo covalent
      binding studies. The in vivo binding of [3H]t-4HH to rat liver DNA, RNA and
      protein was investigated. No significant binding to hepatic DNA or RNA could be
      detected, but levels of 429 +/- 139 pmol/mg were found covalently bound to
      hepatic proteins 16 h after exposure. Levels as high as 916 pmol/mg protein were
      detected 2 h after administration of [3H]t-4HH via the hepatic portal.

PMID- 2417388
TI  - [Use of Sephadex LH-20 for purifying Cordanum isolated from biological material].

PMID- 2417387
TI  - [Changes in and the role of multiple phosphoproteins in the enamel during its
      maturation and mineralization].

PMID- 2417389
TI  - Delayed visual maturation.
AB  - Fifty-three infants with delayed visual maturation (DVM) are presented. These
      have been classified according to their ocular and systemic features into three
      groups: DVM as an isolated anomaly, in association with mental retardation, and
      ocular abnormalities accompanied by DVM. The clinical features are discussed,
      particularly regarding the time and speed of visual improvement in the three
      groups. Infants with DVM who experienced difficulties in the perinatal period
      have an increased risk of developing permanent neurological sequelae.

PMID- 2417390
TI  - The diagnostic value of liver scanning in The Gambia.
AB  - A simple radioisotope scanner was used in a study of liver diseases in The
      Gambia. Scans were of value in localizing areas for biopsy or aspiration and in
      defining the liver in the presence of gross ascites. Although the scan was not
      helpful in diagnosis it provided a measure of the size of filling defects during
      treatment.

PMID- 2417391
TI  - A specific S-antigen of Plasmodium falciparum is expressed in a proportion of
      primary isolates in Brazil, Thailand and Papua New Guinea.
AB  - The expression by Plasmodium falciparum of a specific S-antigen has been examined
      in primary isolates in different regions of the world using a monoclonal antibody
      that recognizes an epitope within a known repeated amino acid sequence. The
      epitope was expressed by a small proportion of primary isolates in each of
      Brazil, Thailand and Papua New Guinea, demonstrating that this S-antigen gene is
      widespread. The data are consistent with the possibility that the occurrence of
      P. falciparum strains expressing a particular S-antigen is periodic, related to
      the duration of immunity against that antigen in a given human population.

PMID- 2417392
TI  - Human lymphocyte responses to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens. A
      functional assay of protective immunity?
AB  - Merozoites obtained from cutaneous cultures of Plasmodium falciparum were used as
      antigen for an in vitro lymphocyte assay. Antigen specific proliferative
      responses were observed with lymphocytes from individuals with long-standing
      immunity to P. falciparum. Donors whose last P. falciparum challenge occurred
      within the year preceding the assay exhibited lymphocyte responses significantly
      higher than those from donors whose infection was more remote. This suggests that
      a lymphocyte dependent assay may relate to the protective status of the donor.

PMID- 2417393
TI  - Investigation of T and natural killer cell function with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The relationship of T cell and natural killer (NK) cell antigens was examined
      using two monoclonal anti-T cell antibodies. The first--anti-HuLy-m1 (identical
      to OKTlla), reactive with all E-RFC+ cells and 50% null cells including NK cells-
      could partially block (greater than 50%) NK activity. The second--anti-HuLy-m2,
      reactive with T cells, some B cells, and null cells--could stimulate and not
      block NK activity. The enhancement of NK cell function by anti-HuLy-m2 was not
      related to interferon stimulation, and neither antibody altered effector:target
      cell binding. When used together neither augmentation nor blocking effects were
      observed, indicating different sites of reaction with NK cells. To further
      explore a possible association between T cell and NK antigens, anti-HuLy-m1 and 
      m2 were used to investigate certain T cell functions. Neither antibody was
      mitogenic for peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) or blocked PHA stimulation of
      PBLs. In addition anti-HuLy-m1 did not inhibit a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC)
      but could inhibit cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) almost as effectively as OKT3.
      However, anti-HuLy-m2 had no effect in an MLC and showed only minimal inhibition
      of a CTL assay. These studies demonstrate a relationship of the membrane
      structure of T cells and NK cells at an antigenic and functional level.

PMID- 2417394
TI  - Inhibition of H-Y-specific popliteal lymph node response by monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 2417395
TI  - Refsum disease--the effect of diet.

PMID- 2417396
TI  - Acute and chronic retention of urine: relevance of raised serum prostatic acid
      phosphatase levels. A prospective study.
AB  - A prospective study of serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) levels in benign
      prostatic disease is reported. In 12 patients with acute retention the initial
      PAP level when compared with the level twenty-four hours after catheterization
      showed a significant fall (p less than 0.02). The initial PAP level was raised
      above the upper limit of normal in 7 patients (in 3 markedly so, of whom 2 had
      subsequent histologic evidence of prostatic infarction). In 10 patients with
      chronic retention there was a significant rise in the PAP level twenty-four hours
      after catheterization, but in only 1 case did this exceed the normal range. We
      discuss the significance of a raised PAP level in patients with acute retention
      and suggest that it may indicate a group of patients in whom the etiology of
      acute retention is spontaneous prostatic infarction and subsequently may require
      different management.

PMID- 2417397
TI  - Effect of dextran-coated charcoal treatment on 17 beta-estradiol receptor in
      human benign prostatic hyperplasia.
AB  - Using glycerol density gradient centrifugation technique, single saturation dose
      assay, and Scatchard plot, the effect of dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) treatment
      of homogenate or crude cytosol on estradiol binding protein in human benign
      prostatic hyperplasia was investigated. Receptor binding is increased after
      thirty minutes DCC treatment of homogenate or cytosol. Increase in estradiol
      binding is accompanied by loss in cytosolic protein. A 75 per cent increase in
      binding of estradiol to its receptor was observed after two hours incubation of
      DCC with homogenate. The concomitant increase in estradiol binding and decrease
      in protein concentration in both homogenate or cytosol after DCC treatment
      indicate the possible removal of some protein(s) which inactivate(s) the
      estradiol receptor. Removal of cofactors required for activation of proteases and
      removal of endogenous steroids which could be occupying the estradiol sites also
      are possible. This simple experimental procedure has improved significantly the
      methodology for the measurement and characterization of estrogen receptor in
      human BPH.

PMID- 2417398
TI  - Invasive verrucous carcinoma of urinary bladder treated by irradiation.
AB  - A case of inoperable, invasive verrucous carcinoma of the urinary bladder treated
      by irradiation is presented. The incidence of anaplastic transformation of
      verrucous carcinoma after irradiation is lower and the coincidence of verrucous
      carcinoma and well-differentiated squamous carcinoma higher than is generally
      recognized. Radiation should be considered in inoperable cases. The pertinent
      literature is reviewed.

PMID- 2417399
TI  - Immunohistochemical staining for S100 protein in the diagnosis of canine
      amelanotic melanoma.
AB  - Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples of canine amelanotic melanomas
      and normal canine tissues were studied immunohistochemically for the presence of
      S100 protein. Use of the avidin-biotin complex procedure demonstrated variable
      amounts of S100 protein in the tumor cell cytoplasm and nuclei in 26 of 31
      tumors. S100 protein was not observed in some other common canine skin tumors
      stained by the avidin-biotin complex technique. These were a mast cell tumor,
      fibrosarcoma, mammary gland adenocarcinoma, histiocytoma, transmissible venereal
      tumor, and a thyroid gland adenocarcinoma. Among normal tissues the presence of
      S100 protein was demonstrated in chondrocytes in the trachea, myoepithelial cells
      in the breast, melanocytes in the skin, some sweat glands and ducts in the skin,
      stellate cells in the pituitary, and interdigitating reticulum cells in the lymph
      node and in Peyer's patches. These results indicate that the avidin-biotin
      complex procedure for demonstrating S100 protein is a useful diagnostic tool in
      the diagnosis of canine amelanotic melanoma.

PMID- 2417400
TI  - Demonstration of both immunologically unique and common antigenic determinants in
      Dirofilaria immitis and Toxocara canis using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Using an ELISA system, the immunological cross-reactivity between D. immitis and
      T. canis has been, for the first time, examined on an individual clone-by-clone
      basis. This study offers a definitive demonstration of the presence of
      immunologically distinguishable species-specific non-crossreactive antigens and
      the presence of cross-reactive antigens in antigenic extracts obtained from adult
      D. immitis and T. canis.

PMID- 2417401
TI  - Chickens bursectomized with mibolerone have Ig-positive cells which lack bursal
      cell specific antigens.
AB  - The bursa anlage failed to develop in chicken embryos injected with 5 micrograms
      mibolerone on the 5th day of embryonation. Humoral immune responses in treated
      birds were studied by challenging them with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and
      killed Brucella abortus (B. abortus) at 4, 5, 6 and 7 weeks of age. Control birds
      responded with IgM and IgG titers to SRBC and B. abortus, whereas mibolerone
      treated birds completely failed to respond to B. abortus and their responses to
      SRBC consisted of only IgM agglutinins. Mibolerone-treated birds lacked natural
      agglutinins to rabbit red blood cells. The total concentration of plasma IgG,
      measured by radial immunodiffusion, was diminished whereas the IgM level was not
      influenced by the mibolerone treatment. Mibolerone-treated birds lacked bursal
      cell specific antigens in the peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) but they still
      had Ig-positive fluorescing cells which were fewer in number than those of
      controls. Splenomegaly resulting from graft vs. host reactions induced in chick
      embryos by PBL from mibolerone-treated birds was similar to that in control
      birds, indicating normal alloreactive T cells. These results suggest that IgM
      responses observed in mibolerone-treated birds are produced by cells from an
      extrabursal site, and that mibolerone can be used effectively to chemically
      bursectomize chickens.

PMID- 2417402
TI  - [Nonspecific immunity factors in calves in relation to the corticosteroid hormone
      content].
AB  - Studied were a total of 133 blood samples from 19 calves to follow up the level
      of cortizol from birth up to the age of 3 months (at the 4th and 24th hour, on
      the 10th day, and at 1 and 3 months of age). It was found that in relatively
      constant concentrations of the total protein the ratio of the albumin and the
      globulin fraction varied in accordance with the level of cortizol. The
      concentration of cortizol at birth was high (60.3 ng/cm3). It was demonstrated
      that the high level of cortizol had a suppressive action with regard to the
      absorption of colostral gamma-globulins. The drop of the cortizol level led to
      the rise of the gamma-globulin amount in the blood. The factors of unspecific
      resistance were also followed up, such as lysozyme and complement- and phagocyte
      activity. A direct dependence was established between the cortizol level and the
      gamma-globulin concentration and the indices of natural resistance.

PMID- 2417403
TI  - Antibodies to cytokeratin and vimentin in testicular tumour diagnosis.
AB  - Thirteen primary and metastatic testicular germ cell tumours, including classical
      and anaplastic seminomas, and non-seminomatous testicular tumours were examined
      for their intermediate filament protein (IFP) types. The seminomas were shown to
      react with a monoclonal and a polyclonal antibody to bovine lens vimentin, while
      non-seminomatous germ cell tumours were strongly positive for a polyclonal and a
      monoclonal antibody to cytokeratin. In one case of seminoma with elevated serum
      levels of beta HCG and alpha FP, cytokeratin positive tumour cells were found. In
      the case of teratocarcinoma, several components of the tumour could be
      distinguished using a combination of antisera in double-label immunofluorescence
      microscopy. The glandular component of this tumour was positive with the
      polyclonal antikeratin, but also with the monoclonal cytokeratin antibody
      specific for glandular epithelia (RGE 53). However, the squamous component was
      negative with this latter antibody. Strikingly, the spindle cell component showed
      focal positivity for vimentin, with coexpression of cytokeratin and vimentin in
      some cells. Our data show that antibodies to cytokeratin and vimentin can be
      helpful in the diagnosis of testicular germ cell tumours, especially in the
      differentiation between seminomas and non-seminomatous tumours.

PMID- 2417404
TI  - Ultrastructural, immunohistochemical and biochemical studies on amylase and ACTH
      producing lung cancer.
AB  - Tumour tissue from a lung cancer patient who showed elevated serum amylase and
      adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) was studied ultrastructurally, immunohistochemically
      and biochemically. Histologically the tumour was a small cell carcinoma. On
      electron microscopic examination the tumour cells contained large zymogen-like
      granules within the cytoplasm. Furthermore, cells which possessed many small
      dense core granules of the endocrine type were also observed. It was of interest
      that the large zymogen-like granule-containing tumour cells had microvilli at the
      apical border, connected by desmosomes and forming lumina showing
      adenocarcinomatous differentiation. Electrophoretic analysis of the serum
      revealed that the major elevated amylase was of the salivary type with minor
      components. Immunostaining clearly demonstrated that most of the tumour cells
      possessed immunoreactive ACTH, whereas salivary amylase was only found in
      occasional clusters of the tumour cells. The results seem to indicate that the
      tumour showed both endocrine and exocrine characteristics--an amphicrine
      carcinoma, expressing amylase and ACTH simultaneously.

PMID- 2417405
TI  - The pleomorphic adenoma of salivary glands transplanted on athmymic mice. A
      lightmicroscopical and immunohistochemical investigation.
AB  - 10 pleomorphic adenomas of the human parotid gland were transplanted on several
      groups of nude mice. For comparative reasons, 10 other pleomorphic adenomas, a
      neurinoma and a chordoma and transplants of squamous cell carcinomas and of
      normal salivary gland tissue were also analysed. In the primary tumours and in
      the transplants, the presence of keratin, carcinoembryonic antigen, tissue
      polypeptide antigen, lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulins, secretory component,
      amylase, fibronectin and of several lectin-receptors (PNA, WGA, HPA, Ulex
      europaeus) was sought. The immunohistological observations show that many of the
      features of a pleomorphic adenoma are constant under the conditions of
      transplantation. In the transplanted tumour, the same heterogeneity as in the
      primary tumours can be observed. Autoradiographic studies show little labelling
      with 3-H thymidine, which is in good accordance with the biological behaviour of
      the tumour. The distribution of fibronectin shows an interesting association with
      myoepithelial-like cells. Our results support the hypothesis that the
      histogenetic origin of the pleomorphic adenoma is a cell pool of the terminal
      ductal segment. A differentiation towards ductal cells (with production of
      secretory substances) and towards myoepithelial cells (associated with large
      amounts of basal membrane like substances) is observed.

PMID- 2417406
TI  - Pancreatic damage produced by injecting excess lysine in rats.
AB  - Intraperitoneal injection of lysine (400 mg/100 g body weight) in rats caused
      necrosis of pancreatic acinar cells with fat necrosis and a significant increase
      in serum amylase and lipase. The early morphological changes in the pancreas were
      investigated. At 3 to 6 h, marked swelling of mitochondria was observed
      throughout the cytoplasm followed later by dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum
      and the formation of autophagic vacuoles, indicative of rapid cellular
      degeneration. These results suggest that transient disturbance of energy
      formation following mitochondrial swelling resulted in disorders of protein
      metabolism, with disorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum and pyknosis of the
      nuclei as later events.

PMID- 2417407
TI  - Changes in basal cell subpopulations and tissue differentiation in human
      epidermal cultures treated with epidermal growth factor and cholera toxin.
AB  - Cell kinetic studies on cultured human epidermal cells have indicated that
      cycling basal cells may be divided into at least two subpopulations that seem to
      differ with respect to the rate of DNA replication. The present study was
      undertaken in order to elucidate the biological significance of these
      subpopulations. The proliferation characteristics of cultured basal cells were
      changed by the addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and cholera toxin to the
      culture medium. It was shown that EGF and cholera toxin stimulated the growth of
      human epidermal cells in culture. Simultaneously, the terminal differentiation of
      the cells was inhibited resulting in a reduced multilayering and a reduced
      formation of the cornified envelope. However, only minor differences in the
      protein synthesis pattern were observed between cultures maintained in the
      presence or absence of the growth stimulators. The effect of EGF and cholera
      toxin on the basal cell subpopulations was investigated after 3H-thymidine
      labelling followed by cell sorting and autoradiography. In the presence of EGF
      and cholera toxin dramatic changes were induced in the labelling pattern of
      sorted S-phase cells indicating significant alterations in the balance between
      the subpopulations of cycling basal cells. Our results with these substances are
      in accord with the hypothesis that the observed cell kinetic subpopulations may
      be related to regeneration or early events in the differentiation process of the
      keratinocyte.

PMID- 2417408
TI  - False positive reaction for carcinoembryonic antigen in Paget cells.
      Immunohistochemical observation.
AB  - Paget cells from cases of mammary and extramammary Paget's disease were examined
      for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CEA-related antigens by the
      immunoperoxidase method. Paget cells showed a conspicuous positive reaction with
      antiserum to CEA, but were negative when nonspecific cross-reacting-antigen (NCA)
      absorbed antiserum to CEA, or a monoclonal antibody to CEA was used as the
      detecting agents. Paget cells may contain large amounts of NCA antigen or CEA
      related substances.

PMID- 2417409
TI  - Analysis of Ross River virus genomic RNA using HaeIII digests of single-stranded
      cDNA to infected-cell RNA and virion RNA.
AB  - To study genetic relationships between isolates of Ross River virus (RRV), an
      alphavirus with a chromosome of approximately 12,000 nucleotides, total high
      molecular-weight RNA from RRV-infected baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells was
      transcribed into 32P-labeled, complementary DNA using reverse transcriptase and
      random calf-thymus DNA primers. The cDNA was digested with HaeIII or TaqI
      (restriction nucleases which cleave single-stranded DNA), and the restriction
      fragments separated on a standard DNA sequencing gel. The resulting HaeIII or
      TaqI restriction digest profiles mainly comprised virus-specific bands; cell RNAs
      were transcribed poorly. In reconstruction experiments, purified 49 S RRV genomic
      RNA and a 10-fold mass excess of mock-infected-cell RNA were reverse transcribed
      in the same reaction mix. Under these conditions there was no interference with
      the transcription of viral RNA sequences. When the level of viral RNA was lowered
      to one-hundredth that of cell RNA in the reaction mix, there was no qualitative
      change in restriction digest profiles. The procedure is rapid, simple, uses small
      amounts of 32P, does not require purification of virus or viral RNA, and permits
      cross-comparison between several virus strains on a single one-dimensional gel.
      The method should be applicable to other single-stranded RNA viruses of moderate
      genome complexity.

PMID- 2417410
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the structural glycoprotein VP7 gene of Nebraska calf
      diarrhea virus rotavirus: comparison with homologous genes from four strains of
      human and animal rotaviruses.
AB  - A full-size cloned cDNA copy of the rotavirus gene encoding the structural
      neutralization glycoprotein (VP7) of Nebraska calf diarrhea virus (NCDV), a
      strain recently shown to be effective as a vaccine in children, has been
      sequenced. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of NCDV (serotype 6) VP7
      with that of four other rotavirus strains (human WA serotype 1, human HU-5
      serotype 2, simian SA-11 serotype 3, and bovine UK serotype 6) indicates that the
      degree of amino acid homology among VP7 neutralization proteins of these
      serotypes ranges from 75 to 86%. Four hydrophilic regions at amino acid residues
      174-183, 248-256, 287-294, and 310-317 exhibit significant homology and hence may
      represent common antigenic determinants, while one hydrophilic area at amino acid
      residues 83-102 exhibits sufficient divergence to suggest it may be involved in
      serotype specificity.

PMID- 2417411
TI  - Infection of a Chlorella-like alga with the virus PBCV-1: transcriptional
      studies.
AB  - Infection of the unicellular, eukaryotic Chlorella-like green alga NC64A by the
      large dsDNA containing virus PBCV-1 immediately reduced host RNA synthesis.
      Chloroplast rRNAs, but not cytosolic rRNAs, were degraded following viral
      infection. Northern blot analysis utilizing four cloned fragments of PBCV-1 DNA
      as probes, which represent about 12% of the viral genome, revealed several
      properties of PBCV-1 transcription: A few viral transcripts were detected within
      5 min after infection. Each PBCV-1 DNA clone hybridized to both early and late
      transcripts which implies that early and late genes are dispersed throughout the
      viral genome. The transition from early to late transcription occurred between 40
      and 60 min after infection coincident with the onset of viral DNA synthesis.
      Three of the four DNA clones hybridized to transcripts which additively were
      larger than the corresponding DNA probe. This could reflect RNA processing,
      presence of overlapping genes, or transcription from both DNA strands. A few, but
      not all, early transcripts were synthesized in the presence of cycloheximide.
      This suggests that the virus either carries in its own RNA polymerase or uses a
      host RNA polymerase for very early viral transcription and that synthesis of
      additional, later transcripts depends on translation of an early gene product(s).

PMID- 2417412
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies reveal extensive antigenic differences between the
      hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoproteins of human and bovine parainfluenza 3
      viruses.
AB  - A panel of twenty monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN)
      glycoprotein of human parainfluenza 3 (PI3) virus has been obtained and
      tentatively classified into four different groups based on reactivity in
      hemagglutination inhibition (HI), neuraminidase inhibition (NI), and plaque
      neutralization (NT) tests. The antibodies were tested for cross-reactivity with
      bovine PI3 virus, Sendai virus, and simian virus 5 (SV5). Only two of these
      antibodies showed similar reactivities with human and bovine PI3 viruses in HI
      and NT tests; a few other antibodies showed low levels of reactivity with the
      heterologous viruses in HI tests. A competitive binding assay further suggested
      that the two cross-reactive antibodies are directed against the same domain of
      the HN molecule. Therefore, the HN glycoproteins of human and bovine PI3 viruses
      appear to be antigenically dissimilar, although they share at least one common
      epitope.

PMID- 2417413
TI  - Loss of enzyme activity in a site-directed mutant of influenza neuraminidase
      compared to expressed wild-type protein.
AB  - Full-length double-stranded DNA copies of the neuraminidase (NA) gene of
      influenza virus A/Tokyo/3/67 (N2) and a mutant generated in vitro by site
      specific, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis with a substitution of leucine for
      tryptophan at position 178 were cloned into an SV40 late replacement expression
      vector. Indirect immunofluorescence of cells infected with these recombinant
      vectors showed the presence of NA protein in the cytoplasm and on the surface of
      infected cells. Cells expressing the wild-type protein showed neuraminidase
      enzyme activity for both fetuin, a sialated glycoprotein (mol wt = 50,000) and N
      acetylneuraminyl lactose, a trisaccharide (mol wt = 600). This enzyme activity
      was inhibited by 44% toward N-acetylneuraminyl lactose and by 98% toward fetuin
      by adding anti-NA antibody before substrate. In contrast, cells expressing the
      mutant NA had no detectable enzyme activity for either substrate. The conserved
      nature of the tryptophan at position 178 in all known NA strains, its location in
      the substrate binding pocket in the three-dimensional structure and the lack of
      activity of the mutant protein indicate that this residue is essential for enzyme
      activity.

PMID- 2417414
TI  - Identification of antigenic determinants by polyclonal and hybridoma antibodies
      induced during the course of infection by vaccinia virus.
AB  - In order to extend the understanding of determinants involved in the humoral
      response in the infected host, mice were subjected to an immunization regimen
      using both active and uv-killed vaccinia virus. The spectrum of antibody
      specificity in hyperimmune sera was followed by Western blotting. Comparable
      studies involving Western blotting and immunofluorescence were conducted with a
      panel of monoclonal antibodies derived from hybridomas selected from similarly
      immunized animals. Hyperimmune sera contained circulating antibodies primarily
      against three polypeptides of 28K, 35K, and 62K. These antigens were shown to be
      located both at the surface and within the virion. The repertoire of monoclonal
      antibodies included some that reacted with the 28K and 35K antigens and others
      that recognized a 32K core complex component or a nonvirion cell surface
      component, corresponding to the viral hemagglutinin. Within the panel of
      monoclonal antibodies was a large group which reacted with a 32K antigen found in
      the IHD-J virion but absent from the IHD-W strain. This finding correlates with
      the absence of a 32K polypeptide from the IHD-W particle. Overall, the current
      findings reveal the absence of any particular correlation between the incidence
      of polyclonal antibodies in the circulation of the immune host and the frequency
      of selected hybridomas against vaccinia antigens. Application of this type of
      immunological analysis should provide useful data concerning the detection and
      mapping of the antigens and their epitopes which are significant for humoral
      immunity.

PMID- 2417415
TI  - Characterization of Sindbis virus epitopes important for penetration in cell
      culture and pathogenesis in animals.
AB  - Two anti-glycoprotein E2 monoclonal (MC) antibodies, designated R6 and R13,
      prepared against an attenuated mutant (SB-RL) of Sindbis virus, preferentially
      neutralize attenuated, rapidly penetrating strains of Sindbis as opposed to
      virulent, more slowly penetrating strains. An antigenic variant of SB-RL which
      displayed reduced reactivity with R6 and R13, demonstrated virulence in suckling
      mice and slow penetration in baby hamster kidney cells. Anti-E2 MC antibodies to
      SB-RL and to an independently propagated wild-type Sindbis strain, SIN, were used
      to compare the topographical relationship of the R6 and R13 epitopes to other E2
      antigenic sites. The R6 and R13 epitopes constituted a previously undescribed E2
      site, E2-c. Antibody competition experiments using virions in solid phase and in
      suspension, as well as binding of MC antibody to antigenic variants, demonstrated
      that E2-c was a spatially distinct and independently mutable site at the surface
      of Sindbis virions. Of three E2 antigenic sites, E2-a and E2-c were conserved
      among the Sindbis strains examined, while E2-b was strain specific. Although
      attenuated strains were preferentially neutralized by E2-c specific MC
      antibodies, the critical mutation in these strains did not alter their ability to
      bind E2-c MC antibody. Rather, the mutation was responsible for the altered
      biological effect of antibody binding at E2-c; the in vitro rapid penetration
      phenotype; and the in vivo phenotype of attenuation in suckling mice.

PMID- 2417416
TI  - Biochemical and immunological characterization of Suncus murinus mammary tumor
      virus DNA polymerase.
AB  - Enzymological properties of the RNA-directed DNA polymerase associated with the
      Suncus murinus mammary tumor virus (Sm-MTV) was investigated and its antigenic
      relatedness to other retroviral DNA polymerases was examined. The enzyme
      exhibited higher activity in the presence of Mg2+ than in the presence of Mn2+
      with endogenous RNA as well as with almost all of the synthetic template X
      primers tested. Mg2+ was also effective with poly(2'-O-methylcytidylate) X
      oligodeoxyguanylate which was known to be specific for Mn2+. To examine the
      immunological relatedness of this enzyme with other retroviral DNA polymerases,
      remaining Sm-MTV DNA polymerase activity was measured after treatment of this
      enzyme with various antisera prepared against each of the reverse transcriptases
      of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV), murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), simian
      sarcoma virus-simian sarcoma associated virus (SSV/SSAV), and Rauscher murine
      leukemia virus (RLV). No inhibition of the Sm-MTV enzyme activity was observed
      when treated with the latter three antisera with which the DNA polymerase
      activities of the corresponding retroviruses were fully inhibited. Only the
      antiserum against MPMV-enzyme, however, was found to slightly inhibit the Sm-MTV
      enzyme activity. These results indicate that Sm-MTV DNA polymerase has similar
      enzymological properties to those of MPMV and MuMTV and shares some common
      antigenic determinant group(s) with MPMV DNA polymerase.

PMID- 2417417
TI  - Sequences of the major antibody binding epitopes of the Indiana serotype of
      vesicular stomatitis virus.
AB  - A panel of neutralizing and nonneutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the
      Indiana strain of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-IND) were used to select
      nonbinding VSV-IND mutants. In addition, virus was passaged against high titered
      polyclonal antisera to select for poorly neutralized virus mutants. Nucleic acid
      sequencing localized mutations in the surface spike glycoprotein (G protein)
      sequence which were associated with decreased neutralization by polyclonal
      antisera and with nonbinding by neutralizing and nonneutralizing MAbs. The major
      neutralization epitope, the A epitope, is composed of at least two regions that
      are widely separated in the primary G protein sequence. We found evidence for
      both continuous and discontinuous determinants within the A epitope and found one
      strongly selected region that may function as an antigenic loop. The high degree
      of sequence homology between VSV-IND and the other major VSV serotype, VSV-New
      Jersey (VSV-NJ) allowed us to predict some of the neutralization epitopes of VSV
      New Jersey. Alignment of VSV and rabies virus sequences revealed that major
      neutralizing epitopes in VSV correspond to sites of carbohydrate attachment in
      rabies. This may be of significance in the evolution of rhabdoviruses.

PMID- 2417418
TI  - [Neurospecific proteins in the diagnosis of human brain tumors].

PMID- 2417419
TI  - WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Thirty-fifth report.

PMID- 2417420
TI  - [Determination of surgical status: stomach cancer].
AB  - In spite of a decrease in the frequency of gastric carcinoma as shown in some
      statistics this malignoma still is an almost daily challenge in surgery. The
      prognosis of the gastric cancer, in general, depends upon the time of onset of
      therapy and the tumor grading. At present, chemotherapy and radiation therapy
      cannot be regarded as alternatives to surgical therapy. An improvement in the
      preoperative diagnostic procedures including the use of CT has not altered the
      prognosis of the gastric carcinoma. The procedure of choice in the treatment of
      gastric cancer should be total gastrectomy. The only exception to this rule is
      the small antrum carcinoma of the intestinal type, in which subtotal resection
      seems sufficient. This should comprise a 4/5-resection of the stomach and should
      be carried out with the same radicality concerning lymphadenectomy in the
      extragastric region as in total gastrectomy. The problem of intraluminal
      recurrency is declining provided that sufficient safety distances are maintained.
      An additive Brachy-radiation type therapy with intraoperative application of
      125Jodine-seeds into remaining metastatic lymph-nodes seem to be a new approach
      to improve the prognosis of the palliatively resected gastric carcinoma. In our
      experience esophago-jejunoplication for reestablishment of passage following
      gastrectomy serves best the demand for creating a food reservoir and in
      preventing intestino-esophageal reflux. It seems to be of prime importance to
      prepare the patient psychologically for the loss of the stomach and to endow him
      with dietary plans for the food intake later on.

PMID- 2417421
TI  - [Operative therapy of cancer of the head of the pancreas--determination of
      surgical status].
AB  - Therapy of ductal pancreatic carcinoma still remains a hardly resolved problem.
      In spite of the development of highly sensitive diagnostic methods 85 to 90% of
      the patients do not undergo therapy until they have already reached an incurable
      tumor stage. 5 years survival rate between 4 and 8% after potentially curative
      resections are rather depressing numbers. To patients with stages I and II
      duodenopancreatectomy as performed as subtotal pancreatectomy promises better
      mean survival and 5 years survival rates than bypass procedures only. When the
      tumor, however, infiltrates adjacent organs, resection might be limited to few
      selected cases. Substantial progress in the therapy of pancreatic carcinoma can
      be only expected from better understanding of the biological nature of the tumor,
      from earlier diagnosis and more precise selection of the patients as to the
      appropriate therapeutical alternatives.

PMID- 2417422
TI  - Physiological studies of exocrine pancreatic secretion in conscious rats. 7th
      communication: short-term kinetics of adaptation of digestive enzymes to
      different nutritional stimuli.
AB  - In conscious rats provided with appropriate indwelling catheters the kinetic
      period of adaptation (short-term adaptation) of digestive enzymes was
      investigated in response to a rapid change of diet and to intraduodenal infusions
      of different food components. Flow-rate and total protein concentration of
      pancreatic juice were measured. Enzyme-separation by PAA-Gel-Electrophoresis and
      quantitative analysis of amylases I and II, lipase, chymotrypsins I and II and
      trypsin were performed. The specific enzymatic activity was characterized by the
      enzyme fraction in percent of total protein. Rapid "change of diet" in rats,
      previously adapted for two weeks to a certain diet, caused increasing and
      decreasing concentrations of the corresponding enzymes respectively. The kinetic
      of this adaptation could well be described by exponential functions.
      Intraduodenal perfusion of starch, soy-bean oil or amino acids revealed similar
      changes in enzyme secretion as seen in the dietary experiments; i. e.
      intraduodenaL perfusion of starch caused mainly an increase in amylase secretion,
      soy-bean oil in lipase secretion and amino acids in the secretion of proteases.
      The kinetics could be described as a definite transfer function to a rectangular
      stimulus. The time lag between the duodenal "stimulation" and "response" in
      pancreatic enzyme secretion was only a few hours. After a period of rapid change
      in enzyme secretion during the initial 5 hours, the secretion rises more slowly
      to reach steady-state level after 18-22 hours. The results of this study allow a
      more detailed formal description of the kinetics of pancreatic short-term
      adaptation to nutritional stimuli without clarifying the involved mechanisms.

PMID- 2417423
TI  - Effects of norfloxacin and rifampicin on growth and streptolysin S production in
      hemolytic streptococci.
AB  - Norfloxacin, a nalidixic acid analogue, inhibited streptolysin S (SLS) production
      when added to young streptococcal culture. DNA synthesis was mainly affected, but
      increment of cell mass, RNA and protein was also significantly reduced in
      streptococci treated with norfloxacin. In stationary phase cells and in the
      washed resting bacteria, the toxin production was resistant to the drug.
      Pretreatment with norfloxacin did not abolish the cellular capacity to produce
      SLS. Although extracellular SLS was detectable at log phase of streptococcal
      growth, enhanced production of the toxin occurred upon cessation of coccal
      multiplication. In contrast to norfloxacin, lower concentration of rifampicin
      inhibited SLS production, even added at late log or early stationary phase. Roles
      of growth phase, medium and carrier in induction of SLS production were analyzed
      as well.

PMID- 2417424
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of gut-associated circulating anodic antigen in
      Schistosoma japonicum.
AB  - The localization of the gut-associated circulating anodic antigen in Schistosoma
      japonicum adults was revealed by means of the immunofluorescence and a peroxidase
      anti-peroxidase method with the electron microscope. The reaction sites were
      confined to amorphous material in the cecal lumen. The cecal lumen generally was
      infolded with lamellae. The antigenic material appeared to be secreted by the
      rough endoplasmic reticulum, probably through the Golgi apparatus, into the
      lumen. Observations of male and female worms showed that there was a clear
      difference between the sexes in antigen concentration. The thick epithelium of
      the female worm, with well-developed cisternae on the endoplasmic reticulum,
      produced a lot more antigen than the male. Positive staining with ruthenium red
      confirmed that the antigenic material was a negatively charged polysaccharide as
      had been previously reported.

PMID- 2417425
TI  - Isolation of specific antigens from Angiostrongylus cantonensis. 1. Preparative
      flatbed isoelectric focusing.
AB  - Electrophoresis on SDS gel and analytical isoelectric focusing showed that a
      crude extract of Angiostrongylus cantonensis consisted of at least 40 protein
      components with molecular weights ranging from 13 000-70 000 and isoelectric
      points of pI values ranging from 3.7-10.0. Crossed-immunoelectrophoresis with a
      hyperimmune antiserum to A. cantonensis showed at least 40 different antigenic
      components in the crude worm extract which were cross-reactive with those of
      Ascaris suum, Metastrongylus apri and Toxocara canis. Using preparative
      isoelectric focusing, the somatic worm preparation was divided into 13 equal
      fractions, of which 3, 4 and 5, with pI values of 3.7, 4.0 and 4.45 respectively,
      were later shown by immunoelectrophoretic techniques and enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay to contain antigens specific to A. cantonensis.

PMID- 2417426
TI  - Effect of muramyl dipeptide and its stearoyl derivatives on resistance to Sendai
      virus infection in mice.
AB  - The efficacy of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP), 6-O-stearoyl-MDP
      (L18-MDP), N alpha-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-N epsilon-stearoyl-L
      lysine (MDP-Lys-L18) and N-stearoylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (2N-L18-MDP)
      for augmenting host-resistance to viral infection was examined in Sendai virus
      infected mice. L18-MDP and MDP-Lys-L18 augmented the non-specific host-resistance
      to infection with Sendai virus. MDP showed a slight enhancement of host
      resistance to this infection but 2N-L18-MDP was ineffective. The protective
      effect of MDP-Lys-L18 was seen only when the drug was administered a few days
      before the virus challenge. The intranasal administration of MDP-Lys-L18 was
      effective at 1 microgram but only slight activity was observed in mice treated
      intravenously or intraperitoneally even at the 100 microgram dose level. MDP-Lys
      L18 treatment preceding infection augmented interferon production in the lung of
      the mice but MDP-Lys-L18 treatment alone induced no interferon.

PMID- 2417427
TI  - Bacteriuria screening by leukocyte esterase nitrite strip plus gram stain.

PMID- 2417428
TI  - [Determination of angiotensin converting enzyme in prostate diseases].

PMID- 2417429
TI  - Hepatocellular carcinoma--an update.
AB  - Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the commonest malignant diseases
      in the world. In this study the association of HBsAg and HCC, together with the
      role of other aetiological agents, is reviewed. Alfa-foeto-protein continues to
      be the best marker for early diagnosis of HCC. Surgical resection provides the
      only chance of cure, but the proportion of patients with resectable tumour is
      small. The hope for prevention of HCC lies in the use of a vaccine against
      hepatitis B virus.

PMID- 2417430
TI  - [Operative therapy of esophageal cancer. Palliative surgical methods and
      results].
AB  - Between 1969 and 1982, 38 out of 121 patients with oesophageal carcinoma
      underwent palliative surgery. Operatively in 22 patients a Celestin- or Haring
      tube was inserted, gastrostomy was performed 10 times, palliative resection two
      times. Four times the obstruction was bypassed. 17 patient achieved additional
      radiation therapy. An analysis of data showed, that all operative palliative
      procedures had nearly the same bad prognosis (p greater than 0.265). A longer
      survival could be achieved by additional radiation therapy (p = 0.044).
      Postoperative mortality rate was higher in patients with additional diseases (p =
      0.018). Lethal aspiration-pneumonitis was a common (30%) and typical (p = 0.031)
      complication, when gastrostomy was performed. Because oft the high mortality rate
      of the first and because of the missing crude palliation of the second operation,
      palliative resection and gastrostomy were considered to be not indicated in most
      cases.

PMID- 2417431
TI  - [Mineral salts and water in the diet of the athlete].
AB  - Hydroelectrolyte disturbances, even if modest, are capable of negatively
      modifying sports performance. When the sweating, that accompanies sports
      activity, is abundant, it is the means by which the greatest quantity of water
      and salt are lost. A correct diet can prevent any of the manifestations connected
      to an altered hydroelectrolyte equilibrium, especially when the activity is very
      prolonged. A potassium or magnesium defect, even if they rarely reach serum
      levels below the norm, are frequently encountered after sports activity of an
      intermediate time span (2-3 hrs.), during which the athlete rarely eats.
      Variations of sodium and/or calcium are instead difficult to appreciate.

PMID- 2417432
TI  - Cryocaustics in view of the complications.
AB  - The authors compared the complications of cryocaustic operations in hyperplastic
      patients with those of transvesical prostatectomy, TUR and of cryosurgical
      procedures. They have found that, considering its complications, cryocaustics is
      the intervention incurring the smallest risk to patients of bad general
      condition.

PMID- 2417433
TI  - Application of silver stains to cytologic specimens of neuroendocrine tumors
      metastatic to the liver.
AB  - Cytologic specimens of neuroendocrine tumors metastatic to the liver were
      examined with regard to their silver staining properties after the application of
      argentaffin and argyrophil staining techniques (Masson, Grimelius and Sevier
      Munger). In tumors with a content of serotonin (small intestine carcinoids), the
      presence of this substance was demonstrated cytologically as an argentaffin
      reaction in individual tumor cells; however, formalin fixation was a prerequisite
      for positive staining. Melanin in malignant melanoma cells displayed a positive
      argentaffin reaction, irrespective of the fixation used (air drying, formalin,
      Bouin's fluid or acetone-alcohol). Thus, serotonin and melanin can be
      distinguished in cytologic samples of neuroendocrine tumors by the use of the
      Masson argentaffin reaction with different fixatives. The nonargentaffin-positive
      neuroendocrine tumor cells were weakly stained or unreactive with the Grimelius
      argyrophil technique. The Sevier-Munger argyrophil technique was negative or gave
      a disturbing nonspecific background staining reaction that was difficult to
      interpret in the cytologic samples. Thus, the Grimelius method appears to be the
      most useful silver stain for identifying neuroendocrine tumor cells in cytologic
      material, irrespective of their hormone content, since both argentaffin-positive
      and argentaffin-negative cell samples were stained at least to some degree.

PMID- 2417434
TI  - Three per cent dextran-60 as a plasma substitute in blood component therapy. I.
      An alternative in surgical blood loss replacement.
AB  - Microaggregate-poor erythrocyte concentrate with 3% dextran-60 as a plasma
      substitute was compared with microaggregate-poor whole blood for replacement of
      intra-operative and immediately postoperative blood loss. Sixty patients
      undergoing total hip arthroplasty randomly received either of these two forms of
      therapy. In accordance with the clinical routine of our orthopedic department, an
      infusion of 500 ml of 6% dextran-70 (Macrodex) was given as thrombo-prophylaxis
      in both groups. Use of 3% dextran-60 as a plasma substitute in blood component
      therapy for surgical hemorrhage of up to 50% of the calculated blood volume
      caused no increase in bleeding tendency or frequency of postoperative hematoma
      compared with whole blood replacement. Plasma protein levels were low immediately
      postoperatively in patients given the dextran, but from the 4th postoperative day
      onward there was no difference between the groups. Applied in clinical practice,
      this would be efficient in saving plasma for other urgent purposes.

PMID- 2417435
TI  - Three per cent dextran-60 as a plasma substitute in blood component therapy. II.
      Comparative studies on pre- and postoperative blood volume.
AB  - Microaggregate-poor erythrocyte concentrate with 3% dextran-60 as a plasma
      substitute was compared with microaggregate-poor whole blood for replacement of
      intra-operative blood loss. Their blood volume-conserving effects were studied by
      sequential blood volume determination with radioactive technetium (99mTc) in 19
      patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Pre-operatively there was no
      difference in blood volume between the groups. Immediately after surgery and on
      the 2nd postoperative day there was no difference in total blood volume. Blood
      component therapy with 3% dextran as a plasma substitute is an efficient
      principle for intra-operative blood loss replacement at hip operations.

PMID- 2417436
TI  - Comparative study of histological and kinetic variations of the digestive mucosa
      and pancreatic parenchyma after hypophysectomy in the rat. Light and electron
      microscopic study.
AB  - Variations of the pancreatic parenchyma, the gastric mucosa and the intestinal
      mucosa were studied in adult male Wistar rats on day 8 and 15 after
      hypophysectomy. All results were compared with those obtained in pair-fed control
      rats. Hypophysectomy affected small intestine as well as gastric mucosa.
      Hypotrophy was observed on day 8 as most of the morphological parameters reached
      the maximal decrease. By contrast, hypoplasy occurred on day 15, when the
      labeling index (LI) decreased significantly. In the intestine, however, a
      decrease of the LI was observed only for the upper proliferative cells of the
      crypts. In the gastric mucosa, the LI was reduced only in the proliferative zone
      containing progenitor cells (isthmic region). Consequently, the cell
      differentiation is not similarly affected on all levels of the digestive tract.

PMID- 2417437
TI  - Location of the angiogenic activity in the pregnant human uterus.
AB  - Angiogenic activity was known to be intensely dynamic during pregnancy with a
      geometric orientation towards the site of implantation. Therefore this study was
      designed to test whether the uterine lining of pregnancy, the decidua, induces
      angiogenic activity on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Twenty-three decidual
      specimens obtained during legally induced abortions were implanted into the 9-day
      old chick CAM. All decidual specimens showed strong angiogenic activity as
      measured by 9-fold increase in radial blood vessels, with a geometrical formation
      of 'spokewheel' pattern extending over a range of 1.2 cm within 48 h.

PMID- 2417438
TI  - Interferon production by and radioprotective effect of poly I : C and tilorone in
      mice exposed to helium alpha irradiation.
AB  - Serum interferon production induced by poly I : C and tilorone and their
      radioprotective effect in mice exposed to He-alpha particles was studied. The
      results were compared to those observed after exposure of mice to acute 60Co
      gamma irradiation. Interferon production induced by poly I : C was depressed by
      He-alpha irradiation less than that induced by tilorone. Treatment of mice with
      poly I : C or tilorone before He-alpha irradiation had no effect on the mortality
      of animals in contrast to the radioprotective activity of these compounds against
      60Co-gamma irradiation.

PMID- 2417439
TI  - Characterization of DNA and RNA in circulating immunocomplexes in multiple
      sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and normal controls.
AB  - The total levels of DNA and RNA in serum immunocomplexes from multiple sclerosis
      (MS) patients and healthy control persons were compared. Furthermore, the levels
      of single-stranded DNA (ss DNA) and double-stranded DNA (ds DNA) in serum
      immunocomplexes from MS patients, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients
      and controls were studied. The mean values of DNA and RNA were found to be
      elevated (P less than 0.01) in MS compared to the control means. Furthermore, the
      RNA/DNA ratio and the ratio ss DNA/ds DNA were decreased in MS. In contrast the
      ss:ds DNA ratio in ALS was increased. In ALS, however, the sum of ss DNA and ds
      DNA was lower (P less than 0.05) than the control mean value.

PMID- 2417440
TI  - Histochemical localization of aluminum in the rabbit CNS.
AB  - Aluminum was observed in the nucleolus, interchromatin granules, rough
      endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, euchromatin, and the heterochromatin of
      the neuron. The association of aluminum with the first four r-RNA-containing
      cellular components and with the last two DNA-containing chromatins suggests the
      association of aluminum with the nucleic acids. The aluminum may interfere with
      the normal mechanism of the protein synthesis of r-RNA and of the transcription
      or gene modulation of DNA. Aluminum was also observed in the astrocytic process
      and in the nuclei of endothelial cells, pericytes, and the muscle cells of the
      blood vessels. The detection of aluminum in the pyrimidal cells of the cerebral
      cortex and hippocampus and in the spinal cord neurons, was observed 1 h after
      i.v. injection, indicating a rapid entry of aluminum from the injection site
      through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to the neurons. Using Morin stain,
      pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, motoneurons of spinal
      cord, ganglion cells, and bipolar cells of retina and Purkinje cells of
      cerebellum, exhibited yellow fluorescence, with peak intensity at 560 nm. Tangles
      were observed in these six types of neurons. The granule cells of hippocampus and
      cerebellum and the photoreceptors of the retina exhibited green fluorescence with
      the peak intensity at 490-500 nm. Tangles were not observed in these three types
      of neurons.

PMID- 2417441
TI  - Pattern of reactivity of IgM from the sera of eight patients with IgM monoclonal
      gammopathy and neuropathy with components of neural tissues: evidence for
      interaction with more than one epitope.
AB  - It has been postulated that binding of monoclonal IgM from the sera of some
      patients with IgM monoclonal gammopathy and neuropathy to components of
      peripheral nerve may play a key role in the pathogenesis of the neuropathy. Serum
      IgM from these patients has been shown to bind to antigenic determinants shared
      by the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and a polar glycolipid from
      peripheral nerve. Here we describe a study of sera from eight patients with IgM
      monoclonal gammopathy and neuropathy. Five of the patients had serum IgM directed
      both against MAG and one or two polar glycolipids from peripheral nerve. One of
      the patients had serum IgM that bound to a peripheral nerve glycolipid but not to
      MAG; no one had serum IgM that bound to MAG but not to a peripheral nerve
      glycolipid. The relative affinity of IgM from the sera of the patients for
      proteins in peripheral nerves of chickens, dogs, and humans varied from patient
      to patient. These data indicate that the epitope against which the serum IgM from
      these patients is directed is not necessarily the same in all of the cases.

PMID- 2417442
TI  - Response of rat incisor mesenchymal cells to doxorubicin after bleomycin
      pretreatment.
AB  - Bleomycin is a possible synchronizing agent of dividing cell populations in vivo.
      Utilizing this property, we studied doxorubicin-induced alterations in incisor
      mesenchymal cells by light microscopy in rats pretreated with bleomycin. Two
      experimental groups were given 25 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg bleomycin, respectively,
      followed by a dose of 5 mg/kg doxorubicin after 32 h. At that time, the
      synchronized cells were theoretically entering the synthesis phase of the cell
      cycle, in which they are most vulnerable to doxorubicin. Animals given 75 mg/kg
      bleomycin had indications of cell synchronization, resulting in increased
      destruction of the basal pulp 1 day after doxorubicin administration. Two
      odontoblast/dentinal lesions were seen on the 5th day of observation, each
      induced by injury to cells that were late preodontoblasts at the time of
      bleomycin and doxorubicin injection. The histomorphological alteration seen after
      the lowest bleomycin dose in combination with doxorubicin included necrosis of
      basal pulp cells after 1 day and dentinal dearrangements after 5 days,
      corresponding to what has previously been found in animals given doxorubicin
      only.

PMID- 2417443
TI  - The disappearance of human chorionic gonadotropin from plasma and urine following
      induced abortion. Disappearance of HCG after induced abortion.
AB  - In 28 females, daily measurement of the HCG concentration in urine and in 15 of
      them daily measurement of the beta-HCG concentration in plasma was carried out
      during the first 2 weeks following first-trimester induced abortion by vacuum
      aspiration. Plasma beta-HCG concentration fell according to a multi-exponential
      curve with a half-life of 0.63 days in the first 2 days following induced
      abortion, and of 3.85 days in the subsequent 14 days. The disappearance of HCG
      from urine is exponential, with a half-life value of 1.3 days. A urine pregnancy
      test with a sensitivity of 1 IU/ml wil nearly always be negative in the course of
      2 weeks after abortion. A positive test 4 weeks after abortion indicates an
      incomplete abortion or persistent trophoblast.

PMID- 2417444
TI  - Sequelae of intravitreal phagocytic activity in response to microparticles.
AB  - Cynomolgus monkeys were injected intravitreally with a colloidal suspension of
      carbon microparticles (size 20-70 nm) under aseptic surgical conditions. An
      intravitreal cellular proliferation occurred, inducing retinal detachment and
      neovascularization that started from the optic nerve head, ciliary body and ora
      serrata. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the features of the
      intravitreal cellular response to be inflammatory cells, mononuclear phagocytes
      (the predominant cell type), and fibroblasts. Newly-formed collagen fibrils
      (banding 70 nm) were found in the vitreous. The newly-formed vasculature
      generally showed continuous endothelial lining, but some intravitreal cellular
      proliferation is primarily a macrophagic response. We suggest that mononuclear
      phagocytes play a major role by triggering the collagen formation and
      neovascularization in the vitreous.

PMID- 2417445
TI  - 150 cases of senile macular degeneration, clinical picture, morphology and argon
      lasertherapy.

PMID- 2417446
TI  - Immunofluorescence staining in unfixed or fixed renal biopsy specimens from
      patients with diabetic nephropathy.
AB  - Immunofluorescence staining in unfixed or fixed renal biopsy specimens were
      evaluated in nine patients with diabetic nephropathy in order to elucidate if
      immunofluorescence staining is applicable in fixed renal tissues in such
      patients. Renal biopsy specimens were embedded in gelatin or paraffin matrix.
      Renal biopsy specimens embedded in paraffin matrix were digested with 0.05%
      protease. Immunofluorescent studies of kidney tissues were performed by staining
      with FITC-labeled heavy chain specific anti-human IgG, IgA, IgM, acute phase
      reactant (APR) proteins such as alpha 1-anti-trypsin (alpha 1-AT), haptoglobin
      (Hpt) and beta-lipoprotein (beta-Lp) antisera, and then examined with a
      fluorescent microscope. Linear and nodular deposition of IgG, IgA, IgM, alpha 1
      AT, Hpt, and beta-Lp were observed in the glomerular capillary walls of the renal
      specimens embedded in paraffin matrix. The staining patterns in specimens
      embedded in paraffin matrix was similar to that embedded in gelatin matrix. There
      was no significant difference in the intensity or distribution of IgG, IgM, alpha
      1-AT, and beta-Lp deposition among the two different conditions of
      immunofluorescence in patients with diabetic nephropathy. It was suggested that
      immunofluorescence staining in renal biopsy specimens embedded in paraffin matrix
      after digestion with protease is useful for the evaluation of IgG, IgM, APR
      proteins, and beta-Lp in glomeruli from patients with diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 2417447
TI  - A study on so-called novel inclusion body in human hepatocyte.
AB  - The so-called novel inclusion body (NIB) is an intrahepatocytic structure which
      is frequently observed in human cirrhotic liver. It resembles very much to, but
      definitely differs from Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) morphologically. The
      age distribution of liver cirrhosis cases positive for NIB is similar to that
      positive for HBsAg, except for an existence of a time lag in mean age. One of the
      best staining methods to demonstrate NIB, for example, is to exhibit it as a
      reddish body stained by Luna, with a contrast of HBsAg counterstained purple in
      color by aldehyde fuchsin after thiosulfation. Electron microscopy of the liver
      obtained from a patient, negative for both HBsAg and Hepatitis B e antigen
      (HBeAg) but positive for Hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) and Hepatitis B
      surface antigen antibody (HBsAb) clinically, revealed some unfamiliar, tubular
      and cisternal arrays showing a network pattern and ring-shaped structure at the
      site exactly corresponding to NIB localization. These are considered to have been
      induced from the endoplasmic reticulum by an unknown agent, for which non A non B
      hepatitis virus (NANBV) is rationally postulated as one of the possibilities. A
      close relation between NIB and NANBV is highly suspected because of much
      similarities in histology, histochemistry, age distribution, and electron
      microscopy. The true nature of NANBV should be rescrutinized, especially in
      relation with Hepatitis B virus infection, since NIB is quite often observed also
      in cirrhotic liver positive for HBsAg.

PMID- 2417448
TI  - Hydrophobized wound dressing in the treatment of experimental Staphylococcus
      aureus infections in the young pig.
AB  - Standard wounds (2 X 2 cm) produced with a dermatome, followed by a thermal
      injury in four-week-old piglets were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus
      strains. Infection developed in each wound within a few days. Wounds were then
      dressed separately with cellulose dressing or the same dressing substituted with
      a hydrophobic ligand (stearylic acid). Other wounds were treated with active
      charcoal dressing (ActisorbR) or DebrisanR. Signs of healing, including vanishing
      of inflammation around the wounds, were noticed already on days 3 and 4 in the
      wounds treated with the hydrophobized dressing, and no infection was noticed in
      such wounds on days 5 to 6, while all other wounds were still showing signs of
      infection. It is concluded that active removal of S. aureus cells in the
      hydrophobized dressing probably decreases the number of multiplying bacteria in
      wounds, causing a rapid onset of wound healing.

PMID- 2417449
TI  - [Enhancement of the antitumor activity of bleomycin A5 by 3-aminobenzamide in
      vitro and in vivo].

PMID- 2417450
TI  - Evidence for substance P-immunoreactive spinal afferents that mediate
      bronchoconstriction.
AB  - The origin and functional role of capsaicin-sensitive substance P-(SP-)
      immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibres in the lower airways were studied in the guinea
      pig. Stellatectomy caused a significant reduction of SP-IR in the lung and
      pulmonary artery. Immunohistochemical analysis, however, did not reveal any clear
      cut change in the number and distribution of SP-IR fibres in the lung of these
      animals. After combined stellatectomy plus local capsaicin treatment of the vagal
      nerves, most SP-IR nerves disappeared in the lower airways. The
      bronchoconstriction induced by capsaicin was significantly reduced after
      stellatectomy and abolished after stellatectomy plus capsaicin pretreatment of
      the vagal nerves. Ether inhalation caused bronchoconstriction, which was not
      influenced by stellatectomy but markedly reduced by combined capsaicin treatment
      of vagal nerves and stellatectomy. Stellate ganglion stimulation in animals that
      had been chemically sympathectomized by 6-OH-dopamine caused bronchoconstriction,
      which was resistant to cholinergic or adrenergic receptor blockade. This response
      was absent after systemic capsaicin pretreatment, suggesting that it was due to
      antidromic stimulation of afferent fibres traversing the stellate ganglion. In
      conclusion, the present data suggest that the lower airways receive SP-IR
      capsaicin-sensitive C-fibre afferents of both vagal and spinal origin. These
      sensory fibres seem to have branches both within the bronchial smooth muscle and
      around blood vessels.

PMID- 2417451
TI  - Acute continuous exposure to cigarette smoke produces discrete changes in
      cholecystokinin and substance P levels in the hypothalamus and preoptic area of
      the male rat.
AB  - By means of a Walton Horizontal Smoking Machine, male rats were exposed to the
      smoke from I-4 cigarettes burned in a continuous fashion. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
      and substance P levels (determined by means of radio-immunoassay) were measured
      in discrete hypothalamic and preoptic regions. Acute continuous exposure to
      cigarette smoke induced increases in CCK levels in the paraventricular
      hypothalamic region as well as decreases in CCK levels in the median eminence.
      Furthermore, this treatment resulted in decreased CCK and substance P levels in
      the medial preoptic region. The results have been interpreted to indicate that
      CCK and substance P containing neuronal systems can be regulated by cholinergic
      nicotine-like receptors.

PMID- 2417452
TI  - Child psychiatric sequelae of maternal war stress.
AB  - Two cohorts of boys were examined while attending a well-baby clinic and
      reexamined at the end of the first grade of elementary school. One cohort (n =
      57) consisted of boys born in the year of the Six-Day War in 1967. The other
      cohort was born 2 years later (n = 63). Data on socio-demographic background,
      early development, behavior at school and at home were obtained from the mothers
      and the teachers. Statistical analysis showed that the "war children" had
      significant developmental delays and regressive, non-affiliative and dissocial
      behavior. The children, who were in their first half year of life at the time of
      the war, were much more disturbed than those of whom the mothers were pregnant at
      the time of the war. The findings suggest that a disturbed mother-child
      relationship existed in the former group.

PMID- 2417453
TI  - Percutaneous biliary drainage in neoplastic jaundice. Statistical data from a
      computerized multicenter investigation.
AB  - Technical and clinical data concerning 731 controlled patients submitted to
      nonsurgical percutaneous biliary drainage (PBD) for preoperative or palliative
      purposes were collected from eight institutions. Using a computerized analysis
      program, general and special statistics were obtained, with special attention
      given to 536 neoplastic cases. Technical success, type, level and nature of the
      lesions, purpose of drainage, surgery performed, complications, and other
      clinical and technical information were considered and compared with the clinical
      results. Statistically significant data were obtained comparing, respectively,
      bilirubin levels with duration of drainage, survival with type of treatment (PBD
      alone or followed by radical or palliative surgery), operative with post PBD
      mortality, survival with type of PBD (external catheter, internal catheter, and
      endoprosthesis), and complications with type of PBD used.

PMID- 2417454
TI  - Transcatheter intraarterial management of gynecologic tumors.
AB  - Intraarterial therapy was performed in 17 women with various gynecologic tumors
      in order to facilitate surgery (13 patients) and for palliation (4 patients). In
      the nonsurgery group intraarterial chemotherapy was supplemented by occlusion in
      2 patients. In the surgery group 5 women received intraarterial chemotherapy
      before the occlusion procedure. In the palliation group the result was poor, but
      9 of 13 patients in the surgery group had radical surgery. They had all
      previously been found to be nonresectable at laparotomy (11 patients) or
      clinically (2 patients). No severe complications of using the intraarterial
      technique were encountered, though such are frequently reported.

PMID- 2417455
TI  - Developments in the resuscitation of critically ill surgical patients.
AB  - Despite the fact that many new exciting prospects are on the horizon, volume
      support remains the cornerstone of resuscitation of the critically ill surgical
      patient. Their limitations not withstanding, balanced electrolyte solutions,
      properly used, are the most efficacious choice in the majority of patients. The
      patient's eventual survival depends not only on skillful resuscitation but on the
      ability to identify and correct the underlying cause.

PMID- 2417456
TI  - Characterization of FPL-52694 [5-(2-hydroxypropoxyl)-8-propyl-4-oxo-4H-benzopyran
      2-carboxylic acid Na] on histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells induced
      by antigen, compound 48/80 and A 23187.
AB  - We studied the in vitro effects of FPL-52694 [5-(2-hydroxypropoxyl)-8-propyl-4
      oxo-4H-benzopyran-2-carboxylic acid Na] on histamine release from rat peritoneal
      mast cells. These cells exposed to ascaris antigen, compound 48/80 or the
      ionophore A 23187 concentration-dependently released histamine. About a 30-40%
      histamine release was obtained by 1 X 10(-4) g/ml of antigen, 1 X 10(-7) g/ml of
      compound 48/80 and A 23187. FPL-52694 (10(-9)-10(-4) g/ml) concentration
      dependently inhibited the histamine release from mast cells in response to
      antigen (1 X 10(-4) g/ml) and compound 48/80 (1 X 10(-7) g/ml), but only slightly
      inhibited the histamine release induced by A 23187 (1 X 10(-7) g/ml). Similar
      results were obtained with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), in the same dose ranges.
      However, the inhibitory activity of FPL-52694 on histamine release by antigen and
      compound 48/80 was approximately 10 times more potent than that of DSCG at
      certain concentrations. Tachyphylaxis was observed when these two agents were
      preincubated with mast cells for 10 min. These results show FPL-52694 to be a
      novel mast cell stabilizer.

PMID- 2417457
TI  - Histamine-releasing lymphokine--characteristics of its production.
AB  - The in vitro production of the histamine-releasing lymphokine (histamine
      releasing factor, HRF) was studied. HRF was found to be producible from the
      mononuclear cells of most individuals following stimulation with the T-cell
      mitogen-concanavalin-A (Con-A). Kinetic studies showed that HRF production was an
      early event in cellular response to activation--beginning as early as 6 h after
      activation thus preceding lymphoproliferation which was not apparent until about
      24 h after activation. Only a 3 h pulse-stimulation of the cells was found to be
      necessary for HRF production to occur. Furthermore, the presence of foetal calf
      serum supplement in the culture medium was found to be unimportant for
      production. Inhibitors of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis--mitomycin C,
      actinomycin D and puromycin respectively, in a dose range of 10-25 micrograms/ml,
      completely abolished HRF production. The results are discussed with regards to
      the nature of HRF as a genuine product of lymphocyte activation.

PMID- 2417458
TI  - Gastric antral and fundic mucosal protein, DNA and RNA changes in different
      experimental ulcer models.
AB  - The changes in gastric (fundic and antral) mucosal protein, DNA and RNA content,
      have been investigated in different experimental gastric ulcer models of rat. It
      seems that indomethacin and stress (restraint) ulcer formation were followed by a
      predominant fundic (oxyntic cell area) mucosal DNA increase, while in the antral
      mucosa this phenomenon was connected to a significant RNA increase. The observed
      changes of the RNA/DNA ratio in the fundic mucosa were interpreted as a sign of
      accelerated cell renewal. The authors conclude that during ulceration the
      regenerative processes concomitantly take place.

PMID- 2417459
TI  - [Histopathology of Eales' disease--retinal vascular changes and proliferations of
      preretinal membranes].

PMID- 2417460
TI  - [Combination chemotherapy with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, vinblastine and
      bleomycin for a rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate in a child: report of a case].
AB  - A case of prostatic rhabdomyosarcoma in a 5-year-old boy is reported. He was
      brought to our clinic on Apr. 1, 1982 with complaints of pollakisuria and
      urethral pain. X-ray examinations revealed a huge intrapelvic tumor, and it was
      histopathologically diagnosed as embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma with a specimen of
      transrectal needle biopsy. Since the tumor was too huge to resect completely, he
      was initially treated with combination chemotherapy regimen of vincristine,
      actinomycin D and cyclophosphamide (VAC therapy), and resulted in failure. Then
      another combination chemotherapy consisting of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum,
      vinblastine and bleomycin (PVB therapy) was tried, and the tumor showed reduction
      in size. On Oct. 15, 1982, total cystectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion
      was performed. Histopathologically, degenerative change and partial necrosis of
      the tumor cell were recognized. After the operation, he was treated with
      radiation therapy and prophylactic VAC therapy. But six months later, multiple
      pulmonary metastases occurred and gradually increased in size and number. They
      did not respond to any other chemotherapy. He died on July 13, 1983. We discussed
      the chemotherapy for rhabdomyosarcoma, and emphasized that the PVB therapy should
      be tried on rhabdomyosarcoma as an initial chemotherapy.

PMID- 2417461
TI  - [The effectiveness of chemotherapy and craniotomy for brain metastasis of non
      seminomatous testicular tumor].
AB  - Four patients with non-seminomatous testicular tumor who already had brain
      metastasis were treated with combination chemotherapy. Three patients had
      received craniotomy in an effort to remove the metastatic lesion and intracranial
      hematoma. Two of them who were treated with PVB chemotherapy, which was effective
      against pulmonary and retroperitoneal metastasis but not against the brain
      metastatic lesions, died within 3 months; the other patient is receiving intense
      postcraniotomy chemotherapy using Cisplatin and large doses of Methotrexate
      administered with the Leucovorin rescue method which has shown a remarkable
      response against the brain metastasis of choriocarcinoma. The remaining patient
      has been receiving VAB VI protocol for 3 months. The metastatic lesion in the
      temporal lobe of his brain may consolidate through calcification, similar to the
      calcified change observed in the retroperitoneal lymph-node after chemotherapy.
      We discuss potential ways to induce improved therapeutic effects against brain
      metastasis of the non-seminomatous testicular tumor: It may be difficult to
      achieve an effective drug concentration level in the tissue immediately adjacent
      to the intracerebral tumor, because of the blood brain barrier. As induction
      therapy, a large dose of Cisplatinum (230 mg/body) or Methotrexate (10 g/body)
      was effective in attaining an effective drug concentration level in the tissue
      adjacent to tumor. Prior to the stem cell assay of the brain metastatic tumor,
      1,100 mg Cisplatinum and 1,700 mg VP 16 were administered for treatment. The
      results of the stem cell assay in vitro showed a resistance to Cisplatinum and VP
      16. Routine brain CT scanning is useful for detecting a metastatic lesion in its
      development. If detected, multidisciplinary chemotherapy should be
      performed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2417462
TI  - [Clinicopathological observation on renal cell carcinoma. "The relationship
      between the histological and clinical findings"].
AB  - The relationship between the histological and clinical findings of 128 cases of
      renal cell carcinoma operated on during the past 17 years were analyzed. With
      elevation of tumor grading, the elevated ESR and CRP-positive cases were
      increased with a significant difference. The serum alpha 2-globulin was elevated
      in the grade 3 group significantly, but not in the grade 1 or 2 group. Seven of
      the eight spindle cell type cases showed an elevation of ESR, CRP-positive and an
      elevation of alpha 2-globulin. There was no difference in clinical findings
      between well circumscribed border and poorly demarcated margin. A high percentage
      of quick type cases of renal cell carcinoma were found in high grade cases with a
      significant difference.

PMID- 2417463
TI  - [Therapy of renal cell carcinoma. 1. Hormonal therapy].
AB  - Sixty eight patients with renal cell carcinoma were treated at our University in
      1968 approximately 1983. The prognosis of these patients was studied
      retrospectively. Sixty six patients had also been receiving treatment with
      chemotherapy or radiotherapy except 3 cases after radical nephrectomy. Thirty
      five of the patients with Stage I approximately N renal cell carcinoma were
      treated with hormonal therapy using chlormadinone acetate (CMA) or
      medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). CMA was used prophylactically in 21 patients
      with Stage I approximately IIIA renal cell carcinoma and who had undergone
      radical nephrectomy. Metastasis was noted in 3 cases in this prophylactic CMA
      group (21 cases) and 4 cases in the control group (19 cases). No significant
      difference between these two groups was observed statistically. In the advanced
      group with Stage IIIC-IV renal cell carcinoma (11 cases), only one case with a
      complete response was noted after CMA combination therapy.

PMID- 2417464
TI  - [Hyperthermic perfusion therapy using peplomycin for bladder cancer].
AB  - Hyperthermic intravesical perfusion therapy using peplomycin (40 micrograms/ml)
      in distilled water at 43 degrees C as a perfusate was performed for 2 to 3 hours
      in 18 patients with superficial bladder tumors and 2 with deep bladder tumors.
      The therapeutic efficacy was determined by cystoscopy, ultrasonography and/or CT
      scan. Complete and partial tumor regression was obtained in 1 and 3 of the 18
      patients, respectively. There was no tumor regression in the 12 patients. Most of
      the patients studied had bladder discomfort such as irritation, urinary frequency
      and so on, during and/or after perfusion. None of the patients developed acute
      pyelonephritis.

PMID- 2417465
TI  - [Study on voiding disturbance in elderly males. II. Analysis of the patterns in
      uroflowmetric studies in patients with obstructive diseases in lower urinary
      tract and neurogenic bladder].
AB  - Uroflowmetry was examined in 192 patients with obstructive urinary symptoms. They
      were 173 males with obstructive diseases in lower urinary tract (302
      uroflowmetric studies) and 19 males with neurogenic bladder (29 uroflowmetric
      studies). We classified the patterns of uroflowmetric curve into 6 types: N type
      (normal), NB type (neurogenic bladder: wave like curve), OB type (obstructive
      diseases: flat curve), AP type (anterior peak), PP type (posterior peak) and OT
      type (others). The 331 uroflowmetric curves were classified into the above 6
      types, and the relationship between each type of flow curve and other
      uroflowmetric parameters (voided volume = VV, residual urine volume = RU, maximum
      flow rate = MFR, average flow rate = AFR) was analyzed. The types of 229 flow
      studies (140 patients) in benign prostatic hypertrophy were OB (77.7%), AP
      (16.6%), OT (3.9%), N (0.9%) and PP (0.9%). The types of 39 flow studies (25
      patients) in prostatic cancer and 13 studies (8 patients) in urethral stricture
      were similar; 92.3% of the flow studies being classified into OB type. The types
      of 21 flow studies (10 patients) in so-called bladder neck contraction were OB
      (42.9%), AP (33.3%), OT (14.3%) and NB (9.5%). AP type flow curves were more
      frequent than other in obstructive diseases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2417466
TI  - [Pancreatic cutaneous fistula as a complication of left nephrectomy].
AB  - Intimate anatomical relationship of the pancreas to the left kidney may lead to
      pancreatic cutaneous fistula as a complication of left nephrectomy. We report 2
      cases of pancreatic cutaneous fistulas that developed as a result of surgical
      trauma to the pancreas during left nephrectomy. The diagnosis was confirmed when
      amylase in the drainage was increased. Fistulas closed spontaneously by adequate
      drainage in 55 and 33 days postoperatively.

PMID- 2417467
TI  - [A case report of infantile testicular cancer: dissection of paraaortic lymph
      node involvement indicated by gradual rise in serum alpha-fetoprotein after
      orchiectomy].
AB  - We present a case of a 32-month-old boy with teratoma accompanied by yolk sac
      carcinoma and embryonal carcinoma of the right testicle. To treat the gradual
      rise in serum AFP value 3 months postoperatively, he received combined
      chemotherapy including VCR, CPM and ADM followed by bilateral retroperitoneal
      lymph node dissection. The preaortic lymph node disclosed, pathologically, yolk
      sac carcinoma and embryonal carcinoma, which demonstrated neither degeneration
      nor necrosis despite remarkable decrease in serum AFP value after the
      chemotherapy. The patient had normal AFP value and no evidence of recurrent
      disease 36 months after the lymph node dissection. We emphasize the discrepancy
      between the response of the tumor marker after the chemotherapy and the
      histologic alteration. Furthermore, the management of infantile testicular cancer
      is discussed.

PMID- 2417468
TI  - Mode of action and indication for disodium cromoglycate (DSCG).
AB  - The possible mode of action for DSCG is described. It is assumed that DSCG has a
      cell specific effect on mast cells, smooth muscle cells, secretory cells and
      nerve endings. The main action is probably due to an influence upon the calcium
      channel opening receptors, thus preventing consecutive mediator release from
      these cells. The lack of efficacy in underlying diseases (rhinitis and bronchial
      asthma) is probably due to other pathophysiological mechanisms involved. The
      possible role of bradykinin as a potent mediator is discussed. The indication of
      DSCG is briefly summarized.

PMID- 2417469
TI  - Cardiac anaphylaxis: Part II: The role of prostaglandins, thromboxanes and
      leukotrienes in C.A.
AB  - The possible mediator role of the products of the cyclo-oxygenase and
      lipoxygenase pathways (namely the endoperoxides, prostaglandins and thromboxane
      A2, and leukotrienes respectively), in cardiac anaphylaxis are discussed. A cyclo
      oxygenase product would appear to be responsible for the early fall in coronary
      blood flow and leukotrienes C4 and D4 for the late fall in coronary blood flow
      and for the prolonged contractile failure observed in cardiac anaphylaxis. A
      model for the role of histamine and arachidonate metabolites in cardiac
      anaphylaxis is presented at the end of the summary and conclusions.

PMID- 2417470
TI  - Polymyxin B-induced basophil degranulation in atopic and non-atopic asthmatic
      patients.
AB  - It is suggested that increased reactivity in asthma is not limited to the bronchi
      but also exists in the mediator releasing system. We have previously observed
      that the basophils of atopic asthmatics are degranulated by polymyxin B in vitro.
      The present study attempts to relate this basophil degranulation to atopy. The
      basophil degranulation test in polymyxin B was performed in 28 atopic and 23 non
      atopic asthmatic patients and 10 healthy controls. In 20 pollen-sensitive
      asthmatics, the test was performed during the pollen season and repeated when the
      season was over. In patients the total level of IgE was measured by enzyme
      immunoassay. Basophil degranulation with polymyxin B was observed in 18 of 28
      atopics and in 3 of 23 non-atopic patients. There were no differences in the
      magnitude of degranulation between the pollen season and when the season was
      over. The level of IgE did not correlate with the magnitude of basophil
      degranulation (correlation index = 0,23).

PMID- 2417471
TI  - Histamine releasing lymphokines: a new approach to some old problems.
AB  - Studies carried out in recent years reveal that some endogenous substances can
      degranulate mast cells and basophils. Lymphokines produced in vitro by T
      lymphocytes in presence of an antigen or a mitogen, which are capable of
      provoking histamine liberation in basophils and mast cells have been described.
      Lastly the mechanisms for histamine release not mediated by IgE in bronchial
      asthma and which can be mediated by these factors, is discussed.

PMID- 2417472
TI  - More comments on proper terminology for the VPC.

PMID- 2417473
TI  - May my sinus node go on beating.

PMID- 2417474
TI  - The Cardiac Arrhythmia Pilot Study. The CAPS investigators.
AB  - Frequent or repetitive ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) occurring soon
      after acute myocardial infarction are predictors of subsequent mortality
      independent of left ventricular dysfunction. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Pilot Study
      (CAPS) is a 10-center study sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood
      Institute to determine whether postinfarction ventricular arrhythmias can be
      satisfactorily reduced for 1 year after acute myocardial infarction. Patients
      younger than 75 years are screened for arrhythmias 6 to 60 days after acute
      myocardial infarction. To qualify for CAPS, patients must have at least 10 VPCs
      or at least 5 runs of 3 to 9 consecutive VPCs in a 24-hour electrocardiographic
      recording and a left ventricular ejection fraction greater than 0.20. Eligible
      patients without exclusion criteria are randomized into 1 of 5 treatment tracks
      (4 active treatment and 1 placebo). Within a treatment track, patients are
      permitted to change drug and dosage in order to achieve at least 70% reduction in
      VPC frequency and at least 90% reduction in runs of VPCs over 1 year of follow
      up. In addition to efficacy assessment, adverse effects, particularly
      proarrhythmic effects, are being monitored. The results in CAPS will be pivotal
      for deciding whether a fullscale trial to determine whether controlling
      ventricular arrhythmias will reduce mortality risk is feasible.

PMID- 2417475
TI  - How the fixation-embedding protocol affects the specificity and efficiency of
      immunocytochemical stains for gonadotropin subunits.
AB  - This report describes a study designed to test factors that may affect the
      efficiency and specificity of stains for gonadotropins. These include chemical or
      freeze-fixation and dehydration, heat polymerization of the plastic embedding
      compound, dehydration in organic solvents, and etching. Specifically,
      postembedding stains for LH or FSH subunits were applied to 1-micron sections of
      1) Araldite-embedded pituitaries that were either chemically fixed and dehydrated
      or freeze-fixed and freeze-dried; 2) Aldehyde-fixed pituitaries that were
      dehydrated in water-soluble glycol methacrylate (GMA) and embedded in GMA at 4
      degrees C; and 3) p-formaldehyde-fixed pituitaries that were embedded in
      paraffin. A fourth group of pituitaries was dispersed and grown in monolayers for
      1-3 days. These were stained following glutaraldehyde fixation. The optimal
      dilution of the primary antisera varied with the protocol; however, the
      percentage of cells staining for beta subunits did not change. In contrast,
      postembedding stains showed that alpha subunit reactivity is masked or destroyed
      in pituitaries that are fixed in glutaraldehyde and embedded in Araldite. Alpha
      chain reactivity was detected (in 14% of cells) either after freeze-fixation and
      freeze-drying followed by Araldite embedding, or after 4% paraformaldehyde
      fixation and GMA embedding (in 17% of cells). Staining in paraffin-embedded
      pituitaries was seen in only 10% of the cells. Preembedding stains for alpha
      chains were strikingly sensitive, however, and immunoreactivity was seen in 18
      26% of the population of monolayer cells. Thus, whereas the percentages of cells
      staining for beta subunits do not change following the use of most of the
      fixation and embedding protocols, alpha chain reactivity is destroyed by all but
      the mildest. These findings show that one can control or improve the specificity
      of the stains for LH and FSH by the fixation-embedding protocol.

PMID- 2417476
TI  - A prospective study of preoperative chemotherapy and split-course irradiation for
      locally advanced or recurrent oral/pharyngeal squamous carcinoma.
AB  - Two courses of preoperative chemotherapy (methotrexate, bleomycin, cisplatin)
      were combined with split-course irradiation (2,000 rad/10 preop., 4,000 rad/20
      postop.) and prospectively compared with standard therapy (surgery and/or
      irradiation alone) for locally advanced or recurrent oral/pharyngeal squamous
      cancer. The chemoradiotherapy arm (Ch-XRT) had 31 patients; the standard therapy
      arm 28 randomized (RC) and 20 concomitantly-treated (CC) patients. Treatment
      related mortality was 17% for Ch-XRT; 10% for RC + CC. Number of patients NED at
      completion of treatment was 74% for Ch-XRT; 83% for RC + CC (NS). Median
      survival, however, was 17 months for Ch-XRT, 9 months for CC, and 12 months for
      RC. In addition, survival at 40 + months was 45% for Ch-XRT versus 21-22% for RC
      and CC (p less than 0.05). Thus, Ch-XRT seems to have promise in advanced
      oral/pharyngeal cancer, but needs revision to decrease toxicity.

PMID- 2417477
TI  - Theophylline reduces the response to nasal challenge with antigen.
AB  - A nasal challenge model of allergic rhinitis was used to determine if
      pretreatment with oral theophylline reduces histamine release in vivo. Ten
      subjects were entered into a double-blind, cross-over trial. The results showed
      that both the physiologic response (sneezing) (p = 0.02) and the amount of
      mediators (histamine, kinins, toluene sulfonyl arginine methyl ester esterase
      activity) (p less than 0.01 for all) released into nasal secretions were
      significantly reduced after one week of pretreatment with theophylline. At the
      time of challenge, the serum concentrations of theophylline were between 8 and 22
      micrograms/ml. It is speculated that the ability of theophylline to block the
      clinical response to antigen challenge and to decrease the release of mast cell
      mediators contributes to its clinical efficacy in the treatment of asthma.

PMID- 2417478
TI  - Primary Sjogren's syndrome in men. Clinical, serologic, and immunogenetic
      features.
AB  - Although primary Sjogren's syndrome is a common rheumatic disorder in women, it
      is not well recognized in men. This study represents the first report of the
      clinical, serologic, and immunogenetic features of a group of 36 men with primary
      Sjogren's syndrome, which are contrasted with those of a group of 69 women with
      primary Sjogren's syndrome. The majority of male patients had extraglandular
      involvement including articular (78 percent), neurologic (39 percent),
      inflammatory vascular (25 percent), and lymphoproliferative disorders (17
      percent). Although men were at the same risk for the development of
      extraglandular complications, there were significant serologic and immunogenetic
      differences. In sharp contrast to women with Sjogren's syndrome, men with
      Sjogren's syndrome were seronegative with respect to the presence of serum
      rheumatoid factor (p = 0.008) and antibodies to Ro(SS-A) (p = 0.016). The
      supertypic specificity, MT2 (DRw52), as in women, was strongly associated with
      primary Sjogren's syndrome in men when compared with race-matched control
      subjects (p = 0.0015). In men, however, the frequency of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3, the
      most common DR locus specificity observed in women, was not statistically
      different from that observed in the normal control group.

PMID- 2417479
TI  - Sensory neuronopathy and small cell lung cancer. Antineuronal antibody that also
      reacts with the tumor.
AB  - An autoantibody highly restricted to the nuclei of neurons was found in four
      patients with subacute sensory neuronopathy and small cell carcinoma of the lung.
      The antibody was not found in normal subjects or patients with or without cancer
      who did not have subacute sensory neuronopathy. One- and two-dimensional
      immunoblotting analysis of nuclear extracts of rat and human brain identified an
      antibody reactive with a 35-38 kilodalton (kd) basic nucleoprotein. An identical
      protein lacking the 38 kd peptide was identified in tumor extract of one of the
      patients. All four patients' serum reacted with the same antigen in the brain and
      the tumor. In the postmortem study of one of the patients, IgG was found within
      the neurons of the dorsal root ganglia by direct immunofluorescence. These
      findings support the hypothesis that the subacute sensory neuronopathy is caused
      by an antibody that cross-reacts with a tumor cell antigen and a brain
      nucleoprotein.

PMID- 2417480
TI  - Autoantibodies to intracellular proteins. Clinical and biologic significance.

PMID- 2417481
TI  - Whipple's disease.
AB  - Whipple's disease is a systemic bacterial infection that once was uniformly fatal
      and now is treatable with several different antibiotics in most cases. The exact
      nature of the Whipple's bacillus is unknown, since the organism cannot
      consistently be cultured. There is also controversy concerning the role of
      immunologic dysfunction in patients with Whipple's disease. In addition to the
      small intestine, Whipple's disease can involve the remainder of the
      gastrointestinal tract, as well as the lymph nodes, joints, nervous system,
      heart, eyes, hematopoietic system, lungs, liver, and other organs. The clinical
      manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of this rare but fascinating disease
      will be reviewed in this article.

PMID- 2417482
TI  - Parent Education Project. I: Development and nurturance of children of mentally
      retarded parents.
AB  - The development and home environments of 12, 2-year-old children raised by
      mentally retarded mothers were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant
      Development and the Caldwell Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment
      (HOME) Inventory. Results indicated that the children were at-risk for
      developmental delay, particularly in language. The child's cognitive development
      was significantly correlated with (a) whether the mother had a previous child
      removed from the home by child protection authorities and (b) HOME Inventory
      total scores. Analyses of HOME subscales revealed that mothers who were involved,
      responsive, and restrictive and punishing had children with higher Bayley Mental
      Development Index scores.

PMID- 2417483
TI  - Subretinal neovascularization after experimental ocular histoplasmosis in a
      subhuman primate.

PMID- 2417484
TI  - Clinical, electron microscopic, and immunohistochemical study of the corneal
      endothelium and Descemet's membrane in the iridocorneal endothelial syndrome.
AB  - Two women with the iridocorneal endothelial syndrome had unilateral corneal
      edema, iris stromal atrophy, and glaucoma. Each underwent penetrating
      keratoplasty. Transmission electron microscopy of the corneal buttons disclosed a
      thin, normally structured Descemet's membrane bounded posteriorly by a posterior
      collagenous layer that contained banded and fibrillar tissue, indicating that the
      disorder was acquired after childhood. Scanning electron microscopy showed some
      degenerated corneal endothelial cells with filopodial cytoplasmic projections,
      suggesting endothelial migration. Transmission electron microscopy of the
      endothelium showed no signs of epithelial-like alteration, such as
      stratification, desmosomal junctions, or increased cytoplasmic fibrils.
      Immunohistochemical staining of fresh-frozen sections with monoclonal antibodies
      to keratin showed normal staining of the epithelium and no staining of the
      endothelium. Occasional lymphocytes were seen within the endothelium in one case
      but were also observed in one case of an inherited corneal disease, posterior
      polymorphous dystrophy, suggesting that they might be normal "passenger" cells
      migrating in the endothelial monolayer.

PMID- 2417485
TI  - Glaucoma enigma.
AB  - This paper addresses the complex questions of the definition of primary open
      angle glaucoma, its pathological changes, the sites at which these changes could
      operate, and the temporal order in which they might occur. A vascular model is
      proposed that could satisfy the several clinical forms of presentation of open
      angle glaucoma. Questions are raised concerning areas deserving of research that
      will help solve the existing enigma of glaucoma.

PMID- 2417486
TI  - Focal electro-oculogram in age-related macular degeneration.
AB  - Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an important cause of vision loss among
      the elderly. Because patients with early subretinal neovascular membranes due to
      AMD can be treated by laser photocoagulation it becomes critical to find tests
      which can detect early changes. Inasmuch as AMD involves the retinal pigment
      epithelium, one might expect the electro-oculogram (EOG) to be sensitive to AMD
      pathology, but the ganzfeld EOG has been found to be normal in most cases. We
      designed a focal EOG apparatus to try to emphasize the contribution of the
      central retina, where AMD is found, to the EOG. Seventeen patients with various
      stages of drusen and AMD were tested and compared with normals. The focal EOG did
      not separate the AMD patients from the normals, nor did it give different
      distributions for the various subgroups of AMD. The focal EOG, like the ganzfeld
      EOG, is not a sensitive test for AMD.

PMID- 2417487
TI  - Chediak-Higashi syndrome neutrophils are characterized by the absence of both
      normal azurophilic granules.
AB  - Neutrophils from two Chediak-Higashi syndrome brothers were isolated, suspended
      in heparinized sucrose, lysed, and filtered. The granule-rich filtrate was
      centrifuged on a sucrose gradient (rho = 1.287-1.10 g/ml) at a mean force of
      95,000g for 4 hours. The gradients contained one band at rho = 1.18 g/ml (band C)
      which was broader than normal and lacked normal bands A, rho = 1.22 g/ml, and B,
      rho = 1.20 g/ml. Gradient fractions were assayed for enzyme activities and
      protein. No marker enzymes identified densities normally occupied by bands A and
      B, and of the enzymes measured, only lysozyme showed peak activity with band C.
      Thus, only normal specific granules were present. Two azurophil granules,
      normally present and separable, were absent. Also identified was eosinophil
      granule peroxidase at rho = 1.24 g/ml (band E). Alkaline phosphatase, not a
      granule marker, was twice normal at the normal density, rho = 1.14-1.15 g/ml,
      consistent with an increase in unidentified membranes. A lysate gradient
      suggested that the giant azurophilic granules were rho = 1.25-1.27 g/ml. These
      neutrophils contain blue-grey or slate-grey giant granules, which are not truly
      azurophilic or basophilic, but should continue to be identified as azurophilic to
      conform to the convention making "azurophilic" and "peroxidase-positive"
      synonymous. The eosinophils contain normal eosinophil granules as well as giant
      inclusion granules. In contrast, neutrophils are deficient in both normal
      azurophilic granules.

PMID- 2417488
TI  - Increased permeability of microcarrier-cultured endothelial monolayers in
      response to histamine and thrombin. A model for the in vitro study of increased
      vasopermeability.
AB  - The permeability response of endothelial monolayers to some "direct-action" type
      mediators of vasopermeability were studied in vitro. Endothelial cells, cultured
      to confluence on denatured collagen-coated dextran microcarriers or gelatin
      microcarriers, prevented staining of the microcarriers with Evans blue dye.
      Increases in staining, as determined by the spectrophotometric quantitation of
      the dye after extraction from the microcarriers with formamide, occurred after
      treatment of human umbilical vein endothelium with histamine (10(-5) M) or
      thrombin (0.1 U/ml). These increases in monolayer permeability were reversible.
      Neither bradykinin nor serotonin had any effect in this system. Endothelial
      monolayers cultured this way consistently stained with silver nitrate at the cell
      junction areas. Monolayer response to histamine was characterized morphologically
      by small openings which occurred randomly along the cell junctions; while with
      thrombin, the spaces, which had developed at junctions, occurred to a greater
      extent. Prostaglandin E1 (30 microM) and isoproterenol (10 microM), in the
      presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (1 mM), partially inhibited histamine-
      and thrombin-mediated changes in permeability. This model responds to certain
      vasopermeability-altering agents in a manner similar to that of the
      microcirculation. These studies support the concept that the vasopermeability
      enhancing effect of histamine in vivo results, in part, from a direct effect on
      the endothelium.

PMID- 2417489
TI  - Electromyographic observations in patients with foot pain syndromes.
AB  - Abductor hallucis muscle EMGs were performed in control subjects and in patients
      with chronic foot pain (9 affected by the disease of the metatarsophalangeal
      joint of the big toe, 6 affected by chronic foot strain) to investigate
      pathophysiological mechanisms of muscle pain syndromes. Unlike control subjects,
      patients showed an abnormal involuntary activity when standing. All patients
      presented a decrease of abnormal EMG activity when postural changes were induced
      either by variations in body weight distribution on the feet, or by changes of
      position in the weight-bearing foot achieved by arch supports or by boards of
      variable thickness applied under the forefeet or the heels. Anaesthesia of the
      metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux (injection into the joint cavity of 2-3
      ml 0.50% bupivacaine) reduced the abnormal EMG activity only in patients with
      hallux valgus, whereas it did not affect muscular activity in the other patients.
      Present results support the idea of the role of abnormal muscular activity in
      causing and maintaining chronic pain and suggest that alterations of postural
      mechanisms and of afferent input, in particular that arising from joint
      receptors, are involved in the genesis of this abnormal muscular activity.

PMID- 2417490
TI  - Ca2+ transport by mammalian mitochondria and its role in hormone action.
AB  - Three key dehydrogenases in mammalian mitochondria have been found to be
      activated by Ca2+ with a half-maximal effect at approximately 1 microM. These are
      pyruvate dehydrogenase, NAD+-isocitrate dehydrogenase, and oxoglutarate
      dehydrogenase. Activation of these enzymes can also be demonstrated in intact
      coupled mitochondria when extra mitochondrial Ca2+ is increased in the range of
      concentrations (0.1 to 2 microM) generally considered to occur in the cytoplasm
      of normal cells. It is argued that the main role of the calcium transport system
      in mammalian mitochondria is to relay changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ into the
      mitochondrial matrix. Hormones and other extracellular messengers which stimulate
      ATP-requiring processes such as secretion or muscle contraction through
      increasing the cytoplasmic concentration of Ca2+ could in this way also increase
      intramitochondrial oxidative metabolism and hence promote the replenishment of
      ATP. Recent evidence obtained with heart and liver preparations in support of
      this view is reviewed.

PMID- 2417491
TI  - Interaction between stimuli and their antagonists on frog esophageal peptic
      glands.
AB  - The peptic glands, which are located in the mucosa of the distal esophagus in the
      frog, respond to multiple stimuli. In vitro studies were performed, using mucosal
      sheets of the esophagus of Rana catesbeiana, during the summer months when the
      glands are fully responsive to determine whether the receptors for the stimuli
      [cholinergic, beta-adrenergic, and peptidergic (bombesin but not
      cholecystokinin)] are specific to the stimuli. Through the use of three classes
      of antagonist, we found that 1) atropine defined the muscarinic nature of the
      bethanechol stimulation, 2) propranolol defined the beta-adrenergic nature of
      stimulation by isoproterenol, and 3) the substance P analogue [D-Arg1,D-Pro2,D
      Trp7,9,Leu11]substance P was specific for the peptide bombesin. No cross
      inhibition was seen, and dibutyryl cGMP did not inhibit any of the three stimuli.
      Moreover, any two of the three stimuli in combination stimulated more pepsinogen
      than either alone but the same as the sum of the two individual responses. Both
      lines of evidence indicate that there are at least three independent receptor
      pathways for stimulation of pepsinogen secretion in these glands.

PMID- 2417492
TI  - Effect of epidermal growth factor on ontogeny of the gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - The effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the ontogeny of the
      gastrointestinal tract was examined in New Zealand White rabbits. EGF, 40
      micrograms X kg-1 X day-1, was administered to suckling animals from 3-18 days of
      age either intraperitoneally or orogastrically. Controls received saline. Animals
      were killed at 17-18 days of age. Body weight and wet weight of stomach,
      pancreas, and 10-cm segments of proximal, mid, and distal small intestine were
      measured. The total pancreas was homogenized for determination of protein, DNA,
      and amylase, and the intestinal mucosa was scraped, weighed, and homogenized for
      estimation of protein, DNA, sucrase, and lactase. While body weights were similar
      wet weight of stomach and pancreas were increased by intraperitoneal and
      orogastric EGF. Small intestinal wet weights were increased in all segments by
      intraperitoneal but not orogastric EGF, and both routes significantly increased
      mucosal DNA in the distal segment. EGF administered orogastrically induced
      precocious maturation of intestinal brush-border disaccharidase activities but
      had no effect on pancreatic amylase, whereas EGF administered intraperitoneally
      induced precocious maturation of pancreatic amylase but had no effect on brush
      border disaccharidase activities. These findings suggest that both systemic and
      oral EGF play a role in regulating growth and postnatal maturation of the
      gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2417493
TI  - In vivo rat pancreatic acinar cell function during supramaximal stimulation with
      caerulein.
AB  - Infusion of a supramaximal dose of caerulein results in acute interstitial
      pancreatitis in rats. We report studies of in vivo pancreatic acinar cell
      function during the initial 3.5 h of supramaximal stimulation with caerulein (5
      micrograms X kg-1 X h-1). Amino acid [( 3H]phenylalanine) uptake was not altered,
      and there was no change in the rate or extent of protein synthesis or in
      intracellular transport of in vivo pulse-labeled proteins from microsome to
      zymogen granule-enriched fractions. However, the discharge of labeled protein was
      markedly inhibited. Radioautographic studies indicated that the pulse-labeled
      proteins retained in the gland were not located extracellularly but had
      accumulated within acinar cells, with a preferential distribution at the cell
      apex (presumably in zymogen granules) and in large vacuoles that form within the
      cell during hyperstimulation. Supramaximal stimulation with caerulein also caused
      increasing amounts of amylase and labeled proteins to be recovered in the
      postmicrosomal fraction. These findings suggest that supramaximal stimulation
      causes digestive enzymes to become localized in organelles that are fragile and
      subject to disruption during tissue homogenization. These organelles may be the
      vacuoles noted in morphological studies and believed to represent immature
      condensing vacuoles and/or crinophagic vacuoles.

PMID- 2417494
TI  - Mitochondrial function and intracellular calcium in anoxic cardiac myocytes.
AB  - Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated as the cause of irreversible injury
      in the ischemic heart. To circumvent artifacts associated with organelle
      isolation, mitochondrial function was studied in intact isolated, Ca2+-tolerant
      rat ventricular myocytes. After 30 min of anaerobic incubation, myocyte viability
      decreased from 76 +/- 1 to 33 +/- 4%. Basal O2 consumption rates (nanoatoms . mg
      cell protein-1 . min-1) were 17.1 +/- 1.3 in aerobic cells and 51.0 +/- 9.8 in
      anoxic cells. Carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone (FCCP)
      stimulated rates were 65.5 +/- 9.2 and 84.5 +/- 15.3 in aerobic and anoxic cells,
      respectively. Respiratory control ratio was lower in anoxic cells: 2.3 +/- 0.3
      versus 4.2 +/- 0.4 in aerobic cells. These data suggest that early anoxic
      mitochondrial injury is due to increased permeability of the inner membrane.
      Addition of pyruvate, malate, and FCCP to cells made permeable by digitonin
      resulted in similar maximal O2 consumption rates: 276.5 +/- 31.8 in aerobic and
      299.3 +/- 31.9 in anoxic cells, suggesting the electron transport chain is intact
      in anoxic cells. For purposes of investigating whether anoxic mitochondrial
      dysfunction is secondary to cellular or mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, total cell
      Ca2+, cytosolic free Ca2+ levels (measured by null-point titration), and
      mitochondrial Ca2+ contents (measured as FCCP-releasable Ca2+) were measured.
      There were no differences in these three parameters between aerobic and anoxic
      cells, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction and irreversible
      hypercontraction of isolated cardiac myocytes exposed to 30 min of anoxia are not
      related to Ca2+ overload.

PMID- 2417495
TI  - Potassium channel selectivity in mouse pancreatic B cells.
AB  - High-resistance microelectrodes were used to measure membrane potential changes
      in response to increased extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o; or a test cation
      X+ such as Li+, Rb+, Cs+, NH+4) in B cells from mouse islets of Langerhans. In
      the absence of glucose, a sudden increase in [K+]o (or [X+]o), keeping the sum
      [Na+]o + [K+]o constant (or [Na+]o + [K+]o + [X+]o), induced a rapid
      depolarization of the membrane. The membrane potential changes were essentially
      unchanged in the presence of 20 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA). The Goldman-Hodgkin
      Katz equation was fitted to the experimental relationship between membrane
      potential and [K+]o (or [X+]o), and permeability (P) ratios were estimated. In
      the absence of TEA, P Na/PK was estimated to be approximately 0.046. In the
      presence of TEA the following ratios were estimated: P Rb/PK = 0.74, P Cs/PK =
      0.62, and P NH4/PK = 0.36. From these ratios the following sequence of
      permeabilities was obtained, PK greater than P Rb greater than P Cs greater than
      P NH4 greater than P Na. It is proposed that this sequence reflects the
      selectivity of the intracellular [Ca2+]-activated K+ channel of the pancreatic B
      cell.

PMID- 2417496
TI  - Interaction of dihydropyridine Ca2+ agonist Bay K 8644 with normal and
      transformed pituitary cells.
AB  - The dihydropyridine (DHP) Ca2+ agonist Bay K 8644 produced a dose-dependent
      increase in 45Ca2+ uptake by GH4C1 rat pituitary tumor cells. For agonist
      concentrations between 10(-9) and 10(-5) M, the enhanced 45Ca2+ uptake was well
      correlated with simultaneous increases in prolactin (PRL) secretion. Bay K 8644
      combined with depolarizing concentrations of KCl produced more than additive
      effects on net Ca2+ uptake and hormone release. Nisoldipine, a DHP Ca2+
      antagonist, competitively blocked Bay K 8644-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake. This drug
      also potently inhibited 45Ca2+ uptake triggered by depolarization with KCl
      (estimated half-maximal inhibiting concentration: 2 nM). Bay K 8644 enhanced PRL
      secretion from normal rat pituitaries in culture and in a perifusion system.
      These results indicate that Bay K 8644 is a potent modulator of voltage-sensitive
      Ca2+ channels of both normal and transformed pituitary cells. In this respect
      endocrine cell Ca2+ channels resemble those found in heart, smooth muscle, and
      neuronal cell bodies.

PMID- 2417497
TI  - Substance P: a potent inhibitor of the canine small intestine in vivo.
AB  - Intra-arterially administered substance P inhibited neurally activated
      contractions of the circular muscle of canine small intestine in vivo (lowest
      effective dose approximately 10(-13) mol). Excitation of intestine required
      higher (10(-10) mol) doses. The inhibitory effect required functioning nerves,
      since tetrodotoxin treatment eliminated it. However, inhibition of neurogenic
      contraction by substance P was unaffected by nicotinic or opiate receptor
      antagonists or by catecholamine depletion but was reduced by a selective
      substance P antagonist. Since the inhibition by substance P was also greatly
      reduced by treatment with atropine or pirenzepine and acetylcholine given intra
      arterially produced a similar inhibitory response, stimulation of release of
      acetylcholine to inhibitory muscarinic receptors on nerves appeared to be the
      mechanism of this action. Direct smooth muscle effects were ruled out; substance
      P did not inhibit contractions to intra-arterial acetylcholine or those following
      tetrodotoxin. In vitro in ileal strips, no inhibition by substance P of any
      contractile response was found. We propose that the local release of substance P
      into the myenteric plexus produces inhibition and suggest that this constitutes a
      physiological function of the neuropeptide. This action may be absent in vitro.

PMID- 2417498
TI  - Inhibitory peptidergic neurons: functional difference between somatostatin and
      enkephalin in myenteric plexus.
AB  - This study reports on a difference in the inhibitory action of the neuropeptides
      somatostatin and Met-enkephalin on acetylcholine (ACh) release from myenteric
      plexus-longitudinal muscle strips of guinea pig small intestine. Met-enkephalin
      (8.7 X 10(-8) M) inhibited ACh release evoked by either substance P (3.7 X 10(-8)
      M) or neurotensin (7.5 X 10(-11) M), and this inhibition could be reversed by
      naloxone (5 X 10(-8) to 5 X 10(-5) M). Neurotensin-induced ACh release was also
      sensitive to the inhibition by somatostatin. However, when tested in a dose range
      from 6.1 X 10(-8) to 6.1 X 10(-6) M, somatostatin was ineffective in reducing the
      efflux of ACh evoked by substance P. These observations provided evidence to
      support the view that inhibitory peptidergic neurons within the myenteric plexus
      modulate the activity of cholinergic neurons with a high degree of specificity
      and that both somatostatin and Met-enkephalin have distinct neuromodulatory
      functions in the gut.

PMID- 2417499
TI  - Cell death (apoptosis) during pancreatic involution after raw soya flour feeding
      in the rat.
AB  - Involution of the enlarged pancreas was studied in rats changed from a diet of
      raw soya flour (RSF) to a normal diet of cubes. After feeding RSF for 4 or 12 wk
      pancreatic weight, DNA, RNA, and protein were all significantly greater than in
      control animals fed cubes continuously. When these animals were changed to a cube
      diet, pancreatic DNA and RNA returned to control values within 48 h, while
      pancreatic weight and protein reverted to control values within 7 days of the
      change in diet. The morphological changes seen in the pancreas during involution
      indicate that cell death occurred by the process of apoptosis. Increased cell
      death during involution was seen as a rapid increase in the incidence of
      apoptotic bodies (AB) located in the cytoplasm of intact acinar cells and
      macrophages. These AB's contained condensed fragments of cytoplasm, nuclear, or a
      combination of these remnants, which were derived from the acinar cell. The
      increase in apoptosis after withdrawal of the RSF diet was probably in response
      to the withdrawal of the trophic influence, cholecystokinin.

PMID- 2417500
TI  - Dynamics of nucleotides in distal nephron of mice with nephrogenic diabetes
      insipidus.
AB  - In mice with hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), the high activity
      of cAMP-phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDIE) in medullary collecting tubules (MCT)
      prevents the increase in cAMP content in response to vasopressin
      [Arg8]vasopressin (AVP). Even when the cAMP response to AVP is partly corrected
      by cAMP-PDIE inhibitor 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (MIX), under all tested
      conditions the cAMP levels in MCT of NDI mice remained much lower than in
      controls (B. A. Jackson, R. M. Edwards, H. Valtin, and T. P. Dousa, J. Clin.
      Invest. 66: 110-122, 1980). In the present study, we explored which factors may
      account for this defect. We determined contents of ATP, nicotinamide adenine
      dinucleotide (NAD), and the levels of cAMP in MCT and in medullary thick
      ascending limb of Henle's loop (MAL) microdissected from control and NDI mice. In
      the presence of 1 microM AVP and 0.05 mM MIX, the cAMP levels accumulated in MCT
      of NDI mice were four times lower compared with controls, but the levels of ATP
      and NAD were not different. ATP levels in MAL of NDI mice were slightly (delta 
      23%) lower than in MAL from controls, and in distal convoluted tubules (DCT) of
      NDI mice the ATP levels were also decreased (delta -49%). Although AVP alone had
      little effect on cAMP levels in mouse MAL in the presence of 0.1 mM forskolin,
      the AVP elicited a 20-fold increase of cAMP of both the control and NDI mice.
      Addition of 0.1 mM forskolin further increased the cAMP accumulation in MCT
      incubated with AVP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2417501
TI  - Effects of blood viscosity on plasma renin activity and renal hemodynamics.
AB  - The effects of alterations in apparent blood viscosity on renal hemodynamics and
      plasma renin activity (PRA) were studied in dogs anesthetized with sodium
      pentobarbital. Blood viscosity was altered isovolemically either by changes in
      hematocrit (Hct) or by an increase in plasma viscosity (dextran administration).
      Arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow (RBF) remained relatively constant
      when apparent blood viscosity was elevated by changes in Hct or plasma viscosity.
      Thus the hyperviscosity of blood was associated with a decrease of renal vascular
      hindrance, resulting in an essentially unchanged renal flow resistance. The
      decrease in renal vascular hindrance may result from renal vasodilation. In
      hyperviscosity induced with dextran, the increase in PRA correlates linearly with
      the decrease in renal vascular hindrance, with a coefficient of correlation of
      0.968 (P less than 0.005). The increase in PRA that resulted when Hct was raised
      from 25 to 55% also can be correlated linearly with the decrease in renal
      vascular hindrance, with a coefficient of correlation of 0.953 (P less than
      0.005). These results suggest that the decrease in renal vascular hindrance in
      response to a rise in apparent blood viscosity leads to an increase in PRA.

PMID- 2417502
TI  - Water and the psychotic world.
AB  - Water, in the acute psychotic state on the behavioral level, represents a means
      of controlling anxiety and/or a sign for the situation. On the verbal level there
      is a lack of integration between its value as sign and as symbol. It is not
      invested with any new significance, and its appearance is not coincidental.

PMID- 2417503
TI  - Cell kinetics as related to treatment of patients with acute nonlymphoid
      leukemia.
AB  - Much has been learned about normal and leukemic cell kinetics and the effect of
      drugs on the cell cycle by using classical kinetic techniques in patients with
      acute nonlymphoid leukemia (ANLL). It was found that in most cases leukemic cells
      proliferate slower than normal cells. Immature cells after division either died,
      entered into a resting state, or re-entered the cell cycle. However, classical
      kinetic features were inconclusive when used as predictors of prognosis. Most
      drug studies were done by measuring the percent of cells in various phases of the
      cell cycle from samples of bone marrow obtained before and after giving a drug or
      drug combination. All drugs used commonly in the treatment of ANLL, except 6
      thioguanine, were evaluated singly and some in combination. Some phase of the
      cell cycle was affected by all of the drugs in most patients. The percent of
      cells arrested and the time of greatest response varied with the dose. When the
      kinetic studies were done after giving drugs sequentially, the location of effect
      and the length of the effect were the same as that seen when the drugs were given
      singly. More studies are needed using known principles of cell kinetics and bone
      marrow culture technology. More information about leukemic stem cells can be
      learned, subsets of patients with ANLL may be more clearly defined, and new
      treatment protocols may be designed.

PMID- 2417504
TI  - [New applications of the fibrin adhesive system in otorhinolaryngology].

PMID- 2417505
TI  - Immunostaining free oligosaccharides directly on thin-layer chromatograms.
AB  - Oligosaccharides are chromatographed on amino-bonded high-performance thin-layer
      chromatography silica gel plates and after chromatography the aldehydes on the
      reducing ends of the oligosaccharides react with the amino groups on the silica
      gel. Bound oligosaccharides are immunostained directly on the chromatograms by
      monoclonal antibodies. The binding of antibodies is detected by autoradiography
      after a second incubation with 125I-labeled goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin. Using
      this method, 10 pmol of lacto-N-difucopentaose I (Leb hapten) and lacto-N
      fucopentaose III (Lex hapten) are detected directly on the thin-layer
      chromatograms by monoclonal antibodies 10c17 and 534F8, respectively. Previously
      undescribed larger oligosaccharides containing these epitopes are also detected
      in human milk. This method may be used to identify and characterize antibody
      binding oligosaccharides liberated from glycoconjugates by hydrazinolysis, by
      trifluoroacetolysis, by ozonolysis, or by treatment with endoglycosidases. This
      technique may also be used to determine the structural specificity of other
      carbohydrate-binding proteins such as lectins, toxins, and hormones or of
      bacteria and viruses that bind to cell surface glycoproteins.

PMID- 2417506
TI  - Sialoglycoproteins with a high amount of O-glycosidically linked carbohydrate
      moieties stain yellow with silver in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels.
AB  - Several sialoglycoproteins and human salivary proteins were analyzed in sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels using the silver/Coomassie-staining protocol
      (J. K. Dzandu, M. E. Deh, D. L. Barratt, and G. E. Wise, 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad.
      Sci. USA 81, 1733-1737) to determine the extent to which yellow Ag staining
      originally reported for human red blood cell glycophorins can be applied to other
      sialoglycoproteins. Results showed that not all sialoglycoproteins elicit a
      positive yellow color in the silver stain reaction. Some of the
      sialoglycoproteins stained as brown or negative images in the Ag-staining cycle.
      Alkaline beta elimination of O-glycosidically linked carbohydrate chains of
      glycophorin resulted in the loss of yellow color development in the Ag-staining
      protocol. Analysis of acidic salivary proteins showed several yellow Ag-stained
      bands at Mr X 10(-3) = 150, 82, 70, 51, 46, and 42. These results suggest that
      the carbohydrate moieties of glycophorin removable by alkaline beta elimination
      are responsible for the characteristic yellow color in the Ag stain reaction. In
      addition, under our staining conditions sialoglycoproteins with a high amount of
      O-glycosidically linked carbohydrate chains give a characteristic yellow silver
      stain.

PMID- 2417507
TI  - Fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of 10
      deazaaminopterin, 10-ethyl-10-deazaaminopterin, and known metabolites.
AB  - The antifolate compounds 10-deazaaminopterin (10-dAM) and 10-ethyl-10
      deazaaminopterin (10-EdAM) are therapeutically superior to methotrexate in
      transplanted murine tumor systems and in human tumor xenografts growing in
      immunodeficient "nude" mice. The increased therapeutic index of these analogs
      correlates with their selective uptake, retention, and polyglutamation within
      neoplastic cells. We have developed a fluorescence high-performance liquid
      chromatographic assay applicable to 10-dAM, 10-EdAM, their polyglutamate
      anabolites, and their 7-hydroxy (7-OH) and deglutamate catabolites. The assay is
      based upon the high native fluorescence of pteridine-containing compounds which
      contain carbon in the 10 position. The assay employs a reverse-phase C-18 column
      and an ascending acetonitrile gradient in 50 mM phosphate, pH 7.0. The compounds
      are extracted from plasma and urine with 95 +/- 7% and 98 +/- 2% recoveries,
      respectively, using C-18 Sep-Paks. The linear range of the assay is, for 10-dAM,
      2-100 nM, and for 10-EdAM, 1-100 nM. Polyglutamated metabolites of [3H]10-EdAM
      isolated from L1210 cells have been separated by HPLC with identification of five
      derivatives (Glu 1-5) confirmed by enzymatic peak shift using serum conjugase and
      by quantitative correlation of fluorescence intensity, radioactivity, and
      titration inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase. The assay has been used
      successfully in pharmacokinetic analyses of plasma and urine samples from
      patients receiving 10-dAM and 10-EdAM. In patients who had received 10-EdAM, 7-OH
      10-EdAM, and the deglutamate catabolite were also detected. This HPLC
      fluorescence assay is superior to the dihydrofolate reductase inhibition and
      binding assays with regard to specificity and precision; moreover, it can provide
      a means for simultaneous assay of the physiologically important anabolites and
      catabolites of these new antifolates.

PMID- 2417508
TI  - [Immunohistochemical identification of functional relationships in the accessory
      sex glands].
AB  - The distribution of tissue- and organ specific marker proteins has been studied
      in the accessory sex glands of different mammals. Tissue specific marker proteins
      are desmin, actin, vimentin, laminin, keratin and related proteins which are well
      suited to identify smooth muscle cells, fibrocytes, basal cells of the epithelium
      etc. Secretory proteins were used as markers for organ specificity, e.g.
      secretory acid phosphatase, prostate specific antigen. In the accessory sex
      glands of the rat a most complicated pattern of typical secretions was identified
      using specific antibodies. As deduced from this pattern functional relations are
      likely between the lateral prostate and the seminal vesicle and the dorsal
      prostate and the coagulation gland respectively. The ventral prostate of the rat
      has a particular range among these glands and is homologous to the human
      prostate.

PMID- 2417509
TI  - [Use of hydroxyethyl starch as a colloid component of perfusion media].

PMID- 2417510
TI  - Respiratory syncytial virus infection in transported calves.
AB  - Nasal swab samples were collected from calves on individual farms in Tennessee
      and sequentially at an auction barn and at a feedlot to detect respiratory
      syncytial virus (RSV). In 1976, RSV was isolated from 5 of 225 calves at the
      auction barn and from 13 of 92 calves examined at the feedlot. Of the 13
      isolations, 11 were from calves with acute respiratory tract disease. Most
      (14/18) calves infected with RSV were also shedding parainfluenza-3 virus in
      their nasal secretions. Attempts to isolate RSV in the 1977 study were
      unsuccessful, but there was serologic evidence of RSV infection. Most calves had
      serum antibody to RSV when examined initially at the farm or at the auction barn.
      Approximately 46% (46/99) of calves in the 1976 study and 71% (40/56) of calves
      in the 1977 study had a greater than or equal to 4-fold increase in serum
      antibody titer to RSV from auction barn to feedlot sample collection.

PMID- 2417511
TI  - Intra-alveolar release of a competence-type growth factor after lung injury.
AB  - Growth factors released by platelets, macrophages, and endothelial and smooth
      muscle cells have been recognized and characterized using in vitro tests of
      isolated cell populations. However, their production, secretion, and effects on
      target cells in situ after tissue injury remains largely presumptive. Alveolar
      macrophages cultured during acute and chronic lung injury release increased
      amounts of macrophage-derived growth factor (MDGF). In the present study, we
      sampled the alveolar lining fluid by lavage for the presence of macromolecular
      competence factor activity. We report that alveolar lavage fluid obtained
      following acute lung injury induced by bleomycin in the rat contains large
      amounts of soluble growth factor activity not found in lung lavage fluid from
      normal animals. We compared the properties of the growth factor found in fresh
      lavage fluid to MDGF and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). The amount of
      growth factor in lavage fluid paralleled the ability of cultured alveolar
      macrophages to release MDGF. Like PDGF and MDGF, lavage fluid growth factor
      served as a competence factor promoting the reentry of quiescent fibroblasts into
      the cell cycle rather than as a progression factor. Chromatography on DEAE
      Sephacel yielded a single peak of growth factor activity eluting at 0.3 M NaCl.
      On the basis of these and other physical and biologic properties, we conclude
      that growth factor activity found in high levels in the alveolar space following
      acute lung injury resembles MDGF. Growth factor present in the alveolar space may
      provide the major local stimulus to lung structural cell replication after acute
      lung injury.

PMID- 2417512
TI  - Intermediate filaments: structural conservation and divergence.

PMID- 2417513
TI  - Cultured chick blastodisc cells diverge into lineages with different IF isoforms.

PMID- 2417514
TI  - Subunit structure of desmin and vimentin protofilaments and how they assemble
      into intermediate filaments.

PMID- 2417515
TI  - Keratin antigens in differentiating skin.

PMID- 2417516
TI  - Preferential phosphorylation of keratins and vimentin during mitosis in normal
      and transformed human amnion cells.

PMID- 2417517
TI  - Patterns of expression and organization of cytokeratin intermediate filaments.
AB  - Cytokeratins are a large multigene family comprising two polypeptide types, i.e.
      acidic (type I) and basic (type II) ones, which are distinguished on the basis of
      immunological, peptide mapping, mRNA hybridization, and primary amino acid
      sequence data. The acidic (type I) cytokeratins can be subdivided into at least
      two different subtypes on the basis of their carboxy-terminal sequences.
      Considerable interspecies conservation of sequences exists, even extending to the
      3'-non-coding mRNA regions. Different pairs of type I and II cytokeratins show
      different resistance to dissociation in urea. Sequence differences of the type I
      cytokeratins containing functional domains may be an explanation of the observed
      preference of co-expression with certain type II cytokeratins. The distribution
      of the different type I and II cytokeratins in normal epithelia and in carcinomas
      is differentiation related and can be used for cell typing and identification.
      The cell type-specific expression of cytokeratin polypeptides is recognized at
      both the protein and the mRNA level. The building block of cytokeratin IFs is a
      heterotypic tetramer, consisting of two type I and two type II polypeptides
      arranged in pairs of laterally aligned coiled coils. This principle of tetrameric
      organization is thought to be generally applicable to IFs.

PMID- 2417518
TI  - Monoclonal antibody studies of mammalian epithelial keratins: a review.

PMID- 2417519
TI  - Filaggrin: a keratin filament associated protein.

PMID- 2417520
TI  - Relation of the intermediate filament distribution center to keratin filament
      dynamics in vivo: cells at the edge of an experimental wound.

PMID- 2417521
TI  - Postsynthetic modifications of epithelial keratins.

PMID- 2417522
TI  - Human epidermal keratin filaments: studies on their structure and assembly.

PMID- 2417523
TI  - Genes for hair and avian keratins.
AB  - This paper briefly reviews the present level of understanding of the genes that
      code for hair keratins and the keratins of avian feather and scale. The emphasis
      to date has been on the structure of the genes, the derivation of amino acid
      sequences for several of the proteins from the coding sequences, and the
      organization of the different gene families within genomic DNA. Genomic sequences
      for the proteins of the three main gene families for wool keratin have been
      isolated from sheep genomic libraries and their detailed analysis by DNA
      sequencing is proceeding. Already, representative sequences for the genes of the
      microfibril (alpha-filament or IF) proteins and for the cysteine-rich and HGT
      matrix proteins are available. With these sequences as sources of probes, it is
      now possible to move from organizational and structural studies and undertake the
      study of the control of the expression of these genes either in wool (hair)
      follicles in vivo or after transfection with specific keratin genes of suitable
      epidermal cells in culture. Parallel with these studies is the investigation of
      the fate of trichohyalin droplets in the inner root sheath during its maturation,
      which is coordinated with keratinization in the hair itself. These unusual
      proteins and the changes they undergo suggest a highly specific function. The
      discovery of that function might come from the use of molecular cloning
      techniques especially for the synthesis of quantities of protein adequate for
      study. The avian keratins of feather and scale are coded for by a large family of
      evolutionarily related genes as shown in recent investigations of the DNA
      sequences. Again, derived protein sequences have provided a view of the feather
      and scale structures previously unavailable. Information on the fine structure of
      the genes is enabling the examination of their expression in vivo during
      embryonic development and the possible significance in this development of the
      histidine-rich ("fast") protein. The lack of any detectable transcripts from
      characterized feather keratin genes injected into Xenopus oocytes is presenting
      the possibility of testing for tissue-specific protein factors that might be
      responsible for the specific activation of keratin genes.

PMID- 2417524
TI  - The use of cDNA clones and monospecific antibodies as probes to monitor keratin
      gene expression.

PMID- 2417525
TI  - The nature and significance of differential keratin gene expression.

PMID- 2417526
TI  - Structural and functional implications of amino acid sequences of keratin
      intermediate filament subunits.

PMID- 2417527
TI  - Differential expression of the three neurofilament polypeptides.

PMID- 2417528
TI  - Associated proteins as possible cross-linkers in the neuronal cytoskeleton.

PMID- 2417529
TI  - A protein related to glial filaments in Schwann cells.

PMID- 2417530
TI  - Glial filaments in brain differentiation and the transient expression of
      neurofilaments in Purkinje cell development.

PMID- 2417531
TI  - Cell-cell interaction and cell configuration related control of cytokeratins and
      vimentin expression in epithelial cells and in fibroblasts.

PMID- 2417532
TI  - Diagnostic application of monoclonal antibodies to intermediate filaments.

PMID- 2417533
TI  - Differentiation of the major human tumor groups using conventional and monoclonal
      antibodies specific for individual intermediate filament proteins.

PMID- 2417534
TI  - Arteriovenous malformations of the iris.
AB  - This is the first report in the American literature elaborating on the clinical
      and angiographic characteristics of an iris arteriovenous malformation. Iris
      vascular abnormalities that do not leak fluorescein have previously been
      described only in association with underlying disorders. Iris arteriovenous
      malformations must be differentiated from neovascularization and other diseases
      affecting iris vasculature in which treatment is necessary in order to prevent
      further sequelae.

PMID- 2417535
TI  - Cardiovascular reactions associated with the use of ketamine and epinephrine in
      plastic surgery.
AB  - Intravenous ketamine dissociation anesthesia combined with epinephrine solution
      infiltration may provoke serious tachyarrhythmias despite diazepam premedication
      and the use of minimal doses of both drugs. We use a dose of 0.5 mg of ketamine
      per kilogram of body weight to induce a short period of amnesia and analgesia,
      which enables us to infiltrate the operative field with lidocaine and epinephrine
      solution in a 1:200,000 or 1:400,000 concentration. In about 20% of the patients
      we encountered significant transient tachycardia and elevation of blood pressure,
      which required no treatment; however, in 2 of our patients, serious arrhythmias
      occurred that required drug conversions. Such a problem was not encountered with
      the use of epinephrine alone in patients without a predisposing condition, nor
      when ketamine in these small doses was used in other large series.

PMID- 2417537
TI  - The value of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid analysis in urine. A clinical and cost
      benefit study.
AB  - The clinical value and the cost-benefit of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid in urine (5
      HIAA/u) measurements in diagnosing carcinoid tumours were analysed. During a 5
      month period a total of 1397 analyses yielded 62 patients with elevated 5-HIAA/u
      levels, of which 28 patients had previously been operated on for a carcinoid
      tumour. Only one carcinoid tumour was found to have been diagnosed on the
      evidence of elevated 5-HIAA/u levels. In patients previously operated on for
      carcinoid tumour, elevated leves of 5-HIAA/u did not influence their treatment.
      Several border-line values were probably due to a temporary decline in hepatic
      function or to substances interfering with the analytical methods used. It is
      concluded that 5-HIAA/u measurements are of limited clinical value.

PMID- 2417536
TI  - Experimental study of lymphatic contractility and its clinical importance.
AB  - Lymphatic contractility in rats was studied, and changes in lymphatic
      contractility were recorded under the influence of various factors. We suggest
      that this contraction is not only the essential driving force in lymph drainage,
      but also that it plays an important role in the effect resulting from external
      forces. It was proved that there are alpha- and beta-receptors on the smooth
      muscle of the lymphatics. Under the control of neurohumoral factors, alpha and
      beta receptors regulate the lymphatic motion coordinately. We recommend that the
      lymphatics that still have contractile function be selected for lymphaticovenous
      anastomoses or other microlymphatic operations for treating lymphedema. Diluted
      epinephrine is dropped onto the local lymphatic to identify its contractile
      function.

PMID- 2417538
TI  - Viability of infants born at 24 to 26 weeks gestation.
AB  - 81 inborn infants of 24-26 weeks gestation were studied. Overall survival rate
      excluding 2 lethal malformations was 44%: it was 36% at 24 wk, 32% at 25 wk and
      57% at 26 wk. 68% of the multiparous mothers had a previous reproductive loss and
      30% had a previous preterm birth. Antepartum haemorrhage and chorioamnionitis
      were the 2 most common obstetric associations. Perinatal asphyxia and severe
      respiratory disorders were significantly associated with increased mortality.
      Management of respiratory failure and provision of adequate nutrition were the 2
      main therapeutic challenges. 30% of the deaths occurred in the delivery room and
      68% by 24 hours. Periventricular haemorrhage was the most common necropsy
      finding. The mean gestation at discharge for the 35 survivors was 40 wk. On
      assessment at 2 years of age, corrected for prematurity, 10 (28%) had cerebral
      palsy, 3(9%) had developmental delay, 2 (6%) were blind, and 1 (3%) had
      sensorineural deafness. There were 4 children who had more than 1 disability; 9
      of the 12 children with disability were considered to have a significant
      functional handicap. The proportions of survivors without significant functional
      handicap, born at 24-25 wk compared with those at 26 wk, were not statistically
      different (67% versus 80%). Common medical conditions in the first 2 years
      included respiratory illness, otitis media and gastroenteritis. 13 (37%) children
      required rehospitalisation for an average of 3 times; total days in hospital
      averaged 15 d. The most common reason for admission was respiratory illness. At 2
      years, 24% were below the 10th centile for weight as were 26% for height; head
      circumferences were normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2417539
TI  - [Peptidergic control of electrical activities in the magnocellular neurons of the
      hypothalamus].
AB  - Although many peptides have been reported in the vicinity of hypothalamic
      magnocellular nuclei, their role in the control of neurohypophysial hormone
      release was only studied for few peptides: opiates, angiotensin II, substance P,
      CRF, oxytocin and vasopressin. Their effects are briefly recalled and then
      compared to the more detailed study of their role in the firing pattern of
      oxytocin and vasopressin neurones. This technique, in some cases, revealed the
      action site and mechanism of these peptides in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial
      system.

PMID- 2417540
TI  - A new simple blot transfer method following cellogel electrophoresis which
      preserves antibody activity: application to the analysis of monoclonal and
      oligoclonal fluids.
AB  - Electrophoresis on gelatinized cellulose acetate (cellogel), followed by a simple
      blot transfer onto a nitrocellulose membrane, allows analysis of the
      electrophoretic pattern of specific antibody-active molecules by their binding of
      radiolabelled antigen. Using this non-denaturing method, it is easy to establish
      the monoclonal or oligoclonal nature of an antibody activity present in a serum
      or to control the cloning of a hybridoma cell line. Comparison between protein
      staining and autoradiography can afford a rough estimation of the relative
      affinities of different monoclonal antibodies towards the same antigen (in this
      case, the hepatitis B surface antigen). In addition, inhibition studies using
      other monoclonal antibodies directed against the same antigen may help to
      delineate the epitope specificity of antibodies.

PMID- 2417541
TI  - [Demonstration of 2 main serological groups in Clostridium tyrobutyricum].
AB  - Antisera prepared against heated cells of 10 strains of Clostridium tyrobutyricum
      gave cross-reactions with several other clostridial species. Such reactions could
      be completely eliminated by absorption with C. beijerinckii, C. fallax and C.
      tetanomorphum. Both agglutination and immunofluorescence tests with these
      antisera showed that 85 strains of C. tyrobutyricum were divided into two main
      serological groups, A and B. The 56 strains of group A possessed the same
      thermostable species-specific antigen, whereas those of group B were lacking in
      it. Antisera prepared against either formol- or ethanol-treated cells or low
      heated cells of C. tyrobutyricum showed only low titre cross-reactions with other
      clostridial species. When these were removed by absorption, only the homologous
      strains and a few other strains of C. tyrobutyricum group B were still
      agglutinated at a full titre by these antisera. Therefore, only strains of group
      A of C. tyrobutyricum can be easily identified by a single type-specific
      antiserum.

PMID- 2417542
TI  - Expression of antigenic factor O:54 is associated with the presence of a plasmid
      in Salmonella.
AB  - Salmonella serovar Tonev (antigenic formula, 21,54:b:e,n,x) is classified in the
      Salmonella group O:54, and contains a 7.5-kilobase plasmid, designated pIP1340.
      Tonev NV, a variant lacking pIP1340, failed to express O:54 (antigenic formula
      identical with that of serovar Minnesota, 21:b:e,n,x). Phenotypic tagging of
      plasmid pIP1340 by transposon Tn5 produced plasmid pIP1341. Factor O:54
      expression in Tonev NV was restored after transformation by pIP1341 NDA or after
      co-transformation by a mixture of pBR322 and pIP1340 DNA. Similarly, the twelve
      other serovars presently classified in Salmonella group O:54 harboured a small
      plasmid which was not detectable in isogenic O:54-negative variants isolated from
      the parent strain. Transfer of plasmid pIP1341 into these O:54-negative variants
      and also into reference strains of serovars of Salmonella group O:4 (Banana and
      Typhimurium), group O:7 (Thompson and Mbandaka), group O:8 (Ferruch, Hadar and
      Kentucky), group O:3,10 (Orion) and group O:21 (Minnesota) supported the
      conclusion that plasmid pIP1340 encodes or regulates some functions required for
      factor O:54 expression by various serovars of Salmonella.

PMID- 2417543
TI  - Monoclonal IgM in a patient with paraproteinemic polyneuropathy binds to
      gangliosides containing disialosyl groups.
AB  - Monoclonal IgM kappa from a patient with polyneuropathy associated with
      paraproteinemia was found to bind to several polysialogangliosides. Binding of
      IgM to gangliosides was shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by
      overlaying thin-layer chromatograms of human brain and peripheral nerve
      gangliosides with the patient's serum followed by radioiodinated goat antihuman
      IgM. The latter technique showed that the IgM paraprotein reacted with a number
      of gangliosides. In an ELISA the IgM paraprotein reacted strongly with GD2, GD3,
      GD1b, and GT1b, but not with GM1, GM3, and GD1a. Thus, the epitope for the
      patient's IgM paraprotein appears to involve the disialosyl configurations.

PMID- 2417544
TI  - tRNA, suppression, and the code.

PMID- 2417545
TI  - In vitro and in vivo antipicornavirus activity of some
      phenoxypyridinecarbonitriles.
AB  - Nineteen phenoxypyridinecarbonitriles were initially evaluated for their in vitro
      activity against rhinoviruses (RV) 1A, 2, and 64 and coxsackievirus (Cox) A21 and
      for their oral prophylactic and therapeutic activity in Swiss albino mice
      challenged with Cox A21. On the basis of the results of these studies, one
      compound, 6-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)-3-(ethylthio)-2-pyridinecarbonitrile, was
      selected for further evaluation. Expanded in vitro spectrum of activity studies
      showed that the MIC causing a 50% reduction in viral cytopathic effect in
      infected cultures (MIC50) was 3.0 micrograms/ml or less against 11 of 20 RV
      serotypes tested. The compound was only moderately active (MIC50, 5 to 7
      micrograms/ml) against four of the RV serotypes evaluated, while RV 4, 5, 8, 13
      and Hank's were relatively resistant to compound inhibition. Of the nine
      enteroviruses studied, only Cox A21, echovirus 12, poliovirus 2, and enterovirus
      70 were inhibited at compound concentrations of less than 2.0 micrograms/ml. The
      compound provided significant protection to mice infected with a normally lethal
      dose of Cox A21 when administered in a single oral dose of 150 mg/kg (P less than
      0.01) and during a regimen of continuous oral doses of 37.5 mg/kg per day (P less
      than 0.001). Mechanism of action studies indicated that the compound inhibited
      picornavirus uncoating or some earlier virus-host cell-associated event.

PMID- 2417546
TI  - Proceedings of the 1st International TNO Conference on Antiviral Research. 30
      April to 3 May 1985, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

PMID- 2417548
TI  - Aspects of monoclonal antibody-mediated protection of mice against infection with
      virulent Semliki Forest virus.

PMID- 2417547
TI  - Recent trends and development in antiviral chemotherapy.

PMID- 2417549
TI  - On the role of endogenous interferon in natural and induced antiviral resistance.

PMID- 2417550
TI  - Evaluation of Corynebacterium granulosum derived P40 fraction effects on
      macrophage anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 functions.

PMID- 2417551
TI  - Clinical applications of antiviral agents for chemophrophylaxis and therapy of
      respiratory viral infections.
AB  - Table III summarizes clinical applications of antiviral agents in respiratory
      viral infections. (table: see text) For influenza A virus infections, both oral
      amantadine and rimantadine are effective when used for seasonal prophylaxis and
      for prophylaxis in institutional populations. Both of these drugs, as well as
      aerosolized ribavirin, have antiviral and therapeutic effects in uncomplicated
      influenza. It remains to be determined whether any of these modalities or
      possibly their combined use [44] will be useful in treating severe influenza
      hospitalized patients or whether they can prevent the development of
      complications in high risk patients. Unfortunately, there is no parenteral
      formulation of amantadine or rimantadine for use in critically ill patients.
      Aerosolized ribavirin has also been shown to have modest therapeutic effects in
      influenza B virus infection. However, a major need exists for an antiviral which
      is active against influenza B virus and which can be used on an outpatient basis.
      Controlled clinical trials have shown that aerosolized ribavirin therapy improves
      arterial oxygenation and modifies the severity of respiratory syncytial virus
      bronchiolitis and pneumonia [3,5]. Its role in treating life-threatening disease
      or in modifying the long-term sequelae of RSV infections are unknown at the
      present time. Again, a specific antiviral agent is needed for outpatient use in
      preventing or treating RSV infections. Finally, after over a decade of work since
      the original observation that intranasal interferon could prevent experimental
      rhinovirus infection [11], recent studies have established that intranasal rIFN
      a2 is effective in the postexposure prophylaxis of rhinovirus colds in families
      [42]. This strategy needs to be studied with regard to the prevention of
      infection and its complications in high risk patients and it remains to be
      determined whether intranasal interferon will have therapeutic activity in
      established colds.

PMID- 2417552
TI  - In search of specific inhibitors of retrovirus replication.

PMID- 2417553
TI  - The anticholinergic anti-Parkinson drug Norakin selectively inhibits influenza
      virus replication.

PMID- 2417554
TI  - Ureteroscopy. Using endoscopes for ureterolithotripsy.

PMID- 2417555
TI  - Ceramic hip arthroplasty. Procedure and nursing care.

PMID- 2417556
TI  - Surgery for epilepsy. Cortical resection offers seizure relief.

PMID- 2417557
TI  - Nursing education. Perioperative and community health nursing combined.

PMID- 2417558
TI  - Endoscopic sinus surgery.

PMID- 2417559
TI  - Effects of carboxymethylation by a purified Torpedo californica methylase on the
      functional properties of the acetylcholine receptor in reconstituted membranes.
AB  - The functional effects of carboxymethylation of Torpedo californica acetylcholine
      receptor by an endogenous Torpedo methylase were examined. Both the receptor and
      the methylase were purified to increase the level of methylation and the
      sensitivity of the functional assays. The methylase catalyzed the
      carboxymethylation of all four receptor subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) with
      preferential labeling of the alpha and gamma subunits. For all the reactions, S
      adenosylmethionine was used as the methyl donor. Functional effects of
      methylation were assessed by measuring ligand binding and ligand-activated ion
      permeability responses in reconstituted membranes containing purified
      acetylcholine receptors. Methylation of receptor to a level of 20 mol% had no
      significant effect on agonist or antagonist binding nor did methylation affect
      the transition from low-to-high affinity binding triggered by agonists. In
      contrast, 20% methylation led to a 20% reduction in the agonist-stimulated flux
      of cations across the receptor-containing membranes. The results suggest that
      methylation inhibits the ion permeability control properties of acetylcholine
      receptors.

PMID- 2417560
TI  - Enzymatic properties of dimethylglycine dehydrogenase and sarcosine dehydrogenase
      from rat liver.
AB  - Dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.99.2) and sarcosine dehydrogenase (EC
      1.5.99.1) are flavoproteins which catalyze the oxidative demethylation of
      dimethylglycine to sarcosine and sarcosine to glycine, respectively. During these
      reactions tightly bound tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate (H4PteGlu5) is converted
      to 5,10-methylene tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate (5,10-CH2-H4PteGlu5), although
      in the absence of H4PteGlu5, formaldehyde is produced. Single turnover studies
      using substrate levels of the enzyme (2.3 microM) showed pseudo-first-order
      kinetics, with apparent first-order rate constants of 0.084 and 0.14 s-1 at 23
      and 48.3 microM dimethylglycine, respectively, for dimethylglycine dehydrogenase
      and 0.065 s-1 at 47.3 microM sarcosine for sarcosine dehydrogenase. The rates
      were identical in the absence or presence of bound tetrahydropteroylglutamate
      (H4PteGlu). Titration of the enzymes with substrate under anaerobic conditions
      did not disclose the presence of an intermediate semiquinone. The effect of
      dimethylglycine concentration upon the rate of the dimethylglycine dehydrogenase
      reaction under aerobic conditions showed nonsaturable kinetics suggesting a
      second low-affinity site for the substrate which increases the enzymatic rate.
      The Km for the high-affinity active site was 0.05 mM while direct binding for the
      low-affinity site could not be measured. Sarcosine and dimethylthetin are poor
      substrates for dimethylglycine dehydrogenase and methoxyacetic acid is a
      competitive inhibitor at low substrate concentrations. At high dimethylglycine
      concentrations, increasing the concentration of methoxyacetic acid produces an
      initial activation and then inhibition of dimethylglycine dehydrogenase activity.
      When these compounds were added in varying concentrations to the enzyme in the
      presence of dimethylglycine, their effects upon the rate of the reaction were
      consistent with the presence of a second low-affinity binding site on the enzyme
      which enhances the reaction rate. When sarcosine is used as the substrate for
      sarcosine dehydrogenase the kinetics are Michaelis-Menten with a Km of 0.5 mM for
      sarcosine. Also, methoxyacetic acid is a competitive inhibitor of sarcosine
      dehydrogenase with a Ki of 0.26 mM. In the absence of folate, substrate and
      product determinations indicated that 1 mol of formaldehyde and of sarcosine or
      glycine were produced for each mole of dimethylglycine or sarcosine consumed with
      the concomitant reduction of 1 mol of bound FAD.

PMID- 2417561
TI  - Regulation of adenylate cyclase by adenosine and other agonists in rat myocardial
      sarcolemma.
AB  - The presence of adenosine receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase in rat heart
      sarcolemma is demonstrated in these studies. Heart sarcolemma was isolated by the
      hypotonic shock-Lithium bromide treatment method. This preparation contained
      negligible amounts (2-4%) of contamination by other subcellular organelles such
      as mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and myofibrils as verified by electron
      microscopic examination. In addition this preparation was also devoid of
      endothelial cells, since angiotensin-converting enzyme activity was not detected
      in this preparation. N-Ethylcarboxamide adenosine (NECA), L-N6
      phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA), and adenosine N'-oxide (Ado N'-oxide) were all
      able to stimulate adenylate cyclase in heart sarcolemma, but not in crude
      homogenate, with an apparent Ka of 3-7 microM. The activation of adenylate
      cyclase by NECA was dependent on the concentrations of metal ions such as Mg2+ or
      Mn2+. The maximal stimulation was observed at lower concentrations of the metal
      ions (0.2-0.5 mM). At 5 mM Mg2+ or Mn2+, the stimulation by NECA was completely
      abolished. The stimulatory effect of NECA on adenylate cyclase was also dependent
      on guanine nucleotides and was blocked by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. In
      addition, 2'-deoxyadenosine showed an inhibitory effect on adenylate cyclase. The
      myocardial adenylate cyclase was also stimulated by beta-adrenergic agonists,
      dopamine and glucagon, and inhibited by cholinergic agonists such as carbachol
      and oxotremorine. The stimulation of adenylate cyclase by NECA was found to be
      additive with maximal stimulation obtained by epinephrine. These data suggest
      that rat heart sarcolemma contains adenosine (Ra), beta-adrenergic, dopaminergic,
      glucagon, and cholinergic receptors, and the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by
      epinephrine and adenosine occurs by distinctly different mechanism or adenosine
      and epinephrine stimulate different cyclase populations.

PMID- 2417562
TI  - Oxygen dependence and subcellular partitioning of hepatic menadione-mediated
      oxygen uptake. Studies with isolated hepatocytes, mitochondria, and microsomes
      from rat liver in an oxystat system.
AB  - Using an oxystat system, menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone)-mediated oxygen
      uptake was investigated in isolated rat hepatocytes, in malate/glutamate
      supplemented mitochondria, and in NADPH-reduced microsomes at steady-state oxygen
      partial pressures (pO2) between 0.1 to 100 mm Hg (0.2-150 microM O2). Menadione
      mediated stimulation of oxygen uptake was half-maximal at pO2 of 0.5, 0.2, and
      0.9 mm Hg, respectively. In hepatocytes and mitochondria half-maximal
      concentrations of menadione were 15 and 4 microM. However, in microsomes
      saturation with menadione was not reached at concentrations up to 300 microM.
      Antimycin A inhibited menadione-mediated oxygen uptake in hepatocytes and
      mitochondria by about three-fourths, while rotenone was without inhibitory
      effect; KCN inhibited practically completely. In mitochondria menadione
      stimulated oxygen uptake was significantly inhibited by dicoumarol but further
      enhanced by the addition of ADP, even in the presence of rotenone. The results
      suggest that menadione-mediated hepatocellular oxygen uptake proceeds almost
      independently of pO2 in most regions of the liver lobule but that in areas of low
      pO2 such as the centrolobular regions limitation by oxygen may occur. They also
      demonstrate that in the intact hepatocyte menadione-mediated oxygen uptake
      predominantly (greater than 90%) results from electron transfer in the
      mitochondrial respiratory chain by menadione.

PMID- 2417563
TI  - Preliminary X-ray crystallographic and Raman studies on gramicidin S.2HCl.
AB  - The cyclic decapeptide gramicidin S.2HCl has been crystallized from an aqueous
      solution containing about 33% (v/v) ethanol. The crystals are suitable for X-ray
      diffraction studies and are obtained reproducibly. Preliminary X-ray
      crystallographic studies reveal the crystal to have the orthorhombic space group
      C222(1), with a = 25.76, b = 35.79, and c = 38.13 A. The asymmetric unit consists
      of two molecules of gramicidin S.2HCl and several molecules of solvent. This
      result corresponds closely to that reported by Schmidt et al. (1957, Biochem. J.
      65, 744-750). A Raman spectrum of the crystal has been recorded. A strong amide I
      band at 1670 cm-1 and an amide III band at 1240 cm-1 indicate that gramicidin S
      has a beta-sheet conformation in its crystal structure. An enhancement of Raman
      signals from gramicidin S.2HCl adsorbed on Ag sol has been observed.

PMID- 2417564
TI  - [Combination chemotherapy for bronchogenic carcinoma based on cell type].
AB  - Based on the cell types in bronchogenic carcinoma, we treated 123 patients with
      different regimens of combination chemotherapy. The chemotherapy regimens
      consisted of CAP (cyclophosphamide + adriamycin + platinum) for 60 patients with
      adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma, PP (peplomycin + platinum) for 29
      patients with squamous cell carcinoma and CAV (cyclophosphamide + adriamycin +
      vincristine) for 35 patients with small cell carcinoma. These regimens were
      repeated every 4 weeks for at least 2 cycles. The response rates for CAP, PP and
      CAV were 18.3% (11 PR), 20.7% (6 PR) and 60% (10 CR + 11 PR), respectively.
      Median survival time (MST) was 12.5 months for CAP, 8.5 months for PP and 9.5
      months for CAV. Responders had a significantly (P less than 0.002) improved
      survival (MST, 15.5 months) compared to non-responders (MST, 7.5 months) in small
      cell carcinoma. However, there was no significant difference between responders
      and non-responders in CAP and PP. Survival of patients with PS 0-1 was
      significantly better than that with PS 2-3 in all treated patients. Nausea and
      vomiting were severe in patients treated with platinum-based polychemotherapy.
      There was no renal failure although a transient increase of serum creatinine was
      noted in CAP and PP. Myelosuppression was mild to moderate in all patients
      treated with CAP, PP and CAV.

PMID- 2417565
TI  - [Inhibition of mastocyte granulation by 2 calcium antagonists: verapamil and
      diltiazem].

PMID- 2417566
TI  - [The microscopic innervation of the prostate. III: Terminal sensitive
      corpuscles].

PMID- 2417567
TI  - [Association of hernia and prostatism. One-stage surgical treatment].

PMID- 2417568
TI  - Antiarrhythmic drugs: electrophysiological basis of their clinical usage.
AB  - Cardiac arrhythmias arise from abnormalities of impulse initiation or impulse
      conduction or both. A review of the electrophysiological mechanisms of the
      genesis of cardiac arrhythmias and of the electrophysiological principles of the
      treatment of the cardiac arrhythmias leads to: categorization of antiarrhythmic
      drugs into five classes based on their dominant cardiac electrophysiological
      actions; a series of categories of their effects on impulse initiation and
      impulse conduction in different types of cardiac cells; and a systematic approach
      to pharmacological management of cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 2417569
TI  - Hyperamylasemia following methyl alcohol intoxication. Source and significance.
AB  - Methyl alcohol intoxication has been reported to cause hyperamylasemia and
      pancreatitis. We describe a patient with severe, nonfatal methyl alcohol
      intoxication who had a rise in serum amylase activity with the level peaked on
      the second hospital day at tenfold the upper limit of normal. However, isoamylase
      analysis showed that this striking hyperamylasemia was due to salivary-type
      amylase. Furthermore, the serum lipase activity remained entirely normal during
      the peak amylase elevation. Thus, in cases of methyl alcohol intoxication, as in
      other clinical situations, hyperamylasemia, even when striking, should not be
      equated with pancreatitis. More specific laboratory tests for pancreatitis should
      be used before embarking on extensive investigations of the pancreas.

PMID- 2417570
TI  - [Complex ventricular arrhythmia in apparently healthy young subjects].
AB  - The aim of this study of 20 young subjects (28 +/- 10.6 years) with no apparent
      cardiac disease on clinical examination and chest X-ray was to determine the
      origin of complex ventricular arrhythmias: monomorphic or polymorphic ventricular
      extrasystoles, isolated or in valves (average 18 158 +/- 12 388 per 24 hours)
      and/or ventricular tachycardia (5 cases, sustained in 3). These arrhythmias were
      aggravated (N = 6), disappeared (N = 8) or remained unchanged (N = 5) during
      exercise. The inter-critical ECG showed ST changes in 5 cases. The extrasystoles
      had a left bundle branch block configuration in 14 cases and a right bundle
      branch block configuration in 9 cases. Nine patients were Grade 2 (45%) and 11
      patients Grade 4B of Lown's classification. Complementary investigations
      (echocardiography), radionuclide investigations, right and left heart
      catheterisation, selective right and left ventriculography and coronary
      angiography) showed a high incidence of arrhythmogenic right ventricular
      dysplasia (N - 14) associated with left ventricular abnormalities in 13 cases:
      hypofixation of Thallium (N = 14) associated with left ventricular abnormalities
      in 13 cases: hypofixation of Thallium (N = 11), abnormal global left ventricular
      function (N = 13) with decreased ejection fractions in half the cases, left
      ventricular dilatation in a third of cases (average and diastolic volume: 109.8
      ml/m2), mean velocity of circumferential fibre shortening decreased in 86% of
      cases (average 0.88 cir/sec), angiographic abnormalities of segmental left
      ventricular wall motion in 36% of cases; 2 clinically silent cases of mitral
      valve prolapse were associated with these left ventricular changes; these cases
      represent forms of arrhythmogenic cardiac disease localised to the right
      ventricle or involving both ventricles which should be searched for routinely in
      young patients with apparently normal hearts but with idiopathic and severe
      ventricular arrhythmias. The diagnosis can only be established by angiography. In
      other cases, isolated left ventricular abnormalities are detected: two cases of
      hypertrophic non obstructive cardiomyopathy including one apical form, a
      condition which may be suspected from analysis of the surface ECG and careful 2D
      echocardiographic study; phonomechanography may be normal; one idiopathic left
      ventricular aneurysm which was only diagnosed at ventriculography; one dilated
      cardiomyopathy affecting the left ventricle. In our series, none of the patients
      had coronary artery disease and two patients even had no abnormality of any of
      these investigations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2417571
TI  - [Prognostic value of early risk indicators. Longitudinal 3-year study of children
      at risk].
AB  - Four hundred and fifteen Parisian pre-school children were followed for 3 years
      (1974-1977). Four epidemiological questionnaires carried out at the ages of 3, 9,
      18 and 36 months provided information on the familial and social situation as
      well as the physical and psychological development of the children. A cluster
      analysis was carried out on the behaviour variables of the 3 year-old children
      and 3 different groups were identified. Most children (69%) belonged to the first
      group, characterized by the absence of difficulties or the presence of few minor
      symptoms and 10% of the children belonged to the third group, a "high risk group"
      because of the frequency of the symptoms. Children of the "high risk group" and
      matched controls were followed up till their school entrance (7 years of age) and
      compared on different variables: health problems, sleep disorders, school
      problems, psychosomatic symptoms, difficulties in communicating with others.
      Comparison between the high risk group and controls permits discussion of the
      predictive value of early functional disorder risk indicators.

PMID- 2417572
TI  - Induction of interferon in mice by sodium salt of 9-oxo-10-acridineacetic acid:
      specific enhancement by analogs.
AB  - 9-oxo-10-acridineacetic acid bearing the common name of 10-carboxymethyl-9
      acridanone or CMA (6) was found to be a very potent interferon (IFN) inducer in
      adult Balb/c mice. Seven structural analogs of CMA were synthetized and assayed
      for the interferon inducing ability. Three of the compounds had new chemical
      structures. The analogs were shown to be either weak or inactive interferon
      inducers. However, some of the analogs administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) or
      orally (p.o.) either 2 h before CMA or together with the active inducer enhanced
      by 10 to 60-fold the serum interferon response. We suggest that CMA induces
      interferon indirectly via a specific protein receptor. The specific enhancement
      of the serum interferon response to CMA by its inactive analogs may be explained
      in terms of the competition of the compounds for binding sites at the acceptor or
      transporting protein molecules. In the presence of an analog of CMA greater
      amount of free CMA may be available for the receptors in the target cells than
      when CMA acts alone. Only CMA bound to the receptor would be biologically active
      whereas the complexes of the compounds with the acceptor are biologically inert.

PMID- 2417573
TI  - Interaction of sodium salt of 9-oxo-10-acridineacetic acid (CMA) and its analogs
      with serum albumin. A model for study on binding of the interferon inducer with
      receptor.
AB  - Equilibrium dialysis, gel filtration and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      were used to study the interaction of sodium salt of 9-oxo-10-acridineacetic acid
      (CMA) as well as its analogs 7, 8, 11, 13 - 16 with proteins. The compounds were
      found to bind mainly to serum albumins. Several other proteins had no affinity to
      the compounds. The close analogs 7 and 8 (sodium salt of 2,7-dibromo-9-oxo-10
      acridineacetic acid and sodium salt of 9-oxo-10-acridinebutyric acid) which were
      inactive as interferon inducers were found to have greater affinity to bovine,
      mouse or human albumin than the active IFN inducer--CMA. The mechanism of
      interaction of CMA as well as its close analogs with albumin resembled the first
      phase of reaction of pharmacologically active ligands with their specific
      receptor or acceptor proteins. CMA and some of its close analogs were also shown
      to stabilize the human erythrocyte membrane against hemolysis in the hypotonic
      solution. However, the activity of the compounds was much weaker than that of
      other so called membrane active drugs.

PMID- 2417574
TI  - The effect of rat mast cell sensitization with mouse IgE antibody on anaphylactic
      histamine release by anti-mouse IgE and Con A.
AB  - The peritoneal mast cells of rat (Wistar X August) F1 were incubated with
      purified mouse IgE antibodies and then challenged (in the presence of 50% D2O)
      with antigen, anti-mouse IgE and concanavalin A. It was found that incubation of
      mast cells with IgE antibodies led to different level of cell sensitization (in
      mast cells from different rats), expressed in antigen-induced histamine release
      (0-52%). Moreover, a) significant antigen-induced histamine release was usually
      accompanied by high Con A- and anti-IgE-induced histamine release from these
      cells; the magnitude of release was comparable to Con A- and anti-IgE-induced
      release from control, nonsensitized cells of the same rat; b) low antigen-induced
      histamine release was accompanied by the decrease of Con A- and anti-IgE-induced
      release, as compared to the release from control cells. This fall of reactivity
      to Con A and anti-IgE was statistically significant and was irreversible during
      120 min.

PMID- 2417575
TI  - Grouping of monoclonal antibodies to adenovirus hexons by their cross-reactivity.
AB  - Thirty two mouse ascitic fluids containing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed
      against the hexon of human adenovirus type 1 were examined. The type and degree
      of cross-reactivity (CR) of the MAbs were determined by ELISA and
      hemagglutination methods with 10 heterologous hexon types. The similarity and the
      dissimilarity of the MAbs was also characterized by the correlation coefficient
      calculated from their reactivity values. On the basis of these, the 32 MAbs could
      be divided into five groups and fourteen individual MAbs, which altogether
      recognized 19 distinct epitopes. One of the recognized epitopes is the genus
      specific epitope of adenovirus hexons; the others are interspecies specific ones
      which can be found on the surface of the different hexon types in characteristic,
      mosaic-like combinations. The type and degree of CR of the MAbs lead to the
      conclusion that there exists a close antigenic relationship among the members of
      subgenus C of human adenoviruses and there is also a definite antigenic
      relationship between subgenera C and D. Hexons belonging to the oncogenic
      subgenera A and B display a much looser antigenic relationship with subgenus C.

PMID- 2417576
TI  - Immunological studies on patients who received aprotinin therapy.

PMID- 2417577
TI  - [Divergent differentiation during embryonal histogenesis of skeletal muscle
      tissue].
AB  - Morphometric analysis of the developmental processes of the satellite cells and
      myosimplasts has been performed in embryonal histogenesis of the skeletal muscle
      tissue in 17 human fetuses 8-27 weeks of the intrauterine development. The
      sequence of death of some myoblasts in embryonal histogenesis is described in
      details. Basing on the data obtained, a conception on existance of muscular
      proliferative units (MPU) in composition of the skeletal muscles is put forward.
      The amount of the MPU determines the whole number of muscle fibers in the muscle.
      The anlage of the MPU occurs as a result of divergent differentiation of the stem
      myogenic cells at early stages of myogenesis (myosimplasts and myotubes) from the
      cells commited to mutual fusion. The fund of these cells is determined by the
      number of myogenic elements that are at the state of the proliferative rest. One
      of the mechanisms regulating the number of the resting cells is the growth rate
      of the simplast lengthwise. The resting cells, appearing at late stages of
      myogenesis (of the muscle fibers), are the sources for development of the
      myosatellites in mature muscle fibers. In dying myotubes there is a sharp
      disturbance in growth processes lengthwise, in biosynthesis of contractile
      proteins, in correlation between the number of nuclei in the satellite cells and
      those of simplasts.

PMID- 2417578
TI  - [Innervation of the heart from an abdominal plexus in man].
AB  - The authors studied 43 necropsy specimens from adult individual by dissection
      under a stereomicroscope and by staining methods (Cajal-De Castro and Palmgren
      silver impregnations, Kluver Barrera and Pal-Weigert for myelinated fibers, and
      van Gieson and Azan trichromic methods). They suggest the presence of a direct
      nervous connection between the hepatic plexus (celiac plexus) and the high atrium
      via the left branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein, venous ligament,
      left hepatic vein, and v. cava inferior, passing through the foramen for the v.
      cava. This connection is made by very fine nerves from the upper part of the
      venous ligament until the left atrium, which generally are only visible on the
      microscopic level.

PMID- 2417579
TI  - Argon laser scatter photocoagulation for prevention of neovascularization and
      vitreous hemorrhage in branch vein occlusion. A randomized clinical trial. Branch
      Vein Occlusion Study Group.
AB  - The Branch Vein Occlusion Study is a multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical
      trial designed to answer several questions regarding the management of
      complications of branch vein occlusion. This report addresses the questions, "Can
      peripheral scatter argon laser photocoagulation prevent the development of
      neovascularization?" and "Can peripheral scatter argon laser photocoagulation
      prevent vitreous hemorrhage?" To answer the first question, 319 eyes were
      assigned randomly to either a treated or an untreated control group. Comparing
      treated patients with control patients (average follow-up time, 3.7 years), the
      development of neovascularization was significantly less in treated eyes (P =
      .009, log rank test). To answer the second question, 82 eyes were assigned
      randomly to either a treated or untreated control group. Comparing treated
      patients with control patients (average follow-up time, 2.8 years), the
      development of vitreous hemorrhage was significantly less in treated eyes (P =
      .005, log rank test). Although the Branch Vein Occlusion Study was not designed
      to determine whether peripheral scatter treatment should be applied before rather
      than after the development of neovascularization, data accumulated in this study
      suggest that peripheral scatter treatment should be applied after the development
      of neovascularization rather than before the development of neovascularization.
      Because the occurrence of vitreous hemorrhage was lessened by peripheral scatter
      argon laser photocoagulation, we recommend laser photocoagulation for patients
      with branch vein occlusion who have developed neovascularization and who meet the
      eligibility criteria of this study.

PMID- 2417580
TI  - The relation of pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) in the umbilical
      circulation of the human fetus to oestriol production by the placenta.

PMID- 2417581
TI  - Somatic and excretory polysaccharide antigens of Leishmania donovani
      promastigotes.
AB  - Leishmania donovani promastigotes were found to release excretory-secretory
      antigens (ESA) in the culture medium which reacted against rabbit antiserum to
      live promastigotes (RA-LP). The active material was purified and found to contain
      mainly polysaccharides with about 23% of protein. A polysaccharide-rich antigen
      (PRA) was also isolated from the promastigote debris by the phenol-water
      extraction procedure. When tested against RA-LP in agar gel diffusion, both the
      preparations were found to be antigenically identical to each other as well as to
      a preparation of crude soluble antigen (CSA). The determinants involved were
      shown to be polysaccharide in nature. Gel filtration of all the three
      preparations showed that the antigenic activity was distributed in various eluted
      fractions. Both CSA and PRA also exhibited considerable electrophoretic
      heterogeneity in immunoelectrophoresis, although ESA showed only two overlapping
      faster moving bands. It is concluded that ESA represented a mixture of highly
      negatively charged mucopolysaccharides of varying sizes. The minimum molecular
      weight of the basic structural unit was around 2 X 10(4) daltons. These materials
      were probably derived from antigenically similar complexes of larger molecular
      weights located on the outer surface of the parasite and were released in the
      culture medium during their multiplication. Information available so far from
      this study suggests that the polysaccharide determinants of ESA/PRA did not
      elicit any marked immune response in kala-azar patients.

PMID- 2417582
TI  - Acute volume expansion: rat proximal tubular Na transport inhibition by
      autologous tubular fluid without changes in Na permeability.
AB  - Sodium permeability (P22Na) and steady state transepithelial concentration
      differences of Na (delta cNa) were measured in stationary droplets in proximal
      tubules of rats in both the non-expanded (NE) and subsequent mannitol-saline
      volume-expanded (VE) state. The test solutions for tubular injection were either
      an artificial tubular solution (AS) in group I rats or harvested proximal tubular
      fluid (HTF) in a second group of rats (group II). delta cNa (mmol.kg-1H2O) was
      significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) with HTF in the VE state (12.1 +/- 0.8
      SEM) when compared to HTF in the NE state (17.8 +/- 1.8) and AS in both NE (17.4
      +/- 1.0) and VE (18.2 +/- 1.0). P22Na calculated from the half-time of
      disappearance of 22Na from the droplets, when using paired experiments were 8.1
      +/- 1.7 X 10(-5) mm2.sec-1 and 7.3 +/- 1.8 with HTF in NE and subsequent VE and
      8.6 +/- 1.1 and 7.7 +/- 0.8 with AS in NE and VE. These permeability results did
      not differ from each other significantly. In these experiments with zero net Na
      and water fluxes, the 32% reduction of delta cNa cannot be accounted for by an
      increased backleak of Na, since P22Na would have had to increase by 32%. These
      results therefore provide strong evidence for a factor present in proximal
      tubular fluid consequent upon VE which inhibits Na transport without altering
      transepithelial PNa, but do not exclude an effect of such a factor on the
      cellular Na entry step or the Na pump itself.

PMID- 2417583
TI  - Structure and function of the T3/T cell receptor complex.
AB  - The T3/T cell receptor complex is a protein ensemble inserted in the plasma
      membrane of human thymus derived lymphocytes. Whereas the alpha and beta chains
      are variable elements (i.e. between different T cell clones, alpha and beta
      chains are distinct), the gamma, delta and epsilon chains are invariant between
      human T cell clones. Recently, genes coding for the alpha, beta and delta chains
      have been isolated. Functional studies in several laboratories, including our
      own, suggest a "division of labor" between the alpha/beta chain heterodimer (T
      cell receptor) and the three other polypeptide chains (T3 gamma, delta, epsilon):
      The T cell receptor alpha and beta chains together recognize antigen and MHC
      product on the antigen presenting or target cell and an activating signal is
      transduced to the cytoplasmatic side of the plasma membrane via the T3 complex.
      Thus, T cell responses are initiated immediately upon binding of ligand. In our
      model, Ca+2 influx plays a pivotal role in the signal transducing event. In fact,
      we postulate that the T3-epsilon chain itself might be a calcium gate.

PMID- 2417584
TI  - Clonal analysis of the involvement of T11 molecules in antigen receptor-mediated
      T lymphocyte functions.
AB  - In this study, we utilized two anti-T11 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that
      inhibited the specific cytolytic activity of mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC)
      activated T cells to analyze, at the clonal level, the involvement of T11
      molecules in 1) antigen specific versus non-specific mechanisms of target cell
      lysis 2) antigen-driven T cell proliferation and IL-2 production versus IL-2
      induced cell proliferation. In contrast to anti-T3 or anti-T8 mAbs, antibodies to
      T11 molecules inhibited the cytolytic activity of MLC-derived allospecific clones
      in a uniform manner. In addition, anti-T11 antibodies inhibited the specific
      activity of CTL clones resistant to anti-T3 antibodies, even after antibody
      induced modulation of T3 molecules (while anti-T3 mAbs had no effect). Similarly,
      anti-T11 antibodies inhibited the alloantigen induced proliferation and IL-2
      release of alloreactive clones independent on their T4+ or T8+ phenotype. The
      inhibitory activity of anti-T11 antibodies appears to be confined to antigen
      specific T cell functions since neither natural killer-like activity of CTL
      clones nor the IL-2 induced clonal proliferation was affected. Thus, our results
      indicate that T11 molecules are functionally involved in antigen recognition by T
      cell regardless of their function and T4/T8 phenotype.

PMID- 2417585
TI  - Antigen specific human T cell clones: heterogeneity of specificity and function.
AB  - Human T cell clones specific for either mycobacterial or viral antigens have been
      generated and characterized. Different antigenic structures were recognized by T
      cells which had specific functions. These appeared to be directed at a number of
      target effector cells. Even where a number of T cell clones mediated the same
      function variation in clonal products suggested this might be achieved by
      different mechanisms. The multiplicity of immune function displayed by these T
      cell clones is discussed in the context of their antigenic specificity and
      genetic restriction.

PMID- 2417586
TI  - T lymphocyte clones and experimental autoimmune diseases.
AB  - This article reviews some of the lessons derived from our use of T lymphocyte
      lines and clones to study three experimental autoimmune diseases: experimental
      autoimmune encephalomyelitis, experimental autoimmune thyroiditis and adjuvant
      arthritis. In each of these disease models we have raised lines and clones of T
      lymphocytes of the helper phenotype that are specifically autoimmune. These T
      lymphocytes were used to investigate the pathogenesis of disease. Lines and
      clones were also exploited to induce resistance to disease.

PMID- 2417587
TI  - MHC class II gene products specific autoreactive T cell clones provide inducer as
      well as amplifier function for B cell Ig production.
AB  - Autoreactive T lymphocytes were generated by culturing human peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells with an antigen-specific/MHC restricted autologous inducer T
      cell, termed RW17C and subsequently cloned in soft agar. The majority of such
      clones expressed the T3+T4+T8-T11+Ia+ phenotype and were directed at autologous
      class II MHC gene products found on B cells, macrophages and B lymphoblastoid
      cells as judged by their proliferative response to the latter. For this
      recognition, the clones employed a T3-Ti molecular complex and a T4 structure
      analogous to those found on allospecific T cells. Perhaps more importantly, it
      was observed that the same AC (autoreactive clone) induced autologous B cells to
      produce high levels of immunoglobulin in the absence of exogenous antigen and
      could synergize with the RW17C clone to effect maximal B cell Ig production. In
      addition, supernatant from T3-Ti triggering of AC clone induced both polyclonal
      proliferation and differentiation of small B lymphocytes. These results support
      the notion that such autoreactive cells can function in a physiologic amplifier
      role by facilitating induction via an internal set of signals (i.e. autologous
      MHC).

PMID- 2417588
TI  - Regulation of storage-protein synthesis in pea (Pisum sativum L.) cotyledons
      under conditions of sulphur deficiency.
AB  - The effects of sulphur deficiency on the expression of storage-protein genes in
      developing pea (Pisum sativum) cotyledons were studied. Legumin-gene
      transcription was decreased by S-deficiency, but not to the same extent as the
      decrease in the level of legumin mRNA. Vicilin-gene transcription was not
      significantly affected. Control of gene expression may thus occur during
      transcription and/or post-transcriptional events.

PMID- 2417589
TI  - Characterization of a depurinated-DNA purine-base-insertion activity from
      Drosophila.
AB  - An activity that binds preferentially to depurinated DNA and inserts purines into
      those sites was partially purified from Drosophila melanogaster embryos. The
      protein has a sedimentation coefficient of 4.9 S and is devoid of AP
      (apurinic/apyrimidinic) endonuclease activity. Upon incorporation of purines into
      apurinic DNA, the number of alkali-labile sites decreases, thus establishing the
      conversion of depurinated sites into normal nucleotides. The activity requires
      K+, and is totally inhibited by caffeine or EDTA. Guanine is specifically
      incorporated into partially depurinated poly(dG-dC) and adenine is specifically
      incorporated into poly(dA-dT), thus demonstrating the apparent template
      specificity of the enzyme.

PMID- 2417590
TI  - Isolation of a cDNA clone for pea (Pisum sativum) seed lipoxygenase.
AB  - A lipoxygenase cDNA clone, pCD45, was identified in a Pisum sativum L. (pea) seed
      mRNA cDNA library by hybrid-release/translation followed by immunoprecipitation
      with antiserum raised against lipoxygenase from Glycine max L. (soya bean). pCD45
      hybrid-selected an mRNA encoding the larger of the two polypeptides of Mr
      approximately 95 000 that were immunoprecipitated from cell-free translation
      products of pea seed poly(A)-containing RNA by the G. max anti-lipoxygenase.
      'Northern'-blot analysis showed the mRNA that hybridized to pCD45 to be
      approximately 3000 nucleotides in length. Three to five copies of the
      lipoxygenase gene corresponding to pCD45 were estimated to be present per haploid
      Pisum genome; hybridization of the cDNA insert from pCD45 to G. max DNA was also
      detected.

PMID- 2417591
TI  - Relation of substance P to catecholamine metabolism and stress.
AB  - This paper gives a survey on selected topics of Substance P (SP) research. In
      particular, it presents results on the function of SP in sympathetic ganglia
      (including the adrenal medulla) and discusses interconnections between the
      influence of SP on the catecholamine system and the role of SP both in the
      nervous and the circulatory system. Furthermore, the paper deals with the current
      developments in the field of "SP-ergic" drugs.

PMID- 2417592
TI  - Does thyroid hormone influence the maturation of cerebellar granule neurones?
AB  - The following hypotheses were tested: is the degeneration of differentiating
      granule cells in the internal granular layer of the thyroid deficient cerebellum
      due to a direct requirement of these cells for thyroid hormone, or is it mediated
      through the failure of some of these cells to make synaptic contact with the
      hypoplastic Purkinje cells? The effect of thyroid hormone (T3) was studied in rat
      cerebellar cultures which contain predominantly granule cells. The cultures were
      grown in a chemically defined medium (S-) in the presence or absence of T3, and
      were also compared with serum (and thus thyroid hormone) containing cultures
      (S+). It would appear that T3 is not essential for the relatively long-term
      survival of the granule cells. Furthermore, cell growth in terms of protein
      accretion, and the morphological appearance of the cultures were also similar in
      S- in the presence and absence of T3. Maturation of granule cells was followed by
      estimating indices, which in the cerebellum in vivo are influenced by the
      hormone. However, developmental changes affecting the D2 protein, which is
      implicated in adhesion among nerve cells, and muscarinic receptor binding were
      not influenced by T3 in vitro. The voltage (veratridine)-sensitive uptake of 22Na
      was also unaffected, although T3 increased the rate of the relatively small
      veratridine insensitive component of the 22Na-influx. However, in comparison with
      cells grown in S+, the rate of both the veratridine sensitive and insensitive
      component of 22Na-influx was similar under serum-free conditions, whereas the
      maturation of the D2 protein and muscarinic receptor binding was retarded. The
      failure of thyroid hormone to influence the differentiation of granule cells, is
      not due to the in vitro conditions, since T3 is known to have a marked effect on
      the maturation of certain other classes of neural cells in culture. The results
      are consistent with the view that the effect of thyroid hormone on neural
      maturation is cell-type specific, and that granule cells are not targets of
      thyroid hormone action. They support our second hypothesis, that is, that the
      degeneration of granule cells in thyroid deficiency is a consequence of the
      reduction in available postsynaptic sites for the granule cell axons due to the
      retarded differentiation of Purkinje cells.

PMID- 2417593
TI  - Urinary excretions of hydroxylysylglycosides in rats with experimentally induced
      collagen-like syndrome.
AB  - The excretion of the two hydroxylysine glycosides hydroxylysine-galactose-glucose
      and hydroxylysine-galactose was studied in the urine of normal healthy and
      experimental rats chronically treated with collagen-like syndrome inductors,
      hydralazine or binazine. The elevated urinary hydroxylysine-galactose-glucose and
      hydroxylysine-galactose strongly suggests an altered rate of collagen degradation
      during induced collagen-like syndrome.

PMID- 2417594
TI  - Direct evidence of a Ca-sensitive inactivation of slow inward channels in frog
      atrial myocardium.
AB  - Electrical properties of frog atrial myocardium under Ca-free conditions (30 min
      superfusion with 1 mM EGTA) were examined using a microelectrode and voltage
      clamp technique. Action potentials recorded from atrial trabeculae were extremely
      prolonged, up to more than 2 s. The resting potential was shifted towards more
      positive values (-60 +/- 9 mV (Ca-free); -75 +/- 4 mV (control); n = 6). Slow
      inward currents inactivated extremely slow showing time constants between 2 and 3
      s. The voltage-dependence of the time constant of inactivation was found to be U
      shaped in Ca-containing but bell-shaped in Ca-free solutions. After a 30 min Ca
      free superfusion, the surfaces of the atrial trabeculae studied by scanning
      electron microscopy changes from being rough to extremely smooth, supposedly
      indicating a change in the surface coat. Using electron-microprobe analysis
      within a surface layer of about 0.2 micron thickness direct measurements of the
      Ca concentration showed a reduction under Ca-free conditions by more than 200
      fold. Electrophysiological measurements, morphological findings and measurements
      of the Ca concentration in the surface region directly suggest the existence of a
      Ca-sensitive inactivation of slow channels in frog atrial myocardium.

PMID- 2417595
TI  - Calcium channel block by phenytoin in neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells.
AB  - The action of phenytoin on the inward calcium current (ICa) was studied in cells
      of the clonal mouse neuroblastoma X rat glioma hybrid line 108CC5 by the suction
      pipette technique for internal perfusion and voltage clamp. The ICa was recorded
      after suppression of Na+ and K+ currents. Phenytoin, applied externally in
      concentrations of 50 to 500 microM, depressed the ICa in the investigated
      potential range of -60 to +30 mV in a concentration-dependent manner. When the
      cells were stimulated by depolarizing clamp steps, the extent of the ICa
      depression increased with the frequency and duration of the activating pulses.
      ICa was also inhibited on intracellular application of phenytoin.

PMID- 2417596
TI  - Improved procedure for the detection of activity of lipoxygenases on
      electropherograms.
AB  - Several procedures for activity staining of lipoxygenases were compared. The best
      results were obtained with the o-dianisidine method of De Lumen and Kazeniac
      which had to be modified, however, with respect to the conditions of
      electrophoretic separation, treatment of the gel after separation, incubation
      conditions and staining solution, to achieve satisfactory detection of the
      lipoxygenases from wheat grains, pea seeds, soybeans and rabbit reticulocytes.

PMID- 2417597
TI  - [Are hydrophilic areas of polypeptide chains always identical with epitomes?
      Discussions on the problems related to immunoglobulin allotypes in humans].
AB  - Hydrophilic areas of human polypeptide chains are obvious antigenic determinants
      for the allotypes of the Km-and Gm-system if they are located within special
      exposed segments of the native molecule. Allotype associated exchanges of amino
      acids are observed likewise in fewer hydrophilic segments. Even in strongly
      hydrophilic areas of polypeptide chains, antigenic determinants, characteristic
      for known iso- and allotypes, have not so far been observed. The prediction of
      antigenic determinants, exclusively based on the hydrophily of segments of
      polypeptide chains seems to be doubtful.

PMID- 2417598
TI  - Is the C-terminal arm of lens gap junction channel protein the channel gate?
AB  - Lens gap junction channels are studied in a reconstituted system obtained by
      incorporating into liposomes, with or without calmodulin, the lens junction
      protein (MIP26) and its trypsin-cleaved product (MIP21) that lacks the C-terminal
      arm. Channel permeability is studied with an osmotic swelling assay. MIP26 and
      MIP21 liposomes swell in sucrose or polyethyleneglycol with or without Ca++
      indicating the presence of large channels. Without Ca++, MIP26 and MIP21
      liposomes swell in both permeants. With Ca++, MIP26-calmodulin liposomes do not
      swell in either permeant, indicating complete channel closure, while MIP21
      calmodulin liposomes swell in sucrose but not in polyethyleneglycol. This
      suggests that the C-terminal arm participates in channel gating.

PMID- 2417599
TI  - C-myc expression is reduced in antipain-treated proliferating C3H 10T1/2 cells.
AB  - In this report, we demonstrate that treatment of proliferating irradiated and
      nonirradiated C3H 10T1/2 cells with the protease inhibitor antipain is associated
      with a reduction in c-myc expression. Under conditions in which antipain
      treatment results in reduced c-myc transcripts, there is no effect on total RNA
      synthesis, growth rate, or saturation density. Antipain may be a useful inhibitor
      in which to further study the role of c-myc in cellular physiology.

PMID- 2417600
TI  - The use of monoclonal antibodies in the study of the interaction between adrenal
      medullary cell membranes and chromaffin granules.
AB  - Simultaneous incubation of bovine adrenal medullary plasma membranes (PM) with
      chromaffin granules (CG) resulted in the release of the soluble granular content.
      The molecular mechanism of this process was studied with several monoclonal
      antibodies (mAb) raised against different plasma membrane components. Specific
      inhibition of the catecholamine secretion was obtained upon incubation with the
      monoclonal antibody UIA/NEU/VI B17. The corresponding antigen had an apparent
      molecular weight of 54000 Dalton. These results suggest a specific recognition
      between proteins located on the plasma membrane and chromaffin granule membrane,
      the interaction of which mediates exocytosis.

PMID- 2417601
TI  - Photo-induced nicking of deoxyribonucleic acid by ruthenium(II)-bleomycin in the
      presence of air.
AB  - A new metallobleomycin, ruthenium(II)-bleomycin A2 was prepared. When irradiated
      at 366 nm the ruthenium complex (1-10 microM) was found to break a 121-base pair
      DNA restriction fragment at specific sites (usually the pyrimidine residues
      located at the 3'-side of guanine). Care was taken to rule out complications due
      to the presence of trace amounts of iron. Photo-induced damage by cobalt
      bleomycin in the presence of light, and redox-mediated damage by bleomycin and
      iron produced DNA cleavage at sites similar to ruthenium-bleomycin. In contrast
      to cobalt-bleomycin, ruthenium-bleomycin required oxygen as well as light to
      cause significant damage to DNA.

PMID- 2417602
TI  - Intermediate filaments with novel protein composition from certain goldfish
      cells.
AB  - Using the conditions for vimentin filament recycling, intermediate filaments
      (approximately 10 nm) were prepared from the cytoskeleton of a goldfish tumor
      cell line (erythrophoroma or xanthophoroma). 2-D analysis showed unusual protein
      composition, with four proteins of molecular weights of 60, 45, 56 and 51
      kilodaltons in ratios of approximately 4:4:1:1. These correspond to four of the
      major cytoskeletal proteins of both the tumor cells and normal xanthophores.

PMID- 2417603
TI  - Pretranslational regulation of ectopic hCG alpha production in ChaGo lung cancer
      cells by sodium butyrate.
AB  - Ectopic production of hCG and its free alpha subunit by ChaGo lung cancer cells
      is stimulated by sodium butyrate. To investigate pretranslational regulation in
      this system, we examined the response of the hCG alpha and beta subunit mRNAs in
      ChaGo-K1 cells, a clone that produces free hCG alpha but no hCG or hCG beta in
      the basal state. When a Northern blot of total RNA from ChaGo cells was
      hybridized to a [32P]- labeled hCG alpha cDNA probe, a single band was detected
      that was identical in size (approximately 850 bases) to placental hCG alpha mRNA.
      RNA from butyrate-stimulated (5 mM, 24 h) ChaGo cells contained 7.7 times as much
      hCG alpha mRNA as RNA from control ChaGo cells. This increase appeared to be
      relatively selective since no difference in total polyA-containing mRNA levels
      was detected between butyrate-treated and control cells by [32P]oligo(dT)
      hybridization. In addition, no hCG beta mRNA was detected when Northern and dot
      blots were hybridized to an hCG beta cDNA probe. In a time course experiment, hCG
      alpha mRNA accumulation in butyrate-treated cells increased significantly by 8 h
      with a maximum increase of 6.1-fold at 24 h compared to control values. Major
      differences in immunoactive hCG alpha accumulation were not apparent, however,
      until after 24 h. These studies show that stimulation of ChaGo hCG alpha
      production by butyrate can be completely accounted for by pretranslational events
      and that failure to detect hCG or free hCG beta production by these cells is not
      due to poorly translatable RNA or post-translational protein degradation. Thus,
      exclusive ectopic production of only one of the hCG subunits is likely to be due
      to selective genomic expression.

PMID- 2417604
TI  - Stimulation of bull seminal RNase by various basic proteins.
AB  - The activity of purified bull seminal RNase was markedly stimulated by various
      basic proteins. At the half concentration of substrate RNA, basic proteins such
      as histones, high-mobility group chromosomal proteins and cytochrome c stimulated
      the enzyme activity 4-6 fold. Other non-basic proteins such as bovine serum
      albumin and human gamma-globulin were far less effective. In addition to enzyme
      stimulating activity, basic proteins showed a marked enzyme-stabilizing activity,
      indicating the presence of a strong interaction between the enzyme and basic
      proteins.

PMID- 2417605
TI  - Uptake, intracellular transport and release of 125I-poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and
      [14C]-sucrose-asialofetuin in rat liver parenchymal cells. Effects of ammonia on
      the intracellular transport.
AB  - We have studied the intracellular transport of 125I-labeled
      poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (125I-PVP) and [14C]sucrose-asialofetuin (14C-SAF) in
      isolated rat hepatocytes. 125I-PVP and 14C-SAF are taken up in the cells by fluid
      phase and receptor-mediated endocytosis, respectively. The labeled degradation
      products formed from 14C-SAF are trapped in the lysosomes. They can therefore
      serve as markers for lysosomes in subcellular fractionation studies. The
      accumulation of 125I-PVP in the cells was rapid initially and then decreased to a
      constant value. The diminished rate of accumulation was due to release
      (exocytosis) of previously endocytosed 125I-PVP. The release of 125I-PVP was
      studied in cells that had accumulated 125I-PVP for various times and then after
      washing incubated in new medium at 37 degrees. About 25% of the radioactivity
      associated with the cells after 1 hr was released to the medium subsequently. No
      such release was observed in cells that had taken up 14C-SAF. Subcellular
      distribution of 125I-PVP and 14C-SAF was studied by isopycnic centrifugation in
      sucrose gradients. Both compounds were sequentially associated with light (1.13
      g/ml) and dense (1.19 g/ml) vesicles. Exocytosed 125I-PVP was derived from the
      light vesicles. The denser organelles were probably lysosomes as their
      distribution coincided with that of lysosomal enzymes. By measuring radioactivity
      soluble and precipitable in trichloroacetic acid it could be shown that only
      degraded 14C-SAF was associated with lysosomes. Undegraded 14C-SAF was associated
      with vesicles banding at 1.13 g/ml. Degraded 14C-SAF was, however, also seen
      first in this region of the gradient, suggesting that degradation started in a
      light lysosome. Both uptake and release of 125I-PVP were temperature dependent;
      both processes ceased at 10 degrees. Ammonium ions had negligible effects on
      uptake and release of 125I-PVP. The amine inhibited, however, the transfer of
      both 125I-PVP and 14C-SAF to the lysosomes.

PMID- 2417606
TI  - [Primary structure of the alpha subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase. II. Isolation, reverse
      transcription and cloning of messenger RNA].
AB  - Messenger RNA, coding for the alpha-subunit of the Na+, K+-ATPase, was isolated
      from outer medulla of pig kidney. Within 25S-26S region the mRNA yields a band of
      specific hybridization with three oligonucleotide probes synthesized according to
      data on structures of three peptides isolated from the tryptic hydrolysate of the
      protein. Translation of the enriched poly(A+)-fraction of RNA in Xenopus laevis
      oocytes followed by the immunochemical identification of the products confirmed
      the presence of RNA coding for the desired protein. This RNA preparation was used
      for synthesis and cloning of double stranded cDNA.

PMID- 2417607
TI  - Temporal shifts from Sm to ribonucleoprotein reactivity in systemic lupus
      erythematosus.
AB  - The Sm and RNP autoantibodies, found in the sera of many patients who have
      connective tissue diseases, recognize determinants on small nuclear
      ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNP). Numerous techniques have been used to
      distinguish between the subsets of snRNP proteins recognized by these two
      antibody systems. Using protein and snRNP immunoprecipitation, as well as a
      competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, antibodies in the sera of Sm
      patients have been observed to include variable quantities of RNP-like
      reactivity. To analyze changes in these autoantibodies, 2 patients with anti-Sm
      antibodies were followed temporally. The autoantibodies in the sera of both
      patients underwent shifts from predominant Sm reactivity to predominant RNP
      reactivity. In 1 patient the shift occurred gradually over several years, while
      in the other the shift occurred within 8 weeks.

PMID- 2417608
TI  - Arterial blood pressure response in conscious rabbits to administration of C
      terminal fragment of substance P into the cerebral ventricles, intravenously and
      intragastrically.
AB  - The blood pressure was measured in the common carotid artery in a cutaneous
      bridge in conscious rabbits. The synthetic hexapeptide SP6-11 of C-terminal
      fragment of Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 (Substance P) was
      administered to animals accustomed to the experimental environment in three
      separate trials: into the cerebral ventricles, intravenously and
      intragastrically. Introduction of 2 nmol/kg hexapeptide into the cerebral
      ventricles via a chronically implanted cannula in the lateral ventricle caused an
      increase in the blood pressure, reaching a peak 10 min after administration. This
      maximum increase averaged 34.5 mmHg. Intravenous injection of 2 nmol/kg caused
      after 1 min a rapid fall in the blood pressure, the decrease averaging 42.7 mmHg
      at this time. Administration of 2 mg/kg into the stomach caused a slight decrease
      in blood pressure. Although the decrease was only slight it was statistically
      significant after 10 min.

PMID- 2417609
TI  - Culture media for propagation of mammalian cells, viruses, and other biologicals.
AB  - In this brief review, we have illustrated the historical development of the
      growth media commonly employed for the propagation of cultured mammalian cells.
      While substantial progress has been achieved, the field may best be described as
      conservative and pragmatic. To date, the function of many components of the
      growth medium essential for cellular proliferation and biological production has
      not been precisely defined at the molecular level. Thus, for most large-scale
      biological production requirements, as well as for routine cell culture and bench
      scale pilot development, the traditional enriched culture medium supplemented
      with fetal bovine serum represents the most convenient culture system. Many cell
      types may be more economically grown without reduction in biological yield by
      substituting alternative mammalian sera. Where reduction of total protein or
      greater definition of growth medium components outweighs the use of more
      universally applicable culture media, substitution of serum-free, customized
      formulations of highly enriched growth medium plus defined growth factors may be
      of significant utility. Optimization of mammalian cell culture media for large
      scale biological production should include the following: An initial time
      investment to optimize the cell culture medium by enriching intermediary
      metabolite composition (rather than expecting serum or additional growth factors
      to perform nutritional functions) may result in higher productivity and reduced
      cost. When screening potential growth media for biological production
      applications, proliferative rate should not be the sole criterion for
      performance. Although rapid, logarithmic growth is advantageous to establish
      large-scale cultures, the maximal cell density and duration of the viable,
      productive period must also be weighed. Many cell types generate the highest
      titers of biological product either at stationary phase or under mildly stressful
      ("controlled death") conditions suboptimal for cellular replication. Thus, the
      ultimate determinant of growth medium efficacy is neither the degree of
      definition of medium composition nor the cellular proliferative rate, but the
      ability to support synthesis of substantial titers of the desired product at
      reasonably high purity.

PMID- 2417610
TI  - Motor end-plate distribution in the human lateral cricoarytenoid muscle.
AB  - Knowledge of the neuromuscular junction distribution in the intrinsic laryngeal
      muscles has potential clinical application in directing procedures that affect
      the function of these muscles through their neuromuscular junctions. We used
      histochemical techniques and computer graphics to determine the three-dimensional
      distribution of the motor end-plates in the human lateral cricoarytenoid muscle.
      In contrast to the results that have been reported for the human thyroarytenoid,
      cricothyroid, and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles, where end-plates are more
      diffusely distributed, the results of our study indicate that in the human
      lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, the neuromuscular junctions are generally found
      within a broad band at the midlength of the muscle. This more focused
      distribution should be advantageous clinically in facilitating the manipulation
      of the motor end-plates in this muscle.

PMID- 2417611
TI  - Transplantation of stem cells of embryonic liver in a patient with severe
      combined immunodeficiency.
AB  - A patient had severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome and X-chromosomal
      recessive heredity. Since the parents and siblings were not suitable as HLA
      compatible bone marrow donors, stem cells from embryonic liver were transplanted
      intravenously in 3 stages (6 X 10(6); 3.5 X 10(6), and 9 X 10(7]. Transplantation
      was tolerated well; there were no signs of a graft-versus-host reaction.
      Examination of the immunological condition after transplantation showed evidence
      of T-cell reconstitution, immunohistochemistry revealed beginning immune globulin
      production. The child died at the age of 5 months due to respiratory failure.

PMID- 2417612
TI  - [The effect of early malnutrition and subsequent rehabilitation on brain
      development. II. Golgi-Cox Study].

PMID- 2417613
TI  - Immunoprecipitation of antigen-associated [32P]-labelled nucleic acids from
      Crohn's disease mesenteric lymph nodes.
AB  - The methods of immunoselection and electrophoretic analysis of [32P]-labelled
      nucleic acids have been applied to the problem of defining Crohn's disease (CD)
      specific antigen associated DNA or RNA, with the intention of identifying a
      presumptive aetiological microbial agent. Mesenteric lymph node derived cells
      from CD and control gastrointestinal disease cases were cultured in vitro with
      [32P] orthophosphate after mitogenic stimulation with phytohaemaglutinin and
      pokeweed mitogen. Total cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with CD and control
      serum IgG fractions and immune complexes recovered with pansorbin. Antigen
      associated [32P]-labelled nucleic acids were phenol/chloroform extracted and
      analysed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide and agarose gels. No
      immunoprecipitated nucleic acid specific to CD tissues could be detected and no
      differences in antigen recognition between CD and control serum IgG were
      observed. No evidence was obtained for nucleic acid containing antigens either of
      the autoimmune type or of possible viral or microbial origin in CD mesenteric
      lymph nodes.

PMID- 2417614
TI  - Some effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide in human skin and on histamine
      release.
AB  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) produced a dose-related wheal and flare
      reaction in human skin at doses of 12.5 to 50 pmol. The flare response but not
      the wheal response to CGRP and substance P were inhibited by prior treatment of
      the subject with oral chlorpheniramine, 16 mg. CGRP, but not substance P, was
      potent in producing a delayed erythema and surrounding pallor in human skin,
      which peaked at 1 h and persisted for more than 3 h after injection, when wheal
      and flare responses had subsided. The delayed response was accompanied by
      infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The delayed erythema and pallor
      produced in response to CGRP were not inhibited by oral chlorpheniramine, or by
      4% prilocaine injected locally. CGRP released histamine from rat peritoneal mast
      cells over the concentration range 2.5-10 microM. CGRP was about fourfold less
      potent than substance P in releasing histamine. The substance P analogue, [D
      Pro4, D-Trp7,9,10]SP4-11 10 microM, and benzalkonium chloride 10 microM inhibited
      histamine release from rat mast cells stimulated by either CGRP or substance P.

PMID- 2417615
TI  - A new method for studying epidermalization in vitro.
AB  - A new method for studying epidermalization in vitro is described. It consists of
      inserting a punch biopsy that serves as a source of epidermis into dermal
      equivalent freshly made up, with fibroblasts mixed in a collagen matrix.
      Fibroblasts cling to collagen fibrils and contract the matrix, leading in 3 days
      to a resistant dermal equivalent holding the punch biopsy firmly in place. At day
      5, a culture medium favouring epidermal growth was used and a fringe of a new
      epidermis appeared around the punch, the area of which grew linearly with time.
      This new epidermis showed a pattern of differentiation similar to epidermis in
      vivo, with cuboidal basal cells, keratohyalin granules, membrane coating granules
      and the expression of the 65-67 kd keratin subset. The method seems to combine
      the advantages of the explant technique and of classical keratinocyte cultures,
      providing the researcher with a large quantity of differentiated epidermis, the
      pharmacologist with simple and quantitative system in which to study
      modifications of growth and differentiation of epidermis, and the plastic surgeon
      with a possible material for skin grafting.

PMID- 2417616
TI  - Basophil function in patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia.
AB  - We have compared the release of histamine from basophils isolated from six
      patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) and seven normal controls. No
      differences were noted in the release induced by rabbit anti-human IgE. However,
      basophils from CML patients released less than 20% of their intracellular
      histamine when challenged with the anaphylatoxin C5a at a concentration that
      caused greater than 50% release from normal basophils. Furthermore, basophils
      from CML donors showed a significantly lower release in the presence of the
      calcium ionophore A23187. These results suggest that basophils from CML patients
      have an inherent defect.

PMID- 2417617
TI  - The human leucocyte-common antigen: differential expression of framework and
      restricted antigenic determinants on early haemopoietic progenitors.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies have been raised against human LC determinants. One,
      F10.89.4, recognizes a 'framework' epitope on all LC molecules; the other,
      F8.11.13, recognizes a 'restricted' epitope present on only a subset of these
      molecules which are found mainly on B and a subpopulation of T cells. A previous
      study of leukaemias showed that some early lymphoid and myeloid leukaemic cells
      totally lack LC (35% of ALLs and AMLs are F10.89.4-, F8.11.13-). In contrast, a
      proportion of myeloid leukaemias carried both 'framework' and 'restricted'
      epitopes (30% AMLs and AMMLs are F10.89.4+, F8.11.13+). To determine whether
      comparable heterogeneity exists in normal bone marrow we have analysed LC
      expression during haemopoiesis, using FACS separated populations and in vitro
      progenitor assays. Our data show that the great majority of haemopoietic
      progenitors express the LC 'framework' epitope. These can be separated by size
      into myeloid (large) and lymphoid (small) progenitor populations. However, very
      few myeloid progenitors (11% CFU-GM, 6% CFU-GEMM) express the additional
      'restricted' LC F8.11.13 epitope. Most F8.11.13+ progenitors are CFU-lymphoid;
      these generate both T and B lymphocytes, but show a preference for the B lineage.
      Thus there is some molecular heterogeneity of LC during normal haemopoiesis, but
      this is far less extensive than that found in leukaemias.

PMID- 2417618
TI  - Mid-trimester levels of alphafetoprotein in the screening of low birthweight.
AB  - Elevated maternal levels of alphafetoprotein (AFP) in midtrimester are believed
      by some to be a useful screening test for premature labour, low birthweight and
      low birthweight for gestation. In a prospective study on 887 randomly selected
      pregnant women we found that although there was an association between low
      birthweight and elevated AFP, the test would miss five out of every six cases of
      low birthweight and there would be nine false-positives for every case correctly
      identified. The test is not therefore sufficiently predictive of low birthweight
      to be of value as a screening test for this condition.

PMID- 2417619
TI  - Analysis of products formed during bleomycin-mediated DNA degradation.
AB  - By the use of DNA, copolymers of defined nucleotide composition, and a synthetic
      dodecanucleotide having putative bleomycin cleavage sites in proximity to the 5'-
      and 3'-termini, the products formed concomitant with DNA strand scission have
      been isolated and subjected to structural identification and quantitation via
      direct comparison with authentic synthetic samples. The products of DNA strand
      scission by Fe(II)-bleomycin include oligonucleotides having each of the four
      possible nucleoside 3'-(phosphoro-2''-O-glycolates) at their 3'-termini, as well
      as the four possible base propenals. At least for 3-(adenin-9'-yl)propenal and 3
      (thymin-1'-yl)propenal, the products formed were exclusively of the trans
      configuration.

PMID- 2417620
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies defining blood group A variants with difucosyl type 1 chain
      (ALeb) and difucosyl type 2 chain (ALey).
AB  - Three hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies, HH1, HH2, and HH3, defining
      different difucosyl A structures (ALeb or ALey), have been established. Antibody
      HH1 (IgG2a) reacts specifically with the difucosyl A structure irrespective of a
      type 1 or type 2 chain, while antibody HH2 (IgG3) reacts exclusively with the
      difucosyl type 2 chain A (ALey) and does not react with the difucosyl type 1
      chain or monofucosyl type 2 chain. Antibody HH3 (IgG2a) reacts exclusively with
      the difucosyl type 1 chain A (ALeb) and does not react with the monofucosyl type
      1 chain A or mono- and difucosyl type 2 chain A. These hybridoma antibodies were
      obtained by immunization of mice with purified glycolipid antigens and were
      selected by their reactivity with the specific glycolipid structures. These
      antibodies, together with previously established monoclonal antibody AH-21,
      specific for monofucosyl type 1 chain A, and monoclonal antibody TH-1, specific
      for type 3 chain A, are extremely useful to define blood group A variants present
      in cells and tissues.

PMID- 2417621
TI  - Kinetics of RNA replication: competition and selection among self-replicating RNA
      species.
AB  - The process of Darwinian selection in the self-replication of single-stranded RNA
      by Q beta replicase was investigated by analytical and computer-simulation
      methods. For this system, the relative population change of the competing species
      was found to be a useful definition of selection value, calculable from
      measurable kinetic parameters and concentrations of each species. Critical
      differences in the criteria for selection were shown to pertain for replicase/RNA
      ratios greater than or less than 1, for the case that formation of double
      stranded RNA occurs and when comparisons are made of closed with open systems. At
      a large excess of enzyme, RNA species grow exponentially without interfering with
      each other, and selection depends only on the fecundity of the species, i.e.,
      their overall replication rates. For RNA concentrations greater than the
      replicase concentration, the selection of species is governed by their abilities
      to compete for enzyme. Under conditions where formation of double strands occurs,
      competition leads to a coexistence of the species; the selection values vanish,
      and the concentration ratios depend only on the template binding and double
      strand formation rates. The approach to coexistence is rapid, because when its
      competitors are in a steady state, a species present in trace amount is amplified
      exponentially. When formation of hybrid double strands occurs at a substantial
      rate, coexistence of hybridizing species is essentially limited to cases where
      the formation rate of heterologous double strands is smaller than the geometric
      mean of the formation rates of the homologous double strands. At limiting cases,
      e.g. in the steady states, simple analytical expressions for the main aspects of
      the selection process were found. Experimental data support the analytical
      expressions and the simulations.

PMID- 2417622
TI  - Low-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectroscopy of oligopeptides 1-95 and 96-168
      derived from myelin basic protein of rabbit.
AB  - Myelin basic protein (MBP) is a major protein constituent of the myelin sheath of
      the central nervous system, where it is believed to have functional alpha-helical
      segments. One element of the function of the protein might be "conformational
      adaptability" of specific regions of its amino acid sequence, since the purified
      protein appears to be largely devoid of ordered structure. To pursue this
      question, low-ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was conducted on
      the sequential thrombic peptides 1-95 and 96-168 of the protein in the presence
      of 0-92% trifluoroethanol (TFE), a solvent known to promote stable secondary
      structures in polypeptides. The series of CD spectra of the oligopeptides were
      subjected to a computerized best-fit analysis of four peptide conformations, the
      alpha-helix, beta-structure, beta-turn, and nonordered form. Agreement between
      experimental and best-fit composite spectra was achieved when standard CD curves
      of peptide conformations were derived from known theoretical spectra and
      experimental spectra of polypeptides. In dilute buffer alone, oligopeptides 1-95
      and 96-168 evidence no alpha-helix but significant beta-structure (18% and 23%,
      respectively), as well as a predominant, extended nonordered conformation.
      However, the two parts of the protein differed in conformational adaptability.
      From 0% to 30% TFE, 96-168 exhibited concomitant transitions to 10% helix and 32%
      beta-structure from the nonordered form. In contrast, in 10-30% TFE, 1-95
      underwent a transition to approximately 21% helix with partial loss of beta
      structure as well as nonordered form; higher concentrations of TFE (40-75%)
      promoted additional transitions to both helix and beta-structure (totaling 33%
      and 25%, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2417623
TI  - Domain structure of human plasma and cellular fibronectin. Use of a monoclonal
      antibody and heparin affinity to identify three different subunit chains.
AB  - The domain structure of human plasma fibronectin was investigated by using
      heparin-binding and antibody reactivity of fibronectin and its proteolytically
      derived fragments. Digestion of human plasma fibronectin with a combination of
      trypsin and cathepsin D produced six major fragments. Affinity chromatography
      showed that one fragment (Mr 45 000) binds to gelatin and three fragments (Mr 31
      000, 36 000, and 61 000) bind to heparin. The 31K fragment corresponds to NH2
      terminal fragments isolated from other species. The 36K and 61K fragments are
      derived from a region near the C-terminus of the molecule and appear to be
      structurally related as demonstrated by two-dimensional peptide maps. A protease
      sensitive fragment (Mr 137 000), which binds neither gelatin nor heparin but
      which has been shown previously to be chemotactic for cells [Postlethwaite, A.
      E., Keski-Oja, J., Balian, G., & Kang, A. H. (1981) J. Exp. Med. 153, 494-499],
      separates the NH2-terminal heparin- and gelatin-binding fragments from the C
      terminal 36K and 61K heparin-binding fragments. A monoclonal antibody to
      fibronectin that recognized the 61K heparin-binding fragment was used to isolate
      a sixth fragment (Mr 34 000) that did not bind to heparin or gelatin and that
      represents a difference between the 61K and 36K heparin-binding fragments.
      Cathepsin D digestion produced an 83K heparin-binding, monoclonal antibody
      reactive fragment that contains the interchain disulfide bond(s) linking the two
      fibronectin chains at their C-termini. The data indicate that plasma fibronectin
      is a heterodimeric molecule consisting of two very similar but not identical
      chains (A and B). In contrast, enzymatic digestion of cellular fibronectin
      produced a 50K heparin-binding fragment lacking monoclonal antibody reactivity
      which suggests that the cellular fibronectin subunit is similar to the plasma A
      chain in enzyme susceptibility but contains a larger heparin-binding domain. A
      model relating the differences in the three fibronectin polypeptides to
      differences in published cDNA sequences is presented.

PMID- 2417624
TI  - Fluorescent analogues of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as structural probes of
      the bovine mitochondrial proton channel.
AB  - N-Cyclohexyl-N'-[4-(dimethylamino)-alpha-naphthyl]carbodiimide (NCD-4) and N
      cyclohexyl-N'-(1-pyrenyl)carbodiimide (NCP) are two novel fluorescent analogues
      of the mitochondrial inhibitor dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). Although
      nonfluorescent in aqueous media, both compounds form fluorescent conjugates with
      mitochondrial electron transport particles (ETPH) or purified H+-ATPase (F1-F0)
      vesicles. DCCD prevents the reaction of ETPH with both NCD-4 and NCP. The
      fluorescent probes are effective inhibitors of ATPase activity and ATP-driven
      membrane potential, although their reaction rates are considerably slower than
      that of DCCD. The fluorescence of NCD-4- or NCP-treated H+-ATPase is quenched by
      hydrophobic spin-label nitroxide derivatives of stearic acid (chi-NS) in the
      order 16-NS greater than 12-NS greater than 7-NS approximately equal to 5-NS,
      whereas membrane-impermeant iodide ions have negligible effect. The quenching
      behavior of 16-NS (the most effective quencher) suggests that a small fraction of
      labels remain inaccessible to the quencher. It is concluded that the DCCD-binding
      sites are oriented toward the membrane lipids and are located in the lipid
      bilayer ca. 18 A from the membrane surface.

PMID- 2417625
TI  - Amide proton exchange in proteins by EX1 kinetics: studies of the basic
      pancreatic trypsin inhibitor at variable p2H and temperature.
AB  - With the use of one-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, two-dimensional
      correlated spectroscopy, and two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement
      spectroscopy, the exchange mechanisms for numerous individual amide protons in
      the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) were investigated over a wide range
      of p2H and temperature. Correlated exchange under an EX1 regime was observed only
      for the most slowly exchanging protons in the central hydrogen bonds of the
      antiparallel beta-sheet and only over a narrow range of temperature and p2H,
      i.e., above ca. 55 degrees C and between p2H 7 and 9, where the opening rates of
      the structure fluctuations which promote the exchange of these protons are of the
      order 0.1 min-1. At p2H below 7, the exchange of this most stable group of
      protons is uncorrelated and is governed by an EX2 mechanism. At p2H above 9, the
      exchange is also uncorrelated and occurs via either EX2 or EX1 processes promoted
      by strictly local structure fluctuations. For all other backbone amide protons in
      BPTI, the exchange was found to be uncorrelated and by an EX2 mechanism under all
      conditions of p2H and temperature where quantitative measurements could be
      obtained with the methods used, i.e., for kex approximately less than 5 min-1.
      From these observations with BPTI it can be concluded that the amide proton
      exchange in globular proteins is quite generally via EX2 processes, with rare
      exceptions for measurements with extremely stable protons at high temperature and
      basic p2H. This emphasizes the need for further development of suitable concepts
      for the structural interpretation of EX2 amide proton exchange [Wagner, G. (1983)
      Q. Rev. Biophys. 16, 1-57; Wagner, G., Stassinopoulou, C. I., & Wuthrich, K.
      (1984) Eur. J. Biochem. 145, 431-436] and for more detailed investigations of the
      intrinsic exchange rates for solvent-exposed amide protons in the "open" states
      of a protein [Roder, H., Wagner, G., & Wuthrich, K. (1985) Biochemistry
      (following paper in this issue)].

PMID- 2417626
TI  - Individual amide proton exchange rates in thermally unfolded basic pancreatic
      trypsin inhibitor.
AB  - A novel experiment is described for measurements of amide proton exchange rates
      in proteins with a time resolution of about 1 s. A flow apparatus was used to
      expose protein solutions in 2H2O first to high temperature for a predetermined
      time period, during which 1H-2H exchange proceeded, and then to ice-water. The
      technique was applied for exchange studies in thermally unfolded, selectively
      reduced basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Measurements were made by 1H nuclear
      magnetic resonance after the exchange was quenched by rapid cooling. Thereby, the
      sequence-specific resonance assignments for the folded protein could be used,
      which had been previously obtained. The results of this study indicate that the
      exchange rates in the thermally unfolded protein are close to those expected for
      a random chain and that the NH exchange is catalyzed by 2H+ and O2H- up to high
      temperature, with no significant contributions from p2H-independent catalysis. We
      conclude that the parameters derived by Molday et al. [Molday, R. S., Englander,
      S. W., & Kallen, R. G. (1972) Biochemistry 11, 150-158] from measurements with
      small model peptides can be used to calculate intrinsic exchange rates in
      unfolded proteins and thus provide a reliable reference for the interpretation of
      exchange rates measured under native conditions.

PMID- 2417627
TI  - Interaction of drugs with Z-DNA: cooperative binding of actinomycin D or
      actinomine to the left-handed forms of poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) and poly(dG
      m5dC).poly(dG-m5dC) reverses the conformation of the helix.
AB  - The interaction of actinomycin D and actinomine with poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) and
      poly(dG-m5dC).poly(dG-m5dC) under B- and Z-form conditions has been investigated
      by optical and phase partition techniques. Circular dichroism data show that the
      conformation at the binding site is right-handed, even though adjacent regions of
      the polymer have a left-handed conformation. Actinomycin D binds in a cooperative
      manner to poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) under both B-form and Z-form conditions.
      Analysis of the circular dichroism data shows that 5 +/- 1 base pairs of left
      handed poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) in 4.4 M NaCl switch to a right-handed
      conformation for each bound actinomycin D. When the left-handed form of poly(dG
      dC).poly(dG-dC) is stabilized by the presence of 40 microM [Co(NH3)6]Cl3, 25 +/-
      5 base pairs switch from a left-handed to a right-handed conformation for each
      bound actinomycin D. Actinomine binds cooperatively to left-handed poly(dG
      dC).poly(dG-dC) in 40 microM [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 and to left-handed poly(dG
      m5dC).poly(dG-m5dC) in 2 mM MgCl2. Actinomine does not bind to left-handed
      poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) in 4.4 M NaCl at concentrations as high as 100 microM.
      Each bound actinomine converts 11 +/- 3 base pairs of left-handed poly(dG
      dC).poly(dG-dC) in 40 microM [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 and 7 +/- 2 base pairs of left-handed
      poly(dG-m5dC).poly(dG-m5dC) in 2 mM MgCl2. The binding isotherm data also
      indicate that the binding site has a right-handed conformation.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2417628
TI  - Comparative 2H- and 31P-NMR study on the properties of
      palmitoyllysophosphatidylcholine in bilayers with gramicidin, cholesterol and
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine.
AB  - The stoichiometric palmitoyllysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC)/gramicidin (4:1,
      mol/mol) lamellar complex (Killian, J.A., De Kruijff, B., Van Echteld, C.J.A.,
      Verkleij, A.J., Leunissen-Bijvelt, J. and De Gier, J. (1983) Biochim. Biophys.
      Acta 728, 141-144) is a useful model system to investigate the various aspects of
      lipid protein interactions. To study the effect of gramicidin on local order and
      motion of 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lysoPC) we employed 31P and 2H
      nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) using selectively deuterated lysoPC's and we
      compared the results to those obtained for lysoPC in bilayers with cholesterol
      (1:1, mol/mol) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) (1:4, mol/mol). 2H-NMR
      experiments on acyl chain deuterated lysoPC showed similar quadrupole splittings
      in the liquid crystalline state for the lysoPC/DPPC and the lysoPC/gramicidin
      samples. In the lysoPC/cholesterol sample an increase of the quadrupole splitting
      was found. T1 measurements showed that gramicidin decreases the lysoPC acyl chain
      motion, especially at the C12 position. In the lysoPC/cholesterol sample an
      increase of motion was observed as compared to lysoPC in fluid bilayers of DPPC.
      31P-NMR and 2-H-NMR measurements of lysoPC, deuterated at the alpha- and beta
      position of the choline moiety, indicated an increase in headgroup flexibility in
      all samples as compared to the parent compound DPPC. In addition, a change in
      headgroup conformation was observed. The alpha- and beta-segments in all samples
      exhibited concerted motion. It was found that also in the polar headgroup
      gramicidin induces a decrease of the rate of motion.

PMID- 2417629
TI  - Effects of perturbation of the Na+ electrochemical gradient on influx and efflux
      of alanine in isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Transmembrane alanine transport was studied in hepatocytes isolated from 48-h
      fasted rats. Aminooxyacetate was used to render alanine nonmetabolizable.
      Gramicidin D eliminated the transmembrane Na+ electrochemical gradient. At 135 mM
      Na+ and 0.1 mM alanine gramicidin D decreased the steady-state intracellular-to
      extracellular alanine distribution ratio from 20.2 to 0.9. The underlying kinetic
      changes appeared to be a decrease in alanine influx to one-third of the control
      value and an increase in the rate constant of alanine efflux by a factor of 9.
      Analogous changes were observed when the Na+ gradient was decreased by ouabain.
      The inhibitory effect of gramicidin D on alanine influx was confined to the Na+
      dependent, saturable component which showed a prominent increase in the apparent
      Km for alanine and a small decrease in the apparent Vmax. The effect of
      gramicidin D on alanine efflux was related to the increased cytosolic Na+
      concentration: the rate constant of alanine efflux was increased by cytosolic Na+
      with half-maximal stimulation at 30 mM; voltage-sensitive alanine efflux could
      not be demonstrated.

PMID- 2417630
TI  - Determination of the distribution of fatty acids and diethylstilbestrol between
      serum albumin and alpha-fetoprotein by concanavalin A affinity chromatography.
AB  - The distribution of fatty acids and diethylstilbestrol between serum albumin and
      alpha-fetoprotein was measured in vitro by a new method based on the separation
      of the two proteins by virtue of the binding specificity of concanavalin A for
      the carbohydrate moiety of alpha-fetoprotein. Human and bovine proteins were
      investigated. It was found that palmitate and oleate were distributed almost
      equally between albumin and alpha-fetoprotein, while docosahexaenoate and
      diethylstilbestrol bound preferentially to alpha-fetoprotein even at an albumin:
      alpha-fetoprotein ratio of 10:1. The results confirm the binding specificity of
      alpha-fetoprotein for polyunsaturated fatty acids and also show that alpha
      fetoprotein binds diethylstilbestrol much more strongly than albumin does. This
      suggests that alpha-fetoprotein may play a role in the fetal uptake of
      diethylstilbestrol.

PMID- 2417631
TI  - Estradiol regulation of uterine nucleolar estradiol binding sites.
AB  - Rat uterine nuclei contain two types of estrogen binding sites (I and II). Type I
      is the classical high-affinity, low-capacity binding component, while Type II has
      lower affinity and higher capacity. Investigation of the presence and number of
      estrogen-binding proteins in isolated uterine nucleoli, and the possible role of
      the estrogen-binding protein(s) in the stimulation of nucleolar RNA synthesis was
      undertaken. Isolated uterine nucleoli contain a large number of lower-affinity
      binding sites (Type II) but are devoid of a significant number of high-affinity
      binding protein(s) (Type I). Following in vivo treatment with estradiol the
      number of detectable Type II estradiol-binding sites in isolated uterine nucleoli
      increased with time of estrogen treatment, peaking between 16 and 24 h after
      hormone administration and gradually decreasing to control levels between 48 and
      72 h. The estrogen-activated binding activity but not the basal activity is
      sensitive to dithiothreitol and insensitive to beta-mercaptoethanol during the in
      vitro assay, suggesting that important disulfide bonds may be involved in the
      estrogen-induced nucleolar binding sites. The in vivo activation of nucleolar
      estradiol-binding sites exhibits steroid specificity. Data indicate that a strong
      correlation exists between activation of uterine nucleolar transcriptional and
      estradiol-binding activities.

PMID- 2417632
TI  - Characterization of receptors for alpha 2-macroglobulin-trypsin complex in rat
      hepatocytes.
AB  - High-affinity receptors for alpha 2-macroglobulin-trypsin complex were
      demonstrated in rat hepatocytes at 4 degrees C. The dissociation rate constant
      for the labelled complex was very small at low receptor occupancies, approx. 4 X
      10(-4) min-1. Dissociation was biphasic at high receptor occupancies with a rate
      constant for the rapid phase of about 2 X 10(-2) min-1. At near-equilibrium, half
      of the receptors were saturated at a complex concentration of 150 pM, and the
      Scatchard plot was concave upwards. Thus, the binding shows complex kinetics with
      the probable involvement of negative cooperativity. Binding of the labelled
      complex was not influenced by galactose, mannose, mannose phosphate or fucoidin,
      whereas it was abolished in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and inhibited by
      bacitracin. Approx. 70% of the labelled complex bound at 4 degrees C was rapidly
      internalized (kint about 3 X 10(-1) min-1) after being warmed to 37 degrees C.
      Radioactivity released from the cells at 37 degrees C comprised intact labelled
      complex and iodide. The complex was initially released at a rapid rate (k-1 about
      1 X 10(-1) min-1) from about 25% of the cell-bound pool. This probably represents
      dissociation from the receptors. A slow phase of release followed, so that half
      of the bound pool was finally released as intact complex. Iodide release followed
      a sigmoidal curve after a 20 min lag period. Thus, specific high-affinity
      receptors mediate the internalization and eventual degradation of alpha 2
      macroglobulin-proteinase complex into hepatocytes.

PMID- 2417633
TI  - Effect of mic gene structure on repressor activity in the OmpA system.
AB  - It has been previously established that micRNA (mRNA-interfering complementary
      RNA) complementary to an individual mRNA specifically represses the expression of
      the target mRNA. We have constructed several plasmids which produce micRNAs which
      are complementary to different regions of the ompA mRNA. The repressor activity
      of these different micRNAs has been compared to determine the role of mic gene
      structure in effective micRNA function. The results indicate that micRNAs
      complementary to regions of the ompA mRNA likely to encounter ribosomes have the
      highest repressor activities. A clear effect of mic gene dosage was also
      observed. This was demonstrated using both identical and different mic(ompA)
      genes.

PMID- 2417634
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine precursor and metabolite levels in children treated
      for leukemia: age and sex effects and individual variability.
AB  - Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained from children during and following
      treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). One hundred ninety-two CSF
      samples from 50 subjects, which were selected to minimize the effects of the
      disease and its treatment (i.e., to approach "normality" as closely as possible),
      were analyzed for the monoamine precursors tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp)
      and the metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5
      HIAA). Levels of HVA (p less than 0.0001), 5-HIAA (p less than 0.002), and Tyr (p
      less than 0.05) decreased with age from 3 to 17 years. Significant correlations
      were observed between the acid metabolites HVA and 5-HIAA (r = 0.79) and between
      the amino acid precursors Tyr and Trp (r = 0.71). Within individuals, levels of
      all four compounds were relatively stable over time, with total mean coefficient
      of variation ranging from 20% to 25%. No significant sex differences for CSF
      levels of HVA, 5-HIAA, Tyr, or Trp were found. Assessment of CSF monoamine
      precursors and metabolites in children treated for ALL may provide a method for
      understanding the chronic effect of CNS trauma on the ontogeny of monoamine
      systems.

PMID- 2417635
TI  - Measurement of messenger RNA for luteinizing hormone beta-subunit and alpha
      subunit during gestation and the postpartum period in ewes.
AB  - Pituitary content of luteinizing hormone (LH) and mRNAs for LH beta-subunit (LH
      beta), alpha-subunit, prolactin, and growth hormone were measured in ewes on Days
      50 and 140 of gestation and on Days 2, 13, 22, and 35 postpartum. Content of LH
      in dissociated anterior pituitary cells declined (P less than 0.05) between Days
      50 and 140 of gestation and remained low at 2 days postpartum. By 22 days
      postpartum, pituitary concentrations of LH were comparable to concentrations in
      normally cycling ewes. During gestation concentrations of mRNA for LH beta and
      alpha-subunit paralleled changes in cellular content of LH, reaching minimal
      levels on Day 140. By Day 2 postpartum, pituitary concentrations of mRNAs for LH
      beta and alpha-subunit began to increase; they reached maximum levels by Day 13
      postpartum. There appeared to be a gradual linear increase in mRNA for prolactin
      through gestation and the postpartum period. No changes in mRNA for growth
      hormone were noted during the prepartum or postpartum periods. These data suggest
      that the decline in pituitary concentrations of LH during gestation is due to a
      decrease in cellular mRNA for LH beta and alpha-subunit. The increase in mRNA for
      LH beta and alpha-subunit appears to precede an increase in cellular content of
      LH in the postpartum ewe by several days.

PMID- 2417636
TI  - Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone on cyclic adenosine monophosphate level
      and on meiotic maturation in mouse cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes cultured in
      vitro.
AB  - We have reported that in vitro treatment with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
      delays by about 3 h spontaneous meiotic resumption in cumulus cell-enclosed mouse
      oocytes. In the present paper we show that the temporary meiotic block is
      accompanied by a transient increase of cAMP concentration in the oocyte. In
      cumulus cell-oocyte complexes stimulated with 1 microgram/ml FSH, cAMP
      significantly increases within 1 h both in the whole complex (from a basal value
      of 1.9 +/- 0.2 to 169 +/- 13 fmol) and in the enclosed oocyte (from 0.9 +/- 0.2
      to 2.4 +/- 0.2 fmol), then progressively decreases to basal values. Stimulation
      by FSH does not cause any cAMP increase in denuded oocytes. As the concentration
      of cAMP in the cells decreases, the percentage of oocytes escaping the meiotic
      block imposed by FSH increases. If the complexes are cultured in the presence of
      1 microgram/ml FSH plus 1 mM isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (1BMX), cAMP concentration
      increases approximately 250-fold in the complex, and 10-fold in the enclosed
      oocyte; the level of cAMP in the oocyte drops very rapidly (50% degradation in
      less than 2 min) if the oocyte is then transferred to IBMX-free medium. The data
      are discussed in terms of the possible role of cAMP transfer from cumulus cells
      to the oocyte in the regulation of meiotic progression in mouse oocytes.

PMID- 2417637
TI  - Selective incorporation of asialofetuin into hepatocyte of rat.
AB  - The disposition of asialofetuin was studied in the rat. The radioactivity of 3H
      asialofetuin administered intravenously disappeared rapidly from the blood.
      Asialofetuin was specifically and rapidly incorporated into the liver, and had no
      affinity toward other tissues such as the lung, spleen, heart, and kidney.
      Asialofetuin accumulated in the lysosomal and microsomal fractions of the rat
      liver cells immediately after administration, shifted to the low dense fraction
      (cytosol fraction) with the elapsing of time, and was possibly digested by
      lysosomes. The elimination of 3H-asialofetuin from the liver was fast and the
      degradates excreted into the bile and urine represented 90 per cent of the dose
      administered by 180 min following administration. It was suggested that
      asialofetuin functions as a carrier of drugs to the liver, especially to
      hepatocytes.

PMID- 2417638
TI  - Electrophoretic resolution of microheterogeneity in Vibrio cholerae
      lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Vibrio cholerae has been analysed by sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Under normal conditions of
      electrophoresis which resolve Escherichia coli LPS, V. cholerae LPS shows two
      diffuse and unresolved bands. However, on long gels at low concentration it can
      be resolved into two major band types. There are at least 10 slow moving,
      discrete bands of regular periodicity and three fast moving bands. Comparison
      with LPS from E. coli indicates that the heterogeneity occurs over a much smaller
      range of molecular weight in V. cholerae LPS, with the entire spectrum of
      discrete bands being contained within the space of four E. coli repeating units.

PMID- 2417639
TI  - Human placental tissue stimulates bovine capillary endothelial cell growth,
      migration and protease production.
AB  - A crude extract of human placenta has been demonstrated to stimulate growth,
      motility and the production of the proteases plasminogen activator and
      collagenase in cultured bovine capillary endothelial cells. These data are in
      keeping with the presence of an angiogenic factor(s) in human placenta.

PMID- 2417640
TI  - Probing fungal mitochondrial evolution with tRNA.
AB  - Sequence data are now available for almost the entire complement of mitochondrial
      rRNAs from five fungi: Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
      Toropulis glabrata, Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa. Analysis of these
      data show that the five mitochondria can be related to a common ancestor. The
      unusually high similarity between some S. pombe mt tRNAs may be due to a process
      similar to gene conversion. Using the number of differences between tRNA pairs as
      a measure of the evolutionary rate the yeast-S. pombe branch has paradoxically a
      high nuclear rate and a low mt rate of evolution as compared with other branches
      in the phylogenetic tree. Finally the position of mt tRNA genes in S. pombe is
      abnormally distinct from gene orders in other mitochondria. All of the above
      factors must be taken into account when describing the relationship between these
      mitochondria.

PMID- 2417641
TI  - [Effect of retinoic acid on the aggregation of erythrocytes and leukocytes in the
      blood].
AB  - Human and animal blood smear staining with PAPh has revealed mononuclear
      leukocyte-erythrocyte aggregates. Administration of retinoic acid increased
      concentration and dimensions of these aggregates and was followed by preferential
      accumulation of PAPh-negative osmotically unstable erythrocytes. Similar changes
      were detected in the blood samples of women engaged in the production of retinoic
      acid. Aggregate concentration showed positive correlation with erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate and no correlation with prothrombin time.

PMID- 2417642
TI  - [Effect of verapamil on the molecular characteristics of myocardial actomyosin in
      experimental ischemia].
AB  - Verapamil was shown to be able to recover a significantly depressed actomyosin
      ATPase activity of the unaffected left ventricular area in experimental
      myocardial ischemia. The drug also increased Ca-sensitivity of the ATPase
      reaction, with the amount of actomyosin components (Tn-1, LCM-1, LCM-2, Tn-C)
      almost reaching the control level. The possibility of direct interaction of
      verapamil with Ca-binding sites on actomyosin macromolecule is suggested. Its
      influence on metabolism and gene expression is not excluded.

PMID- 2417643
TI  - The control of complement activation by the blood cells in paroxysmal nocturnal
      hemoglobinuria.

PMID- 2417645
TI  - Selective cytotoxicity of 125I-labeled monoclonal antibody T101 in human
      malignant T cell lines.
AB  - The radiolabeled anti-T cell antibody T101 can be used for specific tumor
      localization, but unlabeled T101 produces limited cytotoxicity in patients. We
      thus studied the in vitro cytotoxic effects of T101 labeled with 125I, a
      radionuclide known for its short-range, high-linear-energy electrons. We showed
      that 125I-T101 could be readily prepared at high specific activity with high
      immunoreactivity. Human malignant T cell lines HUT 102, MOLT-4, and HUT 78 were
      found to differ in the number of T65 determinants (the antigen recognized by
      T101) and the sensitivity to external x-ray radiation, which were of significance
      for the cytotoxicity of 125I-T101 in vitro. The cytotoxic effects of 125I-T101
      were also found to be dose dependent and increased with exposure time under
      frozen conditions. As controls, unlabeled T101 had no cytotoxic effect, while
      free Na 125I or the 125I-labeled irrelevant antibody 9.2.27 exerted minor
      cytotoxicity. In HUT 102 and MOLT-4, more than 3 logs' cell killing was achieved
      within four weeks. Because considerable cytotoxicity was demonstrated in vitro by
      125I-T101 on T65-positive malignant cells, and because low-dose 111In-T101 can be
      used successfully for tumor localization, future trials using 125I-T101 at high
      specific radioactivity may improve therapeutic results in patients with T65
      positive malignancies.

PMID- 2417644
TI  - Alpha thalassemia and the hematology of homozygous sickle cell disease in
      childhood.
AB  - alpha Thalassemia modifies the hematologic expression of homozygous sickle cell
      (SS) disease, resulting in increased total hemoglobin and HbA2 and decreased HbF,
      mean cell volume, reticulocytes, irreversibly sickled cells, and bilirubin
      levels. The age at which these changes develop in children with SS disease is
      unknown. Ascertainment of globin gene status in a large representative sample of
      children with SS disease has afforded an opportunity to study the hematologic
      indices in nine children homozygous for alpha thalassemia 2 (two-gene group), 90
      children heterozygous for alpha thalassemia 2 (three-gene group), and 167
      children with a normal alpha globin gene complement (four-gene group). The two
      gene group had significantly lower mean cell volumes from birth, higher red cell
      counts from one month, lower reticulocytes from three months, and higher HbA2
      levels from one year, as compared with the four-gene group. Children with three
      genes had intermediate indices but resembled more closely the four-gene group.
      Differences in total hemoglobin or in fetal hemoglobin between the groups were
      not apparent by eight years of age. The most characteristic differences of the
      two-gene group were the raised proportional HbA2 level and low mean cell volume,
      the latter having some predictive value for alpha thalassemia status at birth.

PMID- 2417646
TI  - Concordance of a point mutation 5' to the A gamma-globin gene with A gamma beta +
      hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin in Greeks.
AB  - In the Greek A gamma beta + type of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin
      (HPFH), adult heterozygotes produce about 20% fetal hemoglobin (HbF), which is
      predominantly of the A gamma chain variety. The affected beta-globin gene cluster
      produces near normal amounts of beta-like globin, but in a A gamma to beta ratio
      of 20:80 instead of 0.5:99.5. Gelinas et al and Collins et al have shown a G to A
      change 117 nucleotides 5' to the A gamma gene in two Greeks with A gamma beta +
      HPFH. To demonstrate that this change is not a neutral polymorphism, we carried
      out hybridization with oligonucleotide probes (19mers) specific for the normal
      and the mutant sequences. While normal probe identified the A gamma fragment in
      genomic DNA of all subjects studied, mutant probe was positive only in Greeks
      with A gamma beta + HPFH. In sum, 108 beta-globin gene clusters of individuals
      without HPFH were negative when tested with mutant probe, but all 11 affected
      individuals of six families with Greek A gamma beta + HPFH (two previously
      sequenced and four new families) were positive with mutant probe. These data
      support the conclusion that the -117 mutation is causative of A gamma beta + HPFH
      in Greeks.

PMID- 2417647
TI  - Morphometrical and immunocytochemical studies on rat pancreatic acinar cells
      under control and experimental conditions.
AB  - Process of amylase and chymotrypsinogen secretion by acinar cells has been
      studied applying morphological and biochemical approaches. Three conditions were
      investigated; resting (fed control), cholinergic stimulation and fasting.
      Morphometrical evaluations have shown that under stimulation, the volume density
      of zymogen granules decreases drastically while that of the Golgi apparatus
      increases. This may result from the enhancement in protein processing and the
      rapid discharge. Quantitation of amylase and chymotrypsinogen immunolabelings
      present over the cellular compartments has shown that there is no difference in
      the intensities between tissues from control and stimulated animals. These
      results imply that total amounts of protein processed by the Golgi apparatus are
      markedly enhanced primarily because of the increase in size of the organelle, the
      amounts of protein processed per unit surface remaining unchanged. Under
      starvation where reduction of secretion occurs, there is a significant decrease
      in the volume density of the Golgi apparatus but no variation in that of the
      zymogen granules. However, the morphological aspect of these was markedly altered
      since many of them present an electron luscent periphery which was devoid of
      immunolabeling for amylase and chymotrypsinogen. Quantitation of amylase and
      chymotrypsinogen immunolabelings has shown significant diminution for both
      enzymes. In both experimental conditions, the volume density of lysosomes was
      enhanced, however in none of these conditions evidence of crinophagy was
      observed. The morphometrical and immunocytochemical results were consistent with
      those obtained from biochemical determination of amylase and chymotrypsinogen
      contents in tissues. Correlations between results obtained from morphometric and
      immunocytochemical studies were made leading to a better understanding of the
      cellular secretory activity during experimental conditions.

PMID- 2417648
TI  - Anti-inflammatory effects of ultrasound therapy: evidence for a major placebo
      effect.
AB  - The value of therapeutic ultrasound (US) for reducing inflammation was tested in
      a double-blind controlled study in 150 patients following surgical removal of
      impacted lower third molars. Facial swelling, trismus, pain and serum C-reactive
      protein (CRP) were significantly reduced in the US-treated groups and in a
      placebo group ('mock' US) compared with an untreated control group. The majority
      of the anti-inflammatory activity was attributable to the placebo effect, and the
      highest intensity of US (1.5 W.cm-2) was consistently less beneficial than the
      lower intensities (0.1 and 0.5 W.cm-2) and the mock US.

PMID- 2417649
TI  - A double-blind controlled trial of a new alpha-1 blocking drug in the treatment
      of bladder outflow obstruction.
AB  - Thirty-one patients with urodynamically proven bladder outflow obstruction were
      treated with Alfuzosin in a 3-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The
      irritative symptoms of bladder outflow obstruction were improved significantly in
      the treatment group, according to both objective and subjective evaluation. There
      was no objective evidence of a reduction in outflow resistance or obstruction in
      either group.

PMID- 2417650
TI  - DNA/RNA ratio in bladder cancer: a factor indicating the recurrence rate?
AB  - Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to monitor 24 patients receiving intravesical
      mitomycin C (MMC) therapy. The patients were selected for MMC therapy because of
      multiple low stage bladder tumours which had not been cleared by previous
      endoscopic management. The response to treatment was monitored with cystoscopy,
      cytology, mucosal biopsies and flow cytometry. Follow-up was for a minimum of 12
      months and 19 patients (79%) remained free of tumour. Four patients developed
      recurrences 6 months after therapy (16.5%) and one showed no response. There were
      no partial responders. The flow patterns of the four patients who developed
      recurrence showed an increased RNA/DNA ratio; this was detected after the third
      MMC instillation and remained throughout the follow-up period. The patients who
      did not develop recurrence demonstrated either a 1:1 or decreased RNA/DNA ratio.
      The increased RNA/DNA ratio appears to precede cystoscopic, urine cytology or
      biopsy evidence of recurrence. If this is confirmed in a larger series it could
      be used to select patients at high risk for recurrence who would be suitable for
      alternative therapy.

PMID- 2417651
TI  - Serum and tissue tumour markers in seminomas.
AB  - The serum expression of the tumour markers hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase (HBD),
      beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta HCG), alphafetoprotein (alpha FP) and
      placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) has been assessed in a consecutive series
      of 50 patients with pure seminoma. In pre-orchiectomy sera from 15 patients with
      stage I disease, HBD was elevated in 5, beta HCG in 3, alpha FP in 1 and PLAP in
      1 (of 3 only). In 27 patients with stage 2 or 3 disease, prior to chemotherapy,
      serum HBD was elevated in 19, beta HCG in 11, alpha FP in 2 and PLAP in 10 (of
      18). The presence of beta HCG was investigated immunocytochemically in primary
      tumour tissue from 39 patients. It was demonstrated in 6 of 21 tumours from
      patients with stage I disease and 5 of 18 with stage 2 or 3 disease.

PMID- 2417652
TI  - Clinical stage II non-seminomatous germ cell testicular tumours. Results of
      management by primary chemotherapy.
AB  - Between 1977 and 1984, 92 patients with clinical Stage II non-seminomatous germ
      cell testicular tumours were treated by primary chemotherapy, with surgery
      reserved for the excision of persisting masses. Eighty patients (87%) are alive
      and disease-free: 96% for Stages IIA and IIB and 74% for Stage IIC. Of 43 Stage
      IIA, B and C patients treated with bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin (BEP), 40
      (93%) are disease-free. For the whole group there was a significant difference
      between the outcome of treatment in patients with retroperitoneal masses greater
      than 8 cm in transverse diameter compared with those in whom masses were less
      than 8 cm, the disease-free rates being 54 and 97% respectively. Primary
      histology did not influence the outcome of treatment. However, whereas 51% of
      patients with teratocarcinoma had masses resected after chemotherapy, only 26% of
      embryonal carcinoma patients came to surgery. The results obtained in this series
      are as good as those obtained when lymph node dissection is employed as the
      initial form of treatment. The avoidance of surgery with preservation of
      ejaculatory function in 78% of Stage IIA and IIB patients argues in favour, of an
      initially non-surgical approach to management.

PMID- 2417653
TI  - Comparison of clinical scores and acute phase proteins in the assessment of acute
      Crohn's disease.
AB  - Fifty-two patients with Crohn's disease have been assessed using acute phase
      proteins and a scoring system. Thirty-nine underwent operation and intra
      abdominal abscesses were found in seventeen. Both scores and acute phase proteins
      have been shown to reflect inflammation due to secondary sepsis in addition to
      that from active Crohn's disease. The scores were higher, and acute phase changes
      greater, in patients with sepsis than those without. By choosing a threshold for
      each variable that excludes patients without sepsis it has been found that a
      score greater than 181, ESR greater than 45 mm/h, CRP greater than 33 mg/l,
      orosomucoid greater than 1.8 g/l and albumin less than 26.7 g/l identify sepsis
      with a specificity greater than 95 per cent and sensitivity greater than 35 per
      cent. Over 70 per cent of patients with abscesses exceeded one or more of these
      thresholds. We believe that operative management should be strongly considered if
      one or more of these criteria are positive as such patients have a greater than
      90 per cent chance of having an intra-abdominal abscess. This will prevent these
      abscesses eroding into adjacent viscera or to the surface with resulting fistula
      formation.

PMID- 2417654
TI  - Neuropeptides and dopamine in the marmoset. Effect of treatment with 1-methyl-4
      phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): an animal model for Parkinson's
      disease?
AB  - Neurochemical studies of post-mortem human parkinsonian brains have demonstrated
      specific alterations in neuropeptide concentrations within the substantia nigra
      and striatal structures. The drug, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been reported to act as a selective toxin to
      nigrostriatal dopamine neurons, and induces a parkinsonian-like syndrome in
      primates. In this study, marmosets developed features typical of Parkinson's
      disease following treatment with MPTP for four days. The effects of MPTP
      treatment on the concentrations of dopamine and neuropeptides were determined and
      changes compared with those reported for Parkinson's disease. It was found that
      within the substantia nigra, substance P concentrations doubled following
      treatment with MPTP; in contrast, concentrations of vasoactive intestinal peptide
      and neuropeptide Y were significantly reduced. No changes were observed in the
      concentrations of six other neuropeptides measured in this region, notably
      cholecystokinin. Despite marked depletion of dopamine within the caudate nucleus
      and putamen, concentrations of all neuropeptides within these structures remained
      unchanged with the exception of an isolated reduction of neuropeptide Y within
      the putamen. Somatostatin concentrations within the frontal cortex and
      hippocampus were significantly elevated in the marmosets treated with MPTP. These
      neuropeptide changes in the CNS contrast with those reported for Parkinson's
      disease. In view of the autonomic dysfunction associated with Parkinson's
      disease, peripheral concentrations of neuropeptides were determined. Significant
      depletion of neuropeptide Y was identified in the ureter, adrenal and
      cardiovascular tissue. Thus the neurochemical changes induced by MPTP may not be
      as selective as previously reported.

PMID- 2417655
TI  - Conservative features of neocortical evolution in dolphin brain.
AB  - A Golgi survey of the convexity cortex in the brain of the dolphin, Tursiops
      truncatus, has revealed many cellular characteristics which may be indicative of
      conservative cortical evolution. These include a high degree of pyramidalization,
      and an accentuation of layer II. The presence of an accentuated layer II in
      convexity cortex is a protoneocortical characteristic found in more 'primitive'
      cortical arrangements. The growth ring concepts of cortical development outward
      in concentric waves from archicortical and paleocortical origins are discussed.
      In that context we have not been able to identify cores of hyperspecialization in
      the dolphin cortex corresponding to koniocortex and gigantopyramidal areas. This
      leads us to suggest that the cortex of the dolphin reflects a condition of the
      paralimbic-parinsular stage of evolutionary development. Thus, the dolphin brain
      may serve as a model of the theoretical mammalian archetype brain and its study
      may shed light on the organization of the brains of the initial ancestors of
      modern mammals.

PMID- 2417656
TI  - Anatomoclinical correlations of the aphasias as defined through computerized
      tomography: exceptions.
AB  - We have studied the frequency of exceptions to classical aphasia localizations in
      right-handed, literate, adult, native speakers of Italian with focal vascular
      left-hemisphere lesions, correlating clinical and computerized tomography data.
      Two hundred sixty-seven subjects were given computerized tomography (CT)
      examinations; lesions were mapped onto lateral diagrams and the sites of the
      lesions were defined. Patients were then classified as nonfluent aphasics, fluent
      aphasics, and nonaphasics. Patients with negative CT scans (n = 10) or only
      "deep" lesions (n = 50) were not studied for anatomoclinical correlations. Of the
      remaining 207 patients, 36 presented unexpected findings. There were seven cases
      of fluent aphasia and "anterior" CT lesions and six cases with nonfluent aphasia
      and "posterior" CT lesions among them. The significance of these findings is
      discussed.

PMID- 2417657
TI  - Grammatical class effects in relation to normal and aphasic sentence processing.
AB  - Agrammatic, Broca's aphasic patients, Wernicke's aphasic patients, and
      neurologically intact control subjects were asked to detect target letters in
      prose passages and in a scrambled word passage. The targets were embedded, in
      some instances, in content words (open-class vocabulary items), and in other
      instances, in function words (closed-class vocabulary items). With respect to the
      prose passages, both the control subjects and Wernicke's aphasic patients were
      more apt to notice target letters when they appeared in the open-class items than
      when in closed-class items; by contrast, the agrammatic Broca's patients showed
      no vocabulary class detection difference. The Wernicke's patients were not
      entirely normal, however: Whereas the normal subjects showed a much smaller
      vocabulary class effect for letter detection in the scrambled condition, the
      Wernicke's maintained the pattern they had shown in the prose condition. These
      and other findings obtained on the letter cancellation task are discussed in
      relation to lexical access mechanisms geared to sentence parsing.

PMID- 2417658
TI  - Light and electron microscopic study of neurones in the feline lateral cervical
      nucleus with a descending projection.
AB  - Nerve cells in the feline lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) with a descending
      projection were labelled by injections of horseradish peroxidase, in most cases
      conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin. After small injections into different spinal
      cord segments in 16 cats the labelled cells were found mainly in the rostral and
      ventral portions of the ipsilateral LCN, without a detectable topographic
      organization. Massive bilateral injections were made into the cervical or lumbar
      enlargement in 6 cats. Unilateral lesions of the dorsolateral funiculus rostral
      to the injections generally prevented labelling of LCN cells on the same side.
      The other side was used to calculate the total number of descending LCN neurones
      and it was estimated that approximately 500 cells projected down the spinal cord.
      Comparison with the number of labelled cells after the small injections revealed
      that the descending LCN neurones projected to an average of at least two spinal
      segments. Quantitative ultrastructural analyses were made of 17 descending
      neurones from 7 cats subjected to massive unilateral injections into the cervical
      or lumbar enlargement. The labelled cells constituted a fairly homogeneous
      population with respect to the investigated somatic and dendritic features. The
      morphology and relative frequency of the descending neurones indicate that they
      may constitute parts of the subpopulation of small LCN cells that have previously
      been assumed to consist of locally ramifying interneurones.

PMID- 2417659
TI  - Transganglionic transport of HRP from the circumvallate papilla of the rat.
AB  - To learn whether horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in gustatory papillae on
      the tongue can be used to study central topographical projections of taste buds
      and papillae, injections were made into the circumvallate papilla in rats.
      Labeled central projections after papilla injections were compared to projections
      after applying HRP to the cut glossopharyngeal nerve. Papilla injections result
      in HRP transport by afferent and efferent fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve,
      and the pattern of central projections is similar to that after labeling the cut
      nerve. Projections include a separation in the brainstem of afferent, dorsally
      located fibers and efferent, ventrally located fibers. Afferent fibers project to
      the solitary nucleus and the trigeminal system. Efferent projections label muscle
      motorneurons in the nucleus ambiguus and the cells of origin of parasympathetic
      preganglionic fibers, which from the inferior salivatory nucleus. The
      parasympathetic neurons labeled after papilla projections are preganglionic
      fibers to Remak's ganglia in the tongue; post-ganglionic fibers of these ganglia
      are the secretomotor supply to the von Ebner's glands. In summary, injections of
      HRP into gustatory papillae reliably label central projections of the papilla and
      can be used for studies to discern topography in central projections of the taste
      system. Injections into the circumvallate papilla also have demonstrated that the
      parasympathetic neurons innervating von Ebner's glands are located in the
      inferior salivatory nucleus.

PMID- 2417660
TI  - An HRP study of afferent connections of the supracommissural ventral
      telencephalon and the medial preoptic area in hime salmon (landlocked red salmon,
      Oncorhynchus nerka).
AB  - The supracommissural ventral telencephalon and the medial preoptic area have been
      shown to play important roles in the sexual behavior of hime salmon (landlocked
      red salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka). In the present study, the sites of neurons
      projecting to these regions were examined by means of the retrograde horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP) tracing method. The morphology of neurons in these sites of
      origin was also studied by means of the Golgi method. The nucleus preopticus
      periventricularis and the rostral part of nucleus preopticus (NPP-rNPO) received
      bilateral projections from the middle parts of the area ventralis telencephali
      pars ventralis (Vv) and the area ventralis telencephali pars dorsalis (Vd), NPP
      and lateral part of the preoptic area (LPOA), ipsilateral projections from the
      caudal part of Vv, nucleus anterioris periventricularis (NAPv), nucleus
      ventromedialis thalami (NVM) at the level of the posterior commissure, nucleus
      lateralis tuberis pars medialis (NLTm), nucleus anterior tuberis (NAT), nucleus
      saccus vasculosus (NSV), nucleus recessus posterioris (NRP) and midbrain
      tegmentum (TG), and a projection from the nucleus posterior tuberis (NPT), which
      is situated on the midline of the brain. The area ventralis telencephali pars
      supracommissuralis and neighboring caudal ventral telencephalon (Vs-cV) received
      ipsilateral projections from almost all parts of the Vv, the middle and caudal
      parts of Vd, almost all parts of the NNP, the NPO at the level between the
      habenula and the posterior commissure, and the rostral part of the nucleus
      dorsomedialis thalami (NDM). The Vs-cV also received a projection from NPT. These
      findings seem to give anatomical bases for understanding the neural mechanisms
      involved in sexual behavior as well as neuroendocrine functions.

PMID- 2417661
TI  - Comparison of the substance P- and dynorphin-containing projections to the
      substantia nigra: a radioimmunocytochemical and biochemical study.
AB  - A series of knife cuts were made in the striatonigral pathway and changes in
      dynorphin B (Dyn) and substance P (SP) input to the substantia nigra were
      examined using radiolabeled antibodies and radioimmunoassay (RIA). Cryostat cut
      sections were incubated with primary antibody followed by a secondary antibody
      labeled with 125I. Apposition of the radiolabeled sections to LKB Ultrofilm
      generated an image that was qualified by computerized optical densitometry. The
      striatonigral system served as a model system for comparing the quantitative
      capabilities of radioimmunocytochemistry with RIA. The results indicated a strong
      correlation between optical densitometry measurements and RIA for both Dyn (r =
      0.97) and SP (r = 0.98) antisera. This suggests that radioimmunocytochemistry may
      be used for quantitative, as well as, qualitative descriptions of the
      distribution of tissue antigens. Knife cuts separating the rostral caudate
      putamen from the substantia nigra resulted in less than 40% depletion of
      dynorphin and substance P in the nigra pars reticulata, leaving the levels of
      both peptides relatively unchanged in the pars lateralis. More caudal knife cuts
      resulted in progressively greater depletions of both peptides in the pars
      reticulata and pars lateralis.

PMID- 2417662
TI  - Coexistence of pancreatic polypeptide and substance P in the chicken retina.
AB  - The present immunohistochemical study using flat-mounted and frozen sections has
      revealed that in the chicken retina, pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-, such as avian
      pancreatic polypeptide (APP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and substance P (SP)-like
      immunoreactive (PPI and SPI) amacrine cells are composed of more heterogeneous
      subpopulations than has hitherto been supposed. Furthermore, using double
      staining immunohistochemical procedures, we demonstrate that a substantial
      proportion of some subtypes of PPI cells contain SPI and that the ratio of both
      PPI and SPI cells to total immunoreactive cells differs according to the retinal
      portions and cell types.

PMID- 2417663
TI  - Projections of the rat trigeminal sensory nuclear complex demonstrated by
      multiple fluorescent dye retrograde transport.
AB  - The fluorescent dyes True Blue, Fast Blue, Nuclear Yellow and SITS were used to
      examine the connections of the rat brainstem sensory trigeminal nuclear complex
      (nV). Particular attention was paid to the following questions: do individual
      trigeminal neurons project to multiple targets via axon collaterals; and do
      primary afferent inputs to the various regions of nV arise from individual cells?
      Pairs of injections, using contrasting dyes, were made into the following target
      area combinations: ventrobasal thalamus-ipsilateral superior colliculus,
      cerebellum-contralateral thalamus, nucleus principalis of nV-contralateral
      thalamus, and nucleus principalis of nV-subnucleus caudalis of spinal nV. In
      general, numerous neurons throughout all subdivisions of nV and within the
      trigeminal ganglion were labeled by a single dye following the injections. In
      addition, many cells in a similar distribution were found to be doubly-labeled
      following such injection combination. These data demonstrate the existence of
      significant subpopulations of first- and second-order neurons that project to
      multiple targets via divergent axonal ramifications throughout the rat sensory
      trigeminal system.

PMID- 2417664
TI  - Axonal transport of substance P-like immunoreactivity in regenerating rat sciatic
      nerve.
AB  - Anterograde axonal transport of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI)
      decreases after injury (crush or resection) to rat sciatic nerve. If the axons
      regenerate a partial recovery of transport occurs. If regeneration is impeded the
      decrease in transport is more severe and prolonged. No changes in the proportion
      of mobile SPLI (31%) or transport velocity (10.0 mm/h) occur. The decrease in
      SPLI transport largely accounts for the decline in SPLI content which occurs in
      nerve following injury and probably reflects decreased cell body synthesis.

PMID- 2417665
TI  - Serotonergic mechanisms in brains of suicide victims.
AB  - Serotonergic mechanisms have been investigated in postmortem brain samples from
      controls and suicide victims. The concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine
      (serotonin; 5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were determined in
      occipital cortex and hippocampus and the high-affinity binding of ligands to the
      5-HT1, 5-HT2 and imipramine-binding sites was assessed in frontal cortex,
      occipital cortex and hippocampus. The only significant difference between the two
      groups was a modest increase in 5-HIAA levels in the hippocampus of suicide
      victims. There was no evidence to suggest that those suicide victims with a
      clinical history of depression represented a subgroup with altered metabolite
      levels or binding values. The storage conditions of the samples were not related
      to the metabolite levels or binding values. There was, however, a significant
      positive correlation between [3H]imipramine binding and age in some brain
      regions. The results do not provide any evidence of gross alterations in 5-HT
      mechanisms in suicide or depression.

PMID- 2417666
TI  - In vivo measurement of spontaneous release and metabolism of dopamine from
      intrastriatal nigral grafts using intracerebral dialysis.
AB  - Spontaneous release and metabolism of dopamine (DA) from intrastriatal grafts of
      fetal mesencephalic DA neurons was measured by intracerebral dialysis.
      Mesencephalic DA cell suspensions were implanted into the head of the caudate
      putamen in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the
      mesostriatal DA pathway. Four months later, when tests for amphetamine-induced
      turning behaviour showed that the grafts had become functional, loops of dialysis
      tubing were implanted into the striatum on the grafted side and the contralateral
      non-lesioned side of the grafted rats, and in a similar position in the
      denervated caudate-putamen of 6-OHDA lesioned control rats. Dialysis perfusates
      collected from the 6-OHDA lesioned striata showed a reduction of about 95-98% in
      DA and its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic
      acid (HVA). In the grafted animals these levels had recovered to about 40% of
      control for DA and to 12-16% of control for HVA and DOPAC. In addition, the
      serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was increased in the
      grafted striata compared to both the lesioned and non-lesioned controls.
      Amphetamine had little or no effect on DA release in the 6-OHDA lesioned rats,
      but caused a marked increase in DA release in the grafted rats, this response
      being proportional to that seen in intact striata. Since the subsequent
      histochemical analysis showed that the dialysis probe had been located in the
      transplant-reinnervated part of the caudate-putamen, the results provide
      additional evidence that the grafted DA neurons exert their functional effects
      through a continuous active transmitter release from their newly-established
      terminals in the reinnervated host target.

PMID- 2417667
TI  - Selective interruption of axonal transport of neurofilament proteins in the
      visual system by beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) intoxication.
AB  - Beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) is an agent that produces a marked
      impairment in the transport of neurofilaments. Its effect on other slowly
      transported cytoskeletal components such as tubulin and actin is variable.
      Previous studies have evaluated transport of neurofilaments after IDPN
      intoxication in a neurofilament-rich system (sciatic motor nerves) and in a
      system devoid of neurofilaments (axons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus).
      In the former, IDPN impairs the transport of tubulin and actin but to a lesser
      degree than it does neurofilament proteins. In the latter, tubulin and actin
      transport were not impaired, and neurofilament proteins were not present. In this
      study we evaluated the transport of the cytoskeletal components in a system with
      an intermediate amount of neurofilaments (the visual system). In the visual
      system, there is a selective and marked (50%) impairment in the transport of
      neurofilaments with no impairment in transport of tubulin or microtubule
      associated proteins (tau group). We conclude that these different patterns of
      impairment in transport reflect the differences in pre-intoxication neurofilament
      content of the nerves examined, the effect of IDPN on the transport of the other
      components of slow transport being secondary to the presence of stagnated
      neurofilaments. This model also suggests that transport of neurofilaments can be
      selectively impaired without producing an effect on other major slow transport
      components.

PMID- 2417668
TI  - Identified octopaminergic neurons modulate contractions of locust visceral muscle
      via adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP).
AB  - D,L-Octopamine elevates the cyclic AMP content of the lateral oviduct of the
      locust, Locusta migratoria, in a dose-dependent manner with a threshold of about
      10(-8) M. The effect of octopamine is potentiated by the phosphodiesterase
      inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). The response is specific for
      octopamine and synephrine with an order of potency being octopamine = synephrine
      greater than metanephrine greater than tyramine greater than norepinephrine =
      dopamine = 5-hydroxytryptamine and the effect of octopamine is inhibited by the
      alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine. The diterpene adenylate
      cyclase activator forskolin also elevates cyclic AMP levels and IBMX potentiates
      the action of forskolin. Stimulation of the two identified octopaminergic neurons
      which project to the lateral oviducts results in an elevation in cyclic AMP and
      again this effect is blocked by phentolamine. Elevation of cyclic AMP levels in
      the lateral oviducts by means of IBMX, forskolin or dibutyryl cyclic AMP mimics
      the physiological effects of octopamine on this preparation. The results indicate
      that the octopaminergic control of this insect's visceral muscle is mediated via
      cyclic AMP.

PMID- 2417669
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid amino acid and monoamine metabolite levels of Papio papio:
      correlation with photosensitivity.
AB  - Several putative neurotransmitter amino acids and monoamine metabolites were
      measured in the cerebrospinal fluid of spontaneously photosensitive baboons
      (Papio papio) at different periods with varying degrees of photosensitivity in
      the same animals. At maximum photosensitivity the inhibitory amino acids gamma
      aminobutyric acid and taurine were lower, and those of asparagine (metabolite of
      the excitatory amino acid aspartate) were higher, than when the animals were not
      photosensitive. Thus a decreased inhibition and perhaps increased excitation
      correlates with the level of photosensitivity.

PMID- 2417670
TI  - Hypothalamic opioids and the acute-phase glycoprotein response in guinea pigs.
AB  - Endogenous opioids (EO) probably do not modulate endotoxin (LPS)- or interleukin
      1 (IL1)-induced fever because naloxone does not prevent its development. Yet,
      increases in CSF and hypothalamic levels of beta-endorphin have been reported
      during LPS-and IL1-induced fevers. Since IL1 also reduces the specific binding of
      opioids to their receptors in guinea pig brain, the opioids could be involved in
      modulating nonfebrile effects of IL1. To determine whether EO might have a role
      in the IL1-induced acute-phase glycoprotein response of guinea pigs, (1) naloxone
      (5 and 10 mg/kg, SC) was injected prior to LPS (S. enteritidis 2 micrograms/kg,
      IV; N = 5), and (2) morphine (MOR, 10 micrograms/microliter), [D-ala2]-met
      enkephalinamide (DAME, 5 micrograms/microliter), or dynorphin A (DYN, 5
      micrograms/microliter) was injected into the preoptic area (1 microliter,
      bilaterally; N = 8/treatment) or into the 3rd ventricle (N = 4/treatment);
      pyrogen-free saline was the control injection. Measurements were: core
      temperature (Tco) and, as indices of acute-phase glycoproteins, plasma levels of
      copper (Cu) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA). Naloxone did not prevent the
      fever or the increases in plasma Cu and NANA levels evoked by LPS. The
      intracerebral administration of opioid agonists by either route induced variable
      rises in Tco, each with a different pattern, but no increases in plasma Cu and
      NANA levels. Thus, EO do not participate in the central modulation of acute-phase
      glycoprotein synthesis, but may have a role in influencing other nonthermal IL1
      effects in the CNS.

PMID- 2417671
TI  - Potential applications of monoclonal antibodies in cancer diagnosis and therapy.

PMID- 2417672
TI  - [Differential pulse voltammetry: focus on the measurement of 5-hydroxyindole
      compounds and uric acid in the brain].
AB  - The electrochemical signal obtained at the +300 mV potential (peak 3) in rats
      implanted for more than one week could be dependent upon extracellular fraction
      of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) since a single injection of Pargyline is
      sufficient to suppress it in caudate and raphe dorsalis nuclei. In contrast, in
      rats implanted for less than one week, this signal could be dependent upon
      extracellular fractions of 5-HIAA and uric acid since consecutive injections of
      Pargyline and Allopurinol are necessary to suppress it.

PMID- 2417673
TI  - [Characterization of chromosomal aberrations induced in man by various
      antimitotic agents].
AB  - Six antitumoral drugs were tested in human lymphocytes cultures. Our observations
      pointed out specific abnormalities beside more usual chromosomal aberrations.
      These lesions are mainly telomeric and chromatidic fusions, chromomerisations and
      despiralizations. We present an interpretation of these abnormalities.

PMID- 2417674
TI  - Specific diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma by delayed hepatobiliary imaging.
AB  - For assessment of the value of delayed hepatobiliary imaging with technetium 99m
      (99mTc)-(Sn)-N-pyridoxyl-5-methyltryptophan (99mTc-PMT) for specific diagnosis of
      hepatocellular carcinoma, 88 patients with various malignant and benign liver
      diseases (49 with hepatocellular carcinoma, 4 with cholangiocellular carcinoma,
      10 with metastatic liver carcinoma, 2 with liver cysts, 2 with liver hemangioma,
      1 with liver abscess, 2 with intrahepatic lithiasis, 12 with liver cirrhosis, and
      6 with chronic hepatitis) were studied. In 20 (41%) of the 49 patients with
      hepatocellular carcinoma, greater uptake of 99mTc-PMT by the tumor than by the
      surrounding liver tissue was seen in delayed hepatobiliary images, whereas in
      eight patients (16%), equilibrated uptake was seen. No increased uptake of the
      radioisotope by hepatic lesions was seen in 21 patients with localized liver
      diseases other than hepatoma. Moreover, in 18 patients with diffuse liver
      diseases, no focal accumulation of the radioisotope was seen in delayed 99mTc-PMT
      images. In addition, of 28 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in whom the
      serum alpha-fetoprotein level showed little or no increase, 12 showed increased
      uptake of 99mTc-PMT by the tumor. In assessing delayed 99mTc-PMT images, however,
      it was necessary to consider following complications: accumulation of tracer in
      obstructed and dilated biliary trees; retention of radioactivity in nonneoplastic
      liver tissues; difficulties in evaluating 99mTc-PMT uptake by small hepatic
      tumors; overlapping of radioactivity in the gut and gallbladder in delayed 99mTc
      PMT images of tumors. This study indicates that delayed 99mTc-PMT images can be
      useful in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.

PMID- 2417675
TI  - Peanut agglutinin. A useful marker for histiocytosis X and interdigitating
      reticulum cells.
AB  - We studied the peanut agglutinin (PNA) staining patterns of histiocytosis X (H-X)
      (three cases, including one case of Letterer-Siwe disease) and well-characterized
      cases of malignant histiocytosis (two cases) and monoblastic leukemia (one case)
      in paraffin-embedded specimens. H-X cells showed staining identical to that of
      interdigitating reticulum cells, with unique paranuclear and cell surface
      deposits of reaction products. Thus, H-X cells were easily distinguished from
      benign macrophage-histiocytes, which show diffuse cytoplasmic staining, and
      malignant cells of malignant histiocytosis and monoblastic leukemia, which did
      not stain with PNA, PNA staining proved more useful than Leu-M1 antibody for this
      purpose, since neither interdigitating reticulum cells in ten reactive lymph
      nodes nor Langerhans'-type cells in three cases of H-X were stained with Leu-M1
      antibody. These observations support a close relationship between H-X cells and
      interdigitating reticulum cells, and demonstrate the usefulness of PNA for the
      identification of these cells in paraffin-embedded material.

PMID- 2417676
TI  - Laser photocoagulation in the palliative treatment of upper digestive tract
      tumors.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of laser photocoagulation in the palliative treatment of
      patients with esophageal and gastric cancer was evaluated in a series of 15
      patients. Fourteen patients suffered from adenocarcinoma and 1 from
      carcinosarcoma. In esophageal tumors, obstruction was present in 6, bleeding in
      1, and obstruction and bleeding in 3. Gastric bleeding necessitated treatment in
      five. All patients suffered from severe end-stage disease. Luminal patency was
      restored in five patients with esophageal obstruction. Hemostasis was achieved in
      all bleeding esophageal and gastric cancers. Favorable response was also obtained
      in two of the three patients with a combination of esophageal obstruction and
      bleeding. The beneficial effect was remarkable; only a few laser sessions over a
      short period were needed. All patients could be discharged at short notice, and
      further laser treatment could be continued on an outpatient basis. Major
      complications were not encountered. The results in the patients show that laser
      photocoagulation can be a useful, efficacious, and safe tool in palliation for
      obstruction and/or bleeding in the upper intestinal tract.

PMID- 2417678
TI  - Does more intense palliative treatment improve overall survival in metastatic
      breast cancer patients?
AB  - A retrospective review of 483 women who had metastatic breast cancer and were
      treated between 1942 and 1975 was carried out to examine the effects of improving
      and aggressive palliative modalities on patient survival. There was a steady
      increase in the proportion of patients treated by chemotherapy and/or hormonal
      ablative therapy. Additive hormonal therapy, irradiation, and surgery for
      palliation decreased in frequency during the same period. Survival time from the
      first recurrence did not appear to increase in these patients over the period of
      this study. In spite of increasingly sophisticated palliative therapies, the
      survival time of patients with metastasis did not appear to be significantly
      prolonged.

PMID- 2417677
TI  - Differential macromolecular leakage from the vasculature of tumors.
AB  - Tumor-induced neovascularization is essential for invasion, metastases, and
      exponential growth of solid tumors. The authors studied the differences in
      macromolecular leakage from the neovasculature of a fast-growing, early
      metastasizing tumor, the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, and a slow-growing,
      nonmetastasizing tumor, a rat chondrosarcoma. A 1-mm3 piece of the Walker 256
      carcinoma or the chondrosarcoma was implanted in the cremaster muscle of rats.
      Five days after surgery the cremaster muscle with the implanted tumor was placed
      in a special bath containing Krebs solution such that the circulation and nerves
      from the animal to the cremaster were intact. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled
      rat serum albumin (FITC-RSA) was injected (intra-arterially) into each rat to
      permit visualization of the vasculature by fluorescent microscopy. A closed
      circuit television system was used to quantitate macromolecular leakage as a
      change in interstitial fluorescent intensity. Data are given as a relative
      fluorescent intensity (mean +/- standard error of the mean) in an area of the
      cremaster with tumor-induced neovascularization. These studies demonstrated that
      the vasculature induced by rapidly growing Walker 256 carcinosarcoma leak albumin
      freely when compared with the vasculature induced by the slow-growing
      chondrosarcoma. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in fluorescent
      intensity (albumin leakage) in the Walker tumor from 1 minute (24 +/- 3.0) to 30
      minutes (49 +/- 5.6). In the normal cremaster area there was a significantly
      lower fluorescent intensity in the interstitium and a very slight increase with
      time (4 +/- 1.5 at 1 minute vs. 7 +/- 1.4 at 30 minutes). One interpretation of
      these data is that the mechanisms responsible for protein leakage from the
      vasculature of the Walker tumor may be involved in the fast growth and metastases
      of this tumor as compared with slower-growing tumors such as the chondrosarcoma.

PMID- 2417679
TI  - Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by hexuronyl hexosaminoglycan sulfate.
AB  - The efficacy of heparin (HEP), the heparin analogue hexuronyl hexosaminoglycan
      sulfate (HHS), and hydrocortisone (HC) was studied in inhibiting the growth of
      four morphologically distinct pancreatic adenocarcinoma lines (CBP, LHP2, LSP3,
      and Pour-LVG) in hamsters. Animals were inoculated with LD100 doses of one of the
      four tumor lines and were randomly allocated to groups of five animals, which
      received in their drinking water either: HEP (1000 U/ml) alone, HHS (10 mg/ml)
      alone, HC (0.5 mg/ml) alone, HEP plus HC, HHS plus HC, or no additives (control).
      Tumors were measured, growth rates calculated, and nonparametric statistical
      comparisons made among the median growth rates of all of the treatment groups.
      All four tumors were tested in the rabbit cornea assay for their ability to
      induce angiogenesis. Extracts of tumors from control animals as well as from
      animals treated with HHS plus HC were prepared for quantitative testing in vitro
      by endothelial cell migration assay. All four tumor lines caused angiogenesis as
      measured in the rabbit cornea assay. A reduction in median tumor growth rates was
      observed in animals treated with HHS plus HC bearing the CBP, Pour-LVG, and LSP3
      tumors. Similarly, in vitro capillary endothelial cell migration was decreased by
      HHS plus HC treatment in animals bearing CBP, Pour-LVG, and LSP3 tumors. Animals
      bearing the LHP2 tumor showed no effect of HHS plus HC treatment on tumor growth
      rate and no effect on endothelial cell migration. HEP alone, HHS alone, HC alone,
      and HEP plus HC showed no effect on tumor growth rate in any of the four tumors
      tested.

PMID- 2417680
TI  - Sequential methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil with bleomycin and cisplatin in the
      chemotherapy of advanced squamous cancer of the head and neck.
AB  - A bolus intravenous dose of 5-fluorouracil of 600 mg/M2 was added exactly 1 hour
      after methotrexate administration in an established combination program including
      bleomycin and cisplatin for advanced squamous cell cancer of the head and neck.
      Results were no better than those observed previously with the three drugs, and
      hematologic and mucosal toxicities were slightly worse. The overall response rate
      was 41% in 34 patients with recurrent or metastatic disease, with only 6%
      complete remissions. Median time to disease progression for responding patients
      was 14 weeks, compared with 10 weeks for nonresponders. Partial response had
      little impact on survival. Among 12 patients with far-advanced disease confined
      above the clavicles without prior radiotherapy, 9 (75%) achieved partial
      remission, but the median survival, even with later surgery or irradiation, was
      only 34 weeks.

PMID- 2417681
TI  - An assessment of the long-term results of controlling the reaccumulation of
      malignant effusions using intracavity bleomycin.
AB  - Fifty-four consecutive patients with malignant effusions either pleural or
      peritoneal were treated by a simple aspiration followed by the administration of
      bleomycin to prevent a recurrence. All patients were followed up until
      reaccumulation of the effusion or death, with assessments being made of the
      patient's response at 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, 6 months, 1 year and then
      annually. There were 42 evaluable patients at 30 days, when the overall response
      rate for pleural effusions was 80.5% (21/26) and 62.5% (10/16) for peritoneal
      effusions. Patients who developed an effusion from primary breast neoplasms
      responded better than other groups, with an overall rate of 81% and 80% for
      pleural and peritoneal effusions respectively. Thirty percent (13) of the
      patients whose effusions was controlled by bleomycin required a further
      aspiration due to a recurrent effusions 9% (4) within the first 90 days and the
      remainder 21% (9) between 3 and 45 months after initial treatment. Altogether 19%
      (8/42) of the evaluable patients were effusion free at 1 year and 12% (5/42)
      clear at 3 years, but only two patients were still alive at four years. Side
      effects were minimal as 92% (50/54) patients treated experienced no adverse
      effects and there was no evidence of myelosuppression. The dose of bleomycin
      instilled varied between 60 mg and 180 mg, with 60 mg being given to 58% of
      patients and 90 mg to 30%, but there was no evidence to suggest that doses higher
      than 60 mg were more effective. The author concludes that the instillation of
      bleomycin following the simple aspiration of a malignant effusion is a safe,
      effective treatment which can benefit patients with this distressing complication
      of their malignant disease.

PMID- 2417682
TI  - Malignant myoepithelioma of the breast. An immunohistochemical study by light and
      electron microscopy.
AB  - Myoepitheliomas of the breast are extremely rare; only four cases have been
      reported to date. It is not clear whether these tumors behave in a benign or
      malignant fashion, and no metastatic spread has been documented. We report a
      myoepithelioma of the breast with metastatic spread to an axillary lymph node.
      Myoepithelial cell (MEC) differentiation in the tumor was characterized using
      electron microscopic (EM) criteria. Immunologic investigations at the LM and EM
      levels showed that the tumor cells were positive for S100 protein, actin, and
      epidermal cytokeratin; these findings are indicative of MEC differentiation. By
      immuno-EM, cytokeratin filaments were present in a perinuclear location, while
      actin filaments were concentrated along the cell periphery. To the authors'
      knowledge, this is the first report of a breast myoepithelioma that has
      metastasized and also the first report of the immunologic characterization of a
      myoepithelioma at the light and electron microscopic levels.

PMID- 2417683
TI  - Nonepithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. A
      clinicopathologic study. XIV: Chordomas.
AB  - Twenty cases of a rare tumor, chordoma involving the nasal cavity, paranasal
      sinuses, or nasopharynx, are reported. Patients most often had localized
      headache, nasal obstruction, decreased hearing, or symptoms related to cranial
      nerve involvement, especially diplopia. A mass bulging into the nasopharynx,
      posterior nasal cavity, or pharynx was found on physical examination in 13 of
      these 20 patients, and in another 6 patients on radiologic examination. Paralysis
      of one or more cranial nerves was identified in the majority of patients who had
      tumors involving the upper nasopharynx. On radiologic examination, bone
      destruction was frequently identified in the clivus and sphenoid areas, and less
      commonly in the cervical vertebrae. Each patient had biopsy-proven tumor in the
      nasopharynx or sphenoid areas. Patients usually were treated by combinations of
      surgery and radiotherapy, in some cases leading to prolonged periods of apparent
      tumor control. Radiotherapy frequently resulted in regression of symptoms,
      sometimes lasting many months or years. A few tumors that involved mainly the
      lower nasopharynx were more amenable to surgical resection, in one case leading
      to apparent tumor control. In those cases with adequate follow-up information,
      most patients had either died of their disease or were living with recurrent or
      persistent inoperable tumor. Some patients lived for many months or years between
      recurrences or with known tumor, indicating that chordomas often are slowly
      growing neoplasms. The histologic features of these chordomas are described and
      illustrated, and the histopathologic differential diagnosis is discussed.

PMID- 2417684
TI  - Hepatitis-B as a prognostic discriminant in patients with primary liver cancer.
AB  - The prognostic significance of positive serologic determination of hepatitis-B
      was investigated in 137 patients with primary liver cancer seen over a 6-year
      period in Pretoria. The median survival time of the 137 patients was 93 days.
      Patients who were anicteric had a longer survival. Patients who showed positive
      results for hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) had a median survival time of 135
      days, (39 patients) whereas patients who were HBsAg-negative had a median
      survival time of 96 days (66 patients). In 57 patients, one or more of the
      serologic determinations, HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBe, and/or anti-HBc, were
      positive. Their median survival was 118 days. When HBsAg positivity (or
      negativity) is corrected for bilirubin, the median survival time remains a
      function of the bilirubin.

PMID- 2417685
TI  - Granulocytic sarcoma with an indolent course and destructive skeletal disease.
      Tumor characterization with immunologic markers, electron microscopy,
      cytochemistry, and cytogenetic studies.
AB  - A 6-year-old girl with a granulocytic sarcoma (GS) of the left maxillary sinus
      that followed a uniquely indolent clinical course (3.5 years) and was associated
      with highly destructive skeletal disease is described. The tumor cells
      demonstrated an unusual hematogenous "homing" preference for bone and soft tissue
      sites. Tumor cell characterization with immunologic markers, electron microscopy,
      cytochemistry, and cytogenetic studies revealed that the tumor cells expressed
      OKM1 and MMA (Leu-M1), but not HLA-DR, B-, or T-cell markers. The cells were
      nonspecific esterase- and myeloperoxidase-positive, had ultrastructural features
      of promyelocytes, and were clonal. The laboratory characterization of the tumor
      cells in this clinically unusual case of GS illustrates the utility of monoclonal
      antibodies, applied in conjunction with cytochemistry and ultrastructural
      analysis, in establishing the specific diagnosis, cell lineage, and maturational
      stage of this tumor.

PMID- 2417686
TI  - Biphenotypic lymphoblastic lymphoma. An unusual tumor with lymphocytic and
      granulocytic differentiation.
AB  - An unusual example of a lymphoblastic lymphoma with evidence of both T
      lymphocytic (Leu-1, Leu-2, Leu-3, OKT-6, terminal transferase-positive) and
      immature granulocytic (Mo1, chloroacetate esterase, lysozyme, alpha-1-antitrypsin
      positive) cell proliferations was studied. The tumor arose in the oropharynx of a
      39-year-old man without evidence of blood or bone marrow involvement. This tumor
      has been termed a "biphenotypic lymphoblastic lymphoma," and the origin of which
      appears to be from uncommitted progenitor cells capable of both lymphoid and
      myeloid differentiation. Biphenotypic lymphoblastic lymphomas, like biphenotypic
      leukemias, may occur more commonly than is appreciated, and may account for
      reported cases of acute myeloblastic leukemia after lymphoblastic lymphoma.

PMID- 2417687
TI  - Uncommon sites of recurrent seminoma and implications for therapy.
AB  - Three patients with advanced seminoma that metastasized to the prostate, the
      kidney, and a lumbar vertebra are presented. The implications of such metastases
      regarding the management of residual lesions after chemotherapy are discussed.

PMID- 2417688
TI  - Ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules.
AB  - A pathologic study was done on four cases of ovarian sex cord tumor with annular
      tubules. All four tumors occurred in young women (11-24 years of age) and were
      not associated with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Two patients had evidence of
      hyperestrinism. One patient who had metastasis to the retroperitoneum, left
      supraclavicular lymph node, and liver confirmed the malignant potential of this
      tumor. Gross examination revealed tumors that were solid, yellowish, and
      unilateral, with varying degrees of cystic degeneration. Microscopic examination
      showed simple or complex annular tubules with prominent basement membranes. Many
      tumor cells contained lipid in the cytoplasm. Ultrastructural study showed
      Charcot-Bottcher filaments in all four cases, indicating Sertoli cell
      differentiation. True lumens and microvilli were identified in one case. The
      classification of the sex cord tumor with annular tubules as a Sertoli cell
      tumor, annular tubular type was proposed on the basis of ultrastructural
      findings.

PMID- 2417689
TI  - Carcinoma of the superior pulmonary sulcus treated with surgery and/or radiation
      therapy.
AB  - This is a retrospective analysis of 50 patients with carcinoma of the superior
      pulmonary sulcus, treated with curative intent at the University of Florida
      between October 1964 and October 1981. Treatment groups included preoperative
      radiation therapy and surgery (40 patients), radiation therapy alone (7
      patients), and surgery with postoperative radiation therapy (3 patients). There
      was a minimum 2-year follow-up. Local control was obtained in 8 of 26 evaluable
      patients (31%) treated with preoperative radiation therapy and surgery, 2 of 6
      patients treated with radiation therapy alone, and 0 of 2 patients treated with
      surgery and postoperative radiation therapy. Twelve (30%) of 40 patients
      receiving planned preoperative radiation therapy did not undergo definitive
      surgery. Absolute survival free of disease at 5 years by treatment group for
      patients at risk was 3 of 30 (10%) with preoperative radiation therapy and
      surgery, 0 of 3 with surgery and postoperative radiation therapy, and 2 of 7 with
      radiation therapy alone. Since one third of the patients who received low- to
      moderate-dose preoperative radiation therapy did not undergo definitive surgery,
      and since there is a small but significant survival with radiation therapy alone,
      it seems unwise to give moderate-dose preoperative radiation therapy, which
      implies an unfavorable radiation technique for the unresectable cases. The
      recommendation is to treat patients with lesions believed to be resectable by
      initial surgical resection followed by high-dose radiation therapy in selected
      patients with questionable margins or positive lymph nodes. Those patients with
      borderline or apparently unresectable lesions are recommended to be treated with
      radiation therapy alone.

PMID- 2417690
TI  - Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia 5 years after treatment with cisplatin,
      vinblastine, and bleomycin for disseminated testicular cancer.
AB  - The combination of cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin (PVB) was used to treat
      a 25-year-old man for disseminated testicular germ cell cancer, leading to a
      complete remission. Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), resistant to
      chemotherapy, developed 5 years later. The secondary nature of this ANLL was
      corroborated by the detection of nonrandom chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow
      cells of chromosomes, 7, 5, and 3. This is one of the first reports of possible
      leukemogenic activity of PVB treatment when applied without additional
      irradiation or alkylating agents.

PMID- 2417691
TI  - The pathobiologic features of carcinomas of type II pneumocytes. An
      immunocytologic study.
AB  - Adenocarcinomas of the lung without squamous differentiation or obvious mucus
      production from 51 patients were studied. Twenty-eight tumors (55%), when stained
      with rabbit anti-human surfactant apoprotein antiserum by the peroxidase
      antiperoxidase method, demonstrated characteristic nuclear inclusions. Most of
      these tumors could be identified histochemically by the presence of eosinophilic,
      periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive nuclear inclusions. In patients with
      apoprotein-immunoreactive tumors there were nine deaths due to tumor (32%) within
      5 years of diagnosis. Eight of the nine deaths occurred in patients whose tumors
      exceeded 3 cm in diameter; an equal number of patients were smokers. The average
      age of patients with apoprotein-positive tumors was 67.3 years, a figure greater
      than that for patients with apoprotein-negative tumors (61.4 years). Five of the
      23 patients with apoprotein-negative tumors died of their neoplasms; in two of
      the subjects the tumors exceeded 3 cm in diameter. In that no significant
      difference in survival was observed in patients with apoprotein-positive and
      apoprotein-negative tumors, it was concluded that subclassification of
      adenocarcinomas of the lung as apoprotein-positive, i.e., type II pneumocytic, or
      as apoprotein-negative, is of no clinical or prognostic significance.
      Nonetheless, peripheral tumors measuring less than 3 cm in size and showing
      neither squamous differentiation nor obvious mucus production should be
      recognized as a prognostically favorable group in comparison with other types of
      lung carcinomas.

PMID- 2417692
TI  - Induction therapy in head and neck cancer. A comparison of two regimens.
AB  - Seventy-two patients with advanced resectable head and cancer received two
      courses of induction chemotherapy before definitive therapy. Forty-six patients
      were treated with platinol, Oncovin (vincristine), and bleomycin. Twenty-six
      received Platinol (cisplatin), Velban (vinblastine), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU).
      Although both regimens had an overall response rate of 80% or more, the bleomycin
      containing regimen had a higher complete response rate and better long-term
      disease control, with greater than 60% probability of remaining disease-free (36
      month minimum follow-up). As given in this regimen, the 5-FU regimen was well
      tolerated but had a higher incidence of stomatitis and a low rate of complete
      responses. When the two regimens were compared to a historical control, the
      regimen with Platinol, Oncovin, and bleomycin was significantly better.

PMID- 2417693
TI  - Visualization of metastases from colon carcinoma using an iodine 131-radiolabeled
      monoclonal antibody.
AB  - A murine monoclonal antibody that reacts with human colonic cancer (250-30.6) was
      labeled with radioactive iodine (131I) and the antibody was injected
      intravenously into 15 patients with known metastases originating from carcinoma
      of the colon (10 cases), malignant melanoma (1), breast (1), pancreas (1),
      hepatocellular carcinoma (1), and adenocarcinoma of unknown origin (1). Of the
      patients with metastatic colon carcinoma, there were 19 known deposits as judged
      by the techniques of clinical examination, x-rays, and scans obtained using
      sulpha-colloid. Of these 19 deposits, 17 (90%) were found using the 131I-labeled
      monoclonal antibody. In one case, the primary tumor, previously undiagnosed, was
      found. In only 1 of the 10 patients was tumor not found and this was due to the
      subsequent finding that the undifferentiated tumor did not react with antibody.
      Of the five patients who did not have carcinoma of the colon, three had negative
      scans, but two were positive. Thus, the technique of immunoscintography can
      readily detect both primary and metastatic tumors.

PMID- 2417694
TI  - Thyroglobulin production by malignant thyroid tumors. An immunocytochemical and
      radioimmunoassay study.
AB  - Four hundred thirty surgical and biopsy specimens of malignant thyroid tumors of
      323 patients were analyzed by histologic and immunocytochemical examination for
      their thyroglobulin (TG) content. Almost 95% of the differentiated thyroid
      carcinomas of follicular origin contained immunoreactive TG. The authors could
      not demonstrate TG in anaplastic carcinomas. Postoperative follow-up and serum TG
      determinations were available for 111 athyroid patients. Serum TG was elevated in
      five patients with metastatic or recurrent moderately differentiated follicular
      carcinoma, in two patients with metastasizing papillary, and in one patient with
      anaplastic carcinoma. Four patients had detectable serum TG levels without
      clinical and radiologic evidence of recurrence or metastases. In addition to
      conventional histologic examination, immunocytochemical demonstration of TG is a
      reliable and valuable aid in the diagnosis, classification, and determination of
      the grade of differentiation of malignant thyroid tumors. From this the
      pathologist can provide a pathologic basis for postoperative patient management.

PMID- 2417695
TI  - Hurthle cell and mitochondrion-rich cell tumors. A clinicopathologic study.
AB  - Hurthle cells are large eosinophilic thyroid cells that contain a large number of
      mitochondria with a high content of oxidative enzymes. In the last 10 years
      several reports have emphasized the disagreement over the morphologic features,
      biologic behavior and treatment of Hurthle cell tumors. The authors reviewed the
      clinical and pathologic features of 28 patients with Hurthle cell and
      mitochondrion-rich cell tumors (16 adenomas, 10 follicular carcinomas, and 2
      papillary carcinomas) and present electron microscopic, immunohistochemical, and
      morphometric data. The results suggest that there is a correlation between
      biologic behavior and pathologic findings, that tumor size should not be
      considered a special conditioning factor in order to assign a biologic behavior,
      that nuclear size and anisokaryosis are not an absolute criteria for diagnosing
      malignancy, and finally, that electron microscopic examination is not useful in
      separating benign from malignant Hurthle cell tumors.

PMID- 2417696
TI  - Histologic assessment of resected hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter
      hepatic arterial embolization.
AB  - Ten cases of large hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (largest diameter, 6.5-15 cm)
      were surgically resected from 3 to 19 days after transcatheter hepatic arterial
      embolization (TAE) for histologic assessment of the effectiveness. Another two
      patients, including one with a small HCC (3.5 X 3 X 3 cm) who died of
      complications, were also studied. The patients' ages ranged from 20 to 64 years,
      11 were men and 1 was a woman, and all positive for serum hepatitis B surface
      antigen. All 11 cases with large HCC were symptomatic before the HCC was
      clinically diagnosed. Alpha-fetoprotein levels were elevated in ten cases but
      immediately dropped to normal levels after TAE and resection in eight cases. An
      effective massive tumor coagulative necrosis of 99% already occurred 3 days after
      TAE. A necrosis involving more than 95% of the whole tumor mass was demonstrated
      in eight cases: one was a large HCC taken from an autopsy specimen, and TAE was
      done three times. This strongly indicates the effectiveness of TAE on the
      destruction of HCC. However, the presence of viable residual tumors in 11 cases
      also strongly argues for the necessity for surgical resection whenever it is
      possible. The failure of a complete necrosis was related to the extracapsular
      extension, liver invasion, satellite nodules, and portal vein involvement, and
      probably related to collateral and portal vein blood supply.

PMID- 2417697
TI  - Invasive and noninvasive implants in ovarian serous tumors of low malignant
      potential.
AB  - Ovarian serous tumors of low malignant potential ("borderline" serous tumors) are
      classified according to the histologic features of the primary ovarian tumor,
      without regard to any coexisting extraovarian disease. The peritoneal implants
      display a range of histologic appearances, ranging from benign glands
      (endosalpingiosis), to noninvasive papillary glandular proliferations resembling
      the ovarian neoplasms, to irregular glands associated with a desmoplastic stroma
      and having features of invasive disease. This review of 16 patients with
      histologically documented extraovarian tumor implants seen at Indiana University
      Medical Center, Indianapolis, and 13 patients whose tumor implants have been
      previously described in the literature indicates that the clinical stage of
      disease has much greater prognostic significance than does the implant histologic
      features. There is a tendency for patients with more advanced disease to have
      invasive implants. However, within a given clinical stage, disease progression or
      recurrence was not influenced by the presence or absence of invasive histologic
      characteristics in the tumor implants.

PMID- 2417698
TI  - Pain characteristics and treatment in an outpatient cancer population.
AB  - Thirty of 100 consecutive outpatients at a comprehensive cancer center were
      assessed by their physicians as having pain due to cancer severe enough to
      require regular or narcotic medication. These 30 patients and their physicians
      then were approached with a semistructured questionnaire about pain
      characteristics and management. Pain severity correlated only with age older than
      55 years. Patients tended to rate their pain as more severe than did their
      physicians, but believed that pain medications generally were effective. Side
      effects of pain medication and patient fears of dependence on medication appeared
      to be more important limiting factors in achieving complete pain relief from
      medication than undermedication by physicians. Both patients and physicians
      acknowledged a relationship between emotional state and pain, but there was a
      greater appreciation among patients than physicians of the usefulness of
      techniques such as relaxation and distraction in pain control.

PMID- 2417699
TI  - Alterations in the X chromosome replication pattern induced by 5-azacytidine in a
      human tumor line.
AB  - Biochemical studies have shown that the cytosine analog, 5-azacytidine (5-azaC),
      induces hypomethylation and reactivates specific X-linked genes. Cytogenetically,
      it has been shown that this hypomethylating agent alters the replication pattern
      of the late-replicating, inactive X chromosome. In order to analyze the effect of
      5-azaC on the X chromosome replication pattern of tumor cells with multiple X
      chromosomes, 5-azaC treatment, followed by terminal bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)
      pulses, was applied to the human breast tumor cell line ZR-75-30. Metaphase
      spreads were analyzed for the presence of X chromosomes with altered replication
      banding patterns. Seventy-four percent of the untreated cells contained at least
      one typical, pale-staining, inactive X chromosome as compared to only 8% of the
      cells in the treated groups. This demonstrates a dramatic change in the
      replication pattern of the inactive X chromosome of these neoplastic cells in
      response to 5-azaC treatment. These results suggest that neoplastic tissue is
      highly responsive to this hypomethylating agent, which may be related to the high
      degree of DNA hypomethylation observed in neoplasias.

PMID- 2417700
TI  - The influence of chemical carcinogens on natural killer cell function in rats. A
      comparison of 2-acetylaminofluorene with 4-acetylaminofluorene.
AB  - The influence of the carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene (2AAF) administration on
      splenic natural killer (NK) cell function in two strains of rats has been
      examined and compared with that of the non-carcinogenic analogue 4
      acetylaminofluorene (4AAF). In both strains it was observed that daily exposure
      to 25 mg kg-1 2AAF induced a significant depression of both native and interferon
      (IFN)-activated NK cell function which was first apparent between 7 and 13 days
      following initiation of treatment. In contrast 4AAF failed to influence NK cell
      activity. These data indicate that 2AAF in common with some other carcinogens has
      the capacity to influence natural cytotoxic function and lend support to the
      hypothesis that carcinogenic potential may in some cases be associated with
      immunosuppressive properties.

PMID- 2417701
TI  - Metastatic phenotype of human prostate tumor cells in athymic nude mice:
      alteration by exposure to ethyl methanesulfonate and "reversion" by 5
      azacytidine.
AB  - The human prostate tumor subline 1-LN-PC-3-1A (1-LN) is reproducibly metastatic
      in adult athymic nude mice. Cells surviving a brief in vitro exposure to ethyl
      methanesulfonate (EMS) exhibited a profound decrease in capacity for experimental
      lung metastasis in nude mice. Thirty days after EMS treatment, 1 X 10(6) uncloned
      EMS-treated 1-LN cells (1-LN-EMS-10) were injected IV into groups of 6 to 8-week
      old male athymic nude mice (BALB/cAnBOM). A median of 8.5 colonies/lung was
      observed among 20 1-LN-EMS-10-injected mice, which was significantly different
      from the median of 51 colonies/lung produced among 14 1-LN-injected mice (P =
      0.0002). This altered phenotype remained stable during 150 days of continuous
      culture. However, the 1-LN-EMS-10 cells were tumorigenic in 10/10 nude mice
      injected SC. Single lung tumor colonies recovered from 1-LN-EMS-10-injected mice
      and reinjected IV into nude mice produced medians of 32-63 colonies/lung. The
      altered metastatic phenotype resulting from treatment of 1-LN with EMS was
      reversed by exposure to a noncytotoxic dose of 5-azacytidine, but unaffected by a
      second exposure to EMS. Collectively these data demonstrate that the metastatic
      phenotype of these human tumor cells in athymic nude mice can be heritably
      altered by in vitro exposure to EMS and 5-azacytidine. Analysis of the mechanisms
      underlying these phenotypic changes may provide insight into parts of the complex
      process of tumor cell evolution.

PMID- 2417702
TI  - A keratin epitope that is exposed in a subpopulation of preneoplastic and
      neoplastic mouse mammary epithelial cells but not in normal cells.
AB  - Three monoclonal anti-keratin antibodies, AE1, AE3, and AE4, were used to compare
      the expression of keratins in normal, preneoplastic, and malignant mouse mammary
      epithelial cells growing in primary culture. In indirect immunofluorescence, AE1
      did not stain normal cells but did stain a minority of preneoplastic and
      carcinoma cells. AE3 reacted with a subpopulation of epithelial cells in both the
      normal and abnormal cultures, except for certain cultures from one type of tumor
      wherein all of the epithelial cells were reactive. AE4 decorated an elaborate
      keratin filament network in all cultured mammary epithelial cells, regardless of
      neoplastic state. In double-label immunofluorescence, a guinea pig anti-keratin
      antiserum, which reacts preferentially with myoepithelial cells, exhibited
      coincident staining with AE1 in the tumor cultures and AE3 in the normal and most
      tumor cultures, indicating that the cells recognized by the antibodies in these
      populations were myoepithelial. Immunoblot experiments with cytoskeletal
      polypeptides extracted from the normal and tumor cells demonstrated that the set
      of keratins recognized by each monoclonal antibody was essentially the same in
      all of the cells except for a Mr 40,000 component that was present in normal
      cells but either absent or diminished in the cancer cells. Thus, while normal
      cells had Mr 40,000 and 50,000 keratins recognized by AE1, the epitope detected
      by this antibody was apparently concealed or "masked" in situ. AE3 reacted in
      immunoblots with a major keratin group (Mr 54,000-55,000) and a minor keratin (Mr
      57,000), while AE4 reacted only with the Mr 54,000-55,000 keratin species.
      Because immunofluorescence with AE4 showed that the Mr 54,000-55,000 keratin
      group was present in all mammary epithelial cells, the AE3-reactive epitope must
      be masked in the majority of normal and tumor cells. The data therefore showed
      that epitopes on three major keratins, the Mr 40,000, 50,000, and 54,000-55,000
      group, were "masked" in normal cells, whereas in tumor cells "masking" involved
      primarily the Mr 54,000-55,000 keratin. Attempts to "unmask" the epitopes
      recognized by AE1 in normal cells or to increase the number of cells reactive
      with AE3 in the normal and tumor cultures failed. Thus, certain cultured
      preneoplastic and neoplastic mammary cells with a myoepithelial phenotype have an
      altered organization of keratins that is manifested by a keratin antigenic
      determinant which is visible by immunocytochemistry in the abnormal cells but not
      in normal mouse mammary cells. This is the first demonstration that the
      immunoreactivity of keratins can be modified during neoplastic progression of
      epithelial cells.

PMID- 2417703
TI  - Isolation and characterization of different clones including myoepithelial-like
      variants from a clonal neoplastic epithelial duct cell line of human salivary
      gland origin.
AB  - A clonal neoplastic epithelial duct cell (HSGc) of human salivary gland origin
      has a fine structure similar to the intercalated duct cell and the capacity to
      express secretory component and lactoferrin. HSGc cells tend to form an
      occasional glandular arrangement in vitro and in vivo, and transplantation of
      cells into nude mice resulted in production of adenocarcinoma. By repeated single
      cell cloning, different types of clones could be isolated from HSGc. Cuboidal
      clones resemble the parent cell, but fail to form the glandular arrangement or
      express lactoferrin, suggesting a less differentiated type. Elongated clones have
      a fine structure similar to myoepithelial cells and carry myoepithelial markers
      such as S100 protein, actin, and myosin which are not detected in the HSGc and
      its cuboidal clones. These myoepithelial-like clones are able to express
      secretory component, lactoferrin, and lysozyme and to produce glycosaminoglycans,
      suggesting that they are a functionally active form of the neoplastic cell but
      different from the normal myoepithelial cell. Judging from their growth
      properties in vitro and in vivo, the myoepithelial-like clones are less malignant
      than HSGc or its cuboidal clones. Of four elongated clones, two did not produce
      tumors in athymic mice, while all of the cuboidal clones were tumorigenic. These
      findings suggest a possible conversion of the neoplastic duct cell to
      myoepithelial-like variants with low malignancy.

PMID- 2417704
TI  - Inhibition of tumor cell growth in vitro by murine monoclonal antibodies that
      recognize a proliferation-associated cell surface antigen system in rats and
      humans.
AB  - The mouse monoclonal antibody (MoAb) B3 raised against a rat bladder cancer cell
      line and the MoAbs HBJ127 and HBJ98 raised against a human bladder cancer cell
      line recognize homologous antigens predominantly present on proliferating cells
      of the corresponding species. Examination of MoAb-defined antigen and epitopes
      revealed that both HBJ127 and HBJ98 MoAbs defined a human cell surface
      glycoprotein complex having an apparent molecular weight of 125,000-130,000 which
      was composed of a heavy subunit of a glycoprotein nature (Mr 90,000-95,000) and a
      disulfide-linked light subunit of protein nature (Mr 30,000-35,000), but the
      HBJ127 and HBJ98 MoAbs recognized a protein epitope and a sugar epitope on the
      heavy subunit, respectively. Likewise, the B3 MoAb recognized a protein epitope
      on the heavy subunit of a rat cellular glycoprotein complex of similar
      composition to the HBJ127/HBJ98-defined human antigen. Addition of the B3 MoAb to
      rat and the HBJ127 or HBJ98 MoAb to human tumor cells inhibited the nucleic acid
      synthesis or the proliferation of the tumor cells in vitro in a dose-dependent
      manner. The target tumor cells exposed to MoAb could regrow when they were freed
      from the antibody, indicating that the effect of these MoAbs on the tumor cells
      is cytostatic and reversible. These MoAbs did not cause down-regulation of the
      cell surface antigen and did not arrest the cell cycle in a certain phase. These
      observations indicate that the Mr 125,000 glycoprotein cell surface component
      detected in both rat and human systems may play a requisite role for cell
      proliferation and that our MoAbs could inhibit the function by binding to the
      functionally proximal region of the component.

PMID- 2417705
TI  - Biochemical parameters of mercaptopurine activity in patients with acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - Mercaptopurine (MP) is a purine antimetabolite widely used for remission
      maintenance in the therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In order to study the
      biochemical parameters affecting MP activity, leukemic cells were obtained from
      ten patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia at the time of diagnosis and from
      the same patients at the time of their initial marrow relapse. Hypoxanthine
      phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT), the enzyme that converts MP to its active,
      nucleotide metabolite, thioinosine monophosphate; alkaline phosphatase, the
      primary catabolic enzyme of thioinosine monophosphate; and 5-phosphoribosyl-1
      pyrophosphate (PRPP), the cellular ribose-phosphate donor essential for MP
      activation, were all measured within the patients' leukemic cells. There was
      marked interpatient variability in the three biochemical parameters studied with
      a greater than 10-fold range in alkaline phosphatase activity and an
      approximately 100-fold range in HPRT activity and PRPP levels. Four patients
      developed changes in biochemical parameters that influence MP activity at the
      time of relapse. In three of the four patients, alterations in more than one of
      these three biochemical parameters were noted. Three of four patients had a
      greater than 50% decrease in intracellular HPRT activity, four of four had a
      greater than 50% decrease in intracellular PRPP, and two of four had a greater
      than 9-fold increase in intracellular alkaline phosphatase activity at relapse.
      Two of four patients demonstrated changes in all three parameters at relapse in
      the directions that could have resulted in decreased MP sensitivity (i.e.,
      decreased HPRT, decreased PRPP, and increased alkaline phosphatase). There was no
      correlation between pretreatment values of HPRT, PRPP, and alkaline phosphatase
      and remission duration. These results indicate that: (a) there is marked
      variation in HPRT, PRPP, and alkaline phosphatase in patients with acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia and b) following MP-containing maintenance chemotherapy,
      some patients develop biochemical changes that may result in decreased
      sensitivity to MP.

PMID- 2417706
TI  - Expression of the c-myc protooncogene in human prostatic carcinoma and benign
      prostatic hyperplasia.
AB  - We have examined the level of c-myc transcripts in prostate tissue obtained from
      patients with both benign prostatic hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the
      prostate. A significantly higher level of c-myc transcripts is observed in
      patients with adenocarcinoma (P less than 0.05). In addition, a subset of
      patients with adenocarcinoma had levels of c-myc transcripts 2-fold higher than
      the mean level for this group. These preliminary results indicate that the
      investigation of c-myc levels as a prognostic indicator in prostatic carcinoma is
      warranted.

PMID- 2417707
TI  - Chemical synthesis of the human Pk-antigenic determinant.
AB  - Condensation of 1,2,3, 6-tetra-O-benzoyl-4-O-(2,3,6-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-D
      galactopyranosyl) -alpha-D-glucopyranose with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-alpha-D
      galactopyranosyl chloride in 1,2-dichloroethane in the presence of 2,4,6
      trimethylpyridine, silver triflate, and molecular sieve 4 A gave 1,2,3, 6-tetra-O
      benzoyl-4-O-[2,3,6-tri-O-benzoyl-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-a lpha -D
      galactopyranosyl)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl]-alpha-D-glucopyranose. Catalytic
      hydrogenolysis and debenzoylation then gave 4-O-(4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta
      D-galactopyranosyl)-D-glucopyranos e, the human blood-group Pk-antigenic
      determinant. A similar sequence of reaction was performed starting from 1,2,3, 6
      tetra-O-benzoyl-4-O-(2,3,6-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-beta -D
      glucopyranose.

PMID- 2417708
TI  - Oversensing by single-chamber pacemakers: mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment.
AB  - Signals responsible for pacemaker oversensing may arise from the pacing system
      itself, P or T wave, concealed ventricular extrasystoles, skeletal muscle
      potentials, and distant electromagnetic fields. Oversensing is the most common
      cause of pacemaker pauses and a common clinical problem during follow-up of
      patients with implanted pulse generators. This article reviews the mechanisms and
      diagnosis of oversensing and the importance of multiprogrammability for its
      treatment.

PMID- 2417709
TI  - Studies of the inhibitory action of intense sweeteners on oral microorganisms
      relating to dental health.

PMID- 2417710
TI  - Paradoxical effects of epinephrine on cAMP synthesis and degradation in rat
      adipocytes.

PMID- 2417711
TI  - Carbohydrate histochemical investigation in the scrotal skin of the common
      American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis L.).

PMID- 2417712
TI  - Non-enzymatic diformazan produced from eluted nitro blue tetrazolium bound to
      tissue and retention of protein in unfixed frozen tissue sections incubated in a
      histoenzymological system.

PMID- 2417713
TI  - Polarization fluorometry of nucleosome DNA structure with Hoechst 33258
      fluorochrome.

PMID- 2417714
TI  - A comparative study of the effects of tetrodotoxin and the removal of external
      Na+ on the resting potential: evidence of separate pathways for the resting and
      excitable Na currents in squid axon.
AB  - To investigate whether the Na permeability of the resting membrane is determined
      predominantly by the excitable Na channel, we examined the effects of
      tetrodotoxin (TTX) and the complete removal of external Na+ on the resting
      potential. In the intact squid axon bathed in K-free artificial seawater, both
      TTX and the removal of Na+ produced small hyperpolarizations. The effect of Na
      removal, however, was larger than that of TTX. In the perfused squid axon, the
      hyperpolarization produced by the removal of external Na+ was greatly enhanced
      when the internal K concentration ([K+]i) was reduced. The effect of TTX, on the
      other hand, was not sensitive to the [K+]i or to the membrane potential. For
      [K+]i = 50 mM and [K+]o = 0, the average hyperpolarization produced by TTX was
      1.2 mV, while the hyperpolarization produced by Na removal was approximately 21
      mV. The difference between these two effects suggests that the majority of the
      resting Na current passes through pathways other than the excitable Na channel.

PMID- 2417715
TI  - Activity-related changes in protein phosphorylation in an identified Aplysia
      neuron.
AB  - The relationship between long-term electrical activity and protein
      phosphorylation was investigated in single, identifiable neurons in the abdominal
      ganglion of Aplysia californica by the intracellular injection of radiolabeled
      ATP followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. Natural and
      pharmacological treatments that alter the impulse activity of neurons L6 and R15
      for prolonged periods did not appear to affect the phosphorylation of most of the
      15 major phosphoproteins examined in these cells. Long-term excitation of L6
      induced by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX correlated with phosphorylation
      of a 29,000-dalton protein. Long-term inhibition of L6 induced by afterdischarge
      of peptidergic bag-cell neurons appeared to cause dephosphorylation of a 29,000
      dalton protein. Burst augmentation of R15 induced by bag-cell afterdischarge did
      not cause detectable changes in the phosphorylation of the major proteins we
      examined. These data are consistent with other studies of neural and nonneural
      tissues which have found a correlation between activity and the level of
      phosphorylation of a 29,000-dalton protein.

PMID- 2417716
TI  - The effects of exposure to exogenous fatty acids and membrane fatty acid
      modification on the electrical properties of NG108-15 cells.
AB  - The role of membrane lipid composition in determining the electrical properties
      of neuronal cells was investigated by altering the available fatty acids in the
      growth medium of cultured neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells, clone NG108-15.
      Growth of the cells for several days in the presence of polyunsaturated fatty
      acids (linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic) caused a pronounced decrease in the
      Na+ action-potential rate of rise (dV/dt) and smaller decreases in the amplitude,
      measured by intracellular recording. Oleic acid had no effect on the action
      potentials generated by the cells. In contrast, a saturated fatty acid
      (palmitate) and a trans monounsaturated fatty acid (elaidate) caused increases in
      both the rate of rise and the amplitude. No changes in the resting membrane
      potentials or Ca2+ action potentials of fatty acid-treated cells were observed.
      The membrane capacitance and time constant were not altered by exposure to
      arachidonate, oleate, or elaidate, whereas arachidonate caused a small increase
      in membrane resistance. Examination of the membrane phospholipid fatty acid
      composition of cells grown with various fatty acids revealed no consistent
      alterations which could explain these results. To examine the mechanism for
      arachidonate-induced decreases in dV/dt, the binding of 3H-saxitoxin (known to
      interact with voltage-sensitive Na+) channels was measured. Membranes from cells
      grown with arachidonate contained fewer saxitoxin binding sites, suggesting fewer
      Na+ channels in these cells. We conclude that conditions which lead to major
      changes in the membrane fatty acid composition have no effect on the resting
      membrane potential, membrane capacitance, time constant, or Ca2+ action
      potentials in NG108-15 cells. Membrane resistance also does not appear to be very
      sensitive to membrane fatty acid composition. However, changes in the
      availability of fatty acids and/or changes in the subsequent membrane fatty acid
      composition lead to altered Na+ action potentials. The primary mechanism for this
      alteration appears to be through changes in the number of Na+ channels in the
      cells.

PMID- 2417717
TI  - Ultrastructural localisation of oxytocin and neurophysin in the ovine corpus
      luteum.
AB  - Polyclonal rabbit antisera raised against oxytocin, bovine neurophysin I and
      vasopressin were used, together with an immunogold complex, to localise the
      peptides in ultrathin sections of ovine corpus luteum. The only organelle which
      consistently showed gold labelling was the secretory granule of the large luteal
      cell. In non-consecutive sections of the same large luteal cell all the granules
      showed a similar level of labelling after oxytocin or neurophysin I antisera:
      however no immunolabelling was detected for vasopressin. Oxytocin and neurophysin
      seem to be rapidly lost after secretion since exocytosed granule cores showed no
      labelling above background levels.

PMID- 2417718
TI  - Immunocytochemical study of the development of vasotocin/mesotocin in the
      hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the chick embryo.
AB  - The hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the chick embryo has been studied with a
      monoclonal antibody which cross-reacts with arginine vasotocin and mesotocin,
      using thick (100 micron) sections in conjunction with a peroxidase-conjugated
      rabbit anti-mouse antibody. Although weakly stained perikarya occur occasionally
      in the tuberal region on embryonic days 6 and 7, the most consistent
      immunostaining of perikarya is found in the periventricular region of the caudal
      midhypothalamus at the level of the optic chiasm after embryonic day 8 1/2.
      Synthesis of peptides, therefore, takes place while the cells are close to their
      site of origin. Between embryonic days 9 and 10, beaded axons run along the
      anterior median eminence closely apposed to the adenohypophysis, thereby forming
      the anlage of the zona externa. The axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial
      tract surround the neural lobe between embryonic days 11 and 12. The caudal to
      rostral wave of neuronal maturation that occurs during development appears to be
      due to a progressive differentiation of the periventricular zone, as well as the
      migration of perikarya. The early periventricular perikarya at embryonic day 8
      1/2 send processes rostrally in a wing-shaped formation that extends both dorso-
      and ventrolaterally. From embryonic days 10 to 12, perikarya can be observed in
      the wing-like extensions, apparently migrating to rostral levels. The
      dorsolateral pathway gives rise at its midportion to the lateral cell group,
      whereas those perikarya migrating more laterally form the anlage of the external
      supraoptic nucleus. The ventrolateral wing-shaped extension of perikarya appears
      to be directed toward the ventral group and those lateral perikarya continuous
      with it. The location of mature neuronal cell groups is well established by
      embryonic day 17.

PMID- 2417719
TI  - Innervation of the large arteries and heart of the toad (Bufo marinus) by
      adrenergic and peptide-containing neurons.
AB  - The innervation of the major arteries and heart of the toad (Bufo marinus) was
      examined by use of glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine fluorescence and peptide
      immunohistochemistry. All arteries possessed a moderate to dense plexus of
      adrenergic axons, which also showed neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY
      LI). Some adrenergic axons in the intracardiac vagal trunks showed NPY-LI, but
      the varicose adrenergic axons innervating the cardiac muscle of the atria and
      ventricle, and the coronary blood vessels did not display NPY-LI. About half of
      the nerve cell bodies in the anterior sympathetic chain ganglia with dopamine
      beta-hydroxylase-LI (DBH-LI) also contained NPY-LI. The nerve cell bodies with
      DBH-LI alone were generally larger (median diameter 30 micron) than those with
      both DBH-LI and NPY-LI (median diameter 20 micron). Some cell bodies showing DBH
      LI alone were surrounded by boutons with NPY-LI but not DBH-LI. Axons that
      displayed simultaneously both substance P-LI (SP-LI) and calcitonin gene-related
      peptide-LI (CGRP-LI) also formed a plexus around all arteries studied, being
      particularly dense around the mesenteric and pulmonary arteries. These axons are
      most likely sensory since SP-LI was reduced by capsaicin treatment, and nerve
      cell bodies with both SP-LI and CGRP-LI were found in dorsal root ganglia and the
      vagal ganglion. A dense plexus of axons showing somatostatin-LI was located
      around the pulmonary artery and its main intrapulmonary branches. A few nerves
      with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-LI were found around the dorsal aorta and
      pulmonary artery. No perivascular nerves with enkephalin-LI were observed.
      Reversed-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatography of acid extracts of the large
      arteries showed that the major peaks of NPY-LI and SP-LI co-eluted with porcine
      NPY (1-36) and synthetic SP (1-11), respectively. Thus, the location and
      structure of these peptides in perivascular nerves has been highly conserved
      during vertebrate evolution.

PMID- 2417720
TI  - Improved visualization of the immunoreactive hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system
      by use of immuno-gold techniques.
AB  - Ultrastructural post-embedding immuno-gold techniques were applied to the
      supraoptic nucleus and the neurohypophysis of mice and rats. The primary
      antibodies were three different monoclonal antineurophysins, used in protein A
      gold and immunoglobulin-gold procedures. Conventional plastic embedding as well
      as hydrophilic media (L.R. White) were used; non-osmicated and osmicated tissues
      were immunolabeled; sodium metaperiodate oxidation was used, but was not
      essential for immunolabeling. Vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic NSGs were
      identified by the specific immunoreactivity of their respective neurophysins on
      adjacent thin sections, and by sequential double labeling on the same thin
      section using two different antibodies associated with gold probes of different
      diameters. The immunoidentification indicates that vasopressin NSGs can
      additionally be differentiated as larger, with more electron-dense matrix, and
      susceptible to damage by sodium metaperiodate. The only organelles consistently
      labeled were neurosecretory granules (NSGs), either intact or within lysosomal
      configurations. Some lysosomal dense bodies were immunoreactive even when
      discrete NSGs were no longer morphologically recognisable within them. Labeled
      NSGs were located within neuronal cell bodies, along axonal shafts and within
      axonal swellings and endings; occasionally immunoreactive NSGs were observed
      within synaptic boutons. Labeling intensity was semi-quantitatively gauged by
      counting gold particles in relation to numbers of NSGs per axonal varicosity. The
      precise localisation achieved with particulate immunogold labeling surpasses that
      previously obtained with diffuse electron-dense immunoreaction products.

PMID- 2417721
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of parathormone in the mammalian parathyroid
      gland using the protein A-gold technique.
AB  - Electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry for the demonstration of parathormone in
      parathyroid chief cells was performed in adult male rats, gerbils, mice, and
      dogs, using the protein A-gold technique. Protein A-gold particles were detected
      over both large and small secretory granules in all the animals examined. In the
      former, they were concentrated not only over type-I granules with a large core,
      but also over type-II granules with a small core. They were also located over
      atypical granules, including heterogeneously dense granules, granules having
      vesicles in a finely particulate core, and distorted granules. All labelled
      secretory granules were characterized by the presence of a clear halo of varying
      width around the core. Occasionally, Golgi cisternae as well as Golgi vacuoles
      with a finely particular content were also labelled. The labelling of the
      secretory granules was strong in dogs, moderate in rats and gerbils, and weak in
      mice. In addition, it was more intense in the non-osmicated preparations than in
      the osmicated preparations. The frequency of both types of large granules showed
      species differences. The possible factors involved in these differences are
      discussed.

PMID- 2417722
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of ornithine decarboxylase in cultured murine
      cells.
AB  - Antiserum elicited to ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) purified from murine RAW 264
      macrophage-like cells has been employed to localize ODC in cultured murine cells.
      The antiserum immunoprecipitated 100% of the ODC activity from the cultured
      cells. The specificity of the antiserum was demonstrated by the
      immunoprecipitation from 35S-methionine metabolically-labeled cell extracts of a
      single protein which migrated upon SDS-gel electrophoresis coincident with
      authentic ODC. Indirect immunofluorescence experiments were performed on
      paraformaldehyde-fixed RAW 264 cells and JB6 epidermal cells using the rabbit
      anti-ODC antiserum and FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. Little
      immunofluorescence was apparent in non-stimulated cells. Intense
      immunofluorescence was detectable in stimulated cells at times of peak cellular
      ODC activity. Antigenically-reactive ODC was localized diffusely in the cytoplasm
      and was absent in the nuclei of RAW 264 cells, whereas in the JB6 cells the
      immunodetectable enzyme protein was localized in a punctate pattern in both the
      cytoplasm and nucleoplasm and was absent in the nucleolus. The appearance and
      disappearance of immunoreactive ODC in both cell types after stimulation was
      consistent with the alterations in ODC activity.

PMID- 2417724
TI  - The generality of self-splicing RNA: relationship to nuclear mRNA splicing.

PMID- 2417723
TI  - Sensory and autonomic innervation of non-hairy and hairy human skin. An
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Non-hairy and hairy human skin were investigated with the use of the indirect
      immunohistochemical technique employing antisera to different neuronal and non
      neuronal structural proteins and neurotransmitter candidates. Fibers
      immunoreactive to antisera against neurofilaments, neuron-specific enolase,
      myelin basic protein, protein S-100, substance P, neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y,
      tyrosine hydroxylase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide hydroxylase and
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were detected in the skin with specific
      distributional patterns. Neurofilament-, neuron-specific enolase-, myelin basic
      protein-, protein S-100, neuropeptide Y-, tyrosine hydroxylase- and vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivities were found in or in
      association with sensory nerves; moreover, neuron-specific enolase-, myelin basic
      protein-, protein S-100, neuropeptide Y-, tyrosine hydroxylase- and vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivities occurred in or in
      association with autonomic nerves. It was concluded that antiserum against
      neurofilaments labels sensory nerve fibers exclusively, whereas neuron-specific
      enolase-, myelin basic protein- and protein S-100-like immunoreactivities are
      found in or in association with both sensory and autonomic nerves. Substance P-
      and neurokinin A-like immunoreactivities were observed only in sensory nerve
      fibers, and neuropeptide Y- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivities
      occurred only in autonomic nerve fibers, whereas vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivities was seen predominantly in autonomic
      nerves, but also in some sensory nerve fibers.

PMID- 2417725
TI  - Does trans splicing in vitro require base pairing between RNAs?

PMID- 2417726
TI  - Excised group II introns in yeast mitochondria are lariats and can be formed by
      self-splicing in vitro.
AB  - Excised group II introns in yeast mitochondria appear as covalently closed
      circles under the electron microscope. We show that these circular molecules are
      branched and resemble the lariats arising through splicing of nuclear pre-mRNAs
      in yeast and higher eukaryotes. One member of this intron class (aI5c in the gene
      for cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) is capable of self-splicing in vitro, giving
      correct exon-exon ligation and resulting in the appearance of both linear and
      lariat forms of the excised intron. Nuclease digestion of the latter molecules
      reveals the presence of a complex oligonucleotide with the probable structure
      AGU, which thus resembles the branch point formed in the spliceosome-dependent
      reactions undergone by nuclear pre-mRNAs. Unlike group I introns, this group II
      intron is not demonstrably dependent on GTP for self-splicing and circularization
      of the isolated, linear intron is not observed. A model accounting for these
      observations is presented.

PMID- 2417727
TI  - Reconstitution of RNAase P activity using inactive subunits from E. coli and HeLa
      cells.
AB  - HeLa cell RNAase P activity found in the flow-through of anti-Sm affinity columns
      can be separated into inactive RNA and protein components. These components can
      be used to reconstitute active hybrid enzyme complexes with purified subunits
      from E. coli RNAase P. The RNA in the HeLa cell fractions employed is enriched
      for species between 85 and 115 nucleotides long. This reconstitution assay is a
      convenient means of purifying the functional RNA and protein of HeLa cell RNAase
      P. Probes derived from the genes for the subunits of E. coli RNAase P hybridize
      to genomic DNA of gram-negative prokaryotic organisms, but no positive signals
      are seen with genomic DNA from a variety of eukaryotic organisms.

PMID- 2417728
TI  - Novel recombinations in the maize mitochondrial genome produce a unique
      transcriptional unit in the Texas male-sterile cytoplasm.
AB  - We have characterized a 3547 bp DNA fragment from male-sterile (cms-T) maize
      mitochondria, designated TURF 2H3, selected because of its unique and abundant
      transcripts. Sequence analysis indicated that TURF 2H3 originated by
      recombinations among portions of the flanking and/or coding regions of the maize
      mitochondrial 26S ribosomal gene, the ATPase subunit 6 gene, and the chloroplast
      tRNA-Arg gene. TURF 2H3 contains two long open reading frames that could encode
      polypeptides of 12,961 Mr and 24,675 Mr. The larger open reading frame hybridizes
      to transcripts in all maize cytoplasms, the smaller to transcripts only in T
      cytoplasm. TURF 2H3 transcripts appear to be uniquely altered in cms-T plants
      restored to fertility by the nuclear restorer genes Rf1 and Rf2. A possible
      relationship between TURF 2H3, nuclear restorer genes, and the male sterility
      trait in T cytoplasm is suggested.

PMID- 2417729
TI  - A frameshift at a mutational hotspot in the polyoma virus early region generates
      two new proteins that define T-antigen functional domains.
AB  - A frameshift mutation, arising from the deletion of any one of nine consecutive
      cytidines in the region of Py DNA encoding both the midregion of large T-Ag and
      the C-terminal region of middle T-Ag, yields unstable flat cell revertants that
      synthesize two novel viral proteins in which shuffling of the different domains
      of the Py T-Ags has occurred. The first protein (37 kd) is a hybrid containing
      the N-terminus of large T-Ag and the hydrophobic C-terminus of middle T-Ag. The
      latter domain is responsible for membrane association, even in the 37 kd hybrid
      protein. The second protein (43 kd), which contains the N-terminal 75% of middle
      T-Ag, has an associated protein kinase activity and forms a complex with c-src,
      but cannot induce a transformed phenotype.

PMID- 2417730
TI  - Different pathways of differentiation of pre-B cell lines are induced by
      dendritic cells and T cells from different lymphoid tissues.
AB  - Nontransformed pre-B cells were induced to differentiate in vitro along several
      different but predictable pathways with only dendritic cells (DC) and
      concanavalin A-stimulated T lymphocytes. DC-T from spleen induced secretion of
      only IgM, whereas DC-T from Peyer's patches induced high levels of IgA and
      intermediate levels of IgM and IgG. Both the isotype of antibody secreted and the
      extent of pre-B cell differentiation were determined by the lymphoid tissue
      source of DC, not of T cells. The pre-B cells synthesizing detectable levels of
      only the IgM heavy chain had cytoplasmic RNA transcripts from both light chain
      constant region genes and from the entire length of the heavy chain constant
      locus. In cells secreting IgM there were deletions in the DNA flanking the Cmu
      coding region.

PMID- 2417731
TI  - Rapid purification of nucleosome assembly protein (AP-I) and production of
      monoclonal antibodies against it.
AB  - A nucleosome assembly protein (AP-I) was purified approximately 50% from the
      cytosol of HeLa S3 cells by three purification steps. Using this protein fraction
      as an antigen, we established three stable hybridomas that secrete monoclonal
      antibodies specific for AP-I by the conventional method of cell fusion.
      Immunoblotting of the HeLa S3 cytosol, proved AP-I exists as a 58-kDa peptide in
      vivo, not as the 53-kDa peptide previously identified as active in nucleosome
      assembly (Ishimi, Y., et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 142, 431-439, 1984). An
      immunocytochemical study using the monoclonal antibody with the highest
      specificity against AP-I pin pointed the intranuclear localization of AP-I in
      HeLa S3 cells.

PMID- 2417732
TI  - Adenovirus-induced leakage of co-endocytosed macromolecules into the cytosol.
AB  - The early interaction between KB cells and adenovirus was studied by examining
      the uptake of an extracellular fluorescent macromolecule, FITC (fluorescein
      isothiocyanate)-labeled dextran (FD). When cells in suspension were incubated
      with both adenovirus and FD, cell-associated FD increased 2- to 3-fold the value
      obtained without adenovirus. Under fluorescence microscopy, cells incubated with
      adenovirus showed bright, whole-cellular fluorescence; whereas, those incubated
      without adenovirus, or with heat-inactivated virus, showed weaker fluorescence,
      mainly of the pinocytic vesicles. The increased uptake of the FD by adenovirus
      was inhibited by treating KB cells with the drugs chloroquine, ammonium chloride
      and monensin that raise the pH of the acidic compartment. Entry of adenovirus
      into the KB cell's nucleus also was inhibited by these drugs. The conclusion is
      that entry of adenovirus into the cell involves its passage of an acidic
      compartment (probably the endocytic vesicle) and that co-endocytosed
      macromolecules are released into the cytosol on entry.

PMID- 2417733
TI  - [Calcium-activated potassium channels].

PMID- 2417734
TI  - Plasma disposition and in vivo and in vitro antitumor activities of mitomycin C
      dextran conjugate in relation to the mode of action.

PMID- 2417735
TI  - [Technique for preparing specimens of rabbit aorta for SEM with silver nitrate
      staining under a physiological pressure fixation process].

PMID- 2417736
TI  - [Distribution of alpha-fetoprotein and albumin-positive cells in hepatocellular
      carcinoma as well as their surrounding liver tissue].

PMID- 2417737
TI  - Keratin expression of both chemically and virally transformed human epidermal
      keratinocytes during the process of neoplastic conversion.
AB  - Human epidermal cells, despite being 'immortalized' or 'transformed' by
      combinations of either oncogenic virus (SV40, adenovirus 12 or Kirsten murine
      sarcoma virus) or chemical carcinogen (N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or 4
      nitroquinoline-1-oxide) exhibited similar keratins (although quantitatively
      reduced) to that of control cells when grown in vitro. However, athymic nude
      mouse tumors derived from such cells exhibited suppression of the 52, 56 and 58
      kd (basic type II) keratins and a predominance of small-sized (40-48 or 50 kd)
      (acidic type I) keratins. The synthesis of these specific keratins was resumed
      following re-establishment of cell lines in culture. These results suggest that
      the changes in keratin protein profiles frequently exhibited by human carcinomas
      represent a component of the pleomorphic transformed phenotype which can be
      uncoupled from neoplastic growth.

PMID- 2417738
TI  - DNA repair synthesis in bleomycin-pretreated permeable HeLa cells.
AB  - To establish an in vitro system for studying DNA repair, bleomycin-induced
      unscheduled DNA synthesis in permeable HeLa cells was investigated. Permeable
      HeLa cells were incubated at 0 degree C for 60 min with 0.11 mM bleomycin, washed
      to remove free bleomycin and assayed for DNA synthesis. Optimum
      [3H]deoxythymidine monophosphate incorporation occurred at pH 7.6-8.0 (adjusted
      at 20 degrees C with Tris-HCl buffer), 3-6 mM MgCl2, 40-60 mM NaCl, and 2.5-5 mM
      ATP in the presence of four deoxynucleoside triphosphates. The unscheduled nature
      of DNA synthesis in bleomycin-pretreated permeable cells was confirmed by the
      BrdUMP density shift technique. Exonuclease III sensitivity of repaired DNA was
      measured to determine whether or not the completion of repair patches and
      ligation occurred in bleomycin-pretreated permeable cells. Gap-filling and
      ligation were suggested to occur in the presence of ATP. Studies using the
      selective inhibitors (aphidicolin, 2',3'-dideoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate and N
      ethylmaleimide) for DNA synthesis showed that DNA polymerases alpha and beta were
      involved in the repair process. Inhibitor studies suggested that DNA polymerase
      alpha plays a preferential role in repair label in the intranucleosomal region of
      nuclear chromatin and DNA polymerase beta in the completion of repair patches in
      bleomycin-pretreated permeable cells.

PMID- 2417739
TI  - The relevance of various tests for the study of specificity in immunocytochemical
      staining: a review.
AB  - Factors determining the specificity of immunocytochemical (ICC) tissue stainings
      as well as the various tests to study these factors are discussed. Since every
      specificity test only deals with particular aspects of the ICC procedure, a
      practical sequence of known test methods is proposed, which enables the
      determination of the specificity of the ICC tissue staining and, after possibly
      needed antiserum purification steps, may result in a monospecific staining. It is
      made clear that such a sequence has always to include a tissue-spectrum affinity
      test, in which the spectrum of tissue antigens is controlled for antibody
      binding. A variety of such tests, consisting of separation of tissue compounds,
      fixation, and ICC detection, are discussed as well as their pros and cons with
      respect to their predictability for the actual serum specificity in the tissue
      section.

PMID- 2417740
TI  - Stimulation of tissue plasminogen activator production from epithelial cell
      lines.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of enhancing the yield
      of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) from two epithelial cell lines of normal
      (non-malignant) derivation grown in tissue culture. The three agents used in this
      investigation were chosen because of their proven enhancing effect on analogous
      cells or products. The anabolic hormone stanozolol was found to have no
      significant stimulatory effect on these cell lines. A phorbol acetate (12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate) caused a twofold enhancement in tPA yield but
      the most significant results were obtained with 5-azacytidine. This agent
      increased the yield by up to fourfold in small stationary cultures and threefold
      in large-scale microcarrier cultures. A combination of azacytidine and phorbol
      acetate did not have an additive effect on total yield but did alter the kinetics
      of tPA expression with time. Indications were that the maximum yield with these
      types of potentiating agents was achieved as it could not be increased by using a
      combination of two different agents.

PMID- 2417742
TI  - Intracellular sodium and the positive inotropic effect of veratridine and cardiac
      glycoside in sheep Purkinje fibers.
AB  - Veratridine is a sodium channel toxin that exerts a powerful positive inotropic
      effect and prolongs the action potential duration in the heart. To determine the
      basis of the inotropic action of veratridine and to examine the effects of
      dissimilar methods of raising intracellular sodium activity on contractility, we
      measured twitch tension and intracellular sodium activity using sodium-sensitive
      microelectrodes in stimulated sheep Purkinje fibers exposed to veratridine and in
      voltage-clamped fibers exposed to veratridine and cardiac glycoside. In
      stimulated fibers, veratridine (0.1-1 microM) produced coincident increases in
      intracellular sodium activity, action potential duration, and tension. In voltage
      clamped fibers, veratridine (1-2 microM) and acetylstrophanthidin (0.1 microM)
      raised intracellular sodium activity and tension to a comparable degree.
      Tetrodotoxin (10 microM) abolished the mechanical, electrophysiological, and
      ionic changes produced by veratridine. The relationship between intracellular
      sodium activity and tension in voltage-clamped fibers (n = 6) was
      indistinguishable for veratridine and acetylstrophanthidin and could be fitted
      either with a linear function with slopes of 122.8% and 124.2%, respectively, or
      with a power function with slopes of 4.60 and 4.54, respectively, where the slope
      represents the exponential power of intracellular sodium activity to which
      tension is proportional. These results indicate that the positive inotropic
      action of veratridine is entirely accounted for by accumulation of intracellular
      sodium, which increases intracellular calcium available for contraction by sodium
      calcium exchange. This study is the first direct demonstration that veratridine
      or any other sodium channel toxin affects intracellular sodium activity and
      suggests that the inotropic potency of veratridine and cardiac glycoside rely on
      the same mechanism, namely, elevation of intracellular sodium.

PMID- 2417741
TI  - Histamine and cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 2417743
TI  - Age-related changes in ploidy levels and biochemical parameters in cardiac
      myocytes isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Postnatal growth of the mammalian ventricular myocyte is characterized by a brief
      period of hyperplasia followed by an extensive period of physiological
      hypertrophy. Using myocytes isolated from both Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously
      hypertensive rats from fetus to 10 months old, we analyzed morphological,
      biochemical, and ploidy changes. Fetal myocytes from both spontaneously
      hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats were mononuclear, diploid cells. By 4 weeks,
      adult binucleation levels (84% binuclear) were found, and myocytes pooled from
      both ventricles demonstrated nuclear ploidy shifts to tetraploid levels. However,
      analysis of myocytes isolated from left ventricle, right ventricle, and septum
      showed that nuclear polyploidation was confined to the right ventricle and
      septum, with few polyploid nuclei detected in the left ventricle. This pattern
      remained relatively constant through 10 months of age, although spontaneously
      hypertensive myocytes showed significantly more polyploidation than Wistar-Kyoto
      in all regions. Biochemical analysis of isolated myocytes substantiated the
      nuclear ploidy changes and demonstrated elevated protein and ribonucleic acid
      content in left ventricular myocytes without extensive polyploidation. Since
      cardiac hypertrophy, both physiological and pathological, is associated primarily
      with the left ventricle and occurs in the absence of significant ploidy changes,
      these findings suggest that a unique pattern of gene regulation may be ongoing in
      the left ventricle myocytes that is not present in the septum and right
      ventricle. These variations may be essential for cellular hypertrophy under
      normal and pathological conditions.

PMID- 2417744
TI  - Pharmacology of the bipyridines: amrinone and milrinone.
AB  - The cardiovascular bipyridines amrinone and milrinone are positive inotropic
      agents with vasodilator properties. When their effects on the heart and
      circulation were studied in both isolated cardiac tissues and anesthetized
      animals, milrinone was found to be 30 times more potent than amrinone. The
      inotropic response of isolated atria and papillary muscles to the bipyridines was
      characterized by increases in isometric tension and in the rates of tension
      development and relaxation. In the anesthetized dog, amrinone (1.0 mg/kg iv) and
      milrinone (0.03 mg/kg iv) caused significant increases in left ventricular
      dP/dtmax, cardiac output, and heart rate, significant decreases in pulmonary
      arterial pressure, and no change in systemic blood pressure. Studies to elucidate
      the mechanism(s) of action of the bipyridines indicated that Ca++ and cyclic AMP
      (cAMP) play important roles. The inotropic response to milrinone was modified by
      changes in the rate of stimulation and the concentration of extracellular Ca++
      and by depolarization with high K+ or pretreatment with a calcium-channel
      blocker. Reduction of the extracellular Na+ concentration of 75% of normal
      potentiated the inotropic response of papillary muscles to low concentrations of
      milrinone, suggesting possible activation of the Na+-Ca++ exchange mechanism.
      These results suggest that milrinone may stimulate the influx of Ca++ into the
      cardiac cell. The bipyridines are phosphodiesterase inhibitors that increase
      cardiac cAMP levels. However, a time-course analysis of the changes in cAMP
      levels during the inotropic response to the bipyridines indicated that the
      increase in isometric tension development preceded the increase in cAMP. Our data
      suggest that more than one mechanism may be involved in the initiation and
      maintenance of the inotropic response to the bipyridines.

PMID- 2417745
TI  - Effects of new inotropic agents on cyclic nucleotide metabolism and calcium
      transients in canine ventricular muscle.
AB  - In isolated canine ventricular trabeculae and papillary muscles driven
      electrically at 0.5 Hz at 37 degrees C, the positive inotropic effects of
      milrinone, amrinone, MDL 17,043, MDL 19,205, OPC-8212, and forskolin were all
      associated with simultaneous elevations in tissue cyclic AMP levels. After the
      administration of sulmazole (AR-L 115 BS), the increase in force preceded that of
      cyclic AMP levels. Bay k 8644 increased the force of isometric contractions
      without producing any change in cyclic AMP levels. None of these agents affected
      the cyclic GMP level. Intracellular calcium transients were determined in similar
      preparations in which multiple superficial cells had been microinjected with the
      Ca++-sensitive bioluminescent protein aequorin. The aequorin signals increased in
      parallel with increases in force in response to cumulative administration of
      milrinone, amrinone, MDL 17,043, OPC-8212, forskolin, and low concentrations of
      sulmazole (less than or equal to 3 X 10(-4) M). Forskolin and sulmazole produced
      larger increases in the amplitude of the calcium transients than the other
      agents, and their inotropic effects were less variable in magnitude. High
      concentrations (greater than 3 X 10(-4)M) of sulmazole decreased the amplitude of
      the calcium transients while increasing further the force. The increases in
      cyclic AMP levels, calcium transients, and force produced by all of the inotropic
      agents except Bay k 8644 and high concentrations of sulmazole were effectively
      antagonized by carbachol. These results indicate that the accumulation of cyclic
      AMP resulting from the inhibition of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase plays an
      important role in the action of new positive inotropic agents, milrinone,
      amrinone, MDL 17,043, MDL 19,205, OPC-8212, and sulmazole (less than or equal to
      3 X 10(-4)M), on dog ventricular muscle.

PMID- 2417746
TI  - Myocardial actions of milrinone: characterization of its mechanism of action.
AB  - The effect of milrinone on hemodynamic, pharmacologic, and key metabolic
      processes involved in regulating myocardial cellular calcium was evaluated in an
      attempt to characterize the mechanism of action of this compound. Data from open
      chest dog preparations and isolated guinea pig and rat heart preparations showed
      that milrinone causes a significant increase in contractility (+ dP/dt of left
      ventricular pressure) and coronary blood flow. Based on evidence from the
      Langendorff heart preparations, this positive inotropic effect of milrinone may
      be related in part to the drug's significant effect on positive chronotropy.
      However, the coronary-dilating action by milrinone appears to be direct and
      independent of positive chronotropy. Biochemical studies demonstrated that
      milrinone appears to have little effect on cardiac subcellular Ca++ transport
      systems. Preliminary findings indicate, however, that milrinone may play a role
      in initiating an earlier spontaneous release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic
      reticulum. The implications of these and other results in relation to the drug's
      mechanism of action are discussed.

PMID- 2417747
TI  - Potential deleterious effects of inotropic agents in the therapy of chronic heart
      failure.
AB  - Inotropic stimulation of the failing heart, although a logical adjunct in short
      term efforts to maintain circulatory function in patients with heart failure, has
      several potentially deleterious effects that may limit its usefulness in long
      term therapy for patients with congestive heart failure. These deleterious
      effects include cell damage caused by an increased rate of energy expenditure,
      exacerbation of relaxation abnormalities, and potential arrhythmogenic side
      effects that may result from increased cytosolic Ca++ and cyclic AMP
      concentrations in the inotropically stimulated myocardium. Recognition of these
      possible side effects should allow the therapeutic benefits of this approach to
      long-term therapy to be evaluated in carefully controlled clinical trials.

PMID- 2417748
TI  - Phosphodiesterase-inhibiting properties of newer inotropic agents.
AB  - The positive inotropic effects of the bipyridine derivatives amrinone and
      milrinone and of the benzimidazole compounds sulmazole, pimobendane, and UD-CG
      212 Cl are due at least in part to inhibition of cardiac phosphodiesterase
      activity and hence to an increase in myocardial cyclic AMP (cAMP) content.
      Compared with the other agents, the contribution of the cAMP system appears to be
      relatively small in the case of pimobendane and UD-CG 212 Cl. This reduced effect
      is probably advantageous because an increase in cAMP leads not only to positive
      inotropic but also to positive chronotropic effects and possibly to
      arrhythmogenesis. The latter in particular may limit the usefulness of new
      cardiotonic agents, although--at least theoretically--a cAMP-dependent
      arrhythmogenic action might be overcome by additional "antiarrhythmic"
      properties, e.g., prolongation of the action potential, depression of transient
      depolarizations, or depression of the fast Na+ inward current. Sulmazole and
      pimobendane have been shown to have an additional effect on the contractile
      properties in that they increase the sensitivity of the myofibrils to Ca++.

PMID- 2417749
TI  - [Comparison of effects of electroacupuncture stimulations of two different
      intensities and frequencies on monoamine neurotransmitters in rat brain regions].

PMID- 2417750
TI  - [The relationship between central nerves and peripheral nerves based on the
      effect of acupuncture on the 5-HT and noradrenaline systems].

PMID- 2417751
TI  - Three methods compared for determination of pancreatic and salivary amylase
      activity in serum of cystic fibrosis patients.
AB  - We evaluated three methods for serum amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) isoenzymes to determine
      whether they are interchangeable and to test their ability to discriminate
      between cystic fibrosis patients with and without pancreatic insufficiency. One
      method involved salivary amylase inhibitor (O), and two were polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis separations differing in method of detection--either direct
      zymogram (G) or gel slicing followed by activity estimates per slice (W). Results
      for percentage pancreatic amylase differed significantly. Reproducibility for
      percentage pancreatic amylase was high, moderate, and low (r = 0.95, 0.53, and
      0.02) for methods G, O, and W, respectively; moderate (r = 0.60) among the three
      methods; and moderate between pairs. Therefore, this result for a subject must be
      considered relative to the method used in its determination. The clinical
      diagnosis of pancreatic insufficiency was verified by 77.8%, 83.3%, and 94.4%
      correct classification rates for methods O, W, and G, respectively. Evidently,
      method G is the most efficient and may be the method of choice for measuring
      serum amylase isoenzymes in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2417752
TI  - Laboratory tests in the differential diagnosis of hyperamylasemia.
AB  - We evaluated the clinical utility of some recently developed laboratory methods,
      including total amylase by three methods; isoamylase by inhibition and
      isoelectric focusing; lipase by pH-Stat and turbidimetry; and immunoreactive
      trypsin. All methods correlated highly positively with hyperamylasemia due to
      primary acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic-type isoamylase determinations have the
      greatest clinical usefulness, because total amylase, lipase, and immunoreactive
      trypsin are increased in a relatively high percentage of other abdominal
      diseases. Increases in the last-mentioned enzymes in nonpancreatic abdominal
      disease may be the result of injuries to the pancreas secondary to the primary
      disease, which are being detected with these highly sensitive methods. Because of
      the high clinical sensitivity of lipase and immunoreactive trypsin
      determinations, a normal result tends to exclude acute pancreatitis.
      Hyperamylasemia seen in lung carcinoma is due to increase in an amylase isoenzyme
      similar to the salivary-type amylase. The method for pancreatic-type isoamylase
      based on selective inhibition is satisfactory for routine clinical laboratory
      use.

PMID- 2417753
TI  - Imprecision of quantification of serum protein fractions by electrophoresis on
      cellulose acetate.
AB  - We studied the precision of densitometric quantification of the protein zones
      resolved by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Replicate analyses of patients'
      samples by a single technologist showed mean CVs ranging from 2.9% for serum
      albumin to 9.5% for alpha 1-globulin. There were marked differences in
      measurements obtained by replicate analysis of the same samples by two
      experienced technologists. We calculated what changes in fractional
      concentrations would be analytically significant and concluded that densitometry
      of cellulose acetate electrophoretograms can only be semi-quantitative. We
      suggest that visual interpretation of high-resolution electrophoretic patterns by
      a trained observer can replace densitometry in most cases.

PMID- 2417754
TI  - Detection of serum proteins by high-pressure gel-permeation chromatography with
      low-angle laser light scattering, compared with analytical ultracentrifugation.
AB  - Human sera were subjected to analytical ultracentrifugation and "high-pressure"
      gel-permeation chromatography on a system of combined TSK Gel G5000 PW and G3000
      SW columns. The chromatographic method produced remarkably superior resolution of
      the proteins, especially those exceeding 100 000 Da. We calculated the molecular
      masses of eluted fractions on the basis of their detection by low-angle laser
      light scattering and their differential refractive index. We discuss the results
      in relation to the clinical data.

PMID- 2417755
TI  - Agarose electrophoresis and inhibitor tests for isoamylase determination can give
      complementary clinical information.
AB  - We report the presence of an extremely high proportion of "aged" amylase in the
      serum and cyst fluid of a patient with a pancreatic pseudocyst. A salivary
      amylase inhibitor test helped us to differentiate these "aged" pancreatic
      amylases from salivary fractions having a similar electrophoretic mobility.

PMID- 2417756
TI  - Distribution of serum zinc between albumin and alpha 2-macroglobulin in patients
      with different zinc metabolic disorders.
AB  - The distribution of total serum zinc between serum albumin and alpha 2
      macroglobulin was evaluated by ultracentrifugation in patients with cirrhosis of
      the liver, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or chronic renal failure. We
      found that the alpha 2-macroglobulin bound zinc fraction amounts to approximately
      6 and 5% of the total serum zinc in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and
      diabetes mellitus, which corresponds to the distribution in controls. In patients
      with chronic renal failure, however, the alpha 2-macroglobulin-bound zinc
      fraction only constitutes approximately 2%, which is significantly less than in
      controls. Our findings indicate that most of the total serum zinc is bound to
      serum albumin.

PMID- 2417757
TI  - Quantitation of apolipoprotein B by polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - A non-competitive sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitation
      of apolipoprotein B with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies was developed.
      Polyclonal antibodies were used as 'coater'. In the assay with polyclonal
      antibodies, the same antibody was used as conjugate with alkaline phosphatase.
      For studies with monoclonal antibodies, enzyme conjugated anti-mouse
      immunoglobulin had to be used, since monoclonal antibodies lost their reactivity
      upon enzyme conjugation. Two murine monoclonal antibodies were employed: MAB B-1
      with specificity for apolipoproteins (Apo) B-48 and B-100 and MAB B-5 with
      specificity for B-100 (Radioimmunoassay Inc.). In a reference group Apo B values
      of 0.82 +/- 0.20 g/l were measured with polyclonal antibodies, 0.68 +/- 0.19 g/l
      and 0.95 +/- 0.33 g/l with MAB B-1 and MAB B-5. In pure hypercholesterolemia, a
      similar increase was found with all three antibodies, while in combined
      hyperlipoproteinemia MAB B-5 gave greater than 40% lower values. Differences were
      also found with respect to the correlation between Apo B and cholesterol or
      triglycerides.

PMID- 2417758
TI  - Calcium, cyclic AMP and hormone action.

PMID- 2417759
TI  - The pancreas.

PMID- 2417760
TI  - Biliary tract disease in the elderly.

PMID- 2417761
TI  - New aspects of vaccine development.

PMID- 2417762
TI  - Serodiagnosis of toxoplasma infection using a purified parasite protein (P30).
AB  - The major surface protein (P30) of Toxoplasma gondii has been purified by
      immunoabsorption with anti-P30 monoclonal antibodies linked to a glutardialdehyde
      activated affinity absorbant. SDS-PAGE analysis of the eluted material followed
      by silver staining showed only a single band of 30,000 mol wt. Western blotting
      using antibodies from a rabbit immunized with purified P30 against the total
      Toxoplasma extract separated by SDS-PAGE again revealed an unique antigen of
      30,000 daltons. The presence of repeated epitopes within P30 was confirmed by a
      two-site/one-antibody radiometric assay with the purified protein. Sandwich ELISA
      procedures with purified P30 clearly demonstrated that all 37 tested patients
      with acute toxoplasmosis presented significantly high levels of IgM anti-P30
      antibodies. In addition, all 40 tested patients with chronic toxoplasma infection
      also showed high IgG anti-P30 antibody levels. These findings represent an
      essential step for the development of new reagents for the diagnosis of
      toxoplasmosis.

PMID- 2417763
TI  - Antigen-specific primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in acquired
      immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complexes (ARC).
AB  - Alloantigen specific primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses were examined
      in vitro in 10 patients with AIDS and nine with AIDS-related complex (ARC). The
      lymphocytes from patients with AIDS and ARC expressed significantly less (P less
      than 0.01) CTL activity (mean +/- s.d.; 4.7 +/- 9% and 10 +/- 11% respectively)
      when compared with CTL activity in normal healthy heterosexual controls (28 +/-
      9.5%). When data were analysed for individual patients, lymphocytes from nine of
      10 patients with AIDS and six of nine with ARC had deficient or no CTL activity.
      In vitro addition of purified human interleukin-2 (IL-2) during the generation of
      CTL resulted in significant enhancement (P less than 0.05) of CTL activity in ARC
      group (mean +/- s.d.; 27 +/- 18) but not in AIDS group (mean +/- s.d.; 8 +/- 8%).
      The presence of IL-2 augmented the induction of CTL activity in three of nine
      patients in AIDS group and in five of six in ARC group. In vitro addition of
      lectin-free supernatant (SN) obtained from cultures stimulated with PHA as well
      as with lymphoid cell restored the CTL functions in three of six AIDS patients
      and in one patient with ARC who did not respond to exogenous IL-2. The CTL
      activity developed in the presence of SN was higher than that manifested in the
      presence of IL-2 in both AIDS (SN versus IL-2; mean +/- s.d., 18 +/- 15.6% versus
      8 +/- 8%) and in the ARC group (SN versus IL-2; mean +/- s.d., 35 +/- 13.9%
      versus 27 +/- 18.3%). Lymphocytes from three AIDS patients, however, failed to
      develop any CTL activity in the presence of either IL-2 or SN. These results
      demonstrate that: (i) the lymphocytes from majority of patients with AIDS and
      with ARC have deficient ability to develop into alloantigen specific primary CTL
      effectors, and (ii) the defective CTL functions are restored by the addition of
      purified IL-2 or SN in all patients with ARC and only in a subset of patients
      with AIDS, suggesting heterogeneity of pre-CTL to respond to IL-2 and some
      differentiation factor in order to differentiate in CTL effectors.

PMID- 2417764
TI  - An ELISA-inhibition test using monoclonal antibody for the serology of leprosy.
AB  - In this study a mouse monoclonal antibody (47-9) is described, which recognized
      an epitope on the 36 kD protein antigen of M. leprae. The monoclonal antibody
      showed specificity for M. leprae. An ELISA-inhibition test based on the
      competitive inhibition by antibodies from human test sera of the binding of the
      enzyme labelled monoclonal antibody to M. leprae was developed. Seropositivity
      was found in 100% of the multibacillary leprosy patients group and in 91% of the
      paucibacillary patients. Only 5% of the 223 control sera were positive. Because
      of the high seropositivity found in both multi- and paucibacillary patients, it
      is suggested that the epitope on the 36 kD antigen is immuno-dominant. Therefore
      the ELISA-inhibition test described herein might well be a suitable tool for
      diagnosis of leprosy.

PMID- 2417765
TI  - Molecular analysis of the RNA and protein components recognized by anti-La(SS-B)
      autoantibodies.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine whether sera with autoantibodies to the
      La(SS-B) nuclear antigen react with the same or different sets of cellular or
      viral ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) and whether patients with anti-La(SS-B) comprised
      a homogeneous group with respect to phenotypic and serological markers. The 34
      anti-La(SS-B) sera studied were detected in the course of screening 2,000 sera
      referred from patients with suspected or defined multisystem autoimmune disease.
      Analysis of the molecular components of the small nuclear (sn) RNPs isolated from
      immune complexes developed in vitro between the IgG fractions of the anti-La(SS
      B) sera and cell lines selected for their content of viral and cellular (non
      viral) RNA showed that all 34 anti-La(SS-B) sera reacted with the same group of
      cellular RNAs and with two viral RNAs encoded by Epstein-Barr virus. The La(SS-B)
      RNPs contained one major 50,000 dalton antigenic polypeptide that resolved into 5
      6 heterogeneously charged isospecies on two-dimensional immunoblots. In addition
      to anti-La(SS-B) reactivity, all 34 sera were shown to contain anti-Ro(SS-A)
      activity by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP); however, with three exceptions,
      the antigenic Ro(SS-A) polypeptide was not detectable by immunoblotting. The
      homogeneity of this group with anti-La(SS-B) was indicated by the findings that
      of the 34 cases 31 (88%) had hypergammaglobulinaemia, 33 (97%) had rheumatoid
      factor and 27 (of 30 tested, 90%) were HLA-B8. Thus all anti-La(SS-B) sera react
      with the same set of RNAs associated with an antigenic 50,000 dalton
      nucleoprotein, and the presence of anti-La(SS-B) autoantibodies identified a
      homogeneous group of patients with the serological and phenotypic features of
      primary Sjogren's syndrome.

PMID- 2417766
TI  - Relaxation following contraction in tonically contracted smooth muscle from the
      bovine trachea.
AB  - Isometric tension was recorded from strips of bovine tracheal smooth muscle in
      which the tone had been artificially raised by agonist drugs such as histamine
      and carbachol. Application of exogenous acetylcholine produced a biphasic
      response consisting of an initial contraction followed by a more prolonged
      relaxation before tone was restored to normal. Atropine blocked both components
      of the biphasic response to exogenous acetylcholine. Tetrodotoxin blocked neither
      phase of the response to exogenous acetylcholine even though a similar biphasic
      response to electrical stimulation was severely disrupted. Application of
      exogenous substance P produced a biphasic response of similar magnitude and form
      to that produced by acetylcholine. Application of exogenous histamine (tone
      raised by carbachol) also produced a biphasic response although higher
      concentrations were required to produce a relaxation of equal magnitude to that
      produced by acetylcholine. It is concluded that the inhibitory component of the
      biphasic response to exogenous acetylcholine occurs as a non-specific sequel to
      contraction.

PMID- 2417767
TI  - Actions of the slow channel activator, Bay-K-8644, on the electrical activity of
      3-day-old embryonic chick hearts.
AB  - In order to assess the effects of Bay-K-8644 on electrical activities of young
      embryonic chick hearts in which the rising phase of the action potential (AP)
      depends on tetrodotoxin-insensitive slow Na+ currents, slow AP were recorded in
      spontaneously beating 3-day-old embryonic chick hearts. Bay-K-8644(10(-6) mol/l)
      caused increases in the maximum rate of rise, amplitude, and duration of the slow
      AP; there was a slow increase in the spontaneous firing rate. Thus, Bay-K-8644
      stimulates Na+ influx through TTX-insensitive slow channels.

PMID- 2417768
TI  - Tumor cells stimulate interleukin 1 (IL-1) production from enriched large
      granular lymphocytes.
AB  - When enriched large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) were activated by K562 cells
      substantial amounts of interleukin 1 (IL-1) could be detected in the supernatants
      as measured by the mouse thymocyte assay. IL-1 could also be produced by LGLs
      treated with other tumor cells according to their ability to be lysed by LGLs.
      Therefore PLC/PRF/5 hepatoma cells which were moderately sensitive to LGL attack
      stimulated moderate amounts of IL-1 from the LGLs. Yac-1 cells and human
      fibroblasts which are resistant to LGL cytolysis did not activate LGLs to produce
      significant amounts of IL-1. IL-1 was shown to be produced by LGLs and not by the
      stimulatory tumor cells. Interferon-alpha (IFN), which reduced the susceptibility
      of target cells to be lysed by LGLs, also inhibited their ability to stimulate IL
      1 production from LGLs. The IL-1 stimulatory effect of tumor cells on LGLs could
      not be attributed to Mycoplasma or endotoxin contamination. It is suggested that
      LGLs release IL-1 when they encounter susceptible cells and that release of this
      cytokine is important in the subsequent lysis of target cells.

PMID- 2417769
TI  - In vitro production of an anti-DNA idiotype by lymphocytes of normal subjects and
      patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - We investigated whether normal B cells can synthesize antibodies with an
      idiotypic marker that occurs with high frequency in anti-DNA antibodies of
      patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This idiotype, Id16/6, has been
      found in the serum of patients with active SLE and in monoclonal anti-DNA
      antibodies derived from unrelated patients with the disease. We found that
      cultured lymphocytes of all normal subjects tested produced Id16/6 when
      stimulated by pokeweed mitogen (PWM). By contrast, lymphocytes from SLE patients
      produced Id16/6 even without mitogenic stimulation, whether or not they were
      obtained from patients in remission or relapse. Relapsed patients' lymphocytes
      spontaneously produced the highest levels of Id16/6 which was found in IgG and
      IgA, in addition to IgM. The majority of Id16/6 produced by PWM-stimulated
      lymphocytes from either normal subjects or patients in remission did not bind to
      nucleic acid. In relapse, however, the nucleic acid-binding proportion of Id16/6
      rose substantially, indicating that the spontaneously activated B cells in active
      SLE differ from the subset of B cells that produce Id16/6 upon PWM stimulation.
      The findings suggest that the lupus Id16/6 family is conserved in normal
      individuals and it consists of two populations of antibodies with different
      antigenic specificities. The major set is not directed against nucleic acid
      antigens; its antigenic specificity is unknown and it dominates the Id16/6 family
      that appears after PWM stimulation. The other, minor set binds to nucleic acids
      and becomes prominent in clinically active lupus. These two sets of idiotypically
      related antibodies may be connected by an immunoregulatory network.

PMID- 2417770
TI  - Heterogeneity in mast cell populations.

PMID- 2417771
TI  - Pathophysiologic aspects of lymphokines.
AB  - Lymphokines have been known to be part of the immune system during almost the
      last three decades; within the last decade the information on their production,
      biochemical and biological characteristics has grown immensely. Their study has
      contributed significantly in the understanding of the physiological aspects of
      the immune responses. Recently, information has started being accumulated on
      their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Abnormalities of their
      production, and their ability to modify certain effector cell functions have been
      described. In this review, we will attempt to view the extensive information on
      lymphokines from a pathophysiologic perspective.

PMID- 2417772
TI  - The release and role of inflammatory mediators in asthma.

PMID- 2417773
TI  - Pharmacologic treatment of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in
      children and adolescents (Part 1).
AB  - A review is presented of the diagnosis and drug treatment of the more common
      psychiatric and developmental disorders in the pediatric population. Where
      applicable, DSM III (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders,
      III) criteria are utilized to describe the behavioral syndromes. The indications
      for usage and appropriate dosages of antipsychotics, antidepressants,
      anxiolytics, stimulants, and lithium are described. Those disorders discussed are
      attention deficit disorder, conduct disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep
      disorders, schizophrenia, autism, Tourette's syndrome, mental retardation,
      depressive illness, manic depressive illness, eating disorders, and enuresis.

PMID- 2417774
TI  - Aprotinin induced lipohypertrophy and glomerulonephritis in an insulin dependent
      diabetic.
AB  - In an insulin dependent diabetic who was hyperglycaemic and ketotic despite 3,000
      u of insulin injected subcutaneously in 2 divided doses daily, 50 u of
      intravenous insulin infused over 24 hr restored normal glucose homeostasis. A
      combination of insulin (800 u) and aprotinin (10,000 u) given twice daily also
      produced adequate glucose homeostasis for a period of 12 months. The patient then
      developed local hypertrophy of subcutaneous tissue at the injection site and her
      diabetic control deteriorated. Non-selective proteinuria followed and she
      developed nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy revealed a membraneous
      glomerulonephritis with subepithelial immune complexes, appearances consistent
      with a drug-induced glomerulonephritis. Withdrawal of aprotinin led to a gradual
      remission of nephrotic syndrome and proteinuria over several months. During this
      period, her diabetes was well controlled with continuous subcutaneous infusion of
      insulin at a dose of 500 u/24 hr. This case report demonstrates: the effective
      use of aprotinin for prolonged periods in insulin dependent diabetics with
      abnormal absorption of subcutaneously injected insulin; aprotinin induced
      lipohypertrophy which was not observed when insulin was injected alone; aprotinin
      associated glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome; the effective use of CSII-
      at higher insulin doses--in such patients with subcutaneous malabsorption of
      insulin.

PMID- 2417775
TI  - A computerized tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay in the diagnosis of
      human lung cancer.
AB  - A computerized tube LAI assay was used to determine the antitumor immune response
      in lung cancer patients. A standardized assay was established by the use of tumor
      antigen recovered from the spent medium of lung and colon adenocarcinoma cell
      lines. Furthermore, modulation of the assay by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was used
      to increase its sensitivity. Of 65 patients with epidermoid lung cancer, 34
      (52.3%) had a positive nonadherence index (NAI). The NAI was inversely related to
      tumor burden, with 31 of 44 (70.6%) patients with lung cancer stages I and II and
      only 3 of 21 (14%.2%) patients with stage III having positive assays (greater
      than 30%). Addition of PGE2 to the as say increased the overall sensitivity so
      that a positive NAI was obtained in 88.6% of patients with lung cancer stages I
      and II, and 88.6% with stage III, respectively. Of 174 individuals from the
      control group, positive NAI was found in only 9 and 3.8% of patients with chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease and normal controls, respectively. These results
      support previous observations on the specificity and sensitivity of the LAI assay
      in the diagnosis and study of human cancer.

PMID- 2417776
TI  - Mineralocorticoid escape during kallikrein inhibition.
AB  - Kinins have been considered to be involved in the escape from the sodium
      retaining effects of mineralocorticoids. In a metabolic study in rats, the
      importance of the kallikrein-kinin system for sodium and potassium excretion was
      evaluated by aprotinin-induced kallikrein inhibition under basal conditions and
      during DOCA administration. Kallikrein inhibition was accompanied by a transient
      sodium retention. The escape from the sodium retaining effect of DOCA was not
      affected. However, the DOCA-induced potassium loss was enhanced. Kallikrein
      inhibition decreased urinary prostaglandin (PG) E2 and prevented the DOCA-induced
      rise in PGE2. Plasma renin activity was stimulated after 10 days of aprotinin
      administration. The kallikrein-kinin system is not an important mediator of the
      escape phenomenon but it may play a role in the regulation of sodium and
      potassium excretion.

PMID- 2417777
TI  - Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation.
AB  - Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for
      macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic
      factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory
      leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has
      isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c).
      Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.

PMID- 2417778
TI  - Identification and characterization of trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase
      inhibitors in the hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus, and their immunological
      relationships to those of other mammals (rat, pig and human).
AB  - Hedgehog plasma was separated by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200, the fractions
      resolved by electrophoresis and the electrophoregrams characterized for trypsin,
      chymotrypsin and elastase inhibiting activities with both low and high molecular
      weight substrates. Approximate molecular weights were also determined. At least
      ten protease inhibitors were characterized in hedgehog plasma including three
      macroglobulins. The hedgehog protease inhibitors were identified by
      immunoelectrophoresis. Four protease inhibitors showed homologies with specific
      human, rat or swine antisera. These were alpha 2- and beta-macroglobulins, alpha
      1-protease inhibitor and alpha 2-antithrombin.

PMID- 2417779
TI  - Vitellogenin genes and their products in closely and distantly related species of
      Xenopus.
AB  - Plasma vitellogenins from two closely related species of Xenopus, X. laevis and
      X. borealis, and a more ancient species, X. tropicalis, exhibited the same size
      on gel electrophoresis and were immunologically related. Partial peptide maps of
      125I-labelled plasma vitellogenins, however, revealed marked differences in th
      structure and organisation of vitellogenin in the three Xenopus species. Northern
      blot hybridisation of liver RNA from oestrogen-treated males and females, probed
      with cloned vitellogenin cDNA, revealed the presence of mRNA of the same size in
      the three species of Xenopus, which was absent in untreated male liver. Cell-free
      translation of total liver RNA showed the presence of functional mRNA coding for
      vitellogenin subunit of the same size (Mr congruent to 210,000). Restriction
      endonuclease digestion patterns of genomic DNA from the three Xenopus species,
      using cloned X. laevis vitellogenin cDNA as the hybridisation probe, revealed
      significant differences in the organisation of these genes, which occur at a
      higher multiplicity in X. laevis and X. borealis than in X. tropicalis. Thus,
      despite a high degree of conservation of size, overall sequence and immunological
      identity of vitellogenin genes and their products in the three species of
      Xenopus, there is a substantial structural rearrangement during evolution of
      Xenopus within this multigene family.

PMID- 2417780
TI  - Role of the Ca2+ cycle in uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in liver
      mitochondria of cold-acclimated rats.
AB  - Cold acclimation of Wistar rats for 2-4 weeks at about 3 degrees C resulted in an
      increased respiration rate and a reduced ADP/O ratio in liver mitochondria. With
      increasing duration of acclimation up to 10-12 weeks, these parameters returned
      to a normal level. The increase in the respiration rate and the decline of the
      mitochondrial ADP/O ratio were associated with a significant activation of the
      electroneutral release of Ca2+. When the animals were acclimated for 10-12 weeks
      the rate of Ca2+ release reduced to control values. The addition of 1 microM
      ruthenium red resulted in a decrease in the rates of mitochondrial respiration in
      control and cold-acclimated rats to approximately equal values and in a partial
      restoration of the ADP/O ratio in liver mitochondria of rats kept in the cold for
      2-4 weeks. The respiratory activity of mitochondria isolated in the presence of 1
      mM EGTA unaffected by ruthenium red.

PMID- 2417781
TI  - Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of C4 split products expressing D but not C
      epitopes: influence of storage, Ca2+ and Ca2+-chelating agents.
AB  - Based on immunoelectrophoretic methods a heterogeneity in the electrophoretic
      mobility of C4d was observed. C4d was defined immunochemically as C4 molecules
      expressing D but lacking C epitopes. A beta-mobile form was observed when EDTA or
      heparin was not added to the sample prior to electrophoretic analysis. This
      component was generated during electrophoresis. Another C4d component migrating
      to the post-albumin region probably represented an in vivo generated split
      product. However, this C4d form was also produced during storage of serum or
      plasma at room temperature and its formation was enhanced in the presence of
      EDTA. Based on these findings standard conditions for collection and storage of
      clinical samples for quantification of C4d by electroimmunoassay are suggested.

PMID- 2417782
TI  - Differences in attachment and phagocytosis of Salmonella minnesota strains (S
      form, Re mutant) by mouse peritoneal macrophages: participation of endogenous C1q
      and bacterial surface components (LPS, porins).

PMID- 2417783
TI  - Reflection analysis: a new optical method. Evidence of mitotic inter-chromosomal
      RNA.
AB  - Giemsa-stained chromosomes, epi-illuminated with white light produced a brilliant
      image. The chromatids were yellow-green and the areas between the chromosomes
      contained tiny orange particles. This inter-chromosomal network was selectively
      removed by RNase treatment.

PMID- 2417784
TI  - Asthma, cardiac arrhythmias, and albuterol aerosol.
AB  - Twenty asthmatic patients clinically free of heart disease were studied for the
      possible arrhythmogenic action of albuterol (salbutamol). Two puffs of either
      albuterol or placebo were inhaled four times per day on two consecutive days and
      continuous ECG recordings obtained during each 24-hour period. Sixteen patients
      had atrial extrasystoles, four with albuterol, one with placebo, and 11 with both
      drugs. The extrasystoles/hour were 6.55 (23.75 SD) with albuterol and 8.37
      (33.82) with placebo, a nonsignificant difference. Ventricular extrasystoles were
      shown in 11 patients, two with albuterol, two with placebo, and seven during both
      treatments. The extrasystoles/hour were 2.57 (6.36) and 3.10 (7.61) with
      albuterol and placebo, respectively. This difference was not significant. These
      findings suggest that therapeutic doses of albuterol aerosol in asthmatic
      patients without evidence of heart disease and severe hypoxemia should not be
      considered a cause of cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 2417785
TI  - Bleomycin vs gallium in the preoperative evaluation of patients with lung cancer.

PMID- 2417786
TI  - Diagnostic value of a single Widal test.
AB  - The Widal test was performed on 90 blood specimens from typhoid fever patients,
      on 21 blood specimens from nontyphoid salmonellosis patients and on 46 nontyphoid
      febrile patients. Of 90 typhoid fever patients, 58 (64.4%) had H agglutinin titer
      of 1:160 or more and 55 (61.1%) had O agglutinin titer of 1:160 or more.
      Salmonella typhi H and/or O titer of 1:160 or more occurred in 70 (77.8%) of 90
      typhoid fever patients and in 5 (23.8%) of 21 nontyphoid salmonellosis. Only one
      of the 46 (2.2%) nontyphoid febrile patients showed O agglutinin titer of 1:160,
      a case which was proven subsequently to be a case of systemic lupus
      erythematosus. Either O or H can reach to diagnostic level during the first week
      of typhoid fever, and can be helpful in diagnosis of the illness. In view of the
      high specificity (91.0%), sensitivity (77.8%) and accuracy (83.4%), the Widal
      test still has value in the diagnosis of typhoid fever.

PMID- 2417787
TI  - [A monoclonal antibody RIA as an antigenic determinant (CA 125) in ovarian cancer
      patients].

PMID- 2417788
TI  - SCE induction and harlequin staining in mycoplasma-contaminated Chinese hamster
      cells.
AB  - Chinese hamster V79 and CHO cells infected with Mycoplasma hyorhinis show
      elevated sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) levels but normal cell proliferation and
      levels of chromosomal aberrations when compared with uninfected cells. Harlequin
      staining patterns differ from those seen with uninfected cells at similar levels
      of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd), indicating that BrdUrd is rapidly depleted from
      the medium by the mycoplasmal uridine phosphorylase and therefore becomes
      unavailable over the two cell cycles necessary for harlequin staining. Continuous
      treatment with the antibiotic minocycline restores the SCE level and harlequin
      staining to that seen in uncontaminated cells. The results suggest that
      mycoplasma infection should be suspected if harlequin staining patterns indicate
      a sudden decrease in incorporation of BrdUrd in cells grown in normal levels of
      BrdUrd.

PMID- 2417789
TI  - [The efficacy and side effects of the preoperative administration of
      pingyangmycin in squamous cell carcinoma of the oro-maxillo-facial region].

PMID- 2417791
TI  - [Clinical significance of serum "hepatoma-specific" gamma-glutamyl transferase
      and alkaline phosphatase].
AB  - By means of polyacrylamide gel stage electrophoresis designed by us, serum gamma
      glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were separated into 9
      (I to IX) and 7 (I to VII) isoenzyme bands. The GGT II and ALP I were found only
      in the sera of patients with primary hepatic carcinoma showing positive rates of
      29.5% and 8.5%, respectively. The combined positive rate of the two kinds of
      isoenzymes was 36.2% which is lower than that of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the
      liver cancer but it has a higher specificity compared to the latter test.
      Furthermore, positive GGT II and ALP I may also be present in patients with liver
      cancer who were negative for AFP. It is obvious that the simultaneous
      determinations of GGT II, ALP I and AFP are mutually supplementary in the
      diagnosis of liver cancer.

PMID- 2417790
TI  - Lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with alcoholic liver disease.
AB  - To determine whether abnormalities of the lymphocyte populations are associated
      with alcoholic liver disease, we have characterized the subpopulations of
      lymphocytes in 30 alcoholic patients with and without liver disease. Total T
      lymphocytes were decreased in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic
      cirrhosis. However, T4 (helper) and T8 (suppressor/cytotoxic) cells and the T4
      and T8 cell ratio were similar to the values in controls. In these patients, the
      sums of T4/T8 cells exceeded that of total T cells, an alteration apparently
      related to severe liver damage. Cells reacting with antisera to immunoglobulins
      (B lymphocytes) and to Dr determinants were also within the normal range. In
      contrast, NK/K (natural killer/killer) cells were increased in the group of
      patients with steatosis or without liver alteration. Increase of NK/K cells was
      not observed in patients who were abstinent from alcohol for a period of two
      weeks or more, suggesting that alcohol may have been responsible for the increase
      in this lymphocyte population.

PMID- 2417792
TI  - [Proton-activated sodium conduction in the brain neurons of the rat].

PMID- 2417793
TI  - [Protein-protein interactions in systems containing synthetic polyelectrolytes].

PMID- 2417794
TI  - [Detection of chordin-specific antigenic determinants in the notochord
      derivatives of higher vertebrates].

PMID- 2417795
TI  - [dsRNA as a stimulant of cell pacemaker activity].

PMID- 2417796
TI  - [Selective intravital staining of malignant cells by sodium fluorescein].

PMID- 2417797
TI  - [DNA organization in the nuclei of rat liver cells].

PMID- 2417798
TI  - [Action of alpha-galactosidase on the antigenic properties of the B-determinant
      of the blood group-specific substance].

PMID- 2417799
TI  - [Mechanism of action of kainic acid on L-glutamate receptors of pyramidal neurons
      in the rat hippocampus].

PMID- 2417800
TI  - Bleomycin pneumonitis potentiated by oxygen administration.
AB  - A case of a 53-year-old man who developed acute pneumonitis after bleomycin and
      moderate oxygen administration is presented. The patient received bleomycin 189 U
      over five days for preoperative control of a squamous cell carcinoma of the right
      tongue and tonsil. Surgery to remove the remaining tumor was performed 19 days
      later. The highest intraoperative oxygen concentration was 33 percent, but 40
      percent oxygen was administered for four days postoperatively. He became febrile
      and developed a productive cough and pulmonary infiltrates on postoperative day
      4. Despite antibiotic therapy, his pulmonary function deteriorated and 100
      percent oxygen was required to maintain adequate oxygenation. He sustained a
      myocardial infarction on postoperative day 7 and progressively deteriorated and
      expired five days later. Autopsy findings were consistent with bleomycin and
      oxygen-induced pulmonary damage. Oxygen potentiation of bleomycin-induced
      pulmonary toxicity is discussed.

PMID- 2417801
TI  - [Therapeutic approaches to cerebral blood flow disorders].

PMID- 2417802
TI  - [Accumulation and elimination of alpha and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in
      the fatty tissues of fattening bulls].

PMID- 2417803
TI  - [Refsum's disease].

PMID- 2417804
TI  - [Estimation of the size of the prostate using transabdominal suprapubic
      ultrasonography].

PMID- 2417805
TI  - Subacute physiological effects of bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) on the
      liver of trout, Salmo gairdneri.
AB  - Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were exposed for 10 and 30 days to
      microbiologically treated effluent of a bleached kraft pulp and paper mill
      (BKME). Throughout the experiments, the quality of dilution water, taken from an
      upstream location close to the mill, was allowed to vary both diurnally and
      seasonally (September-October) in a natural manner. The test concentrations
      averaged 0 (control), 0.6, 1.2, 2.0, and 5.1% (v/v) of BKME. Conjugates of all
      major resin acids and chlorinated phenolics of BKME, except chlorocatechols, were
      detected in trout bile. They comprised 93.1-99.9% of the total amounts in the
      bile. The level of conjugated resin acids increased linearly with the content of
      BKME in test water. On the other hand, no increase in concentration of conjugated
      phenolics was seen above 2.0% BKME. In the blood plasma no conjugates were
      analyzable. Concentrations of free resin acids in the blood plasma, but not in
      the bile, significantly increased at high test concentrations of BKME. No active
      excretion of free resin acids from plasma to bile can be inferred, but some of
      the phenolics--particularly 3,4,5,6-tetrachloroguaiacol--seem to be concentrated
      in the bile as a free compound. Changes in several biochemical parameters did not
      display any simple relationship with the external concentrations of BKME. In
      intermediate exposure concentrations, however, liver RNA and protein
      concentrations were decreased after 10 days but increased after 30 days.
      Condition of fish, relative size of the liver, and concentrations of liver
      glycogen and water were unresponsive to BKME at the dilutions investigated.

PMID- 2417806
TI  - Effects of pH on the toxicity and uptake of [14C]lindane in the midge, Chironomus
      riparius.
AB  - The toxicity of the insecticide, lindane, was measured in the midge, Chironomus
      riparius, at pH 4, 6, and 8 with the finding that lindane is significantly more
      toxic at pH 6 than at pH 4 and 8. The higher toxicity of lindane at pH 6 is a
      product of two factors. First the penetration of the compound into the midge is
      lower at pH 4 than at pH 6 and 8. Second, a greater percentage of total
      radioactivity is contributed by parent compound at pH 6.

PMID- 2417807
TI  - Peripheral giant cell granuloma--clinical, histological and histochemical study.

PMID- 2417808
TI  - [Transpapillary bile duct endoprostheses in obstructive jaundice].
AB  - 12 patients were treated with endoscopic transpapillary biliary endoprosthesis.
      The indication for biliary drainage was malignant obstructive jaundice in 10 and
      benign obstructive jaundice in 2 cases. The effectiveness of drainage is
      indicated by the disappearance of jaundice. The lifetime of the endoprosthesis
      was maximal 4 months and the survival of the tumor patients maximal 6 months. If
      the endoprosthesis is occluded replacement by a new one is necessary. Nonsurgical
      biliary drainage is an alternative method to palliative operation and should be
      preferred in general inoperability and in patients with irresectable tumors.

PMID- 2417809
TI  - [Pathogenetic aspects of metastasis].
AB  - The results of studies on the pathogenic mechanisms of metastatic spreading which
      determine sedimentation of tumour cells, their extravasation and development in
      the extravascular space and affect the growth of metastatic germs are summarized.
      It is shown that the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal and sympathoadrenal systems,
      the system of natural resistance represented by macrophages, the prekallikrein
      kinin system and the interferon system modulate the metastatic process and
      mechanisms of antitumoral resistance. In the course of the tumour growth the
      activity of these systems undergoes pathologic changes which, on the one hand,
      are the result of the tumour growth and, on the other hand, affect the mechanisms
      of metastatic spreading of tumours and the factors of its regulation. The
      possibility of finding the ways for inhibiting metastatic tumour spreading by
      means of the studying the pathogenetic mechanisms of the metastasis development
      is discussed.

PMID- 2417810
TI  - The value of closely spaced scalp electrodes in the localization of epileptiform
      foci: a study of 26 patients with complex partial seizures.
AB  - Twenty-seven patients with complex partial seizures were studied
      electrographically utilizing a large number of closely spaced scalp electrodes
      around the epileptogenic focus. Skull roentgenograms were made with the
      electrodes in place in order to relate the electrode positions to underlying
      brain anatomy. Field distribution maps were constructed from reference montages
      employing the closely spaced electrode set. Electrodes other than 10-20 were
      maximal most often and the single electrodes most often maximal were D9-D10,
      anterior temporal in location. This method of localization is of help in the
      evaluation of patients with complex partial seizures who may be surgical
      candidates.

PMID- 2417811
TI  - Changes in the interhemispheric correlation during sleep in normal subjects.
AB  - The correlation coefficients between left and right activity in the various
      frequency bands of the EEG signal were computed during sleep for 11 normal
      adults. The values of the correlation during REM sleep were compared with those
      for NREM sleep. This comparison was performed 'locally,' i.e., during each period
      of the REM-NREM cycle, as well as over the whole night. For 9 out of the 11
      examined subjects, both a visual comparison with the hypnogram and a statistical
      analysis showed the existence of cyclic variations during the night in the delta
      and/or sigma correlation coefficient. These variations lasted for the whole night
      and were synchronized with the REM-NREM cycle. A possible connection between
      these results and data on the interhemispheric relationship given by amplitude
      analysis is briefly discussed.

PMID- 2417812
TI  - The diagnostic value of eye movement recordings in patients with Huntington's
      disease and their offspring.
AB  - Eye movements were studied with EOG in a large number of Huntington's disease
      (HD) patients (N = 48) and their offspring (subjects at risk, N = 97). The
      following oculomotor paradigms were investigated: horizontal and vertical
      saccades of different sizes (10-80 degrees), smooth pursuit eye movements,
      optokinetic and vestibular nystagmus. It was found that 75% of the HD patients
      had pathologically slow saccades. This number rose to 87% if other oculomotor
      deficits were included. Thus a small, but definite number of HD patients had
      normal eye movements. This included patients with disease durations of more than
      14 years. A comparison with the results of clinical and evoked potential studies
      on these patients showed that they were clinically only mildly affected but did
      not form a different group of HD patients. Subjects at risk had statistically (P
      less than 0.01) slower horizontal saccades (average 427 deg/sec) than the
      controls (455 deg/sec). For 11% of the subjects at risk horizontal saccade
      velocity was pathological and altogether 22% had some oculomotor deficits.
      Subjects with pathological slow horizontal saccades also had a high incidence
      (64%) of pathological evoked potentials. Thus, subjects with pathological slow
      horizontal saccades can be considered to have a high risk of developing the
      clinical symptoms of HD.

PMID- 2417813
TI  - Cerebrovascular accident alters P300 event-related potential characteristics.
AB  - P300 event-related potentials to counted (target) and uncounted (background)
      visual stimuli were recorded from subjects who had sustained either a right or a
      left middle cerebral artery cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and from appropriate
      normal control subjects. Subjects were asked to count target stimuli and to
      ignore non-target stimuli. Standard measurements of the amplitude and latency of
      P300 components as well as intercorrelations among P300 wave forms from 3 brain
      regions (Fz, Cz, Pz) were collected. Amplitudes of N1-P2 and N2-P3 components as
      well as overall amplitude of the ERP wave form were reliably reduced by a CVA,
      but component latencies were not significantly affected. The amplitude reduction
      associated with a CVA cannot be simply interpreted as evidence for reduced
      cognitive efficiency because overall amplitudes and intercorrelations between
      brain regions of CVA patients were reduced for both counted and uncounted
      stimuli. The intercorrelations between brain regions were particularly reduced if
      the CVA was localized in the right hemisphere. For CVA patients, reduced
      component amplitudes may reflect decreased cortical intercommunication associated
      with damage to subcortical brain structures.

PMID- 2417814
TI  - P300 latency reflects the degree of cognitive decline in dementing illness.
AB  - An auditory discrimination paradigm was employed to elicit the P3 component of
      the event-related brain potential (ERP) from 39 demented patients (mean age = 71
      years). Component latency was longer in patients who were diagnosed as having
      primary degenerative dementia and other cognitive impairment disorders compared
      to age-matched controls. Neurologist ratings of cognitive impairment were
      significantly correlated with P3 latency values, although no differences in mean
      latency were obtained between the various categories of dementia. ERP measurement
      techniques and the interpretation of P3 latency as in index of dementing illness
      are discussed.

PMID- 2417815
TI  - Human medial temporal lobe potentials evoked in memory and language tasks.
AB  - Lesion evidence indicates that the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) makes an
      important contribution to Recent Memory formation and retrieval very soon after a
      stimulus item is encountered. For verbal materials, this contribution is
      lateralized to the language dominant hemisphere. Evoked potentials recorded from
      the MTL during verbal recognition memory display two late endogenous components.
      Both show differences between repeated target words and non-repeated distractor
      words. The first component is usually negative and has an average latency of 460
      msec. It is also observed in lexical decision and picture naming tasks. This
      component is similar in latency, morphology, and task correlates to the scalp
      recorded N4 potential. This 'MTL-N4' is smaller in amplitude to words recognized
      as repeats and is largest in amplitude in the left MTL. The second component is
      usually positive and has an average latency of 620 msec. It is similar in
      morphology and MTL topography to the P3-like component evoked at 360 msec to rare
      tones in auditory discrimination tasks. This 'MTL-P3' is larger in amplitude to
      words recognized as repeats. Both components are of very large amplitude and
      invert polarity over short distances within the MTL. Hence, they appear to be
      locally generated in the MTL. The extent to which volume conduction of these MTL
      potentials contribute to scalp-recorded EPs is unclear. The MTL-N4 might be
      involved with memory formation and retrieval processes, and the MTL-P3 might
      index completion of the detection-recognition cycle.

PMID- 2417816
TI  - Localization in human thalamus of units triggered during 'verbal commands,'
      voluntary movements and tremor.
AB  - Microelectrode recordings in the rostral (n. reticularis) and lateral (ventralis
      lateralis) human thalamus were carried out in locally anaesthetized diskinetic
      patients during stereotaxic operations. Their responses to voluntary motor tasks
      prompted by imperative verbal stimuli were tested. Spontaneous and evoked unit
      activities were studied using computer processing techniques. In the n.
      reticularis thalami and immediately adjacent thalamic zones, not only units
      reacting during the initiation of voluntary movements (100-200 msec before the
      movement), but also units responding to the verbal command itself ('triggered
      verbal command' units) were found. They proved to be concerned directly with the
      semantic meaning of the command. In the VL anterior area (Voa-Vop in German
      nomenclature) the majority of the units responded during the phases of initiation
      and/or realization of the voluntary motor act ('voluntary movement' units of
      Jasper and Bertrand 1966); when these units were not spontaneously rhythmic they
      were transiently transformed into rhythmic (5 +/- 1 Hz) ones. This transformation
      appeared during the preparation and realization of movement but also in some
      cells as a rebound phenomenon. In patients without tremor (akinetic and rigid
      forms of parkinsonism, torticollis), the transient rhythmogenic transformation
      was frequently provoked by the repetition of motor tasks. In the posterior part
      of VL (Vim), cells were driven by proprioceptive inflow coming from a specific
      peripheral region. They react also during the voluntary movement of the same
      region. The majority of these units were rhythmic at 5 +/- 1 Hz, and they
      presented a close correlation in phase and frequency with the tremor. The
      anatomical locations of the three main pools of neurons were determined.
      'Triggered verbal command' units were placed more anteriorly and laterally.
      'Voluntary movements' and 'rhythmic 5 +/- 1 Hz units' had identical spatial
      localizations. This fact supports the contributions of these two last types to
      the central mechanisms of both tremor and voluntary movement.

PMID- 2417817
TI  - H-reflex changes during static stretching and two variations of proprioceptive
      neuromuscular facilitation techniques.
AB  - The effects of 3 stretching methods on the motor pool excitability of the soleus
      muscle as measured by the Hoffmann reflex have been compared with the objective
      of revealing central nervous system influences promoting muscle compliance to
      lengthening. The H-wave was reduced slightly throughout the static stretch
      method. The contract-relax (CR) method produced profound inhibition during the
      first several hundred milliseconds following contraction, but gradually increased
      to values similar to static stretch (SS) values 2 sec following contraction.
      Hoffmann reflex values for the contract-relax-antagonist-contract (CRAC) method
      were greatly depressed throughout the stretching phase with a slight increase
      after 2 sec. It was concluded that several inhibitory neural influences can have
      an additive effect in profoundly reducing motor pool excitability. Under the
      assumption that greater motor pool inhibition reduces muscle contractibility and
      therefore allows more muscle compliance, it is suggested that the proprioceptive
      neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) methods, particularly those involving reciprocal
      activation, provide the greatest potential for muscle lengthening. This is
      supported by previous studies which compared gains in range of motion using these
      3 stretching methods (Holt et al. 1970; Moore and Hutton 1980; Etnyre and Abraham
      1985).

PMID- 2417818
TI  - Cat P300 present after primary auditory cortex ablation.
AB  - A long-latency (200-500 msec) endogenous potential with characteristics of the
      human P300 was recorded over 12 sessions in 4 adult cats. Principal components
      analysis with t tests showed that this potential was significantly larger in
      response to rare auditory stimuli than to the same stimuli presented frequently.
      The primary auditory cortex was ablated bilaterally. The preoperative tone
      elicited conditioned eye blink response remained postoperatively. After 12
      postoperative sessions, statistical analyses of these data demonstrated that the
      P300-like potential was still present. Thus, the primary auditory cortex is not
      necessary for generation of the P300-like response in cats.

PMID- 2417819
TI  - Changes in activity of motor units preceding a rapid voluntary movement.
AB  - Motor unit activity was studied during slightly sustained contraction of the
      erector spinal muscle before a rapid trunk extension from a moderately bent
      position, with special reference to a change of the surface EMG to a rhythmic
      slower wave with a periodicity of 20-30 msec preceding the movement. Synchronous
      discharge of a few motor units appeared at regular intervals of 20-30 msec during
      the slower wave. EMG peaks in the slower wave corresponded to synchronous
      discharges at the regular intervals.

PMID- 2417820
TI  - A new method for estimation of nerve conduction velocity distribution in the
      frequency domain.
AB  - Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) measurements have been widely used to assess the
      electrophysiological properties of peripheral nerves and to detect neuropathies
      at a subclinical stage. Conventional NCVs are usually expressed as the NCV for
      the fastest conducting fibers and the current standard methods do neither supply
      information about slower conducting fibers, nor detect information about
      individual fiber groups. We present a new analytical method, to estimate the
      distribution of conduction velocity (DCV), based upon spectral analysis of the
      wave forms of two compound action potentials (CAPs) recorded by surface
      electrodes from a nerve bundle. If the spectra of the two CAPs recorded at two
      different sites in response to supramaximal electrical stimulation at distances
      l1 and l2 are given as G11(omega) and G12(omega), the spectral representation of
      the latency distribution P12(omega) for the propagation distance l2 is expressed
      as follows: P12(l1 omega/l2) = [G11(omega)/G12(omega)]P12(omega), where omega is
      an angular frequency. We developed an algorithm that computes P12(omega)
      successively without using iterative calculation methods. Our estimation method
      is theoretically based upon the principle that the CAPs are recorded monopolarly
      to estimate the DCV, but in practical use, it is almost impossible to obtain
      appropriate CAP wave forms by monopolar recording methods, because of stimulation
      and muscle artefacts. In order to evaluate the efficacy of bipolarly recorded CAP
      wave forms for this computation algorithm, we examined the two CAP wave forms
      reconstructed by simulation techniques. We found that the difference between the
      monopolar and bipolar recording methods was reflected in the wave form extracted
      for the single fiber action potentials but not in the latency distribution. The
      distance between the bipolarly recorded electrodes (1.5 cm was the minimal
      distance used) did not affect the reproducibility of estimating the latency
      distribution. This new method is non-invasive and could be used for evaluation of
      peripheral neuropathies.

PMID- 2417821
TI  - EEG spectra in dyslexic and control boys during resting conditions.
AB  - We studied the resting eyes open and eyes closed EEG in carefully screened
      samples of 9-13-year-old dyslexic and control boys within a 2-cohort cross
      validation design with repeat testing 1-3 years later. We found: no difference
      between groups in delta or theta activity in either cohort or in repeat testing 1
      3 years later; in the dyslexics, decreased beta (19-24 c/sec) activity at
      bilateral central, parietal and mid-temporal leads referenced to vertex;
      inconsistent group differences in the alpha band: the first cohort dyslexics had
      lower alpha power than did the controls, but there was no group difference in the
      second cohort; and significant relative delta differences between groups in the
      first cohort, which were shown to be a statistical artifact of the use of
      relative power. We conclude that: dyslexia per se is not associated with
      increased absolute power in the delta and theta bands; lower power in the high
      beta band is reliably found in these samples of dyslexics without other
      disorders; and alpha power levels are not consistently lower in the dyslexic
      group.

PMID- 2417822
TI  - EEG and spectral analysis in acute hyperventilation.
AB  - Acute hypocapnia decreases CBF, increases hemoglobin affinity for oxygen and
      causes cerebral tissue hypoxia. This tissue hypoxia is reversed with inhalation
      of 100% O2 in dogs. EEG slowing produced by hyperventilation is considered a
      manifestation of cerebral hypoxia due to decreased CBF and is thought to be
      reversed with hyperoxia. This study evaluated the effects of 3 gas mixtures (16%
      O2, 21% O2, 100% O2) on posterior frequencies of the resting and hyperventilatory
      EEG in normal subjects aged 23-37. Hypocapnia was maintained to an end-tidal pCO2
      of 21 mm Hg for 3 min. Respiratory measures, heart rate, saO2, minute ventilation
      and side effects were recorded. EEG was analyzed by visual inspection and by
      spectral analysis. Spectral analysis evaluated total amplitude, percentile
      frequencies, and peak frequencies. There were significant changes from eucapnia
      to hypocapnia for the group in all physiologic parameters, total amplitude by
      spectral analysis, and posterior frequencies by visual analysis. There were no
      significant differences among the gases. We conclude that the EEG changes of
      hyperventilation are independent of the concentration of inspired oxygen over the
      range studied in our subjects. Symptoms of hyperventilation are likewise
      independent of the inspired oxygen concentration for the range studied.

PMID- 2417823
TI  - Steroid-binding proteins in primate plasma.
AB  - We used immunological techniques to compare the serum corticosteroid-binding
      globulins (CBG) and testosterone-estradiol-binding globulins (TeBG) of Old World
      primates (man, chimpanzee, cynomologus, and rhesus), New World monkeys (squirrel
      and owl), and prosimians (galago and lemur). Four different antihuman TeBG
      antisera could not differentiate human and chimpanzee TeBG and recognized the
      galago and lemur TeBG as similar as well as the rhesus and cynomologus TeBG, as
      similar. Western blots of serum subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate gel
      electrophoresis, with detection by an anti-TeBG antiserum, showed similar
      patterns of distribution of the two molecular species of TeBG for all of the New
      World primates and the owl monkey. The abundance of the two TeBG species was
      reversed in squirrel monkey serum, while lemur and galago displayed only a single
      band. Four different antihuman CBG antisera grouped together the CBGs of human
      and chimpanzee, rhesus and cynomologus, and lemur and galago. The squirrel monkey
      has a CBG with a markedly decreased affinity for cortisol; all four antisera
      perceived its CBG as much more immunologically distant from the human protein
      than that of the owl monkey. Indeed, three of the four antisera grouped squirrel
      monkey CBG with that of the prosimians, while one antiserum saw squirrel monkey
      CBG as even more distant from the human protein than the CBG of the primitive
      primates, the prosimians.

PMID- 2417824
TI  - Effects of the calcium channel activator BAY-K-8644 on in vitro secretion of
      calcitonin and parathyroid hormone.
AB  - The recently discovered calcium (Ca) channel activator BAY-K-8644 [methyl-1,4
      dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-nitro-4-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl) pyridine-5-carboxylate],
      an analog of the calcium channel blockers nifedipine and nitrendipine, was tested
      to determine its potential for altering hormone secretion in an in vitro system
      designed to study concurrent secretion of calcitonin (CT) and PTH. Addition of
      BAY-K-8644 (10(-4)-10(-5) M) to medium (1 mM Ca) bathing baby rat
      thyroparathyroids enhanced secretion of CT at least 2- to 4-fold and suppressed
      PTH release by as much as 75-85%. Addition of BAY-K-8644 alone to medium
      containing high (2.5 mM) Ca did not further enhance the already high rate of CT
      release, nor did it cause any further suppression of PTH secretion. BAY-K-8644
      did not stimulate CT release or suppress PTH release in the absence of medium Ca.
      Addition of the Ca channel blocker nitrendipine (10(-5) M) inhibited CT release
      at either 1 or 2.5 mM Ca, and at 1 mM Ca, nitrendipine negated the simulatory
      effect of 10(-5) M BAY-K-8644 on CT release. However, at 2.5 mM Ca, 10(-5) M BAY
      K-8644 reversed the marked inhibitory effect of 10(-5) M nitrendipine on CT
      release. At 1 mM Ca, PTH secretion was inhibited equally well by BAY-K-8644 and
      nitrendipine, and both agents together caused a further suppression of PTH
      release. The results indicate that Ca entry into the thyroid C-cell and
      parathyroid chief cell may occur via classical voltage-sensitive Ca channels and
      that the newly described Ca channel activator BAY-K-8644 should prove useful as a
      probe for studying hormone secretion in Ca-dependent secretory systems.

PMID- 2417825
TI  - Regulation of N-linked glycoprotein assembly in uteri by steroid hormones.
AB  - The effects of the steroid hormones 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and progesterone on N
      linked glycoprotein assembly in ovariectomized mice have been examined. Both
      priming and nidatory E2 markedly stimulate [3H]mannose incorporation (3- to 6
      fold) into uterine glycoproteins, whereas uterine bulk protein synthesis is not
      stimulated under the same conditions. Progesterone alone stimulates glycoprotein
      synthesis modestly (1.5-fold) over that in oil-injected controls, but antagonizes
      the action of E2 when coinjected with the estrogen. The E2 effect is not
      systemic, because livers from these same animals do not display an increase in
      glycoprotein synthesis. When mice were injected with tamoxifen or clomiphene, two
      drugs that mimic E2 actions in uteri without inducing the full extent of cell
      proliferation that normally accompanies E2 treatment, a similar enhancement of
      uterine glycoprotein synthesis was observed. Although mannosylphosphoryldolichol
      synthase activity rose in parallel with glycoprotein synthesis during E2 priming,
      the apparent activities of two other enzymes involved in the assembly of N-linked
      glycoproteins, namely chitobiosylpyrophosphoryldolichol synthase and
      oligosaccharyltransferase, remained relatively unchanged. Furthermore, the
      apparent in vivo rate of dolichol phosphorylation was not altered during E2
      priming. Supplementation of uterine tissue slices with dolichylphosphate failed
      to enhance the rate of protein glycosylation in vivo. In addition, changes in the
      pool sizes of GDP-mannose did not correlate with changes in the in vivo rate of
      glycoprotein synthesis. Collectively, these observations indicate that the E2
      dependent increase in glycoprotein synthesis is not likely to be due to increased
      enzyme activities for oligosaccharide assembly or transfer to protein, increased
      dolichylphosphate availability, or increased sugar nucleotide availability. To
      study the effects of E2 on the production of specific glycoproteins, the pattern
      of [3H]mannose-labeled glycoproteins produced as a function of days of E2 priming
      was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
      Estrogen priming induced the secretion of 9-11 [3H]mannose-labeled glycoproteins
      by uteri; however, the pattern of tissue-associated glycoproteins remained
      constant throughout this interval. It appears, therefore, that estrogen priming
      induces the secretion of a few specific glycoproteins while generally enhancing
      the production of most tissue-associated glycoproteins. Most (70%) of the
      [3H]mannose-labeled oligosaccharide chains of these glycoproteins were of the
      polymannose type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2417826
TI  - Inhibition of lactogenic activities of ovine prolactin and human growth hormone
      (hGH) by a novel form of a modified recombinant hGH.
AB  - A recombinant analog of human GH (hGH) lacking 13 amino acids at the amino
      terminus (Met14hGH) inhibited the hGH- or ovine PRL (oPRL)-stimulated
      proliferation of Nb2 lymphoma cells and bovine PRL-stimulated fat synthesis and
      alpha-lactalbumin secretion in explants from bovine lactating mammary gland. The
      inhibition was competitive in nature, and in Nb2 cells could be abolished by an
      excess of hGH or oPRL. Inhibition of oPRL-stimulated proliferation of Nb2 cells
      by Met14hGH could also be specifically abolished by anti-hGH monoclonal
      antibodies. Met14hGH had no growth-stimulating activity in Nb2 cells and was not
      cytotoxic. It also did not affect glucose uptake by the mammary gland explants.
      Met14hGH competed with [125I]hGH for binding to intact Nb2 cells, IM-9
      lymphocytes, solubilized microsomal fraction from lactating bovine mammary gland,
      and microsomal fraction from the liver of female virgin rats, but its affinity
      for those receptors was 2 orders of magnitude lower than the affinity of hGH.
      Since Met14hGH used in most experiments contained about 25% impurities and
      degradation products, a small amount of it was further purified by immunoaffinity
      chromatography. Two purified fractions, one consisting of a single 20K protein
      and the other accompanied by a small amount of 25K protein, were obtained. Both
      fractions exhibited increased inhibition of hGH- or oPRL-stimulated proliferation
      of Nb2 cells, thus indicating that the inhibitory activity results from the
      intact Met14hGH molecule. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report
      describing the inhibition of lactogenic hormone activities by a modified hGH.

PMID- 2417827
TI  - Prolactin release after 5-hydroxytryptophan treatment requires an intact
      neurointermediate pituitary lobe.
AB  - The present study was designed to evaluate the role of the neurointermediate
      pituitary lobe (NIL) in the 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)-induced increase in
      plasma PRL levels. The neurochemical mechanisms involved in this neuroendocrine
      regulation were also analyzed by examining the concentrations of serotonin (5
      HT), norepinephrine, and dopamine as well as their primary metabolites in the
      median eminence (ME), NIL, and anterior pituitary (AP) after different
      treatments. Removal of the NIL (NIL-X) did not significantly affect basal plasma
      PRL concentrations or amine metabolism in the ME or AP. 5-HTP administration
      resulted in a 5-fold increase in plasma PRL in sham-operated (SHAM) animals, but
      NIL-X completely abolished this PRL response. 5-HTP injection elicited large
      increases in 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid concentrations in ME, NIL,
      and AP in SHAM animals, and similar changes within the ME and AP in NIL-X
      animals, but did not significantly affect norepinephrine or dopamine metabolism
      in the ME, NIL, or AP of NIL-X or SHAM animals. Moreover, tissue concentrations
      of 5-HTP after 5-HTP injection increased similarly in SHAM and NIL-X animals.
      Inhibition of peripheral decarboxylase activity with MK486 prevented the 5-HTP
      induced increase in PRL in SHAM animals and the increase in 5-HT metabolism in
      both SHAM and NIL-X groups. These data indicate that an intact NIL is required
      for the 5-HTP-induced increase in plasma PRL, but does not seem to be essential
      for the regulation of basal PRL release. They also demonstrate that the 5-HTP
      induced activation of 5-HT metabolism in both ME and AP is not sufficient, by
      itself, to enhance PRL release.

PMID- 2417828
TI  - Selective enhancement of angiotensin II- and potassium-stimulated aldosterone
      secretion by the calcium channel agonist BAY K 8644.
AB  - Recent studies with dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists have indicated
      that voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) play a major role in the control
      of aldosterone secretion. The modulation of VSCC by physiological regulators of
      zona glomerulosa function was further evaluated by analysis of the actions of the
      dihydropyridine calcium channel agonist BAY K 8644 (BK 8644) on basal and
      stimulated aldosterone production in isolated rat glomerulosa cells. In the
      presence of normal K+ concentrations (3.5-4.5 mM), only high concentrations of BK
      8644 (greater than or equal to 100 nM) stimulated aldosterone secretion. However,
      addition of 10 nM BK 8644 markedly enhanced steroid production (70% over control)
      in cells stimulated by incubation in 7.5 mM K+ or 0.1 nM angiotensin II (AII).
      Greater enhancement was achieved with 1 microM BK 8644, with aldosterone
      secretion 150% and 300% above control levels for K+ and AII, respectively. In AII
      stimulated cells, 30 nM BK 8644 enhanced aldosterone secretion at all peptide
      concentrations studied, including a 70% increase in the maximum steroid response,
      with no change in sensitivity to AII. In K+-stimulated cells, the effects of BK
      8644 were dependent on the medium concentration of K+. At submaximally
      stimulating K+ concentrations (less than 9 mM), 30 nM BK 8644 increased the
      sensitivity of glomerulosa cells to K+ with no change in the maximal aldosterone
      response. However, at supramaximally stimulating concentrations of K+ (greater
      than 10 mM), BK 8644 reduced aldosterone production by 50%. In contrast to the
      effects of BK 8644 on cells stimulated with K+ or AII, the channel agonist had no
      effect on the action of ACTH. The ability of BK 8644 to enhance the maximum
      aldosterone response to AII suggests that AII, unlike K+, does not fully activate
      the Ca2+ influx pathway that leads to aldosterone secretion. Since BK 8644 is
      believed to facilitate Ca2+ influx primarily through previously activated
      channels, these results suggest that VSCC in the rat glomerulosa cell are
      partially operative under basal conditions, and that the same types of channels
      are further activated by AII and K+.

PMID- 2417829
TI  - Free alpha subunits of glycoprotein hormone with dissimilar carbohydrates
      produced by pathologically different carcinomas.
AB  - The two kinds of glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit ectopically produced by an
      undifferentiated carcinoma of the left femoral region (TM-alpha) and an
      adenocarcinoma of the right external genitalia (FS-alpha) were examined for amino
      acid composition, isoelectric focusing, molecular weight, the ability to combine
      with standard hCG beta and affinity with lectins (Con A, Ricin and PNA). Both TM
      alpha and FS-alpha exhibited immunoantigenicity similar to standard hCG alpha.
      Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the amino acid compositions
      of TM-alpha, FS-alpha or standard hCG alpha. In isoelectric focusing, while
      standard hCG alpha exhibited a neutral charge, both TM-alpha and FS-alpha
      exhibited strong negative charges. FS-alpha was as sensitive to sialidase as
      standard hCG alpha, whereas most of the TM-alpha exhibited resistance to
      sialidase. TM-alpha contains sialidase-insensitive peripheral material with a
      negative charge. The affinity with Ricin-Sepharose indicated that most of the FS
      alpha and some of the TM-alpha may contain terminal sialic acid and the
      penultimate structure, Gal beta 1----4G1cNAc; the affinity with PNA-Sepharose
      indicated that both may also contain terminal sialic acid and the penultimate
      structure, Gal beta 1----3GalNAc. These observations suggest that dissimilar
      glycosylation processes are present in the carcinoma ectopic biosynthesis of
      glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit.

PMID- 2417830
TI  - Classifying mutagens as to their specificity in causing the six possible
      transitions and transversions: a simple analysis using the Salmonella
      mutagenicity assay.
AB  - The standard Salmonella tester strains used to detect base substitution mutations
      carry the hisG428 ochre mutation (TA102 and TA104) and the hisG46 missense
      mutation (TA100). These mutations can be reverted by base changes at their mutant
      his loci or at extragenic suppressor loci. The base changes resulting in each
      class of revertants of these mutations have been identified, and simple
      phenotypic screens have been developed to distinguish among them. Revertants at
      extragenic suppressor loci are distinguished from those at the his loci by their
      sensitivity to inhibitory histidine analogs. The four ochre suppressor loci of
      hisG428 are distinguished by their ability to support growth of nonsense mutants
      of phage P22. These screens are the basis for a rapid and simple system for
      determining the base substitution specificity of mutagens using hisG428- and
      hisG46-containing tester strains. Diagnostic mutagens specific for each of the
      six possible base changes (transitions and transversions) have been identified.
      Using these diagnostic mutagens, two additional strains, each specifically
      reverted by a single base substitution mutation, have been developed to provide a
      minimum of two loci at which to detect each type of base change. The ability of
      this system to provide detailed information about mutational specificity in a
      variety of DNA repair backgrounds will allow further elucidation of the
      mechanisms of mutagenesis and DNA repair.

PMID- 2417831
TI  - Influence of social factors on lead exposure and child development.
AB  - A brief overview of current views of child development is provided, with
      particular attention given to the role the child's physical and social
      environment plays in influencing the developmental process. Examples from the
      recent literature are used to illustrate how these factors can influence lead
      exposure and most importantly how they might interact with lead to ameliorate or
      exacerbate possible lead effects. An example is provided which demonstrates that
      failure to control adequately and to adjust the data statistically to correct for
      the influence of these factors can lead one erroneously to attribute cognitive
      and behavioral changes to lead. Finally, data from the Cincinnati Prospective
      Lead Study are presented to illustrate the application of structural equation
      modeling as a means for unraveling the complex web of sociodemographic,
      environmental and behavioral influences on childhood lead exposure. The latter
      analysis indicates that for children less than 24 months of age, lead-containing
      dust in the home and on the children's hands are important determinates of their
      blood lead levels. This relationship is influenced by the amount of maternal
      involvement with their child and other indices of interaction between the child
      and primary caregiver.

PMID- 2417832
TI  - Effect of pesticide on circulating thyroid hormone levels in the freshwater
      catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch).
AB  - The effects of malathion (an organophosphorus) and BHC (an organochlorine)
      exposure on circulating levels of plasma T3 and T4 were studied in the freshwater
      catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. A lowered plasma T4 level was noticed within 4
      weeks of malathion (10 and 20 ppm) and BHC (8 ppm) exposure. Higher
      concentrations of BHC (16 ppm) induced an increase in the plasma T4 level. BHC
      exposed fish exhibited significantly lowered plasma T3 and T3/T4 ratio, but
      malathion exposure significantly increased their levels. Probably BHC acted
      directly on the thyroid gland, reducing the synthesis and release of the thyroid
      hormone. Malathion seems to increase the plasma T3 level either by stimulating
      the extrathyroidal conversion of T4 to T3 or by reducing T3 excretion, thereby
      increasing plasma T3 and the T3/T4 ratio in this fish.

PMID- 2417833
TI  - Asbestos bodies and the diagnosis of asbestosis in chrysotile workers.
AB  - It has been suggested that because chrysotile asbestos forms asbestos bodies
      poorly, use of the traditional histologic requirements (diffuse interstitial
      fibrosis plus asbestos bodies) for the diagnosis of asbestosis, may lead to an
      underdiagnosis of this condition in workers exposed only to chrysotile. We
      examined lungs from 25 chrysotile miners with diffuse interstitial fibrosis.
      Asbestos bodies were found easily in histologic section using hematoxylin and
      eosin stains in all cases. Mineralogic analysis of four cases showed that 46 of
      72 (64%) bodies isolated and examined contained chrysotile cores, and 21 of 72
      (29%) bodies contained cores of the amphiboles tremolite and actinolite. By
      contrast, tremolite and actinolite constituted the majority of uncoated fibers in
      these cases. The mean length for bodies formed on chrysotile was 35 micron, and
      for bodies formed on tremolite or actinolite, 36 micron. We conclude that (1) the
      usual histologic criteria for the diagnosis of asbestos are applicable to
      chrysotile-exposed workers; (2) in workers with occupational chrysotile exposure,
      bodies form readily on this mineral; and (3) asbestos bodies in these lungs
      reflect the presence of long asbestos fibers.

PMID- 2417834
TI  - The effect of isovolaemic haemodilution on infection-related serum protein
      levels.
AB  - Approximately 25% of blood was replaced by either hydroxyethyl starch (mol. wt
      450,000), dextran (mol. wt 60,000), or 5% plasma protein solution, 24 h prior to
      a surgical intervention. Twenty-four adult patients were studied and haematocrit,
      total protein, plasma albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, IgG, IgM, antithrombin III,
      fibronectin and alpha-2-macroglobulin were determined. The resulting blood
      concentrations suggest that the various replacement solutions exert only a
      dilutional effect upon the proteins studied. Furthermore, there is no difference
      regarding the course of the various infection-related proteins whether plasma
      protein solution or synthetic colloids are used for blood replacement. The
      decrease of the studied proteins during the study period does not exceed 35% of
      the control value. This is not considered to be a clinically significant
      reduction and levels of infection-related proteins were not dangerously low.

PMID- 2417835
TI  - Kinetics of thrombin-induced release and activation of platelet factor V.
AB  - The kinetics of thrombin-induced platelet factor V activation were studied in
      suspension of washed human platelets. The effect of thrombin in stimulating the
      release reaction could be separated from its effect on factor V activation by use
      of a potent inhibitor of the release reaction, the prostacyclin analogue ZK
      36374. When platelets were incubated with ZK 36374 prior to stimulation with
      thrombin, the amount of ZK 36374 required to inhibit 50% of factor Va formation
      was 15 pM. ZK 36374 at a final concentration of 1 nM was found to block
      instantaneously and completely the release of factor Va, whereas it has no effect
      neither on platelet factor V activation nor on the factor Va assay. By varying
      the time interval between the addition of thrombin (0.5 nM) and ZK 36374 to
      suspensions of 4.6 X 10(6) platelets/ml the rate of factor V release was found to
      be 12 pM factor V/min. In the absence of ZK 36374 the total amount of factor V
      released was 8 pM, whereas Triton X-100-treated platelets gave 13 pM factor V. It
      appeared that the amount of factor V that could be released was dependent on the
      thrombin concentration. Maximum release was obtained at 1 nM thrombin. The rate
      of factor V release increased in proportion to the thrombin concentration. The
      rate of factor V activation was found to be proportional to the thrombin
      concentration as well as to the amount of released factor V. When 4.6 X 10(6)
      platelets/ml were activated by 0.5 nM thrombin, the rates of factor V activation
      were found to be 0.3 pM and 1.2 pM factor Va/min at 20% and 90% completion of the
      release reaction. Therefore, the rate of factor V release was at least one order
      of magnitude faster than the rate of factor V activation. The kinetics of
      thrombin-induced platelet factor V activation were compared to those of plasma
      factor V activation in platelet-rich and platelet-free plasma. The results
      clearly demonstrate that platelets have no effect on the rate of factor V
      activation and that the kinetics of plasma factor V activation are identical to
      those of platelet factor V activation.

PMID- 2417836
TI  - Improved procedure for the isolation of a double-strand-specific ribonuclease and
      its application to structural analysis of various 5S rRNAs and tRNAs.
AB  - An improved method for the isolation of a double-strand-specific RNase from snake
      venom is presented. This RNase, called CSV, was used to cleave yeast tRNAPhe and
      tRNA2Glu and tRNAfMet from Escherichia coli. In addition these RNAs and E. coli
      tRNAPhe were examined with the single-strand-specific nuclease S1. The results
      are discussed in terms of the specificity of CSV RNase and the structure of
      tRNAs. S1 nuclease digestions at increasing temperatures allowed the melting of
      tertiary and secondary structure to be monitored. 5S rRNA from E. coli,
      Thermoplasma acidophilum and the chloroplasts of Spinacia oleracea were digested
      with CSV and S1. The information these results give on the secondary-structural
      differences between different classes of 5S rRNA are discussed. Supporting
      evidence is found for tertiary interactions between hairpin loop c and internal
      loop d of eubacterial 5S rRNA.

PMID- 2417837
TI  - Preferential conformation of substance P in solution.
AB  - The three-dimensional structure of substance P has been studied by 1H-NMR, (500
      MHz), and by circular dichroism (CD) in different solvents. The analysis of the
      different NMR parameters suggest that substance P adopts a rather extended
      structure in dimethylsulfoxide and pyridine. In water, besides the aggregation
      phenomenon, the monomeric substance P presents a complex conformational
      equilibrium. The addition of sodium dodecylsulfate to the aqueous solution
      induces, as shown by CD spectroscopy, a preferential alpha-helical conformation.
      And in methanol three structural conclusions may be drawn: the flexibility of the
      N-terminal Arg-Pro-Lys, the alpha-helical structure of Pro4-Gln5-Gln6-Phe7-Phe8
      and the interaction of the C-terminal carboxamide with the primary amides from
      both glutamines.

PMID- 2417838
TI  - Characterization of two murine monoclonal antibodies (P10, P12) directed against
      different determinants on human blood platelet thrombospondin.
AB  - Thrombospondin, a 450-kDa glycoprotein composed of three disulphide linked
      chains, is located in human blood platelet alpha-granules and is released from
      platelets upon stimulation. This glycoprotein is thought to play a major role in
      platelet aggregation. The aim of this study was to characterize two monoclonal
      antibodies (P10 and P12) directed against human blood platelet thrombospondin.
      When the released material obtained after stimulation of platelets with thrombin
      in the presence of 2 mM calcium was immediately treated with EDTA, labelled with
      125I and incubated with monoclonal antibodies P10 and P12, both
      immunoprecipitated a major labelled protein band with a molecular mass of 160 kDa
      and a weaker band at 146 kDa, as analysed on reduced dodecyl
      sulphate/polyacrylamide gels. The major band corresponds in molecular mass to the
      thrombospondin subunits. If, however, the released material was left in the
      presence of Ca2+ for 48 h, then the main band was at 130 kDa and in addition one
      minor protein band (75 kDa) was immunoprecipitated by P10 whereas P12 recognized
      two minor protein bands (75 and 60 kDa). When P10 and P12 were incubated with
      125I-labelled platelet releasates treated for 48 h at 4 degrees C with 10mM EDTA,
      three major protein bands (160, 146 and 130 kDa) were immunoprecipitated in
      addition to the minor bands mentioned above. These results indicate that
      thrombospondin is probably degraded by the endogenous platelet calcium-dependent
      protease. Investigation of tryptic peptide fragments of thrombospondin isolated
      by fast protein liquid chromatography showed that 125I-labelled antibody P10
      bound to 400-kDa and 120-kDa fragments whereas 125I-labelled P12 only recognized
      a 400-kDa fragment. Competition studies involving solid-phase antibody binding
      and double antibody sandwich assays showed that P10 and P12 were directed against
      different determinants of thrombospondin. Purified thrombospondin, isolated in
      the presence of calcium, either directly or after treatment with EDTA,
      haemagglutinated trypsinized, formaldehyde-fixed sheep erythrocytes identically.
      The haemagglutination activity of EDTA-treated thrombospondin was inhibited by
      P10 and enhanced by P12. On the other hand, P10 and P12, despite their binding to
      calcium-treated thrombospondin, had no effect on its haemagglutination activity.
      Monoclonal antibodies P10 and P12 could be useful tools to investigate the role
      of thrombospondin in platelet aggregation.

PMID- 2417839
TI  - Complete nucleotide sequence and genome organization of a Drosophila transposable
      genetic element, 297.
AB  - The complete nucleotide sequence of 297, a Drosophila copia-like transposable
      element, was determined and compared with those of other similar Drosophila
      elements and mammalian retrovirus proviruses. It was found that 297 contains
      three long open reading frames, comparable in sizes and locations with gag, pol,
      and env genes in the proviruses of replication-competent retroviruses in
      vertebrates. The first and second open reading frames of 297 exhibit sequence
      homologies to gag and pol, respectively, of Moloney murine leukaemia virus. In
      particular, as with 17.6, another Drosophila copia-like element, the second open
      reading frame of 297 was shown to be very similar in its entire organization to
      the retroviral pol gene and to consist of three enzymatic domains. By contrast,
      no appreciable homology was found between the third open reading frame of 297 and
      the retroviral env gene. It is also suggested that 297 and 17.6 are a peculiar
      pair of copia-like elements recently diverged from a common progenitor.

PMID- 2417840
TI  - Interaction of substance P with tubulin.
AB  - Binding of the peptide neurotransmitter substance P to brain tubulin in vitro
      inhibits self-assembly of the protein into microtubules and disrupts preassembled
      microtubules. This cooperative inhibition of the maximum extent of self-assembly
      by substance P is explicable in terms of preferential binding to the protomer
      state as compared to the polymer state of tubulin. The inhibition is relieved by
      the microtubule-associated protein MAP2, which evidently acts in a mixed
      competitive-noncompetitive fashion. Substance P interacts directly with the
      isolated C-terminal 4-kDa peptide fragment of tubulin, which appears to contain
      the specific binding area for MAP2, but is without effect on the self-assembly of
      the larger (48-kDa) part of the tubulin molecule called S-tubulin. The results
      are consistent with the C-terminal fragment having a binding site for the
      cationic substance P as well as for MAP2. However, factors other than
      electrostatic interaction must be operative, since the sulfoxide of substance P,
      a derivative with oxidized methionine but similar electrostatic characteristics,
      is inactive in inhibiting the extent of microtubule assembly.

PMID- 2417841
TI  - Characterization of rat hepatocyte plasma membrane domains by monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - The hepatocyte plasma membrane consists of three morphologically and functionally
      distinct domains, the sinusoidal, the lateral and the canalicular. To study the
      distribution of antigenic determinants among these domains, we prepared
      monoclonal antibodies by immunizing mice with a crude, plasma membrane-enriched
      liver fraction. Four monoclonal antibodies were obtained that recognized various
      parts of the rat hepatocyte plasma membrane when tested by indirect
      immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase assay performed on formaldehyde-fixed
      liver tissue. Each antibody gave a different staining pattern when analyzed by
      light and electron microscopy. A59 exclusively labelled the part of the
      sinusoidal membrane facing the sinusoids. A39 mainly labelled the sinusoidal
      membrane. B1 mainly labelled the lateral membrane, while the labelling by B10 was
      almost completely limited to the canalicular membrane. Immunoblotting showed that
      the antibody B1 recognized an antigen of approximately 100 kilodaltons and that
      B10 recognized an antigen of approximately 125 to 130 kilodaltons. These
      antibodies allow us to distinguish the three domains of the hepatocyte plasma
      membrane.

PMID- 2417842
TI  - Isolation and characterization of chromatin replication bands and macronuclei
      from Euplotes eurystomus.
AB  - A method is described for isolating replication bands (RBs) from Euplotes
      eurystomus in quantities sufficient for biochemical analysis. The method involves
      the disruption of whole cells in a low ionic strength buffer that maintains RB
      integrity while dispersing macronuclear chromatin. The RBs are then stabilized
      with MgCl2 and spermidine phosphate and isolated by gradient centrifugation.
      Staining with silver nitrate and thiol-specific coumarin maleimide has been
      demonstrated in the RBs of Euplotes and other hypotrichs; both of these
      properties were maintained in isolated RBs. A method is also described in this
      study for isolating highly purified macronuclei. Examination of isolated
      macronuclei and RBs with electron microscopy (EM) indicates that the morphology
      of both structures remain essentially intact during purification. We also observe
      with EM an increase in the number of replicating molecules in RBs compared to
      macronuclei. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
      demonstrates a consistent but minor enrichment of a 55 kilodalton protein in RBs
      when compared to macronuclear proteins.

PMID- 2417843
TI  - AtT20 pituitary tumour cells contain mouse mammary tumour virus and
      intracisternal A-type particles in addition to murine leukemia virus.
AB  - By electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry we have examined the retroviruses
      endogenous to AtT20 D16V cells, a cloned line of murine pituitary tumour cells.
      In addition to the C-type retrovirus particles related to Rauscher murine
      leukemia virus (MuLV) previously reported to bud from these cells we observed
      cytoplasmic A-type particles and intracisternal A-type particles (IAP). In the
      cytoplasm the A-type particles occur in large clusters often associated with
      sheets of material with a fine structure resembling the shells of the particles.
      At the plasma membrane individual A-type particles bud to give rise to
      extracellular virions. The IAP are restricted to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
      (RER) into which they bud: they are not transported out of the RER to the Golgi
      apparatus and beyond. We describe a new monoclonal antibody (designated 83E7)
      which is specific for an epitope of the major core protein (MTVp27) of mouse
      mammary tumour virus (MMTV). Using immunogold labelling procedures we have
      specifically labelled both the A-type particles and the associated sheets of
      material with this antibody. We conclude that the A-type particles and the
      virions they give rise to are MMTV. The sheets of material must also at least in
      part be made up of the major core protein of MMTV or its precursor polypeptide.
      AtT20 cells, therefore, contain endogenous MuLV and MMTV as well as IAP.

PMID- 2417844
TI  - The replication of Rous sarcoma virus is blocked at or before viral DNA synthesis
      in interferon treated chick embryo fibroblasts.

PMID- 2417845
TI  - Identification of the collar-like structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit from E.
      coli by dark field electron microscopy.
AB  - We have used dark field electron microscopy to study a fragment of the small
      (30S) subunit of the E. coli ribosome. This fragment is almost the same size as
      the parent particle but RNA sequencing studies have shown it to lack, as a major
      constituent, a 150-nucleotide stretch at the 3' end of the rRNA, and two minor
      sections constituting 20 nucleotides from the 5' end and the 15 nucleotides of
      the sequence 687-701. The protein composition of the fragment was essentially
      unchanged. Samples of this material, and controls, were examined in the electron
      microscope after treatment with a buffered uranyl acetate solution for positive
      staining. Careful comparison revealed the following differences. The structural
      feature that we call the "collar" was missing in the fragment. Of the three
      parallel uranyl-staining bands that we have observed in micrographs of whole 30S
      subunits, the fragment consistently lacked the uppermost band. These observations
      identify the top uranyl-adsorbing band as being the 3' end of the ribosomal RNA
      and show that it can be equated with the collar-like structure.

PMID- 2417846
TI  - Receptor domains in the plasma membrane of cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages.
AB  - Using the platinum-carbon surface replication technique, the distribution of
      receptors for two colloidal gold labeled lipoproteins (acetylated low density
      lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein), iron-saturated transferrin and bovine
      serum albumin in the plasma membrane of cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages was
      mapped. The plasma membrane surface of cultured peritoneal macrophages exhibits
      three morphologically distinct regions which have shown differences in the
      distribution, density and dynamics of these receptors. The flat border of the
      plasma membrane surfaces are the domains that appear to have the highest
      concentration of transferrin receptors, whereas the intermediate regions contain
      most of the receptors for acetylated low density lipoprotein and high density
      lipoprotein. Bovine serum albumin receptors are concentrated at the edge of the
      cells and had a uniform distribution on the rest of the cell surface. The
      functional significance and the mechanisms by which these regional differences in
      the distribution of the receptors are generated and then maintained are not yet
      known.

PMID- 2417847
TI  - A monoclonal antibody identifies a 215 000-dalton nuclear envelope protein
      restricted to certain cell types.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody, AGF2.3, was isolated from mice immunised with the human
      promyeloid cell line HL60. By immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy
      the antibody was shown to bind to the nuclear envelope in uninduced HL60 cells.
      Immunofluorescent staining was reduced to very low levels in HL60 cells induced
      to mature to monocytes or neutrophils by addition of 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13
      acetate or dimethyl sulfoxide respectively. Blood neutrophils did not express the
      antigen. Weak immunofluorescent staining of cell nuclei was observed in
      peripheral blood lymphocytes and in sections of normal human kidney, tonsil and
      skin epithelium. The AGF2.3 antigen was strongly expressed on the nuclei of 21/21
      haemopoietic cell lines and 21/25 permanent non-haemopoietic cell lines
      representing various cell types. In contrast, the antigen was not expressed by
      any of six primary (untransformed) cell cultures. These included fibroblasts,
      endothelial cells and keratinocytes. The antigen was expressed in the Q10 SV-40
      transformed cell line derived from a non-expressing primary fibroblast culture.
      AGF2.3 antibody precipitated a protein with an apparent subunit molecular weight
      of approximately 215 kDa from Triton X-100 extracts of HL60 and HeLa cells
      labelled with 35S-methionine. This protein was not detectable in extracts of
      primary skin fibroblasts prepared in parallel. We conclude that AGF2.3 antibody
      recognises a previously undescribed protein associated with the nuclear envelope
      which is expressed at high levels in most transformed cell lines but which is
      weakly expressed or absent in normal tissues and primary cell cultures.

PMID- 2417848
TI  - Monophasic action potential studies in human subjects with prolonged ventricular
      repolarization and long QT syndromes.
AB  - In 58 human subjects monophasic action potentials (MAPs) were recorded with
      suction electrodes in several areas of the right ventricle (RV). Individual
      differences between the longest and the shortest RV MAP durations indicate that:
      normally (40 subjects) ventricular repolarization is almost synchronous; QT
      prolongation due either to bradycardia or to amiodarone treatment (eight cases)
      may be the result of a uniform lengthening of ventricular repolarization, when
      ventricular arrhythmias are not present; in long QT syndromes (LQTSs) of
      differing etiology (10 cases), in which severe ventricular arrhythmias are
      present, marked individual differences in RV MAP duration are present and
      correspond with pathological asynchrony of ventricular repolarization. Also
      observed in the LQTSs are morphological alterations (humps) in the terminal phase
      of the longest MAPs. Humps, interpreted as pathological delayed repolarization
      phenomena, may lead to focal re-excitation which seems to play a key role in the
      genesis of the arrhythmias complicating LQTSs.

PMID- 2417849
TI  - Delayed ventricular repolarization as an anti-arrhythmic principle.
AB  - Depolarization of cardiac muscle is achieved by 'fast inward current' through
      channels which are inactivated within about 1 ms. When the cells are repolarized
      the process of inactivation of fast channels is rapidly reversed. The class 1
      anti-arrhythmic drugs delay the disappearance of inactivation until long after
      repolarization is complete. In theory, it should be possible to produce a similar
      extension of refractory period by delaying the repolarization itself. Quinidine
      and disopyramide caused minor delays of repolarization, but both were primarily
      class 1 agents, and in addition had undesirable anticholinergic activity.
      Amiodarone, already in use for many years as an antianginal drug, prolonged
      action potential duration (APD) and was shown to have an anti-arrhythmic action
      in rabbits, dogs and man. Although prolongation of APD lengthens QT, a long QT
      may be caused by phenomena other than prolonged APD, such as heterogeneity of
      sympathetic drive. Association of long QT with arrhythmia does not, therefore,
      invalidate the principle that homogeneously prolonged APD should be anti
      arrhythmic. In practice, amiodarone, bretylium, sotalol, thyroidectomy, and long
      term beta-blockade prolong APD, and are associated with low incidence of
      arrhythmia. Many mechanisms controlling cardiac repolarization have been
      proposed, but how repolarization is delayed by individual agents is not fully
      elucidated.

PMID- 2417850
TI  - Effect of uniformly prolonged, and increased basic dispersion of repolarization
      on premature dispersion on ventricular surface in dogs: role of action potential
      duration and activation time differences.
AB  - Strong experimental evidence links ventricular fibrillation to an increased
      temporal dispersion of the recovery of excitability. The effect of an overall
      prolongation of repolarization and an increased basic dispersion of
      repolarization on premature dispersion was studied on ventricular surface in 10
      dogs. Our observations reveal the operation of several fundamental
      electrophysiologic mechanisms controlling the conduction and the refractoriness
      in the ventricular myocardium in vivo. Action potential (AP) duration was
      influenced by the heart rate, the duration of the preceding AP and the proximity
      to the repolarization of the preceding AP. These effects can both slow, or
      enhance ventricular conduction, during propagation of premature impulses. This
      model may be applicable to several clinical situations where APs are prolonged
      (hypothermia, drug effects, changes in electrolytes) or when dispersion of
      refractoriness is increased (long QT-time syndrome, neural imbalance of the heart
      with and without heart disease.

PMID- 2417851
TI  - Repolarization: physiological and structural determinants, and pathophysiological
      changes.

PMID- 2417852
TI  - Neural mechanisms involved in the regulation of ventricular repolarization.
AB  - Neural mechanisms have important influences on ventricular repolarization. The
      normal gradients of repolarization such as that from long to short duration on
      the endocardial-epicardial axis are probably not the result of nonuniform neural
      effects. The ventricular distributions of individual cardiac sympathetic nerves
      is, however, localized and provides a possible basis for nonuniform effects on
      repolarization in various disease states. Such localized sympathetic effects are
      the probable mechanism of electrocardiographic waveform abnormalities associated
      with neurologic disease and a possible mechanism of the idiopathic prolonged QT
      interval syndromes. The medical significance of nonuniform neural influences on
      ventricular repolarization includes the evaluation of neurogenic
      electrocardiographic waveform abnormalities that may be erroneously attributed to
      intrinsic heart disease. Of greater importance, nonuniform repolarization has
      established relations to cardiac arrhythmias including ventricular fibrillation
      and nonuniform sympathetic effects on repolarization may be a significant factor
      in the occurrence and persistence of these disorders. Parasympathetic influences
      on ventricular repolarization are slight compared to sympathetic effects and may
      operate by opposing adrenergic effects.

PMID- 2417853
TI  - Variability of recovery of excitability in the normal canine and the ischaemic
      porcine heart.
AB  - Normal hearts: Refractory periods were determined at 12 to 15 intramural sites of
      the normal canine left ventricle during steady state regularly driven rates,
      after each of a series of four early premature beats, and after a long pause
      following a series of three premature beats. The dispersion in recovery of
      excitability, defined as the standard deviation of the mean refractory periods,
      was in absolute terms the same for all three situations. However, since mean
      refractory periods shortened after premature beats, in relative terms, dispersion
      of recovery of excitability was greatest after a series of four premature beats.
      The refractory periods of the specialized conducting system determined during the
      initial beats of a new, faster rate, showed that in subsequent beats, the
      refractory periods of the bundle branches are alternatively shorter and longer
      than the refractory period of the ventricular myocardium. An example of
      'concealed bundle branch re-entry' is shown. It is concluded that normal hearts
      are well protected from sustained arrhythmias induced by changes in rate and
      rhythm. Ischaemic hearts: In isolated, Langendorff perfused porcine hearts,
      regional ischaemia was produced by clamping the left anterior descending coronary
      artery. The transmembrane potentials then were recorded within a distance of less
      than 1 mm from a stimulating electrode in the ischaemic zone. Refractory periods
      in the central ischaemic zone lengthened, those in the border zone shortened.
      Recovery of excitability in an ischaemic myocardium cannot be expressed in terms
      of intervals between stimuli alone: the quality of the premature response must
      also be taken into account. Typically, responses elicited well after completion
      of repolarization have markedly reduced amplitudes and upstroke velocities.
      Thresholds for stimulation increase in an ischaemic myocardium, and the use of
      strong test stimuli leads to artefactual results: evidence is presented that
      strong premature stimuli excite less injured cells far away from the stimulus
      site. Premature stimuli often induced arrhythmias. Presence of local responses in
      central ischaemic cells suggest regions of unidirectional block, creating
      circumstances where re-entry may occur. After a long pause, alternation in action
      potential amplitude and duration became more pronounced: possibly, a premature
      impulse elicited after a long pause encounters more regions of unidirectional
      block so that re-entry is facilitated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2417854
TI  - Mechanism of ventricular arrhythmias caused by increased dispersion of
      repolarization.
AB  - To explain the mechanism of arrhythmias dependent predominantly on increased
      dispersion of repolarization, we created a model in which increased dispersion
      was induced by means of generalized hypothermia (29 degrees C) and regional warm
      blood (38-43 degrees C) perfusion (RWBP) via a coronary artery branch. In 23 open
      chest dogs, hypothermia plus RWBP increased maximum dispersion of repolarization
      from 13 +/- 10 to 111 +/- 16 ms (P less than 0.001) due predominantly to the
      increased monophasic action potential duration (MAP) difference of six
      simultaneously recorded MAP's from the ventricular surface, from 10 +/- 15 to 97
      +/- 16 ms (P less than 0.001). The maximal difference between activation times
      was not significantly changed while QRS duration increased from 47 +/- 6 to 52 +/
      7 ms (P less than 0.01). Ventricular arrhythmia (VA) did not occur spontaneously
      but was induced by a single ventricular premature stimulus (VPS) in all 23 dogs
      during hypothermia plus RWBP when dispersion reached a critical magnitude. The
      requirement of this critical magnitude of dispersion for the induction of VA was
      documented in 16 dogs by means of stepwise increments or decrements of
      dispersion. In four dogs an increase in atrial pacing rate by 24 beats/min-1
      prevented induction of VA by decreasing dispersion from a critical magnitude of
      103 +/- 5 ms to a nonarrhythmogenic value of 86 +/- 9 ms (P less than 0.05). In
      six dogs, we compared the stimulation-site dependent effects of VPS applied in
      the region with short and long MAPD. In all dogs VA was inducible only by VPS
      from the region with short MAPD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2417855
TI  - QT interval prolongation in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The relationship between corrected QT (QTc) interval and clinical factors in
      acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was studied, as well as long-term prognostic
      implications of QTc after AMI. QTc was measured on admission to the coronary care
      unit (CCU). Patients with AMI who showed ventricular fibrillation or severe
      ventricular tachycardia (n = 27) had prolonged QTc in comparison to AMI patients
      without ventricular arrhythmias (VA) and noninfarction patients. QTc was measured
      at discharge from hospital in 463 survivors of AMI. Patients with anterior
      infarcts had longer QTc than those with inferior infarcts. Patients with VA in
      the CCU had longer QTc. Patients who died (3-6 years) had shorter QTc; explained
      by digitalis therapy. Among patients (less than 66 years) without bundle branch
      block digitalis and quinidine, those who died within six months tended to have
      longer QTc than the survivors. QTc intervals were measured on the first two days
      in the CCU, the first post-CCU day, at discharge, and at 1-3, 6 and 12 months
      after discharge, in 160 AMI patients (less than 66 years). The highest QTc values
      were registered in the CCU, the lowest at the 1-year control. During the acute
      phase, patients with anterior infarcts had longer QTc than those with inferior
      infarcts. Those with subendocardial infarcts had longer QTc intervals. Patients
      who reinfarcted or died (particularly when sudden) after discharge had longer QTc
      during the post-CCU period; QTc at discharge was of significant independent value
      for predicting major cardiac events. QTc intervals were measured as in study III.
      Metoprolol (n = 59) or placebo (n = 52) were given prior to discharge to AMI
      patients (less than 70 years). QTc decreased in both groups between discharge and
      the 3-month control; most marked in those on beta-receptor blockade with
      prolonged QTc. Patients on metoprolol had shorter QTc during the follow-up.
      Patients who died suddenly had longer QTc prior to discharge than those without
      major cardiac events. In a prospective collaborative study, QTc intervals were
      measured at discharge from hospital in 865 patients. All patients who died after
      discharge within 30 days after admission were on medication or pacemaker therapy
      which would influence QTc. When this was taken into consideration, QTc was
      significantly longer in patients who died within 180 days and 1 year.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2417856
TI  - The surdo-cardiac syndrome.
AB  - The first diagnosed cases of the surdo-cardiac syndrome are presented. The effect
      on the ECG of exercise, of digitalis treatment, of intramuscular injection of
      atropine and of intravenous injection of potassium chloride solution were
      studied. ECGs taken during attacks of syncope showed that the attacks are caused
      either by ventricular fibrillation or by ventricular standstill.

PMID- 2417857
TI  - Effect of a hexosylceramide fraction of the hemodialysate Solcoseryl on
      experimental granulation tissue.
AB  - This work was carried out to study the effects of a hexosylceramide fraction (Hex
      Cer) of the hemodialysate Solcoseryl on developing granulation tissue in rats.
      Subcutaneously implanted cylindrical hollow viscose-cellulose sponges were used
      as an inductive matrix for the growth of granulation tissue. In the control
      animals, the implants were treated daily by withdrawing 1 ml of wound fluid from
      the central dead space of the implant and by injecting back 1 ml of physiological
      saline. In the experimental animals, the aspirated wound fluid was replaced by a
      corresponding volume of a solution containing 0.08 microgram of Hex-Cer in
      physiological saline. Analyses of the wound fluid and granulation tissue were
      carried out 4, 10 and 21 days after the implantation. Statistically significant
      increases in the mean amounts of granulation tissue DNA and RNA were observed in
      the Hex-Cer group as compared with the controls, indicating an augmented
      cellularity. Concurrently, the mean amounts of collagen hydroxyproline in the Hex
      Cer group were significantly higher than the respective control values.
      Similarly, on days 4 and 10, the amounts of uronic acids were higher in the Hex
      Cer group than in the controls, reflecting an enhanced accumulation of
      glycosaminoglycans. The tissue hemoglobin reflecting the degree of
      vascularization rose gradually as the healing progressed, the mean amounts being
      generally higher in the Hex-Cer group than in the controls. Wound fluid pO2, pCO2
      and pH as well as wound fluid hemoglobin and lactate concentrations showed no
      essential differences between the two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2417858
TI  - The prognostic relevance of nuclear Feulgen DNA in transitional cell carcinoma of
      the urinary bladder. A long-term follow-up study.
AB  - Feulgen DNA cytophotometry yielded prognostically significant information about
      the long-term relative survival in 123 patients with bladder cancer, even if
      subgroups with comparable T categories were compared. Patients with diploid
      tumours generally had a more favourable outcome than those with non-diploid ones.
      The percentage of tumour DNA stemline values was an additional prognostic
      parameter for diploid T1 tumours. It is suggested that DNA cytometric results
      ought to have an influence on the treatment of patients with bladder cancer.

PMID- 2417859
TI  - Development of T cell clones reactive to two defined restriction elements in
      conjunction with two defined epitopes of antigen.
AB  - A previously described pig insulin (PI)-specific T cell line of (B10 X B10.BR)F1
      origin was assayed for its reactivity with species variants of insulin in the
      presence of antigen-presenting cells (APC) of various H-2 haplotypes. In addition
      to its reactivity with PI and bovine insulin (BI) in the context of syngeneic F1
      (H-2b X k)-APC, a weak cross-reactivity was observed with parental B10 (H-2b)-APC
      and BI but not PI. The cross-reactive cells could be selected out by several
      restimulations with the combination of BI and B10-APC. From the resulting,
      strongly cross-reactive T cell line several interleukin 2-dependent sublines were
      developed which did not require antigen-specific restimulations for further
      propagation. All such sublines had retained the original cross-reactivity with BI
      and B10-APC but showed significant differences in their fine specificity
      patterns, which indicates that each subline represents a clonal population. One
      of the sublines was cloned by limiting dilution at one cell/culture with a
      cloning efficiency of 76%. Five of the clones that were tested for reactivity had
      the same cross-reactivity as the original subline and upon recloning at 0.1
      cells/culture the pattern again remained unchanged. From an analysis of the two
      antigen combinations (PI/F1 and BI/B10) it can be concluded that single cells can
      react with different restriction elements in the context of distinct epitopes of
      insulin. The implications of this finding for the mechanism of T cell recognition
      are discussed and a model for the function of major histocompatibility complex
      molecules in T cell recognition is proposed.

PMID- 2417860
TI  - Epitope-specific regulation of the T cell repertoire: carrier recognition in
      association with I-E or I-A does not influence the restriction of hapten-specific
      T cells.
AB  - The T cell repertoire of BALB/c mice contains clones capable of recognizing p
      azobenzenearsonate (ABA)-tyrosine (Tyr) in association with both I-A and I-E
      encoded class II molecules. Immunization of BALB/c animals with ABA-GAT
      (terpolymer of L-Glu60-L-Ala30-L-Tyr10) or ABA-GLT (terpolymer of L-Glu51-L-Lys34
      L-Tyr15) instead of ABA-Tyr reduces the secondary proliferative response to ABA
      Tyr in vitro. Limiting dilution experiments indicate that this situation
      corresponds to the recruitment of fewer ABA-specific T cells in vivo. The same
      experiments, performed in A.TH mice, which are nonresponder to both GAT and GLT,
      demonstrate that the number of ABA-specific T cells stimulated in vivo with ABA
      conjugates depends on the Ir gene-controlled immunogenicity of the carrier rather
      than on the ABA epitope density on the immunogen. Although GAT is preferentially
      recognized in association with A, and GLT with E, ABA-GAT and ABA-GLT stimulate
      both A and E-restricted ABA T cells in vivo and in vitro. The ABA-Tyr-specific T
      cell repertoire is not qualitatively affected by the carrier. This demonstrates
      that the inhibition of hapten-specific T cell expression upon immunization with
      ABA conjugates does not result from a competition between hapten and carrier
      specific T cells for epitope recognition in association with the same Ia molecule
      on antigen-presenting cells.

PMID- 2417861
TI  - Analysis of the Thy-1 pathway of T cell hybridoma activation using 17 rat
      monoclonal antibodies reactive with distinct Thy-1 epitopes.
AB  - Seventeen monoclonal anti-Thy-1 antibodies (mAb) derived from LOU/M rats
      immunized with mouse T cell clones were used to study the role of Thy-1 in
      antigen-independent T cell activation. These mAb identified Thy-1.2 or
      monomorphic determinants and immunoprecipitated a molecule of 25-28 kDa from
      detergent-solubilized, 125I-labeled T cell surface proteins. Competitive cross
      inhibition binding assays demonstrated that these reagents defined 3 epitope
      groups including either Thy-1.2 (group A) or Thy-1 monomorphic (groups B and C)
      determinants. Experiments using high titered culture supernatants revealed that
      all 6 IgG mAb defining the epitope group C, and one IgG2c mAb directed at a
      determinant in group A were capable of stimulating the terpolymer-L-glutamic
      acid60-L-alanine33-Ltyrosine10 (GAT) plus I-Ad-reactive BALB/c T cell hybridoma
      T14-117.9 to produce interleukin 2 (IL2) in the absence of accessory cells. Cross
      linking of cell-bound rat mAb by a BALB/c anti-rat kappa chain mAb, or the
      presence of B cell lymphomas in the culture resulted in an increase of the Thy-1
      mediated IL2 responses of this hybridoma. Some mAb from group B required antibody
      doses exceeding 80 micrograms/ml in order to activate T cells, while others
      remained nonstimulatory at any dose tested. Striking synergy in mAb-mediated T
      cell activation was observed when nonmitogenic doses of mAb group groups A and C
      were mixed in the same culture. Analysis of a panel of GAT plus I-Ad-specific T
      cell hybridomas revealed that these cells markedly differed in the magnitude of
      their IL2 responses induced by a given amount of stimulating anti-Thy-1 mAb. Such
      reagents also stimulated normal thymocytes to express IL2 receptor on their
      surface. These studies show that the epitopic specificity and the amount of anti
      Thy-1 mAb, and the susceptibility of the T cell examined represent important
      parameters for the triggering of the Thy-1 pathway of T cell activation.

PMID- 2417862
TI  - Stereoselectivity of the histamine H3-presynaptic autoreceptor.
AB  - The effects of the enantiomers of two chiral analogues of histamine (alpha, N
      alpha-dimethylhistamine and N alpha-methyl-alpha-chloromethylhistamine) were
      studied at H3-autoreceptors modulating histamine release in rat brain slices.
      These compounds act as H3-receptor agonists, displaying a low potency relative to
      histamine (below 4%) but a pronounced stereoselectivity (ratio of 31 for the
      isomers of alpha, N alpha-dimethylhistamine and 183 for their halogenated
      analogues) was observed. The (+)isomers (corresponding to S-configurated L
      histidine) were highly preferred at H3-receptors, whereas the (-)isomers were
      more potent at H2-receptors, no difference being observed at H1-receptors. In
      addition, no such stereoselectivity was observed for the two isomers of a chiral
      impromidine derivative: both Sopromidine and its S enantiomer acted as
      antagonists of histamine at H3-autoreceptors with similar potencies (Ki = 5.6 X
      10(-8) M and 4.5 X 10(-8) M), whereas Sopromidine acted as an H2-receptor agonist
      and the S-enantiomer as an H2-receptor antagonist. Our results indicate that H3
      autoreceptors are chemically stereoselective, with structural requirements
      different from those of H1- and H2-receptors.

PMID- 2417863
TI  - The calcium agonists Bay K 8644 and (+)202,791 stimulate the release of
      endothelial relaxing factor from canine femoral arteries.

PMID- 2417864
TI  - Peptides and histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells.
AB  - Various vasoactive peptides were compared for their histamine releasing effects
      on rat mast cells. Neurotensin, substance P (SP), and kallidin were the most
      active natural peptides, followed by bradykinin; neurokinin A and B, bombesin,
      angiotensin and tuftsin were practically inactive. Several kinins and tachykinin
      related peptides were tested in an attempt to characterize the receptors
      mediating histamine liberation. The order of potency of the kinins was the
      following: kallidin greater than [Tyr(Me)8]bradykinin = bradykinin greater than
      [desArg10]kallidin greater than desArg9-bradykinin, the same as that found in
      smooth muscle possessing receptors of the B2 type. Tachykinin-related peptides
      were potent stimulants and followed the order: [D-Tryp7,9,10]SP-(1-11) greater
      than [D-Pro2,D-Tryp7,9,10]SP-(1-11) greater than SP-(1-11) greater than SP-(1-9)
      greater than [D-Pro4,D-Tryp7,9,Leu11]SP-(4-11) greater than SP-(1-7) greater than
      SP-(4-11) greater than neurokinin A = neurokinin B, indicating that: (a)
      undecapeptide antagonists of SP behave as superagonists; (b) both N- and C
      terminal portions of SP-(1-11) are essential for activity; and (c) receptors for
      the tachykinins mediating histamine release appear to be of the SP-P type.

PMID- 2417865
TI  - Reduced neurogenic inflammation in streptozotocin-diabetic rats due to
      microvascular changes but not to substance P depletion.
AB  - The effect of streptozotocin treatment (65 mg/kg i.v.) on plasma protein
      extravasation, nociception, and the content of substance P immunoreactivity (SP
      IR) and somatostatin immunoreactivity (SOM-IR) was investigated in the rat.
      Twelve days after treatment, the neurogenic plasma extravasation induced by 5%
      mustard oil was reduced by 67% in the skin of the hind paw. Extravasation caused
      by SP, a putative mediator of neurogenic inflammation, was also reduced by 61% in
      the abdominal skin. While calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) potentiated the
      SP-induced extravasation in control rats, no potentiation was observed in
      diabetic rats. Thermonociception or chemonociception was unchanged after
      streptozotocin treatment. The content of SP-IR and SOM-IR in sensory nerves or
      spinal ganglia was also not altered. These results indicate that the impairment
      of neurogenic inflammation in diabetic rats is not the result of depletion of
      neurogenic mediators like SP. Changes of the microvasculature at the leakage site
      appear to account for the effects observed.

PMID- 2417866
TI  - Different receptor affinities of the enantiomers of BAY K 8644, a dihydropyridine
      Ca channel activator.

PMID- 2417867
TI  - Tachykinin receptors in smooth muscles: a study with agonists (substance P,
      neurokinin A) and antagonists.
AB  - Four preparations, sensitive to tachykinins, the guinea-pig urinary bladder, the
      rat duodenum, the hamster and dog urinary bladders have been investigated and
      compared with four other preparations described before: the guinea-pig ileum and
      trachea, the dog carotid artery and the rabbit mesenteric vein. On the basis of
      the order of potency of agonists, evaluated with substance P, physalaemin,
      eledoisin, kassinin and neurokinin A, the preparations can be separated into
      three groups, the guinea-pig urinary bladder and the dog carotid artery, in which
      substance P is the most potent and neurokinin A the weakest tachykinin, the
      rabbit mesenteric vein, the guinea-pig trachea and the rat duodenum, in which the
      opposite order is observed and the hamster and dog urinary bladders, in which
      kassinin is the most potent agonist. The guinea-pig ileum shows similar
      sensitivity to the five tachykinins. C-terminal partial sequences appear to be
      weaker than SP-(1-11) in three of the four new preparations, SP-(6-11) being
      first in the rat duodenum and slightly weaker than SP-(1-11) in the hamster and
      dog urinary bladders. Studies performed with antagonists or inhibitors of
      endogenous agents suggest that substance P and neurokinin A act directly on
      specific receptors. The effects of the two peptides are reduced by antagonists
      analogues of the sequence SP-(4-11). One of the antagonists, [D-Pro4,Lys6,D
      Trp7,9,10, Phe11]SP-(4-11) has been shown to be competitive against substance P
      and neurokinin A in the guinea-pig ileum, the guinea-pig urinary bladder and the
      rat duodenum. This compound, shows definitely higher activity against neurokinin
      A and kassinin, compared to substance P in various preparations. [D-Tyr4,D
      Trp7,9,Nle11]SP-(4-11) is the most potent tachykinin antagonist in the hamster
      and dog urinary bladders. In these preparations, the antagonists act also against
      substance P, but with lower affinity. These findings with antagonists support the
      indication, emerged from the order of potency of agonists, that tachykinins may
      act on two and possibly three different receptor types.

PMID- 2417868
TI  - The peripheral, high affinity benzodiazepine binding site is not coupled to the
      cardiac Ca2+ channel.
AB  - Ro 5-4864, the prototype ligand of the peripheral benzodiazepine binding site
      caused a decrease of the action potential duration in isolated guinea-pig cardiac
      myocytes. Voltage-clamp experiments showed that, at concentrations below 3 X 10(
      6) M, Ro 5-4864 caused a parallel outward shift of the membrane current elicited
      by depolarization to + 10 mV from a holding potential of -50 mV. The peak inward
      Ca2+ current (ICa) and the inwardly rectifying K+ current were not affected. ICa
      was reduced by Ro 5-4864 at concentrations above 3 X 10(-6) M. At these
      concentrations, Ro 5-4864 also caused a negative inotropic effect in isolated
      guinea-pig papillary muscles, reduced K+ depolarization-induced contractures of
      the isolated rat aorta and inhibited [3H]nitrendipine binding to guinea-pig
      cardiac membranes. These data provide no evidence that the peripheral high
      affinity benzodiazepine binding site is coupled to the cardiac Ca2+ channel. The
      possibility cannot be excluded that a postulated micromolar affinity
      benzodiazepine receptor is associated with the Ca2+ channel.

PMID- 2417869
TI  - The role of sodium channels in the effects of the cardiotonic compound DPI 201
      106 on contractility and membrane potentials in isolated mammalian heart
      preparations.
AB  - The novel compound DPI 201-106 (4-3-(4-diphenyl-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-2
      hydroxypropoxy-1H-indole-carbon itrile) prolonged the action potential duration
      (APD) and enhanced force of contraction in isolated papillary muscles of the
      guinea-pig. The effective concentration range was 0.1-3 mumol/l. These effects
      persisted upon removal of the compound, even after extensive washings. Both
      prolongation of APD and the positive inotropic effect were readily reversed or
      prevented after exposure to tetrodotoxin, 3 mumol/l. Slow action potentials of
      partially depolarized preparations in high potassium solution were hardly
      influenced by DPI 201-106 (1 mumol/l) or were depressed (3 mumol/l). In isolated
      myocytes DPI 201-106 induced a slowly decaying net inward current, that
      disappeared again after exposure to tetrodotoxin. With the exception of the lack
      of reversibility by washing, these effects were similar to the ones reported
      previously for the Anemonia sulcata polypeptide ATX II. ATX II and DPI 201-106
      did not affect the post-rest contraction. The biphasic response in APD after a
      transient interruption of stimulation was accentuated by ATX II and became
      monophasic with DPI 201-106. It is concluded that the effects of DPI 201-106 are
      also mediated by an interaction with the Na channels, but DPI 201-106 and ATX II
      probably affect the channels in a different manner.

PMID- 2417870
TI  - Inhibition of dopamine-stimulated cyclic AMP efflux from rat neostriatal slices
      by activation of mu- and delta-opioid receptors: a permissive role for D-2
      dopamine receptors.
AB  - The cyclic AMP efflux from rat neostriatal slices induced by simultaneous
      activation of D-1 (stimulatory) and D-2 (inhibitory) dopamine receptors with 30
      microM dopamine was inhibited by morphine (0.3-3 microM), [D-Ala2, D
      Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE, 0.03-0.3 microM) but not by [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin
      (DPDPE, 0.03-0.3 microM). The inhibitory effects were abolished by naloxone (0.1
      microM). Upon selective D-1 dopamine receptor activation with 30 microM dopamine
      in the presence of 10 microM of the D-2 dopamine receptor antagonist (
      )sulpiride, the enhanced efflux of cyclic AMP was reduced by all three opioid
      receptor agonists, but only the effect of morphine was antagonized by 0.1 microM
      naloxone. These data suggest that the cyclic AMP production induced in rat
      neostriatum by simultaneous D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptor activation may be
      inhibited through mu-opioid receptors, whereas on blockade of D-2 dopamine
      receptors both mu- and delta-opioid receptors may be linked to adenylate cyclase
      in an inhibitory fashion.

PMID- 2417871
TI  - Butyrate converts rat 3T3 fibroblasts into giant cells.
AB  - Butyrate inhibits proliferation of rat 3T3 cells by blocking the cell cycle in
      late G1. In these cells, DNA synthesis is completely arrested 24 h after butyrate
      addition, whereas RNA and protein synthesis proceed unaffected. This partial
      inhibition of proliferation progressively converts normal cells into giant ones.
      Transcription and protein synthesis are both more intense in the giant cells than
      in normal cells. Cell enlargement is inhibited by cell-to-cell contact and the
      conversion of a normal into a giant cell is reversible. Giant cells may be of use
      when designing new approaches to the study of cell structure and motility as well
      as differentiation and proliferation.

PMID- 2417872
TI  - Electrical characteristics of ascidian egg fragments.
AB  - Fragments of ascidian eggs, but at random in any plane and ranging in size from
      10 to 90% of the total egg volume, displayed the electrical characteristics of
      the intact egg, having a resting potential of -86 mV and giving rise to an action
      potential upon stimulation by electrical current injection. Following
      insemination, the fragments generated fertilization potentials, comparable to
      those of intact eggs, although the repolarization phase was shorter. Our data
      show that there are sufficient ion channels throughout the egg surface to
      generate action potentials and fertilization potentials in excised egg fragments,
      irrespective of their global origin. Furthermore, the fertilizing spermatozoon is
      capable of activating fertilization channels in areas of the egg plasma membrane
      not destined for sperm entry.

PMID- 2417873
TI  - Changes in voltage-dependent calcium currents during the cell cycle of the
      ciliate Stylonychia.
AB  - Electrophysiological properties of the hypotrichous ciliate Stylonychia mytilus
      were studied at two stages of its cell cycle: within 30 min after cell division
      and several hours thereafter. The action potential wave form, and the relative
      amount of two voltage-dependent calcium inward currents are significantly
      different in 'young' daughter cells as compared with 'adult' cells. The ratio
      between total inward and outward current is also larger in 'young' cells. The
      results provide evidence that during its cell cycle Stylonychia undergoes
      qualitative developmental changes with respect to its ionic channels in the
      membrane. These changes may explain the different cell behaviour observed up to 1
      h after cell division.

PMID- 2417874
TI  - Serum-dependent control of entry into S phase of next generation in rat 3Y1
      fibroblasts. Effect of large T antigen of simian virus 40.
AB  - When rat 3Y1 fibroblasts are deprived of serum in S phase and/or G2 phase in the
      first generation, the cells delay entry into S phase in the second generation for
      the duration of the serum deprivation. We can now show that when resting 3Y1
      cells are infected with Simian virus 40 (SV40), the removal of serum through S
      and G2 phases in the first generation does not markedly delay entry into S phase
      in the second generation. These observations suggest that the serum-dependent
      control of entry into S phase of the second generation continues from the first
      generation, and that the abolition of this control by infection with SV40 in the
      first generation involves the mechanism operative when the resting cells are
      stimulated to enter S phase (of the first generation) by infection with SV40.

PMID- 2417875
TI  - Detection of cell culture mycoplasmas by a genetic probe.
AB  - The utility of a genetic probe prepared against mycoplasmal ribosomal RNA was
      evaluated. The probe consisted of a tritiated DNA probe prepared with reverse
      transcriptase against Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma. Using a batch process without
      Southern blots and autoradiography, the probe assay detected mycoplasma infection
      in 27 of 52 cell cultures, an incidence of 51.9%. No false-positives were
      detected. Two false-negatives occurred; these were unusual mycoplasma infections
      of cell cultures grown in serum-free media. The sensitivity of the probe varied
      with mycoplasma species, from 9.3 X 10(3) for M. arginini to 2.6 X 10(6) for M.
      orale. The assay is rapid, taking only 2-3 h.

PMID- 2417876
TI  - Effect of hydrocortisone on corneal endothelial cells in vitro.
AB  - The effect of hydrocortisone on the growth potential of human and baboon corneal
      endothelial cells in tissue culture was evaluated. Hydrocortisone-21-sodium
      succinate was incorporated into growth medium at 10(-3) to 10(-7) M
      concentrations in a standard tissue culture medium. Inclusion of hydrocortisone
      into growth medium at higher concentrations (e.g. 10(-4) and 10(-3) M) resulted
      in a significantly reduced cell growth and a decreased level of DNA synthesis.
      Higher concentrations of hydrocortisone induced morphological alterations in the
      corneal endothelial cells in vitro. The incorporation of 5% dextran into the
      growth medium failed to alter the negative hydrocortisone effects. These
      experiments suggest the potential adverse effects of hydrocortisone for the
      corneal endothelium in vitro when used at higher concentrations.

PMID- 2417877
TI  - Selective removal of clonogenic neoplastic B cells from human bone marrow using
      anti-HLA-DQ antibodies and complement.
AB  - Polymorphic HLA-DQ (DC/MB) determinants appeared to be not expressed on human
      hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC), using several murine monoclonal and human
      polyclonal antibodies in a complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) assay. Since
      mature HLA-DR-positive malignant lymphoma cells prove to be HLA-DQ positive, an
      attempt was made to remove clonogenic neoplastic DQwl-positive B cells
      selectively from DQwl-positive marrow samples without affecting hematopoietic
      progenitor cells. Using a combination of a clonogenic tumor cell assay, an HPC
      culture assay, and a mixed-tumor-cell-HPC culture assay, selective elimination of
      more than 98% of clonogenic neoplastic cells from tumor-cell-contaminated bone
      marrow suspensions was achieved with monoclonal anti-DQ antibodies and complement
      without depletion of HPC. These results indicate that anti-HLA-DQ antibodies can
      be used in autologous bone marrow transplantation to deplete the bone marrow cell
      suspension of DQ-positive malignant cells.

PMID- 2417878
TI  - Radioprotection conferred by dextran sulfate given before irradiation in mice.
AB  - Dextran sulfate (DS) has been observed to cause mobilization (fivefold) of
      hemopoietic stem cells (HSC) and leukocytes, primarily lymphocytes, into the
      peripheral blood of mice within 2-3 h after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection.
      This effect was dose dependent and was prolonged for several hours when the high
      molecular-weight version DS500 (500,000 daltons) was used. When DS500 was given 1
      3 days before irradiation, hemopoietic recovery was markedly enhanced.
      Postirradiation injection was ineffective. By ten days after irradiation (7.0
      Gy), the number of endogenous spleen colonies (CFUs) and the splenic mass were
      much larger if DS pretreatment had been given. This effect was dependent on the
      dose of DS500 and on the time administered, 60 mg/kg producing a maximal effect
      when given three days before irradiation. DS500 caused a transient anaphylactoid
      shock, however, in most mice--mild at low doses but potentially lethal at doses
      above 40 mg/kg (10% mortality within 1-3 days after 60 mg/kg). The following
      results were obtained with 50 mg/kg, a compromise dose causing minimal mortality
      (3%) given three days before irradiation. Reticulocyte reappearance was earlier
      in irradiated mice given DS500, indicating earlier erythropoietic recovery. Some
      of these reticulocytes were resistant to lysing agents, so their appearance could
      be detected using the Coulter electronic cell counter, as well as in stained
      blood smears. The 30-day mortality due to bone marrow failure after irradiation
      was significantly decreased in DS-treated mice below 9.5 Gy, and the LD50/30 was
      increased by 0.5 Gy. This study shows that dextran sulfate exerts a
      radioprotective influence on the hemopoietic system and hence survival when
      administered prophylactically.

PMID- 2417879
TI  - 57Co-labelled bleomycin scintigraphy for the detection of lung cancer: a
      prospective study.
AB  - The sensitivity and specificity of scanning with 57Co-labelled bleomycin for the
      diagnosis of lung cancer were determined from a prospective study involving a
      large group of patients with an abnormal chest roentgenogram. A semi-quantitative
      analysis of the scintigram was obtained by defining an index in terms of the
      excess isotope uptake within the tumour. Malignant pulmonary lesions were found
      in 121/175 patients and 113 had a positive scan. Benign pulmonary disorders were
      found in 54 patients, 45 of whom had a negative scan. The sensitivity and
      specificity were therefore 93% and 83% respectively. Bayes' theorem was then used
      to determine the predictive value of this test, either positive or negative, when
      the prevalence of disease varied from 10 to 90%. A receiver operating
      characteristic curve permits the choice of an appropriate value of the tumour
      uptake index to minimize the false positive fraction without classifying too many
      true positives as false negatives.

PMID- 2417880
TI  - Brugia pahangi: stage-specific antigens on microfilariae detected by serum from
      infected jirds or by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Experiments were carried out to determine whether there are stage-specific
      antigens on microfilariae of Brugia pahangi, using sera from Mongolian jirds
      infected with B. pahangi and monoclonal antibodies against microfilariae of B.
      pahangi. These studies showed that microfilariae have both stage-specific and
      nonspecific antigens. The nonspecific antigens were also present on adult worms
      and on infective larvae. Among monoclonal antibodies, 6 out of 14 clones produced
      antibodies against the microfilarial stage-specific antigens, and 8 clones
      produced antibodies against nonspecific antigens. These monoclonal antibodies
      could not distinguish between adults, microfilariae, or infective larvae of B.
      malayi and B. pahangi.

PMID- 2417881
TI  - Dipetalonema viteae: phosphorylcholine and non-phosphorylcholine antigenic
      determinants in infective larvae and adult worms.
AB  - The humoral immune response of Balb/c mice to live infective larvae or adult worm
      extract of Dipetalonema viteae is composed of two antibody populations either
      with or without specificity for phosphorylcholine. Absorption of immune serum on
      phosphorylcholine-Sepharose and separation of the antibody population
      demonstrated that anti-larvae serum contains a larger ratio of phosphorylcholine
      versus non-phosphorylcholine antibodies as compared to anti-adult serum.
      Immunofluorescence on crossections of female worms revealed that antigen
      expressing phosphorylcholine determinants were mainly found on certain internal
      structures, like egg, uterine, and intestinal membranes, but not on the cuticle.
      Immunoblotting using an adult worm extract demonstrated that protein bands
      reacted with either one or both populations of antibodies. The patterns were
      heterogeneous and moreover differed between the anti-larvae serum and the anti
      adult serum.

PMID- 2417882
TI  - Depression of experimental gastric ulcers and acute pancreatitis in rats treated
      by 5-azacytosine, 5-azacytidine and their N-methyl derivatives.
AB  - 5-Azacytosine, 1-methyl-5-azacytosine and 5-azacytidine administered to rats with
      a ligated pylorus block gastric secretion, gastric acidity, the extent of
      hemorrhage and the number and size of gastric defects. The same drugs also
      depress the development of experimental acute pancreatitis mediated in rats by
      interstitial administration of 7.5% natrium cholate into the pancreas in vivo.
      The drugs affected the amount of abdominal fluid and 6 h after the treatment the
      pathological changes were significantly decreased.

PMID- 2417883
TI  - Agents that elevate platelet cAMP stimulate the formation of phosphatidylinositol
      4-phosphate in intact human platelets.
AB  - The present study investigates the effect of compounds that are known to elevate
      cAMP on the phospholipid metabolism of platelets. Prostaglandin E1, forskolin and
      isobutylmethylxanthine induce an increase in [32P]-phosphatidylinositol 4
      phosphate (PIP) in platelets prelabelled with [32P]orthophosphate. Possible roles
      of this phenomenon are discussed in view of the inhibitory effect of cAMP
      elevation on platelet activation.

PMID- 2417884
TI  - Bleomycin-detectable iron in plasma from Plasmodium vinckei vinckei-infected
      mice.
AB  - Plasma from mice heavily parasitized by Plasmodium vinckei vinckei was found to
      contain micromolar levels of iron as detected by the 'bleomycin assay' (slightly
      modified) of Gutteridge et al. [(1981) Biochem. J. 199, 263-265]. Uninfected
      mouse plasma contained little or no bleomycin-detectable iron. Plasma
      ultrafiltrate from infected mice contained no bleomycin-detectable iron,
      indicating that such iron was associated with the protein/macromolecule fraction.
      We speculate that this iron could catalyse reduction of peroxides in vivo and
      thus play a role in malaria pathology.

PMID- 2417885
TI  - cAMP mediated proteolysis of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein
      kinase.
AB  - The cAMP-dependent protein kinase from LLC-PK1 cells can be activated in vivo by
      calcitonin and vasopressin, or forskolin. Continuous treatment of cells with
      these agents results in a decrease of total cAMP-PK activity. The loss of kinase
      activity was enhanced when either of these three agents was incubated in the
      presence of isobutylmethylxanthine. Results obtained using affinity purified
      antibodies to the catalytic subunit show that the loss of kinase was due to
      specific proteolysis of this subunit.

PMID- 2417886
TI  - Rapid induction of nucleoside-diphosphate kinase in HeLa S3 cells by human-type
      interferons.
AB  - Nucleoside-diphosphate (NDP)-kinase can be considered to be induced by human-type
      interferons (HuIFNs) rapidly, since an enzyme increase was detected within 2 h of
      incubation of HeLa S3 cells with HuIFNs, while incubation with heterologous mouse
      IFNs had no such effect. The enzyme increase induced by HuIFNs reached a plateau
      at 6 h after treatment. Actinomycin D (0.5 microgram/ml) significantly blocked
      the enzyme increase induced by HuIFNs in the cells. A possible biological role of
      the enzyme in the IFN-induced biochemical events is discussed.

PMID- 2417887
TI  - Inactivation of potassium-evoked adrenomedullary catecholamine release in the
      presence of calcium, strontium or BAY-K-8644.
AB  - The rate of catecholamine release from cat adrenal glands perfused with Krebs
      solution containing 59 mM K declined exponentially during the first few minutes
      of depolarization. The rate of decline was considerably slower when Ca was
      substituted by Sr. The late addition of Ca, Sr or the Ca-channel activator BAY-K
      8644 evoked a revival of secretion when catecholamine release was inactivated by
      prior K depolarization; the revival of secretion was independent of the
      depolarization time. These data demonstrate that inactivation of catecholamine
      release is specifically dependent on Ca; the modulatory role of Ca on secretion
      seems to be exerted at a step distal to the transmembraneous Ca channel.

PMID- 2417888
TI  - Decrease in acetylcholine-receptor content of human myotube cultures mediated by
      monoclonal antibodies to alpha, beta and gamma subunits.
AB  - One of the two main causes of acetylcholine-receptor loss in myasthenia gravis is
      antigenic modulation, i.e. accelerated internalization and degradation rate by
      antibody-crosslinking. This phenomenon has been studied only in animal tissues.
      Therefore, we tested antigenic modulation of the acetylcholine receptor on human
      embryonic myotubes in cultures. Several monoclonal antibodies to the alpha, beta
      and gamma subunits of the receptor reduced its concentration, in some cases down
      to one-third of the control. Some of these antibodies only form complexes of one
      antibody with two receptor molecules; consequently such small complexes are
      sufficient to accelerate internalization of the human acetylcholine receptor.
      This technique might be proved valuable for clinical screening of sera from
      myasthenic patients.

PMID- 2417889
TI  - Gene conversion in human immunoglobulin gamma locus shown by unusual location of
      IgG allotypes.
AB  - The constant region of the gamma 1, gamma 2 and gamma 3 heavy chains of the human
      IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 immunoglobulins carries antigenic determinants or G1m, G2m
      and G3m allotypes, which are genetic markers of these subclasses. The exceptional
      presence on gamma 1 and gamma 2 chains of Gm allotypes usually located on the CH3
      domain of gamma 3 shows an unexpected clustering of base changes and subsequent
      identity of short DNA sequences in the CH3 exon of the non-allelic gamma 1, gamma
      2 and gamma 3 genes. Such clusters of substitutions are not easily explained on
      the classical basis of point mutations. A gene conversion, which substituted a
      segment of the gamma 1 or gamma 2 gene with the homologous region of the non
      allelic gamma 3 gene, is more likely. Other examples of possible conversion
      involving the gamma genes are described. The conservation or the restoration of
      short sequences produced by the conversion events might be related to the
      biological properties of the constant region of the heavy chains.

PMID- 2417890
TI  - Evidence for endothelial cell-mediated regulation of macromolecular permeability
      by postcapillary venules.
AB  - Local application of inflammatory mediators to the hamster cheek pouch produces
      an immediate increase in the number of leaking postcapillary venules as observed
      by intravital light microscopy. Leaks are illuminated by using fluorescein
      labeled dextran given i.v. before mediator challenge. All mediators that have
      been tested produce a similar pattern of vascular leakage exclusively from
      postcapillary venules. Mediators can be characterized by their effects on
      vascular permeability and whether they produce dilation (bradykinin,
      prostaglandins [PGs]) or constriction (leukotrienes [LTs]) of arterioles. The
      rank order potency for vascular leakage is LTs greater than bradykinin greater
      than histamine greater than PGs. A linear regression for the relation between
      dose of mediator and number of leaky venules has been shown for several
      mediators, e.g., bradykinin, histamine, and LTs. Inhibition of mediator-induced
      vascular leakage is produced by a wide variety of substances subsequent to a
      direct effect on the venular endothelial cell. Morphological, physiological, and
      pharmacological findings are consistent, and provide evidence for the regulation
      of macromolecular permeability by the endothelial cells in the postcapillary
      venules.

PMID- 2417891
TI  - An analysis of factors associated with ectopic pregnancy in a human in vitro
      fertilization program.
AB  - Between 1980 and 1985, in Monash University in vitro fertilization (IVF) program,
      ectopic pregnancy occurred in 10 of 256 IVF pregnancies. The incidence of ectopic
      pregnancy between 1983 and 1984 was 4% of the total pregnancies, or 4.2% of
      pregnancies excluding biochemical pregnancies. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy
      was distributed equally across the infertility classifications (tubal,
      idiopathic, male factor, and mixed). There appeared to be no relationship between
      superovulatory methods, endocrine changes before egg recovery, laparoscopic
      procedures, embryo transfer procedures, and number of embryos transferred. Nine
      of the ten patients were classified as having either tubal factor infertility
      before IVF or chronic tubal inflammation, which probably existed at the time of
      embryo replacement. No ectopic pregnancies were recorded in the 33 pregnancies
      obtained with superovulation with the use of clomiphene citrate alone. We were
      unable to identify a major predisposing factor for ectopic pregnancy in IVF.

PMID- 2417892
TI  - [Calcium mechanisms of regulating parasympathetic inhibition of the contractile
      activity of the frog atrium].

PMID- 2417893
TI  - Synthetic peptides in the analysis of the induction and regulation of delayed
      type hypersensitivity to lysozyme.
AB  - T cells mediating hen egg lysozyme (HEL)-specific delayed hypersensitivity can be
      activated by synthetic peptides of the 1-18 amino acid residues of hen egg
      lysozyme. The N-terminal 1-18 peptides of hen egg (PHEL) and ring-necked pheasant
      lysozyme (PREL) are highly cross-reactive in the induction of T cells mediating
      delayed hypersensitivity. The N-terminal 1-18 peptides of hen egg and ring-necked
      pheasant lysozyme (PHEL and PREL) are not cross-reactive in the induction of
      suppressor T cells, demonstrating that phenylalanine at amino acid residue 3 is
      critical for the formation of an epitope recognized by T suppressor cells.

PMID- 2417894
TI  - Changes in nuclear, nucleolar and cytoplasmic RNA content during growth and
      differentiation of root parenchyma cells in plant species with different dynamics
      of DNA endoreplication.
AB  - Using cytophotometric method, after staining preparations with gallocyanin RNA
      content was examined in nucleus, nucleolus and cytoplasm of six species of
      angiospermal plants in successive (1-7 mm) segments of root representing
      successive zones of differentiation. During the cell cycle, RNA content
      duplicates in the nucleus, nucleolus and cytoplasm of meristematic cells. On the
      other hand, during growth and differentiation of parenchyma cells in species with
      endoreplication the content of nucleolar RNA does not increase in proportion with
      DNA content. High level of endoreplication is connected with high nucleolar RNA
      content and low cytoplasmic RNA content. In species without endoreplication at
      low nucleolar RNA content, a considerable growth of cytoplasmic RNA content takes
      place.

PMID- 2417895
TI  - [The relationship between changes of the steroid receptor and synchronization in
      human adenocarcinoma cells in vitro of the endometrium].
AB  - We investigated the G1 and S phases of synchronization using sodium n-butyrate,
      MTX and excess thymidine. The flow cytometry system was employed for cell cycle
      analysis while the receptor assay was adopted dextran coated charcoal (DCC) and
      the wash method. The results were as follows: S phase synchronization by MTX was
      138% (control 100%) and by excess thymidine in the block and release method 210%.
      G1 phase synchronization by sodium n-butyrate was 140%. The progesterone receptor
      level, by E2 priming increased to 1.45 fmol/ug DNA being more than five times
      that of the control PR. The estrogen receptor level increased to 18.29 fmol/ug
      DNA in the G1 phase synchronization, seven times that of the control ER. From
      this study, the functional increase of the steroid receptor was most significant
      in the G1 phase.

PMID- 2417896
TI  - Sensitization and histamine release by cells of the sand dollar, Mellita
      quinquiesperforata.
AB  - The coelomic fluid of the sand dollar, Mellita quinquiesperforata, contains cells
      (coelomocytes) that release red granules when the animal is stressed. Preliminary
      evidence suggests that the red pigment is protective, but its release from the
      coelomocytes is similar to that of allergy-inducing mediators from mammalian
      basophils and mast cells. The present study revealed further links with allergy,
      e.g., the coelomocytes can be sensitized to foreign proteins and release
      histamine on challenge. These and other findings suggest that the coelomocyte
      stress response may be an evolutionary precursor to the mammalian allergic
      response.

PMID- 2417897
TI  - Beta 2 microglobulins: a brief comparative review.

PMID- 2417898
TI  - Phylogenetic conservation of heavy chain determinants of vertebrates and
      protochordates.

PMID- 2417899
TI  - Studies of developmental abnormalities at the molecular level of mouse embryos
      homozygous for the t12 lethal mutation.
AB  - Embryos obtained by crossing heterozygous t12 mutant mice were labeled
      metabolically with 14C-amino acids at the mid-morula stage, and the protein
      pattern of single embryos was examined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. After labeling, the morphology was still normal. The genotypes
      of the embryos could be identified by the allelic forms of Tcp-1 (p63/6.9)
      protein on the gel. In t12/t12 embryos, the bulk of syntheses of macromolecules
      such as proteins and RNAs [poly(A)+, as well as poly(A)-RNA] was normal, however,
      syntheses of several proteins were markedly reduced. Some of these proteins
      present in reduced amounts appeared to be components of cytokeratin-type
      intermediate filaments (endo A and endo B), judging from their insolubility in
      non-ionic detergent, their appearance in the mid-morula stage, their location in
      trophectodermal cells, and their electrophoretic mobilities. These observations
      suggest that mechanisms for the induction of the intermediate filament proteins
      are defective in embryos homozygous for the t12 mutation. Possible relationships
      between the morphological abnormalities of the embryos and their defective
      synthesis of intermediate filaments are discussed.

PMID- 2417900
TI  - Calmodulin synthesis and accumulation during oogenesis and maturation of Xenopus
      laevis oocytes.
AB  - The calmodulin levels in stage 6 Xenopus oocytes averaged 89 +/- 24 (SD)
      ng/oocyte and had largely accumulated by stage 3 of oogenesis. From stage 3 to
      early stage 6, calmodulin levels did not increase further. However, in large
      stage 6 oocytes (greater than 1.25 mm diam) calmodulin levels again rose to a
      level as high as 121 ng/oocyte. Calmodulin levels did not change during the
      maturation of stage 6 oocytes and the results of measurements on animal and
      vegetal oocyte halves from control and mature oocytes showed no evidence of a
      redistribution of calmodulin during maturation. Measurements of calmodulin
      synthesis in stages 1 and 2 oocytes, stage 4 oocytes, and stage 6 oocytes
      indicated that calmodulin was being synthesized continuously during oogenesis and
      that the rate of synthesis increased during oogenesis. In stage 1 and 2 oocytes
      (combined), the synthesis rate was 3.5 pg/hr/oocyte; in stage 4 oocytes it was 48
      pg/hr/oocyte, and in large stage 6 oocytes the rate had increased to 160
      pg/hr/oocyte. These changes in the rates of synthesis were discussed as they
      relate to the pattern of calmodulin accumulation during oogenesis.

PMID- 2417901
TI  - N-linked glycoprotein biosynthesis in the developing mouse embryo.
AB  - We have developed microenzymic assays that have, for the first time, enabled
      analysis of several enzymes in the pathway for N-linked glycoprotein biosynthesis
      in pre- and peri-implantation mouse embryos. The in vitro activities of the
      glycosyl transferases responsible for the formation of N
      acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphoryldolichol,N, N'-diacetyl
      chitobiosylpyrophosphoryldolichol, mannosylphosphoryldolichol, and
      glucosylphosphoryldolichol were found to decrease after fertilization before
      increasing significantly at the blastocyst stage, a stage that was also found to
      be highly sensitive to the glycosylation inhibitor, tunicamycin. The observed
      elevation in the activities of these enzymes in blastocysts still occurred when
      ebbryos were cultured in alpha-amanitin, indicating that de novo mRNA synthesis
      is unnecessary for the observed increase in their activities. Thus, an elevated
      capacity for N-glycosylation exists at the blastocyst stage, a time when dramatic
      increases in cell-cell interactions are known to occur.

PMID- 2417902
TI  - Differential regulation of cholinergic and peptidergic development in the rat
      striatum in culture.
AB  - The development of substance P, somatostatin, and choline acetyltransferase
      activity was examined in embryonic rat striatum in vivo and in culture. The study
      was undertaken to help define mechanisms by which diverse neurotransmitter
      phenotypes may be regulated within the same structure in the brain. Choline
      acetyltransferase (CAT) was present in striatum before gestational Day 13.5
      (E13.5), and enzyme levels increased continually between E13.5 and birth. By
      contrast, substance P (SP) and somatostatin (SS) did not develop in vivo until
      E15, and peptide levels fluctuated between E15 and birth, indicating that
      striatal peptidergic and cholinergic development were regulated differently. To
      define mechanisms mediating the differential regulation of striatal peptidergic
      and cholinergic neurons, neurotransmitter development was examined in embryonic
      striatum in vitro. Cultured striatal neurons from E13.5 embryos expressed
      substance P and somatostatin de novo after several days in culture, and peptide
      levels and CAT activity increased significantly in vitro. Each transmitter
      phenotype was regulated in vitro by a different constellation of environmental
      factors, and many factors differentially influenced SP, SS, and CAT development.
      For example, coculture of striatum with a target tissue, the ventral
      mesencephalon (substantia nigra), increased CAT activity and SP levels but had no
      significant effect on levels of SS. Moreover, there were widely differing effects
      on CAT, SP, and SS development of medium conditioned by exposure to a variety of
      cell types, indicating that the three transmitter systems were regulated by
      different soluble factors. Potassium-induced membrane depolarization also exerted
      different effects on the different transmitter traits, elevating CAT activity but
      decreasing SP and SS. Finally, insulin was required for the survival of SP
      containing neurons, but not for the survival of SS- or CAT-containing neurons,
      indicating that the survival of different populations of striatal neurons was
      dependent upon different factors. Our observations suggest that different
      populations of neurons in the striatum are regulated by different mechanisms, so
      that alterations in the environment may produce strikingly diverse responses in
      the development of different phenotypic traits within the same structure.

PMID- 2417903
TI  - Wound healing of human skin transplanted onto the nude mouse. I. An
      immunohistological study of the reepithelialization process.
AB  - Two months after transplantation of human skin onto the nude mouse, excisional
      wounds were made through the entire thickness of the skin, at the center of the
      graft, using a 2-mm punch. At various time intervals thereafter, ranging from 2
      days to 9 weeks, the graft sites were harvested and processed for an
      immunohistological study. With a monoclonal antibody directed against HLA-ABC
      antigens, it was demonstrated that the healing epidermis is of human origin.
      Moreover, with three different monoclonal antibodies directed against human
      keratins, named respectively AE1, AE3, and KL1 and with an anti-involucrin
      antiserum, it is reported that the keratinization and involucrin distribution
      patterns observed in normal human epidermis are reconstituted, 2 months after
      transplantation, in the major part of the grafted epidermis, undergo changes
      during the reepithelialization process, and are restored in the healed epidermis
      9 weeks after injury. This study indicates that the nude mouse/human skin model
      could be a valuable tool to study a major aspect of regeneration such as the
      reepidermization of human skin without recourse to human volunteers.

PMID- 2417904
TI  - Fast orthograde axonal transport in sciatic motoneurones and nerve temperature in
      streptozotocin-diabetic rats.
AB  - This study measured the velocity of fast orthograde axonal transport of
      incorporated 3H-proline in motoneurones of the sciatic nerve in control rats and
      in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes of 3 weeks duration. Sciatic nerve
      and abdominal cavity temperatures were monitored throughout the period of
      measurement of transport velocity, and the rats were warmed to minimise
      hypothermia at both sites. There was marked abdominal and sciatic nerve
      hypothermia immediately after operation, and this effect was more intense in
      diabetic rats than in control rats. In steady state, abdominal cavity temperature
      (mean +/- SEM) was 38.1 +/- 0.1 degree C in both control and diabetic rats, and
      the sciatic nerve temperatures were 37.8 +/- 0.1 degree C in controls and 37.1 +/
      0.3 degrees C in diabetic rats. The difference was not statistically
      significant. The velocities of orthograde axonal transport for the fastest
      molecules containing 3H-proline were 14.0 +/- 0.9 (SEM)mm/h for controls and 13.9
      +/- 1.1 (SEM)mm/h for diabetic rats. Thus, no velocity difference was observed.
      The findings are discussed in relation to measurements of fast orthograde
      transport velocity in experimental diabetes in other studies. It is suggested
      that, where velocity deficits have been seen in diabetic rats, nerve hypothermia
      should be considered as a contributory factor.

PMID- 2417905
TI  - Stimulation of insulin release in isolated rat islets by GIP in physiological
      concentrations and its relation to islet cyclic AMP content.
AB  - Several insulinotropic hormones have been shown to increase the level of cyclic
      AMP in isolated islets. This study was performed to investigate whether gastric
      inhibitory polypeptide (glucose-dependent insulin-releasing polypeptide) has a
      similar effect, in particular at concentrations close to the physiological level
      in blood. Collagenase isolated rat islets were maintained for 24 h in tissue
      culture (medium 199) and then incubated for 30 min for measurement of insulin
      release and cyclic AMP content. Glucose-induced (16.7 mmol/l) insulin release was
      enhanced by gastric inhibitory polypeptide 1-100 ng/ml (0.196-19.6 nmol/l) in a
      dose-related fashion. The cyclic AMP content was enhanced only by 100 ng/ml.
      However, when 0.1 mmol/l of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1
      methylxanthine was present, even 1 ng/ml of gastric inhibitory polypeptide
      increased both cyclic AMP content and insulin release. Such a concentration of
      the hormone can be measured in human blood after a meal. In contrast, in freshly
      isolated islets no effect of the hormone on glucose-induced insulin release or
      cyclic AMP content could be detected for concentrations ranging from 1 to 100
      ng/ml. These findings demonstrate that the hormone sensitivity of isolated islets
      is markedly enhanced by short-term maintenance in tissue culture. The results
      suggest that an increase in cyclic AMP is seen in response to gastric inhibitory
      polypeptide and may be causally related to the insulinotropic effect of the
      hormone.

PMID- 2417906
TI  - [Sudden death in surgically treated tetralogy of Fallot].

PMID- 2417907
TI  - Angiographic findings in two carcinoid tumors of the gallbladder.
AB  - Angiography was performed in 2 patients with carcinoid tumors of the gallbladder.
      In the first case, proper hepatic angiography revealed an obstruction and
      irregular neovascularization of the cystic artery and an encasement of the right
      hepatic artery. In the second case, celiac angiography revealed a dilatation and
      fine neovascularization of the cystic artery. In both cases, moderate
      hypervascular metastatic lesions were demonstrated in the liver. Although
      hypervascular metastases might suggest the diagnosis of metastasis from carcinoid
      tumor, the specific diagnosis of carcinoid tumor of the gallbladder must rely on
      the pathologic evidence.

PMID- 2417908
TI  - Effect of somatostatin and its analogs on histamine-stimulated cAMP production in
      isolated guinea pig gastric glands.
AB  - The effect of somatostatin-14 (ss-14), somatostatin-28 (ss-28), and [D
      trp8]somatostatin-14 ([ D-trp8]ss-14) on both histamine-stimulated cellular cAMP
      production and [3H]-cimetidine binding on plasma membranes in isolated guinea pig
      gastric glands was investigated. These three peptides partially inhibited
      (approximately 50% maximally) the increase of cAMP production stimulated by
      histamine. There was no inhibition of [3H]-cimetidine binding on plasma membranes
      from these isolated gastric glands. These results indicate that somatostatin acts
      directly on parietal cells and inhibits histamine-stimulated cAMP production with
      no influence on H2 receptor in histamine stimulated gastric secretion. Inhibitory
      potency of somatostatin and its analogs against histamine-stimulation may be
      equal at the cellular level.

PMID- 2417909
TI  - Effect of obstructive jaundice on amylase secretion in rat pancreatic acini.
AB  - The effect of obstructive jaundice on pancreatic amylase secretion was studied in
      isolated pancreatic acini prepared from bile duct ligated rats (7 days
      postoperatively), sham operated rats being used as control. Obstructive jaundice
      caused increase in pancreatic wet weight, pancreatic protein content and
      pancreatic amylase content by 27.9%, 40.1% and 33.2%, respectively. In acini
      prepared from obstructive jaundice group, compared with acini from sham operation
      group, responsiveness to cholecystokinin (CCK) and carbachol was decreased when
      amylase release was expressed as the percentage of total amylase activity
      initially present in acini. However, sensitivity to both secretagogues was
      unchanged when expressed as the percentage of maximally stimulated amylase
      release. The dose-response curves to Ca2+ ionophore for amylase release were
      similarly shaped in both groups. These results suggested that a pancreatico
      trophic effect, compared with altered responsiveness of pancreatic acini, should
      play a major role in hypersecretion in obstructive jaundice.

PMID- 2417910
TI  - Verapamil reversal of serotonin-induced jejunal secretion of water and
      electrolytes in awake dogs.
AB  - Intestinal handling of water and electrolytes was monitored in 5 conscious dogs
      with chronic 25-cm Thiry-Vella loops of proximal jejunum using a neutral
      isosmotic perfusate containing [14C]polyethylene glycol as a recovery marker.
      Under basal conditions the animals absorbed water, Na+, and Cl-, and there was
      minimal nonsignificant secretion of K+. Intravenous serotonin infusion (30
      micrograms/kg X min) increased circulating hormone levels to 937 +/- 131 ng/ml
      and induced significant secretion of water (-150 +/- 52 microliter/min), Na+ (
      22.8 +/- 8.4 microEq/min), Cl- (-23.5 +/- 6.0 microEq/min), and K+ (-1.79 +/-
      0.34 microEq/min). Simultaneous infusion of verapamil, a calcium channel blocker,
      at 8.3 micrograms/kg X min, reversed the intestinal secretion to absorption of
      all these parameters (144 +/- 32 microliter/min, 15.1 +/- 5.1 microEq/min, 10.3
      +/- 3.0 microEq/min, and 0.12 +/- 0.23 microEq/min, respectively). This was
      accompanied by a significant improvement in the clinical appearance of the
      animals, decreased visible agitation, and cessation of defecation. Cessation of
      verapamil infusion (leaving the serotonin infusion unopposed) resulted in prompt
      return to the secretory state. Serum electrolytes did not change significantly,
      with the exception of potassium, which fell from 5.1 +/- 0.2 to 4.1 +/- 0.1
      mg/dl. In control experiments (no serotonin), verapamil had an insignificant
      stimulatory effect on the absorption of water, Na+, and Cl- whereas the effect on
      K+ was significant (-0.2 +/- 0.2 to +0.4 +/- 0.1 microEq/min; p less than 0.05).
      These data support the role of calcium in modulating the effects of serotonin,
      and they suggest a new promising technology for the management of serotonin
      induced intestinal secretion such as that seen in the carcinoid syndrome.

PMID- 2417911
TI  - Immunoassay of pig and human gastric proton pump.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies against the K+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)
      responsible for acid secretion in the pig gastric mucosa were generated by
      hybridoma technology. Two of these antibodies, shown to bind selectively to
      subunits of the ATPase and to label intracellular membranes of pig and rabbit
      parietal cells, were used to develop a sensitive (less than 1 pmol) immunoassay
      for the ATPase. Enzyme samples were adsorbed to the wells of polystyrene
      microtitration plates and then incubated sequentially with monoclonal antibody,
      antimouse immunoglobulin G coupled to alkaline phosphatase, and p-nitrophenyl
      phosphate. Standard curves relating the absorbance of the wells at 410 nm to
      log10 micrograms ATPase were fitted by a three-parameter logistic, with a useful
      assay range of 0.05-10 micrograms ATPase. The immunoassay allows measurement of
      proton-pumping ATPase levels in human gastric biopsy specimens and may therefore
      be useful in studies of gastric mucosal function.

PMID- 2417912
TI  - Pancreaticobronchial fistula. Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Fistulas between the pancreas and bronchial tree are uncommon examples of
      internal pancreatic fistulas. We describe a case of pancreaticobronchial fistula
      in which the diagnosis was made by bronchoscopy and biochemical analysis of
      respiratory secretions. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was
      confirmatory and guided treatment by internal drainage of the pancreatic duct.
      Ten other cases were found in the Western literature that emphasize the
      principles of diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 2417913
TI  - Study of vasodilator effects of papaverine, adenosine and related drugs in
      isolated cat cerebral arteries.
AB  - Papaverine, 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (MIX), adenosine, cyclic-AMP
      (cAMP),dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP) evoked concentration-dependent vasodilation in
      cat middle cerebral arteries precontracted with K+. The order of maximal
      vasodilator responses was: papaverine greater than MIX greater than adenosine =
      cAMP greater than or equal to db-cAMP, and with regard to their potency (ED50)
      was: db-cAMP greater than cAMP greater than papaverine = MIX greater than
      adenosine. The relaxations induced by papaverine, adenosine and cAMP were reduced
      by MIX. Preincubation with adenosine increased the vasodilation evoked by MIX. It
      also transformed the relaxation caused by cAMP in contraction. These results
      suggest that adenosine and related compounds interact with specific
      purinoreceptors, as well as the existence of two antagonisms between: adenosine
      and cAMP, papaverine and MIX for the same site or mechanism of action.

PMID- 2417914
TI  - Diabetic papillopathy and proliferative retinopathy.
AB  - Diabetic papillopathy has been characterized as a syndrome in which predominantly
      young, insulin-dependent diabetics develop transient edema of the optic disc with
      minimal impairment of the function of the optic nerves. In this study, four
      patients with long-standing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and acute disc
      swelling in one or both eyes were evaluated. The most unusual finding in these
      cases was that three had proliferative retinopathy either at the time the disc
      edema was discovered or very shortly afterwards. The fourth patient also
      developed this condition subsequently. It is important to be aware of diabetic
      papillopathy and to recognize the condition early enough so that the patient may
      be spared unnecessarily extensive neurological evaluations and invasive
      procedures. Patients with diabetic papillopathy should be closely observed so
      that the presence or development of proliferative retinopathy may be established.

PMID- 2417915
TI  - Experimental intravitreal proliferation and neovascularization in the cynomolgus
      monkey.
AB  - An experimental model for intravitreal cellular proliferation was produced by
      injection of carbon microparticles into the vitreous of nine cynomolgus monkeys.
      Eighteen eyes were studied following enucleations 10 weeks after the injections.
      Histological examinations showed retinal folds or detachments in 16 eyes, while 6
      of those had total detachments. Eight eyes contained transvitreal fibrovascular
      strands, passing from the optic disk to a "cyclitic" retrolental membrane. The
      strands and membranes were composed mainly of infiltrates of macrophages,
      inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, newly formed vessels and van Gieson-staining
      collagen. Epiretinal proliferation of glial cells also occurred. These
      experiments indicate that a primarily phagocytic cellular invasion into the
      vitreous is capable of stimulating further cellular migration and growth and for
      inducing fibrovascular proliferations.

PMID- 2417916
TI  - A refined experimental model for proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
AB  - Animal models of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) in which the intact
      vitreous is injected with large numbers of tissue cultured fibroblasts do not
      accurately represent the disease as it is found in humans. A refined model of PVR
      is presented, in which the vitreous is compressed and partially detached using
      intravitreally injected perfluorpropane, followed by injection of 25,000
      homologous fibroblasts. Proliferation occurred on the retinal surface, causing
      retinal detachments with the same frequency as models using greater numbers of
      cells.

PMID- 2417917
TI  - [Hygienic evaluation of prospectives types of fuel for motor vehicle transport].

PMID- 2417918
TI  - Abnormal responses to morphine-neostigmine in patients with undefined biliary
      type pain.
AB  - The occurrence of pain and changes in serum concentrations of liver enzymes and
      amylase were investigated after challenge with intramuscular morphine (0.12
      mg/kg) and neostigmine (0.012 mg/kg) in 25 control subjects and 80 patients with
      undefined biliary type pain, both with and without prior cholecystectomy. Peak
      enzyme concentrations were reached at four hours after the injection of morphine
      neostigmine. When compared with controls, patients who had pain after
      cholecystectomy and a dilated bile duct and/or spontaneous changes in liver
      enzymes, had a higher frequency of drug induced pain and a higher frequency of
      rise (greater than 2 X N) in serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase
      (AST) and amylase; postcholecystectomy patients with pain but without bile duct
      dilatation, and patients with pain without prior cholecystectomy, had a higher
      frequency of drug induced pain but did not have a higher frequency of enzyme
      rise. Increases in liver enzymes after morphine-neostigmine were abolished by
      endoscopic sphincterotomy. Thirty three patients with a dilated bile duct and/or
      spontaneous changes in liver enzymes were also studied by endoscopic manometry of
      the sphincter of Oddi: similar frequencies of enzyme changes were observed in
      patients with normal manometry as in those with various manometric disorders.
      Increases in serum concentrations of liver enzymes after morphine-neostigmine may
      be explained by high biliary pressures resulting from an exaggerated motor
      response in the sphincter of Oddi.

PMID- 2417919
TI  - Germ cell tumors of the ovary-lymph node metastases.
AB  - There is a controversy concerning the value of second look surgery and lymph node
      sampling for patients with germ cell tumors of the ovary. A patient is presented
      with endodermal sinus tumor in a mixed germ cell tumor of the ovary. The elevated
      serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) became normal. At second look surgery microscopic
      lymph node metastases were present. The disease progressed, AFP became elevated,
      and the patient did not survive. Second look surgery with lymph node sampling is
      necessary for such patients for endodermal sinus tumor may not produce AFP,
      inadequate tumor volume may not elevate the AFP, and malignant elements not
      producing tumor markers may be identified only by histologic evaluation. With
      microscopic persistence of disease further therapy could possibly result in cure.

PMID- 2417920
TI  - Placental proteins in male serum.
AB  - Placental proteins such as human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG),
      Schwangerschaftsprotein 1 (SP1) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP
      A) are found in the blood of pregnant women and in subjects suffering from
      cancer. They can also be found in the blood of healthy non-pregnant women and in
      the seminal fluid of males. Surprisingly, hCG and SP1 could not be found in male
      serum, although PAPP-A occasionally occurs there.

PMID- 2417921
TI  - Histopathological diagnostics of liver amoebiasis in Cambodia.
AB  - Results of histopathological examination of a solitary chronical amoebic abscess
      in the liver of a patient from Cambodia are described. The abscess was at a
      proliferously reparative phase and Entamoeba histolytica was detected at the
      border between the necrosis and inner wall of abscess, as well as in the proper
      non-specific granulation tissue of the inner layers of abscess capsule. A
      differential diagnosis of the amoebic abscess from similar parasitary or
      pseudoparasitary liver lesions and differential diagnosis of amoebae in
      histological sections are given. For orientation examinations of the liver tissue
      for the presence of amoebae the authors recommend the impregnation after Grocott
      and staining with Goldner's trichrome for a more detailed evaluation of
      histological sections.

PMID- 2417922
TI  - [Effects of pentoxifylline on 5-hydroxytryptamine in the mouse brain].
AB  - Effects of combined administration of pentoxifylline (PTX) and precursors of 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on behavior and cerebral contents of 5-hydroxytryptophan
      (5-HTP), 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were examined in mice. The
      intraperitoneal administration of PTX at 100 mg/kg to mice pretreated with
      pargyline (100 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased the frequency of head
      twitches induced by 5-HTP (25 mg/kg, i.p.), and the effect of PTX was
      approximately 2 times more potent than that of other methylxanthines. In these
      mice, the cerebral contents of 5-HTP, 5-HT and 5-HIAA were also elevated
      significantly. However, PTX itself had no effect to induce head twitch response
      or to increase the contents of the indoles in mice. When administered in
      combination with tryptophan (100 mg/kg, i.v.) to pargyline-pretreated mice, PTX
      (100 mg/kg, i.p.) did not affect the contents of the indoles in the brain. These
      results suggest that PTX may have an effect to promote transport of exogenous 5
      HTP into the neurons, besides the 5-HT turnover-increasing effect common to
      methylxanthine derivatives.

PMID- 2417923
TI  - Some enzyme activities in human embryonic and foetal lungs.

PMID- 2417924
TI  - Studies of the accessory genital glands (colleterial glands) of the female
      Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) III. Cytochemical studies.

PMID- 2417925
TI  - [The restration effect of PSK on the postoperative immunosuppression in patients
      with gastric cancer].

PMID- 2417926
TI  - Changes in DOPAC and 5-HIAA after acute cerebral hemorrhage induced by hypertonic
      glucose solution (i.p.)--in vivo voltammetry study.
AB  - Intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic glucose solution induced intracranial
      hemorrhage in rats. Simultaneously determined plasma norepinephrine exponentially
      increased followed by death. Using in vivo voltammetry, the present study was
      undertaken to estimate the relationship between neurochemical parameters and
      intracranial bleedings induced by hypertonic glucose injection. When placed in a
      solution of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5
      HIAA), electrically pretreated carbon fiber electrodes produced a 3 distinct
      peaks. Peak 1 and 2 refer to the extracellular fraction of ascorbic acid and
      DOPAC. Peak 3 refers to that of 5-HIAA. The peaks of the voltammograms obtained
      in vivo from different areas of the brain are similar to those observed in vitro
      using DOPAC and 5-HIAA solutions. Electrodes implanted in the ventricular CSF
      showed that DOPAC increased immediately after glucose injection, while 5-HIAA did
      not change significantly. When the electrode was inserted into the putamen, 5
      HIAA exponentially increased followed by death, whereas DOPAC showed only a small
      change. It was presumed that the stroke-induced major oxidizable compounds are
      different in the lateral ventricle and the putamen. These results suggest that
      during cerebral bleeding, plasma norepinephrine increases accompanied with a
      potentiation of the central DOPAC and 5-HIAA system in rats.

PMID- 2417927
TI  - [Structural analysis of DR and DQ molecules among three HLA-D clusters associated
      with HLA-DR4].
AB  - In this study, the DR and DQ molecules from three different HLA-D clusters; HLA
      Dw4, DKT2, and Dw15, associated with HLA-DR4 were analysed using monoclonal
      antibodies and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results of serological
      analyses of specificity, sequential coprecipitation assays, and two-dimensional
      gel analyses showed that two monoclonal antibodies, HU-18 and HU-23 recognize two
      distinct antigenic epitopes borne on DQw3 molecules. In two-dimensional gel
      analysis, the DR4 light chains from ER (DR4, DQw3, Dw4 homozygous), KT2 (DR4,
      DQw3, DKT2 homozygous), and EBV-Wa (DR4, DQ--, Dw15 homozygous) cells were
      clearly different from each other in terms of their isoelectric points. Similary,
      the DQw3 light chains from ER and KT2 cells were also electrophoretically
      different. Moreover, it was indicated that DQw3 molecules from four different B
      cell lines being typed in a single cluster of HLA-Dw4 specificity differ in the
      serological reactivity with HU-23. These results suggested that DR molecules are
      the major component participating in the determination of the HLA-D specificity.

PMID- 2417928
TI  - Ultrastructural evidence for the presence of ferritin-iron in the biliary system
      of patients with iron overload.
AB  - Ferritin-like particles were observed in bile canaliculi of patients with iron
      overload. These particles have been further investigated by: a staining method
      enhancing the size and contrast of ferritin protein, and electron probe
      microanalysis detecting the presence of the elements iron and phosphorus.
      Morphological observation of coated vesicles in the cytoplasm adjacent to the
      bile canaliculi and coated pits in the canalicular membrane suggests a transport
      mechanism via membrane-bound organelles. Support is given to the theory that part
      of the iron, stored in the liver, leaves the hepatocyte by excretion of ferritin
      into the bile.

PMID- 2417929
TI  - Phenotypic characterization of 'non-T, non-B' acute lymphoblastic leukemia by a
      new panel (BL) of monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Peripheral blood and/or bone marrow leukemic cell suspensions from 49 patients
      with 'non-T, non-B' acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were analysed by flow
      cytometry using a new panel of four monoclonal antibodies. Anti-BL1 and anti-BL2
      originating from NALM-6 and B35M lymphoblastoid cell lines, respectively. These
      antibodies recognize B-cell differentiation antigens: a heat stable non
      immunoprecipitable antigenic determinant, and a 68 000 daltons glycoprotein
      molecule, respectively. BL5 and BL6 were derived by immunization with the
      promyelocytic cell line HL-60, recognizing antigens present on early
      hematopoietic cells: an 85 000 daltons MW glycoprotein (Pro-Im 1) and a heat
      stable antigen (Pro-Im2), respectively. All ALL patients studied had L1 or L2
      morphology by the FAB classification and a blast count exceeding 50 per cent.
      There were 25 males and 24 females. Median age was 8 years (range 1-67 years).
      Thirty-nine cases were studied at initial presentation and 10 at relapse. Cells
      from 46/49 cases expressed BL2 and/or BL1, but were not reactive with BL5 or BL6.
      Three of 49 cases did not express BL1 or BL2. However, a small percentage of
      blasts from one case was positive for BL5 (13 per cent) and the other 2 cases
      were reactive with BL6 (20 per cent and 36 per cent, respectively). These were
      one adult and 2 pediatric patients that had other ALL markers and achieved a
      complete remission with appropriate ALL therapy. One of the BL6+ cases relapsed
      after 19 months with a change in phenotype to BL1+ BL2+ BL5- BL6-. This analysis
      shows that the majority of 'non-T, non-B' ALL's do express B-cell associated
      antigens (BL1/BL2) argumentative of their B-cell origin. A small subgroup does
      not express such antigens and may arise from a more immature cell, since they
      expressed antigens on early hematopoietic stem cells.

PMID- 2417930
TI  - Lectin histochemistry of kidney tumours and its pathomorphological relevance.
AB  - Thirty kidney tumours of various histological type were histochemically
      investigated under the light microscope by means of the ABC-method. We used four
      biotinylated lectins which are known to bind also to normal renal tubular
      epithelial cells of different nephron segments. The nuclear grade, the
      histological growth pattern, the cell type and the histogenesis of the tumours
      were studied. The lectin of Lotus tetragonolobus bound to nine out of ten renal
      cell carcinomas with low nuclear grade, but in contrast no binding was seen in
      eight poorly differentiated ones. Four carcinomas mimicking collecting duct
      epithelium were also negative after treatment with this lectin, but showed strong
      staining after treatment with peanut agglutinin, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin and
      soybean agglutinin. Five oncocytomas showed a high affinity only for Dolichos
      biflorus agglutinin and only one case was positive with Lotus tetragonolobus
      agglutinin; three tubulo-papillary adenomas of the renal cortex without any
      oncocytes were negative with all of the lectins used. The value of lectin
      histochemistry in tumour pathology and its significance in routine pathological
      examination of kidney tumours are discussed.

PMID- 2417931
TI  - The value of immunohistochemistry in medullary thyroid carcinoma: a systematic
      study of 30 cases.
AB  - Thirty cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma were investigated by immunoperoxidase
      staining techniques to evaluate the diagnostic significance of neuron-specific
      enolase (NSE), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), somatostatin (SOM), a-subunit of
      human chorionic gonadotrophin (a-hCG), serotonin (5-HT) and adrenocorticotropic
      hormone (ACTH) immunoreactivity as diagnostic markers in comparison to different
      calcitonin (CT) staining patterns. Twenty three cases exhibited a strong (group
      I) or moderate (group II) staining intensity for CT and did not need further
      immunocytochemical proof for classifying them as medullary carcinoma. From seven
      cases which showed only a weak or borderline CT-immunoreactivity (group III), six
      stained positively for NSE and four positively for CEA. SOM-positive cells were
      identified in six cases and a-hCG or 5-HT-positive cells respectively in three
      cases of group III. Twenty follicular and 20 papillary carcinomas also included
      in this study did not react with any of the above mentioned antibodies.
      Therefore, NSE and CEA represent useful additional diagnostic markers
      particularly for the identification of medullary carcinoma with weak or
      borderline CT-immunoreactivity. The identification of other peptides may also be
      helpful in demarcating it from thyroid tumours of follicular cell origin.

PMID- 2417932
TI  - The histochemical assessment of sulphated and non-sulphated sialomucin in
      intestinal epithelium.
AB  - A new method (KOH/AB 1.0/PAPS) for the simultaneous detection of sulphated and
      non-sulphated sialomucins in intestinal epithelium was compared to the standard
      high iron diamine/alcian blue(HID/AB) technique. Although there was no difference
      in the sensitivity of the methods in detecting cells containing only one type of
      mucin, detection of cells containing both types was twice as effective with the
      KOH/AB 1.0/PAPS method. This indicates that previous investigations using only
      HID/AB may have seriously underestimated mucosal non-sulphated mucin content and
      raises doubts about the validity of some of the conclusions reached concerning
      the pre-neoplastic potential of 'transitional' mucosa of the colon.

PMID- 2417933
TI  - Suicide: a review of new directions in research.
AB  - Research on the relationship of diagnosis, genetics, violence, and psychological
      factors to suicide has changed dramatically during the past 20 years. Within this
      changing framework the author reviews current research, which focuses on
      understanding why some patients within one diagnostic category such as depression
      or schizophrenia commit suicide while others do not; separating genetic factors
      responsible for suicide from those responsible for depression; clarifying the
      biological correlates of suicide and aggression; and examining the psychosocial
      and demographic factors affecting suicide among the young and old, men and women,
      and various cultures and subcultures.

PMID- 2417934
TI  - Myocardial contraction bands revisited.

PMID- 2417935
TI  - Detection of bromodeoxyuridine-incorporation in mammalian chromosomes by a
      bromodeoxyuridine-antibody. I. Demonstration of replication patterns.
AB  - We have shown that a commercially available antibody allows the demonstration of
      bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into mammalian chromosomes by the typical
      immunologic staining techniques. The replication patterns obtained are comparable
      to those after BrdU-incorporation and FPG-staining, though with reversed staining
      specificity. The quality of the patterns equals that of commonly used
      differential staining but the sensitivity of BrdU-detection is superior. Thus the
      new technique may be very promising for all cytogenetic studies concerning any
      kind of chromosome replication.

PMID- 2417936
TI  - Parameters involved in the induction and abrogation of the lethal graft-versus
      host reaction directed against non-H-2 antigens.
AB  - The grafting of cells from donors incompatible for non-H-2 antigens alone can
      lead to GvHR mortality in up to 100% of lethally irradiated adult recipients.
      GvHR severity correlates with the number of mature immunocompetent cells present
      in the bone marrow inoculum. Histologic and clinical manifestations of GvHR
      observed in these mice differ from those seen when GvHR is induced across an H-2
      barrier. The number of non-H-2 genes capable of influencing GvHR mortality is
      probably great, and their effects may vary as a function of sex. The non-H-2
      genes influence GvHR mortality mainly via their interactions, the consequences of
      which are complex and can result in either cumulative or suppressive effects.
      GvHR mortality is considerably reduced by donor immunization, shortly before
      grafting, against host-specific non-H-2 antigens; and it is virtually abrogated
      by an additional immunization of the donors against nonspecific (foreign) H-2
      antigens. Three weeks after grafting, these "protected" mice are easily
      distinguishable from those undergoing lethal GvHR, as assessed by both clinical
      appearance and histologic examination; in contrast, they are nearly
      indistinguishable from control mice grafted with syngeneic cells. However,
      depending upon the conditions used for the immunization, an additional
      immunization against nonspecific H-2 antigens can lead to acceleration rather
      than suppression of GvHR mortality; this phenomenon is not seen, under the same
      experimental conditions, after immunization against specific non-H-2 antigens
      alone. It is therefore suggested that a "second signal" provided by an additional
      nonspecific stimulus can potentiate either the establishment of specific
      suppression or the activation of a secondary ("positive") response. Suppressive
      effects of the specific and nonspecific immunizations are cumulative, and both
      treatments activate suppressor cells. The intensity of suppression induced by
      both specific and nonspecific immunizations is antigen dose-dependent. At
      equivalent antigen doses the specific immunization is considerably more effective
      than the nonspecific immunization, and is detectable after injection of as few as
      2.5 X 10(5) cells. In both cases, irradiation of the immunizing cells abolishes
      the suppression induced by the lower cell doses tested, while it merely decreases
      the intensity of the suppression induced by the higher cell doses tested. The
      impairment of suppression after irradiation of the immunizing cells is not
      attributable to a modification of their homing pattern, but to the fact that
      proliferation of the immunizing cells, which leads to an augmentation of the
      antigen dose, is abolished by irradiation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2417937
TI  - Bovine T lymphocytes. I. Generation and maintenance of an interleukin-2
      dependent, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte cell line.
AB  - Primary and secondary bovine allogeneic mixed leucocyte cultures were examined
      for the generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic leucocytes. While optimal
      generation of murine and human cytotoxic T lymphocytes typically requires 4-8
      days, alloantigen-specific cytotoxic bovine leucocytes were demonstrated
      consistently only after prolonged incubation periods, optimally found to be about
      15 days. Restimulation of long-term bovine mixed leucocyte cultures with the
      original stimulator population revealed responder cells demonstrating augmented
      alloantigen-specific lytic activity. When placed into human recombinant
      interleukin-2, responder cells expanded and required passaging every 3-4 days.
      The same was not true of cells placed into interleukin-2-free medium. Cells
      cultured in interleukin-2-containing medium retained alloantigen specificity
      after 10 weeks of culture. Moreover, they continued to display total dependence
      on human, simian or bovine interleukin-2 for growth.

PMID- 2417938
TI  - Epitope diversity of angiotensin II analysed with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The antigenic heterogeneity of angiotensin II (AII) was studied with monoclonal
      antibodies. Twelve antibodies were produced and characterized. Association
      constants for AII varied from 1.2 X 10(8) to 1.1 X 10(10) M-1. The fine
      specificity of the Mab was studied by immunoenzymoassay using solid-phase AII.
      Using AII analogues in binding inhibition experiments, three groups of
      specificity could be characterized: (1) five antibodies reacted only with
      peptides in which phenylalanine is the carboxy terminal aminoacid; for two of
      these antibodies, tyrosine4 is closely associated with the binding site, since
      iodine labelling suppresses reactivity; (2) two antibodies also required
      phenylalanine in position 8, but, in addition, reacted with AI, a decapeptide in
      which phenylalanine is not terminal; (3) five antibodies reacted with analogues
      in which phenylalanine had been substituted for another amino acid. In addition,
      studies in which binding of a biotinylated Mab to solid-phase AII was analysed in
      the presence of various unlabelled Mab suggest further antigenic heterogeneity of
      AII.

PMID- 2417939
TI  - Immunogenic and antigenic epitopes of immunoglobulins. XIV. Antigenic variants of
      IgG4 proteins revealed with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Two IgG4 paraproteins having heavy chains of normal molecular weight are shown to
      be antigenically distinct in their reactivity profiles with 18 monoclonal
      antibodies having specificity for the IgG2 or IgG4 subclasses. One protein
      expresses IgG2 and IgG4 epitopes within the C gamma 2 domain. A second protein is
      deficient in the expression of IgG4 Fc-specific epitopes. These proteins will be
      of value in defining the structural basis of Fc effector functions and individual
      epitope expression.

PMID- 2417940
TI  - Class I genes and molecules: an update.

PMID- 2417941
TI  - Different pathways of human T-cell activation revealed by PHA-P and PHA-M.
AB  - Antigen-specific T-cell activation is mediated via the CD3-Ti (antigen receptor)
      complex, and monoclonal antibodies to both CD3 and Ti cause a rapid rise in
      intracellular Ca2+. This calcium mobilization is not inhibited by monoclonal
      antibodies to CD2. The rise in calcium mobilization induced by purified PHA (PHA
      P) does not occur in a cell line which lacks CD2 expression, and can be blocked
      in other T cells by anti-CD2 antibodies. A combination of monoclonal antibodies
      to different epitopes of CD2 causes calcium mobilization and mitogenesis. Reagent
      grade PHA (PHA-M) induces calcium moblization in cells that lack CD2, and its
      effects in other T cells cannot be blocked by anti-CD2 antibodies. The effects of
      PHA-P and PHA-M are thus mediated predominantly through different activation
      pathways.

PMID- 2417942
TI  - A low molecular weight proteinase inhibitor produced by T lymphocytes.
AB  - A low molecular weight (MW) proteinase inhibitor, between 6500 and 21,500 MW,
      appeared in the supernatant of rabbit spleen cells cultured at high density for
      24 hr. The inhibitor inhibited the enzymatic activity of trypsin for both a high
      MW natural substrate, fibrinogen, and for a low MW artificial substrate,
      Chromozym TRY. The low MW proteinase inhibitor is protein in nature and is
      different, in terms of specificity for enzymes, MW and sensitivity to different
      physical or chemical treatments, from aprotinin, a low MW proteinase inhibitor
      (6500 MW) of bovine origin, and from the soybean trypsin inhibitor, a relatively
      high MW proteinase inhibitor (21,500 MW). The inhibitor was found in the
      supernatant of purified T cells but not B cells, and its production was increased
      in the presence of an optimal concentration of Con A. The possibility that this
      proteinase inhibitor has a role in the regulation of trypsin-like proteinases
      involved to the immune response remains to be investigated.

PMID- 2417943
TI  - Action of the human lymphokine histamine releasing factor on mouse peritoneal
      mast cells.
AB  - Histamine releasing factor (HRF)--a human lymphokine--has been shown previously
      to release histamine from basophils in vitro. In this paper we show that HRF
      acted across the species barrier and released histamine from mouse peritoneal
      mast cells. This response was dose-dependent. Mast cells from both sensitized and
      non-sensitized mice were equally susceptible to the action of HRF. We observed
      synergistic action of HRF with specific allergen (ovalbumin) or HRF with anti-IgE
      antibody in releasing histamine from mast cells. Preincubation of mast cells with
      calcium ion chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or disodium
      cromoglycate induces only a small inhibition of histamine release caused by HRF.
      We conclude that histamine release from mouse peritoneal mast cells can serve as
      an in vitro test for the assay of human HRF.

PMID- 2417944
TI  - The role of growth factors and interferons in the induction of activated murine
      macrophages from bone marrow precursors.
AB  - The effects of growth factors and interferons on macrophages derived from bone
      marrow precursors were compared with those on peritoneal macrophages elicited by
      an inflammatory stimulus. Bone marrow cells grown in L-cell conditioned medium
      (Source MCSF) and post endotoxin lung conducted medium (source of GM-CSF) for 7
      10 days and then treated for 2 days with either growth factor, recombinant IFN
      gamma or a cellular source of IFN alpha beta. These studies show that IFN gamma,
      but not IFN alpha beta, induce an activation phenotype (low mannose fucosyl
      receptor levels, high Ia, high superoxide release) in bone marrow macrophages.
      The phenotype of bone marrow macrophages derived in lung conditioned medium
      resembles that expressed by thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages.

PMID- 2417945
TI  - Serological discrimination of DR4 haplotypes by radioimmunoassay.
AB  - Three new alloantigenic specificities of human major histocompatibility complex
      class II molecules have been defined by testing the reactivity of alloantisera at
      the molecular level. Two of these specificities identify different DR4
      haplotypes. The Fe75 specificity is associated with the DR4/Dw10 haplotype and
      the CBC/MRG6 specificity with the DR4/DKT2 haplotype. Both are supertypic
      specificities and are associated with other DR specificities as well. Both
      specificities are carried by class II molecules belonging to the first DR subset.
      Together with previously described determinants, these specificities contribute
      to serological discrimination of the different DR4 haplotypes.

PMID- 2417946
TI  - Laboratory diagnosis of malaria.

PMID- 2417947
TI  - Use of low molecular weight dextrans in cerebral malaria.

PMID- 2417948
TI  - Saccharin/cyclamates; laboratory evidence.

PMID- 2417949
TI  - Saccharin/cyclamates: epidemiological evidence.
AB  - Adequate data on the carcinogenicity of saccharin and cyclamate to humans are
      available only for the urinary bladder. In the studies available, exposure to
      saccharin and to cyclamate cannot be distinguished readily. Descriptive studies
      have shown no evidence of time trends in bladder cancer that can be related to
      use of saccharin or cyclamate. Likewise, studies of diabetics, who have used more
      saccharin and cyclamate than other people, have shown no evidence of an increased
      risk of bladder cancer. This association, however, is probably confounded
      negatively by cigarette smoking. Thirteen case-control studies have addressed the
      relationship of saccharin and cyclamate intake to bladder cancer in individuals.
      While statistically significant positive associations have been observed, a
      similar number of significant negative associations has also been observed.
      Studies of the dose-response relationships have also shown no consistent pattern.
      Studies of saccharin and cyclamate use with smoking habits have shown no
      consistent interaction with heavy smoking, as might be expected from a
      promotional effect. In some studies, however, an increased risk with saccharin
      and cyclamate use has been observed in female non-smokers--a group otherwise at
      low risk for bladder cancer.

PMID- 2417950
TI  - Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: laboratory evidence.

PMID- 2417951
TI  - Metabolic characteristics of aorta from spontaneously hypertensive and renal and
      deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine if any changes occurred in the basal
      and stimulated rates of oxygen consumption and lactate production of thoracic
      aortas from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and renal and
      deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats, and, if so, whether
      these changes were similar in these three models of hypertension. Rings of
      thoracic aorta were placed in an isothermic (37 degrees C) muscle bath, and
      isometric tension development, oxygen consumption, and lactate production were
      measured. The results indicated that under basal conditions oxygen consumption,
      but not lactate production, was higher in aortas from all three hypertensive
      models; the elevation above control was greatest in the renal model (95%) and
      smallest in SHR (34%). On stimulation with 60 mM KCl, a significant increase in
      oxygen consumption above basal value occurred in all aorta samples (p less than
      0.05); however, lactate production was increased above basal only in aortas from
      hypertensive animals. Only in aortas from renal and DOCA-salt models was the rate
      of oxygen consumption during stimulation significantly greater than that of their
      normotensive controls (p less than 0.05). Developed active stress in response to
      KCl was the same in all groups, and when the change in lactate production or
      oxygen consumption was expressed relative to the amount of active stress
      developed, no differences were observed. These results suggest that, 1) compared
      to values in aortas from normotensive animals, only the basal rate of oxygen
      consumption is higher; 2) this higher level of basal metabolic activity is not
      associated with an alteration in the metabolic cost of force
      development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2417952
TI  - Unusual association of hyperkalemia and hypertension.
AB  - We report an unusual association of hyperkalemia, mild hyperchloremic acidosis,
      and hypertension in a young woman. Pseudohyperkalemia, Addison's disease, renal
      insufficiency, classical hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, isolated
      hypoaldosteronism, and iatrogenic causes were excluded. The patient's findings
      were compatible with a rare syndrome designated as type II
      pseudohypoaldosteronism, Gordon's syndrome.

PMID- 2417953
TI  - Serogroup specificity of Legionella pneumophila is related to lipopolysaccharide
      characteristics.
AB  - We studied the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Legionella pneumophila and six other
      Legionella species to determine whether strain differences were apparent. The LPS
      was purified by a cold ethanol extraction procedure, and total carbohydrates
      represented 10 to 20% of LPS weight. 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate represented 1 to 13%
      of the total carbohydrate present in the LPS. By sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, all strains except L. dumoffi showed smooth
      type LPS with multiple high-molecular-weight complexes. Proteinase K-treated,
      whole-cell lysates showed profiles similar to those of purified LPS. Each
      serogroup of L. pneumophila and each Legionella species had a distinct sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profile. L. pneumophila lipid
      A is antigenically related to the lipid A of Enterobacteriaceae. In immunoblot
      assays with the LPS of L. pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6 as antigens, serogroup
      specific immune monkey sera recognized homologous purified LPS, but not the LPS
      of the five heterologous serogroups. These studies indicate that LPS composition
      may be a determinant of serogroup specificity as defined by the
      immunofluorescence-based serogrouping schema for L. pneumophila and other
      Legionella species.

PMID- 2417954
TI  - Localization of gonococcal lipopolysaccharide and its relationship to toxic
      damage in human fallopian tube mucosa.
AB  - An experimental model using human fallopian tubes in organ culture was used to
      study the localization of purified gonococcal lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS was
      visualized by light microscopy with immunoperoxidase staining. Immediately after
      addition to fallopian tube organ cultures, gonococcal LPS aggregated on the tips
      of cilia. By 1 to 2 h after exposure, LPS could be seen distributed throughout
      the cytoplasm of ciliated and nonciliated cells in structures resembling
      vesicles. By 12 h, there were sloughed, ciliated cells present in the fallopian
      tube lumen, which had positive LPS stain on their surfaces as well as in their
      cytoplasm. By 24 h, LPS was distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Control
      experiments with rabbit oviduct organ cultures showed that LPS failed to attach,
      enter, or damage mucosal cells. These studies illustrate the initial localization
      of LPS on human mucosal cells and its uptake into the cells, which are coincident
      with toxicity for ciliated epithelial cells.

PMID- 2417955
TI  - Human serum antibody response against Streptococcus mutans antigens.
AB  - Antigens from Streptococcus mutans were examined to identify specific
      polypeptides that may have stimulated antibody responses and possibly play some
      role in caries immunity. A group of 10 adult human subjects was screened for
      serum antibodies reactive with antigens from S. mutans. Extracellular and
      cellular protein preparations from S. mutans LM7 (Bratthall serotype e) and V403
      (biotype c) were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis followed by Western electrophoretic transfer and immunoblotting
      analysis. Antibodies reactive with polypeptides ranging from 34 to 400
      kilodaltons in apparent molecular mass were detected by these means.
      Radioimmunoassay competition experiments revealed that the cellular and
      extracellular antigens did not compete with each other for serum antibodies.
      Preabsorption of sera with extracellular proteins from other oral streptococcal
      species prior to immunoblotting indicated that the antigens unique to S. mutans
      have molecular masses greater than 100 kilodaltons, and each individual produced
      antibodies against different antigens of high molecular mass. Examination of sera
      from young children also indicated heterogeneous responses against S. mutans LM7
      antigens.

PMID- 2417956
TI  - Antigenic determinants of the attachment protein of Mycoplasma pneumoniae shared
      by other pathogenic Mycoplasma species.
AB  - In previous studies with hyperimmune rabbit antisera, we found evidence of
      serologic cross-reactivity among Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma genitalium,
      and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Because of certain biologic and morphologic
      similarities of these species, attempts were made to determine if this cross
      reactivity related to the attachment protein (P1) of M. pneumoniae. Monoclonal
      and monospecific antibodies against P1 were used to probe proteins of the other
      species by immunoblotting. One of the P1 monoclonal antibodies was reactive with
      a smaller protein of M. genitalium; rabbit antiserum raised by immunization with
      P1 excised from a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel
      was found to react with a similar-sized protein of M. gallisepticum. These
      preliminary findings suggest antigenic sharing among the species examined;
      however, limitations of the methods used are discussed.

PMID- 2417957
TI  - Effects of dexamethasone on human natural killer cell cytotoxicity, interferon
      production, and interleukin-2 receptor expression induced by microbial antigens.
AB  - Dexamethasone inhibits the expression of the interleukin-2 receptor, the
      synthesis of immune interferon, and the development of natural killer cells when
      added to peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured with soluble microbial
      antigens (purified protein derivative and a polysaccharide extract from Candida
      albicans [MPPS]) or human recombinant interleukin-2.

PMID- 2417958
TI  - Selective enzyme staining procedures for characterization of mycobacterial
      immunoprecipitates.
AB  - Selective staining procedures for four different enzymes (malate dehydrogenase,
      glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, leucine aminopeptidase and glucose phosphate
      isomerase) in combination with two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis were
      successfully applied to the analysis of antigen preparations from mycobacteria.
      Thus, a precipitate corresponding to malate dehydrogenase could e.g. be
      demonstrated in multi-linear precipitation patterns of Mycobacterium avium,
      Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium kansasii,
      Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium phlei. The analytical approach described
      can be advantageously used for identification of mycobacterial precipitinogens of
      enzyme character.

PMID- 2417959
TI  - Autoantibodies of the IgM class against a human myeloma protein IgE(DES). II.
      Specificity.
AB  - Five different monoclonal IgE proteins, papain and pepsin fragments of myeloma
      protein IgE(DES) and particle-counting immunoassay were used to study in detail
      the epitope(s) of IgE(DES) involved in the agglutination with IgM anti-IgE(DES)
      antibodies. The specificity of these autoantibodies was restricted to IgE(DES) as
      they did not react with latex particles coated with four other IgE myeloma
      proteins. Antibodies reactive with latex-IgE other than latex-IgE(DES), when
      present, were also of restricted specificity as shown by criss-cross absorption
      experiments. These differences between IgE myeloma proteins could not be
      attributed to the light chain type nor to the Em(1)-allotype. The epitope(s) of
      IgE(DES) participating in the reaction was heat-resistant (56 degrees C, 2 h) and
      localized in the pepsin F(ab')2 epsilon fragment, but was absent in the papain Fc
      epsilon and Fab epsilon fragments. Further degradation by pepsin of the F(ab')2
      epsilon fragment (molecular weight 145,000 daltons) to 5S epsilon (90,000
      daltons) and Fc" epsilon fragments (30,000 daltons) destroyed the reacting
      epitope. These results indicate that the IgM antibodies were not directed against
      kappa chain or idiotypic determinants of IgE(DES), but to some epitope(s) in the
      undegraded hinge region. Therefore, it seems that some kind of antigenic
      heterogeneity, perhaps related to the carbohydrate moieties, is present in IgE
      myeloma proteins besides the known idiotypic, allotypic and isotypic ones.

PMID- 2417960
TI  - P cell stimulating factor release: a useful assay of T cell activation in vitro.
AB  - The coordinate production of multiple lymphokines by activated T cells allows the
      investigator a choice of assays for antigen recognition in vitro. In this paper,
      we examine the production of P cell stimulating factor (PSF, a lymphokine
      identical to interleukin 3) by L3T4+ Lyt-2-T cell clones. PSF production is
      antigen-specific, Ia-restricted and inhibited by a monoclonal antibody to L3T4,
      PSF, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin 2 (IL 2) are all rapidly
      secreted after antigen or mitogen stimulation. The measurement of PSF avoids
      problems inherent in the IL 2 and IFN-gamma assays, namely absorption of IL 2 by
      the producer T cells and failure of the interferon assay to distinguish between
      interferons of the alpha, beta and gamma classes.

PMID- 2417961
TI  - Antigenic competition in IgE antibody production. III. Suppressive effect on Th
      and B cells.
AB  - An adoptive cell transfer system was utilized to evaluate the site of action of
      the suppressive mechanism involved in antigenic competition in IgE antibody
      production. Carrier-primed (OA) and hapten-primed (DNP-KLH) spleen cells were
      transferred to syngeneic irradiated recipients that were challenged with a
      heterologous conjugate (DNP-OA). To study the effect of antigenic competition on
      T and B cells, donor mice of one or the other cell type received in addition the
      competitor antigen (Asc) at immunization. The adoptive secondary IgE anti-DNP
      antibody response was suppressed in both situations. This effect could not be
      attributed to transfer of Asc-primed cells. Irradiation of donor mice before
      immunization with the two antigens abrogated the suppressive effect. These
      results indicate that both Th and B cells primed to the test antigen were
      affected by antigenic competition.

PMID- 2417962
TI  - Loss of HLA-A,B,C and de novo expression of HLA-D in colorectal cancer.
AB  - One hundred primary colorectal carcinomas and 19 metastases were studied for the
      expression of HLA-A,B,C and HLA-D antigens using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)
      against framework determinants and a sensitive immunoperoxidase technique on
      frozen sections. With MAb W6/32, 65 tumors were intensely stained for HLA-A,B,C;
      22 showed a reduced staining intensity, in 5 carcinomas a minor or major subset
      of the tumor cells lacked HLA-A,B,C, and in 8 cases all tumor cells were
      unreactive. The loss of HLA-A,B,C was inversely correlated with the degree of
      differentiation. No relation was found to type, stage and site of the tumor, or
      to age and sex of the patients. With MAb 2.06, 58 tumors were HLA-D negative, 20
      exhibited small positive foci, 19 showed a patchy staining pattern, and 3 were
      homogeneously HLA-D positive. There was no apparent correlation between HLA-D
      expression and any of the clinico-pathological features mentioned, nor was it
      related to the loss of HLA-A,B,C. About half of the metastases displayed the same
      staining pattern for HLA-A,B,C and -D as the respective primary tumors. The
      remainder differed from the primary carcinoma by gain or loss of HLA antigens.

PMID- 2417963
TI  - The Epstein-Barr virus determined nuclear antigen is composed of at least three
      different antigens.
AB  - The EBV-determined nuclear antigen, EBNA, is the only known viral product to be
      regularly detected in all EBV-transformed cells. The anticomplement
      immunofluorescence (ACIF) staining detects an EBV-specific nuclear reaction that
      has recently been shown to be due to at least 2 different proteins, EBNA-1 and
      EBNA-2, encoded by different parts of the viral genome. We now report the
      existence of a third antigen of the EBNA complex, designated as EBNA-3. Serum
      from a patient with chronic infectious mononucleosis contained no detectable
      antibodies to EBNA-I and had only a low EBNA-2 antibody level. Nevertheless, it
      gave an EBV-specific nuclear reaction of normal intensity and stained EBNA-2
      positive and EBNA-2-negative EBV-carrying lines equally well. Immunoblotting with
      the same serum identified a new EBV-specific nuclear protein of 143-157 kDa.

PMID- 2417965
TI  - Media conditioned by human leukemic T-cells induce expression of IL2 receptors
      and proliferation of normal T lymphocytes.
AB  - Peripheral blood T-colony-forming cells (T-CFC) from patients with T-cell acute
      lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL) and T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (T-NHL) can
      generate colonies in methylcellulose in the absence of added growth factors
      and/or mitogenic stimulation. In the present study, we show that media
      conditioned (LCM) by unstimulated mononuclear cells (MNC) from these patients can
      induce proliferation (proliferating inducing activity; PIA) and promote colony
      growth (T-cell colony promoting activity; T-CPA) of normal T lymphocytes in the
      absence of any other mitogenic stimulation. Preincubation of normal E+
      lymphocytes with some TCPA+, PIA(-)-LCM for 48 hr leads to IL2-induced cell
      proliferation in the absence of any other stimulation. Moreover, staining of the
      cells with anti-Tac monoclonal antibody (Mab) reveal 9%-26% Tac+ cells. Both PIA
      and IL2 receptor-inducing activities were abrogated by treatment of LCM with
      proteolytic enzymes or by heating at 47 degrees C for 30 min. Modulation of the
      T3 molecule by OKT3 MAb on normal E+ cells did not abrogate the capacity of LCM
      to induce expression of IL2-receptors, suggesting that this activity was not
      mediated by triggering the Ti-T3 molecular complex. These activities were
      detected in media conditioned by both unfractionated MNC and blast-enriched cell
      fractions, and their production required DNA and RNA synthesis by actively
      dividing cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that human leukemic T
      cells spontaneously release activities which can activate normal resting T
      lymphocytes.

PMID- 2417964
TI  - Tissue-specific markers in flow cytometry of urological cancers. II. Cytokeratin
      and vimentin in renal-cell tumors.
AB  - Nine primary human renal-cell tumors (RCT), one lymph-node metastasis, 4 human
      xenografts of a RCT in nude mice and a rat RCT line were analyzed by flow
      cytometry (FCM) using propidium iodide for DNA analysis and antibodies to
      cytokeratin and vimentin in the indirect immunofluorescence technique for
      labelling of specific tumor-cell populations. By means of 2-dimensional FCM
      analysis, vimentin- and cytokeratin-positive (tumor) cells were compared and
      their DNA content and proliferative fraction analyzed separately from those of
      cytokeratin-negative stromal and inflammatory cells. In primary human RCT, 2
      subpopulations of cells were detected and analyzed separately. Small numbers of
      tumor cells with an abnormal DNA stemline were also detected. In addition, co
      expression of intermediate filament proteins of both the cytokeratin and the
      vimentin types was detected in the aneuploid cell population. Comparison of 2
      model systems of RCT with primary human RCT revealed a similar pattern of tumor
      cell subfractions within these tumors. The 2-parameter FCM analysis permits the
      detection of subpopulations in complex cell suspensions and the quantification of
      these fractions, as well as analysis of their cellular DNA content.

PMID- 2417966
TI  - Beta-thromboglobulin release within coronary circulation--a potential role of
      platelets in ergonovine-induced coronary vasospasm.
AB  - The role of platelets in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial ischemia is not yet
      agreed upon. In this study, the gradient of plasma beta-thromboglobulin
      concentration between coronary sinus and aorta was used as an indicator of
      platelet activation within the coronary circulation. Blood samples were drawn
      before and after injection of ergonovine maleate in patients without fixed
      coronary stenosis in whom significant coronary spasm was induced by ergonovine (n
      = 8, Group 1), patients with significant stenosis (greater than or equal to 75%)
      of the left anterior descending artery and positive ergonovine test (n = 7, Group
      2) and patients with significant stenosis of left anterior descending coronary
      artery and negative ergonovine test (n = 11, Group 3). Fifteen patients with
      normal coronary arteries who were negative in the ergonovine test served as
      controls (Group 4). After the ergonovine test, all Group 1 patients revealed a
      significant increase of beta-thromboglobulin gradient (P less than 0.001), while
      those in other groups did not. Additionally, the gradient after the ergonovine
      test of Group 1 patients was larger than those of the other groups (P less than
      0.01). All blood samples after the ergonovine test were collected before or at
      the onset of angina attacks. These results suggest that platelet activation
      within the coronary circulation has some pathogenic role, probably as an
      aggravating factor, in coronary artery spasm.

PMID- 2417967
TI  - A model for communication skills group using structured exercises and audiovisual
      equipment.

PMID- 2417968
TI  - Expression of cytokeratins in early neoplastic epithelial lesions of the uterine
      cervix.
AB  - Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratin polypeptides were used to
      study the expression of these intermediate filament proteins in normal, squamous
      metaplastic, and neoplastic epithelium of the uterine cervix, in order to
      investigate the morphogenesis of early epithelial changes preceding cervical
      squamous cell carcinoma. A polyclonal keratin antiserum showed a positive
      reaction in all different epithelial cell types of the uterine cervix. A positive
      reaction was also found in subcolumnar reserve cell hyperplasia, in squamous
      metaplastic and dysplastic cells, and in (squamous) carcinoma in situ. A
      monoclonal antibody specific for columnar epithelium (RGE 53) gave a positive
      reaction in endocervical columnar cells and in some immature metaplastic cells
      but was negative in subcolumnar reserve cells, squamous (metaplastic) cells,
      dysplastic cells, and most cases of carcinoma in situ. Another monoclonal
      cytokeratin antibody (RKSE 60) pointed to early keratinization in light
      microscopically nonkeratinizing squamous (metaplastic) and dysplastic epithelium.
      A possible overlap in staining patterns of RGE 53 and RKSE 60 was seen in some
      cases of immature metaplasia. Morphologic changes occurring in the transformation
      zone upon dedifferentiation are accompanied by alterations in cytokeratin
      expression. Similarities in cytokeratin expression were found between dysplasia
      and carcinoma in situ on one hand and subcolumnar reserve cell hyperplasia and
      squamous metaplasia on the other. This study favors an epithelial origin and a
      squamoid nature of subcolumnar reserve cells.

PMID- 2417969
TI  - Cases reported at the FAN club meeting, Bonn, November 1984. Case 1: A case of
      preretinal neovascularization after retinal artery occlusion.
AB  - A 63 year-old man presented with an occlusion of the inferior temporal artery in
      his right eye, followed ten days later by an obstruction of the central retinal
      artery. Internal carotid stenosis was diagnosed and the patient underwent carotid
      endarterectomy. The retinal arterial circulation was restored except in the
      previously occluded inferotemporal artery. Nine months after the occlusion,
      preretinal new vessels began to grow at the border of the ischaemic area.
      Possible mechanisms governing the proliferation of new vessels after retinal
      arterial occlusion are discussed.

PMID- 2417970
TI  - Cases reported at the FAN club meeting, Bonn, November 1984. Case 3. Retinitis
      pigmentosa and retinal neovascularization.

PMID- 2417971
TI  - Ubertragung, metaphor, and transference in psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
AB  - It is suggested that Ubertragung, when translated into simple English as
      "carrying or bearing something from one place to another," can include not only
      the technical, important concept embodied in the Latinate word transference but
      also the broader concept embodied in the Greek term metaphor. Also reviewed are
      the psychological strengths of metaphor, such as its capacity for ambiguity, as
      an intermediate area of experience, as well as its structure, consisting of
      signified, signifier, and the work involved to create signifiers. Third, other
      words of voyage related to Ubertragung are discussed. Finally, disturbances of
      metaphor in the patient and distortions of metaphor by the therapist are
      examined.

PMID- 2417972
TI  - Children at risk: perinatal events, developmental delays and the effects of a
      developmental stimulation program.
AB  - This paper reports the findings of two studies done between 1977 and 1981 in the
      Philippines. The first study examined the performance of 911 children, with
      histories of perinatal risk events, on a restandardized Philippine (Metro-Manila)
      version of the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) which was developed in
      1980. This study established that the children performed significantly below
      Philippine norms. A second study, cognizant of the findings of the first,
      introduced nursing interventions designed to address some needs of preterm
      infants and their mothers. Findings suggest that development stimulation can
      significantly improve the developmental status of preterm infants.

PMID- 2417973
TI  - The modulation of cutaneous inflammatory reactions by peptide-containing sensory
      nerves.
AB  - In the present experiments the role of unmyelinated sensory fibres in the
      mechanism of cutaneous inflammatory reactions under normal and pathological
      conditions has been studied in man and animals. Dye leakage responses to
      histamine, serotonin, compound 48/80, bradykinin and substance P were
      significantly reduced, while neurogenic inflammation was completely abolished in
      rats treated neonatally with capsaicin, as studied quantitatively by the Evans
      blue technique. Neurogenic inflammation could also be elicited by mustard oil in
      normally innervated human skin, but not in skin areas affected by herpes zoster
      or in a patient suffering from congenital analgesia. Repeated topical treatment
      of the skin with capsaicin (local desensitization) abolished the neurogenic
      inflammatory response for several days. Chemical pain sensitivity was strongly
      reduced, and thresholds for warmth and heat pain sensations were significantly
      elevated. Local capsaicin desensitization of the skin prevented whealing, flare
      and itch in patients with acquired cold and heat urticaria. The findings indicate
      that peptide-containing sensory nerves are involved in the mediation of
      chemogenic and heat pain, and possibly itch, and are responsible for initiation
      of the neurogenic inflammatory response. The results also provide direct evidence
      of the involvement of these particular sensory nerves in the modulation of the
      permeability-increasing effects of putative mediators of acute inflammatory
      reactions. It is concluded that, through modulation of cutaneous vascular
      reactions, peptidergic sensory nerves may play a hitherto unrecognized role in
      the pathomechanism of certain diseases of human skin.

PMID- 2417974
TI  - Somatostatin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and neuropeptide Y
      receptors: critical assessment of biochemical methodology and results.

PMID- 2417975
TI  - Potassium current in the squid giant axon.
AB  - The squid giant axon was the first preparation to be investigated with the
      voltage clamp technique over 30 years ago by Cole (1949) and Hodgkin et al.
      (1952). During the intervening years it has continued to serve as a useful
      preparation for the development of other new techniques such as internal
      perfusion (Baker et al., 1962), gating current measurements (Armstrong and
      Bezanilla, 1974), and patch clamp measurements (Conti and Neher, 1980). It also
      has served as a useful comparative preparation for investigations of sodium and
      potassium currents in other excitable membrane preparations. This article has
      focused on the activation kinetics and the instantaneous current-voltage relation
      of the potassium component. The squid axon is well suited for studies of IK,
      because it appears to have only a single type of potassium channel, and the
      leakage current is relatively small under ideal conditions. The IK component is
      activated in a sigmoidal manner following membrane depolarization. It deactivates
      with a single exponential time constant following return of the membrane
      potential to the holding level, although the deactivation time constant varies
      with changes in the external potassium concentration. There has not, as yet,
      appeared a self-consistent model which describes all of these results. The
      current-voltage relation is a nonlinear function of driving force, which is
      approximately described by the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation, although a model of
      the IV based on single file diffusion of ions through a channel is more in tune
      with the modern view of the ion permeation process (Hodgkin and Keynes, 1955;
      Hille and Schwarz, 1978; Clay and Shlesinger, 1977, 1983, 1984). Further progress
      in this area will probably be achieved both by the traditional techniques and by
      the patch clamp technique. The traditional method is well suited for studying
      tail current kinetics and the slow inactivation process. The patch clamp
      technique is well suited for studying the distribution of channels in the
      membrane and the kinetics of channel gating in steady state conditions.

PMID- 2417976
TI  - A new technique of haemostasis following transvesical prostatectomy.

PMID- 2417977
TI  - Histological and histochemical changes in the dog kidney after renal artery
      embolization with Spongostan.
AB  - Histological and histochemical examinations of canine kidneys 24 hours, 7, 14 and
      24 days after embolization of the renal artery with Spongostan showed that during
      24 days the resorption and organization of the infarcts in the embolized kidneys
      and the resorption of Spongostan in the arteries were not yet completed. The
      intensified reactions to phosphatases, dehydrogenases, and non-specific esterase
      indicate a prolonged activation of cells playing a role in the resorption and
      organization of infarcts which may be of significance in the stimulation of
      immune responses. There were no inflammatory reactions in the embolized arteries.

PMID- 2417978
TI  - [Surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer. Indications and choice of procedure].

PMID- 2417979
TI  - [What is safe in conservative therapy of pancreatic cancer?].

PMID- 2417980
TI  - [What is safe in the therapy of tachycardic heart arrhythmias?].

PMID- 2417981
TI  - Pathogenesis of drusen in the primate.
AB  - Two monkey eyes that showed clinical evidence of drusen were studied by light and
      electron microscopy. The drusen-like spots had several different morphological
      patterns: the appearance of typical drusen, budding retinal pigment epithelial
      (RPE) cells, and vacuolation of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Several stages
      of budding were seen. In some lesions, part of the RPE cell protruded into the
      sub-RPE space. The upper portion of the budding cell was connected to the
      cytoplasm of the parent RPE cell and was surrounded by basement membrane of the
      RPE cell. These budding cells had plasma membranes, cytoplasm that contained
      organelles, and a nucleus. Disconnected buds, separate from the parent RPE cell,
      were also seen; these showed degeneration. Finally, an accumulation of vesicular,
      granular, tubular and linear material was found in the nodular space beneath the
      RPE cell. It is suggested that this budding of RPE cells is the initial event in
      drusen-formation.

PMID- 2417982
TI  - Newly-formed subretinal vessels. Fine structure and fluorescein leakage.
AB  - The ultrastructure of experimentally induced newly formed subretinal vessels was
      correlated with the amount of fluorescein leakage demonstrated by the neovascular
      membranes during angiography. The membranes that demonstrated leakage contained
      subretinal vessels with a fenestrated endothelial wall and intermediate
      interendothelial cell junctions. As these subretinal plexi matured, they stopped
      demonstrating leakage. This involution process was accompanied by the formation
      of focal interendothelial tight junctions; however, loss of fenestrations was not
      observed. The membranes that never demonstrated fluorescein leakage also
      contained fenestrated subretinal vessels at both early and late stages of
      development; and their interendothelial junctions showed similar maturation from
      open to focal tight junctions. Thus all subretinal vessels had "leaky" morphology
      strongly resembling that of the normal choriocapillaris, whether they
      demonstrated fluorescein leakage or not. The authors conclude that newly formed
      subretinal vessels retain the characteristics of the choriocapillaris from which
      they are believed to proliferate; they have the potential to leak fluorescein at
      all stages of their development. The absence of fluorescein leakage during
      angiography cannot always be correlated with the absence of "leaky" morphology.

PMID- 2417983
TI  - Arabinosyl-5-azacytosine: plasma kinetics and therapeutic response (L1210) in
      vitro and in vivo in mice.
AB  - Arabinosyl-5-azacytosine (Ara-AC) was studied in vitro and in vivo in kinetic and
      therapeutic experiments. This compound is degraded fairly rapidly in mouse plasma
      in vitro at 37 degrees C (t 1/2 = 130 min) and even more rapidly in vivo
      (terminal t 1/2 = 76 mins, with a three phase plasma clearance curve, single dose
      iv 200 mg/kg). In vitro clonogenic assays with L1210 exposed to Ara-AC indicated
      that cytotoxic concentrations of 1 to 10 micrograms/ml were optimal at exposure
      times of 72 hours or longer (3 to 4 logs of L1210 cell kill). Extrapolating this
      information to in vivo infusion therapeutic studies in mice illustrated that
      optimal therapy (estimated 8 logs of L1210 cell kill) was also achieved at plasma
      concentrations of between 1 to 10 micrograms/ml for 72 hours of infusion.
      Infusions of 96 hours resulted in some lethal toxicity and 144 hour infusions
      were 100% lethal.

PMID- 2417984
TI  - Comparison of the activity of arabinosyl-5-azacytosine, arabinosyl cytosine, and
      5-azacytidine against intracerebrally implanted L1210 leukemia.
AB  - Arabinosyl-5-azacytosine (ara-AC) is a new compound which combines the structural
      characteristics of arabinosyl cytosine (ara-C) and 5-azacytidine (5-AC). These
      three compounds, injected intraperitoneally, were evaluated in direct comparison
      against the intracerebral L1210 leukemia model. 5-AC was active in a non-schedule
      dependent manner producing increase in life span (ILS) values of 70%. The effects
      of both ara-C and ara-AC were schedule-dependent with the best activity (ILS ca.
      600%; multiple long term survivors) observed using an around-the-clock treatment
      schedule. In all experiments, ara-AC appeared to be more efficacious than ara-C.
      In some instances, ara-AC was as active as the positive control compound, BCNU.
      Excellent activity for ara-AC was also observed against the intracerebral P388
      leukemia system.

PMID- 2417986
TI  - Quasi phantom eye pain: an evolution of the substance P theory of cluster
      headache.

PMID- 2417985
TI  - Evaluation of bleomycin, chlorozotocin, MGBG, and bruceantin in patients with
      advanced soft tissue sarcoma, bone sarcoma, or mesothelioma.
AB  - Patients with objectively measurable soft tissue sarcoma, bone sarcoma, or
      mesothelioma who had failed at least one prior chemotherapy regimen received
      either bleomycin (20 U/M2 i.v. day 1 each week), chlorozotocin (150 mg/M2 i.v. q6
      weeks), MGBG (500 mg/M2 i.v. each week, escalated in 50 mg/M2 weekly increments
      to a maximum dose of 700 mg/M2), or bruceantin (5.5 mg/M2 days 1, 8, 15, and 22,
      with cycles repeated every 6 weeks). One hundred eighty patients were evaluable:
      53 on bleomycin, 51 on chlorozotocin, 38 on MGBG, and 38 on bruceantin. Two
      partial responses resulted from bleomycin, and one each from chlorozotocin and
      MGBG. Both responders on bleomycin had mesothelioma. Seventy-four percent of the
      patients were of ECOG performance status 0 or 1, and over half on each arm had
      moderate or worse toxicity. At these doses and schedules, none of the four drugs
      tested was active against previously treated sarcomas. Bleomycin, however, should
      be considered for further evaluation in mesothelioma patients.

PMID- 2417987
TI  - [Detection of the gonococcal antigen with an enzyme immunoassay (Gonozyme).
      Results of the original and modified test procedure].
AB  - Urogenital specimens of 2,485 patients were examined by an enzymeimmunoassay for
      the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae antigen (Gonozyme, Abbott). The results of
      the original test (Gonozyme A) and a modified version (Gonozyme B) were compared
      to bacterial culture. Three different groups were examined by Gonozyme A: 526 men
      and 464 women from the clinic for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and 548
      registered prostitutes. Sensitivity in men was 98%, in women from the STD clinic
      89%, and in prostitutes 81%. Specificity in men was 99.5%, in women from the STD
      clinic 94%, and in prostitutes 88%. One of the reasons for the decreased
      specificity in women could be cross reacting bacteria from the genital secretions
      of the women. The assay was modified by optimizing the antigonococcal antibody
      and increased incubation times. These modifications improved the specificity of
      Gonozyme B by reducing the number of cross reactions with other bacterial
      antigens. Four different groups were examined by Gonozyme B: 261 men and 220
      women from the STD clinic, 121 women from an infertility clinic, and 345
      registered prostitutes. Sensitivity in men was 100%, in women from the
      infertility clinic 100%, in women from the STD clinic 94%, and in prostitutes
      77%. Specificity in men was 99%, in women from the infertility clinic 100%, in
      women from the STD clinic 99%, and in prostitutes 96.5%. Analysis of the Gonozyme
      positive/culture-negative test results suggested that most patients (85%) did not
      have gonorrhoea. In 15% of these specimens it is possible that patients had
      pretreated gonorrhoea which was only detected by Gonozyme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2417988
TI  - Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: a review and the report of two cases.
AB  - Caring for infants with HLHS and their parents is challenging. Social policies of
      the 1980s such as "Baby Doe," "Baby Fae," and diagnosis-related groups raise
      additional ethical and economic or financial questions. The nurse must diligently
      monitor tissue perfusion in the infant and the parents' coping with loss, while
      struggling with difficult ethical/legal issues.

PMID- 2417989
TI  - Hb F-Beech Island or alpha 2A gamma 2(53)(D4)Ala----Asp.

PMID- 2417990
TI  - Hb F-Auckland [alpha 2G gamma 2(7)(A4)Asp----Asn] observed in a Caucasian newborn
      from Alabama.

PMID- 2417991
TI  - Metastatic rat adenocarcinoma: histochemical evaluation of fibroblasts and
      extracellular matrix.
AB  - This study was based on the hypothesis that after tumour transplantation,
      fibroblast metabolism increases adjacent to a tumour and this increase correlates
      with an increase in certain components of the extracellular matrix. A serial
      histochemical study of the cellular metabolism and extracellular matrix in a fast
      growing mammary rat carcinoma was designed. The model used was the N
      nitrosomethylurea-induced adenocarcinoma. At 24, 48, 72 or 96 h after
      transplantation, tumours and surrounding tissues were excised and processed.
      Ribonucleic acid and succinate dehydrogenase stains were used to indicate
      cellular metabolism; the extracellular matrix was stained for collagen, elastin,
      acid mucopolysaccharides, mucoproteins, glycoproteins and glycolipids. The
      results of this histology were compared with the histology of nonneoplastic
      transplants. In subcutaneous tissue adjacent to neoplasia, fibroblasts were
      abundant and showed an increase in metabolism between 24-96 h; this was
      correlated with an increase in collagen. For nonneoplastic transplants,
      fibroblasts were present only at 96 h, and collagen increases did not occur. It
      is inferred from the results that the tumour transplant is responsible for the
      increase in fibroblast metabolism in vivo which in turn increases fibre
      production.

PMID- 2417992
TI  - Reduced collagen content and fibre bundle disorganization in skin biopsies of
      patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
AB  - Skin biopsies from 25 patients with the Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome and 15 site, sex
      and age matched controls were studied by the picrosirius polarization procedure,
      a specific method for collagen detection in tissue sections. When used in
      conjunction with histophotometry, this technique permits a quantitative assay of
      collagen content in the dermis. The light emission measurements obtained showed a
      statistically significant reduction in the dermal collagen density of Ehlers
      Danlos syndrome patients as compared to their controls. Qualitatively, the dermal
      collagen fibres of these patients appeared frayed and of reduced diameter. These
      findings indicate that collagen is quantitatively decreased in skin biopsies of
      patients with the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

PMID- 2417993
TI  - Simultaneous labelling of basal lamina components and acetylcholinesterase at the
      neuromuscular junction.
AB  - A double labelling technique has been developed which permits the concomitant
      localization of basal lamina constituents together with acetylcholinesterase in
      mouse skeletal muscles. First, using the protein A-gold technique, type IV
      collagen and laminin were revealed on basal laminae ensheathing skeletal muscle
      fibres. The immunolabelling for both proteins was higher in synaptic than
      extrasynaptic regions. At synaptic sites the anti-type IV collagen
      immunolabelling exhibited an asymmetry; it was more intense on the portion of
      basal lamina closest to the postsynaptic membrane, whereas the anti-laminin
      immunolabelling was more uniformly distributed. It was also observed that the
      laminin immunoreactivity associated with Schwann and perineural cells was higher
      than that of skeletal muscle fibres. Secondly, the two basal lamina antigens were
      revealed simultaneously with another synaptic protein, acetylcholinesterase,
      using a refined cytochemical technique prior to the immunolabelling. The
      cytochemical reaction, which facilitates the location of endplates, did not alter
      the immunolabelling pattern. This double labelling procedure permits ready
      comparison of the distributions of type IV collagen and laminin with that of
      acetylcholinesterase, and may prove to be a useful approach in studies on
      synaptic components in developing and diseased muscle.

PMID- 2417994
TI  - Improved in situ hybridization and G-banding by pretreatment with Denhardt's
      solution and gelatin-chrome alum.
AB  - Various pretreatments of metaphase spreads were examined to obtain optimal DNA
      labelling patterns while maintaining chromosome integrity during in situ
      hybridization procedures. Preparations of African green monkey (AGM) chromosomes
      fixed in methanol-acetic acid (CV-1 cell line) were treated by coating with
      Denhardt's solution, dilute gelatin-chrome alum, nonfat instant dry milk
      dissolved in saline-citrate solution (SSC) and/or acetylation prior to
      denaturation of chromosomal DNA in 70% formamide-2 X SSC for 2 min at 70 degrees
      C. A 3H-labelled, cloned DNA fragment of the highly repetitive AGM component
      alpha DNA was hybridized to the chromosomes by incubation at 45 degrees C for 16
      h. Treatment with gelatin-chrome alum prior to denaturation greatly improved
      chromosome morphology and decreased background, but reduced pericentromeric
      labelling. Sequential treatment with 5 X Denhardt's solution followed by gelatin
      chrome alum resulted in enhanced specificity of labelling and excellent
      chromosome morphology, as well as reduced levels of background. Acetylation had
      little effect after pretreatment with gelatin-chrome alum, but reduced background
      levels after pretreatment with Denhardt's solution. Chromosomes treated with
      Denhardt's solution plus gelatin-chrome alum can be routinely G-banded using
      trypsin after in situ hybridization.

PMID- 2417995
TI  - A system for accurate immunolocalization of Tamm-Horsfall protein in renal
      biopsies.
AB  - The distribution of Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) was studied in the human kidney
      using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections with a monoclonal antibody
      specific for human THP applied in conjunction with a modified dinitrophenyl
      hapten sandwich staining (DHSS) procedure. The method was found to be highly
      sensitive producing very strong specific staining at antibody dilutions up to 1
      in 64 000. Counterstaining with Haematoxylin and Eosin was possible without
      significant masking of the specific staining. This provided excellent structural
      definition of the background tissue which proved especially important in the
      study of THP localization in randomly oriented biopsy material. THP was found in
      all segments of the thick ascending limbs of loops of Henle, most segments of
      distal convoluted tubules and occasionally in distended collecting ducts and in
      the glomerular capsular space. Maculae densae did not contain THP. The
      combination of the modified DHSS procedure and the human THP specific antibody
      represents a highly sensitive and reliable method for specific staining of the
      THP in kidney sections.

PMID- 2417996
TI  - Propidium iodide staining of cytoautoradiographic preparations for the
      simultaneous determination of DNA content and grain count.
AB  - A new method is described for staining cell nuclei with propidium iodide in
      preparations that have been processed for autoradiography. The permeability of
      the stripping film to the dye molecule has been studied, as have the staining
      conditions, in order to optimize the stoichiometry of the DNA-dye interaction. A
      procedure has also been set up to allow the simultaneous measurement of DNA
      content and grain count on the same cell.

PMID- 2417997
TI  - The histochemical demonstration of fructose diphosphate aldolase activity using a
      semipermeable membrane technique.
AB  - In this communication an enzyme histochemical multistep technique for the
      demonstration of class 1 fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase in heart and skeletal
      muscle sections is described. With this technique a semipermeable membrane is
      interposed between the incubating solution and the tissue sections preventing
      diffusion of the enzyme into the medium during incubation. In the histochemical
      system the enzyme cleaves the substrate D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate to
      dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The dihydroxyacetone
      phosphate is reversibly converted into D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by exogenous
      and endogenous triose phosphate isomerase. Next the D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
      is oxidized by exogenous and endogenous glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
      and the electrons are transported concomitantly via NAD+, phenazine methosulphate
      and menadione to nitro-BT. Sodium azide and amytal are incorporated to block
      electron transfer to the cytochromes.

PMID- 2417998
TI  - Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the blattarian
      insect Periplaneta americana L. revealed by a monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Brains, retrocerebral complexes and frontal and suboesophageal ganglia of adult
      American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana, were immunohistochemically
      investigated with a specific monoclonal antibody (McAb) directed against a well
      characterized antigenic determinant, namely the COOH terminus of the
      endecapeptide substance P (SP). This resulted in the detection of several neurons
      and nerve fibres containing a substance antigenically closely related to this
      typically vertebrate neuropeptide. No difference in staining pattern could be
      observed between male and female insects. Related to the age of the adult
      specimens, however, a slight quantitative difference in SP immunoreactivity seems
      to occur, which probably might have functional implications. The SP-like peptide
      demonstrated in this study appears to be located in different neuronal structures
      than the ones that we earlier described as containing ACTH-, CRF-, OT-, AVP-, NP
      I-, NP II-, BPP-, FMRFamide-, AKH-, met-ENK-, FSH-, LH- and LHRF-like material
      (Verhaert et al. 1984a, b, 1985; Verhaert and De Loof 1985a, b).

PMID- 2417999
TI  - Differential immunostaining for substance P in Huntington's diseased and normal
      spinal cord: significance of serial (optimal, supra-optimal and end-point)
      dilutions of primary anti-serum in comparing biological specimens.
AB  - Using immunocytochemistry (ICC), the number of immunoreaction products (IRPs)
      visualized for the peptide substance P (SP) appears reduced within the human
      spinal cord (also substantia nigra) taken at autopsy from cases diagnosed with
      Huntington's disease (HD) compared with the non-HD cases (Vacca 1983). The
      reductions of SR-IRPs become apparent in the HD specimens when primary anti-SP
      serum is applied to the tissue sections at "supra-optimal" dilutions; that is,
      dilutions greater than the "optimal" dilutions which visualize maximal numbers of
      SP-IRPs and concomitantly give maximal staining intensity. Curiously, the
      application of "optimal" dilutions to the HD and non-HD specimens visualizes
      equivalent numbers of SP-IRPs; therefore, the qualitative and quantitative
      differences between the specimens become masked. Applying "supra-optimal"
      dilutions of the anti-SP serum unmasks the difference, and also reveals different
      end-points for the immunostain deposited in each type of specimen. In both the HD
      and non-HD specimens, two sizes of SP-IRPs could be identified, large (3 micron)
      and small (0.7 micron). Presumably they mark two different categories of axons
      defined by caliber (e.g., C-type and A gamma), or origin (e.g., sensory
      intrinsic, or supraspinal). Alternatively the large SP-IRPs label tangentially
      cut or large axons and nerve terminals. In the present report, counts of the
      large and small SP-IRPs visualized in the HD and the non-HD specimens have been
      plotted against the serial dilutions (optimal, supra-optimal and end-point) of
      the primary anti-SP serum used for ICC. The graphs which result, describe a
      "titration curve" characteristic for the large SP-IRPs in each specimen.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2418000
TI  - Increase of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins in human carcinomas.
AB  - Immunofluorescent (IF) staining with monoclonal antibody to O-phosphotyrosine
      (PTYR) has shown that a variety of human carcinomas (liver, esophagus, stomach,
      lung, colon and breast) have increased amounts of PTYR-containing proteins (PTYR
      proteins), which are localized in cytoplasmic regions and nucleolus-like
      structures of the carcinoma cells. PTYR-proteins were isolated from carcinomas of
      the liver, stomach and esophagus, and also from normal regions of these organs by
      immunoaffinity chromatography with polyclonal antibodies to PTYR. They were then
      labeled with 125I and analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Twenty-eight species of
      PTYR-proteins in a molecular weight range from 310,000 to 23,000 were detected,
      of which the major 16 species were confirmed to contain 125I-labeled diiodo-O
      phosphotyrosine residues. All the PTYR-proteins found in carcinomas were also
      present, though at much lower levels, in normal regions of the respective organs.

PMID- 2418001
TI  - Large bowel carcinoma-specific antigens detected by the lectin, Griffonia
      simplicifolia agglutinin-II.
AB  - A lectin reactivity specific to human bowel carcinoma is reported. Twenty-six
      cases of carcinoma of the large intestine were examined. Normal as well as
      transitional mucosa and carcinoma tissues were removed from surgical specimens,
      and paraffin sections were stained with a battery of histochemical methods to
      characterize glycoconjugates, including high iron diamine-Alcian blue pH 2.5,
      modified PAS reaction to detect various sialic acids, paradoxical concanavalin A
      (Con A) staining, and stainings with 10 species of lectins labeled with
      horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Among the techniques employed, only Griffonia
      simplicifolia agglutinin-II (GS-II, specific to glucosamine)-HRP staining
      revealed highly selective affinity to the carcinoma tissues; the apical surface
      of the carcinoma cells stained most intensely. GS-II reactivity of the cells
      persisted after prior periodate oxidation, but was significantly enhanced by
      neuraminidase digestion. Comparison with two other lectin stainings with the same
      sugar specificity, viz. paradoxical concanavalin A staining and wheat germ
      agglutinin (WGA)-HRP staining, showed that the GS-II reactive sites lacked class
      III Con A reactivity but were possibly included in WGA reactive sites. The GS-II
      HRP staining should be helpful in the identification of carcinoma tissue and for
      analysis of carcinoma-associated antigens.

PMID- 2418002
TI  - Induction of human monocyte-mediated tumor cell killing by a plant lectin, wheat
      germ agglutinin.
AB  - Human peripheral blood monocytes from healthy donors were separated by
      discontinuous gradient centrifugation and adherence to yield highly purified
      adherent cell populations (greater than 99% monocytes). Five different plant
      lectins were tested for ability to induce lectin-dependent monocyte-mediated
      cytotoxicity (LDMC). Only one lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), induced
      significant and reproducible LDMC activity. All the tumor target cells tested
      were sensitive to variable extents to cytotoxicity mediated by WGA-treated
      monocytes. Pretreatment of monocytes with WGA did not result in development of
      LDMC. N-Acetylglucosamine, which specifically binds WGA, inhibited WGA-dependent
      monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Treatment of adherent monocyte-rich monolayers
      with monoclonal anti-natural killer cell antibody (anti-Leu-11b) and complement
      did not affect the LDMC activity induced by WGA. These results indicate that the
      plant lectin WGA, which binds specifically to both human monocytes and tumor
      cells, renders human blood monocytes cytotoxic to human tumor cells.

PMID- 2418003
TI  - Pathological sexuality and paucity of symbolisation in narcissistic disorder.

PMID- 2418004
TI  - Plasma expansion effect on cardiac capillary and adrenergic exchange in intact
      dogs.
AB  - The effect of plasma volume expansion on transcapillary exchange and
      norepinephrine release in the heart was examined in pentobarbital sodium
      anesthetized dogs by use of the multiple indicator-dilution technique. Animals
      were studied under basal conditions and following infusion of the plasma
      expander, dextran. Catheters were placed in coronary artery and coronary sinus in
      a closed-chest preparation. Labeled albumin, sucrose, and norepinephrine were
      injected into the coronary artery and outflow-dilution curves were secured.
      Analysis of these provided parameters reflecting coronary flow and permeability
      surface product, and a norepinephrine tracer kinetic-bulk model provided
      simultaneous estimates of the rate of norepinephrine release into the myocardial
      interstitial space. The infusion of dextran resulted in a large increase in
      coronary flow without significant changes in myocardial norepinephrine release;
      at the same time the permeability-surface product values increased, amplifying
      the capacity of the higher flow to deliver substrates to sarcolemmal cells. The
      findings indicate that plasma volume expansion increases transcapillary exchange
      in the heart without activating the cardiac sympathetic system.

PMID- 2418005
TI  - Microvascular membrane permeability in high surface tension pulmonary edema.
AB  - Pulmonary edema was induced in dogs by an aerosol of detergent dioctyl sodium
      sulfosuccinate. The permeability of the pulmonary microvascular membrane was
      assessed by cannulating an afferent tracheobronchial lymphatic and comparing the
      lymph-to-plasma total protein concentration (CL/CP) during high lymph flows
      induced by increasing left atrial (LA) pressure after detergent aerosol. Base
      line CL/CP of 0.69 +/- 0.02 fell to 0.55 +/- 0.03 with increased LA pressure
      alone. CL/CP fell to 0.47 +/- 0.02 when LA pressure was increased following
      detergent, 0.51 +/- 0.04 following an aerosol of the vehicle in which the
      detergent was dissolved, and 0.73 +/- 0.10 following intravenous alloxan. In
      additional animals protein concentration of the airway edema fluid was compared
      with that of plasma. The ration of protein concentration of airway fluid to
      plasma was 0.63 +/- 0.08 following detergent aerosol, 0.64 +/- 0.10 following
      increased LA pressure, and 0.94 +/- 0.09 following administration of alloxan.
      These data indicate no major increase in pulmonary microvascular permeability
      following detergent aerosol and support the concept that pulmonary edema is the
      consequence of reduced interstitial perimicrovascular hydrostatic pressure caused
      by increased alveolar surface tension.

PMID- 2418006
TI  - Primary cultures of rat pancreatic acinar cells in serum-free medium.
AB  - Rat pancreatic acinar cells were isolated and cultured in Ham's F12 medium with
      15% bovine calf serum. Caerulein, insulin, somatostatin, and dexamethasone (DEX)
      had no effect on intracellular or secreted amylase in these cultured cells. A
      serum-free medium, using Waymouth's MB 752/1 supplemented with albumin, epidermal
      growth factor (EGF), DEX, and HEPES, was then developed to avoid serum factors
      that might mask hormonal effects. In this SF medium, pancreatic acinar cells
      maintained the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of freshly
      isolated cells and secreted amylase in response to the secretagogue, carbamyl
      choline. Insulin, at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml, significantly increased
      intracellular and secreted amylase activity after 3 d. This model cell system can
      be used to study the regulation of the synthesis of amylase and other pancreatic
      enzymes in vitro.

PMID- 2418008
TI  - Canada's newest health sciences communications facility designed for austerity.

PMID- 2418007
TI  - A simplified method for passage and long-term growth of human mammary epithelial
      cells.
AB  - A method is described for culturing human mammary epithelial cells in primary
      culture and allowing more than 50 generations and a 1000-fold increase from
      starting inocula without need of enzymatic transfers. Organoids dissociated from
      breast tissue are plated in medium containing 1.05 mM Ca++ to effect attachment
      and growth to monolayer density. Medium is then switched to one containing 0.06
      mM Ca++ to overcome "renewal inhibition" and to stimulate growth. In low Ca++
      media, primary cultures become a long-term, continuous source of free-floating
      viable cells free of fibroblasts. A fundamental requirement for extended growth
      in primary culture is maintaining calcium levels at approximately 0.06 mM. Above
      0.06 mM Ca++, cells divide only 3 to 4 times in primary cultures before terminal
      differentiation occurs. At 0.06 mM Ca++, cells continue to divide for periods of
      time determined partly by feeding schedule, but up to 6 mo. and 50 generations of
      (linear) growth. Cells released from monolayer were greater than 90% viable and
      yielded 10(5) cells/cm2 of attached cells every 72 h. Free-floating single cells
      readily replated and cloned, when transferred, without need of trypsin for
      dissociation. Long-term free-floating cells were typical mammary epithelium: they
      formed domes and exhibited renewal inhibition, they produced ductlike formations
      in collagen gels, they contained epithelium-specific keratin filaments, and they
      were diploid.

PMID- 2418009
TI  - Phosphorylation of proteins in Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum.
AB  - Cell extracts of the thermophile Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum catalyzed the
      phosphorylation by [gamma-32P]ATP of several endogenous proteins with Mrs between
      13,000 and 100,000. Serine and tyrosine were the main acceptors. Distinct
      substrate proteins were found in the soluble (e.g., proteins p66, p63, and p53 of
      Mrs 66,000, 63,000, and 53,000, respectively) and particulate (p76 and p30)
      fractions, both of which contained protein kinase and phosphatase activity. The
      soluble fraction suppressed the phosphorylation of particulate proteins and
      contained a protein kinase inhibitor. Phosphorylation of p53 was promoted by 10
      microM fructose 1,6-bisphosphate or glucose 1,6-bisphosphate and suppressed by
      hexose monophosphates, whereas p30 and p13 were suppressed by 5 microM brain (but
      not spinach) calmodulin. Polyamines, including the "odd" polyamines
      characteristic of thermophiles, modulated the labeling of most of the
      phosphoproteins. Apart from p66, all the proteins labeled in vitro were also
      rapidly labeled in intact cells by 32Pi. Several proteins strongly labeled in
      vivo were labeled slowly or not at all in vitro.

PMID- 2418010
TI  - Urinary amine metabolite excretion in a patient with adrenergic hyperactivity
      state: reaction to phenelzine withdrawal and combined treatment.
AB  - Urinary MHPG (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol) amounts increased threefold during
      a toxic delirious state in a 57-year-old bipolar patient 3 days after phenelzine
      treatment was stopped. This norepinephrine metabolite was not expected to rise as
      monoamine oxidase (MAO) was completely blocked. In addition, the delirious state
      appeared as a rebound phenomenon and not an acute toxic state during drug
      administration. It seems that phenelzine acts more through catecholamine release
      phenomenon than by inhibition of MAO.

PMID- 2418011
TI  - Complete nucleotide sequence of a gene coding for heat- and pH-stable alpha
      amylase of Bacillus licheniformis: comparison of the amino acid sequences of
      three bacterial liquefying alpha-amylases deduced from the DNA sequences.
AB  - The gene coding for the heat-stable and pH-stable alpha-amylase of Bacillus
      licheniformis 584 (ATCC 27811) was cloned in Escherichia coli and the nucleotide
      sequence of a DNA fragment of 1,948 base pairs containing the entire amylase gene
      was determined. As inferred from the DNA sequence, the B. licheniformis alpha
      amylase had a signal peptide of 29 amino acid residues and the mature enzyme
      comprised 483 amino acid residues, giving a molecular weight of 55,200. The amino
      acid sequence of B. licheniformis alpha-amylase showed 65.4% and 80.3% homology
      with those of heat-stable Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase and
      relatively heat-unstable Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase, respectively.
      Nevertheless, several regions of the alpha-amylases appeared to be clearly
      distinct from one another when their hydropathy profiles were compared.

PMID- 2418012
TI  - Hydrolysis of substance P and its analogs by angiotensin-converting enzyme from
      rat lung. Characterization of endopeptidase activity of the enzyme.
AB  - Hydrolysis of substance P and nine kinds of substance P analogs by angiotensin
      converting enzyme highly purified from rat lung was examined by using amino-group
      fluorometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. The enzyme hydrolyzed
      substance P and several analogs, notwithstanding that they did not contain free C
      terminal residues. The analyses of cleavage products separated by high
      performance liquid chromatography indicated that the enzyme hydrolyzed substance
      P and its analogs mainly at the bond between Phe8-Gly9 and also at another bond,
      possibly between Gly9-Leu10, to a lesser extent by an endopeptidase action,
      followed by successive release of dipeptides by a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase
      action. The analogs that had D-amino acid residues substituted at the presumed
      cleavage sites were scarcely hydrolyzed. It was further found that (Pyr6)
      fragment (6-11) was hydrolyzed by the enzyme more efficiently than the other
      fragment-type analogs and was cleaved at a single bond by the endopeptidase
      activity of the enzyme. Therefore, this fragment was used as a substrate in order
      to characterized the endopeptidase activity of the enzyme by employing
      fluorometry. The activity was dependent on chloride ion, and was inhibited by
      captopril, MK-421, and EDTA. Thus, the endopeptidase activity of the enzyme
      showed properties similar to those of the dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase activity of
      the enzyme.

PMID- 2418013
TI  - Dissociation of dimers of human hemoglobins A and F into monomers.
AB  - Dissociation of alpha beta and alpha gamma dimers of human hemoglobins (Hb) A and
      F into monomers was studied by alpha chain exchange (Shaeffer, J. R., McDonald,
      M. J., Turci, S. M., Dinda, D. M., and Bunn, H. F. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259,
      14544-14547). Unlabeled carbonmonoxy-Hb A was incubated with trace amounts of
      preparatively purified, native, 3H-alpha subunits in 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH
      7.0, at 25 degrees C. At appropriate times, free alpha monomers were separated
      from Hb A tetramers by anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography.
      Transfer of radioactivity from the alpha chain pool into Hb A was measured,
      yielding a first order dimer dissociation rate constant, k2 = (3.2 +/- 0.3) X 10(
      3) h-1. The Arrhenius plot of k2 was linear between 7 and 37 degrees C, yielding
      an enthalpy of activation of 23 kcal/alpha beta dimer. As the chloride
      concentration was raised from 0 to 0.2 M, the dissociation rate increased 3-fold;
      with higher salt concentrations, however, the rate gradually returned to
      baseline. This rate was not altered by raising the pH from 6.5 to 7.2, but as pH
      was further raised to 8.4, kappa 2 increased about 3-fold. Hb F, which has an
      increased stability at alkaline pH, dissociated into alpha and gamma monomers 3
      times more slowly than Hb A. Moreover, the dimer-monomer dissociation of Hb F was
      characterized by a significantly reduced pH dependence. These results demonstrate
      that both alpha beta and alpha gamma dimers of Hb A and Hb F dissociate
      reversibly into monomers under physiologic conditions. The differential pH
      dependence for dimer dissociation between Hb A and Hb F suggests that specific
      amino acid replacement at the alpha 1 gamma 1 interface confers increased
      resistance to alkaline denaturation.

PMID- 2418014
TI  - Purification and characterization of two isofunctional forms of NAD(P)H: quinone
      reductase from mouse liver.
AB  - NAD(P)H:(quinone-acceptor) oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.99.2) is a widely distributed
      enzyme which promotes two-electron reductions of quinones and thereby protects
      cells against damage by reactive oxygen species generated during oxidative
      cycling of quinones and semiquinone radicals. Quinone reductase activity
      represents a minor component (about 0.006%) of mouse liver cytosolic proteins
      under basal (uninduced) conditions. Two isofunctional forms of this quinone
      reductase have been purified to homogeneity (1700-fold) in 30% yield from the
      liver cytosols of female CD-1 mice in which the enzymes were induced by
      administration of 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. The purification involved ion
      exchange, hydrophobic, and affinity chromatographies. The two enzyme forms have
      been designated "hydrophilic" and "hydrophobic" based on the order of elution
      from phenyl-Sepharose. The more abundant hydrophilic form has been crystallized
      in the presence of FAD in the form of macroscopic tetragonal crystals. The two
      forms have similar isoelectric points (pI 9.2) and subunit molecular weights (Mr
      = 30,000) and probably exist as dimers in the native state. Purified preparations
      of the enzymes are equiactive with NADH and NADPH and show almost complete
      dependence on added FAD for catalytic activity. The Km values for FAD of the
      hydrophilic and hydrophobic forms are 2.72 and 1.72 nM, respectively. Their
      catalytic activities are the same and are remarkably high for nicotinamide
      nucleotide-linked dehydrogenases; maximum velocities (expressed per mg of pure
      enzyme) approach 4000 units/mg of protein under appropriate assay conditions.
      When menadione is the electron acceptor, the Km value for this quinone is very
      low (Km congruent to 2 microM). Both enzyme forms are potently inhibited by
      dicoumarol. Rabbit antisera against the hydrophilic quinone reductase precipitate
      quantitatively the entire quinone reductase activity of mouse liver cytosols
      obtained from animals maintained on a standard diet or those induced with 3-tert
      butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. The quinone reductase activity of rat liver cytosols is
      also quantitatively precipitated by this antiserum.

PMID- 2418015
TI  - Interactions between diphtheria toxin entry and anion transport in Vero cells.
      IV. Evidence that entry of diphtheria toxin is dependent on efficient anion
      transport.
AB  - Entry of prebound diphtheria toxin at low pH occurred rapidly in the presence of
      isotonic NaCl, NaBr, NaSCN, NaI, and NaNO3, but not in the presence of Na2SO4, 2
      (N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid neutralized with Tris, or in buffer osmotically
      balanced with mannitol. SCN- was the most efficient anion to facilitate entry.
      Uptake studies with radioactively labeled anions showed that SCN- was transported
      into cells 3 times faster than Cl-, while the entry of SO2-4 occurred much more
      slowly. The anion transport inhibitors 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'
      disulfonic acid and piretanide inhibited entry at low pH even in the presence of
      permeant anions. When cells with bound toxin were exposed to low pH in the
      absence of permeant anions, then briefly exposed to neutral pH and subsequently
      exposed to pH 4.5 in the presence of isotonic NaCl, toxin entry was induced. The
      data indicate that efficient anion transport at the time of exposure to low pH is
      required for entry of surface-bound diphtheria toxin into the cytosol. Since
      insertion of diphtheria toxin into the membrane occurs even in the absence of
      permeant anions, the results indicate that low pH is required not only for
      insertion of fragment B into the membrane, but also for the subsequent entry of
      fragment A into the cytosol.

PMID- 2418016
TI  - DNA methyltransferase levels in tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cells in culture.
AB  - The levels of DNA methyltransferase in nuclei from 9 tumorigenic and 9
      nontumorigenic cell lines were examined. In all but 2 cases, the extractable
      methyltransferase activity was 4-3000-fold higher in tumorigenic than in
      nontumorigenic cells. Tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cells from four species were
      grown in the presence of various concentrations (10(-8)-10(-6) M) of an inhibitor
      of the methylase enzyme, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dCyd). The reduction of 5
      methylcytosine content in newly replicated DNA in the presence of 5-aza-dCyd was
      used to determine the relative methylase activity in each cell line. In all 4
      cases, tumorigenic cells required larger doses of drug to inhibit DNA methylation
      to the same extent as their nontumorigenic counterparts. The relative rates of
      incorporation of [3H]5-aza-dCyd were determined for each cell line, and
      tumorigenic cells were shown to incorporate equal or greater amounts of 5-aza
      dCyd into DNA compared to nontumorigenic cells. These results showed that the
      differences in the inhibition of DNA methylation in response to 5-aza-dCyd were
      not due to differences in the ability of these cells to incorporate the drug.
      Thus, it was demonstrated by two independent methods that tumorigenic cells
      contained higher levels of methylating capacity than nontumorigenic cells. This
      overabundance of methyltransferase may alter DNA methylation patterns and affect
      phenotypic stability.

PMID- 2418017
TI  - Functional studies on the EGF receptor with an antibody that recognizes the
      intracellular portion of the receptor.
AB  - An antibody against the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF), capable of
      activating its tyrosine kinase has been produced. Antibody 2913 recognizes only
      the cytoplasmic portion of the EGF receptor in A431 carcinoma cells, in normal
      human fibroblasts, and in a variety of other human tumor cell lines (Xu, Y.-A.,
      Richert, N., Ito, S., Merlino, G. T., and Pastan, I. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad.
      Sci. U. S. A. 81, 7308-7313). Indirect immunofluorescence and electron microscopy
      show that the antibody binds to intact cells only after membrane
      permeabilization. Moreover the antibody immunoprecipitates the v-erb-B gene
      product in avian myeloblastosis virus-infected cells but does not recognize the
      secreted form (105 kDa) of the A431 cell EGF receptor which lacks the cytoplasmic
      domain. Antibody 2913 activates the EGF receptor kinase in solubilized A431
      membranes causing autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues only. Tryptic peptide
      maps suggest that antibody 2913 and EGF stimulate phosphorylation of the same
      amino acid residues. By electron microscopy, the cytoplasmic portion of the
      receptor was followed throughout its endocytotic pathway. The results show that
      the kinase domain is rapidly degraded in lysosomes with no accumulation in the
      cytoplasm or in the nucleus.

PMID- 2418018
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies that recognize calcium-dependent structures of human
      thrombospondin. Characterization and mapping of their epitopes.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against reduced and alkylated thrombospondin
      (TSP) were screened for the ability to react with Ca2+-replete TSP versus EDTA
      treated TSP. Two mAbs designated A6.1 and D4.6 were found to react much more
      strongly with TSP after EDTA treatment. The dissociation constants for these mAbs
      were measured in 5 mM EDTA and found to be 6 X 10(-10) M for A6.1 and 7 X 10(-9)
      M for D4.6. Binding to A6.1 was undetectable in the presence of 1 mM Ca2+ while
      binding of D4.6 occurred with about 100-fold lower affinity. The Ca2+
      concentration dependence of A6.1 binding was broad with a midpoint near 50 microM
      free Ca2+ while that of D4.6 showed a sharp transition below 0.1 microM. Upon
      dialysis of EDTA-treated TSP into Ca2+ containing buffer, the binding of the mAbs
      was prevented or decreased, indicating reversibility of the conformational
      transition induced by the initial removal of Ca2+ . Mg2+ can compete with the
      Ca2+ binding sites involved in mAb binding, but TSP dialyzed from Ca2+ into Mg2+
      binds the two mAbs as well as EDTA-treated TSP, indicating that Mg2+ cannot
      maintain the Ca2+-replete structure of TSP. The proteolytic fragments of TSP with
      which the two mAbs react were determined by probing Western blots of digests of
      TSP with the mAbs. A6.1 reacts with the 70-kDa fragment generated by chymotrypsin
      in EDTA which contains the interchain disulfide bonds of TSP and the binding
      site(s) for type V collagen (Mumby, S. M., Raugi, G. J., and Bornstein, P. (1984)
      J. Cell Biol. 98, 646-652). D4.6 reacts with fragments of 140 and 120 kDa found
      in digests of Ca2+-replete TSP which are absent from digests in EDTA. Electron
      microscopy of rotary shadowed, carbon-coated replicas of TSP mAb complexes
      confirms the Ca2+ sensitivity of mAb binding and has been used to localize the
      epitopes for both mAbs on the three-dimensional structure of TSP.

PMID- 2418019
TI  - Human apolipoprotein E. Determination of the heparin binding sites of
      apolipoprotein E3.
AB  - The interaction of human apolipoprotein (apo-) E3 with heparin was examined using
      heparin-Sepharose as a model system. The approach taken to determine the region
      of apo-E that is responsible for binding to heparin was to identify apo-E
      monoclonal antibodies that inhibited heparin binding, to determine the epitopes
      of the inhibiting antibodies, and finally to examine the heparin binding of
      fragments containing the inhibiting antibody epitopes. Three antibodies,
      designated 1D7, 6C5, and 3H1, were found to inhibit binding, suggesting that
      multiple heparin binding sites were present on apo-E. The epitopes of the
      inhibiting antibodies were determined by immunoblot analysis of synthetic or
      proteolytic fragments of apo-E. Measurement of the heparin binding activity of
      fragments containing epitopes of the inhibiting antibodies demonstrated that apo
      E3 contains two heparin binding sites. The first site is located in the vicinity
      of residues 142-147 and coincides with the 1D7 epitope. The second binding site
      is contained in the carboxyl-terminal region of apo-E and is inhibited by 3H1,
      the epitope of which is located between residues 243 and 272. The epitope of the
      third inhibiting antibody, 6C5, is located at the amino terminus of apo-E;
      however, this antibody inhibits the second heparin binding site located in the
      carboxyl-terminal region. A head-to-tail association of apo-E, in which the 6C5
      epitope and the second heparin binding site would be in close proximity, is
      proposed to account for this observation. In the lipid-free state both heparin
      binding sites on apo-E are expressed; however, when apo-E is complexed to
      phospholipid or on the surface of a lipoprotein particle, only the first binding
      site (residues 142-147) is expressed.

PMID- 2418020
TI  - Glucocorticoids increase cholecystokinin receptors and amylase secretion in
      pancreatic acinar AR42J cells.
AB  - We recently reported in AR42J pancreatic acinar cells that glucocorticoids
      increased the synthesis, cell content, and mRNA levels for amylase (Logsdon,
      C.D., Moessner, A., Williams, J.A., and Goldfine, I.D. (1985) J. Cell Biol. 100,
      1200-1208). In addition, in these cells glucocorticoids increased the volume
      density of secretory granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum. In the present
      study we investigate the effects of glucocorticoids on the receptor binding and
      biological effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) on AR42J cells. Treatment with 10 nM
      dexamethasone for 48 h increased the specific binding of 125I-CCK. This increase
      in binding was time-dependent, with maximal effects occurring after 48 h, and
      dose-dependent, with a one-half maximal effect elicited by 1 nM dexamethasone.
      Other steroid analogs were also effective and their potencies paralleled their
      relative effectiveness as glucocorticoids. Analyses of competitive binding
      experiments conducted at 4 degrees C to minimize hormone internalization and
      degradation revealed the presence of a single class of CCK binding sites with a
      Kd of approximately 6 nM and indicated that dexamethasone treatment nearly
      tripled the number of CCK receptors/cell with little change in receptor affinity.
      Treatment with 10 nM dexamethasone increased both basal amylase secretion and the
      amylase released in response to CCK stimulation. In addition, dexamethasone
      increased the sensitivity of the cells to CCK. The glucocorticoid decreased the
      concentration of CCK required for one half-maximal stimulation of amylase
      secretion from 35 +/- 6 to 8 +/- 1 pM. These data indicate, therefore, that
      glucocorticoids induce an increase in the number of CCK receptors in AR42J cells,
      and this increase leads to enhanced sensitivity to CCK.

PMID- 2418021
TI  - Metabolism and mode of action of (R)-9-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)guanine in herpes
      simplex virus-infected vero cells.
AB  - The metabolism and mode of action of the anti-herpes compound buciclovir [R)-9
      (3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-guanine, BCV) has been studied in herpes simplex virus
      infected and uninfected Vero cells. In uninfected cells, a low and constant
      concentration of intracellular BCV was found, while in herpes simplex virus
      infected cells, an increasing concentration of BCV phosphates was found due to
      metabolic trapping. The major phosphorylation product was BCV triphosphate
      (BCVTP) which was 92% of the total amount of BCV phosphates. BCV phosphates were
      accumulated to the same extent in cells infected with either a herpes simplex
      virus type 1 or a herpes simplex virus type 2 strain while thymidine kinase
      deficient mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 were 10 times less efficient in
      accumulating BCV phosphates. In uninfected Vero cells, the concentration of the
      phosphorylated forms of BCV was less than 1% of that found in herpes simplex
      virus-infected cells. The BCVTP formed in herpes simplex virus-infected cells was
      highly stable, as 80% of the amount of BCVTP was still present even 17 h after
      removal of extracellular BCV. BCV was a good substrate for herpes simplex virus
      type 1- and type 2-induced thymidine kinases but not for the cellular cytosol or
      mitochondrial thymidine kinases. BCV monophosphate could be phosphorylated by
      cellular guanylate kinase to BCV diphosphate. BCVTP was a selective and
      competitive inhibitor to deoxyguanosine triphosphate of the purified herpes
      simplex virus type 1- and type 2-induced DNA polymerases. BCVTP could neither act
      as an alternative substrate in the herpes simplex virus type 2 or cellular DNA
      polymerase reactions, nor could [3H]BCV monophosphate be detected in DNA formed
      by herpes simplex virus type 2 DNA polymerase, or be detected in nucleic acids
      extracted from herpes simplex virus type 1-infected cells. These data indicate
      that BCVTP may inhibit the herpes simplex virus-induced DNA polymerase without
      being incorporated into DNA.

PMID- 2418022
TI  - Catalytic flexibility of glycosylases. The hydration of maltal by beta-amylase to
      form 2-deoxymaltose.
AB  - Crystalline, alpha-glucosidase-free sweet potato beta-amylase was found to
      catalyze hydration of the enolic bond of maltal (alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----4)
      2-deoxy-D-glucal) to form 2-deoxymaltose (alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----4)-2-deoxy
      D-glucose). The reaction at pH 5.0 showed Vmax 0.082 mumol/min/mg and km 94.5 mM.
      An exceptionally large solvent deuterium isotope effect, VH/VD = 8, was observed
      from pH(pD) 4.2 to 5.4; and at pH(pD) 5.0 the effect was found to be directly
      related to the mole fraction of 2H. The hydration product, isolated from a beta
      amylase/maltal digest in acetate-d4/D2O buffer (pD 5.4) was identified through
      its 1H NMR spectrum as alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----4)-2-deoxy-D-[2(a)
      2H]glucose. beta-Amylase in 2H2O thus catalyzes deuteration of the double bond of
      maltal from a direction opposite that assumed for protonation of the glycosidic
      oxygen atoms of starch chains and maltosaccharides. This finding confirms the
      functional flexibility of the enzyme's catalytic groups first demonstrated in
      studies of the reactions catalyzed with alpha- and beta-maltosyl fluoride (Hehre,
      E. J., Brewer, C. F., and Genghof, D. S. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 5942-5950). A
      possible mechanism of the maltal hydration by beta-amylase involves protonation
      of substrate from above as the first and rate-limiting step, followed by
      formation of a transient carbonium ion-enzyme intermediate. Although other
      possible mechanisms cannot be ruled out, it is clear that this hydration reaction
      differs from reactions catalyzed with amylaceous substrates and with alpha- and
      beta-maltosyl fluoride. The ability of beta-amylase to catalyze different types
      of reactions with different substrates is discussed with respect to observations
      with other enzymes that, likewise, strongly support the view (Hehre et al.) that
      the catalytic groups of glycosylases in general may be functionally flexible
      beyond requirements of the principle of microscopic reversibility.

PMID- 2418023
TI  - Fluorescence conformational probe study of calcium release from sarcoplasmic
      reticulum.
AB  - Sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle was labeled with a
      limited (0.625 nmol/mg sarcoplasmic reticulum protein) amount of the fluorescent
      thiol reagent N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methyl-3-coumarinyl)maleimide (DACM). The
      fluorescence intensity of the membrane-attached DACM decreased concurrently with
      (Ca2+ and caffeine)-induced Ca2+ release, depolarization-induced Ca2+ release and
      Ca2+-dependent dependent passive efflux of Ca2+. The decreased DACM fluorescence
      level initiated by a Ca2+ jump was subsequently reversed under passive efflux
      conditions when there was no ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake, suggesting spontaneous
      closing of the channels. Therefore, the higher fluorescence level corresponds to
      a larger population of closed channels, whereas the lower level represents a
      larger population of opened channels. Under conditions when the Ca2+ release
      coupled fluorescence change was maximal, a stoichiometric incorporation of DACM
      took place only into a 32-kDa protein. Furthermore, reconstituted vesicles, in
      which purified DACM-labeled 32-kDa protein was incorporated into unlabeled
      sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, were capable of both (Ca2+ and caffeine)-induced
      Ca2+ release and the release-coupled DACM fluorescence change. These results
      suggest that the 32-kDa protein is a constituent of the Ca2+ release channel or a
      protein which is in close contact with the channel.

PMID- 2418024
TI  - Ganglioside-mediated modulation of cell growth. Specific effects of GM3 on
      tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor.
AB  - Glycosphingolipids added exogenously to 3T3 cells in culture were shown to
      inhibit cell growth, alter the membrane affinity to platelet-derived growth
      factor binding, and reduce platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated membrane
      phosphorylation (Bremer, E., Hakomori, S., Bowen-Pope, D. F., Raines, E., and
      Ross, R. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 6818-6825). This approach has been extended
      to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor of human epidermoid carcinoma cell
      lines KB and A431. GM3 and GM1 gangliosides inhibited both KB cell and A431 cell
      growth, although GM3 was a much stronger inhibitor of both KB and A431 cell
      growth. Neither GM3 nor GM1 had any affect on the binding of 125I-EGF to its cell
      surface receptor. However, GM3 and, to a much lower extent, GM1 were capable of
      inhibiting EGF-stimulated phosphorylation of the EGF receptor in membrane
      preparations of both KB and A431 cells. Further characterization of GM3-sensitive
      receptor phosphorylation was performed in A431 cells, which had a higher content
      of the EGF receptor. The following results were of particular interest. (i) EGF
      dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor and its inhibition by GM3
      were also demonstrated on isolated EGF receptor after adsorption on the anti
      receptor antibody-Sepharose complex, and the receptor phosphorylation was
      enhanced on addition of phosphatidylethanolamine. (ii) Phosphoamino acid analysis
      of the EGF receptor indicated that the reduction of phosphorylation induced by
      GM3 was entirely in the phosphotyrosine and not in the phosphoserine nor
      phosphothreonine content. (iii) The inhibitory effect of GM3 on EGF-dependent
      receptor phosphorylation could be reproduced in membranes isolated from A431
      cells that had been cultured in medium containing 50 nmol/ml GM3 to effect cell
      growth inhibition. The membrane fraction isolated from such growth-arrested cells
      was found to be less responsive to EGF-stimulated receptor phosphorylation. These
      results suggest that membrane lipids, especially GM3, can modulate EGF receptor
      phosphorylation in vitro as well as in situ.

PMID- 2418025
TI  - Microheterophase structure, permeability, and biocompatibility of A-B-A triblock
      copolymer membranes composed of poly(gamma-ethyl L-glutamate) as the A component
      and polybutadiene as the B component.
AB  - A-B-A block copolymers (EBE) consisting of poly(gamma-ethyl L-glutamate) as the A
      component and polybutadiene as the B component were synthesized. The
      microheterophase structure of these block copolymers, as observed
      microscopically, was less distinct than that of the block copolymer (GBG)
      composed of poly(gamma-benzyl L-glutamate) as the A component. This was
      attributed to the better compatibility of the ethyl group with polybutadiene
      block, compared with the benzyl group. The observed micelle size of various
      microheterophase structures ranged from 350 to 480 A, which agreed well with the
      micelle size estimated from a thermodynamic study. From the measurement of water
      permeation through the EBE block copolymer membranes, the contributions of the
      interfacial region between the alpha-helical polypeptide domain and polybutadiene
      domain to the permeability coefficient were concluded to be higher than those of
      poly(gamma-methyl L-glutamate)-polybutadiene block copolymer (MBM) membranes,
      i.e., more hydrophilic domain seemed to exist in EBE membranes than in MBM
      membranes. The results of in vivo tests on the tissue compatibility indicate that
      the EBE block copolymer membranes have good biocompatibility.

PMID- 2418026
TI  - Anatomical basis for repair of ulnar and median nerves in the distal part of the
      forearm by group fascicular suture and nerve-grafting.
AB  - The topography of the intraneural fascicular groups must be understood if the
      treatment of acute lacerations of the major nerves in the forearm is to be
      successful. Most lacerations in the upper extremity occur at the wrist and in the
      distal half of the forearm. With microsurgical longitudinal dissections and
      serial sections, we studied the intraneural topography of the fascicular groups
      of the median and ulnar nerves utilizing forty-five fresh frozen or refrigerated
      specimens. We devised a new technique of light photography to demonstrate the
      distinct boundaries of the fascicular groups. The intraneural fascicular groups
      provide the anatomical basis for the recommended surgical techniques of group
      fascicular repair and nerve-grafting.

PMID- 2418027
TI  - Reoperation-free survival after closed mitral commissurotomy. A 28-year follow-up
      study in 469 patients.
AB  - We evaluated the long-term results in 469 patients who underwent closed mitral
      commissurotomy (CMC) between 1952 and 1972, and analyzed actuarial and
      reoperation-free survival rates together with the recurrence of symptoms
      necessitating reoperation after CMC. There were 36 operative deaths (7.6%) and
      167 late deaths (36.8%) including 40 deaths following reoperation. One hundred
      and twenty patients (26%) required reoperation a mean of 13.8 years after CMC,
      with a range of one to 27 years. The actuarial survival rates were 75%, 58% and
      38% at 10, 20 and 28 years after surgery, respectively. The reoperation-free
      survival rates were 70%, 42% and 15% at 10, 20 and 28 years, respectively.
      Untreated subvalvular changes and inadequate commissurotomy were definite factors
      adversely influencing the long-term results.

PMID- 2418028
TI  - New poly(A)+RNAs appear coordinately during the differentiation of Naegleria
      gruberi amebae into flagellates.
AB  - We have examined the nature of the requirement for RNA synthesis during the
      differentiation of Naegleria gruberi amebae into flagellates (Fulton, C., and C.
      Walsh, 1980, J. Cell Biol., 85:346-360) by looking for poly(A)+RNAs that are
      specific to differentiating cells. A cDNA library prepared from poly(A)+RNA
      extracted from cells 40 min after initiation of the differentiation (40-min RNA),
      the time when formation of flagella becomes insensitive to inhibitors of RNA
      synthesis, was cloned into pBR322. Recombinant clones were screened for sequences
      that were complementary to 40-min RNA but not to RNA from amebae (0-min RNA). Ten
      of these differentiation-specific (DS) plasmids were identified. The DS plasmids
      were found to represent at least four different poly(A)+RNAs based on cross
      hybridization, restriction mapping, and Northern blot analysis. Dot blot analysis
      was used to quantify changes in DS RNA concentration. The four DS RNAs appeared
      coordinately during the differentiation. They were first detectable at 10-15 min
      after initiation, reached a peak at 70 min as flagella formed, and then declined
      to low levels by 120 min when flagella reached full length. The concentration of
      the DS RNAs was found to be at least 20-fold higher in cells at 70 min than in
      amebae. The changes in DS RNA concentration closely parallel changes in tubulin
      mRNA as measured by in vitro translation (Lai, E.Y., C. Walsh, D. Wardell, and C.
      Fulton, 1979, Cell, 17:867-878).

PMID- 2418029
TI  - Regulation of major acute-phase plasma proteins by hepatocyte-stimulating factors
      of human squamous carcinoma cells.
AB  - Human squamous carcinoma (COLO-16) cells release factors which specifically
      stimulate the synthesis of major acute-phase plasma proteins in human and rodent
      hepatic cells. Anion exchange, hydroxyapatite, lectin, and gel chromatography of
      conditioned medium of COLO-16 cells result in separation into three distinct
      forms of hepatocyte-stimulating factors (designated HSF-I, HSF-II, and HSF-III)
      with apparent molecular weights of 30,000, 50,000 and 70,000, respectively. None
      of the preparations contains detectable amounts of thymocyte-stimulating
      activity. Each of the three HSF forms stimulates the accumulation of mRNA for
      alpha 1-antichymotrypsin in the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2. When the same
      factors were added to primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes, the expression
      of the same set of plasma proteins was modulated as by nonfractionated medium.
      The hormonally induced accumulation of mRNA for acute phase proteins is
      qualitatively comparable to that occurring in the liver of inflamed rats. Unlike
      in human cells, in rat liver cells dexamethasone acts additively and
      synergistically with HSFs. The only functional difference between the three HSF
      forms lies in the level of maximal stimulation. HSF-I represents the predominant
      form produced by normal human keratinocytes and closely resembles in molecular
      size and isoelectric point the activity produced by activated peripheral blood
      monocytes while the larger molecular weight forms are more prevalent in human as
      well as mouse squamous carcinoma cells. The observation that HSFs from different
      sources elicit essentially the same pleiotropic response in hepatic cells led to
      the hypothesis that the species-specific reaction of adult liver cells to
      inflammatory stimuli is pre-programmed and that the function of any HSF is to
      trigger and tune the execution of this fixed cellular process.

PMID- 2418030
TI  - Emergence of three myelin proteins in oligodendrocytes cultured without neurons.
AB  - Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells of the central nervous system, were
      cultured from newborn rat brain and optic nerve to allow us to analyze whether
      two transmembranous myelin proteins, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and
      proteolipid protein (PLP), were expressed together with myelin basic protein
      (MBP) in defined medium with low serum and in the absence of neurons. Using
      double label immunofluorescence, we investigated when and where these three
      myelin proteins appeared in cells expressing galactocerebroside (GC), a specific
      marker for the oligodendrocyte membrane. We found that a proportion of
      oligodendrocytes derived from brain and optic nerve invariably express MBP, MAG,
      and PLP about a week after the emergence of GC, which occurs around birth. In
      brain-derived oligodendrocytes, MBP and MAG first emerge between the fifth and
      the seventh day after birth, followed by PLP 1 to 2 d later. All three proteins
      were confined to the cell body at that time, although an extensive network of GC
      positive processes had already developed. Each protein shows a specific
      cytoplasmic localization: diffuse for MBP, mostly perinuclear for MAG, and
      particulate for PLP. Interestingly, MAG, which may be involved in glial-axon
      interactions, is the first myelin protein detected in the processes at
      approximately 10 d after birth. MBP and PLP are only seen in these locations
      after 15 d. All GC-positive cells express the three myelin proteins by day 19.
      Simultaneously, numerous membrane and myelin whorls accumulate along the
      oligodendrocyte surface. The sequential emergence, cytoplasmic location, and peak
      of expression of these three myelin proteins in vitro follow a pattern similar to
      that described in vivo and, therefore, are independent of continuous neuronal
      influences. Such cultures provide a convenient system to study factors regulating
      expression of myelin proteins.

PMID- 2418031
TI  - A heparin-binding domain from N-CAM is involved in neural cell-substratum
      adhesion.
AB  - Cell-substratum adhesion in the embryonic chicken nervous system has been shown
      to be mediated in part by a 170,000-mol-wt polypeptide that is a component of
      adherons. Attachment of retinal cells to the 170,000-mol-wt protein is inhibited
      by the C1H3 monoclonal antibody and by heparan sulfate (Cole, G. J., D. Schubert,
      and L. Glaser, 1985, J. Cell Biol., 100:1192-1199). In the present study we have
      demonstrated that the 170,000-mol-wt C1H3 polypeptide is immunologically
      identical to the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM, and that the 170,000-mol-wt
      component of N-CAM is preferentially secreted by cells as a component of
      adherons. We have identified a monoclonal antibody, designated B1A3, that
      inhibits heparin binding to N-CAM and cell-to-substratum adhesion. A 25,000-mol
      wt heparin (heparan sulfate)-binding domain of N-CAM has been identified by
      limited proteolysis, and this fragment promotes cell attachment when bound to
      glass surfaces. The fragment also partially inhibits cell binding to adherons
      when bound to retinal cells, and the B1A3 monoclonal antibody inhibits retinal
      cell attachment to substrata composed of intact N-CAM or the heparin-binding
      domain. These data are the first evidence that N-CAM is a multifunctional protein
      that contains both cell-and heparin (heparan sulfate)-binding domains.

PMID- 2418032
TI  - Clustering, mobility, and triggering activity of small oligomers of
      immunoglobulin E on rat basophilic leukemia cells.
AB  - We have recently shown that small oligomers of IgE bound to univalent receptors
      for IgE on the surface of rat basophilic leukemia cells induce extensive
      aggregation of the receptors at 4 degrees C into patches resolvable by
      fluorescence microscopy and that this does not occur with monomeric IgE (Menon,
      A. K., D. Holowka, and B. Baird, 1984, J. Cell Biol. 98:577-583). Here we use
      fluorescence photobleaching recovery measurements to show that receptor
      oligomerization by this means is accompanied by a dramatic reduction of receptor
      lateral mobility, and that this immobilization occurs even when the clustering is
      not microscopically detectable. Furthermore, the degree of immobility induced by
      a particular oligomer fraction from a gel filtration column correlates positively
      with its ability to trigger cellular degranulation, whereas receptors labeled
      with monomeric IgE have no triggering activity and exhibit typical membrane
      protein mobility. The slow, large-scale oligomer-induced clustering appears to be
      a long term consequence of earlier selective interactions that result in receptor
      immobilization, and this highly clustered state provides a competent,
      noninhibitory triggering signal resulting in cellular degranulation upon warming
      to 37 degrees C. We conclude that even limited clustering of IgE receptors on rat
      basophilic leukemia cells induces interactions with other cellular components
      that constrain receptor mobility and eventually cause massive coalescence of the
      clusters. These primary selective interactions occurring at the level of receptor
      oligomers or small clusters of oligomers that result in immobilization may play a
      role in triggering cellular degranulation.

PMID- 2418033
TI  - Organization of cytokeratin bundles by desmosomes in rat mammary cells.
AB  - In a rat mammary epithelial cell line, LA-7, cytokeratin bundles recognized in
      immunofluorescence by a monoclonal antibody (24B42) disappear after
      trypsinization of cultures and are gradually reformed after replating. We have
      followed the time course of cytokeratin filament reappearance by growing cells in
      low calcium medium (0.1 mM) which prevents desmosome formation, and then shifting
      to high calcium (1.8 mM) to start the process. By fixing the cells at various
      intervals and staining them in immunofluorescence for 24B42 cytokeratin and for
      desmosomal proteins, we found that cell to cell contact and desmosome formation
      are prerequisites for keratin filament formation in these cells. EGTA treatment,
      by disassembling desmosomes, causes the cytokeratin filaments to disappear and
      the 24B42 protein to pass into a soluble form in this cell line, as ascertained
      by 100,000 g fractionation and immunoenzymatic assay. Cycloheximide treatment
      also causes cytokeratin filaments to disappear, indicating that protein synthesis
      is needed for normal filament maintenance. In another related cell line (106A
      10a) and in HeLa cells, trypsinization and EGTA exposure do not cause a complete
      loss of 24B42 immunofluorescence, although distinct filaments disappear,
      indicating the presence in these cells of different organizing centers, besides
      desmosomes, for cytokeratin bundle formation. LA7 cells therefore seem to have a
      cytokeratin system strictly dependent on the presence of desmosomes, which act as
      an organizing center for filament assembly. 106A-10a cells (also rich in
      desmosomes) and HeLa cells (showing instead a reduced number of desmosomes) have
      a cytokeratin system partially or totally independent from that of desmosomes,
      with different organizing centers.

PMID- 2418034
TI  - Multiple fates of newly synthesized neurofilament proteins: evidence for a
      stationary neurofilament network distributed nonuniformly along axons of retinal
      ganglion cell neurons.
AB  - We have studied the fate of neurofilament proteins (NFPs) in mouse retinal
      ganglion cell (RGC) neurons from 1 to 180 d after synthesis and examined the
      proximal-to-distal distribution of the newly synthesized 70-, 140-, and 200-kD
      subunits along RGC axons relative to the distribution of neurofilaments. Improved
      methodology for intravitreal delivery of [3H]proline enabled us to quantitate
      changes in the accumulation and subsequent decline of radiolabeled NFP subunits
      at various postinjection intervals and, for the first time, to estimate the
      steady state levels of NFPs in different pools within axons. Two pools of newly
      synthesized triplet NFPs were distinguished based on their kinetics of
      disappearance from a 9-mm "axonal window" comprising the optic nerve and tract
      and their temporal-spatial distribution pattern along axons. The first pool
      disappeared exponentially between 17 and 45 d after injection with a half-life of
      20 d. Its radiolabeled wavefront advanced along axons at 0.5-0.7 mm/d before
      reaching the distal end of the axonal window at 17 d, indicating that this loss
      represented the exit of neurofilament proteins composing the slowest phase of
      axoplasmic transport (SCa or group V) from axons. About 32% of the total pool of
      radiolabeled neurofilament proteins, however, remained in axons after 45 d and
      disappeared exponentially at a much slower rate (t 1/2 = 55 d). This second NFP
      pool assumed a nonuniform distribution along axons that was characterized
      proximally to distally by a 2.5-fold gradient of increasing radioactivity. This
      distribution pattern did not change between 45 and 180 d indicating that
      neurofilament proteins in the second pool constitute a relatively stationary
      structure in axons. Based on the relative radioactivities and residence time (or
      turnover) of each neurofilament pool in axons, we estimate that, in the steady
      state, more neurofilament proteins in mouse RGC axons may be stationary than are
      undergoing continuous slow axoplasmic transport. This conclusion was supported by
      biochemical analyses of total NFP content and by electron microscopic
      morphometric studies of neurofilament distribution along RGC axons. The 70-, 140
      , and 200-kD subunits displayed a 2.5-fold proximal to distal gradient of
      increasing content along RGC axons. Neurofilaments were more numerous at distal
      axonal levels, paralleling the increased content of NFP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2418036
TI  - Effects of maturational agents on expression and secretion of two partially
      characterized high molecular weight milk-related glycoproteins in MCF-7 breast
      carcinoma cells.
AB  - We have previously defined a human mammary epithelial antigen using a murine
      monoclonal antibody (MAb), designated DF3, prepared against a membrane-enriched
      fraction of a human breast carcinoma. MAb DF3 detects a cell surface antigen with
      a molecular weight (mw) of approximately 300 Kd and a higher mw species also
      detectable in human milk. These findings and the demonstration that butyric acid
      (BA) increases DF3 antigen expression suggested that MAb DF3 reacts with a
      differentiation antigen detectable in human breast carcinoma cells. The results
      of the present study demonstrate that MAb DF3 reacts with two mucin-like high mw
      glycoproteins (330 and 450 Kd) present in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. The
      results also demonstrate that the intracellular content and secretion of DF3
      antigen is increased by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C). Other known inducers of differentiation
      including retinoic acid (RA), hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), 1,25-dihydroxy
      vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and certain polar solvents decrease DF3 antigen
      expression. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that DF3 antigen is secreted and
      that the extent coincides with changes in intracellular content. Finally,
      actinomycin D and cycloheximide inhibit the increases in DF3 antigen expression
      following TPA treatment thus suggesting that newly synthesized RNA and protein
      are required for induction of this antigen. Thus, the monitoring of DF3 antigen
      expression may provide a marker for studying maturation of human breast cancer
      cells.

PMID- 2418037
TI  - Endocytosis in sickle erythrocytes: a mechanism for elevated intracellular Ca2+
      levels.
AB  - Staining of sickle cells with the fluorescent probes chlortetracycline (a Ca2+
      probe) and diindocarbocyanine (a general membrane probe) revealed the presence of
      Ca2+-containing vesicles which are not found in normal erythrocytes. These
      vesicles increase in number upon deoxygenation, and are apparently formed by
      endocytosis, as judged by the use of the extracellular fluorescent probe lucifer
      yellow. The presence of vesicles is not restricted to any particular
      morphological or density class of cells in the general population.

PMID- 2418038
TI  - Hydrogen peroxide toxicity may be enhanced by heat shock gene induction in
      Drosophila.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that low dose exposure of cells to hydrogen peroxide
      and/or induction of heat shock protein (HSP) synthesis will render cells
      resistant to the lethal effects of a subsequent high dose hydrogen peroxide
      stress. We explored this possibility in the Drosophila melanogaster Schneider
      tissue culture line 2. It was found that chronic low dose exposure (1 mM H2O2 for
      3 days) resulted in marked potentiation of the toxic effects of a subsequent high
      dose exposure (50 mM H2O2 for 1 h), as assessed by impairment of uridine
      incorporation and cell proliferation. Cells preexposed to low dose H2O2 exhibited
      enhanced heat shock gene transcription upon exposure to high dose H2O2, as
      compared to cells that did not receive low dose preexposure. Transcriptional
      induction of the heat shock genes by a mild non-toxic heat shock resulted in
      marked enhancement of the anti-proliferative effects of a subsequent H2O2
      exposure. Thus, low dose hydrogen peroxide exposure or mild heating results in
      subsequent enhancement of high dose hydrogen peroxide toxicity; this effect
      correlates with enhanced heat shock gene expression. Possible mechanisms are
      discussed.

PMID- 2418035
TI  - The protein-tyrosine kinase substrate, p81, is homologous to a chicken
      microvillar core protein.
AB  - p81, a protein-tyrosine kinase substrate previously identified in epidermal
      growth factor-treated A431 cells, is demonstrated to be homologous to ezrin, an
      80-kD component of microvillar core proteins. p81 has been characterized using
      antiserum raised against purified chicken intestinal ezrin. p81, located by
      indirect immunofluorescent staining, is concentrated in surface projections of
      A431 cells such as microvilli and retraction fibers. None of the conditions of
      biochemical cell fractionation tested completely solubilizes p81; the insoluble
      p81 partitions as if associated with the cytoskeleton. The soluble form of p81
      behaves as a monomer in all extraction procedures studied. EGF-stimulated
      phosphorylation of p81 does not appear to change its intracellular location. p81
      exhibits a wide tissue distribution with highest levels of expression in small
      intestine, kidney, thymus, and lung. Intermediate levels are found in spleen,
      thymus, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, with low levels in brain, heart, and
      testes. p81 is undetectable in muscle and liver. In A431 cells, p81 is
      phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues. Upon EGF treatment,
      approximately 10% of p81 becomes phosphorylated on tyrosine, and the
      phosphorylation of threonine residues increases.

PMID- 2418039
TI  - Angiogenesis is stimulated by a tumor-derived endothelial cell growth factor.
AB  - A growth factor mitogenic for BALB/C 3T3 cells and capillary endothelial cells
      was isolated from a rat chondrosarcoma and purified to homogeneity. Purification
      was accomplished by a combination of BioRex 70 cation exchange chromatography and
      heparin affinity chromatography. The pure chondrosarcoma-derived growth factor
      (ChDGF) had a molecular weight of about 18,000. The angiogenesis activity of pure
      ChDGF was tested by measuring its ability to vascularize the chorioallantoic
      membrane (CAM) and yolk sac membrane of the developing chick. The ability of
      ChDGF to induce the growth of limbal vessels in the rat cornea was also measured.
      To quantitate the angiogenesis response, a unit system based on the growth factor
      activity of ChDGF for 3T3 cells was adopted. ChDGF was found to have a specific
      activity of about 5 units/ng when applied to 3T3 cells. About 300-600 units of
      ChDGF in the two types of developing chick membrane and 30-5 units of ChDGF in
      the rat cornea were found to stimulate noninflammatory angiogenesis.

PMID- 2418040
TI  - Functional ion channel formation by mouse macrophage IgG Fc receptor triggered by
      specific ligands.
AB  - The mouse macrophage Fc gamma 2b/gamma 1R has previously been purified with the
      aid of the monoclonal antibody 2.4G2. That this Fc gamma R functions as a ligand
      dependent ion channel is supported by the following evidence. Employing
      [3H]tetraphenylphosphonium ([3H]Ph4P+) as a probe for membrane potential changes
      in intact cells, we found a biphasic change in membrane potential following
      treatment with immune complexes, monoclonal antibody 2.4G2 IgG and 2.4G2 Fab
      Sephadex particles. We observed an immediate depolarization followed by prolonged
      hyperpolarization. [3H]Ph4P+ uptake experiments with plasma membrane vesicles
      prepared from J774 macrophages showed that binding of ligands to the FcR led to
      transmembrane monovalent cation flow. Similar [3H]Ph4+ uptake experiments were
      done with phospholipid vesicles containing purified and reconstituted Fc gamma
      2b/gamma. Following challenge with specific ligands, transmembrane monovalent
      cation flow was observed. Purified FcR was reconstituted into planar lipid
      bilayers; exposure to ligands led to transient bilayer conductance increase. THe
      conductance change was resolved into single channel events. Quin-2 measurements
      showed an increase of free cytosolic calcium levels in macrophages following
      exposure of cells to different ligands of the FcR. An optimal range of calcium
      was found to be required for phagocytosis, below and above which inhibition of
      ingestion occurred.

PMID- 2418041
TI  - Neurosurgical procedures for nonmalignant pain.

PMID- 2418042
TI  - Allergy shots vs symptomatic therapy.

PMID- 2418043
TI  - Acute bacterial sinusitis.

PMID- 2418044
TI  - Simplified determination of the brain catecholamines norepinephrine, 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine by high-performance
      liquid chromatography using electrochemical detection.

PMID- 2418045
TI  - Reversed-phase ion-paired high-performance liquid chromatographic determination
      of 6-azacytidine in blood.

PMID- 2418046
TI  - Sample preparation for the determination of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in plasma by
      high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2418047
TI  - Simultaneous determination of tranilast and metabolites in plasma and urine using
      high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Tranilast, N
      (3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl)anthranilic acid (N-5'), and metabolites in plasma and
      urine from humans, dogs and rodents administered N-5'. Total N-5' and metabolite
      N-3 conjugates were determined in human urine. Detection limits in plasma were
      0.2 micrograms/ml for metabolite N-3-S and N-5' and 0.1 micrograms/ml for
      metabolites N-3 and N-4. In urine, detection limits were 2 micrograms/ml for
      metabolite N-3-S and N-5' and 1 micrograms/ml for metabolites N-3 and N-4.
      Metabolite N-4 was not identified in any sample assayed.

PMID- 2418048
TI  - The effect of treatment setting and patient characteristics on pain in terminal
      cancer patients: a report from the National Hospice Study.
AB  - Debilitating pain is the symptom most often associated with cancer by the general
      public. The National Hospice Study (NHS) evaluated pain control among terminal
      cancer patients served in hospital based (HB) and home based (HC) hospices, and
      in conventional care settings (CC) such as outpatient clinics and oncology units.
      Pain was reported by the patient when able to respond and by the patients'
      primary care person (PCP) during repeated interviews until death. Patient and PCP
      pain reports were correlated at 0.43. PCPs reported that around 16% of patients
      were pain free in the last weeks of life while 18% were in persistent pain.
      Statistically adjusting for differences in the CC, HB, and HC samples, HB
      patients were less likely to report having persistent pain than either CC or HC
      patients, although there were no differences in the proportion of patients who
      were pain free. Age was negatively correlated with the level of pain. As
      expected, brain and bone metastases were related to pain in opposite directions,
      with more pain among those with bone involvement and less among those with brain
      involvement. Conclusions about whether HB hospices really are superior at pain
      control must be made cautiously in view of the relationship between age and pain
      and the greater age of hospice patients in our study.

PMID- 2418049
TI  - Analgesic use in terminal cancer patients: report from the National Hospice
      Study.
AB  - Little systematic research has been reported on analgesic use in terminal cancer
      patients. This paper presents data from the National Hospice Study on the use of
      analgesics by a sample of terminal cancer patients served in home based and
      hospital based hospice programs as well as conventional oncological settings.
      Patients in hospital based hospice programs were more likely than other patients
      to have an analgesic prescription and to have consumed analgesics. Patients in
      hospice settings were more likely to consume analgesia orally and less likely to
      have "prn" (as needed) analgesic prescriptions. The amount of analgesic
      consumption was inversely related to age. The paper discusses the implications of
      these and other findings for the treatment of pain in terminal cancer patients.

PMID- 2418050
TI  - Last days: a study of the quality of life of terminally ill cancer patients.
AB  - Behavior of a number of Quality of Life measures gathered from two samples of
      terminal cancer patients over the last weeks of their lives are reported. Samples
      represent patients in the 26 hospices participating in a nationwide U.S.
      demonstration project and patients in the palliative care units of two Montreal
      hospitals. The U.S. data reported are quality of life measures made by a lay
      principal care person (PCP) or trained interviewer; the Montreal measures were
      made by both an attending doctor and an attending nurse. The general finding, as
      expected, is one of increasing deterioration in quality of life, with accelerated
      deterioration between 3 and 1 week of death. Pain follows a somewhat different
      pattern than other measures. More patients are in either of the extreme
      categories at an earlier point in time than found for other measures, and there
      are fewer changes as death is approached. Finally, about 20% of the patients do
      not fall into extremely low quality of life categories, even in the week prior to
      death.

PMID- 2418051
TI  - An overview of National Hospice Study findings.

PMID- 2418052
TI  - Progesterone, estradiol, and alpha-human chorionic gonadotropin secretion in
      patients with ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - Plasma free alpha hCG, estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P4) concentrations were
      measured in 38 patients with histologically confirmed ectopic pregnancy (EP). The
      menstrual gestational ages ranged from 6-10 weeks. Free alpha hCG levels,
      although significantly lower than those in women with a normal intrauterine
      pregnancy, increased markedly during this time period, from 1.5 to 11 ng/ml, a 7
      fold increase. In women with an intrauterine pregnancy, only 0.6-fold increase
      occurred during the same time period. Plasma P4 and E2 concentrations in patients
      with EP were significantly lower, except at 6 weeks for E2 and in the sixth and
      seventh weeks for P4. The ectopically implanted trophoblast undergoes impairment
      of its ability to synthesize beta hCG, but not alpha hCG. The lack of utilization
      of alpha hCG in EP causes it to increase, while the level of intact hCG is low.
      These observations suggest that the levels of alpha hCG are a sensitive marker
      for placental well-being, and that it could serve as an additional diagnostic
      tool for the early diagnosis of EP. The placenta is only partially able to
      compensate for the reduced ovarian production of E2 and P4.

PMID- 2418053
TI  - Functional and molecular characterization by the CB04 monoclonal antibody of a
      cell surface structure exerting C3-complement receptor activity.
AB  - CB04 monoclonal antibody which reacts with an epitope of a surface molecule
      expressed on human monocytes has been elicited using peripheral blood lymphocytes
      as immunizer. The characterization of the monoclonal antibody examined at the
      phenotypic, molecular, and functional levels indicates that the CB04 antibody
      defines a structure present on monocytes, tissue macrophages, B cells,
      polymorphonucleates, and erythrocytes. The molecular weight (220 kD), the tissue
      distribution in health and disease conditions, and the involvement in relevant
      biological processes indicate that the CB04 structure is the receptor for the C3b
      fragment of the complement. The binding of the antibody to the cell surface
      induces inhibition of the C3bi receptorial function.

PMID- 2418054
TI  - Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to myelin basic protein determinants.
AB  - A detailed immunochemical examination of monoclonal and polyclonal antibody
      responses to myelin basic protein (MBP) and its peptides has revealed the
      existence of as many as 27 antigenic determinants, many of them conformational.
      Topological mapping of the potential antigenic determinants onto a model of MBP
      secondary structure places these determinants within 11 separate regions of the
      molecule, including those portions that have been found to be encephalitogenic.
      MBP and its peptides, therefore, fall under the umbrella of the Multideterminant
      Regulatory Model of Benjamin et al. (1984). However, in the case of MBP,
      multideterminant immunogenicity appears to represent mainly an escape from tight
      regulation through the avenue of conformational change.

PMID- 2418055
TI  - The role of lymphocyte subpopulations in the transfer of rat EAE.
AB  - The role of lymphocyte subsets in rat EAE was investigated using a passive
      transfer system in which spleen cells from sensitized donors were injected into
      naive recipients after incubation in culture for 72 h with myelin basic protein.
      The presence of anti-I-A antibody, but not anti-I-E antibody during incubation,
      prevented disease. In addition, removal of I-A+ cells by rosetting prior to
      injection eliminated the ability of the donor splenocytes from transferring
      disease while the simultaneous removal of both cytotoxic/suppressor and B cells
      had no effect on the disease outcome.

PMID- 2418056
TI  - Glycoconjugates in nervous tissue and small cell lung cancer share
      immunologically cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants.
AB  - Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a bronchogenic carcinoma of neuroectodermal
      origin that expresses a variety of nervous system markers characteristic of
      neuroendocrine cells. In addition, SCLC cell lines and biopsies have been shown
      immunocytochemically to express an antigen recognized by HNK-1, a mouse
      monoclonal antibody which recognizes a surface antigen on natural killer cells
      and on the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and other nervous system
      glycoconjugates. Immunoblot data are presented which identify 2 groups of HNK-1
      reactive plasma membrane glycoproteins with Mrs of about 80 000 and 130 000,
      respectively, from several SCLC cell lines. Using antibodies to MAG carbohydrate
      and protein determinants as probes, it is shown that the SCLC glycoproteins
      reacting with HNK-1 do not appear to share structural similarity with MAG apart
      from carbohydrate determinants. Using similar techniques with a panel of
      polyclonal antibodies, data are shown indicating that there is no cross
      reactivity of SCLC proteins with other myelin proteins including P0, P1, P2,
      proteolipid protein and myelin basic protein. A possible role of the carbohydrate
      antigen in mediating nervous system disease associated with SCLC is suggested.

PMID- 2418057
TI  - Mitogen-activated lymphocytes of normals and glioma patients produce factors with
      anti-glioblastoma activity in vitro.
AB  - Human glioblastoma cell lines showed profound suppression of both DNA and RNA
      synthesis when exposed to supernatants (SNs) of mitogen-activated blood
      mononuclear cells. Cloning efficiency of these glioma cells also decreased 10- to
      500-fold. In monolayer cultures, growth inhibition was evident within 12 h of
      adding SN and peaked at 24 h. A decrease in absolute cell number was evident by
      72 h. The inhibitory effect of SNs, however, was not permanent as more cells
      entered S-phase when SN-treated cultures were refed with fresh medium (without
      SN). The factor(s) responsible for this inhibitory activity was a product of
      lymphocytes and was produced in comparable amounts by cells of normal blood
      donors and patients with glioma. The compromised immunological status of
      glioblastoma patients did not influence their capacity to produce cytostatic
      lymphokines.

PMID- 2418059
TI  - Thrombin induction of plasminogen activator-inhibitor in cultured human
      endothelial cells.
AB  - We have examined the effect of thrombin on the activity of plasminogen activator
      (PA) and plasminogen activator-inhibitor (PA-I) in medium conditioned by primary
      cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. PA activity was measured by
      fibrinolytic and esterolytic assays, and total tissue-type PA (tPA) antigen by
      radioimmunoassay. Net PA-I activity was assayed by titration of human urokinase
      esterolytic activity. Incubation of confluent endothelial cell cultures with
      thrombin for 24 h caused a sixfold increase in PA-I activity. The effect of
      thrombin was half-maximal at approximately 0.4 U/ml (less than 4 nM), and
      required concomitant RNA and protein synthesis. The stimulation of PA-I activity
      required active alpha-thrombin and was not obtained with gamma-thrombin nor with
      thrombin catalytically inactivated with hirudin. Because of the excess of PA-I,
      PA activity was not measurable in either control or thrombin-treated cells.
      Thrombin did, however, increase medium concentration of tPA antigen by
      approximately fourfold. The thrombin-induced PA-I inhibited both tPA and
      urokinase, did not lose activity upon acidification, and was stable to sodium
      dodecyl sulfate and thiol reduction. We conclude that physiologic concentrations
      of thrombin increase both PA-I activity and tPA antigen in medium conditioned by
      human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Because there was always a several-fold
      increase in the net activity of free PA-I, these observations suggest that the
      net effect of thrombin is to decrease fibrinolytic activity in human endothelial
      cells. Thus, thrombin, in addition to its role in coagulation, may protect clots
      from premature lysis by increasing the amount of a specific fibrinolytic
      inhibitor.

PMID- 2418058
TI  - Intracellular pH regulation and proton transport by rabbit renal medullary
      collecting duct cells. Role of plasma membrane proton adenosine triphosphatase.
AB  - Proton secretion in the renal medullary collecting duct is thought to occur via a
      luminal proton-ATPase. In order to determine what mechanism(s) participate in
      proton transport across medullary collecting duct (MCD) cells membranes,
      intracellular pH (pHi) regulation and proton extrusion rates were measured in
      freshly prepared suspensions of rabbit outer MCD cells. Cells were separated by
      protease digestion and purified by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. pHi was
      estimated fluorometrically using the entrapped intracytoplasmic pH indicator, 6
      carboxyfluorescein. Proton extrusion rates were measured using a pH stat. The
      resting pHi of MCD cells was 7.19 +/- 0.05 (SE) in a nonbicarbonate medium of pH
      7.30. When cells were acidified by exposure to acetate salts or by abrupt
      withdrawal of ammonium chloride, they exhibited pHi recovery to the resting pHi
      over a 5-min time-course. Depletion of greater than 95% of cellular ATP content
      by poisoning with KCN in the absence of glucose inhibited pHi recovery. ATP
      depletion inhibited proton extrusion from MCD cells. Treatment with N
      ethylmaleimide also inhibited pHi recovery. In addition, cellular ATP content was
      dependent on transmembrane pH gradients, suggesting that proton extrusion
      stimulated ATP hydrolysis. Neither removal of extracellular sodium nor addition
      of amiloride inhibited pHi recovery. These results provide direct evidence that a
      plasma membrane proton-ATPase, but not a Na+/H+ exchanger, plays a role in proton
      transport and pHi regulation in rabbit MCD.

PMID- 2418060
TI  - Ion transport in proximal colon of the rat. Sodium depletion stimulates neutral
      sodium chloride absorption.
AB  - The model of sodium and chloride transport proposed for the colon is based on
      studies performed in the distal segment and tacitly assumes that ion transport is
      similar throughout the colon. In rat distal colon, neutral sodium-chloride
      absorption accounts for the major fraction of overall sodium absorption and
      aldosterone stimulates electrogenic, amiloride-sensitive sodium absorption. Since
      we have demonstrated qualitative differences in potassium transport in proximal
      and distal segments of rat colon, unidirectional 22Na and 36Cl fluxes were
      performed under short-circuit conditions across isolated proximal colon of
      control and sodium-depleted rats with secondary hyperaldosteronism. In the
      control group, net sodium absorption (JNanet) (7.4 +/- 0.5 mu eq/h . cm2) was
      greater than Isc (1.4 +/- 0.1 mu eq/h . cm2), and JClnet was 0 in Ringer
      solution. Residual flux (JR) was -5.2 +/- 0.5 mu eq/h . cm2 consistent with
      hydrogen ion secretion suggesting that neutral sodium absorption may represent
      sodium-hydrogen exchange. 1 mM mucosal amiloride, which inhibits sodium-hydrogen
      exchange in other epithelia, produced comparable decreases in JNanet and JR (4.1
      +/- 0.6 and 3.2 +/- 0.6 mu eq/h . cm2, respectively) without a parallel fall in
      Isc. Sodium depletion stimulated JNanet, JClnet, and Isc by 7.0 +/- 1.4, 6.3 +/-
      1.9, and 0.8 +/- 0.2 mu eq/h . cm2, respectively, and 1 mM amiloride markedly
      inhibited JNanet and JClnet by 6.0 +/- 1.1 and 4.0 +/- 1.6 mu eq/h . cm2,
      respectively, with only a minimal reduction in Isc. CONCLUSIONS: the predominant
      neutral sodium-absorptive mechanism in proximal colon is sodium-hydrogen
      exchange. Sodium depletion stimulates electroneutral chloride-dependent sodium
      absorption (most likely as a result of increasing sodium-hydrogen and chloride
      bicarbonate exchanges), not electrogenic chloride-independent sodium transport.
      The model of ion transport in the proximal colon is distinct from that of the
      distal colon.

PMID- 2418061
TI  - Histiocytosis X. Purified (T6+) cells from bone granuloma produce interleukin 1
      and prostaglandin E2 in culture.
AB  - We have investigated the secretory function of cell suspensions from bone
      eosinophilic granulomas surgically collected in two patients with histiocytosis
      X. Unseparated cell preparations spontaneously produced interleukin 1 (IL-1) and
      prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In order to ascertain that this secretion was due to the
      characteristic Langerhans cell-like histiocytosis X cells predominantly found in
      the bone lesions, we have purified T6+ cells by the use of a fluorescence
      activated cell sorter. Such highly purified cell preparations were found to
      secrete IL-1 and PGE2 spontaneously in culture. Stimulation with endotoxins and
      treatment with interferon gamma (IFN gamma) revealed an intense IL-1 secretory
      function of histiocytosis X cells. Since both IL-1 and PGE2 are able to induce
      bone resorption in vitro, our findings are compatible with the hypothesis that
      histiocytosis X cells are responsible for the typical osteolytic lesion observed
      in histiocytosis X through the local secretion of these two mediators.

PMID- 2418062
TI  - Human keratinocyte culture. Identification and staging of epidermal cell
      subpopulations.
AB  - Stratification of human epidermal cells into multilayered sheets composed of
      basal and suprabasal layers (resembling the stratum germinativum and stratum
      spinosum of the epidermis) was studied in a dermal component-free culture system.
      Although no stratum corneum developed in vitro, this culture system provided a
      method to study early events in human keratinocyte differentiation.
      Multiparameter flow cytometric analysis of acridine orange-stained epidermal
      cells from these cultures revealed three distinct subpopulations differing in
      cell size, RNA content, and cell cycle kinetics. The first subpopulation was
      composed of small basal keratinocytes with low RNA content and a long generation
      time. The second subpopulation consisted of larger keratinocytes, having higher
      RNA content and a significantly shorter generation time. Finally, the third
      subpopulation contained the largest cells, which did not divide, and represent
      the more terminally differentiated keratinocytes. This in vitro approach provides
      discriminating cytochemical parameters by which the maturity of the epidermal
      cell sheets can be assessed prior to grafting onto human burn patients.

PMID- 2418063
TI  - Interactions of bombesin and substance P at the feline lower esophageal
      sphincter.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the interactions between bombesin and
      substance P at the feline lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Intraluminal
      pressures were recorded using a fixed, perfused catheter assembly. Myoelectrical
      activity was recorded using bipolar Ag-AgCl serosal electrodes. Bombesin, i.v.,
      gave a dose-dependent increase in LES pressure and electronically counted spike
      activity. The threshold dose was 10(-7) g/kg, while the maximal dose, 10(-5)
      g/kg, increased LES pressure by 65.5 +/- 14.8 mmHg. The neuroantagonist,
      tetrodotoxin, decreased the LES response to bombesin by 74.1% +/- 7.9% (P less
      than 0.05), but had no significant effect on the LES response to substance P. The
      sphincteric response to bombesin was not inhibited by bilateral cervical
      vagotomy, atropine, propranolol, or phentolamine (P less than 0.10). Bombesin
      tachyphylaxis abolished the LES response to bombesin but had no effect on the
      response to substance P. Conversely, substance P tachyphylaxis completely
      abolished the LES response to bombesin (P less than 0.001). The substance P
      antagonist [D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]substance P also significantly inhibited the LES
      response to bombesin (P less than 0.05). Acidification of the distal esophagus
      with 2.0 ml of 0.1 N HCl increased LES pressure by 32.5 +/- 5.2 mmHg (P less than
      0.02). The LES response to acid was inhibited by bombesin tachyphylaxis (maximal
      pressure response, 4.7 +/- 2.1 mmHg, P less than 0.01 compared with control acid
      response). The tachyphylaxis techniques were specific for the peptides giving no
      effect on the LES responses to phenylephrine, bethanechol, or pentagastrin. We
      drew the following conclusions: (a) bombesin increased feline LES pressure via
      nonvagal neural pathways that were insensitive to adrenergic or cholinergic
      antagonists; (b) bombesin may be involved in the enteric pathways that mediate
      the feline LES response to distal esophageal acidification; and (c) substance P
      mediates the effect of bombesin at the LES and is a neurotransmitter in the LES
      response to acidification.

PMID- 2418064
TI  - Inhibitin: a specific inhibitor of sodium/sodium exchange in erythrocytes.
AB  - An inhibitor of ouabain-insensitive sodium/sodium exchange in erythrocytes has
      been isolated from leukemic promyelocytes. To explore the specific effects of
      this inhibitor, named inhibitin, sodium transport experiments were carried out in
      human erythrocytes. Inhibitin reduced ouabain-insensitive bidirectional sodium
      transport. It did not change net sodium fluxes, had no significant effect on
      rubidium influx, and did not inhibit sodium-potassium-ATPase activity. The
      inhibitory effect of inhibitin was studied on sodium/sodium exchange and on
      sodium/lithium countertransport in 140 mM sodium and in sodium-free media. In the
      presence of sodium, inhibitin reduced sodium and lithium efflux to that observed
      in sodium-free medium. Inhibitin showed no reduction in sodium or lithium efflux
      when sodium was replaced by choline chloride or Mg2+. When inhibitin was combined
      with one or more of the other transport inhibitors (i.e., ouabain, furosemide, or
      bumetanide and amiloride), its inhibitable component remained distinct and it did
      not overlap with that of the other inhibitors. These studies show that inhibitin
      is a specific inhibitor of carrier-mediated sodium/sodium exchange and
      sodium/lithium countertransport processes in human erythrocytes.

PMID- 2418065
TI  - Regulation of rat luteinizing hormone subunit messenger ribonucleic acids by
      gonadal steroid hormones.
AB  - Little is known about the hormonal regulation of luteinizing hormone (LH)
      biosynthesis. We have studied the regulation of LH messenger RNA (mRNA) levels by
      gonadal-steroid hormones in the rat. In one set of experiments, male and female
      rats were surgically gonadectomized (GDX) and killed 1, 3, 7, 14, 22, and 31 d
      postoperatively. In another set of experiments, male and female rats were
      surgically GDX and were injected subcutaneously with testosterone propionate (500
      micrograms/100 g body wt per d) or 17 beta-estradiol 3-benzoate (10
      micrograms/100 g body wt per d), respectively, beginning 3 wk postoperatively.
      Levels of serum LH were determined by radioimmunoassay and levels of LH subunit
      mRNAs in single pituitary glands were determined by blot hybridization analysis
      using labeled synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes that correspond to
      portions of the coding regions of the rat alpha- and LH beta-subunit mRNAs. 4 wk
      after gonadectomy, serum LH levels rose nine- and 20-fold, while alpha-subunit
      mRNA levels rose six- and 10-fold, and LH beta-subunit levels rose seven- and 14
      fold, compared with controls in males and females, respectively. In gonadal
      steroid hormone-treated male and female GDX rats, serum LH levels fell to 8 and
      36% of control values, while alpha-subunit mRNA levels declined to 22 and 19%,
      and LH beta-subunit mRNA levels declined to 6 and 10% of control values, 48 h
      after injections were initiated, in males and females, respectively. We conclude
      that gonadal-steroid hormones negatively regulate the levels of both subunit
      mRNAs in GDX rats in a pattern that parallels the changes in serum LH values.
      These data suggest that gonadal-steroid hormone regulation of LH biosynthesis
      occurs, at least in part, at the level of LH subunit mRNAs due to effects at the
      transcriptional and/or RNA stability levels.

PMID- 2418066
TI  - Modulation of insulinlike growth factor I binding to human fibroblast monolayer
      cultures by insulinlike growth factor carrier proteins released to the incubation
      media.
AB  - The relative contributions of type I and type II insulinlike growth factor (IGF)
      receptors and IGF carrier proteins to the binding of IGF-I tracer to cultured
      human fibroblasts were determined in competitive binding experiments that used
      unlabeled insulin and synthetic insulin-IGF-I hybrid molecules containing the A
      chain of insulin and the B domain of IGF-I. Whereas insulin binds only to type I
      IGF receptors, the B-IGF-I hybrids bind to type I receptors and IGF carrier
      proteins but not to type II receptors. In suspended human fibroblasts, IGF-I
      tracer binds predominantly to type I IGF receptors (inhibition by IGF-I much
      greater than insulin greater than B-IGF-I hybrid molecules). By contrast, in
      fibroblast monolayers, IGF-I binding was minimally inhibited by insulin or hybrid
      molecules, suggesting predominant binding to the type II IGF receptor. The type I
      receptor appears to be masked on fibroblast monolayers, and to require suspension
      or detergent solubilization of the cells to be demonstrated. In the course of the
      monolayers binding experiments, we noted that low concentrations of unlabeled IGF
      I (5-10 ng/ml) or B-IGF-I hybrids (100 ng/ml) paradoxically increased IGF-I
      tracer binding up to twofold. We postulated that during the binding incubation (5
      h, 15 degrees C), IGF-I tracer partitioned between binding sites on the cell
      surface and IGF carrier proteins released to the incubation media. Preferential
      occupancy of binding sites in the media by unlabeled ligand increased the tracer
      available to bind to the cells. In support of this hypothesis, carrier proteins
      were demonstrated in the media at the end of the binding incubation with
      fibroblast monolayers, and the concentration of unsaturated binding sites in the
      media correlated inversely with tracer binding to the cells. Thus carrier
      proteins released to the media during the binding incubation modulate the binding
      of IGF-I tracer to cell receptors, suggesting that the carrier proteins may play
      an important role in regulating cellular responsiveness to the IGFs.

PMID- 2418067
TI  - Proteases and their inhibitors in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease.
AB  - This article reviews the current knowledge of the sources, function and
      interactions of proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors in chronic inflammatory
      periodontal disease. Proteolytic tissue degradation is a typical phenomenon in
      chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. The proteolytic enzymes can be both
      host- and bacteria-derived. The proteases of the inflammatory cells are aimed for
      digestion of bacteria, enhanced locomotion through connective tissue, demarcation
      of the site of infection and tissue remodeling. Uncontrolled release of proteases
      in inflammation causes self-digestion and tissue destruction. The potential of
      the bacterial proteases in degradation of connective tissue is not yet known.
      Biochemical and immunologic mediators of inflammation are released by proteolytic
      reactions. Immunoglobulin-cleaving proteases present a specific mechanism in
      perturbation of host defenses. The 2 main protease inhibitors in serum, alpha-1
      antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobulin, are also present in the gingival tissue
      fluid guarding the function of proteases. It has been suggested, although not
      confirmed, that deficiency in serum protease inhibiting capacity could be
      correlated with susceptibility to periodontal disease. Mucous secretions contain
      local low molecular weight protease inhibitors, but their possible role in saliva
      is not known. Bacteria-derived, antiproteolytic short peptides may prove to be
      useful in pharmacological control of tissue destruction at inflammatory sites.

PMID- 2418068
TI  - Cytoarchitectonic development of the prefrontal cortex in the rat.
AB  - This paper gives an account of the cytoarchitectonic characteristics that make it
      possible to delineate, from as early as day 6, different subareas of the
      prefrontal cortex of the rat. Three phases can be distinguished during postnatal
      development. The first phase (from day 1 until day 18) is dominated by
      differentiation of the neurons within the cortical plate and by the formation of
      the cortical layers. At day 1, regional differences are observed in the
      cytoarchitecture of the cortical plate which correspond to the future subareas of
      the prefrontal cortex. The formation of layer IV occurs in the dorsolateral
      cortex around day 6, and from this age the agranular prefrontal cortex is well
      demarcated from the other parts of the frontal cortex. Between day 6 and day 10,
      the cortical plate has disappeared and all cortical layers can be recognized in
      the prefrontal cortex. Differentiation of the cells within the cortical layers
      changes the cytoarchitectonic character of the layers through day 18. During the
      second phase (from day 18 until day 30) little change occurs in the
      cytoarchitectonic characteristics of the prefrontal subareas. During the third
      phase (from day 30 until day 90) the delineation of the cortical layers becomes
      less clear in Nissl-stained sections, and the individual cytoarchitectonic
      variance increases. On the basis of cytoarchitectonic criteria it can be
      concluded that the orbital prefrontal cortex develops earlier than does the
      medial prefrontal cortex.

PMID- 2418069
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P in primary afferent pathways to
      the sacral spinal cord of the cat.
AB  - An analysis of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity (VIP-IR) and
      substance P-IR in the cat spinal cord has revealed marked differences in the
      distribution of the two peptides. While substance P-IR was located at all levels
      of the cord, VIP-IR was most prominent in the sacral segments in Lissauer's tract
      and lamina I on the lateral edge of the dorsal horn. VIP-IR was also present in
      the sacral cord in (1) laminae V, VII, and X, (2) a thin band on the medial side
      of the dorsal horn, (3) the dorsal commissure, (4) the lateral band of the sacral
      parasympathetic nucleus, and (5) in a few animals in Onuf's nucleus. In other
      segments of the spinal cord VIP-IR was much less prominent but was present in
      Lissauer's tract and laminae I, II, and X. Substance P-IR was more uniformly
      distributed at all segmental levels in laminae I-III, V, VII, and X and in the
      dorsal commissure. In ventrolateral lamina I of the sacral spinal cord both VIP
      IR and substance P-IR exhibited a distinctive periodic pattern in the
      rostrocaudal axis. The peptides were associated with bundles of dorsoventrally
      oriented axons and varicosities spaced at approximately 210-micron intervals
      center to center along the length of the spinal cord. The bundles in lamina I
      continued into lamina V where they further divided into smaller bundles that
      extended medially through laminae V and VII. The most prominent bundles of VIP
      axons passed ventrally from lateral laminae V and VII to enter lamina X and the
      ventral part of the dorsal gray commissure. On the other hand the majority of
      substance P axons in lamina V turned dorsally to join with axons on the medial
      side of the dorsal horn and to pass into the dorsal part of the dorsal gray
      commissure. Rostrocaudal VIP axons were present not only in Lissauer's tract but
      also in dorsolateral lamina I, in the lateral funiculus and in the ependymal cell
      layer of the central canal. Following unilateral transection of the sacral dorsal
      roots (2 weeks-22 months) the density of VIP axons and terminals was markedly
      reduced in ipsilateral Lissauer's tract and lateral laminae I and V; however, no
      change was detected in lamina X. Sacral deafferentation reduced substance P-IR in
      the dorsal gray commissure and in lateral laminae I and V.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2418070
TI  - Immunohistochemical study of subclasses of olfactory nerve fibers and their
      projections to the olfactory bulb in the rabbit.
AB  - The organization of the olfactory nerve projection to the olfactory bulb was
      studied immunohistochemically in the rabbit by using monoclonal antibodies
      (MAbs). Out of 42 MAbs raised against the homogenate of the olfactory bulb, two
      types of MAbs that strongly stained the olfactory nerve fibers (axons of
      olfactory receptor cells) were selected and their staining patterns were analysed
      in detail. MAbs of one type (represented by MAb R2D5) specifically labeled all
      olfactory receptor cells in the nasal epithelium and all olfactory nerve fibers
      and their terminal portions in the bulb. The other type of MAbs (represented by
      MAb R4B12) recognized only a subgroup of olfactory nerve fibers. The R4B12
      positive fibers were distributed over the ventrolateral areas but not in the
      dorsomedial areas of the epithelium. Similarly in the bulb, the R4B12-positive
      fibers terminated in the glomeruli in the ventrolateral and the caudal regions
      but not in the dorsomedial region. These results demonstrate for the first time
      the cellular heterogeneity among olfactory receptor neurons at the molecular
      level. The segregated distribution of the subtypes of olfactory receptor cell
      axons both in the epithelium and the bulb indicates a defined topographical
      organization of the olfactory nerve projection. These results also suggest a
      functional division between dorsomedial and ventrolateral areas both in the
      epithelium and the bulb.

PMID- 2418071
TI  - Subclassification of neurons in the ventrobasal complex of the dog: quantitative
      Golgi study using principal components analysis.
AB  - The neuronal architecture of the ventrobasal complex (VB) in dog is examined in
      coronal and horizontal brain sections processed by Golgi- and Nissl-staining
      methods. Presumed projection and intrinsic neurons are identified by differences
      in soma size and shape, dendritic branch pattern, the morphology and distribution
      of appendages, and the appearance of axons. Forty-five projection neurons are
      examined by quantifying (1) soma cross-sectional area, (2) dendritic field extent
      and shape, (3) appendages on the soma, primary dendrites, and in a defined major
      dendritic branch zone, and (4) location in the VB. When considered independently,
      each variable offers little evidence for separation into morphological classes.
      However, several of the variables have wide ranges and show significant
      correlation with other parameters. Using the multivariate descriptive methods of
      principal components analysis and cluster analysis, a separation of the
      projection neurons into three morphological classes designated as large, medium,
      and small neurons is indicated. The features most critical in distinguishing
      between the groups are, in descending order of importance: (1) dendritic field
      extent; (2) number of primary dendrites; (3) soma cross-sectional area; (4)
      number of appendages per major branch point (MBP); (5) number of appendages on
      the soma; and, (6) number of appendages on the primary dendrites. Dendritic field
      shape and neuron location have little influence in determining classification.

PMID- 2418072
TI  - Innervation of cat visual areas 17 and 18 by physiologically identified X- and Y-
      type thalamic afferents. II. Identification of postsynaptic targets by GABA
      immunocytochemistry and Golgi impregnation.
AB  - The precise location of physiologically identified specific afferent input on the
      different types of cell in the visual cortex and the identification of the
      neurotransmitters of these cells are essential to a better understanding of the
      first stage of cortical processing. A combination of anatomical, neurochemical,
      and physiological methods was used to identify the cortical neurones that receive
      synaptic input from X- and Y-type afferents, which are thought to originate from
      cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus. One method relied on chance contacts
      made between single physiologically characterised axons, which had been injected
      with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and the processes of cells impregnated by the
      Golgi method. These experiments revealed that both X and Y axons formed synapses
      on the dendrites of spiny stellate cells in layer 4. Y axons in both areas 17 and
      18 established multiple synaptic contacts on basal dendrites of layer 3 pyramidal
      cells. One X axon contacted the apical dendrite of a layer 5 pyramidal cell and
      one Y axon contacted the dendrite of a large cell with smooth dendrites in layer
      3. The maximum number of synapses made between one axon and a single postsynaptic
      cell was eight, although in most cases it was only one. It was concluded that one
      axon only provides a small fraction of the geniculate afferent input to an
      individual cell. A second method revealed that the somata in layer 4 in synaptic
      contact with the HRP-filled axon terminals were GABA-immunoreactive, and
      therefore might be involved in inhibitory processes. From light microscopic data
      it was found that somata receiving contacts from X axons in area 17 were
      significantly smaller (average diameter 15 microns) than those contacted by the Y
      axons in areas 17 and 18 (average diameter 24 microns). Somatic contacts were
      extremely rare in layer 6. These data show that the X and Y afferents may
      activate separate subsets of inhibitory neurones.

PMID- 2418073
TI  - Topographical organization of the cortical afferent connections of the prefrontal
      cortex in the cat.
AB  - The topographical distribution of the cortical afferent connections of the
      prefrontal cortex (PFC) in adult cats was studied by using the retrograde axonal
      transport of horseradish peroxidase technique. Small single injections of the
      enzyme were made in different locations of the PFC, and the areal location and
      density of the subsequent neuronal labeling in neocortex and allocortex were
      evaluated in each case. The comparison of the results obtained in the various
      cases revealed that four prefrontal sectors (rostral, dorsolateral, ventral, and
      dorsomedial) can be distinguished, each exhibiting a particular pattern of
      cortical afferents. All PFC sectors receive projections from the ipsilateral
      insular (agranular and granular subdivisions) and limbic (infralimbic, prelimbic,
      anterior limbic, cingular, and retrosplenial areas) cortices. These cortices
      provide the most abundant cortical projections to the PFC, and their various
      subdivisions have different preferential targets within the PFC. The premotor
      cortex and the following neocortical sensory association areas project
      differentially upon the various ipsilateral PFC sectors: the portion of the
      somatosensory area SIV in the upper bank of the anterior ectosylvian sulcus, the
      visual area in the lower bank of the same sulcus, the auditory area AII, the
      temporal area, the perirhinal cortex, the posterior suprasylvian area, area 20,
      the posterior ectosylvian area, the suprasylvian fringe, the lateral suprasylvian
      area (anterolateral and posterolateral subdivisions), area 5, and area 7. The
      olfactory peduncle, the prepiriform cortex, the cortico-amygdaloid transition
      area, the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum (ventral, posteroventral, and
      posterodorsal sectors), the caudomedial band of the hippocampal formation and the
      postsubiculum are the allocortical sources of afferents to the PFC. The
      dorsolateral PFC sector is the target of the largest insular, limbic, and
      neocortical sensory association projections. The dorsomedial and rostral sectors
      receive notably less abundant cortical afferents than the dorsolateral sector.
      Those to the dorsomedial sector arise from the same areas that project to the
      dorsolateral sector and are more abundant to the dorsal part, where the medial
      frontal eye field cortex is located. The rostral sector receives projections
      principally from all other PFC sectors, and from the limbic and insular cortices.
      The projections from the allocortex reach preferentially the ventral PFC sector.
      Intraprefrontal connections are most abundant within each PFC sector. Commissural
      interprefrontal connections are largest from the site homotopic to the HRP
      injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2418074
TI  - The terminations of corticospinal tract axons in the macaque monkey.
AB  - This study examined the corticospinal tract in monkey by utilizing the
      anterograde transport of wheat germ lectin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase
      (WGA HRP) at the light microscopic level and the axonal transport of 3H-proteins
      with both light and electron microscopic autoradiographic techniques. The animals
      survived 3-9 days after the injections of 3H-leucine or 3H-leucine/WGA HRP into
      either motor or sensory cortices. With the laminar schema of Rexed as a guide to
      the layers of the spinal gray matter, qualitative and quantitative analyses of
      labeled projections of the corticospinal tract (CST) were made. With the light
      microscope, axons from the sensory cortex labeled with WGA-HRP could be observed
      in the contralateral spinal gray from lamina I to the border of laminae VI/VII,
      the heaviest distribution being located in medial III-VI. There was a small
      ipsilateral projection to V and VI. With 3H label, laminae I and II revealed few
      overlying silver grains; many grains overlay laminae III-VI. Projections from the
      motor cortex labeled with either WGA-HRP or 3H extended from the contralateral
      laminae III/IV border into the motor nucleus (lamina IX) and were seen to be
      somewhat more dense in the lateral areas of the spinal gray. The motor cortex
      projected heavily to ipsilateral VIII, and in sparse amounts to ipsilateral V and
      VI. Electron microscopy of radioactive axons from the sensory cortex to dorsal
      horn revealed many radioactive myelinated fibers and some labeled non-myelinated
      axons. Labeled terminals contacted medium to small dendrites; there were a few
      labeled C-type profiles in glomeruli and occasional axo-axonal or dendro-axonal
      contacts, the labeled cortical axons being the postsynaptic structure. In ventral
      horn following motor cortex injections, the labeled axons were all myelinated.
      The synaptic contacts were found on small, medium, and large proximal dendrites
      as well as on cell bodies. Labeled terminals which formed the central element in
      glomeruli were also seen in this region. Most of the labeled corticospinal
      terminals in dorsal and ventral horn contained rounded vesicles, but a
      significant number revealed pleomorphic vesicles. The relationship of these
      morphological findings to physiological studies of the CST is presented.

PMID- 2418075
TI  - An analysis of the cellular localization of cytochrome oxidase in the lateral
      geniculate nucleus of the adult cat.
AB  - The distribution of cytochrome oxidase (C.O.) was examined in the normal adult
      cat lateral geniculate nucleus at the cellular and electron-microscopic levels.
      The darker reactivity of the X- and/or Y-receptive laminae (A, A1, magnocellular
      lamina C [Cm], and medial interlaminar nucleus [MIN]) compared with the lightly
      reactive W-receptive parvicellular lamina C (Cp) indicates that there are pathway
      specific histochemical differences in the visual system of the cat. At the
      cellular level, darkly reactive large cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus
      (LGN) closely resemble class 1, Y-cells, in relative size and distribution, thus
      indicating that C.O. histochemistry may be used as a functional marker for these
      cells. Perigeniculate neurons are also darkly reactive. Neuronal classes 2, 4,
      and 3 (presumed X-cells, W-cells, and/or interneurons) have moderate to lightly
      reactive perikarya. The darkly reactive neuronal classes tend to receive
      relatively stronger proximal excitatory synaptic input than do the less reactive
      neuronal classes. Since all neuronal classes appeared to have darkly (or
      moderately) reactive dendrites, C.O. reactivity must differ between dendrite and
      soma of some neuronal classes. At the electron-microscopic level, distinct
      components of the neuropil tend to have specific levels of C.O. reactivity. The
      predominance of darkly reactive mitochondria in dendrites indicates that
      dendrites are metabolically very active. RLD and may F's, but few large axon
      terminals with round vesicles (RL) or small axon terminals with round vesicles
      (RS) profiles are darkly reactive, implying that specific classes of presynaptic
      structures are more active than others. Thus C.O. histochemistry may be useful
      for distinguishing not only functionally active neuronal classes such as Y-cells
      and perigeniculate (PG) neurons from less active neuronal classes, but also
      functionally more or less active parts of the same neuron including its
      dendrites, axons, and/or axon terminals.

PMID- 2418076
TI  - A quantitative study of the relative contribution of different retinal sectors to
      the innervation of various thalamic and pretectal nuclei in goldfish.
AB  - The contribution of retinal ganglion cells situated in different retinal
      quadrants to the innervation of eight nontectal, retinorecipient targets was
      examined in goldfish. In some fish, cobaltous-lysine was used to selectively fill
      severed intraretinal ganglion cell axons and the number of filled axons within
      each nucleus was determined. In other fish, either the dorsal or ventral or nasal
      or temporal retina was ablated and the remaining axons from the intact retina
      were filled with cobalt. The density of the cobalt-filled axons within the
      retinorecipient targets was quantified with a microdensitometer. All of the eight
      targets received different degrees of innervation when the contributions from
      dorsal and ventral retina were compared. The suprachiasmatic nucleus received
      axons from ventral, but not from dorsal, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), while the
      nucleus opticus dorsolateralis, nucleus opticus commissurae posterior, and
      nucleus opticus pretectalis dorsalis received more axons from ventral than from
      dorsal RGCs. The tuberal region, nucleus corticalis, and the accessory optic
      nucleus received axons from dorsal, but not from ventral, RGCs. The nucleus
      opticus pretectalis ventralis received more axons from dorsal then from ventral
      RGCs. Only one target, nucleus corticalis, appeared to receive more axons from
      nasal than from temporal RGCs. In general, those nuclei that were closest to the
      dorsal optic tract were innervated exclusively or predominantly by ventral RGC
      axons, whereas those nuclei that were closest to the ventral optic tract were
      innervated exclusively or predominantly by dorsal RGC axons. These data indicate
      that in this particular vertebrate, the dorsal and ventral retinal regions are
      not homogeneous with respect to their projections to nontectal nuclei. The
      possible role that the nontectal nuclei play in determining the course of optic
      axons is discussed.

PMID- 2418077
TI  - The dorsal cochlear nucleus of the mouse: a light microscopic analysis of neurons
      that project to the inferior colliculus.
AB  - In the mouse dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), all members of a distinct class of
      large multipolar neurons were shown to project to the contralateral inferior
      colliculus by using retrograde horseradish peroxidase techniques. Typically,
      these multipolar neurons have the largest cell bodies in the nucleus and are
      distributed in layers II, III, and IV. Each contains a round, pale nucleus with a
      prominent nucleolus and conspicuous Nissl bodies. In Golgi preparations, however,
      two types of large cells could be distinguished on the basis of dendritic
      characteristics. Pyramidal cells form relatively flattened, slablike dendritic
      fields whose alignment contributes to the laminar organization of the DCN. They
      represent 75-80% of the large cell population and are found in layer II and the
      superficial region of layer III. Giant cells represent the other type of large
      multipolar neuron and are distributed in the deeper regions of layer III and in
      layer IV. Their ellipsoidal dendritic fields are formed by long and relatively
      unbranched dendrites that project across the laminae. The differences in
      dendritic morphology imply that each cell class segregates its afferent input in
      distinct ways and subserves different auditory functions.

PMID- 2418078
TI  - Commissural neurons in layer III of cat primary auditory cortex (AI): pyramidal
      and non-pyramidal cell input.
AB  - The types of layer III neurons in cat primary auditory cortex (AI) projecting to
      the contralateral AI were studied with horseradish peroxidase or horseradish
      peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin. Injections between the anterior
      and posterior ectosylvian sulci retrogradely labeled both pyramidal and non
      pyramidal somata in contralateral cortical layers III, V, and VI in AI, and in
      the ventral nucleus of the ipsilateral medial geniculate body. Three-quarters
      (72%) of the retrogradely labeled cells were found in layer III and one-quarter
      (28%) lay in layers V and VI. Every part of AI was innervated by commissural
      neurons. The topographical distribution of the labeled cells varied
      systematically. Injections in the caudal part of AI labeled cells in the caudal
      part of the opposite AI, while more rostral injections labeled cells in the
      contralateral, rostral AI. Injections covering the rostro-caudal extent of AI
      labeled cells throughout the opposite AI. Each part of AI thus projects most
      strongly to a contralateral, homotypic area, and less strongly to other, adjacent
      sectors of AI. The types of labeled cells were distinguished from one another on
      the basis of size, somatic and dendritic morphology, laminar distribution, and
      nuclear membrane morphology. Their somatodendritic profiles were compared to, and
      correlated with, those in Golgi-impregnated material from adult animals. Among
      the pyramidal cells of origin were small, medium-sized, and large neurons, and
      star pyramidal cells. The non-pyramidal cells of origin included bipolar and
      multipolar cells. Thus, at least six of the 12 kinds of neurons, as defined by
      morphological methods, participate in the interhemispheric pathway. Pyramidal
      cells comprised 65% of the cells of origin, 14% of the labeled cells in layer III
      were non-pyramidal, and 21% of the neurons could not be classified. It is unknown
      if these different types of commissural neurons have the same laminar or
      cytological targets in AI, or if they represent more than one functional or
      parallel pathway within AI. In any case, cytologically diverse layer III neurons
      contribute to the commissural system.

PMID- 2418079
TI  - Projections from the nucleus tractus solitarii to the rostral ventrolateral
      medulla.
AB  - Projections from the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) to autonomic control regions
      of the ventrolateral medulla, particularly the nucleus reticularis
      rostroventrolateralis (RVL), which serves as a tonic vasomotor center, were
      analyzed in rat by anterograde, retrograde, and combined axonal transport
      techniques. Autonomic portions of the NTS, including its commissural, dorsal,
      intermediate, interstitial, ventral, and ventrolateral subnuclei directly project
      to RVL as well as to other regions of the ventrolateral medulla. The projections
      are organized topographically. Rostrally, a small cluster of neurons in the
      intermediate third of NTS, the subnucleus centralis, and neurons in proximity to
      the solitary tract selectively innervate neurons in the retrofacial nucleus and
      nucleus ambiguus. Neurons generally located in more caudal and lateral sites in
      the NTS innervate the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVL). The RVL, CVL, and
      nucleus retroambiguus are interconnected. A combined retrograde and anterograde
      transport technique was developed so as to prove that projections from the NTS to
      the ventrolateral medulla specifically innervate the region of RVL containing
      neurons projecting to the thoracic spinal cord or the region of the nucleus
      containing vagal preganglionic neurons. When the retrograde tracer, fast blue,
      was injected into the thoracic spinal cord, and wheat germ agglutinin-conjugate
      horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the NTS, anterogradely labeled
      terminals from the NTS surrounded the retrogradely labeled neurons in the RVL and
      in the nucleus retroambiguus in the caudal medulla. Among the bulbospinal neurons
      in the RVL innervated by the NTS were adrenaline-synthesizing neurons of the C1
      group. When fast blue was applied to the cervical vagus, and HRP was injected
      into the NTS, anterogradely labeled terminals from the NTS surrounded
      retrogradely labeled neurons in the rostral dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus,
      the region of the nucleus ambiguus, the retrofacial nucleus, and the dorsal
      portion of the RVL, a region previously shown to contain cardiac vagal
      preganglionic neurons. This combined anterograde and retrograde transport
      technique provides a useful method for tracing disynaptic connections in the
      brain. These data suggest that the RVL is part of a complex of visceral output
      regions in the ventrolateral medulla, all of which receive afferent projections
      from autonomic portions of the NTS. Bulbospinal neurons in the RVL, in particular
      the C1 adrenaline neurons, may provide a portion of the anatomic substrate of the
      baroreceptor and other visceral reflexes.

PMID- 2418080
TI  - The primate mediodorsal (MD) nucleus and its projection to the frontal lobe.
AB  - The frontal lobe projections of the mediodorsal (MD) nucleus of the thalamus were
      examined in rhesus monkey by transport of retrograde markers injected into one of
      nine cytoarchitectonic regions (Walker's areas 6, 8A, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 46, and
      Brodmann's area 4) located in the rostral third of the cerebrum. Each area of
      prefrontal, premotor, or motor cortex injected was found to receive a
      topographically unique thalamic input from clusters of cells in specific
      subdivisions within MD. All of the prefrontal areas examined also receive
      topographically organized inputs from other thalamic nuclei including, most
      prominently, the ventral anterior (VA) and medial pulvinar nuclei. Conversely,
      and in agreement with previous findings, MD projects to areas of the frontal lobe
      beyond the traditional borders of prefrontal cortex, such as the anterior
      cingulate and supplementary motor cortex. The topography of thalamocortical
      neurons revealed in coronal sections through VA, MD, and pulvinar is
      circumferential. In the medial part of MD, for example, thalamocortical neurons
      shift from a dorsal to a ventral position for cortical targets lying medial to
      lateral along the ventral surface of the lobe; neurons in the lateral MD move
      from a ventral to a dorsal position, for cortical areas situated lateral to
      medial on the convexity of the hemisphere. The aggregate evidence for topographic
      specificity is supported further by experiments in which different fluorescent
      dyes were placed in multiple areas of the frontal lobe in each of three cases.
      The results show that very few, if any, thalamic neurons project to more than one
      area of cortex. The widespread cortical targets of MD neurons together with
      evidence for multiple thalamic inputs to prefrontal areas support a revision of
      the classical hodological definition of prefrontal cortex as the exclusive
      cortical recipient of MD projections. Rather, the prefrontal cortex is defined by
      multiple specific relationships with the thalamus.

PMID- 2418081
TI  - Neuronal classes and their relation to functional and laminar organization of the
      lateral geniculate nucleus: a Golgi study of the prosimian primate, Galago
      crassicaudatus.
AB  - The neuronal organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the prosimian
      primate, Galago crassicaudatus, was studied in Golgi-Kopsch-impregnated material.
      On the basis of cytoarchitecture, electrophysiology, and connections the nucleus
      is divisible into three pairs of layers--one magnocellular, one parvocellular,
      and one koniocellular--each part of a separate retinogeniculate and
      geniculostriate pathway (Itoh et al., '82; Norton and Casagrande, '82). In Macaca
      and Saimiri, which have equally distinct geniculate subdivisions, it has been
      reported that, outside of cell size, no one morphological attribute
      differentiates magnocellular from parvocellular neurons (Campo-Ortega et al.,
      '68; Wong-Riley, '72; Saini and Garey, '81; Wilson and Hendrickson, '81). Results
      presented here are not inconsistent with this conclusion. However, when the
      results are analyzed from the standpoint of the collective traits that
      distinguish the cell groups that make up the layers, clear morphological
      differences are evident. Using this approach we find the following differences
      between presumed projection neurons and interneurons in each pair of layers. The
      projection neurons of the magnocellular layers, as a group, exhibit large cell
      bodies with radially arranged dendrites which often extend beyond laminar
      borders. The magnocellular interneurons are larger than their counterparts in the
      other layers and, like the magnocellular projection neurons, exhibit radially
      arranged dendrites. The former, however, also share characteristics in common
      with other interneurons such as relatively small somata, few proximal dendrites,
      and complex distal dendritic appendages. In contrast, the projection neurons and
      interneurons of the parvocellular layers have smaller somata and more restricted
      dendritic spreads than their counterparts in the magnocellular layers. Dendritic
      arbors of parvocellular neurons are typically oriented perpendicular to laminar
      borders and remain confined to their layer of origin. The koniocellular neurons
      represent a more diverse population but collectively are distinct in that the
      dendrites of almost all neurons in these layers run parallel to the layers. The
      fact that presumed interneurons and projection neurons in a single layer share a
      number of related dendritic features suggests that both groups together are
      responsible for the structural and, hence, functional architecture of a
      layer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2418083
TI  - Endocytic and exocytic pathways of the neuronal secretory process and trans
      synaptic transfer of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase in vivo.
AB  - The lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
      was employed to study the endocytic and exocytic pathways of the secretory
      process in neurons and the potential for trans-synaptic transfer of molecules
      within the CNS. WGA-HRP binds to surface membrane oligosaccharides and enters
      cells by adsorptive endocytosis. The lectin conjugate was administered
      intranasally or into the cerebral ventricles of mice; postinjection survival
      times ranged from 5 minutes to 6 days. Due to binding of the lectin to ependymal
      cells subsequent to an intraventricular injection, only select populations of
      neurons (i.e., hippocampal formation; paraventricular nuclei; midbrain raphe; VI,
      X, XII motor nuclei; among others) were exposed extracellularly to WGA-HRP and
      became labeled by retrograde axoplasmic transport from axon terminals or by
      direct cell body/dendritic uptake. WGA-HRP delivered intranasally was endocytosed
      by first-order olfactory neurons and transported by anterograde axoplasmic flow
      to the terminal field within the glomerular layer of the main olfactory bulb;
      eventually perikarya of the mitral cell layer were labeled, presumably by
      anterograde trans-synaptic transfer of the lectin conjugate. In the variety of
      neurons analyzed ultrastructurally following exposure to WGA-HRP, the proposed
      sequence of intracellular pathways through which peroxidase reaction product was
      traced over time was: cell surface membrane----endocytic structures----endosomes
      (presecondary lysosomes)----transfer vesicles----transmost Golgi saccule---
      vesicles, vacuoles, and/or dense core granules. WGA-HRP also labeled vesicles and
      tubules that were channeled to and/or derived from spherical endosomes, dense
      bodies, and multivesicular bodies. The peroxidase-positive, membrane-delimited
      products of the trans Golgi saccule contributed to anterograde axonal transport
      vectors and accumulated within axon terminals. A second contribution to these
      vectors was provided by peroxidase-labeled tubules and dense bodies believed to
      represent components of the lysosomal compartment. Profiles of the axonal
      reticulum comparable to those that stained cytochemically for glucose-6
      phosphatase activity, a marker for the endoplasmic reticulum, were not associated
      with the transport of WGA-HRP. Trans-synaptic transfer of WGA-HRP from primary
      olfactory neurons to postsynaptic cells in the olfactory bulb was reflected in
      peroxidase-positive endocytic vesicles, endosomes, dense bodies, and the trans
      Golgi saccule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2418082
TI  - Laminar organization of geniculocortical projections in Galago senegalensis and
      Aotus trivirgatus.
AB  - The projections of the lateral geniculate nucleus to striate cortex were traced
      by anterograde and retrograde transport of WGA-HRP in two primates, Galago and
      Aotus. The goal was to determine the laminar organization of the terminals of
      individual layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. The results show that in
      both species the magnocellular layers project to cortical layer IV alpha, the
      parvicellular layers project to IV beta, and the intercalated geniculate layers
      (which term includes layers 4 and 5 in Galago) project to layers III and I. The
      distribution of terminals in layer III is periodic, which is to say, there are
      regularly spaced regions of terminals separated by regions devoid of terminals.
      When the two species are compared to Saimiri, it is clear that the basic
      organization of the three pathways relaying in the lateral geniculate nucleus is
      common to all three primates. At the same time, there are some significant
      species differences. The total pattern of projections in Galago is compressed in
      comparison to that in the monkey, and this compression seems to be related to the
      poorer differentiation of cortical layers in the prosimian. For example, layer
      IIIC is distinct only in the two monkeys and at the same time it is spared from
      geniculate terminations. Both Galago and Aotus differ from Saimiri in that they
      lack a projection from the parvicellular geniculate layers to the layer IIIB.
      These species comparisons are relevant to the questions of the functional
      significance of the three pathways and the evolution of the primate striate
      cortex.

PMID- 2418084
TI  - Technical procedures for Mohs fresh tissue surgery.
AB  - Careful mapping and staining are important steps in securing high quality
      specimen slides for microscopic examination. We hope that our experiences will be
      of help to those individuals performing Mohs microscopically controlled surgery.

PMID- 2418085
TI  - Anti-hair keratin monoclonal antibody (HKN-2).

PMID- 2418086
TI  - [Nucleic acid metabolism in the liver of rats at different periods of ontogeny].

PMID- 2418087
TI  - The haemostatic effects of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) used as a volume expander.
AB  - Hydroxyethyl starch (HES 450.000/0.7; Hespan 6.0 g/100 ml) was compared with
      standard crystalloid solutions in postoperative volume replacement in 20 patients
      undergoing routine orthopaedic surgery. The HES group showed no clinical evidence
      of haemorrhage and no laboratory evidence of significant haemostatic defects as
      assessed by standard coagulation tests, platelet aggregation and fibrinogen
      concentrations. There was a slight shortening in the thrombin time and a smaller
      increase in post-operative FVIII RAg and FVIII RCof levels in the HES group. HES
      is a safe and effective volume expander for postoperative use.

PMID- 2418088
TI  - Lack of correlation between titers of serum allergen-specific IgE and symptoms in
      untreated patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.
AB  - In five ragweed seasons and three grass pollen seasons, preseason and postseason
      ragweed-specific serum IgE and nasal secretory-specific IgE and IgA have been
      measured in untreated patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. There was no
      consistent correlation between severity of rhinitis, as measured by
      symptom/medication scores during the season, and either absolute or changes in
      antibody titers. These findings suggest that antibody levels are only one of the
      factors that determine symptom severity.

PMID- 2418089
TI  - Characteristics of diatrizoate-induced basophil histamine release.
AB  - Factors influencing the release of histamine by basophils exposed to the
      radiocontrast agent diatrizoate were investigated in vitro by use of cells from
      healthy adult subjects with no history of radiocontrast reactions. Diatrizoate
      induced release shared similarities with calcium ionophore-induced release. The
      response to both agents is dose dependent, enhanced by deuterium oxide, optimal
      at 37 degrees C, calcium dependent, and enhanced with longer reaction times.
      Unlike calcium ionophore, however, pretreatment of basophils with diatrizoate may
      also induce dose-dependent inhibition of reactivity during subsequent challenges
      with anti-IgE, N-formyl methionine peptide, and calcium ionophore. These findings
      suggest that diatrizoate may induce histamine release via a calcium ionophore
      like mechanism, but other effects on cellular function probably account for its
      ability to inhibit basophil responsiveness.

PMID- 2418090
TI  - The mast cell as a primary effector cell in the pathogenesis of asthma.

PMID- 2418091
TI  - The concept of basophil releasability.

PMID- 2418092
TI  - Studies of kissing bug-sensitive patients: evidence for the lack of cross
      reactivity between Triatoma protracta and Triatoma rubida salivary gland
      extracts.
AB  - In the southern and western sections of the United States, bites from the
      reduviid bug, commonly known as the kissing bug, genus Triatoma, may induce
      serious life-threatening allergic reactions. This study was undertaken to
      identify the allergens responsible for patient sensitization and to determine the
      extent of cross-reactivity of these allergens. The Triatoma spp. most commonly
      encountered in California and Arizona, T. protracta and T. rubida, were obtained,
      maintained in the laboratory, and dissected to prepare extracts for testing.
      Extracts were prepared from T. protracta and T. rubida for study by RAST,
      lymphocyte transformation, leukocyte histamine release, and RAST inhibition. Sera
      and cells were collected from patients who had generalized reactions to Triatoma
      bites. Our results indicate that T. protracta and T. rubida antigens to which
      patients are sensitized are present in extracts that contain saliva and that
      human responses are specific for T. protracta or T. rubida, i.e., allergic cross
      reactivity could not be demonstrated.

PMID- 2418093
TI  - Human basophil releasability. I. Age-related changes in basophil releasability.
AB  - Releasability of human basophils (i.e., the response to a standard stimulus) is
      an important parameter in several pathophysiologic conditions. We studied the IgE
      (anti-IgE)- and non-IgE-mediated (f-met peptide and Ca2+ ionophore A23187)
      releasability of human basophils obtained from 63 normal donors whose ages ranged
      from 1 to 86 years. The maximum percent of histamine release induced by anti-IgE
      was significantly correlated (rs = 0.57; p less than 0.001) with the age of
      donors. The sensitivity to a standard concentration of anti-IgE (3 X 10(-2)
      mcg/ml) was also correlated with the age of cell donors (rs = 0.68; p less than
      0.001). In the population of 63 donors tested, the maximum percent of histamine
      release and the cell sensitivity to anti-IgE appeared to be independent of the
      serum concentration of IgE. However, we found a positive correlation (rs = 0.55;
      p less than 0.05) between serum IgE level and anti-IgE-induced histamine release
      in the group less than 20 years of age. In contrast, a negative correlation (rs =
      -0.32; p less than 0.05) between serum IgE level and anti-IgE-induced histamine
      secretion was found in the group greater than 21 years of age. The maximum
      percent of histamine release induced by f-met peptide and Ca2+ ionophore A23187
      appeared to be independent to both the age of the donors and the serum IgE
      level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2418094
TI  - Use of superparamagnetic particles for isolation of cells.
AB  - This report describes the preparation and characterization of synthetic ferritin
      like particles produced by precipitation of magnetite from a mixture of ferrous
      and ferric ions in the presence of dextran. The 3-nm diameter particles,
      containing magnetite cores surrounded by chemisorbed dextran, had a magnetization
      of 46.7 emu/g of iron with Mossbauer quadrupole splitting of 2 delta = 0.76 mm/s.
      The application of these particles as a laboratory reagent for isolation of
      Legionella from other water bacteria was successfully tested. A 400-fold
      enrichment for Legionella was obtained.

PMID- 2418095
TI  - [A case of acute interstitial pneumonitis with rapid clinical course induced by
      peplomycin].

PMID- 2418096
TI  - Atrioventricular block following overdose of decongestant cold medication.
AB  - A 24-year-old man developed high-degree atrioventricular (A-V) block with a pulse
      rate of 40 beats per minute and hypertension following an overdose of a
      combination decongestant cold medication that contained phenylpropanolamine,
      phenylephrine, chlorpheniramine, and phenyltoloxamine. The patient was treated
      with ipecac, activated charcoal, and cathartics in the emergency department (ED).
      After his admission to the coronary care unit, the A-V block gradually resolved
      to sinus rhythm with periods of second-degree block, Mobitz types I and II. No
      treatment was required. The patient had a normal sinus rhythm and normal blood
      pressure prior to discharge.

PMID- 2418097
TI  - Identification of human milk kappa-casein on polyacrylamide gels by differential
      staining with Ethyl-Stains-all and chymosin sensitivity.
AB  - Ethyl-Stains-all (ESA), a cationic carbocyanine dye that stains phosphorylated,
      sialylated, and unmodified proteins differentially, was used to stain a human
      casein fraction enriched for its kappa-casein-like characteristics. The staining
      properties and chymosin sensitivity of this fraction were compared with those of
      human milk and bovine casein proteins. Phosphorylated human and bovine beta
      caseins stained blue with ESA. The sialic acid-containing bovine kappa-casein
      stained blue-green. The human kappa-like fraction was enriched for a protein that
      stained blue-green with ESA. Both bovine kappa-casein and the human blue-green
      staining protein were susceptible to chymosin digestion at lower concentrations
      of chymosin than that required for digestion of beta-caseins. In each case,
      following chymosin digestion, a green-staining peptide of lower molecular weight
      replaced the original protein and para-kappa-casein was formed. Identification of
      human kappa-casein on SDS-polyacrylamide gels was based on its differential
      staining with ESA and chymosin sensitivity with respect to beta-casein.

PMID- 2418098
TI  - Characterization of pancreatic-type tissue in the liver of rat induced by
      polychlorinated biphenyls.
AB  - Pancreatic-type tissue induced in the livers of rats treated with polychlorinated
      biphenyls was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and high
      resolution immunocytochemistry. The cells of pancreatic-type tissue were arranged
      as acini and in small groups. By electron microscopy the pancreatic-type tissue
      showed features very similar to normal pancreatic acinar tissue, such as well
      developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), large numbers of mature zymogen
      granules, and a basally located nucleus. Protein A-gold imunocytochemical
      technique showed localization of amylase and trypsinogen over the zymogen
      granules and RER. These findings confirm that this tissue in the liver is
      morphologically and functionally identical to pancreatic acinar tissue.

PMID- 2418099
TI  - A quantitative immuno-electronmicroscopic study of amylase and chymotrypsinogen
      in peri- and tele-insular cells of the rat exocrine pancreas.
AB  - Malaisse-Lagae demonstrated in 1975 that peri-insular (PI) cells and tele-insular
      (TI) cells produce amylase (Am) and chymotrypsinogen (Ch) in a different ratio.
      These biochemical measurements are in contradiction with recent observations of
      Bendayan (1985), who found that the Am/Ch ratio measured with the protein A-gold
      technique applied to ultrathin Epon sections was the same in PI and TI cells. We
      have previously shown (Posthuma et al., 1984) that experimentally induced changes
      in Am and Ch content of rat pancreas are quantitatively reflected by immuno-gold
      labeling of zymogen granules in cryosections. Here we applied the same technique
      to compare the Am/Ch labeling density ratios in PI and TI pancreatic cells. To
      ascertain constancy of experimental conditions, we used ultrathin cryosections
      from tissue blocks consisting of TI and PI tissue elements. Consecutive sections
      of these blocks were alternatively immunolabeled for Am and Ch, using protein A
      gold as marker. The density of gold particles over zymogen granules of both PI
      and TI cells was measured. It appeared that the Am/Ch labeling density ratio was
      significantly lower in PI than in TI cells. This difference resulted from a lower
      Am labeling as well as higher Ch labeling density over zymogen granules in PI
      cells.

PMID- 2418100
TI  - Immunohistochemical and immunochemical characterization of a new endothelial cell
      specific antigen.
AB  - A new monoclonal antibody (moab BW 200) of IgG3 kappa-isotype was generated which
      recognizes an epitope located on an antigen molecule restricted to human
      neoplastic and non-neoplastic endothelial cells. The molecular weight of the
      antigen was determined using immunoprecipitation analysis followed by SDS-PAGE.
      Despite its similar molecular weight to FVIII-RAG, the antigen detected by moab
      BW 200 was shown to be different from FVIII-RAG.

PMID- 2418101
TI  - Analysis of Plasmodium falciparum growth in culture using acridine orange and
      flow cytometry.
AB  - The growth of Plasmodium falciparum in cultures of human red blood cells was
      studied using acridine orange to stain RNA and DNA, followed by flow cytometric
      analysis. The cycle of the parasite is characterized by a period of growth, prior
      to initiation of DNA synthesis, in which a significant increase in red
      fluorescence is observed, with only a small change in green fluorescence.
      Following this phase, which is formally similar to the G1 period in mammalian
      cells, initiation of DNA synthesis is characterized by increases in green
      fluorescence. Sorting of cells from several regions of the two-dimensional
      display shows that the distribution of morphological stages correlates with
      differences in red and green fluorescence. The effect of aphidicolin on the
      growth cycle of the parasite was also studied.

PMID- 2418102
TI  - Assessment of cell cycle-associated antigen expression using multiparameter flow
      cytometry and antibody-acridine orange sequential staining.
AB  - A novel approach which enables direct assessment of the differential expression
      of cellular antigens in noncycling (G0) and cycling cell subpopulations is
      presented. The method involves flow cytometric analysis and sorting of cells
      stained by use of indirect immunofluorescence, followed by restaining using acid
      acridine orange, to relate the immunofluorescence of sorted lymphoid
      subpopulation(s) to cell proliferation status (i.e., G0 vs. G1 vs. S vs. G2 and
      M). In the present study, this technique successfully identifies the
      proliferation-associated modulation of a heterochromatin-associated antigen in
      pokeweed mitogen-stimulated human lymphoid cultures. The potential utility of
      this method for documenting early antigenic changes associated with the G0-G1
      transition is discussed.

PMID- 2418103
TI  - Immunological characteristics and histological distribution of human hair fibrous
      proteins studied with anti-hair keratin monoclonal antibodies HKN-2, HKN-4, and
      HKN-6.
AB  - By use of a mouse hybridoma technique, monoclonal antibodies were produced
      against hair fibrous proteins, which were extracted from normal human hairs.
      Three monoclonal antibodies, designated as HKN-2, HKN-4, and HKN-6, were chosen
      and used to investigate the immunological characteristics of hair fibrous
      proteins. Epidermal fibrous proteins were also extracted from human sole callus
      horny materials. Hair or epidermal fibrous proteins were electrophoretically
      separated on polyacrylamide gels with sodium dodecyl sulfate. By immunoblot
      analyses, HKN-2 and HKN-4 marked the electrophoretic bands of both proteins;
      however, HKN-6 reacted only with the bands of hair fibrous proteins.
      Immunohistochemically, all three monoclonal antibodies stained the keratogenous
      zone of anagen hairs. HKN-6 did not react with any other skin components or with
      tissues of other organs examined. Although HKN-2 showed reactions with skin
      epithelial tissues, except for epidermal basal cells and secretory cells of sweat
      glands, the reactivity of HKN-2 was limited within the skin. HKN-4 displayed a
      broad crossreactivity with all of the skin epithelial cells and various
      epithelial cells of other organs. These findings indicate that some components of
      hair fibrous proteins are immunologically specific to hair cells, whereas others
      broadly crossreacted with the fibrous proteins of other skin epithelial cells or
      with those of various epithelial cells. The anti-hair keratin monoclonal
      antibodies seem useful to examine the differentiation patterns of epithelial
      cells and tissues.

PMID- 2418104
TI  - Immunotherapy in acquired immune deficiency syndrome and related syndromes.

PMID- 2418105
TI  - Incorporation of C14-thymidine and C14-uridine nucleosides into nucleic acid
      molecules in the liver of mice exposed to trivalent arsenic in drinking water.
AB  - The effect of trivalent arsenic on the C14-thymidine and C14-uridine
      incorporation into the liver nucleic acid molecules was studied in groups of mice
      exposed to 3.3 mmol . l-1 sodium arsenite in drinking water for 2, 4, 8, 16 and
      32 days. In each exposure group, 18 h before the animals were killed by
      decapitation, six to ten mice were injected with 0.1 ml of C14-thymidine or C14
      uridine of an activity of 0.37 MBq. The radioactivity of liver DNA and liver RNA
      fractions isolated and separated by extraction from the mouse liver homogenate
      was measured on a Betazcint BZ 5,000 scintillation counter and expressed as cpm .
      mg-1 of isolated nucleic acids. Initially, the rates at which the labeled
      thymidine and uridine nucleosides incorporated into the nucleic acid molecules
      showed a marked drop below the control value, then started to rise again,
      continuing to gradually increase as the time of arsenic exposure was increasing;
      they attained the control value on day 8, and at the last interval of observation
      (i.e. at 32 days of exposure to arsenic) they reached, respectively, 143% and
      127% of the control value. The initial drop in the rate of nucleoside
      incorporation is believed to reflect the general metabolic inhibition caused by
      arsenic; the subsequent enhancement of the process of incorporation is ascribed
      to the induction of enzymes that are involved in the development of a tolerance
      for arsenic.

PMID- 2418106
TI  - Coordinate expression of cytolytic activity and cytotoxic T cell-specific
      carbohydrate antigens in a T cell hybridoma.
AB  - The expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-specific carbohydrate antigens
      (termed CT antigens) was studied by using a cytolytically inducible T cell
      hybridoma, KSH4.13.6. Expression of the CT determinants occurred concomitantly
      with the expression of cytolytic activity after induction of the hybrid with
      supernatants from Con A-activated rat spleen cells. Purified IL 2 was also proven
      to be effective in inducing cytolytic activity and CT antigen expression, but the
      time course of activation by IL 2 was prolonged as compared to activation by
      crude supernatants. Furthermore, the activation process was reversible because
      removal of the hybrid from inducing medium resulted in the loss of cytolytic
      capability and CT antigen expression. By separating the low and high expressors
      of CT antigen from an induced hybrid population, it was shown that the level of
      CT antigen expression correlated with the cytolytic ability of the hybrid. High
      expressors of CT antigen exhibited four- to 50-fold greater lytic activity than
      populations with low CT antigen levels. Binding experiments using lectins
      indicated that an increase in GalNAc-containing oligosaccharides also occurred on
      activation of the hybrid. This finding agrees with our results which indicated
      that the CT carbohydrate antigens are probably associated with O-linked glycans.
      Because our previous results with CTL clones indicated that the CT antigens were
      associated with the T200 glycoproteins, we performed immunoprecipitation
      experiments with surface-labeled induced and uninduced KSH4.13.6. The T200
      glycoproteins were precipitated by the CT1 monoclonal antibody from the induced
      population, but not from the uninduced population. Furthermore, precipitation by
      the GalNAc-recognizing lectin from Vicia villosa revealed marked differences in
      the GalNAc-containing proteins between the induced and uninduced populations.
      Thus, the results indicate that the T cell-derived polypeptide hormone IL 2 is
      able to influence the glycosylation of specific proteins in CTL, which results in
      the appearance of carbohydrate antigens whose expression is linked to the
      activation state of the CTL.

PMID- 2418107
TI  - Induction of alloreactive cytotoxic T cells by acute virus infection of mice.
AB  - Alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) distinct from virus-specific CTL and
      activated natural killer (NK) cells were generated during acute lymphocytic
      choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of C57BL/6J mice. The alloreactive CTL
      shared similar antigenic markers (Thy-1.2+, Lyt-2.2+, and asialo GM1-) with the
      virus-specific CTL that appeared at the same time 7 days postinfection, but had
      different target specificities. These alloreactive CTL lysed allogeneic but not
      syngeneic or xenogeneic targets. These were distinct from activated NK cells,
      which lysed all target cell types, peaked 3 days postinfection, and had a
      phenotype of asialo GM1+, Thy-1 +/-, Lyt-2.2-. Cold target competition studies
      indicated that there were several subsets of alloreactive T cells with distinct
      specificities, and that these alloreactive T cells were not subsets of the virus
      specific T cells. Similar types of alloreactive CTL were induced at much lower
      levels in C3H/St mice. This may indicate that the generation of this "aberrant" T
      cell activity is under genetic control. Hence, the LCMV infection of C57BL/6J
      mice induces several cytotoxic effector populations including alloreactive CTL,
      activated NK cells, and virus-specific CTL. Virus infections therefore have the
      ability not only to polyclonally stimulate B cells, as previously described, but
      also to stimulate CTL.

PMID- 2418108
TI  - Regulation of immune responses by T cell subsets. Role of helper and suppressor T
      cells in the development and expression of MHC-restricted antibody responses to L
      glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) by (responder X responder)F1
      spleen cells.
AB  - The roles of helper and suppressor T cells in the development and expression of
      antibody responses to GAT were studied in (responder X responder)F1 mice
      immunized with parental GAT-M phi. Spleen cells from (B10 X B10.D2)F1 mice primed
      in vivo with B10 or B10.D2 GAT-M phi developed secondary in vitro plaque-forming
      cell (PFC) responses only when stimulated by GAT-M phi syngeneic with the GAT-M
      phi used for in vivo priming. By contrast, virgin F1 spleen cells developed
      comparable primary PFC responses to both parental GAT-M phi Co-culture of T cells
      from (B10 X B10.D2)F1 mice primed in vivo by B10 GAT-M phi with virgin (B10 X
      B10.D2)F1 spleen cells demonstrated the presence of suppressor cells that
      inhibited the primary response of virgin spleen cells stimulated by B10.D2 GAT-M
      phi. Spleen cells from (B10 X B10.D2)F1 mice primed in vivo with B10.D2 GAT-M phi
      had suppressor T cells that suppressed primary responses stimulated by B10 GAT-M
      phi. The suppressor T cell mechanism was composed of at least two regulatory T
      cell subsets. Suppressor-inducer T cells were Lyt-2-, I-J+ and must be derived
      from immune spleen cells. Suppressor-effector T cells can be derived from virgin
      or immune spleens and were Lyt-2+ cells. When the suppressor mechanism was
      disabled by treatment with 1000 rad gamma irradiation or removal of Lyt-2+ cells,
      Lyt-2-helper T cells from (B10 X B10.D2)F1 mice primed with B10 GAT-M phi
      provided radioresistant help to virgin F1 B cells stimulated by B10 but not
      B10.D2 GAT-M phi. Suppressor inducer Lyt-2-,I-J+ cells from B10 GAT-M phi-primed
      (B10 X B10.D2)F1 mice were separated from the primed Lyt-2-,I-J-helper T cells.
      In the presence of Lyt-2+ suppressor effector cells, the Lyt-2-,I-J+ suppressor
      inducer suppressed the primary response of virgin spleen or virgin T plus B cells
      stimulated by both B10 and B10.D2 GAT-M phi. Therefore, suppressor T cells were
      able to suppress primary but not secondary GAT-specific PFC responses stimulated
      by either parental GAT-M phi. These results showed that immunization of
      (responder X responder)F1 mice with parental GAT-M phi results in the development
      of antigen-specific helper and suppressor T cells. The primed helper T cells were
      radioresistant and were genetically restricted to interact with GAT in
      association with the major histocompatibility complex antigens of the M phi used
      for in vivo priming.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2418109
TI  - Molecular heterogeneity of the bullous pemphigoid antigens as detected by
      immunoblotting.
AB  - Sera from 28 patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP), four patients with
      cicatricial pemphigoid (CP), and 24 controls (normal volunteers and patients with
      pemphigus, systemic lupus erythematosus, or other skin diseases) were tested
      against extracts of human epidermis by immunoblotting techniques. The extraction
      buffer included 1% SDS, 5% beta-mercaptoethanol, and six protease inhibitors with
      various specificities. BP sera from individual patients showed different patterns
      of reactivity with the same epidermal extract, and each pattern consisted of one
      or more bands. A total of five bands of 240 kD, 200 kD, 180 kD, 97 kD, and 77 kD
      reacted with BP sera; the 240-kD band reacted with one CP sera, and none of these
      bands was detected by the control sera. The 240-kD and 180-kD bands reacted very
      strongly with some sera and were most frequently observed (43% and 29%,
      respectively). The 200-kD, 97-kD, and 77-kD bands were less frequently observed
      (25%, 7%, and 7%, respectively), but when present, their reactions were usually
      strong. Eleven percent of the BP sera did not react with any bands. Contrary to
      previous reports, this study shows that BP autoantibodies react with several
      protein bands, as detected by immunoblotting. We have recently shown by
      immunoelectron microscopy that BP autoantibodies bind to the basal cell
      hemidesmosomes. It remains to be determined which of these protein bands
      represent specific hemidesmosomal proteins and which antibody-antigen
      interactions are relevant to the pathogenesis of this disease.

PMID- 2418110
TI  - Synergy between recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL 2) and IL 2-depleted lymphokine
      containing supernatants in facilitating allogeneic human cytolytic T lymphocyte
      responses in vitro.
AB  - Supernatants from human mixed leukocyte cultures or lectin-depleted supernatants
      from cultures of PHA-activated human peripheral blood leukocytes were depleted of
      IL 2 by passage over an anti-human rIL2 immunoadsorbent column. The column
      eluates were concentrated, dialyzed, and tested for their ability to synergize
      with human rIL 2 in facilitating human cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to
      allogeneic, uv-irradiated HT144 melanoma cells in vitro. CTL were generated in
      the presence of 1 X 10(-4) M hydrocortisone sodium succinate in order to minimize
      the generation of nonspecific lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. IL 2
      depleted lymphokine-containing supernatant (LKS), alone or in the presence of
      less than or equal to U/ml rIL 2 did not stimulate significant CTL responses.
      Recombinant IL 2 at greater than 2 U/ml stimulated weak CTL responses in the
      absence of LKS. However, strong synergistic CTL responses were observed when both
      IL 2-depleted LKS and greater than 2 U/ml rIL 2 were added to the cultures. CTL
      generated in these cultures could be distinguished from nonspecific LAK cells on
      the basis of their i) specificity, ii) T3 phenotype, and iii) kinetics of
      generation. Nevertheless, rIL 2 and IL 2-depleted LKS were sometimes observed to
      synergize in facilitating the generation of nonspecific LAK cells as well as the
      generation of specific CTL. When the times at which rIL 2 and IL 2-depleted LKS
      were added to the cultures were varied, IL 2 was found to be required early in
      CTL responses, whereas the synergistic factor(s) in LKS seemed to act later.
      Recombinant human interferon-gamma was unable to replace LKS in synergizing with
      rIL 2 to elicit CTL responses. In summary, these experiments suggest that LKS
      contains a late-acting factor(s), antigenically distinct from IL 2, which
      synergizes with IL 2 in facilitating human CTL responses.

PMID- 2418111
TI  - Insulin-specific suppressor T cell factors.
AB  - Murine antibody responses to heterologous insulins are controlled by MHC-linked
      immune response genes. Although nonresponder mice fail to make antibody when
      injected with nonimmunogenic variants of insulin, we have recently shown that
      nonimmunogenic variants stimulate radioresistant, Lyt- 1+2- helper T cells that
      support secondary antibody responses. However, the helper activity can not be
      detected unless dominant, radiosensitive Lyt-1-2+, I-J+ suppressor T cells are
      removed. In this paper we report that extracts of primed Lyt-2+ suppressor T
      cells contain insulin-specific suppressor factors (TsF) that are capable of
      replacing the activity of suppressor T cells in vitro. The activity of these
      factors is restricted by MHC-linked genes that map to the I-J region, and
      immunoadsorption studies indicated that they bind antigen and bear I-J-encoded
      determinants. Insulin-specific TsF consists of at least two chains, one-bearing I
      J and the other the antigen-binding site. Furthermore, mixing of isolated chains
      from different strains of mice indicates that the antigenic specificity is
      determined by the antigen-binding chain and the MHC restriction by the H-2
      haplotype of the source of the non-antigen-binding, I-J+ chain. Moreover,
      mixtures containing antigen-binding chain from allogeneic cell donors and I-J+
      chain from responder cell donors have activity in cultures containing responder
      lymphocytes. This suggests that preferential activation of suppressor T cells,
      rather than differential sensitivity to suppression, results in the nonresponder
      phenotype to insulin.

PMID- 2418112
TI  - Expression of a T cell receptor-like molecule on normal and malignant murine T
      cells detected by rat monoclonal antibodies to nonclonotypic determinants.
AB  - A T cell receptor-like molecule with a dimer structure of 45 kilodaltons (Kd)
      under reducing and 90 Kd under nonreducing conditions was detected on the surface
      of two murine T lymphoma lines, EL-4 and MBL-2, by two rat monoclonal antibodies.
      The two antibodies seemed to react with different determinants on the same
      molecule. The antibodies did not react with the surface of normal T cells as
      tested by flow cytometric analysis of cell surface staining. Two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis (IEF vs SDS-PAGE) and tryptic peptide analysis revealed the
      molecule to consist of two chains with different isoelectric points and different
      tryptic peptides. A conventional antiserum was raised against the heterodimer
      purified from EL-4 cells. The immune serum did not bind to the surface of normal
      T cells. However, the immune serum as well as the monoclonal antibodies
      immunoprecipitated the dimer molecules from detergent-solubilized normal
      thymocytes and spleen cells. The dimer molecule was detected on both immature and
      mature thymocytes. These results suggest that the antibodies detect non
      clonotypic determinants on a T cell receptor-like protein. The determinants are
      masked on the surface of normal T cells, whereas they are exposed on the surface
      of at least two T lymphoma cell lines. Three polypeptides of 30 Kd, 25 Kd, and 15
      Kd were also coprecipitated with the heterodimer from MBL-2 cells. These proteins
      may associate with the heterodimer and may be masking the antigenic determinants
      on normal T cells. The relationship between the heterodimer molecule described
      here and the T cell antigen receptor or the human T cell antigen 9.3 is still
      unknown.

PMID- 2418113
TI  - Characterization of the human glomerular C3 receptor as the C3b/C4b complement
      type one (CR1) receptor.
AB  - The functional and immunochemical characteristics of the human glomerular C3
      receptor were investigated by adherence of sheep erythrocytes (Es) coated with
      defined C3 fragments and by using polyclonal and/or monoclonal antibodies
      directed against epitopes expressed on complement receptors CR1, CR2, and CR3.
      C3b-bearing Es (EsC3b) strongly adhered to glomeruli in frozen kidney sections in
      a reaction that was selectively inhibited by F(ab')2 anti-CR1 antibodies. There
      was no adherence of EsC3dg, EsC3d, and EsC3bi in the presence or absence of Ca++
      and Mg++ under physiologic buffer conditions. The weak glomerular binding of
      EsC3bi, which was observed in half-isotonic buffer was selectively suppressed by
      anti-CR1 antibodies. By indirect immunofluorescence, anti-CR1 antibodies stained
      all podocytes in glomeruli, whereas no staining of kidney sections was seen with
      OKM1 and anti-Mol antibodies directed against the alpha-chain of CR3 and with
      anti-CR2 antibodies anti-B2 and BL13. Solubilization of membrane glycoproteins
      from freshly isolated glomeruli from three human kidneys, in the presence of 0.1%
      Nonidet P-40, yielded a material that bound to lentil lectin Sepharose and could
      accelerate the decay of preformed cell-bound amplification C3 convertase sites in
      a reaction that was inhibited by anti-CR1 antibodies. The material containing CR1
      activity was labeled with 125I, immunoprecipitated with anti-CR1, and analyzed by
      SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Anti-CR1 immunoprecipitated a form of CR1 of Mr
      205,000 in solubilized glomeruli from three donors, and an additional form of Mr
      160,000 in glomeruli from two of the donors. Immunoprecipitation of CR1 from
      surface-labeled erythrocytes from these individuals demonstrated them to be
      homozygous for the 205,000 Mr form of the receptor. Whether the 160,000 band
      represents in vitro or in vivo proteolytic cleavage of CR1, or cell specific
      modulation of gene expression of glomerular CR1, remains unclear. Thus, CR1 is
      the only type of C3 receptor expressed in the human kidney. Glomerular CR1 shares
      the functional antigenic and biochemical properties of the C3b/C4b CR1 receptor
      of peripheral blood cells.

PMID- 2418114
TI  - Characterization of the antigenic determinants and host components in immune
      complexes from patients with secondary syphilis.
AB  - Sera from patients with secondary syphilis were evaluated for abnormal levels of
      circulating immune complexes (IC), immunoglobulins (Ig), and complement
      components. Clq-solid-phase assays (Clq-SPA) that made use of monoclonal and
      polyclonal antibodies directed against IgG subclasses indicated that human IC
      were composed primarily of IgG3 and IgG1; these findings appeared consistent with
      subclass profile responses of electrophoretically transferred blots (Western
      blots) of Treponema pallidum reacted with syphilitic sera. Complexes were
      isolated from reactive sera by polyethylene glycol precipitation followed by
      either anti-Clq column chromatography or protein A-Sepharose chromatography.
      Although qualitative and quantitative differences were noted, all purified
      materials contained a treponemal polypeptide antigen with a m.w. of approximately
      87,000. Subsequent analysis of this polypeptide, which was also present in
      purified IC from rabbits with experimental syphilis, suggests that it may
      represent the fibronectin receptor of the organism. The 76,000 and 66,000
      materials, earlier identified in purified rabbit IC, appeared to represent C
      terminal degradation products of fibronectin presumably of host origin, rather
      than treponemal antigens. Although fibronectin binds avidly to Clq and could
      represent a co-precipitable contaminant throughout the isolation procedure, anti
      fibronectin antibodies in the sera of patients detectable by radioimmunoassay and
      the present of antibodies to 76,000 and 66,000 dalton fibronectin fragments in
      the globulin fractions of disassociated complexes argues against such a
      conclusion.

PMID- 2418115
TI  - Higher frequency of Leishmania major-specific L3T4+ T cells in susceptible BALB/c
      as compared with resistant CBA mice.
AB  - In previous studies, we reported that a) the adoptive transfer of parasite
      specific L3T4+ T cells enhanced rather than inhibited the development of lesions
      induced by Leishmania major in normal BALB/c mice, and b) the depletion in vivo
      of L3T4+ T cells by administration of anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody reversed the
      susceptibility of BALB/c mice to L. major. To further assess the role of specific
      L3T4+ T cells in the development of lesions induced by L. major in BALB/c mice,
      the frequency of parasite-specific T cells capable of mediating specific delayed
      type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactivity was determined, by limiting dilution
      analysis, in the lymph nodes draining the lesions of susceptible (BALB/c) and
      resistant (CBA) mice. The numbers of L. major-specific DTH-mediating T cells was
      found to be substantially increased in the lymph nodes of infected BALB/c mice as
      compared with CBA mice. Moreover in CBA mice, analysis of the cell surface
      phenotype of the L. major-specific DTH-mediating T cells showed that these cells
      were equally represented in the L3T4+, Lyt-2-, and L3T4- Lyt-2+ subsets, whereas
      the majority of these cells in BALB/c mice expressed the L3T4+ Lyt-2- surface
      phenotype.

PMID- 2418116
TI  - Serologic and T cell recognition of truncated transplantation antigens encoded by
      in vitro deleted class I major histocompatibility genes.
AB  - Gene constructions encoding a leader sequence and the C2, transmembrane, and
      intracytoplasmic exons of both H-2Ld (pLd-C2) and H-2Dd (pDd-C2) were expressed
      as cell surface proteins when stably introduced into mouse L cells. Distinct
      proteins of 17.5 and 16 kd precipitated from pDd-C2 transformants reacted with a
      C2 domain-specific monoclonal antibody, whereas the pLd-C2 transformants
      expressed a single 19 kd glycoprotein. A xenoantiserum specific for the exon
      VI/VIII fusion peptide of H-2Dd precipitated only the 16 kd product, suggesting
      that this protein was derived from an alternately spliced transcript lacking exon
      VII of the native gene. CTL specifically recognized the pLd-C2 and pDd-C2 gene
      products, indicating the existence of CTL reactive against polymorphic
      determinants in the C2 domain of class I antigens.

PMID- 2418117
TI  - Cell-mediated immune responses to syngeneic tumors. I. Identification of two
      distinct CTL effector pathways which differ in antigen specificity, genetic
      regulation, and cell surface phenotype.
AB  - It has been demonstrated previously that draining lymph nodes (DLN) from tumor
      immunized mice contain a population of lymphoid cells that are capable of
      differentiating into functional antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) during in
      vitro culture. In the present studies, it was observed that DLN cells from either
      C57BL/10 (B10) or C3H mice that had been footpad-immunized with syngeneic tumor
      cells differentiated into CTL during a 4-day in vitro culture in the absence of
      added antigen. The specificity patterns of the CTL thus generated, however, were
      quite different in the two strains. DLN from B10 mice immunized with ultraviolet
      light-induced fibrosarcoma cells of B10 origin differentiated into CTL which were
      only capable of lysing target cells from the tumor used for immunization. Thus,
      the antitumor CTL which differentiate from B10 DLN appeared to be specific for
      the tumor-specific antigen (TSA) expressed by these tumor cells. In contrast, DLN
      from C3H mice immunized with a syngeneic ultraviolet light-induced fibrosarcoma
      differentiated into CTL which effectively lysed not only target cells from the
      immunizing tumor, but several other fibrosarcomas of both B10 and C3H origin, and
      which did not lyse normal nontumor targets. These C3H effectors thus appeared to
      be specific for a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) which is widely shared by a
      number of tumors. Cold target-blocking studies demonstrated that the CTL
      generated by C3H DLN cells contained a subpopulation of TSA-specific cells in
      addition to cross-reactive TAA-specific effectors. (B6 X C3H)F1 (B6C3F1) mice
      generated cross-reactive TAA-specific CTL in response to in vivo challenge with
      either B10 or C3H tumors, indicating that the ability to generate a TAA-specific
      CTL response behaves as a dominant trait of the responding mouse strain and not
      as a function of the tumor used for immunization. TSA-specific CTL and cross
      reactive TAA-specific CTL were distinguishable on the basis of their cell surface
      phenotypes, because the TSA-specific CTL generated by B10 DLN cells were Thy-1.2+
      Lyt-2.2+, whereas TAA-specific B6C3F1 CTL were Thy-1.2+ Lyt-2.2-; alloantigen
      specific CTL generated from the same B6C3F1 lymph nodes were Thy-1.2+ Lyt
      2.2+.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2418118
TI  - A method for double immunofluorescent staining by the indirect procedure with
      antibodies of the same isotype.

PMID- 2418119
TI  - Anti-actin antibodies. Chemical modification allows the selective production of
      antibodies to the N-terminal region.
AB  - The specific properties of sera elicited by various native, unfolded or
      chemically modified actins were compared to provide a means of obtaining high
      titres of antibodies directed against the N-terminal (1-39) or the central
      regions of the actin sequence. The antigenic structure of the N-terminal region
      of actin was analyzed. It has at least 2 discrete epitopes, one of which appears
      to be species-specific and is composed of the hydrophilic N-terminal heptapeptide
      sequence.

PMID- 2418120
TI  - A rapid and simple immunoperoxidase staining procedure for blood and bone marrow
      samples.
AB  - A fast and simple indirect immunoperoxidase staining technique is described,
      which can also be used for the characterization of cells with high endogenous
      peroxidase activity such as many haemopoietic cells. It is based on the
      combination of a newly developed glucose-oxidase plus glucose procedure for the
      inhibition of endogenous peroxidase activity with a standard 2 or 3 layer
      immunoperoxidase staining protocol. Glucose-oxidase plus glucose mixture
      completely inhibits endogenous peroxidase activity without having a detectable
      deleterious effect on any of the cellular antigens so far studied. In many
      instances this permits the use of only 1 layer of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
      labelled antibodies. The glucose-oxidase plus glucose mixture can also be added
      to cells together with the HRP-labelled antibody solution without losing its
      inhibitory effect for endogenous peroxidase activity and without leading to a
      visually detectable loss of the activity of the HRP conjugate. Consequently, the
      separate incubation step previously necessary for the inhibition of endogenous
      peroxidase activity becomes superfluous.

PMID- 2418121
TI  - A specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure for detection of
      heterophile Hanganutziu and Deicher (HD) antibodies.
AB  - A specific, relatively sensitive, quantitative and standardized enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure was developed for the detection of
      heterophile Hanganutziu and Deicher (HD) antibodies which are occasionally
      elevated in pathologic human sera. The HD antigen-active molecule used for the
      assay was a ganglioside (N-glycolylneuraminyllactosylceramide, abbreviated as
      NeuGc-LacCer) previously purified from horse erythrocyte membranes. The test used
      antigen-coated plastic microtiter plates and anti-human immunoglobulin G (IgG,
      Fab fragment) conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. Fifty-four normal human sera
      gave ELISA values ranging from -2 to 2%. Random sera from hospitalized patients
      were first screened by the horse erythrocyte hemagglutination (HA) test, whereby
      5.7% (76 cases) gave abnormal HA titers of 128-4096 compared to titers in normal
      sera equal to or less than 64. Ninety-seven % of the patients' sera gave abnormal
      ELISA values (3-200%). They were classified into 3 groups: cancer (42 cases),
      infection (10 cases), and others (24 cases). The potential value of this ELISA
      method is discussed.

PMID- 2418122
TI  - Analysis of soluble HLA class II antigenic material in patients with
      immunological diseases using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - A quantitative assay for soluble human HLA Class II antigenic material is
      described. The method is a double-determinant ELISA using 2 monoclonal antibodies
      which recognize different epitopes on the antigen. The first rat monoclonal
      antibody captures antigen onto the microplate where it is then recognized by a
      second mouse monoclonal antibody. Bound mouse immunoglobulin is then detected by
      an enzyme-linked rat polyclonal antibody. The assay has been used to measure
      soluble HLA Class II antigen in the sera from healthy individuals and patients
      with leukaemia, and has shown raised levels in acute lymphoblastic but not in
      chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Similar material has been identified in synovial
      fluid of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. The assay is specific and
      simple to perform and should be applicable to probing the nature of the soluble
      material and its mechanism of release.

PMID- 2418123
TI  - Enhancement of human allogeneic cytotoxic responses by interferons.
AB  - The ability of exogenous interferons (IFN) to modify human allogeneic cytotoxic
      responses was studied. alpha- and beta-, and gamma-IFN, enhanced the cytotoxic
      responses if added at early phases of the cultures. The effect of exogenous IFN
      was abrogated if antibody directed against the specific IFN were present in the
      cultures. Normal allogeneic cytotoxic responses were abrogated in the presence of
      any of the anti-IFN antibodies. This inhibition could be overcome if exogenous
      IFN of any type (alpha, beta, or gamma) was added in excess to the cultures. IFN
      participate in the generation of allogeneic cytotoxic lymphocytes during mixed
      lymphocyte culture. It seems that each of the types of IFN supports the
      generation of cytotoxic responses independently of the presence of an IFN of
      another type.

PMID- 2418124
TI  - [Zinc in the human prostate].
AB  - The quantities of zinc naturally present in prostatic epithelial cells determine
      the human prostate to be a zinc-rich gland. Since the growth of the prostate
      depends on androgenic steroid hormones, interrelationships between steroids and
      zinc were investigated. It appears now that zinc in hyperplastic prostates is
      bound to cytoplasmic citrate. Metabolic homeostasia in prostatic secretory cells
      may be insured by inhibition of cis-aconitase by free zinc and its binding to
      accumulating citrate. The yields of bound zinc are decreased by androgenic
      steroids (testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,
      17 beta-diol) which increase in turn the levels of free zinc, the uptake and the
      reduction of testosterone and citrate accumulation. In dedifferentiated hormono
      independent neoplastic cells, there is less reduction of testosterone and a
      drastic decrease in zinc levels due to the sole presence of a metallothionein for
      binding.

PMID- 2418125
TI  - Phase and antigenic variation of pili and outer membrane protein II of Neisseria
      gonorrhoeae.

PMID- 2418126
TI  - Concurrent circulation of antigenically distinct strains of respiratory syncytial
      virus during community outbreaks.
AB  - Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is considered to be of a single serotype.
      Antigenic variants are detectable both by neutralization and monoclonal
      antibodies and have been divided into two broad categories, groups 1 and 2. Group
      2 isolates have been considered to be uncommon. We used indirect
      immunofluorescence with strain-specific monoclonal antibodies to study RSV
      isolates from hospitalized infants in the greater Boston area. Of 223 RSV
      isolates recovered over a five-month period in 1983-1984, 125 (56%) were group 1,
      92 (41%) were group 2, and 6 (3%) were of an intermediate character. Among 181
      community-acquired RSV isolates, both temporal and geographic clustering was
      observed: group 1 isolates were common from January through March and
      predominated in central Boston; group 2 isolates were found principally in
      February and were acquired in outlying, particularly northern, areas. Strain
      specific differences were not found with respect to sex, age, or clinical
      findings. An analysis of 82 RSV isolates from the 1981-1982 season showed 75
      (91%) group 1 isolates and 7 (9%) group 2 isolates. We conclude that at least two
      antigenically distinct groups of RSV isolates may circulate concurrently in the
      community and that the prevalence of group 2 isolates appears greater than
      previously suspected.

PMID- 2418127
TI  - In vitro and systemic effects of recombinant bovine interferons on natural cell
      mediated cytotoxicity in healthy and bovine herpesvirus-1-infected cattle.
AB  - There is now evidence to suggest that the beneficial effect of treatment of
      calves with recombinant bovine interferons (IFNs) on the outcome of an infection
      with bovine herpes-virus-1 (BHV-1) may in part be due to effects other than its
      direct antiviral activity. This evidence prompted us to study the effect of IFNs
      on natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NC) as a possible mechanism in curtailing
      clinical disease. In vitro treatment of blood leukocytes not only augmented
      cytotoxicity to NC-susceptible target cells, but also to cell types usually
      resistant to killing. In vivo treatment of healthy cattle with IFN-gamma caused a
      transient rise in NC activity, which was both dose and route dependent. Treatment
      of calves with IFN-alpha 1 or IFN-gamma prior to BHV-1 infection prevented or
      diminished the suppression of NC activity usually seen following virus infection.
      The effect could neither be correlated with serum IFN titers nor with
      conventional hematologic parameters. A possible mechanism for the IFN effect
      involving the ontogeny of bovine NC-effector cells and the biological
      consequences for the local antiviral defense in the lung are discussed.

PMID- 2418128
TI  - Comparative studies on (2'-5')oligoadenylate-related enzyme systems and the
      antiviral effect of interferon in two mouse cell lines which differ in (2'
      5')oligoadenylate sensitivity of their protein synthesizing system.
AB  - Effect of (2'-5')oligoadenylate (2-5A) on cellular and viral protein and RNA
      syntheses was investigated with two mouse cell lines, L929 and Lz (a subclone of
      L929). The oligonucleotide was introduced into the cells either by using calcium
      phosphate coprecipitation technique or by microinjection method. In L929 cells
      protein and viral RNA syntheses were severely inhibited by 2-5A, whereas in Lz
      cells, both were only slightly inhibited. The activities of 2-5A synthetase and
      double-stranded (ds)RNA-dependent protein kinase were enhanced by interferon
      (IFN) treatment roughly to the same extent and there was no significant
      difference in the level of 2'-5' phosphodiesterase activity either. On the other
      hand, 2-5A-dependent RNase (RNase L) activity in Lz cells was low, being about 10
      20% of that of L929 cells. It was increased twofold after IFN treatment, but
      protein synthesis of Lz cells was not as sensitive to 2-5A as that of L929 cells
      even after IFN treatment. L929 and Lz cells were sensitive to the antiviral
      effect of mouse IFN against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Mengovirus. In
      contrast, however, Lz cells were relatively insensitive to the antiviral effect
      of IFN on vaccinia virus, whereas L929 cells were sensitive.

PMID- 2418129
TI  - The calcium ionophore A23187 evokes and potentiates antiviral activity of
      interferon.
AB  - Calcium ionophore A23187, which causes a rapid efflux of Ca2+ from cells, evokes
      an antiviral response in mouse LB, simian COS-1, Hela, human amniotic (U), baby
      hamster kidney (BHK), and VERO cells against Sindbis (SBV) and vesicular
      stomatitis (VSV) viruses. The degree of antiviral activity depends on the type of
      cell, virus, and the dose of A23187. A23187 inhibits the production of infectious
      VSV; however, VSV particle production was not significantly inhibited as measured
      by viral RNA and viral proteins. The VSV released from the A23187-treated cells
      is deficient in VSV glycoprotein (G) and membrane (M) protein. A23187 potentiates
      the antiviral activity of interferon (IFN) against SBV and VSV in mouse LB and
      human U cells. It is possible to postulate that a change in intracellular Ca2+
      may play an important role in the antiviral activity of IFN.

PMID- 2418130
TI  - Interferon-mediated regulation of myc and Ki-ras oncogene expression in long-term
      treated murine viral transformed cells.
AB  - Long-term treatment of a murine retroviral-transformed cell line (Ki-Balb) with
      50 units/ml of interferon (IFN) resulted in a morphological reversion. The
      effects of IFN on myc and Ki-ras oncogene expression were examined after 6 months
      of treatment. mRNA dot and Northern blots hybridization analysis reveal that the
      expression of c-myc at the RNA level decreases by about fourfold. This reduction
      in the c-myc mRNA appears to be selective since in the same cells v-Ki-ras and an
      endogenous retroviral gene, intracisternal A particles (IAP), are increased four-
      and threefold, respectively. No significant inhibition of cellular growth and
      cell-cycle distribution was observed in IFN-Ki-Balb-treated cells.

PMID- 2418131
TI  - Serum interferon level and (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase activity in
      lymphocytes during clinical interferon application.
AB  - Determinations of (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) in extracts of
      peripheral mononuclear cells were used to monitor clinical treatment by human
      leukocyte-derived alpha-interferon (IFN-alpha). The maximum activity of this
      enzyme was detected about 6 h after the maximum IFN activity in the patient's
      serum, its half-life being severalfold longer than that of circulating IFN. Thus,
      even some days after its clearance, IFN can be detected by means of this enzyme.
      Sixfold increases of the IFN dose were not able to further increase OAS activity
      induced by doses of about 5 X 10(4) units/kg body weight in adult persons.
      Intravenous administration of IFN seems not to be superior to its i.m. injection.

PMID- 2418132
TI  - Interferon inhibits prostaglandin E2 synthesis and stimulates (2'
      5')oligoadenylate synthetase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of
      inflammatory bowel disease patients.
AB  - The effect of interferon (IFN) on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis by peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells of normal subjects and patients with inflammatory bowel
      disease was studied. Exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, isolated
      from normal subjects and patients with active ulcerative colitis and Crohn's
      disease, to IFN reduced the release of PGE2 in a dose-dependent manner. The
      inhibitory effect was observed for at least 24 h after the removal of IFN. To
      correlate the effect of IFN on PGE2 synthesis with a known activity of IFN, the
      induction of (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) was also studied in the same
      mononuclear cells. Low basal levels of this enzyme were detected in mononuclear
      cells isolated from normal subjects and patients with active ulcerative colitis
      and Crohn's disease. Moreover, IFN treatment in vitro resulted in a similar
      induction of this enzyme in patients and controls. There results indicate that
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with active ulcerative colitis and
      Crohn's disease have normal response to IFN. In addition, our data do not suggest
      that IFN has an important role in the pathogenesis of these diseases.

PMID- 2418133
TI  - Interferon induction by viruses. XIV. Development of interferon inducibility and
      its inhibition in chick embryo cells "aged" in vitro.
AB  - Studies with a number of viruses revealed a time-dependent acquisition of
      interferon (IFN) inducibility in primary chick embryo cells as they "aged" in
      vitro for 2-12 days at a confluent cell density without a medium change. The time
      course for the development of IFN inducibility was established by generating and
      analyzing a family of dose (multiplicity)-response (IFN yield) curves, using
      Newcastle disease virus (NDV, strain LaSota) as the inducer. Cells produced
      little or no IFN for the first 4-5 days. Between 5 and 6 days the cells gradually
      developed the capacity to respond to NDV (and other viruses). Maximal yields of
      IFN were inducible by day 10. This time-dependent development of IFN inducibility
      was abrogated almost completely when "aging" was carried out in the presence of
      drugs that inhibited the synthesis of cyclic derivatives of C20 oxygenated
      unsaturated fatty acids, i.e., inhibitors of prostaglandin/leukotriene synthesis
      and the arachidonic acid cascade. Of the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors,
      indomethacin was particularly effective. Cells treated on day 0 with 10
      micrograms/ml of indomethacin produced 100- to 1000-fold less IFN than controls
      when induced on day 8. To prevent maximally the development of IFN inducibility,
      indomethacin must be added within the first 2 days of seeding. After about 2
      days, the cells begin to escape the action of the drug. Indomethacin added at the
      time of induction had no effect on the yield of IFN. IFN inducibility was
      partially restored when indomethacin was removed during the aging process.
      "Aging" chick cells in low concentrations of cycloheximide (0.5 micrograms/ml)
      produced results comparable to incubation with indomethacin. Neither reagent had
      any marked effect on the rate of total protein or RNA synthesis, nor did their
      action prevent the induction of stress (heat shock) proteins. Cells "aged" in
      indomethacin were threefold less efficient in responding to the action of IFN,
      whereas aging in cycloheximide had no effect on IFN's action. Plaque formation on
      drug-treated cells was normal for viruses that were poor inducers of IFN.
      However, both the plaquing efficiency and plaque size of Sindbis virus (an
      excellent IFN inducer) were enhanced markedly on cells treated with indomethacin
      or low concentrations of cycloheximide during the aging process. These data
      implicate a family of fatty acid derivatives of arachadonic acid, including
      prostaglandins and leukotrienes, in the development of IFN inducibility in
      primary chick embryo cells "aged" in vitro.

PMID- 2418134
TI  - [Experimental study of pulmonary valve replacement without the aid of
      extracorporeal circulation--a palliative operation for tetralogy of Fallot with
      absent pulmonary valve].

PMID- 2418135
TI  - [Mouse monoclonal antibodies recognizing melanoma-associated ganglioside
      antigens].

PMID- 2418136
TI  - [Production and characterization of monoclonal antibody to uterine cervical
      cancer cell line SKG-IIIa].
AB  - By means of an immunization procedure using intact living cells, the established
      uterine cervical epidermoid cancer cell line SKG-IIIa, a monoclonal antibody
      (Mab) which reacts with uterine cervical epidermoid cancer cells was obtained.
      The Mab was of IgG2a subclass. Immunohistochemically the Mab reacted with uterine
      cervical epidermoid cancer cells (17 out of 25). At the same time, it reacted
      with a basal layer of normal squamous epithelium, surface mucus secreting cells
      and parietal cells in stomach and kidney uriniferous tubules. The Mab reacted
      with the cell surface epitope on HeLa cells to the same extent as on SKG-IIIa
      cells, but on CCD18-Lu cells (normal diploid) to about one-half as much. The
      results of an inhibition test using a competitive reaction between Mab and
      conventional polyclonal antibody indicated that the Mab didn't react with 39
      kinds of human serum proteins such as albumin, transferrin, IgG, fibrinogen,
      lysozyme and some tumor markers. Immunohistochemical staining also revealed that
      the Mab didn't recognize human blood group substances (A,B,H type, Lewis's a,b
      type). Treatment of SKG-IIIa cells with a mixture of glycosidases neuraminidase
      or periodate didn't change the reactivity to the Mab, suggesting that the epitope
      didn't reside in sugar chains.

PMID- 2418137
TI  - [The expression of oncogene fms in human chorionic tissue].
AB  - The roles of oncogenes have been a subject of great interest not only concerning
      oncogenesis but also recently concerning physiological regulation in cell
      proliferation and cell differentiation. We here report the expression of oncogene
      fms in human chorionic tissue using a molecular hybridization method. RNAs
      extracted from human chorionic tissue of the first and third trimester were
      electrophoresed in horizontal agarose gel, blotted according to Northern's method
      and were hybridized to 32P labeled fms-cDNA (complementary DNA). Four kb RNA
      molecules homologous to fms-cDNA were detected in chorionic RNAs of the first and
      third trimester placental tissue with an increase toward term. We then observed
      the distribution of fms-mRNA in chorionic tissue with in situ hybridization. The
      signals for fms were observed over trophoblasts without specific localization to
      the proliferative cells. These results revealed that oncogene fms is expressed in
      human chorionic tissue of both the first and third trimester. Furthermore the
      results suggest that the role of fms c-onc may be related to cell differentiation
      and not to cell proliferation.

PMID- 2418138
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of chromogranin in endometrial carcinomas with
      argyrophilia.

PMID- 2418139
TI  - Polynucleotide antibodies in connective tissue disease: viral markers or disease
      mediators?
AB  - Antibodies to polynucleotides are seen primarily in systemic lupus erythematosus
      (SLE), but also occur in a variety of other connective tissue diseases. We looked
      at the prevalence of antinucleotide antibodies (double- and single-stranded RNA
      and DNA [dRNA, sRNA, dDNA, and sDNA]) in the sera of patients with SLE (70),
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (31), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) (68),
      osteoarthritis (12), and of 22 patients with a preceding viral illness. In
      comparison with sera from a control population, elevated mean antibody levels to
      sRNA were found in the sera of all the patients with connective tissue disease,
      as well as in the sera of patients with preceding RNA, but not DNA, viral
      infections. Elevated mean levels of antibodies to dRNA were seen in all groups
      with the exception of RA. Elevated mean antibody titers to sDNA were not seen in
      patients with JRA nor were they present in the sera of patients with preceding
      RNA viral infections. Elevated mean anti-dDNA titers were seen only in sera from
      patients with SLE. High correlation coefficients between the levels of antibodies
      to sRNA and dRNA in sera from SLE and RA, and between sDNA and dDNA in sera from
      SLE suggest cross-reactivity of the antibodies in these diseases. Immunization of
      an elderly population with influenza (RNA) viral vaccine induced antibodies to
      sRNA only. These studies further document the prevalence of antipolynucleotide
      antibodies in the sera of patients with connective tissue diseases.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2418140
TI  - Post-cricoid carcinoma (a ten-year retrospective study).

PMID- 2418141
TI  - Surgical salvage in postcricoid cancer.
AB  - Twenty-one total pharyngo-laryngectomies have been performed at the Manchester
      Royal Infirmary between 1968 and 1982. A variety of methods of repair have been
      used, gastric transposition being the most common. Seventeen patients had
      received previous radiotherapy to the area, fourteen radical, two palliative and
      one to a supraglottic carcinoma 12 years before. Four had tumours judged to be
      too large to benefit from radiotherapy. Of the patients who received
      radiotherapy, fourteen had a good response with palliation for an average of ten
      months before symptoms began to return. Four patients survived over five years
      post-operatively and ten died following surgery.

PMID- 2418142
TI  - Ionic channels in leukocytes.
AB  - In the past several years, with the advent of the patch clamp technique, the
      field of leukocyte electrophysiology has grown considerably. With the exceptions
      of the neutrophil and the eosinophil, electrophysiological and biochemical
      techniques have been used to characterize a number of types of voltage- or ligand
      gated ionic channels in the different classes of leukocytes. This article reviews
      each of the ionic channels described in leukocytes and their functional
      relevance. It should be emphasized that this is by no means a final listing of
      the ionic channels in leukocytes, but merely a summary of the studies to date. It
      is highly likely that there are many other ionic channels in leukocytes with
      important functional implications that have not yet been discovered.

PMID- 2418143
TI  - The role of Langerhans cells and keratinocytes in epidermal immunity.
AB  - The immunology of the epidermis has received considerable study over recent
      years. After the antigen-presenting capacity of epidermal Langerhans cells was
      confirmed, subsequent studies suggested that keratinocytes could modulate certain
      immunologic events through production of a cytokine, epidermal cell-derived
      thymocyte-activating factor (ETAF). Most recently, a murine epidermal cell
      population, the dendritic Thy-1-positive cell, has been shown to possess natural
      killer-cell-like activity. In this review, the biology of these cell types are
      discussed. A discussion of allergic contact hypersensitivity and its alteration
      by ultraviolet light is used to illustrate some of the complex control mechanisms
      that continue to be the subject of ongoing study.

PMID- 2418144
TI  - Effect of hypothyroidism on pituitary cytoplasmic concentrations of messenger RNA
      encoding thyrotrophin beta and alpha subunits, prolactin and growth hormone.
AB  - Thyroid hormones may directly regulate gene expression in the anterior pituitary.
      In order to examine this possibility we have studied the effect of hypothyroidism
      in the rat on pituitary cytoplasmic concentrations of messenger RNA (mRNA)
      encoding thyrotrophin (TSH) beta and alpha subunits, prolactin and GH. We
      demonstrated a marked increase in TSH beta and alpha subunit mRNA, accompanied by
      a decrease in GH mRNA, in the hypothyroid state, changes largely reversed by
      thyroid hormone replacement. We have thus shown a direct influence of thyroid
      status on the pretranslational events occurring in pituitary hormone synthesis.
      The simultaneous rise in cytoplasmic TSH beta and alpha mRNA levels and fall in
      GH mRNA in hypothyroidism suggests that thyroid status exerts a differential
      effect on the expression of these genes.

PMID- 2418145
TI  - Functional expression of the murine Thy-1.2 gene in transfected human T cells.
AB  - The interaction of certain mAbs with the Thy-1 molecules of murine T lymphocytes
      leads to cell activation and proliferation. To examine the signal transduction
      mechanism underlying this process and to determine what, if any, relationship
      exists between Thy-1-dependent triggering and T cell activation mediated through
      the T3-antigen receptor (T3-Ti) complex, a genomic clone of murine Thy-1.2 was
      isolated and transfected into the human T cell tumor, Jurkat. The transfected
      gene was actively transcribed in these human cells and high levels of Thy-1.2
      glycoprotein were found on the cell membrane. Although certain mAbs to Thy-1.2
      failed to bind to the Thy-1 transfected Jurkat cells, several known mitogenic
      anti-Thy-1 mAbs did react, and in the presence of phorbol ester, induced IL-2
      secretion. One Thy-1+ transfectant out of five failed to produce IL-2 in response
      to anti-T3/Ti antibodies even though it retained the ability to increase
      intracytoplasmic calcium concentration [( Ca2+]i) in response to these ligands. A
      Thy-1 negative revertant of this cell regained anti-T3/Ti reactivity, suggesting
      a regulatory defect in signal transmission via T3/Ti in the original
      transfectant. These data confirm the ability of Thy-1 to act as an activation
      receptor for T cells. They reveal a potential role for changes in [Ca2+]i in this
      process, in common with other pathways of T cell activation, but also indicate a
      more complex series of events is involved.

PMID- 2418148
TI  - Antigenic structure of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. I. Properties of
      monoclonal antibodies directed against virion proteins.
AB  - Thirty-two hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against
      the three major structural proteins of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)
      have been isolated. Radioimmunoprecipitation of intracellular viral polypeptides
      showed that 17 hybridomas recognized both the peplomer protein [E2, 220 X 10(3)
      mol. wt. (220K)] and a lower mol. wt. species (E'2, 175K), which was
      characterized as a precursor of E2. Six MAbs selectively immunoprecipitated the
      E'2 protein. Four hybridomas were directed against the low mol. wt. envelope
      protein (E1, 29K), and three against the nucleoprotein (N, 47K). All major
      neutralization-mediating determinants were found to be carried by the peplomers.
      Several anti-E2 MAbs displayed an intrinsic neutralizing activity close to that
      of the most potent anti-TGEV polyclonal reagents tested (including ascitic fluid
      of feline infectious peritonitis virus-infected cats). None of the anti-E'2 MAbs
      induced significant neutralization, although this protein might be incorporated
      to some extent into the virions. Immunofluorescence patterns obtained with MAbs
      directed against either the envelope glycoproteins or the nucleocapsid revealed
      distinctly different distributions of these antigens within the cells. Comparison
      of nine TGEV strains using our panel of MAbs confirmed their close antigenic
      relationship, but revealed the occurrence of distinct antigenic differences.

PMID- 2418147
TI  - Characterization of a monoclonal antibody directed against the biologically
      active site of human interleukin 1.
AB  - Human IL-1 was successfully used to produce an anti-IL-1 mAb. Anti-IL-1 (IgG2a)
      blocked IL-1-mediated thymocyte and fibroblast proliferation, but did not
      interfere with the biological effects of other lymphokines, such as IL-2 or IL-3.
      The antibody immunoprecipitated biosynthetically radiolabeled 33, 17, and 4 kD IL
      1. An immunoadsorbent column yielded 20% of initial activity, and upon HPLC size
      exclusion chromatography, affinity-purified IL-1 had a molecular mass of
      approximately 4 kD. These results provide first evidence of a monoclonal anti-IL
      1 that reacts with different species of IL-1 and apparently binds to an epitope
      close to the active site of IL-1. Thus, anti-IL-1 IgG may be very helpful for
      further investigations of the molecular as well as biological characteristics of
      IL-1 and related mediators.

PMID- 2418146
TI  - TAP, a novel T cell-activating protein involved in the stimulation of MHC
      restricted T lymphocytes.
AB  - Five mAbs have been generated and used to characterize TAP (T cell activating
      protein) a novel, functional murine T cell membrane antigen. The TAP molecule is
      a 12-kD protein that is synthesized by T cells. By antibody crossblocking, it
      appears to be closely associated with a 16-kD protein on the T cell membrane also
      identified with a novel mAb. These molecules are clearly distinct from the major
      well-characterized murine T cell antigens previously described. Antibody binding
      to TAP can result in the activation of MHC-restricted, antigen-specific inducer T
      cell hybridomas that is equivalent in magnitude to maximal antigen or lectin
      stimulation. This is a direct effect of soluble antibody and does not require
      accessory cells or other factors. The activating anti-TAP mAbs are also mitogenic
      for normal heterogeneous T lymphocytes in the presence of accessory cells or IL
      1. In addition, these antibodies are observed to modulate specific immune
      stimulation. Thus, the activating anti-TAP mAbs synergise with antigen-specific
      stimulation of T cells, while a nonactivating anti-TAP mAb inhibits antigen
      driven activation. These observations suggest that the TAP molecule may
      participate in physiologic T cell activation. The possible relationship of TAP to
      known physiologic triggering structures, the T3-T cell receptor complex, is
      considered. TAP is expressed on 70% of peripheral T cells and therefore defines a
      major T cell subset, making it perhaps the first example of a murine subset
      specific activating protein.

PMID- 2418149
TI  - Purification and characterization of chick interferon induced by viruses.
AB  - Chick interferon (IFN), produced in primary chick embryo (CE) cells stimulated by
      u.v.-irradiated Newcastle disease virus, was partially purified by two-step
      chromatography using both controlled pore glass and Blue Sepharose. The specific
      activity of the IFN increased about 500-fold by this method and the final
      recovery from starting material was more than 95%. The partially purified IFN was
      analysed by SDS-PAGE, and two peaks of IFN activity were observed. The molecular
      weight represented by the sharp peak was estimated to be 18 000 (18K) and a broad
      peak was found at 20K to 30K. Glycosidase treatment before SDS-PAGE resulted in
      disappearance of the broad peak and increased the activity of the 18K peak. Anti
      CE IFN rabbit serum and a monoclonal antibody against the CE IFN neutralized the
      antiviral activity of all IFN samples prepared under various conditions.

PMID- 2418150
TI  - Antibody to scrapie-associated fibril protein identifies a cellular antigen.
AB  - Antibody to scrapie-associated fibril (SAF) protein was produced in a rabbit by a
      primary injection of 50 brain equivalents of native SAF protein emulsified in
      complete Freund's adjuvant and by a secondary inoculation of polyacrylamide gel
      which contained 50 brain equivalents of SAF protein emulsified with incomplete
      Freund's adjuvant. The antibody produced was found to decorate the SAF as
      demonstrated by the use of goat anti-rabbit colloidal gold second antibody.
      Immunoblots (dot blots and Western blots) revealed that the antibody reacted with
      scrapie hamster brain extracts but not with age-matched normal hamster brain
      extracts. However, the antibody also identified an immunoreactive host cellular
      protein with an apparent mol. wt. of 28 000 from unextracted brain homogenates of
      both uninfected and scrapie-infected hamster and mouse brains up to a dilution of
      1/10(5) brain equivalent. The SAF purification procedures caused selective
      enrichment of SAF proteins with selective elimination of this immunoreactive
      cellular antigen. It may be possible that SAFs are composed of a host cellular
      protein which has been changed in such a way that it aggregates non-covalently to
      form fibrils and becomes partially resistant to protease digestion.

PMID- 2418151
TI  - Antigenic variation of envelope and internal proteins of mumps virus strains
      detected with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Antigenic characteristics of nine mumps virus strains were determined by
      immunofluorescence and radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) using a collection
      of 44 monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies were directed against five
      different structural components of mumps virus, the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase
      (HN), fusion (F), matrix (M), phospho- (P) and nucleocapsid (NP) proteins. The
      nine mumps virus strains could be divided into two groups according to their
      antigenic characteristics. One group included two strains isolated more than a
      decade ago and the Jeryl Lynn vaccine strain. These three strains reacted with a
      wider range of monoclonal antibodies than the second group of six recently
      isolated strains of different geographical origin. In the F, M and P proteins
      variations were only found in single antigenic determinants. In the HN and NP
      components, RIPA revealed variations in three and seven determinants
      respectively. The Jeryl Lynn vaccine strain showed a unique lack of reaction with
      one anti-HN antibody clone in the RIPA.

PMID- 2418152
TI  - An epitope located at the C terminus of isolated VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease
      virus type O induces neutralizing activity but poor protection.
AB  - Both whole virus particles and isolated VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus type
      O1 induce neutralizing antibodies. Results obtained with pigs vaccinated with
      either isolated VP1 or intact particles and subsequently challenged show that
      neutralizing activity induced by intact virus correlates well with protection in
      pigs, whereas neutralizing activity induced by isolated VP1 confers little or no
      protection. Further evidence suggests that the epitope responsible for the
      induction of neutralizing antibodies by VP1 is located at the C-terminal end of
      the protein between residues 200 and 210.

PMID- 2418153
TI  - Neutralization of interferon produced early during rabies virus infection in
      mice.
AB  - Inoculation of mice (strain C3H/He) with a purified preparation of fixed rabies
      virus led to the production of interferon with two different peaks of activity
      detectable in the plasma: an early peak 24 h after inoculation followed by
      another peak on the 7th day after infection. The level of splenic 2-5A synthetase
      was enhanced in parallel with the pattern of interferon activity. Neutralization
      of the first peak of interferon activity by anti-mouse alpha/beta interferon
      globulin blocked the induction of splenic 2-5A synthetase and modified the
      development of disease. Infected mice given anti-interferon globulin had a
      significantly shorter morbidity period than normally infected mice. These results
      suggest that interferon produced early after virus inoculation plays a role in
      the onset of rabies disease.

PMID- 2418154
TI  - Seroepidemiological studies on a non-A, non-B hepatitis specific antigen/antibody
      system (SO-antigen/anti-SO).
AB  - The patients and staff members of a haemodialysis unit were examined for their
      serological responses to SO-antigen, which was isolated from the urine of
      epidemic type non-A, non-B hepatitis patients at Tohoku University Hospital. To
      understand how SO-antigen or SO-antigen-related aetiology can be incriminated for
      the hepatitis found in the haemodialysis unit, the prevalence of SO-antigen/anti
      SO system and hepatitis A and B virus-related antibodies was compared in the sera
      of patients and staff members. Although the SO-antigen was rarely detected in the
      serum, anti-SO antibody was frequently detected in the sera of patients and
      staff. A significantly higher prevalence was found in the serum of patients (15%,
      54 out of 361) than staff members (7.1%, 13 out of 184) and volunteer blood
      donors (1%, 3 out of 305). The same prevalence percentages of HBV-related
      antibodies (either positive for anti-HBs or anti-HBc) and anti-HAV were observed
      among the patients, staff, and volunteer blood donors, irrespective of whether
      the sera were anti-SO positive or negative. Among the staff, anti-SO antibody was
      more frequently found in those with a history of acute hepatitis (16.7%, 3 out of
      18) than in those without (6%, 10 out of 166). These prevalence ratios conformed
      with those of HBV-related antibodies, but the same prevalence ratios of antibody
      to HAV were observed between the staff with and without a history of acute
      hepatitis. These results indicate that the SO-antigen/anti-SO system or entity
      related to this immune system is distinct from HBV or HAV, and this immune system
      was found widely in the haemodialysis unit where type B and non-A, non-B
      hepatitis were also found frequently.

PMID- 2418155
TI  - Down-regulation of dopamine D-2, 5-HT2 receptors and beta-adrenoceptors in rat
      brain after prolonged treatment with a new potential antidepressant, Lu 19-005.
AB  - Lu 19-005 is a new phenylindan derivative with strong and equipotent inhibitory
      effect on dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) uptake. The
      adaptive effects of 2 weeks treatment with Lu 19-005, on receptor binding in
      vitro and on d-amphetamine responsiveness in vivo have been investigated in rats.
      One or 3 days after the final dose the number of beta-adrenoceptors and of 5-HT2
      and DA D-2 receptors was decreased by 20-30%, whereas alpha 1-adrenoceptor number
      was slightly decreased only 1 day after withdrawal. The DA D-2 receptor number
      remained decreased at 7 days withdrawal, but returned to normal after another 3
      days. The brain levels of DA, NA and 5-HT were not changed by 2 weeks' Lu 19-005
      treatment. The down-regulation of DA D-2 receptors was accompanied by tolerance
      to d-amphetamine-induced hypermotility (after low doses) and stereotyped licking
      or biting (after a high dose). The tolerance to d-amphetamine-induced
      hypermotility was maximal at 3-5 days withdrawal time, and remained significant
      also 15 days after the last dose. An acute dose of Lu 19-005 did not modify the
      effects of d-amphetamine. The results are discussed in relation to the effect of
      prolonged treatment with other antidepressant drugs.

PMID- 2418156
TI  - A potential application for the intracerebral injection of drugs entrapped within
      liposomes in the treatment of human cerebral gliomas.
AB  - After intravenous injection of therapeutic doses of bleomycin only small amounts
      could be measured in glioma tissue obtained at operation in patients with
      malignant gliomas and the drug was rapidly cleared from the blood (T1/2 = 2 hrs).
      Negatively charged liposomes injected through Ommaya reservoirs into the glioma
      tumour bed were tolerated without observable side effect. The appearance of
      bleomycin in the blood and urinary clearance after intracerebral injection of
      bleomycin entrapped within negatively charged liposomes through an Ommaya
      reservoir in patients with malignant gliomas was decreased as compared with
      levels when free bleomycin was injected. These preliminary observations suggest a
      role of drugs entrapped within liposomes as a depot preparation in the treatment
      of human cerebral gliomas.

PMID- 2418157
TI  - Effects of HI-6 and pralidoxime on neuronal RNA in thalamic cholinergic sites.
AB  - Quantitative azure B-RNA cytophotometry was employed to compare effects of the
      oximes HI-6 and pralidoxime (2-PAM) to those of atropine sulfate (AS) on neuronal
      RNA metabolism in the thalamic ventrobasal nuclear complex (VBC) and nucleus
      reticularis (NR). The ability of these compounds to mitigate soman (pinacolyl
      methylphosphonofluoridate)-induced neuronal RNA alterations (i.e., VBC-RNA
      depletion/NR-RNA elevation) in these muscarinic cholinergic sites was also
      determined. Generally, HI-6 (125 mg/kg, i.p.) and 2-PAM (43.2 mg/kg, i.m.)
      elicited similar patterns of neuronal RNA changes, i.e., diminution of VBC-RNA
      and NR-RNA with oximes alone; partial amelioration of soman (1.5 LD50, s.c.)
      induced VBC-RNA loss; and slight or no effect on soman induced NR-RNA
      accumulation. HI-6 produced more severe RNA reduction than 2-PAM in both brain
      regions of non-poisoned rats, whereas 2-PAM was more effective in reversing the
      effects of soman in these two regions. The muscarinic antagonist, AS, also
      produced VBC-RNA depletion and partially counteracted the VBC-RNA loss in soman
      intoxicated rats. Unlike the oximes, however, AS resulted in NR-RNA accumulation
      and it also antagonized soman induced NR-RNA elevation. Neither oxime reactivated
      soman inhibited brain acetylcholinesterase but HI-6 did reactivate appreciable
      plasma cholinesterase. The overall data suggest that HI-6 and 2-PAM do exert
      pharmacologic actions on cholinergic neurons in the rat CNS. However, the greater
      effectiveness of HI-6 over 2-PAM in countering lethal actions of soman does not
      appear to be correlated with oxime mediated restoration of neuronal RNA levels in
      these two cholinergic regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2418158
TI  - Tumorigenicity of cell lines (VMDk) derived from a spontaneous murine
      astrocytoma. Histology, fine structure and immunocytochemistry of tumours.
AB  - Three cell lines (VMDk), derived from a spontaneous murine astrocytoma, which
      exhibit both morphological and antigenic characteristics of astrocytes in vitro
      (Pilkington et al. 1983), have been injected intracerebrally and subcutaneously
      into syngeneic mice at a range of concentrations in order to assess the number of
      cells required to produce the highest yield of tumours with the shortest possible
      latent period. Light- and electron-microscopical studies of the tumours confirmed
      their glial nature, however immunocytochemical staining for the astrocyte
      specific markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase
      (GS) and for vimentin suggest that the tumours are composed mainly of poorly
      differentiated neoplastic glial cells. Although the best-differentiated of the
      three cell lines failed to produce tumours, an invasive transplantable
      astrocytoma model has, nevertheless, been characterised fully and can now be used
      to study the effects of various therapeutic regimens.

PMID- 2418159
TI  - Partial cytochrome oxidase (aa3) deficiency in chronic progressive external
      ophthalmoplegia. Histochemical and biochemical studies.
AB  - Biochemical and histochemical studies were carried out on 2 patients with chronic
      progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO). Histological examination revealed
      prominent ragged-red fibres in the Gomori trichrome stain and cytochrome oxidase
      staining revealed partial depletion of cytochrome oxidase with negative staining
      in some fibres with prominent subsarcolemmal mitochondrial aggregations.
      Polarographic studies with isolated intact skeletal muscle mitochondria revealed
      low State III respiration rates with NAD- and FAD-linked substrates. Cytochrome
      aa3 levels were depressed in the one case where a cytochrome difference spectra
      was recorded. Cytochrome oxidase levels were greatly depressed in muscle
      homogenate, whereas monoamine oxidase levels were in the normal range, indicating
      a selective depletion of the former enzyme complex. It is possible that
      deficiency of cytochrome oxidase may arise as an epiphenomenon in degenerating
      mitochondria rather than a primary deficiency.

PMID- 2418160
TI  - Comparative studies of ampligen (mismatched double-stranded RNA) and interferons.
AB  - Historically, it has been assumed that double-stranded (ds) RNAs function at a
      cellular level exclusively via an interferon (IFN) induction mechanism. However,
      current studies conducted both in the laboratory and at the clinical level reveal
      that this assumption is incorrect and, indeed, underestimates the intrinsic
      antitumor activity of certain dsRNAs. A specific dsRNA (Ampligen) shows strong
      antiproliferative activity against human carcinoid tumor cells in a clonogenic
      assay when natural alpha- and beta-IFNs were inactive. Similarly, in vivo studies
      in which human renal cancer cells were transplanted into athymic mice demonstrate
      a strong antitumor effect of Ampligen whereas such tumors are largely unaffected
      by alpha-IFN treatment. In a comparative study including many fresh human tumors
      of various histological types (breast, ovarian, melanoma, renal, and carcinoid)
      numerous examples were uncovered of Ampligen sensitivity (antiproliferative
      effect) in the face of relative or complete insensitivity to IFNs. Synergistic
      effects of Ampligen plus IFN overcame the resistance of some human tumor cells to
      either biological modifier given alone. It can also be demonstrated that the
      antitumor action of Ampligen on certain human lung tumor cells is not shared by
      polyinosinic . polycytidylic acid, thus indicating that different dsRNAs may
      themselves exhibit dissimilar effects on various human tumors.

PMID- 2418161
TI  - Modulation of chemotherapeutic drug activity with polyribonucleotides or with
      interferon.
AB  - Mouse interferon, or human hybrid recombinant interferon alpha A/D, administered
      during the 2 day period following the administration of a toxic dose of 5
      fluorouracil (FUra), yielded significant protection from body weight loss,
      leukopenia, and mortality in Balb/c X DBA/8 F1 mice. Protection against FUra
      toxicity also was observed when the interferon inducer polyinosinic-polycytidylic
      acid [poly(I,C)] was administered with FUra. Since it is known that
      nonproliferating cells exhibit diminished sensitivity to FUra as compared with
      proliferating cells, it appears likely that the decreased toxicity seen in these
      experiments can be ascribed to the antiproliferative action of interferon on
      normal tissues in the mouse which are sensitive to the action of FUra. When
      poly(I,C) and FUra were coadministered to mice bearing colon tumor 26, the
      tolerated dose of FUra was increased significantly, and this resulted in
      significantly increased antitumor activity. These results indicate that
      differential cytokinetic modulation with interferon, or possibly with other known
      antiproliferative agents, may provide a new approach for improving clinical
      results in cancer therapy with available drugs.

PMID- 2418162
TI  - Phase I trials of poly(I,C) complexes in advanced cancer.
AB  - We have performed Phase I trials of two synthetic double-stranded
      polyribonucleotide complexes--poly(I,C)-LC, a complex of polyinosinic
      polycytidylic acid with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose, and poly(I,C)
      L, which lacks carboxymethylcellulose--in patients with advanced cancer. With
      poly(I,C)-LC, several treatment schedules were investigated in an attempt to
      decrease toxicity and maximize interferon (IFN) induction. The best tolerated was
      an alternate-day schedule, with gradual dose escalation. Daily short infusions
      and continuous (24-h) infusions were tolerated less well. Maximum tolerated doses
      varied over a several hundredfold dose range. Toxicity consisted of fever,
      rigors, hypotension, and blood count depression. Two patients treated with
      poly(I,C)-L developed systemic allergic reactions, and antibodies to poly(I,C)-L
      and its components were detected in the serum of some patients treated with both
      compounds. IFN-alpha was induced in most patients at serum levels similar to
      those achieved after intramuscular administration of human IFN-alpha. Of 32
      patients, one with renal cell carcinoma showed partial tumor regression.
      Poly(I,C) complexes are effective IFN inducers in humans, but their toxicity
      limits their use in cancer patients.

PMID- 2418163
TI  - A phase I evaluation of poly(I,C)-LC in cancer patients.
AB  - Twenty-five patients with metastatic carcinoma were entered into a Phase I
      clinical trial using poly(I,C)-LC at either 1 mg/m2 or 4 mg/m2 intravenous, twice
      weekly, for 4 weeks. None of the 15 patients entered at the 1 mg/m2 dose had an
      objective response; three had progressive disease. Similarly, no objective
      responses were observed among the 10 patients treated at the 4 mg/m2 dose of
      poly(I,C)-LC; one patient was removed from the study due to progressive disease.
      Toxicities observed at the 1 mg/m2 dose were mild hypotension, fever, nausea,
      vomiting, fatigue, and headache. The first patient treated at the 4 mg/m2 dose
      was taken off of the study for severe hypotension. In the subsequent nine
      patients treated at this dose, a pretreatment with one dose at 1 mg/m2 was given,
      and no further problems with hypotension were encountered. The other toxicities
      at 4 mg/m2 were similar to those seen at 1 mg/m2.

PMID- 2418164
TI  - An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group phase I-II pilot study of polyriboinosinic
      polyribocytidylic acid poly-L-lysine complex in patients with metastatic
      malignant melanoma.
AB  - Sixteen patients with metastatic malignant melanoma were treated with poly(I,C)
      LC 5 mg/m2 twice weekly by intravenous injection. No antitumor responses
      occurred. Fever (frequently greater than 40 degrees C) and fatigue were dose
      limiting toxicities. One patient developed a fever of 42.2 degrees C when
      poly(I,C)-LC was given on 2 consecutive days. Interferon was consistently
      detected in the serum 8 h after a single injection of poly(I,C)-LC (median titer
      199 U/ml). No enhancement of interferon induction was detected on the second day
      when poly(I,C)-LC was given on 2 consecutive days.

PMID- 2418165
TI  - Interferons: present and future use in cancer therapy.

PMID- 2418166
TI  - Intensive and sequential combination chemotherapy for aggressive malignant
      lymphomas (protocol LNH-80).
AB  - Ninety-seven patients with aggressive malignant lymphoma (ML) were treated with
      an intensive and sequential chemotherapy (protocol LNH-80). There were 42
      patients with intermediate grade ML, 53 patients with high-grade ML, and two
      patients with true histiocytic ML. Most of the patients were in advanced stage:
      21 stage III and 61 stage IV. The LNH-80 protocol schedule comprised three
      phases: (1) induction with three courses of an intensified CHOP-Bleo
      (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vindesine, methylprednisolone, and bleomycin);
      (2) consolidation with cytarabine, followed by high-dose methotrexate and folinic
      acid rescue, then asparaginase; and (3) final intensification with two courses of
      CVAP-Bleo (cyclophosphamide, teniposide, cytarabine, methylprednisolone, and
      bleomycin). CNS prophylaxis included one injection of methotrexate during each
      induction course and the drugs of the consolidation phase. In cases of initial
      CNS localization, cranial radiotherapy was added. Eighty-four patients (87%) went
      into complete remission (CR), 18 (21%) of whom relapsed, usually during the phase
      of treatment or within 6 months of completing chemotherapy. Sixty-three patients
      are alive with an overall median follow-up of 24 months. The median survival time
      and the median disease-free survival have not been reached, and the survival
      curve seems to have plateaued at above 60%. There was no statistical difference
      between intermediate-grade ML (CR 90%, relapse 18%) and high-grade ML (CR 84%,
      relapse 24%). The toxicity of this treatment is mainly encountered during the
      induction phase: almost all patients had short-term neutropenia, less than 0.500
      g/L in 57, with a documented infection in 25. Overall treatment-related mortality
      was 6%, with four patients dying during the induction phase.

PMID- 2418167
TI  - Chemotherapy for diffuse large-cell lymphoma--rapidly responding patients have
      more durable remissions.
AB  - Fifty-one patients with diffuse large-cell lymphoma (DLCL) were treated with a
      six-drug combination chemotherapy regimen including cyclophosphamide,
      doxorubicin, procarbazine, bleomycin, vincristine, and prednisone. The patients
      were restaged after three cycles of therapy, and restaging was repeated at 2
      month intervals in patients who had persistent disease. Responding patients
      received two cycles of therapy after documentation of complete remission (CR).
      With all patients considered evaluable, 73% of the patients achieved a CR. Twenty
      six of the 37 CRs (70%) achieved remission in the first three treatment cycles.
      The durability of remission in the rapidly responding patients was significantly
      better than for patients who required five cycles to achieve CR (80% v 40% at 2
      years, P = .02) despite the latter patients having received two more cycles of
      therapy. Rapidly responding patients with DLCL do not require prolonged therapy
      and have a better prognosis than patients achieving a CR more slowly.

PMID- 2418168
TI  - High complete response rate in children with advanced germ cell tumors using
      cisplatin-containing combination chemotherapy.
AB  - A consecutive series of 13 children (five girls) with advanced malignant germ
      cell tumors (MGCTs) were treated with between four and seven (median, six)
      courses of cisplatin, bleomycin, and either vinblastine (BVP) or VP-16 (BEP).
      There were seven gonadal primaries (four testis, three ovary) and six at
      extragonadal sites (three sacrococcyx, two thoracic, one extradural). Total or
      subtotal removal of primary tumor was carried out in nine patients at diagnosis
      and two others after some chemotherapy. Clinical complete remission (CR) was
      achieved in nine of ten patients with measurable disease and serum markers
      returned to normal in all 13 patients. Eleven remain disease-free 17 to 48 months
      (median, 28 months) after diagnosis. One patient (stage IV sacrococcygeal tumor)
      relapsed at the primary site 3 months after completing treatment, but is disease
      free after further surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Serial glomerular
      filtration rates were performed during treatment. Audiometry and pulmonary
      function tests were carried out where possible. Toxicity led to alteration of
      drug scheduling in two cases, but there were no permanent clinical renal,
      auditory, or pulmonary sequelae. These encouraging results confirm that MGCTs in
      children are as responsive as those in adults to cisplatin-containing
      chemotherapy and indicate that they may be as curable. The regimens are
      relatively well-tolerated and, with close monitoring, clinically significant
      toxicity should be avoidable.

PMID- 2418169
TI  - Clinical toxicity of interferons in cancer patients: a review.
AB  - All major types of human interferons (IFNs) have been purified and clinically
      administered as antitumor agents. We summarize here experience to date with
      toxicity of IFNs in cancer patients. The acute syndrome consists of fever,
      chills, myalgias, arthralgias, and headache, with some variation according to
      type of IFN, route of administration, schedule, and dose. Fatigue, perhaps
      reflecting CNS toxicity, is the most prevalent nonacute symptom. At high doses,
      IFNs are neurotoxic; the abnormalities seen by EEG resemble those in diffuse
      encephalitis. Hematologic toxicity consists mainly of leukopenia, but anemia and
      thrombocytopenia occur in some patients. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are the
      main gastrointestinal symptoms. Elevation of serum transaminases seems to reflect
      liver toxicity. Renal function is well preserved, except for rare instances of
      acute renal failure. Cardiac toxicity remains questionable, although heart
      failure and arrhythmias have been associated with the administration of IFNs.
      Most, if not all, of these effects are reversible or can be ameliorated. With IFN
      alpha, the type most widely used in clinical studies, doses of 1 million to 9
      million units (MU) are generally well tolerated, but doses greater than or equal
      to 18 MU yield moderate to severe toxicity. Doses greater than or equal to 36 MU
      can induce severe toxicity and significantly alter the performance status of the
      patient.

PMID- 2418170
TI  - Activation of a nonspecific cation conductance by intracellular Ca2+ elevation in
      bursting pacemaker neurons of Helix pomatia.
AB  - The pacemaker current of a bursting neuron of Helix pomatia was investigated
      using voltage-clamp and pressure-injection techniques. In the steady state the
      net membrane current was zero near threshold of the action potential at -45 mV.
      Negative to this potential the membrane current was inward and steady. During
      burst activity a long-lasting inward current instantaneously appeared with
      voltage steps to membrane potentials below -20 mV. This inward current was
      already present when the clamp step fell into the rising phase of the first spike
      and became larger during the depolarizing phase of the spike. The repolarization
      phase and the interspike interval did not add much current. As the spike duration
      became longer in the course of the burst discharge the inward current grew in
      amplitude, but its increase was not proportional to that of the spike duration.
      This was observed with clamp steps to the potassium equilibrium potential (EK = 
      70 mV). The inward current decayed during a hyperpolarizing step with a half time
      of approximately 400 ms, which was invariant to voltage as measured between -40
      and -100 mV. It decreased linearly from -100 to -40 mV with an extrapolated zero
      potential of about -20 mV. The inward current was not generated by spikes if the
      Ca2+ conductance was blocked by Ni2+. At membrane potentials positive to EK the
      development of an outward current, probably carried by K+, could be observed
      during the burst. It overlasted the inward current and decayed with time
      constants of 6-7 s. This current grew successively in amplitude in the course of
      the burst discharge and finally nullified the inward-current component at
      potentials around spike threshold, thus terminating the burst. An inward current
      with properties similar to the spike-induced inward current was produced by
      pressure injecting CaCl2 into the neurons. This current was unselectively carried
      by cations as shown by both ion-substitution experiments and measurements with
      ion-selective microelectrodes. Large cations such as choline, TEA, and Tris
      passed through the channels nearly as well as Na+. Changes in the H+ or Cl-
      concentration were not seen to affect the inward current. Spike as well as the
      injection-induced currents were largest in bursting pacemaker cells compared with
      other cells of similar size. Both currents were found to be small or absent in
      nonbursting but regularly firing pacemaker cells, albeit these cells reveal a
      larger Ca2+ current density than the bursting pacemaker cell.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2418171
TI  - Characterization of fimbria input to nucleus accumbens.
AB  - The hippocampal input to the nucleus accumbens was studied by correlative
      electrophysiological and anatomical techniques in acutely prepared rabbits. Field
      and extracellular unitary potentials were recorded in the nucleus accumbens
      following ipsilateral fimbria stimulation. Analysis of the components of the
      field response was based on the relevant correlations with extracellular unitary
      activity. The cellular types that are the recipients of the hippocampal
      projection were determined by combined intracellular horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
      and Golgi analyses. The distribution of the hippocampal input was determined by
      combined field potential and current source density analyses. It was found that
      the ipsilateral fimbria projection was distributed to the dorsal two-thirds of
      the nucleus, with the projection being heaviest in the more caudal portions of
      the nucleus. The negative (N) component of the field response was studied by
      correlating its behavior with the appropriate extracellular unitary recordings.
      It was concluded that the N-component represented an envelope of monosynaptically
      activated action potentials. The positive (P) component of the field response
      throughout the nucleus accumbens was studied pharmacologically with the
      iontophoretic administration of bicuculline. The P-components, in both the dorsal
      and ventral regions of the nucleus, were diminished by bicuculline application,
      indicating that this potential results from the activation of gamma-aminobutyric
      acid (GABA) mechanisms. The cell populations that are the targets for the
      hippocampal projections were studied by the technique of intracellular staining
      with HRP. These results were correlated with the findings of a Golgi analysis.
      Two distinct cell types were found to respond in a monosynaptic manner to
      ipsilateral fimbria stimulation. The most common of the two were the small-to
      medium-sized spiny neurons, and they were distributed throughout the nucleus.
      These cells have a spherical dendritic arrangement. The second, and most
      distinctive, of the cell types were the large aspiny neurons. These cells were
      distributed medially and caudally in the nucleus. Two of the outstanding features
      of these cells were the expanse of their dendritic domains and the fact that
      axons originated from relatively remote portions of the dendrites.

PMID- 2418172
TI  - Immunoreactive dynorphin B in sacral primary afferent fibers of the cat.
AB  - Immunocytochemical analysis of the distribution of dynorphin B terminals in the
      sacral spinal cord of the cat revealed a pattern of staining very similar to that
      produced with antisera directed against the primary afferent derived, putative
      neurotransmitter, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Labeled axons and terminals
      were concentrated in lamina I and V and there was dense fiber staining in the
      tract of Lissauer. Of particular interest was the presence of immunoreactive
      axons in attached dorsal rootlets. To specifically focus on the possibility that
      some of the sacral primary afferent fibers are dynorphin-immunoreactive, we first
      tried to increase perikaryal labeling in the sacral dorsal root ganglia by
      topical treatment with colchicine. This did not produce immunoreactive labeling
      of cell bodies in the ganglia. Unilateral multiple dorsal rhizotomy (L5 to
      coccygeal 1), however, significantly decreased the staining of dynorphin
      immunoreactive axons and terminals in the tract of Lissauer and in the dorsal
      horn of sacral segments ipsilateral to the deafferentation. No changes were
      detected in the lumbar cord. Finally, radioimmunoassay of caudal lumbar and
      sacral dorsal root ganglia was performed. Measurable immunoreactivity was found
      in all ganglia assayed, but, consistent with the histochemical analysis, sacral
      ganglia contained the highest concentration of immunoreactive dynorphin B. These
      data indicate that a significant component of the sacral spinal cord dynorphin
      terminal immunoreactivity derives from primary afferent fibers.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2418173
TI  - Neurotoxin-sensitive sodium channels in neurons developing in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Fetal mouse brain cells were investigated by 22Na+ flux assays with the aim to
      determine the ontogenetic time course of appearance of functional voltage
      sensitive sodium channels. Their pharmacological properties were assessed by
      measurement of the response to known neurotoxins, acting at site 1, 2, or 3 of
      the Na+ channel. Brain cell suspensions, prepared at 11-19 d of prenatal
      development in vivo, and fetal brain neurons in culture were explored. In vivo
      neurotoxin-sensitive Na+ influx becomes detectable at 12 d of gestation, in
      concordance with the time of appearance of saturable binding sites for alpha
      scorpion toxin (alpha-ScTx) and saxitoxin. Progression in fetal age or in time in
      vitro is accompanied by an increase in the initial rate and in the amplitude of
      Na+ uptake stimulated by batrachotoxin or veratridine. The general
      pharmacological properties of developing Na+ channels are very similar to the
      known properties of voltage-dependent Na+ channels in adult nerve: Batrachotoxin
      acts as a full channel agonist and veratridine as a partial agonist. Their
      respective apparent affinities are increased in presence of alpha-ScTx, in
      agreement with the known positive cooperativity of toxins acting at sites 2 and 3
      of the Na+ channel. alpha-ScTx alone induces a small increase in Na+
      permeability; its effect is greatly amplified in the presence of batrachotoxin or
      veratridine. The apparent affinity of alpha-ScTx is reduced by cell
      depolarization. Tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin block the increase in Na+ permeability
      induced by batrachotoxin, veratridine, and alpha-ScTx.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2418174
TI  - Analysis of FMRF-amide effects on Aplysia bursting neurons.
AB  - The peptide L-phenylalanyl-L-methionyl-L-arginyl-L-phenylalaninamide (FMRF-amide)
      was pressure-applied onto the somata of bursting neurons L4 and L6 in the Aplysia
      abdominal ganglion. FMRF-amide causes a biphasic response, first depolarizing and
      then hyperpolarizing the neuron. In voltage-clamp experiments, FMRF-amide induces
      an inward current that begins 100-200 msec after applying the peptide and peaks
      in 2-10 sec. This is followed by an outward current that begins with a latency of
      2-5 sec and peaks in 15-65 sec. The entire response lasts 1-5 min. Experiments
      were done to separate the two currents induced by FMRF-amide on the basis of ion
      selectivity and kinetics and to determine their I(V) relationships. The currents
      were studied using a method to quickly measure I(V) curves. The inward current is
      caused by a conductance increase and has a reversal potential of approximately
      +18 mV. This current depends on the concentration of extracellular Na ions but
      not Ca, Cl, or K ions and is insensitive to tetrodotoxin, hexamethonium, and
      curare. The outward current is caused by a conductance increase and has a
      reversal potential of approximately -61 mV, which is similar to the reversal
      potential of the fast, transient K current (IA) in the same cells. This current
      is sensitive to changes in the external K ion concentration but not to changes in
      Cl, Ca, or Na concentration. The outward current is partially blocked by 1 mM 4
      aminopyridine but not TEA or curare. Neither current is significantly voltage
      dependent within the range from -70 to -40 mV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2418175
TI  - Selective staining of large projection neurons by monoclonal antibody to a
      glycoprotein of PC12 cells.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody has been produced against glycoproteins prepared from PC12
      cells. This antibody stains PC12 cells in a rimlike fashion, whether they are
      fixed or living. When neuronally differentiated PC12 cells are used, neurites as
      well as somata stain. In the presence of complement, the antibody is cytotoxic to
      PC12 cells. These lines of evidence suggest that at least some of the binding is
      to an exposed component of the plasma membrane in these cells. Biochemical
      experiments directed at identifying the antigen(s) indicate specific recognition
      of glycoproteins of apparent molecular weights of approximately 160 and 95 kDa by
      SDS-PAGE. The antibody appears to be directed against a determinant on the
      protein moiety. The larger species is likely to be the same as a glycoprotein
      previously described (Lee et al., 1981), which has been found in PC12 cells, but
      not in brain. The monoclonal antibody we have produced, however, selectively
      stains a subset of neurons in brain. Specifically, it binds to Purkinje cells in
      cerebellar cortex, pyramidal cells in cerebral cortex and hippocampus, ganglion
      cells in retina, and some neurons, generally large, in most brain structures
      examined. No glia or nonneural tissues stain. We suggest that the neurons
      recognized by this antibody may be the projection cells of each structure.
      However, in contrast to PC12 cells, the antigen(s) bound in this case appears to
      be predominantly internal. This interpretation is supported by the appearance of
      stained cells in tissue; by the failure of the antibody to stain live dissociated
      neurons from brain; and by its failure to lyse sympathetic neurons in the
      presence of complement. Western immunoblots show that there is glycoprotein
      present in brain that is recognized by the antibody, and that it is enriched in a
      crude microsomal fraction prepared from that tissue. This material migrates on
      SDS gels as two bands of 130 and 95 kDa.

PMID- 2418176
TI  - The kallikrein-kinin system as mediator in vasogenic brain edema. Part 3:
      Inhibition of the kallikrein-kinin system in traumatic brain swelling.
AB  - Evidence has previously been provided that administration of kinins to the
      cerebrum causes edema and opening of the blood-brain barrier. It has further been
      shown that these highly active compounds are formed in the brain under
      pathophysiological conditions. Their formation was enhanced when cerebral blood
      flow became compromised by an increase in intracranial pressure. Final evidence,
      however, was not available as to whether specific inhibition of the kallikrein
      kinin (KK) system has a therapeutic function in acute head injury. The authors
      have demonstrated in rabbits that inhibition of the activating enzyme kallikrein
      by aprotinin or by aprotinin plus soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), which
      interfere with plasma and tissue kallikrein, is associated with a decrease in
      formation of posttraumatic swelling after a standardized cold lesion to the
      brain. Saline-treated control animals with cerebral cold-induced injury had an
      increase in hemispheric weight 24 hours later of 13.0% +/- 0.8% (standard error
      of the mean) in the damaged hemisphere compared to the contralateral nondamaged
      hemisphere. Administration of aprotinin or aprotinin plus SBTI led to a
      significant reduction of hemispheric swelling of 10.1% +/- 0.7% or 10.4% +/-
      0.7%, respectively. In animals receiving SBTI only, hemispheric swelling evolving
      from cold injury was not significantly reduced. Therapeutic reduction of brain
      edema by aprotinin cannot be attributed to a nonspecific effect on the blood
      pressure, which in the experimental groups remained almost normal as compared to
      the control animals. Failure of SBTI to influence posttraumatic brain swelling
      may have resulted from disturbances in intravascular coagulation. Measurements of
      aprotinin in plasma and tissue demonstrate that the inhibitor doses employed are
      within an effective therapeutic range. Attenuation of brain edema by specific
      inhibition of the KK system provides evidence for a mediator role of kinins in
      vasogenic edema. Clinical trials with inhibitors of the KK system in acute forms
      of traumatic lesions associated with vasogenic edema appear worthwhile.

PMID- 2418177
TI  - Articulating professional nursing practice behaviors.
AB  - Performance evaluation tools have been underused as a mechanism to convey the
      value of professionalism to clinical nurses. An investigative study conducted at
      the University of Michigan Hospitals articulated professional nursing practice
      behaviors in measurable objectives for two classifications of clinical nurses.
      This paper describes the process of the study and includes examples of the
      evaluation tools.

PMID- 2418178
TI  - The role of nutrition in gene expression: a fertile field for the application of
      molecular biology.
AB  - In the past 20 yr, enormous strides have been made in the field of molecular
      biology. We are now in a period characterized by rapid progress in the
      understanding of the fundamentals of metabolic regulation as well as a deepening
      appreciation of the potential for biotechnological applications in research.
      Moreover, there has been an increase in the use of concepts evolved from
      molecular biology in the study of food components and essential nutrients as
      factors in control of gene expression. In this review, several examples are
      described that point out the utility of using the techniques of molecular
      biologists for nutrition-related problems. Many of the methods currently
      available for directly examining gene expression are often more simple than the
      indirect methods traditionally used, e.g., indirect methods involving specific
      protein or product isolation following appropriate labeling. Also, many of the
      methods used in molecular biology require less tissue for analyses than
      conventional methods, are less complex and less expensive than conventional
      methods.

PMID- 2418179
TI  - Industrial exposure to organophosphorus compounds. Studies of a group of workers
      with a decrease in esterase-staining monocytes.
AB  - When an automated counting instrument using an esterase stain was employed,
      decreased monocyte counts were observed in a group of process workers exposed to
      organophosphate esters. Their monocyte counts were not found to be depressed with
      manual counting or with an automated counter using another staining method. The
      apparent depression was transient. In these workers and a comparison group,
      theoretical adverse consequences of decreased monocyte esterase and also possible
      changes in other esterases were explored. No anergy was seen with mumps or
      staphylococcal phage lysate hypersensitivity skin tests. Histology of the mumps
      reaction was similar in both groups. The depressed monocyte counts were
      significantly associated with a mild reduction in erythrocyte cell
      acetylcholinesterase, but no reduction was seen in plasma pseudocholinesterase or
      lymphocyte neurotoxic esterase.

PMID- 2418180
TI  - Which drug to which patient?
AB  - When a decision to treat a given patient is taken, the embarrassing position
      arises of deciding which drug should first be prescribed. How can the safest
      choice be made? Should the physician follow a pathophysiological or an empirical
      approach? There is no doubt that the most rational approach would consist of
      matching the pharmacological properties of the drug with the pathophysiological
      disturbances of the patient. However, these are complex and variable, and their
      precise assessment in every hypertensive patient is hardly practicable. On the
      other hand, the pharmacological properties of drugs are often multiple, and
      sometimes imperfectly understood. The practical impossibility of obtaining a
      satisfactory pathophysiological profile of each hypertensive patient in order to
      choose the most suitable drug has strengthened the trend toward formulating and
      using stepped-care programmes. The philosophy behind these is that of lowering
      blood pressure with agents most likely to be effective with a minimum of untoward
      effects, of progressing from a simple start, generally prescribing a single drug
      at a low dose, to more complex therapeutic regimens. There is some evident
      soundness in this approach, but stepped-care programmes are sometimes criticized
      as dogmatic, and are contrasted with the individualized approach, the custom
      tailoring provided by pathophysiological profiling. Undoubtedly, the first
      stepped-care programmes, as formulated in the USA in the 1970s, giving no other
      first choice than a thiazide diuretic, were rigid and had limitations. On the
      other hand, the 1978 WHO guidelines were more flexible, suggesting a first choice
      between either a diuretic or a beta-blocker.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2418181
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of keratin proteins in duct-ligated salivary
      glands of mice and rats.
AB  - Immunohistochemical detection of keratin proteins in duct-ligated submandibular
      glands (SMG) was carried out in mice and rats with or without testosterone
      administration. Keratin staining in normal salivary glands was limited to the
      striated duct (SD) and excretory duct (ED) cells and was usually lacking in
      granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells. Following duct-ligation, the epithelia of
      intercalated ducts (ICD), degranulated tubules, duct-like structures, and dilated
      striated and excretory ducts showed positive keratin staining, usually in their
      luminal aspects. The concentration of keratin was proportional to the degree of
      degranulation of the GCT cells. The duct-ligated SMGs in animals with
      testosterone treatment showed a comparatively higher number of granules located
      in the GCT cells, and degranulation was slight. Keratin staining in hormone
      treated duct-ligated glands also occurred in ductal segments to a slight degree.
      Keratin was also detected in degranulated tubules, and its concentration was
      increased in duct-like structures, whereas staining for EGF and NGF was decreased
      in degranulated tubules and lacking in duct-like structures.

PMID- 2418182
TI  - Keratin proteins in human oral mucosa.
AB  - We have examined the keratin proteins in normal human oral mucosa from 6
      different regions including hard palate, buccal mucosa, tongue, gingiva and floor
      of the mouth. Urea-dithiothreitol extracts of EDTA separated epithelia were
      analysed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. Eight samples from each region were
      investigated and showed very little individual variation in the keratin profile
      on Coomasie Blue-stained gels. The keratinizing hard palate and gingiva expressed
      identical patterns and resembled the pattern of epidermis from the flank region.
      The normally non-keratinizing buccal mucosa and the mucosa of the floor of the
      mouth expressed polypeptides distinctly different from those of the keratinizing
      epithelia and lacked the high molecular weight keratins. The dorsal surface of
      the tongue and the commissure region showed a pattern intermediate between
      keratinizing and non-keratinizing epithelia. The greater sensitivity of the
      immunoblotting technique revealed that the non-keratinizing epithelia synthesized
      one of the high molecular polypeptides and that the tongue produced all the bands
      found in keratinizing epithelia, but in very small quantities. There are, thus,
      distinct differences in the keratin expression of oral epithelia which are
      related to the pattern of keratinization assessed histologically.

PMID- 2418183
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of keratin in experimental carcinoma of the
      mouse submandibular gland.
AB  - An immunohistochemical survey of the distribution of keratin was studied in
      chemically induced carcinomas of the submandibular glands of mice. Initial signs
      of premalignant changes were degranulation of granular convoluted tubule cells
      and deposition of keratin protein in small limited areas of the degranulated
      cells. There was a gradual increase in the area showing keratin staining in
      altered tubule cells. Duct-like and cystic structures stained intensely for
      keratin, as did squamous metaplastic epithelial cells. Induced carcinomas were
      variably keratinized. Basal layers of cells of squamous-cell carcinomas displayed
      weak keratin staining, and spinous tumor cells and parakeratotic tumor cells
      showed somewhat increased levels of keratin staining. Some desquamated keratotic
      tumor cells stained intensely for keratin. Just as the localization of epidermal
      and nerve growth factors and lectin-binding histochemistry have been used in
      studying tumorigenesis in the mouse submandibular gland, immunohistochemically
      detected keratin proved to be a useful marker of tumor cells of ductal segment
      origin.

PMID- 2418184
TI  - Pulmonary blastoma, carcinosarcoma and spindle-cell carcinoma: an
      immunohistochemical study of keratin intermediate filaments.
AB  - We have examined 18 primary malignant lung tumours categorized as either
      carcinosarcoma, blastoma or spindle-cell carcinoma according to accepted
      criteria. Two monoclonal antibodies to keratins, CAM 5.2 and LP 34, were used to
      determine whether the non-epithelial or spindle-cell components of each tumour
      showed evidence of keratin expression. By this means the epithelial nature of the
      five tumours classified as spindle-cell carcinomas was confirmed. In all four
      pulmonary blastomas and in five of nine carcinosarcomas, the sarcomatous elements
      failed to stain for keratin but in the remaining four carcinosarcomas there was
      focal staining. The histogenesis of these tumours is discussed and it is
      suggested that the sarcomatous component of a carcinosarcoma may be derived from
      malignant epithelial cells by a process of mesenchymal metaplasia with a switch
      in intermediate filament type. It remains uncertain whether blastomas are derived
      from both endoderm and mesoderm, or from either one of these tissues, with one
      component representing complete metaplastic transformation.

PMID- 2418185
TI  - A new marker of terminal differentiation in keratinizing epithelia.
AB  - Using the well-differentiated human squamous carcinoma cell line LICR-LON-HN-5 as
      an immunogen we have produced a monoclonal antibody (32a) that reacts with the
      keratohyalin granular layer of the normal epidermis. We present here results
      showing the distribution of the epitope recognized by this antibody in human
      tissues in vivo and in vitro, as demonstrated using immuno cytochemical staining
      techniques at the light and ultrastructural levels. Expression of the determinant
      first appears at 18 weeks of fetal development, localized in cells associated
      with the hair germ. In hyperplastic epidermis the staining pattern is altered,
      apparently linked with a switch from orthokeratotic to parakeratotic
      keratinization. In primary squamous cell carcinomas and in xenografts formed by
      the squamous carcinoma cell line LICR-LON-HN-5 the keratinized elements are
      stained. Poorly differentiated tumours are not stained, indicating that antibody
      may be useful as a marker of terminal differentiation in vivo. When grown on
      collagen gels both human epidermal keratinocytes and the squamous carcinoma cell
      line show staining of the more differentiated cells which appears to be
      associated with the keratinohyalin granules, indicating that this antibody may be
      of value in studies aimed at the control of squamous differentiation.

PMID- 2418186
TI  - LSD in the supportive care of the terminally ill cancer patient.

PMID- 2418187
TI  - Dysmorphic syndrome with phytanic acid oxidase deficiency, abnormal very long
      chain fatty acids, and pipecolic acidemia: studies in four children.
AB  - We describe a relatively new syndrome in four children with characteristic facial
      dysmorphism, sensorineural hearing loss, severe visual impairment with retinitis
      pigmentosa, hypotonia, hepatomegaly, and severe developmental delay. Two patients
      had intracranial hemorrhage secondary to a vitamin K-responsive clotting defect;
      both had steatorrhea. Liver biopsy specimens in two children showed an
      accentuated lobular architecture with prominent fibrous bands in the portal area.
      In one, the ultrastructure showed accumulation of abnormal substances and
      occasional trilaminar structures in hepatocytes and other cells. All four
      patients had elevated serum phytanic acid concentrations (0.3 to 2.7 mg/dl,
      normal less than 0.2 mg/dl) and deficient fibroblast phytanic acid oxidase
      activity (0.1 to 6.7 pmol/mg protein/hr, normal 23 to 87 pmol/mg protein/hr).
      Serum pipecolic acid was 7 to 55 times normal, and the ratio of C26/C22 very long
      chain fatty acids was increased (0.10 to 0.22; normal less than 0.03). This
      characteristic syndrome has been described in several children and called
      infantile Refsum disease or phytanic acid storage disease. Its relationship to
      neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, hyperpipecolic acidemia, and Zellweger syndrome is
      discussed.

PMID- 2418188
TI  - Peroxisomal disorders.

PMID- 2418189
TI  - Further delineation of Weaver syndrome.
AB  - Seven new cases of Weaver syndrome are described, including the first reported
      case in an adult. Overgrowth is usually but not always present. The combination
      of characteristic facies and developmental delay, with the peculiar radiographic
      findings of accelerated dysharmonic osseous maturation and splaying of the distal
      long bones, is diagnostic of Weaver syndrome.

PMID- 2418190
TI  - Effects of antenatal steroid therapy on mortality and morbidity in very low birth
      weight infants.
AB  - A cohort of 678 consecutive very low birth weight infants, liveborn in one
      tertiary institution during a 63-month period, was studied to investigate whether
      antenatal steroid therapy had any beneficial or harmful effects on mortality or
      morbidity over the first 2 years of life. Comparing the 244 babies who received
      treatment with the 434 controls, 195 (79.9%) and 265 (61.1%), respectively, were
      discharged home (P less than 0.001). Mortality in the treated group remained
      substantially lower and was almost halved after adjustment for birth weight,
      extreme immaturity, lethal malformations, and confounding obstetric variables (P
      = 0.001). Fatal cases of respiratory distress syndrome were less common in the
      treated group (P = 0.044). Of in-hospital survivors, those in the treated group
      required less positive pressure respiratory support (P = 0.003) and fewer days in
      oxygen (P = 0.018), and the incidences of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (P = 0.003)
      and patent ductus arteriosus (P = 0.002) were lower. Two-year survivors who had
      received treatment were heavier (P = 0.016) and had larger head circumferences (P
      = 0.029). These beneficial associations in the treated group were not at the
      expense of increased rates of infection or adverse neurologic outcome. We did not
      detect any adverse effects of antenatal steroid therapy on any relevant aspect of
      mortality or morbidity in infancy under circumstances in which the chances of
      finding substantial differences were high.

PMID- 2418191
TI  - A mouse model for the study of necrotizing enterocolitis.
AB  - A mouse model for the study of necrotizing enterocolitis is presented. It is a
      model of temporary intestinal ischemia and consists of occluding both superior
      mesenteric vessels with a bulldog clamp for varying periods of time. The
      resultant lesions resemble the intestinal lesions seen in necrotizing
      enterocolitis in respect to the gradual development of the necrotizing lesions
      and their patchy distribution. We also studied the effect of intravenous saline
      and low molecular weight dextran in preventing the development of these ischemic
      lesions. In moderate ischemia, saline and dextran show a similar protective
      effect, and in severe ischemia, both show a protective effect, with dextran being
      more effective than saline.

PMID- 2418192
TI  - Histochemical demonstration of lectin-binding sites and keratin in inflamed human
      gingiva.

PMID- 2418193
TI  - Inhibitory action of taurine on motoneuron of frog spinal cord.
AB  - Using the sucrose gap method, the effect of taurine on the spinal cord of the
      bullfrog was investigated. Taurine inhibited the spontaneous potential and the
      ventral root reflex potential elicited by the stimulation of the dorsal root. The
      excitability of motoneuron did not necessarily diminish following taurine
      application. Taurine inhibited the responses induced by excitatory
      neurotransmitter candidates such as, glutamate and substance P, in a
      concentration dependent manner in the preparation, where the neurotransmission
      was abolished by Ca2+-deprivation and/or Mg2+-supplement. From these results, the
      depressant action of taurine on the electrical activities in the frog spinal cord
      may be interpreted, in part, by the inhibition of the response evoked by
      excitatory transmitter at postsynaptic site.

PMID- 2418194
TI  - Sustained coronary vasoconstriction provoked by a peptidergic substance released
      from endothelial cells in culture.
AB  - Recent reports have shown that cultured endothelial cells release into the
      culture medium a substance (or substances) that contracts isolated preparations
      of arterial smooth muscle [endothelial-derived constrictor factor (EDCF)]. To
      evaluate the coronary and cardiac effects of EDCF, isolated rabbit hearts
      retroperfused in a nonrecirculating system with Krebs-Henseleit solution were
      challenged with bolus injections (100-600 microliter) of either serum-free
      minimum essential medium (vehicle) or aortic endothelial cell supernates
      concentrated in minimum essential medium (EDCF). EDCF, but not its vehicle,
      produced dose-dependent coronary vasoconstriction unaccompanied by changes in
      left ventricular contraction or heart rate. The constrictor responses were
      remarkably well sustained with little or no decrement in resistance occurring
      over a 15-min observation period. Nitroprusside inhibited the development of and
      reversed on-going vasoconstriction evoked by EDCF. Neither meclofenamate nor
      diethylcarbamazine influenced EDCF-induced pressor responses, thereby negating a
      role for arachidonic acid metabolites. Coronary vasoconstriction induced by EDCF
      also was unaffected by blockade of alpha-adrenergic, histaminergic or
      serotonergic receptors. Incubation of EDCF with trypsin attenuated the pressor
      effects markedly, suggesting that EDCF may be a peptide. Roles for angiotensin or
      substance P were ruled out, however, as saralasin failed to influence EDCF
      induced constriction and since substance P was inactive in the perfused rabbit
      heart preparation. We conclude that a substance (or substances), probably a
      peptide, released from cultured endothelial cells provokes sustained coronary
      vasoconstriction by an unknown mechanism.

PMID- 2418195
TI  - Effect of calcium antagonist drugs on calcium currents in mammalian skeletal
      muscle fibers.
AB  - The calcium channel-inhibiting drugs diltiazem, verapamil and nitrendipine
      represent three general classes of organic calcium antagonists. In the present
      study, the effect of these drugs on calcium currents (ICa++) in rabbit
      sternomastoid muscle fibers was examined. ICa++ were recorded at room temperature
      using a vaseline gap voltage clamp. ICa++ measured had similar kinetics to those
      reported in rat skeletal muscle, were partially blocked by 0.5 mM CdCI2 and could
      be reduced by substitution of Mg++ for Ca++. Diltiazem reversibly blocked ICa++
      in a concentration-dependent manner with the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50)
      being 63 microM. Verapamil was slightly more potent with approximately 50% block
      of ICa++ occurring at 10 microM. In contrast, nitrendipine at concentrations from
      1 to 10 microM had no blocking action on ICa++, even after 20 min of exposure.
      Thus, although Ca++ channels in mammalian skeletal muscle fibers are readily
      blocked by cadmium, diltiazem and verapamil, these channels appear to be
      insensitive to the dihydropyridine compound nitrendipine.

PMID- 2418196
TI  - Vasodilation of the rat mesenteric vasculature by parathyroid hormone.
AB  - The isolated, perfused rat mesenteric vascular bed was used as a sensitive model
      of resistance vessel dynamics to evaluate the vascular actions of parathyroid
      hormone (PTH). Periarterial sympathetic nerve stimulation (PNS) was carried out
      at 8 Hz, 2 msec in pulse duration (supramaximal voltage) for 30 sec. The pressor
      response to PNS was decreased in a dose-dependent fashion by synthetic bovine
      PTH(1-34). Reduction of the PNS response was greater than 30% at 30 nM PTH. The
      concentration of PTH required to produce a half-maximal (ED50) decrease in PNS
      induced tone was 4 nM. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor, methylisobutylxanthine,
      at 300 nM did not alter the PNS response when given alone, but potentiated PTH
      action. Isoproterenol (1 microM) decreased the PNS response by only 20%.
      Propranolol (1 microM) inhibited the effect of isoproterenol on the PNS response,
      but not that of PTH. The inhibitory analog of PTH, bPTH(7-34), blocked PTH action
      completely only at 30- to 50-fold higher concentrations than that of PTH. PTH
      also decreased the pressor response to norepinephrine infusion, similar to the
      effects on PNS. Again, bPTH(7-34) blocked the actions of PTH on norepinephrine
      vasoconstriction. These findings indicate that PTH has greater efficacy and
      potency for reducing PNS pressor activity in the mesenteric vasculature than
      isoproterenol and demonstrate that PTH has significant vascular effects at
      nanomolar concentrations.

PMID- 2418197
TI  - Diabetes-induced alteration in brain monoamine metabolism in rats.
AB  - Concentrations of monoamines and their metabolites as well as the activities of
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and of choline acetyltransferase were investigated in
      various brain regions of control and streptozotocin-treated Sprague-Dawley rats.
      The animals were rendered diabetic by a single i.v. injection of streptozotocin
      (65 mg/kg) and killed 10, 30 and 90 days after the treatment. During the course
      of diabetes, progressive decreases in the activity of TH and a marked increase in
      the concentration of norepinephrine were observed in several brain regions,
      including thalamus, hypothalamus, medulla and midbrain. This inverse relationship
      between TH activity and norepinephrine content was also seen in the pons but only
      in the 90-day diabetic animals. Lower TH activity in the hypothalamus of 30-day
      diabetic rats reflected a decreased Vmax, but no difference in the Km. The number
      of alpha adrenergic receptors was increased significantly in the hypothalamus,
      medulla and midbrain of the 30-day diabetic rats. The concentrations of dopamine
      and serotonin in various brain regions of the 10- and 30-day diabetic rats were
      generally not significantly different from controls. Concentrations of the acidic
      metabolites of these neurotransmitters, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 5
      hydroxyindolacetic acid, were, however, greatly reduced. The activity of choline
      acetyltransferase, a marker of presynaptic cholinergic neuron activity, remained
      unaltered during the course of diabetes. These data suggest that uncontrolled
      diabetes is associated with a significant disturbance of brain monoamine
      metabolism.

PMID- 2418198
TI  - A pharmacological explanation of the use-dependency of the verapamil (and D-600)
      block of slow calcium channels.
AB  - Contractures of the toe muscles of frogs produced by 123 mM K+ were reduced or
      blocked by verapamil (or D-600) when applied in concentrations of 10(-7) M or
      more. In concentrations between 10(-7) and 3 X 10(-5) M or less, little or no
      reduction was produced in the first test with high K+ after drug application.
      When tests were repeated at 10- to 15-min intervals, block was produced. This
      block decreased and eventually disappeared if the muscles were kept in the drug
      solution without testing for 25 min or more. In contrast, at 10(-4) M verapamil,
      the first contracture in response to high K+ was reduced or blocked. If exposure
      to 10(-4) M verapamil was limited to 0.5 hr, then recovery occurred in drug-free
      solution, but if the muscles were exposed to this concentration of verapamil for
      2.5 hr or longer, the K+ contracture remained blocked, even in drug-free
      solution. These results provided an explanation for the frequency- and use
      dependency effects of verapamil and D-600. Briefly, this explanation is that the
      drug receptor is inside the calcium channel which is closed to the extracellular
      fluid in the resting or in the inactivated state but open to the intracellular
      fluid at all times. The drug receptors will be effectively occupied and a block
      produced when lower drug concentrations are used if the calcium channels are
      opened, but verapamil will leave its receptor and diffuse into the intracellular
      fluid when the extracellular channel openings are closed. Further details of this
      mechanism are given in the paper.

PMID- 2418199
TI  - Effect of forskolin on action potential, slow inward current and tension of frog
      atrial fibers.
AB  - The new nonhormonal activator of adenylate cyclase forskolin was studied on frog
      atrial trabeculae by current clamp and voltage clamp methods using a double
      sucrose gap technique. Forskolin (5 X 10(-6) M to 2 X 10(-5) M) dose-dependently
      increased action potential duration, the height of the plateau and twitch
      tension. The time constant for inactivation of the slow inward current and the
      steady state kinetic variables of calcium channels d infinity and f infinity
      remained uneffected. Forskolin increased the amplitude of slow inward calcium
      current isi and of the phasic tension related to it. The maximal conductance gsi
      increased. These effects were indistinguishable from those obtained earlier on
      cardiac fibers with hormonal and nonhormonal activators of cyclic AMP-dependent
      phosphorylation. The beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist propranolol 10(-6)M did not
      decrease the effect of forskolin. Forskolin had no effect when slow inward
      current was previously increased by saturating concentrations of the beta
      adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (10(-4)M). Our results are in favour of the
      hypothesis that cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of membrane proteins
      modulates the Ca-entry in the heart cells through the membrane slow calcium
      channels.

PMID- 2418200
TI  - [Studies on the relationship between the oxygen uptake and the release of amylase
      and sialic acid].
AB  - The relationship between the oxygen uptake and the release of amylase and sialic
      acid induced by pilocarpine was investigated in dog submandibular glands.
      Pilocarpine dose-dependently stimulated the oxygen uptake. The dose required for
      the maximal response was 10 microM. The release of amylase and sialic acid
      induced by pilocarpine was inhibited by the addition of iodoacetic acid, malonic
      acid, 2, 4-dinitrophenol, antimycin A or sodium azide. The oxygen uptake induced
      by pilocarpine was significantly inhibited by iodoacetic acid, malonic acid,
      antimycin A or sodium azide. On the other hand, 2, 4-dinitrophenol further
      stimulated the oxygen uptake by pilocarpine. The increase in the oxygen uptake or
      the release of amylase and sialic acid induced by pilocarpine was significantly
      inhibited by ouabain. The Na+, K+-ATPase activity ratio in the microsomal
      fraction of dog submandibular glands was dose-dependently increased by
      pilocarpine. The Na+, K+-ATPase activity ratio induced by pilocarpine was
      significantly inhibited by ouabain, antimycin A, oligomycin or 2, 4
      dinitrophenol. The pilocarpine-induced Na+, K+-ATPase activity ratio was
      significantly inhibited by the removal Ca2+ from the medium or the addition of 2
      mM EGTA. These results suggest that the increase in the oxygen uptake by
      pilocarpine is profoundly involved in the energy supply for the process of
      amylase and sialic acid release. In particular, the energy supply demanded for
      the activation of Na+ pump may play a role in the mechanism by which pilocarpine
      induces the oxygen uptake.

PMID- 2418201
TI  - [Ultrasonography of seminal vesicles by the suprapubic approach. Value of their
      study in prostatic pathology].
AB  - The transabdominal suprapubic study of the seminal vesicles was realised in 162
      cases. Their relationship with the posterior bladder wall was examined. The
      normal distance between distal extremity of seminal vesicles-bladder wall
      measures 5 mm, and the distance between proximal extremity of seminal vesicles
      bladder wall measures 7 mm. In case of benign hypertrophy, the seminal vesicles
      are pressed back and distance proximal extremity of seminal vesicles-bladder wall
      gets greater than 15 mm. In malignant hypertrophy of the posterior prostatic
      lobe, the position of the seminal vesicles does not change although the prostate
      has an increased volume.

PMID- 2418202
TI  - Regional heterogeneity of human spermatozoa detected with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The regional antigenic heterogeneity of human spermatozoa is confirmed with 6
      monoclonal antibodies raised against ejaculated human spermatozoa. The
      topographical localization of the antigenic determinants suggests the existence
      of at least 6 domains on the human spermatozoon. Different fixatives had severe
      detrimental effects on the antigen-antibody binding. On live human spermatozoa,
      each antibody bound to a distinct region: acrosome, equatorial segment, entire
      tail, neck, midpiece and terminal piece. The antigens detected on the acrosome,
      equatorial segment and entire tail were surface components, whereas the other
      three were intracellular structures. The determinant present along the entire
      tail was a sperm-coating antigen. The molecular weights of the recognized
      antigens were estimated with the Western blot technique. Immunostaining of
      individual ejaculates established that the percentages of positive cells were 12
      56% for the acrosome, 8-35% for the equatorial segment, 90-100% for the entire
      tail, 20-52% for the neck, 9-35% for the midpiece and 36-90% for the terminal
      piece. In addition, labelling of motile and immotile spermatozoa showed
      differences in the percentages of positive cells, with 5 out of 6 monoclonal
      antibodies, or in the fluorescence intensity, with the last one labelling the
      entire tail.

PMID- 2418203
TI  - Effects of the ovary and conceptus on uterine blood flow in the pig.
AB  - Changes in uterine blood flow throughout pregnancy appear to be due to steroid
      induced alterations in uterine arterial tone and contractility. Arterial
      contractility is a transient reduction in luminal diameter in response to nerve
      stimulation or to an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist, leading to short-term reduction
      in uterine blood flow. Tone is the pressure exerted by an arterial segment
      against an intraluminal flow (distensibility) and is considered to set the
      baseline rate of flow. These phenomena appear to be regulated individually, with
      tone changes predominating during pregnancy. In pregnancy, tone is markedly
      depressed as oestrogen concentrations rise, and the vessel is distended and
      flaccid. Arterial tone is a function of the amount of calcium available to the
      contractile proteins of the arterial smooth muscle, which is derived from
      extracellular sources. Calcium availability is regulated by the opening and
      closing of calcium channels in the surface membrane in response to changes in the
      membrane potential. The loss of uterine arterial tone associated with oestrogen
      results from a markedly depressed uptake of calcium by the vessels. A significant
      negative correlation (P less than 0.001; r = - 0.93) is observed between uterine
      arterial uptake of calcium and the concentrations of oestrogens in systemic blood
      of pigs throughout gestation. Several lines of evidence suggest that the blockade
      of potential-sensitive calcium channels associated with uterine hyperaemia is
      produced by catechol oestrogens, short-lived metabolites of oestrogens that are
      found in the circulation when oestrogen levels are high. Synthesis of catechol
      oestrogens from the parent oestrogens has been shown to occur in the placenta,
      endometrium and uterine arteries of pigs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2418204
TI  - Antibodies to ribonucleic acids detected by ELISA in systemic lupus
      erythematosus, systemic sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - The natural and synthetic antiribonucleic acid antibodies (anti-RNA) are more
      frequently found in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (80%) than in systemic
      sclerosis (66%) or in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (54.5%). SLE sera contain
      antibodies directed against a broader variety of RNA than systemic sclerosis sera
      and most RA sera. Fifty-two percent of SLE and 29.2% of systemic sclerosis sera
      recognized at least 5 of the 7 RNA types studied, whereas RA sera recognized only
      one or 2. Synthetic antipolynucleotide antibody activities are mainly
      antipolyriboguanylic-ribocytidylic acid (prG-rC), antipolyriboadenylic
      ribouridylic acid (prA-rU) and polyriboadenylic acid (prA) antibody in SLE,
      antipolyriboguanylic acid (prG) and antipolyribocytidylic acid (prC) antibody in
      systemic sclerosis and anti-prG-rC, anti-prC antibody in RA.

PMID- 2418205
TI  - Effects of peptide hormones in urate crystal inflammation.
AB  - Effects of hormonal peptides on inflammation were investigated in normal rats
      receiving injections of urate crystals into the hindpaw. Beta endorphin,
      somatostatin and alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone injected along with urate
      crystals produced diminished swelling. Neurotensin and substance P produced
      increased swelling. Intramuscular calcitonin inhibited inflammation. In rats made
      deficient in essential fatty acids, thereby becoming deficient in prostaglandins,
      beta endorphin nullified the proinflammogenic activity of prostaglandin E2. A
      hypothesis is proposed that modification of inflammation by neuropeptides is part
      of the continuum of inflammation-regeneration, a generalized host defense
      mechanism against noxious stimuli.

PMID- 2418206
TI  - Origin and degradation of the RNA primers at the 5' termini of nascent DNA chains
      in Bacillus subtilis.
AB  - We had earlier characterized the nascent DNA synthesized in permeable cells of
      Bacillus subtilis in the presence of 5-mercurideoxycytidine triphosphate and
      2',3'-dideoxyATP as being substituted at its 5' end with a ribonucleotide moiety
      of the sequence pApG(pC)1-2 DNA. In this paper, we examine the origin and
      turnover of the DNA-linked ribonucleotide and its relationship to DNA
      replication. At least 50% of the RNA-linked nascent DNA chains served as
      guanylate acceptors when incubated with GTP and the eukaryotic capping enzyme,
      indicating the presence of 5'-terminal di- or triphosphate groups and suggesting
      that the RNA moiety is synthesized de novo and is not a degradation product. In
      nascent DNA produced without limitation of chain growth by dideoxyATP, the degree
      of terminal ribonucleotide substitution was reduced by 50%, consistent with a
      linkage between RNA primer removal and DNA chain growth. Such a relationship was
      demonstrated directly by examining the RNA primer content of nascent DNA
      synthesized in the absence of dideoxyATP as a function of DNA chain length. As
      the DNA size increased from 40 to 200 nucleotide residues, the extent of RNA
      substitution declined from 80% to nearly 0%. Endgroup analysis showed that the
      loss of RNA was accompanied by a gradual shift from predominantly adenylate
      residues to 5'-terminal guanylate, consistent with a stepwise removal of
      ribonucleotides from the 5' end. Evidence that the nascent mercurated DNA
      synthesized under our experimental conditions was indeed a replicative
      intermediate came from the study of the time course of DNA chain growth and pulse
      chase experiments. In the presence of the DNA ligase inhibitor NMN, mercurated
      DNA accumulated in two size classes with average length of approximately 750 and
      8000 nucleotide residues, presumably representing the mature size of
      intermediates in discontinuous DNA synthesis. Comparison with the DNA size range
      at which the loss of the 5'-terminal RNA moiety occurred (40 to 200 residues)
      indicated that the processing of RNA primers occurred at an early stage during
      DNA chain elongation, and that moderate size intermediates in discontinuous DNA
      replication (greater than 200 nucleotides) have already lost their RNA primers.

PMID- 2418207
TI  - Multiple promoters for the transcription of the ribosomal RNA gene cluster in
      Halobacterium cutirubrum.
AB  - The archaebacterium Halobacterium cutirubrum has a single ribosomal RNA
      transcription unit in its genomic DNA. The 5'-flanking sequence preceding the
      proximal 16 S gene contains two imperfect and three perfect copies of a bipartate
      direct repeat sequence and the first half of a long nearly perfect inverted
      repeat sequence that surrounds the 16 S gene. Initiation of transcription occurs
      within a preserved eight base segment present in each of the five direct repeat
      sequences. The most upstream and least conserved repeat element represents the
      major transcription start site and this site appears to exhibit growth rate
      dependent regulation. The primary transcripts are processed near a short
      discontinuity within the first half of the long inverted repeat sequence to
      produce the 5' end of precursor 16 S rRNA.

PMID- 2418208
TI  - Experimental studies of the pathogenesis of infections due to Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa: immunization using divalent flagella preparations.
AB  - Flagella preparations of the two antigenic types that make up all the flagella
      antigens in Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used, individually, to immunize mice.
      Mice thus immunized were protected when burned and infected with P. aeruginosa.
      Protection was specific for the flagella antigen of the challenge strain but
      independent of its somatic antigen. When both antigens were used, together, for
      immunization, protection was independent of both the flagella and somatic antigen
      of the challenge strain. These results suggest that a divalent P. aeruginosa
      'vaccine' would be of considerable value for immunoprophylaxis in burn patients.

PMID- 2418209
TI  - Smoke inhalation model for lung permeability studies.
AB  - The purpose of this project was the development of a small animal model and the
      use of external gamma imaging for the study of acute post-inhalation permeability
      changes. New Zealand white rabbits were anesthetized with ketamine and
      acepromazine IM, intubated, and a catheter placed in an ear artery. Smoke was
      produced by burning absorbent cotton in a combustion chamber supplied with 10
      liters/min of air. Smoke was delivered to a holding chamber, allowed to cool to
      room temperature, and immediately delivered to the animals via endotracheal tube.
      Animals were allowed to inhale smoke for 3 sessions of 2 to 3 minutes. Blood
      samples were collected for the measurement of PO2, PCO2, and COHb. Lungs were
      removed at 3 to 4 days postinjury and subjected to microscopic histologic
      analysis. The results of six animal experiments showed a significant inhalation
      injury. The mean COHb level was 48% (range, 36%-58%). The change in the pre- and
      post-injury PO2 and PCO2 values were not significant (mean PO2, 66 mm Hg; mean
      PCO2, 32 mm Hg). Histologic evaluation of the lungs of three animals at 24 hrs
      postinjury revealed extensive loss of tracheal epithelium extended to many
      terminal bronchi. Inflammation of surrounding tissue, including edema and
      increased migration of polymorphonuclear cells, was also present. Analysis of
      tissue obtained at 10 to 14 days showed reparative reepithelialization of trachea
      and major bronchi but acute inflammation and loss of intralobar bronchi.
      Inflammatory exudate extended to adjacent alveoli. In conjunction with the above
      model we have developed a method for the noninvasive measurement of lung
      permeability changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2418210
TI  - Antibody response of patients harbouring different zymodemes of Entamoeba
      histolytica to homologous and heterologous antigens.
AB  - Entamoeba histolytica isolates characterized into four zymodemes were used as
      antigens in the IFAT; with 17 sera obtained from patients harbouring different
      amoebic isoenzyme groups. The method of cultivation used was found to influence
      the ease of reading the IFAT. Reactivity of serum samples, obtained from the
      selected patients (i.e. with varied forms of amoebiasis), against homologous and
      heterologous antigens did not reveal any antigenic differences among amoebic
      zymodemes. The present result is an advance on our knowledge and corroborates
      previous findings. However, since the clinical spectrum of the disease may vary
      and diagnosis based on history may not necessarily be complete, it is suggested
      that the present result should be taken as tentative until reactivity of the
      antigens (from different zymodemes) against specifically raised sera in 'animal
      models' is known.

PMID- 2418211
TI  - Effects of vinblastine and colchicine on the rat adrenal cortex: morphometric and
      cytochemical studies.
AB  - The effects of administration of anti-microtubular drugs--vinblastine and
      colchicine--on the ultrastructure of the zona fasciculata cells of young rat
      adrenal were studied. Young male rats were injected with vinblastine and
      sacrificed 2 hr later or with colchicine and sacrificed 3 hr after drug
      administration. Animals injected with isotonic saline in same experimental
      conditions served as controls. Ultrastructural alterations provoked by both
      drugs, vinblastine or colchicine, were identical and were most prominent in the
      Golgi areas. They appeared enlarged and crowded with round, or slightly elongated
      light vesicles, acid phosphatase, and osmium negatives. The Golgi dictyosomes,
      although keeping their normal morphology, were less numerous and presented
      cisternae which were narrower and shorter than controls. Electron-dense vesicles,
      round or elongated, and acid phosphatase positive--lysosomes--were observed in
      great number in the Golgi areas, intermingled with light vesicles. The relative
      volume of light vesicles and lysosomes of the treated animals was significantly
      increased when compared with controls, but the relative volume of dictyosomes was
      significantly decreased. Also the numerical density of light vesicles and
      lysosomes of the injected rats was significantly increased when compared with
      controls. These alterations are highly suggestive of the Golgi involvement in the
      adrenal secretory process.

PMID- 2418212
TI  - Antikeratin antibody staining on ultrathin sections of epidermal cells prepared
      by low-denaturation embedding.
AB  - Direct immunological identification of cellular components has not been possible
      in tissues prepared for electron microscopy by conventional methods. This may be
      attributed, in part, to the relatively harsh reagents employed. Using an approach
      to preparation of biological specimens for transmission electron microscopy that
      aims for minimal perturbation of native protein conformation, we have obtained
      specimens that may be stained with antibodies. Recent investigations using these
      methods have revealed new information regarding the organization of epidermal
      cells.

PMID- 2418213
TI  - Monoclonal antibody to the amino-terminal L sequence of murine leukemia virus
      glycosylated gag polyproteins demonstrates their unusual orientation in the cell
      membrane.
AB  - To analyze cell surface murine leukemia virus gag protein expression, we have
      prepared monoclonal antibodies against the spontaneous AKR T lymphoma KKT-2. One
      of these antibodies, 43-13, detects an AKR-specific viral p12 determinant. A
      second monoclonal antibody, 43-17, detects a novel murine leukemia virus-related
      antigen found on glycosylated gag polyproteins (gp95gag, gp85gag, and gp55gag) on
      the surface of cells infected with and producing ecotropic endogenous viruses,
      but does not detect antigens within these virions. The 43-17 antibody
      immunoprecipitates the precursor of the cell surface gag protein whether in its
      glycosylated or unglycosylated state, but does not detect the cytoplasmic
      precursor of the virion gag proteins (Pr65gag). Based on these findings, we have
      localized the 43-17 determinant to the unique amino-terminal part of the
      glycosylated gag polyprotein (the L domain). We have determined that gp95gag
      contains L-p15-p12-p30-p10 determinants, whereas gp85gag lacks the
      carboxyterminal p10 determinant, and gp55gag lacks both p30 and p10 carboxy
      terminal determinants. Analysis of cell surface gag expression with the 43-17
      antibody leads us to propose that the L domain plays a crucial role in (i) the
      insertion and orientation of murine leukemia virus gag polyproteins in the cell
      membrane and (ii) the relative abundance of expression of AKR leukemia virus
      versus Moloney murine leukemia virus glycosylated gag polyproteins in infected
      cells.

PMID- 2418214
TI  - Murine mammary tumor virus pol-related sequences in human DNA: characterization
      and sequence comparison with the complete murine mammary tumor virus pol gene.
AB  - Sequences in the human genome with homology to the murine mammary tumor virus
      (MMTV) pol gene were isolated from a human phage library. Ten clones with
      extensive pol homology were shown to define five separate loci. These loci share
      common sequences immediately adjacent to the pol-like segments and, in addition,
      contain a related repeat element which bounds this region. This organization is
      suggestive of a proviral structure. We estimate that the human genome contains 30
      to 40 copies of these pol-related sequences. The pol region of one of the cloned
      segments (HM16) and the complete MMTV pol gene were sequenced and compared. The
      nucleotide homology between these pol sequences is 52% and is concentrated in the
      terminal regions. The MMTV pol gene contains a single long open reading frame
      encoding 899 amino acids and is demarcated from the partially overlapping
      putative gag gene by termination codons and a shift in translational reading
      frame. The pol sequence of HM16 is multiply terminated but does contain open
      reading frames which encode 370, 105, and 112 amino acid residues in separate
      reading frames. We deduced a composite pol protein sequence for HM16 by aligning
      it to the MMTV pol gene and then compared these sequences with other retroviral
      pol protein sequences. Conserved sequences occur in both the amino and carboxyl
      regions which lie within the polymerase and endonuclease domains of pol,
      respectively.

PMID- 2418215
TI  - Selection of influenza A virus adsorptive mutants by growth in the presence of a
      mixture of monoclonal antihemagglutinin antibodies.
AB  - The influenza virus hemagglutinin contains four major regions that are recognized
      by antibodies able to neutralize viral infectivity. To investigate the effect of
      an antibody response directed against each of these sites on viral evolution,
      influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) was grown in allantois-on-shell cultures in the
      presence of a mixture of monoclonal antihemagglutinin antibodies. This selection
      mixture contained antibodies (two or three antibodies per antigenic site) whose
      concentrations were adjusted to achieve equal neutralization titers against each
      of the four antigenic sites. By varying the ratio of input virus to selection
      mixture concentration, we observed that variant viruses emerged under conditions
      of partial neutralization. Each of the four variants characterized in detail
      differed from the parental virus in its interaction with cellular receptors and
      exhibited minimal changes in antigenicity. Thus, these variants were virtually
      indistinguishable from wild-type viruses, as assessed by the binding of 103
      monoclonal antihemagglutinin antibodies in an indirect radioimmunoassay. Despite
      this, many of the same antibodies demonstrated decreased titers to the variants
      in hemagglutination inhibition tests. The magnitude of the differences depended
      on the indicator erythrocytes used (much greater differences were detected with
      chicken erythrocytes than with human erythrocytes). Hemagglutination mediated by
      the variants was more resistant to neuraminidase treatment of erythrocytes than
      hemagglutination mediated by the parental virus. These findings are consistent
      with the idea that the variants were initially selected by virtue of their
      increased avidity for host cell receptors. Sequencing of viral RNA revealed that
      each of the variants differed from the parental virus by a single amino acid
      alteration in its HA1 subunit. Two of the changes were close to the proposed
      receptor binding site on hemagglutinin and could directly alter receptor binding,
      while a third was located near the trimer interface and may have increased
      receptor binding by altering monomer-monomer interactions.

PMID- 2418216
TI  - Structure of a cloned circular retroviral DNA containing a tRNA sequence between
      the terminal repeats.
AB  - In the course of analyzing a series of cloned circular retroviral DNAs, we
      recovered an unusual clone. The molecule consisted of a complete viral genome
      containing two copies of the long terminal repeat with extra sequences between
      the repeats. These extra bases proved to be a nearly complete DNA copy of a
      glycine tRNA, including bases that corresponded to modified and nonpairing bases
      of the mature tRNA. A model is proposed to account for the formation of the
      aberrant clone.

PMID- 2418217
TI  - Endocrine cells in renal pelvis and ureter, an immunohistochemical analysis.
AB  - A systematic detection of endocrine cells in the renal pelvis and ureter was
      carried out, using Grimelius stain and immunohistochemical techniques. Ninety
      specimens of pelvic and ureteral mucosae were investigated. Throughout the pelvic
      urothelium, endocrine cells were very uncommon, patchily distributed, and
      serotonin-storing. They have been disclosed in only two cases among normal
      appearing transitional epithelium. Whether cells so scanty are normal and
      permanent inhabitants of this territory is debatable. The material examined did
      not provide opportunity to demonstrate endocrine cells throughout the normal
      ureter. Surprisingly, one case of supernumerary ureter with an ectopic distal
      orifice into the urethra harbored abundant serotonin cells. This remarkable
      endocrine profile, which departed appreciably from that of normal ureter, showed
      a close similarity with that of the urethra. This raises the question whether
      such endocrine differentiation might reflect, for this ectopic ureteric bud,
      urogenital sinus origin rather than wolffian origin.

PMID- 2418218
TI  - The presence of benign prostatic glands in perineural spaces.
AB  - The close neural-epithelial interaction seen in cases of prostatic carcinoma
      often is a criterion for malignancy. In a retrospective histological study of 26
      nonneoplastic prostate glands obtained at autopsy benign glands were found in the
      perineural spaces in 6. In 5 of these cases the glands were cytologically benign,
      with a double layer of epithelial cells without nuclear pleomorphism,
      hyperchromatism and eosinophilic nucleoli. The remaining case involved an
      atrophic gland. Owing to the small size, nuclear hyperchromatism and, sometimes,
      crowded architectural arrangement atrophic glands may mimic malignant glands.
      This could be a potential cause of concern for the surgical pathologist when
      these glands appear around nerves. Perineural invasion should be interpreted
      cautiously when used as a criterion for malignancy.

PMID- 2418219
TI  - Cystic pelvic mass.

PMID- 2418220
TI  - HTLV-III antibodies in human immune gamma-globulin.

PMID- 2418221
TI  - Defect of intracellular calcium channels is culprit in malignant hyperthermia.

PMID- 2418222
TI  - Atypical mycobacteria in bone marrow histiocytes.

PMID- 2418223
TI  - [A case of immature mediastinal teratoma].
AB  - A case of mediastinal immature teratoma was treated with a multimodality approach
      that included surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Serum alpha-fetoprotein at
      admission was elevated and changed in parallel with the therapy and tumor growth.
      The patient died of sudden respiratory failure 18 months after admission.
      Mediastinal immature teratoma with elevated serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein
      carries a poor prognosis, as does endodermal sinus tumor. We concluded that this
      condition should most probably be treated with a combination of intensive
      chemotherapy, surgical resection, and radiotherapy.

PMID- 2418224
TI  - [High-dose intravenous gamma globulin therapy for acute leukemia refractory to
      platelet transfusions].

PMID- 2418225
TI  - [Experimental models for the studies of anti-arrhythmia agents].

PMID- 2418226
TI  - [Non-invasive method of evaluating anti-arrhythmia drug efficacy].

PMID- 2418227
TI  - [Clinical use of calcium blockers].

PMID- 2418228
TI  - [Identification of the site of origin of ventricular premature beat in patients
      with or without underlying cardiac disease using body surface mapping].

PMID- 2418229
TI  - [Drug therapy of malignant lymphoma].

PMID- 2418230
TI  - [Primary malignant lymphoma of the skin].

PMID- 2418231
TI  - [Results of radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa].

PMID- 2418232
TI  - [Treatment of cervical lymph node metastases from carcinoma of the pharynx with
      special reference to radiation therapy and its role].

PMID- 2418233
TI  - Reticuloendothelial system and glomerular deposition of heat-aggregated human
      IgG.
AB  - The influence of functional impairment of reticuloendothelial system on
      glomerular deposition of heat aggregated human IgG (HAIgG) was studied. I-125
      HAIgG was injected to mice treated either with dextran-containing 0.9% saline or
      with the saline alone. The HAIgG clearance rate from the blood decreased in the
      dextran-treated mice. The chronologically measured HAIgG contents in the liver,
      spleen and glomeruli increased in the dextran-treated animals. Immunofluorescent
      technique also demonstrated an increase in HAIgG and host C3 in the glomeruli.
      The glomerular hypercellularity was not demonstrated morphologically. Assuming
      that the function of the hepatic Kupffer cells principally affect the clearance
      rate of the foreign macromolecules from the blood, it is likely that the dextran
      administration impaired the function of these cells to digest the phagocytosed
      HAIgG, and that consequently the injected HAIgG stayed longer in the blood. Thus,
      increased supply of the HAIgG from the blood and/or the dextran-induced reduction
      of digesting function of the mesangial cell per se might have led to the
      accumulation of glomerular HAIgG. We suggest, therefore, that even small amount
      of immune complex may induce immune complex-mediated glomerular lesion, when
      associated with long lasting functional impairment of the Kupffer cells.

PMID- 2418234
TI  - [The correlation of natural killer activity and interferon in the serum of
      gastric cancer patients].

PMID- 2418235
TI  - [Angiographic diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma--significance of tumor
      stain in the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma].

PMID- 2418236
TI  - [Simultaneous localization of HBs antigen and alpha-fetoprotein in liver cell
      dysplasia].

PMID- 2418237
TI  - [The amino acid sequence of human seminal plasma beta-microseminoprotein (beta
      MSP)--forensic immunological studies of body fluids and secretions, report XXVI].

PMID- 2418238
TI  - [Biological activity of prostate specific antigen gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm)-
      forensic immunological studies of body fluids and secretions, report XXV].

PMID- 2418239
TI  - [Surgery and postoperative care of patients with head injuries].

PMID- 2418240
TI  - [Nursing of a patient with a head injury during the acute stage following
      surgery].

PMID- 2418242
TI  - [Changes of various indices induced by microbial infection or immune reaction].

PMID- 2418241
TI  - Protective effects of urinary trypsin inhibitor in experimental shock.
AB  - The effects of human urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) were studied in experimental
      shock models. Administration of 50,000 U/kg, i.v., of UTI protected against
      mortality from shock induced by burn, endotoxin or trauma. Aprotinin at a dose of
      50,000 U/kg improved only endotoxin shock and showed a moderate but not
      significant effect on burn and traumatic shock. Administration of 50,000 U/kg,
      i.v., of UTI protected against the aggravation in systemic hemodynamics in canine
      hemorrhagic shock. Furthermore, in rat traumatic shock, 50,000 U/kg, i.v.,
      administration of UTI significantly reversed the increased serum beta
      glucuronidase and trypsin activities and the decreased hepatic ATP level, and it
      moderately suppressed the increased serum uric acid level. Aprotinin failed to
      affect all these biochemical changes induced by drum trauma. These results
      suggest that the protective effect of UTI against experimental shock is possibly
      exerted through lowering the elevated enzyme activities in the serum during
      shock.

PMID- 2418243
TI  - [Symposium II bronchoconstriction--pathophysiology and treatment--4.
      Sensitization and chemical mediator release].

PMID- 2418244
TI  - [Serum and urinary alpha 1-microglobulin activities in patients with urological
      diseases].

PMID- 2418245
TI  - Relative reliability of five serially measured markers for prognosis of
      progression in prostate cancer.
AB  - During an 8-year period, 1,065 serum specimens were collected from 79 patients
      with prostate cancer of stages B2 to D1 (group I) and 51 patients with newly
      diagnosed stage D2 prostate cancer (group II) to evaluate statistically the
      relative reliability of elevated tumor-associated markers for progressive disease
      in prostate cancer. Forty of the group I patients and 21 of the group II patients
      presented a clinical progression of disease during follow-up. With the use of
      Gail's modification of Cox's regression model, serial acid phosphatase (AcP),
      total alkaline phosphatase (TAP), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), prostatic acid
      phosphatase (PAP), and prostate-specific antigen (PA) were analyzed. Results from
      group I patients revealed that only PA (P = .0002) and PAP (P = .0684) were
      prognostically important markers for detection of imminent disease progression.
      However, all markers were prognostically important in group II patients.
      Comparative studies indicated that PA (P = .0052) and PAP (P = .0359) were the
      more reliable markers for group I patients, whereas PA (P less than .0001), BAP
      (P = .0007), and PAP (P = .0206) were the more reliable markers for group II
      patients. Multivariate analyses revealed that, after adjustment for the effect of
      PA, no other marker was significantly related to the risk of progression.
      Elevated PA levels were predictive of increased risk 6 months before disease
      progression in group I patients only (P less than .0001). Overall, the apparent
      order of prognostic reliability for disease progression was found to be PA
      greater than PAP greater than BAP greater than AcP greater than TAP.

PMID- 2418246
TI  - Establishment of a hairy cell leukemia cell line carrying Tac antigen and
      phagocytic activity with B-cell characteristics.
AB  - A hairy cell leukemia cell line designated "Hair-M" was established in a
      suspension culture derived from the peripheral blood of an 86-year-old Japanese
      male with a diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. The Hair-M cells were identified as
      having prominent hair-like cytoplasmic projections by examination with phase
      contrast and scanning electron microscopy. These cells displayed ruffled
      membranes and stublike microvilli similar to those observed on the surfaces of
      cells in the peripheral blood of the patient. Immunologic and cytochemical
      studies on the Hair-M cells confirmed derivation from the clone of the patient's
      leukemia cells. Although the cultured Hair-M cells had definite B-cell
      characteristics, such as IgG kappa-chains on the surface and in cytoplasm, they
      also demonstrated Tac antigen, which is usually expressed on activated T-cells,
      and myelomonocyte antigens determined by OKM-1 and MCS-1 monoclonal antibodies.
      Other cell surface markers, including E(-), IgGFc(-), IgMFc(-), C3R(+), Ia-like
      antigen(+), OKT9(+), OKT10(+), and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase(-), were
      detected; no Epstein-Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen was detected. The
      karyotype of the Hair-M cells was determined to be 46XY with -11, -14, and two
      marker chromosomes. The Hair-M cells also had phagocytic activity to rabbit anti
      human IgG serum-coated polyacrylamide gel particles.

PMID- 2418247
TI  - Dedifferentiation of rat mammary myoepithelial-like cell lines after passage in
      vivo or cloning in vitro.
AB  - Myoepithelial-like cell lines from normal mammary glands of neonatal Ludwig
      Wistar rats, rat mammary (Rama) 401 and Rama 704E, were injected into fat pads of
      syngeneic animals or were single-cell cloned in vitro. Rama 401 produced tumors
      that were predominantly composed of elongated cells, while the subclones of both
      cell lines yielded multilayered structures of elongated cells when grown on
      floating 0.3% collagen gels in vitro. Immunocytochemical analysis of histologic
      sections for markers of myoepithelial cells revealed that anti-actin-myosin and
      human keratin sera failed to stain the Rama 401 tumor cells or subclones of both
      cell lines on collagen gels, but both were stained with antilaminin serum.
      Immunofluorescent analysis of cultures of Rama 401 tumors showed that the
      resulting elongated cells failed to stain with antikeratin serum, but abundant
      staining was observed with antilaminin and antivimentin sera, as in the tumors.
      Ultrastructural analysis of the Rama 401 tumor cells identified intermediate
      junctions and extracellular basement membrane-like material in the vicinity of
      plasma membrane-associated pinocytotic vesicles, but neither true desmosomes nor
      myofilamental bundles were observed. Thus growth of rat mammary myoepithelial
      like cells as tumors in syngeneic animals or as subclones in vitro can lead to
      selective loss of myofilaments and prekeratin-containing intermediate filaments.
      Similar relatively undifferentiated elongated cells may be responsible for some
      of the cellular heterogeneity observed in certain carcinogen-induced rat mammary
      tumors.

PMID- 2418248
TI  - Long-term serial transplantation of 30 different human renal cell carcinomas into
      NMRI (nu/nu) mice: flow cytometric, histologic, and growth studies.
AB  - Thirty human renal cell carcinomas were transplanted into NMRI (nu/nu) mice. The
      take rate from surgical specimens was 100%, and all tumors were established as
      permanent transplantable tumor lines. The xenotransplants were followed up to
      around passages 10-50. In addition to histology and volume growth the DNA indices
      (DI), proportion of tumor cells, and fractions of cells in the phases of the
      cycle were measured by flow cytometry. All 30 tumors retained their primary
      histologic structure and cellular morphology throughout all passages. The DI, as
      ascertained by the DNA content per cell of G1-phase tumor cells divided by the
      DNA content per cell of normal diploid G1-phase cells, remained the same as those
      in the original tumors in 21 of 27 xenotransplants. Three original lymph nodes or
      metastases were not available for flow cytometry. During passage, 4 of 30 tumors
      changed their DI. In 2 of these cases the tumor doubling time (td), the
      proportion of tumor cells versus the proportion of host cells, and the fractions
      of cells in the cell cycle phases changed simultaneously. All other tumor lines
      were stable in td, DI, proportion of tumor cells, and fractions of cells in the
      phases during serial transplantation. However, the measure of parameters varied
      considerably between individual tumors of every passage. Tumor growth rate was
      generally related to the prognosis of the patients from whom the tumor was
      derived.

PMID- 2418249
TI  - Pathogenesis of dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular cancer in hamster
      liver and lack of enhancement by phenobarbital.
AB  - The early stages of dimethylnitrosamine (CAS: 62-75-9)-induced liver cancer and
      the effect of administration of phenobarbital (CAS: 50-06-6) after
      dimethylnitrosamine were studied in Syrian golden hamsters. A single ip injection
      of 6 mg dimethylnitrosamine/kg (body wt) induced hepatocellular altered foci by 6
      months. Most foci were composed mainly of large clear glycogen-containing cells,
      while smaller numbers were formed by cells with abnormally acidophilic or
      basophilic cytoplasms. Biliary cysts, but not biliary neoplasms, also occurred. A
      few neoplastic (hyperplastic) nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas developed by
      12 months. gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase activity was not present in any of the
      hepatocellular lesions, but foci of all types, neoplastic nodules, and carcinomas
      were characterized by a lack of iron accumulation. Phenobarbital at 0.05% in the
      diet for up to 12 months did not increase the number of lesions of any type,
      indicating a lack of promoting effect under these conditions.

PMID- 2418250
TI  - [The membrane theory of primary arterial hypertension (development of the concept
      of the nature of hypertension)].
AB  - The author reviews the data from the recent researches developing the idea which
      consider primary hypertension as a consequence of wide-spread cell membrane
      alteration (the membrane conception of primary hypertension). The main recent
      advances, in favour of this point of view, are the following: demonstration of
      alteration in the calmodulin-membrane Ca pump interaction in erythrocytes and
      platelets in human essential hypertension as well as in spontaneous hypertension
      in rats; registration of lowered plasma membrane electric potential in different
      types of cells; demonstration of an increased concentration of ionized
      cytoplasmic calcium in different types of cells. Formation of increased
      concentrations of free calcium in cell cytoplasm is considered to be the
      principal pathogenic factor of primary hypertension. Chronic neuropsychic
      overstrain accelerates the development of hypertension, thus promoting the
      development of insufficient membrane regulation of cytoplasmic free calcium
      concentration. At this aspect the membrane conception coincides with the
      neurogenic theory of essential hypertension by G. Lang.

PMID- 2418251
TI  - [Varying prognostic significance of ventricular extrasystole detected during
      bicycle ergometry depending on the tolerance for physical loading].

PMID- 2418252
TI  - Virulence of urinary pathogens.

PMID- 2418253
TI  - Cyclic AMP-calcium interaction in the transmission of tubuloglomerular feedback
      signals.
AB  - Recent studies have suggested that cytosolic calcium serves in the transmission
      of signals between distal tubular fluid and glomerular vascular elements. Since
      cAMP can modify calcium-mediated events, it was of interest to determine if
      agents that elevate intracellular cAMP could influence feedback responses and to
      assess the interaction of cAMP and intracellular calcium in the transmission of
      feedback signals. Stop flow pressure (SFP) was measured in the rat during
      retrograde microperfusion into the distal tubule at 15 nl/min. SFP averaged 37.5
      +/- 0.5 mm Hg and decreased by 12.8 +/- 0.8 mm Hg (N = 44) during perfusion with
      an isotonic Ringer's solution. Addition of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), a
      phosphodiesterase inhibitor, decreased the magnitude of SFP feedback responses;
      89 +/- 4.5% (N = 16) inhibition was observed at an IBMX concentration of 500
      microM. In addition, SFP decreased by only 3 +/- 1 mm Hg (N = 8) during perfusion
      with 10 mM dibutyryl cAMP in the presence of a low concentration of IBMX and by
      1.6 +/- 0.7 mm Hg (N = 12) during perfusion with forskolin, an agent that
      stimulates adenylate cyclase activity. Calcium ionophore (A23187) significantly
      increased the magnitude of SFP feedback responses obtained with IBMX alone from 5
      +/- 1.0 mm Hg (N = 9; 250 micron IBMX) to 10 +/- 1.2 mm Hg (N = 11). These
      results indicate that agents which elevate intracellular cAMP markedly attenuate
      tubuloglomerular feedback responses and that calcium ionophore can reverse the
      inhibitory effects of increased cAMP.

PMID- 2418254
TI  - Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patients.
AB  - To determine the reliability of creatinine as a measure of the glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR), we compared the simultaneous clearance of creatinine to
      that of three true filtration markers of graded size in 171 patients with various
      glomerular diseases. Using inulin (radius [rs] = 15 A) as a reference marker, we
      found that the fractional clearance of 99mTc-DTPA (rs = 4 A) was 1.02 +/- 0.14,
      while that of a 19 A rs dextran was 0.98 +/- 0.13, with neither value differing
      from unity. In contrast, the fractional clearance (relative to inulin) of
      creatinine (rs = 3 A) exceeded unity, averaging 1.64 +/- 0.05 (P less than
      0.001), but could be lowered towards unity by acute blockade of tubular
      creatinine secretion by IV cimetidine. Cross-sectional analysis of all 171
      patients revealed fractional creatinine secretion to vary inversely with GFR.
      This inverse relationship was confirmed also among individual patients with
      either deteriorating (N = 28) or remitting (N = 26) glomerular disease, who were
      studied longitudinally. As a result, changes in creatinine relative to inulin
      clearance were blunted considerably or even imperceptible. We conclude that true
      filtration markers with rs less than 20 A, including inulin, are unrestricted in
      glomerular disease, and that creatinine is hypersecreted progressively by remnant
      renal tubules as the disease worsens. Accordingly, attempts to use creatinine as
      a marker with which to evaluate or monitor glomerulopathic patients will result
      in gross and unpredictable overestimates of the GFR.

PMID- 2418255
TI  - The cellular renal response to respiratory acid-base disorders.

PMID- 2418256
TI  - [Value of a developmental diagnostic procedure with infants at the age of 12
      months with prior perinatal disorders].
AB  - 68 children after "perinatal distress" and 34 healthy children without perinatal
      risk factors were examined at 12 months corrected age. The developmental status
      was determined by "Bayley-Mental-Scale", "Bayley-Infant-Behaviour-Record" and a
      standardized neurological examination, quantified according to Prechtls
      optimality concept. Reliability and predication of these instruments has been
      analysed by variation of clinical criteria in the "high-risk" group and
      comparison with control children: After excluding children with mental and motor
      retardation the correlation between "Bayley-Mental-Scale" and the results of the
      neurological examination decreases, but increases within the control group.
      Considering rating-scores of the "Infant-Behaviour-Record" it could be shown that
      this correlation is due to a higher impact of social and interactive patterns in
      healthy control children. The neurological examination differentiated between
      children with obvious neurological impairment; in the range of more than 85%
      optimal conditions it is impossible to detect discrete lesions with the help of
      optimality-scores. Items of the "Bayley-Mental-Scale" can be related to Piagets
      stages of development; yet their placement according to stages of difficulty is
      different from that of the standardization sample.

PMID- 2418257
TI  - Functional surface structures on human natural killer cells.
AB  - This manuscript reviews recent studies on the characterization of functional
      surface antigens on human NK cells. A series of cloned NK cell lines has been
      utilized for examination of these structures. These clones provide a relatively
      large number of cells with a stable phenotype and consistent specific
      cytotoxicity, which reflect the diversity of uncultured NK cells in normal
      peripheral blood. Almost all clones express the T11 antigen, some have a mature T
      cell phenotype (T3+, T11+), and only one (JT1) does not reveal any T-cell antigen
      at all (T3-, T11+). Using NK clones to generate monoclonal antibodies specific
      for NK-associated antigens, two structures have been identified, NKH1 and NKH2.
      NKH1 appears to be exclusively expressed on large granular lymphocytes (LGL) of
      peripheral blood and was found to be a pan-NK cell antigen. NKH2 is also
      expressed primarily by LGL, but NKH2-positive LGL do not display a high level of
      NK activity. Another surface structure that has been found to play an important
      role in NK cell function is the T11 antigen/E rosette receptor complex, which is
      expressed in 80% of peripheral blood NK cells. The T11 antigen complex has been
      described as possessing the T11(1), T11(2), and T11(3) antigens and is an
      important alternate pathway for antigen-independent T-cell activation. Using anti
      T11(2) and anti-T11(3) monoclonal antibodies, IL-2 receptor expression could be
      induced on various NK clones if they expressed the correct T11 antigenic epitope.
      As anti-T11 2/3 antibodies had a direct proliferative effect on NK cells with
      mature T-cell phenotype (T3+), it is proposed that the production of IL-2 by NK
      clones is largely dependent on the T-cell phenotype of NK cells. All NK clones
      expressed IL-2 receptor at low density and therefore needed a ten fold higher
      concentration for maximal proliferation than T-cell clones. For some T-cell-like
      NK clones, the T3 antigen complex and a T-cell receptor-like structure, NKTa or
      NKTb, have been shown to define the target cell specificity. The activation
      antigen, TNKTAR, was characterized as the recognition structure on the target
      cell for these NK cells. For both T3- and T3+ NK clones, the LFA-1 antigen has
      been shown to play an important role in effector/target cell interaction. As
      previously described for CTL, the LFA-1 molecule is involved in NK cytotoxicity
      as a nonspecific adhesion-strengthening molecule at the effector cell
      level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2418258
TI  - Cardiac glycoside tolerance in cultured chicken heart muscle cells--a dose
      dependent phenomenon.
AB  - In cultured heart muscle cells from 10-13 day-old chicken embryos, the effects of
      acute (4 h) and chronic (3 days) exposure of the cells to varying concentrations
      of ouabain have been studied. In these cells, the cardiac glycoside ouabain binds
      to a specific cardiac glycoside receptor (KD = 4 X 10(-7) M; 750,000
      receptors/cell). Binding to this receptor results in inhibition of active Na+/K+
      transport [EC50 for active (86Rb+ + K+)-influx = 4 X 10(-6) M], and in an
      increase in beating velocity ("positive inotropic effect"; EC50 = 4 X 10(-7) M);
      toxic signs (arrhythmias) appear at concentrations greater than or equal to 6 X
      10(-7) M. During exposure of the cells to 3 X 10(-6) M ouabain for 3 days,
      tolerance develops with respect to both the positive inotropic and the toxic
      effect. The mechanism underlying this tolerance is identified as an increase in
      the number of active sodium pump molecules per cell, while the binding properties
      of the cardiac glycoside receptor remain unchanged. The development of cardiac
      glycoside tolerance is only observed in the presence of severe impairment of
      Na+/K+-homeostasis, due to cardiac glycoside-induced inhibition of active Na+/K+
      transport. This, however, only occurs in the presence of toxic (receptor
      occupation greater than or equal to 60%), but not in the presence of positive
      inotropic, non-toxic (receptor occupation 20-60%), ouabain concentrations. We
      conclude that the development of cardiac glycoside tolerance during long-term
      treatment in patients with heart failure should not occur with submaximal dose
      regimens, when toxic signs (arrhythmias) are absent.

PMID- 2418259
TI  - Simultaneous determination of dopamine, serotonin, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetic
      acid, homovanillic acid, 3-methoxytyramine and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid by
      high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.

PMID- 2418260
TI  - [Possibilities of surgical cancer treatment].

PMID- 2418261
TI  - [Tumor after care--a busy field of activities].

PMID- 2418262
TI  - [Laboratory support for the dispensary treatment of hematology patients].

PMID- 2418263
TI  - [Interrelationship of alkaline and acid phosphatases in neutrophilic leukocytes].

PMID- 2418264
TI  - [Leukocyte enzyme spectrum and the kinetics of the lipid peroxidation products of
      the blood plasma as a criterion of the severity of poisoning].

PMID- 2418265
TI  - [Method for assessing the acid-excretory capacity of the kidneys in pregnant
      women].

PMID- 2418266
TI  - [Microtitration method for determining von Willebrand's factor in the plasma of
      acute myocardial infarct patients].

PMID- 2418267
TI  - [Quantitative basis of a method for the recalcification of citrated blood in
      researching blood coagulation].

PMID- 2418268
TI  - [Colatron--a preparation for determining thrombocyte aggregating capacity].

PMID- 2418269
TI  - [Diagnostic value of the radioimmunological determination of glucocorticoids and
      gonadotropic and sex hormones].

PMID- 2418270
TI  - [Method for the separate determination of total, thrombocyte and free serotonin
      in the blood plasma].

PMID- 2418271
TI  - [Method of determining the bicarbonate concentration of urine by using the micro
      Astrup pCO2 electrode].

PMID- 2418272
TI  - [Complex laboratory studies for the diagnosis of chronic liver diseases].

PMID- 2418273
TI  - [Analysis of the results of a peroral glucose tolerance test using a mathematical
      model].

PMID- 2418274
TI  - [Comparative study of the blood serum activity of aminotransferases and amylase
      in patients with gastroduodenal pathology].

PMID- 2418275
TI  - [The structure of biochemical research in the centralized form of polyclinic
      laboratory support].

PMID- 2418276
TI  - [Microflora of the common bile duct of patients with a choledochoduodenal
      anastomosis].

PMID- 2418277
TI  - [Resistance to the antibacterial action of blood as 1 of the biological
      characteristics of Staphylococcus].

PMID- 2418278
TI  - [Chamber for the quantitative count of nematode larvae].

PMID- 2418279
TI  - [Typing of paratyphoid B bacteria].

PMID- 2418280
TI  - [Medium for determining the beta-galactosidase activity of enterobacteria].

PMID- 2418281
TI  - Mallory body formation and amyloid deposition in the liver of aged mice fed a
      vitamin A deficient diet for a prolonged period.
AB  - When twenty Swiss albino mice (male) were fed a vitamin A deficient diet for 18
      24 months, Mallory bodies (MB(s] were observed. MBs were found by light
      microscopy and electron microscopy in the hepatocytes of six mice fed the vitamin
      A deficient diet and in one of the 15 control mice. Coincidentally, amyloid
      deposits were found in the space of Disse in the livers of 8 mice fed the
      deficient diet (three of the six mice with MBs). Amyloid was seen in two control
      mice suggesting that vitamin A enhanced amyloid deposition and MB formation in
      aging mice which spontaneously form amyloid and MBs. The possible role of vitamin
      A deficiency in the pathogenesis of MB formation is briefly discussed.

PMID- 2418282
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of nipradilol (K-351) on isolated rabbit hearts and
      guinea pig ventricular muscles.
AB  - Effects of nipradilol (K-351), a newly developed antihypertensive agent, on
      electrophysiological properties of the heart were examined in Langendorff
      perfused rabbit hearts and in superfused guinea pig ventricular muscles. In
      rabbit hearts, nipradilol at concentrations greater than 10(-5) M caused a
      significant prolongation of atrio-His bundle conduction time (AH) as well as His
      bundle-ventricular conduction time (HV), whereas heart rate (HR), functional
      refractory period of atrioventricular node (FRPVM) were unaffected. The intensity
      of the negative dromotropic effect of nipradilol was less than half that of
      propranolol. Isoproterenol-induced increase in HR and a shortening of AH, FRPAV,
      ERPVM were inhibited competitively by pretreatment with nipradilol at greater
      than 10(-8) M. Nipradilol was about two to three times more potent than
      propranolol in antagonizing isoproterenol-induced effects. In guinea pig
      ventricular muscles, nipradilol at a concentration greater than 10(-5) M caused a
      decrease of the maximum upstroke velocity (VMAX) of the action potential without
      affecting resting potential and action potential duration. In the presence of
      nipradilol, trains of stimuli at rates higher than 0.2 Hz led to an exponential
      decline in VMAX to achieve a new plateau. The time constant for the recovery from
      use-dependent block was 4.3 s. These findings suggest that nipradilol may have a
      potent cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blocking action and, at extremely high
      concentrations, quinidine-like inhibitory effects on the cardiac excitability and
      conductivity.

PMID- 2418283
TI  - Comparison of effects of urapidil and prazosin on vascular influence of
      circulating and neuronally released catecholamines in canine muscle vascular bed.
AB  - Two series of experiments were conducted in anesthetized dogs to compare the
      vascular effects of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists urapidil and prazosin.
      In the first series of experiments vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve
      stimulation and phenylephrine injected intraarterially were elicited in the pump
      perfused hindlimb. Urapidil and prazosin administered intravenously in the doses
      of 2 and 0.25 mg/kg, respectively, were equivalent in their ability to block
      these responses. Yohimbine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, in the dose of
      0.05 mg/kg, had no additional effect on the responses, but did decrease the
      vascular resistance after prazosin infusion. This suggested that urapidil, but
      not prazosin, exerted an alpha 2-blocking effect which decreased vascular
      resistance. In the second series of experiments the effect of urapidil
      administered intravenously was determined on the innervated and denervated
      gracilis muscle, after maximal alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade with prazosin. The
      purpose of these experiments was to confirm whether or not urapidil had an
      additional effect on vascular resistance attributable to alpha 2-antagonism.
      Prazosin, 0.25 mg/kg followed by 0.50 mg/kg i.v., decreased vascular resistance
      in both the innervated and denervated gracilis muscles, and maximal alpha 1
      blockade was achieved based on the blockade of the pressor responses to
      phenylephrine. A further reduction in vascular resistance was found after
      urapidil infusion, 2 mg/kg, which appears to be due to blockade of the effect of
      circulating catecholamines on alpha 2-adrenoceptors. The difference between the
      vascular resistance seen immediately following acute sympathetic denervation and
      the level achieved 15 min afterward appears to be due to the influence of
      circulating catecholamines.

PMID- 2418284
TI  - Effect of verapamil directly administered into A-V node artery on A-V junctional
      automaticity and A-V conduction in dogs.
AB  - We investigated the direct effects verapamil, which was infused into the A-V node
      artery at two doses of 0.01 and 0.1 microgram/kg/min on the A-V conduction and
      the A-V junctional automaticity in the dog with experimentally induced A-V
      junctional rhythm. Verapamil significantly prolonged the A-H interval, but not
      the H-V interval, in the His bundle electrogram during atrial pacing at a rate of
      100 beats/min. Effective and functional refractory periods of the A-V node also
      were prolonged significantly by verapamil. On the other hand, verapamil showed
      less propensity to decrease the spontaneous A-V junctional rate and to prolong
      the A-V junctional recovery time after atrial overdrive at a rate of 100
      beats/min for 60 s. These results indicate that suppressive effects of verapamil
      on the A-V junctional automaticity are much weaker when compared with that on the
      A-V conduction.

PMID- 2418285
TI  - Kinetic disposition and hemodynamic effects of tetrandrine in anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The kinetic disposition and hemodynamic effects ot tetrandrine, l3 mg/kg i.v.,
      over 30 s were studied in five anesthetized dogs during continuous monitoring of
      the ECG and systemic arterial pressure. Repeated determinations of cardiac output
      (CO) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) were made via a flow-directed
      thermodilution catheter in the pulmonary artery. Blood samples were drawn at
      intervals for determination of plasma tetrandrine or erythrocyte binding of the
      drug. Maximal reductions in mean and diastolic arterial pressures of 23 +/- 4%
      were observed within 5 min of the drug infusion without a change in systolic
      pressure. CO was increased maximally 52% and systemic resistance reduced 5l% at
      l0 min, gradually returning to baseline values in l-2 h. PCWP was increased
      transiently at 5-l0 min. The PR interval was prolonged slightly without
      alteration in the R-R interval, QRS, or QTc. Changes in MAP and PR interval were
      correlated significantly with plasma tetrandrine concentrations over time, which
      followed a two-compartment kinetic model with a distribution t1/2 of 7 min and an
      elimination tl/2 of 88 min. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state
      was 57 L/kg. Plasma tetrandrine was greater than 90% bound to plasma proteins,
      and approximately 44% of whole blood tetrandrine was associated with
      erythrocytes. Tetrandrine is a potent arteriolar vasodilator drug with slight
      effects on AV conduction, but without significant negative inotropic effects in
      anesthetized dogs.

PMID- 2418286
TI  - Catecholamine, renin, aldosterone, and arginine vasopressin responses to lower
      body negative pressure and tilt in normal humans: effects of bromocriptine.
AB  - We have examined the effects of the dopamine agonist bromocriptine (BEC) on the
      hormonal and hemodynamic response to graded lower body negative pressure (LBNP)
      and tilting in five normal volunteers. BEC blunted the plasma norepinephrine
      (NE), plasma renin activity (PRA), and aldosterone responses to both LBNP and
      tilting. The inhibitory effects of BEC on the plasma NE response to these
      maneuvers are likely mediated through presynaptic inhibition of peripheral
      neuronal release of NE as well as central nervous system effects of the drug.
      Since the PRA responses to LBNP and tilting are likely mediated through beta
      adrenoreceptor stimulation, BEC probably indirectly blunts the PRA and
      aldosterone responses to those maneuvers through its inhibitory effects on NE
      secretion. BEC treatment resulted in a hypotensive response to tilting that was
      accompanied by a rise in plasma potassium and arginine vasopressin (AVP). No such
      rises in plasma potassium and AVP are observed, in the absence of BEC treatment,
      following graded LBNP and tilting. The rise in plasma potassium with tilting (BEC
      treatment) probably resulted from blunting of the NE rise. Thus, the rise in
      plasma NE may play an important role in preventing a rise in plasma potassium in
      association with LBNP and orthostatic stress. AVP levels in normal men are not
      responsive to unloading of cardiopulmonary and sinoaortic baroreceptors. It is
      only after overt hypotension is produced--as after BEC treatment--that plasma
      levels of AVP rise.

PMID- 2418287
TI  - AQ-AH 208, a new bradycardic agent, increases coronary collateral blood flow to
      ischemic myocardium.
AB  - The effect of AQ-AH 208 [3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-2-(3 - ((2-(3,4
      dimethoxphenyl)ethyl)-amino- methyl)propyl)-1(2H)-isoquinolinone], a new
      selective bradycardic agent, on coronary collateral perfusion was investigated in
      anesthetized open-chest dogs following acute occlusion of the left anterior
      descending coronary artery. AQ-AH 208 (0.3 mg/kg i.v.), propranolol (0.3 mg/kg
      i.v.), and N-dimethylpropranolol (DMP; 2.5 mg/kg i.v.) were equieffective in
      reducing heart rate approximately 15%. AQ-AH 208 increased collateral flow to the
      subepicardium, midmyocardium, and subendocardium by 24, 46, and 35% (p less than
      0.05), respectively, while propranolol and DMP had no effect. Atrial pacing to
      predrug levels in the presence of AQ-AH 208 reduced the increases in collateral
      flow to the different myocardial layers to 16, 25, and 30%, respectively;
      however, these increases were still significantly greater than control. It is
      concluded that part of the AQ-AH 208-induced increase in collateral perfusion is
      due to an increase in diastolic duration. The nature of the frequency-independent
      component of the effect is unknown but may be explained by a selective decrease
      in extravascular coronary resistance in the ischemic zone or an increase in the
      conductance of large epicardial coronary or collateral vessels.

PMID- 2418288
TI  - Effects of alpha 2-adrenergic stimulation with UK 14,304-18 on the heart and
      peripheral circulation of intact dogs.
AB  - To determine the extent of alpha 2-adrenoreceptor control of cardiovascular
      function, we studied the hemodynamic effects of the relatively selective alpha 2
      adrenergic agonist UK 14,304-18 on the heart and peripheral circulation of intact
      dogs. Administration of increasing intravenous doses of UK 14,304-18 to conscious
      dogs given atropine to maintain heart rate (HR) resulted in a reproducible
      increase in mean aortic (AO) pressure (77.6 +/- 5.0 to 136.4 +/- 6.5 mm Hg, p
      less than 0.05) and reductions in stroke volume (31.7 +/- 2.9 to 17.9 +/- 1.9
      ml/kg/min, p less than 0.05) and left ventricular (LV) dP/dt (2,120 +/- 280.0 to
      1,463 +/- 196.1 mm Hg/s, p less than 0.05). In ganglion-blocked dogs UK 14,304-18
      did not alter the slope of the LV end-systolic pressure-volume relationship when
      compared with angiotensin and nitroprusside (79.9 +/- 11.1 control vs. 73.3 +/-
      8.7 mm Hg/ml/kg UK 14,304-18, p greater than 0.05), nor did it change the volume
      intercept (-0.46 +/- 0.12 control vs. -0.53 +/- 0.16 ml/kg UK 14, 304-18, p
      greater than 0.05) indicating no direct effect on LV contractile function.
      Changes in indices of diastolic function, including the time constant of
      isovolumic relaxation, time to peak filling, and chamber volume elasticity were
      similar to those of equipressor doses of angiotensin, indicating no direct effect
      on LV diastolic function. Effects on the peripheral circulation were studied in
      dogs undergoing transient acetylcholine-induced circulatory arrest. UK 14,304-18
      increased mean circulatory filling pressure (7.9 +/- 0.3 to 10.3 +/- 0.2 mm Hg, p
      less than 0.05) and the pressure gradient for venous return (7.6 +/- 0.4 to 9.0
      +/- 0.3 mm Hg, p less than 0.05). Central blood volume increased with UK 14,304
      18 (15.6 +/- 1.1 to 18.7 +/- 1.5 ml/kg, p less than 0.05), but this increase was
      not sufficient to maintain cardiac output (CO) during the UK 14,304-18 infusion,
      which decreased from 157.4 +/- 11.1 to 131.5 +/- 8.9 ml/kg/min (p less than 0.01)
      in the presence of increased LV afterload. The time constant of relaxation of the
      arterial system increased and the arterial compliance decreased with increasing
      mean arterial pressure. Thus, this relatively selective alpha 2 agonist does not
      directly alter cardiac function but increased tone in arterial resistance vessels
      and in systemic veins. The fall in CO appears to be caused by a mismatch between
      preload and afterload, which is the net result of quantitatively different
      effects on systemic veins and arteries.

PMID- 2418289
TI  - Competitive inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by bretylium: possible mechanism
      for its induction of norepinephrine release.
AB  - The antiarrhythmic drug bretylium tosylate competitively inhibits
      acetylcholinesterase activity. The Ki values for the inhibition of the purified
      enzyme (from electric eel), and acetylcholinesterase activity of crude rat
      ventricular and cortical homogenates were 6 X 10(-5), 3 X 10(-5), and 8 X 10(-5)
      M respectively. These values are close to the concentrations of the drug known to
      induce norepinephrine release from cardiac adrenergic presynaptic vesicles. It is
      suggested that inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity by bretylium induces
      norepinephrine release through the effect of accumulated acetylcholine on
      nicotinic receptors in adrenergic nerve terminals.

PMID- 2418290
TI  - Thromboxane A2 does not contribute to arrhythmogenesis during evolving canine
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - During the healing phase of evolving myocardial infarction, inflammatory cells
      invade the affected region and produce metabolites that may influence
      electrophysiological parameters and the genesis of malignant arrhythmias. We have
      recently shown an increased synthetic capacity within an evolving infarct for
      thromboxane A2 (TXA2), a metabolite that has been implicated in arrhythmias
      associated with early ischemia. The present study used both in vivo and in vitro
      procedures to define the electrophysiological and arrhythmogenic effects, if any,
      of thromboxane during evolving myocardial infarction. Thirty-three dogs divided
      into three groups were studied 3-7 days after transient left anterior descending
      coronary artery ligation. One group (n = 24) was examined by programmed
      electrical stimulation in the conscious state and, of the five dogs in this group
      with sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), none demonstrated consistent
      limitation of inducibility by selective inhibition of thromboxane synthetase
      using three different agents. In the second group, (n = 5) regional conduction
      velocity was assessed using detailed three-dimensional activation analysis from
      232 simultaneous intramyocardial sites, and no change was induced by the
      thromboxane synthetase inhibitor OKY-1581 in either normal or infarcted
      myocardial zones during sinus rhythm or with pacing. In the third group (n = 4),
      isolated ventricular muscle was studied in vitro using both intracellular
      transmembrane action potential recordings and surface extracellular maps from 48
      simultaneous points. Neither intracellular action potential parameters nor
      extracellularly recorded activation patterns were altered by superfusion with the
      stable thromboxane analog STA2, the activity of which was verified by bioassay.
      Thus, despite increased synthetic capacity for thromboxane generation, the
      presence of TXA2 does not directly influence either electrophysiological indices
      or arrhythmogenesis.

PMID- 2418291
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of encainide and its metabolites in 11 patients.
AB  - Encainide is a new antiarrhythmic class IC agent. Eleven patients were given 1
      mg/kg of encainide i.v. over a 15-min period. Electrophysiological studies were
      done before and l h after drug administration. Blood levels of encainide and its
      principle metabolites O-demethyl-encainide, 3 metoxy-O-demetyl-encainide and N
      demethyl-encainide were measured serially after drug administration. Heart rate,
      blood pressure, and conduction intervals were monitored. Sixty minutes after drug
      administration there was a marked increase of the QRS, PA, AH, and HV intervals
      of 28.1% (p less than 0.01), 17.2% (p less than 0.01), 22.4% (p less than 0.01),
      and 32.2% (p less than 0.01), respectively, and a slight increase of the
      Wenckebach cycle length of 8% (p less than 0.05). BP, RR, QT, CSNRT, ESACT, ERP,
      and FRP did not vary significantly. The HV interval already was increased
      significantly 2 min after drug administration, while AH was not increased until
      15 min after drug administration. The average blood levels of encainide and ODE
      60 min after drug administration were 0.410 +/- 0.12 and 0.176 +/- 0.09
      microgram/ml, respectively (mean +/- SE of the mean). There was a positive
      correlation between the increase of the AH and the blood level of ODE, which
      points out the importance of prolonged electrophysiological studies when testing
      drug with possibly active metabolites.

PMID- 2418292
TI  - Acute effect of ketanserin on the leg perfusion assessed by Doppler pressure
      measurements and 201Tl scintigraphy in patients with intermittent claudication.
AB  - Ketanserin, a serotonin2-receptor blocker, was administered intravenously (10 mg)
      to 10 patients suffering from unilateral intermittent claudication in a double
      blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. The acute effect of the drug was
      studied by doppler systolic pressure (SP) measurements at arm and ankle at rest
      (10 min after injection) and after exercise, and by radioactive thallium (201Tl)
      stress scintigraphy of the legs. Resting ankle-arm SP ratio was significantly
      higher after ketanserin compared with placebo. This was due to a lowered systemic
      SP with unchanged ankle SP. This difference was not seen after exercise. In
      addition, the drug did not influence significantly the postexercise accumulation
      of thallium in the distal leg on the affected or healthy side, although the
      difference between these two became significantly larger in favour of the healthy
      leg. Thus, acute administration of ketanserin improves peripheral hemodynamics in
      claudicating patients at rest, but muscle exercise abolishes this response. A
      beneficial effect of ketanserin in intermittent claudication cannot be
      anticipated from these results.

PMID- 2418293
TI  - Effects of nitroglycerin on regional myocardial function in the underperfused
      canine heart.
AB  - Effects of nitroglycerin (3 micrograms/kg/min i.v.) on regional myocardial
      contractility during acute coronary stenosis were studied in open-chest dogs
      using a strain-gauge arch. Stenosis-induced stepwise decreases in coronary
      perfusion pressure (CPP) at less than 40 mm Hg correspondingly reduced
      contractility in the underperfused area and increased the left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Nitroglycerin caused significant increases in
      contractility, along with decreases in arterial and left ventricular pressures;
      at stenosis-induced CPP less than 30 mm Hg, contractility in the underperfused
      are fell precipitously below the control, while LVEDP increased. When
      nitroglycerin infusion under coronary stenosis (CPP of 40 mm Hg) decreased CPP to
      less than 30 mm Hg, contractility fell. When CPP greater than 30 mm Hg was
      maintained, contractility increased and LVEDP decreased. In conclusion, at least
      in the absence of well-developed collateral circulation, the critical level of
      CPP was 40 mm Hg for contractility and LVEDP without nitroglycerin, which shifted
      to 30 mm Hg with the addition of nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin resulted in a
      significant increase in plasma catecholamines, and the increase in contractility
      diminished with propranolol, indicating participation of beta-adrenoceptor in the
      positive inotropic effect of nitroglycerin. However, catecholamines at high
      concentrations probably further aggravated the impaired cardiac function at CPP
      less than 30 mm Hg.

PMID- 2418294
TI  - Differential electrophysiologic effects of mexiletine on normal and hypoxic
      canine Purkinje fibers.
AB  - We studied the effects of increasing concentrations of mexiletine on the active
      membrane characteristics of canine Purkinje fibers under normal and hypoxic
      conditions. Under normal conditions, there was a progressive shortening of action
      potential duration and a small decrease in maximum diastolic potential and
      overshoot potential. Effective refractory period was shortened by low
      concentrations but lengthened by higher concentrations. Only at the higher
      concentrations was Vmax decreased. When the tissue was rendered hypoxic, the
      shortening effect on action potential duration was attenuated. Low concentrations
      of mexiletine had a more pronounced effect on maximum diastolic potential and
      overshoot potential. The reversal of the effect on refractory period occurred at
      lower concentrations. The effect on Vmax was exaggerated. Hypoxia sensitizes
      Purkinje fibers to some of the electrophysiologic effects of mexiletine, but
      other effects are, in fact, attenuated in the presence of hypoxia.

PMID- 2418295
TI  - Haemodynamic dose-response effects of intravenous amrinone in left ventricular
      failure complicating acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The haemodynamic dose-response effects of intravenous amrinone were measured in
      16 male patients, aged 40-65 years, with radiographic and haemodynamic evidence
      of left ventricular failure 4-18 h after acute myocardial infarction. After a l-h
      control period to confirm stable haemodynamic baseline variables, patients were
      randomised to either low-dose (200-400-800 micrograms/kg/h) or high-dose (800
      1600-3200 micrograms/kg/h) intravenous amrinone. Each of the three infusions was
      given consecutively over 30 min (total infusion time 90 min) in each group, and
      haemodynamic measurements were made at the end of each infusion step. No
      arrhythmias or other untoward side effects, including haematological changes,
      were observed during the infusions. In both groups, intravenous amrinone reduced
      the pulmonary artery-occluded pressure (PAOP) (p less than 0.01), increased the
      cardiac output (p less than 0.05), and reduced the systemic vascular resistance
      (p less than 0.05). The reductions in PAOP and systemic arterial diastolic
      pressure and the increase in heart rate were directly dose-related, but the
      changes in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance were not. These
      results suggest that peripheral vasodilation, particularly of venous capacitance
      vessels, as well as positive inotropic stimulation, may play a role in the
      haemodynamic changes induced by intravenous amrinone in acute ischaemic left
      ventricular failure.

PMID- 2418296
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of nicorandil, isosorbide dinitrate, and dihydralazine in
      healthy volunteers.
AB  - In this randomized, double-blind, crossover, single-dose study with 12 healthy
      subjects, we determined the hemodynamic changes and their time kinetics after
      administration of the mononitrate nicorandil (60 mg s.l.) and compared these
      effects with changes after administration of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN; 20 mg
      s.l.), dihydralazine (10 mg i.v.), and placebo. Mechanocardiography, electrical
      impedance cardiography, and M-mode echocardiography measured drug effects.
      Dihydralazine increased heart rate, systolic pressure, and ventricular ejection
      time, and it decreased peripheral resistance, diastolic pressure, preejection
      period, end-systolic diameter and wall stress; these changes indicate an intense,
      pure afterload reduction. ISDN decreased systolic pressure, peripheral
      resistance, end-diastolic and systolic diameters and wall stress, shortened the
      ejection time, and prolonged the preejection period. The responses suggest ISDN
      causes a notable preload reduction accompanied by some afterload reduction.
      Nicorandil's effects were similar to those of ISDN in that the reductions in
      preload were equal, although the afterload reduction was more intense.
      Nicorandil's effects reached significance within 10 min, reached a maximum by 60
      min, and had not vanished at 4 h. A drug with this profile and time kinetics
      should be tested further in situations requiring pre- and afterload reductions.

PMID- 2418297
TI  - Characterization of beta-adrenoceptor subtype in isolated ring preparations of
      intramural rat coronary small arteries.
AB  - We characterized the beta-adrenoceptor subtype in isolated ring preparations of
      small intramyocardial flow-regulating (resistance) arteries (i.d. congruent to
      239 micrometers) from rats by using beta 2 adrenoceptor agonists and beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists exhibiting selectivity towards either beta 1-
      (pafenolol) or beta-adrenoceptors (ICI 118,551). The relative order of potency of
      selected agonists in producing beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of
      prostaglandin F2 alpha (10(-5) M) contracted coronary vessels was: isoprenaline
      greater than noradrenaline = adrenaline. ICI 118,551, but not pafenolol, relaxed
      coronary resistance vessels precontracted with prostaglandin F2 alpha (10(-5) M)
      or high potassium (125 mM) solutions. The IC50 values were 8.59 x 10(-6) M and
      2.96 x 10(-5) M, respectively (p less than 0.0005). This indicates that ICI
      118,551 had membrane-stabilizing effects. Both ICI 118,551 and pafenolol
      antagonized in a concentration-dependent manner the isoprenaline-induced
      relaxation of prostaglandin F2 alpha (10(-5) M) contracted coronary resistance
      vessels. The slopes and regression lines of the Schild plots were not
      significantly different from unity and the calculated pA2 values were 7.55 and
      6.59 (p less than 0.005) for pafenolol and ICI 118,551, respectively. The results
      are compatible with the suggestion that beta-adrenoceptors mediating relaxation
      in rat coronary resistance vessels belong to the beta 1-adrenoceptor subtype.

PMID- 2418298
TI  - Vasodilatation induced by pinacidil in dogs. Comparison with hydralazine and
      nifedipine.
AB  - In helical strips of dog arteries precontracted with prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha,
      pinacidil and nifedipine produced a dose-related relaxation. The potencies of
      pinacidil were in the order of coronary and renal greater than mesenteric greater
      than basilar and middle cerebral arteries, whereas those of nifedipine were in
      the order of basilar and renal greater than mesenteric and coronary arteries.
      Pinacidil caused a greater relaxation in mesenteric veins than in the arteries.
      Hydralazine consistently relaxed the arteries only at 10(-3) M. In mesenteric
      artery strips exposed to Ca2+-free, high K+ media, contractions induced by Ca2+
      were reduced by 10(-8) M nifedipine, but they were not influenced by 10(-5) M
      pinacidil or by 10(-4) M hydralazine. In the arteries exposed to Ca2+-free media
      and stimulated by PGF2 alpha or norepinephrine, tonic contractions induced by
      Ca2+ were reduced moderately by 10(-5) M pinacidil but only slightly by 10(-8) M
      nifedipine. In Ca2+-free media, PGF2 alpha-induced contractions were inhibited
      only by pinacidil. In isolated mesenteric vasculature, perfusion pressure was
      lowered by pinacidil and hydralazine. It may be concluded that pinacidil produces
      vasodilatation due to interference with the transmembrane influx of Ca2+ into
      smooth muscle evoked by receptor stimulation but not that due to inhibition in
      the Ca2+ influx associated with K+-induced membrane depolarization. Decreased
      release of Ca2+ from intracellularly stored sites or increased sequestration to
      the sites may also be involved. Pinacidil appears to dilate arteries and veins as
      well as resistance vessels, whereas hydralazine appears to act exclusively on
      resistance vessels.

PMID- 2418299
TI  - Nifedipine and nimodipine: effect on blood pressure and regional cerebral blood
      flow in conscious normotensive and hypertensive rats.
AB  - The dose-dependent reduction of mean arterial pressure (MAP) in conscious
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) was more
      pronounced after intravenous nimodipine than nifedipine administration.
      Nimodipine (5 micrograms/kg) followed by infusion of 0.75 microgram/kg/min
      lowered the blood pressure by 10% in both normotensive and hypertensive rats; the
      same dose schedule of nifedipine did not lower MAP. Neither drug altered the
      regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in this dose. After 50 micrograms/kg
      nimodipine were administered, followed by 7.5 micrograms/kg/min nimodipine, MAP
      dropped 38% in WKY and 46% SHR; corresponding figures for nifedipine were 13 and
      17%. In spite of the reduction in MAP and a concomitant decrease in PaCO2, rCBF
      increased significantly in 19 of 23 regions studied after nifedipine and in 15
      regions after nimodipine in SHR. The increase in rCBF in WKY was slight and
      insignificant in most areas. Thus, both calcium entry blockers reduced the
      cerebrovascular resistance more in SHR than in WKY.

PMID- 2418300
TI  - Effects of adrenergic antihypertensive drugs on sterol synthesis in freshly
      isolated human mononuclear leukocytes.
AB  - The effects of the adrenergic antihypertensive drugs propranolol, clonidine,
      alpha-methyldopa, urapidil, indoramin, and prazosin on the relative rate of
      sterol synthesis were studied in freshly isolated human mononuclear leukocytes.
      Incubation of cells for 6 h in a medium containing lipid-depleted serum led to a
      threefold increase in the incorporation of [14C]acetate or tritiated water into
      sterols. (-)-Epinephrine added at zero time to the incubation medium inhibited
      the relative rate of sterol synthesis by 32% at a concentration of 1 mumol/L. The
      non-specific beta-blocker propranolol, added at equimolar concentrations, almost
      abolished the epinephrine-induced suppression. The beta-blocker per se had no
      effect on the incorporation of [14C]acetate into sterols up to a concentration of
      1 mumol/l. The alpha 2-agonist clonidine and alpha-methyldopa, added in
      increasing concentrations at zero time, inhibited the relative rate of sterol
      synthesis, yielding a sigmoidal log dose-effect curve. The suppression was 43 and
      24%, respectively, at a concentration of 0.1 mmol/L. The alpha 1-antagonists
      indoramin, prazosin, and urapidil, up to a concentration of 10 mumol/L, had no
      effect per se, or on the epinephrine-induced suppression of the relative
      synthesis rate of sterols. The results give evidence that various
      antihypertensive adrenergic drugs, depending on their action on beta- or alpha
      adrenergic receptors, have different effects on cholesterol biosynthesis and
      therefore may affect cellular cholesterol homeostasis.

PMID- 2418301
TI  - Effects of short-term intravenous administration of diltiazem on left ventricular
      function and coronary hemodynamics in patients with coronary artery disease.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of diltiazem were investigated in 15 patients with
      suspected coronary artery disease undergoing routine cardiac catheterization.
      Diltiazem was given in a high dose of 500 micrograms/kg over a period of 5 min
      and measurements made before and after drug administration during spontaneous
      heart rate and during matched atrial pacing. Spontaneous heart rate did not
      change (-5%; NS). Left ventricular (LV) systolic pressure decreased 24% (p less
      than 10(-6)) and LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) did not change (-5%; NS).
      During coronary blood flow measurement, mean aortic pressure decreased 30% (p
      less than 10(-6)) as global (coronary sinus) and regional (great cardiac vein)
      coronary vascular resistance diminished with no change in coronary blood flow.
      Myocardial oxygen consumption decreased 19% (p less than 0.02). During matched
      pacing, although no change occurred in calculated systolic isovolumic indexes of
      contractility, end-systolic pressure-volume index decreased 15% (p less than
      0.05). The time constant of isovolumic relaxation assessed by a biexponential
      model decreased. No net change occurred in either global or regional wall motion.
      In summary, high-dose diltiazem was administered safely to patients with coronary
      artery disease. It is concluded that, at this dose, diltiazem acted as a
      peripheral and coronary vasodilator. Hemodynamic changes consistent with a direct
      negative inotropic and chronotropic effect of the drug were observed. Myocardial
      oxygen consumption decreased with no change in coronary blood flow.

PMID- 2418302
TI  - First-step treatment of mild to moderate uncomplicated essential hypertension by
      a new calcium antagonist: nicardipine.
AB  - Nicardipine, a new calcium antagonist, was tested in a 14-week double-blind trial
      including 15 outpatients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. They were
      randomly assigned to nicardipine (20-30 mg three times daily) or placebo as first
      step treatment. When necessary but always after a minimum of 4 weeks, pindolol
      (15 mg/day) was combined with nicardipine or placebo. At the end of step 1 (85 +/
      6 days with nicardipine vs. 58 +/- 6 days with placebo, p less than 0.01),
      nicardipine induced larger drops in supine systolic and diastolic blood pressure
      (SBP and DBP) than the placebo (21 +/- 2.5 vs 1.4 +/- 3 mm Hg, p less than 0.001,
      and 13 +/- 2 vs. 3.5 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, p less than 0.001, respectively). In the
      nicardipine group (n = 57), 53% of patients had controlled blood pressure (SBP
      less than 160 mm Hg and DBP less than 95 mm Hg) versus 17% in the placebo group
      (n = 47), p less than 0.001. There was no significant correlation between the
      decrease in blood pressure and the age of patients. The most common side effects
      in the nicardipine group were flushes (12%), headache (8%), ankle edema (5%), and
      asthenia (4%). When blood pressure was not brought under control and pindolol was
      prescribed as the second-step treatment, the nicardipine group (n = 52) displayed
      larger drops in SBP and DBP than the placebo group (n = 40) (27 +/- 5 vs. 15 +/-
      3 mm Hg, p less than 0.01, and 18 +/- 1 vs. 9 +/- 2 mm Hg, p less than 0.001,
      respectively). These results show that a calcium antagonist is useful for first
      step treatment of hypertension.

PMID- 2418303
TI  - Myeloperoxidase activity as a quantitative marker of polymorphonuclear leukocyte
      accumulation into an experimental myocardial infarct--the effect of ibuprofen on
      infarct size and polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation.
AB  - The accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) into a canine
      occlusion/reperfusion model of myocardial infarction (MI) has been quantitated
      using a spectrophotometric assay for the PMN-specific enzyme myeloperoxidase
      (MPO). In anaesthetized beagle dogs subjected to 1 h of occlusion of the left
      anterior descending coronary artery followed by coronary reperfusion for 1 h, MPO
      activity was found in fourfold greater amounts in infarcted myocardium as opposed
      to normal myocardium. MPO activity in infarcted myocardium increased with
      coronary reperfusion in a time-related manner, the greatest accumulation
      occurring at 5 h of coronary reperfusion. The time-related increase in MPO
      activity in ischemic myocardium was closely correlated with the observed
      accumulation of PMN as assessed by histological sectioning, thus supporting the
      specificity of the method. Pretreatment of dogs with ibuprofen (12.5 mg/kg i.v.)
      did not alter the MPO content and therefore PMN invasion of infarcted myocardium,
      a finding confirmed by light microscopy. However, pretreatment with ibuprofen
      increased myocardial infarct size (from 11.5 to 37.4%, p less than 0.01) and
      increased the incidence of haemorrhagic infarction and ventricular fibrillation.
      In conclusion, our studies demonstrate that MPO can be used as a sensitive and
      quantitative marker of PMN accumulation into an evolving MI. Furthermore, we have
      demonstrated that PMNs rapidly infiltrated injured myocardium in a time dependent
      manner and this accumulation was unaffected by ibuprofen pretreatment.

PMID- 2418304
TI  - Preliminary experiences with HOE 498, a novel long-acting converting enzyme
      inhibitor, in hypertensive patients.
AB  - The effect of various doses of the new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
      HOE 498 was compared with that of placebo in patients with mild essential
      hypertension. When a single dose of 2.5 mg of the drug was given, blood pressure
      was not significantly reduced despite a fall in converting enzyme levels. Single
      doses of 5 or 10 mg did reduce blood pressure, but complete inhibition of
      converting enzyme was apparent only with the 10-mg dose. Acute administration of
      a 20-mg dose proved to be unsuitable, since this was associated with too large a
      fall in pressure and the occurrence of symptomatic orthostatic hypotension.
      Although converting enzyme and blood pressure tended to recover in part 12 h
      after administration of the drug, both variables remained low even after 48 h.

PMID- 2418305
TI  - Effect of calcium channel blockers on adrenergic and nonadrenergic vascular
      responses in man.
AB  - There is evidence that responses mediated via alpha adrenoceptors are dependent
      on calcium fluxes and it has been suggested that the alpha 2 adrenoceptor is
      particularly associated with the increased entry of extracellular calcium ions,
      which is preferentially antagonised by calcium channel blocking drugs. This study
      investigates in normotensive men the effects of calcium antagonism with verapamil
      and the dihydropyridine nisoldipine on the pressor responses to adrenergic and
      nonadrenergic vasoconstriction. Phenylephrine and alphamethylnoradrenaline were
      intravenously infused to assess respectively alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenoceptor
      mediated peripheral vascular responsiveness and angiotensin II was used to assess
      nonadrenergic responsiveness. After 4 days oral treatment, both verapamil and
      nisoldipine significantly attenuated the responses to angiotensin II with three-
      to fivefold rightward shifts of the mean pressor dose-response curves. Rightward
      shifts of comparable magnitude were obtained for phenylephrine but with
      alphamethylnoradrenaline, although the overall trend was similar, only
      nisoldipine caused a significant twofold rightward shift. These data demontrate,
      in humans, that peripheral vascular adrenergic responses mediated via both alpha
      1 and alpha 2 adrenoceptors are affected by calcium channel blocking drugs. There
      was no evidence that this effect was specifically linked to the alpha 2
      adrenoceptor.

PMID- 2418306
TI  - Vascular and aldosterone responses to angiotensin II in normal humans: effects of
      nicardipine.
AB  - The effects of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist nicardipine on pressor
      responsiveness and hormone release were investigated in healthy normotensive men
      following both acute intravenous administration and 1 week of oral treatment.
      There were no significant changes in baseline supine blood pressures but the
      pressor responsiveness to the intravenous infusion of angiotensin II was
      significantly attenuated by both intravenous and oral nicardipine. This reduction
      tended to be greater following intravenous nicardipine, which achieved the
      highest mean plasma nicardipine concentrations. Neither intravenous nor oral
      nicardipine caused any significant differences in the aldosterone response to the
      angiotensin II infusion and there were no significant differences attributable to
      nicardipine in the levels of plasma renin activity. However, the progressive
      increase in the aldosterone/renin ratio observed during placebo was significantly
      attenuated by both nicardipine treatments. There were no significant effects on
      plasma cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, or noradrenaline. This study has
      shown that nicardipine acutely and chronically reduces vascular responsiveness to
      the pressor effect of angiotensin II. There was no significant effect on the
      aldosterone response to angiotensin and no evidence of clinically significant
      interference with the release of other hormones to suggest that this mechanism
      contributes to the antihypertensive effect of nicardipine.

PMID- 2418307
TI  - Clonidine prevents the sympathetic initiation and aggravation of poststenotic
      myocardial ischemia.
AB  - We studied the effects of clonidine (10 micrograms/kg i.v.) on the positive
      feedback between poststenotic myocardial ischemia and cardiac sympathetic nerve
      activation and on the initiation of poststenotic myocardial ischemia during
      bilateral carotid occlusion in 12 anesthetized, open-chest dogs. During 20 min of
      acute severe coronary stenosis, cardiac sympathetic nerve activity increased by
      24 +/- 6%, poststenotic coronary resistance increased from 0.45 +/- 0.05 to 0.61
      +/- 0.08 mm Hg . min . 100 g/ml, and the poststenotic myocardial lactate
      consumption of 25 +/- 6 mumol/min . 100 g at 1 min of stenosis was reversed to a
      net lactate production of 8 +/- 3 mumol/min . 100 g after 20 min of stenosis. An
      additional 60-s bilateral carotid occlusion increased cardiac sympathetic nerve
      activity furthermore to 157 +/- 7% of control, increased poststenotic coronary
      resistance to 0.84 +/- 0.14 mm Hg . min . 100 g/ml, and increased the net lactate
      production to 22 +/- 6 mumol/min . 100 g. With heart rate and left ventricular
      pressure kept constant, clonidine decreased cardiac sympathetic nerve activity to
      21 +/- 6% of control and prevented any further sympathetic activation during 20
      min of coronary stenosis and bilateral carotid occlusion. Conversely,
      poststenotic coronary resistance and myocardial lactate consumption remained
      unchanged. Intracoronary clonidine (100 micrograms) in five of the 12 dogs
      increased poststenotic coronary resistance from 0.47 +/- 0.04 to 0.61 +/- 0.05 mm
      Hg . min . 100 g/ml and reversed the myocardial lactate consumption of 36 +/- 4
      mumol/min . 100 g to a net lactate production of 7 +/- 5 mumol/min . 100 g. Our
      results suggest that clonidine can, by a central nervous action, prevent the
      sympathetic initiation and aggravation of poststenotic myocardial ischemia and
      may thus be effective in the treatment of exertional angina.

PMID- 2418308
TI  - Effects of secretin infusion on myocardial performance and metabolism in the dog.
AB  - The effects of pharmacological doses of secretin were studied in closed-chest,
      pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. Infusion of secretin 16 clinical units (CU)/kg-h
      caused a rise in cardiac output (p less than 0.01), peak first derivative of the
      left ventricular pressure (p less than 0.01), and heart rate (p less than 0.01)
      and a fall in systemic arteriolar resistance (p less than 0.01) and left
      ventricular end-diastolic pressure (p less than 0.01). Stroke volume did not
      change significantly. Myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption were
      unchanged. Secretin caused reductions in arterial lactate (p less than 0.01) and
      glucose (p less than 0.05) concentrations, and arterial concentrations of free
      fatty acids and insulin were unaltered. There was no change in myocardial uptake
      of lactate, glucose, or FFA. Secretin 64 CU/kg-h infused in two dogs caused
      further changes of the hemodynamic variables. Thus, secretin enhances left
      ventricular function in intact anesthetized dog by combined vasodilating,
      inotropic, and chronotropic effects, without changing myocardial oxygen or
      substrate uptake.

PMID- 2418309
TI  - Mechanism of the vasodilator effects of the cardiotonic agent DPI 201-106.
AB  - DPI 201-106 (DP) is a new cardiotonic agent. In experiment on cats anaesthetized
      with chloralose/urethane, it lowered blood pressure and caused peripheral
      vasodilatation at doses between 0.3 and 3 mg/kg, infused i.v. Furthermore, DPI
      lowered heart rate and increased coronary blood flow (measured with tracer
      microspheres). The mechanism of this vasodilator action was investigated in
      experiments in vitro using rabbit aorta. DPI inhibited depolarization-induced
      contraction. The effect was strongly dependent on the contact time. The pIC50 (
      log IC50) values for 15 min, 1, and 2 h pretreatment were 4, 5.2, and 5.7,
      respectively. 45Ca2+ uptake into rabbit aorta was inhibited by DPI with pIC50
      values of 4.3, 5.1, and 5.7, respectively, for the pretreatment periods indicated
      above. The excellent agreement between effects on tension development and calcium
      uptake suggests that the mechanism of vasodilatation observed in vivo is related
      to calcium antagonism.

PMID- 2418310
TI  - Cardiovascular and renal effects of the beta-blocker SE2395 in conscious
      normotensive dogs.
AB  - The cardiac and renal hemodynamic effects of SE2395, a beta-blocking agent, were
      examined after intravenous administration (50 micrograms/kg) in normotensive
      conscious dogs. Beta-blocking action of SE2395 was evidenced by a reduction in
      heart rate and cardiac output without change in the mean arterial pressure. An
      increase in glomerular filtration rate (inulin clearance) and a slight
      enhancement in effective renal plasma flow (para-aminohippurate clearance) were
      observed without attendant decreases in plasma renin activity. An increase in
      urinary sodium excretion was also observed; urinary prostaglandin E2 excretion
      was, however, unchanged. We conclude that at effective beta-blocking dosage
      SE2395 does not induce any detrimental effect on renal function in conscious
      dogs.

PMID- 2418311
TI  - Adrenergic and dopaminergic properties of dopamine sulfoconjugates.
AB  - The 3- and 4-sulfate esters of dopamine (DA-3-SO4 and DA-4-SO4, respectively),
      the two main metabolites of DA, were evaluated for potential intrinsic or
      indirect catecholaminergic activities. Both compounds lacked any appreciable
      affinities for alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2 and DA-2 receptors. In the
      superfused [3H]norepinephrine-preloaded dog saphenous vein, both dopamine
      sulfates were devoid of any intrinsic inhibitory activity such as observed with
      dopamine pre- and postsynaptically. In addition, they did not displace the
      labeled vesicular neurotransmitter as did dopamine. In anesthetized dogs the two
      compounds failed to stimulate either the dopaminergic receptors (DA-1) of
      mesenteric vascular beds or the adrenergic receptors mediating the vasodilatory
      and pressor responses to dopamine. CONCLUSION: In our experimental conditions DA
      3-SO4 and DA-4-SO4, the products of dopamine sulfoconjugation, lacked any
      demonstrable intrinsic affinity and/or efficacy on the dopaminergic and
      adrenergic receptors directly or indirectly through their metabolic
      transformation or through displacement of endogenous neurotransmitter.

PMID- 2418312
TI  - Epinephrine infusion decreases magnesium plasma concentration in humans.

PMID- 2418313
TI  - Aortic rupture in manual dissection of the esophagus: a rare complication during
      palliative esophagectomy performed on account of radiated esophageal cancer. A
      pathologic-anatomic view.
AB  - The report concerns the rare complication of a rupture of the aorta thoracica
      descendens during a palliative esophagectomy without thoracotomy performed on
      account of radiated carcinoma of the esophagus. The pathologic-anatomic findings
      are discussed and the literature is indicated.

PMID- 2418314
TI  - Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.
AB  - Neonates with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum are ductus
      dependent from birth. The initial approach in these patients is to ensure
      continued adequate pulmonary blood flow in anticipation of imminent spontaneous
      closure of the ductus. Our experience and evolving approach in the management of
      16 consecutive neonates with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
      from 1978 to 1984 is presented. On the basis of the revised classification by
      Bull and associates, we divided the patients into four different groups according
      to right ventricular morphology. Basically, three types of palliative surgical
      procedures were performed: systemic-pulmonary artery shunt; systemic-pulmonary
      artery shunt with pulmonary valvotomy; and pulmonary valvotomy alone. Systemic
      pulmonary artery shunt is the most important part of neonatal palliation. Our
      present routine is to perform left subclavian-main pulmonary artery shunt with a
      polytetrafluoroethylene tube in all patients and, in addition, to perform an open
      transpulmonary valvotomy without cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with a patent
      infundibular portion of the right ventricle. Our technique and the advantages of
      this type of shunt procedure are discussed. Patients with right ventricular
      sinusoidal-coronary artery communications are a subgroup with an additional
      problem. In our series, patients with this anomaly are categorized into groups
      with major and minor connections and their surgical significance is discussed.
      Overall, there was one death among 16 patients after neonatal palliative
      procedures and one death among five patients after hemodynamic repair.

PMID- 2418315
TI  - Studies on qingyangshen (root of cynanchum otophyllum). II. Effect of
      qingyangshen on metabolism of central monoamines.

PMID- 2418316
TI  - Modulatory effect of electroacupuncture on cardiovascular functions.

PMID- 2418317
TI  - Vimentin and keratin intermediate filaments expression by K562 leukemic cell
      line.
AB  - The expression of intermediate filaments (IMF) by K562 leukemic cell line has
      been studied by the use of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. These cells
      exhibited an extremely rich network of IMF reacting with both anti-vimentin and
      anti-keratin antibodies. Although these results need to be confirmed by different
      techniques, such as immunoblotting, they suggest the possibility that leukemic
      cell lines can express different types of IMF similarly to other cultured cells.

PMID- 2418318
TI  - [Instruction of students' practice in pre and postoperative nursing].

PMID- 2418319
TI  - [A 42-year-old male with fever, weight loss and malabsorption].

PMID- 2418320
TI  - Non-A, non-B hepatitis after intravenous gammaglobulin.

PMID- 2418321
TI  - Change in fucosylation of alpha-fetoprotein on malignant transformation of liver
      cells.

PMID- 2418322
TI  - Asthma as an axon reflex.
AB  - In asthma, damage to airway epithelium, possibly caused by eosinophil products,
      exposes C-fibre afferent nerve endings. Stimulation of these endings by
      inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin may result in an axon (local) reflex
      with antidromic conduction down afferent nerve collaterals and release of sensory
      neuropeptides such as substance P, neurokinin A, and calcitonin gene-related
      peptide. These peptides are potent inducers of airway smooth muscle contraction,
      bronchial oedema, extravasation of plasma, mucus hypersecretion, and possibly
      inflammatory cell infiltration and secretion. Thus, axon reflexes could account
      for at least some of the pathophysiology of asthma and this concept might lead to
      new strategies for treatment.

PMID- 2418323
TI  - Sucralfate ameliorates perirectal pain due to bile acid malabsorption.

PMID- 2418324
TI  - Early neurodevelopmental therapy.

PMID- 2418325
TI  - Studies of neurotransmitter chemistry of central nervous system neurons in
      primary tissue culture.
AB  - Primary tissue culture methods have been applied to various areas of the central
      nervous system, including cerebral cortex, spinal cord, cerebellum, hippocampus,
      hypothalamus, striatum, mesencephalon, lower brain stem and retina. Experimental
      studies in vitro involving central neurotransmission are discussed here.
      Information gleaned from such studies impacts on neurotransmitter identification,
      neuronal development, patterns of receptor distribution, peptidergic
      transmission, transmitter metabolism, synaptogenesis and the regulation of
      synaptic development.

PMID- 2418326
TI  - Evidence for a D2 dopamine receptor in frog retina that decreases cyclic AMP
      accumulation and serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity.
AB  - The regulation of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and cyclic AMP
      accumulation in the retina of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) was
      studied using an in vitro eye cup preparation. Retinal NAT, a key enzyme in the
      synthesis of melatonin, is expressed as a circadian rhythm with peak activity at
      night. The increase of NAT activity at night appears to be mediated by cyclic AMP
      and is suppressed by light. Dopamine inhibits the nocturnal increase of retinal
      NAT activity; approximately 80% inhibition was observed with 1 microM dopamine.
      Dopamine at 1 microM did not stimulate retinal cyclic AMP accumulation. The
      effect of dopamine on NAT activity was antagonized by the D2-selective receptor
      antagonists spiperone and metoclopramide, but not by the putative D1 selective
      antagonist SCH 23390. The nocturnal rise in NAT activity was inhibited by LY
      171555, a putative D2 selective agonist, but not by SKF 38393, a putative D1
      selective agonist. LY 171555 also decreased cyclic AMP accumulation in eye cups
      incubated under similar conditions. Dopamine inhibited the stimulation of NAT
      activity in light by 3-isobutylmethylxanthine, but not that by dibutyryl cyclic
      AMP, suggesting that dopamine acts by decreasing cyclic AMP formation in the NAT
      containing cells. Thus, the effects of dopamine on NAT activity may be mediated
      by a receptor with the pharmacological and biochemical characteristics of a D2
      receptor.

PMID- 2418327
TI  - Porphyrin-induced photodynamic cross-linking of hepatic heme-binding proteins.
AB  - Three types of hepatic proteins, a heme-binding Z protein, a mixture of the
      glutathione S-transferases and a cytochrome P450 isozyme, were shown to be
      susceptible to photodynamic cross-linking and loss in antigenicity by naturally
      occurring porphyrins. At 50 microM, uroporphyrin caused the most and
      protoporphyrin the least photodecomposition. Hemopexin, a specific serum heme
      carrier, was photodecomposed but no cross-linking was detected. Heme and
      scavengers of singlet oxygen partially prevented protein photodecomposition.

PMID- 2418328
TI  - Hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy: report of a clinical trial with intravenous
      doxorubicin.
AB  - Sixty-six patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in various stages of
      hepatic involvement were studied prospectively. Of these, 50 (75%) had associated
      cirrhosis and 19 (28%) had serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Six (9%)
      patients were eligible for tumor resection, 34 were selected for doxorubicin
      chemotherapy (60 mg/m2, i.v., given every 3 weeks, up to a maximum dose of 550
      mg/m2), and 26 were followed up without treatment. Untreated patients survived 1
      18 months (median 1) after diagnosis. Surgically treated patients survived 1-14
      months (median 4.5). In the doxorubicin group, six patients died soon after the
      first course of treatment, leaving 28 patients to be evaluated. Seven (24.5%)
      responded to therapy, surviving 2-26 months (median 8.0). Twenty-one (75.5%) did
      not respond to chemotherapy and had a median survival of 3.5 months (range: 2
      12). Initial performance status and the degree of hepatic impairment were found
      to be covariates of prognostic significance. The type and severity of drug
      related side-effects appeared to be comparable to those reported by others. In
      accordance with previous reports, our patients with HCC often had non-resectable
      tumors or responded poorly to chemotherapy. The association between this tumor
      and cirrhosis might partially account for treatment failure.

PMID- 2418329
TI  - Ischemic induction of neovascularization: a study by fluorometric analysis.
AB  - The dynamic process of skin flap neovascularization can be quantitated in a
      relatively non-invasive fashion in an "in-vivo" model using the technique of
      perfusion fluorometry. The extent of skin flap ischemia can be monitored, and its
      effect on angiogenesis rapidly determined. Evidence is presented that indicates
      that angiogenesis develops from a distal to proximal direction corresponding to
      the degree of ischemia as measured by fluorescein uptake and elimination.
      Furthermore, although certain proximal segments of skin flaps demonstrated no
      uptake or elimination, survival could still occur, indicating that
      neovascularization need not be complete at the time of pedicle interruption.

PMID- 2418330
TI  - [Effect of chronic exposure to nitrogen dioxide on biogenic amine levels in the
      brain of guinea pigs].
AB  - The experiment was carried out on male guinea pigs exposed to NO2 at a constant
      concentration of 0.1 ppm 24 h daily for 1, 2.5 and 6 months, or NO2 concentration
      was increased to 0.5 ppm twice daily, between 7:00 and 8:00 AM and 4:00 and 5:00
      PM. After the exposure to NO2 was over the animals were killed by decapitation.
      The cranium was opened and the brain removed, and afterwards at 0 degrees C the
      left hemisphere was dissected into discrete areas which were then frozen on dry
      ice and weighed. The tissues were kept for 2-3 days at -20 degrees C, and
      afterwards the content of noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindole
      acetic acid was estimated spectrofluorometrically in examined parts of the brain
      (thalamus--hypothalamus pons + medulla oblongata hippocampus, cortex frontalis).
      It was shown that the applied NO2 concentrations brought about slight and
      nonspecific alterations in the content of the investigated amines in guinea pigs'
      brain.

PMID- 2418331
TI  - Altered kinetic properties of a mutant adenine phosphoribosyltransferase.
AB  - Three siblings in a Japanese family experienced recurrent 2,8-dihydroxyadenine
      urolithiasis despite the presence of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT)
      activities in the hemolysates (19.9% to 28.2% of normal value). However, studies
      on viable T cells from these patients indicated that APRT was not functional in
      viable cells. Further analysis of the partially purified enzymes from hemolysates
      disclosed that patient's APRT had a reduced affinity to 5-phosphoribosyl-1
      pyrophosphate (PRPP). Seven healthy members of this family whose APRT functioned
      normally in viable T cells had the erythrocyte enzyme levels between the patients
      and normal individuals (38.2% to 65.6%), suggesting that they are carriers of the
      defective gene. These results indicate that the defective gene code a unique
      mutant APRT with a reduced affinity to PRPP, and the patients are homozygotes.
      The mutant enzyme was also shown to be more heat-stable than normal enzyme.
      However, since mutant enzyme, unlike normal enzyme, was insensitive to the
      stabilization effect of PRPP, the latter became more heat-stable than the former
      when the heat treatment was performed in the presence of PRPP. This type of
      defect with alterations in the kinetic and physical properties of APRT as
      described here is likely to be a common type of APRT deficiency in Japan.

PMID- 2418332
TI  - Capsular poly-gamma-D-glutamate synthesis in Bacillus licheniformis.

PMID- 2418333
TI  - Amidophosphoribosyltransferase.

PMID- 2418334
TI  - Antiallotypic antibodies.

PMID- 2418335
TI  - Prothymosin alpha and alpha 1-like peptides.

PMID- 2418336
TI  - Antigen nonspecific lymphokines: an overview.

PMID- 2418338
TI  - Major hepatic resection for neoplasia. The Concord Hospital experience.
AB  - In a major hepatic resection one, or more, of the eight major anatomical segments
      of the liver is removed. Such procedures are a recent development and during 1972
      1982, 22 such resections were performed for neoplasia at Concord Hospital, with a
      mortality rate of 5%. The indications for elective hepatic resection for
      neoplasia are discussed. Of particular importance is the excellent palliation and
      survival that is achieved when localized metastases of colorectal origin are
      resected.

PMID- 2418337
TI  - Effective palliation of melanoma with procarbazine and radiotherapy given by a
      low-dose fractionation schedule.
AB  - Twenty-one patients with metastatic melanoma were treated synchronously with
      procarbazine and radiotherapy. The radiotherapy was given using a conventional
      fractional dose schedule of 45 Gy in 20 fractions. Twenty-three lesions were
      treated, of which 11 (47%) regressed completely and four (17%) regressed
      partially. Patients who responded to treatment had a median survival of 17 months
      and experienced relief of symptoms. Treatment was well tolerated. The results
      demonstrate that many patients with unresectable deposits of melanoma can obtain
      worthwhile palliation from radiation therapy without the use of large fractional
      dose schedules. There was no evidence that procarbazine exerted a cytotoxic
      effect on lesions which were not irradiated.

PMID- 2418339
TI  - Cyanotic congenital heart disease.

PMID- 2418340
TI  - Palliation in cyanotic congenital heart disease. Fifteen years' experience of
      various shunt procedures.
AB  - During the past 15 years, 143 systemic pulmonary shunt procedures have been
      performed in 117 patients. These have been evaluated for their clinical
      effectiveness, the need for a repeat operation and the mortality; particular
      attention was paid to the Teflon shunt. Variations were found in shunt
      performance, depending on the primary defect, the type of shunt that was employed
      and the year of operation. The overall shunt patency after three years was 77%
      (85% with the Teflon shunt). Although, in our total experience, mortality at 30
      days was 12%, with 16% late deaths, "modified Blalock" (Teflon) shunts had only a
      5% hospital mortality and a 5% late mortality within three years. Pulmonary
      atresia, without a ventricular septal defect, is often insufficiently palliated
      by a shunt alone. Ten of 82 patients with variations of the tetralogy complex
      died within 30 days of operation, and a further 11 died in the late follow-up
      period. Six of these 21 shunts were patent at autopsy. Less common defects, such
      as univentricular heart, transposition and double-outlet right ventricular
      connections, that are associated with pulmonary stenosis had no early mortality
      but led to four late deaths among 27 patients. Two of the four patients had
      patent shunts. Results in the early part of this experience were less than
      acceptable owing to inferior shunting techniques, postoperative management errors
      and, particularly, inadequate follow-up surveillance. With correction of these
      factors we find that the modified Blalock shunt provides very good early and late
      mortality results, with excellent clinical palliation and patency rates.

PMID- 2418341
TI  - [The ABO system and Lamblia infection. 2. The secretion of ABO system antigens
      and level of the specific humoral response in persons with Lamblia infection and
      the presence of group-specific antigens in Lamblia].

PMID- 2418342
TI  - [Conclusive considerations on the use of fibrin glue in periodontal surgery.
      Histological controls].

PMID- 2418343
TI  - [Palliative treatment for unresectable cases of pancreatic carcinoma].
AB  - Palliative treatment have been performed in 50 cases of unresectable pancreatic
      carcinoma during these nine years. There were 36 in the head and 14 in the body
      and tail on the location of the tumor. Operation was performed in 35 cases (70%)
      and about 60% of which were diagnosed as unresectable for liver metastases.
      Prophylactic gastroenterostomy concomitant with biliary bypass is considered to
      be the most suitable procedure and should be performed routinely regardless of
      duodenal obstruction. Choledochojejunostomy (Roux-en-Y) and gastrectomy (Billorth
      II) were considered advantageous for favorable long-term bile drainage and to
      prevent hematemesis. Splanchnicetomy proved to alleviate pain in 87.5% and is
      recommended to perform at the time of initial laparotomy. Postoperative adjuvant
      chemotherapy was performed in 40% of the cases. Arterial infusion chemotherapy
      was found most effective to prolong survival. The patients who received
      palliative treatment survived 6.5 months on the average: Mean survival was 7.3
      months in the former cases and 3.8 in the latter. Six patients (12%) survived
      more then one year, and no significant difference in location or size could be
      found.

PMID- 2418344
TI  - [Changes in serum pancreatic enzymes and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor
      in patients with severe acute pancreatitis].
AB  - Serum pancreatic enzymes (amylase, trypsin, pancreatic elastase 1, pancreatic
      phospholipase A2) and serum pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) were
      measured in 22 patients with moderate or severe acute pancreatitis. Serum levels
      of all pancreatic enzymes were elevated at the initial determination, but they
      fell rapidly to normal in both moderate and severe pancreatitis. In contrast,
      PSTI in severe pancreatitis increased after admission and reached the maximum on
      the second to the forth day after onset. There was a significant positive
      correlation between the level of PSTI and that of acute phase reactant
      (fibrinogen, alpha 1-antitrypsin), and serum PSTI in severe acute pancreatitis
      changed as if it was one of acute phase reactants. There was also a significant
      negative correlation between the level of serum PSTI and that of alpha 2
      macroglobulin.

PMID- 2418345
TI  - [Interaction of proteases and their inhibitors in the pathogenesis of
      pancreatitis].
AB  - It was confirmed that esterolytic activity was significantly elevated in plasma
      of patients with acute pancreatitis, which correlated better with the stage of
      the disease than serum amylase level. Using the several column chromatography
      procedures, pancreatic kallikrein, trypsin and pancreatic elastase were separated
      and purified from alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-M) fractions of patients plasma
      with acute pancreatitis. From this this result, it was confirmed that kallikrein
      was liberated into the blood stream from the pancreas during attacks of acute
      pancreatitis and the liberated kallikrein combined with alpha 2-M. Furthermore,
      the coexistence of trypsin is required for the complex formation of alpha 2-M and
      pancreatic kallikrein. It was speculated that alpha 2-M might be decomposed by
      the excessive amount of elastase, and consequently, might release all of its
      combining enzymes into the blood stream. In the present study, the activation
      mechanism of fibrinolytic enzyme system in plasma by human pancreatic elastase
      was investigated. Elastase not only converted the co-existing plasminogen to low
      molecular weight plasminogen which could be easily activated by the activators,
      but also inhibited alpha 2-M and alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor, and consequently,
      induced the activation of the fibrinolytic enzyme system in plasma. Furthermore,
      it was also confirmed that elastase could activate plasma kallikreinogen to
      kallikrein.

PMID- 2418346
TI  - Desensitization of epinephrine-initiated platelet aggregation does not alter
      binding to the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor or receptor coupling to adenylate
      cyclase.
AB  - Several investigators have shown that incubating unstirred platelets with
      epinephrine blunts subsequent aggregation when the platelets are stirred. Using
      aspirin-treated platelets, we further characterized this desensitization of alpha
      2-adrenergic receptor-initiated aggregation. Desensitization occurred with a t1/2
      of 3-6 min and was maximal at 20-30 min, at which time the initial rate of
      aggregation and its maximal extent were about half that of control platelets.
      When we preincubated platelets with epinephrine, and then added phentolamine to
      block the alpha 2-receptors, ADP-initiated aggregation occurred normally. Thus,
      the desensitization of epinephrine-initiated aggregation was not associated with
      a generalized impairment of aggregation. At concentrations too low to initiate
      aggregation, epinephrine is known to potentiate aggregation initiated by other
      agents. Clonidine also acts at alpha 2-receptors to potentiate aggregation
      initiated by other agents, but it does not initiate aggregation by itself.
      Preincubating clonidine with platelets for 30 min abolished its potentiating
      effect on ADP-initiated aggregation. Thus, the ability of alpha 2-receptors to
      both potentiate and initiate aggregation desensitizes after a brief preincubation
      with agonist. We performed several types of experiments to investigate the
      mechanism of this desensitization. Platelet alpha 2-receptors are coupled to an
      inhibition of adenylate cyclase. We found, however, that alpha 2-mediated
      inhibition of prostaglandin E1-stimulated cAMP accumulation occurred normally in
      desensitized platelets. Similarly, epinephrine inhibited basal adenylate cyclase
      activity normally in membranes prepared from desensitized platelets. In membranes
      prepared from desensitized platelets, epinephrine competed normally for
      [3H]rauwolscine binding, and this competition was modulated normally by guanine
      nucleotides. Thus, the properties of the alpha 2-receptors, as measured in
      radioligand binding experiments, were unchanged by densensitization. In
      conclusion, desensitization of alpha 2-adrenergic receptor-mediated aggregation
      occurs without change in the alpha 2-adrenergic receptors or in their coupling to
      an inhibition of adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2418347
TI  - Conformationally constrained tachykinin analogs which are selective ligands for
      the eledoisin binding site.
AB  - We have prepared a series of conformationally constrained hexapeptide analogs of
      substance P which are 500-1500-fold more potent as inhibitors of 125I-labeled
      Bolton Hunter-conjugated eledoisin binding to rat brain cortex membranes than as
      inhibitors of 125I-labeled Bolton Hunter-conjugated substance P binding. These
      analogs stimulate guinea pig ileum contraction (ED50 1-16 nM) and stimulate rat
      vas deferens contraction (ED50 2-4 microM). However, these peptides are poor
      stimulators of rat salivation (greater than 40 nmol/100 g body weight). Thus,
      based on both their receptor potency and pharmacological potency, these peptides
      are potent and selective tachykinin analogs. These data indicate that a specific
      carboxyl-terminal conformation is recognized by the 125I-labeled Bolton Hunter
      conjugated eledoisin binding site and that this conformation is different from
      the conformation recognized by the 125I-labeled Bolton Hunter-conjugated
      substance P binding site. Hexapeptides containing phenylalanine, isoleucine, and
      valine identical with the carboxyl-terminal sequences of substance P, eledoisin,
      and neurokinin B, respectively, were nearly equipotent as inhibitors of 125I
      labeled Bolton Hunter-conjugated eledoisin binding. The valine analog was only
      approximately 5-fold less potent than the isoleucine and phenylalanine analogs as
      an inhibitor of 125I-labeled Bolton Hunter-conjugated substance P binding. Thus,
      unknown determinants in the amino-terminal sequences of substance P must strongly
      contribute to the carboxyl-terminal peptide selectivity and conformation. The
      contraction of guinea pig ileum induced by one of the conformationally
      constrained analogs is attenuated by pretreatment of the tissue with atropine (2
      microM), while that induced by substance P methyl ester, a selective inhibitor of
      125I-labeled Bolton Hunter-conjugated substance P binding, is not. Thus, the
      constrained analog has a higher affinity for the tachykinin receptors in the
      guinea pig myenteric plexus which are responsible for acetylcholine release than
      for the tachykinin receptors present on the smooth muscle cells.

PMID- 2418348
TI  - The effects of chloramphenicol isomers on the motor end-plate nicotinic receptor
      ion channel complex.
AB  - Four enantiomers of chloramphenicol have been tested for their effects on end
      plate current and miniature end-plate current decay and amplitude characteristics
      in the voltage-clamped costocutaneous nerve-muscle preparation of the garter
      snake. All four enantiomers exhibited effects on end-plate current and miniature
      end-plate current decay at similar concentrations (0.2-1.0 mM), indicating that
      the measured effect was not related to the antibacterial action of the compounds
      in which D-threo chloramphenicol is known to be at least 50 times more powerful
      than the L-threo and D- and L-erythro isomers. The compounds slightly increased
      end-plate current but not miniature end-plate current amplitude, indicating that
      they produce an increase in end-plate current quantal content. This effect was
      verified by an analysis of end-plate current driving functions (see Appendix) for
      one of the chloramphenicol isomers. In addition to this presynaptic action, all
      four compounds converted end-plate current and miniature end-plate current decays
      from single to double exponential functions. This effect was both concentration
      and voltage dependent. For all four compounds, hyperpolarization resulted in a
      progressive decrease in tau f and an increase in tau s. The relative amplitudes
      of the fast and slow decay components were independent of membrane potential. The
      results are interpreted in terms of the drugs blocking the open form of the
      acetylcholine-activated receptor-ion channel complex. However, in addition to
      affecting decay characteristics, all four compounds increased the charge passed
      during both end-plate and miniature end-plate currents. This effect was
      concentration but not voltage dependent and is inconsistent with the predictions
      of the sequential model for open ion channel blockade. By using an extension of
      Ruff's analysis of the sequential model of open end-plate ion channel blockade,
      we have been able to show that the action of the chloramphenicols on end-plate
      current amplitude and time course can be explained by the combination of two
      distinct mechanisms. First is an open channel block conforming to the sequential
      model and with calculated channel blocking affinity constants ranging from 0.3
      1.0 mM. The channel blocking actions of all four isomers were shown to be
      independent of membrane voltage. Second is an action to slow channel closing,
      resulting in prolonged open time and hence increased charge passed during the end
      plate current. This effect was strongly concentration dependent, but not voltage
      dependent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2418349
TI  - Effects of DNA methylation on specific transcription by RNA polymerase II in
      vitro.
AB  - In vitro transcription in a HeLa cell lysate by RNA polymerase II directed by a
      chicken feather keratin gene promotor has been studied using unmethylated
      template DNA and DNA methylated in vitro by HpaII methylase. The efficiency of
      specific gene transcription from methylated DNA was dependent on topology of the
      input DNA, the most significant effect being complete inhibition of transcription
      from one template which contained three methylation sites, one just 5' and two
      greater than 500 bases 3' to the site of transcription initiation. The inhibition
      of transcription depends on a factor(s) which is variably present in lysate
      preparations and is labile on storage at -70 degrees.

PMID- 2418350
TI  - [Ultrastructural characteristics of the epithelium of free gingival grafts].

PMID- 2418351
TI  - A subpopulation of allospecific cytotoxic T-cell precursors with phenotypic
      characteristics of natural killer cells.
AB  - We have proposed that natural killer (NK) cells are germ-line V-gene encoded
      prothymocytes specific for either self or non-self histocompatibility antigens.
      This hypothesis predicts that at least some precursors of allospecific cytotoxic
      T cells (allo-CTL) are NK cells. To test this we examined the effect of depleting
      NK cells and/or T cells (by complement lysis with anti-asialo GM1 and/or anti-Thy
      1) on the development of allo-CTL induced during mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC).
      Removal of Thy 1+ cells from MLC responder populations prevented development of
      allo-CTL. This was partially reversed by addition of concanavalin A-conditioned
      medium (Con A-CM) to the MLC at day 0. Removal of asialo GM1+ cells eliminated NK
      activity measured at day 0, but failed to prevent development of allo-CTL of
      otherwise intact responder cells. However, removal of asialo GM1+ cells did
      prevent the Con A-CM dependent development of allo-CTL by responder cells
      depleted of Thy 1+ cells. These findings indicate that a subpopulation of allo
      CTL precursors has the phenotypic characteristics of NK cells: absence or low
      density of Thy 1, and susceptibility to complement lysis by anti-asialo GM1.

PMID- 2418352
TI  - Isolation, identification and bacterial mutagenicity of 2-nitro-9-fluorenone from
      diesel-exhaust particle extracts.
AB  - Organic extracts of diesel-exhaust particles show direct mutagenic activity in
      the Salmonella typhimurium bacterial mutagenicity assay. Nitro-aromatic compounds
      are believed to be responsible for part of the mutagenicity. A previously
      unidentified polyfunctional nitro-aromatic compound, 2-nitro-9-fluorenone (2N
      Fone) was isolated from diesel-exhaust particles using a two-step fractionation
      scheme consisting of Sephadex LH20 chromatography and silica-gel thin-layer
      chromatography. Positive identification was by gas chromatography/mass
      spectroscopy and coelution with an authentic standard. Direct and indirect
      mutagenicities of 2N-Fone in several bacterial strains were also determined. The
      results indicated that 2N-Fone produces 60-70 rev/nmole of direct mutagenic
      activity, and is about 1/5 to 1/10 as mutagenic as 1-nitropyrene.

PMID- 2418353
TI  - New positive inotropic agents in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
      Mechanisms of action and recent clinical developments. 2.

PMID- 2418354
TI  - Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with intravenous gamma globulin.

PMID- 2418355
TI  - Effect of Cohn fractionation conditions on infectivity of the AIDS virus.

PMID- 2418356
TI  - Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein: a problem with a test kit.

PMID- 2418357
TI  - Anaesthetic and recovery room nursing.

PMID- 2418358
TI  - Protein kinase C activation induces conductance changes in Hermissenda
      photoreceptors like those seen in associative learning.
AB  - Phosphorylation of ion channels has been suggested as one molecular mechanism
      responsible for learning-produced long-term changes in neuronal excitability.
      Persistent training-produced changes in two distinct K+ currents (IA (ref. 2), IK
      Ca (refs 3,4)) and a voltage-dependent calcium current (ICa; refs 3,4) have
      previously been shown to occur in type B photoreceptors of Hermissenda, as a
      result of associative learning. But the identity of the phosphorylation
      pathway(s) responsible for these changes has not as yet been determined.
      Injections of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase reduce a K+ current (IK) in B
      cells which is different from those changed by training, but fails to reduce IA
      and IK-Ca. Phosphorylase b kinase (an exogenous calcium/calmodulin-dependent
      kinase) reduces IA, but whether IK-Ca and ICa are changed in the manner of
      associative training is not yet known. Another protein kinase present in high
      concentrations in both mammalian brain and molluscan nervous systems is protein
      kinase C, which is both calcium- and phospholipid-sensitive. We now present
      evidence that activation of protein kinase C by the tumour promoter phorbol ester
      (PDB) and intracellular injection of the enzyme induce conductance changes
      similar to those caused by associative training in Hermissenda B cells (that is a
      reduction of IA and IK-Ca, and enhancement of ICa). These results represent the
      first direct demonstration that protein kinase C affects membrane K+ ion
      conductance mechanisms.

PMID- 2418359
TI  - Differential expression of alpha-fetoprotein genes on the inactive X chromosome
      in extraembryonic and somatic tissues of a transgenic mouse line.
AB  - During development of the female mouse embryo, one of the two X chromosomes is
      inactivated in a random manner in most cell lineages. However, in the
      extraembryonic trophectoderm and primary endoderm lineages there is preferential
      inactivation of the paternally derived X chromosome. The inactivated X
      chromosomes of the extraembryonic and somatic tissues appear equally inactive at
      the level of the expression of X-linked genes. However, there are differences in
      the timing of their replication and the extent of DNA modification as determined
      by gene transfer. The identification of transgenic animals carrying X-linked
      modified alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) genes allowed us to examine whether the
      inactivation process extends to an autosomal gene which is normally expressed at
      high levels in specific extraembryonic and somatic cells, and if so, whether the
      inactivation process is different in these two tissues. Our results demonstrate
      that the X-linked AFP genes were expressed on the inactive X chromosome in the
      visceral endoderm of the yolk sac but not in fetal liver. Thus, the
      transcriptional activity of the AFP minigene on the inactive X chromosome is
      dependent on the tissue in which it resides, and most probably reflects
      differences in the nature of the maintenance of the inactive state of the
      extraembryonic and embryonic X chromosomes.

PMID- 2418360
TI  - Neuropharmacology. Acetylcholine and brain cells.

PMID- 2418361
TI  - Acetylcholine induces burst firing in thalamic reticular neurones by activating a
      potassium conductance.
AB  - Recent studies have emphasized the role of acetylcholine (ACh) as an excitatory
      modulator of neuronal activity in mammalian cortex and hippocampus. Much less is
      known about the mechanism of direct cholinergic inhibition in the central nervous
      system or its role in regulating neuronal activities. Here we report that
      application of ACh to thalamic nucleus reticularis (nRt) neurones, which are
      known to receive a cholinergic input from the ascending reticular system of the
      brain stem, causes a hyperpolarization due to a relatively small (1-4 nS)
      increase in membrane conductance to K+. This cholinergic action appears to be
      mediated by the M2 subclass of muscarinic receptors and acts in conjunction with
      the intrinsic membrane properties of nucleus reticularis neurones to inhibit
      single spike activity while promoting the occurrence of burst discharges. Thus,
      cholinergic inhibitory mechanisms may be important in controlling the firing
      pattern of this important group of thalamic neurones.

PMID- 2418362
TI  - Acetylcholine hyperpolarizes central neurones by acting on an M2 muscarinic
      receptor.
AB  - Acetylcholine (ACh) is considered to act as a neurotransmitter in the mammalian
      brain by binding to membrane receptors and bringing about a change in neurone
      excitability. In the case of muscarinic receptors, cell excitability is usually
      increased; this effect results from a closure of membrane potassium channels in
      cortical cells. However, some central neurones are inhibited by ACh, and we
      hypothesized that these two opposite effects of ACh resulted from interactions
      with different subtypes of muscarinic receptor. We made intracellular recordings
      from neurones in the rat nucleus parabrachialis, a group of neurones in the upper
      pons some of which themselves synthesize ACh. ACh and muscarine caused a membrane
      hyperpolarization which resulted from an increase in the membrane conductance to
      potassium ions. The muscarinic receptor subtype was characterized by determining
      the dissociation equilibrium constant (KD) for pirenzepine during the
      intracellular recording; the value of approximately 600 nM indicates a receptor
      in the M2 class. This muscarinic receptor is quite different from that which
      brings about a decrease in potassium conductance in other neurones, which has a
      pirenzepine KD of approximately 10 nM (M1 receptors). It is possible that
      antagonists selective for this kind of M2 receptor would be useful in the
      management of conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, which are associated with
      a reduced effectiveness of cholinergic neurones.

PMID- 2418363
TI  - Single channels and ionic currents in peptidergic nerve terminals.
AB  - Control of secretion, by a mechanism in which membrane depolarization leads to
      Ca2+ entry, has been extensively studied. The small size and inaccessibility of
      most nerve terminals, however, have precluded direct analysis of membrane ionic
      currents and their influence on secretion (with some notable exceptions).
      Recently, patch-clamp methods have been applied to several secretory systems for
      both voltage-clamp and single-channel recordings. We now report the extension of
      this analysis to isolated peptidergic nerve terminals. We used terminals obtained
      from a crustacean neurohaemal organ, the sinus gland. Analyses of currents under
      whole-terminal voltage clamp showed inward currents carried by Na+ and by Ca2+,
      and outward currents carried predominantly by K+. Furthermore, we have observed
      two types of single-channel currents that may be unique to nerve terminals. Both
      show little selectivity between Na+ and K+. The first channel is activated by
      intracellular Na+ and the second by intracellular Ca2+. These channels have
      conductances of 69 and 213 pS, respectively, in symmetrical 310 mM KCl. It should
      now be possible to compare electrical activity recorded intracellularly from
      intact nerve endings, with whole-cell and single-channel currents and with the
      release of peptide neurohormones from isolated neuronal terminals.

PMID- 2418364
TI  - Neonatal T-cell tolerance to minimal immunogenic peptides is caused by clonal
      inactivation.
AB  - The mechanisms underlying T-lymphocyte tolerance induced in neonatal mice are
      still unknown. It is unclear whether the tolerant state is the result of
      inactivation of T cells on exposure to antigen during development or of active
      suppression by other T cells specific for the same antigen. To distinguish
      between these two hypotheses, we have analysed the specificity of tolerance to
      three cytochrome peptides which differ by only a single amino-acid substitution
      in the epitope recognized by proliferative T cells. The peptides stimulate
      proliferative responses which are highly specific with minimal cross-reactivity.
      As antigen-induced clonal inactivation would address the same cells normally
      activated by that antigen, the specificity of tolerance should exactly match that
      of the proliferative response to the antigen, and each cytochrome peptide should
      induce tolerance to itself alone. Conversely, as T-suppressor (Ts) and T
      proliferative (Tp) cells almost invariably seem to recognize distinct, non
      overlapping determinants on protein antigens, suppressor-mediated tolerance
      should not be affected by substitutions in the proliferative T-cell epitope.
      Tolerance would depend solely on the existence of a shared suppressor
      determinant, so each cytochrome peptide should induce cross-tolerance to the
      others. We found that the specificity of tolerance matched that of the
      proliferative response: each peptide induced tolerance for itself but the
      response to the variants was unaltered. This result strongly supports the
      hypothesis of clonal inactivation as an important mechanism in induction of
      neonatal tolerance.

PMID- 2418365
TI  - Ganglion cell dendrites are presynaptic in catfish retina.
AB  - The retinal ganglion cells are third-order, spike-generating neurones whose axons
      transmit the output of the retina to the rest of the brain. It has long been
      believed that the dendrites of the retinal ganglion cells, like the dendrites of
      most other Golgi type I neurones, are only postsynaptic. Here we have studied the
      synapses made onto the ganglion cells in the catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), and
      we report that the distal dendrites of large-field ganglion cells make
      conventional chemical synapses onto other inner plexiform layer processes. We
      have also found that, more than 100 microns away from the cell perikaryon, the
      synapses made onto and by these ganglion cell dendrites are often tightly
      clustered. These synaptic clusters appear to be quite regularly spaced along the
      dendrites. Our results have important implications for the identification of
      ganglion cell dendrites within the inner plexiform layer as well as for the
      understanding of the ganglion cell response and receptive field generation.

PMID- 2418366
TI  - Polyribonucleic acids as enzymes.

PMID- 2418367
TI  - Identification of Na-Ca exchange current in single cardiac myocytes.
AB  - In cardiac muscle the exchange of intracellular Ca2+ for extracellular Na+ is an
      important transport mechanism for regulation of the intracellular free Ca2+
      concentration [( Ca]i) and hence the contractile strength of the heart. Due to
      its stoichiometry of greater than or equal to 3:1 Na+/Ca2+ (refs 3,5), Na-Ca
      exchange is supposed to generate a current across the cell membrane. It is
      thought that such a current may contribute to cardiac action potential and
      physiological or pathological pacemaker activity. Although the occurrence of Na
      Ca exchange is well documented, a membrane current generated by this transport
      has not been identified unequivocally. Previous attempts to detect such a current
      in multicellular preparations, for example, by measuring small current
      differences after varying the extracellular ionic composition, although providing
      evidence, did not rule out other possible interpretations. Here we demonstrate
      that a transient rise in [Ca]i caused by release of Ca from sarcoplasmic
      reticulum (SR) generates a membrane current in cardiac myocytes. The dependence
      of this current on the transmembrane gradients for Na+ and Ca2+ and on membrane
      potential meets the criteria for a current produced by electrogenic Na-Ca
      exchange. Cyclic activation of this current by release of Ca from the SR can
      cause maintained spontaneous activity, suggesting that Na-Ca exchange contributes
      to certain forms of cardiac pacemaking.

PMID- 2418368
TI  - Desensitization to substance P following intrathecal injection. A technique for
      investigating the role of substance P in nociception.
AB  - The intrathecal injection of substance P (SP) (2.5-15 micrograms) has been shown
      to produce hyperalgesia in the rat tail flick test. Repeated injection of SP (7.5
      or 15 micrograms) or pretreatment with two of these doses produces
      desensitization to this hyperalgesic response. Desensitization is dose-related
      with respect to degree and duration. This phenomenon is relatively specific
      because the hyperalgesic response to methysergide, a serotonin receptor
      antagonist, is unaffected, while that produced by phentolamine, an adrenergic
      receptor antagonist, is much less affected than that of SP. Pretreatment with a
      desensitizing regimen of SP potentiates the antinociceptive effect of morphine
      and baclofen when they are tested immediately after the regimen but if a 30 min
      delay is permitted, an inhibition of their effects is observed. These results
      support the notion that the spinal antinociceptive effect of morphine and
      baclofen is due to an interaction with SP mechanisms in the spinal cord, the
      nature of which may be more complex than is presently understood. Desensitization
      produces no change in baseline responsiveness in the tail flick test. This
      suggests that the hyperalgesic response to SP is due either to an action at a
      site other than the primary afferent synapse, or if it is at this site either
      compensatory mechanisms occur or SP is not the primary determinant of tail flick
      latency but may play a modulatory role.

PMID- 2418369
TI  - Capsaicin in adult frogs: effects on nociceptive responses to cutaneous stimuli
      and on nervous tissue concentrations of immunoreactive substance P, somatostatin
      and cholecystokinin.
AB  - Adult frogs (Rana esculenta) were given subcutaneous injections of 10, 20, 30, 50
      and 100 mg/kg capsaicin in sequential order over 5 days, or the vehicle only. The
      nociceptive thresholds to electrical, thermal and chemical stimuli were measured
      before, and 1, 5 and 24 h after each injection. Capsaicin was followed by a dose
      related reduction of nociceptive responses to all stimuli, but these effects
      lasted for only 1-5 h after the given injection. Water/acetic extracts of
      undivided brains and spinal cords were prepared at the corresponding time periods
      for the radioimmunoassay of peptides. Spinal cord concentrations of
      immunoreactive substance P were essentially unaffected by capsaicin, while those
      of immunoreactive somatostatin were significantly increased after the second for
      fourth injections (20, 30 and 50 mg/kg) of capsaicin. Brain extracts showed an
      increase of somatostatin and substance P concentrations after the dose of 50
      mg/kg. In an additional experiment, immunoreactive substance P, somatostatin and
      cholecystokinin were measured in tissue samples taken at 2 and 10 min, and 1, 5
      and 24 h after a single dose of either 50 mg/kg capsaicin or the vehicle. The
      only significant effect of capsaicin was an increase of immunoreactive
      somatostatin concentration in brain homogenates at 5 h, while the vehicle in
      itself elicited major variations of all three peptides in spinal cord and/or
      brain. These results indicate that capsaicin reduces the nociceptive responses to
      cutaneous stimuli in adult frogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2418370
TI  - Investigations of nerve populations influencing ion transport that can be
      stimulated electrically, by serotonin and by a nicotinic agonist.
AB  - It is known that the majority of the mucosal nerve fibres in the guinea-pig small
      intestine arise from submucous ganglia. There are a number of neurochemically
      distinct populations of nerve cells in these ganglia, approximately half of them
      being cholinergic. In these studies we have stimulated isolated preparations of
      mucosa and submucosa with electrical field stimulation (EFS), 5-hydroxytryptamine
      (5-HT) and the nicotinic agonist 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) and
      monitored changes in ion transport. Segments of intestine were dissected free of
      external muscle and myenteric plexus and mounted in Ussing chambers. Short
      circuit current (Isc) was measured as an indication of net ion transport across
      the tissue. EFS consisted of passing bipolar rectangular stimulus pulses through
      two platinum wires, one placed on each of the mucosal and submucosal sides of the
      tissue. EFS, 5-HT and DMPP each caused a transient increase in Isc. Tetrodotoxin
      (TTX) abolished all of the EFS response and the majority of the response observed
      with 5-HT or DMPP, suggesting that the action of these stimuli on the mucosa is
      primarily nerve-mediated. The TTX-sensitive responses to 5-HT (greater than 5 X
      10(-7) M) and DMPP consisted of two components, appearing with different
      latencies. The response to EFS also consisted of two components. Hyoscine
      abolished the first component of each of these responses and significantly
      reduced the amplitude of the second, by 40% (for EFS and 5-HT) and 84% (for
      DMPP). At lower 5-HT concentrations, only the later component was seen, and this
      was unaffected by hyoscine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2418371
TI  - The stimulatory action of the calcium channel agonist Bay K 8644 on isolated
      duodenal muscle. Antagonism by nifedipine and verapamil.
AB  - The action of the novel dihydropyridine analogue Bay K 8644 has been evaluated on
      the rat isolated duodenal muscle. Bay K 8644 (0.3 nmol/l to 1 pmol/l) increased
      both the tone and the phasic movements of the duodenum; the maximum response was
      about 60% of that to acetylcholine. Nifedipine (30 nmol/l) induced a parallel
      shift of the concentration-response curve to this compound to the right, without
      depressing the maximum response; conversely, verapamil (30 nmol/l) caused an
      insurmountable antagonism. Incubation of the strips in Ca2+-free medium reduced
      the contractile response to the calcium agonist. The spasmogenic effect of Bay K
      8644 was inhibited by atropine (0.1 pmol/l) which caused a significant reduction
      in the maximum response to the compound. The competitive interaction between Bay
      K 8644 and nifedipine is consistent with an action at the same dihydropyridine
      binding site in the calcium channel and suggests that these compounds could be
      selective probes for detecting the dihydropyridine receptor also in the
      intestinal smooth muscle. The sensitivity of the contractile effect of Bay K 8644
      to atropine may indicate an action of this compound in the cholinergic system,
      probably mediated by a release of acetylcholine from the nerve terminal rather
      than due to a direct stimulatory action at muscarinic receptors in the smooth
      muscle.

PMID- 2418372
TI  - [The use of laser light in ophthalmology].

PMID- 2418373
TI  - [Ion currents of a nerve ending in the sartorius muscle of the frog].
AB  - Nerve terminal responses evoked by motor nerve, stimulation were recorded from
      frog sartorius nonmyelinated endings by external electrodes. At proximal parts of
      nerve terminal a triphasic waveform (+ - +) was observed. Ionophoretic
      application of tetrodotoxin, tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine indicated
      that the negative phase reflected inward sodium current while the third positive
      phase--outward potassium current. Using solutions with tubocurarine from which
      calcium was omitted and an electrode filled with CaCl2 a late slow negative
      response component was recorded. This component depended on Ca2+ concentration in
      the electrode, increased with addition of tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine
      and was abolished by Co2+. A similar component was recorded by microelectrodes
      filled with solutions containing Sr2+ and Ba2+ ions. It is concluded that the
      slow component of the response reflects the current across potential-dependent
      calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane. The time courses of calcium current
      and transmitter release in the synapse are compared.

PMID- 2418374
TI  - Ammoniacal silver staining of lymph node cells. II. Reactive follicular
      hyperplasia and its relationship with Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Lymph node biopsy specimens from 150 cases of reactive follicular hyperplasia, 52
      cases of Hodgkin's disease and 30 cases of chronic lymphadenitis were studied.
      Clinical follow-up of cases for a period of two years at least was also
      considered. Formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissues were stained with
      hematoxylin and eosin, and ammoniacal silver. Cytoplasmic accumulations of basic
      proteins were evidence in 30 out of 150 cases, but only 27 of these cases
      presented new lymph nodes with histological setting of Hodgkin's disease. The
      data suggest possible relationship between reactive follicular hyperplasia and
      Hodgkin's disease. However this relationship is not absolute as documented by two
      cases that being negative for the ammoniacal silver staining, were later
      diagnosed as Hodgkin's disease. Different types of atypical cells occurring in
      lymph nodes of reactive follicular hyperplasia were also studied. The potential
      use of ammoniacal silver staining in the early diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease is
      discussed.

PMID- 2418375
TI  - CA 125 and TPA as markers in ovarian carcinoma.

PMID- 2418376
TI  - Osmotic agents and ultrafiltration in peritoneal dialysis.

PMID- 2418377
TI  - Concentration of three thrombin inhibitors in the nephrotic syndrome in adults.
AB  - Plasma antithrombin III (AT III), alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) and alpha 1
      macroglobulin (alpha 1-M) concentrations were measured in 17 cases of the
      nephrotic syndrome (NS) in adults. The mean plasma level of AT III was normal.
      The AT III concentration was correlated with albuminaemia (r = +0.718, p less
      than 0.005), cholesterolaemia (r = -0.651, p less than 0.005) as well as with
      urinary protein (r = -0.531, p less than 0.05). The alpha 1-AT concentration was
      decreased (p less than 0.01) and correlated with serum albumin level (r = +0.643,
      p less than 0.01). The alpha 1-M concentration significantly increased (p less
      than 0.001). A negative correlation of the alpha 1-M level with serum albumin
      concentration (r = -0.561, p less than 0.025) and a positive correlation with the
      cholesterol concentration (r = +0.819, p less than 0.001) was found. AT III and
      alpha 1-M were inversely correlated (r = -0.706, p less than 0.005). It is
      considered that in NS in adults, the increase of alpha 1-M is not compensatory
      for AT III, and there is no objection to the use of heparin in thrombosis
      prophylaxis with the exception of a few cases with very low AT III levels.

PMID- 2418378
TI  - [Medical treatment of idiopathic calcium lithiasis (II)].

PMID- 2418379
TI  - Changes in axonal transport of phospholipids in the regenerating goldfish optic
      system.
AB  - Changes in axonally transported phospholipids of regenerating goldfish optic
      nerve were studied by intraocular injection of [2-3H]glycerol 9 days and 16 days
      after nerve crush at 30 degrees C. The four major glycerophospholipids all showed
      substantial increases in transported radioactivity above non-regenerating
      controls at both time points, these being maximal (15- to 35-fold) in the optic
      nerve-tract at 9 days and about half as great at 16 days. In the contralateral
      optic tectum transported label increased 6- to 13-fold at 9 days and 10- to 25
      fold at 16 days in the various glycerophospholipids. While all
      glycerophospholipids showed absolute increases in both tissues, PS and PI
      increased relatively more, especially in the tectum. The regeneration-associated
      increases in transported label of all glycerophospholipids were larger than those
      previously demonstrated for gangliosides and glycoproteins in the same system.

PMID- 2418380
TI  - Immunochemical analysis of Lewis rat antisera to the synthetic encephalitogenic
      peptide S49.
AB  - Discrete populations of anti-S49 antibodies were found in the antisera of Lewis
      rats recovered from S49-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). A
      potent inducer of EAE in Lewis rats, S49 is a synthetic peptide representing
      residues 69-84 of bovine myelin basic protein but with deletions at Gly-77 and
      His-78 to form an analogue of guinea pig or rat 69-84, GSLPQKAQRPQDENG. Each
      population within a given antiserum, as identified by Scatchard and Sipsian
      window analysis, was found to exhibit reactivity for a different S49 determinant,
      and the affinities of each population were relatively restricted and
      discontinuous. The high affinity populations (10(7)-10(8) M-1) were cross
      reactive with YS8 (YGSLPQKAQGHRPQDENG) in equilibrium competitive inhibition
      reactions whereas the low affinity populations (10(5)-10(6) M-1) were reactive
      only with S49 and YS49 among a panel of peptide analogues. Of the YS8 cross
      reactive antibodies the highest affinity (10(8) M-1) were also cross reactive
      with S81 (YGSLPQKAQGHRPQDEG) but not S49 (69-84-Gly), thus emphasizing the need
      for Tyr-68 for format stability of the determinant involved. The other YS8 cross
      reactive population (10(7) M-1) was completely reactive with S49 but totally
      unreactive with S81 in equilibrium reactions, thus emphasizing the requirement
      for Asn-84 but not Tyr-68 for the determinant's topographic stability. Peptides
      shorter than S49 from the N-terminal end, but retaining the sequences AQRPQDEN or
      SQRSQDEN (suspected residence of minimal encephalitogenic determinants), reacted
      only under conditions of two-step non-equilibrium competitive inhibition assays.
      Such reactions would occur only at very low affinity (less than 10(5) M-1) with
      the anti-S49 antibodies. It was hypothesized that the encephalitogenic T-cell
      determinant for Lewis rats, although permitting B-cell responses at very low
      affinity, may exclude high affinity responses in susceptible animals.

PMID- 2418381
TI  - Synaptosomal degradation of substance P and some other neuropeptides.
AB  - Synaptosomes purified from spinal cord and from different rat brain areas exhibit
      peptide hydrolase activity, cleaving substance P (SP), bradykinin, THRH, LHRH,
      and neurotensin. The lowest activity for all the peptides tested was found in
      spinal cord, while the region with the highest degrading activity depended on the
      substrate: for substance P, it was striatum and cortex; for bradykinin,
      hypothalamus, and medulla oblongata; for THRH, striatum; for LHRH, midbrain; and
      for neurotensin, hippocampus. Degradation of substance P takes place at the
      plasma membrane of synaptosomes. Synaptosome ghosts cleave substance P (pH
      optimum 7-9, Km-2.5 X 10(-5) M, Vmax-130 nmol . hr-1 . mg protein-1) and also a
      number of its C-terminal fragments. Effects of the inhibitors show that several
      different classes of peptidases and proteases are involved in the degradation
      process. Peptide cleavage represents the probable pathway of synaptosomal
      inactivation of substance P.

PMID- 2418382
TI  - [Intraventricular and intracerebral hemorrhage as complication of hemodynamic
      therapy for vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage--analysis of 2 cases].
AB  - Intraventricular and intracerebral hemorrhage were observed in two patients (36
      year-old male and 45-year-old female) whose ischemic deficits from vasospasm
      after subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured aneurysm were treated or prevented
      with hemodynamic therapy. Both patients had a long history of arterial
      hypertension and showed high values of urinary catecholamine after subarachnoid
      hemorrhage. The cause of hemorrhage seemed to be the induced hypertension and the
      volume expansion in one case and the uncontrolled hypertension and the volume
      expansion in the other case. Although two patients were treated with the volume
      expansion therapy continuously after hemorrhage, neurological status deteriorated
      due to infarction caused by vasospasm. We discussed the limit and risk of
      hemodynamic therapy for patients who had a long history of arterial hypertension
      and increased catecholamine release after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

PMID- 2418383
TI  - Suppression of pain in trigeminal neuropathy by electric stimulation of the
      gasserian ganglion.
AB  - Lesions of the peripheral part of the trigeminal nerve may cause trigeminal
      neuropathy associated with severe pain. Such pain usually does not respond to
      carbamazepine and analgesics, and it is continuous and lacks the characteristic
      paroxysmal character of tic douloureux. These patients often present with complex
      changes of facial sensibility in the form of dysesthesia, hyperalgesia, and
      allodynia. The pain sometimes responds favorably to transcutaneous nerve
      stimulation, but direct stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion and rootlets via
      an implanted electrode provides a greater likelihood of pain relief. Fourteen
      patients diagnosed as having painful trigeminal neuropathy received implants of a
      gasserian ganglion-stimulating electrode. The mean follow-up period is 4 years
      (range, 1 to 7 years). Eleven of the patients have retained the pain-relieving
      effect, and 1 had pain disappear without further stimulation. Eight of the
      patients estimated their pain relief to be complete or very good. There were no
      serious complications, but in several of the patients the electrode had to be
      exchanged because the insulation of the lead wires broke. For the selection of
      patients for permanent electrode implantation, a method has been developed for
      trial stimulation via a percutaneous electrode introduced into the trigeminal
      cistern. Temporary trial stimulation can be performed for several days. It is
      concluded that stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion and rootlets with the aid
      of an implanted electrode may effectively relieve certain forms of trigeminal
      pain that are otherwise extremely difficult to manage.

PMID- 2418384
TI  - Biological correlations of suicide and aggressivity in major depressions (with
      melancholia): 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and cortisol in cerebral spinal fluid,
      dexamethasone suppression test and therapeutic response to 5-hydroxytryptophan.
AB  - 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and cortisol in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF),
      response of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and the clinical response to
      treatment with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTp) plus carbidopa were studied in a group
      of 21 depressed inpatients (major depression with melancholia) in order to
      correlate biological findings with psychopathologicalones. A positive correlation
      was found between strong suicidal thoughts, suicidal attempts and self
      aggressivity and low concentration of 5-HIAA in CSF and a less significant but
      still positive correlation with abnormal DST response and with clinical response
      to the treatment.

PMID- 2418385
TI  - [Therapeutic usefulness of propafenone in threatening ventricular extrasystolic
      arrhythmias controlled with Holter ECG].

PMID- 2418387
TI  - Serotonin immunoreactivity in the circumesophageal nervous system of Hermissenda
      crassicornis.
AB  - Immunohistochemical techniques were used to examine the distribution of serotonin
      immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) neurons and processes in the circumesophageal nervous
      system of Hermissenda. Both the pedal and the cerebropleural ganglia contained
      immunoreactive neuronal somata, with the majority occurring in the pedal ganglia.
      Immunoreactive fibers and varicosities were identified in portions of the central
      neuropil, where we noted a consistent and specific relationship between 5-HT-IR
      axons, the optic nerve and the synaptic region in the neuropil near the
      photoreceptor terminals.

PMID- 2418386
TI  - [Primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Relation between serum and liver alpha
      fetoprotein, B virus infection, histology].

PMID- 2418388
TI  - The coexistence of oxytocin and corticotropin-releasing factor in the
      hypothalamus: an immunocytochemical study in the rat, sheep and hedgehog.
AB  - The unlabeled antibody enzyme method has been applied on adjacent sections in
      order to investigate coexistence of oxytocin (OXY) and corticotropin-releasing
      factor (CRF) within individual neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular
      nucleus of the colchicine-treated rat, sheep and hedgehog. Our results show that,
      although OXY and CRF immunoreactivities are both expressed by a number of cells
      in the rat and the sheep paraventricular nucleus, this is not the case for the
      hedgehog.

PMID- 2418389
TI  - IA current compared to low threshold calcium current in cranial sensory neurons.
AB  - Whole-cell recordings of cranial sensory neurons were obtained with CsCl- and
      tetraethylammonium (TEA)-loaded cells as used for ICa studies. When replacing
      calcium (Ca) with potassium (K) in the external medium, a transient inward
      current developed at low threshold, if the holding potential was below -100 mV.
      Its activation started above -60 mV and reached its maximum at -20 mV. Its
      reversal potential followed the predicted value of the K equilibrium potential
      (EK) characteristic of a K current. Pharmacologically, it resembles the classical
      outward A current since it is insensitive to TEA up to 20 mM and blocked by 4
      aminopyridine (4-AP) and 3,4-AP in the millimolar range. This inward A current
      rises rapidly in less than 5 ms and decays monoexponentially with a time constant
      of about 60 ms at all potentials studied. Its steady-state inactivation occurred
      between -100 and -60 mV with a half-inactivation at -86 mV. All these
      characteristics hold for a voltage-dependent A current devoid of any Ca-dependent
      component. The activation and inactivation of this A inward current are compared
      to those of ICa,t, the other low threshold current encountered on those cells.
      The contribution of the two currents in the control of discharge frequency is
      discussed.

PMID- 2418390
TI  - Differential distribution of vagal afferent neurons from the rat liver.
AB  - Selective injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the left and median
      lobes (LM) and into the right and caudate (RC) lobes of the liver is followed by
      labeling of neuronal somata in the right and left nodose ganglia. The size
      distribution of the labeled neuronal population shows that the afferent neurons
      from the two parts of the liver can be grouped in two corresponding classes; a
      third class is apparent following injection into the LM lobes. Small neurons are
      more numerous after injection into the LM lobes, whereas large ones are labeled
      in the left nodose ganglion after injection into the RC lobes. It is suggested
      that the two parts of the liver may have a different functional role in conveying
      afferent signals.

PMID- 2418391
TI  - Axonal transport of neurofilament proteins in IDPN neurotoxicity.
AB  - The neurofibrillary changes produced by IDPN are the consequence of the ability
      of the agent to impair the slow axonal transport of neurofilaments. The
      susceptibility of various neurons to this effect depends upon their neurofilament
      content; neurofilament-rich large caliber axons are severely affected. In motor
      neurons the half-velocities of neurofilament proteins are reduced 2-10 fold,
      while tubulin and other slow component constituents are only mildly altered.
      Optic nerve fibers are intermediate in vulnerability, and small neurofilament
      poor fibers have little change in slow transport. The agent acts directly on the
      axon, and the transport defect is expressed all along the course of susceptible
      axons. Similar alterations in neurofilament transport have recently been found
      with 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-hexanedione, indicating that similar pathogenetic
      mechanisms can occur with toxic agents other than IDPN.

PMID- 2418392
TI  - Impaired transport of iron-dextran complex in myelinated central fibers.
AB  - The labeling of retinal ganglion cells by axonal transport of an iron-dextran
      complex (injected into the superior colliculus and the lateral geniculate
      nucleus) was compared to the previously described labeling of the dopaminergic
      neurons of the substantia nigra (after striatal injection), to test the validity
      of the method in myelinated and unmyelinated CNS pathways. It was shown that the
      retrograde labeling in the visual pathway was impaired, consecutive to the
      penetration of iron-dextran into the myelin sheaths and a subsequent myelin
      alteration along the optic nerve.

PMID- 2418393
TI  - AIDS therapy.

PMID- 2418394
TI  - Cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin combination chemotherapy in metastatic
      granulosa cell tumor of the ovary.
AB  - Eleven previously untreated women with recurrent and/or metastatic granulosa cell
      tumor of the ovary were treated with cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin in
      combination. All the six pathological complete responders but one are alive and
      free of disease at a median follow-up time of 14 months from the start of
      treatment. Of three partial responders, two died of drug-related toxicity while
      one, with only microscopic disease at second-look laparotomy, is alive and
      without evidence of disease at 34 months. Hematologic and nonhematologic toxicity
      were severe. These promising results require further examination of the activity
      and the best schedule of treatment with this combination.

PMID- 2418395
TI  - Preoperative evaluation of serum CA 125 levels in patients with primary
      epithelial ovarian cancer.
AB  - Serum CA 125 levels were measured preoperatively in 100 women undergoing
      diagnostic laparotomy for palpable adnexal masses. All 11 patients with frankly
      malignant nonmucinous ovarian carcinoma had serum CA 125 levels greater than 35
      U/mL and nine of the 11 had serum CA 125 levels greater than 65 U/mL. If patients
      with mucinous and borderline lesions were included, serum CA 125 was greater than
      35 U/mL in 11 of 18 and greater than 65 U/mL in nine of 18 patients. Among 14
      individuals with pelvic masses and CA 125 greater than 65 U/mL, 13 had some form
      of gynecologic malignancy. These results suggest that CA 125 assay can be used as
      a diagnostic adjunct for discriminating benign from malignant pelvic masses.

PMID- 2418396
TI  - Indirect antiglobulin test and anti-D prophylaxis in hereditary persistence of
      fetal hemoglobin.
AB  - The indirect antiglobulin test was used to assess the efficacy of anti-D
      prophylaxis in two Rh negative women with hereditary persistence of fetal
      hemoglobin. Saturation of all D sites by passive antibody should be followed by
      indirect antiglobulin positivity due to excess administered anti-D. In hereditary
      persistence of fetal hemoglobin, all red cells have fetal hemoglobin making the
      acid elution test (Kleihauer-Betke smear) to detect feto-maternal hemorrhage
      useless. The indirect antiglobulin test is recommended in patients with
      hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin.

PMID- 2418397
TI  - Vision loss without Amsler grid abnormalities in macular subretinal
      neovascularization.
AB  - An 87-year-old woman, with known atrophic senile macular degeneration in one eye,
      had isolated decreased reading ability while Amsler grid testing was normal. This
      led to the early diagnosis of macular subretinal neovascularization in the other
      eye. Thus patients at high risk for neovascular macular degeneration should be
      made aware of possible subtle changes in vision as well as abnormalities in the
      Amsler grid. Regular visual acuity check and careful biomicroscopic examination
      of the macula should be part of each follow-up examination.

PMID- 2418398
TI  - Visual improvement with low vision aids in Stargardt's disease.
AB  - We studied 71 patients with Stargardt's disease or fundus flavimaculatus to
      evaluate their potential for improvement in visual acuity with the use of low
      vision aids. The median visual acuity was 10/77 without an aid and 10/32 with a
      telescopic system. In 54 patients the best corrected reading acuity obtained was
      4.0 point print. In all cases low vision aids improved visual acuity for both
      distance and reading.

PMID- 2418399
TI  - Immunohistochemical study of idiopathic histiocytosis of the mandible and
      maxilla.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that the proliferative cells of idiopathic histiocytosis
      may be derived from Langerhans cells. In this study, antisera to S-100 protein,
      HLA-DR (la-like) antigen, muramidase, and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin were tested on
      formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from nine cases of idiopathic
      histiocytosis using an immunoperoxidase technique. Tumor cells were positive for
      S-100 protein and HLA-DR antigen but negative for muramidase and alpha 1
      antichymotrypsin. Mononuclear phagocytes were positive for HLA-DR antigen,
      muramidase, and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin but negative for S-100 protein. The
      immunohistochemical staining pattern of the tumor cells in these cases of
      idiopathic histiocytosis is similar to that seen for normal Langerhans cells.
      When these results are coupled with electron microscopic and histochemical data,
      it would appear that the origin of cells in idiopathic histiocytosis is from the
      Langerhans cell or its precursor. Thus, this condition might be better designated
      "Langerhans cell disease."

PMID- 2418400
TI  - Randomized study of adjuvant chemotherapy for head and neck cancer.
AB  - The ability of surgery and radiotherapy to control advanced squamous cell
      carcinoma of the head and neck has reached its maximal potential. We initiated a
      randomized, prospective, stratified study of adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with
      stage II disease of the pyriform sinus and stage II and IV disease of the oral
      cavity, larynx, hypopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses were
      eligible. Patients were randomized to receive either standard therapy alone or
      two courses of 5-fluorouracil (B-CMF) chemotherapy prior to and two courses after
      the completion of standard therapy. Standard therapy consisted of preoperative
      irradiation followed by radical surgery. Of 133 patients with advanced disease,
      83 were included in the study--43 in the chemotherapy group and 40 in the control
      group. Rates of residual and recurrent disease, as well as distant metastases,
      were similar for the two groups. The survival rates of patients without
      persistent disease at the end of treatment showed no significant difference for
      the two groups. The study has been discontinued because statistical analysis
      indicated that the addition of more patients would not materially increase the
      statistical significance of the study.

PMID- 2418401
TI  - Erythrocyte deformability in the fetus, preterm, and term neonate.
AB  - Deformability of red blood cells (RBC) is an important determinant of
      microcirculation, of oxygen transport and release to the tissues, and of RBC life
      span. Deformability of RBC from five fetuses, 20 preterm infants, 20 term
      neonates, and 20 adults was determined by direct microscopic observation of RBC
      subjected to shear stresses of 6 to 85 dyn/cm2 using a counter-rotating
      rheoscope. There was no significant difference in deformability among RBC from
      the fetuses, the preterm and term neonates, and the adults at any shear stress.
      More than 95% of fetal, neonatal, and adult RBC were capable of tank-tread
      motion. Compared to adults, the frequency distribution of RBC deformability was
      slightly broader in the fetuses and neonates because of the presence of more
      highly and poorly deformable RBC. The increased number of rigid RBC may
      contribute to the shortened life span of fetal RBC.

PMID- 2418402
TI  - Comparative effects of glucocorticoids and prostaglandins on small intestine of
      infant rats.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested similarities between the effects of exogenously
      administered glucocorticoids and prostaglandins in the developing rat small
      intestine. In this study the effects of exogenously administered glucocorticoids
      and prostaglandins were compared. In addition, the effects of prostaglandins in
      adrenalectomized rats were evaluated. Members of both classes of compounds
      stimulate small intestinal disaccharidase activities, and increase RNA to DNA
      ratio and brush border membrane protein synthesis. Hydrocortisone accelerates
      enterocyte turnover, whereas prostacyclin does not. Enteral administration of
      16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 stimulates disaccharidase activities in intact as
      well as sham-operated and adrenalectomized animals. The data suggest that certain
      prostaglandins may play a role in small intestinal metabolism which is similar to
      that of the glucocorticoids but is independent of the adrenal-intestinal axis.

PMID- 2418404
TI  - [Electromechanical activity of the heart in active and passive ectopic heart rate
      disorders in children].

PMID- 2418403
TI  - The contribution of salivary amylase to glucose polymer hydrolysis in premature
      infants.
AB  - To determine whether salivary amylase of premature infants can function as a
      surrogate for pancreatic amylase, we evaluated its production in the infant, acid
      resistance, and hydrolytic potency in a simulated oropharyngeal, gastric, and
      intestinal environment. The activity of salivary amylase in 11 prematures varied
      between 1 and 33 U/ml; the isozymic profile and acid resistance of the premature
      salivary amylase were identical to those of the enzyme of adults. A "modular"
      formula containing 7 g/dl of a 14C labeled long chain glucose polymer with
      degrees of polymerization ranging between 18 and 29 glucose units was prepared.
      Salivary amylase, 1.1 U/ml, was added to this formula. The progressive breakdown
      of the 14C polymers as the milk was subjected to oropharyngeal, gastric, and
      intestinal phase environments was evaluated by quantifying the liberation of
      short-chain oligomers from the 14C labeled substrates. The gastric pH was varied
      between 2 and 5 and the gastric incubation time was either 5 or 180 min.
      Substantial gastric phase breakdown only occurred after 3 h of exposure at the
      higher pHs of 4 (12%) and 5 (32%). During the intestinal phase, salivary amylase
      activity resumed. Prior gastric phase pH affected ultimate intestinal phase
      breakdown, p less than 0.001; after 5-min gastric phases at pHs ranging from 2 to
      5, the intestinal phase breakdown ranged from 17 to 55%. We conclude that the
      limited salivary amylase in the saliva of premature infants can produce
      significant glucose polymer digestion in both the stomach and small intestine but
      the digestion falls substantially short of that accomplished by usual
      concentrations of pancreatic amylase.

PMID- 2418405
TI  - Hand puppets and dolls in psychotherapy with children.
AB  - Hand puppets and dolls can be used in psychotherapy with children to establish
      rapport, to help children address specific issues, and to serve as fantasy
      substitutes for stress-provoking figures in the environment. They are easily
      obtained or can be made by the therapist.

PMID- 2418406
TI  - Patch clamp studies of apical membranes of renal cortical collecting ducts.
AB  - Patch clamp techniques were used in study of the apical membrane of isolated
      renal cortical collecting ducts. Whereas on-the-cell patches (reported
      previously) gave channel activity due primarily to K+, isolated inside-out
      patches of the same membranes bathed with 150 mM Na+, 5 mM K+, and 1 mM Ca2+ gave
      channel activity due primarily to Na+. Na+ channels could remain either open or
      closed for periods of milliseconds to minutes. Although unitary currents of
      tenths of a pA were observed routinely, patch activity could change spontaneously
      between quiescent and violent with 'apparent' unitary currents of several pA. It
      was not possible to rule out the idea that the complex activity of the patches
      was due to synchronous or near synchronous openings/closings of several channels
      of identical unitary current. The unpredictable spontaneous changes of patch
      activity make difficult the design of experiments to test for the influence of
      agents expected or suspected to alter channel behavior.

PMID- 2418407
TI  - Quinidine blockage of K+ channels in the basolateral membrane of larval bullfrog
      skin.
AB  - The skin of frog larvae (Rana catesbeiana) was used to study the characteristics
      of basolateral K+ channels with fluctuation analysis. K2SO4 and Na2SO4 Ringer's
      were used as mucosal and serosal solution, respectively. After addition of
      Nystatin (138 U/ml) the transepithelial conductance and short-circuit current
      (Isc) increased considerably. Most of Isc was carried by K+, moving from the
      mucosal to the serosal side. This current could be depressed by quinidine, added
      to both compartments or to mucosal side only. Fluctuation analysis showed that
      quinidine induced a Lorentzian component in the power density spectrum. Assuming
      pseudo-first order kinetics for the channel occlusion by quinidine the current
      through the open K+ channel and channel density were calculated: iK = 0.22 pA, M
      = 7.7 channels/microns2.

PMID- 2418408
TI  - Apical and basolateral membrane ionic channels in rabbit urinary bladder
      epithelium.
AB  - This paper reviews the properties and regulation of single amiloride-sensitive
      Na+ channels in the apical membrane, and Cl- and K+ channels in the basolateral
      membrane of rabbit urinary bladder. According to fluctuation analysis, there is
      an average of one amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel for every 40 micron2 of apical
      membrane. Each Na+ channel passes 0.7 pA of current under normal, short-circuit
      conditions. Apical channels are hydrolysed by the endogenous enzyme urokinase,
      which is released into the urine by the kidney. After exposure to urokinase, the
      Na+ channel loses its amiloride sensitivity, and eventually becomes unstable in
      the membrane. The selectivity and kinetic properties of single anion and K+
      channels in the basolateral membrane were also studied using the patch clamp
      technique. The properties of these channels are discussed in terms of the
      regulation of transepithelial Na+ transport.

PMID- 2418409
TI  - Voltage dependence of the blocking rate constants of amiloride at apical Na
      channels.
AB  - The overall rate constants of blockage of apical Na channels by amiloride,
      previously determined by noise analysis, were obtained in macroscopic relaxation
      experiments with toad urinary bladders exposed to a mucosal Na activity of 60 mM.
      By the use of step voltage perturbations and by admittance analysis we show that
      the on-rate constant of blockage increases, and the off-rate constant decreases
      when the outer membrane surface is made more positive. In the frame-work of a
      plug-type blocking model the results imply that the cationic amidino group of
      amiloride senses about 10% of the membrane voltage while invading the channel
      entrace and slightly more than 10% while leaving the entrance.

PMID- 2418410
TI  - Diphenylamine-2-carboxylate, a blocker of the Cl(-)-conductive pathway in Cl(-)
      transporting epithelia.
AB  - The present study examines the effects of diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC) in
      Cl(-)-transporting epithelia. This substance blocks reversibly the Cl(-)
      conductance present under normal circumstances in the basolateral membrane of the
      thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL) and in the apical membrane of
      shark rectal gland tubules (RGT). This leads to a reduction in active NaCl
      reabsorption (TAL) and NaCl secretion (RGT) respectively, as measured by the
      equivalent short circuit current. The cells hyperpolarize as the membrane voltage
      drifts from the control value (some compromise between the chemical potential of
      Cl- and K+) towards the chemical potential of K+. The resistance of the
      basolateral (TAL) or apical membrane (RGT) increases and this leads to a moderate
      increase in transepithelial resistance. In addition, the Cl(-)-concentration step
      induced membrane voltage changes, which can be produced under control conditions,
      disappear in the presence of the blocker. Finally, experiments in excised
      membrane patches indicate that this substance inhibits the single current events
      of individual Cl(-)-channels.

PMID- 2418411
TI  - Applications of computers to research on nucleic acids.

PMID- 2418412
TI  - The molecular biology computer research resource.
AB  - Described is a new National Institutes of Health supported Molecular Biology
      Computer Research Resource located at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in
      association with Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.

PMID- 2418413
TI  - Nucleic acid secondary structure prediction and display.
AB  - A set of programs has been developed for the prediction and display of nucleic
      acid secondary structures. Information from experimental data can be used to
      restrict or enforce secondary structural elements. The predictions can be
      displayed either on normal line printers or on graphic devices like plotters or
      graphic terminals.

PMID- 2418414
TI  - Amino acid sequence homology in gag region of reverse transcribing elements and
      the coat protein gene of cauliflower mosaic virus.
AB  - A nucleic acid binding protein (NBP) derived from the gag gene of retroviruses
      that is thought to interact with genomic RNA in virion cores, contains a highly
      conserved arrangement of cysteine residues. A search of available nucleic acid
      and protein sequences has revealed that the motif CysX2CysX4HisX4Cys (NBPcys) is
      invarient in all replication competent retroviruses, a Syrian hamster
      intracisternal A-particle gene, the Drosophila retrotransposon copia and in
      cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV). In each case, NBPcys is located in that part of
      the 'gag-pol' region just preceding a conserved protease amino acid sequence.
      This is of special significance for CaMV as NBPcys is in the coat protein gene
      (ORF IV) upstream of the putative reverse transcriptase gene (ORF V) and
      demonstrates that the gag-pol arrangement of reverse transcribing elements is
      preserved in CaMV. Moreover, CaMV differs from all other known NBPcys-containing
      elements in that it packages a DNA genome in virions.

PMID- 2418415
TI  - The tertiary folding of Escherichia coli 16S RNA, as studied by in situ intra-RNA
      cross-linking of 30S ribosomal subunits with bis-(2-chloroethyl)-methylamine.
AB  - Intra-RNA cross-links were introduced into E. coli 30S ribosomal subunits by
      treatment with bis-(2-chloroethyl)methylamine. The subunits were partially
      digested with cobra venom nuclease, and the cross-linked complexes were separated
      by two-dimensional electrophoresis and analysed according to our published
      procedures. Tertiary structural cross-links in the 16S RNA were identified
      between nucleotides 31 and 306, and between the tetranucleotide 693-696 and
      nucleotides 794 or 799. Secondary structural cross-links, lying at the ends of
      double-helical regions, were found between nucleotides 46 and the trinucleotide
      362-364, and between the dinucleotide 148-149 and nucleotide 174. Cross-links
      within double-helical elements were identified between the tetranucleotide 128
      131 and nucleotide 232, between nucleotide 250 and the dinucleotide 274-275, and
      between nucleotides 1413 and 1486. Adenine as well as guanine residues were
      involved in the cross-links.

PMID- 2418416
TI  - Nonepidermal members of the keratin multigene family: cDNA sequences and in situ
      localization of the mRNAs.
AB  - A keratin set which consists of a type I 47kd and a type II 57kd protein occurs
      as a major constituent of the keratin patterns of various internal stratified
      epithelia of the mouse. We have isolated specific cDNA clones of the two
      complementary keratin subunits from a cDNA library constructed with polyA+RNA of
      mouse tongue epithelium and present the complete nucleotide and deduced amino
      acid sequences of the 57kd protein and about 75% of the corresponding data of the
      47kd protein. The comparison of the sequence data with those of known epidermal
      keratin mRNAs coding for the two types of keratin proteins reveals a
      fundamentally identical and type-specific organization of the mRNAs into both
      highly conserved and variable domains. In order to avoid cross-reactions with
      other members of the keratin multigene family, appropriately taylored 35S-labeled
      cDNA probes comprising the low and non-homologous 3' coding and noncoding domains
      of the mRNAs were used for in situ hybridization to tissue sections. The
      localization and distribution of the corresponding transcripts indicates a
      strongly compartmentalized keratin expression in mouse tongue epithelium.

PMID- 2418417
TI  - Both subunits of rat liver ferritin are regulated at a translational level by
      iron induction.
AB  - A few hours after administering iron to rats, liver ferritin synthesis increases
      several fold. However, Northern blot analysis with cDNA probes for ferritin light
      (L) and heavy (H) subunit mRNAs failed to show an increase in total population of
      either messenger. Cytoplasmic distribution of ferritin messages was therefore
      investigated in control and iron administered rats killed at 3.5 hours. The liver
      post-mitochondrial supernatant was fractionated on a sucrose gradient to separate
      polyribosomes, monosomes, ribosomal subunits and cell sap. RNA extracted from
      each fraction and analyzed using Northern blotting showed that 65% of the total
      mRNA population for each subunit was present in the cell sap of control rats,
      presumably as mRNP particles since ribosomal RNA was absent from this fraction.
      After iron administration, these reserves of free mRNA were recruited onto the
      polysomes, reducing the free mRNA pool to 15% of the total. We interpret this to
      be due to activation of blocked ferritin messages on entry of iron into the cell.

PMID- 2418418
TI  - Synthesis of poly-L-glutamates containing 5-substituted uracil moieties.
AB  - The polymer reaction of cyclic derivatives of uracil and 5-bromouracil with
      polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acids, and poly-L-glutamic acid was studied in
      dimethylformamide solution. A similar reaction of cyclic derivatives of uridine
      with the polymeric acids was also made. Alkaline hydrolysis was further carried
      out on the polymers obtained.

PMID- 2418419
TI  - Two bases are eliminated from DNA by treatment with bleomycin or with hemin
      intercalators.
AB  - A hemin-intercalator, H4G-His, which possesses 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2
      a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1) as an intercalator moiety and histidine as an
      intramolecular ligand of the ferrous ion of the hemin ring, cleaves DNA very
      efficiently, and acts at guanine-pyrimidine sequences preferentially. Bleomycin
      (BLM) also cleaves DNA with the same base-sequence selectivity shown by H4G-His.
      The 5'-terminal of the DNA fragments cleaved by H4G-His or by BLM bears a
      phosphoryl group, while the 3'-terminal of the cleaved DNA fragments does not
      possess a 3'-phosphoryl group. There are three (or more) kinds of structures of
      the 3'-terminals. One of the structures of the 3'-terminals of the cleaved DNA
      fragments is a free 3'-hydroxy group. We propose that there exist plural
      mechanisms for DNA cleavage by H4G-His or by BLM, one of which involves
      elimination of two bases from DNA.

PMID- 2418420
TI  - Bleomycin cleaves DNA depending on DNA primary, secondary, and tertiary
      structures.
AB  - The cleavage by bleomycin-Fe(II) complex in the presence of dithiothreitol was
      investigated by using 3'- or 5'-end-labeled DNA containing the region of the
      bacteriophage G4 origin of complementary strand synthesis as substrates.
      Bleomycin cleaved single-stranded DNA substrates preferentially at inverted
      repeat sequences, which potentially form stem-and-loop structures, in addition to
      the primary sequence specificity previously reported. DNA sequences
      preferentially cleaved in the double-stranded substrate were resistant when they
      lay outside the stem regions. These results suggest the formation of three
      predicted stem-and-loop structures and other possible secondary structures near
      the replication origin. Changes of the degree of bleomycin-induced DNA cleavage
      in a NaCl concentration between 0 and 50 mM suggest that a subtle change of ionic
      conditions within the double helix, or of DNA conformation, or of both, may occur
      at 0-50 mM NaCl. Bleomycin appears to be a useful reagent for analyzing secondary
      and tertiary structures of DNA.

PMID- 2418421
TI  - Crystal structure of a left-handed RNA tetramer, r(C-br8G)2.
AB  - The crystal structure of the modified RNA tetramer, r(C-br8G-C-br8G), was
      determined by x-ray methods. The crystals are trigonal and belong to the space
      group P3212. There are three independent tetramers in the unit cell and each
      forms a left-handed duplex similar to Z-DNA regarding the orientations of the
      base moiety and the sugar puckerings in guanosine and cytidine. The effect of the
      additional bromine atom and 2'-hydroxy group on the stabilization of the Z-form
      structure are also described.

PMID- 2418422
TI  - [The peripheral vascular bed in primary carcinosarcoma of the lung].

PMID- 2418423
TI  - [Intracranial hemorrhages in the full-term newborn infant. Psychomotor
      development and neurologic sequelae].
AB  - Recently increased utilization of high definition T. C. scan and U. S. has led,
      in recent years, to diagnose and to localize the intracranial haemorrhage of the
      term newborns. It has been possible to study the outlook of this disease. The
      neuro-psychological development of the children, affected by intracranial
      haemorrhage at the birth, is more impaired when the haemorrhage is
      intraparenchimal: intracerebellar or intracerebral. Our cases show that a
      haemorrhage causes only discord on the neuro-psycholological development. When,
      on the other hand, haemorrhage is associated with anoxicbrain damage, especially
      bilateral, take place major sequelae.

PMID- 2418424
TI  - [Follow-up of children born from gestosis mothers].
AB  - Seventy children, born from mothers affected from EPH gestosis during pregnancy,
      were examined. They were two-ten years old, forty females and thirty males,
      nineteen preterms and fifty-one born at term. Their weight, and head
      circumference were estimated. Thirty-two children were submitted to terman Merril
      test and further thirty-eight to Picq Vayer test. The findings were evaluated
      according to term or preterm birth and to importance of mother's gestosis (EPH1,
      EPH2, EPH3). The auxological outcomes were satisfactory, particularly after the
      five-six years of age. Two children were heavily retarded. The others had a
      normal I.Q., but there was evident failure in immediate memory and in
      vocabulary's subtest. Moreover fifty % of heavier gestosis children revealed a
      discordant psycomotor behaviour due to specific failures.

PMID- 2418425
TI  - Immune consequences of amebiasis.

PMID- 2418426
TI  - [Effect of cimetidine and adrenergic beta receptor agonists on histamine
      liberation from sensitized human basophils].

PMID- 2418427
TI  - The antigenic relatedness of proteins from human and simian prostate fluid.
AB  - Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of human prostate fluid reveals an
      abundant protein migrating to a molecular weight of 15 kD and an isoelectric
      point of 5.5. Polyclonal antibodies were raised specifically to microgram
      quantities of electrophoresed, excised, and eluted PSP15 (prostate secretory
      protein). Western immunoblot analysis using these antibodies showed they not only
      react to PSP15, but cross-react with simian prostate and human seminal fluid
      proteins of similar molecular weights. Two-dimensional gel immunoblots strongly
      suggest that the seminal protein and PSP15 are the same, thereby providing a more
      accessible source of the protein. The antibody to the human PSP15 cross-reacted
      with neither prostate fluid from the ventral lobe of the rat prostate nor the
      prostate fluid from the beagle dog.

PMID- 2418428
TI  - Hormonal activation of the adenylyl cyclases of the rat and human prostate gland.
AB  - The rat ventral prostate and the human hyperplastic prostate contain adenylyl
      cyclases which can be activated by a variety of neurotransmittors, including
      vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), beta 2 adrenergic agonists, and dopamine. In
      both species the response to VIP was predominantly localized to the epithelial
      fraction. In the human tissue activation of the enzyme could also be achieved
      with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist both associated
      with the stromal compartment. Castration in the rat caused a marked reduction in
      the basal activity of the enzyme and the maximal level of the hormone-stimulated
      response per cell (per mg DNA), but had only minor effects on the pattern of
      activation when expressed per mg membrane protein. Androgen treatment
      (dihydrotestosterone propionate, 2.5 mg/day) prevented the castration effects.
      Estrogen treatment (estradiol benzoate, 125 micrograms/day) could not prevent the
      castrational changes but maintained enzyme activity at a level above that of the
      castrate. There were no major qualitative differences in the pattern of
      activation of the cyclase between the different lobes of the rat prostate and the
      seminal vesicle.

PMID- 2418429
TI  - Androgen-repressed messages in the rat ventral prostate.
AB  - Poly (A)+ RNA from the prostates of both intact and castrated rats was translated
      in a message-dependent reticulocyte lysate, and the translation products were
      electrophoresed on SDS/polyacrylamide gels. Fluorography of these gels showed the
      expected disappearance, after castration, of the prostate steroid-binding
      proteins as well as a number of other androgen-dependent proteins. Two major (Mr
      40,000 and 45,000) and several minor proteins appeared in the translation
      products of the castrated rat prostate RNA. Criss-cross liquid hybridization
      analysis between prostate poly (A+) RNA from intact and castrated rats also
      showed the disappearance of the abundant prostate steroid-binding protein
      sequences after castration and the synthesis of several new low to medium
      abundance sequences. Northern hybridization experiments demonstrated the presence
      of at least two, and possibly four androgen-repressed poly (A)+ RNA sequences.
      The most prominent of these, an RNA of 2,000 nucleotides, appeared within 2 days
      of castration, reaching a maximum on day 4 at a level approximately 400 times
      greater than the normal level. The other major sequence (a sequence of 1,000
      nucleotides) appears after 4 days, reaching a peak between days 8 and 11.
      Sequences similar to these new RNAs could play an important role in the long-term
      resistance of prostatic cancer to hormone therapy in humans.

PMID- 2418431
TI  - Growth responses of normal, benign hyperplastic, and malignant human prostatic
      epithelial cells in vitro to cholera toxin, pituitary extract, and
      hydrocortisone.
AB  - Normal, benign hyperplastic (BPH), and malignant prostatic epithelial cells from
      adult humans can be serially passaged in medium PFMR-4 supplemented with 20%
      whole serum, cholera toxin, and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Improved growth of
      these cells has been achieved by optimizing the concentrations of the components
      of the basal medium. In the new modified medium, PFMR-4A, the only supplements
      required are 5% dialyzed serum, cholera toxin, EGF, pituitary extract, and
      hydrocortisone. Comparative studies of the growth responses of prostatic cells
      derived from normal central zone, normal peripheral zone, BPH nodules, and
      adenocarcinomas did not reveal any qualitative differences; all respond
      positively to the addition of cholera toxin, pituitary extract, and
      hydrocortisone to the culture medium. Cells of one cancer strain, however, were
      much less density-dependent for growth than were the other strains of normal,
      BPH, or malignant cells.

PMID- 2418430
TI  - Concentrations of 3 beta-hydroxy androgens in epithelium and stroma of benign
      hyperplastic and normal human prostate.
AB  - Androgen metabolites with 3 beta-hydroxy configuration--ie,
      dehydroepiandrosterone (3 beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one, DHEA), 5-androstene-3
      beta-17 beta-diol (A-Diol), and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol (3 beta
      Diol)--were measured by radioimmunoassay in the homogenate, in the mechanically
      separated epithelium and stroma, and in the nuclear fractions of epithelium and
      stroma of benign hyperplastic (BPH) and normal human prostatic tissue, in muscle
      homogenates and in plasma. The main results were: 1) Mean prostatic DHEA, A-Diol
      and 3 beta-Diol were 6-7 times as high as plasma values (1 g = 1 ml). Compared to
      muscle, prostatic values were more than tenfold higher. 2) The values in
      homogenates of BPH and normal prostate were not statistically different (pmol/mg
      DNA, mean +/- SEM, BPH: DHEA 46.8 +/- 7.2, n = 11; A-Diol 5.7 +/- 1.2, n = 12; 3
      beta-Diol 3.7 +/- 0.6, n = 13; normal prostate: DHEA 56.0 +/- 5.5, n = 2; A-Diol
      7.4 +/- 2.4, n = 5; 3 beta-Diol 5.8 +/- 1.7, n = 5). 3) In the nuclear fractions
      of epithelium and stroma the values were low compared to the homogenates and
      could not be discriminated from unspecific retention. Although we could not
      demonstrate either a specific retention of the 3 beta-hydroxysteroids in the
      nuclei or conclusive differences in steroid accumulation between epithelium and
      stroma of BPH and normal prostate, which could explain the development of the
      disease, the high levels in the tissue particularly of A-Diol would be compatible
      with estrogenic action at the prostate level.

PMID- 2418432
TI  - Zinc and cadmium plasma and erythrocyte levels in prostatic carcinoma, BPH,
      urological malignancies, and inflammations.
AB  - Zinc and cadmium in both serum and erythrocytes from patients with prostatic
      carcinoma of different histologies, BPH, other urological tumors, and
      pyelonephritis were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The variance of
      the results obtained was very high for each group. No significant differences in
      the Zn or Cd concentration in either the blood plasma or the erythrocytes could
      be found between any of the different groups of patients. There were also no
      trends to be seen in the concentrations of these elements in human blood over a
      period of months. We conclude that the concentration of Zn and Cd in serum or
      erythrocytes are not an index for the diagnosis or therapy of prostatic
      carcinoma, BPH, urological malignancy, or inflammations.

PMID- 2418433
TI  - Blood loss during and following transurethral resection.
AB  - Blood loss measurement in transurethral prostatic surgery (TUR) has been studied
      with the following objectives: (1) to measure the total lost volume (during
      surgery and 48 hours postoperatively); (2) to compare surgical bleeding and
      coagulogram alterations in benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and prostatic
      carcinoma (CaP); (3) to establish the relationship between blood loss, duration
      of the procedure, and amount of resected tissue. The method of Jansen was used to
      measure blood loss, and the "coagulogram" included the following parameters:
      hematrocrit; prothrombin, recalcification, thrombin, and partial thromboplastin
      times; fibrinogen; platelets and fibrin split products. The study is based on TUR
      performed on 75 patients from whom a mean weight of 25.68 grams was resected
      resulting in a mean total bleeding volume of 305 ml. Blood loss over 400 ml was
      associated with surgical durations of 60 minutes or with resection of over 40
      grams of tissue. There was a slight tendency for fibrinolysis in prostatic
      cancer, which could explain the relatively higher amount of blood loss observed
      in these cases.

PMID- 2418434
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of omphalocele and gastroschisis by ultrasonography.
AB  - As the use of ultrasonography has become a routine procedure in the care of
      pregnant women, fetal congenital malformations have been frequently diagnosed
      prenatally. During a 4-year period abdominal wall defects (AWD) were diagnosed in
      14 cases, five were gastroschises and nine were omphaloceles, seven females and
      seven males. Concomitant malformations were present in one case of gastroschisis
      and in five cases of omphalocele. Eleven AWD's were diagnosed in the second
      trimester and six pregnancies were interrupted. Eight children with AWD were
      born; two boys with omphalocele and one girl and one boy with gastroschisis are
      still alive. Alpha-fetoprotein was determined in amniotic fluid in 11 cases and
      also in maternal serum prior to the amniocentesis in eight cases. Chromosomal
      investigations were performed in 13 cases, 11 on amniotic fluid cells and two on
      lymphocytes from a blood sample made postnatally. Two abnormal karyotypes, 47,XX
      + 18 were found.

PMID- 2418435
TI  - A survey of diagnostic amniocenteses in Oxford from 1974-1981.
AB  - A survey was conducted of the results of mid-trimester diagnostic amniocenteses
      in the Oxford Region from 1974 to 1981. The survey used data relating to all 4357
      singleton pregnancies in which an amniocentesis was performed during this period.
      Follow-up information on outcome was obtained in respect of 4284 (98 per cent)
      pregnancies. A cell culture to determine karyotype and an alpha-fetoprotein
      determination was carried out in all cases. From 1974 to 1981 amniocenteses
      became increasingly common, rising from 2 to 32 per 1000 births. The most common
      indication for amniocentesis was a high risk of a chromosome abnormality--56 per
      cent of all amniocenteses. Within this group advanced maternal age was
      responsible for 89 per cent of the cases. The next most common indication was a
      high risk of a neural tube defect (37 per cent of all amniocenteses) --in 1974 a
      raised maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein level accounted for only 4 per cent of
      these; by 1981 this had risen to 67 per cent. There were seven false-positive and
      132 true-positive diagnoses of neural tube defect; since 1981, with the
      introduction of amniotic fluid acetylocholinesterase determination as a secondary
      diagnostic test for neural tube defects, there have been no further false
      positive diagnoses. In 1981 76 per cent of women aged 35 years or more did not
      have an amniocentesis. It is not known to what extent this was due to not
      offering women in this age group amniocentesis or to women not accepting such an
      offer.

PMID- 2418436
TI  - Clinical trials of patient education for chronic conditions: a comparative meta
      analysis of intervention types.
AB  - Results are reported of a quantitative synthesis of 70 published evaluations of
      educational programs for people with long-term health problems and regimens that
      include drugs. Study methods and interventions are rated according to
      methodological and educational principles, respectively. The differential effects
      achieved by seven types of educational techniques are compared. The largest
      effect-size values (in standard deviation units) for knowledge were in three
      empirically distinct and homogeneous groups of studies--those testing one-to-one
      counseling, group education, and one or both of these strategies in combination
      with audiovisual materials (range = 0.73-1.13). Homogeneous subgroups of
      behavioral studies (grouped according to type of intervention) were found within
      the studies measuring drug utilization errors, but the overall group was
      homogeneous. The absence of significant differences among the subgroups precluded
      subgroup comparison. The overall effect size was 0.37, indicating substantially
      decreased drug errors. Analyses of study and other intervention characteristics
      found the educational rating score to be the strongest predictor of effect size
      for both knowledge and drug errors. Patient package inserts were predictors of
      lower effect sizes.

PMID- 2418437
TI  - [Use of the microcomputer in teaching clinical endocrinology].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the results of the use of the Electronika NMS 01900.1
      microcomputer manufactured in the USSR for teaching clinical endocrinology. Owing
      to its small dimensions, simple maintenance and sufficiently vast computing
      potentialities it can be widely used for teaching. A program with broad
      functional possibilities was prepared permitting students to objectivize their
      knowledge in clinical endocrinology. Fast automated test control of knowledge
      raises the efficacy of teaching many times.

PMID- 2418438
TI  - RecA protein filaments can juxtapose DNA ends: an activity that may reflect a
      function in DNA repair.
AB  - To further characterize the role of RecA protein-DNA filaments in general
      recombination and DNA repair, we have examined interactions of these filaments
      with themselves following formation. When linear double-stranded DNA was
      incubated with RecA in the presence of Mg2+ and adenosine 5'-[gamma
      thio]triphosphate, monomer-length (1n) nucleoprotein filaments were observed.
      Following continued incubation, filaments having 2n, 3n, ... lengths were
      observed, indicating that an end-to-end joining of the monomer-length filaments
      had occurred. When linear single-stranded DNA was covered by RecA protein under
      several conditions, the ends of the resulting filaments joined together rapidly,
      producing circular filaments. The end-to-end joining of single-stranded DNA-RecA
      filaments appeared to require that 3' DNA ends be juxtaposed with 5' DNA ends,
      because double-stranded DNA molecules having long single-stranded DNA tails with
      only 3' or 5' termini did not join end-to-end. However, when both 5' and 3' ends
      were present in the reaction, joining was observed. We suggest that this end-to
      end joining activity may help explain the role of RecA protein in both the
      protection of damaged DNA ends and the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks.

PMID- 2418439
TI  - Effects of the external pH on Ca channels: experimental studies and theoretical
      considerations using a two-site, two-ion model.
AB  - Some effects of the external pH on Ca channels were studied in a hybridoma cell
      line (mAb-7B), by using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp
      technique. As the pH was lowered, both the activation and the inactivation curves
      shifted toward less negative membrane potentials, suggesting a pH-induced
      decrease of an external negative surface potential, sensed by the mechanism of
      gating. The potential for half-activation, V1/2, and that for half-inactivation,
      Vh, were related by a straight line with a slope of one. The inward current
      varied exponentially with V1/2, as would be expected if the field inside the
      channel and the Ca2+ concentration at the entrance were sensitive to the surface
      potential. However, the reversal potential and the outward current were unaltered
      by changes in the pH. Under the hypothesis that the channel senses the surface
      potential, all these results, as well as the nernstian behavior of the reversal
      potential with respect to Ca2+, observed in previous studies, are accounted for
      by a three-barrier, two-ion model for a channel, provided it is assumed that the
      potential in the channel drops almost entirely across the barrier adjacent to the
      external solution.

PMID- 2418440
TI  - Determinator-inhibitor pairs as a mechanism for threshold setting in development:
      a possible function for pseudogenes.
AB  - Thresholds are frequently thought to be involved in the development of discrete
      structures in response to a shallow, monotonic gradient of morphogenetic
      information. We propose a mechanism for threshold setting that incorporates two
      essential components: (i) determinator genes that produce intracellular
      "determinators" that control cellular differentiation during development and (ii)
      intracellular "inhibitors" that bind tightly and specifically to the
      determinators to form "determinator-inhibitor pairs" that are inactive with
      respect to determinator function. The interaction of these components amplifies
      the intracellular response to an extra-cellular morphogen, thus producing a sharp
      transition in determinator gene activity. This system could operate at either the
      RNA level with the determinator-inhibitor pairs taking the form of sense
      antisense RNAs or at the protein level via a competitive inhibition mechanism. In
      either case this model suggests a possible role for pseudogenes in development as
      a source of the intracellular inhibitors.

PMID- 2418441
TI  - Identification of functional regions on the I-Ab molecule by site-directed
      mutagenesis.
AB  - Functional analysis of mutant class II major histocompatibility complex molecules
      has begun to identify regions important for antibody binding and for T-cell
      activation. By using in vitro mutagenesis directed at the beta 1 domain of the Ab
      beta gene we have constructed three structurally distinct mutant Ab beta genes.
      Each of these genes, as well as the wild-type Ab beta gene, was cotransfected
      together with the wild-type Ab alpha gene into the Ia-negative B-lymphoma cell
      line M12.C3. Transfection resulted in the successful synthesis and cell surface
      expression of three mutant class II antigens that showed serological and
      functional alterations as compared to the I-Ab antigens from the M12.C3 cell
      transfected with the wild-type gene. The variable patterns of both I-Ab-specific
      monoclonal antibody binding and activation of I-Ab-specific T-cell hybridomas
      show that the mutations result in the loss of structural epitopes required for
      both monoclonal antibody binding and for T-cell recognition. The data suggest
      that there are multiple sites on a single Ia molecule that are recognized by T
      helper cells and also that the tertiary conformation of the Ia molecule can be
      critical in the formation of such sites.

PMID- 2418442
TI  - Human T-cell clones used to define functional epitopes on HLA class II molecules.
AB  - Polyclonal reagents have been used to define HLA class II molecules in
      conventional serologic and cellular typing. We generated human alloreactive T
      cell clones to analyze the functional fine specificities of HLA class II
      molecules that might be important for the phenomenon of HLA and disease
      association. We chose to examine HLA-Dw14, an HLA-D specificity that has been
      associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In this paper we have presented
      data that suggest that conventional cellular typing does not reflect the
      distribution of T-cell epitopes on major histocompatibility complex class II
      molecules. We describe three alloreactive T-cell clones that have defined three
      separate Dw14-associated T-cell epitopes. Two of these epitopes were on a DR
      region molecule; the third was located on a DQ-region product. In a panel of
      unrelated DR4-positive donors, these three DW14-associated determinants were
      present in a high frequency but were not linked to each other. Within the tested
      panel of DR4-positive cells, all possible combinatorial arrangements of these
      three allodeterminants were seen. The concurrent expression of any two of the
      three allodeterminants was equivalent to a positive typing response for Dw14. Our
      finding that HLA-Dw14 is not characterized by a unique allodeterminant but by the
      combinatorial recognition of independently distributed T-cell interaction sites
      suggests that analysis of HLA and disease association may be more clearly
      demonstrated through the use of human T-cell clones.

PMID- 2418443
TI  - Increased mRNA for low density lipoprotein receptor in livers of rabbits treated
      with 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol.
AB  - Pharmacologic doses of 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol are known to increase the
      number of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors in livers of rats, thereby
      producing a profound fall in plasma cholesterol levels. We now report that
      ethinyl estradiol exerts the same effect in livers of male and female rabbits and
      that the increase in receptor number is correlated with a 6- to 8-fold increase
      in the levels of receptor mRNA. Receptor protein was measured by ligand blotting,
      and mRNA levels were measured by a quantitative solution hybridization/S1
      nuclease protection assay using uniformly 32P-labeled single-stranded cDNA
      probes. These experiments demonstrate that pharmacologic induction of the mRNA
      for the LDL receptor in liver can lead to increased LDL receptor levels and a
      fall in plasma cholesterol in experimental animals.

PMID- 2418444
TI  - On the orientation of foreign neurotransmitter receptors in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - Xenopus oocytes can be made to incorporate into their membrane foreign
      neurotransmitter receptors and voltage-activated sodium channels. In their
      original location the receptors are normally activated by the extracellular
      action of transmitter substances. Tests were made to see if some of the newly
      synthesized foreign receptors were inserted in the oocyte membrane with their
      active site facing inwards. Since intracellular injections of acetylcholine,
      gamma-aminobutyric acid, serotonin and kainic acid and tetrodotoxin into the
      oocyte failed to elicit a response, we conclude that very few, or none, of the
      receptor molecules expressed in the oocyte by the exogenous mRNA are inserted
      with the wrong orientation in the membrane.

PMID- 2418445
TI  - Cytophotometric analysis of neuronal chromatin and RNA changes in oxotremorine
      treated rats.
AB  - Neuronal nucleic acid responses were examined within the rat striatum and
      sensorimotor cortex (layer V) following single intraperitoneal injections of the
      central cholinergic-muscarinic agonist oxotremorine (0.1, 0.7, or 1.0 mg/kg).
      After stoichiometric Feulgen and azure B staining of brain sections, scanning
      integrating microdensitometry was used to quantify Feulgen-deoxyribonucleic acid
      levels, changes in the susceptibility of chromatin to Feulgen acid hydrolysis (F
      DNA yield) and azure B-ribonucleic acid (RNA) content of neurons on an individual
      basis. Changes in neuronal nuclear and nucleolar volumes were also determined
      histometrically. Within the striatum and sensorimotor cortex, oxotremorine
      produced marked dose-dependent elevations in both F-DNA yield and RNA content.
      These metabolic increases were typically paralleled by elevations in nuclear and
      nucleolar volumes. The data demonstrate that the oxotremorine-induced central
      muscarinic activation is associated with dose-related enhancements in neuronal
      chromatin template activity, RNA content, and protein synthetic capacity.

PMID- 2418446
TI  - Fetal hemopoietic-cell transplantation in sheep: an approach to the cellular
      control of hemoglobin switching.

PMID- 2418447
TI  - Alteration of the turnover of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat brain
      associated with hypothermia.
AB  - The alteration of monoamines and their metabolites in the brain in response to
      hypothermia was studied using rats subjected to a cold and immobilization stress.
      The experiments were designed to compare the responses in the "hypothermal" rats
      with those in the "normothermal" ones which received the same stress except for
      the change in body temperature. It has been found that the contents of
      norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in various cerebral regions
      were significantly decreased during hypothermia. These decreases were readily
      reversed by the rewarming of animals. Moreover, the increase in the content of 5
      hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), the metabolite of 5-HT, was also detected
      in some cerebral regions where the decrease of 5-HT was observed. Although the
      dopamine (DA) contents in all cerebral regions examined were found to be
      unaltered, its metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and/or
      homovanillic acid (HVA) contents in most regions in the brain showed a
      significant elevation during and/or after the occurrence of hypothermia. These
      results suggest that the metabolic turnovers of 5-HT and DA in various cerebral
      regions may be accelerated during hypothermia.

PMID- 2418448
TI  - Evidence for the site of action of glycerol trinitrate and diltiazem in
      inhibiting vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine in isolated renal
      arteries.
AB  - The inhibitory effects of glycerol trinitrate (GTN) and diltiazem (DZ) on
      contractions produced by submaximal concentrations (ED 75) of norepinephrine (NE)
      and potassium chloride (KCl) were studied in isolated canine renal artery rings.
      In addition, the site of action of these compounds in blocking NE-induced
      contractions was determined by using zero calcium (Ca++) buffer + 2 mM EGTA
      (calcium-free solution). GTN was more potent than DZ in relaxing KCl-induced
      contractions (potential-operated calcium channels) as well as NE-induced
      contractions (receptor-operated calcium channels). In a Ca++-free buffer, the
      response to NE was reduced to approximately 20-25% of the response in normal Ca++
      (1.25 mM) buffer. GTN (1 X 10(-9)-1 X 10(-4) M) produced a marked inhibition of
      NE-induced contractions in Ca++-free buffer, whereas DZ had no inhibitory effect
      even at very high concentrations (1 X 10(-4) M). Thus, GTN and DZ appear to
      interfere with different components of Ca++ entry through slow channels and
      intracellular Ca++ release. DZ primarily blocks the influx of Ca++ from the
      extracellular space, whereas GTN appears to act by inhibiting Ca++ movements at
      an intracellular site.

PMID- 2418449
TI  - Hypothalamic monoamine metabolism in mice: evaluation of drug challenges and
      neurotoxic insult.
AB  - Hypothalamic monoamine metabolism was evaluated in male and female mice that were
      administered monosodium glutamate (MSG, 4 mg/g) on postnatal day 4. Hypothalamic
      dopamine (DA) content was reduced approximately by 22% across all experiments and
      pituitary DA content was also significantly decreased. Despite reductions in
      hypothalamic DA levels, MSG-treated mice did not exhibit significant reductions
      in the levels of the DA metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and
      homovanillic acid (HVA). Hypothalamic monoamine and metabolite profiles in MSG
      treated and control mice were examined after the administration of pargyline
      (PAR), alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (MPT) or reserpine (RES). DA turnover as indexed
      by PAR and MPT techniques were not as conclusive as the metabolite measures in
      suggesting an accelerated DA utilization. MSG-treated mice were more resistant to
      the DA-depleting actions of reserpine than were the controls. No alterations were
      found in hypothalamic norepinephrine metabolism in MSG-treated mice, however,
      after drug challenges, alterations were found in serotonin metabolism. These
      results indicate the extent and nature of the changes that occur in hypothalamic
      monoamine metabolism after neonatal MSG treatment. The DA neurons that survive
      MSG treatment appear to exhibit neurochemical characteristics dissimilar to those
      of tuberoinfundibular DA neurons. Additionally, the neuropharmacological actions
      of MPT, PAR and RES are discussed as they relate to hypothalamine monoamine
      metabolism in the mouse.

PMID- 2418450
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies as probes of structure, function and isoenzyme forms of the
      type II regulatory subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.
AB  - We have attempted to review studies which have utilized monoclonal antibodies in
      the analysis of various aspects of type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It is
      readily apparent that the monoclonal antibodies directed against RII can be used
      in a number of ways to assess the structure and function of this protein.
      Monoclonal antibodies have been used to identify specific structural aspects of
      the protein, down to the level of amino acid sequence. These have included
      identification of relationships between several functional domains and the
      antigenic sites recognized by different antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies also
      have been used to specifically identify distinct isoenzyme forms of RII. The
      antibodies were shown to have virtually complete specificity for heart-type RII
      despite relatively few amino acid substitutions in neural-type RII. This
      discrimination was utilized to show that purified brain RII is composed of a
      small fraction of protein similar to the heart isozyme while the bulk of the
      protein is a distinct isozyme form. It is anticipated that future studies using
      antibodies specific for individual forms will be a valuable approach to analyzing
      the distribution and functions of different forms. Monoclonal antibodies have
      also been used as probes of RII in tissue extracts to examine phosphorylation of
      this subunit in intact tissue. Monoclonal antibodies should continue to provide
      powerful probes of the structure and function of this and other protein kinases.

PMID- 2418451
TI  - Biological markers in depression. Monoamine metabolites in urine of depressed
      patients and normal subjects.
AB  - Urinary elimination of HVA, MHPG and 5-HIAA was studied in 22 depressed
      inpatients before and after 28 days of antidepressant treatment. Mean values did
      not change significantly during treatment, and were not related significantly to
      recovery in patients. Some marked changes in urinary metabolite levels were,
      however, observed in individual patients, and could be related to changes in
      their depression. The direction of change in urinary monoamine metabolites during
      treatment was associated with pretreatment levels, in that high pretreatment
      values tended to decrease whereas low pretreatment levels tended to increase.

PMID- 2418452
TI  - Basal and spontaneous exocrine pancreatic secretion in conscious and
      anaesthetized chickens, Gallus domesticus.
AB  - Basal exocrine pancreatic secretion was studied in anaesthetized and conscious
      chickens and spontaneous secretion was studied in anaesthetized chickens. Results
      are compared with those of other vertebrates to estimate the specific pattern of
      this secretion in birds. The flow of pancreatic juice was greater in conscious
      chickens than when anaesthetized (Table 1). Amylase activity was greater than
      that of the other species and was of the same order in anaesthetized and
      conscious birds (Table 1). A spontaneous exocrine pancreatic secretion was seen
      to remain after eliminating a large part of the tonic influences (Table 2).

PMID- 2418453
TI  - Effects of ECT on sleep and CSF biogenic amines in affective illness.
AB  - The effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on sleep and cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were studied
      in 11 male patients suffering from major depressive disorders severe enough to
      require ECT. Total sleep time and sleep efficiency index increased significantly
      after ECT, while the number of awakenings, the ratio wake/total sleep time, and
      the time of intermittent awake decreased, indicating that sleep continuity
      improved after treatment. Sleep architecture was also favorably influenced by ECT
      as shown by a significant increase in time of stage 2 and rapid eye movement
      (REM) sleep. REM latency and REM density also normalized after ECT. CSF 5HIAA
      increased significantly after ECT, but this was not the case for CSF HVA. These
      results demonstrate a positive effect of ECT on sleep EEG and CSF neurochemical
      markers for depressive illness.

PMID- 2418454
TI  - NIMH grant support in pharmacologic and somatic treatments research.

PMID- 2418455
TI  - The effect of radioprotective compounds on brain serotonine metabolisation of
      irradiated experimental animals.

PMID- 2418456
TI  - Interaction of molybdenum with blood serum proteins in vitro.

PMID- 2418457
TI  - Drug inhibition of mast cell secretion.

PMID- 2418458
TI  - The cardiac hyperpolarizing-activated current, if. Origins and developments.

PMID- 2418459
TI  - Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2418460
TI  - Nucleic acid and protein metabolism in undernutrition and protein deficiency.
AB  - This review discusses the metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins in various
      models of undernutrition in female rats and their neonatal and 21-day-old
      progeny. Based on the observations noted in our laboratories and those of other
      investigators, it is concluded that body and organ weights as well as various
      parameters of cellular growth (DNA, RNA, proteins, amino acids and total
      nucleotides) fail to increase normally in dietary-insulted animals. Protein and
      RNA synthesis demonstrate variable responses, leading to the speculation that
      modulation of mRNA metabolism and of protein synthesis occurs in dietary
      restricted rats. These findings are also confirmed by the organ weight to DNA
      ratios. It is further noted that, despite the increases in protein and RNA
      synthesis in certain organs, protein and RNA register below-normal values,
      indicating that their degradation is much faster than their formation. This
      postulate is supported: by the enhanced activities of acid cathepsin (a protein
      degrading enzyme) and of RNAse A (a RNA-degrading enzyme); by the elevated
      concentrations of circulating amino acids and total nucleotides; as well as by
      the accelerated excretion of nitrogenous compounds in the urine and feces of
      dietary-restricted animals. Modifications of RNA turnover are also evident in the
      tRNA and soluble RNA fractions of the liver of dietary-insulted rats. Studies on
      brain mRNA translatability have revealed: that food deprivation elicits a shorter
      species of pre-mRNA via a reduced polynucleotide elongation rate; that not all
      poly A+ RNA sequences present in control rats occur in dietary-restricted
      animals; and that the translatability of polymerase II is far lower in dietary
      insulted rats. Other investigations on the translatability of liver, brain,
      kidney, spleen and thymus mRNA have demonstrated changes in mRNA via altered
      protein synthesis in various organs of dietary-restricted rats. Generation
      studies have shown that adaptation prevails in the first, second and third
      generation offspring of dietary-insulted rats, after which all parameters decline
      in fourth and fifth generation offspring. By reducing the litter size and
      exchanging the pups of control and dietary-restricted rats during the lactation
      period, partial restoration of the cellular growth of different organs is
      effected with the exception of the brain, in which damage is irreversible.

PMID- 2418461
TI  - The physiology of anion transport in red cells.

PMID- 2418462
TI  - Lymphokines and hematopoiesis.

PMID- 2418463
TI  - Diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma and related disorders.

PMID- 2418464
TI  - Growth of human T lymphocytes: an analysis of interleukin 2 and its cellular
      receptor.

PMID- 2418465
TI  - Golgi preparations as a tool in neuropathology with particular reference to
      investigations of the human telencephalic cortex.

PMID- 2418466
TI  - Complementary-addressed (sequence-specific) modification of nucleic acids.

PMID- 2418467
TI  - Gamma-type endorphins: neurolepticum-like and antipsychotic action.
AB  - The hypothesis implicating the gamma-type endorphins in schizophrenia was
      initially based on animal data showing commonalities between the behavioral
      effects of these peptides and neuroleptics. Clinical studies have shown that
      these peptides have an antipsychotic action in a number of patients suffering
      from schizophrenic psychosis. The patients responding to the peptides are
      characterized by features at least partly resembling those characterizing type I
      schizophrenia. This may be consistent with the animal data showing that gamma
      type endorphins may directly or indirectly control certain dopaminergic systems
      present in the nucleus accumbens. Genetical differences may exist between
      patients susceptible to and not susceptible to gamma-type endorphins, as has been
      concluded from studies concerning antigens of the HLA system.

PMID- 2418468
TI  - Neurotransmitter metabolites and endocrine responses in depression.
AB  - Urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG), 3-4
      dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (DHPG), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), plasma
      thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) were
      measured before and after the injection of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in
      healthy subjects and depressed patients with primary affective disorder. The TSH
      response to TRH did not differ in depressed compared with control subjects. A
      trend (.05 less than p less than .10) toward a lower PRL response appeared in
      male depressed compared with male control subjects. GH levels did not
      consistently change after TRH. In all subjects the TSH response correlated
      positively with pre- and post-TRH urinary MHPG. The PRL response correlated
      negatively with pre-TRH urinary 5-HIAA. Pre-TRH daytime urinary 5-HIAA levels
      were elevated in depressed subjects.

PMID- 2418469
TI  - [Affinophoresis, a new technique which combines bioaffinity and electrophoresis].

PMID- 2418470
TI  - Presynaptic modulation by noradrenaline and an opioid of the substance P-induced
      release of [3H]acetylcholine from the myenteric plexus.
AB  - Substance P (7.5-750 nM) applied in superfusion dose-dependently released 3H from
      isolated strips of myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig ileum
      loaded with [3H]choline. Separation of the [3H]acetylcholine and [3H]choline
      components of the released radioactivity revealed that in response to substance P
      (SP) administration only the release of [3H]acetylcholine increased above resting
      level. A slowly developing tachyphylaxis to the effect of SP was observed.
      Evidence has been obtained that the slow tachyphylaxis developed to the
      acetylcholine-releasing effect of SP was not due to the exhaustion of releasable
      acetylcholine pool. Release of acetylcholine by 150 nM SP was completely
      prevented by tetrodotoxin or in a Ca2+-free medium and greatly reduced in the
      presence of noradrenaline or the opioid receptor agonist (D-Met2,Pro5)
      enkephalinamide. The effect of noradrenaline and the opioid peptide was
      apparently prevented by yohimbine and naloxone, respectively.

PMID- 2418471
TI  - Multiple tachykinins (neurokinin A, neuropeptide K and substance P) in capsaicin
      sensitive sensory neurons in the guinea-pig.
AB  - The occurrence of tachykinins in sensory neurons of the guinea-pig was studied by
      means of radioimmunoassay combined with ion-exchange and high-performance liquid
      chromatography as well as by immunohistochemistry. Antisera raised against
      kassinin (antiserum K12), neurokinin A (NKA) (antiserum NKA2) and substance P
      (SP) (antisera SP25 and SP2) were used. Antiserum K12 detected NKA, neuropeptide
      K (NPK) and a component eluting in the position of eledoisin (ELE) in extracts of
      the lung and ureter. Neurokinin B (NKB) was, however, not found. Neutral water
      extraction favored recovery of NKA and of the ELE-like component, while NPK was
      found only in acid extracts. The SP antisera detected two immunoreactive
      components of which the major form coeluted with synthetic SP. Capsaicin
      pretreatment depleted all these various forms of immunoreactivity in several
      peripheral organs including the ureter and lung. The immunoreactivity detected by
      antisera K12 or SP25 in radioimmunoassay had a similar regional distribution
      pattern in peripheral tissues. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that
      antiserum NKA2 stained the same spinal ganglion cells as the SP2 antiserum. The
      distribution of capsaicin-sensitive nerve fibers stained by these two antisera
      was also identical in peripheral organs such as the ureter, inferior mesenteric
      ganglion, heart and lung. It is concluded that multiple tachykinins, including
      SP, NKA, NPK and an ELE-like peptide, are present in capsaicin-sensitive sensory
      nerves in the guinea-pig. This finding can most likely be related to the origin
      of SP, NKA and NPK from the same precursor molecule, subsequent posttranslational
      tissue processing and axonal transport to terminal regions.

PMID- 2418472
TI  - [The 6th quality control survey for radioisotope in vitro tests in Japan, 1984
      (II)].

PMID- 2418473
TI  - [Carcinoma of the rectum. Natural history and adjuvant radiotherapy. Analysis of
      2 series of case reports].
AB  - Records of 135 patients with rectal carcinoma were reviewed and correlations
      between survival rate, extent of tumor and radiotherapy were investigated. The
      survival rate at 5 years was 16% for C Astler-Coller's stage patients and without
      metastases, but the prognosis was much less favorable for advanced tumors and/or
      subjects with distant metastases. Preliminary results of another series of
      patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy are discussed.

PMID- 2418474
TI  - [Analysis of fetal maturity by amniotic fluid].

PMID- 2418475
TI  - [Cardiac tolerance of a beta-2-sympathomimetic spray: fenoterol. Apropos of 37
      patients followed using a Holter monitor during a brief treatment protocol].
AB  - 37 subjects with stable asthma and a mean age of 50.3 undertook a protocol to
      study the cardiac tolerance to a spray B2SM. A Holter monitor was performed
      before and 48 hours after the institution of a Fenoterol spray in 4 daily doses
      of 600 micrograms at fixed times. Before starting treatment with a beta 2
      sympathomimetic spray (B2SM) 11 subjects had abnormal traces with significant
      auricular extra-systoles in 4, ventricular extra-systoles in 5 and both in one
      subject: one patient had a run of ventricular tachycardia without symptoms. On
      Fenoterol, a worsening of pre-existing extra systoles was noted thrice, one was
      auricular the other two ventricular. Two patients had brief runs of ventricular
      tachycardia but the role of Fenoterol was uncertain; one of the patients was very
      elderly and hypoxaemic. In the second and elevated theophylline level of 20
      micrograms/l was noted. The arrythmogenic power of a B2SM seems weak, but in
      certain situations such as hypoxaemia, metabolic acidosis and overdosage of
      theophylline, over consumption of B2SM in association with the above factors
      could contribute to serious arrhythmias. Also in this study in which there was a
      protocol limited in time, no premature conclusion should be made on the crucial
      problem of the cardiovascular risks of B2SM in the basic treatment of asthma but
      raises the problem of the arrythmogenic potential of the drug association of
      Theophylline + B2SM.

PMID- 2418476
TI  - Facilitation of CO2 excretion by carbonic anhydrase located on the surface of the
      basal membrane of crab gill epithelium.
AB  - An isolated perfused crab gill preparation was used to test the hypotheses that
      crab gill carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes the efflux of CO2 from the hemolymph,
      which lacks the enzyme, to the ambient medium and that the CA is localized on the
      luminal surface of the basal membrane. It was found that the efflux of CO2 from
      the internal perfusate was sensitive to the flow rate of the internal perfusate
      through the gill (and thus the residence time within the gill). The sensitivity
      of the CO2 efflux to residence time was nearly abolished upon treatment of the
      gill with an impermeable dextran-bound CA inhibitor. It is concluded that CA
      present on the luminal surface of the gill epithelium facilitates CO2 excretion
      by catalyzing the dehydration of the large hemolymph bicarbonate pool to the more
      diffusible molecular CO. The action of the enzyme is important in maintaining a
      CO2 gradient between hemolymph and water in a situation where hemolymph PCO2 is
      normally low, water PCO2 is variable, and the gills themselves are a source of
      metabolic CO2.

PMID- 2418477
TI  - Analysis of the clinical utility of a predictive chemosensitivity assay.
AB  - We present an elementary statistical analysis for quantifying the clinical
      utility of a predictive chemosensitivity assay based on retrospective data. An
      assay predictive of patient response could possibly improve response rates and
      reduce morbidity by individualizing chemotherapy for each patient. An analysis of
      retrospective data can suggest appropriate patient populations and sample sizes
      for study in prospective trials using the chemosensitivity assay. We provide an
      example with data from a clonogenic assay collected on melanoma patients.

PMID- 2418478
TI  - [Various mechanisms of histamine liberation in humans. Application to wasp venom
      allergy].

PMID- 2418479
TI  - [Effects of Hymenoptera stings: physiopathology and immunology according to
      recent literature findings].

PMID- 2418480
TI  - [Terminal cancer].

PMID- 2418481
TI  - [Immediate postoperative care].

PMID- 2418482
TI  - Recent progress in the immunological monitoring of carcinomas using monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - In efforts to improve the specificity and sensitivity of tests to monitor
      patients with carcinoma, monoclonal antibody technology has been widely embraced
      by the scientific community. Results clearly indicate that novel antigen
      determinants have been identified and that significant improvements have been
      realized for the study of "classical" tumor antigens previously detected with
      polyclonal reagents. The concept of tumor specificity has also been amenable to
      an increased level of objectivity as based upon the probelike characteristic of
      monoclonal antibodies. It is apparent from this work that an antigen does not
      have to be tumor specific to be useful as a marker.

PMID- 2418483
TI  - [Neural tube defects. I. Prenatal diagnosis].

PMID- 2418484
TI  - [Clinico-pathological characteristics of chronic pancreatitis. II. Clinical
      aspects].

PMID- 2418485
TI  - [So that death may still be a part of life].

PMID- 2418486
TI  - [Monoclonal antibodies in the study of leukemia and lymphoma: new classification
      and prognostic criteria].

PMID- 2418487
TI  - Antigenic variation in Trypanosoma evansi: a comparison of the predominant
      variable antigen type repertoire of stocks from Sudan.
AB  - The predominant VAT repertoire of 15 stocks of T. evansi from Sudan was
      characterised using 30 predominant VATs isolated from six of the stocks. The 15
      stocks were grouped into three distinct serodemes, each member of a serodeme
      being associated by the presence of 6-7 particular VATs as part of their
      predominant VAT repertoire. Two VATs were part of the predominant VAT repertoire
      of all 15 stocks and were considered to represent isoVATs of T. evansi. The
      limited antigenic diversity found among these stocks of T. evansi compared with
      that found in other salivarian trypanosome species suggests that host immunity
      might have an important role to play in the natural regulation of T. evansi
      infection of livestock. Furthermore, control regimes based on immunoprophylactic
      methods may be more of a practical possibility in the case of T. evansi
      infections than in the case of other trypanosome species infecting livestock.

PMID- 2418488
TI  - Comparative study of the effects of melatonin-free pineal extract and melatonin
      on biochemical and hormonal parameters in the rats.
AB  - A melatonin-free pineal extract administered to rats in doses of 2 ml/day/animal
      along 12 days, induced a statistically significant drop in urinary 17 KS,
      cholesterolemia, hepatic, adrenal and testicular cholesterol. The dose of 1
      microgram melatonin/day/animal did not alter these biochemical indices. This dose
      administered for 3 days did not affect the serum level and testicular
      concentration of testosterone, unlike the pineal extract which lowered
      significantly serum and testicular testosterone. Unlike the pineal extract
      administration of melatonin in doses of 10 micrograms/day/animal along 3 days had
      no effect on DNA, RNA and testicular proteins. Administration of the pineal
      extract lowered significantly serum LH and FSH after 3 days whereas melatonin in
      doses of 50 micrograms/day/animal did not have a similar effect. Furthermore,
      while the pineal extract inhibited the post-castration elevation of LH and FSH,
      melatonin in doses of 50 micrograms/day/animal had no effect. The same difference
      was noted with rats under GnRH stimulation: the pineal extract inhibited the
      pituitary response to GnRH whereas melatonin did not. The authors conclude that
      the effects produced by the pineal extract are not mediated by melatonin.

PMID- 2418489
TI  - No discriminating power in FPA measurements during fibrinaemia in hip replaced
      patients generating DVT.
AB  - Fibrinaemia following total hip replacement was evaluated in eighteen patients,
      grouped according to a negative and a positive fibrinogen uptake test (FUT),
      after having excluded two patients due to a false negative test, using
      phlebography as reference. The ethanol gelation test (EGT) was employed for
      detection of circulating soluble fibrin, and the conversion of fibrinogen to
      fibrin was evaluated by the level of fibrinopeptide A (FPA). Eight patients were
      cleared with respect to thrombosis, whereas ten had a positive FUT. All patients
      developed a positive EGT, irrespective of thrombosis, coinciding with the
      postoperative increase in fibrinogen. FPA increased to approximately twice its
      preoperative level in both groups of patients, but reached its maximum earlier in
      patients with thrombosis. However, this parameter had no discriminative value in
      this type of postoperative thrombosis, possibly due to massive thromboplastin
      release in both groups.

PMID- 2418490
TI  - Turnover of alpha-2-antiplasmin in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.
AB  - Patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia have a bleeding disorder which was
      thus far explained by a coagulopathy based on diffuse intravascular coagulation
      (DIC). We observed severe alpha-2-antiplasmin deficiency in a consecutive series
      of such patients. We postulate proteolysis rather than DIC, also because of
      increased turnover of 125I-alpha-2-antiplasmin, to be responsible for the
      coagulopathy. Alpha-2-antiplasmin deficiency may well contribute to the bleeding
      disorder in acute promyelocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2418491
TI  - The clinical significance of salivary amylase in duodenal aspirates in evaluation
      of exocrine pancreas function.
AB  - Salivary and pancreatic amylases in duodenal aspirates were quantitated in 419
      consecutive tests performed on 378 patients suspected of having insufficiency of
      the exocrine pancreatic function. Salivary amylase was detected in samples from
      31% of the tests. However, the amount of salivary amylase was sufficient to cause
      a misinterpretation in 13 tests only. Five of these tests originated from
      patients with a history of surgery for peptic ulcer disease. This group of
      patients tended to have large amounts of salivary amylase in the duodenal
      aspirates. In the unoperated patients (n = 336) 200 tests yielded values for the
      total amylase concentration above the lower level of the reference interval, and
      only in 8 of these tests (4%) did correction for salivary amylase change the
      results to values below the reference interval. It it concluded that quantitation
      of isoamylase activity in duodenal samples is unlikely to be of significant value
      in patients without a history of surgery for peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 2418492
TI  - Influence of bile duct occlusion on the exocrine pancreas in rats.
AB  - The exocrine pancreas was studied in the rat after both prolonged permanent and
      transient biliary obstruction. Double ligation, transection, and transposition of
      the distal end of the bile duct rendered the animal permanently jaundiced,
      whereas simple ligation led to a transient jaundice followed by restitution
      within 15-20 days. In permanent cholestasis pancreatic mass and protein, DNA,
      amylase, and trypsinogen content were increased. Transient cholestasis probably
      had only transient effects, since no significant changes in pancreatic mass,
      protein, DNA or enzymes could be found at 3-5 weeks after surgery. The results
      show that obstructive jaundice with absence of bile flow to the intestine causes
      enlargement of the pancreas due to parenchymatous hyperplasia and interstitial
      edema.

PMID- 2418493
TI  - Repetitive cycles of cytoreductive therapy followed by stem cell autografting for
      nonlymphoblastic transformation of chronic granulocytic leukaemia.
AB  - Treatment of nonlymphoblastic transformation of chronic granulocytic leukaemia
      (CGL) by marrow ablative chemotherapy, followed by autologous stem cell
      reinfusion, induced a 2nd chronic phase with a median duration of 5.5 months at
      the cost of high morbidity and mortality. One course of intensive cytoreductive
      chemotherapy, similar to a remission induction course in acute nonlymphoblastic
      leukaemia (ANLL), followed by a buffy coat reinfusion, induced a short-lived 2nd
      chronic phase in 4 out of 9 patients. Two successive courses, each followed by an
      autologous stem cell reinfusion, induced a new chronic phase in 4 out of 5
      consecutive patients. Multiple intensive chemotherapy courses, followed by
      autologous stem cell rescue, offer an effective palliative treatment of
      nonlymphoblastic transformation of CGL with a relatively low morbidity due to the
      treatment itself.

PMID- 2418494
TI  - Identification of a cell-surface glycoprotein mediating adhesion in human
      granulocytes.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that monoclonal antibody 60.3 reacting with a surface
      antigen common to human leukocytes inhibits phorbol ester-induced adhesion among
      blood mononuclear cells and precipitates from these cells three surface
      polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 90,000, 130,000 and 160,000. Now
      we report that the same antibody, either as purified IgG or Fab fragments, also
      inhibits the extensive adhesion among granulocytes induced by phorbol ester.
      Inhibition of cell aggregation was not observed with monoclonal antibodies to C3b
      receptor, common leukocyte antigen T200, C3bi receptor, brain granulocyte-T
      lymphocyte antigen, IgG Fc receptor, class I transplantation antigen, or a
      granulocyte-specific antigen. Intercellular adhesion induced by either the
      chemotactic tripeptide N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) or the
      ionophore A23187 was also inhibited by antibody 60.3. However, this antibody did
      not affect phorbol ester-induced superoxide (O2-) generation or lysozyme release.
      Two major surface glycopolypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 92,000 and
      155,000 were immunoprecipitated from granulocytes. Dissociation of the protein
      complexes obtained from blood mononuclear cells and granulocytes indicated the
      presence of the epitope on the 90,000-92,000 molecular-weight components. It is
      thus concluded that the smallest glycopolypeptides mediate adhesion in human
      granulocytes and mononuclear leukocytes.

PMID- 2418495
TI  - An assessment of the extent of antigenic analogy between physiologically bound C3
      and C3 denatured by sodium dodecyl sulphate.
AB  - Three previously defined antigenic subsets of C3 (C3(S), C3(D) alpha and
      C3(D)beta) clearly distinguish native C3 from C3 that has been denatured in the
      presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (C3-SDS): C3-SDS expresses antigens of all 3
      subsets, while native C3 only expressed C3(S) antigens. The radioimmunometric
      assessment performed in this study revealed that 90% of the C3(S) and C3(D)alpha
      and 70% of the C3(D)beta antigens demonstrable in C3-SDS also was expressed by
      physiologically bound C3b on sheep erythrocytes. The antigenic properties of
      bound C3b were not shared by soluble C3b, which (like soluble C3) only expressed
      C3(S) antigens, nor did soluble C3b 'spontaneously' released from complement
      treated target cells express antigens other than C3(S). We therefore conclude
      that the expression of C3(D) antigens, under physiological conditions of
      activation, reflects a conformational modification unique for bound C3b and
      occurring to an extent comparable to that of C3 in the presence of a strong
      denaturant. Additional studies further revealed that the antigenic profile of
      bound C3b is determined by a heterogeneous population of molecules differing in
      their relative expression of the C3(S), C3(D)alpha and C3(D)beta subsets.

PMID- 2418496
TI  - Characterization of the immune response to an epitope on Mycobacterium leprae
      antigen 7 defined by a monoclonal antibody.
AB  - A mouse monoclonal antibody (038D-C6) was shown by crossed immunoelectrophoresis
      and radioimmunoassay to react with an epitope on the Mycobacterium leprae antigen
      7. This epitope was highly crossreactive with BCG/M. tuberculosis and of a non
      arabinogalactan-arabinomannan nature. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) was
      applied, based on competitive inhibition by human sera of antigen binding by this
      anti-M. leprae monoclonal antibody. Inhibitory activity determined by this assay
      decreased markedly upon treatment in both lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy
      patients. A correlation was found between the bacterial load of the patient and
      the inhibitory activity measured in the SPRIA assay. Serum-inhibitory activity
      could therefore perhaps be used as a follow-up test for patients on treatment or
      as a screening method to detect infective cases. A dot enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay based, like the SPRIA assay, on competitive inhibition by
      human sera, was explored as an inexpensive and technically simple alternative
      also applicable under field conditions.

PMID- 2418497
TI  - A prospective comparative study on serum acid phosphatases in the diagnostics of
      prostatic cancer.
AB  - The diagnostic efficacy of two prostatic tumor markers, S-AP and S-PAP, was
      compared in a prospective clinical series consisting of 101 BPH- and 39 PCa
      patients. As a predictor of prostatic cancer the specificity of S-AP (greater
      than or equal to 12 U/1) and S-PAP-RIA (greater than or equal to 4 micrograms/1)
      was 0.97 and 0.96, and the sensitivity 0.21 and 0.41, respectively. The S-PAP-RIA
      value of over 8 micrograms/1 always predicted an inoperable prostatic cancer (T4
      or M1). The authors conclude that neither of these enzymes is suitable for the
      screening of early prostatic cancer, but the S-PAP-RIA might be a good predictor
      of inoperability of advanced prostatic cancer.

PMID- 2418498
TI  - [Effect of histamine on arrhythmia and its mechanism].

PMID- 2418499
TI  - [Entero-pancreatic circulation of digestive enzymes].

PMID- 2418500
TI  - Mutagenicity testing of water with fish: a step forward to a reliable assay.
AB  - A step forward has been set towards the realization of a reliable "sister
      chromatid" exchange (SCE) assay with fish for the detection of mutagens in water.
      This test can detect mutagenic contaminants in water without prior concentration
      steps. A healthy breeding stock of the tropical fish Nothobranchius rachowi has
      been set up in our laboratory. This fish is particularly suited for the SCE assay
      because of its low number of chromosomes. The major improvement consisted of the
      development of a reliable staining technique for the differentiation of sister
      chromatids. The assay can now be used for research purposes. With a few
      improvements it can become a rapid low-cost test for the screening of effluents
      on contamination with DNA-damaging agents.

PMID- 2418501
TI  - Putative reverse transcriptase intermediates of human hepatitis B virus in
      primary liver carcinomas.
AB  - Nucleocapsid-pol fusion proteins have been detected by serological screening
      hepatocellular carcinoma tissues that contain hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA. The
      existence of these fusion proteins suggests that HBV may synthesize its reverse
      transcriptase in a fashion analogous to the way that retroviruses synthesize and
      process a precursor. The accumulation of HBV reverse transcriptase intermediates
      in tumorous tissues and not in other tissues may be related to the absence of
      viral core particles and possibly contributes to tumor development.

PMID- 2418502
TI  - Long-term cultures of HTLV-III--infected T cells: a model of cytopathology of T
      cell depletion in AIDS.
AB  - Long-term cultures were established of HTLV-III-infected T4 cells from patients
      with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and of T4 cells from normal
      donors after infection of the cells in vitro. By initially reducing the number of
      cells per milliliter of culture medium it was possible to grow the infected cells
      for 50 to 60 days. As with uninfected T cells, immunologic activation of the HTLV
      III-infected cells with phytohemagglutinin led to patterns of gene expression
      typical of T-cell differentiation, such as production of interleukin-2 and
      expression of interleukin-2 receptors, but in the infected cells immunologic
      activation also led to expression of HTLV-III, which was followed by cell death.
      The results revealed a cytopathogenic mechanism that may account for T4 cell
      depletion in AIDS patients and suggest how repeated antigenic stimulation by
      infectious agents, such as malaria in Africa, or by allogeneic blood or semen,
      may be important determinants of the latency period in AIDS.

PMID- 2418503
TI  - Expression and modulation of voltage-gated calcium channels after RNA injection
      in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - Calcium ions flow into cells through several distinct classes of voltage
      dependent calcium-selective channels. Such fluxes play important roles in
      electrical signaling at the cell membrane and in chemical signaling within cells.
      Further information about calcium channels was obtained by injecting RNA isolated
      from rat brain, heart and skeletal muscle into Xenopus oocytes. Macroscopic
      currents through voltage-operated calcium channels were resolved when the
      endogenous calcium-dependent chloride current was blocked by replacing external
      calcium with barium and chloride with methanesulfonate. The resulting barium
      current was insensitive to tetrodotoxin but was completely blocked by cadmium or
      cobalt. With both heart and brain RNA at least two distinct types of calcium ion
      conductance were found, distinguishable by their time course and inactivation
      properties. In oocytes injected with heart RNA, the slowly inactivating component
      was selectively blocked by the calcium-channel antagonist nifedipine. Barium ion
      currents induced by heart RNA were modulated by isoproterenol, cyclic adenosine
      monophosphate, and acetylcholine.

PMID- 2418504
TI  - Characterization of highly immunogenic p66/p51 as the reverse transcriptase of
      HTLV-III/LAV.
AB  - Approximately 80 percent of all human sera that react with antigens of HTLV-III,
      the etiologic agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), recognize
      protein bands at 66 and 51 kilodaltons. A mouse hybridoma was produced that was
      specific to these proteins. Repeated cloning of the hybridoma did not separate
      the two reactivities. The p66/p51 was purified from HTLV-III lysates by
      immunoaffinity chromatography and subjected to NH2-terminal Edman degradation.
      Single amino acid residues were obtained in 17 successive degradation cycles. The
      sequence determined was a perfect translation of the nucleotide sequence of a
      portion of the HTLV-III pol gene. The purified p66/51 had reverse transcriptase
      activity and the monoclonal immunoglobulin G specifically removed the enzyme
      activity from crude viral extract as well as purified enzyme.

PMID- 2418505
TI  - [Symbolic significance of sleep and dreams].

PMID- 2418506
TI  - Extrarectal colonic carcinoma: analysis of 138 cases with long-term follow-up.
AB  - To identify factors that determine long-term survival after resection of
      extrarectal colonic cancer, we analyzed 138 such patients operated upon in a five
      year period. Because rectal tumors have lower survival rates, they were excluded
      hoping to enhance the prognostic accuracy of the study. The sigmoid colon was the
      most common location of the tumor (59%) followed by the ascending (19%), the
      transverse (15%), and the descending colon (9%). In 95 patients (69%), operation
      was curative. In 12 patients (9%), a resection even with palliative aims could
      not be done. The five-year survival rates were 87% for 23 patients with Dukes' A
      and B lesions, 62% for 32 patients with Dukes' B2 lesions, 36% for 42 patients
      with Dukes' C1 lesions, and 0% for 34 patients with Dukes' C2 or higher. The
      overall five-year survival rate was 42%. These results emphasize the prognostic
      reliability of pathologic staging methods and bring into focus the importance of
      enhancing efforts for detecting extrarectal colonic cancers at early stages of
      development when curative resection offers maximal chances for cure.

PMID- 2418507
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: continuing poor prognosis among
      veterans.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 26 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the
      esophagus treated at our center over a five-year period showed that the prognosis
      of this condition was still poor, with a mean length of survival of only 29 weeks
      after diagnosis; 88% of this period was spent in the hospital. The one-year
      survival rate was 23%. There were no two-year survivors. No major difference in
      survival based on method of treatment was evident though the groups were not
      truly comparable. We believe that a more thorough initial work-up including
      computerized tomography (CT) of the chest and upper abdomen in all cases would be
      invaluable in more accurately assessing the degree of spread. More frequent use
      of dilation and stents for palliation, rather than gastrostomy or jejunostomy
      will improve both survival and the quality of remaining life.

PMID- 2418508
TI  - Acute leukemia in patients with breast cancer.
AB  - Symptoms related to pancytopenia were the earliest signs of acute myelogenous
      leukemia (AML) in two patients with breast cancer. Although some patients with
      breast cancer may be predisposed to AML, prolonged treatment with alkylating
      agents may be leukemogenic.

PMID- 2418509
TI  - Gastric pneumatosis intestinalis associated with cholangiocarcinoma.
AB  - Classic roentgenographic features of gastric pneumatosis intestinalis in a 59
      year-old woman were associated with gastric outlet obstruction due to
      cholangiocarcinoma. These findings must be distinguished from pneumoperitoneum.

PMID- 2418510
TI  - Cyclosporine.
AB  - Cyclosporine is a fungal metabolite increasingly used as an immunosuppressive
      agent in organ transplantation. It provides immunosuppression primarily through
      reversible inhibition of T-lymphocytes, without myelotoxicity. Cyclosporine
      appears to inhibit primary activation of helper cells and to decrease the
      production of lymphokines by these cells. Cyclosporine becomes widely distributed
      into tissue compartments and is metabolized primarily by the liver. Serum trough
      levels, measured by radioimmunoassay or high pressure liquid chromatography, are
      commonly monitored and sometimes used for dose adjustments. Cyclosporine has been
      used in human renal, cardiac, liver, bone marrow, and pancreatic transplantation,
      as well as in other experimental animal models. It has a narrow therapeutic
      index, with major complications arising from nephrotoxicity, hypertension, and
      hepatotoxicity. Cyclosporine also has some antischistosomal and antimalarial
      activity.

PMID- 2418511
TI  - [Hemostatic therapy of dysfunctional uterine hemorrhage].

PMID- 2418512
TI  - [Paragonimiasis on the American continent].

PMID- 2418513
TI  - [Diabetic maculopathy and proliferative retinopathy: their relation and the
      results of photocoagulation].

PMID- 2418514
TI  - [Functional and morphologic changes in the pancreas in the dog after obliteration
      of the ducts with a synthetic polymer].

PMID- 2418515
TI  - [Spinal anesthesia and guided block of the obturator nerves in endoscopic bladder
      surgery].

PMID- 2418516
TI  - [Incidence of gamma T (HbF Sardinia) in a gypsy community of South Spain].

PMID- 2418517
TI  - Adjuvant chemotherapy.
AB  - At present, adjuvant chemotherapy exerts no significant impact on long-term
      survival and only occasionally provides brief palliation in head and neck cancer.
      The major contribution of chemotherapy has been in the preoperative period, when
      therapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma may render some patients candidates
      for curative operations or radiotherapy. This article discusses the use of single
      agent chemotherapy, combination chemotherapy, and combination irradiation and
      surgery as well as the advantages of adjuvant chemosurgery.

PMID- 2418518
TI  - New strategies of immunotherapy.

PMID- 2418519
TI  - Immunotoxicity of immunotherapeutic agents.

PMID- 2418520
TI  - Detrimental effects of four hours of cold storage on porcine pancreaticoduodenal
      transplantation.
AB  - Transplantation of the pancreaticoduodenal allograft (PDA) has recently been
      advocated as a technique that is superior to the use of the segmental allograft.
      However, the effect of simple cold storage preservation on the PDA has not been
      studied. We investigated the effect of 24 and 4 hours of cold storage in
      Eurocollins solution on porcine PDA function after transplantation in
      pancreatectomized pigs. A regimen of cyclosporine and prednisone was used, which
      prevented rejection for at least 28 days after transplantation. Cold storage
      preservation for 24 hours uniformly resulted in PDA failure. Compared with
      recipients of immediately transplanted PDA, recipients of PDA cold stored for 4
      hours had marked plasma hyperamylasemia (10,000 U/L versus 1932 U/L), relative
      glucose intolerance (K value -2.15 versus -2.66), hypoinsulinemia (peak
      immunoreactive insulin 11.0 microU/ml versus 34.7 microU/ml), and an abnormal
      pattern of insulin secretion as demonstrated with intravenous glucose tolerance
      testing. There was also a higher incidence of technical complications in the
      group transplanted with cold-stored PDAs. Our results suggest that there is a
      detrimental effect on porcine PDA function after only 4 hours of cold storage in
      Eurocollins solution.

PMID- 2418521
TI  - [Effects of ethmozine and ethacizin on the central hemodynamics, peripheral
      vascular tonus and tissue oxygenation in patients with ventricular rhythm
      disorders and cardiac insufficiency].
AB  - Daily monitoring of the ECG, catheterization of the pulmonary artery, tetrapolar
      chest rheography, occlusion plethysmography and polarography were employed to
      study the antiarrhythmic efficacy and the effects on the central and peripheral
      circulation of the new antiarrhythmic etmozine and etacyzine. Twenty-two patients
      with a frequent chronic ventricular premature heart beat (PHB) and clinically
      marked circulatory failure (CF) were entered into the study. Intake of etmozine
      (600 to 800 mg daily) and etacyzine (100 to 300 mg daily) over 5 to 6 days
      exerted a positive antiarrhythmic effect in 52.6 and 83.3% of the patients,
      respectively. Etmozine did not produce any adverse hemodynamic action, whereas
      etacyzine brought about an insignificant increase in the stroke and minute
      volumes of the heart (12.3 and 9.8%, respectively). However, the lack of an
      increase in the heart rate (HR), diastolic pressure in the pulmonary artery and
      regional vascular resistance (RVR), and no significant rise of the preload
      (systolic pressure in the right atrium) and afterload (elevation of the mean
      arterial blood pressure and RVR) attest to the fact that etacyzine has a
      negligible adverse hemodynamic action in CF patients. Intravenous injection of
      etmozine does not elicit any changes in the RVR or in the venous tone. Meanwhile
      intravenous injection of etacyzine leads to a significant reduction in the RVR
      (23.3%). The treatment with both etmozine and etacyzine given in courses promotes
      the improvement of the microcirculation and tissue oxygen metabolism in patients
      presenting with CF. More pronounced positive shifts in the microcirculation were
      achieved with etacyzine. Apparently, this bears on a more demonstrable
      arteriolodilatation effect of the drug.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2418522
TI  - [In vitro study of the binding of psoralens to keratin].

PMID- 2418523
TI  - Tyrosine phosphorylation of platelet protein induced by phorbol ester.
AB  - The presence of phosphotyrosine in proteins from washed rabbit platelets was
      demonstrated by electrophoresis and by alkali stability of phosphorylated
      polypeptides. The phosphotyrosine content increased about twofold by treating the
      platelets with PMA in spite of the fact that the specific activity of labeled ATP
      was unchanged. It was shown that phosphorylated proteins with apparent molecular
      weight of 48k, 53k and 250k were alkali-stable. Although phosphorylation of 48k
      protein in platelets was stimulated by 1 U thrombin as well as by 100 ng PMA,
      only the phosphorylated samples from PMA-treated platelets were alkali-stable.
      The 48k protein from platelets stimulated by PMA showed the fivefold increase of
      32P-tyrosine content as compared with the control. Relatively lower increase of
      32P-serine or 32P-threonine, 2- and 1.7-fold respectively, was thereby observed.
      The differences in time-sequence between 48k and 250k protein of total and alkali
      stable phosphorylations suggested that tyrosine phosphorylation of 48k protein is
      the earliest event after the PMA-stimulation.

PMID- 2418524
TI  - Specificity of monoclonal antibodies to factor VIII:C.
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies (42 IgG, 47 IgG, 56 IgG) towards factor-VIII:C
      (VIII:C) have been produced. In ELISA for VIII:C-antigen (VIII:CAg), 47 IgG
      showed higher affinity for VIII:CAg than 42 IgG and 56 IgG. In solid phase
      immunoisolation of iodinated VIII:C diluted in EDTA buffer, the three
      monoclonals, like human VIII:C inhibitors, bound the 77/80 kD-light chain of
      VIII:C. In the absence of EDTA, 56 IgG bound the heavy chain-light chain complex
      of VIII:C, while 47 IgG was only able to bind the light chain. When coupled on
      Sepharose, 56 IgG adsorbed coagulation active VIII:C, while 47 IgG was only able
      to adsorb coagulation inactive VIII:CAg. In coagulation assay 56 IgG inhibited
      with 20 BU/mg while 42 IgG and 47 IgG inhibited with 4 BU/mg. A mixture of 42 IgG
      and 56 IgG showed a synergistic effect and inhibited with 50 BU/mg total IgG. In
      radioimmunoassay a human VIII:C inhibitor was able to inhibit the VIII:C binding
      of 42 IgG and 56 IgG but not of 47 IgG. The monoclonals did not inhibit each
      other. On the contrary, 56 IgG increased the binding of 42 IgG to VIII:C.

PMID- 2418525
TI  - Platelet membrane potential: simultaneous measurement of diSC3(5) fluorescence
      and optical density.
AB  - The role of membrane potential in the activation of human platelets by thrombin,
      ADP and PAF was assessed, using the fluorescent probe diSC3(5). Thrombin, ADP and
      PAF transiently depolarised the platelet membrane by 6-8 mV from its resting
      level (-70 mV). This depolarisation had a similar time course to that of shape
      change. The ionophores valinomycin and gramicidin hyperpolarised and depolarised
      the platelets respectively but did not activate them. In contrast, exposure of
      platelets to high K+ media both depolarised and caused them to change shape.
      Removal of Na+ from the suspension media abolished the depolarisation induced by
      thrombin, ADP and PAF but the platelets under these conditions were still capable
      of changing shape and aggregating. This result indicates that the observed
      depolarisation depends on Na+ fluxes. Amiloride or tetrodotoxin did not mimic the
      effect of Na+ removal suggesting that any Na+ movement involved does not go
      through the classic "Na+ channel". Thrombin, ADP and PAF still depolarised the
      platelet membrane in the absence of added Ca++. Under these conditions, however,
      the membrane did not repolarise. It is evident that all three agents, thrombin,
      ADP and PAF, change the membrane potential of human washed platelets through a
      similar mechanism and this change seems to be a consequence of stimulus-receptor
      interaction (and platelet activation?). A causal relationship however between
      these events cannot be clearly shown.

PMID- 2418526
TI  - Effect of dextran on factor VIII/von Willebrand factor structure and function.
AB  - Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor was analyzed before and after the infusion of
      500 ml of Dextran 70 to normal volunteers. Factor VIII procoagulant activity,
      factor VIII related antigen and ristocetin cofactor activity showed a significant
      decrease, reaching after six hours the minimum level, which did not correlate
      with the hemodilution effect caused by dextran. Ristocetin-induced platelet
      agglutination (RIPA) in volunteers' platelet-rich plasma (PRP) did not show any
      significant change between preinfusion time and six hours after the infusion.
      Multimeric analysis of von Willebrand factor (vWF) showed a progressive decrease
      of all the multimers which was more pronounced in the largest multimers. No
      change was seen in the "triplet" structure of vWF. No effect was noticed when
      dextran was incubated "in vitro" either with PRP or platelet-poor plasma. The
      modification induced by dextran is close to the pattern seen in subtype Ib von
      Willebrand's disease.

PMID- 2418527
TI  - The effect of pentosan polysulphate (SP54) on the fibrinolytic enzyme system--a
      human volunteer and experimental animal study.
AB  - Pentosan polysulphate causes an increase in plasminogen activator activity in
      plasma both after oral ingestion and after subcutaneous injection. The effect is
      greatest after 3 h and has disappeared by 6 h. Repeat doses by mouth over 5 days
      elicit a similar response. The recorded increase in activity is due largely to
      the release of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) from the endothelium
      according to the antigen assay although there could be a small contribution from
      Factor XII-related "intrinsic" fibrinolysis induced in vitro. SP54 enhances
      activity ex vivo by a non-specific surface effect, and this phenomenon may
      contribute the increased levels of activity seen in vitro. Administration of SP54
      to animals elicits a similar increase in activator activity, the intramuscular
      route being slightly more effective. Results with an inferior vena cava
      thrombosis model in the rat suggest that pentosan polysulphate may induce a
      thrombolytic effect.

PMID- 2418528
TI  - [The usefulness of the refractometer in the assessment of colostrum and various
      factors affecting serum gamma globulin levels in newborn calves].
AB  - The effects of a number of factors on the concentration of gamma globulins in the
      serum of newborn calves were studied in 181 calves from six different dairy farms
      as was also the use of the refractometer test in controlling the ingestion of
      colostrum. The refractometer test was found to be reliable in controlling the
      concentration of gamma globulins in the serum of calves up to the sixth day of
      life. The factors 'time the first colostrum was ingested', 'amount of first
      colostrum ingested' and the 'concentration of gamma globulins in the colostrum'
      were found to account for 23.5 per cent of the variations in serum gamma globulin
      concentration; this became 42.4 per cent when the 'system of administration' and
      the 'farm-bound factors' were also taken into account. The first colostrum is
      best ingested when it is offered in a pail or bottle provided with a nipple.
      Calves of heifers were found to show a lower concentration of gamma globulins in
      the serum than did calves of older cows.

PMID- 2418529
TI  - [Pesticides and industrial contaminants in animal feed and in food of animal
      origin].
AB  - Examples of contamination of animal feed and food-stuffs of animal origin by
      pesticides and industrial contaminants such as hexachlorobenzene (HCB),
      polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) and
      tetrachloroethylene (TCE) are reported in the present paper. The need for an
      effective co-operation between investigators and policy makers is stressed in
      these examples, so that the best practical solution to the problems observed
      could be provided.

PMID- 2418530
TI  - [The effect of lowering the hematocrit on polycythemia and thrombocytopenia in
      congenital cyanotic heart defect].
AB  - The clinical history of a 15 year old girl with Down's syndrome and a complete
      atrioventricular septal defect undergoing blood-letting and plasma administration
      as a palliative treatment of polycythaemia and thrombocytopenia. A clear clinical
      improvement and a rapid increase of the thrombocyte count has been observed. The
      palliative treatment has to be continued with intervals after the therapeutic
      trial.

PMID- 2418531
TI  - A monoclonal antibody recognizing a polymorphic determinant on HLA-DR antigens
      except DR7 and DRw9.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody, HU-26, was shown to recognize a polymorphic determinant on
      HLA-DR molecules except DR7 and DRw9 by serological and immunochemical analyses.

PMID- 2418532
TI  - ABO blood group antigens of human spermatozoa.
AB  - ABO blood group antigens on the membrane of human spermatozoa were investigated
      with the peroxidase-labelled antibody test. Spermatozoa from O secretor were
      incubated with saliva or seminal plasma of A and B secretors, but the specific
      peroxidase staining was negative. This result indicates that blood group antigens
      on human spermatozoa originate from spermatozoon itself, but not from seminal
      plasma.

PMID- 2418533
TI  - Anti-estrogenic action of chlordecone in rat pituitary gonadotrophs in vitro.
AB  - Estradiol-17 beta (E2) enhances the response of rat pituitary gonadotrophs to
      gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in vitro. This effect of E2 on rat
      gonadotrophs in vitro was applied as a model to study the estrogenic or anti
      estrogenic activity of chlordecone in gonadotrophs. Rat pituitary cell cultures
      were treated with E2 (10(-10) M), chlordecone (10(-7) to 10(-5) M), or both
      before a 6-hr challenge of D-Lys6-GnRH (GnRH-A). Secretion of luteinizing hormone
      (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) during the 6-hr of GnRH-A treatment
      was measured. Pretreatment of cells with E2 for 2 days increased the GnRH-A
      stimulated LH and FSH secretion approximately twofold. This effect of E2 was
      antagonized by the coexistence of chlordecone in a dose-dependent manner. The
      effect of E2 (10(-10) M) could be totally abolished by 10(-6) M chlordecone.
      Further, chlordecone alone had little or no effect on basal secretion of LH and
      FSH, but it significantly suppressed the response of gonadotrophs to GnRH-A.
      [Mirex, a compound with a similar chemical structure to chlordecone, did not
      suppress GnRH-A-stimulated secretion of LH or FSH under any condition tested.]
      The present study demonstrated that chlordecone had two specific effects on rat
      pituitary gonadotrophs: (1) to antagonize the effects of estrogen, and (2) to
      reduce the response of gonadotrophs to GnRH-A. Thus, chlordecone is not
      estrogenic in rat pituitary cells in vitro.

PMID- 2418534
TI  - Antithyroid effects of propylthiouracil and sulfamonomethoxine in rats and
      monkeys.
AB  - Experiments were performed to investigate the species difference in antithyroid
      effects of propylthiouracil (PTU) and sulfamonomethoxine (SMM). Sprague-Dawley
      rats were administered 30 mg/kg of PTU, or 30 or 270 mg/kg of SMM orally for 5
      weeks, while squirrel monkeys received 30 mg/kg of PTU or 270 mg/kg of SMM. In
      rats receiving 30 mg/kg of PTU, a decrease of both serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine
      and thyroxine concentrations and of 131I incorporation into the thyroid hormone
      precursors was observed, together with elevation of serum thyroid-stimulating
      hormone concentration, an increase in thyroid weight, and hyperplasia of the
      follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Similar changes were seen in rats
      receiving 270 mg/kg of SMM; however, the antithyroid effects of SMM were less
      severe than those of PTU. No change was produced in monkey thyroids by 5-week
      treatments with 30 mg/kg of PTU or with 270 mg/kg of SMM. The molar concentration
      of PTU required for the in vitro inhibition of thyroid peroxidase was markedly
      lower in rats than in monkeys. SMM showed a similar species difference in the
      inhibition of thyroid peroxidase in vitro, but the enzyme inhibition of SMM was
      weaker than that of PTU. These findings suggest that rats were more sensitive to
      the antithyroid effects of PTU and SMM than monkeys, and that inhibition of
      thyroid peroxidase may play an important role in species difference in the
      antithyroid effects of the two drugs.

PMID- 2418535
TI  - Scanning electron microscopic changes in vaginal epithelium of suckling neonatal
      mice in response to estradiol or insecticide chlordecone (Kepone) passage in
      milk.
AB  - Groups of lactating mice received daily 9 intraperitoneal injections consisting
      of the following chemicals: sesame oil only or 10.0, 20.0 or 40.0 micrograms
      estradiol-17 beta or 250.0, 500.0 or 1000.0 micrograms chlordecone. Reproductive
      tracts and vaginal surface changes were examined in the neonates that were nursed
      by the treated lactating dams for 12 days. Ingestion of milk from dams treated
      with estradiol or chlordecone did not produce any toxic symptoms or mortality in
      the offspring. However, the neonatal reproductive tract weights and vaginal
      epithelium exhibited significant changes indicating the passage of these
      compounds in milk. The vaginal epithelium in the neonates that nursed the
      estradiol-treated dams exhibited mucification, keratinization, and desquamation.
      Neonates that ingested milk from chlordecone-treated dams exhibited similar but
      dose-dependent changes in the vaginal canals. However, the keratinized vaginal
      cells in these mice were morphologically different and lacked the well-developed
      microridge patterns on the cell surfaces that characterized keratinized cells in
      the estradiol group. The significance of these changes on the reproductive
      functions in adult animals are discussed in the text.

PMID- 2418536
TI  - Isoparaffinic solvent-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat.
AB  - Prolonged inhalation exposure to 6.5 mg/l of an isoparaffinic solvent consisting
      of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (SAHC) resulted in both functional and
      morphological renal changes in male rats to the exclusion of female or castrated
      rats. Functionally, the increased excretion of lactate dehydrogenase in the
      absence of an increased beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase excretion together with a
      decreased urinary concentrating ability upon water deprivation and slower
      antinatriuretic response when the sodium intake is abruptly reduced, suggest a
      distal tubular alteration. beta 2-Microglobulin excretion is unchanged indicating
      good proximal tubular cell function. The increased excretion of albumin and
      slightly lowered glomerular filtration rate suggest a moderate glomerular
      impairment. Light microscopy shows prominent hyaline droplet accumulation in
      proximal tubular cells and a few scattered foci of regenerative epithelia in both
      proximal and distal cells of the deep cortex. The urinary clearance of the major
      male rat urinary protein, alpha 2u-globulin, is similar in control and exposed
      rats but the latter have a 10-fold greater renal accumulation of this protein
      while the hepatic levels are identical in both groups. It is concluded that SAHC
      exposure causes moderate and reversible tubular and also glomerular changes in
      the male rat kidney.

PMID- 2418537
TI  - Evaluation of a new tetrodotoxin preparation.

PMID- 2418538
TI  - Actions of 4-epitetrodotoxin and anhydrotetrodotoxin on the squid axon.
AB  - The actions of the newly discovered 4-epitetrodotoxin and of anhydrotetrodotoxin
      have been studied on the internally perfused squid giant axon under voltage
      clamped conditions. Both compounds are selective in blocking only the sodium
      channel. The concentration for reducing the sodium current to one-half is 13.2 nM
      for 4-epitetrodotoxin and 298 nM for anhydrotetrodotoxin. Compared with
      tetrodotoxin, the relative potencies are 0.39 for 4-epitetrodotoxin and 0.018 for
      anhydrotetrodotoxin. The results suggest that hydrogen bonding at C-4 and C-9 is
      an important contributing force in binding to the membrane receptor site.

PMID- 2418540
TI  - In vitro effect of aflatoxin B1 on rat liver macrophages (Kuffer cells).
AB  - The effect of aflatoxin B1 on the uptake and incorporation of [3H]leucine and
      [3H]uridine and on phagocytosis of latex particles was studied using cultures of
      rat liver macrophages (Kuffer cells). Aflatoxin B1 inhibited the incorporation of
      both isotopes, but inhibition of uridine incorporation was greater than that of
      leucine, suggesting that RNA synthesis was a major site of inhibition. Aflatoxin
      B1 also inhibited phagocytosis of latex particles in a time- and dose-dependent
      manner.

PMID- 2418539
TI  - Inhibition of RNA synthesis and interleukin-2 production in lymphocytes in vitro
      by benzene and its metabolites, hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone.
AB  - The effects of benzene and its metabolites, hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone (PBQ)
      on RNA synthesis in mouse spleen lymphocytes in vitro were studied. Benzene and
      the quinones were shown to inhibit RNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner at
      concentrations which had no significant effect on lymphocyte viability.
      Furthermore, 5 microM PBQ, the putative toxic metabolite of benzene, was shown to
      inhibit the formation of the T-cell growth factor IL-2. These results suggest
      that inhibition of RNA synthesis in lymphocytes by benzene may prevent the
      production of factors required for hemopoiesis and thus contribute to the
      aplastic anemia caused by benzene.

PMID- 2418541
TI  - Developing rat brain monoamine levels following in utero exposure to a mixture of
      2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acids.
AB  - Pregnant rats were gavaged with a 1:1 mixture of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
      (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) at 0 (G0), 50 (G 50) and
      100 (G 100) mg/kg per day on gestational days 6-15. Treatment significantly (P
      less than 0.05) delayed ontogeny of dopamine (DA), but not norepinephrine (NE)
      levels, in the thalamus-hypothalamus on postnatal day 7; in the pons-medulla on
      days 7,9 and 15; and in the olfactory lobes on day 9. On day 25, serotonin (5-HT)
      levels were significantly decreased in the pons-medulla of G 100 rats, whereas 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels decreased in the thalamus-hypothalamus
      and pons-medulla of G 50 and G 100 rats.

PMID- 2418542
TI  - Comparison of in vivo and in vitro methods for assessing effects of allyl alcohol
      on the liver.
AB  - Allyl alcohol was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) to female Fischer 344
      rats at doses of 0, 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg daily for 7 days. Plasma sorbitol
      dehydrogenase was minimally elevated. No dose-related changes were observed in
      hexobarbital oxidation, aniline hydroxylation, or ethylmorphine demethylation.
      Aldrin epoxidation was slightly elevated. Naphthol glucuronidation and
      glutathione-S-transferase activity with 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene were
      increased. Results from in vivo studies on the metabolism of lindane were in
      close agreement with the in vitro measurements suggesting that daily treatment
      for one week with allyl alcohol at doses of 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg has no significant
      effect on phase I pathways, has a selective effect on phase II pathways and,
      under the conditions of this experiment, has minimal hepatotoxic effects in these
      rats.

PMID- 2418543
TI  - Comparison of in vitro methods and the in vivo metabolism of lindane for
      assessing the effects of repeated administration of ethanol on hepatic drug
      metabolism.
AB  - In vitro methods of assessing alterations in drug metabolism and the measurement
      of lindane metabolites in urine were compared for their ability to determine the
      influence of ethanol on drug metabolism. Ethanol was administered
      intraperitoneally (i.p.) to young adult female rats daily for 7 days at doses of
      0.12, 0.60 and 3.0 ml/kg. No alterations were observed in ethylmorphine
      demethylation, hexobarbital oxidation or glucuronyltransferase. Aniline
      hydroxylation was decreased at the high dose level and aldrin epoxidation was
      increased at the intermediate dose. In vivo only the high dose of ethanol
      produced significant changes with significant increases observed for the
      oxidation of lindane to alcohol metabolites, the glucuronidation of the alcohol
      but not the chlorophenol metabolites, and glutathione conjugation. The latter
      increase was also observed in vitro. The in vivo and in vitro data suggest a
      minimal effect of ethanol on drug metabolism at low levels of administration.

PMID- 2418544
TI  - Comparison of in vivo and in vitro methods for assessing the effects of
      phenobarbital on the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme system.
AB  - The effect of daily i.p. injections of 0, 1, 10 and 80 mg/kg phenobarbital for 1
      week on the activity of the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme system was measured
      in the rat by a model substrate assay employing lindane (gamma-HCH) and by a
      battery of in vitro enzyme assays. Comparison of the dose-response curves of the
      in vivo and in vitro assays indicated that urinary metabolites of lindane
      provided a good index of phenobarbital-induced change in both phase I and phase
      II reactions.

PMID- 2418545
TI  - A combined Bodian-Nissl stain for improved network analysis in neuronal cell
      culture.
AB  - Bodian and Nissl procedures were combined to stain dissociated mouse spinal cord
      cells cultured on coverslips. The Bodian technique stains fine neuronal processes
      in great detail as well as an intracellular fibrillar network concentrated around
      the nucleus and in proximal neurites. The Nissl stain clearly delimits neuronal
      cytoplasm in somata and in large dendrites. A combination of these techniques
      allows the simultaneous depiction of neuronal perikarya and all afferent and
      efferent processes. Costaining with little background staining by either
      procedure suggests high specificity for neurons. This procedure could be
      exploited for routine network analysis of cultured neurons.

PMID- 2418546
TI  - Reliable preparative procedures for the cytological study of yolk-laden insect
      eggs and embryos.
AB  - Yolk-laden insect eggs and embryos are easy to fix and section by the following
      procedure: Fix with non- or slightly coagulant solutions after opening the
      envelopes for large eggs, or after superficial fixation and removal of the
      vitelline membrane for small ones. Carefully embed fixed and washed specimens in
      a thick agar gel. Dehydrate trimmed agar blocks, first with 70% ethanol, then
      with 2-ethoxy-ethanol. After optional immersion in butanol-1, embed in Steedman's
      "Ester wax 1960." Section, mount and stain like paraffin sections. Results are
      compared to the cryosectioning method recently described by Hartmann.

PMID- 2418547
TI  - Improvements in dehydration and cement line staining for methacrylate embedded
      human bone biopsies.
AB  - Undemineralized methacrylate embedded bone biopsies and other bone specimens can
      be processed much more rapidly by application of acidified 2,2-dimethoxypropane
      (DMP) dehydration, which requires two hours, than by traditional graded ethanol
      dehydration, which requires at least four days. This shortened processing time is
      valuable when biopsy results are urgently needed to detect osteomalacia or to
      determine bone features prior to possible parathyroidectomy. We have processed
      over 200 bone specimens with DMP and have compared DMP dehydration to graded
      ethanol dehydration in 11 biopsies in which two plugs were available from the
      same patient. DMP dehydration does not compromise the following: tetracycline
      retention, Goldner's stain, acid phosphatase localization or histochemical
      identification of aluminum. Cement lines, which provide a record of past
      remodelling, are useful in clinical interpretation of bone biopsies. We have
      adapted two stains, toluidine blue and methylene blue/basic fuchsin, for improved
      cement line identification. Five-micrometer sections individually demineralized
      in acetate buffer prior to cement line staining show best results with toluidine
      blue at pH 5.5 and with methylene blue/basic fuchsin at pH 2.5-3.5.

PMID- 2418548
TI  - Homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid modifications in CSF of patients
      with stroke and multi-infarct dementia.
AB  - Thirty four patients who had complete ischemic stroke confirmed by neurologic
      examination, were divided into three groups according to the time elapsed between
      the first signs of stroke and lumbar puncture: group A, 22-47 h; group B, 48-71
      h; group C, 72-96 h. Nineteen patients with multi-infarct dementia (MID) assessed
      by neurologic and neurophysiologic examinations were also studied. The severity
      of the neurological deficit was assessed by the Norris rating scale. Nine age
      matched subjects without neurologic disease served as controls. Levels of
      homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were determined
      in lumbar CSF by a fluorimetric method after separation on Sephadex G-10 columns.
      HVA levels decreased as the length of time after stroke increased and were lower
      than controls in MID, while 5-HIAA levels were low in group B and MID. Our
      results in stroke can be interpreted as showing they are the consequence of
      dopamine and serotonin global depletion in the early phases of brain ischemia. In
      MID, the CSF changes might reflect not only tissue loss secondary to multiple
      infarcts but also the persistence of a state of diffuse ischemia.

PMID- 2418550
TI  - Esophageal cancer palliation with endoscopic lasers.

PMID- 2418549
TI  - Altered membrane properties of cerebral vascular smooth muscle following
      subarachnoid hemorrhage: an electrophysiological study. I. Changes in resting
      membrane potential (Em) and effect on the electrogenic pump potential
      contribution to Em.
AB  - Subarachnoid hemorrhage was produced experimentally in cats by intracisternal
      injection of non-heparinized autologous arterial blood obtained by cardiac
      puncture under ketamine and xylazine anesthesia. Cats were sacrificed at varying
      time intervals between 30 min and 7 days post ictus. Measurements of resting
      membrane potential were recorded from smooth muscle cells of the basilar artery.
      These measurements were obtained by impalement from the adventitial surface of
      isolated but otherwise intact segments of the artery using glass microelectrodes
      with tip sizes less than 0.1 micron. The resting membrane potential recorded in
      vitro from animals previously subjected to subarachnoid hemorrhage in vivo was
      consistently and significantly depolarized when compared to normal controls. This
      depolarization was present as early as 30 min post ictus. Addition of the cardiac
      glycoside, ouabain, in a concentration of 10(-5)M depolarized cells from both
      control and experimental animals. There is a significant electrogenic pump
      potential contribution to the resting membrane potential of vascular smooth
      muscle cells. Ouabain is a potent blocker of Na+, K+-ATPase, the enzyme
      responsible for maintaining the cation electrochemical gradients. The
      depolarization recorded in these cells following subarachnoid hemorrhage is not,
      therefore, due to impairment of the electrogenic pump. The significance and
      implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2418551
TI  - Ingestion of hydroxyethyl starch by human leukocytes.
AB  - Following infusion into animals, hydroxyethyl starch (HES) can be found in nearly
      all tissues, including phagocytic leukocytes (WBCs) of the reticuloendothelial
      system (RES). Conceivably, the ingestion of HES molecules by these cells might
      lead to RES blockade. We studied the ability of WBCs obtained from human blood
      (neutrophils, mononuclear leukocytes, and mixtures of these cells) and from the
      RES (alveolar macrophages) to interact with radioactive HES in vitro in the
      presence of normal serum. In general, 14C-HES failed to associate with blood WBCs
      (i.e., the cells did not acquire significant amounts of radioactivity).
      Generally, less than 0.1 percent of radioactivity available in the reaction
      mixtures became cell associated. Moreover, when used as a phagocytic stimulus,
      HES elicited practically no superoxide anion production from blood WBCs. Alveolar
      macrophages acquired significant amounts of 14C-HES (presumably by ingestion).
      However, only tiny quantities (0.09%) of the total amount of radioactivity
      available in the reaction mixture became cell associated. Despite this slight
      interaction with alveolar macrophages, it seems unlikely that the internalization
      of HES by WBCs will lead to phagocytic dysfunction (such as RES blockade) in
      humans since human WBCs seem quite limited in their ability to interact with this
      drug.

PMID- 2418552
TI  - Public determinants of HLA indicated by pregnancy antibodies.
AB  - A tentative table of public specificities in the HLA-A and -B loci is provided.
      It is based on an all-inclusive survey of placenta extracts from 50,000
      pregnancies. We postulate that most of the specificities found are directed
      against public epitopes. In support of this postulate are the facts that certain
      combinations occur very frequently, monoclonal antibodies have been made to some
      of the epitopes, and some have already been established by absorption experiments
      as being a single specificity. The immunogenicity score for each private and
      public specificity was computed by taking into account the chance of
      immunization. It was shown that immunogenicity can vary by factors of more than
      ten between different specificities. Significantly, immunogenicity of the public
      epitopes was just as high as against the private ones. This indicates that the
      public epitopes should be considered as independent, separate antigens in
      transplantation. Establishment of a table of public specificities and the
      recognition of each by international nomenclature would be the first step in
      evaluating public epitopes for transplantation matching.

PMID- 2418553
TI  - [Electron microscopic study of Ag-protein localization in the nucleoli of human
      lymphocytes].
AB  - The present study was undertaken to provide more information on the
      ultrastructural localization of a silver reaction in normal resting and
      stimulated lymphocytes as well as leukaemic resting lymphocytes. The results
      obtained indicated that in the ring-shaped nucleoli of normal mature lymphocytes
      silver stained proteins (SSPs) were present mostly within single fibrillar
      centers. In the nucleoli of lymphocyte cultures, being in the presence of
      phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 6--72 hours, SSPs formed finger or loop-like
      protrusions from fibrillar centers towards the adjacent areas of the nucleoli. In
      the ring-shaped nucleoli of mature leukaemic lymphocytes SSPs are present not
      only within fibrillar centers, but also in protrusions diverging from fibrillar
      centers into the surrounding peripheral nucleolar ring. In this respect the
      nucleoli of leukaemic mature lymphocytes were similar to normal lymphocytes
      shortly after mitogen stimulation.

PMID- 2418554
TI  - [Heavy water inhibition of the transport of alkaline cations across the muscle
      membrane. I. A comparison of different types of sodium transfer].
AB  - The sodium efflux from the frog sartorius muscle into the media of different ion
      composition, prepared with ordinary and heavy water, was measured by radiotracer
      and flame-emission techniques. About the half of the sodium in muscles was
      substituted for lithium. The ouabain-sensitive, as well as external potassium-
      and external sodium-dependent components of the efflux were found to be totally
      inhibited in D2O, whereas the residual efflux observed in sodium- and potassium
      free magnesium medium was diminished in D2O only by one half. A conclusion is
      made that the decrease in sodium efflux in D2O is due to the inhibition of sodium
      transfer through the Na, K-ATPase transport system.

PMID- 2418555
TI  - [Cultured neuroblastoma cells in biochemical studies].
AB  - Neuroblastoma is a spontaneous tumour of animals and people. Tumour strains
      maintained as transplanted tumours and constant cell lines in suspension and
      monolayer cultures in vitro are obtained. The neuroblastoma cells are able to
      spontaneous and induced differentiation. The differentiated neuroblastoma cells
      have many specific properties of nature neurons and are a rather valuable object
      for solution of many problems in neurochemistry and general cell biology. It is
      neuroblastoma that has been used to show first the reversibility of neoplastic
      transformation and to carry out numerous studies to elucidate the mechanisms of
      cell differentiation. The neuroblastoma cell cultures are a convenient object for
      studying the ion channels and specifying the role of membrane lipids in their
      work.

PMID- 2418556
TI  - [Relation between the functional characteristics of fast sodium channels and
      lipid composition of neuroblastoma C1300 cells].
AB  - The paper deals with functional characteristics of fast sodium channels modified
      by liposomes of differentiated neuroblastoma cells. Cells with a 60% increased
      total cholesterol content were used. The cells were found to contain
      lysolecithin. In lecithin the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids was enhanced.
      It is established that veratrin added to the culture medium of cholesterol
      enriched cells increased the rate of 86Rb release to a greater extent than in the
      control cells. When studying the temperature dependence of veratrin-activated
      transport of Rb+ in the intact and lecithin-cholesterol-lyposomes-modified cells
      it was shown that the veratrin-activated Rb+ release is more sensitive to
      temperature fluctuations than nonactivated one. In this case it is higher in
      lecithin-cholesterol-lyposomes-modified cells than in intact ones.

PMID- 2418557
TI  - [Energy profile of a channel formed by alpha-latrotoxin in a bilayer phospholipid
      membrane].
AB  - Current-voltage characteristics are obtained for a channel formed by alpha
      latrotoxin when inserting into a bilayer lipid membrane separating solutions of
      different ionic composition. They are used for determining parameters of a two
      barrier model of this channel energy profile. It is shown that selectivity of
      these channels is based on the same principles that in the calcium channels of
      biological membranes and is mainly determined by the ion binding inside the
      channel. Affinity of the channel for the penetrating ions of alkali-earth metals
      decreases in the sequence: Mg2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Sr2+ approximately
      equal to Ba2+ and the blocking ability of the cations of transition metals
      increases in the series: Mn2+ less than Zn2+ approximately less than Ni2+
      approximately less than Co2+ less than Cd2+ much less than La3+. The channel
      gives the monovalent ions to pass through as well, its permeability being
      dependent on the concentration of divalent ions from the cis-, but not from the
      trans-side of the membrane.

PMID- 2418558
TI  - A role for electron microscopy in salivary gland neoplasms.
AB  - Undoubtedly, electron microscopy has a specific role to play in the diagnosis of
      a select group of salivary gland neoplasms. However, this tool has a current
      central role, along with immunohistochemical techniques, in elucidating
      morphogenetic processes in salivary gland tumors. New information gained from
      ultrastructural surveys of these tumors can be applied to improving
      classification and the diagnostic problems that are not infrequent for the
      surgical pathologist with salivary gland lesions.

PMID- 2418560
TI  - Undifferentiated retroperitoneal small cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2418559
TI  - Coexpression of intermediate filaments in human epithelial neoplasms.
AB  - A wide variety of human neoplasms were examined by immunocytochemical and
      ultrastructural techniques. In most, one intermediate filament (IF) type was
      expressed reflecting the tissue of origin. However, multiple classes of
      intermediate filaments were regularly found in a subgroup of these tumors. We
      chose to subdivide them into those with a complex or mixed growth pattern, and
      those which showed a more "monomorphic" histologic growth pattern. This latter
      group is the subject of this paper. Regular coexpression of cytokeratin and
      vimentin was observed in tumors of endometrial, thyroid, ovarian and renal
      origin, and coexpression of cytokeratin and neurofilament was observed in a
      subgroup of neuroendocrine tumors. Immunocytochemical/ultrastructural correlation
      demonstrated few, if any, observable intermediate filaments in tumors expressing
      only low molecular weight cytokeratin, whereas vimentin and neural filament
      characteristically were randomly dispersed or formed whorled bundles of
      cytoplasmic filaments. The potential diagnostic usefulness of these observations
      in surgical pathology is discussed.

PMID- 2418561
TI  - Oat-cell carcinoma, primary in parotid gland.

PMID- 2418562
TI  - Neuroendocrine skin carcinoma coexpressing cytokeratin and neurofilament
      proteins.
AB  - Neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinomas of the skin have been recognized as such
      for several years. Given the reported wide variability in the morphology and
      clinical evolution of these tumors, the notion that may they comprise several
      variants rather than a single type has been advocated. Electron microscopy has
      played a key role in the early recognition of these tumors while
      immunohistochemical studies for various neuroendocrine markers have facilitated
      their subsequent diagnosis and improved our understanding as to their complexity
      by the demonstration of immunoreactivity for NSE (neuron specific enolase) and a
      number of neuropeptides. There has also been considerable interest in the study
      of the cytoskeletal intermediate filament complement of neuroendocrine neoplasms
      in general and of those of the skin in particular. Early reports indicated that
      neuroendocrine skin carcinomas had neurofilaments while subsequent investigations
      determined that they had cytokeratin. However, more recent studies have indicated
      that at least some neuroendocrine skin carcinomas could in fact coexpress both
      aforementioned classes of intermediate filament proteins. This brief report is
      presented to confirm the latter investigations.

PMID- 2418563
TI  - Small round cell neoplasms: can electron microscopy and immunohistochemical
      studies accurately classify them?
AB  - The answer to the question posed in the title, "Small Round Cell Neoplasms: Can
      Electron Microscopy and Immunohistochemical Studies Accurately Classify Them?",
      is obviously "yes"; but a qualified yes--generally yes, perhaps with expertise
      usually yes, but never just plain yes. Some cases certainly will defy the best
      attempts even of the most expert in the application of these "special"
      techniques. And embarrassing as it may be for those of us infatuated with the
      latest technology to admit, it is with the difficult case especially that old
      fashioned technology so often must be depended upon. In his excellent recent
      appraisal of the role of a variety of special techniques in this application,
      Triche offers the following comment: "Overall, electron microscopy is probably
      the most universally useful of all diagnostic techniques other than light
      microscopy in round cell tumors." The data from our studies certainly point to
      the same conclusion. With each of the tumors, electron microscopy demonstrated
      itself to be more reliable than immunohistochemistry. Electron microscopy offers
      not only greater sensitivity and specificity, but also greater versatility.
      Immunohistochemistry allows hypothesis testing only. Electron microscopy, on the
      other hand, can provide answers even when the right questions are not being
      asked. For example, if a particular small round cell tumor under investigation
      happens in actuality to represent something other than the neuroblastoma which it
      is being considered (e.g., a granulocytic sarcoma, liposarcoma, Wilm's tumor,
      etc.), electron microscopy can reveal this fact, but a neuron-specific enolase
      stain cannot. Parenthetically, it should also be said that electron microscopy
      has proven particularly well suited to the examination of fine-needle aspiration
      specimens. The two spare many patients in our institution the need for a major
      operative procedure to establish a secure tissue diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry
      does have a role to play but it is, at least in our opinion, clearly secondary to
      that of electron microscopy. The concept of replacing electron microscopy with a
      battery of immunostains has often been advocated as an economic measure, but this
      argument begins quickly to lose its weight as the number stains included in the
      battery is increased to cover the diagnostic possibilities. Giving consideration
      to the capriciousness of some of these stains, there exists with this also an
      increasing possibility of a spurious or misinterpreted result leading to an
      errant diagnosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2418564
TI  - Bronchopulmonary carcinoid coexpressing neuroendocrine markers and cytokeratin.

PMID- 2418565
TI  - Idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis: a review with emphasis on ultrastructural and
      immunohistochemical features.
AB  - Fibrosing alveolitis is a usually chronic pulmonary disease affecting middle-aged
      men and women and causing progressive dyspnea. This review discusses the
      nosologic, etiologic, immunopathogenic, histologic, immunohistochemical and
      ultrastructural features of this condition. A hypothesis is presented suggesting
      microvascular damage as the primary pathologic change in cases associated with
      collagen vascular diseases and viral pneumonia.

PMID- 2418566
TI  - [Raynaud's phenomenon following treatment with cytostatics].

PMID- 2418567
TI  - [Preoperative prognosis of postoperative suppurativo-septic complications in
      prostatic adenoma patients].

PMID- 2418568
TI  - [Therapeutic and ethical problems of nephrostomy in tumor-related
      hydronephrosis].
AB  - A total of 101 patients with hydronephrosis due to tumor obstruction underwent
      palliative nephrostomies. The average survival was 8.6 months; after 3 months,
      32% of the patients were dead. The survival for patients with T3 tumors was 9.3
      and for patients with T4 tumors, 6.0 months. The general postoperative health
      status did not improve in any of the cases. Retrospectively, 42% of the patients
      did not feel that the nephrostomy had done any good. In 17% of the cases,
      progressive development of tumor growth was predictable at the time of
      nephrostomy.

PMID- 2418569
TI  - Perioperative use of carbenicillin in transurethral resection of prostate.

PMID- 2418570
TI  - [Use of terrilytin combined with lysozyme in the treatment of postoperative
      wounds in patients with laryngeal cancer].

PMID- 2418571
TI  - [Acalculous postoperative cholecystitis].

PMID- 2418572
TI  - [Surgical tactics in tumor-induced obstruction of the colon].
AB  - Results of treatment of 58 patients with the obturative colonic obstruction of
      tumorous genesis were analysed. It was concluded that after liquidation of
      obstruction by conservative measures the amount of radical interventions was 3
      times greater.

PMID- 2418573
TI  - [Increasing the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment of
      patients with stage IV arterial occlusive diseases of the lower limbs].
AB  - An analysis of treatment of 122 patients has shown that the effectiveness of HBO
      can be enhanced by a combination with continuous intraarterial infusions and
      lumbar sympathectomy. An important condition for reaching the maximum effect of
      HBO is an increase of the initially low cardiac output in such patients.

PMID- 2418574
TI  - Nasal rhinosporidiosis in the dog.
AB  - Rhinosporidiosis was diagnosed in six dogs from the southeastern United States.
      All six dogs had unilateral nasal polyps with multiple small white sporangia
      visible beneath the surface. Microscopically, the polyps consisted of organisms
      and fibrovascular tissue with a surface of columnar or squamous epithelium.
      Juvenile sporangia were unilamellar, 15-75 microns in diameter, nucleated, and
      accounted for about 65% of sporangia seen. Approximately 5% of the sporangia were
      in intermediate stages of maturation, were bilamellar, 100-150 microns in
      diameter, and contained immature endospores. Mature sporangia comprised about 30%
      of the total, were usually unilamellar, 100-400 microns in diameter, and
      contained a mixture of immature and mature endospores. The inner layer of the
      wall of the intermediate sporangia and the single wall of the mature sporangia
      were argyrophilic and carminophilic. Ultrastructurally, the earliest stage
      contained a nucleus and many ribosomes, lipid droplets, and phagolysosomes.
      Maturing sporangia contained discrete membrane-bound, round clevage products.
      These structures subsequently matured to spores, each of which had a wall and
      contained a nucleus and many lipid droplets. The organism from one dog was
      cultured and grown in vitro for 7 months and is the first successful cultivation
      of Rhinosporidium seeberi.

PMID- 2418575
TI  - Renal interstitial cell tumors in the dog.

PMID- 2418576
TI  - Progressive ataxia of Charolais cattle--an oligodendroglial dysplasia.

PMID- 2418577
TI  - Evidence for the reaction of bovine autoantibodies with Mycobacterium bovis.

PMID- 2418578
TI  - Immunohistochemical studies of endocrine cells in heterotopic pancreas.
AB  - Twenty-one specimens of heterotopic pancreas were investigated using the indirect
      immunoperoxidase method for insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, pancreatic
      polypeptide (PP) and gastrin. Ten specimens showed ducts, acini and islets, seven
      showed ducts and acini, and four showed a ductal component alone. Pyloric gland
      like mucous glands were occasionally identified in association with the ductal
      component. In eight of ten lesions containing islets, the islets were round and
      had a clearly defined outline with many glucagon cells and either none or a
      modest number of PP cells (dorsal type). In the remaining two lesions, the islets
      showed varying sizes and irregular outline with many PP cells and a few or no
      glucagon cells (ventral type). In either type of islets, insulin and somatostatin
      were detected, but gastrin cells were absent. Some isolated endocrine cells were
      also present among the acinar and ductal components. Their occurrence in ducts
      was more frequent in lesions or areas mainly composed of the ductal component
      than in those with less prominent ductal tissue. In eight lesions a few gastrin
      cells were found in the ductal component which showed goblet cell metaplasia and
      pyloric gland metaplasia. An intimate relationship between goblet cell metaplasia
      and appearance of G cells is noteworthy.

PMID- 2418579
TI  - O-acylated sialic acid variants in mucinous tumours of the ovary.
AB  - O-acylated sialic acid variants (site 8) can be demonstrated histochemically by
      the PB/KOH/PAS method. They are secreted by goblet cells of the lower
      gastrointestinal tract, by colorectal adenocarcinomas, and by their metastases.
      Since the metastases are positive only when the primary tumour is positive, O
      acylated sialomucins can be considered to be specific markers of colorectal
      adenocarcinomas if identified in metastases of a tumour of unknown origin. In our
      histochemical study we evaluated 29 mucinous cystomas of the ovary (23 benign and
      6 malignant). We found that six cases were positive to PB/KOH/PAS. The positivity
      was observed in a limited number of cells and only in areas which presented an
      intestinal type epithelium. It was also more evident in malignant cystomas than
      in benign ones. We therefore think that the PB/KOH/PAS positivity can not only be
      considered a marker of colorectal adenocarcinomas, but also of all neoplasms
      which originate from an intestinal epithelium or appear to an "intestinal type
      epithelium".

PMID- 2418580
TI  - Effects of acid on the basal lamina of the rat stomach and duodenum.
AB  - Rapid restitution of the gastric and intestinal epithelium after acute injury
      involves emigration of cells from the gastric glands and basal half of the
      intestinal villi. An intact basal lamina is prerequisite to the restitution
      process. The present study was performed to determine the effects of acid on the
      rat gastric and duodenal basal lamina. The basal lamina was denuded in vitro by
      ultrasonic vibration. The tissue was then immersed in 0.2 M mannitol (control) or
      in HCl (5-50 mM) for 10 min. Samples of the tissues were examined by transmission
      and scanning electron microscopy. Some samples were stained with ruthenium red to
      demonstrate glycosaminoglycans. The lower concentrations of acid (5 and 10 mM)
      had little or no effect on the structure of the basal lamina. However, exposure
      to 20 and 50 mM HCl caused extensive damage to the basal lamina and exposed the
      underlying connective tissue matrix of the lamina propria. Ruthenium red staining
      demonstrated differences in size and location of glycosaminoglycans within the
      basal laminae of stomach and intestine. Exposure to acid at concentrations of 20
      or 50 mM caused total loss of ruthenium red staining in both intestinal and
      gastric basal laminae. Exposure to 10 mM acid resulted in loss of the outermost
      (luminal) layer of anionic sites from the gastric basal lamina. These studies
      demonstrate that brief exposure to acid, in concentrations which are necessary
      for the formation of hemorrhagic erosions in the stomach, caused damage to the
      basal lamina. This damage may impair epithelial restitution and thus account, in
      part, for the role of acid in ulcerogenesis.

PMID- 2418581
TI  - Ultrastructural and biochemical evidence of the trimeric nature of frog virus 3
      (FV3) six-coordinated capsomers.
AB  - Image analysis of freeze-etch replicas of cylindrical aberrant forms of FV3
      provided evidence for three morphological subunits protruding from the six
      coordinated capsomers. Negatively stained capsomers displayed both triangular and
      hexagonal profiles which suggests that their innermost portion is
      pseudohexagonal. Images from underfocused micrographs of capsomers are indicative
      of a central channel. The trimeric nature of the capsomer has been established by
      electrophoresis in the presence of Triton X-100, which showed that the molecular
      weight of the nondissociated capsomer is about 140,000 whereas that of the
      polypeptide itself is 48,000. This trimeric association does not occur via
      disulfide bonds, and inside the capsomers there are no free amino groups
      accessible to the usual bifunctional reagents. Thus, the chemical nature of the
      interpolypeptide bonds inside the trimers is still unknown. We have previously
      estimated the triangulation number (T) of FV3 to be 147 or 133 (Darcy-Tripier et
      al., 1984). The present study, using optical diffraction of the facets of FV3,
      allowed a better determination of the angle of skewness and is in favor of T =
      133 (h = 9, k = 4, 18 degrees).

PMID- 2418582
TI  - Epitope mapping of the outer structural protein VP1 of three different serotypes
      of foot-and-mouth disease virus.
AB  - All overlapping hexapeptides of the outer structural protein VP1 of type O1, type
      A10, and type C1 were reacted with the appropriate anti-virus, anti-viral subunit
      and anti-VP1 sera. The results suggest that anti-virus sera may contain
      activities against viral subunit and VP1 as well as against virus. Furthermore
      the antigenic peptides associated with the intact virion of all three serotypes
      are found at similar locations on their respective VP1s, and produced
      neutralizing activities when used for vaccination. The results further offer an
      explanation for the often observed cross-reactions between serotypes, especially
      at the level of the viral subunit and VP1. The reliability of predictions of
      useful peptides from hydrophilicity profiles and secondary structure predictions
      is questioned. Predictions based on variation profiles appear to be more useful.

PMID- 2418583
TI  - Induction of neutralizing antibody against varicella-zoster virus (VZV) by VZV
      gp3 and cross-reactivity between VZV gp3 and herpes simplex viruses gB.
AB  - Glycoprotein gp3 (64K) is one of the major proteins specified by varicella-zoster
      virus (VZV). This glycoprotein was purified on an immunoadsorbent consisting of
      monoclonal antibody (clone 8) against gp3 linked to protein A-Sepharose. Rabbits
      were then immunized with the purified antigen to obtain monospecific antisera
      against gp3. The monospecific antisera and monoclonal antibody immunoprecipitated
      polypeptides with the same molecular weights of approximately 64,000 (64K), 106K,
      and 116K from a lysate of labeled cells infected with VZV. The monoclonal
      antibodies against gp3 did not have neutralizing activity against VZV, but anti
      gp3 monospecific sera neutralized VZV infectivity. The antigenic relation of VZV
      to herpes simplex virus (HSV) was investigated by the immunofluorescent test,
      immunoprecipitation followed by analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis and the neutralizing antibody test with monoclonal antibodies
      and monospecific antisera. In the indirect immunofluorescent test, the cytoplasm
      of cells infected with HSV-type 1 or HSV-type 2 was stained with anti-gp3
      monospecific antiserum but not with anti-gp3 monoclonal antibodies. This serum
      also precipitated the polypeptides of HSV-type 1 and HSV-type 2 with molecular
      weight of approximately 120,000, possibly corresponding to gB of HSV-1 or HSV-2,
      and this immunoprecipitation was blocked by anti-gB monoclonal antibody. However,
      anti-gp3 monospecific antisera did not neutralize either HSV-type 1 or HSV-type 2
      infectivity. These results suggest that gp3 induces neutralizing antibody against
      VZV and that it also has a cross-reacting antigenic determinant with gB of HSV.

PMID- 2418584
TI  - Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the human parainfluenza 3 virus RNA
      encoding the nucleocapsid protein.
AB  - The sequence of 1690 nucleotides from the 5' end of the viral complementary RNA
      for the human parainfluenza 3 virus was determined by molecular cloning. One
      large open reading frame consisting of 1548 nucleotides was demonstrated. The
      encoded protein, the nucleocapsid protein (NP), consists of 515 amino acids, and
      has a predicted molecular weight of 57,819. A noncoding 5' sequence of 51
      nucleotides is present at the end of the NP-mRNA. Two consensus sequences were
      identified which are homologous with sequences found in Sendai virus. One of
      these sequences, AGGATTAAAG, was located at the 5' end of the nucleocapsid mRNA
      and may function in transcription initiation. The other consensus sequence,
      GTAAGGGAA, was found in the viral genomic leader sequence. The nucleocapsid
      protein amino acid sequence was compared to other members of the Paramyxoviridae
      family. The parainfluenza 3 virus protein nucleocapsid amino acid sequence
      demonstrated a high degree of homology with the Sendai virus nucleocapsid
      protein. Seventy percent of the first 387 amino acids from the amino termini were
      identical. Little homology was observed in the distal carboxy termini.

PMID- 2418585
TI  - Synthesis of dihydrofolate reductase and metabolism of related RNA in a
      methotrexate resistant human cell line infected with herpes simplex virus type 2.
AB  - Using a human cell line with amplified gene copy for dihydrofolate reductase
      (DHFR) and permissive for herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), the effect of HSV
      2 on DHFR synthesis and on the steady-state level of total cellular and nuclear
      DHFR RNA was examined. There was a reduction in DHFR synthesis accompanied by a
      proportional decrease in the levels of DHFR messenger RNA (mRNA) 1 hr after
      infection. Both effects could be induced by HSV pretreated with ultraviolet light
      and this early virus induced rapid turnover of DHFR mRNA was not dependent on de
      novo protein synthesis. Analysis of nuclear RNA (nRNA) from uninfected cells by
      Northern blot hybridization identified a large DHFR nRNA of about 23 kb which
      probably represents the primary transcript and four processed intermediates of
      DHFR mRNA ranging in size from 12 to 4.4 kb. The levels of these nRNAs were
      unchanged during the first hour; however, the 4.4-kb species accumulated in
      nuclei 2 hr after infection. This effect was induced in the absence of HSV gene
      expression.

PMID- 2418586
TI  - Neutralization epitope of varicella zoster virus on native viral glycoprotein
      gp118 (VZV glycoprotein gpIII).
AB  - Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) specifies the formation of several glycoproteins,
      including a 118,000-Da mature structural product (gp118). The biologic and
      biochemical properties of gp118 were studied after production of murine
      monoclonal antibodies to both a lowpassage laboratory strain (VZV-32) and an
      attenuated vaccine strain (VZV-Oka). Structural analyses performed with the three
      glycosidases endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H (endoglycosidase H), endo-beta-N
      acetylglucosaminidase F (endoglycosidase F), and endo-alpha-N
      acetylgalactosaminidase demonstrated that gp118 was predominantly an N-linked
      complex type glycoprotein built upon a polypeptide backbone of approximately
      79,000 Da. Sialic acid residues were present on the mature glycoprotein, but
      these terminal sugars were absent from the partially glycosylated intermediate
      forms recovered from monensin-treated infected cultures. Unlike another VZV
      specified glycoprotein gp98, no new oligosaccharide moieties were observed on
      gp118 after addition of tunicamycin to VZV-infected cultures. By plaque reduction
      assays with a panel of monoclonal antibodies, we defined an epitope on this
      glycoprotein which elicited a complement-independent neutralizing antibody
      response of high magnitude. The epitope was highly conserved, since it was
      present on a laboratory VZV strain, wild type isolates, as well as the attenuated
      vaccine strain (VZV-Oka). Competitive blocking experiments with the same anti
      gp118 monoclonal antibodies indicated that four neutralizing antibodies were
      directed against similar or identical epitopes whereas one nonneutralizing
      antibody reacted with a different antigenic site. Thus, this study demonstrates
      the presence of an immunodominant neutralization epitope on native viral
      glycoprotein gp118. Under a new consensus nomenclature, this glycoprotein will be
      designated VZV gpIII.

PMID- 2418587
TI  - [The fate of patients with liver metastases].

PMID- 2418588
TI  - [Properties and specificity of cathepsin H from the bovine spleen].
AB  - Action of cathepsin H from bovine spleen on tuftsin, enkephalin, the oxidized B
      chain of insulin and a variety of synthetic substrates was studied. Cathepsin H
      splits off only one N-terminal amino acid from each tuftsin and enkephalin,
      which, according to the literature, led to inactivation of peptides. The enzyme
      acts on the oxidized B chain of insulin as an aminoendopeptidase: it splits off
      the N-terminal phenylalanine and the centrally located bond(s). Km and Vmax for
      the cathepsin H catalyzed hydrolysis of LeuNA, ArgNA LysNA and BANA were
      determined. Substrates with the free NH2 group were hydrolyzed at a higher rate.
      Based on the data obtained and the previously reported results on conversion of
      kallidin into bradykinin, the specificity of cathepsin H and its possible
      biological functions were discussed. Cathepsin H appears to participate in
      formation and inactivation of physiologically active peptides. Using the
      antiserum to spleen cathepsin H it was found that liver, kidney and lung tissues
      contained the enzymes identical and/or partially identical to cathepsin H from
      spleen. The data on the properties of cathepsin H from various sources are
      summarized.

PMID- 2418589
TI  - [Effect of cytoplasmic proliferation stimulating factors and partial hepatectomy
      on DNA synthesis in the liver of rats subjected to prolonged carbon tetrachloride
      exposure].
AB  - Content of RNA was increased, synthesis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA was
      induced in liver tissue of rats, which were poisoned with CCl4, within 6 weeks,
      after intraperitoneal administration of the preparation obtained from
      regenerating rat liver tissue and containing thermostable factors stimulating
      proliferation, as well as the low molecular substances of the cell pool. The most
      pronounced stimulating effect was observed if the administration of the
      preparation occurred simultaneously with 30% hepatectomy.

PMID- 2418590
TI  - Removal of hepatitis B virus infectivity from human gamma-globulin prepared by
      ion-exchange chromatography.
AB  - Hepatitis B virus infectivity can be removed from human plasma used to prepare a
      gamma-globulin product by ion-exchange chromatography with commercially available
      resins. A pooled human plasma sample free of hepatitis markers was contaminated
      with 10,000 chimpanzee infectious doses of hepatitis B virus per milliliter from
      a known infectious inoculum. The contaminated plasma was diluted to yield a
      weakly positive radioimmunoassay result for HBsAg and then processed over a
      double-column chromatography system containing anionic ion-exchange resins to
      yield highly purified gamma-globulin. Two chimpanzees were each inoculated
      intravenously with this product while a control animal received non-treated
      material. The 2 experimental animals each received a potential challenge of 3,000
      ID and showed no serologic evidence of the disease during 9 months of evaluation.
      The control animal received 100 ID and developed hepatitis B 25 weeks after the
      challenge.

PMID- 2418591
TI  - [Effect of in vitro interferon on the phagocytic activity of the neutrophilic
      granulocytes of pulmonary tuberculosis patients].

PMID- 2418593
TI  - [Role of kinins in the regulation of arterial blood pressure].

PMID- 2418592
TI  - The new biomedical technology.
AB  - New methods for studying the genetic information of humans in health and disease
      are emerging from basic science laboratories. Because these approaches are
      yielding fundamental insights for diagnosing and treating disease, it is
      important that practitioners begin to understand these methods and how they are
      used. Methods for genetic analysis using recombinant DNA techniques consist of
      isolation, separation, propagation in microorganisms and molecular hybridization
      of DNA. The study of RNA allows determination of gene expression. These methods
      are being used to understand cancer, identify hereditary illness, produce
      pharmaceuticals and diagnose common clinical problems, such as infectious
      diseases.

PMID- 2418594
TI  - [Determination of alpha 2-macroglobulin and alpha 1-antitrypsin in amniotic fluid
      using laser nephelometry].
AB  - By using Laser nephelometry concentration of alpha 2-macroglobulin and alpha 1
      antitrypsin in amniotic fluid was measured in early pregnancy (15th-24th week)
      and near term (after 37th week). alpha 2-macroglobulin was demonstrable in all
      cases, concentration of specimen after 37th week were significantly higher than
      in early pregnancy. Concentration of alpha 1-antitrypsin changes during pregnancy
      similar to total protein and albumin concentrations.

PMID- 2418595
TI  - [Indications for continuing or discontinuing diagnostic and therapeutic measures
      in internal medicine. Hematology--oncology].

PMID- 2418596
TI  - [Role of positive emotions in the prevention of cardiac rhythm disorders during
      emotional stress].

PMID- 2418597
TI  - [Effect of stimulation of the cortical sensomotor areas on the development of
      ischemic cardiac arrhythmias].

PMID- 2418598
TI  - [Isolation of cellular structures from cultured Treponema pallidum and study of
      their antigenic properties in complement fixation tests].

PMID- 2418599
TI  - [Concentration of monoamines in the brain of minks differing in their reaction to
      man].
AB  - Content of dopamine in the striatum; of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid and
      noradrenaline in the hypothalamus, striatum and midbrain was studied in three
      groups of minks from population of an animal farm, differing by their reaction to
      humans (cowardly, calm, aggressive). The reaction to humans was estimated by a
      system of marks at the attempt to catch the mink with a mitten. Aggressive
      animals had a lowered level of serotonin in the hypothalamus and striatum, a
      lesser content of serotonin metabolite--5-hydroxyindolacetic acid in the
      striatum. Minks of different groups did not differ by noradrenaline content, but
      dopamine level in the striatum of cowardly minks was higher than in calm and
      aggressive animals. Conclusion is made that polymorphism of behaviour corresponds
      to polymorphism of the state of monoaminergic systems.

PMID- 2418600
TI  - The apparently declining prevalence of neural tube defect in two counties in
      South Wales over three decades illustrating the need for continuing action and
      vigilance.
AB  - Neural tube defects, anencephaly and spina bifida (including encephalocele) have
      been the major malformation problem in South Wales. Births of affected offspring
      of residents of Mid and South Glamorgan between 1956 and June 1985 were
      ascertained from various sources. To these were added terminations following
      prenatal diagnosis and affected spontaneous abortions of 16 weeks gestation or
      more since 1973. Variable fluctuation in prevalence occurred between 1956 and
      1965. Since then there has been an accelerating decline in the birth prevalence
      of NTD but especially of anencephaly in both counties. When abortions and
      terminations are taken into consideration the decline until 1984, though still
      present, is much slower and is virtually non-existent now. The need for
      continuing NTD pregnancy screening and prenatal diagnosis followed by selective
      abortion is stressed. It is suggested that genetic counselling health education
      to improve maternal nutrition preconceptional counselling and population folic
      acid supplementation should be extended to prevent these defects.

PMID- 2418601
TI  - [Selected methods for recording the inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of
      bioceramics--a contribution to the histocompatibility screening of potential
      implantation materials].

PMID- 2418602
TI  - [Long-term prognosis of portal hypertension in childhood].
AB  - In Europe more than 70 per cent of children with portal hypertension suffer from
      a prehepatic block. Most of them underwent an umbilical vein catheter treatment
      in postnatal anamnesis. Constructing a selective distal splenorenal shunt (Warren
      shunt) is a definitive therapy. This operation is possible for children having a
      patent splenic vein with a diameter of at least 7 mm measured by
      splenoportoseriography. Sclerosing of the oesophageal wall is a good palliative
      treatment for small children with a diameter of the splenic vein of less than 7
      mm. Children with prehepatic block and patent Warren-shunt have a good prognosis.

PMID- 2418603
TI  - [Esophageal atresia in premature infants less than 1,500 grams (a case report)].

PMID- 2418604
TI  - Serologic and immune responses to rabies virus during different human treatments
      with tissue culture and suckling mouse brain vaccines.
AB  - The antibody response to rabies virus was studied in twenty volunteers immunized
      with different schemes of suckling mouse brain and human diploid cell culture
      rabies vaccines. Throughout the study period, titers in serum neutralization and
      indirect fluorescent antibody tests, as well as the class of immunoglobulins with
      antirabies activity, varied in different individuals with the treatment scheme
      and the antigenic potency of the vaccine. The results suggest that measurement of
      the IgG class of antirabies antibodies, and possibly IgA as well, may be a more
      adequate criterion to assess the immunogenicity of rabies vaccines than the
      determination of SN titers alone.

PMID- 2418605
TI  - [Partial vertical nucleotomy. A neurosurgical intervention in some forms of
      therapy-resistant facial neuralgia].
AB  - The partial vertical nucleotomy is presented as a new neurosurgical method for
      the treatment of therapy-resistant pain in the spreading area of the N.
      trigeminus. Strict indications are laid down which are mainly restricted to
      therapy-resistant pain in the above mentioned spreading area in the presence of
      diffusely growing malignant tumours, after traumas and infections and
      predominantly in forms of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia that has been treated
      without any results over a period of many years. In the experimental part of the
      article; material and method as well as results of anterograde transport on the
      efferent trigeminal pathways in rabbits by means of horseradish peroxi- dase
      (HRP) and its representation by means of tratramethylbenzidine (TMB) are
      discussed. Furthermore fibre preparations of the tractus and nucles spinalis
      nervi trigemini and the radiating fibres of the Nervus vagus are shown.

PMID- 2418606
TI  - [The polysaccharide component of Pseudomonas pseudomallei slime].
AB  - The polysaccharide component contained in the slime of the causative agent of
      melioidosis was obtained. This component was found to be a biopolymer, mainly of
      the carbohydrate nature, consisting of galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose and
      two unidentified carbohydrates. The slime polysaccharide component contained two
      thermostable and acid-resistant antigens. The action of alkali led to the loss of
      one of these antigens. Rabbit antisera to the preparations of the slime
      polysaccharide component with titers of 1:64 to 1:256, determined in the
      immunodiffusion test, were obtained. In the precipitation test the slime
      polysaccharide component reacted with antisera from sick experimental animals,
      thus confirming the suggestion of its secretion in the process of the development
      of melioidosis infection.

PMID- 2418607
TI  - [Antigenic structure of the rickettsiae].

PMID- 2418608
TI  - [Systems approach to interferon as an anticancer agent].

PMID- 2418609
TI  - [Achievements in the research on the physiology and metabolism of phagocytes].

PMID- 2418610
TI  - [Surgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations of the posterior cranial
      fossa].
AB  - The work is based on analysis of the results of complex clinical examination of
      70 patients (48 males and 22 females) treated at the Burdenko Institute of
      Neurosurgery, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, for arteriovenous
      malformations in the posterior cranial fossa (AVM PCF). The patients' age ranged
      from 8 to 50 years. Various types of surgical interventions were performed on 26
      patients. The authors suggest an anatomo-surgical principle of grouping AVM PCF,
      which is based on the findings of radiocontrast diagnostic methods. Problems of
      the clinical picture and topical diagnosis of AVM PCF are discussed. The
      indications for surgical treatment of AVM PCF, the surgical approaches to them,
      and the techniques of total extirpation (16 cases) are determined. The results of
      palliative operations (6 cases) are analysed. The microsurgical anatomy of
      anastomoses between AVM and PCF and their importance in surgery for these
      conditions are described.

PMID- 2418611
TI  - [Use of the proteolytic enzyme papain in the treatment of cervical
      osteochondrosis].
AB  - Twenty-nine patients with cervical osteochondrosis and reflex syndromes were
      treated by the method of disc puncture using the proteolytic enzyme papain in
      complex with dereception. Analysis of the immediate and late results showed
      improvement in 74% of patients. The outcomes were determined to a certain measure
      by the correct choice of patients to be treated with this method. Bone growths
      causing compression syndromes are not resorbed by the enzyme and the method is
      therefore not indicated for this category if patients.

PMID- 2418612
TI  - Phosphotyrosine as a substrate of acid and alkaline phosphatases.
AB  - A new spectrophotometric method for following dephosphorylation of
      phosphotyrosine has been described. The absorption spectra of phosphotyrosine and
      tyrosine were plotted over the pH range from 3 to 9. The change in absorbance
      accompanying the conversion of phosphotyrosine to tyrosine was the greatest at
      286 nm. The difference absorption coefficients were calculated for several pH
      values. Dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine by acid phosphatases from human
      prostate gland, from wheat germ and potatoes obeys the Michaelis-Menten equation,
      whereas alkaline phosphatases calf intestine and E. coli are inhibited by excess
      of substrate.

PMID- 2418613
TI  - The role of immunoperoxidase staining in diagnostic cytology.
AB  - A survey was made of the immune staining characteristics of 60 malignant
      neoplasms. Cytologically positive smears from each case were tested against a
      panel of six antibodies (alpha-antichymotrypsin, carcinoembryonic antigen,
      cytokeratin, desmin, vimentin and S-100 protein). The smears were decolorized and
      stained with polyclonal sera using the standard avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase
      procedure. In selected cases, the application of Diatex compound for partition of
      smears was necessary to obtain optimal results. Most staining reactions reflected
      the histogenesis of the neoplasms. However, more than one of five reactions was
      nonconclusive due to background staining, scanty cellularity or poor cytoplasmic
      preservation; furthermore, the 238 reactions scored as positive or negative
      included 33 unexpected positives and 15 unexpected negatives. In a series of 20
      additional cases, selective immunoperoxidase staining was used in an attempt to
      solve specific diagnostic problems; the results in 13 of 15 cases with conclusive
      staining agreed with the cytologic impression. It is concluded that standard
      immunoperoxidase techniques can contribute to the solution of certain diagnostic
      problems in cytology; however, the results should be interpreted with caution and
      with full knowledge of the limitations of the technique.

PMID- 2418615
TI  - Morphologic criteria for the identification of Pneumocystis carinii in
      Papanicolaou-stained preparations.

PMID- 2418614
TI  - Cytologic detection of Pneumocystis carinii by ultraviolet light examination of
      Papanicolaou-stained sputum specimens.

PMID- 2418616
TI  - Kinetics of [123I]iodide uptake and discharge by perchlorate in studies of
      inhibition of iodide binding by antithyroid drugs.
AB  - Thyroidal binding of iodide was studied by kinetic analysis of [123I]iodide
      uptake and its discharge by perchlorate in 80 hyperthyroid subjects receiving
      antithyroid drug therapy. Five dosage regimens ranging from 5 mg carbimazole
      twice daily to 15 mg methimazole twice daily were studied. Binding inhibition was
      estimated at 5-7 h after drug as an index of the mean effect of the 12 hourly
      regimen. In all cases, except one in the lowest dose group, binding was found to
      be markedly reduced with mean binding rates ranging from 0.002 to 0.020 min-1
      (normal greater than 0.15 min-1). The net clearance of iodide in the lowest dose
      group was reduced to a mean value near the upper limit of the euthyroid range,
      whereas in the highest dose group it lay at the lower limit of the euthyroid
      range. These results were reflected in the serum thyroid hormone response. There
      was a reducing incidence of inadequate control of hyperthyroidism and an
      increasing incidence of hypothyroidism with increasing thiourylene dose. The exit
      rate constant of free iodide for the various doses showed values from 0.048 to
      0.055 min-1. Corresponding mean values for the discharge rate constant after
      perchlorate were 0.087 to 0.105 min-1. This suggests that perchlorate increases
      the rate of iodide release from the thyroid gland. Studies at a later interval
      after drug (12-14 h) showed no change in discharge rate constant. This leads to
      the conclusion that perchlorate may further inhibit iodide binding in subjects
      receiving antithyroid drug therapy.

PMID- 2418617
TI  - Effect of cellular and humoral factors on hematopoietic stem cells in a patient
      with Diamond-Blackfan anemia.

PMID- 2418618
TI  - Microscopic observation on degranulation of blood basophilic leucocytes:
      relationship to different responses to antigen.

PMID- 2418619
TI  - T cell lymphoma of the hypopharynx: report of a case studied with immunologic
      techniques.
AB  - A case of primitive T cell lymphoma of the oropharynx is reported. Clinical,
      morphological and immunological features of the case are summarized and described
      according to morphological and immunological criteria proposed by Waldron and
      Frizzera.

PMID- 2418620
TI  - Alzheimer paired helical filaments: identification of polypeptides with
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Paired helical filaments (PHF) were isolated from autopsied brain of cases of
      Alzheimer dementia, and their polypeptides were identified with monoclonal
      antibodies to PHF by Western blots. The PHF polypeptide profile consisted of
      several bands with a size difference of less than 5 kilodalton (kDa) between
      adjacent bands; the most prominent bands were in the 45-62 kDa region. These PHF
      polypeptides were also labeled with tangles reactive antisera to microtubules
      from normal brain but had electrophoretic patterns different from those of
      microtubules and neurofilaments. These studies define the molecular weight
      profile of PHF polypeptides and suggest that they might originate from normal
      brain proteins.

PMID- 2418621
TI  - Immunohistochemical recognition of human nerve sheath tumors by anti-Leu 7 (HNK
      1) monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Using relatively high dilutions of anti-Leu 7 monoclonal antibody and a four-step
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) reaction in paraffin-embedded tissues, we tested
      the affinity of this antibody to the cells of 47 human nerve sheath tumors and 22
      other tumors in which the differential diagnosis with nerve sheath neoplasms is
      known to arise. Of all the nerve sheath tumors studied 68%, including 80% of the
      schwannomas, contained anti-Leu 7-positive cells. All 22 non-schwannian neoplasms
      were entirely negative. Specimens of eight experimental malignant rat schwannomas
      were also negative for anti-Leu 7 antibody. Our findings suggest that anti-Leu 7
      monoclonal antibody is a promising marker that may facilitate the differential
      diagnosis between human Schwann cell and non-Schwann cell neoplasms.

PMID- 2418622
TI  - Innervation of synovial membrane and meniscus.
AB  - Substance P-immunofluorescent nerves, which are closely connected to pain
      transmission, were shown in human knee synovial membrane and menisci. Both
      tissues also contained enkephalin-immunofluorescent nerves, which are probably
      involved in the modulation of pain transmission. Previous suggestions on the
      presence of nociceptive receptors in these non-cartilaginous joint structures,
      made on a histological basis, are thus confirmed by a specific
      immunohistochemical method.

PMID- 2418623
TI  - Detection of human rotaviruses with a 'super-short' RNA pattern.

PMID- 2418624
TI  - Mucosubstance histochemistry of the normal mucosa and carcinoma of the large
      intestine. Galactose oxidase-Schiff reaction and lectin stainings.
AB  - Thirty-four cases of carcinoma of the human large intestine were studied
      employing a battery of histochemical techniques to identify and characterize
      mucosubstances, including galactose oxidase-Schiff (GOS) reaction and stainings
      with horseradish peroxidase-labeled lectins. The results disclosed that the
      goblet cell-type mucin (GCM) of the left colon differed from that of the right
      colon in containing 8-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) more abundantly
      and 8-O-acetylated NANA-(alpha Fuc)-beta Gal type terminal structures. The right
      colonic GCM, on the other hand, was shown to contain alpha Fuc-beta Gal type
      predominantly. Surface coat-type mucin (SCM) showed consistent histochemical
      reactivities regardless of the sites in the large intestine. The transitional
      mucosa surrounding carcinoma tissues characteristically revealed decreased
      sulfation and neuraminidase-induced GOS reactivity, suggesting the presence of
      NANA-beta Gal type terminals. The carcinoma tissues resembled the transitional
      mucosa in showing neuraminidase-induced GOS reactivity, but differed from the
      latter in possessing intense UEA-I reactivity. The present study indicated that
      the refined histochemical techniques recently developed were quite useful for
      understanding the histochemical reactivities correlating with sugar structures.

PMID- 2418625
TI  - Calcification of matrix vesicles in cardiac myxoma.
AB  - The mechanism of calcification in cardiac myxoma, using histologic,
      ultrastructural and potassium pyroantimonate technique was demonstrated. There
      are a large number of extracellular membrane-invested structure measuring 100-700
      millimicrons in cardiac myxoma. These structures are similar to the matrix
      vesicles observed in skeletal tissue and atherosclerotic foci. Potassium
      pyroantimonate reacts with these vesicular structures and degenerated myxoma
      cells. It was thought that calcification in cardiac myxoma occurs by the same
      mechanism as calcification in atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2418626
TI  - Diffuse malignant pericardial mesothelioma.
AB  - A 67-year-old male case of pericardial mesothelioma is reported. The diagnosis
      was established by the gross appearance at autopsy and its histological findings.
      The tumor arising from the anterior epicardium of the right half of the heart was
      located within the pericardial sac, and displaced and compressed the heart to the
      posterior direction. Histologically, large areas of the tumor were composed of
      spindle-shaped malignant cells which were arranged in interlacing bundles. The
      other areas showed the presence of tubular structures and ill-defined solid
      nests. Distant metastasis was found only in a small focus of the 8th vertebral
      bone marrow composed of spindle-shaped cells. A meticulous search failed to find
      any tumor in other organs. Based on these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as
      diffuse malignant mesothelioma of biphasic type.

PMID- 2418627
TI  - Pancreatic carcinoma in childhood. Report of an autopsy case and a review of the
      literature.
AB  - Clinical and histological findings of pancreatic carcinoma in a 6-year-old boy
      are reported. Gradual change of histological appearance of the tumor during his
      course of 3 years and elevation of serum alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP) are
      documented. Two biopsy specimens showed immature histological appearance
      compatible with pancreatoblastoma, and autopsy material showed well
      differentiated adenocarcinoma with distinct ductal and acinar differentiation.
      Electron microscopy demonstrated zymogen-like granules in the apical portion of
      the neoplastic cells. Immunoperoxidase method demonstrated AFP in the neoplastic
      cells in addition to alpha-1-antitrypsin. Literature of pancreatic tumor in the
      young was reviewed, and characteristics of this case were discussed.

PMID- 2418628
TI  - Malignant germ cell tumor of the anterior mediastinum with leukemia-like
      infiltration.
AB  - We present here a rare autopsy case of malignant germ cell tumor with leukemia
      like infiltration of the anterior mediastinum in a 35-year-old male. Chest X-rays
      revealed an abnormal mediastinum, which was diagnosed as thymoma. During the
      course of treatment, huge abnormal cells 40-50 mu in size were found in the
      peripheral blood smear and disseminated bone metastasis of the malignant thymoma
      was suspected. The tumor was resistant to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The
      patient died of respiratory failure. The autopsy disclosed a huge tumor measuring
      24 X 13 X 10 cm in the anterior mediastinum. Histological findings of the tumor
      revealed cells which had spread to almost all organs, indicating leukemia-like
      infiltration. This pattern of metastasis has been reported in the cancer of non
      hematologic origin under the term "carcinocythemia (CCA)". To our knowledge, the
      present case is the first report of a leukemia-like infiltration in case of
      malignant germ cell tumor. Careful serial section revealed no primary foci in
      either testis.

PMID- 2418629
TI  - Staining patterns of human pre-malignant oral epithelium and squamous cell
      carcinomas by monoclonal anti-keratin antibodies.
AB  - Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsies of metaplastic keratinized oral mucosa
      (fibromas and leukoplakias), oral mucosa with epithelial dysplasia and oral
      squamous cell carcinomas were stained with two monoclonal anti-keratin antibodies
      (AE1 and AE2). Intense suprabasal staining was seen with AE1 in metaplastic
      keratinized epithelium, whereas staining of adjacent normal unkeratinized
      epithelium generally was restricted to basal cells. In dysplastic epithelium and
      squamous cell carcinomas, staining with AE1 revealed a highly disturbed anti
      keratin staining pattern. AE2 stained metaplastic keratinized epithelium in a
      suprabasal pattern but adjacent unkeratinized epithelium did not stain. In
      dysplastic epithelium and squamous cell carcinomas, AE2 staining was variable and
      sometimes absent. Further studies are indicated to clarify whether changes in
      anti-keratin staining patterns can be used for diagnostic and prognostic
      purposes.

PMID- 2418630
TI  - Intermediate filaments in cultured human pleomorphic adenomas. An
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Primary cultures of 9 benign human pleomorphic adenomas were analyzed by
      immunofluorescence and antibodies against the different intermediate filaments
      and microfilaments. The cultured cells were also cytogenetically characterized by
      G- and C-banding techniques. The adenoma cells expressed at least three different
      classes of intermediate filaments, viz. prekeratin, vimentin and glial fibrillary
      acidic protein (GFA). No correlation between chromosomal pattern and intermediate
      filament expression was found. The frequency of cells stained for each of the
      different antibodies varied considerably among the tumours. Prolonged culturing
      appeared to induce a reduction of cells positive for prekeratin. This was
      probably a true loss of antigens and not an effect of overgrowth of stromal
      cells. It is concluded that the cells studied, on the basis of several criteria,
      are of neoplastic origin. This in vitro system appears to be well suited for
      further histogenetic studies on pleomorphic adenomas.

PMID- 2418631
TI  - Development of early post-ischemic injury in the liver as evaluated by a double
      staining method combining an intravital dye exclusion test and alizarin red S.
AB  - The early development of post-ischemic cell injury was investigated in rat
      livers. Rats were subjected to 90 minutes of liver ischemia, followed by periods
      of re-perfusion from 10 minutes to 3 hours. The ischemia-induced injury was
      quantified by using a double staining method. An intravital dye exclusion test
      with Evans blue was combined with a histochemical stain for calcium, Alizarin red
      S (ARS). It was found that the markers identified two populations of injured
      cells, positive for Evans blue (EBA) and ARS respectively. The number of injured
      cells increased successively during the re-perfusion period. The overlapping
      between the two populations was small during the early post-ischemic phase but
      increased with increasing re-perfusion time. Treatment with ruthenium red, a
      blocker of mitochondrial calcium uptake, during the re-perfusion period
      significantly reduced the number of ARS-positive cells, while the number of EBA
      positive cells was not affected. It is suggested that the two markers used
      identify cell populations, which are injured by different mechanisms operating in
      the post-ischemic phase. These mechanisms may or may not be dependent on calcium.

PMID- 2418632
TI  - Keratin proteins in the epithelium of the uterine cervix.
AB  - Keratin proteins in human cervical squamous epithelium were investigated by the
      immunofluorescence technique, using the monoclonal keratin antibodies AE1 and
      AE2. Although the exocervic is covered by a non-keratinizing, histologically
      homogenous, squamous epithelium, different staining patterns were found within a
      single histological section. This indicates a regional variation in the
      maturation pattern of stratified exocervical epithelium. Detection of
      morphological versus biochemical keratinization in the diagnosis of pathological
      cervical conditions is discussed.

PMID- 2418633
TI  - A comparison of effects of BAY K 8644 and CGP 28392, dihydropyridines with Ca
      agonistic properties, on spontaneous mechanical activity in rat portal vein:
      modification of effect by ultraviolet radiation.
AB  - The effect of CGP 28392 and BAY K 8644 was studied on isolated portal veins from
      male Wistar Kyoto rats. BAY K 8644 and CGP 28392 induced a concentration
      dependent increase in spontaneous mechanical activity in low but not in high
      concentrations. The portal vein was more sensitive to the effect of BAY K 8644
      than to that of CGP 28392. In Ca free medium the increasing effect of BAY K 8644
      and CGP 28392 on the mechanical activity was abolished and restored by readdition
      of calcium. Nifedipine abolished the augmenting effect of BAY K 8644 and CGP
      28392 on mechanical activity. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) depressed the effect of
      BAY K 8644 but had no effect on mechanical activity induced by CGP 28392. BAY K
      8644 and CGP 28392 degradate slowly under influence of UVR; BAY K 8644 was far
      more resistant to the destroying effect of UVR than CGP 28392. The results
      indicate that both BAY K 8644 and CGP 28392 increase the spontaneous mechanical
      activity in rat portal vein by enhancing Ca influx. The effect of BAY K 8644
      differs from that of CGP 28392 by being sensitive to UVR; this action seems not
      to be due to a direct UVR destroying effect of the substances, but rather to a
      BAY K 8644 induced sensibilisation of the tissue to UVR.

PMID- 2418634
TI  - On the role of substance P and serotonin in the pyloric motor control. An
      experimental study in cat and rat.
AB  - Vagal nerve stimulation caused a release of substance P (SP) and serotonin (5-HT)
      into the feline portal circulation. Both substances are gut spasmogens and were
      demonstrated in gut nerves by immunocytochemistry. In anesthetized cats gastric
      and pyloric motility were studied simultaneously at stimulation with SP or 5-HT
      via the splenic artery or at stimulation of the extrinsic nerves to evaluate
      their role in the motor control of these regions. The vagally induced pyloric
      contraction was noncholinergic and nonadrenergic but sensitive to hexamethonium
      in contrast to the cholinergic gastric contraction, which was resistant to
      ganglionic blockade. Splanchnic nerve stimulation caused relaxatory gastropyloric
      responses; the gastric relaxation was sensitive to adrenergic or ganglionic
      blockade in contrast to the pyloric relaxation. Infrequent contractile responses
      were seen, which were antagonized by atropine. Injection of SP via the splenic
      artery elicited contractile gastropyloric responses, which were sensitive to
      atropine and an antagonistic SP-analogue (SPA) but resistant to hexamethonium,
      indicating SP activating a final cholinergic neuron. The vagally induced pyloric
      contraction was resistant to atropine but sensitive to SPA and hexamethonium,
      indicating involvement of SP in the activation of preganglionic neurons as well.
      Involvement of SP in a vagal afferent mechanism is possible, since heat
      activation of the distal end of the divided vagal nerve induced a gastric
      contraction, sensitive to atropine and SPA but not to ganglionic blockade,
      indicating antidromic activation of SP afferents which via axon collaterals
      excite cholinergic neurons. A regional difference between stomach and pylorus was
      suggested by the different motor responses after pharmacological blockade, heat
      activation or i.a. injection of capsaicin. The contractile pyloric responses to 5
      HT were antagonized by peripheral blockade of 5-HT2 receptors. However, such
      blockade did not influence the motor responses to extrinsic nerve stimulation,
      suggesting that 5-HT is not essential for the mediation of these responses. The
      contractile responses to SP or 5-HT were studied in vitro in antral and pyloric
      strips from the rat. These responses were antagonized by SPA or SP tachyphylaxis
      and peripheral blockade of 5-HT2 receptors respectively. The responses were not
      reduced by tetrodotoxin, indicating main activation of muscular receptors.
      However, the contractile responses were reduced by atropine or hexamethonium,
      except the SP-induced pyloric contraction, which was atropine-sensitive but
      hexamethonium-resistant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2418635
TI  - Changes in renal sympathetic outflow during hypotensive haemorrhage in rats.
AB  - The goal of this study was to investigate changes in renal sympathetic outflow
      during hypotensive haemorrhage. Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats were anaesthetized
      with chloralose (50 mg kg-1) and bled to an arterial blood pressure of 50 mmHg
      for 30 min. Changes in heart rate (HR) and renal nerve activity (RNA) were
      registered. The hypotensive haemorrhage induced a short-lasting sympathetic
      excitation that was followed within 5-10 min by a powerful sympathetic inhibition
      and bradycardia. The average maximal decrease in sympathetic activity was 65% and
      the maximal decrease in heart rate was 45 beats min-1. There was a close
      correlation between changes in heart rate and renal sympathetic activity. The
      marked depressor response was due at least in part to activation of vagal
      afferents because the depressor responses were acutely reversed by bilateral
      cervical vagotomy. As cardiac afferents are known to be activated by
      prostaglandins and bradykinins, and these agents are released by myocardial
      ischaemia, haemorrhage was repeated after use of indomethacin and aprotinin (a
      protein inhibitor decreasing bradykinin formation), and a marked sympathetic
      inhibition could still be elicited upon haemorrhage. We therefore suggest that
      the likely mechanism for activation of the vagal afferents is a squeezing of the
      myocardium when the heart has to contract around an almost empty chamber. In
      conclusion, this study demonstrated that hypotensive haemorrhage triggers
      profound inhibition of RNA in rats and that this sympathoinhibition is mediated
      primarily by mechanically sensitive cardiac vagal afferents.

PMID- 2418636
TI  - Evidence for a modulatory influence of centrally administered substance P on a 5
      hydroxytryptamine-mediated behavioural response in the male rat.

PMID- 2418637
TI  - Tryptophan to competing amino acids ratio in depressive disorder: relation to
      efficacy of antidepressive treatments.
AB  - The relationship between the ratio in plasma of tryptophan to competing amino
      acids, which indicates brain serotonin synthesis, and the clinical response in
      depressed patients to treatments that act by enhancing brain serotoninergic
      function has been studied. There was a significantly positive correlation between
      the pretreatment plasma tryptophan ratio and the final depression score in
      patients treated with L-tryptophan or amitriptyline, and a trend towards a
      positive correlation in patients treated with lithium plus L-tryptophan or
      clomipramine. Patients with a low plasma tryptophan ratio generally showed
      greater clinical improvement than patients with a high ratio. When the plasma
      tryptophan ratio and the ratio in plasma of tyrosine to competing amino acids
      were considered together there was also a significant relationship between
      clinical and biochemical findings in patients treated with imipramine. These
      studies strongly indicate that brain serotoninergic function can be disturbed in
      depressed patients and, thus, lend support to the serotonin deficiency hypothesis
      in depression. Evidence has furthermore been presented which suggests that,
      rather than a low brain serotonin level per se, the hypofunction may be
      associated with disturbances in adaptive and regulatory mechanisms, e.g.
      postsynaptic serotonin receptors.

PMID- 2418638
TI  - Comparison of basophil histamine release induced by the cross-linking of IgE
      receptors.
AB  - Basophil histamine release induced by allergens (house dust and Candida albicans)
      and anti-IgE was examined in 31 patients with bronchial asthma in relation to
      patient age, age at onset of the disease and serum IgE levels. Basophils from
      patients under 40 years of age generally released a significantly large amount of
      histamine by stimulation with house dust and anti-IgE. On the other hand,
      histamine release from patients over 41 years of age was generally not marked
      when the cells were incubated with house dust and anti-IgE, although, in some
      cases, the release induced by C. albicans was fairly marked. Basophils from
      patients under 30 years of age at onset were reactive to house dust and anti-IgE,
      while the cells from patients over 41 years of age at onset tended to be reactive
      only to C. albicans. Basophils from patients with low serum IgE levels were less
      reactive than the cells from patients with high levels of IgE to house dust and
      anti-IgE. C. albicans-induced release of histamine did not correlate with serum
      IgE levels.

PMID- 2418639
TI  - Erythropoietin and renin substrate in cerebellar haemangioblastoma.
AB  - We examined eight cerebellar haemangioblastoma tumours from eight patients, aged
      16-63 years, 5 females and 3 males. Preoperative haemoglobin values exceeded 180
      g/l in four patients, and 150 g/l in four. All high Hb values were normalized
      upon surgical removal of the tumours. All tumours contained scattered cells which
      stained positively with antisera against pure human urinary erythropoietin and
      plasma renin substrate. We conclude that cerebellar haemangioblastomas produce
      immunoreactive erythropoietin, which shares common antigenic determinants with
      renin substrate.

PMID- 2418640
TI  - Alcohol and the liver: metabolism of ethanol, metabolic effects and pathogenesis
      of injury.

PMID- 2418641
TI  - Drug usage and outstanding performance among young adolescents.
AB  - In this study, 1,008 ninth grade boys and 1,040 ninth grade girls completed
      questionnaires concerning: (a) drug usage (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana,
      psychedelics, etc.) over the previous 6 months; and (b) outstanding performance
      in art, school subjects, music, leadership, performing arts, athletics, and
      writing. In general, the outstanding performer is rather more likely to be an
      abstainer and less likely to fall into the high-user category than is a
      nonoutstanding performer. The strongest support for this appears to come from use
      of tobacco. Differences between outstanding and nonoutstanding students are,
      however, often quite small.

PMID- 2418642
TI  - Metaphoric competence in cognitive and language development.
AB  - Consideration of the age-related changes in children's language and cognitive
      development suggests qualitative changes in their creative language use. Many, if
      not most, researchers in the area have argued that some metaphoric competence
      emerges far earlier than would be expected on the basis of explanation or
      interpretation tasks alone. These same researchers, however, appear largely to
      have neglected consideration of the cognitive prerequisites for such abilities
      and differences between what is nonliteral for the adult and nonliteral for the
      child. If figurative language is defined as involving intentional violation of
      conceptual boundaries in order to highlight some correspondence, one must be sure
      that children credited with that competence have (1) the metacognitive and
      metalinguistic abilities to understand at least some of the implications of such
      language (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Nelson, 1974; Nelson & Nelson, 1978), (2) a
      conceptual organization that entails the purportedly violated conceptual
      boundaries (Lange, 1978), and (3) some notion of metaphoric tension as well as
      ground. Having stacked the definitional cards, we doubt that many investigators
      would assert that 2-year-old children at nonverbal symbolic play are doing
      anything that is literally metaphorical in our terms. But neither will we deny
      that one can observe creative components in the verbal and nonverbal play of the
      young child that are precursors of later nonliteral language skills (see McCune
      Nicolich, 1981, for discussion). We simply do not see these creative abilities as
      specific to language in any way that justifies calling them metaphoric
      competence. Rather, the child's abilities to deal flexibly with the world, to
      "play" with possible alternative organizations of it, and to see similarity in
      diversity represent the bases of subsequent cognitive as well as language
      development. Far from being an exceptional aspect of development, apparently
      nonliteral language should be considered a fundamental tool in the young child's
      construction of both internal and external worlds (McCune-Nicolich, 1981;
      Vygotsky, 1978). If one is willing to accept that children's conceptual
      organization might not match that of adults, then what is appropriately called
      nonliteral language in the young child must be reexamined. We find it strange
      that researchers acknowledge differences, for example, in children's notions of
      animacy, and yet assume that errors of animacy attribution are figurative
      constructions indicative of an ability to supercede a level of analysis the child
      does not have.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2418643
TI  - Chemotherapy of respiratory viruses.
AB  - We have described positive clinical effects of seven different anti-viral drugs
      in the treatment of viral respiratory diseases; three of these agents are
      approved for clinical use--amantadine, acyclovir, and vidarabine. Of the
      remaining four, the most consistent and broadest range of effect was observed
      with ribavirin while rimantadine was similar to amantadine in its effect.
      Interferon and enviroxime, under the conditions in which they were tested, showed
      a range of effect from moderate to no effect. A feature of the use of ribavirin
      was its administration by inhalation over several hour periods as a small
      particle aerosol. This allowed a total dosage not much less than might have been
      given by other routes, but with the advantage that it was evenly deposited over
      the surface of the infected respiratory tract beginning within seconds of the
      start of treatment and reached higher concentration in nasal secretions than in
      serum. It may be that aerosol administration can be used with other drugs, as
      suggested by preliminary results with amantadine. We regard the results presented
      in this chapter as very encouraging, but just a beginning. Effective therapy will
      set in motion a reexamination of many problems of viral respiratory tract
      infection, including how to develop more rapid and more precise viral diagnosis,
      the need for further characterization of both short- and long-term consequences
      of infection in the untreated host and their modification by treatment. The
      structure for rapid progress in treatment of viral diseases is in place, and with
      it should come a resolution of many long-standing problems in this area of
      medicine.

PMID- 2418644
TI  - Biochemistry and therapeutics of posthypoxic myoclonus.

PMID- 2418645
TI  - Treatment of posthypoxic action myoclonus: implications for the pathophysiology
      of the disorder.

PMID- 2418646
TI  - Newer drugs for posthypoxic action myoclonus: observations from a well-studied
      case.

PMID- 2418647
TI  - Pathological findings in a case of hypoxic myoclonus treated with 5
      hydroxytryptophan and a decarboxylase inhibitor.
AB  - A 72-year-old woman suffered a respiratory arrest following intoxication with
      barbiturates. Her examination 27 months after the anoxic incident revealed
      involuntary jerks of trunk and limb muscles triggered by willed movements. On a
      regimen of 1 g L-5-HTP and 100 mg l-alpha-methyldopa hydrazine (carbidopa),
      action myoclonus disappeared completely. This medication had to be discontinued
      because of a regressive hysterical reaction. Two months later, she was found
      unconscious; resuscitation efforts were unsuccessful. Autopsy showed death was
      caused by choking on food. Coronal slices of the cerebral hemispheres and
      transverse section of the brainstem and cerebellum revealed no lesion. No
      evidence of hypoxic damage could be demonstrated in the cerebral cortex,
      hippocampus, striatum, pallidum, subthalamus, thalamus, or other diencephalic
      structures. In the caudal half of the midbrain tegmentum, a marked astrocytic
      reaction of some duration was encountered in the lateral parts of the
      supratrochlearis nucleus, the lateral subnucleus of the mesencephalic gray, and
      the immediately adjacent cuneiform and subcuneiform nuclei. In the former
      nucleus, sites of presumed nerve cell disintegration were found, but the neuronal
      populations of this nucleus and of the other raphe nuclei were well maintained.
      The other brainstem structures and the cerebellum were normal. Our
      neuropathological findings suggest that hypoxic myoclonus (a) does not seem to be
      explained by demonstrable neuronal loss in motor structures, such as cerebellum,
      thalamus, or basal ganglia and (b) does not appear to be causally related to a
      detectable reduction in the serotonin-containing neurons of the brain but rather
      to a functional derangement of anatomically intact serotonergic pathways
      originating perhaps from other, as yet unidentified, damaged neuronal structures.

PMID- 2418648
TI  - The primate serotonergic system: a review of human and animal studies and a
      report on Macaca fascicularis.
AB  - This chapter has reviewed biochemical and morphological studies of the human and
      monkey serotonergic system. In addition, the serotonin-producing neurons of M
      fascicularis were analyzed, using immunocytochemistry, radioautography, and
      measurements of synaptosomal serotonin reuptake and supernatant tryptophan
      hydroxylase activity. The major sections of the chapter covered cell bodies,
      pathways, subcortical distribution, and cortical distribution, and a gross brain
      dissection guide of M fascicularis is included. An atlas of the 5-HT-IR cell
      bodies was presented in Figures 7 to 33. Rostral and caudal groups of nuclei were
      discussed. The rostral group consists principally of the nuclei raphe dorsalis
      (B7 and B6), centralis superior (B8, B5, and part of B7), and prosupralemniscus
      (B9). These groups ascend mainly in tracts lying outside the medial forebrain
      bundle (MFB). In M fascicularis, 25% of the fibers within the MFB are myelinated.
      The caudal 5-HT-IR nuclei consist principally of the nuclei in a dorsal cluster
      (raphe obscurus, B2) and in a ventral cluster (pallidus, B1, and magnus B3). The
      dorsal 5-HT-IR cells in raphe obscurus are associated with the MLF, and cells
      extend into cervical spinal cord (lamina IX and X) with the descending MLF and
      the TTS. Fibers from the raphe obscurus innervate the motoneurons in both the
      cranial nuclei (X, XII) and the ventral horn. The ventral 5-HT-IR cells lie
      mainly medial to the medial leminiscal fibers. A large number of these cells
      extend laterally into paragigantocellularis lateralis and here extend caudally
      lying below the lateral reticular nuclei. Cells from this group are seen dorsally
      joining the internal arcuate fibers. The raphe magnus of the ventral cluster
      projects to the dorsal horn and is believed to mediate the serotonin-induced
      analgesia. The descending fibers from both of these clusters are occasionally
      myelinated. Also, in our tryptophan- and pargyline-pretreated monkeys, small 5 HT
      IR cells were visible in the area postrema. Human and monkey biochemical data
      (detailed summary in Tables 1-6) provide evidence for the presence of serotonin
      fibers in all cortical and subcortical regions. In subcortical regions, the
      midbrain, medulla, amygdala, and substantia nigra have the highest, whereas the
      cerebellum, spinal cord, and ventral pons have the lowest amount of serotonin and
      its metabolite, 5-HIAA. In the basal ganglion, the globus pallidus has the
      highest rate of 5-HT synthesis. The temporal lobe receives the most serotonin of
      the major cortical lobes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2418650
TI  - Baltic myoclonus.
AB  - It has been found that PME without Lafora bodies is more common in Finland than
      elsewhere. The incidence is 1:20,000. The mode of inheritance is autosomal
      recessive. At first the children are healthy. Stimulus-sensitive myoclonic jerks
      and grand mal seizures appear at the age of 6 to 15 years. The EEG shows a
      generalized disturbance with spike-wave or polyspike-wave paroxysms which
      increase during photic stimulation. Myoclonic jerks incapacitate the patient.
      Within 5 years after the onset of the first symptoms, many patients have a
      disorder of gait and may become confined to bed. Sodium valproate alone or
      combined with clonazepam is the most effective therapy. However, the course of
      the disease is progressive. The mean age at death has been 24 years but appears
      to be increasing. The etiology and pathogenesis of PME without Lafora bodies are
      unknown. Increased excretion of indican has been noted, suggesting deficient
      intestinal absorption of L-tryptophan. A loss of Purkinje cells is the most
      prominent neuropathological feature. No inclusion bodies are present. Finnish PME
      patients are similar to the patients described by Unverricht from Estonia and by
      Lundborg from Sweden. Neuropathological data from these patients are not
      available. Clinically, these patients could form an entity with Finnish patients
      defined as a Baltic or Nordic type of PME. The gene is enriched in Finland, but
      elsewhere it is rare.

PMID- 2418649
TI  - 5-HT-mediated myoclonus in the guinea pig as a model of brainstem 5-HT and
      tryptamine receptor action.
AB  - Indoleamine-induced myoclonus in guinea pigs is a specific model of brainstem 5
      HT function that can be used to characterize the indoleamine systems initiating
      myoclonus. 5-HT precursors and indole-containing 5-HT agonists induce myoclonus
      in guinea pigs, but piperazine-containing compounds do not. This selectivity of
      action correlates with the ability of 5-HT agonists to act at 5-HT-1 receptors.
      Further evidence for the involvement of a brainstem 5-HT receptor subpopulation
      in the initiation of myoclonus is shown by the differential ability of 5-HT
      antagonists to inhibit 5-HTP-induced myoclonus and of 5-HT reuptake blockers to
      potentiate threshold myoclonus. Distinct tryptamine receptors also may be
      involved in producing myoclonus, since indoleamine antagonists show differing
      potencies in inhibiting 5-HTP- and tryptamine-induced myoclonus. Tryptamine
      induced myoclonus is, however, dependent on intact presynaptic 5-HT function.
      Biochemical studies indicate that 5-HT is primarily responsible for 5-HTP-evoked
      myoclonus, whereas tryptamine predominates in tryptamine-induced myoclonus. Both
      5-HT and tryptamine may contribute to myoclonus produced by L-tryptophan.
      Indoleamine-induced myoclonus in guinea pigs may be valuable in studying the
      organization of brainstem indoleamine systems that may be involved in some forms
      of human myoclonus.

PMID- 2418651
TI  - p,p'-DDT-induced myoclonus in the rat and its application as an animal model of 5
      HT-sensitive action myoclonus.
AB  - p,p'-DDT-induced myoclonus in mice has been proposed as a model of stimulus
      sensitive action myoclonus responsive to L-5-HTP and clonazepam treatment.
      However, we have been unable to confirm the ability of clonazepam to reduce
      myoclonus induced by p,p'-DDT in the rat. A detailed pharmacological,
      biochemical, and physiological investigation in the latter species shows p,p'-DDT
      induced myoclonus not to resemble stimulus-sensitive action myoclonus occurring
      in humans. Precursors of 5-HT (L-tryptophan and L-5-HTP) reduced the intensity of
      myoclonus, but the 5-HT agonists quipazine and Org 6582 did not. 5-HT antagonists
      (methergoline, methysergide, and cinanserin) did not potentiate myoclonus induced
      by p,p'-DDT. In contrast, administration of MAOIs (pargyline, nialamide, and
      tranylcypromine) markedly attenuated the myoclonus. No observable changes in
      cerebral 5-HT biochemical parameters occurred at the onset of myoclonus, although
      brain tryptophan and 5-HIAA were increased following periods of prolonged
      myoclonus. Electrophysiological analysis of p,p'-DDT-induced myoclonus in the rat
      revealed changes in EEG and EMG activity that were different from those observed
      in human reticular reflex myoclonus. In conclusion, in contrast to the mouse,
      myoclonus induced by p,p'-DDT in the rat does not appear to be a suitable model
      of 5-HT-sensitive action myoclonus in man.

PMID- 2418652
TI  - Mechanism of action of clonazepam in myoclonus in relation to effects on GABA and
      5-HT.
AB  - Clonazepam is a potent anticonvulsant 1,4-benzodiazepine that controls some types
      of myoclonus. Its primary mode of action is to facilitate GABAergic transmission
      in the brain by a direct effect on benzodiazepine receptors. GABA receptors lie
      on the cell bodies of dorsal raphe neurons, and GABA acts to inhibit raphe cell
      firing, an action potentiated by benzodiazepines. Clonazepam does not alter 5-HT
      synthesis but decreases 5-HT utilization in brain and blocks the egress of 5-HIAA
      from the brain. It is not known whether the actions of clonazepam in altering 5
      HT function are responsible for its antimyoclonic action, since these are
      observed only after large doses. Also, the effects of clonazepam are the exact
      opposite of those predicted from the beneficial effects of 5-HTP in human
      myoclonic disorders. Finally, why clonazepam, more than other benzodiazepines, is
      of benefit in the treatment of myoclonus is not clear. This may be due to some
      pharmacokinetic feature of the drug in conjunction with its potency at
      benzodiazepine receptors.

PMID- 2418653
TI  - Clonazepam-induced up-regulation of serotonin1 and serotonin2 binding sites in
      rat frontal cortex.
AB  - Chronic administration of the benzodiazepine clonazepam increased the number of
      [3H]5-HT (5-HT1) and [3H]SPIP (5-HT2) binding sites in rat frontal cortex. In
      each instance, binding changes reflected increases in the maximum densities of
      binding sites (Bmax) with no change in ligand affinities (KD). Increases in
      binding required continued clonazepam exposure (10 days) at high doses. [3H]5-HT
      binding was significantly elevated at daily dose levels (i.p.) of 5.0 mg/kg but
      not 2.5 mg/kg. [3H]SPIP binding was significantly increased at drug doses of 2.5
      mg/kg but not 1.0 mg/kg. Binding changes were regional in that they occurred in
      membranes from frontal cortex but not brainstem. A second benzodiazepine,
      diazepam, did not affect either binding site at daily doses of 30 mg/kg. These
      data suggest that serotonin receptor changes seen after chronic clonazepam may
      occur as a compensatory response to decreases in the presynaptic release of
      serotonin.

PMID- 2418654
TI  - Possible mechanisms of action of valproic acid in myoclonus.

PMID- 2418655
TI  - Stimulation-induced release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipid in
      mast cells.

PMID- 2418656
TI  - Synthesis of ZK-96,480: a chemically and metabolically stable potent prostacyclin
      analogue.

PMID- 2418657
TI  - [Four cases of cystitis induced by the anti-allergic drug tranilast].
AB  - First, the cases of two patients with intractable cystitis are presented. The
      first case was a 72-year old man who was admitted to our clinic with bladder
      symptoms (pollakisuria, pain on urination, hematuria and so forth) for about one
      month. These symptoms were not relieved by several kinds of antibiotic therapy.
      For the previous three months he had been suffering from asthma bronchiale.
      Rizaben (tranilast) was administered for more than two months. An excretory
      urogram showed normal renal function, but a small bladder with trabeculation.
      Voiding cystourethrograms revealed bilateral VUR. Cystoscopy disclosed remarkable
      red areas in the bladder mucosa. A bladder biopsy was done and the pathological
      finding was cystitis chronica. Intravesical installation of AgNO3, steroid
      administration, anti-histamic and anti-allergic therapy did not resolve these
      symptoms. However, Chinese medicines (Choreto and Ryutanshakanto) were effective.
      The second case was a 39-year old woman who visited our clinic complaining of
      bladder symptoms with hematuria for more than two months. In the past, she had
      suffered from asthma bronchiale. Rizaben (tranilast) was administered for three
      months. On cystoscopic examination, a small amount of intravesical coagula and
      erythematous, edematous areas with petechiae, were observed. The intravesical
      installation of AgNO3, anti-histamic and antiallergic therapy and gamma-globulin
      were not effective, but Chinese medicine was effective. Two other cases of
      cystitis due to Rizaben are presented briefly. Including our cases, 24 cases of
      cystitis chronica or eosimophilic cystitis due to Rizaben have been reported
      recently.

PMID- 2418658
TI  - [Transfer of ceftizoxime into serum and prostatic tissue].
AB  - Serum and prostatic tissue levels of Ceftizoxime (CZX) were measured in 37
      patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy after intravenous infusion of 0.5 g or
      1 g or 2 g of CZX. The prostatic tissue level of CZX was sufficient for the
      treatment of prostatic infection. Serum and prostatic tissue levels of CZX were
      maintained satisfactorily by the dose of CZX. Neither the weight of extracted
      prostatic tissue nor the renal function of the patient was correlated to the
      tissue level of CZX.

PMID- 2418660
TI  - [Prostatic acid phosphatase measured by immunoenzyme assay].
AB  - Prostatic acid phosphatase was determined with Merck-Kanto's test kit on the
      cases of prostatic cancer experienced at our University Hospital from August in
      1983 to February in 1985. Untreated cases were 4 stage A cases, 1 stage B case, 3
      stage C cases, 3 stage D1 cases and 12 stage D2 cases. Nine cases were determined
      before and after hormonal treatment. From 67 controlled cases and 19 recurrent
      cases, 144 and 56 samples were selected, respectively. This method showed good
      reproducibility and even the serum stored at -80 degrees C after separation could
      be used for determination by addition of tartrate just before the measurement.
      The occurrence of abnormal values in untreated prostatic cancer cases, was 0% for
      stage A, 1 case for stage B, 33% for stage C and D1 and 75% for stage D2.
      Hormonal treatment decreased the high values of 5 cases and 1 case returned to
      normal. Compared to the recurrent cases, controlled cases showed a significantly
      larger ratio of negative, and it suggests that the test is useful for follow-up.
      Prostatic hypertrophy showed the increase of the value in 6% of the cases. Both
      prostatitis and urinary tract stone cases remained in the normal range.

PMID- 2418659
TI  - [Clinical research on prevention of recurrence of superficial bladder cancer-
      comparative study on clinical efficacy of bleomycin intravesical instillation and
      bestatin].
AB  - Objectives and methods of the study: Although superficial bladder carcinoma can
      be surgically eliminated by TUR, recurrence is common. Various attempts have been
      made to prevent recurrence, but to date an excellent prophylactic method with few
      adverse reactions has not been established. We conducted a clinical trial study
      for prophylaxis of bladder carcinoma recurrence, using intravesical instillation
      of bleomycin, a drug which cause little local irritation, in combination with
      bestatin, a recently developed immunomodulator. Bleomycin was selected on the
      bases of experimental results. That is, in beagle dogs, the 1-hour intravesical
      instillation of bleomycin gained a drug concentration in the bladder wall of 2.08
      micrograms/g, which is approximately 4 times higher than that in the intravenous
      administration of the same dose. The above bleomycin concentration was thought
      enough to obtain a good clinical effect. A total of 124 patients were randomly
      divided into the two treatment groups: An only bleomycin intravesical
      instillation group (60 mg on each treatment day) (58 patients) and a bleomycin
      with bestatin (60 mg per every day) group (66 patients). In the 2-year follow-up
      period the recurrence of bladder carcinoma in the two treatment groups was
      studied. Analysis of non-recurrence rate by life-table method and Kaplan-Meier
      method: The non-recurrence rate of the bladder carcinoma every three months was
      calculated by the life-table and Kaplan-Meier methods. The non-recurrence rate in
      the bleomycin group was approximately the same as the rates in adriamycin or
      mitomycin reported in the literature. In the bleomycin + bestatin group, the
      recurrence rates at 9 months and 12 months were significantly (at P = 0.09 and P
      = 0.08, respectively) lower, and in addition, even the 2-year overall non
      recurrence rate curves showed a nearly significant difference (P = 0.179).
      Especially in the case of papillary pedunculated tumors, the difference in the
      non-recurrence rate curves was almost statistically significant (P = 0.104). The
      stratified analysis on the basis of various tumor factors, were as follows.
      Pathological grade: Although no differences were found in Grades 1 and 2, the
      bleomycin + bestatin group had a lower recurrence rate in Grade 3 cases (P =
      0.1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2418661
TI  - [Statistical study of outpatients with hematuria].
AB  - The records of 2,545 outpatients who visited our clinic from January, 1983 to
      September, 1984, were reviewed retrospectively. Gross hematuria was recognized
      during the clinical course in 341 patients, and microscopic hematuria, in 873
      patients. The patients who experienced hematuria included 701 males and 513
      females. The most common causes of hematuria were UTIs (53.0%), urinary tract
      calculi (15.6%), and malignant tumors (7.1%). Patients with malignancies tended
      to develop gross hematuria rather than microscopic hematuria; moreover gross
      hematuria caused by a malignancy was seen more commonly in the elderly
      population. In renal parenchymal diseases (e.g. glomerulonephritis and IgA
      nephropathy), continuous hematuria (93.7%) was the rule, although in calculous
      diseases (55.9%) and prostate hypertrophy (73.9%), intermittent hematuria was
      more frequent. Hematuria caused by G-U malignancy could not be specified as
      either microscopic or gross or as either continuous or intermittent. In
      conclusion, hematuria is a sign of malignancy in 7.1% of all outpatients with
      hematuria during the clinical course; therefore, a complete examination is
      indicated for any kind of hematuria.

PMID- 2418662
TI  - [Clinical statistics of the Urological Clinic of East Sapporo Sanjukai Hospital.
      V: Clinical statistics on patients admitted in 1984].
AB  - A clinical statistic survey was carried out on the patients, diseases and
      operations experienced at our urological clinic in 1984. The total number of
      inpatients was 1314, the male to female ratio being 2.97:1. The major diseases of
      the inpatients were urolithiasis (452 cases, 34.4%), and BPH (297 cases, 22.6%).
      Among the operations, TUR-P 34.1%, ESWL 33.0%, TUR-BT 6.9% were predominant.

PMID- 2418663
TI  - [Serum and prostatic tissue concentration of ceftizoxime (CZX) after intravenous
      administration in cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy].
AB  - One gram of ceftizoxime (CZX) was administrated before transurethral resection in
      38 cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Then the serum and tissue concentration
      of CZX was measured, and compared with the sensitivity of CZX to the bacteria
      separated from the urine of inpatients. The concentration of CZX in prostatic
      tissue was higher than the MIC80 for E. coli for 16.7 hr, for Klebsiella for 18.7
      hr, for Proteus for 14.7 hr and for Serratia for 8.86 hr. Therefore, CZX was
      considered to be an effective drug against bacterial prostatitis.

PMID- 2418664
TI  - Review of group B streptococci and their infections.
AB  - This review article discusses the stages in the development of research on group
      B streptococcus (GBS), otherwise called Streptococcus agalactiae. Emphasis was
      placed on the bacteriology, clinical spectrum of disease, immunity to GBS
      infections and antibiotic susceptibility of the causative organism. The organism,
      first recognized by Billroth in 1873, is classified into order Eubacteriales,
      family Lactobacillceae, class Schizomycetes and genus Streptococcus on the basis
      of its biochemical and physiological characteristics. It is subdivided into types
      Ia, Ib, Ic, II, III, X and R on the basis of carbohydrate and protein antigens
      present on its cell wall. Bovine strains of GBS are found in the bovine teat
      while human strains are present in the female vagina, the oro-pharynx, anorectum
      and the external auditory canal of newborns. It could be transmitted vertically
      from mother to child in-utero and during parturition. Cross infection by the
      nursery staff could also occur during the immediate post partum period. Two types
      of diseases are caused in the newborn: the early disease occurring within a week
      of birth; and the late disease presenting during the late neonatal period. The
      former usually presents in the form of septicaemia while the latter presents as
      meningitis. Adult infections include puerperal sepsis, pyelonephritis and a wide
      range of other infections. Usually they are associated with other underlying
      clinical conditions such as malignancy, diabetes mellitus and sickle cell
      disease. The organism is sensitive to penicillin which is the drug choice in
      treating established infections by GBS. Control measures are based on treatment
      of cases, eradication of vaginal colonization and chemoprophylaxis of infants at
      risk. An effective vaccine may become available in the near future.

PMID- 2418665
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate.
AB  - The prostate was examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 33 subjects,
      including five normal volunteers, 18 with prostatic carcinomas, seven with benign
      nodular hyperplasias, two cases of acute prostatitis, and one case of chronic
      prostatitis. Of 18 prostatic carcinomas, 16 produced an inhomogeneous signal
      intensity, with areas of diminished signal on T1-weighted scans and usually
      increased signal on T2-weighted images relative to the rest of the prostate.
      However, a similar appearance was also seen in five cases of benign nodular
      hyperplasia. It is doubtful at present whether MRI is able to reliably
      differentiate benign from malignant prostatic disease. Extraprostatic tumor
      extension and pelvic adenopathy was well shown, and MRI is very promising as a
      method for the preoperative staging of known prostatic carcinomas.

PMID- 2418666
TI  - [The antigen-specific rosette test--its value for clinically relevant problems].
AB  - The antigen specific rosette test was used for the evaluation of the
      sensibilization in animal models and in patients to antigens with clinical
      relevance. The corresponding antigens were coupled to sheep- and guinea pig
      erythrocytes respectively or to a synthetical carrier and we have determined the
      frequency of antigen binding lymphocytes in patients or animals by rosette
      formation. The suitability of this test we have studied for following problems:
      Evaluation of a sensitization against a cutaneous burn toxin in mice following
      thermic injury, against the transplantation antigens in pigs following allogenic
      renal transplantation, against TAA from breast carcinoma in patients with breast
      cancer.

PMID- 2418667
TI  - [Effect of prior oral antigen administration on the immune response to
      parenterally applied antigen in mice].
AB  - Feeding of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and HGG over a period of 10 days leads to
      production of serum antibodies. Simultaneously the mice become a status of
      sensitization to a second systemic immunization. The number of anti SRBC-Plaque
      forming cells decreases in the spleen however. Under the influence of SRBC
      feeding the rosette forming cells (RFC) increases in the Peyer's patches. This
      high level of RFC is transient only.

PMID- 2418668
TI  - The 10-minute talk: organization, slides, writing, and delivery.

PMID- 2418670
TI  - Postextrasystolic potentiation: analysis of methods of induction.
AB  - Studies were conducted in 15 patients with coronary artery disease to determine
      if the type of pacing used to induce an extrasystole had a bearing on subsequent
      postextrasystolic potentiation (PESP) and if the fact that these were evaluated
      in jeopardized or nonjeopardized portions of the ventricle altered the ability to
      assess PESP. Two types of pacing were used. In the first group, all beats in the
      test sequence (basic heart rate, extrasystole, and postextrasystole) were
      delivered from a programmed external pacemaker. This group was termed the "all
      paced" (AP) group, and the postextrasystole was introduced before a compensatory
      pause could occur, so that loading conditions within the ventricle at the last
      regular beat and after the extrasystole were not different. In the second group,
      the extrasystole was coupled to the sensed intrinsic heart rate of the patient,
      and the postextrasystole was allowed to occur spontaneously. This group was
      termed the "sensed-paced" (SP) group. Despite differences in basic heart rates
      and postextrasystolic intervals between the two groups, comparable results were
      obtained with the two techniques. However, the postextrasystole in the SP group
      occurred much earlier than expected, probably due to intrinsic cardioacceleration
      during ventriculography. The net result was that loading conditions in this group
      before and after the extrasystole were also not different from each other.
      Results from the pacing techniques were not influenced by whether they were
      obtained from jeopardized or nonjeopardized segments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2418669
TI  - Factors that determine the occurrence of arrhythmias during acute myocardial
      ischemia.
AB  - To elucidate the determinants of arrhythmias during acute myocardial ischemia, a
      25-minute coronary artery occlusion was performed in 101 open-chest dogs. Heart
      rate correlated positively with the number of premature ventricular complexes
      (PVCs) and the occurrence of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and fibrillation (VF).
      The size of the occluded coronary bed was positively correlated with the
      occurrence of VF, but exhibited only a weak association with PVCs and VT.
      Coronary collateral flow exhibited a strong negative correlation with all forms
      of arrhythmias. Importantly, a sensitive coupling was present, whereby small
      differences in flow were associated with large differences in rhythm disorders.
      VT occurred in all ranges of occluded bed size examined, but within any given
      range, its incidence was inversely related to collateral flow. Thus, VT is
      relatively independent of occluded bed size, and is determined primarily by the
      degree of myocardial hypoperfusion. In contrast, even in the presence of low
      flows, VF did not develop with occluded beds less than 28% of left ventricular
      mass; above this critical occluded bed size, the incidence of VF was inversely
      related to collateral perfusion. VF is therefore determined by the association of
      a large occluded bed with a poor collateral function. This study identifies and
      systematically analyzes three major determinants of arrhythmias during acute
      myocardial ischemia: the heart rate, the amount of ischemic myocardium, and the
      severity of myocardial flow reduction. The finding that these factors account for
      most of the variability in the occurrence of malignant tachyarrhythmias has
      important methodological and clinical implications.

PMID- 2418671
TI  - Postextrasystolic potentiation: regional wall motion before and after
      revascularization.
AB  - We evaluated the augmentation of contractility which follows an extrasystole
      (postextrasystolic potentiation: PESP) in patients before and after coronary
      revascularization surgery for angina pectoris. PESP was induced by methods which
      result in essentially identical loading conditions of the ventricle for the beat
      before the extrasystole and the beat after the extrasystole. We evaluated
      regional ventricular function before and after revascularization in "jeopardized"
      segments (supplied by a coronary vessel with significant coronary disease) and
      "nonjeopardized" segments (supplied by a vessel without significant disease). All
      coronary lesions were proximal to all three anterior or all posterior segments.
      Those jeopardized segments with patent grafts which had augmented with PESP
      improved their baseline function following revascularization. Conversely, those
      jeopardized segments which failed to augment with PESP decreased their basic
      function following revascularization. Those segments in which the grafts were
      occluded failed to augment with PESP after attempted revascularization.
      Perioperative myocardial infarction resulted in a drop in ejection fraction and a
      failure to augment with PESP. The nonjeopardized segments responded to PESP
      similarly to the ischemic augmenting segments. The results of this study suggest
      that PESP does detect ventricular segments which will improve basic function
      following revascularization. Those segments which fail to augment with PESP are
      most likely more ischemic than the augmenting segments, will not improve, and may
      even decrease function following revascularization.

PMID- 2418672
TI  - 1985 Stokinger lecture. Health effects of diesel exhaust: a case study in risk
      assessment.

PMID- 2418673
TI  - Balloon and blade atrial septostomy facilitated by two-dimensional
      echocardiography.
AB  - Two-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo) was used as an imaging device for the
      performance of balloon atrial septostomy (n = 25) and blade atrial septostomy (n
      = 3). Biplane fluoroscopy with 2-D echo or 2-D echo alone were used in the
      cardiac catheterization laboratory to place the balloon or blade septostomy
      catheter in the left atrium. Echocardiography confirmed the position of the
      septostomy catheter before pullback. Balloon inflation and balloon or blade
      pullback to the right atrium was performed with 2-D echocardiographic
      visualization. In 8 critically ill newborn infants, balloon atrial septostomy was
      done in the neonatal intensive care unit without flouroscopy. The safety and
      efficacy of 2-D echo to assist balloon or blade atrial septostomy in the
      catheterization laboratory or as the sole imaging device in the neonatal
      intensive care unit are confirmed. Use of the subcostal 4-chamber and sagittal
      views to image cardiac anatomy and catheter position during the procedure are
      emphasized. Two-dimensional echo is particularly helpful in cases of cardiac
      malposition and during transseptal puncture of the atrial septum before blade
      septostomy, and lowers radiation dose when used in conjunction with fluoroscopy.

PMID- 2418674
TI  - Tremor induced by procainamide.

PMID- 2418675
TI  - Concealed ventricular premature complexes in a population sample.
AB  - One hundred fifty patients were analyzed with a random sample of patients whose
      Holter recordings indicated ventricular premature complexes (VPCs). Thirty-five
      patients (23%) had more than 30 VPCs/hour. Of these 35 patients, 19 had concealed
      VPCs. This represents 54% of the patients with more than 30 VPCs/hour and 13% of
      the total sample of 150 patients with VPCs. The most common type of concealed
      VPCs was the classic concealed bigeminy (S = 2n - 1), which was found in 10 of 19
      patients (52%) whose electrocardiograms and patterns were characteristic of
      concealed VPCs. This was followed by the "even variant" 2n in 5 patients (26%),
      concealed trigeminy (S = 3n - 1) in 1 (5%), the 3n - 2 variant in 1 (5%) and the
      "interpolated variant" of 1 + (2n - 1) in 1 (5%). One patient showed a conversion
      from 2n - 1 to 2n.

PMID- 2418676
TI  - New sites of human S-100 immunoreactivity detected with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - In a previous paper from this laboratory, the production of monoclonal antibodies
      recognizing antigenic determinants common to the alpha and beta chains of bovine
      brain S-100 protein was reported. In the present study, the immunohistochemical
      labeling patterns of these monoclonal antibodies against a wide range of normal
      and pathologic human tissues are described, and these results are compared with
      those obtained using polyclonal anti-S-100 antiserum. Although many of the
      reactions of the monoclonal antibodies were very similar to those of the
      polyclonal antiserum (and the previously reported sites of S-100
      immunoreactivity) several additional cell types (e.g., thyroid follicular cells,
      biliary epithelium, pancreatic cells, renal tubules) were labeled by one or both
      of the monoclonal antibodies. Blocking experiments prove that immunohistochemical
      differences obtained with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are at least
      partly caused by differences in the repertoire of antigenic determinants on S-100
      protein that are recognized by the two species (i.e., mouse and rabbit,
      respectively). These results indicate that S-100 may be more widespread in human
      tissues than previously thought, and that its value as a marker of the
      histogenetic origin of human tumors should be reappraised. It is suggested that
      the marked variability observed in the reactivity of different tissues in the
      present study may indicate that S-100 is a heterogeneous group of molecules, and
      its expression may be related to the functional activity of cells.

PMID- 2418677
TI  - Calcofluor white detection of fungi in cytopathology.
AB  - Calcofluor/Cellufluor (CFW) binds to fungal cell walls and causes them to
      fluoresce blue-green when illuminated with UV light. Retrospective and
      prospective studies were made to determine if CFW could be added to the
      Papanicolaou (PAP) stain procedure without altering diagnostic cytopathologic
      features while still allowing fungi to be identified. The retrospective study
      included 136 cytology specimens that were designated positive for fungus by PAP
      stain; these were stained with a 0.1% aqueous solution of CFW and examined by
      fluorescent microscopy. The overall agreement between the two methods in the
      detection of fungi was 90.4%. The incorporation of CFW into the PAP stain was
      tested at various points in the PAP stain sequence; optimum results were obtained
      when CFW was introduced after acid eosin. A total of 197 random, sequentially
      accessioned cytology specimens were stained with the PAP/CFW combination in the
      prospective study. The results indicate that detection of fungi by a combination
      of regular light and fluorescent microscopy was far more effective than was
      examination for the organisms by light microscopy alone.

PMID- 2418678
TI  - Pancreatitis: an important cause of abdominal symptoms in patients on peritoneal
      dialysis.
AB  - In an eight-month period, four patients in our peritoneal dialysis program
      developed acute pancreatitis, an incidence significantly higher than that in our
      hemodialysis program. Diagnosis was difficult since the symptoms of pancreatitis
      were similar to those of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis. Further
      difficulties in diagnosis were due to unreliability of serum amylase levels and
      "routine" ultrasound examinations in suggesting the presence of pancreatitis.
      Computerized tomography performed in three patients showed enlarged, edematous
      pancreata with large extrapancreatic fluid collections in all cases. Two patients
      died, one directly due to complications of pancreatitis. One patient was changed
      to hemodialysis and showed clinical and radiologic resolution of his
      pancreatitis. One patient remains on peritoneal dialysis but has now had four
      attacks of acute pancreatitis. No patient had classic risk factors for
      development of pancreatitis. Review of patient histories showed no common
      historical factors except for renal failure itself, peritoneal dialysis,
      peritonitis, catheter surgery, and hypoproteinemia. It is possible that metabolic
      abnormalities related to absorption of glucose and buffer from dialysate or
      absorption of a toxic substance present in dialysate, bags, or tubing can cause
      pancreatitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis. We feel that a diagnosis of
      pancreatitis should be considered when peritoneal dialysis patients present with
      abdominal pain, particularly if peritoneal fluid cultures are negative or if
      patients with positive cultures do not have prompt resolution of symptoms with
      appropriate antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 2418679
TI  - Abnormal arrangements in the alpha- and gamma-globin gene clusters in a
      relatively large group of Japanese newborns.
AB  - Data were obtained on blood samples from a relatively large group (264) of
      healthy Japanese newborns, collected at hospitals in Tokyo, Kurashiki, and Ube.
      The studies included an evaluation of anomalies in alpha-globin gene and gamma
      globin gene arrangements using gene mapping and gamma-chain composition analyses.
      The results confirmed the rarity of alpha-thalassemia among Japanese; only a few
      babies had alpha-thalassemia-2 trait (the -3.7-kilobase [kb] deletion), while
      others had alpha-globin gene triplications (both the alpha alpha alpha anti-3.7
      and the alpha alpha alpha anti-4.2 types). Among the gamma-globin gene anomalies
      that were observed, a few babies had the -A gamma-A gamma- globin gene
      arrangement or the -G gamma A gamma- type of deletion. The gamma-chain
      triplication (-G gamma-A gamma G gamma-A gamma-) occurred in 10 out of 256
      newborns, and its frequency exceeded that of its corresponding -G gamma A gamma-
      deletion by a factor of 5. The restriction endonuclease XmnI was a useful tool,
      in addition to the enzymes Bg1II and BclI, to evaluate and confirm the gamma
      globin gene deletion and triplication. The A gamma T variant, which is the
      product of a mutant A gamma-globin gene, occurred at a frequency of 0.156. The
      chromosome carrying this mutant A gamma gene had a characteristic haplotype that
      was originally seen in black and Mediterranean patients with Hemoglobin (Hb) S or
      with beta-thalassemia.

PMID- 2418680
TI  - Mediating influences of social support: personal, family, and child outcomes.
AB  - The mediating influences of social support were examined in a study of 137
      parents of mentally retarded, physically impaired, and developmentally at-risk
      children. Social system theory was used as a conceptual framework for assessing
      the effects of social support on personal well-being, parental attitudes toward
      their child, family integrity, parental perceptions of child functioning, parent
      child play opportunities, and child behavior and development. A series of
      hierarchical multiple regression analyses by sets, controlling for family SES and
      income, child sex and age, and child developmental quotient and diagnosis showed
      that both satisfaction with support and number of sources of support had main
      and/or interactive effects in all sets of outcome measures. More supportive
      social networks were associated with better personal well-being, more positive
      attitudes, and more positive influences on parent-child play opportunities and
      child behavior and development. Findings were discussed in terms of both
      methodological and conceptual contributions to understanding the broad-based
      influences of social support.

PMID- 2418681
TI  - Simple cough--how complex.

PMID- 2418682
TI  - Squamous cells in the maternal pulmonary circulation.
AB  - Identification of squamous cells in the maternal pulmonary arterial circulation,
      either at autopsy or in blood aspirated from a pulmonary artery catheter, is
      currently regarded as pathognomonic for amniotic fluid embolism. Sixteen pregnant
      women underwent pulmonary arterial catheterization for a variety of medical
      indications. Examination of the buffy coat fraction of the distal lumen aspirate
      resulted in the identification of squamous cells in all cases. Squamous cells
      were similarly identified in control specimens from 17 nonpregnant patients;
      however, the difference in cell count between the pregnant and nonpregnant
      patients was significant. Such cells presumably reflect, in part, bloodstream
      contamination from sites of venous access. Reliable differentiation of adult from
      fetal squamous cells is not possible; however, the significant increase in cell
      count documented in pregnant patients suggests a possible fetal origin for some
      squamous cells detected during pregnancy. The detection of squamous cells in the
      pulmonary arterial circulation of pregnant women is not pathognomonic for
      amniotic fluid embolism. In a critically ill obstetric patient, such a finding
      should not deter the clinician from a thorough search for other causes of
      hemodynamic instability.

PMID- 2418683
TI  - Occurrence of molar pregnancy in patients undergoing elective abortion:
      comparison with other clinical presentations.
AB  - Clinical data of molar pregnancies found in women undergoing elective abortion
      (group 1, n = 39) were compared to those of molar pregnancies in women who
      experienced spontaneous abortions (group 2, n = 157) and women in whom molar
      pregnancy was discovered before symptoms of spontaneous abortion were evident
      (group 3, n = 209). Group 1 women were younger and experienced uterine evacuation
      at an earlier stage of amenorrhea than groups 2 and 3. Group 3 had larger uteri
      at evacuation and longer intervals of positive tests for the beta-subunit of
      human chorionic gonadotropin during the postmolar phase as compared with groups 1
      and 2. On the basis of available provincial data for the number of elective
      abortions, the estimated incidence of molar pregnancies in this population was
      1:2,699. The presence of malignant gestational trophoblastic neoplasia was
      documented in a single patient in group 1. The incidence of malignant gestational
      trophoblastic neoplasia in this group was not significantly different from that
      in groups 2 and 3. Routine pathologic examination of the products of conception
      in women undergoing elective abortion coupled with routine assays of the beta
      subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin when molar pregnancy is found can
      identify both noninvasive and invasive trophoblastic disease in these women.

PMID- 2418684
TI  - Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and fetal autosomal trisomies.
AB  - Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein values in 61 patients with fetal autosomal
      trisomies diagnosed at 6581 genetic amniocenteses were significantly lower than
      those in an equal number of matched control subjects. The genetic risk of fetal
      autosomal trisomies for women less than age 35 offered amniocentesis with
      maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein values less than 0.5 multiples of the median is
      in the same range as that currently accepted for advanced maternal age. Maternal
      serum alpha-fetoprotein screening for autosomal trisomies (mainly Down syndrome)
      is feasible.

PMID- 2418685
TI  - The influence of prolonged pregnancy on infant development at one and two years
      of age: a prospective controlled study.
AB  - Isolated reports of developmental disturbances following prolonged pregnancy led
      us to compare, prospectively, at 1 and 2 years of age, infants born after normal
      term gestations with those born after prolonged pregnancies (exceeding 294 days).
      The infants were subgrouped according to their physical condition at birth, that
      is, normal or dysmature (mild or advanced dysmaturity). Infant assessments
      included: (1) height and weight, (2) hospitalizations, and (3) mental development
      by the Griffiths Mental Development Scales. Follow-up testing was obtained on 130
      term control infants and 89 infants of prolonged pregnancies at 1 year of age and
      111 term control infants and 76 infants of prolonged pregnancies at 2 years of
      age. At 1 and 2 years the general intelligence quotient, physical milestones, and
      intercurrent illnesses for normal infants and those of prolonged pregnancies were
      not significantly different.

PMID- 2418686
TI  - Sensory intervention with the preterm infant in the neonatal intensive care unit.
AB  - Sensory intervention, one aspect in the occupational therapy treatment of the
      high-risk, preterm infant in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), is
      discussed. Normal deviations in the healthy preterm baby's development at the
      equivalent age of the full-term baby are identified as a basis for intervention.
      Environmental factors affecting the preterm infant's interactions and therapeutic
      needs, such as the NICU environment and medical intervention, are reviewed. The
      rationale underlying the selection of sensory evaluation and treatment approaches
      is based on recent research. These approaches primarily focus on visual, tactile,
      proprioceptive, vestibular, and, to a lesser degree, auditory stimulation.

PMID- 2418687
TI  - Autoimmune effector cells. VII. Cells isolated from thymus and spinal cord of
      rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis transfer disease.
AB  - Effector cells mediating experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) were
      recovered from the thymus glands and spinal cords of Lewis rats immunized with
      myelin basic protein (BP) and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), as demonstrated
      by adoptive transfer to syngeneic recipients following in vitro activation with
      BP. The thymic effector cells (TCs) were lymphoblasts. Sequential transfer
      studies suggested that the effector TCs probably recirculated back to the thymus
      from the periphery. The transfer of EAE with cells derived from the spinal cords
      of paralyzed donors indicates that disease-inducing effector cells are present in
      the target organ.

PMID- 2418688
TI  - The diagnostic distinction between malignant mesothelioma of the pleura and
      adenocarcinoma of the lung as defined by a monoclonal antibody (B72.3).
AB  - The correct distinction between malignant mesothelioma of the pleura and
      adenocarcinoma of the lung has become increasingly complex, with a variety of
      histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural studies to be performed
      on biopsy material. The reliability of immunohistochemical studies has been
      hampered by the use of polyclonal antisera to "carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)"
      and keratin. Hybridoma technology now offers monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in
      unlimited quantity and standardized quality to selective ranges of specific
      antigenic determinants. MAb B72.3, generated against a membrane-enriched fraction
      of human metastatic breast carcinoma, was used to distinguish malignant
      mesothelioma of the pleura from adenocarcinoma of the lung in tissue sections and
      was compared in terms of diagnostic utility with polyclonal anti-keratin and anti
      CEA to make the same distinction. Reactivity with MAb B72.3 in at least 10% of
      tumor cells or more was noted in 19 of 22 adenocarcinomas of the lung (P greater
      than 0.0001), whereas none of the 20 cases of malignant mesothelioma demonstrated
      comparable reactivity. Furthermore, MAb B72.3 showed no reactivity with benign
      mesothelial proliferations. MAb B72.3 thus appears to be an appropriate
      diagnostic adjunct capable of discriminating between these malignancies.

PMID- 2418689
TI  - Adrenocortical carcinoma. An immunohistochemical comparison with renal cell
      carcinoma.
AB  - The diagnosis of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is often difficult, because this
      tumor may present with direct extension into adjacent renal parenchyma or with
      metastatic disease. Renal cell carcinoma and other histologically similar tumors
      are potentially confused with ACC by conventional light microscopy, and their
      separation from the latter is often impossible without the aid of additional
      studies. Furthermore, the distinction between adrenal cortical adenoma and ACC
      may also be problematic. Because of these factors, the authors studied 10 cases
      each of ACC, adrenocortical adenoma, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
      immunohistochemically, in an attempt to develop objective parameters which may
      aid in this differential diagnostic dilemma. Nontrypsinized, formalin-fixed,
      paraffin-embedded specimens were used in all cases, and tissue from the
      adrenocortical tumors was also studied for intermediate filament content after
      protease digestion. All 20 nontrypsinized adrenocortical neoplasms were positive
      for vimentin, but not for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, or blood
      group isoantigens. Conversely, each of 10 cases of RCC expressed epithelial
      membrane antigen, cytokeratin, and blood group isoantigens, but none was
      immunoreactive for vimentin. Two adrenocortical carcinomas and three adenomas
      manifested cytokeratin positivity after trypsin digestion. There were no
      significant differences between the immunostaining profiles of ACC and
      adrenocortical adenoma, which suggest that this distinction must still rely upon
      clinical and morphologic criteria.

PMID- 2418690
TI  - Role of the renal kinin-prostaglandin system in diltiazem-induced natriuresis.
AB  - Intravenous infusion of the Ca2+ entry blocker diltiazem (10 micrograms . kg-1 .
      min-1 for 30 min) induced an increase in urinary excretion of sodium (UNaV) from
      209 +/- 42 to 922 +/- 311 mueq without significant alterations in renal
      hemodynamics in anesthetized rabbits. Urinary excretion of kinin (UkinV) and
      prostaglandin E (UPGEV) were also increased by diltiazem, from 14.3 +/- 2.5 to
      25.9 +/- 4.8 ng and 1.33 +/- 0.20 to 2.44 +/- 0.34 ng, respectively. Moreover,
      there was a significant correlation between UkinV and UNaV (r = 0.81, P less than
      0.05). A significant relationship between UPGEV and UNaV (r = 0.83, P less than
      0.05) was also observed. However, no correlation between urinary excretion of
      kallikrein (UkallV) and UNaV was found after infusion of diltiazem. Further, to
      examine a possible contribution of renal kinins and prostaglandins in diltiazem
      induced natriuresis, aprotinin (50,000 KIU/kg bolus + 1,000 KIU . kg-1 . min-1
      infusion) and indomethacin (8 mg/kg) were used. Aprotinin pretreatment attenuated
      diltiazem-induced natriuresis, accompanied by suppression of UkallV, UkinV, and
      UPGEV. However, indomethacin pretreatment did not affect this drug-induced
      natriuresis, although UPGEV was significantly decreased. Furthermore, under the
      indomethacin pretreatment, a significant increase in UkinV was produced by
      diltiazem. These results suggest that renal kinins rather than renal
      prostaglandin E, at least in part, play a role in diltiazem-induced natriuresis.

PMID- 2418691
TI  - Parathyroid hormone inhibition of Na+-H+ antiporter activity in a cultured renal
      cell line.
AB  - The renal effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) include a decreased rate of
      acidification by the proximal tubule. To determine whether this effect
      represented a PTH action on the Na+-H+ antiporter, we investigated the effect of
      PTH on the established opossum kidney (OK) cell line. This cell line retains
      several features characteristic of proximal tubule cells, including an amiloride
      sensitive Na+-H+ antiporter and high-affinity PTH receptors with a coupled cAMP
      response. We measured steady-state intracellular pH and amiloride-sensitive 22Na+
      uptake as a reflection of the activity of the Na+-H+ antiporter. Under
      bicarbonate and CO2-free conditions, the steady-state intracellular pH of OK cell
      cultures was modified by altering the rate of Na+-H+ exchange. When Na+-H+
      exchange was inhibited by amiloride, intracellular pH fell. Conversely,
      augmenting antiporter activity by addition of monensin, a Na+-H+ exchange
      ionophore, raised intracellular pH. PTH (2.5 X 10(-8) M) lowered intracellular pH
      by up to 0.17 pH units, and half of the maximum PTH effect was present at a
      concentration of 10(-12) M. This effect was not seen in the presence of amiloride
      or in the absence of sodium, suggesting that a functional Na+-H+ antiporter is
      necessary for its expression. The decrease in intracellular pH was reproduced by
      forskolin and 8-bromo-cAMP, suggesting that this is a cAMP-mediated effect. PTH,
      forskolin, and 8-bromo-cAMP also decreased the amiloride-sensitive component of
      22Na+ uptake in OK cells by up to 64%, whereas the amiloride-insensitive
      component was unaffected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2418692
TI  - Immunohistochemical staining for vimentin and keratin in malignant mesothelioma.
AB  - Because tissue culture studies have suggested that mesothelial cells might
      produce large amounts of vimentin, I stained eight mesotheliomas (two fixed in
      alcohol) for vimentin using the Gown and Vogel monoclonal antibody 43 beta E8.
      The two tumors that had alcohol fixed blocks were strongly positive for vimentin,
      whereas one of the tumors fixed only in formalin showed moderately strong
      staining and two others showed very weak focal positivity; the remaining tumors
      were negative. In the mesotheliomas that did stain, both epithelial and spindled
      elements gave a positive reaction. Three alcohol-fixed lung cancers and two
      blocks of alcohol-fixed pleura failed to stain for vimentin. By contrast, all
      mesotheliomas and carcinomas, whether alcohol or formalin fixed, as well as
      sections of pleura, were strongly positive when stained with anticytokeratin
      antibody 35 beta H11. I conclude that the combination of staining for vimentin
      and keratin might be a useful diagnostic finding in malignant mesothelioma, but
      that specially fixed material is required for reliable vimentin staining.

PMID- 2418693
TI  - Endometriosis of the prostate.
AB  - Endometriosis occurred within the prostate of a 78-year-old man after a long
      course of estrogen therapy. The presence of endometrial tissue in the region of
      the urethral crest has potential histogenic and therapeutic implications for some
      of the neoplasms that arise in this area.

PMID- 2418694
TI  - Healed dissection confused with temporal arteritis. Extensive neovascularization-
      a distinguishing feature.
AB  - A diagnosis of healed arteritis was made on a right temporal artery biopsy from a
      65-year-old woman. She died shortly thereafter despite prednisone therapy. At
      autopsy, a healing dissection of the entire aorta with extension into the right
      innominate, right subclavian, right common carotid, right renal, and both iliac
      arteries was found. There was no underlying aortitis. Review of the temporal
      artery biopsy showed numerous thick-walled proliferated capillaries in the media
      of the temporal artery. The stroma was scant and the capillaries were surrounded
      by endothelial cells. The extensive medial neovascularization represented healed
      aortic dissection that had extended into the right common carotid, right external
      carotid, and the right superficial temporal artery. The histologic lesion in
      dissection is distinctive and should not be confused with temporal arteritis.

PMID- 2418695
TI  - Ovarian Sertoli cell tumor with retiform and heterologous elements.

PMID- 2418696
TI  - Coexpression of keratin and vimentin in epithelioid sarcoma.

PMID- 2418698
TI  - Redrainage of the pancreatic duct in chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - Recurrent pain after a drainage procedure for chronic pancreatitis is considered
      an indication for pancreatectomy. To evaluate whether redrainage might be a
      better alternative, 14 patients who underwent redrainage after a failed
      pancreaticojejunostomy were reviewed. Patients with previous pseudocyst drainage
      were excluded. Initial operations included five caudal, three longitudinal, and
      six side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomies. Nine patients treated since 1974 had
      ERCP, which showed obstructed segments of pancreatic duct in the head of the
      gland. Two caudal pancreaticojejunostomies and one longitudinal
      pancreaticojejunostomy were revised to longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomies. The
      other 11 were revised to side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomies. Operative
      findings confirmed undrained segments of the pancreatic duct in the pancreatic
      head. Postoperatively, one patient died from hemorrhage and four patients had
      complications. At most recent follow-up from 6 months to 20 years
      postoperatively, three patients were pain free and six had substantial relief
      from pain (71 percent). Of eight patients who were not diabetic before
      redrainage, diabetes developed in only two. Only one of seven patients without
      pancreatic exocrine insufficiency required pancreatic enzymes after redrainage.
      Patients with recurrent pain after pancreaticojejunostomy should undergo ERCP. If
      segments of the pancreatic duct are obstructed, redrainage can provide
      satisfactory pain relief with a minimal loss of endocrine and exocrine function.
      This problem is best avoided by initial complete drainage of the major and minor
      pancreatic ducts.

PMID- 2418697
TI  - Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Clinical, pathological, and
      immunohistochemical features with review of the literature.
AB  - Twenty medullary carcinomas of the thyroid gland were examined for the presence
      of immunoreactive calcitonin, thyroglobulin, glucagon, keratin, gastrin/CCK,
      carcinoembryonic antibody (CEA), insulin, serotonin, adreno-corticotropic hormone
      (ACTH), prostatic acid phosphatase, and somatostatin using the immunoperoxidase
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. In addition, they were stained with
      mucicarmine, alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Grimelius, Congo red,
      crystal violet, and Fontana-Masson stains. Calcitonin-immunoreactive cells were
      absent in one tumor and present in 19 tumors (95%). Thyroglobulin was present in
      seven tumors (35%). Twenty tumors contained CEA-immunoreactive cells (100%).
      Fourteen cases were immunoreactive to serotonin (70%) and 12 were positive for
      somatostatin (60%). Glucagon- and gastrin/CCK-immunoreactive cells were found in
      two cases each (10%). Four tumors (20%) contained ACTH-immunoreactive cells and
      three cases (15%) were positive for prostatic acid phosphatase. Five cases (25%)
      contained keratin-immunoreactive cells. One case was immunoreactive to insulin
      (5%). Grimelius-positive cells were present in 19 of the cases (95%). Mucin
      containing cells were present in 65% of the cases. The validity of the
      immunocytochemical localizations was tested by specific absorption of each
      antibody with the corresponding antigen. The demonstration of immunoreactivity
      for multiple antigens in each of the 20 cases suggests that the origin of
      medullary thyroid carcinomas is from a neuroendocrine cell potentially capable of
      producing numerous hormone substances. In addition, as the neoplastic cells in
      35% of the tumors contained hormonal substances as well as thyroglobulin, it is
      suggested that papillary or follicular tumors mixed with a neuroendocrine
      component exist more commonly than previously suspected. Finally, psammoma bodies
      might be present in pure medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

PMID- 2418699
TI  - Superoxide dismutase and catalase: a possible role in established pancreatitis.
AB  - The mechanism of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis may involve the production
      of free radicals in excess of the capacity of endogenous intracellular
      scavengers. These radicals destroy the cellular membranes, releasing digestive
      enzymes and cellular proteins into the interstitium. Thereafter, a cascade of
      events, including polymorphonuclear infiltration and complement activation, leads
      to pancreatic destruction. The present study demonstrates that superoxide
      dismutase and catalase reduce the ultrastructural and biochemical injury
      associated with cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Pretreatment with
      superoxide dismutase and catalase 30 minutes before injury did not appear to be
      protective, presumably because the half-life of intravenous superoxide dismutase
      is only 6 minutes. This and similar studies suggest a potential clinical role for
      free radical scavengers in acute established pancreatitis.

PMID- 2418700
TI  - Biliary pancreatitis: clinical presentation and surgical management.
AB  - The presentation, surgical management, and clinical outcome in 153 patients with
      biliary pancreatitis has been reviewed. Only 37 percent of our patients
      demonstrated any of Ranson's 11 prognostic signs of severe pancreatitis, and only
      3 percent had 3 or more signs. Fourteen patients underwent emergency operation
      within 48 hours of admission, 108 underwent briefly delayed operation during the
      same hospitalization, and 31 were discharged and scheduled for elective
      cholecystectomy 6 weeks after admission. The biliary pancreatitis grew worse in 7
      of 114 patients during initial medical management and required emergency
      operation, and 81 percent underwent elective surgery within 10 days of admission.
      When patients were discharged before cholecystectomy, the recurrence rate of
      acute biliary pancreatitis that required emergency readmission was unacceptably
      high (61 percent). There was no statistical difference in total number of
      hospital days, number of intensive care unit days, or mortality between the three
      groups. Our study suggests that emergency operation with decompression of the
      ampulla of Vater is unnecessary in patients with biliary pancreatitis, and that
      briefly delayed operation during the same hospitalization can be performed safely
      after resolution of acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 2418701
TI  - Carcinoembryonic antigen levels in colonic lesions.
AB  - We evaluated the likelihood of tissues to be positive for carcinoembryonic
      antigen and the intensity of carcinoembryonic antigen staining in specimens of
      villous adenomas, mixed polypoid villous adenomas, polypoid adenomas, and
      diverticulitis using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. The presence of
      carcinoembryonic antigen could be demonstrated in all of the specimens; however,
      the intensity of staining varied. Villous adenomas were the most intensely
      stained, followed by mixed polypoid villous adenomas, polypoid adenomas, and
      diverticulitis. We conclude that (1) the intensity of tissue levels of
      carcinoembryonic antigen parallels the malignant potential of these different
      groups of lesions, (2) carcinoembryonic antigen intensity of mixed polypoid
      villous adenomas is more similar to villous adenomas than polypoid adenomas, and
      (3) the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen in diverticulitis is not a result of
      dysplasia.

PMID- 2418702
TI  - Effect of luminally administered serotonin and substance P on jejunal handling of
      water and electrolytes.
AB  - This study was initiated to evaluate the effect of luminally administered
      serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and substance P on jejunal handling of water and
      electrolytes. Five dogs with chronic cannulated jejunal Thiry-Vella loops were
      studied. The isolated jejunal segments were perfused at 2 ml/min for 2 hours with
      an isosmotic, isothermic perfusate containing labeled polyethylene glycol for
      recovery calculation. Fluxes of water and sodium, chloride, and potassium were
      calculated during 30 minute baseline, 60 minute study, and 30 minute recovery
      periods. Substance P was administered intraluminally at 25 pg/ml, whereas
      serotonin was perfused at 600 ng/ml. Neither hormone was absorbed into the portal
      circulation. Intraluminal serotonin converted absorption to secretion of water
      from 43 +/- 23 to -105 +/- 25 microliters/min, sodium from 7.3 +/- 3.1 to -15.7
      +/- 4.1 microEq/min, chloride from 4.4 +/- 3.4 to -16.4 +/- 3 microEq/min, and
      potassium from 0.16 +/- 0.20 to -0.86 +/- 0.17 microEq/min. Secretion ceased on
      cessation of serotonin perfusion. Substance P perfusion induced secretion of
      chloride (3.6 +/- 1.9 to -9.2 +/- 2.9 microEq/min) but only significantly
      decreased absorption of water (73 +/- 13 to 13 +/- 21 microliters/min) and sodium
      (8.1 +/- 1.9 to 0.2 +/- 3.1 microEq/min); in contrast, there was no significant
      change in jejunal handling of potassium.

PMID- 2418703
TI  - Palliation of gastric carcinoma with total gastrectomy and esophagojejunostomy.

PMID- 2418704
TI  - Influence of iron on infection.

PMID- 2418705
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects].

PMID- 2418706
TI  - Proliferation and hyperplasia of vascular endothelium in human skin.
AB  - In a number of diseases of the skin, proliferation of endothelial cells is
      altered. Replication of endothelial cells has been evaluated by incorporating
      tritiated thymidine, and compared in inflammatory and neoplastic disorders. An
      attempt at pathogenic classification is proposed.

PMID- 2418707
TI  - [Hemodynamic changes following heparin injection in aortocoronary bypass
      operations. Sequela of histamine liberation].
AB  - Prior to cannulation for extracorporeal circulation, 375 Units of Heparin/kg body
      weight were applied to 22 patients (group 1) into the right atrium. A few minutes
      later, characteristic changes in haemodynamics were observed. In a second group
      of 10 patients, the same amount of heparin was injected directly into the
      ascending aorta to avoid the passage of an undiluted bolus of heparin through the
      pulmonary vessels. In this group, the haemodynamic effects of heparin seemed to
      be slightly weakened. Immediately after administration of heparin, a significant
      increase of plasma histamine was measured (in 12 patients of group 1). This might
      be the main reason for the heparin-dependent haemodynamic effects.

PMID- 2418708
TI  - [Intrathecal alcohol neurolysis of the lower sacral roots in inoperable rectal
      cancer].
AB  - Intrathecal neurolytic blocks are performed with either 95% alcohol or with 6-8%
      phenol in glycerin. Alcohol is hypobaric and phenol hyperbaric compared with the
      cerebrospinal fluid; positioning of the patient must therefore be done
      accordingly. This is a report about 67 consecutive neurolytic alcohol blocks of
      the lower sacral roots. Although lumbar puncture is done at the lowest possible
      level at L5-S1, the block only affects the roots from S3 or S4 downwards. The
      detailed anatomy of the caudal dural sack reveals why S1 and S2 are not affected.
      S1 and S2 contribute to the lumbosacral plexus and are important for the
      innervation of the lower extremities. However in patients with very low CSF
      pressure, S2 and S1 might become damaged. This is the most important result of
      this series. To avoid an unexpected extension of the block in patients with very
      low CSF pressure, we now recommend that synthetic CSF be instilled prior to
      alcohol. The results were unsatisfactory in patients with perineal pain and pain
      in the lower extremities as well. In these cases S2 or S2 + S1 are already
      affected by the tumor. One should employ other therapeutic procedures (e.g.,
      epidural morphine) for these patients. After careful selection of patients,
      alcohol neurolysis of the lower sacral roots is a useful procedure.

PMID- 2418709
TI  - Screening of lambda library for differentially expressed genes using in vitro
      transcripts.
AB  - We present an improved approach to the screening of eucaryotic libraries for
      differential gene expression. Previous techniques have generated probe via the
      harvesting of cellular poly(A)+ RNA and synthesizing labeled cDNA probe using
      reverse transcriptase. In our approach we prepare labeled RNA probe via in vitro
      transcription. Unlike cDNA preparation, in vitro transcription (i) directly
      reflects the ongoing rate of gene expression, and (ii) allows one to assess
      expression of genes whose transcripts are not polyadenylated. To make this
      approach practical for the screening of a large library, we modified and
      optimized existing in vitro transcription techniques, enhancing manyfold the
      [alpha-32P]UTP incorporation into mRNA, while almost completely suppressing rRNA
      incorporation. In addition, we developed a simple procedure for making precise
      replicate dot blots of very large quantities of lambda-phage library DNA. By
      combining our techniques of in vitro transcription and replicate blotting, we are
      able to approach detection of a twofold difference in gene expression over a
      greater than 1000-fold range in overall expression. Our single-clone
      amplification and dot-blotting technique resulted in nearly the same number of
      lambda-phage DNA copies per dot for all members of the library. This feature
      allows us to assign genes to different expression classes, as well as to detect
      any alterations in expression. We demonstrate our approach by screening the
      drosophila genomic DNA library with in vitro transcripts from drosophila tissue
      culture cells. Screening of the entire drosophila genomic library at the 99%
      probability level is readily achieved.

PMID- 2418710
TI  - Counting cells as DNA: estimation of ovine pituitary cells on Sephadex columns.
AB  - A technique is described for estimating the number of sheep pituitary cells
      remaining on Bio-Gel P2-Sephadex G-25 columns at the conclusion of perifusion
      experiments. After they were washed to remove growth medium, the cells were lysed
      by sonication in a hypotonic solution. The resultant DNA was eluted through a 10
      micron filter and measured by fluorometric analysis after reaction with the
      Hoechst fluorochrome, H33258. DNA recovery increased in parallel with the number
      of cells added to a column (correlation coefficient for 52 observations on 9000
      500,000 cells, 0.993; interassay coefficient of variation, 8.4%). The relevance
      of this technique to the general problem of counting cells in the presence of a
      finely divided solid phase is discussed. The loss of pituitary cells from 42
      columns during a 10-h perifusion study ranged from less than or equal to 10% (24
      columns) to greater than 10-25% (10 columns), greater than 25-50% (6 columns),
      and greater than 50% (2 columns). It is concluded (i) that pituitary cells mixed
      with Sephadex and Bio-Gel may be counted as DNA and (ii) that the measurement of
      pituitary cell loss is a necessary prerequisite for the valid interpretation of
      the results of perifusion experiments.

PMID- 2418711
TI  - Quantitative detection of orthophosphate in polyacrylamide gels.
AB  - A one-step procedure for the detection of Pi-producing enzymes in polyacrylamide
      and agarose gels was developed using PPi hydrolysis by inorganic pyrophosphatase
      as a model reaction. The color reagent consists of acid molybdate, methyl green,
      and Triton X-305 and produces sharp greenish-blue bands in places of Pi
      accumulation. The color is stable and its intensity is linearily related to
      enzyme amounts in the gel.

PMID- 2418712
TI  - Metallophilic and PAS-positive cells of the rat thymus, topographical
      distribution and histological properties after the application of
      cyclophosphamide.

PMID- 2418713
TI  - The clinical and immunologic efficacy of immunotherapy with modified ragweed
      extract (allergoid) for ragweed hay fever.
AB  - A double-blind study comparing formaldahyde modified ragweed allergen (allergoid)
      and placebo in the treatment of allergic rhinitis was carried out. Twenty ragweed
      sensitive patients were studied, ten receiving 10,710 PNU of allergoid pre
      seasonally and ten receiving placebo injections. Daily symptom score sheets were
      kept by each patient during August and September of 1983. A significant
      difference in average daily symptom scores (P = 0.01) between the two groups was
      noted. Significant differences were also observed in symptom scores for
      individual weeks during the ragweed season. Post-treatment allergen-specific IgG
      blocking antibody was significantly higher (P = 0.001) in the treatment group
      compared to pre-treatment levels and when compared to the control group (P =
      0.01). No significant local or systemic reactions occurred. The results suggest
      that the dosage protocol used in this study is appropriate as an initial
      treatment schedule in clinical practice.

PMID- 2418714
TI  - Control and reference materials.

PMID- 2418715
TI  - [Experimental pharmacology of atracurium dibesylate].
AB  - Atracurium dibesylate is a new non depolarizing muscle relaxant, metabolized by a
      non enzymic pathway, the Hofmann elimination. The potency of atracurium in
      animals was similar to d-tubocurarine and six times less than that of
      pancuronium. In the cat, the ED50 was 130 micrograms . kg-1; an intravenous dose
      of 250 micrograms . kg-1 atracurium was sufficient to cause complete
      neuromuscular block; its duration was 29 min. Single twitch block was readily
      antagonized by neostigmine 50-100 micrograms . kg-1 or edrophonium 200 micrograms
      . kg-1. Halothane potentiated the block given by atracurium. Dose ratio for 50%
      vagal block (ED50) and 50% neuromuscular block was 24; atracurium had weak
      ganglioplegic effects. 2,000 micrograms . kg-1 atracurium (eight times the
      neuromuscular blocking dose) reduced mean aortic pressure, heart rate, cardiac
      output and peripheral resistance. Such effects could be prevented by giving
      histamine receptor blockers prior to injecting atracurium.

PMID- 2418716
TI  - [Hemodynamic effects of atracurium in man].
AB  - Haemodynamic effects of atracurium at three doses (0.2, 0.6 and 1.2 mg . kg-1)
      were studied in thirty patients, anaesthetized with thiopentone (5 mg . kg-1) and
      fentanyl (0.2 microgram . kg-1 . min-1). No cardiovascular side-effects were
      observed with doses of 0.2 and 0.6 mg . kg-1. However, a 1.2 mg . kg-1 dose
      induced a transient but significant decrease in mean arterial pressure (-10%; p
      less than 0.001), maximal in the second minute, associated with an increase in
      heart rate (+10%; p less than 0.001) and cardiac index (+9%), and a decrease in
      systemic vascular resistance (-16%; p less than 0.001). The decrease in arterial
      pressure was constant in every patient and associated with a generalized flush in
      one of them. Histamine-release induced by atracurium may be one of the possible
      mechanisms involved in this hypotension.

PMID- 2418717
TI  - [The histaminic and anaphylactic risks of atracurium].
AB  - The histamine releasing potential of atracurium was assessed by testing skin
      reactivity in ten patients who had previously suffered from a preanaesthetic
      anaphylactoid accident, but in whom the diagnosis of anaphylaxis had not been
      confirmed. Atracurium was injected intradermally in increasing concentrations so
      as to determine the reactivity level, comparing it in the same patient with that
      due to d-tubocurarine and alcuronium given in the same way. Skin tests with
      histamine and 48/80 were also carried out at the same time. When a positive
      reaction was obtained with atracurium, the injection was repeated 4 h after, the
      patient having taken 50 mg hydroxyzine p.o. The results showed that the skin
      reactivity level with d-tubocurarine was obtained with 1 in 100 dilution and with
      atracurium 1 in 10, with nine patients out of ten reacting positively. Alcuronium
      is the least histamine releasing drug, as it gave rise to a positive reaction in
      only two patients at a dilution of 1 in 10. Histamine release due to atracurium
      was greatly reduced by giving hydroxyzine. The allergizing potential was also
      studied in six other patients who had a tone anaphylaxis to a muscle relaxant and
      in whom crossed anaphylaxis was being tested for. All the commercial muscle
      relaxants together with atracurium were tested, even though none of the patients
      had ever received this last. Anaphylaxis was confirmed when the intradermal
      reaction was positive with a dilution of 1 in 1,000 and beyond. These tests
      showed that five patients out of the six had a crossed anaphylaxis, and one of
      these five was sensitive to all four muscle relaxants (atracurium
      included).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2418718
TI  - [Torsades de pointes and hypomagnesemia].
AB  - The authors report a case of "Torsades de pointe" occurring in a patient
      subjected to intensive surgical care and presenting several causes of magnesium
      loss: mutilating abdominal surgery, exteriorized gastric fistula, administration
      of Henle's loop diuretics, electrolytic disorders and exclusive parenteral
      nutrition without any magnesium Mg supplement. The arrhythmia appeared in the
      third week and the usual treatment was ineffective. The level of plasma magnesium
      was below the measurable values on three separate occasions. The administration
      of magnesium sulphate corrected the dysrhythmia which did not recur. Experimental
      and clinical data demonstrating the antiarrhythmic effect of magnesium are
      recalled. The electrophysiological explanation is based on the inhibition of
      potassium and calcium flow across the cell membrane; magnesium ion has a
      stabilizing membrane effect and an antagonistic effect on ectopic automaticity.
      They are particularly important on slowly depolarizing tissue (nodal cells) or
      partially depolarized cells (ischaemic or digitalis treated cardiac tissue). In
      intensive care, circumstances for magnesium depletion by digestive or renal
      losses and by lack of parenteral magnesium supplement are frequently combined.
      Systematic intravenous administration of magnesium is necessary when such
      conditions are found and whenever ventricular or auricular dysrhythmias occur.

PMID- 2418719
TI  - N-acetylprocainamide, torsades de pointes, and hemodialysis.

PMID- 2418720
TI  - High prevalence of hyperamylasemia in patients with acidemia.

PMID- 2418722
TI  - Membrane transport driven by ion gradients.

PMID- 2418721
TI  - Acute pancreatitis associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

PMID- 2418723
TI  - Electrophysiological studies of sodium cotransport in epithelia: toward a
      cellular model.
AB  - During the past two decades, microelectrophysiological studies of small intestine
      and renal proximal tubule employing conventional as well as ion-selective
      microelectrodes have contributed significantly to our understanding of the nature
      of Na-coupled entry processes at the apical membrane as well as the overall
      workings of the simple model illustrated in FIGURE 1. These studies have
      unequivocally established the rheogenic and conductive nature of the Na-coupled
      sugar and amino-acid entry processes across the apical membrane of small
      intestine (and renal proximal tubule) and have, in addition, disclosed that the
      properties of the basolateral membrane respond to an increase in Na-coupled
      solute entry with an increase in the ability of the Na-K pump to extrude Na with
      little or no change in (Na)c32 and a parallel increase in the conductance of that
      barrier to K. Although these responses may be "triggered" by cell swelling, it is
      unclear how a cell "recognizes" minimal swelling and how this recognition, in
      turn, culminates in the observed changes in basolateral membrane pump-leak
      properties. Clearly, these findings have brought us to the interfaces between
      cell physiology and cell and molecular biology and have raised a number of
      intriguing questions that focus on the more global question: How do epithelial
      cells work?

PMID- 2418724
TI  - Na+ + K+ + 2Cl- cotransport in animal cells--its role in volume regulation.
AB  - Cell membranes of various vertebrate cells catalyze a Na+ + K+ + 2Cl- cotransport
      specifically inhibitable by furosemide and other high ceiling diuretics. The
      energetics of this process is not elucidated unequivocally. It was clearly shown
      that cotransport is no ATP-consuming process. We assume that transport is
      secondary active functionally coupled to the operation of the electrogenic Na+-K+
      pump. The role of this transport system in transepithelial ion movement is that
      it serves as flux amplifier, doubling from 6 to 12 the number of osmotically
      active particles transported per ATP hydrolyzed. In concert with Na+-K+ pump,
      cotransport provokes net uptake of KCl into the cell and therefore cellular
      swelling. This process is regulated by a feedback control system for cell volume;
      if actual volume reaches reference value, cotransport is switched off to prevent
      further swelling. How cell volume is measured is not known, nor is the nature of
      the signal generated to switch cotransport from the operating to the nonoperating
      state or vice versa. cAMP-level or intracellular Ca2+ play no role as signals or
      as part of the volume-sensoring mechanism. Theophylline, other alkylxanthines,
      and some purine ribosides influence cotransport indirectly by reducing reference
      volume. The role of cytoskeleton in volume regulation is obscure. While high
      Concentrations of cytochalasin B and of colchicin do not influence cell volume,
      it is reduced by vinblastine and also by lectins, for example concanavalin A.
      Volume reduction is accompanied by reduction in cellular KCl content. The
      observation that during hypertonic incubation protein synthesis is inhibited can
      be traced back to a correlation between cell volume and protein synthesis and not
      to elevation of osmolarity per se. Reduction in cell volume under isotonic
      conditions by varying K+ and/or Cl- concentration or by furosemide inhibition of
      cotransport is strongly correlated to inhibition of protein synthesis. The reason
      for this correlation is not yet clarified. Not all cells showing furosemide
      sensitive cotransport are able to regulate it, for example lymphocytes. For
      mammalian erythrocytes drastic species differences exist; while cells from man,
      rabbit, rat, and mouse all show cotransport, only cells from rat (and mouse?) are
      able to regulate cotransport.

PMID- 2418725
TI  - The duck red cell model of volume-sensitive chloride-dependent cation transport.

PMID- 2418726
TI  - Na-K-Cl cotransport in chloride-transporting epithelia.
AB  - The elasmobranch rectal gland has served as a useful model to study features of
      Na-K-Cl cotransport that are common to many chloride-transporting epithelia.
      These include: (1) dependence on a Na+ gradient created by Na-K-ATPase; (2) high
      intracellular Cl- concentration; (3) characteristic inhibitor profile including
      inhibition by loop diuretics and barium but not by amiloride, SITS, DIDS, or
      carbonic anhydrase inhibitors; and (4) remarkable energy efficiency of
      transepithelial transport (25-30 NaCl/l 02). The mechanism by which this is
      accomplished is clarified by kinetic analysis of experiments with isolated
      perfused rectal glands of Squalus acanthias in which perfusate concentrations of
      Na and Cl are systematically varied. These show a Hill coefficient of one for Na+
      and two for Cl-, suggesting that one Na+, one K+, and two Cl- interact with the
      cotransport carrier. Nitrate can substitute for Cl- to some extent, and it itself
      weakly transported. The loop diuretic bumetanide behaves like a competitive
      inhibitor of Cl-. The teleological significance of the neutral cotransport of two
      Cl- with one Na+ and one K+ is that it enables transporting epithelia like the
      rectal gland, cornea, salivary gland, and thick ascending limb of Henle's loop to
      double the efficiency of their Na-K-ATPase pump.

PMID- 2418727
TI  - Ion extrusion systems in bacteria.

PMID- 2418728
TI  - Sodium-calcium exchange across the synaptic plasma membrane.

PMID- 2418729
TI  - The ubiquitous presence of channels with wide lumens and their gating by voltage.

PMID- 2418730
TI  - Serotonin transport by platelet plasma and granule membranes.

PMID- 2418731
TI  - Gating of large toxin channels by pH.

PMID- 2418732
TI  - Comments and experiments on the kinetics of Na+ gradient-coupled glucose
      transport as found in rabbit jejunal brush-border membrane vesicles.

PMID- 2418733
TI  - Primary and secondary transport of cations in bacteria.

PMID- 2418734
TI  - Sodium cotransport systems and the membrane potential difference.
AB  - Studies with membrane vesicles and with whole cell preparations have shown
      clearly that the electrochemical gradient of Na+ acting across the cell membrane
      is closely coupled to the influx and efflux of amino acids or carbohydrates
      through their cellular pumps. It has been less clear (1) just how tightly solute
      flow is coupled to that of Na+ in stoichiometrical terms and (2) whether coupling
      is tight enough to account for the maximum solute gradients that the systems form
      in vivo. Recent work with ionophores, including nigericin, has revealed
      circumstances in preparations of mouse ascites-tumor cells where if the sodium
      gradient hypothesis is correct, electrogenic ion pumping must be supposed to
      maintain membrane potentials of the order of 80 mV negative. We have used a new
      fluorescence assay based on an oxonol dye in a search for potentials of that
      magnitude. Their possible origin is discussed.

PMID- 2418735
TI  - The small-intestinal sodium-glucose cotransporter(s).

PMID- 2418736
TI  - Trimethoprim-polymyxin B ophthalmic solution in treatment of surface ocular
      bacterial infections.
AB  - A safety and efficacy study comparing the clinical and bacteriologic
      effectiveness of trimethoprim-sulfacetamide-polymyxin B-neomycin-gramicidin in a
      group of patients with surface ocular bacterial infections was conducted. The
      results demonstrated TSP to be as effective as the other solution (both
      clinically and bacteriologically), with fewer adverse experiences. A second study
      was conducted comparing TSP with trimethoprim-polymyxin B (TP) and found TP to be
      superior to TSP in effecting bacteriologic cures. Clinical response was similar
      in both groups, and the low incidence of mild adverse experiences was
      approximately the same. It appears that the combination of trimethoprim with
      polymyxin B is safe and highly efficacious, both clinically and
      microbiologically, for the treatment of surface ocular bacterial infections.

PMID- 2418737
TI  - Prevention of autoimmune uveitis by competitive immunization with bovine gamma
      globulin.
AB  - The effect of antigenic competition on the development of autoallergic
      experimental uveitis and autoallergy to ocular antigens was studied. Strain 13
      guinea pigs were immunized with adjuvants containing either National Institutes
      of Health strain retina-uvea extract or retina-uvea extract plus bovine gamma
      globulin (BGG). They were later reimmunized with ocular extract and BGG or ocular
      extract alone, in adjuvant. They were observed weekly by slit-lamp examination.
      At the end of the study, they were skin tested using strain 13 retina-uvea
      extract. The eyes of certain groups were examined histologically. Immunization
      and reimmunization with ocular extract produced uveitis. The addition of BGG to
      the initial immunization prevented the development of uveitis even after
      reimmunization with ocular extract alone. It did not, however, necessarily
      prevent the development of delayed type skin sensitivity to retina-uveal extract.

PMID- 2418738
TI  - A new autologous fibrinogen-based adhesive for otologic surgery.
AB  - Many middle ear reconstructive procedures would be facilitated by use of a
      relatively safe surgical adhesive. A fibrinogen-based adhesive (Tisseel) has been
      effective in otologic surgery in Europe, but because it is derived from pooled
      human blood, it carries a risk of transmitting hepatitis, acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome, and other illnesses. This report details a new procedure for
      creating an autologous fibrinogen-based adhesive, obviating these risks. The
      fibrinogen and factor XIII component of the adhesive was isolated by polyethylene
      glycol precipitation from human plasma within a few hours, and was used either
      immediately or frozen for use up to 3 weeks later. Fifteen chinchillas had either
      the single donor adhesive, the commercial European adhesive, or saline placed on
      the oval and round windows, and no evidence of cochlear, mucosal, or ossicular
      damage was seen by light microscopy 30 days later. Auditory brain stem response
      thresholds remained stable, except in three animals that developed otitis media.
      Based on this investigation, autologous fibrinogen-based adhesive appears
      promising as a relatively safe, biological bonding material for otologic surgery,
      and is worthy of further study.

PMID- 2418739
TI  - Effects of neuropeptides on mucociliary activity.
AB  - The effects of four neuropeptides, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, enkephalin,
      bombesin, and substance P, on mucociliary activity in the rabbit maxillary sinus
      were investigated in vivo. The peptides were administered via the feeding artery
      (arteria maxillaris), and the resulting effects were registered with a
      noninvasive photoelectric technique. The peptides were tested in the dose range
      0.0001 to 10 micrograms/kg body weight. The following results were observed: 1)
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and enkephalin did not influence mucociliary
      activity; 2) bombesin had only a slight accelerating effect on the mucociliary
      activity at doses of 0.1 to 10 micrograms/kg; and 3) substance P markedly
      accelerated the mucociliary activity in a dose-dependent manner in the dose range
      0.01 to 10 micrograms/kg, the maximal increase being about 50%. The effect of
      substance P was atropine-resistant, and probably acted directly on the mucosa.

PMID- 2418740
TI  - [Linear pigmentogenic dermitis after scintigraphy using bleomycin].

PMID- 2418741
TI  - [History of thalassemia].

PMID- 2418742
TI  - [Biologic factors which influence the severity of drepanocytosis].

PMID- 2418743
TI  - [The open-palm technic for the treatment of Dupuytren's disease].

PMID- 2418744
TI  - [Annular nails, a rare congenital malformation of the hand. Presentation of a
      case and general review of the literature].

PMID- 2418745
TI  - [Personal experience with lower lip reconstruction using the Camille Bernard and
      R.C. Webster flap. Apropos of 35 cases].

PMID- 2418746
TI  - [Repair of cocaine-induced perforations of the nasal septum (or the glider-wing
      mucosal flap)].

PMID- 2418747
TI  - [Approach to traumatic lesions of the craniofacial borders by trans-lesional and
      trans-sinus method].

PMID- 2418748
TI  - [Principles and technics of resection and reconstruction of malignant
      orbitocranial tumors].

PMID- 2418749
TI  - [Palatal reconstruction using a sternocleidomastoid flap with an upper pedicle].

PMID- 2418750
TI  - [Clinical, cephalometric and therapeutic aspects of a short face].

PMID- 2418751
TI  - [Sagittal osteotomy of ascending mandibular branches. Value of the Dal Pont 2d
      style sketch].

PMID- 2418752
TI  - [Surgical correction of the inverted nipple].

PMID- 2418753
TI  - [Myocutaneous flap of the rectus abdominis muscle: experience with a
      complication].

PMID- 2418754
TI  - [2-stage treatment of the cervical failure of prethoracic
      esophagopharyngoplasty].

PMID- 2418755
TI  - [Treatment of funnel chest using an RTV-silastic implant].

PMID- 2418756
TI  - [Mediastinal tracheostomy using a myocutaneous island flap of the greater
      pectoral muscle].

PMID- 2418757
TI  - [The digital hemipulp advancement island flap: an attractive technic for the
      treatment of distal digital amputations].

PMID- 2418758
TI  - [Feeder flaps or vascularly assisted flaps. Experimental study].

PMID- 2418759
TI  - [Breast prostheses: prefilled prosthesis or inflatable prosthesis? Policy
      statement. Interview by G. Flageul].

PMID- 2418760
TI  - Anatomical methods in the study of cardiovascular pathology: a refined technique.
AB  - A refined technique is described for the anatomical study of the heart and
      coronary arteries after perfusion with agar-barium sulfate contrast medium. The
      method includes dissection and isolation of the perfused coronary arteries with
      sequential cross-sectioning and radiography of intact and cross-sectioned
      vessels. This technique allows better evaluation of the extent of cross-luminal
      narrowing and improved selection of myocardium for histologic sectioning. This
      affords better correlation of autopsy and clinical findings than conventional
      methods and permits easier retrieval of data and better standardization of
      results for use in pathological studies.

PMID- 2418761
TI  - Conduction failure and nerve conduction slowing in experimental allergic neuritis
      induced by P2-specific T-cell lines.
AB  - P2-specific T cells (LiP2/A) mediate experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) in the
      Lewis rat after adoptive transfer to naive recipients. After a latent period of 4
      days, injection of 2 X 10(6) line cells induced fulminant paraplegia and complete
      conduction failure in the peripheral nerves and roots, resembling acute axonal
      breakdown. Injection with 10(6) cells caused milder clinical signs, nerve
      conduction failure, and conduction slowing. Clinical and electrophysiological
      recovery from adoptively transferred EAN was nearly complete and its time course
      was inversely correlated to the initial severity of EAN. These findings suggest
      that EAN induced by the P2-specific T-cell line can lead to a profound and
      rapidly evolving nerve dysfunction in a dose-dependent fashion.

PMID- 2418762
TI  - Childhood muscular dystrophy: an African review.
AB  - This is a review of muscular dystrophies seen in African children, with special
      reference to severe autosomal recessive forms of the disease seen in North
      African communities with high rates of consanguinity.

PMID- 2418763
TI  - Introduction of neonatal care in a rural Bangladesh hospital: an analysis of the
      first year's operation.
AB  - A neonatal care unit was introduced into a rural hospital in Bangladesh. Emphasis
      was on simple care to prevent hypothermia, hypoglycaemia and infection, and on
      involving mothers in caring for their infants as much as possible. The mean
      birthweight was found to be only 2.44 kg, so that the level of low birthweight
      requiring special care was fixed at 2.0 kg. At this level, during the first year
      of operation, 193 low birthweight babies were attended, approximately 20% of
      total deliveries. Of these, 80% were above 1.5 kg and had a mortality of 25%.
      Those below 1.5 kg fared worse, and 83% either died or were discharged against
      medical advice. The main problems were an initial lack of enthusiasm from the
      nursing staff, high incidence of sepsis (related to poor hygiene of mothers) and
      difficulty in persuading mothers to keep very low birthweight babies in hospital.
      However, with minimal expenditure and equipment, appropriate neonatal care saved
      the lives of many low birthweight infants. Establishing breastfeeding and
      educating the mothers reduced the subsequent high mortality of low birthweight
      infants in the first year of life.

PMID- 2418764
TI  - Symptomatic urinary tract infections in high-risk Nigerian newborn infants.
AB  - Thirty-nine high-risk newborn infants with proven urinary tract infections were
      studied and compared with 51 control infants. The remarkably low incidence of
      0.82/1000 live births and the absence of radiological abnormalities of the
      urinary tract contrast with previous reports in the literature. Septicaemia and
      necrotizing enterocolitis were more frequently encountered in infants with
      urinary tract infection. Escherichia coli and klebsiella were the predominant
      pathogens isolated. The male preponderance to urinary tract infection is
      confirmed in this study. The overall mortality rate of 10.3% was closely
      associated with intercurrent problems.

PMID- 2418765
TI  - Tuberculin sensitivity in rural Gambian children.
AB  - A tuberculin survey was undertaken in 480 Gambian children under the age of 10
      years, resident in a group of villages where BCG vaccination, shortly after
      birth, has been widely practised for about 5 years. Ten tuberculin units of
      purified protein derivative were given by needle and syringe; reactions of 3 mm
      or greater were considered positive. An overall tuberculin positivity rate of 59%
      was found which varied little with age, sex or village size. Among children who
      had probably not had BCG vaccination the positivity rate was about 20% with an
      annual increase of approximately 5%. Among children who had probably been
      vaccinated with BCG the positivity rate was between 60% and 80%. There was a fall
      in the prevalence of positivity of about 10-20% during the first year after
      vaccination. Thereafter, positivity rates were well maintained for at least
      another 5 years.

PMID- 2418766
TI  - Neurobrucellosis in an eight-year-old child.
AB  - An 8-year-old boy, presenting with signs of chronic meningitis, and involvement
      of cranial nerves, was found to have neurobrucellosis. The diagnosis was rapidly
      established by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detected high
      titres of IgG, IgA and IgM brucella antibodies in CSF and in serum. Brucella
      melitensis was subsequently isolated both from blood and CSF. Neurobrucellosis,
      which has been considered to be very rare in childhood, should be suspected in
      cases of meningitis of obscure aetiology in brucella-endemic areas. Brucella
      specific antibodies in serum and CSF should be determined in these cases using
      sensitive serological techniques.

PMID- 2418767
TI  - Poliovirus infection and Bell's palsy in children.
AB  - During a 16-months study period at Vellore, South India, three out of five
      children presenting as 'Bell's palsy' were suffering from poliomyelitis. In polio
      endemic countries, poliomyelitis should be considered when children present as
      'Bell's palsy'.

PMID- 2418768
TI  - External hernia in Nigerian children.
AB  - External hernias as seen in Nigeria constitute a major aspect of paediatric
      surgical practice. A review of 510 cases seen over a period of 10 years showed
      that, of those with inguinal hernia, 54% had right inguinal hernia (RIH), 35%
      left inguinal hernia (LIH), 9% bilateral inguinal hernia (BIH) and 2% hydroceles.
      There was a 4% incarceration rate which was, however, associated with a high
      (75%) strangulation rate. Thirty-one per cent of those who had contralateral
      groin dissection had patent processus vaginalis. This was age-dependent, ranging
      from 60% at 3 months to 28% at 1 year; only a half of these are likely to present
      with clinical hernia later in life. The incidence of umbilical hernia in the
      population is not known, but 35% of those who present for treatment do so because
      of obstruction/strangulation. Two patients had paraumbilical epigastric hernia
      and one a transverse incisional hernia in the left lower abdominal quadrant. On
      comparing our findings with Caucasian-based data, it was observed that Nigerian
      children had a lower female incidence of inguinal hernia, but a higher incidence
      of LIH, and that in them the processus vaginalis obliterated more often and at a
      faster rate than in Caucasians.

PMID- 2418769
TI  - Malignant childhood teratomas in the Nigerian savannah.
AB  - At the Ahmadu Bello University Hospital in Zaria within the Guinea Savannah of
      Nigeria, 54 childhood teratomas were seen between 1972 and 1983. Four of the 28
      sacrococcygeal, three of the 13 ovarian and the only lumbar teratoma were
      malignant. Surgical excision was the mainstay of management and adjuvant therapy
      with vincristine, actinomycin D and cyclophosphamide (VAC) was planned but was
      not always executed because of irregular drug supply. Two of the children died in
      the hospital and three were discharged home for terminal care; two with malignant
      ovarian teratomas survived at least for 15 and 18 months respectively, but with
      evidence of distant spread. It is concluded that surgery alone is unlikely to
      cure these malignant tumours but that improvement in the prognosis of these
      lesions in Nigeria must await the availability of combined therapy with multiple
      cytotoxic drugs and irradiation.

PMID- 2418770
TI  - High incidence of lead poisoning revealed by erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EPP)
      screening in Arabian children.
AB  - The measurement of erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EPP) has been used in screening
      infants for undue exposure to lead. The infants were from a high risk area, Al
      Jahra in Kuwait, and were selected from those attending the emergency department
      of Al Jahra District Hospital. Dried spots of blood on Guthrie filter paper were
      mailed to the Central Laboratory of the Children's Hospital in Buffalo, New York.
      Elevated EPP values (greater than 50 micrograms/dl) were present in 63 (66%) out
      of 96 tests. Forty-four of the infants with elevated values were investigated
      further: 16 had blood lead levels above 30 micrograms/dl (1.45 mmol/l) and 12 had
      evidence of iron deficiency anaemia. Five infants with blood lead levels above 80
      micrograms/dl (3.9 mmol/l) needed urgent chelation and in addition an 8-month-old
      infant with the highest EPP value (478 micrograms/dl) died of acute lead
      encephalopathy. We conclude that lead poisoning is a serious problem in Al Jahra,
      Kuwait, and that a comprehensive programme for screening and health education are
      urgently needed to avoid the irreversible effects of lead toxicity.

PMID- 2418771
TI  - Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase status of newborns and adults in
      eastern Libya.
AB  - One hundred and twenty cord and 320 venous blood samples were collected from
      Libyan newborns and adults respectively for the estimation of glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity by a screening technique and by quantitative
      estimation. The mean (S.D.) enzyme activity in the non-deficient neonates and
      adults was 1.13 (0.23) and 0.87 (0.21) IU/ml RBC/min respectively. The incidence
      of G-6-PD deficiency in the male population was 2.8%. The enzyme activity in the
      deficient male population ranged from 0-19.5%; none of them was symptomatic or
      had haematological abnormality. Of the female subjects 1.8% had enzyme activity
      of 50-65%. The frequency of enzyme deficiency appears to be low compared with
      that found in other Arab populations and is comparable with the incidence in
      other mediterranean countries.

PMID- 2418772
TI  - Glucose tolerance test and insulin levels in children with transfusion-dependent
      thalassaemia.
AB  - Blood glucose and serum immunoreactive insulin levels were measured following an
      oral glucose load in 20 unrelated children with multiple transfused thalassaemia.
      Results suggest that even though overt diabetes and glucose intolerance are
      uncommon before the age of 13 years, the presence of insulin resistance is
      evident, especially in those who have been splenectomized.

PMID- 2418773
TI  - A survey of neonatal jaundice in association with household drugs and chemicals
      in Nigeria.
AB  - A survey was conducted to determine the extent of exposure of women of child
      bearing age and their families to household chemicals and medicaments, and the
      prevalence of neonatal jaundice in the exposed and unexposed families compared.
      Significant exposures to naphthalene, insecticides, mentholated balms,
      mentholated powders, and traditional herbs occurred in 45-87% of the families
      studied. The overall incidence of jaundice did not differ significantly in
      neonates from households with or without positive history of drugs/chemical
      exposures. Severe neonatal jaundice, as judged by the need for exchange blood
      transfusion or death of the infant, was however, significantly more frequent
      among neonates from families with positive history of naphthalene exposure than
      in those with negative history. Some household chemicals and medicaments may be
      important in the pathogenesis of neonatal jaundice in our environment, and health
      education aimed at eliminating exposure neonates and pregnant women to such
      agents is urgently necessary.

PMID- 2418774
TI  - Nephrocalcinosis due to primary hyperoxaluria: case report from Saudi Arabia.
AB  - Two Arab siblings with nephrocalcinosis and renal failure secondary to primary
      hyperoxaluria are presented. Percutaneous renal biopsies obtained from both
      siblings showed marked oxalate deposition in the renal medulla. Primary
      hyperoxaluria should be considered in the differential diagnosis of renal failure
      in infancy and early childhood especially when evidence of obstructive uropathy
      is lacking.

PMID- 2418775
TI  - Congenital toxoplasmic myocarditis: case report of an unusual presentation.
AB  - Extensive calcification of the heart, involving predominantly the right ventricle
      and interventricular septum, was observed in a 3-h-old baby. The aetiology of the
      condition was attributed to infection by Toxoplasma gondii, based on the presence
      of several visceral lesions allied to the identification of the microorganism.
      The case is reported in view of the rarity of the type of the heart lesion. It is
      considered that calcification of the myocardium is secondary to vascular,
      inflammatory or toxic condition. The factors implicated in the pathogenesis of
      this unusual myocardial lesion are discussed.

PMID- 2418776
TI  - [Combination of platidiam and bleomycetin in disseminated skin melanoma].
AB  - Clinical trials of bleomycetin and platidiam combination were carried out in 13
      patients with disseminated melanoma of the skin. Two regimens of the treatment
      were used. Regimen I included intravenous administration of platidiam in a dose
      of 20 mg/m2 with a water load on days 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the treatment course
      and intravenous administration of bleomycetin in a dose of 30 mg/m2 on days 1 and
      7. The intervals between the courses consisted of 4 weeks. Regimen II included
      the use of platidiam in a dose of 20 mg/m2 administered as 6-hour intravenous
      infusions in 1.2 1 of isotonic sodium chloride solution daily for 5 days. On the
      first day of this cycle bleomycetin was administered intravenously in a dose of
      30 mg/m2. The cycles were performed during the 1st and the 3rd weeks of the
      treatment course. During the 2nd and the 4th weeks platidiam was administered in
      a dose of 40 mg/m2 once a week and bleomycetin was administered intramuscularly
      in a dose of 6 mg/m2 daily for 5 days. A more than 50 per cent decrease in the
      tumor formation was observed in 38 per cent of the patients. The combination had
      no toxic effect on hemopoiesis and may be used in new programs on chemotherapy of
      disseminated melanoma of the skin.

PMID- 2418777
TI  - [Immunopharmacology of cyclosporin A].

PMID- 2418778
TI  - Susceptibility of feline herpesvirus 1 and a feline calicivirus to feline
      interferon and recombinant human leukocyte interferons.
AB  - Feline lung monolayer cultures were treated with either a feline interferon (IFN)
      or one of two recombinant human alpha-IFNs and then challenged with feline
      herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), feline calicivirus (F-9 strain), or vesicular stomatitis
      virus. Treatment with these IFNs reduced the viral yield for each of these three
      viruses as compared with that of control cultures. Vesicular stomatitis virus was
      more sensitive to each IFN than were FHV-1 or feline calicivirus F-9.

PMID- 2418779
TI  - Comparative activities of combinations of acyclovir, vidarabine or its 5'
      monophosphate, and cloned human interferons against herpes simplex virus type 2
      in human and mouse fibroblast cultures.
AB  - Human interferon-alpha A/D (Bgl), an alpha-hybrid cloned interferon, displays
      activity in both human and mouse cell lines. We measured the effects of this
      interferon in double and triple combinations with acyclovir, vidarabine or its 5'
      monophosphate against herpes simplex virus type 2 in mouse and human fibroblasts.
      A 75% cytopathic effect reduction assay employing a modified checkerboard
      technique was used. Results in human fibroblasts were compared with those
      obtained when recombinant human interferon-alpha 2 was substituted for the
      hybrid. Combinations of the hybrid interferon and nucleoside antiviral agents
      evoked comparable synergistic isobolograms and fractional inhibitory
      concentration indices in human and mouse cells versus herpes simplex virus type
      2. Similar interactions were found when human interferon-alpha 2 was substituted.
      Uninfected cells treated with the tested combinations showed no toxicity. These
      data suggest that combinations of recombinant human interferon-alpha A/D (Bgl)
      and nucleosides in mouse models of herpes infection deserve study.

PMID- 2418780
TI  - Enhancement by muramyldipeptides of the activities of early-type inducers of
      interferon.
AB  - A synthetic muramyldipeptide (MDP) and two analogues, B30-MDP and MDP-Lys(L18),
      augmented serum interferon (IFN) production in mice by the inducers
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic acid:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), and
      also augmented immune IFN production induced by purified protein derivative (PPD)
      in mycobacteria-sensitized mice. These compounds were most effective when
      administered to mice one day before the interferon inducer. By contrast, IFN
      production in mice by either oral tilorone or virus infection was not enhanced
      with these compounds. Since LPS and poly I:C are well known as early-type IFN
      inducers, and tilorone and virus infection are late-type inducers, we presume
      that MDP and its analogues are able to augment only early-type IFN production.
      This enhancing effect may be mediated by macrophage activation. In vivo antiviral
      activity of MDP and its analogues was further tested in mice infected with
      vaccinia virus (VV) using early-type inducers. When mice previously treated with
      MDP or its analogues were stimulated for IFN production with a low dose of LPS,
      protective activity against VV infection was markedly enhanced.

PMID- 2418781
TI  - Immunochemical investigations of antigens isolated from Bacteroides ovatus strain
      ATCC 8483.
AB  - A saline extract (SE) and a phenol/water extract (WL) were prepared from
      Bacteroides ovatus strain ATCC 8483. A fraction CS was isolated from the culture
      supernatant. WL was further split by ultracentrifugation into lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS) and supernatant (L1). Fractions SE, WL, LPS and L1 reacted serologically
      with homologous antiserum but did not cross-react with antisera against
      heterologous Bacteroides serotypes. Fraction CS was inactive in
      haemagglutination, haemagglutination inhibition and immunoelectrophoresis tests.
      SE, WL, LPS and L1 proved to be serologically heterogeneous. A distinct
      serological specificity for SE was demonstrated. The serological reactivity in SE
      and WL was not altered after treatment with proteolytic enzymes yet completely
      destroyed in WL and partially in SE by sodium metaperiodate. SE, WL, LPS and L1
      contained the sugar components rhamnose, fucose, ribose, mannose, galactose,
      glucose and glucosamine in different molar ratios for each fraction.
      Galactosamine was found in WL and LPS, uronic acid in WL and L1. Two unidentified
      aminohexoses were detected in WL, one of which was also detectable in L1 and SE.
      2-Keto-3-deoxyaldonic acid was demonstrated in LPS and L1 after strong acid
      hydrolysis.

PMID- 2418782
TI  - Nosocomial infections. Using CDC guidelines for tracking infections.

PMID- 2418783
TI  - Induction of succinyl-coenzyme A:3-oxoacid coenzyme A-transferase during
      differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells.
AB  - Differentiation of confluent 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes in the presence
      of dexamethasone and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine for 7 days resulted in a 4-fold
      increase in the incorporation of acetoacetate-carbon into fatty acids and in the
      activity of 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase, which catalyzes the first committed step
      in the conversion of acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA. The increase in enzyme
      activity was due to an increase in the cellular content of the enzyme, as
      determined by immunoprecipitation of 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase from 3T3-L1
      preadipocytes and adipocytes with rabbit antiserum specific for the rat brain
      enzyme. The 4-fold increase in enzyme activity was accompanied by a 2.7-fold
      increase in the average relative rate of synthesis of 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase
      (between Days 4 and 7). Additionally, the half-life of the enzyme increased 1.9
      fold relative to the half-life of total protein, indicating that changes in both
      synthesis and degradation of 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase are responsible for
      alterations in its activity. Previous studies on the turnover of other enzymes
      that are induced during differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells have assigned changes in
      enzyme synthesis as the primary or sole mechanism for changes in enzyme activity.
      This report provides the first documentation that both enzyme synthesis and
      degradation play a role in regulating the enzyme activity of an enzyme during
      differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells.

PMID- 2418784
TI  - Characterization of selenium-containing tRNAGlu from Clostridium sticklandii.
AB  - A selenium-containing tRNA from Clostridium sticklandii has been shown to be an
      isoaccepting tRNAGlu (W.-M. Ching and T. C. Stadtman (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad.
      Sci. USA 79, 374-377). Not only is this tRNAGlu one of the most abundant selenium
      containing tRNA species but it is also the major glutamate isoacceptor in this
      organism. The selenonucleoside, which is located at the first position of the
      anticodon, was identified as 5-methylaminomethyl-2-selenouridine (A. J. Wittwer,
      L. Tsai, W.-M. Ching, and T. C. Stadt (1984) Biochemistry 23, 4650-4655). Other
      modified nucleosides present in this tRNA include 4-thiouridine, pseudouridine,
      ribothymidine, modified guanosine, and two different modified adenosines. When
      this seleno-tRNAGlu is incubated in 1.0 M Tris X HCl, pH 8.5, partial
      deselenization occurs. Moreover, treatment with cyanogen bromide almost
      completely removes the selenium. The presence of selenium in this tRNAGlu is
      essential for its enzymatic acylation with glutamate. This seleno-tRNAGlu
      recognizes both GAA and GAG codons. However, at 10 mM magnesium, which is near
      the physiological range, the GAA codon is slightly favored. In a cell free
      translation system, the acylated seleno-tRNAGlu is a very active glutamate donor.

PMID- 2418785
TI  - In vitro synthesis and assembly of photosystem II proteins of spinach
      chloroplasts.
AB  - The synthesis and assembly of photosystem II (PS II) proteins of spinach
      chloroplasts were investigated in three different in vitro systems, i.e., protein
      synthesis in isolated chloroplasts (in organello translation), read-out
      translation of thylakoid-bound ribosomes, and transport of translation products
      from spinach leaf polyadenylated RNA into isolated chloroplasts. Polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis of labeled thylakoid polypeptides in the presence of sodium
      dodecyl sulfate revealed that the first two systems were capable of synthesizing
      the reaction center proteins of PS II (47 and 43 kDa), the herbicide-binding
      protein, and cytochrome b559. The reaction center proteins synthesized in
      organello were shown to bind chlorophyll and to assemble properly into the PS II
      core complex. One of the reaction center proteins translated by the thylakoid
      bound ribosomes (47 kDa) was also found to be integrated in situ into the complex
      but was lacking bound chlorophyll. Incorporation of radioactivity into the three
      extrinsic proteins of the oxygen-evolution system (33, 24, and 18 kDa) was
      detected only when intact chloroplasts were incubated with the translation
      products from polyadenylated RNA, showing that these proteins are coded for by
      nuclear DNA. The occurrence of a precursor polypeptide 6 kDa larger than the 33
      kDa protein was immunochemically detected in the translation products.

PMID- 2418786
TI  - Purification and characterization of canine urinary kallikrein.
AB  - The renal kallikrein-kinin system may play a role in the regulation of sodium and
      water balance. Although the dog is a frequently used experimental animal in the
      study of the renal kallikrein-kinin system, dog urinary kallikrein (DUKK) has
      been poorly studied. We have purified DUKK by a series of chromatographic and
      electrophoretic procedures including anion-exchange chromatography, filtration
      through p-aminobenzamidine-Sepharose (to remove contaminating nonkallikrein
      esterases), gel filtration, isoelectric focusing, and molecular sieve HPLC. This
      DUKK preparation gave three protein bands on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
      each having similar esterolytic and kininogenase activities and immunological
      identity. Preparative isoelectric focusing indicated the presence of multiple
      forms of kallikrein with pI's of 3.93, 4.05, 4.24, and 4.44, the species with a
      pI of 4.24 constituting the major component. Neuraminidase treatment converted
      all of the forms into the component with a pI of 4.44, suggesting the charge
      heterogeneity was due mainly to differences in sialic acid content. DUKK has a
      specific activity of 3 mg bradykinin eq/min/mg protein when partially purified
      dog kininogen is used as a substrate. It is a glycoprotein with a molecular
      weight of 40,500 (amino acid analysis best fit method) and an alkaline pH optimum
      (9.0-9.5). DUKK is resistant to soybean trypsin inhibitor and lima bean trypsin
      inhibitor but is inhibited by several serine protease inhibitors such as
      antipain, leupeptin, and p-aminobenzamidine. Phe-Phe-Arg-chloromethyl ketone is a
      very potent inhibitor of DUKK. Contrary to previous reports, DUKK is also
      inhibited by N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone and aprotinin, the
      inhibition by the latter being inversely related to the concentration of NaCl in
      the medium. The esterolytic and amidolytic activities of DUKK are inhibited by an
      increase in NaCl concentration of the medium. This inhibition may be related to a
      NaCl-induced conformational change in the enzyme moiety.

PMID- 2418787
TI  - Chondronectin interactions with proteoglycan.
AB  - We have investigated whether proteoglycans are involved in the attachment of
      embryonic chick chondrocytes to type II collagen. Chondroitin sulfate
      proteoglycan, when added exogenously, promotes the binding of chondronectin, the
      chondrocyte attachment factor, to type II collagen substrates and thereby
      stimulates chondrocyte adhesion. Blockage of endogenous proteoglycan synthesis
      with beta-xylosides prevents chondronectin-mediated chondrocyte attachment,
      confirming that proteoglycan is required. The intact proteoglycan must be present
      since chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans did not promote chondronectin
      mediated cell attachment but, rather, inhibited it in a dose-dependent manner.
      This inhibition, however, could be overcome with excess exogenous proteoglycan.
      Consequently, chondronectin interacts with proteoglycan and then the complex
      interacts with the collagen substrate and with the cell surface to promote cell
      adhesion. Further evidence for a direct interaction of chondronectin with the
      glycosaminoglycan portion of the proteoglycan is the selective binding of
      chondronectin to dextran-Sepharose, dextran having been shown to inhibit
      attachment to an extent similar to that of chondroitin sulfate.

PMID- 2418788
TI  - [Current status of combination chemotherapy].
AB  - The current status of clinical investigations of combination chemotherapies was
      reviewed. A randomized trial comparing low-vs high-dose cisplatin conducted in
      cases of testicular cancer indicated that a high-dose regime (120 mg/m2 D1) was
      superior to a low-dose regime (15 mg/m2 D1-5) while similar studies conducted in
      head & neck cancer and cervical cancer showed no significant differences. PVB or
      BEP in testicular cancer and CAP in ovarian cancer appear to have on established
      clinical role, but other combinations containing CDDP for use on various tumors
      are in the stage of phase II trial. Alternating non-cross combination is an
      attractive direction in clinical investigation but no such regimes tested in the
      past has shown any significant superiority over the results obtained from
      standard combinations.

PMID- 2418789
TI  - [Selection of treatment from a pathophysiological point of view. II: Studies on
      male urogenital tumors].
AB  - Testicular cancer is divided pathologically into two categories; seminoma and non
      seminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT). Seminoma is a radio-sensitive tumor, so
      that radiation has been mainly used for stages I and II. Stage III seminoma is
      treated in the same way as NSGCT. Several years ago stages I and II NSGCT were
      treated primarily by retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. These days,
      chemotherapy, such as PVB, or VAB-6 therapy, is adopted as the first choice of
      treatment, followed by surgical intervention to elucidate the remaining bulky
      mass if present. Stage III NSGCT is also managed by chemotherapy. By these
      procedures 70-90% CR of patients with NSGCT is obtained. Prostatic cancer has
      been treated mainly according to its stages. As for stage A cancer palliative
      therapy has been shown to yield good results. However, in the case of poorly
      differentiated tumors, local irradiation with anti-androgenic treatment should be
      employed. Stage B cancer should be treated by radical surgery. Local lymph node
      dissection is usually indicated. In addition local irradiation and anti
      androgenic therapy should be considered. Most stage C or D patients do well for a
      while with antiandrogenic therapy. Within two or three years, however, drug
      resistance ensues, recessitating a change in the therapeutic modality. Treatments
      of choice include in chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and others. Treatment of penile
      cancer involves chemotherapy with bleomycin and irradiation, which result in
      considerable improvement.

PMID- 2418790
TI  - [A new anticancer drug sensitivity test using the microplate culture and
      surviving tumor cell staining method].
AB  - We have developed a new anticancer drug sensitivity test using the short-term
      microplate culture and viable cell staining method, and the details of this
      method are reported. The tumor cells are cultured with the anticancer drugs for 2
      days and 4 days. After culture, the microplate is centrifuged. The surviving
      tumor cells are fixed with ethanol and stained with crystal violet. After washing
      out the remaining crystal violet, 200 microliters of sodium lauryl sulfate is put
      into each microwell and the absorbance of each is measured. When we examined this
      method using leukemic cell lines, we found that the numbers of cells were in
      proportion to the absorbance, and that the surviving cells could be counted by
      the absorbance within the range of 0.4 to 1.7. On the assumption that the
      effective range is more than 60% of the cytotoxicity index (CI), tables of CI
      classified into drugs, concentrations and duration of culture for each leukemic
      cell line were made. With these tables, comparison of the anticancer drugs and
      subsequent selection of the effective ones became easier. This method is simple,
      rapid and convenient for handling a large volume of material. Its application to
      further clinical practice is therefore expected.

PMID- 2418791
TI  - [Experimental study on the treatment of metastatic lymph nodes with local
      hyperthermia and temperature-sensitive liposomes containing bleomycin].
AB  - The therapeutic effects of combined treatment with hyperthermia (HT) and
      temperature-sensitive liposomes (TSL) containing Bleomycin (BLM) were evaluated
      in metastatic lymph nodes of AH-66 ascites tumor in rats. As a model for
      metastatic lymph nodes, 4 X 10(6) cells of AH-66 were inoculated into the right
      popliteal lymph nodes of rats. Seven days after inoculation, when the tumor in
      popliteal lymph nodes was approximately 8 mm in diameter, TSL-BLM was injected
      subcutaneously into the right foot pad, and local hyperthermia at 43 degrees C
      was applied for 20 minutes. The most obvious suppression of tumor growth and
      excellent survival rate were obtained in rats which received both TSL-BLM and HT,
      compared with groups receiving HT or TSL-BLM alone. These findings suggest that
      the combination of TSL-BLM and HT provides an effective cancer chemotherapy for
      patients with metastatic lymph nodes.

PMID- 2418793
TI  - The mechanism of morphine-induced urticaria.

PMID- 2418792
TI  - [The effect of an arginine-imbalanced diet on the growth of implanted MM-48 and
      MH-134 tumors in C3H/He mice].
AB  - The arginine-imbalanced diet used in this study was a diet of 27% casein
      supplemented with 8% arginine monochloride. There was no difference in the serum
      protein level between C3H/He mice fed a casein diet (N-mice) and mice fed on the
      arginine-supplemented diet (A-mice). The serum arginine level was increased in
      the A-mice compared with the N-mice. Significant inhibition of MM-48 tumor
      incidence was seen in the A-mice when the transplanted tumor was below 5 X 10(6)
      cells. Growth inhibitory effect against MM-48 tumor was significantly enhanced in
      the A-mice with i.p. injection of OK-432. Interferon production of spleen cells
      was increased in the A-mice compared with the N-mice. We speculate that the
      effect of arginine depends partially on the immune functions in the mice.

PMID- 2418794
TI  - The adherence of Staphylococcus aureus to human corneocytes.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus has a peculiar ability to colonize the skin of patients
      with atopic dermatitis. We examined the possibility that this might be due to a
      specific ability of this pathogenic staphylococcus to adhere to atopic stratum
      corneum. We used an in vitro model to show that S aureus does have an unusual
      ability to adhere to atopic corneocytes when compared with corneocytes obtained
      from patients with other cutaneous diseases, including psoriasis. Protein A--a
      component of the staphylococcal cell wall--may be responsible in part for this
      adherence phenomenon. This trait did not extend to the other gram-positive
      bacteria tested.

PMID- 2418795
TI  - [Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study of a case of hypophyseal adenoma
      with isolated secretion of alpha subunit].

PMID- 2418796
TI  - Can serum and peritoneal amylase and lipase determinations help in the early
      prognosis of acute pancreatitis?
AB  - Serum and peritoneal amylase and lipase levels were determined at an early stage
      in 73 patients with acute pancreatitis confirmed by computed tomography (CT
      scan), surgery, and/or postmortem. Each patient was given an enzymatic score
      (ES), which reflects the predominance of the serum or peritoneal concentration of
      the two enzymes, as the case may be. This score can thus be either 0, 1, or 2; ES
      = 0 if neither enzyme is predominant in the peritoneal fluid, ES = 1 if amylase
      or lipase alone are predominant therein, and ES = 2 if both enzymes are
      predominant. This enzymatic score appears to be a good indicator of severity of
      disease, being as it is directly and significantly related to mortality rate,
      prognostic score as proposed by Ranson, and incidence of extrapancreatic spreads
      as demonstrated by CT scan. In 38 patients (including two fatalities) with an
      enzymatic score of 0 or 1, mortality was 5%, whereas in 35 patients (10
      fatalities) with ES = 2, mortality was 29% (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 2418797
TI  - Simplified technique for the surgical palliation of pulmonary atresia with right
      ventricular hypoplasia and intact septum.
AB  - A rapid, simple palliative technique for treatment of pulmonary atresia with a
      one-stage pulmonary valvotomy and central aortopulmonary artery shunt is
      described.

PMID- 2418798
TI  - [Prolixase, a fibrinolytic enzyme isolated from Rhodnius prolixus (Heteroptera,
      Reduviidae): antigenic properties].
AB  - Antigenic properties of prolixase are studied showing that this fibrinolytic
      enzyme, induces in the rabbit, the formation of precipitating but slightly,
      hemagglutinating homologous antibodies.

PMID- 2418799
TI  - Heroin vs morphine for cancer pain?
AB  - Narcotic analgesics are the mainstay of pain control in patients with cancer. A
      controversy has been raging in the United States and Canada as to the
      legalization of heroin. We have reviewed the literature in order to determine the
      relative efficacy of heroin and morphine in cancer pain. We applied the following
      methodologic criteria: Was the assignment of patients to the different opiates
      randomized? Were all clinically relevant outcomes reported? Were the patients
      recognizable? Were both clinical and statistical significance considered? Was the
      opiate regimen feasible in routine clinical practice? Were all patients who
      entered the study accounted for at its conclusion? Two trials satisfied our first
      standard. The first, a double-blind cross-over trial, failed to meet standard 4
      (the negative conclusion may represent a type 2 error) and only 21% of patients
      completed both treatment periods. The second study, which compared intramuscular
      heroin and morphine among patients with postoperative pain, failed to meet
      standards 3 (patients not described in sufficient detail and only tangentially
      related to chronic cancer pain) and 4 (type 2 error). Thus the relative efficacy
      of heroin and morphine in the relief of chronic cancer pain remains unknown.
      Randomized trials that meet all six methodologic standards must therefore be
      carried out for this controversy to be resolved.

PMID- 2418800
TI  - Cardiac myxomas. An immunohistochemical study using endothelial, histiocytic, and
      smooth-muscle cell markers.
AB  - Previous immunohistochemical studies of cardiac myxomas are few in number,
      limited in scope and, in part, discrepant. We studied the immunoreactivity of
      five cardiac myxomas for factor VIII-related antigen, Ulex europaeus agglutinin
      I, smooth-muscle myosin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin.
      Positive staining was present in all five tumors with each cell marker used, but
      varied according to the area of tumor examined. The result of this study provides
      further evidence of the cellular heterogeneity in these tumors that probably
      originate by differentiation of multipotential mesenchymal cells.

PMID- 2418801
TI  - Cross-reactive red blood cell antigen-related substances in human leukocyte alpha
      interferon.
AB  - Human leukocyte alpha interferon (IFN alpha) is a blood product. The possible
      contamination with blood-group antigens was studied using the double
      immunodiffusion technique. With the exception of one lot received in 1980, which
      did not react, all three recent lots received in 1983 and 1984 reacted with 16,
      20, and 21 of the 22 erythrocyte group-specific antisera tested. The only
      antiserum that did not react with any of the IFN alpha lots was anti-N.
      Preincubation of the IFN alpha with antisera abolished the precipitate lines seen
      in double immunodiffusion. Recombinant human alpha interferon used as a control
      did not show any reaction. Our results indicate the presence of red blood cell
      antigen-related substances in IFN alpha.

PMID- 2418802
TI  - Gastric hyalinization presenting in life and mimicking gastric cancer.
AB  - Gastric hyalinization is an unusual abnormality that has in the past been
      regarded by some authorities as a postmortem artifact. We describe a 69-year-old
      patient who presented with symptoms due to the condition, and who was treated by
      surgical resection of the diseased stomach. To our knowledge, no other case
      presenting in life has been identified in the literature, which we reviewed in
      the light of the present case. The cause of the condition remains unknown.

PMID- 2418803
TI  - Autofluorescence of eosinophilic substances.

PMID- 2418804
TI  - Immunologic detection of markers of keratinocyte differentiation. Its use in
      neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions of skin.
AB  - We examined seven invasive squamous cell carcinomas, five squamous cell
      carcinomas in situ, four keratoacanthomas, two actinic keratoses, and two
      seborrheic keratoses by indirect immunofluorescence. We used a panel of three
      antibodies: one directed against filaggrin, one against involucrin, and one
      against peptidylarginine deiminase. Anti-involucrin stained all the lesions
      studied, but the pattern within a given category of lesions was variable and
      consistent differences between the categories were not observed. Similarly, the
      antibodies against peptidylarginine deiminase and filaggrin were not able to
      distinguish differences between the various types of tumors. We conclude that in
      tumors of epidermis, benign or malignant, products of differentiation are
      expressed independently of histologic atypia or clinical aggressiveness.
      Therefore, markers of differentiation do not appear to be reliable indexes for
      distinguishing benign from malignant lesions.

PMID- 2418805
TI  - Regional brain amino acid and neurotransmitter derangements during abdominal
      sepsis and septic encephalopathy in the rat. The effect of amino acid infusions.
AB  - Regional amino acids and brain neurotransmitters were studied in 33 normal and 32
      rats with sepsis (induced by cecal ligation and puncture) infused with different
      amino acid formulations. The brain amino acid pattern during sepsis showed
      increased concentrations of most essential and six of the nonessential amino
      acids. The most consistent finding was the accumulation of indoleamines in all
      six brain regions studied during sepsis; increased brain tryptophan levels
      presumably resulted in enhanced metabolism of serotonin (5HT), increased
      production of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), and a high 5HT/5HIAA ratio.
      Infusion of branched-chain amino acid-enriched formulas restored brain amino acid
      and neurotransmitter profiles, decreasing levels of tryptophan, tyrosine, 5HIAA,
      and 5HT/5HIAA ratios while increasing norepinephrine levels in some regions.
      These alterations in brain neurotransmitter metabolism may be at least partially
      responsible for the development of septic encephalopathy.

PMID- 2418806
TI  - Stereometabolism of styrene in man: gas chromatographic determination of
      phenylethyleneglycol enantiomers and phenylethanol isomers in the urine of
      occupationally-exposed persons.
AB  - A gas chromatographic procedure for the determination of phenylethyleneglycol
      enantiomers and phenylethanol isomers is described and applied to the
      investigation of urine samples from occupationally styrene-exposed workers (11
      males, six females) and an unexposed control group. Phenylethyleneglycol
      enantiomers and 2-phenylethanol were present in the urine samples of exposed and
      unexposed individuals whereas 1-DL-phenylethanol was not found in control urine.
      The L/D enantiomer ratio of phenylethyleneglycol was found to be approximately 3
      in the exposed group and 1.5 in the control group. Because of the close
      structural relation of these metabolites to the primarily formed epoxide, the
      results give further insight into the stereotoxicity of styrene in man.

PMID- 2418807
TI  - Inhibition of the in vitro-reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus infection
      in spinal ganglia: comparison of various immune factors. Brief report.
AB  - In order to study whether the latency of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is
      immunologically controlled, the influence of different immune mechanisms on the
      in vitro-reactivation of the virus in latently infected lumbosacral ganglia of
      mice was investigated. Combined addition of macrophages and antibodies to
      cultures of ganglionic tissue proved most effective in delaying virus
      reactivation. This was achieved to a lesser degree when applying antibodies only,
      whereas macrophages alone were not effective, nor were immune lymphocytes, nor
      was interferon from L-cells or from the peritoneal cavity of mice.

PMID- 2418808
TI  - The effect of 6-amidino-2-naphthyl-4-guanidinobenzoate (FUT-175) on IgE antibody
      mediated allergic reactions in experimental animals.

PMID- 2418809
TI  - Differential effect of N-(3', 4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5') on
      aerosol vs. intravenous antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs.

PMID- 2418810
TI  - [Characteristics of the wall of the 3d cerebral ventricle in rats from the
      viewpoint of age].
AB  - The results of the light-, electron microscopic and cytophotometric investigation
      performed in the wall of the third cerebral ventricle are presented. It includes
      the ciliar, tanycytar ependyma and subependymal layer in male rats of three age
      groups (immature--1 month, mature--8-10 months and old--24-26 months of age). A
      certain decrease in the arrangement density of cellular elements of the
      ventricular wall is noted with age. A depressed functional activity of the ciliar
      ependymocytes is revealed with ageing. At the same time, some compensatory
      adaptive rearrangements develop; they counteract age decrease of the function. A
      suggestion is made that the drenage function of the ciliar ependymal area is
      disturbed with age. Specific age features of the ultrastructure of the blood
      capillaries situating subependymally are revealed. The age changes of
      ependymocytes and tanicytes, as well as those of certain groups of tanycytes are
      not unitypical; this speaks in favour of their different functional role.

PMID- 2418811
TI  - [Sinus extrasystole. Fact or fiction? Report of a case].

PMID- 2418812
TI  - Mechanisms involved in retinal pigment epithelial cell chemotaxis.
AB  - Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell chemotaxis may play an important role in
      proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Fibronectin and platelet-derived growth
      factor are chemoattractants for RPE cells. In this study, we used these
      chemoattractants to examine mechanisms involved in RPE cell chemotaxis. Our
      results demonstrate that inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis, but not DNA
      synthesis, are associated with reduced chemotaxis. Microtubules and
      microfilaments are involved since cytochalasin B and colchicine are potent
      inhibitors of RPE cell migration. Dexamethasone, to which a beneficial effect has
      been attributed in an animal model of PVR, had no effect on RPE cell migration.
      Information concerning mechanisms involved in RPE cell migration may help to
      explore new avenues of treatment in PVR.

PMID- 2418813
TI  - Some effects of breeding season and castration on the prostate and epididymis of
      the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula.
AB  - In an attempt to understand the mechanism(s) responsible for the reported marked
      seasonal increase in prostatic, but not epididymal, weight in T. vulpecula, a
      number of parameters were measured in tissues from mature, entire males sampled
      within and outside of the breeding season and from castrates. Conditions for the
      measurement of cytosol androgen receptors were also established. The weight of
      both the prostate and the epididymis was significantly elevated in the breeding
      season but the relative increase in prostate weight was considerably greater. The
      increase in prostatic weight was associated with a decrease in DNA: g tissue and
      an increase in protein: DNA and RNA: DNA ratios, each indicative of cellular
      hypertrophy and/or accumulation of secretory product. In the epididymis there
      were no significant seasonal changes in RNA: DNA, protein: DNA or DNA: g tissue
      ratios. Low-capacity, high-affinity binding was demonstrated in the epididymal
      and prostatic cytosols and values for the equilibrium association constants and
      receptor concentrations were within the range reported for androgen receptors in
      eutherian species. The temperature sensitivity of the binding, steroid
      specificity and slow dissociation in the cold indicated that in both tissues
      cystosol receptor and not androgen-binding or serum-binding protein(s) were being
      measured. In prostatic, but not epididymal, cytosol a low level of progesterone
      binding was observed and was masked by triamcinolone acetonide. When expressed in
      terms of tissue DNA, cytosol androgen receptor level in the prostate only was
      elevated in the breeding season. Prostatic tissue showed a low level of 5 alpha
      reductase in vitro which was not influenced by season. However, both tissues
      showed a high concentration of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and in the prostate,
      where seasonal effects were measured, the concentration was higher in the
      breeding season. This indicates that although 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone is the
      likely active androgen in the prostate it may be formed elsewhere. Part of the
      explanation for the increased growth of the prostate in the breeding season
      appears to be a change in receptor concentration coupled with elevated tissue
      androgen level.

PMID- 2418814
TI  - Identification of a common antigen on human erythrocyte sialoglycoproteins.
AB  - An erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein common antigen has been identified by a
      monoclonal antibody. The antigen recognised by the JCS-2 antibody was determined
      by immunoprecipitation, Western blotting and partial amino acid sequencing.
      Western blot analysis of human erythrocyte ghost membranes separated on sodium
      dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that the
      sialoglycoprotein common antigen occurs on the alpha, beta, gamma and delta
      sialoglycoproteins, either in their monomeric or dimeric form and as the
      heterodimer in the case of alpha and delta. The N-terminal sequence of the
      antigen prepared by immunoaffinity chromatography of the Triton-X100 extract of
      human erythrocyte ghosts shows the first 9 residues to be identical to the known
      sequence of the MN blood group glycoproteins. The common epitope on the
      sialoglycoproteins resides on the oligosaccharide and contains sialic acid.

PMID- 2418815
TI  - A case of ring 20 chromosome with cardiac and renal anomalies.
AB  - A case of ring 20 chromosome is reported. In contrast to the few children
      documented previously with this problem who had no significant malformations the
      present case had major malformations of the heart and urinary tract as well as
      mental retardation and seizures.

PMID- 2418816
TI  - [Practice of dream processing].

PMID- 2418817
TI  - [Event-centered work with dreams].

PMID- 2418818
TI  - [Problems of dream symbolism].

PMID- 2418819
TI  - [Dreams and fairy tales].

PMID- 2418820
TI  - Differential sensitivity of RSVts (temperature-sensitive Rous-sarcoma virus)
      infected rat kidney cells to nucleoside antibiotics at permissive and non
      permissive temperatures.
AB  - Among a variety of anti-tumour agents tested, oxanosine and 5-azacytidine were
      found to be significantly more effective in inhibiting growth of rat kidney cells
      infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Rous sarcoma virus at a
      permissive temperature (33 degrees C) than at a non-permissive temperature (39
      degrees C). These two nucleoside antibiotics were antagonistic to each other in
      cytotoxicity. They seem to share the same carrier-mediated membrane-transport
      system, because dipyridamole, a potent inhibitor of nucleoside transport,
      protected cells from the cytotoxicity of both drugs. Thymidine transport, which
      is twice as fast in cells at 33 degrees C as at 39 degrees C, was competitively
      inhibited by both drugs. Thus the differential toxicity of oxanosine and 5
      azacytidine at the two temperatures is thought to be due to their increased
      transport via the thymidine-transport system, which is somehow under the
      influence of the active src-gene product.

PMID- 2418821
TI  - Structural differences between plasma-membrane 5'-nucleotidase in different cell
      types as evidenced by antibodies.
AB  - Antibodies raised against bovine 5'-nucleotidase inhibit this enzyme as well as
      5'-nucleotidase from other bovine tissues, showing common structure(s) between
      these proteins. However, an IgG fraction directed against the glucidic moiety of
      the liver enzyme did not cross-react with the enzyme from lymphocyte or caudate
      nuclei, a clear indication that within the same species the 5'-nucleotidase
      differs from one cell type to another. In addition, immunoblots after
      electrophoresis show that the previous antibodies recognize 5'-nucleotidase from
      human, mouse or chicken origin. However, only human 5'-nucleotidase activity can
      be inhibited by the antibodies. Thus at least three groups of antigenic
      determinants must exist on the 5'-nucleotidase: one related to the glucidic
      moiety of the glycoprotein whose binding inhibits the enzyme activity, another
      related to the catalytic site, as its binding also led to enzyme inhibition, and
      a last one of structural nature. It seems that the third group of determinant is
      common to many species, whereas the second one is more restricted.

PMID- 2418822
TI  - Alpha-fetoprotein in the brain of embryonic pigs.
AB  - Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has been screened in the brain of pig embryos by
      immunocytofluorescence, crossed immunoelectrophoresis and the immunoblotting
      technique. Immunocytochemistry showed that the cell and tissue localization of
      AFP changes with age of the embryos, and/or maturation of the brain. At the
      earliest stages studied (embryonic days (ED) 26 to 28), the AFP in the brain
      prevails near the cerebral ventricles, while later (ED 35-46) AFP also appears in
      higher concentrations in the differentiating parenchyma of some regions of the
      brain (especially in deep layers of the cortical plate or the region of the
      differentiating hippocampus) and spinal cord. Its intracellular presence was well
      evident in the large neuroblasts of these regions. During the 3rd month of
      embryonic life AFP starts to disappear from the brain parenchyma. At all ages
      studied, bright fluorescence in the choroid plexus and the meningovascular
      apparatus is evident. In the choroid plexus as well as ependymal cells a mosaic
      like pattern of fluorescence appeared, especially near its invagination into the
      lateral ventricles; the latter suggests transependymal transport of AFP by some
      cells. Single and crossed immunoelectrophoresis revealed one reacting band in the
      water extract of homogenate of the brain of 35-day-old pig embryos. Similarly,
      only one band has been stained in SDS electrophoretograms prepared from such
      extracts and stained by the immunoblotting technique; its molecular weight
      corresponded to the pig AFP. In contrast to the brain the AFP band in the liver
      was also found in the membrane fraction. It is concluded that maximal tissue
      concentrations of AFP in the pig brain are attained during the second embryonic
      month and that, in addition to extracellular fluids, it is also transitionally
      present in the cytoplasmic compartment of brain cells, especially those more
      advanced in maturation.

PMID- 2418823
TI  - Inactivation of the early calcium uptake and noradrenaline release evoked by
      potassium in cultured chromaffin cells.
AB  - Upon stimulation with a 59 mM K solution (59K), 45Ca uptake into cultured bovine
      adrenal chromaffin cells quickly enhanced to reach a plateau within 60 sec. 45Ca
      transients could be clearly measured with a time resolution (10 sec) and a net Ca
      uptake (75 times the basal uptake) that considerably improve data reported in
      other recent papers; this experimental design allows the direct comparison of
      45Ca transient data with electrophysiological measurements of chromaffin cell Ca
      currents. In addition, it is shown that upon sustained depolarization with 59K
      both, the rates of 45Ca uptake and 3H-noradrenaline release decline in a parallel
      manner, suggesting that the voltage-dependent Ca channel activity modulates the
      kinetics of the early secretory response.

PMID- 2418824
TI  - Selection of a rat glutamine synthetase cDNA clone.
AB  - We have selected a glutamine synthetase clone (pGSRK-1) from a rat kidney cDNA
      library. A partial restriction map has been constructed for the 1.65 kilobase
      pair (kbp) glutamine synthetase cDNA. Northern hybridization analysis indicates
      that 1) GS-specific RNA increases many-fold during adipocyte differentiation and
      2) dexamethasone increases and insulin decreases GS-specific RNA in 3T3-L1
      adipocytes.

PMID- 2418825
TI  - Myelin basic protein ability to organize lipid bilayers: structural transition in
      bilayers of lysophosphatidylcholine micelles.
AB  - Myelin basic protein isolated by a single step with the cationic detergent
      cethyltrimethylammonium bromide in a lipid-bound form is able to induce
      structural transition of lysophosphatydilcholine micelles into multi-laminar
      vesicles. This finding, observed through electron microscopy, is discussed in the
      light of the assumed ability of the basic protein to organize myelin lipids.

PMID- 2418826
TI  - alpha Latrotoxin of the black widow spider venom opens a small, non-closing
      cation channel.
AB  - alpha Latrotoxin, a presynaptically acting polypeptide neurotoxin, induces
      massive neurotransmitter release from both synapses of vertebrates and the
      neurosecretory cells of the line PC12, derived from a rat pheochromocytoma.
      Single PC12 cells, differentiated by treatment with nerve growth factor, were
      used to investigate by the patch-clamp technique i) the alterations of the
      resting cell conditions (membrane potential and resistance) and ii) the
      microscopic mechanism of the permeability changes that underly the response to
      alpha LTx. The toxin was found to open a channel, 15 pS in conductance, that is
      permeable to various cations (Na+, K+ and probably Ca2+) and has little tendency
      to close. This channel is different from the classical voltage- and receptor
      operated channels present in PC12 cells, as well as from the large conductances
      induced by the toxin in artificial lipid membranes.

PMID- 2418827
TI  - Synthesis and secretion of alpha 2-macroglobulin by human lung fibroblasts.
AB  - Synthesis and secretion of alpha 2-macroglobulin were studied with the human lung
      fibroblast cell line GM 1379. After incubation with [3H]leucine the cells
      secreted radioactively labeled alpha 2-macroglobulin consisting of subunits with
      a molecular weight of 180,000. When the cells were treated with tunicamycin the
      unglycosylated alpha 2-macroglobulin subunit exhibited a molecular weight of
      160,000. Poly(A) +RNA was isolated from the cultured cells and translated in a
      rabbit reticulocyte lysate. From the translation products an alpha 2
      macroglobulin species with a molecular weight of 160,000 was immunoprecipitated.
      The addition of pancreatic microsoms to the translation mixture resulted in the
      synthesis of an alpha 2-macroglobulin subunit which had molecular weights of
      180,000. Thus, a size of approximately 160,000 for the protein moiety and 20,000
      for the carbohydrate portion can be estimated for a subunit of alpha 2
      macroglobulin from human lung fibroblasts.

PMID- 2418828
TI  - Synthetic myelin basic protein peptide analogs are specific inhibitors of
      phospholipid/calcium-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C).
AB  - Synthetic peptide analogs of the bovine myelin basic protein (MBP) corresponding
      to residues 104-118 were found to specifically inhibit phospholipid/ Ca2+
      dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). The peptides [Ala107]MBP (104-118)
      and [Ala113]MBP (104-118) inhibited protein phosphorylation of intact MBP,
      histone H1 and peptide phosphorylation with MBP(104-123), MBP(104-118) or
      [Ala105]MBP (104-118) as substrates. The inhibitor peptides [Ala107]MBP(104-118)
      and [Ala113]MBP (104-118), containing alanine in place of the arginine
      recognition sites, apparently inhibited the enzyme noncompetitively with respect
      to substrates, with IC50 values ranging from 46-145 and 28-62 microM,
      respectively. These peptide analogs did not inhibit cyclic AMP-dependent protein
      kinase or myosin light chain kinase but inhibited phospholipid/Ca2+-dependent
      phosphorylation of endogenous proteins in the total, solubilized fraction of rat
      brain.

PMID- 2418829
TI  - The human red cell acid phosphatase is a phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase
      which dephosphorylates the membrane protein band 3.
AB  - Human red cell cytosol acid phosphatase activity is supported by a main enzyme
      which can be extracted by DEAE and phosphocellulose chromatography. It uses pNPP
      as a substrate and is a protein phosphatase specific to phosphotyrosine. It
      dephosphorylates the tyrosine-phosphorylated cytosolic fragment of membrane
      protein 3. When taken together, these results suggest that the physiological role
      of red cell acid phosphatase is the FB3 phosphotyrosine dephosphorylation.
      Whatever it may be phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase activity is the first role
      of red cell acid phosphatase to be demonstrated.

PMID- 2418830
TI  - Evidence for the contribution of a sterol 14-reductase to the 14 alpha
      demethylation of lanosterol by yeast.
AB  - Lanosterol was converted to a 14-demethylated metabolite, 4,4-dimethylzymosterol
      by Saccharomyces cerevisiae microsomes. This metabolism was mediated by a
      cytochrome P-450 (P-450/14DM). However, a reconstituted system consisting of P
      450/14DM and its reductase converted lanosterol to the 14-desaturated derivative
      of 4,4-dimethylzymosterol, 4,4-dimethyl-5 alpha-cholesta-8, 14,24-trien-3 beta-ol
      (trienol). When AY-9944 was added to the reaction system with the microsomes, the
      trienol was formed with corresponding decrease in 4,4-dimethylzymosterol. These
      observations indicate that the 14 alpha-demethylation of lanosterol by yeast
      microsomes occurs sequentially via the trienol. Reduction of the trienol to 4,4
      dimethylzymosterol is mediated by an AY-9944-sensitive reductase.

PMID- 2418831
TI  - Physicochemical, immunochemical and functional comparison of human S-protein and
      vitronectin. Evidence for the identity of both plasma proteins.
AB  - The comparison of the complement inhibitor s-protein, isolated from human plasma,
      with vitronectin, a serum spreading factor, revealed a high degree of similarity
      of both proteins with respect to molecular weight, band pattern in polyacrylamide
      gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and amino acid composition. While
      radiolabeled S-protein was precipitated by antiserum against vitronectin, both
      proteins exhibited precipitin lines of complete identity in double
      immunodiffusion analysis when tested mutually against antisera of the appropriate
      components. The functional property of vitronectin to promote cell spreading of
      fibroblasts was also documented for purified S-protein. These findings indicate a
      high degree of similarity with respect to structural and functional properties of
      S-protein and vitronectin and hence may implicate that both proteins are
      identical.

PMID- 2418832
TI  - The effect of dihydropyridine calcium agonists and antagonists on neuronal
      voltage sensitive calcium channels.
AB  - The effect of dihydropyridine agonists and antagonists on neuronal voltage
      sensitive calcium channels was investigated. The resting intracellular calcium
      concentration of synaptosomes prepared from whole brain was 110 +/- 9 nM, as
      assayed by the indicator quin 2. Depolarisation of the synaptosomes with K+
      produced an immediate increase in [Ca2+]i. The calcium agonist Bay K 8644 and
      antagonist nifedipine did not affect [Ca2+]i under resting or depolarising
      conditions. In addition, K+ stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake into synaptosomes prepared
      from the hippocampus was insensitive to Bay K 8644 and PY 108-068 in normal or
      Na+ free conditions. In neuronally derived NG108-15 cells the enantiomers of the
      dihydropyridine derivative 202-791 showed opposite effects in modulating K+
      stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake. (-)-R-202-791 inhibited K+ induced 45Ca2+ uptake with
      an IC50 of 100 nM and (+)-S-202-791 enhanced K+ stimulated uptake with an EC50 of
      80 nM. These results suggest that synaptosomal voltage sensitive calcium channels
      either are of a different type to those found in peripheral tissues and cells of
      neural origin or that expression of functional effects of dihydropyridines
      requires different experimental conditions to those used here.

PMID- 2418833
TI  - Extended secondary structure in 5S rRNAs from a sulphur metabolizing
      archaebacterium, Thermococcus celer.
AB  - While this sequence shares a significant homology with the 5S RNAs of other
      archaebacteria and is consistent with current models for the secondary structure
      of 5S RNAs, it contains three unusual features. The G + C content (72-74%) is
      significantly higher than other 5S RNAs; the secondary structure is distinguished
      by unusually stable and extended helical structures and, most important, there is
      evidence for sequence heterogeneity in the form of complementary base
      substitutions and precursor processing. This supports recent evidence (Newmann,
      H., Gierl, A., Tu, J., Leibrock, J., Staiger, D. and Zillig, W. (1983) Mol. Gen.
      Genet. 192, 66-72) that, like many of the higher eukaryotes, this group of
      sulphur-metabolizing bacteria may contain multiple 5S RNA genes.

PMID- 2418834
TI  - Induction of alpha 2u globulin mRNA by phenobarbital in rat liver:
      characterization of a cDNA clone.
AB  - A clone has been selected from a cDNA library previously constructed from
      phenobarbital pre-treated rat liver polysomal poly(A)+ RNA, which was reverse
      transcribed. The double-stranded cDNA was inserted by GC homopolymeric tailing in
      the Pst I site of pAT 153, and further cloned in E. coli HB101. This clone,
      called 2A9, corresponds to a mRNA whose concentration is increased five fold 16 h
      after phenobarbital treatment. Its length is 1200 nucleotides as revealed by RNA
      dot and Northern blot analysis respectively. The two strands of a 450 bp fragment
      from the 2A9 580 bp double-stranded cDNA insert have been sequenced and proven to
      correspond to alpha 2u globulin mRNA. It shows one single bp difference from the
      sequence previously published by Unterman et al. (1981, PNAS, 78, 3478). Thus,
      alpha 2u globulin, a hormone regulated gene product, is inducible by
      phenobarbital.

PMID- 2418835
TI  - Divergent metabolism of human chorionic gonadotropin subunits within rat ovarian
      lysosomes.
AB  - Pseudopregnant rats were injected with either native human chorionic gonadotropin
      or with (125I)-human chorionic gonadotropin and their ovarian homogenates
      fractionated on Percoll density gradients. The levels of alpha and beta subunits
      within subcellular fractions were measured using radioimmunoassays specific for
      each subunit. Radioactivity measurements of fractions obtained from rats injected
      with (125I)-human chorionic gonadotropin were used as a separate index of alpha
      subunit distribution. The alpha subunit was primarily restricted to a combined
      plasma membrane/prelysosomal vesicle fraction. Immunoreactive beta subunit was
      present at high concentrations within both this plasma membrane/prelysosomal
      vesicle fraction and within lysosomes. The striking difference in alpha and beta
      subcellular distribution may arise from differential sensitivities to lysosomal
      enzymes.

PMID- 2418836
TI  - Activation of protein kinase C by lipoxin A and other eicosanoids. Intracellular
      action of oxygenation products of arachidonic acid.
AB  - Arachidonic acid, linolenic acid and 14 different oxygenated fatty acid
      derivatives were tested as activators of human protein kinase C in vitro using
      histone as substrate. Lipoxin A (5,6,15L-trihydroxy-7,9,11,13-eicosatetraenoic
      activated the kinase in the presence of calcium at 30 fold lower concentration (1
      microM) than did arachidonic acid or 1,3-dioleoylglycerol. The methyl ester of
      lipoxin A and the free acids of leukotriene B4 as well as two lipoxin B isomers
      were without effect. In contrast, linolenic acid, leukotriene C4, certain mono-
      and dihydroxylated eicosanoids and one lipoxin B isomer had stimulatory effects,
      albeit at higher concentrations. The substrate specificity of protein kinase C
      activated by lipoxin A proved to be different from that of the phosphatidylserine
      or phorbol ester activated kinase. Results of the present study suggest that
      arachidonic acid derived oxygenation products, in particular lipoxin A, may serve
      as intracellular activators of protein kinase C.

PMID- 2418837
TI  - Protein kinase C mediated regulation of calcium channels in PC-12
      pheochromocytoma cells.
AB  - Depolarization of PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells with K+ produces an immediate
      increase in catecholamine release. The stimulation of release is blocked by Co2+,
      removal of extracellular Ca2+ or by dihydropyridine drugs such as nitrendipine.
      Release is enhanced by other dihydropyridines such as BAY K8644. Release is
      accompanied by a voltage dependent uptake of 45Ca2+ which is also blocked by Co2+
      or nitrendipine and enhanced by BAY K8644. The phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate
      13-acetate (TPA) in the range 10(-9)-10(-6) M produced little effect by itself
      but augmented the K+ evoked release of catecholamine. An analog of TPA which does
      not activate protein kinase C was ineffective. In contrast, TPA in the same
      concentration range blocked influx of 45Ca2+ induced by 70 mM K+ or 70 mM K+/BAY
      K8644. 45Ca2+ influx produced by A23187 was not blocked by TPA. The results
      suggest a system by which protein kinase C may regulate the output of
      transmitters from secretory cells.

PMID- 2418839
TI  - Changes in hepatic RNA, poly(A)+RNA, and poly(A)-RNA during the acute phase
      response to inflammation.
AB  - The steady state changes in total rat hepatic cytoplasmic RNA, poly(A)+ RNA and
      poly(A)-RNA were assessed in response to turpentine induced inflammation. From 18
      to 24 h after injury, cytoplasmic RNA doubled, while poly(A)+ RNA peaked at 24 h,
      3.5 times over control animals. Cell-free translation showed significant
      increases in messenger RNA levels beginning at 18 h. Gel electrophoresis of
      translation products revealed significant increases in several polypeptides and a
      decrease in others. Poly(A)-RNA from control and injured rats translated to an
      insignificant level and the electrophoretic gel patterns of their proteins were
      similar. Furthermore, no change had occurred in the 3' poly(A)-sequences during
      the course of inflammation.

PMID- 2418838
TI  - Insulin and exercise stimulate muscle alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport by a
      Na+-K+-ATPase independent pathway.
AB  - Sodium ions are required for the active transport of amino acids such as alpha
      aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) into skeletal muscle. To examine the role of Na+-K+
      ATPase in this phenomenon, studies were carried out using the isolated perfused
      rat hindquarter preparation. Perfusion for 30 min with ouabain at a dose
      sufficient to inhibit the Na+-K+ pump (10(-4) M) inhibited the basal rate of AIB
      uptake in all muscles studied by up to 80%. However, it failed to inhibit the
      stimulation of AIB uptake, either by insulin (200 microU/ml) or electrically
      induced muscle contractions. The increase in K+ release by the hindquarter in the
      presence of ouabain was the same under all conditions suggesting comparable
      inhibition of the Na+-K+ pump. These studies suggest that the basal, but not
      insulin or exercise-stimulated AIB transport into muscle is acutely dependent on
      a functional Na+-K+ pump. They also suggest that stimulated and basal uptake of
      AIB involve different mechanisms.

PMID- 2418840
TI  - Effects of dietary vanadium exposure on levels of regional brain
      neurotransmitters and their metabolites.
AB  - Adult male CD-1 mice were treated with various levels of vanadate in drinking
      water for 30 days. The levels of catecholamine and indoleamine neurotransmitters
      and their major metabolites were measured in six different brain regions.
      Vanadium caused a dose-related decrease in norepinephrine (NE) levels in
      hypothalamus, the region rich in this biogenic amine. Levels of the NE
      metabolite, vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), correspondingly decreased in the same
      region. Although hypothalamic dopamine (DA) also showed a significant decline,
      vanadium had little effect on DA metabolites. Levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5
      HT) and its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), were not influenced.
      Levels of DA were not affected in the corpus striatum, where the highest levels
      of this amine are observed. Effects of vanadium on various biogenic amines and
      their metabolites were only marginal in other brain regions. Results suggest that
      vanadium has a selective effect on adrenergic pathways, and effects on other
      hypothalamic amines appear to be secondary. These observations support the pro
      oxidant potential of vanadate ion on catecholamines suggested earlier.

PMID- 2418841
TI  - Demonstration of cell sidedness in hepatic transfer of morphine and morphine
      glucuronide in the rat.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to demonstrate hepatic cell sidedness for the
      transfer of [14C]morphine and [14C]morphine glucuronide. A tracer dose of
      [14C]morphine was administered by segmented retrograde intrabiliary injection
      into the bile duct cannula of the urethane-anesthetized rat or the in situ
      isolated perfused liver preparation. The bile from the first, and the single pass
      perfusate from the second preparation, respectively, were analyzed for the
      radioactive components. Various doses of morphine were given intraportally in
      these preparations 5 min before the [14C]morphine to influence the recovery of
      the radioactive components. As the dose of morphine increased, the recovery in
      bile of [14C]morphine glucuronide decreased while [14C]morphine remained
      unchanged. In the perfusate, the morphine loading increased the recovery of
      [14C]morphine, but the [14C]morphine glucuronide content was unchanged. These
      sets of results indicated that morphine loading inhibited the formation of
      morphine glucuronide by isotope dilution, which should have led to an increase in
      [14C]morphine in the cell. Because of the presence of cell sidedness, the
      increased intracellular [14C]morphine was directed toward the perfusate and not
      toward the bile. The decrease in [14C]morphine glucuronide synthesis was
      manifested by a decrease in its excretion into bile, but not into perfusate.
      Further demonstration of cell sidedness was obtained by manipulation of these
      systems by chlordecone and trans-stilbene oxide pretreatment of the rats. The
      directionality of flow of [14C]morphine and [14C]morphine glucuronide out of the
      liver emanates from liver cell sidedness.

PMID- 2418842
TI  - [Artificial peptide and carbohydrate antigens. Immobilization of haptens and
      adjuvant (MDP) on polyacrylamide].
AB  - To study the influence of the polyacrylamide carrier on immunogenic properties of
      the peptide and oligosaccharide haptens, we have prepared artificial antigens by
      conjugation of a synthetic hexapeptide (homologous to the fragment 95-100 of the
      murine H-2Db antigen heavy chain) or of an oligosaccharide (antigenic determinant
      of human blood groops, Lea) with polyacrylamide. In some cases the conjugates
      containing also a synthetic glycopeptide adjuvant, N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D
      isoglutamine (MDP), were used. Antisera against haptens were obtained by
      immunization of BALB/c mice with corresponding conjugates. By the enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay it was shown that these antisera had a high binding titer (up
      to 10 000) to corresponding hapten, and MDP immobilized on the same carrier as
      hapten possessed a considerable immunostimulating activity. Thus, usefulness of
      polyacrylamide for preparation of immunogenic artificial molecules carrying
      peptide and oligosaccharide haptens was demonstrated.

PMID- 2418843
TI  - [A simple method of determination of antigenic determinants in proteins with
      known primary structure].
AB  - A simple and rapid method is proposed for the localization of antigenic
      determinants in proteins of known primary structure exemplified by human
      myoglobin. The polypeptide chain of myoglobin was cleaved with BrCN (at Met
      residues) or with bromosuccinimide (at Trp and Tyr residues) under conditions
      which on average gave less than one scission per myoglobin molecule. The "single
      hit" cleavage products were separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred to
      nitrocellulose by electroblotting. The peptides containing intact antigenic
      determinants were vizualized by immuno-peroxidase staining with four monoclonal
      anti-myoglobin antibodies. Comparison of the lengths of the immuno-reactive
      peptides with the known positions of methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine residues
      suggested that the four monoclonal antibodies were bound by myoglobin over the
      region Trp-14 to Met-55. As compared with other methods of localization, the
      method proposed is much faster and takes much lesser amount of protein.

PMID- 2418844
TI  - [Synthesis and immunochemical study of the antigenic determinant of the H-2Db
      molecule of the murine major histocompatibility complex].
AB  - Primary structure of murine class I histocompatibility antigens has been analysed
      to select possible antigenic determinant. Hexapeptide Leu-Gln-Gln-Leu-Ser-Gly,
      homologous to the region 95-100 of the H-2Db antigen heavy chain, was synthesised
      by stepwise elongation of peptide chain beginning from the COOH-terminal Gly.
      Rabbit anti-hexapeptide antibodies were obtained and shown to interact
      specifically with purified H-2Db antigen as well as with the native antigen on
      cell surface. These antibodies bind to lymphocytes of H-2b haplotype (C57BL/6
      mice) but not H-2d (BALB/c) or H-2k (CBA). These data suggest that the region 95
      100 is responsible for serologic differences between the alleles of H-2 antigens,
      i.e. it may be a xenotypic as well as an allotypic antigenic determinant. The
      latter was confirmed by study of interaction of the hexapeptide with allogeneic
      monoclonal antibodies specific to H-2Db antigen.

PMID- 2418845
TI  - IgM anti-histone H-3 antibody associated with undifferentiated rheumatic disease
      syndromes.
AB  - A distinctive type of speckled antinuclear antibody staining pattern was
      identified by indirect immunofluorescence on mouse kidney substrate in 4.8% of
      5,976 specimens analyzed for antinuclear antibodies. This pattern, termed
      variable large speckles (VLS), consisted of 3-10 nuclear speckles ranging in size
      from approximately 0.2-2.0 mu. The pattern could be differentiated from other
      indirect immunofluorescence patterns related to specific antibodies. The
      predominant immunoglobulin isotype demonstrating the VLS pattern was IgM in 27 of
      28 sera examined and IgG in 1 serum. VLS sera had substantial IgM antibodies to
      histone demonstrated by enzyme immunoassay, and further analysis of
      representative sera showed predominant antibody activity to histone class 3 (H
      3). Adsorption with histone H-3 resulted in decrease or removal of antibody
      producing the VLS pattern. Available information showed that most patients with
      IgM antibodies of the VLS pattern had undifferentiated connective tissue disease
      symptoms. They were characterized by a heterogeneity of chronic symptoms
      including arthralgias, myalgias, inflammatory polyarthritis, myositis, sicca
      symptoms, and pleurisy associated with elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation
      rate. It remains to be determined whether the IgM anti-histone H-3 profile of
      these patients is a transient or long-standing serologic characteristic.

PMID- 2418846
TI  - Effects of the benzimidazole derivatives pimobendan and 2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-5-(5
      methyl-3-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2H-6- pyridazinyl) benzimidazole . HCl on
      phosphodiesterase activity and force of contraction in guinea-pig hearts.
AB  - The effects of pimobendan (UD-CG 115 BS) and UD-CG 212 Cl (2-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-5
      (5-methyl-3-oxo-4,5-dihydro-2H-6- pyridazinyl)benzimidazole X HCl) on force of
      contraction, beating frequency, and on adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase
      activity were investigated in isolated preparations from guinea-pig hearts. Both
      benzimidazole derivatives exerted a concentration-dependent positive inotropic
      effect in guinea-pig papillary muscles. The efficacies were similar to that of
      dihydroouabain. The positive inotropic effect of both benzimidazoles was
      accompanied by an enhancement of the rate of force development and a prolongation
      of the contraction. Both benzimidazole derivatives inhibited phosphodiesterase
      (PDE) activity in a crude preparation from guinea-pig ventricles. However, at the
      concentrations producing maximal positive inotropic effects in papillary muscles,
      pimobendan and UD-CG 212 Cl diminished PDE activity only by about 20-30%. Since
      both benzimidazoles did not affect adenylate cyclase in a particulate membrane
      preparation a stimulation of the cAMP synthesis can be ruled out. As recently
      reported for pimobendan, this study provides functional evidence that the
      positive inotropic effect of UD-CG 212 Cl is also at least partially mediated by
      cAMP. Firstly, the positive inotropic effect of UD-CG 212 Cl was inhibited by
      carbachol, adenosine and (-)-N6-phenyl-isopropyladenosine. Secondly, UD-CG 212 Cl
      potentiated the inotropic effects of isoprenaline and histamine. UD-CG 212 Cl had
      no positive chronotropic effect and pimobendan increased the beating frequency
      only slightly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2418847
TI  - Synergistic enhancement of the bleomycin and peplomycin induced mitotic index
      reduction by verapamil.
AB  - The cytostatics bleomycin and peplomycin are known to reduce the mitotic index.
      It is shown that in cultured human lymphocytes the heart drug verapamil (Isoptin)
      increases this effect synergistically. This seems to be for the first time that
      synergism in the reduction of the mitotic index by chemical agents has been
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2418848
TI  - Recombinant human interferons.
AB  - The genes for several human interferons (IFN) alpha, of IFN beta and IFN gamma
      have been cloned and expressed in bacterial cells. Recombinant interferons have
      been purified from these cells and shown to be as biologically active as their
      natural counterparts. The expression systems, purification schemes and the
      biochemical properties of these interferons are discussed.

PMID- 2418849
TI  - Signals to and from the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

PMID- 2418850
TI  - Revealing properties of membrane proteins with single channel recording.

PMID- 2418851
TI  - Molecular biological approaches.

PMID- 2418852
TI  - Place-aversion conditioned by phencyclidine in rats: development of tolerance and
      pharmacologic antagonism.
AB  - The pharmacologic properties of phencyclidine were assessed in adult, male rats
      using a three-chambered, place-conditioning apparatus. Phencyclidine
      hydrochloride (PCP), at doses of 0.5 to 4 mg/kg, produced a dose-related place
      aversion after three drug/environment pairings. During the place-conditioning
      procedure, 4 mg/kg of PCP significantly increased spontaneous locomotor activity
      compared to saline-control. Tolerance to PCP-induced place-aversion developed
      after four daily administrations of 4 mg/kg of PCP. d-Butaclamol, 0.4 mg/kg,
      given 1 min before each of the three conditioning-doses of PCP decreased the
      development of the place-aversion induced by PCP. 1-Butaclamol was without
      significant effect. Spiroperidol, 0.06 mg/kg, completely blocked the development
      of PCP place-aversion. Spiroperidol and the stereoisomers of butaclamol did not
      have significant place-conditioning activity when administered alone in the place
      conditioning paradigm. The data suggest that PCP induces place-aversion in rats
      in the place-conditioning model, and that tolerance to this effect develops
      within 4 days. Furthermore, since d-butaclamol or spiroperidol, but not 1
      butaclamol, antagonized this effect of PCP, PCP-induced place-aversion may be
      mediated in part by a dopaminergic mechanism.

PMID- 2418853
TI  - Specific cytochemical stains in the image analysis of subcellular organelles.
AB  - This paper describes our work concerning densitometry and morphometry of
      subcellular structures in thin sections. The techniques of automatic image
      analysis were applied to light and electron microscopic observations of
      enzymatically stained lysosomes, renal brush borders and mitochondria (in human
      and rat kidney) and peroxisomes (in human liver). To obtain significant
      measurements of the enzymatic activity, specific staining techniques were
      developed and applied, including an improved staining of acid phosphatase for
      lysosomes. Optical densities were obtained by videodensitometry and electron
      densities of peroxisomes were obtained by digitizing and processing scanning
      transmission electron microscopic images. In subsequent steps, delineations and
      parameter estimation are performed by software. Included was an examination of
      delineation techniques, which showed improved results from the use of a newly
      developed local boundary search algorithm. The combination of these techniques
      was used to study changes in peroxisome and lysosome compartment in liver and
      kidney, some results of which are also reported.

PMID- 2418854
TI  - Reproducibility of morphometric measurements of amyloid after various staining
      methods.
AB  - Four histologic staining methods used for detecting amyloid (Congo red, viewed in
      both normal and polarized light, Sirius red, Crystal violet and Thioflavine T)
      were applied to heart muscle autopsy samples from 19 patients who suffered from
      amyloidosis. The amount of amyloid present was evaluated with morphometry (point
      counting) by five pathologists, and the interobserver reproducibility and
      variation of point counting in these staining methods were analyzed. The Sirius
      red method showed the least variation and was the most suitable stain for
      demonstrating amyloid with respect to reproducibility. Thioflavine T showed the
      greatest variation and was the least suitable stain with respect to
      reproducibility. The range of variation was considerable in all staining methods.
      The results show that stains differ in their specificity and sensitivity in
      staining amyloid, observers differ in their interpretation of staining results
      and certain stains result in more uniform interpretations than do others.

PMID- 2418855
TI  - Reproducibility and variation of morphometric analysis of carcinoembryonic
      antigen staining in histopathology. The influence of standardized microscopic
      fields.
AB  - Using morphometric methods, five pathologists analyzed the positive staining for
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in sections from 17 ovarian tumors, with the
      intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the mean values of the coefficients
      of variation (CV) used to assess reproducibility and variation. First, field and
      point scores for epithelium and mucin were estimated using 25 randomly selected
      square fields in sections from each of the tumors. The ICC range in the whole
      sample field was 0.53 to 0.81 (slight to substantial reproducibility) while the
      mean values of CV were 0.50 to 0.75. Second, the results of using random and
      standardized individual fields for the measurements were studied in three tumors.
      In random fields, the ICC was 0.57 to 0.71 (slight to moderate reproducibility)
      and the mean values of CV were 0.53 to 0.65. The corresponding values in
      standardized fields were 0.71 to 0.73 (moderate reproducibility) and 0.41 to
      0.57, respectively. The results show that the variation is smaller and the degree
      of reproducibility higher in standardized fields. Considerable variation remains,
      however, revealing human factors as an important source of variation in practical
      morphometry.

PMID- 2418856
TI  - Heterologous gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PMID- 2418857
TI  - [The pattern of projection of the spinocerebellar systems].

PMID- 2418858
TI  - [An autopsy case with peculiar acidophilic bodies in the dentate nucleus and
      brain stem, associated with degeneration of the pyramidal-extrapyramidal
      systems].
AB  - Case S.S. 59 years of age, male. At the age of 25, he had admitted to sanatorium
      for 7 years because of pulmonary tuberculosis. After his discharge, at the age of
      45, he had started complaining of depressive mood or the idea of suicide and
      admitted to a mental hospital. Psychiatric diagnosis was depression and slight
      mental retardation. Shortly after, his depressive mood was improved, but his
      hypochondriac attitude was unchanged. No tendency toward dementia was proven. At
      the age of 54, he became enable to walk. Neurologically, pyramidal and some sort
      of extrapyramidal signs, dysarthria, disturbance of swallowing, fecal and urinary
      incontinence became apparent. Laboratory data showed scarcely any abnormality. At
      the age of 59, he died of bronchopneumonia. Neuropathologically, moderate
      degeneration of dentate nucleus, slight degeneration of pyramidal tract from
      medulla oblongata to spinal cord, striatum, substantia nigra were found. Neither
      senile plaques nor neurofibrillary changes could be seen throughout central
      nervous system. The most important finding is the presence of peculiar
      acidophilic bodies. They are round or oval, 10 approximately 20 mu in diameter
      and distributed in dentate nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, central grey of midbrain,
      superior colliculus, putamen, pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, Zona incerta,
      hypothalamus, Locus coeruleus, reticular formation of midbrain and pons, pontine
      nucleus, raphe nucleus, vestibular nucleus, inferior olive in order of number of
      the bodies. These bodies are scattered in so-called ground substance, and have no
      relations to any cell bodies or cell processes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2418859
TI  - Interaction of bleomycin, hyperthermia and a calmodulin inhibitor
      (trifluoperazine) in mouse tumour cells: II. DNA damage, repair and chromatin
      changes.
AB  - We have reported in the preceding paper that the treatment of plateau phase mouse
      EMT6 tumour cells with a combination of hyperthermia (HT; 44 degrees C) and
      trifluoperazine (TFP; 30 micrograms ml-1; an inhibitor of calmodulin) greatly
      enhances the cytotoxicity of the antitumour drug belomycin (BLM). The cytotoxic
      action of BLM is thought to arise from the induction of DNA damage in a manner
      which reflects chromatin accessibility. Thus we have studied the effects of the
      two modifiers (HT and TFP) on chromatin structure and BLM-induced DNA damage. Co
      treatment of cells with HT and TFP altered chromatin organisation by the
      formation and slow resolution of new DNA attachment sites at the nuclear matrix.
      HT increased drug-induced DNA damage (strand breaks and alkali-labile lesions) by
      the general depression of repair rather than through the generation of new sites
      for drug action. TFP produced a more discrete block in the repair of alkali
      labile lesions in DNA. Both processes appear to occur for the combination of BLM,
      HT and TFP, and we propose that the novel chromatin configuration permits the
      accumulation of potentially lethal DNA strand breaks. Our study indicates the
      potential value of chromatin/DNA repair modifying regimens for overcoming the
      poor responsiveness of some tumour cells to chemotherapeutic drugs and provides a
      rational basis for the use of calmodulin inhibitors in thermochemotherapy.

PMID- 2418860
TI  - Interaction of bleomycin, hyperthermia and a calmodulin inhibitor
      (trifluoperazine) in mouse tumour cells: I. In vitro cytotoxicity.
AB  - Evidence in the literature suggests that hyperthermia (HT) or inhibitors of
      calmodulin can increase the sensitivity of rodent cells to bleomycin (BLM) by
      interfering with DNA repair functions. In an attempt to explore methods of
      improving the efficacy of thermochemotherapy we have investigated the individual
      and combined effects of HT (44 degrees C) and the calmodulin inhibitor
      trifluoperazine (TFP, 30 micrograms ml-1) on early plateau phase monolayer
      cultures of mouse EMT6 tumour cells for simultaneous exposures to BLM. Early
      plateau phase cultures are relatively resistant both to HT and to BLM. The
      selected HT and TFP regimens (either alone or in combination) were non-toxic.
      Comparing the sensitizing effect (given by the ratio: Do BLM/Do BLM + modifier)
      of the various regimens on BLM-treated cells, we found that: TFP alone had a
      marginal effect (ratio 1.3), HT alone showed significant potentiation (ratio 19)
      and the combination of HT and TFP strongly sensitized (ratio greater than 110)
      cells to BLM cytotoxicity. We propose that the use of calmodulin inhibitors in
      thermochemotherapy is worthy of further evaluation.

PMID- 2418861
TI  - Cytoskeletal changes as an early event in hydrogen peroxide-induced cell injury:
      a study in A549 cells.
AB  - Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other oxygen metabolites have been implicated in the
      pathogenesis of cell and tissue injury. The nature of the injury occurring in
      cells exposed to oxygen metabolites is unknown. A549 cells, derived from human
      lung carcinoma, were exposed to glucose-glucose oxidase or hydrogen peroxide in
      vitro. The distribution of actin and cytokeratin filaments, as well as 51chromium
      (51Cr) release and trypan blue dye exclusion were assessed. Both glucose-glucose
      oxidase and H2O2 resulted in changes which were time- and dose-dependent.
      Alterations in the cytoskeleton were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy at
      two hours, at which time the cells excluded trypan blue dye, while 51Cr release
      and trypan blue uptake first occurred at 8 h and required a five-fold greater
      concentration of glucose oxidase. The addition of catalase to glucose-glucose
      oxidase or H2O2, or inactivation of glucose oxidase by boiling, abrogated the
      injury. Therefore, one of the early targets of H2O2-induced cell injury may be
      the cytoskeleton.

PMID- 2418862
TI  - Modifications in plasma levels of alpha macroglobulins and fibrinogen trypsin
      perfusion in normal rabbits and in rabbits in acute phase reaction.
AB  - During trypsin perfusions in normal rabbits and in rabbits in acute phase
      reaction (APR), there is no modification in cardiorespiratory functions except in
      the instant preceding death. The fibrinogen level decreases and fibrin is
      deposited in the vascular lumen. The alpha 2 macroglobulin (alpha 2 M) content
      diminishes more rapidly than the alpha I macroglobulin (alpha I M) content;
      moreover, in subjects in APR, the decrease of alpha I M is further slowed with
      increasing perfusion rates, whereas the decrease in alpha 2 M remains constant.
      All the alpha M are completely combined at death. Therefore, it can be assumed
      that only the hepatic filtering of the alpha I M enzyme complex is subject to
      saturation.

PMID- 2418863
TI  - A study of osteoclasts on calvaria of normal and osteopetrotic (mi/mi) mice by
      vital staining with acridine orange.
AB  - A novel staining procedure for enumerating osteoclasts on neonatal mouse calvaria
      with the vital fluorescent dye acridine orange is described. It has the advantage
      over Barnicot's neutral-red method in that the nuclei and cytoplasm of the
      osteoclast are stained differentially. The osteopetrotic calvarium (mi/mi) has
      fewer multinucleate osteoclasts than its normal counterpart (mi/+) and they are
      differently distributed. The osteopetrotic calvarium has more mononucleate cells
      which stain like osteoclasts with acridine orange than the normal calvarium and
      these cells also are differently distributed. These mononuclear cells may be
      mononuclear osteoclasts or their precursors. These observations suggest that the
      defect resulting in this osteopetrosis lies with osteoclast differentiation.

PMID- 2418864
TI  - Effects of pemphigus antibody on the organization of microtubules and keratin
      intermediate filaments in cultured human keratinocytes.
AB  - It has been suggested that pemphigus antibodies (PA) react with the surface
      molecules on keratinocytes, and induce the production and release of proteases
      resulting in acantholysis. If this is the case, the immunoreactions on the cell
      surface may send signals to the interior of the cell across the membrane. The
      present study was carried out to determine whether or not cytoskeletons
      [microtubules (MT) and keratin-intermediate filaments (KIF)] respond to PA
      immunoreactions in cultured human keratinocytes, by indirect immunofluorescence
      microscopy using anti-keratin and anti-alpha-tubulin antibodies. During
      incubation for 30 min to 72 h in a PA-containing medium with a normal
      concentration of Ca2+ (1.2 mM), no changes in MT or KIF organization were
      detected. Alterations in the organization of these filaments were observed 96 h
      after addition of PA. When cells grown in a normal medium for 5-7 days were
      transferred to a medium containing PA and a low level of Ca2+ (0.07-0.14 mM) the
      reorganization of KIFs and MTs occurred after 1 h incubation. However, no
      reorganization of the cytoskeletons was detected in the absence of cell
      detachment. These observations suggest that the pemphigus antibody-induced
      reorganization of MTs and KIFs does not precede acantholysis and is probably
      secondary to it, but is not a direct transmembrane response. The present study
      also showed that immunofluorescence microscopy of KIFs may be one of the most
      sensitive methods for detecting early cell-to-cell dissociation in cultured
      keratinocytes.

PMID- 2418865
TI  - The effect of Goeckerman therapy on interferon in serum and suction blister fluid
      from patients with psoriasis.
AB  - An infectivity inhibition micromethod was used to detect interferon (IFN) in sera
      and suction blister fluids from 35 patients with untreated psoriasis vulgaris.
      IFN (greater than or equal to 16 units/ml) was detected in 56% of the sera
      (median 25 units/ml), in 77% of the suction blister fluids from lesional skin
      (median 35 units/ml) and 33% of the blister fluids from unaffected skin (median
      10 units/ml). IFN levels were significantly higher in blister fluids from
      lesional skin than from unaffected skin (P less than 0.05) indicating local IFN
      production. Results of characterization experiments indicated the presence of
      both acid stable and acid labile IFN-alpha as well as IFN-gamma in sera and
      blister fluids. After Goeckerman therapy, IFN was detected in 91% of the sera
      (median 89 units/ml), in 90% of the blister fluids from lesional skin (median
      50.5 units/ml) and in 72% of the blister fluids from unaffected skin (median 26.5
      units/ml). The IFN levels in sera were significantly higher than in blister
      fluids from both lesional skin (P = 0.05), and unaffected skin (P = 0.001).
      Furthermore, after Goeckerman therapy the IFN levels in blister fluids from
      unaffected skin and in sera were significantly higher than those in untreated
      patients (P = 0.01 and P = 0.0001) respectively. The results indicate that UVB
      radiation induces systemic IFN production.

PMID- 2418866
TI  - Retinal revascularisation in diabetic retinopathy.
AB  - The case history of a 33-year-old diabetic patient who has had diabetes for 24
      years is presented. When first seen in 1975 he had bilateral proliferative
      retinopathy with new vessels in the retinal periphery. He had large areas of
      capillary non-perfusion lateral to the macula in the right eye associated with
      the new vessels. Nine years later, after extensive repeated photocoagulation,
      revascularisation of large areas previously not perfused were seen. The vessels
      are in the plane of the retina and do not have the appearance of new vessels.

PMID- 2418867
TI  - Islet activating protein inhibits physiological responses evoked by cardiac
      muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Role of guanosine triphosphate binding
      proteins in regulation of potassium permeability.
AB  - The involvement of GTP binding proteins in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
      (mAChR) mediated responses of cultured chick embryonic cardiac muscle cells was
      studied by using islet activating protein (IAP) from Bordetella pertussis.
      Incubation of cells for 24 h with IAP resulted in inhibition of subsequent IAP
      catalyzed incorporation of [alpha-32P]ADP-ribose into membrane proteins of Mr 39
      000 (No alpha) and 41 000 (Ni alpha); treatment of cultures with 5 ng/mL IAP was
      sufficient to ADP-ribosylate all available No alpha and Ni alpha. Inhibition of
      forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation by the muscarinic agonist carbachol was
      abolished in cultures pretreated with IAP. The affinity of carbachol for the
      mAChR in membranes from IAP-treated cells was considerably decreased compared to
      control membranes and was not further decreased by addition of guanyl-5'-yl
      imidodiphosphate. In contrast, the affinity of carbachol for the mAChR on intact
      cells was not affected by pretreatment with IAP. To investigate the involvement
      of No and/or Ni in mAChR-mediated increases in K+ permeability, the effect of IAP
      treatment on mAChR stimulation of 86Rb+ efflux was determined. Treatment of
      cultures with 5 ng/mL IAP for 24 h completely blocked the stimulation of 86Rb+
      efflux evoked by carbachol. Because previous work has shown that mAChR regulation
      of K+ permeability is independent of changes in cAMP levels, these results
      suggest a role for No and/or Ni in coupling the mAChR directly to K+ channels in
      the heart.

PMID- 2418868
TI  - Mechanism of bleomycin: evidence for a rate-determining 4'-hydrogen abstraction
      from poly(dA-dU) associated with the formation of both free base and base
      propenal.
AB  - When poly(dA-[4'-3H]dU) was degraded by activated bleomycin under a variety of
      conditions, 50 +/- 10% of the deoxyuridine residues were converted to uracil and
      uracil propenal, paralleling observations made with DNA. By manipulation of the
      concentration of O2 in solution, the relative ratio of uracil propenal to uracil
      could be varied between 0.03 for anaerobic activation and 7.0 for activation at 3
      atm of O2. Tritium selection effects on 4'-hydrogen abstraction were also
      measured under these conditions and found to range from 7.2 to 12.5. These
      results strongly suggest that the formation of both uracil and uracil propenal is
      the consequence of a rate-determining 4'-carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage and of an
      O2-dependent partitioning of the intermediate produced by this cleavage.

PMID- 2418869
TI  - Mechanism of bleomycin: evidence for 4'-ketone formation in poly(dA-dU)
      associated exclusively with free base release.
AB  - Incubation of poly(dA-[3'-3H]dU), poly(dA-[5'-3H]dU), or poly(dA-[5'-3H]dT) under
      a variety of conditions with activated bleomycin resulted in the production of
      free nucleic acid base, base propenal, and a small amount of 3H2O. Adjustment of
      the terminated reaction mixture to pH 10 and incubation at 95 degrees C resulted
      in a time-dependent increase in 3H2O to an amount equal to the amount of free
      base. If the terminated reaction mixture was incubated with NaBH4 prior to the
      heat and alkaline treatment, the release of 3H2O was significantly inhibited.
      These results are consistent with the generation by activated bleomycin of a 4'
      ketone yielding free base, with the exchange of the 3'- and 5'-hydrogens by
      enolization and with the alkaline-induced strand scission occurring from this
      intermediate.

PMID- 2418870
TI  - Interaction of alamethicin with lecithin bilayers: a 31P and 2H NMR study.
AB  - The interaction of alamethicin with artificial lecithin multilamellar dispersions
      was investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Raman spectroscopies.
      31P NMR studies revealed perturbation of the lipid head groups in the presence of
      the icosapeptide. Simulation of the 31P NMR spectra indicated that the observed
      spectral changes could be attributed to slight variations in the average tilt
      angle of the head groups. In contrast, no noticeable effect of the peptide on the
      segmental order of the hydrophobic acyl chains of the lipid molecules was
      detected by 2H NMR and Raman spectroscopic measurements. Taken together, these
      results indicated that, in the absence of a transmembrane electric potential,
      alamethicin interacts primarily at the water-lipid interface without significant
      insertion or incorporation into the bilayer leaflet.

PMID- 2418871
TI  - Low-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectroscopy of sequential peptides 1-63, 64
      95, 96-128, and 129-168 derived from myelin basic protein of rabbit.
AB  - Four sequential peptides (sequences 1-63, 64-95, 96-128, and 129-168) derived
      from rabbit myelin basic protein by thrombic cleavage were examined by low
      ultraviolet circular dichroism spectroscopy in 0.5 mM
      tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (pH approximately 7.2) containing 0
      92% trifluoroethanol (TFE). In the absence of the alcohol, all of the peptides
      contained a significant amount (17-29%) of beta-structure. In the presence of
      relatively low concentrations (up to 30%) of TFE, all of the peptides except 96
      128 adopted considerable alpha-helix (16-33%). This involved a transition from
      the beta-structure in peptide 1-63 and transitions from the nonordered structure
      in peptides 1-63, 64-95, and 129-168. Furthermore, additional alpha-helix formed
      in peptide 1-63 between 30% and 92% TFE at the expense of nonordered structure,
      whereas the alpha-helix formation above 50% TFE in peptide 129-168 resulted
      largely from a beta-structure----alpha-helix transition. With the exception of
      the 129-168 peptide, approximately 65-100% of the maximum level of beta-structure
      persisted throughout the entire range of TFE concentration. In the case of
      peptide 129-168, however, most of the beta-structure was converted to alpha-helix
      and nonordered structure at 75% TFE. While the present results support our
      previous assignments of beta-structure- and alpha-helix-forming regions to
      specific amino acid sequences of the basic protein, they also demonstrate that
      the beta-structure----alpha-helix transitions evidenced at various concentrations
      of TFE were influenced to a considerable degree by the length of the peptide,
      presumably due to the presence or absence of interactions between noncontiguous
      portions of the myelin basic protein polypeptide chain.

PMID- 2418872
TI  - Analysis of the specificity of five murine anti-blood group A monoclonal
      antibodies, including one that identifies type 3 and type 4 A determinants.
AB  - The specificity of five mouse monoclonal anti-A blood group antibodies (Ab), four
      of which were produced by immunization with cultured human cancer cells and one
      with a synthetic antigen, has been determined by examining their reactivity with
      purified A glycolipids, erythrocyte glycolipids, oligosaccharides, ovarian cyst
      glycoproteins, and salivary glycoproteins. Two of the antibodies (HT29-36 and CB)
      reacted with all A variant structures tested and have a broad anti-A reactivity.
      Ab CLH6 did not agglutinate A erythrocytes and reacted preferentially with the
      type 1A structure. Ab S12 agglutinated all A1 erythrocytes and reacted best with
      simple, monofucosyl type 2 A structures, such as Aa-2, Ab-2, and A
      tetrasaccharide. Ab M2 has a novel, but complex, spectrum of reactivity. It
      reacts with type 3 and type 4 A chains and not with type 1 and type 2 A chains.
      It appears to recognize both an external A structure (formula; see text) (I)
      (found) in type 3 and type 4 chains) and also an internal structure (II) found in
      type 3 chains. Ab M2 agglutinates all A and AB erythrocytes but does not react
      with salivary glycoproteins.

PMID- 2418873
TI  - Angiogenic activity of human tumor plasma membrane components.
AB  - Plasma membranes from the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 have been
      isolated and examined for the presence of angiogenic activity. Membrane
      associated macromolecules extracted with Triton X-100 were fractionated on
      immobilized wheat germ agglutinin. The fraction which bound specifically (about
      200 ng of protein/mL packed cells) was highly angiogenic when assayed on the
      chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. As little as 0.2 ng of this human tumor
      derived material consistently induced neovascularization. Similarly, 1-2 ng of
      this material implanted into the rabbit cornea induced new vessel growth (5-8 mm)
      within 10 days. The plasma membranes of eight other human tumor lines were
      examined for angiogenic activity. For each, the wheat germ agglutinin bound
      material induced neovascularization at the low nanogram level. In contrast, the
      wheat germ agglutinin bound material derived from purified plasma membranes of
      two normal human diploid fibroblast cell lines failed to induce an angiogenic
      response on the chick chorioallantoic membrane, even at microgram levels.

PMID- 2418874
TI  - Thermodynamic, motional, and structural aspects of gramicidin-induced hexagonal
      HII phase formation in phosphatidylethanolamine.
AB  - The effect of gramicidin incorporation on the thermodynamic properties of
      phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) dispersions was
      investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that
      incorporation of gramicidin in PC systems results in a decrease of the energy
      content of the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition. When incorporated in
      PE systems, however, the peptide does not affect the properties of the gel to
      liquid-crystalline phase transition with the exception that at high gramicidin
      concentrations the onset of the melting process is shifted to a slightly lower
      temperature. We therefore assume that in the lamellar gel state of PE aggregation
      of the peptide occurs. To get more insight into the nature of the gramicidin-PE
      interaction, we studied the motional and structural details of HII phase
      formation in gramicidin/PE systems with the use of 31P and 13C nuclear magnetic
      resonance (NMR) and small-angle X-ray diffraction. In agreement with earlier
      results [Van Echteld, C. J. A., Van Stigt, R., de Kruijff, B., Leunissen-Bijvelt,
      J., Verkleij, A. J., & De Gier, J. (1981) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 648, 287-291] it
      was shown that gramicidin incorporation lowers and broadens the bilayer to
      hexagonal HII phase transition in PE systems. 31P NMR chemical shift anisotropy
      (CSA) measurements indicated that a phase separation occurs between a gramicidin
      poor lamellar phase and a gramicidin-rich HII phase. From combined CSA and spin
      lattice relaxation time (T1) measurements it was suggested that in the HII phase
      gramicidin decreases the molecular order and increases the rate of motion of the
      phosphate moiety of PE. In addition, 13C NMR line width measurements indicated
      that the acyl chains are more disordered in the HII phase than in the lamellar
      phase and that a similar disorder occurs in the HII phase of the pure PE as in
      the gramicidin-rich HII phase. This interpretation was supported by the X-ray
      diffraction data, which show similar first-order repeat distances in both types
      of HII phase. From saturation-transfer NMR experiments in PE and gramicidin-PE
      mixtures it was shown that no exchange occurs between the lamellar and the HII
      phases in the time scale of 1-2 s, suggesting a macroscopic phase separation.
      Finally, we discussed the gramicidin-lipid interaction and in particular the HII
      phase formation by gramicidin in PE and in PC systems. It is proposed that
      aggregation of the peptide plays a crucial role in HII phase formation.

PMID- 2418875
TI  - Importance of hydration for gramicidin-induced hexagonal HII phase formation in
      dioleoylphosphatidylcholine model membranes.
AB  - The macroscopic organization, lipid head group conformation, and structural and
      dynamic properties of 2H2O were investigated in dioleoylphosphatidylcholine
      (DOPC) model systems of varying gramicidin and 2H2O (or H2O) content by means of
      small-angle X-ray diffraction and 31P and 2H NMR. At low stages of hydration, N
      less than 6 (N = 2H2O/DOPC molar ratio), a single lamellar phase is observed in
      which the gramicidin molecules become preferentially hydrated upon increasing N.
      For 6 less than N less than 12 phase separation occurs between a gramicidin-poor
      and a gramicidin-rich lamellar phase. This latter phase is characterized by a
      smaller repeat distance and decreased DOPC head group order. For N greater than
      12, the gramicidin-rich lamellar phase converts to a hexagonal HII phase. Thus,
      hydration of gramicidin is a prerequisite for HII phase formation in the
      DOPC/gramicidin system. The HII phase is very rich in gramicidin and 2H2O
      (gramicidin:DOPC:H2O = 1:1.1:0.9 w/w/w). A model is proposed in which self
      assembly of hydrated gramicidin molecules into domains of a specific structure
      plays a determinant role in the formation of the HII phase by gramicidin.

PMID- 2418877
TI  - Effect of ethidium bromide and DEAE-dextran on divalent cation accumulation in
      yeast. Evidence for an ion-selective extrusion pump for divalent cations.
AB  - The larger accumulation of Mn2+ than of Sr2+ in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is
      ascribed to the operation of a specific extrusion pump, presumably a Ca2+ pump,
      which has a higher affinity for Sr2+ than for Mn2+. The differences in
      accumulation levels of Mn2+ and Sr2+ attained after prolonged incubation are
      completely abolished in cells of which the plasmamembrane has been permeabilized
      with the polybase DEAE-dextran under isotonic conditions. In the permeabilized
      cells Sr2+ and Mn2+ accumulation levels are attained as for Mn2+ in intact cells.
      It is suggested that the accumulation of divalent cations into the permeabilized
      cells mainly represents their accumulation into the vacuoles. Also the cationic
      dye ethidium abolishes the differences in Mn2+ and Sr2+ accumulation. The dye
      increases the accumulation of Sr2+ but decreases that of Mn2+ somewhat. It cannot
      be distinguished yet whether its action is due to an impairment of the efflux
      pump or to an increase in the permeability of the plasmamembrane facilitating the
      divalent cations to be accumulated into the vacuoles. Ethidium does not affect
      the initial rates of divalent cation uptake into the vacuoles, but it effectively
      reduces the ultimate accumulation of the divalent cations in the DEAE-dextran
      permeabilized cells, possibly by competing with the divalent cations for
      intravacuolar binding sites. Similar results are obtained for the accumulation of
      Ca2+. It is concluded that the efflux pump enables the yeast cell to regulate
      accumulation levels of the various divalent cations to different extents.

PMID- 2418876
TI  - Physicochemical characterization of the alpha-peptide of the sodium channel from
      rat brain.
AB  - The alpha-peptide of the rat brain sodium channel of apparent molecular weight
      260K has been purified to homogeneity in order to determine its structural and
      chemical properties. By negative-stain electron microscopy, the molecule
      morphology of the solubilized channel protein appears as a stack of disks or
      rouleaux whose dimensions are 40 A X 200 A. Measurement of the secondary
      structure by circular dichroism shows that the alpha-peptide is a
      conformationally flexible polypeptide that contains mostly beta-sheet and random
      coil in mixed detergent-phospholipid micelles and folds into a conformation that
      has approximately 65% alpha-helix after reconstitution into phosphatidylcholine
      vesicles. Preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to obtain a
      chemically homogeneous peptide to analyze the amino acid and carbohydrate
      composition. The amino acid composition shows a reasonably high content of acidic
      amino acids with no striking excess of hydrophobic amino acids, while
      carbohydrate analyses show that carbohydrate is 31% by weight of the protein with
      sialic acid representing over 50% of the total carbohydrates. The high alpha
      helical content, the amino acid composition, and the large carbohydrate mass are
      similar to those of the eel electroplax sodium channel and appear to be general
      features of the sodium channels which have been analyzed structurally and
      chemically to date.

PMID- 2418878
TI  - The kinetic mechanism of galactoside/H+ cotransport in Escherichia coli.
AB  - To determine the kinetic mechanism of galactoside active transport by the
      lactose/H+ cotransporter of Escherichia coli, galactoside binding and transport
      are studied in the absence and presence of delta mu H+. For several reasons, the
      substrate beta-D-galactosyl-1-thi-beta-D-galactoside (GalSGal) is preferred over
      lactose. In the absence of delta mu H+, the cotransporter retains high affinity
      for GalSGal, and the affinity is the same on both sides of the membrane. At
      physiological pH, the cotransporter is protonated and the dissociation constant
      for H+ may be 50 pM. The cosubstrates bind in a random fashion. An isomerization
      of the cotransporter corresponding to reorientation of the binding sites is rate
      determining. When delta mu H+ is imposed, two reorientations become faster, and
      one becomes slower. The affinity of the cotransporter for GalSGal on both sides
      of the membrane is unchanged. The inability of the cotransporter to bring the
      accumulation of galactoside into equilibrium with delta mu H+ at high galactoside
      concentrations can be explained without postulating uncoupled fluxes of
      galactoside or H+ across the membrane (leaks). The formation of the ternary
      carrier-H+-galactoside complex on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane with
      increasing internal levels of sugar and the rapidity of galactoside exchange
      inhibit net influx of galactoside and favor exchange. Net transport is slow at
      high galactoside levels. Thus, the cotransporter can self-regulate transport
      without uncoupling H+ and galactoside fluxes. Because the values of delta mu H+
      during binding and transport studies were measured, these results can be
      subjected to a quantitative analysis.

PMID- 2418879
TI  - Purification and subunit-structural and immunological characterization of five
      glutathione S-transferases in human liver, and the acidic form as a hepatic tumor
      marker.
AB  - Five glutathione S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) forms were purified from human
      liver by S-hexylglutathione affinity chromatography followed by chromatofocusing,
      and their subunit structures and immunological relationships to rat liver
      glutathione S-transferase forms were investigated. They were tentatively named
      GSTs I, II, III, IV and V in order of decreasing apparent isoelectric points (pI)
      on chromatofocusing. Their subunit molecular weights assessed on SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 27 (Mr X 10(-3)), 27, 27.7,27 and 26,
      respectively, (26, 26, 27, 26, and 24.5 on the assumption of rat GST subunit Ya,
      Yb and Yc as 25, 26.5 and 28, respectively), indicating that all forms are
      composed of two subunits identical in size. However, it was suggested by gel
      isoelectric focusing in the presence of urea that GSTs I and IV are different
      homodimers, consisting of Y1 and Y4 subunits, respectively, which are of
      identical Mr but different pI, while GST II is a heterodimer composed of Y1 and
      Y4 subunits. This was confirmed by subunit recombination after guanidine
      hydrochloride treatment. GST III seemed to be identical with GST-mu with regard
      to Mr and pI. GST V was immunologically identical with the placental GST-pi. On
      double immunodiffusion or Western blotting using specific antibodies to rat
      glutathione S-transferases, GST I, II and IV were related to rat GST 1-1
      (ligandin), GST III(mu) to rat GST 4-4 (D), and GST V (pi) to rat GST 7-7 (P),
      respectively. GST V (pi) was increased in hepatic tumors.

PMID- 2418880
TI  - Purification of a 190 kDa protein from smooth muscle: relationship to talin.
AB  - Several studies of vinculin-binding proteins have described a 190 kDa protein in
      chicken gizzard smooth muscle which binds radioiodinated vinculin. We have
      purified and studied the 190 kDa protein from chicken gizzard smooth muscle. By
      indirect immunofluorescence, an antiserum raised against the 190 kDa protein
      stains adhesion plaques (focal contacts), ruffling membranes, and fibrillar
      streaks on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of fibroblasts. Both the binding to
      vinculin and the location of the protein in fibroblasts are properties shared
      with talin, a 215 kDa protein in smooth muscle and fibroblasts. Because antisera
      against talin and the 190 kDa cross-react the relationship of these two proteins
      has been investigated further. Upon prolonged storage at 4 degrees C, purified
      talin degrades into a 190 kDa fragment. A 190 kDa fragment is also generated from
      talin by the Staphylococcus aureus V-8 proteinase and by trypsin. Comparison of
      partial peptide maps of talin and the 190 kDa protein reveal that the proteins
      are very similar and when the 190 kDa fragment of talin is compared with the
      purified 190 kDa protein by partial proteolytic digestion no differences are
      found in the pattern of peptides generated. In addition, the amount of 190 kDa
      protein detected in muscle tissues excised from chick embryos can be drastically
      reduced if proteinase inhibitors are added to the tissue homogenates. We conclude
      that the purified 190 kDa dalton protein is a proteolytic fragment of talin.
      Although markedly reduced by proteinase inhibitors, detection of the 190 kDa
      protein is not completely abolished, suggesting that some talin may already be
      cleaved within living cells.

PMID- 2418881
TI  - Electrophoretic variants of alpha 2u-globulin in the livers of adult male rats: a
      possible polymorphism.
AB  - Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been used to examine the
      microsomal fractions from the livers of 32 adult male Alpk/AP (Wistar-derived)
      rats for the presence of alpha 2u-globulin variants of differing isoelectric
      point. Three major such isoelectric variants are described. Different
      combinations of these three forms were found in the population examined, with one
      half of the animals expressing all three variants in approximately equal
      proportions and with one variant being present in all the animals examined. An
      understanding of the relevance of such different alpha 2u-globulin profiles to
      the individual animal must now await the assignment of a biological role for
      alpha 2u-globulin.

PMID- 2418882
TI  - Calmodulin antagonists stimulate LDL receptor synthesis in human skin
      fibroblasts.
AB  - The LDL receptor synthesis of human skin fibroblasts in the presence of the
      specific calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine, condensation product of N-methyl
      p-methoxyphenethylamine with formaldehyde (compound 48/80) and N-(6-aminohexyl)-5
      chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide) (W-7) was studied. Labelling of cells with
      [35S]methionine followed by immunoprecipitation of radioactive LDL receptor
      protein with monospecific antibodies revealed that calmodulin antagonists caused
      a 3-fold increase in the radioactivity of the LDL receptor protein as compared
      with values found in control cells. A corresponding increase of high-affinity
      binding and internalization of 125I-labelled LDL was observed. The drugs did not
      influence the overall protein synthesis or the half-life of the LDL receptor. A
      concomitant suppression of cholesterol synthesis from [14C]mevalonolactone was
      found to be an independent effect. The calmodulin antagonist-produced stimulation
      of LDL receptor synthesis could not be simulated by preincubation of cells with
      cyclic nucleotide analogues, cholera toxin or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, known
      as specific effectors of adenylate cyclase and cyclic nucleotide
      phosphodiesterase, respectively. Modulation of calcium concentration in the
      incubation medium had no reproducible effect on the rate of LDL receptor
      synthesis. The results implicate calmodulin as an intracellular suppressor of LDL
      receptor synthesis in human skin fibroblasts.

PMID- 2418883
TI  - Change of choline metabolism in rat liver on chronic ethionine-feeding.
AB  - On chronic ethionine-feeding (0.1% DL-ethionine in 0.5% sucrose solution) for 2,
      4 or 6 months, choline metabolism in rat hepatic cells was altered considerably,
      although RNA contents were virtually unchanged. Choline dehydrogenase activity in
      the hepatic mitochondrial fraction was suppressed by about 1/2 or 1/3, compared
      to its normal level, whereas choline kinase activity, which existed in the
      cytoplasmic fraction, was elevated more than 1.5-fold. The normal value for
      choline-metabolizing enzymes in terms of the choline dehydrogenase/choline kinase
      activity ratio was estimated to be about 70 under the defined conditions, while
      the average value of the activity ratio drastically changed to about 10-20 on
      chronic ethionine-feeding. The present results suggest that an alteration of
      hepatic choline-flux occurred, due both to an increase in choline kinase activity
      and to a counteractive decrease in choline dehydrogenase activity.

PMID- 2418884
TI  - In vivo phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the platelet-derived growth
      factor receptor studied by immunoblot analysis with phosphotyrosine antibodies.
AB  - Antibodies against the synthetic hapten azobenzyl phosphonate which specifically
      crossreact with phosphotyrosine have been produced and used to detect the
      proteins phosphorylated in tyrosine following exposure of intact quiescent Swiss
      3T3 fibroblasts to the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Western blotting of
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-fractionated proteins
      followed by decoration with phosphotyrosine antibodies and 125I-labeled protein A
      have been used. The major tyrosine-phosphorylated component was a 170 kDa
      protein. The following lines of evidence suggest that this protein is the PDGF
      receptor in its tyrosine-phosphorylated form: (a) both proteins have the same
      (170 kDa) molecular weight; (b) the phosphorylated 170 kDa protein was detectable
      only in cell lines bearing the PDGF receptor; (c) the phosphorylation of the 170
      kDa protein required PDGF and was dose-dependent. Kinetic studies showed that the
      phosphorylation of the receptor was maximal after 5-10 min at 37 degrees C and
      was followed by a rapid decrement of the band. The loss of the 170 kDa component
      was not prevented by inhibitors of membrane internalization and of lysosomal
      proteinases, while it was inhibited by lowering the temperature to 5 degrees C.
      In PDGF-stimulated cells, phosphotyrosine antibodies detected also a minor 36 kDa
      component phosphorylated at tyrosine.

PMID- 2418885
TI  - Regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity in rat hepatoma cells. Effects of
      serum proteins, cycloheximide, actinomycin D, chloroquine, dinitrophenol and
      potassium cyanide.
AB  - Alkaline phosphatase activity in rat hepatoma cells (R-Y121B) cultured in a
      monolayer at 0.5% serum was enhanced by serum, bovine serum albumin, casein and
      gamma-globulin, but ovalbumin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dexamethasone, insulin and
      dibutyrylcyclic AMP showed little effect on alkaline phosphatase activity. In
      addition, cycloheximide, actinomycin D, chloroquine, dinitrophenol and potassium
      cyanide also increased the enzyme activity, although the incorporation of
      [14C]leucine into cellular proteins was almost completely inhibited in the
      presence of these cytotoxic substances. When R-Y121B cell homogenates were
      incubated at 37 degrees C, alkaline phosphatase activity increased in a pH
      dependent manner: the maximal increase was observed at pH 7.1. The magnitudes of
      the increase differed among cell homogenates and a 4- to 10-fold increase was
      observed. Alkaline phosphatase in R-Y121B cells was apparently heat-stable, but
      that in the cells obtained from various treatments was heat labile and the latter
      activity decreased to less than 50% of the initial activity after 15 min of
      incubation at 56 degrees C. Alkaline phosphatase in the control and also in the
      treated cells was more sensitive to L-homoarginine than L-phenylalanine. The
      Lineweaver-Burk plot showed that the increases in the enzyme activity were
      accompanied by changes not only in V but also in Km for alkaline phosphatase
      reaction. Finally, it has been suggested that the increases in alkaline
      phosphatase activity under various conditions are due to the conversion of the
      molecule with a low enzyme activity to the molecule with a high enzyme activity
      in R-Y121B cells.

PMID- 2418886
TI  - [Endogenous Na, K-ATPase inhibitors and biochemical markers of hypertension].
AB  - Molecular mechanisms of disturbances in the system responsible for ion transport
      taking place in the development of the initial hypertension in linear animals
      have been analysed in this review. On the basis of own and literary data the
      diagnostic significance of the biochemical parameters which characterize the
      membrane ion transport state at given disease is estimated. Using the results of
      correlation analysis of facts which characterize the connection between the human
      hypertension and specific blood factors, a probability of hypertension
      development depending on the degree of the given factors expression is
      determined.

PMID- 2418887
TI  - Presynaptic calcium diffusion from various arrays of single channels.
      Implications for transmitter release and synaptic facilitation.
AB  - A one-dimensional model of presynaptic calcium diffusion away from the membrane,
      with cytoplasmic binding, extrusion by a surface pump, and influx during action
      potentials, can account for the rapid decay of phasic transmitter release and the
      slower decay of synaptic facilitation following one spike, as well as the very
      slow decline in total free calcium observed experimentally. However, simulations
      using this model, and alternative versions in which calcium uptake into
      organelles and saturable binding are included, fail to preserve phasic
      transmitter release to spikes in a long tetanus. A three-dimensional diffusion
      model was developed, in which calcium enters through discrete membrane channels
      and acts to release transmitter within 50 nm of entry points. Analytic solutions
      of the equations of this model, in which calcium channels were distributed in
      active zone patches based on ultrastructural observations, were successful in
      predicting synaptic facilitation, phasic release to tetanic spikes, and the
      accumulation of total free calcium. The effects of varying calcium buffering,
      pump rate, and channel number and distribution were explored. Versions
      appropriate to squid giant synapses and frog neuromuscular junctions were
      simulated. Limitations of key assumptions, particularly rapid nonsaturable
      binding, are discussed.

PMID- 2418888
TI  - Fluorescence monitoring of rapid changes in membrane potential in heart muscle.
AB  - The rising phase of rat cardiac action potentials was measured in physiological
      solutions using the voltage-sensitive dye RH 237. A newly designed optical system
      and an argon ion laser for excitation allowed measurements without averaging over
      small areas (20-90 microns diameter) with high time resolution (response time 10
      90%, 0.12 ms). The mean value of the fractional change in the fluorescence signal
      was approximately 3%/100 mV. The signal-to-noise ratio was approximately 60 rms
      (spot diameter 70 microns) allowing signal differentiation after digital
      filtering. Multiple measurements within the same spot showed a decrease in the
      fractional fluorescence change of 20 to 25% after 45 min without changes in the
      shape of the rising phase and with no measureable phototoxic effects. The
      optically measured rising phases showed rise times significantly (P less than
      0.01) shorter and maximum upstroke velocities equal to or most often greater than
      those obtained with microelectrode techniques. Comparing simultaneous optical and
      electrical measurements within the same spot the microelectrode signal was often
      slightly delayed. This refined system seems well suited to detect fast cellular
      electrical activities with time and space resolutions comparable or even superior
      to those obtained using microelectrode techniques.

PMID- 2418889
TI  - Comparison of the effects of internal TEA+ and Cs+ on potassium current in squid
      giant axons.
AB  - Internal tetraethylammonium (TEA) and cesium ions block outward potassium current
      in nerve membrane in a voltage-dependent manner. Blockade with Cs+ occurs
      virtually instantaneously after membrane depolarization, whereas blockade with
      TEA+ occurs after a delay. The latter result suggested to Armstrong (1966, J.
      Gen. Physiol., 50:279-293; 1969, J. Gen. Physiol., 54:553-575) that potassium
      channels must open before TEA+ blockade can occur, which is in contrast to Cs+
      blockade, which appears to be independent of channel gating. The results in this
      study concerning the effect of TEA+ on inward (tail) current argue against the
      Armstrong model. Specifically, TEA+ (partially) blocks inward current without
      altering the tail current time constant. This result indicates that TEA+ can
      occupy its binding site within the channel whether or not the channel gates are
      open. This alternative hypothesis can describe both the steady-state and time
      dependent components of TEA+ blockade.

PMID- 2418890
TI  - Proteins in membrane mimetic systems. Insertion of myelin basic protein into
      microemulsion droplets.
AB  - The insertion of myelin basic protein into microemulsion droplets of sodium bis
      (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) has been studied by quasi-elastic light
      scattering. Measurements were made at both low and high molar ratios of water to
      surfactant, as a function of protein occupancy. The hydrodynamic radii of filled
      and empty droplets were experimentally evaluated. These were compared to values
      calculated using a water shell model of protein encapsulation, and excellent
      agreement was obtained. At low molar ratio of water to surfactant (w0 = 5.6), the
      hydrodynamic radius of filled droplets is significantly larger than the radius of
      empty ones. Under these conditions, about three empty (water-filled) droplets are
      required to build up a droplet of sufficient size to accommodate a single protein
      molecule. At maximum solubilization, which occurs at w0 = 5.6, a small fraction
      of droplets are found containing protein aggregates. In contrast, results at high
      values of w0 (22.4) reveal radii for empty and occupied droplets of comparable
      dimension, and the absence of aggregates. The results are discussed in terms of
      the model and the mechanism of interaction of this protein with the aqueous
      interfaces provided by these membrane-mimetic systems.

PMID- 2418891
TI  - Effects of the calcium channel agonist, BAY K 8644, on electrical activity in
      mouse pancreatic B-cells.
AB  - We studied the effects of the dihydropyridine derivative BAY K 8644 on the
      membrane potential of B-cells in mouse pancreatic islets. BAY K 8644, in a dose
      dependent manner, decreased the spike frequency but increased the duration of the
      spikes elicited by glucose with or without quinine or tetraethylammonium (TEA).
      These effects were antagonized by cobalt and nifedipine but not by tetrodotoxin.
      The interval between spikes was proportionate to the duration of the spikes and
      the ratio of the interval to the spike duration was constant at all
      concentrations of BAY K 8644 tested. Peak inward current, estimated from the
      derivative of the action potential recorded in the presence of TEA, was increased
      by BAY K 8644 and decreased by nifedipine. BAY K 8644 elicited spike activity
      when the membrane was moderately depolarized by either 5.6 mM glucose or 15 mM
      K+, but did not change the membrane potential of the resting hyperpolarized B
      cell. These results suggest that BAY K 8644 acts on the open Ca2+-channels. The
      threshold occurs at a membrane potential of -50 mV. Also, the modifications of
      the shape of the spikes appear to reflect specific changes in Ca2+ entry. We
      propose the existence of a Ca2+-induced Ca2+-channel inactivation process in the
      pancreatic B-cell.

PMID- 2418892
TI  - Conformational analysis of polyoxyethylene-bound homo-oligo-L-glutamates in a
      weakly interacting medium, CDCl3.

PMID- 2418893
TI  - Conformational analyses of polyoxyethylene-bound homo-oligo-L-glutamates in a
      helix-supporting environment trifluoroethanol.

PMID- 2418894
TI  - Conformational analysis of polyoxyethylene-bound homo-oligo-L-glutamates in
      aqueous environment.

PMID- 2418895
TI  - [Role of leukotrienes in shock of immune origin].
AB  - In experiments on anesthetized dogs it was shown that leukotriene biosynthesis
      block with quercetin essentially decreased cardiac and hemodynamic disturbances
      following the immune heart damage (intracoronary injection of anticardiac serum).
      Blood pressure was reduced by half, with cardiac output and myocardial
      contractility also decreasing. Pretreatment with quercetin improved coronary
      stenosis, removing the second phase (15-60 min) of capacity vessel dilatation
      reaction (blood deposition).

PMID- 2418896
TI  - The mutual relationship between the two molecular forms of the major fibrinolysis
      inhibitor alpha-2-antiplasmin in blood.
AB  - Alpha-2-antiplasmin, a major inhibitor of fibrinolysis, is synthesized in the
      liver and occurs in blood in two molecular forms: a very active plasminogen
      binding (PB) form and a less active nonplasminogen-binding (NPB) form. This study
      investigates the origin and mutual relationship of these two forms in vivo and in
      vitro. Despite wide variation in plasma concentration of the inhibitor (16% to
      138%), the ratio between the two forms in vivo was found to be, in the main,
      constant among healthy volunteers, heterozygotes for a congenital deficiency of
      alpha-2-antiplasmin, and patients with a stable liver cirrhosis: PB/NPB = 2.41 +/
      0.34 (SD). Resynthesis after depletion or increased synthesis in the acute-phase
      reaction showed a specific increase of the PB form of the molecule in blood after
      discontinuation of L-asparaginase or streptokinase therapy and after myocardial
      infarction. In vitro studies demonstrated that only the PB form was present after
      one day in the culture medium of the human cell line Hep G2, while the NPB form
      appeared after 11 days. Clearance after inhibition of synthesis by L-asparaginase
      therapy revealed a more rapid decrease in the PB form relative to the NPB form in
      blood, demonstrated by a change in the PB-NPB ratio from 2.86 +/- 0.55 to 1.74 +/
      0.24 (mean of 6, SD). An apparently spontaneous first order conversion from the
      PB to NPB form, with an apparent half-life of about eight days, was demonstrated
      at 37 degrees C in plasma and serum in vitro. The conversion was found to be
      temperature dependent and uninfluenced by the fibrinolytic components fibrinogen,
      fibrin, and plasminogen. Additions of a variety of enzymes or inhibitors did not
      interfere with the process. These results demonstrate that the PB form of alpha-2
      antiplasmin is produced by the liver and that the NPB form is formed in the
      circulation.

PMID- 2418897
TI  - Calcium accumulated by sickle cell anemia red cells does not affect their
      potassium (86Rb+) flux components.
AB  - We investigate here the hypothesis that the high Ca content of sickle cell anemia
      (SS) red cells may produce a sustained activation of the Ca2+-dependent K+
      permeability (Gardos effect) and that the particularly high Ca levels in the
      dense SS cell fraction rich in irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs) might account
      for the Na pump inhibition observed in these cells. We measured active and
      passive 86Rb+ influx (as a marker for K+) in density-fractionated SS cells before
      and after extraction of their excess Ca by exposure to the Ca ionophore (A23187)
      and ethylene glycol tetra-acetic acid and with or without adenosine triphosphate
      depletion or addition of quinine. None of these maneuvers revealed any evidence
      of a Ca2+-dependent K leak in SS discocytes or dense cells. Na pump inhibition in
      the dense SS cells was associated with normal activation by external K+ and a low
      Vmax that persisted after Ca extraction from the cells. These results are
      consistent with our recent findings that the excess Ca in these cells is
      compartmentalized in intracellular inside-out vesicles and unavailable as free
      Ca2+ to the inner membrane surface. Although the steady-state free cytoplasmic
      Ca2+ in oxygenated SS cells must be below the levels needed to activate the K+
      channel, possible brief activation of the channels of some SS cells resulting
      from transient elevations of cell Ca2+ during deoxygenation-induced sickling
      cannot be excluded. The dense, ISC-rich SS cell fraction showed a Ca2+
      independent increase in the ouabain-resistant, nonsaturable component of 86Rb+
      influx that, if uncompensated by Na+ gain, could contribute to the dehydration of
      these cells.

PMID- 2418898
TI  - Hydroxyurea induction of hemoglobin F production in sickle cell disease:
      relationship between cytotoxicity and F cell production.
AB  - Initial alterations in fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production among eight sickle cell
      anemia subjects treated with hydroxyurea (Hu) are summarized. Four of these
      subjects had been previously treated with 5-azacytidine (5-aza). All subjects
      treated with Hu (50 mg/kg/d for three to five days) had suppression of their
      total reticulocyte counts by seven days, whereas the four subjects previously
      treated with 5-aza (2 mg/kg/d for three to five days) had increased reticulocyte
      counts at day 7. The effect of Hu on increasing the number of HbF-containing
      reticulocytes (F reticulocytes) is extremely variable, ranging from ten-to less
      than onefold differences in maximal posttherapy v pretherapy levels. Recovery
      from marrow suppression did not result in greater than twofold increases in F
      reticulocyte counts. Mean day 7 F reticulocyte levels in the four subjects
      treated with both Hu and 5-aza were 4.1 X 10/microL and 15.4 X 10(4)/microL,
      respectively. Among Hu-treated subjects, increased F reticulocyte production was
      correlated with low serum creatinine levels and rapid removal of Hu from the
      plasma. Furthermore, suppression of CFU-E colony formation on day 2 of therapy
      with Hu was inversely correlated with maximal F reticulocyte response. We
      conclude that where Hu treatment results in marrow toxicity (decreased
      reticulocyte counts, decreased CFU-E colony formation) HbF production is less
      likely to increase. Those sickle cell anemia subjects with minimal renal
      dysfunction (serum creatinine level, greater than 1.0 mg/dL) exhibit the most
      cytotoxicity and least F reticulocyte response to Hu.

PMID- 2418899
TI  - [Prolonged intravenous infusion chemotherapy. General review of theoretical bases
      and results].
AB  - Continuous intravenous infusion of chemotherapy is now widely used to enhance the
      therapeutic index of cancer drugs. Cellular kinetics and pharmacological basis
      for protracted intravenous chemotherapy are reviewed for the main available
      drugs. From the increasingly published data it is now possible to separate
      routine and research utilization of protracted infusion chemotherapy.

PMID- 2418900
TI  - [Cancer of the prostate: the markers other than prostatic acid phosphatase].
AB  - The biological diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma in relation with benign prostatic
      hypertrophy is essentially realized by the evaluation of plasma PAP or medullar
      PAP, the increase of which rises to 70% of the cases. This evaluation contains
      also other biochemical markers such as CK-BB, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,
      LDH 5 or alkaline phosphatase. The elevation of urinary polyamines is also
      correlated with the evolution of carcinoma. Other markers have been recently
      described such as PSA, useful both by evaluation in serum and by its
      identification on biopsy in histopathology. This exploration could be completed
      by the evaluation of androgenic receptors and of circulating androgens.

PMID- 2418901
TI  - Determination of chlorinated pesticides in tobacco.

PMID- 2418902
TI  - The value of permixon in benign prostatic hypertrophy.
AB  - A double-blind trial comparing the effect of Permixon (160 mg bd) against placebo
      in the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy is described. In both groups a
      significant improvement in flow rate and subjective assessment of symptoms was
      seen. There was no significant difference between the results of treatment in
      either group.

PMID- 2418903
TI  - Evaluation of biopsy techniques for androgen receptor assay in human prostatic
      tissue.
AB  - Androgen receptors were assayed in nuclei prepared from human benign hypertrophic
      prostate tissue obtained at retropubic prostatectomy by transurethral resection
      (TURP) and by cold punch resection. Androgen receptor was not detected in 70% of
      the transurethrally resected samples, and in those cases where receptors were
      observed they showed no correlation with enucleated samples. However, androgen
      receptors were detected in all cold punch resected samples and enucleated tissue
      with similar concentrations evident in samples from the same gland. These results
      suggest that prostate specimens collected by TURP are not suitable for androgen
      receptor analysis, whereas the technique of cold punch resection yields prostate
      samples that are more reliable for a correct evaluation of androgen receptor
      content.

PMID- 2418904
TI  - Amylase and gut infarction.
AB  - Serum amylase has been determined on admission in 63 (52 per cent) of 122
      patients with acute mesenteric infarction. Amylase levels were normal in 34 (54
      per cent) and reached greater than twice normal in 15 patients (24 per cent). In
      5 patients (3 on admission) amylase levels were in the diagnostic range of acute
      pancreatitis (greater than 1200 units/l) leading to inappropriate non-operative
      treatment in 4. Hyperamylasaemia was found in association with all aetiologies of
      infarction. The magnitude of the hyperamylasaemia appeared to be related to the
      extent of the bowel infarction, the highest levels occurring when infarction
      involved the small bowel and colon. The mechanism of hyperamylasaemia in acute
      mesenteric infarction is discussed.

PMID- 2418905
TI  - Colonic healing: a role for polymorphonuclear leucocytes and oxygen radical
      production.
AB  - Using a model of 'reperfusion injury' as a mechanism of oxygen radical (OR)
      production in vivo, we have demonstrated that superoxide (O2-) is the major
      source of damage. Inhibition of its production from polymorphonuclear leucocytes
      (PMNs) by aprotinin, a protease inhibitor, or by scavenging with superoxide
      dismutase (SOD), resulted in reduced oxidation of of tissue glutathione (P less
      than 0.002). Colonic healing after anastomosis was also improved by aprotinin as
      measured by histology (P less than 0.05), breaking energy (P less than 0.001),
      breaking strength (P = 0.02), and by hydroxyproline content (P = 0.01).
      Allopurinol, although inhibiting glutathione oxidation, had no effect on PMN
      leucocyte OR production and did not protect against histological damage. These
      data demonstrate that PMNs endogenous to the tissue or attracted there as a
      result of trauma are the source of OR production in 'reperfusion'. Their
      inhibition improves colonic healing.

PMID- 2418906
TI  - Domiciliary consultations within the pain relief service.

PMID- 2418907
TI  - Adequate analgesia for acute pain.

PMID- 2418908
TI  - ABC of spinal cord injury. Later management and complications--I.

PMID- 2418909
TI  - Effects of thematic structure on syntactic comprehension in aphasia.
AB  - This study assessed aphasic subjects' sensitivity to the given-new structure
      within simple paragraphs and the extent to which narrative discourse is
      facilitative of syntactic processing in the absence of semantic constraints.
      Subjects were divided into four groups along the dimensions of comprehension
      level and fluency. Stimulus items consisted of reversible active and passive
      sentences that were presented in the following three conditions: isolation, at
      the end of paragraphs such that the given-new structure was respected, and at the
      end of paragraphs such that the given-new structure was violated. Fluency did not
      significantly influence performance but comprehension level did. The high
      comprehension group presented no significant differences between contextual
      conditions. The low-comprehension group, however, favored both paragraph contexts
      over isolation with no difference occurring between contextual conditions. These
      results suggest that lower level aphasic subjects are able to utilize thematic,
      antecedent verbal information for comprehending sentences in connected discourse
      even when the discourse is not semantically predictive of the underlying meaning
      of these sentences. Whether the narrative respects or violates the given-new
      relationship may not be an important factor. The reasons for these findings are
      explored.

PMID- 2418910
TI  - Selective activation of mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine metabolism in rat
      brain by infusion of a stable substance P analogue into the ventral tegmental
      area.
AB  - Microinfusion of the metabolically stable substance P (SP) agonist,
      [pGlu5,MePhe8,Sar9]-SP5-11 (DiMe-C7), into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of
      rat brain increased levels of the dopamine (DA) metabolite dihydroxyphenylacetic
      acid in the prefrontal cortex (+ 120%) and nucleus accumbens (+30%) but not in
      other regions of forebrain. In contrast, infusions of DiMe-C7 or SP into the
      lateral ventricles or microinfusions of SP into VTA failed to elicit increases in
      DOPAC levels in forebrain. DA levels were unaffected by SP or DiMe-C7 regardless
      of the route of administration. These data and previous studies suggest a role
      for endogenous SP in the modulation of mesocortical and mesolimbic DA neurones.

PMID- 2418911
TI  - Evidence that excitatory amino acids not only activate the receptor channel
      complex but also lead to use-dependent block.
AB  - The effects of fast application of excitatory amino acids N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA), L-aspartate (ASP), L-glutamate (GLU), quisqualate (QU) and kainate (KAIN)
      were studied in neurons from the embryonic spinal cord of the chick in monolayer
      cultures by employing the 'patch clamp' technique in the 'whole cell' mode. It
      was found that NMDA, ASP, GLU and QU, but not KAIN, induced responses that
      exhibited several components. The early component decayed with a time constant of
      2 s to a lower level of membrane current and discontinuation of the application
      was followed by an after-current which returned to the base-line with a time
      constant of about 7 s. It is suggested that NMDA, ASP, GLU and QU, but not KAIN,
      not only activate the receptor channel complex but also induce use-dependent
      block.

PMID- 2418912
TI  - Facilitation of nicotinic response in the guinea pig prevertebral neurons by
      substance P.
AB  - Fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (f-EPSPs) evoked in guinea-pig inferior
      mesenteric ganglion cells were augmented during the course of non-cholinergic
      EPSP which is thought to be mediated by a substance P (SP)-like peptide. SP
      applied exogenously likewise increased the f-EPSPs and nicotinic depolarizations
      induced by acetylcholine applied by pressure ejection. Contrary to several
      earlier studies where SP was reported to interfere with nicotinic receptor
      activation, our results show that the peptide facilitates nicotinic transmission
      in the inferior mesenteric ganglia.

PMID- 2418913
TI  - Early postnatal administration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine: effects on substance P
      and thyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons and terminals in rat brain.
AB  - Substance P, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and serotonin are putative
      neurotransmitters which have been proposed to co-exist in some brain neurons. Our
      previous immunocytochemical and biochemical studies have demonstrated that 85
      100% of all serotonin neurons are destroyed following neonatal 5,7
      dihydroxtryptamine (5,7-DHT) treatment. In this study, we have determined the
      effect of neonatal 5,7-DHT and desipramine (DMI) treatment on the biochemical
      content and immunocytochemical localization of substance P and TRH throughout the
      brain. Interestingly, we have observed that virtually all substance P- and TRH
      immunoreactive cells in the ventral pons-medulla are destroyed by the neurotoxin.
      However, peptide-containing neurons in other regions were not affected.
      Additionally, we measured the peptide content and found that TRH is significantly
      decreased in the spinal cord (-50%) and pons-medulla (-20%), but not in other
      brain regions. Substance P content was not significantly altered in any region,
      even after a greater than 90% reduction of serotonin. These data indicate that
      the co-localized substance P and TRH forms a small proportion of the total
      peptide in brain.

PMID- 2418914
TI  - The induction and modification of voltage-sensitive responses in cat neocortical
      neurons by N-methyl-D-aspartate.
AB  - The actions of the excitatory amino acid, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), on layer V
      neurons of cat sensorimotor cortex were examined in an in vitro slice preparation
      using current clamp, single electrode voltage clamp (SEVC), and ionic
      substitution techniques. Low doses of NMDA evoked a slow depolarization with a
      net decrease of input conductance. Larger doses additionally evoked repetitive
      firing, rhythmic depolarization shifts (DSs), low-threshold calcium spikes (in
      the presence of TEA+) and bistable membrane potential behavior. Ionic
      substitution experiments suggested that entry of both Ca2+ and Na+ ions
      contributed to the NMDA responses. Attention was focused on the NMDA response
      with Ca2+ entry blocked. Examination by SEVC revealed that, in both normal cells
      and in the presence of several blocking agents, NMDA induced a highly voltage
      dependent inward ionic current which could result in a region of negative slope
      conductance on the cell's current-voltage relation. The development of this
      current seems capable of accounting for all aspects of the observed response,
      including the DSs and low-threshold Ca2+ spikes. Substitution of TEA+ for most
      external Na+ (with Ca2+ entry blocked) largely eliminated the NMDA responses and
      corresponding ionic current. Our results in neocortical neurons are compared to
      those recently obtained in cultured murine neurons.

PMID- 2418915
TI  - Differences in horseradish peroxidase labeling of sensory, motor and sympathetic
      neurons following chronic axotomy of the rat sural nerve.
AB  - In an attempt to clarify the ultimate fate of permanently axotomized adult
      primary neurons, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as a cell marker to label
      the motor, sensory and postganglionic sympathetic neurons of rat sural nerves
      which had been sectioned at the ankle and prevented from regenerating for periods
      of up to 80 weeks. Axotomy did not affect sympathetic neurons, but resulted 4
      weeks later in a sudden reduction in the number of labeled sensory and motor
      cells which persisted to the end of the study. The missing neuronal population
      amounted to 44.4% and 45.9% respectively of the normal sensory and motor
      contingent and included most of the large afferent and efferent neurons. However,
      examination of sural nerves at the thigh, 30 mm proximal to the neuroma, revealed
      marked axonal atrophy but no change in the number of myelinated and unmyelinated
      fibers up to 52 weeks after axotomy. Such prolonged survival of the peripheral
      processes is indirect evidence that axotomized neurons can endure long-term
      detachment from their end organs and suggests that the lack of HRP labeling in
      certain sensory and motor neurons does not imply their degeneration, but
      expresses one of many retrograde dysfunctions triggered by axotomy.

PMID- 2418916
TI  - Do the same hypothalamic neurons project to both amygdala and cerebellum?
AB  - The possibility that individual hypothalamic cells project to the cerebellum (as
      hypothalamo-cerebellar fibers) and amygdala (hypothalamo-amygdaloid fibers) by
      means of collaterals, was studied by means of retrograde transport of Fast blue
      (FB) and Rhodamine (R)-labeled latex microspheres. Our findings show that R
      labeled latex microspheres are well-suited for double labeling studies in
      combination with other retrograde fluorescent tracers. Neurons retrogradely
      labeled from cerebellum or from amygdala were found in the same hypothalamic
      nuclei, and they were often located adjacent to each other. Some additional
      animals were injected with a third tracer, Nuclear yellow (NY), in the spinal
      cord. The spinal projecting neurons were located in the same regions as cells
      retrogradely labeled with FB and R. All projections are bilateral with an
      ipsilateral preponderance. Some neurons were double-labeled, and all combinations
      of double-labeling (FB/R, NY/R, FB/NY) were found. This shows that some
      hypothalamic neurons may project to both cerebellum and amygdala, some to the
      spinal cord and amygdala, and others to cerebellum and the spinal cord. No triple
      labeled neurons were observed.

PMID- 2418917
TI  - Intraocular tetrodotoxin reduces axonal transport and transcellular transfer of
      adenosine and other nucleosides in the visual system of goldfish.
AB  - Intraocular injection of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in goldfish, which abolishes
      physiological activity in the optic axons, decreased by up to about 30% the
      amount of radioactively labeled adenosine, uridine and guanosine (and their
      nucleotide derivatives) that was axonally transported in the optic nerve. The
      amount of labeled nucleoside that reached the optic tectum and became
      incorporated into RNA in the postsynaptic tectal neurons and glial cells was
      reduced by up to about 50%. There was no change, however, in the amount of
      transported nucleoside that became incorporated into RNA in the optic nerve glia.
      The TTX-induced changes were eliminated when axonal transport was blocked with
      vincristine, indicating that this change did not involve material moving along
      the nerve by diffusion. If the TTX injection was delayed until several hours
      after labeling of the transported materials, the transported labeled nucleoside
      in the nerve was reduced very little, but the RNA labeling in the tectum was
      reduced just as much as when TTX was given prior to labeling. This indicates that
      the labeling of the tectal cells was affected more by the level of activity in
      the pathway than by the amount of transported nucleoside reaching the optic nerve
      terminals. It appears likely, therefore, that the process most affected by the
      decrease in physiological activity is the release of nucleoside from the
      terminals of the presynaptic neurons or its uptake into postsynaptic tectal
      neurons and glia. The fact that physiological activity may modify the amount of
      axonally transported nucleosides made available for metabolism (including RNA
      synthesis) in postsynaptic neurons may provide an explanation for activity-linked
      neurotrophic effects.

PMID- 2418918
TI  - Neuropeptides in cerebral cortex of macaque monkey (Macaca fuscata fuscata):
      regional distribution and ontogeny.
AB  - The concentrations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin and
      substance P were determined in various cerebral subdivisions of adult and foetal
      Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata) by specific radioimmunoassays. In adult
      tissues, the highest level of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was found in the
      somatosensory cortex and the lowest level in the occipital cortex. A high level
      of somatostatin was found in the association cortex (prefrontal, parietal and
      temporal cortex); the lowest level was noted in the occipital cortex. Substance P
      was found to be high in prefrontal and temporal cortex. The highest levels of
      substance P and somatostatin were obtained in the amygdala. Between embryonic 4
      and 5.5 months, concentrations of peptides increased dramatically, and in the
      adult, all neuropeptides in cortical subdivisions significantly decreased. By the
      gel filtration method, only one immunoreactivity which coeluted with substance P
      and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was demonstrated in extracts of 4-, 5.5
      month-old and adult monkey cerebral cortex. In contrast, somatostatin
      immunoreactivity eluted as 3 peaks. Almost 80% of the immunoreactivity co-eluted
      with synthetic somatostatin, regardless of the age of the tissue. The molecular
      weights of two larger molecules were determined to be 13 and 3 kdaltons.

PMID- 2418919
TI  - Interaction of monoclonal antibodies to electroplaque acetylcholine receptors
      with the alpha-bungarotoxin binding site of goldfish brain.
AB  - Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised against acetylcholine receptors from
      Torpedo californica and Electrophorus electricus electroplaque were tested for
      interaction with the [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin binding protein of goldfish brain.
      A subset of monoclonal antibodies which recognize the main immunogenic region of
      the alpha subunit of the Electrophorus acetylcholine receptor interacted at high
      affinity with the [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin binding protein. Using
      immunofluorescence, these antibodies were shown to label the same layers of the
      optic tectum as [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin.

PMID- 2418920
TI  - Regeneration of primary afferent neurons containing substance P-like
      immunoreactivity.
AB  - We compared changes in levels of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) in L4-6
      dorsal root ganglia (DRG), L4-6 dorsal roots, sciatic nerve, tibial nerve and
      hind foot skin in rats following resection or crush injury of the sciatic nerve.
      The initial depletion of SPLI, which occurred in all areas sampled, was similar
      after either type of lesion. In DRG and dorsal roots, recovery to control values
      occurred in SPLI levels 35-45 days after sciatic crush, but not after resection.
      In sciatic nerve proximal to the injury, a partial recovery in SPLI content to
      about 60% of control occurred following crush injury, but not following
      resection. Distal to the injury, tibial nerve levels recovered rapidly following
      crush injury, consistent with the previously observed rapid regeneration of SPLI
      containing axons. After resection, no recovery was observed until after 35 days,
      when it appeared that some axons succeeded in crossing the resection zone and
      regaining the distal nerve stump. Delayed and poor recovery of SPLI levels was
      observed in foot skin, even after crush injury. This correlated with the poor
      recovery of the plasma extravasation reaction, a functional index of SP
      innervation of skin. In contrast, reinnervation by high-threshold
      mechanoreceptors was more rapid and complete, in agreement with a previous study.
      We conclude that although SPLI-containing axons regenerate rapidly, they appear
      to reinnervate skin less successfully than other afferents. Axon regeneration is
      associated with a recovery of SPLI levels which fell after axotomy: no recovery
      occurs if regeneration is prevented. Recovery was almost complete in DRG and
      roots, but incomplete in sciatic nerve. This peptide transmitter in afferent
      neurons thus behaves in a similar fashion to previously studied low-molecular
      weight transmitters and related materials in efferent neurons. Since recovery of
      SPLI levels begins before there is evidence for target reinnervation, it seems
      that axon regeneration is a sufficient condition for reversal of some axotomy
      induced changes in these neurons. Further studies on substance P synthesis and on
      the response of individual DRG neurons to axotomy and regeneration will be
      required to explain fully the discrepancy between partial recovery of SPLI levels
      in sciatic nerve and full recovery in DRG and dorsal roots.

PMID- 2418921
TI  - Collaterals of corticospinal and pyramidal fibres to the pontine grey
      demonstrated by a new application of the fluorescent fibre labelling technique.
AB  - Selective visualization of collaterals of corticospinal and pyramidal fibres to
      the pons in cat was obtained by retrograde transport of the fluorescent tracer
      fast blue (FB) through the stem fibres. Unilateral FB injections in the cervical
      cord and the pyramidal tract respectively produced soft blue fluorescent
      labelling of pyramidal fibres and of fibres and structures resembling 'terminals'
      in the pontine grey: contralateral to the spinal injections and ipsilateral to
      the pyramidal injections. These labelled elements were concluded to represent
      collaterals of corticospinal and pyramidal fibres because (a) their distribution
      corresponded to that of the pericruciate corticopontine fibres, (b) their
      labelling was prevented when the FB injections were preceded by a transection of
      either the cerebral peduncle or the pyramidal tract which lesions also prevented
      the FB labelling of the distal parts of the transected axons. Similar findings
      were obtained when using wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase. In other
      experiments FB-labelling of pyramidal collaterals was combined with retrograde
      labelling of pontine neurones projecting to the contralateral anterior lobe of
      the cerebellum using diamidino yellow dihydrochloride as the second tracer. The
      distributions of the retrogradely labelled neurones and of the pyramidal
      collaterals in the pontine grey showed an almost complete overlap indicating that
      these collaterals mainly establish connections with the cerebellar anterior lobe.

PMID- 2418922
TI  - Tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels in a continuously cultured cell line
      derived from the adult rat cerebellum.
AB  - A method to establish continuously cultured cell lines from adult cerebellar
      cortex is reported. Clones (prepared by this procedure) were isolated from
      cerebellar established cultures at the 25th passage and after 15 months in vitro.
      One clone (UCHCC1) was maintained in culture and studied while the others were
      frozen. The cerebellar cell line UCHCC1 retained a neuronal-like morphology; the
      addition of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to the culture medium elicited a
      reproducible morphological 'differentiation' event, characterized mainly by
      process extension. In 'differentiated' cells, veratridine significantly increased
      the uptake of 22Na. Such enhanced uptake was blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) with a
      half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.9 nM. Binding of an
      [3H]ethylenediamine derivative of TTX ([3H]en-TTX) to the microsomal fraction
      prepared from same DMSO-treated cells, showed a single class of receptors with a
      maximal binding (Bmax) of 173 fmol/mg protein and a Kd of 1.1 nM. Thyroid UCHT1
      cells and 'undifferentiated' (cultured without DMSO) cerebellar cells, did not
      show significant effects of veratridine on 22Na-uptake, or [3H]en-TTX binding.
      The 'differentiated' nerve-like properties, induced by appropriate environmental
      manipulation, demonstrate the usefulness of cerebellar UCHCC1 cells as a model
      system for the developing central neuron. On the other hand, the novel
      transforming procedure opens new possibilities for obtaining permanent cell lines
      from other regions of the adult CNS.

PMID- 2418923
TI  - Substance P augments a persistent slow inward calcium-sensitive current in
      voltage-clamped spinal dorsal horn neurons of the rat.
AB  - Rat spinal dorsal horn neurons in slice preparations perfused with Ringer
      solution containing 0.5-1 microM TTX and/or 10-20 mM tetraethylammonium at 29
      degrees C, were studied by using a single microelectrode voltage-clamp technique.
      Slow persistent inward currents were recorded during depolarizing voltage
      commands to membrane potentials positive to about -40 mV. The inward current was
      depressed by removing external Ca, or by adding 0.1-0.2 mM Cd, 5 mM Co or 0.1 mM
      verapamil, and was increased by adding Ba or Bay-K 8644. Substance P (SP)
      augmented a persistent slow inward Ca-sensitive current in a dose-dependent
      manner. It is suggested that this effect may be instrumental in generating the SP
      evoked slow depolarization, increase in membrane excitability, and the 'bursting'
      behavior in the immature rat dorsal horn neurons. In addition, in some neurons SP
      reduced the M-like current, which effect may contribute to, but not explain,
      generation of the SP-induced slow depolarization.

PMID- 2418924
TI  - Preganglionic neurons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus: growth and histochemical
      characterization in cell culture.
AB  - The Edinger-Westphal (EW) nucleus, also known as the accessory oculomotor nucleus
      in the chick, provides the cholinergic preganglionic input to the parasympathetic
      ciliary ganglion. In addition to acetylcholine, many EW neurons have been shown
      to contain enkephalin-like and/or substance P-like immunoreactivity.
      Establishment of EW neurons in culture would make possible study of their
      interactions with ciliary ganglion neurons in vitro and in addition would provide
      a valuable system for studying cholinergic/peptidergic neurons of the vertebrate
      central nervous system. We describe here dissociated cell cultures established
      from midbrain tissue containing the EW nucleus. In these cultures, 86% of the
      cells with neuronal morphology were positive for intracellular
      acetylcholinesterase activity, 54% were positive for enkephalin-like
      immunoreactivity, and 4% were positive for substance P-like immunoreactivity. The
      proportions of neurons that scored as labeled were even higher if the number of
      positive cells was compared to the number of cells in sister cultures
      immunoreactive for the large neurofilament protein polypeptide. When the cultures
      were stained simultaneously for acetylcholinesterase activity and enkephalin-like
      immunoreactivity, 34% of the cells with neuronal morphology were positive for
      both. In cultures derived from adjacent tissue regions very few cells expressed
      both activities. These results suggest that the cells expressing both
      acetylcholinesterase activity and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in culture are
      EW neurons. The putative EW neurons survive for weeks in vitro in the absence of
      their normal target, the ciliary ganglion.

PMID- 2418925
TI  - A procedure for long-term culture of oligodendrocytes.
AB  - A procedure for long-term culture of oligodendrocytes is described, the starting
      material being 20-day-old primary mixed cultures of newborn rat brain. Cells were
      first incubated in a serum-free medium for 48 h before they were subcultured on
      poly-L-lysine coated plastic dishes. After this treatment, the oligodendrocytes
      developed well in Waymouth medium containing 10% (v/v) calf serum, while most of
      the astrocytes died. At 13 days in subculture more than 90% of the cells were
      identified as oligodendrocytes; the criteria for oligodendrocytes were based on
      their immunoreactivity to antisera against W1 Wolfgram protein, myelin basic
      proteins and the synthetic C-terminal hexapeptide of the major myelin
      proteolipid. At 13 and 19 days astrocytes were present, 7% and 20% respectively.
      The culture system described here may be useful to study the biochemical and
      immunological aspects of the oligodendrocytes.

PMID- 2418926
TI  - Immunocytological localization of cell adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM and the
      shared carbohydrate epitope L2 during development of the mouse neocortex.
AB  - The expression of the two adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM and their shared
      carbohydrate epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody L2, was studied during
      development of the embryonic mouse neocortex by immunohistology at light- and
      electron-microscopic levels between embryonic days 9 and 18. Throughout this time
      period N-CAM is expressed in all layers of the telencephalic anlage. L1 antigen
      shows a more restricted expression than N-CAM. It is not detectable at day 9.
      From day 10 onward it is expressed on young neurons in the marginal zone, but not
      in the ventricular layer. At embryonic day 13 L1 antigen appears also in the
      intermediate zone on afferent fibers from subcortical structures and on migrating
      neurons. Neuronal cell bodies in the cortical plate and subplate express L1
      antigen only transiently on embryonic days 13-16. These observations suggest that
      L1 antigen does not play a prominent role in the initiation of neuronal migration
      in the ventricular zone, but could be functional during later stages of migration
      and in the aggregation of neuronal cell bodies at their final position in the
      cortical plate. The L2 epitope also shows a more restricted expression than N-CAM
      during the time period studied. Similar to L1 antigen, it first appears at
      embryonic day 10 in the marginal zone and remains undetectable in the ventricular
      layer also at later stages. In the marginal zone the L2 epitope is strongly
      expressed on neuroepithelial endfeet at the basal lamina. The basal lamina itself
      is L2 epitope-negative. From embryonic day 10 onward the L2 epitope is most
      strongly expressed in the marginal zone and subplate and more weakly in the
      cortical plate and intermediate zone. In the subplate it is not only associated
      with the surface membrane, but also with the extracellular matrix. These
      observations support previous biochemical data which show that the L2 epitope is
      not present on all N-CAM molecules of the embryonic or adult forms and suggest
      that the independent regulation or L2 epitope expression may have functional
      implications during development.

PMID- 2418927
TI  - The postnatal development of clustered intrinsic connections in area 18 of the
      visual cortex in kittens.
AB  - Retrogradely transported neuronal markers were injected into area 18 of the
      visual cortex in normal kittens of various ages and in animals that had been
      binocularly deprived of patterned visual stimulation by eyelid suture. In normal
      kittens aged 20 days or more, distinct clusters of retrogradely labelled cells
      were identified in area 18 surrounding the injection sites; these cells lay
      mainly in cortical layers II, III, and the upper part of IV, but with some in
      layers V and VI. In kittens younger than 10 days, labelled cells were observed
      around injection sites, although they were not organized into clusters. The
      results suggest that the typical clustered pattern of neurones forming intrinsic
      connections in area 18 emerges during the second week postnatally from an
      immature non-patchy distribution. Binocular deprivation did not prevent the
      appearance of these patches of cells.

PMID- 2418928
TI  - Postnatal development of identified medium-sized caudate spiny neurons in the
      cat.
AB  - The morphology of intracellularly recorded neurons in the cat caudate nucleus
      (Cd) was studied during postnatal development. After intracellular recording of
      evoked responses in these neurons, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected
      iontophoretically through the recording micropipette. Fifty-eight Cd neurons in
      cats ranging from 6 days of age through adulthood were identified
      morphologically. All of the recovered Cd cells were medium-sized spiny neurons.
      The basic somatodendritic morphology of these neurons was evident in the youngest
      kittens. The most striking morphological change was the postnatal formation of an
      extensive local axonal collateral plexus. The development of these local axonal
      collaterals was also quantified with computer assistance in medium-sized Cd spiny
      neurons selected from silver-impregnated material. This analysis showed that the
      major development of the branches of this local plexus occurred between birth and
      3-4 months of postnatal age. Data from both the HRP-filled and silver-stained
      axons indicated that the postnatal growth of the local axonal collaterals of the
      medium spiny cells was associated with the elaboration and increasing prevalence
      of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in Cd neurons.

PMID- 2418929
TI  - Subpopulations of rat cerebellar astrocytes in primary culture: morphology, cell
      surface antigens and [3H]GABA transport.
AB  - Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes in preconfluent
      cultures derived from postnatal rat cerebellum have been previously shown to
      display two distinct morphologies, one stellate and the other irregularly
      epithelioid. The immunofluorescence studies described here showed that these
      cells also possess unique surface characteristics. In cultures derived from 8-day
      old animals stellate cells bound the monoclonal antibody A2B5 whereas the
      epithelioid cells bound another monoclonal antibody against rat neural antigen-2
      (RAN2). Some stellate cells derived from 2-day-old animals also bound tetanus
      toxin. The A2B5 labelling of the stellate cells made it possible to follow their
      fate in vitro. In confirmation of previous time-lapse studies, they underwent a
      shape transformation as confluence was approached, ultimately attaining a form
      resembling that of the epithelioid cells. Autoradiographic transport studies
      using two tritiated gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogues cis-1,3
      aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid (ACHC) and beta-alanine revealed further
      differences between the two types of astrocytes. Whereas [3H]ACHC was taken up
      solely by the stellate cells [3H]beta-alanine was transported by both cell types.
      In other experiments in which various inhibitors of [3H]GABA transport were used
      ACHC virtually eliminated uptake into the stellate astrocyte, but had little
      effect on the epithelioid ones. The 'neuron-like' [3H]GABA transport process in
      the stellate astrocytes was confirmed in experiments comparing the effect of
      another compound which has been proposed as an astrocyte-selective GABA transport
      inhibitor, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo-(4,5-C)pyridin-3-ol (THPO). No
      discrimination was found in its effect on the uptake of [3H]GABA into either
      neurons or stellate astrocytes. Further autoradiographic studies following the
      uptake of [3H]GABA by postnatal cerebellar slices showed that astrocytes in all
      layers of the cerebellar cortex and white matter transported [3H]GABA in contrast
      to the situation in culture where the amino acid is taken up predominantly by the
      stellate astrocytes. The possibility is discussed that the stellate astrocytes
      represent a population of cerebellar fibrous astrocytes whereas the identity of
      the epithelioid astrocytes is less certain.

PMID- 2418930
TI  - Reducing pain by hypnosis.

PMID- 2418931
TI  - Necropsy techniques. Stains and staining procedures.

PMID- 2418932
TI  - Osteonectin and Gla-protein in calf bone: ultrastructural immunohistochemical
      localization using the Protein A-gold method.
AB  - Osteonectin and bone Gla-protein have been localized at the ultrastructural level
      in calf scapula bone tissue. Post-embedding-decalcified thin sections of
      paraformaldehyde-fixed and Araldite-embedded specimens of calf scapula were
      incubated with rabbit antisera to bovine osteonectin and bone Gla-protein, and
      the sites of antigen-antibody reaction were demonstrated using the Protein A-gold
      technique. Specific labelling of the bone matrix was obtained with both antisera.
      The collagen fibers were labelled particularly intensely. Filamentous structures
      visible at the sites of early mineralization were labelled by rows of gold
      particles after incubation with anti-osteonectin antiserum. These findings are
      consistent with biochemical data available on the localization and properties of
      these non- collagenous proteins. 'Crystal ghost'-like structures are
      immunoreactive to anti-osteonectin antiserum.

PMID- 2418933
TI  - The effect of practice in detecting technical errors on performance of a simple
      medical procedure: current research on interactive video at San Diego State
      University.

PMID- 2418934
TI  - Treatment of intraocular lymphoma with high-dose Ara-C.
AB  - Ocular lymphoma is an uncommon clinical entity with a propensity for intracranial
      extension. Palliation has been reported following radiotherapy, but the ultimate
      prognosis is poor, and significant treatment-related morbidity is common. Recent
      pharmacokinetic studies have suggested that sustained therapeutic drug
      concentrations are achievable in cerebrospinal fluid after systemic
      administration of high-dose cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C). These data led the
      authors to attempt treatment of a case of recurrent ocular lymphoma with high
      dose Ara-C. Therapeutic drug levels were documented in intraocular fluids, and
      prolonged objective regression of tumor was seen. Systemic high-dose Ara-C
      deserves consideration for the treatment of ocular lymphoma.

PMID- 2418935
TI  - Malignant melanoma. Inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltrates in cerebral
      metastases during concurrent therapy with viral oncolysate.
AB  - Five patients with advanced malignant melanoma, treated with viral oncolysate,
      had solitary central nervous system metastases that were removed surgically.
      Histologic examination revealed striking and significant mononuclear inflammatory
      cell infiltrates, consisting of a mean of 60% plasma cells and a lesser
      proportion of lymphocytes at the edges of the lesions, within their supporting
      fibrovascular trabeculae, and among the tumor cells. Comparable inflammatory
      changes were not found in solitary metastatic malignant melanomas removed
      surgically from the brains of 19 patients not treated with viral oncolysate.
      Similarly, multiple metastatic malignant melanomas obtained postmortem from the
      brains of 12 patients not treated with viral oncolysate showed minimal
      inflammatory responses. Ultrastructural examination of material from a single
      treated patient revealed morphologic abnormalities of the blood-brain barrier,
      changes that were perhaps conducive to infiltration of the neoplasm by
      inflammatory cells. The authors suggest that administration of viral oncolysate
      enhances the inflammatory cell response to metastatic malignant melanoma in the
      brain.

PMID- 2418936
TI  - Lymphadenopathy due to fatal histiocytic proliferative disorder containing
      Michaelis-Gutmann bodies.
AB  - A 59-year-old white man had generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, weight loss, and
      hypercalcemia. Histologic examination of seven lymph nodes from three different
      anatomic sites revealed a diffuse histiocytic infiltrate containing numerous
      typical Michaelis-Gutmann (MG) bodies. Histochemical and immunohistochemical
      results confirmed the histiocytic nature of the predominant cell within the
      infiltrate. Approximately equal numbers of residual normal B-cells, T-helper, and
      T-suppressor cells were present. Electron microscopy revealed extracellular and
      intracellular MG bodies, many of which were membrane-bound. Special stains,
      electron microscopy, and lymph node culture did not demonstrate microorganisms.
      The histologic features of the infiltrate were those of malacoplakia. However,
      the disease behaved like a lymphoma, with the occurrence of lymphadenopathy and a
      fatal outcome.

PMID- 2418937
TI  - A clinically useful method for combining gross and microscopic measurements to
      select high-risk patients after enucleation for ciliochoroidal melanoma.
AB  - An objective and reproducible method was devised for estimating the malignant
      potential of ciliochoroidal melanomas after enucleation. This method requires
      only a single, routine microslide from which nucleolar area and largest tumor
      dimension are measured. Previous studies have shown these measurements to be
      reproducible and highly correlated with mortality. To demonstrate a practical
      method for clinical application of these measurements, a Cox statistical model
      was derived from 200 cases supplied by the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.
      The resulting model, when applied to 340 cases with known outcome from two
      independent laboratories, allowed subdivision of patients into groups that
      suffered a six-fold difference in mortality. These results suggest that a central
      registry, by applying this method to histologic slides from around the world,
      could provide information useful for the clinical management of patients
      enucleated for ciliochoroidal melanoma.

PMID- 2418938
TI  - Sulphomucin colonic type intestinal metaplasia and carcinoma in the stomach. A
      histochemical study of 115 cases obtained by biopsy.
AB  - One hundred fifteen gastroscopic biopsy specimens (54 cases of carcinoma and 61
      of gastritis) were used in this histochemical study. Intestinal metaplasia (IM)
      was classified into small intestinal type (ST) and colonic type (CT). The former
      may be a reactive change only. The incidence of sulphomucin colonic type (SCT)
      metaplasia was higher in gastric carcinomas than in benign lesions (P less than
      0.01), and a relation between SCT metaplasia and cancer was demonstrated by both
      histologic and histochemical procedures. This suggests that SCT IM is correlated
      with certain precancerous lesions. There was no significant difference in the
      incidence of O-acetyl sialomucin colonic type (OCT) metaplasia between benign and
      malignant diseases. Further study is needed to determine why slightly more than
      half of the SCT IM was accompanied by OCT IM.

PMID- 2418939
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of tumor antigen TA-4 in cervical cytologic specimens.
AB  - Flow cytometric analysis of cellular contents of TA-4, a tumor antigen of
      squamous cell carcinoma, was performed in vaginal smears from 143 women. Abnormal
      findings, characterized by a cell peak with high fluorescence intensity, appeared
      in 85.7% of cases (54/63) of cervical squamous cell carcinoma, 80% of cases (4/5)
      of severe dysplasia, 42.9% of cases (3/7) of mild-to-moderate dysplasia, and in
      20.6% of cases of healthy women (13/63). Cellular compositions sorted from
      abnormal cell fractions with high fluorescence intensity consisted, not only of
      malignant cells but also of morphologically nonmalignant cells.
      Immunohistochemical studies indicated that these nonmalignant cells with high TA
      4 content originated from the intermediate layer of squamous epithelium adjacent
      to the cancer nest. These findings indicate that this method may be a useful
      approach for investigating some biologic characteristics of cells and for
      detecting cervical cancer or its precursors.

PMID- 2418940
TI  - Esophageal prothesis for neoplastic stenosis. A prognostic study of 77 cases.
AB  - Esophageal prothesis (EP) is a palliative treatment for inoperable neoplastic
      stenosis. Ninety-one patients were candidates for EP placement between 1978 and
      1983. EP placement was successful in 77 patients. Of these: 85% had primary
      esophageal cancer; 15% had bronchial or mediastinal carcinoma; 83% had stenosis
      in the middle third. Dysphagia was the main symptom in 84%, and tracheoesophageal
      fistulae in 16%. The observed median survival was 3.2 months +/- 1.9 (2 standard
      deviations [SD]), and the survival rate at 1 year was 7%. With the single-factor
      analysis method, not one of 12 factors presented any significance (age, sex,
      general status, anterior treatment, lesion site, endoscopic feature, stenosis
      diameter, histologic features, metastasis, tracheal involvement, symptoms, and
      type of prothesis). Two factors had a P value approaching significance: there
      were slightly longer survival rates in patients with a stenosis diameter less
      than 7 mm (P less than 0.07), and with stenosis located in the lower third and
      cardia (P less than 0.07). By multivariate analysis (Cox model), prognostic
      significance was found in only one factor: the location in the lower third and
      cardia (P = 0.002, relative risk = 3). The quality of life after EP placement was
      briefly improved: 80% of 73 evaluable patients had improvement in dysphagia for a
      mean duration of 3.7 months +/- 2 (2 SD), especially patients with a good general
      status (0 and 1; P less than 0.01); and 45% of patients had improvement of their
      general status for a mean duration of 4.1 months +/- 2 (2 SD). Minor
      complications related to EP placement were observed in 40% of patients (pain,
      obstruction, and mobilization), and severe complications were observed in 20%
      (perforation, 11 cases; fistulae, 5 cases, with death in 3 cases; hemorrhages, 4
      cases). In conclusion, EP is a good palliative treatment, although complications
      are frequent, and evaluation of patient comfort is required to compare this
      procedure with other available techniques.

PMID- 2418942
TI  - Liver cell dysplasia in cirrhosis. A serologic and immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Liver cell dysplasia (LCD) was investigated for hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers,
      alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and ferritin by serologic and immunohistochemical methods
      in 101 patients with cirrhosis. LCD was found in 30 cases (29.7%), with the
      highest incidence in cases of posthepatitic cirrhosis (67%). In the group of
      dysplastic cirrhosis (DC) 46.6% of the patients had active HBV infection
      (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] serum positivity) compared with 7% of the
      patients with nondysplastic cirrhosis (NDC) (P less than 0.01). The mean serum
      AFP concentration was significantly raised in the DC group compared with that in
      the NDC group (P less than 0.05). In seven patients with LCD at the initial
      biopsy, the histologic followup showed the persistence of LCD in all cases, and
      the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in three cases. In serologic
      HBsAg-positive cases, dysplastic cells, at variance with the surrounding liver
      parenchyma, were almost always negative for tissue HBsAg, and always negative for
      tissue hepatitis B core antigens (HBcAg). AFP was never detected in either normal
      or dysplastic cells. Ferritin was found in all cases, but dysplastic foci
      displayed a lesser amount of this protein. These serologic and
      immunohistochemical data strongly suggest a preneoplastic significance of LCD.
      The importance of monitoring cirrhotic patients with LCD and particularly those
      with HBV infection and/or increased AFP levels with more aggressive follow-up is
      also stressed.

PMID- 2418941
TI  - Osteogenic sarcoma of bones and soft tissues in older persons. A
      clinicopathologic analysis of 117 patients older than 60 years.
AB  - Since 1930, 117 patients with well-documented osteogenic sarcoma of the skeleton
      and the soft tissues occurring in patients older than 60 years have been
      diagnosed and treated at Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases. This
      number represents approximately 10% of all osteogenic sarcomas treated at this
      Medical Center. Slightly more men than women (68 versus 49, respectively) were
      affected, with a mean and a median age of 68 and 66 years, respectively, ranging
      from 60 to 86 years of age. One hundred one lesions occurred in the skeleton and
      16 in extraosseous sites. In contrast to osteogenic sarcoma in children and
      adolescents, where more than half of the tumors arise in the fastest-growing bony
      sites around the knee, this region was involved in only 14.5% of the older
      patients. In this latter age group, the axial skeleton was the most commonly
      affected (27%), in addition to the craniofacial bones (13%) and extraskeletal
      sites (11%). Contrary to expectations, the lytic destructive skeletal lesions
      were three times more common than any other radiographic presentation, with the
      fibrous (38%), the osteoblastic (25%), and the cartilaginous (17%) sarcoma
      variants predominating over all others on histologic examination. Whereas 97% of
      osteogenic sarcomas occurring in patients younger than 21 years arise anew,
      without any pre-existent osseous disease, in this study's older population,
      sarcomas were more frequently (56%) secondary to other bony conditions, such as
      Paget's disease, or followed irradiation. Five-year survival estimates were
      strongly dependent on whether the patients had primary de novo osteogenic
      sarcomas (37%) or whether the sarcomas arose secondary to other skeletal
      conditions (7.5%). There are no significant survival differences between patients
      treated before or after 1974, when adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy started
      to make its positive impact in the treatment of osteogenic sarcoma in children
      and adolescents.

PMID- 2418943
TI  - Development of adenocarcinomas in the stomach.
AB  - To elucidate the histogenesis of gastric adenocarcinomas, the author looked for
      smaller carcinomas, and studied their histologic features and the histologic
      characteristics of the neighboring gastric mucosa. In 325 resected stomachs, 27
      microcarcinomas, including initial lesions, were detected. Most of them were
      typical adenocarcinomas, whose histologic features were different from those of
      dysplasias. The gastric mucosa around the microcarcinomas was mostly
      intestinalized. However, the smaller the carcinomas, the less complete was the
      form of intestinal metaplasia, and the metaplasia was under progression in many
      gastric tubules. The smallest carcinomas consisted of a few, newly formed
      glandular complexes, confined to the neck region of the tubules, whereas the
      upper and the lower part of the tubules were still lined by normal gastric cells.
      The smallest dysplasia was an in situ lesion, also confined to the neck region of
      the tubules. These findings indicate that a starting point of adenocarcinomas and
      dysplasias is in the proliferative cell zone at the neck region. Intestinal
      metaplasia, dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma arise coincidentally. This implies that
      no precursor is present for each of them. It appears that most adenocarcinomas
      arise in gastric tubules when an abnormal differentiation is induced in stem
      cells after intestinal metaplasia. They are not a consequence of dysplasia, but
      share a common origin with it.

PMID- 2418944
TI  - Serum and breast duct fluid prolactin and estrogen levels in healthy Finnish and
      American women and patients with fibrocystic disease.
AB  - Nipple aspiration yielded measurable amounts of breast duct fluid for 27 of 42
      (64%) healthy premenopausal Finnish women, 93 of 218 (43%) premenopausal American
      patients with fibrocystic disease, but only 24 of 92 (26%) healthy American
      premenopausal controls. When aspiration was successful, the average volumes
      obtained were larger for the normal Finnish women and, particularly, for the
      American fibrocystic disease patients compared with the American controls. The
      difference in secretion between the healthy Finnish and American women appeared
      to be related to a history of breast feeding, and its duration. While serum
      estrogen and prolactin concentrations were similar in the three groups, prolactin
      levels in breast fluids from the Finnish women were frequently higher than those
      in the American controls. A similar trend, which did not reach statistical
      significance, was observed in the 43 of 93 (46%) secretors with fibrocystic
      disease and cyclical mastalgia.

PMID- 2418945
TI  - Urinary excretion of pseudouridine in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - The urinary concentration of pseudouridine, primarily a degradation product of
      transfer ribonucleic acid, was determined by high-performance liquid
      chromatography in 23 patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma, 13 patients
      with liver cirrhosis, and 24 healthy controls. The urinary concentration of
      pseudouridine in the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma was significantly
      higher than that in the patients with liver cirrhosis or the healthy controls.
      Sixteen (70%) of the 23 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma had urinary
      pseudouridine levels higher than the mean value for the healthy controls plus 2
      standard deviations. Nine of the 13 patients (69%) who had a serum alpha
      fetoprotein level below 400 ng/ml, had elevated urinary pseudouridine levels.
      Thus, the two markers, urinary pseudouridine and serum alpha-fetoprotein in
      combination, which were detected in a total of 19 of the 23 patients (83%) with
      hepatocellular carcinoma, are considered to serve as complementary markers for
      the diagnosis of this disease.

PMID- 2418946
TI  - Ovarian endodermal sinus tumor with intestinal differentiation.
AB  - A 12-year-old girl was admitted to the hospital for evaluation of an abdominal
      mass. A preoperative computed tomography scan showed a large tumor in the pelvis.
      The serum alpha-fetoprotein level was 2,170,000 ng/ml. A 3000-g left ovarian
      neoplasm was resected. It was encapsulated and showed focal microcystic
      degeneration, necrosis, and hemorrhage. Microscopically, it was composed of gland
      like spaces containing mucin-positive material and surrounded by scant
      fibrovascular tissue. The epithelial cells were low columnar with immature oval,
      basophilic nuclei. Immunoperoxidase staining for alpha-fetoprotein and alpha1
      antitrypsin were positive. Enzyme histochemistry was negative for alkaline
      phosphatase and positive for alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase. Electron
      microscopy, including freeze-fracture analysis, showed desmosomes and tight
      junctions. No gap junctions were identified. Actin filaments, glycogen, and
      microvilli were abundant. This is the first case of an ovarian endodermal sinus
      tumor with exclusive enteric differentiation.

PMID- 2418947
TI  - Prognostic factors in adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix.
AB  - A group of 136 female patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix, treated
      at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between 1949 and 1981, with slides
      available for review, formed the basis for this study. They ranged in age from 10
      to 91 years. Most (73%) had abnormal bleeding, either alone or in combination
      with other symptoms; 15% were asymptomatic. Eighty percent had a visible
      abnormality, most commonly an exophytic mass. Clinical stages were: 0 (3%), IB
      (61%), IIA (14%), IIB (10%), III (4%). There were four major histologic subtypes:
      mucinous (47%), endometrioid (24%), adenosquamous (15%), and clear cell (9%)
      carcinoma. Of the many clinicopathologic variables evaluated for prognosis, the
      most significant was stage of disease (P less than 0.0001). Those with Stage IB
      disease had a survival probability of 76% at 5 years compared with 49% for those
      with Stage IIA and 34% with Stage IIB. The endometrioid pattern was associated
      with a more favorable prognosis than any other histologic subtype (P = 0.02). The
      presence of lymphatic tumor emboli and/or metastatic carcinoma in any lymph node
      group was associated with a less favorable prognosis for patients with Stage IB
      and IIA disease (P less than 0.0001).

PMID- 2418948
TI  - Patterns of BrdU incorporation in homogeneously staining regions and double
      minutes.
AB  - The replication chronology of two structural chromosome abnormalities linked to
      the amplification phenomenon of DNA sequences was investigated. Three cell lines
      containing homogeneously staining region (HSR) chromosomes (IMR-32, MK42, and
      COLO-320) and one line with double minutes (DM) (SW-613) were examined. Using a
      bromodeoxyuridine-Hoechst 33258-Giemsa method, the HSR in the three cell lines
      were shown to be composed of subunits that replicated their DNA throughout all
      portions of the S-phase of the cell cycle. The double minute chromosomes were
      observed to replicate randomly throughout the entire S-phase, with no pattern
      evident. These results are consistent with the suggestion that DNA from HSR and
      DM are structurally and functionally related. Moreover, this observation that
      these amplified regions replicate their DNA throughout the entire S-phase favors
      the idea that, during amplification processes, both early and late replicating
      sequences are included. The apparent discordance between staining characteristics
      and replication behavior exhibited by some HSR and DM are also discussed.

PMID- 2418949
TI  - In vitro synergism between hybrid immunotoxins and chemotherapeutic drugs:
      relevance to immunotherapy of prostate carcinoma.
AB  - Cultured prostate carcinoma cells incubated in the presence of a novel hybrid
      immunotoxin and ricin A chain exhibited synergy with the chemotherapeutic drugs
      vinblastine, methotrexate, and bleomycin. No cooperative effect was noted with
      adriamycin. Under conditions where individual components of immunotoxin or
      chemotherapeutic drug mixtures were nontoxic or minimally toxic the immunotoxin
      drug mixture exhibited marked impact on 14C amino acid incorporation into
      prostate carcinoma cells. Analysis of drug-treated cells by flow cytometry
      indicated that cells exposed to vinblastine and bleomycin bound hybrid
      immunotoxin antibody to a greater extent than cells not exposed to these drugs.
      Adriamycin did not exhibit synergistic cytotoxicity with hybrid immunotoxin.
      Also, adriamycin did not enhance antibody binding as evaluated by flow cytometry.
      The fact that hybrid monoclonal antibody-ricin A chain (HIT-RAC) conjugates
      inhibited uptake of 14C amino acids 3 to 10-fold within 48 h of incubation with
      target cells and that this inhibition was further increased 2 to 3-fold in
      conjunction with three out of four chemotherapeutic drugs tested may be
      attributed to the unique cytotoxicity imposed by the hybrid immunotoxins. The RAC
      moiety is not chemically coupled to antibody but instead occupies one of the
      antigen-combining sites of the molecule. In this manner, RAC is closely
      juxtaposed to the cell membrane of the target cell and is anchored in this
      position via binding of the remaining antigen-combining site to p40 prostate
      restricted antigen.

PMID- 2418950
TI  - Genetic suppression of tumor formation: a new frontier in cancer research.

PMID- 2418951
TI  - Cellular retention of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate and the
      pattern of recovery of DNA synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - The factors associated with the recovery of DNA synthesis in Chinese hamster
      ovary cells after inhibition with 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine have been
      investigated. Maintenance of cellular concentrations of the active metabolite 9
      beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate was dependent upon a constant
      exogenous source of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine, without which the
      triphosphate rapidly degraded. DNA synthesis was inhibited maximally at cellular
      concentrations of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-triphosphate in excess of
      100 microM, but it recovered substantially as the triphosphate concentrations
      declined below 30 microM. Autoradiographic studies indicated that 9-beta-D
      arabinofuranosyladenine had a synchronizing effect on the cells and that recovery
      of DNA synthesis occurred initially at rates much reduced from those seen in
      uninhibited cells. A greater portion of an inhibited population recovered DNA
      synthesis than was able to retain clonogenic potential. These results are
      consistent with a mechanism of toxicity that postulates recovery of DNA synthesis
      as a requisite for the loss of viability.

PMID- 2418952
TI  - Characterization of estrogen responsive transforming activity in human breast
      cancer cell lines.
AB  - We have characterized the production of transforming growth factor (TGF)
      activities by five human breast cancer cell lines in culture. The presence of TGF
      alpha and -beta activity in medium conditioned by these cells was detected by
      induction of anchorage-independent colony formation of normal rat kidney cells in
      soft agar and by epidermal growth factor and TGF-beta receptor competition
      studies. In MCF-7, an estrogen-receptor positive cell line which requires
      estrogen for tumorigenesis in vivo, 17 beta-estradiol induced a 2-5-fold increase
      in a TGF-alpha-like activity (apparent molecular weight, 68,000 and 30,000 by
      column chromatography). An estrogen induction of lower magnitude (1.5-2.5-fold)
      was also seen in two other estrogen responsive cell lines, ZR-75-B and T47D. TGF
      beta was not induced by 17 beta-estradiol in any of the three cell lines and was
      decreased by up to 50% of control in the MCF-7 and T47D cell lines. TGF-beta was
      not detectable by radioreceptor assay in the ZR-75-B cell line. Two hormone
      independent and highly tumorigenic cell lines were studied. The MDA-MB-231 cell
      line produced large amounts of both TGF-alpha-like (Mr 30,000) and TGF-beta
      activities. In the HS578T cell line, little TGF-alpha was detectable, while large
      amounts of TGF-beta were produced. No simple correlations between the
      tumorigenicity of the cell lines in nude mice and production of either TGF
      activity could be demonstrated.

PMID- 2418953
TI  - In vitro selection and characterization of a bleomycin-resistant subline of B16
      melanoma.
AB  - A subline of B16 melanoma cells which is 10-fold resistant to bleomycin (BLM) was
      developed by exposure of the parental cell line to sequential increases in BLM
      concentration. This resistance to BLM is stable for over 30 passages in drug-free
      medium. Neither double minute chromosomes nor homogeneously staining regions were
      evident in karyotypes of the resistant cells. The subline, B16/BLM-R1, was
      slightly radioresistant, with a D0 ratio of 1.4 compared to the parental cells.
      No cross-resistance was observed to a number of cytotoxic drugs, including
      doxorubicin, melphalan, cisplatin, carmustine, dactinomycin, mitomycin C, and
      vinblastine. However, slight cross-resistance (2-fold) was noted with etoposide.
      Marked resistance to BLM also was demonstrated in vivo in mice bearing B16/BLM-R1
      implanted s.c. Possible mechanisms of BLM resistance in these cells were explored
      through examination of the degree of drug inactivation by BLM hydrolase and
      measurement of single- and double-strand DNA scission, as well as repair of
      single strand breaks by the alkaline elution technique. The specific activity of
      BLM hydrolase was 70% higher in the resistant subline, commensurate with a 50%
      increase in protein content in these cells. Because this is insufficient to
      account for the 10-fold resistance, BLM hydrolase activity does not appear to be
      a major determinant of resistance in B16/BLM-R1. The overall number of single and
      double strand breaks in DNA produced by bleomycin treatment did not differ in the
      sensitive and resistant cells. The cross-resistance with ionizing radiation and
      etoposide suggests an enhanced capability of B16/BLM-R1 cells to withstand or
      repair single strand breaks in DNA. However, this was not evident by measuring
      repair of single strand scission by alkaline elution.

PMID- 2418954
TI  - Specificity of reagents directed to the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen and their
      capacity to bind to the surface of human carcinoma cell lines.
AB  - The Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T-antigen) is a cryptic disaccharide structure
      on human erythrocytes and is supposed to be expressed in an unhidden form on
      carcinoma cells. We tested the ability of four anti-T reagents (i.e., peanut
      agglutinin, human and rabbit anti-T antisera, and monoclonal anti-T antibodies)
      to agglutinate neuraminidase treated human erythrocytes and compared their
      capacity to bind to the surface of human carcinoma cell lines or neuraminidase
      treated lymphocytes. We found that all of the reagents strongly agglutinated
      neuraminidase treated erythrocytes. In contrast, only peanut agglutinin and the
      monoclonal antibody bound to the surface of carcinoma cell lines and to
      neuraminidase treated lymphocytes. Peanut agglutinin was inhibited by D-galactose
      and is known to be specific for the T-disaccharide. The determinants on
      erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and carcinoma cells, recognized by peanut agglutinin,
      are resistant to trypsin treatment. The monoclonal antibody was specifically
      inhibited by phenyl-beta-D-galactoside. The binding sites on erythrocytes and
      lymphocytes for the monoclonal antibody can be removed by treatment with trypsin
      or Pronase. On the other hand, the binding sites on carcinoma cells are resistant
      to trypsin but can be removed with Pronase. In contrast to the peanut agglutinin
      binding sites on carcinoma cells the structures recognized by the monoclonal
      antibody cannot be further increased by neuraminidase treatment. Human and rabbit
      anti-T antisera did not bind to tumor cell surface or to neuraminidase treated
      lymphocytes. Hemagglutination of human anti-T could be inhibited by asialofetuin;
      the specificity of rabbit anti-T could not be established in this study.
      Hemagglutination with both antisera is resistant to trypsin but partially
      sensitive to Pronase treatment. These results indicate that each of the reagents
      has a distinct specificity and recognizes different antigenic determinants on
      different molecules. Only peanut agglutinin and monoclonal anti-T antibodies are
      able to detect common structures on the surface of neuraminidase treated
      erythrocytes and carcinoma cell lines.

PMID- 2418955
TI  - Identification of a Mr 40,000 polypeptide from colorectal cancer which expresses
      organ-specific cancer neoantigen activity as determined by leukocyte adherence
      inhibition.
AB  - Human cancers express organ-specific neoantigens (OSNs) that elicit immune
      responses in the tumor host. Leukocyte adherence inhibition, an in vitro assay
      that detects the antitumor immunity, was used to monitor the purification of the
      OSN from serum-free spent medium of tissue-cultured colon cancer cell lines (HCT
      15 and SW-620). A monoclonal antibody (anti-p40) directed to a cross-reactive
      framework determinant of Mr 40,000 (p40) cell surface polypeptide, which was a
      principal component of the enriched isolate with OSN activity, was used to
      monitor the purification of p40 by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. About 50
      liters of spent medium were generated from 20 m2 of cells, collected,
      concentrated, and then separated by anion exchange, molecular-sieve, and blue
      Sepharose affinity chromatography. OSN and p40 activity coisolated. p40 was then
      purified by monoclonal antibody anti-p40 affinity chromatography. The affinity
      purified fraction was enriched for both p40 and leukocyte adherence inhibition
      activity that was specific for leukocytes from colon cancer patients in blind
      leukocyte adherence inhibition assays. When affinity-purified p40 from colon and
      lung cancers was tested blind in a criss-cross fashion with leukocytes from colon
      and lung cancer patients, the positive responses were to the appropriate p40. The
      homologous colon cancer p40 molecule showed size and considerable charge
      microheterogeneity (pI 6.3 to 7.6). Affinity-purified p40 and OSN coisolated on
      hydrophobic interaction and hydroxylapatite high-pressure liquid chromatography.
      Note that not all colon cancer OSN activity was bound by the anti-p40 affinity
      column. However, unbound OSN activity also eluted from hydrophobic interaction
      high-pressure liquid chromatography at the same time as affinity-purified p40,
      and residual p40 activity was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. The
      results indicate that a p40 glycoprotein from the cell membrane of colon cancer
      cells coisolates with fractions having OSN activity. Impurities do not seem to
      account for the OSN activity. The OSN epitope on the Mr 40,000 molecule is
      recognized by leukocytes from colon cancer patients and is distinct from the
      cross-reactive framework determinant recognized by mouse monoclonal antibody anti
      p40.

PMID- 2418957
TI  - Effect of Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton on murine interferon production in
      vitro.
AB  - Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS) induced alpha- plus beta-interferons
      (IFN-alpha/beta) in resident peritoneal cells and bone marrow cells from normal
      mice. N-CWS also induced IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-gamma in the cultures of
      thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal cells. When induced with N-CWS, the mixed
      cultures of thioglycollate-elicited macrophages and spleen cells produced high
      titered IFN-gamma. Both macrophages and lymphocytes present in spleen cells (non
      T, non-B, asialo-GM1-positive) were essential for the production.
      Immunofluorescence staining with anti-IFN-gamma antiserum showed the presence of
      IFN-gamma in lymphocytes but not in macrophages, suggesting that lymphocytes were
      producer cells and macrophages were accessory cells. Because IFN-gamma is an
      important lymphokine in immune response, the ability of N-CWS to stimulate IFN
      gamma production may account for a significant portion of the antitumor activity
      of this agent.

PMID- 2418956
TI  - A distinctive form of human chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit-like material
      produced by cervical carcinoma cells.
AB  - The DoT and CaSki human cervical carcinoma cell lines ectopically produce
      material immunologically similar to the beta-subunit of human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG beta). Culture fluids were analyzed by gel filtration
      chromatography and radioimmunoassay (RIA) using (a) antiserum directed to
      conformation-specific (core-directed) determinants not involving the carboxyl
      terminal peptide (CTP) in hCG beta purified from urinary hCG (i.e., standard hCG
      beta) or (b) antiserum directed to the CTP in standard hCG beta. CTP-directed RIA
      recognized a peak of hCG beta-like immunoreactive material that eluted in the
      same position as standard hCG beta. However, core-directed RIA recognized
      additional hCG beta-like material (i.e., ectopic beta-II), most of which eluted
      before standard hCG beta. CaSki cells were incubated with [3H]mannose,
      [3H]proline, and [3H] leucine, and the spent medium was immunoprecipitated and
      analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Several labeled peaks were detected in the lane
      from the anti-hCG beta X Sepharose immunoprecipitate, one of which corresponded
      in mobility to standard hCG beta, with two more intense components migrating at
      higher apparent molecular weights. Carboxypeptidase Y digestion released only 0.2
      mol equivalents each of [3H]proline and [3H]leucine from the labeled CaSki
      material immunoprecipitated with anti-hCG beta X Sepharose, compared to 1 mol
      equivalent each in similar analysis of standard hCG beta. These findings were
      consistent with the absence of the 4-carboxy-terminal amino acids from 80% of the
      hCG beta-like immunoreactive material secreted by CaSki cells. The affinity
      purified ectopic beta-II failed to combine with standard hCG alpha under
      conditions in which combination of standard hCG beta with standard hCG alpha was
      essentially complete. Neither aggregation nor proteolytic degradation was the
      cause of failure of ectopic beta-II to combine with hCG alpha. We conclude that
      both the DoT and CaSki cervical carcinoma cell lines secrete a distinctive form
      of hCG beta-like material, ectopic beta-II. Lack of recognition by CTP-directed
      antisera and amino acid analysis suggest that ectopic beta-II may lack the CTP,
      despite its apparent larger size relative to standard hCG beta.

PMID- 2418958
TI  - Elevated amounts of a 7S nuclear RNA with sequence homology to a tumor virus
      promoter in transformed and tumorigenic cells.
AB  - A small nuclear RNA (7S-K) from cultured mammalian cells has been shown, in
      previous studies, to have the characteristics expected of a gene regulatory
      molecule, i.e., a tissue- and species-specific stimulatory activity for
      initiation of transcription of protein-coding genes. Moreover, in simian virus 40
      (SV40)-transformed mouse cells, this RNA was shown, by S1-analysis, to bear an
      extensive homology to the SV40 promoter, suggesting that it acts by base-pairing
      to DNA in this region to facilitate the formation of the transcription-initiation
      complex. In order to investigate whether or not this homology is restricted to
      SV40-transformed cells and in any way related to transformation, a series of
      normal and transformed cell lines were examined for the degree of homology
      between their 7S-K RNAs and the SV40 promoter. Results show that the amount of 7S
      K RNA hybridizable to the promoter varies as a direct function of the established
      degree of tumorigenic activity of the cells and is not dependent on the presence
      of SV 40 sequences. Taken together with the known overexpression of some cellular
      oncogenes in tumor tissues, these results suggest that this particular RNA may be
      involved in stimulating transcription of, at least, some of these genes.

PMID- 2418959
TI  - Bladder cancer xenografts: a model of tumor cell heterogeneity.
AB  - Twenty bladder biopsies from patients with primary transitional cell carcinoma
      were inoculated into nude mice. To date, eleven of these have grown as primary
      implants and three serially transplantable xenograft lines (UCRU-BL-12, UCRU-BL
      13, UCRU-BL-14) have been established. The histological and ultrastructural
      features of human transitional cell carcinoma have been maintained in each line.
      Despite a relatively uniform histological appearance, several indices of occult
      tumor heterogeneity have been revealed. Immunocytochemical staining was negative
      for beta-subunit human chorionic gonadotrophin but positive for carcinoembryonic
      antigen only in areas of squamous differentiation. All three tumors bound peanut
      lectin. Flow cytometric DNA analysis of UCRU-BL-13 showed multiple aneuploid
      peaks, separate populations being demonstrated in different xenografts of the
      same generation. However, the morphologies of these tumors remained identical. On
      initial implantation UCRU-BL-12 and UCRU-BL-14 were near diploid but aneuploid
      populations became apparent with increasing passage number. Each xenograft line
      caused cachexia in the host mice. Treatment with the cisplatin analogue,
      isopropyl platinum, ameliorated the cachexia displayed by mice carrying UCRU-BL
      14 but did not cause tumor regression. UCRU-BL-12, when tested with cisplatin,
      isopropyl platinum, and carboplatin, showed equivalent growth retardation with
      each drug. These xenografted human bladder cancers may be useful models for the
      study of heterogeneity of the tumor populations in bladder cancer and for the
      evaluation of new approaches to treatment.

PMID- 2418960
TI  - Reversible inhibition of normal human prokeratinocyte proliferation by type beta
      transforming growth factor-growth inhibitor in serum-free medium.
AB  - Type beta transforming growth factor-growth inhibitor (TGF beta/GI) causes normal
      human prokeratinocytes to arrest growth predominantly in the G1 phase of the cell
      cycle within 48 h after log phase cultures are exposed to the factor in serum
      free medium. The growth arrest induced by TGF beta/GI is reversible because the
      cells from treated cultures can be replated into fresh medium and grown into
      large colonies. Normal prokeratinocytes are demonstrated to secrete TGF beta/GI
      like molecules into the culture medium and to have specific cell surface
      receptors for this molecule. In contrast, a human squamous cell carcinoma, SCC
      25, does not arrest growth when exposed to TGF beta/GI. These cells, unlike the
      normal prokeratinocytes, do not exhibit detectable cell surface receptors for the
      factor.

PMID- 2418961
TI  - Mammary tumorigenesis and tumor morphology in four C3H sublines with or without
      exogenous mammary tumor virus.
AB  - Mammary tumorigenesis was surveyed in retired breeding females in four sublines
      of the C3H strain: in standard milk-transmitted early oncogenic mouse mammary
      tumor virus (MMTV)-infected C3H/He and C3H/Ki mice, and in standard milk
      transmitted early oncogenic MMTV free C3Hf/He and C3Hf/Ki mice. All of 58 C3H/Ki
      mice and 98% (306 of 309) of the C3H/He mice developed palpable mammary tumors at
      average ages of 276 and 284 days, respectively. Thirty-one % (47 of 152) of the
      C3Hf/Ki mice and 77% (168 of 218) of the C3Hf/He mice developed palpable mammary
      tumors at average ages of 798 and 757 days, respectively. The mammary tumors
      removed from C3H/He and C3H/Ki mice were all adenocarcinomas of epithelial
      origin, and all contained MMTV. The mammary tumors removed from C3Hf/He and
      C3Hf/Ki mice were either adenocarcinomas or sarcomas. The carcinomas were of
      epithelial origin and all expressed the late oncogenic endogenous MMTV. The
      sarcomas were of histiocyte or fibrocyte origin and contained neither virus
      particles nor MMTV antigenic markers. It is concluded that exogenous standard
      milk-transmitted oncogenic MMTV oncogenesis in C3H mice is not modified by host
      genetic factors. In contrast, late oncogenic endogenous MMTV oncogenesis is
      influenced both by host genetic control of the expression of the late oncogenic
      MMTV provirus and by the location of the proviral genes in the germline DNA.

PMID- 2418962
TI  - Motor exhaust-related occupations and bladder cancer.
AB  - The relationship between employment in occupations with potential exposure to
      motor exhaust and bladder cancer risk was examined based on interviews conducted
      with 1909 white male bladder cancer patients and 3569 population controls during
      the National Bladder Cancer Study, a population-based, case-control study
      conducted in ten areas of the United States. Our findings indicated that males
      usually employed as truck drivers or deliverymen have a statistically
      significant, 50% increase in risk of bladder cancer. Overall, a statistically
      significant trend in risk with increasing duration of truck driving was observed.
      This trend was particularly consistent for drivers first employed at least 50
      years prior to diagnosis. Of these, truck drivers employed 25 years or more
      experienced a 120% increase in risk. Elevations in risk were also suggested for
      taxicab and bus drivers. These findings, coupled with experimental evidence of
      the mutagenicity and possible carcinogenicity of motor exhaust emission
      particulates, suggest a role for motor exhaust exposure in human bladder
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2418963
TI  - A cytogenetic study of familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.
AB  - Familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) is a malignant neoplasm of the
      calcitonin-producing C-cells of the thyroid gland, inherited in an autosomal
      dominant pattern with a high degree of penetrance. We have studied 26 individuals
      from 5 New England families with MCT with the goal of finding a cytogenetic test
      useful in the detection of the presence of the gene. G-banded metaphase spreads,
      segregational errors of chromosomes, breakage in untreated cells, breakage in
      bleomycin-challenged cells, and high-resolution banding of prophase/prometaphase
      spreads were examined; one or more of each of these procedures were studied in at
      least one affected individual in each of 5 families. All specimens were coded,
      and slides were scored blindly. All tests were negative with respect to
      significant differences from controls. We did not observe the minute deletion
      from the short arm of chromosome 20 that was reported by other investigators to
      occur in individuals with multiple endocrine neoplasia types 2A and 2B which
      include MCT. Contrasting results from our study and several other cytogenetic
      studies of MCT may reflect genetic heterogeneity among the families studied
      and/or differing environmental factors in various geographic locations that are
      possibly associated with initiation and onset of the disease.

PMID- 2418964
TI  - Induction of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and blast transformation in primary
      chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells following exposure to interferon in vitro.
AB  - Interferon (IFN) can induce blast transformation and differentiation of malignant
      cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In this work the
      capacity of IFN to induce 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2',5'-A synthetase) in
      lymphoid cells from patients with CLL was investigated, and the results were
      related to the induction of blast transformation. IFN induced enhanced levels of
      2',5'-A synthetase in unseparated lymphoid cells from 18 of 24 patients with CLL.
      In a control group of 11 healthy donors, 2',5'-A synthetase was induced in all
      cases tested. There was a close correlation between induction of 2',5'-A
      synthetase and induction of blast transformation by IFN. Thus, transformation
      occurred in clones expressing enhanced levels of 2',5'-A synthetase, but not in
      those showing no increase in 2',5'-A synthetase. An enhancement of 2',5'-A
      synthetase was observed in the IFN-sensitive cells following exposure to
      concentrations as low as 0.5 IFN units/ml. For induction of blast transformation,
      10-1000 times more IFN was required. One h of pretreatment was sufficient for
      induction of 2',5'-A synthetase, whereas 20 h of pretreatment were required for
      induction of transformation by IFN. The finding that induction of 2',5'-A
      synthetase parallels interferon-induced blast transformation indicates that the
      reason why some CLL clones do not differentiate following exposure to IFN is a
      resistance of these cells to the action of IFN. The resistance to IFN in some CLL
      clones may be due to a defect in the 2',5'-A synthetase system of the cells, but
      it could also be at an early stage of the interaction between IFN and the cell,
      for instance at the receptor level.

PMID- 2418965
TI  - Biochemical changes induced in hairy-cell leukemia following treatment with the
      adenosine deaminase inhibitor 2'-deoxycoformycin.
AB  - The adenosine deaminase inhibitor 2'-deoxycoformycin and interferon are highly
      effective in the treatment of hairy-cell leukemia. In this study, a patient with
      type 2 hairy-cell leukemia was treated with one cycle of 2'-deoxycoformycin (4
      mg/m2, i.v. weekly for 3 weeks), which was repeated at 9 wk. No toxicity was
      observed, and the hairy cell count fell from 72,000/mm3 to 5,000/mm3 in 3 mo,
      with a concomitant 50% decrease in the spleen size. The erythrocyte
      deoxyadenosine triphosphate content increased to 13.6 pmol/10(6) cells following
      the initial three weekly treatments, but there was no decrease in the adenosine
      triphosphate pool size and no evidence of hemolysis. The hairy cell adenosine
      deaminase activity was inhibited by greater than 95% 24 h following the first 2'
      deoxycoformycin injection and returned to the pretreatment value at Day 8,
      although there was a linear decline in peripheral hairy cell count (50%) during
      this period. No ultrastructural changes were observed in the hairy cells
      following 2'-deoxycoformycin to suggest lymphocytotoxicity or cellular
      differentiation. The antitumor activity of 2'-deoxycoformycin could not be
      attributed to alterations in the hairy cell deoxyadenosine triphosphate/adenosine
      triphosphate levels or to the induction of DNA strand breaks. Additionally, the
      plasma levels of interferon did not change during therapy, making it unlikely
      that 2'-deoxycoformycin exerts its activity by inducing endogenous interferon
      synthesis.

PMID- 2418966
TI  - Tolerance to antineoplastic agents in children and adults.

PMID- 2418967
TI  - Liver enzyme abnormalities after poly ICLC infusions.

PMID- 2418968
TI  - Some thoughts on the future of clinical trials in cancer.

PMID- 2418969
TI  - Phase II evaluation of cisplatin, bleomycin, and vindesine in advanced squamous
      cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group Trial.
AB  - Adults with advanced, measurable, squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus were
      treated with a combination of cisplatin, bleomycin, and vindesine. Of 27
      evaluable patients, seven (29%) had partial response, all occurring within the
      first two cycles of therapy. Of 13 patients receiving more than two cycles, only
      five completed the five planned cycles of therapy and did not progress while
      receiving the additional three cycles. Granulocytopenia was the major toxic
      effect observed, with 52% of the patients having neutrophil counts less than
      1000/mm3. Findings suspicious for bleomycin pulmonary toxicity were observed in
      two evaluable patients and bleomycin toxicity was pathologically confirmed in one
      ineligible patient. Based on the results of this study, this regimen cannot be
      recommended for routine use in patients with advanced esophageal cancer. The
      search for more effective and less toxic regimens should continue.

PMID- 2418970
TI  - Exercise-induced arrhythmias and hypotension: significance and clinical
      management.

PMID- 2418971
TI  - Use of exercise testing in noncoronary heart disease.
AB  - Although the application of exercise testing has not been as extensive in
      patients with noncoronary heart disease as in those with atherosclerotic coronary
      heart disease, the body of knowledge of the roles of exercise testing in these
      disorders is increasing. The usefulness of this extension of the clinical
      examination in the evaluation of patients with a variety of noncoronary
      cardiovascular disorders is becoming increasingly apparent.

PMID- 2418972
TI  - Effects of phenylephrin in duct-ligated submandibular glands with or without
      testosterone administration. Histochemical observations of EGF, keratin and sugar
      residues in granular convoluted tubules.

PMID- 2418973
TI  - Cryoultramicrotomy of unfixed tissues: simultaneous transference, 'ionic
      fixation' and negative staining of the sections by means of silicotungstic acid.

PMID- 2418974
TI  - Ultrastructure and localization of substance P and met-enkephalin
      immunoreactivity in the human fetal gastric antrum.
AB  - The ultrastructural localization and relations of substance P- and met-enkephalin
      labeled neuronal structures were examined in the wall of the human gastric antrum
      during early fetal life. By 14-16 weeks of gestation, clearly discernable neural
      plexuses and a well developed external muscle coat were present. In the submucous
      coat, neural plexuses varied from immature forms consisting of 1-4 neurites
      partially enveloped by Schwann cell processes to more mature plexuses where
      neurons were completely enclosed by Schwann cell processes. Neuronal profiles
      with substance P- and met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivities were observed in the
      submucous plexus. In the myenteric plexus met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity
      was seen within cell bodies and neurites. By contrast, although substance P-like
      immunoreactivity was observed in neurites in the myenteric plexus, no substance P
      labeled somata could be identified. Unlabeled terminals were seen in contact with
      both unlabeled dendrites and met-enkephalinergic neurons. An increase in electron
      density was observed at the sites of contact. These structures probably represent
      early stages in the development of synaptic specializations. In addition, met
      enkephalin-labeled varicosities were seen in apposition to smooth muscle cells of
      the circular muscle coat. This suggests that antral smooth muscle cells are
      directly innervated by met-enkephalin neurons.

PMID- 2418975
TI  - Macrophages in the interstitial tissue of the rat testis.
AB  - Macrophages were identified in the intertubular tissue of the rat testis by
      loading animals with a particulate vital dye (trypan blue or India ink) and by
      localizing immunocytochemically a macrophage membrane antigen (MRC W3/25). Leydig
      cells were identified by the histochemical staining reaction for 3 beta
      hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and by a monoclonal antibody. Macrophages
      were scattered in the interstitial tissue closely attached to and mixed with the
      Leydig cells. They were never found in the seminiferous tubules. The macrophages
      comprised about 25% of all the cells in the interstitium. Double staining with a
      vital dye and a marker antibody showed that all the phagocytosing cells were
      macrophages and that the Leydig cells did not take up vital dyes. Double staining
      for the demonstration of the 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and the
      macrophage antigen likewise revealed two distinctly different cell populations.
      Crude Leydig cell preparations obtained by collagenase treatment of the testis
      contained macrophages (12-14%). Macrophages were present throughout the postnatal
      prepuberal development of the testis. Their density was increased in the
      cryptorchid and irradiated testis.

PMID- 2418976
TI  - Preservation of cellular polarity in isolated hepatocytes. Visualization of
      cytoskeletal structures by indirect immunofluorescence and fluorescent staining
      with tetramethylrhodaminyl-phalloidin.
AB  - The distribution of actin, myosin and tropomyosin in freshly isolated and short
      term cultured rat hepatocytes was investigated by use of both rhodaminyl
      phalloidin staining and immunofluorescence techniques. The cytoskeletal proteins
      were mainly located in distinct areas of the hepatocyte membrane, corresponding
      to their accumulation in the bile-canalicular region of liver tissue. In freshly
      prepared cells, these sections resembled sharp, angled or branched bands, similar
      to the pattern of hemicanaliculi. During incubation in a monolayer culture, these
      bands were transformed to circular formations. Simultaneously, enclosed bile
      canalicular spaces between undissociated hepatocytes were visualized by staining
      of actin, myosin, and tropomyosin. The preservation of canalicular cytoskeletal
      structures in isolated hepatocytes is an indication of cellular polarity. Our
      findings suggest a uniform association of membrane-bound F-actin with myosin and
      tropomyosin.

PMID- 2418977
TI  - Nucleolus-like bodies in the pineal gland of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus
      sungorus).
AB  - Light- and electron-microscopic observations on the pineal gland of Phodopus
      sungorus revealed intracytoplasmic inclusions resembling nucleolus-like bodies
      similar to those found in other regions of the central nervous system. Bernhard's
      EDTA method was used to confirm that these inclusions were nucleolus-like bodies.
      These structures were rarely found in pinealocytes of sexually active long-day
      animals, whereas large numbers of them were observed in pinealocytes of sexually
      quiescent short-day animals. Nucleolus-like bodies may therefore be involved in
      pineal secretion.

PMID- 2418978
TI  - Elevation of calmodulin in avian muscular dystrophy.
AB  - In an attempt to understand the mechanism of calcium accumulation in myopathies,
      changes in the major calcium-binding protein, calmodulin, was studied in
      genetically dystrophic chickens. Measurements by radioimmunoassay revealed an
      increase in the calmodulin concentration of dystrophic chicken muscles. Poly A
      containing RNA(s) of fast and slow muscles from the normal and dystrophic chicks
      were hybridized with [32P]-labeled calmodulin cDNA probe by the dot-hybridization
      technique. Densitometric scan of the autoradiogram showed that the calmodulin
      mRNA levels of dystrophic fast muscles (pectoralis and posterior latissimus
      dorsi) were approximately two-fold higher than those of the corresponding normal
      muscles. No significant change in calmodulin and calmodulin messenger RNA of slow
      muscle (ALD) was found in dystrophic chickens. Our results suggest that increased
      calcium flux within the dystrophic muscle may be modulated by calmodulin.

PMID- 2418979
TI  - The use of dextran-40 during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: a
      report of three cases of anaphylactoid reactions--one near fatal.
AB  - Successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is achieved by fracture
      of the atheromatous plaque and perhaps dilatation of the arterial walls to
      increase the luminal diameter of the artery. Because this "controlled" injury
      stimulates platelet adhesion on the subendothelial matrix, the use of dextran-40
      in addition to heparin has been advocated. The overall incidence of Dextran
      induced anaphylactoid reactions at our institution was 0.6% and of severe life
      threatening reactions, 0.2%. With the recent doubts cast on the efficacy of
      dextran-40, the question arises regarding its routine use in PTCA.

PMID- 2418980
TI  - Arg-Gly-Asp: a versatile cell recognition signal.

PMID- 2418981
TI  - The steps of reverse transcription of Drosophila mobile dispersed genetic
      elements and U3-R-U5 structure of their LTRs.
AB  - Reverse transcription intermediate forms (minus and plus strong-stop DNA) are
      detected in Drosophila melanogaster cultured cells for mobile dispersed genetic
      elements mdg1, mdg3, and mdg4 (gypsy). The mdg elements studied possess a common
      mechanism of reverse transcription, despite their structural differences, and the
      comparative analysis of intermediate forms proves that mdg elements pass the same
      stages of reverse transcription as retroviruses. The length of minus strong-stop
      DNA that locates the RNA start site coincides with the data obtained from S1
      nuclease analysis of transcription initiation. S1 analysis has also revealed that
      mdg LTRs have a U3-R-U5 structure analogous to that of retroviral LTRs.
      Transcription of mdg1, mdg3, and mdg4 is initiated within or immediately after
      the same sequence TCAGTPy. Neither the TATA box nor the CAAT box can be found at
      their characteristic positions upstream of the 5' ends of mRNAs.

PMID- 2418982
TI  - Phenotypic heterogeneity in 3-methylcholanthrene-induced transformation of normal
      rat kidney cells infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus.
AB  - Normal rat kidney cells, infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus, were
      treated with 3-methylcholanthrene at passage 5 postinfection. Foci of transformed
      cells appeared after 9-11 passages following this treatment. Characterization of
      four different randomly isolated foci revealed a striking diversity with respect
      to various tested phenotypic parameters. Remarkable differences were observed
      among these transformed clones regarding their cell morphology, growth rate,
      saturation density, serum requirements, virus release and its response to rat and
      mouse fibroblast interferons. This study demonstrates that cell transformation by
      chemical-retroviral co-carcinogenesis may lead to the formation of phenotypically
      heterogeneous tumor cells.

PMID- 2418983
TI  - Spinal cord edema, 5-hydroxytryptamine, lipid peroxidation, and lysosomal enzyme
      release after acute contusion and compression injury in primates.
AB  - Physical and biochemical changes in the spinal cord of monkeys at 1/2, 2, and 4
      hours following 200 g cm contusion injury and 50 g of compression injury and 2
      hours of decompression following 4 hours of compression were studied. The
      pathophysiologic changes were milder in compression compared to contusion injury.
      Following contusion injury, at 1/2 and 2 hours there was significant increase in
      % water content, lipid peroxidation, and alpha-L-fucosidase. alpha-D-Mannosidase
      was significantly increased at all time periods, and beta-D-hexosaminidase was
      increased at 1/2 and 4 hours. At 4 hours following injury, serotonin (5 HT) and 5
      hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) showed a significant increase. From 10
      minutes to 2 hours there was increased platelet aggregation. In compression
      injury, a significant increase in water content and 5 HT was observed only at 1/2
      hour. Lipid peroxidation had increased at all time periods, whereas B-D
      hexosaminidase, beta-D-galactosidase, and 5-HIAA were increased at 2 hours. alpha
      D-Mannosidase had increased at 1/2 and 2 hours, and alpha-L-fucosidase had
      increased at 4 hours. After 2 hours decompression following 4 hours compression,
      water content, beta-D-galactosidase, and alpha-D-Mannosidase were significantly
      increased. An attempt was made to correlate the findings and to understand the
      sequential pathophysiologic changes in the first 4 hours following spinal cord
      trauma, providing a baseline for evaluation of the efficacy of any therapeutic
      maneuvers.

PMID- 2418984
TI  - [The effect of adrenaline, pilocarpine and timolol on axoplasmic transport in the
      optic nerve. I. Findings in normotensive eyes].

PMID- 2418985
TI  - [The effect of adrenaline, pilocarpine and timolol on axoplasmic transport in the
      optic nerve. II. Findings in eyes with increased intraocular pressure].

PMID- 2418986
TI  - [School readiness and health problems in the 6-year-old child].

PMID- 2418987
TI  - Species differences in the toxicity of p-chloro-o-toluidine to rats and mice.
      Covalent binding to hepatic macromolecules and hepatic non-parenchymal cell DNA
      and an investigation of effects upon the incorporation of [3H] thymidine into
      capillary endothelial cells.
AB  - The interaction of p-[14C] chloro-o-toluidine with hepatic macromolecules of rats
      and mice has been investigated. At all time points after single administration
      the extent of binding decreased in the order protein greater than RNA greater
      than DNA in both species. The level of binding to mouse liver DNA was greater
      than that to rat liver DNA after both single and repeated administration. In
      vitro studies showed that mouse liver fractions catalysed the binding of p-chloro
      o-toluidine to calf thymus DNA more readily than rat liver fractions. Conversely,
      binding to protein and RNA was more marked in the rat than in the mouse. Species
      differences in DNA repair rates were not observed. The results failed to
      demonstrate a preferential persistence of binding to mouse liver nonparenchymal
      cell DNA. Autoradiographic determinations did not demonstrate any effect of p
      chloro-o-toluidine upon the incorporation of [3H] thymidine into subcutaneous
      capillary endothelial cells. The results suggest that different reactive
      metabolites are responsible for binding to DNA and protein, and that the pattern
      of reactive metabolites formed from p-chloro-o-toluidine in the mouse differs
      from that formed in rats.

PMID- 2418988
TI  - Irreversible binding with biological macromolecules and effects in bacterial
      mutagenicity tests of the radical cation of promethazine and photoactivated
      promethazine. Comparison with chlorpromazine.
AB  - The irreversible binding of the radical cation of promethazine (PMZ+.) to DNA and
      protein in vitro and bacterial macromolecules in situ has been studied. Binding
      experiments were performed with synthesized [35S] promethazine. The results are
      compared to those with the chlorpromazine radical cation (CPZ+.). Secondary
      reaction products which result from fission of the alkylamino side chain are
      involved in the macromolecular binding of PMZ+. Compared to CPZ+. the covalent
      DNA binding of PMZ+. is significantly less. A larger amount of PMZ+. binds to
      single-stranded DNA than to double-stranded DNA. The extent of binding to
      proteins and RNA is of the same order as that of CPZ+. Bacterial mutagenicity
      tests show that the low genotoxicity of PMZ+. is related to the low DNA binding.
      The bacterial cytotoxicity is possibly related to the covalent protein binding.
      Similar results have been obtained with photoactivated promethazine (PMZ) and
      chlorpromazine (CPZ). The role of radical cations in the photosensitization and
      metabolic activation of phenothiazine drugs is discussed.

PMID- 2418989
TI  - Effect of rhatannin on the incorporation of precursors into proteins and
      ribonucleic acids of rat liver.

PMID- 2418990
TI  - Hyaluronidase-inhibitory and anti-allergic activities of the photo-irradiated
      products of tranilast.

PMID- 2418991
TI  - Characteristics of anion transport channels in the human erythrocyte. I.
      Interactions between eosin 5-isothiocyanate and band 3 proteins.

PMID- 2418992
TI  - In vitro activation of bleomycin by ultraviolet irradiation.

PMID- 2418993
TI  - Biologically active constituents of Centipeda minima: isolation of a new plenolin
      ester and the antiallergy activity of sesquiterpene lactones.

PMID- 2418994
TI  - [The localized observation of AFP and clinicopathological analysis of
      sacrococcygeal yolk sac carcinoma in infancy and childhood].

PMID- 2418996
TI  - [Recent controversies in the surgical treatment of pancreatic cancers].

PMID- 2418995
TI  - [Advances in immunohistochemical technics].

PMID- 2418997
TI  - Interaction of myelin basic protein with different ionization states of
      phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine.
AB  - Myelin basic protein (BP) has a perturbing effect on some lipids, causing, among
      other effects, a decrease in the temperature and enthalpy of the phase
      transition. This is believed to be a result of penetration of some hydrophobic
      residues of the protein partway into the lipid bilayer. Variations in the
      perturbing effect of BP on different acidic lipids has been attributed to the
      ability of the lipids to participate in intermolecular hydrogen bonding which
      inhibits penetration of the protein. Participation in intermolecular hydrogen
      bonding depends on the ionization state of the lipid as well as the type of
      lipid. In order to further test the dependence of the degree of penetration of BP
      on the intermolecular hydrogen bonding properties of lipids, the effect of BP on
      the phase transition of lipids in different ionization states was studied using
      differential scanning calorimetry. Dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid (DPPA) and
      dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS) were studied at different pH-values from 4
      to 9.5. The results were compared to data obtained earlier with
      phosphatidylglycerol (PG), which is in the same ionization state at pH-values
      above 4, in order to distinguish the effects of pH on the protein from effects on
      the lipids. The perturbing effect of BP on PG increases with increase in pH. This
      is probably a result of the increasing hydrophobicity of the protein as the
      histidines become deprotonated, which allows greater penetration of the protein
      into the bilayer. In contrast, the effect on DPPA was greatest at low pH, where
      the state of ionization of the lipid is less than 1 and protein binding utilizes
      all of the hydrogen bond accepting sites (P-O-) on the lipid. BP had no
      perturbing effect on DPPA at higher pH where the state of ionization is between 1
      and 1.5, and hydrogen bond accepting and donating sites (P-OH) are still
      available even after binding of the protein. Thus hydrogen bonding occurs at high
      pH and penetration of hydrophobic residues of the protein into DPPA is inhibited.
      BP had a large perturbing effect on DMPS at all pH values above 4 suggesting that
      lipid intermolecular hydrogen bonding does not occur in the presence of the
      protein and its hydrophobic residues consequently can penetrate into the bilayer.
      The protein may inhibit hydrogen bonding by binding electrostatically to the
      anionic hydrogen bond accepting group of PS.

PMID- 2418998
TI  - [A new silicone implant for neovascular glaucoma].

PMID- 2418999
TI  - [Neovascularization of the papilla of the optic nerve in occlusion of the retinal
      veins. Fluorescein angiography and treatment by laser].

PMID- 2419000
TI  - [Fuchs' spot in the severely myopic patient. Angiofluorographic aspects and laser
      treatment].

PMID- 2419001
TI  - Immunological aspects of virology. WHO Working Group.
AB  - This article summarizes the conclusions of a WHO Working Group concerning
      progress towards an improved understanding of the mechanisms of natural and
      vaccine-induced immunity to viral infection in man. Particular attention is given
      to the role of humoral immunity, non-specific cellular and virus-specific T-cell
      responses, interferons and lymphokines in the immune response to virus infection.
      Detailed knowledge of the immune responses relevant to protection by vaccines is
      important for a rational approach to vaccine design. Recommendations are made for
      future collaborative research in immunovirology with due consideration given to
      the needs of the recently established WHO Vaccine Development Programme.

PMID- 2419002
TI  - [The focus on vaccines--new approaches: a memorandum of a WHO meeting].

PMID- 2419003
TI  - Hepatitis virus non-A, non-B: the cause of a major public health problem in
      India.
AB  - Serological studies of hepatitis viruses A and B were carried out on 362 patients
      with acute viral hepatitis, 130 with fulminant hepatitis, and 56 with subacute
      hepatitis, and on samples of serum from 230 subjects during epidemics of viral
      hepatitis. A diagnosis of non-A, non-B viral hepatitis was made when serological
      tests showed that anti-HAV IgM and anti-HBc IgM were absent. Hepatitis virus non
      A, non-B was the causative agent responsible for 58% of cases with acute viral
      hepatitis, 58% with fulminant hepatitis, 87% with subacute hepatitis, and 66%
      with epidemic hepatitis. A considerable proportion of patients (6-32%) were
      infected with both hepatitis virus non-A, non-B and hepatitis virus B. Viral
      hepatitis non-A, non-B is probably transmitted by infection of drinking-water and
      is the principal cause of hepatitis in India.

PMID- 2419004
TI  - Evidence for an indirect mechanism of aflatoxin B1 inhibition of rat liver
      nuclear RNA polymerase II activity in vivo.
AB  - Previous studies suggested multiple sites of action of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in
      vivo to inhibit rat liver nuclear RNA synthesis--it impairs nucleolar DNA
      template function and inhibits RNA polymerase II activity. We have previously
      shown that AFB1 activated in vitro inhibits nucleolar RNA synthesis. The question
      is whether AFB1 can inhibit RNA polymerase II under these in vitro conditions.
      Male Sprague-Dawley rats, 200 g, were injected i.p. with 0.6 mg AFB1 and liver
      nuclei were isolated 2 h later. When the total nuclear free RNA polymerases were
      extracted and assayed in the absence and presence of alpha-amanitin (3.2
      micrograms/ml), we found that only alpha-amanitin-sensitive (i.e., RNA polymerase
      II) activity was inhibited (97%). DEAE-Sephadex chromatography confirmed this
      result. When total nuclear free RNA polymerases were incubated with AFB1
      activated in vitro under conditions producing 70% inhibition of nucleolar RNA
      synthesis, no inhibition was observed for either alpha-amanitin-sensitive or 
      resistant activities. Similar results were obtained with low and high (28 and 167
      micrograms/ml) concentrations of AFB1. This was further confirmed using highly
      purified RNA polymerase II. We conclude that AFB1 inhibition of RNA polymerase II
      activity in vivo is not a result of direct interaction of AFB1 to the enzyme.

PMID- 2419005
TI  - Sulfuric acid esters as major ultimate electrophilic and hepatocarcinogenic
      metabolites of 4-aminoazobenzene and its N-methyl derivatives in infant male
      C57BL/6J x C3H/HeJ F1 (B6C3F1) mice.
AB  - Liver cytosols from 12-day-old male C57BL/6 X C3H/HeJ F1 (B6C3F1) mice contain 3'
      phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS)-dependent sulfotransferase activity for
      N-hydroxy-4-aminoazobenzene and N-hydroxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene. No acetyl
      co-enzyme A-dependent transacetylase activity for these hydroxylamines was
      detected in the cytosols. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol
      were only moderately active inhibitors of the sulfotransferase activity; at a 100
      microM concentration each compound inhibited the activity by only 50-80%. A
      single dose of 0.04 mumol/g body weight of PCP administered to 12-day-old male
      B6C3F1 mice 45 min prior to a single dose of 0.1 mumol/g body weight of [3H]4
      aminoazobenzene ([3H]AB) or [3H]N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene ([3H]DAB)
      inhibited DNA adduct formation by approximately 50%. Under identical conditions,
      PCP also reduced the average number of hepatomas induced per mouse at 9 months by
      AB and N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene (MAB) by 52 and 36%, respectively. PCP strongly
      inhibited the hepatocarcinogenicity of DAB or AB when this agent was administered
      in the diet with either dye to female CD-1 mice over a 10- month period. Single
      doses of 0.15 mumol/g body weight of [3H]AB and [3H]DAB bound to hepatic DNA of
      12-day-old brachymorphic B6C3F2 mice, which are deficient in the synthesis of
      PAPS, at levels 15 and 20%, respectively, of those found in their phenotypically
      normal litter mates. Under identical conditions, the incidence of hepatomas in
      brachymorphic mice at 9 months were 11 and 29%, with averages of 0.2 and 0.8
      hepatomas/mouse for AB and MAB, respectively. Incidences of 77 and 86%, with
      averages of 6.6 and 5.4 hepatomas/mouse, respectively, were found in their
      phenotypically normal litter mates. These data strongly indicate that N-sulfooxy
      AB is a major ultimate electrophilic and hepatocarcinogenic metabolite of AB in
      mice. Similarly, this ester and N-sulfooxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene appear to
      be critical metabolites for these activities of DAB and MAB.

PMID- 2419006
TI  - The intracellular fate of [3H]benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide diastereomers localized
      in vivo in SENCAR mouse epidermis: a quantitative electron microscopic study.
AB  - The intracellular localization of topically applied anti and syn diastereomers of
      racemic benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE) was investigated in SENCAR
      mouse epidermis using conventional electron microscopic (EM) autoradiography. The
      shaved backs of adult mice were treated in vivo with the active skin tumor
      initiator anti [3H]BPDE or with its stereoisomer syn [3H]BPDE, which is inactive
      as an initiator. After 3, 12 and 24 h of exposure, thin sections of the treated
      skin were prepared for high resolution autoradiography to determine the
      intracellular distributions of radioactivity bound within the epidermis. For each
      treatment and exposure time, the interfollicular area of epidermis examined by EM
      encompassed 350-700 keratinocytes, and extended from the basal lamina to the
      innermost keratinizing layer at a magnification that permitted basal and
      suprabasal cell populations to be distinguished in situ following
      autoradiography. Statistical analysis of the distributions of silver grains
      localized over keratinocytes at 3-, 12- and 24-h timepoints revealed that 27.2%
      of the carcinogenic anti [3H]BPDE grains occurred over epidermal nuclei, which
      was significantly more (P less than 0.001) than 20.0% of the non-carcinogenic syn
      [3H]BPDE grains associated with nuclei at all timepoints examined. In the basal
      cell population at the 3-h time point 33% of both racemic diastereomers were
      found within nuclei; at 12 and 24 h of exposure the nuclear association of anti
      [3H]BPDE grains increased (P less than 0.01) to 39% and 47% respectively, while
      the nuclear-associated syn [3H]BPDE grains remained at 29% and 33%. The
      localization of [3H]BPDE observed in our experiments suggests that the epidermal
      cell nucleus may be an important intracellular target for anti BPDE.

PMID- 2419007
TI  - Sex-dependent activities of quinone reductases in rabbits indicate higher risk of
      bladder cancer in the male.
AB  - The distribution of NADPH-dependent quinone reductase and NADPH-cytochrome P-450
      reductase activities was determined in the urinary bladders of male and female
      rabbits. In urinary bladder transitional epithelium (UBTE) and in urinary bladder
      non-transitional tissue (UBNT) microsomal quinone reductases demonstrated
      significant (P less than 0.05) sex-dependent differences in the case of both
      dicoumarol-insensitive (male greater than female) and dicoumarol-sensitive or DT
      diaphorase (female greater than male) activities. Microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P
      450 reductase activities in UBTE and in UBNT were found to be similar in male and
      female rabbits. The activities of microsomal and cytosolic quinone reductases and
      the activity of microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase in UBNT were much
      lower than those in UBTE. NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and similar flavo
      enzymes activate quinones via one-electron reduction into semiquinone free
      radicals, which then react with molecular oxygen, forming superoxide anions. DT
      diaphorase acts as a detoxifying enzyme by converting many quinones via a unique
      two-electron reduction into less reactive hydroquinones, enabling their excretion
      as water-soluble conjugates. Since UBTE contains substantial activities of
      prostaglandin H synthase (PHS) and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, unlike UBNT,
      the toxicity and carcinogenicity of xenobiotics which are either quinones or form
      quinones in situ through the mediation of PHS would be high in UBTE. The risk of
      carcinogenicity of quinones in UBTE would be higher in male rabbits than in
      female rabbits due to sex-dependent differences in the relative proportions of
      the one-electron reduction pathway, represented by NADPH-cytochrome P-450
      reductase, and the two-electron reduction pathway, represented by DT-diaphorase
      (female greater than male).

PMID- 2419008
TI  - Adenosine triphosphatase, a new marker for the differentiation of putative
      precancerous foci induced in rat pancreas by azaserine.
AB  - Enzyme-histochemical investigation of pancreatic carcinogenesis in male Wistar
      rats treated at the age of 19 days by a single dose of 30 mg azaserine/kg body wt
      led to the detection of a new 'marker' for the recognition of foci of atypical
      acinar cells: the Mg2+-dependent ATPase. The two well-known populations of
      pancreatic atypical acinar cell foci, classified histologically as basophilic and
      acidophilic foci, showed a decreased and strongly increased ATPase reaction,
      respectively. The enhanced enzyme activity of the acidophilic foci has been
      characterized as unspecific nucleoside polyphosphatase. To validate the new
      marker, comparative quantitative evaluation was performed on haematoxylin and
      eosin-stained paraffin sections and ATPase-stained cryostat sections of the same
      pancreata of 25 azaserine-treated rats. Evaluation of basophilic ATPase-deficient
      foci of small diameter was more reproducible in haematoxylin and eosin-stained
      sections, while small acidophilic strongly ATPase-positive foci could be detected
      more reliably by the ATPase staining technique. The number of foci/cm3 pancreas
      was similar for both staining techniques above a focus diameter of about 100
      microns for basophilic foci and 200 micronfor acidophilic foci. There were more
      acidophilic than basophilic foci/cm3 pancreas, and the acidophilic foci had
      significantly larger mean focal diameters than the basophilic foci. Together with
      the strong acidophilic staining of the latter emerging adenoma, this suggests
      that the acidophilic foci represent a neoplastic cell population progressing
      eventually to pancreatic carcinoma. The new 'marker' enzyme ATPase may greatly
      facilitate further investigations into the role of these putative preneoplastic
      lesions in pancreatic carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2419009
TI  - Analysis of coagulation and fibrinolysis during intravenous infusion of
      recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator in patients with acute
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - Coagulation and fibrinolysis were studied in patients with acute myocardial
      infarction during intravenous infusion of recombinant human tissue-type
      plasminogen activator (rt-PA) (0.75 mg/kg over 90 min, n = 101), streptokinase
      (1,500,000 IU over 60 min, n = 61), or placebo (n = 40). In the rt-PA group, the
      plasma level of rt-PA antigen was 1.2 +/- 0.6 micrograms/ml (mean +/- SD) and the
      euglobulin fibrinolytic activity (EFA) was 910 +/- 735 IU t-PA/ml. In the
      streptokinase group, the EFA was equivalent to 430 +/- 435 IU t-PA/ml. At the end
      of the infusion, the plasma fibrinogen level measured with a coagulation rate
      assay was decreased to 57 +/- 33% of the preinfusion value in the rt-PA group, to
      7 +/- 10% in the streptokinase group, and remained unchanged in the placebo
      group. Fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products increased to 0.75 +/- 0.54 mg/ml in
      the streptokinase group but to only 0.10 +/- 0.13 mg/ml in the rt-PA group. The
      plasma levels of alpha 2-antiplasmin, plasminogen, and factor V decreased to
      between 30% and 45% in the rt-PA group but significantly more in the
      streptokinase group (to between 15% and 25%). Thus rt-PA induced much less
      systemic fibrinolytic activation than streptokinase. In the patients who received
      rt-PA, a weak correlation (r = .21, n = 89, .1 greater than p greater than .05)
      was found between the extent of fibrinogen breakdown at 90 min and the plasma rt
      PA concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2419010
TI  - Subaortic stenosis, the univentricular heart, and banding of the pulmonary
      artery: an analysis of the courses of 43 patients with univentricular heart
      palliated by pulmonary artery banding.
AB  - Subaortic stenosis is well known to complicate the clinical course of patients
      with single ventricle or univentricular hearts, and we have previously suggested
      that the development of subaortic stenosis in such patients may be causal to
      and/or accelerated by previous banding of the main pulmonary trunk. To further
      define the relationship between banding of the pulmonary artery in patients with
      univentricular hearts and the development of subaortic stenosis, we examined the
      morphologic substrate and timing of the development of subaortic stenosis in 43
      patients seen at our institution from January 1, 1970, through June 30, 1985.
      These 43 patients include all patients in this period with an unequivocal
      univentricular heart whose longitudinal data was available for follow-up. We
      excluded patients who died within 1 week of surgery, patients lost to follow-up,
      and patients with evidence of subaortic stenosis before banding. Thirty-one of 43
      patients (72.1%) developed subaortic stenosis subsequent to banding of the main
      pulmonary artery. The mean age at banding of those patients who developed
      subaortic stenosis was 0.21 years, and subaortic stenosis was recognized at a
      mean age of 2.52 years. For the specific cohort of patients whose ventricular
      morphology was a main chamber of left ventricular type supporting the pulmonary
      artery and a rudimentary right ventricle supporting the transposed aorta (32
      patients), 27 developed subaortic stenosis (84.4%). Subaortic stenosis in the
      classic form of single ventricle usually results from progressive restriction of
      a wholly muscular interventricular communication. Banding of the pulmonary artery
      by producing myocardial hypertrophy undoubtedly accelerates the potential for
      subaortic stenosis in these patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2419011
TI  - [Substance P displays opposite effects on electroacupuncture analgesia in the
      periaqueductal gray matter and spinal cord of the rabbit].

PMID- 2419012
TI  - [A preliminary study on the prevention and cure of sudden death caused by
      coronary heart disease by acupuncture].

PMID- 2419013
TI  - [Effects of acupuncture analgesia on the monoamine transmitters levels in the
      striata and spinal cords in rats].

PMID- 2419014
TI  - [The effect of acupuncture "Zusanli" on the substance P-evoked nociceptive
      responses of the dorsal horn neurons in the rat].

PMID- 2419015
TI  - [Influence of intraperitoneal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine on the contents of 5
      HT and 5-HIAA in blood and their relationship with acupuncture analgesia in rat].

PMID- 2419016
TI  - Amylase assay with the enzyme module of Beckman's ASTRA 8.

PMID- 2419017
TI  - Anticholinesterase activity of and possible ion-channel block by cimetidine,
      ranitidine and oxmetidine in the toad isolated rectus abdominis muscle.
AB  - Responses of the toad isolated rectus abdominis muscle to cumulative doses of
      acetylcholine were recorded in the absence or presence of varying concentrations
      of cimetidine, ranitidine or oxmetidine. The corresponding cumulative log
      concentration-response curves for acetylcholine were then plotted for each
      antagonist studied. Cimetidine (5 mmol/l), ranitidine (1 mmol/l) and oxmetidine
      (0.02 mmol/l) potentiated the effect of acetylcholine by 4-fold, 2.6-fold and 1.3
      fold, respectively. At higher concentrations all three histamine H2-receptor
      antagonists produced a concentration-dependent and non-parallel shift of the
      acetylcholine curve to the right of the corresponding control curve accompanied
      by a depression of the maximal response. The results provide further evidence
      that the H2-antagonists studied possess anticholinesterase activity and also
      suggest that the H2-antagonists may produce neuromuscular blockade by ion-channel
      block. The clinical implications of the results obtained are also discussed.

PMID- 2419018
TI  - Immune-induced vascular connective tissue alterations in rabbits chronically
      immunized with bovine serum albumin: biochemical studies on collagen,
      glycosaminoglycans, RNA, and DNA in normal and injured aorta.
AB  - Repeated intravenous injections of bovine serum albumin in rabbits caused a
      significant reduction in the aortic in vivo biosynthesis of chondroitin-4,6
      sulfate, whereas no changes were observed in the synthesis of other
      glycosaminoglycans nor in the content of collagen. This contrasts the biochemical
      changes generally seen in acute vascular injury. When experimentally elicited
      vascular injury and repair processes were induced in chronically immunized
      rabbits, the proliferative response was greatly inhibited, as reflected by a
      significant diminution of the DNA amount. Also, the vascular connective tissue
      matrix repair was restrained: the aortic content of collagen and the collagen
      type III/I ratio was repressed, and the in vivo biosynthesis of sulfated
      glycosaminoglycans was markedly reduced. All immunized rabbits developed
      antibodies to bovine albumin, but in only a few were circulating immune complexes
      detected. The inhibitory effect of persistent immunostimulation on the
      nonspecific processes of repair in vascular connective tissue may be of
      significance as to chronicity of vasculitis, as well as inflammation and repair
      in general, in inflammatory connective tissue diseases.

PMID- 2419019
TI  - A double-blind clinical trial of the effects of inosine pranobex in
      immunodepressed patients with prolonged generalized lymphadenopathy.
AB  - In a double-blind clinical trial, 61 immunodepressed males with persistent
      generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) received one of two doses (1 or 3 g/day) of the
      immunomodulating drug inosine pranobex (INPX) or placebo for a period of 28 days.
      In the high-dose group, clinical improvement was reported by 11 of 21 patients
      (52%), within 5 months of the cessation of treatment. In contrast, 3 of 19
      patients (16%) in the placebo group reported clinical improvement by that time.
      Patients receiving 3 g/day INPX showed a significant increase in NK cell activity
      by Day 14 and this elevation was still evident at the last follow-up examination
      1 year after treatment. Increases in total T lymphocytes (T-11) and the
      percentage of T helper cells (T-4) were also observed. These responses were
      delayed and reached their peaks 2 months after the termination of drug treatment.
      The kinetics of these effects suggest that INPX stimulates the production of
      precursor cells and initiates a cascade of lymphocyte differentiation capable of
      producing long-term restoration of cell-mediated immunity. These data indicate
      that INPX may be beneficial to patients with PGL.

PMID- 2419020
TI  - [A case of mitochondrial myopathy with numerous collateral sproutings of motor
      nerve terminals].

PMID- 2419021
TI  - [A case of conduction aphasia due to a right hemispheric lesion].

PMID- 2419022
TI  - Syntactic determinants of sentence comprehension in aphasia.

PMID- 2419023
TI  - Intestinal and serum antibody response in gnotobiotic piglets to oral
      immunization with Escherichia coli.
AB  - The local and systemic immune response to a formolized E. coli oral vaccine was
      investigated in 13 gnotobiotic piglets. Beginning at ten days of age animals
      received a daily dose of 10(10) or 10(11) bacteria, on ten consecutive days.
      Intestinal loop tests with one animal of each group on day 26 showed protection
      which was more pronounced in the animal dosed 10(10) bacteria compared with the
      other immunized piglet. Immunoglobulin class-specific antibodies to O and K
      antigens were determined by ELISA technique. In serum no IgG or IgA antibodies
      were found, whereas IgM-anti O149 antibodies in both immunized groups reached
      their highest level at day 4 of dosing and decreased thereafter. IgM-anti K88
      antibodies were first detected at day 10 of dosing. Both immunized groups had
      comparable serum levels at days 20 and 30. Also in gut secretion the IgM antibody
      response was predominant, and higher levels were found in the 10(10) group than
      in the 10(11) group. IgG and IgA antibody response were also detected in
      secretion.

PMID- 2419024
TI  - Endocytosis of galactose-terminated glycoproteins by isolated liver cells of the
      rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).
AB  - Intravenously injected 125I-labeled galactose-terminated glycoproteins were
      mainly recovered in the liver of the rainbow trout. After injection of
      [14C]sucrose-labeled asialofetuin, the liver cells were isolated and separated by
      differential centrifugation. The radioactivity was located in the parenchymal
      cells. Uptake of asialoglycoproteins in liver cells was inhibited by EGTA,
      lactose and excess unlabeled ligand. Degradation was inhibited by ammonium
      chloride, suggesting a lysosomal process. Internalization of 125I
      asialoglycoproteins was demonstrated by removing receptor-bound ligand with EGTA
      at different time points during the incubation. The cellular uptake occurred even
      at 0 degree C.

PMID- 2419025
TI  - Evidence for a multiple function of the alcohol dehydrogenase allozyme ADH71k of
      Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - Alcohol dehydrogenase of Drosophila melanogaster catalyzes the oxidation of many
      primary and secondary alcohols. We show that sarcosine, choline and
      dihydroorotate are substrates of ADH in vitro. The first two substrates are
      regular substrates of the choline shunt, and the latter of the de novo pyrimidine
      synthesis. Differences in oxidative ability towards sarcosine and dihydroorotate
      between two ADH allozymes, ADH71k and ADHF, are observed. The catalytic activity
      of ADH71k towards sarcosine and dihydroorotate might be responsible for its
      allelic fixation in Notch8 mutant stocks, in which Notch females have a decreased
      level of the regular enzymes for these substrates. Their oxidation by ADH71k
      might act as a bypass, which restores at least part of the decreased activity of
      enzymes encoded by the Notch locus.

PMID- 2419026
TI  - The in vivo effect of gossypol on macromolecular synthesis in rat testis.
AB  - An in vitro study showed that in rat testis gossypol acts as a nonspecific
      inhibitor of macromolecular synthesis. In this report we describe the in vivo
      effect of gossypol on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in rat testis. Gossypol
      treatment of rats (20 mg/kg) for 6, 10 and 16 weeks resulted in partial
      inhibition of macromolecular synthesis. When status of infertility is achieved
      after 6 weeks, macromolecular synthesis of the spermatogenetic epithelium is not
      essentially affected by gossypol. In contrast to the previously described DNA
      strand breaking induction of gossypol in human fibroblasts in vitro, no DNA
      strand breaking in testes of gossypol-treated rats was found as established by
      alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation.

PMID- 2419027
TI  - Differential diagnosis of rhythm disturbances induced by endocardial pacing.
AB  - Rhythm disturbances induced by endocardial pacing were studied in 15 patients.
      Atrial extrasystoles were found in 8, ventricular extrasystoles in 5, ventricular
      tachycardia in 1 and ventricular fibrillation in 1 patient. In all cases, an
      implanted pacemaker EKS-222 was used working in VVI regime. The connection of the
      above-mentioned rhythm disturbances with pacing is deduced from the stability of
      the coupling interval with the earlier induced complex, and from the presence of
      a negative P wave in standard leads II and III. A reliable criterion is in the
      authors' view, the disappearance of rhythm disturbances after the implanted
      pacemaker has been switched off.

PMID- 2419028
TI  - Lectin receptors in the human cornea.
AB  - Five different biotin labeled lectins, Concanavalin-A (Con A), wheat germ
      agglutinin (WGA), Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA1), Ulex europaeus agglutinin
      (UEA1), and soybean agglutinin (SBA) were used to study lectin receptors on
      formalin-fixed paraffin embedded human corneas. Con A stained the cytoplasm,
      cell, and nuclear membranes of the epithelial cells and stained the stroma
      diffusely. WGA stained the superficial epithelial cells, the epithelial cell
      membranes, and the keratocytes of the stroma. SBA did not react with any of the
      corneal layers. RCA1 heavily stained the keratocytes but did not stain the
      epithelium. UEA1 lightly stained the epithelial cell cytoplasm and interstitial
      stroma. All staining reactions could be abolished by omission of the lectin or by
      the use of the appropriate inhibitory sugar. The lectin binding patterns reported
      here provide a means for further investigation of carbohydrate structures in the
      human cornea in both normal and disease states.

PMID- 2419029
TI  - Experimental corneal neovascularization: biomicroscopic, angiographic, and
      morphologic correlation.
AB  - Sequential slit-lamp examinations and fluorescein angiograms were performed on
      adult rabbits to define the morphological and functional maturation of new
      intracorneal vessels induced by chemical cautery. The vasoproliferation induced
      by this injury began as vascular sprouts from the preexisting pericorneal vessels
      and continued until there were well formed vascular loops carrying blood to and
      from the cautery site. Many vessels, particularly venules, then regressed. As
      defined by the fluorescein angiograms and microscopic examination of tissue
      sections, the final loops were formed by muscularized vessels (arterioles)
      bringing blood to the cautery site, and unmuscularized vessels (venules) carrying
      blood back to the vessels at the corneoscleral limbus. The angiograms recorded
      during the evolution of these vessels suggest that intracorneal arterioles form
      when blood flow or pressure from a preexisting pericorneal arteriole induces
      muscularization in a previously undifferentiated sprout arising from a capillary
      or venule.

PMID- 2419030
TI  - In vivo corneal and conjunctival epithelial nuclear stain.
AB  - Epithelium plays a very important structural and functional role in the cornea
      and conjunctiva. Evaluation of the epithelium is the first step in diagnosing
      many pathologic states. We have developed a new technique for the in vivo
      staining of nuclei of corneal and conjunctival epithelium in rabbits and guinea
      pigs. Several drops of 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, or 1.0% toluidine blue or 1.0%
      methylene blue were applied to the conjunctival sac to stain epithelial cells.
      The cells picked up the vital dye within 5 minutes and could be photographed at
      30X with the Keeler-Konan wide-field specular microscope. Cells and nuclei were
      clearly observable. Photographs could be further enlarged to enhance details.
      Wash out time was rapid and no toxic effects were observed. This technique adds a
      new dimension to the study of epithelium in normal and pathologic states in
      experimental animals. This technique may also be applicable to human eyes for
      discerning such diseases as carcinoma, herpes simplex, or superior limbic
      keratoconjunctivitis.

PMID- 2419031
TI  - Long-term effects of focal, cortical injuries upon articulation and
      discrimination performance.
AB  - Residual, long-term effects of cortical injuries upon speech production are
      rarely examined. In this study, we examined the articulation and discrimination
      abilities in twelve subjects who received focal, cortical injuries in Vietnam
      during 1968-1971. The subjects were divided into two groups based upon the
      hemisphere (right or left) of lesion. Data revealed the left-hemisphere injured
      group produced a greater number of articulation and discrimination errors than
      the right-hemisphere injured group. Articulation errors occurred more often than
      discrimination errors in both groups. However, a feature analysis revealed the
      left-hemisphere injured group made predominantly combination errors and the right
      hemisphere injured group made predominantly place errors. Taken overall, the data
      suggest the left-hemisphere injured group may experience residual difficulties
      with the encoding of phonological units while the right-hemisphere injured group
      appears to have residual problems that may be related to the spatial correlates
      of speech.

PMID- 2419032
TI  - Influence of contextual complexity on the processing of cartoons by patients with
      unilateral lesions.
AB  - It was examined whether the performance of right hemisphere patients in the
      comprehension of cartoons is predominantly influenced by disturbed processing of
      affective material or by cognitive deficits. Cartoons differing in their
      cognitive demand were presented to groups of right hemisphere patients, aphasics
      and normal controls. Subjects were required to identify the cartoon in a multiple
      choice set of four pictures. Additionally, subjects were asked to rate the
      funniness on a three-point scale. The results indicate that the impairment of
      right hemisphere patients is caused by a combination of visuo-perceptive and
      cognitive deficits rather than by an inability to identify the affective
      component of cartoons.

PMID- 2419033
TI  - Raven's colored Progressive Matrices and intellectual impairment in patients with
      focal brain damage.
AB  - To assess the validity of Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM) as a
      measure of intellectual impairment after focal brain damage, we compared the
      performance of 24 right brain-damaged patients, 24 left brain-damaged patients
      (10 non-aphasic and 15 aphasic) and 20 controls on the RCPM. In addition to the
      total, we analyzed the scores obtained on each of the three sets in which the 36
      items of the test could be categorized on the grounds of the cognitive ability
      mainly involved for their solution. The first set, which calls for the
      identification of sameness, posed special problems to RBD patients. The second
      set, which involves the principle of symmetry, was selectively failed by aphasic
      patients. The third set, which is more demanding in terms of analogical and
      conceptual thinking, was poorly performed by left brain-damaged patients,
      aphasics as well as non-aphasics. The implications of these findings for the
      relation of focalized brain damage to intelligence is discussed.

PMID- 2419034
TI  - Natural killer cells.
AB  - It is proposed that this article will encompass a review of primarily the human
      natural killer cell. The following parameters of the human natural killer (NK)
      cell will be reviewed: its ontogeny; surface membrane characteristics including
      monoclonal antibody reactivity, cell lineage, the natural killer sensitive
      targets, and the proposed mechanism of action of natural killer cells
      cytotoxicity against these NK sensitive targets; the status of natural killer
      cell in relationship to clinical disease; the alteration of natural killer cells
      both in vitro and in vivo; and finally postulate relevance of the natural killer
      cell in context of the evolution or pathophysiology of human disease. There will
      be an attempt through this review to encompass the more recent publications that
      pertain to the various sections.

PMID- 2419035
TI  - Clinical efficacy of heparin fractions: issues and answers.
AB  - The recent development of heparin fractions and fragments for clinical use has
      created the prospect of some new agents at our disposal for the treatment of
      thrombotic disorders. The development of a drug that will block thrombosis but
      will not impair hemostasis now appears to be a possibility. Due to lack of
      understanding of all of the mechanisms of the pathology of thrombosis, we are not
      certain what the properties of the ideal anticoagulant should be. Of the heparins
      and heparin fractions, fragments, and heparinoids now available to us, we have
      yet to fully understand the mechanism of their pharmacologic activity. It has
      been amply demonstrated that decreasing the average molecular weight decreases
      the antithrombin activity while retaining the anti-Xa activity of heparin
      derivatives. Studies on animal models have proven the antithrombotic potency of
      some of these low molecular weight heparins to be equal to that of unfractionated
      heparin. There has been some evidence that these fractions are less likely than
      unfractionated heparin to cause hemorrhage in animal models as well as in at
      least one human clinical trial. A recently published human clinical trial
      revealed an unexpected incidence of hemorrhage following major surgery when a
      certain heparin fraction was given as prophylaxis against thrombosis. We are
      desperately in need of heparin derivatives, heparinoids or other anticoagulants
      that can be used in place of standard heparin in patients who are allergic to
      heparin or who have heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Patients with these
      problems not infrequently require cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in which the use
      of heparin has been mandatory. There is now evidence from animal and human
      studies that such a procedure is possible with a heparin fraction or a
      heparinoid. This is true for hemodialysis as well. Studies in progress offer hope
      that a low molecular weight fragment with potent anti-Xa activity will not cause
      thrombocytopenia in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Whether this
      agent, a pentasaccharide, will have sufficient antithrombotic potency for
      clinical use remains an important question. An important property of some of the
      newer heparin fractions is a prolonged duration of action which may permit fewer
      doses, thus reducing the cost as well as patient discomfort and inconvenience.

PMID- 2419036
TI  - The human tumor cloning assay in cancer research and therapy: a review with
      clinical correlations.

PMID- 2419037
TI  - UV-mediated interaction of psoralens with the genome.

PMID- 2419038
TI  - Immunobiological consequences of acute and chronic UV exposure.

PMID- 2419039
TI  - Psoriasis: a continuing challenge for phototherapy.

PMID- 2419040
TI  - Interaction of the Rous sarcoma virus protein pp60src with the cellular proteins
      pp50 and pp90.

PMID- 2419041
TI  - The viral tyrosine protein kinases.

PMID- 2419042
TI  - Improved light sources for induction of sister chromatid differentiation.
AB  - Various light sources, including ultraviolet light, mercury, germicidal,
      fluorescent, and incandescent lamps, were studied for their ability to induce
      sister chromatid differentiation (SCD) in rat bone marrow cells. The light
      sources were used along with Hoechst 33258 and Giemsa stains for SCD induction.
      When those lamps which emit significant amounts of heat were used, 60 degrees C
      incubation in 2X SSC was found to be unnecessary for SCD induction. A high
      wattage lamp, a high ambient temperature, a short distance between the lamp and
      the slides, or a light with 360 nm wavelength, minimized the required exposure
      time to the light. The pH value of the mounting buffer was also a significant
      factor. Fluorescent black light and incandescent lamps were found to be ideal
      light sources for SCD induction.

PMID- 2419043
TI  - Ag-NOR chromosomal association patterns in Rattus rattus (Rafinesque, 1814) and
      Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1796) from the southern Iberian peninsula.
AB  - A high frequency of satellite association phenomena in a number of specimens of
      Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, captured on the coastal fringe of Malaga
      province (Southern Spain), was found. Only Ag-NOR bearing chromosomes
      participated in associations in both species. R. rattus is characterized by 14/18
      heterologous and R. norvegicus by 5/5 and 13/13 homologous association types.

PMID- 2419045
TI  - Treatment of pleural effusion.

PMID- 2419044
TI  - Demonstration of calcitonin and calmodulin by immunoperoxidase in the cystic
      fibrosis lung.
AB  - In this investigation, the presence of calcitonin and calmodulin has been
      demonstrated in immunoperoxidase formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of
      lung from autopsy tissues of four patients who died as a result of complications
      resulting from their cystic fibrosis disease. Immunoreactive calcitonin has been
      stained and quantitated in solitary endocrine cells which are increased in number
      and staining intensity in cystic fibrosis lung when compared to COPD and normal
      lungs. Immunoreactive calmodulin has been demonstrated to be increased in cystic
      fibrosis lung when compared to COPD and normal lungs. Previously, increased
      calcitonin and calmodulin were identified in sputum from cystic fibrosis patients
      utilizing radioimmunoassay. The calcitonin and calmodulin may be associated with
      increased calcium in pulmonary secretions leading to selective colonization of
      the lung by a limited number of pathogenic bacteria and enhanced pulmonary
      infection.

PMID- 2419046
TI  - A molecular basis for bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

PMID- 2419047
TI  - Reduction in bleomycin-induced lung hydroxyproline content by an iron chelating
      agent.

PMID- 2419048
TI  - D-penicillamine prevents collagen accumulation in lungs of rats given bleomycin.

PMID- 2419049
TI  - Alterations in the cellular population of the alveolar wall in an animal model of
      fibrosis. A morphometric study.

PMID- 2419051
TI  - [Experimental studies on the toxicity of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide
      hexachlorocyclohexane].

PMID- 2419050
TI  - Abnormal RNA synthesis in sex vesicles of tertiary trisomic male mice.
AB  - The XY bivalent contained within the sex vesicle of chromosomally normal male
      mice shows virtually no RNA transcriptional activity as measured by
      autoradiography during the prophase of meiosis. Tertiary trisomic males, derived
      from the T 70 H and T 31 H reciprocal translocations, include the extra small
      marker chromosome to varying degrees within the sex vesicle. It has been found
      that RNA transcription occurs within the sex vesicles of such trisomics. An
      attempt has been made to correlate such activity either to the extra marker
      chromosome itself or to a possible reactivation of the normally quiescent sex
      bivalent. The relationship of the abnormal RNA synthesis to the breakdown of
      meiosis in tertiary trisomics and to their subsequent reduced fertility is
      discussed.

PMID- 2419052
TI  - A protocol for Papanicolaou staining of cytologic specimens following flow
      analysis.
AB  - A protocol has been developed for restaining cytologic specimens that have been
      analyzed on a multidimensional slit-scan flow system. The technique involves
      Papanicolaou staining of cells on a membrane filter that has been previously
      stained with acridine orange and fixed with glutaraldehyde buffer. The specimen
      and staining solutions were sequentially added to a 5-micrometers pore size, 47
      mm diameter Gelman "Metricel" filter while it remained in a glass filtration
      apparatus. The practice of retaining the filter in the filtration apparatus
      throughout the staining procedure minimizes cell loss and eliminates specimen
      cross contamination when compared with conventional filter dip staining. The
      availability of this postflow specimen Papanicolaou staining protocol permits
      accurate determination of the performance characteristics of a multidimensional
      slit-scan flow system and should be useful whenever staining of a limited number
      of cells with minimal cell loss is desired.

PMID- 2419053
TI  - Fluorescence spectra of cells stained with a DNA-specific dye, measured by flow
      cytometry.
AB  - Fluorescence spectra of ethanol-fixed rat thymocytes stained with the DNA
      specific dye Hoechst 33258 have been measured in an arc lamp-based flow cytometer
      including a grating monochromator in front of the fluorescence detector. Spectral
      resolution was 5-10 nm. Increasing dye concentration was found to yield an
      increasing shift of the fluorescence spectrum toward longer wavelengths, thus
      supporting previous work on soluble DNA that indicated several different binding
      modes of this dye. The results show that similar data may be obtained for all
      commonly used DNA-specific dyes. It appears that this type of spectral
      information may be used to probe the structure of cell chromatin.

PMID- 2419054
TI  - Effect of section thickness on quality of flow cytometric DNA content
      determinations in paraffin-embedded tissues.
AB  - DNA content determinations were carried out by flow cytometry on nuclear
      suspensions prepared from the same paraffin-embedded tissue block for each of
      eight surgically resected human carcinomas at section thicknesses of
      5,10,20,30,40,50, and 100 millimicrons. Flow cytometric DNA determinations were
      also obtained on fresh tissue specimens in four of the eight carcinomas. As
      section thickness decreased below 50 millimicrons, there was a progressive
      increase in the histogram baseline noise at low DNA values and a decrease in the
      relative peak height of aneuploid DNA. The former was attributed to an increase
      of nuclear fragments in thinner sections, and the latter to the greater
      probability of transection of the larger aneuploid cells within a specimen. Both
      artifacts were minimized at section thickness of 50 millimicrons or greater.

PMID- 2419055
TI  - Changes in accessibility of DNA to various fluorochromes during spermatogenesis.
AB  - Accessibility of mouse testicular and vas deferens (vas) sperm cell DNA to
      acridine orange, propidium iodide, ellipticine, Hoechst 33342, mithramycin,
      chromomycin A3, 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and 7-amino-actinomycin D (7
      amino-AMD) was determined by flow cytometry. Permeabilized cells were either
      stained directly or after pretreatment with 0.06 N HCl. For histone-containing
      tetraploid, diploid, and round spermatid cells, HCl extraction of nuclear
      proteins caused an approximately sixfold increase of 7-amino-AMD stainability but
      had no significant effect on DAPI stainability. For these same cell types, the
      stainability with other intercalating (acridine orange, propidium iodide,
      ellipticine) and externally binding (Hoechst 33342, mithramycin, chromomycin A3)
      dyes was increased by 1.6- to 4.0-fold after HCl treatment. In sharp contrast,
      HCl treatment of vas sperm did not increase the staining level of 7-amino-AMD,
      DAPI, or propidium iodide but did increase the staining level for the other
      intercalating dyes (1.3- to 1.5-fold) and external dyes (1.3- to 1.9-fold).
      Elongated spermatids that contain a mixture of protein types including histones,
      transition proteins, and protamines demonstrated the greatest variability of
      staining with respect to type of stain and effect of acid extraction of proteins.
      In general, for nearly all dyes, the round spermatids had an increased level and
      tetraploid cells had a decreased level of stainability relative to the same unit
      DNA content of diploid cells. The observed differential staining is discussed in
      the context of chromatin alterations related to the unique events of meiosis and
      protein displacement and replacement during sperm differentiation.

PMID- 2419056
TI  - Flow cytometric discrimination of mitotic cells: resolution of M, as well as G1,
      S, and G2 phase nuclei with mithramycin, propidium iodide, and ethidium bromide
      after fixation with formaldehyde.
AB  - Cells in mitosis can be flow cytometrically discriminated from G1, S, and G2
      cells by analysis of a nuclear suspension prepared with nonionic detergent, fixed
      with formaldehyde, and stained with mithramycin, propidium iodide, or ethidium
      bromide. With these DNA-fluorochromes, the fluorescence is quenched by
      formaldehyde less in mitotic nuclei than in interphase nuclei. Mitotic nuclei
      have a 20-40% increased mithramycin fluorescence and 30-60% decreased light
      scatter in comparison to those of G2 nuclei. There is a high correlation (r =
      0.95; P less than 0.001) between microscope counts of mitotic figures in smear
      preparations of the initial cell suspension and the flow cytometrically estimated
      fraction of nuclei with increased mithramycin fluorescence. Flow sorting (FACS)
      demonstrates that the mitotic nuclei are confined to the peak of increased
      mithramycin fluorescence and decreased light scatter. The method has been applied
      to cultures of Yoshida ascites tumor cells, JB-1 reticulosarcoma cells, and PHA
      stimulated human lymphocytes, incubated in the presence or absence of vinblastine
      for mitotic arrest. In a heteroploid mixture of fixed Yoshida (near-diploid) and
      JB-1 (hypotetraploid) nuclei, the mitotic fractions of the two cell lines could
      be estimated separately when analyzed with mithramycin fluorescence versus light
      scatter or with mithramycin fluorescence versus propidium iodide fluorescence.

PMID- 2419057
TI  - Cell size, DNA, and cytokeratin analysis of human head and neck tumors by flow
      cytometry.
AB  - Cell subsets have been discriminated in cell suspensions derived from 37 human
      head and neck tumors by means of light scatter, DNA, and cytokeratin flow
      cytometry (FCM). Cell dispersion was performed overnight at 4 degrees C in two
      different enzyme mixtures, i.e., trypsin/dithioerythritol and collagenase/DNase,
      under slight agitation of sliced tumor tissue. Cells were examined before and
      after fractionation on a discontinuous low-density bovine serum albumin (BSA)
      gradient. Forward and right-angle light scatter FCM of 23 tumor specimens
      revealed four main subpopulations with different size and structure.
      Fractionation of primary cell suspensions on a BSA gradient at unit gravity
      separated debris, small cells and large cells. DNA FCM of the enriched
      populations demonstrated a relation between large cells and DNA aneuploidy.
      Epithelial cells, as recognized by cytokeratin antibodies, were also related with
      large cells. The results demonstrated the usefulness of light scatter, DNA, and
      cytokeratin analysis of crude and fractionated tumor cell suspensions for
      assessment of the efficacy of a particular dispersion technique and to obtain
      information of the cell subsets dispersed.

PMID- 2419058
TI  - Flow cytometry analysis of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations.
AB  - A new fluorescent stain has been developed for detecting cloned beta
      galactosidase activity in individual cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by flow
      cytometry. The staining reaction is based on enzymatic cleavage of alpha-naphthol
      beta-D-galactopyranoside by intracellular beta-galactosidase and trapping of the
      liberated naphthol by hexazoniumpararosaniline yielding a fluorescent, insoluble
      end product. This stain, in connection with an appropriate host strain, has been
      applied for detecting plasmids encoding inducible beta-galactosidase in unstable
      recombinant cell populations carrying plasmids with different origins of
      replication. The method enables rapid determination of the fraction of plasmid
      containing cells as well as quantitation of intracellular beta-galactosidase
      content by kinetic enzyme assay. Inducibility of the marker enzyme is important
      for maintaining correlation between enzyme and gene content.

PMID- 2419059
TI  - Griffonia simplicifolia I isolectin as a functionally monovalent probe for use in
      flow cytometry.
AB  - The inherent tendency of lectins to agglutinate cells has limited their use as
      reagents for the detection of carbohydrate groups on cell surfaces by flow
      cytometry. In the current study, we demonstrate a method for the use of a
      fluoresceinated tetrameric isolectin (Griffonia simplicifolia I-A3B, FITC-GS I
      A3B) as a functionally monovalent, nonagglutinating probe in flow cytometry. This
      isolectin contains three A subunits and one B subunit. Both types of subunits
      bind alpha-D-galactopyranosyl (alpha-D-galp-) end groups with similar affinities;
      however, the A subunits have a 1,000-fold greater affinity for N-Acetyl-D
      galactosamine (GalNAc) than does the B subunit. The addition of low (1-2 mM)
      concentrations of GalNAc to the FITC-GS I-A3B isolectin results in blockage of
      the three A subunits without significantly affecting the B subunit; this yields a
      functionally monovalent probe for the detection of cell surface alpha-D-Galp end
      groups. This approach has been used to examine two types of cells: Ehrlich
      ascites tumor cells and rat alveolar macrophages, both of which are known to
      express cell surface alpha-D-Galp end groups. Lectin binding, as determined by
      number of positive cells and fluorescence intensity, was dependent upon
      concentration of the lectin and haptenic sugar. Specificity of the staining was
      demonstrated by the ability of methyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside (Met alpha-D
      Galp) to abolish the binding of the lectin to the cells. Elimination of both
      GalNAc and Met alpha-D-Galp from the staining solution resulted in agglutination
      of the cells, indicating that the A subunits were active in the absence of
      GalNAc.

PMID- 2419060
TI  - Isolation of viable type II alveolar epithelial cells by flow cytometry.
AB  - We developed a new method for isolating viable type II cells from fractionated
      and unfractionated lung cell suspensions by flow cytometry using acridine orange
      (AO). Fischer-344 rat lungs were dispersed into single-cell suspensions by a
      technique that yields a high number of cells (4-5 X 10(8) cells/lung, congruent
      to 85% viable), congruent to 11% of which are type II cells. Elutriated fractions
      from the lung cell preparation and parent, unfractionated cell suspensions were
      incubated with 1.0-0.02 micrograms/ml AO and analyzed by flow cytometry.
      Parameters analyzed included axial light loss (ALL) and red fluorescence (RF).
      Based on their unique RF, attributable to AO staining of type II cell lamellar
      bodies, and their ALL characteristics, type II pneumocytes were sorted from
      elutriated fractions to greater than 95% purity. Using the same approach, type II
      pneumocytes were sorted from unfractionated lung cell suspensions at greater than
      or equal to 85% purity. The viabilities of the type II alveolar epithelial cells
      isolated by this method range from 85% to 95%, and the ultrastructural features
      of the sorted cells were unaltered by AO labeling or sorting.

PMID- 2419061
TI  - Multidimensional slit-scan detection of bladder cancer. Preliminary clinical
      results.
AB  - A multidimensional slit-scan flow system was developed for the automated
      recognition of abnormal cells derived from cancer of the uterine cervix and its
      precursors. It provides great sensitivity in both its ability to recognize
      cellular abnormality and to deal with the myriad potential causes of false alarms
      in an automated flow system. While its initial application was the automated
      recognition of the spectrum of neoplasia in gynecologic cytology samples, a
      preliminary study was carried out using specimens obtained from the urinary
      bladder. Cellular material was collected by bladder irrigation and stained with
      the fluorochrome acridine orange. One hundred fifty-three bladder irrigation
      specimens, including 115 abnormal specimens containing cells derived from
      neoplastic lesions of the bladder epithelium, were analyzed. For the purposes of
      this study, abnormal specimens from the urinary bladder included specimens
      containing cells derived from the following lesions of the urothelium: dysplasia
      (atypical hyperplasia), carcinoma-in-situ, and transitional cell carcinoma,
      grades 1-3. Approximately 50,000 cells were analyzed for most specimens. Of the
      38 presumed normal specimens (specimens containing only normal urothelial
      components), four were instrument classified abnormal. For the 69 specimens
      containing cells derived from transitional cell carcinoma, grade 1, 1-2, 2, 66
      were correctly classified as abnormal while three were classified as
      normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2419062
TI  - Partial restoration of pancreatic function by exogenous secretin in rats with
      ceruletide-induced acute pancreatitis.
AB  - Pharmacological doses of ceruletide administered intravenously to unconscious
      rats uniformly induces acute pancreatitis (AP) as well as a striking reduction in
      pure pancreatic juice (PPJ) and protein output. High-dose intravenous secretin
      administered to rats with ceruletide-induced AP effects a reestablishment of PPJ
      flow and a significant increase in PPJ protein output. Light microscopy of the
      pancreas in ceruletide-induced AP rats revealed marked acinar cell vacuolization
      and intense interstitial edema. By contrast, pancreatic histology in AP rats
      treated with high-dose secretin revealed a distinct lessening of acinar cell
      vacuolization and interstitial edema. We have established that high-dose
      intravenous secretin given to rats with ceruletide-induced AP is (1) not harmful,
      (2) reestablishes PPJ flow and evokes a partial restoration of protein output,
      and (3) appears to reduce pancreatic histopathology when compared to non-secretin
      treated rats with AP.

PMID- 2419063
TI  - Molecular cloning of bovine viral diarrhea viral sequences.
AB  - Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) genomic RNA was identified as a 12.5-kb single
      stranded RNA molecule in both infected bovine embryonic kidney cells (BEK-1) and
      partially purified virions. BVD virion RNA was partially purified and used as a
      template for cDNA synthesis. BVDV-specific cDNA sequences were molecularly cloned
      and shown to hybridize to infected cell RNA but not to uninfected cell RNA or
      DNA. A single RNA species of 12.5 kb, representing the viral RNA genome, was
      detected in infected cells. A preliminary map of the BVDV specific cDNA clones
      was constructed and five major, nonoverlapping families were observed, accounting
      for approximately one-half of the viral genome.

PMID- 2419064
TI  - Central serous chorioretinopathy: to treat or not to treat?

PMID- 2419065
TI  - [Light-induced calcium ion release from retinal cones].

PMID- 2419066
TI  - [The presence of reserve ion channels in membranes of giant snail neurons and
      giant squid axons].

PMID- 2419067
TI  - [Tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetases of eukaryotes, prokaryotes and archebacteria have
      a common antigenic determinant].

PMID- 2419068
TI  - [Fluorine ions are able to generate a current across the membrane of isolated
      perfused cardiomyocytes].

PMID- 2419069
TI  - [Mechanism of stimulation by cobalt ions of sodium channels in the apical
      membrane of the frog skin (fluctuation analysis)].

PMID- 2419070
TI  - [Possible mechanism of recombination between RNA-genomes].

PMID- 2419071
TI  - The 1984 Bernard B. Brodie Award lecture. From morphine to interferon: an odyssey
      of drug metabolism.

PMID- 2419072
TI  - Histological and histochemical changes of the placenta in fetal alcohol syndrome
      due to maternal administration of acute doses of ethanol in the mouse.
AB  - In both clinical and experimental research on the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
      the possible involvement of the placenta has not been considered. In an attempt
      to investigate the effects of alcohol on the placenta, single doses of 0.02 ml
      and 0.03 ml/g body weight of freshly prepared solutions (25%, v/v) of absolute
      alcohol in saline were administered to MF1 mice on day 8 of gestation. Controls
      were saline treated or/and pair fed and pair watered. Fetuses and placentas were
      collected on day 18, weighed individually, observed for malformations and fixed.
      Paraffin sections of placentas of control and of fetuses with FAS were stained
      with hematoxylin and eosin, Best's carmine and PAS with and without diastase
      (saliva). The experimental fetuses and placentas were lighter in weight than the
      controls. The decidua basalis of placentas of FAS cases were occasionally
      vacuolated and infiltrated by lymphocytes. The glycogen and mucopolysaccharide
      content in the basal zone was reduced. In most situations the glycogen cells had
      degenerated and were replaced by an acidophilic mass. The cytoarchitecture of the
      labyrinthine zone had been altered. Large cysts filled most parts of the
      placenta; besides fibrinoid accumulation, extensive vacuolisation was also
      clearly visible. The overall width of this zone and arborisation of fetal
      vasculature were also reduced. The consistent association of these placental
      abnormalities with FAS in this mouse model is suggestive of placental mechanisms
      in FAS.

PMID- 2419073
TI  - [Contact urticaria].
AB  - The paper summarizes the known data about contact urticaria, its clinical
      manifestations and pathogenetic mechanisms; together with examples from the
      literature and own case reports (not yet reported: contact urticaria provoked by
      roses). Eczematous dermatitis in contact urticaria patients is regarded as so
      called late phase reaction. Further, an updated listing of causative agents is
      given.

PMID- 2419074
TI  - [Comparison of CA 50 and CA 19-9 tumor markers in benign and malignant diseases
      of the upper gastrointestinal tract].
AB  - Tumour-associated antigens CA 50 and CA 19-9 were determined in serum of 208
      patients. Specificity of both neo-antigens as tumour markers was equally good, at
      100% and 95%, in patients without malignancy or gastrointestinal disease,
      respectively, using an upper limit of normal of 17 U/ml for CA 50 and 37 U/ml for
      CA 19-9. Benign diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as
      pancreatitis, cholestasis or cirrhosis of the liver, reduce the specificity of CA
      50 more than of CA 19-9. For example, specificity of CA 50 is only 33% for
      choledocholithiasis, but 74% with CA 19-9. The sensitivity of both closely
      related sialogangliosides in malignancies of the upper GI tract is similar, with
      the usual normal limits: in pancreas carcinoma 77% for CA 50, 81% for CA 19-9; in
      biliary tract carcinoma 80% for CA 50, 90% for CA 19-9; in gastric carcinoma 40%
      for CA 50, 50% for CA 19-9. But if one equalizes the upper limits of normal for
      both markers to a common 95% specificity, the tumour-indicating sensitivity of CA
      19-9 clearly surpasses that of CA 50. Malignant tumours not recognized by
      increased levels of CA 19-9 also escape serological diagnosis with CA 50.

PMID- 2419075
TI  - Relative sensitivity of six estuarine fishes to carbophenothion, chlorpyrifos,
      and fenvalerate.
AB  - The acute toxicity (96-hr LC50) of carbophenothion, chlorpyrifos, and fenvalerate
      to six estuarine fishes was determined in flow-through laboratory tests. The
      atherinid fishes (Menidia menidia, M. peninsulae, M. beryllina, and Leuresthes
      tenuis) consistently were among the most sensitive species tested and were
      similar to each other in their sensitivity to pesticides. The sensitivity of
      sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) to carbophenothion was the same as
      that of the atherinids. For fenvalerate, the sheepshead minnow LC50 was an order
      of magnitude greater than that of the most sensitive atherinid, whereas the LC50
      for chlorpyrifos and sheepshead minnows was two orders of magnitude greater. Gulf
      toadfish (Opsanus beta) were the least sensitive fish tested with carbophenothion
      and chlorpyrifos and their 96-hr LC50 for fenvalerate ranked between the LC50 for
      sheepshead minnows and atherinids. Test results were compared to acute toxicity
      data for other estuarine fishes and invertebrates.

PMID- 2419076
TI  - Focal burst-suppression induced by thiopental.
AB  - Five patients were subjected to a thiopental fast activation test, recording with
      implanted depth electrodes in two patients and at electrocorticography in 3
      patients. A burst-suppression pattern was seen focally in each patient, while
      adjacent regions in that hemisphere and in the contralateral hemisphere had
      continuous activity. Although detected in depth electrodes, this pattern was not
      seen with simultaneous scalp electrode recording. This focal pattern correlated
      with the presence of a pathological abnormality on histologic examination in all
      patients. It is postulated that the appearance of a focal burst-suppression
      pattern during a thiopental fast activation test implies the presence of
      underlying structural abnormality.

PMID- 2419077
TI  - The muscle activity spectrum: spectral analysis of muscle force as an estimator
      of overall motor unit activity.
AB  - Starting from the observation that the part above 6 Hz of the power spectrum of
      force tremor during isometric contractions can be related to the unfused twitches
      of motor units firing asynchronously, an attempt was made to study the usefulness
      of force tremor spectral analysis as a global descriptor of motoneurone pool
      activity. To compensate for the mechanical low-pass filter characteristic of
      skeletal muscle which leads to increased damping of mechanical ripples at higher
      frequencies, a numerical compensation rule was derived from data obtained by
      electrical microstimulation of small ensembles of motor units (MUs). Hidden line
      plots of consecutive partially overlapping spectra allowed visualization of
      changes in spectral composition during ongoing muscle activity. The resulting
      muscle activity spectra (MAS) showed broad peaks according to the range of onset
      firing rates in normal subjects. These tended to shift to higher frequencies with
      increasing force. Under conditions with increased synchronization of the MUs
      these broad peaks were replaced by sharp peaks corresponding to the burst
      repetition rate. Patients with different motor dysfunctions were selected to
      illustrate how alterations of MU activity are reflected in the MAS. Decreased or
      increased firing rates were observed as well as abnormal states of
      synchronization. It is concluded that the MAS provides useful information about
      some aspects of the discharge characteristics of ensembles of MUs and therefore
      represents a method to monitor some qualitative 'image' of the MU activities
      within a muscle.

PMID- 2419078
TI  - Autonomic and electrophysiological studies in patients with signs or symptoms of
      diabetic neuropathy.
AB  - Thirty-five patients with symptoms or signs of diabetic neuropathy were tested
      for autonomic neuropathy by measuring heart rate and blood pressure changes
      during an orthostatic tilt test, a single deep breath and the Valsalva manoeuvre
      and these results were related to electrophysiological measurements made on the
      common peroneal and sural nerves. The sural sensory action potential (SAP) was
      more strongly correlated with these tests of autonomic function (particularly
      with the brake index of the orthostatic tilt test (P less than 0.001) and the
      fall in systolic blood pressure 1 min after tilt (P less than 0.001], than the
      common peroneal nerve compound motor action potential, its minimum F wave latency
      or nerve conduction velocities. Patients with a detectable sural SAP had
      significantly higher brake indices than those with absent sural SAPs. Significant
      correlations were also obtained with the common peroneal motor nerve conduction
      velocity (MNCV) and autonomic tests and patients with MNCV less than and greater
      than 38 m/sec showed significant differences in many autonomic tests. The sural
      SAP amplitude, being less susceptible to factors that influence nerve conduction
      velocity, may be useful in identifying patients with an autonomic neuropathy.

PMID- 2419079
TI  - Mechanisms of syncope in glossopharyngeal neuralgia.
AB  - Syncope is a rare presentation of glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GN). The mechanisms
      of the syncope were studied in a patient with recurrent episodes comprising
      prolonged cardiac standstill and arterial hypotension. During attacks, no
      supraventricular or ventricular potentials were recorded in the ECG. Atropine
      prevented the cardiac arrest without affecting the pain, indicating the vagus as
      the efferent limb of the reflex asystole. Following atropine blood pressure
      continued to fall during GN attacks, suggesting abolition of sympathetic tone.
      Indeed, serum norepinephrine levels fell during these attacks. Infiltration of
      either vagus above the clavicle with local anesthetics did not abolish the
      cardiac asystole. Carbamazepine and a dual chamber pacemaker were effective in
      controlling the symptoms of the patient. The results suggest that, during a
      neuralgic attack, the stimulation excites both vagi, causing asystole and
      simultaneously abolishes sympathetic tone.

PMID- 2419080
TI  - Periodic generalized bursts of fast waves in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
AB  - First periodic EEG phenomena in an 8-year-old boy with proven SSPE consisted of
      generalized fast waves (PGFWs) concurrent with periodic involuntary movements.
      Since the great variability and unspecificity of EEG changes in the early stage
      of SSPE could make diagnostic difficulties, the appearance of PGFW in a patient
      with a clinical picture reminiscent of SSPE should always prompt immunologic
      investigations aimed at the confirmation of this disease.

PMID- 2419081
TI  - A study of multimodality evoked responses in idiopathic spasmodic torticollis.
AB  - A wide variety of anatomical sites have been implicated in the pathogenesis of
      torticollis, based primarily on animal studies. These include lesions in the
      mesencephalic tegmentum, third ventricle, diencephalon, pre-tectal area,
      prestitial nucleus of the mid-brain, cervical cord, atlanto-axial junction and
      motor cortex, amongst others. This study describes the use of multimodality
      evoked potentials including visual, auditory, bilateral median and peroneal
      somatosensory evoked responses, undertaken in patients with idiopathic spasmodic
      torticollis. An attempt was made to non-invasively identify any physiological
      disruption along these major pathways which could help locate a causative lesion.
      Normal evoked responses were obtained both ipsilateral and contralateral to the
      affected side in all patients. It is concluded that the lesion in idiopathic
      spasmodic torticollis does not discernibly involve the visual, auditory or motor
      somatosensory pathways.

PMID- 2419082
TI  - Functional connections among cortical regions: topography of EEG coherence.
AB  - The covariance among EEG signals can be examined with coherence analysis.
      Evidence that the right hemisphere has a more diffuse receptotopic organization
      than the left, together with evidence that it may have a higher proportion of
      white to gray matter, suggests a high degree of functional connectedness among
      right hemisphere regions. To determine whether this is reflected in greater EEG
      coherence among right than left hemisphere locations, we constructed a matrix of
      cross-spectra among all unique pairs of EEG channels in an 8-channel montage,
      then statistically de-structured this matrix to examine multiple coherences and
      both inter- and intra-hemispheric partial multiple coherences. Analyses on data
      from the resting EEGs of 14 right-handed men examined weekly for several months
      showed higher coherences for right hemisphere locations. For the inter
      hemispheric partial multiple coherences the frontal lobe values were also higher
      on the right, but the occipital inter-hemispheric coherences were higher on the
      left. These asymmetries have interesting parallels with anatomical asymmetries of
      the human cortex and may have functional implications.

PMID- 2419083
TI  - Attention, probability, and task demands as determinants of P300 latency from
      auditory stimuli.
AB  - A series of 3 experiments investigated factors which could affect the
      morphological quality and latency of the P3 ERP component from auditory stimuli.
      Manipulations of attention and probability of the target tone changed P3
      amplitude but typically demonstrated little effect on P3 latency. No differences
      for either component measure were obtained when recordings were made with the
      subjects' eyes open or closed. Passively ignoring the stimulus items decreased P3
      amplitude and increased its latency relative to active stimulus discrimination.

PMID- 2419084
TI  - Magnetic localization of a dipolar current source implanted in a sphere and a
      human cranium.
AB  - Magnetic fields produced by a dipolar source implanted in a spherical conductor
      and a human cranial specimen were measured in the magnetoencephalogram (MEG). The
      location of the source was accurately computed in the spherical conductor from
      the identified magnetic field extrema using equations for a current dipole in a
      sphere. This same method was insufficient for localizing the source in a human
      cranium, where magnetic field maps appeared as distortions from the classical
      dipolar pattern. A more complete computer modeling procedure was used, adjusting
      for the non-spherical dimensions of the recording matrix on the cranium. By
      fitting the gradient of computer simulated fields to those measured outside the
      cranium, the accuracy of source localization was substantially improved. The
      greatest distortion of the extracranial magnetic field was an inequality in the
      measured amplitude of the two extrema, produced by an increased distance and
      angle of the MEG probe when recording over the lower face and ear. However, gross
      heterogeneities in the resistance of the skull due to a craniectomy and an
      implanted insulating balloon had a negligible effect on the extracranial magnetic
      field pattern.

PMID- 2419085
TI  - Behavioral states in the chronic medullary and midpontine cat.
AB  - Behavioral state organization was studied in the caudal portion of chronically
      maintained cats with transections at the ponto-medullary junction or midpontine
      level. The cats spent most of their time in a 'quiescent state.' This state was
      periodically interrupted by 'phasic activations.' During quiescence, ECG and
      reticular unit activity rates were low and regular. EMG levels resembled those
      seen during non-REM sleep in intact cats. During phasic activations, unit
      activity in the nucleus gigantocellularis and neck EMG activity increased to
      levels seen in the intact cat during active waking. Gross postural changes,
      vestibular slow phase head nystagmus and head shake reflexes could be observed at
      these times. No periods of neck muscle atonia were observed in either state. No
      periods of brain-stem controlled rapid eye movements (REMs) occurred. Unit
      activity patterns similar to those seen in the intact cat during REM sleep were
      never observed. Physostigmine administration did not produce REM sleep signs, but
      rather, triggered an aroused state. Phasic activations occurred in a regular
      ultradian rhythm, with a period similar to that seen in the REM sleep cycle. We
      conclude that the chronic medullary cat retains primitive aroused and quiescent
      states, but does not have any of the local signs of REM sleep. However, the
      medulla does have the capability of generating ultradian rhythmicities which may
      contribute to the control of the basic rest activity cycle and the REM, non-REM
      sleep cycle.

PMID- 2419086
TI  - Polygraphic study of anterior hypothalamic-preoptic neuron thermosensitivity
      during sleep.
AB  - Thermal responsiveness of anterior hypothalamic-preoptic (AH-PO) neurons was
      studied in unanesthetized sleeping cats carrying chronically implanted electrodes
      and thermistors for recording EEG, EMG and AH-PO temperature. Activity of AH-PO
      neurons was recorded using tungsten microelectrodes during atraumatic stereotaxic
      head restraint in a sound-attenuated chamber at 22-25 degrees C. Direct cooling
      or warning of the AH-PO region was accomplished with bilaterally positioned water
      perfused thermodes. 110 thermosensitive neurons (77% cold-sensitive and 23% warm
      sensitive) were sampled during wakefulness and synchronized sleep. In contrast,
      the changes in spontaneous firing rate shown by AH-PO neurons during
      desynchronized sleep were often associated with a strong depression or outright
      suppression of their responsiveness to AH-PO thermal stimulation.

PMID- 2419087
TI  - Neuronal response abnormalities in the inferior colliculus of the genetically
      epilepsy-prone rat.
AB  - The genetically epilepsy-prone (GEP) rat is susceptible to seizure induction by
      acoustic stimuli. The inferior colliculus (IC) has been implicated as being
      critically important in audiogenic seizure susceptibility based on lesion,
      electrical stimulation, and focal implantation experiments. The current study
      determined that GEP rats were most susceptible to seizure induction by pure tone
      bursts at 100 dB at a frequency of 12 kHz. IC neurons in the GEP rat exhibited a
      significantly elevated incidence of a particular response pattern at 12 kHz and
      at characteristic frequency. This pattern consisted of a peak at the beginning
      and end of the stimulus (onset-offset response). This response pattern only
      occurred with high intensity stimuli approximating those which induce seizures
      and may represent an afterdischarge phenomenon. The response threshold was
      significantly elevated and tuning characteristics were also significantly altered
      in IC neurons of GEP rats as compared to normal IC neurons. The latter two
      findings may be related to the deficit of hearing which is reported in the GEP
      rat. The increased incidence of onset-offset responses may be due to a decreased
      efficacy of inhibition in the GEP rat neurons as compared to normal rat neurons.

PMID- 2419088
TI  - Development of visual evoked potentials and photic driving responses in normal
      full term, low risk premature, and Trisomy-21 infants during the first year of
      life.
AB  - Stroboscopic visual evoked potentials (SVEPs) and photic driving responses were
      recorded during the first week of life post term and at 4, 13, 26 and 52 weeks in
      normal full term, low risk premature, and Trisomy-21 infants. The age effect on
      SVEP P2 peak latency was significant (P less than 0.001). P2 latency for the
      Trisomy-21 group was significantly prolonged at 1 week of age only. Voltages and
      interhemispheric symmetry were highly variable, with no significant age or group
      effects. There is considerable variability in photic driving effects, even within
      sessions. Maximal driving frequencies are difficult to determine; they may be
      near 15 Hz at term. The age effect on optimal driving frequency (3-4 Hz at week 1
      increasing to 5 Hz at 12 months) was significant (P less than 0.001). The between
      groups effect was not significant. The results are discussed in terms of (1) our
      own previous results, (2) previous results reported in the literature, and (3)
      significance in clinical applications.

PMID- 2419089
TI  - Effect of central scotomata on pattern reversal visual evoked potentials in
      patients with maculopathy and healthy subjects.
AB  - The effect of central scotomata on pattern reversal visual evoked potential
      (PVEP) was investigated in patients with maculopathy and healthy subjects. PVEP
      was evoked monocularly by both full-field and half-field stimulations. Since the
      latency of 'the major positivity at Oz' (P100-Oz) is used as the most reliable
      parameter in the clinical application of PVEP, special attention was focused on
      its changes, comparing with 'ipsilateral major positivity of half-field PVEP'
      (P100-IHF). Although the incidence of modification was lower in the patients,
      central scotomata modified PVEPs of the healthy subjects and of the affected eye
      of the patients in a similar manner: full-field PVEP showed prolonged latency and
      reduced amplitude of P100-Oz. Half-field PVEP disclosed prolonged P100-Oz latency
      with intact P100-IHF latency. Only difference was that amplitude reduction of
      both P100-Oz and P100-IHF of half-field PVEP was observed only in the healthy
      subjects. The prolonged P100-Oz latency of half-field PVEP was accompanied, both
      in the healthy subjects and in the patients, by a contralateral negative-positive
      complex (N105-P135) which was augmented and extended to Oz. The prolonged P100-Oz
      latency, thus, was due to the pronounced P135. These observations suggested that
      an attenuation of the afferent impulses from the central retina may cause a
      prolongation of the P100-Oz latency in both healthy subjects and patients, but
      this is not a reflection of the truly prolonged P100-IHF latency. It was
      concluded that, in the clinical application of PVEP, recordings of half-field
      PVEP from the lateral electrodes seem to be essential to distinguish true
      prolongation of the P100-Oz latency.

PMID- 2419090
TI  - Cortical potentials preceding voluntary movement: evidence for three periods of
      preparation in man.
AB  - We have recorded movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) to voluntary middle
      finger extension from 10 young and 10 old subjects free of neurological disease
      using the method of detecting EMG onset associated with each movement described
      by Barrett et al. (1985). The slow potential shifts preceding movement were
      measured by fitting a linear regression line to the wave forms to obtain a
      measure of their slope. Three separate potential shifts were identified. The
      first had a scalp distribution and onset latency similar to the
      Bereitschaftspotential (BP) first reported by Kornhuber and Deecke (1964, 1965).
      The potential shift immediately preceding movement corresponded with the NS' of
      Shibasaki et al. (1980). We identified, for the first time, a third shift
      intervening between BP and NS' and named it the intermediate shift (IS). The
      onset of BP occurred about 1.6 sec before EMG onset and was followed by IS which
      began about 875 msec before movement. The onset of NS' occurred 300 msec before
      EMG onset and terminated about 90 msec before this event. The slope of BP
      preceding right finger movement was steeper than that preceding left hand
      movement in all our right-handed subjects. The distribution of BP was symmetric
      about the midline. The IS potential shift had a slope which was steeper on the
      average preceding left finger movement than right. The distribution of IS was
      symmetric about the midline preceding left finger movement but had a
      contralateral tendency preceding right hand movement. NS' had a maximum slope at
      contralateral electrodes over the hand motor area and parietal areas. It was
      suggested that the BP potential shift originates in the supplementary motor area
      on the medial surface of the cerebral cortex. The differing distribution of the
      IS shift for the two hands suggests that this potential may be generated
      bilaterally preceding left finger movement but from the contralateral hemisphere
      only preceding movement of the right finger. The most likely origin of this
      potential was thought to be superior premotor cortex. NS' was considered to
      originate in primary motor cortex with possible contributions from other cortical
      areas associated with movement.

PMID- 2419091
TI  - Cortical potential shifts preceding voluntary movement are normal in
      parkinsonism.
AB  - We have recorded movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) preceding voluntary
      finger extension from 10 subjects with Parkinson's disease and compared the
      results with those obtained from groups of young and old subjects described in
      the previous paper in this volume (Barrett et al. 1986). Three separate potential
      shifts preceding voluntary movement were identified in the wave forms of all
      subjects. There were no differences between the healthy aged subjects and those
      with Parkinson's disease in terms of the onset latencies or gradients of these
      potential shifts. The potential shift associated with the final phase of
      preparation (NS') was significantly less widespread over central scalp for the
      older subjects compared with the young. Equivalent results for a 35-year-old
      subject with Parkinson's disease were indistinguishable from those obtained from
      the young subjects suggesting that this restriction in the distribution of NS' is
      related to normal ageing rather than the disease process of parkinsonism. There
      were no differences within the group of parkinsonian subjects with respect to
      potential shifts associated with differing degrees of movement disability between
      the two hands. Our results contradict previous reports of abnormal MRCPs in
      Parkinson's disease (Deecke et al. 1977; Deecke and Kornhuber 1978; Shibasaki et
      al. 1978). We attribute this primarily to an improved method of recording MRCP
      which compensates for time jitter between EMG onset and the production of a
      trigger pulse for averaging (Barrett et al. 1985).

PMID- 2419092
TI  - Evoked potentials in choreoacanthocytosis.
AB  - Visual, brain-stem auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials were obtained in
      two patients with choreoacanthocytosis. Only minor SSEP amplitude reduction was
      found in one patient. Therefore evoked potentials were not helpful in identifying
      patients with symptoms of this disorder of up to 8 years duration.

PMID- 2419093
TI  - Spatial distribution of generators of alpha activity.
AB  - Source determination of alpha activity was studied using the relative power
      contribution analysis (RPCA) method which allows determination of the relative
      contributions of different areas to the power of a certain area at different
      frequencies. In 20 normal subjects, EEGs were recorded from F3, F4, C3, C4, P3,
      P4, O1 and O2, each referenced to a linked ear. An 8-dimensional autoregressive
      model was fitted to the EEGs of 10.24 sec. Based on the model, RPCA was
      performed. For each area, alpha activity was divided into two parts: one
      originating in its own area (endogenous) and another in the other areas
      (exogenous). Endogenous alpha activity increased as the area was more posterior.
      In the anterior regions (frontal and central), endogenous alpha power (power of
      endogenous alpha activity) was small, while exogenous alpha power was large. In
      the posterior regions (parietal and occipital), the amount of endogenous alpha
      power did not differ markedly from that of exogenous alpha power. The posterior
      regions, which generate more endogenous alpha activity, can be considered to play
      a dominant role in alpha generating mechanisms. In some subjects, alpha
      generators with a different frequency from that of the occipital areas were
      observed.

PMID- 2419094
TI  - Spinal motor preparation in humans.
AB  - This study examined the influence of preparatory 'set' on the modulation of
      monosynaptic reflex excitability immediately prior to the initiation of a
      voluntary movement. Six subjects performed 3 tasks which varied the level of
      preparatory set according to the availability of temporal and event anticipation.
      A choice reaction-time task restricted both temporal and event anticipation; a
      simple reaction-time task restricted temporal anticipation while allowing event
      anticipation; and a coincidence-timing task permitted both temporal and event
      anticipation. The response for all tasks performed was ankle plantarflexion. The
      excitability of the monosynaptic reflex was examined by eliciting H reflexes to
      the right soleus muscle at 50 msec intervals over the final 400 msec preceding
      the initiation of voluntary muscle contraction. All 3 tasks showed an initial
      depression and later increase in the H reflex amplitude. The onset of reflex
      facilitation was the same for the choice and simple reaction-time tasks,
      commencing 74 msec prior to voluntary muscle contraction. However, the
      coincidence-timing task showed an earlier onset of reflex facilitation. Reflex
      facilitation preceded voluntary muscle contraction by 130-337 msec during the
      performance of this task. Thus, it appears that the modulation of monosynaptic
      reflex excitability is not time-locked to the onset of voluntary muscle
      contraction, but rather is controlled by the preparatory set of the subject. The
      modulation of reflex excitability represents a separate, though necessary, stage
      in the organization and initiation of voluntary movement.

PMID- 2419095
TI  - Regional cooling of human nerve and slowed Na+ inactivation.
AB  - Regional cooling of human sensory nerves increases the amplitude and surface area
      of an evoked sensory compound action potential (SCAP). It has been proposed that
      these changes are due to cold-induced slowing of Na+ inactivation. Na+
      inactivation is also the main voltage-dependent event that underlies the
      refractory period in myelinated nerve. Therefore, if slowed Na+ inactivation
      causes the increased SCAP amplitude and area seen in focal cooling, a parallel
      temperature-dependent change should also occur in the SCAP refractory period. We
      compared the duration and magnitude of the relative refractory period to the
      total surface of a median nerve SCAP at 5 intervals of increasing temperature,
      from 24 degrees C to 36 degrees C. In 5 control subjects, the SCAP surface area
      and the relative refractory period increased 4-5-fold in parallel and revealed a
      non-linear relation to temperature change. Prolongation of the duration of
      individual nerve fiber potentials from slowed Na+ inactivation is proposed as one
      explanation of these temperature-related changes.

PMID- 2419096
TI  - Analysis of cat multichannel acoustic brain-stem response data using dipole
      localization methods.
AB  - We have used dipole localization methods (DLMs) to examine multielectrode
      acoustic brain-stem response (ABR) data for 9 data files collected in 5
      experiments on 2 cats. The analytical model for scalp surface voltage consisted
      of a single current dipole in a homogeneous spherical head model. DLM sources
      were compared to ABR generator sites determined in intracranial and lesion
      experiments described in the literature. DLM source along the mediolateral axis
      is consistent with a predominantly ipsilateral cochlear nucleus origin for P2,
      and a predominantly contralateral origin for P3. DLM source for P4 and P5 was
      near the midline plane, consistent with the suggestion of sources arrayed along
      both sides of the midline. Average DLM source position increased by 7.1 mm
      superiorly from P3 to P5, nearly what would be expected from movement from
      superior olive to inferior colliculus levels. A lack of DLM source movement in
      the postero-anterior direction is attributed to limitations of the spherical
      model. The overall progression of mean DLM equivalent source position at
      successive ABR peaks demonstrates the existence of substantive information about
      generator source position in scalp surface ABR field patterns. However, model
      constraints of available DLM techniques present severe restrictions on the
      physiological interpretation of results.

PMID- 2419097
TI  - Digital zero-phase-shift filtering of short-latency somatosensory evoked
      potentials.
AB  - Short-latency somatosensory potentials evoked by median nerve stimulation were
      averaged after analogue bandpass of 30-3000 Hz and then filtered by a zero-phase
      shift digital filter with bandpass of 200-1500 Hz. Both near- and far-field
      potentials recorded by scalp to scalp, ear and extracephalic references were
      enhanced, without temporal distortion or the introduction of spurious peaks.
      Components were identified at the same or similar peak latencies as reported by
      other investigators. Zero-phase-shift digital filtering may increase the
      usefulness of recording short-latency somatosensory potentials.

PMID- 2419098
TI  - Cortical potentials evoked by epidural stimulation of the cervical and thoracic
      spinal cord in man.
AB  - Scalp somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded after electrical
      stimulation of the spinal cord in humans. Stimulating electrodes were placed at
      different vertebral levels of the epidural space over the midline of the
      posterior aspect of the spinal cord. The wave form of the response differed
      according to the level of the stimulating epidural electrodes. Cervical
      stimulation elicited an SEP very similar to that produced by stimulation of upper
      extremity nerves, e.g., bilateral median nerve SEP, but with a shorter latency.
      Epidural stimulation of the lower thoracic cord elicited an SEP similar to that
      produced by stimulation of lower extremity nerves. The results of upper thoracic
      stimulation appeared as a mixed upper and lower extremity type of SEP. The
      overall amplitudes of SEPs elicited by the epidural stimulation were higher than
      SEPs elicited by peripheral nerve stimulation. In 4 patients the CV along the
      spinal cord was calculated from the difference in latencies of the cortical
      responses to stimulation at two different vertebral levels. The CVs were in the
      range of 45-65 m/sec. The method was shown to be promising for future study of
      spinal cord dysfunctions.

PMID- 2419099
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials after removal of somatosensory cortex in man.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to median nerve, ulnar nerve, thumb,
      middle finger, and posterior tibial nerve stimulation were recorded in a patient
      with a discrete resection of part of the postcentral somatosensory cortex as a
      treatment for focal epilepsy. Comparison of the different stimulation sites
      confirmed electrophysiologically the restricted locus of the lesion. The results
      strongly suggest that the early negative component (N20) and subsequent
      components recorded postcentrally are of cortical origin and depend upon
      postcentral gyrus cytoarchitectonic areas 3, 2, and 1. Moreover, these
      postcentral SEPs are distinct from precentrally recorded activity.

PMID- 2419100
TI  - Influence of concurrent tactile stimulation on somatosensory evoked potentials
      following posterior tibial nerve stimulation in man.
AB  - A topographical study was made of SEPs following stimulation of the right
      posterior tibial nerve at the ankle, with and without concurrent tactile
      stimulation of the soles of either foot or the palm of the right hand. Effects of
      the interfering stimulus were best demonstrated by subtracting the wave forms to
      derive "difference' potentials. The majority of SEP components were significantly
      attenuated by tactile stimulation of the ipsilateral foot, and the difference
      wave form was of similar morphology to the control response. Components of
      opposite polarity peaking at 39 msec were consistent with the field of a cortical
      generator with dipolar properties, situated in the contralateral hemisphere just
      posterior to the vertex with the positive poles oriented towards the ipsilateral
      side. By analogy with median SEP findings, these potentials were believed to
      originate in the foot region of area 3b where neurones are mainly concerned with
      cutaneous sensory processing. When the tactile stimulus was applied to the
      contralateral foot, difference potentials maximally recorded just posterior to
      the vertex were of smaller amplitude but similar morphology to ipsilateral foot
      difference components. This suggested the possibility that input from the two
      lower extremities may converge at cortical or subcortical level, the effect being
      manifested in the response of certain neurones in area 3b. With both
      contralateral foot and ipsilateral hand stimulation, other difference potentials
      were present which suggested that there may be cortical regions responding to
      combinations of sensory stimuli applied to various parts of the body surface.

PMID- 2419101
TI  - Cerebral responses evoked by stimulation of vesico-urethral junction in man:
      methodological evaluation of monopolar stimulation.
AB  - Cerebral responses after bipolar stimulation (BpS) and monopolar stimulation
      (MpS) of the vesico-urethral junction (VUJ), as well as skin surface stimulation
      of various hip and pelvic structures, were recorded in 13 normal control
      subjects. BpS of VUJ produced cerebral evoked potentials (CEPs) with a negative
      peak (mean latency 88.69 +/- 13.73 msec) following a smaller positive deflection,
      while MpS of the same sites with indifferent electrodes placed on various pelvic
      or hip structures resulted in different response latencies that were all
      significantly shorter than those of BpS. Shape and latency of responses after MpS
      of VUJ were similar to those elicited by skin surface stimulation of the
      abdominal wall and the iliac crest; those elicited by pudendal nerve stimulation
      at the glans were also similar in shape but significantly greater in latency.
      Results strongly indicate that during MpS of VUJ the somatic or muscle afferents
      located in the hip and pelvic region are stimulated; consequently, BpS technique
      should be considered the preferred technique for investigating the physiological
      condition of visceral afferents arising from VUJ.

PMID- 2419102
TI  - Morphological measurement of the SEP using a dynamic time warping algorithm.
AB  - A dynamic time warping technique was created to align the components of digitally
      high-pass (300 Hz-2500 Hz) filtered somatosensory evoked potentials evoked by
      median nerve stimulation recorded with a bipolar cephalic montage. A cost
      function was assigned related to the amount of warping necessary to match a
      standard wave derived from 24 normal subjects. Its value ranged from 0.525 to
      2.456 (mean 1.305 +/- 0.501). This contrasted with a mean of 5.089 +/- 4.277
      (range 0.701-13.972) derived from 25 patients with definite (n = 24) or possible
      (n = 1) multiple sclerosis chosen on the basis of having few or no clinical
      abnormalities at the time of testing. Fourteen (56%) of the patients had cost
      functions that were 3 or more S.D.s above the normal mean as compared to 3 (12%)
      having prolonged latency of the N19 peak. When used in combination, the cost
      function and latency yielded 60% abnormalities; 5 times higher than latency
      measurement alone.

PMID- 2419103
TI  - Human auditory evoked potentials during natural sleep: the early components.
AB  - The auditory brain-stem evoked potential (ABEP) was recorded from 9 female
      subjects during 1 night of natural sleep. Monaural click stimuli were delivered
      at a rate of either 11, 41 or 81/sec through a hearing-aid device. The intensity
      was held constant at 70 dB nHL. In other runs, the intensity was lowered to
      either 50, 30 or 10 dB, the rate of click presentation being held constant at
      81/sec. Tympanic temperature was monitored throughout the recording session. The
      ABEP was unaltered during any stage of sleep regardless of the rate of
      presentation or stimulus intensity. Distinct peak V responses were recognizable
      to within 10 dB of the adult threshold in the sleeping subject. It may be
      concluded that sleep has virtually no effect on ABEP morphology.

PMID- 2419104
TI  - Effects of stimulus repetition rate on slow and fast components of auditory brain
      stem responses.
AB  - Effects of stimulus repetition rate on the slow and fast components of the
      auditory brain-stem response (ABR) were investigated in 10 adult subjects with
      normal hearing. The ABRs were recorded with click stimuli at repetition rates of
      8, 13.3, 23.8, 40 and 90.9/sec and at an intensity level of 55 dB nHL. Power
      spectral analysis of the averaged responses was performed. Then the responses
      were divided into a slow component (0-400 Hz) and a fast component (400-1500 Hz)
      by using digital filtering technique. The magnitude of the slow component was
      little affected with increasing stimulus rate from 8/sec to 90.9/sec, while
      successive waves of the fast component, including wave V, decreased in amplitude
      as stimulus rate was increased. The latency of the slow component and each wave
      of the fast component was prolonged with increasing click rates. The shift of
      latency became longer in the later waves than in the earlier waves.

PMID- 2419105
TI  - Isolated brain-stem death. Case report with demonstration of preserved visual
      evoked potentials (VEPs).
AB  - Brain-stem death is a state in which brain-stem functions have ceased whereas the
      hemispheres still have electrical activity. We report a patient with a haematoma
      over the cerebellum and the pons who showed a preserved electroencephalogram and
      VEPs whereas all clinical signs of cerebral death was present. Normal VEPs in
      isolated brain-stem death have not yet been reported. We conclude that in any
      case of infratentorial lesion, an electroencephalogram should be recorded for the
      diagnosis of brain death.

PMID- 2419106
TI  - Amplitudes of visually evoked potentials to patterned stimuli: age and sex
      comparisons.
AB  - Electrophysiological age and sex differences in visual pattern responsivity were
      investigated. Pattern reversal evoked potentials (PREPs) and visual evoked
      potentials (VEPs) to patterned and unpatterned flashes were recorded from 20
      normal subjects in each of 4 groups: young females and males aged 25-35 years and
      older females and males aged 55-70 years. PREP waves N70-P100 and P100-N150 from
      the older women were significantly larger than those from subjects in the other
      groups; mean amplitudes for the young females, young males and older males were
      not different. A similar effect, unusually large potentials for the older women,
      was obtained for VEPs, but only for VEPs elicited by patterned flashes and
      recorded from occipital scalp, i.e., an area overlying visual cortex which is
      sensitive to lines and edges. Our findings suggest that the visual system of
      older females is unusually responsive to patterned stimuli.

PMID- 2419107
TI  - Neurometric evaluation of the cortical somatosensory evoked potential in acute
      incomplete spinal cord injuries.
AB  - The clinical application of evoked potentials has at times been criticized for
      its failure to provide an objective quantifiable assessment of the processing of
      sensory information and a reflection of nervous system integrity at least
      comparable in accuracy to other methods of assessment. The challenge is to
      quantify the SEP in a manner that accurately reflects the function of the
      somatosensory system. Therefore, neurometrics, an approach which emphasizes the
      transformation of neurophysiological data to a common metric of relative
      probability by reference to normative standards and the classification of
      critical features of data by multivariate statistics, was employed. The 3-part
      study involved the evaluation of the diagnostic, prognostic and localization
      functions of the cortical tibial SEP in patients with incomplete spinal cord
      injuries. Two neurometric indices which correlated well with concurrent and
      future neurological status were developed. The distributions of influence of
      dorsal columns and spino-thalamic tracts on the SEP were established.

PMID- 2419108
TI  - Epidurally recorded cervical somatosensory evoked potential in humans.
AB  - Three slow wave components, P10, N13 and P18, can be seen in the cervical
      somatosensory evoked potential (CSEP) in response to median nerve stimulation
      recorded by an electrode in the epidural space at the dorsal aspect of the
      cervical spinal cord referenced to an electrode at the suprasternal notch. In the
      region of high CSEP amplitude, which extends over several cervical segments, the
      peak-to-peak amplitude is more than 10 microV, permitting observation of the CSEP
      slow waves in single, unaveraged records. The CSEP to finger nerve stimulation
      had a similar wave form and the same latencies (referred to the Erb's potential)
      as the CSEP to median nerve stimulation. The P10 activity is of presynaptic
      origin; it is generated in the brachial plexus, spinal roots and terminal
      branches of the primary sensory fibers. The N13 slow wave is of postsynaptic
      origin; however, the small wave on the ascending phase of this main postsynaptic
      component represents superimposed presynaptic activity. In bipolar epidural
      recordings, 3-5 fast waves are superimposed on the slow CSEP waves, which are of
      lower amplitude than the slow waves in unipolar recordings. The fast waves show a
      slight but progressive delay at the more rostral recording sites and are present
      even with high frequency stimulation, presumably reflecting activity in long
      ascending tracts. The surface recorded CSEP to median nerve stimulation is 4-7
      times lower in amplitude than the CSEP in unipolar epidural recordings. The small
      wave on the ascending phase of N13 and the N13 peak of the unipolar epidural
      recordings had the same latencies as the surface N11 and N13 peaks.

PMID- 2419109
TI  - Transplants: the reasons for rejection.

PMID- 2419110
TI  - The ecology of colour vision.

PMID- 2419111
TI  - The photosynthetic membrane: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

PMID- 2419112
TI  - Neurotrophic factors.

PMID- 2419113
TI  - Epidemiological considerations of the history of indigenous malaria in Britain.

PMID- 2419114
TI  - Bacteriophage and their roles in biotechnology.

PMID- 2419115
TI  - The peripheral smear.
AB  - The CBC "with differential" presently includes a blood smear that is examined by
      the medical technologist and is available for the physician. With increased
      familiarity of the technique for blood smear preparation and interpretation, the
      emergency physician must include peripheral blood smear review as part of the
      emergency department evaluation of bleeding disorders, anemia, infectious
      disorders, and suspected leukemia. Knowing the variations in morphology of blood
      cells in specific disease states should help the physician to intelligently order
      and meaningfully interpret the peripheral blood smear. It is a test commonly
      available but awaits full use by physicians in emergency medicine.

PMID- 2419116
TI  - D-2 dopaminergic agonists and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate directly regulate the
      synthesis of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like peptides by cultured rat
      melanotrophs.
AB  - When placed in short term (2-day) tissue culture, the melanotrophs from the
      intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary gland synthesize a proopiomelanocortin
      like material (POMC-LM). Exposure of these cells to bromocriptine (CB 154), an
      agonist upon their D-2 dopamine receptor, reduces the synthesis of POMC-LM;
      spiroperidol, an antagonist of the D-2 receptor, prevents this effect of CB 154.
      Cultured melanotrophs secrete an alpha MSH-like material. The amount of this
      alpha MSH-like material, either stored intracellularly or secreted into the
      culture medium, can be quantified in a specific RIA; the material identified in
      this manner is designated immunoreactive alpha MSH (IR-alpha MSH). CB 154
      inhibits the secretion of IR-alpha MSH from these cells. Either spiroperidol or 8
      bromo-cAMP prevent this inhibitory effect of CB 154. The capacity of these cells
      to synthesize alpha MSH-like molecules and release them into the culture medium
      can be assessed by incubation in the presence of [3H]tyrosine, followed by
      immunoprecipitation with an antibody directed against alpha MSH. This newly
      synthesized immunoprecipitable material is designated immunoprecipitable alpha
      MSH (IP-alpha MSH) and should be distinguished from IR-alpha MSH. Both CB 154 and
      quinpirole, a selective D-2 agonist (but not SKF 38393, a selective D-1 agonist),
      inhibit the synthesis and secretion of IP-alpha MSH. YM-09151-2, a selective D-2
      antagonist (but not SCH 23390, a selective D-1 antagonist), blocks the inhibitory
      effects of quinpirole. Several compounds affecting cAMP metabolism (cholera
      toxin, forskolin, 8-bromo-cAMP, and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine) can also prevent
      the inhibitory effect of CB 154 on the synthesis of IP-alpha MSH. We conclude the
      following. The D-2 receptor in the intermediate lobe directly regulates the
      synthesis and secretion of IP-alpha MSH. cAMP can regulate either the synthesis
      of POMC-LM or the processing of this substance into alpha MSH-like peptides.

PMID- 2419117
TI  - Feedback inhibition of insulin on insulin secretion in isolated pancreatic
      islets.
AB  - We have examined the effect of exogenous insulin on secretion vesicle margination
      and secretion vesicle lysis in isolated perifused rat pancreatic islets.
      Recruitment of somatostatin (SRIF) receptors to the plasma membrane was used as a
      marker of secretion vesicle margination, whereas insulin release reflected the
      process of secretion vesicle lysis. A newly designed perifusion protocol allows
      one to interrupt intermittently either secretion vesicle margination or secretion
      vesicle lysis. Islets were initially perifused with glucose (30, 100, 165, 200,
      or 300 mg/dl) in the presence of sodium isethionate. Sodium isethionate inhibits
      secretion vesicle lysis, but not the recruitment of SRIF receptors. Thus, the
      margination of secretion vesicles to the surface membrane continued without their
      lysis. Sodium isethionate was then removed, and islets were challenged with 400
      microM isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX). In the islets perifused with high glucose
      concentrations, IBMX lysed a greater number of vesicles and caused enhanced
      release of insulin. The presence of exogenous insulin during the initial phase of
      secretion vesicle margination did not affect subsequent IBMX-induced insulin
      secretion from the islets perifused with low glucose concentrations (30 or even
      100 mg/dl). When the glucose concentration was increased to 165, 200, or 300
      mg/dl, insulin significantly diminished IBMX-induced insulin release. In separate
      experiments, increasing concentrations of insulin (50, 100, and 200 microU/ml)
      reduced glucose-induced recruitment of SRIF receptors in a dose-dependent manner.
      Our observations strongly suggest the existence of a well balanced relationship
      between ambient glucose and insulin concentrations in terms of their positive and
      negative feedback actions on insulin release. Their influences seem to be exerted
      at the level of secretion vesicle margination at the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2419118
TI  - Effect of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on Sertoli cell refractoriness: reversal
      of the impaired androgen aromatization.
AB  - Responsiveness of the Sertoli cell after FSH pretreatment was evaluated in terms
      of androgen aromatization. Sertoli cell cultures were preincubated with FSH for
      24 h, then cells were washed free of hormone and reincubated with FSH in the
      presence of androstendione. The estrogen accumulated in the medium was measured
      by RIA. Gonadotropin pretreatment produced a marked refractory state, and a
      second challenge with FSH did not produce an increase in androgen aromatization.
      A dose-response study showed that FSH pretreatment produced three separate
      effects on Sertoli cell steroidogenesis: an increased basal production of
      estrogen; a decreased maximal response when doses of 10 ng/ml FSH or higher were
      employed in the preincubation; and a decreased sensitivity of the Sertoli cell to
      FSH. In the last case, the ED50 was reduced approximately 3- to 5-fold. Such an
      impaired stimulation of androgen aromatization was no longer present when cells
      were incubated with the phosphodiesterase inhibitors methyl-isobutyl-xanthine
      (MIX). In the presence of this inhibitor, refractory cells responded to FSH
      better than the control cells. The possibility that MIX stimulated cAMP
      accumulation by acting as antagonist of purine receptor was ruled out by the
      finding that the nonxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor 4-(3-butoxy-4
      methoxybenzyl)2-imidazolidinone (Ro 20-1724) also reverted the refractory state.
      Pretreatment of the Sertoli cells with FSH produced an impaired response in the
      second incubation also to isoproterenol, cholera toxin, and forskolin. The
      response to these compounds was apparently normal when cells were incubated in
      the presence of MIX or Ro 20-1724. Conversely, refractory cells responded to
      (Bu)2cAMP in a manner indistinguishable from the fully responsive control cells.
      These data demonstrate that FSH induces homologous and heterologous refractory
      states of the Sertoli cell reflected by an impaired estrogen production. The
      finding that phosphodiesterase inhibitors fully restore the FSH response suggests
      an important role of phosphodiesterase in the induction and/or maintenance of
      such refractoriness.

PMID- 2419119
TI  - Study of cholesterol side-chain cleavage (20,22 desmolase) deficiency causing
      congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia using bovine-sequence P450scc
      oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes.
AB  - Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone is mediated by the cholesterol side
      chain cleavage (SCC) enzyme, P450scc. Deficient SCC activity causes congenital
      lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (also known as 20,22 desmolase deficiency), a
      potentially lethal defect in the synthesis of all steroid hormones. To probe for
      possible genetic defects causing this disease we synthesized four
      oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing 63 to 72 bases corresponding to portions of
      the bovine complementary DNA (cDNA) sequence for P450scc. The bovine
      oligonucleotides were labeled and used directly to probe Southern blots of normal
      human genomic DNA, revealing a pattern indicating there is a single P450scc gene
      in the human genome. Hybridization to Northern blots of normal human and bovine
      adrenal messenger RNA indicates that P450scc messenger RNA is about 2.0 kilobases
      long in both species. Hybridizations of the oligonucleotides to genomic DNA from
      three unrelated patients with SCC deficiency did not detect a deletion in the
      human P450scc gene. The bovine sequence oligonucleotides were then used to
      isolate a human P450scc cDNA clone. The isolated P450scc cDNA fragment contains
      818 bases encoding 239 amino acids of the protein, the translation termination
      signal, and 98 bases of the 3' untranslated region. The sequence of this carboxy
      terminal half of the human P450scc protein is 72% homologous with the bovine
      sequence and contains an additional amino acid not found in bovine P450scc; the
      human and bovine nucleotide sequences are 81% homologous. Repetition of the
      genomic DNA blotting studies with the cDNA probe gave the same results obtained
      with the bovine-sequence oligonucleotide probes, confirming that SCC deficiency
      is not due to a deletion in the regions of the P450scc hybridizing with the
      probes. Long, chemically synthesized heterologous sequence oligonucleotides
      containing unknown numbers of base mismatches with human sequences may thus be
      used to study human genes so that access to a cDNA is not necessary for such
      studies.

PMID- 2419120
TI  - Binding of 7 alpha, 17 alpha-dimethyl-19-nortestosterone (mibolerone) to androgen
      and progesterone receptors in human and animal tissues.
AB  - In rat uterus and prostate, 7 alpha, 17 alpha-dimethyl-19-nortestosterone (DMNT)
      binds to the androgen receptor specifically and with high affinity. However, this
      steroid does not bind to glucocorticoid receptors, since it does not displace
      binding of [3H]triamcinolone acetonide in calf thymus cytosol. In calf uterine
      and human breast tumor cytosols DMNT binds to the androgen and progesterone
      receptors, since binding of [3H] DMNT is displaced by unlabeled 16 alpha-ethyl-21
      hydroxy-19-nor-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione triamcinolone acetonide, and 5 alpha
      dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Conversely, binding of [3H]16 alpha-ethyl-21-hydroxy
      19-nor-4-pregnene-3,20-dione is effectively competed for by unlabeled DMNT but
      not by DHT. The observed differences in binding of [3H]DMNT to rat and calf
      uterine cytosols suggest the species specificity of progesterone receptors.
      Unlike DHT, DMNT has no appreciable binding to human sex-steroid binding
      globulin. These findings suggest DMNT as a suitable ligand for measurement and
      characterization of androgen receptors in rat and human prostate.

PMID- 2419121
TI  - Placental protein 12 is a decidual protein that binds somatomedin and has an
      identical N-terminal amino acid sequence with somatomedin-binding protein from
      human amniotic fluid.
AB  - Placental protein 12 (PP12) was originally isolated from term human placenta and
      adjacent membranes. Recently we found that the site of PP12 synthesis is decidua
      but not placenta. In this work, the purity of PP12 was first tested by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide slab-gel electrophoresis and by reverse phase
      HPLC, and the N-terminal amino acid sequence of 15 residues was determined by a
      liquid-phase sequencer. A single amino acid sequence of Ala-Pro-Trp-Gln-Cys-Ala
      Pro-Cys-Ser-Ala-Asp-Glu-Leu-Ala-Leu was obtained showing identity to the known N
      terminal amino acid sequence of somatomedin-binding protein from human amniotic
      fluid. Like the latter, PP12 bound somatomedin (insulin-like growth factor I) as
      demonstrated in gel chromatography by a shift in the elution pattern of
      [125I]iodo-insulin-like growth factor I after incubation with PP12. These data
      show that PP12 is a somatomedin-binding protein and extend through previous
      literature on PP12 the existing knowledge on the physiology and pathophysiology
      of somatomedin-binding protein(s) in human reproduction and cancer.

PMID- 2419122
TI  - Stimulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate production in rat Sertoli cells by
      alpha-melanotropin-stimulating hormone (alpha MSH) and des-acetyl alpha MSH.
AB  - Proopiomelanocortin and its derivative peptides alpha MSH and beta-endorphin are
      produced by Leydig cells. beta-Endorphin or another testicular opiate is believed
      to suppress Sertoli cell hypertrophy. The goal of this study was to determine the
      effects of another proopiomelanocortin-derived peptide on Sertoli cells. The
      activities of both alpha MSH and des-acetyl alpha MSH have been compared, since
      this latter peptide has been identified in testicular extracts. Both alpha MSH
      and des-acetyl alpha MSH stimulated cAMP accumulation in the media of primary
      Sertoli cell cultures when incubated in the presence of a phosphodiesterase
      inhibitor, FSH or forskolin. Both peptides shifted the FSH dose-response curve to
      the left, making the cells more sensitive to this gonadotropin. The apparent
      potencies of alpha MSH and its des-acetyl derivative, as measured in Sertoli
      cells, were similar. We conclude that the MSHs are one of a group of modulators
      regulating Sertoli cells via the cAMP system, and Sertoli cells are equally
      responsive to alpha MSH and des-acetyl alpha MSH, unlike central nervous system
      and melanocytes which show differential responses to these peptides.

PMID- 2419123
TI  - Effects of short-term exposure to diesel exhaust on lung cell proliferation and
      phospholipid metabolism.
AB  - The effect of exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) on DNA synthesis in lung tissue and
      type II cells was investigated. Parallel experiments with carbon black (CB) and
      NO2 were designed to mimic exposure to individual components of DE. Continuous
      exposure to 6 mg/m3 DE particulate or 7 ppm NO2 elicited significant increases in
      DNA synthesis and type II cell labeling index. The maximal response occurred
      after 2 days of exposure, and all measures returned to control levels after one
      week. Exposure to 6 mg/m3 CB did not cause similar changes, suggesting that the
      initial wave of cell proliferation elicited by DE exposure may be related to the
      presence of NO2 in the exhaust. In investigations of the effect of DE exposure on
      lung lipid metabolism, the incorporation in vivo of 14C-palmitic acid into lung
      tissue phosphatidylcholine increased three-fold after the first exposure day,
      when tissue palmitic acid content was significantly decreased and lavaged
      phospholipid (PL) increased. In vitro measures of PL biosynthesis showed no
      changes. These results suggest that exposure to a high concentration of DE
      results in immediate, transient changes in fatty acid and PL metabolism, but that
      these effects are not necessarily related to a stimulation of PL biosynthesis.

PMID- 2419124
TI  - The common 90-kd protein component of non-transformed '8S' steroid receptors is a
      heat-shock protein.
AB  - Non-transformed steroid receptors have an approximately 8S sedimentation
      coefficient that corresponds to an oligomeric structure of 250-300 kd which
      includes a non-hormone binding 90-kd protein. A monoclonal antibody BF4 raised
      against the purified, molybdate-stabilized, 8S progesterone receptor (8S-PR) from
      chick oviduct, recognizes 8S forms of all steroid hormone receptors. BF4 was
      found specific for a 90-kd protein present in great abundance in all chicken
      tissues, including that present in 8S-forms of steroid receptors. Here, using
      immunological and biochemical techniques, we demonstrate that this ubiquitous BF4
      positive 90-kd protein is in fact the chicken 90 kd heat-shock protein (hsp 90):
      it increased in heat-shocked chick embryo fibroblasts, and displayed identical
      migration in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and the same V8 peptide map as
      the already described hsp 90. We discuss the possibility that the interaction
      between hsp 90 and steroid hormone-binding subunits may play a role in keeping
      the receptor in an inactive form.

PMID- 2419125
TI  - Altered distributions of Ultrabithorax transcripts in extra sex combs mutant
      embryos of Drosophila.
AB  - The product of the extra sex combs (esc) gene is required early in embryogenesis
      to ensure the correct spatial expression of the bithorax and Antennapedia gene
      complexes during subsequent development. Here we describe the spatial and
      temporal patterns of transcription of the Ultrabithorax (Ubx) gene in mutant esc
      embryos. In wild-type embryos, Ubx transcripts are first detected in the
      blastoderm primorida of particular thoracic and abdominal segments, predominately
      in a band of cells constituting the progenitor cells of parasegment 6: after
      gastrulation, high levels of transcript accumulate in a sharply restricted region
      of the germ band comprising parasegments 6-12. In esc- embryos, the initial
      pattern of Ubx transcripts appears indistinguishable from that of wild-type
      embryos. However, following gastrulation and germ band extension, Ubx transcripts
      accumulate in most of the ectodermal and mesodermal derivatives of the body,
      including those of all 14 parasegments. Then, the abundance of the transcripts
      declines so that after germ band shortening (12 h after fertilization), only low
      levels are detected in each parasegment. These results show that the esc gene
      product is not involved in choosing where the Ubx gene is to be expressed, but
      rather, that it acts subsequently to ensure that the gene remains off in those
      primordia in which it is not initially activated. In addition, they suggest the
      possibility that other homeotic genes may regulate Ubx expression --in this case,
      the accumulating products of other indiscriminately expressed homeotic genes
      serving to down-regulate Ubx transcription throughout the body.

PMID- 2419126
TI  - Identification of a putative cell adhesion domain of uvomorulin.
AB  - A rat monoclonal antibody (DECMA-1) selected against the murine cell adhesion
      molecule uvomorulin blocks both the aggregation of mouse embryonal carcinoma
      cells and the compaction of pre-implantation embryos. However, decompacted
      embryos eventually become recompacted in the presence of DECMA-1 and form
      blastocysts composed of both trophectoderm and inner cell mass. DECMA-1 also
      disrupts confluent monolayers of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial
      cells. DECMA-1 recognizes uvomorulin in extracts from mouse and dog tissues.
      Protease digestion of mouse and dog uvomorulin generated core fragments including
      one of 26 kd which reacted with DECMA-1. The same 26-kd fragment is recognized by
      anti-uvomorulin monoclonal antibodies which have been obtained from other
      laboratories and which dissociate MDCK cell monolayers and block the formation of
      the epithelial occluding barrier. This 26-kd fragment therefore seems to be
      involved in the adhesive function of uvomorulin.

PMID- 2419127
TI  - Image reconstruction of the Alzheimer paired helical filament.
AB  - The paired helical filament (PHF) is the principal constituent of the
      neurofibrillary tangles that occur in the brain in senile dementias of the
      Alzheimer type. We have previously shown from fragmentation patterns of isolated
      PHFs that they consist of a regularly repeating subunit, which is axially compact
      and not an extended fibrous molecule or protofilament. Here we present
      diffraction patterns of PHFs and an objective reconstruction of the cross
      sectional density of the PHF computed from the diffraction patterns. We
      demonstrate the presence of an axial periodicity (3 nm) in PHFs. These results
      establish conclusively that the PHF is made up of a double helical stack of
      transversely oriented subunits, each of which has three domains, and precludes
      purely descriptive models based on helical rearrangements of preformed
      cytoskeletal polymers or protofilaments. The structure is of the type that might
      arise by the de novo assembly of a single structural subunit, which appears to be
      produced in considerable abundance in those neurons where tangles form.

PMID- 2419128
TI  - Expression of foreign genes from retroviral vectors in mouse teratocarcinoma
      chimaeras.
AB  - The formation of chimaeric mice from embryonic stem cells (EC and ES) carrying
      and exposing foreign genes is described. Two retroviral vectors were used to
      stably introduce genes, by virus infection and selection into EC and ES cells. In
      the first series EC cell clones were isolated that contained a single intact copy
      of the vector, which expressed the neomycin resistance gene (neo) from the 5'
      long terminal repeat (LTR). Following the formation of chimaeras with one of the
      clones, expression of the foreign gene was found in all chimaeric tissues
      examined. In the second series, a vector was used which contained the OK10 v-myc
      oncogene under the control of the 5' LTR as well as the neo gene expressed from
      an internal thymidine kinase (TK) promoter. ES cell clones were again isolated
      and used to form chimaeras. Although expression of the TK neo transcripts was
      maintained in the chimaeric tissues analysed, no expression of the v-myc
      transcripts from the 5' LTR was detected. These results show that genes can be
      introduced into mice, using clones of embryonic stem cells selected in vitro and
      that the expression of the genes can be maintained probably throughout
      development and in all tissues. The advantages this approach offers compared with
      DNA injection into eggs and the use of retroviruses as vectors for introducing
      genes into mice are discussed.

PMID- 2419129
TI  - Metal-dependent SV40 viruses containing inducible enhancers from the upstream
      region of metallothionein genes.
AB  - We have isolated SV40 recombinant viruses which are dependent on heavy metal ions
      for efficient propagation. They were obtained after-co-transfection of
      enhancerless SV40 DNA (the so-called enhancer trap) with sonicated DNA from the
      mouse metallothionein-I (mMT-I) or human metallothionein-IIA (hMT-IIA) upstream
      regions. To substitute for the SV40 enhancer, these viruses have incorporated a
      segment of the immediate upstream region of the metallothionein genes. Two
      recombinant viruses of the SVMT-I type carry segments of the mMT-I gene from
      positions -73 to -187 and -39 to -194 inverted with respect to their natural
      configuration. The overlapping segment contains two of the four metal-responsive
      elements involved in the induction of the mMT-I gene by heavy metal ions. The
      SVMT-II recombinant virus contains a segment of the hMT-IIA gene from position 
      39 to -366 which harbors the metal- and hormone-responsive elements of the hMT
      IIA gene. Insertion of the mMT-I segment downstream of a rabbit beta-globin test
      gene enhances beta-globin transcription upon metal ion stimulation. This shows
      that the immediate upstream region of the mouse metalliothionein-I gene, when
      detached from its TATA box, can act as an inducible enhancer. It may be generally
      true that the enhancer/promoters of inducible genes are composed of several
      regulatory sequence elements which are interspersed with constitutive elements.
      The number and spatial arrangement of these elements probably determines the
      basal versus induced level of expression.

PMID- 2419130
TI  - Urinary tract infection probably caused by Agrobacterium radiobacter.

PMID- 2419131
TI  - Analysis of human p53 proteins and mRNA levels in normal and transformed cells.
AB  - p53 mRNA and proteins were examined in a variety of human transformed cells and
      in normal human foreskin fibroblast cells. Both the steady-state and translatable
      levels of p53 mRNA were the same in normal and transformed human cells. In vitro
      synthesized p53, programmed by mRNA from normal and transformed human cells,
      revealed that there was heterogeneity in the primary structure of p53 from these
      cells. Pulse labeling of cells and immunoprecipitation analysis with a panel of
      human reactive anti-p53 antibodies demonstrated that the types of p53 synthesized
      in vitro corresponded to the types made in vivo from SV80 and COLO 320 cells. No
      p53 was detectable by similar pulse-labeling analysis of HeLa and normal foreskin
      fibroblast cells. Since it was necessary to use anti-p53 sera from cancer
      patients to carry out much of the immunoprecipitation analysis in this study we
      therefore further characterised these sera to determine if they reacted with one
      or more than one epitope. p53-beta-galactosidase fusion proteins were synthesized
      in Escherichia coli and used to analyse the anti-p53 antibodies produced by
      cancer patients. We demonstrate that the antisera contain antibodies directed
      against epitopes in both the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of the p53
      molecule.

PMID- 2419132
TI  - New phase supports for liquid-liquid partition chromatography of biopolymers in
      aqueous poly(ethyleneglycol)-dextran systems. Synthesis and application for the
      fractionation of DNA restriction fragments.
AB  - New phase supports for liquid-liquid partition chromatography, using aqueous
      poly(ethyleneglycol)-dextran systems have been developed by grafting linear
      polyacrylamide chains on to premanufactured chromatographic supports carrying
      primary or secondary aliphatic hydroxyl functions on their surface. Columns
      prepared from such supports have a higher binding capacity for the dextran-rich
      stationary phase and much higher performances than columns prepared from
      cellulose, the previously used phase support for this system. Test separations of
      DNA restriction fragments, ranging from 11 base pairs to 3829 base pairs,
      document a high resolution for DNA fragments larger than 200 base pairs.

PMID- 2419133
TI  - Imino proton NMR assignments and ion-binding studies on Escherichia coli
      tRNA3Gly.
AB  - The imino region of the proton NMR spectrum of Escherichia coli tRNA3Gly has been
      assigned mainly by sequential nuclear Overhauser effects between neighbouring
      base pairs and by comparison of assignments of other tRNAs. The effects of
      magnesium, spermine and temperature on the 1H and 31P NMR spectra of this tRNA
      were studied. Both ions affect resonances close to the G15 . C48 tertiary base
      pair and in the ribosylthymine loop. The magnesium studies indicate the presence
      of an altered tRNA conformer at low magnesium concentrations in equilibrium with
      the high magnesium form. The temperature studies show that the A7 . U66 imino
      proton (from a secondary base pair) melts before some of the tertiary hydrogen
      bonds and that the anticodon stem does not melt sequentially from the ends.
      Correlation of the ion effects in the 1H and 31P NMR spectra has led to the
      tentative assignment of two 31P resonances not assigned in the comparable 31P NMR
      spectrum of yeast tRNAPhe. 31P NMR spectra of E. coli tRNA3Gly lack resolved
      peaks corresponding to peaks C and F in the spectra of E. coli tRNAPhe and yeast
      tRNAPhe. In the latter tRNAs these peaks have been assigned to phosphate groups
      in the anticodon loop. Ion binding E. coli tRNA3Gly and E. coli tRNAPhe had
      different effects on their 1H NMR spectra which may reflect further differences
      in their charge distribution and conformation.

PMID- 2419134
TI  - Further observations on the use of local hyperthermia for the treatment of
      diseases of the prostate in man.
AB  - Hyperthermia - the sustained controlled heating of tissues to 42-43 degrees C -
      is being studied and used as a means of treatment, particularly to selectively
      destroy malignant cells. This may be achieved by heat alone, or in conjunction
      with other forms of treatment, such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy, thanks to a
      synergistic effect obtained. A new microwave apparatus has been designed and
      developed which permits precise, controlled and safe hyperthermic treatment of
      the human prostate. Following extensive laboratory and experimental studies, a
      first series of treatments on humans has been carried out. Initial observations
      on our first 192 treatments, on 32 patients, are reported.

PMID- 2419135
TI  - Prostate growth factor in the extracts of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Partial
      purification and physicochemical characterization.
AB  - The biochemical and physicochemical properties of prostate growth factor (PGF) in
      the extracts of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) were investigated. The PGF
      activity stimulating the proliferations of fibroblasts (mouse 3T3 and human BUD-8
      cells) was detected predominantly in BPH prostate, and also in normal human
      prostates and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma prostates. No significant
      correlation between PGF contents and BPH tissue weight or histological
      differences (fibromuscular or glandular type) was detected. Gel filtration and
      isoelectric focusing indicated that partially purified factor(s) by ion exchange
      column chromatography had a multimolecular form comprising three active
      components (80,000, 43,000 and 10,000 daltons) and acidic isoelectric points (pH
      4.0, 4.3, and 6.0). The activity was susceptible to heat treatment at 80 degrees
      C for 10 min, and to trypsin, but the factor was devoid of esteropeptidase
      activity. Subcellular fractionation located the entire activity in cytosol
      fraction.

PMID- 2419137
TI  - Autoimmunity to Thy-1.
AB  - Conditions are described for the induction of autoimmunity to Thy-1 and a large
      panel of monoclonal CBA and AKR autoantibodies has been characterized. These
      reveal a hitherto unrecognized complexity at the Thy-1 locus and evidence for
      intragenic control. Epitopes recognized by the autoantibodies differed in species
      and tissue distribution from alloantigenic determinants but their specificity was
      confirmed by transfection studies with the cloned Thy-1b gene. The quantitative
      and qualitative differences in epitope expression between Thy-1a and Thy-1b
      alleles were inherited as single Mendelian traits and in the absence of
      recombinants, suggesting translational control.

PMID- 2419136
TI  - Histochemical study of R1881-binding protein, prostatic acid phosphatase,
      prostate-specific antigen, and r-seminoprotein in prostatic cancer.
AB  - A histochemical study on R1881-binding protein, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP),
      prostate-specific antigen (PA) and r-seminoprotein was conducted. These
      parameters and histologic grades were compared to each other and with the
      responsiveness to endocrine therapy. A good correlation was found between
      histologic grade and presence or absence of R1881-binding protein in the tissue.
      Presence or absence of R1881-binding protein as well as histologic grade
      correlated well with responsiveness to endocrine therapy. Positive staining
      patterns of PAP, PA, and r-seminoprotein in the tissues were similar to each
      other, particularly between PA and r-seminoprotein. However, no correlation was
      found between the histologic grade and ratios of PAP, PA or r-seminoprotein
      positive cells. Nor was any correlation seen between the ratio of these marker
      positive cells and responsiveness to endocrine therapy.

PMID- 2419138
TI  - Immune response to diphtheria toxin and to different CNBr fragments: evidence for
      different B and T cell reactivities.
AB  - The antigenic structure of the diphtheria toxin has been studied in man. B and T
      cell responses to diphtheria toxoid and to different fragments of the toxin
      molecule were analyzed in 4 individuals one month after booster immunization.
      Studies on the B cell response showed that: part of the response was directed
      against assembled topographic sites; 80% of the response was directed against
      determinants present on fragment A; the few determinants present on the CNBr
      peptides of B cross-react with determinants present on A; and reduction of the
      second disulfide bridge of fragment B diminishes the response. In contrast to the
      antibody response, most of the T cell reactivity was directed against the B
      fragment or CNBr peptides from this fragment. Analysis of the fine specificity of
      T lymphocyte clones revealed that some CNBr fragments share common T cell
      determinants. These studies indicate that T and B cell determinants are
      differently distributed on the molecule and that large cross-reactivities that
      are not explained by the analysis of the amino acid sequence could be found at
      the B and T cell level.

PMID- 2419139
TI  - Molecular requirement for interleukin 1 induction by lipopolysaccharide
      stimulated human monocytes: involvement of the heptosyl-2-keto-3
      deoxyoctulosonate region.
AB  - Experiments were undertaken to localize in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) the
      minimal structural determinants sufficient to initiate the signal leading to
      interleukin 1 (IL 1) secretion by human monocytes. Our results clearly
      demonstrated that this signal is triggered by structures present in the so-called
      inner-core region which chemically consists of 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic
      acid (KDO) and heptose in many LPS of gram-negative bacteria. Thus, the isolated
      polysaccharide region of Bordetella pertussis endotoxin as well as fragments
      derived therefrom containing the reducing KDO unit were able to induce similar
      levels of IL1 induction as the native LPS. Similarly, the trisaccharide alpha-D
      manno-heptopyranosyl-(1-3)-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranosyl -(1-5)-3 -deoxy-D-manno
      octulosonic acid (hep-hep-KDO), representative for the inner-core region of a
      large number of enterobacterial LPS, was a very potent IL 1 inducer. Neither KDO
      monosaccharide, nor the alpha-(2-4)-linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid
      disaccharide isolated from Salmonella rough-form LPS promoted the signal
      indicating that the minimal structure of endotoxin able to induce IL 1 secretion
      resides in the hep (1-5)-KDO disaccharide.

PMID- 2419140
TI  - Dihydropyridine and peripheral type benzodiazepine binding sites: subcellular
      distribution and molecular size determination.
AB  - Electrophysiological and pharmacological studies have shown that peripheral-type
      benzodiazepine receptors modulate voltage-sensitive calcium channels in the
      heart. We have compared these binding sites with binding sites for
      [3H]dihydropyridines, which are believed to label such channels. Although no
      direct or allosteric interaction could be demonstrated between the two sites,
      their subcellular distribution--sarcolemma and ryanodine-sensitive sarcoplasmic
      reticulum--was parallel. Size determination of the two sites suggests that the
      receptors for these two classes of compounds are separate molecules packaged in
      the same membrane compartment.

PMID- 2419141
TI  - Pulmonary anti-anaphylactic activity of clenbuterol tested on actively and
      passively sensitized guinea-pigs.
AB  - Clenbuterol, an adrenergic beta-mimetic agent free of cardiostimulant effects,
      prevents the release of histamine from isolated rat mast cells. We studied its
      anti-anaphylactic activity in guinea-pigs and compared it with that of
      isoprenaline. At doses inactive against the bronchoconstriction caused by 5HT,
      clenbuterol (3 micrograms/kg) and isoprenaline (0.1-0.3 micrograms/kg) prevented
      the bronchoconstriction due to 1 mg/kg ovalbumin infused into passively
      sensitized animals. Clenbuterol and isoprenaline (0.5-1 microM) inhibited by 40%
      the contractions of superfused parenchyma lung strips from actively sensitized
      animals, stimulated with 0.3, 1 and 10 micrograms of ovalbumin. When strips from
      passively sensitized animals were challenged in the organ bath, clenbuterol and
      isoprenaline (0.01 microM) reduced by 50% the contraction triggered by 10
      micrograms/ml of ovalbumin. These concentrations of clenbuterol were ineffective
      against contractions caused by acetylcholine. Clenbuterol and isoprenaline (0.001
      0.01 microM) inhibited the release of histamine and of thromboxane A2 triggered
      by ovalbumin (0.1, 1 and 10 micrograms) injected into isolated lungs from
      actively sensitized guinea-pigs indicating that the anti-anaphylactic properties
      of clenbuterol are independent from its smooth muscle relaxing activity.

PMID- 2419142
TI  - The effect of caffeine on mouse striatal tryptamine.
AB  - The experiments show that the striatal tryptamine accumulation rate as determined
      after pargyline treatment was increased by the administration of caffeine or
      theophylline. These increases were correlated with increases in the availability
      of brain tryptophan.

PMID- 2419143
TI  - Recovery of the slow action potential is hastened by the calcium slow channel
      agonist, Bay-K-8644.
AB  - Effects of the positive inotropic drug, Bay-K-8644, were studied on the slow
      action potential (AP) parameters and diastolic recovery of Vmax in K+ (22 mM)
      depolarized rabbit papillary muscles. Bay-K-8644 (10(-6) M) increased the
      amplitude, maximum rate of rise (Vmax) and duration of the slow APs. Diastolic
      recovery of Vmax, examined by a paired-pulse protocol, was approximated by a
      single exponential function, both in control and in drug-treated muscles. The
      time constant of the recovery for drug-treated preparations was 171 +/- 20 ms (n
      = 9), and was significantly smaller than that for control: 414 +/- 45 ms (n = 12)
      (P less than 0.001). The diastolic intervals which allow 90% recovery of Vmax
      (T90%) were: 752 +/- 106 ms (n = 12) for control and 364 +/- 53 ms (n = 9) in the
      presence of drug, the latter being significantly shorter (P less than 0.01). The
      extent of the reductions in Vmax, at driving frequencies higher than 0.5 Hz, was
      minimal in the presence of the drug compared to the control. It was concluded
      that Bay-K-8644 not only enhanced the slow inward current, but also accelerated
      the reactivation process of the slow inward current and Ca2+ slow channel.

PMID- 2419144
TI  - The interaction of polypeptide neurotoxins with tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+
      channels in mammalian cardiac cells. Correlation with inotropic and arrhythmic
      effects.
AB  - This paper describes the interaction of several polypeptide neurotoxins isolated
      from sea anemone toxins and scorpion venom with the tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+
      channel of rat cardiac cells. The 22Na+ flux and tension development were
      measured to examine in parallel the cardiotonic and cardiotoxic effects of these
      polypeptides. Inotropic effects and arrhythmias were seen in the concentration
      range in which an action of the toxins on the Na+ channel was observed. The
      maximal inotropic effect was systematically observed at toxin concentrations
      below the concentration value observed for half-maximal stimulation of 22Na+ flux
      through the Na+ channel. Arrhythmias began at concentrations near the value for
      half-maximal stimulation of 22Na+ flux by the toxins. Toxins extracted from the
      sea anemones Anemonia sulcata and Anthopleura xanthogrammica were more active
      than scorpion toxins and sea anemone Radianthus paumotensis toxins. The most
      interesting among all the toxins tested for potential use in cardiotherapy was
      toxin II from Anthopleura xanthogrammica.

PMID- 2419145
TI  - Apparent enhancement of cholinergic transmission in rabbit bronchi via adenosine
      A2 receptors.
AB  - Adenosine and its derivatives enhanced the contractile responses to transmural
      nerve stimulation in rabbit isolated bronchial smooth muscle. 5'-N
      Ethylcarboxamideadenosine (NECA) was the most potent adenosine analogue studied.
      Enhancement of contractile responses by NECA was competitively antagonized by 8-p
      sulfophenyltheophylline. Guanethidine, mepyramine, capsaicin or eicosatetraynoic
      acid did not antagonize the enhancement elicited by adenosine or NECA. NECA did
      not enhance the contractile responses to exogenously applied acetylcholine or
      contractile responses elicited after administration of tetrodotoxin. We suggest
      that adenosine, via an action at A2 receptors, enhances contractile responses to
      nerve stimulation in rabbit bronchial muscle. Methylxanthines are competitive
      antagonists at these extracellular receptors. The enhancement probably involves a
      sodium-dependent mechanism but not adrenergic mechanisms or release of histamine,
      substance P or arachidonate metabolites. The enhancement indicates increased
      cholinergic transmitter release or action, but release of a secondary spasmogenic
      or decreased release of an inhibitor mediator cannot be excluded. The results may
      indicate a role for adenosine in asthma.

PMID- 2419146
TI  - The contractile activities of neurokinin A, B and related peptides on smooth
      muscles.
AB  - The contractile activities of neurokinin A (NKA), neurokinin B (NKB) and related
      peptides on the guinea-pig ileum, rat vas deferens and rat duodenum were compared
      to the activity of substance P (SP). The potencies of NKA and NKB on the guinea
      pig ileum (SP-P tissue) were nearly the same as that of SP. NKA was approximately
      250-400 times more potent than SP on the rat vas deferens (EC50 = 59.5 nM; SP,
      EC50 = 1500 nM) and rat duodenum (EC50 = 1.8 nM; SP, EC50 = 674 nM) (SP-E
      tissues). NKB also showed high contracting activity on the rat duodenum (EC50 =
      3.1 nM) but was 10 fold less active than NKA on the rat vas deferens. These
      results suggest that neurokinin peptides are possible endogenous agonists for the
      SP-E tissues. The contractile potency of NKA and NKB remained nearly complete
      after removal of N-terminal tripeptide portions, i.e., His-Lys-Thr and Asp-Met
      His from the native peptides, respectively. However, the removal of the Asp
      residue from both NKA7 and NKB7 decreased activity until it was similar to that
      of SP.

PMID- 2419147
TI  - The voltage-dependent blocking effect of phalloidin on the delayed potassium
      current of voltage-clamped frog skeletal muscle fibres.
AB  - The effects of phalloidin (10(-14)-10(-6) M) were tested on voltage-clamped
      isolated frog muscle fibres. The toxin reversibly blocked the potassium current
      similarly in both detubulated and intact fibres. Neither the reversal potential
      nor the activation curve of the current were affected by the toxin (10(-8) M).
      The inactivation curve was shifted toward negative values at holding potentials
      more than +20 mV from the reference potential. This shift enhanced the potential
      dependent facilitation of the current block observed between -40 and +40 mV from
      the reference holding potential (the higher the depolarization, the greater the
      blocking effect, which reached 100% at +40 mV). Contrary to what was seen with
      the current, hyperpolarization did not relieve the mechanical block. The effect
      of phalloidin did not seem to be frequency-dependent.

PMID- 2419148
TI  - Anti-platelet action of an anti-allergic agent, N-(3',4'
      dimethoxycinnamoyl)anthranilic acid (tranilast).
AB  - The effects of N-(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl)anthranilic acid (Tranilast), a
      blocker for histamine release from mast cells, on rabbit blood platelet functions
      were investigated. Tranilast inhibited dose dependently both the release of a
      lysozomal enzyme, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and aggregation of washed rabbit
      platelets stimulated by thrombin and collagen. The IC50 was suspected to be 164
      +/- 50 microM. The data suggest that Tranilast may be used as an anti-platelet
      agent in addition to an anti-allergic one.

PMID- 2419149
TI  - Protective effect of taurine against decline of cardiac slow action potentials
      during hypoxia.
AB  - The effect of taurine on cardiac slow action potentials (APs) during hypoxic
      superfusion was studied in isolated guinea-pig papillary muscles. Ca2+-dependent
      slow APs were induced by isoproterenol (10(-6) M) in preparations which were
      voltage-inactivated by high (25 mM) K+. Although taurine had no effect on the
      slow AP parameters during normoxia, taurine (10 mM) superfusion significantly
      protected against the decline of slow APs produced by hypoxia. Taurine also
      restored slow APs that had been previously abolished by hypoxia. Therefore,
      taurine exposure may protect the Ca2+ slow channels which are inhibited or
      blocked by hypoxic conditions.

PMID- 2419150
TI  - Calcium-dependent stimulation of acetylcholine release by substance P and
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.
AB  - In the guinea-pig myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation from the small
      intestine, the release of acetylcholine evoked by substance P and vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide was examined in vitro. Both neuropeptides stimulated
      efflux of [3H]acetylcholine from myenteric neurons in a calcium-dependent manner.
      This observation is consistent with the view that neurotransmitter release
      elicited by neuropeptides requires the presence of extracellular calcium ions.

PMID- 2419151
TI  - The effects of aging and chronic dietary restriction on whole body growth and
      protein turnover in the rat.
AB  - Changes in whole body growth, nucleic acids, and protein turnover have been
      studied in conjunction with ageing and chronic dietary restriction. Normal
      developmental changes between weaning and senescence included progressive
      decreases in the fractional rates of growth, protein synthesis, and protein
      breakdown; the decline in the synthetic rate correlating with decreases in the
      ribosomal capacity. Dietary intervention was imposed at weaning and involved pair
      feeding to 50% of the ad libitum food intake. Although this regime slowed whole
      body growth by retarding the developmental decline in protein turnover, growth
      was extended into the second and third years of life. The dietary-induced
      increase in longevity resulting from a retardation of the ageing process(es)
      appears therefore to be associated with an enhanced turnover of proteins during
      the major portion of the life span of dietary restricted rats.

PMID- 2419152
TI  - Effect of cytosine arabinoside on differentiation of normal human bone marrow
      cells.
AB  - Human normal bone marrow cells were evaluated for alteration of differentiation
      after exposure for seven days to 10(-12)-10(-9) M cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) in
      liquid culture. An increased number of induced cells had the morphologic
      appearance of mature monocytes-macrophages; they adhered to petri dishes, reacted
      positively to fluoride-sensitive naphthyl acetate esterase, and specifically
      bound My4 monoclonal antibody (MCAb). Assessment of phagocytosis and killing of
      Candida albicans (CA) by cultured monocytes-macrophages exposed to ARA-C
      demonstrated that treated cells had the same capacity to phagocytose and kill CA
      as did untreated cells. In semisolid culture, low doses of ARA-C did not affect
      myeloid colony growth. These studies indicate that ARA-C enhances monocytic
      differentiation of normal human bone marrow cells in liquid culture.

PMID- 2419153
TI  - Characteristics of acetylcholine-activated channels of innervated and chronically
      denervated skeletal muscles.
AB  - Characteristics of the ACh-activated channels before and after denervation of the
      frog interosseal muscle were studied using the patch clamp technique.
      Acetylcholine sensitivity was increased on extrajunctional portions of the muscle
      7, 42, and 73 days after sectioning of the sciatic nerve. Nonjunctional regions
      of the innervated muscle appeared to contain one type of ACh channels having a
      conductance of 28 pS and a mean channel lifetime of 3.8 ms at -90 mV. The
      denervated muscles contained two classes of channels with conductance of 18 and
      28 pS which were present as early as 7 days postdenervation and remained for 93
      days. The channel open times of the innervated muscles increased with membrane
      hyperolarization. The open times of the channels present at 42 days
      postdenervation showed longer lifetimes than those of innervated muscles and were
      10.8 ms and 9.6 ms at -90 mV. These channels also showed less voltage dependence
      than the control fibers.

PMID- 2419154
TI  - Effect of various doses of catecholestrogens on uterine eosinophilia in the
      immature rat.
AB  - This paper describes the induction of uterine eosinophilia as well as of deep
      endometrial edema and increase of uterine wet weight in the immature rat by the
      catecholestrogens 2-OH-estradiol and 4-OH-estradiol. These effects are thought to
      be mediated by eosinophils via a specific eosinophil receptor system. 4-OH
      estradiol was equipotent with estradiol, whereas the effect of 2-OH-estradiol was
      significantly weaker.

PMID- 2419155
TI  - Heat evolution of cultured human keratinocytes.
AB  - The heat production of normal and transformed human epidermal keratinocytes
      precultured in Petriperm tissue culture dishes was measured calorimetrically. For
      this purpose, the membrane at the bottom of the culture dish was cut out
      aseptically and put into a microcalorimeter vessel with the cell layer inwards. A
      continuous heat output of (83 +/- 12) pW/cell was measured for normal
      keratinocytes from a confluent primary culture. A value of (134 +/- 35) pW/cell
      was obtained when the transformed keratinocyte line SV-K14 was used. The method
      described in this paper is simple, leads to reproducible results, and can be
      easily adapted to the calorimetric study of other mammalian cells in vitro.

PMID- 2419156
TI  - Recovery and measurement of specific RNA species from postmortem brain tissue: a
      general reduction in Alzheimer's disease detected by molecular hybridization.
AB  - The recovery of RNA from postmortem (PM) brain tissues was quantified by
      molecular hybridization. RNA degradation rates postmortem were faster in mice
      with herpes encephalitis than with uninfected mice, but clear ribosomal peaks
      could be seen up to 72 hr after death. In a comparison between frontal cortex
      samples from neurologically normal and Alzheimer's disease cases a reduction in
      ribosomal, poly A, preproenkephalin, and preprosomatostatin RNA levels was
      observed in the Alzheimer's disease group. This general reduction may be
      influenced by the cause of death as well as the pathology.

PMID- 2419157
TI  - Localisation of the main immunogenic region of the nicotinic acetylcholine
      receptor.
AB  - The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo marmorata was digested using
      papain and the reaction products separated by SDS gel electrophoresis and
      characterised by immunoblotting using labelled alpha-bungarotoxin, polyclonal
      antibodies to synthetic peptides and monoclonal antibodies to the main
      immunogenic region (MIR). Using this approach, it was possible to show that the
      MIR is located N-terminal to all or part of peptide 151-169 (peptide P1) of the
      alpha-chain and that papain cleaves the alpha-chain between Asn 141 and peptide
      P1.

PMID- 2419158
TI  - Differential prooxidative effect of adult and fetal hemoglobin.
AB  - Human fetal hemoglobin assayed in a peroxidizing system shows an increased
      prooxidative effect when compared to human adult hemoglobin. This effect is
      related only to the oxyhemoglobin form since both fetal and adult methemoglobins
      did not show any prooxidative effect. The prooxidative effect of the
      oxyhemoglobin form is ascribed to its increased sensitivity to form superoxide
      free radicals when transformed to the methemoglobin form. It is proposed that the
      structure of the heme pocket of fetal oxyhemoglobin enhances free radical release
      when compared to adult oxyhemoglobin. This difference may be important in some
      hematological disorders presented by the newborn.

PMID- 2419159
TI  - Role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in excitation-contraction coupling in
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of skeletal muscle is an intracellular membranous
      network that controls the myoplasmic Ca2+ concentration and the contraction
      relaxation cycle. Ca2+ release from the terminal cisternae (TC) region of the SR
      evokes contraction. How electrical depolarization of the transverse tubule is
      linked to Ca2+ release from the junctionally associated TC is still largely
      unknown. Independent evidence has been recently obtained indicating that either
      inositol trisphosphate (IP3) or (and) Ca2+ is (are) the chemical transmitter(s)
      of excitation-contraction coupling. Here we outline the experimental data in
      support of each transmitter and discuss possible interactive roles of Ca2+ and
      IP3.

PMID- 2419160
TI  - On the presence of HMG proteins in yeast.
AB  - Two polypeptides antigenically related to mammalian HMG1/2 have been detected in
      the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One exhibits an electrophoretic mobility in
      the range of mammalian HMG1/2 whereas the second polypeptide comigrates with
      yeast HMG S4. Evidence for the presence of HMG14/17 in yeast has not been
      obtained by immunological or nuclease digestion-based methods, although their
      presence cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2419161
TI  - Purified calcium channels have three allosterically coupled drug receptors.
AB  - (-)-[3H]Desmethoxyverapamil and (+)-[3H]PN 200-110 were employed to characterize
      phenylalkylamine-selective and 1,4-dihydropyridine-selective receptors on
      purified Ca2+ channels from guinea-pig skeletal muscle t-tubules. In contrast to
      the membrane-bound Ca2+ channel, d-cis-diltiazem (EC50 = 4.5 +/- 1.7 microM)
      markedly stimulated the binding of (+)-[3H]PN 200-110 to the purified ionic pore.
      In the presence of 100 microM d-cis-diltiazem (which binds to the benzothiazepine
      selective receptors) the Bmax for (+)-[3H]PN 200-110 increased from 497 +/- 81 to
      1557 +/- 43 pmol per mg protein, whereas the Kd decreased from 8.8 +/- 1.7 to 4.7
      +/- 1.8 nM at 25 degrees C. P-cis-Diltiazem was inactive. (-)
      Desmethoxyverapamil, which is a negative heterotropic allosteric inhibitor of (+)
      [3H]IN 200-110 binding to membrane-bound channels, stimulated 1,4-dihydropyridine
      binding to the isolated channel. (-)-[3H]Desmethoxyverapamil binding was
      stimulated by antagonistic 1,4-dihydropyridines [(+)-PN 200-110 greater than (
      )(R)-202-791 greater than (+)(4R)-Bay K 8644] whereas the agonistic enantiomers
      (+)(S)-202-791 and (-)(4S)-Bay K 8644 were inhibitory and (-)-PN 200-110 was
      inactive. The results indicate that three distinct drug-receptor sites exist on
      the purified Ca2+ channel, two of which are shown by direct labelling to be
      reciprocally allosterically coupled.

PMID- 2419162
TI  - Native and chemically modified porin channels from Salmonella typhi Ty2 in planar
      lipid bilayers.
AB  - Native porins, from Salmonella typhi Ty2 outer membrane, and porins alkylated
      with pyridoxal phosphate (Plp) were studied in planar lipid bilayers. The
      conductance of bilayers exposed to native or chemically modified porins increases
      in discrete jumps. Conductance histograms for native porins displayed two major
      peaks at 1.7 and 6.7 nS (in 0.5 M KCl). On the other hand, Plp-treated porins
      exhibited a single major peak at 1 nS. The relation between bilayer conductance
      and native porin concentration was linear. However, this relation became
      logarithmic in the presence of modified porins. The results support the notion
      that alkaline reduction of S. typhi Ty2 porins with Plp dissociates porin channel
      trimers in a reversible fashion.

PMID- 2419163
TI  - Reversible thermal transition of brain myelin proteolipid. A preliminary report
      on a high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry study.
AB  - Brain myelin proteolipid has been investigated using high-sensitivity
      differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under various conditions. Crude
      proteolipid with a 40% (w/w) content of protein gave rise to a reversible
      transition, centered at about 60 degrees C. The specific enthalpy of the
      transition was 50 +/- 5 J X g-1 with a calorimetric to van't Hoff enthalpy ratio
      of 5.7 +/- 0.5. To our knowledge this is the first intrinsic membrane protein in
      which a reversible thermal transition has been detected and investigated by DSC.
      Similar experiments were carried out using the recombinants of delipidated
      proteolipid and the pool of natural membrane lipids; in this case the transition
      was less enthalpic and showed lower cooperativity. The recombinants with
      lecithins, however, did not show any transition at 60 degrees C.

PMID- 2419164
TI  - A fluorescence assay for monitoring and analyzing fusion biological membrane
      vesicles in vitro.
AB  - A new technique has been developed to study fusion of biological membrane
      vesicles. Bovine chromaffin granule ghosts (CGG) were loaded with fluorescein
      isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran) at self-quenching concentrations. Loaded
      ghosts were then made to fuse with empty CGG. Fusion was induced by synexin, a
      protein previously proposed to be involved in exocytosis. The fusion process was
      monitored by measuring the dequenching of the fluorescence. Dequenching occurred
      as FITC-dextran was diluted into the increased volume due to fusion with empty
      ghosts. Spurious signals from leakage or breakage of vesicles were removed by
      including a specific anti-fluorescein antibody in the reaction medium. This new
      technique may prove to be of more general use for studying membrane fusion
      processes in other systems.

PMID- 2419165
TI  - Primary structure of the alpha-subunit of bovine adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G
      protein deduced from the cDNA sequence.
AB  - The primary structure of the alpha-subunit of the adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G
      protein (Gi) has been deduced from the nucleotide sequence of cloned DNA
      complementary to the bovine cerebral mRNA encoding the polypeptide. A much higher
      degree of amino acid sequence homology is observed between the alpha-subunits of
      Gi and transducin (68%) than between those of Gi and the adenylate cyclase
      stimulating G-protein (Gs) (43%) or between those of transducin and Gs (42%).

PMID- 2419166
TI  - Effects of GUG and AUG initiation codons on the expression of lacZ in Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - We have replaced the ribosomal binding site (RBS) of the lacZ gene of E. coli by
      those of the maturation (A) gene of phage MS2 and that of the tufA gene. Both
      RBSs contain a GUG initiation codon. The expression with the tufA RBS is at least
      25-fold higher than with the phage RBS. Changing the GUG into AUG results in a 3
      fold increase in expression in both cases. In general, higher expression is
      accompanied by an increase of lac-specific mRNA. It is argued that this is a
      consequence of the more efficient translation of the mRNA.

PMID- 2419167
TI  - Maitotoxin stimulates the formation of inositol phosphates in rat aortic
      myocytes.
AB  - Maitotoxin is the most potent of the known marine toxins. The effect of
      maitotoxin on muscle contraction or hormone release was consistent with its
      action on the voltage-sensitive channel. Indeed, calcium antagonists such as
      nifedipine or diltiazem were able to reverse the maitotoxin effects. Using smooth
      muscle cells, we have analysed the effects of maitotoxin on the inositol
      phosphate metabolism. Maitotoxin stimulates the inositol phosphate formation (5
      +/- 1.8-fold in the presence of 10 mM LiCl). Moreover, this effect is not
      reversed, even partially by calcium antagonists, by alpha 1 antagonists and is
      not mimicked by Ca2+ ionophores such as A23187 or calcium agonists such as Bay-K
      8644. The action of maitotoxin is further discussed in this paper.

PMID- 2419168
TI  - A monoclonal antibody recognizes a phosphorylated epitope shared by proteins of
      the cell nucleus and the erythrocyte membrane skeleton.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody 3C5 recognizes a family of proteins in the nuclei of cultured
      cells [(1985) Eur. J. Cell Biol. 38, 344]. This antibody has now been shown to
      recognize equivalent proteins in liver nuclei and in the Triton-insoluble
      fraction of tissue extracts. In human erythrocytes the antibody recognized a
      single protein, present in the membrane skeleton fraction and with the molecular
      mass and extraction properties of beta-spectrin. The epitope recognized by 3C5
      was destroyed by alkaline phosphatase. We conclude that this antibody recognizes
      a phosphorylation site shared by nuclear proteins and a protein of the
      erythrocyte membrane skeleton, probably beta-spectrin.

PMID- 2419170
TI  - Structure of protein-deficient 50 S ribosomal subunits. Particles without 5 S RNA
      protein complex retain the L7/L12 stalk and associate with 30 S subunits.
AB  - 50 S ribosomal subunit derivatives without the 5 S RNA-protein complex obtained
      either by splitting with EDTA or by reconstitution from the 23 S RNA and proteins
      have been studied by electron microscopy. Removal of the 5 S RNA-protein complex
      is shown to affect neither the overall morphology of the larger ribosomal subunit
      nor the mode of its association with the small subunit.

PMID- 2419169
TI  - Structure of protein-deficient 50 S ribosomal subunits. Nine core proteins induce
      the compact conformation of 23 S ribosomal RNA.
AB  - The complex of 23 S ribosomal RNA with the nine core proteins L2, L3, L4, L13,
      L17, L20, L21, L22 and L23 obtained either by the disassembly procedure or by
      reconstitution has been studied by electron microscopy. This complex is found to
      be very similar to the intact 50 S subunit both in size and in shape.

PMID- 2419171
TI  - Biochemical heterogeneity of reverse transcriptase purified from the AIDS virus,
      HTLV-III.
AB  - The reverse transcriptase from AIDS virus, HTLV-III, was purified and
      characterized. The purified enzyme has a very high affinity for template primers
      (rC)n X (dG)12 and (rCm)n X (dG)12 compared to that for (rA)n X (dT)12. In
      addition, the HTLV-III reverse transcriptase was able to transcribe (rAm)n X
      (dT)12 very efficiently. The ionic requirements are unique in the sense that HTLV
      III reverse transcriptase prefers Mg2+ as divalent ions to transcribe (rC)n X
      (dG)12 and (rA)n X (dT)12. The Mr of the enzyme is 95 000-98 000. Unlike the HTLV
      I reverse transcriptase, the HTLV-III enzyme is highly stable and has a much
      higher activity in the presence of (rC)n X (dG)12; the Vmax for HTLV-III reverse
      transcriptase is several-fold higher than that for HTLV-I enzyme. The enzyme
      activity of the purified reverse transcriptase from HTLV-III was resolved into
      two peaks on a preparative isoelectric column, one at pH 5.75 and the other at pH
      6.25. This leads us to conclude that the reverse transcriptase of HTLV-III is
      biochemically heterogeneous.

PMID- 2419172
TI  - Characterization of central melatonin receptors using 125I-melatonin.
AB  - The binding of 125I-melatonin, a potent analog of melatonin, to rat brain
      synaptosomal preparations was investigated. 125I-melatonin bound with high
      affinity (Kd = 38 nM) to a single class of sites (Bmax = 81 fmol/mg protein).
      Kinetic studies indicated that binding was time-dependent and reversible.
      Specific 125I-melatonin binding was inhibited by melatonin, and was unaffected by
      other structurally related compounds including serotonin. Binding of 125I
      melatonin was greatly reduced if the synaptosomal preparations were pretreated by
      heat or trypsin but was unaffected by freeze-thawing. These results suggest that
      125I-melatonin may serve as a valuable probe for studying melatonin receptors.

PMID- 2419173
TI  - Quantitative effects of intraperitoneal 32% dextran 70 on serum immunoglobulin
      levels in women undergoing gynecologic surgery.
AB  - The use of intraperitoneal 32% dextran 70 results in quantitative postoperative
      changes in human IgG and IgA levels that are statistically different from the
      alterations induced by the surgical procedure alone.

PMID- 2419174
TI  - [Method of studying transmembrane currents of neurons in an automated
      experiment].

PMID- 2419175
TI  - [Role of the nervous factor in the development of pathology of the internal
      organs as a result of exposing the body to extremely stressful treatment].
AB  - The paper compiles results of many years of studies performed at the Dept. of
      Pharmacology of the Inst. Exp. Med. of the USSR Acad. Med. Sci. and concerning
      neurotropic drugs for prophylaxis and pharmacological therapy of neurodystrophies
      underlying many a disease of internal organs. From the pharmacological
      standpoint, mechanisms of the neural control of trophic processes and formation
      of internal organs pathology are considered; significance of transmitter systems,
      mainly adrenergic for this control, is analysed; an important role of maintaining
      the tissue energy metabolism at a high level for augmentation of reparation
      processes, is proved; principles of prophylaxis and pharmacological therapy of
      internal organs diseases dependent on the neural factor, are revealed.

PMID- 2419176
TI  - [Production of aldosterone and its precursor steroids by the adrenal zona
      glomerulosa in dextran sulfate-treated rats].
AB  - Heparin and heparinoids are known to produce selective aldosterone deficiency in
      man and experimental animals. To assess the nature of the hypoaldosteronism
      caused by heparin and heparinoids, we investigated the production of aldosterone
      and its precursor steroids in response to angiotensin II (AII), ACTH or potassium
      in adrenal zona glomerulosa cells from dextran sulfate-treated rats compared with
      that in the cells from vehicle-treated rats. Dextran sulfate-treated rats had a
      decrease in plasma aldosterone and a reduction in the width of the zona
      glomerulosa 4 weeks after the treatment (40 mg/day, intramuscularly). In these
      rats, PRA and plasma AII tended to be high, and plasma corticosterone was normal.
      Basal aldosterone production, when corrected to a uniform number of cells per
      group, was similar in cells from dextran sulfate- and vehicle-treated rats. The
      cells from dextran sulfate-treated rats had a less sensitive and lower response
      of aldosterone production to AII; an increase by 4 orders of magnitude in the
      threshold dose for AII and a decrease in the maximal AII-stimulated level. The
      maximal AII-stimulated levels, but not the basal levels, of pregnenolone,
      corticosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone production were low in the cells from
      dextran sulfate-treated rats. ACTH produced a similar stimulatory effect on
      aldosterone production in the cells from dextran sulfate- and vehicle-treated
      rats. The cells from dextran sulfate-treated rats had a less sensitive and lower
      response of aldosterone production to potassium; an increase by one order of
      magnitude in the threshold dose for potassium and a decrease in the maximum
      potassium-stimulated level, presumably because of the glomerulosa
      hyporesponsiveness to AII. These results suggest that long-term treatment with
      dextran sulfate in rats produces selective impairment of adrenal zona glomerulosa
      cells, involving the specific receptors and the aldosterone biosynthesis, to AII
      in addition to a reduction in the glomerulosa width.

PMID- 2419177
TI  - Insulin responsiveness of a mouse mammary adenocarcinoma culture in the
      expression of two proliferation-derived cytoplasmic proteins.
AB  - Insulin induced in organ culture of a mouse mammary adenocarcinoma the expression
      of two cytoplasmic proteins of molecular size 72 and 49 kD. In freshly excised
      tumor both proteins are present in relatively large amounts, but their
      concentration became greatly diminished during culture in insulin-free media,
      indicating sensitivity to post-transcriptional modification which was activated
      in vitro in the absence of insulin. In insulin cultures the two proteins
      reappeared after two culture days, their concentration becoming increased
      thereafter with time of culture, but their expression could not be correlated
      with the biphasic pattern of transcriptional activity fluctuation recorded during
      culture similarly to insulin-free cultures. Insulin on the other hand stimulated
      two waves of doubling of DNA synthesis during 6 culture days. The results
      demonstrate insulin responsiveness in culture of a proliferative fraction of the
      tumorous cell population in this adenocarcinoma line in the synthesis of two
      sensitive proliferation-derived cytoplasmic proteins. The possible biological
      significance of these proteins is discussed.

PMID- 2419178
TI  - Thyroxine-induced changes in the glycosylation pattern and in brain and serum
      levels of rat alpha-fetoprotein.
AB  - We have studied the effect of thyroid disfunction during the postnatal period, on
      the serum and brain levels of rat alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and albumin.
      Hypothyroidism was induced by treatment of pregnant rats and their newborn pups
      with 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole(methimazole). Hyperthyroidism was provoked in
      newborns by daily injections of thyroxine (0.25 micrograms/g body wt) from the
      3rd postnatal day weaning. Impaired growth, lower brain size, altered behaviour
      and morphological features observed were according to an altered thyroid status.
      Hypothyroid rats showed a significantly reduction in serum AFP concentration (78%
      of control values at 8 days of age) and a slight increase in that of albumin.
      level could be appreciated. Thyroxine supplementation (0.2 micrograms/rat/day)
      corrected most of these alterations. Hyperthyroidism induced a drastic fall in
      both serum and brain AFP levels (about 48% of the corresponding control values).
      Albumin concentration in serum was augmented significantly from the 12th
      postnatal day, but its brain levels did not change significantly. In hyperthyroid
      rats, a significant reduction (37% relative to controls) in the concanavalin A
      non reactive microform of AFP, was observed. This alteration of the glycosylation
      pattern of AFP could be due to the inhibition by thyroxine of the activity of the
      hepatic enzyme GlcNAc-transferase III.

PMID- 2419179
TI  - alpha-Dihydrodecaprenyl phosphate as a sugar carrier in the membrane of AH 70Btc
      hepatoma cells.
AB  - The effect of alpha-dihydrodecaprenyl phosphate, dolichyl phosphate and solanesyl
      phosphate on the lipid intermediate pathway for protein glycosylation was studied
      with crude membrane fraction prepared from AH 70Btc hepatoma cells. alpha
      Dihydrodecaprenyl phosphate increased the incorporations of [14C]mannose from GDP
      [14C]mannose into CHCl3-CH3OH (2:1, v/v) extract, oligosaccharide-lipid and
      proteins. The above and the other data showed that alpha-dihydrodecaprenyl
      phosphate may function as a mannose carrier in the lipid intermediate pathway.

PMID- 2419180
TI  - Recent advances in high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of small
      molecules. Application of high-performance liquid chromatography with
      electrochemical detection to the study of neurotransmitters in vivo.

PMID- 2419181
TI  - Sulfated LH subunits and a tyrosine-sulfated secretory protein (secretogranin II)
      in female rat adenohypophyses: changes with age and stimulation of release by
      LHRH.
AB  - Sulfated proteins are present in adenohypophyseal secretory granules but their
      function and structure are still largely unknown. We studied these proteins in
      homogenates from cow and rat adenohypophyses labeled in vitro with [35S]sulfate,
      by one-dimensional and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      followed by fluorography. We found that the heterogeneous neutral-alkaline
      sulfated components of approximately 22-20 kDa and approximately 20-18 kDa
      previously described correspond to lutropin alpha and beta subunits sulfated on
      carbohydrates. During development sulfated lutropin subunits were found at
      highest levels in anterior pituitary glands of 14-day-old female rats.
      Secretogranin II, an acidic tyrosine-sulfated secretory protein, whose presence
      in granules of gonadotrophs has been recently described, had a similar
      distribution during development. In the 14-day-old female rat glands luteinizing
      hormone-releasing hormone stimulated the in vitro release of both sulfated
      lutropin subunits and secretogranin II. This finding further suggests that
      secretogranin II might be involved in the packaging of the gonadotrophin.
      Immature female rat adenohypophyses provide a useful approach for studying
      sulfation, both on carbohydrate and on tyrosine residues, of secretory proteins.

PMID- 2419182
TI  - Atrial natriuretic factor does not affect basal, forskolin- and CRF-stimulated
      adenylate cyclase activity, cAMP formation or ACTH secretion, but does stimulate
      cGMP synthesis in anterior pituitary.
AB  - The report that ANF inhibits basal and CRF-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity
      in anterior pituitary homogenates suggested that the atrial peptide could inhibit
      ACTH secretion. This possibility was investigated in the ACTH-secreting AtT-20
      mouse pituitary tumor cell line as well as homogenates or primary cell cultures
      from rat anterior hypophysis. ANF (up to 5 X 10(-7) M) was found to be completely
      ineffective in stimulating basal, CRF- and/or forskolin-stimulated adenylate
      cyclase activity, cAMP accumulation and ACTH secretion. Similarly, ANF had no
      effect on spontaneous or GRF-induced GH release from cells in primary culture.
      ANF receptors, however, are present in AtT-20 cells and anterior pituitary cells
      as evidenced by the ability of the peptide to stimulate intracellular cGMP
      accumulation. The data, therefore, suggests that ANF does not have a negative
      modulatory action on the secretory function of anterior pituitary. The role of
      cGMP in any other action(s) of ANF remains unknown.

PMID- 2419183
TI  - Differential expression of keratin genes during mouse development.
AB  - Suprabasal layers of the newborn mouse epidermis contain two mRNAs of 2.0 and 2.4
      kb which are translated into keratins of 59 and 67 kDa, respectively. To study
      their expression during development, cDNA sequences corresponding to the 2.0- and
      the 2.4-kb mRNAs were cloned, characterized by hybridization selection assay, and
      used as probes to detect keratin sequences in polyadenylated RNA from Day 11, 13,
      15, and 17 embryos. In RNA from Day 11 of gestation, two RNAs of 2.8 and 1.8 kb
      were identified. They were found to have homologies with both epidermal RNAs,
      suggesting that they are coding for proteins of the keratin family. These two
      sequences were not detected in sample of later stages. RNAs comigrating with the
      two epidermal keratin RNAs were identified only in Day 15 and 17 embryos
      indicating that their expression was induced between Day 13 and 15. Finally, the
      localization of the 59-kDa keratin mRNA was examined by in situ hybridization.
      The spinous and granulous cell layers were found to be heavily covered with
      grains while other regions of the tissue sections were unlabeled. All these
      results support the hypothesis of a sequential expression of keratins during
      differentiation of epidermal cells and suggest that proteins related to the
      keratins expressed specifically in keratinizing cells are expressed earlier
      during development.

PMID- 2419184
TI  - Differences in the histogenesis and keratin expression of avian extraembryonic
      ectoderm and endoderm recombined with dermis.
AB  - The responses of the chorionic ectoderm and allantoic endoderm (from 8-day chick
      embryos) to dermal induction were compared through tissue recombinants grafted
      onto the chorioallantoic membrane. The chorionic epithelium formed the
      appropriate epidermis with a fully developed stratum corneum in response to both
      spur and scutate scale dermises. Analysis of these recombinant epidermal tissues
      by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
      demonstrated that tissue-specific expression of the alpha (alpha) and beta (beta)
      keratin polypeptides occurred. In addition, indirect immunofluorescence studies
      with antisera to alpha or beta keratins showed that the beta stratum, which
      characterizes the epidermis of spurs and scutate scales, was formed, and the
      alpha keratins were distributed as in the normal epidermal tissues. In contrast,
      although the allantoic endoderm became stratified in association with either spur
      or scutate scale dermis, a stratum corneum with a beta stratum did not develop.
      SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that while the characteristic beta keratins of
      scutate scales and spur were not detected, most of the alpha keratins normally
      elaborated by these structures were present, suggesting that even without
      histogenesis of a stratum corneum the expression of alpha keratins of endoderm
      could be regulated in a tissue-specific manner by dermis. This study also
      demonstrated that there are differences in the abilities of the chorionic and
      allantoic epithelia to respond to the same dermal cues, which may reflect earlier
      restrictions in their developmental potentials.

PMID- 2419185
TI  - Early development of voltage-dependent sodium currents in cultured mouse spinal
      cord neurons.
AB  - Spinal cord neurons were dissociated from 13-day embryonic mice and grown in
      culture for 1-28 days. Sodium currents of neurons in culture for 1-2 days were
      compared with those in culture for 2-4 weeks, using the whole-cell voltage clamp
      method. Rapid neurite outgrowth created space clamp limitations so that unclamped
      neuritic sodium action potentials prevented accurate analysis of sodium current
      properties. Therefore neurons were bathed in sodium-free solution and brief puffs
      of sodium were delivered to the cell soma so that only somatic sodium currents
      were recorded. Sodium currents of neurons at 1-2 days in culture had voltage
      dependent activation and inactivation characteristic of these channels, both in
      mature cultured spinal neurons and in other preparations. However, the estimated
      channel density on the soma of neurons 1-2 days in culture was less than two
      channels per micron2. Since the available sodium conductance (as measured by
      action potential rise rates) increases during development of spinal cord neurons
      in culture (Westbrook and Brenneman, 1984), we suggest that changes in channel
      density and/or distribution, rather than in channel kinetics, may underlie the
      increase in sodium conductance.

PMID- 2419186
TI  - Intermediate filaments of the midgestation rat trophoblast giant cell.
AB  - Trophectoderm (TE) of the rodent blastocyst, the preimplantation precursor of the
      trophoblast giant cell (TGC), is the first embryonic cell to exhibit intermediate
      filaments (IF). The two IF proteins of TE (54K and 46K) have been variously
      described as trophectoderm specific, noncytokeratin, or cytokeratin and have been
      identified with Endo A and Endo B, IF proteins extracted from extraembryonic
      endodermal cells. IF proteins of midgestation rat TGC, the postimplantation
      descendant of TE, were compared to IF proteins of various rat simple epithelial
      cells by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, partial proteolytic digest,
      antibody recognition on electrophoretic transfer, and antibody recognition by
      indirect immunofluorescence. The two TE IF proteins at 54K and 46K were
      identified in TGC IF and recognized by anti-Endo A, anti-Endo B, respectively,
      and anticytokeratins. TGC were found to possess additional cytokeratins at 52K,
      45K, 43K, and 40K. The profile of TGC cytokeratins was qualitatively identical to
      that of various rat simple epithelial cells. The results suggest that (a) TE and
      TGC IF proteins are cytokeratins, (b) TE and TGC cytokeratins are characteristic
      of a simple epithelial cell, and (c) the morphologic and functional
      differentiation of TE to TGC is accompanied by elaboration of the cytokeratin
      profile.

PMID- 2419187
TI  - Isolation and properties of rat cell lines morphologically intermediate between
      cultured mammary epithelial and myoepithelial-like cells.
AB  - The cloned cuboidal epithelial cell line Rat Mammary (Rama) 25 converts at low
      frequency in culture to elongated cells that possess some of the properties of
      myoepithelial cells; one such clonal cell line is termed Rama 29. Three
      morphologically intermediate clonal cell lines have been isolated from Rama 25
      which form a morphological series in the order: Rama 25 cuboidal cells, Rama 25
      Intermediate 2(I2), Rama 25-I1, Rama 25-I4, and Rama 29 elongated cells. This
      same order is largely maintained for increasing percentages of elongated cells,
      decreasing percentages of cuboidal cells, decreasing tubular structures on
      collagen gels, and increasing times of appearance of tumors in nude mice. The
      fully elongated cells fail to revert to cuboidal cells and to form tumors.
      Binding of antisera to epithelial-specific milk fat globule membranes and human
      keratin declines whereas binding of antisera to myoepithelial-associated laminin,
      vimentin, and Thy-1 increases in the cell lines in the same order. Similarly 7
      polypeptides characteristic of elongated cells increase and 4 polypeptides
      characteristic of cuboidal cells decrease in the cell lines in the same way. Anti
      actin serum binds equally to all cell lines grown on plastic, except for Rama 25
      I4, where its binding is increased. Rama 25-I1 and Rama 25-I4 cells also give
      rise to anti-actin, anti-myoglobin, and phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin-staining
      giant, striated cells on collagen gels and in tumors that also have
      ultrastructural characteristics of skeletal muscle. Fresh elongated converts of
      Rama 25 bind appreciably more anti-actin serum than many of the clonal elongated
      cell lines such as Rama 29. Ultrastructural analysis confirms the gradual loss of
      epithelial characteristics and the acquisition of immature myoepithelial
      characteristics in the same sequence of cell lines. It is suggested that such a
      linear sequence of intermediate morphological states occurs between the Rama 25
      cuboidal cells and the elongated myoepithelial-like cells in vitro, and that a
      similar morphological sequence may exist in terminal ductal structures in vivo.

PMID- 2419188
TI  - Age of onset and outcome in 'acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder' (Landau
      Kleffner syndrome).
AB  - The relationship between age at onset of language disorder and eventual outcome
      was examined in 45 cases of Landau-Kleffner syndrome reported in the literature,
      all of whom had been followed up to at least 12 years of age. A strong
      relationship was found, which is opposite to that for childhood aphasia after
      structural lesions of the left hemisphere; i.e. in Landau-Kleffner syndrome, the
      older the child at onset the better the prognosis for language.

PMID- 2419189
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid myelin basic protein immunoreactivity as an indicator of
      brain damage in children.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) myelin basic protein (MBP) was measured blind by double
      antibody competitive inhibition radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 20 children who had
      seizures and 17 children with hydrocephalus. MBP values correlated with clinical
      outcome and mean maximum intracranial pressure (ICP) in the hydrocephalic group,
      and with type of convulsion in the epileptic group. A value of 20ng/ml or more
      was regarded as significantly raised. A significant rise in MBP levels could be
      demonstrated in those with ICP alone and in patients with additional problems,
      whose levels tended to be even higher. Hydrocephalic children with normal ICP and
      children with seizures had similar normal MBP levels, and in the latter group
      clinical outcome was not related to MBP levels. For individual patients CSF MBP
      is of little value as a prognostic indicator, or as a method of quantifying
      cerebral damage.

PMID- 2419190
TI  - Effect of cell proliferation on healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats.
AB  - The healing of acetic acid-induced gastric and duodenal ulcers was examined
      together with the biochemical indices of growth in gastric and duodenal mucosa in
      the following three groups of rats: (a) chow-fed, (b) fed an isocaloric liquid
      diet, (c) fed the liquid diet plus pentagastrin injections (250 micrograms/kg, 3
      times/day). Animals received the diet regimen for 10 days from 1 day after
      induction of ulcer (day 0). Following the feeding regimens, serum gastrin levels,
      oxyntic gland mucosal DNA synthesis, and gastric secretory function were
      significantly lowered in the rats fed liquid diets. DNA synthesis in the duodenal
      mucosa was not different from the pre-ulcer levels. Pentagastrin significantly
      restored the DNA synthetic and gastric secretory activity of the liquid diet-fed
      rats toward the levels in the chow-fed group. In the latter group, a significant
      increase in DNA synthesis and levels of serum gastrin was found at day 6 (after 5
      days feeding), which corresponded with a rapid, spontaneous healing of ulcers.
      Feeding rats liquid diet significantly delayed the healing of gastric, but not
      duodenal ulcers. Repeated administration of pentagastrin accelerated gastric
      ulcer healing in the liquid diet group toward the rate observed in the chow-fed
      group, but had no effect on the healing of duodenal ulcers. These results
      indicate that cell proliferation is an important factor in the healing of gastric
      ulcers.

PMID- 2419191
TI  - Study of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis by means of serial pancreozymin-secretin
      tests.
AB  - Fourteen patients with suspected chronic alcoholic pancreatitis (CAP) and 21
      patients who had been shown to have the disease were followed up by the
      pancreozymin-secretin test in order to clarify the serial changes in exocrine
      pancreatic function in alcoholic pancreatitis. The initial and final test data
      for secretory volume, maximal bicarbonate concentration, bicarbonate output (BO),
      and amylase output (AmO) of exocrine secretion were compared in these two groups.
      Patients with suspected CAP showed a significant serial decrease only in AmO;
      definite CAP developed in 3 of them during the follow-up period. In definite CAP,
      a significantly progressive decrease in BO as well as AMO was observed. It is
      suggested that in the earlier stage of CAP, AMO is initially affected, whereas
      decreased secretion of both bicarbonate and enzyme becomes apparent in the later
      stage.

PMID- 2419192
TI  - Meal-stimulated neurotensin immunoreactivity in plasma following gastric surgery:
      characterisation with two region-specific antisera.
AB  - Plasma neurotensin (NT) response to a simple fatty meal, administered via an
      indwelling naso-gastric tube, has been assessed in two groups of subjects
      following gastric surgery without resection, and in healthy controls. Two region
      specific NT antisera were employed in the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of plasma
      samples. The first, NT3, recognises only NT 1-13 in plasma extracts, while the
      second, GNT 21, recognises NT 1-13, NT 1-11 and NT 1-8 equally. In addition,
      plasma extracts were subjected to reverse-phase high performance liquid
      chromatography, fractions from which were subjected to each region-specific RIA.
      There was no significant response to the test meal in the healthy controls.
      However, both groups of post-gastric surgery subjects, who had undergone either
      vagotomy and pyloroplasty (V & P) or vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy (V & GJ),
      displayed significant increases in both intact and N-terminal plasma NT
      immunoreactivity (IR). The integrated responses of the V & P and V & GJ groups
      were also significantly higher than the control response but did not differ
      significantly from one another. The proportion of intact NT to total N-terminal
      NT-IR in each group was not significantly different.

PMID- 2419193
TI  - Role of secondary hyperparathyroidism and liver function in hyperamylasemia in
      chronic renal failure.
AB  - Elevated values of pancreatic-type amylase activity in serum were found in 59% of
      patients with liver cirrhosis not complicated with renal failure, in 67% of
      patients with chronic renal failure not complicated with hepatopathy and in 95%
      of patients with chronic renal failure complicated with hepatopathy. In all the
      three groups, a significant positive correlation was found between the pancreatic
      type amylase and intestinal isoenzyme of serum alkaline phosphatase which is an
      asialoglycoprotein. However, in pancreatitis a prevalence of an increase in
      pancreatic-type amylase with respect to intestinal alkaline phosphatase was
      found. A multivariate analysis showed that in chronic renal failure not
      complicated with hepatopathy, and in chronic renal failure complicated with
      chronic liver disease, the changes in calcium homeostasis and also the liver
      disorder, respectively, contribute significantly to the above-normal values for
      pancreatic-type amylase.

PMID- 2419194
TI  - Detection of melanogenic proteins in cultured chick-embryo melanocytes.
AB  - The phorbol ester, 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), was used as a
      reversible inhibitor of melanogenesis. Chick-melanocyte cultures of the black
      genotype, E/E, were grown in conditioned medium plus TPA. After growth in TPA and
      after its removal, the cells were pulse labeled with 3H-leucine. The membrane
      fraction, which included all tyrosinase activity as well as both mature and
      immature melanosomes, was solubilized with Triton X-100. The proteins were
      separated using two-dimensional electrophoresis and visualized by fluorography.
      One defined melanogenic protein, tyrosinase, was isolated, and its location was
      determined in the two-dimensional protein pattern. The protein patterns for both
      the TPA-inhibited cells and the cells in which the TPA effects were reversed
      after removal were compared. In addition to tyrosinase, at least nine TPA
      sensitive proteins were found. These were designated as being putative
      melanogenic proteins which, along with tyrosinase, may be responsible for melanin
      granule synthesis.

PMID- 2419195
TI  - Expression of c-fos in parietal endoderm, amnion and differentiating F9
      teratocarcinoma cells.
AB  - The expression of the cellular proto-oncogene, c-fos, in extra-embryonic tissues
      of the mouse was investigated using a v-fos DNA probe and an affinity-purified
      antiserum raised against a C-terminal synthetic peptide. At 13.5 days of
      development, parietal endoderm--a tissue not previously studied using these
      methods--was found to express c-fos RNA at a higher level than the amnion or
      placenta. The previously reported dramatic increase in c-fos RNA levels in extra
      embryonic membranes during gestation was found to be confined to the amnion. The
      antipeptide serum specifically recovered proteins with Mr values of 46,000 and
      39,000 from extracts of parietal endoderm and amnion cells labelled for 15 min
      with 35S-methionine. On sodium-dodecyl-sulphate/polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis these proteins co-migrated with proteins immunoprecipitated using
      serum from rats inoculated with FBJ-MuSV-transformed cells (tumour-bearing rat
      serum). Pulse-chasing and 32P-labelling experiments showed that the protein with
      an Mr of 46,000 was rapidly converted into higher-molecular-weight phosphorylated
      derivatives. F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells differentiated into parietal-endoderm
      like cells in response to treatment with retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP.
      However, this differentiation was not accompanied by any large transient increase
      in c-fos RNA expression.

PMID- 2419196
TI  - Effects of inhaled diesel exhaust on immune responses after lung immunization.
AB  - The inhalation of diesel exhaust particles and the accumulation of these
      particles in the lung-associated lymph nodes could alter the development of
      immune responses after lung immunization. To study this possibility, Fischer 344
      rats and CD-1 mice were exposed to three levels of diesel exhaust (nominal
      concentration--7000, 3500, or 350 micrograms particles/m3). Chamber controls and
      exposed animals were immunized by intratracheal instillation of sheep red blood
      cells (SRBC) after 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of exposure. The number of anti-SRBC
      IgM antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the lung-associated lymph nodes and spleen
      was evaluated after immunization. The lung-associated lymph nodes from rats and
      mice exposed to the high levels of diesel exhaust were black with accumulated
      diesel particles, and the number of lymphoid cells was significantly elevated at
      each sacrifice time, while rats exposed to the medium level of diesel exhaust
      also had elevated numbers of cells in these tissues at 12, 18, and 24 months of
      exposure. The total number of AFC in the lung-associated lymph nodes was
      significantly elevated (p less than 0.05) in rats exposed to medium and high
      levels of diesel exhaust, but no significant effects were observed in exposed
      mice. Data expressed as AFC/10(6) lymphoid cells in rats and mice, and the level
      of specific IgM, IgG, or IgA antibody in rat sera were not significantly altered.
      We conclude that the increased cellularity, and the presence of diesel particles
      in the lung-associated lymph nodes, had a minimal effect on the immune and
      antigen filtration functions of these tissues.

PMID- 2419197
TI  - Molecular basis for mustard-induced vesication.
AB  - A biochemical hypothesis explaining the generation of pathology in human skin by
      mustard gas (HD) is presented which links the initiation of DNA damages to local
      alterations of metabolism and subsequent development of blisters. The proposed
      sequence involves HD alkylation of purines in DNA which are processed to form
      apurinic sites. Apurinic endonucleases act at these sites to produce backbone
      breaks in DNA which cause activation of the chromosomal enzyme poly(ADP
      ribose)polymerase. This enzyme utilizes NAD+ as a substrate and, at vesicating
      doses of HD, would deplete the cells of their NAD+ content. The depletion in NAD+
      would cause inhibition of glycolysis, and the resulting accumulation of common
      intermediates would stimulate the NADP+-dependent hexosemonophosphate shunt
      (HMS). Such stimulation of the HMS has been associated with DNA damage and
      enhancement of protease synthesis and release. These proteases could be
      responsible for development of subepidermal blisters which result from fluid
      accumulation in the cavity created by separation of the moribund basal cell layer
      from the basement membrane--a characteristic feature of HD-exposed human skin.
      Partial validation of this biochemical hypothesis has been achieved. DNA
      alkylated with either monofunctional or bifunctional sulfur mustards, followed by
      spontaneous or enzymatic depurination, was shown to be sensitized to degradation
      by apurinic endonuclease. Studies on the effect of HD on human skin grafted to
      athymic nude mice demonstrated dose- and time-related decreases in NAD+ levels.
      These decreases in NAD+ levels preceded and correlated to the predicted severity
      of pathology. The participation of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase activity in the HD
      induced NAD+ loss was substantiated by prevention of this loss in the presence of
      inhibitors of the enzyme. Additional supporting evidence for the proposed
      mechanism was obtained at the cellular level by studies which utilized human
      leukocytes. The subsequent involvement of the HMS and proteases in HD-induced
      vesication is discussed.

PMID- 2419198
TI  - Removable dentures affect concentrations of protein, amylase and IgA in whole
      saliva among elderly men.

PMID- 2419199
TI  - Neurobiology of the intestinal mucosa.

PMID- 2419200
TI  - Pancreatic acinar cell function and morphology in rats fed zinc-deficient and
      marginal zinc-deficient diets.
AB  - The prevalence of marginal zinc nutriture in several populations of people in
      this country and the lack of reports on the effect of marginal zinc nutriture in
      experimental animals prompted us to look at pancreatic acinar cell function and
      morphology in rats fed a zinc-deficient diet ad libitum: 4 and 50 ppm zinc
      supplemented diets in amounts isocaloric to a zinc-deficient diet and Rodent-Blox
      fed ad libitum for a period of 49 +/- 1 (SEM) days. Because of a diminished rate
      of energy expenditure in zinc-deficient rats, animals receiving 50 ppm zinc
      supplemented diets were offered less food, resulting in decreased body weight and
      pancreas weight, DNA, RNA, total protein, lipase, amylase, and secretion of
      protein. Specific changes due to zinc deficiency included (a) further decrease in
      body weight and (b) increase in content, specific activity, and secretion of
      lipase. Both the size and volume fraction of zymogen granules were reduced in
      zinc deficiency. The lumina of acinar and small ducts were collapsed with paucity
      of secretion products. Zinc deficiency may therefore lead to a defect in
      discharge mechanism. A further reduction in volume fraction of zymogen granules
      in the 4 ppm zinc-supplemented group was associated with increased secretion of
      serine proteases (trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen), which constitute
      approximately 46% of total secretory protein in the pancreas under normal dietary
      conditions. This indicated an accelerated discharge due to an unknown mechanism.
      Changes in the secretion of digestive enzymes in the present study simulated
      ethanol-induced secretory alterations that were previously observed. Because
      abnormal zinc nutriture and chronic alcoholism are commonly associated, it is
      speculated that zinc deficiency may play a role in the ethanol-induced secretory
      alterations.

PMID- 2419201
TI  - Effects of prenatal exposure to lithium on indoleamines in maturing mouse brain.
AB  - Levels of the intermediates 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic
      acid (5-HIAA) and activities of the enzymes 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (5
      HTPD) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) were measured in 4 different brain regions of
      maturing mice exposed to LiCl during prenatal and postnatal development. 5-HT and
      5-HIAA levels were reduced significantly in all brain regions of 1 day old mice.
      5-HIAA was also reduced in hemispheres of 1 week olds. There were some marginally
      significant elevations and reductions in 5-HTPD and MAO activity at various ages.
      It is suggested that lithium is reducing 5-HT synthesis and perhaps storage also
      but that neonates recover quite rapidly from the prenatal exposure.

PMID- 2419202
TI  - Three phase contractile response of rabbit pulmonary artery to norepinephrine:
      influence of ruthenium red and calcium.
AB  - We recorded isometric contractile force of rabbit pulmonary artery after
      application of norepinephrine (50 microM), plotted semilogarithmic graphs of
      force development over time, and calculated rates of force development. The
      normal contractile response contained three phases: an initial fast, a short
      intermediate and a final slow. Correlation coefficients for each phase and
      differences between rates of force development of each phase were significant (P
      less than 0.05). Ruthenium red (1 mM) removed only the slow phase and
      significantly reduced the rates of the fast and intermediate phases. A calcium
      free solution removed both the slow and intermediate phases and significantly
      reduced the rate of the fast phase.

PMID- 2419203
TI  - The effect of 4-aminoquinoline on frog atrial myocardium depolarized by
      potassium.
AB  - Intracellular recording was used to examine the effects of 4-aminoquinoline (4
      AQ) on action potentials of frog atrial myocardium depolarized by potassium.
      Elevating [K+]0 to 12.5 mM resulted in decrease of resting membrane potential
      from 83 mV (normal Ringer) to 56 mV (P less than 0.001). Under these conditions,
      verapamil diminished amplitude, overshoot and duration of action potentials,
      whereas 4-AQ depressed overshoot and prolonged action potential duration (P less
      than 0.02). Action potentials recorded in 20 mM K+ (isoproterenol added)
      exhibited a mean resting potential of 38 mV and also a reduced amplitude and
      duration. Verapamil caused a rapid blockade of the electrophysiological response,
      suggesting that action potentials were mediated by a current carried by calcium
      ions. 4-AQ applied in two concentrations (0.25 and 0.5 mM) on atrial trabeculae
      exposed to 20 mM K+-isoproterenol partially restored resting membrane potential
      and significantly (P less than 0.001) increased amplitude, overshoot and duration
      of action potentials. These effects were attributed to an enhanced Ca2+ entrance
      induced either by a direct action upon voltage-sensitive calcium channels, or
      resulting from a prolonged action potential due to blockade of potassium
      conductance.

PMID- 2419204
TI  - Multiple-copy genes: production and modification of monomeric peptides from large
      multimeric fusion proteins.
AB  - A vector system has been designed for obtaining high yields of polypeptides
      synthesized in Escherichia coli. Multiple copies of a synthetic gene encoding the
      neuropeptide substance P (SP) (Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2)
      have been linked and fused to the lacZ gene. Each copy of the SP gene was flanked
      by codons for methionine to create sites for cleavage by cyanogen bromide (CNBr).
      The isolated multimeric SP fusion protein was converted to monomers of SP analog,
      each containing a carboxyl-terminal homoserine lactone (Hse-lactone) residue (Arg
      Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Hse-lactone), upon treatment with CNBr in
      formic acid. The Hse-lactone moiety was subjected to chemical modifications to
      produce an SP Hse amide. This method permits synthesis of peptide amide analogs
      and other peptide derivatives by combining recombinant DNA techniques and
      chemical methods.

PMID- 2419205
TI  - Radiation therapy in the elderly patient.
AB  - In the management of cancer in the older patient, the treatment program designed
      should be based on careful analysis of the patient's problem and a decision made
      as to whether the patient can be cured by the radiation therapy technique for
      what is primarily a limited local regional disease process or palliated by virtue
      of the fact that the patient has more widespread disseminated disease. In both
      instances, careful attention must be given to proper, continuous and careful
      support of all the problems the older patient has. The patient's status may
      dictate a major change in the radiation therapy program by virtue of
      fractionation, protraction, total dose being delivered or even the volume being
      treated. The response to treatment in terms of normal tissue effects require
      careful medical management in order to minimize those effects. Interruptions of
      treatment should be allowed only if appropriate deliberate management of side
      effects are not effective. The basic principle in the management of the older
      patient with cancer is to allow for cure of those patients in which that is a
      reasonable possibility with the minimum in terms of complication as a consequence
      of the treatment program. Palliative radiation therapy programs are directed
      toward improvement in the quality of life by diminishing symptoms and hastening
      rehabilitation. When two definitive treatment programs, surgery or radiation
      therapy, have equal probability for long-term survival, the radiation therapy
      curatively administered would allow for the preservation of anatomy and function.
      The maximum potential for management in the older patient with cancer is achieved
      best in the circumstances of an integrated multimodal team for management
      including those specialists that are appropriate to the disease process being
      treated. These would include the surgeon, the radiation oncologist, the medical
      oncologist, the pathologist, the diagnostic radiologist, as well as other
      specialists such as anesthesiology, rehabilitation medicine, etc., along with
      paramedical support members of the team. It is within this environment that the
      maximum potentials of treatment can be achieved.

PMID- 2419206
TI  - Krypton red laser photocoagulation of peripapillary subretinal neovascular
      membranes.
AB  - The visual outcome of 20 eyes of 20 patients with peripapillary subretinal
      neovascular membranes (SRNVM) treated with krypton red laser photocoagulation
      (KRLP) was studied. Complete obliteration of the SRNVM was achieved in all eyes
      in the study. In 18 of 20 patients, the visual acuity improved or remained the
      same during an average follow-up of 9.9 months. There were no treatment-related
      complications. The efficacy of KRLP in the management of patients with
      peripapillary SRNVM is discussed.

PMID- 2419207
TI  - "Displaced nerve cells" in the human retina.
AB  - Several kinds of nerve cells in the vertebrate retina can be found in retinal
      layers other that to which they belong. The present paper discusses all such
      cells within the human retina, as the author was able to stain them selectively
      using different neurohistological methods.

PMID- 2419208
TI  - Ethanol metabolism in the generation of new antigenic determinants on liver
      cells.
AB  - Antibodies directed against ethanol altered liver cell components have been
      detected in the serum of nearly 50% of patients with alcoholic liver disease
      although the pathogenetic mechanisms are unclear. The importance of ethanol
      metabolism in the generation of new antigenic determinants on liver cells was
      investigated by in vivo inhibition of alcohol or acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and
      an induced cytotoxicity assay. There was a significant reduction in cytotoxicity
      to hepatocytes isolated from rabbits treated with ethanol 1 g/kg when the
      metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase was inhibited. In
      contrast when the oxidation of acetaldehyde was inhibited by disulfiram
      cytotoxicity was significantly enhanced. These results show that ethanol
      metabolism is integral to the expression of the ethanol related determinant and
      suggest that an impaired ability to metabolism acetaldehyde could lead to the
      development of immunological reactions to alcohol altered liver membrane
      antigens.

PMID- 2419209
TI  - T-lymphocytes in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

PMID- 2419210
TI  - [Hemostatic mechanisms and malignant tumors].
AB  - The mutual relationships between malignant tumours and mechanisms of blood
      coagulation are presented in a brief survey. In this connection, the mechanisms
      of a tumour cell entering the circulation through the vessel well and its leaving
      into the tissues are discussed, the theory of microtrauma being used for
      explaining these processes. Subsequently, the alterations to be found in the
      count and function of thrombocytes after contact with a malignant cell and the
      impact on this cell by blood platelets are represented. As a third factor the
      activation of blood coagulation which is exercised by substances with a
      procoagulatory effect produced by the malignant tissue and the frequently
      observed thrombosis in the course of neoplastic diseases are dealt with in
      connection with blood level changes of some coagulation factors. In a fourth
      section the significance of fibrinolysis, its activation and inhibition as well
      as the production of fibrinolytic activators by neoplasms are discussed.

PMID- 2419211
TI  - [Iliopsoas hemorrhage in hemophilic children].
AB  - Sixty-nine children with hemophilia were treated in our center between 1968 and
      1983. About 1 per cent of hemorrhagic complications were bleedings localized in
      the iliopsoas muscle of 12 patients ranging in age from 9 to 15 years. The
      typical sign of the bleeding is a tight, palpable tumour above the inguinal fold.
      Today mass bleedings of the muscle with retroperitoneal localization are
      diagnosed safely by help of computer tomography or sonography. Psoas muscle
      bleedings in children are characterized by a high recurrence rate (41.5%) and
      often by an associated damage of the femoral nerve. Surgery was necessary only in
      1 patient where a huge psoas hematoma with cystic transformations had to be
      removed. High substitution doses led to a complete recovery within 3 weeks in all
      other children.

PMID- 2419212
TI  - [Causes of death in hemophilia patients in East Germany].
AB  - By means of the Central Card Index of Haemophilia, a working material of the
      Section of Haemophilia in the Society of Haematology and Blood Transfusion of the
      GDR, 52 patients with heriditary haemorrhagic diatheses could be registered.
      These persons had died between 1962 and 1984. The average age of death amounted
      to 33.8 years. With 23 cases intracranial bleedings were the dominating cause of
      death in all haemophiliacs. From this fact the absolute necessity arises to
      initiate a substitutive therapy with a sufficiently high dosage, if there is an
      assumption of a craniocerebral trauma and, in addition, to treat hypertension in
      such a way that normotonic values are achieved. Even retrospectively no signs of
      an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome could be found in any of the patients. As
      haemophilic bleedings apparently represented the life limiting factors in the
      majority of the deceased, the importance of an early adequate substitutive
      therapy is stressed, the principles of which should be known to all general
      practioners.

PMID- 2419213
TI  - [Behavior of fibrinogen in diabetic patients in comparison with objective
      vascular measurements in the ocular fundus].
AB  - Objective measurements of vessels were performed in vivo in 10 patients affected
      with diabetes mellitus, the fibrinogen concentrations in the venous blood being
      determined simultaneously. Whereas the ensured correlations with fibrinogen
      concentration could be recognized from the diameter of arteries and veins and
      from the flow velocity, a linear correlation could be found to exist between the
      fibrinogen level and the volume flowing through a retinal artery. These findings
      prove that the very existence of a hyperfibrinogen anemia does not justify the
      assumption of the blood volume flow being decreased. In patients with diabetes
      mellitus the enhanced volume flowing through retinal arteries is rather connected
      with an increased fibrinogen level.

PMID- 2419214
TI  - Haemorheological parameters in alopecia areata.
AB  - Whole blood, plasma and relative viscosities and red cell filterability have been
      investigated in 15 patients with Alopecia areata (A.A.) and in 9, age and sex
      matched, normal subjects. Erythrocyte filtration time resulted to be
      significantly increased in alopecic subjects as compared to the normal subjects.
      Such parameter also showed a good correlation (r = 0.752) with relative
      viscosity. Whole blood, plasma and relative viscosities were not significantly
      different from normal subjects.

PMID- 2419215
TI  - Diagnostic and prognostic value of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
      (TdT) activity in treating the blastic phase (bp) of chronic granulocytic
      leukaemia (CGL).
AB  - The blastic cell phenotypes of 26 cases of CGL in blastic phase were estimated
      and the patients were treated with different schemes. The following methods of
      typisation of the blast cells were used: cytochemical stainings (POX, Sudan B,
      PAS, nonspecific esterase), estimation of TdT activity, and in 11 patients the
      testing with monoclonal antibodies of VI series. Using these methods 10 patients
      (38%) with lymphoid form of the blastic phase, 11 (43%) with the myeloid type and
      5 patients (19%) with undifferentiated type were diagnosed. In the group of
      lymphoblastic type a longer survival time and complete remissions were observed.
      High TdT activity in blastic cells did correspond with favourable response to
      Vincristin and Prednison. The introduction of TdT assessment into the diagnosis
      of CGL allows the cells to be classified more precisely, thus helping in defining
      the prognosis and in the choice of treatment programme.

PMID- 2419216
TI  - Cytochemical examination of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase enzymes in
      low-grade B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
AB  - The differential diagnostic significance of acid phosphatase and beta
      glucuronidase were studied in 77 cases of low-grade B cell non-Hodgkin's
      lymphomas. In most cases the results of cytochemical enzyme studies performed on
      malignant cells of the bone marrow were evaluated. B cell chronic lymphocytic
      leukaemia, centrocytic and centroblastic/centrocytic lymphomas were characterized
      by a weak or a negative acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity.
      Stronger positivity was observed in immunocytoma and in Waldenstrom's
      macroglobulinaemia, while the highest activity was found in multiple myeloma.
      Hairy cell leukaemia of B cell origin showed intensive tartrate-resistant acid
      phosphatase activity. The cytochemical examination of these lysosomal enzymes may
      be useful in the diagnosis of low-grade malignant lymphomas of B cell origin by
      completing other methods.

PMID- 2419217
TI  - Appearance of microthrombi in vessels of central nervous system in the course of
      disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome in acute leukemias.
AB  - In 35 cases out of 37 (88%) microthrombi have been found in CNS. They appeared
      much more frequently than it could be expected on the basis of the clinical
      picture of DIC syndrome or changes in the coagulation system. Microthrombi
      occurred prevalently in white substance of the frontal and occipital lobes as
      well as in thalamus. In 15 cases the microthrombi were the only evidence of DIC
      syndrome, besides clinically "mute" one. It should be emphasized that almost in
      half of the cases we encountered numerous disseminated microthrombi in many
      regions of CNS. Unequal distribution of microthrombi in CNS points out the
      significance of the local factor in the pathogenesis of DIC syndrome.

PMID- 2419218
TI  - [Serum factors in chronic myeloid leukemia].
AB  - Mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood of healthy test persons were
      cultivated in a methylcellulose medium with serum samples taken from 13 patients
      with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and with osteomyelosclerosis (OMS) as well as
      with serum samples of 6 healthy test persons. From evaluating the proliferation
      of granulopoietic cells quantitatively, conclusions were made concerning the
      concentrations of granulopoietic stimulating substances in these sera. In all
      cultures with the serum of patients the number of granulopoietic cell colonies
      was greater than that in cultures with the serum of normal persons. The stronger
      proliferation of granulopoietic precursor cells in cultures with serum of
      patients is seen to be due to an enhanced production of the granulocyte
      macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by leukemic cells. The differential
      hemograms and curves indicating the course of leukocytes in patients are compared
      with the corresponding results of cultures. In patients with CML an increased
      output of GM-CSF will apparently influence the increase in size of the
      granulopoietic stem cell pool, which is evident in the steep increase of those
      curves indicating the course of leukocytes. In patients with OMS, however, there
      is a discrepancy between granulopoietic serum activity and proliferation in vivo.
      From these investigations the hypothesis is derived that an increased synthesis
      of GM-CSF in patients with CML may be one of the causes underlying hyperplastic
      granulopoiesis. A direct advantage of leukemic cells in proliferation cannot be
      derived from it.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2419219
TI  - [A case of hypereosinophilic syndrome].
AB  - A report is presented on a case of hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) characterized
      by an increase of leukocytes to 70.0 X 10(9) per litre and a percentage of
      eosinophils up to 87 per cent in the differential hemogram. As a peculiarity
      hitherto not described increased values were observed in 4 immunoglobulin
      fractions, IgA, IgG, IgM and with an extreme content of IgE of more than 40.000
      IU/ml.

PMID- 2419220
TI  - Relationship between natural killer (NK) activity and eosinophil, neutrophil and
      lymphocyte level in human blood.
AB  - Natural Killer (NK) activity by blood lymphocytes from healthy males was
      determined in 4-h-51Cr release assay with K562 target cells. Individuals with a
      high ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes had a significantly lower NK activity
      compared with that of those with a low ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes. On
      the other hand, no correlation of NK activity with absolute lymphocyte count was
      observed. Eosinophilia in blood was found to be accompanied by increased NK
      activity. Some biological aspects of these interdependences are discussed.

PMID- 2419221
TI  - New aspects in the pathogenesis of infectious and tumor anaemia.
AB  - From new evidence of increased adhesion of immune complexes in the plasma protein
      film of erythrocytes, the pathogenesis of tumor anaemia and anaemia in chronic
      infections is suggested to be a mechanism of the early sequestration of the
      erythrocytes by erythrophagocytosis following their coating with immune complexes
      and denaturated immunoglobulins.

PMID- 2419222
TI  - The use of laser-nephelometry in evaluating fibrinogenaemia in patients with
      hepatocarcinoma and cirrhosis.
AB  - In the present study fibrinogen was assayed by the immunonephelometric method in
      19 patients afflicted with hepatocarcinoma and 24 patients afflicted with
      cirrhosis. The two groups were similar in age, sex and presence of HbsAg. The
      incidence of values above the norm was significantly greater in patients with
      hepatocarcinoma (p less than 0.05). Then, the concentration of fibrinogen was
      measured in all using two other immunological methods (Laurell and Mancini) and
      two coagulative methods (Clauss and Ratnoff). A dysfibrinogenemia (an excess of
      fibrinogen assayed by immunological methods to be greater than 100 mg/dl with
      respect to biological methods). is more frequent using the Nephelometer-Clauss (p
      less than 0.01) and Mancini-Clauss (p less than 0.01) methods in patients with
      hepatocarcinoma with respect to those with cirrhosis. The study of the kinetics
      of antifibrinogen antigen-antibody reaction failed to show differences between
      patients with hepatocarcinoma or cirrhosis and normal subjects.

PMID- 2419223
TI  - [Detection of anti-IgA antibodies using enzyme immunoassay].
AB  - An enzyme immunoassay is described for the detection of anti-IgA-antibodies in
      human serum. The principle is based on the binding of the antibodies to IgA
      coated polystyrene tubes and their following reaction with peroxidase conjugated
      Fc-specific anti-human-IgG.

PMID- 2419224
TI  - [Selection of HLA compatible donors for patients with HLA antibodies].
AB  - A strain of 1,507 typised donors enables 15.97 average donors to be selected for
      a thrombocyte transfusion in one of 75 patients selected at random with HLA
      antibodies being previously determined (1 to 66 donors per patient). HLA
      compatible donors were found for 72 patients (97.33 per cent). More than 5 HLA
      compatible donors could be found for 58 patients. The high number of compatible
      donors is based on the fact that among 1,507 donors there were 156 HLA
      homozygotes and 556 donors with 3 HLA-A or B-antigens respectively. Compatibility
      in the ABO-system was not taken into account.

PMID- 2419225
TI  - [Failure of therapy with thrombocyte concentrates as a sequela of anti-Kob (3b)
      antibodies in a patient].
AB  - The report deals with a failure in transfusing thrombocyte concentrates in a
      patient affected with bone-marrow hypoplasia caused by thrombocyte antibodies
      with anti-Kob (3b) specificity. This is referred to as a rare occurrence since,
      in general, HLA cytotoxins are identified as underlying cause and polyspecific or
      anti-Zwa(P1A1) antibodies only in exceptional cases.

PMID- 2419226
TI  - The effect of different doses of 32P in the treatment of primary thrombocytosis.
AB  - We report on a follow up in 23 patients with primary thrombocytosis treated with
      two different doses of 32phosphorus phosphate (32P). Ten patients with essential
      thrombocytosis (ET) received 2 mCi and 13 patients with polycythemia vera (PV)
      received the standard dose of 0.1 mCi/kg b.w. The patients were listed as having
      a complete response (CR), partial response (PR) or no response (NR) considering
      platelet count at 3 and 12 months after 32P injection. The results indicate the
      existence of a clear correlation of the rate of remission with the 32P injected
      dose. PV patients show, in fact, a percentage of complete remission higher than
      ET patients. However, the use of higher doses induces more early and long-term
      complications.

PMID- 2419227
TI  - Results of treatment in 273 patients with Hodgkin's disease from 1971 to 1980 in
      comparison with results of treatment in 240 patients from 1951 to 1970.
AB  - Results of treatment obtained in 273 patients with HD from 1971 to 1980 were
      compared with 240 patients with HD in the period from 1951 to 1970. All patients
      in our material were analysed by taking into consideration the histological type
      and the clinical stage. We confirmed the prolongation of the survival time in the
      patients with HD in last ten years to 18 months. The introduction of
      polychemotherapy contributed to this observation.

PMID- 2419228
TI  - [Lymphocyte function in patients with anti-D(Rh0) antibodies].
AB  - The behaviour of humoral and cellular immunity as well as that of cells bearing
      Fc receptors was investigated in persons with anti-D antibodies. Peripheral
      lymphocytes could be identified in 6 of 26 examined test persons particularly
      sensitized against the stroma of Rh-positive erythrocytes. There was no relation
      to the anti-D titre. The parameters of humoral immunity showed no correlation to
      the anti-D titre. In 37 per cent of the persons with anti-D antibodies, which
      were produced "naturally" or artificially, an increased content of IgE could be
      proved in the serum. In each case, anti-D formation apparently leads to an
      increase of cells bearing Fc receptors, which can be recognized by the increased
      number of EA rosettes. A relation to the anti-D titre did not exist. None of the
      immunological test methods used is suitable for predicting the success of an
      artificial immunization for the purpose of gaining high titre anti-D antibodies.

PMID- 2419229
TI  - [Effect of ketanserin on blood pressure in rats].
AB  - Ketanserin, a selective serotonergic (5-HT2) antagonist, also has affinity for
      alpha 1-adrenoceptors. It is not clear whether the hypotensive mechanism of
      ketanserin is due to its antagonistic action to 5-HT2 receptor or to its affinity
      for alpha 1 adrenoceptors. The hypotensive mechanism of ketanserin was studied in
      both stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) and Wistar Kyoto rats
      (WKY). Anesthetized rats were used (alpha-chloralose + urethane, i.p.). Up to 3
      ml of blood was drawn from each rat for analysis. Plasma norepinephrine (NE) was
      determined by radioenzymatic assay. Plasma serotonin (5-HT) was determined by
      HPLC-ECD. Adrenal nerve discharges were counted by a digital pulse counter.
      Ketanserin (0.5 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a dose-dependent reduction of
      mean arterial pressure (MAP) in both SHRSP and WKY. MAP of SHRSP decreased
      significantly as compared with WKY. Both plasma NE and 5-HT showed a tendency to
      increase during ketanserin administration (5.0 mg/kg, i.v.). Ketanserin
      significantly antagonized the BP response induced by exogenously injected 5-HT
      (30 micrograms/kg) and NE (10 micrograms/kg). Adrenal nerve activity was reduced
      in parallel with the decrease in BP and HR. These findings suggest that
      ketanserin produced a decrease in BP via both peripheral and central action in
      rats.

PMID- 2419230
TI  - Visual presentation of the revised Token Test: some normative data and use in
      modality independence testing.

PMID- 2419231
TI  - Three-dimensional structure in language tests of aphasia.

PMID- 2419232
TI  - [A concept of therapy oriented to pathophysiology. Calcium antagonists increase
      hypoxia tolerance].

PMID- 2419233
TI  - The clinical value of serum ferritin in hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Serum ferritin is often elevated in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
      Its use as a disease marker has been proposed. We have measured serum ferritin
      levels in 85 patients with HCC and in 62 comparable subjects with cirrhosis.
      Abnormal values (greater than or equal to 300 ng/ml) were found in 54% of the
      patients with HCC and in 35% of those with cirrhosis (median 323 and 204 ng/ml,
      respectively). The overlap of the range of concentration in HCC and cirrhosis was
      so great that no discriminant level could be chosen. No relationship was found
      between alpha-fetoprotein and ferritin concentrations. Among 61 patients who
      received Adriamycin treatment, no discernible fall in ferritin levels was
      observed, while alpha-fetoprotein increased progressively during the follow-up.
      Serum ferritin has no role in diagnosing and/or monitoring the response to
      treatment of patients with HCC.

PMID- 2419234
TI  - Cholecystokinin antagonists.
AB  - The three classes of CCK antagonists illustrate the various factors governing
      affinity of the antagonists for the CCK receptor. The major influence in
      determining potency of the cyclic nucleotide derivatives, amino acid derivatives
      and C-terminal fragments of CCK, are hydrophobic forces. In contrast, structural
      requirements are the major influences in determining potency of the N-terminal
      fragments of CCK-26-33. The most potent CCK antagonist in each of the three
      classes is illustrated in Fig. 11. CBZ-CCK-27-32-NH2 is 30 times more potent than
      N-CBZ-cystine, which is, in turn, slightly more potent than Bt2 cGMP. All these
      CCK antagonists, however, are relatively weak. For example, CBZ-CCK-27-32-NH2
      inhibits binding of 125I-CCK by 50% at a concentration of approximately 5 microM.
      In contrast, the agonist CCK-26-33 inhibits binding of 125I-CCK by 50% at a
      concentration of approximately 1 nM. The antagonists remain useful for analyzing
      those responses that are caused by CCK, though the relatively low potencies of
      the antagonists may limit their usefulness as antagonists of CCK in vivo systems.
      This limitation, however, may be only theoretical. For example, proglumide, which
      requires an in vitro concentration of 0.3 mM to cause half-maximal inhibition of
      binding of 125I-CCK, can inhibit the actions of CCK and gastrin in animals
      (Hutchison and Dockray 1980; Stubbs and Stabile 1985) and of gastrin in man
      (Lamers and Jansen 1983). Nevertheless, the identification of CCK antagonists
      with greater potency than those hitherto described will facilitate studies of the
      actions of CCK.

PMID- 2419235
TI  - Histogenesis and differentiation: a re-evaluation of these concepts as criteria
      for the classification of tumors.

PMID- 2419236
TI  - The role of lymphokines in neoplastic disease.
AB  - In this brief review, we have focused on studies demonstrating the existence of
      low-molecular-weight lymphokines that modify a number of tumor cell functions. We
      have found that lymphokine preparations of human or murine origin contain a
      protein, TMIF, that can reversibly inhibit the migration of a variety of tumor
      cells. Both serially passaged animal tumors and spontaneous human neoplasms
      respond to TMIF. Determination of physicochemical characteristics, including
      molecular weight, enzyme inactivation, monosaccharide inhibition profile, and
      noncoordinate production by hybridomas, has led to the conclusion that TMIF is
      distinct from the lymphokines that inhibit the migration of nonneoplastic cells.
      TMIF can be detected in vivo and can modify the behavior of tumor cells in vivo.
      In addition, TMIF-containing preparations can inhibit the binding of tumor cells
      to endothelial monolayers. Although migration inhibition by TMIF is not
      associated with cytotoxicity, partially purified TMIF preparations are cytostatic
      for tumor cells. Cytostasis is not the cause of the observed results in the
      migration assay, and these properties are therefore functionally distinct. These
      three activities, appearing within a narrow range of molecular weights, different
      from those of other known lymphokines, suggest the existence of a distinct class
      of lymphokine mediators with the common function of influencing functional
      properties of tumor cells. We propose that these mediators be tentatively defined
      as neomodulins. Further characterization of this set of lymphocyte-derived
      effector macromolecules will require thorough exploration of their effects on the
      various functions listed as tumor cell "job descriptions," demonstration of their
      in vivo efficacy, and purification of the various factors to homogeneity. The
      neomodulins are likely to have therapeutic potential, since the tumor cell
      functions that they regulate are those involved in the expression of malignant
      potential. In addition, studies are under way to determine whether the in vitro
      responsiveness of tumor cells to these factors might correlate with their in vivo
      biologic behavior. Finally, detection of TMIF or related lymphokines in serum or
      urine from patients with neoplasms could be useful in the detection of cancer
      and/or monitoring of occult tumor metastases and tumor recurrence.

PMID- 2419237
TI  - Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the uterus.
AB  - Two patients with alveolar soft part sarcoma of the uterus are described. One of
      the sarcomas was a submucosal nodule of the cervix, and the second was a
      minuscule, incidentally discovered lesion in the corpus. Both lesions contained
      periodic acid-Schiff-positive, diastase-resistant cytoplasmic granules, and
      characteristic membrane-bound crystalline inclusion bodies were demonstrated in
      the cervical lesion.

PMID- 2419238
TI  - Merkel cell tumor of the skin: an immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Skin biopsy specimens from 12 elderly patients with Merkel cell tumors were
      investigated. Conventional light microscopy and immunohistochemical techniques
      were used. All of the tumors had similar morphologic features. Immunoreactivity
      for neuronspecific enolase, gastrin, calcitonin, and epithelial membrane-like
      antigen was demonstrated, and both neurofilaments and keratin filaments were
      observed. The immunohistochemical findings supported a Merkel cell origin for
      these Merkel cell tumors. The co-expression of neuroendocrine and epithelial
      markers in Merkel cell carcinomas is suggestive of neuroendocrine differentiation
      in a neoplasm of epithelial origin. Merkel cell carcinomas share many
      characteristics with neuroendocrine tumors of the bronchopulmonary and
      gastrointestinal tracts. All of these neoplasms may originate from cells of
      similar types that are present in several organs.

PMID- 2419239
TI  - Leu-M1-positive small cell carcinoma.
AB  - A case of metastatic small cell carcinoma of the lung is reported; initially, on
      the basis of morphology, phenotyping with monoclonal antibodies, and
      cytochemistry, the carcinoma was interpreted as a hematopoietic neoplasm.
      Noncohesive blast-like cells observed in bone marrow and lymph node biopsy
      specimens stained with the monoclonal antibodies Leu-M1 and OKIa1 and were also
      positive for nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase. Although these findings
      suggested a monocytic origin for the neoplastic cells, further analysis,
      including ultrastructural examination, disclosed metastatic small cell carcinoma.
      This case illustrates the need for caution in the interpretation of staining with
      monoclonal antibodies because of the potentially wide range of normal and
      abnormal cells and tissues that may react with monoclonal reagents.

PMID- 2419240
TI  - Primary multipotential malignant neoplasm of bone: chondrosarcoma associated with
      squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - A primary neoplasm of the proximal humerus in a 68-year-old woman was unique
      histologically in that it contained both malignant cartilaginous and squamous
      cell components. The epithelial differentiation was confirmed by the
      demonstration of keratin by immunohistochemical techniques and of basement
      membrane, tonofilaments, and well-formed desmosomes by electron microscopy. The
      patient died 3 1/2 years after the onset of symptoms, without clinical evidence
      of either a primary tumor elsewhere or metastasis. The differential diagnosis
      from other bone tumors with epithelial differentiation, such as adamantinoma and
      "primitive multipotential primary sarcoma," is discussed. This is a rare primary
      neoplasm of bone of unknown histogenesis. Intermutability or metaplasia between
      mesenchymal and epithelial tissues is a possibility. The tumor probably
      originated from multipotential stem cells with the ability to undergo biphasic or
      dual differentiation toward mesenchymal and epithelial elements.

PMID- 2419241
TI  - Usefulness and limitations of ConA staining.

PMID- 2419242
TI  - Preliminary observations on the effect of dietary brussels sprouts on thyroid
      function.
AB  - Brassica vegetables are the major source of glucosinolates in the human diet.
      Certain glucosinolates are readily converted into goitrogenic species, notably 5
      vinyloxazolidine-2-thione and thiocyanate ion. The effect of dietary Brussels
      sprouts, a particularly rich source of such glucosinolates, on thyroid function
      has been examined. Inclusion of cooked Brussels sprouts (150 g daily for 4 weeks)
      into a normal diet of 10 volunteer subjects had no effect on thyroid function as
      determined by measurement of thyrotrophic hormone, thyroxine and tri
      iodothyronine even though the sprouts contained high concentrations (220 mg/100
      g) of glucosinolates. In view of the reported antithyroid activity of 5
      vinyloxazolidine-2-thione it is suggested that this lack of activity of cooked
      Brussels sprouts is due to inactivation during cooking of myrosinase, the
      specific glucosinolate-degrading enzyme.

PMID- 2419243
TI  - In vivo effects of LPS on B lymphocyte subpopulations. Migration of marginal zone
      lymphocytes and IgD-blast formation in the mouse spleen.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of LPS on the localization
      and differentiation of splenic B lymphocytes. Therefore, we used a double
      immunoperoxidase technique which enabled us to detect both the IgM+ IgD- marginal
      zone lymphocytes and the IgM+ IgD+ follicular lymphocytes in the same tissue
      section. Next to a dramatic disappearance of the predominantly IgM+ IgD-
      lymphocytes in the marginal zone shortly after an intravenous injection of LPS,
      an increased number of these cells could be found in the splenic follicles. The
      present results strongly suggest that the IgM+ IgD- cells in the splenic
      follicles represent immigrating marginal zone lymphocytes, and not
      differentiating follicular B cells, because no IgM+ IgD- cells could be observed
      in the follicles of draining lymph nodes shortly after a subcutaneous injection
      of a similar amount of LPS. These observations support the suggestion that LPS
      induces a migration of marginal zone lymphocytes into the follicles. The present
      results also showed the formation of IgD plasmablasts in the inner PALS and
      around the terminal arterioles of the spleen after LPS administration. The
      induction of IgD plasmablasts appeared to be a specific effect of LPS which may
      be related to its toxic properties.

PMID- 2419244
TI  - Effect of cyclosporin A on the early activation of human T helper lymphocytes:
      inhibition of RNA-synthesis and modification of the expression of activation
      antigens.
AB  - The ability of cyclosporin A (CS-A) to inhibit induced lymphocyte activation and
      to modify expression of membrane receptors was assessed on human T helper cells.
      Flow cytometric cell cycle analyses of acridine orange-stained cells showed that
      CS-A (0.5 micrograms/ml) inhibits the G0-G1 activation process of a substantial
      proportion of PHA- and Con A-stimulated lymphocytes. The expression of Tac, OKT9
      and 4F2 antigens (previously shown to be expressed or increased on activated
      cells) was investigated by immunofluorescence. Fewer cells expressed the Tac and
      OKT9 antigens after activation in presence of CS-A, but the percentage of 4F2
      positive cells remained unchanged. Analyses of receptor densities measured by
      fluorescence intensity revealed for all three investigated antigens a decreased
      receptor density on positive cells in presence of CS-A. Thus, CS-A not only
      inhibited cell activation (G0-G1 transition) and the expression of Tac, OKT9 and
      4F2 antigens, but it also diminished the number of Tac, OKT9 and 4F2 antigens per
      cell. Assessing specifically the activation of OKT4 (helper) and OKT8 (cytotoxic)
      cells after 24 h, either by double-fluorescence or by cell fractionation with
      anti-OKT4 or anti-OKT8 antibodies plus complement, showed that preferentially
      OKT4 cell activation as well as expression of Tac and OKT9 antigens on those
      cells was inhibited in the presence of CS-A.

PMID- 2419245
TI  - Gestational immunosuppression is mediated by specific Lyt 2+ T cells.
AB  - Female BALB/c mice were tested during the first week of pregnancy for their
      lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxic response to paternal alloantigens. Spleen or
      uterine regional lymph node cells were not spontaneously cytotoxic against
      concanavalin A-activated paternal target lymphocytes. Female mice immunized i.p.
      with paternal H-2-matched or third-party allogeneic cells on the fifth day and
      tested on the 12th day of pregnancy demonstrated total suppression of cell
      mediated cytotoxicity to paternal alloantigens and partial suppression to third
      party alloantigens. A generalized non-specific immunosuppression to alloantigens
      seems to be associated with pregnancy, which may indicate that soluble factors
      were involved in mediating the suppressive effect. Cocultures of spleen cells
      from virgin mice and the whole population of spleen or regional lymph node cells
      from allogeneic pregnant female mice demonstrated specifically suppressed
      responses to alloantigens. Similar cocultures with Thy 1.2- and Lyt 2.2-depleted
      populations restored the cytotoxicity levels of activated spleen cells. We
      conclude that antigen-specific Lyt 2+ T cells were activated during pregnancy to
      regulate the female T-cell response to paternal alloantigens.

PMID- 2419246
TI  - Circulating suppressor factors in mice subjected to ultraviolet irradiation and
      contact sensitization.
AB  - BALB/c mice subjected to a single dose of UV-B radiation showed suppressed
      contact hypersensitivity to trinitrochlorobenzene. The in vitro antigen
      reactivity of peritoneal cells from these mice was investigated using the
      leucocyte-adherence inhibition assay. These cells showed a high degree of
      reactivity with specific antigen. However, this reactivity, but not the
      reactivity of cells from non-irradiated sensitized mice, could be suppressed by
      serum from UV-treated sensitized mice. The suppressive effect of this serum could
      also be demonstrated on other syngeneic systems with unrelated antigens and was
      partially effective with allogeneic cells, indicating a lack of antigen
      specificity and genetic restriction. Suppressive properties were also found in
      serum taken from mice 3-5 days (but not at other times) after irradiation without
      subsequent sensitization.

PMID- 2419247
TI  - Radioprotective effect of S.P. ethoxy formemidine isopropyl-N-(H-morphino)
      isothimide dihydrochloride in albino rats.

PMID- 2419248
TI  - Effect of whole body irradiation on urinary 5-HT metabolites under the influence
      of newly synthesized chemical radioprotector.

PMID- 2419249
TI  - Free estrogens and progestogens in benign prostatic hypertrophy.
AB  - Studies on the presence of free estrogens and progestogens in human prostates
      clearly differentiate the benign hypertrophied prostates from normals. Both
      contained 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone 5 beta-pregnane-3, 20-dione, 5 alpha
      pregnane-3, 20-dione and 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone. However, presence of 11 alpha
      hydroxyprogesterone 20 beta-hydroxypregnenolone, pregnenolone, 17 alpha
      hydroxyprogesterone, as well as estrone and estriol exclusively in BPH samples
      pointed to their possible involvement in the development of benign prostatic
      hypertrophy.

PMID- 2419250
TI  - [Effect of Expafusion (HES 40/0.5) on the corpuscular elements of blood and
      inhibitors of blood coagulation].
AB  - The present study reports on an investigation of 32 normal subjects who were
      given intravenously 500 ml of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) over 30 min. In 16 normal
      subjects, 500 ml of blood had been previously withdrawn over 20 min. Tolerance
      proved to be good. Side effects such as hyperergic reactions, influence on
      circulatory or cardiac function were not observed. Changes in corpuscular
      elements of blood did not exceed the dilution effect and mostly returned to the
      initial value 60 min after termination of HES infusion. The change in thrombocyte
      function, immunoglobulins and the inhibitors alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2
      macroglobulin, as well as C1-inactivator and C3-activator only slightly, but not
      more pronounced than it could have been expected by the dilution effect. A
      favorable effect could be recorded in erythrocyte filtration according to Schmidt
      Schoenbein. Here, we found an improved flow property which exceeded the
      hemodilution effect and lasted over the 4-hour test period. In addition,
      thrombocyte aggregation during ADP administration in the Born chamber did not
      show any change which suggests that a clinically relevant effect on thrombocyte
      function and thus the danger of hemorrhage during HES administration can be
      excluded.

PMID- 2419251
TI  - Adherence of Streptococcus sanguis to hydroxyapatite coated with lysozyme and
      lysozyme-supplemented saliva.
AB  - The adherence of [3H]thymidine-labeled Streptococcus sanguis strains to bare
      hydroxyapatite and to hydroxyapatite coated with a range of concentrations of
      lysozyme, poly-L-lysine, poly-L-glutamic acid, whole saliva supernatant, and
      combinations of some of the above was studied. Adherence of several strains of S.
      sanguis to bare hydroxyapatite and saliva-coated hydroxyapatite was compared.
      Saliva present as a pellicle on the hydroxyapatite inhibited adherence of some
      strains (903, M-5, 73X11) and stimulated that of others (S35, B-4, 66X49).
      Strains 903 and S35 were chosen for further study. Adherence of both strains was
      stimulated up to fivefold by the presence of adsorbed lysozyme or poly-L-lysine
      on the hydroxyapatite, whereas poly-L-glutamic acid inhibited adherence (80 to
      95%). Adherence of strain S35 to hydroxyapatite coated with combinations of
      saliva and (i) lysozyme, (ii) poly-L-lysine, or (iii) poly-L-glutamic acid was
      unaffected compared with adherence to hydroxyapatite coated with saliva alone. In
      contrast, adherence of strain 903 to hydroxyapatite coated with combinations of
      saliva and either lysozyme or poly-L-lysine was inhibited up to ca. 90% compared
      with hydroxyapatite coated with saliva alone. Strain 903 was also unaffected by
      combinations of poly-L-glutamic acid and saliva on the hydroxyapatite. Adherent
      cells of both strains were completely (greater than 90%) eluted with high-ionic
      strength buffer from either bare hydroxyapatite or hydroxyapatite coated with
      lysozyme alone. Adherent cells of strain S35 were only poorly eluted (25%) from
      hydroxyapatite coated with either saliva alone or saliva and lysozyme. Strain 903
      elution from hydroxyapatite coated with either saliva alone or saliva and
      lysozyme was essentially complete. These observations were taken to indicate that
      the two test strains adhered to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite by different
      mechanisms. Protein-coated hydroxyapatite was shown not to be saturated under the
      conditions described here. Examination by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis of the variously supplemented salivary pellicles formed on
      the hydroxyapatite demonstrated that major changes in salivary protein
      composition did not occur when lysozyme, poly-L-lysine, or poly-L-glutamic acid
      was used to supplement saliva. Lysozyme-dependent aggregation of strain 903 was
      shown not to occur under the conditions of our experiments. We suggest that the
      basis for stimulation of adherence to hydroxyapatite coated only with lysozyme is
      an increase in the cationic surface area available for electrostatic adherence of
      the microorganisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2419252
TI  - Clinical experience in oral surgery with human fibrin sealant.
AB  - Fibrin sealant is a two-component product consisting in principle of fibrinogen
      and thrombin. When it is activated, fibrin (the clot) is formed. Being a natural
      product, the versatility of its use in the human body is great. No side-effects
      or complications have been described. It has been tested clinically in oral
      surgery and found to be very effective in the fixation of mucosal and skin grafts
      in the oral cavity; as a surgical dressing for the palate or on the lips; in
      osseous reconstruction after mixture with bone-chips; and finally in the
      treatment of chronic sclerotizing osteomyelitis of the mandible after the
      addition of metronidazole. It also has uses in many other fields of surgery.

PMID- 2419253
TI  - Court presentation of bite mark evidence.
AB  - The uniqueness of an individual's bite mark is generally accepted. The use of
      bite mark analysis to identify or exclude those suspected of crimes is now a well
      established activity in forensic dentistry. Although the techniques for
      evaluating bite mark evidence are extremely sophisticated, it is important that
      the courtroom presentation of such evidence should be as simple as possible and
      be directed towards those who must judge it. Dentists likely to be involved in
      the courtroom presentation of bite mark evidence should: be certain that their
      local law enforcement personnel are frequently updated on the techniques to be
      used for producing the optimum evidence needed to evaluate bite marks; become
      acquainted with the current techniques of evaluating bite mark evidence and
      understand their difficulties and pitfalls; meet with the lawyers (prosecution or
      defence) before a courtroom appearance, briefing them on the significance of the
      particular findings; prepare clear and easily understandable visual aids to
      present to the court the techniques used in the analysis and the bases for the
      conclusion reached; and offer conclusions derived from the bite mark
      investigation.

PMID- 2419254
TI  - Effect of TMB-8 on histamine release from isolated rat mast cells.
AB  - TMB-8 was capable of complete inhibition of the histamine release induced by
      antigen, compound 48/80, and the ionophore A23187 (2 microM). The effective
      concentrations for 50% inhibition (IC50) were 1.2 X 10(-4) M for antigen, 1.6 X
      10(-4) M for compound 48/80 both in the absence and in the presence of calcium,
      and 0.7 X 10(-4) M for the ionophore. The inhibitory action was not affected by
      increased calcium concentration in the medium from 1 to 2m M. The presence of
      glucose in the medium counteracted the inhibition by TMB-8 and, for low
      concentrations of the ionophore (0.25 microM), TMB-8 caused a pronounced
      enhancement of the histamine release. Our results indicate that TMB-8 primarily
      exerts its effects by interference with oxidative metabolism rather than by
      affecting the intracellular calcium availability.

PMID- 2419255
TI  - A partially purified glycoprotein antigen from Aspergillus fumigatus.
AB  - Culture filtrate antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus were fractionated by
      isoelectric focusing using a pH gradient of 4-6.5. Three fractions, namely, 18,
      19 and 20 were pooled and subjected to immunochemical analysis. It contained a
      concanavalin A binding glycoprotein. Antibody raised against this component was
      used to prepare an affinity column of IgG-Sepharose and was used to purify crude
      culture filtrate antigens. This component produced three precipitin arcs in
      crossed immunoelectrophoresis using anti-A. fumigatus rabbit serum. This fraction
      has an isoelectric point of 6.5 and showed three components in two-dimensional
      electrophoresis with approximate molecular weights of 20, 40 and 80 kilo daltons.
      This antigen reacted with patient sera in the biotin-avidin linked immunosorbent
      assay and showed high levels of anti-A. fumigatus IgG and IgE antibodies in
      allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and IgG antibodies in aspergilloma. Both
      controls and Aspergillus skin test positive asthmatics showed only low levels of
      specific antibodies. Because of the purity of this antigen, its potential use as
      a standardized antigen in the detection of antibody is discussed.

PMID- 2419256
TI  - Limiting dilution analysis of age- and gender-related differences in autoantibody
      production against bromelain-modified RBC.
AB  - Cultured peritoneal cells from untreated mice, after 3 days of in vitro culture,
      produce autoantibodies against bromelain-treated isologous erythrocytes. The
      autoantibody response varies with both age and gender. The effects of age and
      gender were demonstrated by culturing peritoneal cells using limiting dilution
      techniques. In neonatal mice there were no precursor cells that differentiated
      into autoantibody secretors. Cells from female mice gave higher responses than
      cells from males, and the effect was more pronounced in cells from older mice and
      cultures to which lipopolysaccharide/dextran sulfate (LPS/DS) had been added.
      Various cell separation and cell mixing experiments indicated that a non-B-cell,
      nonadherent cell was involved in the higher autoimmunity detected in the presence
      of LPS/DS in female and older mice. It is thus possible that low autoimmune
      responses are due to the absence or unresponsiveness of accessory cells rather
      than potentially autoimmune B-cells.

PMID- 2419257
TI  - In vivo reduction of circulating C1q binding immune complexes by intravenous
      gammaglobulin administration.
AB  - Six patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were treated with high-dose
      intravenous gammaglobulin. Immunological parameters were studied and included
      solid-phase immune complex determinations, quantitative immunoglobulins G, A, and
      M, as well as C3 and C4 concentrations. Pretreatment values of circulating immune
      complex concentrations as measured by either C1q binding or anti-C3 binding
      assays were elevated in all patients. Posttreatment values showed reductions in
      all C1q binding immune complexes (p less than 0.01) and anti-C3 binding immune
      complexes also decreased in 5 out of 6 patients. These assays are described in
      detail and were also used to define in vitro interactions between the intravenous
      gammaglobulin preparation and heat-aggregated IgG or sera containing elevated
      circulating immune complexes. No reduction of immune complex levels were observed
      when IgG was incubated in vitro with either heat-aggregated IgG or sera with
      elevated immune complex concentrations. The duration of the in vivo effect and
      the patients' clinical responses are described. These findings show that high
      dose intravenous gammaglobulin administration can reduce certain types of immune
      complexes in patients with elevated levels of these substances.

PMID- 2419258
TI  - Augmentation of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence by interferon.
AB  - Augmentation of human polymorphonuclear leucocyte adherence by alpha and gamma
      interferons occurred as early as 2 min after incubation. Enhancement of adherence
      occurred at optimal concentrations of 100-1,000 IU/ml. There was synergism
      between alpha and gamma interferons, but not between two subtypes of alpha
      interferon, on augmentation of adherence, indicating that alpha and gamma
      interferons act on different receptors on the polymorphonuclear leucocyte. Heat
      treatment at 65 degrees C for 30 min abolished the effect of interferon on
      adherence.

PMID- 2419259
TI  - Dispersion and characterisation of mast cells from human skin.
AB  - A technique is described for the enzymatic dispersion of mast cells in high yield
      from human infant foreskin. Dispersed mast cells exhibit high viability as
      assessed by light microscopy, low spontaneous histamine release, and survival in
      culture. Dispersed mast cells release histamine in response to immunological
      stimulation and synthetic secretagogues including ionophore A23187, compound
      48/80 and poly-L-lysine. Reactivity to these stimuli indicates that cutaneous
      mast cells differ in their properties from human pulmonary mast cells.

PMID- 2419260
TI  - Regulation of in vivo IgE biosynthesis in mice with complete Freund's adjuvant.
AB  - Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) administered before sensitization dampened the
      normal and cyclophosphamide-enhanced response of high and moderate IgE responder
      phenotype mice (CAF1 and C57B1/6J, respectively). CFA-induced suppression of IgE
      biosynthesis was effective in reducing anaphylactic histamine release from
      approximately 2,900 ng histamine per milliliter to background levels (less than
      100 ng/ml). CFA-induced ascites fluid was able to reduce the cyclophosphamide
      enhanced IgE response of low-responder phenotype SJL mice from 1:320 to less than
      1:5 as determined by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Muramyl dipeptide, a
      mycobacterial cell wall component capable of eliciting effects similar to those
      seen with CFA, was shown to induce suppression of IgE production if incorporated
      in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Muramyl dipeptide administered in saline was
      ineffective, while incomplete Freund's adjuvant alone had some immunoregulatory
      properties. Ongoing IgE responses were less susceptible to regulation. CFA
      administered to sensitized C57B1/6J mice was ineffective in inducing IgE
      suppression when animals were challenged with antigen.

PMID- 2419261
TI  - Detection of an IgM antiglobulin in the sera of atopic patients using
      insolubilized IgG4, and its capacity to release histamine from leucocytes.
AB  - ELISA plates coated with highly pure IgG4 were employed to detect IgM
      antiglobulin in atopic sera. The use of IgG4, rather than whole IgG, on the solid
      phase was to provide direct evidence for the IgG4 reactivity of the antiglobulin.
      Bound IgM was shown to be antiglobulin in that binding can be inhibited by pre
      absorption of serum with IgG. Some 75% of asthmatic patients and 29% of eczema
      patients were found to have significantly raised level of IgM antiglobulin. This
      antiglobulin resembles rheumatoid factor in that it appears to be directed
      against antigenic determinants common to human and rabbit IgG. Isolated
      antiglobulin-enriched IgM fractions released histamine from leucocytes of 7 out
      of 12 atopic patients. The histamine-releasing capacity of the IgM antiglobulin
      was shown to be operating via basophil-bound IgG in that the process can be
      blocked by pre-absorption of the antiglobulin with IgG. Furthermore, heating the
      antiglobulin-enriched IgM fraction did not affect its histamine-releasing
      capacity. We conclude that the IgM antiglobulin detectable in our atopic patients
      may contribute to the pathological changes in them.

PMID- 2419262
TI  - Route-dependent immunomodulation: local stimulation by a surfactant and systemic
      stimulation by a polyanion.
AB  - Immunomodulatory activity of the two synthetic adjuvants
      dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) and dextran sulfate (DXS) in relation
      to route and time of injection was investigated in mice. Humoral responses to
      sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were measured as the number of direct anti-SRBC
      plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen 5 days after immunization. Both
      adjuvants stimulated the anti-SRBC response if adjuvant and antigen were injected
      simultaneously via the same route (either intraperitoneally or intravenously).
      Administration of adjuvant and antigen via different routes (intraperitoneally or
      intravenously, respectively or vice versa) resulted in enhanced humoral responses
      after DXS, but not after DDA. Intraperitoneal immunization of mice which were
      injected intraperitoneally with either adjuvant 4 days earlier resulted in
      diminished humoral responses. Immune responses in pretreated mice were not
      suppressed when the antigen was injected intravenously instead of
      intraperitoneally. In conclusion, DDA and DXS differ in immunostimulating
      properties as DDA enhanced only a response to antigen injected via the same route
      whereas DXS induced a systemic state of increased immunoresponsiveness. The
      immunosuppressive state induced by intraperitoneal injection of either adjuvant
      prior to immunization is restricted to the peritoneal compartment. Mechanisms
      underlying differences between both adjuvants and aspects of systemic
      immunopotentiation are discussed.

PMID- 2419263
TI  - Synergistic effects of synthetic adjuvants on the humoral immune response.
AB  - The effect of combinations of adjuvants on the humoral immune response to sheep
      red blood cells (SRBC) as antigen was investigated. Adjuvants belonging to two
      categories differing in physicochemical properties were used: surfactants (N,N
      dioctadecyl-N',N'-bis-(2-hydroyethyl)propanediamine (CP-20,961),
      dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA), neutrally charged liposomes, polyol (L
      101 and L 121) and polyanions [dextran sulfate (DXS), liquoid and suramine]. All
      adjuvants but suramine augmented humoral responses to 2 X 10(7) SRBC measured by
      the number of direct anti-SRBC plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen. The
      response to 2 X 10(6) SRBC was enhanced considerably by L 121 and DXS but hardly
      or not at all by the other adjuvants. Combinations of two adjuvants were made at
      distinct ratios (1:3, 2:2, and 3:1) and injected intraperitoneally with 2 X 10(6)
      SRBC. Low responses (5 X 10(3) PFC per spleen) were induced by combinations of
      liquoid or suramine with DDA or DXS, and by combinations of CP-20,961, liposomes,
      L 101 or L 121 with DDA. Combinations of the surfactants DDA, CP-20,961,
      liposomes, L 101 or L 121 with DXS evoked responses which were significantly
      higher than the sum of responses supported by the single adjuvants. Ratios of 1:3
      or 2:2 (surfactant: DXS) resulted in the most effective combinations. The data
      obtained suggest that only adjuvants derived from two different physicochemical
      groups are able to act synergistically.

PMID- 2419264
TI  - Comparison of the histamine-releasing action of substance P on mast cells and
      basophils from different species and tissues.
AB  - The action of the neuropeptide substance P as a histamine-releasing agent has
      been compared in histamine-containing cells from a variety of different tissues
      and species. Peritoneal mast cells from rat, mouse and hamster but not human
      cells gave a concentration-dependent release of histamine in response to
      substance P. Release was greater in the absence than in the presence of calcium
      in the extracellular medium. Mast cells from rat mesentery, lung and heart
      released histamine in response to substance P, but heart mast cells responded
      only weakly. All guinea-pig mast cells and histamine-containing cells from human
      tissues did not give any substantial substance-P-induced release of histamine.
      The data provides further evidence for the functional heterogeneity of histamine
      containing cells.

PMID- 2419265
TI  - Synergistic antiproliferative effect of human interferons in combination with
      mismatched double-stranded RNA on human tumor cells.
AB  - Four human tumor cell lines were studied for their response to antiproliferative
      effects of various interferons (IFNs) alone and in combination with the novel
      mismatched dsRNA, r(I)n r(C12,U)n (Ampligen). RT4 cells (bladder carcinoma) were
      resistant to Ampligen alone, while A2182 (lung carcinoma), HT 1080 C14
      (fibrosarcoma) and RT112 (bladder carcinoma) cells were inhibited in a dose
      dependent manner. In contrast, RT4 cells were sensitive to the antitumor effects
      of IFNs as were HT1080 C14 and RT112 cells, while A2182 cells were resistant. In
      3 of 4 cell lines, the recombinant IFNs were less effective than the
      corresponding natural IFNs when compared by analysis of variance on an IRU/ml
      basis over a range of concentrations. In all cell lines, a synergistic
      antiproliferative effect was seen with all IFN preparations studied in
      combination with Ampligen, as calculated by the isobole method according to
      Berenbaum (1981). The antiproliferative effect of IFN was potentiated greater
      than 3.3- to greater than 250-fold, depending on the cell lines, IFN, and
      concentrations used. Varying the concentration of beta ser-IFN while holding the
      Ampligen concentration constant gave synergy at all of the physiologically
      achievable concentrations tested in RT4 cells. These results indicate that:
      Ampligen worked synergistically with all IFNs in all cell lines studied; growth
      inhibition of cells resistant to IFNs can be potentiated by low doses of
      Ampligen; the antiproliferative effect of IFNs can be potentiated by Ampligen in
      Ampligen-resistant cells; and Ampligen may work by a mechanism other than, or in
      addition to, the induction of IFNs.

PMID- 2419266
TI  - Comparative inhibitory effects of suramin and other selected compounds on the
      infectivity and replication of human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV
      III)/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV).
AB  - Suramin and various other selected compounds were evaluated for their in vitro
      inhibitory effects on the infectivity and replication of human T-cell
      lymphotropic virus (HTLV/III)/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV). As
      parameters for infectivity and replication, respectively, we followed the
      cytopathic effect of HTLV-III/LAV on ATH 8 cells, a T-cell clone with high
      susceptibility to HTLV-III/LAV, and the expression of HTLV-III/LAV p24 gag
      protein in H9 cells infected with HTLV-III/LAV. As the most effective inhibitors
      of HTLV-III/LAV the following substances emerged (in order of decreasing
      activity): Evans Blue approximately equal to suramin greater than phosphonoformic
      acid greater than Direct Yellow 50. Several purine nucleoside analogues including
      vidarabine, tubercidin, neplanocin A, dihydroxypropyladenine, pyrazofurin and
      ribavirin were not inhibitory to HTLV-III/LAV. In our test systems, involving a
      high multiplicity of infection, HPA-23, previously reported to be effective
      against LAV reverse transcriptase, showed no inhibitory effect on HTLV-III/LAV
      infectivity for ATH 8 cells and proved only weakly inhibitory to HTLV-III/LAV
      replication in H9 cells. Thus, among the anionic dyes that are structurally
      related to suramin, compounds were found which were as active as suramin itself,
      if not more so.

PMID- 2419267
TI  - A series of site-specific fluorescently labeled BPTI derivatives prepared by
      nonselective acylation and chromatographic separations.
AB  - Investigation of conformational transitions and, in particular, the
      folding/unfolding transitions of globular proteins by means of excitation energy
      transfer measurements depends on the availability of protein derivatives carrying
      donor and acceptor probes at well-defined pairs of sites. A series of bovine
      pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) derivatives, each labeled at one of the
      epsilon-amino groups, was prepared. This was achieved by a nonselective acylation
      reaction using 7-dimethyl-amino-coumarin-4-acetyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester
      (DACA-NHSIE) as a reagent yielding a mixture of products. The mixture was
      resolved by affinity chromatography and reversed phase high performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC). Four derivatives were obtained, each carrying the probe at
      one of the four amino groups. Identification of site of labeling and
      determination of the purity of the products was achieved by HPLC-tryptic peptide
      mapping. The labeled derivatives are active and can undergo a reversible
      denaturation/renaturation cycle. The spectral characteristics of the probe make
      it a suitable acceptor in energy-transfer measurements. The advantage of the
      approach described here, namely nonselective reaction combined with efficient
      fractionation procedures for the preparation of site specifically labeled
      derivatives, is that each of the amino groups can be labeled in a simple
      procedure, thus allowing for a maximal number of labeling sites which cannot be
      achieved when site-directed reagents (e.g. specific particular protection) are
      used. The present method yields derivatives which are useful in energy transfer
      measurements for determination of intramolecular distances between labeled sites.
      The derivatives should be useful in the analysis of the mechanism of protein
      folding and the intermediate structures involved.

PMID- 2419268
TI  - Urinary excretion of hydroxylysine and its glycosides in normal persons of
      different ages--influence of maturation.
AB  - Basement membrane collagen is relatively rich in hydroxylysine and the glycosides
      of hydroxylysine, glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine and galactosylhydroxylysine. In
      this paper a modified procedure for analysis of these substances in urine is
      described, using a purification-step with the cation-exchange resin Amberlite CG
      120 type II and a modified program for amino acid analysis. Values are obtained
      from 75 healthy persons of different ages ranging from prematurity to adulthood.
      The influence of maturation is studied. Prematures and young children have a high
      and rather variable excretion of all components, whereas adults have low and
      similar excretion rates. Neither the ratio
      glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine/galactosylhydroxylysine nor the percentage of
      glycosylated hydroxylysine can be shown to be age-dependent. These data are
      important for the study of collagen disorders, especially in childhood.

PMID- 2419269
TI  - [Combined treatment (embolization and surgery) of angiomas of the mouth].

PMID- 2419270
TI  - A comparative study of mossy fiber distribution in the brain of the precocial
      Acomys cahirinus and of the altricial Rattus norvegicus: neuroanatomical bases
      and behavioral correlates.
AB  - Acomys cahirinus, the spiny mouse, is the only precocial murid. Given the
      relatively advanced state of neural maturation at birth, this species is
      therefore of interest for comparative studies of brain and behavioural
      development. Previous work on this species has indicated that (i) hippocampal
      thickness (relative to body weight) is greater in adult Acomys than in rats and
      mice; (ii) the hippocampus appears laminated at birth, unlike that of related
      altricial species; (iii) the degree of olfactory bulb maturation at birth is
      greater in Acomys than in gerbils or rats. In the study reported, the
      distribution of hippocampal mossy fibers of Acomys was compared with that of
      Rattus norvegicus, in order to extend our earlier findings. In addition, the
      implied involvement of hippocampal mossy fibers in olfaction suggests a relation
      to our studies of exploratory behaviour in this species.

PMID- 2419271
TI  - Collateralization in the mammalian nervous system.
AB  - After reviewing the loci of origin for neurons with collateralized axons, some
      hypotheses on their distribution in the mammalian nervous system, on their
      functional contributions and on their significance in the course of
      encephalization are discussed. In principle, the distribution of collateralized
      neurons seems to be restricted to anatomical circuits subserving unspecific
      activation of forebrain regions and controlling body balance and movements.
      Concerning the limbic system, a minor degree of collateralization seems to exist
      only in less encephalized species. Based on a number of anatomical and functional
      arguments, it is assumed that the significance of collateralization fades in the
      course of encephalization.

PMID- 2419272
TI  - Corneal neovascularization in contact lens wearers.

PMID- 2419274
TI  - One snake or two?

PMID- 2419273
TI  - Presumed retinovitreal neovascularization in dystrophic retinas of spontaneously
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - The authors have observed abnormal blood vessels, strongly suggestive of
      neovascular proliferation, arising from the retinal circulation and extending
      through the inner limiting membrane of the retina into the vitreous in five
      spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats with severe retinal dystrophy. The animals
      in whom these presumptive retinovitreal new vessels occurred were all 15 mo of
      age or older. The new vessels frequently demonstrated thinned and, rarely,
      fenestrated endothelium, abnormal intracellular junctions, increased numbers of
      endocytic vesicles, bizarre appearing pericytes, and highly abnormal basement
      membranes, features that have been observed in retinovitreal new vessels in
      proliferative retinopathies in humans. Unlike such new vessels arising from the
      human retinal circulation, however, those that we observed in dystrophic rat
      retinas were usually surrounded by proliferating retinal pigment epithelial cells
      within the retinal substance. Unlike the vessels, the pigment epithelial cells
      did not break through the inner limiting membrane of the retina to enter the
      vitreous. The pigment epithelial cells that made contact with the internal
      limiting membrane of the retina demonstrated apical and basal plasma membrane
      specializations that are typical of these cells in their normal anatomical
      location, while pigment epithelial cells migrating in cords through the neural
      retina lacked such specializations. This animal model may be of great value in
      understanding the mechanisms of retinal neovascularization.

PMID- 2419275
TI  - Plasma substance P in the irritable bowel syndrome.

PMID- 2419276
TI  - Chemotherapy in cancer of the head and neck.

PMID- 2419277
TI  - Treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rabbits with alpha
      fetoprotein.
AB  - We studied the ability of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) to suppress experimental
      allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rabbits. Animals were treated with daily
      injections of 50 micrograms of AFP following the onset of neurological signs.
      Clinical status, anti-myelin basic protein (MBP) antibody titers, and
      histopathological changes in the CNS were determined. Treatment with AFP
      significantly improved the clinical scores of the affected rabbits and inhibited
      the binding of anti-MBP antibodies to MBP in vitro. However, there was no
      significant difference in the titers of anti-MBP antibody, and no amelioration of
      histopathological changes between treated and control animals. We conclude that
      AFP is effective in improving the clinical status of animals with EAE, even after
      the appearance of clinical signs.

PMID- 2419278
TI  - Prevalence of antibodies to Legionella species in a series of patients in Israel.
AB  - A collection of serum specimens from 77 patients at various hospitals or clinics
      in Israel was used to determine the usefulness of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) with a multivalent antigen for the detection of legionella
      antibodies. Rickettsial infection rather than legionellosis was suspected in most
      of these patients. The multivalent antigen was derived from Legionella
      pneumophila serogroups 1-6, L. bozemanii WIGA, and L. micdadei TATLOCK. A
      preliminary test of the multivalent antigen with specific rabbit antisera had
      shown that homologous reactions were not appreciably reduced in strength or
      specificity by the presence of the heterologous antigens. The results with the
      human sera revealed that 28 patients (36%) had reciprocal dilution titers greater
      than or equal to 1,280 and 43 (56%) had titers greater than or equal to 320.
      Tests with univalent antigens identified L. bozemanii as the only or principal
      antigen reacting with 13 of these sera. In contrast to the sera reacting with
      other legionella antigens, the great majority (11 of 13) of L. bozemanii-positive
      sera reacted also with Rickettsia typhi. The data suggest that most, but not all,
      reactions with L. bozemanii were elicited by a cross-reacting R. typhi antigen.
      These results were confirmed by cross-absorption tests.

PMID- 2419279
TI  - Hematological observations on Arabian SS patients with a homozygosity or
      heterozygosity for a beta S chromosome with haplotype #31.
AB  - Hematological and hemoglobin composition data are presented for seven Arabian SS
      patients with mild disease and with high Hb F levels varying between 21 and 34%.
      Four patients were homozygous for a beta S chromosome with a specific haplotype
      (#31). The data for these four patients were similar to those for three other SS
      patients (and for five patients reported earlier, Ref. 2) who were heterozygous
      for the same beta S chromosome (#31) and for a beta S chromosome with another
      haplotype (mainly #19). These data offer additional evidence indicating that the
      increased gamma chain production is specific for the beta S chromosome with
      haplotype #31. The similarities in hematological data and Hb F levels between
      these two groups of SS patients and the normal Hb F value in Hb S heterozygotes
      with beta S chromosome (#31) support the suggestion that the increased Hb F
      production mainly occurs in response to the anemia of the sickle cell disease.

PMID- 2419280
TI  - Hb F-Cobb or alpha(2)A gamma(2)37(C3)Trp----Gly.

PMID- 2419281
TI  - Molecular characterization of three HLA class II molecules on DR4 and DRw9
      haplotypes: serologic and structural relationships at the polypeptides level.
AB  - By using alloantisera, three distinct HLA-D/DR region-encoded class II molecules
      were identified from cells carrying the HLA-DR4 and DRw9 haplotypes. Both DRw-53
      and DQw3 molecules that bear the "supertypic" specificity were isolated
      independently from the DR antigen. The light chains of the DR4 antigens from
      different HLA-D types were distinct from one another, whereas the DRw53 molecules
      had identical charge and molecular weight in both heavy and light chains. On the
      other hand, the DQw3 molecules from the DR4 cell lines (Dw4 and Dw 10) were
      apparently identical but were polymorphic at least in the light chains among the
      DR4, DR5, and DRw9 haplotypes. In addition, monoclonal antibodies which
      specifically precipitate DR4 and DQw3 molecules have been isolated. The variable
      extent of homogeneity and diversity of three class II molecules may aid in our
      understanding of the role of class II antigens in the human immune regulation.

PMID- 2419282
TI  - In vitro production of a human HLA alloantibody of restricted specificity (DQw2)
      via Epstein-Barr virus transformation.
AB  - This paper describes the in vitro production of the human alloantibody 454A.C5
      with HLA-DQw2 specificity produced by a stable EBV-transformed cell line. Immune
      B cells for transformation were generated by planned immunization of a blood
      donor volunteer with repeated HLA-immunizations over the course of 9 yr.
      Reactivity of 454A.C5 was in exact concordance with the presence of the DQw2
      antigen as defined by microcytotoxicity assay on a panel of 21 B lymphoblastoid
      cell lines with well-characterized HLA antigens. Family studies showed the
      segregation according to the HLA-DQw2 haplotype; thus we demonstrate by
      serological and formal genetics criteria, that the alloantibody is specifically
      directed against the DQw2. 454A.C5 antibody may be employed as a monospecific HLA
      typing reagent.

PMID- 2419283
TI  - Dw subtypes of DR4 in rheumatoid arthritis: evidence for a preferential
      association with Dw4.
AB  - We have determined the frequency of the DR4-associated Dw subtypes, defined by
      homozygous typing cells, in a group of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients on
      second-line drug therapy. The frequency of DR4 in these patients was 86%. Among
      Caucasians, the frequency of Dw4 in the DR4-positive patients was significantly
      increased (68%) as compared to DR4-positive normal individuals (46%; p less than
      0.025). Dw4, as compared to the other DR4 subtypes tested, may also be associated
      with more severe disease as judged by indices of functional impairment and joint
      damage. In a small subgroup of non-Caucasian (black and Native American)
      patients, the Dw13 (DB3) subtype of DR4 was often seen, suggesting that RA may
      have different Dw associations in different ethnic groups.

PMID- 2419284
TI  - Surface phenotype and function of tonsillar germinal center and mantle zone B
      cell subsets.
AB  - Human peripheral lymphoid tissues contain distinct B cell populations that differ
      in their buoyant density, cell surface phenotype, and responsiveness to
      proliferative signals. Two major B cells subpopulations from reactive tonsils or
      lymph nodes have phenotypes that appear to correspond to mantle zone and germinal
      center B cells. These subpopulations were distinguished using two-color
      immunofluorescence to measure surface IgM, IgD, DR, DQ, and Bp35 (B1) in pairwise
      combinations. The two populations were separated on density gradients, and their
      proliferative responses to activation signals was studied. The dense B cells
      proliferated in response to anti-mu on beads or anti-Bp35 antibodies but not to T
      cell-derived growth factors. The dense B cells are almost all IgM+IgD+Bp35dull
      (mantle zone phenotype). In contract, more buoyant B cells proliferated in
      response to T cell factors alone but not to anti-mu on beads or anti-Bp35. These
      cells are IgD-, express little or no IgM and higher levels of Bp35 (germinal
      center phenotype). An additional minor subpopulation of dense Bp35dull IgD- B
      cells was detected in tonsils, suggesting that IgD may be lost prior to B cell
      entry into germinal centers. B cells in peripheral blood and spleen have surface
      phenotypes distinct from each other and from the tonsil subpopulations. In
      particular, the levels of IgM, Bp35, and DR all vary among different lymphoid
      locations. The mean surface density of DR is low in peripheral blood,
      intermediate in the spleen, and highest in reactive tonsils and lymph nodes.
      While Bp35 surface level does correlate with the stage of B cell activation, the
      surface level of DR, DQ, or DP does not since the surface density of DR, DQ, and
      DP are similar on both mantle zone and germinal center B cells. Both tonsillar
      populations express a wide range of class II antigen densities and display
      coordinate expression of DR and DQ antigen levels.

PMID- 2419285
TI  - Further studies on the epitopes of HLA-B7 defined by murine monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies reactive with polymorphic epitopes of HLA-B7 were analyzed
      by direct and indirect cytotoxicity assays on established panels of HLA typed
      lymphocytes. This permitted further refinement of their specificity and the
      identification of various novel reactions. The topographic relationship of
      polymorphic epitopes on the surface of the B7 molecule was assessed with various
      serological assays using cell surface B7 or papain solubilized B7 as the
      antigenic target. These studies focused on monoclonal antibodies recognizing B27
      and B7. The results, in combination with those of previously published studies,
      are used to provide a current assessment of the epitope map of HLA-B7 as defined
      with mouse monoclonal antibodies. This is compared to the results obtained with
      alloantisera.

PMID- 2419286
TI  - ASHI Workshop Summary Report of the Science and Education Subcommittee:
      structural and functional relationships of human class II MHC molecules.

PMID- 2419287
TI  - Cellular FITC-linked immunospecific assay (cell-FLISA) for detection of
      monoclonal antibodies against cell-surface antigens.
AB  - A cellular fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-linked immunospecific assay (Cell
      FLISA) has been established using the recently developed fluorophotometer for
      microplates. In the Cell-FLISA system, monoclonal antibodies specific for the
      surface antigens of live cells are detected by measuring the fluorescence
      intensity of an FITC-labeled second antibody: goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin
      antibody. It takes only 2 min to count 96 samples in microplate wells using the
      fluorophotometer for microplates. Moreover, by this system, the analysis is
      finished within 2 hr. Thus, the Cell-FLISA system has advantages in screening a
      large number of samples, such as hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal
      antibodies against cell-surface antigens.

PMID- 2419288
TI  - Serological and functional analysis of the epitope clusters on Leu3/T4 antigen.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) were generated against cells or cell membrane
      glycoproteins of a human T-cell line, HPB-ALL. Five, designated MCN 1, 3, 12, 19,
      and 29, were found to be specific to helper/inducer T-cells; they gave a positive
      membrane staining to approximately 48% of peripheral blood lymphocytes and 84% of
      thymocytes and these proportions did not change upon costaining with Leu 3a, a
      known anti-helper/inducer T-cell MoAb. Furthermore, their reaction pattern with a
      panel of human lymphoid cell lines was identical to that of Leu 3a. A reciprocal
      binding blocking test showed that the epitopes reactive with the MCN MoAbs are
      divided into three separate clusters. The MCN 3- and Leu 3a-reactive epitopes
      formed a cluster and they appeared to be the same epitope. This cluster was well
      separated from that represented by the MCN 1-reactive epitope. The MCN 12-, 19-,
      and 29-reactive epitopes could be assigned to a third cluster. MCN 12 and 19 were
      probably toward the same epitope. A sequential binding test indicated that the
      three epitope clusters reside on the molecule carrying Leu 3a-defined epitope,
      i.e., the Leu3/T4 antigen. On the functional analysis, MCN 3 gave a profound
      inhibitory effect on T-cell proliferative response to MHC class II antigens,
      whereas other MCN MoAbs did not show any modifying effect on the T-cell function.

PMID- 2419289
TI  - Clonal analysis of HLA-DPw1 (SB1) associated allodeterminants: recognition of
      novel epitopes and evidence for quantitative variation in class II antigen
      expression.
AB  - Alloreactive human T-lymphocyte clones were derived from the SB1 HLA-DPw1)
      specific, primed lymphocyte typing cell line SB1A used in the Ninth International
      Histocompatibility Workshop. The clones from two separate subclonings were
      analyzed for their proliferative patterns in panel experiments with cells from
      unrelated individuals and in family segregation analyses. While only one clone
      gave a perfect correlation with the DPw1 specificity, the maturity of clones
      recognized multiple specificities apparently associated with but not identical to
      HLA-DPw1. Most clones defined "splits" or subsets of DPw1 and some also displayed
      "extra" reactions with DPw1-negative stimulator cells. Further evidence was also
      found that, of the molecules bearing epitopic subsets associated with DPw1, some
      may be selectively expressed on the cell surface whereas the surface density of
      other DPw1-associated antigens may be varied. Thus, the HLA-DP region appears to
      encode a complex array of alloantigens and is in this regard similar to the HLA
      DR region.

PMID- 2419290
TI  - Interferon levels in human subjects throughout a 24-hour period following
      thoracic lymphatic pump manipulation.

PMID- 2419291
TI  - Childhood and death. Selected resources.

PMID- 2419292
TI  - A randomized study of adjuvant chemotherapy for cancer of the upper aerodigestive
      tract.
AB  - A prospective, randomized trial of induction chemotherapy in advanced squamous
      cell carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract (UAD) was conducted between July
      1979 and September 1982. Eighty-three patients with locally advanced Stage III-IV
      tumors received standard treatment (STD RX; defined as preoperative irradiation
      and radical excision or irradiation alone), or induction chemotherapy (CTX)
      followed by STD RX. Chemotherapy consisted of two cycles of bleomycin (30
      units/day by continuous infusions Days 1-4), cyclophosphamide (200 mg/m2 IV Days
      1-5), methotrexate (30 mg/m2 Days 1 + 5), and 5-fluorouracil (400 mg/m2 IV Days 1
      5). Response to CTX was complete in 2 and partial (greater than 50% reduction) in
      27; the overall response rate was 68%. Tumor clearance was documented in 30/40
      STD RX patients at completion of irradiation and/or surgery and in 24/43 CTX
      patients (17/29 responders, 7/14 non-responders). Freedom from local-regional
      disease was noted at 2 years in 53% STD RX and 35% CTX patients (p less than
      .06). CTX patients had a higher proportion of local-regional persistence and
      recurrence. The difference was apparent only in the subset of patients treated
      with primary irradiation; local-regional control following irradiation and
      surgery was equal in STD RX and CTX groups. Survival at 2 years was 43% STD RX
      and 31% CTX. Disease-free survival in those with clearance was 64% STD RX and 59%
      CTX. Induction chemotherapy did not improve tumor clearance or survival in this
      series. Caution regarding local-regional control with CTX and primary irradiation
      is noted.

PMID- 2419293
TI  - On the relationship between primary process and thought disorder.

PMID- 2419294
TI  - Toward the discovery of self: a transcultural perspective.

PMID- 2419295
TI  - The body politic: normal female adolescent development and the development of
      eating disorders.

PMID- 2419296
TI  - The myth and the symbol of biofeedback.
AB  - This paper argues that biofeedback suffers from misrepresentation of its
      historical background and early development, false claims about its effects (e.g.
      mind-expansion) and that it now symbolizes political and social positions with
      which it has no connection. The myth that biofeedback arose as a revolutionary
      break from established science is shown to be false. The symbolization of
      biofeedback as antifascist and libertarian is also debunked. Unfair demands on
      biofeedback for miracle cures and excessive profiteering from the biofeedback
      technology are also criticized. It is urged that scientists and clinicians who
      know better about the real history and applicability of biofeedback should speak
      out whenever possible against these misrepresentations.

PMID- 2419297
TI  - A case of diffuse type of combined hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma
      initially presented as a localized small nodule.
AB  - A combined hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma of diffuse type in a
      Japanese man is described. A small localized solitary tumor apparently grew
      rapidly into a diffuse-type carcinoma, and the liver weight increased about 4
      fold during the last two months. The clinical course of this case was as expected
      for a diffuse type of hepatocellular carcinoma except that unusually high levels
      of serum carcinoembryonic antigen were found. The patient died of hepatic failure
      with systemic bleeding five months later. At autopsy, multiple small nodules were
      suspected to be intrahepatic metastatic foci because portal tumor thrombus was
      observed in the right antero-superior segment where the initial tumor was
      localized. Histologically, the tumor had components of both hepatocellular and
      mucin-producing cholangiocellular carcinoma. This is believed to be the first
      report on a diffuse type of combined hepatocellular and cholangiocellular
      carcinoma initially presented as a localized small nodule.

PMID- 2419298
TI  - Detection of circulating adenocarcinoma-associated antigen in the sera of cancer
      patients with a monoclonal antibody.
AB  - The antigen (YH206 antigen) corresponding to the monoclonal antibody (MoAb) YH206
      (IgM), which was produced against a lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, was found
      to be an extremely high-molecular-weight protein of over 330,000 daltons by means
      of SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. The immunohistological distribution of the
      antigenic determinant recognized by MoAb YH206 was found to be limited to
      adenocarcinoma tissues. It was shown by reversed passive hemagglutination assay
      (RPHA) that the antigen could be detected not only in the spent medium from human
      lung cancer cell line A549 but also in the sera from cancer patients. Only 3 out
      of 30 (10%) healthy donors and 4 of 31 (12.9%) patients with benign diseases had
      serum antigen levels of more than 1/64 dilution. In contrast, 42 of 87 (48.3%)
      patients with lung cancer and 29 of 50 (58.0%) patients with cancers of the
      digestive organs had elevated levels of the antigen. As regards the relation
      between antigen levels and clinical stages of lung cancer, values of more than
      1/128 dilution were detected only in patients with stage III or IV disease.

PMID- 2419299
TI  - Enoxacin concentration in human prostatic tissue after oral administration.

PMID- 2419300
TI  - Effect of substance P on neurally mediated contraction of rabbit airway smooth
      muscle.
AB  - The neuromodulatory action of substance P (SP) was investigated in isolated
      rabbit tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) segments contracted with electrical field
      stimulation (ES). The tissues were placed in organ baths containing modified
      Krebs-Ringer solution and stimulated at a constant voltage (8 V; 24.5 mA) and
      pulse duration (2 ms) with ES frequencies ranging from 1 to 100 Hz. In the
      presence of SP, there occurred a dose-dependent augmentation of the TSM
      contractile response to any given ES, with the maximal effect of SP obtained at a
      dose of 10(-7) M. Accordingly, with the administration of 10(-7) M SP, the ES
      frequency-response relationship was altered so that 1) the mean (+/- SE) maximal
      tension (Tmax) induced by ES significantly increased (P less than 0.02) from a
      base-line value of 273 +/- 53 to 402 +/- 45 g/g TSM; and 2) the mean (+/- SE) log
      ES frequency producing 50% of Tmax (ES50) significantly decreased from a base
      line value of 1.278 +/- 0.069 to 1.102 +/- 0.070 Hz (P less than 0.01). In
      contrast to these effects on ES-induced contraction, SP administration did not
      affect the TSM contractile response to administered methacholine chloride (10(-8)
      to 10(-3) M). On the other hand, the effects of SP on ES-induced contraction were
      independently blocked by the cholinergic antagonist, atropine (10(-6) M); the
      neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (10(-6) g/ml); and the SP antagonist, D-Arg1,D-Pro2,D
      Trp7,9,Leu11-SP (10(-5) M).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2419301
TI  - Cytoskeletal markers and specific protein production in cells cultured from human
      first and third trimester placentae.
AB  - In primary, short-term cultures derived from first and third trimester placentae,
      60 to 90 and 70 to 95%, respectively, of the total cell population positively
      stain for cytokeratin intermediate filaments, typical of epithelial, i.e.
      trophoblastic cells. The rest of the cells express only vimentin intermediate
      filaments and thus are of mesenchymal origin. Only the cytokeratin-positive cells
      express human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), whereas both the epithelial and the
      mesenchymal cells stain positively for pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein
      (SP1). Cytokeratin-negative and vimentin-positive cell overgrowth is observed in
      cultures derived from first and early third trimester placentae. The cells
      constituting the monolayer thus formed are of fetal origin as evidenced by the
      expression of Y-body in over 80% of them. The cultured cells synthesize and
      secrete hCG and SP1. The activity of these trophoblast-specific functions is
      inversely proportional to the gestational age of the placenta. Production of
      specific proteins and expression of intermediate filaments are proposed as
      criteria for defining the nature and origin of placental cells in primary, short
      term cultures.

PMID- 2419302
TI  - Serum-free growth of adult human prostatic epithelial cells.
AB  - Proliferation of adult human prostatic epithelial cells in serum-free medium
      occurs upon the addition of cholera toxin, epidermal growth factor, pituitary
      extract, and hydrocortisone to basal medium PFMR-4A. Insulin and selenium enhance
      proliferation and permit growth at lower cell densities. Reducing the level of
      calcium in the medium dramatically alters morphology and also seems to increase
      proliferation. Mortal strains of cells derived from normal central or peripheral
      zone, benign hyperplasia, or cancer respond similarly to growth factors and
      calcium, but two populations of cancer cells which have been long-lived and may
      be immortal lines behave differently. GKC-CA cells require serum proteins or high
      levels of pituitary extract for optimal growth, and neither GKC-CA cells or cells
      of another cancer line, WB-CA, proliferate well in medium containing reduced
      levels of calcium. These observations may, however, be a reflection of attachment
      phenomena rather than of growth responses per se. Growth of cells in serum-free
      medium has allowed definitive studies of the effects of androgens, and regardless
      of cell type no response to androgens of prostate epithelial cells under any
      experimental conditions has been seen.

PMID- 2419303
TI  - Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein and its relationship to the biological
      activity of four synthetic retinoids in hamster tracheal organ culture.
AB  - The mechanism of action of retinoid in reversing keratinization in hamster
      trachea is yet unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine if cellular
      retinoic acid binding protein (CRABP) is present in tracheal epithelium following
      incubation in serum-free, vitamin A-deficient culture medium for 10 days, and if
      the effectiveness of a retinoid in reversing keratinization in organ culture is
      correlated with its ability to compete for CRABP sites. The cytosol prepared from
      tracheal cultures contained CRABP at a concentration of 2.61 pmoles per mg
      protein. Of the four retinoids with carboxyl end group selected for the study,
      two of the biological active retinoids competed for the CRABP sites. However, no
      correlation was observed between the biological activity of the inactive
      retinoids and their ability to associate with the CRABP sites. These results
      indicate that even though the action of retinoid may be mediated by retinoid
      binding protein, it cannot be used as a sole predicator of retinoid response in
      hamster trachea.

PMID- 2419304
TI  - Canine digitalis arrhythmia as a model for detecting Na-channel blocking
      antiarrhythmic drugs: a comparative study using other canine arrhythmia models
      and the new antiarrhythmic drugs, propafenone, tocainide, and SUN 1165.
AB  - Antiarrhythmic effects of three new drugs, propafenone, tocainide, and SUN 1165,
      were examined using three canine ventricular arrhythmia models, i.e., digitalis,
      adrenaline and two-stage coronary ligation arrhythmias. The effects of
      procainamide, disopyramide, lidocaine, and phenytoin, class 1 antiarrhythmic
      drugs, on digitalis arrhythmia were also examined. The minimum effective plasma
      concentrations of all these drugs for each arrhythmia model were determined for a
      quantitative comparison. Propafenone and tocainide suppressed all the
      arrhythmias, while SUN 1165 suppressed digitalis and coronary ligation
      arrhythmias. The minimum effective plasma concentrations of propafenone for
      digitalis, adrenaline, 24-h coronary ligation, and 48-h coronary ligation
      arrhythmias were 1.8 +/- 0.7, 0.58 +/- 0.20, 3.5 +/- 0.3, and 3.6 +/- 0.9
      micrograms/ml, respectively, and those of tocainide were 6.2 +/- 2.1, 23.7 +/-
      9.0, 11.4 +/- 0.5, and 8.6 +/- 2.9 micrograms/ml, respectively (mean +/- standard
      deviation, n = 6-7). The minimum effective concentrations of SUN 1165 for
      digitalis, 24-h coronary ligation, and 48-h coronary ligation arrhythmias were
      0.92 +/- 0.19, 2.5 +/- 0.4, and 1.2 +/- 0.4 micrograms/ml. The minimum effective
      concentrations for digitalis arrhythmias were 1.7 +/- 0.4 micrograms/ml for
      disopyramide, 10.1 +/- 2.4 micrograms/ml for procainamide, 3.5 +/- 1.6
      micrograms/ml for lidocaine, and 11.3 +/- 3.0 micrograms/ml for phenytoin.
      Digitalis arrhythmia seems to be a useful model for detecting class 1 drugs, as
      it was suppressed by all the class 1 Na-channel blocking antiarrhythmic drugs,
      while class 2 beta adrenergic blockers and class 4 Ca-channel blockers had no
      effect. Also, not all the class 1 drugs suppressed coronary ligation and
      adrenaline arrhythmias.

PMID- 2419305
TI  - The genetic determinant of adhesive function in type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia
      coli is distinct from the gene encoding the fimbrial subunit.
AB  - The role of type 1 fimbriae in the mannose-sensitive attachment of Escherichia
      coli to eucaryotic cells was investigated by deletion mutation analysis of a
      recombinant plasmid, pSH2, carrying the genetic information for the synthesis and
      expression of functional type 1 fimbriae. A mutant, pUT2002, containing a
      deletion remote from the structural gene encoding the 17-kilodalton subunit
      protein of type 1 fimbriae failed to agglutinate guinea pig erythrocytes even
      though the bacteria expressed fimbriae morphologically and antigenically
      indistinguishable from those produced by the intact recombinant plasmid. Fimbriae
      isolated from pUT2002 failed to agglutinate guinea pig erythrocytes, but reacted
      with a monoclonal antibody specific for quaternary structural determinants of
      type 1 fimbriae. Moreover, the dissociated fimbrial subunits from this mutant
      were indistinguishable from normal fimbriae by their migration during
      electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, by their
      reactivity with a monoclonal antibody directed against a subunit-specific
      epitope, and in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with monospecific antisera.
      These results indicate that the adhesive functions in type 1 fimbriae are
      dependent on a factor(s) encoded by a gene other than those required for
      synthesis, assembly, and expression of the structural 17-kilodalton subunit.

PMID- 2419306
TI  - Escherichia coli tryptophan operon directs the in vivo synthesis of a leader
      peptide.
AB  - Here we report the identification of the Escherichia coli trp leader peptide
      synthesized in vivo. We identified the peptide in UV-irradiated maxicells by
      selective labeling with radioactive amino acids which are included in the
      predicted sequence of this peptide. Our results support the hypothesis that
      translation of the peptide-coding region of the leader RNA has a role in the
      mechanism of attenuation of biosynthetic operons in general and in the E. coli
      trp operon in particular.

PMID- 2419307
TI  - Regulation of in vivo transcription of the Escherichia coli K-12 metJBLF gene
      cluster.
AB  - We subcloned DNA of the intercistronic region between the divergently transcribed
      metJ and metB genes of Escherichia coli into the transcription-fusion vector pK01
      and localized the metJ promoters by deletion analysis. The plasmid-borne
      promoters of both genes were repressed by chromosomal metJ. In addition, S1
      nuclease mapping of chromosomally derived mRNA from a derepressed strain revealed
      the start sites of transcription for metBL, metF, and metJ. The metBL and metF
      genes each had a single transcript which was repressed by metJ, while the metJ
      gene had three transcripts, of which the first was strongly repressed by metJ,
      the second was less strongly repressed, and the third was not repressed.

PMID- 2419308
TI  - Negative staining and immunoelectron microscopy of adhesion-deficient mutants of
      Streptococcus salivarius reveal that the adhesive protein antigens are separate
      classes of cell surface fibril.
AB  - The subcellular distribution of the cell wall-associated protein antigens of
      Streptococcus salivarius HB, which are involved in specific adhesive properties
      of the cells, was studied. Mutants which had lost the adhesive properties and
      lacked the antigens at the cell surface were compared with the parent strain.
      Immunoelectron microscopy of cryosections of cells labeled with affinity
      purified, specific antisera and colloidal gold-protein A complexes was used to
      locate the antigens. Antigen C (AgC), a glycoprotein involved in attachment to
      host surfaces, was mainly located in the fibrillar layer outside the cell wall. A
      smaller amount of label was also found throughout the cytoplasmic area in the
      form of small clusters of gold particles, which suggests a macromolecular
      association. Mutant HB-7, which lacks the wall-associated AgC, accumulated AgC
      reactivity intracellularly. Intracellular AgC was often found associated with
      isolated areas of increased electron density, but sometimes seemed to fill the
      entire interior of the cell. Antigen B (AgB), a protein responsible for
      interbacterial coaggregation, was also located in the fibrillar layer, although
      its distribution differed from that of the wall-associated AgC since AgB was
      found predominantly in the peripheral areas. A very small amount of label was
      also found in the cytoplasmic area as discrete gold particles. Mutant HB-V5,
      which lacks wall-associated AgB, was not labeled in the fibrillar coat, but
      showed the same weak intracellular label as the parent strain. Immunolabeling
      with serum against AgD, another wall-associated protein but of unknown function,
      demonstrated its presence in the fibrillar layer of strain HB. Negatively stained
      preparations of whole cells of wild-type S. salivarius and mutants that had lost
      wall-associated AgB or AgC revealed that two classes of short fibrils are carried
      on the cell surface at the same time. AgB and AgC are probably located on
      separate classes of short, protease-sensitive fibrils 91 and 72 nm in length,
      respectively. A third class of only very sparsely distributed short fibrils (63
      nm) was observed on mutant HB-V51, which lacks both wall-associated AgB and AgC
      antigens. The identity of these fibrils and whether they are present on the wild
      type are not clear. The function of long, protease-resistant fibrils of 178 nm,
      which are also present on the wild-type strain, remains unknown.

PMID- 2419309
TI  - Transcriptional control of the Bacillus subtilis spoIID gene.
AB  - We cloned the wild-type allele of the spoIID locus of Bacillus subtilis. This DNA
      region was shown to be transcribed beginning within an hour after the onset of
      sporulation. The amount of spoIID mRNA present in cells at 1 h after the end of
      growth was more than 50-fold greater than it was growing cells; the pool of this
      mRNA decreased steadily after 1.5 h after the end of growth. spoIID mRNA was
      present in stationary-phase cells of sporulation mutants with lesions in the
      spo0J and spoIIB genes but was absent in cells carrying spo0B, spo0H, spoIIA,
      spoIIE, spoIIG, or spoIIIA mutations. In vitro runoff transcription with the E
      sigma 55, E sigma 37, E sigma 32, and E sigma 29 forms of RNA polymerase
      indicated that only the E sigma 29 form was able to transcribe the spoIID gene.
      This result is consistent with results of studies with the Spo- mutants, because
      only mutants that produced E sigma 29 were able to produce spoIID mRNA in vivo.
      In the course of this work, two additional transcription units were discovered in
      the DNA region neighboring the spoIID gene. One of these was expressed during
      vegetative growth; the other was expressed early during sporulation and
      corresponded to an in vitro transcript produced by the E sigma 29 forms of RNA
      polymerase.

PMID- 2419310
TI  - Cloning and characterization of the beta-amylase gene from Bacillus polymyxa.
AB  - The gene for beta-amylase was isolated from Bacillus polymyxa by molecular
      cloning in B. subtilis. B. subtilis cells containing this gene express and
      secrete an amylase which resembles the B. polymyxa beta-amylase and barley beta
      amylase in terms of the products it generates during carbohydrate hydrolysis.
      Starch hydrolysis with this beta-amylase produces maltose, not glucose, whereas
      maltotriose and cycloheptaose are resistant to the action of this beta-amylase.
      The enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 68,000. Restriction
      endonuclease mapping demonstrated that the DNA inserted in pBD64 and containing
      the gene is approximately 3 kilobases in length.

PMID- 2419311
TI  - Isolation and properties of Streptomyces spore membranes.
AB  - A simple procedure for the isolation of membranes from Streptomyces spores is
      described which produces about 12 mg of membrane protein per g of dry weight. The
      membrane fractions were contaminated by low levels of DNA, RNA, and hexosamines.
      The functional integrity of the membrane is conserved through the isolation
      procedure, as evaluated by the presence of several activities of the membrane
      bound electron transport chain. This isolation procedure allowed the
      determination of the biosynthesis of proteins and phospholipids of the membrane.
      Both biosynthetic processes started in the first 5 min of germination and
      increased progressively during spore germination. A stable mRNA fraction of the
      dormant spore encoded 44% of the membrane proteins synthesized early in
      germination, but most of the phospholipid biosynthesis was not dependent on this
      fraction.

PMID- 2419313
TI  - Phosphate-starvation-induced outer membrane proteins of members of the families
      Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonodaceae: demonstration of immunological cross
      reactivity with an antiserum specific for porin protein P of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa.
AB  - Bacteria from members of the families Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae
      were grown under phosphate-deficient (0.1 to 0.2 mM Pi) conditions and examined
      for the production of novel membrane proteins. Of the 17 strains examined, 12
      expressed a phosphate-starvation-induced outer membrane protein which was heat
      modifiable in that after solubilization in sodium dodecyl sulfate at low
      temperature the protein ran on gels as a diffuse band of higher apparent
      molecular weight, presumably an oligomer form, which shifted to an apparent
      monomer form after solubilization at high temperature. These proteins fell into
      two classes based on their monomer molecular weights and the detergent conditions
      required to release the proteins from the peptidoglycan. The first class,
      expressed by species of the Pseudomonas fluorescens branch of the family
      Pseudomonadaceae, was similar to the phosphate-starvation-inducible, channel
      forming protein P of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The second class resembled the major
      enterobacterial porin proteins and the phosphate-regulated PhoE protein of
      Escherichia coli. Using a protein P-trimer-specific polyclonal antiserum, we were
      able to demonstrate cross-reactivity of the oligomeric forms of both classes of
      these proteins on Western blots. However, this antiserum did not react with the
      monomeric forms of any of these proteins, including protein P monomers. With a
      protein P-monomer-specific antiserum, no reactivity was seen with any of the
      phosphate-starvation-inducible membrane proteins (in either oligomeric or
      monomeric form), with the exception of protein P monomers. These results suggest
      the presence of conserved antigenic determinants only in the native, functional
      proteins.

PMID- 2419312
TI  - Pore formation by LamB of Escherichia coli in lipid bilayer membranes.
AB  - Lipid bilayer experiments were performed in the presence of different Escherichia
      coli LamB preparations. These LamB preparations formed two types of pores in the
      membranes. Large pores, which had a single-channel conductance of 2.7 nS and
      comprised about 1 to 6% of the total pores, were presumably contaminants which
      might have been induced together with LamB. LamB itself formed small pores with a
      single-channel conductance of 160 pS in 1 M KCl. These pores could be completely
      blocked by the addition of maltose and maltodextrins. Titration of the pore
      conductance with maltotriose suggested that there was a binding site inside the
      pores with a Ks of 2.5 X 10(-4) M for maltotriose. On the basis of our data we
      concluded that the structure of the LamB channels is quite different from the
      structures of the channels of general diffusion porins, such as OmpF and OmpC.

PMID- 2419314
TI  - Reduction of acid sphingomyelinase activity in human fibroblasts induced by AY
      9944 and other cationic amphiphilic drugs.
AB  - AY-9944 (trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzylaminoethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride), a
      cationic amphiphilic drug, caused a rapid, irreversible and dose-dependent
      reduction of acid sphingomyelinase activity in normal human fibroblasts without
      changing the activities of other lysosomal hydrolases tested. Examinations of
      activities against synthetic substrates and of the pH-dependency of
      sphingomyelinase in the drug-treated cells also suggested that the reduction of
      activity was specific to acid sphingomyelinase. Such a specific reduction was
      also found with 12 other cationic amphiphilic drugs, most of which have been
      shown to be inducers of experimental phospholipidosis in animals and/or cultured
      cells. These results strongly suggest that acid sphingomyelinase is involved in
      the process of drug-induced lipidosis. The reduction of acid sphingomyelinase
      seemed not to be due to direct inhibition by these drugs, a specific loss of the
      enzyme into the culture medium, the presence of inhibitor in the drug-treated
      cells, or impaired synthesis of the enzyme. There was no indication that changes
      in the catalytic properties of the enzyme, or changes in the requirement of
      detergents for its activity occurred in the cell. These results suggest that AY
      9944 and other cationic amphiphilic drugs may cause the reduction of acid
      sphingomyelinase activity by inducing an increased rate of degradation of the
      enzyme or by causing an irreversible inactivation via some undetected factor.

PMID- 2419315
TI  - Purification and properties of orotate phosphoribosyltransferases from
      Escherichia coli K-12, and its derivative purine-sensitive mutant.
AB  - Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPT) was purified from both Escherichia coli K
      12 strain and its derivative, a purine-sensitive mutant. The wild-type OPT had a
      molecular weight (M.W.) of 47,000 and was composed of two identical subunits
      (M.W. 23,500). The wild-type OPT showed maximum activity at pH 9.5, and no
      activity was seen in the absence of Mg2+ or Mn2+ ion. It also catalyzed a reverse
      reaction, namely orotidine-5'-monophosphate (OMP) pyrophosphorolysis. In this
      reverse reaction, tripolyphosphate, tetrapolyphosphate, and trimetaphosphate were
      also effective as pyrophosphate donors. The apparent Km values of the wild-type
      OPT were 30 microM for orotate and 40 microM for 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate
      (PRib-PP), and also 3.6 microM for OMP and 13 microM for PPi. On the other hand,
      the mutant OPT showed increased apparent Km values for all four substrates, 440
      microM for orotate, 360 microM for PRib-PP, 33 microM for OMP, and 250 microM for
      PPi. The mutant OPT required a higher concentration of Mg2+ ion for maximum
      activity than the wild-type OPT. The nature of the purine-sensitive phenotype of
      the mutant is discussed from the standpoint of the reactivity of the mutant OPT,
      which has an increased Km value for PRib-PP (about 9-fold).

PMID- 2419317
TI  - The extent of the human odontoblast process as determined by transmission
      electron microscopy: the hypothesis of a retractable suspensor system.
AB  - After fixation of fully formed human permanent teeth in liquid nitrogen the
      extent of the odontoblast process has been studied in transmission electron
      microscopy. The odontoblast process, limited by a trilaminar plasma membrane, was
      found just under the dentine-enamel junction. In cross section, the cytoplasm
      contained a granular mass with light and/or dense core granules. Bare
      unmyelinated nerve-like fibrils were seen in close connection with the
      odontoblast process. In the periodontoblastic space non calcified collagen
      fibrils were occasionally present. Cytoplasmic globules and granules limited by a
      trilaminar membrane, with occasional myelinic figures were also noted in the
      peripheral tubular lumens. The hypothesis of a retractable suspensor system is
      advanced to explain why in normal fixation conditions the odontoblast processes
      associated with nerve fibrils have not been observed in the outer layers of
      dentine.

PMID- 2419316
TI  - Proteolytic fragments of Alzheimer's paired helical filaments.
AB  - We found that at least a part of Alzheimer's paired helical filaments (PHF) was
      cleaved by proteases to release three major polypeptides, the apparent molecular
      weights of which were 10K, 26K, and 36K daltons. These proteolytic fragments were
      strongly labeled with the antibodies specific to PHF. Absorption with highly
      purified PHF eliminated this labeling. The monospecific antibodies bound to the
      10K daltons protein, the most intensely immunolabeled one, stained isolated
      neurofibrillary tangles composed of PHF. From these observations, we conclude
      that these polypeptides released by proteases, especially the 10K daltons
      protein, are derived from PHF themselves.

PMID- 2419318
TI  - The effects of cycloheximide upon transcription of rRNA, 5 S RNA, and tRNA genes.
AB  - The effects of inhibitors of protein synthesis upon transcription have been re
      examined. Cycloheximide (1 microgram/ml) inhibits incorporation of uridine into
      RNA of P1798.S20 lymphosarcoma cells. Filter hybridization studies indicate that
      labeling of pre-rRNA is inhibited 60-80% after 1 h and quantitative S1 nuclease
      mapping reveals a corresponding decrease in the amount of cellular pre-rRNA.
      Cycloheximide also inhibits labeling of 5 S RNA and tRNA, but incorporation of
      uridine into poly(A+) RNA is unaffected. Transcription experiments carried out in
      nuclei from cycloheximide-treated cells indicate that the inhibitor causes a
      selective decrease in the activity of RNA polymerases I and III. Cell-free
      extracts from P1798.S20 were used to transcribe the cloned mouse rRNA gene,
      Syrian hamster 5 S RNA gene, and the Drosophila tRNAArg gene. Extracts from
      cycloheximide-treated cells were inhibited in this respect. Transcription of rRNA
      and 5 S RNA genes was inhibited by 90% after 2 h and 50% inhibition occurred
      within 20-30 min. Transcription of the tRNA gene was inhibited 75% after 2 h with
      a half-time of approximately 1 h. Inhibition was due neither to a direct effect
      of cycloheximide nor to the presence of nucleases or diffusible inhibitors of
      transcription. Moreover, transcription of rDNA in extracts from cycloheximide
      treated cells could be restored by the addition of a partially purified
      initiation factor preparation. The data indicate that inhibition of protein
      synthesis results in rapid depletion of transcription factors that are required
      for initiation by RNA polymerases I and III. Among these is the glucocorticoid
      regulated rDNA initiation factor designated TFIC.

PMID- 2419319
TI  - Quantitative relationships between aggregation of IgE receptors, generation of
      intracellular signals, and histamine secretion in rat basophilic leukemia (2H3)
      cells. Enhanced responses with heavy water.
AB  - RBL-2H3 cells (a tumor analog of rat mast cells) have plasma-membrane receptors
      that bind immunoglobulin E, which when aggregated, initiate degranulation. As in
      other systems, secretion is preceeded by enhanced hydrolysis of inositol
      phospholipids and by a rise in intracellular Ca2+. Unlike the responses of many
      other cells, however, both of these earlier events require extracellular Ca2+.
      The relationship of these events to each other and to the subsequent secretory
      process is thus unclear. By exposing cells to covalent oligomers of IgE one can
      demonstrate substantial increases in secretion of histamine by increasing the
      concentration and size of the oligomers or by using heavy water (D2O) in the
      medium. We have used such maneuvers to examine the quantitative relationships
      between aggregation of the receptors and the breakdown of inositol phospholipids,
      the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ and secretion. Our principal findings were: all
      treatments that increased secretion, correspondingly increased the changes that
      precede degranulation. These early events correlated with the degree of
      aggregation of the receptors even when the stimulatory conditions resulted in
      maximal secretion. Although the results were insufficient to prove that the
      hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids is required for the rise in cytosolic Ca2+,
      the studies with D2O and other observations supported this view. Since a plasma
      membrane ion channel for Ca2+ has been implicated in the IgE-mediated rise in
      cytosolic Ca2+ in RBL 2H3 cells, this in turn suggests a heretofore undescribed
      role for hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids.

PMID- 2419320
TI  - Structural and functional properties of colicin B.
AB  - Colicin B was isolated in pure form from cells of Escherichia coli that contained
      the colicin activity and immunity genes cloned on a multi-copy plasmid. Active
      colicin B consisted of a single polypeptide with Mr of about 60,000. The sequence
      of 44 amino acids from the amino-terminal portion is presented. The isoelectric
      point of the protein was at 4.5. Colicin B inhibited the membrane potential
      dependent transport of proline and enhanced the uptake of alpha-methylglucoside
      via the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system. Colicin B formed
      small, ion permeable channels with an average single-channel conductance of 13.7
      pS (1 pS = 10(-12) siemens) in 1 M KCl. Channel formation was voltage-dependent
      in the pH range between 4.5 and 6. At pH 7 the channels were voltage independent.
      Voltage-dependent channels were only formed when the trans compartment (the
      protein was added to the cis compartment) was negative by at least 70 mV.
      Evidence for an asymmetric single channel conductance was obtained. With KCl a
      hyperbolic conductance-concentration relationship was observed. The conductance
      for monovalent cations was minimal for Li+ and was maximal for NH+4. The single
      channel conductance of colicin B was larger than that of colicin A as judged from
      lipid bilayer experiments under otherwise identical conditions.

PMID- 2419321
TI  - Ca2+-dependent ATPases in the basolateral membrane of rat kidney cortex.
AB  - The basolateral segment of the rat renal tubular plasma membrane possesses Ca2+
      dependent ATPase activity which was independent of Mg2+. Two kinetic forms were
      found: one, was a high affinity (apparent Km for free Ca2+ of 172 nM) low
      capacity (Vmax of 144 nmol of Pi X min-1 mg-1 protein) type; the other, had low
      affinity (apparent Km of 25 microM) and high capacity (896 nmol of Pi X min-1 X
      mg-1 protein). Mg2+ inhibited both Ca2+-ATPases. The high affinity enzyme
      exhibited positive cooperativity with respect to ATP, with a n value of 1.6. Ca2+
      ATPase activity was not affected by calmodulin and was not inhibited by vanadate.
      On the other hand, both high and low affinity Ca2+-ATPase activities were
      increased when 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was given to vitamin D-deficient
      rats. Kinetically, the enhanced activities were due to an increase in the Vmax
      values; the apparent affinities for free Ca2+ were not changed. The physiological
      function of the vitamin D-sensitive, Mg+-independent, Ca2+-ATPase activities
      remains to be established.

PMID- 2419322
TI  - DNA hypermethylation in sodium butyrate-treated WI-38 fibroblasts.
AB  - Sodium butyrate is very often used to alter gene expression in cultured cells. In
      this study, we examined the effects of this compound on various cellular events
      in WI-38 human embryonic lung fibroblasts in culture. During a 16-20-h treatment
      at sodium butyrate concentrations of between 5 and 20 mM, no adverse effects on
      cell morphology were observed. However, cell division and DNA synthesis were
      reversibly inhibited, the latter by 85, 80, and 70% at sodium butyrate
      concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 mM, respectively. Although overall protein
      synthetic activity was not significantly affected, RNA synthesis decreased to 76%
      of the control values at a sodium butyrate concentration of 5 mM. Butyrate
      treatment also caused hypermethylation of DNA cytosines as determined by
      differential digestion by MspI/HpaII restriction endonucleases and by high
      performance liquid chromatography analysis of the DNA. The 5-methylcytosine
      content of the DNA in untreated WI-38 fibroblasts was 2.94 +/- 0.46% of total
      cytosine residues, while in cultures treated with 5, 10, and 20 mM sodium
      butyrate, these values were 5.76 +/- 0.28, 5.91 +/- 0.37, and 6.8 +/- 0.44%,
      respectively. An interesting feature is that this hypermethylation occurred in
      DNA which was synthesized in the presence of sodium butyrate (newly synthesized)
      as well as in DNA which had been synthesized before butyrate administration (pre
      existing DNA). The hypermethylated state was conserved only in the former
      situation, since the methylcytosines were rapidly lost in the subsequent
      generation in the latter case. It would therefore appear that methylcytosines are
      maintained after cell replication only if they are generated on newly synthesized
      DNA.

PMID- 2419323
TI  - Photoaffinity labeling of the epithelial sodium channel.
AB  - Sodium enters tight epithelia across the apical plasma membrane through a sodium
      channel, a process inhibited by submicromolar concentrations of amiloride and
      benzamil. Using membrane vesicles from bovine kidney cortex, we found that sodium
      transport through the sodium channel was inhibited by benzamil with an IC50 of 4
      nM. Amiloride (IC50 = 400 nM) was a weaker inhibitor of sodium transport.
      [3H]Benzamil bound to the vesicles at a single class of high affinity binding
      sites with a Kd of 5 nM, the similarity of which to the IC50 suggests that these
      binding sites are associated with the sodium channel. Amiloride displaced bound
      [3H]benzamil with a Ki of 2,500 nM. Bromobenzamil is a photoactive amiloride
      analog with potency similar to benzamil in inhibiting sodium transport (IC50 = 5
      nM) and binding to the sodium channel (Kd = 6 nM). [3H]Bromobenzamil was
      specifically photoincorporated into three molecular weight classes of
      polypeptides with apparent Mr values of 176,000, 77,000, and 47,000. The
      photoincorporation of [3H]bromobenzamil into these three classes of polypeptides
      was blocked by addition of excess benzamil and by amiloride in a dose-dependent
      manner. These data suggest that these polypeptides are components of the
      epithelial sodium channel.

PMID- 2419324
TI  - Characterization of RNA-protein interactions in 7 S ribonucleoprotein particles
      from Xenopus laevis oocytes.
AB  - 5 S RNA interactions with transcription factor protein A (TFIIIA) in 7 S
      particles from Xenopus laevis oocytes (Xlo) have been characterized by the use of
      an in vitro RNA exchange assay. 32P-labeled Xlo 5 S RNA can rapidly be
      incorporated into 7 S particles by simple incubation of the RNA with intact
      particles. Incorporation of the labeled RNA during exchange reaches an
      equilibrium within 20 min at 20 degrees C. Labeled Xlo 5 S RNA already
      incorporated in 7 S particles can be chased out by an excess of unlabeled 5 S
      RNA. Nondenaturing gel electrophoresis of 7 S particle samples segregates several
      ribonucleoprotein particles containing TFIIIA and 5 S RNA. Time course
      experiments reveal incorporation of 32P-labeled 5 S RNA first in a higher
      molecular weight ribonucleoprotein particle before incorporation into the 7 S
      particle. In the exchange process, the integrity of the higher order structure of
      the RNA is essential for a recognition of the 5 S RNA by TFIIIA. Denatured Xlo 5
      S RNA exchanges poorly in the presence of EDTA, but can exchange into the
      particle at a high level if sufficient divalent cations are present to allow the
      higher order structure of the RNA to reform. Xlo 5 S RNA fragments that have the
      5' or 3' ends deleted past helix I markedly lose their ability to exchange.
      Heterologous eukaryotic and eubacterial 5 S RNAs can exchange into 7 S particles,
      although the eubacterial 5 S RNAs exchange at a low level.

PMID- 2419325
TI  - Isolation and characterization of cDNA for chicken muscle adenylate kinase.
AB  - A cDNA clone for muscle adenylate kinase was isolated from a cDNA library of
      chick skeletal muscle poly(A)+ RNA, and the DNA sequence was determined. The cDNA
      insert had 854 nucleotides, which consisted of the 5'-untranslated sequence of 57
      nucleotides, the sequence of 582 nucleotides coding for 194 amino acids, and the
      3'-untranslated sequence of 163 nucleotides and the poly(A) tail of 52
      nucleotides. The amino acid sequence predicted from the nucleotide sequence was
      highly homologous with the reported sequences of human, calf, porcine, and rabbit
      muscle adenylate kinases. RNA blot analysis of poly(A)+ RNA from various chicken
      tissues revealed a single species of mRNA of approximately 850 nucleotides and
      its tissue-specific distribution. The induction of muscle adenylate kinase mRNA
      synthesis during the chick embryogenesis was also demonstrated by the blot
      analysis. Southern blot analysis indicated a single gene for muscle adenylate
      kinase in the chicken genome.

PMID- 2419326
TI  - Mapping and sequencing of the wild-type and mutant (G116-40) alleles of the
      tyrosyl-tRNA mitochondrial gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The Saccharomyces cerevisiae syn- mitochondrial mutant G116-40 isolated by
      Berlani et al. (Berlani, R. E., Pentella, C., Macino, G., and Tzagoloff, A.
      (1980) J. Bacteriol. 141, 1086-1097) is shown to have a mutation in the tyrosyl
      tRNA gene by genetic data combined with restriction analysis and DNA sequencing
      of the appropriate rho- mitochondrial DNAs derived from wild-type and mutant
      strains. The new region sequenced spans 685 base pairs located between 9.5 and
      10.4 map units, the gene being located at 10.0 units. The tRNA structure, as
      deduced from the DNA sequence, is in agreement with the data derived from
      sequencing the purified tyrosyl-tRNA reported by Sibler et al. (Sibler, A.,
      Dirheimer, G., and Martin, R.P. (1983) FEBS Lett. 152, 153-156). No in vitro
      tyrosyl-tRNA aminoacylation could be detected using mitochondrial RNA from the
      mutant. S1 nuclease mapping experiments showed that the mutant produces a
      transcript that is identical to the wild-type at its 5'-end. The same analysis
      carried out with the mitochondrial RNA from a rho- strain with the tyrosyl-tRNA
      region of mitochondrial DNA reveals a 5'-end shorter by about 3 nucleotides. The
      mutant gene has a single substitution (C----T) at the penultimate nucleotide near
      the 3'-end of the molecule creating an acceptor stem that lacks the two terminal
      Watson-Crick base pairs.

PMID- 2419327
TI  - Drosophila apurinic/apyrimidinic DNA endonucleases. Characterization of mechanism
      of action and demonstration of a novel type of enzyme activity.
AB  - Two species of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease have been purified
      approximately 400-fold from extracts of Drosophila embryos. AP endonuclease I,
      which flows through phosphocellulose columns, has an apparent subunit molecular
      weight of 66,000 as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, whereas AP endonuclease II, which is retained by
      phosphocellulose, has a subunit molecular weight of 63,000. The molecular weight
      determinations were made possible in part by the finding that both Drosophila
      enzymes, along with Escherichia coli endonuclease IV, cross-react with an
      antibody prepared toward a human AP endonuclease (Kane, C. M., and Linn, S.
      (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 3405-3414). The nature of phosphodiester bond breaks
      produced by the two partially purified AP endonucleases from Drosophila have been
      investigated. Nicks introduced into partially depurinated PM2 DNA by Drosophila
      AP endonuclease I did not support DNA synthesis by E. coli DNA polymerase I,
      whereas nicks created by AP endonuclease II were able to support DNA synthesis,
      but at a rate far less than that observed for nicks introduced by E. coli
      endonuclease IV. The priming activity of DNA incised by either of the Drosophila
      enzymes can be enhanced, however, by an additional incubation with E. coli
      endonuclease IV, which is known to cleave depurinated DNA on the 5'-side of an
      apurinic site. These results suggest that the Drosophila enzymes cleave
      depurinated DNA on the 3'-side of the apurinic site. This suggestion was
      strengthened by the observation that the combined action of AP endonuclease II
      and E. coli endonuclease IV resulted in the removal of [32P]dAMP from partially
      depyrimidinated [dAMP-5'-32P,uracil-3H]poly(dA-dT). Taken together, these results
      propose that Drosophila AP endonuclease II produces 3'-deoxyribose and 5'
      phosphomonoester nucleotide termini. Conversely, the absolute inability to detect
      priming activity for DNA cleaved by AP endonuclease I alone suggested a different
      mechanism, possibly the formation of a deoxyribose-3'-phosphate terminus. When
      apurinic DNA cleaved by AP endonuclease I was subsequently treated with bacterial
      alkaline phosphatase, DNA synthesis was now detected at levels similar to that
      observed for AP endonuclease II alone. Additionally, DNA nicked by AP
      endonuclease I was susceptible to 5'-end labeling by polynucleotide T4 kinase
      without prior phosphomonoesterase treatment. These results suggest that AP
      endonuclease I forms deoxyribose 3'-phosphate and 5'-OH termini upon cleaving
      depurinated DNA.

PMID- 2419328
TI  - Sodium-dependent phosphate transport inhibited by parathyroid hormone and cyclic
      AMP stimulation in an opossum kidney cell line.
AB  - In the present study we investigated the characteristics of the transport of
      inorganic phosphate (Pi) in an opossum kidney cell line endowed with parathyroid
      hormone (PTH) receptors. In confluent epithelial cell culture, a Na-dependent Pi
      transport (NaPiT) was identified. Preincubation for 1 h with bovine (b)PTH(1-34)
      at 10(-7) M inhibited the NaPiT from 2.76 +/- 0.11 to 1.08 +/- 0.10 nmol/mg
      protein X 2 min-1 (p less than 0.001). This inhibition was already expressed 5
      min after exposure to 10(-7) M bPTH. It was associated with a 4-fold increase in
      cellular cyclic AMP. The NaPiT was significantly inhibited at 10(-9) M bPTH, a
      hormonal concentration which stimulated the cellular cyclic AMP by only 30%.
      Kinetic analysis of the NaPiT inhibition by 10(-7) M bPTH revealed a decrease in
      Vmax (from 4.14 +/- 0.32 to 2.41 +/- 0.14 nmol/mg protein X 2 min-1) with no
      change in Km (0.093 +/- 0.016 versus 0.094 +/- 0.012 mM). The effect of bPTH on
      NaPiT was not associated with a change in the Na-dependent glucose
      methylglucopyranoside transport also present in the opossum kidney cell line. The
      inhibitory influence of bPTH on NaPiT was not affected by blockage of new protein
      synthesis by cycloheximide. Stimulation of cyclic AMP production by 10(-5) M
      forskolin, 10 micrograms/ml cholera toxin, 10(-5) M prostaglandin E2 or addition
      of 10(-5) M dibutyryl cyclic AMP mimicked the PTH-induced reduction in NaPiT. In
      conclusion, the present study indicates that the opossum epithelial cell line is
      endowed with a Na-dependent Pi transport system which is selectively inhibited by
      PTH and agents which increase cyclic AMP production.

PMID- 2419329
TI  - The human albumin gene. Characterization of the 5' and 3' flanking regions and
      the polymorphic gene transcripts.
AB  - We have characterized the 5' and 3' regions of the human albumin gene with
      respect to nucleotide sequences, mRNA transcription initiation and
      polyadenylation. There are at least two transcription initiation sites and two
      polyadenylation sites in the human albumin gene. The multiple transcription
      initiation sites are utilized almost equally. The two polyadenylation sites are
      used differentially, with the site proximal to the protein termination codon
      dominating. The "TATA" and the "CCAAT" boxes are present at about 30 and 90
      nucleotides upstream of the putative cap sites. About 250 nucleotides immediately
      5' to the transcription initiation sites are highly conserved among the human,
      rat, and chicken. Within the 1-kilobase pair 5' flanking region of the human
      albumin gene there are 8- and 35-base pair alternating purine/pyrimidine
      sequences, primarily consisting of dG and dT, and three nucleotide segments
      exhibiting homology to the proposed progesterone receptor-binding site. In these
      and other characteristics, the 5' flanking region of the human albumin gene is
      distinct from the corresponding region of the human alpha-fetoprotein gene. Each
      of the two polyadenylation sites of the human albumin gene is preceded by a
      AATAAA hexamer. In addition, the first polyadenylation site has several conserved
      sequences believed to play a role in the 3'-end formation. The second
      polyadenylation site lacks these signals which may explain why it is used less
      frequently. In spite of these differences the two polyadenylation sites show a
      high overall sequence similarity, suggesting that they arose by duplication.
      There is no major difference between the normal liver and hepatoma cells in the
      relative utilization of multiple sites for transcriptional initiation and
      polyadenylation of the human albumin gene, suggesting that the albumin mRNA
      polymorphism has no direct relevance to hepatocarcinogenesis.

PMID- 2419330
TI  - Antibodies against the COOH-terminal undecapeptide of subunit II, but not those
      against the NH2-terminal decapeptide, immunoprecipitate the whole human
      cytochrome c oxidase complex.
AB  - Antibodies against synthetic peptides derived from the DNA sequence of human
      cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) have been tested for their capacity to
      immunoprecipitate the whole enzyme complex. Antibodies against the COOH-terminal
      undecapeptide of COII (anti-COII-C), when incubated with a Triton X-100
      mitochondrial lysate from HeLa cells pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine under
      conditions selective for mitochondrial protein synthesis and chased for 18 h in
      unlabeled medium, precipitated the pulse-labeled three largest subunits
      (mitochondrially synthesized) of cytochrome c oxidase in proportions close to
      equimolarity. Antibodies against the NH2-terminal decapeptide of COII (anti-COII
      N), although equally reactive as the anti-COII-C antibodies with the sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-solubilized COII, did not precipitate any of the three labeled
      subunits from the Triton X-100 mitochondrial lysate. In other experiments, all
      the 13 subunits which have been identified in the mammalian cytochrome c oxidase
      were immunoprecipitated from a Triton X-100 mitochondrial lysate of cells long
      term labeled with [35S]methionine by anti-COII-C antibodies, but not by anti-COII
      N antibodies. By contrast, in immunoblots of total mitochondrial proteins
      dissociated with sodium dodecyl sulfate, the anti-COII-C antibodies reacted
      specifically only with COII. These results strongly suggest that, in the native
      cytochrome c oxidase complex, the epitope recognized by the anti-COII-C
      antibodies is in the COII subunit and that, therefore, in such complex, the COOH
      terminal peptide of COII is exposed to antibodies, whereas the NH2-terminal
      peptide is not accessible.

PMID- 2419331
TI  - Increasing the cAMP content of IM-9 cells alters the phosphorylation state and
      protein kinase activity of the insulin receptor.
AB  - The effect of 8-bromo-cAMP and forskolin on the phosphorylation state and protein
      kinase activity of the insulin receptor was evaluated in cultured IM-9
      lymphoblasts. 8-Bromo-cAMP (1 mM) or forskolin (10 microM) enhanced the
      phosphorylation of the insulin receptor purified from 32P-labeled cells by
      affinity chromatography on wheat germ agglutinin-agarose and immunoprecipitation
      with monoclonal antibody. In the absence of insulin, phosphorylation of the beta
      subunit of the receptor was increased approximately 2-fold by raising
      intracellular cAMP. Phosphoamino acid analysis of the beta subunit following
      treatment of cells with forskolin revealed an increase in phosphoserine and
      phosphothreonine residues. In contrast, the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of
      the receptor occurred on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues and was
      diminished by prior exposure of cells to forskolin. Pulse-chase experiments
      indicated that forskolin did not enhance the turnover of phosphate on the
      receptor of cells previously exposed to insulin. Furthermore, extracts from
      forskolin-treated cells did not differ from control extracts in their capacity to
      dephosphorylate 32P-labeled receptor isolated from cells treated with insulin.
      The insulin-dependent tyrosine protein kinase activity of the receptor isolated
      from forskolin-treated cells was approximately 50% as active as the receptor
      isolated from either control or insulin-treated cells. This was assessed using
      both histone and a peptide synthesized in accordance with the deduced amino acid
      sequence of a potential autophosphorylation site of the human receptor (Thr-Arg
      Asp-Ile-Tyr-Glu-Thr-Asp-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-Lys) as substrates for the protein kinase
      reaction. These results suggest that agents that raise intracellular cAMP
      increase phosphorylation of the insulin receptor on serine and threonine
      residues, reduce insulin-mediated receptor phosphorylation on tyrosine, serine,
      and threonine residues, and inhibit the insulin-dependent tyrosine protein kinase
      activity of the receptor. Thus cAMP may attenuate insulin action by altering the
      state of phosphorylation of the insulin receptor.

PMID- 2419332
TI  - Rat vitamin D binding protein. Determination of the full-length primary structure
      from cloned cDNA.
AB  - Vitamin D binding protein (DBP) is an abundant serum glycoprotein secreted by the
      liver which transports vitamin D sterols, binds to actin, and is found on the
      surface of B-lymphocytes and subpopulations of T-lymphocytes. In the current
      study, a cDNA to rat DBP mRNA was cloned from a bacteriophage lambda gt 11 rat
      liver expression library. This DBP cDNA clone was identified by immunoblotting
      and its identity was confirmed by immunoprecipitation of a 54-kDa protein after
      hybrid-assisted translation. Northern analysis and primer extension mapping of
      rat liver mRNA indicated that the full-length DBP mRNA contains 1700 bases. By
      DNA sequence analysis this 1655-base pair clone contains a single open reading
      frame encoding the 476-amino acid containing full-length DBP and includes its 16
      amino acid signal sequence. Analysis of the sequence reveals about 40% nucleotide
      and 23% amino acid homology to both albumin and alpha-fetoprotein. The encoded
      DBP contains a characteristic placement of cysteine residues, identical to that
      in albumin, suggesting a similar secondary folding structure. Albumin and alpha
      fetoprotein are composed of three internally homologous domains. DBP mRNA
      terminates 122 amino acids before the larger albumin mRNA in the third internal
      domain, but retains the characteristic homology among the first two domains and
      the truncated portion of the third domain. These data support the conclusion that
      DBP is a member of a multigene family which includes albumin and alpha
      fetoprotein.

PMID- 2419333
TI  - Mannosylation of endogenous and exogenous phosphatidic acid by liver microsomal
      membranes. Formation of phosphatidylmannose.
AB  - Hamster liver post-nuclear membranes catalyze the transfer of mannose from GDP
      mannose to endogenous dolichyl phosphate and to a second major endogenous acidic
      lipid. This mannolipid was believed to be synthesized from endogenous retinyl
      phosphate and was tentatively identified as retinyl phosphate mannose (Ret-P-Man)
      (De Luca, L. M., Brugh, M. R. Silverman-Jones, C. S. and Shidoji, Y. (1982)
      Biochem. J. 208, 159-170). To characterize this endogenous mannolipid in more
      detail, we isolated and purified the mannolipid from incubations containing
      hamster liver membranes and GDP-[14C]mannose and compared its properties to those
      of authentic Ret-P-Man. We found that the endogenous mannolipid was separable
      from authentic Ret-P-Man on a Mono Q anion exchange column, did not exhibit the
      absorbance spectrum characteristic of a retinol moiety, and was stable to mild
      acid under conditions which cleave authentic Ret-P-Man. The endogenous mannolipid
      was sensitive to mild base hydrolysis and mannose was released from the
      mannolipid by snake venom phosphodiesterase digestion. These properties were
      consistent with the endogenous acceptor being phosphatidic acid. Addition of
      exogenous phosphatidic acid, but not phospholipids with a head group blocking the
      phosphate moiety, to incubations containing hamster liver membranes and GDP
      [14C]mannose resulted in the synthesis of a mannolipid with chromatographic and
      physical properties identical to the endogenous mannolipid. A double-labeled
      mannolipid was synthesized in incubations containing hamster liver membranes, GDP
      [14C]mannose, and [3H]phosphatidic acid. Mannosyl transfer to exogenous
      phosphatidic acid was saturable with increasing concentrations of phosphatidic
      acid and GDP-mannose and specific for glycosyl transfer from GDP-mannose. Class E
      Thy-1-negative mutant mouse lymphoma cell membranes, which are defective in
      dolichyl phosphate mannose synthesis, also fail to transfer mannose from GDP
      mannose to exogenous phosphatidic acid or retinyl phosphate. Amphomycin, an
      inhibitor of dolichyl phosphate mannose synthesis, blocked mannosyl transfer to
      the endogenous lipid, and to exogenous retinyl phosphate and phosphatidic acid.
      We conclude that the same mannosyltransferase responsible for dolichyl phosphate
      mannose synthesis can also utilize in vitro exogenous retinyl phosphate and
      phosphatidic acid as well as endogenous phosphatidic acid as mannosyl acceptors.

PMID- 2419334
TI  - The primary structure of link protein from rat chondrosarcoma proteoglycan
      aggregate.
AB  - Cartilage proteoglycan monomers associate with hyaluronic acid to form
      proteoglycan aggregates. Link protein, a glycoprotein interacting with both
      hyaluronic acid and proteoglycan, serves to stabilize the aggregate structure.
      The primary structure of the link protein has been determined with a view to
      defining its interaction with both hyaluronic acid and proteoglycan. Thus, the
      link protein has been digested with staphylococcal V8 protease, trypsin, and
      chymotrypsin and the resulting peptides characterized by amino acid composition
      and sequence. We have determined that the link protein is a single peptide with
      339 amino acid residues. The protein core has a molecular weight of 38,564. There
      is one N-linked oligosaccharide at residue 41 with a molecular weight of
      approximately 2,500. There are five disulfide bonds which define three loops
      within the amino acid sequence. The loop nearest to the NH2-terminal contains 78
      amino acids and is followed by a section of 42 amino acids between it and the
      second loop. The second and third loops display considerable homology with each
      other; they consist of 71 and 70 amino acids, respectively, each contain two
      disulfide bonds, and both loops possess, approximately centrally, an epitope for
      the species nonspecific anti-link protein monoclonal antibody, 8A4. These loops
      are separated by a short section of 27 amino acids. We speculate that these loops
      are functionally important in the interaction of link protein with hyaluronic
      acid, as they appear to be the most conserved regions of link protein between
      species.

PMID- 2419335
TI  - Tryptophan degradation in mice initiated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.
AB  - Tryptophan degradation in mice initiated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase was
      characterized, taking advantage of its induction by bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
      Our results demonstrated that in various tissues, N-formylkynurenine produced by
      the dioxygenase from tryptophan was rapidly hydrolyzed into kynurenine by a
      kynurenine formamidase, but it was not further metabolized. The localization in
      the liver and kidney of the kynurenine-metabolizing enzymes suggested that
      kynurenine thus formed was transported by the bloodstream to those two organs to
      be metabolized. In fact, the plasma kynurenine level increased in parallel with
      the induction of the dioxygenase by lipopolysaccharide, and kinetic analysis
      indicated that at the maximal induction of the enzyme there was a 3-fold increase
      in the kynurenine production. The major metabolic route of kynurenine was
      excretion in urine as xanthurenic acid. This increase in the kynurenine
      production was not explained by L-tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase in the liver,
      because during the induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, the hepatic enzyme
      level was substantially suppressed. These findings indicated that indoleamine 2,3
      dioxygenase actively oxidized tryptophan in mice and that its induction resulted
      in an increase in tryptophan degradation.

PMID- 2419336
TI  - Biosynthesis of the sialyl-Lex determinant carried by type 2 chain
      glycosphingolipids (IV3NeuAcIII3FucnLc4, VI3NeuAcV3FucnLc6, and
      VI3NeuAcIII3V3Fuc2nLc6) in human lung carcinoma PC9 cells.
AB  - The pathway for synthesis of three glycosphingolipids bearing a common sialyl-Lex
      determinant (NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal beta 1----4[Fuc alpha 1----3]GlcNac beta 1---
      R) from their type 2 lactoseries precursors has been studied using the 0.2%
      Triton X-100-soluble fraction from human lung carcinoma PC9 cells. Two enzymes
      were found to be required for their synthesis: (i) an alpha 1----3
      fucosyltransferase, the properties of which have been characterized as being
      similar to the enzyme from human small cell lung carcinoma NCI-H69 cells (Holmes,
      E. H., Ostrander, G. K., and Hakomori, S. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 7619-7627);
      and (ii) an alpha 2----3 sialyltransferase that was efficiently solubilized by
      0.2% Triton X-100 and required divalent metal ions and 0.3% Triton CF-54 for
      optimal activity at pH 5.9 in cacodylate buffer. Biosynthesis of the sialyl-Lex
      determinant was shown to proceed via sialylation of nLc6 and nLc4, followed by
      alpha 1----3 fucosylation at the penultimate GlcNAc residues, based on the
      following: (i) transfer of NeuAc by PC9 cell sialyltransferase was found only
      when the nonfucosylated acceptors nLc4 and nLc6 were added, and none of the
      glycolipids with Lex structure (III3FucnLc4; V3FucnLc6; III3V3Fuc2nLc6) were
      sialylated; and (ii) the PC9 cell fucosyltransferase was active with both neutral
      and ganglioside neolacto (type 2 chain) acceptors. Transfer of fucose to
      VI3NeuAcnLc6 yielded mono- and difucosyl derivatives, whereas only a monofucosyl
      derivative was obtained when VI6NeuAcnLc6 was the acceptor. This is most probably
      due to different conformations at the terminus of the two acceptor gangliosides.
      The fucosyltransferase was incapable of transferring fucose to sialyl 2----3
      lactotetraosylceramide (IV3NeuAcLc4).

PMID- 2419338
TI  - Effect of diabetes on the rates of synthesis and degradation of ribosomes in rat
      muscle and liver in vivo.
AB  - An important component of the decrease in protein synthesis in muscle of diabetic
      animals is a fall in the ribosome content. Therefore, we have investigated the
      turnover of ribosomes in skeletal muscle, heart, and liver of rats during the
      onset of diabetes. Synthesis rates were measured by incorporation of label into
      the protein moieties of the ribosomes, and a dual isotope technique was used to
      relate ribosome synthesis to that of total tissue protein. Degradation rates were
      calculated as the difference between the rates of synthesis and accumulation. The
      loss of ribosomes from gastrocnemius muscle and heart took place mainly between
      the 2nd and 4th days of insulin deficiency and was brought about largely by a
      very pronounced increase in the degradation rate, though synthesis also fell by a
      substantial amount. Rates of total tissue protein synthesis decreased markedly,
      but the degradation rates were only slightly elevated, if at all. Thus, the
      effect of diabetes on muscle ribosome breakdown was quite distinct from that on
      degradation of total tissue protein. In liver the response of protein synthesis
      to diabetes was much less pronounced than in muscle, and ribosome synthesis was
      not affected.

PMID- 2419337
TI  - Methylisobutylxanthine blocks insulin antagonism of cAMP-stimulated
      glycogenolysis at a site distinct from phosphodiesterase. Evidence favoring an
      insulin-insensitive calcium release mechanism.
AB  - The widely used phosphodiesterase inhibitor MIX (1-methyl 3-isobutyl xanthine)
      blocked insulin antagonism of cAMP-stimulated glycogenolysis in rat hepatocytes
      but other phosphodiesterase inhibitors including Ro 20-1724 had no effect. Dose
      response curves for MIX potentiation of cAMP-stimulated glycogenolysis and for
      MIX inhibition of the effects of insulin on cAMP-stimulated glycogenolysis
      suggested that at higher concentrations (250 microM) MIX may act at a site other
      than phosphodiesterase inhibition. MIX, at 250 microM, attenuated the insulin
      antagonism of glucose release stimulated by 8-bromo-cAMP, an extremely poor
      substrate for phosphodiesterase; other phosphodiesterase inhibitors did not. The
      possibility that MIX acts as an adenosine antagonist interfering with a
      postulated role for adenosine in insulin action was examined using N6
      phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA), an Ra adenosine receptor agonist which increases
      hepatic cAMP levels. MIX inhibited insulin antagonism of PIA-stimulated
      glycogenolysis under conditions where it did not act as an adenosine antagonist
      (MIX and Ro 20-1724 both increased the response to PIA equally). The effect of
      concanavalin A on cAMP-stimulated glycogenolysis was antagonized by MIX,
      suggesting a post-receptor site of action for MIX. MIX paradoxically increased
      lactate production in the presence of 8-bromo-cAMP, reminiscent of the reported
      actions of calcium mobilizing hormones on lactate formation in fed hepatocytes.
      Cytosolic free Ca2+, as measured in Quin 2-loaded cells, was increased by MIX. In
      cells depleted of calcium, MIX no longer blocked insulin antagonism of 8-bromo
      cAMP-stimulated glucose release, suggesting that MIX may function through an
      insulin-insensitive release of calcium. MIX greatly potentiated the stimulation
      of glycogenolysis by phenylephrine but did not alter the response to vasopressin.
      The relationship of this effect of MIX to the mechanism of insulin action and the
      ability of insulin to antagonize only alpha-adrenergic responses and not those of
      vasopressin is discussed.

PMID- 2419339
TI  - Kidney and adrenal mitochondria contain two forms of NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase
      dependent iron-sulfur proteins. Isolation of the two porcine renal ferredoxins.
AB  - Two NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase-dependent iron-sulfur proteins were detected in
      both porcine kidney and bovine adrenal mitochondria by using high resolution
      polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Adrenodoxin (Mr = 12,000) constituted the major
      ferredoxin activity in adrenal mitochondria and a similarly sized protein (Mr =
      11,500) was isolated as the major renal ferredoxin activity. A second, higher
      molecular weight ferredoxin was observed in both adrenal (Mr = 13,300) and kidney
      (Mr = 13,000) mitochondria. The two renal ferredoxins were isolated by the use of
      ion exchange, gel exclusion, and preparative electrophoretic techniques. An
      absorption spectrum typical of [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins was obtained for each
      protein; however, the larger renal molecule had an unusually high 276 nm
      absorbance. Immunologic studies revealed a significant degree of antigenic
      commonality between the two renal proteins as well as specific cross-reactivity
      of adrenodoxin with antiserum raised against the renal proteins. A possible
      precursor-product relationship between the paired renal and adrenal ferredoxins
      is discussed.

PMID- 2419340
TI  - Bromo-eudistomin D, a novel inducer of calcium release from fragmented
      sarcoplasmic reticulum that causes contractions of skinned muscle fibers.
AB  - Bromo-eudistomin D induced a contraction of the chemically skinned fibers from
      skeletal muscle at concentrations of 10 microM or more. This contractile response
      to bromo-eudistomin D was completely blocked by 10 mM procaine. The extravascular
      Ca2+ concentrations of the heavy fractions of the fragmented sarcoplasmic
      reticulum (HSR) were measured directly by a Ca2+ electrode to examine the effect
      of bromo-eudistomin D on the sarcoplasmic reticulum. After the HSR was loaded
      with Ca2+ by the ATP-dependent Ca2+ pump, the addition of 10 microM bromo
      eudistomin D caused Ca2+ release that was followed by spontaneous Ca2+ reuptake.
      In the presence of 2 microM ruthenium red or 4 mM MgCl2, no Ca2+ release was
      induced by 20 microM bromo-eudistomin D. The rate of 45Ca2+ efflux from HSR,
      which had been passively preloaded with 45Ca2+, was accelerated 7 times by 10
      microM bromo-eudistomin D. The concentration of bromo-eudistomin D for half
      maximum effect on the apparent efflux rate was 1.5 microM, while that of caffeine
      was 0.6 mM. The bromo-eudistomin D-evoked efflux of 45Ca2+ was abolished by 2
      microM ruthenium red or 0.5 mM MgCl2. Bromo-eudistomin D was found to be 400
      times more potent than caffeine in its Ca2+-releasing action but was similar in
      its action in other respects. These results indicate that bromo-eudistomin D may
      induce Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through physiologically
      relevant Ca2+ channels.

PMID- 2419341
TI  - Expression and sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding the orotidine-5'
      monophosphate decarboxylase domain from Ehrlich ascites uridylate synthase.
AB  - Orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (OD-Case) catalyzes the conversion of
      orotidine 5'-monophosphate to UMP. In mammals, ODCase is present as part of a
      bifunctional protein which also contains orotate phosphoribosyltransferase; the
      preceding enzyme in the de novo UMP biosynthetic pathway. We have isolated a
      plasmid (pMEJ) which contains a cDNA for the ODCase domain of UMP synthase.
      Insertion of this sequence into an Escherichia coli expression vector (pUC12) has
      allowed for the expression of ODCase and not orotate phosphoribosyltransferase in
      E. coli. The molecular weight of the expressed protein is 26,000-27,300 from
      immunoblot analysis which corresponds closely to the molecular weight of the
      ODCase domain (28,500) isolated by tryptic digestion of UMP synthase. We have
      sequenced the cDNA insert of pMEJ and deduced the amino acid sequence. The
      molecular weight of the ODCase domain calculated from the amino acid sequence in
      28,654. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence from pMEJ with that for
      yeast ODCase (a monofunctional protein) demonstrated that 52% of the amino acids
      were identical when the two sequences are compared. Furthermore, several
      stretches of the amino acid sequence have 80% or greater absolute homology.

PMID- 2419342
TI  - Immunoaffinity isolation of Na+ channels from rat skeletal muscle. Analysis of
      subunits.
AB  - Polyclonal antiserum and monoclonal antibodies raised against the sodium channel
      from rat skeletal muscle sarcolemma have been immobilized on Sepharose and used
      to immunoaffinity purify this channel directly from skeletal muscle without the
      intervening purification of surface membranes. These antibodies isolate a
      approximately 260-kDa protein from whole muscle, although each purifies
      predominantly a 150-kDa component when isolated sarcolemmal membranes are used as
      starting material. A 45-kDa band is also found in the material purified from
      sarcolemma but not that obtained from whole muscle. In addition, these
      immunoaffinity columns isolate a 38-kDa band from both whole muscle and
      sarcolemma that copurifies with the 260-kDa protein. In some preparations this
      component appears as two closely spaced bands of 37 and 39 kDa. These small
      subunits coelute with the 260-kDa subunit when thiocyanate gradients are used to
      displace protein bound to the immunoaffinity columns and behave as integral
      components of the sodium channel. Estimates of stoichiometry were made for the
      large and small subunits of the muscle channel protein. After correction for
      labeling efficiency, values consistent with a ratio of one 260-kDa subunit to one
      38-kDa subunit were obtained. We conclude that the rat skeletal muscle sodium
      channel contains a large alpha subunit of approximately 260 kDa that is sensitive
      to proteolytic nicking during the isolation of sarcolemmal membranes. In
      addition, at least one 38-kDa beta subunit is associated with each alpha subunit
      in the native channel.

PMID- 2419343
TI  - Molecular specialization of astrocyte processes at nodes of Ranvier in rat optic
      nerve.
AB  - The HNK-1 and L2 monoclonal antibodies are thought to recognize identical or
      closely associated carbohydrate epitopes on a family of neural plasma membrane
      glycoproteins, including myelin-associated glycoprotein, the neural cell adhesion
      molecule, and the L1 and J1 glycoproteins, all of which have been postulated to
      play a part in mediating cell-cell interactions in the nervous system. We have
      used these two antibodies in immunofluorescence and immunogold-electron
      microscopic studies of semithin and ultrathin frozen sections of adult rat optic
      nerve, respectively, and we show that they bind mainly to astrocyte processes
      around nodes of Ranvier. Most other elements of the nerve, including astrocyte
      cell bodies and large astrocytic processes, are not labeled by the antibodies. To
      our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that perinodal astrocyte processes
      are biochemically specialized. We provide evidence that one of the HNK-1+/L2+
      molecules concentrated around perinodal astrocyte processes is the J1
      glycoprotein; our findings, taken together with previously reported observations,
      suggest that the other known HNK-1+/L2+ molecules are not concentrated on these
      processes. Since anti-J1 antibodies previously have been shown to inhibit neuron
      to astrocyte adhesion in vitro, we hypothesize that J1 may play an important part
      in the axon-glial interactions that presumably are involved in the assembly
      and/or maintenance of nodes of Ranvier.

PMID- 2419344
TI  - Chemical factors that influence nucleocytoplasmic transport: a fluorescence
      photobleaching study.
AB  - The technique of fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching was used to
      measure the translocation rate of fluorescein-labeled dextrans across the nuclear
      pore complex in isolated rat liver nuclei. A transport assay system was
      established that could monitor the effect of biologically active molecules, e.g.,
      ATP, GTP, cAMP on the translocation process. The results show that ATP,
      phosphoinositides, RNA, and insulin can enhance transport rates from 195 to 432%.
      It was further demonstrated that concanavalin A, but not wheat germ or soybean
      agglutinin, can block dextran transport completely. The effectors of dextran
      transport are similar to substances demonstrated to effect the efflux of RNA from
      isolated nuclei. A model for translocation through the nuclear pore is now
      presented that incorporates data from protein influx and RNA efflux experiments
      into a single pathway controlled by ATP.

PMID- 2419345
TI  - Nuclear actin and myosin as control elements in nucleocytoplasmic transport.
AB  - Fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching (FRAP) was used to examine the
      role of actin and myosin in the transport of dextrans through the nuclear pore
      complex. Anti-actin antibodies added to isolated rat liver nuclei significantly
      reduced the flux rate of fluorescently labeled 64-kD dextrans. The addition of 3
      mM ATP to nuclei, which enhances the flux rate in control nuclei by approximately
      250%, had no enhancement effect in the presence of either anti-actin or anti
      myosin antibody. Phalloidin (10 microM) and cytochalasin D (1 micrograms/ml)
      individually inhibited the ATP stimulation of transport. Rabbit serum, anti
      fibronectin, and anti-lamins A and C antibodies had no effect on transport. These
      results suggest a model for nuclear transport in which actin/myosin are involved
      in an ATP-dependent process that alters the effective transport rate across the
      nuclear pore complex.

PMID- 2419346
TI  - Heparin-induced aggregation of lymphoid cells.
AB  - The effects of different carbohydrates on cell-to-cell adhesion were examined in
      an aggregation assay, which consisted of swirling a suspension of cells and
      monitoring the loss of single cells with a Coulter Counter. Of the carbohydrates
      tested, only heparin and dextran sulfate induced cell aggregation. This effect
      occurred in freshly isolated mouse splenocytes and in cultured cells of lymphoid
      origin (P388, YAA-CI) but not in cell lines of fibroblastic origins (3T3, SV-3T3,
      BHK, and PY-BHK). Using the YAA-CI cell line for further study, we found that
      aggregation could be induced by relatively small amounts of heparin (less than 10
      micrograms/ml). Binding experiments with 3H-heparin showed that under normal
      physiological conditions each YAA-CI cell bound approximately 2 X 10(6) molecules
      of heparin at saturation with a Kd of 3.5 X 10(-7) M. This binding was blocked by
      both unlabelled heparin and dextran sulfate but not by other carbohydrates. When
      the pH of the medium was decreased, the heparin-induced aggregation was
      inhibited, and the Kd of the 3H-heparin binding was increased. In a similar
      fashion, when the ionic strength of the medium was increased, heparin-induced
      aggregation was inhibited and the Kd of the interaction was increased. These
      results suggest that the aggregation is inversely related to the Kd of the
      interaction and that the binding of heparin to the cell surface is primarily of
      an ionic nature.

PMID- 2419347
TI  - Alterations in plasma membrane lipid organization during lymphocyte
      differentiation.
AB  - The fluorescent probe merocyanine 540, which binds preferentially to bilayers in
      which the lipids are loosely packed, was used to investigate changes in the
      organization of the lipids of the lymphocyte plasma membrane during primary and
      secondary lymphopoiesis. When mouse thymocytes were incubated with the dye, most
      immature cells stained, while most mature cells, about to enter the peripheral
      circulation, did not. Similarly, mature lymphocytes from both mouse and human
      peripheral blood did not stain, but these same cells did when activated by in
      vitro mitogenic stimulation. Freshly isolated splenic lymphocytes, presumably
      activated in vivo by antigen, also bound merocyanine 540, but after 48 hours of
      culture in the absence of stimulus they displayed only a low affinity for the
      dye, a phenotype that reverted to a high affinity upon mitogenic stimulation.
      These results suggest that changes in the organization of the lipids of the
      plasma membrane take place during lymphocyte differentiation: viz., immature
      cells possess a disordered membrane that becomes increasingly ordered as the
      cells mature and enter the peripheral circulation; then, upon antigen-induced
      differentiation, the plasma membrane again becomes disordered. These lipid
      organization changes are discussed in the context of their possible role in the
      regulation of lymphocyte circulation via intercellular interactions between
      lymphocytes and cells of the reticuloendothelial system.

PMID- 2419348
TI  - Characterization of plasminogen activator from two human renal carcinoma cell
      lines.
AB  - Plasminogen activator (PA) activity was identified in the conditioned medium of
      two human renal carcinoma cell lines, Cur and Caki-1. PA activity of medium,
      following chromatography on Con A-Sepharose, was divided into effluent and eluate
      fractions, the latter obtained after elution with methyl mannoside. The ratio of
      PA activity in effluent:eluate was 90:10 for Caki-1 and 60:40 for Cur. The PA of
      both effluent fractions and the Caki-1 eluate fraction was of the urokinase (UK)
      type. Identification rested on molecular weight determination by zymography
      (major component with Mr 52,000 and a less prominent component of 93,000), lack
      of binding to fibrin, inhibition by anti-UK antibodies, and lack of inhibitory
      effect of anti-tissue type PA (TPA) antibodies or the Erythrina trypsin
      inhibitor, which inhibits TPA but not UK. PA of the Cur eluate fraction gave a
      more complex pattern in that it bound significantly to fibrin (like TPA), was
      completely inhibited by both anti-UK and anti-TPA antibodies, but was unaffected
      by Erythrina trypsin inhibitor. These results raise the possibility of an unusual
      PA-like enzyme that immunologically cross reacts with anti-UK and anti-TPA. Most
      of the PA of both cell lines was secreted in a latent form that could be
      activated by trypsin treatment. The latency appears to result largely from
      secretion of urokinase proenzyme, which is consistent with the Mr 52,000 of the
      major PA species and the insensitivity to diisopropyl fluorophosphate inhibition
      prior to trypsin activation. However, in addition, a UK binding component was
      found in the conditioned medium, which produced an Mr 93,000 component by
      reaction with UK.

PMID- 2419349
TI  - New approaches to the study of cellulose biosynthesis.
AB  - Examples of a variety of approaches for studying the mechanism and regulation of
      cellulose biosynthesis are presented. Attempts to demonstrate conclusively a
      cellulose synthase activity using membrane preparations derived from higher
      plants have not been successful; the predominant UDP-glucose: beta-glucan-beta
      glucosyltransferase detected in these preparations is a beta-(1----3)-glucan
      synthase that is dependent upon Ca2+ and a beta-glucobiose, such as laminaribiose
      or cellobiose, for activity. Xyloglucan glucosyltransferase activity is detected
      in all plant preparations examined and, in cotton fibres, the activity of this
      enzyme correlates well with the level of xyloglucan found in the fibre. Low
      activity for a Mg2+-dependent beta-(1----4)-glucan synthase is found in extracts
      from soybeans and mung beans, but not cotton fibres; this enzyme could represent
      either a dissociated form of xyloglucan glucosyltransferase or a partially latent
      form of cellulose synthase. In vitro translation of RNA from developing cotton
      fibres shows notable increases in the level of several relatively abundant
      translatable mRNAs associated with the time of onset of secondary-wall cellulose
      synthesis. In order to determine whether these apparent changes in gene
      expression represent enhanced expression of specific genes required for cellulose
      synthesis, several strategies are being developed for identification of specific
      polypeptides required for this process. One strategy involves the successful
      development of a technique for detection of glucan synthase activity in
      acrylamide gels, a technique that should prove useful for characterization of the
      polypeptide composition of such enzymes. We have also synthesized a photoaffinity
      analogue of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB), a potent and specific inhibitor of
      cellulose synthesis. The analogue is also an effective inhibitor in vivo, and
      upon ultraviolet irradiation of extracts in the presence of the radioactive
      analogue, we observe a relatively specific labelling of a polypeptide of 18 X
      10(3)Mr. Finally, we have studied the spatial regulation and structural
      requirements for cellulose synthesis in internode cells of the alga Chara
      corallina. Cellulose deposition in vivo shows spatial localization, which
      correlates with acid and base bands along the cell. Using internodes perfused
      with solutions containing UDP-[14C]glucose and subsequently ligated, we were able
      to demonstrate synthesis of a highly insoluble cell-wall-localized glucan, thus
      offering hope that Chara can be developed as another useful system for studying
      the mechanism and regulation of cellulose synthesis.

PMID- 2419350
TI  - Effects of hyaluronate and hyaluronate binding proteins on cell motile and
      contact behaviour.
AB  - The effects of hyaluronate on the morphology, motile and social behaviour of
      embryonic chick heart fibroblasts were examined in the presence or absence of
      hyaluronate binding proteins (HABP). HABP were inserted onto fibroblasts after
      treating cells with 0.2 M-urea. Such treatment increased the binding of
      [125I]HABP to cell monolayers: at saturation, binding was increased threefold
      compared to untreated monolayers. Generally, the distribution of added HABP was
      similar to that of endogenous HABP as detected by immunochemistry.
      [3H]hyaluronate bound to HABP-treated monolayers in amounts that were
      proportional to the amount of HABP added. HABP alone reduced cell motility,
      decreased cell underlapping (measured as a nuclear overlap ratio) and promoted
      cell spreading. Hyaluronate added by itself had no significant effect on cell
      behaviour. However, in the presence of HABP, hyaluronate increased cell motility,
      reduced cell spreading, promoted the appearance of surface blebbing and ruffles,
      and significantly increased the nuclear overlap ratio. These biological effects
      were proportional to the amounts of hyaluronate and HABP that bound to heart
      fibroblasts. Fibronectin, bovine serum albumin or sulphated glycosaminoglycans
      added together with HABP did not mimic the effects of hyaluronate and had little
      effect additional to HABP alone. The role of HABP as a putative cell binding
      molecule for hyaluronate and the relationship of hyaluronate to cell social and
      motile behaviour are discussed in the light of these findings.

PMID- 2419351
TI  - Scabies: diagnosis and management.

PMID- 2419352
TI  - Advances in the understanding of sickle cell anemia.

PMID- 2419353
TI  - Breathing disorders during sleep.

PMID- 2419354
TI  - The elusive first word: the importance of the naming insight for the development
      of referential speech.

PMID- 2419355
TI  - Viruses, neurodevelopmental disorder and childhood psychosis.
AB  - Four cases are described of prepubertal boys in whom the convergence of
      neurodevelopmental disorder, viral infection and psychosis seemed more than
      coincidental. Review of the literature highlights the possibility that viral
      infection of the central nervous system may play a contributory role in childhood
      psychosis. Whilst it is essential to avoid a reductionist stance when
      investigating these difficult conditions, the emergence of potent anti-viral
      treatments and sophisticated methods of identifying the presence of viral
      infection should encourage us to consider more carefully the relevance of viruses
      in childhood psychosis.

PMID- 2419356
TI  - Endocrine, biochemical, and morphological studies of a pituitary adenoma
      secreting growth hormone, thyrotropin (TSH), and alpha-subunit: evidence for
      secretion of TSH with increased bioactivity.
AB  - A 40-yr-old man who had acromegaly and hyperthyroidism due to a GH/TSH-secreting
      pituitary adenoma is described. Serum free T4 was 2.8 ng/dl, free T3 was 1.1
      ng/dl, and TSH was 1.2-1.5 microU/ml; the latter was measured in an
      immunoradiometric assay with a sensitivity of 0.07 microU/ml. Serum TSH was
      immunologically identical to standard TSH and did not decrease during a T3
      suppression test. Serum free alpha-subunit and the molar alpha-subunit to TSH
      ratio were high (6.1 ng/ml and 31.2, respectively). TRH administration induced
      significant increases in both GH (+129%) and alpha-subunit (+156%) levels.
      Conversely, dopamine infusion resulted in a decrease in serum GH (-66%) and alpha
      subunit (-43%) levels, and subsequent administration of the dopamine antagonist
      sulpiride induced significant increases in both GH and alpha-subunit (+393% and
      +106%, respectively). Similarly, somatostatin infusion inhibited GH (-43%) and
      alpha-subunit (-61%) secretion. Serum TSH levels were not affected by TRH,
      dopamine, or somatostatin. The biological to immunological activity ratio of
      serum TSH purified by immunoaffinity chromatography and measured in an adenylate
      cyclase assay was significantly increased compared to that in serum from
      hypothyroid or euthyroid subjects [biological to immunological activity ratio,
      6.9 +/- 0.2 (+/- SD) vs. 4.4 +/- 1.1; P less than 0.001]. In gel chromatography,
      the apparent mol wt of the patient's TSH was smaller than that of the controls.
      After adenomectomy, all of the altered parameters of pituitary function became
      normal. Double gold particle immunostaining of the adenomatous tissue showed that
      all of the cells contained secretory granules positive for GH and alpha-subunit,
      while very few cells were positive for TSH beta as well as GH and alpha-subunit.
      These data indicate that in this patient serum TSH had an apparent mol wt smaller
      than that of normal TSH and an increased biological activity which, along with
      the autonomous TSH secretion, account for hyperthyroidism in the presence of low
      normal TSH levels; alpha-subunit originated from the same adenomatous cells that
      secreted GH but not TSH, thus explaining the in vivo observation that alpha
      subunit responses to several agents were dissociated from TSH responses and
      parallel to GH responses; and TSH and GH were colocalized in a minority of the
      neoplastic cells.

PMID- 2419357
TI  - Purification of proteolipid protein and production of specific antiserum.
AB  - Proteolipid protein, the major protein in CNS myelin, was purified using several
      chromatographic steps. No detergents were used. Chromatography in organic
      solvents on lipophilic Sephadex (LH-60) for delipidation, on ion exchange
      chromatography for protein separation, and again on lipophilic Sephadex (LH-20)
      for desalting, produced homogeneous preparations of proteolipid protein. Rabbit
      antibodies to proteolipid protein were produced after 2 injections of a total of
      500 micrograms of protein. By immunotransfer and absorption experiments, it was
      found that the antiserum bound to proteolipid protein and a closely related
      protein, DM-20; it did not bind to basic protein or other myelin proteins.

PMID- 2419358
TI  - Failure to detect anti-MAG antibodies by RIA in CSF of patients with multiple
      sclerosis.
AB  - Using a sensitive double-antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) we measured IgG
      antibodies to the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) in cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) of patients with active multiple sclerosis (MS) and with other neurological
      diseases (OND). Comparable levels of precipitation of radiolabeled MAG were
      obtained with CSF from the patients of the two groups.

PMID- 2419359
TI  - Immunoglobulin deficient rats as donors and recipients of effector cells of
      allergic encephalomyelitis.
AB  - Lewis rats, treated from birth with a rabbit anti-rat IgM antiserum are B-cell
      and immunoglobulin deficient. When sensitized with myelin basic protein (BP) and
      complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), these rats do not make detectable antibodies to
      BP, nor do they develop clinical or histopathological evidence of allergic
      encephalomyelitis (EAE). We show here that transfer of anti-BP antibody
      containing serum to BP sensitized Ig deficient rats results in subsequent
      development of EAE. We also demonstrate that BP sensitized Ig deficient rats
      which do not develop EAE, nevertheless generate effector cells capable of
      transferring disease, and thus specific T-cell function is not inhibited by the
      anti-Ig treatment. Finally, Ig deficient rats were shown to be perfectly adequate
      recipients of passively induced EAE.

PMID- 2419360
TI  - Release of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor from plasma fibrin clots by activated
      coagulation factor XIII. Its effect on fibrinolysis.
AB  - When blood coagulation takes place in the presence of calcium ions, alpha 2
      plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2PI) is cross-linked to fibrin by activated coagulation
      Factor XIII (XIIIa) and thereby contributes to the resistance of fibrin to
      fibrinolysis. It was previously shown that the cross-linking reaction is a
      reversible one, since the alpha 2PI-fibrinogen cross-linked complex could be
      dissociated. In the present study we have shown that the alpha 2PI-fibrin cross
      linking reaction is also a reversible reaction and alpha 2PI which had been cross
      linked to fibrin can be released from fibrin by disrupting the equilibrium,
      resulting in a decrease of its resistance to fibrinolysis. When the fibrin clot
      formed from normal plasma in the presence of calcium ions was suspended in alpha
      2PI-deficient plasma of buffered saline, alpha 2PI was gradually released from
      fibrin on incubation. When alpha 2PI was present in the suspending milieu, the
      release was decreased inversely to the concentrations of alpha 2PI in the
      suspending milieu. The release was accelerated by supplementing XIIIa or the
      presence of a high concentration of the NH2-terminal 12-residue peptide of alpha
      2PI (N-peptide) which is cross-linked to fibrin in exchange for the release of
      alpha 2PI. When the release of alpha 2PI from fibrin was accelerated by XIIIa or
      N-peptide, the fibrin became less resistant to the fibrinolytic process,
      resulting in an acceleration of fibrinolysis which was proportional to the degree
      of the release of alpha 2PI. These results suggest the possibility that alpha 2PI
      could be released from fibrin in vivo by disrupting the equilibrium of the alpha
      2PI-fibrin cross-linking reaction, and that the release would result in
      accelerated thrombolysis.

PMID- 2419361
TI  - Shared T cell recognition sites on human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen
      class II molecules of patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adult and juvenile patients is
      associated with the serologic marker HLA-DR4. This association is incomplete;
      about one-third of the patients lack the disease-associated HLA-DR4 haplotype.
      The main biological function of class II molecules is to restrict the recognition
      of antigen by T lymphocytes. We therefore tested the hypothesis that patients
      with seropositive RA share T cell recognition sites for an unknown antigen and
      that such T cell "epitopes" are not identified by conventional serologic typing.
      We generated alloreactive human T cell clones by stimulating peripheral blood
      lymphocytes of normal donors against a lymphoblastoid cell line from a juvenile
      patient with seropositive RA. A panel of clones that recognized only HLA-Dw14
      cells on a panel of homozygous typing cells was used to analyze class II
      molecules of adult patients with seropositive RA. By inhibition studies using
      monoclonal antibodies, the epitopes recognized by the different clones could be
      further characterized and assigned either to DR- or to DQ-encoded cell surface
      products. By using four different clones, it was possible to identify Dw14
      associated T cell epitopes on all seropositive rheumatoid patients tested who
      typed HLA-DR4-positive and also on all eight DR4-negative patients tested.
      Approximately one-half of nonrheumatoid DR4-positive donors carried one or more
      determinants recognized by these clones; the expression of these allodeterminants
      in DR4-negative nonrheumatoid patients was rare (less than 10%). Thus,
      alloreactive human T cell clones are powerful tools to define T cell recognition
      sites on class II molecules that are not identified by conventional typing. Using
      T cell clones with specificities for determinants expressed on Dw14 homozygous
      typing lines, we were able to demonstrate shared epitopes on cells of all
      patients tested with seropositive RA irrespective of their HLA-D or HLA-DR type.
      These data suggest that major histocompatibility complex class II antigens of RA
      patients might be much more homogeneous than demonstrated by the incomplete HLA
      DR4 association.

PMID- 2419362
TI  - Nature of the glomerular capillary injury in human membranous glomerulopathy.
AB  - A differential solute clearance technique was used to evaluate glomerular
      capillary wall function in 20 patients with membranous glomerulopathy and massive
      proteinuria. The clearance of inulin, the filtration fraction, and the fractional
      clearance of uncharged dextrans of a radius of 28-48 A were depressed
      significantly below control values in 20 healthy volunteers (P less than 0.01).
      In contrast, the fractional clearance of dextrans of radius greater than 50 A was
      elevated markedly. A theoretical model of solute transport that depicts the major
      portion of the glomerular capillary wall as an isoporous membrane and the minor
      portion as a nondiscriminatory shunt pathway revealed the calculated glomerular
      ultrafiltration coefficient to be five times lower and mean pore radius of the
      major membrane component to be 4 A smaller than control values. However, the
      fraction of filtrate volume permeating the shunt pathway was three- to fourfold
      above control values and correlated strongly in individual patients with the
      fractional clearance of albumin (r = 0.76) and of IgG (r = 0.80). Lowering renal
      plasma flow by 24% during indomethacin therapy in seven patients resulted in a
      74% reduction in proteinuria accompanied by a corresponding diminution of
      filtrate formed through the shunt pathway. Morphometric analysis of glomerular
      ultrastructure revealed the magnitude of depression of the glomerular filtration
      rate and of urinary protein leakage to be related strongly to changes in the
      epithelial layer of the glomerular capillary wall, but not to the density of
      subepithelial immune deposits. We conclude that glomerular capillaries in
      membranous glomerulopathy are characterized by a loss of ultrafiltration capacity
      and of barrier size-selectivity, and that subepithelial immune deposits do not
      provide a structural basis for these functional alterations.

PMID- 2419364
TI  - Staining of Mycobacterium leprae in epoxy resin sections.

PMID- 2419363
TI  - Virus-induced alterations in cyclic adenosine monophosphate generation in hamster
      islets of Langerhans.
AB  - Inoculation of golden Syrian hamsters with Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus
      results in a sustained diminution in glucose-stimulated insulin release that is
      correctable by cyclic (c) AMP analogs and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. This
      suggested the importance of directly measuring cAMP content in VE-infected and
      control islets in response to insulin secretagogues. The basal cAMP content of VE
      infected islets (0.14 +/- 0.02 pmol/micrograms islet DNA) was approximately half
      that of control islets (0.27 +/- 0.02 pmol/micrograms islet DNA) (P less than
      0.05). In the presence of 10 microM glucagon (and 3 mM glucose), the rate of cAMP
      generation in VE-infected islets was only half that of control islets. With 10 mM
      alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, the rates of cAMP generation were indistinguishable
      between control and experimental groups. In response to 20 mM glucose and 3
      isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor), cAMP generation
      in VE-infected islets was 81% (NS) of the control rate. When a more specific
      phosphodiesterase inhibitor, RO 20-1724, was used with 20 mM glucose, cAMP
      generation in the infected islets was only 44% (P less than 0.001) of the control
      value. Insulin secretion over the perifusion period paralleled the cAMP levels.
      In the presence of 10 mM alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, there was no difference in
      insulin secretion between VE-infected and control islets, while there was a
      statistically significant (P less than 0.05) difference with 10 microM glucagon
      or 20 mM glucose (in 1 mM RO 20-1724). These data point to a defect in the cAMP
      generation system of VE-infected islets, although additional factors involved in
      insulin secretion may also be impaired by the virus.

PMID- 2419365
TI  - Detection of Campylobacter pyloridis in gastric mucosa by phase contrast
      microscopy.

PMID- 2419366
TI  - Postnatal development of 3H-GABA-accumulating cells in rabbit retina.
AB  - Light and electron microscopic autoradiography demonstrates that 3H-GABA is
      accumulated by horizontal cells in neonatal rabbit retina but not in the adult. A
      specific population of horizontal cells appears to be mature at birth and they
      avidly accumulate 3H-GABA during a 15-minute incubation period in vitro. Uptake
      into horizontal cells is not observed after the fifth postnatal day; 3H-GABA
      accumulating horizontal cell bodies and their processes are the first
      identifiable components that clearly mark the future location of the outer
      plexiform layer at birth and as such, may be considered pioneering elements. Our
      observations raise the interesting possibility that the pioneering horizontal
      cell may provide structural and/or chemical factors necessary for the subsequent
      development of the outer plexiform layer of the retina. Labeling patterns of
      other retinal cells also show varying degrees of change during development. A
      population of amacrine cells accumulate 3H-GABA at birth. These cells show little
      change in their morphological or 3H-GABA uptake properties from birth to
      adulthood. Muller cells show weak accumulation of 3H-GABA at birth. Subsequent to
      this time, labeling of Muller cells is significantly more robust, resulting in
      Muller cell domination of retinal autoradiographic patterns in more mature
      retinas. Every cell body in the ganglion cell layer accumulates 3H-GABA at birth.
      The number of labeled cells declines during postnatal development, resulting in a
      very limited adult population. We conclude that the ability of retinal cells to
      accumulate 3H-GABA does not remain constant during postnatal development; rather
      each cell population displays a unique maturation sequence that results in a
      dramatic developmental shift in the number and types of GABA-accumulating cells
      present in the retina.

PMID- 2419367
TI  - The cholinergic innervation of the rat fascia dentata: identification of target
      structures on granule cells by combining choline acetyltransferase
      immunocytochemistry and Golgi impregnation.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the acetylcholine
      synthesizing enzyme, was used to study cholinergic synapses on identified (Golgi
      stained) granule cells in the rat fascia dentata. Choline acetyltransferase
      immunocytochemistry was applied to 40-microns Vibratome sections cut
      perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus. Light microscopy
      revealed fine varicose ChAT-immunoreactive axons in all layers of the fascia
      dentata, i.e., in the stratum moleculare, the stratum granulosum, and the
      subgranular polymorph zone. Most fibers were observed in the vicinity of granule
      cell bodies where they ran mainly parallel to the granular layer. Next, the
      immunostained Vibratome sections were sandwiched between small pieces of Parafilm
      and piled to form a block that was covered with agar and Golgi stained. After
      that, the sections were separated by cutting away the agar and removing the
      Parafilm. Sections containing well-impregnated granule cells were gold-toned
      (Fairen et al., '77), embedded in Araldite, and subjected to ultrathin sectioning
      for electron microscopy. A total of 14 gold-toned granule cells were examined in
      the electron microscope for synaptic contacts with cholinergic afferents. Choline
      acetyltransferase-immunoreactive axon terminals were observed that established
      symmetric synaptic contacts with the cell bodies and dendritic shafts of the gold
      toned identified granule cells. Two types of contact were observed on spines
      arising from gold-toned granule cell dendrites. Immunoreactive terminals
      established asymmetric synaptic contacts with the head of small spines and
      symmetric contacts with the stalk of large, complex spines. The boutons forming
      asymmetric synaptic contacts with the cup-shaped spine head of the complex spines
      were not found to be immunoreactive. Our results demonstrate that cholinergic
      fibers to the rat fascia dentata establish characteristic types of synaptic
      contact with different postsynaptic elements of granule cells, suggesting a
      complex function of this afferent system.

PMID- 2419368
TI  - A new enzyme marker for striatal compartmentalization: NADPH diaphorase activity
      in the caudate nucleus and putamen of the cat.
AB  - The distribution of dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase
      (NADPH diaphorase) was studied by enzyme histochemistry in the striatum of the
      adult cat. Neurons and neuropil expressing NADPH diaphorase activity were found
      throughout the striatum. The diaphorase-positive neurons formed a sparse
      population of medium-sized cells. In the caudate nucleus they were recognized by
      antisera against somatostatin 14, somatostatin 28(1-12), neuropeptide Y and avian
      pancreatic polypeptide. The diaphorase activity of the striatal neuropil was
      characterized by a modular organization that was particularly distinct in the
      caudate nucleus. This organization was analyzed by comparing the patterns of
      diaphorase staining with the distribution of acetylcholinesterase activity in
      adjacent sections. The NADPH diaphorase activity was found to be dense in the
      acetylcholinesterase-rich matrix of the caudate nucleus, but weak in the
      acetylcholinesterase-poor compartments known as striosomes. Because of the
      colocalization of perikaryal NADPH diaphorase activity and somatostatinlike
      immunoreactivity, a comparison was also made between the distribution of
      diaphorase staining and immunostaining for somatostatinlike peptide in the
      striatal neuropil. Both observed striosomal ordering, so that the
      acetylcholinesterase-poor zones detected in adjoining sections corresponded to
      regions of low somatostatinlike immunoreactivity as well as low NADPH diaphorase
      staining. In some regions striosomes were more clearly delineated in the stains
      for diaphorase and somatostatinlike suggest that NADPH diaphorase may be a
      sensitive marker for the somatostatinergic neuropil as well as the
      somatostatinergic perikarya of the striatum, and that this enzyme could prove
      valuable in attempts to differentiate the processes of intrinsic somatostatin
      containing fibers from any extrinsic somatostatin afferents that may exist.

PMID- 2419369
TI  - Are there connections between the thalamic reticular nucleus and the brainstem
      reticular formation?
AB  - Increasing awareness that the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) plays an important
      role in controlling the output of cortically projecting cells in nuclei of the
      dorsal thalamus has focused attention on the question of whether there exist
      ascending projections to the TRN from the mesencephalic or other parts of the
      brainstem reticular formation (BRF). We have examined this and the related
      question of whether the neurons of TRN project to the BRF, by anterograde and
      retrograde tracing experiments with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and HRP
      conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin. Injections of tracer were placed
      stereotaxically in the BRF at various depths and rostrocaudal and mediolateral
      coordinates, and the TRN and adjacent nuclei were examined in serial coronal
      sections, using tetramethylbenzidine as the principal chromogen. Retrogradely
      labelled cell bodies were consistently seen in hypothalamus and zona incerta but
      never in TRN, suggesting that, in the rat, TRN neurons do not project caudal to
      the thalamus. After 54 out of 60 injections, no terminal label was detected in
      any part of the TRN although such label was present in other parts of the
      thalamus, including the intralaminar nuclei, in the same sections. We therefore
      conclude that direct projections from the BRF to the TRN must be extremely
      sparse, and that those effects of BRF stimulation upon thalamocortical
      transmission that are mediated by the TRN (rather than by direct projections to
      dorsal thalamic nuclei) probably depend chiefly on indirect polysynaptic
      pathways.

PMID- 2419370
TI  - The organization of divergent axonal projections from the midbrain raphe nuclei
      in the rat.
AB  - The intranuclear organization of divergently projecting neurons of the midbrain
      raphe in the rat was studied by using double retrograde axonal tracing. Paired
      injections of the tracers N-[acetyl-3H] WGA and horseradish peroxidase were made
      within known projection targets of the midbrain raphe (caudate-putamen, amygdala,
      hippocampus, substantia nigra, and locus coeruleus). After injections of either
      tracer in the aforementioned targets, retrograde labeled neurons were found
      mainly ipsilaterally and within midline portions of the dorsal raphe nucleus, its
      caudal B6 portion, and within the linear and superior central nuclei of the
      median raphe complex. There are discrete intranuclear distributions of raphe
      neurons that project to these forebrain and brainstem sites, and there is an
      overall rostrocaudal topographic order within the raphe with neurons projecting
      to the neostriatum, amygdala, and substantia nigra residing most rostrally and
      neurons projecting to the hippocampus and/or locus coeruleus occupying caudal
      portions of the B6 and superior central nuclei. Such distributions of projection
      neurons suggest the existence of an "encephalotopic" intranuclear organization
      within the raphe; that is, each central nervous system structure that receives
      midbrain raphe projections has its own unique representation within a
      topographically distinct portion of one or more of the raphe subgroups. These
      findings suggest an overall functional organization within the midbrain raphe
      nuclear complex whereby rostral portions are associated with the basal ganglia
      and related nuclei, and caudal portions relate to the limbic system. An
      intermediate representation of amygdala-projecting raphe neurons functionally
      conjoins the two. Collateralized neurons are found within complex zones of
      overlap in the topographically organized distributions of raphe neurons
      projecting to functionally related structures.

PMID- 2419371
TI  - A comparative topographical analysis of dorsal column nuclear and cerebral
      cortical projections to the basilar pontine gray in rats.
AB  - The somatotopic distribution of dorsal column nuclear projections within the
      basilar pontine gray was examined in relation to the massive corticopontine
      projection system that emanates most heavily from motor and somatosensory cortex.
      The distribution patterns of these two systems were compared by combining
      autoradiographic and degeneration axonal tracing methods within individual
      animals. Stereotaxic injections of tritiated leucine (50 microCi/microliter) and
      lesions by aspiration were made in animals under ketamine hydrochloride
      anesthesia. The forelimb cortical injections (0.1-0.3 microliter) were centered
      in either sensory or motor cortical regions as determined by intracortical
      microstimulation and multiunit recording techniques. Because sensory and motor
      hindlimb cortical areas overlap extensively in the rat, hindlimb cortical
      injections (0.1-0.3 microliter) were limited to a single hindlimb sensorimotor
      cortical region. The corresponding contralateral dorsal column nucleus, cuneatus
      or gracilis, was then aspirated. A somatotopic distribution of fore- and hindlimb
      corticopontine fibers were found in discrete regions of the ipsilateral pontine
      gray. Hindlimb sensorimotor corticopontine fibers distributed caudal to forelimb
      projections. Similarly, pontine afferents from the dorsal column nuclei
      terminated somatotopically in the caudal half of the contralateral pontine gray
      in that gracilopontine fibers distributed caudal to cuneopontine fibers. Within
      individual animals, partially overlapping terminations were seen from nucleus
      cuneatus and the forelimb sensory cortical area as well as from nucleus gracilis
      and the hindlimb sensorimotor cortical area. No overlap existed in the pontine
      terminations from nucleus cuneatus and the forelimb motor cortical area.

PMID- 2419372
TI  - The cutaneous mucinoses.
AB  - The cutaneous mucinoses are a group of connective tissue disorders characterized
      by the deposition of mucin, either focally or diffusely, in the interstices of
      the dermis. The diseases may be a primary (metabolic) or secondary (catabolic)
      process. Systemic abnormalities are seen with most of these disorders. This
      review discusses the primary mucinoses in which the predominant dermal mucin is
      hyaluronic acid. Current therapy and proposed mechanisms for the mucinoses are
      considered.

PMID- 2419373
TI  - Corneal effect of isotretinoin: possible exacerbation of corneal
      neovascularization in a patient with the keratitis, ichthyosis, deafness ("KID")
      syndrome.

PMID- 2419374
TI  - Keratoacanthoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: immunohistochemical
      localization of involucrin and keratin proteins.
AB  - Fifteen keratoacanthomas and fifteen squamous cell carcinomas of the skin were
      examined by immunoperoxidase methods for involucrin and both 45- and 63
      kilodalton keratins. Keratoacanthomas showed a relatively homogeneous staining
      pattern for involucrin; all cells except basal cells stained with mild to
      moderate intensity. Squamous cell carcinomas disclosed a highly irregular
      involucrin staining pattern with marked variation in staining intensity from cell
      to cell. Staining patterns for keratin proteins did not appear to distinguish
      between keratoacanthomas and squamous cell carcinomas. The 45-kilodalton keratin
      pattern showed diffuse staining within both keratoacanthomas and squamous cell
      carcinomas, and the 63-kilodalton keratin pattern consisted of focal staining,
      mostly of dyskeratotic cells. These results suggest that involucrin may serve as
      a diagnostic aid in differentiating between squamous cell carcinomas and
      keratoacanthomas. In addition, other lesions in the differential diagnosis of
      keratoacanthoma and squamous cell carcinoma were also examined for involucrin.

PMID- 2419375
TI  - Stress, symmetry, and psoriasis: possible role of neuropeptides.
AB  - The role of stress as a triggering factor in the exacerbation of psoriasis and
      the clinically symmetric distribution of psoriatic plaques suggested a possible
      role for neuropeptides in the etiopathogenesis of psoriasis. Several observations
      by other investigators involving substance P suggested to us a possible role for
      substance P as a modulator of the inflammatory response in psoriasis. A
      hypothesis for the role of substance P that would account for the temporal onset
      with stress, the clinical symmetry of lesions, and the histopathologic features
      of psoriasis is presented.

PMID- 2419376
TI  - [Component composition of the proteolytic complex synthesized by mutant
      Aspergillus terricola strains].

PMID- 2419377
TI  - [Radioautographic study of the biosynthesis of different types of rapidly
      labelled RNA in normal blood lymphocytes and lymph and in lympholeukosis in
      cattle].

PMID- 2419378
TI  - Protection of irradiated parotid by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors.

PMID- 2419379
TI  - Analgesia after inhibition of enkephalin degradation.

PMID- 2419380
TI  - Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: is echocardiography accurate enough to guide
      surgical palliation?
AB  - Two-dimensional echocardiography can diagnose hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
      However, with the advent of the possibility of palliative open heart surgery,
      complete anatomic diagnosis is necessary. The anatomic findings of 15 neonates
      with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (age 1 to 10 days, mean 4.1) who had two
      dimensional Doppler echocardiographic studies were compared with the results
      obtained by angiography (6 cases), surgery (11 cases) and autopsy (8 cases).
      Complete two-dimensional echocardiographic examination of the aortic arch,
      pulmonary and systemic venous return, atrial septum, ductus arteriosus and
      proximal coronary arteries was possible in all 15 neonates and correctly
      diagnosed hypoplastic left heart syndrome in each. Anatomic two-dimensional
      echocardiographic assessment was accurate in 13 (86%) of the 15 neonates and
      there were no false positive results. Undiagnosed associated abnormalities were
      hypoplasia of a left pulmonary artery in one patient and left superior vena cava
      in another. Accurate quantitation of the size of the tricuspid valve anulus,
      ascending aorta, pulmonary anulus and right and left pulmonary arteries was
      possible. Doppler examination was performed in seven patients and confirmed
      retrograde aortic arch flow and right to left systolic shunting in the patent
      ductus arteriosus. In selected neonates, surgical palliation can be attempted
      without angiography.

PMID- 2419381
TI  - Bronchial asthma, leukocyte synthesis of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis,
      and other evidence for activation of blood cells in asthma.

PMID- 2419382
TI  - Purification of Ascaris suum antigen: its allergenic activity in vitro and in
      vivo.
AB  - Crude aqueous extracts of Ascaris suum (CE) have been used widely to study IgE
      mediated reactions in various experimental preparations. Because some CE may
      contain a polypeptide, a mast cell degranulating peptide (MCDP), that
      degranulates mast cells by nonimmunologic mechanisms, various protocols have been
      used to ensure that the Ascaris preparation used did not contain MCPD. In
      general, these protocols have assumed MCDP had been without providing proof. Even
      protocols designed to isolate the major antigenic determinants from CE have
      usually been designed to evaluate immunogenic characteristics of the purified
      Ascaris; thus, few systematic comparisons of CE with purified Ascaris exist
      concerning mast cell degranulation, and few studies have demonstrated that MCDP
      has been removed during purification. Since Ascaris has proved to be useful in a
      variety of studies of IgE-mediated reactions, particularly in large animals (dog
      and sheep), we have developed a protocol to purify CE and MCDP and characterize
      their physiochemical and immunologic properties. We compared the allergenic
      activity of our purified Ascaris to that of CE and MCDP in skin and lung of
      natively sensitized dogs and in unsensitized rat peritoneal mast cells. Our
      results indicate that MCDP probably contaminates CE by less than 1.0%. However,
      the biologic activity of MCDP in dog lung appears insignificant and probably
      contributes little to CE-induced reactions in doses of CE commonly used (less
      than or equal to 100 mg injected). If a purified Ascaris preparation is
      essential, our protocol will yield an Ascaris preparation that has potent IgE
      mediated effects in dog preparations with insignificant contamination by MCDP.

PMID- 2419383
TI  - Immunotherapy with cat- and dog-dander extracts. II. In vivo and in vitro
      immunologic effects observed in a 1-year double-blind placebo study.
AB  - The effects of immunotherapy on the skin prick test, allergen-specific IgE, and
      IgG in 39 patients (19 adults and 20 children), treated with partially purified
      cat- or dog-dander extracts or placebo for 1 year, were studied by use of a
      double-blind protocol. IgG levels were measured by three different assays: IgG
      RAST, IgG4 RAST, and Staph A IgG1, 2, and 4. The skin prick test reaction
      decreased continuously in the allergen-treated patients, the decrease being the
      first sign of an immunologic effect of the therapy. Allergen-specific IgE levels
      increased during the first 9 months in both children and adults. The RAST
      activity during the last 3 months continued to rise for the children, whereas it
      declined for the adults. IgG levels measured by all three methods demonstrated an
      increase in the allergen-treated patients and no increase in the placebo-treated
      patients. The children developed higher values on IgG RAST and IgG4 RAST than the
      adults. IgG RAST correlated negatively with IgE levels in the cat allergen
      treated group. No correlation between skin prick test results, IgE levels, and
      IgG levels was found, nor was there any correlation between these parameters and
      the patients' own subjective evaluation or the allergen bronchial challenge test.
      In summary, the expected change in skin prick test reaction and allergen-specific
      IgE and IgG levels was found. The children tended to be more immunologically
      active than the adults.

PMID- 2419384
TI  - Immunotherapy with cat- and dog-dander extracts. III. Allergen-specific
      immunoglobulin responses in a 1-year double-blind placebo study.
AB  - An investigation was made of the specific antibody response to individual
      antigens in 40 patients taking part in a double-blind placebo study of
      immunotherapy with cat- or dog-dander extracts. Antigen-specific IgE levels were
      measured by means of CRIE, and the results were expressed as scores. The patients
      demonstrated IgE specificities toward 1 to 5 antigens. Cat-dander antigens Nos. 4
      (cat Ag 1) and 7, and dog antigens Nos. 6 and 13, produced the highest scores,
      but high IgE binding was also found for dog albumin. After 1 year of treatment,
      the IgE responses of the two treatment groups (allergen and placebo) were
      statistically indistinguishable from those before the start of treatment. There
      was a tendency toward a reduction in score for two of the dander antigens (cat Ag
      1 and dog Ag No. 13), and no new IgE specificities appeared. Antigen-specific IgG
      levels were measured by means of CIE with patient serum incorporated in an
      intermediate gel, and the results were expressed as plus/minus precipitins. Only
      two patients had precipitating antibodies before the start of treatment (one
      against cat albumin and one against cat Ag 1). During the course of treatment,
      the production of antigen-specific IgGs was observed in 18/22 allergen- and 1/18
      placebo-treated patients. For the cat allergen-treated group, the specificities
      were directed against cat antigens Nos. 2, 3 (cat albumin), 4 (cat Ag 1), and 7,
      and for the dog allergen-treated group, against dog antigens Nos. 2 (dog
      albumin), 13, and 20.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2419385
TI  - Soluble copolymer of wasp venom with human albumin for venom immunotherapy.
AB  - Polymerization of allergens decreases allergenicity while retaining
      immunogenicity, as we have demonstrated for ragweed, grass, and tree pollens. We
      have also polymerized bee venom with human albumin to form soluble, high
      molecular-weight copolymers that are immunogenic in rabbits. We now have prepared
      a soluble wasp venom-albumin polymer (WVAP), molecular weight greater than or
      equal to 240,000 daltons, by glutaraldehyde treatment and Sephacryl S-300 column
      fractionation. Rabbits immunized with WVAP produced IgG to both WVAP and wasp
      venom (WV), as measured by ELISA. IgG against WVAP was totally inhibitable by a
      mixture of WV and albumin, demonstrating both retention of native antigens and
      absence of new antigenic determinants in WVAP. IgG against WV in serum from
      patients receiving maintenance doses of WV immunotherapy was inhibited by WVAP.
      In summary, we have synthesized a soluble, high-molecular-weight copolymer of WV
      that retains the immunogenicity of native WV, contains no new antigenic
      determinants, and has potential value in the treatment of patients with WV
      anaphylaxis.

PMID- 2419386
TI  - Exudative age-related maculopathy.
AB  - While this patient was asymptomatic, patients need to be aware of visual changes
      which may be secondary to choroidal neovascular membranes. Amsler grid monitoring
      during the interval between examinations may assist in early detection. Detailed
      fundus examinations and patient education are also needed. While the efficacy of
      krypton treatment remains to be proven, timely diagnosis and appropriate
      referral, when a treatable lesion is present, will improve the prognosis for
      maintaining macular function in exudative ARM.

PMID- 2419387
TI  - [Tocolysis using salbutamol in cases of cardiac rhythm disorders in the mother.
      Apropos of 4 cases].
AB  - Tocolysis was carried out in a case of paroxysmal junctional tachycardia
      (Bouveret) and there was an attack of paroxysmal tachycardia which resolved
      spontaneously. In a case of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and in two cases of
      ventricular double extra-systoles, tocolysis was very well tolerated. A short
      discussion based on these four case histories is presented. The indication for
      the use of tocolytic drugs was discussed with the cardiologist. The cardiac state
      of these pregnant women under treatment was very closely monitored.

PMID- 2419388
TI  - Antimitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis.

PMID- 2419389
TI  - Localization of human pituitary hormones by multiple immunoenzyme staining
      procedures using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.
AB  - Mouse monoclonal and rabbit polyclonal antibodies to human pituitary hormones
      were applied together to sections of normal and neoplastic human pituitary
      tissue. Binding sites were revealed with species-specific immune reagents
      combined with various enzymes (peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, and beta-D
      galactosidase). The enzymes were developed separately to give differently colored
      end-products. Where two hormones were present in the same cell, a mixed color was
      produced. Up to four hormones could be immunostained in a single section.
      Multiple immunoenzymatic staining has great potential for the analysis of plural
      antigen production by single cells and relationships between cells producing
      different antigens.

PMID- 2419390
TI  - Monoclonal antibody specific for carbodiimide-fixed glutamate: immunocytochemical
      localization in the rat CNS.
AB  - Glutamate is widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and is
      present in greater amounts than any other putative neurotransmitter. To study its
      distribution in the CNS, a monoclonal antibody was raised against gamma-L
      glutamyl-L-glutamic acid (gamma-Glu-Glu) conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin
      (KLH) using glutaraldehydeborohydride. By use of this antibody, indirect
      immunoperoxidase staining was observed in CNS tissue fixed with carbodiimide to
      form gamma-Glu-Glu from glutamate and post-fixed with glutaraldehyde or
      paraformaldehyde. In contrast, immunoreactivity was quite low in tissues fixed
      only with glutaraldehyde. Absorption controls indicated that the staining of
      carbodiimide-fixed tissue could be inhibited by micromolar concentrations of
      gamma-Glu-Glu but not by other small molecules. Using ELISA, the antibody reacted
      strongly with the gamma-Glu-Glu/KLH conjugate used to immunize the mouse, but not
      with other small molecules conjugated to KLH. The reactivity of the antibody with
      the gamma-Glu-Glu/KLH conjugate on ELISA was inhibited by free gamma-Glu-Glu in
      micromolar concentrations, but not by similar dipeptides or amino acids. Dense
      immunocytochemical staining was observed in cortical pyramidal cells, cerebellar
      granule cells, and the cochlear nuclei. Staining with this monoclonal antibody
      correlated well with other methods of localizing glutamate in the CNS.

PMID- 2419391
TI  - Spectrophotometric and cytochemical analyses of phosphatase activity in Beta
      vulgaris L.
AB  - Spectrophotometric and cytochemical methods were used to investigate the
      localization and/or the sensitivity of phosphatase activities in aldehyde-fixed
      beet leaves and membrane fractions. The nonspecific acid phosphatase substrates,
      p-nitrophenyl phosphate and beta-glycerol phosphate, each exhibited unique
      spectrophotometric patterns of hydrolysis as a function of pH. Additionally, beta
      glycerol phosphatase activity was primarily present on the tonoplast, whereas p
      nitrophenyl phosphatase was present on the plasma membrane. Because of the unique
      pH response of each enzyme and their different localization, we conclude that
      they cannot be entirely "nonspecific." The spectrophotometric pattern of ATP
      hydrolysis differed from that of p-nitrophenol phosphate in that it decreased at
      pH 5.0-5.5 and was greatly inhibited by 10 mM sodium fluoride; however, both
      activities were on the plasma membrane. Therefore, we conclude that these
      activities represent either two enzymes or only one enzyme that differs in its
      ability to hydrolyze these two substrates. Generally, enzymatically produced lead
      deposits on the plasma membrane of non-vascular cells were as frequent and large
      as those on phloem cells; frequently, deposits on sieve element plasma membranes
      were relatively small. We therefore conclude that there is no evidence for the
      presence of relatively intense ATPase activity on the plasma membrane of phloem
      cells in beet leaf, in contrast to other species. Studies with membrane fractions
      indicated that formaldehyde could completely inhibit the inhibitor-sensitive
      phosphatase activities in mitochondrial and vacuolar fractions while preserving
      significant activity in the plasma membrane fraction.

PMID- 2419392
TI  - Fixation, fine structure, and immunostaining for neuropeptides: perfusion versus
      immersion of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus.
AB  - The effects of various fixatives and fixation methods on ultrastructural
      morphology and the immunocytochemical localization of beta-endorphin were
      examined in rat brain. The mediobasal hypothalamus was preserved by vascular
      perfusion and/or immersion in nine different fixatives. We tested several
      combinations of paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, acrolein, and picric acid in
      various isosmolar buffers. Vibratome sections were stained for beta-endorphin
      employing the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, or processed directly for
      electron microscopy. The ultrastructural quality of a given region was attributed
      to its location with respect to the blood-brain barrier, the method of fixation,
      and the concentrations of some of the fixative components. Immersion fixation
      gave better results and reduced extracellular space in the median eminence
      (outside the blood-brain barrier) and areas close to the hypothalamic surface.
      Positive immunostaining of beta-endorphin perikarya occurred only in tissue fixed
      with periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde. Light to moderate fiber staining was also
      present in some paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde-acrolein combinations. However, a
      glutaraldehyde concentration of 1% or higher abolished all positive staining for
      beta-endorphin. These results emphasize the necessity of optimizing fixation for
      ultrastructure and for immunocytochemical staining of each individual antigen.
      The choice of the best fixation method depends not only on the intracellular
      location of the antigen but also on the relationship between hypothalamic tissue
      compartments and the blood-brain barrier.

PMID- 2419393
TI  - Simultaneous demonstration of lectin-binding sites and antigens detected by
      monoclonal antibodies in a parallelized double-staining technique: a highly
      discriminative and quickly developing technique for frozen sections.
AB  - A sensitive immunoenzymatic double-staining technique is presented for the
      simultaneous visualization of lectin-binding sites and antigenic structures
      detected by monoclonal antibodies. The lectin is demonstrated by an extended
      unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique and the monoclonal antibody
      by an alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase (APAAP) method, which
      corresponds to the standard PAP technique. 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) and
      fast blue BB salt serve as substrates for the peroxidase and the alkaline
      phosphatase, respectively. The antisera and the enzyme complexes raised in
      different animals enable the performance of three parallel incubation steps. The
      staining procedure requires three and a half hours altogether. This method proved
      to be highly discriminative and rather insensitive to interference by various
      artifacts.

PMID- 2419394
TI  - Double-enzyme conjugates, producing an intermediate color, for simultaneous and
      direct detection of three different intracellular immunoglobulin determinants
      with only two enzymes.
AB  - A new double-enzyme conjugate was synthesized by coupling alkaline phosphatase
      (AP) to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). After AP (blue) and subsequent HRP (red)
      cytochemistry, this new conjugate produced a stable intermediate-colored (violet)
      product. By coupling this double-enzyme conjugate to an antigen (trinitrophenyl,
      TNP) or an antibody (anti-mouse immunoglobulin G2a), anti-TNP or -IgG2a-producing
      cells could be demonstrated as violet cells in spleen sections. This led to the
      development of a rapid one-step incubation--two-step cytochemical procedure for
      simultaneous detection of three different determinants in a single tissue
      section. To demonstrate this novel triple staining method, we coupled three
      different antigens to, respectively, AP, HRP, and AP-HRP. When spleen sections of
      immunized animals were incubated with a mixture of these three antigen-enzyme
      conjugates, we could distinguish antibody-forming cells against each of these
      three antigens simultaneously as red (HRP), blue (AP), and violet (AP-HRP) cells.
      The simultaneous detection of three different classes of intracellular antibodies
      in a single section also proved to be possible with this method. With this study
      we provide a new direct method for detection of three different intracellular
      immunoglobulins after a one-step incubation and a two-step standard cytochemical
      procedure.

PMID- 2419395
TI  - Filamentous actin in Paramecium cells: mapping by phalloidin affinity labeling in
      vivo and in vitro.
AB  - In living Paramecium cells, microinjected rhodaminyl (R)-phalloidin rapidly
      labels a thin cortical layer. This can be more clearly resolved with
      microinjected and fixed cells (allowing for better resolution) as well as with
      isolated pellicles (surface membrane complexes with trichocysts, microfilaments,
      and mitochondria attached). Labeling of a longitudinal and perpendicular pattern,
      reflecting the relief of the cell surface, and labeling of ciliary basal bodies
      then becomes clearly visible. Other structures labeled by R-phalloidin are the
      surfaces of food vacuoles of different sizes and, although inconsistently, the
      borders of the buccal cavity. Small acidic compartments (as identified by
      acridine orange fluorescence vital staining), probably representing acidosomes
      and small lysosomes, were not labeled. F-actin on food vacuole surfaces may
      somehow be involved in intracellular transport or fusion processes. No labeling
      was observed in association with the osmoregulatory system (contractile vacuoles
      and their ampullae and radial canals). The specificity of in vivo labeling
      obtained was supported by the abolition of R-phalloidin labeling when isolated
      pellicles were pretreated with unlabeled phalloidin or with DNAse I. It was also
      possible to discriminate among different layers of R-phalloidin binding in the
      cortex by detaching different layers of the surface complex from each other.
      Since localization of F-actin in ciliates has raised a considerable amount of
      dispute in the past, we also repeated all these experiments with RITC-labeled
      HMM, but we obtained essentially the same labeling pattern as with R-phalloidin.
      Ciliary basal bodies therefore clearly contain some F-actin. Our data shed some
      light on aspects of surface structuring and motility in these cells.

PMID- 2419396
TI  - Expression of myelin basic protein gene in the developing rat brain as revealed
      by in situ hybridization.
AB  - The developmental program controlling the expression of myelin basic protein
      (MBP) gene was studied in the rat using the technique of in situ hybridization. A
      35S-labeled cDNA clone of mouse MBP encoding an amino acid sequence present in
      all four of the major forms of rodent MBP was used. The probe hybridized to the
      tracts of white matter with different intensities, depending on the age of the
      animal and the region of the brain examined. In the medulla oblongata, maximal
      hybridization was found in 5- and 7-day-old rats and was confined to the
      tectospinal tracts, fibers of the seventh cranial nerve, and the spinocerebellar
      tracts. By 12 days the amount of MBP mRNA had decreased in these areas. In the
      cerebrum, the greatest amount of MBP mRNA was observed in 17-day-old rats in the
      radiations of the corpus callosum. Thereafter, the levels decreased but could
      still be observed in the adult animals. Thus, using this technique, we have been
      able to demonstrate that the level of MBP-specific mRNA correlates closely with
      the development of myelin in different regions of the brain.

PMID- 2419397
TI  - Characterization of hyaluronic acid on tissue sections with hyaluronectin.
AB  - An affinity immunological procedure for hyaluronic acid detection on tissue
      sections is described. This new, sensitive, and specific technique is based on
      the high affinity of hyaluronectin for hyaluronic acid, utilizing anti
      hyaluronectin-hyaluronectin immune complexes. Elimination of binding when the
      reagent was supplemented with hyaluronic acid or when Streptomyces hyaluronidase
      digested tissue sections were used emphasizes the specificity of the assay. This
      technique made possible accurate HA localization in embryonic mesenchyme, in
      neural tissue, in kidney medulla, and in tumors.

PMID- 2419398
TI  - Microimmunoassay permits determination of concentrations in immunohistochemistry
      controls.
AB  - A competition enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (CELIA) can be used to determine
      the amount of antigen needed to immunoabsorb an antiserum. This is demonstrated
      using both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against human amylase. This
      method is of especial value when the tissue is particularly difficult to obtain,
      and especially valuable when CELIA has already been completed.

PMID- 2419399
TI  - Masculinity, femininity, and homosexuality: on the anthropological interpretation
      of sexual meanings in Brazil.
AB  - This essay examines the anthropological interpretation of sexual meanings in
      Brazil as presented in the recent work of Peter Fry. Following Fry's lead, it
      places central emphasis on the study of male homosexuality and sexual ideology,
      suggesting that these cultural domains can be fully understood only when situated
      within the wider context of sexual meanings in Brazil. With this in mind, it
      traces the historical development of a series of analytically distinct, though
      practically interrelated, systems of sexual classification which structure the
      constitution of meaningful sexual identities in Brazilian life.

PMID- 2419400
TI  - Growing yams and men: an interpretation of Kimam male ritualized homosexual
      behavior.
AB  - This paper explores the meaning of Kimam (Irian Jaya) male ritualized homosexual
      behavior by placing the behavior within a broad cultural context. It demonstrates
      that males claim to foster the growth of yams and to make men from boys by
      manipulating the processes of fertilization. One aspect of this manipulation
      involves the transfer of sperm from older males to boys. Exploration of Kimam
      ideas of death and burial rituals suggests that members of one village sector see
      their fertility as under attack by males of the opposite sector. At the
      conclusion of mortuary ceremonies, the two sectors engage in competitive feasts
      in which the successful control of fertility is symbolized by the presentation of
      finished products of male vitality: yams and children, especially boys. The
      analysis indicates that an understanding of homosexual behavior requires that
      attention not be restricted to the sexual behavior itself, but rather include
      various domains of meaning associated with it.

PMID- 2419403
TI  - T cell hybrids with specificity for islet cell antigens.

PMID- 2419402
TI  - The sub-specific differentiation of Escherichia coli with particular reference to
      ecological studies in young animals including man.
AB  - It is possible to differentiate isolates of Escherichia coli using a number of
      techniques including the determination of the serotype, biotype and phage type
      and the profiles for resistance to antibacterial agents and toxic chemicals,
      intracellular enzymes, outer membrane proteins and plasmids and the production of
      enterotoxin and colicines. These methods have been used principally for the study
      of pathogenic E. coli and plasmid-mediated drug resistance. However they can also
      be used successfully for ecological purposes and the application of several of
      these techniques for the study of the ecology of E. coli in healthy young animals
      including man is described.

PMID- 2419404
TI  - Isotype-like suppression of T cell-mediated immunity in vivo. I. Delayed-type
      hypersensitivity specificity of T cell suppression induced by antigen-binding T
      cell factors that initiate contact sensitivity.
AB  - A new form of immunoregulation is described that is based on the recent
      suggestion that the effector phase of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)
      responses consists of a cascade of steps that are dependent on the sequential
      action of two types of antigen-specific Ly-1+ effector cells. According to this
      formulation, which is based on analysis of contact sensitivity (CS) in mice, DTH
      consists of at least two T cell-dependent steps that must occur in sequence. The
      first of these steps occurs within 2 hr of challenge and depends on DTH
      initiating, antigen-binding, antigen-specific T cell factors that sensitize the
      tissues for an obligatory initial vasoactive step, which allows the antigen/major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted, Ly-1+ effector T cells of classic 24
      to 48 hr DTH responses to enter the tissues and produce chemoattractant
      lymphokines. We have now found that nonspecific suppression of CS responses can
      be induced by i.v. injection of these antigen-binding, CS-initiating T cell
      factors. Injection of the antigen-binding T cell factor induces Ly-2+, I-J-,
      cyclophosphamide sensitive, seemingly nonspecific suppressor T cells to inhibit
      initiation of CS responses. These suppressor cells do not affect the late-acting
      lymphokine-producing T cells, but probably act by preventing production of
      antigen-specific factors of the type that are required to initiate DTH responses.
      Furthermore, injection of CS-initiating antigen-binding T cell factors also
      induces suppression of sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-specific DTH, but does not
      affect classic anti-SRBC B cell responses, which are dependent on antigen/MHC
      restricted Ly-1+ helper T cells; skin allograft rejection responses are also not
      affected. Thus, the suppression is DTH-specific. In addition, suppression induced
      by antigen-binding T cell factors is Igh and not MHC/H-2 restricted. These
      findings and data in the companion manuscript showing that these suppressor T
      cells act by production of soluble suppressor factors that bind to antigen
      specific T cell factors of different antigenic specificities, cause us to suggest
      that the antigen-binding T cell factors are T cell isotype-like. Therefore, an
      isotype-like suppression is induced by these factors. This isotype-like
      suppression affects factor-producing cells of various antigenic specificities,
      may be mediated by T cell isotype-binding factors that are Igh restricted and
      block initiation of DTH responses, but does not affect conventional, antigen/MHC
      restricted T cells, which may therefore have antigen receptors of a different
      isotype.

PMID- 2419401
TI  - Escherichia coli in extra-intestinal infections.

PMID- 2419405
TI  - Isotype-like suppression of T cell-mediated immunity in vivo. II. Suppression of
      the early component of contact sensitivity by a Ly-2+ T cell-derived suppressor
      factor that binds to contact sensitivity-initiating, antigen-specific, Ly-1+ T
      cell-derived factors that are of different antigen specificities.
AB  - Recognition that delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions, such as contact
      sensitivity (CS) in mice, are initiated by Ly-1+ T cell-derived, antigen-specific
      factors has led to identification of a new kind of suppressor T cell that
      regulates this initiation phase of CS. Regulation by these suppressor T cells is
      T cell isotype-like in that initiation of DTH of various antigenic specificities
      is suppressed, whereas, Ly-1+ T cells mediating the antigen/major
      histocompatibility complex-restricted, classic delayed phase of CS responses are
      not affected, nor are other T cell activities. This study shows that these
      isotype-specific suppressor T cells probably act by release of soluble, isotype
      specific, suppressor factors. These isotype-specific T cell factors bind to and
      can be eluted from columns linked with antigen-specific Ly-1+ T cell factors that
      initiate CS, and are of different antigen specificities. These T cell regulating,
      anti-isotypic suppressor factors are derived from Lyt-2+ I-J- T cells and
      suppress CS-initiating T cells, but do not affect the delayed-acting T cells of
      CS. This is in contrast with antigen-specific T cell suppressor factors that
      affect the late-acting and not the early-acting T cells of CS. It is suggested
      that the antigen-binding, CS-initiating, T cell factors, and their regulatory,
      anti-isotypic T cell factors are, respectively, T cell analogues of
      immunoglobulin(Ig)E antibody, and IgE-binding factors, that regulate IgE antibody
      production by IgE+ B cells.

PMID- 2419406
TI  - Suppressor T cell circuits in contact sensitivity. III. A monoclonal T cell
      hybrid-derived suppressor factor specifically suppresses local DTH transfer by a
      DNP-specific T cell clone.
AB  - Herein we described the direct suppressive effects of a monoclonal T cell
      hybridoma-derived, DNP-specific suppressor T cell factor (26.10.2 TsF) on the
      local transfer of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) by a DNP-specific BALB/c T
      cell clone (dD1.9). The L3T4+, Lyt-2- dD1.9 T cell clone proliferated in response
      to DNP-OVA and DNBS, but not TNP-OVA or TNBS, in association with I-Ed
      determinants present on antigen-presenting cells. Similarly, local injection of
      histopaque-purified dD1.9 cell blasts resulted in DNP-specific, radioresistant, I
      Ed-restricted, mononuclear cell-rich ear swelling responses. Incubation in
      26.10.2 TsF specifically suppressed local transfer of DNP-specific DTH by dD1.9,
      but not local DTH responses transferred by BALB/c T cell clones specific for TNP
      or GAT. The suppressive effect of 26.10.2 TsF correlated with targeting on DNP
      major histocompatibility complex determinants associated with the DTH T cell
      (TDH) targets. 26.10.2 TsF-mediated suppression was most pronounced after
      exposure of dD1.9 target cells to antigen (after the stimulation phase of the T
      cell clone maintenance procedure), and greatly reduced when dD1.9 was cultured
      for long periods in the absence of DNP (after the rest phase of clone
      maintenance). In additional support of this hypothesis, GAT-specific TDH,
      normally resistant to 26.10.2 TsF-mediated suppression, were rendered susceptible
      to suppression after surface DNPylation. The results demonstrate a direct,
      antigen-specific, effector phase regulatory effect of a monoclonal TsF on a
      cloned, antigen-specific T cell target, and strongly suggest that suppression is
      mediated via targeting on DNP determinants associated with the TDH target.
      Simplification of complex Ts circuitry operating in suppression of the efferent
      limb of DTH by the use of monoclonal TsF and cloned T cell targets should provide
      a basis for the future study of the molecular mechanisms of immune suppression.

PMID- 2419407
TI  - Lectin-dependent and anti-CD3 induced cytotoxicity are preferentially mediated by
      peripheral blood cytotoxic T lymphocytes expressing Leu-7 antigen.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies against the CD3 antigen and certain lectins can induce
      interleukin 2 dependent antigen-specific T cell clones to mediate non-antigen
      specific cytotoxicity. On the basis of this observation, we predicted that it may
      be possible to identify cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in peripheral blood without
      knowing the antigen specificity of these in vivo primed CTL. By using this
      strategy, peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated into low and high-density
      fractions on Percoll gradients and were tested for cytotoxic activity in the
      presence or absence of concanavalin A (Con A) or anti-Leu-4 antibody. Lectin
      dependent cellular cytotoxicity (LDCC) and anti-CD3 induced cytotoxicity against
      both natural killer (NK)-insensitive and NK-sensitive targets were exclusively
      mediated by low-density CD3+ T lymphocytes. Additional studies indicated that low
      density CD3+ T lymphocytes co-expressing Leu-7 antigen preferentially mediated
      this activity, although in some individuals, significant activity was also
      observed in the low-density T cells lacking Leu-7. In contrast, high-density CD3+
      T lymphocytes and CD16+ (Leu-11+) NK cells (both Leu-7 and Leu-7+) did not
      mediate nonantigen-specific cytotoxicity under these conditions. The finding that
      NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity was unaffected by these lectins refutes the
      hypothesis that lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is simply a result of
      effector and target agglutination. T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was both lectin
      and antibody specific. Phytohemagglutinin, Con A, and pokeweed mitogen induced
      cytolytic activity in the Leu-7+ T cells, whereas wheat germ agglutinin did not.
      Of the antibodies against T cell-associated differentiation antigens (anti-Leu
      2,3,4, and 5), only anti-Leu-4 induced cytotoxicity. This anti-CD3-induced
      cytotoxicity was essentially completely inhibited by the presence of anti-LFA-1
      or anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies, implicating these molecules in the triggering
      process. A proportion of the CD3+, Leu-7+ CTL expressed HLA-DR antigens,
      indicating possible in vivo activation. Because previous clinical studies have
      indicated that lymphocytes with this phenotype may be elevated in clinical
      situations associated with immunosuppression and chronic viral infection, this
      unique subset of CD3+ T lymphocytes may represent a population of in vivo primed
      CTL possibly against viral antigens.

PMID- 2419408
TI  - Thymocyte subpopulations during early fetal development in sheep.
AB  - Phenotypic analysis of thymocytes during fetal development may identify
      subpopulations which are either absent or difficult to detect in postnatal
      thymus. A panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for sheep lymphocyte antigens
      (SBU-T1, -T4, -T8, -T6) was used to identify thymocyte subpopulations in
      postnatal and fetal sheep. Thymuses were analyzed by two-color immunofluorescence
      and flow cytometry or by immunohistology. Two-color immunofluorescent staining of
      postnatal sheep thymus with anti-SBU-T4 and anti-SBU-T8 revealed four relatively
      distinct subpopulations with particular localizations: a) SBU-T4-T8-,
      predominantly outer cortex (12%); b) SBU-T4+T8+, inner cortex (74%); c) SBU-T4+T8
      , medulla (10%), and d) SBU-T4-T8+, medulla (4%). One- and two-color
      immunofluorescent analysis of cells from early fetal thymuses demonstrated the
      appearance of SBU-T8+ cells well before SBU-T4+ cells. Immunohistologic staining
      of fetal sheep thymus at various stages of gestation (term = 150 days) revealed
      that lymphoid cells and MHC class II-positive dendritic cells first appeared at
      35 days, at which stage the thymic epithelium was weakly positive for class I MHC
      antigens but negative for class II MHC antigens. The earliest lymphocyte antigens
      detectable on fetal sheep thymocytes were SBU-LCA and SBU-T1. By 40 days, the
      antigens SBU-T6, SBU-T4, and SBU-T8 were detectable on a small number of
      thymocytes; SBU-T8 preceded SBU-T4, and the number of SBU-T8+ thymocytes always
      exceeded the number of SBU-T4+ thymocytes throughout early gestation. At 50 days,
      a thymic medulla appeared and thereafter grew rapidly in size. Immunoperoxidase
      staining of serial sections of the fetal neck revealed cortical-type thymocytes
      outside the thymus from 40 days onward, before the appearance of a thymic
      medulla. However, by 60 days, only medullary-type thymocytes were observed either
      extrathymically or within the interlobular septa of the thymus, indicating that
      only thymocytes with a medullary phenotype leave the thymus from this stage of
      gestation.

PMID- 2419409
TI  - Function of the CD4 and CD8 molecules on human cytotoxic T lymphocytes:
      regulation of T cell triggering.
AB  - The function of the T cell differentiation antigens CD4 (Leu-3/T4) and CD8 (Leu
      2/T8) on human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) is presently seen only in conjugate
      formation between CTL and target cell via class II or class I MHC antigens rather
      than in the later killing steps. In this study, human CD4+ and CD8+ CTL clones
      were used to investigate the effects of monoclonal antibodies against these
      differentiation antigens on nonspecific triggering of cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity
      was induced either by antibodies against the CD3 (T3) antigen or by the lectins
      Con A and PHA. Anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 antibodies specifically inhibited all types
      of cytotoxicity of CD4+ or CD8+ CTL, respectively, regardless of the specificity
      of the CTL for class I or class II HLA antigens and regardless of whether target
      cells expressed class I or class II antigens. These results are incompatible with
      an exclusive role of the CD4 and CD8 molecules in MHC class recognition and are
      discussed with respect to a function as negative signal receptors for these
      molecules on CTL.

PMID- 2419410
TI  - Identification of Ki (Ku, p70/p80) autoantigens and analysis of anti-Ki
      autoantibody reactivity.
AB  - Anti-Ki (Ku, p70/p80) autoantibodies, named after the prototype patient Kikuta by
      Tojo et al., occur in approximately 10% of patients with SLE, often in
      association with anti-Sm autoantibodies. The immunofluorescent staining pattern
      characteristic of anti-Ki antibodies is diffuse speckled nuclear, although some
      substrates show nucleolar staining as well. Anti-Ki sera specifically
      immunoprecipitated two protein antigens, Ki86 (Mr 86,000) and Ki66 (Mr 66,000),
      from radiolabeled cell extracts. The Ki system was found to be immunologically
      identical to the Ku system described by Mimori et al. and the p70/p80 system
      described by Reeves. The Ki primary in vitro translation products were identified
      and proved similar in size to the cellular antigens. The Ki antigens were
      purified from human spleen by immunoaffinity chromatography followed by SDS-PAGE.
      The purified Ki antigens proved to be closely related by amino acid composition,
      and did not appear to be phosphorylated, glycosylated, or associated with RNA.
      The Ki antigens were found to bind to DNA, in agreement with the observations on
      the Ku and p70/p80 antigens. They were found to be widely conserved in mammals
      and were coordinately expressed in all tissues tested. Anti-Ki autoantibodies
      were purified by antigen-affinity chromatography and were tested by
      immunoblotting. The antibodies were classified as class I, II, or III, depending
      on their reactivity with the Ki antigens in immunoblots. Class I antibodies cross
      reacted with both Ki antigens, class II antibodies reacted solely with Ki66, and
      class III antibodies reacted solely with Ki86. These results suggest that at
      least three different epitopes are present on the Ki autoantigens and that
      patients differ in their autoantibody response to each epitope.

PMID- 2419411
TI  - Abnormalities of the in vitro cellular and humoral responses to tetanus and
      influenza antigens with concomitant numerical alterations in lymphocyte subsets
      in Down syndrome (trisomy 21).
AB  - Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from noninstitutionalized individuals with
      trisomy 21, paired with closely age-matched and/or family members as controls,
      were analyzed for different aspects of their cellular and humoral immune
      responses, and were phenotypically characterized by means of various monoclonal
      antibodies. Both the in vitro PBL proliferative and antibody responses to a
      bacterial antigen (tetanus toxoid) and to viral antigens (influenza A/Bangkok and
      B/Singapore) were significantly decreased in trisomy 21. In addition, bacterial
      and viral antigen-induced in vitro interleukin 2 (IL 2) production was markedly
      reduced, although mitogen (PHA)-stimulated IL 2 production was not impaired. The
      functional abnormalities observed in trisomy 21 PBL occur concomitantly with
      numerical alterations in circulating lymphocyte subsets in these same
      individuals. Although no difference was observed between the trisomic and control
      groups in the percentage of total T and B lymphocytes, a decreased level of Leu
      3a + 3b-positive cells (T helper/inducer cells) and an increased level of Leu-2a
      positive cells (T suppressor/cytotoxic cells) that co-expressed Leu-15
      (suppressor alone) were noted.

PMID- 2419412
TI  - Heterogeneity of the first cluster of differentiation: characterization and
      epitopic mapping of three CD1 molecules on normal human thymus cells.
AB  - In humans, the presence of two non-HLA class 1-like molecules, whose expression,
      similar to murine Tla, is restricted to cortical thymocytes, has been shown with
      monoclonal antibodies defining the first cluster of differentiation (CD1). We
      report here with the use of 12 anti-CD1 antibodies and a combination of technical
      approaches, the characterization of a third CD1 molecule. We show that we can
      presently define seven different epitopes on the three CD1 molecules: four
      epitopes are restricted to the 49,000 dalton molecule, two epitopes to the 45,000
      dalton molecule, and one epitope to the 43,000 dalton molecule. We show that the
      association of the newly identified 45,000 dalton heavy chain with human beta2
      microglobulin is weak. In addition we show the presence of a fourth non-HLA class
      I molecular species on the surface of normal human thymus cells.

PMID- 2419413
TI  - Homologous species restriction in lysis of human erythrocytes: a membrane-derived
      protein with C8-binding capacity functions as an inhibitor.
AB  - An intrinsic membrane protein with a m.w. of 65,000 that can bind human C8 has
      been identified after separation of human erythrocyte membrane proteins by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrotransfer to
      nitrocellulose sheets. The protein, tentatively designated as the C8-binding
      protein (C8bp) could be isolated from papain-treated erythrocyte (E) membranes by
      phenol-water extraction and isoelectric focusing. In a functional assay, with
      chicken (ch) E as target cells, C8bp inhibited the lysis of ch E C5b67
      intermediates by human C8 and C9, whereas the lysis by rabbit C8 and C9 was not
      affected. Because the decay accelerating factor (DAF) from human erythrocyte
      membranes also inhibits the activity of C3/C5 convertases in an homologous
      system, we tested whether or not a DAF activity was present in C8bp. C8bp,
      however, did not accelerate the decay of the classic C3 convertases. Thus, it
      appears that C8bp and DAF are two different factors of E membranes with a similar
      molecular size inhibiting different sites of the activation cascade of complement
      while they can function synergistically to minimize the self-inflicted damage by
      complement.

PMID- 2419414
TI  - Membrane factors responsible for homologous species restriction of complement
      mediated lysis: evidence for a factor other than DAF operating at the stage of C8
      and C9.
AB  - Species-restricted lysis of complement refers to the relative inefficiency of
      complement to lyse cells from the homologous species. Restriction occurs at least
      at the steps involving C3/C5 convertase formation and the C9 insertion phase of
      the complement cascade, and is presumed to be mediated by inhibitory factors in
      the target cell membrane. In this study, we have examined whether decay
      accelerating factor (DAF), a membrane protein known to modulate C3/C5 convertase
      activities on cell surfaces, acts as a regulatory protein in species-restricted
      lysis of human erythrocyte (E). The role of DAF was assessed in homologous lysis
      by the classic pathway, in reactive lysis, and in lytic steps requiring C8 and
      C9. The results indicated that DAF participated in regulating C3/C5 deposition on
      the surface of homologous E, but had no effect on homologous restriction in
      reactive lysis and in the reaction of C8 and C9 with antibody-sensitized E C1-7.
      Treatment of E with pronase or with dithiothreitol (DTT) abolished the
      restricting effect of homologous C8/C9, indicating that species-restricted lysis
      by C5b-9 involves membrane factor(s) sensitive to pronase and DTT.

PMID- 2419415
TI  - Functional analysis in vitro and in vivo of Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG
      specific T cell clones.
AB  - Several cloned T cell lines specific for PPD and BCG were obtained. All clones
      were able to secrete lymphokine, i.e., MAF/interferon, upon antigenic
      stimulation. The surface phenotype of all these different clones was Thy-1.2+,
      L3T4+, Lyt-2-, suggesting that these lines belonged to the helper/inducer T cell
      subset. The T cell clones displayed various degrees of helper activity as tested
      in a secondary antibody response in vitro. The capacity of these clones to elicit
      DTH reactions in the presence of antigen and their ability to inhibit
      mycobacterial growth in vivo were tested by transferring locally the different
      clones to normal mice. The clones which exhibited little or no helper activity
      were able to elicit DTH responses, whereas the clone with strong helper activity
      did not. Both types of functionally defined clones had the capacity to inhibit
      the growth of intracellular mycobacteria in vivo.

PMID- 2419416
TI  - Cells with natural killer activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of normal mice and
      athymic nude mice with acute Sindbis virus encephalitis.
AB  - Sindbis virus causes an acute, nonfatal inflammatory encephalitis in weanling
      BALB/c mice. Mononuclear inflammatory cells are present in the cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) as well as in the parenchyma of the brain. Both aspects of this
      inflammatory response were eliminated by treatment with cyclophosphamide. Athymic
      nude (nu/nu) mice developed no inflammation in the brain, but did develop a CSF
      pleocytosis that peaked on day 2 after infection. The time course of the
      appearance of cells in the CSF was earlier in nu/nu mice than their heterozygote
      (nu/+) littermates. The pleocytosis in nu/nu mice reached a peak on day 2,
      whereas in nu/+ mice the peak was on day 4, as it is in normal BALB/c mice. To
      determine whether some of the CSF cells in nu/nu mice may be natural killer (NK)
      cells, NK activity was measured in a 4-hr assay by using a YAC-1 target cell. NK
      cell activity in the spleen and peripheral blood was induced by infection with
      Sindbis virus in nu/nu mice with a similar time course to that of nu/+ mice (peak
      1 day after infection). CSF from nu/nu mice had NK activity present 2 days after
      infection that was greater than that present in either the peripheral blood or
      spleen. BALB/c and nu/+ mice had insufficient cells present for assay at day 2,
      but BALB/c mice had NK activity present in the CSF 3 and 5 days after infection
      that exceeded that in the peripheral blood or spleen. Brain interferon was
      detectable on day 1 in nu/nu mice, but not until day 2 in nu/+ mice even though
      the amounts of brain virus were the same in the two groups at all time points. It
      is concluded that cells with NK activity contribute to the CSF pleocytosis
      induced by acute Sindbis virus encephalitis.

PMID- 2419417
TI  - Synergy between immunotoxins prepared with native ricin A chains and chemically
      modified ricin B chains.
AB  - Ricin B chains treated with chloramine-T in the presence or absence of NaI show a
      100-fold to 200-fold reduction in their ability to bind to the galactose
      containing protein asialofetuin. Such treated B chains do not form covalently
      associated homodimers with treated B chains or heterodimers with native ricin A
      chains. Furthermore, they cannot enhance the toxicity of a ricin A chain
      containing rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin (RAHIg-A) for Daudi cells. However,
      when such B chains are coupled to goat anti-rabbit Ig (GARIg), they potentiate
      the killing of RAHIg-A-treated Daudi cells only slightly less effectively than
      GARIg coupled to native B chains. Furthermore, if GARIg-B chain conjugates are
      treated with chloramine-T after coupling, they fail to bind to asialofetuin but
      enhance the killing of Daudi cells treated with RAHIg-A. These results
      demonstrate that the ability of ricin B chains to bind to galactose and to
      enhance the toxicity of ricin A chains (in the form of an antibody-A chain) can
      be operationally separated. Thus, the two functions of the B chain may reside on
      separate domains of the molecule.

PMID- 2419418
TI  - Regulation of cellular immune response against autologous human melanoma. I.
      Evidence for cell-mediated suppression of in vitro cytotoxic immune response.
AB  - The potential existence of down-regulation of cytotoxic immune response against
      an autologous human melanoma line was investigated as a possible explanation for
      cytotoxic unresponsiveness against the autologous melanoma cells. The melanoma
      cell line, PJ-M, was established and lymph node resident lymphocytes (LNL) were
      isolated from a lymph node which was partially infiltrated with the melanoma
      cells. Autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were sensitized in in vitro
      co-culture (IVC) against radiated PJ-M cells in the presence or absence of PJ-M
      sensitized LNL and enriched suppressor (OKT8+) or inducer (OKT4+) LNL
      populations, and were assayed for cytotoxicity in a 4-hr 51Cr-release
      microcytotoxicity assay. Significant cytotoxic response against PJ-M could be
      generated in the PBL, but not in the LNL. The addition of sensitized,
      unfractionated LNL, OKT8+, or OKT4+ LNL populations abrogated cytotoxic response
      in the PBL against PJ-M. The suppression of cytotoxic response was induced
      selectively against the PJ-M targets, because IVC of PBL in the presence of the
      sensitized LNL did not affect the generation of polyclonal cytotoxic
      alloreactivities, nor did they abrogate the generation of cytotoxic response
      against allogeneic targets in IVC against the corresponding allogeneic targets.
      These results suggest the possibility that cytotoxic immune response against the
      autologous melanoma cells might have been suppressed by the individual's own
      immunoregulatory circuit.

PMID- 2419419
TI  - Regulation of cellular immune response against autologous human melanoma. II.
      Mechanism of induction and specificity of suppression.
AB  - The cytotoxic immune response in the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) against
      an autologous malignant melanoma cell line, PJ-M, was found to be down-regulated
      in in vitro co-culture (IVC) selectively by unfractionated resident lymph node
      lymphocytes (derived from a lymph node infiltrated with the PJ-M melanoma cells)
      and T4+ as well as T8+ fractions of the resident lymph node-derived lymphocytes.
      In this study, the mechanism involved in, and the specificities of, cytotoxic
      immune response in this autologous system were examined at population and clonal
      levels. Resident lymph node lymphocytes were isolated from both involved and
      uninvolved lymph nodes from the same patient. Resident lymphocytes from both
      sources regulated the generation of cytotoxic immune response when both types of
      resident lymph node lymphocytes were further sensitized against the PJ-M cells in
      IVC and were expanded in interleukin 2 (IL 2). An IL 2-dependent homogeneous
      lymphocyte line (I-10:1) bearing the phenotype of a helper T cell (T4+) and a T4+
      clone (I-10.3) of the I-10:1 line, established by limiting dilution culture, also
      down-regulated the generation of cytotoxic immune effector cells in the PBL in
      IVC against the PJ-M targets. The IL 2-dependent T4+ inducer line I-10:1
      generated a functionally differentiated T8+ suppressor population(s) that, in
      turn, could abrogate cytotoxic response in fresh PBL in IVC against PJ-M cells.
      The inducer line I-10:1 and its subclone I-10.3 suppressed the generation of
      cytotoxic effector cells in the PBL in IVC selectively against the autologous PJ
      M cells. Generation of cytotoxic allo-response in IVC was unaffected by the
      inducer lines. These results provide further evidence for the involvement of the
      regulatory network in cytotoxic immune response in an autologous human tumor
      system, and suggest a potential explanation for cytotoxic unresponsiveness
      against autologous melanoma cells.

PMID- 2419420
TI  - Cytotoxic T cell response and thymic hormonal dysfunction in graft-vs-host mice.
AB  - As an approach to dissect complex mechanisms that lead to graft-vs-host (GvH)
      associated immune disorders, we have compared the splenic cytotoxic T lymphocyte
      (CTL) response and thymic hormonal function in nonirradiated F1 hybrid mice
      injected with parental spleen cells. Thymic secretory function was studied by the
      determination of serum thymulin levels, and the number of thymic epithelial cells
      containing thymulin as assessed by indirect immunofluorescence with the use of an
      anti-thymulin monoclonal antibody. In addition, the epithelial cell network was
      analyzed with an anti-keratin serum, and the general histology pattern was
      studied by conventional histologic methods. An initial analysis was performed on
      day 15, which was characterized by CTL suppression mediated by parental
      suppressor T cells. No thymic abnormalities were detected at this time. By day 45
      after GvH induction, active CTL suppression had decreased, and GvH was associated
      with a progressive decline in thymic hormonal function. Finally, by day 60 and
      thereafter, F1 GvH mice recovered normal in vitro CTL responsiveness, which
      contrasted with profound alterations of the epithelial cell network and severely
      reduced serum thymulin levels. This hormonal dysfunction was shown to be directly
      associated with a reduction in the number of thymulin-containing cells. Moreover,
      no anti-thymulin auto-antibodies could be detected. The results are discussed
      with respect to the role of thymic hormonal dysfunction in the modulation of F1
      CTL responses observed during the course of a GvH reaction, and the additional
      analogy of this GvH model with human immunodeficiency.

PMID- 2419421
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies that inhibit activation and proliferation of lymphocytes.
      II. Requisite role of the monoclonal antibody-defined antigen systems in
      activation and proliferation of human and rat lymphocytes.
AB  - A murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb) B3 to rat cells and MoAb HBJ127 and HBJ98 to
      human cells were found previously to recognize the homologous antigen systems
      (gp130 in the rat and gp125 in the human) which are predominantly distributed on
      the cell surface of proliferating cells of the respective species, and the
      expression of the antigen systems in lymphocytes were indicated previously to
      correlate closely with the activation and proliferation of the lymphocytes. In
      this respect, the in vitro effects of these MoAb on the nucleic acid synthesis,
      cell cycles, or proliferation of stimulated rat and human lymphocytes were
      examined by use of T cell-enriched and B cell-enriched cell populations. The
      addition of B3 MoAb to cultures diminished Con A-induced or allogeneic mixed
      lymphocyte culture-induced rat T cell proliferation and lipopolysaccharide
      induced rat B cell proliferation, whereas B31 MoAb, which is unreactive with the
      gp130 antigen, did not inhibit these lymphocyte responses. Similarly, both HBJ127
      and HBJ98 MoAb could inhibit the human lymphocyte proliferation in vitro,
      although HBJ127 MoAb showed about eight times greater inhibitory activity than
      did HBJ98 MoAb; HBJ127 MoAb almost completely inhibited the DNA synthesis of the
      Con A-stimulated lymphocytes at concentrations higher than 13 micrograms/ml. The
      flow cytometric analysis of the cellular nucleic acid contents with acridine
      orange-stained cells showed that when B3 MoAb and Con A were simultaneously added
      to unstimulated rat T cells, progression of the cell cycle was blocked at the G0
      to G1 transition. In this culture condition, the appearance of the B3-defined
      antigen was arrested in a moderate level, as determined with fluorescein-stained
      cells. On the addition of B3 MoAb to the culture of the T cells after 24-hr Con A
      stimulation, the MoAb also strongly inhibited the cellular DNA synthesis, but it
      did not arrest the cell cycle at a certain phase and did not modulate the
      corresponding antigen. These data suggest that the B3 MoAb-defined antigen on the
      rat lymphocytes and the HBJ127/HBJ98 MoAb-defined antigen on the human
      lymphocytes may play some requisite roles not only in lymphocyte activation but
      also in the subsequent progression through the cell cycle to proliferate.

PMID- 2419422
TI  - Two major human allergenic sites on ragweed pollen allergen antigen E identified
      by using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Murine monoclonal antibodies specific for antigen E (AgE), the major allergen
      isolated from short ragweed pollen, have been produced and characterized. These
      monoclonal antibodies, when coupled to Sepharose and used as immunoadsorbents,
      specifically bound AgE when a crude pollen extract was passed through the column.
      Three antigenic sites (A, B, and C) on AgE were identified by using five of these
      monoclonal antibodies in both inhibition and double-bind solid-phase ELISA. These
      three antigenic sites appear to be nonoverlapping and nonrepeated, that is,
      present only once on each AgE molecule. Site C on AgE could readily be bound by
      the monoclonal antibody specific for that site, but only when AgE was in solution
      or "presented" by an anti-site A or anti-site B antibody. Site C appears to be
      only marginally available for binding when AgE is directly adsorbed to polyvinyl
      chloride microtiter wells. The majority of monoclonal antibodies isolated after
      immunization of BALB/c mice were specific for site A on AgE. In addition, the
      binding to AgE of pooled BALB/c polyclonal, hyperimmune antisera against AgE was
      blocked approximately 80% by a monoclonal antibody directed against site A, but
      was only blocked approximately 20% by an anti-site B monoclonal antibody. This
      suggests that site A on AgE is the predominant antigenic site in the BALB/c
      immune response and that site B represents a less dominant site. The binding of
      IgE in pooled human serum from ragweed-allergic individuals is blocked
      approximately 50% by a monoclonal antibody directed to site A on AgE and also
      approximately 50% by a monoclonal antibody directed against site B. A series of
      individual human short ragweed allergic antisera also showed significant,
      although varied, inhibition of IgE binding to AgE by both anti-site A and anti
      site B monoclonal antibodies. Simultaneous addition of anti-site A and anti-site
      B was somewhat additive and inhibited up to 80% of the binding of human IgE
      specific for AgE. The conclusion from these data is that site A and site B
      defined by two murine monoclonal antibodies represent two very major allergenic
      sites in the human response to this molecule.

PMID- 2419423
TI  - Suppression of a pokeweed mitogen-stimulated plaque-forming cell response by a
      human B lymphocyte-derived aggregated IgG-stimulated suppressor factor:
      suppressive B cell factor (SBF).
AB  - The mechanisms whereby formed immune complexes (IC) or immunoglobulin aggregates
      can suppress further antibody production were explored by culturing normal human
      peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBL) with heat-aggregated IgG (HAIgG)
      and collecting the culture supernatants at 24 hr. These supernatants were found
      to suppress a pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced rheumatoid factor plaque-forming
      cell (RF-PFC) response in normal individuals. PWM-induced anti-trinitrophenylated
      sheep red blood cell (TNP-SRBC) PFC were also inhibited by suppressor
      supernatants from HAIgG-stimulated PBL, suggesting that the polyclonal PFC
      response was inhibited by a suppressor factor. The suppressor factor inhibited
      PWM stimulated RF-PFC throughout the culture period, but suppression was maximal
      at the peak of the RF-PFC response. Suppressor factor was only effective at the
      initiation of cultures, suggesting that it inhibited early events in the PWM
      stimulated RF-PFC response. Molecular weight determination of the suppressor
      factor by differential membrane fractionation suggested a m.w. range of 30,000 to
      50,000, and chromatography on Sephadex G-100 showed a peak activity at an
      approximate m.w. of 32,000. Studies suggested the factor was not an interferon.
      Depletion of T lymphocytes by E rosetting and macrophages/monocytes by G-10
      adherence did not affect the generation of suppressor factor. Depletion of T
      lymphocytes (OKT4, OKT8) and NK cells (Leu-11b) by antibody-dependent, complement
      mediated cytotoxicity also did not affect the generation of suppressor factor.
      Depletion of B lymphocytes with OKB7 resulted in the generation of significantly
      less suppressor factor. Suppression produced by unstimulated purified B
      lymphocytes was approximately one-half that seen when B lymphocytes were
      stimulated with HAIgG. Differential membrane fractionation studies suggested that
      only HAIgG-stimulated B cell cultures contained peak activity in the 30,000 to
      50,000 m.w. fraction. Supernatants from unstimulated purified T cells also
      generated suppression, which was approximately one-half of that seen with HAIgG
      stimulated B cells, but no increase in suppressor activity was seen in T cell
      cultures after incubation with HAIgG. These studies demonstrate that HAIgG is
      capable of stimulating B lymphocytes to produce a lymphokine, suppressive B cell
      factor (SBF), which is capable of suppressing a polyclonal PFC response. SBF may
      be important in feedback control of human immunoglobulin production.

PMID- 2419424
TI  - Recognition of the alpha-1 and alpha-2 domains of H-2 molecules by allospecific
      cloned T cells.
AB  - Previously we had shown that allospecific bulk cultures of cytolytic T
      lymphocytes lysed the products of cloned class I major histocompatibility genes
      expressed after DNA-mediated gene transfer. In these experiments, performed by
      using cloned allospecific T cell effectors, a T cell hybridoma, and recombinant
      DNA technology, we have been able to map determinants recognized by these T cell
      clones to the alpha-1 domain of H-2Dd and the alpha-2 domain of H-2Ld (four of
      eight clones). Target cells used were L cells (H-2k), expressing wild type or
      hybrid H-2 antigens of H-2d origin. Thus, for the first time determinants
      recognized by cloned T cells are found in the recombined alpha-1 and alpha-2
      domains.

PMID- 2419425
TI  - Differences between the binding sites of the complement regulatory proteins DAF,
      CR1, and factor H on C3 convertases.
AB  - Binding studies using purified decay-accelerating factor (DAF), CR1, and Factor H
      indicate that the primary interaction of DAF with C3 convertases is with the Bb
      or C2a subunits, whereas CR1 and Factor H interact primarily with the C3b or C4b
      subunits. The ability of soluble DAF, CR1, or Factor H to decay C3b,Bb bound to
      zymosan was inhibited by various concentrations of fluid-phase competitors (C3b,
      Bb, C3b,Bb, C3b,B, C4b, or C4b,C2a) in 0.1% NP-40 at 22 degrees C. The apparent
      association constants (appKa) for DAF were 0.045, 0.067, 0.91, 0.71, 0.00045, and
      0.53 microM-1, respectively. The appKa for CR1 were 0.50, 0.0040, 1, 1, 1, and
      1.1 microM-1, respectively. The appKa for Factor H were 4.3, 0.0005, 2.9, 6.3,
      0.27, and 0.29 microM-1, respectively. Thus, C3b binds to DAF with a 10-fold
      lower affinity than to CR1 and a 100-fold lower affinity than to Factor H. The
      appKa of C3b,Bb for the three proteins were more similar: DAF (0.91 microM-1),
      CR1 (1 microM-1), and Factor H (2.9 microM-1). DAF binds to Bb with a 50% higher
      affinity than to C3b, and to C4b,C2a with a 1000-fold higher affinity than to C4b
      alone. In contrast, CR1 and Factor H bind almost equally well to the C3
      convertases and to their noncatalytic subunits. The affinity of DAF for CVF,Bb
      was similar to its affinity for Bb alone, suggesting that DAF does not recognize
      conformational determinants unique to Bb in C3 convertases.

PMID- 2419426
TI  - Biochemical and phenotypic characterization of human basophilic cells derived
      from dispersed fetal liver with murine T cell factors.
AB  - Metachromatically granulated cells were generated from human fetal liver stem
      cells cultured in heterologous mouse conditioned medium rich in interleukin 3.
      After 2 to 3 wk of culture with biweekly changes of medium and selection of
      nonadherent cells, all cells present in five cultures had cytoplasmic granules,
      and 60 to 95% of the cells stained metachromatically with toluidine blue or with
      alcian blue but not with the safranin counterstain. Ultrastructurally, many
      granules contained fibrillar material or electron-dense cores with fibrils and
      vesicular fragments. In addition, the granules of many cells were filled with
      electron-dense material, which in some cases had a fine structure consisting of
      concentric whorls or a reticular pattern. Analysis of high-affinity IgE receptors
      on the cultured cells by flow cytometry demonstrated a unimodal fluorescence
      pattern, suggesting that most cells were in the basophil or mast cell lineage.
      The cultured cells lacked the lymphoid cell surface determinants B1, B4, T3, and
      T11, the myeloid determinants Mo2 and MY9, the natural killer cell determinant
      901, and Ia histocompatibility antigens, but expressed the myeloid determinant
      MY7. The cells contained 52 ng/10(6) cells of histamine and incorporated
      [35S]sulfate at an average rate of 31,300 cpm/10(6) cells/4 hr into 175,000 m.w.
      chondroitin sulfate A proteoglycans. Upon activation with 1 microM calcium
      ionophore A23187, the cultured cells released 53% of their cell-associated
      histamine and metabolized arachidonic acid to 15.0 ng/10(6) cells of
      immunoreactive leukotriene C4 equivalents, 0.5 ng/10(6) cells of leukotriene B4,
      and 3.1 ng/10(6) cells of prostaglandin D2 (means, n = 3). Thus, stem cells
      present in human fetal liver give rise, as do stem cells in mouse fetal liver, to
      metachromatically granulated cells when cultured in the presence of mouse
      interleukin 3. In both species, the cultured cells bear IgE receptors, lack
      characteristic lymphoid and most myeloid cell surface determinants, and contain
      histamine and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. The human fetal liver-derived
      cells are similar in morphology and T cell factor dependence to basophil-like
      cells derived from umbilical cord blood, but are novel in their capacity to
      generate leukotrienes and prostaglandin D2.

PMID- 2419427
TI  - Characteristics of human basophil sulfidopeptide leukotriene release:
      releasability defined as the ability of the basophil to respond to dimeric cross
      links.
AB  - Human basophils release approximately 90 pmol of LTC4/micrograms histamine when
      challenged with anti-IgE antibody, but donor to donor variation produces a 1000
      fold range of response. There is little conversion to LTC4 to LTE4 in purified
      preparations of basophils, but conversion to LTE4 does occur if cell densities
      are high during incubation. Like histamine release, leukotriene release is
      calcium and temperature dependent and is complete in 20 min, with a t1/2 of
      approximately 8 min. The process of desensitization also ablates leukotriene
      release, but there is a distinct two phase process where leukotriene release is
      enhanced after 5 min of desensitization, whereas histamine release is inhibited
      and total ablation of leukotriene release occurs only after 45 min of
      desensitization. Human basophils respond well to stimulation with covalently
      cross-linked trimeric IgE myeloma but respond poorly to dimeric IgE. This
      differential sensitivity to the two forms of cross-linked IgE is most exaggerated
      in the context of leukotriene release, where dimer is 30-fold less efficacious
      and 100- to 1000-fold less potent than trimer on some donors' basophils. This
      dichotomy of response is also observed in antigen-challenged cells, where the
      bivalent hapten, BPO2, also poorly induces leukotriene release in accord with the
      fact that it predominantly induces dimeric cross-links of penicillin-specific
      IgE. Anti-IgE dose-response curves reveal a region of dimeric cross-link
      dominance that may explain the peculiar differences observed in pharmacologic
      studies of basophil release induced with antigen vs anti-IgE. In addition, there
      is a continuum of "releasability," where some donors' basophils display no
      response (histamine or leukotriene release) to dimeric IgE, and others' basophils
      are essentially equally responsive to both dimeric and trimeric IgE. This
      releasability difference manifests itself by conferring increased sensitivity to
      antigenic challenge in those donors' basophils capable of responding to dimeric
      cross-links such that these donors' basophils are capable of releasing histamine
      upon antigen challenge while possessing only 50 molecules of cell surface antigen
      specific IgE; other dimer-insensitive donors' basophils require 6 to 10-fold
      greater IgE densities for equal histamine release.

PMID- 2419428
TI  - Basophil histamine release induced by a substance from stimulated human
      platelets.
AB  - Platelet activation may occur during immunoglobulin E antibody (IgE)-mediated
      reactions. In these studies, we confirm that platelet-derived supernatants (PDS)
      induce histamine release from human mixed leukocytes containing basophils, one of
      the initial target cells in IgE-mediated reactions. In extending this
      observation, we have shown that this PDS-induced histamine release is both
      temperature- and calcium-dependent. Kinetic studies of release induced by PDS
      indicate that release is more rapid than that associated with IgE-dependent
      mechanisms. This platelet-derived, histamine-releasing activity is produced by
      platelet stimulation with collagen (5 micrograms/ml) and acetylglyceryl ether
      phosphorylcholine (10(-7)), as well as thrombin (1 U/ml). Initial
      characterization has shown that it is stable to acid and to freeze-thawing but
      not to boiling for 10 min. In addition, although this histamine-releasing
      activity is nondialyzable (i.e., greater than 3500 m.w.), it cannot be attributed
      to platelet factor 4. Thus, platelets, once activated, can produce a soluble
      substance or substances which can initiate basophil-mediated reactions, further
      suggesting that platelet activation can enhance allergic and inflammatory
      reactions.

PMID- 2419429
TI  - Protective and nonprotective epitopes of chemically synthesized peptides of the
      NH2-terminal region of type 6 streptococcal M protein.
AB  - The protective immunogenicity of chemically synthesized copies of the NH2
      terminal region of type 6 streptococcal M protein was investigated. Four
      overlapping peptides were synthesized by copying residues 1-20, 10-20, 12-31, and
      22-31. Rabbit antisera raised against whole cells of type 6 streptococci reacted
      at high dilutions (1/12,800 to 1/51,200) with S-M6(1-20) and S-M6(10-20), and at
      low dilutions (1/100-1/800) with S-M6(12-31) and S-M6(22-31), indicating that the
      NH2-terminal region of type 6 M protein bears immunodominant epitopes. When
      covalently linked to tetanus toxoid and emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant,
      the synthetic peptides S-M6(1-20), S-M6(10-20), and S-M6(12-31), but not S-M6(22
      31), evoked type-specific opsonic antibodies against type 6 streptococci.
      Although the immune sera reacted in low dilutions by enzyme linked
      immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) with the heterologous M protein polypeptides pep
      M5, pep M19, and pep M24, they failed to opsonize the streptococci from which
      these M protein polypeptides were derived. Each of the immune sera reacted in
      high dilution by ELISA with the respective immunizing peptides. All except those
      against S-M6(22-31) also reacted with pep M6. None of the immune sera reacted
      with human cardiac tissue by immunofluorescence or with muscle myosin by ELISA.
      The pattern of the inhibition of opsonization by each of the synthetic peptides
      of each of the immune sera indicates the presence of at least three protective
      epitopes in the NH2-terminal region of type 6 M protein. Our results indicate
      that the NH2-terminal region of type 6 M protein contains both protective and
      nonprotective epitopes, and chemically synthesized copies of this region lack
      cardiac tissue cross-reactive epitopes. These studies hold promise for the
      development of safe and effective vaccines against group A streptococci,
      especially against the strains giving rise to rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart
      disease.

PMID- 2419430
TI  - Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of
      lymphokine activities and secreted proteins.
AB  - A panel of antigen-specific mouse helper T cell clones was characterized
      according to patterns of lymphokine activity production, and two types of T cell
      were distinguished. Type 1 T helper cells (TH1) produced IL 2, interferon-gamma,
      GM-CSF, and IL 3 in response to antigen + presenting cells or to Con A, whereas
      type 2 helper T cells (TH2) produced IL 3, BSF1, and two other activities unique
      to the TH2 subset, a mast cell growth factor distinct from IL 3 and a T cell
      growth factor distinct from IL 2. Clones representing each type of T cell were
      characterized, and the pattern of lymphokine activities was consistent within
      each set. The secreted proteins induced by Con A were analyzed by biosynthetic
      labeling and SDS gel electrophoresis, and significant differences were seen
      between the two groups of T cell line. Both types of T cell grew in response to
      alternating cycles of antigen stimulation, followed by growth in IL 2-containing
      medium. Examples of both types of T cell were also specific for or restricted by
      the I region of the MHC, and the surface marker phenotype of the majority of both
      types was Ly-1+, Lyt-2-, L3T4+, Both types of helper T cell could provide help
      for B cells, but the nature of the help differed. TH1 cells were found among
      examples of T cell clones specific for chicken RBC and mouse alloantigens. TH2
      cells were found among clones specific for mouse alloantigens, fowl gamma
      globulin, and KLH. The relationship between these two types of T cells and
      previously described subsets of T helper cells is discussed.

PMID- 2419431
TI  - The role of T cell accessory molecules in the generation of class II-specific
      xenogeneic cytolytic T cells.
AB  - In the generation of allogeneic, hapten-modified and virus-specific cytotoxic T
      cell (CTL) responses there is usually a requirement for T-T interaction between
      the T helper cell (TH) and the precursor CTL (CTL). We have investigated the role
      of a TH signal in the induction of a xenogeneic mouse antihuman CTL response by
      using membranes and liposomes bearing the xenogeneic antigen to stimulate primed
      responders. The TH signal can be achieved by either an Ia-restricted, L3T4+ DR
      specific T cell or by the addition of nonspecific T helper factors(s). This
      signal is delivered to an Lyt-2+, L3T4-DR-specific CTL to generate active
      xenogeneic (xeno-) CTL. The roles of the T cell accessory molecules L3T4, Lyt-2,
      and LFA-1 in the generation of and target cell lysis by xeno-CTL are
      investigated.

PMID- 2419432
TI  - In vitro and in vivo B lymphocyte-activating properties of monoclonal anti-delta
      antibodies. I. Determinants of B lymphocyte-activating properties.
AB  - To appreciate better the mechanisms by which B lymphocytes are activated by anti
      Ig antibodies, we characterized seven monoclonal mouse allo-antibodies to IgD of
      the a allotype for their isotypes, fine specificities, IgD-cross-linking
      abilities, avidities, and abilities to activate B cells in vitro and in vivo.
      Three of the monoclonal antibodies tested bound to the Fc fragment of IgD with
      relatively high avidity and were effective at cross-linking IgD, since they
      precipitated soluble IgD and rapidly capped B cell membrane IgD. These were the
      only antibodies tested that induced B cell DNA synthesis in vitro and were the
      most effective antibodies at inducing in vivo increases in B cell size and DNA
      synthesis and in vitro and in vivo increases in B cell surface Ia expression. Two
      antibodies bound to the Fd fragment of IgD with relatively high avidity but could
      not rapidly cap cell membrane IgD or precipitate soluble IgD even in the presence
      of 2% polyethylene glycol. These high-avidity, poorly cross-linking antibodies
      were unable to stimulate B cell DNA synthesis in vitro and were much less
      effective than the first group of anti-delta antibodies at stimulating in vivo
      increases in B cell DNA synthesis, size, or surface Ia expression or in vitro
      increases in surface Ia expression. One antibody, which bound to the Fc fragment
      of IgD with an intermediate avidity, was unable to rapidly cap B cell membrane
      IgD or precipitate soluble IgD in saline, but could precipitate soluble IgD in
      the presence of 2% polyethylene glycol. This antibody failed to induce B cell DNA
      synthesis in vitro and was as effective as the higher-avidity, poorly cross
      linking antibodies at stimulating increases in B cell size, surface Ia
      expression, and DNA synthesis in vivo, and surface Ia expression in vitro. One
      antibody, which bound to the Fd fragment of IgD with low avidity and was unable
      to precipitate soluble IgD or to cap cell membrane IgD, had little ability to
      activate B cells by any of the parameters studied. Each of the monoclonal anti
      delta antibodies, regardless of isotype or fine specificity, when bound to
      agarose to increase its ability to cross-link IgD, was mitogenic for B cells in
      vitro. None of the monoclonal antibodies to IgD of the a allotype stimulated B
      cells from b allotype mice to increase their size, surface Ia expression, or
      synthesis of DNA in vitro or in vivo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2419433
TI  - C-terminal region of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLVI) p19 core
      protein is immunogenic in humans and contains an HTLVI-specific epitope.
AB  - To study the human host response to viral structural proteins during HTLV type I
      infection, five synthetic peptides matching the N-terminal and C-terminal regions
      of HTLVI p19 core protein were used to identify antigenic sites on p19 that were
      immunogenic in man. In radioimmunoassay and immunoprecipitation experiments,
      antibodies in 16 of 18 HTLVI+ patient sera reacted with a synthetic peptide
      matching the C-terminal 11-amino acid sequence of p19, whereas only two sera
      contained antibodies that reacted with other N- or C-terminal region p19
      synthetic peptides. Polyclonal rabbit antisera to N- and C-terminal peptides
      reacted with a native viral protein of 19,000 daltons and with gag-encoded
      precursors of p19. Six monoclonal antibodies against native viral p19 were
      screened for reactivity to the five synthetic peptides. One of six antibodies
      (13B12) reacted with the C-terminal synthetic peptide of p19. Antibody 13B12 did
      not react with HTLVII or HTLVIII proteins or with HTLVIII-infected cells, nor did
      it cross-react with a wide variety of HTLV-uninfected normal host tissues. Thus,
      the C-terminus of p19 contains an antigen that is highly immunogenic in most
      HTLVI-infected patients and is HTLVI specific.

PMID- 2419434
TI  - Multiple epitopes in a dodecapeptide of myelin basic protein determined by
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Three custom synthesized myelin basic protein (MBP) peptides, bovine peptide 79
      88, human peptide 80-89, and human peptide 82-91, were used to produce four
      murine monoclonal antibodies (MAb) that were selected on the basis of reaction in
      a solid phase radioimmunoassay (SRIA) with human MBP. The MAb were compared with
      respect to antigen specificity against intact MBP and 10 overlapping MBP
      peptides. One MAb recognized an epitope near the amino-terminus of bovine MBP
      peptide 79-88. A second MAb was directed towards an epitope that is more reactive
      in human MBP peptide 45-89 than in intact MBP, but is not recognized in any of
      the small MBP peptides examined. The third MAb detected an epitope near the
      middle of human MBP peptide 80-89, whereas the fourth MAb reacted with the
      carboxyl-terminal portion of human MBP peptide 82-91. Epitopes recognized in SRIA
      were sometimes not detected by the same MAb in a fluid phase double antibody
      radioimmunoassay. These results demonstrate the multiplicity of potential
      epitopes in a dodecapeptide of MBP and do not support the concept of a single,
      dominant epitope in the region of MBP peptide 80-89.

PMID- 2419435
TI  - Immunotherapy for myasthenia gravis: a murine model.
AB  - In vivo therapy with monoclonal antibody (mAb) GK1.5, which recognizes a
      glycoprotein antigen designated L3T4 on murine helper T lymphocytes, either
      prevented or suppressed the development of murine lupus, autoimmune
      encephalomyelitis, and collagen arthritis. The L3T4 antigen in the mouse is
      analogous to the human Leu-3/T4 antigen expressed on helper T lymphocytes,
      because they both participate in the T cell response to class II major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. Class II MHC genes and I-A antigens
      mediate murine experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) induced by
      acetylcholine receptor (AChR) autoimmunity. We studied the efficacy of mAb GK1.5
      as an immunotherapeutic agent for murine EAMG. Therapy with mAb GK1.5 not only
      suppressed established autoimmunity to AChR but also prevented loss of muscle
      AChR in mice with EAMG. Moreover, permanent remission of clinical muscle weakness
      was induced if mAb GK1.5 therapy was initiated after the onset of clinical
      disease. Because the function of the Leu-3/T4 determinant on human helper T
      lymphocytes is analogous to the murine L3T4 determinant, use of antibody to the
      Leu-3/T4 determinant as an immunotherapeutic agent may provide a way to control
      the progression of human MG.

PMID- 2419436
TI  - Histamine-induced suppressor factor inhibition of NK cells: reversal with
      interferon and interleukin 2.
AB  - Culture supernatants of lymphocytes stimulated with 10(-3) to 10(-8) M histamine
      contain histamine-induced soluble suppressor factor (HISSF) that significantly
      inhibits the natural killer (NK) cell functions of allogeneic lymphocytes.
      Lymphocytes precultured with increasing concentrations of HISSF showed a dose
      dependent suppressive effect on their NK activity. HISSF was not cytotoxic itself
      and produced suppressive effects on PBL, NK-enriched large granular lymphocytes
      (LGL), and isolated T cells. Suppression was evident throughout a range of
      effector:target cell ratios. Production of HISSF was specifically blocked by the
      H2 antagonist cimetidine, but not by the H1 antagonist clemastine fumarate.
      Furthermore, H1 and H2 antagonists themselves do not induce production of HISSF.
      Although HISSF could inhibit the cytotoxicity of LGL, LGL themselves do not
      produce HISSF. HISSF inhibition of NK activity could be completely reversed by
      treating effector lymphocytes with recombinant interferon-alpha (IFN) for 1 or 2
      hr or culturing them with purified interleukin 2(IL 2) for 36 hr. Our data
      suggest that exogenous IFN and IL 2 may have therapeutic potential in the
      treatment of immunological diseases associated with histamine-induced suppressor
      cell activity.

PMID- 2419437
TI  - Molecular mapping of a histocompatibility-restricted immunodominant T cell
      epitope with synthetic and natural peptides: implications for T cell antigenic
      structure.
AB  - We have prepared synthetic and natural peptides that have allowed delineation of
      a major antigenic site of myoglobin recognized by histocompatibility (I-Ed)
      restricted T cell clones. The smallest peptide capable of stimulating T cell
      proliferation consisted of residues 136-146. Residues Glu 136, Lys 140, and Lys
      145 were essential for antigenicity, whereas Lys 133 and Tyr 146 added potency
      but were not required for antigenicity. The periodicity of these residues
      suggests that folding the peptide into its native alpha-helical structure may be
      essential for antigenicity either by forming a hydrophilic binding site for the T
      cell receptor or by participating in antigen presentation. The same folding could
      also produce a hydrophobic site on the opposite side of the alpha-helix that
      could participate in hydrophobic interactions. The extrapolation of these
      findings to other known peptide antigens suggests that this tendency to form an
      amphipathic alpha-helix may be a general property of antigenic sites recognized
      by T cells, perhaps due to a different functional role of each type of site in
      eliciting T cell responses.

PMID- 2419438
TI  - Recognition of a hybrid HLA-DP-associated determinant by a human T lymphocyte
      clone.
AB  - Alloreactive, human T cell clones were derived from an HLA-DPw1-specific primed
      lymphocyte typing cell line by limiting dilution. The specificities of the clones
      were analyzed with allogeneic stimulator cells and in family segregation studies.
      One clone, TLC 56.94, recognized some, but not all, DPw1-positive stimulator
      cells and in two families, failed to proliferate in response to stimulatory cells
      from DPw1-homozygous individuals. The simplest explanation for these results is
      that TLC 56.94 recognizes a hybrid alloantigen produced by transcomplementation
      or transassociation between an element of DPw1 and some other gene product.

PMID- 2419439
TI  - Cleaved forms of C-reactive protein are associated with platelet inhibition.
AB  - C-reactive protein (CRP) is the prototypic acute phase reactant and serves
      clinically as a marker of inflammation and tissue destruction. When native CRP
      pentamer was incubated with Streptomyces griseus protease, a newly formed and
      transient ability to inhibit platelet aggregation stimulated by adenosine
      diphosphate or collagen was often elicited early during the course of enzymatic
      digestion. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of
      the digests revealed that platelet inhibitory activity correlated with altered
      electrophoretic mobility and reductions in subunit and pentameric m.w. Minimally
      degraded forms of CRP were also isolated "de novo" from inflammatory fluids and,
      like their enzyme degraded counterparts, inhibited platelet activation.
      Dissociation of degraded CRP with SDS followed by the removal of SDS resulted in
      the separation fragments which inhibited platelet function. We propose that in a
      degradative environment, such as at sites of inflammation/tissue damage or
      through the action of serum proteases, CRP may transitorily down-regulate the
      platelet.

PMID- 2419440
TI  - A monoclonal anti-HEBFPP antibody with specificity for lymphocyte surface
      molecules mediating adhesion to Peyer's patch high endothelium of the rat.
AB  - Cell surface molecules involved in lymphocyte adhesion to high endothelial cell
      venules (HEV) of Peyer's patches (PP) have been studied in the rat by using a
      mouse monoclonal anti-HEBFPP (1B.2) antibody. We previously showed that rat
      thoracic duct lymph contains a high endothelial cell binding factor termed
      HEBFPP, which in vitro blocks lymphocyte binding sites of HEVPP but not HEVLN.
      Monoclonal 1B.2 antibody was produced by fusing P3U1 myeloma cells with spleen
      cells of a mouse immunized with this material. Immunoprecipitation studies with
      125I surface-labeled rat thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) showed that the antibody
      recognized an 80-kilodalton protein. This antigen was present in the majority of
      TDL, spleen, LN, and PP cells but was found on few (5 to 10%) thymus and bone
      marrow cells (indirect immunofluorescence). Treatment of TDL with 1B.2 antibody
      blocked their ability to bind in vitro to HEVPP; antibody treatment did not
      interfere with TDL adhesion to HEVLN. Analysis of 1B.2 antigen isolated from
      lymph and detergent lysates of TDL by antibody-affinity chromatography showed
      that this material had the capacity to block lymphocyte binding sites of HEVPP
      but not HEVLN. In contrast, material with such blocking activity was not isolated
      from detergent lysates of thymocyte, a population deficient in HEV-binding cells.
      The results indicate that the 1B.2 antigen is a component of the lymphocyte
      surface recognition structure mediating adhesion to HEVPP and provide further
      evidence that distinct adhesion molecules of rat TDL mediate interaction with
      high endothelium of LN and PP.

PMID- 2419441
TI  - Idiotypic determinants of monoclonal antibodies that bind to 3
      fucosyllactosamine.
AB  - Many monoclonal antibodies that react with the lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNF III)
      antigenic determinant, Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3)GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc,
      have been described recently. The terminal trisaccharide of this determinant,
      fucosyllactosamine, is present on glycolipids and glycoproteins and on the
      surface of granulocytes, monocytes, and other cells. To study the structural and
      genetic diversity of these antibodies, syngeneic anti-idiotypic monoclonal
      antibodies were produced in BALB/c mice against PMN 6, a monoclonal antibody
      directed against this sequence. Anti-idiotypic antibodies 6B1 and 6C4 reacted
      with 50% of a panel of 20 anti-LNF III monoclonal antibodies, whereas 6A3 reacted
      strongly only with PMN 6. This indicates that the determinants recognized by 6C4
      and 6B1 represent major cross-reactive idiotopes of this family of antibodies.
      The binding of idiotypic antibodies to a glycolipid bearing this antigenic
      determinant was completely inhibited by the three anti-idiotypic antibodies, 6A3,
      6B1, and 6C4. The idiotopes could be demonstrated on the heavy chain of the
      monoclonal antibodies by an antibody transfer technique when mild reducing
      conditions were employed, but a high concentration of reducing agent destroyed
      the idiotypic determinants. This suggests that the anti-idiotypic antibodies
      recognize conformational structures expressed on the heavy chain molecules. The
      binding of 18 monoclonal antibodies to two glycolipid antigens and to a
      fucosyllactosamine-bovine serum albumin conjugate was compared. Antibodies that
      possessed the 6C4 cross-reactive idiotope bound to fucosyllactosamine-bovine
      serum albumin more weakly than idiotype-negative antibodies (p = 0.001). This
      suggests that the 6C4-positive antibodies might represent germline structures.

PMID- 2419442
TI  - Molecular mapping of idiotopes of anti-arsonate antibodies.
AB  - As part of understanding molecular function in structural terms, we have been
      attempting to map the idiotypic topography of specific anti-arsonate (Ars)
      antibodies. A panel of anti-Ars hybridomas of which the complete primary
      sequences are known were used. These molecules show a varied reactivity profile
      with a panel of monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies. By judicious chain
      recombination experiments and chemical modifications that altered this reactivity
      profile, we were able to identify particular amino acid residues or discreet
      regions of anti-Ars antibodies as having crucial roles in the expression of
      idiotypic determinants. Idiotopes were mapped to the heavy chain second
      hypervariable region and D segment, and to the light chain first and third
      hypervariable regions.

PMID- 2419443
TI  - Identification of histamine releasing factor(s) in the late phase of cutaneous
      IgE-mediated reactions.
AB  - We have shown that fluids collected from antigen-challenged skin blisters during
      the late phase reaction cause the release of substantial amounts of histamine
      (means = 42%, n = 14) from human basophils in vitro. Control fluids collected
      either during the immediate phase or from an unchallenged blister released less
      than or equal to 10% histamine from both basophils and lung mast cells. Late
      phase blister fluids induced low levels of histamine release from human lung
      cells (means = 11%, n = 4) that were slightly but not significantly greater than
      levels induced by control blister fluids. The characteristics of basophil release
      were similar to IgE-mediated stimuli in dose dependence, calcium and temperature
      requirements, and kinetics. The IgE dependence of the late phase blister fluid
      was demonstrated by desensitization of the basophils to anti-IgE, which obviated
      the response to anti-IgE and blister fluid but did not affect a non-IgE-mediated
      stimulus. Removal of the cell surface IgE with lactic acid also abolished the
      response to both anti-IgE and late phase blister fluid. Incubation of the
      "stripped" cells with serum containing IgE myeloma restored the response to anti
      IgE but failed to affect response to late phase blister fluid. The
      characteristics of release obtained with this factor closely resemble those of an
      IgE-dependent histamine releasing factor from cultured macrophages previously
      described by our group.

PMID- 2419444
TI  - Human lung macrophage-derived histamine-releasing activity is due to IgE
      dependent factors.
AB  - Human lung macrophages obtained from surgical specimens spontaneously secreted a
      factor(s) (which we term macrophage factor) during 24-hr culture that induced
      calcium-dependent histamine release from human basophils and lung mast cells.
      Macrophage factor induced noncytotoxic histamine release from purified (85%)
      basophils. The kinetics of release were relatively slow and similar to that of
      anti-IgE. We performed a series of experiments to test the IgE dependence of
      macrophage factor-induced release. Preincubation of basophils with anti-IgE in
      calcium-free medium resulted in complete desensitization to macrophage factor
      induced histamine release (i.e., when calcium and macrophage factor were added to
      the basophils, no histamine release occurred), and preincubation with macrophage
      factor in calcium-free medium resulted in partial desensitization to anti-IgE
      induced histamine release. Pretreatment of basophils with pH 3.9 lactic acid
      buffer, which dissociates basophil IgE from its receptors, markedly reduced the
      capacity of basophils to release histamine in response to macrophage factor.
      Basophils that were incubated with IgE myeloma (but not with IgG) after lactic
      acid treatment partially or completely regained their capacity to release
      histamine in response to macrophage factor. Fluid-phase IgE myeloma (15
      micrograms/ml) (but not IgG) inhibited basophil histamine release induced by two
      macrophage-derived supernatants, whereas IgE myeloma (200 micrograms/ml) did not
      inhibit release due to other supernatants. IgE-affinity columns removed the
      histamine-releasing activity of five macrophage-derived supernatants, and IgG
      affinity columns had similar effects. However, neither affinity column removed
      the histamine-releasing activity of three other macrophage-derived supernatants.
      On Sephadex G-75 chromatography, nearly all of the histamine-releasing activity
      migrated as single peak with an apparent m.w. of 18,000. These results suggest
      that, although macrophage factor are heterogeneous, they are related, as they are
      a IgE-dependent factors that induce histamine release by interacting with cell
      surface IgE. These macrophage factors may be responsible for stimulation of
      basophil/mast cell mediator release in chronic allergic reactions.

PMID- 2419445
TI  - Biochemical and immunologic characterization of a major surface antigen of
      Dirofilaria immitis infective larvae.
AB  - A 35 kD major surface antigen of Dirofilaria immitis third-stage larvae was
      characterized biochemically and immunologically. Living larvae were iodinated by
      using Iodo-gen, iodosulfanilic acid, lactoperoxidase-glucose oxidase, and Bolton
      Hunter reagents. Detergent extracts of larvae labeled by the first three methods
      showed one major 35 kD component and a number of smaller components of about 6
      kD, as analyzed by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE. In contrast, extracts from larvae
      labeled with the Bolton-Hunter reagent showed multiple bands on gels. The 35kD
      molecule was shown to be exposed on the larval surface, insofar as it was
      accessible to trypsin-proteolysis on living radiolabeled larvae. Two-dimensional
      gel electrophoresis resolved the 35 kD band into two components: a major one with
      a pI of 3.8, and a minor one of pI 7.3. The lower m.w. bands were resolved into
      about 12 constituents with pI values from 3.5 to 8.0. Of all these surface
      molecules, the only one that was antigenic was the 35 kD component. It could be
      immunoprecipitated with sera from dogs carrying an occult experimental D. immitis
      infection or with sera from dogs immunized with irradiated third-stage larvae of
      this parasite. Similarly, sera from rabbits immunized repeatedly with normal
      unirradiated larvae also precipitated the 35 kD antigen. None of these sera,
      however, contained detectable antibodies to the surface-labeled low m.w.
      molecules. Sera from rabbits immunized with D. immitis adult worms and
      microfilariae precipitated the 35 kD antigen, which is therefore not stage
      specific. In contrast, sera from dogs experimentally infected with Toxocara canis
      and Ancylostoma caninum or with Uncinaria stenocephala (a canine hookworm) did
      not contain antibodies to the 35 kD antigen, but did cross-react with many other
      D. immitis adult and microfilarial antigens. This molecule may therefore be
      species specific. Evidence for glycosylation of the 35 kD molecule was not found:
      it did not bind to peanut, wheat germ, lentil, or Ulex europeus lectins, and its
      electrophoretic mobility was not altered after treatment with endoglycosidase-F
      or mild alkali solutions.

PMID- 2419446
TI  - Bacterial induction of human activated lymphocyte killing and its inhibition by
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
AB  - Peripheral blood lymphocytes were incubated with glutaraldehyde-fixed Salmonella
      bacteria. This resulted in rapid activation of nonspecific cytotoxic potential of
      the lymphocytes. Both originally noncytotoxic, high-density Percoll-fractionated
      cells, and cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cell-enriched low-density cells were
      activated. The induction of originally noncytotoxic cells into activated killer
      (AK) cells was apparently independent of interferon (IFN), whereas the activation
      of the NK cell-enriched fractions also involved IFN production. Neither the AK
      nor NK activity were associated with significant bactericidal activity. The IFN
      independent induction of AK activity was not dependent on the O-antigenic
      polysaccharide part of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the bacterial cell
      surface, because both smooth (S) strains with differing O-antigenic structures (S
      4,12 and S-6,7) and a rough (Re) strain without O-antigen were effective
      inducers. Isolated LPS, and especially alkali-hydrolyzed (O-deacylated,
      detoxified) LPS (ALPS) interfered with the induction of cytotoxicity. At
      concentrations of 10 to 30 micrograms/ml, ALPS totally inhibited the induction of
      AK activity without affecting the endogenous NK activity. Thus contact with
      bacteria can lead to the emergence of AK cells, and a bacterial product can
      effectively block this activation. These phenomena stress the complexity of
      interactions with host defenses that can take place during bacterial infection.

PMID- 2419447
TI  - Enhanced transcription in a pre-B-like cell line transformed with cloned antibody
      genes after antigen-specific stimulation.
AB  - The transducing vector, pSV2-neo, carrying the rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig)
      heavy (mu) and light (kappa) chain genes specific for the hapten 2,4,6
      trinitrophenyl (TNP) was introduced into a pre-B cell line. The transformants
      expressed the TNP-specific IgM receptor on the surface. Furthermore, the addition
      of TNP-bovine serum albumin (hapten-carrier conjugate) to the culture media
      activated the expression of the transferred Ig genes and several endogenous genes
      such as v-abl and beta-tubulin. However, expression of the beta2-microglobulin
      gene was not affected. The results presented in this paper show that transfection
      of cloned Ig genes into B cells is a useful system for establishing monoclonal B
      cell lines expressing functional Ig receptor molecules with defined hapten
      specificity.

PMID- 2419448
TI  - Cationic antigens. Problems associated with measurement by ELISA.
AB  - The measurement of the mouse antibody response to cationized bovine serum albumin
      (cat BSA) and bovine gammaglobulin (cat BGG) was complicated because of the
      unique properties of these antigens. Cat BGG non-specifically bound rabbit anti
      mouse gammaglobulin conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. This was minimized by
      adding the polyanion, heparin. Cat BSA also reacted non-specifically with some
      conjugates, but the reaction with specific antibody was enhanced by the addition
      of the polyanions heparin or dextran sulfate. The non-specific reaction did not
      appear to be related to the concentration of antigen used to coat the plastic
      plates. In addition, in ELISA inhibition experiments high concentration of
      antigens (greater than 100 micrograms/ml) seemed to result in non-specific
      inhibition of the antibody antigen reaction. A proposed model to explain the
      problems is based on the polycationic surface formed by coating the plates with
      the cationized proteins. This cationic surface can be neutralized by polyanions,
      reducing the non-specific and enhancing the specific reactions. It appears that
      other polycationic molecules might share these unique properties and these
      factors must be considered when they are measured.

PMID- 2419449
TI  - Monoclonal anti-histamine antibody. Preparation, characterization and application
      to enzyme immunoassay of histamine.
AB  - An enzyme immunoassay to measure histamine has been developed. A histamine-bovine
      serum albumin conjugate was prepared using 1,4-benzoquinone as the coupling agent
      and was employed to immunize mice for the preparation of monoclonal antibodies
      against histamine. After an initial screening to identify antigen-binding
      monoclonal antibodies the clones were isolated by limiting dilution cloning,
      grown in ascites and antibodies which had been secreted into the ascitic fluid
      were precipitated by ammonium sulphate at 50% saturation. A systematic approach
      for the determination of epitope specificities of monoclonal antibodies was
      performed. It was found that for the most specific antibody the main epitope
      encompassed the 2-histaminyl-1,4-benzoquinone moiety and that the KD value
      determined by indirect ELISA was 1.5 X 10(-8) M for the hapten part of the
      immunogen and 4.6 X 10(-10) M for a histamine-Bq-ovalbumin conjugate. The
      selected monoclonal antibody could not recognize histidine or methyl-histamine.
      Using this antibody, we developed an enzyme immunoassay for histamine and pg
      amounts could be detected. The same assay was used to quantify the allergic
      release of histamine from guinea pig lung mast cells. Results obtained either by
      the present enzyme immunoassay or by a fluorometric assay were closely correlated
      (correlation coefficient r = 0.9702, n = 37).

PMID- 2419450
TI  - Induction of abundant antibody formation with a protein-cellulose complex in
      mice.
AB  - A method is described for immunizing mice with a protein-cellulose complex
      obtained by covalent coupling of antigenic protein molecules to suspended
      cellulose particles. Primary immunization of the animals with the complex led to
      a pronounced immune response persisting for 20-30 days. Subsequent administration
      of the same antigen in a soluble form resulted in extremely active antibody
      formation equal to or better than that induced with Freund's complete adjuvant.
      In BALB/c mice the antibody response was about ten times greater than in the
      C57BL/6 strain.

PMID- 2419451
TI  - Two-site enzyme immunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein involving column
      chromatography.
AB  - We developed a sensitive enzyme immunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein by use of a
      novel separation method. The assay system consisted of goat antibodies labeled
      with beta-D-galactosidase, the same antibodies labeled with F(ab')2 fragments of
      rabbit IgG, and a microcolumn (0.1 ml) containing Sepharose 4B with immobilized
      goat antibodies to rabbit IgG. Each serum sample or standard alpha-fetoprotein
      was incubated with the enzyme-labeled antibodies and the F(ab')2-labeled
      antibodies, then the reaction mixture was passed through the column. alpha
      Fetoprotein, which linked with both the enzyme-labeled antibody and the F(ab')2
      labeled antibody, bound to the antibody to rabbit IgG immobilized on Sepharose 4B
      in the column. The column was washed to remove the unbound label, and the buffer
      in the column was replaced by a solution of omicron-nitrophenyl-beta-D
      galactoside. After 60 min at 30 degrees C, the enzyme reaction was stopped by
      washing the column with sodium carbonate solution. From the absorbance of the
      eluate at 420 nm, alpha-fetoprotein in the sample could be determined. Values
      obtained by this method and those obtained by a radioimmunoassay correlated well
      (slope = 0.989, y-intercept = -0.327 micrograms/l, r = 0.995).

PMID- 2419452
TI  - A solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for the common and subtypic determinants of
      hepatitis B surface antigen with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were raised against the common (a) as well as subtypic
      determinants (d, y, w and r) of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). They were
      applied to subtyping HBsAg by sandwiching it between antibody against a fixed on
      a solid-phase support and antibody against one or other of d, y, w and r, linked
      to horseradish peroxidase. The assay was applied to evaluate antigenic
      specificities of the NIH and Japanese panels composed of 44 sera containing HBsAg
      particles of various subtypes. HBsAg particles of a hybrid subtype, adyr, were
      sandwiched between monoclonal antibody against d and that against y, thereby
      indicating that they possessed both d and y determinants on the selfsame
      particle. The expression of d and y determinants on hybrid HBsAg particles was
      much less than that on ordinary particles of adw, adr, ayw or ayr subtype.

PMID- 2419453
TI  - Determination of antibody-complement mediated cytotoxicity using ATP release
      induced by a monoclonal antibody against the Burkitt lymphoma associated
      globotriaosylceramide antigen.
AB  - The kinetics of ATP release from Burkitt lymphoma target cells following
      complement activation by rat monoclonal IgM antibody have been used to develop a
      standard assay for antibody-complement mediated cytotoxicity. This assay
      permitted the study of the reactivity of the monoclonal IgM with Burkitt and non
      Burkitt cell lines and to perform IgM-complement mediated cytotoxicity inhibition
      experiments with oligosaccharides. This led to a precise definition of the
      antigenic determinant recognized by the monoclonal IgM on globotriaosylceramide.

PMID- 2419454
TI  - Bacterial capsule--old dogmas and new tricks.

PMID- 2419455
TI  - The pathogenesis of slow virus infections: molecular analyses.
AB  - Slow infections raise some novel issues in understanding the pathogenesis of
      viral diseases that have been increasingly addressed at the molecular level with
      in situ hybridization. These developments are reviewed as the framework for
      discussion of the realized and potential impact of these investigations for major
      neurological afflictions of humans and for AIDS.

PMID- 2419456
TI  - [Gated blood pool imaging in the diagnosis and management of arrhythmia].
AB  - The usefulness of multigated cardiac blood pool imaging in evaluating left
      ventricular function and ventricular activation was studied in patients with
      cardiac arrhythmias. Subjects consisted of 12 patients with the Wolff-Parkinson
      White (WPW) syndrome; 20 with ventricular premature contractions (VPC); 21 with
      various modes of artificial pacemakers; and two normal controls. Phase analysis
      was useful in localizing the bypass tract in patients with the WPW syndrome. In
      four patients with the WPW syndrome and five with VVI pacing, the phase
      difference between the posterolateral wall of the left ventricle (LV) and the
      right ventricular apex correlated significantly with the activation time
      difference between these two regions as assessed by endocardial electrograms (r =
      0.94, p less than 0.001). Images of VPC were obtained using the bad beat
      rejection program in an ADAC computer system. The origin of VPCs evaluated by
      phase image coincided with results of standard 12-lead electrograms. It was in
      the right ventricle in four patients, the LV in one, and probably in the
      interventricular septum in one. The LV ejection fraction (LVEF) decreased
      significantly (p less than 0.001) after the injection of lidocaine (-3.7%) or
      disopyramide (-6.2%). The percent reduction in LVEF was significantly greater
      with disopyramide than with lidocaine (-15.1 vs -11.2%). The plasma concentration
      of disopyramide was higher in four patients with organic heart diseases than in
      11 without. There was a significant correlation between the percent reduction in
      LVEF and the disopyramide plasma concentrations (r = -0.62, p less than 0.001).
      The influence of the pacing mode and exercise on LV function was studied in 21
      patients with artificial pacemakers. In the VDD and DDD modes, end-diastolic
      volume (EDV) and cardiac output (CO) decreased after converting to VVI mode. CO
      increased markedly to approximately 250% of the control value in the VDD and DDD,
      and moderately in the VVI and AAI modes during ergometer exercise. In conclusion,
      multigated cardiac pool imaging is considered useful in diagnosing and managing
      patients with cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 2419457
TI  - [Ventricular activation sequence estimated by body surface isochrone map].
AB  - This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of the body surface isochrone
      map (VAT map) for identifying the ventricular activation sequence, and it was
      correlated with the isopotential map. Subjects consisted of 42 normal healthy
      adults, 18 patients with artificial ventricular pacemakers, and 100 patients with
      ventricular premature beats (VPB). The sites of pacemaker implantations were the
      right ventricular endocardial apex (nine cases), right ventricular epicardial
      apex (five cases), right ventricular inflow tract (one case), left ventricular
      epicardial apex (one case), and posterior base of the left ventricle via the
      coronary sinus (two cases). An isopotential map was recorded by the mapper HPM
      6500 (Chunichi-Denshi Co.) on the basis of an 87 unipolar lead ECG, and a VAT
      isochrone map was drawn by a minicomputer. The normal VAT map was classified by
      type according to alignment of isochrone lines, and their frequency was 57.1% for
      type A, 16.7% for type B, and 26.2% for type C. In the VAT map of ventricular
      pacing, the body surface area of initial isochrone lines represented well the
      sites of pacemaker stimuli. In the VAT map of VPB, the sites of origin of VPB
      agreed well with those as determined by the previous study using an isopotential
      map. The density of the isochrone lines suggested the mode of conduction via the
      specialized conduction system or ventricular muscle. The VAT map is a very useful
      diagnostic method to predict the ventricular activation sequence more directly in
      a single sheet of the map.

PMID- 2419458
TI  - Regulation of hydrocortisone binding sites by hydrocortisone in human bone marrow
      fibroblasts.
AB  - The incubation of human bone marrow fibroblasts with hydrocortisone (10(-7) M)
      produces a time-dependent depletion of hydrocortisone-binding sites. This effect
      is glucocorticoid-specific, since glucocorticoid agonists cause depletion to the
      same extent as hydrocortisone. After withdrawal of the hormone from the
      incubation medium, cells are able to replenish their complement of receptor. The
      existence of this down-regulation process may represent a protective mechanism
      against the partial proliferative inhibitory action of glucocorticoids for bone
      marrow fibroblasts and also a stimulus for differentiation to adipocytes.

PMID- 2419459
TI  - Anterior cervical discectomy--a basis for planning nursing care.
AB  - Anterior cervical discectomy with or without fusion may be necessary to alleviate
      the symptoms of cervical disc syndrome when conservative management fails.
      Nursing care of these patients is important in ensuring optimum recovery and
      restoring function. In this article, a review of the pathophysiology precedes
      consideration of assessment parameters and diagnostic testing. Conservative
      management is discussed. Preoperative care and the surgical procedure itself are
      described. The role of the nurse in the postoperative period is emphasized.

PMID- 2419460
TI  - [The immune response following open-heart surgery--lymphocyte analysis by means
      of monoclonal antibody staining].

PMID- 2419461
TI  - [A successful surgical correction of isolated right ventricular hypoplasia with a
      large atrial septal defect after 3 conservative shunt operations].

PMID- 2419462
TI  - The combined use of transluminal angioplasty and selective clot lysis.
AB  - 14 cases of transluminal angioplasty and selective clot lysis are reported. One
      patient removed the catheter before successful lysis and one lost his leg after
      an almost complete lysis due to advanced necrosis. Treatment was successful in
      the other 12 cases with complete or partial thrombolysis. Remaining clots were
      either smashed by catheter and/or successfully treated by oral fibrinolytic
      therapy. The injected dose of streptokinase was 5,000 U/h after an initial dose
      of 20,000 U in one hand injection. The duration of infusions was 6-72 hours. A
      total dose of 60,000-520,000 U streptokinase was adopted. Intraarterial infusion
      therapy was followed by long-term low-grade fibrinolytic treatment with oral
      penthosan polysulphate. Four bleedings at the puncture site, one epistaxis and a
      bleeding at the site of a recently extracted tooth were seen. Only one infusion
      was stopped due to moderate bleeding and without any drawback.

PMID- 2419463
TI  - [TBG, TSH and thyroid hormones in fetus].
AB  - In this study, we measured cord serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3),
      reverse T3 (rT3), thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) and thyroid-stimulating
      hormone (TSH) in 37 fetuses (29-42 gestational weeks). The mean cord serum TBG
      was 18.2 +/- 3.2 mg/dl (mean +/- S.E., n = 37) and there was no correlation
      between cord serum TBG levels and gestational weeks. The cord serum T3 levels
      increased with advancing gestational weeks. On the other hand, cord serum rT3
      levels decreased with advancing gestational weeks. There was a significant
      positive correlation between the TBG and T4 levels after 32 gestational weeks (n
      = 34, r = 0.545, p less than 0.001), and between the TBG and T3 levels (n = 36, r
      = 0.65, p less than 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between
      the TBG and T3 levels after 37 gestational weeks (n = 24, r = 0.43, p less than
      0.05). The cord serum TSH levels had a significant difference (p less than 0.05)
      between preterm fetus (n = 11, 12.8 +/- 2.2 mU/ml, mean +/- S.E.) and term fetus
      (n = 25, 8.2 +/- 0.8 mU/ml). The T4/TSH ratio in the preterm fetus (0.65 +/-
      0.01) was significantly smaller (p less than 0.001) than that of term fetus (1.60
      +/- 0.16). These results suggest that thyroid hormones are closely related with
      TBG in fetus and the sensitivity of the thyroid gland to TSH may increase with
      advancing gestational weeks.

PMID- 2419464
TI  - [Application of serum type III procollagen peptide level in the diagnosis of lung
      fibrosis developed during bleomycin treatment in cancer patients].

PMID- 2419465
TI  - [Histological effects of cis-platinum-peplomycin induction chemotherapy for head
      and neck carcinomas].

PMID- 2419466
TI  - Acinic cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity: electron-optic and immunohistochemical
      observations.
AB  - The fourth example of an acinic cell carcinoma arising in the sinonasal tract is
      presented. Because of its unusual and atypical histologic appearance, correct
      diagnosis required electron microscopic analysis and the demonstration of
      intracellular amylase by immunohistochemical stains.

PMID- 2419467
TI  - Effects of selenium in vitro on human T-lymphocyte functions and K-562 tumor cell
      growth.
AB  - In vitro E-rosette formation, lymphocyte mitogenesis, and natural killer (NK)
      cell activity of human blood lymphocytes were strongly inhibited by high
      concentrations (10(-4) M) of sodium selenite, sodium selenate, and selenium
      dioxide. Lower concentrations (10(-5) or 10(-7) M) also inhibited E-rosette
      formation and natural killer cell activity against K-562 tumor cells. Lymphocyte
      transformation induced by concanavalin A (con A) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was
      also inhibited by all selenium compounds tested, but only at the highest
      concentrations (10(-5) and 10(-4) M). There was depression of the total number of
      viable lymphocytes following incubation with selenium dioxide only at a high
      concentration (10(-4) M). Interferon production was enhanced at lower levels (10(
      9) to 10(-6)M) of selenium dioxide while a higher concentration (10(-5) and 10(
      4)M) appeared to inhibit its production. The mechanism of inhibition by selenium
      compounds (10(-4) M) is due, in part, to the decrease of viable lymphocytes. It
      is unclear how other and lower concentrations (10(-7) or 10(-9) M) of selenium
      compounds inhibit E-rosette formation, NK activity, or K-562 tumor cell growth.

PMID- 2419468
TI  - Application of ruthenium red staining to the histochemical demonstration of mast
      cells in semi-thin sections embedded in glycol methacrylate, Quetol 523 and
      methyl methacrylate.

PMID- 2419469
TI  - Utilization of cytoplasmic poly(A)+RNA for protein synthesis in preimplantation
      mouse embryos.
AB  - The distribution of cytoplasmic poly(A)+RNA between subribosomal (less than 80S)
      and ribosomal/polysomal (greater than or equal to 80S) ribonucleoprotein
      particles has been investigated in mouse morulae and blastocysts. After labelling
      for 24h with [5,6-3H]uridine, late morulae (96h post-hCG), early blastocysts
      (100h post-hCG), or late blastocysts (120h post-hCG) were homogenized in
      detergent buffer, and 11 000g supernatants were prepared and centrifuged through
      15-40% sucrose gradients. Poly(A)+RNA was isolated from the appropriate gradient
      fractions by affinity chromatography. In late morulae beginning to undergo
      cavitation, poly(A)+RNA was evenly distributed between the two types of RNP
      particles whereas it was almost entirely in the ribosomal/polysomal fraction in
      early and late blastocysts. The sedimentation profile (in 5-20% sucrose
      gradients) of poly(A)+RNA from the ribosomal/polysomal fraction of late morulae
      and blastocysts was the same, with a range of 4S to greater than 28S and a modal
      peak slightly smaller than 18S. Roughly 75% of this RNA was judged to be
      functional mRNA based on the EDTA sensitivity of the RNP particles containing it.
      Poly(A)+RNA from the subribosomal fraction of late morulae displayed a similar
      range of sedimentation values, but was enriched for a component sedimenting at 6
      7S. These results demonstrate that the subcellular distribution of poly(A)+RNA
      shifts as cavitation begins, with the decline of the non-translating,
      subribosomal fraction. Although most of this fraction in late morulae is probably
      too small to constitute translatable mRNA, the remainder may represent a reserve
      available for recruitment into polyribosomes to support blastocyst expansion.
      Since little non-translating mRNA exists in blastocysts, the increasing rate of
      protein synthesis during blastocyst expansion must be driven by mRNA accumulation
      and/or stabilization.

PMID- 2419470
TI  - T cell stimulation via the erythrocyte receptor. Synergism between monoclonal
      antibodies and phorbol myristate acetate without changes of free cytoplasmic Ca++
      levels.
AB  - We observed that certain E-receptor antibodies (CD2 antibodies) can induce
      proliferation of resting human T cells in the presence of PMA, while other CD2
      antibodies fail to have such an effect. The same CD2 antibodies that were
      mitogenic in the presence of PMA (9.6, X11, VIT13), but not the nonreactive ones,
      were also able to induce T cell proliferation via the so-called alternative
      pathway of T cell activation, i.e., when added pairwise in certain combinations
      to T cells in the absence of PMA. While the simultaneous addition of two
      comitogenic CD2 antibodies (9.6 or X11 plus VIT13) or the addition of a single
      nonmitogenic CD3 antibody (VIT3) led to a clearcut elevation of intracellular
      Ca++ levels, no such effect could be observed after the addition of one CD2
      antibody alone. Even in the presence of PMA, one comitogenic CD2 antibody alone
      was unable to trigger a significant Ca++ response, although this combination
      induced a proliferative response. These data indicate that, distinguishable by
      their influence on free cytoplasmic Ca++, there are two different mechanisms of T
      cell activation via CD2. While simultaneous triggering with two antibodies leads
      to cell proliferation preceded by an increase of Ca++ levels, stimulation with
      one antibody plus PMA results in proliferation without a measurable early Ca++
      response. We conclude that T cells treated by certain CD2 antibodies alone
      already recognize an activation signal probably unrelated to Ca++ homeostasis, a
      signal that can further be developed by PMA to result in a completely developed
      proliferative response.

PMID- 2419471
TI  - I-A-restricted T cell antigen recognition. Analysis of the roles of A alpha and A
      beta using DNA-mediated gene transfer.
AB  - The contributions of A alpha and A beta chains, and of subregions of A beta, to
      Ia-restricted recognition of antigen by Th lymphocytes were analyzed using a
      panel of L cells transfected with various pairs of A alpha b,d, or k genes and
      recombinant or wild-type A beta b,d, or k genes. The A beta genes included all
      possible exchanges of the whole NH2-terminal (beta 1) domain or halves of the
      beta 1 domain among these three allelic A beta genes. The Ia+ L cells derived
      from such transfections were used as antigen-presenting cells with a 21 member
      panel of responding Ia-restricted T hybridoma cells of differing nominal antigen
      specificity and Ia-restriction. Special care was taken to account for
      quantitative variation in levels of Ia expression throughout the experiments. The
      results of this analysis reveal that (a) only 2 of the 21 Th cells recognized Ia
      molecules involving either a nonparental A alpha or a nonparental A beta chain,
      and in both cases the degeneracy extended to only one of the two other alleles
      tested. This suggests that allele specific contributions from both A alpha and A
      beta chains are important in restricted recognition for most, if not all I-A
      restricted Th cells. (b) In no case did substitution of the A beta 2 domain from
      either of the alternative haplotypes lead to any functionally detectable effects,
      demonstrating that polymorphisms in the A beta 1 domain can entirely account for
      the restriction imposed on Th cell responses by the entire A beta chain. (c) For
      90% of the cells tested, replacement of the NH2-terminal portion of the beta 1
      domain with an allogeneic segment led to Ia molecules unable to elicit Th
      responses. Furthermore, of all the cells permissive of the substitution of one or
      other half of the beta 1 domain, only two permitted the substitution of sequence
      from both alternative haplotypes. Taken together, these data strongly suggest
      that antigen recognition by most, if not all, I-A-restricted Th cells involves
      contributions from both halves of the A beta 1 domain. These data suggest that
      the role of I-A molecules in restricted Th cell recognition of antigen depends on
      conformational determinants unique to a particular combination of polymorphic
      alpha and beta chains, and that multiple such sites exist on a single Ia
      molecule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2419472
TI  - Contrasting effect of alpha/beta- and gamma-interferons on expression of
      macrophage Ia antigens.
AB  - IFN-gamma is known to induce the expression of Ia antigens on macrophages. We
      found that murine IFN-alpha and -beta blocked the effects of IFN-gamma in a dose
      dependent manner. The antagonistic effect of IFN-alpha and -beta was observed
      even when macrophages were prestimulated with IFN-gamma. These inhibitory effects
      of IFN-alpha or -beta were blocked by their respective antibodies. The block
      exerted by IFN-alpha/beta was similar whether Ia levels were monitored by
      immunofluorescence with anti-Ia mAb, or by stimulation of freshly sensitized,
      alloreactive T lymphoblasts. Adherent macrophage-rich populations from newborn
      mice were incapable of expressing Ia antigens following stimulation with IFN
      gamma, and would inhibit the response of adult macrophages to this lymphokine.
      Addition of anti-IFN-beta mAb, but not anti-IFN-alpha allowed newborns'
      macrophages to express Ia in response to IFN-gamma, and ablated the suppressive
      activity toward adult cells. These results indicate that IFN-alpha and -beta,
      which can be produced in the course of self-defense responses and during
      ontogeny, may contribute to the down-regulation of macrophage Ia expression.

PMID- 2419473
TI  - Expression and function of a nonglycosylated major histocompatibility class I
      antigen.
AB  - The major histocompatibility class I antigens, expressed in most somatic cells,
      have carbohydrate moieties. We constructed mutant mouse MHC class I genes in
      which codons for the N-linked glycosylation sites were replaced by those of other
      amino acids. L cell transformants expressing the nonglycosylated class I antigens
      allowed us to investigate biological roles of carbohydrates with the highest
      specificity possible. The nonglycosylated antigen was unchanged in its overall
      serological specificities, and was recognized by alloreactive cytotoxic T cells.
      Further, the antigen was capable of mediating cytotoxic activity of vesicular
      stomatitis virus-specific T cells. These studies indicate that carbohydrates are
      not essential for immunological function of the MHC class I antigens. Cell
      surface expression of the nonglycosylated antigen was markedly reduced as
      compared with the native antigen, which was not attributable to accelerated
      degradation or rapid shedding. We conclude that the primary role of carbohydrates
      of the class I antigens is to facilitate the intracellular transport of the
      nascent proteins to the plasma membrane. The possible involvement of carbohydrate
      receptor interactions in this process is discussed.

PMID- 2419475
TI  - Ventricular ectopy.

PMID- 2419474
TI  - Lymphokine and nonlymphokine mRNA levels in stimulated human T cells. Kinetics,
      mitogen requirements, and effects of cyclosporin A.
AB  - Northern and dot blotting with a panel of DNA probes were used to monitor the
      levels of specific mRNAs in mitogen-stimulated human T cells. The induction of IL
      2 and IFN mRNAs required the synergistic action of PMA and either PHA or OKT3
      mAb. In contrast, several nonlymphokine genes, the protooncogenes c-fos and c
      myc, and the IL-2-R gene, were induced by either PHA or PMA alone. PHA increased
      the background levels of a 70 kD heat shock protein mRNA, but did not affect the
      observed background of c-myb mRNA. For all mRNAs that were induced, isolated CD4
      and CD8 T cell subsets behaved similarly. Exogenous IL-2 had little (IFN) or no
      (IL-2) effect on lymphokine mRNAs, but significantly increased c-myc, IL-2-R and
      heat shock protein mRNAs. Therefore, the stimuli for lymphokine mRNAs differed
      from those required for several inducible nonlymphokine genes. IL-2 and IFN mRNAs
      exhibited some important similarities with c-myc, however. The levels of IL-2,
      IFN, and c-myc mRNA followed similar kinetics, peaking at 3 h in restimulated
      blasts and at 12 h in unstimulated T cells. The subsequent downregulation of
      lymphokine and c-myc mRNAs was retarded by cycloheximide. The induction of IL-2,
      IFN, and c-myc mRNAs was blocked by the immunosuppressive drug CsA, but not by
      the inactive analog CsH, and this block occurred at the level of nuclear
      transcription. Since the exogenous stimuli for lymphokine and c-myc gene
      expression differ, we suggest that intracellular controls must be shared to
      account for the similarities in their kinetics of expression and CsA sensitivity.

PMID- 2419476
TI  - Stimulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation in the intact and
      regenerating planarian Dugesia(G) tigrina by the neuropeptide substance P.
AB  - The neuropeptide substance P (SP) is shown to be a potent mitogen for intact and
      regenerating planarians. At nanomolar concentrations, SP markedly enhances
      cellular proliferation causing an increase in the mitotic index and in the number
      of blastema cells. Moreover, albeit to a lower extent, SP enhances cellular
      differentiation as shown by the increases in eye and pharynx length in
      regenerating organisms. On the basis of these observations, we hypothesize that
      SP may be one of the postulated growth factors necessary for the stimulation of
      proliferation, and to a lesser extent differentiation of cells in intact and
      regenerating planarians.

PMID- 2419477
TI  - Laser therapy of primary lung cancer.

PMID- 2419478
TI  - Kinetics of veratridine action on Na channels of skeletal muscle.
AB  - Veratridine bath-applied to frog muscle makes inactivation of INa incomplete
      during a depolarizing voltage-clamp pulse and leads to a persistent veratridine
      induced Na tail current. During repetitive depolarizations, the size of
      successive tail currents grows to a plateau and then gradually decreases. When
      pulsing is stopped, the tail current declines to zero with a time constant of
      approximately 3 s. Higher rates of stimulation result in a faster build-up of the
      tail current and a larger maximum value. I propose that veratridine binds only to
      open channels and, when bound, prevents normal fast inactivation and rapid
      shutting of the channel on return to rest. Veratridine-modified channels are also
      subject to a "slow" inactivation during long depolarizations or extended pulse
      trains. At rest, veratridine unbinds with a time constant of approximately 3 s.
      Three tests confirm these hypotheses: (a) the time course of the development of
      veratridine-induced tail currents parallels a running time integral of gNa during
      the pulse; (b) inactivating prepulses reduce the ability to evoke tails, and the
      voltage dependence of this reduction parallels the voltage dependence of h
      infinity; (c) chloramine-T, N-bromoacetamide, and scorpion toxin, agents that
      decrease inactivation in Na channels, each greatly enhance the tail currents and
      alter the time course of the appearance of the tails as predicted by the
      hypothesis. Veratridine-modified channels shut during hyperpolarizations from -90
      mV and reopen on repolarization to -90 mV, a process that resembles normal
      activation gating. Veratridine appears to bind more rapidly during larger
      depolarizations.

PMID- 2419479
TI  - Properties of two types of calcium channels in clonal pituitary cells.
AB  - The calcium currents of GH3 cells have been studied using the whole cell variant
      of the patch-clamp technique. Under conditions that eliminate sodium and
      potassium currents, we observed inward currents that activated within a few
      milliseconds, and deactivated with two time constants, approximately 150
      microseconds and 3 ms at -80 mV, 18-20 degrees C. The components are called FD
      and SD (fast deactivating and slow deactivating). Both components are calcium
      currents, and are greatly reduced when magnesium is substituted for most of the
      calcium in the bath. In addition to (a) their different rates of deactivation,
      the two components differ in a number of other properties. (b) The SD component
      inactivates almost completely, with a time constant of 23 ms at 20 mV, 19 degrees
      C. The FD component, on the other hand, shows little or no sign of inactivation,
      and is almost the same in amplitude from 10 to 100 ms. The components thus seem
      quite independent of each other, and must arise from two independent sets of
      channels. (c) The FD channels activate more rapidly than SD at 20 mV, by a factor
      of approximately 2 as is shown in several ways. (d) In 10 Ca or 10 Ba, the
      activation curve for SD channels is approximately 20 mV more negative than for FD
      or Na channels. (e) FD channels conduct barium ions more effectively than calcium
      by a ratio of approximately 2. (f) FD channels "wash out" within minutes after
      the patch electrode breaks into a cell, whereas SD channel current remains
      relatively stable. It is argued that SD channels, because of their negative
      activation threshold, are involved in electrical events near threshold, and that
      FD channels are best suited for calcium injection once a spike has been
      initiated.

PMID- 2419480
TI  - Voltage-dependent gating of veratridine-modified Na channels.
AB  - Na channels of frog muscle fibers treated with 100 microM veratridine became
      transiently modified after a train of repetitive depolarizations. They open and
      close reversibly with a gating process whose midpoint lies 93 mV more negative
      than the midpoint of normal activation gating and whose time course shows no
      appreciable delay in the opening or closing kinetics but still requires more than
      two kinetic states. Like normal activation, the voltage dependence of the
      modified gating can be shifted by changing the bathing Ca2+ concentration. The
      instantaneous current-voltage relation of veratridine-modified channels is curved
      at potentials negative to -90 mV, as if external Ca ions produced a voltage
      dependent block but also permeated. Modified channels probably carry less current
      than normal ones. When the concentration of veratridine is varied between 5 and
      100 microM, the initial rate of modification during a pulse train is directly
      proportional to the concentration, while the rate of recovery from modification
      after the train is unaffected. These are the properties expected if drug binding
      and modification of channels can be equated. Hyperpolarizations that close
      modified channels slow unbinding. Allethrin and DDT also modify channels. They
      bind and unbind far faster than veratridine does, and their binding requires open
      channels.

PMID- 2419481
TI  - Ion channels activated by light in Limulus ventral photoreceptors.
AB  - The light-activated conductance of Limulus ventral photoreceptors was studied
      using the patch-clamp technique. Channels (40 pS) were observed whose probability
      of opening was greatly increased by light. In some cells the latency of channel
      activation was nearly the same as that of the macroscopic response, while in
      other cells the channel latency was much greater. Like the macroscopic
      conductance, channel activity was reduced by light adaptation but enhanced by the
      intracellular injection of the calcium chelator EGTA. The latter observation
      indicates that channel activation was not a secondary result of the light-induced
      rise in intracellular calcium. A two-microelectrode voltage-clamp method was used
      to measure the voltage dependence of the light-activated macroscopic conductance.
      It was found that this conductance is constant over a wide voltage range more
      negative than zero, but it increases markedly at positive voltages. The single
      channel currents measured over this same voltage range show that the single
      channel conductance is independent of voltage, but that channel gating properties
      are dependent on voltage. Both the mean channel open time and the opening rate
      increase at positive voltages. These properties change in a manner consistent
      with the voltage dependence of the macroscopic conductance. The broad range of
      similarities between the macroscopic and single channel currents supports the
      conclusion that the 40-pS channel that we have observed is the principal channel
      underlying the response to light in these photoreceptors.

PMID- 2419482
TI  - Interactions of divalent cations with single calcium channels from rat brain
      synaptosomes.
AB  - Voltage-dependent calcium channels from a rat brain membrane preparation
      ("synaptosomes") were incorporated into planar lipid bilayers. The effects of
      calcium, barium, strontium, manganese, and cadmium ions on the amplitudes and
      kinetics of single channel currents were examined. The order of single channel
      conductances was gBa greater than gSr greater than gMn, which was the inverse of
      the order of the mean channel open times: TMn greater than TCa = TSr greater than
      TBa. In contrast, the identity of the charge carrier had little or no effect on
      the mean closed times of the channel. Manganese, in the absence of other permeant
      ions, can pass through single channels (gMn = 4 pS). However, when added to a
      solution that contained another type of permeant divalent cation, manganese
      reduced the single channel current in a voltage-dependent manner. Cadmium, a
      potent blocker of macroscopic "ensemble" calcium currents in many preparations,
      reduced the current through an open channel in a manner consistent with Cd ions
      both not being measurably permeant and interacting with a single site. The
      permeant ions competed with cadmium for this site with the following order: Mn
      greater than Sr = Ca greater than Ba. These results are consistent with the
      existence of no less than one divalent cation binding site in the channel that
      regulates ion permeation.

PMID- 2419483
TI  - Relationship between force and intracellular [Ca2+] in tetanized mammalian heart
      muscle.
AB  - To determine features of the steady state [Ca2+]-tension relationship in intact
      heart, we measured steady force and intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) in tetanized
      ferret papillary muscles. [Ca2+]i was estimated from the luminescence emitted by
      muscles that had been microinjected with aequorin, a Ca2+-sensitive,
      bioluminescent protein. We found that by raising extracellular [Ca2+] and/or by
      exposing muscles to the Ca2+ channel agonist Bay K 8644, tension development
      could be varied from rest to an apparently saturating level, at which increases
      in [Ca2+]i produced no further rise in force. 95% of maximal Ca2+-activated force
      was reached at a [Ca2+]i of 0.85 +/- 0.06 microM (mean +/- SEM; n = 7), which
      suggests that the sensitivity of the myofilaments to [Ca2+]i is far greater than
      anticipated from studies of skinned heart preparations (or from previous studies
      using Ca2+-sensitive microelectrodes in intact heart). Our finding that maximal
      force was reached by approximately 1 microM also allowed us to calculate that the
      steady state [Ca2+]i-tension relationship, as it might be observed in intact
      muscle, should be steep (Hill coefficient of greater than 4), which is consistent
      with the Hill coefficient estimated from the entire [Ca2+]i-tension relationship
      derived from families of variably activated tetani (6.08 +/- 0.68; n = 7).
      Finally, with regard to whether steady state measurements can be applied directly
      toward understanding physiological contractions, we found that the relation
      between steady force and [Ca2+]i obtained during tetani was steeper than that
      between peak force and peak [Ca2+]i observed during physiological twitches.

PMID- 2419484
TI  - Ca2+ dependence of transverse tubule-mediated calcium release in skinned skeletal
      muscle fibers.
AB  - Isometric force and 45Ca efflux from the sarcoplasmic reticulum were measured at
      19 degrees C in frog skeletal muscle fibers skinned by microdissection. After
      Ca2+ loading, application of the ionophores monensin, an Na+(K+)/H+ exchanger, or
      gramicidin D, an H+ greater than K+ greater than Na+ channel-former, evoked rapid
      force development and stimulated release of approximately 30% of the accumulated
      45Ca within 1 min, whereas CCCP (carbonyl cyanide pyruvate p
      trichloromethoxyphenylhydrazone), a protonophore, and valinomycin, a neutral, K+
      specific ionophore, did not. When monensin was present in all bathing solutions,
      i.e., before and during Ca2+ loading, subsequent application failed to elicit
      force development and to stimulate 45Ca efflux. 5 min pretreatment of the skinned
      fibers with 50 microM digitoxin, a permeant glycoside that specifically inhibits
      the Na+,K+ pump, inhibited monensin and gramicidin D stimulation of 45Ca efflux;
      similar pretreatment with 100 microM ouabain, an impermeant glycoside, was
      ineffective. Monensin stimulation of 45Ca efflux was abolished by brief
      pretreatment with 5 mM EGTA, which chelates myofilament-space calcium. These
      results suggest that: monensin and gramicidin D stimulate Ca2+ release from the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum that is mediated by depolarization of the transverse
      tubules, which seal off after sarcolemma removal and form closed compartments; a
      transverse tubule membrane potential (myofilament space-negative) is maintained
      and/or established by the operation of the Na+,K+ pump in the transverse tubule
      membranes and is sensitive to the permeant inhibitor digitoxin; the transverse
      tubule-mediated stimulation of 45Ca efflux appears to be entirely Ca2+ dependent.

PMID- 2419485
TI  - Calcium-gated calcium channels in sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit skinned
      skeletal muscle fibers.
AB  - The action of ruthenium red (RR) on Ca2+ loading by and Ca2+ release from the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of chemically skinned skeletal muscle fibers of the
      rabbit was investigated. Ca2+ loading, in the presence of the precipitating anion
      pyrophosphate, was monitored by a light-scattering method. Ca2+ release was
      indirectly measured by following tension development evoked by caffeine.
      Stimulation of the Ca2+ loading rate by 5 microM RR was dependent on free Ca2+,
      being maximal at pCa 5.56. Isometric force development induced by 5 mM caffeine
      was reversibly antagonized by RR. IC50 for the rate of tension rise was 0.5
      microM; that for the extent of tension was 4 microM. RR slightly shifted the
      steady state isometric force/pCa curve toward lower pCa values. At 5 microM RR,
      the pCa required for half-maximal force was 0.2 log units lower than that of the
      control, and maximal force was depressed by approximately 16%. These results
      suggest that RR inhibited Ca2+ release from the SR and stimulated Ca2+ loading
      into the SR by closing Ca2+-gated Ca2+ channels. Previous studies on isolated SR
      have indicated the selective presence of such channels in junctional terminal
      cisternae.

PMID- 2419486
TI  - Two modes of gating during late Na+ channel currents in frog sartorius muscle.
AB  - Na+ currents were measured during 0.4-s depolarizing pulses using the cell
      attached variation of the patch-clamp technique. Patches on Cs-dialyzed segments
      of sartorius muscle of Rana pipiens contained an estimated 25-500 Na+ channels.
      Three distinct types of current were observed after the pulse onset: a large
      initial surge of inward current that decayed within 10 ms (early currents), a
      steady "drizzle" of isolated, brief, inward unitary currents (background
      currents), and occasional "cloudbursts" of tens to hundreds of sequential unitary
      inward currents (bursts). Average late currents (background plus bursts) were
      0.12% of peak early current amplitude at -20 mV. 85% of the late currents were
      carried by bursting channels. The unit current amplitude was the same for all
      three types of current, with a conductance of 10.5 pS and a reversal potential of
      +74 mV. The magnitudes of the three current components were correlated from patch
      to patch, and all were eliminated by slow inactivation. We conclude that all
      three components were due to Na+ channel activity. The mean open time of the
      background currents was approximately 0.25 ms, and the channels averaged 1.2
      openings for each event. Neither the open time nor the number of openings of
      background currents was strongly sensitive to membrane potential. We estimated
      that background openings occurred at a rate of 0.25 Hz for each channel. Bursts
      occurred once each 2,000 pulses for each channel (assuming identical channels).
      The open time during bursts increased with depolarization to 1-2 ms at -20 mV,
      whereas the closed time decreased to less than 20 ms. The fractional open time
      during bursts was fitted with m infinity 3 using standard Na+ channel models. We
      conclude that background currents are caused by a return of normal Na+ channels
      from inactivation, while bursts are instances where the channel's inactivation
      gate spontaneously loses its function for prolonged periods.

PMID- 2419487
TI  - Trimethyloxonium modification of single batrachotoxin-activated sodium channels
      in planar bilayers. Changes in unit conductance and in block by saxitoxin and
      calcium.
AB  - Single batrachotoxin-activated sodium channels from rat brain were modified by
      trimethyloxonium (TMO) after incorporation in planar lipid bilayers. TMO
      modification eliminated saxitoxin (STX) sensitivity, reduced the single channel
      conductance by 37%, and reduced calcium block of inward sodium currents. These
      effects always occurred concomitantly, in an all-or-none fashion. Calcium and STX
      protected sodium channels from TMO modification with potencies similar to their
      affinities for block. Calcium inhibited STX binding to rat brain membrane
      vesicles and relieved toxin block of channels in bilayers, apparently by
      competing with STX for the toxin binding site. These results suggest that toxins,
      permeant cations, and blocking cations can interact with a common site on the
      sodium channel near the extracellular surface. It is likely that permeant cations
      transiently bind to this superficial site, as the first of several steps in
      passing inward through the channel.

PMID- 2419488
TI  - Detection of antiviral antibodies with predetermined specificity using synthetic
      peptide--beta-lactamase conjugates: application to antibodies specific for the
      preS region of the hepatitis B virus envelope proteins.
AB  - Amino acid sequences coded for by the preS region of the hepatitis B virus (HBV)
      envelope gene are present both in HBV and in subviral hepatitis B surface antigen
      (HBsAg) particles. Consequently, anti-preS-specific antibodies are elicited
      during the course of HBV infection. Such antibodies are virus-neutralizing.
      Therefore, it is important to determine whether or not vaccination with HBsAg
      also induces an anti-preS-specific immune response. We describe here an enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay applicable for the screening of sera from vaccinated
      individuals for anti-preS antibodies. IgG from serum specimens was adsorbed to
      staphylococcal Protein A on a superparamagnetic support and subsequently mixed
      with a synthetic peptide analogue [preS(120-145)] covalently linked to beta
      lactamase. The presence of anti-preS in serum specimens resulted in binding of
      the conjugated beta-lactamase to the magnetic support. The adsorbed enzyme was
      quantified colorimetrically.

PMID- 2419489
TI  - Prolongation of scrapie incubation period by an injection of dextran sulphate 500
      within the month before or after infection.
AB  - A single intraperitoneal injection of 250 micrograms dextran sulphate 500 (DS500)
      reduced the susceptibility of mice to scrapie given by the same route. A lower
      dose (25 micrograms) was less effective but still produced significant incubation
      period lengthening, while a high dose (2.5 mg) further increased the degree of
      prolongation. This reduced susceptibility occurred with DS500 administered up to
      at least 4 weeks prior to intraperitoneal scrapie inoculation and up to at least
      2 weeks after scrapie inoculation. A reduced average effect, but more variable
      between mice, was obtained with DS500 given 1 month or 2 months after scrapie.
      The effective scrapie titre was reduced by 90% when DS500 was injected either 72
      h before or 7 h after ME7 scrapie. Using a relatively lower but normally still
      fatal dose of the 22A strain of scrapie approximately 50% of the treated mice
      survived. The effective 90% loss of titre was consistent with either of these
      strains of scrapie in 11 different inbred strains of mice (BALB/c, BSC, BRVR,
      C3H, C57BL, IM, LM, MM, RIII, VL and VM). No significant increase in the
      prolongation effect was obtained using multiple DS500 doses in two different time
      combinations. DS500 causes long-term interference in both the early processing
      and the replication of scrapie agent, unlike those immunomodulators which
      increase susceptibility.

PMID- 2419490
TI  - In vitro and in vivo properties of the virus causing natural canine distemper
      encephalitis.
AB  - A group of dogs with naturally occurring canine distemper developed prodromal
      systemic symptoms followed by neurological disorders. The post-infection courses
      of these diseases lasted approximately 2 months. A varying degree of
      demyelination and inclusion body formation was found mostly in the cerebella of
      virologically confirmed cases with little or no inflammatory response. The
      distribution of canine distemper virus antigen coincided with the
      histopathological lesions. The animals had moderate to high neutralizing titres
      to the virus in their sera and a low level of interferon-like activity in their
      cerebrospinal fluids. Isolation of viruses was most successful by the
      cocultivation method for brain specimens, but was possible by the direct method
      using lung homogenates. In infected Vero cells, the isolates derived from brain
      caused the formation of distinct plaques consisting of multinucleate giant cells,
      but the isolates from lung induced a cytopathic effect mainly consisting of cell
      rounding which eventually spread throughout the culture. The former infection
      produced less extracellular virus than the latter. The synthesis of the viral
      surface proteins H and F, and of M, was markedly reduced compared with that of
      the internal viral proteins such as NP, P and L. The SDS-PAGE migration pattern
      of the P protein varied from case to case, but was similar when isolates from
      different tissues of the same case were compared. In the affected tissues, the
      amount of viral polypeptides decreased markedly relative to that of the NP and
      there was also an absolute decrease compared to their abundance in Vero cells.
      This decrease was more obvious in the brain than in the lung. The relevance of
      these results is discussed.

PMID- 2419491
TI  - Analysis of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein using monoclonal and
      polyclonal antibodies.
AB  - At least four distinct epitopes are described on the respiratory syncytial virus
      fusion protein (VP70) using 13 monoclonal antibodies in solid-phase competitive
      binding studies. Two, and possibly three, fusion-inhibiting epitopes, one non
      fusion-inhibiting neutralizing epitope, and one non-neutralizing epitope are
      described. All but the latter site demonstrated partial overlap, suggesting
      possible topographical proximity of these epitopes. Polyclonal rabbit sera to
      VP70, which neutralized virus but did not inhibit fusion of infected cells,
      blocked the binding of all fusion-inhibiting monoclonal antibodies to VP70 in the
      solid-phase assay but did not inhibit their effect in vitro. Western blot
      analysis of these monoclonal antibodies demonstrates that one fusion-inhibiting
      epitope is localized on the 48K fragment of VP70 and is resistant to denaturation
      by heat, 2-mercaptoethanol and SDS.

PMID- 2419492
TI  - The detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal aspirates:
      assessment, formulation, and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies as a diagnostic
      reagent.
AB  - Comparisons were made between standard methods of cell culture, indirect
      immunofluorescence (IF) using hyperimmune respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
      antiserum, and indirect IF using mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against
      various epitopes of RSV for the detection of RSV in nasopharyngeal aspirates. The
      monoclonal antibodies were used singly and in pools of different specificities
      which in turn were tested in both direct and indirect IF. In a preliminary study,
      aspirates from 227 infants were examined for RSV by standard methods. The results
      were compared with the detection of RSV in these aspirates using nine separate
      monoclonal antibodies and a pool consisting of five monoclonal antibodies.
      Respiratory syncytial virus was detected in 64 (28%) by cell culture, in 68 (30%)
      by indirect IF using bovine polyclonal antibody (BPA), and in 75 (33%) by
      indirect IF using the monoclonal antibody pool. The nine individual monoclonal
      antibodies when tested separately were less sensitive, detecting between 8 and
      77% of all aspirates found to be positive by culture. After statistical analysis
      of the results obtained in the preliminary study, a refined monoclonal antibody
      pool was prepared and in a further study was tested by both direct and indirect
      IF in parallel with our two standard methods. Slides prepared from 303
      nasopharyngeal aspirates collected between 1981 and 1984 and either tested the
      same day or stored at -20 degrees C were used to evaluate these reagents. Overall
      agreement between the four tests was found in 274 (90%) specimens. Cell culture
      detected RSV in 68 (22%) specimens, indirect IF with BPA in 67 (22%), indirect IF
      with monoclonal antibody in 72 (24%), and direct IF with monoclonal antibody in
      79 (26%). The pool of monoclonal antibodies used in direct or indirect IF was
      thus more sensitive than our standard methods for the detection of RSV in
      nasopharyngeal aspirates, and direct IF tests could be completed in 40 minutes.

PMID- 2419493
TI  - Heterogeneity of rat neurofilament polypeptides revealed by a monoclonal
      antibody.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody obtained from mice immunized with a crude neurofilament
      preparation from newborn rat brain revealed the existence of heterogeneity of the
      200,000- and 150,000-dalton neurofilament polypeptides. On immunoblot the
      monoclonal antibody iC8 reacted with both the 200,000- and 150,000-dalton
      components in the CNS, but only with the 150,000-dalton polypeptide in sciatic
      nerve preparations. In addition, the 150,000-dalton polypeptide appeared as a
      single band in the sciatic nerve, whereas in the CNS a doublet was labeled by
      iC8. In contrast a second monoclonal antibody (3H5) reacted with the 200,000
      dalton peptide and a single 150,000-dalton component in both the central and
      peripheral nervous system preparations. The differences revealed by iC8 were
      probably not due to phosphorylation, as the pattern of antibody binding in
      immunoblots was not changed by pretreatment with alkaline phosphatase. The
      findings suggest that different isoforms of neurofilament polypeptides are
      present in the nervous system.

PMID- 2419494
TI  - Regional and subcellular distribution of Thy-1 in human brain assayed by a solid
      phase radioimmunoassay.
AB  - A solid-phase radioimmunoassay, specific for the monomeric form of human Thy-1,
      was developed and used for quantitation of the Thy-1 antigen in human brain
      tissue. Determination of Thy-1 in homogenates of 12 anatomically defined brain
      regions showed that Thy-1 is present throughout the human brain. However,
      significant variation was found in the expression of the glycoprotein in
      different regions. Thy-1 appears to be generally enriched within gray matter:
      caudate nucleus, cerebral cortex, and putamen were found to contain the highest
      Thy-1 concentration (approximately 2.5 micrograms Thy-1/mg protein).
      Interestingly, the cerebellar cortex contained only 25% of the Thy-1
      concentration of cerebral gray matter. Cerebral subcortical white matter
      contained half the amount of Thy-1 compared to cerebral cortex. Determination of
      Thy-1 in subcellular fractions prepared from human brain biopsy tissue indicated
      that the highest relative concentration of Thy-1 is associated with synaptosomal
      membranes and myelin/axonal membrane fractions.

PMID- 2419495
TI  - Changes in some myelin protein markers and in cytoskeletal components during
      Wallerian degeneration of mouse sciatic nerve.
AB  - After transection of the mouse sciatic nerve, the sequence of events occurring in
      the distal degenerating segment was followed by the biochemical changes related
      to the cytoskeletal components and to the myelin protein markers. The components
      of the intermediate filaments and of the microtubules undergo early changes.
      Within 3 days, the neurofilament triplet and the peripherin disappear whereas
      many peptides bearing the antigenic determinant common to all classes of
      intermediate filaments accumulate. Several of them persist after 1 month. The
      tubulin pattern changes from a high level of microheterogeneity--reflecting
      mostly the axonal contribution--to a lower level displayed by the predominant
      Schwann cells. A decrease in the amount of the myelin markers is also observed.
      However, a month after transection, immunoreactive basic protein is still present
      in the degenerated segment homogenate.

PMID- 2419496
TI  - Posttranslational protein modification by amino acid addition in regenerating
      optic nerves of goldfish.
AB  - Previous experiments have demonstrated that 4S RNA, (tRNA), is transported
      axonally during the reconnection and maturation of regenerating optic nerves of
      goldfish. The present experiments were performed to determine if tRNA is
      transported axonally during elongation of these regenerating nerves and whether,
      as has been demonstrated in other systems, it participates in posttranslational
      protein modification (PTPM). [3H]Uridine was injected into both eyes of fish with
      intact optic nerves and 0, 2, 4, or 8 days after bilateral optic nerve cut. Fish
      were killed 2 days after injection, and [3H]RNA was isolated from retinae and
      nerves by phenol extraction and ethanol precipitation. [3H]RNA was fractionated
      by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Although
      the percentage of [3H]4S RNA remained constant in all retinal and control nerve
      samples, regenerating nerves showed a twofold increase by 6 days after injury,
      suggesting that [3H]4S RNA is transported axonally in regenerating nerves as
      early as 6 days after injury. In other experiments, the 150,000-g supernatant of
      optic nerves was analyzed for incorporation of 3H-amino acids into proteins. No
      incorporation of 3H-amino acid was found in the soluble supernatant, but when the
      supernatant was passed through a Sephacryl S-200 column (removing molecules less
      than 20,000 daltons), [3H]Arg, [3H]Lys, and [3H]Leu were incorporated into
      proteins. This posttranslational addition of amino acids was greater (1.4-5 times
      for Lys and 2-13 times for Leu) in regenerating optic nerves than nonregenerating
      nerves, and the growing tips of regenerating nerves incorporated 5-15 times more
      [3H]Lys and [3H]Leu into proteins than did the shafts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2419497
TI  - Monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism and locomotor activity during chemical
      hypoxia.
AB  - The effects of hypoxia on metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT or serotonin)
      and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (DA or dopamine) were compared with those on
      open-field activity in male CD-1 mice. Chemical hypoxia was induced with NaNO2.
      Hypoxia did not alter striatal concentrations of DA, 5HT, Trp, Tyr, 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid, or homovanillic acid. However, NaNO2 (75 mg/kg) reduced
      the rates of conversion of [3H]Tyr to [3H]DA (-41%) and [3H]Trp to [3H]5-HT (
      39%). Hypoxia also reduced dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels (-27%) and
      DOPAC/DA ratios (-20%). Open-field behavior, as measured in an automated activity
      monitor, decreased in a dose-dependent fashion with 75-150 mg/kg of NaNO2 (-35 to
      -90%). Comparison with previous studies suggests that the syntheses of dopamine,
      serotonin, and the amino acids are equally vulnerable to hypoxic insults but may
      be less sensitive than the synthesis of acetylcholine.

PMID- 2419498
TI  - Identification and characterization of neuron-specific and developmentally
      regulated gene transcripts in the chick embryo spinal cord.
AB  - Clones corresponding to neuron-specific and developmentally regulated messenger
      RNA species in the chick have been isolated from a complementary DNA library
      prepared using polyadenylated RNA from 7-day embryonic spinal cord. The library
      was initially screened by differential complementary DNA hybridization procedures
      for clones identifying polyadenylated RNAs present in embryonic spinal cord but
      absent from or at low abundance in liver tissue. A high proportion of selected
      recombinant plasmids were found to identify different RNA species which, although
      present in 14-day embryonic spinal cord, could not be detected in a corresponding
      region of the developing chick CNS that is devoid of neuronal cell bodies, the
      optic nerve. The neuron-specific assignment of these mRNAs within the developing
      neuroectoderm was confirmed using bulk-isolated neuronal and glial-enriched cell
      fractions from 7-day embryonic spinal cord. In addition, several distinctive
      patterns of developmentally regulated expression of neuron-specific messenger RNA
      species have been observed in the chick spinal cord. The studies lay a foundation
      for detailed examination of the regional and temporal distribution and control of
      neuronal gene expression in the chick spinal cord during embryogenesis.

PMID- 2419499
TI  - Antibodies recognising the GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor including its regulatory
      sites.
AB  - Polyclonal antibodies have been raised against the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor
      purified to homogeneity from bovine cerebral cortex in deoxycholate and Triton X
      100 media. Radioimmunoassay was applied to measure specific antibody production
      using the 125I-labelled gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/benzodiazepine receptor as
      antigen. The antibodies specifically immunoprecipitated the binding sites for
      [3H]muscimol and for [3H]flunitrazepam from purified preparations. In addition,
      when a 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio] 1-propanesulphonate (CHAPS) extract
      of bovine brain membranes was treated with the antibodies, those sites as well as
      the [3H]propyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate binding, the [35S]t
      butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding (TBPS), the barbiturate-enhanced
      [3H]flunitrazepam binding, and the GABA-enhanced [3H]flunitrazepam binding were
      all removed together into the immunoprecipitate. Western blot experiments showed
      that these antibodies recognise the alpha-subunit of the purified
      GABA/benzodiazepine receptor. These results further support the existence in the
      brain of a single protein, the GABAA receptor, containing a set of regulatory
      binding sites for benzodiazepines and chloride channel modulators.

PMID- 2419500
TI  - Content of quinolinic acid and of other tryptophan metabolites increases in brain
      regions of rats used as experimental models of hepatic encephalopathy.
AB  - The content of the tryptophan metabolites quinolinic acid (QUIN), 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was measured in
      various brain areas of rats bearing a portocaval anastomosis (PCA) for 4 weeks,
      using mass fragmentography or HPLC. In these animals, the content of the
      excitotoxic compound QUIN increased by 75% in the cortex and 125% in the
      cerebellum. The content of 5-HT increased by 27% in the brainstem. No changes
      occurred in other brain areas. On the other hand, the content of 5-HIAA increased
      by 66% in the cortex, 65% in the caudate, 64% in the hippocampus, 120% in the
      diencephalon, and 185% in the brainstem. Probenecid administration caused a
      larger increase of 5-HIAA accumulation in various brain areas of PCA-bearing rats
      than in those of sham-operated controls. The cortical content of QUIN and 5-HIAA
      increased after administration of ammonium acetate (7 mmol/kg), whereas an
      equimolar amount of sodium acetate was inactive. These results confirm that
      profound changes in the disposition of tryptophan occur in the brains of
      experimental animals used as models of hepatic encephalopathy. Furthermore, this
      study adds the excitotoxic compound QUIN to the list of molecules possibly
      involved in the pathogenesis of this brain disorder.

PMID- 2419501
TI  - 62K proteins constitute the major neurofilament proteins in the frog optic nerve.
AB  - The frog optic nerve contains a major group of proteins at a molecular weight of
      62K. These proteins are insoluble in nonionic detergents, reactive with a general
      antibody to intermediate filament proteins, and not labeled by ex vivo
      incubations of optic nerve. They were therefore considered neurofilament
      proteins. Axonal transport and enucleation studies were performed to characterize
      further the origin of these proteins. The results show that the 62K proteins are
      transported into the optic nerve at a very slow rate (0.1 mm/day). After
      enucleation, these proteins are substantially reduced in concentration to 20% of
      the control value at 13 weeks. The predominant neurofilament proteins of the frog
      optic nerve are 62K in molecular weight. These results are discussed in terms of
      the anatomy of the frog optic nerve and also contrasted to findings obtained for
      the goldfish optic nerve.

PMID- 2419502
TI  - Binding of the novel serotonin agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin in
      normal and Alzheimer brain.
AB  - Binding of [3H]8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin, a putative ligand for the
      5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) 1A recognition site, was measured in
      neocortex from postmortem human brain. The substance was found to bind to a
      saturable site with a KD value and pharmacological profile similar to that of
      rat. Binding to membranes from normal human temporal cortex was found to
      significantly correlate (inversely) with age. A significant reduction in binding,
      reflecting decreased density of recognition sites, was observed in the frontal
      cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease (48% loss). This region in the dement
      brains showed unaltered presynaptic 5-HT function (5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic
      acid content) whereas 5-HT concentration was reduced in the temporal cortex.

PMID- 2419503
TI  - Evolutionary divergence in the structure of myelin basic protein: comparison of
      chondrichthye basic proteins with those from higher vertebrates.
AB  - A basic protein has been purified from the CNS myelin of the gummy shark
      (Mustelus antarticus). Electroblotting was used to examine the capacity of rabbit
      antisera raised against this electrophoretically pure protein to recognize myelin
      basic protein from higher vertebrates. The antisera bound to two shark proteins
      including the original polypeptide antigen and to chicken, bovine, and human
      myelin basic proteins. Thus, the shark protein appeared to possess antigenic
      determinants that have been retained through evolutionary divergence of these
      proteins. Whereas bovine basic protein caused experimental allergic
      encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs, animals that received injections of the shark
      protein showed neither clinical nor histological signs of this disease. However,
      tests for delayed-type hypersensitivity and for Arthus reaction following
      injection with the shark protein revealed a T-cell-mediated response to this
      antigen and substantial cross-reactivity with higher vertebrate basic proteins.
      Analysis of the amino acid composition of the shark protein, and comparison of
      its tryptic peptide map with that of the bovine protein, revealed substantial
      changes in the amino acid sequence. Although the shark protein has some antigenic
      determinants in common with the proteins from higher vertebrates, it appears that
      much of the structure differs.

PMID- 2419504
TI  - Streptozotocin-induced diabetes reduces brain serotonin synthesis in rats.
AB  - The rate of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) synthesis and turnover in
      streptozotocin-diabetic rats was assessed using three separate methods: the rate
      of 5-hydroxytryptophan accumulation following decarboxylase inhibition with Ro 4
      4602; the decline in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels following monoamine
      oxidase inhibition with pargyline; and the rate of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      accumulation following blockade of acid transport with probenecid. Each of the
      three methods revealed that 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis and turnover is
      decreased by 44-71% in diabetic rats with plasma glucose levels of between 500
      and 600 mg%. In addition, the levels of free and bound plasma tryptophan were
      measured and the levels of the free amino acid were found to be the same in
      control and diabetic rats. Since diabetic rats exhibit a 40% decrease in brain
      tryptophan, the free tryptophan level in plasma does not predict brain tryptophan
      levels in diabetic rats. These data are discussed within the context of
      psychiatric disturbances experienced by diabetic patients.

PMID- 2419505
TI  - Quantitation of the myelin-associated glycoprotein in human nervous tissue from
      controls and multiple sclerosis patients.
AB  - Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) was measured by radioimmunoassay in the
      human CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The level of MAG, expressed as
      ng/microgram of total protein, was approximately 20-fold higher in whole
      homogenates of cerebral white matter (4.7 +/- 0.60) than of peripheral nerve
      (0.12-0.28). MAG concentrations were only slightly higher in the isolated myelin
      fractions from these tissues: CNS myelin, 5.6 ng/microgram; PNS myelin, 0.37
      ng/microgram. The levels of MAG were measured in nine plaques, periplaque
      regions, and areas of macroscopically normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) from
      six separate multiple sclerosis brains and compared with the levels of other
      myelin proteins in the same samples. MAG and other myelin proteins were reduced
      to very low levels in plaques. The levels of MAG and basic protein (BP) and the
      activity of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) in periplaque
      areas were significantly lower than those in control white matter, and MAG and BP
      levels were also significantly reduced in NAWM. In a periplaque region and NAWM
      from the most rapidly progressing case of multiple sclerosis examined, the MAG
      content was between 30 and 35% of the control level, whereas BP and PLP levels
      and CNP activity were between 50 and 85% of control values. The reduction of MAG
      content in periplaque regions from all nine multiple sclerosis plaques examined
      was significantly greater than the reductions of BP level and CNP activity. In
      NAWM samples, the mean reduction of MAG content was also greater than the
      reductions of BP level and CNP activity, but the difference was only
      statistically significant in comparison to CNP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2419506
TI  - Maitotoxin-induced release of gamma-[3H]aminobutyric acid from cultures of
      striatal neurons.
AB  - The potent marine toxin, maitotoxin, induced the release of gamma
      [3H]aminobutyric acid (GABA) from reaggregate cultures of striatal neurons in a
      dose-dependent manner. Maitotoxin-induced release occurred following a lag period
      of several minutes and was persistent. Release induced by 70 mM K+ on the other
      hand was immediate and transient in nature. Co2+ (3 mM) and Cd2+ (1 mM) inhibited
      maitotoxin-induced release of GABA as did removal of extracellular Ca2+. However,
      the organic calcium antagonists nisoldipine, nitrendipine, and D-600 at
      concentrations of 10(-6) M did not block maitotoxin-induced or 70 mM K+-induced
      release. High concentrations of D-600 (10(-4) M) partially blocked both
      maitotoxin- and 70 mM K+-induced release. The dihydropyridine calcium agonist BAY
      K8644 (10(-6) M) did not enhance maitotoxin-induced or 70 mM K+-induced release.
      Replacement of Na+ in the incubation medium with choline led to an increased
      basal output of GABA and an apparent inhibition of the effect of maitotoxin.
      These data are discussed with reference to the hypothesis that maitotoxin can
      directly activate voltage-sensitive calcium channels.

PMID- 2419507
TI  - Effects of hypothermia on the in vivo measurement of rapid axonal transport in
      the rat: a cautionary note.
AB  - Rapid axonal transport of glycoproteins was examined in the retinofugal
      projections of hypothermic and normothermic adult male Long-Evans hooded rats
      previously receiving intraocular injections of [3H]fucose. The amount of retinal
      fucosylation appeared normal in the hypothermic animals 3.5 h after isotope
      injection, but glycoprotein transport was reduced relative to normothermic
      controls. This reduction was especially pronounced in the most distal structure
      of the retinofugal tract (superior colliculus). We conclude that rapid axonal
      transport decreases with reductions in mammalian body temperature. This finding
      emphasizes the importance of controlling body temperature in in vivo studies of
      mammalian axonal transport.

PMID- 2419508
TI  - Brain dialysis: in vivo metabolism of dopamine and serotonin by monoamine oxidase
      A but not B in the striatum of unrestrained rats.
AB  - A dialysis cannula was implanted into rat striatum while the animals were
      anesthetized, and the area was perfused with Ringer solution while the animals
      were unanesthetized after at least 3 days following surgery. Concentrations of
      the metabolites of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5
      HT) in the perfusate were determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection.
      Levels of the DA metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and
      homovanillic acid (HVA) in the perfusate significantly decreased after pargyline
      administration (50 mg/kg i.p.), which may inhibit not only monoamine oxidase
      (MAO)-B but also MAO-A in these high doses. The level of the 5-HT metabolite 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) also decreased after pargyline treatment,
      although change in the relative level of 5-HIAA was less than that of DOPAC or
      HVA. To clarify the mechanisms for the metabolism of monoamines in rat striatum,
      highly specific MAO-A and -B inhibitors were used in the following experiments.
      Treatment with l-deprenyl (10 mg/kg), a specific inhibitor for MAO-B, did not
      cause any statistically significant change in DOPAC, HVA, and 5-HIAA levels. No
      significant change was found in rat striatal homogenates at 2 h after the same
      treatment with l-deprenyl. In contrast, low-dose treatment (1 mg/kg) with
      clorgyline, a specific inhibitor for MAO-A, caused a significant decrease in
      levels of these three metabolites in both the perfusates and tissue homogenates.
      In addition to the above three metabolites, the level of 3-methoxytyramine, which
      is an indicator of the amount of DA released, greatly increased after treatment
      with a low dose (1 mg/kg) of clorgyline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2419509
TI  - Motor activity increases tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and homovanillic
      acid in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of the conscious rat.
AB  - An investigation was made into the effects of running (1 h at 20 m/min) on
      central serotonergic and dopaminergic metabolism in trained rats. Methodology
      involved continuous withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the third
      ventricle of conscious rats and measurements of tryptophan (TRP), 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels during a 2
      h post-exercise period. All three compounds were increased during the hour
      following exercise and returned to their basal values within an hour later. CSF
      flow rate was stable when metabolite levels were elevated. Brain determinations
      indicated that CSF metabolite variations only qualitatively paralleled brain
      changes. Indeed, post-exercise TRP, 5-HIAA, and HVA levels were increased to a
      greater extent in brain when compared to CSF. It is suggested that increased
      serotonergic and dopaminergic metabolism, caused by motor activity, may be
      involved in the behavioral effects of exercise.

PMID- 2419510
TI  - DNA strand scission by bleomycin group antibiotics.
AB  - Certain properties of the bleomycin analogs deglycobleomycin A2 and
      decarbamoylbleomycin A2 have been characterized. In common with bleomycin A2,
      both deglycobleomycin A2 and decarbamoylbleomycin A2 were found to mediate DNA
      degradation in the presence of Fe(II) + O2. Both analogs were found to have
      essentially the same sequence selectivity for DNA strand scission as bleomycin A2
      when a 5'-[23P]-end-labeled linear duplex DNA derived from SV40 DNA was employed
      as a substrate. Product analysis for the three analogs was carried out by assay
      for malondialdehyde (precursors) after digestion of calf thymus DNA, and also by
      hplc analysis of the digestion products formed from the dodecanucleotide
      d(CGCTTTAAAGCG). All three Fe(II) X bleomycin A2 analogs produced the same
      products, albeit not in the same relative amounts.

PMID- 2419511
TI  - Neuropsychological syndromes in presenile dementia due to cerebral atrophy.
AB  - In a prospective study of 24 patients with presenile dementia associated with
      cerebral atrophy, clinical and psychological characteristics of patients'
      disorder were examined in relation to pathological and chemical findings obtained
      from tissue analysis following cerebral biopsy. The histological features of
      Alzheimer's disease were found in 75% of cases, but not in 25%. Distinctive
      patterns of neuropsychological breakdown emerged allowing clinical grouping of
      patients. While clinical patterns were helpful in differentiating Alzheimer's
      disease from non-Alzheimer's disease, there was not an absolute concordance
      between clinical and patho-chemical groupings. The findings, which support the
      notion that the "cerebral atrophies" represent a heterogeneous group of
      conditions, have relevance for the clinical diagnosis of presenile dementia.

PMID- 2419512
TI  - Slow axonal protein transport and axoplasmic organization.
AB  - A recently formulated structural theory of axonal transport suggests that each
      group of transported material is a distinct class of functionally related
      structures and that the proteins making up those structures, with few exceptions,
      are found in only one rate component, thus maintaining a close noncovalent
      association during transport. If such a relationship exists, one would postulate
      that the labelled proteins at the leading edge and trailing edge of a rate
      component following a pulse of radioactive amino acid would be present in similar
      proportions. After retinal ganglion cell proteins were labelled by intraocular
      injection of radioactive amino acid in the guinea pig eye, the optic nerve and
      tract were analyzed at several post-injection intervals. The data thus derived
      support the existence of a close relationship among the "soluble" proteins of
      slow component b and are consistent with the structural concept of axonal
      transport. If diffusion were the mechanism of transport, the larger proteins
      would be expected to move slower than the smaller proteins. Such insights into
      the process of axonal transport should help to identify the variables critical to
      survival of neurons following acute trauma and degenerative diseases.

PMID- 2419513
TI  - Vitamin B12 neuropathy is not due to failure to methylate myelin basic protein.
AB  - It has been proposed that the biochemical lesion in subacute combined
      degeneration of the cord due to vitamin B12 deficiency, is impaired methylation
      of residue 107 (arginine) in myelin basic protein. We have examined myelin basic
      protein in brains of rats in which vitamin B12 was inactivated by exposure to
      nitrous oxide for up to 7 days. In addition brains of fruit bats in which vitamin
      B12 neuropathy had been produced by feeding washed, and hence vitamin B12-free
      fruit, were examined. There was no difference in the methylation of arginine 107
      in myelin basic protein in these animals as compared to healthy control animals.
      Rats given an inhibitor of transmethylation reactions (cycloleucine) showed the
      expected fall in methylation of myelin basic protein.

PMID- 2419514
TI  - Effects of graded experimental compression on slow and fast axonal transport in
      rabbit vagus nerve.
AB  - Effects of compression at low pressures on slow and fast axonal transport was
      investigated in rabbit vagus nerve. Proteins in the sensory fibres were
      radiolabelled by injection of [3H]leucine or [35S]methionine into the nodose
      ganglion. A small compression chamber and/or ligatures were applied around the
      cervical part of the vagus nerve for 8 h, at an appropriate time for the
      subsequent analysis of the effects of compression on both slow and fast transport
      of radiolabelled proteins. In normal nerves there were two waves of slowly
      transported proteins with rates of about 12-15 and 25-30 mm/day, respectively.
      SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used and confirmed that the main
      proteins which accumulated proximal to the ligatures had a molecular weight of 54
      000-56 000. Neither compression of the nerve at 20 mm Hg nor sham-compression
      induced any statistically significant accumulation of slowly transported proteins
      at the site of compression. A higher pressure, i.e. 30 mm Hg, induced a marked
      but incomplete accumulation of slowly transported proteins. Fast transport was
      partially inhibited in some, but not all, nerves, when 20 mm Hg was applied for 8
      h, in contrast to the lack of effect found previously with the same pressure
      applied for only 2 h. Despite these slight differences, the results indicate that
      both slow and fast transport are impaired by low pressure levels of around 20-30
      mm Hg, which are comparable with those found in human compression neuropathies.
      The impaired provision of cytoskeletal elements to the distal axon may be of
      significance in the pathophysiology of nerve entrapment syndromes.

PMID- 2419515
TI  - Transformation of cells of astrocyte lineage into macrophage-like cells in
      organotypic cultures of mouse spinal cord tissue.
AB  - Phagocytic cells on the surface of the explants and their relationships to the
      surface were examined morphologically and immunocytochemically in organotypic
      cultures of mouse spinal cord tissue. Phagocytic cells were rounded, had smooth
      cytoplasmic surfaces and were occasionally closely apposed to underlying cells by
      junctional complexes. These cells contained dense bodies, vacuoles, smooth and
      coated vesicles, a few microtubules and bundles of intermediate filaments similar
      to astroglial filaments. The superficial layer of the explant which usually
      consisted of astroglial cell bodies and their processes, sometimes contained
      immature neuroepithelial cells with numerous free ribosomes, centrioles, Golgi
      apparatus, microtubules and infrequently, intermediate filaments. Overall, the
      cells resembled poorly differentiated astrocytes. Numerous dense bodies and
      coated vesicles were observed in some of these immature cells as well as in
      astrocytes in the surface layer of the explant. Cytoplasmic bridges between
      immature cells within the explant and phagocytic cells on the surface were
      observed. Immunocytochemistry revealed the presence of glial fibrillary acidic
      protein within these surface phagocytic cells. It thus appears that immature
      neuroepithelial cells of astrocytic lineage are capable of transforming into
      macrophage-like cells in organotypic culture.

PMID- 2419516
TI  - Electron microscopic localization of Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangle components
      recognized by an antiserum to paired helical filaments.
AB  - Paired helical filaments (PHF) are the main component of the Alzheimer
      neurofibrillary tangle; however, other elements, such as 10 and 15 nm straight
      filaments and granular amorphous components, are observed. In the present study,
      the localization of the antigenic determinants recognized by an antiserum to PHF
      fractions that does not recognize normal nervous tissue components is examined by
      electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. Employing the peroxidase-antiperoxidase
      procedure on neurofibrillary tangles in intact tissue, we found that the
      antiserum reacts with PHF and with granular amorphous material within the tangle.
      Following isolation of PHF by treatment with ionic detergent and labeling with
      immunogold, the antigenic determinants often occur at intervals rather than being
      uniformly distributed along the PHF. The distribution of the antigenic
      determinants recognized by this antiserum is similar to that previously observed
      for PHF determinants recognized by antibodies to neurofilament and microtubule
      associated proteins. We conclude that PHF are heterogenous structures which
      contain PHF-specific as well as cytoskeleton-derived antigenic determinants.

PMID- 2419517
TI  - AVEC-DIC and electron microscopic analyses of axonally transported particles in
      cold-blocked squid giant axons.
AB  - Anterogradely and retrogradely transported membranous organelles were analysed
      separately by focally cooling axons (cold-blocking) for 2-4 h. Video-enhanced
      differential interference contrast light microscopy (AVEC-DIC) and dark field
      light microscopy showed that particles accumulated in large numbers on both the
      anterograde and the retrograde sides of the cold-block and that the accumulated
      particles resumed their transport when the preparation was rewarmed to 18 degrees
      C. The particles accumulated in files on both sides of the cold-block suggesting
      that particles move along linear pathways in the axoplasm. Comparisons of the
      results obtained by AVEC-DIC light microscopy with those obtained by electron
      microscopy indicate that the AVEC-DIC method is capable of detecting all of the
      different types of rapidly transported membranous organelles, including the
      smallest (35-80 nm) vesicles that move anterogradely. Electron microscopic
      analyses of the transported particles demonstrate that the anterogradely
      transported organelles are structurally distinct from those that are transported
      retrogradely. The anterogradely transported particles consisted of normal
      mitochondria and small (35-80 nm) tubulovesicular profiles. By contrast, the
      retrogradely transported particles were 150 nm or larger and they often contained
      complex membranous inclusions. The largest retrogradely transported particles
      appeared to be degenerating mitochondria. The results are consistent with the
      hypothesis that the direction of organelle movement is related to the
      physiological state of the organelle. That is, organelles containing newly
      synthesized membrane components move primarily anterogradely and organelles that
      contain transformed and degraded membrane components move retrogradely.

PMID- 2419518
TI  - A combined Golgi-electron microscopic study of non-pyramidal neurons in the CA 1
      area of the hippocampus.
AB  - Non-pyramidal neurons of the CA 1 area of the rat hippocampus were identified
      with a combined Golgi-electron microscopic method. They were observed to have
      distinctive light and electron microscopic characteristics that are different
      from those of pyramidal cells. These features included smooth dendrites, locally
      arborizing axons, infolded cell nuclei with intranuclear rods or sheets, and a
      well-developed perikaryal cytoplasm with many organelles. In addition, the axon
      terminals that contact the somata and dendrites of local circuit neurons may form
      asymmetric as well as symmetric synapses. The axons of these cells form symmetric
      synapses with dendrites and somata of pyramidal cells. Some of these features
      were utilized to identify non-pyramidal neurons of the CA 1 area for studies of
      connectivity. Degenerating commissural terminals were found to form synapses with
      the dendrites and somata of non-pyramidal neurons. These results indicate that
      these neurons are a significant population of hippocampal neurons that may
      provide feed-forward inhibition of pyramidal neurons.

PMID- 2419519
TI  - Plasma membrane structure at the axon hillock, initial segment and cell body of
      frog dorsal root ganglion cells.
AB  - Analysis of the plasmalemma of frog dorsal root ganglion cells by freeze-fracture
      demonstrates regional differences in the distribution of intramembranous
      particles. Although P-face particles are distributed rather uniformly, the E-face
      particle concentration at the cell body (approximately 300 micron -2) is much
      lower than that at the axon hillock (approximately 900 micron -2), proximal
      initial segment (approximately 1000 micron -2), or intermediate portion of the
      initial segment (approximately 800 micron -2). The particle concentrations in the
      latter regions approach that at the node of Ranvier and, moreover, particle size
      analysis reveals that the E-face particles, like those at the node, include a
      large number that are 10 nm or more in diameter. Thin sections reveal patches of
      a dense undercoating on the cytoplasmic surface of the axolemma in some regions
      of the initial segment but not the axon hillock. It is concluded from these
      results that the axon hillock and the initial segment of dorsal root ganglion
      cells have some of the structural characteristics of the node of Ranvier.

PMID- 2419520
TI  - VIP neurons as prime synaptic targets for serotonin afferents in rat
      suprachiasmatic nucleus: a combined radioautographic and immunocytochemical
      study.
AB  - Cellular relationships between serotonin (5-HT) axon terminals and neurons
      containing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were characterized by combined
      radioautography and immunocytochemistry in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
      Light microscopic immunoradioautographs showed significant overlap between (3H)5
      HT uptake sites and VIP-immunoreactive elements in the ventral half of the SCN.
      Of the 255 (3H)5-HT-labelled axonal profiles detected in a systematic electron
      microscopic survey of single thin sections from this area, 75 (30%) were directly
      apposed to VIP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies and/or dendrites.
      Radioautographically labelled 5-HT varicosities often showed well-differentiated,
      symmetrical or asymmetrical synaptic junctions, 60% of which were established on
      VIP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies or dendrites. In a separate sampling of
      198(3H)5-HT-labelled terminals seen in apposition with VIP-immunoreactive
      elements, 50 showed a junctional complex at the site of contact. Postsynaptic
      immunoreactive elements were mostly dendrites but also included nerve cell
      bodies. Despite the methodological limitations inherent to the present double
      labelling approach, these data strongly support the view that VIP neurons are
      prime synaptic targets for 5-HT afferents in the SCN. VIP/5-HT interactions are
      thus likely to play an important functional role in this nucleus and may in
      particular subserve the 5-HT mediated regulation of certain circadian rhythms,
      including that of pituitary hormone secretion.

PMID- 2419521
TI  - Electron microscopic demonstration of polysaccharides in central and peripheral
      myelin by thiosemicarbazide-protein-silver staining.
AB  - Thin sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed central and peripheral nerve myelin were
      stained with thiosemicarbazide and protein-silver after oxidation with periodic
      acid on thin sections. In compact CNS myelin, staining was observed exclusively
      on intraperiod lines. In peripheral myelin, both intraperiod and major dense
      lines were stained. In addition, dense staining was observed on plasma membranes
      of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, especially periaxonally on tongue
      processes and in Schmidt-Lanterman incisures. The observed staining was most
      prominent on glycogen granules in unfixed and freeze-substituted tissues.
      Therefore, the results strongly suggest that polysaccharides of glycoproteins and
      glycolipids are visualized in both CNS and PNS compact myelin as well as on
      surface membranes of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells.

PMID- 2419522
TI  - Cellular localization of cytochemically stained acetylcholinesterase activity in
      adult rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - Cytochemically stained acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in endplate regions
      of adult rat gracilis muscles was studied after in situ treatment with AChE
      inhibitors which differ in lipid solubility and hence in their ability to
      penetrate cell membranes. Control preparations showed intense AChE staining over
      junctional infoldings and within myofibres, but little enzymatic reaction product
      in nerve terminals and Schwann cells. Echothiophate (poorly lipid soluble)
      drastically reduced only extracellular AChE activity, whereas sequential
      treatment with BW284C51 (poorly lipid soluble) and diisopropylfluorophosphate
      (lipid soluble) primarily eliminated intracellular AChE. Extracellular AChE
      activity (associated with the synaptic basal lamina) was predominantly composed
      of asymmetric enzymatic forms. Intracellular AChE (associated with the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum of the myofibres) primarily contained globular forms and a
      small proportion of asymmetric forms. Little or no external AChE activity was
      detected in non-endplate muscle regions and the internal enzyme was confined to a
      restricted subcellular region close to the point of innervation. These results
      establish the validity of using the above in situ pharmacological treatments to
      demonstrate intracellular and extracellular pools of AChE in adult skeletal
      muscles. In addition, they are consistent with the idea that motor neurons play
      an essential role in the mechanisms which determine the subcellular distribution
      of AChE.

PMID- 2419523
TI  - The development, ultrastructure and synaptic connections of the mossy cells of
      the dentate gyrus.
AB  - One of the most distinctive and common cell types in Golgi preparations of the
      hilus of the rat dentate gyrus is the mossy cell. We have used a variety of
      techniques including the Golgi method, the combined Golgi and electron
      microscopic (EM) method and the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase
      (HRP) to study the development, ultrastructure and synaptic connections of this
      cell type. The mossy cells identified in our light microscopic preparations are
      characterized by: triangular or multipolar shaped somata; three to four primary
      dendrites that arise from the soma and bifurcate once or more to produce an
      extensive dendritic arborization restricted, for the most part, to the hilus;
      numerous thorny excrescences on their somata and proximal dendrites with typical
      spines on distal dendrites; and axons that bifurcate and are directed toward the
      fimbria and the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. The mossy cells have an
      immature appearance at birth and on subsequent days their maturation appears to
      lag somewhat behind that of the hippocampal pyramidal cells. On postnatal day 1,
      many of the dendrites bear growth cones primarily at their termini and have long,
      thin filipodia emanating from various points along their lengths. Many of the
      dendrites enter the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, though this is rarely
      seen in the mature brain. Typical pedunculate spines are first commonly seen on
      the distal dendrites around postnatal day 7 while thorny excrescences are first
      commonly seen between postnatal days 11 and 14. By postnatal day 21, the
      dendrites have attained a mature appearance although the density of both typical
      spines and thorny excrescences is less than that found in adults. Two different
      retrograde transport methods were used to confirm that mossy cells give rise to
      the commissural projection to the contralateral dentate gyrus. The first method
      combined HRP histochemistry with a silver intensification procedure and the
      second method combined HRP histochemistry with Golgi staining. While the majority
      of commissurally projecting hilar neurons had the appearance of mossy cells,
      there were others that were smaller and either ovoid or fusiform. In EM
      preparations, the somata of mature mossy cells display round nuclei that lack
      infoldings and intranuclear rods. The perikaryal cytoplasm contains the
      organelles typically found in pyramidal cells of the hippocampus. Somal spines
      with complex shapes and branching patterns are commonly observed. The thorny
      excrescences on the proximal dendrites correspond to spines with long thin stalks
      and complex end bulbs that may appear mushroom shaped.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2419524
TI  - Prognostic factors for favorable outcome in disseminated germ cell tumors.
AB  - Between 1978 and 1982, 180 patients from Indiana University (Indianapolis) were
      entered on the Southeastern Cancer Study Group (SECSG) protocol 78 GU 240, a
      randomized comparison of cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin (PVB) v PVB plus
      doxorubicin induction chemotherapy regimens, with a second randomization to
      maintenance vinblastine v no further therapy. One hundred forty-eight of these
      patients obtained a favorable response to chemotherapy, defined as a complete
      response (CR) or a surgical resection of teratoma. The prognostic significance of
      various patient characteristics was investigated using the logistic regression
      model. Two classifications for the extent of disease were considered: the Indiana
      staging system and the M.D. Anderson (MDA) staging system. The Indiana staging
      system had the greater prognostic significance. This staging system allowed the
      population to be split into three groups (minimal, moderate, advanced disease) in
      which the observed proportions of favorable responders were 99%, 90%, and 58%,
      respectively. Within the advanced group, the number of elevated tumor markers
      subdivided these patients into three groups, with the observed proportions of
      favorable responders being 73%, 65%, and 45%. The Indiana and MDA staging systems
      were subsequently prospectively used in SECSG protocol GU 81 332, a study
      randomizing patients to remission induction therapy with PVB v cisplatin, VP-16,
      and bleomycin. The prognostic value of the Indiana staging system was
      prospectively validated in this study.

PMID- 2419527
TI  - Different synaptic channel kinetics in sympathetic B and C neurons of the
      bullfrog.
AB  - Sympathetic ganglia of the frog contain two types of principal neurons, B and C
      cells, which are innervated by two distinct classes of cholinergic preganglionic
      axons, B and C fibers. This study examined and compared the kinetics of nicotinic
      ACh-gated channels that produce the fast excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs)
      in B and C cells. Neurons were identified and voltage-clamped at -50 mV, 22
      degrees C. The EPSC decayed as a single exponential for both cell types, but the
      decay time constants differed considerably; 10.2 +/- 2.3 msec (mean +/- SD) for C
      cells and 5.5 +/- 1.1 msec for B cells. Analysis of ACh-induced membrane current
      fluctuations revealed spectra that fit single-Lorentzian functions and gave
      estimates of the mean channel open time of 9.8 +/- 2.0 msec and 5.2 +/- 0.9 msec
      for C and B cells, respectively. Thus, the clear difference in EPSC decay rate
      for these two types of ganglion cells is most likely due to the differences in
      the mean lifetimes of their synaptic channels.

PMID- 2419526
TI  - Differentiation of NTERA-2 clonal human embryonal carcinoma cells into neurons
      involves the induction of all three neurofilament proteins.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were used in indirect immunofluorescence and immunoblot
      studies to examine the expression of four different classes of intermediate
      filaments, namely, neurofilaments, glial filaments, cytokeratin, and vimentin, in
      NTERA-2 cl.D1 (NT2/D1) pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, and in
      the neurons derived from these cells by differentiation induced with retinoic
      acid. In the EC cell cultures, grown in the absence of retinoic acid, cytokeratin
      was the predominant intermediate filament detected by immunofluorescence; only a
      few cells expressed vimentin, and none expressed glial filament protein or any of
      the three neurofilament proteins (NF195, NF170, and NF70). Immunoblot analyses of
      cytoskeletal extracts of these cells supported these data. Two days after
      exposure to retinoic acid, all three neurofilament subunits were detected in a
      few cells with a non-neuronal morphology and, by double indirect
      immunofluorescence, were observed to colocalize with cytokeratin. The number of
      neurofilament-positive cells increased with time after initial exposure to
      retinoic acid, and although 95% of these cells contained cytokeratin initially,
      less than 5% of the neurofilament-positive cells retained cytokeratin 2 weeks
      later. By this time, many of the cells expressing all three neurofilaments but no
      cytokeratin exhibited a neuronal morphology. Vimentin was evident in a large
      number of cells in the cultures, but it was not detected in the neurofilament
      positive cells. Also, many of the neurofilament-negative cells continued to
      express cytokeratin. No cells expressing glial filament proteins were found.
      Immunoblot analysis of the differentiated cultures also revealed all three
      neurofilament subunits, and vimentin and cytokeratin, but no glial filament
      protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2419528
TI  - Ultrastructural visualization of complex carbohydrates in odontoblasts,
      predentin, and dentin matrix by the tannic acid-uranyl acetate method.

PMID- 2419525
TI  - Presynaptic inhibition produced by an identified presynaptic inhibitory neuron.
      II. Presynaptic conductance changes caused by histamine.
AB  - We have examined the morphology and pharmacology of the L32 neurons, identified
      cells that mediate presynaptic inhibition in the Aplysia abdominal ganglion, to
      gain insight into the putative transmitter released by the L32 cells. We analyzed
      the fine structure of the synaptic release sites of L32 cells stained with
      horseradish peroxidase. Each varicosity of L32 was found to contain two general
      classes of vesicles. One class of vesicles is large (mean long diameter of 98 nm)
      and contains an electron-dense core that typically filled or nearly filled each
      vesicle profile. The second class of vesicles is smaller (mean long diameter of
      67 nm) and relatively electron lucent. The size, distribution, and morphology of
      the vesicle population in L32's terminals was similar to that described at the
      synapses of the identified histaminergic neuron C2 in Aplysia (2). These
      morphological observations suggested that L32 cells might be histaminergic. Among
      the various putative transmitters tested, histamine was most effective in
      mimicking the postsynaptic effects of L32 cells onto L10, and onto other follower
      cells of L32 in the abdominal ganglion. Histamine also caused inhibition of
      transmitter output from L10. Both the IPSP produced by L32 in L10 and the
      response of L10 to histamine could be reversibly blocked by cimetidine, a
      histamine antagonist in Aplysia (14). These results support, but do not establish
      the identification of histamine as the putative transmitter of L32 cells.
      Histamine mimics the action of L32 in mediating presynaptic inhibition allowing
      us to examine in more detail the conductance changes in L10 underlying
      presynaptic inhibition. Voltage-clamp analysis revealed that histamine blocked
      the voltage-dependent Ca2+ current and increased a voltage-dependent K+ current
      in L10, much as did L32. Both of these changes are likely to act synergistically
      to inhibit transmitter release. Reduction of Ca2+ current in L10 would directly
      inhibit transmitter release from L10 directly by decreasing the amount of Ca2+
      entering during spike depolarization. The increase in K+ current would act
      indirectly to reduce transmitter release from L10, by hyperpolarizing L10 and
      decreasing the amplitude and duration of spikes in L10, as well as reducing the
      steady-state Ca2+ influx. These results support the idea that in Aplysia
      presynaptic inhibition is caused primarily by a direct transmitter-mediated
      reduction in presynaptic Ca2+ current and secondarily by a hyperpolarization of
      the presynaptic neuron due to a transmitter-mediated increase in a K+
      current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2419529
TI  - New methodology for assessment of the Langerhans cell network.
AB  - A new procedure is described for staining Langerhans cells (LCs) based on the
      ability of anti-S-100 antibody to stain both epidermal LCs and melanocytes, while
      L-Dopa stains only melanocytes. This procedure can be used on paraffin-embedded
      skin sections and is therefore advantageous for examination of pathological skin
      specimens. In order to determine how best to quantitate LCs in skin sections the
      distribution of LCs has been investigated using an improved method for
      preparation of epidermal sheets from mouse skin. Epidermal LCs stained for their
      surface membrane-bound enzyme adenosine triphosphatase were observed to link with
      each other via their dendrites, forming a single cell layer which undulates
      throughout the epidermis. It is therefore proposed that LCs in skin sections
      should be enumerated per unit length, after identification in paraffin-embedded
      sections double stained with anti-S-100 antibody and L-Dopa.

PMID- 2419530
TI  - Expression of low molecular weight cytokeratin proteins in cervical neoplasia.
AB  - CAM 5.2 is a monoclonal antibody which identifies lower molecular weight
      cytokeratin proteins (50, 43 and 38 kD). It is an antibody which works reliably
      on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. In this study, using CAM 5.2 in the
      indirect immunoperoxidase method we have examined ectocervical epithelium ranging
      from normal, through metaplasia and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia to
      invasive squamous carcinoma. CAM 5.2 is demonstrated to be a useful indicator of
      changes associated with malignant transformation in the ectocervix.

PMID- 2419531
TI  - Evidence that multinucleate giant cells are examples of mononuclear phagocytic
      differentiation.
AB  - Murine multinucleate giant cells and mononuclear phagocytes were examined with
      various quantitative cytochemical and autoradiographic techniques. No evidence
      was found that multinucleate giant cells were metabolically effete, in fact they
      compared favourably with mononuclear phagocytes. In addition, rat multinucleate
      giant cells consistently expressed surface Ia antigens and to a lesser degree
      fibronectin. It is suggested that multinucleate giant cells are a differentiated
      derivative of the mononuclear phagocytic system.

PMID- 2419533
TI  - Rapid immunoperoxidase staining of lymphocyte antigens using microwave
      irradiation.
AB  - The innovative application of microwave irradiation in the immunoperoxidase
      staining of a wide range of labile lymphocyte antigens is described. Fifteen
      second irradiation at 320 watts produced excellent adherence of the frozen
      sections to the glass slides without loss of surface antigen staining. This brief
      procedure eliminated the need for much longer periods of freeze drying or drying
      at 4 degrees C. Microwave irradiation was also used to accelerate the incubation
      of the primary antibody. Thirty seconds of irradiation at 320 watts produced
      specific antigen staining of an intensity which was as good as that obtained with
      much longer durations of incubations at room temperature. Cytomorphologic
      preservation was also good and background staining was minimal.

PMID- 2419532
TI  - Immature sinus histiocytosis a monocytoid B-lymphoid reaction.
AB  - The proliferation of characteristic cells in expanded sinuses and in the
      perivenular area of the paracortex of lymph nodes with patients with
      toxoplasmosis, and homosexual and drug abusers with lymphadenopathy is referred
      to as 'immature sinus histiocytosis' (ISH). In a study of nine cases we have
      shown that these cells are monocytoid B-cells with an immunological phenotype
      differing from that of other node-based B-cells. The function of these cells is
      not known.

PMID- 2419534
TI  - Biopterin and neurotransmitter amine metabolism in children with acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia receiving methotrexate therapy.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that some of the neurologic sequelae of treatment for
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) might be related to abnormalities in biopterin
      metabolism associated with methotrexate (MTX) therapy, total biopterin levels in
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, and homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) were measured in a cross-sectional study of 80
      children with ALL. For comparison, biopterins were also measured in a group of
      children of similar age undergoing investigation for neurologic disease. In
      children with ALL studied before therapy, no significant difference was found
      between the means of plasma biopterin or CSF biopterin concentrations and the
      means in the control group. In children receiving MTX, plasma biopterin values
      were higher in the group given maintenance therapy than in children observed
      before treatment. CSF levels were significantly increased only in those patients
      who had completed 2 years of maintenance therapy. CSF concentrations of HVA and
      5HIAA in patients with ALL who had received no treatment (median values 52 and 18
      ng/ml, respectively) showed a wide scatter and were inversely related to age. In
      patients receiving MTX, concentrations of these metabolites were higher than in
      the untreated group, again reaching a peak in patients just completing 2 years of
      treatment (median HVA 110 ng/ml, 5HIAA 34 ng/ml). These results provide no
      support for the idea that neurotransmitter amine deficiency occurs in children
      with ALL receiving MTX, and indicate, rather, that amine and biopterin synthesis
      increases in such patients.

PMID- 2419535
TI  - A potential diagnostic reagent for bovine cysticercosis.
AB  - A fraction of larval Taenia hydatigena cyst fluid was shown to have high
      sensitivity and specificity in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for
      the detection of bovine antibodies to the heterologous parasite Taenia saginata.
      This antigenically active lipoprotein fraction was isolated by ultracentrifugal
      density flotation using either ammonium sulfate (specific gravity = 1.231 g per
      ml) or NaCl/KBr (specific gravity = 1.225 g per ml), followed by ion-exchange
      chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS
      PAGE) indicated that this fraction was composed of high molecular weight (65,000
      to 77,000 Mr) and low molecular weight (9,500 to 16,000 Mr) proteins.
      Electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions in either acrylamide (5%) or
      agarose (1%) resulted in 1 major diffuse band staining for both protein and
      lipid. The high and low molecular weight proteins observed on SDS-PAGE under
      reducing conditions could not be resolved by gel filtration chromatography and
      emerged as a single lipoprotein peak. This T. hydatigena cyst fluid fraction
      appears promising as a diagnostic reagent in the ELISA for bovine cysticercosis.

PMID- 2419536
TI  - Isolation and partial characterization of an antigen shared between Schistosoma
      mansoni, Fasciola hepatica, and Biomphalaria glabrata.
AB  - An antigen was isolated and partially characterized from adult Schistosoma
      mansoni which immunologically cross-reacted with Fasciola hepatica and
      Biomphalaria glabrata, a schistosome intermediate snail host. The antigen was
      isolated from a solubilized freeze-thaw preparation containing 0.5% Triton X-100
      by passage through a CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B column coupled with rabbit IgG
      prepared against a homogenate of B. glabrata hepatopancreas. The eluted antigen
      (designated as SMw-53P) stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250, but not with
      Nile Blue A or periodic acid-Schiff's stains. The antigen did not bind to a
      Concanavalin A affinity column. SMw-53P was determined to have a molecular weight
      of 53,000 daltons by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Western blotting,
      using sera from mice infected with S. mansoni, revealed the presence of the
      antigen in whole worm preparations of both S. mansoni and F. hepatica. The
      serodiagnostic potential of the antigen was evaluated by ELISA utilizing sera
      from S. mansoni-infected mice, or rabbits injected with homogenates of F.
      hepatica or S. mansoni whole worm, or B. glabrata hepatopancreas. SMw-53P was
      shown to strongly react with all antisera, but not normal mouse or rabbit sera.
      These data suggest a limited value for the antigen for the specific
      immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni, but do suggest a possible potential
      as a general screening tool for detecting trematode infections. Further studies
      regarding the antigen's potential as a vaccine are indicated.

PMID- 2419537
TI  - Optimal treatment of clinical stage I yolk sac tumor of the testis in children.
AB  - Thirty-four children with malignant germ cell tumors of the testis were seen at
      the Institut Gustave-Roussy from 1970 through 1980, after orchiectomy alone. The
      tumor was classified according the WHO classification (immature teratoma,
      embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, yolk sac tumor). Twenty-four of the 34
      children had a stage I yolk sac tumor (YST) defined as a tumor completely removed
      by the inguinal approach, without clinical node involvement and/or metastases. No
      lymphadenectomy was performed. All the patients had an alphafetoprotein (AFP)
      determination before or after orchiectomy. For those (23/24) with an elevated
      level of AFP the clinical stage I was assigned if the AFP decreased regularly to
      normal values by 3 months after orchiectomy. Twelve patients received systemic
      chemotherapy every 3 months [methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide
      (Cytoxan)]; 12 did not receive any treatment after orchiectomy. An AFP evaluation
      was assayed for all of these regularly. The 3-year survival rate was 96% and the
      3-year relapse-free survival rate was 84%, with no difference found between the
      two groups receiving or not receiving systemic chemotherapy. This series confirms
      the advisability of a conservative approach for clinical stage I YST, employing
      orchiectomy and evaluation including AFP determinations. Ten percent to 20% of
      patients will suffer a relapse, which can be demonstrated by an increasing level
      of AFP, and these children can be treated at this time. With this approach, 80%
      of patients having clinical stage I YST can be treated by orchiectomy alone and
      will not suffer any sequelae or complication of either lymphadenectomy or
      chemotherapy. For the few who do relapse, treatment at the time of relapse is
      curative for the majority. This approach requires absolute adherence to a strict
      follow-up program.

PMID- 2419538
TI  - Diagnosis of congenital neurogenic abnormalities of the bowel with monoclonal
      anti-neurofilament antibodies.
AB  - The diagnostic properties of two monoclonal, antineurofilament antibodies were
      tested in a retrospective investigation of bowel specimens of 24 cases of
      Hirschsprung's disease, eight cases of long-segment aganglionosis, eight cases of
      pseudo-obstruction, and six cases of chronic constipation. Immunohistochemical
      staining with the antibodies in combination with hematoxylin counterstaining
      revealed six distinctive and divergent pictures, demonstrating innervation
      disturbances in all cases. Apart from Hirschsprung's disease and long-segment
      aganglionosis, characteristic pictures also appeared for pseudo-obstruction and,
      diversely, for chronic constipation. In addition, anomalies were revealed in the
      ganglionic, proximal bowel of five patients with Hirschsprung's and two with long
      segment aganglionosis, who had all suffered from chronic constipation
      postoperatively.

PMID- 2419539
TI  - Effects of gastrointestinal hormones and their related compounds on gastric
      motility in the rat.
AB  - We examined the effects of certain gastrointestinal hormones on gastric motility
      using rat stomach preparatios in vivo. Changes of water level caused by the
      movement of the stomach which was filled with saline were recorded. Single
      injections of cholecystokinin (1, 2 and 4 micrograms/kg) induced relaxation of
      the stomach. Single injections of bombesin in low doses (below 0.2 microgram/kg)
      induced relaxation and in high doses (over 0.2 micrograms/kg) contraction after
      brief relaxation. Single injections of neurotensin (1, 2, 4 and 8 micrograms/kg),
      somatostatin (5, 10 and 20 micrograms/kg) and substance P (1, 2, 4 and 8
      micrograms/kg) induced relaxation followed by contraction, but their dose
      response relations were obscure. Infusions of neurotensin (1, 5 and 25
      micrograms/kg/h) and somatostatin (2.5 and 5 micrograms/kg/h) enhanced the
      stomach tension, whereas substance P (1, 5 and 25 micrograms/kg/h) reduced it.
      Single injections and infusions of neurotensin, somatostatin or substance P
      showed different effects on gastric motility. On the other hand, Met-enkephalin
      (1, 10 and 100 micrograms/kg) and porcine motilin (1, 10 and 100 micrograms/kg)
      did not affect gastric motility in our rat stomach preparations. These results
      suggest that some gastrointestinal hormones take part in stomach movements.

PMID- 2419540
TI  - Increase in Mg2+ affinity as a possible mechanism of chymotryptic activation of
      adenylate cyclase in rat heart membranes.
AB  - Chymotryptic activation of adenylate cyclase from rat heart was examined with
      respect to guanosine triphosphate (GTP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Mg2+
      concentrations. The activation was inhibited by aprotinin. In the absence or
      presence of GTP, chymotrypsin stimulated the cyclase at the same ratio. GTP
      exerted stimulatory (up to 0.1 mM) and inhibitory (at 1 mM) effects on the
      cyclase. Both effects were not affected by chymotrypsin. ATP at low
      concentrations increased the cyclase activity dose dependently and at high
      concentrations decreased the cyclase activity. Chymotrypsin retarded the
      appearance of the decreasing phase. This effect of chymotrypsin was similar to
      that of increasing the concentration of Mg2+ in the reaction mixture. According
      to double-reciprocal plots of Mg2+ concentrations and the cyclase activity,
      chymotrypsin diminished Km for Mg2+ with little effect on the Vmax. Hill plots of
      the same data showed that the Hill coefficient was about 1 and was not altered by
      chymotrypsin. These results suggest that chymotryptic activation of adenylate
      cyclase is mainly due to increasing the affinity for Mg2+ of the system.

PMID- 2419541
TI  - [Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activates three types of receptor-ionophore
      complex].

PMID- 2419542
TI  - Cholecystokinin-8 stimulates adrenocorticotropin release from anterior pituitary
      cells.
AB  - Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) stimulated adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
      release from both rat anterior pituitary cells in culture and a tumor cell line
      of the mouse anterior pituitary (AtT-20/D16-16). The stimulation of ACTH release
      was dependent on the time of exposure to CCK-8 and the concentration of this
      peptide applied to anterior pituitary cells. Cerulein evoked ACTH release whereas
      human gastrin 1, CCK-4 and desulfated CCK-8 only produced minimal affects on ACTH
      release at concentrations of 10(-4) M. In contrast, these latter three peptides
      were as effective as CCK-8 in inducing the secretion of amylase from pancreatic
      acinar cells. Antagonists of CCK-8 receptors in the pancreas such as proglumide,
      benzotript and dibutyryl cyclic GMP did not affect the ACTH release response to
      CCK-8. The CCK-8 stimulation of ACTH release was calcium-dependent and blocked by
      glucocorticoid pretreatment. The mechanisms by which CCK-8 evoked ACTH release
      appears distinct from that of other ACTH secretagogues such as corticotropin
      releasing factor and vasopressin. The data suggest that CCK-8 is a corticotropin
      releasing factor-like agent acting through a putative novel receptor subtype in
      the anterior pituitary.

PMID- 2419543
TI  - Cholecystokinin receptors: relationships among phosphoinositide breakdown,
      amylase release and receptor affinity in pancreas.
AB  - The gut hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) octapeptide stimulates the release of
      amylase from exocrine pancreas, a process believed to be the result of the
      breakdown of phosphatidylinositol lipids. To examine further the relationship
      between phosphoinositide (PI) breakdown and amylase release, we have investigated
      the effect of N-terminally protected CCK C-terminal fragments in these systems
      using guinea-pig pancreatic lobules. There was a good correlation between the
      ability of these fragments to elicit amylase release and their potency in
      enhancing PI breakdown. In general, the EC50 for amylase release is 10-fold lower
      than the EC50 for PI breakdown. In addition, a good correlation existed between
      amylase release and the affinity of CCK fragments for [125I]Bolton Hunter-CCK
      octapeptide binding sites in pancreatic membranes. We also discovered that N
      carbobenzyloxy-CCK tetrapeptide was relatively inefficient in causing PI
      breakdown, but it caused a near maximal stimulation in amylase release. These
      findings might reflect an amplification mechanism between PI breakdown and
      amylase release or that N-carbobenzyloxy-CCK tetrapeptide-induced amylase release
      is independent of PI breakdown.

PMID- 2419544
TI  - BAY-K-8644-stimulated cyclic GMP synthesis in mouse pituitary tumor cells.
AB  - The 1,4-dihydropyridine BAY-K-8644 [methyl-1,4-dihydro-2, 6-dimethyl-3-nitro-4-(2
      trifluoromethylphenyl)-pyridine-5-carboxylate] acts as both a calcium channel
      agonist and antagonist by stimulating or inhibiting inward calcium current. In
      AtT-20 mouse pituitary tumor cells, BAY-K-8644 both stimulates and blocks
      adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion. Because in several cell systems the
      cytoplasmic enzyme guanylate cyclase is activated, presumably by calcium entry,
      the effect of BAY-K-8644 on cyclic GMP (cGMP) synthesis in AtT-20 cells was
      assessed. BAY-K-8644 increased cGMP accumulation in a time-dependent manner. The
      concentrations of BAY-K-8644, however, required to increase cGMP formation were
      not associated with its stimulatory effects on secretion but rather with its
      ability to antagonize basal and (-)-isoproterenol-induced ACTH secretion. The
      inhibitory effect of BAY-K-8644 on ACTH secretion was not mimicked by 8-Br-cGMP.
      The cGMP response to BAY-K-8644 was not mimicked by the cationophore, A-23187, or
      depolarizing concentrations of K+. Other calcium channel antagonists such as
      nifedipine or verapamil had markedly smaller effects on cGMP formation compared
      to BAY-K-8644. Sodium nitroprusside and sodium azide both increased cGMP
      synthesis in AtT-20 cells and both inhibited, to a lesser extent than BAY-K-8644,
      both basal- and (-)-isoproterenol-stimulated ACTH release. The data suggest that
      BAY-K-8644 stimulates cGMP synthesis by binding to sites less accessible or
      poorly activated by other dihydropyridines, and that stimulation of guanylate
      cyclase is independent of inward calcium current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2419545
TI  - Characterization and autoradiographic localization of multiple tachykinin binding
      sites in gastrointestinal tract and bladder.
AB  - Binding sites for the [125I]Bolton-Hunter-labeled tachykinins substance K (BHSK),
      eledoisin (BHE) and substance P (BHSP) were investigated using crude membrane
      suspensions and autoradiography. In smooth muscle membranes from guinea-pig small
      intestine and rat duodenum, specific binding of BHSK was saturable and
      reversible, showing a single class of sites with a KD of 1 to 3 nM and maximum
      number of specific binding sites of 1 to 2 fmol/mg of wet weight tissue.
      Pharmacological characterization of this binding revealed a novel receptor site
      (K) with affinity for substance K greater than kassinin greater than or equal to
      eledoisin greater than neuromedin K greater than substance P greater than
      physalaemin. Inhibition of the binding of BHSK in membranes from mouse urinary
      bladder exhibited a similar K-type pattern. In rat duodenum and mouse bladder
      membranes, the binding of BHE was inhibited by substance K greater than kassinin
      greater than eledoisin greater than neuromedin K greater than substance P greater
      than physalaemin indicating the same receptor site as for BHSK. On the other
      hand, in rat cerebral cortex membranes BHE binding was inhibited by neuromedin K
      = kassinin = eledoisin greater than physalaemin greater than substance K greater
      than substance P indicating a definitive tachykinin E receptor site. The same
      displacement pattern of BHE binding was also detected in longitudinal muscle
      membranes from the guinea-pig small intestine. In mouse bladder membranes and in
      rat and guinea-pig intestine, the binding of BHSP was inhibited by substance P
      greater than physalaemin greater than substance K greater than or equal to
      eledoisin = kassinin greater than neuromedin K indicating a definitive tachykinin
      P receptor site. Autoradiographic binding sites for both BHSK and BHSP were seen
      in circular muscle of the rat stomach, small intestine and colon and in circular
      and longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig small intestine and colon. Binding
      sites for BHSK, but not for BHSP, were seen in the muscularis mucosae of the
      gastric fundus and colon of the rat. Binding sites for BHSP, but not for BHSK,
      were seen in mucosa of guinea-pig colon and were densely clustered over ganglia
      of the myenteric and submucous plexuses in rat and guinea-pig colon. The guinea
      pig intestine probably contains all three types of tachykinin binding sites
      whereas rat duodenum and mouse bladder contain only K and P sites. Some tissues
      classified previously as SP-P or SP-E may actually contain P and/or K
      sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2419546
TI  - Inhibitors of calcium buffering depress evoked transmitter release at the squid
      giant synapse.
AB  - Evoked release of transmitter at the squid giant synapse was examined under
      conditions where the calcium ion concentration in the presynaptic terminal was
      manipulated by inhibitors of calcium sequestration. Simultaneous intracellular
      recordings of presynaptic and post-synaptic resting and action potentials were
      made during bath application of one of the following metabolic inhibitors: sodium
      cyanide (NaCN), carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone (FCCP);
      ruthenium red (RuR) and sodium-free (lithium) sea water. Cyanide and lithium sea
      water reversibly depressed the post-synaptic potential (p.s.p.) whilst RuR and
      FCCP blocked the evoked post-synaptic response irreversibly. The progressive
      reduction of p.s.p. amplitude was accompanied by a reversible increase in
      synaptic delay. The time course of block of the p.s.p. was similar for different
      agents and dependent on the rate of presynaptic activity (30-40 min at 0.01 Hz).
      Recovery of the post-synaptic action potential following block by cyanide and
      lithium sea water was obtained within 40 min and 5 min respectively. Synaptic
      depression by the metabolic inhibitors does not result from changes in
      presynaptic resting or action potentials, nor from a change in post-synaptic
      receptor sensitivity. The post-synaptic response to the local ionophoresis of L
      glutamate was unchanged following inhibition of evoked release of transmitter by
      cyanide. Injections of EGTA into presynaptic terminals poisoned by cyanide
      produced transient increases in p.s.p. amplitude, suggesting that cyanide is
      having its effect through raising intracellular calcium rather than lowering ATP.
      Control experiments injecting EGTA into unpoisoned nerve terminals showed no
      apparent effect on evoked transmitter release.

PMID- 2419547
TI  - Single-channel analysis of fast transient potassium currents from rat nodose
      neurones.
AB  - Single channels that underlie the fast transient potassium current (IA) were
      recorded, using patch-clamp techniques, from cultured sensory neurones. The open
      channel conductance was approximately 22 pS, and was constant over most of the
      physiological voltage range; single-channel conductance decreased at more
      depolarized levels. Summing single-channel currents resulted in an average
      current whose kinetics were similar to the macroscopic IA. The inactivation of
      these currents, at the potentials we studied, was fitted with a single
      exponential with a time constant of approximately 30 ms. For the currents evoked
      by large depolarizing steps (to +40 mV), the mean channel open time equals
      approximately 30 ms. For currents evoked at less depolarized levels (to 0 mV),
      the mean open time equals approximately 15 ms, half the inactivation time
      constant.

PMID- 2419548
TI  - Mechanism of action of extracellular calcium on isoprenaline-evoked amylase
      secretion from isolated rat parotid glands.
AB  - The effects of extracellular Ca2+ deprivation on amylase secretion, 45Ca efflux
      and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) metabolism were
      investigated in incubated parotid glands of young rats. Reducing the
      extracellular Ca2+ concentration from 2.5 X 10(-3) M to 10(-6) M had no effect on
      amylase secretion but did increase the rate of 45Ca efflux from unstimulated
      glands. Isoprenaline (10(-5) M) increased amylase secretion and the rate of 45Ca
      efflux in media containing 2.5 X 10(-3) M-Ca2+, and also increased the parotid
      cyclic AMP content. When glands were pre-incubated for either 10, 20, or 30 min
      in media containing either 10(-3) or 10(-6) M-Ca2+ there was no effect on the
      peak rate of amylase secretion stimulated by isoprenaline but the response took
      longer to develop. The effects of the same experimental manoeuvre on the net
      change in 45Ca efflux stimulated by isoprenaline were consistent with the idea
      that the beta-adrenergic agonist mobilizes Ca2+ from a number of intracellular
      pools. When glands were pre-incubated for 100 min in Ca2+-depleted buffers and
      then exposed to isoprenaline a triphasic effect on amylase secretion was
      observed. The secretory response was depressed when the extracellular Ca2+
      concentration was lowered from 2.5 X 10(-3) M to 10(-3) M; remained unaffected
      when the extracellular Ca2+ was further reduced to 10(-5) M; and was virtually
      abolished when the extracellular Ca2+ concentration was decreased to 10(-6) M.
      When glands were pre-incubated for 100 min in media containing Ca2+ at
      concentrations above 10(-5) M and then stimulated with isoprenaline parallel
      changes in cyclic AMP content and amylase secretion were observed. At lower Ca2+
      concentrations there was no further reduction in cyclic AMP content. The
      lipophilic cyclic AMP analogue N6,O2-dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate
      (dibutyryl cyclic AMP) mimicked the effects of isoprenaline on amylase secretion
      and 45Ca efflux. However, the amylase secretory response took longer to develop
      and the 45Ca efflux response was of shorter duration. These responses were
      reduced after pre-incubation of glands for 100 min in a medium containing 10(-6)
      M-Ca2+. Ca2+ at concentrations up to 10(-7) M enhanced parotid adenylate cyclase
      activity but higher concentrations were inhibitory. The same pattern of Ca2+
      sensitivity was seen for basal and also isoprenaline and F--stimulated
      activities. The results show that isoprenaline can mobilize Ca2+ from a number of
      intracellular pools which may exchange at different rates with the extracellular
      medium. This Ca2+ may be required at a minimum of two sites in the amylase
      secretory pathway.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2419549
TI  - Synaptic block of a transmitter-induced potassium conductance in Aplysia
      neurones.
AB  - A voltage-clamp study was made of a slow excitatory post-synaptic potential (slow
      e.p.s.p.) that can be elicited in the medial cells of the left pleural ganglion
      of Aplysia californica by the firing of at least three different presynaptic
      neurones (labelled I, II and III). Each of these three neurones elicits other
      permeability changes in addition to the slow e.p.s.p., and all elements of these
      synaptic responses were shown to be mediated monosynaptically. The slow e.p.s.p.,
      associated with an increase in membrane resistance, was shown to be due to a
      decrease in K permeability. When the slow e.p.s.p. was present spontaneously, it
      could be blocked by three compounds (tetraethylammonium (TEA),
      phenyltrimethylammonium (PTMA), or methylxylocholine (beta-TM 10], all previously
      shown to block the cholinergic receptor that mediates an increase in K
      conductance in the medial cells (see Kehoe, 1972b). Furthermore, in ganglia in
      which no slow e.p.s.p. was seen in response to firing of the neurones I, II, and
      III, such a response became manifest when agonists capable of activating the
      cholinergic receptor were applied (e.g. acetylcholine (ACh), carbachol,
      arecoline, or F2268). The slow e.p.s.p. thus appears to result from the
      reduction, induced by any one of three 'blocking neurones', of a cholinergically
      controlled K conductance. Finally, when presynaptic neurone I (the only neurone
      tested) was fired shortly before or during the activation of presynaptic neurone
      IV, previously shown to be cholinergic (Kehoe, 1972b), the K component of the
      cholinergic post-synaptic inhibitory potential was markedly reduced. The
      concentration at which a given agonist caused the manifestation of the synaptic
      diminution in K conductance (i.e. the slow e.p.s.p.) was found to be the same as
      that at which it caused a reduction in the synaptically activated, cholinergic, K
      dependent conductance elicited by presynaptic neurone IV. Intracellularly
      injected adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) imitated the effect of
      the 'blocking neurones' on the K conductance activated by bath-applied
      cholinomimetics. This effect was superimposed on a cyclic-AMP-induced, voltage
      dependent inward current that disappeared when the cell was bathed in Na-free sea
      water, or when the extracellular Ca concentration was increased to 60 mM. The
      effect of cyclic AMP on the cholinergic K conductance remained even after this
      cyclic-AMP-activated inward current was eliminated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2419550
TI  - Synaptic block of a calcium-activated potassium conductance in Aplysia neurones.
AB  - In the preceding paper (Kehoe, 1985) it was shown that the firing of any one of
      three neurones (I, II, III) presynaptic to the medial cells of the pleural
      ganglion of Aplysia californica causes a diminution of the cholinergically
      controlled K conductance in those cells. Firing of the same three presynaptic
      neurones was shown here to cause a similar diminution in a depolarization-induced
      K-dependent conductance in the same post-synaptic cells. The depolarization
      induced K conductance was found to disappear when Ca ions were removed from the
      sea water bathing the ganglion or when the cell was injected with the Ca chelator
      ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethylether)N,N'-tetra-acetic acid (EGTA). The
      diminution in this Ca-activated, K-dependent current occurred even when the
      presynaptic neurone was fired a few seconds after the end of the depolarizing
      voltage step to the post-synaptic neurone, showing that the diminution in K
      conductance was not an indirect effect of a transmitter-induced diminution in Ca
      influx during the depolarizing pulse. The two K conductances affected by the
      'blocking neurones' could be selectively eliminated. The cholinergic conductance
      could be blocked by receptor-specific cholinergic antagonists (e.g. 1 mM
      concentrations of phenyltrimethylammonium (PTMA), choline and tetraethylammonium
      (TEA]. Even at 10 mM concentrations, none of these compounds (including TEA,
      which is known to block certain Ca-activated K conductances) had an effect on the
      depolarization-induced, Ca-activated K conductance studied here. This latter
      conductance, on the other hand, was selectively blocked by an intracellular
      injection of EGTA. The three blocking neurones continued to diminish the K
      conductance (cholinergic or depolarization induced) that remained intact under
      these different experimental conditions. The depolarization-induced influx of Ca
      was shown to block the cholinergically controlled K conductance, but Ca was
      excluded as the possible mediator of the diminution in K conductance caused by
      the three blocking neurones. An intracellular injection of Ca ions into the
      medial cells was shown to activate a variety of changes in membrane conductance;
      in particular, two K-conductance increases: an early, TEA-sensitive one, and a
      slowly developing, TEA-insensitive one. Both the permeant cyclic AMP analogue p
      chlorophenylthioadenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (CPT-cyclic AMP) and the
      phosphodiesterase inhibitors amino-phylline and isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)
      were shown to block the depolarization-induced K conductance, and to reduce,
      though not eliminate, the slowly developing K conductance activated by an
      intracellular injection of Ca.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2419551
TI  - Differential expression of inward and outward potassium currents in the
      macrophage-like cell line J774.1.
AB  - J774.1 cells, a mouse-derived macrophage-like tumour cell line, were voltage
      clamped using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. Cells were maintained in
      suspension cultures and plated at varying times before recording. The average
      zero-current potential of long-term adherent (greater than 24 h) cells was -77.6
      mV. A tenfold increase in [K]o produced a 49 mV shift in zero-current potential.
      Freshly plated cells (less than 24 h) expressed two voltage-dependent currents:
      an outward current expressed transiently from 1 to 12 h post-plating and an
      inward current expressed 2-4 h post-plating which persisted in 100% of long-term
      adherent cells. Inward current was dependent upon voltage, time and [K]o 1/2,
      similar to the anomalous rectifier of other tissues. The conductance activated at
      potentials negative to -50 mV and plateaued at potentials negative to -110 mV.
      Inactivation was evident at potentials negative to -100 mV. Both the rate and
      extent of inactivation increased with hyperpolarization. Inward rectification was
      blocked by external BaCl2 or CsCl. The outward current was time- and voltage
      dependent. The instantaneous I/V curves derived from tail experiments reversed at
      the potassium equilibrium potential (EK). A tenfold change of [K]o shifted the
      reversal potential 52 mV, indicating that the current was carried by potassium.
      This conductance activated at potentials positive to -50 mV, plateaued at
      potentials positive to -10 mV and inactivated completely with an exponential time
      course at all potentials. At voltages positive to -25 mV the rate of inactivation
      was independent of voltage. The outward current was blocked by 4-aminopyridine or
      D600. During the first 10 min after attaining a whole-cell recording, the
      conductance/voltage relation of the outward current shifted to more negative
      voltages and peak conductance showed a slight increase; recordings then
      stabilized. The voltage dependence of the inward current did not shift with time
      but wash-out of inward current was observed in some cells. The J774.1 cell line
      can serve as a model for the study of the role of voltage-dependent ionic
      conductances in macrophages.

PMID- 2419552
TI  - Fast events in single-channel currents activated by acetylcholine and its
      analogues at the frog muscle end-plate.
AB  - The fine structure of ion-channel activations by junctional nicotinic receptors
      in adult frog muscle fibres has been investigated. The agonists used were
      acetylcholine (ACh), carbachol (CCh), suberyldicholine (SubCh) and decan-1,10
      dicarboxylic acid dicholine ester (DecCh). Individual activations (bursts) were
      interrupted by short closed periods; the distribution of their durations showed a
      major fast component ('short gaps') and a minor slower component ('intermediate
      gaps'). The mean duration of both short and intermediate gaps was dependent on
      the nature of the agonist. For short gaps the mean durations (microseconds) were:
      ACh, 20; SubCh, 43; DecCh, 71; CCh, 13. The mean number of short gaps per burst
      were: ACh, 1.9; SubCh, 4.1; DecCh, 2.0. The mean number of short gaps per burst,
      and the mean number per unit open time, were dependent on the nature of the
      agonist, but showed little dependence on agonist concentration or membrane
      potential for ACh, SubCh and DecCh. The short gaps in CCh increased in frequency
      with agonist concentration and were mainly produced by channel blockages by CCh
      itself. Partially open channels (subconductance states) were clearly resolved
      rarely (0.4% of gaps within bursts) but regularly. Conductances of 18% (most
      commonly) and 71% of the main value were found. However, most short gaps were
      probably full closures. The distribution of burst lengths had two components. The
      faster component represented mainly isolated short openings that were much more
      common at low agonist concentrations. The slower component represented bursts of
      longer openings. Except at very low concentrations more than 85% of activations
      were of this type, which corresponds to the 'channel lifetime' found by noise
      analysis. The frequency of channel openings increased slightly with
      hyperpolarization. The short gaps during activations were little affected when
      (a) the [H+]o or [Ca2+]o were reduced to 1/10th of normal, (b) when extracellular
      Ca2+ was replaced by Mg2+, (c) when the [Cl-]i was raised or (d) when, in one
      experiment on an isolated inside-out patch, the normal intracellular constituents
      were replaced by KCl. Reduction of [Ca2+]O to 1/10 of normal increased the single
      channel conductance by 50%, and considerably increased the number of intermediate
      gaps. No temporal asymmetry was detectable in the bursts of openings. Positive
      correlations were found between the lengths of successive apparent open times at
      low SubCh concentrations, but no correlations between burst lengths were
      detectable. The component of brief openings behaves, at low concentrations, as
      though it originates from openings of singly occupied channels.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2419553
TI  - Influence of loop diuretics and anions on passive potassium influx into human red
      cells.
AB  - Passive K influx into human red cells was measured with and without Cl ions, Na
      ions and loop diuretics. Ouabain and loop diuretics appear to inhibit
      specifically and respectively the Na pump and (Na+K) 'co-transport'. Inhibitors
      of other pathways, e.g. 4,4'-diisothiocyantostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid or
      amiloride did not inhibit passive K influx. Loop diuretics inhibited with high
      apparent affinity in Na-containing media and with low apparent affinity in Na
      free media where there was a substantial Cl-dependent component. The Cl
      concentration dependence was measured using six anion substitutions for Cl. With
      NO3, acetate and gluconate, the curves were sigmoidal and not fully saturable at
      150 mM-Cl; with iodide and thiocyanate, the curves were convex; with sulphate,
      there was saturation at 120 mM-Cl. The half-maximal K influx as a function of
      [Na]0 was 40 mM for the Cl-dependent flux component and 12 mM for the diuretic
      sensitive flux.

PMID- 2419554
TI  - [Excitation-contraction coupling in the skeletal muscle and the role of external
      calcium].

PMID- 2419555
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of murine alpha 1-pregnancy-associated protein
      (alpha 1-PAP) in pregnant mice: relationship between serum alpha 1-PAP levels and
      incidence of positive cells.
AB  - Using an electroimmunoassay, the murine pregnancy-associated protein alpha 1-PAP
      was detected in the sera of virgin MF1 but not C57BL/10 female mice. During
      pregnancy, alpha 1-PAP levels rose in both strains, although concentrations were
      higher in the latter and in both fell towards term. Using the unlabelled
      peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) staining procedure, alpha 1-PAP was detected
      within mononuclear leukocytes, the majority resembling macrophages, in the small
      and large intestinal mucosae, Peyer's patches and hepatocytes of virgin MF1 but
      not C57BL/10 females. During pregnancy, alpha 1-PAP positive cells were observed
      in each of these sites and in the decidua and placenta of both strains.
      Quantitative studies revealed that the incidence of alpha 1-PAP positive cells in
      the gut and associated lymphoid tissues reflected the circulating levels of the
      protein. In the placenta, the frequency and intensity of alpha 1-PAP positive
      staining was also reduced towards parturition. In contrast, hepatocyte staining
      remained constant throughout gestation in both strains. Our observations suggest
      that there may be at least two types of alpha 1-PAP synthesis operative and that
      circulating levels of the protein in female mice are influenced by strain,
      pregnancy and stage of gestation. These findings are discussed in relation to the
      cell types involved, their contribution to serum levels and the possible role of
      alpha 1-PAP in fetal allograft survival.

PMID- 2419557
TI  - Plasma fibronectin in systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship to clinical
      activity, DNA binding and acute phase proteins.
AB  - Plasma fibronectin was measured by ELISA in 25 samples from 22 patients with
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The mean fibronectin level for the entire
      patient group (654 micrograms/ml) was greater than that of normal controls (450
      micrograms/ml), with highest levels observed in the subgroup of patients with
      severe disease activity (838 micrograms/ml) followed by those with moderate
      disease activity (732 micrograms/ml) (p = .04). Fourteen patients with other
      rheumatic disease had a mean fibronectin level of 407 micrograms/ml. Decreases in
      fibronectin levels corresponded to clinical improvement and reductions in DNA
      binding. Although elevated fibronectin levels did not correspond to any specific
      pattern of organ system involvement, fibronectin levels seem to parallel disease
      activity in certain patients. Future longitudinal studies of plasma fibronectin
      in SLE may further define its role as an indicator of disease activity.

PMID- 2419556
TI  - Is there more than one signal for an acute phase response?
AB  - Prealbumin was shown to be a sensitive indicator of disease activity in a
      prospective study of 21 patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (AS) who were
      treated with 3 intravenous pulses of methylprednisolone and its concentration was
      found to change at a different rate to C-reactive protein (CRP). In those
      diseases in which CRP concentration rises with active disease, i.e., rheumatoid
      arthritis, AS and Crohn's disease, prealbumin fell, but in those diseases in
      which CRP rises only slightly, i.e., systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive
      systemic sclerosis and ulcerative colitis, there was nevertheless a fall in serum
      prealbumin, indicating that there was an acute phase response occurring. Fever,
      arthritis and infection were the only disease manifestations that were associated
      with an elevated CRP in both groups of diseases. There is therefore more than one
      signal for an acute phase response depending on the nature of the disease
      pathology.

PMID- 2419558
TI  - Palliation in head and neck cancer: discussion paper.

PMID- 2419559
TI  - Ketomethylene pseudopeptide analogues of substance P: synthesis and biological
      activity.
AB  - Two pseudopeptide analogues [Bz-(RS)Phe8 psi (COCH2)Gly9]SP8-11 (I) and
      [pGlu6,(RS)Phe8 psi (COCH2)Gly9]SP6-11 (II) of the substance P related C-terminal
      hexapeptide [pGlu6]SP6-11 were prepared as follows. The pseudodipeptidic unit
      H(RS)Phe psi (COCH2)GlyOH was synthesized by using a modified Dakin-West reaction
      between Bz-Phe-OH and monomethyl succinoyl chloride. The N alpha-protected
      pseudopeptidic unit was then incorporated into the appropriate peptide by using
      various coupling methods. The two pseudopeptide analogues were purified,
      characterized, and tested for their biological activity and inhibitory effect on
      SP degrading enzymes. Analogue II was a full agonist contracting the isolated
      guinea pig ileum with a potency of 70% compared to the parent hexapeptide
      [pGlu6]SP6-11. It was also a potent inhibitor of SP degrading activity in rat
      diencephalon membranes with a Ki of 20 microM whereas analogue I was a weak
      inhibitor.

PMID- 2419560
TI  - Synthesis of a new chemically and metabolically stable prostacyclin analogue with
      high and long-lasting oral activity.

PMID- 2419561
TI  - First trimester diagnosis from chorionic villi of a der(15),t(9;15)(q33;q14)mat
      identified by DA/DAPI staining.

PMID- 2419562
TI  - The influence of the O and K antigens of Klebsiella aerogenes on surface
      hydrophobicity and susceptibility to phagocytosis and antimicrobial agents.
AB  - The surface hydrophobicity of Klebsiella aerogenes is influenced by the presence
      of capsular (K) and lipopolysaccharide (O) antigens. Loss of both K and O
      antigens (K-O-), but not the K antigen alone (K-O+), increased surface
      hydrophobicity and susceptibility to phagocytosis. Unheated serum (i.e.,
      containing complement) increased the surface hydrophobicity and phagocytosis of
      the K-O+ and K-O- strains, but not of the K+O+ encapsulated parent strain.
      Despite the altered susceptibility to phagocytosis caused by the presence or
      absence of the K and O antigens, their loss did not influence sensitivity to a
      range of hydrophilic, hydrophobic or cationic antimicrobial agents.

PMID- 2419563
TI  - Polyagglutinating and non-typable strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic
      fibrosis.
AB  - Serologically polyagglutinating (PA) and non-typable (NT) strains of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa are frequently isolated from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, but are
      uncommon in other patients. From serologically typical parent strains, we
      isolated two variants (one PA, the other NT) which differed from the parent in
      bacteriophage susceptibility or in sensitivity to the bactericidal action of
      normal human serum. The PA and NT variants (strains 7/1 and 18S respectively)
      reacted with antiserum to the parent strains 7 and 18R but did not absorb
      homologous specific O antibody from antiserum to the parent strains. In contrast
      the parent strains absorbed anti-PA and anti-NT antibodies from antisera to the
      variant strains. The yield of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from acetone-dried cells
      of the parent strain 7 was similar to that of the PA derivative; but the NT
      strain 18S yielded only half the LPS of its parent strain. LPS of the variant 7/1
      gave a banding profile by SDS-PAGE similar to that of the parent LPS 7, but
      lacked high-molecular-weight components. LPS of the variant 18S appeared to be
      grossly different in profile from LPS 18R. Of 533 isolates of P. aeruginosa that
      were tested with O antisera and with antisera to the two variants, 15% were O
      typable and 22% were O-non-typable; 26% reacted with anti-PA serum alone, 10%
      with anti-NT serum alone, and 27% were agglutinated by both sera. There was a
      statistically significant correlation between serum sensitivity of CF isolates
      and their reaction with the PA or NT antisera.

PMID- 2419564
TI  - Single-file diffusion through the Ca2+-activated K+ channel of human red cells.
AB  - The ratio between the unidirectional fluxes through the Ca2+-activated K+
      specific ion channel of the human red cell membrane has been determined as a
      function of the driving force (Vm-EK). Net effluxes and 42K influxes were
      determined during an initial period of approximately 90 sec on cells which had
      been depleted of ATP and loaded with Ca. The cells were suspended in buffer-free
      salt solutions in the presence of 20 microM of the protonophore CCCP, monitoring
      in this way changes in membrane potential as changes in extracellular pH. (Vm-EK)
      was varied at constant EK by varying the Nernst potential and the conductance of
      the anion and the conductance of the potassium ion. In another series of
      experiments EK was varied by suspending cells in salt solutions with different K+
      concentrations. At high extracellular K+ concentrations both of the
      unidirectional fluxes were determined as 42K in- and effluxes in pairs of
      parallel experiments. Within a range of (Vm-EK) of -6 to 90 mV the ratio between
      the unidirectional fluxes deviated strongly from the values predicted by Ussing's
      flux ratio equation. The Ca2+-activated K+ channel of the human red cell membrane
      showed single-file diffusion with a flux ratio exponent n of 2.7. The magnitude
      of n was independent of the driving force (Vm-EK), independent of Vm and
      independent of the conductance gK.

PMID- 2419565
TI  - Asymmetric block of a monovalent cation-selective channel of rabbit cardiac
      sarcoplasmic reticulum by succinyl choline.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of the skeletal muscle relaxant succinyl choline
      (SC) on the conduction of potassium ions through a monovalent cation-selective
      channel present in the cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane (CSR). This
      channel has been studied under voltage-clamp conditions following the fusion of
      purified CSR membrane vesicles with preformed planar phospholipid bilayers. The
      channel assumes a fixed orientation in the bilayer and displays two conducting
      states (B. Tomlins, A.J. Williams & R.A.P. Montgomery, 1984, J. Membrane Biol.
      80:191-199). SC blocks potassium conductance through the channel in a voltage
      dependent manner. Block occurs from both sides of the channel, in both conducting
      states and is resolved as discrete "flickering" events. Although SC is capable of
      blocking potassium conductance from both sides of the membrane, block is
      asymmetric. The zero-voltage dissociation constant for block from the cis side of
      the membrane is approximately threefold lower than that from the trans side.
      Block from the cis side displays a linear dependence on SC concentration for both
      open states and is competitive with potassium ions at saturating potassium
      activities, consistent with a single-site blocking model. The degree of SC
      induced block is also influenced by membrane surface charge. SC block differs
      from that previously described for bis quaternary ammonium (bis Qn) compounds
      such as decamethonium in that SC blocks preferentially from the cis side of the
      channel.

PMID- 2419566
TI  - ATP-sensitive inward rectifier and voltage- and calcium-activated K+ channels in
      cultured pancreatic islet cells.
AB  - K+ channels in cultured rat pancreatic islet cells have been studied using patch
      clamp single-channel recording techniques in cell-attached and excised inside-out
      and outside-out membrane patches. Three different K+-selective channels have been
      found. Two inward rectifier K+ channels with slope conductances of about 4 and 17
      pS recorded under quasi-physiological cation gradients (Na+ outside, K+ inside)
      and maximal conductances recorded in symmetrical K+-rich solutions of about 30
      and 75 pS, respectively. A voltage- and calcium-activated K+ channel was recorded
      with a slope conductance of about 90 pS under the same conditions and a maximal
      conductance recorded in symmetrical K+-rich solutions of about 250 pS. Single
      channel current recording in the cell-attached conformation revealed a continuous
      low level of activity in an apparently small number of both the inward rectifier
      K+ channels. But when membrane patches were excised from the intact cell a much
      larger number of inward rectifier K+ channels became transiently activated before
      showing an irreversible decline. In excised patches opening and closing of both
      the inward rectifier K+ channels were unaffected by voltage, internal Ca2+ or
      externally applied tetraethylammonium (TEA) but the probability of opening of
      both inward rectifier K+ channels was reduced by internally applied 1-5 mM
      adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP). The large K+ channel was not operational in cell
      attached membrane patches, but in excised patches it could be activated at
      negative membrane potentials by 10(-7) to 10(-6) M internal Ca2+ and blocked by 5
      10 mM external TEA.

PMID- 2419567
TI  - Molecular motion underlying activation and inactivation of sodium channels in
      squid giant axons.
AB  - Measurements of the changes in birefringence associated with changes in membrane
      potential were made with internally perfused squid giant axons in low sodium
      solutions at 0-8 degrees C. The time course of the birefringence changes share
      many properties of the 'gating' (polarization) currents previously studied in
      this nerve. Both can be demonstrated as an asymmetry in the response to voltage
      pulses symmetrical about the resting potential which is not present about a
      hyperpolarized holding potential. Both have a rapid relaxation, which precedes
      the sodium permeability change. Both exhibit an initial delay or rising phase.
      Both are reversibly blocked by perfusion with 30 mM or 300 nM tetrodotoxin. The
      birefringence response has a decrease in the amplitude of the rapid relaxation
      associated with the appearance of a slow relaxation. This is similar to the
      immobilization of fast gating charges which parallels sodium current
      inactivation. The amplitude of the birefringence and the gating current responses
      is consistent with a change in the alignment of several hundred peptide bonds per
      sodium channel.

PMID- 2419569
TI  - RNA polymerase mutant able to express in vivo and in vitro the lactose operon in
      the absence of the cAMP-CRP complex.
AB  - By genetic analysis, we have localized a new mutation, isolated from rho-crp
      background, responsible for a carbohydrate-positive phenotype. The mutation maps
      in the rpoB gene coding for the beta-subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.
      Using reverse transcriptase analysis of transcripts obtained in vivo and
      transcription assays in vitro, we have shown that this altered RNA polymerase can
      efficiently initiate the transcription of the lactose operon in the absence of
      the cAMP-CRP complex both in vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 2419568
TI  - Gating of sodium and potassium channels.

PMID- 2419570
TI  - Efficient utilization of Escherichia coli transcriptional signals in Bacillus
      subtilis.
AB  - Using purified sigma 55 RNA polymerase from Bacillus subtilis in an in vitro
      transcription system, we have shown that both promoters and terminators of Gram
      negative origin are recognized by this enzyme. Furthermore, when B. subtilis is
      transformed with a shuttle vector containing certain of these promoters,
      synthesis of the Staphylococcus aureus CAT protein is achieved, and levels up to
      25% of the total cellular protein can be obtained. These findings indicate a
      closer evolutionary relationship of the expression machinery of these two
      bacterial species than has been assumed so far. On the basis of these results,
      the construction of new expression vectors for B. subtilis is likely to be
      facilitated, since a variety of well-characterized signal elements from
      Escherichia coli are available.

PMID- 2419571
TI  - Structure and expression of Ri T-DNA from Agrobacterium rhizogenes in Nicotiana
      tabacum. Organ and phenotypic specificity.
AB  - The incorporation of transferred DNA (T-DNA) from the Ri plasmid of Agrobacterium
      rhizogenes into the chromosomal DNA of higher plants is correlated with the
      appearance of a complex phenotype. The transformed genotype and phenotype undergo
      Mendelian inheritance. Through studies of Ri T-DNA content and transcription in
      Nicotiana tabacum, we have delineated a particular part of this foreign DNA as
      the likely source of the transformed phenotype. One inducible/repressible aspect
      of the transformed phenotype is termed T' and is correlated with the presence of
      a supplementary Ri T-DNA-encoded transcript. This transcript is found
      specifically in leaves, whereas most of the other T-DNA transcripts are more
      abundant in roots. The T' phenotype does not appear to be due to structural
      changes in the Ri T-DNA. It is inherited in a dominant Mendelian fashion. We
      propose that the T' phenotype is caused by heritable changes in the regulation of
      Ri T-DNA expression. We comment on the potential of this system as a model for
      studying eukaryotic gene expression.

PMID- 2419572
TI  - Calculation of protein conformations by proton-proton distance constraints. A new
      efficient algorithm.
AB  - We have developed a method to determine the three-dimensional structure of a
      protein molecule from such a set of distance constraints as can be determined by
      nuclear magnetic resonance studies. The currently popular methods for distance
      geometry based on the use of the metric matrix are applicable only to small
      systems. The method developed here is applicable to large molecules, such as
      proteins, with all atoms treated explicitly. This method works in the space of
      variable dihedral angles and determines a three-dimensional structure by
      minimization of a target function. We avoid difficulties hitherto inherent in
      this type of approach by two new devices: the use of variable target functions;
      and a method of rapid calculation of the gradient of the target functions. The
      method is applied to the determination of the structures of a small globular
      protein, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, from several artificial sets of
      distance constraints extracted from the X-ray crystal structure of this molecule.
      When a good set of constraints was available for both short- and long-range
      distances, the crystal structure was regenerated nearly exactly. When some
      ambiguities, such as those expected in experimental information, are allowed, the
      protein conformation can be determined up to a few local deformations. These
      ambiguities are mainly associated with the low resolving power of the short-range
      information.

PMID- 2419573
TI  - Mutation of the Adh gene of Drosophila melanogaster containing an internal tandem
      duplication.
AB  - AdhnLA248 is an X-ray-induced mutation of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene of
      Drosophila melanogaster that lacks detectable ADH protein but is transcribed. The
      transcript of this mutant allele is longer than that of the wild type. This is
      because the mutation is a duplication of parts of the second and third exons of
      Adh and of the intron that normally separates them. The primary transcript of the
      mutant allele is processed by the removal of both of the identical copies of
      intron 3. This mutation presumably originated, in the haploid sperm, as two
      staggered single-stranded breaks that gave rise to the duplication as a
      consequence of replication after fertilization.

PMID- 2419574
TI  - Messenger RNA conformation and ribosome selection of translational reinitiation
      sites in the lac repressor mRNA.
AB  - In the early region of the Escherichia coli lac repressor mRNA, the pattern of
      cleavage by nucleases specific for single or double-stranded RNA confirms the
      presence of secondary structures previously proposed to influence the pattern of
      translational reinitiation. These are positioned so as to mask a potential
      restart site centered on an in-phase GUG triplet corresponding to repressor amino
      acid position Val38. Our finding that a restart polypeptide initiated at the
      Val38 GUG codon is observed only in situations that that preclude base-pairing of
      adjacent mRNA sequences establishes a functional role for these structures in
      vivo. This evidence for structure, considered with the overall pattern of
      reinitiation events, suggests that local mRNA conformation is the major
      determinant that dictates ribosomal selection of restart sites within the early
      region of the repressor cistron.

PMID- 2419575
TI  - Functional analysis of lac repressor restart sites in translational initiation
      and reinitiation.
AB  - To define some of the features that influence ribosomal recognition of
      translational restart sites in the lac repressor mRNA, recombinant DNA methods
      have been used to construct lacI-Z fusions in which lacZ gene expression is
      dependent upon initiation or reinitiation within lacI mRNA sequences.
      Reinitiation efficiencies, as assessed by beta-galactosidase levels in strains
      bearing such plasmids, appear to be determined by at least three features of the
      RNA between the termination codon and reinitiation codon: the presence of
      competing out-of-frame AUG or GUG triplets, the distance between termination and
      reinitiation points, and the extent to which restart sequences remain accessible
      to ribosomes. While some of the restart sites are used with substantial
      efficiency for reinitiation, they do not function detectably as primary
      initiators if placed at the 5' end of the lacZ mRNA. This finding concurs with
      our observation that relative to the wild-type initiator region, which is
      recovered in quantitative yield from in vitro initiation reactions, ribosome
      protection of the four restart sites occurs at more than 100-fold lower
      efficiencies. In part, the lack of initiation activity is rationalized by the
      striking potential these sequences have for forming stable secondary structures
      that sequester elements essential for ribosome binding. However, the differential
      functioning of the restart sites in primary initiation versus reinitiation must
      also reflect real differences in the mechanisms operative in the two events.

PMID- 2419576
TI  - Morphology and histochemistry of the ambiens muscle of the red-eared turtle
      (Pseudemys scripta).
AB  - Six fiber types have been described in the ambiens muscle of red-eared turtles.
      These include one slow oxidative type, two fast oxidative types, two fast
      oxidative and glycolytic types, and one fast glycolytic type. Fiber types are non
      randomly distributed throughout cross sections of the muscle. There is a
      decreasing gradient of oxidative staining and an increasing gradient of
      glycolytic staining along an axis from the superficial to deep regions of the
      muscle. The slow oxidative fibers are predominantly located within one or two
      fascicles of the superficial surface of the muscle. The fast glycolytic fibers
      are predominant in deep fascicles. In contrast to previous reports of
      histochemically monotypic intrafusal fibers in turtle muscle, ambiens muscle
      spindles have been observed containing one to eleven intrafusal fibers, including
      two fiber types. Fiber diameter and area are consistently smaller than observed
      in most extrafusal fibers. Spindles are predominantly located in superficial and
      cranial fascicles of the ambiens muscle and are located in regions characterized
      by extrafusal fibers with high oxidative activity.

PMID- 2419577
TI  - Methylation of critical carboxyl groups in the vicinity of the sodium channel of
      guinea-pig atrium.
AB  - Methylation of a critical carboxyl group in guinea-pig left atrium with
      trimethoxonium ion leads to loss of excitability. The critical group(s) could be
      protected with a number of cationic drugs, so that on washout of the protecting
      drug and reaction products full excitability returned. Tetrodotoxin, edrophonium,
      cholinergic agonists and amantadine protected the preparation. During the
      recovery period readmission of these drugs led to the same pharmacological
      response as during the control period, suggesting protection of specific site(s).
      This thesis was confirmed in crossover experiments, in which the atrium was
      exposed to the methylating agent in the presence of one protecting drug, then
      exposed to another during recovery. The expected pharmacological responses were
      obtained. Assay of muscarinic receptors with [3H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate after
      methylation without protection or in the presence of tetrodotoxin or
      acetylcholine suggested that these receptors are not involved in the maintenance
      of excitability. It is postulated that the Na+ channel and the K+ channel are
      located in the same macromolecular membrane complex, and that the K+ channel has
      a cholinoreceptive sub-site.

PMID- 2419578
TI  - Strontium 89 for palliation of bone metastases.
AB  - At the University of Kansas Medical Center, systemic use of strontium 89
      ((89)Sr), a betaemitting radioisotope, was evaluated in the treatment of
      metastatic carcinoma to bone for relief of bone pain. Eighty-five patients were
      treated with systemic (89)Sr in the dosage of 30 to 40 MUCi/kg. All patients had
      multiple bone metastases, the majority with primary breast or prostatic cancer.
      The response to treatment was evaluated by daily diary entries, changes in the
      amount of pain medication, periodic bone scans, and other laboratory values.In
      the patients who survived (47) and who were observed for three or more months,
      overall results showed 15 percent becoming pain free; 23 percent showed marked
      improvement with decreased consumption of pain medication; 53 percent showed mild
      but significant improvement in pain relief and decrease in pain medication
      requirement; and 9 percent showed no improvement. No patients noted a worsening
      of bone pain after the treatment. There was a combined favorable response in 91
      percent (43/47) of patients with some meaningful palliation after (89)Sr therapy.
      This study, using (89)Sr systemic therapy, suggests that this isotope may be a
      valuable adjuvant therapy for palliation of pain from metastatic bone lesions.

PMID- 2419580
TI  - Effects of age and obesity on the metabolism of lindane by black a/a, yellow
      Avy/a, and pseudoagouti Avy/a phenotypes of (YS x VY) F1 hybrid mice.
AB  - Lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane) has been shown to produce hepatomas in some
      strains of mice but not in others. Genetic factors and/or altered metabolism may
      play a role in the susceptibility to lindane-induced hepatomas. This study
      reports the effect of age and obesity on the comparative metabolism and
      disposition of lindane in obese yellow Avy/a and in lean pseudoagouti Avy/a and
      black a/a phenotypes of (YS x VY) F1 hybrid female mice at 8, 17, 30, 56, and 86
      wk of age. At 24 h prior to sacrifice the mice were dosed p.o. with 18 mg lindane
      (containing 55 microCi [U-14C]lindane/kg). Aging altered the biotransformation of
      lindane such that while the excretion of lindane and its metabolites declined,
      the proportion of conjugated and polar metabolites increased. Tissue storage was
      elevated in older animals. In the yellow Avy/a mice, which are known to have a
      predisposition to the formation of hepatomas, there was accelerated and prolonged
      growth, reduced metabolite excretion, a greater proportion of conjugated
      metabolites, and higher dechlorinase activity compared to that of their
      pseudoagouti Avy/a and black a/a siblings.

PMID- 2419579
TI  - Use of quinones in brain-tumor therapy: preliminary results of preclinical
      laboratory investigations.
AB  - Failure of current chemotherapeutic agents to effectively treat human brain
      tumors has prompted the search for alternative regimens based on the inherent
      metabolic pathways of target cells. One way to accomplish this goal would be to
      design drugs in an inactive form, which upon entry into the cell would be
      transformed to a toxic metabolite by a naturally occurring pathway. One such
      pathway may be the reductive activation of naphthoquinones with one or two side
      chains capable of alkylation, such as 2,3-dibromomethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
      (DBNQ). This reductive activation can be catalyzed by the flavoprotein DT
      diaphorase [NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase]. We have found that both rat 9L and
      some human brain-tumor cell lines contain very high levels of this enzyme and
      that halogenated dimethyl naphthoquinones, such as DBNQ, are highly toxic to
      these cells in vitro. Moreover, we have found that the cytotoxic effects of DBNQ
      on human tumor and murine bone marrow stem cells can be prevented or lessened by
      pretreatment of the cells with dicoumarol, a potent inhibitor of DT-diaphorase.
      Since dicoumarol does not cross the blood-brain barrier, the potential exists for
      human brain tumors to be destroyed with halogenated dimethylquinones and for
      peripheral host toxicity to be prevented by coadministration of dicoumarol.

PMID- 2419581
TI  - Visually and acoustically augmented performance feedback as an aid in motor
      control learning: a study of selected components of the rowing action.
AB  - The present work compares the efficiency of two training techniques as aids to
      learning selected aspects of a sequentially ordered action such as that of
      rowing. Subjects in one group were trained with a conventional learning technique
      (CLT) while those in a second group were trained by an augmented feedback
      technique referred to as external feedback (EFB). Progress was recorded on
      learning curves. Rowing athletes with limited experience and psychophysiology
      students were used for the study. The tasks consisted of learning movement timing
      (rhythmicity of action and coordination of body parts) and movement intensity
      (force and electromyogram development), in four separate experiments. The
      learning curves for EFB subjects were found to have significantly and
      consistently higher slopes than those for CLT subjects. Optimal criteria were
      reached by EBF subjects, after a continuous increase in performance levels and a
      concomitant decrease in standard deviations evaluated from periodicity, movement
      accuracy and force. Subjects, who after 8 to 10 sessions of CLT learning had not
      reached optimal level, were exposed to EFB. Their performances then showed a
      marked improvement and attained the required criterion in 2 to 4 sessions. This
      further demonstrates the efficacy of EFB as compared with CLT, as an aid to
      learning a complex sensorimotor action. The efficacy of EFB as a learning
      technique is discussed in relation to the internal model of the task to be
      executed and to sensory motor control and motor programmes.

PMID- 2419582
TI  - Effects of 5-azacytidine on expression of endogenous retrovirus-related sequences
      in C3H 10T1/2 cells.
AB  - In a previous study (22) we found that transient exposure of C3H 10T1/2 mouse
      embryo fibroblasts to 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) induced several changes in growth
      properties. The treated cells showed progressive changes in morphology,
      saturation density, growth rate, and serum dependence. By passage 5, the cells
      had acquired the ability to grow in 0.3% agarose, and by passage 30, they had
      given rise to fully transformed foci that grew in agarose, agar, and liquid
      suspension. This progression was rapidly accelerated if the cultures derived from
      5-azaC-treated cells were exposed for 48 h to the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene. The
      present studies demonstrate that both type C and type A, but not type B,
      retrovirus-related sequences were expressed in the 5-azaC-treated cells. There
      was negligible expression of these sequences in the control 10T1/2 cells. The
      level of expression of the related RNAs tended to correlate with loss of
      anchorage dependence and other markers of an increase in the transformed
      phenotype. These changes were associated with hypomethylation of the
      corresponding cellular DNA sequences, as revealed by differential digestion with
      the restriction enzymes HpaII and MspI. These studies provide evidence that
      aberrations in DNA methylation and induction of expression of certain endogenous
      retroviruses may be one of a series of critical events during the course of
      multistage carcinogenesis, thus enhancing the evolution of malignant tumor cells.

PMID- 2419583
TI  - Differential susceptibility to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome retrovirus
      in cloned cells of human leukemic T-cell line Molt-4.
AB  - Cells of human leukemic T-cell line Molt-4 which were cloned in soft agarose from
      individual colonies were analyzed for the cytopathic effect and viral antigen
      expression after human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III infection. The
      induction of cytopathic effect and viral antigens by the infection varied
      significantly among the different cell clones. These clones did not show
      significant differences in the amount of OKT-4 antigen, a possible surface
      receptor for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus. Moreover, the virus
      producing ability and the susceptibility to the virus of each clone appeared to
      be separable.

PMID- 2419584
TI  - Antigenic binding sites of monoclonal antibodies specific for simian virus 40
      large T antigen.
AB  - We isolated 16 new monoclonal antibodies that recognize large T antigen of simian
      virus 40 and mapped the epitopes to three distinct regions of the large T
      antigen. Also, 3 of the 16 recognized the large T antigen of the human
      papovavirus BKV.

PMID- 2419585
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion glycoproteins of
      Newcastle disease virus: relationship between glycosylation and reactivity.
AB  - Eighteen hybridoma lines obtained by immunization of mice with Newcastle disease
      virus (NDV) lentogenic strain La Sota or velogenic strain Italien produced
      hemagglutinating monoclonal antibodies. The 18 monoclones were divided into four
      groups according to their reactivity toward native hemagglutinin neuraminidase
      protein (HN), nonglycosylated HN precursor, and heat-denatured HN blotted on
      nitrocellulose membranes. Only group II reagents were reactive toward their
      targets in all conditions tested. They were considered sequence-specific
      antibodies. Group I antibodies did not require glycosylation but lacked
      reactivity towards the denatured glycosylated antigen. Monoclonal antibodies from
      group III recognized only the native HN. Group IV was made up of a single
      monoclone that lacked reactivity with NDV Italien but recognized the La Sota
      strain in hemagglutination inhibition and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
      Five hybridoma lines produced monoclonal antibodies which neutralized viral
      infectivity but failed to inhibit hemagglutination. One monoclonal antibody
      obtained after immunization of mice with NDV La Sota showed a low neutralization
      index versus NDV Italien. Four monoclonal antibodies derived from mice immunized
      with NDV Italien showed higher neutralization indices towards this strain.
      Neither the denatured F protein nor its nonglycosylated precursor was reacted
      against by the five monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2419586
TI  - Antibody-selected variation and reversion in Sindbis virus neutralization
      epitopes.
AB  - Sindbis virus variants evidencing a complex and bidirectional tendency toward
      spontaneous antigenic change were isolated and characterized. Variants were
      selected on the basis of their escape from neutralization by individual
      monoclonal antibodies to either of the two envelope glycoproteins, E2 and E1.
      Multisite variants, including one altered in three neutralization sites, were
      obtained by selecting mutants consecutively in the presence of different
      neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Two phenotypic revertants, each of which
      reacquired prototype antigenicity, were back-selected on the basis of their
      reactivity with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. An incidental oligonucleotide
      marker distinguished these and the variant from which they arose from parental
      Sindbis virus and other mutants, thereby confirming that the revertants were true
      progeny of the antigenic variant. Prototype Sindbis virus and variants derived
      from it were compared on the basis of their reactivities with each of a panel of
      monoclonal antibodies; patterns revealed a minimum of five independently mutable
      Sindbis virus neutralization epitopes, segregating as three antigenic sites (two
      E2 and one E1).

PMID- 2419587
TI  - Enhancement of respiratory syncytial virus pulmonary pathology in cotton rats by
      prior intramuscular inoculation of formalin-inactiva ted virus.
AB  - Cotton rats previously inoculated with Formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial
      virus (RSV) were challenged intranasally with live RSV to induce an enhancement
      of RSV disease similar to that observed after the administration of Formalin
      inactivated RSV vaccine to human infants 20 years ago. Within 24 h after
      infection with RSV, cotton rats developed pulmonary lesions that reached a
      maximum by day 4. Histologically, the lesions resembled an experimental pulmonary
      Arthus reaction. An action of Formalin on RSV appears to be responsible for this
      effect, because live virus or virus heated in the absence of Formalin did not
      induce enhanced immunopathology. Selected epitopes on the fusion (F) or
      attachment (G) or both RSV surface glycoproteins that are involved in inducing
      neutralizing antibodies were modified to reduce or ablate their antigenicity.
      However, other epitopes on the F or G or both glycoproteins were not ablated by
      Formalin, because cotton rats inoculated parenterally with a Formalin-inactivated
      virus developed a high level of F and G antibodies measurable by an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. At this time, the effect of Formalin on RSV cannot be
      localized to either the F or G glycoprotein of RSV.

PMID- 2419588
TI  - Herpes simplex virus specifies two subunits of ribonucleotide reductase encoded
      by 3'-coterminal transcripts.
AB  - We have previously described a transcription unit located between map coordinates
      0.558 and 0.595 on the herpes simplex virus type 2 strain 333 genome which
      encodes two mRNAs of 5.0 and 1.2 kilobases that share a common 3' terminus, and
      we have determined the nucleotide sequence of a 38,000-dalton protein specified
      by the smaller RNA (D. A. Galloway and M. A. Swain, J. Virol. 49:724-730, 1984).
      The entire nucleotide sequence of the 140,000-dalton protein specified by a 3,432
      base-pair open reading frame within the large mRNA is presented, as are
      transcriptional regulatory sequences upstream of the RNA. The 140,000-dalton
      protein shows strong homology with the large subunit of well-characterized
      ribonucleotide reductase enzymes from the mouse and from Escherichia coli and
      with an Epstein-Barr virus gene. The 38,000-dalton protein has been shown
      previously to have homology with the small subunit of these enzymes (B.-M.
      Sjoberg, H. Eklund, J. A. Fuchs, J. Carlson, N. M. Standart, J. V. Ruderman, S.
      J. Bray, and T. Hunt, FEBS Lett. 183:99-102, 1985). This is the first example of
      a herpesvirus transcriptional unit that encodes functionally related proteins.

PMID- 2419589
TI  - Involvement of host DNA gyrase in growth of bacteriophage T5.
AB  - Bacteriophage T5 did not grow at the nonpermissive temperature of 42 degrees C in
      Escherichia coli carrying a temperature-sensitive mutation in gyrB [gyrB(Ts)],
      but it did grow in gyrA(Ts) mutants at 42 degrees C. These findings indicate that
      the A subunit of host DNA gyrase is unnecessary, whereas the B subunit is
      necessary for growth of T5. The necessity for the B subunit was confirmed by a
      strong inhibition of T5 growth by novobiocin and coumermycin A1, which interfere
      specifically with the function of the B subunit of host DNA gyrase. However, T5
      growth was also strongly inhibited by nalidixic acid, which interferes
      specifically with the function of the A subunit. This inhibition was due to the
      interaction of nalidixic acid with the A subunit and not just to its binding to
      DNA, because appropriate mutations in the gyrA gene of the host conferred
      nalidixic acid resistance to the host and resistance to T5 growth in such a host.
      The inhibition by nalidixic acid was also not due to a cell poison formed between
      nalidixic acid and the A subunit (K. N. Kreuzer and N. R. Cozzarelli, J.
      Bacteriol. 140:424-435, 1979) because nalidixic acid inhibited growth of T5 in a
      gyrA(Ts) mutant (KNK453) at 42 degrees C. We suggest that T5 grows in KNK453 at
      42 degrees C because its gyrA(Ts) mutation is leaky for T5. Inhibition of T5
      growth due to inactivation of host DNA gyrase was caused mainly by inhibition of
      T5 DNA replication. In addition, however, late T5 genes were barely expressed
      when host DNA gyrase was inactivated.

PMID- 2419590
TI  - Rubella virus antigens: localization of epitopes involved in hemagglutination and
      neutralization by using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the rubella virion were used to locate
      epitopes involved in hemagglutination and neutralization. The MAbs exhibiting
      high-level hemagglutination-inhibiting activity were shown by Western blot
      analysis to be specific for the E1 polypeptide; this is consistent with the
      presence of the hemagglutinin on the E1 polypeptide. Some of the E1-specific MAbs
      also neutralized viral infectivity. However, hemagglutination-inhibiting activity
      and neutralizing activity did not always correlate. Three distinct functional
      epitopes were identified on the E1 polypeptide by competition analyses: one which
      reacted with MAbs with high-level hemagglutination-inhibiting activity and with
      neutralizing activity, one which reacted with MAbs with low-level
      hemagglutination-inhibiting activity and with neutralizing activity, and one
      which reacted with MAbs with only hemagglutination-inhibiting activity. A MAb
      specific for the E2 polypeptide exhibited neutralizing activity. This E2-specific
      MAb and two E1-specific MAbs with neutralizing activity were capable of
      precipitating intact virus which indicates that at least three epitopes involved
      in neutralization are accessible on the surface of the virion.

PMID- 2419591
TI  - Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication in fibroblast cultures by
      human blood mononuclear cells.
AB  - An assay was developed to test the effect of human blood mononuclear cells (MNCs)
      on herpes simplex virus (HSV) replication. In this assay, human fibroblast
      monolayers were inoculated with HSV and then cultured with or without blood MNCs.
      Fewer HSV-infected cells were recovered from human fibroblasts cultured in the
      presence than in the absence of blood MNCs. This inhibition of viral replication
      by MNCs was independent of HLA matching between the MNCs and fibroblasts and
      persisted even when T cells were depleted by antibody and complement. However,
      depletion of Leu11+ MNCs either by panning or with antibody and complement
      reduced the ability of the cells to suppress HSV infection, whereas enrichment of
      Leu11+ cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting increased the viral
      suppression. Depletion of OKM1+ MNCs also reduced the viral suppression. After
      coculturing of MNCs and HSV-infected fibroblasts for 3 days, alpha interferon
      (IFN) and gamma IFN were detected in the supernatants. Predepletion of Leu11+
      MNCs reduced the amount of gamma IFN produced in these cultures. Incubation of
      the MNCs and HSV-infected fibroblasts with antibody specific for either alpha or
      gamma IFN resulted in reduced viral suppression. Preincubation of MNCs for 18 h
      with either interleukin 2 or alpha IFN or for 7 days with antigen increased the
      suppression of HSV infection. These results suggest that natural killer cells
      with the Leu11+ phenotype participate in the recognition of HSV-infected cells at
      a point sufficiently early to interfere with the spread of infection in vitro and
      may inhibit viral replication by natural killer cell cytotoxicity, by generation
      of interferon, and by lymphokine-activated killing.

PMID- 2419592
TI  - Monoclonal antibody cure and prophylaxis of lethal Sindbis virus encephalitis in
      mice.
AB  - Neuroadapted Sindbis virus (NSV) causes acute encephalitis and paralyzes and
      kills adult mice unless they are treated with primary immune serum after
      infection. To study the nature and specificity of curative antibodies, we gave
      mice 30 different monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Sindbis virus (SV) 24 h
      after lethal intracerebral inoculation of NSV. By the time of MAb treatment, NSV
      replication in the brain had been well established (7.5 X 10(7) PFU/g). Seventeen
      MAbs directed against multiple biological domains on the NSV E1 and E2 envelope
      glycoproteins prevented paralysis and death. Anticapsid MAbs failed to protect.
      Altogether, 15 of 17 curative MAbs either neutralized NSV infectivity or lysed
      NSV-infected cells with complement, but neither ability was necessary or
      sufficient to guarantee recovery. All 5 protective anti-E2 MAbs neutralized NSV
      infectivity; 6 of 10 protective anti-E1 MAbs neutralized NSV; 4 did not. Plaque
      assay or immunohistochemical staining showed that neutralizing and
      nonneutralizing curative MAbs decreased NSV in the brain, brainstem, and spinal
      cord. Despite high neutralization titers, hyperimmune anti-SV and anti-NSV mouse
      sera prevented only 6 and 30% of deaths, respectively, while primary immune sera
      prevented 50 (SV) and 90% (NSV) of deaths. Secondary intravenous immunization
      with a live virus apparently diminished, obscured, or failed to boost a class of
      protective antibodies. When separate mouse groups were given these 30 MAbs 24 h
      before lethal intracerebral inoculation of NSV, a slightly different set of 17
      neutralizing or nonneutralizing anti-E1 and anti-E2 antibodies protected. Two
      nonneutralizing MAbs and hyperimmune anti-SV serum, which had failed to promote
      recovery, prophylactically protected 100% of the mice. The antibody requirements
      or mechanisms of prophylaxis and recovery may differ.

PMID- 2419595
TI  - [Histological effect of percutaneous epidural stimulation; a case report].

PMID- 2419593
TI  - Recombinant polypeptide from the endonuclease region of the acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome retrovirus polymerase (pol) gene detects serum antibodies in
      most infected individuals.
AB  - Sera from the majority of individuals that were positive in an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) retrovirus (ARV), an isolate of the for antibodies to
      acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated retrovirus (ARV), an
      isolate of the retrovirus identified as the etiologic agent of AIDS, were found
      to react with a 31,000-dalton protein (p31) in virus Western blot assays. To
      determine if this 31,000-dalton immunoreactive species originated from the
      putative endonuclease region of the polymerase (pol) gene of ARV, we cloned this
      portion of pol into bacterial expression vectors for direct expression and for
      expression as a fusion protein with human superoxide dismutase. Transformants
      from both constructions expressed immunoreactive protein detected in immunoblots
      with an AIDS patient's serum. Extracts from transformants expressing these
      sequences competed with the binding of antibodies from AIDS patients' sera to the
      31,000-dalton protein in virus immunoblots, confirming that viral p31 originated
      from the endonuclease domain of the ARV polymerase gene. The superoxide dismutase
      p31 fusion protein was purified, and an ELISA for detecting antibodies to p31 was
      developed. The majority (95%) of serum samples obtained from individuals
      seropositive in the virus ELISA were also positive in the p31 antibody ELISA.

PMID- 2419594
TI  - Stability and inactivation of HTLV-III/LAV under clinical and laboratory
      environments.
AB  - The stability of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy
      associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) under environmental conditions encountered in a
      clinical or laboratory setting and its inactivation by commonly used chemical
      disinfectants were investigated. Under our experimental conditions utilizing a
      highly concentrated viral preparation, virus with an initial infectious titer of
      approximately 7 log10 tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) per milliliter can
      be recovered for more than a week from an aqueous environment held at room
      temperature (23 to 27 degrees C) or at 36 to 37 degrees C. Virus recovery is
      reduced at a rate of approximately 1 log10TCID50 per 20 minutes when held at 54
      to 56 degrees C. Dried and held at room temperature, HTLV-III/LAV retains
      infectivity for more than three days with a reduction of approximately 1
      log10TCID50 per nine hours. Viral infectivity is undetectable and reduced more
      than 7 log10TCID50 within one minute with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, 70% alcohol,
      or 0.5% nonidet-P40, and within ten minutes with 0.08% quaternary ammonium
      chloride or with a 1:1 mixture of acetone-alcohol. These results help provide a
      rational basis to prevent the accidental spread of HTLV-III/LAV in the laboratory
      or clinical setting.

PMID- 2419596
TI  - [A case of amylase-producing ovarian tumor].
AB  - A 51-year-old woman with ovarian carcinoma with hyperamylasemia is reported. She
      was admitted to Osaka General (JNR) Hospital in July 1982. A cystic tumor was
      palpated in the pelvis. Serum amylase, mainly the salivary type, in
      electrophoresis, had increased to 1583 Smith-Roe units/dL, while the pancreas was
      normal on ultrasonography and CT. Chemotherapy (MFC) was performed, and
      laparotomy revealed bilateral ovarian tumors. Histologically, they were serous
      cystadenocarcinoma. Serum and urinary amylase values dropped to the normal range
      after chemotherapy and surgery, and varied directly with the clinical course.
      Immunohistochemically, amylase was demonstrated in the tumor tissue by the PAP
      method. In conclusion, amylase was a useful marker in the diagnosis and follow-up
      of the present patient.

PMID- 2419597
TI  - [Synovial sarcoma of the abdominal wall].
AB  - A case of a synovial sarcoma arising in the abdominal wall in a 60-year-old man
      is reported. Histologically, a characteristic biphasic cellular pattern with
      epithelium-like cell complex and fibrosarcomatous spindle cell area was found.
      Mucinous materials within the epithelium-like cells, intercellular clefts and
      pseudoglandular spaces stained positively with PAS, alcian blue, colloid iron and
      mucicarmine stain. The staining characteristics of these materials remained
      unchanged after treatment with diastase and hyaluronidase. This histochemical
      finding makes the diagnosis of a peritoneal mesothelioma unlikely. A brief review
      of previously reported cases of synovial sarcoma arising in the abdominal wall is
      also presented.

PMID- 2419598
TI  - Incidental carcinoma of the prostate: histopathology and natural history.
AB  - We reviewed 60 cases of incidental carcinoma of the prostate treated
      conservatively. Subclassification of incidental carcinoma was based on histologic
      grade and tumor size. Stage A1 was defined as a low grade (grade I) and focal
      lesion, and stage A2 as a high grade (grade II, III) or diffuse lesion. The
      distinction between focal and diffuse was set at three chips in a transurethrally
      resected specimen or a diameter of 5 mm for a total lesion in an enucleated
      specimen. Patients with stage A1 tumors did significantly better (p less than
      0.05) than those with A2, the 5-year survival rates being 88% and 70%,
      respectively. It is believed that patients with stage A2 should be treated
      aggressively. However, conservative therapy is recommended for the patients with
      stage A1 prostate cancer.

PMID- 2419599
TI  - A case of alpha-fetoprotein-producing rectal carcinoma.
AB  - A rare case of rectal carcinoma with a high serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level
      (maximum, 6,983 ng/ml) is reported. The histology of the primary tumor was
      adenosquamous carcinoma, the major component being moderately to poorly
      differentiated adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemically, a few AFP-positive cells
      were identified in the primary tumor. However, numerous AFP-positive cells were
      observed in metastatic tumors in the liver and lungs at autopsy, which were
      histologically undifferentiated carcinoma with marked pleomorphism. Furthermore,
      components of adenocarcinoma were present in the metastatic tumors at various
      sites, and components of squamous cell carcinoma were seen only in the pelvic
      cavity. To our knowledge, this is the first case of rectal carcinoma with
      verified AFP production by the tumor cells.

PMID- 2419600
TI  - [Common variable immunodeficiency].

PMID- 2419601
TI  - [OKT4 epitope deficiency--mode of inheritance and prevalence in Japan].

PMID- 2419602
TI  - [Determination of P-type amylase activity using an inhibitor and its clinical
      significance].

PMID- 2419603
TI  - [Prospect of genetic therapy].

PMID- 2419604
TI  - [Genetic engineering for diagnosis].

PMID- 2419605
TI  - [An immunohistochemical study on the normal human anagen hair and hair follicle
      using anti-hair keratin monoclonal antibodies (HKN-5, HKN-6, HKN-7 and HKN-8)].

PMID- 2419606
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of 99mTc-N-pyridoxyl-5-methyltryptophan hepatobiliary
      scintigraphy in hepatocellular carcinoma].

PMID- 2419607
TI  - [The human cytotoxic T cell response to hepatitis B vaccination].

PMID- 2419608
TI  - [A male case of methyldopa-induced liver injury with positive lupus cell
      preparation].

PMID- 2419609
TI  - [Blood levels of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 in alcoholic liver
      diseases].

PMID- 2419610
TI  - Vascular permeability to macromolecules changes qualitatively in inflammation?
AB  - The time courses of vascular permeability to native bovine serum albumin (BSA),
      cationized BSA, dextran (mol wt. 40,000) and bovine immunoglobulin G (IgG) in
      carrageenin-induced inflammation in rats were determined by the fluorometric
      method. The vascular permeability to BSA increased gradually until about 5 hr
      after carrageenin injection. The vascular permeabilities to dextran and IgG
      reached a maximum at 1 hr after carrageenin injection and then decreased. In the
      early-stage, 0-1 hr after carrageenin injection, dextran was the most permeating
      of the three. However, in the later-stage, 3-5 hr after carrageenin injection,
      BSA became the most permeating. Furthermore, cationized BSA was more permeating
      than native BSA having a negative charge in the early-stage, but the difference
      between the permeability to cationized BSA and native BSA was decreased at the
      later-stage. These data suggest that vascular permeability changes qualitatively
      in carrageenin-induced inflammation in rats, and it is unlikely that the
      increased vascular permeability is caused by the ultrafiltration through gaps
      formed between endothelial cells.

PMID- 2419611
TI  - Hypertrophy and dysfunction of parotid gland induced by chronic stimulation of
      beta 1-adrenergic receptors.
AB  - The present study was carried out to determine the beta-receptor subtype
      responsible for the hypertrophy and dysfunction of parotid glands in rats
      chronically treated with isoproterenol (ISP). Treatment with dobutamine (DBT), a
      beta 1-agonist, (30 mg/kg twice a day for 4 days) produced a significant
      enlargement of the parotid gland just as in the ISP-treated rats. The effects of
      secretagogues on amylase release and ISP-induced cyclic AMP accumulation were
      markedly decreased in the parotid tissue of the treated rats. Co-administration
      of the beta 1-antagonists metoprolol and acebutolol clearly inhibited the
      development of parotid enlargement and its secretory dysfunction induced by ISP
      or DBT. Procaterol treatment (30 mg/kg, twice a day for 4 days) did not cause any
      dysfunction or any increase in the gland weights. These results indicate that
      both hypertrophy and dysfunction of the rat parotid gland, which were observed in
      chronic treatment with ISP, may result from chronic stimulation of beta 1
      adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2419612
TI  - Alpha-blockade and vasodilatation induced by nipradilol, arotinolol and labetalol
      in pithed rats.
AB  - In pithed rats two recently-introduced beta-blockers, nipradilol and arotinolol,
      as well as labetalol shifted the pressor dose-response curve for phenylephrine to
      the right. Labetalol and arotinolol did not modify the pressor dose-response
      curve for clonidine, while nipradilol induced a definite rightward shift. These
      results indicate that labetalol and arotinolol are selective alpha 1-blockers,
      while nipradilol is a non-selective one. In addition, all the three beta-blockers
      produced complex changes in the blood pressure in pithed rats. A fall of the
      diastolic blood pressure induced by labetalol and nipradilol was preceded by a
      slight rise, while arotinolol produced a fall at lower doses and a rise at higher
      ones. The hypotension by labetalol was abolished after propranolol, while the
      hypertension was suppressed by prazosin, indicating that labetalol has an
      intrinsic beta- and alpha 1-sympathomimetic effect. The hypertension and the
      hypotension produced by nipradilol and arotinolol persisted even in the presence
      of propranolol and prazosin or propranolol and yohimbine.

PMID- 2419613
TI  - Role of the alpha-adrenergic blocking effect in the acute hypotensive effect of
      beta-adrenergic blocking drugs with alpha-blocking activities in conscious SHR.
AB  - Acute hypotensive effects and the mechanisms of three beta-adrenergic blocking
      drugs with alpha-blocking activity were studied in comparison with those of
      prazosin, propranolol and hydralazine in the conscious spontaneously hypertensive
      rat (SHR). Prazosin lowered the blood pressure dose-dependently and inhibited the
      pressor response to phenylephrine. Three beta-adrenergic blocking drugs with
      alpha-blocking activity, labetalol (30 mg/kg), arotinolol (100 mg/kg) and
      nipradilol (100 mg/kg) also lowered the blood pressure to the same extent as
      prazosin (0.3 mg/kg), but the inhibition of the pressor response to phenylephrine
      produced by them was disproportionately slight. Propranolol (100 mg/kg) did not
      lower the blood pressure. These results suggest that the acute hypotensive
      effects of three beta-adrenergic blocking drugs with alpha-blocking activity were
      attributable only partially to the alpha-adrenergic blocking effect; a mechanism
      or mechanisms other than the alpha-adrenergic blocking effect must be invoked to
      explain the acute hypotensive effect produced by lower doses of these drugs in
      the conscious SHR.

PMID- 2419614
TI  - Effects of butorphanol and its metabolites on the levels of monoamines and their
      metabolites in the rat brain.
AB  - The effects of butorphanol and its main metabolites, norbutorphanol and
      hydroxybutorphanol, on the contents of monoamines and their metabolites in
      various regions of the rat brain were compared with those of morphine and
      pentazocine using the HPLC-ECD method. The administrations of morphine and
      pentazocine increased dopamine turnover in the striatum and hypothalamus in a
      drug dose-dependent manner. The stimulative effects of butorphanol on the
      dopamine system were weaker than those of morphine and pentazocine, and there
      were no dose-dependencies in these effects of butorphanol. Butorphanol, morphine
      and pentazocine increased 5-HT turnover, but there was no drug dose-dependent
      effect in the case of butorphanol. These differences for the effects of
      butorphanol from those of morphine and pentazocine seemed to result from the
      antagonist-agonist property of butorphanol and from a different manner of
      interaction with the opioid receptor. The effects of butorphanol on the levels of
      the norepinephrine system were weak. It was considered that the effects of
      butorphanol on monoamine turnover were produced by the action of butorphanol
      itself, because norbutorphanol and hydroxybutorphanol showed little change on the
      level of monoamines and their metabolites.

PMID- 2419615
TI  - [Synergism of the calcium reversal phenomenon of potassium depolarizing in the
      rat uterine muscle by Bay k-8644, a calcium agonist].

PMID- 2419616
TI  - [Effect of substance P and VIP on intraocular muscles].

PMID- 2419617
TI  - [Relation between the musculature and nerve plexus of the gallbladder].

PMID- 2419618
TI  - [Development and clinical significance of protrusion of hypertrophic prostate
      into the bladder observed by transrectal ultrasonotomography].

PMID- 2419619
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of neuropeptides in the ventral hypothalamus of
      the cat.

PMID- 2419620
TI  - Examination of oral cancer tissue for the presence of the proteins ICP 4, ICP 5,
      ICP 6, ICP 8, and gB of herpes simplex virus type 1.
AB  - Although patients with oral cancer have increased levels of antibody to herpes
      simplex virus type 1, the origin of the antigenic stimulation remains unknown. We
      have therefore looked for proteins of herpes simplex in oral squamous cell
      carcinomas by staining frozen sections with monoclonal antibodies to the proteins
      ICP 4, ICP 5, ICP 6, ICP 8, and gB. No staining was seen of the tumor cells of
      any of 11 oral cancer cases or of the epithelium of 29 other oral lesions, which
      included cases of leukoplakia, lichen planus, and aphthous ulcers. Frequent
      staining of mast cells was seen in the connective tissue associated with oral
      cancer when ascitic fluid was used as the source of monoclonal antibody, but such
      staining was not seen when the precipitated IgG fraction was used.

PMID- 2419621
TI  - Suppression of T-cell response in autologous mixed lymphocyte-tumor culture by
      large granular lymphocytes.
AB  - The role of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) in the autologous mixed lymphocyte
      tumor culture (MLTC) was studied in cancer patients with malignant pleural
      effusions. When blood lymphocytes were cocultured in vitro with autologous tumor
      cells freshly isolated from carcinomatous pleural effusions, [3H]thymidine
      incorporation was weakly stimulated on day 6 in 6 of 30 samples. Removal of LGL
      from the responder population by treatment with the Leu-7 or Leu-11b monoclonal
      antibody plus complement (C') induced or augmented the proliferative response.
      LGL and small T-lymphocytes were isolated by discontinuous Percoll gradient
      centrifugation and tested separately for the proliferative response to autologous
      tumor. T-cells proliferated in 24 of 30 cases, while LGL showed no proliferation.
      Addition of LGL to autologous mixed T-cell-tumor cultures suppressed the
      proliferation of T-cells. LGL, however, did not inhibit T-cell proliferation
      induced by alloantigens and lectins. The suppressive activity of Percoll-purified
      LGL was not reduced by OKT3 plus C' treatment, but it was totally abrogated by
      Leu-11b plus C'. Supernatants produced by 24-hour culture of LGL with autologous
      tumor contained soluble factors that suppressed the autologous MLTC without
      killing the autologous tumor or T-blasts. The LGL-mediated suppression was not
      abolished by anti-interferon-alpha or anti-interferon-gamma antibody. Activation
      of T-cells in the autologous MLTC induced lytic potential restricted to
      autologous tumor. In the presence of LGL, T-cells failed to develop autotumor
      killing activity. Once autotumor killer T-cells were generated in autologous
      MLTC, their cytotoxicity was no longer inhibited by LGL. These results indicate
      that LGL from patients with carcinomatous pleural effusions suppress the capacity
      of autotumor-recognizing T-lymphocytes to proliferate and develop autotumor
      cytotoxicity in the autologous MLTC. This could explain why fresh T-cells have no
      cytolytic activity to autologous tumor.

PMID- 2419622
TI  - Induction of DT-diaphorase by anticarcinogenic sulfur compounds in mice.
AB  - The effects of the dietary administration of four anticarcinogenic sulfur
      compounds on the activity of DT-diaphorase, a protective enzyme in quinone and
      quinoneimine detoxification, have been investigated in female CD-1 mice.
      Bisethylxanthogen, disulfiram, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, and
      benzylisothiocyanate, administered at 0.5% of the diet (by weight) for 14 days,
      each induced significant increases in DT-diaphorase specific activities in
      cytosol fractions of lung, kidney, urinary bladder, proximal small intestine, and
      colon. Cytosolic DT-diaphorase of the fore-stomach was elevated in response to
      bisethylxanthogen, disulfiram, and benzylisothiocyanate. The increases in
      cytosolic DT-diaphorase activities in organs of mice fed 0.5% bisethylxanthogen
      were similar in magnitude to those observed previously in response to 0.75%
      butylated hydroxyanisole. Liver cytosol DT-diaphorase specific activity was
      enhanced sevenfold by 0.5% bisethylxanthogen, twofold by 0.5%
      benzylisothiocyanate, and 2.6-fold by 1% disulfiram but was not significantly
      increased by disulfiram or sodium diethyldithiocarbamate at 0.5% of the diet.
      Diets containing 0.5% bisethylxanthogen or 0.5% benzylisothiocyanate also
      elevated microsomal DT-diaphorase specific activities in several organs. Even at
      the tenfold-lower concentration of 0.05% of the diet, bisethylxanthogen induced
      significant increases in DT-diaphorase specific activities in cytosol fractions
      of liver, lung, kidney, and small intestine and in liver and kidney microsomes.
      The protective function of DT-diaphorase in limiting free-radical formation and
      oxidative damage to cells suggests that the induction of this enzyme contributes
      to the anticarcinogenic effects of the four sulfur compounds studied.

PMID- 2419623
TI  - Effects of D-glucosamine and 6-azauridine on nucleotide contents, 5-fluorouridine
      uptake, and cytotoxicity in TA3 mammary tumor cells.
AB  - In TA3 mammary carcinoma cells in suspension culture, D-glucosamine X HCl (GlcN)
      induced a diversion of uridylate from UTP into UDP-N-acetylhexosamines, reducing
      the intracellular pool of UTP and eliciting an increased rate of de novo
      uridylate synthesis. This rise in de novo synthesis was completely suppressed by
      addition of 6-azauridine (6-AzaUrd) to the cell suspension in vitro or in the
      solid TA3 mammary tumor in NMRI mice in vivo. A synergistic depletion of UTP
      pools to less than 6% of the UTP in controls was observed in TA3 cell suspensions
      exposed to GlcN and 6-AzaUrd. In solid TA3 tumors in vivo, UTP was reduced by
      this combination to 19% of the control value. A high sensitivity of the solid
      tumor to inhibition of pyrimidine synthesis de novo was indicated by the
      reduction of the UTP content after administration of 6-AzaUrd alone. UTP
      deficiency in TA3 tumor cells was accompanied by CTP deficiency. In addition, 6
      AzaUrd caused a lowering of GTP in the neoplastic tissue. Host liver was
      resistant to 6-AzaUrd but responded to treatment with GlcN with a decrease in UTP
      to 67%. Uridine-cytidine kinase was less inhibited in the presence of lowered UTP
      and CTP, which are potent feedback inhibitors of the enzyme, and enabled an
      enhanced formation of phosphorylated derivatives of 5-fluorouridine (FUrd). Aside
      from the formation of 5-fluoro-UTP, we have identified 5-fluoro-UDP-N
      acetylhexosamines (FUDPHexNAc), which accumulated when FUrd and GlcN were
      sequentially administered. Treatment of TA3 cells with FUrd after a pretreatment
      with 6-AzaUrd and GlcN resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in [14C]FUrd uptake and a
      duplication of 5-fluorouridylate incorporation into the RNA. The proportion of
      FUDPHexNAc increased to 58% of the phosphorylated FUrd metabolites, as compared
      to 6% in TA3 cells exposed exclusively to FUrd. In vivo chemotherapy of mice
      bearing TA3 ascites tumors was most effective with respect to tumor growth
      inhibition and animal survival when GlcN and FUrd were combined.

PMID- 2419624
TI  - [Evaluation of the number and degree of premature ectopic ventricular beats using
      a new method of programming of the diagnostic stimulator DPG-1].

PMID- 2419625
TI  - Pitfalls in tissue typing for kidney transplantation.

PMID- 2419626
TI  - [Control studies in extrasystoles in childhood].

PMID- 2419627
TI  - [Blood viscosity changes due to infusions in childhood].

PMID- 2419628
TI  - [Preoperative care and surgical treatment of patients with toxic goiter].

PMID- 2419629
TI  - [Immediate results of gastrectomy].

PMID- 2419630
TI  - [Surgical treatment of recurrent and metachronous cancer of the colon].

PMID- 2419631
TI  - [Surgical problems in the treatment of cancer of the rectum].

PMID- 2419632
TI  - [Urodynamic examination as an objective criterion for evaluating the results of
      open adenomectomy].

PMID- 2419633
TI  - [Monochromatic green-light laser photocoagulation of vascular proliferation in
      senile macular degeneration].

PMID- 2419634
TI  - Is albumin synthesis regulated by the colloid osmotic pressure? Effect of albumin
      and dextran on albumin and total protein synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - In order to study the influence of the colloid osmotic pressure on albumin and
      total liver protein synthesis, rat hepatocytes were isolated by collagenase
      perfusion and incubated in Krebs-Ringer-buffer for 4 h. The colloid osmotic
      pressure produced by different bovine serum albumin (BSA) or dextran 60
      concentrations varied from 3 to 80 mm Hg. A physiological colloid osmotic
      pressure of 20 mm Hg was obtained with 5.7 g BSA or 3.7 g dextran 60 per 100 ml
      of buffer. Albumin synthesis was measured by Laurell rocket
      immunoelectrophoresis. Total liver protein and total secretory protein synthesis
      were determined by the measurement of 1-14C-leucine incorporation. Albumin
      synthesis was not primarily regulated by the colloid osmotic pressure as was
      demonstrated by a lack of inhibition after addition of BSA. There was no
      significant influence of the oncotic pressure on the incorporation of 14C-leucine
      into total liver proteins. The incorporation into total secretory proteins was
      inhibited by an increasing colloid osmotic pressure, mediated either by BSA or
      dextran, suggesting an inhibition of the secretion of plasma proteins other than
      albumin.

PMID- 2419636
TI  - [Combined primary pulmonary emphysema with multiple herniated intervertebral
      disks and protease inhibitor deficiency].

PMID- 2419635
TI  - [Comparative study of low molecular dextran or hydroxyethyl starch as a volume
      substitute in hemodilution therapy].
AB  - Rheological therapy, as an immediate treatment in conjunction with physical
      therapy and the removal of risk factors, plays a significant role in the
      management of patients with peripheral vascular disease experiencing reduced
      walking tolerance. An essential element of rheological therapy is hemodilution.
      Currently, is still uncertain which plasma substitute solution would be the most
      appropriate in such cases. This study compared the effectiveness of low molecular
      hydroxyethyl starch to low molecular dextran during a 16-day hemodilution in
      combination to physical therapy. The clinical improvement observed with both
      plasma substitute solutions was comparable, yet in view of the cardiac volume
      overload, dextran demonstrates greater circulatory stress due to the transient
      pressure increase and more side effects. For this reason, we prefer to administer
      low or middle molecular hydroxyethyl starch in the dilution treatment of
      peripheral arterial occlusive disease as a chronic degenerative vascular disease.

PMID- 2419637
TI  - [Dynamics of the hemolytic resistance of erythrocytes fractionated in a
      temperature gradient].

PMID- 2419638
TI  - [Ontogenetic characteristics of the indices of the nitroblue tetrazolium
      reduction reaction in children].

PMID- 2419639
TI  - [Evaluation of the degree of poisoning of the body based on lymph].

PMID- 2419640
TI  - [Cytologic characteristics of rhabdomyosarcomas of children].

PMID- 2419641
TI  - [Intraoperative cytologic diagnosis of cylindromas of the trachea and bronchi].

PMID- 2419642
TI  - [Determination of free amino acids in the bile of patients with chronic
      hepatitis].

PMID- 2419643
TI  - [Determination of bile acids in blood serum using a gas-liquid chromatographic
      method].

PMID- 2419644
TI  - [Bioluminescent method of determining digoxin].

PMID- 2419646
TI  - [Fluorometric method of determining melatonin in blood].

PMID- 2419645
TI  - [Contamination of hematopoietic cells by peripheral blood in bone marrow
      aspirates].

PMID- 2419647
TI  - [Method of determining ATP in erythrocytes].

PMID- 2419648
TI  - [Prognostic value of determining circulating immune complexes after acute viral
      hepatitis B of children].

PMID- 2419649
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the passive hemagglutination reaction and immunoenzyme
      analysis for isolating antibodies to M. arthritidis and M. fermentans from
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2419650
TI  - [Effect of staphylococcus on a culture of blood lymphocytes from children with
      chronic bronchopulmonary processes].

PMID- 2419651
TI  - [Intestinal microflora in patients with myocardial infarct].

PMID- 2419652
TI  - [Experimental comparison and evaluation of 3 methods of detecting salmonella
      group B antigens (agglutination, indirect hemagglutination and coagglutination
      reactions)].

PMID- 2419653
TI  - [Method of graphic registration of the fractional composition of erythrocytes].

PMID- 2419654
TI  - [Prognostic value of monocytopenia during cytostatic therapy].

PMID- 2419655
TI  - [Experience in the cytologic diagnosis of puncture biopsies of breast cancer and
      dyshormonal breast diseases].

PMID- 2419656
TI  - [Colpocytograms of women using intrauterine contraception].

PMID- 2419657
TI  - [Determination of lipoprotein fractions using electrophoresis on cellulose
      acetate films].

PMID- 2419658
TI  - [Method of drying electrophoregrams on polyacrylamide gel plates].

PMID- 2419659
TI  - [Rapid qualitative method of determining lactic acid].

PMID- 2419660
TI  - [Teaching clinical biochemistry in specialized and general training courses].

PMID- 2419661
TI  - [Methodological problems of teaching general clinical study methods in thematic
      courses].

PMID- 2419662
TI  - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of a diagnostic study by quantitative linkage of
      the result with the result of a reference study].

PMID- 2419663
TI  - [Correlations of annual geo- and helio-magnetic factors with the cytochemical
      status of peripheral blood thrombocytes and lymphocytes in normal children].

PMID- 2419664
TI  - The ultrastructural localization of tri-n-butyltin in human erythrocyte membranes
      during shape transformation leading to hemolysis.
AB  - Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, freeze-fracture,
      and x-ray energy dispersive spectrometry were used to localize tri-n-butyltin
      (TBT) in human erythrocytes (RBC's). TBT induced a rapid shape transformation of
      the RBC discocyte to an echinocyte, which led to hemolysis at concentrations at
      or above 10 microM TBT. Electron dense spheres or ellipsoids were observed in
      association with blood cell membranes at or above 10 microM TBT. These structures
      were visualized initially in thin sections when postfixed with osmium tetroxide.
      Control cell preparations without TBT did not exhibit these structural densities
      when fixed with osmium. Freeze-fracture replicas confirmed the presence of TBT
      aggregates associated with cell membranes as intercalations in the lipid bilayer.
      In thin sections, these structures measured 71.5 +/- 18.2 nm in diameter. In
      freeze-fracture replicas of TBT-treated RBC's, particulate structures measuring
      60 +/- 18.5 nm in diameter were present on membrane exoplasmic fracture faces and
      59.6 +/- 10.8-nm depressions on membrane protoplasmic fracture faces. Qualitative
      x-ray energy dispersive spectrometry analysis of ultrathin sections of
      glutaraldehyde-carbohydrazide-embedded samples revealed that the membrane
      associated aggregates contained tin. TBT-treated RBC's that were washed with
      normal saline resulted in a paucity of TBT aggregates associated with the
      membranes and a reduction in the RBC hemolysis rate. RBC shape transformation
      occurred at each concentration examined from 0.1 to 100 microM TBT, but was
      reversible below 1 microM TBT.

PMID- 2419665
TI  - Pseudoislet vascularization. Induction of diaphragm-fenestrated endothelia from
      the hepatic sinusoids.
AB  - The avascular islet tissue preparation, the pseudoislet, was transplanted into
      the liver of streptozotocin diabetic rats. The vascularization of the islet
      tissue was studied ultrastructurally over a 2-week period. At 2 days,
      proliferations of fibroblast-like cells and large amounts of collagen fibers were
      present at the periphery of grafts. By 7 days, vascular buds were present at the
      edge of the graft and invaginating into the islet tissue. At this time,
      diaphragmed fenestrae were present in the endothelial cells of these forming
      vessels and they were surrounded by a thin continuous basal lamina. By 12 to 14
      days, vascularization was complete as determined by the presence of perfused
      vessels. At this time the mural architecture of the capillary endothelium was
      identical to that found in pancreatic islets in situ, i.e., diaphragmed
      fenestrae, transendothelial channels, and a continuous basal lamina. This
      contrasted sharply with normal hepatic sinusoidal endothelium which has larger
      open fenestrae, no channels, and a discontinuous or absent basal lamina. In
      animals that had been labeled with colloidal carbon before pseudoislet
      transplantation, the fenestrated endothelium in the grafts contained carbon
      filled phagocytic vacuoles indicating the hepatic origin of these cells. Also
      present at this time was a change in the hepatic sinusoids near the graft sites
      to a near continuous endothelium. This study demonstrates that isolated avascular
      adult islet cells are capable of inducing a diaphragm-fenestrated endothelium.

PMID- 2419666
TI  - Ia expression in chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
      induced by long-term cultured T cell lines in mice.
AB  - Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis was induced in SJL mice
      by adoptive transfer of long-term cultured T cell lines. The T cells which were
      activated with myelin basic protein (MBP) derived from various species, all
      induced chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with a similar
      high incidence. During the relapsing stage, lymphocytes obtained from the spleen
      responded well to MBP and were capable of transferring experimental allergic
      encephalomyelitis, whereas thymus lymphocytes did not respond to MBP. There was
      no difference in the proliferative response of splenocytes to MBP when
      splenocytes were isolated either from mice with clinical relapse or from mice
      that did not relapse. Pathological examination revealed a transient appearance of
      inflammatory cells during the acute stage. Similar cell infiltrates were also
      observed at the relapsing stage. The I-region associated (Ia) antigens appeared
      on vessels and astrocytes in the acute inflammatory lesions which coincided with
      the appearance of inflammatory cell infiltrates. Ia antigen expression diminished
      with the disappearance of inflammatory cells. During the relapsing stage, the Ia
      antigens were also expressed on the vessels and astrocytes in the fresh lesions.
      Our data indicate that MBP-reactive T cells persist at least in the spleen, for a
      long time. They may be reactivated by certain mechanisms probably in the central
      nervous system associated with the Ia-antigen expression, which facilitates the
      effector phase again. The initial event that triggers the Ia-expression is not
      known as yet.

PMID- 2419667
TI  - Treatment of pneumococcal postsplenectomy sepsis in the rat with human gamma
      globulin.
AB  - A rat model was used to evaluate the possible effect on experimental
      postsplenectomy sepsis of a human gamma-globulin preparation for intravenous use
      (Sandoglobulin). Sixty splenectomized male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 3 X
      10(3) Streptococcus pneumoniae type 1 intravenously. Twelve of the animals
      received no treatment and all died, in contrast to 12 sham-operated controls
      which all survived the challenge. The remaining splenectomized rats were divided
      into four groups, each consisting of 12 animals. One group was given 120 mg human
      gamma-globulin twice intraperitoneally (0.3 g/kg body wt), at 18 and 42 hr, after
      challenge; 10 of the 12 survived, in contrast to none of the 12 in the second
      group receiving 120 mg human albumin instead of gamma-globulin (P = 0.00003).
      When the injections were delayed to 24 and 48 hr, 9/12 gamma-globulin-treated
      animals still survived, in contrast to 0/12 in the albumin group. These findings
      point to new possibilities for treatment and perhaps prevention of overwhelming
      postsplenectomy sepsis by administration of high doses of gamma-globulins.

PMID- 2419668
TI  - The fluosol-perfused isolated canine pancreas: a model for the study of blood
      component effects in acute pancreatitis.
AB  - Blood components have been implicated as factors which modulate organ injury in
      acute pancreatitis. To isolate these effects we compared a standardized isolated,
      blood-perfused, canine pancreas model as described by Herman-Taylor and modified
      by Cameron with a model using fluosol, a fluorocarbon, as the perfusate.
      Pancreatitis was induced using partial pancreatic duct obstruction with secretin
      induced hypersecretion. Twenty-four dogs were randomized into four groups; (1)
      blood-perfused control (BPC), (2) fluosol-perfused control (FPC), (3) blood
      perfused injury (BPI), (4) fluosol-perfused injury (FPI). All glands were
      observed for 4 h for mean arterial pressure (MAP), weight gain, gross appearance,
      and venous amylase. Stability was monitored with blood gases and glucose.
      Specimens were taken at 4 h for light and electron microscopy. RESULTS: BPI preps
      had a significantly higher vascular resistance at 3 and 4 h compared to FPI preps
      (3.85 vs 3.26 PRU and 4.8 vs 3.9 PRU, respectively) (P less than 0.002). Edema
      formation (3+ vs 1+) and venous amylase (18,543 vs 1961) (P less than 0.001) were
      greater in BPI than FPI preps. Light and electron microscopy confirmed injury but
      could not quantify it between injury groups. SUMMARY: Hypersecretion and partial
      ductal obstruction causes a more severe injury in the blood than the fluosol
      perfused preparation. Changes in the peripheral resistance seen in the blood
      perfused model lend support to the theory that the primary injury in this model
      is at the capillary level and is modulated by a blood component.

PMID- 2419669
TI  - Effect of a hexosylceramide fraction of the hemodialysate Solcoseryl on wound
      healing angiogenesis.
AB  - Rabbit ear chambers were used to investigate the effects of a locally applied
      hexosylceramide fraction (Hex-Cer) of the hemodialysate Solcoseryl on wound
      healing angiogenesis. The transparent methacrylate ear chambers were inserted
      under full aseptic precautions. Immediately after implantation the chambers in
      control rabbits were filled with physiological saline while the chambers in
      experimental rabbits were injected with a solution containing either 0.3 or 2.5
      micrograms/ml of Hex-Cer, respectively. On the second postoperative day the
      chambers were reinjected with the corresponding solutions. Thereafter the
      chambers were examined three times weekly. The onset and rate of the neovascular
      response were measured by using a standard dissecting microscope equipped with a
      camera. Vessel growth in ear chambers treated with Hex-Cer at the lower
      concentration showed very little difference from that seen in control chambers;
      in both groups the first appearance of new capillaries occurred on an average of
      18 days after implantation, and the chambers became fully filled with vessels by
      the 30th day. However, in chambers treated with Hex-Cer at the higher
      concentration, the first invasion of capillaries was detected 3 days earlier than
      in controls (P less than 0.05). Correspondingly, in the chambers treated with Hex
      Cer complete vascularization was achieved 7 days earlier than in the control
      chambers (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that locally applied Hex-Cer exerted
      an accelerating effect on wound-healing angiogenesis.

PMID- 2419670
TI  - Age-dependent change in sensitivity of oestrogen-induced uterine cell
      proliferation of mice, estimated by incorporation of [125I]iododeoxyuridine.
AB  - The stimulative effects of both oestradiol-17 beta (E2) and diethylstilbestrol
      (DES) injections on the proliferation of uterine cells of mice were investigated
      by using 5-[125I]iodo-2'-deoxyuridine [( 125I]IdUrd) incorporation as an index.
      Female mice of (WB X C57BL/6)F1 were neonatally castrated, and the [125I]IdUrd
      uptake by the whole uterus was determined on days 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 after
      birth. The relative minimal dose (a minimal dose expressed per body weight,
      microgram/g b.wt) of E2 necessary for the maximal [125I]IdUrd uptake was much
      higher than the relative minimal dose of DES on days 1, 5, and 10, when the serum
      concentration of alpha-fetoprotein was relatively high. However, the relative
      minimal dose of E2 was comparable to that of DES on days 30 and 40, when the
      concentration of alpha-fetoprotein was negligible. The difference between the
      effect of injected E2 and DES during neonatal and suckling periods seems to be
      attributable to the presence of alpha-fetoprotein in serum, which binds to E2 but
      not to DES with high affinity. When the relative minimal dose of DES necessary
      for the maximal [125I]IdUrd uptake was examined in detail, the value was lower on
      days 10 and 20 of age than on days 30 and 40 of age. This might represent the
      increased sensitivity of uterine cells to oestrogen on days 10 and 20.

PMID- 2419671
TI  - The effects of indecainide, a new antidysrhythmic drug, on nodal tissues in the
      isolated rabbit heart.
AB  - The effects of indecainide, previously shown to be a class 1c antiarrhythmic drug
      restricting fast inward current, have been studied on rabbit sinoatrial (SA) node
      and atrioventricular (AV) node. Indecainide at concentrations up to 2.9 mumol/L
      in 5 preparations did not produce a sinus bradycardia, nor reduce the maximum
      rate of rise of the intracellular action potential of sinus node cells, but it
      did antagonize the tachycardia induced by increasing the extracellular calcium
      concentration. Indecainide slightly prolonged AV conduction time [from 49.07 +/-
      4.43 ms to 57.37 +/- 0.90 ms at 2.9 mumol/L (means +/- SEM in four
      preparations)], but this small delay could be attributed to slowing of conduction
      in atrial fibres leading to the node, rather than to an effect on the AV nodal
      cells themselves. It is concluded that indecainide does not block channels
      carrying inward calcium current in nodal tissues.

PMID- 2419672
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of ketanserin in the treatment of hypertension during
      coronary artery bypass surgery.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects of ketanserin (5-HT2-receptor antagonist with alpha 1
      receptor blocking property) were studied during coronary artery surgery. Sixteen
      patients were anesthetized with flunitrazepamfentanyl-nitrous oxide-oxygen
      pancuronium. Ketanserin (10 mg i.v.) was used to decrease elevated blood pressure
      unresponsive to deepening of anesthesia before extracorporeal circulation.
      Ketanserin caused a marked vasodilation in all patients, significant (p less than
      0.05) decreases of systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure, and of
      pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. As a result,
      indirect indices of myocardial oxygen demand (rate-pressure product and "triple
      index") also decreased. Heart rate and right atrial pressure remained unchanged,
      while cardiac index and stroke volume index increased slightly. Ketanserin was
      found to be effective in the treatment of prebypass hypertension; the elevated
      blood pressure returned to normal; unwanted hypotension was not observed.

PMID- 2419673
TI  - Effects of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists at peripheral neuronal and
      vascular dopamine receptors in the anaesthetised cat.
AB  - The potencies of several putative dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists have
      been determined and compared at neuronal and vascular dopamine receptors in
      anaesthetised cats. N,N-diethyldopamine and the N,N-di-n-propyl derivatives of
      5,6-ADTN (6-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2-napthalenediol) and 6,7-ADTN (6-amino
      5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2,3-napthalenediol) were, relatively, much more potent
      agonists than dopamine at neuronal dopamine receptors on the terminals of
      sympathetic nerves supplying the heart and nictitating membrane than at the
      vascular dopamine receptors in the mesenteric vascular bed. SK&F 82526 [6-chloro
      2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-di ol] showed the
      reverse profile. Haloperidol, (+/-) sulpiride, cis alpha-flupenthixol, and
      fluphenazine were much more potent antagonists at neuronal dopamine receptors
      than at vascular dopamine receptors. The profiles of activity of the agonists and
      antagonists show that neuronal and vascular dopamine receptors in the cat are
      different; in addition, the neuronal dopamine receptors in the cat heart and
      nictitating membrane closely resemble those in the dog femoral vasculature,
      whereas the vascular dopamine receptors in the cat mesenteric vascular bed are
      very similar to those in the dog mesenteric circulation.

PMID- 2419674
TI  - Relationship between an arrhythmogenic action of lidocaine and its effects on
      excitation patterns in acutely ischemic porcine myocardium.
AB  - To investigate the relationship between the effects of lidocaine on excitation
      patterns and its effects on the incidence of arrhythmias, the left anterior
      descending coronary artery was occluded for 6-min periods separated by 30 min of
      reperfusion, under control conditions and after injection of lidocaine, at a dose
      of either 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg i.v., in 29 open-chest anesthetized pigs. Sixty
      three unipolar electrograms and a surface lead electrocardiogram were
      continuously recorded during atrial pacing and spontaneous ventricular
      arrhythmias. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) occurred only in four of a total of 45
      control occlusions. VF occurred in two of five pigs following injection of
      lidocaine 2.5 mg/kg, in 15 or 17 pigs following injection of a 5 mg/kg dose, and
      in all three preparations following injection of a 10 mg/kg dose. Just prior to
      VF during occlusions preceded by injections of lidocaine 5 mg/kg, activation time
      of ischemic myocardium in atrial-paced beats was delayed by only 30 +/- 17 ms
      beyond preocclusion values, compared with 18 +/- 11 ms at a similar time during
      control occlusions and 33 +/- 18 ms at the end of control occlusions (mean +/-
      SD; n = 8). As ventricular tachycardia (VT) developed in the presence of
      lidocaine, conduction was further slowed or blocked in ischemic areas, and slowed
      in nonischemic regions; at the transition from VT to VF, excitation patterns
      displayed circus movement involving nonischemic regions.

PMID- 2419675
TI  - The effect of age on the tyramine-sensitive intraneuronal pool of norepinephrine
      in rat heart.
AB  - The effect of age on the amount of norepinephrine (NE) released by tyramine (TYR)
      was investigated in hearts from Fischer 344 rats, 6, 12, and 24 months of age.
      Isolated hearts were perfused through an aortic cannula with Krebs-Ringer
      solution containing 1.6 X 10(-4) M TYR. alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine (7.5 X 10(-5) M)
      and fusaric acid (10(-5) M) were added to inhibit de novo synthesis of NE. The
      effluent from the heart was collected continuously throughout 4 h of perfusion
      with TYR. The content of NE in the perfusion effluent was measured by
      electrochemical (EC) detection methods after alumina extraction and high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation. In addition, the amount of
      NE remaining in the heart after TYR perfusion was measured with HPLC/EC
      methodology. The amount of NE released from hearts was not significantly
      different among the ages [6 months, 612.5 +/- 68.2 ng; 12 months, 640.2 +/- 53.0
      ng; 24 months, 593.8 +/- 38.2 ng; p greater than 0.05, analysis of variance
      (ANOVA)]. These amounts represent more than 93% of total cardiac NE at all ages
      (6 months, 97.6 +/- 0.5%; 12 months, 94.8 +/- 1.3%; 24 months, 93.7 +/- 1.7%).
      The t1/2 for the decline in NE in hearts was also similar at the three ages (6
      months, 45.0 +/- 4.9 min; 12 months, 53.6 +/- 5.2 min; 24 months, 60.4 +/- 7.8
      min; p greater than 0.05, ANOVA). These results indicate that the amount of NE
      released by TYR does not change with increasing age.

PMID- 2419676
TI  - Acute hemodynamic effects of a new positive inotropic agent, 3,4-dihydro-6-[4
      (3,4-dimethoxybenzoyl)-1-piperazinyl]-2(1H)- quinolinone (OPC-8212), in conscious
      and anesthetized dogs.
AB  - The acute hemodynamic effects of a new cardiotonic agent, OPC-8212 (a 1H
      quinolinone derivative), were studied in six conscious and 11 anesthetized dogs
      using a pair of ultrasonic crystals to measure the left ventricular segment
      length and a micromanometer to measure the left ventricular pressure. In six
      anesthetized dogs subjected to aortic constriction, the ascending aortic flow
      (AoF) was measured before and after intervention. In the anesthetized state bolus
      injections of OPC-8212 increased the ejection indices dose dependently. Maximum
      effects were observed at 1 min, the mean velocity of the circumferential fiber
      shortening (mean Vcf) being augmented by 6.6% with 0.3 mg, by 39.7% with 1 mg,
      and by 67.2% with 3 mg. These changes were not accompanied by any significant
      alteration in heart rate. With aortic constriction, the left ventricular wall
      shortening was significantly reduced. Depressed pump function was dramatically
      improved with injection of 3 mg of OPC-8212, the dP/dt was elevated by 98%, the
      AoF by 46%, and the mean Vcf by 78%. In the conscious state the same doses
      induced the same type of changes in hemodynamics and dimensions, but the
      amplitude of the response was significantly less; increase in the mean Vcf was by
      36% and that of dP/dt by 52%. Thus, OPC-8212 has a potent inotropic effect. The
      effect was greater in the anesthetized state, or in dogs with depressed
      ventricular function, than in the conscious state.

PMID- 2419677
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of a new antiarrhythmic agent, nicainoprol, in
      humans.
AB  - The electrophysiological effects of nicainoprol, a new antiarrhythmic drug, were
      evaluated in a heterogeneous group of 23 patients aged 59 +/- 15 (mean +/-
      standard deviation) years. Nicainoprol was administered intravenously as a bolus
      of 1-2 mg/kg followed by continuous infusion at two dose levels.
      Electrophysiologic study was performed before and during the infusion at a steady
      state drug level on each dose. The sinus node recovery time was unaltered in
      patients with normal sinus node function and was markedly prolonged in three of
      six patients with sinus node dysfunction. The intranodal conduction time (p less
      than 0.01) and the infranodal conduction time (p less than 0.001) increased, and
      the QRS duration (p less than 0.05) lengthened significantly even during 1
      mg/kg/h. During 2 mg/kg/h, these times were further prolonged and, in addition,
      the intra-atrial conduction time (p less than 0.05), atrioventricular nodal
      effective and functional refractory periods (p less than 0.01), as well as the
      Wenckebach cycle length (p less than 0.001) also increased significantly. Similar
      depressant effects on the retrograde ventriculoatrial conduction system were also
      produced by nicainoprol. Retrograde His-atrioventricular nodal conduction was
      blocked in six of eight patients with this condition and was prolonged in the
      remaining two. Sustained supraventricular tachycardia was induced in seven
      patients, five of whom received nicainoprol during the tachycardia. The
      termination of supraventricular tachycardia was exclusively due to
      ventriculoatrial block in all five subjects, three with orthodromic circus
      movement tachycardia and two with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia of
      the slow-fast type. The reinducibility of supraventricular tachycardia could be
      prevented in five of seven patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2419678
TI  - Regional vascular and hemodynamic effects of orally administered nisoldipine in
      conscious rats.
AB  - This study examined the hemodynamic and regional vascular effects of orally
      administered nisoldipine, a new dihydropyridine derivative (0.3 mg/kg) in normal
      conscious rats (n = 10). Nisoldipine significantly reduced systemic vascular
      resistance (0.58 to 0.38 mm Hg kg min/ml, p less than 0.05) and mean arterial
      pressure (122 to 108 mm Hg, p less than 0.05), and increased heart rate (395 to
      447 beats/min, p less than 0.01) and cardiac index (225 to 326 ml/beat/kg, p less
      than 0.05). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was slightly decreased by
      nisoldipine (9.6 to 3.8 mm Hg, p less than 0.05). Blood flow (radioactive
      microspheres, 15 +/- 5 micron in diameter) to heart, gut, kidney, and brain was
      significantly increased. Improvement of blood flow was most pronounced in the
      coronary circulation (+ 58%) followed by the gut and renal circulatory beds. We
      conclude that nisoldipine represents a new orally effective calcium antagonist
      with highly selective effects in vascular smooth muscle as compared with its
      direct cardiac effects. The results are compared with our previous study
      utilizing intravenous nisoldipine.

PMID- 2419679
TI  - Pirmenol in the long-term treatment of chronic ventricular arrhythmias: a placebo
      controlled study.
AB  - Pirmenol, a new class I antiarrhythmic drug, was given for the treatment of
      frequent premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) over a 6-month period. Ten
      patients who had their arrhythmia effectively suppressed by pirmenol in a dose
      ranging study were treated with the lowest effective doses in an open
      investigation. The mean daily doses were 315 mg at the beginning and 340 mg at
      the end of 6 months. The mean reduction in the frequency of PVC/h remained
      between 85.5 and 88.6% during 24-h ambulatory electrocardiogram recordings at 1,
      3, 5, and 6 months of therapy. With adjustment of the dosage, the predetermined
      efficacy criteria were fulfilled by eight to 10 patients at each of the four
      assessments. The PVC/h or repetitive PVC/h frequencies of the patient group did
      not decline spontaneously within 6 months of treatment, as shown in a placebo
      control phase. No aggravation of arrhythmias was observed. Side effects in two
      patients did not prevent prolonged use.

PMID- 2419680
TI  - Effects of OPC-8212, a new positive inotropic agent, and dobutamine on left
      ventricular global and ischemic regional functions and coronary hemodynamics
      under coronary artery stenosis.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of OPC-8212, a new positive inotropic agent, and
      dobutamine, a known cardioselective inotropic agent, on global left ventricular
      (LV) and ischemic regional functions in 14 excised canine hearts with a flow
      limiting stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) (i.e., 20-25% of
      control flow). OPC-8212 infusion (n = 7) under LCX stenosis improved cardiac
      depression [i.e., peak LV dP/dt increased from 1,295 +/- 143 mm Hg/s to 2,669 +/-
      266 mm Hg/s (mean +/- SEM) (p less than 0.001)], while myocardial ischemic
      injury, assessed by myocardial CO2-tension and electrocardiogram (ECG)-ST
      changes, improved (i.e., delta CO2-tension and ECG-ST deviation decreased from
      21.1 +/- 3.6 mm Hg and 3.8 +/- 0.6 mV to 13.3 +/- 2.8 mm Hg (p less than 0.01)
      and 2.0 +/- 0.7 mV (p less than 0.05), respectively). On the other hand,
      dobutamine infusion (n = 7) further increased myocardial CO2-tension and ECG-ST
      deviation [i.e., delta CO2-tension and ECG-ST deviation increased from 14.4 +/-
      4.2 mm Hg and 2.5 +/- 1.2 mV to 29.0 +/- 6.0 mm Hg (p less than 0.01) and 4.9 +/-
      1.0 mV (p less than 0.01), respectively]. At the same time, peak LV dP/dt clearly
      improved, but to a lesser degree; from 1,425 +/- 153 mm Hg/s to 2,393 +/- 245 mm
      Hg/s (p less than 0.001). There was also an increase in percent systolic segment
      shortening of each corresponding area as with OPC-8212.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2419681
TI  - Effects of pharmacologic agents on induced atrial flutter in dogs with right
      atrial enlargement.
AB  - The effects of selected drugs on the sustained atrial flutter induced in
      conscious dogs with surgically produced right atrial enlargement (TI dogs) were
      evaluated. This was done to better understand the electrophysiologic mechanism of
      the tachyarrhythmias. Agents known to cause a slowing of atrioventricular (AV)
      nodal conduction--verapamil, methacholine, and phenylephrine--did not
      significantly decrease the rate of the induced flutter, whereas beta-adrenergic
      stimulation with an infusion of isoproterenol increased the rate of the flutter
      in all trials. Propranolol and atropine had little effect on the atrial flutter
      rate. Agents known to increase atrial refractoriness, such as procainamide, n
      acetylprocainamide, bretylium, and clofilium, all increased the cycle length of
      the induced flutter and, in some cases, terminated the arrhythmia. These results
      suggest then that the perpetuation of the sustained atrial flutter in the
      conscious TI dog is not due to a delayed afterdepolarization mechanism but is
      more likely due to reentrant excitation. Furthermore, it is unlikely that the
      flutter is due to reentry over a pathway involving the AV node; rather, the
      arrhythmia seems to be caused by reentrant excitation of the leading circle type.

PMID- 2419682
TI  - Effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on the cycle length-dependent action potential
      duration in dog Purkinje and ventricular muscle fibers.
AB  - We examined the steady-state action potential duration (APD) within a wide range
      of cycle lengths (CL) in cardiac dog Purkinje (P) and ventricular (V) muscle
      fibers in the presence of: lidocaine (L) 4 and 8 micrograms/ml, mexiletine (M) 4
      and 8 micrograms/ml, flecainide (F) 1 and 4 micrograms/ml, disopyramide (D) 3.1
      and 10 micrograms/ml, quinidine (Q) 2.5, 5, and 10 micrograms/ml, bretylium
      tosylate (B) 5 and 10 micrograms/ml, and sotalol (S) 5 micrograms/ml. In the P
      fibers, all drugs except for B and S shortened plateau duration, increased slope
      of phase 2 and decreased slope of phase 3 repolarization, and either shortened
      (L, M, Q, F) or prolonged (D) APD. B and S lengthened APD and did not change
      significantly the slopes of phase 2 and 3 of repolarization. Each drug altered
      the relation between APD and Cl according to one of the following three patterns:
      (a) L, M, Q, and F shortened APD more at long than at short CL; (b) D lengthened
      APD more at short than at long CL; (c) B and S lengthened APD more at long that
      at short CL. In the V fibers, APD was lengthened by F, Q, and B, and shortened by
      L and M. The drug-induced changes in the relation between APD and CL were as in
      the P fibers. The results suggest that the drug-induced changes in the relation
      between APD and CL can be predicted from the drug effects on the course of
      repolarization.

PMID- 2419683
TI  - Differences in renal tubular Na-K-adenosine triphosphatase in spontaneously
      hypertensive and normotensive rats.
AB  - Na-K-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in seven specific renal tubular
      segments of 8-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was compared with
      age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Systolic blood pressure in 8
      week-old SHR were significantly higher than in age-matched WKY. Na-K-ATPase
      activity in proximal convoluted tubule and outer and inner medullary collecting
      ducts was significantly higher in SHR than in WKY. On the other hand, medullary
      thick ascending limbs had reduced Na-K-ATPase activity in SHR. The possible role
      of the abnormal pattern of renal tubular Na-K-ATPase in the development of
      hypertension in SHR remains to be determined.

PMID- 2419684
TI  - Alpha 1-and alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated vasoconstriction in the forearm of
      normotensive and hypertensive subjects.
AB  - alpha 1- And alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated vasoconstriction were studied in 13
      patients with essential hypertension and 13 age-matched normotensive controls.
      This was done by comparing the changes in forearm blood flow induced by intra
      arterial infusion of the selective alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists
      methoxamine and B-HT 933, the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline, and
      the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine in both study groups. The
      catecholamines were infused in the presence of propranolol in order to prevent
      beta-adrenergic effects. Forearm blood flow was measured by plethysmography. All
      agonists produced a dose-dependent vasoconstriction which was more pronounced in
      the hypertensive patients, although the difference was significant only for the
      infusion of the catecholamines and for the combined effects of methoxamine and B
      HT 933. No preference was found for either the alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      mediated vasoconstriction in the greater response of the hypertensive patients.
      These results could well be explained by structural vascular changes, secondary
      to the elevated blood pressure. No evidence was found for increased alpha 2
      adrenoceptor mediated basal vascular tone in patients with essential
      hypertension, since yohimbine tended to induce a greater vasodilatation in the
      normotensive subjects.

PMID- 2419685
TI  - Effects of amiodarone and its metabolite, desethylamiodarone, on the
      electrophysiologic properties of isolated cardiac muscle.
AB  - The electrophysiologic (EP) effects of chronically administered amiodarone (AM)
      is known, but the nature of its acute effects are unclear. Whether the delayed
      onset of AM action is due to its metabolite, desethylamiodarone (DAM), is also
      uncertain. By standard microelectrode techniques in isolated canine ventricular
      muscle (VM) and Purkinje fibers (PF) and in rabbit sinoatrial (SA) node and
      atrium, we therefore studied the comparative effects of AM and DAM, 10(-6) M
      (0.68 micrograms/ml), 10(-5) M (6.8 micrograms/ml), and 5 X 10(-5) M (34
      micrograms/ml), dissolved in ethanol and homologous serum. In VM, PF, and atria
      stimulated at 1 Hz, AM and DAM had no effect on Vmax, action potential amplitude
      (APA), or resting membrane potential. At 2-4 Hz, AM exerted a marked use
      dependent effect in VM and PF. In atria, 5 X 10(-5) M, AM and DAM increased (p
      less than 0.01) action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD90); the
      effective refractory period (ERP) increased by 10.5% (p less than 0.05 for AM)
      and 21.6% (p less than 0.01 for DAM). In VM, AM increased APD90 by 9.6% (p less
      than 0.01) at 10(-6) M, 13.7% (p less than 0.01) at 10(-5) M, and 16.9% (p less
      than 0.01) at 5 X 10(-5) M. The corresponding values for DAM were 5.6% (NS), and
      7.3% (p less than 0.01), respectively. The ERP in VM was increased significantly
      by AM but not by DAM at all 3 drug concentrations without a change in APD90/ERP
      ratio. In PF, AM and DAM decreased APD50 and APD90; the effects were greater than
      those produced by the superfusion medium, but the degree of shortening in ERP
      induced by AM and DAM was not. AM and DAM (10(-5) and 5 X 10(-5) M) increased
      spontaneous cycle length of rabbit SA node. AM significantly decreased slope of
      phase 4 depolarization (10.4% at 10(-6) M, p less than 0.05; 14.5% at 10(-5) M, p
      less than 0.01; 24.0% at 5 X 10(-5) M, p less than 0.01). At 5 X 10(-5) M, AM
      significantly decreased APA, maximum diastolic potential and threshold potential
      with an insignificant effect on APD100.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2419686
TI  - Cicletanide improves outcome after left circumflex coronary artery occlusion
      reperfusion in the dog.
AB  - The possible antifibrillatory effect of cicletanide, a new diuretic
      antihypertensive drug, was investigated at random in 50 anesthetized dogs
      subjected to left circumflex coronary artery ligation for 60 min and later
      reperfused. In this model, standard electrocardiographic leads 2 and 3 were
      continuously registered to measure delta R wave percent changes, to count the
      number of ventricular premature beats, and to document the onset of ventricular
      fibrillation; aortic pressure was recorded; 6-keto PGF1 alpha and TXB2 plasma
      levels were determined. Cicletanide significantly reduced early (Phase 1a)
      postischemic ventricular fibrillation (5 of 25 vs. 12 of 25, p = 0.036) but
      failed to reduce the incidence of global ischemia-induced ventricular
      fibrillation. On the other hand, the incidence of postreperfusion ventricular
      fibrillation was lower in the cicletanide group (1 of 14 vs. 5 of 9, p = 0.04).
      In addition, the total survival rate was improved in cicletanide treated dogs (p
      = 0.0257). While the rate-pressure product was lowered by the drug independent of
      the presence of ischemia, delta R% changes after occlusion were less in treated
      dogs than in controls. Moreover, the drug reduced significantly the number of
      ventricular premature beats in the early (Phase 1a) postischemic period. Finally,
      the drug increased (mean two-fold) the plasma levels of 6-keto PGF1 alpha as
      compared with controls; however, this increase was less than that achieved (mean
      20-fold) after 100 ng/kg/min epoprostenol (prostacyclin) given in a further
      series of animals. Thus, improved outcome follows 10 mg/kg i.v. cicletanide
      administration in this model.

PMID- 2419687
TI  - Plasma concentrations and acceptability of mexiletine given by intramuscular
      injection in patients admitted to a coronary care unit.
AB  - We measured the plasma concentrations of mexiletine in patients admitted to a
      hospital coronary care unit after the intramuscular injection (IMI) of 200, 300,
      400, and 500 mg mexiletine. Mexiletine was rapidly absorbed and concentrations
      greater than 0.75 microgram/ml were achieved in some patients within 5 min of the
      injection. The maximum mean plasma concentration increased with 200, 300, and 400
      mg but was lower after 500 mg than after 400 mg. After 400 mg mexiletine, plasma
      concentrations greater than 0.75 microgram/ml were achieved in at least seven of
      nine patients from 15 min to 2 h after administration. There were no local
      reactions to 200, 300, or 400 mg mexiletine, but local pain and tenderness
      occurred in three of nine patients after 500 mg. It was decided that 400 mg
      mexiletine would probably be the desired dose for intramuscular administration.
      In 14 patients given mexiletine 400 mg by IMI followed at 2 and 12 h by 360 mg by
      mouth the plasma concentration was in the therapeutic range (0.75-2.0
      micrograms/ml) from 15 min to 24 h in at least 64% of patients. In 12 healthy
      volunteers the IMI of 400 mg mexiletine increased total creatinine kinase (CK),
      aspartate amino-transferase, and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes but CK-MB, LDi,
      and LDii concentration or LDi/LDii ratio were not outside the normal range. These
      studies indicate that mexiletine can be safely given to patients by IMI and that
      therapeutic plasma concentrations are achieved.

PMID- 2419688
TI  - Dose-dependent effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on blood pressure, heart
      rate, and skin blood flow of normal volunteers.
AB  - Synthetic atrial natriuretic peptide, containing 26 amino acids in the rat
      sequence, L-364, 343 (Ileu-ANP), was infused intravenously at increasing rates (1
      40 micrograms/min) into four normal volunteers. Mean intraarterial blood pressure
      decreased and heart rate increased in cumulative-dose-dependent fashion. Skin
      blood flow as measured with a laser Doppler device rose already with a cumulative
      dose of 55 micrograms Ileu-ANP and further rises were directly related to dose.
      The only side effects observed were those accompanying symptomatic hypotension at
      higher doses. These findings provide strong evidence that Ileu-ANP acts as a
      vasodilator in normal volunteers.

PMID- 2419689
TI  - Mechanism of thrombin-induced endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in
      dogs: role of its proteolytic enzymatic activity.
AB  - We have recently reported that exogenous thrombin produced a dose- and
      endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in both intact open-chested dogs and
      in isolated dog coronary artery preparations. To determine whether the observed
      vasodilatory effect may be related to thrombin proteolytic enzymatic activity,
      effects of other proteases, such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin, on the
      mechanical responses of isolated dog coronary arteries were studied. Among the
      four proteases evaluated, only thrombin (0.01-0.1 U/ml) and trypsin (0.03-0.67
      U/ml) consistently produced a potent dose- and endothelium-dependent relaxation,
      that was reproducible with repeated testings. Addition of chymotrypsin (0.01-1.0
      U/ml) produced only a minimal effect and was not reproducible, while addition of
      pepsin, as much as 10 U/ml, did not produce any effect. The specific soybean
      trypsin inhibitor and aprotinin, but not heparin and hirudin, competitively
      shifted the trypsin dose-response to the right, whereas heparin, hirudin, and
      antithrombin III proved to be more effective than trypsin inhibitors in
      inhibiting the thrombin-induced vasodilation. In all cases, the thrombin- and
      trypsin-induced vasodilation were equally sensitive to inhibition by the specific
      synthetic thrombin inhibitor, PPACK (D-phenylalanyl-L-propyl-L-arginine
      chloromethyl ketone, 1-30 nM). PPACK, however, had no effect on the other
      endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilators, such as acetylcholine and adenosine
      triphosphate, in our isolated dog coronary artery preparations. Biochemical
      determinations of the amidolytic activity of thrombin, using Tosylglycyl-L-prolyl
      L-arginine-p-nitroanilide as a chromogen, also indicated a similar PPACK and
      heparin-antithrombin III dose-dependent inhibition of the thrombin enzymatic
      activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2419690
TI  - The renal response to diltiazem and nifedipine: comparison with nitroprusside.
AB  - We undertook a systematic comparison of the effects of diltiazem and nifedipine
      and a nonspecific vasodilator, sodium nitroprusside, on renal perfusion,
      function, and activation of potentially relevant neurohormonal systems in the
      anesthetized dog. These agents were employed to reduce blood pressure to two
      levels, a mean arterial pressure level of 100-110 mm Hg, and a subtherapeutic
      level of 75-85 mm Hg. Renal plasma flow (ERPF) and glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR) were estimated as the clearances of p-aminohippurate and inulin,
      respectively. All studies with vasodilators were compared with a group which
      received placebo over an identical time period. The agents differed both in their
      action on the renal blood supply and in their activation of the renin-angiotensin
      aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems. ERPF was better maintained at both
      blood pressure levels with nitroprusside than with either diltiazem (p less than
      0.005) or nifedipine (p less than 0.005). GFR was better maintained with
      nitroprusside and diltiazem than with nifedipine. The rise in plasma
      catecholamines and plasma renin activity was greatest with nifedipine, least with
      nitroprusside, and intermediate with diltiazem. Diltiazem was also associated
      with substantially less stimulation of aldosterone release than was nifedipine.
      Diltiazem and nifedipine are known to have greater renal vasodilator action when
      infused into the renal artery than nitroprusside. The better-sustained renal
      plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate during systemic administration with
      the latter may well reflect the role of calcium in renal autoregulation and the
      angiotensin-renin feedback loop. Despite an apparent shared mechanism of action,
      the calcium-entry-blocking agents differ sufficiently that therapeutic
      implications are possible.

PMID- 2419691
TI  - Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of labetalol.
AB  - In intact cats, cumulative doses (0.1-10 mg/kg i.v.) of labetalol produced dose
      dependent decreases in heart rate and arterial blood pressure and dose
      dependently reduced i.v. phenylephrine induced pressor responses. In spinal cats
      devoid of resting sympathetic tone, labetalol (1 mg/kg i.v.) produced a sustained
      elevation of heart rate and a transient fall in arterial blood pressure. In
      reserpine-pretreated, adrenalectomized cats, labetalol produced quantitatively
      the same effects as in spinal cats, indicating that the cardiovascular effects
      observed in cats with no resting sympathetic tone are due to a direct action of
      labetalol rather than via catecholamine release. The elevated heart rate due to
      labetalol in spinal cats was reduced by subsequent administration of the beta
      adrenergic receptor antagonist, propranolol. Further, pretreatment with
      propranolol prevented the tachycardic and depressor effects of labetalol in
      spinal cats. In a separate group of spinal cats, labetalol administered in
      cumulative doses of up to 1 mg/kg i.v., produced graded increases in heart rate
      and also dose dependently reduced i.v. isoproterenol-induced tachycardic
      responses. Pindolol, a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist with partial beta
      agonist activity, produced similar effects in spinal cats at cumulative doses of
      1-30 micrograms/kg. These results indicate that the alpha- and beta-adrenergic
      receptor antagonist, labetalol possesses partial beta-adrenergic receptor agonist
      activity. This intrinsic sympathomimetic action of labetalol appears to be more
      sustained on cardiac than on vascular beta-adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2419692
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of pinacidil and propranolol alone and in combination in
      normal humans.
AB  - The effects of a long-acting formulation of pinacidil (P1134), a new arteriolar
      vasodilator, have been investigated in normal humans. We observed the effects of
      pinacidil 37.5 mg when given alone, and when given in combination with
      propranolol 40 mg. The reflex tachycardia observed in the supine and standing
      positions after pinacidil was reduced by concurrent administration of
      propranolol. Combined treatment reduced systolic arterial pressure in the
      standing position from 117.0 +/- 2.5 to 98.3 +/- 3.5 mm Hg at 4 h after drug
      administration (p less than 0.01), which was greater than the hypotensive effect
      produced by either drug alone. These results indicate that the combination of
      pinacidil and a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist may be of value in the treatment of
      arterial hypertension.

PMID- 2419693
TI  - Pafenolol in hypertension: a double-blind randomized trial of a new beta 1
      selective adrenoceptor blocker.
AB  - The antihypertensive effect of pafenolol, a new beta 1-selective adrenoceptor
      blocker without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and three times more selective
      than metoprolol, was evaluated. Twenty-three patients with essential
      hypertension, mean age 49 years (range 21-62), were randomized after a 4-week
      placebo run-in period (double-blind) to 4 weeks of either placebo, pafenolol 50
      mg or 100 mg once daily. A submaximal exercise test was performed before and at
      the end of the treatment period. Pafenolol 50 mg and 100 mg significantly reduced
      recumbent and standing blood pressure compared with baseline with a mean
      reduction of 17/14 and 10/12 mm Hg on pafenolol 50 mg and 15/10 and 14/10 mm Hg
      on pafenolol 100 mg, respectively. Heart rate, both at rest and during exercise,
      was significantly reduced (p less than 0.05) on pafenolol 100 mg compared with
      placebo. The reduction in exercise heart rate (percent) was dose dependent and
      significantly correlated to the log plasma concentration of pafenolol (r = 0.60;
      p less than 0.05). It can be concluded that pafenolol had a clinically relevant
      antihypertensive effect when given once daily. No difference between 50 and 100
      mg could be demonstrated, thus suggesting that 50 mg may be the preferred dose
      for antihypertensive treatment.

PMID- 2419694
TI  - Effect of gradual rise in plasma calcium concentration on the impairment of
      atrioventricular nodal conduction due to verapamil.
AB  - The possible reversal by calcium of the inhibitory action of verapamil on the
      atrioventricular (AV) node was investigated in anesthetized, atropinized dogs,
      with cardiac pacing. The His bundle potentials were recorded by endocavitory
      electrode and the AV node effective refractory period measured by the
      extrastimulus method. Calcium infusion was effective against the impairment of AV
      nodal conduction induced by verapamil, provided it remained moderate: the gradual
      rise in the plasma calcium concentration counteracted the effects of an infusion
      of verapamil on conduction time and effective refractory period in the AV node,
      as long as it did not exceed 5 mmol/L. However, beyond this level, calcium
      appeared less and less capable of reversing the effects of verapamil. Thus, the
      protective action of calcium had a bell-shaped dose-response curve, with the
      optimum at 5 mmol/L. This biphasic influence is consistent with the opposite
      opinions previously given concerning the antagonism between calcium and calcium
      blockers, depending on whether hypercalcemia brought into play was mild or major.
      In any case, the prominent role played by calcium in the slow inward current in
      the AV node accounts for the antagonism, observed in vivo, between calcium and
      verapamil. The pacemaker activity of the sinoatrial (SA) node was less influenced
      by both calcium blocker and calcium.

PMID- 2419695
TI  - Alterations of the glomerular beta-adrenoceptor-linked adenylate cyclase system
      in perinephritis hypertension.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to investigate beta-adrenoceptor-adenylate
      cyclase coupling in a myocardial ventricular membrane preparation and in isolated
      renal glomeruli of cellophane perinephritis hypertensive rats. Adenylate cyclase
      activity and [125I]iodocyanopindolol binding were differentially affected in
      these preparations. In isolated glomeruli of hypertensive rats a reduced
      intrinsic activity of isoproterenol was associated with an apparent loss of the
      guanine nucleotide-sensitive high-affinity state of the beta-adrenoceptors,
      whereas their absolute number was unchanged when compared with the normotensive
      control rats. On the other hand, in the sarcolemmal preparation of hypertensive
      rats adenylate cyclase activity, the relative amount of high-affinity states, and
      the density of beta-adrenoceptors were not different from the respective values
      in normotensive controls. Experiments performed on isolated glomeruli of rats
      with unilateral cellophane perinephritis that developed only moderate
      hypertension provide evidence that the apparent loss of the high-affinity state
      is a consequence of hypertension, since no difference was observed in glomeruli
      from the wrapped, as compared with the intact kidney.

PMID- 2419696
TI  - Further investigation of the sites of vascular alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenoceptors
      in the anaesthetised spontaneously hypertensive rat.
AB  - We have looked at the role played by alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenoceptors in the
      control of blood pressure in the anaesthetised spontaneously hypertensive rat
      (SHR) by examining the blood-pressure-lowering effects of the alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin and the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist
      rauwolscine in 5 groups of animals: unoperated, adrenal demedullated,
      shamoperated, sympathectomised with 6-hydroxydopamine, and vehicle treated.
      Prazosin (1 mg/kg) produced significant falls in diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
      in all groups of rat but the fall was significantly less in sympathectomised
      animals. In the presence of prazosin (1 mg/kg), rauwolscine (0.1-1 mg/kg) lowered
      DBP in all groups of rat except the adrenal demedullated animals. In the absence
      of prazosin, rauwolscine (0.1 mg/kg) produced a significant fall in DBP only in
      sympathectomised animals. These results demonstrate that alpha 2 adrenoceptors
      are involved in blood pressure control in the intact or sympathectomised SHR but
      not following adrenal demedullation, suggesting that circulating catecholamines
      rather than neurally released noradrenaline (NA) are responsible for these alpha
      2-adrenoceptor-mediated pressor effects. In contrast, only alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      mediated pressor responses are reduced by sympathectomy, suggesting that neurally
      released NA acts mainly on alpha 1-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2419697
TI  - Effect of verapamil on regional myocardial contraction during graded ischemia in
      the dog.
AB  - Verapamil benefits patients with angina pectoris during exercise. The mechanism
      underlying this effect is controversial. A direct oxygen-sparing effect on
      ischemic myocardium has been proposed, but previous studies seeking to
      demonstrate this effect have been inconclusive because of inadequate control of
      systemic hemodynamics. This study has assessed the direct effects of verapamil on
      regional myocardial contraction during graded coronary flow reductions while
      blood pressure and heart rate were held constant. Verapamil caused a decrease in
      regional contraction at normal levels of coronary flow, a finding consistent with
      a negative inotropic effect. At lower coronary flows, however, ischemic
      dysfunction was similar in the presence and absence of verapamil. These findings
      fail to support the concept that verapamil either selectively depresses ischemic
      myocardium or enhances myocardial function during ischemia. Thus, these direct
      mechanisms would seem unlikely causes of the observed beneficial effect during
      exercise in patients with coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2419698
TI  - Central and regional hemodynamic effects of nitrendipine in normotensive patients
      with chronic obstructive lung disease.
AB  - Central and regional hemodynamic studies were performed before and after
      administration of nitrendipine, a recently introduced calcium-channel blocker, in
      10 normotensive patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. None of them
      had a mean pulmonary artery pressure higher than 20 mm Hg. Ninety minutes after
      oral intake of 20 mg nitrendipine, cardiac output increased by 22%, heart rate
      increased by 12%, mean arterial pressure decreased by 7%, and pulmonary artery
      pressures as well as filling pressures of the heart did not change. Venous
      admixture and alveolar to arterial PO2 gradients increased by 54% and 22%,
      respectively. Hepatic blood flow increased by 33%. Renal blood flow remained
      unchanged and glomerular filtration rate decreased by 11%. Thus, in normotensive
      patients, nitrendipine administration induces systemic vasodilatation with an
      apparently reflex increase in cardiac output. These effects are accompanied by a
      deterioration in pulmonary gas exchange, increase in hepatic perfusion, no change
      in renal perfusion, and possibly a slight deterioration in renal function.

PMID- 2419699
TI  - Acute hemodynamic effects of piroximone (MDL 19,205) in patients with moderate
      congestive heart failure: comparison with sodium nitroprusside.
AB  - Piroximone (MDL 19,205), a new imidazolone derivative, was given intravenously to
      14 patients with congestive heart failure (NYHA class II-III), while under
      constant daily doses of digitalis and diuretics. In the first 3 patients, we
      determined the dose safely eliciting a favorable hemodynamic response. The
      subsequent 11 patients received 1 mg/kg of piroximone intravenously, and the
      hemodynamic effects were compared with those of sodium nitroprusside (SN) at a
      dose-lowering mean blood pressure by 10-20 mm Hg. Piroximone increased heart rate
      (13.2 +/- 2.0 beats/min, mean +/- SEM) and lowered mean arterial pressure (9 +/-
      2.3 mm Hg). Both agents reduced similarly wedge pressure (6.5 +/- 2.9 and 9 +/-
      2.9 mm Hg, respectively, for SN and piroximone) and total peripheral resistance.
      Cardiac index was increased less by SN (15%) than piroximone (48%) (p less than
      0.001), and stroke work index significantly enhanced only by piroximone (p less
      than 0.001). The changes in loading conditions induced by the two agents being
      similar, it is likely that piroximone not only acts by peripheral vasodilation,
      but also possesses positive inotropic properties. Myocardial oxygen demand,
      assessed indirectly by tension-time index, was not affected by piroximone. Thus,
      piroximone appears to combine well-balanced vasodilator and inotropic properties
      which make this new agent potentially very useful for the management of
      congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2419700
TI  - Protection by the calcium antagonist tiapamil, against cardiac lymphatic enzyme
      leakage and arrhythmias in canine hearts during reperfusion.
AB  - We examined the effects of tiapamil, a Ca2+ antagonist, on infarct size,
      lymphatic enzyme release, and arrhythmias in reperfused, ischemic canine hearts.
      Three-hour reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, which had
      been ligated for 3 h, significantly increased cardiac lymphatic release of
      lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cathepsin D and creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and
      the incidence of ventricular premature contractions (VPCs), the increases being
      markedly higher than those in ligation period. Tiapamil, at the i.v. dose of 3
      mg/kg/h for 6 h during the ligation and reperfusion periods markedly reduced
      these increases in lymphatic levels of LDH and cathepsin D and in VPCs, and
      significantly decreased infarct size. Tiapamil treatment only during the ligation
      period had similar preserving effects, but tiapamil treatment only during
      reperfusion did not. These results suggest that blockade of the Ca2+ channel must
      be achieved during the early phase of an ischemic episode in order to prevent
      myocardial deterioration during reperfusion.

PMID- 2419701
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of the new angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor,
      cilazapril, in anesthetized and conscious dogs.
AB  - Cilazapril is a new angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor. In conscious renal
      hypertensive dogs, cilazapril (2 X 10 mg/kg/day p.o.) caused a long-lasting
      (greater than 24 h) decrease in systolic arterial blood pressure, the magnitude
      of which was potentiated by pretreatment with furosemide. A maximal fall in
      systolic blood pressure of 39 +/- 6 mm Hg (from 145 +/- 5 to 106 +/- 7 mm Hg) was
      recorded. The antihypertensive effect did not decline with repeated
      administration and was accompanied by only a slight increase in heart rate.
      Cilazapril also reduced systolic blood pressure in furosemide-pretreated
      normotensive dogs. Hemodynamic studies in anesthetized dogs revealed that
      cilazapril (0.03-1 mg/kg i.v.) caused a fall in mean arterial and left
      ventricular systolic pressures. At the highest dose of 1 mg/kg i.v., the blood
      pressure-lowering effect (-27%) was due to a decrease in total peripheral
      resistance (-12%) and cardiac output (-16%). Intravenous administration of
      cilazapril to anesthetized dogs resulted in a rise in plasma renin activity and a
      significant fall in plasma angiotensin II levels. In conscious normotensive dogs,
      cilazapril (0.3-10 mg/kg p.o.) exerted diuretic and saluretic effects, which were
      accompanied by a significant increase in renal plasma flow (46%), but only a
      slight rise in the glomerular filtration rate. These results characterize
      cilazapril as an effective and long-lasting antihypertensive drug, with diuretic
      activity and, possibly, preload- as well as afterload-reducing properties.

PMID- 2419702
TI  - Activators and inactivators of Ca++ channels: new perspectives.
AB  - Recent advances in the pharmacology of voltage-operated Ca++ channels (VOCs) are
      reviewed. It is proposed that three subgroups of calcium-antagonists exist and
      the pharmacology of the "subgroups" is compared at the level of ligand binding
      and functional (in vitro and in vivo) experiments. Recent electrophysiological
      experiments have indicated that there may be two populations of VOCs. The
      implications of these findings are discussed in the light of the different
      antagonist subgroups.

PMID- 2419703
TI  - Clinical and biochemical manifestation zinc deficiency in human subjects.
AB  - During the past two decades, essentiality of zinc for man has been established.
      Deficiency of zinc in man attributable to nutritional factors and several
      diseased states has been recognized. High phytate content of cereal proteins
      decreases availability of zinc, thus the prevalence of zinc deficiency is likely
      to be high in the population subsisting on cereal proteins mainly. Zinc
      deficiency has been noted to occur in patients with malabsorption syndrome,
      chronic renal disease, cirrhosis of the liver, sickle cell disease, AE, and other
      chronically debilitating diseases. Growth retardation, male hypogonadism, skin
      changes, poor appetite, mental lethargy and delayed wound healing are some of the
      manifestations of chronically zinc-deficient human subjects. In severely zinc
      deficient patients, dermatological manifestations, diarrhea, alopecia, mental
      disturbances and intercurrent infections predominate. If untreated, the condition
      becomes fatal. Zinc deficiency affects testicular functions adversely in man and
      animals. This effect of zinc is at the end-organ level. It appears that zinc is
      essential for spermatogenesis. Zinc is involved in many biochemical functions.
      Several zinc metalloenzymes have been recognized in the past decade. Zinc is
      required for each step of cell cycle in microorganisms and is essential for DNA
      synthesis. The effect of zinc on protein synthesis may be attributable to its
      vital role in nucleic acid metabolism. The activities of many zinc-dependent
      enzymes have been shown to be affected adversely in zinc-deficient tissues. Zinc
      atoms in some of the enzyme molecules participate in catalysis and also appear to
      be essential for maintenance of structure of apoenzymes. Zinc also plays a role
      in stabilization of biomembrane structure and polynucleotide
      confirmation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2419704
TI  - An organismic critique of molecular darwinism.
AB  - The molecular darwinian approach to the emergence of life treats the competition
      between RNA sequences for nucleotide resources as the primordial selective
      process in prebiotic evolution, which prescribes possible pathways for the
      subsequent elaboration of organizational relationships. Since success in this
      competition is determined by the "phenotypic" properties of RNA strands in the
      absence of organizational context, the genesis of biotic organization is
      dependent upon the establishment of co-operative, hypercyclic interactions
      between competing RNA sequences. The thesis of this paper is that hypercycle
      theory is based on unwarranted assumptions about the conditions of prebiotic
      evolution, and that the implications of these assumptions run counter to both
      empirical evidence and to the rational by which natural selection operates in
      evolution generally. An organismic alternative to hypercycle theory is suggested,
      based on the catalytic microsphere and the thermodynamics of selection.

PMID- 2419705
TI  - Model of mechanical alternans in the mammalian myocardium.
AB  - A model is proposed to elucidate the cause and mechanism of mechanical alternans
      in cardiac muscle in terms of discrete calcium movements. Mechanical alternans,
      the cause of which lies within the borders of excitation-contraction-coupling
      (ECC), is analyzed. In this case, the "input" of the ECC system (the action
      potentials and intervals) is constant while the "output" (contractile force)
      oscillates between two constant values, indicating that the system has a "memory"
      with two "internal states". It is proposed that these two "states" are associated
      with a part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum ("releasable terminal") containing the
      readily releasable calcium. A mechanism of "calcium-concentration-dependent
      threshold" is suggested to govern the "release function", i.e. the release of
      calcium from the "releasable terminal" to the myofilaments. The "release
      function" is analyzed in both the linear and the non-linear cases and its
      implication on the initiation of sustained and transient mechanical alternans are
      described. The dependence of mechanical alternans on a disturbance is also
      explained. The model response resembles the experimental observations of
      mechanical alternans in mammalian myocardium in the following manners: abrupt
      transition from low to high heart rates, slow progressive acceleration of rate,
      variations in persistence at subthreshold rates, effect of premature and delayed
      beat following the small and large beats, restitution curves, and transient
      mechanical alternans initiated by a delayed beat.

PMID- 2419706
TI  - Nuclear patterns of cyclin (PCNA) antigen distribution subdivide S-phase in
      cultured cells--some applications of PCNA antibodies.
AB  - Immunofluorescence studies using PCNA autoantibodies specific for the
      proliferation-sensitive protein cyclin have revealed dramatic changes in the
      nuclear distribution of this protein during the S-phase of normal and transformed
      cells. Patterns of cyclin antigen distribution subdivide S-phase and have
      provided new cell cycle landmarks. Some of these (nucleolar exclusion or
      staining), mimic topographical patterns of DNA synthesis thus arguing for a role
      of this protein in some specific aspect of DNA replication. Cells outside S-phase
      (G0 included) stain only weakly with PCNA antibodies, stressing the usefulness of
      this reagent for identifying proliferating cells (S-phase cells) of both normal
      and malignant origins.

PMID- 2419707
TI  - Unfolding and flattening the cortex of gyrencephalic brains.
AB  - The present paper describes a procedure for unfolding and flattening
      gyrencephalic brains that makes it possible to cut single tangential sections
      through extensive regions of originally convoluted cortex. This procedure
      involves incising the arachnoid, removing the white matter, and then opening up
      the gyri and sulci in tissue that has been fixed in such a way as to maintain
      much of its natural flexibility. A technique is also described for preserving the
      complete gyral pattern of the intact brain on the surface of a flattened cerebral
      hemisphere. Finally, examples are presented in which the gyral pattern in the cat
      brain is related to the location of identified cortical areas in myelin-stained
      tangential sections from flattened material.

PMID- 2419709
TI  - Accumulation of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate in cultured neonatal human
      dermal fibroblasts exposed to parathyroid hormone and prostaglandin E2.
AB  - We sought to determine whether cultured human dermal fibroblasts respond to
      parathyroid hormone (PTH) with accumulation of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine
      monophosphate (cAMP) reproducibly enough for such cells to be useful in
      characterizing states of altered end-organ response to PTH. Thus, we cultured
      fibroblasts from 15 human neonatal foreskins and tested fibroblast cAMP responses
      to addition of synthetic human PTH-(1-34), bovine PTH-(1-34), and native bovine
      PTH-(1-84) at concentrations of 10(-6) to 10(-10) M. Accumulation of cAMP (cells
      plus medium) was significantly enhanced by PTH in only 10 of 37 experiments. In
      cells that had a significant cAMP response to PTH, the ratio of treated to
      control cAMP values ranged only from 1.27 to 2.18. No study showed a clear-cut
      dose-response relationship. In six of six experiments, the cells responded to
      prostaglandin E2 (1 microgram/ml) with markedly increased accumulation of cAMP
      (9.7 to 110.9-fold the basal value). We conclude that cultured human dermal
      fibroblast cAMP responses to PTH with use of the current methods are too small
      and inconsistent for that tissue to be useful in studies of reduced end-organ
      responsiveness to PTH such as pseudohypoparathyroidism. Nevertheless, states of
      hyperresponsiveness to PTH might still be detectable by this method.

PMID- 2419710
TI  - Cellular calcium metabolism, seizures, and ischemia.

PMID- 2419708
TI  - Calcium channel blockers and asthma.

PMID- 2419711
TI  - Immunological functions of macrophages and their regulation by interferons.
AB  - Important progress has been recently made on the identification, physico-chemical
      properties, purification and production by recombinant technology of a series of
      immunoregulatory mediators, including interferons (IFNs). It is now possible to
      appreciate which part play IFNs in the regulation and activation of monocyte
      macrophage (MO) functions. The present review discusses old concepts, such as
      Macrophage-Activating Factor (MAF) activity, at the light of recent data on the
      effects of IFN alpha, beta and gamma on four main immunological properties of MO,
      namely intracellular killing of microorganisms, non specific lysis of tumor
      cells, antigen presentation and secretion of soluble immunoregulatories molecules
      such as interleukin 1. All three IFN species enhance such functions, whereas
      enhancement of membrane class II major histocompatibility complex antigens is a
      unique property of IFN gamma. The role of IFNs, especially IFN gamma, as major
      MAF in vitro and in vivo is discussed.

PMID- 2419712
TI  - Methoxyindoles of the retina.
AB  - Melatonin and other 5-methoxyindoles are compounds usually associated with the
      pineal gland. Research is expanding from studies of pineal melatonin to studies
      of extrapineal organs and of other 5-methoxyindoles besides melatonin. Research
      in recent years has shown that the retina also contains and synthetises 5
      methoxyindoles. The biochemical modes of action are still unclear. Nevertheless,
      they seem to have physiological roles in the pineal gland and the retina. These
      compounds are thought to participate in the regulation of the cyclic metabolism
      of the retina. Melatonin and other 5-methoxyindoles are often classified as
      neuromodulators.

PMID- 2419713
TI  - Additive and synergistic effects of a novel antiestrogen, toremifene (Fc-1157a),
      and human interferons on estrogen responsive MCF-7 cells in vitro.
AB  - The effect of human interferons alpha and gamma alone and in combination with a
      novel antiestrogen toremifene were studied in vitro using MCF-7 cell line, an
      estrogen receptor positive and antiestrogen sensitive cell line. The effects were
      evaluated by a simple bioluminescence method with which the number of living
      cells was obtained as cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. The growth
      of MCF-7 cells was inhibited both by interferon alpha and interferon gamma. At
      least additive effect was evident when the cells were exposed to combination of
      interferons and toremifene: the combination was additive with interferon gamma +
      toremifene and synergistic with interferon alpha + toremifene. The combination of
      toremifene and interferons may have clinical importance.

PMID- 2419714
TI  - [Prostatic-specific antigen. A new tumor marker].

PMID- 2419715
TI  - Autoantibodies and their relation to rheumatic diseases.
AB  - The use of tissue culture substrates for immunofluorescence determinations of
      nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitotic cell-related autoantibodies has resulted in the
      delineation of diverse new specificities, whose clinical correlates are now
      becoming apparent. This review details both major and minor autoantibody
      specificities, the status of knowledge regarding their target antigens, and the
      relation of these serologic systems to distinctive rheumatic disease syndromes.

PMID- 2419716
TI  - Cost effectiveness in oncology.

PMID- 2419717
TI  - Spinal opiates revisited.

PMID- 2419718
TI  - Detection and investigation of renal artery stenosis.
AB  - A retrospective analysis was done on 235 hypertensive patients undergoing renal
      arteriography. Of the 85 patients with renal artery stenosis 50 underwent 56
      operations or angioplasties and have been followed up for at least a year. 41
      (73%) of these procedures were curative or led to improved blood-pressure
      control. These results make it worthwhile identifying hypertensive patients with
      renal artery stenosis who may benefit from surgery or angioplasty. Vascular
      disease, epigastric bruit, and impaired renal function were commoner in the renal
      artery stenosis patients than in the 81 with normal arteriograms, but there were
      no features pathognomonic of stenosis. Intravenous urography had a sensitivity of
      83% and a specificity of 69.5% in identifying renal artery stenosis; those for
      isotope renography were 90.5% and 38.5%, respectively. Divided renal vein renins
      did not predict the outcome of intervention. Arteriography should, if there are
      no contraindications to intervention, be the first and definitive investigation
      when renal artery stenosis is suspected--for instance, in hypertensive patients
      with accelerated or malignant hypertension, those whose blood pressure is poorly
      controlled by multiple therapy, and those who have had recent deterioration in
      blood-pressure control or renal function.

PMID- 2419719
TI  - [Effect of chemotherapy on the survival of patients with far-advanced squamous
      cell carcinoma of the head and neck. A comparative matched-pair analysis of
      conventional therapeutic procedures with and without chemotherapy].
AB  - Forty-four patients, surgically and/or radiologically treated after primary
      cytostatic treatment, were compared by matched-pair analysis with a historical
      control group of patients who had been conventionally treated by surgery and/or
      radiotherapy only. Both groups were largely identical with respect of tumour
      localisation and classification, regional metastases, and conventional treatment.
      The disease-free survival and overall survival times did not differ significantly
      between both groups. It appears that tumour remission following primary
      cytostatic therapy does not influence survival times. Primary cytostatic
      treatment offers advantages over conventional therapy only if it is combined with
      surgical and radiological procedures in selected patients.

PMID- 2419720
TI  - [Cytostatic primary therapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the oro- and
      hypopharynx with cisplatin, bleomycin and methotrexate].
AB  - This is a report on induction chemotherapy of 20 oropharyngeal and 20
      hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas with cis-platinum, bleomycin, and
      methotrexate. The response rate, defined as a tumour regression of at least 50%,
      was 70% for the hypopharynx and 80% for the oropharynx. The lymph nodes responded
      in 50% of the cases. The toxicity was low. Induction chemotherapy is considered
      to be significant, but it must be stressed that surgery and/or radiation therapy
      must follow to sustain the initial success.

PMID- 2419721
TI  - Human hepatoma (Hep G2) cultures contain salt-resistant triglyceridase ("liver
      lipase").
AB  - The culture fluid of Hep G2 human hepatoma cells contains triglyceridase activity
      resistant to high-salt concentrations. The lipase binds to Sepharose-heparin
      columns from which it can be eluted by 0.8 to 0.9 M NaCl. The nature of this
      lipase was studied using antibodies raised against "liver" lipases from human and
      rat origin. The anti-rat liver lipase inhibits both the postheparin human and rat
      plasma enzyme while the anti-human liver lipase has no effect on the rat enzyme.
      The lipase of the Hep G2 cultures showed affinity to the antibodies raised
      against rat as well as human "liver" lipase as shown by inhibition experiments.
      These results show that Hep G2 cells secrete "liver" lipase and that there seems
      to exist a structural homology between the lipases from rat and human origin.

PMID- 2419722
TI  - The facilitative actions of Bay K 8644 on norepinephrine and KCl-induced
      contractures of rabbit aortic rings.
AB  - The effect of the calcium channel agonist BAY K 8644 on the ability of KCl and
      norepinephrine to induce contractions of rabbit aortic rings has been examined in
      Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing either 4.0 or 6.8 mM potassium. BAY K 8644 (10(
      8) to 10(-6) M) alone induced slowly developing aortic contractures which were 10
      (at 4.0 mM potassium) or 20 (at 6.8 mM potassium) percent of the maximum
      obtainable with norepinephrine. These contractions were not observed in every
      experiment, but were more likely to occur at 6.8 mM (71% at 10(-6) M BAY K 8644)
      when compared to 4.0 mM (31% at 10(-6) M BAY K 8644) potassium buffer. BAY K
      8644, in either potassium buffer, induced a statistically significant shift to
      the left in the norepinephrine dose-response curve. The norepinephrine dose
      response curve was significantly curvilinear in the presence of 3 X 10(-8) M BAY
      K 8644 (6.8 mM potassium) and 10(-6) M BAY K 8644 (4.0 mM potassium). Similarly,
      BAY K 8644 induced sinistral shifts in the KCl dose-response curve with a
      curvilinear function observed at 3 X 10(-7) M BAY K 8644. These data show that
      BAY K 8644 is capable of inducing aortic contractures at potassium concentrations
      significantly lower than previously reported. Furthermore, BAY K 8644 facilitates
      opening of calcium channels by either potassium or norepinephrine. In contrast to
      others, our data indicates that BAY K 8644 can affect calcium channels activated
      by norepinephrine. Finally, our data suggest that the alpha and dihydropyridine
      receptors are capable of interacting and that occupation of one receptor can
      affect the action of a compound binding to the other receptor.

PMID- 2419724
TI  - Detection of heterotopic gray matter in children by magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Heterotopic gray matter results from abnormal brain development and is a
      recognized focus of seizures. It may be associated with mental retardation and/or
      severe malformations of the brain. Three patients with heterotopia of gray matter
      were identified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CT failed to detect the
      heterotopic gray matter in each case. One child was referred for removal of a
      neoplasm based on CT studies until MRI demonstrated the developmental nature of
      his condition. One infant had severely dysplastic left cerebral hemisphere
      associated with heterotopic gray matter and the syndrome of Hypomelanosis of Ito.
      All three children suffered from seizures and/or mental retardation. MRI provided
      important information in the management of each case and appears to be the
      imaging method of choice in evaluating children with seizures or retardation for
      heterotopic gray matter in the brain.

PMID- 2419723
TI  - Local release of monoamines in the gastrointestinal tract: an in vivo study in
      rabbits.
AB  - Dialysis fibers chronically implanted into the gastric submucosa of rabbits
      allowed us to collect an interstitial fluid (I.S.F.) dialysate in which biogenic
      amine concentrations were measured, and compared with those obtained from plasma
      and tissue samples. The results suggest that I.S.F. concentrations represent a
      good assessment of the local release of the amines by enteric nerves and/or
      paracrine cells, under basal conditions. The fact that acetylcholine and
      neostigmine, when perfused through the dialysis system, increased I.S.F.
      serotonin (5-HT) concentrations, supports a cholinergic modulation of the release
      of 5-HT within the gastrointestinal wall, and validates the dialysis method as a
      powerful tool to monitor, in vivo, dynamic changes in I.S.F. monoamine
      concentrations.

PMID- 2419725
TI  - Evaluation of the prostate by magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Forty-seven male patients with suspected prostatic disease underwent magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis on a Picker resistive magnet operating at
      0.15 T; 33 had histologically proved adenocarcinoma, 12 benign prostatic
      hypertrophy, 1 a transitional cell carcinoma, and 1 a seminoma. Eleven normal
      subjects also were included in the study. The study attempted to (1) define the
      MRI characteristics of the normal prostate, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and
      prostatic adenocarcinoma, (2) evaluate various pulse sequences in imaging the
      prostate, and (3) compare MRI findings with clinical, pathologic, and computed
      tomography results. Various pulse sequences, including inversion recovery and
      spin-echo with short and long TE and TR, were used. MRI was sensitive in
      detecting intracapsular and extracapsular prostatic disease. The finding of
      inhomogeneous signal texture throughout the gland was a sensitive but nonspecific
      finding for adenocarcinoma. A focal nodule with prolonged T1 and T2 relaxation
      times was the most specific MRI finding for adenocarcinoma. Extracapsular spread
      of neoplasm was often demonstrated, and because of its superior soft-tissue
      contrast ability, MRI was more accurate than computed tomography in delineating
      extracapsular extension.

PMID- 2419726
TI  - [Tumor antigens (AFP and CEA) and their prognostic value in stomach cancer].

PMID- 2419727
TI  - [Formation of visual and cognitive images during teaching students medical
      roentgenology].

PMID- 2419728
TI  - [Aphasia, language rehabilitation and the aphasic patient. A holistic approach to
      the problem].

PMID- 2419729
TI  - [Antidepressive drugs and suicide].

PMID- 2419730
TI  - Present clinical status of magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging has achieved clinical importance and has become the
      primary tool in the investigation of head, spinal cord, pelvis, cancellous bone,
      pericardium (with gating), gallbladder, lymph node masses, and very soon, in the
      evaluation of joints. In many areas, particularly with respiratory and ECG
      gating, this method promises to replace all other imaging modalities with the
      precision of information obtained. Today the exceptions are the alimentary tube
      and its mesentery, between the esophagus and rectum, and the peripheral lung.

PMID- 2419731
TI  - A comparison of T1 measurements at 1.7 and 3.4 MHz in the diagnosis of prostatic
      carcinoma.
AB  - To compare the specificity of T1 measurement for the diagnosis of prostatic
      carcinoma in vivo, two groups of patients with clinically enlarged prostate
      glands have been imaged. One group comprising 25 patients was imaged at 1.7 MHz
      the other comprising 51 patients at 3.4 MHz. T1 measurements together with the
      gross anatomical appearances of the prostate gland were observed and compared
      with the clinical and histologic diagnoses. At 1.7 MHz it was found that the T1
      measurement of carcinoma of the prostate and benign hypertrophy of the prostate
      fell into two distinct ranges with no overlap between the two conditions. Three
      false-positive diagnoses of carcinoma were made in patients with prostatitis
      where the T1 values fell in the upper part of the carcinoma range. T1 measurement
      in the group studied at 3.4 MHz demonstrated no specific value for either
      condition and diagnosis of malignancy had to be made from the morphologic
      appearances of the gland. Morphologically benign hypertrophy appeared homogeneous
      while carcinoma appeared heterogeneous with small areas of increased T1 in the
      malignant part of the gland.

PMID- 2419732
TI  - Glucose tolerance and the insulin response in recently drinking alcoholic
      patients: possible effects of withdrawal.
AB  - To investigate possible effects of withdrawal on carbohydrate metabolism in
      chronic alcoholic patients, intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed in
      three periods in 11 alcoholic patients: early abstinence (less than three days),
      early abstinence plus ethanol (1 g/kg/BW IV), and late abstinence (three weeks
      later). According to liver biopsy results and laboratory tests, patients were
      classified as a group with liver damage (four cases) and a group without it
      (seven cases). In the group without damage, glucose tolerance expressed as K% and
      compared to a control group, was significantly decreased in early and late
      abstinence but not after the infusion of ethanol. Cases with damage also had
      glucose intolerance at admission. Plasma insulin levels after the glucose load
      were significantly lower at ten and 30 minutes in the group without damage, in
      early or late abstinence. They were normal in the presence of ethanol. Patients
      with liver damage presented higher basal and postglucose plasma insulin
      concentrations. It was concluded that glucose intolerance in alcoholic patients
      is a common finding that occurs in the presence or absence of liver damage. In
      cases with liver damage it seems to be due to peripheral insulin resistance. In
      those without damage it is related to low peripherovenous insulin levels.

PMID- 2419733
TI  - In vitro transcription of chloroplast protein genes.

PMID- 2419734
TI  - Chloroplast gene expression and promoter identification in chloroplast extracts.

PMID- 2419735
TI  - Coupled transcription-translation in chloroplast lysates.

PMID- 2419736
TI  - Cloning and expression of genes for the small subunit of ribulosebisphosphate
      carboxylase.

PMID- 2419737
TI  - Isolation of plant mitochondrial RNA.

PMID- 2419738
TI  - Effects of selenalysine on CHO cells.
AB  - Selenalysine, the lysine isolog with the 4-methylene group substituted by a
      Selenium atom, inhibits growth rate and plating efficiency of Chinese Hamster
      Ovary (CHO) cells. It does not affect DNA and RNA synthesis, but inhibits protein
      synthesis. Cells grown in the presence of selenalysine show a reduced viability
      and an increased cell volume. Almost all the effects of selenalysine on CHO cells
      can be reversed by lysine, thus indicating that selenalysine acts mainly in
      competition with lysine by impairing its utilization.

PMID- 2419739
TI  - Studies on the antigenic structure of Japanese encephalitis virus using
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The antigenic relationships among 11 strains of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus
      were analyzed by using monoclonal antibodies (NARMA) against the Nakayama-RFVL
      strain in hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralization (Nt) tests. Of the
      14 JE virus-specific HI antibodies, all except NARMA 5 showed Nt reactivity with
      the homologous strain. The HI and Nt titers of these antibodies were not
      parallel. The 14 antibodies included the following characteristic antibodies:
      NARMA 3 is a species-specific antibody with HI and Nt reactivities against JE
      virus, NARMA 13 is a species-specific HI antibody, NARMA 6 is a Nakayama strain
      specific antibody with HI and Nt reactivities, and NARMA 5 is a Nakayama strain
      specific HI antibody. The 11 strains of JE virus were divided into four major
      antigenic groups. However, slight antigenic differences were found among some
      strains of the same group. Furthermore, competitive binding assays were performed
      to determine the distribution of antigenic determinants by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. The results suggest the existence of at least five HI sites
      on the JE virus virion, and indicate that the JE species-specific HI site and the
      flavivirus genus-specific HI site are topologically distinct.

PMID- 2419740
TI  - Comparison of murine B cell clonal expansions by synthetic lipid A and muramyl
      dipeptide analogs.
AB  - Direct stimulations of murine B lymphocytes with synthetic lipid A analogs and
      synthetic muramyl dipeptide (MDP) derivatives were studied using a limiting
      dilution assay system. Synthetic lipid A analogs, GLA-27 and GLA-40, when
      conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) had the ability to induce B cell
      clonal expansion of a single B cell from the spleen or bone-marrow. Their
      activities were almost the same as those of naturally obtained lipid A, but were
      lower than that of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Addition of dextran
      sulfate (DXS) enhanced the effect of lipid A analogs. In contrast, synthetic MDP
      and its derivatives, although they had many biological and immunological
      activities in experimental animals, could not stimulate a single B cell to induce
      clonal expansion regardless of the presence or absence of DXS. These results
      suggested that lipid A analogs can directly cause the proliferation of B cells,
      but MDPs can not.

PMID- 2419741
TI  - Phagocytic activity and expression of myeloid-associated cell surface antigens by
      blast cells in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - The malignant cells of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) rarely
      show phagocytic activity. In this retrospective survey, blasts from 7 of 196
      patients with newly diagnosed ALL demonstrated phagocytic activity toward
      platelets and erythrocytes. The morphology and cytochemical staining properties
      of the cells were typical of ALL. Immunophenotyes were those of common ALL
      (CALLA+, HLA-DR+) for six patients and of pre-B-cell ALL (positive cytoplasmic
      immunoglobulin) for one. However, blast cells from six of the seven patients also
      reacted with myeloid-associated monoclonal antibodies (MCS.2 and/or SJ-D1). The
      wide overlap in the percentages of blasts expressing CALLA and those expressing
      myeloid-associated antigens suggests that some cells possessed both lymphoid- and
      myeloid-associated surface antigens. By a dual staining technique, two patients
      tested had blasts expressing antigens of both lineages. Each child achieved a
      complete remission after treatment with agents effective for ALL and remains in
      remission for 13+ to 20+ months. These morphologic and immunologic findings may
      define a distinct subtype of acute leukemia.

PMID- 2419742
TI  - Effects of cyclophosphamide, cis-platinum, nitrosourea (ACNU), melphalan, and
      dacarbazine on a cytogenetically highly malignant neuroblastoma xenograft.
AB  - The effects of eight different chemotherapeutic agents were studied on a human
      neuroblastoma xenograft, designated TNB9, according to the standard Battelle
      Columbus Laboratories protocol. Cytogenetically and molecular-cytogenetically,
      this xenograft is known to have a homogeneously staining region (HSR) on
      chromosome 20 and to exhibit 60- to 80-fold amplification of clone #8 (1.75 kb)
      and N-myc (2.1 kb) in the HSR. Our previous analyses of cytogenetic and
      phenotypic characteristics on nine human neuroblastoma xenografts demonstrated
      that TNB9 is one of the most malignant strains of neuroblastoma. The in vivo
      chemotherapeutic sensitivity assessment disclosed that cyclophosphamide, cis
      platinum, nitrosourea (ACNU), melphalan, and dacarbazine (DTIC) are effective,
      while aclarubicin, vincristine, and cytosine arabinoside are quite ineffective
      against this neuroblastoma xenograft.

PMID- 2419744
TI  - H1-histamine receptors on human astrocytoma cells.
AB  - The H1-histamine receptor antagonist [3H]mepyramine bound with high affinity (Kd
      = 3-5 nM) to membranes derived from 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. The H1
      receptor antagonists triprolidine and diphenhydramine inhibited [3H]mepyramine
      binding with Kj values of 1-5 nM, whereas the Kj of the H2-histamine receptor
      antagonist cimetidine was greater than 100 microM. Histamine also inhibited
      [3H]mepyramine binding to 1321N1 cell membranes, and the histamine inhibition
      curve was shifted to the right and steepened in the presence of 1 microM
      guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate). Treatment of 1321N1 cells with pertussis
      toxin had no effect on the capacity of histamine to inhibit [3H]mepyramine
      binding either in the absence or presence of guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate).
      Therefore, agonist-occupied histamine receptors in these cells apparently
      interact with a guanine nucleotide regulatory protein that is not the inhibitory
      guanine nucleotide regulatory protein of adenylate cyclase. Although adenylate
      cyclase activity was not affected by histamine in a cell-free preparation,
      incubation of 1321N1 cells with histamine resulted in an attenuation of cyclic
      AMP accumulation. Analysis of cyclic AMP degradation in the presence of histamine
      indicated that the effects of histamine on cyclic AMP accumulation are mediated
      through activation of phosphodiesterase. This idea was supported by the fact that
      the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 1-isobutyl 3-methylxanthine blocked attenuation
      of cyclic AMP accumulation by histamine in a noncompetitive manner. Histamine
      also markedly increased phosphoinositide breakdown and 45Ca2+ efflux in 1321N1
      cells. These histamine-induced effects apparently are mediated through H1
      receptors, since triprolidine, but not cimetidine, potently inhibited histamine
      action. As for histamine interaction with its receptor, pertussis toxin had no
      effect on histamine-induced phosphoinositide breakdown, 45Ca2+ efflux, or
      attenuation of cyclic AMP accumulation. Taken together, these data indicate that
      1321N1 human astrocytoma cells are a useful model system for the study of H1
      histamine receptors and the biochemical responses mediated through these
      receptors.

PMID- 2419743
TI  - Structure and organization of the transfer ribonucleic acid genes of Escherichia
      coli K-12.

PMID- 2419745
TI  - Molecular mechanisms of the potent and stereospecific nicotinic receptor agonist
      (+)-anatoxin-a.
AB  - Anatoxin-a (AnTX) was shown to be a highly potent and stereospecific agonist at
      nicotinic synapses in frog skeletal muscle and Torpedo electric organs. AnTX
      binds to the nicotinic-acetylcholine receptor with a higher affinity than for
      acetylcholine (ACh) but does not bind to sites in the receptor-gated ionic
      channel. (+)AnTX caused receptor desensitization, i.e., the loss of agonist
      stimulated binding of histrionicotoxin to an allosteric site with time, at a rate
      significantly slower than that of ACh. Single channel patch clamp recordings
      indicated that the conductance of channels activated by (+)AnTX (28 pS) and ACh
      (27 pS) were similar. The (+)AnTX-activated channels contained rapid closing
      events, the burst times caused by the toxin were shorter than those caused by ACh
      but had similar voltage dependencies, and the number of short closures per burst
      was constant at all potentials with both agonists. The bursts of rapid openings
      and rapid closures (tau = 0.4 msec) appear to result from repetitive opening and
      closing of the (+)AnTX-bound receptor-ion channel. It is concluded that the
      semirigid molecule and secondary amine (+)AnTX is a more potent agonist than ACh
      or carbamylcholine because of a higher affinity for the receptor. At various
      concentrations the toxin activates the appearance of channels with the same
      conductances as ACh-induced channels but with a shorter channel lifetime.

PMID- 2419746
TI  - [Splicing. I. Splicing of tRNA, rRNA and mRNA in organelles].
AB  - Mosaic structure of genes is shown for three out of four known types of RNA:
      transfer, ribosomal and messenger. At least three different mechanisms are
      involved in maturation of transcripts from these genes. The peculiarity of tRNA
      splicing is connected with the possibility of existence of tRNA molecules free of
      ribonucleoprotein complexes. The mode of Tetrahymena pre-tRNA self-splicing may
      also take place during maturation of other RNAs (rRNA of protozoa, ribosomal and
      messenger rRNA of lower fungi, plant messenger rRNA), which share the similar
      structure. The third type of mechanism is involved in splicing messenger RNA in
      eukaryotic cell nuclei.

PMID- 2419747
TI  - [Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in histological sections II].

PMID- 2419748
TI  - [A method for the diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism].

PMID- 2419749
TI  - The nature of mutants induced by ionizing radiation in cultured hamster cells.
      II. Antigenic response and reverse mutation of HPRT-deficient mutants induced by
      gamma-rays or ethyl methanesulphonate.
AB  - A large series of independent mutants deficient in HPRT enzyme activity, isolated
      from V79-4 hamster cells (Brown and Thacker, 1984), were assessed for properties
      which reflect the nature of the genetic changes induced. A total of 88 mutants
      were screened, 43 isolated from gamma-ray-treated cultures and 45 induced by
      ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS). Firstly, each mutant was assayed for the presence
      of protein with the antigenic response of HPRT (cross-reacting material, CRM),
      using an antibody raised against partially purified V79-4 HPRT enzyme. In a
      competitive inhibition assay, 31% of EMS-induced mutants were CRM-positive
      compared to 7% of the gamma-ray series. Secondly, each mutant was tested for
      ability to revert to HPRT proficiency, either spontaneously or after treatment
      with the powerful mutagen ethyl nitrosourea (ENU). All except 2 of the EMS
      induced mutants reverted with ENU, and many reverted spontaneously, under the
      given conditions. However reversion was not detected in about 80% of gamma-ray
      induced mutants, suggesting that the types of forward mutation caused by ionizing
      radiation differ qualitatively from those caused by EMS. The EMS-induced
      mutations are likely to be mostly point mutations, with at least 40% of the
      missense type, while gamma-ray-induced mutations may arise mostly through larger
      genetic changes.

PMID- 2419750
TI  - Evaluation of the DNA repair host-mediated assay. II. Presence of genotoxic
      factors in various organs of mice treated with chemotherapeutic agents.
AB  - The DNA repair host-mediated assay was further calibrated by testing 7
      chemotherapeutic agents known to possess carcinogenic activity, namely bleomycin
      (BLM), cis-diamminedichloroplatinum-II (cis-Pt), cyclophosphamide (CP),
      diethylstilboestrol (DES), isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid, INH), natulan
      (NAT) and mitomycin C (MMC). Differential survival of wild-type and uvrB/recA E.
      coli strains served as a measure of genotoxic activity. In in vitro assays, BLM,
      cis-Pt and MMC exhibited high genotoxic activity. The other 4 compounds had no
      measurable effect on the survival of the two strains, either with or without
      mouse liver preparations. In the host-mediated assays BLM, cis-Pt, MMC and also
      NAT induced strong killing of the DNA repair-deficient bacteria recovered from
      liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys and the blood of treated mice compared to the wild
      type strain. The results are not indicative of large organ-specific differences
      in genotoxically active amounts of the drugs immediately after their application
      to the host animals. CP, INH and DES did not show geneotix activity in these
      assays even at very high exposure levels. To compare the genetic endpoint
      measured in the DNA repair assays, i.e. induction of repairable DNA damage, with
      the induction of gene mutations, the ability of the 7 drugs to induce valine
      resistant (VALr) mutants in E. coli was measured in host-mediated assays under
      identical treatment conditions. INH showed considerable mutagenic activity in E.
      coli cells recovered from liver and spleen, while BLM and MMC induced a 3-4-fold
      increase in VALr mutants above spontaneous levels. The other compounds showed no
      mutagenic activity under these in vivo conditions. From these results it can be
      concluded that the type of primary DNA lesions produced by these chemotherapeutic
      agents (cross-links by MMC and cis-Pt, and strand breaks by BLM and possibly by
      NAT; base alkylation by INH) appears to determine whether a compound will be
      highly positive in the DNA repair assay as in the case of BLM, cis-Pt, MMC and
      NAT, and less effective in inducing mutations under similar conditions, or
      whether the opposite will occur, as in the case of INH; DES and CP probably do
      not interact sufficiently with bacterial DNA to show an effect in either of the
      genetic endpoints; and the present DNA repair host-mediated assay may represent a
      sensitive, rapid and economic method for monitoring genotoxic factors in various
      organs of experimental animals which have been treated with cytostatic drugs.

PMID- 2419751
TI  - Use of the DNA-repair host-mediated assay for determining the organ distribution
      of genotoxic factors in mice treated orally with nitro-aromatic compounds.
AB  - The distribution of genotoxic factors in various organs of mice treated orally
      with nitro-aromatic compounds of actual or potential use as chemotherapeutic
      (antiprotozoal and anthelminthical) agents was investigated in the DNA-repair
      host-mediated assay, with mice as host animals and a pair of E. coli K12 strains
      differing in DNA-repair capacity as indicators of genotoxicity. The test
      substances were derivatives of nitroimidazole (metronidazole), nitrofuran (SQ 18
      506) and nitrodiphenylamine (amoscanate). Animal-mediated assays were performed
      by injecting mixtures of the two E. coli strains both intravenously and orally
      into mice, which were subsequently treated with the test chemicals, and from
      which the differential survival of indicator bacteria present in liver, lungs,
      spleen, kidneys, stomach, small intestine, colon and the blood stream was
      determined on selective agar medium. The same strains and selection procedures
      were used for assessing the genotoxic activity of the compounds in vitro. All
      three compounds displayed genotoxic activity in vitro, the order of potency on
      the basis of exposure concentration being SQ 18 506 greater than metronidazole
      greater than amoscanate. In the animal-mediated assays the same ranking order of
      genotoxic activity was observed, but the exposure levels required to produce
      significant genotoxic effects in vivo were (substantially) higher than in the in
      vitro tests: SQ 18 506 was active at 0.1 mg/kg body weight, metronidazole at 4
      mg/kg, and amoscanate at dosages higher than 10 mg/kg. In host-mediated assays
      the highest genotoxic activity for all three chemicals was observed in organs of
      the gastro-intestinal tract (usually in the stomach). All three chemicals also
      induced genotoxic effects in organs remote from the gastro-intestinal tract
      although with substantially lower activity, the order of potency being again SQ
      18 506 greater than metronidazole greater than amoscanate. In the case of SQ 18
      506 and metronidazole, dose-dependent genotoxic activities were observed in
      liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys and the blood stream, with no clear indication of a
      preferential target or non-target organ, while the minor genotoxic effects of
      amoscanate were restricted to bacteria present in the blood stream. This can be
      taken as an indication that the substances (or active metabolites thereof) have
      been transported from the intestinal tract into the blood stream and distributed
      evenly in organ tissues, without an indication of organ specific deactivation
      during the time periods (less than 180 min) presently investigated.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2419752
TI  - A morphological/biochemical study on the actions of corticosteroids on rat
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - Four corticosteroid hormones were administered (5 mg/kg/day) to rats over 6 to 10
      days. Both biochemical and microscopic techniques were employed to determine the
      influence of these corticosteroids on the fine structure and growth of five
      striated muscles. Throughout, dexamethasone and triamcinalone were more potent
      than prednisone or cortisone in influencing muscle growth. The corticosteroids'
      action on the heart was anabolic, increasing its RNA and protein content. In
      contrast, the same corticosteroids were catabolic against fast-twitch muscles
      (e.g., extensor digitorum longus), inducing appreciable atrophy. However, slow
      twitch muscles (e.g., soleus) were more resistant to these hormones, exhibiting
      an intermediate response between that of the heart and fast-twitch muscles. Only
      minor morphological changes were found in both fast and slow muscles 10 days
      after the corticosteroid treatments. The hormones' atrophic effects on skeletal
      muscle primarily arose from the corticosteroid's ability to inhibit protein
      synthesis, via decreases in the muscles' ribosomal capacities. Whole-body protein
      synthesis was also suppressed by these corticosteroids, but to a lesser extent
      than in the whole skeletal musculature.

PMID- 2419753
TI  - [3H]nitrendipine receptors as markers of a class of putative voltage-sensitive
      Ca2+ channels in normal human skeletal muscle and in muscle from Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy patients.
AB  - Properties of nitrendipine receptors have been analyzed in skeletal muscle from
      normal young boys and boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The
      dissociation constant (Kd) of the complex formed by nitrendipine with its
      specific receptors was 0.5 +/- 0.1 nM in dystrophic muscle and 0.4 +/- 0.1 nM in
      normal muscle. Maximum binding capacities Bmax were 403 +/- 80 and 460 +/- 60
      fmol/mg protein in DMD and normal muscle, respectively. These results suggest
      that nitrendipine binding sites on nitrendipine-sensitive Ca2+ channel binding
      sites are not altered in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2419754
TI  - Alpha-fetoprotein levels in immunodeficiency.

PMID- 2419755
TI  - Genetic relation between the Zellweger syndrome, infantile Refsum's disease, and
      rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata.

PMID- 2419756
TI  - Modifying channel function.

PMID- 2419758
TI  - Expression of apamin receptor in muscles of patients with myotonic muscular
      dystrophy.
AB  - Myotonic muscular dystrophy, or Steinert disease, is a dominantly inherited
      disease of muscle which occurs with a frequency of between 1 in 18,000 and 1 in
      7,500 people (refs 1, 2). One of the prominent clinical manifestations is muscle
      stiffness and difficulty in relaxation of muscles after voluntary contractions.
      Electrophysiological signs of myotonia include increased excitability with a
      tendency to fire trains of repetitive action potentials in response to direct
      electrical and mechanical stimulation. Most experimental and clinical data
      suggest that myotonic muscular dystrophy arises from genetically induced
      alterations of the muscle membrane. We show here for the first time that muscle
      membranes of patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy contain the receptor for
      apamin, a bee venom toxin known to be a specific and high-affinity blocker of one
      class of Ca2+-activated K+ channels in mammalian muscle. The apamin receptor is
      completely absent in normal human muscle as well as in muscles of patients with
      spinal anterior horn disorders.

PMID- 2419757
TI  - GTP-binding proteins mediate transmitter inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium
      channels.
AB  - The modulation of voltage-dependent calcium channels by hormones and
      neurotransmitters has important implications for the control of many Ca2+
      dependent cellular functions including exocytosis and contractility. We made use
      of electrophysiological techniques, including whole-cell patch-clamp recordings
      from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones, to demonstrate a role for GTP-binding
      proteins (G-proteins) as signal transducers in the noradrenaline- and gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium
      channels. This action of the transmitters was blocked by: (1) preincubation of
      the cells with pertussis toxin (a bacterial exotoxin catalysing ADP-ribosylation
      of G-proteins); or (2) intracellular administration of guanosine 5'-O-(2
      thiodiphosphate) (GDP-beta-S), a non-hydrolysable analogue of GDP that
      competitively inhibits the binding of GTP to G-proteins. Our findings provide the
      first direct demonstration of the G-protein-mediated inhibition of voltage
      dependent calcium channels by neurotransmitters. This mode of transmitter action
      may explain the ability of noradrenaline and GABA to presynaptically inhibit Ca2+
      dependent neurosecretion from DRG sensory neurones.

PMID- 2419759
TI  - Organelle transport. Moving in different directions.

PMID- 2419760
TI  - The origin of retroposons.

PMID- 2419761
TI  - Elevation of intracellular calcium reduces voltage-dependent potassium
      conductance in human T cells.
AB  - Both voltage-activated potassium channels and the concentration of free
      intracellular calcium have been implicated in the activation of T lymphocytes.
      Using the patch-clamp technique, we now show an unexpected relationship between
      the level of intracellular calcium [Ca]i in human lymphocytes and the amplitude
      of a voltage-dependent current: the elevation of [Ca]i decreases the potassium
      conductance. This is in contrast to other systems where [Ca]i activates K+
      channels. Our results suggest that the level of intracellular calcium regulates
      the effective number of K+ channels capable of being activated.

PMID- 2419762
TI  - Differential expression of myc family genes during murine development.
AB  - The myc family of cellular oncogenes contains three known members. The N-myc and
      c-myc genes have 5'-noncoding exons, strikingly homologous coding regions, and
      display similar oncogenic potential in an in vitro transformation assay. The L
      myc gene is less well characterized, but shows homology to N-myc and c-myc (ref.
      6; also see below). c-myc is expressed in most dividing cells, and deregulated
      expression of this gene has been implicated in the development of many classes of
      tumours. In contrast, expression of N-myc has been found only in a restricted set
      of tumours, most of which show neural characteristics; these include human
      neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). L-myc
      expression has so far been found only in SCLC. Activated N-myc and L-myc
      expression has been implicated in oncogenesis; for example, although N-myc
      expression has been found in all neuroblastomas tested, activated (greatly
      increased) N-myc expression, resulting from gene amplification, is correlated
      with progression of the tumour. We now report that high-level expression of N-
      and L-myc is very restricted with respect to tissue and stage in the developing
      mouse, while that of c-myc is more generalized. Furthermore, we demonstrate that
      N-myc is not simply a neuroectoderm-specific gene; both N- and L-myc seem to be
      involved in the early stages of multiple differentiation pathways. Our findings
      suggest that differential myc gene expression has a role in mammalian development
      and that the normal expression patterns of these genes generally predict the
      types of tumours in which they are expressed or activated.

PMID- 2419763
TI  - Differential RNA splicing predicts two distinct nerve growth factor precursors.
AB  - Nerve growth factor (NGF) has a crucial role in the development of sensory and
      sympathetic neurones. However, although it can affect other neural cell types
      under certain experimental conditions, no biological role has been convincingly
      demonstrated elsewhere in the nervous system. The 5' end of the mouse NGF gene
      contains several relatively short exons. The NGF messenger RNA contains two in
      frame initiator methionine codons; the second precedes the signal peptide
      sequence. Studies of the translation of other eukaryotic mRNAs indicate that the
      first AUG is preferred, suggesting that the signal for secretion might be
      ambiguous. We have analysed the NGF mRNA species from various cell types, some of
      which (clonal myoblast and fibroblast cell lines) are known to secrete NGF, to
      search for different NGF transcripts. One pathway of RNA splicing generates the
      transcript already described from a submaxillary gland complementary DNA clone.
      We demonstrate here that there is another splicing pathway, leading to a shorter
      transcript that lacks the second exon. This short transcript is the major form in
      most other mouse tissues and in the tissues of several other species, but both
      transcripts are usually present. In the short transcript, the initiator
      methionine is immediately upstream from a signal peptide-like sequence whereas in
      the long transcript the first methionine is 62 amino acids upstream from the
      signal peptide-like sequences. This may result in a different cellular
      localization of the NGF or alter the biological activity of the NGF precursor.

PMID- 2419764
TI  - Ia-restricted encephalitogenic T lymphocytes mediating EAE lyse autoantigen
      presenting astrocytes.
AB  - T lymphocytes specific for myelin basic protein (MBP) are responsible for the
      cellular events leading to autoimmune disease within the central (CNS) and
      peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. Both in actively induced and T-cell transfer
      versions of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and neuritis (EAN),
      the autoaggressive T cells are activated outside the nervous system and reach
      their target tissue via the blood circulation. The target specificity of the
      autoaggressive T cells is impressive; T-cell lines specific for MBP predominantly
      home to and affect the white matter of the CNS whereas T cells specific for PNS
      myelin protein P2 exclusively infiltrate peripheral nerves. Having penetrated the
      tight blood tissue barriers, the lymphocytes seem to interact with local cells
      expressing the relevant autoantigen in an immunogenic form. Although the exact
      mechanism of target finding and destruction is unknown, studies from our
      laboratory have shown that astrocytes, a main component of the normal CNS glia,
      can actively present antigen to specific T cells. This observation suggests that
      astrocytes are involved in natural immune reactivity within the CNS, and that
      they may be involved in pathological aberrations, such as in the development of
      autoimmune lesions. Having studied astrocyte/T-cell interactions in more detail,
      we discovered that encephalitogenic T-cell lines recognizing MBP on astrocytes
      will subsequently proceed to kill the presenting cells. Here we report that
      astrocyte killing follows the rules governing 'classical' T-cell-mediated
      cytolysis; it is antigen-specific, restricted by antigens of the major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) and apparently contact-dependent. Our data
      suggest that the nature of the recognized antigenic epitope determines whether or
      not antigen recognition is followed by killing; moreover, killing of antigen
      presenting astrocytes seems to be correlated with the capacity to transfer
      encephalomyelitis to normal syngeneic rats.

PMID- 2419765
TI  - Removal of the Alu structural domain from signal recognition particle leaves its
      protein translocation activity intact.
AB  - Alu-like elements comprise the most abundant family of interspersed repetitive
      sequences in primates and rodents, and contain many features of processed genes,
      suggesting that they were initially derived by reverse transcription of processed
      RNA transcripts. Transcripts containing Alu family members are represented in
      heterologous nuclear RNAs, cytoplasmic messenger RNAs and small RNAs, although
      nothing is known about their function. Evolutionary studies strongly suggest that
      the parent RNA for the Alu-like elements is the highly conserved 7SL RNA, which
      is an essential component of signal recognition particle (SRP), a small
      cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein whose function is the targeting of nascent
      secretory and membrane proteins to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (for a review
      see ref. 6). 7SL RNA is composed of both unique and Alu-like sequences. SRP is
      rod-shaped and, in addition to its RNA, contains four proteins (two monomers
      composed of a polypeptide of relative molecular mass (Mr) 19,000 (19K) and one of
      54K, and two heterodimers, one composed of a 9K and a 14K polypeptide, and the
      other composed of a 68K and a 72K polypeptide, respectively). The RNA moiety is
      required for SRP activity, as well as for structural integrity of the particle.
      To investigate whether the Alu-like segments of 7SL RNA have a specific role in
      SRP activity, we have now purified and analysed a SRP subparticle that is created
      upon extensive digestion with micrococcal nuclease and entirely lacks the Alu
      like sequences. We find that it contains the 72/68K, 54K and 19K proteins tightly
      bound, but lacks the 9/14K protein. In vitro activity assays demonstrated that
      the subparticle could still promote secretory protein translocation across the
      microsomal membrane, but could no longer trigger an arrest of pre-secretory
      protein synthesis. Re-addition of the 9/14K protein did not restore the
      elongation arrest. We conclude that the region of SRP comprised of the Alu-like
      RNA and the 9/14K protein exists in a distinct structural domain which is not
      required for the protein translocation promoted by SRP but apparently confers
      elongation-arresting activity on the particle.

PMID- 2419766
TI  - Biotechnology. All systems go in Britain.

PMID- 2419767
TI  - A lethal mutation in mice eliminates the slow calcium current in skeletal muscle
      cells.
AB  - Contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fibre is triggered by electrical
      depolarization of sarcolemmal infoldings termed transverse-tubules (t-tubules),
      which in turn causes the release of calcium from an internal store, the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The mechanism that links t-tubular depolarization to
      SR calcium release remains poorly understood. In principle, this link might be
      provided by the prominent slow calcium current that has been described in
      skeletal muscle cells of adult frogs and rats. However, blocking this current
      does not abolish the depolarization-induced contractile responses of frog muscle,
      and the function of this slow calcium current is unknown. Here we describe
      measurements of calcium currents in developing skeletal muscle cells of normal
      rats and mice, and of mice with muscular dysgenesis, a mutation that causes
      excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling to fail. We find that a slow calcium
      current is present in skeletal muscle cells of normal animals but absent from
      skeletal muscle cells of mutant animals. The effect of the mutation is specific
      to the slow calcium current of skeletal muscle; a fast calcium current is present
      in developing skeletal muscle cells of both normal and mutant animals, and slow
      calcium currents are present in cardiac and sensory neurones of mutant animals.
      We believe this to be the first report of a mutation affecting calcium currents
      in a multicellular organism. The effects of the mutation raise important
      questions about the relationship between the slow calcium current and skeletal
      muscle E-C coupling.

PMID- 2419768
TI  - Isolation and functional property of mRNA coding for hepatitis A, B, and non A
      non B viral particles from human sera.

PMID- 2419769
TI  - Dissociation between circling behaviour and striatal dopamine activity following
      unilateral deltamethrin administration to rats.
AB  - The neurotoxic pyrethroid, deltamethrin, induces a severe motor syndrome
      characterised by tremor and choreoathetosis when injected systemically to rats.
      The interaction between deltamethrin and the two major dopaminergic pathways -
      the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways - was investigated in rats. Striatal
      catecholamines, indoleamines and metabolites were measured by HPLC with
      electrochemical detection. Unilateral injection of deltamethrin (1.0 microgram)
      into the ventral tegmental nucleus or substantia nigra induced rapid ipsilateral
      or contralateral circling respectively but was ineffective at other basal ganglia
      sites. Both the sham and vehicle injections at either site, resulted in a marked
      increase above normal in DA turnover in the ipsilateral striatum without inducing
      circling behaviour. DA turnover was increased to the same extent in the
      ipsilateral stratum of deltamethrin-treated rats where rapid circling was
      present. Therefore the neurochemical findings were not consistent with the
      rotation theories based on striatal DA asymmetry but rather followed alternative
      mechanisms previously proposed, where circling behaviour can occur by mechanisms
      not causally related to striatal DA. These findings also indicate that a degree
      of selectivity exists in the action of deltamethrin, a sodium channel toxin that
      might be expected to act on all neuronal systems within the SN or VTN or equally
      at other sites within the basal ganglia associated with circling behaviour.

PMID- 2419770
TI  - Agonist-antagonist properties of fluorescent opioid probes in the guinea-pig
      myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation.
AB  - The opioid activity of a series of fluorescent derivatives of oxymorphone,
      naloxone and naltrexone, were characterized on the electrically stimulated guinea
      pig myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation. In all compounds the
      fluorescent moiety, fluorescein or tetramethylrhodamine B, is attached to the C-6
      carbon of the morphinan. Mu-receptor affinity was well retained and there was a
      good correlation between capacity to displace [3H]-dihydromorphine from binding
      sites in rat brain membranes and apparent receptor affinity in the myenteric
      plexus measured as antagonism of normorphine effects. Fluorescein conjugated
      oxymorphone showed mainly agonist activity. Certain derivatives of the
      antagonists naloxone and naltrexone showed partial agonism. One compound, 1-(N)
      fluoresceinyl naloxone thiosemicarbazone, was an antagonist.

PMID- 2419771
TI  - On the actions of substance P, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide on rat peritoneal mast cells and in human skin.
AB  - Substance P (SP), somatostatin (Som), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
      induced a concentration-dependent release of histamine from isolated rat
      peritoneal mast cells. The release of histamine induced by these neuropeptides
      was inhibited by preincubation of the cells with the SP analogue [D-Pro4,D
      Trp7,9,10]-SP4-11 (SP-A) (10 microM), and also by benzalkonium chloride (10
      microM). In addition, SP-A inhibited histamine release induced by compound 48/80,
      whilst that induced by goat anti-(rat-IgE) was unaffected. In human skin,
      intradermal injection of SP, Som, or VIP produced flare and wheal responses. The
      flares to all three peptides were inhibited by preinjection of the skin with SP-A
      (25 pmol), whilst the wheal responses were unaffected. It is concluded that the
      receptors mediating histamine release and the flare response are similar, and
      that SP, Som, and VIP are acting at a similar receptor to produce these effects.
      It is probable that this receptor is also the site of action of compound 48/80.

PMID- 2419772
TI  - Response of rat small intestinal active aldohexose transport to elevation of
      mucosal cyclic AMP by forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine in vitro.
AB  - The phosphodiesterase-inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) was able to
      elevate rat small intestinal cyclic AMP levels to 300% of basal values. Active
      jejunal D-glucose transport was enhanced parallel to the rise of intracellular
      cyclic AMP levels to 140% of control values at 100 mumol/l IBMX. Transport
      parameters, as determined in a three compartment model in vitro using a dual
      label method, indicate increased 'uphill' glucose transport at the site of the
      brush border membrane, higher intracellular accumulation of the sugar, with
      unchanged passive permeabilities. Phlorizin-inhibited D-glucose transport and L
      glucose transfer in the rat were not affected by the persisting cyclic AMP
      elevation produced by IBMX. Stimulating effects could also be demonstrated with D
      galactose as a substrate. IBMX 100 mumol/l also increased active D-glucose as
      well as 3-O-methylglucose transport in mouse jejunum. Stimulatory effects on
      intestinal hexose transport and mucosal cyclic AMP levels were also found with
      the adenylate-cyclase activator forskolin. In the present study, forskolin
      effects on jejunal mucosal cyclic AMP levels were enhanced in the presence of 100
      mumol/l IBMX, resulting in a 20-fold increase compared to controls at 20 mumol/l
      forskolin. The concentration response for the effect of forskolin in the presence
      of 100 mumol/l IBMX on D-glucose transport did not produce a significant increase
      compared to transport stimulation with IBMX alone. At higher concentrations of
      forskolin however, glucose transport decreased to levels well below the IBMX
      controls. The elevation of cellular cyclic AMP levels had no effects on passive
      permeability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2419773
TI  - Errors introduced by a tritium label in position 8 of catecholamines.
AB  - The neuronal and extraneuronal disposition of 3H-7,8- and 3H-7-labelled (-)
      noradrenaline and dopamine was compared in in vitro studies. In agreement with
      earlier studies, the present results show that the presence of a tritium label in
      position 8 (i.e., on the alpha-carbon) has two consequences: a) the rate of
      deamination declines and b) part of the deamination results in the formation of
      an unlabelled aldehyde plus tritium water; tritium water is recovered from the
      OMDA-fraction of the column chromatographic procedure of Graefe et al. (1973).
      Whenever the deamination of a 3H-catecholamine is reduced (by tritium in position
      8), the intraneuronal 3H-catecholamine concentration is increased. This increase,
      in turn, partly masks the decline in neuronal deamination (rat vas deferens).
      Irrespective of whether one determines the spontaneous efflux, the release of 3H
      noradrenaline by nerve stimulation or the release of 3H-(-)-noradrenaline by the
      reserpine-like compound Ro 4-1284, the presence of tritium in position 8 distorts
      the results (experiments with rat vasa deferentia and/or rabbit aorta). In the
      extraneuronal system of the rat heart, two intracellular enzymes inactivate 3H-(
      )-noradrenaline and 3H-dopamine: catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) and
      monoamine oxidase (MAO). Any hindrance of deamination (by tritium in position 8,
      COMT intact) leads to a shift of the metabolism of the 3H-catecholamines from the
      exclusively deaminated to the exclusively O-methylated metabolites. No
      differences between 3H-7,8- and 3H-7-labelled catecholamines were found after
      inhibition of MAO and COMT (extraneuronal accumulation and rate constant for
      efflux from the extraneuronal compartment III of the rat heart).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2419774
TI  - [Treatment of patients with pancreas head carcinoma].

PMID- 2419775
TI  - [Surgical treatment of patients with carcinoma of the pancreas head].

PMID- 2419776
TI  - [Endoscopic treatment of patients with carcinoma of the pancreas head].

PMID- 2419777
TI  - [Exploration of patients with an unknown primary tumor].

PMID- 2419778
TI  - Project your ideas.

PMID- 2419779
TI  - [Evaluation of the results of the treatment of patients with subacute sclerosing
      panencephalitis with TFX-Polfa].
AB  - The authors report the results of a trial of treatment of patients with SSPE with
      the preparation TFX-POLFA given together with isoprinosine and amantadine to 13
      children for 12 weeks, and to 7 for 6 weeks. The results of clinical and
      immunological treatment were compared with those in a group of 10 patients with
      SSPE receiving only isoprinosine and amantadine. In both groups a steady
      deterioration of the neurological status was observed in about half the cases. No
      significant effect of TFX was observed on the immune reactivity. During the
      treatment with TFX the per cent of lymphocytes forming early E rosettes rose.

PMID- 2419780
TI  - [Combination therapy (hypervolemia, Fluosol-DA 20%, hypertension) in the
      treatment of symptomatic vasospasm].
AB  - Combination therapy of (1) hypervolemia with albumin (1 g/kg/day), (2) artificial
      blood substitute (Fluosol-DA 20%, 10 ml/kg/day) and (3) induced hypertension was
      performed for the treatment of symptomatic vasospasm. Outcome was compared
      between thus treated patients (Treated group) and those without specific
      treatment (Non-treated group) in (1) 30 patients presenting with vasospasm who
      were planned to undergo delayed operation (Delayed operation group), (2) 23
      patients undergoing early operation whose subarachnoid hemorrhage (DAH) was in
      group 2 according to Fisher's classification (Fisher Group-2) and (3) 25 patients
      undergoing early operation whose SAH was in group 3 (Fisher Group-3). In delayed
      operation group, the combination therapy improves the outcome to some extent
      resulting in increase of "Excellent" and "Good" patient from the rate of 25% to
      35% (Table 1). Vasospasm appears at a low rate of 26% as well as in mild degree
      in Fisher Group-2 regardless of the treatment, which contributes to the
      satisfactory result observed in this group (Table 2). The outcome of the treated
      group in Fisher Group-3 is proved to be fairly good with "Excellent" and "Good"
      patient rate of 70% (Table 3), which seems largely to be attributed to the
      prophylactic effect of hypervolemia on vasospasm (Table 4). From these results,
      the combination therapy is considered to be performed with relatively small load
      on cardiovascular system compared with conventional hypervolemia-hypertension
      therapy.

PMID- 2419781
TI  - Estrous cycle variations in cholecystokinin and substance P concentrations in
      discrete areas of the rat brain.
AB  - Cholecystokinin (CCK) and substance P (SP) were measured in discrete areas of the
      rat brain at different stages of the estrous cycle. Significantly higher levels
      of CCK were found in the lateral septum during diestrus as compared to proestrus.
      In the parietal cortex, CCK concentrations were significantly higher in diestrus
      than in proestrus. In the amygdala, estrous levels of CCK were significantly
      higher than proestrous levels. SP concentrations were significantly higher in
      diestrus than in proestrus in the medial and lateral septum, and the medial and
      lateral preoptic area. In the amygdala and ventral tegmental area, SP
      concentrations were significantly higher in estrus than in proestrus. These data
      suggest that certain CCK and SP neuronal systems may play a role in regulating
      the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis and/or be involved in steroid-dependent
      behavior.

PMID- 2419782
TI  - Effects of drugs which influence noradrenergic activity on metenkephalin levels
      in specific brain areas.
AB  - The effects of pretreatment with clonidine, an alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist, and
      isobutylmethylxanthine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, were measured on the
      metenkephalin content of the locus coeruleus, the amygdala and the nucleus
      periventricularis thalamis of rat brain. No significant effect of either drug on
      metenkephalin content could be detected.

PMID- 2419783
TI  - Coexistence of peptide immunoreactivity in sensory neurons of the cat.
AB  - The coexistence of the neuropeptides substance P, cholecystokinin, somatostatin
      and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in cat sensory neurons has been examined
      using peroxidase-anti-peroxidase immunocytochemistry. Attempts were also made to
      locate cells containing bombesin, neurotensin, [Met]enkephalin and
      [Leu]enkephalin but no immunoreactivity was found when antisera to these peptides
      was used. Cells in the dorsal root ganglia were studied by cutting 5 microns
      serial wax sections or 15 microns cryostat sections. Coexistence was established
      by applying the antiserum to each peptide to serially adjacent 5 microns sections
      and establishing the presence of peptide-like immunoreactivity in each of 4
      different sections through a single cell. Results showed that the distribution
      and combinations of coexistence of these neuropeptides in the cat is extremely
      complex; three and sometimes all four antisera showing immunoreactivity with a
      single cell. About 21% of all ganglion cells contained some immunoreactivity but
      there were certainly some small cells which did not contain any immunoreactivity.
      The coexistence of these peptides differed markedly from that previously reported
      in the rat suggesting that interspecific differences in the neuropeptide content
      of cells might be much greater than they are for classical neurotransmitters. The
      results are discussed in relation to the possible role of neuropeptides and the
      regulation of their production by sensory neurons.

PMID- 2419784
TI  - The effect of intraocular injection of tetrodotoxin on fast axonal transport of
      [3H]proline- and [3H]fucose-labeled materials in the developing rat optic nerve.
AB  - The fast axonal transport of [3H]proline-labeled proteins and [3H]fucose-labeled
      glycoproteins delivered to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the
      developing rat optic nerve was investigated during tetrodotoxin-induced monocular
      impulse blockade. Repeated intraocular injections of various dosages of
      tetrodotoxin or citrate buffer vehicle were made every two days in rats aged 5-21
      days postnatal, and the accumulation of rapidly transported radioactivity in the
      lateral geniculate nucleus measured between three and twelve hours post-injection
      at each age. The effectiveness of prolonged tetrodotoxin treatment was monitored
      by loss of the pupillary light reflex and the level of cytochrome oxidase
      activity in the contralateral superior colliculus and dorsal lateral geniculate
      nucleus. Numbers of optic axons proximal to the chiasm and the frequency of
      retinal ganglion cells per unit distance from the optic disc were examined for
      signs of tetrodotoxin-induced degeneration of the retinofugal pathway.
      Tetrodotoxin-treatment reduced the amount of fucosyl glycoproteins, but not
      proline-labeled proteins, axonally transported to the lateral geniculate nucleus
      during the first three weeks of postnatal development. Other studies indicated
      that tetrodotoxin significantly reduced the incorporation of [3H]fucose into
      retinal proteins indicating that the reduction in transport was probably due to a
      decrease in precursor incorporation into retinal ganglion cells. Electron
      microscopy of ganglion cells at 21 days revealed dilated and vacuolated Golgi
      cisternae associated with tetrodotoxin treatment, suggesting that tetrodotoxin
      may alter fucose metabolism by secondarily disrupting Golgi organization. Other
      protein synthetic machinery in these cells, including ribosomes and rough
      endoplasmic reticulum, appeared normal throughout tetrodotoxin treatment. These
      data indicate that Na+-dependent optic impulse activity may be indirectly related
      to the axonal transport of glycoproteins during early postnatal development by
      mediating the incorporation of precursor into glycoproteins at the Golgi
      apparatus and their subsequent entrance into the fast transport system.

PMID- 2419785
TI  - Electrical activity of mouse motor endings during muscle reinnervation.
AB  - An in vitro study of electrical activity of regenerating motor endings was
      performed 11-15 days after the crushing of one motor nerve supplying the
      triangularis sterni muscle in the adult mouse. For this purpose, presynaptic
      membrane currents elicited by electrical stimulation of the regenerating nerve
      were recorded by external electrodes. Ionic channel distribution along the length
      of the endings was deduced from wave form configuration in normal perfusing fluid
      together with changes produced by application of specific channel blocking
      agents. The sharp negative deflection which was shown to correspond to inward Na+
      current by its sensitivity to tetrodotoxin application could be recorded along
      most of the length of the endings indicating a widespread distribution of Na
      channels. Frequent absence of the late wave form component which signals K+
      current was taken to indicate an even K+ current density in the few last nodes,
      the heminode and the distal part of the endings. Therefore, it appears that
      regenerating motor endings are characterized by an overlap of Na and K
      conductances all along their length. In the course of regeneration, the heminode
      loses the sensitivity to K channel blocking agents and the remainder of the
      terminal becomes insensitive to tetrodotoxin, the former change occurring usually
      earlier than the latter.

PMID- 2419786
TI  - Slow postsynaptic potentials in neurones of submucous plexus of guinea-pig caecum
      and their mimicry by noradrenaline and various peptides.
AB  - Intracellular recordings of membrane potential and membrane currents were made
      from neurones in the submucous plexus of the guinea-pig caecum in vitro. Fast and
      slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials and slow inhibitory postsynaptic
      potentials were recorded from the majority of neurones following focal
      stimulation of presynaptic fibres in the plexus. The slow inhibitory postsynaptic
      potential was associated with an increase in membrane conductance and reversed
      its polarity at -90 mV; it was reversibly blocked by yohimbine. The slow
      excitatory postsynaptic potential and its underlying current was associated with
      a decrease in membrane conductance. Two kinds of voltage-dependence both of the
      slow excitatory postsynaptic potential and current were observed; in 80% of
      cells, the excitatory postsynaptic potential and current became smaller with
      membrane hyperpolarization and reversed polarity at -90 mV (reversing type) but
      in 20% of cells both the excitatory postsynaptic potential and current simply
      disappeared when the membrane potential reached -70 mV (non-reversing type). The
      effects of acetylcholine, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, bombesin, 5
      hydroxytryptamine, neurotensin, noradrenaline, substance P and vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide were examined. The only substance which mimicked the slow
      inhibitory postsynaptic potential was noradrenaline; brief applications of
      noradrenaline caused hyperpolarizations which had the same time-course, reversal
      potential and sensitivity to yohimbine as the slow inhibitory postsynaptic
      potential. The non-reversing type of slow excitatory postsynaptic potential was
      mimicked only by adenosine 5'-triphosphate. The reversing type of slow excitatory
      postsynaptic potential was mimicked by bombesin, neurotensin, substance P and
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. 5-Hydroxytryptamine and vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide (in some neurones) caused a depolarization with an increase in
      membrane conductance. All three synaptic potentials were reversibly depressed by
      superfusion of noradrenaline but noradrenaline did not affect the potential
      changes evoked by brief application of exogenous acetylcholine or substance P. It
      is concluded that, in guinea-pig submucous plexus neurones, the slow inhibitory
      postsynaptic potential is mediated by noradrenaline and results from a potassium
      conductance increase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2419787
TI  - Ionic currents and firing patterns of mammalian vagal motoneurons in vitro.
AB  - The electrophysiological properties of guinea-pig dorsal vagal motoneurons were
      studied in an in vitro slice preparation. Antidromic, orthodromic and direct
      stimulation of the neurons demonstrated that the action potential is comprised of
      several distinct components: a fast initial spike followed by afterdepolarization
      and an early and a late afterhyperpolarizations. The fast initial spike and the
      early afterhyperpolarization were blocked by tetrodotoxin and tetraethylammonium
      ions, respectively. The afterdepolarization (present on the falling phase of the
      spike) and the late afterhyperpolarization were blocked by the addition of ions
      known to block calcium conductance (CdCl2, CoCl2 or MnCl2), indicating close
      association between these two potentials. Prolonged outward current injection
      through the recording electrode produced two different firing patterns, depending
      on the initial level of the membrane potential. From resting potential (usually 
      60 mV) the firing pattern was characterized by a short train of action potentials
      appearing shortly after the onset of the depolarization step. By contrast, when
      the depolarization was delivered from a hyperpolarized membrane potential level,
      a short train of repetitive firing appeared after an initial delay of 300-400 ms.
      The membrane current responsible for this initial reduction in excitability was
      studied by means of a single-electrode voltage-clamp technique. The magnitude,
      direction and kinetics of such current flow are consistent with the presence of
      early potassium current (IA), partly inactive at the resting potential. Synaptic
      activation of vagal motoneurons could be obtained by electrical stimulation of
      the tissue surrounding the vagal nucleus or by direct activation of the vagal
      nerve. Perivagal stimulation generated excitatory and inhibitory synaptic
      potentials which could be reversed by shifting the membrane potential. Vagal
      nerve stimulation, in addition to the antidromic activation of the cells,
      generated depolarizing responses which were unitary in nature and did not show
      much sensitivity to shifts in membrane potential. Perivagal and vagal nerve
      evoked depolarizations could generate action potentials as well as partial
      dendritic spikes. We conclude that spike electroresponsiveness in vagal
      motoneurons is generated by voltage-dependent Na+ and Ca2+ conductances. In
      addition, the Ca2+-dependent current triggers a K+ conductance which is
      responsible for modulating the firing frequency obtained from the normal resting
      level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2419788
TI  - Intracellular injection of acetylcholine blocks various potassium conductances in
      vagal motoneurons.
AB  - Injection of acetylcholine into cholinergic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus
      of the vagus induced membrane depolarization, an increase in input resistance, a
      decrease of early and late afterhyperpolarizations and a prolongation of the
      action potential. These effects were reversible and within 10-20 min almost
      complete recovery was always observed. Externally applied acetylcholine, even
      with doses as high as 15 mM, was not effective. Acetylcholine appeared to block
      voltage- and Ca2+-dependent K+ conductances. This block was manifested by the
      reduction of both the early and late afterhyperpolarizations and a decrease of
      the delayed rectification. The reversal potential for the conductance decrease
      was 15-30 mV negative to the resting potential. As a result of this blockade an
      increased Ca2+ current ensues, which is responsible for most of the prolongation
      of the action potential. The same responses were obtained after the injection of
      carbamylcholine, neostigmine and choline. However, unlike acetylcholine no sign
      of recovery was observed. In fact injection of neostigmine, carbamylcholine or
      neostigmine, together with acetylcholine, produced a delayed response which may
      reflect the accumulation of endogenous acetylcholine.

PMID- 2419789
TI  - Evidence for bursting pacemaker neurones in cultured spinal cord cells.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from dissociated mouse spinal cord cells in
      primary culture. One type of spinal cord neurone, with a large cell body (40-50
      micron), 3-5 short neurites, and a mean resting potential of -65 mV, was found to
      fire rhythmic bursts of action potentials with a phase duration of approximately
      1s when the membrane potential was depolarized to -55 mV. These bursts did not
      arise from spontaneous synaptic input, but appeared to result from endogenous
      ionic conductance properties of the membrane resembling those observed in
      molluscan bursting pacemaker neurones. Ionic conductances underlying this
      bursting activity were studied pharmacologically by local application of ionic
      conductance blockers. Pacemaker potentials depended on Na+ conductance, since
      tetrodotoxin and Na-free medium were the most potent agents for blocking
      spontaneous rhythmic activity. However, a Ca2+ conductance was involved in the
      depolarizing phase of membrane potential oscillations, since Ba2+ application
      increased oscillation amplitude. Action potentials observed during the bursts
      were Na+- and Ca2+-dependent. They did not differ significantly from those
      observed in other spinal cord neurones in culture. Application of
      tetraethylammonium, CoCl2, BaCl2 and 4-aminopyridine revealed at least three
      different potassium conductances which controlled this bursting pacemaker
      activity. A delayed potassium conductance controlled spike duration, a Ca
      dependent potassium conductance controlled the duration of the burst and underlay
      the hyperpolarizing phase terminating the burst, and finally, a transient
      potassium conductance appeared to be involved in the control of phase duration.
      The demonstration that spinal cord neurones growing in monolayer culture display
      typical bursting pacemaker activity raises the possibility that bursting
      pacemaker neurones in the mammalian spinal cord may be involved in a phasic
      pattern generator that could control such activities as walking and the
      respiratory rhythm.

PMID- 2419790
TI  - Specific patterns of fibre outgrowth from transplants to host mice hippocampi,
      shown immunohistochemically by the use of allelic forms of Thy-1.
AB  - Foetal mouse hippocampal primordia from mice homozygous for the Thy-1.1 allele
      were transplanted into the hippocampal region of adult histocompatible mice,
      homozygous for the Thy-1.2 allele. After survival periods of two months to one
      year the transplants consisted of a discrete tissue mass, well fused with the
      host, and distinguished from it by an intense Thy-1.1 immunoreactivity of the
      neuropil. The host hippocampus was entirely negative for Thy-1.1 immunoreactivity
      except for well defined projections arising from the transplant. These
      projections had three different patterns of distribution in the host: (1) a mossy
      fibre-like distribution (to the stratum lucidum of field CA3); (2) a fimbria-like
      distribution (to the stratum oriens and stratum radiatum of fields CA1 and CA3),
      and (3) a commissural/association-like distribution (to the inner stratum
      moleculare of the dentate gyrus). Analysis of the position of the transplants and
      their component cell types indicated that, for each of the three distribution
      patterns, three conditions had to be fulfilled: (1) the transplant had to contain
      the appropriate type of cell (granule cells for mossy fibre projections, and
      larger pyramid-like cells for the other two); (2) the transplant neurons giving
      rise to the projection had to lie in direct contact with the host field to be
      innervated, and (3) the terminal field had to be specifically denervated. Thus,
      for three fibre systems the patterns of transplant-to-host projections observe
      rules of organization comparable to those of the normal hippocampal circuitry.
      This implies that in the adult host brain there remain (or there can be elicited)
      the molecular cues capable of establishing patterns of neuronal connectivity
      comparable to those formed during normal development.

PMID- 2419791
TI  - Relationship between dominance hierarchy, cerebrospinal fluid levels of amine
      transmitter metabolites (5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and homovanillic acid) and
      plasma cortisol in monkeys.
AB  - The dominance hierarchy has repercussions for a monkey's sexual behaviour and
      endocrine state. Here we report on neural mechanisms that are sensitive to a
      monkey's status in the social hierarchy, and which may regulate not only its
      endocrine function but its sexual responsiveness to its own hormones. During the
      initial phase of group formation, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, the metabolite of
      serotonin, increases in the cerebrospinal fluid of monkeys which become
      subordinate (all groups), but decreases in monkeys which become dominant (two out
      of three groups) and shows no changes in intermediate-ranking animals (five out
      of seven). Homovanillic acid, a metabolite of dopamine, may also increase in the
      cerebrospinal fluid of monkeys that become subordinate (two out three groups). In
      the initial period of group formation these changes in transmitter metabolites do
      not parallel changes in cortisol. However, in the established social groups, both
      5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and plasma cortisol are related to the social
      hierarchy, being greater in those monkeys that are subordinate, but homovanillic
      acid shows no consistent change. Although subordinate monkeys receive more
      aggression than others in their group, fluctuations in 5-hydroxyindole acetic
      acid do not correlate with aggressive behaviour, and are equally high on days
      when no aggression occurs. Dominant males, however, had higher 5-hydroxyindole
      acetic acid levels on days when they were involved in agonistic encounters. In
      the established social hierarchy therefore, elevated levels of the serotonin
      metabolite in cerebrospinal fluid seem reflect a "state"-dependent consequence of
      occupying a position of low social status.

PMID- 2419792
TI  - [Mexiletine in the acute treatment of ventricular arrhythmias in cardiosurgery].

PMID- 2419793
TI  - [Therapy of chronic venous and lymphatic stasis complicated by cellulite with
      Ateroid 50 L.R.U. Clinical experimentation].

PMID- 2419794
TI  - Descending serotonergic fibers in the dorsolateral and ventral funiculi of cat
      spinal cord.
AB  - Although there is much evidence for the presence of serotonergic fibers in the
      spinal gray matter, there is little evidence for the location of descending
      serotonergic fiber tracts in the spinal white matter. Using a highly sensitive
      immunocytochemical technique, we localized serotonin-immunoreactive axons
      throughout the white and gray matter of the spinal cord. Prominent concentrations
      of serotonergic axons were found in the dorsolateral and ventral funiculi. It is
      likely that these two descending fiber tracts contribute serotonergic input to
      the dorsal and ventral horns, respectively.

PMID- 2419795
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of serotonin nerve fibers in the subthalamic
      nucleus of the rat, cat and monkey.
AB  - Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibers (5-HT fibers) in the
      subthalamic nucleus (STN) of the rat, cat and monkey was examined with a modified
      peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method using 5-HT antiserum without pretreatment. Fine
      varicose 5-HT fibers formed a fine network in the STN. Overall density of 5-HT
      fibers in the STN was highest in the monkey, and lowest in the rat. In the rat
      and cat, these fibers were distributed almost diffusely in the STN, whereas in
      the monkey they were particularly abundant in the ventral and medial parts of the
      STN. Many thick 5-HT fibers ran through the monkey STN.

PMID- 2419796
TI  - Substance P- and enkephalin-containing projections from the interpeduncular
      nucleus to the dorsal tegmental region in the rat.
AB  - A combination of fluorescent retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical staining
      for substance P (SP) and Leu-enkephalin (Enk) was used to study the projections
      from the interpeduncular nucleus (IP) to the dorsal tegmental region, i.e. the
      dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden, the dorsolateral tegmental nucleus and the
      caudal extension of the dorsal raphe nucleus. After injections of 'Granular Blue'
      (GB) in the dorsal tegmental region, followed one or two days later by a
      colchicine injection near the IP, and subsequently two days later by the
      immunohistochemical procedure, populations of neurons double labeled for Enk and
      GB, or SP and GB, cells that only showed GB labeling, and a number of cells
      stained only for one of the peptides could be identified in the rostral
      subnucleus of the IP. This study demonstrates the existence of both Enk- and SP
      containing projections from the IP to the dorsal tegmental region.

PMID- 2419797
TI  - Neurogenesis of GABAergic neurons in the rat dentate gyrus: a combined
      autoradiographic and immunocytochemical study.
AB  - Neurogenesis of GABAergic neurons in the rat area dentata was studied combining
      [3H]thymidine autoradiography with immunostaining for glutamate decarboxylase
      (GAD), the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesizing enzyme. GAD
      immunocytochemistry stained many neurons located mainly in the hilar region but
      also in the granular and molecular layers. Granule cells were not immunoreactive.
      On embryonic day (E) 14, [3H]thymidine injection labelled 12.8% of GAD-positive
      (+) neurons in sections of the area dentata processed at an age of 40 days
      postnatally. This proportion decreased to 1.8% on E17 and to 1% on E18. No GAD
      (+) neurons were labelled by thymidine injection on E19, while non-immunoreactive
      granule cells and CA4 pyramids were still labelled, indicating persisting
      neurogenesis of those cells.

PMID- 2419798
TI  - Inactivation of 45Ca2+ uptake by prior depolarization of PC12 cells.
AB  - 45Ca2+ uptake evoked by depolarization of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells with K+ was
      reduced approximately 90% by prior depolarization in Ca2+-containing medium.
      Prior depolarization without added Ca2+ reduced 45Ca2+ uptake by only about 20%.
      The Ca2+ channel agonists, BAY K 8644 and CGP 28392, had no effect on
      inactivation of 45Ca2+ uptake. These findings suggest that (1) voltage-gated Ca2+
      channels of PC12 cells undergo inactivation, (2) inactivation is Ca2+-dependent
      rather than voltage-dependent, and (3) Ca2+ channel agonists do do not promote
      Ca2+ flux by inhibiting Ca2+ channel inactivation.

PMID- 2419799
TI  - Motoneurone numbers in rat neonatal lateral motor columns: use of antibody to
      choline acetyltransferase to identify motoneurones.
AB  - The number of motoneurones in the rat lumbosacral and brachial motor columns were
      determined during the neonatal period, following identification of the
      motoneurones with antibodies to the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. Motoneurone
      numbers declined by less than 15% between 21 days embryonic and 4 days postnatal.
      These observations suggest that there is little change in the population of
      motoneurones during the period of extensive loss of polyneuronal innervation of
      muscle.

PMID- 2419800
TI  - Antagonism of non-cholinergic excitatory junction potentials in the guinea-pig
      ileum by a substance P analogue antagonist.
AB  - In the presence of atropine electrical transmural stimulation (using repetitive
      volleys, e.g. 3 pulses at 50 Hz applied every 4 s) of full thickness longitudinal
      strips of guinea-pig ileum produced non-cholinergic excitatory junction
      potentials (EJPs) and inhibitory junction potentials (IJPs) in the circular
      muscle layer. After abolition of the IJPs with apamin, the non-cholinergic EJPs
      clearly showed facilitation. In the presence of apamin and the substance P
      analogue antagonist, [D-Arg1,D-Pro2,D-Trp7-9,Leu11]-substance P (SPA), the non
      cholinergic EJPs were reduced by 60-90%; transmural stimulation now revealed an
      apamin-resistant IJP followed by a slow depolarization. The atropine-resistant
      EJPs are probably caused by the release of substance P (or a similar compound)
      and are likely to underlie the non-cholinergic contractions reported to occur in
      this tissue.

PMID- 2419801
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of a spectrin-like protein (fodrin) in nerve
      cells in culture.
AB  - The distribution of fodrin in neurones in culture was demonstrated by
      immunohistochemistry with anti-spectrin antibodies. There was strong staining of
      the plasma membrane and cell extensions and also labelling of a cytoskeletal
      network throughout the cytoplasm.

PMID- 2419802
TI  - Connections of the lateral cortex in the lizard Podarcis hispanica.
AB  - The connections of the lateral cortex of the lizard Podarcis hispanica have been
      traced using horseradish peroxidase transport techniques. After injections,
      restricted to the lateral cortex, labelled neurons can be observed bilaterally in
      the main olfactory bulbs and the diagonal band, contralaterally in the lateral
      cortex and ipsilaterally in the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the
      ventral amygdaloid nucleus and also in the area triangularis. An efferent has
      also been shown on the ipsilateral medial cortex. This pattern of connections
      supports the hypothesis that the reptilian lateral cortex is comparable to the
      entorhinal and piriform cortex of mammals.

PMID- 2419803
TI  - Reaggregation of chick retinal and mixtures of retinal and pigment epithelial
      cells: the degree of laminar organization is dependent on age.
AB  - We report here a striking age dependency for tissue reconstruction capacity in
      rotating cultures of chick retinal cells, in particular in mixtures of retinal
      and pigment epithelial cells. The comparison of sections after
      acetylcholinesterase histochemistry delivered the following results. In
      aggregates from retinal cells, sorting out is clearly observable, but only a
      minor age-dependent effect is detectable, e.g. the laminar order of aggregates
      derived from 6-day-old cells is increased compared to aggregates from other
      stages. In aggregates from mixtures of retinal and pigment epithelial cells, the
      degree of laminar order is highest with cells from 5-day-old embryos and
      decreases significantly at older ages. The highest number of aggregates with the
      reconstruction of all main retinal layers was obtained by the reaggregation of
      retinal cells of embryonic day 5 (25%). To achieve laminar order in aggregates,
      at all ages, the addition of pigment epithelial cells seems to be a prerequisite.

PMID- 2419804
TI  - Ganglioside-induced regeneration and reestablishment of axonal continuity in
      spinal cord-transected rats.
AB  - In this study we examined the effect of chronic GM-1 ganglioside treatment on the
      reestablishment of axonal continuity and functional recovery in spinal cord
      transected rats. Previous studies have shown that chronic treatment with GM-1
      ganglioside is effective in producing regeneration of lesioned mesostriatal
      dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system [1, 2]. In addition, GM-1
      ganglioside advances peripheral nerve regeneration following nerve crush injury
      [12]. Axonal continuity was determined by the ability of the spinal cord to
      transport horseradish peroxidase across the region of transection. Comparisons
      between ganglioside-treated and saline-treated controls showed that ganglioside
      treatment resulted in the reestablishment of axonal continuity between the spinal
      cord distal to the level of the transection and the brainstem. Saline-treated
      controls showed little evidence of axonal continuity between these two regions.
      Thus gangliosides induce reestablishment of axonal continuity and thereby could
      advance functional recovery in rats following spinal cord transection.

PMID- 2419805
TI  - Potassium accumulation by the glial membrane pump as revealed by membrane
      potential recording from isolated rabbit retinal Muller cells.
AB  - Muller (glial) cells were isolated from rabbit retinae by papaine and mechanical
      dissociation. In a special perfusion chamber, the cells were penetrated with a
      recording electrode. When high-K+ solutions were applied into the environment of
      the cells by means of a second micropipette, the cell membrane depolarized
      strongly. During prolonged application of high-K+ solutions, however, there
      occurred a marked repolarization, and after cessation of high-K+ application, a
      strong hyperpolarization was observed. Both effects disappeared under the
      influence of ouabain, suggesting the accumulation of intracellular K+ by an
      active membrane pump. The data were used for calculation of the membrane's Na+:K+
      permeability ratio, the intracellular K+ concentration, the pump rate and the
      mean pump site density. The calculated values are in good agreement with
      published data from mammalian astrocytes and are compared with those from
      amphibian Muller cells.

PMID- 2419806
TI  - Immunoreactive substance P release from skin nerves in the rat by noxious thermal
      stimulation.
AB  - We have examined by radioimmunoassay the substance P (IR-SP) content of
      superfusate obtained from skin blisters in the anesthetized rat. The blisters
      were produced on the footpad using a vacuum pump, and the blister base was
      superfused with tyrode solution. Continuous release of IR-SP was approximately
      100 pg/h from the innervated footpad but was considerably reduced when the
      footpad had been surgically denervated 10-14 days previously. The IR-SP content
      was markedly increased in the innervated footpad following a local noxious heat
      stimulus of 50 degrees C applied for 30 s at 5-min intervals for 1 h. The results
      support the proposal that SP is a mediator of neurogenic inflammation induced by
      noxious skin heating.

PMID- 2419807
TI  - Simultaneous release of several tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide
      from rat spinal cord slices.
AB  - Superfusion of slices of the dorsal half of rat spinal cord in vitro with 10
      microM capsaicin or 60 mM potassium lead to the simultaneous release of substance
      P (SP)-, neurokinin A (NKA)- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like
      immunoreactivities (LI). The ratio between capsaicin-stimulated and basal release
      was higher for CGRP-LI than for SP-LI, indicating that relatively more CGRP is
      released from sensory nerves, whereas SP is not only released from afferent
      neurons. High-performance liquid chromatography of NKA-LI revealed several
      immunoreactive components. One major peak had the retention time of synthetic
      NKA. A second peak eluted close to the position of synthetic eledoisin. In
      conclusion, capsaicin releases several bioactive peptides from sensory neurons
      which may mediate the acute algetic effect of chemical irritants.

PMID- 2419808
TI  - Biosocial needs of children admitted to an urban hospital.

PMID- 2419809
TI  - Large subpial plaques of demyelination in a new form of chronic experimental
      allergic encephalomyelitis in the guinea pig.
AB  - The current report describes a new technique for producing chronic experimental
      allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE)+ accompanied by demyelination in adult strain 13
      guinea pigs. The disease is induced by a combination of passive transfer of lymph
      node cells sensitized to myelin basic protein (BP) and active challenge of the
      recipients with homologous spinal cord in Freund's complete adjuvants. The
      clinical-pathologic spectrum ranges from a progressively fatal form of chronic
      EAE leading to death in 4-7 wk, through a remitting-relapsing form, to a chronic
      stable form lasting many months. In all of these forms large subpial plaques of
      demyelination occur in the spinal cord with active phagocytosis of myelin debris,
      especially at the edges. The axons are swollen, but remain intact throughout. The
      histologic appearances of the lesions suggest that lysis of myelin occurs before
      phagocytosis, one of the hypotheses proposed for the pathogenesis of lesions
      occurring in humans with multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2419810
TI  - Terminal care.

PMID- 2419811
TI  - [Therapy with inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis in refractory prostatic
      carcinoma. An experimental and clinical study].
AB  - Transplantable prostate adenocarcinoma were treated with polyamine biosynthetic
      inhibitors. alpha-difluoromethylornithine (alpha-DFMO), an inhibitor of ornithine
      decarboxylase and by s-methylglyoxal-bisguanylhydrazone (MGBG), an inhibitor of s
      adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. The therapeutic regimen of 0.8-1.11 g/kg DFMO
      reduced the tumor growth by 40% whilst the combination with 10.5 mg/kg MGBG
      completely destroyed the prostate adenocarcinomas in the tumor-bearing animals.
      The polyamine content of spermidine and spermine in the cancerous tissues is
      significantly lower whereas the putrescine levels remain unchanged. The MGBG
      therapy distinctly stimulates the activity of ornithine decarboxylase and
      increases the putrescine concentration up to toxic levels. The application of
      alpha-DFMO prevented the toxic accumulation of putrescine and allowed higher
      doses of MGBG. Clinical trials with polyamine antimetabolites appeared useful due
      to pathological polyamine excretion of patients with metastatic prostate cancer.
      The therapy with 0.2-0.3 g/kg DFMO in patients with hormone-resistent prostate
      cancer and metastasis displayed a moderate anti-tumor activity following 2 months
      additional treatment. High levels of side effects, however, were registered and
      were similar to those of other cytotoxic compounds. A combined therapy with
      DFMO/MGBG in a patient with metastatic anaplastic prostate cancer did not improve
      the survival rate but showed regressive effects of the histological pattern.

PMID- 2419812
TI  - [Chemotherapy as primary therapy in non-radically operated ovarian cancer].
AB  - Forthwith the results of chemotherapy on advanced ovarian carcinoma are
      summarized. The following conclusions can be drawn: stages Ia and Ib of low
      malignancy degrees should receive follow-up treatment. Stages II and I of high
      malignancy degrees should receive radiotherapy to the whole abdomen. The value of
      intensive chemotherapy is examined. Stage II with residual tumor should undergo
      combined cis-platin treatment for 4 to 6 months. Stage III with residual tumor
      should receive intensive chemotherapy followed by a second-look operation and
      radiotherapy to the whole abdomen. The prognosis of cases with large residual
      tumors is very unfavorable so that the value of radical therapy must be further
      investigated.

PMID- 2419813
TI  - [General management and operative therapy of progressive or recurrent ovarian
      cancer].
AB  - High relapse rates and poor therapeutical results of a secondary chemotherapy or
      of surgery and radiation can be expected in advanced ovarian carcinoma.
      Supportive care must stand in the foreground of therapeutical attention.
      Furthermore, intraperitoneal forms of therapy (radioisotopes or cytostatic
      agents) must be tried out. Rectal obstructions occur in about 35% of all
      patients. A successful operation leads to a prolongation of the survival time.

PMID- 2419814
TI  - Proliferative sickle retinopathy and neovascularization of the disc: regression
      following treatment with peripheral retinal scatter laser photocoagulation.
AB  - Proliferative sickle retinopathy (PSR) is usually described as a peripheral
      neovascular tuft in a "sea fan" like configuration. While neovascularization of
      the disc (NVD) is a common finding in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR),
      to our knowledge only one other case has been reported of NVD in an S-C patient
      in the absence of other contributing conditions. PSR has been shown to regress
      after treating hypoxic peripheral retina with peripheral circumferential retinal
      scatter photocoagulation (PCRSP). The following is a case report of an S-C
      patient with PSR and NVD/NVR which was originally treated elsewhere with scatter
      argon laser photocoagulation from the vascular arcades to just behind the
      equator. The peripheral "sea fan" and NVD did not regress. PCRSP to the zone of
      peripheral ischemia was then performed, and regression of the NVD and peripheral
      "sea fan" was achieved. This case illustrates the importance of concentrating
      laser treatment to the zones of retinal ischemia to achieve regression of
      associated neovascularization.

PMID- 2419815
TI  - Management of vitreous cavity hemorrhage following pars plana vitrectomy for
      diabetic retinopathy.
AB  - Vitreous cavity hemorrhage is a frequent problem following diabetic vitrectomy,
      and can be managed by either vitreous cavity lavage or outpatient fluid-air
      exchange procedures. Visual acuities of 6/60 or better and clear vitreous
      cavities were obtained in 18% of aphakic lavage cases, 47% of lavage cases
      combined with lens removal, 47% of phakic lavage cases, one of three aphakic
      exchange cases, and 68% of phakic exchange cases. Iris neovascularization was a
      major complication of the aphakic eyes occurring in 76% of aphakic lavage cases,
      67% of lavage cases combined with lens removal, 14% of phakic lavage cases, all
      three of the aphakic exchange cases, but in only 25% of phakic exchange cases.

PMID- 2419816
TI  - Neovascular glaucoma after helium ion irradiation for uveal melanoma.
AB  - Neovascular glaucoma developed in 22 of 169 uveal melanoma patients treated with
      helium ion irradiation. Most patients had large melanomas; no eyes containing
      small melanomas developed anterior segment neovascularization. The mean onset of
      glaucoma was 14.1 months (range, 7-31 months). The incidence of anterior segment
      neovascularization increased with radiation dosage; there was an approximately
      three-fold increase at 80 GyE versus 60 GyE of helium ion radiation (23% vs.
      8.5%) (P less than 0.05). Neovascular glaucoma occurred more commonly in larger
      tumors; the incidence was not affected by tumor location, presence of subretinal
      fluid, nor rate of tumor regression. Fifty-three percent of patients had some
      response with intraocular pressures of 21 mmHg or less to a combination of
      antiglaucoma treatments.

PMID- 2419817
TI  - The natural history of serous retinal pigment epithelium detachment in patients
      with age-related macular degeneration.
AB  - One hundred ten patients with serous detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium
      (RPE) were reexamined to enhance our knowledge of the natural course of this
      condition. All patients were greater than 50 years of age, had age-related
      macular degeneration, and had neither blood, lipid, nor angiographic evidence of
      a definite choroidal neovascular membrane (NVM) at the time of the initial
      examination. All patients were followed up for at least six months except for two
      patients who had developed a choroidal NVM within the first six months of the
      initial exam. Forty-five of 140 eyes (32%) developed a choroidal NVM within an
      average of 19.6 months (median, 12 months). This was associated with a final
      visual acuity of 20/200 or worse (P less than 0.0001). Ophthalmoscopic and
      angiographic features present at the initial visit which were associated with the
      development of NVM and poor final visual acuity were: sensory retinal detachment;
      increased size of PED; hot spot; late filling; notching; and irregular filling.
      At the most recent examination, 39% of the eyes had a final visual acuity of
      20/20 to 20/40, while 24% of the eyes had a final visual acuity of less than or
      equal to 20/200.

PMID- 2419818
TI  - Deafness after treatment with ear drops containing neomycin, gramicidin and
      dexamethasone. A case report.
AB  - We describe a patient with a polyethylene tube to the middle ear who developed
      severe deafness and vertigo after treatment with ear drops where neomycin B was
      considered to be the most likely offending agent. High concentration of this
      antibiotic in the ear drops and access of the solution to the round window
      membrane in the absence of inflammatory edema and secretion may have been
      significant factors contributing to this serious side effect. Less ototoxic
      preparations should be used in patients with perforated tympanic membranes or
      grommets.

PMID- 2419819
TI  - [Use of fluorescence technics in oncological ORL diagnosis].

PMID- 2419820
TI  - [Effect of dust and gas pollution in the work microenvironment on the degree of
      relative risk of laryngeal cancer among stationary and migrant male populations].

PMID- 2419821
TI  - Invasion of erythrocytes in vitro by Plasmodium falciparum can be inhibited by
      monoclonal antibody directed against an S antigen.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody has been produced which binds to the heat stable S antigen
      present in the FCQ-27/PNG isolate of Plasmodium falciparum. This monoclonal
      antibody also inhibits the invasion in vitro of erythrocytes by malarial
      merozoites thus demonstrating that the S antigens of Plasmodium falciparum may be
      a target of protective immune responses.

PMID- 2419822
TI  - Antibody mediated strain-specific agglutination of Plasmodium falciparum-
      parasitized erythrocytes visualized by ethidium bromide staining.

PMID- 2419823
TI  - [Gram-smears: an auxiliary method in periodontal disease].

PMID- 2419824
TI  - [Bioclinical significance of the specificities of the hepatitis B HBe system].
AB  - The distribution and meaning of the three antigenic specificities (HBe Ag 1, 2,
      3) of hepatitis B HBe system and corresponding antibodies (HBe Ab 1, 2, 3) were
      studied in Casablanca, Morocco, in two groups of HBs Ag carriers: patients with
      acute or chronic hepatitis and asymptomatic carriers (controls). The distribution
      of HBe Ag and Ab specificities was generally in agreement with published data:
      dominant HBe 1 specificity was always present, sometimes associated with HBe 2,
      rarely with HBe 3. However, the association of HBe Ag 1 + 2 + 3 was frequently
      observed among patients whereas the HBe Ab 1 + 2 + 3 one was as rare in patients
      as in the controls. In HBe Ag positive individuals, the HBs Ag amounts were all
      the higher as the specificities present in sera more numerous, index of
      proportionality between the number of HBe Ag specificities present in the serum
      and the intensity of the replication of the hepatitis B virus. In the clinical
      field, HBe Ag 1 was observed individually only among controls and patients with
      acute hepatitis leading to recovery. Two associated HBe Ag specificities (HBe Ag
      1 + 2 or 1 + 3) were found both in these former cases and in fatal cases and in
      chronic hepatitis. The presence of HBe Ag 1 + 2 + 3, very rare among controls,
      was seen only among patients with chronic hepatitis, and with a high
      frequency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2419825
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to human FVIIIR:Ag and FVIIIC.
AB  - A series of monoclonal antibodies have been produced which recognize different
      epitopes of the factor VIII molecule. The antibodies were raised in mice against
      high purity factor VIII (FVIII) and the mouse spleens used in cell fusion
      experiments. Following cell fusion the hybridoma supernatants were used for
      screening with a solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique. The antibodies
      detected were differentiated by their degree of attachment to 2 components of the
      FVIII molecule, FVIII related antigen (FVIIIR:Ag) (also called von Willebrand's
      Factor) and FVIII coagulant (FVIIIC). Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase
      studies both showed the FVIIIR:Ag antibodies to be localized to the endothelial
      cells of the blood vessel walls. They can, therefore, be used for histological
      identification of these cells on cryostat and paraffin sections. The anti
      FVIIIR:Ag antibodies have no anticoagulant properties, whereas the anti-FVIIIC
      antibody reacts as an instant inhibitor with a strength of 35,000 new Oxford
      U/ml. These antibodies are stable reagents and suitable for radioimmunoassay for
      both FVIIIR:Ag and FVIIIC.

PMID- 2419826
TI  - Characterization of UV induced keratoacanthoma-like lesions in HRA/Skh-1 mice and
      their comparison with keratoacanthomas in man.
AB  - UV induced keratoacanthoma-like lesions in mice were studied grossly, light
      microscopically and electron microscopically. The tumours varied in their degree
      of cell organization and keratinization but all exhibited downward growth and had
      a continuous basement membrane. Ultrastructurally, the keratinocytes displayed
      villous distortion of their plasma membranes, and at times the basal lamina of
      the epidermal-dermal junction showed focal discontinuation. The keratoacanthoma
      like lesions in mice had similarities of appearance to keratoacanthoma in man but
      showed no regression and regularly progressed to squamous cell carcinoma. This
      clinical course is dissimilar to that of keratoacanthoma in man which suggests
      that the use of the term is inappropriate for these UV induced tumours. Moreover,
      in the context of our experimental system and a dynamic picture of tumour
      development where tumour types can be seen as stably arising and continuing
      entities or, a progressive sequence for which squamous cell carcinoma represents
      an end stage, it is not appropriate to view the keratoacanthoma-like lesion in
      mice as an entity distinct from the spectrum of UV induced tumours progressing
      from benignity to malignancy.

PMID- 2419827
TI  - [Effect of various physiological states and functions on premature heart beats in
      children and adolescents].

PMID- 2419828
TI  - [Effectiveness of using immunomodulating drugs in the complex of therapeutic
      measures in frequently ill children].

PMID- 2419829
TI  - Voltage dependent modification of sodium channel gating with water-soluble
      carbodiimide.
AB  - Currents through sodium channels in frog myelinated fibre were measured before
      and after the treatment of the membrane with water-soluble carbodiimide (WSC).
      The WSC treatment produces dramatic changes both in activation and inactivation
      when membrane potential during the treatment is held at levels from -80 to -100
      mV. Both gating processes are slowed and their voltage dependence is reduced. The
      effective charge of activation as measured by limiting logarithmic potential
      sensitivity is reduced after 10 min of the WSC treatment by the factor of 1.66.
      The same WSC treatment applied at zero potential induced no change in the
      effective charge of activation. Other parameters of gating are changed after such
      treatment but to a lesser degree and in a somewhat different fashion than after
      the treatment at high negative potential. The results are consistent with the
      hypothesis that part of a mobile gating charge is presented by carboxyl groups
      migrating from the external surface to the interior of the channel molecule when
      the channel opens or inactivates.

PMID- 2419830
TI  - Blockage of Ca-activated Cl conductance by furosemide in rat lacrimal glands.
AB  - Single cells isolated from rat lacrimal glands were studied with the tight-seal
      whole-cell recording technique. It was found that furosemide (1 mM, applied
      externally) selectively blocked one part of the electrical response elicited by
      muscarinic agonists. This component of the response had been shown in a previous
      work (Marty et al. 1984) to be due to Ca-dependent Cl channels. The action of
      furosemide was further studied on cells which were dialysed with a high-Ca, high
      Na solution, and which mainly displayed the Ca-dependent Cl conductance. In these
      experiments, furosemide (1 mM) was again found to depress the Ca-dependent Cl
      current. The present findings offer an explanation for previous reports that
      furosemide blocks ion fluxes and electrolyte secretion in exocrine glands without
      necessarily involving the neutral Na-K-Cl carrier usually assumed to be affected
      by the drug.

PMID- 2419831
TI  - Ensemble noise and current relaxation analysis of K+ current in single isolated
      salivary acinar cells from rat.
AB  - The K+ channel in rat parotid gland acinar cells were investigated by ensemble
      current noise analysis in single isolated cells employing the giga-seal whole
      cell current recording mode. Sets of 20-40 identical de- and hyperpolarization
      voltage steps were applied and the resultant current records were processed by
      computer to obtain the mean and the variance of the current. The time-course of
      the mean current could be fitted by the sum of two exponentials, suggesting a 3
      state model. The simplest plausible hypothesis is a model with one open and two
      closed states. Assuming this model, the relationship between the variance (sigma
      2) and the mean current (I) could be fitted by the function sigma 2/I = i--I/N.
      The estimated single channel i/V-relations were similar to those taken from
      single channel current recordings, and the size of the population of channels per
      cell (N) was 76 +/- 26 (n = 12). The validity of the model was tested by a
      successful simulation of the time-course of the variance.

PMID- 2419832
TI  - Some limitations of the cell-attached patch clamp technique: a two-electrode
      analysis.
AB  - With two independent patch electrodes sealed to small clusters of electrically
      coupled chick embryo cardiac cells, we have measured four parameters: true seal
      and patch resistance, channel conductance, and membrane potential. One electrode
      was in the cell-attached mode, and recorded current flowing in parallel through
      the membrane patch and seal. The second electrode, sealed on a different cell in
      the cluster, was in the whole cell recording configuration, and served to record
      or control the membrane potential of the cluster. We fit the four measured
      parameters to a simple electrical model to reveal errors not usually recognized
      in the patch-clamp technique. Among these are the following: (1) The apparent
      seal resistance, determined by changing the potential in a patch electrode, may
      be a poor estimate of true seal resistance, since it includes the parallel
      combination of seal- and patch-resistance. (2) Patch resistance may be influenced
      by the electrode filling solution, and is often much lower than is usually
      assumed. (3) With a small cell preparation that has an input resistance in the
      gigaohm range, measurements of single-channel conductance using a cell-attached
      patch electrode may be inaccurate because cell membrane potential does not remain
      constant as electrode potential is varied.

PMID- 2419833
TI  - [Image diagnosis of small hepatomas].

PMID- 2419834
TI  - In vivo splicing of the premRNAs from early region 3 of adenovirus-2: the
      products of cleavage at the 5' splice site of the common intron.
AB  - The nuclear transcripts of the early region 3 from adenovirus-2 were studied for
      the presence of the cleavage products of premRNA at the 5' splice site of the
      first intervening sequence. Two molecules, free exon 1 and intron-exon 2-poly(A)
      were characterized by complementary methods including Northern blotting, RNase
      and S1 nuclease mapping, hybrid-selection and primer extension. The intron of the
      intron-exon 2 molecule is at least partially in a lariat form. A study of the
      time course of appearance of the 2 molecules shows that their formation occurs
      after the synthesis of premRNA, the lag period being no more than 1-2 min and
      before the formation of mature mRNA which starts accumulating after 3-4 min.
      These data are compatible with the idea that the 5' cleavage products are
      splicing intermediates in vivo.

PMID- 2419835
TI  - Identification and nucleotide sequence of the promoter region of the Bacillus
      subtilis gluconate operon.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence (742 bp) of the promoter region of the Bacillus subtilis
      gluconate (gnt) operon is presented. Nuclease Sl mapping revealed the start point
      of the transcription and suggested that the expression of this operon is probably
      regulated at the transcriptional level. The sequences of the -35 and -10 regions
      suggested that RNA polymerase possessing sigma-43 may recognize this structure.
      The 223 bp fragment containing 100 bp upstream from the transcription start site
      actually exhibited a promoter activity when cloned in a promoter probe vector of
      pPL603B. This promoter activity was highly derepressed and although still under
      catabolite repression. The fragment on a high copy plasmid could titrate a
      regulator of the gnt operon so that the expression of the operon on the host
      chromosome also became derepressed.

PMID- 2419836
TI  - Structural analysis of type II variants within the mouse intracisternal A
      particle sequence family.
AB  - Intracisternal A-particle (IAP) elements are present in multiple copies in the
      mouse and other rodent genomes. The bulk of this sequence family in Mus musculus
      consists of 7 Kb long elements, but the majority of IAP sequences involved in
      known transpositions have been deleted forms. The present study describes a
      subset of deleted IAP sequences (type II IAP) characterized by insertion of a
      particular short sequence element (AIIins). AIIins are interspersed and the
      majority occur as part of the type II IAP elements in the mouse genome. AIIins
      sequences are absent or in low copy number outside Mus musculus. We have isolated
      clones containing AIIins from a mouse genomic DNA library and have sequenced
      three isolates of AIIins and their surrounding IAP sequences to define the
      detailed structure of type II elements. AIIins are 272, 268 and 264 bp long and
      90% homologous in sequence. They are bracketed by 9 bp duplications, suggesting
      they may be inserted elements. A 75 bp region containing a core enhancer sequence
      is repeated at the 5' end in type II IAP elements. Insertion into the IAP genome,
      with potential to encode an integrase function, may have played a role in the
      amplification of AIIins.

PMID- 2419838
TI  - Transcutaneous pacemaker use in a large hospital.
AB  - For an eight-month period temporary transcutaneous and transvenous pacemaker use
      was analyzed in a 602-bed hospital which had readily available fluoroscopy.
      Twenty-four patients were treated with transcutaneous pacemaker; 23 of these were
      treated for asystole during cardiac arrest. The only patient not suffering
      cardiac arrest could not tolerate the transcutaneous pacemaker because of pain.
      Two of these 23 patients were treated early in the arrest with successful
      resuscitation. They became conscious and were able to tolerate the pacemaker
      well. Most of the other patients were treated late in the arrest with little
      chance of any therapy being successful. Only four of these 21 patients were
      treated within 15 minutes of the onset of cardiac arrest. During the same time
      span, 23 patients received transvenous temporary pacemakers. Only four of this
      group had suffered cardiac arrest before pacing. We conclude that: transcutaneous
      pacing can be successful but we did not find it useful when used late in a
      cardiac arrest; transvenous pacing seemed the approach most often chosen for the
      non-arrest situation.

PMID- 2419837
TI  - The trypanosome spliced leader small RNA gene family: stage-specific modification
      of one of several similar dispersed genes.
AB  - Diverse mRNAs of Trypanosoma brucei possess the same 5' terminal 35 nucleotides,
      termed the spliced leader (SL), which appears to be derived from a separate 135
      nucleotide transcript. This small SL RNA is encoded within a 1.4 kb unit of DNA
      which is tandemly reiterated in the genome. In addition, there are at least 4
      orphon elements containing SL sequences dispersed from the tandem array. Here we
      show that during the trypanosome life cycle one of the SL orphons undergoes a
      stage-specific modification that prevents cleavage of an EcoRV site and we
      further demonstrate that although only one orphon is modified, three of the SL
      orphons are flanked by very similar sequences. Each of these contains SL
      reiteration units including the non-transcribed spacer DNA, suggesting that they
      did not originate through an RNA intermediate. In addition no evidence of direct
      repeats at the junction of 1.4 kb and non-1.4 kb DNA was observed. Finally, a
      phylogenetic survey indicates that while many trypanosomatid species possess
      similarly organized SL-like sequences, only the SL orphons of closely related
      subspecies of the T. brucei - T. evansi complex share similar flanking regions.

PMID- 2419840
TI  - The QT-sensitive cybernetic pacemaker: a new role for an old parameter?
AB  - A critical review of the available data on QT interval is presented to delineate
      techniques useful to the development of a QT-sensitive cybernetic pacemaker. The
      reason for the development of this unit stems from the ability of QT prolongation
      to predict the onset of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in some clinical
      situations; the QT interval is physiologically related to the cardiac cycle
      length, therefore providing adequate information to drive both ventricular and
      atrioventricular sequential rate-responsive pacemakers. This unit might also
      monitor cardiac rhythm and detect the pathophysiologic precursors of advanced
      grades of ventricular arrhythmias. A therapeutic role, both pharmacologic and
      electrical, may also be possible in the future. Integration of these concepts and
      cooperation between interested physicians, technicians and manufactors will be
      necessary to produce such a unit at a low cost-benefit ratio. The potential
      clinical application of this pacemaker deserves attention for the prophylaxis and
      treatment of sudden arrhythmic death.

PMID- 2419839
TI  - Tachycardia mediated by an AV universal (DDD) pacemaker triggered by a
      ventricular depolarization.
AB  - A 44-year-old female had Chagas' disease with right bundle branch block, right
      axis deviation, and ventricular ectopic beats. An invasive evaluation showed a
      prolonged HV interval of 100 ms. A Medtronic Versatrax 7000 was implanted, after
      which a pacemaker-mediated tachycardia was observed. The esophageal lead ruled
      out the possibility of an atrial triggered tachycardia. The diagnosis was
      pacemaker-mediated tachycardia due to abnormal sensing of the terminal forces of
      the ventricular activation because of malposition of the atrial lead in the right
      ventricular out-flow tract.

PMID- 2419841
TI  - Tricuspid valve perforation by a permanent pacing lead in a patient with cardiac
      amyloidosis: case report and brief literature review.
AB  - Tricuspid valve injury is a rare complication of transvenous pacemaker placement.
      We report such an injury in an elderly patient with cardiac amyloidosis. Because
      serious complications may result from such an injury, tricuspid valve perforation
      should be considered, along with the more common causes of new murmurs, in
      patients with pacemakers.

PMID- 2419842
TI  - Augmentation of cardiac output by external cardiac pacing: pacemaker-induced CPR.
AB  - Transthoracic cardiac pacing is frequently associated with simultaneous
      stimulation of skeletal muscle and nerves. We describe a patient in cardiogenic
      shock and complete heart block in whom the associated vigorous abdominal and
      chest muscle contractions caused by transthoracic cardiac pacing resulted in a
      marked augmentation of cardiac output and systemic blood pressure via a "CPR"
      effect.

PMID- 2419843
TI  - Repetitive supraventricular tachycardia: clinical manifestations and response to
      therapy with amiodarone.
AB  - Repetitive supraventricular tachycardia is an uncommon arrhythmia which usually
      occurs in patients free of structural heart disease. It is characterized by
      incessant short salvos of supraventricular tachycardia separated by only one or
      two normal sinus beats. Therapy with conventional antiarrhythmic drugs is usually
      ineffective. This report describes three patients with repetitive
      supraventricular tachycardia in whom evidence for associated sinus node
      dysfunction was observed. Amiodarone therapy, with ventricular pacing in two
      patients, has provided effective control of this arrhythmia in all three
      patients.

PMID- 2419844
TI  - Electrode displacement from a multipurpose Swan-Ganz catheter.
AB  - A patient is described in whom a multipurpose pulmonary artery catheter had been
      placed. Upon removal of the catheter, it was noted that the electrodes had become
      detached from the lead. A new method is described for insertion and removal of
      the catheter which will prevent this complication.

PMID- 2419845
TI  - Noninvasive conversion of atrial flutter using a multiprogrammable DDD pulse
      generator.
AB  - A patient with sick sinus syndrome and resistant paroxysmal atrial flutter was
      treated with amiodarone and implanted with a Medtronic 7005 DDD pacemaker.
      Following discontinuation of amiodarone, an episode of sustained atrial flutter
      was converted to sinus rhythm by noninvasive rapid atrial pacing in the
      outpatient clinic. This case illustrates one of the many capabilities for
      arrhythmic intervention using currently available implanted pacemakers.

PMID- 2419846
TI  - Policy on pacemaker reuse.

PMID- 2419847
TI  - Variety of pacemaker and monitoring systems.

PMID- 2419849
TI  - DDT designation is incorrect.

PMID- 2419848
TI  - Need for a code concerning pacemaker electrodes.

PMID- 2419850
TI  - Optimal atrioventricular delay in physiological pacing determined by Doppler
      echocardiography.
AB  - Our study included eight patients with physiological pacemakers programmed to the
      VDD mode. The blood velocity in the aortic root was determined by Doppler
      echocardiography. Changes in the integral of maximum velocity reflect stroke
      volume changes. The Doppler probe was placed and held in the suprasternal
      position while programming the pacemakers from the VVI to all available AV delays
      in the VDD mode; the heart rates were nearly constant. Stroke volumes were highly
      dependent on changes of the AV delay; the optimum AV delay varied considerably
      from patient to patient. These changes were more pronounced in the patients with
      left ventricular strain due to aortic valve disease than in the patients with
      isolated conduction defects.

PMID- 2419851
TI  - Atrial capture and dual chamber pacing.
AB  - During dual chamber pacing it is sometimes impossible to assess atrial capture
      even on the 12-lead ECG. We developed a strategy to identify atrial capture when
      it is not possible to do so by ECG, and when the ECG shows no evidence of
      spontaneous or paced atrial activity.

PMID- 2419852
TI  - Spontaneous termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia following
      disappearance of bundle branch block ipsilateral to a concealed atrioventricular
      accessory pathway: the role of autonomic tone in tachycardia diagnosis.
AB  - We present a case of an 18-year-old man with a history of palpitations in whom
      episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia were easily initiated by
      administered atrial premature beats. In all 15 control episodes of tachycardia,
      functional left bundle branch block (LBBB) seen at the onset, resolved within 10
      20 cycles (mean, 13.1 +/- 0.95). The tachycardia ended with the normalized QRS
      complex in each episode. Eleven episodes ended because of block within the
      antegrade pathway (ended with a P-wave), and four episodes stopped because of
      block within the retrograde pathway (ended without a P-wave). During the
      administration of isoproterenol (1 mg/min IV) all six episodes of tachycardia had
      LBBB but these did not end when LBBB disappeared spontaneously. When LBBB
      subsided, the mean tachycardia cycle interval shortened from 328.5 +/- 1.4 to
      264.2 +/- 2.1 ms (p less than 0.001). Each episode of tachycardia was then
      terminated by carotid sinus massage. The disappearance of LBBB in control
      conditions presented the retrograde and antegrade limbs of the reentrant circuit
      with an early impulse that stopped the tachycardia. After isoproterenol
      administration, the tachycardia did not end following disappearance of LBBB, thus
      enabling the tachycardia cycle interval to shorten by a mean of 64.3 +/- 1.9 ms.
      This extent of tachycardia acceleration is diagnostic of the participation of a
      concealed, left free-wall bypass tract.

PMID- 2419853
TI  - Biostimulation.

PMID- 2419854
TI  - Changes in QT interval during exercise testing in patients with VVI pacemakers.
AB  - The changes in QT intervals were studied in nine patients with normal sinus node
      function who had VVI pacemakers. Though PP intervals uniformly shortened during
      exercise, the change in QaT* intervals during exercise was variable. The
      correlation between PP and QaT intervals varied from case to case. A good
      correlation was found in only two cases (r = +0.816 or +0.897); a fair
      correlation was found in four cases (r = +0.672, +0.615, +0.615, or -0.669) and
      in the remaining three, the correlation was poor (r = +0.494, +0.467 or -0.424).
      In patients who are candidates for VTI pacemaker implantation, changes in QaT
      intervals should be assessed during exercise stress testing to determine if the
      intervals shorten during exercise or not.

PMID- 2419855
TI  - Comparison of ramp and stepwise incremental pacing in assessment of antegrade and
      retrograde conduction.
AB  - Conventional assessment of antegrade (AV) and retrograde (VA) conduction involves
      stepwise increments in pacing rates until block in conduction is observed. This
      study was designed to establish the comparative characteristics of ramp pacing,
      in which the rate is continuously and smoothly incremented until block occurs.
      Two hundred and ten patients participated in portions of this study. Stepwise
      pacing was performed in 10 beat/minute steps, with the rate held for at least 15
      seconds at each step; if marked prolongation or variability in conduction was
      observed, the rate was held constant for up to 60 seconds to allow for
      accommodation. With ramp pacing, the rate was gradually increased at a steady 2-4
      beats/minute/second. Whenever possible, both stepwise and ramp pacing were
      performed for assessment of both antegrade and retrograde conduction. All
      patients had conducted sinus rhythm as their baseline mechanism. Antegrade
      conduction was similar using incremental stepwise and ramp pacing. The AH
      interval at a cycle length (CL) of 500 ms, the maximum AH increment, the cycle
      length at AV block were all remarkably similar (p = NS). Assessment of retrograde
      conduction produced similar results, with insignificant differences between
      maximum conducted VA intervals, and cycle length at VA block using the two pacing
      techniques. Ramp pacing provides a useful and rapid alternative to conventional
      stepwise incremental pacing in the assessment of antegrade and retrograde
      conduction in patients using both normal and accessory pathways. Ramp pacing was
      better tolerated, and some correlations between antegrade and retrograde
      conduction were stronger with the ramp pacing technique.

PMID- 2419856
TI  - Differentiation of sinus tachycardia from paroxysmal 1:1 tachycardias using
      single late diastolic atrial extrastimuli.
AB  - Existing antitachycardia devices do not discriminate perfectly between sinus
      tachycardia and paroxysmal tachycardias with 1:1 atrioventricular relationship
      (paroxysmal 1:1 tachycardias). The present study tested the hypothesis that the
      nature of the ventricular response to atrial extrastimulation might distinguish
      between sinus tachycardia and selected paroxysmal 1:1 tachycardias. In 15
      patients, atrial extrastimuli were delivered during sinus tachycardia and in 13
      patients during various types of paroxysmal 1:1 tachycardia, and the timing of
      the next ventricular beat was measured. During sinus tachycardia, in 14 of 15
      patients, atrial extrastimuli which were, in turn, early by 80 and 100 ms made
      the next ventricular beat premature by at least 30 and 50 ms, respectively. In
      all 13 patients, during paroxysmal 1:1 tachycardia, atrial extrastimuli that were
      early by 80 and 100 ms failed to make the next ventricular beat premature by more
      than 10 ms. Single atrial extrastimuli that were premature by less than or equal
      to 100 ms did not provoke faster tachycardias in any of the patients. In this
      study, a technique that used single late extrastimuli during tachycardia safely
      distinguished sinus tachycardia from paroxysmal tachycardias. This technique
      might be suitable for incorporation into an antitachycardia device. Further
      investigation of this technique is warranted in a larger number of patients with
      a wider variety of tachycardias. Patients with Gemini 415As having dual anodal
      rings, which can be identified radiographically, are at risk for this design-dep
      design-dependent cross-talk and merit close observation.

PMID- 2419857
TI  - Design-dependent cross-talk in a second generation DDD pacemaker.
AB  - A unique mechanism of "cross-talk" has recently been described in the Gemini 415A
      DDD pacemaker in which cross-inhibition of the ventricular output stimulus may
      occur in the early Gemini 415A models which were manufactured with dual anodal
      rings interconnected by a wire. The Gemini 415A units with dual anodal rings were
      implanted under investigational protocol in 53 patients from September 1982 to
      August 1984. To date, cross-talk has been discovered in six patients during
      clinical follow-up, manifesting as inappropriate ventricular inhibition. Syncope
      was documented in one patient. Non-Cordis atrial and ventricular leads were
      present in all six patients and five patients had at least one chronic lead.
      Cross-talk was neither evident nor provokable in Gemini 415A units which had
      compatible Cordis lead systems. Reduction of the atrial output and/or the
      ventricular sensitivity prevented cross-inhibition in three patients. Cross-talk
      persisted in three patients despite programming to the lowest atrial output
      and/or ventricular sensitivity parameters. Cross-talk, spontaneous or provoked,
      has not occurred in 36 patients having currently designed 415A pulse generators
      manufactured with a single anodal ring in the ventricular connector channel. We
      conclude that: this unique form of cross-talk is "design-dependent" and occurs
      only in Gemini 415As with dual interconnected anodal rings and cannot occur in
      415As manufactured with a single anodal ring; this form of cross-talk has
      occurred only in 415As with non-Cordis leads and appears to be a time-dependent
      development; reduction of the atrial output or use of pacing modes without atrial
      pacing or ventricular sensing can prevent cross-talk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2419858
TI  - Attempted entrainment of circus movement tachycardias by ventricular stimulation.
AB  - Entrainment was attempted while pacing the right ventricle in 12 patients with
      circus movement tachycardias. At the onset of stimulation eight patients had
      short episodes of intraventricular and atrioventricular dissociation during which
      the paced impulses activated the various ventricular recording sites (right and
      left), but did not reach the atria. The latter occurred because the ventricular
      electrograms were recorded from parts of the ventricles which were not essential
      components of the reentry circuit. Relatively long (greater than 5 s) runs of
      entrainment were not possible in any case because of the relatively prompt
      termination of the tachycardias. Whereas in three patients this was due to the
      abrupt appearance of retrograde block in the accessory pathway, in nine patients
      it happened when the sequential, anterograde and retrograde, penetration of the
      AV node resulted in AV nodal block of the subsequent, reentering atrial impulse.
      The findings in this study showed that, with the methodology used, entrainment of
      circus movement tachycardias by ventricular stimulation had to be defined
      conceptually, by the fulfillment of requirements which did not include its
      occurrence for at least 5 seconds. Furthermore, the results also suggested that
      entrainment and tachycardia termination were best demonstrated by a technique
      which allowed the emission of the first stimulus in a constant (late) moment of
      the cycle, with deliverance of one additional stimulus at the same cycle length
      in successive pacing runs.

PMID- 2419859
TI  - Verapamil in idiopathic ventricular tachycardia of right bundle branch block
      morphology: observations during electrophysiologic and exercise testing.
AB  - Electrophysiologic studies before and after administration of verapamil were
      performed in three young patients with recurrent sustained ventricular
      tachycardia (VT) of right bundle branch block morphology. VT was not provoked by
      maximal treadmill testing in any patient. Electrophysiologic findings at
      induction of VT suggested reentry in the first patient and triggered automaticity
      in the second. Findings were inconclusive in the third patient. Intravenous
      verapamil terminated the VT in all the three cases. Oral verapamil prevented
      laboratory induction of sustained VT in the latter two patients. However, VT
      could be provoked during exercise in both while on oral verapamil therapy. These
      findings suggest that different mechanisms may underlie ventricular tachycardia
      dependent upon slow-response tissue; the role of oral verapamil in the treatment
      of such VT needs further investigation.

PMID- 2419860
TI  - Long-term prognostic significance and electrophysiological evolution of
      intraventricular conduction disturbances complicating acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - Fifty-nine patients with post-infarctional, isolated intraventricular conduction
      disturbances (IVCD) who survived the acute stage of myocardial infarction were
      followed up after hospital discharge for a mean period of 11.4 +/- 4.8 months.
      Fourteen patients (24%) had HV interval prolongation (greater than 55 ms) during
      AMI (group A), and 45 patients had normal HV intervals (76%, group B). His bundle
      recordings were repeated during follow-up in 48 survivors after a mean period of
      7.2 +/- 0.7 months. Infranodal conduction delay in the acute stage of infarction
      was correlated with a higher incidence of heart failure during AMI (78% of
      patients in group A vs 22% in group B, p less than 0.001), and with higher rate
      of cardiac mortality during follow-up (50% in group A vs 13% in group B, p less
      than 0.01). Survivors of group A showed a higher functional NYHA class, a higher
      incidence of CHF, and a higher prevalence of complex ventricular arrhythmias at
      Holter monitoring. No statistically significant difference in late sudden death
      was evident between the two groups of patients, and the global incidence of late
      AV block was 2%. At repeat His bundle recording no significant change (greater
      than 5 ms) in HV interval could be demonstrated in comparison to the acute phase
      recording, neither in patients with prolonged nor in patients with normal HV
      time. We conclude that HV prolongation in patients with isolated, post
      infarctional IVCD is correlated with a worse prognosis, both during acute
      infarction and during the follow-up period, which presumably reflects wider
      anatomic damage in comparison to patients with normal HV time. The low incidence
      of late AV block and the electrophysiological demonstration of the stability of
      infranodal conduction several months after AMI indicate that these patients do
      not require permanent prophylactic pacing after acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2419861
TI  - Cumulative eight-year index. Volumes 1-8, 1978-1985.

PMID- 2419862
TI  - Pacemaker sensing.

PMID- 2419863
TI  - Recommendations of the NASPE computer committee.

PMID- 2419864
TI  - Electrical stimulation for bladder control.

PMID- 2419865
TI  - Effects of AV sequential versus asynchronous AV pacing on pulmonary hemodynamics.
AB  - We studied the effects of various pacing modes on cardiac hemodynamics and
      pulmonary gas alterations in chronic heart blocked dogs. Changing the pacing mode
      from an atrioventricular interval of 100 ms (AV100) to a ventriculo-atrial
      interval of 100 ms (VA100) caused a significant fall in left ventricular pressure
      (117.64 +/- 11.91 to 95.60 +/- 16.58 mmHg) and cardiac output from 2.18 +/- 0.24
      to 1.46 +/- 0.20 L/min. Following the change in pacing mode from AV100 to VA100,
      there was an increase in the alveolar-arterial O2 gradient from 23.28 +/- 6.97 to
      28.74 +/- 8.43 mmHg and a decrease in the arterial CO2 tension from 32.42 +/-
      3.22 to 29.42 +/- 3.22 mmHg. There was also a decrease in arterial CO2 tension
      when the AV100 pacing mode was compared to asynchronous ventricular pacing (32.42
      +/- 3.22 versus 30.56 +/- 2.82 mmHg). The minute volume of O2 also decreased when
      the pacing mode was changed from AV100 to asynchronous ventricular pacing (0.134
      +/- 0.01 versus 0.126 +/- 0.01 L/min) and decreased further at VA100 to 0.114 +/-
      0.01 L/min. Other significant changes were also observed: the percent of expired
      CO2 decreased when the pacing mode was changed from AV100 to VA100 (3.68 +/- 0.13
      versus 3.37 +/- 0.26%) or to asynchronous ventricular pacing (3.40 +/- 0.31%).
      The end-expiratory O2 increased and CO2 decreased when the pacing mode was
      changed from AV100 to VA100. The breath-by-breath correlation of end-expiratory
      O2 and CO2 with left ventricular systolic pressure showed an almost immediate
      increase in O2 and reduction in CO2 concentration associated with decreasing
      systolic pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2419866
TI  - Cardiac syncope: a case exhibiting dichotomy between clinical impression and
      electrophysiologic evaluation.
AB  - This case report illustrates the value of electrophysiologic study in patients
      presenting with graphically unmonitored syncope and/or sudden cardiac death, and
      who have clinical markers of both bradycardia and ventricular tachycardia. In our
      patient, a wide QRS on the electrocardiogram and Holter monitor documented high
      grade ventricular ectopic activity. In this case, had therapy been solely guided
      by the clinical impression that the patient had ventricular tachycardia, the
      treatment would have resulted in increasing the risk of recurrence of syncope
      and/or sudden cardiac death.

PMID- 2419867
TI  - Wide QRS tachycardia due to AV nodal reentry and a "bystander" bypass tract with
      slow conduction properties.
AB  - An unusual mechanism for recurrent, wide QRS complex supraventricular tachycardia
      is described in this report. A 25-year-old man with normal PR and QRS intervals
      during sinus rhythm was shown to have preexcitation with a left bundle branch
      block pattern during tachycardia and during atrial pacing. Electrophysiologic
      studies demonstrated slow and decremental conduction properties in an accessory
      "bystander" AV pathway utilized for antegrade conduction during AV nodal
      reciprocating tachycardia. The differential diagnosis of this tachycardia is
      discussed in detail.

PMID- 2419868
TI  - Asymptomatic pulmonary embolism following pacemaker implantation.
AB  - The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the incidence of pulmonary
      embolism after pacemaker implantation, and to assess the benefits, if any, of
      postoperative prophylactic heparin therapy. Twenty of 40 patients were given low
      dose heparin therapy; the remaining 20 patients were the control group and were
      not treated. Assignment to one of these groups was made alternately, in
      chronological order according to the time of implantation. Only tined leads with
      silicone insulation were used. All patients were mobilized on their first
      postoperative day. Pulmonary scintigraphy was performed before implantation, two
      weeks after implantation and again 12 months later. A pulmonary embolism was
      defined as evidence of new perfusion defects after implantation. There were no
      such defects in the group treated with heparin; the control group (20 patients)
      had three cases of perfusion defects within a 14-day postoperative period. Twelve
      months later, no further perfusion defects were observed in any patient. Thus,
      our study revealed a 15% incidence of asymptomatic pulmonary embolism following
      pacemaker implantation in patients not given prophylactic heparin therapy.

PMID- 2419869
TI  - Detection of pathological tachycardia by analysis of electrogram morphology.
AB  - Pacemaker recognition of pathological tachycardia relies on heart rate analysis.
      This can lead to misdiagnosis when sinus tachycardia exceeds the preset
      tachycardia response trigger rate. We have explored a method for automatic
      tachycardia diagnosis by analysis of bipolar endocardial electrogram morphology.
      Electrograms were recorded from 11 patients (pts) during sinus rhythm and during
      a total of 20 abnormal rhythms: retrograde atrial depolarization from ventricular
      pacing in six patients; atrioventricular reentry tachycardia in five patients
      with intermittent left bundle branch block in one of those; AV nodal reentry
      tachycardia in five patients and ventricular tachycardia in three patients.
      Posture and respiration were varied during all rhythms except ventricular
      tachycardia. The electrograms were then digitized and converted to a form in
      which the amplitudes were proportional to the rates of change of the original
      electrogram (equivalent to a first time derivative); the derived signal was then
      analyzed by a new gradient pattern detection (GPD) program. Analysis of the
      processed atrial signals by GPD resulted in automatic recognition of abnormal
      rhythms from sinus rhythm in all cases except for one patient's retrograde atrial
      depolarization. At the ventricular level, GPD successfully distinguished all
      abnormal rhythms from sinus rhythm including recognition of left bundle branch
      block and varying degrees of preexcitation. Respiratory and postural variation
      did not affect the recognition process. We conclude that electrogram GPD has
      successfully and automatically detected a variety of arrhythmias which can be
      treated by implantable pulse generators and may, therefore, be a useful adjunct
      to heart rate analysis in future generations of such antitachycardia pacemakers.

PMID- 2419870
TI  - Permanent interatrial septal pacing: feasibility and advantages.
AB  - One hundred eighty-nine implanted atrial pacing leads have been analyzed. A
      double screw-in active fixation lead was attached to the interatrial septum in
      eight patients and a J lead in one patient. The right atrial appendage was the
      site used in the 97 other patients with a double screw-in lead; a J-shaped lead
      was used in three and an anchored (active fixation) lead in the remaining 80
      patients. Though pacing from the interatrial septum has different characteristics
      of lead stability, it offers a number of advantages over right atrial appendage
      stimulation.

PMID- 2419871
TI  - Noninvasive assessment of ventriculo-atrial conduction and early experience with
      the tachycardia termination algorithm in pacemaker-mediated tachycardia.
AB  - Since the advent of physiologic dual chamber pacing systems, pacemaker-mediated
      tachycardia (PMT) has occurred and the need for invasive measurement of
      ventriculo-atrial conduction (VAC) has arisen. The variability in VAC and the
      potential for PMT often make it necessary to assess for the presence or absence
      of VAC at different points in time. We noninvasively evaluated 20 pacemaker
      patients for the presence or absence of VAC. We compared ventriculo-atrial
      conduction time (VACT) obtained with the atrial sense event maker with that
      obtained from Holter monitoring and invasive methods. The incidence of
      spontaneous (S) and induced (I) PMT and the efficacy of the tachycardia
      termination algorithm (TTA) was assessed. Fourteen of 20 had VAC with invasive or
      noninvasive methods. Twelve of 19 had PMT (63%); three were sustained (greater
      than 15 beats). We conclude that VACT assessed with the atrial sense event marker
      (ASEM) yielded a high correlation when compared to the Holter monitor data
      obtained utilizing our methodology. PMT is commonly a nonsustained (less than 15
      beats) event, and the TTA is effective in sustained PMT. Myopotential sensing,
      atrial premature contractions and loss of atrial capture are common mechanisms in
      the initiation of PMT.

PMID- 2419872
TI  - Unusual sinus node response curves in two cardiac transplant recipients.
AB  - We describe unusual responses of the sinus node to programmed atrial stimulation
      in two asymptomatic cardiac transplant recipients. In one patient the sinoatrial
      conduction time, calculated using the revised method of Strauss, is extremely
      short (5 ms), and in the other it is extremely long (460 ms). The various
      mechanisms that might be involved in these atypical responses to atrial
      extrastimulation are discussed. These include sinus node suppression, shift of
      pacemaker, direct stimulation of the sinus node and shortening of the sinus node
      action potential duration.

PMID- 2419873
TI  - Uses and limitations of electrophysiology studies for the selection of
      antiarrhythmic therapy.

PMID- 2419874
TI  - Prolonged sinus arrest complicating a thrombotic stroke.
AB  - A 56-year-old man developed sinus node dysfunction culminating in 27 seconds of
      asystole during a thrombotic stroke. Bradyarrhythmias resolved over a period of
      96 hours, at which time sinus node recovery times were normal. Sinus node
      dysfunction has not recurred during the two years of follow-up. We suggest that
      cardiac rhythm be closely monitored in acute stroke patients.

PMID- 2419875
TI  - Valve of computer-generated diagnostic diagrams.

PMID- 2419876
TI  - Incremental biorate control ventricular pacing and ventricular arrhythmogenicity.

PMID- 2419877
TI  - STIMAREC report of November-December, 1985.

PMID- 2419878
TI  - Performance of implantable cardiac rhythm management devices.

PMID- 2419879
TI  - Poster sessions and educational exhibits. How are they alike? How are they
      different?

PMID- 2419880
TI  - [Pesticides as degranulators of mast cells in sensitized animals].

PMID- 2419881
TI  - Regional variation of cytosol androgen receptors throughout the diseased human
      prostate gland.
AB  - The heterogeneous histology of the normal and diseased human prostate is well
      established. This study has investigated variations in cytosol androgen receptor
      (AR) content throughout the diseased gland to establish the most suitable sites
      to obtain tissue for AR assay. Only then can AR be investigated as a potential
      predictor of response to endocrine treatment. In a transverse slice of an
      enucleated prostate showing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) AR levels in 1-g
      segments varied from 109 to 1,212 fmol/g tissue (mean 483 +/- 273; median 406),
      with no negative areas. Areas of higher receptor concentrations corresponded to
      the glandular regions of sections obtained from a slice taken in juxtaposition;
      areas of low receptor concentrations corresponded to the stromal regions. A
      significant correlation (P less than .02) was observed between AR concentration
      and the proportion of glandular components of each segment. Specimens were also
      obtained from each of three sites from 38 prostates; 45% of all specimens
      contained AR; however, distribution of receptor throughout the prostate was
      uneven. AR were significantly more likely to be measured in the peripheral zone
      (71% positive) than in periurethral tissue (39% positive) whilst only 24% of
      specimens taken from the limit of the resection possessed AR binding capacity.
      Similar distribution patterns were observed in both benign and malignant
      prostates, although 16% more specimens from carcinomatous prostates contained
      receptor than did those from benign glands; this difference was maintained at
      each site. In addition receptor levels were consistently lower in benign than in
      malignant specimens. It is therefore desirable to know the histological
      composition of specimens used for AR measurement.

PMID- 2419882
TI  - Development of a model for the induction of estrogen-related prostatic
      hyperplasia in the dog and its response to the aromatase inhibitor 4-hydroxy-4
      androstene-3,17-dione: preliminary results.
AB  - Although the presence of the testes is an absolutely necessary prerequisite for
      benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) to occur, the role of androgens in the cause
      of BPH is still controversial. There are increasing signs for a decisive role of
      estrogens in that connection. We treated castrated beagle dogs of known age with
      androstenedione (an androgen that can be aromatized) and with the aromatase
      inhibitor 4-hydroxyandrostendione. Six or 9 months of treatment with
      androstenedione resulted in a BPH characterized by typical androgenic effects-
      ie, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the epithelium--and by typical estrogenic
      effects--, stimulation of the stroma, especially of the smooth muscles, and
      cystic enlargement of the tubules. These estrogen-related effects could be
      clearly antagonized by the simultaneous treatment with the aromatase inhibitor 4
      hydroxyandrostenedione. The hyperplastic effects on the epithelium were also
      partly antagonized by the aromatase inhibitor. Our preliminary results further
      strengthen the effectiveness of aromatase inhibitors as an alternative treatment
      of human BPH, which is thought to be predominantly a stromal disease.

PMID- 2419883
TI  - Renal pathology of prenatally diagnosed nephrosis.
AB  - Congenital Finnish nephrosis is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder, usually
      fatal at an early age. The disease is prenatally detected through elevation of
      alpha fetoprotein in the amniotic fluid of pregnancies at risk. This originates
      from fetal proteinuria. Maternal serum alpha fetoprotein reflects amniotic fluid
      levels. We describe a case of congenital nephrosis diagnosed through maternal
      serum screening in a low-risk population. The characteristic histology of
      congenital nephrosis is demonstrated, and evidence of proteinuria by electron
      microscopy, light microscopy, and immunofluorescence is presented.

PMID- 2419884
TI  - [Main cation transport in nerve endings].

PMID- 2419885
TI  - [Cellular ribonucleoprotein antigens].

PMID- 2419886
TI  - [Role of polyadenylic segments and RNA polyadenylation in embryonic development].

PMID- 2419888
TI  - The influence of staining techniques and examiners on evaluation of the
      morphology of fowl spermatozoa.
AB  - A total of 53 dwarf Single Comb White Leghorn males from the relaxed selection
      mating of low and high body weight lines and a randombred control line were used
      to determine the influence of technique (eosin-nigrosin smears or collection of
      spermatozoa on membrane filters) and examiner on the assessment of sperm
      morphology. There were significant (P less than .05) line, technique, examiner,
      and technique X examiner interactions for sperm abnormalities. Total abnormal
      spermatozoa were higher in the high line than in the other two lines, and this
      was associated with increased midpiece defects and twisted spermatozoa. Eosin
      nigrosin smears showed almost twice the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa
      compared to stained membrane filters.

PMID- 2419887
TI  - Acute pancreatitis and its complications. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
AB  - The most common causes of acute pancreatitis are biliary tract disease and
      alcoholism, but other causes account for about 10% of cases. Acute pancreatitis
      can be divided clinically into mild and severe (necrotic) disease. Risk of
      complications and death varies with the etiology, severity, and number of
      episodes and is highest in severe cases and biliary tract-related disease.
      Amylase determination is the best diagnostic serum screening test.
      Ultrasonography, computed tomography, and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography
      are also extremely useful in diagnosis. Treatment of acute pancreatitis usually
      consists of supportive measures; the roles of peritoneal lavage and surgery
      remain controversial. Pseudocysts occur in about 25% of patients but can be
      treated successfully with appropriate therapy.

PMID- 2419889
TI  - Dendritic cells of the chicken spleen are capable in vivo of giant cell
      formation.
AB  - In this report, we offer evidence that carrageenan, a polyclonal B-cell mitogen,
      and Salmonella O antigen, when administered together, can induce in vivo
      multinucleated giant cells from dendritic cells in the chicken spleen.

PMID- 2419890
TI  - Persistently elevated AFP and AChE in amniotic fluid from a normal fetus
      following demise of its twin.
AB  - Intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) in one of twins at 12 weeks of gestation was
      accompanied by markedly elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) at 17 and
      18 weeks. Amniotic fluid AFP from the healthy surviving twin's sac at 18.5 and 23
      weeks was also greatly increased along with a positive acetylcholinesterase
      (AChE) band. Persistently elevated AFP and positive AChE so long after fetal
      demise--6.5 and 11 weeks post IUFD--has not, to our knowledge, been previously
      described. In similar cases, high level ultrasound and careful placental
      examination at birth should be utilized to search for fetal abnormalities or
      multiple pregnancy with IUFD.

PMID- 2419891
TI  - Biochemical examination of fetal skin biopsy specimens obtained by fetoscopy: use
      of the method for analysis of keratins and filaggrin.
AB  - This paper describes a method for biochemical analysis of proteins from fetal
      skin biopsy samples. The method has wide potential application for diagnosis of
      disorders with a known protein abnormality detectable by protein staining or a
      specific antibody. Analysis requires a single 1 mm biopsy, is rapid (2 days) and
      extremely sensitive. In the present study, fetal skin biopsies from normal
      fetuses and a fetus at risk for lamellar ichthyosis were obtained. The epidermis
      or hairs with attached follicular cells were dissected from the remaining skin.
      Proteins were extracted and separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
      Proteins from duplicate gels were transferred to nitrocellulose and immunostained
      for the acidic and basic keratins and for the keratin filament associated
      protein, filaggrin, using monoclonal antibodies. All samples contained keratins
      typical of fetal epidermis at 20 weeks gestation. Presence of filaggrin is
      variable at this age and depends on the presence of keratinized cells of hair
      canals. No keratin abnormalities in the fetus at risk for lamellar ichthyosis
      were detected, however, in one presumably normal biopsy, an abnormally low
      proportion of the 67 kd keratin and the presence of follicular keratins were
      evident. These results demonstrate that biochemical analysis of fetal biopsies is
      possible, thus increasing the diagnostic potential of the fetal biopsy procedure
      for disorders in which a known protein or antigen is altered in utero.

PMID- 2419892
TI  - Chorionic villi sampling changes maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein.
AB  - Second trimester amniocentesis has traditionally been utilized for prenatal
      genetic diagnosis. Chorionic villi sampling (CVS) is presently offered as an
      alternative. The occurrence of fetomaternal bleed (FMB) during CVS could increase
      the rate of post sampling abortion and, additionally, be of significance in
      patients at risk for isoimmunization. Detection and quantitation of FMB can be
      accomplished by the determination of changes in maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein
      (MSAFP) before and after CVS.

PMID- 2419893
TI  - [Proteolytic complex from Aspergillus terricola (review)].
AB  - Results are presented of the studies on the proteolytic enzymes produced by the
      fungus Aspergillus terricola that comprise the antiinflammatory drug Terrilytin.
      Terrilytin was shown to be a complex of three proteolytic enzymes that contained
      amylase as well. Two of the proteases (proteases I and II) were of the group of
      serine proteases by their physico-chemical and enzymatic characteristics and
      might be considered as two types of the same enzyme. Protease III showed
      characteristics specific for metalloproteases of the microbial origin, its
      activity being exhibited in case of the zinc ion presence. Fibrinolytic
      properties of Terrilytin are associated with the ability of all the three
      proteases to hydrolyze fibrin and fibrinogen.

PMID- 2419894
TI  - A monoclonal antibody that cross-reacts with phosphorylated epitopes on two
      microtubule-associated proteins and two neurofilament polypeptides.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody is described that was raised against bovine brain
      microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 1B. Immunoblot analysis revealed that
      immunoreactivity was abolished by dephosphorylation of the antigen. The
      antigen/antibody reaction was also directly inhibited by sodium phosphate. In
      whole brain tissue, MAP 1B was the primary immunoreactive species. However, the
      antibody was also found to react with MAP 1A as well as with the high and middle
      molecular weight neurofilament polypeptides. No cross-reaction with MAP 2, which
      is known to be extensively phosphorylated, other MAPs, or the low molecular
      weight neurofilament polypeptide was observed. This evidence suggests at least
      some sequence homology between these different polypeptide components of the
      neuronal cytoskeleton and points to a common mechanism for their phosphorylation.

PMID- 2419895
TI  - Cytogenetic "rogue" cells: what is their frequency, origin, and evolutionary
      significance?
AB  - Among 102,170 cultured lymphocytes obtained from 9818 individuals from Hiroshima,
      Japan, aged 9 to 37 years and scored for chromosomal abnormalities, 24 cells that
      exhibited an extreme degree of damage were encountered. The damage consists of
      multiple dicentric and even tricentric chromosomes, as well as numerous
      fragments, many with the appearance of "double minutes." The occurrence of these
      cells was not correlated with parental exposure to the atomic bomb, age, sex,
      year, or season. They were nonrandomly distributed by individual. Such cells were
      originally described in South American Indians and have also been recorded in
      inhabitants of the United States and the United Kingdom; this appears to be a
      world-wide phenomenon. Their cause remains unknown, and it is not known whether
      they occur in other somatic and germ-line cells. Should the latter be the case
      and should the least damaged of these cells occasionally successfully complete
      mitosis and meiosis, the possible role of such cells in oncogenesis and evolution
      must be considered.

PMID- 2419896
TI  - Colony probing as an alternative to standard sequencing as a means of direct
      analysis of chromosomal DNA to determine the spectrum of single-base changes in
      regions of known sequence.
AB  - We demonstrate here the means to directly analyze bacterial chromosomal DNA for
      all classes of single-base mutations in a specific codon in any region of known
      sequence through the use of DNA probing as a powerful substitute for standard
      sequencing techniques. With this method, chromosomal DNA from hundreds of mutants
      can be examined for single-base changes without any DNA cloning. This method can
      conveniently provide a large data base for the assessment of all classes of
      single-base mutations occurring spontaneously or induced by a known or suspected
      mutagen. The method is demonstrated for the analysis of histidine-independent
      (His+) revertants of hisG46, a missense mutation of Salmonella typhimurium that
      can revert in six or seven ways.

PMID- 2419897
TI  - Rabbit and human antibodies to a repeated amino acid sequence of a Plasmodium
      falciparum antigen, Pf 155, react with the native protein and inhibit merozoite
      invasion.
AB  - The Plasmodium falciparum-derived antigen of Mr 155,000 designated Pf 155,
      deposited in the membrane of infected erythrocytes, contains at least two blocks
      of tandemly repeated amino acid sequences. The peptide Glu-Glu-Asn-Val-Glu-His
      Asp-Ala, which corresponds to a subunit of a C-terminally located repeat, was
      synthesized. Rabbits immunized with the octapeptide conjugated with either
      keyhole limpet hemocyanine or tetanus toxoid formed antibodies against the
      octapeptide. These antibodies reacted with Pf 155 as detected by immunoblotting
      or a modified immunofluorescence assay. Sera from humans exposed to P. falciparum
      also contained antibodies binding to the octapeptide in a dot-blot immunoassay.
      Their anti-octapeptide titers were correlated with their immunofluorescence
      titers in the assay detecting Pf 155 and other parasite antigens in the membrane
      of infected erythrocytes. Human octapeptide-reactive antibodies were isolated on
      an affinity column with the octapeptide conjugated to bovine serum albumin as
      ligand. These human antibodies reacted with Pf 155 in immunoblotting and strongly
      stained the surface of infected erythrocytes in the modified immunofluorescence
      assay. Approximately 20% of this immunofluorescence activity in a high-titered
      human serum could be recovered from the octapeptide column, indicating that a
      significant fraction of these anti-parasite antibodies react with epitopes
      associated with the octapeptide. Furthermore, the human octapeptide-reactive
      antibodies very efficiently inhibited merozoite reinvasion into erythrocytes in
      vitro. Similarly purified rabbit antibodies also significantly inhibited
      reinvasion. Our results suggest that the C-terminal segment of repeated peptides
      in Pf 155 is a major antigenic region of the molecule and may contain target
      sites for protective immunity in P. falciparum malaria.

PMID- 2419898
TI  - Monoclonal antibody MB19 detects genetic polymorphism in human apolipoprotein B.
AB  - Using a specific monoclonal antibody (MB19) against human apolipoprotein B (apo
      B), we have detected a genetic polymorphism in human low density lipoprotein
      (LDL). MB19 bound to LDL from different individuals in one of three distinct
      patterns of immunoreactivity: strong, weak, and intermediate. Scatchard analysis
      revealed that LDLs with strong and with weak binding patterns differed 10-fold in
      their affinity for MB19, but both bound the same total amount of antibody (about
      one mole of MB19 per mole of apo B). LDL showing the intermediate binding pattern
      yielded a curvilinear Scatchard plot that could be resolved into two distinct
      components with affinities similar to those of LDLs exhibiting only the high- or
      only the low-affinity binding of MB19. LDL chemical composition was similar for
      all three MB19 binding patterns, and the polymorphism remained after removal of
      LDL lipid or carbohydrate. Analysis of plasmas from 77 unrelated individuals
      indicated that 40% of them bound MB19 with low affinity, 23% with high affinity,
      and 36% with intermediate or "hybrid" affinity. Family studies showed that the
      three MB19 binding patterns result from codominant transmission of two common apo
      B alleles, each coding for an allotype with different affinity for MB19,
      conditionally designated here MB19(1) (high affinity) and MB19(2) (low affinity).

PMID- 2419899
TI  - Small basic proteins of myelin from central and peripheral nervous systems are
      encoded by the same gene.
AB  - Peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) rodent myelins,
      which are produced by different cell types, share common morphological and
      functional characteristics although their major integral membrane proteins are
      completely different. Both types of myelin however, contain sets of four myelin
      basic proteins (MBPs), which share similar immunochemical and electrophoretic
      properties. We have isolated and characterized cDNA clones corresponding to the
      rat mRNAs encoding the small MBPs (SMBPs) found in both CNS and PNS myelin.
      Sequence analysis of these clones indicate that SMBPs in both divisions of the
      nervous system are encoded by the same nucleotide sequences, which suggests that
      they are the products of the same gene expressed in both oligodendrocyte and
      Schwann cells. In dot-blot hybridization experiments with the CNS SMBP cDNA as a
      probe, it was shown that there is a 20-fold higher level of MBP mRNA in a CNS
      myelin fraction than in total brainstem mRNA. It also was found that in optic and
      sciatic nerves, which contain oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells respectively,
      there are higher levels (4-fold and 2-fold, respectively) of MBP mRNA than in
      brainstem. Blot-hybridization experiments showed that a probe derived from the
      coding region of the rat SMBP cDNA hybridizes to an homologous mRNA
      (approximately equal to 2.6 kilobases) present in human optic nerve, which is not
      detectable with a probe derived from the 3' untranslated region. This
      conservation of coding-region sequences is in accord with the highly homologous
      amino acid sequences reported for the MBPs in the two species.

PMID- 2419900
TI  - Expression of apolipoprotein E during nerve degeneration and regeneration.
AB  - A 37-kDa glycoprotein has been described recently, whose synthesis is
      dramatically increased after injury of the rat sciatic and optic nerves. Cells in
      the nerve sheath, distal to the site of injury, produce and secrete large amounts
      of this protein, so that by 3 weeks after injury, it represents 2-5% of the total
      soluble extracellular protein in the regenerating sciatic nerve sheath, although
      it fails to accumulate in damaged optic nerve. Results presented here reveal
      extensive homology between the 37-kDa nerve injury-induced protein and a well
      studied serum protein, apolipoprotein E (apoE), that is involved in lipid and
      cholesterol metabolism and that has been shown recently to be present in adult
      and developing rat astroglia. Both proteins have identical isoelectric focusing
      points and similar molecular masses. Antibodies raised against the 37-kDa protein
      recognize apoE and anti-apoE serum crossreacts with the 37-kDa protein. Sequence
      data for two 14 amino acid stretches of the 37-kDa protein match identical
      regions of apoE. These data suggest that the 37-kDa protein is identical to serum
      apoE and that it could have similar functions to the latter. In the nervous
      system, for example, it may be involved in the mobilization and reutilization of
      lipid in the repair, growth, and maintenance of myelin and axonal membranes, both
      during development and after injury.

PMID- 2419901
TI  - Blood platelets express high levels of the pp60c-src-specific tyrosine kinase
      activity.
AB  - We have examined human and rabbit blood platelets for expression of pp60c-src,
      the normal cellular homolog of the transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus.
      pp60c-src kinase activity was determined by an immune-complex kinase assay that
      uses enolase as the substrate, and pp60c-src protein levels were determined by an
      immunoblot assay. Lysates from platelets expressed high levels of pp60c-src
      specific kinase activity and pp60c-src protein compared to the levels found in
      other tissues. pp60c-src was also found to be one of the major proteins
      phosphorylated in vitro in membranes isolated from platelets. Multiple protein
      species other than pp60c-src were also phosphorylated on tyrosine in the membrane
      phosphorylation reactions, and phosphotyrosine represented approximately equal to
      80% of the total phosphoamino acid residues phosphorylated in the membranes.
      These results indicate that tyrosine kinases represent the major protein
      phosphorylating enzymes detected in isolated platelet membranes. Although the
      association of tyrosine kinase activity with many viral oncogene products and
      cellular growth hormone receptors has suggested a role for these enzymes in the
      regulation of cell proliferation, these results indicate that the expression of
      high levels of tyrosine kinase activity is not exclusively associated with
      proliferating cells.

PMID- 2419902
TI  - Phosphorylation of tyrosine in the carboxyl-terminal tryptic peptide of pp60c
      src.
AB  - The major site of tyrosine phosphorylation of the transforming protein of Rous
      sarcoma virus, pp60v-src (tyrosine-416), is different from the major site of
      tyrosine phosphorylation of its nontransforming normal cellular counterpart,
      pp60c-src. We have shown that antibodies against a synthetic peptide modeled on
      the carboxyl-terminal 13 residues of pp60c-src specifically immunoprecipitate the
      major phosphotyrosine tryptic peptide of pp60c-src from both chicken and rat
      fibroblasts. These experiments localize the major site of tyrosine
      phosphorylation to one or more of the three tyrosine residues in the carboxyl
      terminal tryptic peptide at positions 511, 519, and 527 of the amino acid
      sequence of chicken pp60c-src. Tyrosines-519 and -527 are in the carboxyl
      terminal 19-amino acid segment of pp60c-src that is deleted and replaced by an
      unrelated sequence in pp60v-src. It is possible that phosphorylation of tyrosine
      in the carboxyl-terminal tryptic peptide may be involved in the normal regulation
      of pp60c-src. The absence of this phosphorylation site in pp60v-src may, in part,
      contribute to its oncogenic properties.

PMID- 2419903
TI  - Intermediate filaments in alpha-keratins.
AB  - Previous x-ray diffraction studies on the alpha-keratins of hair and wool have
      revealed that the intermediate filaments (IF) have a helical structure rendered
      imperfect by a precisely defined dislocation. It has also been possible to deduce
      a surface lattice for the IF and to determine the number of IF molecules
      associated with each lattice point. In this work this information is combined
      with data on the ionic interactions between the coiled-coil rope segments of the
      IF molecules to provide a plausible model for the pattern of interactions that
      stabilize the framework of the IF in the "hard" alpha-keratins. Similar
      interaction studies of the proteins from the IF in the so-called "soft" alpha
      keratin from the stratum corneum layer of the skin suggest that they are likely
      to have an essentially similar pattern.

PMID- 2419904
TI  - Primary structure of the human melanoma-associated antigen p97
      (melanotransferrin) deduced from the mRNA sequence.
AB  - p97 is a cell-surface glycoprotein that is present in most human melanomas but
      only in trace amounts in normal adult tissues. To determine the structure of this
      tumor-associated antigen and to identify its functional domains, we have purified
      and cloned p97 mRNA and determined its nucleotide sequence. The mRNA encodes a
      738-residue precursor, which contains the previously determined N-terminal amino
      acid sequence of p97. After removal of a 19-residue signal peptide, the mature
      p97 molecule comprises extracellular domains of 342 and 352 residues and a C
      terminal 25-residue stretch of predominantly uncharged and hydrophobic amino
      acids, which we believe acts as a membrane anchor. Each extracellular domain
      contains 14 cysteine residues, which form seven intradomain disulfide bridges,
      and one or two potential N-glycosylation sites. Protease digestion studies show
      that the three major antigenic determinants of p97 are present on the N-terminal
      domain. The domains are strikingly homologous to each other (46% amino acid
      sequence homology) and to the corresponding domains of human serum transferrin
      (39% homology). Conservation of disulfide bridges and of amino acids thought to
      compose the iron binding pockets suggests that p97 is also related to transferrin
      in tertiary structure and function. We propose that p97 be renamed
      melanotransferrin to denote its original identification in melanoma cells and its
      evolutionary relationship to serotransferrin and lactotransferrin, the other
      members of the transferrin superfamily.

PMID- 2419905
TI  - Speculations on the early course of evolution.
AB  - The proposal that RNA preceded DNA in evolution is more than 15 years old. In
      light of recent studies on RNA processing (including protein-free reactions),
      present knowledge about eukaryotic gene structure, and studies comparing
      ribosomal RNA sequences, we propose a train of events for precellular and early
      cellular evolution.

PMID- 2419906
TI  - Molecular cloning of the mouse cell adhesion molecule uvomorulin: cDNA contains a
      B1-related sequence.
AB  - A clone (F20) containing coding sequences for the cell adhesion molecule
      uvomorulin was isolated by immunological techniques from cDNA library in the
      expression vector lambda gt11. The beta-galactosidase-uvomorulin fusion protein
      was used to affinity purify anti-uvomorulin antibodies. Affinity-purified
      antibodies recognized uvomorulin from cell lysates of embryonal carcinoma cells
      and reacted with the cell surface of embryonal carcinoma cells. The 1.8-kilobase
      cDNA insert hybridized to a single 4.3-kilobase poly(A)+ RNA species found only
      in cells expressing uvomorulin. Part of the nontranslated 3' sequences of the
      cloned uvomorulin cDNA is homologous to the interspersed B1 repeat of the mouse
      genome.

PMID- 2419907
TI  - Evolutionary diversity of eukaryotic small-subunit rRNA genes.
AB  - The small-subunit rRNA gene sequences of the flagellated protists Euglena
      gracilis and Trypanosoma brucei were determined and compared to those of other
      eukaryotes. A phylogenetic tree was constructed in which the earliest branching
      among the eukaryotes is represented by E. gracilis. The E. gracilis divergence
      far antedates a period of massive evolutionary radiation that gave rise to the
      plants, animals, fungi, and certain groups of protists such as ciliates and the
      acanthamoebae. The genetic diversity in this collection of eukaryotes is seen to
      exceed that displayed within either the eubacterial or the archaebacterial lines
      of descent.

PMID- 2419908
TI  - Human protein HC and its IgA complex are inhibitors of neutrophil chemotaxis.
AB  - Protein HC, a heterogeneously charged low molecular weight glycoprotein, and its
      IgA complex were isolated from human plasma and urine. Plasma from individuals
      with monoclonal IgA populations was used as starting material for the isolation
      of the protein HC-IgA complex to obtain homogeneous complex populations. Neither
      low molecular weight protein HC nor its IgA complex in the concentrations 30 and
      600 mg/liter influenced the random migration of normal human neutrophils. The
      chemotactic response of neutrophils to endotoxin-activated serum was, however,
      attenuated in a dose-dependent way by both low molecular weight protein HC and
      protein HC-IgA complex. Concentrations of protein HC and its IgA complex
      producing significant inhibition of the chemotactic response were found to occur
      in plasma from healthy and diseased individuals as well as in synovial fluid from
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis. These results suggest that protein HC and its
      IgA complex play physiological roles in the regulation of the inflammatory
      response.

PMID- 2419909
TI  - Dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channels in mammalian skeletal muscle cells in
      culture: electrophysiological properties and interactions with Ca2+ channel
      activator (Bay K8644) and inhibitor (PN 200-110).
AB  - The whole-cell patch-clamp technique has been used to analyze the properties of
      the dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channel in rat skeletal muscle cells
      (myoballs) in culture. The potential dependence of Ca2+-channel activation is
      similar to that observed in cardiac cells. However, the skeletal muscle Ca2+
      channel is activated more slowly (by a factor of about 10). The voltage
      dependence of Ca2+-channel inactivation indicates a half-maximal inactivation
      (Vh0.5) at -72 mV as compared to Vh0.5 = -35 mV for cardiac cells. Blockade of
      the skeletal muscle Ca2+ channel by the dihydropyridine (+)-PN 200-110 is voltage
      dependent, with a half-maximal effect (K0.5) of 13 nM for an application of the
      drug to the myoball membrane held at -90 mV and of 0.15 nM for an application at
      a potential of -65 mV. The 100-fold difference in apparent affinity is
      interpreted as a preferential association of PN 200-110 with the inactivated form
      of the Ca2+ channel. The K0.5 value found from electrophysiological experiments
      for the binding to the inactivated state (K0.5 = 0.15 nM) is nearly identical to
      the equilibrium dissociation constant found from binding experiments with (+)
      [3H]PN 200-110 using transverse-tubular membranes (Kd = 0.22 nM). The
      dihydropyridine activator Bay K8644 acts by increasing Ca2+ current amplitude and
      by slowing down deactivation.

PMID- 2419910
TI  - Molecular basis for heterosis for myelin basic protein content in mice.
AB  - Poly(A)+ mRNA was isolated from the brains of C57BL/6J (B6), DBA/2J (D2), and F1
      hybrid mice (B6 X D2) of 16-17 days of age. The yield of polysomal RNA, both
      poly(A)+ and poly(A)-, from the three strains of mice was comparable. When
      translated in vitro in a reticulocyte lysate system, the mRNA preparations had
      the same efficiency with respect to stimulation of amino acid incorporation into
      protein. However, a significant heterotic effect was seen for the production of
      myelin basic protein (MBP) by the mRNA from the F1 mice. That is, the fraction of
      protein synthesized as MBP was greater for the F1 hybrid than for either parental
      strain. The distribution of the form of MBPs was not different among the three
      strains. We therefore believe that heterosis for brain MBP content in the F1
      hybrid may be regulated at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level.

PMID- 2419911
TI  - Bovine galactosyltransferase: identification of a clone by direct immunological
      screening of a cDNA expression library.
AB  - A 1.3-kilobase cDNA clone (7A) coding for bovine galactosyltransferase
      (glycoprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.38) was isolated from a
      lambda gt11 expression library by immunological screening with monospecific
      polyclonal antisera to the affinity-purified bovine enzyme. The nucleotide
      sequence of this clone predicts an open reading frame that starts at the 5' end
      of the insert and codes for a polypeptide of 334 amino acids with Mr 37,645.
      Based on a Mr of 57,000 for the membrane-bound enzyme this clone accounts for
      approximately 61% of the coding sequence. Portions of the predicted amino acid
      sequence matched the six tryptic peptides isolated from affinity-purified bovine
      galactosyltransferase. Clone 7A hybridizes to a 4.8-kilobase bovine mRNA and
      identifies multiple EcoRI restriction fragments in bovine, murine, and human DNA.

PMID- 2419913
TI  - Voltage-gated and synaptic currents in rat Purkinje cells in dissociated cell
      cultures.
AB  - The electrical properties of rat Purkinje cells and synapses from granule cells
      were studied in dissociated cell cultures. To identify the cells we used an
      immunohistochemical method and recorded voltage-gated and synaptic currents with
      the patch-clamp technique (the whole-cell mode). Cultured Purkinje cells
      generated action potentials similar to those recorded from in vitro slices or in
      vivo preparations. Early Na, late Ca inward current, and K outward currents were
      distinguished by ion substitution under voltage clamp. We also recorded
      spontaneous synaptic currents in Purkinje cells cultured with granule cells.
      These synaptic currents reversed direction at the membrane potential of 2.5 mV,
      which was similar to currents induced by L-glutamate. Therefore, these are most
      likely excitatory synaptic currents from granule cells. Since these properties of
      Purkinje cells examined here are similar to those in situ, the cells in
      dissociated cell cultures offer a great opportunity to study biophysical
      properties of identified neurons in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2419912
TI  - Identification of a common nucleotide sequence in the 3'-untranslated region of
      mRNA molecules specifying inflammatory mediators.
AB  - Recently, cDNA sequences have been reported for both human and murine tumor
      necrosis factor (TNF; cachectin). The coding region of the TNF genes is highly
      conserved between man and mouse; 80% homology is apparent at the amino acid
      level. We now observe that a 33-nucleotide sequence, comprised entirely of A and
      T residues and located in the 3'-untranslated region, is conserved in toto in the
      murine and human TNF mRNAs. Since the 3'-untranslated region is normally not
      conserved, we reasoned that this sequence might play a regulatory role. We
      identified a consensus sequence (TTATTTAT) present in the 3'-untranslated region
      of both human and mouse TNF mRNAs, as well as the mRNAs encoding human
      lymphotoxin, human colony stimulating factor, human and mouse interleukin 1,
      human and rat fibronectin, and most of the sequenced human and mouse interferons.
      All of these mRNAs, except the lymphotoxin mRNA, lack homology to the TNF mRNAs
      in the coding region. The consensus sequence is uncommon among mammalian mRNAs in
      general, but it appears with a frequency greater than chance alone would dictate,
      suggesting that it may serve a specific regulatory function among the mRNAs in
      which it is found. It is particularly prevalent among mRNAs encoding proteins
      related to the inflammatory response.

PMID- 2419914
TI  - Nerve growth factor receptor molecules in rat brain.
AB  - We have developed a method to immunoprecipitate rat nerve growth factor (NGF)
      receptor proteins and have applied the method to detect NGF receptor molecules in
      the rat brain. Crosslinking 125I-labeled NGF to either PC12 cells or cultured rat
      sympathetic neurons yielded two radiolabeled molecules (90 kDa and 220 kDa) that
      were immunoprecipitated by monoclonal antibody 192-IgG. Further, 192-IgG
      precipitated two radiolabeled proteins, with the expected sizes (80 kDa and 210
      kDa) of noncrosslinked NGF receptor components, from among numerous surface
      iodinated PC12 cell proteins. These results demonstrate the specific
      immunoprecipitation of NGF receptor molecules by 192-IgG. We applied the 125I-NGF
      crosslinking and 192-IgG-mediated immunoprecipitation procedures to plasma
      membrane preparations of the following areas of rat brain: medial septum,
      cerebellum, brainstem, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, thalamus, and olfactory
      bulb. NGF receptor molecules of the same molecular masses as the peripheral
      receptor components were consistently detected in all of these regions and in
      preparations from whole brains. Removal of the peripheral sympathetic innervation
      of the brain did not eliminate these NGF receptor proteins, indicating that the
      receptor is endogenous to central nervous system tissues. We also observed
      retrograde transport of 125I-labeled 192-IgG from the parietal cortex to the
      nucleus basalis and from the hippocampus to the nucleus of the diagonal band of
      Broca and the medial septal nucleus. These findings demonstrate the presence in
      brain of NGF receptor molecules indistinguishable from those of the peripheral
      nervous system.

PMID- 2419915
TI  - Hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity in mice: effects of Avy/-genotype,
      obesity, lindane treatment, and sex.
AB  - Phenotypically distinct but genetically identical obese mottled yellow Avy/a and
      lean pseudoagouti Avy/a sibling mice and their congeneic black a/a littermates
      provide an experimental system for distinguishing phenotypic effects from
      genotypic effects in the expression of the genotype at the organismic level.
      Hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity in obese yellow Avy/a (YS X VY) F-1
      hybrid female mice was only about 66% of that found in their lean black a/a
      sisters. This decreased enzyme activity was not a direct effect of the Avy/a
      genotype but was associated with the obesity of the yellow mice since the enzyme
      activity in lean pseudoagouti Avy/a female siblings was similar to that found in
      the black a/a mice. Long-term feeding of 160 ppm lindane in the diet decreased
      the enzyme activity in all phenotypes but did not eliminate the difference
      between the obese yellow and lean pseudoagouti and black mice. Interpretation of
      the available data suggests that no direct relationship exists between the level
      of hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity and the enhancement of tumor
      formation in yellow Avy/a mice. Several inbred mouse strains and F-1 hybrids were
      also screened for this enzyme activity. No strain differences were found but sex
      differences within different inbred strains were not uniform. In the AE and YS
      strains and their F-1 hybrid enzyme activity was higher in female than in males.
      In contrast, BALB/c and VY strain males had higher enzyme activity than the
      corresponding females.

PMID- 2419916
TI  - Induction chemotherapy with methotrexate, bleomycin and hydroxyurea with or
      without cisplatin in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a
      study of the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK).

PMID- 2419917
TI  - Vincristine, bleomycin, mitomycin C, cisplatin combination chemotherapy as
      additive treatment to radiotherapy in poor risk patients with squamous cell
      carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

PMID- 2419918
TI  - Preoperative chemotherapy in localized cancer of the esophagus with cis-platinum,
      vindesine and bleomycin.

PMID- 2419919
TI  - Combination of cytostatics and radiation--a new trend in the treatment of
      inoperable esophageal cancer.
AB  - The prognosis of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus remains
      dismal, in spite of technical advances in both surgery and radiation therapy.
      Chemotherapy as a palliative approach is still in the investigational phase and
      the very moderate antitumor activity has been observed with only a few single
      agents (Bleomycin, Adriamycin, Cis Platinum, 5-Fluorouracil, Vindesine). In an
      attempt to improve therapeutic results, cytostatic agents, which interacts with
      radiation, are now combined with radiotherapy. In a sequential manner several
      controlled clinical studies were performed in more than 250 patients, using
      antitumor drugs alone or in combination with radiation. The results of these
      studies showed superiority of combined approach, either in remission rate or
      remission duration. Combination of Bleomycin + radiation achieved a response rate
      of 62%, Adriamycin + radiation 60%, while both drugs combined with radiation
      showed the same response rate but higher toxicity. By adding 5-Fluorouracil to
      Adriamycin/Bleomycin + radiation therapy, 64% and even 75% responses were
      observed compared to only 30-40% with cytostatics alone. With combined approach a
      median remission duration of 16 months was reached. An ongoing clinical trial,
      based upon in vitro proved synergism of 4-epi-doxorubicin and radiation, showed
      very promising results. Namely, this new analogue of Adriamycin, when combined
      with radiation, resulted in 6 complete and 7 partial remissions out of 17
      patients entered the study (13/17 - 76%). Furthermore, 4 patients showed a minor
      regression (less than 50%), and no progression was observed. The advantages of
      chemoradiotherapy in esophageal cancer could be summarized as follows: higher
      response rate (60-80%), higher proportion of complete responses (up to 45%),
      longer remission duration, lower radiation dosage (3,200-4,000 cGy) and
      consequently better tolerance of treatment (less morbidity). The longer follow up
      will show, whether combined approach could increase 5-year survival rate of these
      patients.

PMID- 2419920
TI  - Preoperative chemotherapy in the treatment of germinal tumors.

PMID- 2419921
TI  - Combined modality treatment in stage I and II diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

PMID- 2419922
TI  - Improvement in the preservation of ischemically impaired renal transplants of
      pigs by iloprost (ZK 36 374).
AB  - Kidneys of five pigs were preoperatively perfused with iloprost in situ (infusion
      of 0.5 microgram X kg-1 for 15 minutes) and exposed to a warm ischemic period of
      45 minutes. The behaviour of these kidneys during initial perfusion by gravity
      and hypothermic mechanical perfusion for 24 hours was comparable to that of
      kidneys having had a warm ischemic period of less than 5 minutes. After
      retransplantation all kidneys showed a sufficient blood flow and immediate
      production of urine during the test period of 3 hours.

PMID- 2419923
TI  - Effect of alpha-fetoprotein on arachidonic acid metabolism in the preadipocyte
      cell line OB 17.
AB  - Previous work has shown that alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is able to bind specifically
      polyunsaturated fatty acids, one of the major ligands being arachidonic acid
      (C20:4). In the present study, we demonstrate that AFP is able to reduce the
      metabolism of exogenous C20:4 by ob17 cells. Both prostaglandins and lipoxygenase
      products formation were reduced when cells were maintained in the presence of
      AFP. This decrease was counterbalanced by a higher release of C20:4 into the
      culture medium by the cells. The amount of C20:4 incorporated into cellular
      lipids was decreased but the distribution of C20:4 in the different lipid classes
      remained unchanged. The modification of C20:4 metabolism by AFP might be of
      primordial importance in developmental biology and may shed a new light on the
      physiological actions of AFP which have been described in the past years such as
      ovarian inhibition, cell growth control and immuno-suppressive activity.

PMID- 2419924
TI  - Behavioral characteristics of centrally administered adenosine analogs.
AB  - Mice were implanted with chronic indwelling cannulae in the lateral cerebral
      ventricle. A series of adenosine analogs and related compounds were injected into
      the lateral ventricle (ICVT) and their effects on spontaneous locomotor activity
      recorded. All analogs produced dose-related decreases in locomotor activity. 5'
      N6-ethyl-carboxamidoadenosine (NECA) was the most potent compound tested, with a
      number of N6-substituted analogs also being effective depressants of activity.
      Caffeine, administered either intracerebroventricularly or intraperitoneally,
      antagonized the depressant effects of the adenosine analogs. 3-Isobutyl-1
      methylxanthine, administered ICVT, depressed locomotor activity. However, after
      caffeine, IBMX elicited behavioral stimulation. Agents which inhibit the
      transport of adenosine (dipyridamole, dilazep, papaverine) depressed locomotor
      activity, as did erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA, an inhibitor of
      adenosine deaminase. The effects of dilazep, papaverine and EHNA, but not of
      dipyridamole, were antagonized by caffeine. These results further substantiate
      the notion that endogenous adenosine is involved in the regulation of central
      nervous system excitability.

PMID- 2419925
TI  - Inhibition of nucleic acids and protein synthesis by deazaadenosine derivatives:
      a study on structure-activity relationships.
AB  - The effect of four deaza-analogues of adenosine on the synthesis of nucleic acids
      and proteins was investigated in monkey kidney cell line Vero. Cells in
      exponential growth phase were exposed for two hours to 1, 3 or 10 microM
      concentrations of 1-deazaadenosine (c1Ado), 3-deazaadenosine (c3Ado), 7
      deazaadenosine (c7Ado) or 1,3-dideazaadenosine (c1,3Ado) in a serum free medium;
      the rate of macromolecules synthesis was estimated after one hour pulse treatment
      with radiolabelled precursors. At the concentrations used, c1Ado and c3Ado
      produced no or very little change in the rate of macromolecules synthesis: c1Ado
      slightly increased RNA synthesis whereas c3Ado was a weak inhibitor of DNA
      synthesis. Conversely, c7Ado was a potent inhibitor of macromolecules synthesis.
      Two hours of drug exposure at a concentration of 10 microM, resulted in a 40-50%
      inhibition in DNA, RNA and protein synthesis rates. c1,3Ado did not significantly
      affect RNA or protein metabolism but produced a dramatic increase in DNA
      synthesis. No DNA breaks could be detected in cells exposed to the agents tested
      in this study.

PMID- 2419926
TI  - Non-cholinergic inotropic responses evoked by electric field stimulation in the
      isolated rat urinary bladder. Possible participation of substance P.
AB  - The present study explores whether a peptide, such as substance P (SP), has some
      role subserving the atropine-resistant component of electrically-evoked
      contractions, in isolated rat urinary bladders. The electric field stimulation
      (EFS) employed herein, consisted in square wave pulses of 5 Hz, 50 ms duration
      and supramaximal voltage (40 V), applied for 10 sec, every 3 min and conducted to
      the tissue via a pair of platinum ring electrodes, surrounding the isolated
      preparations. In order to assess whether electric stimuli, induced urinary
      bladder inotropism through the activation of nerve structures, degeneration of
      intramural nerve elements was attempted by cooling the tissue (48 h at 4-5
      degrees C). After such procedure, 80-90% inhibition of responses to EFS, was
      detected. Moreover, tetrodotoxin, at 10(-6) M, evoked similar effects than
      cooling. Atropine, at 10(-6) M, failed to produce a significant decrement of
      contractile responses, whereas at 10(-5) M, the electrically-induced inotropism
      declined around 40%, in comparison with controls. In another set of experiments,
      atropinized urinary bladders (atropine at 10(-5) M) were exposed to capsaicin (5
      X 10(-6) M) and this coincided with decreased (-43%) responses to EFS. Next, SP,
      at 10(-9) M, was added to the medium containing capsaicin and complete
      restoration of full contractile responses to EFS, was observed. Inasmuch as it
      has been proposed that capsaicin releases SP from sensory nerve fibers and since
      our experiments show that SP restored the inotropism elicited by electric stimuli
      on capsaicin-exposed preparations, it is suggested that SP could be involved, at
      least in part, in the non-cholinergic, EFS-evoked, contractile responses of
      isolated rat urinary bladders.

PMID- 2419927
TI  - Dopaminergic activity of four analogs of butaclamol.
AB  - The displacing potency of four analogs of the neuroleptic drug butaclamol were
      evaluated using dog striatal tissue and [3H]-Spiroperidol as ligand. Although
      significantly less powerful than the parent compound, two of them (N-isobutyl
      butaclamol equatorial; N-methyl butaclamol equatorial) could be used for
      dopaminergic receptor studies.

PMID- 2419928
TI  - [Progress in the field of drug development. 18].

PMID- 2419929
TI  - Use dependent depression of fast sodium current in heart muscle by the new
      antiarrhythmic substance Bonnecor (AWD 19-166, GS 015).
AB  - A new antiarrhythmic compound (Bonnecor AWD 19-166, GS 015) was studied in its
      effects on the fast sodium channel in two types of cardiac preparations (rabbit
      ventricular myocardium, frog atrial trabecules). AWD 19-166 depressed the maximum
      upstroke velocity of the action potentials in ventricular myocardium (50%
      inhibition at 5 X 10(-6) mol/l) and decreased the fast inward current in frog
      atrial myocardium. High frequent trains of pacing pulses produced a pacing
      dependent extra block of both the maximal upstroke velocity and the fast inward
      current. It is concluded that AWD 19-166 blocks the fast sodium channel in a use
      dependent manner.

PMID- 2419930
TI  - On the heterogeneity of mast cells.
AB  - Mast cells from different locations are shown to vary in their histochemical,
      ultrastructural, cytochemical and functional properties. The clinical
      consequences of this heterogeneity and possible reasons for its origin are
      discussed.

PMID- 2419931
TI  - Metal ions and oxygen radical reactions in human inflammatory joint disease.
AB  - Activated phagocytic cells produce superoxide (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2);
      their production is important in bacterial killing by neutrophils and has been
      implicated in tissue damage by activated phagocytes. H2O2 and O2- are poorly
      reactive in aqueous solution and their damaging actions may be related to
      formation of more reactive species from them. One such species is hydroxyl
      radical (OH.), formed from H2O2 in the presence of iron- or copper-ion catalysts.
      A major determinant of the cytotoxicity of O2- and H2O2 is thus the availability
      and location of metal-ion catalysts of OH. formation. Hydroxyl radical is an
      initiator of lipid peroxidation. Iron promoters of OH. production present in vivo
      include ferritin, and loosely bound iron complexes detectable by the 'bleomycin
      assay'. The chelating agent Desferal (desferrioxamine B methanesulphonate)
      prevents iron-dependent formation of OH. and protects against phagocyte-dependent
      tissue injury in several animal models of human disease. The use of Desferal for
      human treatment should be approached with caution, because preliminary results
      upon human rheumatoid patients have revealed side effects. It is proposed that
      OH. radical is a major damaging agent in the inflamed rheumatoid joint and that
      its formation is facilitated by the release of iron from transferrin, which can
      be achieved at the low pH present in the micro-environment created by adherent
      activated phagocytic cells. It is further proposed that one function of
      lactoferrin is to protect against iron-dependent radical reactions rather than to
      act as a catalyst of OH. production.

PMID- 2419932
TI  - Small peptides bound to polysomal RNA inhibit gene expression in cell-free
      systems, replication of stimulated lymphocytes and DNA repair in isolated
      chromatin.
AB  - Polysomal poly(A)+-RNA prepared from isolated calf liver polysomes by
      deproteinization and affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)-Sepharose at pH 6
      contains low molecular weight peptides (between 600-1500 daltons) bound
      noncovalently. These peptides were extracted from the poly(A)+-RNA-peptides
      complex by precipitation of the nucleic acids with 80% (v/v) ethanol at alkaline
      pH (9.5) and purified on Sephadex G-25 and G-15 columns. Further fractionation
      was performed by silica gel chromatography and high performance liquid
      chromatography (h.p.l.c.). The amino acid composition of the isolated peptidic
      fraction was compared with similar peptides obtained from rat liver, rabbit
      reticulocyte and calf thymus polysomes. Effluent (ribosomal) RNA contains only
      negligible amount of peptides. Isolated polysomal RNA peptides were named
      "deprimerones" (from Latin "deprimere"), since they have a general depressing
      effect on gene expression in vitro (Hillar & Przyjemski, 1979). Isolated
      deprimerones not only inhibit DNA transcription, RNA translation in reconstituted
      cell-free systems, but also DNA replication by DNA polymerase beta with single-
      and double-stranded DNA template and synthetic deoxyribonucleotide polymers. The
      inhibitory effect on replication was correlated with the inhibition of [3H]
      deoxyribonucleotide incorporation in isolated chromatin and in stimulated
      lymphocyte cell cultures. The isolated deprimerones are characterized by similar
      amino acid compositions in various species.

PMID- 2419933
TI  - Nuclear peptides from calf liver: large scale isolation and fractionation;
      control of gene expression in cell-free systems, and inhibition of growth of
      cells in culture.
AB  - DNA and nuclear RNA fractions contain small peptides (mol. wt. 600 - 1500)
      attached noncovalently. A large scale isolation procedure was developed for the
      extraction of such peptides directly from the lysed nuclei. Further purification
      and fractionation was performed with the chromatography on Sephadex, silica gel
      and h.p.l.c. C18 reverse phase columns. H.p.l.c. fractionation yielded eleven
      peaks. The peptides are rich in serine, glycine, alanine and acidic amino acids.
      They do not contain sulphur-containing amino acids. Only occasionally tyrosine,
      phenylalanine, histidine, arginine, and very moderate amount of lysine are found.
      These peptides are active in inhibiting gene expression in cell-free systems and
      incorporation of labeled thymidine in L 1210 murine leukemic cell culture.
      Thorough and exhaustive analysis demonstrated that the isolated peptides are not
      degradative products of histone or nonhistone chromosomal proteins.

PMID- 2419934
TI  - Double, double, toil and trouble.

PMID- 2419935
TI  - [Monoamine metabolite levels in cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenic patients].

PMID- 2419936
TI  - Immunological characteristics of monoclonal antibodies against human
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).
AB  - Four hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) of the IgG1 subclass
      against human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were obtained from fusion of P3
      NS1/1-Ag4 myeloma cells with splenic cells from mice immunized with purified CEA.
      None of the MAbs showed cross-reactivity to perchloric acid extractable antigens
      from the normal human colon by an inhibition radioimmunoassay. However, MAb C27
      showed the highest affinity to CEA. The intensity of immunofluorescence staining
      of human colorectal cancer cells with MAb C27 correlates well to the cellular CEA
      content of cancer cells. LS174T showed the highest intensity of fluorescence
      (95%) while COLO320DM and COLO320HRS were the lowest (0.5%). None of the normal
      human organs - colon, lungs, liver, spleen or kidneys-showed positive staining by
      immunoperoxidase anti-peroxidase (PA) techniques, while tissues from colorectal
      carcinoma (CRC), gastric carcinoma, hepatoma and lung cancer gave a positive rate
      of 100% (30/30), 96.6% (28/29), 32.1% (9/28) and 82.1% (69/84) respectively.
      Results suggest that MAb C27 can be used in immunodetection and radiolocalization
      of colorectal carcinoma.

PMID- 2419937
TI  - The boys of Ibansk: a Freudian look at some recent Russian satire.

PMID- 2419938
TI  - From Eros to Thanatos: condensation and repetition compulsion in Coleridge's
      "Kubla Khan".

PMID- 2419939
TI  - Twenty-five years and thirty days.
AB  - One can imagine the history of psychoanalytic literary criticism (like
      psychoanalysis itself) as three phases, each enlarging and including the previous
      one: a classical phase that studied the oedipal conflicts of literary figures; an
      ego psychology that addressed literary structures; now, a psychology of the self
      that uses associations to unfold and deepen one's relations to literature.
      Psychoanalytic criticism used to be disdained in literary circles, but has become
      highly fashionable, for today other kinds of criticism also use associations.
      They do not acknowledge the critic's self or countertransference, however, and
      their psychoanalysis is not the clinician's.

PMID- 2419940
TI  - Empirical journey into the measurement of symbolic function as a dimension of
      alexithymia.
AB  - This paper traces the author's empirical research journey into the measurement of
      symbolic function as a dimension of alexithymia. The archetypal test with 9
      elements (AT9) is proposed as a tool to discrimnate between forms and degrees of
      disorganization in symbolic behavior of alexithymic subjects. The results seem to
      indicate that the AT9 test is able to differentiate a primary from a secondary
      alexithymic subject.

PMID- 2419941
TI  - Alexithymia and the split brain. III. Global-level content analysis of fantasy
      and symbolization.
AB  - 8 commissurotomy patients and 8 precision-matched normal control subjects were
      shown a 3-min videotaped film about death. Content analysis of the subjects'
      spoken and written responses to this film was carried out on the global,
      interpretive level, for 2 fantasy and 4 symbolization variables. Commissurotomy
      patients were found to be significantly more alexithymic than normal controls for
      3 of the symbolization variables, for factor-analytic measures of fantasy and
      symbolization, and for an over-all measure of alexithymia derived from these 2
      factors and lexical-level and sentential-level measures of alexithymia.

PMID- 2419942
TI  - Ouabain-evoked [3H]noradrenaline release from the rabbit pulmonary artery in
      calcium-free solution.
AB  - [3H]noradrenaline ([3H]NA) release from the isolated main pulmonary artery of the
      rabbit has been measured in the presence of neuronal (cocaine, 3 X 10(-5) M) and
      extraneuronal (corticosterone, 5 X 10(-5) M) uptake blockers. 10(-4) M ouabain
      significantly increased the [3H]NA release in normal external ionic environments
      after an initial delay (20-30 min). Excess K (23.6 mM) failed to affect the
      resting [3H]NA outflow, significantly inhibited the ouabain-stimulated [3H]NA
      release and shortened the initial delay by about 10-20 min. Higher concentration
      of K (47 X 2 mM) enhanced the outflow of [3H]NA. In the absence of external Ca
      and in the presence of 1 mM EGTA, 23.6 mM-K failed to exert an inhibitory action
      on ouabain evoked transmitter release. Higher concentrations of K, however,
      significantly inhibited the [3H]NA-releasing effect of ouabain without changing
      the resting outflow of labelled neurotransmitter. The initial delay of ouabain
      evoked [3H]NA release was shortened by increasing the concentration of K. Total
      substitution of external Na by K (143.3 mM) increased the [3H]NA release in the
      absence of external Ca. After the Na gradient was re-established in Ca-free
      solution the release of [3H]NA was terminated. Under these conditions the NA
      releasing action of ouabain was dependent on the preceding perfusing period in Na
      free solution, being smaller if longer exposure time was used. When external Na
      was substituted by Li (137.4 mM) in Ca-free solution the [3H]NA release was
      dramatically increased. After Na readmission ouabain was ineffective in producing
      transmitter release. It is suggested that in the main pulmonary artery of the
      rabbit, when the electrochemical gradient of Ca is reversed, ouabain is effective
      in producing transmitter release if the internally stored Ca has not been
      completely lost. Since in Ca-free solution the ouabain-evoked [3H]NA release can
      be inhibited by external K it seems that the transmitter release observed is due
      to a Na-dependent release of intracellular Ca rather than the penetration of
      ouabain into the cell followed by direct inhibition of the active transport of
      internal store membranes.

PMID- 2419943
TI  - [Effect of testosterone on nucleic acid synthesis in spermatogenic epithelial
      cells of irradiated animals].
AB  - A study was made of changes in nucleic acid synthesis in proliferating germ cell
      populations of animals irradiated with doses of 2 and 4 Gy. The administration of
      exogenous testosterone was shown to stimulate DNA synthesis, inhibited by the
      effect of radiation, in spermatogonium populations of A1-4, intermediate, and B
      types, and in preleptotene primary spermatocytes; RNA synthesis was increased in
      the same populations of spermatogonia and pachytene primary spermatocytes. The
      obtained results indicate that exogenous testosterone exerts a beneficial effect
      on spermatogenesis damaged by ionizing radiation.

PMID- 2419944
TI  - [Intestinal lipodystrophy (M. Whipple). Synopsis of radiology, endoscopy and
      histology].
AB  - The case of a 48 years old man with intestinal lipodystrophy (Whipple's disease)
      is clinically, roentgenologically, endoscopically and histologically documented.
      The diagnosis was established by endoscopic biopsy and laparatomy. The patho
      histologic changes of the mucosa of the proximal small bowel are pathognomonic.
      Roentgenologically the characteristic mucosal and lymphadenoid changes can be
      demonstrated as well as the extent of the process.

PMID- 2419945
TI  - Fibrinolytic activity of prostacyclin and iloprost in patients with peripheral
      arterial disease.
AB  - We studied the effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) and its stable analog, iloprost, on
      blood fibrinolytic activity in 33 patients with peripheral arterial disease. Ten
      subjects (group A) received three 5-hour infusions of iloprost on three
      consecutive days. The remaining 23 patients received three different 5-hour
      infusions (placebo, iloprost 2 ng/kg/min, PGI2 5 ng/kg/min). Tissue plasminogen
      activator (t-PA), total plasma fibrinolytic activity and euglobulin clot lysis
      time (ECLT) were determined in patients before and after each infusion, both in
      freely flowing blood samples and following 10 min venous occlusion. In patients
      of group A, ECLT at rest was significantly shortened after all three iloprost
      infusions (on average by about 5-11%). First and third infusions produced also
      shortening of ECLT after venostasis (by 21 and 32%). Statistically significant
      rise in t-PA activity (by about 68% on average) accompanied only the first
      infusion. In patients of the group B iloprost provoked significant fall in ECLT
      at rest (by about 19% on average) only. PGI2 shortened ECLT both at rest and
      after venous occlusion (by about 17% and 20% on average, respectively) and led to
      a rise in t-PA activity after venous occlusion by about 33% on average. Our
      results indicate that prostacyclin and its stable analog, iloprost, enhance
      fibrinolytic activity in man by releasing or facilitating the release of tissue
      plasminogen activator from the vessel wall.

PMID- 2419946
TI  - [Hepatitis B and primary cancer of the liver in intertropical Africa].
AB  - During the past 15 years, a growing body of evidence incriminates hepatitis B
      virus as the major factor in the etiology of primary liver cancer.
      Epidemiological studies throughout the world reported a striking correspondence
      between areas where the frequency of primary liver cancer is high and where HBV
      infection is hyperendemic. Moreover, primary liver cancer is commonly associated
      with cirrhosis of the postnecrotic macronodular type. Such data suggested a
      sequence hepatitis-cirrhosis-PLC. Such sequence was confirmed by extensive
      serologic testing studies which reported a high frequency of HBV markers in PLC
      patients compared to matched control groups. Data collected in Senegal, Mali and
      Burundi on 12,000 individuals stress the importance of HBV infections in these
      countries, as the high rate of chronic carrier state in patients suffering from
      liver cirrhosis or primary liver cancer (62-63%) compared to the general
      population (12-17%). Other HBV markers including anti-HBs, anti-HBc, HBeAg and
      anti-HBe had no prognostic value in the sequence hepatitis-cirrhosis-PLC. A new
      HBV seric marker, the HBsAg/IgM complexes, observed in HBsAg positive
      individuals, is more frequently detected in PLC patients (50%) and cirrhosis
      (40%) than in healthy HBsAg carriers (14%). These results would indicate that
      HBsAg carriers are more likely to develop cirrhosis or primary liver cancer when
      they evidence HBsAg/IgM complexes. In conclusion, the seric markers of evolution
      towards primary liver cancer are: HBsAg (the highest known risk factor), the
      presence in such individuals of HBsAg/IgM complexes, and increased values of
      alphafoetoprotein.

PMID- 2419947
TI  - [Decreased levels of the albumin-alpha-1-globulin fraction of serum proteins,
      risk factor for ischemic cardiopathy].
AB  - Serum proteins and their electrophoretic fractions: albumin-alpha-1 globulin (Alb
      alpha-1), alpha-2 and alpha-3 globulins, beta and gamma globulins have been
      included in the Paris Prospective Study which has concerned 7434 middle-aged men
      free of any atherosclerotic disease at entry and followed-up during 6.6 years on
      average. The level of Alb-alpha-1 is significantly lower among myocardial
      infarction or sudden death cases: the mean difference with controls is equal to
      one gram. The inverse relationship between incidence and Alb-alpha-1 level is a
      continuous one. No relationship is observed with angina. In multivariate
      analysis, serum cholesterol, blood pressure, tobacco and Alb-alpha-1 (negative
      relationship) are significantly associated with grave coronary heart disease. The
      relationship with Alb-alpha-1 is independent of the hematocrit. Possible
      pathogenic mechanisms are discussed.

PMID- 2419948
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of the effectiveness and stability of action of sustained
      release disopyramide phosphate by the Holter method].

PMID- 2419949
TI  - [Behavior of alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin in hepatic cirrhosis].

PMID- 2419950
TI  - Determination of assay parameters for RNA analysis in bacterial and duodenal
      samples by spectrophotometry. Influence of sample treatment and preservation.
AB  - A simple analytical procedure derived from that described by Zinn and Owens
      (1980), based on the determination of nucleic purine bases (RNA eq), was carried
      out to measure microbial nitrogen flow in the ruminant duodenum. Several
      procedures for sample preservation were tested; the efficiency of each step of
      the analytical method was also determined using high performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC). The proposed method (RNA eq) was compared with two other
      methods considered as references (2-6 diaminopimelic acid and 35S incorporation)
      and microbial nitrogen flow was measured in defaunated sheep. The recovery of
      purine bases analysed by the Zinn and Owens method was generally good (101% pure
      bases; 90% when bases were added to bacterial samples; 96% when added to yeast
      RNA). The HPLC measurements allowed us to conclude that this spectrophotometric
      method is specific for purine bases, all pyrimidine bases being eliminated.
      Moreover, it was found that the method must be used on freeze-dried samples;
      storage at + 4 degrees C, defatting or freezing gave incorrect results. Using the
      described assay, we observed that microbial nitrogen flow at the duodenum of
      defaunated sheep was not significantly different from that obtained using more
      traditional markers such as sulphur-35 incorporation or diaminopimelic acid.

PMID- 2419951
TI  - [Protein metabolism in the newborn lamb. I. Impact of the ingestion of colostrum
      on blood glucose, blood levels of gammaglobulin and free amino acids in tissues].
AB  - Ten newborn lambs were divided into two groups at birth. Five of them were fed
      hourly with cow colostrum; the others (unfed lambs) were given saline. Jugular
      blood levels of glucose, urea, free amino acids and IgG1 were measured during the
      10-hour period following birth. The lambs were then exsanguinated under
      pentobarbital anaesthesia. Free amino acid levels were determined in liver,
      muscle (longissimus dorsi) and skin. The glycogen contents of the liver and whole
      body were measured. The IgG1 levels were determined in the intestinal wall and in
      the contents of the abomasum and small intestine. The blood glucose levels
      increased after birth in both groups and did not differ significantly in either
      group. After colostrum feeding, hepatic glycogen and blood urea concentrations
      were higher in fed than in unfed lambs. Blood free essential amino acid levels
      which increased after birth in the fed group, were higher in that group than in
      the unfed one. Nonessential free amino acid levels remained nearly constant
      throughout the experimental period and did not differ significantly in either
      group (fig. 2). Free threonine and valine in the liver, skin and muscle were
      higher in the colostrum-fed lambs than in the others. IgG1 levels increased after
      birth in the blood of the fed lambs and seemed to be closely related to the
      intestinal contents of these compounds (fig. 3). The amount of blood free
      essential amino acids provided by the hydrolysis of colostral proteins was
      estimated at about 43% of the amount entering the small intestine.

PMID- 2419952
TI  - 1-(1-Naphthyl)piperazine, a central serotonin agonist.
AB  - 1-(1-Naphthyl)piperazine (1-NP) had high affinity for tritiated serotonin,
      tritiated LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) and tritiated spiperone binding sites
      in rat brain cortex in vitro. 1-NP at doses of 3-30 mg/kg i.p. decreased 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentration in whole brain of rats in vivo.
      The 30 mg/kg dose caused a significant increase in serum corticosterone
      concentration. At doses of 3-30 mg/kg i.p., 1-NP reduced the accumulation of 5
      hydroxytryptophan following decarboxylase inhibition by NSD 1015 in rat
      hypothalamus and striatum. Reduced serotonin turnover and elevated serum
      corticosterone concentrations are interpreted as evidence of central serotonin
      receptor activation by compounds of this structural class. 1-NP has previously
      been reported to antagonize vascular serotonin receptors, suggesting that it,
      like 1-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine, behaves as an antagonist at
      peripheral (vascular) serotonin receptors despite being an agonist at central
      serotonin receptors.

PMID- 2419953
TI  - [Catecholamine inhibition of cardiac Na+ channel via stimulation of beta
      adrenoceptors].

PMID- 2419954
TI  - [Condensation of deoxyribonucleic acid by polyamines].

PMID- 2419955
TI  - [A case from practice (48). Patient S. C.,born 28 June 1966, factory worker
      (Loten) (irritable colon)].

PMID- 2419956
TI  - Pharmacological purging of bone marrow with drugs other than cyclophosphamide
      derivatives.

PMID- 2419957
TI  - Massive chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation in Burkitt's
      lymphoma. A review of 50 patients treated in France.

PMID- 2419958
TI  - Autologous bone marrow transplantation in Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2419959
TI  - [Preparation of immunoenzymatic reagents for the quantitative determination of
      human alpha-1-fetoprotein (ELISA-AFP)].

PMID- 2419960
TI  - Evaluation of rat incisor mesenchymal cells in bleomycin injected animals fixed
      by immersion or perfusion.
AB  - Bleomycin was administered to four groups of rats in a single intravenous
      injection of 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, respectively. The
      animals were killed by perfusion or by decapitation followed by immersion
      fixation at 24 h and 5 days after injection. Sections were made of maxillary
      incisors and evaluated by light microscopy. Bleomycin produced a transitory
      arrest of dividing cells resulting in an apparent synchronization of the cell
      population. Necrotic cells were found within the basal pulp and the
      preodontoblasts at 1 day observation time. After 5 days a dentinal lesion was
      observed at the two highest dose levels and the necrotic areas were filled in by
      proliferating adjacent cells. A better quality of fixation, especially of cells
      surrounded by dentin, was observed in perfusion fixed animals but the fixation
      procedure did not influence the alterations found in experimental animals.

PMID- 2419961
TI  - Effect of bile salt on amylase release from rat pancreatic acini.
AB  - The effect of different bile salts on amylase release from isolated rat
      pancreatic acini has been studied. The bile salt-stimulated discharge of amylase
      could be divided into three situations, depending on the concentration of bile
      salt. At low concentrations, between 1 and 100 X 10(-6)M, there was a slight
      increase in amylase secretion, 5-7% of total, which varied with the type of bile
      salt but was independent of the concentration of bile salt. The release of
      amylase stimulated by cholecystokinin, secretin, and carbachol was not affected
      by bile salts at this low concentration. At slightly higher concentrations,
      between 250 and 1000 X 10(-6)M, there was a large release of amylase, 10-40% of
      total, which was dependent on both type and concentration of bile salt. This
      release occurred specifically for amylase and was not followed by release of
      either membrane-bound dipeptidylpeptidase IV or intracellularly located lactic
      dehydrogenase. At higher concentrations, 2000-5000 X 10(-6)M, both amylase and
      dipeptidylpeptidase IV and lactic dehydrogenase were released, accompanying
      viability changes of the cells with uptake of trypan blue.

PMID- 2419962
TI  - Arrest of Daudi cell growth by inactive influenza virus in-vitro.
AB  - We investigated the destructive capability of three influenza A strains,
      Victoria, PR8, and their recombinant X47, against the human lymphoma cell line
      Daudi. Both Victoria and X47 strains share the same envelope glycoproteins
      (H3N2), while PR8, the second parental strain of X47, differs in its envelope
      glycoproteins (HON1). The H3N2 strains and particularly the X47 recombinant were
      cytotoxic to Daudi cells while the HON1 strain was not. To reduce the virulence
      of the oncolytic viruses, we inactivated them either with heat (56 degrees C/45
      min) or with formalin. Both treatments significantly reduced the infectivity of
      the viruses. The X47 virus treated with formalin retained its hemagglutinin (HA)
      and neuraminidase (NA) activities but lost its cytotoxic potential. On the other
      hand, the heat-treated X47 virus retained its HA activity, lost its NA activity,
      but preserved its cytotoxic potential. Thus, the heat-inactivated X47 virus (X56)
      was the most effective non-virulent oncolytic agent we tested. The X56 virus
      arrested Daudi cell multiplication in-vitro by inhibiting cellular DNA synthesis.
      The mechanism by which X56 inhibited Daudi cell DNA synthesis was not related to
      interferon induction in Daudi cells, and did not necessarily involve the
      activation of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome present in Daudi cells.
      Although the mechanism remains unclear, the oncolytic potential of the X56 virus
      on Daudi cells was demonstrated.

PMID- 2419963
TI  - Characterization of normal and regenerating bone marrow cells with a panel of
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - To obtain baseline data for the diagnosis of residual leukaemia or lymphoma in
      bone marrow (BM), BM samples of 12 normal adults, 6 patients treated with
      chemotherapy for solid tumours and 6 patients treated with chemotherapy for
      leukaemia or lymphoma during remission were assessed with a panel of monoclonal
      antibodies by fluorescence microscopy immediately following chemotherapy. A large
      variability between normal individuals was found concerning the percentages of T
      lymphocytes and T cell subsets, B lymphocytes, HLA-DR+ and OKT10+ cells, due to
      variation in BM composition and, presumably, peripheral blood contamination. The
      regenerating BM cells also showed a large variability and, in addition, sometimes
      very high percentages (up to 19%) of CALLA+, c mu + s mu-, c mu + kappa lambda-
      and TdT+ cells were found. The interpretation of data on individual BM samples of
      patients assessed for leukaemia or lymphoma should therefore be related to: the
      amount of contaminating peripheral blood cells; the cellular composition of the
      BM samples as determined by May-Grunwald Giemsa staining; baseline data of age
      matched normal controls and of regenerating BM of patients without haematological
      diseases.

PMID- 2419964
TI  - Dissection of the human antigammaglobulin idiotype system with monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - Murine monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) were prepared by immunizing mice with human
      monoclonal rheumatoid factors from patients with mixed cryoglobulinaemia.
      Indirect solid phase radioimmunoassay and haemagglutination inhibition were used
      to screen the MoAb. Reactivity patterns of MoAb were determined using (a)
      polyclonal and monoclonal IgM proteins, (b) monoclonal IgM proteins from patients
      with neuropathy, (c) monoclonal and polyclonal IgM antigammaglobulins, and (d)
      various isolated VkIIIb-positive immunoglobulins. Several patterns were obtained:
      MoAb reacting with private idiotypic determinants, with VkIIIb-related
      determinants, and with cross-reactive idiotypes (CRI). Two MoAb of the second
      type reacted with VkIIIb-positive immunoglobulins and light chains regardless of
      their antigenic activity. Another MoAb reacted with VkIII light chains only when
      in association with mu heavy chains. MoAb of the third type defined distinct CRI
      systems. One of these was restricted to antigammaglobulins and another also
      involved neuropathy-associated monoclonal IgM proteins. All MoAb clearly reacted
      with a minor population of normal polyclonal IgM, except for the MoAb detecting
      private idiotypic determinants. Studies using inhibition of binding by enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay showed that polyclonal IgM antigammaglobulins may
      carry a CRI determinant detected by one of the MoAb. This CRI system, defined by
      the MoAb Glo 86.3, was similar to but not identical with the previously described
      Wa CRI, which is widely prevalent among IgM antigammaglobulins of rheumatoid
      arthritis.

PMID- 2419965
TI  - Lymphokine production in T gamma lymphoproliferative disorders.
AB  - We have studied five patients with chronic lymphocytosis consisting of large
      granular lymphocytes (LGL). The increased numbers of LGL in these patients had
      little or no natural killer activity, mediated antibody-dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity, and were induced to kill tumour lines after culture for 3 days with
      interleukin 2 (IL-2). Patients' LGL showed considerable reactivity with HNK-1 and
      AB8.28 monoclonal antibodies (MoAb), whereas positivity for OKM1 and N901 was
      found in only two subjects, and only one patient reacted with B73.1. No
      appreciable reactivity has been found with anti-Tac MoAb in the four patients
      tested. In the absence of stimulation, the patients' LGL produced no IL-2 and
      only minimal amounts of IL-1 and interferon (IFN). On stimulation with
      lipopolysaccharides (for IL-1) or phytohaemagglutinin A (PHA) (for IL-2 and IFN),
      they produced IL-1 and IFN in amounts similar to those produced by normal
      lymphocytes, but only modest levels of IL-2. These results indicated that
      proliferating LGL, like normal LGL, have a secretory capacity. The lack of
      constitutive lymphokine production, the lack of Tac receptor expression, and the
      defect in IL-2 production after PHA stimulation do not support the hypothesis of
      an autocrine proliferation sustained by a known growth factor.

PMID- 2419966
TI  - Suppression by alpha-fetoprotein of murine natural killer cell activity
      stimulated in vitro and in vivo by interferon and interleukin 2.
AB  - Natural killer (NK) cells are 'spontaneously' cytotoxic cells thought to be
      involved in surveillance against tumour cells, rejection of virally infected
      cells, and regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation and antibody
      synthesis. Fetus-derived alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has been shown to regulate
      certain T cell-mediated immune reactions in vitro and in vivo. The lack of NK
      activity in newborn mice with high endogenous levels of AFP, together with the
      presence of cells expressing NK surface markers, also suggests that AFP may
      regulate NK activity. In this study we compared the effects of AFP on spontaneous
      versus activated murine NK activity. The lytic ability of both freshly prepared
      splenic NK cells and those arising after incubation for 24 h with interferon,
      Poly I:C, or T-cell growth factor (TCGF) was not affected by AFP if the latter
      was present only during the killing phase. However, if AFP was added at the
      beginning and retained for the duration of the 24-h in vitro lymphokine
      stimulation, the subsequent NK activity induced by interferon, Poly I:C, and TCGF
      was found to be significantly suppressed. This inhibition is both dose- and time
      dependent. Delayed addition experiments showed that when AFP is present during
      the first 6 h of in vitro stimulation it will suppress interferon and TCGF
      boosted NK activity by 50-80%. The AFP-mediated inhibitory effect on lymphokine
      stimulated NK activity is not the result of increased death of effector cells
      nor, in the case of interferon and polyribonucleotides, of non-specific binding
      of AFP to the enhancing agents. In vivo injections of Poly I:C or TCGF failed to
      increase neonatal NK function, while administration of interferon did cause
      slightly higher levels of NK activity. However, spleen cells from newborn animals
      cultured for 24 h in the presence of lymphokines resulted in markedly elevated NK
      function and this in vitro activation could be suppressed by purified fetus
      derived AFP. Thus, the in vivo pattern of NK activation in newborns with high
      endogenous levels of AFP was very similar to that of adult NK stimulation in
      vitro when exogenous AFP was added.

PMID- 2419967
TI  - Characterization of two morphologically distinct Leu-7+ cell subsets with respect
      to Leu-15 antigen. Evaluation of Leu-15 determinant distribution on both E
      rosetting and non-adherent non-E rosetting cell populations.
AB  - In the present study the fine structures of Leu-7+-Leu-15+ and Leu-7+-Leu-15-
      cell subpopulations were characterized by using an immunogold-immunoperoxidase
      double labelling in electron microscopy. The densities of Leu-15 antigenic sites
      on both E rosetting (Er) and non-adherent/non-E rosetting (non-A/non-Er) Leu-15
      positive cell surfaces were also evaluated by using an immunogold analysis in
      electron microscopy. A majority of Leu-7+ cells co-expressed the Leu-15 antigen
      and showed an ultrastructural pattern specific for mature natural killer (NK)
      cells, i.e. abundant cytoplasm with many organelles, numerous electron dense
      granules, and irregular outline. On the other hand, a minority of Leu-7+ cells
      did not express the Leu-15 antigen and showed a clearly different ultrastructural
      feature in comparison to Leu-7+-Leu-15+ cells. Thus, the presence of the Leu-15
      antigen on Leu-7+ cell surface corresponds to ultrastructural features specific
      to differentiated NK cells and may represent an expression of Leu-7+ cell
      differentiation. An alternative hypothesis may be that Leu-7+-Leu-15+ and Leu-7+
      Leu-15- cells represent distinct cell lineages within non-A/non-Er Leu-7+ cells.
      Finally, the results of the present study provide proof that Leu-15 antigen is
      more frequently represented on non-A/non-Er Leu-15+ cells than on Er Leu-15+
      cells.

PMID- 2419968
TI  - Suppressor factors generated from human mononuclear cells by means of purified
      myeloma proteins.
AB  - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from normal human donors were cultured
      in Marbrook flasks in the presence of purified IgG or IgA myeloma proteins. The
      culture supernatants were tested for their ability to suppress pokeweed mitogen
      (PWM)- or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven Ig synthesis by normal PBMC. Two
      supernatants from PBMC cultured with IgG and one from PBMC cultured with IgA were
      tested and suppressed PWM-driven Ig synthesis as measured by a reverse haemolytic
      plaque assay and by quantitation of the Ig secreted into the culture medium of
      the PWM-driven cells. This suppression was not restricted to the Ig isotype of
      the 'inducing' myeloma protein, but was extended to IgG, IgA, and IgM. The
      suppressive effect could be absorbed out with human IgG.

PMID- 2419969
TI  - Characterization of monoclonal antihuman-B-cell antibody BL13 as an anti-C3d
      receptor (CR2) antibody.
AB  - BL13, a mouse monoclonal IgG1 antibody raised against human B cells, blocked the
      function of the C3d receptor (CR2) and bound with high affinity (5 X 10(8) L M-1)
      to CR2 on B lymphoma cells. Following capping with the second antibody, BL13
      inhibited C3d-dependent rosette formation of Daudi and Raji cells and C3b
      dependent CR2-mediated rosette formation with B lymphoma cells, but did not
      inhibit CR1-mediated rosettes between C3b-bearing cells and peripheral blood
      lymphocytes. Competitive binding experiments between biotinylated BL13 or anti
      CR2 antibody HB-5 and unlabelled antibodies demonstrated that BL13 bound to an
      epitope that is distinct from that recognized by HB-5, and closely associated
      with that recognized by monoclonal antibody anti-B2. BL13 only reacted with some
      B cells and follicular dendritic cells in germinal centres in human lymph nodes,
      whereas HB-5 strongly reacted with circulating B cells and bound to most cells in
      the follicles. These results demonstrate the heterogeneity of antigenically
      defined CR2.

PMID- 2419970
TI  - Human schistosomiasis: deficiency of large granular lymphocytes and indomethacin
      sensitive suppression of natural killing.
AB  - Twenty-eight children infected with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni were
      tested for natural killer (NK) cell activity in vitro using the myeloid/erythroid
      cell line K562 as target. In addition, the frequency of large granular
      lymphocytes (LGL) and the number of HNK-1+ lymphocytes were examined in
      peripheral blood. NK cell activity was found to be markedly reduced in most
      patients when compared with a group of healthy Caucasian individuals (P less than
      0.005). Moreover, the impairment of NK activity clearly correlated with the
      intensity of infection, which was quantified by parasite ova excretion in stool
      and urine. Within the lymphocyte compartment the percentages of cells with the NK
      phenotype (HNK-1+) were found to be normal, although the majority of patients
      exhibited decreased numbers of LGL (P less than 0.005). The absolute and relative
      frequencies of LGL and HNK-1+ lymphocytes by no means correlated with the
      parasite load. In vitro results suggest an at least partly prostaglandin-mediated
      and interferon-resistant functional defect of NK cells.

PMID- 2419971
TI  - Antigens of complement factor C3 involved in the interactions with factors I and
      H.
AB  - This study explores the relationship between defined antigens of the C3 molecule
      and those surface structures that are involved in interaction with factors I and
      H. Methylamine treatment at pH 11 followed by neutralization converts C3 into a
      modified state in which the molecule is optimally susceptible to cleavage by
      factor I in the presence of factor H. The modified C3 is characterized by an
      antigenic profile with expression of antigens of the C3(N), C3(S), and C3(D)
      subsets. These antigenic properties closely mirror those of physiologically bound
      C3b, suggesting that modification of antigenic expression upon denaturation of C3
      reflects a regulatory mechanism for I and H function. Immunochemical studies of
      the alkaline-denatured C3 suggested that factor H interacts with surfaces of C3
      that are situated within the C3c fragment and that are defined by C3(SN)
      antigens, while factor I predominantly interacts with C3(SN) antigens associated
      with the C3d fragment and with C3(D) antigens hidden in native C3. Therefore the
      continuing immunochemical study of this and related problems will require
      polyclonal and monoclonal antibody reagents reactive not only with the C3(S) and
      C3(N) but also the C3(D) antigenic subsets.

PMID- 2419972
TI  - Expression of HLA-DQ antigens on keratinocytes in Borrelia spirochete-induced
      skin lesions.
AB  - Skin biopsies were investigated with two different immunohistochemical
      techniques, thus revealing HLA-DQ antigens on HLA-DR-expressing keratinocytes in
      the late skin manifestations of a Borrelia spirochete infection. In the early
      skin lesions only HLA-DR antigens were present on the keratinocytes. The
      invariant gamma chain of class II transplantation antigens was observed on
      keratinocytes in 1:5 of the late cases. Upon penicillin treatment detectable HLA
      DR and HLA-DQ antigens disappeared completely from the keratinocytes.
      Furthermore, the mononuclear cell infiltrates dominated by anti-Leu 1 and anti
      Leu 3a-reactive cells and containing many cells with markers for activation (HLA
      DR, HLA-DQ, transferrin, and interleukin 2 receptors) diminished markedly. The
      possibility that the expression of different class II transplantation antigens on
      keratinocytes might reflect separate functional demands of these cells or an
      altered immunological reactivity in the host, is discussed. The precise
      functional role of the temporary expression of the class II antigens on non
      lymphoid cells, however, remains an enigma.

PMID- 2419973
TI  - Treatment of herpesvirus infections in the immunocompromised host.
AB  - Major advances have been made in the treatment of herpesvirus infections in the
      compromised host. Acyclovir is clearly effective in the treatment of HSV
      infection, and preferable to vidarabine for this purpose. Additional information
      about the optimal use of acyclovir for treatment or prophylaxis and about the
      ultimate significance of the phenomena of acyclovir resistance and possible
      suppression of the specific immune response are needed. The major challenge at
      this time is the rapid clinical or virologic diagnosis of HSV infection,
      especially the rarer manifestations such as HSV pneumonia or encephalitis, so
      that effective therapy can be initiated. The serious manifestations of VZV
      infection (e.g. cutaneous and visceral dissemination) can also be controlled with
      either vidarabine or acyclovir, although definition of the agent of choice is
      still lacking. More information is needed to define the relative efficacy of
      acyclovir compared with vidarabine, and also to define better treatment regimens
      for the prevention of post-herpetic neuralgia which remains a major source of
      morbidity. Use of either oral or topical acyclovir and anti-inflammatory agents
      in combined regimens is being studied. Interferon, although effective, has little
      present role in view of the availability of both acyclovir and vidarabine,
      although it is of interest as a model of an agent that can be administered to
      outpatients or used in synergistic regimens. The challenge for treatment of CMV
      is the development of an agent which is effective in vivo. Several promising
      agents are on the horizon, but much initial work must be done before their
      effectiveness will become apparent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2419974
TI  - Renal pathology in amyloidosis.

PMID- 2419975
TI  - [Circulating interferon in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. A
      prospective study].
AB  - The serum levels of interferon (IFN) were measured in 31 patients with systemic
      lupus erythematosus (SLE). Among the 31 patients, 8 (25%) showed IFN in the sera:
      in 4 patients IFN titers of 16 U/ml, and in the other 4 patients titers of
      greater than or equal to 32 U/ml became detectable. Whereas antibodies to native
      DNA (nDNA) were present in 6 of the 8 IFN positive patients, anti-nDNA antibodies
      were only positive in 6 of the 23 IFN negative individuals (p less than 0.002).
      Eight months after the first search for IFN in the patients' sera, 6 of the 8 IFN
      positive patients showed reduced IFN serum levels and one each had an increased
      or stable IFN titer. A good correlation between IFN titers and both the anti-nDNA
      antibody titers and the disease activity was observed. However, there were
      patients with active disease, high anti-nDNA titers but no IFN in the serum.

PMID- 2419976
TI  - [The treatment of Basedow's disease. The agony of selection].
AB  - The treatment mode of Graves' disease should be chosen individually for each
      patient. This requires a thorough knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages
      of the various methods, and also bias-free interdisciplinary cooperation. Surgery
      reestablishes euthyroidism in about 80%, with 10% becoming hypothyroid. In
      centers practising more radical surgery hypothyroidism has developed in up to 49%
      and there is now evidence of occurrence of late hypothyroidism in the same way as
      after radioiodine. Radioiodine is cheap and causes minimal inconvenience to the
      patient. Because prevalence of hypothyroidism rises in a cumulative way over
      decades, lifelong follow-up is necessary with an examination every 1 to 2 years.
      The genetic risk and the danger of thyroid carcinoma have been shown to be
      negligible by gonadal dose calculations and by longterm prospective follow-up.
      Antithyroid drugs inhibit incorporation of iodide into thyroglobulin and produce
      rapid clinical improvement. It seems probable that, in longterm treatment, they
      also specifically suppress the synthesis of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins.
      The significance of "allergic" reactions such as skin rash, leukopenia and
      agranulocytosis is usually overestimated. The hematologic side effects are rare,
      dose-related and reversible in most cases. The major drawback of antithyroid
      drugs is the high recurrence rate (50%) of hyperthyroidism after cessation of
      therapy. It is still undecided whether a long course of treatment (one year or
      longer) produces better longterm results than short courses.

PMID- 2419977
TI  - [One should get married before having children!...or the hazards of a postpartum
      reaction...].
AB  - Report of a clinical case, where a new existential function (role of parent) has
      not been assumed, therefore post-partum reaction. The systemic elaboration of
      anterior phases (individuation, couple) allows an integration of the new role and
      renunciation of the symptom.

PMID- 2419978
TI  - [Experiences in family therapy of Italian migrant workers in rural areas].

PMID- 2419979
TI  - [Repressed family conflicts].

PMID- 2419980
TI  - [Historical research on the family: questions and methods, results and
      hypotheses].

PMID- 2419981
TI  - [Psychoanalytic approach to family therapy].
AB  - Looking at the psychoanalysis and systemic point of view like different and
      opposed theories seems to be erroneous. On the basis of a clinical example, the
      author shows that those are the two sides of the same reality: psychic reality. A
      so-called "metapsychoanalitic approach" leads to discuss the points of dynamic
      links between interactions, unconscious desires and ideas, influence of playing
      on secondary fantasies moulding. An hypothesis is raised about the possible
      reformulation of Freud's psychic trauma theory in terms of family homeostasis.
      Dynamic links between transfer and interpretation are outlined.

PMID- 2419982
TI  - [Systemic family therapy].

PMID- 2419983
TI  - [The rules of exchange in contemporary families: confrontation and ambivalence of
      several definitions of fairness].

PMID- 2419984
TI  - [Conjugal consultation and frame of reference].
AB  - To study the frame of reference within which marriage counselling is generally
      practiced is also to define the conditions in which it is applicable as well as
      the methods to be used and their limitations. The history of marriage
      counselling, its "object" (the marriage relationship), its theoretical bases and
      its specific interest in interpersonal relationship disorders rather than
      individual pathology will be discussed. At the intersection between the personal
      and the interpersonal, couples and their problems confront us with some basic
      questions which require clarification as to the meaning and impact of our
      activity.

PMID- 2419985
TI  - [Therapeutic indications in child psychiatry and involvement of the family].
AB  - On the basis of clinical cases in which brief therapeutic parent-child
      interventions were indicated, the author treats the problem of the involvement of
      the parents and of the family in child psychiatry. The clinical and dynamic
      characteristics of the parent-child interaction (that of the mother with her
      child in particular) as well as the relation with the examiner (positive pre
      transference) are studied. Cases of counter-indication of this type of approach
      are also taken up. The author suggests using these clinical-dynamic criteria and
      the pre-transference in order to determine which members of the family could lend
      themselves to the most efficient, and economical preventive and therapeutic
      approaches.

PMID- 2419986
TI  - [Ethnology: various basic observations on the subject of kinship].

PMID- 2419987
TI  - [What consequences does the development of women over the last 20 years have for
      the family?].

PMID- 2419988
TI  - [Contemporary transformations in family law: causes, outcomes and consequences].

PMID- 2419989
TI  - ["Psychosomatic madness" and family confrontation].

PMID- 2419990
TI  - [The multi-family approach to the psychiatric hospital].
AB  - The authors describe a clinical experiment of a year of multifamily pedagogical
      and therapeutic sessions in a psychiatric hospital. The families were those of
      inpatients, most of them psychotic. The theoretical frame was the systemic and
      contextual approach of the family. The experiment showed that this therapeutic
      level can be efficient and useful with families often described as rigid and
      closed to external interventions.

PMID- 2419991
TI  - [The family].

PMID- 2419993
TI  - [Suicidal tendencies in young people and family dynamics processes].

PMID- 2419992
TI  - [Hospital management of a psychotic patient with anorexia nervosa from
      Boszormenyi-Nagy's contextual viewpoint].
AB  - After a brief theoretical summary of contextual therapy, the author reports about
      individual and familial approach of an anorectic patient within the psychiatric
      hospital. He will add some clinical datas one year later.

PMID- 2419994
TI  - [The family as a therapeutic lever in blocked clinical situations].

PMID- 2419995
TI  - ["Secrecy" in individual and family therapy].
AB  - After a reflexion about the etymology and the semantics of the word "secret", the
      author presents an historical review about the pathogenetic secret and its
      treatment, which has not been always the task of physicians or psychiatrists.
      Then, on the basis of the works of Ferreira and Watzlawick, the relationship
      between secret and myths are shown. In individual therapy, the secret may be
      considered to be a central place of the anal problematic. In family therapy, the
      analysis of secret implies not only to define the network of the concerned
      persons, but also the definition of the bonds between the secret and loyalties,
      the distribution of power, the alliances and the definitions of the private
      sphere (proper to each family) and of the protective function of the secret. The
      "secret" could supposed to be a potential meeting point between the
      representatives of different therapeutics views.

PMID- 2419996
TI  - [Children of divorce].

PMID- 2419997
TI  - [The structural schema of today's marriage, reasons for its (constant) failure
      and alternative forms].

PMID- 2419998
TI  - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): clinical and pathological
      findings in two short-duration patients.
AB  - The clinical features and neuropathological findings of two patients suffering
      from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) are reported. These
      patients had cancer and died two months and one month after onset of their
      neurological symptoms, respectively. In both demyelination was discovered only as
      a result of autopsy due to different reasons: the CAT-scan findings were
      misinterpreted in the first patient, while in the second diagnosis was
      overshadowed by the sudden progress towards a fatal outcome preceded by myoclonus
      and other encephalitis-like manifestations. The major findings were the extreme
      paucity of the mesodermal elements on the one hand, and the modest spread of the
      affected areas on the other. It is pointed out that, whatever the size of the
      lesions, characters were the same and that their formation could hardly be traced
      in time. The intriguing similarities between PML and several types of
      demyelination obtained experimentally using certain virus strains are remarked.

PMID- 2419999
TI  - [Changes occurring in psychotherapy measured by the Osgood semantic differential-
      methodologic elaboration].
AB  - General recall on Osgood's semantic differential. Motive and way of integrating
      it in research on the effects of psychotherapies. Report of some preliminary
      results from a transversal study of normal, neurotic and schizophrenic subjects
      and from a longitudinal study of normal and neurotic subjects. These first
      results strengthen the assumption that the semantic differential provides an
      appreciably adequate picture of mental state, for both its stable and evolutive
      components.

PMID- 2420000
TI  - [Cartesian misunderstanding as a cause of therapeutic failure].
AB  - Headache patients disassociate themselves from their own automatic responses,
      relying on the traditional separation of body and mind. On the other hand,
      patients who obtain voluntary control of automatic functions by biofeedback
      training modify not only vegetative but also voluntary behaviour patterns, losing
      "neurotic" traits. The basic misconception of the separation of body and mind,
      Cartesian dualism, is now ingrained in our culture. In the 17th century Descartes
      asserted that concepts applied to the soul must be entirely different from those
      used for the body in order to improve comprehension of the immortality of the
      soul. This dualism also led to "enlightenment" and to many later social and
      philosophical developments. But his basic neurophysiology was obsolete when he
      wrote it down. Other models from mainstream natural philosophy were better
      compatible with observation and experiments. Gassendi assumed a "body soul"
      consisting of energy as the functional principle of the nervous system, and
      Willis accommodated a series of anticipations of 19th century discoveries within
      this model. No comparable progress resulted from Descartes' own medieval model.
      Cartesian dualism has become untenable in view of recent neuropsychology but it
      still obstructs our management of functional patients. Instead of reinforcing the
      delusion of separation of psyche and soma, we ought to encourage patients to
      understand that their malfunctioning organs are on-line with their emotions, and
      with their mind.

PMID- 2420001
TI  - [Intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) in surgery of cerebral
      aneurysms: topographical information].
AB  - Out of 114 patients who were operated because of cerebral aneurysms, 16 patients
      were monitored by means of Somatosensory Evoked Potential (SSEP) during the
      operation. In 9 of these, successful monitoring was possible during the whole
      duration of the surgical procedure. In the remaining seven, monitoring was
      impossible over a long period so that these patients were excluded from the
      present study. Monitoring of the cerebral functions by means of SSEP provides
      help in aneurysm surgery as follows: Objective evaluation of the function of the
      somatosensory system. The induced arterial hypotension--usually done in our
      department--implies danger for the brain, particularly, if rupture of the
      aneurysm occurs at the same time. In this case, Somatosensory Evoked Potentials
      provide the possibility to detect lesions of somatosensory neurons at different
      levels. This makes prognostic conclusions possible. Pathological changes of some
      SSEP components during temporary occlusion of arteries of the Circle of Willis
      indicate developing lesions of brain structures. Intraoperative SSEP data were
      correlated with the postoperative course in all 9 patients. Prognostic
      conclusions derived from these data are discussed.

PMID- 2420002
TI  - [Swiss Association for EEG and Clinical Neurophysiology. 6th spring meeting.
      Brunnen, 3-4 May 1985. Abstracts].

PMID- 2420003
TI  - The physiology of marathon running.

PMID- 2420004
TI  - The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in the presence of hyperlipaemia.

PMID- 2420005
TI  - Tyr527 is phosphorylated in pp60c-src: implications for regulation.
AB  - The Rous sarcoma virus oncogene product, pp60v-src, transforms cultured
      fibroblasts but its corresponding proto-oncogene product, pp60c-src, does not.
      Both proteins are known to be protein-tyrosine kinases. Published results suggest
      that the kinase activity of pp60c-src is inhibited relative to that of pp60v-src,
      due perhaps to phosphorylation of a tyrosine in pp60c-src that is not
      phosphorylated in pp60v-src. In this study, it was observed that the tyrosine
      phosphorylated in pp60c-src is Tyr527, six residues from the COOH-terminus of the
      protein. The region of pp60c-src from residue 515 to the COOH-terminus, including
      Tyr527, has been replaced with a different sequence in pp60v-src. Thus, the
      increase in transforming ability and kinase activity that occurred in the genesis
      of pp60v-src may have resulted from the loss of a tyrosine involved in negative
      regulation.

PMID- 2420006
TI  - Platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa: member of a family of Arg-Gly-Asp-
      specific adhesion receptors.
AB  - Adhesive interactions of the platelet surface with plasma proteins such as
      fibrinogen and fibronectin play an important role in thrombosis and hemostasis.
      The binding of both of these proteins to platelets is inhibited by synthetic
      peptides containing the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp, which corresponds to the cell
      adhesion site in fibronectin and is also present in the alpha chain of
      fibrinogen. An affinity matrix made of an insolubilized heptapeptide containing
      the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence selectively binds the platelet membrane glycoprotein
      IIb/IIIa from detergent extracts of platelets. When incorporated into liposome
      membranes, the isolated protein confers to the liposomes the ability to bind to
      surfaces coated with fibrinogen, fibronectin, and vitronectin but not to surfaces
      coated with thrombospondin or albumin. This platelet receptor is related to the
      previously identified fibronectin and vitronectin receptors in that it recognizes
      an Arg-Gly-Asp sequence but differs from the other receptors in its wider
      specificity toward various adhesive proteins. These results establish the
      existence of a family of adhesion receptors that recognize the sequence Arg-Gly
      Asp.

PMID- 2420007
TI  - Calcium channels in planar lipid bilayers: insights into mechanisms of ion
      permeation and gating.
AB  - Electrophysiological recordings were used to analyze single calcium channels in
      planar lipid bilayers after membranes from bovine cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles
      had been incorporated into the bilayer. In these cell-free conditions, channels
      in the bilayer showed unitary barium or calcium conductances, gating kinetics,
      and pharmacological responses that were similar to dihydropyridine-sensitive
      calcium channels in intact cells. The open channel current varied in a nonlinear
      manner with voltage under asymmetric (that is, physiological) ionic conditions.
      However, with identical solutions on both sides of the bilayer, the current
      voltage relation was linear. In matched experiments, calcium channels from
      skeletal muscle T-tubules differed significantly from cardiac calcium channels in
      their conductance properties and gating kinetics.

PMID- 2420008
TI  - HTLV-III gag protein is processed in yeast cells by the virus pol-protease.
AB  - The gag-pol gene of HTLV-III (human T-lymphotropic virus), the virus linked to
      AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), was expressed in yeast, and
      processing of the gag precursor into proteins of the same size as those in the
      virion was observed. Processing of the gag gene in yeast cells mimics the process
      that naturally occurs in mammalian cells during maturation of virions. Therefore
      it was possible to perform mutational analysis of the virus genome to localize
      the gene that codes for the protease function to the amino terminal coding region
      of the pol gene. Since this region overlaps the gag gene, it is likely that
      ribosomal frameshifting occurs from gag to pol. Antibodies in all of the AIDS
      patients' sera tested recognized the yeast synthesized gag proteins, although the
      sera showed differences in relative reactivity to the individual gag proteins and
      the precursor. This yeast system should be valuable not only for production of
      viral proteins for diagnostic or vaccine purposes but also for analysis of the
      genetics and biochemistry of viral gene functions--parameters that are difficult
      to study otherwise with this virus.

PMID- 2420009
TI  - Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: effects on normal and
      leukemic myeloid cells.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to isolate and characterize the gene and gene product
      of a human hematopoietic colony-stimulating factor with pluripotent biological
      activities. This factor has the ability to induce differentiation of a murine
      myelomonocytic leukemia cell line WEHI-3B(D+) and cells from patients with newly
      diagnosed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). A complementary DNA copy of the
      gene encoding a pluripotent human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (hG-CSF)
      was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant form of hG-CSF is
      capable of supporting neutrophil proliferation in a CFU-GM assay. In addition,
      recombinant hG-CSF can support early erythroid colonies and mixed colony
      formation. Competitive binding studies done with 125I-labeled hG-CSF and cell
      samples from two patients with newly diagnosed human leukemias as well as WEHI
      3B(D+) cells showed that one of the human leukemias (ANLL, classified as M4) and
      the WEHI-3B(D+) cells have receptors for hG-CSF. Furthermore, the murine WEHI
      3B(D+) cells and human leukemic cells classified as M2, M3, and M4 were induced
      by recombinant hG-CSF to undergo terminal differentiation to macrophages and
      granulocytes. The secreted form of the protein produced by the bladder carcinoma
      cell line 5637 was found to be O-glycosylated and to have a molecular weight of
      19,600.

PMID- 2420010
TI  - The role of intracranial surgery for the treatment of malignant gliomas.

PMID- 2420011
TI  - Immunobiology of human gliomas.

PMID- 2420012
TI  - CCNU, etoposide, and prednimustine (CEP) in refractory Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Starting in February 1980, 58 patients with Hodgkin's disease refractory to both
      MOPP and ABVD received as third-line chemotherapy a combination of CCNU or
      lomustine, etoposide, and prednimustine (CEP). Complete response (CR) was
      achieved in 40% of cases and partial response (PR) in 14%. The median duration of
      CR was greater than 15 months, and the median survival of complete responders was
      longer than 24 months. In addition, CEP alternating with ABVD was given to 21
      patients refractory to MOPP chemotherapy. In this series, CR was documented in
      67% of patients with a median duration of 24+ months and a median survival of 36+
      months. Treatment was generally well tolerated, and all acute side effects were
      reversible. Present findings indicate that CEP is an effective regimen in
      patients refractory to MOPP and ABVD.

PMID- 2420013
TI  - [Role of the medial medulla in the inhibitory effect of somatic afferent nerve
      stimulation on ventricular extrasystoles induced by hypothalamic stimulation in
      the rabbit].

PMID- 2420014
TI  - [Polyradiculoneuritis].

PMID- 2420015
TI  - Antibodies against circumsporozoite proteins of Plasmodium falciparum induced by
      natural infection.
AB  - Sera from 10 individuals who lived in a malaria endemic area, 10 patients with
      acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria and 10 patients with cerebral malaria and
      hyperimmune mouse serum were tested for their reactivities against Plasmodium
      falciparum sporozoite antigens by Western blot analysis using 125I-labeled
      staphylococcal protein A as the detecting reagent. These sera were shown by
      indirect immunofluorescence and/or circumsporozoite precipitation test to have
      antibodies reacting against the parasites. It was found that all serum antibodies
      from the three groups of individuals and the mouse serum reacted in a similar
      pattern with circumsporozoite (CS) proteins of P. falciparum. Ten sera from
      normal individuals were negative in all reactions. Monoclonal antibody (MAB)
      specific against CS proteins of the parasites showed that the proteins exhibited
      as four different molecular weight (MW) polypeptides, i.e., 67,000, 65,000,
      60,000, and 58,000 daltons. These CS proteins of P. falciparum were found to be
      species and stage specific. Radioimmunoprecipitation using 35S-methionine-labeled
      parasites and sera of individuals from the various categories or MABs gave a
      similar result. Another protein antigen of P. falciparum sporozoites had a MW of
      80,000 daltons. This antigen was not species specific, probably not membrane
      associated and was present in a minute quantity in the parasite's extract.

PMID- 2420016
TI  - [Evaluation of serum ferritin in the A2 and F thalassemic syndromes].

PMID- 2420017
TI  - The Denver type for peritoneovenous shunting of malignant ascites.
AB  - Peritoneovenous shunts of the Denver type were inserted into 36 patients to
      control malignant ascites. The Denver system features a compressible pump chamber
      bearing a pressure sensitive valve. Initially, all the shunts functioned well.
      The shunt remained open until death in 21 patients, and at the beginning of the
      analysis, another two patients were still alive with an open shunt. Blockage of
      the shunt occurred in 13 patients before death. The cumulative survival time for
      patients after shunt insertion was 129 months and the cumulative shunt
      functioning time was 92 months. The over-all median survival time after shunt
      installation was 13 weeks, and calculated actuarially, the median shunt
      functioning time for long term survivors was 14 weeks. The cytologic state of the
      ascitic fluid did not make a statistically significant difference to the blockage
      free interval (p = 0.99), neither did the type of primary tumor (p = 0.37).
      Complications were of a minor type. There was no laboratory or clinical evidence
      of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Tumor spread through the tubing was
      seen in one of the three autopsies performed. Denver type peritoneovenous
      shunting appears to provide effective palliation in the majority of patients. It
      should, however, only be performed as a last resort.

PMID- 2420018
TI  - Carcinoma of the hypopharynx, esophagus and cardia.
AB  - In a series of 230 patients with carcinoma of the hypopharynx, esophagus and
      cardia, 114 patients with squamous cell tumors and 86 patients with
      adenocarcinomas were resected (rate of restability, 87 per cent). Mortality at 30
      days was 17.5 per cent. Over-all hospital mortality was 22.0 per cent. The one
      year survival rate was 40.0 per cent and the five year survival rate was 19.5 per
      cent. Reflux esophagitis occurred in 26 per cent of survivors, benign stricture
      in 9 per cent and local recurrence in 7 per cent. Eighty-two per cent of patients
      were permanently free of dysphagia postoperatively. Aggressive surgical
      procedures provide effective palliation and a worthwhile proportion of long term
      survivors.

PMID- 2420019
TI  - The effect of verapamil on pancreatic exocrine secretion.
AB  - This study set out to examine the effects of a Ca++ channel blocker, verapamil,
      on pancreatic exocrine secretion because of the known relationship between
      amylase secretion and intracellular Ca++. Pancreatic secretion was stimulated in
      dogs by infusing secretin and cholecystokinin. Verapamil was found to inhibit the
      secretion of amylase but to have no effect on lipase, trypsin, or total protein.
      There was no effect on the secretion of water and bicarbonate. To determine the
      possible physiologic significance of these findings, the pancreas was stimulated
      by a meat meal, and verapamil was found to inhibit amylase secretion again and in
      addition to inhibit the secretion of water and bicarbonate. The results suggest
      that verapamil has an inhibitory effect on amylase secretion by blocking the
      influx of Ca++ into the acinar cell and has an indirect effect leading to
      inhibition of water and bicarbonate secretion from the duct cells.

PMID- 2420020
TI  - Distribution of galanin immunoreactivity in the respiratory tract of pig, guinea
      pig, rat, and dog.
AB  - Galanin, a newly discovered peptide isolated from porcine intestine, is known to
      cause contraction in rat smooth muscle preparations and to induce hyperglycaemia
      in dogs. By the use of radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemical techniques the
      concentration and distribution of galanin immunoreactivity were determined in
      several areas of the respiratory tract of five dogs, five guinea pigs, five rats,
      and two pigs. Antibodies were raised in rabbits to whole unconjugated natural
      porcine galanin. The highest galanin concentrations were found in the bronchus
      and the trachea of the dog, guinea pig, rat (2 pmol/g in each case), and pig
      (less than 1 pmol/g). The lowest galanin concentrations were found in the lung
      parenchyma. Gel chromatographic analysis in the pig showed one molecular form of
      galanin coeluting with the porcine galanin standard. By means of the indirect
      immunofluorescence technique on sections of tissues fixed in benzoquinone
      solution, galanin was found to be confined to nerve fibres in different regions
      of the respiratory tract. In the nasal mucosa of the pig nerve fibres containing
      galanin were distributed around seromucous glands and blood vessels and beneath
      the epithelium. In the trachea, bronchus, and major intrapulmonary airways of the
      pig, dog, and guinea pig galanin immunoreactive fibres were detected
      predominantly in smooth muscle, as well as around seromucous glands and in the
      adventitia of blood vessels. Rarely, galanin immunoreactive nerve fibres were
      found in the lung parenchyma. A few galanin immunoreactive ganglion cells also
      containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were found in the adventitia of the
      tracheobronchial wall of the pig and dog. The distribution of galanin suggests
      that it may have some influence on airway, vascular, and secretory functions in
      the mammalian respiratory tract.

PMID- 2420021
TI  - [Macrodex/Rheomacrodex. Prevention of adverse effects].

PMID- 2420022
TI  - 15th annual meeting of the German Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular
      Surgery. February 20th, 1986 to February 22nd, 1986, Bad Nauheim. abstracts.

PMID- 2420023
TI  - A murine monoclonal antibody specific for a novel broad antigen associated with
      HLA-Bw4.
AB  - Serological analysis of the reactivity of a murine monoclonal antibody, HA113,
      towards lymphocytes from a random panel of 85 cell donors, and members of four
      families, indicated that HA113 recognizes a public specificity, which is
      different from the classical Bw4 antigen as defined by human alloantisera.

PMID- 2420024
TI  - [What is VTO (early recognition of developmental disorders)].

PMID- 2420025
TI  - [Structure of VTO (early recognition of developmental disorders) team work].

PMID- 2420026
TI  - [Experiences of parents].

PMID- 2420027
TI  - [Parent participants with VTO (early recognition of developmental disorders)].

PMID- 2420028
TI  - [Pre and dysmaturity in relation to VTO (early detection of developmental
      disorders)].

PMID- 2420029
TI  - [Child abuse as a signal for developmental disorders].

PMID- 2420030
TI  - [Limitations and possibilities of (district) nurses].

PMID- 2420031
TI  - [VTO (early detection of developmental disorders) is not, nor will be, something
      new].

PMID- 2420032
TI  - Neurobiochemical alterations induced by the artificial sweetener aspartame
      (NutraSweet).
AB  - The dipeptide aspartame (NutraSweet) is a newly approved and widely used
      artificial sweetener in foods and beverages. Consumption of aspartame (ASM) has
      been reported to be responsible for neurologic and behavioral disturbances in
      sensitive individuals. Unfasted male CD-1 mice were dosed orally with 13, 130, or
      650 mg/kg ASM in corn oil, while control animals received corn oil alone. Three
      hours after dosing, the animals were killed, and the concentrations of the
      catecholamines norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA), catecholamine metabolites 3
      methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), the indoleamine serotonin (5-HT), and its
      metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were determined by electrochemical
      high-performance liquid chromatography in six brain regions. ASM exerted its
      primary effect on adrenergic neurotransmitters in various brain regions. In the
      hypothalamus, the region richest in NE, increases in NE concentrations of 12, 49,
      and 47% were found in the low, medium, and high dose groups, respectively,
      relative to control. Significant increases of NE in the medulla oblongata and
      corpus striatum were also observed. Increases of the catecholamine DA and
      catecholamine metabolites VMA, HVA, and DOPAC were seen in various regions. The
      indoleamine serotonin and its metabolite 5-HIAA were unaffected by ASM treatment.
      These findings are consistent with ASM-induced increases in the brain
      catecholamine precursor amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, as reported
      earlier. Such observed alterations in brain neurotransmitter concentrations may
      be responsible for the reported clinical and behavioral effects associated with
      ASM ingestion.

PMID- 2420033
TI  - Acetaldehyde inhibition of protein synthesis in isolated rat pancreatic acini.
AB  - Exposure of isolated dispersed pancreatic acini to increasing concentrations of
      ethanol (5 to 500 mM) or acetaldehyde (0.5 to 100 mM) produced a progressive
      inhibition of [3H]leucine incorporation into both "cellular" (those remaining in
      the cell) and "secretory" (those released into the medium) proteins. Whereas 500
      mM ethanol caused 90-95% inhibition in the synthesis of "cellular" and
      "secretory" proteins, the concentration of acetaldehyde needed to produce a
      similar inhibition was found to be 50 mM. All subsequent experiments were
      performed with 12.5 mM acetaldehyde, a concentration that consistently inhibited
      acinar protein synthesis by about 50%. The acetaldehyde-mediated inhibition of
      acinar protein synthesis was partially normalized when this metabolite was
      removed after 30 min during a 90-min incubation period. In the presence of
      acetaldehyde, the secretion of 3H-pulse-labeled proteins, but not amylase,
      trypsinogen, or chymotrypsinogen, was greatly depressed. Acetaldehyde also caused
      a marked reduction in [3H]uridine incorporation into acinar RNA. The entry of
      [3H]uridine, [3H]leucine, and [3H]aminoisobutyric acid into isolated acini was
      found to be slightly (15-25%) decreased by acetaldehyde. It is concluded that
      acetaldehyde exerts a direct toxic effect on isolated dispersed pancreatic acini
      as evidenced by diminution of both protein and RNA synthesis and decreased
      secretion of the newly synthesized proteins. This inhibitory effect of
      acetaldehyde could be partially reversed.

PMID- 2420034
TI  - Electrophysiological studies of myotoxin a, isolated from prairie rattlesnake
      (Crotalus viridis viridis) venom, on murine skeletal muscles.
AB  - Myotoxin a reduced the resting membrane potential of mouse and rat diaphragms
      from about -80 mV to -60 mV, induced spontaneous repetitive firing and enhanced
      the contractile force in response to single stimulations. The depolarizing effect
      was reversed noncompetitively by tetrodotoxin, local anesthetics or low Na+
      solution, but was augmented by ouabain or low Cl-solution while being unaffected
      by high K+ solution or electrical stimulation of the muscle. The duration of
      muscle action potential was prolonged by only 20-30%, whereas the rate of rise
      (dV/dt) was unaffected. About a 40% increase of membrane conductance was
      observed, be abolished by the Na+-channel blocker tetrodotoxin. By contrast, K+
      conductance was unaffected. Effects on caffeine-induced contracture, quantal
      release of neurotransmitter and the amplitude of miniature endplate potential
      were not appreciably affected. These effects of myotoxin a indicate that the
      toxin affects the muscle, but not the nerve, by acting specifically on the Na+
      channel of the sarcolemma or T-tubule, like crotamine, rather than on the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum. The effects of sea anemone toxin II on the Na+-channel
      (marked depolarization and prolongation of action potential) could not be
      prevented by saturating the muscle with myotoxin a. On the other hand, the effect
      of veratridine, a member of another group of toxins acting on the Na+-channel,
      was enhanced. These results suggest that myotoxin a acts on the Na+-channel at a
      site which is discrete from those of tetrodotoxin, veratridine and sea anemone
      toxin II.

PMID- 2420035
TI  - The pH dependence of the tetrodotoxin-blockade of the sodium channel and
      implications for toxin binding.
AB  - On the internally perfused, voltage-clamped squid giant axon, the effect of pH on
      the potency of tetrodotoxin in blocking the sodium current has been re-examined
      at pH 7.8 and 8.8. Confirming previous studies, tetrodotoxin is weaker at pH 8.8,
      when the deprotonated C-10 -OH makes the toxin molecule a zwitterion. In contrast
      to previous studies, our results, based on full dose--response relations, show
      that the relative potency at the two pH values appreciably exceeds the ratio of
      the abundance of the protonated C-10 form. In a medium of lowered ionic strength,
      tetrodotoxin is weaker, and the relative potency at pH 7.8 and 8.8 approaches the
      ratio of the relative abundance of the C-10 -OH. The results are believed to
      support hydrogen bonding at C-10 as a contributing factor in the binding of
      tetrodotoxin to the membrane receptor.

PMID- 2420036
TI  - Effect of intratracheally administered anticancer drugs on lung hydroxyproline
      content.
AB  - The systemic administration of the anticancer drug bleomycin is associated with
      the development of lung damage and fibrosis. Intratracheal (i.t.) instillation of
      bleomycin has often been employed in animal models of this lesion to more rapidly
      elicit lung damage. However, various drugs and chemicals are known to induce lung
      damage and fibrosis when given i.t. The results presented here demonstrate that,
      in addition to bleomycin, the i.t. instillation of dactinomycin, mitomycin c,
      doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide resulted in increased lung levels of
      hydroxyproline, an indicator of fibrosis. In contrast, increases were not seen
      following i.t. doses of 5-fluorouracil or vincristine, and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)
      1-nitrosourea(BCNU) actually decreased lung hydroxyproline content. These
      findings suggest that i.t. treatments with bleomycin may produce lung damage more
      representative of anticancer drugs in general than the specific lesion which is
      produced when bleomycin is administered systemically. The mechanisms underlying
      i.t. drug-induced increases in lung hydroxyproline are not known, but may be
      related to the ability of cell-cycle-nonspecific anticancer drugs to directly
      damage alveolar epithelial cells.

PMID- 2420037
TI  - Use of a fluorescent stain for visualization of nuclear material in living
      oocytes and early embryos.
AB  - Hoechst dyes 33342 and 33258 were used to visualize pronuclei and nuclei of early
      preimplantation embryos. Murine one-cell zygotes exposed to dye stained rapidly
      over a range of concentrations (0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.1 or 0.2 micrograms/50
      microliter of media). Development to morula and blastocyst in vitro was reduced
      (39/70, 56%; p less than 0.05) compared to controls (44/57, 77%) but not
      completely blocked. Porcine and bovine zygotes and embryos could also be stained
      but required incubation times up to 4 hr. Porcine embryos exposed to Hoechst
      33342 had limited (p less than 0.01) in vitro development (29/74, 39%) compared
      to unstained controls (49/64, 76%). Hoechst dyes stain embryos from different
      species but suitably adjusted incubation times are required. Limited
      preimplantation development in vitro may be expected following staining and
      exposure to ultraviolet light.

PMID- 2420038
TI  - A method for combined gross skeletal staining and Feulgen staining of embryonic
      chick tissues.
AB  - This paper describes a combined technique for gross skeletal staining and Feulgen
      staining of avian embryonic limbs. The gross skeletal stain uses Victoria blue B,
      and the Feulgen stain is done en bloc before the skeletal stain is applied. The
      method has been useful in determining the cellular origins of supernumerary
      structures arising from experiments in which quail wing mesoderm is grafted into
      chick wing buds.

PMID- 2420039
TI  - A technique for decalcification and demonstration of substance P-like
      immunoreactivity.
AB  - Substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) was demonstrated in mouse spinal cord by
      an indirect immunofluorescence method after decalcification of the vertebra with
      a mixture of EDTA and Zamboni's fixative. SPLI was observed mainly in the gray
      matter of the spinal cord, especially the superficial layers of the dorsal horn;
      the distribution was the same as in the control spinal cord. No diffusion and
      depletion of SPLI were recognized after decalcification and no specific
      fluorescence was observed. The findings reported here indicate that
      decalcification with a mixture of EDTA and Zamboni's fixative is a useful method
      for examining SPLI in nervous tissue surrounded in situ by calcified tissues.

PMID- 2420040
TI  - Epoxy-slide embedment of cytochemically stained tissues and cultured cells for
      light and electron microscopy.
AB  - A new method is described for embedding stained tissue sections, cells, cultured
      cells or organ cultures in a special polyethylene mold to form epoxy microscope
      slides (cast-a-slides). Cast-a-slides in which biological specimens are embedded
      may be examined by light microscopy and individual optimally stained cells or
      tissue areas selected for examination by various modes of electron microscopy or
      X-ray microanalysis. Cultured cells or organs can be grown, fixed, stained and
      embedded in epoxy in the same cast-a-slide mold. The cast-a-slides can be stored
      conveniently in the same manner as glass microscopy slides.

PMID- 2420041
TI  - Improved Movat pentachrome stain.

PMID- 2420042
TI  - Identification of normal and leukemic granulocytic cells with merocyanine 540.
AB  - After fixation in a modified Bouin's solution, the acid dye merocyanine 540
      stained granules in granulocytic cells intensely. In immature granulocytes, such
      as promyelocytes and myelocytes, granules stained pink to violet. In some
      leukemic myeloblasts, promyelocytes and monocytes, granules also stained deep
      pink to violet. In more mature granulocytes, such as metamyelocytes, bands, and
      neutrophils, granules stained bright red to orange. In eosinophils and basophils,
      granules stained deep red. Granules of the type described were not visualized in
      normal plasma cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, or megakaryocytes. In normoblasts,
      cytoplasm stained diffusely red. Cytoplasmic staining in erythroblasts became
      darker as the cell matured, probably reflecting hemoglobin content. Used as a
      single agent stain, merocyanine 540 may be useful in distinguishing normal and
      leukemic granulocytic cells from other types of blood cells.

PMID- 2420043
TI  - [Primary odontogenic cyst (keratocyst) of the jaws].

PMID- 2420044
TI  - [Micturition complaints in older men].
AB  - There is no correlation between the size of the prostate and the degree of
      infravesical obstruction or related micturition disorders. If, however, benign
      prostatic hyperplasia results in bladder outlet obstruction, secondary detrusor
      hyperreflexia may develop. This bladder dysfunction persists postoperatively in a
      quarter of the patients treated. When in senile men the symptoms of detrusor
      instability or detrusor hyperreflexia are in the foreground, then it is very
      important from the point of view of differential diagnosis to know exactly
      whether the detrusor dysfunction is due to either outlet obstruction or cerebral
      insufficiency. Measurement of the sacral latency might be able to answer this
      question. If the voiding complaints are secondary to outflow obstruction and the
      neurophysiological parameters of the sacral reflex arc are within normal limits,
      then it may be assumed that the associated bladder instability (together with the
      bladder outlet obstruction) may disappear after prostatectomy or TUR of the
      prostate. In the case of a prostatic carcinoma with outflow obstruction, it seems
      preferable to start endocrine therapy, rather than to perform a TUR of the
      prostate. In a large number of cases, endocrine therapy will be able to reduce
      the size of the prostate and relieve the outflow obstruction. In patients with
      excessive operation risks, simple endoscopic bladder neck incision or suprapubic
      puncture cystostomy may prove valuable alternatives to TUR of the prostate.

PMID- 2420045
TI  - Lethal recognition between Entamoeba histolytica and the host tissues.
AB  - Lethal recognition between Entamoeba histolytica and the tissues and defence
      systems of the host results in a continuous interplay that determines the
      development of pathological lesions: (i) we have identified several of the steps
      and mediators utilized by the trophozoites to destroy host cells by contact
      mediated cytolysis; (ii) we have established that the alternative complement
      system represents the main defence available to the host against the invading
      parasite. The amoebae recognize target cells by means of a lectin specific for N
      acetylgalactosamine-containing surface glycoproteins. This recognition appears to
      activate the amoeba to release, in the area of contact, an attack complex that
      induces the host cells to undergo cytolysis. The main component of the attack
      complex is thought to be amoebapore, an ion-channel forming protein that
      incorporates spontaneously into target cells leading to their depolarization by
      creating a pathway for ions to flow down their concentration gradient. The known
      properties of amoebapore are described. The acquisition of complement resistance
      by the invading trophozoites is essential for their survival within the host and
      therefore underlies virulence. The resistance to complement killing is not a
      permanent property of the amoebae. It is lost during axenization and reappears on
      passage through the host or when the trophozoites are grown axenically in the
      presence of active complement.

PMID- 2420046
TI  - [Quantitative assessment of the size of Ag-stained nucleolus-organizing regions
      in human chromosomes].
AB  - The squares of Ag-stained nucleolar organizing regions of metaphase chromosomes
      have been estimated by scanning their negative images on the film and computer
      data processing. The intercellular variation of the sum of squares of nucleolar
      organizing regiones of five individuals was studied. The coefficient of variation
      for these individuals varied from 11.2 to 24.6%. The analysis of the mean sum of
      squares of nucleolar organizing regiones per metaphase has revealed reliable
      differences for all the individuals. This value, therefore, can be taken as
      individual characteristics in the population research.

PMID- 2420047
TI  - [Effect of quinine, a blocker of Ca2+-activated K+-channels, on lymphocyte
      activation by mitogens].
AB  - Quinine inhibits mitogenesis at the same concentration (10(-4) M) as that which
      blocks Ca++-dependent potassium transport in lymphocytes. Lower quinine
      concentrations (10(-8)-10(-6) M) induce a comitogenic effect which is most
      pronounced when Ca++-ionophore A23187 is used as a mitogen. Thus, activation of
      Ca++-dependent K+-channels is not necessary to trigger mitogenesis, but is
      important for further stages of the process.

PMID- 2420048
TI  - Tissue antigen distribution in hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - An immunohistochemical study on 63 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) was performed
      for the demonstration of alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and
      hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigens. AAT and AFP were also investigated in 54 cases
      of cirrhosis not associated with HCC. AAT was frequently expressed both in HCC
      (82.5%) and in cirrhosis (53.7%), whereas AFP was present in 41.2% of HCC and
      never detected in cirrhosis used as controls. These findings suggest that AFP is
      the more specific antigen for use as a marker of malignant cellular
      transformation. The HBsAg-positivity in 31.7% of HCC supports the hypothesis of a
      close link between virus B infection and the tumor.

PMID- 2420049
TI  - Combination of 4-epi-doxorubicin and irradiation--a new approach in the treatment
      of locoregionally advanced inoperable esophageal cancer.
AB  - The synergistic activity observed in vitro in V-79 hamster lung cells after
      treatment with 4-epi-doxorubicin (4-epi-DX) combined with irradiation stimulated
      a pilot study of 38 patients with inoperable locoregionally advanced squamous
      cell esophageal cancer. The patients (30 males, 8 females; mean age 60 years) had
      undergone no prior radiation or cytostatic drug therapy. Twenty tumors were
      localized in the middle third of the esophagus, and the remainder in the upper or
      lower third. Histological evidence of the tumor was obtained in all patients
      before treatment by endoscopy. The 33 evaluable cases included 30 squamous cell
      carcinomas, 2 anaplastic (squamous cell) carcinomas and 1 adenocarcinoma. The
      patients were irradiated in two opposite thoracic fields (Betatron-Siemens) with
      a total dosage of 3600-4000 cGy (200 cGy daily, 1000 weekly). The patients were
      concurrently administered 4-epi-DX at the dose of 50 mg/m2 i.v. daily on days 1,
      2, 22 and 23; the total 4-epi-DX dosage was 200 mg/m2. The results showed that 4
      epi-DX combined with irradiation had a pronounced antitumorigenic activity, since
      the 33 evaluable patients included 11 complete and 12 partial remissions, with a
      response rate of 70% (23/33). A minor regression (less than 50%) was observed in
      6 cases, and progression of the disease in 4. The median duration of the
      remissions was 9 + months (14 + months in complete responders). In 8 patients
      with a complete clinical response even the endoscopic biopsy samples were
      negative. Toxicity was moderate and reversible, and mainly accounted for by
      radiation mucositis and retrosternal pain, alopecia and mild bone marrow
      suppression. Transient ECG changes were observed in 3 cases. The results of the
      pilot study show that the combination of 4-epi-DX and irradiation might
      constitute successful palliative treatment for squamous cell esophageal cancer.

PMID- 2420050
TI  - [Serum alpha-fetoprotein in pregnancy].

PMID- 2420051
TI  - [Reference values for maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein in the second trimester of
      pregnancy].

PMID- 2420052
TI  - [Treatment of prostatic hypertrophy with transurethral prostatotomy].

PMID- 2420053
TI  - [The antineoplastic effect of interferon].

PMID- 2420055
TI  - [Serum alpha fetoprotein screening].

PMID- 2420054
TI  - [Bacterial and resistance pattern in the urine from patients admitted for
      prostatectomy].

PMID- 2420056
TI  - [Transport of substances in the nephron of the denervated kidney after hemorrhage
      and administration of plasma substitutes (experimental study)].

PMID- 2420057
TI  - [Status of the kallikrein and kinin systems of the blood in renal artery stenosis
      (experimental study)].

PMID- 2420058
TI  - [Production of an ototoxic cochlear lesion in an electrophysiological
      experiment].

PMID- 2420059
TI  - [Enzymatic and peroxidation mechanisms of lung damage in acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 2420060
TI  - Enhancement by interferon of chicken splenocyte natural killer cell activity
      against Marek's disease tumor cells.
AB  - A non-immune natural killer-type cell population (NK) from 6-to 12-week old
      chickens was able to kill MSB-1 Marek's disease (MD) tumor cells in vitro; as
      measured by the 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assay. Removal of T cells, B cells,
      adherent cells, or any combination of the three populations of cells did not
      result in diminished levels of cytotoxicity of the remaining spleen cells against
      MSB-1 cells. The cytotoxicity of chicken NK cells could be rapidly augmented by
      polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) and by the Cal 11914 strain of
      Newcastle disease virus (NDV), but not by the TCND strain of NDV which is not an
      interferon (IFN) inducer, indicating that IFN play a role in augmentation of the
      NK activity in chickens.

PMID- 2420061
TI  - Enzyme histochemical demonstration of hairy cell leukaemia in paraffin-embedded
      tissue sections.
AB  - Hairy cell leukaemia is a form of leukaemia difficult to diagnose since
      pancytopenia is often present. Hairy cells contain tartrate-resistant acid
      phosphatase, and this factor is utilised in the diagnosis of the condition. This
      study confirms that it is also possible to demonstrate tartrate-resistant acid
      phosphatase in leukaemic infiltrates in formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tissue
      sections.

PMID- 2420062
TI  - Histogenetic considerations concerning germ cell tumours. Morphological and
      immunohistochemical comparative investigation of the human embryo and testicular
      germ cell tumours.
AB  - Although it is accepted that the different components of germ cell tumours (GCT)
      imitate the embryonic and extraembryonic structures in early development, various
      tumour patterns remain to be interpreted in histogenetic terms. In particular,
      some patterns of embryonal carcinoma (EC) and yolk sac tumour (YST) have not been
      given a convincing histogenetic explanation. Combined morphological and
      immunohistochemical studies of GCT in addition to a three-dimensional analysis
      permit correlations between certain tumour patterns and normal embryonic and
      extraembryonic structures to be made. The various tumour patterns which reflect
      various stages of differentiation or maturation of cells and tissues of the
      normal conceptus may also be placed in chronological order with regard to
      embryogenesis. On the basis of such considerations a nomenclature using the
      embryological terms for the various tumour components may be considered, although
      not recommended as a new system of classification.

PMID- 2420063
TI  - Mechanisms of neutralization by monoclonal antibodies to different antigenic
      sites on the bovine herpesvirus type 1 glycoproteins.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies directed to different antigenic sites on bovine herpesvirus
      type 1 (BHV-1) glycoproteins were used to study the mechanisms of neutralization
      of the virus. Three nonoverlapping neutralizing antigenic sites, designated Ia,
      Ib, and Ic, were defined on gp87. Antibodies to site Ia which mediated viral
      neutralization without complement were effective on inhibition of virus
      adsorption. Antibodies to a single neutralization site on gp71, designated IIa,
      were able to neutralize the virus without complement even when they were
      incubated with the virus which had already adsorbed onto the cells. Antibodies
      directed against gp117 and antibodies against sites Ib and Ic on gp87 required
      complement for virus neutralization.

PMID- 2420064
TI  - [Morphology of the mesenteric microcirculation in rats after intraperitoneal
      administration of Hemodex, Rheohem and Vetadex].

PMID- 2420065
TI  - [Relation between DNA transcription and repair in stress].
AB  - Stress-induced DNA breaking may occur partially as a result of decrease in 5
      methyl cytosine content. Poststressory activation of transcription was shown to
      follow the stimulation of the DNA repair synthesis. The processes studied
      involved two phases and were tissue-dependent.

PMID- 2420066
TI  - [Determination of alpha-fetoprotein in the serum of pregnant women by rocket
      linear immunoelectrophoresis].
AB  - Rocket-linear immunoelectrophoresis enabled to estimate the alpha-fetoprotein
      content in blood serum of pregnant women. Sensitivity of the procedure
      constituted as low as 13-22 ng of the protein per I ml of blood serum.
      Concentration of the protein in blood serum depended on the period of pregnancy;
      middle values of normal content of alpha-fetoprotein in blood serum were
      estimated within various periods of pregnancy in women of the district studied.
      The procedure might be used simultaneously with immunoenzymatic and radioimmune
      methods in prenatal diagnosis of impairments in development of the fetus neural
      tube.

PMID- 2420067
TI  - [Effect of a new anti-inflammatory agent chlotazol on nucleic acid metabolism in
      rat liver cells].
AB  - Effects of a new antiinflammatory preparation chlotozol on the activity of
      enzymes participating in metabolism of nucleic acids, on rates of DNA and RNA
      synthesis and on the transport of RNA from nuclei into cytoplasm were studied in
      liver cells of Wistar rats. Administration of chlotozol did not distinctly affect
      the rate of DNA synthesis, the RNAase activity, the rate of RNA transport from
      nuclei into cytoplasm. Chlotozol caused a decrease of the RNA polymerase activity
      in nuclei in vitro. Thus, chlotozol did not exhibit negative effects on
      reduplication and transport of RNA from nuclei into cytoplasm in liver cells of
      intact animals. Inhibitory effect of chlotozol on the RNA-polymerase activity
      appears to be one of mechanisms responsible for regulation of transcription.

PMID- 2420068
TI  - [Isolation of the influenza virus from the tree sparrow and a study of the
      infectivity of this virus in wild birds of the central Dnieper River area].
AB  - An influenza virus belonging to the serovariant A/H3N2 and registered as
      A/sparrow/Ukraine/83 was isolated from a member of synanthropic birds, a tree
      sparrow, near Kanev. This virus showed low pathogenicity and immunologic activity
      in experimental infection of sparrows and other birds. Sera from a number of
      avian and mammal species had antibodies to this virus which indicates that
      synanthropic and semi-synanthropic birds may be a connecting link in spread of
      influenza virus.

PMID- 2420069
TI  - [Natural killers and interferon in complicated influenza and other acute
      respiratory viral diseases in children].
AB  - The results of the study on the functional activity of natural killers (NK) and
      serum interferon in 118 children ranging in age from 3 months to 5 years
      suffering from influenza and other acute respiratory viral diseases complicated
      with croup, pneumonia, and obstructive syndrome (66 children with influenza, 21
      with parainfluenza, 16 with adenovirus infection, and 15 with respiratory
      syncytial virus diseases) are presented. The control group consisted of 22 normal
      children. Decreased NK activity was demonstrated in the acute period of all ARVD
      but was more marked in adenovirus disease and complications with pneumonia,
      bronchiolitis, obstructive syndrome. While in hospital, children with low
      interferon titres developed a new acute viral disease more frequently or their
      principal disease was complicated with pneumonia. The detection of NK cell
      inhibition in some patients with ARVD complicated with pneumonia, bronchiolitis
      and decreased serum interferon levels in these patients are considered as
      indications for administration of immunotherapy (levamisole, zixorin, cathergen).

PMID- 2420070
TI  - [Physicochemical and biological properties of human placental amniotic
      interferon].
AB  - The possibility of generating large quantities of highly active interferon from
      human placenta amniotic membrane (plaferon) has been demonstrated. Plaferon is
      innocuous and nonreactogenic in experimental models and has an antiviral effect
      of wide spectrum. The activity is resistant to DNase, RNase, lipase, and stable
      at pH 2. A polyclonal serum to human leukocyte interferon and monoclonal NK-2
      antibody did not inhibit the antiviral activity of plaferon. The level of
      hormones in plaferon and leukocyte interferon preparations was practically
      similar. In diploid cultures of human fibroblasts the antiviral condition under
      the effect of plaferon developed slower than under the effect of leukocyte
      interferon.

PMID- 2420071
TI  - [Nonspecific protection and specific immunity in various clinical forms of mumps
      virus infection in children].
AB  - The time course of specific antibody production, interferon production in the
      blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and the capacity of blood cells for interferon
      production were compared in 270 children with glandular and neuroglandular forms
      of mumps virus infection (MVI). A significant decrease of antibody production in
      neuroglandular form of MVI and lower interferon titres in the blood in the acute
      period of this form of infection were noted. The severity of the course of
      meningitis was inversely related to interferon levels in the cerebrospinal fluid
      of the patients. In aseptic meningitis, the capacity of blood leukocytes for
      interferon production upon their repeated contact with mumps virus was disturbed
      while interferon synthesis induced by other interferon inducers (polyI: polyC)
      did not change. In patients with neuroglandular form of MVI having low interferon
      titres, high monocytosis in the blood was observed at the period of meningitis
      symptoms onset. Superimposition of acute respiratory virus infections in MVI
      leads to more severe course of meningitis with prolongation of meningeal symptoms
      and of the period required for the elimination of pathogenic agents from the
      cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 2420072
TI  - [Interferonogenicity of the bacterial lysates in human and murine cell cultures].
AB  - The antibacterial JRS vaccine was found to be capable of inducing interferon
      production in human peripheral blood leukocytes and mouse bone marrow cells. The
      vaccine induced no interferon in L-929 cells or human diploid M-19 cells.
      Interferon appeared in the culture fluid within 4-6 hours after induction and
      reached the maximum levels in 18-24 hours. One-hour contact of the vaccine with
      leukocytes was sufficient for interferon induction. The interferon generated in
      human blood leukocytes was partially stable at pH 2.2; heating at 56 degrees C
      for 30 min reduced its activity 4-fold; antiserum to alpha-interferon inhibited
      it.

PMID- 2420073
TI  - [Concentration and purification of the measles virus using a 2-phase system of
      water-soluble polymers].
AB  - A number of two-phase aqueous polymers based on dextran (mol. w. 500) and
      polyethylene glycol (mol. w. 1000, 4000, 6000) was studied. The two-step
      distribution of virus-containing tissue culture fluid in these systems was found
      to result in significant purification of measles virus from protein admixtures.
      The degree of virus purification was shown to depend on ratios of volumes and
      molecular weights of the polymers.

PMID- 2420074
TI  - [Use of cimetidine with histamine in 4 patients with inoperable neoplasms of the
      upper part of the digestive tract].

PMID- 2420075
TI  - [Role of histamine and mast cells in peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2420076
TI  - [Radiotherapy aspects in the treatment of breast cancer].
AB  - The role of radiotherapy in breast cancer has been to supply and complete radical
      or simple mastectomy, conservative surgery, and to improve quality of life in
      cases of disseminated disease. The concept of conservative surgery and radiation
      is based on successful treatment while preserving the breast. In randomized
      trials there were no significant differences in disease-free, distant-disease
      free or overall survival of patients treated by radical mastectomy or segmental
      mastectomy followed by breast irradiation. Adjuvant radiotherapy in treatment of
      operable breast cancer remains controversial, although most oncologists agree
      that it provides local and regional control of tumor. Preirradiation multidrug
      chemotherapy was added in inflammatory carcinoma of the breast, in patients with
      high risk of dissemination, and in gross local recurrences. Radiotherapy does
      relieve pain and disability caused by bone metastases in 80% and effective
      palliation is achieved by treatment of brain metastases.

PMID- 2420077
TI  - Acesulfame K, cyclamate and saccharin inhibit the anaerobic fermentation of
      glucose by intestinal bacteria.
AB  - The caecal microflora of Cara rats was incubated in the pH stat with glucose
      under anaerobic conditions, and the acid production was measured. In the presence
      of the sweeteners Acesulfame K, Cyclamate and Saccharin, inhibition of the
      fermentation of glucose was observed with ED50 values of 260, 251, and 140 mM,
      respectively. The nutritional relevance of these observations is probably slight;
      an interpretation in terms of bacterial physiology leads to the proposal that the
      sweeteners may act on glucose transport systems at the bacterial cytomembrane.

PMID- 2420078
TI  - [Clinical and pathogenetic aspects of aspirin intolerance].
AB  - Aspirin intolerance has become increasingly important in clinical dermatology
      during the past decade, especially as a diagnostic aid in chronic urticaria. It
      is recommended, to distinguish clinically between the intolerance syndrome and an
      intolerance provocation (of preexistent asthma or urticaria). Pathogenetically,
      various antibody-independent mechanisms are discussed of which most authors
      favour a defective regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism.

PMID- 2420079
TI  - [Significance of cardiac arrhythmias in the aged and their treatment with
      propafenone controlled by plasma level].
AB  - Every form of cardiac arrhythmia can complicate the existing cardiovascular and
      cerebrovascular changes in elderly people. A controlled clinical study was
      performed on 37 geriatric patients, aged 45-93 years (average 77.3 years), with
      supraventricular and ventricular premature beats (SVPB, VPB). The effect of
      propafenon on premature beats was tested in a 24-hour ECG monitoring: propafenon
      has a significant reducing influence on SVPB and VPB in elderly patients. More
      than 50% of all patients had these results with a daily dosage of 2 X 150 mg. In
      40% the dosage had to be increased to 2 X 300 mg. There was a negative
      correlation between plasma levels and number of arrhythmias, i.e. high plasma
      levels were connected with lower arrhythmias. No laboratory findings were
      changed, no side effects were observed. Contrary to much higher doses in other
      studies the good results of our small doses can be explained by the different
      pharmacokinetics of old age. Bearing this fact in mind, propafenon can be
      valuable in the treatment of arrhythmias even in older patients.

PMID- 2420080
TI  - [Silver staining in the detection of urinary protein fractions following
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis].

PMID- 2420081
TI  - Ultrastructural investigations of the influence of castration on parotid cells of
      the rat.

PMID- 2420082
TI  - Silver staining of the neuronal nuclei.

PMID- 2420083
TI  - Bismuth iodide impregnation of the peripheral nerve fibres.

PMID- 2420084
TI  - [Neurochemical aspects of the emotional reactivity and motor activity of rats in
      new circumstances].

PMID- 2420085
TI  - [The role of myoepithelial cells in normal and neoplastically changed breast
      tissue].

PMID- 2420086
TI  - [Immunohistochemical breast cancer diagnosis].

PMID- 2420087
TI  - [Cytokeratins in breast cancers].

PMID- 2420088
TI  - [Different expressions of various epitopes of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen in
      breast cancer cells. Immunohistochemical study with monoclonal antibodies against
      asialoglycophorin A].

PMID- 2420089
TI  - [Comparison of various staining technics in the cytologic typing of breast
      cancers].

PMID- 2420090
TI  - [Proteins of bee honey. VI. Isoelectric focusing of amylase in various kinds of
      honey].
AB  - The isolated honey amylase was characterized by preparative and analytical
      isoelectric focusing. An interesting aspect of the preparative isoelectric
      focusing was the reduction of iodine by Ampholines which were used for building
      up a pH-gradient, giving a false increase in apparent amylase activity as
      determined by the iodine/starch reaction. Dextran gels were not suited for the
      matrix, because interactions with the enzyme disturb the focusing. From the
      analytical isoelectric focusing of isolated honey amylase in ultrathin layer
      Polyacrylamide gels 10 protein bands resulted. A newly developed zymogram
      technique was positive for amylase activity in all 10 protein bands.

PMID- 2420091
TI  - [Symbol and metaphor].
AB  - Taking Jones' work--A Theory of Symbolism as a Basis--it is attempted to
      elaborate on the basic underlying hypotheses of his symbol concept and to show
      the partiality of his metaphor concept. Prominence is given the concepts of
      similarity, identification and structure of experience. The insufficient
      definition of the metaphor complicates, the understanding of the connection
      between symbol, symptom and language. The metaphor phenomenon is explained and
      its organization principles pointed out; principles which are also found in the
      organisation of experience formation. Freunds theses of primitive language and
      the use of language as a bridge to symbolism is clarified. The connection between
      metaphor and symbol is represented as a circular process.

PMID- 2420092
TI  - [Myth and delusion in the Melanesian cargo cult].
AB  - Native myths are rekindled in the Melanesian cargo cult, the process in many
      cases being activated by some prophecy made by a psychotic cult leader. Indeed,
      the cargo cult brings about a feeling of solidarity for the natives involved
      going beyond the strict tribal boundaries. The culturally determined content of
      the cult leader's psychosis primary focuses on a grandiose sense of mission of a
      religious and political kind.

PMID- 2420093
TI  - [Effect of embolization of the renal artery on histologic changes in primary
      kidney cancer].
AB  - The authors compared the histologic changes in 12 kidneys removed due to renal
      carcinoma with the changes in 12 other kidneys in which before nephrectomy an
      embolization of the renal artery with Spongostan had been performed. The results
      achieved show that the embolization of the renal artery may intensify the
      lymphocytic macrophagal and fibroplastic interstice of the tumour and according
      to this may represent a factor which is able to activate the cellular effector
      mechanism of the antineoplastic immunity of the organism.

PMID- 2420094
TI  - [Effect of the stable prostacyclin analog (iloprost) on survival of ischemically
      stressed swine kidney transplants].
AB  - Kidneys of 5 pigs were pretreated in situ with Iloprost (Fa. Schering) (0.5
      micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) and exposed to a warm ischaemia time of 45 minutes.
      The perfusion behaviour of these kidneys during the initial fall current
      perfusion and hypothermic machine perfusion for 24 hours was to be compared with
      that of kidneys with a warm ischaemia time of less than 5 minutes. After
      retransplantation in all kidneys a good blood supply and an immediate urine
      production was to be seen for the duration of the experiment of 3 hours.

PMID- 2420095
TI  - [Extended storage preservation of swine kidneys to 72 hours using iloprost].
AB  - The intraaortal infusion of Iloprost (1 micrograms/kg X min) for the duration of
      15 minutes leads to an increase of the renal hematorrhea by 85.2%, to a decrease
      of the renal resistance by 51.6% and to a slight decrease of the average arterial
      blood pressure by 13.3%. After a 72-hour hypothermic storage preservation under
      addition of Iloprost the renal blood supply after retransplantation corresponded
      to the initial values of the blood flow before nephrectomy. The production of
      urine began after 1-2 minutes. Enzyme investigations of the transplant urine
      resulted in an increased excretion of the cytosolic enzymes, the structure-bound
      enzymes, however, remained in the area of the norm. The investigation of the
      electrolytes of the urine showed a hypersodiuria as well as a hypopotassiuria and
      calciuria. As to urea and creatinine the values were below the parameters used
      for comparison. In the contralateral kidneys used as control kidneys no blood
      supply developed after retransplantation. The application of Iloprost for the
      conditioning of donor kidneys is very well suited and shows some advantages
      compared with the preparation used up to now. The prolongation of the hypothermic
      storage preservation to 72 hours seems to be possible by the application of
      Iloprost.

PMID- 2420096
TI  - [Microdensitometric research on DNA in the cells of a primary kidney tumor after
      Spongostan embolization of the renal artery].
AB  - In klatsch preparations of renal tumours (light-cellular carcinomas with
      malignity degree 2 and 3) microdensitometric investigations of the DNA-content
      were performed. In the 1st group the material came from 10 patients in whom a
      unique nephrectomy, in the 2nd group from 10 patients in whom 2 days before
      nephrectomy an embolisation of the renal artery with Spongostan, in the 3rd group
      from 10 patients in whom 14 days after embolisation the nephrectomy had been
      performed. From the analysis of the histograms follows that in the cytoblasts of
      the tumours of the 3rd group the percentage of diploid and paradiploid nuclei is
      higher than in the groups I and II: deviation to the left of the histogram.
      However, the index of the mean DNA-content is smaller in the 3rd group than in
      the 1st and 2nd group, correspondingly: 8.79, 10.52 and 11.8; the difference is
      statistically significant. The results obtained show that the embolisation of the
      renal artery may not only lead to a necrosis of the neoplasmatic tissue, but also
      to an inhibition of the DNA-synthesis in the persisting cancer cells.

PMID- 2420097
TI  - [Occurrence of goblet cells in the human extrahepatic bile duct epithelium in the
      fetus and newborn infant].
AB  - The development of several cell types was studied in human extrahepatic bile
      ducts of 5 fetuses, 11 newborn infants (gestational age of 28 to 41 weeks), and 3
      children younger than 6 years by means of histological and histochemical staining
      reactions. Barrel-shaped columnar cells and rod-shaped cells in the mucosa are
      well described in the literature. Goblet cells are only known at the region of
      the ampulla of Vater. In our study, goblet cells were found in all cases of
      newborn infants older than 28 gestational weeks. The cytoplasm of the goblet
      cells contains a mixture of neutral, carboxylated, and sulphated
      mucopolysaccharides. The physiological importance of the goblet cells is
      discussed. Parallels to the development and pathology of gall bladder epithelium
      are elucidated.

PMID- 2420098
TI  - [Surgical therapy of liver cancer].
AB  - An account is given in this paper of surgical treatment of malignant tumors of
      the liver of patients in the Surgical Department of Charite over the past six
      years, with reference being made to both indications for surgery and therapeutic
      results. - In the period under review, treatment was applied to 335 patients with
      malignant tumors of the liver, among them 168 with liver metastases. Thirty-eight
      per cent of all tumours treated were localised in the right lobe and 19 per cent
      in the left. The portal hilum was affected in 15 per cent of all cases and the
      entire liver in 28 per cent. Promising curative therapy was considered
      practicable for 67 patients, whereas three underwent palliative surgery. Liver
      transplantation was performed on 21 patients with malignant tumours not
      accessible to meaningful surgical approach. The resection rate in cases of liver
      malignoma was 14.6 per cent. The record included 14 hemihepatectomies on the
      right side and eleven on the left as well as 24 instances of atypical or segment
      removal, primarily in cases of liver metastasation. Surgical lethality amounted
      to 6.1 per cent, while the three-year survival rate was 55 per cent, with the
      most favourable results being recorded from hepatocellular carcinoma with 81 per
      cent. Only seven per cent of 265 patients with inoperable malignant liver tumours
      were left alive after one year. Impaired wound healing, the most common
      postoperative complication, had to be coped with in 21 per cent of all cases. The
      rate of complications proved to be substantially controllable by pre-operative
      conditioning and careful postoperative intensive care.

PMID- 2420099
TI  - [Effect of pesticides on the release of histamine, chemotactic factors and
      leukotrienes from rat mast cells and human basophils].
AB  - The influence of pesticides on mediator release from rat peritoneal mast cells
      and human basophiles was studied. Mediators from mast cells and basophils are
      important factors in allergic and inflammatory reactions. Release of histamine
      from rat mast cells and human basophils is demonstrated by stimulation with
      dieldrin, DDT, heptachlor, heptachlorepoxid and biphenyl. This pesticide-induced
      histamine secretion is dose-dependent and requires Ca2+. In contrast, incubation
      with gamma-HCH, HCB and carbaryl produces no significant histamine release.
      Additive histamine secretion results from simultaneous stimulation of rat mast
      cells with pesticides and anaphylatoxin C5a. Further, secretion of eosinophil and
      neutrophil chemotactic factors from rat mast cells is induced during incubation
      with dieldrin, biphenyl and heptachlorepoxid. It is also demonstrated that
      pesticides can stimulate the generation of lipidmediators. Biphenyl, gamma-HCH,
      heptachlor, heptachlorepoxid, DDT and dieldrin cause the release of leukotriene
      C4 from rat mast cells. The possible role of these in vitro results is discussed.

PMID- 2420100
TI  - [Effect of mestranol and chlormadinone acetate on basal and GnRH stimulated
      gonadotropin secretion in Turner's syndrome].
AB  - In 19 patients aged from 12 to 24 years (average age 17.0 years) with Turner's
      syndrome the influence of mestranol and chlormadinone acetate on both basal and
      GnRH stimulated secretion of gonadotropins was investigated by means of
      sequential test (0.5 g arginine hydrochloride/kg body weight, 25 micrograms GnRH
      and 200 micrograms TRH). This test was performed before, during and after
      treatment. Serum levels of LH and FSH were determined by RIA. Before hormonal
      treatment 15 patients showed hypergonadotropic, and 4 normo- or hypogonadotropic
      basal levels, respectively. By GnRH the increase of the gonadotropin secretion
      was individually different. Under hormonal influence the basal gonadotropin
      levels were significantly reduced, with the responsibility to GnRH going lost.
      After treatment in 15 women hypergonadotropic levels were recovered. But FSH
      serum levels were somewhat lower and LH levels somewhat higher than before
      hormonal treatment.

PMID- 2420101
TI  - [Effect of mestranol and chlormadinone acetate on basal and TRH-stimulated PRL
      secretion in Turner's syndrome].
AB  - In 19 patients aged from 12 to 24 years (average age 17.0 years) with Turner's
      syndrome the influence of mestranol and chlormadinone acetate on both basal and
      TRH stimulated PRL secretion was investigated by means of sequential stimulation
      test (0.5 g arginine hydrochloride/kg body weight, 25 micrograms GnRH and 200
      micrograms TRH). This test was performed before, during the third until 5th cycle
      of treatment and 4 month after the end of therapy. PRL levels were determined by
      RIA. In most patients under treatment both basal and stimulated PRL showed an
      increase within the normal range. Hyperprolactinemic levels could be observed on
      one patient only.

PMID- 2420102
TI  - [Effect of mestranol and chlormadinone acetate on HGH secretion in Turner's
      syndrome].
AB  - In 19 patients aged from 12 to 24 years (average age 17.0 years) with Turner's
      syndrome the influence of the hormonal substitution with mestranol and
      chlormadinone acetate on both basal and arginine stimulated HGH secretion was
      investigated. This test was performed before, during and after treatment. HGH
      serum levels were determined by RIA. Both the basal values and the increase of
      HGH secretion after arginine stimulation were used for evaluation of the test
      results. Under estrogen-gestagen treatment in 15 of the 19 patients
      hypersomatotropic basal levels were determined. The basal HGH levels before and
      during as well as during and after treatment are significant different (p less
      than 0,01). The responsibility of the somatotrophs to the arginine stimulation
      was individually different and did not show any uniform trend.

PMID- 2420103
TI  - [Experiences with the management of children with learning and development
      disorders].

PMID- 2420104
TI  - Effectiveness of mexiletine in ventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - Fifty-four patients with a symptomatic ventricular arrhythmia underwent two 24
      hour electrocardiographic recordings, respectively before and after two to three
      weeks treatment with mexiletine, at a dose of 200 mg three times a day. According
      to the reduction in the number of premature beats, the effectiveness of the
      treatment was similar for patients with heart disease (group A), and for those
      suffering from an idiopathic arrhythmia (group B). A reduction of more than 80%
      was observed in 48.1% of the patients, and it was ranging between 50 and 80% in
      13% of them. An increase in the number of premature beats was observed in 14.8%.
      According to the Lown's grading system, the shift from malignant (IV-V) to benign
      (I-III) grades was significant in group A only. The side effects justified the
      discontinuation of the treatment for 22.8% of an initial group of 70 patients,
      but were benign and totally reversible. Thus, mexiletine appears to be effective
      in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias, with a relatively high incidence of
      benign and reversible side effects.

PMID- 2420105
TI  - Prevention of thrombosis after hip fracture surgery. Comparison of dextran 70
      with and without dihydroergotamine.
AB  - The efficacy of dextran 70 with or without dihydroergotamine as prophylaxis
      against deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was tested prospectively in a randomized
      series of 65 patients with fracture of the hip. Diagnostic evaluation was made
      with bilateral ascending phlebography on postoperative day 7. In the dextran 70
      group, 5 of the 27 phlebographically studied patients had DVT, an incidence not
      significantly different from the 10 DVT among 28 patients given dextran 70 +
      dihydroergotamine. Bleeding complications showed no intergroup difference. The
      study did not confirm a beneficial effect of dextran 70 in combination with
      dihydroergotamine as compared with dextran alone in regard to thrombotic
      complications after surgery for hip fracture.

PMID- 2420106
TI  - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone in acute pancreatitis. A preliminary report.
AB  - The effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in continuous infusion (a bolus
      of 400 micrograms followed by 200 micrograms/hour for 6 hours) was studied in 35
      patients (17 TRH, 18 placebo) with acute pancreatitis in a double-blind
      investigation. Three hours after the start of infusion, significantly more
      patients were pain-free in the TRH group than in the placebo group, but not
      thereafter. TRH also significantly reduced the serum amylase and lipase levels,
      but did not influence the clinical course of pancreatitis.

PMID- 2420107
TI  - A new synthetic retinoid, E-5166, augments epidermal beta-adrenergic adenylate
      cyclase response.
AB  - Effects of a new synthetic retinoid, 3, 7, 11, 15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14
      hexadecapentaenoic acid (E-5166), on the cyclic AMP system of pig skin epidermis
      was investigated. When pig skin slices were incubated in vitro for 24 h, the beta
      adrenergic adenylate cyclase response (epinephrine-induced cyclic AMP
      accumulation) was decreased. The addition of E-5166 in the incubation medium
      resulted in an increase of this receptor response of epidermis. On the other
      hand, histamine-induced cyclic AMP accumulations were decreased by the E-5166
      treatment. The effect of E-5166 was concentration-dependent; the maximal effect
      was observed at 50-100 microM. Ro 10-1670 (an active derivative of Ro 10-9359
      (etretinate)) is known to have similar beta-adrenergic augmentation effect. The
      simultaneous addition of E-5166 and Ro 10-1670 at their optimal concentrations
      resulted in neither additive nor synergistic effect on the epinephrine-induced
      cyclic AMP accumulations. There was no significant difference in cyclic AMP
      phosphodiesterase activity between control and E-5166-treated epidermis. These
      data indicate that pig skin epidermal adenylate cyclase responses are modulated
      by E-5166 probably through the same mechanism induced by other retinoids.

PMID- 2420108
TI  - The influence of locally administered ultraviolet light (UVB) on the allergic
      contact dermatitis in the mouse.
AB  - A quantitative model of contact allergy to picryl chloride in the mouse was used
      to evaluate the influence of locally administered ultraviolet light (UVB) on
      sensitization and challenge. UVB was given in three different doses immediately
      before and 24 h before sensitization and challenge, respectively. A suppressive
      effect was demonstrated on the afferent as well as on the efferent limb of the
      allergic reaction.

PMID- 2420109
TI  - Induction of formaldehyde contact sensitivity: dose response relationship in the
      guinea pig maximization test.
AB  - The sensitizing potential of aqueous formaldehyde was evaluated with the guinea
      pig maximization test (GPMT) in two laboratories (Copenhagen and Stockholm) using
      different guinea pig strains. Six intradermal (0.01%-3%), and 6 topical (0.5%
      20%) concentrations were used for induction, and formaldehyde 1% and 0.1% was
      used for challenge. The incidence of contact sensitivity depended on the
      intradermal, but not on the topical induction dose. Statistical analyses showed a
      non-monotonous (non-linear) dose response relationship. The estimated maximal
      sensitization rate in Copenhagen was 80% after intradermal induction with 0.65%
      formaldehyde; in Stockholm it was 84% after induction with 0.34%. The data from
      the two laboratories could be described by parallel displaced dose response
      curves suggesting that the guinea pig strain used in Stockholm was significantly
      more susceptible to formaldehyde than the strain used in Copenhagen. The EC50
      (formaldehyde concentration at which 50% of the guinea pigs were sensitized) at
      the 72 h scoring and a 1% challenge concentration, was 0.061% in Copenhagen and
      0.024% in Stockholm.

PMID- 2420110
TI  - Inflammatory cell types in normal human epidermis--an immunohistochemical and
      morphometric study.
AB  - Inflammatory cells in 15 specimens of normal human epidermis were selectively
      stained by a monoclonal antibody immunoperoxidase technique. The quantitative
      assessment using an interactive image analysis system revealed OKT 11 positive
      cells (T lymphocytes) and Leu 2a positive cells (suppressor/cytotoxic cells). As
      there was no significant difference in the distribution of these markers,
      helper/inducer cells obviously are not present in considerable amounts. OKM 5
      positive cells outnumbered OKM 1 positive cells, indicating the presence of a OKM
      5+, OKM 1-macrophage subset. The epidermal dendritic cells clearly showed a
      striking heterogeneity regarding the expression of HLA-DR (62% of OKT 6-positive
      cells) and Leu 3a (47%), suggesting the existence of immunologically distinct
      subsets of human epidermal dendritic cells.

PMID- 2420111
TI  - Protective immunization against Treponema pallidum using specific immune
      complexes--an attempt.
AB  - Rabbits were immunized using isolated and dissolved specific immune complexes
      obtained from patients suffering from early syphilis. After immunization the
      rabbits were infected intradermally with living Treponema pallidum. Some of them
      did not develop lesions at the infection sites. In comparison to controls there
      was a delayed and reduced production of antibodies. The effect of immunization
      may be induced by a treponemal protein antigen as a constituent of the specific
      immune complexes.

PMID- 2420112
TI  - Glycosaminoglycan alteration in the skin of children with classical Ehlers-Danlos
      syndrome.
AB  - Three children with classical Ehlers-Danlos syndrome were studied. Electron
      microscopic observation of the skin demonstrated a hyaluronic acid-dominant
      glycosaminoglycan structure in the intercellular matrix. Biochemical analysis
      showed a significant increase in hyaluronic acid content, as compared with the
      skin of sex- and age-matched children, including a non-affected brother of a
      patient. In addition, enhanced hyaluronic acid synthesis was demonstrated in
      vitro, using a patient's dermal fibroblasts. Analysis of the collagen showed no
      apparent abnormalities.

PMID- 2420113
TI  - Coagulation and fibrinolytic systems during the course of erysipelas and
      necrotizing fasciitis and the effect of heparin.
AB  - Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a grave infection of the skin leading to gangrene
      of the integument and often having a complicated and prolonged course. Studies on
      blood coagulation and fibrinolysis were done in 15 patients with NF and compared
      with 5 cases of erysipelas (E). In both conditions local fibrin deposition
      occurred initially in their course, but it was quantitatively more pronounced in
      NF than in E. Fibrinolysis decreased and stayed low at the site of NF up to 5
      months (median) after discharge from hospital. Fibrinogen and activities of
      several plasma serine proteinases modifying coagulation were increased during the
      course of both diseases and even at the follow-up. Factor XII was decreased
      during the first week in E but a transient drop was present in NF only on days 3
      and 4. The treatment of NF consists of high doses of appropriate antibiotics
      instituted early in its course. A beneficial effect of 300-500 IU heparin/kg/day
      was suggested from this open study. The hard induration preceding the appearance
      of skin gangrene was inhibited, if heparin was given early in the course of NF.
      We conclude that the enhanced fibrin deposition and vascular occlusions in the
      skin are the basis for most complications present in NF.

PMID- 2420114
TI  - Psychological predictors of pruritus during mental stress.
AB  - Experimentally-induced mental stress activates the psychoneuroendocrine systems.
      The cutaneous (itch and flare) responses of human skin to intradermal injection
      of histamine remain despite this unaltered. Major interindividual differences,
      however, exist in both neurophysiological reactions and cutaneous reactivity. The
      individual skin responses are interrelated to the urinary adrenaline response
      pattern. Psychosomatic status and psychosocial factors were in this study
      observed to be good predictors of skin responsiveness assessed by a multivariate
      model. We suggest that future studies on stress and pruritus should take these
      aspects into consideration. Knowledge of individual characteristics and coping
      strategies might help us understand why some patients suffer form itching in
      response to stress while others do not.

PMID- 2420115
TI  - Serologic studies of erythema chronicum migrans Afzelius and acrodermatitis
      chronica atrophicans with indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assays.
AB  - To determine whether antibodies to Borrelia spirochetes were present, sera from
      88 patients with uncomplicated erythema chronicum migrans Afzelius (ECMA), from 9
      patients with ECMA-related extracutaneous complications and from 26 patients with
      acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA) were submitted to an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an indirect immunofluorescence (IF) assay. The
      assays were calculated to be 95% specific. There was good correlation between the
      IF test with a polyvalent conjugate and IgG ELISA. Of patients with uncomplicated
      ECMA, 18% were seropositive by IgG ELISA and 11% by IgM ELISA, and 15% showed
      elevated IF titers. Elevated serum antibody levels of IgG as measured by ELISA
      and elevated IF titers were found in all patients with extracutaneous
      complications and in the patients with ACA. Declining IgG titers were observed at
      follow-up 6-12 months after therapy, but the majority of the patients with ACA
      were still seropositive.

PMID- 2420116
TI  - Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy: immunological and mycological
      investigations.
AB  - Immunological and mycological investigations were carried out in 21 Swedish
      homosexual males. One of them had AIDS, one pre-AIDS and 19 lymphadenopathy of
      whom 18 fulfilled the criteria of persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) as
      defined by the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, (CDC). The patients were
      investigated immunologically with respect to their in vitro lymphocyte reactivity
      to various mitogens. The patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS belonged to the group of
      8 patients with low response to mitogens. Blood helper T cell percentages and
      serum beta 2-microglobulin concentrations correlated with the PHA reactivity.
      Three patients, with the diagnoses AIDS, pre-AIDS and PGL respectively, had
      clinical signs of oral candidiasis with rich growth of Candida albicans in
      culture. These were all low responders to mitogen stimulation. Six cases of tinea
      pedis were diagnosed and seemed to be distributed among the patients
      irrespectively of the severity of their immunological disorders.

PMID- 2420117
TI  - Hematologic disease in scleroderma syndromes.
AB  - Review of 4 430 patients with a diagnosis of scleroderma, morphea, or
      eosinophilic fasciitis has revealed 16 patients with one of a variety of serious
      hematologic diseases. Although it is not possible to comment on the exact
      relationship between the dermatologic disease and the hematologic disorder, in
      seven patients there appeared to be a close temporal relationship between the
      onset of the two conditions. The development of a serious hematologic disease,
      especially a lymphoproliferative process, may rarely be seen not only in patients
      with eosinophilic fasciitis but also in those with systemic or localized
      scleroderma.

PMID- 2420118
TI  - Epidermolysis bullosa simplex localisata associated with anodontia, hair and nail
      disorders: a new syndrome.
AB  - Two cases of epidermolysis bullosa simplex localisata associated with anodontia,
      hair and nail disorders were described. It was proved that the reported cases
      represented a new syndrome, which had previously not been published. The syndrome
      was named "Syndroma Kallin" after the surname of the two patients. Two genetic
      theories were suggested: an autosomal recessive genetic trait or a gonadal
      mosaicism with an early dominant gene mutation.

PMID- 2420119
TI  - PUVA therapy for palmoplantar pustulosis.
AB  - Forty patients suffering from pustulosis palmoplantaris were treated with PUVA
      therapy. Thirty-six patients had palmar lesions which cleared in 31 cases; in 18
      cases after an initial course of 3 sessions of treatment per week during an
      average period of 10 weeks, and in another 13 only after additional, less
      frequent continuation of the PUVA therapy. The average total UVA dose at clearing
      of the palmar lesions was 191 and the final UVA dose 7.3 J/cm2. After 2 years, 9
      out of the 31 cases of palmar lesions were still completely healed, and the
      average duration of remission was greater than or equal to 15 months. For plantar
      lesions the results of PUVA therapy, using essentially the same procedure, were
      less satisfactory: healing being obtained in only 5 out of 34 cases. However, for
      palmar and plantar lesions alike, most patients have reported long-standing
      improvement from PUVA therapy. A surprisingly high frequency of nausea was noted
      as a side-effect.

PMID- 2420120
TI  - Ultrastructural studies on experimental hair infections in vitro caused by
      Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum.
AB  - Experimental infections with Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum
      were performed on human hair in vitro and studied by conventional light
      microscopy, scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. The
      penetrations visible by light microscopy in hair infected with T. mentagrophytes
      appeared at SEM as disrupted surface areas with perforating holes. T. rubrum
      infected hair displayed minute perforations and less conspicuous cuticular
      damages seen at SEM and TEM. In both organisms multiple tiny perforating holes
      were observed at SEM previously unnoticed in experimental hair infections. From a
      morphological point of view the differences between the fungi investigated in
      this experimental system seem to be more of a quantitative nature than involving
      different mechanisms of action.

PMID- 2420121
TI  - A rapid fixation technique of epidermis for electron microscopy.
AB  - A rapid processing technique for ultrastructural studies of human epidermis has
      been devised in order to reduce dislocation of soluble compounds and to make
      available sections for diagnostic purposes within reasonable time (ca 4 hours).
      The morphology of cellular components agreed with or improved upon that obtained
      after commonly used methods. Thus, for example, the substance in the intercorneal
      space was better preserved and the cytomembrane and certain of its
      specializations appeared more distinct.

PMID- 2420122
TI  - Urinary excretion of melanocytic metabolites in fertile women.
AB  - Pregnant women and women taking oral contraceptives show urinary excretion values
      of 5-S-cysteinyldopa and of 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid in the
      same range as nonpregnant women not taking oral contraceptives. The excretion of
      these melanoma markers can therefore be used in in the biochemical diagnosis of
      metastatic melanoma in pregnancy and in women taking oral contraceptives.

PMID- 2420123
TI  - Heparin action in pemphigus vulgaris: clinical and immunologic studies.
AB  - Heparin administration to 34 patients with pemphigus vulgaris before the
      beginning of steroid treatment or in combination with it proved to be
      therapeutically useful. Its suppressive effect on T- and B-lymphocytes in vitro
      and in vivo was revealed in the examined patients by the test of rosette
      formation.

PMID- 2420124
TI  - Contact allergy to 3-methylol phenol, 2,4-dimethylol phenol and 2,6-dimethylol
      phenol.
AB  - Thirteen patients with contact allergy to phenol-formaldehyde resins (P-F-R) were
      patch tested with 3-methylol phenol, 2,4-dimethylol phenol and 2,6-dimethylol
      phenol. Nine patients reacted to at least 1 compound, all giving positive test
      responses to 2,4-dimethylol phenol. Seven patients reacted simultaneously to 2,6
      dimethylol phenol while only 1 patient reacted to 3-methylol phenol. Negative
      test responses were noted in 20 controls. Chemical investigation by high pressure
      liquid chromatography indicated that the compounds tested were pure and
      separable. The 3 reported sensitizers may, theoretically, be generated during the
      manufacture of P-F-R. 2,4-Dimethylol phenol and 2,6-dimethylol phenol have been
      demonstrated and there has been chromatographic evidence of 3-methylol phenol in
      the P-F-R used in the routine test series at the department.

PMID- 2420125
TI  - Sex-linked differences in acne vulgaris.
AB  - Sub-populations of leucocytes, complement C3, CRP, alpha 2 macroglobulin and
      immunoglobulin levels were measured in the peripheral blood of 28 (14 male, 14
      female) normal control subjects and 108 (53 male, 55 female) acne patients.
      Significantly increased levels of inflammatory mediators were found much earlier
      in female than in male acne patients. The female defence system would seem to be
      more competent at responding to the acne assault; may account for the milder
      forms of acne found in young women; and have relevance both in treatment and the
      design and interpretation of clinical trials.

PMID- 2420126
TI  - Interaction between 8-methoxypsoralen and phenytoin. Consequence for PUVA
      therapy.
AB  - A patient with epilepsy and psoriasis in phenytoin therapy was treated with PUVA
      with no effect at all. The PUVA treatment failure was demonstrated as being due
      to abnormally low serum levels of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) during phenytoin
      therapy, while normal serum levels of 8-MOP were observed after phenytoin was
      discontinued. The effect is probably due to an induction of the hepatic enzyme
      system by phenytoin, leading to an increased metabolism of 8-MOP. Other drugs
      with hepatic enzyme inducing properties might possibly also interfere with
      psoralen metabolism with further consequences for PUVA therapy.

PMID- 2420127
TI  - Development of two malignant melanomas during administration of levodopa.
AB  - In a 72-year-old man two malignant melanomas had developed simultaneously during
      long-term treatment with levodopa. Although a causal relationship between tumour
      growth and administration of levodopa can only be suspected, such a possibility
      should be considered when using this drug.

PMID- 2420128
TI  - Drug fever caused by PUVA treatment.
AB  - Here we report the case of a patient who developed drug fever during PUVA
      treatment. This was the only manifestation of hypersensitivity. Neither UV-A
      irradiation nor 8-methoxypsoralene caused a febrile reaction.

PMID- 2420129
TI  - Crossed-leg callosities.
AB  - We report five patients in whom localised callosities were found on the dorsum of
      the feet. This was bilateral in four cases and was due to repetitive minor trauma
      associated with the sitting posture adopted by the patients. Three of the
      patients also had psoriasis vulgaris which was clinically dissimilar to the
      lesions we describe.

PMID- 2420130
TI  - Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans: report on three cases.
AB  - Three women with hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans (HLP) are described. The
      lesions developed after the age of 45 and there was no family history of this
      disease. The possible role of UV-light in the pathogenesis of this disease is
      discussed.

PMID- 2420131
TI  - Sweet's syndrome and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: the first report of this
      association.
AB  - A 58-year-old woman developed Sweet's syndrome one week after a flu-like illness.
      She was later found to have a centrocytic/centroblastic non-Hodgkins lymphoma.
      Six courses of chemotherapy were given during which the lesions of Sweet's
      syndrome resolved completely. As far as we are aware this is the first report of
      the association of Sweet's syndrome with a lymphoma.

PMID- 2420132
TI  - AIDS-induced decline of the incidence of syphilis in Denmark.
AB  - The incidence rate of acquired syphilis per 100 000 total population in Denmark
      increased by 70% from 6.8 in 1978 to 11.6 in 1982. In 1984 this incidence had
      decreased by 61.2% to 4.5. The fluctuation of the number of acquired syphilis
      predominated in the male population with an increase of 71.8% during the five
      year period 1978-1982 and a decrease of 63.2% during the years 1983 and 1984. In
      1978, the incidence of acquired syphilis in males was 11.3 per 100 000 total
      population increasing to 19.5 in 1982, decreasing to 7.2 in 1984. The decreasing
      number of acquired syphilis cases during the past two years are correlated to a
      lower number of sexual contacts among homosexual men because of fear of AIDS.

PMID- 2420133
TI  - Retinoid dermatitis mimicking "eczema craquele".

PMID- 2420134
TI  - Clinical manifestation and laboratory findings of sickle cell anaemia in
      association with alpha-thalassaemia in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - The influence of the alpha-thalassaemia gene on the haematological, biochemical
      and clinical presentation of sickle cell anaemia (SCA) was investigated in Saudi
      patients with 1 or 2 alpha-gene deletions. The results were compared to the
      results obtained in SCA patients without alpha-thalassaemia. In SCA patients with
      2 gene deletions (homozygous alpha-thalassaemia 2), the mean cell volume, mean
      cell haemoglobin and Hb F were significantly lower (p less than 0.05), while
      packed cell volume and Hb A2 level were considerably higher (p less than 0.05)
      than in the SCA patients without alpha-thalassaemia. RBC and haemoglobin were
      higher in the former group, but the difference was not statistically significant.
      Patients with 1 gene deletion had intermediate values. Among the biochemical
      parameters, the bilirubin level was highest in patients with 1 gene deletion.
      Triglyceride, cholesterol, creatinine and urea levels were lower in all SCA
      patients, while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and transaminases were elevated. The
      increase in the levels of ALP, SGOT and SGPT was maximum in the SCA patients with
      2 gene deletions, but except for SGOT, the increase was not statistically
      significant. The retrospective analysis of the clinical data revealed that SCA
      patients with alpha-thalassaemia had fewer complications and had received fewer
      blood transfusions than the patients without alpha-thalassaemia.

PMID- 2420135
TI  - Light microscopical localization of enzymes by means of cerium-based methods.
      III. Visualization techniques for cerium phosphate.
AB  - Cerium-based methods are more and more used for the electron microscopic
      localization of phosphohydrolases. By means of the earlier described Ce-Pb
      technique, it is possible to localize these enzymes on the light microscopical
      level. The final product of this reaction is lead sulfide. In addition to this
      technique, other visualization methods for the light microscopically not visible
      cerium phosphate are proposed. 3 successful techniques are described in the
      report: The cerium perhydroxide reaction. By means of H2O2 cerium phosphate is
      converted into cerium perhydroxide which has an orange-yellowish colour. The
      manganese dioxide reaction with the conversion of cerium phosphate into cerium
      oxalate, which is able to reduce permanganate into the hardly soluble brown
      coloured manganese dioxide. A silver technique (Ce-Pb-AgS-method), which is
      characterized by the conversion of cerium phosphate into lead phosphate and in a
      second step to lead sulfide. At the active sites of the lead sulfide, the
      reduction of silver ions takes place. The reduced silver is converted in a final
      step into silver sulfide. The enzyme activity is represented by a brown or black
      coloured staining.

PMID- 2420136
TI  - Gastric and enteral pancreatic polypeptide (PP) immunoreactivity in the dog.
AB  - Extrapancreatic pancreatic polypeptide (PP) was quantified by determination of PP
      cell density using antibodies to human PP (hPP) and bovine PP (bPP) in stomach,
      duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon of the dog. Further, these organs of 3
      beagles were extracted and subjected to radioimmunoassay again using 2 different
      antisera (one directed against bPP, the other against hPP). Purification of these
      extracts were performed by Sephadex chromatography. We found bPP immunoreactive
      cells in stomach, small and large bowel, but hPP immunoreactive cells, besides in
      the pancreas, only in stomach and duodenum, thus demonstrating heterogeneity of
      extrapancreatic PP. Extraction and chromatography confirm the presence of PP
      immunoreactivity in the pancreas, stomach, small and large intestine. The
      observation of a postprandial rise of serum PP levels in a man with total
      duodenopancreatectomy suggests that the extrapancreatic PP cell may release PP.

PMID- 2420137
TI  - [Inhibition of fading in FITC-labelled coverslip preparations].
AB  - The influence of anti-fading-substances on the kinetic of fading FITC-labelled
      coverslip cultures was tested and a quantitative valuation theses compounds was
      performed. The half-life fluorescence intensity was detected with 2 different
      methods. The effect of 21 chemical substances was investigated whereof 7
      compounds was determined as effective fading-inhibitors. The velocity constants
      of the 1st order (kapp) of photochemical reaction increase with rising hydrogen
      activity.

PMID- 2420138
TI  - The adult human female urethra. Enzyme-histochemical study.
AB  - In the female urethra, the activity and distribution of 15 enzymes was determined
      by using both conventional and special histochemical methods. The enzymatic
      equipment differed according to the type of epithelial lining whose variation is
      characteristic for the female urethra. In the stratified squamous epithelium of
      the urethra, alkaline phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase, thiamine pyrophosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase exhibited
      but minimal or no activity, yet the other 10 enzymes studied displayed activity
      particularly in basally situated cells. Nearer to the lumen of the urethra, the
      activity in the epithelium kept decreasing and was mostly absent in superficial
      and desquamated cells. In the pseudostratified columnar and in the transitional
      epithelium of the urethra, the majority of enzymes showed an evenly distributed
      activity at all epithelial levels. In the apical parts of the most superficially
      situated cells bounding the lumen of the urethra, a distinct narrow zone of
      higher activity was observed. It was seen not only on determining the majority of
      dehydrogenases but also on examining acid phosphatase and naphthyl esterase. The
      endocrine cells occurring in the uroepithelial lining of the female urethra
      displayed, yet always with the exception of squamous epithelium (Zaviacic et al.
      1983), distinct activity of acid hydrolytic enzymes, and of the enzymes studied
      it was particularly acid phosphatase. The majority of the demonstrated enzymes,
      of the dehydrogenases priority, is to be given to succinate dehydrogenase,
      enabled to differentiate readily between the highly active striated muscle fibers
      located in the most peripheral parts of the excisions along the urethral
      circumference and the smooth musculature of the urethral wall with a lower or
      only minimal activity.

PMID- 2420139
TI  - Reversible changes in rat spermatogenesis induced by an antifertility substance
      (Gossypol). A histochemical report.
AB  - Male rats received Gossypol 30 mg/kg body mass daily through intubation for 30
      and 60 d. The testes were processed for histological and histochemical lipid
      staining, thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase), and alpha-glycerophosphate
      dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH)--examinations. Gossypol induced effects were: various
      types of deformations of elongated spermatids, and their loss of orientation
      towards the lamina propria during the maturation phase; displacement of germ
      cells and occasionally also of Sertoli cells towards the lumen of the
      seminiferous tubule in form of a "puff". TPPase was observed in the supranuclear
      region of dislocated round spermatids and pachytene spermatocytes. alpha-GPDH was
      observed in the split pieces of mid- and tail pieces of elongated spermatids
      enclosed in the "puff". The induced effects were reversible.

PMID- 2420140
TI  - Atrial natriuretic factor. Immunohistochemical localization in the specific
      atrial granules of the rat heart.
AB  - Atrial natriuretic peptides (atrial natriuretic factor, ANF) were localized in
      rat heart atria using immunohistochemical methods. A large number of heavily
      stained granules were detected mainly in the vicinity of the nuclei of the atrial
      muscle cells, but some staining was also present in granules located near the
      sarcolemma. The results show that the specific atrial granules are loaded with
      atrial natriuretic peptides.

PMID- 2420141
TI  - Exotic snakebite, an unusual emergency. A case report and therapeutic
      considerations.
AB  - Envenomation by exotic poisonous snakes constitutes a rare emergency in Western
      Europe, but which in the future may be seen more frequently due to the increasing
      number of captive specimens in private collections. A case report of moderate
      envenomation by a viper is described. Diagnostic problems and therapeutic
      management are discussed for viper envenomation. The importance of
      differentiating between local and systemic poisoning is emphasized.

PMID- 2420142
TI  - Langerhans cells in murine vaginal epithelium affected by oestrogen and topical
      vitamin A.
AB  - Langerhans cells vary in their morphology and distribution in the vaginal
      epithelium of ovariectomized mice stimulated to hyperplasia and keratinization by
      oestrogen. When the stratum corneum was removed by topical vitamin A application,
      the shape and distribution of Langerhans cells were unaffected. It was concluded
      that Langerhans cell morphology and distribution depend on the configuration of
      the lower strata of the epithelium and not on the presence of a stratum corneum.

PMID- 2420143
TI  - Alizarin red S-stained bone and cartilage in calcium deficiency provoked by
      experimental liver injury in rats.
AB  - Experimental liver injury with different stages was provoked in rats with daily
      injected doses of thioacetamide (ThAA). The dose recommended for both male and
      female rats was 50 mg/kg body weight. The liver damages caused were acute,
      subacute, cirrhotic and necrotic, with a traumatization period of 2, 7, 14 and 21
      days. The loss of body weight under traumatization, indicating osteopenia, was in
      the case of female rats during the first experimental week markedly accelerated,
      and in the two subsequent weeks apparently inhibited when compared to male rats.
      The loss of body weight of male rats revealed a progressive fall. Vital staining
      was made giving intraperitoneally 200 mg/kg body weight of alizarin red S (ARS).
      The staining intensity was improved in the acute stage for both calvaria and
      tibia and in the necrotic stage for tibia only. It was impaired in the subacute
      stage for calvaria and tibia and in the necrotic stage for calvaria only.
      Prolonged traumatization with ThAA causes pathological defects in the liver and
      kidneys. Furthermore, the epiphyseal cartilage of necrotic-stage rats was bright
      red without any ARS staining.

PMID- 2420144
TI  - [Histochemical studies on the stainability of alum hematoxylin and its staining
      mechanism].

PMID- 2420145
TI  - The connections of the hippocampal region. New observations on efferent
      connections in the guinea pig, and their functional implications.
AB  - This article deals with the efferent connections of the hippocampal region, and
      considers the functional implications of these projections. The hippocampus
      receives indirect sensory information from many structures in the brain. Most of
      these afferents terminate in the superficial layers (I-III) of the entorhinal
      area. From cells in layers II and III of entorhinal area projections arise which
      terminate in hippocampus and fascia dentata, the perforant paths. Internal
      hippocampal projections constitute a unidirectional system of connections which
      project back to the deep layers (IV-VI) of the entorhinal area. The efferents
      from these layers may be divided into cortically terminating efferents, which
      originate from layer IV, and subcortically terminating efferents, which originate
      from layers V and VI. The cortically terminating projections end in regions of
      association cortex, and in limbic cortex. The subcortical projections terminate
      in the caudate, the putamen, and the accumbens nucleus. A hippocampal influence
      on these subcortical structures may seem surprising, but is logical when one
      takes into consideration reports on the functional associations between the
      striatum and the hippocampus. The findings suggest that the role of the
      hippocampus may be to gather input from all sensory modalities, to assign
      priorities continuously between these inputs, and as a result, to modify behavior
      via its influence on subcortical motor centres.

PMID- 2420146
TI  - CSF myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 221 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 85
      patients with other neurological disorders (OND) was examined using a competitive
      radioimmunoassay for myelin basic protein (MBP) immunoreactivity. MBP was found
      in 46 of 55 MS patients (84%) examined within six weeks of relapse but in only 11
      of 85 patients (13%) with OND. There was a significant correlation between the
      concentration of MBP in the CSF and relapse severity in patients seen within four
      weeks of the onset of symptoms (p less than 0.01). Of 44 patients in remission,
      MBP was detected in 12, and these patients had a significantly higher tendency to
      subsequent relapse (p less than 0.05). In 72 patients with progressive disease
      the presence of MBP in the CSF reflected the confidence of clinical diagnosis.
      The results of this study suggest that measurement of MBP in the CSF gives an
      objective method of monitoring disease activity in patient with MS.

PMID- 2420147
TI  - Meibomian orifices and Marx's line. Studied by triple vital staining.
AB  - The ciliary margins of the lower lids have been vital stained by the lipid
      specific Sudan III powder, fluorescein 0.1% and the bottom of the lacrimal river
      (Marx's line) by lissamine green 1% in 100 cases. The Meibomian orifices are
      situated in a straight row just in front of the Marx's line in the lipid phase.
      With increasing age (greater than 50 years) the orifices are more often displaced
      and also discharge their lipid in the depth of the aqueous phase. The number
      averaged 21.5 in the lipid phase and 1.7 in the aqueous phase. Active orifices
      staining with lipid were found in 45% of all orifices in normals, independent of
      age, and were increased in conjunctivitis in the lipid phase. Lissamine green
      stained orifices were independent of age, phase and diagnosis. The anterior edge
      of Marx's line may run an irregular course in elderly normals (greater than 50
      years), significantly more often in conjunctivitis and blepharitis.

PMID- 2420148
TI  - Alphafetoprotein in paediatrics.

PMID- 2420149
TI  - Cerebral blood flow in preterm infants during the first week of life.
AB  - Forty-two preterm infants of 28-33 weeks of gestation were studied once during
      the first week of life by 133-Xenon clearance after intravenous injection to
      estimate global cerebral blood flow. Count rates detected over the chest were
      corrected for chest wall contribution and used as arterial input function. A
      neonatal blood-brain partition coefficient of Xenon was used for the calculation
      of a mean flow estimator (CBF-infinity). The technique was internally validated
      by use of differently obtained arterial input functions. In 11 infants without
      respiratory distress, CBF-infinity was 19.8 ml/100 g/min +/- 5.3 SD. In 24
      infants treated with mechanical ventilation CBF-infinity was 11.8 ml/100 g/min +/
      3.2 SD. In 7 infants treated with continuous positive airway pressure CBF
      infinity was 21.3 ml/100 g/min +/- 12.0 SD. When the reduction of CBF-infinity
      associated with mechanical ventilation was taken into account, the 9 infants with
      subependymal/intraventricular haemorrhage had increased CBF-infinity. The effects
      of gestational age, birthweight, mode of delivery, postnatal age, mean arterial
      blood pressure, PaCO2, blood haemoglobin and phenobarbitone medication were also
      analysed and found inconsistent. In conclusion, CBF was lower than expected and
      in infants requiring mechanical ventilation the values were lower still.

PMID- 2420150
TI  - Quantification of the Na,K-pumps in mammalian skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2420151
TI  - Release of substance-P-like immunoreactivity in dog paw lymph after scalding
      injury.
AB  - The level of substance-P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) in dog paw lymph was
      determined before and after scalding injury of the paw. At basal conditions, no
      SPLI could be detected in the paw lymph. Scalding induced an immediate increase
      of the SPLI-levels. Within 5-10 min after the scalding injury the levels
      increased up to 28 fmol ml-1 and then gradually decreased within 30-90 min after
      the injury. It is suggested that scalding injury results in release of substance
      P from sensory nerve endings, and that this release may contribute to the
      inflammatory response to scalding injury and, possibly, also wound healing.

PMID- 2420152
TI  - Complementary action of substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide on the rat
      parotid secretion.
AB  - Augmentation of the rat parotid salivary secretion to intravenous injections of
      substance P (SP) occurred when SP was combined with vasoactive intestinal peptide
      (VIP), or stimulation of the auriculo-temporal nerve in the presence of atropine
      and the adrenergic blockers, dihydroergotamine and propranolol. The largest
      increase was obtained when SP (0.5 micrograms kg-1) was used together with
      subthreshold doses of VIP (84% at 0.05 micrograms kg-1 and 105% at 0.5 micrograms
      kg-1) and low frequency stimulation (92% at 2 Hz and 97% at 5 Hz), which did not
      produce any salivary secretion by itself. There was no facilitated secretion when
      VIP and nerve stimulation were combined. Amylase output was much larger (250
      500%) when SP was combined with nerve stimulation (0.5-5 Hz) or VIP (0.005-5
      micrograms kg-1) than when SP was used alone. Similar results were obtained in
      rats where the auriculo-temporal nerve was stimulated during the early phase (24
      90 h) of Wallerian degeneration, when the nerve-induced responses were seemingly
      completely blocked. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that both VIP
      and SP contribute to the atropine-resistant parotid secretion, and that they have
      a complementary role in the rat parotid exocrine function.

PMID- 2420153
TI  - Combined bleomycin treatment and radiation therapy in squamous cell carcinoma of
      the head and neck region.
AB  - Forty-six patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region were
      randomized to either irradiation or irradiation plus bleomycin. If possible, the
      patients later underwent radical surgery. In the bleomycin group, significantly
      fewer patients had remaining tumour cells in the tissue removed at operation, and
      a longer time elapsed before recurrences occurred. However, bleomycin had no
      significant effect on the 3-and 5-year survival rates, and it did not
      significantly reduce the incidence of local recurrences.

PMID- 2420154
TI  - Use of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tumours for estimation of cellular DNA
      content and S-phase fraction by static cytofluorometry.
AB  - Sections with a thickness of 50 micron from 34 formalin fixed, and paraffin
      embedded tumours were deparaffinized and hydrated and the cells were
      disaggregated with pepsin. The cells were stained with Hoechst 33258 and a rapid
      method for static fluorometry was used. DNA ploidy and the fraction of cells in S
      phase were estimated and compared with results obtained with freshly prepared
      cells. The coefficients of variation for the tumour stemlines for both the fresh
      and the embedded material were approximately 6 per cent. There was a good
      correlation between DNA ploidy determined from fresh and embedded material,
      respectively; there was also a close correlation between the fractions of S-phase
      cells estimated from fresh and embedded tumours. It was also possible to cut out
      small histologically defined lesions, such as carcinoma in situ of the breast
      from thick paraffin sections and obtain DNA histograms with high resolution.

PMID- 2420155
TI  - Preliminary studies with implanted polyvinyl alcohol sponges as a model for
      studying the role of neointerstitial and neovascular compartments of tumors in
      the localization, retention and photodynamic effects of photosensitizers.

PMID- 2420156
TI  - Urinary tract infections and the outcome of pregnancy.

PMID- 2420157
TI  - Drug-induced adverse pulmonary reactions.

PMID- 2420158
TI  - Histamine involvement in the local and systemic microvascular effects produced by
      intradermal substance P.
AB  - The cutaneous microvascular changes produced by intradermal substance P were
      quantitatively evaluated in both substance P-injected and contralateral, saline
      injected guinea pig ears. Substance P evoked a dose-dependent increase in
      cutaneous microvascular permeability in both treated and untreated ears which was
      reduced, but not abolished, by a mepyramine-cimetidine combination. This
      indicates that the local effect of substance P on microvascular permeability and
      the effect on the contralateral ear (presumably the result of systemic substance
      P absorption) are both partially mediated by histamine. A cutaneous vasodilator
      response was also observed in substance P treated and contralateral ears, but a
      bell-shaped dose-response relationship was apparent. Unlike microvascular
      permeability, pretreatment with mepyramine and cimetidine failed to consistently
      attenuate the vasodilator response to substance P. Thus, a direct cutaneous
      vasodilator effect appears to predominate in both substance P-injected and saline
      injected ears.

PMID- 2420159
TI  - Histamine releasing lymphokine: preliminary evidence of membrane receptors on
      basophils.
AB  - Histamine release induced by the lymphokine-histamine releasing factor (HRF),
      like IgE-mediated release is a two step event--the Ca2+-independent activation
      step in which HRF primes the cells for histamine release and the Ca2+-dependent
      histamine release. The stimulus produced by the activation step decays relatively
      slowly and exponentially with a half-time of 38 min. By the 'receptor
      desensitization' approach, HRF appears to possess specific receptors on basophils
      as demonstrated by its ability to desensitize the cells to itself for subsequent
      histamine release. Cross desensitization experiments further suggested that a
      close relationship might exist between any such receptors and cell-bound IgE
      molecules, since desensitization of cells to anti-IgE also resulted in their
      desensitization to HRF as well; though the reverse was not the case.
      Nevertheless, any such relationship does not involve binding and cross linking of
      cell-bound IgE molecules by HRF. The putative HRF receptors may be distinct from
      those proposed for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and leucocyte
      migration inhibitory factor (LIF) since, unlike the latter lymphokines whose
      interactions with their target cells show specificity for certain simple sugars,
      HRF's interaction with basophils show no such specificity to any of the simple
      sugars tested.

PMID- 2420160
TI  - Cimetidine and postprandial pancreatic exocrine secretion in dogs.
AB  - In dogs fitted with a pancreatic cannula and a duodenal cannula the intake of a
      standard meal induced a significant increase in the flow of pancreatic secretion
      and in the output of amylase, total protein, bicarbonate and chloride. The oral
      administration (200 mg/day) of cimetidine to dogs was seen to elicit a marked
      decrease in postprandial flow increase and bicarbonate output, coinciding with a
      significant increase in amylase and total protein output. At the same time the
      postprandial duodenal pH remained at levels similar to those obtained in basal
      periods. The implications of secretin, gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) on these
      effects are discussed.

PMID- 2420162
TI  - Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibition by a benzoic acid derivative.
AB  - Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and three structurally related benzoic acid
      derivatives, 2-acetylbenzoic acid (ABA), 3-methylphthalide (3-MP), and 3
      hydroperoxy-3-methylphthalide (3-HMP), were tested for inhibitory effects on
      three human blood platelet cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities.
      3-MP caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the high and low affinity cyclic AMP
      PDE activities and the cyclic GMP PDE activity. 3-HMP had some inhibitory effects
      but only on the low affinity cyclic AMP PDE activity. ASA and ABA had no effects.
      This study shows that progressive structural changes in the ASA molecule can
      shift the pharmacological profile from a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (ASA) to an
      inactive compound (ABA) to a PDE inhibitor (3-MP) and back again to a
      cyclooxygenase inhibitor (3-HMP). It is proposed that the potent anti
      inflammatory effects of 3-MP, which differ from those of ASA, are mediated
      through the inhibition of the cyclic nucleotide PDE system.

PMID- 2420163
TI  - Intrapericardial installation of bleomycin in malignant pericardial effusion.

PMID- 2420164
TI  - Serum digoxin concentrations during ethmozine antiarrhythmic therapy.
AB  - The potential for pharmacokinetic drug interaction between ethmozine (moricizine
      HCl), a phenothiazine class I antiarrhythmic investigational drug, and digoxin
      was evaluated in 13 cardiac patients with normal renal function. Antiarrhythmic
      therapy was initiated in patients with potentially lethal (nonlife-threatening)
      ventricular arrhythmias (greater than 30 ventricular ectopic beats [VEB]/hr) who
      were receiving maintenance digoxin therapy for congestive heart failure and/or
      atrial fibrillation. Serum digoxin concentrations of patients were measured
      frequently by radioimmunoassay and plasma ethmozine concentrations by high
      performance liquid chromatographic methods. Patients entered a short-term (4
      weeks) single-blind, placebo controlled ethmozine protocol with an option to
      receive long-term (1 to 6 months) open-label maintenance ethmozine therapy.
      Ambulatory ECGs (48 hour) used to assess antiarrhythmic efficacy of ethmozine
      during each week of the short-term protocol showed that 77% of patients
      demonstrated greater than 90% mean hourly frequency suppression of all forms of
      ventricular ectopy. Serum digoxin concentrations during short-term ethmozine
      dosing showed a nonsignificant (p greater than 0.05) increase of 10% to 15% (mean
      0.91 ng/ml to 1.13 ng/ml). The short-term protocol serum digoxin levels
      correlated closely with serum digoxin concentrations during placebo therapy (1st
      week, r = 0.90; 2nd week, r = 0.87). Serum digoxin concentrations were not
      significantly different (p greater than 0.05) from placebo values at the end of
      1, 3, and 6 months of maintenance ethmozine therapy. Thus, we conclude that
      ethmozine administered in an antiarrhythmic efficacious dosage (10 mg/kg/day)
      showed no important clinical or statistically significant change in serum digoxin
      concentrations of cardiac patients with normal renal function.

PMID- 2420165
TI  - Combination of chemotherapy with methotrexate, bleomycin, and cis-platinum, and
      radiation therapy for locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix.
AB  - Sixteen non-pretreated patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (FIGO Stage
      IIIb) were treated with two 3-week cycles of platinum, bleomycin, and
      methotrexate (PBM), which were followed by radiation therapy. Response to both
      modalities was seen in 11 patients (69%), and three patients (19%) had a
      progression-free survival of more than 2 years. Radiation therapy was proven to
      be feasible after two cycles of PBM combination chemotherapy.

PMID- 2420161
TI  - Pharmacological studies of pulmonary anaphylaxis in vitro: a review.

PMID- 2420166
TI  - Concomitant neuropeptide-producing endometrial carcinomas and ileal carcinoid
      tumors.
AB  - The concomitant occurrence of neuropeptide-reactive endometrial carcinoma and
      ileal carcinoid tumor represents an observation that has been unreported until
      now. We have seen two patients with this rare combination of tumors. The
      endometrial carcinomas in these cases manifested focal immunoreactivity for
      neuron-specific enolase; in addition, one contained rare cells showing positive
      staining for gastrin, and the other displayed focal content of substance P. The
      carcinoid tumors seen in each case demonstrated immunocytochemical positivity for
      neuron-specific enolase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and one also
      exhibited immunoreactivity for gastrin. Whether this association of neoplasms
      represents a syndromic complex or a coincidence is a matter of speculation at
      present.

PMID- 2420167
TI  - The use of interferon functional assays in the laboratory monitoring of patients
      with hepatocellular carcinoma receiving interferon.
AB  - Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma receiving recombinant leukocyte alpha
      interferon therapy were monitored using a series of assays to evaluate various
      components of the interferon system. Pretherapy serum interferon concentrations
      were not elevated significantly in these patients, although elevated levels were
      recorded after initiation of therapy. Both before and after interferon treatment,
      the peripheral blood leukocytes of the patients were shown to be capable of
      producing both gamma and alpha interferon when appropriately stimulated in vitro.
      The patients' peripheral blood leukocytes also responded to interferon therapy,
      with 85% resisting viral replication after treatment was initiated. However,
      interferon did not appear to be of therapeutic value in these patients.

PMID- 2420168
TI  - Interference by IgG paraproteins in the Jaffe method for creatinine
      determination.
AB  - A large (60-100%) negative interference in serum creatinine value of some (3 of
      18 myeloma patients, all with monoclonal gammopathy of IgG type, was observed on
      several instruments that determine creatinine by the Jaffe reaction. No
      interference was observed in an enzymatic method. Serum electrophoresis showed a
      monoclonal band in all three samples. The interferent could be removed by acid
      precipitation or dithiothreitol preincubation, and partially isolated in the high
      molecular weight dialyzate from the serum. It was demonstrated that the
      interferent is not albumin or normal gammaglobulin. Kinetic analysis of the Jaffe
      reaction showed large initial decreases in absorbance, in agreement with the
      corresponding creatinine results. It is suggested that some monoclonal IgGs may
      react with the Jaffe picrate reagent, resulting in a false lowering of serum
      creatinine values.

PMID- 2420169
TI  - Advantages of detecting monoclonal antibody binding to tissue sections with
      biotin and avidin reagents in Coplin jars.
AB  - We describe a method of biotin/avidin-peroxidase detection using second and third
      stage reagents in Coplin jars. This method allows a large quantity of sections to
      be stained simultaneously with a minimal amount of technical time involved. A
      wide range of mouse monoclonal antibodies of varying specificities and isotypes
      were used to stain both frozen and paraffin-embedded sections of various normal
      and neoplastic tissues. Three different biotinylated anti-mouse antibodies were
      tested, including F(ab')2 antibody fragments of one, followed by horseradish
      peroxidase conjugated avidin. All monoclonal antibodies employed gave good
      staining, using incubation times of 30-50 minutes. The staining was done during a
      mean period of 25 to 27 days with an average staining load of 500 sections per
      Coplin jar.

PMID- 2420170
TI  - Therapeutic uses of calcium channel-blocking drugs in the young.

PMID- 2420171
TI  - The level of Hb F-Sardinia (alpha 2A gamma 2(75)Ile----Thr) in the fetal
      hemoglobin of Sardinian beta-thalassemic homozygotes determined by isoelectric
      focusing.
AB  - A simple thin-layer isoelectric focusing technique was used to separate Hb F
      Sardinia, containing the A gamma T-globin chain, from the Hb F containing the G
      gamma- and the A gamma I-globin chains. The identity of the slow-moving Hb F
      fraction as Hb F-Sardinia was verified by PAGE. A negative correlation (R2 =
      0.747, p less than 0.001) was found between the percent Hb F-Sardinia and percent
      G gamma-chain in homozygotes for beta-thalassemia. Of 31 Sardinian beta
      thalassemic patients studied, 21 were homozygous and eight heterozygous for the A
      gamma T polymorphism with a gene frequency of 0.823. The mean values of Hb F
      Sardinia were 39.1 +/- 5.9% for the homozygotes and 17.1 +/- 3.6% for the
      heterozygotes. The percentage of Hb F-Sardinia found in beta o-thalassemic
      newborns was similar to that of corresponding normal newborns who also had the A
      gamma T polymorphism. No measurable differences in the percent Hb F-Sardinia
      level were observed among beta o-thal patients who were polytransfused, beta o
      thal patients studied before transfusion, and beta o-thal patients exhibiting the
      intermediate form of the disease who had never been transfused.

PMID- 2420172
TI  - The effect of Hb F and alpha-thalassemia on the red cell indices in sickle cell
      anemia.
AB  - This study examines the effect of different levels of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) and
      the presence or absence of genes for alpha-thalassemia on the red cell indices
      and degree of anemia among 102 patients with homozygous sickle cell disease (S/S)
      between the ages of 15 and 62 years. Patients were divided into those with an
      average Hb F of less than 10 gm/L ("low" Hb F group) and those with greater than
      10 gm/L ("high" Hb F group). alpha-Thalassemia was assessed by restriction enzyme
      analysis of DNA by the Southern blotting technique. Homozygosity for the beta(s)
      gene was confirmed by restriction enzyme analysis of DNA using the enzyme Mst II.
      There were 51 patients with four alpha-globin genes, 28 of whom had "high" and 23
      "low" Hb F levels. Fifty-one patients had alpha-thalassemia, 38 of whom were
      heterozygous and 13 homozygous for the 3.7 kb alpha-thalassemia deletion. Nine
      had "high" and 31 had "low" Hb F. Irrespective of alpha-globin genotype, patients
      in the high Hb F group had a higher mean Hb, Hct, MCV, and MCH than those in the
      low HB F group. In patients without alpha-thalassemia Hb F was positively
      correlated with MCV and MCH (p less than 0.001), patients with high Hb F levels
      having macrocytosis confirmed by microhematocrit studies. Patients with alpha
      thalassemia had a lower MCHC than patients with four alpha-globin genes and this
      was not significantly affected by the level of Hb F. The combination of alpha
      thalassemia and high levels of Hb F appears to result in a distinctive S/S
      phenotype that is similar to the type of S/S disease described in Southern India.

PMID- 2420173
TI  - A Bartter's-like syndrome from capreomycin, and a similar gentamicin tubulopathy.
AB  - Marked renal potassium and magnesium wasting, alkalosis, and a progressive
      increase in plasma renin and eventual hyperaldosteronemia developed during a 15
      month course of in-hospital capreomycin therapy that was necessary for drug
      resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. A prominent feature of the present case was
      renal chloride wasting, a feature of the capreomycin syndrome that has previously
      received little attention. Similar potentially life-threatening metabolic
      abnormalities, which resemble those found in Bartter's syndrome, can occur during
      prolonged therapy with the antibiotic gentamicin. In the present case,
      electrolyte abnormalities were unaffected by three days of indomethacin therapy
      but were partially corrected by large doses of spironolactone. Capreomycin,
      viomycin (an antibiotic closely related to capreomycin), and gentamicin are
      highly basic polypeptide antibiotics that may induce strikingly similar and
      potentially fatal syndromes of renal tubular dysfunction that can feature
      multiple electrolyte abnormalities.

PMID- 2420174
TI  - DNA demethylation induced by 5-azacytidine does not affect fragile X expression.
AB  - Experiments were performed to determine the role of DNA demethylation in fragile
      X expression. Fragile X positive lymphoblastoid cells were treated with 5
      azacytidine and harvested for analysis of fragile X expression both directly
      following treatment and after a recovery period in the absence of the drug. The
      effectiveness of 5-azacytidine treatment in inducing DNA demethylation was
      concurrently monitored by analysis of methylation changes at random autosomal
      loci in isolated DNA from treated cells. Under conditions where 5-azacytidine was
      found to inhibit fragile X expression, no DNA demethylation was observed. At the
      time when demethylation did occur, fragile X expression was not affected. These
      results strongly indicate that DNA demethylation is not involved in fragile X
      expression.

PMID- 2420175
TI  - Preferential somatic pairing between homologous heterochromatic regions of human
      chromosomes.
AB  - The cytidine analog 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) induces an undercondensation of the
      heterochromatin in human chromosomes 1, 9, 15, 16, and Y when it is added in low
      concentrations to the late S-phase of growing lymphocyte cultures. In interphase
      nuclei, these heterochromatic regions are frequently somatically paired. The
      somatic pairing configurations are preserved up to metaphase stage in the 5-azaC
      treated cultures and are thus susceptible to a direct microscopical examination.
      The statistical analysis of 1,000 somatic pairing configurations from 5-azaC
      treated cells showed that the somatic pairing between the heterochromatic regions
      of homologous chromosomes is preferred over that between nonhomologous
      chromosomes.

PMID- 2420176
TI  - Comparison of histamine release effects of ionic and non-ionic radiographic
      contrast media.
AB  - Histamine release may underline the side effects (particularly anaphylactoid) of
      radiographic contrast media. To study the histamine-releasing properties of
      radiographic contrast media, this study measured the in vitro release of
      histamine from human basophils incubated with diatrizoate, a standard ionic
      radiographic contrast agent, and with iopamidol, a newly developed non-ionic
      contrast agent. The basophils were separated from blood obtained from 16 patients
      scheduled for coronary angiography. For both diatrizoate and iopamidol, the
      concentration of histamine released varied as the concentration of radiographic
      contrast agent was increased from 0.075 M to 0.50 M. At the higher concentrations
      tested, the percent of histamine released by iopamidol was about half that
      released by diatrizoate (p less than 0.05). These data suggest that the use of
      non-ionic contrast media may involve less patient risk from the histamine
      mediated allergic and/or hemodynamic side effects associated with radiographic
      contrast procedures.

PMID- 2420177
TI  - Metaphyseal dysostosis and congenital nystagmus in a male infant with the fragile
      X syndrome.
AB  - A 14-month-old male with congenital nystagmus, sparse scalp hair, protuberant
      ears, developmental delay, and radiologic manifestations of mild metaphyseal
      dysostosis was coincidentally found to have the fra(X) chromosome in 67% of
      analyzed metaphases. This observation underscores the need for fra(X) analyses in
      children with developmental deficit of unknown cause.

PMID- 2420178
TI  - A new skeletal dysplasia syndrome with dwarfism, craniofacial anomalies, and
      unique radiographic findings.
AB  - We report on a boy from a consanguinous marriage who has a unique skeletal
      dysplasia, marked dwarfism, mild developmental delay, eye abnormalities, and
      cranofacial and skeletal changes that have not been described previously.

PMID- 2420179
TI  - From Roosevelt to Reagan: federal spending for mental retardation and
      developmental disabilities.
AB  - Results of an analysis of 50 years of federal government spending for mental
      retardation and developmental disabilities were summarized. Spending for services
      and income maintenance grew rapidly from the early 1950s through fiscal year (FY)
      1981. Since FY 1981, total federal spending for mental retardation has plateaued.
      Federal support for research and training has declined steadily since the early
      1970s. The lack of support for research and training imperils the achievement of
      national objectives in prevention of retardation and integration of retarded
      individuals into community settings.

PMID- 2420180
TI  - Beaming in on the GI tract.

PMID- 2420181
TI  - Continuous infusion of opioids.

PMID- 2420182
TI  - Neovascular glaucoma after intracapsular and extracapsular cataract extraction in
      diabetic patients.

PMID- 2420183
TI  - Eccentric viewing training and low vision aids: current practice and implications
      of peripheral retinal research.
AB  - Macular degeneration results in more new cases of legal blindness in the United
      States than any other disease and accounts for over 165,000 first visits to
      physicians each year. Magnification, illumination control, and eccentric viewing
      training are the only documented, effective vision rehabilitation techniques
      known. Magnification has been used for decades, control of illumination has had a
      known effect for many years, and eccentric viewing training has been
      systematically used for less than 10 years. These techniques, although having
      demonstrated efficacy, require extensive individual patient training and a
      considerable investment of professional training time for optimum results. More
      recently developed techniques use prism correction for near and distance viewing
      or scanning laser ophthalmoscopy for training. Current knowledge of peripheral
      retinal function offers new avenues of research to improve upon current
      rehabilitation techniques. Computer technology also offers the hope of developing
      easily used, cost-effective materials and equipment to train the patient to use
      the peripheral retina in place of the damaged/diseased macula. In this paper, we
      examine current and emerging rehabilitation techniques and highlight some areas
      of research that hold promise of improving rehabilitation practices for patients
      having central visual field losses.

PMID- 2420184
TI  - The pathogenesis of hyaline arteriolosclerosis.
AB  - Although hyaline arteriolosclerosis is very common and has been of interest to
      pathologists for well over 100 years, its pathogenesis has never been determined.
      This study demonstrates that iC3b bound via an ester linkage to hydroxyl groups
      on the repeating disaccharide units of hyaluronic acid is a major component of
      arteriolar hyaline. The deposition of iC3b within the walls of arterioles appears
      to be due to slow spontaneous activation of the alternative complement pathway
      and random binding of metastable C3b to proximate hyaluronic acid within the
      arteriolar wall. Since hyaluronic acid does not activate the alternative
      complement pathway, bound C3b is rapidly inactivated by factors I and H to iC3b,
      which, along with factor H, remains bound to hyaluronic acid. The hyaline in some
      hyalinized arterioles also contains IgM and early and late classical complement
      pathway components. Indirect evidence suggests that the IgM represents
      immunoconglutinin, an autoantibody to neoantigens on iC3b and that their
      interaction results in activation of the classical complement pathway. The
      gradual accumulation of iC3b, factor H, and, at times, IgM and classical
      complement pathway components within the walls of arterioles is considered to be
      a physiologic consequence of aging and probably cannot be prevented, because
      interruption of the initial binding of metastable C3b to hyaluronic acid would
      require abrogation of the critically important functions of the alternative
      complement pathway.

PMID- 2420185
TI  - A primary lymph node malignancy with features suggestive of dendritic reticulum
      cell differentiation. A report of 4 cases.
AB  - Four cases are described of a nonlymphomatous primary lymph node malignancy
      characterized by the proliferation of oval and spindle cells, occasionally
      multinucleated, and arranged in a nesting, swirling, and storiform pattern. The
      combination of light-microscopic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical
      features suggests that these tumors might be derived from dendritic reticulum
      cells.

PMID- 2420186
TI  - The amiloride-sensitive sodium channel.
AB  - Net Na+ movement across the apical membrane of high-electrical resistance
      epithelia is driven by the electrochemical potential energy gradient. This entry
      pathway is rate limiting for transepithelial transport, occurs via a channel-type
      mechanism, and is specifically inhibited by the diuretic drug amiloride. This
      channel is selective for Na+, Li+, and H+, saturates with increasing
      extracellular Na+ concentration, and is not affected, at least in frog skin
      epithelium, by changes in apical membrane surface potential. There also appears
      to be multiple inhibitory regions associated with each Na+ channel. We discuss
      the possible implications of a voltage-dependent block by amiloride in terms of
      macroscopic inhibitory phenomena. We describe the use of cultured epithelial
      systems, in particular, the toad kidney-derived A6 cell line, and the preparation
      of apical plasma membrane vesicles to study the Na+ entry process. We discuss
      experiments in which single, amiloride-sensitive channel activity has been
      detected and summarize current experimental approaches directed at the
      biochemical identification of this ubiquitous Na+ transport system.

PMID- 2420187
TI  - Separation of hexose-transporting from nontransporting LLC-PK1 cells on density
      gradients.
AB  - Over a period of 2-3 wk after plating, cultured LLC-PK1 (pig kidney) cells
      develop a high capacity for Na+-dependent accumulation of alpha-methyl-D
      glucoside. To further the analysis of this developmental process, we have
      developed a method for separating transporting from nontransporting cells on the
      basis of density changes accompanying hexose accumulation and the corresponding
      uptake of water. Volume regulation was prevented by suspending the cells in a K+
      free, Cl(-)-free Na-gluconate medium. Na+-dependent transport was maintained at
      nearly control levels by addition of low concentrations of (NH4)2SO4, since NH+4
      stimulates Na+-K+-ATPase at the K+ site and allows for the extrusion of
      accumulated Na+; NH+4-stimulated hexose uptake is ouabain sensitive. With volume
      regulation blocked but with transport near normal, transporting cells exhibited a
      phlorizin-sensitive density shift in methylglucoside-containing medium and could
      be separated from nontransporting cells on Percoll gradients.

PMID- 2420188
TI  - Stimulation of net active ion transport across alveolar type II cell monolayers.
AB  - The active transcellular transport of electrolytes across the alveolar epithelium
      probably plays an important role in alveolar fluid homeostasis by helping to
      maintain the alveolus relatively free of fluid. To better understand the factors
      regulating active ion transport across alveolar epithelial cells, we examined the
      effect of a number of pharmacologically active agents on the bioelectric
      properties of alveolar type II cells in primary culture. Alveolar type II cells
      were isolated from adult male rats and cultured on collagen-coated Millipore
      filters for 6-14 days. The bioelectric properties of these monolayers were
      determined in Ussing-type chambers. The addition of 10(-3) M 8-bromoadenosine
      3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcAMP) increased the short-circuit current (Isc)
      from 2.9 +/- 0.75 to 6.9 +/- 0.73 microA/cm2 (means +/- SE; n = 8) and decreased
      the transepithelial resistance. Cholera toxin, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and
      terbutaline sulfate produced similar increases in Isc and decreases in
      resistance. The Isc stimulated by 8-BrcAMP was Na but not Cl dependent and could
      be blocked by amiloride but not by furosemide. Thus 8-BrcAMP and agents that
      increase intracellular cAMP can stimulate a Na-dependent net active ion transport
      across alveolar type II cell monolayers. Similar regulatory mechanisms may be
      involved in controlling solute and fluid movement across the alveolar epithelium
      in vivo.

PMID- 2420189
TI  - Increased Ca2+ sensitivity of alpha 1-adrenoceptor-stimulated contraction in SHR
      caudal artery.
AB  - Potassium and alpha-receptor-stimulated contractile responses of caudal artery
      rings of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were
      measured under conditions in which norepinephrine (NE) uptake and K+-induced NE
      release by nerve terminals were eliminated. The maximum isometric tension
      developed by SHR arterial rings was significantly more compared with WKY arterial
      rings when arteries were stimulated with NE but not when stimulated with K+. The
      Ca2+ sensitivity of NE-stimulated arterial rings was about twofold higher
      compared with WKY arterial rings. However, the Ca2+ sensitivity of K+-depolarized
      arterial rings was comparable between WKY and SHR. This increase in Ca2+
      sensitivity was specifically due to changes in the alpha 1-receptor-mediated
      mechanisms in SHR. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) values for both NE and
      alpha 1-specific agonist, methoxamine hydrochloride, were comparable between WKY
      and SHR, suggesting that alpha 1-receptor sensitivity is not altered in SHR. The
      relative contributions of postsynaptic alpha 1- and alpha 2-receptors in caudal
      artery contractions as calculated from the experiments with alpha 1- and alpha 2
      receptor agonist and antagonists were 80 and 20% in WKY and 95 and 5% in SHR,
      respectively. Nifedipine inhibition of caudal artery contractions was
      significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in SHR when stimulated with NE but not
      when stimulated with potassium. Our results indicate that the mechanisms involved
      in K+ depolarization-dependent contractions are not altered in SHR. However, the
      mechanisms involved in the coupling of alpha 1-adrenergic receptor and smooth
      muscle contractions may be altered in SHR caudal artery rings.

PMID- 2420190
TI  - Localization of chloride secretion in rabbit colon: inhibition by anthracene-9
      carboxylic acid.
AB  - The substituted aromatic compound anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (A-9-C) was used
      to inhibit active Cl- secretion by the epithelium of short-circuited rabbit
      distal colon. Tissues were mounted in Ussing chambers and stimulated to secrete
      Cl- by the addition of 1 mM dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate to the
      serosal bath. Results of 36Cl-flux measurements showed that the addition of 0.1
      mM A-9-C to the mucosal bath inhibited Cl- secretion by 48%. The site of Cl-
      secretion was determined by using conventional micro-electrodes to show that the
      cells of the crypt regions, and not the surface epithelial cells, responded to A
      9-C by an increase in apical membrane fractional resistance from 0.75 to 0.80 and
      a hyperpolarization of the apical membrane from -64 to -68 mV (P less than 0.05).
      The sulfhydryl reagent dithiothreitol was added to the mucosal tissue bath to
      remove the mucus produced by goblet cells of the crypt regions of these tissues.
      The time for maximal inhibition of Cl- secretion by A-9-C was decreased from 30
      to 15 min by removal of the mucus barrier. The effects of A-9-C on the crypt
      cells, as well as the effect of mucus on the inhibitory action of this compound,
      demonstrate that the crypt region is the site of Cl- secretion.

PMID- 2420191
TI  - Anamnestic stimulus-specific myoelectric responses associated with intestinal
      immunity in the rat.
AB  - Changes in small intestinal motility reflective of local anaphylaxis are
      hypothesized to be associated with the rapid, immune-mediated rejection of
      infective larvae of the nematode Trichinella spiralis. This hypothesis was tested
      by comparing intestinal myoelectric activity in primarily and secondarily
      infected rats; the latter group represented immunized hosts, i.e., immunized by
      initial contact with the parasite. Patterns of slow waves, action potentials,
      interdigestive migrating myoelectric complexes, and migrating action-potential
      complexes induced by secondary infection differed from those associated with
      primary infection. Patterns in both cases differed from those in uninfected rats.
      Secondary but not primary infection evoked changes in myoelectric patterns within
      15 min after administration of infective larvae. These changes could not be
      elicited by inoculation with dead larvae, larval excretory-secretory antigens, or
      a heterologous parasite, Eimeria nieschulzi. Results indicate that altered smooth
      muscle contractile activity is part of an anamnestic, stimulus-specific response
      to T. spiralis in immunized rats. These changes may represent the in vivo
      equivalent of the anaphylactically mediated intestinal smooth muscle contraction
      elicited in vitro in the Schultz-Dale reaction.

PMID- 2420192
TI  - Voltage-dependent aminoglycoside blockade of the sarcoplasmic reticulum K+
      channel.
AB  - Single-channel conductance of the K+ channel from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was
      reduced by aminoglycoside antibiotics such as neomycin and ribostamycin and also
      by n-hexylamine from either side of the membrane in a dose- and voltage-dependent
      manner. K+ channels were incorporated into an artificial phospholipid bilayer.
      This inhibition follows a single-site titration curve. The voltage dependence of
      the inhibition is explained by assuming that these drugs bind to the open state
      of a single channel on one site located approximately 40% of the way through the
      membrane from the cis side (the side to which SR vesicles are added) when drugs
      are added to the cis side and bind on another site located approximately 40% of
      the way through the membrane from the trans side (the opposite side to the cis
      side) when drugs are added to the trans side.

PMID- 2420193
TI  - Calcium and proton buffering and diffusion in isolated cytoplasm from Myxicola
      axons.
AB  - Ion-selective electrodes recorded the pH (7.49 +/- 0.05, n = 8) and pCa (6.72 +/-
      0.03, n = 40) in samples (approximately 1 microliter) of isolated Myxicola
      axoplasm mounted within 760-micron diameter plastic tubes. We determined the
      interactions between Ca2+ and H+ on axoplasmic buffers by microinjecting CaCl2 or
      HCl into the axoplasmic samples at a distance 75-125 micron from the tips of the
      electrodes (distance = r). When axoplasmic pH was lowered 0.97 +/- 0.095 from its
      resting value (measured at r = 125 micron) by injecting 4 nmol HCl, pCa dropped
      0.30 +/- 0.05 (n = 6). When expressed in units of concentration, these data show
      that a HCl injection of approximately 4 mmol/l axoplasm increased H+ and Ca2+
      activity by approximately 0.3 microM. Lowering axoplasmic pCa 2.20 +/- 0.43 (r =
      75 micron) (n = 3) by injecting 40 pmol CaCl2 had only a small effect on pH. In
      other experiments, two Ca2+ electrodes measured the Ca2+ activity 125 and 375
      micron from the site of CaCl2 injection. Evidence of Ca2+ buffering was obtained
      when the Ca2+ activity at these two locations was below that expected for simple
      Ca2+ diffusion away from the injection site. Centrifuged axoplasm (100,000 g)
      taken from the bottom of the centrifuge tube had a somewhat greater Ca2+
      buffering capacity than that taken from the top of the tube. Electron microscopic
      studies of the centrifuged axoplasm showed a greater concentration of
      mitochondria and other axoplasmic vesicles in the bottom of the centrifuge tube.
      Ruthenium red (20-40 micrograms/ml) greatly reduced Ca2+ buffering. The
      mitochondrial inhibitors CN (2 mM) and oligomycin (a mixture of oligomycin A, B,
      and C, 5 micrograms/ml) also reduced Ca2+ buffering but were not as effective as
      ruthenium red. Axoplasm in which ATP and mitochondrial substrates were removed by
      dialysis was unable to lower free Ca2+ when the concentration of this ion was
      elevated to approximately 10 microM. In the presence of oligomycin to block
      mitochondrial ATPase, and with Mg2+ -ATP as the only source of energy, axoplasm
      lowered Ca2+ activity slowly; with succinate as the only metabolic substrate,
      axoplasm rapidly lowered the Ca2+ activity from approximately 10 microM to below
      1 microM.

PMID- 2420194
TI  - Failure of extracellular digestive enzymes to alter in vitro secretion by rat
      pancreas.
AB  - The basal rate of amylase secretion from rat pancreatic lobules was found to
      diminish with time. This decline, which is not due to depletion of amylase stores
      or loss of tissue integrity, has been attributed to the build-up of amylase in
      the extracellular space [Ho and Rothman, Am. J. Physiol. 245 (Cell Physiol. 14):
      C21-C27, 1983]. This accumulation of amylase would result in a decrease in the
      intracellular-extracellular amylase gradient, which, according to the so-called
      equilibrium hypothesis, is responsible for net amylase secretion under basal
      conditions. Using rat pancreatic lobules and acini, we have tested the validity
      of this hypothesis by adding to the incubation medium at the onset of incubation
      either collected secretory products or purified amylase. Based on the equilibrium
      hypothesis, one would have predicted that these additions would also reduce the
      concentration gradient favoring net secretion and would result in an apparent
      reduction in the initial rate of basal in vitro digestive enzyme secretion. The
      results obtained from these studies, however, were not in accord with those
      predictions, since these additions did not diminish the initial rate of basal
      amylase secretion. Our observations therefore indicate that the decrease in the
      rate of basal amylase secretion from rat pancreas with time is not due to the
      loss of a concentration gradient favoring efflux. These results argue against the
      validity of the equilibrium hypothesis.

PMID- 2420195
TI  - Quantitative use of weak bases for estimation of cellular pH gradients.
AB  - An improvement in the usual procedure for estimating cellular H+ gradients by
      distribution of weak bases is described, which involves evaluation of and
      correction for the permeability of the ionic form of the sensor. In the case of
      methylamine, unidirectional uptake (influx) of the methylammonium ion is
      calculated by comparing the total influx of [14C]methylamine with the influx of
      the highly permeant ion [14C]tetraphenyl-phosphonium ([14C]TPP+) for two
      experimental situations in which the membrane potential differs. Comparison of
      the potential-dependent changes in unidirectional influx of methylamine and TPP+
      allows calculation of the magnitude of influx for the methylammonium ion. This
      value can then be used to determine the error in the H+ gradient as estimated
      from the steady-state distribution of methylamine across the plasma membrane. By
      using ATP-depleted isolated small intestine cells from the chick as the test
      system, and imposed H+ gradients of defined magnitude, it can be shown that the
      observed error matches the calculated error.

PMID- 2420196
TI  - Volume regulation by Amphiuma red blood cells: cytosolic free Ca and alkali metal
      H exchange.
AB  - Osmotic swelling of Amphiuma red blood cells results in activation of
      electroneutral K-H exchange, whereas cell shrinkage activates an electroneutral
      Na-H exchange. These K-H and Na-H exchangers function to restore cell volume to
      normal after cell swelling and shrinkage, respectively. Our previous studies have
      suggested that Ca plays a role in volume-dependent activation of K-H exchange. In
      the present studies, intracellular free Ca levels were measured employing the Ca
      sensitive extracellular dye arsenazo III and a previously described null-point
      method. Control values for intracellular free Ca averaged 0.46 +/- 0.15 microM.
      Cell shrinkage caused this value to decrease to 0.16 +/- 0.11 microM, whereas
      either cell swelling or addition of 5 microM A23187 resulted in saturation of
      intracellular Ca buffers, suggesting that both treatments caused an increase in
      intracellular free Ca. In the presence of 7 microM A23187, the rate of K-H
      exchange displayed a hyperbolic relationship as a function of extracellular Ca
      (Cao). The apparent half-maximal concentration for Cao (in the presence of 7
      microM A23187) was 0.27 mM for osmotically swollen cells and 1.9 mM for cells in
      isotonic medium, suggesting that the Ca affinity of a modulating site is
      increased in swollen cells. Inhibitors of Ca-mediated processes, such as
      quinidine and the phenothiazines, inhibited K-H exchange. In contrast, the
      phenothiazines chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine stimulated Na-H exchange by
      osmotically shrunken cells. These results suggest that increases in intracellular
      free Ca are involved in stimulating K-H exchange while repressing Na-H exchange
      in Amphiuma red blood cells.

PMID- 2420197
TI  - Coupled sodium-calcium transport in cultured chick heart cells.
AB  - In cultured embryonic chick heart cells, alterations of extracellular Na (Nao)
      and Ca (Cao), intracellular Na (Nai) and Ca, extracellular pH, and membrane
      potential resulted in changes in Na and Ca contents that were consistent with
      sarcolemmal Na-Ca exchange. 24Na efflux measurements revealed a large ouabain
      insensitive component, one-third of which was inhibited by removal of Cao.
      Incubating the cells in Na-free solution resulted in a rapid, 1.5- to 2-fold
      increase in total cell Ca that remained elevated for at least 15 min. Cells
      exposed for 15 min to Nao less than or equal to 20 mM became maximally loaded
      with Ca, whereas Ca loading fell off sharply at values of Nao greater than 20 mM.
      The movement of Na against its electrochemical gradient was shown to be
      associated with Ca accumulation. During Na-K pump inhibition (in 10(-4) M
      ouabain), Na initially rose 2- to 3-fold to a level below its equilibrium value;
      then, lowering Cao for 30 min from 1.25 to 0.75 mM caused a 26% elevation in Nai,
      whereas raising Cao from 1.25 to 2.7 mM resulted in a 25% fall in Nai against its
      electrochemical gradient. These data are consistent with Nai being maintained by
      a Na-Ca exchange during Na-K pump inhibition. In the presence of ouabain (10(-4)
      M), Ca uptake into intracellular organelles, e.g., mitochondria, was suggested by
      an increase in total cell Ca as well as the occurrence of mitochondrial matrix
      granules, which were shown qualitatively by X-ray analysis to contain Ca.
      Although matrix granules also occurred in mitochondria during Na-free incubation,
      they did not contain detectable amounts of Ca when examined under identical
      conditions of fixation and analysis.

PMID- 2420198
TI  - Analysis of proteins in rabbit pulmonary surfactant using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - We have used monoclonal antibodies developed against the apolipoproteins
      associated with pulmonary surfactant purified from rabbit lavage fluid to study
      the expression of epitopes common to these proteins. The pulmonary surfactant
      contained nearly 20 proteins, of which at least 10 were not derived from serum.
      Electrophoresis, with sulfhydryl reduction of these proteins indicated apparent
      molecular weights of approximately 155, 135, 125, and 115 X 10(3) (high-molecular
      weight group); 80, 70, and 60 X 10(3) (intermediate group); and 18 through 10 X
      10(3) (low-molecular-weight group). Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, in which the proteins were electrophoresed without reduction in
      the first dimension, but with sulfhydryl reduction in the second dimension,
      revealed that the 80, 70, and 60 X 10(3) proteins dissociated into proteins of
      nominal molecular weights of 40, 35, and 30 X 10(3), respectively. In contrast,
      the 125 and 115 X 10(3) proteins of the high-molecular-weight group contained a
      protein which could only be reduced to a minimum molecular weight of 55 to 60 X
      10(3). Monoclonal antibodies generally were of three types: those that reacted
      strongly with the high-molecular-weight group and weakly with the intermediate
      group; those that reacted conversely; and those that reacted only with the low
      molecular-weight group. Our results indicate that at least two different
      surfactant apolipoproteins, with differing minimum molecular weights in SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, have common epitopes. Although these results
      cannot certify a physiological relationship between these proteins, they suggest
      that the intracellular synthesis or extracellular processing of surfactant
      apolipoproteins may be more complicated than predicted by the findings of
      previous experiments, perhaps involving the posttranslational assembly of one
      surfactant protein into oligomers which resist dissociation under the conditions
      used for the analyses.

PMID- 2420199
TI  - Role of calcium and calmodulin in release of kallikrein and tonin from rat
      submandibular gland.
AB  - We investigated the role of calcium and calmodulin as intracellular mediators of
      kallikrein and tonin release induced by norepinephrine (NE). We studied the
      secretion rate of kallikrein and tonin from submandibular gland of rat in
      response to NE in the presence or absence of calcium, two calcium blockers, and
      four different calmodulin antagonists. Submandibular gland slices were incubated
      in vitro, and glandular kallikrein and tonin secreted into the incubation medium
      were determined by direct radioimmunoassays and expressed as nanograms per minute
      per milligram tissue. NE (10(-5) and 10(-4) M) increased the kallikrein secretion
      from the control value of 8.2 +/- 2.6 to 134.9 +/- 41.4 (P less than 0.05) and to
      191.2 +/- 62.7 (P less than 0.05), and the release of tonin from a basal rate of
      3.5 +/- 0.6 to 51.5 +/- 9.1 (P less than 0.05) and to 64.4 +/- 13.7 (P less than
      0.05). The deletion of calcium and addition of EGTA into the incubation medium
      significantly attenuated the secretion of kallikrein and tonin induced by NE.
      Nifedipine, at concentrations which inhibit voltage-dependent calcium channels,
      did not affect the release of kallikrein and tonin, and only a high concentration
      (10(-4) M) reduced the release. TMB-8, a blocker of intracellular calcium, had no
      effect either. Phenothiazines, triflupromazine (10(-6) M) and trifluoperazine
      (10(-4) M), decreased significantly the kallikrein release elicited by 10(-5) M
      NE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2420200
TI  - Ba2+ inhibition of VIP- and A23187-stimulated Cl- secretion by T84 cell
      monolayers.
AB  - Addition of either 10(-8) M vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) or 10(-6) M
      A23187 to T84 cell monolayers, grown on permeable supports and mounted in Ussing
      chambers, stimulated net Cl- secretion. The effect of 10(-6) M A23187 on Cl- flux
      was consistently smaller than that observed with 10(-8) M VIP. In both cases the
      increase in net Cl- secretion accounted for the entire change in the observed
      short-circuit current (Isc). Since Cl- enters the cells through a basolaterally
      localized Na+-K+-Cl(-)-cotransport system (J. Clin. Invest. 75: 462, 1985), the
      fate of K+, which is cotransported with Cl- during VIP, and A23187-mediated Cl-
      secretion was explored. Unidirectional and net transepithelial 42K+ flux rates
      were negligible compared with 36Cl- flux rates (less than 4% of Cl- flux),
      indicating that little K+ was secreted along with Cl-. K+ recycling across the
      basolateral membrane was suggested from experiments in which 86Rb+ efflux (as a
      tracer for K+) was measured across the apical and basolateral membranes of 86Rb+ 
      preloaded monolayers under voltage-clamped conditions. In the absence of
      secretagogues, 86Rb+ efflux was 10-fold higher across the basolateral membrane
      than across the apical membrane. 86Rb+ efflux across the basolateral membrane was
      accelerated two- to threefold by addition of either VIP or A23187. In each case
      accelerated efflux was inhibited by 5 mM Ba2+. Cl- secretion induced by VIP or
      A23187 was also inhibited by serosal addition of Ba2+.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2420201
TI  - Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to rabbit renal cortical cells.
AB  - The immunological heterogeneity of the rabbit nephron was investigated using
      monoclonal antibodies. Seventeen antibodies have been produced by fusion of NS1
      myeloma cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with unfractionated
      rabbit renal cortical cell preparations. Sixteen antibodies reacted with proximal
      tubular cells: 11 with the brush border and 5 with basolateral membrane or
      intracytoplasmic components. Only one of the latter was specific for constituents
      of the proximal tubule. One antibody reacted with the cortical collecting tubule.
      Eight of the anti-brush-border antibodies were further characterized by
      immunoprecipitation of detergent-solubilized radiolabeled brush-border membrane
      vesicles. Seven proteins with subunits ranging in molecular weight from 90,000 to
      greater than 340,000 were identified. Systematic survey showed that one of these
      proteins with a subunit molecular weight of 115,000 exhibited leucine
      aminopeptidase activity. Selected monoclonal antibodies bound to Sepharose 4B
      immunoadsorbents were used to deplete solubilized brush-border membrane vesicles
      of a given antigen and to identify leucine aminopeptidase. Furthermore, the
      obtention of specific antibodies directed against the proximal tubule allowed us
      to set up a simple method for renal cell separation: isolated renal cortical
      cells could be depleted by 80% in proximal cells by passage over columns of
      Sepharose 6MB covalently linked with three different monoclonal anti-brush-border
      antibodies, thus leading to cell suspensions considerably enriched in tubule
      cells originating from the more distal segments of the nephron.

PMID- 2420202
TI  - Activators of protein kinase C inhibit sodium transport in A6 epithelia.
AB  - To evaluate the role of protein kinase C in sodium transport via amiloride
      sensitive sodium channels, we studied the effect of activators of protein kinase
      C on short-circuit current in epithelia formed by A6 cells in culture. In A6
      epithelia, short-circuit current is equivalent to net sodium transport and is
      blocked by low concentrations of amiloride added to the solution bathing the
      apical surface. After any of four different activators of protein kinase C
      [phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (20 ng/ml), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (20 ng/ml),
      1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol (50 micrograms/ml), and mezerein (10 ng/ml)] was added
      to the solution bathing the apical surface, short-circuit current fell, and
      electrical resistance rose. Nystatin added to the apical solution reversed the
      inhibition of short-circuit current, indicating that activators of protein kinase
      C inhibited transport at amiloride-sensitive sodium channels in the apical plasma
      membrane. Under some conditions, the activators also stimulated amiloride
      insensitive short-circuit current. The ion transport represented by the amiloride
      insensitive short-circuit current appears to be the result of basal to apical
      transport of chloride, but this has not been established conclusively.

PMID- 2420203
TI  - A possible role of arachidonate metabolism in the mechanism of prolactin release.
AB  - The cleavage of arachidonate from pituitary phospholipids may contribute to the
      process that regulates the release of prolactin. To test this hypothesis, primary
      cultures of anterior pituitary cells from female rats were preincubated with
      [3H]arachidonate to label their phospholipid-containing components. The cells
      were then washed and incubated with vehicle or test agents and the release into
      the medium of prolactin and [3H]arachidonate cleaved from the phospholipids was
      measured. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and neurotensin significantly
      increased the release of both [3H]arachidonate and prolactin. Although basal
      [3H]arachidonate release was not affected by dopamine or somatostatin, both of
      these agents reduced [3H]arachidonate release induced by TRH. The relationship
      between calcium mobilization and arachidonate release was investigated by
      exposing the cells to agents that modify calcium balance. Maitotoxin, a calcium
      channel activator, stimulated prolactin and arachidonate release. In contrast
      cobalt, a calcium channel blocker, penfluridol, a calcium-binding protein
      inhibitor, and low-calcium medium decreased basal and TRH-induced prolactin
      release and diminished the TRH-induced release of arachidonate. RHC 80267, an
      inhibitor of diacylglycerol lipase, decreased TRH-induced prolactin and
      arachidonate release. BW755c, an inhibitor of the conversion of arachidonate to
      its metabolites, decreased TRH-induced prolactin release but predictably
      increased arachidonate release. These findings support the hypothesis that
      arachidonate metabolites may be involved in the process regulating prolactin
      release.

PMID- 2420204
TI  - Lysolecithin-lipid interactions in disruption of the canine gastric mucosal
      barrier.
AB  - Lysolecithin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer and reflux
      gastritis. By use of canine Heidenhain pouches, we examined effects of
      lysolecithin on the gastric mucosal barrier both at neutral (PO4 buffer, pH 7)
      and acidic (0.15 M HCl) pH with respect to interaction of lysolecithin with
      membrane lipids. At both pH values, 2 mM lysolecithin significantly increased
      forward diffusion of Na+ and backdiffusion of H+. Both solutions also caused
      significant efflux of membrane phospholipid and cholesterol. Saturation of
      neutral and acidic lysolecithin solutions with either lecithin or cholesterol
      significantly diminished or completely prevented disruption of the barrier to H+
      backdiffusion and Na+ forward diffusion. In agreement with other reports, we also
      demonstrated formation of soluble lysolecithin-lecithin mixed micelles but
      formation of insoluble lysolecithin-cholesterol complexes. Finally, by use of
      [3H]polyethylene glycol and [14C]lysolecithin, we demonstrated more rapid mucosal
      uptake of lysolecithin at acidic than at neutral pH for any given experimental
      condition. Specifically, mean mucosal uptake of lysolecithin from acidic
      solutions saturated with lecithin (which did not disrupt the gastric mucosal
      barrier) was greater than uptake from neutral solutions without added lipid
      (which did disrupt the barrier). These studies suggest that lysolecithin-lipid
      interactions play an important role in lysolecithin-induced injury to the gastric
      mucosa. The most important of these interactions appears to occur in luminal
      lysolecithin micelles rather than within mucosal membranes.

PMID- 2420205
TI  - Source of activator calcium in isolated guinea pig and human gastric muscle
      cells.
AB  - The source of Ca2+ responsible for contraction was examined in suspensions of
      smooth muscle cells and in perfused single muscle cells from guinea pig and human
      stomach. In both preparations removal of Ca2+ from the medium or addition of the
      Ca2+ channel blocker methoxyverapamil had no effect on the contractile response
      to various agonists, including cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) and
      acetylcholine, but inhibited the response to high extracellular K+ by 76-82%.
      Repeated stimulation of guinea pig or human single muscle cells in Ca2+-free
      medium, or in the presence of methoxyverapamil caused a progressive decrease and
      eventual abolition of contractile response; response was restored on restitution
      of Ca2+ to the medium or elimination of methoxyverapamil. Measurement of 45Ca2+
      content in guinea pig muscle cells showed that CCK-8 had no effect on the rate of
      Ca2+ influx but increased the rate of Ca2+ efflux transiently by sixfold. Net
      peak efflux coincided with the time of peak contraction and was
      stoichiometrically related to the degree of contraction. Equipotent, maximally
      effective contractile doses of CCK-8, acetylcholine, and methionine-enkephalin
      caused equivalent degrees of net Ca2+ efflux. The results indicate that
      contractile agonists cause release of Ca2+ from a depletable intracellular store
      in gastric muscle cells. The release is accompanied by a dose-dependent increase
      in Ca2+ efflux and is capable of sustaining an initial maximal contraction.
      Repeated contractile activity requires influx of Ca2+ from extracellular sources.

PMID- 2420206
TI  - Effects of tachykinins on gastric acid and pepsin secretion and on gastric
      outflow in the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua.
AB  - Gastric acid and pepsin responses to substance P, physalaemin, eledoisin, and an
      eledoisin-related peptide, [Lys6]eledoisin-(6-11), were measured in gastrically
      and intestinally perfused cods. The intestinal perfusion maintains water balance
      and inhibits drinking. During basal conditions acid secretion was stimulated
      (approximately equal to 25%) by low doses (less than 0.13 nmol X kg-1 X h-1) of
      physalaemin and eledoisin. High doses (greater than 16 nmol X kg-1 X h-1) were
      inhibitory. Median and very high doses of substance P and eledoisin-related
      peptide, respectively, tended to stimulate acid secretion. All tachykinins were
      extremely efficacious pepsigogues. Physalaemin and eledoisin were the most potent
      (D50 approximately 10(-10) mol X kg-1 X h-1) but produced fading and submaximal
      responses at high doses. The fading persisted despite endogenous acidification
      produced by histamine stimulation. Relative to physalaemin, the potencies of
      substance P and eledoisin-related peptide were 0.04 and 0.001. The results
      suggest that some tachykinin may be a physiological stimulator of pepsin
      secretion and that the effect on acid secretion results from activation of both
      stimulatory and inhibitory pathways. The inhibitory component probably includes a
      cholinergic link. Gastric volume outflow increased during infusion of
      physalaemin, eledoisin, and (slightly) substance P. The response, which was not
      related to acid secretory rate (and conceivably not to volume secretion),
      suggests that a tachykinin may be involved also in the regulation of drinking.

PMID- 2420207
TI  - Sodium-dependent transport of Pi by an established intestinal epithelial cell
      line (CaCo-2).
AB  - The uptake of inorganic phosphate (Pi) was analyzed in monolayers and in apical
      membrane vesicles (AMV) of the established intestinal cell line CaCo-2. AMV,
      prepared by a MgCl2 precipitation technique, were enriched approximately 10-fold
      in alkaline phosphatase activity. Pi uptake into intact cells as well as into AMV
      was specifically dependent on the presence of sodium. In the presence of high
      sodium concentrations, the apparent Km for Pi was 214 +/- 17 mumol/l in
      monolayers and 300 +/- 19.7 mumol/l in AMV. Increasing the sodium concentration
      increased the apparent affinity of the transport system for Pi but hardly
      affected the maximal velocity (Vmax). At 0.1 mmol/l Pi and pH 7.4, the apparent
      Km for sodium was approximately 70 mmol/l in intact cells as well as in AMV. The
      results obtained in both systems suggested the involvement of two sodium ions and
      one phosphate ion in the transport process. Advancing confluence--independently
      of the age of the monolayers--reduced sodium-dependent uptake of Pi significantly
      by a decrease in Vmax, whereas the apparent Km for Pi remained unchanged. It is
      concluded that the apical membrane of CaCo-2 cells contains a sodium-dependent
      transport system for Pi.

PMID- 2420208
TI  - Role of substance P nerves in longitudinal smooth muscle contractions of the
      esophagus.
AB  - Longitudinal muscle strips from different sites along the opossum esophagus were
      stimulated transmurally so as to produce neurally mediated contractions. Low
      frequency transmural stimulation produced contractions after termination of the
      stimulus ("off" contractions), whereas high-frequency stimuli produced
      contractions beginning during the stimulus and extending beyond termination of
      the stimulus (extended-duration contractions). The intrastimulus portion of the
      extended-duration contraction was partially antagonized by atropine or substance
      P desensitization, whereas the poststimulus portion of the contraction was
      selectively and fully antagonized by desensitization with substance P. A
      combination of atropine and substance P desensitization abolished the extended
      duration contraction. The amplitude of contraction was greater in the proximal
      than in the distal strips, irrespective of the mode of stimulation. The
      poststimulus portion of the extended-duration contraction was significantly
      longer in muscle strips taken from more distal than proximal portions of the
      esophagus. This gradient in duration of contractions was abolished by substance P
      desensitization but was not affected by atropine. Exogenously applied substance P
      (10 microM) produced equally sustained long-duration contractions at all sites
      along the esophagus. These observations suggest that a) both acetylcholine- and
      substance P-containing nerves are responsible for the extended-duration
      contraction of longitudinal muscle, and b) transmural stimulation causes an
      aborally directed increase in the duration of contractions; this gradient of
      increasing duration of contraction appears to be due to a more prolonged neural
      release of substance P at more distal sites.

PMID- 2420209
TI  - Cellular messengers of stimulants of pepsinogen secretion from isolated frog
      esophageal mucosa.
AB  - The messenger roles of Ca2+ and cyclic nucleotides in the stimulation of
      pepsinogen secretion by three classes of stimuli [muscarinic (bethanechol),
      peptidergic (bombesin), and adrenergic (isoproterenol)] were studied in vitro
      using the peptic gland-bearing esophageal mucosa from the American bullfrog, Rana
      catesbeiana. Pepsinogen secretion was stimulated in a dose-dependent manner by
      the calcium ionophore A23187, by dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP), and by
      isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Isoproterenol and
      bethanechol increased the tissue cAMP content in the presence of IBMX. IBMX,
      which by itself stimulated secretion, was potentiating in combination with
      bombesin, additive with bethanechol, and less than additive with isoproterenol.
      Omission of Ca2+ from the bathing medium did not alter basal pepsinogen secretion
      nor the response to maximally effective doses of isoproterenol but partly
      inhibited the secretory responses to bethanechol and bombesin. Ca2+-free medium
      with 1 mM EGTA reduced pepsinogen secretion under all basal and stimulated
      (including A23187- but not DBcAMP-stimulated) conditions, indicating a critical
      role for Ca2+ in the secretion of pepsinogen secretion. A23187 by itself produced
      only an initial (15-20 min) release of pepsinogen, whereas IBMX and DBcAMP
      produced a delayed sustained secretion. The combination of A23187 with either
      IBMX or DBcAMP mimicked the responses to bethanechol or bombesin. These results
      indicate that both calcium and cAMP may be obligatory and interacting
      intermediates in the full stimulation of pepsinogen secretion by frog esophageal
      peptic glands with at least cholinergic and peptidergic stimuli.

PMID- 2420210
TI  - Intestinal phosphate absorption: influence of vitamin D and non-vitamin D
      factors.
AB  - The transport of inorganic phosphate (P) was measured in the absence of
      electrochemical gradients across rat jejunum in vitro. Active P absorption was
      demonstrated in young, vitamin D-deficient (-D) rats, whereas active P secretion
      was found in normal, non-vitamin D-deficient adult rats, suggesting regulation of
      intestinal P transport by age-dependent but vitamin D-independent mechanisms.
      1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] stimulated mucosal-to-serosal P flux (Jm--
      -s) without affecting serosal-to-mucosal P flux (Js----m), causing further
      increases in net P absorption (Jnet) in -D rats and reduction in net P secretion
      in normal adult rats, confirming a previously described role of this hormone on P
      absorption. We then examined the effect of increasing extracellular (buffer) P
      concentration [P] on this 1,25(OH)2D3-stimulated active P absorption in jejunum
      from -D rats. At [P] of 0.024, 0.24, and 2.4 mM, 1,25(OH)2D3 consistently
      stimulated Jm----s without affecting Js----m, causing an increment in Jnet. At
      7.5 mM [P], however, this Jm----s stimulatory effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 was no longer
      observed. Moreover, at this [P] the Js----m exceeded Jm----s in both -D and
      1,25(OH)2D3-repleted rats, converting the active P absorption into active P
      secretion in both treatment groups. These observations suggest the participation
      of local mechanisms, such as the ambient [P] of the transporting enterocytes, in
      the regulation of intestinal P absorption. Finally, the influence of dietary P
      deprivation on P absorption was studied in -D rats, with or without either
      vitamin D3 or 1,25(OH)2D3 repletion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2420211
TI  - Patch-clamp technique in renal physiology.
AB  - The patch-clamp technique of Neher and Sakmann and their colleagues has been
      widely used over the last 5 years to investigate ion channels in excitable
      tissues. More recently, it has become useful as a tool to study channels involved
      in transepithelial ion transport. In this review, I briefly cover the basic
      concepts behind the patch-clamp technique and the kinds of information that can
      be obtained with it. I then summarize the applications of the technique to renal
      tissues and describe some of the channel types that have been observed to date in
      epithelia.

PMID- 2420212
TI  - Electrogenic Na+-independent Pi transport in canine renal basolateral membrane
      vesicles.
AB  - To define the mechanism by which Pi exists from the renal proximal tubular cell
      across the basolateral membrane, we measured 32Pi uptake in basolateral membrane
      vesicles from dog kidney in the absence of Na+. Preloading of basolateral
      vesicles with 2 mM Pi transstimulated 32Pi uptake, which is consistent with
      counterflow. We used measurements of transstimulation to quantitate the transport
      component of 32Pi uptake. Transstimulation of 32Pi uptake was inhibited less than
      30% by concentrations of probenecid as high as 50 mM. In contrast,
      transstimulation of 35SO4(2-) uptake by intravesicular SO4(2-) was inhibited 92%
      by 5 mM probenecid. Preloading basolateral vesicles with SO4(2-) did not result
      in transstimulation of 32Pi uptake. Accumulation of 32Pi in basolateral vesicles
      above steady state was driven by a membrane potential (intravesicular positive),
      consistent with Na+-independent Pi transport being accompanied by the net
      transfer of negative charge across the membrane. We conclude that carrier
      mediated, electrogenic Na+-independent 32Pi transport can be demonstrated in
      basolateral vesicles from dog kidney. This process appears to be mediated, at
      least in part, via a mechanism different from that by which SO4(2-) is
      transported. Electrogenic Na+-independent Pi transport may reflect one means by
      which Pi reabsorbed across the luminal membrane exists from the proximal tubular
      cell down an electrochemical gradient.

PMID- 2420213
TI  - Influence of pacing site on canine left ventricular force-interval relationship.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that while absolute extrasystolic (ES) and
      postextrasystolic (PES) dP/dtmax would be influenced by pacing site, if these
      values were normalized by the steady-state dP/dtmax obtained with the same pacing
      site, they would be independent of pacing site. We employed an isovolumetrically
      contracting isolated heart preparation with a balloon placed in the left
      ventricle. Pacing electrodes were placed on the atrium and four different
      epicardial ventricular sites. While pacing from each site separately, a steady
      mechanical state was established at a constant rate, and the interval between
      beats was then perturbed. The same pacing sequence was used while pacing from
      each of the five sites. On each ES and PES beat, dP/dtmax was expressed as a
      percentage of the steady-state dP/dtmax. The normalized responses measured with
      each ventricular pacing site (DPventr) were plotted as a function of the
      normalized responses obtained with atrial pacing (DPatr). On average, DPventr =
      1.02 DPatr - 3.2% (n = 6, with r2 = 0.989), indicating that pacing site did not
      significantly influence the "normalized" force-interval relationship. Thus the
      basic information retrievable from measurements of the ventricular force-interval
      relationship is independent of the site from which the heart is paced.

PMID- 2420214
TI  - Rhythmic coronary arterial contractions: changes with time and membrane
      potential.
AB  - Responses of isolated rabbit coronary artery segments to KCl and 2-(2-aminoethyl)
      pyridine (AEP) were studied. Vessels stored at 2 degrees C for 24 h developed
      spontaneous rhythmic contractions during the first 20 min in Krebs solution at 37
      degrees C. The contractile response to KCl or AEP declined to a minimum at 60 min
      [i.e., time zero (to) +60], increased to a peak at to +150 and then again
      declined. Resting membrane potential (Em) was less than or equal to -40 mV at to
      +20, -70 mV at to +30-60 and -50 mV at to +240-360 min. Rhythmic contractile
      responses were frequent and were associated with changes in Em. Vessels that were
      not cold stored did not hyperpolarize, nor did they show the early decline in
      response. Vessels stored at 2 degrees C for 24 h and then tested at 22-23 degrees
      C exhibited a similar pattern of changes in contraction but the time course was
      more protracted. We conclude that contractile responses are initially modulated
      by changes in Em associated with an increase then decrease in the activity of the
      sodium pump. Later changes in reactivity are due to a different mechanism.

PMID- 2420215
TI  - Substance P, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and bradykinin stimulate abdominal visceral
      afferents.
AB  - To determine if chemicals produced endogenously within the gastrointestinal
      system stimulate abdominal visceral sensory endings, we recorded the response of
      42 A- and 25 C-fibers in the splanchnic nerve of cats as substance P (10-20
      micrograms), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 100-200 micrograms), or bradykinin (10
      micrograms) was injected into the descending thoracic aorta. Approximately half
      of the sensory endings responded to each chemical. However, significantly more C-
      than A-fiber endings responded to 5-HT (64 vs. 39%) and bradykinin (76 vs. 41%).
      Most C-fiber endings were insensitive to external mechanical stimuli, supporting
      the concept that these endings are primarily chemosensitive. In contrast, most A
      fiber endings were quite sensitive to external mechanical stimuli. Additionally,
      more A-fiber endings located in contractile (gut or vasculature) than in
      noncontractile (pancreas, liver, or spleen) regions responded to 5-HT (58 vs.
      19%), bradykinin (67 vs. 15%), and substance P (57 vs. 29%), a response that
      frequently occurred coincident with the development of chemically induced gut
      contractions. Thus many A-fiber endings are primarily sensitive to mechanical
      stimuli. However, 15-30% of the A-fiber endings located in noncontractile regions
      responded to chemicals, although the endings likely were removed from the
      mechanical effects of these chemicals. Since these A-fiber endings are also quite
      sensitive to external mechanical stimuli, they may be polymodal in their
      function. We conclude that abdominal visceral sensory endings are not homogeneous
      in function and are stimulated by several chemicals produced endogenously within
      the gastrointestinal system, including substance P, 5-HT, and bradykinin.

PMID- 2420216
TI  - Pemoline and urinary excretion of catecholamines and indoleamines in children
      with attention deficit disorder.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that any change in urinary noradrenergic excretion
      accompanies drug-induced improvement in attention deficit disorder with
      hyperactivity, the authors gave pemoline (mean dose, 2.9 mg/kg of body weight) to
      11 boys with this disorder in a 4-week open trial. Pemoline administration
      improved behavior but did not significantly change urinary catecholamine
      excretion. Serotonin excretion was unchanged, but phenylethylamine (PEA) and 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were significantly decreased. Clinical
      responders and nonresponders did not differ with respect to baseline urinary
      monoamine excretion or change in PEA and 5-HIAA excretion.

PMID- 2420217
TI  - How does verapamil exert an antimanic effect?

PMID- 2420218
TI  - Lithium ion transport by erythrocytes of randomly selected blood donors and manic
      depressive patients: lack of association with affective illness.
AB  - The authors measured the in vitro lithium ion ratio and maximal rate of sodium
      lithium countertransport in erythrocytes of 739 randomly selected blood donors
      and 42 manic-depressive patients to determine the frequency distributions of
      these two variables in a general population and their relationship to one another
      and to affective illness. A large interindividual variation was found for the
      ratio and countertransport, and there was evidence of bimodality in the frequency
      distributions for these two traits. There was a moderate negative correlation (r
      = -.61) between the ratio and countertransport for 126 individuals. Neither the
      ratio nor countertransport was found to be a useful marker for affective illness.

PMID- 2420219
TI  - An immunohistochemical study of thymic epithelial tumors. I. Epithelial
      component.
AB  - Twenty-four cases of thymic epithelial tumors, including 18 cases of thymoma,
      five cases of squamous cell carcinoma, and one case of undifferentiated
      carcinoma, were studied immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibody Leu-7
      (HNK-1) and antikeratin antibody. Seven cases of non-neoplastic thymic tissues
      were also studied. Leu-7 antibody stained epithelial cells in the outer cortex of
      the normal thymus, and antikeratin antibody stained thymic epithelial cells in
      both cortex and medulla of the normal thymus. Seventeen thymomas and one
      undifferentiated carcinoma were focally or diffusely stained with Leu-7, some
      showing cortical and medullary differentiation as seen in the normal thymus. On
      the other hand, none of the five squamous cell carcinomas were stained with Leu
      7. All thymomas stained for keratin in varying degrees, and all squamous cell
      carcinomas were diffusely and strongly stained with antikeratin antibody. It is
      concluded that normal thymic epithelial cells showed zonal differentiation, and
      neoplastic cells were considered to retain these characteristics to some extent;
      i.e., thymomas had the same phenotype of epithelial cells of the cortex,
      especially the outer cortex of the thymus in some instances (Leu-7-positive,
      keratin-positive) and of both cortex and medulla (mixture of Leu-7-positive and 
      negative cells) with organoid arrangement in other instances, and thymic squamous
      cell carcinoma had the same phenotype as epithelial cells in the thymic medulla
      (Leu-7-negative, keratin-positive).

PMID- 2420220
TI  - Secretory meningioma. A distinct subtype of meningioma.
AB  - Six meningiomas with abundant hyaline inclusions (pseudopsammoma bodies) were
      studied. As seen by light and electron microscopy, hyaline inclusions are
      composed of material of varying structures located in intracellular lumina lined
      by microvilli. A remarkable pericytic proliferation within the vessel walls was
      found in five cases. In all six cases, immunohistochemical examination for
      multiple antigens showed positive staining for carcinoembryonic antigen and
      epithelial membrane antigen in inclusions and surrounding cells. Weak positivity
      was found for keratin and secretory component in five cases and for alpha-1
      antitrypsin and IgM in four cases. It is concluded that secretory meningioma is a
      distinct type of meningioma, usually meningothelial in type. It shows
      characteristic light-microscopic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical
      features of epithelial and secretory differentiation with accumulation of
      secretory material in the form of hyaline inclusions; marked vascular pericytic
      proliferation is also frequently present.

PMID- 2420221
TI  - Reassessment of malignant "angioendotheliomatosis". Evidence in favor of its
      reclassification as "intravascular lymphomatosis".
AB  - Malignant angioendotheliomatosis (MAE) is a lethal intravascular proliferation
      which has been thought to be of endothelial origin. In order to characterize its
      cellular nature, we studied 15 cases of MAE immunocytochemically, using antisera
      for factor VIII-related antigen, cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen,
      vimentin, blood group isoantigens, thoracic duct lining cell antigens (TDLCA),
      common leukocyte antigen, and Ulex europaeus I lectin. In 14 of 15 cases, common
      leukocyte antigen was observed in malignant intravascular cells. Similar
      reactivity for factor VIII-related antigen was present in 14 cases, but was
      largely restricted to cells enmeshed in fibrin-platelet thrombi, and probably
      represents adsorption of platelet-derived factor VIII by tumor cells. All cases
      failed to bind Ulex europaeus lectin and lacked immunoreactivity for TDLCA,
      cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, and blood group isoantigens; two
      manifested positivity for vimentin. Immunofluorescent microscopy of frozen tissue
      in one case showed monoclonal IgM-kappa immunoglobulin on the surfaces of tumor
      cells. Electron-microscopic study of three cases disclosed a predominant cell
      type lacking features of epithelial or endothelial differentiation; a minor cell
      population displayed endothelial characteristics and was thought to be reactive.
      Four patients with typical MAE also had extravascular large-cell lymphoma in
      lymph nodes, spleen, adrenal glands, stomach, or soft tissues. Six patients
      showed clinical evidence of autoimmune disease. These results suggest that MAE
      displays lymphoid rather than endothelial differentiation.

PMID- 2420222
TI  - Yolk sac differentiation in germ cell tumors. A morphologic study of 50 cases
      with emphasis on hepatic, enteric, and parietal yolk sac features.
AB  - We assessed 50 germ cell tumors with areas of yolk sac tumor (YST) for a variety
      of features including histologic patterns; hyaline droplets;
      syncytiotrophoblastic elements; hepatic, enteric, and parietal yolk sac
      differentiation; and granulomatous reaction. Of prime interest was the fact that
      many YSTs formed hepatic-like foci (22%), enteric-like glands (34%), and parietal
      yolk sac structures (92%). Hepatoid areas were characterized by nests and cords
      of polygonal, acidophilic cells with prominent nucleoli and intense cytoplasmic
      staining for alpha-fetoprotein. Enteric differentiation occurred as well-defined
      glands with a sharp, striated border and relatively bland nuclear features.
      Ultrastructurally these glands had apical microvilli with associated glycocalyx
      and long anchoring rootlets. The apical cytoplasm and luminal contents stained
      for carcinoembryonic antigen. Parietal yolk sac differentiation was characterized
      by the intercellular accumulation of basement membrane substance as generally
      thick and longitudinally arranged bands of eosinophilic material. Such material,
      by electron microscopy, was both intra- and extracellular, and had irregular
      outlines and inhomogeneous electron density. It contrasted with the strictly
      intracellular, round, homogeneous, hyaline globules that, we believe, represent
      visceral yolk sac differentiation. This intercellular material stained positively
      for laminin, a basement membrane component. Assessment of 22 embryonal carcinomas
      and 24 germinomas failed to show hepatic, enteric, and parietal yolk sac
      features, with one possible exception. We believe these features, especially
      parietal yolk sac differentiation, are helpful in differentiating YSTs from
      embryonal carcinomas and germinomas.

PMID- 2420223
TI  - Radiologic dilatation preceding palliative surgical tube placement for esophageal
      cancer.
AB  - A new two-stage technique is reported for tube placement in the palliative
      treatment of esophageal cancer. The first step consists of radiologic
      intervention with balloon dilatation of the stricture. The patient is then
      transferred to the operating room, where the permanent esophageal tube placement
      is performed. A comparison of technique-related complications in a group of 34
      patients with esophageal malignancies who had a permanent tube inserted by either
      the two-stage technique or by a standard endoscopic operative method show the new
      technique to have fewer complications and markedly decreased operative time.

PMID- 2420224
TI  - Effect of endotoxin on keratin production of keratinocytes in vitro.
AB  - The rate of keratin protein accumulation appears to be a crucial factor in the
      pathogenesis of middle ear cholesteatoma. The effect of endotoxin on keratin
      production of keratinocytes was studied. Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides
      contained within the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. Various concentrations
      of endotoxin were added to keratinocytes derived from newborn rats. Syntheses of
      keratin proteins were studied by incorporation of 3H-leucine into each protein
      fraction. Extraction of keratin proteins with various salt solutions showed that
      endotoxin stimulated keratinocytes to produce keratohyalin granules and its
      related proteins as well as proteins in the stratum corneum (keratin proteins).
      These findings suggest that accumulation of keratin debris in cholesteatoma may
      result from the effect of infection in the epithelial cells.

PMID- 2420225
TI  - New methods of prenatal diagnosis. Chorionic biopsy and AFP screening.

PMID- 2420226
TI  - Measurement of dimethylglycine in biological fluids.
AB  - The method of quantitating N,N-dimethylglycine involves cation-exchange high
      performance liquid chromatography and detection of dimethylglycine with
      dimethylglycine dehydrogenase. Dimethylglycine was added to plasma and urine and
      samples were assayed for dimethylglycine. Plasma and urine to which no
      dimethylglycine was added were also assayed. Recoveries of added dimethylglycine
      were 99 to 104% with no endogenous dimethylglycine found in rat plasma or normal
      human urine. The human plasma used contained a small amount of endogenous
      dimethylglycine. The cation-exchange chromatography separates dimethylglycine
      from other compounds which can serve as substrates for dimethylglycine
      dehydrogenase. Repeatability of the assay is +/- 10%. Using this method we have
      identified dimethylglycine in the urine of a 1-month-old female human patient.

PMID- 2420227
TI  - Silver staining of proteins in polyacrylamide gels: increased sensitivity through
      a combined Coomassie blue-silver stain procedure.
AB  - A combined Coomassie blue-silver stain method has been developed in sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels for the detection of proteins using the model
      compounds bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, and recombinant DNA-derived human
      insulin. Sensitivity was enhanced 2.2 to 8.6 times by the new method relative to
      that of silver staining alone. The new method may also be useful in enhancing
      detection sensitivities of other proteins.

PMID- 2420228
TI  - Application of a modified computer algorithm in determining potential antigenic
      determinants associated with the AIDS virus glycoprotein.
AB  - A computer program was developed for use on an Apple IIe that utilized the
      parameters developed by Hopp and Woods (T. P. Hopp and K. R. Woods, 1983, Mol.
      Immunol. 20, 483-489) for predicting the hydrophilic regions of a given protein.
      This program will produce a listing of the hydrophilic sequence averages and
      graphically illustrates the peak areas. The hydrophilic averages over a
      hexapeptide length can be used to predict protein structure. In conjunction with
      the Chou-Fasman predictive scheme for protein secondary structure determination,
      the possible antigenic determinants for the envelope glycoprotein of three
      viruses isolated from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
      were predicted. These predicted determinants could be used to generate synthetic
      peptides that represent a potential vaccine preparation or in developing a
      diagnostic assay that specifically detects the agent.

PMID- 2420229
TI  - Purification of a light-harvesting B880 complex from wild-type Rhodospirillum
      rubrum.
AB  - The light-harvesting B880 complex of Rhodospirillum rubrum was purified by a new
      method which allowed recovery of 66% of the amount present in the crude
      solubilized extract. Electrophoretic analysis of the isolated complex, followed
      by either Coomassie brilliant blue or silver staining, revealed only two low
      molecular-weight polypeptides. When compared to a previously described
      preparation, the stability of the complex was considerably increased. In
      addition, the new procedure yielded B880 of higher purity as evidenced both by
      the decreased protein to pigment ratio (A280/A880 = 0.4) and by the absence of
      contaminants previously detected by silver staining or by an immunochemical
      method in other preparations. The most prominent of those contaminants were
      identified in this work as lipopolysaccharides of the bacterial outer membrane.

PMID- 2420230
TI  - Quantitative analysis of a polysulfated xylan (SP54) in urine using gas-liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - A sensitive analytical method for the quantitation of a polysulfated xylan (SP54)
      in urine has been developed. SP54 and urinary glycosaminoglycans have been
      isolated from urine using cetylpyridinium chloride. This method removes all
      glycosaminoglycans with molecular weights less than 3000 Da. Following isolation,
      SP54 and urinary glycosaminoglycans have been selectively hydrolyzed under
      conditions (0.5 M HCl/105 degrees C/30 min) which produce an efficient yield of
      xylose from SP54 but not from the glycosaminoglycans. Xylose derived from SP54
      has subsequently been determined using gas-liquid chromatography. Levels of SP54
      down to 10 micrograms/ml have been determined using this technique.

PMID- 2420231
TI  - Protein transfer from fixed, stained, and dried polyacrylamide gels and
      immunoblot with protein A-gold.
AB  - The method of electrophoretically transferring proteins from fixed and stained
      polyacrylamide gels onto nitrocellulose paper has been reevaluated. It is shown
      that the tedious destaining of gels is not necessary because Coomassie brilliant
      blue, although it binds tenaciously to nitrocellulose paper, does not reduce the
      transfer efficiency of proteins. However, its presence impairs the visibility of
      proteins as detected, for instance, by the immunogold technique. Therefore, a
      rapid method for the complete removal of the stain from the nitrocellulose paper
      after completion of the immunogold procedure was developed. Furthermore, it is
      shown that proteins from dried polyacrylamide gels can still be transferred onto
      nitrocellulose sheets with an efficiency of approximately 50% compared to
      proteins transferred from fixed gels.

PMID- 2420232
TI  - Histological development of bovine abomasum.
AB  - The histological development of the bovine abomasum during fetal and neonatal
      periods was studied. The abomasum in a fetus of 2.3 cm in length (estimated to be
      1 month old) was a separated compartment situated to be caudo-ventral to the
      primordium on the median plane. On the later stages, the primitive stomach became
      distinctly separated into rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. The epithelium
      of abomasum was pseudostratified histologically, consisting of cells low
      differentiation. The stomach in a fetus of 13-14 cm in length (estimated to be 3
      months old) displayed the morphological feature with nearly same proportion as an
      adult stomach. In this stage, abomasal epithelium had a shape of simple column
      and also formed gastric pits. Pyloric gland cells could be recognized earliest of
      all the gastric exocrine cells in fetuses of 16-18 cm in length (estimated to be
      3-4 months old). Mucous neck cells could be found in fetuses 43-45 cm in length
      (estimated to be 5-6 months old). Pyloric gland cell and mucous neck cell
      contained neutral and sialo- or sulfo mucosubstances in neonates. Chief cells,
      could be noticed in fetuses 58-65 cm in length (estimated to be 6-7 months old),
      and were devoid of demonstrable mucosubstance as well as parietal cells. Main
      abomasal gland cells began to develop to increase rapidly in number in the latter
      half period of gestation. All the types of gastric cells became to be present and
      mature in form at birth.

PMID- 2420233
TI  - [Silver impregnation of bone tissue].
AB  - A method is described, which is based on mordantings with a silver nitrate
      solution then with a borax solution and on an physical development. The developer
      contains formaldehyde as a reducing agent.

PMID- 2420234
TI  - [Use of mercury nitrate solution, Millon (l849), for staining macroscopic brain
      sections of dogs].

PMID- 2420235
TI  - Characterization of the blood cells of Australian crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus
      [Schneider] and C. johnstoni [Krefft]).

PMID- 2420236
TI  - Seminal plasma beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG): relationships with
      seminal characteristics and spermatozoal fertilizing capacity.
AB  - Seminal plasma beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) levels were
      determined in 254 semen samples collected from fertile and suspected subfertile
      men, and their relationships with seminal characteristics and spermatozoal
      fertilizing capacity were evaluated. Radioimmunoassayable beta-HCG, as defined by
      greater than 5 mIU/ml concentration, was demonstrated in only 44.5% of all the
      samples studied. beta-HCG concentrations were similar in normospermic,
      oligospermic and azoospermic samples. There were no significant differences in
      beta-HCG concentration between high-motility and low-motility samples, between
      normal-morphology and abnormal-morphology samples, and between high-fertilizing
      capacity and low-fertilizing capacity samples. No significant correlations
      between the concentrations of beta-HCG and individual parameters of semen
      analysis and spermatozoal fertilizing capacity among the various groups of
      samples were observed. The physiological role of seminal plasma beta-HCG is
      presently uncertain and the relationship of its determination to male fertility
      requires further investigation.

PMID- 2420237
TI  - The spinal monoaminergic systems relating to ejaculation ejaculation and
      monoamines after spinal cord transection.
AB  - The authors investigated the relationship between ejaculation and spinal
      monoamine levels by transecting the dog spinal cord at the various levels. From
      the results obtained in this study it was concluded that the lumbar and upper
      sacral segments of the spinal cord are important for ejaculation, and that the
      suppression of ejaculation by lower lumbar to upper sacral transection may be
      induced by increase in serotonin in the 5th lumbar-1st sacral segments.

PMID- 2420238
TI  - Treating coexisting cardiovascular and pulmonary disease with calcium
      antagonists.

PMID- 2420239
TI  - Intravenous gammaglobulin treatment of profound herpes varicella zoster
      associated thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2420240
TI  - Experimentally induced infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus infection during
      early pregnancy: effect on the bovine corpus luteum and conceptus.
AB  - Pairs of heifers were inoculated IV with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus
      on postbreeding days (PBD) 7, 14, 21, or 28, and were euthanatized 13 to 15 days
      after inoculation. Reproductive tracts were examined for cytopathologic changes
      (light microscopy), virus (cell culture), and viral antigen (immunohistochemical
      evaluation). Heifers inoculated on PBD 7 or 14 had mild oophoritis characterized
      by foci of necrosis and mononuclear cell accumulations in the corpus luteum. Most
      of these heifers also had a few necrotic follicles in at least one ovary. Heifers
      inoculated on PBD 21 or 28 did not have corpus luteum lesions, but necrotic
      follicles were numerous in both ovaries. Viral antigen was observed in all
      ovarian lesions, and infectious virus was isolated from a few of the affected
      tissues. The uteri of all heifers inoculated on PBD 21 or 28 and 1 heifer
      inoculated on PBD 7 contained normal-appearing concepti. The uterus of the other
      PBD 7 heifer contained a degenerating conceptus that was infected with infectious
      bovine rhinotracheitis virus, as determined by viral isolation,
      immunohistochemical evaluation, and electron microscopy. Heifers inoculated on
      PBD 14 were not pregnant at necropsy, but histologic evidence was found that the
      postbreeding estrous cycle had been longer than normal, indicating that early
      embryonic death had occurred.

PMID- 2420241
TI  - Pulmonary function in dogs after intercostal thoracotomy: comparison of morphine,
      oxymorphone, and selective intercostal nerve block.
AB  - A thoracotomy was performed at the left 5th intercostal space in 24 dogs. Dogs
      were assigned to 4 groups of 6 dogs each. Postoperative analgesia was
      administered as follows: group 1--control, no analgesia; group II--morphine (0.5
      mg/kg of body weight); group III--oxymorphone (0.1 mg/kg); group IV--selective
      intercostal nerve block with bupivacaine HC1. Respiratory rate, minute volume
      (VE), and arterial blood gases were measured during the recovery period.
      Ventilation-perfusion mismatch was estimated by calculation of the alveolar
      arterial oxygen tension difference. Arterial carbon dioxide tension (Paco2) in
      the control and selective intercostal nerve block groups remained within the
      normal range and did not differ significantly (P less than 0.05) between groups.
      During the first 60 to 90 minutes after surgery, Paco2 tension was increased
      significantly (P less than 0.05) in the groups given morphine and oxymorphone.
      Hypoventilation in the groups given narcotics resulted from significant
      reductions (P less than 0.05) in the respiratory rate and VE and produced
      significant (P less than 0.05) respiratory acidosis and hypoxemia. Three dogs in
      the groups given narcotics had a panting response that resulted in increased
      respiratory rates and VE. This response did not improve alveolar ventilation in
      these dogs, which was evidenced by increased Paco2 values. Hypoventilation,
      respiratory acidosis, and hypoxemia in the groups given narcotics improved
      significantly with time, presumably because of drug clearance. Values for
      alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference indicated moderate ventilation
      perfusion mismatch secondary to anesthesia in all groups; however, significant
      differences (P less than 0.05) between the groups were not observed.

PMID- 2420242
TI  - Influence of initial drug resistance on the response to short-course chemotherapy
      of pulmonary tuberculosis.
AB  - The response to short-course chemotherapy of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis
      caused by drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis was examined in 12 controlled
      trials carried out during the past decade in Africa, Hong Kong, and Singapore.
      Among those with initial resistance to isoniazid and/or streptomycin, failures
      during chemotherapy were encountered in 17% of 23 patients given a 6-month
      regimen of isoniazid and rifampin and in 12% of 264 patients given rifampin only
      in an initial 2-month intensive phase of their regimen. The proportion of
      failures fell as the number of drugs in the regimen and the duration of treatment
      with rifampin were increased, to reach 2% of 246 patients receiving 4 or 5 drugs
      including rifampin in 6-month regimens. The sterilizing activity of the regimens,
      whether these included rifampin or pyrazinamide, was little influenced by initial
      resistance, because the sputum conversion rate at 2 months was similar to that in
      patients with initially sensitive bacilli, and the relapse rates after
      chemotherapy were only a little higher. The response in the 11 patients with
      initial rifampin resistance was, however, much less good, failure during
      chemotherapy occurring in 5 and relapse afterwards in a further 3 patients. This
      review demonstrates the value of rifampin in preventing failure caused by the
      emergence of resistance during treatment and the greater sterilizing activity of
      rifampin and pyrazinamide compared with that of isoniazid and streptomycin.

PMID- 2420244
TI  - An aggressive surgical approach to bile duct cancer.
AB  - Fifty-five patients with bile duct carcinoma have been treated at the Vanderbilt
      University, Metropolitan Nashville General, and Baptist Hospitals since 1957.
      Thirty-eight per cent (21) of the patients had tumors arising in the upper third
      of the bile duct; eight (15%) were in the middle third, and ten (18%) were in the
      lower third. In 12 instances, the malignant process involved both the middle and
      lower thirds of the bile duct, and in four cases, the extent of the tumor was too
      great to determine its origin. Most patients (49) presented with jaundice. Thirty
      (54%) also had pain, and 43 (24%) had experienced some weight loss. Fifteen had
      hepatomegaly, but only eight were found to have an enlarged gallbladder upon
      physical exam. Four patients (7%) had a positive history for hepatitis. Resection
      of the tumor was possible in 19 patients (35%). Decompressive procedures and
      biopsies were done in 25 of the others. Decompression was not possible in 11
      patients. Survival for the 11 patients whose tumors were only biopsied averaged
      4.6 months. Of the 25 patients who had palliative decompression, average survival
      has been 7.7 months. The 19 patients who had resection of their tumors survived
      an average of 2.08 years. Six of these patients are alive from 1-9 years post
      diagnosis. Recently, a more aggressive surgical approach to bile duct carcinoma
      has been successful and has affected possible cure in ten patients of 19 in whom
      resection was possible and offered prolonged palliation to many of the other
      patients.

PMID- 2420243
TI  - Increased metachromatic cells and lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of
      dogs with airway hyperreactivity.
AB  - Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed in 11 basenji greyhound (BG) dogs,
      which showed persistent airway hyperreactivity to methacholine and citric acid
      aerosols, and in 15 non-BG dogs, which were significantly less reactive to these
      challenges. Five of the BG dogs had never received any aerosols prior to BAL, and
      3 of the non-BG dogs were allergic to Ascaris suum. No dog received aerosols for
      2 wk prior to BAL. Fluid recovered was centrifuged, and aliquots were taken for
      histamine content and cell identification. Total cell numbers were similar in BG
      and non-BG dogs. The BG dogs had increased percentages of lymphocytes and
      metachromatic cells in BAL fluid compared with those in non-BG dogs. Lymphocytes
      averaged 35.5 +/- 2.3% (mean +/- SEM) and 17.2 +/- 1.2% (p less than 0.005) in BG
      and non-BG dogs, respectively. The BG dogs that had received previous aerosol
      challenge and the BG dogs never challenged had 6.2 +/- 0.4% (mean +/- SEM) and
      4.6 +/- 0.6% metachromatic cells in BAL. Nonallergic non-BG dogs had 0.91 +/-
      0.2% and allergic non-BG dogs had 2.6 +/- 0.5% metachromatic cells in BAL (p less
      than 0.05 from BG). Total histamine closely correlated with numbers of
      metachromatic cells in BAL (r = 0.86). Forty-nine percent fewer mast cells were
      detected in cell preparations fixed in formalin than in cell preparations fixed
      in basic lead acetate. Electron micrographs revealed 2 mast cell types on the
      basis of structural characteristics of the granules.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2420245
TI  - Sodium channels from squid to electric eel.

PMID- 2420246
TI  - Prevention of mast-cell degranulation by ketotifen in patients with physical
      urticarias.
AB  - The capacity for ketotifen to prevent mast-cell degranulation in vivo was studied
      in patients with physical urticarias. Patients were exposed to the appropriate
      stimulus to elicit their physical urticaria before and during ketotifen therapy.
      Histamine concentrations in plasma samples, obtained before and serially after
      the physical provocation, were determined by radioenzymatic thin-layer
      chromatography. Ketotifen therapy was associated with marked reductions in plasma
      histamine levels after stimulation and in clinical evidence of urticaria in each
      patient. A direct correlation of ketotifen therapy and a reduction in histamine
      release was confirmed in a patient with a cold-induced urticaria who was studied
      again after discontinuation and again after reinstitution of therapy. Although
      the mechanism of action is unknown, this report shows that ketotifen is capable
      of inhibiting cutaneous mast-cell degranulation and its accompanying symptoms.
      These findings suggest important therapeutic alternatives for patients with mast
      cell-mediated diseases.

PMID- 2420247
TI  - Fundus-iris fluorescein angiography: evaluation of its use in the diagnosis of
      rubeosis iridis.
AB  - Fundus-iris fluorescein angiography is a technique that allows iris angiography
      and retinal angiography to be performed simultaneously, using a single injection
      of dye and a standard retinal fundus camera. We analyzed the ability of this
      technique to detect rubeosis iridis. In a study of 200 randomly selected
      angiograms on 400 eyes, the technique was able to detect 97.2% of all eyes with
      rubeosis iridis (sensitivity), with a false-positive rate of 1%. In 26 eyes
      (36.6% of all eyes with rubeosis), it was able to detect rubeosis prior to the
      development of vessels visible by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. The test was able to
      correctly identify 98.8% of the eyes without rubeosis (specificity), with a false
      negative rate of 0.5%. This technique can be performed routinely as part of
      retinal angiography.

PMID- 2420248
TI  - [Schwannoma of the peripheral nerves. Their localization and treatment].

PMID- 2420249
TI  - [The medial gastrocnemius free flap].

PMID- 2420250
TI  - [Respect of the nasogenian frontier in lateronasal repair].

PMID- 2420251
TI  - [Closing of vast losses of substance of the scalp: use of a paramedian frontal
      flap].

PMID- 2420252
TI  - [Malignant degeneration of radiodermatitis of the scalp after radiotherapy for
      tinea. Apropos of 10 lesions].

PMID- 2420253
TI  - [Darier-Ferrand progressive and recurrent dermatofibroma. Anatomo-clinical study
      of 17 cases].

PMID- 2420254
TI  - [Xanthoma disseminatum. Apropos of a new case].

PMID- 2420255
TI  - [Basedowian orbitopathy].

PMID- 2420256
TI  - [Paralytic lagophthalmos. A simple procedure of palliative surgery using an
      autologous venous graft].

PMID- 2420257
TI  - [Procedures for reconstruction of the external auditory canal and meatus in
      aplasia of the ear and stenosis].

PMID- 2420258
TI  - [Use of a temporofrontal musculocutaneous flap in reconstruction of the
      oropharynx after cancer excision].

PMID- 2420259
TI  - [The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in cervicomaxillofacial surgery after
      irradiation].

PMID- 2420260
TI  - [Esthetic care in reconstructive microsurgery].

PMID- 2420261
TI  - [Reconstruction of a thumb].

PMID- 2420262
TI  - [Focus on the use of lasers in plastic surgery. An interview with J. P. Chavoin
      by G. Flageul].

PMID- 2420263
TI  - [Future of vaccination: vaccines of the future].

PMID- 2420264
TI  - Peplomycin and bleomycin effects on human colon cancer cells.
AB  - The lethal effects of peplomycin and bleomycin on cultured human colon cancer
      cells (LoVo) were compared by using the technique of inhibition of colony
      formation. The survival of LoVo cells after treatment for 1 h with either
      peplomycin or bleomycin was characterized by a biphasic exponential curve. When
      the exposure time was extended to 24 h, both drugs produced much greater
      cytotoxic effects, with survival decreased to less than 0.10% for bleomycin and
      less than 0.02% for peplomycin. Both peplomycin and bleomycin, in a dose
      dependent manner, inhibited the incorporation of thymidine into cells. On an
      equal-weight basis, the cytotoxicity of peplomycin (24-h exposure) was similar to
      that of bleomycin. Both agent also inhibited the incorporation of leucine and
      uridine after 24 h of drug exposure, but to a lesser extent than inhibition of
      thymidine incorporation. However, after 1 h of exposure, such inhibitory effects
      were minimal. These results demonstrate that prolonged peplomycin or bleomycin
      exposure produces greater cell-kill than shorter drug exposure. Schedules with
      continuous drug administration should be explored clinically.

PMID- 2420265
TI  - Remarks upon the effect of temperature and dextran coated charcoal on buffer pH
      in steroid receptor assays.
AB  - Phosphate and TRIS buffers of low molarity commonly used for steroid receptor
      assays were studied for their pH stability. Increased temperature from 0-37
      degrees C lowers the pH of TRIS buffer, while phosphate buffer remains
      approximately constant. Addition of dextran and charcoal may change the pH
      unacceptably, depending on the charcoal quality.

PMID- 2420266
TI  - A new method for evaluating the inhibitory potency of antiestrogens on breast
      cancer cell lines.
AB  - Breast cancer cell lines in monolayer culture are helpful in evaluating the
      potential antitumor activity of antiestrogens. A new method has been developed to
      rapidly measure the inhibitory potency of a given compound without any cell
      harvest and counting. Cells are incubated in 96-multiwell culture dishes in the
      absence or presence of an antiestrogen at 3 concentrations. At the end of
      incubation, cells are fixed with ethanol and colored with hematoxylin. The
      intensity of the coloration, which is measured with a multiscan
      spectrophotometer, gives an accurate evaluation of the cell number and, thereby,
      an estimate of the inhibitory potency of the antiestrogen. Addition of estradiol
      to the culture allows to evaluate the antagonistic effect of this hormone towards
      the inhibition of the antiestrogen. Because of its rapidity and low cost, our
      method should offer a new dimension in the in vitro screening of antiestrogens
      and probably most other antineoplastic drugs.

PMID- 2420267
TI  - CEA-specificity of CEA-reactive monoclonal antibodies. Immunochemical and
      immunocytochemical studies.
AB  - Four carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) reactive monoclonal antibodies Parlam 1, 4, 5
      and 6 were studied in respect to reactivity with CEA and its cross-reacting
      antigens (NCA-1, NCA-2, BGP). In immunochemical studies (ELISA and SDS-PAGE
      followed by immunoblotting) Parlam 4 did not react with these crossreacting
      antigens, whereas Parlam 1, 5, and 6 demonstrated variable reactivity with these
      antigens. As expected, by immunocytochemistry Parlam 1, 5, and 6 stained bile
      canaliculi in the liver (due to crossreactivity with BGP), pneumocytes and
      splenic tissue (NCA-1) to an extent comparable with the results in biochemical
      tests. In contrast with the immunochemical observations, however, Parlam 4 showed
      slight but distinct reactivity with splenic granulocytes (NCA-1) and hepatic bile
      canaliculi (BGP). Relative epitope specificity of the monoclonal antibodies was
      tested in blocking experiments. These showed that Parlam 1 and 5 detect the same
      epitope on CEA as they block each others binding completely. In other
      combinations monoclonal antibodies block each others binding only partially,
      indicating that they detect different or partially overlapping epitopes. These
      results suggest that CEA specific epitopes may partly overlap with epitopes on
      crossreacting antigens. In this context, we propose that on crossreacting
      antigens epitopes exist that are structurally similar to epitopes on CEA or that
      some epitopes on CEA may consist of a spatial configuration which involves CEA
      specific as well as non-CEA specific structures. The antibody will show the
      highest affinity towards CEA, as this molecule contains the uniquely matching or
      complete epitope and lower affinity towards the crossreacting antigen with an
      imperfectly matching or only partially available epitope.

PMID- 2420268
TI  - Dissecting aortic aneurysms. A problem in Marfan's syndrome.

PMID- 2420269
TI  - Marfan's syndrome. A personal perspective.
AB  - Marfan's patients share the same problems as anyone with a lifelong, progressive,
      hereditary condition. The more knowledgeable an individual is about his disease
      and the more willing he is to accept the responsibility for his own well-being,
      the more control he has over his life. Medical and life insurance is not a
      luxury, but an absolute must. The need for stable insurance coverage impacts
      career decisions. Medication is a lifelong necessity; the patient must know what
      medications he takes, for what purpose, and the side effects. For patients with a
      cardiac prosthesis, most physicians recommend a regimen of prophylactic
      antibiotics before dental work or any invasive procedure. It is the
      responsibility of the patient to do this. Craig has cancelled dental appointments
      because he has forgotten to take antibiotics. Craig also takes an anticoagulant
      because of his prosthetic valve and fears being in a major accident and bleeding
      to death. Because of human body contains large amounts of connective tissue, a
      Marfan's patient will continue to develop problems; hernias, eye problems, joint
      problems, and further cardiovascular complications are all possibilities. Being
      realistic and maintaining a positive attitude are important in effective planning
      and dealing with continued adversity.

PMID- 2420270
TI  - Moh's chemosurgery. Day surgery for cutaneous malignancies.

PMID- 2420271
TI  - Do you hear what I hear? Cochlear implants aid the deaf.

PMID- 2420272
TI  - The diabetic patient. Regulating serum glucose levels intraoperatively.

PMID- 2420273
TI  - Primary nursing. Adapting the concept for OR nurses.

PMID- 2420274
TI  - Nursing students learn the ABC's in ambulatory surgery.

PMID- 2420275
TI  - Binding of human normal and multiple sclerosis-derived myelin basic protein to
      phospholipid vesicles: effects on membrane head group and bilayer regions.
AB  - The detailed interaction of human myelin basic protein (MBP) with charged lipids
      may be critical in organizing the myelin sheath into its biologically functional
      structure. Carbon-13 and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
      has been used to study this interaction by examining spectral consequences of
      additions of MBP to membrane preparations of the negatively charged lipid
      phosphatidylglycerol (PG). Lipid head group 13C and 31P linewidths were found to
      narrow upon addition of protein, while concomitant broadening was noted for
      bilayer carbon resonances. At intermediate MBP/PG ratios, two components in slow
      exchange on the NMR time scale (bulk PG and a protein-induced PG domain) were
      observed for the 13C resonance of the head group carbon atom adjacent to
      phosphate. These results, and other spectral evidence, suggested that head groups
      in free PG vesicles are motionally restricted by intermolecular interactions
      which are disrupted by competition with MBP Lys and Arg positively charged side
      chains. Titration of PG with the homopolypeptide poly-L-lysine produced
      comparable effects on PG 13C head group spectra, indicating that electrostatic
      attractions constitute the primary basis of the observed interactions. Vicinal
      and/or geminal 13C-31P coupling constants measured from the spectra of PG head
      group carbons were found to be essentially invariant for free PG in dimethyl
      sulfoxide solution, free PG vesicles, PG vesicles + MBP, and PG vesicles + poly-L
      lysine. Comparison of the spectral effects induced in PG head group resonances by
      normal vs multiple sclerosis-derived MBP (MS-MBP) indicated that the MS-MBP is
      relatively less effective in converting PG to the protein-induced domain, a
      result which was attributed to increased protein self-aggregation arising from
      the reduced net positive character of the MS protein samples.

PMID- 2420276
TI  - Characterization of the epidermal growth factor receptor and the erbB oncogene
      product by site-specific antibodies.
AB  - Site-specific antibodies to the src-homologous domain (residues 373-383) of the
      erbB gene product neutralized the tyrosine kinase activity of the epidermal
      growth factor receptor, suggesting that the region against which the antibodies
      were directed may be functionally important for the kinase activity. In the
      immunofluorescence experiment, the site-specific antibodies detected the
      epidermal growth factor receptor and the erbB gene product only when the cells
      were permeabilized prior to staining, while monoclonal anti-epidermal growth
      factor receptor antibody, which recognizes the epidermal growth factor binding
      domain, gave a positive surface stain with viable nonpermeabilized A431 cells.
      This result supports the view that the epidermal growth factor binding domain and
      the src-homologous domain are located at the cell surface and inner face of the
      plasma membrane, respectively.

PMID- 2420277
TI  - Multiple Ya subunits of glutathione S-transferase detected by monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies to ligandin (YaYa) and glutathione (GSH) S-transferase B
      (YaYc) were produced by hybridomas derived from the fusion of mouse myeloma cells
      and spleen cells of mice immunized with the YaYa or YaYc proteins, respectively.
      Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to screen for antibody-producing
      clones. Immunoblotting of the subunits of transferase B, ligandin, and another
      GSH S-transferase containing Yb subunits showed that the monoclonal antibodies
      produced by two anti-YaYa subclones recognized the Ya subunits of both ligandin
      and transferase B, but they did not bind Yc or Yb subunits. It was also revealed
      that antibodies produced by several anti-YaYc subclones recognized the Yc
      subunit, but not the Ya subunit of the antigen which was used for the
      immunization of the mice. However, these monoclonal antibodies did bind the Ya
      subunit of ligandin. These results indicate that the Ya subunits of GSH S
      transferase B and of ligandin do share at least one common determinant. However,
      these two Ya subunits are structurally distinct as evidenced by their differences
      in binding by monoclonal anti-YaYc antibodies.

PMID- 2420278
TI  - [Combination chemotherapy of cisplatin, vincristine and peplomycin for patients
      with head and neck carcinoma].
AB  - The effectiveness of combined CDDP chemotherapy with other anticancer drugs in
      patients with head and neck carcinoma was investigated. The response rate for COP
      therapy (CDDP, Vincristine, Peplomycin) was better than those for CDDP
      administration only or CP (CDDP Peplomycin) therapy for carcinomas of the head
      and neck. Forty-seven cases treated with COP therapy, were analyzed in detail.
      (1) Non-treated fresh cases showed a better response than recurrent cases. In
      other words, the induction chemotherapy is useful. (2) The grade of
      differentiation of squamous cell carcinoma had no correlation with the response.
      (3) No relationship between the primary site and the respose rate was detected.
      (4) Nephrotoxicity was considered to be the dose-limiting factor of CDDP therapy.
      COP therapy did not show any remarkable side effects. COP chemotherapy is
      therefore concluded to be effective for the treatment of squamous cell carcinomas
      of the head and neck.

PMID- 2420279
TI  - [Clinical study of chemotherapy (PPM therapy) with cisplatin, peplomycin and
      mitomycin C in squamous cell lung cancer].
AB  - The effect of PPM therapy, consisting of cisplatin, peplomycin and mitomycin C,
      was evaluated in 15 cases of squamous cell lung cancer. Ten partial responses
      were achieved in primary cases and the response rate was 66.7%. Nephrotoxicity
      was well controlled with a continuous infused drip and FOM. The nausea and
      vomiting were reasonably well controlled with methylprednisolone and
      metoclopramide. Severe interstitial pneumonitis occurred in 5 cases (33.3%). PPM
      therapy is considered to be a very useful combination chemotherapy for squamous
      cell lung cancer but careful attention must be paid to pulmonary toxicity.

PMID- 2420280
TI  - [Experimental study of hyperthermo-chemo-radiotherapy on transformed cells].
AB  - The combined effects of hyperthermia, chemotherapy with bleomycin and irradiation
      (hyperthermo-chemo-radiotherapy) on the growth of transformed cells,
      spontaneously established from Chinese hamster fibroblasts, were studied in
      vitro. Concomitant application of the 3 modalities with hyperthermia at 42
      degrees C for 30 minutes, treatment with 0.02 microgram/ml of bleomycin for 60
      minutes and 2-Gy irradiation led to the best effect with an 89% cytotoxicity,
      compared with those in cells treated with a single modality or 2 modalities. To
      determine the role of hyperthermia and irradiation in this enhanced cytotoxicity,
      the response of the cells to each modality was compared between hypoxic cells in
      the inner layer and aerobic cells in the outer layer of multicellular tumor
      spheroids. The hypoxic cells were very sensitive to hyperthermia and also the
      aerobic cells were very sensitive to irradiation, which appeared to be one of the
      mechanisms for the enhanced effects obtained with these 2 modalities.

PMID- 2420281
TI  - [Anti-tumor activity of an anti-human alpha-fetoprotein antibody-human serum
      albumin-mitomycin C conjugate against human yolk sac tumor maintained in vitro
      and in nude mice in vivo].
AB  - The anti-cancer drug, mitomycin C (MMC), was conjugated to an affinity-purified
      horse antibody to human alpha-fetoprotein (aAFP) via purified human serum albumin
      (HSA) as an intermediate carrier. The conjugate (aAFP immunoglobulin (IgG): HSA:
      MMC, molar ratio 1: 1.10:29.8) was 21 or 38 times as cytotoxic as free MMC or PBS
      at the MMC concentration of 100 ng/ml, respectively, against alpha-fetoprotein
      producing human yolk sac tumor in vitro. The in vivo effects of the conjugate and
      various controls were also tested against human yolk sac tumor growing in nude
      mice. The conjugate over a total of 6 injections retarded the initial tumor
      growth at the concentration of MMC, containing equivalent amounts of 2
      micrograms/mouse (0.1 mg/kg)/injection in the conjugate, whereas free MMC and
      normal horse IgG-HSA-MMC showed only slight inhibitory effects alone at non-toxic
      levels. These results suggest that the specific antibody-conjugate was
      considerably more effective than free MMC against the tumor maintained in nude
      mice as well as in vitro cultures.

PMID- 2420283
TI  - Pediculicide performance, profit, and the public health.

PMID- 2420282
TI  - [Complete remission obtained in advanced testicular cancer treated by etoposide
      (NK-171)].
AB  - A 38-year-old man was admitted to Nara Medical University Hospital on Feb.7,1983,
      because of swelling of the scrotal contents on the right side and elevated serum
      AFP, beta-HCG and LDH suggestive of testicular tumor. Right orchiectomy was
      carried out and a pathological diagnosis of embryonal cell carcinoma of the right
      testis (pT3N0M1) was made. The patient, upon evidence of multiple pulmonary
      metastases, was treated with a combination chemotherapy of cis
      Diamminedichloroplatinum, vincristine and peplomycin. After three courses of
      combination chemotherapy, pulmonary metastases were decreased, but their foci
      persisted. The patient was then treated with Etoposide 62 mg/m2 daily for 5 days
      every three weeks, and after this course, complete remission of pulmonary
      metastases was obtained. The patient recieved 3 courses of Etoposide and
      retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, and has since shown no evidence of disease
      for 2 years and 4 months after surgery.

PMID- 2420284
TI  - Comparative efficacy of treatments for pediculosis capitis infestations.
AB  - Ovicidal activity and killing times were evaluated for six pediculicides, using
      viable eggs and recently fed head lice from infested children. Lice were
      continuously exposed to the products until death, and elapsed time was recorded.
      Eggs were immersed for ten minutes, rinsed, and dried. Four synergized pyrethrin
      products (RID, R&C Shampoo, A-200 Pyrinate Shampoo, A-200 Pyrinate Liquid) killed
      all lice in ten to 23 minutes, and 23% to 32% of treated eggs hatched; 0.5%
      malathion lotion (Prioderm Lotion) killed lice within five minutes and was highly
      ovicidal, with only 5% of eggs hatching. One percent lindane shampoo (Kwell
      Shampoo) was the slowest-acting pediculicide, requiring approximately three hours
      to kill all lice; 30% of the eggs hatched after treatment. The in vitro results
      for RID, Prioderm Lotion, and K well Shampoo were validated by clinical trials.

PMID- 2420285
TI  - Functions of melanin.

PMID- 2420286
TI  - Cutaneous pigmented stripes and bleomycin treatment.

PMID- 2420287
TI  - Erythrokeratodermia variabilis treated with isotretinoin. A clinical, histologic,
      and ultrastructural study.
AB  - A 30-year-old woman with erythrokeratodermia variabilis was treated with oral
      isotretinoin for four months. Clinical and light and electron microscopic
      observations were made before and after treatment. A characteristic electron
      microscopic feature was subnormal numbers of keratinosomes within the stratum
      granulosum of hyperkeratotic plaques. Isotretinoin therapy resulted in almost
      complete clinical clearing of these plaques and restoration of normal numbers of
      epidermal keratinosomes. In addition, distinctive dyskeratotic cells containing
      clumped tonofilaments were observed within the stratum granulosum by electron
      microscopy. These cells persisted after retinoid treatment.

PMID- 2420288
TI  - Evaluation of a developmental screening system for use by child health nurses.
AB  - An adapted version of the Woodside system for screening general development of
      the child is being used by child health nurses as part of their routine duties.
      In the present paper the system is validated in terms of standardisation,
      reliability, and validity. The system was standardised on 444 children aged 0-4,
      the assessments being carried out by a fully trained child health nurse. The
      inter-tester reliability of the system was found to be at least 95%. The
      validation sample consisted of all 27 'abnormal' children, all 20 'doubtful'
      children, and 77 'normal' children, and a highly significant correlation was
      obtained between the Woodside subsection scores and the relevant Griffiths'
      scales subsection scores. The findings support initial impressions that the
      adapted Woodside system is accurate. It is recommended for use by child health
      nurses as part of their developmental surveillance.

PMID- 2420289
TI  - Abnormalities of vascular prostaglandins in Henoch-Schonlein purpura.
AB  - The ability of plasma to support prostacyclin like activity from human umbilical
      arterial rings was studied in 17 patients with Henoch-Schonlein purpura and 17
      controls matched for age and sex. Plasma from 13 of the 17 patients showed a
      diminished or absent ability to support prostacyclin like activity in vitro. Six
      patients whose plasma had a low or absent ability to support prostacyclin like
      activity showed evidence of inhibitory activity. Plasma from three of these
      patients also failed to preserve the effect of a stable prostacyclin like
      analogue (ZK36-374). The plasma concentration of prostacyclin metabolite and the
      serum concentration of thromboxane A2 metabolite, thromboxane B2, were measured
      simultaneously. The concentration of plasma prostacyclin metabolite in 10 of the
      14 patients was decreased, and a positive correlation was found between the
      plasma prostacyclin metabolite values and the ability of the plasma to support
      prostacyclin like activity. There was no significant difference in the serum
      thromboxane A2 metabolite concentrations between the patients and controls. These
      data suggest that abnormalities of vascular prostaglandin metabolism are involved
      in the pathophysiology of Henoch-Schonlein purpura.

PMID- 2420290
TI  - Medical evidence in child abuse.

PMID- 2420291
TI  - Progesterone dependence and extratrophoblastic origin of pregnancy-associated
      plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in early pregnancy.
AB  - Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is a macromolecular glycoprotein
      produced in increasing concentration as pregnancy advances. PAPP-A is not
      specific to pregnancy since measurable levels have been found in non-pregnant
      females and in males. In non-pregnant females, PAPP-A is probably produced by the
      endometrium. The origin of PAPP-A in pregnant women is still controversial. In
      vitro trophoblast and decidual explants both produce PAPP-A. So far, it is not
      known if the same applies to the in-vivo situation and to what extent these two
      tissues contribute to the circulating levels of PAPP-A. This study compares the
      circulating concentrations of PAPP-A and beta-hCG and progesterone in different
      pathological situations. In hydatidiform moles, beta-hCG levels are very high
      demonstrating an intense trophoblastic activity, whereas PAPP-A levels remain in
      the normal range. With spontaneous abortions, beta-hCG levels decline to very low
      values whereas PAPP-A continues to increase. These observations furnish indirect
      evidence for a major contribution to circulating PAPP-A levels by
      extratrophoblastic sites. Furthermore, PAPP-A levels decrease after
      administration of an anti-progesterone (RU486) either in-vivo or in-vitro. This
      is considered as a proof that PAPP-A levels in early pregnancy are progesterone
      dependent.

PMID- 2420292
TI  - Binding of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) to placental
      subfractions.
AB  - Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) has been shown to exert
      immunosuppressive effects both on complement and on lymphoblastogenesis. It was
      of interest to see whether this protein could bind to syncytiotrophoblast
      microvillous membranes since these represent the effective interface between
      fetal tissue and the immunocompetent mother. Placental subfractions were prepared
      according to established techniques. PAPP-A was purified from different sources
      (pregnancy serum and plasma, retroplacental serum, placental extracts) and
      labelled with radioactive iodine. It could be shown that radioactive PAPP-A,
      irrespective of its biological origin was primarily binding to brush border
      membrane preparations but that significant binding was also seen with plasma
      membrane preparations. The binding was specific since alpha 2-macroglobulin (a
      structurally related protein to PAPP-A) was unable to displace bound radioactive
      PAPP-A. Scatchard plot representation of the data indicated that the affinity of
      PAPP-A for its binding site was of the same order of magnitude as reported for
      the insulin or GnRH receptors of the trophoblast (Ka 2 10(7)-2.5 10(8) M-1).
      These results are in agreement with the immunohistochemical localization of PAPP
      A on the trophoblast providing that the small binding to plasma membrane
      preparations is due to contamination.

PMID- 2420293
TI  - Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in a triplet pregnancy with 2 papyraceous
      fetuses.
AB  - Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) was found to rise to exceedingly high levels in a
      case of triplet pregnancy after two fetuses died in the 21st week of gestation.
      The surviving infant was born in the 36th week accompanied by the two fetus
      papyracei. By the time the process of mummification of the two dead fetuses
      appeared to be complete on ultrasound, the maternal AFP level had returned to the
      normal range for singleton pregnancies. HCG, hPL, and estriol and the coagulation
      profile remained within the normal range throughout the pregnancy.

PMID- 2420294
TI  - The role of surgical treatment for chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - During the last 25 years, 134 patients with chronic pancreatitis were treated
      surgically in our clinic. According to intraoperative measurement of the
      pancreatic intraductal pressure, both perfusion pressure and residual pressure in
      the patients with dilated pancreatic duct were significantly higher than those in
      control patients. Operative procedures included side-to-side
      pancreaticojejunostomy in 47 patients, 40%-80% caudal pancreatectomy in 28,
      pancreaticoduodenectomy in 16, pancreatic sphincteroplasty in 10, and others. The
      effect of operation on abdominal pain was noted in 97% of the patients. The study
      of operative effect on abdominal pain and follow-up results showed the excellent
      maintenance of operative benefit. Surgical treatment, however, could not help
      improve impaired function of the pancreas. Ten of 34 late deaths were related to
      the failure of controlling diabetes. Therefore, long-term follow-up care to the
      pancreatic dysfunction is considered to be necessary even after complete relief
      of abdominal pain.

PMID- 2420295
TI  - Changes in brain concentrations of catecholamines and indoleamines in Toxoplasma
      gondii infected mice.
AB  - Brain concentrations of dopamine, homovanillic acid, norepinephrine, serotonin
      and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were measured in mice with acute and chronic,
      adult-acquired toxoplasmosis. Mice with acute infections showed a 40% rise in
      homovanillic acid levels as compared with controls; dopamine levels, however,
      remained unchanged. Norepinephrine levels in this group were 28% lower than in
      controls. Dopamine levels were 14% higher in the mice with chronic infections
      than controls. Serotonin and 5-HIAA levels were not altered in infected mice.
      These neurochemical changes may be factors contributing to mental and motor
      abnormalities that accompany or follow toxoplasmosis in rodents and possibly in
      man.

PMID- 2420296
TI  - The role of Na+-K+ -ATPase in the vasorelaxant actions of synthetic atrial
      natriuretic factor.
AB  - The present study evaluated the role of Na+-K+ -ATPase stimulation in the
      relaxant response to synthetic atrial natriuretic factor (atriopeptin II; ANF) in
      norepinephrine (0.18 microM)-contracted rabbit aorta. ANF (10(-10)-10(-7) M)
      produced a concentration-related relaxation of NE-contracted aortic rings. The
      calculated concentration required to produce 50 per cent relaxation (EC50) was 5
      +/- 3 X 10(-9) M. ANF-induced relaxation was significantly attenuated by ouabain
      (30 microM). Likewise, ANF (10(-7) and 5 X 10(-9) M) elicited significantly less
      relaxation of aortic rings contracted with norepinephrine in a physiological salt
      solution containing zero KCl. Nitroprusside-induced relaxation also was
      attenuated by ouabain and in zero KCl salt solution. The data suggest that
      synthetic ANF induces relaxation in rabbit aortic rings by a ouabain and KCl
      sensitive mechanism, presumably Na+-K+ -ATPase.

PMID- 2420297
TI  - Contraction of guinea-pig lung parenchymal strips by substance P and related
      peptides.
AB  - A dose-response relationship for substance P and contraction of the lung
      parenchyma strip of the guinea-pig could only be obtained in the presence of a
      mixture of bacitracin, 1,4 dithio-L-threitol and ethylenediamine tetracetic acid,
      all at 100 microM, or in the presence of captopril, 1.8 mM. Substance P (50 nM)
      caused no contraction by itself but produced a shift to the left of the dose
      response curve for histamine with a mean dose-ratio of 1.4 +/- 0.2 (S.E. of
      mean). The peptides physalaemin, eledoisin and kassinin were all approximately
      equipotent with substance P on the lung strip, in the presence of peptides
      inhibitors. [D-Pro4, D-Trp7,9,10]-SP4-11, produced dose-related inhibition of the
      contraction induced by substance P. Substance P activity in guinea-pig lung
      declined exponentially with a half-time of 2.3 min: bacitracin, dithiothreitol
      and EDTA (all 100 microM) increased this to 7.2 min and captopril (1.8 mM) to 5.1
      min.

PMID- 2420298
TI  - Blood pressure and renin responses to captopril in anesthetized rats pretreated
      with indomethacin or aprotinin.
AB  - The present study was done to investigate the role of endogenous prostaglandins
      and kinins in the mechanism of captopril-induced hypotensive effect and
      stimulating effect of plasma renin activity (PRA) in pentobarbital-anesthetized
      rats. An intravenous injection of 1 mg/kg captopril significantly decreased mean
      blood pressure (MBP) and raised PRA. In indomethacin (5 mg/kg, i.v.)-, or
      aprotinin (50,000 kallikrein inhibitory units/kg and subsequent 100 k.i.u./kg X
      min, i.v.)-pretreated rats, MBP reduction and elevation of PRA induced by
      captopril were similar to those in the non-pretreated animals throughout the
      experimental periods. These results suggest that prostaglandins and/or the
      kallikrein-kinin system do not substantially participate in the captopril-induced
      hypotension and renin release under the present experimental conditions.

PMID- 2420299
TI  - [Anti-arrhythmia effect of long-term encainide in chronic ventricular
      extrasystole].
AB  - The long term efficacy and tolerance of encainide were studied in 48 patients
      with chronic/ventricular extrasystoles (VES) treated for 6 months. Holter
      monitoring was performed before treatment and at each dose increment (75 mg/day;
      150 mg/day and 225 mg/day) during the first week of titration, and then after 1
      month and 6 months of treatment. The dose administered in the long-term study
      corresponded to the minimum effective dose during the titration phase (the dose
      which reduced the number of VES/24 hours by at least 75%). The average number of
      VES/hour decreased significantly from 480.6 before treatment to 2.0 at the end of
      the study. The frequency of episodes of ventricular tachycardia decreased
      significantly during treatment. The commonest side effects were vertigo, visual
      disturbances and headaches. Treatment was interrupted because of side-effects or
      inefficacy in 6 patients. The surface ECG showed significant lengthening of the
      PR, QRS and QTc periods and encainide appeared to have aggravated the ventricular
      arrhythmias of 4 patients receiving 200 mg/day. The plasma concentrations of
      encainide and its two principal metabolites were measured during the titration
      phase, at 1 month and after 6 months of treatment. 15.6 per cent of patients were
      slow and 84.4% of patients were rapid metabolizers. The wide individual
      variations of plasma concentrations and the absence of correlation between the
      plasma concentrations of encainide and its metabolites and the antiarrhythmic
      effect suggest that the compound and its metabolites play a role in the
      antiarrhythmic effect of the drug.

PMID- 2420300
TI  - [Intravenous cibenzoline in the treatment of ventricular and supraventricular
      arrhythmias].
AB  - The efficacy of intravenous cibenzoline in the treatment of supraventricular and
      ventricular arrhythmias was demonstrated in a French trial of 212 patients
      including 40 in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. The minimal therapeutic
      plasma concentration was about 0.3 microgram/ml: this was obtained by a loading
      dose of 1 mg/kg relayed by a perfusion of 8 mg/kg/24 hours. The clinical
      tolerance was satisfactory in 96.2% of cases when the contra-indications were
      respected (severe cardiac failure, intraventricular conduction defects and non
      paced 2nd and 3rd degree atrioventricular block). Local tolerance was excellent
      in all cases.

PMID- 2420301
TI  - Effect of linear gramicidin on sporulation and intracellular ATP pools of
      Bacillus brevis.
AB  - When Bacillus brevis ATCC 8185 was subjected to nutritional shiftdown from a rich
      medium to one completely devoid of a nitrogen source, sporulation could be
      stimulated by the addition of linear gramicidin. Gramicidin-induced sporulation
      occurred after a considerably longer lag period than the earlier described
      tyrocidine-induced process (Ristow and Paulus 1982) but involved similar
      associated biochemical changes, such as extracellular protease production, rapid
      incorporation of radioactive precursors into RNA, and dipicolinate synthesis. The
      increased incorporation of [3H]leucine into tyrocidine was a characteristic
      element in gramicidin-induced sporulation, not being observed when spore
      formation was accelerated by limited nitrogen supplementation. Nitrogen
      supplementation (0.02-0.01% nutrient broth) caused a slow and gradual increase in
      dipicolinate production, in contrast to the sudden, rapid rise of dipicolinate
      synthesis provoked by the addition of gramicidin or tyrocidine. The induction of
      sporulation by gramicidin occurred at very low peptide concentrations (0.03
      microM), which also brought about an acute depletion of intracellular ATP. In
      sporulation accelerated by nutrient broth, no depression of ATP level was
      observed and nonionophoric analogues of gramicidin were unable to substitute for
      gramicidin in inducing sporulation.

PMID- 2420302
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine and monoamine metabolite levels and the
      dexamethasone suppression test in depression. Relationship to life events.
AB  - The cerebrospinal fluid levels of norepinephrine and six monoamine metabolites
      were measured in 23 patients meeting DSM-III criteria for major depressive
      episode, 15 of whom also met criteria for melancholia. Life events during the six
      month period before the onset of depression were recorded using Paykel's method.
      There was no difference in Hamilton depression ratings between patients with life
      events and those without. However, depressed patients who did not have a life
      event in the six months before the onset of depression had significantly lower
      levels of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid and the serotonin metabolite
      5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid than those with life events. The incidence of
      nonsuppression on the dexamethasone suppression test was also greater in patients
      with a major depressive episode who did not have an undesirable life event than
      in those who did. Thus, the presence or absence of life events led to a
      separation into biologically distinct groups.

PMID- 2420303
TI  - Expression of HLA-DR and T6 antigens on keratinocytes and dendritic cells. A
      comparative immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The number, morphology, and distribution of cells with dendritic processes in the
      epidermis and dermis, as well as the expression of HLA-DR and T6 antigen on
      keratinocytes in 66 skin biopsy specimens have been studied. In the epidermis,
      OKT6+ cells with slender dendritic processes predominated in the upper layers and
      outnumbered OKIa1+ cells with dendritic processes, which were only fragmentarily
      stained and present throughout all layers. In the dermis, OKIa1+ cells with
      dendritic processes outnumbered OKT6+ cells with dendritic processes. Cases
      showing keratinocytic positivity for OKIa1 contained very few epidermal OKIa1+
      cells with dendritic processes; cases showing surface staining of keratinocytes
      with OKT6 contained high numbers of epidermal OKT6+ cells with dendritic
      processes. We suggest that OKT6 and OKIa1 label distinctive subpopulations of
      epidermal and dermal dendritic cells and, as such provide complementary data.

PMID- 2420304
TI  - Variation of differential cell counts of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
AB  - Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a common research and clinical tool to retrieve
      cells from the lower respiratory tract. Differential cell counts of the nucleated
      cells retrieved by BAL provide important diagnostic and prognostic information.
      There is much variation between laboratories in the reported normal percentages
      of lymphocytes and macrophages of cells retrieved by BAL. We compared three
      methods of identifying cells in the BAL fluid: a modified Wright-Giemsa (WG)
      stain, a nonspecific esterase stain, and a monoclonal marker for T lymphocytes.
      There was good agreement between the percentage of macrophages identified by WG
      and nonspecific esterase and the percentage of lymphocytes determined by WG stain
      and monoclonal marker. Intrasubject and intersubject agreement of the
      differential cell counts determined by the WG stain was good. We concluded that
      cells from BAL fluid can be analyzed using the WG stain alone.

PMID- 2420305
TI  - Endoscopic laser therapy of malignant esophageal obstruction.
AB  - Malignant esophageal obstruction in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus and
      adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus usually indicates far-advanced disease.
      Palliative therapy with the neodymium-yttrium, aluminum, garnet laser has been
      proposed as an alternative to more invasive procedures that do little to improve
      the quality of life or prolong survival. Fifteen patients were treated with
      endoscopic laser therapy. A previously described technique was used to treat the
      first ten patients; the remaining five were treated with a single-session therapy
      method. This new technique allowed more rapid completion of therapy (1.4
      treatments over 2.2 days vs 2.9 treatments over 7.8 days) without sacrificing
      safety. Single session therapy using this laser is recommended as the treatment
      of choice in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus with obstruction that is
      surgically or radiotherapeutically incurable.

PMID- 2420306
TI  - Acetylcholinesterase and manometry in the diagnosis of the constipated child.
AB  - We studied 309 constipated infants and children who underwent rectal manometry (n
      = 261) and/or punch rectal biopsy, in which acetylcholinesterase histochemistry
      (n = 124) was compared with routine histologic examination (n = 93) for
      diagnostic accuracy. A 99% diagnostic accuracy was achieved with
      acetylcholinesterase histochemistry compared with 61% accuracy with routine
      hematoxylin-eosin staining on punch rectal biopsy. We recommend screening
      cooperative, quiet patients with rectal manometry. Most patients with abnormal
      manometric studies or those on whom manometry cannot be performed should have
      superficial punch biopsy (except those ill infants who require urgent operative
      intervention). This plan of management provides the least invasive but the most
      accurate evaluation of the constipated child. Deep rectal biopsy can be avoided
      except in the very rare child with hypoganglionosis or "skip-area" aganglionosis,
      which can be detected by manometry.

PMID- 2420307
TI  - Substrate and phenobarbital induction of the biliary excretion of exogenous
      organic anions in rats.
AB  - Phenobarbital pretreatment significantly increased the biliary excretion of both
      non-metabolizable organic anions (rose bengal, eosin and amaranth) and the
      metabolizable bromsulphthalein (BSP). Phenobarbital stimulated the biliary
      excretion of BSP due to enhanced conjugation of BSP with glutathione and
      increased biliary excretion of bromsulphthalein-glutathione conjugate (BSP-GSH).
      On the other hand, pretreatment with the non-metabolizable substrates (rose
      bengal, eosin and amaranth) failed to stimulate the biliary excretion rate of
      these organic anions. Pretreatment with BSP enhanced the biliary excretion of
      total BSP due to a stimulation of GSH-S-transferase activity which conjugates BSP
      with glutathione.

PMID- 2420308
TI  - The metabolism of some xenobiotics in germ-free and conventional rats.
AB  - The different participation of the gastrointestinal microflora in the
      biotransformation of gamma-hexachlorcyclohexane (gamma-HCH), azobenzene and the
      isolated glucosinolate progoitrin was studied. Marked dehydrochlorination of
      gamma-HCH to gamma-pentachlorcyclohexene (PCCH) also occurs without participation
      of the microflora. Azobenzene was reduced in germ-free (g) and conventional (c)
      rats to hydrazobenzene but was split to aniline only in c-rats. Progoitrin was
      split with and without the influence of the microflora, but the splitting was
      more complete in rats with intact gastrointestinal flora.

PMID- 2420309
TI  - Antigenic differences between virulent and avirulent strains of Semliki Forest
      viruses detected with monoclonal antibodies. Brief report.
AB  - Eleven monoclonal antibodies (MAs) reacted strongly in an enzyme immunoassay with
      virulent Semliki Forest virus (SFV) replicating in L cell monolayers. Three MAs
      showed a considerably diminished reaction with an avirulent strain of SFV both in
      enzyme immunoassays and plaque reduction tests.

PMID- 2420310
TI  - The electrophoretic analysis of low molecular weight nucleic acids from Crohn's
      disease tissues in the search for an unconventional small infectious agent. Brief
      report.
AB  - A small unconventional, viroid-like aetiological agent might initiate Crohn's
      disease (CD). Electrophoresis of radiolabelled low molecular weight nucleic acids
      from mesenteric lymph nodes and leucocytes did not distinguish CD-specific
      sequences compatible with a viroid-like agent.

PMID- 2420311
TI  - Herpes simplex virus-enhanced production of autoantibodies against myelin basic
      protein in mice.
AB  - In 5 per cent of untreated and apparently healthy Swiss albino mice antibodies
      were demonstrable against myelin basic protein (MBP) prepared from human brain
      tissue. Associated with infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1,
      enhancement of the antibody formation against MBP was encountered. Thus of
      infected but symptom-free animals 15-25 per cent revealed anti-MBP antibodies.
      The latter type of antibodies appeared later than antibodies against HSV and were
      found predominantly in animals inoculated via the intraperitoneal route. No signs
      of demyelination in spinal cords or spinal nerve roots were observed in MBP
      antibody-positive HSV-immunized animals. Results reported may indicate triggering
      of an autoantibody formation against MBP and are discussed in relation to
      demyelinating disease.

PMID- 2420312
TI  - Molecular hybridization studies with scrapie brain nucleic acids. II.
      Differential expression in scrapie hamster brain.
AB  - RNA and DNA fractions prepared from nucleic acids obtained from normal and
      scrapie-infected hamster brains following exhaustive treatment with nuclease were
      used as probes in a search for a specific scrapie nucleic acid. Employing RNA
      blot hybridization a 2.3 Kb RNA was detected in higher concentration in scrapie
      infected hamster brains than in normal controls. Our data suggests that scrapie
      disease may be associated with the differential expression of a series of host
      genes.

PMID- 2420313
TI  - Biological characteristics of a cold-adapted influenza A virus mutation residing
      on a polymerase gene.
AB  - The biological function of a cold-adapted (ca) mutation residing on the PB2 gene
      of an influenza A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (A/AA/6/60) ca variant virus in the viral
      replication cycle at 25 degrees C was studied. The viral polypeptide synthesis of
      A/AA/6/60 ca variant at 25 degrees C was evident approximately 6 hours earlier
      than the wild type (wt) virus and yielded twice as many products. The
      quantitative analysis of viral complementary RNA (cRNA), synthesized in the
      presence of cycloheximide, revealed that A/AA/6/60 ca variant and a single gene
      reassortant that contains only the PB2 gene of the ca variant with remaining
      genes of the wt virus produced equal amount of cRNA at 25 degrees and 33 degrees
      C, which was an amount approximately four fold greater than the wt virus' cRNA
      synthesized at 25 degrees C. These results strongly suggest that the ca mutation
      residing on the PB2 gene of A/AA/6/60 ca variant affects the messenger RNA
      synthesis at 25 degrees C in the primary transcription.

PMID- 2420314
TI  - [Study on peripheral blood mononuclear cell subpopulations in patients with
      Kawasaki disease by fluorescence activated cell sorter using two-colour
      immunofluorescence staining].

PMID- 2420315
TI  - Recurrent choroidal neovascularization after argon laser photocoagulation for
      neovascular maculopathy. Macular Photocoagulation Study Group.
AB  - Results from the Macular Photocoagulation Study Group have shown that argon laser
      photocoagulation is beneficial in reducing the risk of severe visual loss in eyes
      with extrafoveal choroidal neovascular membranes secondary to senile macular
      degeneration (Senile Macular Degeneration Study or SMDS), ocular histoplasmosis
      (Ocular Histoplasmosis Study or OHS), or idiopathic neovascularization
      (Idiopathic Neovascularization Study or INVS). However, argon laser treatment has
      not been entirely successful in permanently eradicating active neovascularization
      from those eyes. Recurrent neovascularization in the form of either
      neovascularization contiguous with the treatment scar or independent neovascular
      membranes have been observed in 70 (59%) of the 119 SMDS eyes originally assigned
      to treatment, 40 (30%) of the 132 OHS eyes, and 11 (33%) of the 33 INVS eyes.
      Recurrence was accompanied by an increased frequency of severe visual loss.
      Characteristics of the patient, original lesion, and treatment were examined for
      their ability to predict recurrence. Cigarette smoking was related to the rate of
      recurrence in the SMDS (P = .02) and the INVS (P = .09). Younger age and female
      gender were associated with an increased frequency of recurrence in the OHS.
      Predictions of which eyes will suffer recurrence, however, cannot be made
      accurately. Therefore, careful follow-up of all treated eyes is indicated,
      particularly within the first year after initial argon photocoagulation.

PMID- 2420316
TI  - Earliest symptoms caused by neovascular membranes in the macula.
AB  - One hundred three patients with neovascular maculopathy and relatively recent
      vision loss were surveyed to determine the most frequent symptoms and to assess
      the reliability of the Amsler grid in helping patients to detect early symptoms.
      Blurred vision and distortion, most often with near vision, were the most
      frequent first symptoms reported by patients. Of 49 patients who said that they
      were observing the Amsler grid on a regular basis, only five indicated that the
      Amsler grid abnormality was the first visual symptom. However, all but five of 49
      patients did notice an Amsler grid abnormality during the office examination,
      suggesting noncompliance as the probable explanation for failure to detect an
      Amsler grid abnormality earlier. Patients at risk for neovascular maculopathy
      should be encouraged to assess a variety of visual functions--including reading
      vision, color saturation, and image clarity--in addition to observing the Amsler
      grid, in order to help them detect the earliest symptoms of submacular fluid from
      a potentially treatable neovascular membrane.

PMID- 2420317
TI  - Subretinal neovascularization following metallic intraocular foreign-body trauma.
AB  - Two patients developed subretinal neovascularization after chorioretinal injury
      from a metallic intraocular foreign body. In the first patient, a metallic
      foreign body struck the retina temporal to the macula and settled inferiorly.
      Eight months later, subretinal neovascularization developed at the initial impact
      site. In the second patient, a piece of silver wire became embedded in the retina
      and choroid near the macula, and subretinal neovascularization occurred six
      months later at the nasal end of the wire. In both patients, the subretinal
      neovascularization was confirmed with fluorescein angiography and successfully
      obliterated with argon laser photocoagulation.

PMID- 2420318
TI  - Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in hagfish: localization of neurophysin-, arg
      vasopressin- and oxytocin-like immunoreactivity.
AB  - Serial paraffin sections of hagfish brain (Eptatretus burgeri) were
      immunocytochemically examined for porcine neurophysin (NEU), arg-vasopressin
      (AVP) and oxytocin (OT). A big number of NEU-immunoreactive nerve cells were
      visible in the frontal part of the ventromedial hypothalamus in close vicinity of
      the third ventricle. These cells were bipolar in most cases and sometimes
      additionally stained for AVP but not for OT. NEU-reactive neurons extended axons
      to the median eminence and the posterior lobe of the pituitary which also
      contained AVP or OT-like immunoreactivity. Immunostaining outside the
      hypothalamus could not be observed. It is likely that there exists a mammalian
      like oxytocinergic and a vasopressinergic hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in
      hagfish, despite the large differences in levels of organization.

PMID- 2420319
TI  - Localization of substance P- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the human
      paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.
AB  - The presence of substance P- and enkephalin-like immunoreactive nerve fibers and
      terminals is demonstrated in the human paravertebral sympathetic ganglia by an
      indirect immunofluorescence technique. Substance P-positive nerve structures
      appear in the form of fiber bundles, isolated varicose filaments and dot-like and
      basket-like nerve terminals around the neuronal cell bodies. Their density shows
      a remarkable individual variability. Enkephalin-positive nerve structures appear
      as isolated varicose filaments and dot-like nerve terminals, forming densely
      innervated patchy areas. No substance P- or enkephalin-containing cell bodies
      were detected. No overlapping seems to exist among the areas innervated by the
      two types of neuropeptides.

PMID- 2420320
TI  - A comparison of several fixative solutions for histochemical studies on human
      gastric mucosa.
AB  - The effects of different fixative solutions on the staining of polyanions and
      Paneth cell granules and on alkaline phosphatase activity were evaluated in
      surgical specimens of human gastric mucosa with areas of intestinal metaplasia,
      which were dehydrated and embedded with routine procedures. Alcohol-formol proved
      to be particularly advisable for studies on the epithelial mucins, buffered
      formol with cetylpyridinium chloride for the connective tissue polyanions and the
      fluid of Mota et al. (1956) for the mast cells. In areas of complete intestinal
      metaplasia, the Paneth cell granules were destroyed by acidic fixative mixtures
      and 95% ethanol; in the same areas, alkaline phosphatase activity was well
      demonstrated after fixation with formol, alcohol-formol, or 95% ethanol.

PMID- 2420321
TI  - Meiotic investigations of aneuploidy in the human.

PMID- 2420322
TI  - Structural variations in actins. A study of the immunological reactivity of the N
      terminal region.
AB  - The antigenicity of the N-terminal region of skeletal-muscle actin was analysed.
      Two epitopes, corresponding to the 1-7 and 18-28 sequences, were determined. The
      antibodies specific for the first epitope discriminate skeletal-muscle actin from
      cardiac-muscle and smooth-muscle actins. The antibodies specific for the second
      epitope interact with all the actins tested, ranging from invertebrate to higher
      vertebrate actins.

PMID- 2420323
TI  - A comparison of rates of protein turnover in rat diaphragm in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Protein synthesis and degradation rates in diaphragms from fed or starved rats
      were compared in vivo and in vitro. For fed rats, synthesis rates in vivo were
      approximately twice those in vitro, but for starved rats rates were similar.
      Degradation rates were less in vivo than in vitro in diaphragms from either fed
      or starved rats.

PMID- 2420324
TI  - Interrelationship of active and latent secreted human cathepsin B precursors.
AB  - Two high-Mr forms of cathepsin B have been described previously, both of which
      are stable at alkaline pH, in contrast with the lysosomal proteinase. One form is
      latent and activated by pepsin treatment; the other form is active as measured
      with synthetic substrates. In the present study it was shown that the two forms
      are indistinguishable on the basis of molecular size as determined by gel
      filtration chromatography or sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel
      electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting. Both forms lose their alkali
      stability upon exposure to Hg2+, and after Hg2+ treatment the latent form becomes
      immuneprecipitable by an antiserum that reacts only with denatured cathepsin B.
      Lysosomal cathepsin B is bound by the plasma proteinase inhibitor alpha 2
      macroglobulin, a process that requires proteolytic cleavage of the inhibitor. In
      contrast, the stable active form of cathepsin B is not bound by this inhibitor
      unless this enzyme is first destabilized by Hg2+ treatment. These results
      indicate that cathepsin B exists in three different states of activity,
      completely latent, partially active and fully proteolytically active. To exhibit
      true endopeptidase activity it seems that the enzyme must be in an alkali
      unstable form.

PMID- 2420325
TI  - The use of monoclonal antibodies to quantify the levels of sialoglycoproteins
      alpha and delta and variant sialoglycoproteins in human erythrocyte membranes.
AB  - By using radioiodinated monoclonal antibodies we have estimated that there are
      about 600 000 copies of sialoglycoprotein alpha (synonym glycophorin A) and 80
      000 copies of sialoglycoprotein delta (synonym glycophorin B) per normal human
      erythrocyte. Erythrocytes expressing the product of only one alpha gene contain
      about 300 000 copies of alpha/cell. Two erythrocyte types containing alpha-delta
      hybrid molecules were studied. Those with heterozygous expression of the (alpha
      delta)Mi.V gene contain about 100 000 alpha-delta copies per cell, whereas those
      with heterozygous expression of the En(UK) gene contain about 80 000 alpha-delta
      copies/cell. Erythrocyte types containing delta-alpha hybrid molecules were also
      studied. About 200 000 copies of (delta-alpha)Dantu were measured in cells with
      heterozygous expression of the (delta-alpha)Dantu gene (donor M.P.), whereas
      about 315 000 copies of the putative (delta-alpha)Dantu hybrid were found on the
      erythrocytes of donor J.O. [which also have heterozygous expression of the
      putative (delta-alpha)Dantu gene]. The erythrocytes of donor M.P. have normal
      levels of alpha, whereas those of donor J.O. have only about half-normal levels.
      It is proposed that the hybrid sialoglycoprotein of donor J.O. is of alpha-delta
      alpha composition [(alpha-delta-alpha)Dantu] rather than delta-alpha and results
      from a double cross-over analogous to that which gives rise to haemoglobin
      Parchman.

PMID- 2420326
TI  - Sequences encoding two trypsin inhibitors occur in strikingly similar genomic
      environments.
AB  - The nucleotide sequences of two approx. 4 kilobase pair segments of the bovine
      genome are presented. One segment contains a coding region for bovine pancreatic
      trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and the other segment contains a coding region for a
      BPTI homologue. The two 4 kilobase pair sequences are strikingly similar over
      approx. 3.4 kilobase pairs of their sequence, including putative intron
      sequences, suggesting that they have evolved from a gene duplication event.

PMID- 2420327
TI  - Purification of a high molecular weight somatomedin binding protein from human
      plasma.
AB  - The somatomedins insulin-like growth factor I and II (1,2) are in serum bound to
      high-molecular weight binding proteins (6,7,8). By use of a four step
      chromatographic procedure a somatomedin binding protein was isolated from
      outdated human plasma. Exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-200 disclosed a
      molecular weight of 150 kDa. After lyophilization however, the binding activity
      was found in a lower molecular weight range of 35-45 kDa. A partial amino acid
      sequence analysis of the lyophilized material revealed a possible N-terminal
      sequence of Ala-Pro-Trp. This sequence is identical to the N-terminal sequence of
      the 35 kDa somatomedin binding protein previously isolated from human amniotic
      fluid (16).

PMID- 2420328
TI  - Direct phosphorylation of the IL-2 receptor Tac antigen epitope by protein kinase
      C.
AB  - Phorbol esters induce a rapid phosphorylation of the antigenic epitope of the
      human IL-2 receptor identified by anti-Tac monoclonal antibody. The physiological
      activator of protein kinase C, diacylglycerol also stimulated the phosphorylation
      of the Tac epitope in intact activated human T lymphocytes. Stable derivatives of
      cyclic nucleotides had no effect on the stimulation of Tac phosphorylation with
      cultured lymphocytes. Immunoprecipitated Tac derived from particulate membranes
      could serve as a direct substrate for purified protein kinase C in vitro. The
      Ca2+/phospholipid dependency of the in vitro phosphorylation reaction
      substantiated that the phosphorylation of Tac observed in intact cells stimulated
      by phorbol ester or diacylglycerol was the result of the physiological activation
      of protein kinase C.

PMID- 2420329
TI  - [3H]phenamil, a radiolabelled diuretic for the analysis of the amiloride
      sensitive Na+ channels in kidney membranes.
AB  - The interaction of amiloride and amiloride derivatives with the Na+ channels of
      pig kidney membranes was studied from 22Na+ uptake experiments. The order of
      potency of the different molecules tested is: phenamil greater than benzamil
      greater than amiloride, ethylisopropylamiloride. [3H]labelled phenamil was
      prepared and used to titrate Na+ channels in pig kidney membranes. Kinetics
      experiments, equilibrium binding studies and competition experiments between
      [3H]phenamil and unlabelled phenamil indicate that phenamil recognizes a single
      family of binding sites with a Kd value of 20 nM and a maximum binding capacity
      of 11.5 pmol/mg of protein. The order of potency of different amiloride analogs
      tested in [3H]phenamil competition experiments is identical to that found for the
      inhibition of 22Na+ uptake by apical Na+ channels.

PMID- 2420330
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a carcinoma-associated antigen.
AB  - GA733 is a murine IgG2a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against human gastric carcinoma
      and is highly tumoricidal in nude mice. The GA733 antigen is a cell surface
      protein with two subunits of 30,000 and 40,000 daltons. The antigen isolated by
      immunoaffinity chromatography consists mainly of the 30,000-dalton subunit which
      bears the GA733 epitope. This subunit displayed several isoelectric points
      between 6.9 and 7.7. Anti-colon carcinoma MAb 17-1A also detects this antigen,
      but probably binds to a different epitope.

PMID- 2420331
TI  - Ribonucleotides are channeled into a mixed DNA-RNA polymer by permeabilized
      hamster cells.
AB  - Permeabilized CHEF/18 hamster cells incorporate label from [3H] cytidine
      diphosphate (CDP) into material that we had designated as DNA. Spyrou and
      Reichard reported this label was incorporated only into RNA. To resolve this
      discrepancy the studies reported here were performed. We demonstrate
      incorporation into a DNA polymer with major interspersed RNA sequences.
      Incorporation into deoxycytidine isolated from this product was little diluted by
      a great excess of unlabeled dCTP, confirming channeling under these conditions of
      CDP into polymerized deoxyribonucleotides.

PMID- 2420332
TI  - Localization of a highly immunogenic region on the acetylcholine receptor alpha
      subunit.
AB  - Antibodies to synthetic peptides were employed in order to map domains on the
      alpha-subunit of the acetylcholine receptor to which several monoclonal
      antibodies are directed. Five peptides corresponding to residues 1-20, 126-143,
      169-181, 330-340 and 351-368 of the receptor alpha-subunit were synthesized and
      antibodies against them were elicited. The anti-peptide antibodies were employed
      along with the monoclonal antibodies to identify fragments of S. aureus V8
      protease digested- alpha-subunit in immunoblotting experiments. Our results
      demonstrate that a highly immunogenic region of the alpha-subunit is located on a
      carboxy-terminal 14 kDa portion of the alpha-subunit. This region also seems to
      undergo antigenic changes during muscle development. A monoclonal antibody
      directed against the cholinergic binding site of the acetylcholine receptor
      reacted with an 18 kDa segment of the alpha-subunit which bound alpha
      bungarotoxin as well as antibodies directed against peptide 169-181.

PMID- 2420333
TI  - Evidence for rapid histamine turnover and loss of histamine from immature rat
      mast cells.
AB  - Histamine synthetic activity which is high in young mast cells decreases as the
      cells mature [Beaven et al., J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 224, 620 (1983)]. In this
      study we show that a substantial proportion of newly formed histamine in young
      mast cells leaked to the extracellular environment. The cells acquired the full
      ability to sequester newly formed histamine once the numbers of intracellular
      granules and the supply of sulfated mucopolysaccharide material within them had
      increased. Rat peritoneal mast cells were separated into successive fractions of
      increasing size and maturity by counter current elutriation. Loss of histamine
      from fractions of immature cells was demonstrated by a progressive accumulation
      of histamine in the medium without any decrease in intracellular histamine
      content. The estimated turnover time of histamine was less than 10 hr. In
      fractions of more mature cells, the proportion of cellular histamine released
      into the medium was substantially lower, giving estimated turnover times of 20 hr
      or longer. Studies with radiolabeled histidine also indicated that little, if
      any, newly formed histamine was lost from fractions of mature cells. Both release
      of endogenous histamine and formation of radiolabeled histamine from labeled
      histidine were inhibited by the histidine decarboxylase inhibitor alpha
      fluoromethylhistidine (10 microM). Histamine turnover times were similar in the
      presence or absence of external histidine, a possible indication that the supply
      of intracellular histidine was sufficient to maintain normal histamine synthetic
      activity.

PMID- 2420334
TI  - Drug targeting in antiviral chemotherapy. A chemically stable conjugate of 9-beta
      D-arabinofuranosyl-adenine 5'-monophosphate with lactosaminated albumin
      accomplishes a selective delivery of the drug to liver cells.
AB  - With the aim of improving the chemotherapeutic index of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl
      adenine 5' monophosphate (ara-AMP) in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, this
      drug was conjugated with lactosaminated serum albumin (L-SA), a neoglycoprotein
      which only enters into hepatocytes. We used a L-SA-ara-AMP conjugate which, in
      contrast to those previously employed, has the advantage of remaining soluble
      after lyophilization. We found in mice that: (I) this new conjugate was quite
      stable in the bloodstream where only a small part of ara-AMP was released; (II)
      after administration of the conjugate labelled in the drug moiety both acid
      insoluble and soluble radioactivities were several times higher in liver than in
      other organs; (III) in mice with Ectromelia virus hepatitis, the conjugate
      inhibited virus DNA synthesis in liver without affecting cellular DNA synthesis
      in intestine and bone marrow; (IV) the conjugate did not display any recognizable
      sign of acute toxicity even at doses several fold higher than those
      pharmacologically active; and (V) when prepared with homologous albumin it was
      not immunogenic.

PMID- 2420335
TI  - Effects of meclofenoxate on the level and turnover of biogenic monoamines in the
      rat brain.
AB  - The level and turnover of biogenic monoamines in some rat brain structures were
      determined after treatment with meclofenoxate at a dose of 50 mg/kg administered
      i.p. two times a day (9 a.m. and 5 p.m.) for 5 days. Meclofenoxate decreased
      dopamine (DA) turnover in the frontal cortex and striatum and highly increased it
      in the hypothalamus. The DA level significantly declined in the striatum, tended
      to decline in the cortex and significantly rose in the hypothalamus. The
      noradrenaline (NA) turnover and level in the cortex and striatum were decreased.
      Meclofenoxate decreased serotonin (5-HT) turnover in the cortex, striatum and
      hypothalamus and increased it in the pons. At the same time, the 5-HT level rose
      in the cortex, striatum and pons and declined in the hypothalamus. These results
      suggest the neurochemical basis of the psychotropic and neuroendocrine effects of
      meclofenoxate.

PMID- 2420336
TI  - Inositol phospholipid hydrolysis as a primary response to receptors not linked to
      adenylate cyclase.
AB  - Activation of several receptors by neurotransmitters, hormones and local
      mediators stimulate inositol phospholipid breakdown by phospholipase C in a
      variety of tissues. Inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol are probable second
      messengers for these receptors with the former mobilizing intracellularly bound
      calcium and the latter stimulating a cyclic nucleotide independent protein kinase
      C. Activation of these receptors also often leads to a stimulation of arachidonic
      acid metabolism generating prostaglandins, leukotrienes etc. In the brain,
      several neurotransmitters including neuropeptides stimulate inositol phospholipid
      breakdown by interacting with receptors closely coupled to phospholipase C.
      Furthermore, depolarization of cerebral cortical slices also stimulates inositol
      phospholipid breakdown by opening voltage- and dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium
      channels.

PMID- 2420337
TI  - Calcium channels and calcium channel drugs: recent biochemical and biophysical
      findings.
AB  - The biochemical and biophysical features of the voltage-dependent calcium
      channels, as discovered in vitro by means of radiolabelled drugs, are presented.
      The concept of distinct but reciprocally allosterically coupled drug receptor
      domains linked to calcium binding sites is explained. The evidence for the
      existence of isochannels (and isoreceptors) is reviewed and the voltage
      dependence of 1,4-dihydropyridine binding and action is discussed. The structure
      of the channel is investigated by radiation-inactivation and by photoaffinity
      labelling. Low affinity binding sites for calcium channel drugs are shown to
      reside on the nucleoside carrier.

PMID- 2420338
TI  - Nucleic acids as analytes in laboratory diagnosis.
AB  - The method of nucleic acid hybridization opens up new possibilities in laboratory
      diagnosis. This method, which enables us to assay for definite nucleic acid
      sequences in the specimen, has the advantage of high specificity and a strong
      binding force between the analyte nucleic acid and the nucleic acid probe. So far
      this method primarily works with radioactive labels. The development of non
      radioactive detection systems suited for routine laboratories with sufficient
      sensitivity is still at its origin. One broad field of application for nucleic
      acid hybridization is the detection of the genome of certain viruses or bacteria
      in the specimen. Another more future oriented potential of these methods lies in
      the investigation and diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism.

PMID- 2420339
TI  - High maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and low birthweight. A study concerning
      possible correlation between maternal weight, smoking, and serum alpha
      fetoprotein and subsequent birthweight and gestational age.
AB  - Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels between 15 and 19 weeks gestation
      were studied in relation to birthweight, gestational age, maternal weight, and
      daily cigarette consumption in 1739 pregnancies. All infants were born after the
      28th week of gestation and all were without neural tube defects. Gestational age
      was estimated by early measurement of the fetal biparietal diameter. High
      maternal serum AFP, low maternal weight, and the number of cigarettes smoked per
      day were found to correlate with low birthweight, but not with gestational age.
      By testing the influence of the individual parameters on the subsequent
      birthweight, no significant correlation was found between the AFP levels and
      birthweight. Low birthweight was mainly a result of cigarette smoking and low
      maternal weight. Screening for AFP in the second trimester, therefore, seems to
      be of no value in predicting low birthweight when maternal weight is taken into
      consideration.

PMID- 2420340
TI  - [Active specific anti-hepatitis B-immunoprophylaxis: II. Protocol of an
      immunological approach on a random sample of the vaccinated population].

PMID- 2420341
TI  - Intraepithelial neoplasia of the larynx. A clinicopathologic study of six cases
      with DNA analysis.
AB  - For six patients with partial or total laryngectomies with extensive mucosal
      hyperplasias, we generated DNA histograms from multiple mucosal sites using
      Feulgen-stained tissue sections and microspectrophotometric microscopy. Aneuploid
      DNA histograms were identified in the mucosa of all six specimens, indicating
      that neoplastic transformation had occurred. The histologic characteristics of
      neoplastic change included thickened or hyperplastic epithelium, surface
      maturation or keratinization, often a proliferation of small, immature basallike
      cells in the depths of the epithelium, and evidence of abnormal epithelial
      maturation as evidenced by focal areas of cytoplasmic keratinization in the lower
      portions of the mucosa. We think this histologic expression of intraepithelial
      neoplasia is more common than the "classic" form of carcinoma in situ with full
      mucosal replacement by proliferating immature basallike cells. Keratin is a
      common reaction in laryngeal mucosa, and its presence on the surface or in the
      depths of the epithelium does not militate against the diagnosis of severe
      intraepithelial neoplastic transformation.

PMID- 2420342
TI  - Oncocytic and oncocytoid carcinoid tumors (well-differentiated neuroendocrine
      carcinomas) of the larynx.
AB  - Carcinoid tumors of the larynx are exceedingly rare neoplasms. With the inclusion
      of the five neoplasms we report herein, the total number reported in the English
      language literature is 16. These five neoplasms all showed light microscopic
      features of oncocytic (or oncocytoid) cells. Ultrastructurally, all lesions
      contained dense-core granules of the neurosecretory type. One case further met
      the ultrastructural criteria for true oncocytoma (that is, an oncocytic
      carcinoid). The lesion did not metastasize, and the patient was successfully
      treated surgically. In the other four cases, the lesions were considered to be
      oncocytoid carcinoids, since they failed to meet the ultrastructural requirements
      of a true oncocytoma. Each of these four lesions metastasized, although one
      patient did have a long, indolent course.

PMID- 2420343
TI  - Motoneurons of M. ischiocavernosus labelled by horseradish peroxidase retrograde
      transport.

PMID- 2420344
TI  - Examination of the ouabain-sensitive Na-K pump in essential hypertensive children
      of normal body weight.
AB  - The ouabain-sensitive Na-K pump of erythrocytes was examined in 17 normotensive
      and 15 essential hypertensive children aged 6-16 years. Children who proved to be
      fat according to skinfold measurements were excluded from the examinations. The
      activity of the ouabain-sensitive Na-K pump was assessed by measuring the ratio
      of Na-ion efflux and K-ion influx through the erythrocyte membrane previously
      treated with para-chloro-mercury benzol sulphonate. In essential hypertensive
      children the ratio of the Na/K fluxes was found to be characteristically 5.8 +/-
      2.0, showing a mathematically significantly more active (p less than 0.05) Na-K
      pump function than in the control group 9.6 +/- 5.8. According to the results,
      however, the method is suitable only for the separation of groups and not of
      individuals.

PMID- 2420345
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of ascites caused by cytomegalovirus hepatitis.
AB  - The case of a 23-weeks-old fetus is described in whom prenatal ultrasonography
      revealed ascites accompanied by an increased alpha-fetoprotein concentration in
      the amnial fluid. Detailed embryopathological work-up carried out after induced
      abortion demonstrated generalized cytomegalovirus disease and furnished
      histological proof of transplacental propagation.

PMID- 2420346
TI  - Frequency of extrasystoles in healthy male employees.
AB  - To determine reference values for ectopic activity 147 actively employed healthy
      men aged from 15 to 65 years were examined by 24 hour Holter monitoring during
      their ordinary daily activities. Age was the only risk factor significantly
      associated with supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles. During a six year
      follow up only two men died. In both the frequency of ventricular extrasystoles
      had been high, but neither of them died from cardiovascular disease. Because the
      distribution of the frequency of extrasystoles in the study group was highly
      skewed a percentile distribution was used to determine normal values. This
      distribution showed that 95% of men aged 15-39 years had less than 2.9
      ventricular extrasystoles per hour and the same proportion of men aged 40 years
      or older had less than 36 ventricular extrasystoles per hour. For field studies
      values above the 90th percentile (that is more than 10 ventricular extrasystoles
      per hour for men 40 years or older) may be a more appropriate cut off point.

PMID- 2420347
TI  - Regional analgesia with bupivacaine in dental anaesthesia.
AB  - Sixty (ASA 1) patients were studied to determine the effect of bilateral local
      infiltration with 0.25% bupivacaine plain during third molar extraction under
      general anaesthesia. Bupivacaine infiltration significantly reduced the incidence
      of wide complex extrasystoles (P less than 0.05) during surgery and the severity
      of dental pain (P less than 0.05), when assessed at 6 h after operation.

PMID- 2420348
TI  - Hypotension in response to iloprost, a prostacyclin analogue.

PMID- 2420349
TI  - Increased EGF receptors on human squamous carcinoma cell lines.
AB  - Characterisation and quantitation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR)
      have been carried out on eight human squamous carcinoma cell lines and the
      results compared with those from simian virus transformed keratinocytes and
      normal keratinocytes grown under similar conditions. All cells tested possess
      both high and low affinity receptors with dissociation constants ranging from 2.4
      X 10(-10) M to 5.4 X 10(-9) M. When epidermal growth factor (EGF) binds to its
      receptor it is internalised and degraded and the receptor is down regulated.
      Malignant cells and virally transformed cells possess 5-50 times more EGF
      receptors than normal keratinocytes and one cell line LICR-LON-HN-5 possesses up
      to 1.4 X 10(7) receptors per cell, which is the highest number yet reported for a
      cell line. These results are discussed in the context of recent data that suggest
      that the increased expression of EGF receptors in epidermoid malignancies may be
      an important component of the malignant phenotype in these tumours.

PMID- 2420350
TI  - Morphological characteristics of cells derived from plucked human hair in vitro.
AB  - Cells of various morphologies have been cultured from plucked hairs in vitro.
      These include keratinocytes, large polygonal cells, large and small spindle
      shaped cells and endothelial cells.

PMID- 2420351
TI  - Distribution of ATPase-positive Langerhans cells in normal adult human skin.
AB  - The distribution of ATPase-positive Langerhans cells (LC) was investigated in 117
      specimens of normal adult human skin and mucosa taken from different areas of the
      body. Although there were significant variations in the numbers of LC in each
      area examined, skin from the face and neck contained the highest density of cells
      (976 +/- 30.93/mm2). The densities of LC in trunk skin (740 +/- 28.97/mm2), scalp
      (693 +/- 69.56/mm2) and arm or leg skin (640 +/- 40.95/mm2) were similar. Buccal
      mucosa had significantly fewer LC (567 +/- 42.94/mm2) than trunk skin, and
      sacrococcyx skin and palm and sole skin displayed the smallest number of these
      cells (267 +/- 56.14/mm2 and, 189 +/- 19.15/mm2 respectively). No ATPase-positive
      LC were detected in the centre of two corneal specimens.

PMID- 2420352
TI  - Effect of recombinant alpha A-interferon on DNA synthesis and differentiation of
      human keratinocytes in vitro.
AB  - Interferons are known to protect cells against virus infection, to inhibit cell
      growth in a number of cell lines and also to modulate cell differentiation. Their
      possible clinical application has now entered its final phase. The aim of this
      investigation was to study the effect of recombinant alpha A-interferon (r IFN
      alpha A) on human keratinocyte DNA synthesis and differentiation in vitro. [3H]
      TdR incorporation into DNA was used to quantify DNA synthesis in keratinocyte
      cultures at varying concentrations of rIFN-alpha A. Cell differentiation was
      determined using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of six specific protein
      fractions extracted from the keratinocytes. Our results indicate that rIFN-alpha
      A is a potent inhibitor of keratinocyte DNA synthesis in vitro; it also decreases
      significantly the amount and synthesis of non-covalently bound keratins while
      increasing the disulphide cross-linked keratins. No qualitative changes in
      keratinocyte proteins were observed.

PMID- 2420353
TI  - Neovascularisation.

PMID- 2420354
TI  - Effect of oxygen tension on the quantities of procollagenase-activating
      angiogenic factor present in the developing kitten retina.
AB  - Maintenance of newborn kittens in an oxygen rich atmosphere followed by a
      recovery period in a normal atmosphere mimicked the effects of the human disease
      retrolental fibroplasia. The retinas of such kittens contained significantly
      raised levels of low molecular weight angiogenic material (as measured by
      procollagenase activation) when compared with those of a control group of
      kittens.

PMID- 2420355
TI  - Cross-linking of cytokeratins to DNA in vivo by chromium salt and cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum(II).
AB  - The in vivo cross-linking of cytokeratins to DNA in intact Novikoff ascites
      hepatoma cells exposed to the chromium salt K2CrO4 and cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) was studied. Cytokeratin-DNA complexes
      were obtained by high-speed centrifugation of cells solubilized in buffered 4%
      sodium dodecyl sulfate. The cytokeratins were identified electrophoretically and
      immunologically by use of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Time dependence
      experiments showed that detectable cross-linking occurred after cells were
      exposed to K2CrO4 for at least 4 h, and the amount of keratin-DNA complexes
      increased with the incubation time. Each of the three Novikoff ascites hepatoma
      cytokeratins (p39, p49, and p56) showed a different apparent rate of cross-link
      formation with DNA. Cytokeratin-DNA complexes were detectable in our system only
      with K2CrO4 concentrations of 200 microM or greater, and saturation in cross
      linking was effected at approximately 2 mM. Higher K2CrO4 concentrations (up to 5
      mM) did not produce further significant increases in the amount of cross-linked
      cytokeratins. Chromium and cis-DDP cross-linked the same cytokeratins at
      approximately the same ratios; however, both agents cross-linked the major
      cytokeratins selectively, since not all cytokeratins present in Novikoff hepatoma
      cell lysates could be cross-linked to DNA. Further evidence of DNA-cytokeratin
      complexes was obtained by CsCl gradient centrifugation. Our results document the
      ability of chromate and cis-DDP to produce DNA-cytokeratin cross-links in vivo
      and show that in live Novikoff hepatoma cells some, but not all, of the
      components of intermediate filaments are within cross-linking distance of DNA.

PMID- 2420356
TI  - Synthesis, characterization, and black lipid membrane studies of [7-L-alanine]
      gramicidin A.
AB  - With a view to study the relevance of side-chain orientation in the transport of
      cations through a gramicidin transmembrane channel and to identify an analogue
      with favorable characteristics, [L-Ala7] gramicidin A was synthesized, purified,
      verified, and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography, by carbon
      13 and proton magnetic resonance spectra, and by circular dichroism spectra in
      methanol. Complete incorporation as the channel state was achieved when packaged
      in lysolecithin-containing lipid bilayers. The single-channel conductance data in
      diphytanoyllecithin/n-decane membranes are presented along with those of
      synthetic gramicidin A (GA). [L-Ala7] GA exhibits the highest most probable
      single-channel conductance so far reported for an analogue occurring at 28 pS as
      compared to 21 pS for GA under similar conditions. Also, a dramatic reduction in
      the dispersity of conducting states is observed with about 76% of the events
      falling in a narrow 1.75-pS conductance window as compared to about 31% of the
      events for GA under identical conditions. Thus, with the above characteristics,
      [L-Ala7]GA appears to be a very good candidate for a thorough study of ionic
      mechanism. The present results indicate that elements intrinsic to the channel
      proper are rate-limiting for GA and that there is no interfacial polarization or
      diffusion-controlled association at 1 M KCl and a 100-mV applied potential.

PMID- 2420357
TI  - Purification and characterization of a "half-molecule" alpha 2-macroglobulin from
      the southern grass frog: absence of binding to the mammalian alpha 2
      macroglobulin receptor.
AB  - An alpha-macroglobulin (alpha 2M), which is a dimer consisting of two non
      disulfide-bonded subunits, was identified and purified from frog plasma by Ni2+
      chelate affinity chromatography. This frog "half-molecule" alpha-macroglobulin
      migrated as an alpha 2-globulin in cellulose-acetate electrophoresis rather than
      as the previously described frog alpha 1M, which exists as a tetramer formed by
      the noncovalent association of disulfide-bonded pairs. A molecular weight of
      approximately 380 000 was obtained by gel-filtration high-pressure liquid
      chromatography, and in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      (SDS-PAGE) the protein migrated as a single band of Mr approximately 180 000
      before and after reduction. No evidence was obtained for association of this
      protein to a higher molecular weight species. After the preparation was heated,
      additional bands were obtained in SDS-PAGE with Mr approximately 60 000 and 12
      000. The additional bands were not obtained after heating methylamine-treated
      preparations. The circular dichroic spectrum of frog alpha 2M exhibits negative
      ellipticity over the region 205-250 nm with a minimum at 216 nm. After reaction
      with proteinase, a decrease in the absolute mean residue rotation was obtained.
      Amino acid analysis demonstrated that frog alpha 2M and alpha 1M are similar in
      composition to avian and mammalian alpha-macroglobulins; however, there are
      sufficient differences in the composition of these two amphibian alpha
      macroglobulins to support the conclusion that they are distinct proteins. Frog
      alpha 2M bound approximately 0.5 mol of trypsin/mol of inhibitor. This binding
      was abolished by pretreatment with methylamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2420358
TI  - Octyl glucoside promotes incorporation of channels into neutral planar
      phospholipid bilayers. Studies with colicin Ia.
AB  - Colicin Ia forms voltage-dependent channels in planar phospholipid bilayers
      containing acidic phospholipids. Addition of the neutral detergent octyl
      glucoside, at concentrations three orders of magnitude below its critical micelle
      concentration (CMC), greatly increases channel-forming activity without altering
      the properties of the channels themselves. Further, octyl glucoside promotes
      formation of channels by colicin Ia in membranes containing only neutral lipids,
      making it possible to study the biophysical properties of the channel undistorted
      by the effects of negative surface charge. In neutral membranes, the macroscopic
      currents are biphasic with time, the fast component is voltage-dependent and the
      slow component voltage-independent. The single-channel conductance in 1 M NaCl is
      31 pS and the channel is slightly anion selective. The mechanism by which the
      detergent facilitates channel formation is discussed.

PMID- 2420359
TI  - Characterization of the anion transport channel protein in human erythrocytes.
      Induced circular dichroism of inhibitors bound to the anion transport channel.
AB  - The induced circular dichroism (CD) of erythrocyte ghosts with anion-transport
      inhibitors has been studied. A ghost-EITC (eosin 5-isothiocyanate) system shows
      an induced CD spectrum at the wavelength region corresponding to the absorption
      bands of EITC. Also a ghost-EMI (eosin 5-maleimide) system shows induced CD, but
      has bands of opposite sign to the EITC system. From the change of the CD
      intensity, the number of EITC molecules bound to one erythrocyte was estimated to
      be about 1.4 X 10(6), being close to the number of band 3 copies per ghost. The
      CD spectra of EITC and EMI systems show that a configurational structure of the
      moiety anchoring the EMI molecule is the reverse to that of EITC. The preferred
      conformation of bound EITC may be twisted in a right-handed sense. From the signs
      of the induced CD bands in ghost-stilbene disulfonate systems, the chirality of
      twisted stilbene derivatives seems to be a left-handed sense, as is the case for
      the EMI derivative. The CD spectra of EITC in the presence of DIDS (4,4'
      diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate) shows that the binding site of EITC may
      not be identical with that of DIDS. The results observed in this study reflect
      the ternary arrangement of the functional amino groups in anion recognition
      sites.

PMID- 2420360
TI  - Antibody activates cationic channels via second messenger Ca2+.
AB  - Patch-clamp recordings were used to study single channels permeable to multiple
      cations in a macrophage cell line. At least three conductance levels were found,
      consistent with the existence of several types of nonselective cation channels or
      a single channel with multiple open states. The activity of the channels depended
      very little on voltage but was affected by internal Ca2+ concentration. Specific
      subclasses of immunoglobulins (IgG1 and IgG2b) bound to an Fc receptor on the
      surface of these macrophages. When an IgG2b was applied to the cell exterior
      after a patch pipette had been sealed in the cell-attached mode, the nonselective
      cation channels within the patch were activated. Thus, these channels must be
      modulated by a second messenger. Since antibodies binding to the Fc receptor have
      been shown to produce a rise in intracellular Ca2+, this cation must be
      considered a candidate as a second messenger that amplifies the effect of
      antibody in gating these channels.

PMID- 2420361
TI  - Orientation of gramicidin D incorporated into phospholipid multibilayers: a
      Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection spectroscopic study.
AB  - Polarized Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)-attenuated total reflection (ATR)
      spectroscopy was applied to study the orientation of the linear pentadecapeptide
      antibiotic gramicidin D incorporated into phospholipid multibilayers, which were
      cast on a germanium ATR plate from chloroform solution. In DMPC and DPPC
      multibilayers, the CH2 stretching bands of lipid hydrocarbon chains were slightly
      shifted to the higher frequency side and bandwidth was increased in the presence
      of gramicidin. However, in DPPE multibilayers, frequencies and bandwidths of
      these bands were unaltered. In each case, gramicidin produced little effect on
      the orientation of lipid hydrocarbon chains, suggesting that gramicidin
      penetrates into lipid layers without noticeable perturbations. Upon incubation of
      cast films in contact with water above the gel-liquid-crystalline transition
      temperature (Tc) of lipids, the reorientation of gramicidin in lipid
      multibilayers occurred, the degree thereof depending upon the fluidity of the
      lipid hydrocarbon chains and the amount of surrounding water. In DMPC
      multibilayers, the helix axis of gramicidin was oriented almost parallel to the
      lipid hydrocarbon chains after incubation. In DPPC multibilayers, on the other
      hand, the helix axis of gramicidin was tilted on average about 15 degrees from
      the lipid hydrocarbon chains after incubation. However, in DPPE multibilayers,
      which are known to have the most rigid bilayer structures, the reorientation of
      gramicidin could not be seen.

PMID- 2420362
TI  - Leiurus quinquestriatus venom inhibits different kinds of Ca2+-dependent K+
      channels.
AB  - A minor protein component of Leiurus quinquestriatus venom has been reported to
      inhibit selectively the apamin-insensitive Ca2+-dependent K+ channels of
      mammalian skeletal muscle (Miller, C., Moczydlowski, E., Latorre, R. and
      Phillips, M. (1985) Nature 313, 316-318). We report the effect of the venom on
      both the apamin-insensitive channels of the human erythrocyte, the Ehrlich cell
      and the rat thymocyte and the apamin-sensitive channel of the guinea pig
      hepatocyte. The venom inhibited Ca2+-dependent K+ transport in all the cases with
      a Ki value within the range of 1 to 10 micrograms/ml, similar to that reported
      previously in muscle. Valinomycin-induced K+ transport was also antagonized by
      the venom but its sensitivity was about 1/10 as much as that of the Ca2+
      dependent K+ channel.

PMID- 2420363
TI  - Modulation of Ca2+-dependent K+ transport by modifications of the NAD+/NADH ratio
      in intact human red cells.
AB  - The effects of variations of the NAD+/NADH quotient on the uptake of 86Rb by
      human red cells loaded by non-disruptive means with the chelator Benz2 and
      different amounts of 45Ca has been examined. The NAD+/NADH quotient was modified
      by the addition of pyruvate and/or lactate or xylitol. It was found that the
      uptake of 86Rb at a given intracellular Ca2+ concentrations was faster in the
      reduced state (lactate or xylitol added). Metabolic changes were associated with
      variations of the redox state. However, glycolitic intermediates did not
      significantly modify the apparent affinity for Ca2+ of the Ca2+-dependent K+
      channel in one-step inside-out vesicles prepared from the erythrocyte membrane.
      Taken together, these results suggest that modifications of the cytoplasmic redox
      potential could modulate the sensitivity to Ca2+ of the Ca2+-dependent K+ channel
      in the human red cells under physiological conditions. This conclusion is
      consistent with previous findings in inside-out vesicles of human erythrocytes
      using artificial electron donors.

PMID- 2420364
TI  - Human fetal hemoglobin synthesis and its NH2-terminal acetylation in a rabbit
      reticulocyte lysate translational system.
AB  - The biosynthesis of the acetylated (Hb FIc) and the non-acetylated (Hb F0) human
      fetal hemoglobin components has been examined in a cell-free translational
      system. The poly(A)-RNA was isolated from umbilical cord blood samples and
      translated in the heterologous translational system derived from rabbit
      reticulocyte lysates in the presence of labeled amino acid(s) or acetyl-CoA. The
      amount of each hemoglobin or globin chain made in the system was determined by
      separating the synthesis products by cation-exchange chromatographic methods. The
      in vitro synthesis ratios were close to the FIc/Ftotal values of the respective
      hemolysates. The same conclusion could be reached by determining the specific
      activity ratios of Hb FIc/Hb F0. Co-migration of radioactivity peaks with
      absorbance peaks indicated the synthesis of that hemoglobin or globin chain.
      Confirmation of the synthesis of true gamma 0 and gamma Ic was accomplished by
      high-pressure liquid chromatographic separation of 3H-labeled tryptic peptides.
      Each peptide corresponded well with the radioactivity peak. Labeled acetyl-group
      incorporation into Hb FIc and gamma IcT-1 provided direct evidence for
      acetylation of gamma chains in Hb FIc. The data indicate that the mRNA itself
      dictates whether a protein is acetylated and, if so, to what extent. The control
      appears to be not unique to the human red cell system.

PMID- 2420365
TI  - Arachidonic acid metabolism by isolated epidermal basal and differentiated
      keratinocytes from the hairless mouse.
AB  - The metabolism of arachidonic acid was studied using basal and differentiated
      keratinocytes as well as sebaceous cells isolated from hairless mice. These
      disassociated cells metabolized arachidonic acid predominantly to the
      prostaglandin H synthase products prostaglandins E2 and D2. 12
      Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (HHT), prostaglandin F2 alpha, thromboxane B2 and 6
      ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha were also detected. Smaller amounts of the
      lipoxygenase products 5-, 12- and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) were
      also detected. The major lipoxygenase product observed was 12-HETE. No
      leukotrienes or dihydroxy fatty acids were observed. The identity of the
      metabolites was established using several high-pressure liquid chromatography
      solvent systems. The biosynthesis of prostaglandins E2 and D2 was very rapid and
      was inhibited by the addition of indomethacin to the cells. The mixed population
      of keratinocytes and sebaceous cells were separated into enriched fractions by
      metrizamide gradients and elutriation techniques. The small, undifferentiated
      cells had high prostaglandin H synthase and 12-lipoxygenase activity. The basal
      cell-enriched fractions had the highest activity. With increasing differentiation
      of the cells, decreased biosynthetic activity was observed. These results
      indicate that undifferentiated keratinocytes, that is, the basal cells, may be an
      important source of prostaglandins and 12-HETE but are not a source of
      leukotrienes for the hairless mouse. It also suggests a role for keratinocyte
      derived eicosanoids in the normal physiology of epidermal differentiation.

PMID- 2420366
TI  - Phosphorylation reactions in bovine rod outer segments studied by 32P-labelling
      of intact retina.
AB  - The protein phosphorylation pattern in the intact bovine retina has been
      investigated by labelling with 32P-phosphate under incubation conditions that
      preserve the electrical photoresponse of the photoreceptor cells. The
      phosphorylation of rod outer segment proteins was analysed after isolation of
      outer segments from the labelled retina. The global influence of light, Ca2+ and
      the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, isobutylmethylxanthine, on protein
      phosphorylation in rod outer segments was analysed. A 12 kDa protein is the most
      prominent phosphorylated species in the intact bovine retina. Its phosphorylation
      is increased by light and/or Ca2+. Evidence is presented that this strongly
      phosphorylated protein is not located in the outer segment, and we suggest that
      it may be a synaptic protein. Retinal rod outer segment membrane proteins with
      apparent molecular weights of 245, 226, 125, 110, 50, 46, 38 and 20 all show
      light-stimulated phosphorylation. Lowering the extracellular Ca2+ levels results
      in a decrease of the phosphorylation level of some of these proteins, viz. at
      125, 50, 38 and probably at 20 kDa. Such proteins, whose phosphorylation level is
      influenced both by light and by elevated Ca2+, are candidates for mediators of
      phototransduction. The phosphorylated species at 245, 226, 110, 50 and 20 kDa are
      enriched in rod outer segment plasma membrane preparations. These protein species
      could participate in the light-regulated modulation of the Na+-conductance of the
      plasma membrane.

PMID- 2420367
TI  - Radiation inactivation of human intestinal mucin: determination of the size of
      the functional antigenic unit.
AB  - Previously we have shown that the major antigenic determinant of human intestinal
      mucin is associated with its glycopeptide monomers and not the 118 kDa 'link'
      component. In the present study, the size and nature of the functional unit
      containing the antigenic determinant has been assessed by radiation inactivation
      and immunological assays. Increasing doses of radiation led to a monoexponential
      decay in antigenic reactivity due to a progressive loss of antigenic
      determinants. From three independent mucin preparations, a value of 78500 +/-
      7000 was determined for the Mr of the functional antigenic unit. Prolonged
      pronase digestion of native mucin released large degraded glycopeptide monomers
      containing all the mucin carbohydrate, and low molecular weight peptides. The
      antigenicity of the glycopeptides decreased with digestion but could not be
      recovered in the peptide fractions, suggesting that determinants were released
      and destroyed by the enzyme. Treatment of native mucin with
      trifluoromethanesulphonic acid caused a major loss of carbohydrate (approx. 70%),
      but the protein component was unchanged in amino acid profile and remained
      antigenic. Subsequent thiol reduction, however, abolished the antigenicity of the
      deglycosylated mucin. We conclude that antigenicity is associated with a non
      glycosylated segment of the peptide backbone of the glycopeptides and that a
      large functional unit of Mr 78500 which is stabilized by disulphide bonds is
      important for full antigenic activity.

PMID- 2420368
TI  - Digestive end products release pancreatic enzymes from particulate cellular
      pools, particularly zymogen granules.
AB  - The effects of various amino acids and phosphorylated forms of glucose on the
      release of digestive enzymes from particulate cellular pools, particularly
      zymogen granules, were evaluated in rat pancreas. Whole tissue homogenates, as
      well as zymogen granules isolated either by differential centrifugation in 0.3 M
      sucrose or by preparation in buffered sucrose and subsequent centrifugation in a
      Percoll gradient, were studied. The basic amino acids L-arginine and L-lysine,
      sites of tryptic cleavage, caused the release of trypsinogen, but not
      chymotrypsinogen, whereas the aromatic amino acids L-phenylalanine and L
      tryptophan, sites of chymotryptic cleavage, caused release of both trypsinogen
      and chymotrypsinogen. Neither led to the release of the starch-splitting enzyme
      amylase. All effects occurred within the range of normal plasma concentrations
      for these amino acids in the rat. Two amino acids, L-threonine and hydroxy-L
      proline, that are not sites of cleavage by trypsin or chymotrypsin, and a
      nonmammalian amino acid, aminoadipic acid, did not lead to release of
      trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, or amylase. Two phosphorylated forms of glucose,
      glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 1,6-diphosphate, caused the release of amylase,
      but of neither trypsinogen nor chymotrypsinogen. Contrary to previous results, D
      glucose was without effect, as was glucose 6-phosphate. We propose that certain
      digestive end products, by direct action on zymogen granules, cause the selective
      release of the enzymes involved in their evolution from polymeric substrates
      during digestion.

PMID- 2420369
TI  - Polymeric inhibitors of platelet aggregation. Synergistic effects and proposals
      for a new mechanism.
AB  - We have studied the inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation in sheep
      platelet-rich plasma by water-soluble polymers bound to the prostaglandin
      analogue 5-(6-carboxyhexyl)-1-(3-cyclohexyl-3-hydroxypropyl)hydantoin ('BW 245'
      C, (I). The use of unambiguous modes of binding this antiplatelet drug to
      polymers has enabled us to study some structural features which influence
      inhibitory activity. Evidence is adduced which indicates that the chemical
      mechanisms responsible for inhibition by free and coupled BW 245 are similar. The
      most important observation is a remarkable synergism demonstrated by the greatly
      enhanced activity of a mixture of a polymer coupled to BW 245 with the uncoupled
      parent polymer. In some cases (e.g., with high-molecular-weight dextran) the
      effect may reach (and possibly exceed) two orders of magnitude. The influence of
      polymer molecular weights and 'cross-polymer' effects have both been examined. A
      mechanism has been proposed to account for these phenomena, involving adsorption
      of the added (inactive) polymer on to the platelet membranes, facilitating
      interaction of the polymer-bound drug with receptors, made more accessible by
      alteration to the surface geometry. This mechanism is based on physical
      processes, unlike other explanations of synergistic behaviour, e.g., that of
      prostaglandins used in conjunction with non-polymeric drugs. The observed
      dependences of synergistic effects upon polymer molecular weight and type and
      distribution of drug molecules along chains are typical 'polymer' phenomena which
      are all consistent with the proposed mechanism.

PMID- 2420370
TI  - [Calcium ion currents in the smooth muscle of the myometrium].
AB  - The results of kinetic analysis of Ca liberation from preparations of female
      rabbit myometrium show that in the uterus smooth muscle there exist three pools
      of cation with characteristic times of metabolism 182.18 +/- 25.20, 25.56 +/-
      1.00 and 2.94 +/- 0.38 min respectively. It was concluded from the
      compartmentalization analysis and from the data on Na+- and Mg2+--ATP-dependent
      transport in plasmic membrane fraction of myometrium cells that the fast phase of
      calcium metabolism reflects the liberation of the cation from extracellular space
      in the incubation medium, the intermediate one--Ca transfer from myocytes into
      the extracellular medium, and the slow one--liberation from the subcellular
      structures into the myoplasm.

PMID- 2420371
TI  - [Structural rearrangements induced by glycerol increase the permeability of
      bilayer lipid membranes for amphotericin].
AB  - It has been shown that structural rearrangements induced by glycerol in bilayer
      lipid membranes (BLM) containing cholesterol facilitate the transmembrane
      transport of amphotericin B molecules in the direction of glycerol gradient. The
      addition of amphotericin B to the same side with glycerol results in a change in
      bilayer selectivity from the cation to the anion one. Besides, the final
      conductivity is blocked by tetraethylammonium from the solution with no
      amphotericin B added. It testifies to the transport of amphotericin molecules to
      the opposite side of the membrane. The transport effect depends on the
      cholesterol content in bilayer, ionic strength of the medium and slightly depends
      on temperature. It is concluded that transport of amphotericin B in such
      conditions differs from the diffusive one and is due to the formation of
      intermediate lipid phases in the course of structural rearrangements of bilayers.

PMID- 2420372
TI  - [The role of electro-mechanical and reaction-diffusion systems in the intra
      neuron processing of information: effect of in-flow of calcium and intracellular
      calcium on cAMP activity].
AB  - Influx of calcium ions cannot control a generatory potential induced by the
      intraneuronal system because calcium ions enter the cell during impulses. These
      impulses are the result of problem solving and must not influence directly the
      generatory potential. Therefore cAMP and not calcium controls the permeability of
      sodium and potassium channels from the inside of the neuron. However the calcium
      ions and membrane potential of mitochondria affect the impact of cAMP injections.
      An increase in the intracellular concentration of free Ca2+ induced by the
      injection of Ca-EGTA buffer with 5.10(-7) M free Ca2+, electric excitation,
      uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation or arsenate leads to an increase of cAMP
      dependent depolarization and the inward current. The injection of Ca-EGTA buffer
      with 10(-5) M free Ca2+ and drop in [Ca2+]in by EGTA as well as generation of
      impulses after cAMP injection decrease the cAMP effect. As rise in [Ca2+]in
      activates phosphodiesterase and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, and vanadate
      in contrast to arsenate suppresses the cAMP effect, a hypothesis is advanced that
      activating effect of calcium on cAMP action is associated with neuron
      deenergization.

PMID- 2420373
TI  - [Glucose metabolism and template synthesis in the mitotic cycle of human diploid
      fibroblasts].
AB  - The correlation between the rates of protein and nucleic acid synthesis and the
      activity of the key enzymes of glycolysis (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase) and
      pentose phosphate cycle (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) in the mitotic cycle
      of human diploid fibroblasts synchronized by double thymidine block was studied.
      It was found that the removal of the thymidine block is followed by short-term
      (presumably, non-specific) simultaneous stimulation of matrix syntheses, as well
      as by glycolytic and pentose phosphate cycle enzyme syntheses. By the beginning
      of the S-phase, all the processes appear to be inhibited, followed by gradual
      activation of glycolysis and pentose phosphate cycle reactions. The
      implementation of the cell cycle is concomitant with stepwise transitions of
      protein and hexokinase synthesis rates and ATP content to one of the following
      levels--basal, intermediate or maximal. Changes in the activity of glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase in the course of the cell cycle appear as oscillations,
      those in phosphofructokinase as alternative states. At stage M, the oscillatory
      processes are temporarily quenched, whereas the ATP content occupies an
      intermediate level. In contrast with diploid fibroblasts, in transformed T9 cells
      the enzyme activity is much higher, and the fluctuations in activity throughout
      the cell cycle are less noticeable. Presumably, in transformed cells the enzyme
      activity is at the maximum level and is not prone to effector regulation.

PMID- 2420374
TI  - [Apurinic-apyrimidinic DNA-endonuclease activity of cytochrome c and pancreatic
      RNAse].
AB  - Cationic proteins--cytochrome c and pancreatic RNAase--possess the apurinic
      apyrimidinic DNA-endonuclease activity. The affinity of these proteins for DNA
      apurinic sites does not differ from that of specific apurinic DNA-endonucleases
      described in literature. The main features of the apurinic activity of cationic
      proteins are as follows: low specific activity, high temperature optimum of the
      reaction, absence of primer-stimulated activity. The feasibility of participation
      of cationic proteins and some other nucleophilic compounds in single-stranded
      breaks production in apurinic DNA is discussed.

PMID- 2420375
TI  - Ontogenesis of the kidney in the congenital hypothyroid rat. Biochemical and
      anatomical parameters of general development.
AB  - The effect of congenital thyroid deficiency upon the postnatal development of the
      rat kidney has been studied by measuring the nucleic acid, protein and lipid
      contents, and the area and thickness of the different regions in the organ, i.e.
      cortex, outer and inner medulla. Thyroid deficiency, induced by daily
      propylthiouracil treatment, strongly affects the development of the renal cortex.
      The medulla, and still more its inner part which develops early and partly before
      the onset of thyroid function, is relatively preserved. These effects are
      completely corrected by daily thyroxine therapy, excluding a possible toxic
      effect of the antithyroid drug. Moreover, they are partly reversible after
      cessation of propylthiouracil treatment.

PMID- 2420376
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of relaxin in corpora lutea of sows throughout
      the estrous cycle.
AB  - Porcine relaxin has been sought by localization in the corpus luteum of sows on
      Days 3, 7, 9, 11, 12, 15, 18, 19, and 21 of the estrous cycle, using the avidin
      biotin immunoperoxidase method and an antiserum to purified porcine relaxin.
      Simultaneous localization of relaxin in corpora lutea from sows on Days 108 and
      113 of pregnancy was used to compare the intensity of immunostaining with that of
      corpora lutea of cyclic animals. However, the antiserum dilution necessary for
      optimal localization differed considerably in these two states (1:10,000 in
      pregnancy and 1:750 in the cycle), suggesting that lower levels of antigen are
      present in the luteal cells of the cycle. Relaxin immunostaining was undetectable
      on Day 3 of the cycle but became evident by Days 7 and 9. At Day 11 staining
      intensity increased and persisted through Day 15. On Day 18 some stain was still
      evident, but by Days 19, 20, and 21 there was complete absence of immunostain.
      Relaxin immunostaining appeared to be located throughout the cytoplasm of the
      luteal cell, as clear areas in the nuclear region were often observed. The
      results suggest that relaxin is produced in low amounts by the luteal cells of
      the cyclic sow and that the levels fluctuate with stage of the cycle. Lack of
      evidence from radioimmunoassay for a surge of relaxin secretion into the systemic
      circulation prior to luteolysis in the pig estrous cycle suggests that the
      relaxin localized in the luteal cells of the cycle may have an intraovarian
      function.

PMID- 2420377
TI  - Prepubertal rat ovary: hormonal modulation of beta-adrenergic receptors and of
      progesterone response to adrenergic stimulation.
AB  - We have previously shown that, in the rat, ovarian beta-adrenergic receptor
      content varies during the time of puberty, with values first increasing and then
      decreasing abruptly on the afternoon of the first proestrus, i.e., at the time of
      the preovulatory surge of gonadotropins and prolactin (Prl). In the present
      study, experiments have been conducted to determine: 1) if hormones other than
      follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) that are known to be involved in regulating
      prepubertal ovarian function can mimic the facilitatory effect of FSH on
      progesterone (P) response of granulosa cells to beta-adrenergic stimulation; 2)
      if beta-adrenergic receptor content of granulosa cells is under hormonal
      regulation; and 3) whether the facilitatory effect of hormones on the P response
      to beta-adrenergic stimulation is due to an increased cyclic AMP response to
      receptor activation. A 48-h in vitro preexposure of granulosa cells from
      juvenile, 29-day-old ovaries to the pituitary hormones Prl, luteinizing hormone
      (LH), or FSH showed that only the latter was able to facilitate the subsequent P
      response to Zinterol, a beta2-adrenergic agonist. Follicle-stimulating hormone
      also increased basal P release. Of the two nonpituitary hormones examined, the
      luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist D-(Ala6,Pro9)-LHRH
      ethylamide (LHRH-A) failed to affect P responsiveness, whereas corticosterone
      enhanced both basal P release and P response to Zinterol. This effect was less
      pronounced than that of FSH. Luteinizing hormone, Prl and corticosterone
      decreased beta-adrenergic receptor content to different extents, with
      corticosterone being the most effective and LH the least (50% and 15% decrease,
      respectively); LHRH-A was ineffective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2420378
TI  - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone effects on placental hormones during gestation: I.
      Alpha-human chorionic gonadotropin, human chorionic gonadotropin and human
      chorionic somatomammotropin.
AB  - The release of alpha-human chorionic gonadotropin (alpha hCG), gonadotropin human
      chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) in vitro
      from placentas of different gestational ages was studied. In addition, the effect
      of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on these hormonal releases, as related
      to the gestational age of the placenta cultured and the dose of GnRH, was
      determined. The basal release of alpha hCG and hCG was greatest at 9-13 wk of
      gestation (1000-1500 ng/mg and 250-350 ng/mg, respectively). Lowest release rates
      were at term (28 ng/mg and 20 ng/mg, respectively). Hormonal release declined
      with extended culture, except from the cultures of 13- and 15-wk placentas, in
      which the initially high release continued throughout the 8 days of culture. The
      initial release of hCS was low at 6 wk, increased to maximum rates by 15 wk, and
      was similar to the initial rate of release at term. Gonadotropin-releasing
      hormone stimulated the release of alpha hCG and hCG most dramatically in cultures
      of 16-wk and 17-wk placentas, where as much as a 400- and 250-fold increase,
      respectively, on Day 6 of culture was observed (p less than 0.0001). In term
      placenta cultures after 6 days in vitro, a 20-fold stimulation of alpha hCG and a
      10-fold increase of hCG was effected by GnRH (p less than 0.001). The largest
      responses of alpha hCG and hCG to GnRH were observed when estrogen levels were
      low. Dose-related responses were observed in some placentas, yet in some
      instances, maximal effects were attained with all doses utilized in these studies
      (0.2 to 50 micrograms/ml). These data demonstrate that human placentas of
      different gestational ages have varying hormonogenic capabilities in vitro. The
      data also establish that synthetic GnRH is capable of stimulating alpha hCG and
      hCG production, but the degree and pattern of response to GnRH stimulation are
      related to the gestational age of the placental tissue and its time in culture.
      The most responsive period to exogenous GnRH stimulation of alpha hCG and hCG
      release was on Days 5 and 6 of culture, when basal estrogen release was very low.
      These data support the hypothesis that hCG release might be controlled by a
      chorionic GnRH stimulation and suggest that local steroid levels may modulate the
      hCG response to GnRH stimulation.

PMID- 2420379
TI  - Permeability of the primary decidual zone in the rat uterus: studies using
      fluorescein-labeled proteins and dextrans.
AB  - The primary decidual zone (PDZ) is a transitory avascular region of transformed
      fibroblasts surrounding the luminal epithelium at the implantation site. Since
      this zone may restrict the passage of immunoglobulins, cells, nutrients, and
      other substances from maternal blood to the epithelium and embryo from Days 6 to
      8 of pregnancy, it was of interest to study its permeability to blood-borne
      tracers. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled macromolecules were
      administered i.v. on Days 6 to 9 of pregnancy. The tracers included dextran (17
      kDa), horseradish peroxidase (40 kDa), ovalbumin (45 kDa), dextran (66 kDa),
      bovine serum albumin (BSA: 66 kDa), dextran (156 kDa), bovine immunoglobulin G
      (IgG; 160 kDa), and apoferritin (450 kDa). Ten minutes after administration on
      Days 6 or 7, FITC-labeled tracers of molecular masses of 45 kDa or less were
      localized in the intercellular spaces of the PDZ and in the blastocyst in small
      amounts. Tracers with molecular masses of 66 kDa were not detected in these
      regions up to 1 h after administration but were present in small amounts at 5 h.
      The 156 kDa and 160 kDa tracers were absent or present only in very small amounts
      in the PDZ and blastocyst up to 7 h after injection and apoferritin was
      completely absent at this time. By Day 9 the PDZ had regressed and maternal blood
      spaces were present adjacent to Reichert's membrane. One hour after
      administration on Day 9, large quantities of labeled BSA, IgG, and apoferritin
      appeared in the yolk sac endoderm but not in the underlying embryonic cells.
      These observations indicate that the PDZ is selectively permeable to blood-borne
      tracers on Days 6 and 7 of pregnancy, with permeability decreasing with
      increasing molecular mass. By restricting the passage of high molecular weight
      substances such as immunoglobulins, microorganisms, and immunocompetent cells,
      the PDZ may serve a protective function for the embryo, which is no longer
      protected by the uterine epithelium and has not yet fully developed its own
      protective layers, especially the yolk sac and Reichert's membrane.

PMID- 2420380
TI  - Chemical and physical properties of a hydrogel wound dressing.
AB  - Geliperm hydrogel provides optimal physiological conditions for wound healing.
      The material is composed of two interlaced networks, one of polyacrylamide and
      one of agar, and contains about 96% firmly bound water. It is supplied in smooth,
      elastic, transparent sheets which are impermeable to bacteria but permeable to
      gases, salts, metabolites and proteins. Geliperm is nontoxic and has no
      irritative properties. Mechanical properties, water retention and diffusion of
      dyes and proteins are reported. Bacterial size should preclude penetration of the
      gel. The hydrogel in granular form represents a coherent material which could be
      used in deep fissured wounds and for the treatment of injuries with a large
      amount of exudation and contamination.

PMID- 2420381
TI  - Structure of gramicidin A.
AB  - Gramicidin A, a hydrophobic linear polypeptide, forms channels in phospholipid
      membranes that are specific for monovalent cations. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
      (NMR) spectroscopy provided the first direct physical evidence that the channel
      conformation in membranes is an amino terminal-to-amino terminal helical dimer,
      and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy has shown the sensitivity of its
      conformation to different environments and the structural consequences of ion
      binding. The three-dimensional structure of a gramicidin/cesium complex has been
      determined by x-ray diffraction of single crystals using single wavelength
      anomalous scattering for phasing. The left-handed double helix in this crystal
      form corresponds to one of the intermediates in the process of folding and
      insertion into membranes. Co-crystals of gramicidin and lipid that appear to have
      gramicidin in their membrane channel conformation have also been formed and are
      presently under investigation. Hence, we have used a combination of spectroscopic
      and diffraction techniques to examine the conformation and functionally-related
      structural features of gramicidin A.

PMID- 2420382
TI  - Block of sodium channels by internal mono- and divalent guanidinium analogues.
      Modulation by sodium ion concentration.
AB  - We have investigated the block of squid axon sodium channels by mono- and
      divalent guanidinium analogues. The action of these compounds on steady state
      sodium currents was independent of the presence or absence of the normal
      inactivation process. Block by both mono- and divalent analogues was voltage
      dependent, but was a steeper function of potential for divalent molecules. The
      voltage-dependence could not, in general, be reproduced by a simple model based
      on Boltzmann's equation. Inhibition of steady state currents by guanidinium ions
      with 50 mM internal sodium was reasonably well described by a 1:1 drug/channel
      binding function. Increasing the internal sodium ion concentration increased both
      the degree and voltage-dependence of current inhibition. This is in sharp
      contrast to the decrease in inactivation caused by internal sodium. Changes in
      the external sodium concentration had very little effect on drug block. These
      results are consistent with a model of the sodium channel as a multi-ion pore.
      Only a small increase in block can be produced by increased internal sodium in a
      three-barrier two-site model, but a four-barrier three-site model can reproduce
      these experimental findings. The implications of these results for physical
      models of inactivation are discussed.

PMID- 2420383
TI  - Equilibrium binding constants for Tl+ with gramicidins A, B and C in a
      lysophosphatidylcholine environment determined by 205Tl nuclear magnetic
      resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 205Tl spectroscopy has been used to monitor the
      binding of Tl+ to gramicidins A, B, and C packaged in aqueous dispersions of
      lysophosphatidylcholine. For 5 mM gramicidin dimer in the presence of 100 mM
      lysophosphatidylcholine, only approximately 50% or less of the gramicidin appears
      to be accessible to Tl+. Analysis of the 205Tl chemical shift as a function of
      Tl+ concentration over the 0.65-50 mM range indicates that only one Tl+ ion can
      be bound by gramicidin A, B, or C under these experimental conditions. In this
      system, the Tl+ equilibrium binding constant is 582 +/- 20 M-1 for gramicidin
      1949 +/- 100 M-1 for gramicidin B, and 390 +/- 20 M-1 for gramicidin C.
      Gramicidin B not only binds Tl+ more strongly but it is also in a different
      conformational state than that of A and C, as shown by Circular Dichroism
      spectroscopy. The 205Tl NMR technique can now be extended to determinations of
      binding constants of other cations to gramicidin by competition studies using a
      205Tl probe.

PMID- 2420384
TI  - Determination of intramolecular distance distributions in a globular protein by
      nonradiative excitation energy transfer measurements.

PMID- 2420385
TI  - Self-association and solubility of peptides: solvent-titration study of N alpha
      protected C-terminal sequences of substance P.

PMID- 2420386
TI  - Influence of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate on the absorption of tetracycline.
AB  - A pilot bioavailability study was carried out to evaluate the drug interaction
      and influence of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DS) on the
      absorption/bioavailability of tetracycline. Three tetracycline products--a fast
      dissolving capsule, a slow dissolving capsule and a suspension, were used in the
      study. DS was administered 30 minutes before tetracycline administration; and on 
      3, -2 and -1 day in the evening before tetracycline administration. Frequent
      urine samples were collected up to 48 hours and analyzed by a microbiological
      method. Although not statistically significant in this small study, the results
      suggest that there is a reduction in tetracycline bioavailability due to DS. The
      indiscriminate use of surface active agents to increase the dissolution rate of
      solid oral dosage forms in the belief that the resulting increased dissolution
      improves product bioavailability must be questioned.

PMID- 2420387
TI  - Quantitative expression of epitopes defined by murine monoclonal antibodies on DR
      molecules from different HLA haplotypes.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies 50D6 and 21r5, reactive with human class II molecules, were
      analyzed quantitatively by flow cytometry and cellular radioimmunoassay for their
      binding to cells of different HLA-DR types. Monoclonal antibody 50D6 bound
      equally to cells of all DR types tested except DR7, where no reactivity was
      observed. Monoclonal antibody 21r5 was reactive with all cells. However, the
      percentage of DR molecules at the cell surface expressing 21r5 epitope varied
      with the DR type and increased as follows: DR3 = DR7 less than DR2 less than DR5
      less than DR4 less than DR1. MAb 50D6 reacted with an epitope spatially related
      to but distinct from the 21w4 epitope present on all DR molecules. The 50D6
      epitope was shown to be present on isolated DR1 molecules.

PMID- 2420388
TI  - Characterization of a human granulocyte differentiation antigen (CDw15) commonly
      recognized by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Many different anti-human granulocyte monoclonal antibodies recognize the same
      carbohydrate antigen which contains the trisaccharide 3-fucosyl-N
      acetyllactosamine. The antigen is expressed mainly on two cell surface
      glycoproteins of molecular weights around 105 K and 160 K which are apparently
      not members of the LFA-1 family of proteins. Although specific for granulocytes
      in blood, the antigen is expressed on a wide range of non-haemopoietic cell
      types.

PMID- 2420389
TI  - An immunological approach to study gonadotropin action at the cellular and
      molecular level.

PMID- 2420390
TI  - Some properties of 2-5A binding/nucleolytic activities in gel filtered rabbit
      reticulocyte lysates.
AB  - Rabbit reticulocyte lysates, gel filtered on Sephadex G-25 with or without ATP
      (or its analogs), were preincubated at 37 degrees C and their subsequent binding
      to p3A4,3'-[32P]pCp was studied. Lysates filtered without ATP or in the presence
      of 0.1 mM 8-bromo-ATP, 1,N6-etheno-ATP, or ITP showed a time-dependent decrease
      in binding activity. This decrease was completely prevented when lysates were
      filtered with 0.1 mM ATP, 2'-deoxy-ATP, beta-gamma-methylene-ATP, or ATP-gamma-S.
      The stability of binding provided by ATP or 2'-deoxy-ATP analogs corresponds to a
      more active 2-5A dependent endonucleolytic (RNAase L) activity based on studies
      using [3H] viral mRNA. Chromatography on heparin-agarose showed that ATP
      supplemented gel-filtered reticulocyte lysates had a different p3A4,3'-[32P]pCp
      binding activity elution-profile than lysates gel-filtered in the absence of ATP.
      Covalent cross-linking of periodate-oxidized p3A4,3'-[32P]pC to gel-filtered
      lysates, preincubated at 0 degree C or 37 degrees C for 30 min, showed the
      following results: all lysates gave a major cross-linking of the radioactive
      ligand to an 80 000 dalton polypeptide, regardless of the temperature of
      preincubation, lysates gel-filtered without ATP, with 0.1 mM ITP, or beta-gamma
      methylene-ATP, showed a significant reduction in the cross-linking of the 80 000
      dalton protein, after preincubation at 37 degrees C for 30 min. This decrease was
      accompanied by an increase in the labeling of two smaller polypeptides.

PMID- 2420391
TI  - [Electrical properties and transmembrane ion currents of single smooth-muscle
      cells].
AB  - Current and voltage clamp investigations of freshly isolated smooth muscle cells
      from guinea-pig ileum and taenia coli were performed using single suction
      micropipette technique. Specific membrane capacity of smooth muscle cells was
      calculated and accounted for 1.6 microF/cm2, with specific resistance varying
      from 50 to 150 k omega X cm2. Transmembrane currents consisted of two inward
      components, inactivating and noninactivating ones, carried by Ca2+ ions,
      overlapping with early activated potassium outward current. Time constant of
      inward current activation was not only voltage-sensitive but also ion-dependent.
      When Ca2+ ions in Krebs solution were replaced by Ba2+, both the rate of
      activation and inactivation of inward current were significantly reduced.
      Estimation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration increase has indicated that inward
      calcium current transports enough Ca2+ for direct contraction activation.

PMID- 2420392
TI  - [Effect of lithium oxybutyrate on the serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      content in the brain of rabbits].
AB  - Single administration of lithium hydroxybutyrate (10 mg/kg) to rabbits decreased
      serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) content in the caudate nucleus.
      The drug administration for 8 days is accompanied by mediator accumulation in the
      cortex, caudate nucleus, tonsils, hypothalamus, thalamus, and midbrain with
      parallel reduction in 5-HIAA level in these structures. 15 days of lithium
      hydroxybutyrate administration lead to the increase of serotonin and 5-HIAA
      concentration, while 28 days of administration reduced the content of mediator
      and its metabolite.

PMID- 2420393
TI  - [Precipitating monoclonal antibodies to 1 of the antigenic determinants of
      streptococcal group-A polysaccharide].
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MCA) to streptococcal group A polysaccharide (A-PS) were
      prepared. Precipitating MCA are directed to the determinant common for A-PS and
      streptococcal group L polysaccharide (L-PS). The antibodies react in the
      immunodiffusion test and give identity reaction in A- and L-PS tests. Other MCA
      are non-precipitating but react with A-PS studied by immunoenzyme method. The
      reasons for the formation of precipitating and non-precipitating MCA to different
      antigenic determinants of A-PS are discussed.

PMID- 2420394
TI  - Monoclonal antibody-defined functional epitopes on the adhesion-promoting
      glycoprotein complex (CDw18) of human neutrophils.
AB  - We have evaluated the functional and immunochemical activities of three
      monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) minimally reactive with adherence-defective
      neutrophils (PMN) from a patient with recurrent bacterial infections. In studies
      with normal PMN, MoAbs OKM1 and 60.1 both precipitate the same 165kd alpha
      subunit (alpha M) within an alpha-beta heterodimer complex (CD11). The CD11
      complex is part of a larger complex composed of four glycoproteins (CDw18)
      precipitated by MoAb 60.3, with properties suggesting that the CDw18 complex is
      equivalent to the Mac-1, LFA-1, p150, 95 glycoprotein family implicated in
      adherence-dependent leukocyte functions. PMN adherence to endothelium, spreading
      on surfaces, aggregation, and phagocytosis of zymosan particles were all
      inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by MoAb 60.1 (analogous to previous studies
      with MoAb 60.3) while MoAb OKM1 had no effect. These findings unify previously
      disparate observations and suggest that a functionally active site on the
      adherence promoting glycoprotein complexes CD11 and CDw18 is distant from the
      alpha M epitope recognized by MoAb OKM1 but closely associated with the alpha M
      epitope recognized by MoAb 60.1 and the beta-epitope (or epitope created by alpha
      beta quaternary structure) recognized by MoAb 60.3.

PMID- 2420395
TI  - On the mechanism of Hb F elevations in the baboon by erythropoietic stress and
      pharmacologic manipulation.
AB  - Maximal fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) elevations in the baboon subsequent to phenyl
      hydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia, bleeding, bleeding plus hydroxyurea (HU), or
      cytosine arabinoside were two to three times lower than those achieved with
      bleeding plus 5-azacytidine (azaC). Because, in the baboon, maximal elevations in
      F cell numbers occurred with bleeding alone, changes in the levels of Hb F in
      hemolysates and in Hb F per F cell could be considered to be due to the
      administered drugs. Erythropoietic toxicity of azaC was minimal, making it
      unlikely that the marked elevations of Hb F were due to shifts in the population
      of erythroid progenitors and precursors and more likely that they were related to
      a biochemical effect of the drug on DNA. The data indicate marked DNA
      hypomethylation. This was also found to be associated, but to a much lesser
      extent, with the modest Hb F elevations after bleeding, hemolysis, and treatment
      with HU. This drug had greater erythroid toxicity than azaC, and it appeared that
      the Hb F elevations occurred mainly on the rebound from the early cytotoxicity.
      The explanation of the molecular DNA changes with this drug and in erythropoietic
      stress alone remains unknown.

PMID- 2420396
TI  - [Eosinophilic bodies in the proximal renal tubules of rats given potassium
      bromate].

PMID- 2420397
TI  - The relaxant action of nicorandil in guinea-pig isolated trachealis.
AB  - Nicorandil (1-1000 mumol l-1) caused concentration-dependent relaxation of guinea
      pig isolated trachealis. Propranolol (1 mumol l-1) did not modify the relaxant
      action of nicorandil but antagonized isoprenaline. Among K+-channel inhibitors
      tested, apamin (0.1 mumol l-1) and procaine (5 mmol l-1) did not modify the
      relaxant action of nicorandil. In contrast, tetraethylammonium (TEA, 8 mmol l-1)
      caused five fold antagonism. Trachealis exposed to K+-rich (120 mmol l-1) Krebs
      solution developed near-maximal tension. Nicorandil relaxed the K+-depolarized
      tissue though its concentration-effect curve was shifted markedly to the right.
      In tissues in which tone was induced by histamine, methylene blue (100 mumol l-1)
      antagonized nicorandil and sodium nitroprusside but did not modify the relaxant
      action of aminophylline. Intracellular electrophysiological recording showed that
      nicorandil (1 mumol l-1) could evoke some relaxation in the absence of electrical
      changes. Higher concentrations (10-1000 mumol l-1) reduced the amplitude and
      frequency of spontaneous electrical slow waves. Nicorandil also caused
      concentration-dependent hyperpolarization and relaxation. When the
      hyperpolarization was sufficiently pronounced slow wave activity was abolished.
      TEA (8 mmol l-1) induced slow waves which were surmounted by a spike potential.
      TEA slightly reduced the maximal hyperpolarization induced by nicorandil and
      increased the time required for nicorandil to abolish slow wave discharge.
      Procaine (5 mmol l-1) induced slow waves of relatively low frequency. Sometimes
      these were surmounted by a spike potential Procaine markedly reduced the
      hyperpolarization induced by nicorandil and increased the time required for
      abolition of slow waves. In studies of the efflux of 86Rb+ from muscle-rich
      strips of trachea, nicorandil (1000 mumol l-1) increased the efflux rate
      constant, whereas isoprenaline (1 mumol l-1) was without effect. It is concluded
      that nicorandil-induced relaxation does not involve the activation of beta
      adrenoceptors but is partly attributable to the formation of nitric oxide from
      the nitrate moiety in its molecular structure. Nicorandil can evoke relaxation in
      the absence of membrane potential change but towards the upper end of its
      effective concentration range, nicorandil increases membrane K+ conductance and
      thereby evokes hyperpolarization of trachealis cells. The K+ channels opened by
      nicorandil are permeable to 86Rb, insensitive to apamin and TEA but may be
      inhibited by procaine.

PMID- 2420398
TI  - Effects of Bay K 8644 on 45Ca uptake and efflux and on contraction in the rabbit
      aorta.
AB  - Contractions induced by K+, noradrenaline and 11,9-epoxymethano prostaglandin H2
      (11,9-epoxymethano PGH2) were accompanied by a large, moderate and negligible
      stimulation of 45Ca uptake in rabbit aortic rings, respectively. Bay K 8644, 14
      and 56 nM, enhanced both the contraction and the 45Ca uptake stimulated by all 3
      agonists. In the absence of agonists, Bay K 8644 (14 and 56 nM) caused a small
      contraction and increase in 45Ca uptake. 45Ca efflux was increased by
      noradrenaline, and Bay K 8644 augmented this. In Ca-free solution, contractions
      induced by noradrenaline or 11,9-epoxymethano PGH2 were not augmented by Bay K
      8644. Nifedipine (0.1 microM) antagonized 45Ca uptake stimulated by K+ or
      noradrenaline. Nifedipine also reduced the stimulant effect of Bay K 8644 on 45Ca
      uptake in the presence of all three agonists. It is concluded that, in the rabbit
      aorta, Bay K 8644 enhances the opening of Ca channels both during depolarization
      and in the presence of receptor-specific agonists and is also able to open Ca
      channels under basal conditions. Bay K 8644 appears not to reduce Ca efflux or
      enhance Ca release from intracellular stores.

PMID- 2420399
TI  - Iloprost (ZK 36374) enhances recovery of regional myocardial function during
      reperfusion after coronary artery occlusion in the pig.
AB  - Ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in open-chest pigs for
      20 min caused a complete loss of regional myocardial function, which did not
      recover during the first two hours of reperfusion. Infusion of the stable
      prostacyclin analogue Iloprost (100 ng kg-1 min-1) did not prevent the loss of
      systolic wall function during ischaemia. Recovery of regional myocardial function
      during the first two hours of reperfusion was enhanced to 40% of baseline by
      Iloprost. This effect of Iloprost cannot be explained by a decreased O2-demand
      during ischaemia or an enhanced recovery of myocardial ATP content.

PMID- 2420400
TI  - Studies on the receptor mediating cyclic AMP-independent enhancement by adenosine
      of IgE-dependent mediator release from rat mast cells.
AB  - Adenosine produced a concentration-related enhancement of antigen-induced 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release from rat serosal mast cells. This potentiation
      was maximal following the simultaneous addition of adenosine with antigen.
      Enhancement of 5-HT release was accompanied by potentiation of the adenosine
      3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) response to challenge. The cyclic AMP
      response, which was antagonized by 8-phenyltheophylline, was characterized as an
      A2-purinoceptor-mediated effect by the use of 5'-N-ethylcarboxamideadenosine
      (NECA) and L-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA). Enhancement of 5-HT release,
      conversely, was not blocked by 8-phenyltheophylline suggesting it to be mediated
      by a cyclic AMP-independent mechanism. The effect of adenosine on 5-HT release
      was not reduced by the inhibition of the facilitated uptake of adenosine with
      dipyridamole, hexobendine or p-nitrobenzylthioguanosine, therefore, suggesting it
      to be mediated by a cell surface receptor. The receptor mediating enhancement of
      5-HT does not appear to belong to the P2-purinoceptor subtype as adenosine was
      more potent than both adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine diphosphate
      (ADP) and alpha, beta-methylene ATP was inactive. Furthermore, the effects of AMP
      were blocked by alpha, beta-methylene ADP, which inhibits the conversion of AMP
      to adenosine. Adenosine, NECA, L- and D-PIA were all of equal potency in
      enhancing 5-HT release. Inosine and 3-deazaadenosine were also active. The rank
      order of potency of these adenosine analogues is not consistent with an effect at
      A1- or A2-purinoceptors. There appear to be two adenosine receptors on rat mast
      cells, an A2-purinoceptor which stimulates adenylate cyclase and a separate
      purinoceptor, stimulation of which produces enhancement of mediator release by an
      unknown mechanism. The effects mediated by these receptors appear to be
      independent of each other.

PMID- 2420401
TI  - Anaesthesia abolishes the effect of valproate on extracellular 5-HIAA, DOPAC and
      ascorbate as measured in rat striatum by differential pulse voltammetry.
AB  - The effect of sodium valproate (VPA, 400 mg kg-1, i.p.) on extracellular
      ascorbate, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      (5-HIAA) in the striatum was examined by differential pulse voltammetry in
      anaesthetized and freely-moving rats. In rats anaesthetized with chloral hydrate
      (400 mg kg-1, i.p.) pentobarbitone (50 mg kg-1, i.p.) or phenobarbitone (60 mg kg
      1, i.p.), VPA produced no significant changes in peak 1 (extracellular ascorbate)
      or peak 2 (extracellular DOPAC), but produced a slight but statistically
      significant reduction in the height of peak 3 (extracellular 5-HIAA). In
      contrast, in freely-moving rats the same dose of VPA greatly reduced
      extracellular ascorbate and DOPAC concentrations, and increased that of 5-HIAA.
      These results suggest that VPA may reduce the release or turnover of dopamine,
      and increase that of 5-hydroxytryptamine in conscious rats. Our data also suggest
      that caution may be required in the interpretation of the effects of VPA in
      anaesthetized animals, as the results obtained may not always reflect the
      situation in the absence of anaesthesia.

PMID- 2420402
TI  - A comparison of the effects of three substance P antagonists on tachykinin
      stimulated [3H]-acetylcholine release in the guinea-pig ileum.
AB  - The potencies of three tachykinin antagonists [D-Pro4,D-Trp7,9,10]SP(4-11), [D
      Arg1,D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9,Leu11]SP(1-11) and [D-Arg1,D-Trp7,9,Leu11]SP(1-11)
      (spantide) against eledoisin were examined in the guinea-pig ileum myenteric
      plexus, where a continuous superfusion system was employed to examine evoked
      release of [3H]-acetylcholine [( 3H]-ACh]); effects on mechanical activity of the
      preparations were also measured. Eledoisin was chosen as the standard tachykinin
      agonist since the rank order of potency observed in evoking release was
      eledoisin, kassinin, substance P, physalaemin; on this basis is may be presumed
      that an 'SP-E' type receptor was involved in the release process. The two
      undecapeptide antagonists both significantly reduced the response to eledoisin
      (10 nM) as assessed by both [3H]-ACh release and mechanical activity which under
      these conditions was largely dependent on ACh release, and the response levels
      could be restored by increasing the concentration of eledoisin to 100 nM. The pA2
      values for the two antagonists were estimated as 5.3 for [D-Arg1,D-Pro2,D
      Trp7,9,Leu11]SP(1-11) and 5.2 for [D-Arg1,D-Trp7,9,Leu11]SP(1-11). [D-Pro4,D
      Trp7,9,10]SP(4-11) was markedly less potent with a pA2 value of less than 4.8.
      All three antagonists possessed considerable inherent stimulatory activity as
      measured both by [3H]-ACh release and mechanical activity, [D-Pro4,D
      Trp7,9,10]SP(4-11) being the most active in this respect, a 10 microM
      concentration producing 50% of the response seen with 10 nM eledoisin. These
      findings are discussed both in relation to tachykinin receptor classifications
      and limitations in the use of such antagonists in the study of the role of
      tachykinins in neurotransmission.

PMID- 2420403
TI  - An examination of the pharmacology of two substance P antagonists and the
      evidence for tachykinin receptor subtypes.
AB  - The potencies of two tachykinin antagonists [D-Pro4,D-Trp7,9,10]-SP(4-11) and [D
      Arg1,D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9,Leu11]-SP(1-11) against four tachykinins were examined in a
      range of smooth muscle preparations, including guinea-pig ileum and bladder and
      rat colon muscularis mucosae and duodenum. Parallel shifts in the log dose
      response curves of all the tachykinins tested were observed in all tissues,
      except in the case of the guinea-pig bladder where [D-Pro4, D-Trp7,9,10]-SP(4-11)
      was without effect at concentrations up to 32 microM. The slopes of the Schild
      plots for the two antagonists did not differ significantly from unity, with the
      exception of [D-Pro4, D-Trp7,9,10]-SP(4-11) in the rat duodenum, which may
      indicate a heterogeneous receptor population in this tissue. The antagonists
      displayed agonist selectivity in the case of the guinea-pig ileum where log dose
      response curves to substance P and physalaemin were shifted less than those to
      eledoisin and kassinin. Rank orders of potency for eledoisin, kassinin,
      physalaemin and substance P in the five preparations studied allowed
      classification of the tissues by the predominant receptor type according to the
      'SP-P' and 'SP-E' scheme. It is concluded that [D-Pro4, D-Trp7,9,10]-SP(4-11), in
      particular, displays tissue selectivity that may indicate different receptor
      populations, but classification of receptor and tissue types on this basis does
      not fully correspond with classifications based on agonist potencies. Such
      schemes should therefore be treated with caution at this stage.

PMID- 2420404
TI  - Prostaglandin E receptor subtypes in smooth muscle: agonist activities of stable
      prostacyclin analogues.
AB  - The agonist activities of a range of prostaglandin analogues on smooth muscle
      preparations sensitive to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have been investigated. When
      necessary thromboxane-like activity was eliminated using the thromboxane receptor
      antagonists EP 045 and EP 092. On the bullock iris sphincter, rat stomach fundus
      and guinea-pig trachea, (+/-) omega-tetranor-16-p-chlorophenoxy PGE2 (ICI 80205)
      and 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 were more active contractile agents than PGE2, whereas
      for relaxant activity on the cat trachea, guinea-pig trachea and dog hind limb
      arterial vessels in vivo the order of potency was reversed. 11-Deoxy PGE1
      exhibited greater relaxant than contractile activity when compared to PGE2.
      Iloprost and 6a-carba-delta 6,6aPGI1 (potent mimetics of PGI2) showed high
      contractile activity on the PGE-sensitive preparations. PGI2 was less active and
      another potent PGI2 mimetic, ZK 96480, showed only very weak activity. When
      tested, the dibenzoxazepines SC 19220 and SC 25191 blocked the contractile
      actions of iloprost and 6a-carba-delta 6,6aPGI1 and those of PGE2 and 16,16
      dimethyl PGE2 to similar extents. Each of the PGI2 analogues showed weak activity
      on the relaxant systems. On the proximal portion of the ascending colon of the
      rat, PGI2, iloprost, 6a-carba-delta 6,6aPGI1 and ZK 96480 always inhibited
      spontaneous activity at nanomolar concentrations. PGE2 and PGE1 showed weak
      contractile activity. The distal portion of the ascending colon was more
      responsive to the contractile action of PGE analogues: both iloprost and 6a-carba
      delta 6,6aPGI1 showed evidence of contractile activity, whereas PGI2 and ZK 96480
      always inhibited spontaneous activity. Evidence was obtained that the rat stomach
      fundus also contains a PGF receptor; (+/-) omega-tetranor-16-m
      trifluoromethylphenoxy PGF2 alpha (ICI 81008) acted as a specific agonist. PGF2
      alpha and its omega-tetranor-16-p-fluorophenoxy analogue produced a higher
      maximum response that ICI 81008 probably due to their additional agonist action
      at the PGE receptor. The data support the hypothesis that there are two subtypes
      of the PGE receptor. ZK 96480 has minimal activity on both receptor subtypes and
      appears to be a highly specific PGI2 mimetic.

PMID- 2420405
TI  - Mechanism of action of ketamine in the current and voltage clamped myelinated
      nerve fibre of the frog.
AB  - The effects of the general anaesthetic ketamine, on the frog isolated node of
      Ranvier, were studied under current and voltage clamp conditions. Ketamine (0.5
      and 1 mM) reversibly decreased the amplitude of the action potential and
      increased both the duration of the action potential and the threshold potential.
      When the K current was blocked, spontaneous action potentials appeared after
      washout of the drug. Ketamine rapidly blocked the Na current and more slowly
      modified a fraction of Na channels (about 10%) to give rise to a non
      inactivatable (late) Na current. After washout of the drug, the block reversed
      more rapidly than the ketamine-induced late Na current disappeared. Steady-state
      outward, peak Na and ketamine-induced late Na currents were rapidly and
      reversibly blocked by ketamine with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.7 mM.
      Both peak Na and ketamine-induced late Na currents were reversibly blocked by
      procaine.

PMID- 2420406
TI  - Inotropic effects of Ca2+ channel agonist and antagonists in neuraminidase
      treated left atria of rats.
AB  - The effects of removal of sialic acid from cardiac sarcolemma on contractile
      functions and on inotropic responses to Ca2+ channel agonist and antagonists were
      investigated in rat left atria. About 64% of the total sialic acid content of the
      left atria was removed during a 90 min exposure to neuraminidase (2 u ml-1). The
      removal of sialic acid neither affected the development of twitch tension induced
      by stimulation at a frequency of 0.5 Hz, nor altered the interval-dependent
      changes in contractility such as the force-frequency relationship and post rest
      contractions. The positive inotropic effects produced by isoprenaline, and by an
      increase in extracellular Ca2+ concentration were the same in the neuraminidase
      treated preparations as those in the untreated preparations. Bay K 8644, a Ca2+
      channel agonist, induced an increase in contractility in the neuraminidase
      treated preparations comparable to that in the untreated ones. Neuraminidase
      treatment significantly attenuated the negative inotropic effects of verapamil
      and diltiazem, whereas it had no effect on that of nifedipine. The results
      indicate that sialic acid removal modifies neither the basal contractile
      functions nor the positive inotropism which is associated with an enhancement of
      the slow inward Ca2+ current. However, sialic acid, which constitutes the
      glycocalyx of the cardiac sarcolemma, may be involved in the mechanism of the
      Ca2+ channel antagonistic actions of verapamil and diltiazem, but not that of
      nifedipine. Thus, our results provide pharmacological evidence that verapamil and
      diltiazem behave differently from the dihydropyridine compounds.

PMID- 2420407
TI  - Pharmacological treatments of dementia (non-cholinergic).

PMID- 2420408
TI  - Tumour markers in germ cell tumours.

PMID- 2420409
TI  - Hairy cell leukemia: 1986.

PMID- 2420410
TI  - Aphasia for Morse code.
AB  - The ability to communicate by Morse code at high speed has, to our knowledge, not
      been localized within the cerebral cortex, but might be suspected as residing
      within the left (dominant) hemisphere. We report a case of a 54-year-old male who
      suffered a left temporal tip intracerebral hematoma and who temporarily lost his
      ability to communicate in Morse code, but who was minimally aphasic.

PMID- 2420411
TI  - Control, activation, and resource: a framework and a model for the control of
      speech in bilinguals.
AB  - This paper proposes a framework for examining the way in which bilinguals control
      the use of their two languages. In so doing it seeks to extend current functional
      descriptions of language production and to provide a single scheme in which both
      normal and pathological performance can be understood. Within the overall
      framework a specific model is developed. It is compatible with current findings,
      makes predictions about the performance of normal as well as brain-damaged
      bilinguals, and explains some previously puzzling findings.

PMID- 2420412
TI  - Communicative gestures in aphasia.
AB  - Gestural communications of 10 mild and moderate aphasics and five controls were
      examined in two conditions: Face-to-face informal dyadic conversation and
      restricted visual access between speaker and listener. Gestural production was
      significantly reduced with restriction of visual access, supporting the posited
      communicative function of the hand and arm gestures investigated in this study.
      No differences were found between aphasic and control subjects in the rate of
      gestural communication in the natural condition of face-to-face interaction.
      Moderate aphasics, however, were found to produce proportionally fewer of the
      complex semantic modifying and relational communicative gestures and more
      nonspecific, nonconsensually shared, unclear gestures. Gestural complexity was
      significantly negatively correlated with measures of linguistic impairment for
      the aphasics. The relationship between the frequency and complexity of
      communicative gestures and concurrent verbalizations was also examined. The
      findings of this study provide confirmation for the view that there is an
      identifiable class of gestures utilized by aphasics for communication, aphasics
      are impaired in their gestural communicative competence in natural conditions of
      communication, and the quality of aphasics' gestural communications parallels
      changes in their verbal communication patterns.

PMID- 2420414
TI  - Detection of cell surface sodium channels by monoclonal antibodies--could the
      channels become exposed to the external surface and 'down regulated' by binding
      to antibodies?
AB  - Different domains of the sodium channel were characterized in rat sciatic nerve
      according to the binding of antibodies to their antigenic determinants. An
      extracellular domain, accessible to antibodies, modulates channel conductance.
      Another domain, which is not involved in the physiological activity, becomes
      accessible to externally applied antibodies only after prolonged exposure. This
      study also revealed mobile antigenic determinants whose internalization can be
      detected by immunofluorescence.

PMID- 2420413
TI  - Altered responsiveness to substance P and 5-hydroxytryptamine in cat dorsal horn
      neurons after 5-HT depletion with p-chlorophenylalanine.
AB  - The responsiveness of functionally identified cat spinal dorsal horn neurons to
      iontophoretically applied substance P (SP) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has
      been investigated by means of extracellular recording after 5-HT depletion with p
      chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA). In addition, the spinal levels of 5-HT, SP,
      cholecystokinin octapeptide, neurotensin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      have been measured in intact and p-CPA-pretreated cats. In the present study we
      have demonstrated an altered responsiveness of dorsal horn neurons to locally
      applied SP and 5-HT. We found in p-CPA-pretreated cats that the proportion of
      neurons responding with excitation to SP and 5-HT was significantly increased. At
      the same time, depression induced by 5-HT in the dorsal horn cells was virtually
      absent in p-CPA-pretreated animals. Our finding that spinal level of 5-HT was
      significantly decreased in p-CPA-treated animals is consistent with previous
      studies. No convincing alteration in the spinal levels of 4 analyzed peptides was
      found in p-CPA-treated animals. The present study has shown that pharmacological
      depletion of 5-HT has two major effects: (1) it increases significantly the
      proportion of dorsal horn neurons excited by SP and 5-HT; and (2) it is
      ineffective in inducing 5-HT supersensitivity. Further work is needed to explain
      mechanisms involved in these effects.

PMID- 2420415
TI  - Postnatal development of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers of the
      spinal cord of the rat.
AB  - The development of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH)-immunoreactive fibers of the
      rat spinal cord was studied in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions at
      birth, 6, 14, 30 and 90 days of age. The adult pattern of distribution of DBH
      immunoreactive fibers is similar to that of catecholaminergic histofluorescence.
      Our results suggest that DBH immunoreactivity is more sensitive than glyoxylic
      acid methods in early development, since the immunocytochemical method
      demonstrates stained fibers at an earlier age than the histofluorescence method.
      At birth noradrenergic innervation was already established; DBH immunoreactivity
      was notable in the ventral horn of the lumbar region and in the zona intermedia
      (ZI); the new finding was that not only the intermediolateral cell column but
      also the dorsal autonomic nucleus and the transverse connections between them
      were distinctly stained and were periodically organized. With increasing age, the
      general rule is that the intensity of the staining increased simultaneously in
      all regions. In the gray matter, networks of stained fibers became more complex.
      In contrast to earlier workers, we found no evidence for 'selective destruction'
      of noradrenergic fibers within the ZI in the postnatal period. The exceptions to
      the rule are DBH-immunoreactive fibers in the ventral white matter; these fibers
      increased in number up to day 14 and appeared to decrease thereafter; they were
      most numerous in the cervical region and diminished in number caudally; these
      fibers were diffuse in the cervical region but as they coursed caudally they
      became concentrated in a more ventral marginal location.

PMID- 2420416
TI  - Maturation of rat visual cortex. III. Postnatal morphogenesis and synaptogenesis
      of local circuit neurons.
AB  - The postnatal development of 3 types of local circuit neurons in rat visual
      cortex was examined in Golgi and electron microscopic preparations. During the
      first postnatal week, smooth and sparsely spinous stellate, bitufted and bipolar
      neurons were identified in Golgi material by their characteristic dendritic
      arborizations. Morphological differentiation begins during this week, as each
      neuron sprouts dendrites which extend, branch and produce spines, and ends by day
      21. This differentiation was traced by quantifying the somatic area and number of
      primary dendrites on stellate, bitufted and bipolar neurons in layer II/III or
      layer V. Neurons in deep cortex differentiate earlier than those in superficial
      laminae. On day 3, axons are evident as short, straight processes, however, by
      day 6, many axons have branches and varicosities. The increase in the complexity
      of the axonal trees continues during the second and third postnatal weeks. Since
      the axons of stellate and bitufted neurons form synapses with the somata of
      pyramidal neurons, an index of the synaptogenesis of these neurons was traced by
      counting the numbers of synapses on the somata of pyramidal neurons. The mean
      number of axosomatic synapses increases steadily from day 3 to day 30. Layer V
      pyramidal neurons form axosomatic synapses before pyramidal neurons in layer
      II/III. In conclusion, the morphology of local circuit neurons develops during
      the period after they migrate into cortex. The principle that cortical local
      circuit neurons develop after projection neurons only applies for the
      synaptogenesis of the axon, but not for the maturation of the cell body and
      dendrites.

PMID- 2420418
TI  - Timm's method modified for human tissue and compatible with adjacent section
      histofluorescence in the rat.
AB  - A simple dip method of Timm staining was developed. Because perfusion with
      sulphides and/or aldehydes is not required for adequate staining, the method can
      be employed with more control on human tissue taken at autopsy. Timm-stained
      human hippocampus reveals silver deposition in the mossy fiber region with a
      distribution similar to that in rats, but with some variation in the extent of
      penetration into stratum pyramidale. Adjacent cryostat sections of rat brain can
      be reacted for glyoxylic acid induced fluorescence by using the SPG dip method.

PMID- 2420417
TI  - Lateral hypothalamic innervation of the cerebral cortex: immunoreactive staining
      for a peptide resembling but immunochemically distinct from pituitary/arcuate
      alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone.
AB  - The combination of retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and indirect
      immunofluorescence has been used to study the putative neurotransmitter
      specificity of the tuberal lateral hypothalamic projection to the cerebral
      cortex. Injections of either fast blue or diamidino yellow dye into the cerebral
      cortex or hippocampus retrogradely labeled large, multipolar neurons scattered
      through the lateral hypothalamic area and zona incerta at the level of the
      ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Approximately 80% of these neurons
      stained immunohistochemically with an antiserum against alpha-melanocyte
      stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). A second population of smaller, predominantly
      bipolar alpha-MSH-like immunoreactive neurons was seen in the arcuate nucleus and
      retrochiasmatic area, but none of these projected to the cerebral cortex.
      Immunohistochemical staining for ACTH (18-24), another proopiomelanocortin series
      peptide, or with an antiserum against alpha-MSH (4-10) demonstrated only the
      second of these cell groups. Our results indicate that the tuberal lateral
      hypothalamic projection to the cerebral cortex contains a substance similar but
      not identical to alpha-MSH, and that this material is probably not derived from
      the same proopiomelanocortin precursor as true alpha-MSH.

PMID- 2420419
TI  - [Natriuretic hormones].

PMID- 2420420
TI  - [Selective binding of cations of alkaline metals and alkaline earth metals on
      biological structures].

PMID- 2420421
TI  - [The regulatory role of membrane protein conformation in trans-sarcolemmal
      transport of cations during the contraction-relaxation cycle of the heart].

PMID- 2420422
TI  - Choices of curative and palliative care for cancer patients.
AB  - Decision-making in cancer treatment is a complex art that requires specific
      attention by the physician who is principally responsible for the patient.
      Whenever possible, the aim should be to advance the patient's interests as the
      patient defines them. To achieve this, the patient must understand the situation
      and the likely outcomes of treatment options that might be of benefit, must be
      free of coercion and manipulation and capable of self-determination, and must be
      capable of reasoning. When a patient cannot collaborate in the decision-making,
      the physician needs to recognize this and a surrogate should be chosen to speak
      on the patient's behalf. The range of treatment options must not be unduly
      narrowed by lack of consideration, incorrect understanding of the governing moral
      and legal prohibitions, or unreflective use of imprecise categories.

PMID- 2420423
TI  - [Immunocytochemical analysis of brain astrocytes by GFAP antiserum].

PMID- 2420424
TI  - Procainamide induced sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in a patient
      with benign premature ventricular complexes.
AB  - A 59-year old female with history of benign ventricular ectopy who developed
      sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) during therapy with
      procainamide is reported. The tachycardia occurred 24 hours after institution of
      procainamide without any other evidence of drug toxicity or QT prolongation. When
      procainamide was withheld, VT resolved completely and no arrhythmia could be
      induced by programmed ventricular stimulation. When the patient was rechallenged
      with procainamide at therapeutic level, sustained monomorphic VT was initiated
      reproducibly by programmed ventricular stimulation. Without antiarrhythmic
      therapy, patient has been asymptomatic and free of recurrent VT after a follow-up
      of 9 months. This case: Demonstrates that procainamide may cause the first
      emergence of sustained monomorphic VT in a patient with no previous history of
      VT; and Emphasizes the utility of programmed ventricular stimulation in providing
      direct evidence for drug mediated exacerbation of the ventricular arrhythmia.

PMID- 2420425
TI  - Corneal vascularization.

PMID- 2420426
TI  - The therapeutic use of heroin: a review of the pharmacological literature.
AB  - Heroin is currently being advocated by some as a superior therapeutic agent for
      use in terminal illness. However, a review of the literature on heroin presently
      available does not support this contention. Administered orally, heroin is
      approximately 1.5 times more potent than morphine in controlling chronic pain in
      terminal cancer patients. Its effects on mood and the incidence and nature of
      side effects do not differ from those of morphine except in males where poorer
      pain control probably accounts for the worse effect on mood. Given parenterally
      for acute pain, heroin is 2-4 times more potent than morphine and faster in onset
      of action. When the potency difference is accounted for, the pharmacological
      effects of heroin do not differ appreciably from those of morphine. Heroin is
      metabolized to 6-acetylmorphine and morphine. After oral administration of
      heroin, morphine but not heroin or 6-acetylmorphine is detected in blood. In this
      case, heroin is a prodrug for the delivery of systemic morphine. Following acute
      i.v. administration, heroin appears transiently in blood with a half-life of
      about 3 min. The half-life of heroin exposed to blood or serum in vitro is 9-22
      min, indicating that organ metabolism is involved in blood clearance as well.
      Direct renal clearance of heroin is less than 1% of the administered dose. In
      animal studies, heroin and 6-acetylmorphine are both more potent and faster
      acting than morphine as analgesics, effects attributed to their greater lipid
      solubility and subsequent penetration of the blood-brain barrier. Given
      centrally, morphine is more potent than heroin and 6-acetylmorphine in producing
      analgesia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2420427
TI  - The physiologic reserve in oxygen carrying capacity: studies in experimental
      hemodilution.
AB  - The mechanisms by which the body attempts to avoid tissue hypoxia when total body
      oxygen delivery is compromised during acute anemia are reviewed. When the
      hematocrit is reduced by isovolemic hemodilution the compensatory adjustments
      include an increase in cardiac output, redistribution of blood flow to some
      tissues, and an increase in the whole body oxygen extraction ratio. These
      responses permit whole body oxygen uptake to be maintained until the hematocrit
      has been lowered to about 10%. Several factors are discussed which contribute to
      the increase in cardiac output during acute anemia including the reduction in
      blood viscosity, sympathetic innervation of the heart, and increased venomotor
      tone. The latter has been shown to be dependent on intact aortic chemoreceptors.
      With respect to peripheral vascular responses, the rise in coronary and cerebral
      blood flows which occur following hemodilution is proportionally greater than the
      increase in cardiac output while the opposite is true for kidney, liver, spleen,
      and intestine. Skeletal muscle does not contribute to a redistribution of blood
      flow to more vital areas during acute anemia despite its relatively large
      anaerobic capacity. Overall, peripheral compensatory adjustments result in an
      increased oxygen extraction ratio during acute anemia which reflects a better
      matching of the limited oxygen supply to tissue oxygen demands. However, some
      areas such as muscle are relatively overperfused which limits an even more
      efficient utilization of the reduced oxygen supply. Studies of the response of
      the microcirculation and the extent to which sympathetic vascular controls are
      involved in peripheral blood flow regulation are necessary to further appreciate
      the complex pattern of physiological responses which help ensure survival of the
      organism during acute anemia.

PMID- 2420428
TI  - Intrathecal synthesis of autoantibodies to myelin basic protein in multiple
      sclerosis.
AB  - A solid phase radioimmunoassay was used to detect anti-myelin basic protein (MBP)
      antibodies in the CSF and serum of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and controls.
      CSF and serum samples were assayed prior to acid hydrolysis in order to detect
      free anti-MBP as well as after acid hydrolysis to measure the total (free and
      bound) amount of antibody. An anti-MBP index controlling for serum levels as well
      as the degree of breakdown of the blood brain barrier was used to estimate
      intrathecal synthesis of anti-MBP. MS patients with acute exacerbations or
      chronically progressive disease have significantly elevated levels of both free
      and total CSF anti-MBP. The anti-MBP index is also significantly increased in MS
      patients with both forms of active disease. Anti-MBP antibodies are intrathecally
      produced in MS patients with active disease.

PMID- 2420429
TI  - Effect of methylprednisolone on CSF IgG parameters, myelin basic protein and anti
      myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis exacerbations.
AB  - Clinical exacerbations of multiple sclerosis (MS) are characterized by elevated
      levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) myelin basic protein (MBP). The purposes of
      this study were to determine whether anti-MBP antibodies are present in increased
      titer in CSF of MS patients with exacerbations, and whether they can be
      suppressed by the administration of immunosuppressive dosages of
      methylprednisolone (MP). A solid phase radio-immunoassay (RIA) was used to detect
      free and total anti-MBP antibodies before and after acid hydrolysis of CSF. In MS
      exacerbations, the majority of elevated anti-MBP is in the free form. With the
      exception of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and some cases of post
      infectious encephalomyelitis, anti-MBP antibodies are not present in either MS
      patients in remission or in non-MS controls. Anti-MBP levels remained elevated
      over a 10 day period when patients are managed by bed rest only or when treated
      with intravenous (IV) ACTH. IV administration of MP in "high" (160 mg/day) or
      "mega" (2 g/day) dosages produces a highly significant reduction of both MBP (p
      less than 0.01) and anti-MBP (p less than 0.001) levels. Total intrathecal IgG
      synthesis is also significantly suppressed by IV-MP but not by ACTH.

PMID- 2420430
TI  - Cytoplasmic RNA in nervous system tumours in children: a fluorochromic
      histochemical study using acridine orange.
AB  - Acridine orange was used as a fluorochromic histochemical stain of nucleic acids,
      applied to 78 neoplasms of the central and peripheral nervous systems of 60
      children. Some cases were compared with 5 adults and 4 other cases of chronic
      reactive gemistocytic gliosis. Opposite concentration gradients of cytoplasmic
      ribonucleic acid (RNA) was demonstrated in tumours of the
      neuronal/neuroectodermal series, and those of the glial/neuroepithelial series.
      Minimal AO-RNA fluorescence was seen in 8 cerebellar medulloblastomas and in a
      retinoblastoma; strong AO-RNA fluorescence occurred in one cerebellar
      medulloblastoma and in 3 primitive neuroectodemal tumours of the cerebral cortex.
      Intermediate intensity of fluorescence was found in neuroblastomas, and strong
      fluorescence was shown in well differentiated ganglioneuroma cells and in cells
      of chromaffin tumours. Among glial tumours, by contrast, the most anaplastic
      cells displayed the most RNA fluorescence, while better differentiated
      astrocytoma cells showed much less. Gradients also were found within some
      astrocytomas, corresponding to zones of relative anaplasia. Minimal or no
      fluorescence was detected in reactive gemistocytes or in oligodendroglioma cells.
      Ependymomas were weakly fluorescent and choroid plexus papillomas showed more
      fluorescence, similar to the findings in normal ependyma and choroid plexus.
      Several non-neuroepithelial tumours of the nervous system and Schwannomas also
      were studied. The acridine orange technique applied to either frozen or paraffin
      sections of nervous system tumours, has value as an adjunct in the diagnosis and
      grading of these neoplasms and perhaps in distinguishing reactive gliosis from
      benign astrocytoma.

PMID- 2420431
TI  - Contribution of immunohistochemistry to the diagnosis of breast cancer in men.
AB  - In men with advanced carcinoma of the prostate who have a breast tumour, it is
      often difficult to distinguish a primary from a secondary breast lesion. The
      authors describe the case of a 72-year-old man who presented with a poorly
      differentiated carcinoma in one breast after receiving estrogen therapy for
      disseminated prostatic cancer. Application of the unlabelled antibody peroxidase
      antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method demonstrated prostate-specific antigen
      in the tumour cells, thus establishing the secondary origin of the lesion. Five
      controls--men with primary breast cancer--when tested by the same method did not
      have this marker. The authors conclude that in this clinical context, prostate
      specific antigen is a useful marker of breast cancer in men.

PMID- 2420432
TI  - Circulating and tissue concentrations of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A
      (PAPP-A) in tubal ectopic gestation.
AB  - Concentrations of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), human chorionic
      gonadotrophin (hCG) and pregnancy specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1) were
      measured by radioimmunoassay in 164 serum and 29 tissue samples obtained from 87
      non-pregnant and 29 pregnant women with either tubal (n = 16) or intrauterine (n
      = 13) pregnancies. Of the 47 serum samples obtained from patients with a tubal
      pregnancy only two were positive for PAPP-A, whereas in excess of 94% of the
      samples were positive for both hCG and SP1. Serial measurements of hCG, and SP1,
      demonstrated an apparently normal growth rate for the tubally implanted
      trophoblast for the first 6 weeks of pregnancy. Thereafter, the tubal trophoblast
      is compromised since the tissue content of PAPP-A and hCG was significantly lower
      than that in intra-uterine derived trophoblastic tissue. By contrast, the content
      of both PAPP-A and hCG was significantly greater in the trophoblastic, both intra
      or extra-uterine derived, than in the endometrial/decidual, tissue. Furthermore,
      the absence of immunoreactive PAPP-A and the severely depressed circulating
      levels of PAPP-A in women with tubal pregnancies can be attributed to diminished
      secretion of PAPP-A into the maternal circulation. Therefore, in conjunction with
      a positive pregnancy test and the patient's clinical history, a severely
      depressed or absent serum PAPP-A level may aid in the diagnosis of extrauterine
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2420433
TI  - The aging skin.
AB  - The anatomic, biochemical, and physical changes occurring in the skin with aging
      are reviewed and discussed. An attempt is made to distinguish between changes
      resulting from accumulated injury from environmental factors and the changes of
      aging per se.

PMID- 2420434
TI  - Loss of nuclear ribonucleoprotein antigens in human skin cancers. A preliminary
      report.
AB  - Affinity-purified autoantibodies against nuclear ribonucleoprotein (nRNP)
      antigens were applied to fresh-frozen sections of benign tumors, carcinomas in
      situ, and carcinomas of the human skin. Using indirect immunofluorescence, the
      benign lesions showed speckled nuclear staining as seen in the normal epidermis.
      Invasive tumors such as basal cell epitheliomas and squamous cell carcinomas, in
      contrast, lacked immunoreactivity for nRNP antigens. Recently, ribonucleoprotein
      complexes defined by nRNP antigens have been postulated to be involved in the
      excision of intervening sequences of premessenger ribonucleic acids (RNAs). Our
      findings provide useful information for the understanding of the pathophysiology
      of human skin cancers.

PMID- 2420435
TI  - Treatment of malignant nondysgerminomatous germ cell tumors of the ovary with
      vinblastine, bleomycin, and cisplatin.
AB  - Fifteen patients with malignant nondysgerminomatous germ cell tumors of the ovary
      seen at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at
      Houston, were treated with a combination of vinblastine, bleomycin, and cisplatin
      (VBP). All patients underwent initial surgery: biopsy alone in one patient,
      unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in ten patients, and bilateral salpingo
      oophorectomy with or without hysterectomy in four patients. Seven patients
      received VBP as primary postoperative therapy. One patient died of progressive
      disease at 15 months following diagnosis. The other six patients are alive
      without evidence of disease 9 to 47 months from the time of diagnosis. Eight
      patients received VBP as second-line treatment; three patients had a complete
      response to therapy and are surviving disease-free 41 to 71 months from the time
      of diagnosis. Four patients treated secondarily had a partial response; three of
      these patients subsequently developed progressive disease and died, while one
      patient survived after undergoing salvage therapy with an etoposide-containing
      regimen. One patient had no discernible response to VBP therapy and died. The VBP
      regimen represents an aggressive, moderately toxic, short-term combination
      regimen that has promising activity against malignant germ cell tumors of the
      ovary.

PMID- 2420436
TI  - A, B, H antigen expression in transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary
      bladder.
AB  - The prognostic value of A, B, H blood group antigen determination in superficial
      bladder cancer is unclear. Recent immunohistochemical studies employing
      monoclonal antibodies and Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin I (UEA-I) (Vector) have shown
      that A, B, H detectability and distribution in non-neoplastic urothelium are
      influenced by methodologic factors and, most importantly, by the secretor status.
      The authors investigated the A, B, H antigen in 93 tumors of the urinary bladder
      (78 secretors, 15 nonsecretors) and semiquantified the alterations from the
      expected normal expression on a scale from 0 to 3. Four O saliva nonsecretors as
      expected showed no staining and were excluded. Eighty tumors showed abnormal A,
      B, H expression and in 37 of these, A, B, H antigens were not detected. Tumors of
      A and O individuals showed statistically different reactivities, probably related
      to differences in the specificity of the employed A- and H-reagents. A, B, H
      expression was influenced by stage and grade (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.10)
      and was correlated to the clinical course of A but not O patients. These results,
      suggesting that alterations in the A, B, H expression occur early in the
      neoplastic development and follow the synthetic pathways in an opposite
      direction, emphasize that reagents recognizing blood group precursor substances,
      common to all individuals irrespective of the ABO and saliva secretor types, may
      increase the prognostic accuracy of blood group antigen determination in bladder
      cancer.

PMID- 2420437
TI  - Glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma in the tongue. A cytochemical and
      ultrastructural study.
AB  - An unusual epithelial neoplasm arising in the tongue of a 17 month-old-boy was
      studied by light and electron microscopy. By routine light microscopic
      examination, the tumor cells exhibited clear cytoplasm. Histochemical studies
      revealed the presence of large amounts of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive,
      diastase-labile material in the cytoplasm. Ultrastructurally, this material was
      identified as electron dense particles (20-35 nm diameter) of beta-glycogen. The
      epithelial nature of the tumor cells was suggested by the presence of
      intercellular junctions, segments of basal lamina, and well-developed Golgi
      complexes. Furthermore, the cells were often clustered and formed abnormal lumina
      with small microvillus projections. Several histologic features, such as lack of
      capsule, infiltration of muscle and invasion of blood vessel, indicated that this
      neoplasm was malignant. However, there was no recurrence or distant metastases
      more than 2.5 years after surgical excision, suggesting a low-grade malignancy.
      The glycogen-rich clear cell variant of adenocarcinoma is histogenetically
      derived from minor salivary glands like most of the glandular neoplasms in the
      oral cavity. Investigation of the literature on adult and childhood minor
      salivary gland neoplasms revealed that the glycogen-rich, clear-cell variant of
      adenocarcinoma has not previously been reported in the tongue.

PMID- 2420438
TI  - Serum ferritin level after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Correlation
      with alpha-fetoprotein level.
AB  - Total serum ferritin concentrations were serially estimated in 24 patients with
      primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for 4 to 8 weeks after resection of the
      tumor. The patients were divided into four groups according to the tumor size and
      the result of ferritin was compared with that of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
      levels. All patients had underlying parenchymal diseases of the liver (liver
      cirrhosis in 19 and chronic hepatitis in 5 cases). The serum ferritin levels did
      not reflect the therapeutic result of hepatic resection in most of the patients
      of all groups. Serum AFP levels, which were measured simultaneously with ferritin
      levels, were much superior to the ferritin estimation. The current study may
      indicate that ferritin cannot be used as a tumor marker in the follow-up of
      Japanese patients with HCC and associated liver disease. Acidic isoferritin,
      which is known to be produced in and secreted from HCC, should be measured for
      this purpose.

PMID- 2420439
TI  - Pancreatic lesions and hormonal profile of pancreatic tumors in multiple
      endocrine neoplasia type I. An immunocytochemical study of nine patients.
AB  - Pancreatic specimens of nine patients suffering from multiple endocrine neoplasia
      type I (MEN I) were investigated with regard to tumor frequency and growth
      pattern, islet hyperplasia and endocrine cell neoformation, immunocytochemical
      hormone profile of the tumors, and correlation to clinical symptoms. The majority
      of the 201 tumors were microadenomas (diameter less than 0.5 cm), which
      frequently displayed a trabecular growth pattern. Microadenomatosis was
      considered the most distinct feature of the MEN I pancreas. Additional larger
      tumors (diameter greater than 1.0 cm) were found in five patients. Whereas islet
      hyperplasia appears not to belong to the spectrum of the pancreatic lesions in
      MEN I, nesidioblastosis was occasionally observed. Immunocytochemical screening
      revealed that among hormone-positive tumors (approximately 80% of the tumors),
      pancreatic polypeptide tumors (PPomas), glucagonomas, and insulinomas were the
      most frequent. The high incidence of PPomas in these pancreases probably accounts
      for the elevated serum PP levels found in many MEN I patients. Somatostatinomas,
      gastrinomas, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide tumors (VIPomas), and
      neurotensinomas were rare. Clinically overt hyperinsulinism, observed in two
      patients and associated with a large insulinoma, was cured by tumor resection.
      Eight of nine patients presented a Zollinger-Ellison's syndrome (ZES), but only
      in two patients were gastrin-producing tumors found. The source of gastrin in MEN
      I patients with a ZES, in whom no gastrinoma could be detected, remains unclear.

PMID- 2420440
TI  - Alpha-fetoprotein-producing pancreatoblastoma. A case report.
AB  - A case of pancreatoblastoma, arising in the tail of the pancreas with metastases
      to the right radius, in an 8-year-old boy is reported. The serum alpha
      fetoprotein (AFP) level was over 13 times the normal value before surgery, but
      returned to normal after removal of the primary tumor. Furthermore, AFP was
      detected in tumor tissue by immunohistochemistry. This case, representing the
      second primary non-germ cell pancreatic neoplasm in a child producing elevated
      serum AFP, supports the use of serum AFP in diagnosing this lesion.

PMID- 2420441
TI  - Values of carcinoembryonic antigen, elastase 1, and carbohydrate antigen
      determinant in aspirated pancreatic cystic fluid in the diagnosis of cysts of the
      pancreas.
AB  - The levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), elastase 1, and carbohydrate
      antigen determinant (CA 19-9) in the pancreatic cystic fluid and the serum from
      five patients with cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas, one patient with retention
      cyst due to pancreatic carcinoma, three patients with cystadenoma, and eight
      patients with benign pseudocyst accompanying or following pancreatitis, were
      determined by immunoassay technique. Fluid from pancreatic cysts was obtained by
      ultrasonically-guided percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The specimens
      were centrifuged and the supernatant was used for the measurement of CEA,
      elastase 1, and CA 19-9, while the cell pellet was examined cytologically. The
      levels of CEA in the aspirated fluid were significantly higher in patients with
      malignant cysts of the pancreas than in those with benign cystadenomas and
      pseudocysts. In contrast, the levels of elastase 1 were significantly lower in
      patients with malignant cysts than in those with benign pancreatic cysts.
      Although the levels of CA 19-9 were significantly higher in patients with
      malignant cysts than in those with pseudocysts, the overlap between the values of
      patients with malignant and benign pancreatic cysts is too great. The serum CA 19
      9 was most useful, however, to distinguish an individual patient with malignant
      cysts of the pancreas from those with benign pancreatic cyst, since there were no
      significant differences between the levels of serum CEA and elastase 1 in
      patients with malignant and benign pancreatic cysts. Correct diagnoses were made
      cytologically in 4 (66.7%) of 6 patients with malignant cysts. In two patients
      with malignant cyst, in whom no cancer cells were detectable in the aspirated
      materials, levels of CEA were abnormally high, but high levels of elastase 1 did
      not occur. Therefore, the combined measurement of CEA and elastase 1 in the
      aspirated cystic fluid of the pancreas could be used as an aid in diagnosis of
      malignant cysts of the pancreas.

PMID- 2420442
TI  - Trophoblastic proteins as tumor markers in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.
AB  - In order to examine the relative usefulness of measurements of oncoplacental
      proteins as tumor markers in patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, the
      authors measured alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG),
      pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1), human placental lactogen (hPL), and
      placental cystine aminopeptidase (oxytocinase, CAP) in serial blood samples
      obtained from 26 men with these neoplasms. HCG and AFP were each elevated in 62%
      of the patients and both were elevated in 38%. SP1 and hPL were increased in 31%
      and 12%, respectively. None of the patients had elevated CAP activity. Serum hCG
      and SP1 concentrations were strongly correlated (r = 0.78, P less than 0.001). No
      patient had an elevated SP1 without a concomitant elevation in serum hCG. Serial
      measurements of hCG and SP1 indicated that they were concordant in five of the
      eight patients in whom both were elevated, and AFP and hCG were concordant in
      only one half of the ten patients in whom both markers were elevated. The number
      of patients with hPL elevations were too few for meaningful comparison of this
      marker with the others. These results indicate that measurements of SP1, hPL, and
      CAP do not provide additional useful information over that obtained from
      measurements of hCG and AFP in patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.

PMID- 2420443
TI  - Treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma with vinblastine, dacarbazine, and
      cisplatin: a report from the Cancer and Leukemia Group B.

PMID- 2420444
TI  - Salvage chemotherapy in Hodgkin's disease irradiation failures: superiority of
      doxorubicin-containing regimens over MOPP.
AB  - One hundred and twenty-two consecutive patients with Hodgkin's disease who
      relapsed after primary curative irradiation were treated with either MOPP
      (mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) or a doxorubicin
      containing regimen (ADM-Reg). The main pretreatment characteristics were
      comparable in the two groups. Complete remission was achieved in 74.6% of
      patients treated with MOPP (44 of 59) and in 90.5% of those given ADM-Reg (57 of
      63). No difference was observed in the incidence of complete remission with
      regard to the type of ADM-Reg utilized [MABOP (mechlorethamine, doxorubicin,
      bleomycin, vincristine, and prednisone), 92.9%; ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin,
      vinblastine, and dacarbazine), 95.6%; and MOPP alternated with ABVD, 84.6%]. The
      superiority of ADM-Reg versus MOPP was also confirmed in the 7-year analysis of
      freedom from disease progression (73.2% vs 42.2%), relapse-free survival (81.2%
      vs 54.3%), and overall survival (80.5% vs 44.4%). Thrombocytopenia was less
      frequently observed with ADM-Reg (30%), particularly following ABVD (13%),
      compared to MOPP (73%). The lowest incidence of alopecia occurred in patients
      given MOPP (15%) or MOPP/ABVD (19%). Acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia was observed
      in patients treated with MOPP (five of 59) and MABOP (one of 14). The observed
      findings indicate that in patients failing to respond to primary radiotherapy,
      salvage regimens containing doxorubicin are more effective than MOPP.
      Furthermore, combinations devoid of procarbazine and alkylating agents (ABVD) or
      with less intensive administration of these drugs (MOPP/ABVD) were not associated
      with secondary leukemia.

PMID- 2420445
TI  - Growth inhibition and eicosanoid metabolism in the R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma
      by interferon.
AB  - The mode of action of rat interferon (IFN) on growth of the R3230AC mammary
      adenocarcinoma was studied in vivo in Fischer female rats. A dose of 1 X 10(4)
      units of rat IFN given thrice weekly inhibited the growth of the transplanted
      mammary tumors. Of the five eicosanoids measured in the tumor, the content of
      four arachidonate products, prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2 alpha, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha,
      and thromboxane (TX) B2, was higher in mammary tumors from IFN-treated rats than
      the control rats. PGE2 was the major eicosanoid. In vitro PG synthesis (PGE1,
      PGE2, and PGF2 alpha) was lower in tumor microsomes prepared from IFN-treated
      tumors. These data suggest that the tumor content of four arachidonate products
      in the IFN-treated tumors was related to the in vivo effects of rat IFN.
      Indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, also inhibited tumor growth.
      Furthermore, when indomethacin was administered daily in combination with rat
      IFN, the tumor-inhibiting effect of rat IFN was reduced. These observations
      suggest that the effects of eicosanoids appear to be biphasic in this tumor
      model. Inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism resulted in tumor growth
      inhibition, a finding consistent with the view that eicosanoid production is
      required for tumor enhancement. Conversely, in the experiments with rat IFN,
      retardation of tumor growth is associated with a greater amount of arachidonic
      acid metabolism, and indomethacin prevents this effect. Eicosanoids appear to be
      required for tumor-inhibiting effects of rat IFN, and yet inhibition in vivo of
      eicosanoid synthesis also resulted in retardation of tumor growth. Although the
      precise mechanism of action in each situation is unclear, these apparently
      contradicting results are consistent with the biphasic actions of eicosanoids
      reported in some normal tissues and transformed tumor cell lines.

PMID- 2420446
TI  - Phase II trial of fludarabine in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2420447
TI  - The structure of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 6 O-antigen: isolation and
      identification of 5-acetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-7-formamido-L-glycero-L-manno-
      nonuloson ic acid.

PMID- 2420448
TI  - Activity of branched dextrans in the acceptor reaction of a glucosyltransferase
      (GTF-I) from Streptococcus mutans OMZ176.
AB  - The ability of several native and chemically synthesized, branched dextrans to
      stimulate the activity of an alpha-D-glucosyltransferase (GTF-I) of Streptococcus
      mutans has been compared. The enzyme catalysed the transfer of glucosyl residues
      from sucrose with the formation of water-insoluble (1----3)-alpha-D-glucan. The
      rate of this reaction was greatly increased in the presence of dextran, and the
      extent of stimulation was negatively correlated with the degree of branching of
      the added dextran. The results refute the concept that growth of water-insoluble
      glucan occurs from the multiple, non-reducing termini of dextran acceptors.

PMID- 2420449
TI  - Morphological and histochemical aspects of carious dentine in Osborne-Mendel
      rats.

PMID- 2420450
TI  - [Is the present classification of surgical risk in elective surgery of older
      patients acceptable?].

PMID- 2420451
TI  - Multisequence comparisons in protein coding genes. Search for functional
      constraints.
AB  - A very powerful method for detecting functional constraints operative in
      biological macromolecules is presented. This method entails performing a base
      permanence analysis of protein coding genes at each codon position simultaneously
      in different species. It calculates the degree of permanence of subregions of the
      gene by dividing it into segments, c codons long, counting how many sites remain
      unchanged in each segment among all species compared. By comparing the base
      permanence among several sequences with the expectations based on a stochastic
      evolutionary process, gene regions showing different degrees of conservation can
      be selected. This means that wherever the permanence deviates significantly from
      the expected value generated by the simulation, the corresponding regions are
      considered "constrained" or "hypervariable". The constrained regions are of two
      types: alpha and beta. The alpha regions result from constraints at the amino
      acid level, whereas the beta regions are those probably involved in "control"
      processing. The method has been applied to mitochondrial genes coding for subunit
      6 of the ATPase and subunit 1 of the cytochrome oxidase in four mammalian
      species: human, rat, mouse, and cow. In the two mitochondrial genes a few regions
      that are highly conserved in all codon positions have been identified. Among
      these regions a sequence, common to both genes, that is complementary to a
      strongly conserved region of 12S rRNA has been found. This method can also be of
      great help in studying molecular evolution mechanisms.

PMID- 2420452
TI  - Zonal unit-gravity elutriation. A new technique for separating large cells and
      multicellular complexes from cell suspensions.
AB  - A new and simple technique, zonal unit-gravity elutriation, has been devised for
      separating very large cells, multicellular complexes, or small organisms from
      suspensions consisting mainly of small cells. The separation vessel is a conical
      chamber with an entrance at the lower, narrower part of the cone and an exit at
      the upper, wider part of the cone via a dome-shaped lid. A baffle at the entrance
      prevents turbulence from incoming fluid. Chambers of differing widths and wall
      slopes are chosen depending on the sedimentation rate of the particles to be
      separated. A small volume of the cell suspension is placed in the chamber on the
      bench in a cold-room. Medium stabilized by a shallow density gradient is pumped
      into the base of the chamber and ascends, creating a decreasing velocity
      gradient. Cells sediment at unit-gravity against this ascending counterstream,
      and are separated into bands according to sedimentation velocity. By adjusting
      the flow rate of the medium, different sizes of cells can be separated. Tumor
      cells can be enriched, and larger blast cells can be separated from small cells
      in lymphoid cell suspensions. The procedure produces complete separation of
      thymic nurse cells (epithelial-lymphoid complexes) from free thymocytes in
      digested thymus suspensions and produces substantial enrichment of thymic
      rosettes (macrophage-lymphoid complexes). A very favorable situation for applying
      this technique is the isolation of Taenia taeniaformis larvae, which can be
      completely purified from infected liver suspensions, representing a 4 X 10(5)
      fold enrichment of the parasites, with high recovery, in a single 30 min
      operation.

PMID- 2420453
TI  - Determination of the surface tension of various species of erythrocytes by means
      of the solidification front technique.
AB  - The solidification front technique is employed to determine the surface tension
      of fixed erythrocytes of dog, horse, human, chicken, and turkey. The results
      range from 65.5 erg/cm2 for dog erythrocytes to 67.6 erg/cm2 for turkey
      erythrocytes. A detailed error analysis shows that the differences obtained are
      statistically significant. Since cellular interactions are governed to a
      considerable extent by surface tension effects, it is concluded that caution
      needs to be exercised when results obtained for one species are used to predict
      the behavior of cells of another species.

PMID- 2420454
TI  - Chemiluminescence response of the human polymorphonuclear neutrophil to
      lipopolysaccharides.
AB  - Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) respond to a variety of stimuli with a
      sequence of reactions that lead to the production of "active oxygen" species,
      including H2O2, free radicals, such as superoxide (O2-.) and hydroxyl (HO.), and
      singlet molecular oxygen (1O2). Some of these can oxidize (5-amino-2,3
      dihydrophthalazine 1,4-dione) (luminol) to the ground state aminophthalate ion;
      this reaction sequence is accompanied by the generation of a photon and forms the
      basis for the chemiluminescence (CL) response. In this work we used a dedicated
      photon counting instrument to record CL from PMN incubated with bacterial
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We have studied the CL response to the LPS from
      Escherichia coli strains 026:B6 and 055:B5, as well as Salmonella minnesota RE
      595 and have determined that CL requires heat-labile serum factors, these most
      likely being intact components of the complement system.

PMID- 2420455
TI  - Alterations in the structure of the electrical double layer adjacent to a charged
      membrane arising from electromagnetically induced changes in the activity of
      membrane bound enzymes.
AB  - Electromagnetic fields of very low amplitude have been reported to influence a
      number of cellular functions. Many of these effects have a high degree of
      frequency specificity. Herein it is suggested that some of these reported results
      could be explained by a field-induced alteration in the enzymic activity of
      integral membrane proteins. It is shown that such a field-induced transition from
      an initial nonequilibrium steady-state to a final nonequilibrium steady-state can
      lead to an alteration in the concentration profiles of those charged species in
      the cell's ambient electrolyte that comprise the so-called electrical double
      layer. Examples of variations in the concentration profiles of those ions that
      react with a membrane-bound enzyme, as well as nonreacting ionic species, are
      given. The modulation of such effects by systematic variations in extracellular
      pH and ionic strength is discussed.

PMID- 2420456
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of serotonin in the intrapulmonary neuroepithelial
      bodies of neonatal rabbits by use of immunoelectron microscopy.
AB  - The ultrastructural localization of serotonin in neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) of
      neonatal rabbits was examined by use of the recently developed immunogold
      staining method. In the granulated epithelial cells of NEB serotonin
      immunoreactive material could be demonstrated only in dense-cored vesicles (DCV)
      of the first type. No immunoreactivity was observed in DCV of the second type.
      The present findings support the previously made suggestion that the corpuscular
      NEB cells contain two distinctive DCV types which react differently with the
      immunogold-staining procedure for identifying serotonin. NEB, known as
      intrapulmonary sources of serotonin (and peptide substances), may play a
      prominent role in lung physiology.

PMID- 2420457
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of nerves in the predentin and dentin of human
      third molars with the use of an antiserum against neurofilament protein (NFP).
AB  - Immunohistochemistry by use of an antiserum against neurofilament protein (NFP)
      was applied for staining nerve fibers in the predentin and dentin of human third
      molars. By devising methods for fixation, decalcification and immunostaining,
      nerve fibers were clearly and specifically demonstrated in thick (more than 50
      micron) sections of teeth. Numerous NFP-positive fibers were distributed in the
      predentin throughout the coronal region, while a few positive fibers penetrated
      only a short distance into the dentin. The NFP-positive nerve fibers in the
      predentin took transverse and complicated courses across, rather than penetrating
      longitudinally through, the dentinal tubules. Pain sensation in the teeth might
      be attributable to these complex nerve fibers showing two- or three-dimensional
      extensions.

PMID- 2420458
TI  - Distribution and origin of substance P- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerves
      in the guinea-pig heart.
AB  - The localization and origin of substance P (SP)-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, and
      noradrenaline/tyrosine hydroxylase (NA/TH)- immunoreactive (IR) nerves in the
      guinea-pig heart were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry; quantitative
      analysis was performed by radio-immunoassay (NPY) and high performance liquid
      chromatography (NA). Both untreated animals and animals subjected to
      stellatectomy, combined stellatectomy and local capsaicin pretreatment of the
      vagal nerves or systemic application of capsaicin were studied. A dense network
      of SP-IR nerves was observed in the right atrium in different locations: (1)
      around local cardiac ganglion cells, (2) close to blood vessels, (3) within the
      myocardium, and (4) close to and within peri- and endocardium. A moderately dense
      SP-innervation, mainly related to blood vessels, was found in the ventricles.
      Very dense networks of NPY- and TH-IR nerve fibers with an overlapping
      distributional pattern around blood vessels and in the myocardium were seen in
      both the atria and the ventricles. In addition, some cell bodies in local cardiac
      ganglia were NPY-IR. Bilateral stellatectomy resulted in a reduction of SP-IR in
      the right atrium (55% of control), which was more pronounced after additional
      capsaicin pretreatment of the vagal nerves (44% of control). In the left
      ventricle no significant depletion of SP-IR was seen by either stellatectomy or
      combined stellatectomy and capsaicin treatment of the vagal nerves. It was not
      possible to establish any defined target areas within the heart for vagal or
      spinal SP-IR afferents by use of immunohistochemical methods. Systemic capsaicin
      treatment caused a total loss of SP-IR nerves in the heart.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2420459
TI  - Neuropeptide Y, enkephalin and noradrenaline coexist in sympathetic neurons
      innervating the bovine spleen. Biochemical and immunohistochemical evidence.
AB  - The subcellular distribution of noradrenaline (NA), neuropeptide Y (NPY), Met-
      and Leu-enkephalin (ENK), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM), and vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was investigated in homogenates of bovine splenic
      nerve. The distribution of noradrenergic peptide-containing nerves in the bovine
      celiac ganglion, splenic nerve and terminal areas in spleen was studied by
      indirect immunofluorescence histochemistry using antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), NPY, enkephalin peptides, SP, SOM, VIP,
      and peptide HI (PHI). After density gradient centrifugation, high levels of NPY-
      and ENK-like immunoreactivity (LI) were found in high-density gradient fractions,
      coinciding with the main NA peak. SP, SOM and VIP were found in fractions with a
      lower density, VIP being also enriched in a heavy fraction; the latter three
      peptides were present in low concentrations. Immunohistochemistry revealed that
      staining for NPY-LI and ENK-LI partly overlapped that for TH and DBH in celiac
      ganglia, splenic nerve axons and terminal areas of spleen. Almost all principal
      ganglion cells were TH- and DBH-immunoreactive. Many were also NPY
      immunoreactive, whereas a smaller number were ENK-positive. In the celiac
      ganglion patches of dense SP-positive networks and some VIP/PHI- and ENK
      immunoreactive fibers were seen around cell bodies. The results indicate that NPY
      and ENK are stored with NA in large dense-cored vesicles in unmyelinated axons of
      bovine splenic nerve. SP, SOM and VIP appear in different organelles in axon
      populations separate from sympathetic noradrenergic nerves.

PMID- 2420460
TI  - Sex differences in pituitary LH storage and release in LHRH-stimulated pubertal
      rats. A correlative immunohistochemical and radioimmunoassay study.
AB  - This study investigates the relationship between pituitary LHRH responsiveness
      and the depletion of LH in pubertal rats. The anterior pituitaries of 7-week-old
      rats of both sexes were stimulated for a maximum of 24 h with either a
      continuous, or pulsatile exposure to LHRH in vitro. Immunohistochemical
      examination revealed that most LH-cells in females became depleted of
      immunoreactive material, regardless of the mode of LHRH administration. In
      contrast, the majority of LH-cells in the male gland retained a strong
      immunostaining intensity. Radioimmunoassay showed that the initial pituitary LH
      content was significantly lower in the female rats (P less than 0.001), but, even
      so, they released a higher percentage of stored LH in response to LHRH
      stimulation in vitro. A similar result was also obtained after a single injection
      of LHRH in vivo. Thus, the lower LH content and higher LHRH responsiveness of the
      female pituitary explain why LHRH treatment induced a pronounced LH depletion in
      this sex. These results are discussed in relation to available data on heightened
      LH secretion in maturing female rats.

PMID- 2420461
TI  - Light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry and lectin histochemistry of
      the subcommissural organ: evidence for processing of the secretory material.
AB  - The subcommissural organ (SCO) of the rat was investigated by use of
      histochemical and immunocytochemical methods at the light- and electron
      microscopic levels. Consecutive thin methacrylate sections were stained with the
      pseudoisocyanin (Psi), immunoperoxidase (IMC; employing an antiserum against
      Reissner's fiber, AFRU), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and periodic acid-silver
      methenamine (SM) techniques, and reacted with six types of lectins. Psi, SM,
      concanavalin A (Con A) and IMC were also used for double and triple sequential
      staining of the same section. Increasing dilutions of AFRU (from 1:1000 to 1:200
      000) were used for immunostaining of serial paraffin sections. In addition,
      ultrastructural localization of (i) Con A-binding sites and (ii) immunoreactive
      secretory material was performed. Some of these procedures were also applied to
      the ophidian and canine SCO. Con A-positive, Psi-positive and immunoreactive
      materials coexisted within the same cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
      The Golgi apparatus lacked Con A-positive and immunoreactive substances. Apical
      secretory granules and secreted material lying on the surface of the SCO showed
      (i) the highest affinity for AFRU, but were (ii) Con A-negative, and (iii) wheat
      germ agglutinin-, PAS- and SM-positive. Reissner's fiber displayed a low affinity
      for AFRU. It is suggested that the SCO secretes N-linked glycoproteins, the
      carbohydrate and protein moieties of which undergo (i) a maturation process
      before being released, and (ii) some kind of modification(s) after their release
      into the ventricle. The perivascular secretory cells of the dog SCO might secrete
      a material different from that secreted by the ependymal cells.

PMID- 2420462
TI  - Immunocytochemical analysis of somatotrophs and mammotrophs in the pars distalis
      of postnatal dwarf (dw) mutant mice.
AB  - The postnatal differentiation of somatotrophs and mammotrophs in the pars
      distalis of normal and dwarf (dw/dw) mice was analyzed by means of
      immunocytochemistry at the electron-microscopic level. Thin sections of Araldite
      embedded pituitaries from postnatal mice ranging in age from 2 days to 3-4 months
      were exposed to antigrowth hormone serum (anti-GH) or to anti-prolactin serum
      (anti-PRL) and were processed immunocytochemically by means of the colloidal-gold
      technique. In the normal adult pars distalis, somatotrophs reacted strongly with
      anti-GH, and mammotrophs showed a positive anti-PRL reaction. In the dwarf adult,
      the granulated cells were unreactive with either anti-GH or anti-PRL. However, at
      6 days postnatally, some cells in the dwarf pars distalis showed a positive
      reaction with anti-GH, though the reaction was not as strong as in the 6-day
      normal pars distalis. The 6-day dwarf was only faintly reactive with anti-PRL,
      and by 14 days the dwarf was unreactive with anti-GH as well as anti-PRL, in
      contrast to the strong positive reactivity to these two antisera in the normal 14
      day pars distalis.

PMID- 2420463
TI  - Formation of the blood-testis barrier in the rabbit.
AB  - The time of establishment of the blood-testis barrier in the rabbit was studied
      by electron microscopy using lanthanum nitrate. This electron-dense tracer was
      present in the intercellular spaces in all regions of the seminiferous cords in 7
      to 9-week-old animals. In 10- and 11-week-old rabbits, the penetration of
      lanthanum nitrate was restricted to the basal region of the seminiferous cords.
      Closer examination revealed the presence of numerous tight junctions between
      adjacent Sertoli cells. The morphological appearance of these junctions was
      similar to those described previously in other mammals. Entry of the tracer
      substance was restricted at these junctions. Pachytene germ cells, which reside
      beyond the junctions, were never surrounded by the tracer. Based on our
      observations it was concluded that the blood-testis barrier in the rabbit is
      formed between the 9th and 10th postnatal week, and that it is functionally
      effective by the 10th week.

PMID- 2420464
TI  - Epithelial differentiation at the edentulous alveolar ridge in man. A
      stereological study.
AB  - The epithelial lining of the mucosa of the edentulous, maxillary alveolar ridge
      was subjected to an ultrastructural and stereological analysis. Four biopsies
      collected from the non-inflamed crest, i.e., the center over former tooth
      sockets, in non-denture-wearing female patients 30 to 55 years of age were
      processed for light and electron microscopy. At the light-microscopic level,
      epithelial thickness was determined histometrically. Electron micrographs were
      sampled at two levels of magnification, from five strata in regions of epithelial
      ridges and from three strata over connective tissue papillae. Standardized
      stereological point-counting techniques were employed to analyze a total of 990
      electron micrographs. Observations and data revealed that at the alveolar ridge
      the oral epithelium is truly keratinizing and comprises four strata including a
      40 +/- 5 micron-thick stratum corneum, which displays the oral keratin pattern.
      The histo- and cytodifferentiation were peculiar: (1) Compared to the
      neighbouring gingival and hard palate epithelium, that of the alveolar crest was
      markedly thicker, with elongated rete ridges indicating acanthosis. (2) The
      cytoarchitecture was identical neither to the gingival nor to the hard palate
      epithelium but revealed a mixture of features typical for either of these two
      epithelia. Reasons for this are explained on the basis of factors, possible
      genetic, inherent in epithelial cells that are possibly derived from both the
      gingival and the palatal environment.

PMID- 2420465
TI  - A model for receptor-regulated calcium entry.
AB  - A model is proposed for the mechanism by which activation of surface membrane
      receptors causes sustained Ca2+ entry into cells from the extracellular space.
      Reassessment of previously published findings on the behavior of receptor
      regulated intracellular Ca2+ pools leads to the conclusion that when such pools
      are empty, a pathway from the extracellular space to the pool is opened;
      conversely when the pool is filled, the pathway is closed and it becomes
      relatively stable to depletion by low Ca2+ media or chelating agents. The
      biphasic nature of agonist-activated Ca2+-mobilization is thus seen as an initial
      emptying of the intracellular Ca2+ pool by inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate,
      followed by rapid entry of Ca2+ into the pool and, in the continued presence of
      inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate, into the cytosol. On withdrawal of agonist,
      inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate is then rapidly degraded, the pathway from the
      pool to the cytosol is closed, and rapid entry from the outside continues until
      the Ca2+ content of the pool reaches a level that inactivates Ca2+ entry. This
      capacitative model allows for Ca2+ release and Ca2+ entry to be controlled by a
      single messenger, inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate.

PMID- 2420466
TI  - Characterization and localization of two forms of active Ca2+ transport in
      vesicles derived from rat submandibular glands.
AB  - Energy-dependent Ca2+ uptake was characterized in vesicles derived from rat
      submandibular salivary glands. Ca2+ transport was stimulated by submicromolar
      levels of Ca2+, reached a plateau at 1-20 microM Ca2+ then again increased as the
      Ca2+ concentration rose to millimolar levels. Ruthenium red (2.5 microM) was used
      to resolve this pattern of uptake into two components: ruthenium red-insensitive
      Ca2+ transport occurs in the presence of the dye, is stimulated by submicromolar
      Ca2+ concentrations and reaches a maximum steady state at about 1 microM Ca2+.
      The distribution of ruthenium red-insensitive Ca2+ uptake in membrane
      subfractions obtained by differential centrifugation is positively (r = 0.717)
      and significantly (p = 0.001) correlated with the distribution of membrane-bound
      RNA in the same subfractions. Ca2+ uptake which is abolished by ruthenium red is
      greatest at millimolar Ca2+ concentrations. Its distribution is positively (r =
      0.828) and significantly (p = 0.0001) correlated with the cytochrome-c oxidase
      activity of the membrane subfractions but is unrelated to the distribution of
      particulate RNA and is negatively correlated with Na+-K+ ATPase activity. We
      conclude that vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum of rat
      submandibular glands actively transport Ca2+ by a ruthenium red-insensitive
      mechanism which is stimulated at Ca2+ concentrations typical of the cytosol.
      Membranes derived from mitochondria also sequester Ca2+ but by a mechanism which
      is inhibited by ruthenium red and which reaches its maximum steady state capacity
      at relatively high Ca2+ concentrations.

PMID- 2420467
TI  - Purification and characterization of a cytolytic pore-forming protein from
      granules of cloned lymphocytes with natural killer activity.
AB  - A cytolytic pore-forming protein (PFP, perforin) was purified from isolated
      granules of cloned NK-like cytolytic cells, which showed an apparent Mr of 70-75
      kd (reduced) and 62-66 kd (nonreduced). Cytolysis produced by this protein
      occurred only in the presence of Ca2+ and was accompanied by the formation of
      membrane lesions of 160 A diameter. The purified protein depolarized cells and
      made lipid vesicles leaky to monovalent and divalent ions. This protein formed
      large, voltage insensitive and nonselective ion channels in planar bilayers that
      remained preferentially in the open state. The channels were heterogeneous in
      size distribution averaging 400 pS/U in 0.1 M NaCl. The membrane lesions formed
      by PFP were morphologically and functionally similar to those formed by intact NK
      like cells and their granules. This PFP could be released from granules during
      cell killing, followed by its polymerization on target membranes to form large
      transmembrane pores.

PMID- 2420468
TI  - Parameters controlling transcriptional activation during early Drosophila
      development.
AB  - We studied transcription during the first 14 mitotic cycles of Drosophila
      development, by gel electrophoresis of RNA pulse-labeled in vivo. Synthesis of
      rRNA, tRNAs, 5S RNAs, snRNAs, poly(A)+ RNAs, and histone mRNAs is first
      detectable during cycle 11 or 12. Histone genes are transcribed during S phases,
      and reach maximal activation in cycle 12, whereas nonhistone genes are
      transcribed only in G2 periods, and reach maximal activation during late cycle
      14. The high transcriptional activity characteristic of cycle 14 can be
      precociously induced by extending interphase with cycloheximide as early as, but
      not before, cycle 10. We conclude that all classes of genes become competent for
      activation during cycle 10, and that subsequent activation is differentially
      suppressed by functions associated with nuclear division.

PMID- 2420469
TI  - Molecular characterization of the human excision repair gene ERCC-1: cDNA cloning
      and amino acid homology with the yeast DNA repair gene RAD10.
AB  - The human excision repair gene ERCC-1 was cloned after DNA mediated gene transfer
      to the CHO mutant 43-3B, which is sensitive to ultraviolet light and mitomycin-C.
      We describe the cloning and sequence analysis of the ERCC-1 cDNA and partial
      characterization of the gene. ERCC-1 has a size of 15 kb and is located on human
      chromosome 19. The ERCC-1 precursor RNA is subject to alternative splicing of an
      internal 72 bp coding exon. Only the cDNA of the larger 1.1 kb transcript,
      encoding a protein of 297 amino acids, was able to confer resistance to
      ultraviolet light and mitomycin-C on 43-3B cells. Significant amino acid sequence
      homology was found between the ERCC-1 gene product and the yeast excision repair
      protein RAD10. The most homologous region displayed structural homology with DNA
      binding domains of various polypeptides.

PMID- 2420470
TI  - The role of RNA molecules in transduction of the proto-oncogene c-fps.
AB  - Transduction of cellular genes by retroviruses requires two recombinations: one
      to form the left-hand junction between cellular gene and viral genome, the other
      to form the right-hand junction. Previous findings raised the possibility that
      the right-hand recombination might use RNA molecules as intermediates. We now
      provide direct experimental support for this view by showing that the right-hand
      end of v-fps in the avian sarcoma virus PRCII was formed by recombination within
      the poly(A) tract at the 3' end of the mRNA for the proto-oncogene c-fps.
      Recombination of this sort may be mediated by "copy-choice" during reverse
      transcription, acting on either homologous or non-homologous nucleotide
      sequences.

PMID- 2420471
TI  - The trans-activator gene of the human T cell lymphotropic virus type III is
      required for replication.
AB  - The trans-activator gene (tat-III) of the human T lymphotropic virus type III
      (HTLV-III/LAV) is shown to regulate positively the expression of viral proteins.
      Viruses in which the tat-III gene is deleted are incapable of prolific
      replication and do not demonstrate cytopathic effects in T4+ cell lines. These
      defects can be fully complemented in cell lines that constitutively express the
      tat-III gene product. We conclude that the tat-III gene product is required for
      efficient replication of HTLV-III in T4+ cells, and for that reason is important
      for the cytopathic effects of virus infection. These observations predict that
      inhibitors of the tat-III gene product may constitute effective therapeutic
      agents.

PMID- 2420472
TI  - The epitopes of influenza nucleoprotein recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes can
      be defined with short synthetic peptides.
AB  - A proportion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responding to infection by
      influenza recognize target cells that express the viral nucleoprotein. Recent
      work showed that CTL can recognize short overlapping regions of large
      nucleoprotein fragments expressed in transfected L cells. This led to the
      suggestion that CTL recognize segmental epitopes of denatured or degraded
      proteins in a similar way to helper T cells. One corollary of this idea is that
      CTL should recognize appropriate short peptides on the target cell surface. We
      demonstrate that the epitopes of nucleoprotein recognized by CTL in association
      with class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex in both mouse and
      man can be defined with short synthetic peptides derived from the nucleoprotein
      sequence.

PMID- 2420473
TI  - A microcyst-overproducing mutant of Polysphondylium pallidum.
AB  - A mutant, PN6017, of the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium pallidum was
      selected by cell-surface labeling with a monoclonal antibody, mAb 293, and
      fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The antibody was directed against an L
      fucose-containing epitope on glycoproteins, designated ep 293, and the mutant
      showed reduced and delayed expression of this epitope. PN6017 was distinguished
      from other mutants of this kind by extensive microcyst formation on agar plates
      under conditions where the wild type formed only sparse microcysts. In suspension
      cultures transformation of cells into microcysts was negligible in the wild type,
      and close to 100% in the mutant. Under these conditions microcyst formation in
      the mutant began at 5-7 h of starvation. At the same time expression of ep 293
      and also of a developmentally regulated cytoplasmic protein, pallidin, became
      detectable. This coincidence in time suggests that microcyst formation in PN6017
      is coupled to the same control mechanism as the two other developmentally
      regulated processes.

PMID- 2420474
TI  - Uneven distribution of cloned transcribed DNA sequences in polytene chromosomes
      of Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - DNA fragments actively transcribed at different developmental stages of
      Drosophila melanogaster were cloned. In situ hybridization was used to study
      their distribution in the polytene chromosomes. The clones were dot-hybridized to
      poly(A)+ RNA isolated at different developmental stages. Fifty-four of 67 clones
      were unique, 37 of them were localized. An irregular distribution of the cloned
      sequences was revealed. Twenty-three clones are localized in chromosome 3, six
      clones in the X-chromosome, and only eight in chromosome 2. There are
      transcriptionally active regions where, on a relatively small area of the
      chromosomes, a number of clones are localized (sections 18-19, 69-71, 82-85, 95
      97). RNAs transcribed from the cloned sequences code for about 0.005 to 0.2% of
      the total poly(A)+ RNA.

PMID- 2420475
TI  - The bithorax complex of Drosophila: an overview.

PMID- 2420476
TI  - Immunological problems of polymer-bound drugs.
AB  - For the application of polymer-bound drugs (especially in combination with the
      targeting antibodies), it is essential to know more about the immunogenicity and
      possible hazards from immune reactions induced by their repeated application. The
      immune reaction depends on many factors (including structure of antigen, dose of
      antigen, schedule and way of the application, genetic background of the
      immunized, i.e., receiving organism) and could be weakened or eliminated by a
      choice of suitable factors. Problems connected with the immune reaction of the
      humoral and cellular type (B and T cell involvement) against different polymers
      and polymer-bound drugs and possible consequences for their clinical use will be
      discussed.

PMID- 2420477
TI  - Adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells in serum-free hormone-supplemented
      media: effects of insulin and dihydroteleocidin B.
AB  - We previously established a serum-free hormone-supplemented medium for the
      induction of adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells (Gamou, S. and N. Shimizu.
      in "Growth and Differentiation of Cells in Defined Environment", H. Murakami et
      al., ed., Kodansha/Springer-Verlag, pp. 173-178, 1985). Under those conditions
      the stage of the cell's commitment to adipocyte differentiation was separated
      from the stage of expression of the adipocyte phenotype. In the current study,
      the relationship between cell division of the growth-arrested 3T3-L1 cells and
      their entry into the differentiation program was examined by autoradiography at
      the individual cell level. It was found that cells treated with the inducers
      dexamethasone and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine went through DNA synthesis (S
      phase) prior to lipid accumulation and that insulin enhanced this differentiation
      process. Under these serum-free hormone-supplemented conditions, the tumor
      promoter dihydroteleocidin B was found to be a strong inhibitor of adipocyte
      differentiation.

PMID- 2420478
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate in dark-
      and light-adapted rat retinas.
AB  - Light-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (TPI) to 1,2
      diacylglycerol and D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) has been reported in
      the visual photoreceptor cells. We have investigated the localization of the TPI
      antigenic sites in dark- and light-adapted rat retinas using rabbit anti TPI
      antibodies (Ab). Sprague-Dawley rats were dark-, or light-adapted, or were
      exposed to a light flash. The eyes were fixed immediately and the tissue sections
      stained with the rabbit anti TPI Ab. The peroxidase-antiperoxidase method was
      used to find the localization of the TPI antigenic site. Image analysis of the
      sections was performed to obtain optical density profiles of the stain. Dark
      adapted retinas showed intense staining of the rod outer segment (OS) layer but
      much less staining of the rod inner segment layer. Compared with the OS of dark
      adapted retinas, those of the flash-bleached retinas were stained much less. The
      OS of fully bleached retinas showed little or no staining. The anti TPI Ab
      protein A-gold conjugate intensely stained disks from dark-adapted retina but
      those from bleached retina much less. Our results suggest that rapid hydrolysis
      of TPI in rat rod outer segments occurs in vivo in response to light.

PMID- 2420479
TI  - [Effects of chemotactically active substances on neutrophilic leukocytes.
      Review].

PMID- 2420480
TI  - The role of calcium in spinal cord injury.

PMID- 2420481
TI  - [Iatrogenic generalized storage of dextran in regularly dialyzed patients].
AB  - Intensive generalized intracellular storage of a PAS positive birefringent
      material with unusual ultrastructure was found in 17 patients deceased after long
      term hemodialysis. It was identified as "condensed" dextran administered
      repeatedly for hypotension during dialysis. Intensity of storage was related to
      residual diuresis and not to the number of dialyses. Identification of the
      material was enabled by digestion with dextranase. Dextran cytoplasmic inclusions
      in macrophages resisted to common solvents but dissolved in lyes. The storage
      occurred in lymph-nodes, in the heart, kidney interstitium, bone marrow and
      others. Fatal complications of massive dextran storage were discussed. Quantity,
      morphogenesis and location of storage are learning about storing systems.

PMID- 2420482
TI  - The fibrinolytic system in man.
AB  - The fibrinolytic system comprises a proenzyme, plasminogen, which can be
      activated to the active enzyme plasmin, that will degrade fibrin by different
      types of plasminogen activators. Inhibition of fibrinolysis may occur at the
      level of plasmin or at the level of the activators. Fibrinolysis in human blood
      seems to be regulated by specific molecular interactions between these
      components. In plasma, normally no systemic plasminogen activation occurs. When
      fibrin is formed, small amounts of plasminogen activator and plasminogen adsorb
      to the fibrin, and plasmin is generated in situ. The formed plasmin, which
      remains transiently complexed to fibrin, is only slowly inactivated by alpha 2
      antiplasmin, while plasmin, which is released from digested fibrin, is rapidly
      and irreversibly neutralized. The fibrinolytic process, thus, seems to be
      triggered by and confined to fibrin. Thrombus formation may occur as the result
      of insufficient activation of the fibrinolytic system and (or) the presence of
      excess inhibitors, while excessive activation and/or deficiency of inhibitors
      might cause excessive plasmin formation and a bleeding tendency. Evidence
      obtained in animal models suggests that tissue-type plasminogen activator,
      obtained by recombinant DNA technology, may constitute a specific clot-selective
      thrombolytic agent with higher specific activity and fewer side effects than
      those currently in use.

PMID- 2420483
TI  - [Maculopathy and tilted disk syndrome. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 2420484
TI  - Inhalant allergy following occupational exposure to blowflies.
AB  - An allergic reaction, provoked by exposure to the blowfly Lucilia cuprina and
      shown to be IgE-mediated, occurred in a subject employed in an entomological
      research laboratory. The subject's serum, and sera from three other asthmatic
      patients with IgE antibodies to blowfly extracts, also reacted with extracts from
      the screw-worm fly (Chrysomya bezziana). Results suggested that antigens from the
      two species share immunological cross-reactivity. Cross-reactions also exist
      between the different developmental stages of both species. Allergic reactions to
      inhaled insect allergens may not be uncommon in the Australian community.

PMID- 2420485
TI  - Effect of disodium cromoglycate on activation of human eosinophils and
      neutrophils following reversed (anti-IgE) anaphylaxis.
AB  - Immunological release of histamine and lipid mediators is known to occur when
      basophils, contained in whole blood human leucocytes, are incubated with anti-IgE
      (reversed anaphylaxis). In the present study we show that IgE-dependent
      stimulation of basophils was associated with activation of bystander eosinophils
      and neutrophils, as assessed by enhanced complement (C3b) and IgG (Fc) rosettes,
      and increased cytotoxicity for complement-coated schistosomula of Schistosoma
      mansoni. These changes in eosinophil and neutrophil function were totally
      inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by prior incubation with disodium
      cromoglycate (DSCG). In all in vitro systems examined, complete inhibition of
      enhancement was observed with concentrations as low as 10(-7) moles/l. In
      contrast, DSCG had no effect on histamine release, or the percentage of rosettes
      or cytotoxicity prior to anti-IgE stimulation. These results suggest that DSCG
      inhibits activation of inflammatory cells consequent to an IgE-dependent
      stimulus.

PMID- 2420486
TI  - Salivary amylase and pancreatic enzymes in serum after total body irradiation.
AB  - Amylase increases in serum after total body irradiation (TBI). To investigate
      whether this increase is ascribable to pancreatic or salivary amylase, or both,
      we measured the post-irradiation activity concentration of the three major
      pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, amylase, and lipase) and of salivary-type amylase in
      serum from six leukemic patients given TBI before bone-marrow transplantation.
      Salivary amylase increased by as much as 50-fold after TBI, peaking on the first
      day after the irradiation. The increase was associated with the development of
      clinical parotitis. Pancreatic trypsin, total amylase, and lipase increased
      inconsistently and to a much smaller degree. There were no associated clinical
      features of pancreatitis. Our data show that, at the dose of radiation given to
      our patients, there is no danger of pancreatitis as a complication, but parotitis
      is a consistent development after TBI.

PMID- 2420487
TI  - Two-site time-resolved immunofluorometric assay of human insulin.
AB  - We describe a two-site "sandwich"-type time-resolved immunofluorometric assay for
      human insulin, based on use of two monoclonal antibodies with different
      specificities. The first antibody is immobilized on the surface of microtiter
      plate strip wells, the other is labeled with Eu3+. Serum samples can be assayed
      with one incubation step; two incubation steps are required when plasma samples
      are assayed. After the immunoreactions are complete, the bound fraction of Eu3+
      label is quantified by dissociating it in a fluorescence-enhancement solution and
      measuring its fluorescence with a fluorometer with time-resolution. The
      sensitivity of the assay is 0.24 micro-int. units/mL. The standard curve is
      linear from 0.24 to 2400 micro-int. units/mL.

PMID- 2420488
TI  - Immunoradiometric assay of thyrotropin as a "first-line" thyroid-function test in
      the routine laboratory.
AB  - We compared the utility of a sensitive immunoradiometric assay for serum
      thyrotropin as a "first-line" thyroid-function test with a strategy based on
      first measuring total thyroxin in serum. The immunoradiometric assay appears to
      distinguish primary hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism from euthyroidism in "new"
      patients. The role of this test in monitoring antithyroid treatment or thyroxin
      replacement therapy is not yet established, there being particular difficulty in
      interpreting low thyrotropin concentrations in such patients. Nevertheless,
      because a normal thyrotropin concentration in most, if not all, situations
      signifies the euthyroid state, thyrotropin determination by immunoradiometric
      assay merits consideration as an initial test by laboratories performing thyroid
      function tests.

PMID- 2420489
TI  - Pulmonary immunohistology.

PMID- 2420490
TI  - Palliative treatment of malignant airway obstruction by Nd-YAG laser.

PMID- 2420491
TI  - Impaired amylase activities caused by binding of abnormal immunoglobulin A in
      patients with macroamylasemia.
AB  - Eight of thirty analyzed samples of immunoglobulin A-linked macroamylases showed
      significantly higher enzyme activity with the low molecular (short-chain amylose)
      substrate than with the macromolecular (blue starch polymer) substrate.
      Immunoglobulin A, which had been separated from one macroamylase, was found to
      bind to normal amylases from different organs resulting in decreased affinity for
      the macromolecular substrate. These findings suggest that abnormal immunoglobulin
      A is stoichiometrically associated with a specific site adjacent to the active
      site of the amylase molecule. In addition, alpha-amylase inhibitor failed to
      inhibit the enzyme activity of some macroamylases with macromolecular substrate,
      suggesting that immunoglobulin A blocked the binding site for the inhibitor. We
      conclude that immunoglobulin A-linked macroamylases have heterogeneous binding
      sites for immunoglobulin A, resulting in functional abnormality of amylase
      activity.

PMID- 2420492
TI  - Reduced trypsin binding capacity of alpha 2-macroglobulin in diabetes.
AB  - The plasma proteinase inhibitor, alpha 2-macroglobulin, is usually elevated in
      diabetes. The trypsin binding capacity and the concentration of alpha 2
      macroglobulin in 90 diabetics sera were compared with 30 age- and sex-matched
      normal sera. The mean alpha 2-macroglobulin concentration determined by radial
      immunodiffusion was 313 mg/dl for the diabetics as compared to 240 mg/dl for the
      healthy subjects (significantly higher, p less than 0.01). The mean of the ratio,
      mol trypsin bound/mol alpha 2-macroglobulin (molar binding ratio) for the Type I
      diabetics (n = 54), 0.82, was significantly lower than the mean of the healthy
      subjects, 0.87, or the mean of the Type II diabetics, 0.87. No relationship
      between the molar binding ratios and the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin was
      found. The alpha 2-macroglobulin was isolated from the plasma of 11 Type I
      diabetics and 7 normals. The maximum molar trypsin binding capacities of the
      diabetic alpha 2-macroglobulin were significantly lower. The mean for the
      diabetic alpha 2-macroglobulin was 1.72 vs. 1.97 for the normal alpha 2
      macroglobulin. These results indicate that the trypsin binding function of alpha
      2-macroglobulin is moderately impaired in diabetes. No differences were found in
      the extent of proteolytic cleavage of the 'bait region' of diabetic alpha 2
      macroglobulin, autolytic cleavage or the methylamine reaction at the thiolester
      site between diabetic and normal alpha 2-macroglobulin. Nonenzymatic
      glucosylation of normal alpha 2-macroglobulin did not lower the trypsin binding
      capacity. The nature of the modification of alpha 2-macroglobulin leading to
      reduced trypsin binding capacity or the physiological significance is not yet
      known.

PMID- 2420493
TI  - Paracrine regulation of follicular maturation in primates.
AB  - Taken together, the studies reviewed here suggest that although gonadotropins are
      necessary for follicular growth, they are insufficient by themselves to explain
      the dynamics of folliculogenesis. Indeed, the role of gonadotropins in follicular
      maturation must necessarily be permissive: that is LH and FSH initiate a
      synchronized cascade of follicular events directly mediated by paracrine and
      autocrine factors.

PMID- 2420494
TI  - Antigen handling by the small intestine.
AB  - In this review, I have attempted to summarize the research done in a poorly
      understood area of gastroenterology, namely the role of the intestine in handling
      luminal antigens. The mature gut retains the capacity to absorb antigens by an
      energy-dependent, pinocytotic mechanism similar to that described for the
      transport of gamma-globulins in certain mammalian species in the neonatal state.
      The vast majority of adults show no ill effects as a result of this physiological
      phenomenon due to mucosal barrier function. However, when the barrier is
      disrupted and increased (pathological) quantities of toxic or antigenic
      macromolecules gain access to the body because of a derangement in the
      intraluminal digestive process or a defect in the mucosal barrier, antigen
      handling may be altered and result in either local intestinal or systemic
      disease. Finally, speculative concepts suggesting that clinical disease states
      may be associated with altered mucosal permeability have been discussed.

PMID- 2420495
TI  - Congenital cutis laxa with retardation of growth and motor development: a
      recessive disorder of connective tissue with male lethality.
AB  - A syndrome of cutis laxa, ligamentous laxity and delayed motor development has
      been reported in 13 children. All are girls. Four are from Saudi Arabia. Another
      Saudi Arabian girl, the product of a consanguineous union, is described with
      intrauterine growth retardation, delayed closure of the anterior fontanel, slow
      motor development, cutis laxa and ligamentous laxity. The syndrome appears to be
      an autosomal recessive disorder of connective tissue, with male lethality.

PMID- 2420496
TI  - AMLR and MLR stimulating activity of human T lymphocytes activated in vitro by
      soluble HLA-DR antigens.
AB  - We have examined the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and autologous
      mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) stimulating activities of T cells precultured in
      vitro with soluble allogeneic or autologous HLA-DR antigens. These cells (Ts) are
      known to suppress the human MLR: this suppression is specific in that it occurs
      only when stimulator cells have the same HLA-DR antigen as that used to induce
      differentiation of suppressor cells. Ts cells express new membrane specificities;
      they can be separated by immunoabsorption into two populations: Ts enriched (Tx+;
      with suppressive activity) and Ts depleted (Ts-; with helper function). In the
      present study, we have demonstrated that both Ts cell subsets activated by
      soluble HLA-DR alloantigens are able to stimulate both MLR and AMLR. Ts cells
      activated by soluble autologous HLA-DR antigens are able to stimulate MLR, but
      not AMLR.

PMID- 2420497
TI  - Bacterial antigens stimulate the production of histamine releasing factor (HRF)
      by lymphocytes from intrinsic asthmatic patients.
AB  - Lymphocyte from 12 intrinsic asthmatic patients and 10 healthy controls were
      studied for their capability to produce histamine releasing factor (HRF) in
      vitro. Spontaneous HRF production was measured by culturing the lymphocytes alone
      for 20 h. In another set of experiments lymphocytes were first preincubated
      separately with phytohaemagglutinin, antigens of Haemophilus influenzae,
      Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus sp. and Neisseria catarrhalis for 4 h then
      carefully washed three times and cultured alone for an additional 16 h. Cell-free
      supernatant was assayed for histamine releasing activity using basophils from
      healthy donors. It was observed that lymphocytes from intrinsic asthmatic
      patients spontaneously produced HRF. The production of this lymphokine was
      enhanced following preincubation of lymphocytes with phytohaemagglutinin or
      bacterial antigens. Results of skin test with bacterial antigens did not
      correlate with the magnitude of the production of HRF by lymphocytes. At gel
      chromatography over Sephadex G-75 bacterial antigen-stimulated lymphocyte
      supernatant revealed two peaks of HRF activity in the molecular weight ranges
      35,000-50,000 and 3,000-7,000.

PMID- 2420498
TI  - Electrophoretic transfer blotting analysis of immune complexes in rheumatoid
      arthritis.
AB  - Immunochemical analysis of immune complexes (IC) derived from synovial fluid and
      serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was undertaken. IC were isolated
      by differential polyethylene glycol precipitation and competitive binding to
      staphylococcal Protein A. Anti-IC antisera were raised in rabbits by immunization
      with purified IC. IC were characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      (SDS-PAGE), electrophoretic transfer to nitrocellulose sheets, reaction with
      either anti-IC antiserum or monospecific antiserum against putative components,
      then developed with 125I-Protein A and autoradiography. Synovial fluid IC from
      both RA and control inflammatory joint diseases contained immunoglobulin light
      chains, and mu and gamma heavy chains. IC from RA synovial fluid also contained
      alpha chain, and Clq. Cross-over studies of IC and antisera revealed cross
      reactive antigens in IC of RA synovial fluid and that remained unidentified were
      of the following relative molecular masses: 26,000; 39,000; 40,000; and 43,000.
      Studies using early and late serum samples to probe the blotted IC failed to
      disclose serological autoreactivity. This sensitive analytical technique provides
      a means for detailed description of the constituents of IC in inflammatory joint
      diseases.

PMID- 2420499
TI  - Brittle fingernails.
AB  - In this review an attempt has been made to clarify the etiology, pathogenesis,
      and therapy of brittle fingernails. Hopefully, this discussion will enable the
      clinician to better understand, evaluate and manage patients with this disorder.

PMID- 2420500
TI  - Dog prostate arginine esterase is related to human prostate specific antigen.
AB  - We have analyzed prostatic proteins of canine and human seminal plasma. We have
      compared in particular the physicochemical characteristics of arginine esterase
      from dog to those of the prostatic specific antigen from man. Both are major
      secretory proteins in each species. Arginine esterase and prostate specific
      antigen are related enzymes belonging to the serine-protease class. Their
      enzymatic activity towards protein substrates appears similar. However their
      activity towards synthetic substrates indicate that arginine esterase is a
      trypsin-like enzyme whereas prostate specific antigen has some chymotrypsin-like
      activity. The canine enzyme is inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride while
      the human one is not. The amino acid sequence of a portion of the NH2-terminal of
      the 2 proteins share 58% homology. Their molecular weights are similar: 29 KDa
      for arginine esterase and 34 KDa for prostate specific antigen. These results
      show that arginine esterase and prostate specific antigen are distinct but
      closely related proteins. These results strongly suggest that the dog could be an
      excellent model for the elucidation of the presently unknown role of this class
      of abundant enzymes of prostatic origin.

PMID- 2420501
TI  - Carbohydrate digestion: development in early infancy.
AB  - Developmental, congenital, and acquired carbohydrate malabsorption syndromes and
      the particular problems of premature and compromised infants are presented. The
      clinical features, pathogenesis and intervention strategies for the
      aforementioned disorders are reviewed.

PMID- 2420502
TI  - Toward a molecular understanding of zinc metabolism.
AB  - The absorption of zinc is increased when the dietary zinc supply is low. This is
      caused by increased intestinal transport and reduced secretion of endogenous zinc
      into the intestine. Kinetic analysis of zinc transport, based on data from either
      the isolated perfused intestine or brush border membrane vesicles, demonstrates
      uptake velocity is increased homeostatically by a carrier-mediated phase of
      transport in response to low dietary zinc. Zinc within intestinal cells binds to
      high molecular weight proteins and metallothionein. Expression of the
      metallothionein gene is altered by zinc status and the protein appears to have a
      function in intestinal cells. Zinc transport across the basolateral membrane is
      also carrier-mediated and may be ATP-driven. Newly absorbed zinc is transported
      via albumin, first to the liver and then is redistributed to other tissues,
      particularly muscle and bone which provide the greatest reserves. Plasma zinc
      levels remain relatively constant except during periods of dietary zinc depletion
      and acute responses to stress, infection or inflammation where they are
      depressed. Experiments with intact rats and isolated rat liver parenchymal cells
      have shown that hepatic zinc turnover is rapid. Stimulation of liver cells by
      glucocorticoids, glucagon, epinephrine, cAMP or interleukin-1-like factors alters
      uptake/exchange kinetics such that there is a net accumulation of cellular zinc.
      Metallothionein gene expression is enhanced by these hormonal signals, and a
      considerable portion of the newly accumulated zinc is accounted for as that
      associated with this zinc-binding protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2420503
TI  - The use of a new dextran gradient medium for rapid isolation of functionally
      intact neonatal rat pancreatic islets.
AB  - The use of a new density gradient medium, Dextran M 70, is described for
      isolation of islets of Langerhans from collagenase digested pancreases of
      neonatal Wistar rats. Centrifugation in continuous as well as in discontinuous
      gradients of a less expensive dextran with a mol. wt. of 70,000 was performed and
      the results were compared with those obtained with Ficoll gradients. About 100
      islets free from exocrine acinar parenchyma were obtained from each neonatal rat
      pancreas. There were no differences in glucose-stimulated insulin release and in
      potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin release by the phosphodiesterase
      inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX) between the islets isolated by
      centrifugation in Dextran M 70 or Ficoll 400 and those directly harvested from
      the pancreatic digest without density media. These data demonstrate that high
      numbers of pancreatic islets can be rapidly isolated in dextran gradients without
      any impairment of their functional integrity. Dextran M 70 gradients can be
      readily formed as continuous or 4-step discontinuous gradients without special
      osmotic compensators and its maximum density of 1.097 g/ml at a concentration of
      23% (w/w) seems to be sufficient for the purification of other cell types too.

PMID- 2420504
TI  - Laser Doppler flowmetry: in the assessment of peripheral vascular disorders? A
      preliminary evaluation.
AB  - Skin is a representative microvascular bed providing easy access for the study of
      capillary haemodynamics. In this preliminary evaluation we have used laser
      Doppler flowmetry to measure the response of skin capillary blood flow to local
      thermal stimulation. The purpose of our study was to see if such measurements can
      be used to derive useful clinical information. Thirty subjects, 15 male and 15
      female, were selected to establish "normal' patterns of behaviour. All normal
      subjects studied showed similar patterns of response. There was a slight downward
      trend in red-blood-cell flux with age. Periods of vasomotor activity were present
      at rates ranging from 4-17 cycles/min. The mean temperature rise in the heated
      skin area was 4 degrees C. Blood flow over this range increased by a factor of 10
      or more. Clinical cases studied were strictly limited to three categories of
      disease with known or suspected microvascular changes: algodystrophy, lower-limb
      ischaemia and diabetic neuropathy. All the clinical cases studied showed
      deviations from the normal pattern. Patients with algodystrophy had impaired
      peripheral vascular function in the affected area. Patients with lower-limb
      ischaemic problems all had poor peripheral perfusion. In the limited number of
      diabetic neuropathic feet studied two patterns emerged: patients with no evidence
      of ulceration displayed striking vasomotor activity; those with more severe
      problems had reduced red-blood-cell flux and little evidence of vasomotor
      control.

PMID- 2420505
TI  - Alpha thalassaemia and the haematology of normal Jamaican children.
AB  - Haematological indices were studied from birth to 9 years in a representative
      sample of 195 children with a normal haemoglobin (AA) genotype subdivided
      according to the number of alpha globin genes. These were 5 homozygotes for alpha
      thalassaemia 2 (two-gene group), 60 heterozygotes for alpha-thalassaemia 2 (three
      gene group), and 130 with a normal alpha globin gene complement (four-gene
      group). HbF and HbA2 showed no differences between the groups. Compared to the
      four-gene group, the three-gene group tended to have significantly lower levels
      of total haemoglobin, MCHC, MCV, and MCH, and higher levels of red cell count.
      These differences became apparent with increasing age in the order of MCV, RBC,
      MCHC, and total haemoglobin. The data suggested that haematological differences
      were more marked in the two-gene group but with the small numbers available, the
      differences were not significant.

PMID- 2420506
TI  - Do substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) play a role in the
      acute occlusive or chronic ischaemic vasodilation in man?
AB  - The concentrations of substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      (VIP) were determined in plasma in normal volunteers during acute occlusive
      ischaemia (n=5) and in patients with chronic ischaemia (n=5) due to obliterative
      arterial disease in the lower limbs. Venous SP, but not VIP, increased
      significantly in the early post-occlusive period in normal volunteers (P less
      than 0.02). In the patients no significant veno-arterial difference in plasma
      concentration of SP or VIP could be detected across normal or chronic ischaemic
      areas. The results may suggest a role for SP in the acute post-occlusive
      vasodilation and/or in the post-occlusive heat-pain sensation. A role for SP in
      chronic ischaemia could not be defined. Plasma VIP was unchanged in both acute
      and chronic ischaemia.

PMID- 2420507
TI  - [Iatrogenic lung injury in treatment with antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs.
      A further clinico-statistical contribution].

PMID- 2420508
TI  - [Treatment of dyslipidemias with DEAE-dextran].

PMID- 2420509
TI  - Assays for complement activation.
AB  - Complement is a major biologic mediation system that functions in host defense
      against microorganisms and other pathogens and also aids in the elimination of
      damaged and abnormal cells. This is accomplished by its ability to mediate the
      destruction of pathogens and altered cells directly through cytolytic and
      cytotoxic properties, as well as indirectly by its ability to augment the actions
      of various effector cells, which in turn destroy or inactivate these substances.
      Its second major action in vivo is the production of an acute inflammatory
      response that, by altering blood-vessel permeability, contracting smooth muscles,
      and promoting an influx of leukocytes, aids in the localization of the injurious
      process responsible for complement activation and retards its spread and
      dissemination throughout the body. The actions of the activated complement system
      upon pathogens and altered cells, as well as its phlogistic properties, are the
      direct consequence of the actions of complement protein-protein complexes,
      enzymes, peptides, and cleavage products on the activator, on biologic membranes,
      and on various effector and other tissue cells. Complement activation is a
      frequent phenomenon in infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and many other
      conditions having an inflammatory component. Because of the importance of this
      system in contributing to the resolution of the disease process, monitoring of
      the status of the system in patients is frequently indicated. Monitoring of the
      complement status is also appropriate in numerous other diseases, such as those
      with an inflammatory component, in which complement activation occurs secondarily
      but in which it is frequently responsible for confining the injurious process and
      aiding in its resolution. A number of techniques are available to assess the
      status of the complement system in samples obtained from patients. Among these
      are a group of newer tests that specifically detect complement activation. They
      quantitate activation-dependent complement cleavage products, antigenic changes,
      or protein-protein complexes. These tests are quantitative, highly sensitive, and
      extremely specific; furthermore, most can be employed with samples obtained from
      patients. Because all of the biologic actions of the complement system require
      complement activation, such newer activation-specific assays permit the precise
      evaluation of the status of this system in human diseases. Further extension of
      their use to additional patients and other disease complexes will undoubtedly
      increase the understanding of the biologic importance of the complement system in
      human disease processes.

PMID- 2420511
TI  - Genetic control of the spatial pattern of selector gene expression in Drosophila.

PMID- 2420510
TI  - Recent advances in laboratory tests and the significance of autoantibodies to
      nuclear antigens in systemic rheumatic diseases.
AB  - There are many types of ANA and they may react with different nuclear components
      varying from nucleic acids to both basic and acidic nuclear proteins. Recent
      investigations have demonstrated that it is important not only to detect the
      presence and quantity of the ANA, but also to identify the immunologic
      specificities of the ANA in a given patient. The specific identification of the
      immunologic specificity of the ANA helps in the diagnosis and management of
      therapy in the various rheumatic diseases. In recent years, much progress has
      been made in the improvements of sensitivity, specificity, and quality control of
      many of the clinical laboratory tests for detection and quantitation of ANAs.
      Distinct profiles of ANA characterize different rheumatic diseases. A number of
      ANAs are found in SLE, whereas other diseases are characterized by the presence
      or absence of a certain ANA or by differences in mean ANA titers. Specific ANAs
      have been used to isolate and characterize nuclear antigens at the molecular and
      functional levels.

PMID- 2420512
TI  - Expression of the dorsal gene.

PMID- 2420513
TI  - Mammalian homeo box genes.

PMID- 2420514
TI  - Altered morphogenesis and its effects on gene activity in Xenopus laevis embryos.

PMID- 2420515
TI  - Regulated expression of alpha-fetoprotein genes in transgenic mice.

PMID- 2420516
TI  - Inducible and developmental control of neuroendocrine genes.

PMID- 2420517
TI  - Molecular analysis of the first differentiations in the mouse embryo.

PMID- 2420518
TI  - Transformation of embryonic stem cells with the human type-II collagen gene and
      its expression in chimeric mice.

PMID- 2420519
TI  - Early Dictyostelium development: control mechanisms bypassed by sequential
      mutagenesis.

PMID- 2420520
TI  - Molecular genetics of Drosophila neurogenesis.

PMID- 2420521
TI  - Development of digestive secretions in white sturgeon juveniles (Acipenser
      transmontanus).
AB  - Development of the digestive enzyme complement corresponded with this species'
      carnivorous habits and a natural dietary shift at metamorphosis from larval
      pelagic zooplanktivory to benthic carnivory. During the first developmental
      stanza when the digestive tract was differentiating and the larvae were dependent
      on endogenous nutritional reserves, digestive enzyme concentrations were low.
      Initiation of gastric secretion (pepsin and acid) was concomitant with onset of
      exogenous feeding. Highest amylolytic and lipolytic activities were recorded from
      feeding larvae prior to their metamorphosis to juveniles.

PMID- 2420522
TI  - Abnormalities of pancreatic exocrine function in obesity: studies in the obese
      mouse.
AB  - Insulin is known to play a specific role in the biosynthesis of pancreatic
      amylase. In the insulin resistant adult C57 BL/6J--ob/ob mouse there is a
      reduction of pancreatic amylase content. The differences of enzyme content could
      not be explained by differences of food intake between obese and lean mice, but
      are more likely to be the consequence of insulin resistance at the level of the
      exocrine pancreas. By contrast, greater pancreatic content of amylase and lipase
      seen in young obese mice (less than 2-months old) was associated with the greater
      food intake of these mice with respect to lean controls.

PMID- 2420523
TI  - Hormonal modulation of pineal melatonin synthesis in rats and Syrian hamsters:
      effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and insulin injections.
AB  - Pineal levels of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, N-acetylserotonin,
      melatonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and the enzyme activities of N
      acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase were determined in male
      albino rats and Syrian hamsters that were injected with insulin twice daily for
      three days, or injected with streptozotocin to induce diabetes. Neither insulin
      injections nor streptozotocin diabetes had any effect on pineal melatonin
      production in rats. In hamsters, diabetes reduced the nocturnal peak of pineal
      melatonin content by approximately one half, while insulin injections had no
      effect on pineal melatonin levels; however, insulin injections did cause a slight
      increase in pineal N-acetyltransferase activity. These findings indicate that the
      pineal gland of the hamster may be more sensitive to alterations in plasma
      insulin levels than the same organ in rats.

PMID- 2420524
TI  - Diversity of gene expression in goldfish brain.
AB  - The sequence complexity of nuclear and polysomal RNA from goldfish brain and
      kidney was measured by RNA-driven hybridization reactions with single-copy
      [3H]DNA. At saturation, brain nuclear and polysomal RNA were complementary to
      23.2 and 6.7% of the DNA probe, respectively. In contrast to these findings,
      nuclear and polysomal RNA from kidney hybridized to 16.1 and 3.1% of the single
      copy DNA, values that were significantly lower than that obtained in the CNS.
      Taken together, the results focus attention on the striking diversity of gene
      expression in goldfish brain and extend to lower vertebrates the observation that
      nervous tissue expresses significantly more genetic information than other
      somatic tissues or organs.

PMID- 2420525
TI  - Constancy and divergence of amylase loci in four species of Tribolium
      (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae).
AB  - Isoamylases of three different developmental stages of four closely-related
      species of Tribolium are compared. Results suggest that a common embryonic
      amylase locus is highly conserved, whilst loci expressed in larval and adult
      stages have diverged. Implications of these findings for the evaluation of
      proposed cladistic relationships are discussed.

PMID- 2420526
TI  - Lipids of epidermis and keratinized and non-keratinized oral epithelia.
AB  - Lipid compositions have been determined by quantitative thin-layer chromatography
      for epidermis, floor of mouth, gingiva, palate and buccal epithelium of the pig
      (Sus scrofa). All of the epithelia contained phospholipids, glycosylceramides,
      cholesteryl sulfate, cholesteryl esters, free sterols, fatty acids and
      triglycerides. Epidermis, palate and gingiva had similar lipid compositions,
      which were characterized by the presence of O-acylglycosylceramides, O
      acylceramides and relatively high proportions of ceramides. Floor of mouth and
      buccal epithelium, which are not keratinized, contained no O
      acylglucosylceramides or O-acylceramides and very little ceramide. The higher
      water permeability of the non-keratinized oral regions may reflect the absence of
      acylglucosylceramides and the low proportions of ceramides.

PMID- 2420527
TI  - A new non-hormonal antifertility drug DL 111-IT: I. Effects on testes and
      accessory glands of reproduction in male rats.
AB  - Effect of DL-111, 3-(2-ethylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole, a non
      hormonal postimplantational antifertility agent, on testicular and accessory
      reproductive organ weights and total protein, RNA and DNA concentrations were
      evaluated in immature and adult rats. Treatment of 21-day-old rats at doses of
      2.5 mg and 5 mg/kg body weight decreased body weight, weights of testes and
      accessory glands of reproduction. RNA and protein concentrations decreased
      significantly with significant increase increase in DNA concentration in testes,
      epididymis, ventral prostate and seminal vesicles. DL-111 treatment of adult rats
      at doses of 5 mg and 10 mg/kg body weight had no effect on body weight, but
      significantly decreased weights of testes and accessory glands of reproduction.
      RNA and protein concentrations decreased significantly in all tissues studied
      while DNA concentration was not altered. RNA/DNA ratio decreased significantly,
      reflecting ribosomal loss and cytoplasmic shrinkage. These effects of DL-111 are
      comparable to post-castrational changes in accessory glands of reproduction. We
      presume that these changes are mediated by blocking the androgen biosynthesis
      and/or by interfering with normal function of hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis.

PMID- 2420528
TI  - Impaired skeletal response to parathyroid hormone in uremia: the role of
      phosphorus.

PMID- 2420529
TI  - Contributions of recent research to the classification of spontaneous lymphoid
      cell neoplasms in mice.
AB  - The present review focuses on the mouse as an experimental immunopathologic model
      for non-Hodgkins' lymphomas and related leukemias. Immunomorphologic evidence
      will be presented which demonstrates that B and T cell subtypes of mouse lymphoid
      cell neoplasms resemble and are analogous to B and T cell subtypes of human
      lymphoid cell neoplasms. The many experimental advantages of the mouse system
      will be stressed with a particular emphasis on the concept that this newly
      defined immunomorphologic approach should be effectively combined with biologic,
      molecular, and cytogenetic parameters.

PMID- 2420530
TI  - Toxicological aspects of cyclamate and cyclohexylamine.
AB  - In the late 1960s the artificial sweetener cyclamate was implicated as a bladder
      carcinogen in rats. This finding and other concerns about its safety ultimately
      led to a ban on cyclamate in the U.S. and restrictions on its use in many other
      countries. Since that time, the carcinogenic potential of cyclamate and
      cyclohexylamine, its principal metabolite, has been reevaluated in a group of
      well-controlled, well-designed bioassays that have failed to substantiate the
      earlier findings. This review of the published and unpublished literature on
      cyclamate attempts to evaluate the carcinogenicity question and other important
      aspects of the toxicity of cyclamate and cyclohexylamine, including their effects
      on various organ systems, their genotoxic potential, and their effects on
      reproduction. In addition, the physiological disposition of cyclamate is
      reviewed, with particular attention directed toward the site and extent of its
      conversion to cyclohexylamine.

PMID- 2420531
TI  - Presence of endothelial cell growth factor activity in normal and diabetic eyes.
AB  - Two classes of growth factors affecting endothelial cell proliferation have been
      found previously in ocular tissues: a heat labile mitogen from retina (RDGF) and
      a heat stable inhibitor of proliferation from vitreous. The relative amounts of
      these growth factors in normal and diabetic cadaver eyes were investigated using
      fetal bovine aortic endothelial cell proliferation as an assay. Equivalent levels
      of RDGF activity were extracted from diabetic and normal sensory retinas. An
      extract from pigment epithelium and choroid was found to have similar levels of
      mitogenic activity, but this activity was not as heat labile as RDGF. Like RDGF,
      equivalent amounts of mitogen were extracted from diabetic and normal tissue.
      Normal human vitreous inhibited endothelial cell proliferation, and this activity
      was enhanced by heating the material (10 min., 95 degrees C). Four of the five
      individual diabetic vitreous samples of identical postmortem times were mitogenic
      when not heated, and exhibited little or no inhibitory activity when heated.
      Vitreous of identical postmortem times was pooled and fractionated by heparin
      Sepharose chromatography to determine if the heat labile mitogen in vitreous was
      RDGF. From the insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) pooled vitreous sample, a
      prominent protein of 18 Kd was eluted from the column with 1.2 M NaC1, a
      characteristic of RDGF. This work suggests that both RDGF and the vitreous
      inhibitor are found in human vitreous, but their relative concentrations may
      change in the diabetic state so that retinal neovascularization from retina can
      occur.

PMID- 2420532
TI  - Conversion of retina glia cells into lenslike phenotype following disruption of
      normal cell contacts.

PMID- 2420533
TI  - The presence of extralenticular crystallins and its relationship with
      transdifferentiation to lens.

PMID- 2420534
TI  - Immunogold labeling of metaphase cells.
AB  - A method is presented for the phenotypic identification of metaphase cells
      stained for chromosome aberration and SCE analysis. The cells are labeled in
      suspension with antibodies conjugated with colloidal gold, and then chromosome
      preparations are made using a cytocentrifuge. A silver development (IGSS)
      procedure is used to enhance the gold labeling for light microscopy. A variety of
      fixatives may be employed, permitting various cytogenetic and cytochemical
      staining procedures to be used.

PMID- 2420535
TI  - Heterochromatin in the chromosomes of the gorilla: characterization with
      distamycin A/DAPI, D287/170, chromomycin A3, quinacrine, and 5-azacytidine.
AB  - The chromosomes of the gorilla were extensively studied with various staining
      techniques labeling the different classes of heterochromatin. The chromosomal
      distribution of distamycin A/DAPI-, D287/170-, quinacrine-, and chromomycin A3
      positive heterochromatic regions, as well as the nucleolus organizer regions, is
      described and compared with the karyotypes of other hominoid species. Lymphocyte
      cultures were treated with low doses of 5-azacytidine during the last hours of
      culture. This cytidine analog induces distinct undercondensation in 37
      heterochromatic regions in the 24 gorilla chromosomes. The 5-azacytidine-induced
      undercondensations are localized not only in most of the distamycin A/DAPI-bright
      heterochromatic regions but also in many telomeric C-bands of the chromosomes.
      Furthermore, 5-azacytidine preserves the somatic pairing between heterochromatic
      regions from the interphase nuclei into the metaphase stage. The homeologies and
      differences in the chromosomal localization of the various classes of
      heterochromatin, 5-azacytidine-sensitive regions, 5-methylcytosine-rich DNA
      sequences, and satellite DNAs in the gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, and man are
      discussed.

PMID- 2420536
TI  - Characterization of silver-stained nucleolus organizer regions (Ag-NORs) in 16
      inbred strains of the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus.
AB  - Silver-stained nucleolus organizer regions (Ag-NORs) in metaphase chromosomes of
      cultured fibroblasts were compared among 16 inbred strains of the Norway rat,
      Rattus norvegicus. Ag-NORs were located at the secondary constrictions or
      juxtacentromeric regions of the short arms of chromosomes 3, 11, and 12. The
      frequency and relative size of Ag-NORs were found to be strain-specific,
      providing a genetic marker system useful for characterization of inbred strains.
      While considerable cell-to-cell variation was observed within a given strain, the
      strain-specific pattern of Ag-NORs was shown to be consistent in cultured and
      noncultured cells obtained from different tissues of embryos, newborns, and
      adults, as well as in successively cultured cells examined up to the 10th
      subculture generation. The patterns of Ag-NORs in F1 hybrids made between some of
      the inbred strains were in general agreement with those expected from the
      parental strains; some unexpected patterns were noted in F1 hybrids of a
      particular cross, suggesting the possible existence of nucleolar interactions in
      such interstrain hybrids, although this has to be confirmed.

PMID- 2420537
TI  - Expression of heterochromatin by restriction endonuclease treatment and
      distamycin A/DAPI staining of Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) chromosomes.
AB  - The constitutive heterochromatin of the Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) was
      examined following digestion with various restriction endonucleases (AluI,
      HaeIII, HinfI, and MboI), as well as by selective fluorescence staining with
      distamycin A plus 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Distinct areas within the C
      bands were found to have characteristic staining patterns which were more
      conspicuous in the sex chromosomes. Two dot-like structures resistant to AluI
      were found in the X and Y1 chromosomes in the same position as the nucleolus
      organizer regions.

PMID- 2420538
TI  - Esophagogastrectomy. Successful palliation for esophageal carcinoma.
AB  - Although esophagogastrectomy offers the best chance for cure and alleviation of
      dysphagia in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma, the operative mortality and
      morbidity can be prohibitively high. To investigate means for reducing the rate
      of surgical complication, a study was made of a six-year series of 36 procedures
      involving 32 esophagogastrostomies and four colon interpositions. Patient
      survival rates were 60 percent at one year, 40 percent at two years, and 9
      percent at five years with a mean survival of 22 months. Histology of the tumor
      did not significantly affect prognosis. The three operative mortalities were
      caused by pulmonary insufficiency in one overhydrated patient, and coagulopathy
      in two alcoholic patients with underlying liver disease. Anastomotic leakage, the
      precipitating factor for the majority of operative mortalities in the recent
      literature, occurred in one non-fatal case. This low incidence is linked to the
      implementation of steps to maximize blood supply and minimize tension on the
      anastomosis line. Anastomotic stricture was seen and easily dilated in three
      patients. The five cases of intra-esophageal tumor recurrence which occurred
      despite tumor-free margins may have been avoided by more extensive resection.

PMID- 2420539
TI  - Resting lung function in children after repair of tetralogy of Fallot.
AB  - Children with tetralogy of Fallot had pulmonary function tests (PFT) after
      intracardiac repair (ICR). According to the age at time of ICR and to the
      existence or not of palliative surgery preceding ICR, they were divided into
      three groups. Group 1 had ICR at a mean of one year one month of age (range four
      months to one year seven months), that is, during the active period of postnatal
      lung growth. Groups 2 and 3 had ICR later in childhood, that is, respectively, at
      four years seven months (range two years nine months to 11 years 9 months) and at
      five years four months (range two years seven months to 11 years five months). In
      group 3, ICR was preceded by palliative surgery. The PFT at rest included
      measurement of lung volumes (functional residual capacity), vital capacity (VC),
      dynamic or static compliance (CL), total pulmonary resistance, lung transfer
      factor for CO (TLCO) and blood gases. Group 1 had normal lung function suggesting
      that early repair of TOF saves lung development. In groups 2 and 3, significant
      decrease in VC(p less than 0.01) and CL (p less than 0.01) were found suggesting
      impaired alveolar growth. Additional defect in TLCO (p less than 0.01) in group 3
      suggested that palliative surgery induces abnormal vascular growth. Thus, the
      present functional results suggest repair of TOF during the two first years of
      life, ie, the active period of postnatal lung growth.

PMID- 2420540
TI  - Controlling postoperative ARDS.

PMID- 2420541
TI  - Lasers in diagnosis and management (lung cancer).

PMID- 2420542
TI  - Relationship between foster care and adoption units serving developmentally
      disabled children.
AB  - There were few differences between developmentally disabled foster children and
      those who were adopted. The foster children as a group were slightly older and
      more likely to have intact biological families who continued to maintain contact
      with them. More differences were found in the agencies' structures and practices.
      The major problem areas identified during the site visits appeared to be within
      the child welfare system itself, specifically at the interface between foster
      care and adoption. Bridging mechanisms were needed between units to temper the
      differences in perception, values, role expectations, and decision-making
      criteria used by the specialized staffs. When bridging mechanisms were in place,
      specialization of function was related to increased effectiveness in placing
      developmentally disabled children for adoption.

PMID- 2420543
TI  - Isolation and characterization of mouse L6565 leukemia virus.

PMID- 2420544
TI  - [Witzel enterostomy in ileus caused by diffuse peritoneal carcinosis].

PMID- 2420545
TI  - [Metastases in the pancreas].

PMID- 2420546
TI  - [Identification of the parathyroid glands by intraoperative staining].

PMID- 2420547
TI  - [Absorption spectra of optic signals from invertebrate neurons stained with
      potential-sensitive dyes].

PMID- 2420548
TI  - [Construction and expression of genes encoding short hybrid mRNA in Escherichia
      coli].

PMID- 2420549
TI  - Effect of long-term administration of anticonvulsants on copper, zinc, and
      ceruloplasmin levels.
AB  - Anticonvulsant therapy is known to be associated with elevated plasma copper and
      ceruloplasmin levels. To investigate the effect of long-term phenytoin and/or
      phenobarbital administration, plasma copper, zinc, and ceruloplasmin levels were
      measured in two groups of patients with developmental disorders who were either
      living at home (study 1) or institutionalized (study 2). Plasma copper and zinc
      levels were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometric method, and
      ceruloplasmin levels were determined using a method measuring oxidase activity
      (study 1) and an immunodiffusion plate method (study 2). In both studies, the
      mean plasma copper and ceruloplasmin levels of the anticonvulsant groups were
      significantly higher than those of control groups, while the mean plasma zinc
      levels for the anticonvulsant and control groups were similar. Possible change in
      the tissue zinc/copper ratio among the patients receiving long-term
      anticonvulsants is discussed.

PMID- 2420550
TI  - [Ventricular arrhythmias in cor pulmonale. The effect of oxygen treatment].
AB  - Long-term ECG monitoring was carried out on 36 patients with chronic obstructive
      airway disease and cor pulmonale. Ventricular extrasystoles were detectable in
      all patients with greater than 30/h occurring in 13. Multifocal ventricular
      extrasystoles were seen in 29 patients, couplets in 16, runs in 6 and early (R-on
      T) extrasystoles in 8 patients. When the ventricular extrasystoles exceeded 30
      per hour the average oxygen partial pressure (paO2), determined in capillary
      blood, was 59.5 mm Hg, whereas it was higher, 66.4 mm Hg (P less than 0.0125),
      when there were less than or equal to 30/h. Oxygen (2 l/min) was administered to
      13 patients between 20.00 h and 08.00 h and then room-air the following night via
      a nasal tube. After the administration of oxygen mean paO2 was 72.3 mm Hg and
      after breathing room-air 62.6 mm Hg (P less than 0.01). During the administration
      of oxygen, extrasystoles appeared less frequently than after breathing room-air
      (927 vs 1211; P less than 0.05). These results show that ventricular
      extrasystoles appear more often with decreasing paO2 and that oxygen therapy can
      reduce their frequency.

PMID- 2420551
TI  - [Acute occlusion in the vertebrobasilar circulatory system in children and young
      adults].
AB  - Within four years ten patients (six women and four men) under 50 years of age (13
      49 years) were observed who presented occlusions of the vertebrobasilar artery.
      Eight patients were admitted from other hospitals, on an average 41 hours after
      the acute occlusion; only in one case had a correct first diagnosis been made. In
      all cases diagnosis was confirmed by means of selective angiography. Conservative
      treatment comprised in two patients low-molecular dextranes and heparin, in
      another two prostaglandin E1. In the remaining six patients local fibrinolysis
      was performed. In the group receiving conservative treatment a 33-year-old female
      patient survived and her neurological deficits subsided except for an organic
      psychosyndrome of minor degree. Local fibrinolysis yielded complete
      recanalization in three cases and partial recanalization in two. Three patients
      survived, in two patients near-complete recovery was achieved.

PMID- 2420552
TI  - Altered myelinated fiber trajectory at various postnatal days in the cerebral
      cortex of reeler mice by immunohistochemical stain with MBP antiserum.
AB  - The cerebral cortex of reeler mutant mice characterized by the derangement of
      cell position was analyzed by an immunohistochemical staining technique using
      antiserum against myelin basic protein. All the myelins of the myelinated fibers
      were stained, so that the fiber trajectories could be clearly traced. In the
      present study the changes in the fiber trajectories were accompanied by changes
      in myelination sites. Myelinated fibers were localized in the central white
      matter and gradually became sparser toward the surface of the normal cerebral
      cortex, while in the reeler myelinated fibers were observed throughout the
      cortical plane. From the immunohistochemical analysis of the changes occurring in
      the myelinated fiber pathways in developmental sequence, it was also shown that
      the fiber bundle accumulation was thin at the earlier stages (e.g. the 15th
      postnatal day) and became thick as the animal grew, and the timing of myelination
      in the reeler was similar to that of the control.

PMID- 2420553
TI  - Management of pain in patients with advanced gynaecological cancer.

PMID- 2420554
TI  - Early life-stage toxicity test methods for gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) and
      results using chlorpyrifos.
AB  - Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) were continuously exposed as embryos, sac fry, and
      juveniles to technical chlorpyrifos in two 49-day early life-stage toxicity
      tests. Survival was significantly (alpha = 0.05) reduced only in 150
      micrograms/liter. However, toadfish exposed to chlorpyrifos concentrations from
      3.7 to 150 micrograms/liter weighted significantly less than control fish: 9%
      lower in 3.7 micrograms/liter to 62% lower in 150 micrograms/liter. The 96-hr
      LC50 for juvenile fish was 520 micrograms/liter. Concentrations of chlorpyrifos
      in toadfish and bioconcentration factors increased with increasing exposure
      concentration, a condition not generally observed with other marine fishes and
      other test chemicals. These results demonstrated the procedures for, and the
      practicality of, early life-stage tests with this marine species. We recommend
      the use of the gulf toadfish for comparative toxicity testing and for evaluating
      the toxicity of substances in conjunction with ontogenetical, physiological, and
      histological investigations of this considerably studied genus. We do not
      recommend it for routine effects testing.

PMID- 2420555
TI  - Visual versus computer evaluation of thiopental-induced EEG changes in temporal
      lobe epilepsy.
AB  - Thiopental-induced EEG beta activity was analyzed both visually and by computer
      in 33 patients with complex partial epilepsy. Studies were done in 16 patients
      with depth electrodes in limbic structures and 17 patients with scalp and
      sphenoidal electrodes. The percentage of drug-induced change in beta activity was
      quantified by computer using spectral analysis. The statistical significance of
      asymmetries between homologous sites in the amount of change was determined. The
      spatial distribution of significant asymmetries was used for localization and
      compared with the results of independent visual analysis of the thiopental EEG.
      Concordance between computer and visual evaluation occurred in 10 of 17
      scalp/sphenoidal and 10 of 16 depth electrode tests. The accuracy of visual and
      computer localization was determined by comparing them with locus of itcal EEG
      onset, interictal spikes, and positron emission tomography. In scalp/sphenoidal
      studies, computer analysis indicating asymmetry appeared more likely to correlate
      with independent clinical criteria than visual analysis. In depth studies the
      reverse appeared to be true. Scalp/sphenoidal tests yielded positive results in
      25-30% of patients whereas depth electrode tests were positive in 50-70% of
      patients. The results indicate that computer analysis of surface thiopental tests
      is an accurate and useful supplement to visual evaluation of these tests.

PMID- 2420556
TI  - EEG power spectra in sleep-onset insomnia.
AB  - EEG power spectra of 12 primary, drug-free, sleep-onset insomniacs and 12 age
      matched normal sleepers were compared. Subjects slept for 3 consecutive nights in
      the laboratory, during which EEGs from C3A2 and O1A2 were continuously recorded
      on FM tape, in addition to standard EOG and EMG leads. The first unambiguous
      minute of record from each sleep stage, including wakefulness prior to sleep, was
      selected from the first sleep cycle of night 3. Analog EEG data from 0.5 to 30.5
      Hz were digitized at 128 samples/sec, cosine tapered, and subjected to FFT with a
      resolution of 1 Hz. Sleep latencies of insomniacs (52.0 min) and normals (12.6
      min) differed (P less than 0.001). There were no other sleep stage differences.
      Non-parametric statistics showed that, during wakefulness, insomniacs had
      significantly more beta activity and less alpha activity than normals. During
      stage 1, insomniacs had significantly more beta activity than normals. There were
      no differences during stages 2, 3, or 4. During REM sleep the insomniacs again
      had significantly more beta activity than the normals. Data from both EEG leads
      were generally consistent. Thus, insomniacs have increased beta and decreased
      alpha activity relative to normals prior to the onset of stage 2 sleep. This
      agrees with our previous finding of increased presleep physiological activity in
      insomniacs. However, the present data also suggest that a CNS component of this
      activity, reflected by increased beta EEG, is reactivated during REM sleep.

PMID- 2420557
TI  - Ultrashort sleep-waking schedule. III. 'Gates' and 'forbidden zones' for sleep.
AB  - Three experiments which utilized an ultrashort sleep-waking cycle were conducted
      to investigate the 24 h structure of sleepiness after 1 night of sleep
      deprivation under 2 experimental conditions: instructing subjects to attempt to
      fall asleep or instructing subjects to attempt to resist sleep. Six subjects
      participated in experiment 1. At 19.00 h they started a 13 min waking-7 min sleep
      attempt, or 13 min waking-7 min resisting sleep, until 19.00 h on the next day.
      Eight subjects were tested in a similar way in experiment 2, which started at
      07.00 h after a night of sleep deprivation and lasted for 24 h. Eight subjects
      were similarly tested in experiment 3 which started at 11.00 h after a night of
      sleep deprivation and lasted for 36 h until 23.00 h on the next day. The results
      showed that in spite of the significant between-group differences in total sleep,
      the temporal structure of sleepiness was very similar in the 3 experiments. In
      each there was a bimodal distribution of sleepiness: a major nocturnal sleepiness
      crest and a secondary mid-afternoon sleepiness peak. These were separated by a
      'forbidden zone' for sleep centred at around 20.00-22.00 h. The onset of the
      nocturnal sleep period (the sleep gate) was found to be a discrete event
      occurring as an 'all or none' phenomenon. Its timing was stable over a 2 week
      period, and independent of the specific experimental demands; there were no
      significant differences between the AS and RS conditions with respect to total
      sleep time or any of the sleep stages. These results, which demonstrate
      structured variations in sleepiness across the nycthemeron are discussed in the
      light of the recent modelling of sleep along homeostatic principles.

PMID- 2420558
TI  - Neurometrics does not detect 'pure' dyslexics.
AB  - Thirty-eight severely dyslexic boys and 38 good readers were evaluated with
      neurometrics, a diagnostic procedure based on the application of numerical
      taxonomy to EEG spectra obtained during resting conditions, supplemented by
      selected evoked potential features. This procedure generates deviance scores for
      the EEG spectra by comparing each individual's values to those obtained from a
      normative population and has been reported to discriminate learning disabled
      children from normal controls (Ahn et al. 1980). In the present study, all
      subjects, dyslexic and control, passed stringent screening to assure normal
      intellectual, neurological, sensory and emotional status. The false positive rate
      obtained in our control group was comparable to that reported earlier. However,
      none of the deviance scores significantly discriminated dyslexics from controls;
      most subjects from both groups were classified as normal. Severe dyslexia per se
      is thus not associated with the specific neurometric abnormalities reported
      previously in more heterogeneous learning disabled populations.

PMID- 2420559
TI  - Slow-wave oscillations of the multi-unit activity average frequency in the human
      brain during drowsiness and sleep.
AB  - Slow-wave oscillations of the mean frequency of multi-unit activity (MUA) were
      studied in the cerebral subcortical structures of parkinsonic and epileptic
      patients treated with the aid of implanted electrodes, during sleep, drowsiness
      and awakening. During slow-wave sleep, the MUA slow-wave oscillations become
      augmented, the number of oscillatory components increases as well as the amount
      of oscillations with identical or similar periods in different structures. During
      paradoxical sleep, the total amount of oscillatory components decreases. The MUA
      rhythmic activity is quite obvious in awakening from sleep, the short-period
      components prevailing. The data obtained reveal high incidence of the rhythms
      with periods of about 20 sec which is considered from the standpoint of the
      hypothetical adaptogenic rhythm in the CNS developing at the moments of certain
      efforts and adaptive activity of the organism.

PMID- 2420560
TI  - Three-channel Lissajous' trajectory of human auditory brain-stem evoked
      potentials. III. Effects of click rate.
AB  - Three-channel Lissajous' trajectories (3-CLT) of the human auditory brain-stem
      evoked potentials (ABEPs) were recorded from 14 adult subjects using click rates
      of 10, 55 and 80/sec. The 3-CLTs were analysed and described in terms of their
      constituent planar segments and their trajectory amplitudes at each stimulus
      rate. Increasing stimulus rate resulted in an increase of planar segment duration
      which was more pronounced for segments 'a' and 'e', an increase in apex latency
      which was more pronounced the later the component and a decrease in planar
      segment size and peak trajectory amplitude which was more pronounced the earlier
      the component. These findings support the involvement of synaptic efficacy
      changes in the effects of stimulus rate on ABEP. The results are explained by
      overlapping convergence and divergence in the ascending auditory pathway. These
      results support the notion that the principal generator of each component is
      activated by the principal generator of the previous component, with some
      temporal overlap of their activities. Such temporal overlap may be minimized by
      using low intensity high rate stimuli.

PMID- 2420561
TI  - Terminal CNV in the absence of motor response.
AB  - We addressed the question of whether the terminal CNV, or E-wave, can be obtained
      in the absence of a motor response. In our design, the stimuli served only to
      reduce uncertainty with respect to a prior prediction, so that no response to S2
      was required. In one experiment, the location of uncertainty reducing information
      was manipulated: in S1 alone or in S2 alone. When S2 reduced uncertainty, the pre
      S2 E-wave was larger than when S2 did not reduce uncertainty. Similarly, when S1
      reduced uncertainty, a pre-S1 negativity (whose topography did not differ from
      that of the pre-S2 E-wave) was larger than when S1 did not reduce uncertainty.
      The pre-S1 results also indicated that a prior experimenter-generated warning
      signal is not necessary for a non-motoric negativity to be obtained. In another
      experiment, the S1-S2 interval was manipulated (1 sec versus 3 sec). For the pre
      S2 E-wave, onset was later and duration was longer for the longer S1-S2 interval.
      Peak amplitude and time of termination after S2 did not differ for short and long
      duration E-waves. Apparently, the timing of the E-wave is related to when in time
      the process it reflects is 'needed.' The dependence of the amplitude and timing
      of the pre-stimulus negativity on the temporal location of information, in
      conjunction with its independence of motor response requirement, suggests that
      the pre-stimulus negativity reflects some operation in the domain of expectancy,
      anticipation or 'mental preparation' for the informational stimulus.

PMID- 2420562
TI  - Generation of cortical event-related slow potentials in the rat involves nucleus
      basalis cholinergic innervation.
AB  - These experiments were conducted to gather information regarding the role of
      cholinergic innervation to the cortex in the generation of event-related slow
      potentials. The effects of unilateral drug treatments or lesions on ipsilateral
      and contralateral frontal cortex slow potential (SP) responses were examined in
      rats. The SP responses were recorded with silver-silver chloride electrodes and
      were generated by a 2 sec light cue which preceded rewarding medial forebrain
      bundle stimulation. The following approaches were used: microinjection of GABA,
      procaine or saline into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis; microinjection of
      atropine or saline subdurally in the SP recording area; electrolytic lesion of
      the nucleus basalis area; and kainic acid lesion of the nucleus basalis area. The
      following bilateral measurements were obtained lesion studies: choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT) in cortex and hippocampus; serotonin in cortex,
      hippocampus, striatum and nucleus accumbens; norepinephrine in cortex and
      hippocampus; dopamine in striatum and nucleus accumbens; and metabolites of
      serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in these areas. The cortical SP responses
      were reduced on the side ipsilateral to the injections of GABA and procaine into
      the nucleus basalis, and on the side of the subdural atropine injection. With
      either type of lesion, the SP responses on the lesioned side were significantly
      reduced as compared to the non-lesioned side. Reductions in cortical ChAT and
      other measures were observed ipsilateral to the electrolytic lesion, but only
      cortical ChAT activity was reduced in the kainic acid-lesioned animals. Thus,
      pharmacological depression of nucleus basalis neurons, blockade of cholinergic
      muscarinic receptors in the cortex, and nucleus basalis lesions that reduce
      cortical choline acetyltransferase activity depress event-related slow potentials
      in the rat frontal cortex. These results provide evidence that cortical slow
      potential responses in the rat are dependent upon cholinergic innervation from
      the nucleus basalis.

PMID- 2420563
TI  - Binaural interaction in the auditory middle latency response of the guinea pig.
AB  - Binaural interaction in the guinea pig middle latency response (MLR) was studied
      using two stimulus paradigms: binaural click stimuli and monaural click stimuli
      with contralateral white noise. During monaural click stimulation, the MLR is
      largest in amplitude over the contralateral temporal lobe. Binaural click
      stimulation reduces the amplitude of this response. Monaurally evoked click
      responses are also altered by the presentation of continuous white noise in the
      contralateral ear. The addition of white noise results in an increase in
      amplitude particularly of components A (12 msec) and B (17 msec). These
      alterations in response amplitude are specific to the MLR with no change
      occurring in the auditory brain-stem response (ABR). These findings appear to
      reflect interaction between the generators of middle latency response.

PMID- 2420564
TI  - An experimental study for analyzing nerve conduction velocity.
AB  - Conduction velocities of so called A fibers in the bullfrog's sciatic-peroneal
      nerve were studied by means of a collision neurography in which a submaximal
      shock to the distal part of the nerve was used to block descending impulses from
      a supramaximal shock delivered to the proximal two parts of the same nerve
      respectively. The onset latency of the response to stimulation delivered to the
      proximal part was almost unchangeable within a certain range of the stimulus
      intensity of the distal part and fell into 3 classes, and then conduction
      velocities of so called A fibers were divided into 3 groups. These findings were
      in good agreement with those obtained by Erlanger and Gasser (1937) using
      monophasic recording. On the other hand, the distribution of the external
      diameter of myelinated nerve fibers examined was unimodal. It may depend on the
      change in threshold due to stimulation through fluid electrodes that the onset
      latency of the response of a nerve trunk was divided into 3 classes.

PMID- 2420565
TI  - Statistical characterization of the EEG: the use of the power spectrum as a
      measure of ergodicity.
AB  - In order to interpret statistical summaries of treatment-related changes in EEG
      power spectra, the internal consistency of the set of data from each condition
      must first be known. A technique for the assessment of such across-record
      homogeneity (ergodicity) is derived from the defining characteristics of the
      power spectrum. A simplified graphic approximation is also detailed. Computer
      simulations and practical validation confirm it as a useful means of evaluating
      the ergodicity of sets of EEG data.

PMID- 2420566
TI  - Electrocochleography recorded non-invasively from the external ear.
AB  - A method is described to record cochlear evoked potentials in humans (ECochG)
      with a low impedance electrode on the external ear near the opening of the
      external auditory canal. A piezoelectric click stimulus was delivered to the ear
      through a polyethylene tube creating diminution of stimulus artifact and a signal
      delay. Wave forms resembling the cochlear microphonic (CM), summating potential
      (SP) and the eighth nerve action potential (N1) were differentially accentuated
      by changes in stimulation and recording parameters. The addition or subtraction
      of condensation and rarefaction click wave forms further clarified the N1 and SP,
      or the CM potential, respectively. These responses can be recorded with most
      contemporary evoked response equipment. This non-invasive method of ECochG lends
      itself well to the study of hearing loss and possibly other neurologic disorders,
      and may complement BAER examination especially when wave I is poorly delineated.

PMID- 2420567
TI  - Digitization of electrophysiological documents.
AB  - The mechanism presented in this paper is devoted to the transfer of paper
      documents as electrophysiological records into 'electronic documents' for direct
      storage and analysis by a computer.

PMID- 2420568
TI  - Dissociation of frontal N100 from occipital P100 in pattern reversal visual
      evoked potentials.
AB  - We studied the relationship between occipital P100 and frontal N100 in visual
      evoked potentials produced by pattern reversal in normal subjects and two groups
      of patients. Recording derivation was critical for interpretation since both Fz
      and Oz electrode sites are active. In 9 patients, but no normal subjects, P100
      was absent. In these patients, use of a standard Oz-Fz montage resulted in the
      erroneous impression of a 'normal' P100 since a downward deflection was produced
      by the inverting effect of the amplifier on an intact N100 at Fz. When both P100
      and N100 were present (at Oz and Fz respectively), their latencies were usually
      similar but not identical which contributed to apparent latency shifts or W
      shaped wave forms in the Oz-Fz derivation. We conclude that use of a non-cephalic
      or relatively inactive scalp position (such as the mastoid) should be used as a
      reference site in addition to Fz to reduce interpretive errors.

PMID- 2420569
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials: correlations with height.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to median and posterior tibial nerve
      stimulation were studied in 160 subjects aged 20-90 years. Height was highly
      correlated with latencies of spinal and cortical SEPs (N13, N20, N22, and P40).
      Although tibial central conduction (N22-P40) was also highly correlated with
      height, median conduction (N13-N22) was not correlated with the latter. Multiple
      correlation and regression analysis showed that except for the median N13-N20
      latency, height provided the best prediction of the remaining SEP latencies. Age
      alone was not correlated with SEP latencies, but its significance was observed
      when age and height were considered together as the predictors. Effects of age
      and height on SEP latencies were independent of gender. The present data indicate
      that except for the N13-N20 conduction, height is the most important parameter
      for SEP latencies and can be used for construction of normograms.

PMID- 2420570
TI  - Short latency somatosensory and spinal evoked potentials: power spectra and
      comparison between high pass analog and digital filter.
AB  - Medium nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and intraoperative spinal
      evoked potentials were analyzed using different analog and zero phase shift
      digital high pass filter and by power spectrum. Additionally, high pass analog
      and digital filtering was performed on various sine, triangular and rectangular
      waves manufactured by a wave form generator. Recordings were also transformed to
      the 1st and 2nd time derivatives. The great abundance of spectral energy for
      scalp recorded median nerve SSEPs was below 125 c/sec but lower energy fast
      frequency components consistently extended to 500 c/sec. Power spectrum of the
      Erb's point compound nerve action potential revealed a wide band of spectral
      energy commencing at about 50-100 c/sec, peaking at about 250-270 c/sec and
      extending to nearly 1000 c/sec. This suggests that synchronous axonal activity
      generates predominantly faster frequencies above 100 c/sec. High pass analog
      filter confers phase non-linearity which results in various distortions including
      latency shift and a morphological change which may be visually similar to the 1st
      or 2nd time derivatives. High pass zero phase shift digital filter removes
      selected low frequencies without accompanying phase distortion. This accentuates
      fast peaks seen at open bandpass as well as transition points between baseline
      and component ascent or descent. Zero phase shift digital filter may also
      generate peaks that are not visualized at open pass but which reflect the sum of
      frequencies which were not removed by filtering. These peaks do not necessarily
      correspond to discrete singular neuroanatomical structures. Although peaks
      observed in high pass analog and digital filter appear similar and comparable,
      their underlying activity may be of different origin. This is because high pass
      analog filter projects a considerable amount of overlap from earlier onto later
      waves. For clinical correlation it is important that restricted bandpass analog
      or digitally filtered recordings be compared with open pass data. Only those
      peaks visualized in both open and restricted bandpass can be considered
      authentic. Examples of spinal and scalp SSEPs indicate that selective filtering
      may, under certain circumstances, distinguish axonal or lemniscal from synaptic
      generators.

PMID- 2420571
TI  - The assessment of severe head injury by short-latency somatosensory and brain
      stem auditory evoked potentials.
AB  - The relative prognostic value of short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials
      (SEPs) and brain-stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) was assessed in 35
      patients with post-traumatic coma. Analysis of the evoked potentials was
      restricted to those recorded within the first 4 days following head injury.
      Abnormal SEPs were defined as an increase in central somatosensory conduction
      time or an absence of the initial cortical potential following stimulation of
      either median nerve. Abnormal BAEPs were classified as an increase in the wave I
      V interval or the loss of any or all of its 3 most stable components (waves I,
      III and V) following stimulation of either ear. SEPs reliably predicted both good
      and bad outcomes. All 17 patients in whom SEPs were graded as normal had a
      favourable outcome and 15 of 18 patients in whom SEPs were abnormal had an
      unfavourable outcome. Although abnormal BAEPs were associated with an
      unfavourable outcome in almost all patients (6 of 7), only 19 of 28 patients with
      normal BAEPs had a favourable outcome. The finding of normal BAEPs was therefore
      of little prognostic significance. These results confirm the superiority and
      greater sensitivity of the SEP in detecting abnormalities of brain function
      shortly after severe head trauma.

PMID- 2420572
TI  - Auditory brain-stem (ABRs) and middle latency auditory responses (MLRs) in the
      prognosis of severely head-injured patients.
AB  - Auditory brain-stem responses (ABRs) were studied in 66 subjects with severe head
      trauma. Middle latency responses (MLRs) were also recorded in 22 of them.
      Patients were carefully selected to avoid conditions such as pre-existing or
      acute deafness, hypothermia or ethanol intoxication. In order to evaluate the
      usefulness of potentials in predicting recovery, patients were classified
      according to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). ABR tracings were classified into 5
      groups and MLR into 2 groups. The recovery was good in the presence of a type 1
      ABR, poor in the presence of types 3, 4 and 5. Concerning type 2 ABR, the outcome
      is related to the MLR type, and to the presence of an electrophysiological
      improvement within the first 3 months following trauma. The reliability of ABR
      and MLR in predicting the outcome of severe head injury appears to be greater
      than other usually considered clinical and instrumental data (age, GCS, CT scan,
      EEG).

PMID- 2420573
TI  - Unrecognized errors due to analog filtering of the brain-stem auditory evoked
      response.
AB  - Analog filtering of the brain-stem auditory evoked response (BAER) and synthetic
      wave forms using steeply sloped filters are shown to produce significant
      distortion even when filter cut-off frequencies are well removed from the wave
      form spectrum. The degree of distortion is such that it may result in erroneous
      identification of peaks in the BAER. Reversal of the order of peaks may occur
      with high pass settings at only 1/4 the lowest constituent frequency. Filter
      effects were identified as a major source of cross-laboratory differences in
      BAERs recorded from laboratory rats. Filter transfer functions of a typical
      analog filter set were derived for both gain and phase as a function of
      frequency. Filtering of synthetic wave forms was used to elucidate and highlight
      distortion effects. A typical Long-Evans rat BAER wave form was spectrum analyzed
      and conclusions were drawn with respect to appropriate bandpass frequencies.

PMID- 2420574
TI  - Methods for the identification of evoked response components in the frequency and
      combined time/frequency domains.
AB  - Two prominent frequency components designated f1 and f2 have been identified in
      the visual evoked response to the transient presentation of sinusoidal luminance
      gratings in the range of 0.5-8 c/deg. The components occur at temporal
      frequencies below the alpha band, with the f1 frequency being roughly half that
      of the f2 frequency. The f1 component is largest at low spatial frequencies with
      f2 becoming progressively dominant as spatial frequency is increased. The
      frequency and amplitude of f1 and f2 change substantially over the time course of
      the response. This has been studied by calculating the temporal frequency
      spectrum of the transient evoked potential over successive short-time epochs
      running through the response. Using this technique, the response is shown to
      consist of narrow-band frequency peaks or 'formants' emerging at different times
      after stimulus onset. These formants occur at frequencies other than those of the
      spontaneous EEG and undergo changes in frequency and amplitude over the time
      course of the response. Two spectrum analysis techniques were employed: the
      Discrete Fourier Transform and Linear Predictive Coding. Frequency components
      were successfully identified in single-trial responses using the LPC technique.

PMID- 2420575
TI  - Neural generator of P14 far-field somatosensory evoked potential studied in a
      patient with a pontine lesion.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to electrical stimulation of the right and
      the left median nerves were studied in a patient with a pontine lesion. At first
      there was mainly right medial lemniscus involvement. Four months later the left
      medial lemniscus was found to be also involved. SEPs to stimulation of the right
      median nerve had normal wave forms and latencies while N20 was lacking and P14
      was abnormal after stimulation of the left median nerve in the first SEP record.
      N20 and P14 were absent with preservation of P9 and P11 after stimulation of both
      left and right median nerves in the second SEP record. Therefore the P14
      component has been found abnormal, then absent, in a patient with a pontine
      lesion.

PMID- 2420576
TI  - P300-like potentials in the normal monkey using classical conditioning and an
      auditory 'oddball' paradigm.
AB  - Endogenous components of evoked potentials resembling P300 in humans were
      sequentially studied in 3 cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) using an
      auditory 'oddball' paradigm. The two different auditory stimuli were 500 Hz and
      4000 Hz tones, designated as the 'frequent' and 'rare' stimuli, respectively. The
      probability of 'rare' tone presentation was initially 0.2. We further used
      probabilities of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5. The 'rare' stimulus was reinforced by
      electrical stimulation, which followed the onset of the high tone by 700 msec.
      After 3-5 training sessions, a late positive wave was observed following the
      'rare' tone. The latency of this P300-like signal was 314 +/- 16.2 msec, and the
      amplitude was 23.6 +/- 3.14 microV. The amplitude of this potential was modified
      by changes in stimulus presentation probability and by withholding reinforcement.

PMID- 2420577
TI  - Normal variation of P300 from auditory stimuli.
AB  - The P300 (P3) event-related potential was obtained from 100 undergraduates with a
      2-tone auditory discrimination task (20% targets) and replicated trial block
      procedure. Normal variation for P3 amplitude and latency was assessed with
      frequency distributions and descriptive statistics for the midline electrode
      placements. P3 latency and amplitude were negatively correlated, most strongly at
      the Pz electrode site. No significant effects between trial block replications,
      subject gender, or reported alcohol consumption on either amplitude or latency
      were found.

PMID- 2420578
TI  - Direct evidence for Ca++-induced lateral phase separation in black membranes of
      lipid mixtures by the analysis of gramicidin A single-channels.
AB  - Single-channel conductance fluctuations are analysed for gramicidin A
      incorporated into binary-mixed black lipid membranes of charged phosphatidic acid
      and neutral lecithin in different molar ratios. At very low Ca++ concentrations
      in the electrolyte (i.e. in the presence of EDTA) homogeneous lipid mixtures are
      identified through their conductance and life time probability distributions for
      integral gramicidin pores. As for the pure lipid components, the conductance
      histograms each show a single maximum with regular width and for all channels a
      single mean lifetime is found. For Ca++-levels (10(-6) - 10(-5) M) that are close
      to the critical demixing concentration (approximately 10(-4) M) unusually broad
      conductance distributions and reduced lifetimes are found provided the PC
      content, chi, of the membrane is close to the critical mixture (chi crit
      approximately equal to 0.5). We interpret this as a first example of the coupling
      of a membrane function (the transport of ions) to a lipid matrix with locally
      fluctuating composition close to a critical demixing point. For cCA++ = 10(-2) M
      the conductance histogram of gramicidin A in an equimolar mixture of PA and PC
      shows two well-separated maxima. A correlation analysis between conductance and
      lifetime of the single pores shows that the two channel populations also differ
      significantly in their mean channel lifetime, tau *. This finding is interpreted
      as being direct evidence for Ca++-induced lateral phase separation in black lipid
      membranes, as has been postulated recently.

PMID- 2420579
TI  - Comparison of the potential for therapeutic utilities with gonadotropin-releasing
      hormone agonists and antagonists.

PMID- 2420580
TI  - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog design. Structure-function studies toward
      the development of agonists and antagonists: rationale and perspective.

PMID- 2420581
TI  - Postnatal development of tracheal surface epithelium and submucosal glands in the
      ferret.
AB  - We explored the usefulness of the postnatal ferret as a model for early
      developmental events in the large airways, using light and scanning electron
      microscopy. In the first 28 postnatal days, ferret tracheal surface epithelium
      and glands undergo dramatic growth and development. Tracheal surface area
      increases 8-fold. At birth, ciliated cells are sparse (9.4 +/- 1.2% of total
      epithelial cells). A significant increase in ciliated cells is observed at weekly
      intervals and by day 28 the ciliated cell is the predominant cell type (54.2 +/-
      2.8% of total epithelial cells). Secretory cells decrease from 66.4 +/- 1.0% at
      birth to 22.2 +/- 2.8% of total epithelial cells. Histochemical staining of the
      granules of the epithelial secretory cells changes from predominantly non-acidic
      (staining with PAS but not Alcian blue) to predominantly acidic (staining also
      with Alcian blue). During the same time interval, tracheal glands develop from
      intraepithelial cellular aggregates devoid of secretory granules at birth into
      complex, submucosal tubuloacinar structures composed predominantly of cells
      containing non-acidic secretory granules at 28 days. Therefore, infant ferrets
      offer an opportunity to examine the structural and functional components of the
      mucociliary clearance mechanism at developmental stages which occur prenatally in
      many laboratory animals and in humans.

PMID- 2420583
TI  - In vitro biologic responses to native and surface-modified asbestos.
AB  - A comparative study was made of in vitro biologic responses to native chrysotile,
      amosite, and crocidolite and corresponding asbestos fibers whose surfaces were
      modified by metal oxides. Interferon induction by influenza virus was depressed
      by approximately 50% by all native asbestos whereas corresponding surface
      modified asbestos minimally affected this nonspecific cellular defense mechanism.
      The release of the cytoplasmic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and lysosomal
      enzymes, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (beta-NAG) and beta-glucuronidase (beta
      Gluc), by rat alveolar macrophages after exposure to either native or surface
      modified asbestos (which is indicative of membrane damage) was monitored.
      Although both native and surface-modified asbestos induced significant leakage of
      LDH, generally, lesser amounts of the enzyme were released as a result of
      exposure to the latter than to native asbestos. Whereas all forms of native
      asbestos caused significant release of beta-NAG and beta-Gluc, leakage of these
      enzymes from macrophages exposed to surface-modified asbestos was minimal. In
      contrast to native asbestos which induced irritation of cell membranes, as
      indicated by hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes, surface-modified asbestos exhibited
      minimal hemolytic activity. The findings indicate that surface modification of
      different asbestos by metal oxides generally lessened the adverse effect of the
      native mineral on the aforementioned biologic entities.

PMID- 2420582
TI  - ESR of copper and iron complexes with antitumor and cytotoxic properties.
AB  - The relatively few iron and copper metal complexes which have been examined in
      cells and tissues for their redox properties, radical generation properties, and
      antitumor activity are discussed for studies which utilized electron spin
      resonance spectroscopy (ESR). A common property of a number of metal complexes,
      which include bleomycin, adriamycin, and thiosemicarbazones described in this
      review, is that they are readily reduced by thiol compounds and oxidized by
      oxygen or reduced species of oxygen to produce radicals. Structural features of
      these reactions are identified by ESR spectroscopy in model systems and often in
      cells. Furthermore, ESR spectroscopy has been most useful to probe the
      environment of the complexes in cells and to measure the rate of reduction of
      their oxidized forms. As a result of these studies, it is anticipated that more
      attention will be given to the exploration of redox-active metal complexes as
      drugs.

PMID- 2420584
TI  - Small cytoplasmic RNAs from human placental free mRNPs. Structure and their
      effect on in vitro protein synthesis.
AB  - A new family of small cytoplasmic RNA species (scRNAs) was found to be associated
      with human term-placental free messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs).
      Placental scRNAs strongly inhibit translation of both homologous and heterologous
      mRNAs in a cell-free rabbit reticulocyte system. scRNAs could be resolved into at
      least four different RNA species. One of the RNA molecules, scRNA species 1, was
      the most potent protein synthesis inhibitor found among the placental scRNAs. The
      nucleotide sequence of the scRNA species 1 was determined. In spite of its short
      length, scRNA species 1 still exhibited a very strong inhibitory effect on the in
      vitro protein synthesis. scRNAs were found to be complexed with proteins in the
      form of scRNPs. Proteins of these complexes enhanced the inhibitory effect of
      scRNAs on in vitro translation. Experiments provided evidence that inhibition of
      in vitro protein synthesis by the scRNAs is not dependent upon mRNA
      concentration. However, inhibition can be overcome by increasing the ratio
      lysate/scRNAs, thus suggesting that scRNAs act on some essential component of the
      cell-free system. The degree of inhibition is decreased when scRNAs are added
      after the start of translation, suggesting that scRNAs (or scRNPs) interfere with
      the initiation stage of translation, probably acting on an initiation factor(s).
      Placental scRNAs are unique in their size, being smaller than other known scRNAs.
      Their association with free cytoplasmic repressed mRNPs in human placenta
      suggests that scRNAs play a role in the regulation of mRNP metabolism and,
      consequently, in the control of mRNA translation.

PMID- 2420585
TI  - Micellar enzymology.
AB  - Experimental approaches to modelling the enzymatic function of biological
      membranes are discussed. Emphasis is given to pseudohomogeneous systems such as
      proteolipid complexes and enzymes in organic solvents; the latter are solubilized
      with phospholipids or synthetic surfactants. Methods for producing and studying
      such micellar systems are considered. The key research problems of micellar
      enzymology are formulated and its relation to enzyme membranology is discussed.
      Finally, the new potentialities are noted of applied enzymology (biotechnology)
      offered by application of a colloidal solution of water in organic solvents as a
      microheterogeneous medium for enzymatic reactions.

PMID- 2420586
TI  - Cytochalasin D alters the rate of synthesis of some HEp-2 cytoskeletal proteins.
      Examination by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
AB  - The most abundant proteins of HEp-2 cells were resolved by two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis. The protein spots corresponding to several cytoskeletal proteins
      (vimentin, alpha-tubulin, beta-tubulin, alpha-actinin, tropomyosins, and
      cytokeratins) were identified by comigration with protein markers or by
      immunological techniques. After treatment of HEp-2 cells with 0.2 microM or 2.0
      microM cytochalasin D for 20 h, radioautograms of two-dimensional gel patterns of
      lysates from cells pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine indicated that the drug
      altered the rate of synthesis of some proteins. The relative rate of synthesis of
      the identified cytoskeletal proteins was measured. Synthesis of alpha-actinin,
      the higher-molecular-mass pair of tropomyosins and actin were similarly increased
      with cytochalasin D treatment, suggesting coordinate induction. Vimentin and
      tubulin synthesis was depressed. One cytokeratin exhibited an increase in
      synthesis comparable to actin, another was increased to a lesser extent and one
      was decreased.

PMID- 2420587
TI  - Somatic antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The structure of O-specific
      polysaccharide chains of the lipopolysaccharides from P. aeruginosa O1 (Lanyi),
      O3 (Habs), O13 and O14 (Wokatsch), and the serologically related strain NCTC
      8505.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa O1 (Lanyi classification), O3
      (Habs classification), O13 and O14 (Wokatsch classification), and strain NCTC
      8505, which is also related to serogroup O3 (Habs), have structurally similar O
      specific polysaccharide chains built up of tetrasaccharide repeating units
      involving L-rhamnose (Rha), 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (GlcNAc), 2-acetamido-2
      deoxy-L-galacturonic acid (GalNAcA), and a di-N-acyl derivative of bacillosamine
      (BacN): 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-D-glucose or 2-acetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-4
      [(S)-3-hydroxybutyramido]-D-glucose. The latter derivative was obtained free by
      solvolysis with hydrogen fluoride of carboxyl-reduced Habs O3 polysaccharide, and
      was identified by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by mass
      spectrometry of the corresponding methylated alditol. Habs O3, Lanyi O1, and
      Wokatsch O14 polysaccharides contained O-acetyl groups. Solvolysis with hydrogen
      fluoride of the native Habs O3 polysaccharide resulted in selective cleavage of
      the glycosidic linkages of 6-deoxy sugars to give the trisaccharide fragment
      involving all three N-acylated amino sugars. Similar solvolysis of NCTC 8505
      polysaccharide afforded a mixture of disaccharide and trisaccharide with N,N'
      diacetylbacillosamine at the reducing end. Smith degradation of Habs O3
      polysaccharide resulted in selective oxidation of rhamnose to give a glycoside of
      a trisaccharide with glyceraldehyde as the aglycone. Smith degradation of NCTC
      8505 polysaccharide was complicated by the formation of the glycoside of a
      trisaccharide with an aglycone of unknown structure. A trisaccharide with
      rhamnose at the reducing end was also isolated after Smith degradation of the
      latter polysaccharide. Analysis of the composition and structure of all
      oligosaccharides obtained, and detailed examination of the 13C-nuclear magnetic
      resonance spectra of these oligosaccharides, and of both intact and modified
      polysaccharides, revealed the following structures of the repeating units. The
      structure for the NCTC 8505 polysaccharide differs from that proposed previously
      [Tahara, Y. and Wilkinson, S.G. (1983) Eur. J. Biochem. 134, 299-304] in the
      configurations assigned to the glycosidic linkages of rhamnose and bacillosamine.
      The results obtained show the P. aeruginosa strains studied to represent three
      different O-serotypes in a single O-serogroup (Formula: see text).

PMID- 2420588
TI  - Differences in DNase I sensitivity and methylation within the human beta-globin
      gene domain and correlation with expression.
AB  - We have analysed the chromatin features of DNA regions encompassing human
      epsilon, G gamma, A gamma, delta and beta globin structural genes in fetal and
      adult erythroid cells on the one hand and adult lymphocytes on the other. Highly
      purified nuclei from these cells were submitted to DNase I digestion and the
      kinetic data were obtained from the percentage of residual hybridization of
      defined regions in Southern blots. Our results, as others have shown by different
      approaches, indicate that the structural genes of the beta-globin cluster are
      generally more sensitive to DNase I in the erythroid cells than in non-erythroid
      cells. Thus a domain of DNase I sensitivity related to the committed state is
      defined. In addition we show that within this DNase-I-sensitive beta cluster
      domain, individual genes of the cluster are arranged in subdomains of
      differential DNase I sensitivity, which correlate with their expression status.
      Furthermore the differential expression of the two fetal genes in the fetal stage
      is shown to be directly proportional to the degree of hypomethylation of these
      genes.

PMID- 2420589
TI  - Selective acylation of membrane proteins in Acholeplasma laidlawii.
AB  - In membranes of the cell-wall-less prokaryote Acholeplasma laidlawii most
      proteins are of the integral type. A substantial fraction of these proteins are
      enriched in hydrophilic amino acid residues. Approximately 20 different major as
      well as minor proteins were found to be covalently modified with acyl chains. The
      same set of proteins are acylated when cells are grown in different fatty-acid
      supplemented media. In individual proteins the ratio of palmitoyl/oleoyl acyl
      chains was 12-14 times larger than the acyl chain ratio in polar membrane lipids.
      The transmembrane protein D12 has close to two acyl chains per molecule. Proteins
      T2 and T4a, localized in the outer and inner leaflet of the membrane,
      respectively, occur each as pairs with a difference in relative molecular mass
      within each pair of approximately 2000. Each of these proteins as well as the
      other acyl proteins, except the light form of T4a, has close to one acyl chain
      per molecule. The extent of acylation was increased for certain proteins and
      decreased for others by treatment with globomycin or phenethylalcohol. The
      relative amounts of the T2 and T4a pairs were affected by these drugs. It is
      concluded that the mechanism of acylation is different from that in Escherichia
      coli lipoprotein and Bacillus penicillinase. The mean hydrophobicity [Kyte &
      Doolittle (1982) J. Mol. Biol. 157, 105-132] of the A. laidlawii acyl proteins
      are similar to those of other bacterial acyl proteins but significantly lower
      than for non-acylated integral membrane proteins, supporting an anchoring
      function of the acyl chains. The number of membrane acyl proteins in A. laidlawii
      and two other mycoplasmas are at least twice that in other bacteria.

PMID- 2420590
TI  - Molecular cloning of cDNA for rat mitochondrial 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase.
AB  - Messenger RNA for 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial matrix enzyme
      of fatty acid beta-oxidation, was purified from livers of di(2
      ethylhexyl)phthalate-treated rats by immunoadsorption of hepatic free polysomes
      to fixed cells of Staphylococcus aureus and enrichment for poly(A)-rich RNA by
      oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. Plasmid cDNA was constructed from this
      poly(A)-rich RNA by a modification of the method of Okayama and Berg and was
      transformed into the Escherichia coli DH1 strain. Plasmids containing cDNA
      sequences coding for 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase were screened by
      differential colony hybridization, and were identified by hybrid-arrested
      translation and hybrid-selected translation. Plasmid pHADH-1, which contains a
      1400-base-pair insert, hybridized to rat 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase mRNA
      with a length of 1700 bases. Determination of the dehydrogenase mRNA by in vitro
      translation and dot-blot analysis with the cDNA probe showed that the induction
      of the enzyme in rat liver by di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate could be attributed to an
      increase in the mRNA concentration.

PMID- 2420591
TI  - Blistering in keratinocyte cultures: a regular phenomenon associated with
      differentiation.
AB  - Blisters have previously been observed in keratinocyte cultures depleted of
      vitamin A, and in cultures of keratinocytes from patients with epidermolysis
      bullosa. We have found that blistering may occur in keratinocyte cultures from
      normal human epidermis, grown under standard conditions, and our aim was to
      further characterize the mechanism of blister formation. Keratinocytes were
      seeded at 10(5) cells per 35 mm collagen-coated dish with a 3T3 feeder layer.
      Blisters were macroscopic, fluid-filled structures which formed irrespective of
      donor site, or donor age, and were noted on various alternative substrates
      (collagen, 3T3 + plastic, plastic alone). Blistering commenced around day 12,
      prior to confluency, and new blisters were formed for up to 5 weeks post-plating.
      Maximal numbers (up to 70 per dish) were present around days 12 to 20. Cleavage
      occurred at the cell/collagen interface to form a blister roof composed of 6 to 9
      cell layers. The lowest layer appeared metabolically active, but, in contrast to
      peri-blister regions, lacked hemidesmosomes. The central 2 to 3 layers contained
      membrane-coating granules and keratohyalin granules while the superficial strata
      resembled rudimentary corneocytes. Cultures supplemented with 10(-5) M vitamin A
      formed no blisters, which correlated with suppressed differentiation. Ouabain
      (10(-7) M) caused blister collapse and a reversible inhibition of new blister
      formation. We conclude that blisters are a consistent finding in keratinocyte
      cultures grown under standard conditions. Their formation may be associated with
      active transport and triggered during differentiation. Further examination of
      this phenomenon might shed light on whether differentiation itself has an
      influence on keratinocyte attachment to substrate.

PMID- 2420592
TI  - Effect of chloroquine on the degradation of L-fucose and the polypeptide moiety
      of plasma membrane glycoproteins.
AB  - To evaluate the role of lysosomes in the breakdown of the carbohydrate and the
      polypeptide moiety of plasma membrane glycoproteins, degradation of the plasma
      membrane glycoprotein gp120 was studied in the liver of rats treated with the
      lysosomotropic amine chloroquine. Half-lives of degradation of the terminal sugar
      L-fucose and of L-methionine of gp120 were measured in isolated plasma membranes
      after pulse-chase experiments in vivo. Chloroquine extended the plasma membrane
      half-life of the polypeptide moiety of gp120 from 51 h to 143 h. By contrast, L
      fucose of gp120 in the plasma membrane was not affected by chloroquine, but
      decayed with the same short half-lives of 22 h and 23 h in both controls and
      chloroquine-treated rats. The data suggest that the protein portion of gp120 is
      degraded within the lysosomes. Conversely, the terminal sugar L-fucose is removed
      from the glycoprotein independent from proteolysis before segregation of the
      glycoprotein into the lysosomal compartment.

PMID- 2420593
TI  - Further characterization of a large proteoglycan in human lung alveoli.
AB  - By use of the cationic dye Cuprolinic Blue in a critical electrolyte
      concentration method, heavily staining, generally large, filaments have been
      demonstrated in human lung alveoli. In some lung specimens they are abundant,
      while in others they are very scanty. The filaments are seen: around bundles of
      collagen fibrils, at places which seem electron microscopically almost empty,
      associated with basement membranes around elastin, and sometimes associated with
      individual collagen fibrils. After poststaining tiny threads--connecting the
      filaments--could sometimes be observed. The filaments are resistant to treatment
      with nitrous acid, heparitinase or pronase after prefixation. After digestion
      with chondroitinase ABC, chondroitinase AC or pronase without prefixation, the
      filaments are no longer detectable. The tiny threads are chondroitinase ABC
      resistant. It is concluded that the Cuprolinic Blue-positive filaments represent
      proteoglycans which contain chondroitin sulfate and/or glucuronic acid-rich
      dermatan sulfate. The possible role of these proteoglycans in tissue repair is
      discussed.

PMID- 2420594
TI  - Glycocalyx heterogeneity of rat kidney urinary tubule: demonstration with a
      lectin-gold technique specific for sialic acid.
AB  - The distribution of sialic acid residues in rat kidney urinary tubule was
      investigated by light and electron microscopy with a lectin-gold technique. The
      application of the sialic acid specific Limax flavus lectin resulted in intense
      plasma membrane labeling of the epithelium of the entire proximal tubule and thin
      limbs of loop of Henle. In contrast, the plasma membrane of the epithelium lining
      the medullary portion of the thick ascending limb of Henle was not labeled. In
      the cortical portion, however, microvilli-bearing positive and smooth-surfaced
      negative cells were present. Moreover, all cells of the convoluted distal tubules
      were labeled along their plasma membrane. These data demonstrate the existence of
      a gross difference in glycocalyx composition between proximal tubules and thin
      limbs of loop of Henle on one hand and thick ascending limbs on the other. In
      addition, fine heterogeneity in glycocalyx composition between medullary and
      cortical portion of thick ascending limb exists. It is concluded that the
      differences in sialic acid content of the glycocalyx may be related to the
      functional diversity exhibited by these tubular regions.

PMID- 2420595
TI  - Appearance of host-specific nucleolar proteins in intranuclear "dense bodies"
      following herpes simplex infection.
AB  - Nucleolar modifications induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) infection
      were studied at the ultrastructural level with special attention to the fate of a
      family of proteins serologically related to the nucleolar 100 kDa protein.
      Immunocytochemical techniques revealed that antigenic sites related to these
      proteins were associated with nucleoli in a pattern similar to that observed with
      non-infected cells. In addition, the "dense bodies" induced by HSV infection were
      heavily decorated by antibodies to the 100 kDa protein. Neither DNA nor RNA was
      detectable in the latter by cytochemical techniques. Therefore, it appears that
      "dense bodies" are exclusively proteinaceous and contain at least one host
      protein implicated in ribosomal RNA synthesis. An accumulation of 100 kDa protein
      in extra-nucleolar structures might account for previously reported defects in
      ribosomal RNA expression during HSV infection.

PMID- 2420596
TI  - Methods for non-invasive detection of ventricular late potentials--a comparative
      multicenter study.
AB  - To evaluate the methodological problems of the non-invasive registration of late
      potentials the results obtained with four different averaging devices in the same
      109 patients were compared. The high-resolution ECG was obtained from the body
      surface, high-gain amplified and filtered. With the averaging technique, the
      improved signal-to-noise ratio was able to detect low-amplitude cardiac activity.
      The incidence of late potentials detected with the four averaging systems, whose
      characteristics are described, ranged between 12% and 21%. Corresponding positive
      results were obtained in 5.5%, corresponding negative results in 68.8%. The
      reasons for differing results were mainly due to differences in visual or
      automatic interpretation of the registered fractionated electrical cardiac
      activity. Additionally, the determination of the end of QRS using the QRS width,
      obtained from reference leads, may influence the specificity of the methods.

PMID- 2420597
TI  - In vitro validation of a new cardiac catheter technique for recording monophasic
      action potentials.
AB  - Monophasic action potential (MAP) recording with non-suction, 'contact' electrode
      catheters has been shown possible and safe during clinical catheterization, but
      direct validation of this new technique is lacking. We therefore recorded these
      contact electrode MAPs simultaneously with transmembrane action potentials (TAPs)
      from closely adjacent sites in perfused and superfused rabbit septum preparations
      and performed a quantitative comparison between the two signals for duration and
      area at 30, 60 and 90% repolarization. To obtain a variety of action potential
      durations and configurations for the comparison, the rate and rhythm of
      stimulation and the extracellular calcium or potassium ion concentration were
      changed. With action potential duration at 90% repolarization made to vary from
      150 to 513 ms, the mean absolute difference +/- SD between the simultaneous intra
      and extracellular recordings was 5.4 +/- 11.3 ms and the linear correlation
      coefficient was r = 0.96 +/- 0.03. Similar agreement between the two types of
      recordings was found for measurements for area and at 60 and 30% repolarization
      levels. These data confirm that MAPs recorded with this clinically safe contact
      electrode technique can be used to measure accurately the repolarization time
      course of transmembrane action potentials.

PMID- 2420598
TI  - Sarcosinaemia in a retarded, amaurotic child.
AB  - A 9-month-old Turkish girl demonstrated an abnormal qualitative amino acid
      excretion pattern suggestive of sarcosinaemia. She was blind and had evidence of
      developmental and motor retardation. No other physical abnormalities were noted.
      Quantitative amino acid analysis revealed elevated serum and urine sarcosine
      levels. An oral sarcosine loading test showed an exaggerated response with a
      delayed conversion to glycine. Sarcosine was undetected in other family members.

PMID- 2420599
TI  - Impaired plasmalogen metabolism in infantile Refsum's disease.

PMID- 2420600
TI  - An evaluation of the immunochemical measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase and
      prostatic specific antigen in carcinoma of the prostate.
AB  - Serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) were
      evaluated with double monoclonal radioimmunoassays. In 250 patients with
      prostatic cancer the normal limits were as follows: PSA 0.1-2.7 ng/ml, and PAP
      1.09 +/- 0.45 ng/ml (mean +/- SD). In 91 untreated patients with non-metastatic
      tumours, 42.8% had PSA greater than 10 ng/ml and 18.6% had PAP greater than 2
      ng/ml. In 60 untreated patients with metastatic disease PSA was greater than 10
      ng/ml in 91.7%; PAP was greater than 2 ng/ml in 65%. In prolonged remission PSA
      was generally less than 5 ng/ml and PAP less than 2 ng/ml. Longitudinal studies
      of 2-4 years showed the independence of these markers and a higher correlation of
      changes in the PSA level and clinical status than given by parallel PAP
      measurements. In non-metastatic disease, PSA greater than 10 ng/ml at
      presentation, with or without a coincidentally raised PAP, carried an increased
      risk of progression within 2 years.

PMID- 2420601
TI  - Papillary adenocarcinoma of the prostatic urethra.
AB  - Three cases of papillary carcinoma of the prostate (also called endometrial
      adenocarcinoma of the prostate; endometrioid carcinoma) were studied for prostate
      specific antigen in order to determine their origin and histogenesis. All 3 cases
      were prostate-specific antigen positive. Two patients were treated with hormonal
      therapy, 1 with radiotherapy.

PMID- 2420602
TI  - The absence of influence of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the transient decrease
      in platelet counts observed after infusion of bleomycin and vinblastine.
AB  - Retrospectively we observed an early-onset transient decrease in platelet counts
      in a group of patients treated with cisplatin, vinblastine and bleomycin. Though
      less pronounced, the decrease was also found in a prospectively studied group of
      patients treated with bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin, but was absent after
      treatment with etoposide ad cisplatin. In a randomized cross-over study
      acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) appeared not to prevent the drop in platelet counts.
      Bleomycin appears to induce an early-onset transient decrease in platelet
      numbers, possibly by direct or indirect platelet lysis. Vinblastine may have a
      synergistic effect to this phenomenon.

PMID- 2420603
TI  - Sequential chemotherapy for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: platinum
      combination cytoreduction followed by cyclophosphamide consolidation.
AB  - Thirty-six women with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer were treated with a
      combination of cisplatin, vinblastine and bleomycin followed by a consolidation
      regimen of intravenous cyclophosphamide. There was a 53% response rate in
      previously untreated patients with 25% complete clinical remissions. Sixteen per
      cent of previously untreated patients remain in a complete clinical remission of
      greater than 3 yr duration. In a multivariate analysis bulk tumor residuum was
      not a significant adverse factor in terms of survival, suggesting that intensive
      chemical cytoreduction followed by non-cross-resistant consolidation may overcome
      such prognostic variables.

PMID- 2420604
TI  - Epitopes with diagnostic and prognostic significance co-expressed on a human
      breast carcinoma-associated antigen.

PMID- 2420605
TI  - Human B cell activation: selective sensitivity of the early stages to calcium
      channel-blocking drugs.
AB  - The importance of Ca2+ in the early events of lymphocyte activation has been
      suggested by several studies. We examined the effect of calcium channel-blocking
      drugs (verapamil and nitrendipine) on the progression of human B cells through
      their activation cycle. Our results show that these drugs suppress the anti-mu
      induced human B cell proliferation and interfere with the early events of the B
      cell activation in a dose-dependent fashion. This suppression correlates with a
      marked decrease in anti-mu-induced 45Ca2+ uptake. Calcium channel-blocking drugs
      inhibit the anti-mu-induced uridine incorporation and the appearance of the
      activation marker defined by the 4F2 monoclonal antibody. Calcium channel
      blocking drugs also inhibit B cell proliferation induced by the costimulation
      with anti-mu antibody and B cell growth factor (BCGF). However, this inhibition
      takes place at the early (anti-mu-dependent) stage of B cell activation: the BCGF
      dependent proliferation of in vitro anti-mu-activated B cells is only marginally
      inhibited. Finally the proliferation of Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cell lines
      is resistant to the effect of calcium channel-blocking drugs.

PMID- 2420606
TI  - A monoclonal antibody against altered LFA-1 induces proliferation and lymphokine
      release of cloned T cells.
AB  - A murine monoclonal antibody (I-17, IgM) has the following functional effects on
      murine long-term T cell clones: inhibition of cell-mediated lysis, induction of
      proliferation, release of lymphokines and change of the cell morphology. The
      determinant detected by I-17 is expressed on long-term T lines but not on
      thymocytes, lymph node cells and spleen cells. I-17 precipitated proteins with
      apparent molecular mass of 220 kDa, 170 kDa, 150 kDa and 100 kDa. Biochemical
      studies indicate that the determinant recognized by I-17 is tunicamycin sensitive
      and that I-17 binds to the alpha chain of the lymphocyte function-associated
      antigen (LFA-1).

PMID- 2420607
TI  - The cellular basis for the induction of antigen-specific T8 suppressor cells.
AB  - The cellular basis for the generation of antigen-specific T8 suppressor cells
      with high doses of antigen has been studied. We separated the T4 subset of human
      T cells into T4+2H4+ and T4+2H4- subpopulations with a recently developed
      monoclonal anti-2H4 antibody. T8 cells could be consistently activated to
      suppress a primary anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody response in vitro with
      unfractionated T4 cells or with the T4+2H4+ subset but not the T4+2H4- subset. In
      contrast, the T4+2H4- subset functioned as the helper inducer for the anti-DNP
      antibody response. With keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-stimulated T4+2H4+ cells
      we could efficiently induce antigen-specific suppressor activity of fresh T8
      cells. In contrast, the T4+2H4+ subset could not effect suppression in the
      absence of T8 cells. Our findings indicate that the T4+2H4+ subset of human T
      cells is the suppressor inducer of specific T8 cells in an antigen-specific DNP
      KLH system.

PMID- 2420608
TI  - Antibody recognition of ragweed allergen Ra3: localization of the full profile of
      the continuous antigenic sites by synthetic overlapping peptides representing the
      entire protein chain.
AB  - A comprehensive synthetic approach, for the localization of the full profile of
      the continuous antigenic sites on proteins, previously introduced by this
      laboratory, was applied here to localize the continuous antigenic sites of
      ragweed allergen, Ra3. The following 10 consecutive peptides, each comprising 15
      residues (except for peptide 91-101) and overlapping each of its neighbors by 5
      residues, were synthesized and purified: 1-15, 11-25, 21-35, 31-45, 41-55, 51-65,
      61-75, 71-85, 81-95 and 91-101. Quantitative radiometric titrations of protein
      and peptide adsorbents were performed with 125I-labeled anti-Ra3 IgG antibodies
      from rabbit, outbred mouse and human antisera. The specificity of antibody
      binding to peptide adsorbents was confirmed by inhibition experiments. These
      studies established the full profile of antigenic (IgG-binding) sites of Ra3 and
      permitted comparison with the allergenic (IgE-binding) sites recently localized.
      It was found that the recognition by IgG antibodies was independent of the host
      species in which the antibodies were raised. Furthermore, the regions recognized
      by human IgE antibodies coincided with those recognized by IgG antibodies in
      three different species. Thus, Ra3 was found to have 4 continuous antigenic sites
      which occupy the same locations as the allergenic sites.

PMID- 2420609
TI  - T cell recognition of ragweed allergen Ra3: localization of the full T cell
      recognition profile by synthetic overlapping peptides representing the entire
      protein chain.
AB  - In the preceding report, we described the systematic localization of the full
      profile of the continuous antigenic sites on ragweed allergen, Ra3, with
      antibodies from three different host species using a comprehensive strategy,
      previously introduced by this laboratory. The strategy consists of studying the
      immunochemical activity of a series of consecutive synthetic overlapping
      peptides, of uniform size and overlaps, which encompass the entire protein chain.
      This study reports the localization of the continuous regions on Ra3 that are
      recognized by T cells from mice immunized with Ra3. The 10 overlapping peptides
      encompassing the entire Ra3 molecule were examined in vitro for their ability to
      stimulate lymph node cells from Ra3-primed BALB/c (H-2d), C3H/He (H-2k) SWR (H
      2q) and SJL (H-2s) mice. Several regions of the molecule (T sites) were found to
      stimulate Ra3-primed lymph node cells. This strategy has enabled the localization
      of the full submolecular profile of T cell recognition of the Ra3 molecule by
      these mouse strains. Three of the regions recognized by T cells coincided with
      regions recognized by antibodies (i.e. B cells). It is noteworthy that in
      addition to sites recognized by both T and B cells the protein has at least one
      site which is recognized exclusively by T cells and to which no detectable
      antibody response is directed.

PMID- 2420610
TI  - Activation of resting T lymphocytes by a monoclonal antibody directed against an
      allotypic determinant on the T cell receptor.
AB  - The murine monoclonal antibody F23.1 reacts with an allotypic determinant on the
      beta chain of the T cell receptor expressed by approximately 20% of T helper and
      cytotoxic T lymphocytes of most common mouse strains. This IgG2a antibody, either
      in soluble form or covalently coupled to Sepharose beads, can activate resting T
      cells from naive animals to proliferate. Interestingly, under all conditions of
      activation, the antibody can only induce proliferation if exogenous lymphokines
      in the form of Con A supernatant are provided. Thus, it is unlike most lectins
      and anti-T3 antibodies in this regard. Furthermore, under all conditions of
      culture, F23.1 activates preferentially the Lyt-2+ subset of T cells. This is the
      case even in the presence of accessory cells. Further evidence is provided that
      two soluble lymphokines, different from IL2, are required to initiate IL2
      dependent growth and to allow the expression of lytic activity.

PMID- 2420611
TI  - Conformational-dependent recognition of influenza virus hemagglutinin by murine T
      helper clones.
AB  - A panel of H-2k class II-restricted T helper (Th) clones were established from
      individual CBA mice intranasally infected with A/X31 influenza virus. In a study
      of their fine specificity, it was revealed that recognition of hemagglutinin (HA)
      by certain Th clones was dependent on conformational features of the molecule.
      Five HA-specific Th clones failed to recognize X31 mutant viruses R19 and R20
      each with a His to Arg substitution at position 17 of HA1. This amino acid
      substitution affects the conformational stability of the molecule. Each of the 5
      clones responded to purified HA but failed to recognize tryptic fragments of HA
      consisting of HA1 residues 28-328 (tops) and the remainder of the virus including
      residues 1-27 of HA1 (aggregate). A further 20 HA-specific clones responded to
      R19 and R20 mutants and to HA1 tops. The R19 and R20 negative clones also showed
      diminished proliferative responses to pH 5-treated X31. Low pH treatment results
      in an irreversIble conformational change which affects the integrity of the
      globular head region of the HA trimer. In addition, four of the five clones
      failed to recognize variant virus Eng-72 which has Arg to Gly substitution at
      position 208 in the interface antibody-binding region. This region is
      antigenically and structurally altered in tops and pH 5-treated X31. The results
      suggest that recognition of HA by certain Th clones is dependent on the three
      dimensional structure of the molecule and that Th cells may recognize
      conformational determinants in addition to primary structure.

PMID- 2420612
TI  - In vivo voltammetry in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat: effects of
      RU24969, methiothepin and ketanserin.
AB  - Differential pulse voltammetry was performed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
      of anaesthetised rats. Peripheral administration of RU24969 (10 mg/kg) a 5HT1
      receptor agonist, decreased the size of the 5HIAA oxidation peak whereas it was
      increased by the non-selective 5HT receptor antagonist methiothepin (10 mg/kg).
      The effects of RU24969 were attenuated by methiothepin while the 5HT2 receptor
      antagonist ketanserin (5 mg/kg i.p.) did not affect the response to RU24969. The
      results suggest that in vivo 5HT release and metabolism in the SCN is probably
      under the influence of the 5HT1 receptor.

PMID- 2420613
TI  - Analgesic activity and release of [MET5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 from rat spinal
      cord in vivo.
AB  - Rat spinal cord contains the opioid peptide including [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7
      Leu8 (YGGFMRGL) and a higher molecular weight (HMW) immunoreactive peptide which
      is an N-terminal extended molecular form of YGGFMRGL. Since a high proportion of
      tissue immunoreactivity resides in the HMW component we have determined whether
      this form is released during perfusion of the spinal cord subarachnoid space in
      vivo while (1) electrically stimulating the sciatic nerves bilaterally or (2)
      superfusing with substance P. We have found that YGGFMRGL and the HMW
      immunoreactivity are released by both types of stimuli. The HMW material appeared
      to be the more stable of the two species of immunoreactivity; its presence in the
      superfusate was more consistently observed than that of YGGFMRGL itself.
      Injection of YGGFMRGL into the spinal subarachnoid space in chronically
      catheterized rats produced a suppression of the tail-flick response. This effect
      of YGGFMRGL was reversed by naloxone suggesting an action mediated by spinal
      opiate receptors. These data suggest that YGGFMRGL plays an integral role in the
      neurotransmission process between spinal neurons storing enkephalin and other
      neurons. The possibility that enkephalin-mediated neurotransmission includes
      multiple chemical signals can be entertained.

PMID- 2420614
TI  - The influence of alpha, beta-methylene ATP on alpha 1-receptor-operated channels
      in guinea-pig taenia caeci.
AB  - The influence of the ATP analog alpha, beta-methylene ATP on the action of
      adrenaline on alpha 1-receptors of smooth muscle cells of guinea-pig taenia caeci
      was studied by measuring potential changes. The preparation was superfused (1
      ml/min) with Krebs solution or calcium-free solution containing atropine (10(-6)
      M) and propranolol (10(-6) M) at 22 degrees C, using the sucrose-gap method. The
      ATP analog (10(-5) to 4 X 10(-4) M) and adrenaline (10(-5) M) both caused a
      transient hyperpolarization in the absence of external calcium (20 min). The
      response (area under the 'curve') evoked under calcium-free conditions (20 min)
      increased with the concentration of the ATP analog. The response was diminished
      when preceded by the adrenaline response (10(-5) M) or when evoked after repeated
      addition of the analog to the superfusate (35 min). The adrenaline response was
      also diminished when preceded by the ATP analog. The responses to the ATP analog
      or adrenaline in the presence of apamin (3 X 10(-7) M) in the absence of external
      calcium were characterized by depolarization of the muscle cells. Repeated
      addition of the ATP analog or adrenaline to the preparation under these
      conditions did not cause any effect. The results suggest strongly that adrenaline
      and alpha, beta-methylene ATP both activate the same calcium-dependent process,
      producing calcium mobilization and the opening of apamin-sensitive potassium
      channels. Besides this action the ATP analog also activates apamin-sensitive
      potassium channels and this activation is independent of the availability of
      calcium in the adrenaline-sensitive pool.

PMID- 2420615
TI  - Tachykinin modulation of coronary blood flow.
AB  - In pentobarbital anesthetized, open chest pigs, coronary blood flow (CBF),
      myocardial contractility and systemic hemodynamic variables were monitored during
      intracoronary injections of substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NA) or neurokinin B
      (NB). SP was most potent in increasing CBF although NA was also active in high
      doses while NB had absolutely no effect. SP was also more potent than NA in
      producing systemic hypotension. The data suggests that SP and its receptors might
      be potentially important modulators of CBF.

PMID- 2420616
TI  - Opiate receptors, neuropeptides in CNS and CSF of two Macaca species with
      different responsiveness to opiates.
AB  - Of two related Macaca species, the rhesus (M. mulatta), acquires opiate tolerance
      and dependence more readily than the cynomolgus (M. fascicularis). In the
      cynomolgus, mu-opiate receptors were significantly fewer in the caudate nucleus
      and globus pallidus; delta-sites were fewer in the thalamus. kappa-Sites showed
      no species difference. The levels of [Met5]enkephalin, substance P and dynorphin
      B in various brain areas were comparable. On the other hand, receptor-assayed
      endorphin activity was higher in CSF of cynomolgus than rhesus monkeys.

PMID- 2420617
TI  - Basic neuroproteins modulate TBPS recognition site.

PMID- 2420618
TI  - Galanin: stimulation of feeding induced by medial hypothalamic injection of this
      novel peptide.

PMID- 2420619
TI  - Effects of calcium channel blockers on ouabain-induced oscillatory
      afterpotentials in organ-cultured young embryonic chick hearts.
AB  - Ouabain induces oscillatory afterpotentials (OAPs) in organ-cultured young (3 day
      old) embryonic chick hearts. Since increased [Ca]i resulting from an inhibition
      of the Na pump by ouabain triggers oscillatory movements of Ca2+ (i.e. OAPs)
      intracellularly, Ca2+ influx through the cell membrane, which tends to increase
      [Ca]i, may be important in developing the OAPs. Therefore, in the present
      experiments, effects of calcium channel blockers on ouabain-induced OAPs in organ
      cultured 3 day old embryonic chick hearts were examined. Automaticity was
      suppressed by elevating [K]o to 6 mM. To induce the OAPs, the preparations were
      stimulated (0.5 Hz) in the presence of ouabain (2.5-6.3 microM). The calcium
      channel blockers (10 microM) depressed the OAPs in the following order of
      potency: bepridil greater than verapamil greater than nifedipine greater than
      diltiazem. This order of potency of the calcium channel blockers in depressing
      the OAPs was the same as that for drug penetration into the cells, but different
      from that for depressing slow action potentials: nifedipine greater than
      diltiazem greater than verapamil greater than bepridil (our previous findings).
      These results suggest that an intracellular site of action of the calcium channel
      blockers is important for depression of the OAPs, and suppression of the slow
      inward Ca2+ current cannot be the sole mechanism for suppression of the OAPs by
      these drugs.

PMID- 2420620
TI  - Restoration by levamisole of endotoxin-inhibited neutrophil migration, oedema and
      increased vascular permeability induced by carrageenin.
AB  - Intravenous administration of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhibited the
      migration of neutrophils into the pleural cavity that occurs following challenge
      with intrapleural carrageenin. Treatment of animals with levamisole (10 mg/kg
      i.p.) 30 min after the intravenous administration of LPS almost restored
      carrageenin-induced neutrophil migration to control levels without affecting the
      number of circulating neutrophils. Intravenous administration of LPS (30
      micrograms/kg) blocked neutrophil migration in vivo and significantly reduced the
      oedema and the increased vascular permeability induced by intraplantar
      administration of carrageenin. These LPS effects were partly counteracted by
      levamisole (10 mg/kg) given 30 min after LPS. Intravenous LPS did neither affect
      oedema nor the increase in vascular permeability induced by intraplantar
      administration of dextran. It is suggested that (a) the exudation and oedema
      formation induced by carrageenin partially depend upon migrating neutrophils and
      (b) inhibition of cell migration by circulating LPS may constitute an important
      contributing factor in septicaemia. Levamisole restores both cell migration and
      vascular inflammatory events inhibited by circulating LPS.

PMID- 2420621
TI  - A procedure to introduce protein molecules into living mammalian cells.
AB  - Although several methods are now available by which to introduce macromolecules
      into cultured living mammalian cells, each has limitations on its adoption as a
      general means, for a variety of purposes. We describe here a simple procedure to
      introduce protein molecules into various living mammalian cells. This procedure
      is based upon the finding that mammalian cells, after exposure to a low
      concentration of a phospholipid (L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine) in the presence
      of high (hypertonic) concentrations of glycerol became permeable to protein
      molecules and that a significant portion of the exposed cells regain their
      viability following incubation in the appropriate growth medium. We have
      demonstrated that diphtheria toxin (A fragment), horseradish peroxidase and
      antibodies against SV40 T-antigens are incorporated into living mouse
      erythroleukemia (Friend) cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells and mouse
      fibroblasts (C3H), respectively. The volume introduced into a single cell (mouse
      Friend cells) is approx. 3 X 10(-15) liter, which is comparable to those with
      other systems. Parameters affecting permeability to protein molecules and
      viability of the treated cells were also investigated with these and other cell
      lines.

PMID- 2420622
TI  - Levels of uracil DNA glycosylase and AP endonuclease in murine B- and T
      lymphocytes do not change with age.
AB  - Two DNA repair enzyme activities, uracil DNA glycosylase and AP endonuclease,
      were measured in extracts of T- and B-lymphocytes isolated from mice ranging in
      age from 3 to 24 months. T- and B-lymphocytes had roughly equal levels of AP
      endonuclease which did not change appreciably with age. T-lymphocytes had roughly
      twice as high a level of uracil DNA glycosylase as B-lymphocytes; these levels
      were not affected by age either. This constancy with age contrasts dramatically
      with increases in both enzymes--roughly 3-fold on a protein basis or 50-fold on a
      per cell basis--in a transformed line (MPC-11) derived from a carcinogen-induced
      lymphocytoma. These results are similar to those obtained with cultured murine
      fibroblasts, wherein a relative constancy was noted with passage of non
      transformed cells, followed by dramatic changes upon transformation (La Belle, M
      & Linn, S, Mutat res 132 (1984) 51). Hence these enzyme assays do not support the
      notion of a drop in base excision DNA repair capacity as being a causative factor
      in aging, but suggest instead that DNA repair properties might differ
      dramatically in transformed vs non-transformed cells.

PMID- 2420623
TI  - Flow-cytometric determination of glutathione alterations in vital cells by o
      phthaldialdehyde (OPT) staining.
AB  - A flow-cytometric method for the detection of changes of cellular glutathione
      content in vital cells is described. The reaction is based on formation of a
      fluorescent product between o-phthaldialdehyde (OPT) and reduced glutathione
      (GSH). OPT is a more GSH-specific dye than other thiol-specific dyes (e.g.,
      bromobimanes), because it forms a cyclic compound with GSH. Changes of GSH
      induced by oxidation or thiol-blocking agents are visualized in vital cells after
      a 5-min staining at room temperature.

PMID- 2420624
TI  - Cell-cell interaction between rat Sertoli cells and mouse germ cells in vitro.
AB  - An antiserum against rat germ cell membranes was prepared, and after absorption
      with protein extracts of rat liver and kidney and mouse testis, this antiserum
      reacted only with rat germ cell membranes and juxtanuclear vesicles in rat
      Sertoli cells. Germ cell-free rat Sertoli cell monolayers were cultured in vitro.
      Freshly isolated mouse germ cells adhered to these monolayers within 1 h. After a
      minimum of 3 days of such a co-culture, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting
      revealed that the mouse germ cells had obtained rat-antigenic determinants in
      their membranes. Our results indicate that this appearance of rat-specific
      antigens on mouse germ cells is specific and inducible.

PMID- 2420625
TI  - Movements and other distinguishing features of small vesicles identified by
      darkfield microscopy in living macrophages.
AB  - Perinuclear vesicles (estimated diameter less than 0.15 micron), too small to be
      seen in living mouse macrophages by direct phase-contrast microscopy, could be
      detected by darkfield microscopy thanks to their rapid non-saltatory movements at
      37 degrees C, contrasting with the slower saltations of accompanying phase
      visible larger vesicles (0.25-0.5 micron, presumed secondary lysosomes). The
      movements of these 'small visicles' also differed from those of the 'larger
      visicles' in their responses to changes in temperature, and to chemical agents
      known to inhibit both the saltations of secondary lysosomes and the latter's
      fusion with phagosomes. Thus the 'larger vesicles' stopped moving at 25 degrees
      C, the small ones did not; both stopped at 18 degrees C. The 'small vesicles'
      continued to move actively after cell uptake of the polyanion poly-D-glutamic
      acid, while the saltations of the 'larger vesicles' were markedly slowed; both
      sets of vesicles stopped after uptake of ammonium chloride. Degranulation of the
      small vesicles paralleled that of the larger, while simultaneously observed
      preformed pinosomes (labelled with fluorescent wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)
      appeared to be unaffected. On the basis also of refractivity, location and speed
      the 'small vesicles' are considered not to be pinosomes, but probably to be
      lysosomes. The question of whether they are a subgroup of small immature
      secondary lysosomes or primary lysosomes (0.05-0.08 micron) is discussed. The
      broad spectrum of movement inhibited by ammonia in macrophages raises the
      possibility that this weak base inhibits movements of all lysosomes. Further
      characterization of these 'small vesicles' requires their relation to be defined
      to the small particles in other cell types (especially in axoplasm) which have
      been detected by video-enhanced microscopy.

PMID- 2420626
TI  - Azacytidine induces reversion of thymidine kinase deficiency in Friend
      erythroleukemia cells.
AB  - Cells of the Friend erythroleukemia cell line show a high frequency of variants
      which have lost thymidine kinase activity. We have exposed a thymidine kinase
      deficient clone of this cell line to a series of concentrations of azacytidine
      and found a dose-dependent induction of thymidine kinase-positive revertants.
      Maximum reversion occurred with 0.9 micrograms/ml azacytidine where the frequency
      of revertants amongst survivors was increased by a factor of 10(6) compared to
      that of control cultures. Revertants were found to have varying levels of
      thymidine kinase activity. We conclude that DNA methylation of one or both
      alleles of the thymidine kinase gene is largely responsible for the instability
      of this gene in Friend erythroleukemia cells.

PMID- 2420627
TI  - The centriolar rim. The structure that maintains the configuration of centrioles
      and basal bodies in the absence of their microtubules.
AB  - Preparations of centrioles from bovine spleen were incubated in solutions of
      NaCl, MgCl2, HCl, NaOH, EDTA and heparin. Their effects on the centrioles were
      studied by electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. It was found that the
      microtubules of centriolar cylinders gradually disintegrate at a higher than
      physiological ionic strength and at a pH value lower than 3.5 and higher than
      8.5. After microtubule extraction, a closely apposed rim or sheath of dense
      centriolar matrix remains which has the same dimensions of length and width as
      the original centriole. Some other centriolar structures, including the
      pericentriolar satellites and certain structures in the cylinders (hub) are also
      preserved. The basal bodies of fish spermatozoa revealed similar structures,
      including the centriolar rim and hub, after microtubule extraction. Thus, the
      microtubule triplets are not involved in maintaining the structure of the
      centriolar cylinder; this role is rather carried out by amorphous material--the
      matrix, surrounding the microtubules.

PMID- 2420628
TI  - Angiogenic activity of the corneal epithelium.
AB  - A homogenate of corneal epithelial cells was tested to determine if it could
      induce vascularization in the cornea. Both fresh and cultured cells were used as
      sources of the homogenate which was evaluated in vivo using a self-contained
      system to perfuse it constantly into the corneal stroma. A vigorous growth of
      vessels resulted when the concentration of the homogenate exceeded a threshold of
      20 micrograms per ml total protein. This capacity was not destroyed when the
      homogenate was heated. As a preliminary refinement of this response white blood
      cells were eliminated from the model with whole body X-irradiation.
      Vascularization occurred in leukopenic animals but was less than that observed in
      normal animals. It is concluded that the epithelial homogenate is able to provoke
      corneal vascularization in the absence of leukocytes.

PMID- 2420629
TI  - Influence of low IOP and low calcium on retrograde axoplasmic transport in rat
      optic nerve in vitro.
AB  - Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into one lateral geniculate nucleus of male
      inbred PVG/Mol hooded rats is taken up by terminals of the optic nerve and
      transported retrogradely towards the opposite retina. Four hours after injection
      when a small portion of HRP had reached the retina, the eye and optic nerve were
      excised and incubated in vitro at 38 degrees C for another 3.5 hr during which
      the intraocular pressure (IOP) was set at 30 or 0 mmHg. During the in vitro
      period additional HRP entered the retina by axonal transport if the incubation
      medium contained enough Ca2+. Transport occurred at 0.45-1.1 mM Ca2+, but not at
      0.30mM Ca2+. When transport occurred, no significant difference in degree of
      transport was found between the two pressures. The amount of HRP transported at
      30 and 0 mmHg was very similar to that at 20 mmHg but significantly higher than
      that at 50 mmHg, (values at 20 and 50 mmHg from an earlier study). Thus, fast
      retrograde HRP transport was equally efficient at or near a physiological IOP as
      at zero pressure. Also, the degree of transport inhibition was not proportional
      to the height of the IOP, but started to increase above 30 mmHg. This is probably
      due to the presence of supporting tissue in the optic nerve head and inherent
      strength of the nerve fibers themselves. The lamina cribrosa in the rat eye is
      poorly developed and a shearing force on the nerve fibers due to laminar hole
      misalignment can largely be excluded. Effects on blood circulation are also
      excluded by the in vitro situation.

PMID- 2420630
TI  - Differential immunogold-dextran labeling of bovine and frog rod and cone cells
      using monoclonal antibodies against bovine rhodopsin.
AB  - Eleven monoclonal antibodies against different segments of bovine rhodopsin were
      used with immunogold-dextran markers to label Lowicryl thin sections of bovine
      and frog retinal photoreceptor cells for visualization by transmission electron
      microscopy. Antibodies against the C-terminus, F1-F2 loop and N-terminus of
      rhodopsin were all observed to label bovine rod outer segments (ROS) densely, but
      to label rod inner segments (RIS) only sparsely. Most antibodies bound 200-600
      gold particles per micron2 in the ROS, 10-60 gold particles per micron2 in the
      RIS and 5-20 particles per micron2 on the Lowicryl resin. One antibody against
      the N-terminus and one antibody against the C-terminus resulted in the binding of
      over 1000 particles per micron2 in bovine ROS. Cone outer segments (COS) were
      labeled with only one antibody, rho 3D6, having a specificity for the 1'-4' C
      terminus of bovine rhodopsin. Ninety per cent of the COS were observed to be
      labeled with this antibody. Immunogold-dextran labeling was also used to study
      the cross-reactivity of these antibodies to rhodopsin in red and green frog ROS
      and COS. Monoclonal antibodies directed against sites along the F1-F2 loop, and
      the N-terminus labeled red frog ROS densely, but did not label either green ROS
      or COS. Three C-terminal specific antibodies against binding sites along the 1'
      8' segment labeled both green and red ROS, but a higher extent of labeling was
      observed on the green ROS. Antibody rho 3D6, which bound to bovine COS, also
      labeled frog COS. These results indicate that the F1-F2 loop and segments along
      to the N-terminus and the C-terminus of bovine rhodopsin show a high degree of
      homology with corresponding regions of frog rhodopsin from red ROS; the C
      terminal 1'-8' segment of bovine rhodopsin is closely related to the
      corresponding segment of frog rhodopsin from green ROS; and the 1'-4' C-terminus
      of bovine rhodopsin is highly homologous to segments of opsin from most bovine
      and frog COS. The labeling of frog red ROS in relation to multiple forms of
      rhodopsin observed by SDS-gel electrophoresis is discussed.

PMID- 2420631
TI  - Effects of histamine on hippocampal pyramidal cells of the rat in vitro.
AB  - The actions of bath applied histamine on CA1 pyramidal cells were investigated in
      hippocampal slices of the rat. Histamine caused a) a slight depolarization but no
      significant change in resting membrane conductance; b) an abbreviation of long
      afterhyperpolarizations after single action potentials, bursts of action
      potentials or TTX resistant spikes; c) a loss of accommodation of firing. In the
      presence of TEA or barium, histamine prolonged and increased the size and number
      of the slow TTX resistant spikes. A depolarizing plateau which follows such
      spikes was also increased by histamine, but the population spike was increased.
      The frequency of spontaneous chloride dependent potentials, which reflect
      interneurone firing, was also increased. These effects considerably outlasted
      histamine application and were mimicked by the H2-agonist impromidine but not the
      H1-agonist thiazolethylamine, and blocked by the H2-antagonists cimetidine and
      metiamide but not the H1-antagonists mepyramine or the beta-antagonist
      propranolol. It is concluded that histamine, by activating H2-receptors,
      antagonizes a calcium mediated potassium conductance in hippocampal pyramidal
      cells without affecting calcium current. By this mechanism histaminergic afferent
      fibres could effectively regulate cortical responsiveness by selectively
      potentiating large excitatory inputs of target neurones.

PMID- 2420632
TI  - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) counteracts neuronal damage induced by a
      substance P antagonist.
AB  - Intrathecal administration of the substance P antagonist Spantide caused marked
      necrotic changes of the gray matter of the spinal cord extending several segments
      from the injection site. Intravenous treatment with several doses of thyrotropin
      releasing hormone before and after Spantide injection completely prevented the
      necrotic lesion.

PMID- 2420633
TI  - Neovascularization after ischemic nerve injury.
AB  - Because angioneogenesis is associated with wound repair, neovascularization may
      play an important role in regeneration after nerve injury. This hypothesis was
      tested in the present study in which the number and distribution of endoneurial
      capillaries were determined 6 weeks after ischemic nerve injury. The density of
      capillaries was increased in the central fascicular regions of the distal sciatic
      and proximal tibial nerves at sites of ischemic injury. This was accompanied by a
      decrease in intercapillary distance. Neovascularization may be a response to
      ischemia or a consequence of nerve degeneration or regeneration, the mechanisms
      of which are poorly understood.

PMID- 2420635
TI  - Cholera toxin B-subunit incorporation into synaptic vesicles of the neuromuscular
      junction of the rat.
AB  - The B-subunit of cholera toxin, a nontoxic macromolecule which binds specifically
      to GM1 ganglioside, was conjugated to colloidal gold and injected into skeletal
      muscle of the rat. It was taken up rapidly in vesicles in the terminal axons at
      the neuromuscular junctions. Injection of albumin-colloidal gold conjugates
      resulted in an insignificant uptake. The results indicate that uptake of
      extracellular macromolecules into the terminal axon of the neuromuscular junction
      may be greatly enhanced by binding to gangliosides at the presynaptic membrane,
      and that it may occur without association with vesicular recycling related to
      transmitter release.

PMID- 2420636
TI  - Hypotensive activity of histidine-containing analogues of C-terminal hexapeptide
      of substance P.
AB  - Four new hexapeptide analogues of C-terminal Substance P fragment with increased
      solubility in aqueous solutions are described. The peptides contain histidine in
      positions 6, 8, 9 and 10, respectively. The effect of the structural changes on
      the hypotensive activity and antigenic properties of analogues was compared. It
      was found that substitution of amino acid residues in various positions in the C
      terminal hexapeptide of Substance P resulted in different effects on the
      hypotensive and antigenic properties, respectively. Only the [His6] SP6-11
      analogue had an unchanged antigenic structure when compared with the C-terminal
      region of Substance P, but it showed an almost total loss of hypotensive
      activity. The [His9] SP6-11 analogue retained 50% of the hypotensive activity of
      the C-terminal hexapeptide but showed a markedly reduced expression of the
      antigenic epitope localized in this region of Substance P.

PMID- 2420637
TI  - Ruthenium red inhibits the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in intact bovine spermatozoa
      and increases the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration.
AB  - The uptake and cycling of Ca2+ by ejaculated bovine spermatozoa are almost
      completely abolished by ruthenium red, antimycin A or FCCP. The inhibitory effect
      of ruthenium red is also observed after washing of the dye-pretreated cells
      followed by addition of digitonin or filipin. In contrast, the inhibition is
      overcome by A23187 treatment. It is concluded that ruthenium red penetrates into
      intact spermatozoa, inhibits the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake 'in situ', and causes
      the observed increase of the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration.

PMID- 2420634
TI  - The olfactory bulb and central pathways.

PMID- 2420638
TI  - Direct immunological identification of full-length cDNA clones for plant protein
      without gene fusion to E. coli protein.
AB  - By immunological screening of a cDNA library constructed from potato tuber
      poly(A)+ RNA and Escherichia coli expression vector pUC8 by the vector-primer and
      linker procedure of Okayama and Berg [(1982) Mol. Cell Biol. 2, 161-170], nearly
      full-length cDNA clones for patatin, a major protein of potato tuber, were
      identified. The cDNA carrying part of the 5'-noncoding region of the patatin
      mRNA, in addition to entire coding and 3'-noncoding regions, expressed prepatatin
      in E. coli cells by translational initiation inside cDNA. These results suggest
      that nearly full-length cDNA clones with entire coding region can be identified
      directly by immunological screening without gene fusion to E. coli proteins at
      least for some plant mRNAs.

PMID- 2420640
TI  - A specific immunological probe for the major myelin proteolipid. Confirmation of
      a deletion in DM-20.
AB  - Major myelin proteolipid (MMPL, also called PLP) and DM-20 are the two major
      intrinsic membrane proteins of CNS myelin. A specific immunological probe was
      obtained for MMPL by raising antibodies against the synthetic tridecapeptide 117
      129 of MMPL. Antibodies against this peptide reacted with the MMPL but did not
      cross react with DM-20, while both proteolipids had been shown previously to be
      recognized by antibodies directed against the C-terminal hexapeptide of MMPL.
      This is in accordance with previous findings showing that DM-20 differs only from
      MMPL by a deletion of residues 100-140 (+/- few units). Furthermore, this site
      specific immunological probe also recognizes MMPL in its native form in
      oligodendrocytes in primary glial cell cultures.

PMID- 2420639
TI  - Differential expression of fucosyl GM1 and a disialoganglioside with a NeuAc
      alpha 2-6GalNAc linkage (GD1e) in various rat ascites hepatoma cells.
AB  - A distinct difference in ganglioside composition among various rat ascites
      hepatomas and Yoshida sarcoma was observed on TLC-immunostaining with anti
      fucosyl GM1 antibody, and chemical and enzymatic analyses. Yoshida sarcoma and
      ascites hepatomas, AH13, AH66F and AH66, but not the other 9 tumor cell lines
      investigated, specifically contained a disialoganglioside, NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal
      beta 1-3(NeuAc alpha 2-6)GalNAc beta 1-4Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1ceramide (GD1e),
      whereas the 9 ascites hepatoma cells without GD1e contained fucosyl GM1. The
      differential expression of fucosyl GM1 and GD1e in various tumor cell lines
      indicates that different cell lineages express distinct metabolic pathways for
      gangliosides, and that the gangliosides are useful markers for distinguishing
      tumor cell lines.

PMID- 2420641
TI  - Nerve growth factor induces mast cell degranulation without changing
      intracellular calcium levels.
AB  - Nerve growth factor (NGF) induces degranulation of rat peritoneal mast cells
      (RPMC) in a dose-dependent manner, providing direct evidence for its action on
      non-neuronal tissues. Activation of RPMC by NGF depends on lysophosphatidylserine
      and extracellular calcium. NGF-mediated RPMC degranulation is not coupled to a
      transient increase in intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i). It is suggested that
      NGF has a unique mode of action independent of [Ca2+]i and presumably also
      without involving protein kinase C activation as indicated by the effects of
      phorbol esters and NGF on antigen-evoked [Ca2+]i rise.

PMID- 2420642
TI  - Antiviral activity of a chemically stabilized 2-5A analog upon microinjection
      into HeLa cells.
AB  - 2-5A[ppp(A2'p)n5'A] has been implicated as a mediator in the antiviral action of
      interferon. Its direct evaluation as an indicator of virus replication is
      hampered by two limitations: its inability to penetrate intact cells, and its
      rapid intracellular degradation by (2'-5')phosphodiesterase. These problems could
      be overcome by using a microinjection technique whereby a phosphodiesterase
      resistant analog of 2-A, in which the 2'-terminals adenosine residue is replaced
      by 2-(9-adenyl)-6-hydroxy-methyl-4-hexylmorpholine, was injected into individual
      HeLa cells before infection with mengovirus or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV).
      This comparative assay with two representatives of different virus classes in a
      single experimental system pointed to the high sensitivity of VSV to inhibition
      by 2-5A oligonucleotides, in contrast with the low sensitivity of mengovirus.
      Microinjection of the hexylmorpholine 2-5A analog led to a much greater reduction
      in mengovirus yield than did microinjection of 2-5A itself.

PMID- 2420643
TI  - The secondary structures of the Xenopus laevis and human mitochondrial small
      ribosomal subunit RNA are similar.
AB  - Extensive corrections of the nucleotide sequence of the Xenopus laevis
      mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit RNA gene [Roe et al. (1985) J. Biol. Chem.
      260, 9759-9774] are reported. We found an additional fragment of 142 nucleotides
      and describe 25 nucleotide differences scattered in the gene. The nucleotide
      sequence the same gene of bovine mitochondrion. We propose a new secondary
      structure for the product of the X. laevis gene. Contrary to the finding of Roe
      et al., we observed the same general organization of stems and loops as for the
      human mitochondrial 12 S rRNA gene product. On the other hand, the structural
      homology observed between the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic small subunit rRNAs
      of X. laevis appears much lower. These results strongly suggest that animal
      vertebrate mitochondrial DNAs have followed the same evolutionary pathway.

PMID- 2420644
TI  - Changes in the guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, Gi and Go, during
      differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells.
AB  - Differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells from fibroblasts to adipocytes is accompanied by
      increased adenylate cyclase response to lipolytic agents. We used pertussis toxin
      and specific antibodies to measure the inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding
      protein, Gi, and the novel G-protein, Go, in membranes from 3T3-L1 cells.
      Pertussis toxin-dependent labeling of a 39-40 kDa protein showed an initial 30%
      rise, followed by an 80% fall during differentiation. Immunoblots showed that 3T3
      L1 cells contain Go, as well as Gi, and that changes in the former parallel the
      changes in pertussis toxin labeling. Changes in Gi and GO may contribute to
      altered adenylate cyclase response during 3T3-L1 cell differentiation.

PMID- 2420645
TI  - Scorpion venom (Leiurus quinquestriatus) elicits accumulations of inositol
      phosphates and cyclic AMP in guinea pig cortical synaptoneurosomes.
AB  - Scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) venom (ScV) stimulated accumulations of cyclic
      AMP and turnover of phosphatidylinositol in guinea pig cortical
      synaptoneurosomes. The concentrations of ScV that were necessary to increase
      cyclic [3H]AMP accumulation were lower than those required to stimulate formation
      of [3H]inositol phosphates from phosphatidylinositol. In the presence of 10
      microM 2-chloroadenosine, ScV induced a dose-dependent synergistic accumulation
      of cyclic AMP with an EC50 value that was comparable to the EC50 required for
      stimulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover. Tetrodotoxin partially inhibited
      cyclic AMP accumulations elicited by ScV indicating that at least part of such
      responses are due to activation of voltage-dependent sodium channel. Tetrodotoxin
      virtually completely blocked formation of inositol phosphate stimulated by ScV.
      High concentrations of Mg2+ (30 mM) did not block responses to ScV indicating
      that release of neurotransmitters was not involved. Membrane potential changes
      could not be detected at concentrations of ScV that triggered the biochemical
      responses. Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover by ScV appears to depend
      on an increase in influx of Na+ in synaptoneurosomes, presumably due to slowing
      of the inactivation of voltage-dependent sodium channels by alpha-scorpion toxin,
      a component of ScV. At least in part, the stimulation of cyclic AMP accumulation
      by ScV correlates with increases in phosphatidylinositol turnover.

PMID- 2420646
TI  - A possible involvement of cyclic AMP in the expression of desensitization of the
      nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. A study with forskolin and its analogs.
AB  - Forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, and its analogs were studied on the
      nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-ion channel complex (AChR) of rat and frog
      skeletal muscles. At nanomolar concentrations, forskolin caused desensitization
      of the AChR located at the junctional region of innervated and the
      extrajunctional region of chronically denervated rat soleus muscles. The
      desensitization of the AChR occurred without alteration of the conducting state
      (channel lifetime, conductance or bursting) as shown by single channel currents.
      Accordingly, forskolin decreased the peak amplitude of the repetitive evoked
      endplate currents in frog sartorius muscles. These findings taken together with
      the good correlation found between the effects of forskolin and its analogs on
      the desensitization of the nicotinic AChR and their ability to activate adenylate
      cyclase suggested a possible involvement of phosphorylation of AChR via cyclic
      AMP on the desensitization process.

PMID- 2420647
TI  - Phorbol ester stimulates amylase secretion from rat parotid cells.
AB  - Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a potent activator of Ca2+- and phospholipid
      dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C), evoked amylase release from rat
      parotid cells. In dose-response studies, PMA stimulated amylase release
      independently of db-cAMP, but potentiated the effect of carbachol. PMA and
      A23187, a Ca2+ ionophore, synergistically increased amylase release. The maximum
      effect of carbachol was further enhanced by PMA but not by A23187, suggesting
      that protein kinase C is not fully activated by the muscarinic-cholinergic
      agonist under the condition where calcium is fully utilized for amylase
      secretion.

PMID- 2420648
TI  - The significance of blood flow in cutaneous malignant melanoma demonstrated by
      Doppler flowmetry.
AB  - The vascularity of malignant melanoma has been studied in 23 patients by Doppler
      ultrasonic frequency shift recordings. A 10 or 8 MHz directional Doppler probe
      was used and the signals were analysed on an Angioscan II spectrum analyser. No
      blood flow was detected in 7 primary melanomas each of thickness less than 0.75
      mm and one recurrent subcutaneous nodule. Abnormal blood flow signals were
      detected in 8 primary melanomas--each of thickness greater than 1.2 mm--and in 7
      skin nodules of secondary melanoma. Three tumours did not conform to the general
      pattern--one primary tumour 0.7 mm thick had abnormal blood flow signals whereas
      one primary lesion of 2 mm thickness and one secondary deposit were flow
      negative. Thus neovascularization corresponds in general to the cut-off point for
      good prognostic tumours, suggesting that it is a development of biological
      significance. This vascular pattern can be detected non-invasively by means of a
      Doppler probe and may have a prognostic importance, particularly with melanomas
      of the intermediate thickness range of 0.75-3.0 mm, where precise outcome cannot
      at present be predicted. The significance of an abnormal blood flow in one thin
      tumour remains to be determined from long-term follow-up.

PMID- 2420649
TI  - Regeneration of entire skeletal muscles.
AB  - There are several experimental models for producing the regeneration of entire
      mammalian muscles. The most commonly used are mincing and free muscle grafting.
      Immediately after both mincing and grafting, the muscle is completely divorced
      from any connections with the host. To regenerate and become functional, the
      muscle must become reintegrated with the body of the host. The three major
      reintegrative phenomena--revascularization, reinnervation, and the
      reestablishment of tendon connections--are discussed in the context of muscle
      regeneration. The functional development of regenerating muscle closely resembles
      the normal ontogenetic pattern. Final functional differentiation of a
      regenerating muscle depends on the establishment of neuromuscular synapses.

PMID- 2420650
TI  - Functional deficits in skeletal muscle grafts.
AB  - Individual skeletal muscle fibers degenerate and regenerate with minimal
      functional deficits. When whole skeletal muscles are grafted in rats or cats by
      standard grafting techniques, revascularization and reinnervation must occur
      spontaneously. Under these circumstances, contraction times and maximum
      velocities of shortening eventually return to control values, but a significant
      deficit is observed in maximum tetanic tension. Grafts made with anastomosis of
      nerves or with nerves left intact have smaller deficits in tension development
      than do standard grafts made without nerve repair. The measurement of contractile
      properties of single motor units in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles and
      in EDL grafts in rats indicates that the decreased maximum tetanic tension of
      whole grafts is due to a 10-20% decrease in the maximum tetanic tension of
      individual motor units, whereas standard grafts also show a 40-45% decrease in
      the number of motor units. Compared with control values, the fatigability of 100
      mg grafts in rats is decreased, whereas larger 3-g grafts in cats show an
      increased fatigability. The deficits observed in large grafts can be reduced, but
      not eliminated, by grafting with neurovascular anastomoses.

PMID- 2420651
TI  - Demonstration of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A)-like material in
      the fallopian tube.
AB  - The distribution and concentration of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP
      A) in the human fallopian tube were examined by the immunoperoxidase staining
      technique and radioimmunoassay as part of a detailed study of PAPP-A in the
      nonpregnant state. PAPP-A-like material was identified in the epithelial cells of
      the mucosa in all fallopian tube specimens examined (n = 21). The intensity of
      the staining for PAPP-A was unrelated to the phase of the menstrual cycle. PAPP-A
      like material was detected in saline extracts from all tubal tissues (n = 14) but
      not in any of the sera obtained from the same patients. The tissue concentration
      (mean +/- standard error of the mean) of immunoreactive PAPP-A varied from 15.2
      +/- 1.1 to 30.1 +/- 4.2 micrograms/g protein in different parts of the tubes. No
      difference in the PAPP-A concentration was found between isthmic, ampullar, and
      fimbrial part of the tube, but proliferative phase tube seems to contain more
      PAPP-A than secretory phase tube. The PAPP-A measured in the fallopian tube
      appears to be similar in molecular size and antigenicity to that of pregnancy.

PMID- 2420652
TI  - The predictive value of hCG beta subunit levels in pregnancies achieved by in
      vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: an international collaborative study.
AB  - Serial human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) beta subunit measurements of 300
      pregnancies achieved by in vitro fertilization (IVF) were obtained by 15 IVF
      centers worldwide. Hormonal curves were established for 164 normal singleton
      pregnancies, 25 normal multiple gestations, 60 chemical pregnancies, 41 first
      trimester spontaneous abortions, and 10 ectopic pregnancies. In comparison to the
      normal singleton pregnancy curve, chemical pregnancies and spontaneous abortions
      showed statistically lower hCG levels. hCG levels of ectopic pregnancies,
      compared with normal singleton gestations, were lower from days 7 to 14. It is
      concluded that beta-hCG determinations of in vitro fertilized pregnancies allow
      pregnancy diagnosis as early as 7 to 9 days after embryo transfer (ET) and will
      permit early discrimination between normal and abnormal IVF pregnancies. A single
      beta-hCG determination on day 9 after ET may discriminate chemical, ectopic
      pregnancy or impending miscarriage from a normal gestation. An hCG determination
      on day 17 will predict early normal development of an IVF pregnancy.

PMID- 2420653
TI  - [Zonal changes in contractile and electrical activity as well as oxygen tension
      in the myocardium after local immune damage].

PMID- 2420654
TI  - Characterization of the giant myofiber in bovine skeletal muscle.
AB  - Semitendinosus (ST) muscle samples were excised pre- and postrigor from 32
      experimental animals (Bos taurus). Four intact and 4 castrate males were
      exsanguinated when they reached age endpoints of 8, 12, 16, and 20 months. The
      samples were sectioned, histochemically fiber-typed for SDH and ATPase activity,
      and examined for giant myofibers. Of the 32 muscles analyzed, only one (8-month
      intact male) postrigor ST contained a giant myofiber that was hematoxylin and
      eosin positive, SDH negative, ATPase positive, and 2 X the size of the
      surrounding fibers. Subsequent studies demonstrated these giant type II white
      myofibers are an anomaly of muscle contraction and not a distinct fiber type as
      has been previously reported. This is a first report of giant white or type II
      myofibers in postrigor bovine skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2420655
TI  - On the degradation of intracellular RNA by ribonucleases.
AB  - The kinetic and the specificity of two RNases purified from the insect. C.
      capitata have been studied. These two enzymes exhibit preference to degrade large
      polynucleotides. The alkaline enzyme is located in the soluble cellular fraction
      and the acid enzyme is also associated to microsomes and lysosomes. A hypothesis
      about the physiological role of these two insect enzymes in the degradation of
      the intracellular RNA is proposed.

PMID- 2420656
TI  - Acetaldehyde and cardiac protein synthesis in the rat in vivo.
AB  - Protein synthesis was measured in the hearts of rats exposed to acetaldehyde
      vapour for 21 days. Exposure to acetaldehyde significantly increased heart weight
      (expressed as % body weight) but was without effect on the rate of synthesis of
      mixed cardiac proteins. Concentrations of RNA in the hearts were not altered by
      acetaldehyde exposure, indicating no change in RNA activity for protein
      synthesis.

PMID- 2420657
TI  - Control of growth in cultured rat thyroid cells.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the role of cAMP in the growth of FRTL
      and FRTL5 cells, 2 continuous cultured thyroid lines. TSH, at concentrations
      similar to those reported to induce growth in primary dog thyroid cultures,
      played an essential role for growth. Stimulators of adenylate cyclase, cholera
      toxin and forskolin, and cAMP analogues, dibutyryl cAMP and 8-bromo cAMP,
      mimicked the effect of TSH in both groups of cultured cells. The present data
      confirm the role of TSH in controlling growth of both cell lines and suggest that
      cAMP is an essential intracellular mediator of TSH action.

PMID- 2420658
TI  - A1 and A2 adenosine receptors regulate adenylate cyclase in cultured human lung
      fibroblasts.
AB  - Adenosine stimulates and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity and cAMP levels in
      WI-38 and VA13 fibroblasts. The inhibitory effects appear to be mediated by both
      A1 receptors and the P-site. Results supporting these conclusions are as follows:
      Adenosine by itself increased cAMP accumulation in these cells. PGE1-stimulated
      cAMP accumulation was inhibited by adenosine in a concentration-dependent
      fashion. IAP treatment blocked adenosine inhibition of cAMP accumulation and
      adenylate cyclase activity and enhanced adenosine stimulation of cAMP
      accumulation in VA13 cells. Theophylline and MIX attenuated adenosine inhibition
      of cAMP accumulation. Adenosine analogs with substitutions in the purine ring
      inhibited PGE1-stimulated cAMP accumulation and adenylate cyclase activity. PGE1
      stimulated cAMP accumulation was inhibited by the P-site agonist 2'5'
      dideoxyadenosine, but this inhibition was not attenuated by MIX or IAP treatment.
      These data support the idea that adenosine may inhibit cAMP accumulation in VA13
      or WI-38 cells by acting at an A1 receptor of the P-site. The decrease in cAMP
      accumulation mediated by the A1 receptor appeared to be due at least in part to
      an Ni-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2420659
TI  - Nerve cells in hydra: monoclonal antibodies identify two lineages with distinct
      mechanisms for their incorporation into head tissue.
AB  - The relationship between populations of nerve cells defined by two monoclonal
      antibodies was investigated in Hydra oligactis. A population of sensory nerve
      cells localized in the head (hypostome and tentacles) is identified by the
      binding of antibody JD1. A second antibody, RC9, binds ganglion cells throughout
      the animal. When the nerve cell precursors, the interstitial cells, are depleted
      by treatment with hydroxyurea or nitrogen mustard, the JD1+ nerve cells are lost
      as epithelial tissue is sloughed at the extremities. In contrast, RC9+ nerve
      cells remain present in all regions of the animal following treatment with either
      drug. When such hydra are decapitated to initiate head regeneration, the new head
      tissue formed is again free of JD1+ sensory cells but does contain RC9+ ganglion
      cells. Our studies indicate that (1) nerve cells are passively displaced with the
      epithelial tissue in hydra, (2) JD1+ sensory cells do not arise by the conversion
      of body column nerve cells that are displaced into the head, whereas RC9+ head
      nerve cells can originate in the body column, (3) formation of new JD1+ sensory
      cells requires interstitial cell differentiation. We conclude from these results
      that the two populations defined by these antibodies are incorporated into the h
      ad via different developmental pathways and, therefore, constitute distinct nerve
      cell lineages.

PMID- 2420660
TI  - Absence of the alpha and gamma subunits of 7S nerve growth factor in denervated
      rodent iris: immunocytochemical studies.
AB  - Immunocytochemical studies were performed to determine if denervated rodent iris
      produces nerve growth factor (NGF) in a form chemically similar to that of the 7S
      NGF complex in mouse submandibular glands. Antisera to the alpha, beta, and gamma
      subunits of 7S NGF were raised in rabbits and characterized on immunoblots of SDS
      containing polyacrylamide gels. Antisera were applied to stretch preparations of
      rat and mouse irides that were cultured for periods of 2 to 6 days or
      sympathetically denervated by superior cervical ganglionectomy and left in situ 4
      days. Antibody binding was visualized by indirect immunofluorescence. In control
      studies done on plastic sections of mouse submandibular glands, antisera co
      localized the three subunits of 7S NGF within secretory granules of granular
      tubule cells. In denervated rat iris, beta NGF immunoreactivity was evident in a
      cellular plexus that resembled in distribution and morphology nerve fibers in the
      normal iris, in agreement with a previous study (R.A. Rush (1984). Nature
      (London) 312, 364-367). Identical staining patterns were observed in mouse iris.
      In neither rat or mouse, however, did the nerve-like processes stain with
      antibodies suggests that the NGF-like protein in denervated rodent iris is not
      synthesized as part of the 7S NGF complex. Iris also did not react with
      antibodies to epidermal growth factor, a protein co-localized with NGF in mouse
      submandibular glands and in guinea pig prostate.

PMID- 2420661
TI  - Involvement of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein phosphorylation in
      regulation of mouse oocyte maturation.
AB  - We report the results of experiments which support the hypothesis that, in mouse
      oocytes, a decrease in intraoocyte cyclic AMP (cAMP) initiates meiotic
      maturation; oocytes microinjected with cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE)
      underwent germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in the presence of 3-isobutyl-1
      methylxanthine (IBMX), which inhibited GVBD both in oocytes not injected with PDE
      and in oocytes injected with heat-inactivated PDE. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein
      kinase (PK) has been proposed to mediate maintenance of meiotic arrest by cAMP.
      In support of this hypothesis is the observation that 2'-deoxy cAMP, which does
      not activate PK, did not maintain meiotic arrest as did cAMP; this result was
      obtained both by microinjection of these compounds and by incubating oocytes in
      the presence of their membrane-permeable N6-monobutyryl derivatives. Furthermore,
      microinjection into oocytes of the heat-stable inhibitor of PK, PKI, induced GVBD
      in the presence of either dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) or IBMX. Meiotic arrest was
      maintained in the absence of dbcAMP or IBMX, however, by microinjected catalytic
      subunit of PK, but not by catalytic subunit coinjected with PKI. In addition,
      specific changes in oocyte phosphoproteins that preceded resumption of meiosis
      were induced, in the presence of dbcAMP, by microinjected PKI; these changes were
      also tightly coupled with commitment of oocytes to resume meiosis. These results
      are discussed in terms of our model for regulation of meiotic arrest and
      maturation.

PMID- 2420662
TI  - Endocytosis of alpha 2-macroglobulin is developmentally regulated during
      myogenesis.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody, H143, reacts with an intracellular antigen present and
      accumulated in E63 rat myoblasts. H143 is directed against a species-specific
      determinant on purified equine serum alpha 2-macroglobulin. Immunofluorescence
      analyses of differentiating myoblasts grown in horse serum demonstrate that the
      capacity to take up alpha 2-macroglobulin is stage-specific: the rapid uptake of
      alpha 2-macroglobulin characteristic of myoblasts ceases prior to their fusion to
      form multinucleate fibers (myotubes). Neither rat fibroblasts nor a
      developmentally defective mutant of E63 exhibit this change in alpha 2
      macroglobulin uptake. The temperature and calcium requirements for the uptake of
      H143 antigen, and its accumulation as effected by lysosomotropic amines, indicate
      that alpha 2-macroglobulin is taken up by myoblasts via a developmentally
      regulated endocytic process. Electron microscopy using equine alpha 2
      macroglobulin labeled with colloidal gold supports this finding.

PMID- 2420663
TI  - Evidence for the existence of an early common biochemical pathway in the
      differentiation of F9 cells into visceral or parietal endoderm: modulation by
      cyclic AMP.
AB  - The addition of dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) to aggregate cultures of F9 cells
      in medium containing retinoic acid (RA) directs the pathway of differentiation
      into parietal endoderm instead of visceral endoderm. We examined the levels of
      some of the markers that characterize the two pathways and studied the time of
      commitment of cells to either direction of differentiation by using
      immunoprecipitation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). For either
      pathway, the levels and patterns of laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin
      are the same on the first day of differentiation, characterized by slightly
      decreased levels of laminin and type IV collagen synthesis and an increased level
      of fibronectin synthesis. These levels reverse on the second day of culture when
      the pathways diverge markedly. The differentiation pathway, however, can be
      redirected into the alternate one; parietal endoderm cells become committed after
      3 days, whereas visceral endoderm cells are able to change into parietal endoderm
      cells at any time. Thus, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-producing F9 embryoid bodies
      switched to dbcAMP-containing medium lose the capacity to synthesize AFP and
      start to express genes characteristic of parietal endoderm. Our results indicate
      that at least some visceral endoderm cells may redifferentiate into parietal
      endoderm cells. These phenomena thus mimic features of endoderm differentiation
      in the mouse embryo.

PMID- 2420664
TI  - Slow component-a of axonal transport, nerve myo-inositol, and aldose reductase
      inhibition in streptozocin-diabetic rats.
AB  - This study measured sugars and polyols, weight/unit length, and slow component-a
      of axonal transport (SCa) in dorsal root afferents of the sciatic nerves of
      control rats and rats with streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetes of 4-wk duration.
      The effects of two treatments--aldose reductase inhibition [Statil ("Statil" is a
      trademark; the property of Imperial Chemical Industries PLC.) ICI 128436 at 25
      mg/kg/day, p.o.] and myo-inositol supplementation (650 mg/kg/day, p.o.)--were
      studied in control and diabetic groups. Inclusion of untreated controls and
      diabetics gave a total of six groups for the study. The treatments were begun on
      the day after injection of STZ and were maintained throughout the protocol. The
      sciatic nerves of the diabetic (untreated) rats showed accumulation of sorbitol
      and fructose, depletion of myo-inositol, and an 8% increase in weight/unit
      length. All of these abnormalities were prevented by treatment with Statil.
      Treatment of diabetic rats with myo-inositol prevented its depletion in the
      sciatic nerve, but did not affect the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose nor
      the increase in weight/unit length. Neither treatment exerted any apparent effect
      on body weight, blood glucose, nerve weight, or nerve sugars and polyols in the
      control rats. The diabetic rats showed a retardation of the wave of transported
      labeled protein (shown as increased leftward skewness of the wave) and a
      reduction in mean transport velocity (calculated as the mean velocity for all
      segments contributing to the transport wave: 0.96 +/- 0.09 mm/day in diabetics
      versus 1.15 +/- 0.07 mm/day in controls).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2420665
TI  - Insulin-like growth factors in vitreous. Studies in control and diabetic subjects
      with neovascularization.
AB  - Vitreous and serum were obtained at the time of vitrectomy from 23 diabetic
      subjects with proliferative retinopathy and from 8 nondiabetic subjects. The mean
      concentration of IGF-I in vitreous from diabetic patients with neovascularization
      was 6.3 +/- 0.93 versus 2.7 +/- 0.96 ng/ml. Chi-square and rank analysis
      indicated that higher concentrations of IGF-I occurred in diabetic vitreous (P
      less than 0.01 by both analyses). IGF-II concentrations in vitreous of control
      and diabetic subjects were not significantly different. A positive correlation
      existed between the concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-II in vitreous and their
      concentrations in serum in diabetic subjects, but not in control subjects. When
      vitreous concentrations of IGF-I were calculated for diabetic subjects studied
      previously with rapid acceleration of retinal disease, these concentrations
      varied from 20 to 30 ng/ml. The concentrations of IGF-I in the vitreous of most
      diabetic subjects with severe neovascularization are thus in the range known to
      stimulate cellular differentiation and growth in several systems. Whether they do
      so in the eye, and thus contribute to the development of retinopathy, remains to
      be determined.

PMID- 2420667
TI  - Effects of various finishing methods on staining and accumulation of
      Streptococcus mutans HS-6 on composite resins.

PMID- 2420666
TI  - Tolbutamide increases hypothalamic serotonin activity in the rat.
AB  - Sulfonylureas are potent hypoglycemic agents; however, their mechanism of action
      remains incompletely understood. Recent data indicate that hypothalamic
      norepinephrine (NE) plays a major role in mediating the central neural regulation
      of blood glucose. We therefore examined whether the sulfonylurea tolbutamide
      might lower serum glucose via an effect on hypothalamic NE neuronal activity, and
      compared the effects with those of 2-deoxyglucose-induced neuroglycopenia and of
      chronic insulin administration. Serum glucose levels fell and serum insulin
      levels rose 10, 20, and 30 min after acute tolbutamide injection. Serum glucose
      concentrations were reduced after chronic tolbutamide administered in drinking
      water, but serum insulin did not change. Hypothalamic NE neuronal activity was
      increased 10 min after tolbutamide administration, but not at the later times,
      nor during chronic tolbutamide administration. However, consistent with a rise in
      serotonin (5-HT) neuronal activity, hypothalamic 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5
      HIAA) and the 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio rose 30 min after acute tolbutamide and during
      chronic tolbutamide administration. This rise was not due to neuroglycopenia per
      se, since hypothalamic NE neuronal activity was increased and hypothalamic 5-HT
      neuronal activity was reduced after 2-deoxyglucose-induced neuroglycopenia.
      Furthermore, the effect of chronic tolbutamide contrasted with that of chronic
      insulin administration where hypothalamic NE neuronal activity was increased,
      while hypothalamic 5-HT neuronal activity was unchanged. We conclude that
      tolbutamide does not lower serum glucose via a direct effect on hypothalamic NE
      neuronal activity; however, we note that tolbutamide specifically increases
      hypothalamic 5-HT neuronal activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2420668
TI  - Detection and further characterization of a newly described microsomal
      autoantibody associated with chronic delta infection.
AB  - Sera from 162 patients with acute or chronic hepatitis and from patients with
      autoimmune diseases have been investigated for autoantibodies by indirect
      immunofluorescence on human and animal tissues. A small proportion (14.2%) of
      young patients with chronic delta hepatitis has been found positive for
      cytoplasmic staining which was maximal in hepatocytes and renal proximal tubules.
      This autoantibody has been found to react with microsomal antigenic determinant
      different from the classic liver-kidney microsomal LKM antigen as demonstrated by
      fluorescence absorption experiments with purified subcellular organelles and by
      fluorescence-blocking tests. The microsomal autoantibody displayed also organ and
      species-specificity different from those shown by the LKM-positive sera. The
      positive patients showed persistence of the microsomal autoantibody during the
      follow-up without other serological markers of autoimmunity. There was no
      evidence of a particular course of chronic delta hepatitis in patients positive
      for the microsomal autoantibody.

PMID- 2420669
TI  - Asynchronous secretion of newly synthesized pancreatic proteins in the rat.
AB  - The secretion of newly synthesized pancreatic proteins was studied in conscious
      rats with cannulated pancreatic ducts. Labeled amino acids (3H-leucine and 14C
      amino acid mixture) were injected intravenously. The proteins of the pancreatic
      juice were separated by gel electrophoresis, and the radioactivity in each band
      was determined. An early secretion of labeled trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen
      was found, whereas amylase and lipase were secreted after a certain lag period.
      In vitro pulse chase experiments showed that amylase was synthesized in the
      acinar cell but did not move with the same efficacy to the zymogen granules and
      into the pancreatic juice as proteases.

PMID- 2420670
TI  - Early mouse molar root development: cellular changes and distribution of
      fibronectin, laminin and type-IV collagen.
AB  - We analysed epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that occur during the early
      stages of the formation of mouse molar roots using light and electron microscopy.
      Morphological changes observed in the cells of Hertwig's epithelial sheath, the
      pulp and the follicular mesenchyme are described. The Hertwig's epithelial cells
      lose their cuboidal form and become flattened, apparently intermixing with the
      cells of the follicular mesenchyme. At the light- and electron-microscope levels,
      immunoperoxidase techniques were used to localize fibronectin, laminin and type
      IV collagen. These appear to be closely associated with cell differentiation and
      matrix deposition in developing tooth roots. In addition, at the ultrastructural
      level, intracellular immunoreactivity was detected. The rough endoplasmic
      reticulum and nuclear envelope of some cells of the periodontal ligament facing
      the acellular cementum exhibited specific reactivity with laminin and type-IV
      collagen. Moreover, these periodontal ligament cells express keratin, but not
      vimentin, filaments. Our results demonstrate that Hertwig's epithelial cells
      maintain their capacity to synthesize laminin and type-IV collagen, as well as to
      express keratin filaments, despite basement membrane fragmentation and the
      disorganization of Hertwig's epithelial sheath. Thus, some Hertwig's epithelial
      cells remain in the periodontal ligament intermixed with follicular mesenchyme
      cells.

PMID- 2420671
TI  - Cytokeratin patterns of human oral epithelia: differences in cytokeratin
      synthesis in gingival epithelium and the adjacent alveolar mucosa.
AB  - Human oral mucosa includes various epithelia that are commonly classified as
      lining, masticatory, and specialized epithelia. Although adjacent tissues, the
      gingiva and alveolar mucosa represent two different types of epithelia: the
      gingiva is cornified and exhibits high rate ridges, whereas the mucosa does not
      normally cornify and exhibits a relatively smooth-contoured borderline between
      the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue. We examined the cytokeratin
      patterns of both epithelia using one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
      The gingiva expresses a great complexity of cytokeratins, including significant
      amounts of components nos. 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, and 17, as well as
      traces of cytokeratins nos. 4 and 15, i.e., a pattern similar to those of vaginal
      mucosa and epidermis containing proliferative keratinocytes. In contrast, the
      alveolar mucosa contains only two major cytokeratins, i.e., nos. 4 and 13,
      together with two minor amounts of cytokeratins nos. 5, 6, 14, and 17, thus
      resembling the patterns of certain other stratified, noncornified epithelia, such
      as the esophagus. Immunofluorescence microscopy using monoclonal antibodies to
      cytokeratins nos. 4 and 13 revealed the presence of these proteins in the
      suprabasal layers of alveolar mucosa, whereas in the gingiva, only certain small,
      suprabasal clusters of cells appeared to contain these cytokeratins. The
      cytoskeletal differences between gingival and alveolar mucosa are discussed in
      relation to the differences in their morphology and function, and with respect to
      pathological processes characteristic of these epithelia.

PMID- 2420672
TI  - Different patterns of cytokeratin expression in the normal epithelia of the upper
      respiratory tract.
AB  - The distribution and type of cytokeratins present in the normal human epithelia
      of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, tongue, palatine tonsil, epiglottis, vocal cord,
      and laryngeal ventricle were studied using immunohistochemical techniques and by
      gel electrophoresis of cytoskeletal proteins microdissected from frozen tissues.
      Noncornifying stratified epithelia covering the oropharynx, tongue, surface of
      the palatine tonsil, pharyngeal surface of the epiglottis, and vocal cord were
      all found to contain cytokeratins nos. 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, and 15, together with
      minor amounts of cytokeratin no. 19, i.e., a pattern similar to that previously
      reported for esophageal epithelium. The immunohistochemical reaction with KA4, an
      antibody specific for cytokeratins nos. 14, 15, 16, and 19, revealed reactivity
      confined to the basal epithelial cells of the tongue, oropharynx, pharyngeal
      epiglottis, and two out of five samples of vocal cords. This same antibody
      reacted with the entire thickness of three out of the five true vocal cords which
      were shown by gel electrophoresis to also contain cytokeratins nos. 16 and 17.
      Gel electrophoresis revealed that the pseudostratified columnar epithelium
      covering the laryngeal ventricle was more complex, in that it contained
      cytokeratins nos. 5, 13, 14, 15, and 17, which are typical of stratified
      epithelia, as well as cytokeratins nos. 7, 8, 18, and 19, which are
      characteristic of simple epithelia. This pattern is similar to that found in
      bronchial epithelium. The laryngeal surface of the epiglottis exhibited
      cytokeratins nos. 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, and 19, i.e., a pattern
      combining features of both esophageal- and bronchial-type epithelia. The reaction
      of these epithelia containing columnar cells with antibody RGE-53, which is
      specific for cytokeratin no. 18, revealed a staining reaction confined to the
      superficial columnar cells, whereas KA1 stained only the basal cells of these
      epithelia. The results of our study make it possible to distinguish two types of
      noncornifying stratified squamous epithelium, namely the 'esophageal type' which
      covers the tongue, oropharynx, and pharyngeal surface of the epiglottis, and
      another type which overlies the vocal cords and the transitional zone between the
      pharyngeal and laryngeal surfaces of the epiglottis. Furthermore, there appear to
      be variants of pseudostratified columnar epithelium, i.e., the usual bronchial
      type lining the laryngeal ventricle, and a type with a thicker subcolumnar cell
      compartment that is found on the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis. The
      patterns of expression of cytokeratins in the respiratory tract are compared with
      those of other epithelia.

PMID- 2420673
TI  - Expression of the neural cell adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM and their common
      carbohydrate epitope L2/HNK-1 during development and after transection of the
      mouse sciatic nerve.
AB  - The expression of the neural cell adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM and of their
      shared carbohydrate epitope L2/HNK-1 was studied during the development and after
      the transection of mouse sciatic nerves. During development, L1 and N-CAM were
      detectable on most, if not all, Schwann cells at embryonic day 17, the earliest
      stage tested. With increasing age, the immunoreactivity was reduced being
      confined to non-myelinating Schwann cells by post-natal day 10, at which stage
      the staining pattern resembled that seen in adult sciatic nerves. Double
      immunolabelling experiments revealed a complete overlap between L1 and N-CAM
      antibodies. The L2/HNK-1 epitope was not detectable in developing sciatic nerves
      until the end of the 2nd post-natal week, when it appeared to be associated with
      the outer profiles of thick myelin sheets, as also seen in adult sciatic nerves.
      Three days after the transection of adult sciatic nerves, L1 antigen and N-CAM
      was detectable in more Schwann cells in the distal nerve end than in untreated
      control nerves. The peak level of the reappearance of L1 antigen and N-CAM in
      Schwann cells occurred between 2 and 4 weeks after transection. The reduction of
      L1-antigen expression to its normal adult level took more than a year, thus
      recapitulating normal development, but on a more protracted time scale.
      Similarly, the L2/HNK-1 epitope remained undetectable until the transected nerve
      had returned to its normal state of myelination, i.e. approximately 1 year after
      transection.

PMID- 2420674
TI  - [Evaluation of the antiviral and cellular antireplication effect of human
      interferon on a line of primary hepatocarcinoma].

PMID- 2420675
TI  - [Whipple's disease with gastrointestinal purpura simulating rheumatoid purpura].

PMID- 2420676
TI  - [Hemorrhagic rectocolitis associated with idiopathic thrombopenic purpura].
AB  - This case report documents severe autoimmune thrombocytopenia in a 20 yrs. old
      patient with ulcerative colitis. Diagnosis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
      was made on the presence of bound antiplatelet antibodies and on the absence of
      any other disorder capable of provoking a platelet fall. Colonic lesions were
      moderate but were resistant to steroids and total parenteral nutrition.
      Thrombocytopenia resisted to steroids and vincristine and a major fall in the
      platelet count (less than 10,000/mm3) occurred in two instances. However,
      platelets rose transiently after high-dose intravenous gamma-globulins. The
      patient underwent splenectomy, colectomy and ileostomy because of life
      threatening colonic hemorrhage. The platelet count rose to normal levels within
      one week after surgery. Ileorectal anastomosis was subsequently performed. One
      year later the patient was in good health and his platelet count had returned to
      normal.

PMID- 2420677
TI  - Ethanol-induced vascular permeability changes in the jejunal mucosa of the dog.
AB  - We have demonstrated previously that ethanol causes alterations in jejunal
      morphology and fluid secretion, and that these changes are accompanied by an
      increase in mucosal arteriolar blood flow, shunting of blood through noncapillary
      microvessels, hyperemia, hemoconcentration, and an enhanced loss of plasma
      protein into the gut lumen. All the microcirculatory changes are compatible with
      an ethanol-induced mucosal microvascular stasis. The present study was undertaken
      to examine whether these changes are accompanied by an enhanced mucosal
      microvascular permeability. Using a colloidal carbon vascular labeling technique,
      we demonstrated that 6% wt/vol intraluminal ethanol caused marked accumulation of
      carbon particles in the walls of the capillaries and microvenules of the villus
      tips. The effect of 3% ethanol was much less pronounced, and the extent of carbon
      entrapment did not significantly differ from microvessels in villi perfused with
      Krebs-Ringer solution without ethanol. Electron microscopy indicated that the
      carbon was localized between the endothelial cell and the basal lamina of the
      microvessels. Because the carbon accumulation was always localized at the
      vicinity of endothelial cell junctions, the escape of carbon particles from the
      lumen probably occurred through these cell junctions. This could have been the
      result of a transient retraction of endothelial cells. Electron microscopic
      examination also demonstrated that the lumina of some capillaries and venules of
      the villus tip of jejunal segments perfused with 6% ethanol were clogged with
      carbon particles. This latter finding indicates that there was stasis in these
      vessels at the time of carbon injection. Similar intraluminal carbon accumulation
      was never seen in control jejunum or jejunum perfused with 3% ethanol. Thus the
      results of this study indicate that 6% (wt/vol) ethanol causes microvascular
      injury and stasis. The findings with 6% ethanol are reminiscent of those
      described by others in the early phases of acute inflammation, and thus it is
      possible that the microvascular changes caused by ethanol may be related to the
      liberation of some of the chemical mediators of the immediate response to acute
      injury.

PMID- 2420678
TI  - Whipple's disease with unusual clinical, bacteriologic, and immunologic findings.
AB  - A middle-aged man was found to have Whipple's disease after episodes of nephritis
      and arthralgia. While on antibiotic therapy, and in the absence of worsening of
      the histologic appearances of the jejunum, aortic valve endocarditis developed,
      presumably due to Whipple's disease. Observations during the course of his
      illness included the isolation of Corynebacterium bovis from an inguinal lymph
      node, and detection of circulating antibodies against material within the
      characteristic abnormal macrophages present in the gastrointestinal mucosa. This
      antigen-antibody reaction was specifically blocked by the monosaccharide
      rhamnose, a component of the polysaccharide surface coat of many bacteria,
      including C. bovis.

PMID- 2420679
TI  - [Tumor-associated antigens and fibrin derivatives as reaction products of ovarian
      cancer].
AB  - The detection of tumour-associated antigens in blood, ascites fluid, and tissue
      by the use of monoclonal antibodies establishes new aspects for the course
      control of ovarian cancer therapy and the evaluation of tumour-associated
      fibrinolysis. Monoclonal antibodies to the cross-linking site of fibrin
      derivatives in an enzyme immunoassay (D-dimer-ELISA) allow to compare
      quantitative results of fibrinolysis products with different tumour markers and
      the clinical tumour situation. In a prospective follow-up-study in 102 patients
      with epithelial ovarian carcinoma Ca 125, D-dimer, TPA, Ca 19-9, and CEA were
      investigated as tumour markers. Specificity (control group 61 gynaecologic
      patients with benign diseases) and sensitivity were compared in sensitivity
      specificity diagrams (receiver operating characteristic curves) for different
      clinical tumour situations (preoperative, S0-S3). Applying a limit value of
      normal range, indicated in parentheses, the specificity of Ca 125 (greater than
      65 mu/ml) amounts to 100%, D-dimer (greater than 700 ng/ml) 100%, TPA (greater
      than 120 mu/ml) 90%, CEA (greater than 5 ng/ml) 96%, Ca 19-9 (greater than 37
      mu/ml) 98%. In the same sequence, sensitivity values came to 91%, 82%, 65%, 8%
      and 19% in manifest tumour situations. Antigen-concentration levels and frequency
      of pathological values depend on the degree of tumour disease. The results of
      seroimmunodiagnostic methods correlate with the clinical tumour situation: In 11
      of 12 cases clinical tumour progression or relapse were accompanied by increasing
      concentrations of Ca 125 and D-dimer. In 21 cases of second-look laparotomies,
      tumour marker values in the normal range were often found not to be conclusive
      for diagnosing a tumour-free situation. The predictive value for true negative
      results amounted to only 18%. Immunohistochemical investigations and plasma
      ascites diffusion ratios of antigens indicate that enrichment occurs in ascites.
      Fibrin deposition often surrounds tumour plugs and is found in interstitional
      tissue, whereas Ca 125 is expressed mainly at tumour cell surface. The
      histochemical image reflects fibrin as a tumour surrounding antigen and Ca 125 as
      a tumour-originated antigen. Clinical relevant serodiagnostic methods for ovarian
      cancer are brought about by the monoclonal detection of the investigated
      antigens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2420680
TI  - [Antigenic characteristics of hematopoietic stem cells].

PMID- 2420681
TI  - Uptake and metabolism of indole compounds by the goldfish pineal organ.
AB  - Indole metabolism was studied in the pineal organ of the goldfish by
      radioautography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The rate of uptake of
      tritiated serotonin was rapid in vitro with dense labeling over the photoreceptor
      cells. Tritiated tryptophan was taken up at a slower rate and the label was
      distributed evenly over the epithelium. Continual light caused a reduction in the
      concentration of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
      compared to groups exposed to constant darkness both in vivo and in explants,
      suggesting that these effects are not derived from photoreceptors outside the
      pineal organ. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that indole
      metabolism is functionally linked to phototransduction events in the pineal organ
      of lower vertebrates.

PMID- 2420682
TI  - Molecular mapping of the rosy locus in Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - The DNA from the chromosomal region of the Drosophila rosy locus has been
      examined in 83 rosy mutant strains. Several spontaneous and radiation-induced
      alleles were associated with insertions and deletions, respectively. The lesions
      are clustered in a 4-kb region. Some of the alleles identified on the DNA map
      have been located on the genetic map by fine-structure recombination experiments.
      The genetic and molecular maps are collinear, and the alignment identifies the
      DNA location of the rosy control region. A rosy RNA of 4.5 kb has been
      identified; its 5' end lies in or near the control region.

PMID- 2420683
TI  - The molecular through ecological genetics of abnormal abdomen. III. Tissue
      specific differential replication of ribosomal genes modulates the abnormal
      abdomen phenotype in Drosophila mercatorum.
AB  - The abnormal abdomen (aa) syndrome in Drosophila mercatorum is controlled by two
      major X-linked genetic elements. We have previously shown that the major X-linked
      element of aa is associated with the presence of large inserts in the 28S gene of
      the ribosomal RNA (rDNA) genes. We show that, in polytene tissue of wild-type D.
      mercatorum, the uninterrupted rDNA repeats are overreplicated relative to
      interrupted repeats. Uninterrupted rDNA repeats are also overreplicated in
      polytene tissue of hybrid larval offspring from wild-type and aa parents. This
      overreplication of uninterrupted repeats is not observed in diploid tissues of
      wild-type hybrids (of wild-type and aa parents) and homozygous aa larvae or in
      polytene tissue of aa larvae. Furthermore, molecular analysis of an aa line that
      has reverted to the wild type indicates that the reversion phenomenon is
      associated with the ability to overreplicate uninterrupted rDNA repeats in
      polytene tissues. The patterns of differential replication of rDNA genes in wild
      type hybrids and aa larvae of D. mercatorum offer a possible mechanism for the
      tissue-specific control of the aa phenotype and suggest that the molecular basis
      for the second X-linked genetic element of aa is involved in the control of
      differential replication in polytene tissues.

PMID- 2420684
TI  - [Fine structure of long terminal repeats and stages of reverse transcription of
      mobile dispersed genes in Drosophila].
AB  - In Drosophila melanogaster cultured cells, RNA reverse transcription intermediate
      forms connected with initiation of minus and plus DNA strand synthesis (minus and
      plus strong-stop DNA) are detected for mobile dispersed genetic elements MDG1,
      MDG3 and MDG4 (gypsy). A comparative analysis of intermediate forms has proved
      that mdg elements pass the same stages of reverse transcription as retroviruses,
      revealing a complete similarity between intermediate products. It has also been
      established that these three mdg elements possess a common mechanism of reverse
      transcription, despite their structural differences. The length of the minus
      strong-stop DNA, that gives the position of the RNA start site, coincides with
      the data obtained from SI nuclease analysis of transcription initiation. SI
      mapping has also revealed that mdg RNA carries a repeated sequence R on its ends,
      similar to retroviral RNA molecules, and that mdg LTRs have a U3-R-U5 structure
      analogous to that of proretroviral LTRs. Transcription of mdg1, mdg3 and mdg4 is
      initiated within or immediately after the same sequence TCAGTPy. Neither TATA box
      nor CAAT box can be found in their characteristic positions upstream of the 5'
      ends of mRNA.

PMID- 2420685
TI  - [Evaluation of the degree of severity of the asthmatic syndrome in chronic dust
      induced bronchitis by the indicators of kininogenesis and external respiratory
      function].

PMID- 2420686
TI  - Histamine and duodenal ulcer: effect of omeprazole on gastric histamine in
      patients with duodenal ulcer.
AB  - Gastric mucosal concentrations of histamine and of its metabolic enzyme,
      histamine methyltransferase activity, were measured in patients with duodenal
      ulcer disease and patients with an apparently normal stomach and duodenum.
      Patients with duodenal ulcer had significantly less (p less than 0.05) mucosal
      histamine (median 204 nmol/g) than control subjects (median 252 nmol/g). There
      was no significant difference between the two groups in their histamine
      methyltransferase activity values. Omeprazole therapy did not significantly
      change mucosal histamine (+23%), histamine methyltransferase activity (+5%),
      histamine release before (+5%) or during (+7%) pentagastrin infusion. It
      significantly decreased acid secretion during pentagastrin stimulation (median 
      73%, p less than 0.001). Omeprazole, like cimetidine, does not stop histamine
      release during pentagastrin stimulation.

PMID- 2420687
TI  - Monoclonal IgM-associated demyelinating peripheral neuropathy: an expression of
      monoclonal autoimmunity.

PMID- 2420688
TI  - [Effects of MY-5116 on PCA reaction and on the histamine release from peritoneal
      cells induced by antigen antibody reactions].
AB  - Influences of the new compound MY-5116: isoamyl 5,6-dihydro-7,8-dimethyl-4,5
      dioxo-4H-pyrano (3,2-C) quinoline-2-carboxylate and its metabolites were
      investigated on 48-hr rat homologous PCA (PCA) and the release of histamine from
      rat peritoneal mast cells induced by antigen antibody reaction (histamine
      release). MY-5116 (30 mg/kg) inhibited PCA significantly from 10 min to 2 hr
      after oral administration, and its ID50 (30 min) was 19.1 mg/kg. The inhibitory
      effect of its main metabolite, MY-1250, was the most potent among all the
      metabolites, 7HPQ, 8HPQ, 7CPQ and 8CPQ on the PCA (i.v.). Effect of MY-5116
      suspended in 1% CMC on the PCA increased gradually after intravenous
      administration, but MY-1250 suppressed PCA immediately after intravenous
      injection. MY-5116 dissolved in DMSO in the concentration of 10(-7)-10(-6) g/ml
      didn't inhibit the histamine release, but the metabolite MY-1250 inhibited the
      histamine release. On the other experiment, MY-1250 inhibited the histamine
      release (IC50: 1.4 X 10(-7) g/ml), and MY-1250 was 17 times more potent than DSCG
      (2.4 X 10(-6) g/ml). From these results, it is suggested that MY-1250 is the main
      active metabolite of MY-5116.

PMID- 2420689
TI  - Effect of amygdala kindling on GABA neurons: histochemical and biochemical
      detection of GABA-T activity.

PMID- 2420690
TI  - The effects of aspartame on mast cells and basophils.
AB  - The artificial sweetener aspartame was studied to determine whether it had any
      direct effects on mast cells and basophils. Aspartame was not shown to be a
      direct mast cell or basophil secretagogue in vitro, or in vivo as assessed by
      skin testing. During an acute incubation, aspartame did not affect IgE-mediated
      histamine release from mast cells. However, mast cells cultured in aspartame for
      periods of up to 9 days showed enhanced rates of proliferation and decreased
      responsiveness to releasing stimuli. The effect of aspartame on proliferation of
      cells in culture could be ascribed to a non-specific enhancing effect of its
      constituent amino acids.

PMID- 2420691
TI  - [Aphasia in children].
AB  - The acquired aphasia in children is a rarely seen speech and language disorders.
      Disturbances develop after the child has already achieved the capacity for
      language comprehension and verbal expression. Brain trauma is most often the
      cause. The clinical picture of the disorder varies over different age groups and,
      in contrast to adults, shows no consistent typology. In most of the cases there
      exists a disturbance of speech production; problems with writing and
      comprehension are seen less often (although comprehension of language is
      primarily affected in the Landau-Kleffner syndrome). Only once and a while
      logorrhoea and jargon can be diagnosed. Besides the speech and language disorders
      cognitive, motor und emotional problems may appear. Therefore, several diagnostic
      levels have to be considered (e.g. clinical neurology, neuropsychology,
      psychophysiology, psychopathology). Course and prognosis of the acquired aphasia
      in childhood (30% longterm difficulties) depend on several factors like etiology
      and extension of the lesion, the development of the functional hemispheric
      dominance for language and the initial recovery velocity after the symptoms
      appeared. The plasticity of the child's brain is a source for compensating
      mechanisms which might be triggered by three aspects of therapeutic activities
      which should be used synchronously: speech and language training, principles of
      psychotherapy and social medicine and treatment of additional disorders.

PMID- 2420692
TI  - Products of the "X" gene in hepatitis B and related viruses.
AB  - The X region in hepatitis B virus DNA potentially encodes a polypeptide 154 amino
      acids in length. Two synthetic peptides spanning residues 100 to 115 (peptide 99)
      and 115 to 131 (peptide 100) in a hydrophilic domain within the carboxy terminal
      third of the proposed gene product were made and used to raise peptide antisera
      in rabbits. Such antisera specifically bound to X reactive determinants in liver
      derived core antigen particles from humans (HBcAg), ducks (DHBcAg), ground
      squirrels (GSHcAg) and woodchucks (WHcAg) at each step of core antigen
      purification. This reactivity was blocked by addition of excess synthetic
      peptide, and neither sera were reactive with other purified antigens such as
      HBsAg. Individual polypeptides associated with these core particles were also
      reactive by Western blotting. These findings suggest that X reactive determinants
      are present in the core particles of hepatitis B virus and related viruses, and
      that one or more core-associated polypeptides may have both X and core antigenic
      determinants. The possible significance of these observations upon the genetic
      organization and expression of the X gene is discussed.

PMID- 2420693
TI  - Biological significance of enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential in
      regenerating liver.
AB  - Liver mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed during regeneration following
      partial hepatectomy in rabbits. Absorbance change of safranine O per milligram of
      mitochondrial protein was used to evaluate mitochondrial membrane potential.
      Absorbance change was calibrated to the membrane potential in millivolts produced
      by valinomycin-induced potassium diffusion potential. At 24 hr after hepatectomy,
      absorbance change of safranine O per milligram of mitochondrial protein increased
      from 15.0 +/- 2.2 X 10(-3) to 37.4 +/- 3.3 X 10(-3) per mg (p less than 0.005).
      This represents a mitochondrial membrane potential increase from 77.0 +/- 4.6 to
      124.4 +/- 6.7 mV. Phosphorylative activity increased from 59.9 +/- 5.0 to 106.1
      +/- 7.4 nmoles ATP synthesized per mg per min (p less than 0.005). The
      enhancement of phosphorylative activity was closely linked to the elevation in
      liver mitochondrial membrane potential (r = 0.77, p less than 0.005). We suggest
      that elevation of mitochondrial membrane potential, coupled with enhanced
      oxidative and phosphorylative activities, plays an important role in the
      regeneration process following hepatectomy.

PMID- 2420694
TI  - The prevalence, prognostic significance and hormonal content of endocrine cells
      in gastric cancer.
AB  - Twenty-six of 100 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma contained argyrophil cells. All
      these tumours were carcino-embryonic antigen positive and 13 contained variable
      amounts of gastro-enteropancreatic peptides and amines. There was no significant
      difference in mucin type, extent or incidence of intestinal metaplasia between
      tumours with and those without endocrine cells. The prognosis for both groups was
      similarly poor, contrasting with that for carcinoid and atypical carcinoid.
      Endocrine cell hyperplasia was evident in the adjacent mucosa in some of the
      cases of endocrine positive tumours. There was no association between
      achlorhydria and the presence of endocrine cells in the tumours. The origin of
      the neoplastic endocrine cells remains speculative, occurring either as a
      mutation of a single stem cell or as a synchronous malignant transformation of
      two epithelial cell types exposed to a particular carcinogenic factor(s).
      Adenocarcinomas containing endocrine cells appear to be as biologically
      aggressive as the usual adenocarcinomas of the stomach and therefore should be
      treated in a like manner.

PMID- 2420695
TI  - Plastic embedding in routine histology. I: Preparation of semi-thin sections of
      undecalcified marrow cores.
AB  - The preparation of sections of bone marrow cores in a routine histology
      laboratory requires decalcification and paraffin embedding, which produces
      shrinkage and considerable loss of cellular detail. This may be avoided by using
      plastic embedding procedures. This report describes a simplified routine
      procedure for using methylmethacrylate as a plastic embedding medium for the
      preparation of semi-thin sections of undecalcified bone marrow cores. A
      modification of the May-Grunwald-Giemsa stain is also given which provides good
      colour differentiation of various haematopoietic cells in the marrow. The method
      is simple, reproducible, requires no expensive equipment, and is suitable for
      routine processing of bone marrow biopsy cores in any histopathology laboratory.

PMID- 2420696
TI  - Abdominal fat tissue aspirate in human amyloidosis: light, electron, and
      immunofluorescence microscopic studies.
AB  - Abdominal fat tissue aspirates from 12 patients with biopsy-proved amyloidosis
      were investigated by different morphologic techniques. By light microscopy, after
      staining of the fat tissue aspirates with Congo red and examination with a
      polarizing microscope, positive results were obtained in nine patients with
      amyloidosis, two of the three with primary (AL) amyloidosis and seven of the nine
      with secondary (AA) amyloidosis. By indirect immunofluorescence, using AA
      antiserum, positive results were obtained in five of the nine cases of AA
      amyloidosis (aspirates from these five patients were positive on Congo red
      staining). By electron microscopy, amyloid fibrils were observed in five cases of
      amyloidosis (two of the AL and three of the AA type, all positive on Congo red
      staining). Although amyloid was demonstrated less frequently by
      immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, perhaps because of the small numbers
      of fat particles examined, it seems that, with Congo red staining, abdominal fat
      tissue aspiration is a simple and sensitive method for the diagnosis of
      amyloidosis. Immunofluorescence studies allow discrimination between the
      different types of amyloidosis. The method could be used in patients in whom
      other types of tissue biopsy are not recommended because of risks of bleeding or
      other problems.

PMID- 2420698
TI  - Effect of 24-hour sleep deprivation on biogenic amine turnover.

PMID- 2420697
TI  - Fetal hemoglobin variants in 80,000 Japanese neonates: high prevalence of Hb F
      Yamaguchi (A gamma T 80 Asp----Asn).
AB  - A population-based screening of newborns for the structural variants of fetal
      hemoglobin was carried out in Osaka Prefecture, Japan, by isoelectric focusing of
      globin chains using dried blood on filter paper. Of 80,000 newborns, 18 had alpha
      globin variants and 55 had gamma globin variants. The incidence of gamma globin
      variants (1/1,455) was much higher than that of alpha globin variants (1/4,444).
      Structural studies were then carried out on the abnormal gamma globins in 36
      samples, and revealed that 25 of them were Hb F Yamaguchi (A gamma T 80 Asp---
      Asn). The prevalence of this variant in Japanese was estimated to be as high as
      one per 2,100.

PMID- 2420699
TI  - Protection of mice against tetanus toxin by combination of two human monoclonal
      antibodies recognizing distinct epitopes on the toxin molecule.
AB  - Human B-lymphocytes were fused with the human lymphoblastoid B-cell line WI-L2
      729 HF2. Hybridoma frequencies were in the range of 10(-5) when the mononuclear
      cells were (a) prestimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM), (b) fused with
      polyethyleneglycol (PEG), and (c) selected in a hypoxanthine-azaserine (HAza)
      containing medium. To generate monoclonal antibodies (MAb) specific for tetanus
      toxin (TToxin) human spleen cells were precultured with PWM plus tetanus toxoid
      (TToxoid) in two separate fusions. Two hybridomas were selected based on high
      binding activity using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for TToxoid.
      Both hybridomas, cloned twice and designated anti-TT1 and anti-TT2, exhibited a
      near tetraploid karyotype and showed stable production of antibody (0.15
      micrograms/ml) over several months. Using ELISA for fragments of TToxin and the
      immunoblotting technique, the two IgG1 monoclonal antibodies were found to bind
      to the heavy chain portion of the B-fragment (anti-TT1) and on the C-fragment
      (anti-TT2) of the toxin. When tested in an ELISA with TToxin the combination of
      anti-TT1 and anti-TT2 showed higher binding activity than either reagent alone.
      In an in vivo neutralization assay mice were completely protected against TToxin
      by the combination of the two antibodies while either antibody alone resulted
      only in a delay of death of the mice. These findings demonstrate that a cocktail
      of appropriate human monoclonal antibodies can be far superior to a single
      reagent when used in a therapeutic setting.

PMID- 2420700
TI  - Influence of antigen structure on the activation and induction of
      unresponsiveness in cloned human T lymphocytes.
AB  - Using cloned human helper T lymphocytes reactive with a 24 amino acid peptide
      (p20) of the carboxyl terminal of the HA-1 molecule of influenza haemagglutinin
      we have investigated the influence of antigen structure on the activation and in
      the induction of antigen specific unresponsiveness of T cells. For this analysis
      stereoisomers and structural isomers of p20 have been constructed. P20 in the
      form of a single loop created by a disulphide based between residue 306 and an
      additional cysteine at position 330 was able to activate the helper T cells in
      the presence of accessory cells but unable to induce tolerance. This result
      suggested that critical residues were prevented from direct interaction with the
      T-cell receptor and/or the MHC Class II determinants and required processing to
      expose them. The enantiomer (D-p20) and the inverted sequence (retro-L-p20) which
      have non complementary side chain topography as compared to the parent peptide
      neither activated nor tolerized the T cells. Furthermore the retro-D-p20 isomer
      which has the same side chain topography as L-p20 but with a reversal of amino
      and carboxyl acid groups also failed to stimulate or tolerize. Therefore T-cell
      antigen recognition is not determined by side chains alone. The results presented
      suggest that structure of extrinsic antigen influences T-cell antigen
      recognition.

PMID- 2420701
TI  - Inactivation of human interleukin-2 (IL-2) by alpha 2-macroglobulin-trypsin
      complexes.
AB  - The loss of the biological activity of interleukin-2 (IL-2, T-cell growth factor)
      in the presence of alpha 2-macroglobulin-trypsin (alpha 2M.t) complexes has been
      investigated using an IL-2-dependent cloned 'cytotoxic' murine T-cell line. While
      reaction mixtures of native alpha 2M, aprotinin or methylamine-treated alpha 2M
      and IL-2 had no effect on IL-2 activity when incubated at 37 degrees for 5 h,
      alpha 2M.t (90 nM, [T]:[alpha 2M] = 0.8) inactivated IL-2 at a rate of one-sixth
      of that of the free enzyme. This effect was abolished by treatment of alpha 2M.t
      with aprotinin (MW 6500). Soybean trypsin inhibitor coupled to Sepharose 4B was
      capable of absorbing the IL-2 degrading activity from the trypsin solution. In
      contrast, alpha 2M.t treated with the solid-phase immobilized soybean trypsin
      inhibitor continued to inactivate IL-2, but did not degrade a macromolecular
      substrate (remazol-brilliant blue hide). Thus, IL-2 (MW 15,500) gains access to
      the active site of the alpha 2M-bound trypsin, resulting in a rapid loss of its
      biological activity. These observations offer an explanation for the in vitro
      immunosuppressive effects of alpha 2M.t.

PMID- 2420702
TI  - The induction and migration of antigen-specific helper cells for IgA responses in
      the intestine.
AB  - The distribution of keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH)-specific helper cells for
      antibody responses of IgA, IgM and IgG isotypes in Peyer's patch (PP), mesenteric
      lymph node (MLN) and peripheral lymph node (PLN) was examined following oral,
      intraduodenal (ID), intraperitoneal (IP), intra-Peyer's patch (IPP) or
      subcutaneous (SC) immunization with KLH. Oral or ID immunization gave little or
      no response in any tissue studied. IP immunization with or without a subsequent
      ID challenge gave rise to a modest IgA and IgM helper response in MLN but a small
      IgA and IgM helper response in PP and PLN. IP immunization alone did not
      stimulate IgG-specific help in any tissues studied, but a small IgG helper
      response occurred in MLN and PLN after subsequent ID challenge. IPP was the most
      effective route of immunization, giving rise to a large helper response for IgA,
      IgM and IgG isotypes in PP, a smaller response in MLN and no response in PLN. The
      helper response following IPP immunization was not augmented by subsequent ID
      challenge. SC immunization gave a small but significant helper response for all
      isotypes in PLN but no response in PP or MLN. The kinetics of the helper response
      were examined in PP, MLN, PLN and thoracic duct lymph (TDL) following IPP
      immunization. The helper response for all isotypes in PP was maximal at 2 weeks
      and then declined. Similar kinetics but of lower magnitude were observed in MLN
      and TDL. The presence of IgA-specific helper cells in TDL demonstrates that these
      cells migrate, presumably from GALT, and may constitute an important component of
      mucosal responses at extraintestinal sites.

PMID- 2420703
TI  - Induction of Thy-1 antigen on murine keratinocytes.
AB  - In normal murine epidermis Thy-1 antigen is known to be strongly expressed on a
      dendritic population of bone marrow derived cells lacking Ia antigens and faintly
      on keratinocytes. We now report on the induction of pronounced expression of Thy
      1 antigen on keratinocytes by immunological stimuli as well as by chemical
      irritation and wounding. In contrast the induction of Ia antigens on
      keratinocytes is more restricted. It has been suggested that the dendritic Thy-1+
      cells can suppress an immune response initiated by Ia antigen expressing
      Langerhans cells. The balance within epidermis between up- and down-regulation of
      immune reactions, may be even more complex if also keratinocytes expressing Thy-1
      and/or Ia antigens should prove to participate.

PMID- 2420704
TI  - Functional characterization of mast cells generated in vitro from the mesenteric
      lymph node of rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.
AB  - We have examined the biochemical and functional characteristics of mast cells
      grown in tissue culture from the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) of rats infected
      with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and compared them with mast cells
      isolated from the small intestinal mucosa and peritoneal cavity of infected
      animals. Cultured mast cells (MC) and isolated intestinal mucosal mast cells
      (MMC) had a similar histamine content, and both contained type II protease (RMCP
      II) which was absent from peritoneal mast cells (PMC). PMC, MMC and cultured MC
      each responded to immunologically induced histamine secretion, but MMC and
      cultured MC were hyporesponsive to calcium ionophores and unresponsive to widely
      used PMC secretagogues including compound 48/80 and bee venom peptide 401. MMC
      and cultured MC also differed from PMC in their lack of responsiveness to the
      anti-allergic agent disodium cromoglycate. Thus, MC cultured from the MLN are
      distinct from PMC but have a biochemical and functional phenotype similar to that
      of intestinal MMC.

PMID- 2420705
TI  - Rapid loss of feedback suppressor T-cell activity after priming in vivo.
AB  - T cells from antigen-primed mice have a diminished capacity to mediate feedback
      suppression when compared to T cells from unprimed mice. This was demonstrated
      using an in vitro model of B-cell induced feedback suppression in which spleen
      cells from mice primed with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) activate feedback
      suppressor T-cell precursors to mediate suppression of the primed spleen cell
      response. The addition of splenic T cells from unprimed mice to cultures of
      spleen cells from SRBC-primed mice resulted in suppression of the secondary IgM
      and IgG anti-SRBC response. In contrast, no suppression was detected when T cells
      from mice primed with SRBC were added to the primed spleen cell cultures. The
      loss of suppression by T cells from primed mice was antigen-specific and was
      detectable by 24 hr after priming, coinciding with the appearance after priming
      of T-cell enhancing activity. The reduced suppressive activity could be due to
      changes in the active T-cell subset itself or to the appearance of cells or
      factors within the T-cell population that block or mask detection of feedback
      suppression. In either case, the present finding suggests that priming of a host
      not only activates feedback suppression induction mechanisms, but also rapidly
      affects the ability of the T-cell population to develop effective feedback
      suppression.

PMID- 2420706
TI  - Cellular requirements for the suppression of leucocyte adherence inhibition
      reactions by serum factors from tumour-bearing mice.
AB  - Tumour-bearing mice produce circulating serum factors that block cell-mediated
      immunological reactions in vitro. The mechanism by which these specific
      suppressor factors (SF) block leucocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) was studied.
      It had previously been shown that the antigen-reactive effector cells in the LAI
      assay are Ly-1+ T cells. We have now found that Ly-2+, I-J+ cells are required in
      the reactive cell population to observe the blocking action of SF from serum.
      Tumour-bearer spleen cells (containing Ly-2+, I-J+ lymphocytes) reacted only with
      the specific tumour-related serum factor (SF1) and relevant tumour antigen, to
      produce a non-specific suppressor factor (SF2). Specificity studies were
      conducted with contact-sensitized mice: hapten-specific spleen cells reacted only
      with hapten-related SF1 and the relevant hapten, to produce a similar SF2. SF2
      differed from SF1 in suppressing allogeneic as well as syngeneic cells, in
      suppressing populations depleted of Ly-2+, I-J+ cells, and in being unaffected by
      absorption with immobilized anti-I-J antibody. Gel-filtration of SF2 revealed two
      forms of differing MW (greater than 190,000 and 20,000-50,000).

PMID- 2420707
TI  - Allogeneic substitution for nominal antigen-specific T-cell clone reactivity in
      schistosomiasis.
AB  - The present studies have established the nature of a T-cell clone which
      demonstrates dual reactivity directed against Schistosoma mansoni antigen
      presented by syngeneic antigen presenting cells and against allogeneic cells.
      Clone G4, when stimulated by either antigen (SEA) or allogeneic cells (PL/J),
      exhibits similar functional and phenotypic characteristics. A subclone of G4,
      G4A.1, which has been maintained in continuous mixed lymphocyte culture for 12
      months (in the absence of SEA), retains comparable reactivity with respect to
      proliferation and ability to produce lymphokines, transfer delayed-type
      hypersensitivity, and produce in vitro granulomas in response to SEA. Normal
      antigenic stimulation is highly contingent upon I-Ab compatibility while antibody
      blocking experiments map allo-reactivity to I-Eu. The failure of B10.PL spleen
      cells to stimulate G4, however, suggests that alloreactivity may be directed
      against the recently described Mls X locus. Both allogeneic and nominal antigen
      induced T-cell activation are blocked by antibody directed against L3T4A,
      confirming Class II MHC restriction for both types of stimulation. These studies
      suggest that stimulation of T cells by either alloantigen or nominal antigen
      elicits qualitatively similar functional profiles, and further suggest the
      feasibility of producing large numbers of nominal antigen reactive cloned T cells
      in the absence of nominal antigen under mixed lymphocyte culture conditions.

PMID- 2420708
TI  - Monoclonal antibody CI-panHu defines a pan-human cell-surface antigen unique to
      higher primates.
AB  - The murine monoclonal antibody CI-panHu reacts strongly with the cell surface of
      all human cells, including erythrocytes, tumour cells and HLA-A,B,C-negative cell
      lines. As such, this antibody defines the first pan-human cell-surface antigen
      reported. The antigenic determinant detected is associated with a protein doublet
      of 16,000 MW whose expression is restricted to cells from humans, apes and some
      species of Old World monkeys. Antibody reactivity is not diminished by routine
      fixation procedures, nor by paraffin-embedding, and the antigenic determinant is
      relatively protease-resistant. The use of this antibody as a positive control in
      immunoassays of human cells is discussed.

PMID- 2420709
TI  - A novel rat monoclonal antibody reactive with murine tumoricidal Kupffer cells
      and activated peritoneal macrophages from BCG-infected mice.
AB  - A rat monoclonal antibody, termed 1A2.10D and raised against mouse BCG-activated
      peritoneal-macrophages, was used to detect antigenic determinant(s) on mouse
      tumoricidal activated peritoneal and liver macrophages from BCG-infected mice by
      indirect immunofluorescence flow cytometry and immunoblot analysis. This antibody
      was of the rat IgG2b subclass and not cytolytic to BCG-activated macrophages in
      the presence of rabbit complement. The antigen(s) was expressed on tumoricidal
      activated peritoneal and liver macrophages from BCG-infected mice and some
      macrophage cell lines. Its expression could not be detected on resident
      peritoneal cells, peritoneal exudate cells containing non- or low tumoricidal
      macrophages, thymocytes, resting bone marrow cells, normal spleen cells, various
      established mouse tumour cells or one macrophage cell line. Immunoblot analysis
      showed the antibody to bind to one major protein of 56,000 MW, and to be
      expressed on the peritoneal and liver macrophages from BCG-infected mice. Using
      this antibody and a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, selection was made of
      antibody-positive or -negative macrophages from BCG-infected mice to examine
      their tumour killing activity. The antibody-positive macrophages clearly showed
      higher tumour killing activity than the negative macrophages.

PMID- 2420710
TI  - Characteristics of histamine release from rat mast cells in relation to the
      valency of the stimulating ligand.
AB  - The relationship between the valency of a ligand and the subsequent
      characteristics of histamine release was investigated in rat peritoneal mast
      cells. The cells were passively sensitized to the DNP hapten and a series of DNP
      human serum albumin conjugates of known valency were used to induce histamine
      release. The rate of release of histamine induced by these conjugates was
      independent of the DNP/HSA ratio when the ratio was between 71.3 and 7.2. Marked
      slowing of the release occurred as the ratio was reduced below 7.2. The rate of
      desensitization of the cells slowed as a continuous function as the DNP/HSA ratio
      was reduced. 45Calcium uptake measurements showed that the changes in histamine
      release were paralleled by changes in the membrane permeability to calcium. The
      rate of release of histamine from mast cells and the rate of desensitization of
      the cells are discussed in terms of the size of IgE receptor complexes on the
      cell membrane.

PMID- 2420711
TI  - Thermoinactivation of human IgE: antigenic and functional modifications.
AB  - The thermoinactivation kinetics of IgE were studied in experimental models
      revealing the antigenic properties and the basophil-sensitizing capacity of these
      immunoglobulins. A pool of human sera containing anti-Dactylis glomerata (Dg) IgE
      was heated from 5 min up to 4 hr at 56 degrees. The IgE antigenicity was tested
      by two polyclonal 125I-labelled anti-IgE antibodies; one anti-IgE was specific of
      the whole Fc epsilon region, while the other had a specificity restricted to the
      D epsilon 2 domain. Radioimmunoassays showed that the D epsilon 2 epitopes were
      more rapidly altered than the D epsilon 1 epitopes. The capacity of IgE to bind
      to basophil Fc epsilon receptors was assayed by passive sensitization
      experiments. Basophil sensitivity towards the Dg pollen extract was tested by
      histamine release experiments in the presence of this allergen. A progressive
      decrease in cell sensitivity was observed when IgE samples used for cell
      sensitization were heated for longer than 5 min. Thermoinactivation kinetics of
      IgE revealed an unexpected increase in the apparent quantity and biological
      activity of IgE heated for 5 min at 56 degrees. This fact could be due to auto
      anti-IgE antibodies linked to the unheated IgE and which interfere with the
      biological activities of IgE and their quantification.

PMID- 2420712
TI  - Oral tolerance to ovalbumin in mice: studies of chemically modified and
      'biologically filtered' antigen.
AB  - Suppression of systemic immunity after the feeding of antigen was investigated in
      mice by means of serum transfer experiments. Serum collected from mice 1 hr after
      a single intragastric dose of 25 mg OVA induced suppression of systemic DTH when
      injected intraperitoneally into recipient mice. This suppression was found to be
      restricted to the cell-mediated limb of immunity and was antigen-specific. A
      postulated function of the intestine, conversion of antigen into tolerogenic form
      by means of intestinal antigen processing, was studied by attempting to mimic
      intestinal alteration of OVA by chemical modification of the antigen. Parenteral
      injection of mice with either deaggregated or denatured OVA did not produce the
      typical pattern of unresponsiveness seen in animals given intestinally processed
      OVA. Intestinal processing was also shown to be distinct from systemic antigen
      processing. Mice injected with serum containing systemically 'filtered' OVA did
      not become tolerant to OVA in the manner of recipients of serum from OVA-fed
      mice.

PMID- 2420713
TI  - The identification of peptide sequences of human chorionic gonadotropin
      containing a conformational epitope.
AB  - A series of overlapping peptides were synthesized representing the entire amino
      acid sequence of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and these
      were reacted with a monoclonal antibody shown to be specific for hCG. One linear
      peptide (residues 40-52 of the sequence) reacted significantly with the
      monoclonal antibody but a conjugate of this peptide to diphtheria toxoid (DT)
      failed to elicit significant levels of antibodies reactive to hCG in rabbits. The
      subsequent preparation of an extended peptide (residues 38-57) in which the two
      cysteines were oxidized to form a loop peptide yielded a highly immunogenic
      antigen when conjugated to DT. Antibody levels reactive with hCG from loop
      peptide immunizations of rabbits exceeded those found after immunization with a
      37 residue peptide representing the carboxyl terminus of the beta-hCG subunit.
      The antisera did not react with pituitary glycoprotein hormones with similar
      sequences.

PMID- 2420714
TI  - Presence of interferon in venous blood draining from gut-associated lymphoid
      tissue.
AB  - The question has been examined of whether interferon (IFN), produced in the
      microenvironment of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) during the
      physiological response, is consumed locally, or whether some spills over and is
      drained into the general circulation. Plasma IFN levels were measured in venous
      blood draining from abdominal organs that are normally in contact with exogenous
      and endogenous interferon inducers. The results obtained from three rodent
      species indicate the presence of a venous-arterial and GALT venous-peripheral
      venous gradient, suggesting that at least some of the IFN produced in the GALT
      and spleen is absorbed via blood capillaries and detectable in the regional
      vessels. Owing to the rapid turnover of IFN, arterial or peripheral venous blood
      showed a basal level. The antiviral activity (AA) in rat and mouse blood appears
      to be attributable to IFN-gamma.

PMID- 2420715
TI  - The role of the Fc epsilon receptor in calcium channel opening in rat basophilic
      leukemia cells.
AB  - The role of the Fc epsilon, receptor (Fc epsilon R), isolated from rat basophilic
      leukemia cells (line RBL-2H3) in antigen induced Ca++ channel opening has been
      studied by following ion conductance in reconstituted model membranes. Planar
      bilayers were constructed from lipid vesicles containing the purified Fc epsilon
      R alone, or together with the cromolyn binding protein (CBP). Changes in
      conductivity of these bilayers were measured as a monitor for channel activity,
      following specific aggregation of Fc epsilon R. Antigen-induced, Fc epsilon R
      mediated channel activity could only be elicited in membranes containing both
      proteins. This conductance was abrogated upon disaggregating the complexes with a
      monovalent hapten (epsilon-N-DNP-L-lysine). No channel activity was observed
      following antigen-induced aggregation of Fc epsilon R if CBP was not present in
      the bilayer. The single channels recorded were of approximately equal to 2 pS
      conductance. The open-time values varied significantly with individual
      experiments and depended on the protein composition of the membrane and the
      nature of the aggregating agent. These observations strongly indicate that the Fc
      epsilon R isolated from RBL cells does not form cation (Ca++) channels by itself.
      Furthermore, in line with earlier reports, the present data suggest that the CBP
      is responsible for this activity, and that it interacts directly with Fc epsilon
      R to open channels upon aggregation.

PMID- 2420716
TI  - A monoclonal antibody against Igh6-4 determinant.

PMID- 2420717
TI  - Recognition of class II molecules by human T cells. I. Analysis of epitopes of DR
      and DQ molecules in a DRw11, DRw52, DQw3 haplotype.
AB  - The HLA-D region of individuals with the DRw11, w52, DQw3 haplotype encodes
      multiple molecular products of three distinct subregions, DR, DP, and DQ. Since
      each molecule can carry multiple stimulatory epitopes, the repertoire of
      allogeneic T-cell responses to determinants of this haplotype can be quite large.
      In the present experiments, alloreactive cloned T-cell lines recognized six
      distinct epitopes associated with DRw11, DRw52, DQw3 haplotypes. Panel studies
      established that three epitopes were DRw11-like and three were DRw52-like.
      Blocking with monoclonal antibodies showed that two DRw11-like epitopes were
      carried by DR-subregion products and one DRw11-like epitope was carried by DQ
      subregion molecules. DRw52-like epitopes were detected on separate DR subregion
      encoded molecules. One of them carried both DRw11- and DRw52-like epitopes, the
      other carried two of the DRw52-like epitopes. These epitopes, which represent
      functional units that trigger T-cell responses, can be detected at the present
      time only with the methods used in this report. Conventional allogeneic T-cell
      responses represent the summation of responses to multiple epitopes encoded by
      different D-subregion genes.

PMID- 2420718
TI  - Antigenic complexity and protein-structural polymorphism in the Lyb-2 system.

PMID- 2420719
TI  - Preparation and characterization of antisera and monoclonal antibodies to
      haloperidol.
AB  - For the first time a library, of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to the
      butyrophenone haloperidol (D-2 antagonist) has been prepared. Synthesis of a
      haloperidol derivative suitable for chemical coupling to a protein carrier via
      oxobutyric acid produced an immunogen which was used to develop two polyclonal
      antisera and twelve MoAbs specific for the hapten. Our library of MoAbs can be
      grouped into three classes; 1) high affinity and specificity for free 3H
      haloperidol, 2) moderate affinity with significant cross-reactivity to other
      butyrophenone ligands, and 3) a group which binds poorly to free 3H-haloperidol
      but instead recognizes the ligand only when it is coupled to carrier protein.
      Clone (189(2)-6) was found to have the highest equilibrium binding affinity (Kd =
      4 nM) and is far more specific than the currently available antisera to
      haloperidol. This MoAb has significantly lower affinity for all of the common
      metabolites of haloperidol. This capability makes 189(2)-6 a candidate for
      further development with regard to use in clinical radioimmuno-assays of
      therapeutic drug levels. In addition, one of the anti-haloperidol Moabs (190(2)
      6) binds more tightly to spiperone than to haloperidol and displays a qualitative
      correlation in the rank order of neuroleptic binding affinity for a limited
      series of analogs when compared to membrane bound D-2 receptor binding.

PMID- 2420720
TI  - Levels of messenger ribonucleic acids for plasma proteins in rat liver during
      acute experimental inflammation.
AB  - The levels of mRNA for plasma proteins and for metallothionein in rat liver
      during the acute-phase response were studied by hybridization to specific cDNA
      probes. The mRNA for alpha 2-macroglobulin, the beta-chain of fibrinogen, alpha 1
      acid glycoprotein (so-called acute-phase reactants) reached a maximum level
      between 18 and 36 h after inducing an acute inflammation. The level of mRNA for
      metallothionein-I peaked earlier, after 12 h. The mRNA for transferrin showed a
      delayed increase with a broad maximum for its relative level after 36-60 h. The
      mRNA levels for albumin and alpha 2u-globulin (so-called negative acute-phase
      reactants) decreased, reaching a minimum of 25% of the normal level after 36 h
      (albumin) and after 72 h (alpha 2u-globulin). The ratios of the rates of
      incorporation of leucine into the proteins over the levels of their mRNA in liver
      changed only a little, indicating that the rates of synthesis of plasma proteins
      in the liver are regulated at the mRNA level during the acute-phase response to
      inflammation.

PMID- 2420721
TI  - Isolation and identification of an exoantigen specific for Coccidioides immitis.
AB  - Results of previous studies have established that mycelial-phase cells of
      Coccidioides immitis produce a heat-stable (HS) exoantigen that is specific for
      this fungus. In the present study, the HS exoantigen was isolated from a
      heterogeneous culture filtrate of C. immitis mycelia by using a combination of
      physicochemical procedures. Affinity chromatography of the culture filtrate on
      concanavalin A yielded two fractions: an effluent fraction that did not bind to
      the lectin and an eluate fraction that eluted in alpha-2-methylmannoside.
      Antigenic analyses by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis established that of
      the seven antigens detected in the unfractionated culture filtrate preparation,
      only two were present in the column effluent, and of these, only one was stable
      to heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min. Reactivity in the immunodiffusion assay
      for the HS exoantigen was demonstrable with the column effluent fraction and not
      the column eluate. The detection of only one precipitinogen in two-dimensional
      immunoelectrophoresis of the heat-treated concanavalin A effluent fraction,
      coupled with the reactivity of this fraction in the immunodiffusion assay for the
      HS antigen, provides strong, if not definitive, evidence that this antigen is the
      HS exoantigen. Purification of the HS antigen and the production of monospecific
      antiserum will provide the necessary reagents for the development of a sensitive
      and specific immunoassay for detecting the HS antigen in C. immitis cultures.

PMID- 2420722
TI  - Increased susceptibility to lethal Candida infections in burned mice preinfected
      with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or pretreated with proteolytic enzymes.
AB  - Lethal Candida infections in burn patients are frequently preceded by or occur
      concomitantly with bacterial infections, which are often due to Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa. In this study, we developed a burned, mixed-challenge mouse model,
      which was designed to determine whether and how a recent bacterial infection
      could influence the development of subsequent candidosis. In this model, burned
      mice that were preinfected with a sublethal challenge of elastase-producing P.
      aeruginosa strain WR-5 and then sublethally challenged with Candida albicans
      exhibited a mortality rate of 60%, while unburned mice challenged in the same way
      and burned mice that received only one challenge organism exhibited mortality
      rates of less than 10%. Quantitative microbial counts performed with the kidneys,
      livers, and eschars of burned mice challenged with both organisms indicated that
      the deaths were due to Candida infection. Substitution of an elastase-negative P.
      aeruginosa strain for strain WR-5 in the model resulted in significantly lower
      mortality rates and lower microbial numbers in the organs. When the Pseudomonas
      enzyme elastase was substituted for the elastase-positive bacteria in the model,
      both the mortality rates and the organ counts were comparable to the values found
      after preinfection with strain WR-5. Another protease, thermolysin, was
      substituted for the elastase and produced similar mortality results. When the
      protease inhibitor alpha 2-macroglobulin was given to burned mice infected with
      the two organisms, it prevented the deaths due to Candida infection. We concluded
      that this model is one way to study bacterial-fungal infections in burned mice,
      that recent Pseudomonas infections could predispose burned mice to fatal
      candidosis, and that the proteolytic activity generated by the bacteria was
      primarily responsible for the establishment of lethal fungal infections.

PMID- 2420723
TI  - Immune response to purified non-A, non-B hepatitis-related antigen demonstrated
      by leukocyte migration inhibition in patients recovering from the infection.
AB  - Eight patients, convalescent from acute hepatitis, all negative for HBsAg, anti
      HBc, anti-HA-IgM, anti-CMV and anti-EB, and all positive for non-A, non-B related
      antigen and/or antibody in at least one sample during the course of disease, were
      investigated. Their specific cell-mediated immunity was tested using the
      leukocyte migration inhibition test in presence of a previously described non-A,
      non-B related antigen. A control group consisted of ten individuals (two normal
      subjects, six patients recovering from acute hepatitis B and two with autoimmune
      chronic active hepatitis). Leukocyte migration was inhibited by the antigen in
      seven of the eight patients. The test was negative in all control subjects. It is
      thus demonstrated that after recovery, patients with non-A, non-B viral hepatitis
      develop a cellular immune response specific for purified non-A, non-B related
      antigen. The association between the described antigen and viral hepatitis non-A,
      non-B can now be established not only by immunoprecipitation, but also by a
      cellular test.

PMID- 2420724
TI  - [Mechanism of action of quinolones].
AB  - How do the quinolones inhibit bacteria? The chromosome of bacteria is composed of
      helical double-stranded DNA and contains 60 to 70 spatial regions of
      organisation, termed domains of supercoiling. Each domain is about 20 mu long,
      attached to an RNA core and is organised by supercoiling which occurs quite
      independently of the DNA coiling in any other domain. Supercoiling is controlled
      by the enzyme DNA gyrase, which introduces transient breaks into both DNA strands
      of each domain, removes about 400 turns from its DNA helix, then reseals the DNA
      so locking in the supercoiling. This supercoiled state is essential to the well
      being of bacteria as it enables them to accommodate their chromosome (1300 mu
      long) within the confines of their cell envelope (2 mu X 1 mu). The target site
      of action of the quinolone antibacterial agents is DNA gyrase and its inhibition
      by them sets off a complex series of events which ultimately causes bacteria to
      die. However, the bactericidal action of nalidixic acid and most other quinolones
      can be abolished if protein synthesis is inhibited by chloramphenicol, and
      perhaps not surprisingly the same is true if RNA synthesis is inhibited by
      rifampicin. With ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin the situation is more complicated
      because protein or RNA synthesis inhibition does not completely abolish their
      bactericidal effects. Hence ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin exhibit a qualitative
      difference from most other quinolone antibacterial agents in that they possess an
      additional mechanism of killing bacteria that is not possessed by the older,
      lesser active drugs. How can these quinolones kill bacteria without harming man?
      Mammalian cells possess an enzyme which resembles bacterial DNA gyrase in that it
      cuts double-stranded DNA in a similar manner. However, the mammalian enzyme does
      not possess any supercoiling action nor is it susceptible to inhibition by the
      quinolone antibacterials, which can hence be used to inhibit bacteria in man
      without harm to the latter.

PMID- 2420725
TI  - [In vitro activity, serum, urine and prostatic adenoma concentrations of
      ofloxacin in urologic patients with complicated urinary tract infections].
AB  - The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ofloxacin against 400 isolates
      cultured from the urine of urological patients with complicated urinary tract
      infections (UTI) resulted in an inhibition of 94% (99%) of the gram-negative
      strains at a concentration of 1 mg/l (2 mg/l) and an inhibition of 59% (100%) of
      the gram-positive strains at a concentration of 1 mg/l (4 mg/l). According to the
      MIC 90% values, the corresponding grade of activity was as follows:
      ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, pefloxacin, enoxacin, pipemidic acid,
      enoxacin and nalidixic acid. After an oral dose of 400 mg of ofloxacin, the mean
      peak serum concentration of ten patients was 5.5 mg/l. The mean renal excretion
      during 24 hours was 41%. In ten patients undergoing transurethral resection of
      the prostate, the median serum concentration was 1.87 mg/l and the median
      prostatic adenoma tissue concentration 1.20 mg/kg 14.5 to 19 hours after oral
      administration of 400 mg ofloxacin. Due to the in vitro activity and the
      concentrations obtained in serum, urine and tissue, ofloxacin appears to be well
      suited for treatment of complicated UTI.

PMID- 2420726
TI  - Antagonistic analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone are mast cell
      secretagogues.
AB  - The histamine-releasing activity of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)
      antagonistic analogs has been documented. Antagonists of LHRH elicited in vitro
      histamine release from mast cells obtained from previously unexposed rats.
      Intradermal injection of the antagonists caused increased local skin
      permeability. Anaphylactoid reactions followed subcutaneous injection of the
      antagonists and in some cases these edematous reactions were accompanied by
      increased serum histamine levels. These studies show that these small peptides
      can cause mast cell degranulation and suggest that the neuropeptide, LHRH, may
      have modulating effects on the immune system.

PMID- 2420727
TI  - Protein phosphorylation at tyrosine residues in v-abl transformed mouse
      lymphocytes and fibroblasts.
AB  - Phosphotyrosine antibodies were employed to immunodecorate and immunoprecipitate
      proteins phosphorylated at tyrosine residues in cells transformed by Abelson
      murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV). In pre-B and pre-T lymphoma cells transformed by
      A-MuLV, the major phosphotyrosine-containing protein has an MW of 160 kDa and
      shares immunologically detectable sequences with the v-abl oncogene product.
      Moreover, two different proteins of approximately 100 and 68 kDa, heavily
      phosphorylated at tyrosine, were identified. Lack of immunological cross
      reactivity with viral products and phosphopeptide mapping showed that the 100 and
      68 kDa proteins are coded by cellular genes. Phosphoproteins were undetectable in
      control resting lymphocytes. The 68 and the 100 kDa proteins were phosphorylated
      to different extents in proliferating lymphocytes, either stimulated by the
      growth factor IL-2, or transformed by M-MuLV (lacking the oncogene coded kinase).
      In fibroblasts transformed by A-MuLV, phosphotyrosine antibodies identified 2
      proteins of 120 and 70 kDa. By immunological cross-reaction and by phosphopeptide
      mapping, the first was identified as a 120 kDa form of the v-abl coded kinase.
      The 70 kDa protein is coded by a cellular gene, is not structurally related to
      the 120 kDa v-abl kinase, and is different from any phosphotyrosine-containing
      protein detected in A-MuLV-transformed lymphocytes. These data show that, upon v
      abl-induced transformation, phosphorylation at tyrosine takes place also on
      proteins other than the 160 or 120-kDa oncogene products. In lymphocytes and
      fibroblasts these proteins are different, suggesting that the cascade of events
      triggered by the v-abl gene in different cell types involves tyrosine
      phosphorylation of different specific proteins.

PMID- 2420728
TI  - Dynamic changes in left ventricular regional wall thickness during premature
      ventricular contraction in conscious dogs.
AB  - The contractile pattern of the regional left ventricular wall during premature
      ventricular contraction was analyzed in conscious dogs instrumented with an
      ultrasonic dimension gauge across the anterior and posterior left ventricular
      walls. Aortic flow was measured with an electromagnetic flow probe. A single
      premature ventricular contraction was induced by stimulating either the anterior
      or posterior wall with varied coupling intervals from 380 to 650 msec. Stroke
      volume of premature ventricular contraction was significantly smaller than that
      of premature atrial contraction with identical coupling intervals. In premature
      contractions, stroke volume was linearly related to coupling intervals. Though
      there was no isovolumic wall thickening in premature atrial contraction, the wall
      started to thicken during isovolumic ventricular systole in premature ventricular
      contraction. There was a clear inverse correlation between the ratio of the
      isovolumic wall thickening to the total wall thickening and coupling intervals.
      In premature ventricular contractions with identical coupling intervals, the
      deformation of thickening characteristics was more pronounced in regions with
      closer proximity to the ectopic focus. Thus it is concluded that the pump
      function is depressed in premature ventricular contraction, in part due to the
      increased ratio of wall thickening during isovolumic systole before the opening
      of the aortic valve. Isovolumic wall thickening increases along with the shorter
      coupling intervals and closer proximity to the ectopic focus. These alterations
      in left ventricular mechanical function due to ectopic contraction might induce
      serious sequelae, depending upon the ectopic focus in the presence of already
      depressed regional function.

PMID- 2420729
TI  - Atenolol and pindolol interfere with urinary 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid.
AB  - Oral beta-blockade with atenolol and pindolol was found to increase urinary 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). In addition pindolol and perhaps some of its
      metabolites but not atenolol do interfere with chemical analysis of 5-HIAA. This
      may be due to structural similarities.

PMID- 2420730
TI  - Isoprinosine abolishes the blocking factor-mediated inhibition of lymphocyte
      responses to Epstein-Barr virus antigens and phytohemagglutinin.
AB  - Acute infectious mononucleosis (IM) is accompanied by measurable abnormalities of
      immune function, including a transient immunosuppression. The sera of patients
      with acute IM contain an IgG blocking factor which binds to T-lymphocytes and
      decreases their responses to antigens and mitogens. The experiments reported
      herein indicate that isoprinosine, an immunopotentiating agent, can reverse this
      inhibition of T cells by IM-associated IgG blocking factor. Isoprinosine may be a
      useful tool in understanding the interactions between blocking factors and
      lymphocytes; moreover, isoprinosine may be of value in patients with abnormal
      clinical responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) such as chronic IM or persistent
      active EBV infections.

PMID- 2420731
TI  - Early changes in immune parameters induced by an acute nonantigenic inflammation
      in mouse: influence of imuthiol.
AB  - Calcium pyrophosphate (CaPP)-induced pleurisy, may represent one of the simplest
      expressions of inflammation in that the irritant is a non-diffusible, non
      antigenic and non-pyrogenic agent. Spleen or lymph node T or B cell numbers and
      activities, as well as NK activity, were modified at distance by CaPP-pleurisy.
      An intense increase in blood polymorphonuclear cells was also triggered by the
      inflammatory process. Treatment with imuthiol (sodium diethyldithiocarbamate), an
      agent known to be active on the T-cell lineage, restored towards control values
      the inflammatory response and tended to normalize white blood cell percentages
      altered by the inflammatory process. The findings suggest imuthiol could be
      employed as a virtually nontoxic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.

PMID- 2420732
TI  - Interleukin-1 stimulates granule exocytosis from human neutrophils.
AB  - The interaction of human polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (neutrophils)
      with interleukin-1 (IL-1) resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent,
      selective, release of azurophil (myeloperoxidase, lysozyme) and specific
      (lysozyme, vitamin B12-binding protein) granule constituents. Myeloperoxidase
      (MPO) and lysozyme secretion was markedly attenuated if neutrophils were not
      exposed to cytochalasin B (CB) prior to contact with IL-1. Degranulation was
      significantly enhanced in the presence of extracellular calcium. IL-1-elicited
      granule exocytosis was inhibited by the intracellular calcium antagonist, 8-(N,N
      diethylamino)-octyl-(3,4,5-trimethoxy) benzoate hydrochloride (TMB-8), a
      calmodulin antagonist, trifluoperazine (TFP), and an anion channel blocker, 4,4'
      diisothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic acid stilbene (DIDS). An evaluation of the role of
      arachidonic acid metabolites in IL-1-induced neutrophil activation revealed a
      suppressive effect on enzyme release exerted by the lipoxygenase inhibitors,
      piriprost potassium (6,9,deepoxy-6,9-(phenylimino)-delta 6,8 -prostaglandin I1, U
      60,257B) and NDGA (nordihydroguaiaretic acid), and a cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase
      inhibitor, ETYA (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid). These data describe the
      characteristics of IL-1 as a human neutrophil secretagogue, and enhance our
      insight into the mechanism of inflammatory cell activation with this monokine.

PMID- 2420733
TI  - The selectivity of isoprinosine, NPT 15392, avridine and cyclophosphamide on
      multiple immune responses in rats.
AB  - Multiple concomitant immune responses were assessed in individual rats following
      treatment with the immunoenhancing drugs, isoprinosine (5 or 50 mg/kg), NPT 15392
      (0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg) and avridine (1 or 25 mg/kg), or the immunosuppressant,
      cyclophosphamide (75 mg/kg). Immune responses assessed in each rat were specific
      antibody synthesis, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), natural killer cell
      (NKC) cytotoxicity and production of three immunoregulatory cytokines,
      interleukin 1 (IL1), interleukin 2 (IL2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Spleen and
      thymus weights and numbers of splenocytes and resident peritoneal cells were also
      recorded. Rats treated with isoprinosine had dose-related, significant increases
      in spleen weights and DTH reactions. Rats treated with NPT 15392 had
      significantly enhanced DTH reactions at the 0.1 mg/kg dose. Rats treated with the
      25 mg/kg dose of avridine had significantly increased spleen weights, DTH
      reactions and NKC cytotoxicity. The effect of avridine treatment on DTH reactions
      and IL1 and IL2 production was inverse to the dose administered, while the NKC
      response was directly related to the dose. Thymus weights, antibody production
      and PGE2 synthesis were not significantly altered in rats treated with
      isoprinosine, NPT 15392 or avridine. Cyclophosphamide-treated rats had
      significantly reduced spleen and thymus weights, antibody synthesis, DTH
      reactions, NKC cytotoxicity and IL2 production, but IL1 and PGE2 synthesis were
      significantly elevated. It can be concluded that isoprinosine, NPT 15392 and
      avridine act as general immunostimulants in the rat, with avridine having the
      greatest effect under these experimental conditions. It also appears that these
      drugs are differentially immunoselective in the rat and this effect is at least
      partially related to the dose administered. These results could be of
      significance in the selective therapeutic manipulation of different arms of the
      immune system. Also, enhanced production of PGE2 following cyclophosphamide
      treatment may contribute to the immunosuppressive effects of this drug.

PMID- 2420734
TI  - Effects of isoprinosine and NPT 15392 on interleukin-2 (IL-2) production.
AB  - Two purine immunoenhancing drugs, isoprinosine and NPT 15392, were evaluated as
      inducers of IL-2 or enhancers of IL-2 induction by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Both
      drugs were found to have significant enhancing activity on PHA induction of IL-2
      by human lymphocytes over a wide range of concentrations. Alone they were unable
      to consistently induce IL-2 activity. NPT 15392 was able to enhance PHA-induced
      IL-2 production at 10-100 times lower concentrations than isoprinosine. The
      actions of these compounds to enhance IL-2 production may explain their effects
      on PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation.

PMID- 2420735
TI  - Studies of the enhancement of natural cytotoxicity by the streptococcal
      immunopotentiator OK432.
AB  - The immunopotentiator OK432, a product of Streptococcus pyogenes A3, enhanced the
      natural killer (NK) activity of unseparated human peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells (PBM) and separated, nonadherent lymphocytes (PBL) containing less than
      0.5% contamination with monocytes. Following treatment with OK432, both
      unseparated and non-adherent cell preparations produced interferon (IFN) alpha
      and gamma and low levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2). However, in the presence of
      neutralising amounts of anti-IFN alpha and gamma antisera, the NK enhancing
      effect of OK432 was not fully inhibited. Filtered supernatants derived from OK432
      treated PBM or PBL also enhanced the NK activity of fresh PBM. In this instance,
      in most experiments, the NK enhancing effect of supernatants (from non-adherent
      cells) was fully inhibited by anti-IFN antisera. However, in some experiments,
      enhancement of NK activity by anti-IFN antisera-treated supernatants was still
      found. It is suggested that the presence of IL-2 or, possibly, other as yet
      uncharacterized factors secreted following OK432 treatment, account for this
      residual enhancement of NK activity.

PMID- 2420736
TI  - Tissue polypeptide antigen and keratins in cervical neoplasia.
AB  - Antibodies against tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) and keratins of high
      molecular weight (62-67 kD) were used to indicate different stages of cell
      differentiation. The immunohistochemical study was carried out by indirect
      immunofluorescence. In dysplasia, particularly in CIN grades II to III, TPA
      labeling comprised not only basal layer cells (as seen in normal mucosa) but more
      superficial layers as well. Expression of keratins of high molecular weight was
      reduced to small foci of keratinization and scattered dyskeratotic cells. In
      typical small cell anaplastic carcinoma in situ, TPA antibodies were observed to
      label all epithelial cell layers. There was no reactivity with antibodies against
      keratins of high molecular weight. In invasive cancer, TPA staining was closely
      related to the degree of maturation. Nonkeratinized tumor zones were entirely
      labeled by TPA antibodies, whereas keratinized tumor foci were negative for TPA
      except for peripheral tumor cell layers. In invasive cancer, keratins of high
      molecular weight were restricted to differentiated portions of the tumor. Our
      immunohistochemical findings support the present concepts of TPA (as a member of
      the heterogeneous keratin family) as an indicator of cell differentiation.
      Immunohistochemical demonstration of keratins of different molecular weight
      offers a method of assessing squamous differentiation at the cervical
      transformation zone and in cervical cancer and precancer.

PMID- 2420737
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of amylase in endometrial carcinomas.
AB  - Cellular localization of amylase in 100 endometrial carcinomas was studied by the
      immunoperoxidase method using an antibody to human pancreatic amylase. Amylase
      activity was observed in 12 tumors, localizing in the cytoplasm of tumor cells.
      They were seven well-differentiated adenocarcinomas, one poorly differentiated
      adenocarcinoma, one papillary serous carcinoma, two mucinous carcinomas, and one
      adenocarcinoma with squamous differentiation. Of these, many amylase reactive
      cells were found in one well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, one papillary serous
      carcinoma, and one mucinous carcinoma. The remaining nine tumors contained a few
      to a moderate number of amylase reactive cells. Although serum levels of amylase
      were not examined in the present study, the results suggest that amylase may be a
      potential tumor marker for some endometrial carcinomas.

PMID- 2420738
TI  - Eosin-induced fluorescence of reinke crystals.

PMID- 2420739
TI  - Hearing assessment in developmentally impaired infants: classical conditioning as
      a supplement to brainstem-evoked response audiometry (BERA).
AB  - The brainstem-evoked response audiometry (BERA) is probably the most common
      approach to hearing assessment in high-risk and developmentally handicapped
      infants. It is usually suggested, however, that BERA should not be the sole
      assessment method. In an attempt to determine an effective supplement to BERA,
      the present study evaluated a classical conditioning procedure with
      developmentally impaired babies. Within this procedure, different tones served as
      conditioned stimuli while an air-puff was used as the unconditioned stimulus.
      Results indicate that this procedure could be successfully applied with almost
      all of the babies.

PMID- 2420740
TI  - Histopathologic diagnosis of fungal diseases.

PMID- 2420741
TI  - The U.S. National Library of Medicine: a worldwide nursing resource.
AB  - The National Library of Medicine, the world's largest library of the health
      sciences, will celebrate this year the 150th anniversary of its founding. The
      Library's material and its information services may be used by nurses and other
      health professional and health science students throughout the world.

PMID- 2420742
TI  - Inhibition of vascularization in rabbit corneas by heparin: cortisone pellets.
AB  - The purpose of this work was to study the effectiveness of heparin plus
      cortisone, and of cortisone alone in control of corneal vascularization in rabbit
      eyes. Corneal vascularization was induced by de-epithelialization of the cornea
      and limbus and part of the bulbar conjunctiva with concurrent trephination and
      excision of a central 2-mm diameter corneal button. Inhibition of vascularization
      by polymer pellets impregnated with heparin (Panheprin, Abbott Laboratories;
      Chicago, IL) and cortisone, or neither drug was studied by implanting the pellets
      into the eyes at the time of injury and following the eye clinically and
      histologically. Wounded corneas with empty pellets developed vascularization
      extending from the limbus to the central cornea within 3 wk (n = 10). In other
      wounded eyes, heparin:cortisone pellets prevented vascularization (n = 10) while
      cortisone pellets slowed, but did not totally inhibit vascularization (n = 6). In
      other eyes, clear autografts were transplanted into vascularized eyes; and the
      ability of the drug-impregnated pellets to inhibit grafts vascularization was
      evaluated. In eyes with heparin:cortisone pellets inserted into the donor button
      at the time of keratoplasty, the autografts remained clear for at least 6 wk (n =
      10) but subsequently vascularized if the sutures were not removed, while
      cortisone pellets slowed but did not block vascularization (n = 6). If
      heparin:cortisone pellets were inserted into the vascularized host tissue, rather
      than into the donor button, vascularization of the graft occurred (n = 6). Thus,
      heparin (Panheprin, Abbott Laboratories; Chicago IL) plus cortisone inhibited
      vascularization in rabbit cornea in the models studied: The effect of other
      commercially available heparins remains to be studied.

PMID- 2420743
TI  - Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening: report of a pilot project in Iowa.

PMID- 2420744
TI  - The role of lymphocytes, macrophages and interferon in the depression of drug
      metabolism by dextran sulfate.
AB  - Cytochrome P-450-mediated drug biotransformation is depressed by many immune
      stimulants. We have shown that such depression caused by the immune stimulant
      dextran sulfate is mediated by Kupffer cells. The purpose of this study is to
      determine if other cells of the immune system or a cellular product such as
      interferon are involved in the depressive action of dextran sulfate on drug
      metabolism. Plasma samples taken from mice treated with dextran sulfate contained
      no detectable interferon, yet hepatic cytochrome P-450 was significantly
      depressed, suggesting that interferon did not mediate the depression of drug
      metabolism by dextran sulfate. Administration of cyclophosphamide or
      antilymphocyte serum to mice prior to dextran sulfate to markedly decrease
      lymphocyte populations did not prevent the depressive actions of dextran sulfate
      on cytochrome P-450, suggesting that the lymphocyte population was not involved
      in the dextran sulfate mediated depression. Preincubation of dextran sulfate with
      peritoneal macrophages prior to incubation with hepatocytes significantly
      depressed hepatocyte cytochrome P-450 content, while dextran sulfate alone had no
      direct effect on hepatocyte cytochrome P-450 content. These results further
      support the hypothesis that macrophages play a major role in the depression of
      cytochrome P-450 by dextran sulfate.

PMID- 2420745
TI  - The surgical treatment of metastatic tumours of the lumbar spine.
AB  - Thirty-three patients affected by metastases in the lumbar spine were treated
      surgically with the objective of stabilising the affected area while at the same
      time alleviating involvement of the neurological structures. The surgical
      technique was adapted to the type and site of the lesion. The lumbar spine
      differs from the dorsal and cervical spine in that there are two quite different
      levels of neurological risk above and below L2. Above L2 it is severe, of rapid
      onset, and usually irreversible. Below L2 it is more easily reversible, even if
      surgical intervention is not carried out immediately. In cases with neurological
      involvement, the results were always very much better in the cases operated on
      early. This led us to carry out the operation prophylactically with rewarding
      results because none of these patients subsequently developed neurological
      damage.

PMID- 2420746
TI  - Hospice care. Hormonal therapy for patients with advanced cancer.

PMID- 2420747
TI  - Complete amino acid sequence of gamma chain of fetal hemoglobin of Japanese
      macaque (Macaca fuscata).
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of the gamma chain of Japanese macaque (Macaca
      fuscata) was deduced from sequence analysis of its tryptic peptides and a few
      other peptides. Three amino acid residues are substituted compared to the human
      gamma chain, 77His (human) to 77Asn (Japanese macaque), 104Lys to 104Arg and
      135Thr to 135 Ala. The primary structure of the gamma chain of Japanese macaque
      is the same as that of rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) (2) and yellow baboon
      (Papio cynocephalus) (3). Difference in the structure of the gamma chain among
      primate species is smaller than that of beta chain.

PMID- 2420748
TI  - Hb F-Urumqi G gamma I22(B4)Asp----Gly: a new fetal hemoglobin variant found in a
      Uygur baby.
AB  - A slowly-moving Hb F variant in a Uygur baby was detected in cord blood during a
      screening program carried out in Urumqi. The abnormality was located at position
      22 of the gamma chain where a glycine residue replaced an aspartic acid residue.
      This hemoglobin also had an Ile residue in position 75 and a Gly in 136.

PMID- 2420749
TI  - Sickle cell anemia in Bantu speaking Africa.

PMID- 2420750
TI  - Association of the level of G gamma chain in the fetal hemoglobin of normal
      adults with specific haplotypes.
AB  - The levels of G gamma chain in the fetal hemoglobin of more than 40 Black and
      Caucasian females were determined with a sensitive high performance liquid
      chromatography procedure and were correlated with their haplotypes, defined by
      the presence or absence of 10 different restriction sites. Blood was collected
      during the 16th and 31st week of pregnancy because of a slightly elevated level
      of Hb F which facilitated the isolation of this protein from a relatively small
      sample. Four distinct G gamma levels were observed, each being associated with a
      specific haplotype. Homozygosity for sub-haplotype A [- + + - + +] is associated
      with high G gamma values (60-70%); that for sub-haplotype B [- - - - - +] with
      low levels (25-30%); and that for sub-haplotype C [+ - - - - -] with very low
      levels (10-15%) (restriction sites listed are Hinc II at epsilon; Xmn I 5' to G
      gamma; Hind III at G gamma and A gamma; Hinc II at psi beta and 3' to it). Sub
      haplotype D [(14)- + - - +] with a rare polymorphism 5' to epsilon is associated
      with extremely high G gamma values. Hb F levels were low (less than 2.5%) and
      were independent of the haplotype. It is speculated that, yet unknown, variations
      in the DNA of gene activity controlling regions are responsible for the
      differences in G gamma value.

PMID- 2420751
TI  - Prognostic value of serum creatine kinase brain isoenzyme in term babies with
      perinatal hypoxic injuries.
AB  - Creatine kinase brain isoenzyme (CK-BB) may be released into the serum after
      brain injury. Its concentration was measured serially in a group of 80 term
      infants at risk of perinatal hypoxic damage. Their neurodevelopmental outcome was
      furthermore assessed at 12 months of age. Our results are consistent with the
      hypothesis that infants with high CK-BB concentration, measured in serum with a
      new and very sensitive method for enzyme analysis, have more frequently poor
      short-term outcome (p less than 0.02). These data suggest that early CK-BB
      measurement may be clinically useful to identify newborns at high risk for
      neurologic or developmental sequelae.

PMID- 2420752
TI  - Possible use of urinary modified RNA metabolites in the measurement of RNA
      turnover in the human body.
AB  - Modified building blocks are found in rRNA, tRNA and mRNA. Apart from
      pseudouridine these are mostly base- or ribose-methylated nucleosides. If these
      compounds are neither recycled nor degraded, they should be quantitatively
      excreted. For pseudouridine (Weissman et al., 1962; Dugaiczyk & Eiler, 1966) and
      7-methylguanine (Craddock, Mattocks & Magee, 1968), urinary excretion has been
      shown to be quantitative. Since the turnover rates of rRNA and tRNA, which
      contain most of the modified nucleosides, are similar within a given tissue,
      compounds found only in these two classes of RNA should appear in urine in
      approximately the proportions in which they are present in the body. Using
      pseudouridine as internal standard, we show this indeed to be likely for one of
      the major RNA catabolites in human urine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, a compound
      present only in tRNA. By contrast, 7-methylguanine is excreted in threefold
      larger amounts than can be explained by joint provenance from tRNA and rRNA only;
      the remainder we assume to come from the 'cap' structure of mRNA, known for its
      high turnover. We suggest that one can use the urinary excretion of
      pseudouridine, N2,N2-dimethylguan(os)ine and 7-methylguanine to assess the whole
      body turnover rates in man of rRNA, tRNA and mRNA, respectively. Such data may be
      useful to define whole-body metabolic activity.

PMID- 2420753
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of extracellular immunoglobulins in immune-complex
      mediated glomerulonephritis. Immunoelectron microscopy of Epon-embedded human
      renal biopsies using the immunogold staining procedure.
AB  - The ultrastructural localization of immunoglobulins (Igs) in immunologically
      mediated glomerulonephritis was achieved in ultrathin sections of glutaraldehyde
      fixed, post-osmicated, Epon-embedded human renal needle biopsies using the
      indirect immunogold staining procedure. Extracellular Igs were identified in
      electron-dense deposits in subendothelial, intramembranous, subepithelial and
      mesangial locations in different cases of immune-complex-mediated
      glomerulonephritis. The excellent preservation of the ultrastructural morphology
      of the tissue sections made it possible to precisely correlate the presence and
      distribution of the antigens with those of the electron-dense deposits, which are
      the ultrastructural hallmarks of these diseases. Our post-embedding staining
      procedure which allows extracellular Igs to the accurately localized should be a
      very useful tool for immunomorphological investigations of glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2420754
TI  - Effect of tissue processing on the immunostaining of inflammatory cell surface
      epitopes identified by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Optimal tissue processing conditions were defined for the immunohistochemical
      detection of inflammatory cell surface epitopes identified by OKT3, OKT4, OKT6,
      OKT8, OKIa1, OKM1, Leu7 and pan B cell antibodies. Snap-freezing in isopentan was
      superior to liquid nitrogen in preservation of morphology. Embedding of the
      tissues in Tissue-Tek II O.C.T. Compound diminished the intensity of
      immunostaining with all antibodies studied; however, the embedded tissues
      tolerated longer storage without drying. Optimal fixation with satisfactory
      preservation of morphology and immunogenicity was achieved with fixation of the
      frozen sections in acetone at 4 degrees C for 5 min. Blocking of the endogenous
      peroxidase with methanol-H2O2 treatment destroyed all epitopes studied except
      those identified with OKIa1, OKT6 and Leu7.

PMID- 2420755
TI  - Double immunoenzymatic staining for the simultaneous detection of Epstein-Barr
      virus induced antigens.
AB  - A double indirect immunoenzymatic staining was developed for the simultaneous
      visualization of Epstein-Barr virus-induced early antigens and virus capsid
      antigens in P3HR1 lymphoblastoid cell line. The double immunocytochemical
      staining was performed with a four-stage and a two-stage procedure employing
      human sera and monoclonal antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus-induced antigens,
      followed by the addition of specific alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase labeled
      antisera. The selection of substrates yielding reaction products of contrasting
      colours enabled the observer to distinguish cells expressing Epstein-Barr virus
      capsid antigens (blue) from cells expressing Epstein-Barr virus early antigens
      (brown).

PMID- 2420756
TI  - Cathepsin D coexists with renin in the secretory granules of juxtaglomerular
      epithelioid cells.
AB  - Mature juxtaglomerular epithelioid cell secretory granules of the rat exhibit
      both renin- and cathepsin D-like immunoreactivity. On the basis of the
      coexistence with renin at a pH which, according to previous experiments, is
      probably in the range of that in lysosomes, cathepsin D is suggested to be
      involved in the regulation of the granular renin stores available for secretion.

PMID- 2420757
TI  - Ontogenetical development of the chick and duck subcommissural organ. An
      immunocytochemical study.
AB  - The ontogenetical development of the subcommissural organ (SCO) was investigated
      in chick embryos collected daily from the 1st to the 21st day in incubation. Some
      duck embryos, and adult chickens and ducks were also studied. Immunocytochemistry
      using an anti-Reissner's fiber (RF) serum as the primary antibody was the
      principal method used. In the chick embryos the events occurring at different
      days of incubation were: day 3 morphologically undifferentiated cells in the
      dorsal diencephalon displayed immunoreactive material (IRM); days 4 to 6
      immunoreactive cells proliferated, formed a multilayered structure and developed
      processes which traversed the growing posterior commissure and ended at the brain
      surface; day 7 blood vessels penetrated the SCO, scarce hypendymal cells
      appeared, the first signs of ventricular release of IRM were noticed, appearance
      of IRM bound to cells of the floor of the Sylvius aqueduct; day 7 to 10 the
      number of apical granules and amount of extracellular IRM increased
      progressively; day 11 RF was observed along the Sylvian aqueduct, day 12 RF was
      present in the lumbar spinal cord; day 13 IRM on the aqueductal floor
      disappeared; days 10 to 21 hypendymal cells proliferated, developed processes and
      migrated dorsally, ependymal processes elongated and their endings covered the
      external limiting membrane. In adult specimens the ependymal cells lacked basal
      processes and the external membrane was contacted by hypendymal cells. the duck
      SCO appears to follow a similar pattern of development.

PMID- 2420758
TI  - Cytochemical evaluation of sperm and lymphocyte DNA content after treatment with
      5 N HCl.
AB  - In situ as well as extra situm cytochemical methods were used to investigate why
      the observed Feulgen-DNA value of sperm versus lymphocyte cells is lower than
      expected. After treatment with 5 N HCl, in situ experiments involving the GCA
      reaction and the UV cytophotometry showed the loss of DNA in sperm nuclei to be
      12% more than that in lymphocyte nuclei. Extra situm study of sperm and
      lymphocytes treated with 5 N HCl showed the phosphate and DABA contents of sperm
      to be 35% and 23%, respectively, less than those of lymphocytes. The data suggest
      that sperm chromatin is much more sensitive than somatic chromatin to HCl
      depolymerization during the Feulgen reaction, and this can tentatively be
      attributed to the protein complement of sperm chromatin.

PMID- 2420759
TI  - Histochemical staining of cadmium thiolate clusters in livers of rats treated
      chronically with cadmium.
AB  - In livers of rats exposed to varying doses of CdCl2 80-90% of the cadmium content
      present in the fresh tissue is retained if these livers are fixed with a neutral
      or acid formalin fixative. Cadmium assays during different stages of the staining
      procedure for protein bound disulphides show the ability of this staining to
      demonstrate cadmium thiolate clusters next to disulphides. The methods described
      may also be useful in gaining more insight in the mechanism involved in fixation
      and staining procedure of some other metals.

PMID- 2420760
TI  - Cytochemical visualization of anions in collagenous and elastic fiber-associated
      connective tissue matrix in neonatal and adult rat lungs using iron-containing
      stains.
AB  - The cytochemical reactivity of pulmonary connective tissue matrix component in
      neonatal and adult rat was evaluated using high iron diamine (HID) to detect
      sulfate ester end groups and dialyzed iron (DI) to detect sulfated and
      carboxylated end groups of complex carbohydrates, including glycoproteins and
      glycosaminoglycans at the ultrastructural level. The HID reaction product, in the
      form of discrete 5-12 nm silver particles following appropriate intensification
      with thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate, was found associated with cell
      surfaces, the elastin component of elastic fibers, and at regular intervals along
      the length of collagen fibers in large airways and deep lung interstitium.
      Staining was similar in adult and neonatal rats, except in areas where connective
      tissues were presumably still rapidly developing in the neonatal animals. Here
      large gaps or spaces containing filamentous structures were observed between
      collagen and elastic fibers. The distribution of DI-reactive sites was similar to
      that seen with HID with the exception of elastic fibers in which only the
      microfibrillar portion stained. The collagen-associated reaction was not
      regularly disposed like that stained with HID, but rather it formed a tight
      continuous density around the fiber. These results indicated the presence and
      location of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans in connective tissue ground
      substance regions prior to the full development of elastic and collagenous
      elements in neonatal pulmonary airways and parenchyma. They also demonstrate
      cytochemically the presence of a sulfate ester-containing complex sugar found
      associated with the elastin component of elastic fibers in the lung.

PMID- 2420761
TI  - Is the surface layer from hazelnut pollen, which is precipitated by Cuprolinic
      blue, an effective antigen in hay-fever patients?
AB  - In electron micrographs it could be shown that hazelnut (Corylus avellana) pollen
      grains are covered on their surface by a diffusible 10 nm thick lamellar layer.
      On pollen surface as well as in pollen extract this layer could be precipitated
      and stained by the polycationic dye Cuprolinic blue. By subsequent application of
      both immunogold labeling with serum from a hay-fever patient allergic to tree
      pollen grains and histochemical detection with Cuprolinic blue this pollen
      surface layer proved to be an effective antigen.

PMID- 2420762
TI  - A procedure to measure concanavalin-A binding with atomic spectroscopy and X-ray
      microanalysis.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to measure the binding of concanavalin A (conA) in
      minute regions of tissue by labelling the conA with iron dextran; then by
      measuring the bound iron per site by a procedure which uses atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry, X-ray microanalysis, and image analysis. The resulting data
      for a given region gamma are entered into the formula: (Formula: see text). The
      resulting quantity "iron at gamma" is directly proportional to conA binding in
      that region. For this study, three regions of rat renal cortex were compared:
      distal tubules, collecting ducts and blood vessels; glomeruli; and proximal
      tubules. Regional iron concentrations were: Combined region (distal tubules,
      etc.), 0.147 +/- 0.107 microgram/mg tissue; glomeruli, 0.199 +/- 0.087
      microgram/mg tissue; and proximal tubules, 1.711 +/- 0.303 microgram/mg tissue.

PMID- 2420763
TI  - Glycoproteins in rabbit uterus during implantation. Differential localization
      visualized using 3H-N-acetyl-glucosamine labelling and FITC-conjugated lectins.
AB  - The synthesis of glycoproteins in rabbit uterine epithelium during the late
      preimplantation period was studied using tritiated N-acetylglucosamine. In vivo
      labelling was achieved by the intra-uterine implantation of agar gel columns
      containing the precursor. Autoradiography showed the radioactivity to be
      predominantly localized in the apical cell surfaces, with single cells exhibiting
      an accumulation of silver grains in their supranuclear cytoplasm. After gel
      electrophoresis of uterine flushings, activity was mainly found in the beta
      glycoprotein fraction. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated wheat-germ
      agglutinin reacted with the apical cytoplasm and surfaces of the endometrial
      cells. However, FITC-conjugated concanavalin A exhibited a different binding
      pattern, reacting first with the basal cytoplasm, and later with the apical
      cytoplasm. After concanavalin-A staining, single cells exhibited positive
      vesicles in their lateral and apical parts. These cells may be released into the
      uterine lumen until 210 h post column. Neither of the lectins reacted with
      ciliated cells. Concanavalin A showed an affinity for the beta-glycoprotein
      fraction of the uterine secretion. The results indicate that, although all
      endometrial cells contain glycoproteins, only a few of these seem to be involved
      in the synthesis of secretory products.

PMID- 2420764
TI  - Conditions for the immunohistochemical demonstration of complement factor C3 in
      formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded renal tissues.
AB  - Paraffin sections of formaldehyde-fixed renal biopsies were labeled for
      complement C3 by a polyclonal rabbit antibody to human complement C3, by the
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) and the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex
      (ABC) techniques, respectively. All tissues had C3 deposits according to direct
      immunofluorescence on fresh frozen sections. Staining for muramidase was
      introduced as an intrinsic control for the degree of tissue proteolysis after the
      necessary trypsin digestion prior to the immunoenzyme labeling. The results
      indicated that even minute deposits of C3 could be detected in paraffin sections
      by the ABC method, which was more sensitive than the PAP technique; the ABC
      method allowed a maximal dilution of 1:2,400 of the primary antibody as compared
      to 1:800 for the PAP technique.

PMID- 2420765
TI  - Ultracytochemical localization of X-prolyl-dipeptidyl (amino)peptidase in
      microglobules and endoplasmic membranes accumulated in pep4-3 mutant of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The ultracytochemical localization of X-prolyl-dipeptidyl (amino)peptidase (DPP)
      activity was studied in a late exponential culture of a haploid (alpha) wild-type
      strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its pep4-3 mutant. Yeast cells were fixed
      for 20 min in cold 1% glutaraldehyde buffered with 50 mM TES buffer to pH 7.0 and
      then incubated for 80 min with 1.2 mM L-alanyl-L-proline-4-methoxy-2
      naphthylamide (Ala-Pro-MNA) or Lys-Pro-MNA as cytochemical substrates plus 0.06%
      hexazonium p-rosaniline (HPR) buffered with 160 mM cacodylate to pH 7.0. The
      osmiophilic azoindoxyl complex was formed by coupling HPR with MNA liberated by
      DPP activity and was then osmicated during an overnight post-fixation of cells in
      cold 1% OsO4. In the wild-type strain, conspicuous deposits of DPP reaction
      product were observed in vacuolar membranes. When compared with the parent
      strain, the pep4-3 mutant cells were enriched in endoplasmic reticulum (ER),
      cytoplasmic lipoprotein, and microcompartments: membranous vesicles and
      microglobules. In the mutant, DPP reaction product was found in about 50% of non
      vacuolated cells at the following sites: the nuclear envelope, polar layers of ER
      sheets and of membranous vesicles (diameter, 40-90 nm), the surface or the lumen
      of these vesicles, the cytoplasmic membrane (under some bud scars) and the
      periplasmic space. The largest amount of reaction product was found in
      microglobules (diameter, 20-50 nm) that were mainly observed in the cytoplasmic
      matrix but were also present in nuclei (nucleoli) and mitochondria. These
      microglobules had a single-line boundary and appeared to be composed of
      lipoprotein. The surface ultrastructure of sectioned microglobules in the
      cytoplasmic matrix was similar to that of the coated vesicles found in mammalian
      cells. Only sparse amounts of DPP reaction product were seen in budding yeast. In
      all pep4-3 cells with electron-lucent vacuoles, the reaction product was confined
      to the vacuolar membranes (i.e. homologous to the ER), microglobules and the
      periplasmic space. Polysaccharides with free vic-groups were shown by the
      cytochemical reaction to be present on the surface of ER membranes, in
      microglobules, in the periplasmic space and in the cell wall. Our cytochemical
      results indicate that microglobules participate in the exocytosis of both DPP and
      glycoproteins, and reveal new features of vacuolar morphogenesis in yeast.

PMID- 2420766
TI  - Localization of a substance P-like material in the central and peripheral nervous
      system of the snail Helix aspersa.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody against substance P was used for immunocytochemical
      staining of the central ganglia of the snail Helix aspersa and several peripheral
      tissues including the gut, reproductive system, cardiovascular system, tentacle
      and other muscles. Within the central ganglia many neurons, and many fibres in
      the neuropile and the nerves entering the ganglia, were stained for the SP-like
      material. The largest numbers of reactive cell bodies were in the pleural ganglia
      and on the dorsal surfaces of the pedal ganglia. A group of cells was also found,
      surrounding the right pedal-cerebral connective, that did not fluoresce, but were
      enveloped by reactive processes terminating directly onto the neurone somata.
      Specific staining was observed in all peripheral tissues examined and always
      appeared to be concentrated in nerve terminals. Most particularly these occurred
      in the heart and aorta, the pharyngeal retractor muscle and the tentacle.
      Although mostly present in muscular tissues, some fluorescence was also observed
      in the nervous layer surrounding the retina. The tentacular ganglion also
      contained immunoreactive cell bodies.

PMID- 2420767
TI  - Expression of MHC class II and Tac antigens on IL2-activated human T cell clones
      that can stimulate in MLR, AMLR, PLT and can present antigen.
AB  - The expression of interleukin 2 (IL2) receptor and HLA-DR, DQ, and DP antigens on
      the surface of four diphtheria toxoid (DT)-specific T lymphocyte clones (TLC) and
      two TLC specific for an allogeneic EBV-transformed cell line was investigated
      with the use of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) that recognize defined molecules or
      epitopes. Incubation of a resting TLC with IL2 resulted in a 10- to 30-fold
      increase in the level of DR, DQ, and Tac antigen expression. On the other hand,
      incubation of an activated TLC with IL2 decreased for 1 to 6 hr the level of
      expression of these three antigens. Anti-FA MoAbs did not react with any of the
      TLC tested suggesting that the expression of DR, DQ, and DP antigens is
      dissociated on activated TLC. Surface-marker analysis with anti-DR MoAbs
      indicated that DR epitopes were differently expressed at some activation stages
      of the TLC. Functional studies showed that activated TLC can stimulate in MLR,
      AMLR, and PLT. These proliferative responses were inhibited by preincubating the
      TLC with anti-DR MoAbs suggesting that the stimulatory determinants were
      predominantly DR molecules. In addition, some TLC can act as antigen presenting
      cells in DT-specific proliferative responses. These results indicate that MHC
      class II molecules on activated T lymphocytes may be relevant for the control of
      specific immunologic responses in vivo.

PMID- 2420768
TI  - A monoclonal antibody against HLA-A11 and A24.
AB  - A monoclonal IgG antibody was produced from a mouse immunized with an A11, A24;
      B27, B44 Epstein-Barr virus transformed B lymphoblastoid cell line. The antibody,
      A11.1M, by standard lymphocytotoxicity assay, reacts with all cells expressing
      HLA-A11 and -A24. Absorption studies with both A11+, A24- and A11-, A24+
      platelets removed antibody reactivity against A11 and A24 lymphocytes. The shared
      antigenic determinant between A11 and A24, as defined by this antibody, A11.1M,
      represents a new "supertypic" determinant.

PMID- 2420769
TI  - Media approach to family training in behavior management: two families.

PMID- 2420770
TI  - Radiation therapy of giant cell tumor of bone: analysis of 35 patients.
AB  - This paper reports 35 patients treated for giant cell tumor of bone. Ten patients
      were treated by surgery followed by postoperative irradiation. All 10 were cured;
      eight have survived for more than 5 years and four for more than 10 years without
      recurrence. Twenty-five patients were treated by radiation alone. All patients
      were followed for 2 to 17 years. For those who received more than 3500 rad, the
      local control rate was 82% (14/17); for those who received more than 4000 rad,
      the local control rate was 85% (11/13). Thirteen have lived for more than 5 years
      and nine have lived for more than 10. Our experience reveals that surgery and
      postoperative radiation produce the best results, and that these results are
      better than those reported in the literature. The results of radiation alone are
      comparable to that of surgery. For lesions not amenable to surgery, or those
      which would become crippling if surgery is attempted, radiation should be used
      either alone or in combination with conservative surgery. The dose for radiation
      alone should be 5000 to 6000 rad and for postoperative radiation, 3000 to 4000
      rad. Supervoltage X rays (60Co or 8 Mv X ray), but not orthovoltage X rays, are
      indicated. A single radiation course with higher dose is preferred to multiple
      courses with lower doses. In 62% (15/24) of patients, pain relief begins before
      treatment is completed. In 74% (14/19) of patients, the tumor mass will not
      resolve until the sixth month after radiation.

PMID- 2420771
TI  - Sequential chemo-radiotherapy in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the
      head and neck.
AB  - Between 1982 and 1983, 32 patients were treated for locally advanced inoperable
      squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck in a prospective pilot study.
      Patients received two to five courses of chemotherapy consisting of methotrexate,
      bleomycin and cis-dichlorodiammine-platinum (II). Radical radiotherapy was
      performed two weeks after administration of chemotherapy. Despite the high
      initial response rate to chemotherapy of 62.5%, long-term results remained poor.
      After a median follow-up of 10.5 months (3-39 months), 15 patients were still
      alive, but only 4 were clinically free of disease. Aggressive chemotherapy does
      not prevent delivery of full-dose radiotherapy for SCC of the head and neck.
      Furthermore, our study does not suggest that chemotherapy has a great influence
      on long-term results.

PMID- 2420772
TI  - Detection and isolation of an acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related
      virus (HTLV-III/LAV) from a Japanese boy with AIDS-related complex.
AB  - We attempted to isolate acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) virus from a
      Japanese hemophiliac with AIDS-related complex (ARC). After cocultivation of
      leukocytes from his peripheral blood with those of a healthy adult, reverse
      transcriptase activity and AIDS viral antigens were detected by
      immunofluorescence and radio-immunoprecipitation methods, respectively. Moreover,
      an electron microscopic study revealed the presence of viral particles consistent
      with AIDS virus. These retroviruses were further propagated. We designated the
      first Japanese isolate of AIDS virus as YU-1.

PMID- 2420773
TI  - Human epidermal growth factor in gastric carcinoma as a biologic marker of high
      malignancy.
AB  - The presence of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) was studied in a total of
      210 gastric carcinomas comprising 52 early carcinomas, 113 advanced carcinomas
      and 45 scirrhous carcinomas. An immunohistochemical study revealed no hEGF
      immunoreactivity in early gastric carcinomas, while hEGF-positive tumor cells
      were detected in 24 (21.2%) of the 113 advanced carcinomas and in 15 (33.3%) of
      the 45 scirrhous carcinomas. The incidence of hEGF-immunoreactivity in well
      differentiated adenocarcinomas was significantly higher than that in poorly
      differentiated adenocarcinomas (P less than 0.05). Moreover, hEGF-immunoreactive
      tumor cells were observed in 13 (30.4%) of the 42 scirrhous poorly differentiated
      adenocarcinomas, the incidence being significantly higher than that in non
      scirrhous poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas (P less than 0.05). The average
      hEGF content in the tumor tissue estimated by radioimmunoassay was 3.77 +/- 0.61
      (mean +/- SE) ng/g wet weight in immunohistochemical hEGF-positive tumors and
      2.19 +/- 0.18 ng/g wet weight in hEGF-negative tumors, the difference being
      significant (P less than 0.05). Patients with hEGF-positive carcinomas (excluding
      scirrhous carcinomas) had much worse prognosis than those with hEGF-negative
      carcinomas. These results suggest that EGF produced by tumor cells plays an
      important role in the invasive growth and productive fibrosis of gastric
      carcinoma and also serves as a biologic marker of high malignancy in patients
      with gastric cancers.

PMID- 2420774
TI  - Aminoglycoside antibiotics. 7. Dihydrostreptomycin analogues.
AB  - Dihydrostreptomycin analogues with structural variations in their guanidino
      groups were prepared. The analogue with a methyl group on the guanidine at C-1
      was nearly as active as dihydrostreptomycin against bacteria. However, the 2
      imidazolin-2-ylamino substituent at C-1 eliminated activity. No analogue with a
      substituent on the C-3 guanidino group was active.

PMID- 2420775
TI  - Biological properties of streptonigrin derivatives. II. Inhibition of reverse
      transcriptase activity.

PMID- 2420776
TI  - The direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT): increased selectivity,
      sensitivity and rapidity.
AB  - With the direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT), differentiation of
      bacteria was achieved by a modified Gram-staining procedure using acridine orange
      as the counterstain. The method enumerated viable Gram-negative and all Gram
      positive bacteria. Counts of clumps of orange fluorescent cells (Gram-negative
      DEFT count) correlated well with colony counts of Gram-negative bacteria in
      samples of raw milk (r = 0.94). The use of stainless steel membrane filter
      supports and the addition of citrate-NaOH buffer (0.1 M, pH 3.0) during
      filtration enabled 10 ml samples of milk to be filtered, thereby increasing the
      sensitivity of the DEFT five-fold. The relationship between colony and DEFT
      counts with 10 ml samples was better (r = 0.90) than that using standard 2 ml
      samples (r = 0.88). Alternatively, these modifications in procedure allowed the
      preincubation time for 2 ml milk samples to be reduced from 10 to 2 min.
      Sonication was successful in dispersing bacterial clumps in both pure cultures
      and in raw milk samples to yield a bacterial count by DEFT which should give a
      better indication of the hygienic status and keeping quality of a product, than
      counts of colony forming units.

PMID- 2420777
TI  - Determinants of intrapericardial pressure in dogs.
AB  - This study investigates factors that influence the pressure measured in the
      intrapericardial (IP) space. Seven dogs were studied after they were anesthetized
      with pentobarbital sodium. With the chest closed, intravascular volume expansion
      by dextran infusion from a mean left atrial (LA) transmural pressure of 8.4 +/-
      1.2 (SD) to 15.5 +/- 1.6 Torr caused an increase in mean IP of from 2.6 +/- 1.2
      to 3.9 +/- 1.7 Torr (P less than 0.01). This reflected a predominant increase in
      the influence of the cardiac fossa (CF), which accounted for 56% of the IP
      pressure after volume expansion. In the open-chest state an increase in mean LA
      transmural pressure from 9.5 +/- 2.5 to 16.4 +/- 0.6 Torr caused IP pressure to
      increase from 1.1 +/- 0.9 to 3.0 +/- 1.6 (P less than 0.005), representing the
      influence of the elastic pericardium alone. The use of positive end-expiratory
      pressure (PEEP) significantly increased the influence of the CF. Of note, the
      relation of LA to right atrial (RA) pressure was significantly different with and
      without the influence of the CF; the RA-to-LA ratio was higher with the chest
      open under each set of volume conditions with and without PEEP. In four dogs,
      acute transection of the pericardiodiaphragmatic ligaments led to a small (1-2
      Torr) but distinct drop in IP pressure. Thus, IP pressure is affected by the
      intracardiac volume, the elastic pericardium, the CF, and the
      pericardiodiaphragmatic attachments, all of which must be considered in an
      analysis of diastolic properties of the heart in situ.

PMID- 2420778
TI  - Pulmonary vascular tone is increased by a voltage-dependent calcium channel
      potentiator.
AB  - The mechanism of hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction remains unknown. To
      explore the possible dependence of the hypoxic response on voltage-activated
      calcium (Ca2+) channels, the effects of BAY K 8644 (BAY), a voltage-dependent
      Ca2+ channel potentiator, were observed on the pulmonary vascular response to
      hypoxia of both the intact anesthetized dog and the perfused isolated rat lung.
      In six rat lungs given BAY (1 X 10(-6)M), hypoxia increased mean pulmonary
      arterial pressure (Ppa) to 30.5 +/- 1.7 (SEM) Torr compared with 14.8 +/- 1.2
      Torr for six untreated rat lungs (P less than 0.01). After nifedipine, the
      maximum Ppa during hypoxia fell 14.1 +/- 2.4 Torr from the previous hypoxic
      challenge in the BAY-stimulated rats (P less than 0.01). BAY (1.2 X 10(-7)
      mol/kg) given during normoxia in seven dogs increased pulmonary vascular
      resistance 2.5 +/- 0.3 to 5.0 +/- 1.2 Torr X 1(-1) X min (P less than 0.05), and
      systemic vascular resistance 55 +/- 4.9 to 126 +/- 20.7 Torr X 1(-1) X min (P
      less than 0.05). Systemic mean arterial pressure rose 68 Torr, whereas Ppa
      remained unchanged. Administration of BAY during hypoxia produced an increase in
      Ppa: 28 +/- 1.5 to 33 +/- 1.9 Torr (P less than 0.05). Thus BAY, a Ca2+ channel
      potentiator, enhances the hypoxic pulmonary response in vitro and in vivo. This,
      together with the effect of nifedipine on BAY potentiation, suggests that
      increased Ca2+ channel activity may be important in the mechanism of hypoxic
      pulmonary vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2420779
TI  - Multi-image: an overview.

PMID- 2420780
TI  - Bordetella pertussis major outer membrane porin protein forms small, anion
      selective channels in lipid bilayer membranes.
AB  - The major outer membrane protein of molecular weight 40,000 (the 40K protein) of
      a virulent isolate of Bordetella pertussis was purified to apparent homogeneity.
      The purified protein formed an oligomer band (of apparent molecular weight
      90,000) on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels after solubilization at low
      temperatures. The porin function of this protein was characterized by the black
      lipid bilayer method. The 40K protein formed channels smaller than all other
      constitutive major outer membrane porins studied to date. The average single
      channel conductance in 1 M KCl was 0.56 nS. This was less than a third of the
      conductance previously observed for Escherichia coli porins. Zero-current
      potential measurements made of the porin to determine its ion selectivity
      revealed the porin to be more than 100-fold selective for anions over cations.
      The single-channel conductance was measured as a function of salt concentration.
      The data could be fitted to a Lineweaver-Burk plot suggesting an anion binding
      site with a Kd of 1.17 M Cl- and a maximum possible conductance through the
      channel of 1.28 nS.

PMID- 2420781
TI  - Rho-dependent transcription termination in the tryptophanase operon leader region
      of Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - Recent studies have suggested that expression of the tryptophanase (tna) operon
      of Escherichia coli is subject to transcription termination-antitermination
      control (V. Stewart and C. Yanofsky, J. Bacteriol. 164:731-740, 1985). In vivo
      studies have indicated that the transcribed leader region, tnaL, contains a site
      or sites of rho-dependent transcription termination (rho is the polypeptide
      product of the gene rho). We now report direct in vitro evidence that tnaL
      contains rho-dependent termination sites. In vivo termination appeared to occur
      at the rho-dependent termination sites identified in vitro. Transcription pausing
      analyses correlated sites of pausing in tnaL with sites of rho-dependent
      termination.

PMID- 2420782
TI  - Uptake of cloacin DF13 by susceptible cells: removal of immunity protein and
      fragmentation of cloacin molecules.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) directed against different epitopes on the equimolar
      complex of cloacin and immunity protein (cloacin DF13) were isolated,
      characterized, and used to study the uptake of cloacin DF13 by susceptible cells.
      Four MAbs recognized the amino-terminal part, one MAb recognized the central
      part, and three MAbs recognized the carboxyl-terminal part of the cloacin
      molecule. Three MAbs reacted with the immunity protein. Five MAbs inhibited the
      lethal action of cloacin DF13, but none of the MAbs inhibited the binding of
      cloacin DF13 to its purified outer membrane receptor protein or the in vitro
      inactivation of ribosomes. Binding of cloacin DF13 to susceptible cells cultured
      in broth resulted in a specific, time-dependent dissociation of the complex and a
      fragmentation of the cloacin molecules. Increasing amounts of immunity protein
      were detected in the culture medium from about 20 min after the addition of
      cloacin DF13. Cloacin was fragmented into two carboxyl-terminal fragments with
      relative molecular masses of 50,000 and 10,000. The larger fragment was detected
      5 min after the binding of the bacteriocin complex to the cells. The smaller
      fragment was detected after 10 min. Both fragments were associated with the cells
      and could not be detected in the culture supernatant fraction. Cells grown in
      brain heart infusion were much less susceptible to cloacin DF13 than cells grown
      in broth, although they possessed a similar number of outer membrane receptor
      molecules. This decreased susceptibility correlated with a decreased
      translocation, dissociation, and fragmentation of cloacin DF13.

PMID- 2420783
TI  - (2'-5') oligoadenylate synthetase in chicken embryo erythrocytes and immature red
      blood cells.
AB  - The appearance and induction of (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5A
      synthetase) in chicken embryo erythrocytes during development, and the activity
      and molecular size of this enzyme in immature red blood cells from anemic
      chickens were studied. Enzyme activity first appeared in the embryos on the 15th
      day of incubation, a marked increase being seen 1 or 2 days after hatching. In
      erythrocytes from early embryos without 2-5A synthetase activity, chicken
      interferon (5 IU/ml at most) induced the production of a large amount of the
      enzyme. In immature red blood cells from anemic chickens, only a small amount of
      2-5A synthetase was detected in the nuclear fraction. The cytoplasmic fraction
      contained the smaller enzyme (about 45 kilodaltons), but the larger enzyme (85
      120 kilodaltons) was scarcely detected in either fraction. The larger enzyme may
      be synthesized during the maturation of red blood cells.

PMID- 2420784
TI  - Biochemical properties of N-methylamides of sialic acids in gangliosides.
AB  - A simple and rapid method for the preparation of N-methylamides ( - CONHCH3) of
      sialic acids in gangliosides and biochemical properties of the modified
      gangliosides are described. The sialic acid carboxyl groups of gangliosides were
      esterified with CH3I-dimethylsulfoxide, followed by heating with monomethylamine.
      The modified gangliosides were chemically identified by TLC, IR spectroscopy, GLC
      mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. The N-methylamide derivative of GM1
      produced a high titer IgG antibody. The antibody weakly cross-reacted with the
      methylester of GM1 and its reductive derivative but did not react with the intact
      GM1. A monoclonal antibody (M2590) specific for GM3 did not react with carboxyl
      modified GM3 (methylester, N-methylamide, and reduced GM3), but it reacted with
      modified GM3 which contains the C7-analog of the sialic acid. Clostridium
      perfringens and Arthrobacter ureafaciens sialidases did not hydrolyze the N
      methylamide derivatives, methylesters or reductive derivatives of the
      gangliosides and, furthermore, these derivatives did not inhibit the actions of
      these sialidases.

PMID- 2420785
TI  - Cross-reaction of synthetic alpha-(1----3)-branched glucans with rabbit anti-N4
      dextran.
AB  - Cross-reactions of four synthetic branched glucans (3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1
      ---6)-alpha-D-glucopyranans: V39, V17, V37, and V32, each containing one unit
      glucose branches amounting to 11-12%, 33-43%, 50-54%, and 71-100%, respectively)
      with rabbit anti-N4 dextran were examined. All four samples precipitated
      antibodies raised in rabbits by injecting N4 dextran-concanavalin A conjugate.
      The ability of glucans to precipitate antibody depended on the quantity of
      branches, samples with more branches precipitating less antibody nitrogen under
      the same conditions. This may indicate an inhibitory effect of the branches on
      precipitation. Oligosaccharide inhibition assay showed that the precipitation
      reactions were specific for (1----6)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl linkages, and the
      maximum size of the alpha-(1----6)-specific antibody combining site corresponded
      to isomaltopentaose. Determination of antibody nitrogen and glucan in the
      precipitates indicated that the ratios of one combining site of antibody to
      numbers of glucose residues were 1:9 (V39), 1:11 (V17), and 1:16 (V37) in the
      extreme antibody excess region. A synthetic sample of manno-glucan ((1----6)
      alpha-D-glucopyranan containing about 27% of randomly linked 3-O-alpha-D
      mannopyranosyl side chains) also reacted with the same antibody.

PMID- 2420786
TI  - Common epitopes in human isoferritins characterized by murine monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies against human liver ferritin were selected to study
      antigenic determinants (epitopes) of human isoferritins. These monoclonal
      antibodies were found to form immunoprecipitin lines with ferritin in double
      diffusion tests (Ouchterlony), indicating multiple epitopes on a single ferritin
      molecule. The antibodies revealed high species specificity as well. Monoclonal
      antibodies MA301 and MA311 appeared to recognize different epitopes, since they
      did not inhibit each other in competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA). However, MA309 recognized both epitopes for MA301 and MA311 with similar
      competitive inhibition. These epitopes were not detectable when ferritin was
      treated with 8M urea (pH 2.5) and were detectable upon reconstruction by dialysis
      against 2 M urea (pH 7.2), suggesting that these monoclonals recognize epitopes
      in the tertiary structure of the ferritin molecule. As a matter of fact, these
      monoclonals react preferentially with intact ferritin molecule and only
      negligibly with subunits. Isoelectric focusing patterns of human ferritins
      demonstrated that liver, spleen, placenta, and hepatoma cells (Li-7) transplanted
      in nude mice contained basic isoferritins, whereas HeLa cells (carcinoma), Wa
      cells (EB virus-transformed B cells), and Raji cells (Burkitt's lymphoma)
      contained acidic isoferritins. Human heart ferritin displayed a somewhat
      intermediate pattern between liver and HeLa ferritins. In spite of the
      heterogeneous population of human isoferritins, the dissociation constants (Kd)
      of the three monoclonal antibodies to liver, HeLa, and heart isoferritins were
      quite similar.

PMID- 2420787
TI  - Human esophageal carcinoma cells have fewer, but higher affinity epidermal growth
      factor receptors.
AB  - Squamous cell carcinomas have recently been shown to contain increased numbers of
      epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors. Since EGF has an important role in
      epithelial growth and differentiation, it is possible that modulation of its
      receptor may have an important role in neoplasia. In an attempt to further
      explore the relationship of EGF receptor expression to malignant transformation,
      we examined 14 squamous cell carcinoma cell lines of the esophagus for the number
      and affinity of EGF receptors. Seven cell lines were newly isolated by this
      laboratory and recently characterized. The seven additional cell lines were
      obtained from Japan (4 cell lines) and South Africa (3 cell lines). Surprisingly,
      we found that esophageal carcinomas contained lowered quantities of surface EGF
      receptors (2- to 100-fold) and that the affinity of the EGF receptor was
      increased (6- to 100-fold) when compared to normal esophageal epithelial cells.
      Moreover, the biologic response of esophageal carcinoma cells to EGF differed
      markedly from that of other squamous cell tumor cells exhibiting elevated numbers
      of receptors, such as A431 and SCC-15. Human esophageal carcinoma cells were
      maximally stimulated by the addition of 5 ng/ml of EGF, similar to normal
      esophageal keratinocytes, but in contrast to normal cells were not inhibited by
      the higher concentrations tested (up to 40 ng/ml). On the other hand, addition of
      any EGF to the medium (beyond that normally present in serum) was found to
      dramatically inhibit the growth of A431 and SCC-15 cells. Our findings indicate
      that squamous cell neoplasia is not dependent upon increased numbers of cell
      surface EGF receptors, that EGF receptor number may have a determinant role in
      EGF cell toxicity, and that the stimulatory response of cells to EGF may reflect
      a complex function of EGF receptor number, affinity, and occupancy.

PMID- 2420788
TI  - 1,2-Diacylglycerol, protein kinase C, and pancreatic enzyme secretion.
AB  - To determine the role of 1,2-diacylglycerol (1,2-DAG) and protein kinase C in
      pancreatic enzyme secretion, we measured the effect of various pancreatic
      secretagogues on the cellular mass of 1,2-DAG and amylase release in dispersed
      pancreatic acini from the guinea pig. In addition, we measured the effect of a
      recently described protein kinase C inhibitor 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2
      methylpiperazine (H-7) (Hidaka, H., Inagaki, M., Kawamoto, S., and Sasaki, Y.
      (1984) Biochemistry 23, 5036-5041), on secretagogue-stimulated amylase release
      from the acini. Cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-OP),
      cholecystokinintetrapeptide, and carbachol each increased 1,2-DAG 2-3-fold but
      the increases occurred only with concentrations of these secretagogues that were
      supramaximal for amylase release and that had an inhibitory effect on stimulated
      amylase release. Supramaximal concentrations of bombesin stimulated only a small
      increase in 1,2-DAG and did not cause inhibition of stimulated amylase release.
      When the action of carbachol was terminated with atropine or CCK-OP with
      dibutyryl cyclic GMP, stimulated amylase release ceased immediately but cellular
      1,2-DAG required at least 15 min to return to the basal level. Increasing
      cytosolic free Ca2+ with the Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, in Ca2+-containing
      incubation media augmented amylase release stimulated by 4 beta-phorbol 12
      myristate 13-acetate but inhibited amylase release stimulated by CCK-OP,
      carbachol, and bombesin without decreasing the cellular content of 1,2-DAG. H-7
      inhibited protein kinase C activity in a pancreatic homogenate but augmented
      amylase release from acini stimulated by either CCK-OP, carbachol, or 4 beta
      phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. These findings indicate that 1,2-DAG and protein
      kinase C do not have a stimulatory role in pancreatic stimulus-secretion coupling
      but may have an inhibitory one.

PMID- 2420789
TI  - Monoclonal antibody analysis of bovine epithelial keratins. Specific pairs as
      defined by coexpression.
AB  - We have characterized the keratin proteins of various bovine epithelial tissues
      by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, coupled with the immunoblot
      technique using AE1, AE2, AE3, AE5, CA20, BE14, and 6.11 monoclonal antikeratin
      antibodies. The results indicate that all known bovine keratins can be divided
      into two subfamilies. The "acidic" (Type I) subfamily consists of 41-, 43-, 45-,
      46-, 50-, 54-, 56-, and 56.5-kDa keratins, all of which have a pI of less than
      5.6, and most of them are recognized by our AE1 antibody, whereas the "neutral-to
      basic" (Type II) subfamily consists of 55-, 57-, 58-, 62-65-, 66-, and 67-kDa
      keratins, all of which have a pI of greater than 6.0 and are recognized by our
      AE3 antibody. Tissue distribution data and cell culture studies show that, within
      the two subfamilies, keratins with similar "size ranks" form a "pair" as defined
      by frequent co-expression. Furthermore, within most "keratin pairs," the basic
      keratin is larger than the acidic one by 8-10 kDa. These results provide further
      support for the concepts of "keratin subfamilies" and keratin pairs and are
      consistent with the possibility that the acidic and basic members of at least
      some keratin pairs may interact specifically during in vivo tonofilament assembly
      and/or function. Immunoblotting data derived from the use of several monospecific
      antibodies show that although the size, charge, and pattern of expression of most
      bovine keratins are similar to those of the human counterparts, there are
      important exceptions to this rule.

PMID- 2420790
TI  - Mechanism of the dexamethasone effect on alpha-fetoprotein gene expression in McA
      RH8994 rat hepatoma cells.
AB  - We have investigated the mechanism by which dexamethasone (DEX) increases alpha
      fetoprotein (AFP) secretion by the McA-RH8994 rat hepatoma cell line. In contrast
      to the 7777 cell line, DEX was found to increase the amount of hybridizable
      cytoplasmic AFP mRNA in McA-RH8994 cells. This effect was dose-dependent,
      reversible after removal of DEX, and was partially blocked by progesterone in
      excess, indicating a receptor-mediated response. In vitro nuclear transcription
      experiments showed that DEX increased AFP gene transcription in McA-RH8994 cells.
      Cycloheximide blocked the effect of DEX on AFP mRNA levels in both the McA-RH8994
      and 7777 cell lines, showing that ongoing protein synthesis is required for
      glucocorticoids either to enhance or to suppress AFP gene expression in these
      cell lines.

PMID- 2420791
TI  - The soluble form of rat liver alpha-mannosidase is immunologically related to the
      endoplasmic reticulum membrane alpha-mannosidase.
AB  - The soluble alpha-mannosidase of rat liver, originally described as a cytoplasmic
      alpha-mannosidase, has been purified to homogeneity by conventional techniques.
      The purified enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 350,000 and is composed
      of 107-kDa subunits. The soluble alpha-mannosidase has the same enzymatic
      properties as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane alpha-mannosidase of rat
      liver (Bischoff, J., and Kornfeld, R. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 7909-7910) which
      is believed to play a role in oligosaccharide processing in the rough ER. Like
      the membrane-bound ER alpha-mannosidase, the soluble alpha-mannosidase can
      hydrolyze alpha-linked mannose from both p-nitrophenyl alpha-mannoside (Km = 0.14
      mM) and high mannose oligosaccharides, is not inhibited by the mannose analogues
      swainsonine and 1-deoxymannojirimycin, is stabilized by MnCl2 or CoCl2, and does
      not bind to concanavalin A-Sepharose. A goat polyclonal antibody raised against
      the purified soluble alpha-mannosidase specifically recognizes the rat liver
      membrane-bound ER alpha-mannosidase, leading us to propose that they are two
      forms of the same enzyme and that the soluble form is derived from the ER
      membrane alpha-mannosidase by proteolysis. The antibody also cross-reacts with
      both the soluble and membrane-bound forms of ER alpha-mannosidase activity in
      cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells and rat H35 hepatoma cells. Since the ER
      alpha-mannosidase is presumed to be involved in the early steps of
      oligosaccharide processing, the action of the purified soluble form of the enzyme
      on high mannose oligosaccharides was examined. Surprisingly, the enzyme released
      free mannose from oligosaccharides ranging in size from Glc1Man9GlcNAc to
      Man5GlcNAc with almost equal efficiency. However, a long term incubation of the
      enzyme with Man9GlcNAc led to the accumulation of Man7GlcNAc and produced only
      small amounts of Man6GlcNAc and Man5GlcNAc. Structural analysis of these reaction
      products indicated that the purified soluble form of ER alpha-mannosidase shows
      little specificity for which mannose residues it removes from Man9GlcNAc. In
      contrast, as shown in the accompanying paper, the intracellular action of ER
      alpha-mannosidase on glycoprotein-bound Man9GlcNAc2 is highly specific.

PMID- 2420792
TI  - Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates EGF receptor synthesis.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor (EGF) binds to the extracellular domain of a specific
      170,000-dalton transmembrane glycoprotein; this results in rapid removal of both
      ligand and receptor from the cell surface. In WB cells, a rat hepatic epithelial
      cell line, ligand-directed receptor internalization leads to receptor
      degradation. We tested whether the EGF receptor was replenished at a constitutive
      or enhanced rate following EGF binding by immunoprecipitating biosynthetically
      labeled EGF receptor from cells cultured with [35S]methionine. EGF stimulated
      receptor synthesis within 2 h in a dose-dependent manner; this was particularly
      evident when examining the nascent form of the receptor. To determine the site of
      EGF action, total WB cell RNA was transferred to nitrocellulose paper after
      electrophoresis and was hybridized to cDNA probes from both the external and
      cytoplasmic coding regions of the human EGF receptor. EGF increased receptor mRNA
      by 3-5-fold. Therefore, at least in some cells, the surface action of EGF that
      leads to EGF receptor degradation is counterbalanced by a positive effect on
      receptor synthesis.

PMID- 2420793
TI  - Simultaneous purification of three mitochondrial enzymes. Acetylglutamate kinase,
      acetylglutamyl-phosphate reductase and carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase from
      Neurospora crassa.
AB  - The early enzymes of arginine biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa are localized in
      the mitochondrion and catalyze the conversion of glutamate to citrulline. The
      final conversion of citrulline to arginine occurs via two enzymatic steps in the
      cytoplasm. We have devised a method for the isolation and purification of three
      of the mitochondrial arginine biosynthetic enzymes from a single extract.
      Acetylglutamate kinase and acetylglutamyl-phosphate reductase (both products of
      the complex arg-6 locus) were purified to homogeneity and near homogeneity,
      respectively. The large catalytic subunit of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase was
      also purified to homogeneity. The three enzymes were resolved into separate
      fractions by chromatography on three dye-ligand affinity resins, which are
      specific for nucleotide binding enzymes and have a high protein binding capacity.
      High performance liquid chromatography was employed in the final stages of
      purification and was extremely effective in fractionating both acetylglutamate
      kinase and acetylglutamyl-phosphate reductase from proteins with very similar
      properties, which were not removed by other techniques. The purified proteins
      were used to raise specific antisera against these proteins. Acetylglutamate
      kinase and acetylglutamyl-phosphate reductase were shown to be immunologically
      unrelated. This finding suggests that the arg-6 locus encompasses two
      nonoverlapping cistrons. The antisera raised against carbamoyl-phosphate
      synthetase has been shown to cross-react with related enzymes in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, and rat liver (Ness, S. A., and Weiss, R. L. (1985)
      J. Biol. Chem. 260, 14355-14362). Acetylglutamate kinase is a regulatory enzyme
      and has been shown to be feedback-inhibited by arginine. We have determined the
      submitochondrial localization of acetylglutamate kinase and the second arg-6
      product, acetylglutamyl-phosphate reductase. Both enzymes were shown to be
      soluble matrix enzymes. We discuss the relevance of this finding with respect to
      possible mechanisms for end product inhibition of a mitochondrial enzyme by a
      cytoplasmic effector.

PMID- 2420794
TI  - Alpha-adrenergic stimulation of sarcolemmal protein phosphorylation and slow
      responses in intact myocardium.
AB  - The effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic stimulation on sarcolemmal protein
      phosphorylation and contractile slow responses were studied in intact myocardium.
      Isolated rat ventricles were perfused via the coronary arteries with 32Pi after
      which membrane vesicles partially enriched in sarcolemma were isolated from
      individual hearts. Alterations in the sarcolemmal slow inward Ca2+ current were
      assessed in the 32P-perfused hearts using a contractile slow response model. In
      this model, Na+ channels were first inactivated by partial depolarization of the
      hearts in 25 mM K+ after which alterations in Ca2+ channel activity produced by
      either alpha- or beta-adrenergic agonists could be assessed as restoration of
      contractions. alpha-Adrenergic stimulation (phenylephrine + propranolol) of the
      perfused hearts resulted in increased 32P incorporation into a 15-kDa sarcolemmal
      protein. This protein co-migrated with the 15-kDa sarcolemmal protein
      phosphorylated in hearts exposed to beta-adrenergic stimulation produced by
      isoproterenol. beta-Adrenergic stimulation, but not alpha-adrenergic stimulation,
      also resulted in phosphorylation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum protein,
      phospholamban. Phosphorylation of the 15-kDa protein in perfused hearts in
      response to either alpha- or beta-adrenergic stimulation was associated with
      restoration of contractions, indicative of increases in the slow inward Ca2+
      current. Increases in 32P incorporation into the 15-kDa protein preceded
      restoration of contractions by phenylephrine. Nifedipine abolished the
      contractile responses to alpha-adrenergic stimulation while having no effect on
      increases in 15-kDa protein phosphorylation. The effects of alpha-adrenergic
      stimulation occurred in the absence of increases in cAMP levels. These results
      suggest that phosphorylation of the 15-kDa protein may be involved in increases
      in the slow inward current produced by stimulation of either alpha- or beta
      adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2420795
TI  - Tumor promoters cause changes in the state of phosphorylation and apparent
      molecular weight of a tyrosine protein kinase in T lymphocytes.
AB  - The T cell lymphoma LSTRA contains an elevated level of a tyrosine protein kinase
      of molecular weight of 56,000 (pp56Tcell) that is present in normal T
      lymphocytes. Treatment of 32P-labeled LSTRA cells with the phorbol ester 4 beta
      phorbol 12 beta-myristate 13 alpha-acetate (PMA), followed by immunoprecipitation
      of pp56Tcell, revealed that PMA causes complex changes in the state of
      phosphorylation of pp56Tcell, and the appearance of several new forms of
      pp56Tcell with higher apparent molecular weights on sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gels. The 32P-labeled pp56Tcell from untreated LSTRA cells
      contains phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine in a ratio of 2:1. After treatment of
      LSTRA cells with PMA, the form of pp56Tcell that runs with a molecular weight of
      56,000 has approximately equal amounts of phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine,
      while the higher molecular weight forms of pp56Tcell seen after PMA have 3-4
      times more phosphoserine than phosphotyrosine. The induction by PMA of higher
      molecular weight forms of pp56Tcell could also be demonstrated in preparations of
      normal human T lymphocytes. The changes in the state of phosphorylation of
      pp56Tcell after treatment of cells with PMA are consistent with the possibility
      that pp56Tcell is an in vivo substrate for protein kinase C and provide
      documentation for a linkage between a mitogenic agent and pp56Tcell.

PMID- 2420796
TI  - Molecular cloning of the cDNA for two major androgen-dependent secretory proteins
      of 18.5 kilodaltons synthesized by the rat epididymis.
AB  - cDNA clones representing two closely related androgen-dependent secretory
      proteins of 18.5 kDa were selected by screening a rat epididymal cDNA library
      constructed in lambda gt 11 with affinity-purified antibody directed against the
      18.5-kDa proteins. The entire amino acid sequence of the 18.5-kDa secretory
      proteins and a putative signal sequence of 18 amino acids was derived from 682
      base pairs of the nucleotide sequence of overlapping cDNA clones. Confirmation of
      the identity of the cDNA clones was obtained by matching a partial amino acid
      sequence obtained for the N terminus of the pure protein with that of the
      sequence derived from the nucleotide code of the cDNA. Evidence is presented that
      the difference between the two closely related proteins may be associated with
      differential post-translational modification of the N terminus of the protein
      following cleavage of the signal sequence. Northern blot analysis revealed that
      the mRNA for the proteins is approximately 850 nucleotides long and that the
      concentration of the mRNA in the tissue is androgen-dependent. The proteins and
      their mRNAs were restricted to the epididymis as determined by Western and
      Northern blots, respectively, since signals were absent from the skin, brain,
      liver, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle, and testis. With the exception of a weak
      cross-reaction with mouse epididymis, the proteins were not detected by Western
      blots of extracts of guinea pig, rabbit, or bull epididymis. The two proteins
      account for a substantial proportion of the total protein in epididymal luminal
      fluid and become incorporated as components of the sperm plasma membrane where
      they may play a specific role in the post-testicular phase of sperm development.

PMID- 2420797
TI  - Thyroid hormone regulation of the transfected rat growth hormone promoter.
AB  - A region of the rat growth hormone gene and 5' flanking DNA has been identified
      which promotes accurate, thyroid hormone-regulated transcriptional initiation. GC
      rat pituitary tumor cells were transfected with chimaeric plasmids containing
      various lengths of rat growth hormone gene and 5' flanking DNA fused to the
      coding region of the dominant selectable marker gene neo. Thyroid hormone
      induction of rGH-neo RNA was observed by Northern and dot blot analysis of cells
      transfected with rGH-neo chimaeric genes sharing the rat growth hormone gene and
      upstream regions from -235 to +11. Initiation of rGH-neo transcription was mapped
      by S1 nuclease protection to the in vivo initiation site of the natural growth
      hormone gene. Transcription of the most deleted thyroid hormone responsive
      construct involved an induction-attenuation cycle qualitatively similar to the
      response of the natural gene. However, the 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine
      responsiveness of this deleted construct was approximately 2- to 3-fold less than
      that of less deleted rGH-neo genes tested. These results suggest that, at a
      minimum, the sequences required for the cyclic 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine
      transcriptional response are located within the region of the gene from -235 to
      +11. Other sequences essential for full responsiveness appear to be located
      elsewhere in the 5'-flanking DNA. Rat growth hormone promoter utilization appears
      to be strongly cell-type dependent. We obtained stable transfectants with rGH-neo
      constructs only in GC cells.

PMID- 2420798
TI  - Structure of yeast LEU4. The 5' flanking region contains features that predict
      two modes of control and two productive translation starts.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of LEU4, a yeast gene encoding alpha-isopropylmalate
      synthase, has been determined. An open reading frame of 1857 nucleotides
      specifies a protein of 619 residues whose calculated molecular weight (68,416)
      and amino acid composition agree well with earlier estimates based on protein
      data. The 5' flanking region contains three blocks of sequence potentially
      involved in the general control of amino acid biosynthesis. It also has six
      blocks of homology in common with the 5' flanking regions of two other LEU
      structural genes (LEU1 and LEU2). One of these blocks coincides with a
      palindromic element that has previously been demonstrated to be important for the
      specific leucine control of LEU2 (Martinez-Arias, A., Yost, H. J., and Casadaban,
      M. J. (1984) Nature 307, 740-742). Determination of the 5' ends of the LEU4
      transcript indicates the existence of four major and several minor potential
      transcription start sites. Two of the major sites are located downstream from the
      ATG at the beginning of the long open reading frame. Utilization of these sites
      would lead to mRNA that could be translated from an in-frame AUG located 90
      nucleotides downstream from the first one. The protein thus generated would be 30
      amino acid residues shorter than the larger one. This situation might account for
      the occurrence of two alpha-isopropylmalate synthase-related proteins observed
      both in cell-free extracts and in in vitro translation mixtures (Hampsey, D. M.,
      Lewin, A. S., and Kohlhaw, G. B. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 1270
      1274). The larger of these proteins was incorporated into the mitochondria while
      the smaller one was not. We conclude that selection of appropriate transcription
      and translation start sites might control the subcellular localization of the
      LEU4 gene product. This conclusion is discussed with respect to other examples in
      yeast of genes that encode two forms of the same protein.

PMID- 2420799
TI  - A bacterial and silkworm aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase have a common epitope which
      maps to the catalytic domain of each.
AB  - We report here the identification of a common immunological determinant in
      Escherichia coli and Bombyx mori (silkworm) alanine tRNA synthetases. The E. coli
      protein is a tetramer of identical Mr = 95,000 chains, and the silkworm enzyme is
      a monomer of Mr = 115,000. Antibodies against the silkworm enzyme react with E.
      coli Ala-tRNA synthetase. Analysis of 10 fragments of the E. coli enzyme has
      mapped the cross-reacting epitope to between amino acids 350 and 385. This is
      within the part of the enzyme which is essential for alanyladenylate synthesis.
      The anti-B. mori Ala-tRNA synthetase antibodies which cross-react with the E.
      coli enzyme were affinity-purified. They react specifically with the catalytic
      domain of the silkworm enzyme and not with the remaining dispensable segment of
      500 amino acids. The results support the concept that the core catalytic
      structural elements, and not the dispensable portions, are the most related among
      the synthetases.

PMID- 2420800
TI  - On the recognition of helical RNA by cobra venom V1 nuclease.
AB  - The V1 nuclease from cobra venom preferentially hydrolyzes double helical RNA and
      has been used extensively for detecting RNA secondary structure. To increase the
      utility of this enzyme as an RNA structure probe, we have investigated its
      properties and substrate specificity, using assays for polynucleotide hydrolysis
      based on fluorescent polynucleotide derivatives. Enzymatic activity requires both
      Na+ and Mg2+, with optima at 100 and 0.3 mM, respectively. From the sharp
      decrease in enzyme activity above 100 mM Na+ we estimate that 3-4 ionic
      interactions between the protein and polynucleotide phosphates take place.
      Analysis of products remaining after extensive V1 digestion also shows that the
      minimum size substrate is 4-6 nucleotides long. Helical RNAs and DNAs have
      Michaelis constants a factor of 3-10 times lower than most single-stranded RNAs.
      However, poly(epsilon A) has a Michaelis constant equal to the best synthetic
      double helices tested and is hydrolyzed at a rate comparable to helical RNA. The
      major V1 cutting sites in yeast tRNAPhe have Michaelis constants lower than any
      synthetic polymers. These data suggest that V1 nuclease recognizes any 4-6
      nucleotide segment of polynucleotide backbone with an approximately helical
      conformation, but does not require that the bases be paired in a helix. A few
      single-stranded V1 cleavage sites are known in tRNA and rRNA, and their
      structures are consistent with the suggested V1 recognition site.

PMID- 2420801
TI  - Autoantibodies specific for U1 RNA and initiator methionine tRNA.
AB  - Autoantibodies reactive with specific nuclear and cytoplasmic small RNAs were
      identified by immunoprecipitation of HeLa cell RNA. Approximately 30% of antisera
      examined from patients with autoimmune disorders contained anti-RNA antibodies.
      Two previously undescribed specificities--anti U1 RNA and anti-initiator
      methionine tRNA--were identified. Anti-RNA antibodies were reactive with gel
      purified species as well as with RNA synthesized in vitro using the SP-6
      transcription system. Antigenic mapping using two sera specific for the human
      initiator methionine tRNA revealed separate epitopes, one of which is conserved
      in formyl-methionine initiator tRNA from Escherichia coli. RNA fragmentation
      studies further suggested that secondary or tertiary tRNA structure is required
      for antibody recognition. The mammalian U1 RNA specific antibodies did not
      precipitate small RNAs of yeast but were highly reactive with yeast ribosomal
      RNA, thus indicating a possible relationship between these RNA species. Results
      obtained with these antisera are discussed in terms of higher order structure of
      small RNA molecules as well as the role of nucleic acid antibodies in the
      autoimmune phenomenon.

PMID- 2420802
TI  - Transcriptional control of thymidine kinase gene expression by estrogen and
      antiestrogens in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.
AB  - The mechanism by which estrogen and antiestrogens modulate cytoplasmic thymidine
      kinase (TK) activity has been studied in MCF-7 cells. Using a cloned cDNA probe
      for human TK, we have identified a single 1500-nucleotide transcript as the
      cytoplasmic TK-mRNA in MCF-7 cells. In normally cycling or synchronously growing
      cells, the level of this mRNA maximally increased 2-3-fold after 24 h of
      estradiol-17 beta (E2) stimulation and decreased below control level in the
      presence of antiestrogens. Neither E2 nor antiestrogens altered the size of TK
      mRNA. Hormonal regulation of TK-mRNA paralleled changes in TK enzyme activity and
      [3H]thymidine incorporation. Using endogenous nuclear run-off transcription to
      investigate the expression of the human TK gene, we demonstrate that TK-mRNA
      levels were regulated by transcriptional control. Modulation of TK gene activity
      during the process of estrogen stimulation or antiestrogen inhibition was not
      accompanied by changes in the methylation pattern at internal sites of the TK
      gene. These results suggest a transcriptional control of human TK gene by E2 and
      antiestrogens in MCF-7 cells.

PMID- 2420803
TI  - The analysis of lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in meningococcal polysaccharide
      vaccines by silver staining following SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
AB  - A simple physical-chemical method for estimating the lipopolysaccharide (LPS,
      i.e. endotoxin) content of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines is described.
      The low molecular weight LPS was first separated from the high molecular weight
      polysaccharide by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The LPS was then
      selectively visualized by a highly sensitive silver stain which can detect 5 ng
      of meningococcal LPS. The method can detect concentrations of LPS in
      meningococcal polysaccharides as low as 0.01%, and was used to measure
      semiquantitatively the LPS in bulk powders of meningococcal polysaccharides and
      in vaccines in final containers. The LPS in the bulk powders and in the vaccines
      was also assayed by the gelation of Limulus polyphemus ameobocyte lysate and the
      results of the two methods were in agreement.

PMID- 2420804
TI  - Molecular mobility and nucleocytoplasmic flux in hepatoma cells.
AB  - Fluorescence microphotolysis (photobleaching) was used to measure, in single
      polyethylene glycol-induced polykaryons of hepatoma tissue culture cells,
      nucleocytoplasmic flux and intracellular mobility for a series of dextrans
      ranging in molecular mass from 3 to 150 kD and for bovine serum albumin. For the
      dextrans, the cytoplasmic and the nucleoplasmic translational diffusion
      coefficients amounted to approximately 9 and approximately 15%, respectively, of
      the value in dilute buffer. The diffusion coefficients depended inversely on
      molecular radius, suggesting that diffusion was dominated by viscosity effects.
      By application of the Stokes-Einstein equation, cytoplasmic and nucleoplasmic
      viscosities were derived to be 6.6 and 8.1 cP, respectively, at 23 degrees C.
      Between 10 and 37 degrees C nucleoplasmic diffusion coefficients increased by
      approximately 45-85%, whereas cytoplasmic diffusion coefficients were virtually
      independent of temperature. In contrast to that of the dextrans, diffusion of
      bovine serum albumin was more restricted. In the cytoplasm the diffusion
      coefficient was approximately 1.5% of the value in dilute buffer; in the nucleus
      albumin was largely immobile. This indicated that albumin mobility is dominated
      by association with immobile cellular structures. Nucleocytoplasmic flux of
      dextrans depended inversely on molecular mass with an exclusion limit between 17
      and 41 kD. This agrees with previous measurements on primary hepatocytes (Peters,
      R., 1984, EMBO [Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.] J. 3:1831-1836), suggesting that in both
      cell types the nuclear envelope has properties of a molecular sieve with a
      functional pore radius of approximately 55 A.

PMID- 2420805
TI  - Increased voltage-gated potassium conductance during interleukin 2-stimulated
      proliferation of a mouse helper T lymphocyte clone.
AB  - Recent work has demonstrated the presence of voltage-gated potassium channels in
      human peripheral blood T lymphocytes (Matteson, R., and C. Deutsch, 1984, Nature
      (Lond.), 307:468-471; DeCoursey T. E., T. G. Chandy, S. Gupta, and M. D. Cahalan,
      1984, Nature (Lond.), 307:465-468) and a murine cytolytic T-cell clone
      (Fukushima, Y., S. Hagiwara, and M. Henkart, 1984, J. Physiol., 351:645-656).
      Using the whole cell patch clamp, we have found a potassium conductance with
      similar properties in a murine noncytolytic T lymphocyte clone, L2. Under voltage
      clamp, a step from a holding potential of -70 mV to +50 mV produces an average
      outward current of 100-150 pA in "quiescent" L2 cells at the end of their weekly
      maintenance cycle. When these cells are stimulated with human recombinant
      interleukin 2 (rIL2, 100 U/ml), they grow in size and initiate DNA synthesis at
      approximately 24 h. Potassium conductance is increased as early as 8 h after
      stimulation with rIL2 and rises to a level 3-4 times that of excipient controls
      by 24 h. The level remains elevated through 72 h, but as the cells begin to leave
      the cell cycle at 72-96 h, the conductance decreases quickly to a value only
      slightly higher than the initial one. Quinine, a blocker of this conductance,
      markedly reduces the rate at which L2 cells traverse the cell cycle, while also
      reducing the rate of stimulated protein synthesis. The regulation of potassium
      conductance in L2 cells during rIL2-stimulated proliferation suggests that
      potassium channel function may play a role in support of the proliferative
      response.

PMID- 2420806
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies directed against protoplasts of soybean cells: analysis of
      the lateral mobility of plasma membrane-bound antibody MVS-1.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (MVS-1) was used to monitor the lateral mobility of a
      defined component (Mr approximately 400,000) of the plasma membrane of soybean
      protoplasts prepared from suspension cultures of Glycine max (SB-1 cell line).
      The diffusion coefficient (D) of antibody MVS-1 bound to its target was
      determined (D = 3.2 X 10(-10) cm2/s) by fluorescence redistribution after
      photobleaching. Pretreatment of the protoplasts with soybean agglutinin (SBA)
      resulted in a 10-fold reduction of the lateral mobility of antibody MVS-1 (D =
      4.1 X 10(-11) cm2/s). This lectin-induced modulation could be partially reversed
      by prior treatment of the protoplasts with either colchicine or cytochalasin B.
      When used together, these drugs completely reversed the modulation effect induced
      by SBA. These results have refined our previous analysis of the effect of SBA on
      receptor mobility to the level of a defined receptor and suggest that the binding
      of SBA to the plasma membrane results in alterations in the plasma membrane such
      that the lateral diffusion of other receptors is restricted. These effects are
      most likely mediated by the cytoskeletal components of the plant cell.

PMID- 2420808
TI  - Localization of low-sulfur keratin proteins in the wool follicle using monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies that recognize components of the low-sulfur keratin
      proteins extracted from Merino wool have been used to locate these components
      within the wool follicle. Immunoblotting procedures showed that all of the
      monoclonal antibodies bound more than one of the eight low-sulfur protein
      components, indicating that these proteins have antigenic determinants in common.
      Immunofluorescence studies showed that those antibodies specific for the
      component 7 family of the low-sulfur proteins bound to the developing wool fiber,
      whereas those antibodies recognizing the component 8 family bound to areas
      throughout the wool follicle, particularly the inner and outer root sheaths, but
      also to the fiber, the cuticle, and the epidermis. One of the monoclonal
      antibodies also bound to intermediate filament networks of cultured human
      epithelial cells.

PMID- 2420807
TI  - Motility of cultured fish epidermal cells in the presence and absence of direct
      current electric fields.
AB  - The motile behavior and cytoskeletal structures of fish epidermal cells
      (keratocytes) in the presence and absence of direct current (DC) electric fields
      were examined. These cells spontaneously show highly directional locomotion in
      culture, migrating at rates of up to 1 micron/s. When DC electric fields between
      0.5 and 15 V/cm are applied, single epidermal cells as well as cell clusters and
      cell sheets migrate towards the cathode. Cell clusters and sheets break apart
      into single migratory cells in the upper range of these field strengths. Cell
      shape and morphology are unaltered when the keratocytes are guided by an electric
      field. Neither the spontaneous locomotion nor the electrically guided motility
      were found to be microtubule dependent. 1 mM La3+, 10 mM Co2+, 50 microM
      verapamil, and 50 microM nitrendipine (calcium channel antagonists) reversibly
      inhibited lamellipod formation and cell locomotion in both spontaneously
      migrating and electrically guided cells. Ciba-Geigy Product 28392, which
      stimulates the opening of calcium channels, and is a competitive inhibitor of
      nitrendipine, has no effect on the locomotion of keratocytes. Cell motility was
      also unaffected by hyperpolarizing and depolarizing (low and high K+) media. It
      is argued that while a tissue cell may accommodate changes in resting membrane
      potential without becoming more or less motile, the cell may not be able to
      counterbalance the effects of depolarization and hyperpolarization
      simultaneously. In this context, a gradient of membrane potential, which is
      induced by an external DC electric field, will serve as a persistent stimulus for
      cell locomotion.

PMID- 2420809
TI  - Heparin inhibits proliferation of fetal vascular smooth muscle cells in the
      absence of platelet-derived growth factor.
AB  - Proliferation of smooth muscle cells from the pulmonary arteries and aortas of
      fetal calves is inhibited by heparin in vitro. This effect is reversible and dose
      dependent. Comparisons with effects of other polysaccharides indicate that only
      extensively sulfated polysaccharides inhibit proliferation of smooth muscle cells
      but that specific structural features of heparin are required to achieve maximum
      effect. Heparin-Sepharose chromatography of medium containing fetal calf serum
      reduces the ability of that medium to promote growth of smooth muscle cells from
      fetal pulmonary arteries, suggesting that heparin may remove soluble growth
      factors in serum. However, inhibition of fetal pulmonary artery smooth muscle
      cell proliferation by heparin is identical in media supplemented either with
      serum prepared from fetal calf plasma, in which platelet-derived growth factor
      (PDGF) is not detectable, or with fetal calf serum, which contains relatively
      abundant PDGF (114 pg/ml). Thus, inhibition of fetal pulmonary artery smooth
      muscle cell proliferation by heparin is not mediated solely by decreased
      availability or activity of exogenous PDGF. These studies suggest that
      morphogenesis of the smooth muscle investment of the pulmonary arteries could be
      regulated by local production of heparin-like inhibitors of smooth muscle cell
      growth.

PMID- 2420810
TI  - Effects of retinoids on human bronchial epithelial cells: differential regulation
      of hyaluronate synthesis and keratin protein synthesis.
AB  - Respiratory tract epithelia are one type of tissue targeted by vitamin A. In this
      study the effects of vitamin A and its analogs (retinoids) on human bronchial
      epithelial (HBE) cells have been investigated in a serum-free hormone
      supplemented medium. This serum-free medium, which was developed for the long
      term cultivation of protease-dissociated HBE cells, consists of Ham's F12
      nutrient medium supplemented with insulin, transferrin, epidermal growth factor,
      hydrocortisone, cholera toxin, and bovine hypothalamus extract. Under these in
      vitro conditions, retinoids specifically stimulate the synthesis and secretion of
      hyaluronate (HA) and alter the pattern of synthesis of keratin proteins. In
      regard to HA, the degree of stimulation ranges from two-fold to ten-fold and is
      concentration dependent. In regard to keratin proteins, the most prominent
      effects of retinoids are inhibition of synthesis of the 48 kd and 50 kd keratin
      proteins (corresponding to cytokeratins 16 and 14, respectively, in the catalog
      of human cytokeratins; Moll et al., 1982) and stimulation of synthesis of the 40
      kd and 52-54 kd proteins. The data indicate that retinoid effects on HA and
      keratin protein synthesis occur at different levels. The stimulation of HA
      synthesis occurs immediately after the addition of retinoid and cannot be
      prevented by pretreatment with actinomycin D, whereas the alterations in the
      pattern of keratin protein synthesis appear later and are inhibited by treatment
      with actinomycin D at or before the administration of retinoid. This study
      demonstrates that HBE cultures maintained in the serum-free condition can serve
      as an in vitro model to elucidate the mechanisms of retinoid actions.

PMID- 2420811
TI  - Mechanisms of cytoskeletal regulation: functional and antigenic diversity in
      human erythrocyte and brain beta spectrin.
AB  - A study of human erythrocyte and brain spectrin with particular emphasis on the
      beta subunits revealed a structural homology but functional dissimilarity between
      these two molecules. Six monoclonal antibodies raised to human erythrocyte beta
      spectrin identify three of the four proteolytically defined domains of
      erythrocyte beta spectrin. Five of these monoclonal antibodies cross-react with
      human brain spectrin. None of a previously identified set of alpha erythrocyte
      spectrin monoclonal antibodies [Yurchenco et al: J Biol Chem 257:9102, 1982]
      reacted with brain spectrin. A domain map generated by limited tryptic digestion
      shows that brain spectrin is composed of proteolytically resistant domains
      analogous to erythrocyte spectrin, but the brain protein is more basic. The
      binding of brain spectrin to erythrocyte ankyrin, both in solution and on
      erythrocyte IOVs, yielded an association constant approximately 100 time weaker
      than for erythrocyte spectrin. The binding of azido-calmodulin under native
      conditions was specific for the erythrocyte beta subunit but was not calcium
      dependent. In contrast, azido-calmodulin bound only to the alpha subunit of brain
      spectrin in a calcium-dependent manner. The similarity of structure but modified
      functional characteristics of the brain and erythrocyte beta spectrins suggest
      that these proteins serve different cellular roles.

PMID- 2420812
TI  - Cancer of the testis: a new paradigm.

PMID- 2420813
TI  - Isoelectric focusing in low-denaturing media: visualization in renal disease of
      variation of the isoelectric point of albumin not related to a remarkable
      conformational variation.
AB  - The isoelectric properties of serum and urinary albumin from normal subjects and
      patients with nephrotic syndrome have been investigated in various conditions of
      denaturation, obtained by using urea (0-8 M) as a support in isoelectric
      focusing. In normal human serum, albumin is rather acidic (pI = 4.7) when focused
      in glycerol while the denatured form obtained by exposing the protein to 8 M urea
      has a much higher pI (6.1). Albumin from nephrotic patients is acidic in glycerol
      but at very low levels of urea (2M) it shifts from pI 4.7 to pI 6.1; the same
      effect has been induced by treating albumin with activated charcoal at low pH. In
      order to obtain more information on urea-induced changes, we have recorded the
      circular dichroic spectra of albumin when exposed to the concentration of urea
      used in gels, and we found that no conformational transition occurs for urea
      concentrations less than 5 M. Taken together, these observations reveal that
      variation of the pI of albumin in nephrotic syndrome occurs mainly due to a
      dissociating effect of urea on charged substances bound to this protein.

PMID- 2420814
TI  - Simple capillary gas chromatographic method for the quantitation of phytanic acid
      in serum.

PMID- 2420815
TI  - Gonadotropin secretion in vitro by human pituitary null cell adenomas and
      oncocytomas.
AB  - Pituitary null cell adenomas and oncocytomas are tumors not associated with
      clinical or biochemical evidence of hormone excess; morphological studies have
      not hitherto revealed their origin or the nature of their hormone production, if
      any. We examined the in vitro secretory activity of seven null cell adenomas and
      five oncocytomas which caused symptoms of a mass lesion and variable degrees of
      hypopituitarism. All tumors were classified at the time of surgical resection
      using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. RIA revealed the presence of
      FSH, LH, and alpha-subunit of pituitary glycoprotein hormones in the culture
      medium of eight tumors, FSH and alpha-subunit in the medium of one tumor, and
      TSH, FSH, LH, and alpha-subunit in the medium of three adenomas. Morphological
      examination of cultured tissues confirmed the presence of tumor resembling those
      in the initial surgical specimen. Thus, we conclude that null cell adenomas and
      oncocytomas contain cells that can produce pituitary glycoprotein hormones, and
      that the majority produce gonadotropins.

PMID- 2420816
TI  - Restricted heterogeneity and T cell dependence of human thyroid autoantibody
      immunoglobulin G subclasses.
AB  - Twenty-five sera from patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, positive for
      thyroglobulin (hTg) and/or thyroid microsomal autoantibodies (M-Ab), were
      assessed by specific micro-ELISA to determine thyroid autoantibody immunoglobulin
      G (IgG) subclass distribution. Of the 25 sera, 22 were positive for M-Ab. All but
      1 sample had restricted heterogeneity confined to IgG1 and/or IgG4 subclasses.
      The contribution of each subclass to an individual autoantibody titer varied from
      100% IgG1 to 100% IgG4. Sixteen of the 25 sera had detectable hTg-Ab, and the
      majority also were restricted to IgG1 and IgG4, with similar distributions
      occurring among subclasses. In all, only 5 sera had hTg/M-Ab in IgG subclasses 2
      and/or 3. T cell control of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated IgG subclass secretion
      was analyzed using increasing numbers of T cells in ratios of T to non-T from 0:1
      to 10:1. In normal subjects, IgG1, but not IgG 2, 3, or 4, had T cell dependence,
      as evidenced by enhancement and inhibition of IgG1 secretion as the number of T
      cells increased. T cell suppressor dysfunction was apparent in patients with
      autoimmune thyroiditis, as demonstrated by the reduced ability of patient T cells
      (n = 6), compared with normal T cells (n = 6), to suppress total IgG1 subclass
      secretion. These data indicate 1) restricted heterogeneity of human thyroid
      autoantibodies, principally to IgG1 and IgG4; 2) T cell dependence of only IgG1
      secretion in vitro; and 3) a T cell defect in patients with autoimmune thyroid
      disease. The possibility of IgG4 thyroid autoantibodies being under less
      stringent T cell regulatory control questions the likely importance of thyroid
      specific suppressor T cell dysfunction in the etiology of autoimmune thyroid
      disease.

PMID- 2420817
TI  - Correlation of in vitro antibody synthesis with the outcome of intravenous gamma
      globulin treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - Intravenous gamma-globulin (IVGG) effectively elevates the platelet count of most
      patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). This study
      examined whether this effect was related to changes in in vitro immunoglobulin
      secretion and suppression in coculture. Before treatment, patient in vitro
      immunoglobulin secretion was less than 50% of the concurrent control in all eight
      cases and the patients suppressed antibody synthesis in coculture an average of
      39%. After treatment, increases in in vitro immunoglobulin secretion and
      decreases in suppression were closely related to a good response to IVGG therapy
      as measured both by acute increases in the platelet count (P less than 0.05) and
      by the long-term outcome from therapy (P less than 0.05). Decreases in platelet
      associated IgG correlated with increases in in vitro immunoglobulin secretion (P
      less than 0.05). Data consistent with the lack of inhibition of in vitro
      immunoglobulin secretion following IVGG included long-term increases in both
      serum IgM and IgG (independent of transfused IgG) and maintenance of the
      percentage of total IgG that was IgG3. T-cell numbers and subsets and lymphocyte
      proliferation were unaffected by IVGG. IVGG tends to normalize in vitro
      immunoglobulin secretion and its suppression in those ITP patients with good
      clinical responses in conjunction with decreased levels of autoantibody. This
      evidence suggests that good responders to IVGG may have inhibition of
      antiplatelet antibody production. IVGG does not appear to interfere with normal
      antibody production.

PMID- 2420818
TI  - Interspecies reactivity of five monoclonal antibodies to Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis as examined by immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - Five different murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      were examined for degree of cross-reactivity with other mycobacterial species by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. One MAb reacted solely with
      M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG. Two of the MAbs reacted with all mycobacterial
      species examined, whereas two MAbs demonstrated a limited reactivity pattern. The
      epitopes are located on molecules susceptible to protease treatment, and two of
      these molecules possess concanavalin A-binding moieties. Two of the antigens
      defined by these five MAbs are present in tuberculin purified protein derivative.

PMID- 2420819
TI  - Identification of epitopes on respiratory syncytial virus proteins by competitive
      binding immunoassay.
AB  - To characterize the interrelationship of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against
      respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and their respective epitopes, we developed a
      competitive binding assay based on the biotin-avidin system and a tissue culture
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The competitive binding assay clearly
      distinguished between competing and noncompeting MAbs. Eight MAbs against the
      fusion protein (F protein) demonstrated two blocking patterns consistent with two
      antigenic sites. MAbs reacting at one site neutralized the virus, while those
      reacting at the other site did not. Eight MAbs against the large glycoprotein (G
      protein) demonstrated five blocking patterns consistent with three antigenic
      sites, one with three epitopes and the other two with one each. None of the MAbs
      against G protein neutralized the virus. The reaction pattern of the MAbs against
      three strains of RSV identified three additional epitopes on the F protein and no
      additional epitopes on the G protein. The epitopes on G protein showed the
      greatest antigenic diversity among the three strains. These results help us
      better understand the functional and antigenic structure of the two surface
      glycoproteins of RSV.

PMID- 2420820
TI  - Evaluation of the Gen-Probe DNA probe for the detection of legionellae in
      culture.
AB  - A commercial DNA probe kit designed to detect rRNA from legionellae was evaluated
      for its ability to correctly discriminate between legionellae and non-legionellae
      taken from culture plates. The probe kit, made by the Gen-Probe Corp. (San Diego,
      Calif.), was radiolabeled with 125I, and probe bacterial RNA hybridization,
      detected in a simple one-tube system hybridization assay, was quantitated with a
      gamma counter. A total of 156 Legionella sp. strains were tested, of which 125
      were Legionella pneumophila and the remainder were strains from 21 other
      Legionella spp. A total of 106 gram-negative non-legionellae, isolated from human
      respiratory tract (81%) and other body site (19%) specimens, were also tested; 14
      genera and 28 species were represented. The probe easily distinguished all of the
      legionellae from the non-legionellae. The average legionellae/non-legionellae
      hybridization ratio was 42:1, and the lowest ratio was 2:1; a minor modification
      in the procedure increased the lowest ratio to 5:1. In addition to correctly
      identifying all Legionella species, the probe was able to separate some of the
      various species of Legionella. L. pneumophila strains hybridized more completely
      to the probe than did the other Legionella spp.; L. wadsworthii and L.
      oakridgensis hybridized only about 25% of the probe relative to L. pneumophila.
      Some strains of phenotypically identified L. pneumophila had much lower
      hybridization to the probe than other members of the species and may represent a
      new Legionella species. The simplicity of the technique and specificity of the
      probe make it a good candidate for confirming the identity of legionellae in
      culture.

PMID- 2420822
TI  - Micro direct inoculation method for the isolation and identification of Chlamydia
      trachomatis.
AB  - Current standard procedures for the isolation and identification of Chlamydia
      trachomatis are laborious. A more rapid method for the isolation and
      identification of C. trachomatis has been developed. This method features the use
      of a multiwell microplate to which trypsinized McCoy cells and specimens are
      added simultaneously, followed by centrifugation. A simplified one-step iodine
      glycerol staining procedure is used to detect the chlamydial inclusions. The
      requirements of the conventional macro method for preseeding cell monolayers and
      for the use of cumbersome cover slips in glass vials are eliminated. Studies on
      345 clinical specimens showed that the micro method is as sensitive as the
      conventional method but can be performed more conveniently, rapidly, and
      economically.

PMID- 2420821
TI  - Evaluation of cross-reactions in Histoplasma capsulatum serologic tests.
AB  - Cross-reactivity in Histoplasma serologic tests was evaluated by using sera from
      patients with histoplasmosis and other infections. Serum samples from 127 of 134
      (95%) patients with histoplasmosis were judged positive by complement fixation
      tests, and 121 (90%) showed H bands, M bands, or both by immunodiffusion. Of
      these 134 patients, cross-reactions were seen to Blastomyces dermatitidis in 53
      patients (40%), to Coccidioides immitis in 20 patients (16%), and to Aspergillus
      fumigatus in 3 patients (2%) by complement fixation. Serum samples from 5 of 99
      patients (5%) with other fungal infections and from 5 of 46 patients (11%) with
      tuberculosis had M precipitin bands by the Histoplasma immunodiffusion test,
      whereas none of the 123 sera from patients with other bacterial, Mycoplasma, or
      viral infections showed H or M precipitin bands. In the complement fixation test,
      positive reactions were observed in 16 of 90 patients (18%) with other fungal
      infections, in 14 of 41 patients (34%) with tuberculosis, and in 18 of 105
      patients (17%) with other bacterial, Mycoplasma, or viral infections. Positive
      reactions were seen by radioimmunoassay in 54 of 110 patients (49%) with other
      fungal infections, in 23 of 46 patients (50%) with tuberculosis, and in 35 of 123
      patients (28%) with with other bacterial, Mycoplasma, or viral infections. These
      results demonstrate a wider range of cross-reactions in Histoplasma serology than
      has been previously recognized, and the cross-reactivity was greatest when
      observed by radioimmunoassay. Caution should be exercised in the interpretation
      of serologic data from patients with suspected fungal infections.

PMID- 2420823
TI  - Identification and serotyping of Microsporum canis isolates by monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - Hybridoma cells were produced by fusing mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells
      from mice primed with an exoantigen of Microsporum canis. Three clones produced
      antibodies which were examined by the Western blot technique for their potential
      usefulness in the identification of M. canis isolates and differentiation of
      strains within the species. Based on reactions with immunological determinants,
      all of the M. canis isolates tested presented either species- or strain-specific
      domains. Monoclonal antibodies proved to be useful reagents for the
      identification of M. canis isolates and for the differentiation of strains within
      the species. A purified antigen depleted of common antigenic determinants was
      obtained in affinity chromatography by using monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 2420824
TI  - Major outer membrane protein of Legionella pneumophila carries a species-specific
      epitope.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (LP3IIG2) directed against a species-specific epitope of
      Legionella pneumophila is available from Genetic Systems Corp., Seattle, Wash.,
      for use as a diagnostic reagent. Outer membrane protein-rich fractions were
      prepared from L. pneumophila serogroups 1 to 8 by treatment of cell envelopes
      with 2% Triton X-100. Immunoblots of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels
      demonstrated that each membrane fraction contained two bands that reacted with
      LP3IIG2. The monoclonal antibody bound preferentially to a 26,000-molecular
      weight band that appears to result from modification of the 29,000-molecular
      weight major outer membrane protein.

PMID- 2420825
TI  - Analysis of endogenous and exogenous antigens in the nervous system using whole
      animal sections.
AB  - We describe a method which uses protein blots of whole animal sections to map the
      distribution of exogenous and endogenous antigens to specific nuclei and tracts
      within the nervous system (NS). We propose this method as a new approach to
      analysis of the expression of NS gene products during development and to charting
      the course and molecular pathogenesis of infectious and immune disorders of the
      NS.

PMID- 2420826
TI  - Ribose metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis in normal and glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase-deficient human erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - The metabolism of pentose-phosphate was investigated in Plasmodium falciparum
      infected normal and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient human red
      blood cells in vitro. 5'-Phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) content of
      infected normal red blood cells was increased 50-60-fold at the parasite
      trophozoite growth stage over that of uninfected cells. The PRPP increment in
      infected G6PD-deficient cells at comparable stage and parasitemia was only 40% of
      the value in normal infected cells. Red blood cell PRPP synthetase activity did
      not change during the growth cycle of the parasite and was similar in both normal
      and G6PD-deficient cells. Reduced glutathione (GSH) content of G6PD-deficient
      cells under conditions of culture fell to low or undetectable levels. These low
      levels of GSH were shown to inhibit the function of red blood cell PRPP
      synthetase, which requires GSH for full activity. Measurements of the
      incorporation of 1-14C or 6-14C selectively labeled glucose into parasite nucleic
      acids revealed that in normal infected red cells, approximately 20% of the
      pentose was produced via the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate, whereas in
      infected G6PD-deficient cells (Mediterranean type), none of the pentose was
      produced via the oxidative pathway. It is concluded that the low level of reduced
      GSH found in G6PD deficiency and the resultant partial inhibition of PRPP
      synthetase together with the missing oxidative pathway for ribose phosphate
      production can account fully for the reduced parasite growth rate in G6PD
      deficient red blood cells described previously. Of these two mechanisms, the
      predominant one is the impaired PRPP synthetase activity due to low GSH levels in
      enzyme-deficient red blood cells. The contribution to the ribose-phosphate pool
      by the hexose monophosphate shunt is relatively minor. A co-existing oxidative
      stress (which is often hypothesized to mediate the destruction of parasitized red
      blood cells) is not required to explain growth inhibition in this scheme and does
      not represent the most straight-forward explanation of the data described in this
      report.

PMID- 2420827
TI  - Distinct patterns of transmembrane calcium flux and intracellular calcium
      mobilization after differentiation antigen cluster 2 (E rosette receptor) or 3
      (T3) stimulation of human lymphocytes.
AB  - We evaluated CD2 (E rosette) and CD3 (T3)-triggered activation of resting
      lymphocytes by measuring the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i)
      of individual cells. The [Ca2+]i of indo-1-loaded cells was measured by flow
      cytometry and responses were correlated with cell surface phenotype. Stimulation
      with anti-CD3 antibody caused an increase in [Ca2+]i in greater than 90% of CD3+
      cells within 1 min, and furthermore, the response was restricted to cells bearing
      the CD3 marker. In contrast, stimulation of cells with anti-CD2 antibodies
      produced a biphasic response pattern with an early component in CD3- cells and a
      late component in CD3+ cells. Thus, the CD2 response does not require cell
      surface expression of CD3. In addition, stimulation of a single CD2 epitope was
      sufficient for activation of CD3- cells, whereas stimulation of two CD2 epitopes
      was required for activation of CD3+ cells. Both the CD2 and CD3 responses were
      diminished in magnitude and duration by EGTA. However, approximately 50% of T
      cells still had a brief response in the presence of EGTA, indicating that the
      increased [Ca2+]i results in part from intracellular calcium mobilization, and
      furthermore demonstrates that extracellular calcium is required for a full and
      sustained response. Our results support the concept that CD2 represents the
      trigger for a distinct pathway of activation both for T cells that express the
      CD3 molecular complex and for large granular lymphocytes that do not.

PMID- 2420828
TI  - Development of anti-human colonic mucin monoclonal antibodies. Characterization
      of multiple colonic mucin species.
AB  - Structural relationships between colonic mucin species were assessed using a
      library of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against purified human colonic
      mucin (HCM). After immunization of mice with purified mucin from normal human
      colonic mucosa, 14% of 1,920 fusion products screened were positive for anti-HCM
      activity in a solid-phase assay. Patterns of selective binding by hybridomas to
      six discrete HCM species (I-VI) separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography
      suggested the presence of both shared and species-specific antigenic determinants
      among HCM species I-VI. 23 anti-HCMs MAbs (7 IgM, 7 IgG1, and 9 IgG2)
      demonstrating a range of anti-HCM species specificities, were produced and used
      to study structural relationships between mucin species. Binding of various mucin
      species by individual anti-HCM MAbs was shown by competitive solid-phase
      radioimmunoassay to reflect the presence of identical epitopes on the different
      species. Adsorption of HCM species on a variety of affinity resins prepared with
      anti-HCM MAbs demonstrated that binding to multiple mucin species by a single MAb
      was related to intrinsic structural determinants. Four anti-HCM MAbs recognized
      protease-sensitive antigenic structures, which suggests that they may be directed
      to core HCM proteins. 12 of the anti-HCM MAbs were shown by solid-phase assay to
      recognize either complete (n = 5) or partial (n = 7) isolated colonic mucin
      oligosaccharide side chains of defined structure. Collectively, these data show
      the presence of both shared and unique antigenic structural determinants among
      colonic mucin species. Chromatographic heterogeneity of mucin glycoproteins seems
      to be related to the existence of biologically significant subclasses in the
      normal human colon.

PMID- 2420829
TI  - Human colonic goblet cells. Demonstration of distinct subpopulations defined by
      mucin-specific monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - We studied glycoprotein content of human colonic goblet cells, using a library of
      monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against purified human colonic mucin (HCM).
      Using indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), we found that 17 of 23 anti-HCM MAbs
      stained some or all goblet cells of normal human colonic mucosa. We observed a
      variety of cellular staining patterns, including (a) diffuse (homogeneous)
      staining of intracellular mucin, (b) speckled (inhomogeneous) staining of mucin
      droplets, (c) peripheral staining of intracellular droplets, (d) cytoplasmic
      staining of goblet cells, and (e) apical (luminal) surface staining. Staining
      patterns were not associated with particular HCM species. In addition to variable
      patterns of IIF within individual cells, anti-HCM MAbs varied in the proportion
      of goblet cells stained. Some MAbs stained all goblet cells, while others stained
      a limited number of goblet cells. Although each goblet cell contained more than
      one type mucin, HCM species III, and IV and V appeared to exist in mutually
      exclusive goblet cell populations and it was possible to define at least seven
      subpopulations of goblet cells in colonic mucosa by their content of various
      combinations of HCM species. Anti-HCM MAbs stained goblet cells from other sites
      within the gastrointestinal tract to a varying extent. Anti-HCM MAbs also showed
      extensive cross-reactivity with rodent, rabbit, and monkey colonic mucosa.
      However, several anti-HCM MAbs stained only human colonic mucosa. These data show
      that human colonic mucosa contains discrete subpopulations of goblet cells that
      produce distinctive combinations of specific mucin glycoprotein species.

PMID- 2420831
TI  - Academic achievement in elementary school children of alcoholic mothers.
AB  - Elementary school aged children (N = 40) of alcoholic mothers when compared to
      similar children (N = 40) with nonalcoholic mothers scored significantly lower on
      several subtests of an academic achievement test. This result replicated and
      extended previous findings to a middle-class, well-educated population.
      Suggestions are made for future examination of critical antecedent causes and
      covariates within the context of both environmental and cognitive domains.

PMID- 2420830
TI  - Sodium transport by rat cortical collecting tubule. Effects of vasopressin and
      desoxycorticosterone.
AB  - We have used rat cortical collecting tubules perfused in vitro to study the
      effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and desoxycorticosterone (DOCA) on the
      unidirectional fluxes of sodium. We found that in the basal state, lumen-to-bath
      flux (Jlb) and bath-to-lumen flux (Jbl) of 22Na were approximately equal, 39.5 +/
      3.9 and 41.8 +/- 11.0 pmol X min-1 X min-1, respectively, resulting in no net
      flux. Addition of 100 microU/ml ADH to the bath produced a stable increase in Jlb
      to 58.3 +/- 4.7 pmol X min-1 X mm-1. Pretreatment of the animal with DOCA for 4
      to 7 d (20 mg/kg per d) increased baseline Jlb to 81.6 +/- 8.7 pmol X min-1 X mm
      1. Addition of ADH to a tubule from a DOCA-pretreated rat caused an increase in
      Jlb to 144.1 +/- 12.0 pmol X min-1 X mm-1 X Neither hormone had an effect on Jbl
      X Thus ADH produced a greater absolute and fractional increase in Jlb when the
      animal was pretreated with DOCA, and the ADH-induced increase over baseline was
      greater than the DOCA-induced increase. Both the ADH-and DOCA-induced stimulation
      of Jlb were completely abolished by 10(-5) M luminal amiloride, suggesting that
      the route of sodium transport stimulated by both hormones involves apical sodium
      channels. However, ADH and DOCA have very different time courses of action; ADH
      acted within minutes, while aldosterone and DOCA are known to require 90-180 min.
      The facilitating action of ADH on DOCA-induced stimulation of sodium transport
      may be important for maximal sodium reabsorption and for the ability to achieve a
      maximally concentrated urine.

PMID- 2420832
TI  - Lamina propria mast cells in biopsies from children with Crohn's disease.
AB  - Biopsies from actively inflamed areas of terminal ileum or colon in children with
      Crohn's disease were examined both for lamina propria mast cell density and
      histamine content. These were reduced in comparison with those of normal
      controls. The release of histamine from biopsies of inflamed tissue did not
      differ greatly from that of normal tissue, either spontaneously or after
      receiving an antihuman IgE challenge.

PMID- 2420833
TI  - Poorly differentiated squamous carcinoma of the bronchus: a light and electron
      microscopic study.
AB  - As there is little published information on the ultrastructure of poorly
      differentiated squamous carcinoma of the bronchus 18 examples of this tumour were
      studied. On light microscopy 10 of the tumours contained foci of keratinisation
      or intercellular bridges and therefore fulfilled the World Health Organisation's
      diagnostic criteria. In eight these features were absent, but the overall
      appearance was sufficiently squamoid to preclude their placement in any other
      category. On electron microscopy many cells showed the characteristic desmosomes
      and tonofilament of of squamous carcinoma, but there were also areas of
      adenodifferentiation. The ultrastructure of both light microscopic groups was
      identical. In conclusion, this type of tumour is dimorphic with characteristics
      of adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma on electron microscopy. Keratinisation
      and bridges are not essential diagnostic criteria: the overall pattern and
      cellular morphology are more important.

PMID- 2420835
TI  - Making poster demonstrations with word processors.

PMID- 2420834
TI  - Antigenic specificity of serological response in Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis
      detected by immunoblotting.
AB  - Sera from 19 patients with Chlamydia trachomatis culture positive non-gonococcal
      urethritis were studied for the presence of antibodies to chlamydial proteins by
      immunoblotting. Ten C trachomatis negative patients with non-gonococcal
      urethritis and 10 healthy controls were also studied. Acute phase sera from C
      trachomatis positive patients with non-gonococcal urethritis reacted only with
      the major outer membrane protein whereas all the convalescent phase serum samples
      reacted with the major outer membrane protein and with a 60,000 and a 62,000
      molecular weight protein. Some sera also reacted with a 45,000 molecular weight
      protein. Five of 10 convalescent phase samples from patients with C trachomatis
      negative non-gonococcal urethritis showed a reaction pattern comparable with that
      observed in convalescent sera from C trachomatis from C trachomatis positive
      patients with non-gonococcal urethritis. Sera from healthy seronegative subjects
      were negative by blotting.

PMID- 2420836
TI  - The organization of prefrontocaudate projections and their laminar origin in the
      macaque monkey: a retrograde study using HRP-gel.
AB  - The organization of the prefrontocaudate connection in the macaque monkey was
      studied with a polyacrylamide gel of horseradish peroxidase that was injected,
      after callosotomy, into the head of the caudate nucleus. Tissues were processed
      for peroxidase activity with tetramethylbenzidine. Retrogradely labeled cells
      appeared bilaterally in the prefrontal cortex, and ipsilaterally in the premotor
      area, frontal operculum, insula, and rostral region of the temporal cortex. In
      the prefrontal cortex, labeled cells were located in cortical layers 2-6. In
      layer 2, labeled cells were occasionally seen. In layer 3, a considerable number
      of labeled cells were seen and were mainly distributed in its lower part. They
      were pyramidal cells. Layer 4 contained a considerable number of labeled cells
      that were pyramidal or round. Somal sizes of these labeled cells were from 5 to
      15 micron, but none of the cells less than 5 micron were labeled. Layer 5 was
      densely packed with labeled cells, though at a higher density in its upper part
      (5a). They were pyramidal cells. In layer 6, pyramidal or fusiform cells were
      labeled at a lower density than in layer 5. The laminar pattern and density of
      labeled cells were different among various regions of the prefrontal cortex, but,
      in general, the supragranular labeling tended to frequently occur in the regions
      containing the numerous labeled cells. There was a topographical relationship
      between the prefrontal regions containing the majority of labeled cells and the
      injection sites in the head of the caudate nucleus: the medial orbitofrontal
      cortex and the medial surface extending downward from the rostral sulcus project
      ipsilaterally to the medialmost portion of the ventromedial part of the head of
      the nucleus, the lateral orbitofrontal cortex projects to the ventromedial part
      of the head of the nucleus, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ventral to the
      principal sulcus projects to the central part of the head of the nucleus. Our
      findings in the macaque monkey indicate that the corticocaudate connection is
      similar in laminar organization of efferent neurons to the corticocortical
      connections.

PMID- 2420837
TI  - Morphological evidence for the existence of multiple neuronal classes in the cat
      lateral superior olivary nucleus.
AB  - This study characterizes morphologically the neurons residing within the matrix
      of the cat lateral superior olive (LSO), excluding the hili and myelinated axon
      envelope. Several light microscopic techniques including Golgi impregnations,
      Nissl stains, and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry were used, as well as
      electron microscopy. Five distinct classes of neurons have been identified:
      principal neurons, multiplanar neurons, marginal neurons, small neurons, and
      class 5 neurons. These neuronal classes differ in regard to their size and shape,
      dendritic organization, perikaryal synaptic density, and their relative numbers.
      Principal neurons compose approximately three-quarters of the LSO neurons. They
      are multipolar and uniplanar in their dendritic arborization, radiating from the
      hili in rostrocaudal planes perpendicular to the curvatures of the LSO. In
      transverse sections the principal cell perikarya are fusiform and bipolar, with
      mean dimensions of 23 X 11 microns. More than 60% of the surface of these cells
      is contacted by synaptic terminals. Multiplanar neurons (averaging 23 X 19
      microns) compose only 11% of the LSO neuronal population. Their dendritic
      arborization is not restricted to any particular plane, and their somal surface
      receives synaptic contacts similar, in number and type, to principal cells.
      Marginal neurons, although they are similar to principal neurons in shape and
      dendritic arborization, differ in that they are generally smaller (averaging 20 X
      10.5 microns). They also possess fewer axosomatic synaptic contacts
      (approximately 33%), are oriented perpendicularly to principal neurons, are
      limited in distribution to the contours of the LSO immediately beneath the
      myelinated axon envelope, and constitute only 4% of the neuronal population.
      Small neurons (mean dimensions = 9 X 8 micron) compose 8% of the LSO neurons.
      They possess a multiplanar array of primary dendrites and have nuclei with
      multiple deep infoldings. Small neurons have the fewest axosomatic synaptic
      contacts of all classes of LSO neurons (approximately 10%). Additionally, there
      are neurons that are similar to principal neurons, but receive fewer axosomatic
      contacts (approximately 33%). These cells have been tentatively identified as
      class 5 neurons until more information on this type allows for the assignment of
      a more descriptive name. A number of acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons are
      also found within the LSO, whose relationship to the other classes of neurons is
      presently unresolved. Possible functions of the multiple neuronal types are
      discussed.

PMID- 2420838
TI  - Localization of cytochrome oxidase in the mammalian spinal cord and dorsal root
      ganglia, with quantitative analysis of ventral horn cells in monkeys.
AB  - The spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of mice, rats, cats, squirrel monkeys,
      and macaque monkeys were examined at both the light and electron microscopic
      levels for cytochrome oxidase activity. A similar histochemical pattern prevailed
      in all of the species examined. While the spinal gray exhibited a heterogeneous
      but consistent distribution of the enzyme, the white matter was only lightly
      stained. Highly reactive neurons were either singly scattered or aggregated into
      discrete clusters. The dorsal nucleus of Clarke, the lateral cervical nucleus
      (cat), the intermediolateral cell columns of the thoracic and upper lumbar
      levels, and selected groups of ventral horn neurons formed moderate to darkly
      reactive cell clusters, whereas fusiform and multipolar cells of Waldeyer in the
      marginal layer, small fusiform neurons in the ventral gray, funicular cells in
      the white matter, and ventral horn neurons of varying sizes tended to stand out
      against the neuropil as singly reactive neurons. At the electron microscopic
      level, reactive neurons were characterized by a greater packing density of darkly
      reactive mitochondria, while lightly reactive ones had fewer mitochondria, most
      of which showed very little reaction product. Reactive mitochondria were also
      found in the neuropil, mainly in dendritic profiles and some axon terminals.
      Glial cells, in general, were not very reactive. Ventral horn neurons from three
      macaque monkeys were measured for somatic areas and optical densities of
      cytochrome oxidase reaction product. A total of 1,770 neurons from representative
      sections of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral cords of these animals
      were analyzed. The results indicated that the distribution of cell sizes as well
      as optical densities at every level of the cord fell on a continuum. Analysis of
      the regression coefficients revealed that the slopes were negative for all
      levels, indicating that there was a general inverse relationship between cell
      size and optical densities. However, there were representations of dark,
      moderate, and lightly reactive neurons in all three size categories (large,
      medium, and small). Thus, the level of oxidative metabolism of ventral horn
      neurons cannot be correlated strictly with size, but it is likely to reflect
      their total synaptic and spontaneous activities. Neurons of the dorsal root
      ganglia likewise exhibited heterogeneous distribution of cell sizes and levels of
      enzyme reactivity, while satellite cells, in general, were only lightly reactive.
      As in the case of the ventral horn, representatives of dark, moderate, and light
      levels of reactivity occurred in every size category of neurons.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2420839
TI  - Relationship of ocular pigmentation to the boundaries of dorsal and ventral
      retina in a nonmammalian vertebrate.
AB  - The goldfish eye and retina are partitioned traditionally into dorsal and ventral
      sectors by a horizontal meridian that passes through the optic disc and is
      perpendicular to a vertical meridian that extends from the remnant of the choroid
      fissure through the optic disc. Axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) situated
      above the horizontal meridian are thought to reach the optic tectum via the
      ventrolateral optic tract and axons of RGCs situated below the horizontal
      meridian are thought to reach the optic tectum via the dorsomedial optic tract.
      When cobaltous-lysine was applied to small temporal retinal slits that were
      centered on the traditional horizontal meridian, filled fibers were found in the
      dorsomedial, but not in the ventrolateral, optic tract (Springer and Mednick,
      '83). Since cobalt-filled axons should have been found in both optic tracts, the
      traditional horizontal meridian does not indicate the actual boundary between
      dorsal and ventral retina. We report here that the goldfish iris contains nasal
      and temporal pigmentation lines (darts) that are each located approximately 21
      degrees above the traditional horizontal retinal meridian. Cobalt applied to
      retinal slits located just above the darts filled RGC axons in the ventrolateral
      optic tract and cobalt applied to retinal slits just below the darts filled RGC
      axons in the dorsomedial optic tract. Converging evidence for the reliability of
      the darts as indicators of the boundary between dorsal and ventral retina was
      obtained by applying cobalt to severed RGC axons along the dorsomedial edge of
      the tectum. Cobalt-filled RGCs were found below the nasal dart.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2420840
TI  - Laminar and cellular localization of cytochrome oxidase in the cat striate
      cortex.
AB  - Cytochrome oxidase (C.O.) was histochemically localized in the cat striate cortex
      at the light and electron microscopic levels. The results indicate that the
      oxidative metabolic activity within the cat striate cortex may vary between (1)
      different laminae, (2) neurons and glia, (3) different neuron types, (4) dendrite
      and soma of the same cell, (5) different types of dendrites, (6) different
      segments of the same dendrite, and (7) different classes of symmetric and
      asymmetric axon terminals. Maximal laminar C.O. staining was localized within
      geniculoreceptive layer IV. Darkly reactive neurons include the large (presumed
      corticotectal) pyramids of layer V, and various classes of large and medium-sized
      presumed GABAergic nonpyramidal cells sparsely distributed throughout layers II
      VI. The small and medium-sized pyramids of layers II, III, V, and VI, as well as
      many of the smaller presumed GABAergic neurons, were only lightly or moderately
      reactive. The darkly reactive neurons tended to be those that received convergent
      or proximally localized asymmetric axosomatic synapses, implying that they are
      strongly driven by excitatory synaptic input. The darkly reactive nonpyramids
      resembled those that form GAD+, symmetric axosomatic synapses with pyramidal
      cells. The dark reactivity of the symmetric synaptic terminals indicates that
      they mediate strong inhibition of neuronal discharge. The dark reactivity of a
      class of large asymmetric terminals in layer IV is likely to represent highly
      active geniculocortical terminals. The predominant distribution of elevated C.O.
      reactivity in dendrites is correlated with reported sites of (1) convergent
      excitatory synaptic input, (2) maximal field potentials, (3) highly active ion
      transport, and (4) Na+, K+-ATPase.

PMID- 2420841
TI  - Origin of mammalian thalamocortical projections. I. Telencephalic projections of
      the medial geniculate body in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana).
AB  - Telencephalic projections from the medial geniculate nucleus (MG) in opossum were
      traced with tritiated leucine autoradiography and by horseradish peroxidase and
      fluorescent dye retrograde labeling techniques. The results show that the
      opossum's MG contains two separate populations of neurons-one in the anterior two
      thirds of MG projecting to auditory neocortex, the other occupying the entire
      caudal one-third of MG and projecting mostly to lateral amygdala and putamen.
      Because the subcortical projection of the MG in opossum is larger than that seen
      in any other mammal to date, it is reminiscent of the subcortical projections of
      the MG in reptiles and birds. Furthermore, when the subcortical projections of
      the MG in reptiles and opossums are compared with similar subcortical projections
      of the MG in rats, cats, and monkeys, the proportion of the MG neurons projecting
      to subcortical structures is seen to be inversely related to the recency of each
      animal's common ancestry with primates. The possibility that the subcortical
      projection of the MG in mammals is homologous with that seen in reptiles or birds
      implies that it might be a dwindling vestige of the projection present in the
      common ancestry of reptiles and mammals.

PMID- 2420842
TI  - Sprouting of serotoninergic afferents into striatum after dopamine-depleting
      lesions in infant rats: a retrograde transport and immunocytochemical study.
AB  - Intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine in 3-day-old rats resulted in
      the near-total loss of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive processes in the
      striatum when examined 2-6 months later. This destruction of dopamine (DA)
      afferents was accompanied by an increase in the density of serotonin (5-HT)
      immunoreactive fibers in the striatum. The hyperinnervation was most striking in
      the rostral striatum, an area containing few 5-HT-immunoreactive fibers in
      control rats. Retrograde tracing, with either horse-radish peroxidase or
      rhodamine-labelled microspheres, indicated a significant increase in the number
      of neurons projecting to the rostral striatum from the dorsal raphe nucleus of
      lesioned animals. The increase was largely confined to the rostral extent of the
      dorsal raphe, and overlapped the distribution of cells labelled after injections
      of HRP into caudal striatum of control and lesioned animals. In sections
      additionally processed for immunocytochemistry, 80-90% of retrogradely labelled
      raphe neurons in both groups of animals were found to be 5-HT-immunoreactive.
      None of changes encountered in infant-lesioned rats were observed 2-4 weeks after
      6-HDA was given to adult animals. These findings demonstrate that removal of DA
      afferents during development leads to an enlargement of the serotoninergic
      projection from the raphe nucleus to the striatum.

PMID- 2420843
TI  - A Golgi and ultrastructural analysis of the centromedian nucleus of the cat.
AB  - The morphology of neurons in the centromedian nucleus (CM) was studied in rapid
      Golgi preparations of the adult cat. The ultrastructure of the nucleus,
      particularly its synaptic organization, was also studied with electron
      microscopy. The CM contains three types of neurons referred to as principal
      neurons, Golgi type II neurons, and bushy neurons. Principal neurons are the most
      numerous, have long dendrites, which branch infrequently, and are divided into
      two subgroups: principal-A neurons with dendrites that arborize radially, whereas
      principal-B neurons display horizontal orientations. Both subgroups show a
      frontal orientation in their dendritic organization and give rise to myelinated
      axons. Golgi type II neurons with their characteristic sinuous dendrites and
      unmyelinated axons are thought to be interneurons. The occurrence of bushy
      neurons in the cat's CM is a new finding. These bushy neurons resemble those of
      thalamic specific relay nuclei and give rise to myelinated axons. In addition to
      these three cell types, neurons with intermediate features between these three
      neuronal types are also described. The ultrastructure of CM neurons resembles, in
      general, typical central nervous system neurons. Presynaptic profiles are
      classified into four main categories. SR (small round) boutons are small in size,
      contain clear, round vesicles, and form asymmetrical synaptic contacts with
      predominantly small-diameter dendrites. LR (large round) boutons are relatively
      large and contain both clear and dense-cored vesicles. They interdigitate and
      form multiple, moderately asymmetrical synapses with their postsynaptic targets.
      Pale profiles are identified by their relatively electron-light appearance. They
      contain round vesicles and are thought to be dendritic in origin. The last
      category of presynaptic profiles is pleomorphic boutons. They contain vesicles of
      different shapes and are further subdivided into two subtypes: pleomorphic-I ends
      on soma and dendritic trunks, whereas pleomorphic-II contacts small-diameter
      dendrites. Both subtypes form symmetrical synapses. The glomeruli of specific
      thalamic relay nuclei generally contain dendrites, LR boutons, and pale profiles.
      In addition to these, pleomorphic-II boutons also participate in the formation of
      the glomerulus of the cat's CM.

PMID- 2420844
TI  - Biochemical and morphological correlates of transmitter type in C2, an identified
      histaminergic neuron in Aplysia.
AB  - There is compelling evidence that histamine serves as a neurotransmitter in C2, a
      pair of symmetrical neurons in the cerebral ganglion of Aplysia californica.
      These cells had previously been shown to contain high concentrations both of
      histamine and of its biosynthetic enzyme, histidine decarboxylase; in addition,
      3H-histamine injected intrasomatically was found to move along C2's axons by fast
      transport. Furthermore, several actions of C2 on identified follower cells were
      simulated by the application of histamine. We have now characterized this
      identified neuron further. C2 converts 3H-histidine to histamine: 16% of the
      labeled precursor was converted to histamine 1 hour after intrasomatic injection.
      Synthesis of 3H-histamine is specific, since no conversion occurred after
      injection of other identified Aplysia neurons that are known to use other
      neurotransmitter substances. We also examined the fine structure of C2's cell
      body, axons, and axon terminals within the cerebral ganglion and in the nerves
      that carry its three peripheral branches, identified after injection of Lucifer
      Yellow, 3H-histamine, or horseradish peroxidase. Characteristic dense-core
      vesicles are present in all regions of the neuron, and are labeled after
      intrasomatic injection of 3H-histamine. These 100-nm vesicles together with 60-nm
      electron-lucent vesicles fill the varicose extensions of C2's neurites that are
      widely distributed within the ganglion, but only the smaller vesicles cluster at
      the membrane specializations presumed to be active zones that make contact with
      many neurons. The widespread distribution of axon terminals and varicosities is
      consistent with the idea that C2 is modulatory in function; 3H-histamine is taken
      up selectively by the cell body and axons of C2 and of several other putative
      histaminergic neurons in a Na+ -dependent manner. Characterization of these
      biochemical and morphological features of C2 adds to the large amount of
      information already available to make this identified cell a standard for
      identifying other neurons that use histamine as a transmitter.

PMID- 2420845
TI  - Toluidine blue stain for atypical cells.

PMID- 2420846
TI  - Flagellate pigmentation from bleomycin.

PMID- 2420847
TI  - Chlorpromazine inhibition of muscarinic-cholinergic responses in the rat parotid
      gland.
AB  - The ability of chlorpromazine (CPZ) to inhibit muscarinic-cholinergic secretory
      events was studied in vitro in rat parotid acinar cells. CPZ inhibited carbachol
      induced amylase release in a dose-dependent fashion but had no effect on that
      elicited by isoproterenol. The inhibition of parotid protein synthesis induced by
      carbachol, but not that induced by A23187, was blocked by CPZ. CPZ exhibited a
      dose-dependent inhibition of [3H] quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding to
      muscarinic receptors, and altered the KD of the receptor for the ligand. These
      results are consistent with an ability of CPZ to inhibit muscarinic-cholinergic
      induced salivary secretion by complex interference with receptor binding. In
      addition, CPZ may block parotid-muscarinic responses by impeding a post-receptor
      signaling step which is proximal to Ca2+ mobilization.

PMID- 2420848
TI  - Use of computed tomography in the preoperative evaluation of patients with head
      and neck tumors.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) is a sensitive, noninvasive radiographic technique which
      can produce detailed cross-sectional images of any anatomic region. The amount
      and accuracy of the information it provides far exceeds that produced by
      conventional radiographic techniques. The chemosurgeon can find CT scanning
      invaluable in his preoperative evaluation of patients with large, invasive head
      and neck tumors of cutaneous origin.

PMID- 2420849
TI  - Recurrent adenoid cystic carcinoma of the skin managed by microscopically
      controlled surgery (Mohs surgery).
AB  - A patient with recurrent adenoid cystic carcinoma of the skin managed by Mohs
      surgery is reported. The histopathologic features and differential diagnosis of
      this tumor are reviewed. Mohs surgery appears to be an ideal way to manage this
      neoplasm since recurrences after routine excision are common and metastases are
      uncommon.

PMID- 2420850
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of anionic sites in the rat skin demonstrated with
      cationic probes.

PMID- 2420851
TI  - Anti-IgE antibodies in human serum.

PMID- 2420852
TI  - Studies on bronchial hyperreactivity, allergic responsiveness, and asthma in
      rural and urban children of the highlands of Papua New Guinea.
AB  - The prevalence of asthma and allergic responsiveness in rural and urban children
      of the highlands of Papua New Guinea was studied. Bronchial provocation studies
      with histamine demonstrated significant bronchial hyperreactivity in 0.5% (1 in
      195) rural and 1.7% (1 in 59) urban children, rates which were significantly
      lower than those observed in corresponding adult populations (7%). Urban children
      demonstrated a higher incidence of skin test reactivity toward Dermatophagoides
      pteronyssinus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and dog dander than did the rural children.
      However, there were no significant differences between these populations with
      regard to total serum IgE levels, the degree of parasitism as judged by stool
      examination, or allergic responses to Ascaris suum, plantain, and coffee bean
      husk. A more detailed study demonstrated age- and sex-related differences in
      total IgE and mite-specific RAST scores in the rural but not the urban
      population. These data suggest an active suppression of the capacity of children
      to mount an IgE response to environmental allergens such as the mite manifesting
      itself as low asthma prevalence. The data also indicate that, although the
      underlying defect of bronchial hyperreactivity in asthma may be genetically
      inherited, it is not revealed until the lung has received an allergen-induced
      inflammatory insult.

PMID- 2420853
TI  - Adjuvant activity of diesel-exhaust particulates for the production of IgE
      antibody in mice.
AB  - The prevalence rate of allergic rhinitis caused by pollen has strikingly
      increased in Japan in the last three decades. The number of diesel cars in use
      has also rapidly increased in the country. This fact urged us to study the
      effects of particulates emitted from diesel cars on the production of IgE
      antibody. The primary IgE antibody responses in mice immunized with
      intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (OA) mixed with diesel-exhaust
      particulates (DEP) were higher than those in the animals immunized with OA alone.
      This effect of DEP on the production of IgE antibody in mice was also
      demonstrated when mice were immunized with repeated injections of
      dinitrophenylated-OA. In addition, persistent IgE-antibody response to major
      allergen of Japanese cedar pollen (JCPA), a most common pollen causing allergic
      rhinitis in Japan, was observed in mice immunized with JCPA mixed with DEP but
      not in the animals immunized with JCPA alone. The results do indicate that the
      adjuvant activity of DEP can not be excluded as a possible cause of the
      associated change in the number of diesel cars and allergic rhinitis caused by
      pollen in Japan.

PMID- 2420854
TI  - Human antibodies to the antineoplastic drug elliptinium: characterization and
      structure-activity relationships.
AB  - Immune-mediated hemolytic disease is a phenomenon rarely encountered with cancer
      chemotherapeutic agents. Elliptinium, a tetracyclic ammonium compound used in
      breast and kidney cancer, can induce antibodies that may result in clinical
      hemolysis. This study reports the characterization of the elliptinium haptenic
      determinant by use of two different methodologies: a hemagglutination test and a
      radioimmunoassay. Binding of 12 analogues or derivatives of elliptinium was also
      studied. Good correlation between the two methods was obtained, indicating that
      the determinant is most likely located on the quaternary ammonium-containing
      ring. Furthermore, the hydrophilicity of the drug appears to be an important
      factor in the antibody reaction. The mechanism of the binding of elliptinium to
      its antibodies is discussed.

PMID- 2420855
TI  - Gordon's first law.

PMID- 2420856
TI  - A correlation of induced mixed-function oxidase specific activity to C-H bond
      strengths in partially chlorinated monocyclic hydrocarbons.
AB  - The nature of structure-function relationships between the mixed-function oxidase
      (MFO) system and certain chemically related xenobiotics has been studied. The
      total hepatic induction index has been modified and used to investigate whether
      the induction of hepatic MFO is primarily a response to molecular shape
      (entropic) or to the strength of specific carbon-hydrogen bond strength
      (enthalpic). Using both Sprague-Dawley male rats and ring doves (Streptopelia
      risoria) and testing with benzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, cyclohexane and gamma
      1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane as both inducers and substrates, a response of
      the MFO system to substrate C-H bond strength has been found.

PMID- 2420857
TI  - Effect of ascorbic acid on humoral and other factors of immunity in coal-tar
      exposed workers.
AB  - A group of 30 coal-tar workers was treated with 1 g of ascorbic acid (AA) orally
      five times a week for 3 months. The effect of this treatment was assessed on
      serum IgG, IgM, IgA, alpha 1-antitrypsin, prealbumin, orosomucoid, transferrin,
      alpha 2-macroglobulin, C-reactive protein, ceruloplasmin, the latex fixation test
      and cancer serum index (CSI). After 3 months treatment the concentration of AA in
      the blood increased from 9.52 to 60.75 mumol l-1 (i.e. from 0.15 to 1.07 mg 100
      ml-1), prealbumin increased from 0.37 +/- 0.08 g l-1 to 0.48 +/- 0.08 g l-1 (P
      less than 0.01), CSI decreased from 2.28 +/- 0.88 to 1.76 +/- 0.50 (P less than
      0.01) and alpha 2-macro-globulin decreased from 3.40 +/- 0.95 to 2.06 +/- 0.39 g
      l-1 (P less than 0.01). These findings, together with reports that AA is a strong
      stimulator of xenobiotics biotransformation in the liver, support the use of AA
      as a prophylactic agent for coal-tar exposed workers.

PMID- 2420858
TI  - Histochemical studies of the adrenergic innervation of canine cerebral arteries.
AB  - The glyoxylic acid method was used to examine the adrenergic innervation of the
      major cerebral arteries of the circle of Willis in dogs. Fluorescent nerve fibers
      were observed in whole-mount preparations of the part of the internal carotid
      artery lying in the cavernosus sinus, the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral
      arteries, the posterior communicating artery and the basilar artery. Adrenergic
      nerve fibers were most abundant in the proximal portions of the anterior, middle
      and posterior cerebral arteries as well as in the posterior communicating artery.
      The distal smaller arteries were less densely innervated than larger ones. The
      basilar artery contained a moderate number of fluorescent fibers while the
      internal carotid artery lying in the cavernosus sinus had a very sparse
      innervation. The peak wavelengths of the excitation and emission spectra of the
      fluorescence were analyzed by means of a microepifluorescence spectrophotometer
      and were about 415 and 465 nm, respectively. These values suggest that the
      fluorescent fibers are adrenergic ones containing norepinephrine.

PMID- 2420859
TI  - Primary sensory afferents in the inferior mesenteric ganglion and related nerves
      of the guinea pig. An experimental study with anterogradely transported wheat
      germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate.
AB  - Peripheral visceral afferents in the guinea pig were labeled by injections of
      wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) into the L2 and
      L3 dorsal root ganglia bilaterally. After anterograde transport of the tracer the
      following areas were examined for the presence of HRP-labeled fibers: the
      inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG), the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) with
      surrounding tissue, the hypogastric nerves, parts of the descending and sigmoid
      colon as well as the urinary bladder. Large numbers of heavily labeled fibers
      were found in the IMG, in the colonic nerves around the IMA and in the
      hypogastric nerves. In the IMG, profiles suggestive of being labeled axon
      terminals were observed. Labeled fibers were observed in the muscle layers of the
      colon and in the bladder wall. The results show that anterograde tracing with WGA
      HRP can be used successfully in analyzing the morphology and structural
      organization of visceral afferents in the periphery.

PMID- 2420860
TI  - Innervation of guinea pig heart by neurons sensitive to capsaicin.
AB  - To determine the origin of non-vagal afferent fibers innervating the heart of
      guinea pigs, capsaicin was injected into the ventricular myocardium to induce
      depletion of substance P (SP). The lower cervical, upper thoracic and lumbar
      spinal ganglia, as well as the left atrium and base of ventricles, were assayed
      for SP depletion by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and
      immunohistochemical procedures. Capsaicin affected spinal ganglia from the 3
      regions differently. The substance P level in lumbar spinal ganglia remained
      fairly constant, while the level of SP from cervical and thoracic regions
      declined significantly. At the maximal depletion dosage (173 micrograms of
      capsaicin/kg), SP concentration decreased 72.3% in cervical spinal ganglia, 45.5%
      in thoracic ganglia and 56.1% in the atrium. The lack of SP depletion in lumbar
      ganglia indicates that capsaicin acted locally on cardiac afferents rather than
      systemically. Data from this study suggest that capsaicin-sensitive neurons of
      the heart have cell bodies in the lower cervical spinal ganglia as well as in the
      upper thoracic spinal ganglia.

PMID- 2420861
TI  - Response of splanchnic-driven neurons to substance P and eledoisin-related
      peptide.
AB  - The effects of iontophoretically applied substance P (SP) and eledoisin-related
      peptide (ERP) on the extracellularly recorded activity of spontaneous or D,L
      homocysteic acid (DLH)-driven thoracic (T7-T8) spinal neurons, identified by
      orthodromic activation by the greater splanchnic nerve, were examined in
      chloralose/urethane anesthetized cats. Of 24 neurons tested, SP and/or ERP (18
      120 nA) produced a weak (ca 30%) excitatory effect on 5 neurons, a weak
      inhibitory effect on 9 neurons, and no effect on the remaining neurons. When
      compared to the action of either DLH or GABA, we found both the excitatory and
      inhibitory effects of SP and/or ERP were delayed and prolonged. These data do not
      support a role for SP as a major neurotransmitter in spinal circuits in which
      visceral (splanchnic) afferents participate.

PMID- 2420862
TI  - Peripheral nerve grafts: the relationship of axonal growth cone and biomechanical
      properties.
AB  - Cat sciatic nerves containing 2 and 4 cm nerve grafts were subjected to tensile
      testing with the finding that a significant decrease in force at failure occurs
      at the distal suture line at a time after surgery that is graft length dependent.
      Tritiated labeling of regenerating axons and qualitative electromyography
      demonstrated that this effect was unrelated to the leading edge of the axonal
      growth cone, but temporally related to the functional reinnervation of denervated
      muscle.

PMID- 2420863
TI  - Effects of dietary sodium deprivation on erythrocyte sodium concentration and
      cation transport in normotensive and untreated hypertensive subjects.
AB  - There is controversy about the effects of dietary sodium deprivation on cellular
      cation transport. Using washed erythrocytes for in vitro 22Na and 86Rb uptake
      studies, we studied the effects of a strict low-salt diet (20 mmol/day) for 4
      days in 14 normotensive and 13 hypertensive subjects. Urinary sodium excretion
      fell from 147 +/- 13 to 18 +/- 3 mmol/24 h in the normotensive group and from 155
      +/- 16 to 20 +/- 2 mmol/24 h in the hypertensive group. In both groups, there was
      a fall in plasma sodium concentration and activation of the renin-aldosterone
      axis. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures fell in the hypertensive, but
      not the normotensive group. There were small but significant (P less than 0.025)
      decreases in cell cation concentrations and passive cation transport in the
      normotensive, but not the hypertensive group. No significant change in sodium
      pump activity or in Na+K+ cotransport was seen in either group. These
      observations provide no support for the concept that a decrease in dietary sodium
      intake can induce changes in cell cation transport, detectable in vitro, to which
      reduction in blood pressure may be attributed.

PMID- 2420864
TI  - In vivo erythrocyte sodium concentration in human hypertension is reduced, not
      increased.
AB  - The level of intracellular sodium concentration in hypertension is of theoretical
      interest. Using extensive in vitro manipulations, previous investigators have
      reported increased erythrocyte sodium content in human hypertension. In the
      present study, erythrocyte sodium (Nai) and potassium (Ki) concentrations were
      measured within seconds after venopuncture by centrifuging whole blood over oil
      to separate the erythrocytes from plasma. Labelled 125I-albumin and 57Co-EDTA
      were used to estimate plasma trapping. The presence of white cells and platelets
      in the cell pellets had no detectable effect on erythrocyte cation measurements.
      Twenty-eight white male hypertensives and 25 normotensive control subjects were
      studied. In hypertensive subjects, Nai was reduced and Ki was increased.
      Erythrocyte sodium and sodium: potassium ratio (Nai:Ki) of hypertensive subjects
      correlated inversely with their pressor responses to intravenous norepinephrine.
      The findings suggest increased erythrocyte Na, K-pump activity in human
      hypertension. Assuming that erythrocyte cation concentrations reflect those of
      vascular muscle, enhanced transmembrane sodium gradient does not preclude pressor
      hyper-responsiveness in hypertension.

PMID- 2420865
TI  - Studies on the induction of tolerance to alloantigens. II. The generation of
      serum factor(s) able to transfer alloantigen-specific tolerance for delayed-type
      hypersensitivity by portal venous inoculation with allogeneic cells.
AB  - The administration of C3H/He spleen cells into allogeneic BALB/c mice via portal
      venous (p.v.) route resulted in C3H/He alloantigen-specific tolerance for delayed
      type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. When serum from these tolerant BALB/c mice
      were transferred into naive syngeneic BALB/c mice, the recipient mice lost the
      capability of generating DTH responses as induced by s.c. immunization with
      C3H/He cells. Tolerance was transferred only by serum from BALB/c mice inoculated
      p.v. with C3H/He cells, but not by serum from C3H/He mice inoculated p.v. with
      C3H/He cells, or BALB/c mice inoculated i.v. with C3H/He cells. This tolerogenic
      activity in serum from p.v. inoculated BALB/c mice was C3H/He alloantigen
      specific, because the transfer of the serum did not interfere with the
      development of anti-C57BL/6 DTH responses in recipient BALB/c mice. Such a serum
      factor(s) was inducible as early as 1 wk after the inoculation of C3H/He cells
      into BALB/c mice and not associated with anti-C3H/He alloantibody activity.
      Moreover, anti-C3H/He or C57BL/6-specific tolerogenic factor(s) prepared in the
      respective BALB/c or C3H/He mice was successfully transferred into totally
      allogeneic recipient mice, indicating no requirement of H-2, as well as non-H-2
      restriction for the function of serum tolerogenic factor(s). Thus this study
      demonstrates that p.v. inoculation of allogeneic cells generates serum factor(s)
      able to transfer in H-2 and non-H-2-unrestricted manners the in vivo tolerance of
      the alloreactivity specific for alloantigens used for p.v. inoculation.

PMID- 2420866
TI  - Simultaneous cell cycle analysis and two-color surface immunofluorescence using 7
      amino-actinomycin D and single laser excitation: applications to study of cell
      activation and the cell cycle of murine Ly-1 B cells.
AB  - The DNA-binding, fluorescent dye 7-amino-actinomycin D (7AAD) is efficiently
      excited by the 488 nm laser line commonly used in flow cytometry, but yields
      fluorescence emission further into the red spectrum than alternative DNA-specific
      fluorochromes. In this report, we show that the spectral properties of 7AAD allow
      single-laser analysis of DNA content and cell cycle simultaneously with two cell
      surface markers labeled with fluorescein (green)-and phycoerythrin (orange)
      conjugated antibodies. The use of 7AAD makes three-color analysis practical and
      feasible, using the most widely available flow cytometric instruments. The power
      of this technique was demonstrated in two systems. Staining of human peripheral
      blood lymphocytes (PBL) with 7AAD was demonstrated to be dependent on cell
      activation and chromatin conformation; PHA-stimulated cells which have become
      activated and express IL 2 receptors had greater 7AAD fluorescence than
      nonactivated, IL 2 receptor-negative cells. Cell cycle analysis of mouse
      splenocytes stained with fluorescent antibodies to IgM and to Ly-1 demonstrated
      that the proportion of S and G2 phase cells in native spleen varies strongly
      among the subsets of cells identified with these markers. Of particular interest
      was the striking finding that the Ly-1+/IgM+ subset (Ly-1 B cells) is greatly
      enriched for cells in the S phase fraction. This is important because Ly-1 B
      cells have been associated with the production of autoantibodies, and is
      consistent with reports that these cells have a lymphoblastoid or a plasmablast
      morphology. We hypothesize that Ly-1 B cells may belong to a subset of in vivo
      activated cells which are either rapidly proliferating or are arrested in S
      phase.

PMID- 2420867
TI  - Ocular immune responses. II. Priming of A/J mice in the vitreous induces either
      enhancement of or suppression of subsequent hapten-specific DTH responses.
AB  - We previously showed that the "immunologic privilege" of the anterior chamber
      results not from afferent blockade, but rather from induction of hapten-specific
      suppressor T cells that appear after anterior chamber priming with antigen. These
      suppressor T cells induced by anterior chamber priming differ from those induced
      by i.v. priming in their ability to block the efferent as well as the afferent
      limb of the immune response and in their lack of idiotypic surface receptors
      detected by rabbit anti-idiotypic antibody. We now report that intravitreal
      priming with haptenated syngeneic spleen cells does not result in generation of
      suppressor cells, but rather, can in some instances result in an enhanced
      systemic immunoreactivity to the priming hapten. If soluble antigenic
      preparations are used, however, intravitreal priming results in the generation of
      the suppressor T cells, which suppress subsequent DTH and CTL responses to the
      immunizing hapten. The suppressor cell generation after intravitreal priming is a
      cyclophosphamide-sensitive process. These results demonstrate that soluble
      products are processed differently in ocular compartments compared with cell
      surface coupled ligands, and further demonstrate that the generation of hapten
      specific suppressor T cells is dependent, at least in part, on the form and on
      the specific compartment of the eye that is inoculated.

PMID- 2420868
TI  - Modulation of antigen-induced T cell proliferation by alpha 2M-trypsin complexes.
AB  - Proteinase-complexed alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) could be shown to interfere
      with T cell proliferation in response to antigen presented by autologous antigen
      pulsed monocytes (M phi) (antigen-induced M phi-T cell interaction, MTI).
      Addition of alpha 2M-trypsin (alpha 2M X T) complexes to cultures of T cells and
      antigen-pulsed M phi led to a dose-dependent decrease of T cell proliferation (up
      to 91% inhibition of the T cell response), whereas the same concentrations of
      free (native) alpha 2M had no effect on antigen-induced MTI. The observed
      interference with MTI could be attributed to residual enzymic activity of the
      alpha 2M X T complex. Addition of aprotinin, a low Mr protein proteinase
      inhibitor able to penetrate to the enzyme entrapped within the alpha 2M molecule
      and thus bind to and inactivate the enzyme's active site, resulted in a reversal
      of the alpha 2M X T-induced biological effect. Inactivation of the enzyme's
      active site within alpha 2M X T was monitored by a decrease in the hydrolytic
      activity of the complex. Kinetic studies (addition of alpha 2M X T 24 to 48 hr
      after culture onset was shown to be still inhibitory) indicated an effect at the
      level of the T cell or its mediators, but an overnight incubation of T cells with
      alpha 2M X T did not alter these cells' capacity to proliferate in response to an
      antigenic stimulus. An additional effect of alpha 2M X T on the antigen
      presenting cell cannot be ruled out at present. However, alpha 2M X T did not
      alter the percentage of monocytes expressing HLA-DR, -DP, and -DQ or interfere
      with interleukin 1 release if added to M phi at concentrations that significantly
      inhibited MTI. Furthermore, incubation of M phi with alpha 2M X T for 1 hr before
      antigen pulsing had no effect on the M phi antigen presenting capacity.

PMID- 2420869
TI  - Cytotoxic murine monoclonal antibody recognizing an ovine lymphocyte
      subpopulation similar to the human OKT4-positive set.
AB  - A cytotoxic murine immunoglobulin G2b monoclonal antibody was produced from
      immunization with ovine thymocytes. It reacts with a monomorphic determinant on
      ovine lymphocytes. This antibody 11.2 G11 does not react with B cells, lyses 50
      to 60% of peripheral blood T cells, and precipitates a single chain protein with
      an apparent m.w. of 57,000. Its effect on mitogen- and antigen-driven lymphocyte
      proliferation supports its similarity in the sheep to the OKT4 antibody in
      humans.

PMID- 2420870
TI  - Hapten-specific, class II-restricted killing by cloned T cells: direct lysis and
      production of a cytotoxic factor.
AB  - DNP-specific, class II-restricted cloned T cells were shown to kill DNP-bearing
      A20.2J (A20-DNP) antigen-presenting cells. This killing was DNP-specific and was
      restricted by IA. Results from bystander cytotoxicity, cold-target inhibition,
      and protein and lymphokine inhibition experiments indicated that killing of A20
      DNP targets was mediated by direct lysis. In addition to the direct lysis,
      antigen stimulation of the T cells also resulted in production of a soluble
      cytolytic factor which killed bystander L929 fibroblast cells. This killing was
      sensitive to inhibition of protein synthesis and lymphokine production but was
      not affected by the addition of cold A20-DNP target cells. Additional studies
      showed that other antigen-presenting cells, i.e., DNP-bearing P388D1 and splenic
      macrophages, were also lysed by the cloned T cells. These findings may indicate
      that lysis of target cells by nominal antigen-specific, class II-restricted T
      cells plays a role in immune regulation and/or immune protection.

PMID- 2420871
TI  - Ia-specific mixed leukocyte reactive T cell hybridomas: analysis of their
      specificity by using purified class II MHC molecules in synthetic membrane
      system.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine the nature of the antigens recognized in
      allogeneic and syngeneic mixed leukocyte reactions (MLR). Specifically, we wished
      to determine whether Ia antigens alone were recognized by MLR-reactive T cells,
      or whether the specificity was determined by the corecognition of non-MHC
      antigens together with syngeneic or allogeneic Ia. To do this we used 11 T cell
      hybrids that were characterized as being specific for Iad and were tested their
      capacity to respond to isolated I-Ad or I-Ed that had been incorporated into
      liposomes and had bound to the surface of glass beads. Of nine alloreactive T
      cell hybrids (five I-Ad-and four I-Ed-specific), seven were shown to be
      responsive to the relevant isolated Ia antigen on glass beads. Also, two of two
      syngeneic I-Ad-specific T cell hybrids responded to I-Ad on the glass beads. One
      of the two alloreactive T cell hybrids that failed to respond to the relevant Ia
      antigen on glass beads was shown to be specific for an antigen in fetal calf
      serum (FCS) that was recognized in the context of the allo-Ia antigen (I-Ed),
      because when intact accessory cells were used, a response by this hybrid was only
      observed when FCS was present in the assay culture medium or when the accessory
      cells were pre-pulsed with FCS. The possible involvement of FCS antigens and non
      Ia accessory cell antigens in the stimulation of the nine T cell hybrids that
      responded to isolated Ia on glass beads was evaluated. T cell hybrids that were
      grown and were tested in serum free medium were still capable of reacting to Ia
      on beads. The isolated Ia preparations used were greater than 90% pure, and their
      capacity to stimulate the T cell hybrids did not correlate with the degree of
      contamination with non-Ia proteins. We conclude from these studies that the
      majority of T cells that respond to allogeneic or syngeneic Ia bearing stimulator
      cells are specific for the Ia antigens themselves, and do not require the co
      recognition of other non-Ia antigens; nor is there any requirement for Ia antigen
      processing for this recognition.

PMID- 2420872
TI  - Desensitization of animals to the inflammatory effects of ultraviolet radiation
      is mediated through mechanisms which are distinct from those responsible for
      endotoxin tolerance.
AB  - The studies presented in this report indicate that the mechanisms responsible for
      both ultraviolet radiation (UVR)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced
      desensitization are different from one another and appear to be regulated at the
      site(s) of administration of the inflammatory agent. Furthermore, desensitization
      to either UVR or LPS is not due to the inability of interleukin 1 (IL 1)
      sensitive target cells within these animals to respond to this endogenous
      mediator of inflammation. These conclusions were based on the demonstrated
      ability of UVR-desensitized mice to undergo an acute-phase response after
      exposure to a systemically administered inflammatory agent (LPS). In a reciprocal
      manner, LPS-desensitized mice were found to elicit a normal acute-phase response
      after a single UVR exposure. In addition, both UVR- and LPS-desensitized mice
      were found to respond normally to the systemic administration of an exogenous
      source of semi-purified IL 1. Desensitization to the inflammatory properties of
      either UVR or LPS appears to be controlled at the site of interaction between the
      tissues capable of producing epidermal-derived thymocyte-activating factor
      (ETAF)/IL 1 (epidermal keratinocytes or reticuloendothelial cells, respectively)
      and the exogenous inflammatory stimulus. Peritoneal macrophages obtained from LPS
      desensitized mice were found to have a markedly reduced capacity to secrete
      ETAF/IL 1 in vitro when compared to peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) obtained from
      normal mice. In parallel with this decreased secretory potential by PEC was the
      appearance of membrane-associated forms of this mediator. Membrane-associated IL
      1 was not found to be present on PEC obtained from normal mice. Keratinocytes
      obtained from the skin of normal mice or keratinocytes isolated from the
      irradiated skin site of UVR-desensitized mice were both found to secrete high
      levels of ETAF/IL 1 constitutively in vitro. Furthermore, both sources of
      keratinocytes also expressed membrane-associated forms of ETAF/IL 1
      constitutively. Therefore, unlike LPS desensitization, the phenomenon of UVR
      desensitization does not appear to induce changes in the ability of keratinocytes
      to secrete soluble forms or to express membrane forms of ETAF/IL 1. UVR
      desensitization may be a result of the inability of ETAF/IL 1 generated within
      the skin to reach the various IL 1-responsive target cells throughout the body,
      or may result from the impaired ability of UVR to stimulate ETAF/IL 1 production
      due to changes in the structure of the skin of chronically UVR-exposed animals.

PMID- 2420873
TI  - S-antigen-specific rat T cell lines recognize peptide fragments of S-antigen and
      mediate experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis and pinealitis.
AB  - Two S-antigen-specific rat T cell lines expressing the T helper cell surface
      phenotype (W 3/25+, OX 8-) have been isolated from the spleen and lymph node
      cells of retinal S-antigen-immunized Lewis rats, one of which displayed neither
      clinical nor histopathologic signs of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. The
      other rat had recovered from severe experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis for 2
      mo before isolation of the cell line. Both lines are specific for S-antigen
      presented by histocompatible antigen-presenting cells, and also respond in vitro
      to several of the peptides produced by cyanogen bromide cleavage of bovine
      retinal S-antigen. The lesions induced by the i.v. transfer of from 1 to 10 X
      10(6) viable line cells involve the retina and pineal gland, as is found when
      Lewis rats are immunized with immunopathogenic doses of S-antigen. Histologic
      examination of the eyes and pineal glands revealed pathologic lesions typical of
      experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis, and consisted of marked infiltration of
      the retina and surrounding tissues and the pineal gland by lymphocytes and
      inflammatory cells. T cells capable of mediating autoimmune disease are clearly
      present and readily isolated from both asymptomatic and convalescent animals. No
      significant differences in specificity for the cyanogen bromide peptides of S
      antigen or cell surface phenotype were found in the T cell lines isolated from
      these two rats, nor was any difference found in the specificity or titer of serum
      antibodies taken from the original rats for the cyanogen bromide peptides of S
      antigen.

PMID- 2420874
TI  - Intracellular localization of human monocyte associated interleukin 1 (IL 1)
      activity and release of biologically active IL 1 from monocytes by trypsin and
      plasmin.
AB  - The production of interleukin (IL 1) by normal human peripheral blood monocytes
      purified by Ficoll-Hypaque density sedimentation, Percoll-gradient sedimentation,
      and plastic adherence can be detected as early as 30 min intracellularly, and
      extracellularly within 1 hr after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
      Production of mRNA coding for the isoelectric point 7.0 species of IL 1 was also
      detected as early as 1 hr after LPS stimulation and reached a maximum level at 6
      hr. Cell-associated IL 1 activity could be extracted with CHAPS detergent from
      every cell fraction (i.e., membranes, cytosol, and particulates), but was present
      mainly (greater than 95%) in the cytosol of LPS-activated monocytes and the
      myelomonocytic cell line, THP-1. The apparent m.w. of IL 1 activity on high
      pressure liquid chromatography gel filtration in every cell fraction was
      approximately 23,000 daltons, with a minor peak at 31,000 daltons, whereas the IL
      1 activity in the culture supernatants was 17,000 daltons. Western blotting
      analysis of LPS-stimulated monocyte extracts showed two forms of IL 1
      corresponding to 31,000 daltons and 25,000 daltons. Exposure of viable cells to
      trypsin and plasmin released biologically active 23,000 dalton IL 1 only from IL
      1-producing cells such as activated monocytes and IL 1-producing Ebstein-Barr
      virus B lymphocyte cell lines. Consequently, biologically active IL 1 is
      presumably exposed on the outer surface of cell membranes. Furthermore, IL 1
      release by human monocytes in plasminogen-depleted fetal calf serum was
      considerably decreased. Conversely, supplementation of plasminogen-depleted serum
      with purified plasminogen restored the IL 1 production, suggesting that plasmin
      or plasmin-like factors may be involved in the regulation of the release of IL 1
      from IL 1-producing cells. In conclusion, the results suggest that IL 1 is
      rapidly produced, is pooled in the cytosol, and in part is processed by enzymes,
      is transferred to the plasma membranes, and is then released from the cells.
      Tissue plasminogen activator and serum enzymes such as plasmin may therefore be
      involved in the release of IL 1 from IL 1-producing cells.

PMID- 2420875
TI  - Lymphokines regulate immunoglobulin isotype expression in an antigen-specific
      immune response.
AB  - The control of immunoglobulin class switching appears to involve T cell-derived
      lymphokines. Such lymphokines have been shown to affect isotype expression in
      polyclonally activated B cells. We show in this paper that the same lymphokines
      similarly control isotype expression in an antigen-specific response acting in
      concert with a "T cell independent" antigen. In this situation, B cell growth
      factor II (BCGF II) enhances the production of antigen-specific IgM antibodies,
      whereas the production of antigen-specific IgG1 antibodies is only observed in
      the presence of B cell differentiation factor gamma (BCDF gamma). These results
      suggest that these lymphokines (and perhaps additional ones) are involved in the
      control of isotype expression in antigen-specific responses.

PMID- 2420877
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a monoclonal nonspecific suppressor factor
      (MNSF) produced by a T cell hybridoma.
AB  - By fusing Con A-activated BALB/c mice spleen cells with AKR thymoma BW5147 cells,
      we prepared a hybridoma producing a monoclonal nonspecific suppressor factor
      (MNSF). This factor inhibits a generation of LPS-induced immunoglobulin-secreting
      cells. We used ELISA for the bioassay of MNSF activity. With this method, a
      stable E17 hybridoma clone was selected, and its product in culture medium was
      isolated and characterized. MNSF fractionated on Sephadex G-100 in saline buffer
      shows a form with multiple m.w., but fractionated in 0.4 M pyridine-acetic
      buffer, it is limited to two species of approximately 24Kd and 16Kd. The MNSF was
      purified by hydroxyapatite chromatography, with marked effectiveness. MNSF
      activity was found exclusively in the 0.35 M sodium phosphate elution, and the
      content was further fractionated on subsequent gel filtration in the high ionic
      strength buffer described above. The purified factor exhibited two forms, of 24Kd
      and 16Kd, and showed peaks of pI 5.3 and 5.7, respectively, on isoelectric
      focusing. The MNSF preparation described here is stable at 56 degrees C and
      unaffected by 2-mercaptoethanol, but is unstable at pH 2.0 and is sensitive to
      tryptic proteolysis. We injected the hybridoma cells into the peritoneal cavity
      of pristane-primed F1 (AKR/J X BALB/c) mice, and a large amount of pure MNSF was
      obtained from the ascites, the characteristics of which were similar to those in
      the culture supernatant. Thus, the MNSF obtained from the E17 hybridoma consists
      of functionally identical but physicochemically different discrete proteins. This
      simple method of purification can serve as a probe for further characterization
      of MNSF and its application in in vivo experiments.

PMID- 2420876
TI  - Isolation and characterization of an antigen-specific suppressor inducer molecule
      from serum of hyperimmune mice by using a monoclonal antibody.
AB  - We have used a rat monoclonal antibody (mAb) (called 14-30) to affinity purify
      the antigen-binding chain of a suppressor inducer factor (TsiF-AB) from the serum
      of mice hyperimmune to heterologous erythrocytes. The TsiF-AB requires the
      addition of a second, antigen-nonspecific component for biologic activity as well
      as Lyt-2+ T cells in the assay culture. This mAb can be used to affinity purify
      suppressor inducer factor from a well-characterized TsiF but not suppressor
      effector factor (TseF) from culture supernatants. Binding of mAb 14-30 to TsiF is
      independent of the antigen specificity of the suppressor factor and of the strain
      of origin of the TsiF. The TsiF affinity purified from hyperimmune serum has an
      apparent m.w. of 68,000 by SDS-PAGE analysis. 2D gel analysis shows that the
      serum-derived TsiF has charge heterogeneity, all in the acid range.

PMID- 2420878
TI  - The class I MHC antigens of erythrocytes: a serologic and biochemical study.
AB  - We have measured the binding of anti-H-2K monoclonal antibodies to purified
      erythrocytes of a number of mouse strains. The purified erythrocytes specifically
      bound between 500 and 2000 molecules of labeled anti-H-2K antibodies per cell,
      whereas lymphocytes bound approximately 10(5) molecules of antibody per cell. Not
      all of the antibodies that bound to lymphocytes bound to erythrocytes. Antibodies
      to both public and private specificities that reacted with H-2k lymphocytes
      failed to react with H-2k erythrocytes. A similar pattern was found when
      comparing H-2b erythrocytes with lymphocytes. Failure to bind erythrocytes is not
      a function of antibody isotype or avidity. Isolated H-2K antigens of erythrocytes
      are integral membrane proteins identical in apparent m.w. and very similar in
      charge heterogeneity to the H-2K antigens of lymphocytes. Limited peptide maps of
      exogenously labeled antigens are also nearly identical. We also find that
      antibodies against epitopes of all three external domains of H-2K may react with
      erythrocyte H-2K. The altered reactivity of erythrocyte H-2K antigens is unlikely
      to be due to domain deletion, or to differences in membrane environments in
      erythrocytes and lymphocytes. The difference in reactivity could be due to subtle
      post-transcriptional modifications, or to expression of other class I genes in
      erythroid precursors.

PMID- 2420879
TI  - Characterization of cell lines expressing mutant I-Ab and I-Ak molecules allows
      the definition of distinct serologic epitopes on A alpha and A beta polypeptides.
AB  - A series of seven I-Ab-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAb) has been derived from
      a BALB/c anti-C57BL/6 immunization. Analysis of the reactivity patterns of these
      mAb with spleen cells of mice from the independent haplotypes has revealed three
      groups of mAb: group I mAb react with all haplotypes except d, group II with all
      except d and k, and group III with all except d, k, and j. In addition, the group
      I and group II mAb also react with human class II-expressing cells. We have used
      these mAb to isolate one mutant I-Ab-expressing cell line and three additional I
      Ak mutant cell lines. These antibodies have been used, in conjunction with a
      large panel of I-A-reactive mAb available from others, to extensively
      characterize our collection of mutant I-A-expressing cell lines. Analysis of the
      mutant cell lines has allowed us to assign the reactivity of each mAb to either
      the A alpha- or the A beta-polypeptide. All seven newly isolated mAb appear to
      react with determinants on the A alpha-polypeptide. Furthermore, analysis of the
      panel of A alpha k- and A beta k-mutants has allowed us to discriminate at least
      five epitopes that are separable by mutation on the A beta k-polypeptide, and two
      epitopes on the A alpha k-polypeptide.

PMID- 2420880
TI  - A phenyl-beta-galactoside-specific monoclonal antibody reactive with murine and
      rat NK cells.
AB  - The phenyl-beta-galactoside (phi-beta-gal)-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb)
      49H.8 cross-reacts with the terminal disaccharide structure of the asialo GM1
      (AGM1) molecule. It was found to react with phi-beta-gal determinants on murine
      and rat splenic natural killer (NK) cells, as measured by complement depletion
      studies. Flow cytometric analysis identified the antigen on two IL 2-dependent
      cloned murine NK cell lines and the rat large granular lymphocyte leukemia RNK.
      We have compared the 49H.8 reactivity to that of anti-AGM1 antisera (alpha-AGM1)
      on NK cells and a panel of NK related killer cells, including bone marrow-derived
      killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK), and anomalous killer cells
      (AK). We found that the 49H.8 specificity closely paralleled that of alpha-AGM1.
      When tested against Con A-reactive T cells, the 49H.8 mAb was less reactive than
      the alpha-AGM1, indicating that it may be a more specific marker for splenic NK
      populations than the alpha-AGM1.

PMID- 2420881
TI  - HLA-DR-restricted cytotoxicity of cytomegalovirus-infected monocytes mediated by
      Leu-3-positive T cells.
AB  - Mononuclear leukocytes from 14 cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositive and six CMV
      seronegative normal healthy donors were treated with soluble CMV antigen for 5
      days to generate cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. CMV-antigen-stimulated
      lymphocytes from CMV-seropositive but not CMV-seronegative donors lysed
      autologous peripheral blood monocyte targets infected with CMV in 13 of 14 donors
      (mean percentage of virus-specific lysis = 19.0 +/- 4.5%, effector to target
      ratio of 50:1). Freshly donated, unstimulated lymphocytes displayed little or no
      lysis of CMV-infected monocytes. Lysis was virus specific in that CMV-stimulated
      CTL did not kill herpes simplex virus-infected monocytes. The mean level of lysis
      of CMV-infected autologous targets was equivalent to that of HLA-DR-matched
      targets (20.0 +/- 8.0%), and was significantly greater than that of HLA-A/B
      matched targets (6.3 +/- 2.5%, p less than 0.035) and HLA-mismatched targets (3.3
      +/- 2.5%, p less than 0.01). Enrichment for T cell subsets with the use of
      selective depletion methods with monoclonal antibodies showed that CTL activity
      against autologous and HLA-DR-matched allogeneic targets was present
      predominantly in Leu-3-positive T lymphocytes. These results show for the first
      time that short term stimulation of heterogeneous lymphocytes from CMV
      seropositive donors with CMV antigen can generate CMV-specific, Leu-3-positive
      CTL that are primarily restricted in their activity to autologous and class II,
      HLA-DR-matched targets. Our findings suggest a role for Leu-3-phenotypic CTL in
      immunity to CMV, and provide a model for analysis of this antiviral effector
      function during immunodeficient states.

PMID- 2420882
TI  - In vivo effects of coronavirus-specific T cell clones: DTH inducer cells prevent
      a lethal infection but do not inhibit virus replication.
AB  - A lethal infection by neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus was
      prevented by the local adoptive transfer of three virus-specific Lyt-1+2-, L3T4+
      T cell clones. The transfer of Lyt-1+ T cells specific for an unrelated antigen
      (hen egg lysozyme) did not protect. Protection required I region compatibility
      between the T cells and the recipients, and was reversed either by irradiation of
      the cells before transfer or by pretreatment of the recipients with
      cyclophosphamide. Adoptive transfer prevented death due to JHM virus infection
      but did not result in altered antiviral immunoglobulin synthesis or the
      suppression of viral replication in the central nervous system (CNS). The data
      presented implicate a local DTH response in the protection of the host from
      lethal infection of the CNS by a neurotropic virus, but clearly imply that other
      antiviral effector mechanisms are necessary for the suppression of viral
      replication.

PMID- 2420883
TI  - Interferon sensitive and insensitive MHC variants of a murine thymoma
      differentially resistant to methotrexate-containing antibody-directed liposomes
      and immunotoxin.
AB  - We evaluated the ability of methotrexate-containing liposomes or a ricin alpha
      chain immunotoxin, both associated with monoclonal antibodies specific for the
      major histocompatibility complex-encoded class I molecule H-2Kk, to kill cells of
      the murine k haplotype thymoma RDM4. Cells were incubated with liposomes or
      immunotoxin in the presence or absence of interferon-gamma, which is known to
      augment the expression of the target class I molecules. The great majority of
      cells were killed by either of these reagents. Two types of mutant cells were
      obtained: type 1 cells, selected by methotrexate-containing liposomes, failed to
      express sufficient target H-2k molecules to be killed by liposomes in the absence
      of interferon-gamma. In the presence of interferon-gamma, these cells increased
      expression of all H-2 class I molecules and could be killed by targeted
      liposomes. Type 2 cells were immunoselected from cloned type 1 cells by liposomes
      in the presence of interferon. These cells failed to respond to interferon with
      expression of the H-2Kk molecule, but continued to augment H-2Dk expression in
      response to interferon. A third variant (type 3) selected from the wild type
      population by an H-2Kk specific immunotoxin in the absence of interferon
      phenotypically resembled type 1 cells. Type 1 but not type 2 cells respond to
      interferon by augmented synthesis of H-2Kk specific mRNA. The results suggest
      that for interferon-sensitive cell surface molecules of tumor cells, use of
      interferon improves the efficacy of targeted chemotherapy, but does not prevent
      development of mutants lacking the target molecule.

PMID- 2420884
TI  - The affinity threshold for antigenic triggering differs for tolerance susceptible
      immature precursors vs mature primary B cells.
AB  - The specificity of antibody responses is dependent on the extent to which a given
      antigen selectively stimulates cells from within a diverse B cell repertoire.
      Previous studies have shown that the triggering of B cells by T cell-dependent
      antigens is a highly discriminatory process, and that tolerance induction of
      immature B cells by antigen is equally discriminatory. This symmetry in the
      requirements for stimulation and tolerance induction could provide a basis for
      the capacity of antibody responses to discriminate among foreign antigens and yet
      minimize self recognition. The extent to which this potential for discriminate
      recognition is applicable to the mature immune system remains controversial,
      because B cells reactive to self antigens have been identified and, in addition,
      several investigators have identified heteroclitic immune responses, such as the
      response to NP of Ighb mice, wherein antibodies are found with higher affinities
      for analogues of the immunogen than for the immunogen itself. To further
      investigate the capacity of B cells to discriminate among closely related
      antigenic determinants, we analyzed the fine specificity and idiotypic
      distribution of monoclonal antibodies derived from both splenic B cells and
      immature sIg- bone marrow B cell precursors stimulated in fragment culture with
      NP-Hy and its structural analogues NIP-Hy and NNP-Hy. The results indicate that
      the majority of responsive B cells discriminate among these haptenic
      determinants; however, lambda-bearing B cells responsive to the NP and NIP
      determinants represent a highly overlapping set of clonotypes. Comparison of the
      responses to NP-Hy and NIP-Hy of splenic vs sIg- precursors of this clonotype
      family suggests that the T cell-dependent stimulation of both mature and immature
      B cells by antigen is highly affinity dependent. Significantly, the affinity
      thresholds for both stimulation and tolerance induction of immature B cells
      appears to be higher than that required for the stimulation of mature splenic B
      cells. Such a disparity in the requisites for triggering mature vs immature B
      cells could readily account for the presence of low-affinity self-reactive B
      cells in the mature B cell pools of normal individuals.

PMID- 2420885
TI  - Analysis of insulin-specific T cell clones. I. Strategy for production of
      clonotypic antibody.
AB  - A novel strategy for production of T cell clone-specific antiserum is described.
      Clones that are both antigen-specific and alloreactive can be injected in small
      numbers i.v. into a strain which expresses the appropriate alloantigens, inducing
      consistently high-titered antisera containing antibodies to the unique T cell
      receptor molecules on these cells. The antisera characterized in this report
      block activation of these cells by either antigen plus autologous class II
      products or alloantigen. Furthermore, in the absence of antigen, the antiserum
      strongly stimulates the specific clones to divide, and to synthesize and secrete
      various proteins. Consistent with the findings of other investigators, the
      antiserum immunoprecipitates a disulfide-linked dimer of 90,000 m.w. from the
      surfaces of cells with the appropriate specificity.

PMID- 2420886
TI  - Epitope and functional specificity of monoclonal antibodies to mouse interferon
      gamma: the synthetic peptide approach.
AB  - Spleen cells from hamsters immunized with recombinant mouse interferon-gamma (IFN
      gamma) were fused with mouse myeloma cells, resulting in the production of four
      anti-IFN-gamma monoclonal antibodies. Binding of 125I-IFN-gamma by these protein
      A-bound antibodies was specifically blocked by cold IFN-gamma. Binding by three
      of these antibodies was also blocked by a synthetic peptide corresponding to the
      N-terminal 1-39 amino acids of IFN-gamma, whereas a corresponding C-terminal (95
      133) peptide had no effect on binding. The N-terminal specificity of these three
      antibodies was confirmed by their specific binding of 125I-N-terminal (1-39)
      peptide. One of the N-terminal specific monoclonal antibodies inhibited both
      antiviral and macrophage priming (for tumor cell killing) activities of IFN
      gamma, whereas the other two had no effect on either biologic function. The
      selectivity of the inhibition of IFN-gamma function was not due to a differential
      ability of the N-terminal specific antibodies to bind IFN-gamma. Blocking
      experiments with cold IFN-gamma and N-terminal peptide suggest that the epitope
      specificities of the monoclonal antibodies could be determined by the
      conformational or topographic structure of IFN-gamma. An exact determination of
      the epitope specificity of the monoclonal antibody that inhibited IFN-gamma
      function could provide insight into the structural basis for the role of the N
      terminal domain in the biologic function of IFN-gamma. Polyclonal antibodies to
      either the N-terminal or the C-terminal peptides also inhibited both the
      antiviral and the macrophage-priming activities of IFN-gamma. All of the
      antibodies that inhibited IFN-gamma function also blocked binding of IFN-gamma to
      membrane receptor on cells, whereas antibodies that did not block function also
      did not inhibit binding. The data suggest that both the N-terminal and the C
      terminal domains of IFN-gamma play an important role in its antiviral and
      macrophage-priming functions, possibly in a cooperative manner.

PMID- 2420887
TI  - The role of class II MHC molecules in the activation of class I-reactive T cell
      hybridomas.
AB  - To examine the role of Ia molecules in T cell responses to allo-class I major
      histocompatibility antigens, a series of allo-class I-reactive T cell hybridomas
      was established. Of 134 T cell hybridomas obtained from the fusion of C3H/HeJm or
      B10.HTT T cells stimulated with C57BL/6 splenocytes, nine T cell hybridomas were
      reactive to class I antigens and 126 T cell hybridomas were reactive to class II
      antigens. Six of the nine IL 2-producing T cell hybridomas were further analyzed:
      five mapped to H-2Kb and the other mapped to H-2Db. Three of these T cell
      hybridomas, HTB-157.7, HTB-176.10, and HTB-177.2, could react to the EL-4 cell
      line that expresses H-2Kb and H-2Db class I antigens but lacks class II I-Ab
      molecules. Furthermore, the activation of these three T cell hybridomas with
      C57BL/6-derived splenocytes was not blocked by either anti-I-A or anti-L3T4
      antibody. In contrast, the other three T cell hybridomas, CB-127.6, CB-221.7, and
      HTB-102.7, failed to react with EL-4 but reacted with the LB cell line which
      expresses class I (H-2Kb, H-2Db) and class II (I-Ab) molecules. Although class II
      molecules were required for activation of the latter clones, there was no
      apparent I-A allele specificity, suggesting that a relatively nonpolymorphic Ia
      determinant was involved. The activation of the three latter T cell hybridoma
      clones with C57BL/6 splenocytes could be blocked completely by either anti-I-A or
      anti-L3T4 antibody. The data are interpreted in terms of possible T cell receptor
      models for recognition of class I with nonpolymorphic class II determinants.

PMID- 2420888
TI  - Structural analysis of the epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies to
      angiotensin II.
AB  - Six clones were obtained that secrete anti-angiotensin II antibodies after
      somatic cell fusions between splenocytes of immunized BALB/c or outbred OF1 mice
      and NS-1 myeloma cells. The dissociation constants for angiotensin II ranged from
      0.3 to 2.9 nM. A panel of 20 structural analogs of the hormone were used as
      probes to analyze the specificity of binding. From the binding studies and the
      putative three-dimensional structures of the tested peptides, three families of
      antibodies could be distinguished that recognized overlapping epitopes; the
      conservation of the native conformation of the angiotensin II molecule in the
      analogs appeared essential for the preservation of a high affinity to the
      antibodies. With one antibody, the affinities of the angiotensin II analogs have
      been correlated with their intrinsic biologic activities (as measured by in vivo
      pressor tests), and not with their binding affinity to the membrane receptor.
      These results are interpreted as mimicry, by the antibody binding site, of the
      active conformation of the receptor site.

PMID- 2420889
TI  - Endogenous association of decay-accelerating factor (DAF) with C4b and C3b on
      cell membranes.
AB  - Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) is a membrane glycoprotein found on various cells
      that are in contact with complement. It inhibits the formation of the C3
      convertases of the complement system, both the classic (C4b2a) and alternative
      (C3bBb) pathways. In this investigation, we used a homobifunctional cross-linking
      reagent to search for a DAF ligand on the surface of cells subjected to
      complement attack. We found that DAF forms complexes with C4b and C3b deposited
      on the same erythrocytes, but not with the physiologic degradation products of
      these complement fragments, that is, C4d or C3dg. Taken together with prior
      observations that DAF action is reversible, and DAF does not affect the structure
      of C4b or C3b, these findings suggest that DAF functions by competitively
      inhibiting the uptake of C2 or factor B, and preventing the assembly of the C3
      convertases.

PMID- 2420890
TI  - The adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate response to prostaglandin E2 is altered
      in U937 cells in association with maturational events induced by activated T
      lymphocytes and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that maturational changes can be induced in a human
      monocyte line, U937, by treatment with cellfree medium from lectin-stimulated
      cloned human T lymphocytes or the vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
      (1,25-[OH]2D3). Many of the maturational effects are accompanied by modification,
      new synthesis, or reorganization of cell surface membrane constituents, including
      proteins that function as receptors for ligands that modulate monocyte function.
      In the present studies, we examined the effects of monocyte differentiation on
      responsiveness to prostaglandin E2 (PGE)2. We found that the maturational effects
      of the lymphokine or 1,25[OH]2D3 were accompanied by a marked reduction in the
      PGE2-induced increase in cellular content of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate
      (cAMP) and a shift in the dose-response curve consistent with a decrease in PGE2
      receptor number or binding affinity. Incubation of cells with IFN-alpha or IFN
      gamma produced by recombinant DNA technology did not influence PGE2
      responsiveness, suggesting that the effects of the lymphokine were not mediated
      by these products. The absence of an effect on sodium fluoride- or forskolin
      induced adenylate cyclase response in membranes prepared from treated cells
      suggests that the treatment conditions affect PGE2 receptor function rather than
      the adenylate cyclase enzyme complex. Changes in cell surface receptors for
      hormones such as PGE2 provide a potential mechanism for modulating the biologic
      activity of monocyte-macrophages during the process of cellular differentiation.

PMID- 2420891
TI  - Enhanced lysis of herpes simplex virus type 1-infected mouse cell lines by NC and
      NK effectors.
AB  - Spontaneously cytotoxic murine lymphocytes lysed certain cell types infected by
      herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) better than uninfected cells. The levels of
      virus-directed lysis varied widely from target to target, and we found that
      differences in virus-directed lytic efficiency could be attributed both to the
      characteristics of HSV-1 replication in the different targets and to the subgroup
      of natural effector cells which mediated lysis. Although HSV-1 adsorbed to the
      surface of all the target cells, those in which the virus replicated more
      efficiently were lysed to a greater extent. As targets, we used cell lines that,
      when uninfected, were spontaneously lysed by NK cells (YAC-1) or by NC cells
      (WEHI-164). We also used a fibroblastoid cell line (M50) and a monocytic tumor
      line (PU51R), which were not spontaneously killed. Using complement-mediated
      elimination of Qa-5-positive or asialo-GM1-positive NK cells to distinguish NK
      from NC activity, we found that NK cells lysed HSV-1-infected YAC cells better
      than uninfected cells, and an NC-like activity selectively lysed HSV-1-infected
      WEHI cells. In addition, we showed that both NK and NC cytotoxicities contributed
      to the lysis against the HSV-1-infected fibroblastoid line, M50, but the infected
      PU51R cells were killed by only NK effectors. These findings were consistent with
      the results of experiments performed to define the role of interferon in
      induction of virus-augmented cytolysis. Increased lysis of YAC-HSV and PU51R-HSV
      was entirely due to interferon activation and was completely abolished by
      performing the 51Cr-release assay in the presence of anti-interferon serum.
      Because NC activity was not augmented by interferon, virus-enhanced NC lysis of
      M50-HSV and WEHI-HSV was not due to this nonspecific mechanism. Together, our
      data show that HSV-1 infection of NK/NC targets induces increased cytotoxicity,
      but the effector cell responsible for lysis is determined by the uninfected
      target, or by an interaction between the virus and target cell, rather than by a
      viral determinant alone.

PMID- 2420892
TI  - The role of natural killer cells and interferon in resistance to acute infection
      of mice with herpes simplex virus type 1.
AB  - The relative roles of interferon (IFN) and natural killer (NK) cells in herpes
      simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection of mice were examined. Adoptive transfer
      of adult mouse leukocytes into 4- to 6-day-old suckling mice protected the
      recipients from HSV-1 infection, as judged by viral titers in the spleen 2 days
      postinfection. Protection was mediated by several classes of leukocytes,
      including those depleted of NK cell activity by antibody to asialo GM1 and those
      depleted of macrophages by size separation. Mice receiving these leukocytes
      produced significantly higher levels of IFN 6 hr postinfection (early IFN) than
      did HSV-1-infected mice not receiving donor leukocytes. Antibody to IFN, under
      conditions that blocked early but not late IFN synthesis, greatly enhanced HSV-1
      synthesis in mice receiving leukocytes and completely removed the protective
      effect mediated by leukocytes. High doses of anti-asialo GM1 blocked both NK cell
      activity and early IFN production and resulted in high titers of HSV-1. This
      effect on virus synthesis was not seen if mice were given antibody 1 day
      postinfection. Lower doses of anti-asialo GM1, which still depleted NK cell
      activity but had no effect on early IFN production, did not enhance HSV-1
      synthesis. Depletion of NK cell activity with a low dose of antibody had no
      effect on the reduced HSV-1 synthesis resulting from prophylactic IFN treatment
      or on the enhanced HSV-1 synthesis resulting from antibody to IFN treatment.
      Thus, resistance to acute HSV-1 infection in mice correlates with early IFN
      production but not with NK cell activity, suggesting that NK cells are not major
      mediators of natural resistance in this model and that the antiviral effect of
      IFN is not mediated by NK cells.

PMID- 2420893
TI  - Adoptive immunotherapy of a syngeneic murine leukemia with a tumor-specific
      cytotoxic T cell clone and recombinant human interleukin 2: correlation with
      clonal IL 2 receptor expression.
AB  - The successful adoptive immunotherapy of the syngeneic Friend virus-induced
      murine leukemia FBL-3 was mediated by a proliferative MHC-restricted, tumor
      specific CTL clone in combination with recombinant human IL 2. This clone was
      previously shown to express the L3T4-, Lyt-1+, Lyt-2+ surface phenotype.
      Activation of the clone for 48 hr in vitro with irradiated tumor cells induced
      the expression of IL 2 receptors and markedly increased clonal proliferation in
      response to recombinant IL 2. Intravenous injection of 2 X 10(7) 48 hr in vitro
      activated cloned cells, followed by 6 days of systemic (i.p.) administration of
      IL 2 resulted in the complete regression of tumors and the cure of 50% of the
      treated mice. IL 2 alone had no effect on tumor growth, whereas the injection of
      nonactivated (resting) clone plus IL 2 or activated clone without IL 2 had small
      but insignificant effects on tumor growth and survival. These results indicated
      that the in vivo effector functions of cloned T cells may be markedly enhanced by
      the concurrent systemic administration of recombinant IL 2 and by the induction
      of optimal IL 2 receptor expression on the cloned T cells at the time of cell
      administration.

PMID- 2420894
TI  - Protein surface analysis. Methods for identifying antigenic determinants and
      other interaction sites.
AB  - A variety of methods are currently employed in attempts to identify antigenic
      determinants and other features of proteins. Most of these involve calculations
      based on scales of values for the 20 amino acids that reflect their likelihood of
      occurrence at the surface of proteins or as part of secondary structures such as
      helices or beta-bends. The most successful of these procedures all use scales
      related to the water solubility of the individual amino acids. In particular, the
      highest success rates are obtained using hydrophilicity scales that emphasize the
      charged and polar amino acids, but are not overly selective for either positive
      or negative charges. Such a method can correctly pinpoint major antigenic sites
      on the proteins of most well characterized infectious organisms. The
      hydrophilicity profiles also contain information concerning other types of
      protein interaction sites and membrane spanning segments.

PMID- 2420895
TI  - A demineralization procedure for immunohistopathological use. EDTA treatment
      preserves lymphoid cell surface antigens.
AB  - An evaluation of the usefulness of EDTA treatment for decalcification of murine
      bone tissue in order to preserve both morphological details and immunologically
      intact cell surface antigens has been performed. The ABC immunohistochemical
      staining technique employing monoclonal antibodies to subsets of T-lymphocytes, B
      lymphocytes and to Ia antigens was used on frozen sections. Treatment of mouse
      hindlegs with EDTA for 14 days resulted in an efficient decalcification and good
      preservation of morphological details. When lymphoid tissues were handled in the
      same manner monoclonal antibodies, defining Ly 1, Ly 2, L3T4, MAS 034 and Ia
      molecules, were shown to retain their reactivity comparable to that of directly
      frozen tissues. In contrast, formic acid, the commonly used decalcification
      agent, destroyed most of the antigenic reactivity. We conclude that EDTA
      treatment of non-fixed, bone-containing tissues provides a suitable
      demineralization procedure in the immunohistochemical study of, e.g., arthritis
      and periodontitis.

PMID- 2420896
TI  - Direct quantitation of activated C3 in human plasma with monoclonal anti-iC3b-C3d
      neoantigen.
AB  - We developed a microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay for quantitating C3
      breakdown products (iC3b, C3dg, C3d) in human plasma with a unique monoclonal
      antibody specific for a neoantigen present on iC3b and C3d (MoAb 130). This
      monoclonal antibody reacts with a neoantigen which appears when C3b is converted
      to iC3b. The neoantigen is also present on the C3dg and C3d fragments derived
      from iC3b. The concentration of the neoantigen is elevated in the plasma of most
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus as compared
      to normal volunteers. Some patients with glomerulonephritis also had elevated
      concentration of the neoantigen in their plasma.

PMID- 2420897
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to protein
      reactive drugs and metabolites: criteria for identification of antibody activity.
      Detection and hapten specificity of anti-DNP, anti-captopril and anti
      sulphanilamidobenzoic acid.
AB  - Certain hypersensitivity reactions to drugs are thought to depend on coupling of
      reactive species (the drug itself or a metabolite) to macromolecules, leading to
      the formation of hapten-carrier conjugates. In assays for the detection of
      antibodies directed against such reactive species the drug or metabolite must be
      used in conjugated rather than free form. We describe ELISAs for the detection of
      anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP), anti-captopril (CP) and anti-sulphanilamidobenzoic acid
      (SABA) antibodies, in which the wells of microtitre plates are coated with hapten
      conjugated to protein. We define coating conditions and the following 3 criteria
      for identification of anti-hapten activity: Immunoglobulin in the test sample
      binds to the immobilised hapten-protein conjugate, but not to the immobilised
      protein alone. Binding is inhibited by preincubation of the test sample with
      protein conjugates incorporating the test hapten, but not by preincubation with
      the same unconjugated proteins, nor protein conjugates incorporating haptenic
      groups unrelated to the test hapten. The inhibitory hapten-protein conjugates are
      shown to be inactive in unrelated antigen-antibody interactions. Binding is
      blocked by preincubation of the test sample with low molecular weight chemical
      derivatives of the reactive hapten. The inhibitory derivatives must be shown to
      be inactive in unrelated antigen-antibody interactions. On the basis of these
      criteria, IgG anti-DNP and IgG anti-CP were detected in the sera of immunized
      rabbits. The IgG anti-DNP antibody recognised protein-conjugated DNP, DNP-lysine,
      N-acetyl-DNP-lysine and DNP-S-glutathione, whereas the IgG anti-CP antibody
      recognised CP-S-S-protein and CP-S-S-CP. By the same criteria IgG anti-SABA was
      detected in the sera of immunized mice. The antibody recognised free and protein
      conjugated SABA, but not free sulphanilamide.

PMID- 2420898
TI  - Selection and optimisation of monoclonal antibodies for a two-site
      immunoradiometric assay for ACTH.
AB  - Four monoclonal antibodies with predominant specificities towards different
      sequences within the ACTH molecule were investigated in a 2-site
      immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for human ACTH. Antibody 3H9 recognises the
      extreme N-terminal sequence, antibodies 1A12 and 1D1 are specific for the mid N
      terminal sequence but differ in that the former cross-reacts with alpha MSH
      whereas the latter does not, and antibody 2A3 recognises the C-terminal sequence.
      Combinations of iodinated antibodies with antibodies covalently linked to
      Sephacryl S300 were tested for their compatibility and potential for a sensitive
      assay. Two antibody combinations (1D1 plus 3H9 or 1A12) gave no dose-response
      curve indicating severe steric inhibition, whereas other combinations yielded
      assays with widely different detection limits (2-2400 ng ACTH/l). The combination
      of labelled 1D1 and solid-phase 2A3 gave the most sensitive assay and when
      optimised for antibody concentrations and incubation times the working range was
      10-5 X 10(4) ng/l (CV less than 20%). The optimised sequential 2-step IRMA
      involves incubation of standard or test sample with labelled 1D1 for 18 h at 4
      degrees C followed by incubation with solid-phase 2A3 for 2 h at room
      temperature, after which the labelled complex is separated by the sucrose
      layering technique. The detection limit of this IRMA was several 100-fold lower
      than by RIA using the same antibodies. The IRMA detected large molecular weight
      precursors containing the full ACTH sequence (22 000, 31 000 and 34 000) but not
      ACTH fragments (1-18, 1-24, 18-39). It is concluded that selected monoclonal
      antibodies provide a sensitive and rapid 2-site IRMA for intact ACTH and its
      precursors.

PMID- 2420899
TI  - Single step enrichment of human peripheral blood basophils by Ficoll-Paque
      centrifugation.
AB  - A simple, rapid and economical method for the enrichment of basophils from
      peripheral blood with high recovery is described. Peripheral blood was layered
      over a Ficoll-Paque cushion and centrifuged. The Ficoll-Paque layer was aspirated
      taking care not to disturb the interphase and the buffy coat. The Ficoll-Paque
      layer contained most of the basophils. A recovery of 82% (65-95%) and a 23.5-fold
      enrichment of basophils with their morphology and biological activity preserved
      was achieved.

PMID- 2420900
TI  - Production and use of antibodies against synthetic peptides.

PMID- 2420901
TI  - The effect of anesthetic agents on human immune system function. I. Design of a
      system to deliver inhalational anesthetic agents to leukocyte cultures in vitro.
AB  - A novel system for exposing purified human mononuclear leukocyte subsets or any
      cultured cell to inhalational anesthetic agents has been devised. Monocytes and
      lymphocytes are purified by counter-current centrifugal elutriation and put into
      culture vessels with and without appropriate functional activators. The culture
      vessels are placed into one of four anesthetic agent exposure chambers, each
      containing a different concentration of the anesthetic agent to be tested. The
      system that delivers the anesthetic agent to the culture vessels is essentially
      the same as the one used in the operating room; the actual levels of anesthetic
      agent delivered are monitored. In this report, we present evidence that halothane
      can be successfully tested using the above-cited experimental design; this agent
      substantially inhibits the secretion of interferon by human mononuclear cells.
      The ability of monocytes to secrete alpha interferon in response to polyinosinic:
      polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) was significantly depressed following 4 h in vitro
      exposure to increasing concentrations of halothane; the secretion of gamma
      interferon by lymphocytes in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was also
      depressed, although to a lesser degree. The system presented should allow for the
      in vitro exploration of the effects of inhalational agents on purified human
      leukocyte subset functions as well as for the analysis of the effect of these
      agents on monocyte/lymphocyte interactions.

PMID- 2420902
TI  - [Ultrasonography in the study of prostatic pathology].

PMID- 2420903
TI  - Multi-drug therapy of leprosy.

PMID- 2420904
TI  - Interferon activity and its characterization in the sera of patients with
      premalignant lesions arising in oral mucosa.
AB  - The interferon (IFN) assay of the sera from the 26 patients with premalignant
      lesions such as lichen planus and leukoplakia arising in oral mucosa was
      performed by the plaque-reduction assay with vesicular stomatitis virus in FL
      cells derived from human amniotic membrane. When the serum IFN activity was
      characterized by acid treatment, significant increase of acid-stable IFN in the
      patients was found as compared with those in the normal controls. The titers of
      gamma-like IFN defined by anti-HuIFN-alpha and anti-HuIFN-beta in the sera of
      patients of 50-79 years age group (n = 17, P less than 0.002) showed a highly
      significant increase as compared with the relevant normal controls (n = 20). All
      of the 26 patients were treated with topical administration of HuIFN-beta. When
      the correlation between prognosis of the disease and titers of serum IFN was
      investigated by measuring gamma-like IFN and acid-stable IFN in the sera of
      patients, all of 13 patients with good prognosis after the HuIFN-beta therapy
      showed significantly decreased levels of gamma-like IFN (P less than 0.01),
      whereas the serum level of acid-stable IFN after HuIFN-beta therapy showed a
      significant increase compared to that before the therapy (P less than 0.05).
      These findings indicate that the endogenous IFN system may be associated with the
      pathophysiology in patients with the oral mucosal lesions.

PMID- 2420905
TI  - Lymphoepithelial (branchial) cyst and amylase.
AB  - A case of a branchial cyst with a high amylase activity of the cyst fluid was
      found in a 58-year-old female. The literature on branchial cysts with high
      amylase activity is reviewed. Amylase that showed high activity in the cystic
      fluid was revealed to be due to the salivary isoenzymes (S3 and S4) which
      migrated more to the anodic side on electrophoresis.

PMID- 2420906
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of GV-523 for severe infections complicating hematopoietic
      diseases--a comparative study using the cross-over method. Hematopoietic Disease
      Study Group for GV-523].

PMID- 2420907
TI  - [In vitro chemosensitivity test for testicular cancer using a human tumor stem
      cell assay].

PMID- 2420908
TI  - [Evaluation of the sustained release of anticancer agents from silicone pellets].

PMID- 2420909
TI  - [Decreased pulmonary toxicity in continuous subcutaneous infusion and consecutive
      daily injection of peplomycin in testicular tumor patients].

PMID- 2420910
TI  - Action of antithymocyte globulin on normal human erythroid progenitor cell
      proliferation in vitro: erythropoietic growth-enhancing factors are released from
      marrow accessory cells.
AB  - Studies were undertaken to determine the mechanism of action of a horse
      antithymocyte globulin preparation (ATGAM) (HATG) and its control preparation of
      horse gamma globulin (HIgG) on the proliferation of normal human marrow and blood
      erythroid progenitor cells (CFU-E, BFU-E) in vitro. In preincubation studies with
      marrow mononuclear cells and complement, HATG did not significantly augment CFU-E
      or BFU-E growth greater than that expected because of removal of marrow T cells
      by this agent. However, direct addition of HATG but not HIgG to marrow cultures
      significantly stimulated CFU-E and BFU-E up to two to four times that of media or
      HIgG controls (P less than 0.05). The peak effect was observed at 10 to 100
      micrograms/ml HATG; HATG was toxic at 1000 micrograms/ml. By contrast, the OKT3
      monoclonal antibody was less stimulatory than HATG. The in vitro erythropoietic
      stimulatory effect of HATG was dependent on the presence of accessory cells
      because removal of T cells or monocytes (less than 2% to 5%) or adsorptions of
      HATG with T cells or monocytes reduced its stimulatory effect, highly purified
      BFU-E nearly devoid of accessory cells required irradiated accessory cells for
      demonstration of the HATG stimulatory effect, and an erythroid burst-promoting
      activity was released from T cells or unseparated mononuclear cells in the
      presence of HATG but not HIgG. The HATG enhancing effect was optimal in the first
      96 hours of cultures in the presence of erythropoietin, and was reproducible with
      three separate lots of HATG. Up to 16% of HATG-stimulated erythroid colonies
      expressed nonerythroid lineage cells. Iron 59 incorporation into heme of CFU-E-
      or BFU-E-derived colonies was augmented equally by HATG or HIgG at 10
      micrograms/ml. Erythropoietin dose-response curves and studies with
      antierythropoietin sera suggested that HATG also increased the sensitivity of
      erythroid progenitor cells to very low concentrations of erythropoietin. We
      conclude that HATG but not HIgG control has potent dose-dependent erythroid
      progenitor cell growth-enhancing effects. In addition to the ability of HATG to
      lyse T-suppressor cells, these findings suggest that HATG may also stimulate
      erythropoiesis indirectly by releasing growth-enhancing factor(s) from T cells
      and other marrow accessory cells, sensitizing erythroid progenitor cells to low
      concentrations to erythropoietin, and stimulating growth of bipotential
      progenitor cells. Collectively, these effects may explain the efficacy of HATG in
      the treatment of some patients with erythropoietic marrow failure states.

PMID- 2420911
TI  - Studies on the binding of an alloimmune and two murine monoclonal antibodies to
      the platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex receptor.
AB  - The platelet-binding characteristics of three different antibodies that
      completely block adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet fibrinogen binding
      and react with glycoproteins IIb, IIIa, or both, were studied. Two of the
      antibodies are murine monoclonal antibodies (10E5 and 7E3), and the third is an
      alloimmune antibody produced by a patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia who has
      received multiple transfusions (E.S.). The two monoclonals differ in that 7E3,
      but not 10E5, binds to dog platelets as well as to human platelets. In mutual
      competition studies, 7E3 did not interfere with 10E5 binding, indicating that
      both antibodies could bind to the complex simultaneously. E.S. IgG produced only
      minor inhibition of 10E5 binding, but nearly complete inhibition of 7E3 binding,
      suggesting that its epitope lies closer to the 7E3 epitope than the 10E5 epitope.
      Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) pretreatment of intact platelets at 22
      degrees C and pH 7.75 did not affect 10E5 binding, but significantly inhibited
      7E3 binding. Similar treatment of intact or solubilized platelets at high pH and
      temperature produced splitting of the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa (GPIIb-IIIa) complex
      and loss of both 10E5 and 7E3 binding. The 10E5 bound equally well to unactivated
      and activated platelets, and even rapid fixation of whole blood produced only a
      modest decrease in 10E5 binding. Preincubation of platelets with either E.S. IgG
      or 10E5 partially prevented EDTA from splitting the complex, and both monoclonal
      antibodies were able to bind to such complexes despite the EDTA treatment. These
      studies indicate that the binding of antibodies to several different epitopes on
      the GPIIb-IIIa complex can result in similar functional properties in blocking
      fibrinogen binding and platelet aggregation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2420912
TI  - Coxsackievirus B3 murine myocarditis: deleterious effects of nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory agents.
AB  - The effect of salicylates or indomethacin usage during viral infection was
      investigated in a murine model of coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis. Eighty-two 3
      week-old CD1 mice received 3 x 10(5) median tissue culture infective dose
      (TCID50) of coxsackievirus B3 intraperitoneally. Then they received salicylates,
      indomethacin, or saline solution daily for 10 days. Mortality, viral and antibody
      titers, interferon levels, and pathologic changes in the heart were compared.
      Mortality (2/33, 4/15, and 0/34, respectively) and virus titers (10(4.72),
      10(4.78), and 10(3.4) TCID50, respectively) were higher, interferon levels (300,
      267, and 980 IU, respectively) were lower, and pathologic changes were worse in
      treated animals (antibody titers were similar). These findings indicate that
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents adversely affect the course of acute
      coxsackievirus B3 murine myocarditis. Determination of the pathogenesis of this
      deleterious effect requires thorough evaluation of virus-host interactions.

PMID- 2420913
TI  - The cytoskeleton of Xenopus oocytes and its role in development.
AB  - Much is known about determinative events in early amphibian embryos, perhaps more
      than any other animal group. However, as yet, little attention has been focused
      on the cytoarchitecture of the oocyte, and the way in which this could regulate
      asymmetries in the egg, which in turn could lead to developmentally important
      interactions. The changing cytoarchitecture of the Xenopus oocyte is described
      with the emphasis on the following: -firstly the polarity; the oocyte is not
      radially symmetrical at early stages of oogenesis, but shows marked polarity.
      Secondly, several cytoskeletal elements change their distribution during
      oogenesis, and again during maturation to form a fertilizable egg. Thirdly,
      monoclonal antibody methods show that the oocyte develops several asymmetries
      which are retained in the egg and early embryo, and may be lineage related.

PMID- 2420914
TI  - Gene expression in Xenopus embryogenesis.
AB  - This article considers some aspects of the storage of macromolecules in the
      oocyte of Xenopus laevis and the activation of previously unexpressed genes
      during early embryogenesis. The large quantity and complex nature of poly(A)+ RNA
      accumulated in the egg provides the cleavage embryo with a supply of mRNA
      sufficient to sustain protein synthesis for several hours of development. Onset
      of gene activity at the midblastula transition (MBT) leads to the synthesis and
      accumulation of molecules of various RNA classes, including tRNAs, rRNAs, mRNAs
      and mitochondrial RNAs. At gastrulation the poly(A)+ RNA population is still
      qualitatively similar to that of the egg but some sequences not present in egg
      RNA have accumulated by this time. Through the use of a subtractive cDNA cloning
      procedure we have prepared a library of sequences that represent genes activated
      for the first time between MBT and gastrula. A study of several of these cDNA
      clones suggests that genes in this class are restricted in their activity to
      embryonic and tadpole stages.

PMID- 2420915
TI  - Cellular changes in the prothoracic glands of diapausing pupae of Manduca sexta.
AB  - Prothoracic glands from diapausing pupae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta,
      synthesize markedly less ecdysone in vitro in response to prothoracicotropic
      hormone (PTTH) than do glands from non-diapausing pupae. Impaired steroidogenesis
      is also observed in glands from diapausing animals exposed to agents that enhance
      ecdysone synthesis in non-diapausing pupal glands by increasing intracellular
      levels of cAMP (1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, dibutyryl cAMP, and the calcium
      ionophore A23187). In contrast, prothoracic glands from diapausing pupae
      synthesize significantly more cAMP in response to PTTH and A23187 than do those
      from non-diapausing pupae. These observations indicate that the PTTH
      refractoriness characteristic of prothoracic glands during diapause results from
      a lesion in the steroidogenic pathway occurring beyond the level of the PTTH
      receptor-adenylate cyclase system. The diapause condition of the prothoracic
      glands (reduced ecdysone synthesis accompanied by enhanced cAMP formation) can be
      mimicked by extirpation of the brain of a non-diapausing pupa. Thus, cellular
      changes in the prothoracic glands associated with diapause may arise as a result
      of the absence of some factor produced by the pupal brain (e.g. PTTH).

PMID- 2420916
TI  - A kinetic analysis of Na-Li countertransport in human red blood cells.
AB  - We examined the kinetic properties of the interactions between inner and outer
      cation sites of the Na-Li countertransport system in human red blood cells. Li
      stimulated Na efflux [V(Na)] was measured as a function of external Li [(Li)o]
      and internal Na [(Na)i] contents. At each (Li)o, a Hanes plot of (Na)i/V(Na) vs.
      (Na)i allowed us to calculate the apparent dissociation constant for internal Na
      (KiNa) and the maximal rate of Na efflux [Vmax(Na)]. In erythrocytes from 10
      different subjects, the Vmax(Na)/KiNa ratios were independent of the external Li
      concentrations. In other experiments, Na-stimulated Li efflux [V(Li)] was
      measured as a function of external Na and internal Li contents. In three subjects
      studied, the Vmax(Li)/KiLi ratios were independent of the external Na
      concentrations. The data strongly suggest that the countertransport mechanism is
      consecutive ("ping-pong").

PMID- 2420917
TI  - Effect of sodium on amiloride- and triamterene-induced current fluctuations in
      isolated frog skin.
AB  - The apparent association constants of two agents, amiloride and triamterene, that
      block the Na-selective channel of apical membrane of frog skin are shown to
      decrease as the Na concentration is increased in the apical bathing solution in
      isolated skin of the frog, Rana temporaria, Rana esculenta, and Rana pipiens.
      These results were obtained in "normally polarized" skins. These effects were
      independent of the anion used (chloride or methylsulfate) or the cation used as
      the Na substitute (Tris, DDA, or K ion). When NaCl was replaced with mannitol,
      the Na effect on the amiloride association rate constant persisted, which shows
      that ionic strength was not critically involved. The amiloride corner frequency
      was unaffected when the clamp potential was altered from +100 to -60 mV. The Na
      dependence was greatly attenuated or absent when the serosal surface was bathed
      in 120 mM K Ringer's, an effect that appears to be attributable to some
      pharmacological effect of high serosal K. A previously described three-state
      model is used to analyze the inhibitory effect of Na on the blocker association
      rate constant.

PMID- 2420918
TI  - Basolateral K channels in an insect epithelium. Channel density, conductance, and
      block by barium.
AB  - K channels in the basolateral membrane of insect hindgut were studied using
      current fluctuation analysis and microelectrodes. Locust recta were mounted in
      Ussing-type chambers containing Cl-free saline and cyclic AMP (cAMP). A
      transepithelial K current was induced by raising serosal [K] under short-circuit
      conditions. Adding Ba to the mucosal (luminal) side under these conditions had no
      effect; however, serosal Ba reversibly inhibited the short-circuit current (Isc),
      increased transepithelial resistance (Rt), and added a Lorentzian component to
      power density spectra of the Isc. A nonlinear relationship between corner
      frequency and serosal [Ba] was observed, which suggests that the rate constant
      for Ba association with basolateral channels increased as [Ba] was elevated.
      Microelectrode experiments revealed that the basolateral membrane hyperpolarized
      when Ba was added: this change in membrane potential could explain the
      nonlinearity of the 2 pi fc vs. [Ba] relationship if external Ba sensed about
      three-quarters of the basolateral membrane field. Conventional microelectrodes
      were used to determine the correspondence between transepithelially measured
      current noise and basolateral membrane conductance fluctuations, and ion
      sensitive microelectrodes were used to measure intracellular K activity (acK).
      From the relationship between the net electrochemical potential for K across the
      basolateral membrane and the single channel current calculated from noise
      analysis, we estimate that the conductance of basolateral K channels is
      approximately 60 pS, and that there are approximately 180 million channels per
      square centimeter of tissue area.

PMID- 2420919
TI  - Na+ and K+ transport at basolateral membranes of epithelial cells. I.
      Stoichiometry of the Na,K-ATPase.
AB  - The stoichiometry of pump-mediated Na/K exchange was studied in isolated
      epithelial sheets of frog skin. 42K influx across basolateral membranes was
      measured with tissues in a steady state and incubated in either beakers or in
      chambers. The short-circuit current provided estimates of Na+ influx at the
      apical membranes of the cells. 42K influx of tissues bathed in Cl- or SO4-Ringer
      solution averaged approximately 8 microA/cm2. Ouabain inhibited 94% of the 42K
      influx. Furosemide was without effect on pre-ouabain-treated tissues but
      inhibited a ouabain-induced and Cl--dependent component of 42K influx. After
      taking into account the contribution of the Na+ load to the pump by way of
      basolateral membrane recycling of Na+, the stoichiometry was found to increase
      from approximately 2 to 6 as the pump-mediated Na+ transport rate increased from
      10 to 70 microA/cm2. Extrapolation of the data to low rates of Na+ transport
      (less than 10 microA/cm2) indicated that the stoichiometry would be in the
      vicinity of 3:2. As pump-mediated K+ influx saturates with increasing rates of
      Na+ transport, Na+ efflux cannot be obligatorily coupled to K+ influx at all
      rates of transepithelial Na+ transport. These results are similar to those of
      Mullins and Brinley (1969. Journal of General Physiology. 53:504-740) in studies
      of the squid axon.

PMID- 2420920
TI  - Na+ and K+ transport at basolateral membranes of epithelial cells. II. K+ efflux
      and stoichiometry of the Na,K-ATPase.
AB  - Changes of 42K efflux (J23K) caused by ouabain and/or furosemide were measured in
      isolated epithelia of frog skin. From the kinetics of 42K influx (J32K) studied
      first over 8-9 h, K+ appeared to be distributed into readily and poorly
      exchangeable cellular pools of K+. The readily exchangeable pool of K+ was
      increased by amiloride and decreased by ouabain and/or K+-free extracellular
      Ringer solution. 42K efflux studies were carried out with tissues shortcircuited
      in chambers. Ouabain caused an immediate (less than 1 min) increase of the 42K
      efflux to approximately 174% of control in tissues incubated either in SO4-Ringer
      solution or in Cl-Ringer solution containing furosemide. Whereas furosemide had
      no effect on J23K in control tissues bathed in Cl-rich or Cl-free solutions,
      ouabain induced a furosemide-inhibitable and time-dependent increase of a neutral
      Cl-dependent component of the J23K. Electroconductive K+ transport occurred via a
      single-filing K+ channel with an n' of 2.9 K+ efflux before ouabain, normalized
      to post-ouabain (+/- furosemide) values of short-circuit current, averaged 8-10
      microA/cm2. In agreement with the conclusions of the preceding article, the
      macroscopic stoichiometry of ouabain-inhibitable Na+/K+ exchange by the pump was
      variable, ranging between 1.7 and 7.2. With increasing rates of transepithelial
      Na+ transport, pump-mediated K+ influx saturated, whereas Na+ efflux continued to
      increase with increases of pump current. In the usual range of transepithelial
      Na+ transport, regulation of Na+ transport occurs via changes of pump-mediated
      Na+ efflux, with no obligatory coupling to pump-mediated K+ influx.

PMID- 2420922
TI  - Murine cytotoxic T cells specific to respiratory syncytial virus recognize
      different antigenic subtypes of the virus.
AB  - The aim of this study was to establish whether cytotoxic T cells (Tc), raised
      against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the mouse, are specific to the
      strain of immunizing virus, or cross-reactive between virus strains. Several
      recent studies using monoclonal antibodies have begun to define the antigenic
      variation among strains of RSV. It is likely that a successful RSV vaccine will
      need to contain antigenic determinants from more than one subtype, but since only
      the highest levels of neutralizing antibody are able to give complete protection
      against RSV infection, a vaccine may also need to elicit a cellular immune
      response. We have recently described H-2-restricted, RSV-specific Tc following
      RSV infection in the mouse; we present here evidence that polyclonal RSV-specific
      Tc in the mouse recognize syngeneic target cells infected with every human strain
      of RSV tested, whatever the subtype. The only RSV strain that appeared not to be
      recognized was bovine RSV, which seems unable to infect mouse cells; however,
      bovine cells, infected with bovine RSV and fixed with glutaraldehyde, primed mice
      for Tc which recognized human strains of RSV.

PMID- 2420921
TI  - Na+ and K+ transport at basolateral membranes of epithelial cells. III. Voltage
      independence of basolateral membrane Na+ efflux.
AB  - Na+ efflux across basolateral membranes of isolated epithelia of frog skin was
      tested for voltage sensitivity. The intracellular Na+ transport pool was loaded
      with 24Na from the apical solution and the rate of isotope appearance in the
      basolateral solution (JNa23) was measured at timed intervals of 30 s. Basolateral
      membrane voltage was depolarized by either 50 mM K+, 5 mM Ba++, or 80 mM NH+4.
      Whereas within 30 s ouabain caused inhibition of JNa23, depolarization of Vb by
      30-60 mV caused no significant change of JNa23. Thus, both pump-mediated and leak
      Na+ effluxes were voltage independent. Although the pumps are electrogenic, pump
      mediated Na+ efflux is voltage independent, perhaps because of a nonlinear
      relationship between pump current and transmembrane voltage. Voltage independence
      of the leak Na+ efflux confirms a previous suggestion (Cox and Helman, 1983.
      American Journal of Physiology. 245:F312-F321) that basolateral membrane Na+ leak
      fluxes are electroneutral.

PMID- 2420923
TI  - Multisite monoclonal immunoassay for dengue viruses: detection of viraemic human
      sera and interference by heterologous antibody.
AB  - A monoclonal radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed for detection of dengue virus
      in infected cell culture fluids and blood samples from dengue patients.
      Antibodies used to construct the RIA were selected on the basis of high binding
      avidity, the demonstration of synergism in competitive binding assays and
      empirical trials with different antibody combinations. Optimal binding of all
      four dengue virus serotypes was achieved by use of a flavivirus group-reactive
      and a dengue virus complex-reactive antibody as radiolabelled probe. A
      'simultaneous sandwich' format and prolonged (18 h) incubation at 37 degrees C
      yielded optimal results. The limit of sensitivity of the RIA for detection of
      dengue type 2 virus was 2.7 log10 mosquito 50% infectious doses (MID50). The
      assay was tenfold more sensitive for dengue type 2 than for dengue types 1 and 3
      viruses and 100-fold more sensitive than for dengue type 4 virus. Specificity,
      assessed using over 500 disease control human sera, was increased by addition of
      monoclonal anti-tetanus blocking antibodies, resulting in a false positive rate
      of only 0.2%. Heterologous dengue virus antibodies were shown to inhibit the RIA
      in assays performed with artificial immune complexes. Acute phase human sera
      containing 10(4.2) to 10(7.6) MID50 but no detectable antigen by RIA, were also
      shown to inhibit binding of the homologous dengue virus serotype; this effect was
      attributed to heterologous antibody from a prior infection. Among 116 viraemic
      sera from dengue patients, the RIA was positive in 43 to 47% of patients with
      dengue type 1, 2 or 3 infections but in only 10% of the dengue type 4 cases.
      Virus was more frequently detected in cases of primary infection (54%) than in
      cases of superinfection (16%). Despite the limitations imposed by immunological
      interference, the antigen capture RIA appears useful as a rapid diagnostic
      technique for dengue surveillance.

PMID- 2420925
TI  - Antigenic and molecular evolution of the vaccine strain of type 3 poliovirus
      during the period of excretion by a primary vaccinee.
AB  - A 4 month old child was immunized with a vaccine containing the Sabin live
      attenuated vaccine strains of all three serotypes of poliovirus. The antigenic
      and molecular evolution of the Sabin strain of poliovirus type 3 was then
      followed throughout the entire period of virus excretion. Novel strains appeared
      at 8, 42 and 52 days post-vaccination and were the products of both intertypic
      recombination between type 2 and type 3 poliovirus in regions of the genome
      coding for non-structural proteins and of point mutations in the region coding
      for the structural proteins. Excretion of virus continued for 73 days. All
      strains examined reacted with all monoclonal antibodies specific for the main
      immunodominant antigenic site of type 3 poliovirus, but variation was observed at
      other, immunorecessive sites. These findings have possible implications for the
      evolution of the virus in vaccinees or in epidemics and are consistent with the
      known antigenic stability of the virus.

PMID- 2420924
TI  - Detection of scrapie-associated fibril (SAF) proteins using anti-SAF antibody in
      non-purified tissue preparations.
AB  - Antisera raised to scrapie-associated fibril (SAF) proteins were used to detect
      scrapie-specific polypeptides in three different non-purified brain preparations:
      a synaptosomal-mitochondrial fraction, 20% brain homogenate and 20% brain
      homogenate extracted with Sarkosyl. The concentration of SAF proteins in the
      preparations was greater than the quantity of SAF as detected by negative stain
      electron microscopy. This suggests that not all of the protein exists in the form
      of SAF. An immunologically reactive 33K to 35K protein was detected in both
      normal and scrapie brain preparations. This protein was susceptible to complete
      proteinase K (PK) digestion in normal brain preparations and it is suggested that
      scrapie infection is responsible for post-translational modifications which
      confer PK resistance in scrapie preparations. These modifications may also play a
      role in the antigenic differences seen in a variety of scrapie agents. SAF
      specific proteins were also detected in the spinal cords and spleens from scrapie
      affected animals. Detergent extraction of material followed by PK treatment and
      Western blot analysis is a highly specific and sensitive method for the detection
      of SAF proteins. This procedure could be applied to human neurological diseases
      of unknown aetiology.

PMID- 2420926
TI  - Lack of detectable reverse transcriptase activity in human and chimpanzee sera
      with a high infectivity for non-A, non-B hepatitis.
AB  - A serum sample from a patient with hepatitis and samples from two experimentally
      infected chimpanzees, all with a high infectivity for non-A, non-B hepatitis,
      were tested for reverse transcriptase. Biopsy confirmed that the hepatocytes of
      the chimpanzees that received these sera contained the characteristic tubular
      structures associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis. None of these three sera
      revealed detectable enzyme activity. We have not been able to confirm the
      association of reverse transcriptase activity with non-A, non-B hepatitis
      reported recently.

PMID- 2420927
TI  - Rat brain concentration of administered amino acids: dependence on time of day
      for administration.
AB  - Several large neutral amino acids (LNAA) (e.g. L-DOPA and L-tryptophan) are used
      as therapeutic agents. To reach the brain they have to compete with the naturally
      occurring large neutral amino acids for the saturable, carrier mediated transport
      into the brain. Since the concentration of LNAA in plasma demonstrates a diurnal
      rhythm, this competition could be expected to vary accordingly. To investigate if
      this variation could influence the brain concentration of a certain administered
      amino acid we injected three groups of rats with L-DOPA, L-tryptophan or saline
      in the afternoon when the rat plasma concentration of LNAA is at its lowest.
      Three other groups of rats received the same treatments at 3 a.m., when the
      concentration of LNAA is reported to be at a maximal level. The brain
      concentrations of the administered amino acids were significantly higher and LNAA
      in plasma lower in the groups injected in the afternoon compared with those
      injected during the night. These findings support the hypothesis that the time of
      the day when an amino acid is administered is of importance to the concentration
      of the administered amino acid in the brain.

PMID- 2420928
TI  - Monoamine oxidase activity and monoamine metabolism in brains of parkinsonian
      patients treated with l-deprenyl.
AB  - Monoamine oxidase (MAO) type A and type B were measured using kynuramine, 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine, DA), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT,
      serotonin) in 20 brain areas. The highest activities were found in the striatum
      (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra), hypothalamus,
      and c-mammilare. The ratio of DA to 5-HT deamination varied in the different
      regions, being in favor of DA in the striatum. With kynuramine as the substrate
      IC50 values of a number of inhibitors indicated that l-deprenyl was far more
      potent an inhibitor of human brain MAO than clorgyline or harmaline. N
      Desmethylpropargylindane hydrochloride (AGN 1135) was also shown to have MAO-B
      inhibitory selectivity similar to that of l-deprenyl. Brains obtained at autopsy
      from l-deprenyl-treated Parkinsonian patients showed that, whereas MAO-B was
      fully inhibited by the therapeutic doses of l-deprenyl, substantial MAO-A
      activity was still evident. These results are matched by the significant
      increases of DA noted in caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, and
      substantia nigra and the unaltered 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
      in the same regions. These data indicate that the therapeutic actions of l
      deprenyl may lie in its selective inhibition of MAO-B resulting in increased
      brain levels of DA formed from L-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (L-DOPA).

PMID- 2420929
TI  - Age-related changes of myelin proteins in the rat peripheral nervous system.
AB  - Age-related changes in amounts of myelin proteins from rat sciatic nerve or
      spinal root were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (PAGE). In the aged peripheral nerve myelin, the relative amounts
      of band 105K and proteins X and Y increased, whereas those of proteins P0 and P1
      and band 190K decreased. Band 105K purified by preparative SDS-PAGE exhibited
      three bands of 105K, 28K, and 21K at the second electrophoresis. A repeated SDS
      PAGE did not improve the purity of bank 105K, but increased the ratio of 21K to
      28K. Compared with P0 protein, band 105K has a very similar peptide map pattern
      and amino acid composition, as well as the identical NH2 terminal residue,
      isoleucine. These findings suggest that band 105K is an aggregate form of P0
      protein and its fragment, 21K. The 21K protein is a distinct entity from X
      protein. The quantitative and qualitative alterations in myelin proteins, as we
      report here, may reflect continuing demyelination and remyelination in aged
      peripheral nerves.

PMID- 2420931
TI  - Complexity of nuclear and polysomal RNA from squid optic lobe and gill.
AB  - The sequence complexity of nuclear and polysomal RNA from squid optic lobe and
      gill was measured by RNA-driven hybridization reactions with single-copy [3H]DNA.
      At saturation, brain nuclear and polysomal RNAs were complementary to 22.8 and
      7.9% of the DNA probe, respectively. Assuming asymmetric transcription, the
      complexity of nuclear and polysomal RNA was equivalent to 2.5 X 10(8) and 8.8 X
      10(7) nucleotides, respectively. Approximately 80-85% of the sequence complexity
      of brain total polysomal RNA was found in the polyadenylated RNA fraction. In
      contrast to these findings, nuclear and polysomal RNAs from gill hybridized to
      9.1 and 2.9%, respectively, of the single-copy DNA, values that were 2.5-fold
      lower than those obtained in the CNS. Taken together, the results focus attention
      on the striking diversity of gene expression in the squid CNS and extend to the
      cephalopod mollusks the observation that nervous tissue expresses significantly
      more genetic information than other somatic tissues or organs.

PMID- 2420930
TI  - Major central nervous system myelin glycoprotein of the African lungfish
      (Protopterus dolloi) cross-reacts with myelin proteolipid protein antibodies,
      indicating a close phylogenetic relationship with amphibians.
AB  - CNS myelin was isolated from the spinal cord of the African lungfish Protopterus
      dolloi. Its proteins consisted of (1) two basic proteins (16,000 and 18,500
      apparent Mr) that reacted with anti-human CNS myelin basic protein antibodies and
      (2) a major protein (29,000 apparent Mr) that stained with concanavalin A
      horseradish peroxidase and bound to anti-rat CNS myelin proteolipid protein (PLP)
      antibodies. This dominant 29,000 Mr protein showed no reaction with antibodies
      against the major bovine PNS myelin glycoprotein P0. Following treatment with
      endoglycosidase F the 29,000 Mr protein was reduced in size to a 26,000 apparent
      Mr component that no longer bound concanavalin A but retained the anti-PLP
      reactivity. These results agree with a concanavalin A-binding oligosaccharide
      linked through asparagine to a protein backbone of PLP homology. The major 29,000
      Mr lungfish CNS myelin protein was therefore termed g-PLP (glycosylated
      proteolipid protein). This is the first report demonstrating the occurrence of a
      PLP-cross-reactive protein in CNS myelin of a fish. It attests to the close
      phylogenetic relationship of lungfishes to amphibians. Amphibians were previously
      recognized as the oldest class bearing PLP in its CNS myelin.

PMID- 2420932
TI  - Atrial natriuretic hormones raise the level of cyclic GMP in neural cell lines.
AB  - Atriopeptin III and related atrial natriuretic peptide hormones strongly elevate
      the level of cyclic GMP in three neural tumor cell lines. At peptide
      concentrations of 1 microM clear-cut plateaus of the dose-response curves are not
      yet reached. Atriopeptin III increases the intracellular concentration of cyclic
      GMP to a maximum in the course of 30-40 min. The effect of atriopeptin III on the
      cellular cyclic GMP level is independent of the concentration of extracellular
      Ca2+ and is not affected by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. These results suggest (1)
      that atrial natriuretic hormones may play an important role in the nervous
      system, and (2) that cultured neural cells may be useful tools in the elucidation
      of the mechanisms of action of these hormones.

PMID- 2420933
TI  - Interaction of t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate with gamma-aminobutyric acid-gated
      chloride channels in cultured cerebral neurons.
AB  - The role of t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) as an antagonist of gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) was studied with primary cultures of neurons from the
      chick embryo cerebrum. The addition of GABA stimulated the uptake of 36Cl- by
      neurons and the dose dependence of this effect followed hyperbolic kinetics with
      a K0.5 = 1.3 microM for GABA. TBPS proved to be a potent inhibitor of GABA
      dependent Cl- uptake (IC50 = 0.30 microM). Analysis of the kinetics of this
      process revealed that TBPS is a noncompetitive inhibitor (Ki = 0.15 microM) with
      respect to GABA. Scatchard analysis of direct binding of [35S]TBPS to membranes
      isolated from neuronal cultures gave curvilinear plots. These could be resolved
      by nonlinear regression methods into two components with KD values of 3.1 nM and
      270 nM. The TBPS binding constant for this lower affinity site agreed well with
      the IC50 and Ki values for inhibition of Cl- flux, suggesting that this site is
      physiologically relevant to GABA antagonism. GABA was a noncompetitive displacer
      of [35S]TBPS binding to the lower affinity site. The Ki value for this
      displacement by GABA (1.7 microM) was comparable to the value for GABA
      enhancement of Cl- flux. The binding of [35S]TBPS to its low-affinity site on
      neuronal membranes was ninefold higher in the presence of Cl- than with
      gluconate, an impermeant anion. The rank order for anion stimulation of [35S]TBPS
      binding was Br- greater than or equal to SCN- greater than Cl- greater than or
      equal to NO3- greater than I- greater than F- greater than gluconate.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2420934
TI  - Possible hydrophobic region in myelin basic protein consisting of an orthogonally
      packed beta-sheet.
AB  - Theoretical analysis was carried out to determine how the approximately 20% of
      beta-structure observed in the 18.5 kilodalton (kDa) myelin basic protein (MBP)
      could be organized into a relatively stable beta-sheet. The beta-sheet is
      presumed to consist of the five most hydrophobic segments of polypeptide chain,
      which have beta-structure potential. These correspond approximately to sequences
      15-21, 37-45, 84-92, 106-112, and 148-154 (rabbit MBP sequence numbering) and
      constitute beta-strands a, b, c, d, and e, respectively. A number of constraints
      are imposed upon the sheet; e.g., it should have the same topology in all MBP
      forms (21.5, 18.5, 17, and 14 kDa); strand e should lie at the sheet edge;
      strands b, c, and d should be ordered sequentially; the sheet formed by strands
      a, b, c, and d should be antiparallel; a maximum of the nonpolar surface area
      should be removed from the aqueous milieu; and charged side chains should be
      solvent-accessible. On the basis of these constraints it is possible to propose
      six orthogonally packed beta-sheets having different topologies. If strand e is
      restricted to an antiparallel alignment, the number of different sheets is
      reduced to four. Each of these sheets can form a relatively compact hydrophobic
      globular region. Two of the strands (a and e) can undergo transitions to alpha
      helix without disrupting the structure of the remaining sheet bcd or producing
      major topologic rearrangements of the polypeptide chain.

PMID- 2420935
TI  - Effect of intrastriatal injection of diisopropylfluorophosphate on acetylcholine,
      dopamine, and serotonin metabolism.
AB  - Diisopropylfluorophosphate (81.5 nmol) was injected directly into the striata of
      rats to study changes in striatal metabolism of acetylcholine (ACh), 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) at
      early time points following acute irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase.
      Twenty minutes following the intrastriatal injection of
      diisopropylfluorophosphate, levels of striatal acetylcholine were elevated by
      50%, but a decrease in KACh compensated for this change. At 1 h, levels of ACh
      were still elevated, but not significantly different from control values.
      However, KACh and, hence, ACh turnover were greatly enhanced at this time.
      Finally, at 24 h, striatal ACh content was only slightly elevated and KACh and
      the turnover rate of ACh had returned to control values. Striatal cholinesterase
      activity remained significantly inhibited at all three times. At none of these
      times was ACh content or turnover affected in the parietal cortex, hippocampus,
      hypothalamus, or medulla/pons. Neither dopamine and its metabolites 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid nor serotonin and its metabolite
      5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were significantly affected at any of the three times
      by intrastriatal diisopropylfluorophosphate treatment. Possible mechanisms of the
      changes in cholinergic parameters are discussed.

PMID- 2420937
TI  - A rapid method for purification of myelin basic protein.
AB  - A rapid procedure for purification of myelin basic protein has been developed.
      White matter is delipidated with 2-butanol, and the residue is extracted at pH
      7.5 and 8.5. Myelin basic protein is solubilized by extraction in acetate buffer,
      pH 4.5. The entire procedure requires less than 4 h, and gives homogeneous
      protein essentially free of protease activity. This procedure can be scaled down
      to process milligram amounts of white matter; thus it can be very useful for
      purification of myelin basic protein from very limited amounts of human white
      matter obtained during surgery.

PMID- 2420936
TI  - Direct demonstration of the activation of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine: [GM3]N
      acetylgalactosaminyltransferase by cyclic AMP.
AB  - Treatment of NG108-15 cells in culture with the opiate peptide [D-Ala2,D
      Leu5]enkephalin produces maximal inhibition of cyclic AMP synthesis in less than
      15 min. The activity of [GM3]:N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase is similarly
      inhibited, but maximal inhibition is not observed for at least 30 min following
      the addition of [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin. Conversely, the phosphodiesterase
      inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine rapidly potentiates the intracellular
      accumulation of cyclic AMP and, in a more gradual fashion, increases [GM3]:N
      acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity. The reductions in the activity of
      [GM3]:N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that occur following treatment of NG108
      15 cells with indomethacin argues for a direct role of cyclic AMP in the observed
      changed in [GM3]:N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity. By adding low
      concentrations of cyclic AMP (but not cyclic GMP) to microsomes derived from
      neonatal rat brain, we were able to demonstrate a dose-dependent phosphorylation
      of membrane protein and subsequent doubling of [GM3]:N
      acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity.

PMID- 2420938
TI  - Activation of myelin protein kinase by diacylglycerol and 4 beta-phorbol 12
      myristate 13-acetate.
AB  - In an effort to gain a more complete understanding of the regulation of myelin
      basic protein phosphorylation, we have been interested in defining further the
      mode of regulation of the myelin protein kinase involved in this
      posttranslational modification. Here we report the partial purification of a
      protein kinase from rat brain myelin. By gel filtration, it was determined that
      the molecular weight of this enzyme was in the range of 70-80 X 10(3) daltons
      Furthermore, it was established that at low calcium concentrations, this enzyme
      was markedly activated by phosphatidylserine in combination with either 4 beta
      phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or diolein. The enzyme was not affected by cyclic
      AMP or by calcium, alone or in combination with calmodulin. On the basis of these
      findings this enzyme can be identified as a protein kinase C-like enzyme.

PMID- 2420939
TI  - Aphasia after stroke: natural history and associated deficits.
AB  - Data relating to 976 patients registered as suffering an acute stroke has been
      analysed to determine the natural history of speech disturbance: these patients
      came from a community survey of 215,000 people over a 28 month period. Of the 545
      patients assessed within 7 days of stroke, 24% were aphasic and 28% unassessable.
      At 3 weeks, when over 90% of survivors were tested, 20% of those tested had
      aphasia. At 6 months only 12% of survivors had significant aphasia, but 44% of
      patients and 57% of carers thought speech was abnormal. Of those aphasic within 7
      days, 40% remained so at 6 months; 60% of those aphasic at 3 weeks remained so.
      There was a high correlation between early and late aphasia scores. Aphasia was
      associated with more severe disability (degree of limb weakness, loss of
      function, loss of IQ), and with a less good recovery of social activities, but
      did not cause any measurable increase in stress upon carers. In a Health District
      of 250,000 people, about 60 patients each year may be referred for speech therapy
      after an acute stroke.

PMID- 2420940
TI  - Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy.
AB  - Nine cases of neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy are described. All patients had
      abnormal facial features, moderate to severe hypotonia, hepatomegaly, and
      retinitis pigmentosa. The clinical course was rapidly progressive in six cases
      and more protracted in three others. Biological signs of adrenal insufficiency
      were present in five cases. CT scan showed a demyelinating process in four
      patients. Trilamellar inclusions were found in the liver of four cases and dark
      and complex lipidic inclusions in three other cases. In the three necropsied
      patients there was severe alteration of the white matter involving particularly
      the cerebellum in two cases. Gyral and cytoarchitectonic disturbances were absent
      in all three cases. Increased plasma levels of very long chain fatty acids (8/8),
      phytanic acid (7/8) and bile fluid trihydroxycoprostanic acid (2/4) confirmed the
      deficiency of multiple peroxisomal enzymes. Clinical, histopathological and
      biochemical findings of these nine cases are compared to those reported in other
      neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy cases and to those of other neonatal peroxisomal
      disorders, that is cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome of Zellweger and infantile
      Refsum's disease.

PMID- 2420941
TI  - Alzheimer's disease: a correlative study.
AB  - In a study of 17 patients with histologically proven Alzheimer's disease the
      relationship between psychological, pathological and chemical measures of
      disorder was examined. Severity of dementia, determined by mental test
      performance, correlated highly with pathological change in large cortical neurons
      (cell loss and reduction in nuclear and nucleolar volume and cytoplasmic RNA
      content), to a lesser extent with cortical senile plaque and neurofibrillary
      tangle frequency and reduction in acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis, and not with
      reduction in choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity. A strongly significant
      relationship was demonstrated between cell loss and reductions in nuclear and
      nucleolar volume and cytoplasmic RNA content. Reduction in CAT activity and
      senile plaque frequency were significantly correlated, thereby linking changes in
      the sub-cortical projection system of the nucleus basalis with the cortical
      pathology. The pattern of correlations suggests that the dementia of Alzheimer's
      disease is largely a reflection of the state of large cortical neurons, and it is
      argued that abnormalities in the latter may not be directly related to primary
      loss of cholinergic neurons in the subcortex.

PMID- 2420942
TI  - Ultrastructural observations on the cytoarchitecture of axons processed by rapid
      freezing and freeze-substitution.
AB  - The structure and organization of axons in the cervical connective of wild-type
      Drosophila fruit flies were examined in anticipation of studies of various
      neurological mutants. Dissected flies were rapid-frozen from the living state
      against a copper block cooled with liquid helium, freeze-substituted, and
      prepared for electron microscopic examination of thin sections. These
      cryotechniques showed new details of the structure of cell organelles and
      cytoplasm in Drosophila axons. The cytoplasmic matrix of axons and glia consists
      of a material with a fine granular texture enmeshed in a three-dimensional
      meshwork of short, fine filaments which vary in shape, size and electron density.
      No neurofilaments are present, but bundles of microtubules are interwoven into
      the filamentous matrix of the axoplasm. The round wall of microtubules (27 nm
      overall diameter) is composed of twelve cylindrical protofilaments with a typical
      substructural periodicity. Mitochondria frequently make contact with microtubules
      in both axons and glial processes. A thin layer of electron-dense filamentous
      matrix, which appears to be an axonal basal lamina, contacts most of the axonal
      exoplasmic surface, especially that of axons where they are surrounded by
      processes of glial cells, but is scant wherever single axons are contiguous.
      Thus, an axonal basal lamina occupies the constricted spaces around axons, where
      extracellular K+ accumulates during neural activity.

PMID- 2420944
TI  - Ionic currents of cultured horizontal cells isolated from white perch retina.
AB  - Horizontal cells from the retinas of white perch were isolated and maintained in
      cell culture for 3 days to 3 wk. Four morphologically distinct types of
      horizontal cells could be identified in culture and were labeled types H1, H2,
      H3, and H4. Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were used to study the ionic
      currents present in the four cell types. In all cells, depolarizing commands
      above threshold elicited a fast-inward current followed by an outward current.
      The fast-inward current was abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX) or 0 Na+ Ringer's,
      indicating the current was carried by Na+. In H1, H2, and H3 cells, the outward
      current, carried by K+, consisted of two components: a transient current (IA),
      blockable with 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), or intracellular
      cesium and a sustained current that could be blocked with TEA. The H4 cell had
      only the sustained current. An inward rectifying K+ current (anomalous rectifier)
      was observed in the four cell types. The current was sensitive to the
      extracellular K+ concentration. Its activation showed two components: an
      instantaneous component and a slower component. The slow component becomes faster
      with greater hyperpolarizations. The four cell types possessed a small, sustained
      Ca2+ current that, under normal conditions, was masked by the inward Na+ current
      and outward K+ currents.

PMID- 2420943
TI  - Ultrastructural features of the lymphocyte-stimulated halos produced by human
      glioma-derived cells in vitro.
AB  - Many glioma-derived cell lines have the capability of escaping cell-mediated
      immune attack. One mechanism of escape is the secretion of a hyaluronidase
      sensitive mucopolysaccharide coat by these cells. This coat prevents contact and
      tumor cell killing by specific cytolytic allogeneic lymphocytes. The production
      of the coat by the tumor cells is stimulated by a macromolecular factor released
      by peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC) cells in culture. We have examined the
      morphologic and ultrastructural features of this extracellular matrix. Three coat
      producing lines were studied. Under phase contrast light microscopy, the coat is
      a clear pericellular 'halo'. To stain this zone, ruthenium red and Alcian Blue 8
      G stains, which bind to acid mucopolysaccharides (to a large extent, hyaluronic
      acid), were used. The two stains produced similar results. With light microscopy,
      a weblike pattern of stain was evident throughout the halo region. With
      transmission electron microscopy, staining was found along the plasma membrane of
      the glioma cells and their microvilli, stretching in long, branching filaments
      from these surfaces and, in some instances, from one microvillus to the next.
      Since mucopolysaccharide matrices have a large aqueous component, it was
      necessary to determine whether dehydration alters the stain pattern. Therefore,
      undehydrated ruthenium red stained specimens from each culture were embedded in
      Quetal 651 (Ted Pella, Inc., Tustin, CA), a water soluble plastic. No morphologic
      differences were noted between the hydrated and dehydrated specimens. This study
      indicates that numerous long microvilli and a secreted mucopolysaccharide matrix
      are important structural elements of the lymphocyte-stimulated tumor cell halo in
      vitro. The mechanism by which the PBMC factor stimulates coat formation and the
      importance of the coat in in vivo tumor defenses remain to be elucidated.

PMID- 2420945
TI  - Na+ and Ca2+ currents of acutely isolated adult rat nodose ganglion cells.
AB  - The electrical properties of nodose ganglion cells acutely isolated from adult
      rats were studied using the whole-cell patch-clamp recording method. Current
      clamp recordings revealed a mean resting membrane potential of -54.3 mV and an
      input resistance of 527 M omega. Depolarizing current steps evoked action
      potentials with the following properties (mean): amplitude 111 mV, threshold -36
      mV, and rate of rise 117 V/s. Two types of action potentials were observed, short
      and long duration. These properties, with the exception of input resistance (527
      M omega cf. 50 M omega), are similar to those reported previously using
      intracellular recording methods in intact nodose ganglia (11, 20, 28). Brief
      application of 10 microM 5-hydroxytryptamine resulted in a rapid depolarization
      and burst of action potentials in the majority of cells. With voltage-clamp
      recording, step depolarizations to potentials positive to -10 mV elicited a
      transient inward current that was followed by a sustained outward current. Inward
      Na+ current was isolated by ion substitution and pharmacological agents. Two
      types of Na+ current were observed. One current was completely abolished by 3-15
      microM tetrodotoxin (TTX), had a rapid time course, activated over the potential
      range -60 to -10 mV, and attained half-maximal conductance at -30 mV. The other
      current persisted in the presence of 15 microM TTX, had a slower time course,
      activated over the potential range -30 to 0 mV, and attained half-maximal
      conductance at -15 mV. In addition, 500 microM Cd2+ and 5.0 mM Co2+ reduced the
      TTX-insensitive current to 53 and 42% of control, respectively. Inward Ca2+
      current was isolated by ion substitution and pharmacological agents and was
      identified by a dependence on external Ca2+. Cd2+ (500 microM) and Co2+ (5 mM)
      reduced the maximal inward current to 5 and 20% of control, respectively. When
      Ba2+ was substituted for Ca2+ as the charge carrier, the maximal inward current
      increased to 175% of control. Some cells had two Ca2+ current components, an
      inactivating component that activated near -60 mV and a large sustained current
      that activated near -40 mV. The initial inactivating current appeared as a "hump"
      on the current-voltage (I-V) curve over the potential range of -60 to -30 mV. The
      results indicate that, following isolation of these adult mammalian neurons, the
      membrane surfaces are sufficiently clean to allow patch-clamp recording.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2420946
TI  - Expression of neurofilament subunits in neurons of the central and peripheral
      nervous system: an immunohistochemical study with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The extent to which all neurofilament (NF) subunits (NF68, NF150, NF200) are
      expressed by different populations of mature CNS and PNS neurons is
      controversial. We addressed this issue in immunohistochemical studies of mature
      bovine tissues using monoclonal antibodies specific for each bovine NF subunit.
      All three NF subunits were detected in the perikarya and neurites of both CNS and
      PNS neurons; they were seen in nearly all PNS neuronal perikarya, and in all
      identifiable CNS and PNS axons. Most, but not all, CNS neuronal perikarya
      contained each of these NF antigens. CNS neurons devoid of immunodetectable NF
      antigens were generally small. The presence of low levels of NF antigens in
      neurons with scant perikaryal cytoplasm may account for the apparent absence of
      NF immunoreactivity in some classes of neurons, although other explanations, such
      as microheterogeneity among NF proteins, could account for this finding. NF
      antigens were also seen in some cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system
      (adrenal chromaffin cells and cells of the pars distalis and pars intermedia),
      but not in other cell types. We suggest that the expression of all three NF
      subunits is a common feature of CNS and PNS neurons and their processes, and of
      some cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. These findings have implications
      for hypotheses concerning the structure and function of the intermediate
      filaments of neurons, and for hypotheses concerning neurodegenerative diseases
      involving NF proteins.

PMID- 2420947
TI  - Differential distribution of cell adhesion molecules during histogenesis of the
      chick nervous system.
AB  - We have compared the expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) and
      the neuron-glial cell adhesion molecule (Ng-CAM) during histogenesis of the chick
      nervous system. Data from immunohistochemistry and photometry were combined to
      construct maps of the overall distribution and dynamics of CAM appearance and
      disappearance. Each CAM appeared in a characteristic spatial and temporal pattern
      in various areas during cell movement, fiber outgrowth, tract formation, and
      myelination. N-CAM was more uniformly distributed than Ng-CAM and was present on
      all neural cell bodies and processes of the CNS and PNS. In the adult, the
      staining pattern of N-CAM remained similar to that in the embryo, although the
      staining intensity was diminished. During embryonic development, Ng-CAM was
      expressed on extending neurites and migrating neurons. The appearance Ng-CAM in
      the CNS was correlated particularly with times of cell migration in spinal cord
      and cerebellum, and in regions undergoing neurite extension, such as the
      developing white matter of the spinal cord, the optic nerve, and the medial
      longitudinal fasciculus. Cell bodies not undergoing migration were negative for
      Ng-CAM. In the adult CNS, Ng-CAM was markedly decreased in myelinated fiber
      tracts like the white matter of the spinal cord but persisted in unmyelinated
      regions such as the olfactory bulb. In contrast, in the PNS (for example, the
      dorsal root ganglion and sciatic nerve), Ng-CAM appeared early on both cell
      bodies and neurites, and it continued to be present on both in the adult, even in
      the presence of myelin. Maps comparing the relative distribution of Ng-CAM and N
      CAM showed dynamic reversals as the nervous system developed and, as a result,
      the pattern of CAM expression was markedly different in embryos and adults. This
      difference appears to reflect changes in the roles of selective adhesion and of
      the two neuronal CAMs at different times of development.

PMID- 2420948
TI  - Multiple components of delayed potassium current in peptidergic neurons of
      Aplysia: modulation by an activator of adenylate cyclase.
AB  - The neurosecretory bag cell neurons of the mollusk, Aplysia, control egg-laying
      behavior in the animal. In these cells, elevation of cAMP greatly enhances the
      height and width of action potentials. A similar enhancement of action potentials
      is seen during the bag cell afterdischarge, a 30 min period of repetitive
      activity that may be triggered by peptides from the reproductive tract or by
      brief extracellular stimulation. The enhancement of action potentials during an
      afterdischarge is well correlated with the observed elevations of cAMP. In the
      present study, we have examined the effects of forskolin (an activator of
      adenylate cyclase) and theophylline (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) on the
      delayed outward currents that are likely to control repolarization of the action
      potential. Isolated bag cell neurons, maintained in primary culture, were studied
      with a whole-cell patch clamp technique. High intracellular concentrations of
      EGTA were used to block potassium current activated by calcium entry. Analysis of
      the remaining voltage-dependent delayed outward current revealed two major
      components, which could be separated on the basis of their different kinetic
      properties. Both currents (IK1 and IK2) were carried by potassium. IK1, which did
      not inactivate during 100 msec depolarizations, was reduced in amplitude by
      application of forskolin and theophylline. Ik2, a current defined by its faster
      kinetic properties, partially inactivated during 100 msec depolarizations. This
      inactivation was markedly speeded by application of forskolin and theophylline.
      It is suggested that such changes in outward current in response to cAMP could
      explain the enhancement of spike width seen during an afterdischarge in vivo.

PMID- 2420950
TI  - One-stage decompression and stabilization in the treatment of spinal tumors.
AB  - Nowadays, extradural vertebral neoplasms which compress the spinal cord are being
      diagnosed earlier and therefore laminectomy for decompression relieves many
      patients of their neurological deficits before permanent cord damage has set in.
      In addition, radiotherapy and oncological treatment have prolonged life
      expectancy as well as the quality of life in these patients. As the indications
      for surgery have grown, the problem of spinal instability resulting from direct
      involvement of the supporting structures of the spine or due to the surgical
      procedure per se, must be considered. Many of these patients would rapidly return
      to leading their normal activities if not confined to bed rest or uncomfortable
      orthopedic devices. The Authors present 9 patients with extradural vertebral
      lesions: 4 plasmacytomas, 3 metastatic carcinomas, 1 malignant lymphoma and 1
      aggressive osteoblastoma treated by simultaneous decompression and stabilization
      of the spine. All patients showed remarkable improvement of neurological symptoms
      except in one case where massive pulmonary embolism caused death a few hours
      after surgery. This surgical treatment offers the advantages of performing wider
      and better decompressive maneuvers and, at the same time, assuring fast
      mobilization of the patient after surgery who is often in poor general
      conditions, thus reducing post-operative complications due to delayed physical
      therapy and bed confinement.

PMID- 2420951
TI  - Use of Harrington rods with segmental wiring for spinal pathology. Technical
      note.
AB  - The Authors report their experience using Harrington rods with segmental wiring
      for spinal pathology. They describe the advantages of this technical point in
      neoplastic and traumatological dorsal compression.

PMID- 2420949
TI  - Novel monoclonal antibodies provide evidence for the in situ existence of a
      nonphosphorylated form of the largest neurofilament subunit.
AB  - We have obtained five monoclonal antibodies to the Mr 200,000 neurofilament
      component (NF200) after immunization with polypeptides purified from
      enzymatically dephosphorylated bovine neurofilaments. In immunoblots of untreated
      neurofilament protein and protein from filaments exposed to phosphatase, these
      antibodies recognize nonphosphorylated or dephosphorylated, but not
      phosphorylated, forms of NF200. The epitopes recognized by these new monoclonal
      antibodies reside in the carboxyterminal domain of the NF200 polypeptide as
      defined by immunoreaction with limited chymotryptic fragments.
      Immunohistochemical studies of bovine cerebellum, spinal cord, trigeminal
      ganglion, and trigeminal nerve with these new monoclonal antibodies demonstrate
      immunoreactivity primarily in neuronal perikarya; axons and dendrites are weakly
      or infrequently immunostained. After enzymatic dephosphorylation of these
      tissues, a more extensive distribution of immunoreactivity is seen, especially in
      axons and dendrites. Immunostaining of cultured rat sympathetic neurons is
      restricted to cell bodies. These data provide evidence for the in situ existence
      of NF200 epitopes that are not phosphorylated in some classes of neurons or
      regions of a neuron, but are modified by phosphorylation in other neurons or
      neuronal domains. These new monoclonal antibodies are distinctly different from
      those in a large library (over 100) raised to, and specific for, phosphorylated
      neurofilament proteins. They are novel tools for probing neurofilament
      distribution, metabolism, structure, and possibly function.

PMID- 2420952
TI  - The tip-E mutation of Drosophila decreases saxitoxin binding and interacts with
      other mutations affecting nerve membrane excitability.
AB  - A recessive temperature-sensitive paralytic mutation, tip-E, is associated with
      reduced binding of [3H]saxitoxin to voltage-sensitive sodium channels in
      membranes from adult Drosophila heads. There is a decrease of 30-40% in the
      number of [3H]saxitoxin-binding sites per mg protein (Bmax), but the dissociation
      constant (Kd) for [3H]saxitoxin binding is normal in the remaining population of
      binding sites. This decrease is not due to a general hypotrophy of neural tissue
      since the number of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites is normal in tip-E mutants.
      Although saxitoxin binding is reduced in vitro, pharmacological experiments
      suggest that tip-E mutants have close to the wild-type number of sodium channels
      in vivo. This suggestion is supported by the observation that at permissive
      temperatures tip-E only marginally suppresses a mutation which causes enhanced
      membrane excitability. However, even at permissive temperatures tip-E interacts
      synergistically with mutations that decrease membrane excitability. In this case,
      the double mutants exhibit reduced viability and/or longevity. We postulate that
      either the structure of sodium channels or their microenvironment is altered in
      tip-E mutants resulting in an increased liability of binding sites in vitro.

PMID- 2420953
TI  - Neurogenetic analysis of Drosophila mutations affecting sodium channels:
      synergistic effects on viability and nerve conduction in double mutants involving
      tip-E.
AB  - In previous work it was shown that parats (paralyzed, temperature-sensitive, 1
      53.9) and napts (no action potential, temperature-sensitive, 2-56.2), two
      temperature-sensitive paralytic mutations that block nerve conduction at
      restrictive temperatures, interact synergistically in double mutants causing
      unconditional lethality. This interaction is now shown to include tip-E
      (temperature-induced paralysis, 3-13.5), another temperature-sensitive paralytic
      mutation. There is an allele-dependent interaction between tip-E and various para
      alleles resulting in the unconditional lethality of the most extreme double
      mutant combinations. The pattern of this allele-dependency is strikingly
      different from that previously reported for napts and para in that the para
      alleles that interact strongest with napts interact weakest with tip-E and vice
      versa. Double mutants of tip-E with napts also display greatly reduced viability.
      Surviving double mutants of tip-E with either parats1 or napts are weak and
      exhibit enhanced temperature sensitivity for both paralysis and nerve conduction
      failure. In addition, in a tip-E background, mutant para alleles enhance
      temperature-sensitive paralysis even when heterozygous with para+. The results of
      these studies suggest that tip-E shares related function with para and nap. It is
      proposed that tip-E, like para and nap exerts an effect at some level on the
      structure, function, or stability of sodium channels.

PMID- 2420954
TI  - Mutations resulting in resistance to polyene antibiotics decrease voltage
      sensitive calcium channel activity in Paramecium.
AB  - In this report, the isolation of Paramecium tetraurelia mutants resistant to the
      polyene antibiotics amphotericin B and filipin are described. These antibiotics
      are known to specifically interact with membrane sterols to produce a cytotoxic
      effect. Four mutants resistant to amphotericin B and two mutants resistant to
      filipin have been isolated. In each case, an individual mutant shows resistance
      to both amphotericin B and filipin. Genetic analysis indicates that all 6
      mutations map to the same complementation group and are not allelic to any of the
      3 pawn mutations or to either of the two "barium shy" mutations. The behavioral
      analysis suggests that these mutations cause an alteration of normal ion channel
      function. Direct electrophysiological analysis of one mutant indicates mutations
      to polyene antibiotic resistance cause a specific decrease in voltage-sensitive
      Ca2+ channel activity.

PMID- 2420955
TI  - An immunochemical study with neuron-specific-enolase and substance P of human
      enteric innervation--the normal developmental pattern and abnormal deviations in
      Hirschsprung's disease and pyloric stenosis.
AB  - Human enteric innervation was studied immunochemically with neuron-specific
      enolase (NSE), a specific neurone marker indicative of differentiation, and
      substance P, a potent member of the family of neuropeptides. By examining various
      levels of the gut in 28 normal human fetuses of gestational ages 9 to 21 weeks,
      we showed that enteric neurones as a whole, as well as peptidergic neurones in
      particular, followed a dual gradient of development proceeding from each end to
      the middle of the gut. This suggests the need for caution in accepting the
      hypothesis of the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung's disease based on the concept of
      a single craniocaudal gradient of enteric neuronal development. In studies of six
      infants with Hirschsprung's disease, NSE immunostaining was found to be
      potentially useful for diagnostic purposes. NSE activity suggested that the
      hypertrophied nerve bundles in aganglionic bowel were metabolically active and
      functionally mature. Substance P-immunoreactivity was decreased in both
      aganglionic and distal ganglionic bowel in Hirschsprung's disease, suggesting
      that substance P-nerves were more extensively affected developmentally than other
      enteric neurones. In 28 infants with pyloric stenosis (IHPS), the presence of
      intense NSE activity in the ganglia in the pylorus suggested that these neurones
      were neither immature nor severely degenerated. A decrease in substance P
      immunoreactivity in IHPS suggested possible involvement of peptidergic
      innervation in the pathogenesis of IHPS.

PMID- 2420956
TI  - Basal cell characteristics in human oral epithelium adhered to the tooth in vivo
      and to an inert substrate in vitro.

PMID- 2420957
TI  - Immunohistological study with peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining in a case of
      generalized prepubertal periodontitis.
AB  - A case of prepubertal periodontitis was observed and examined
      immunohistologically with peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining. The patient was an
      11-year and 7-month-old Japanese girl, well-developed and well-nourished. Her
      parents were first cousins. Her chief complaint was the loosening and loss of the
      permanent teeth. There was a similar history of primary dentition. Her remaining
      permanent teeth were loosened with severe alveolar bone loss, but calculus
      deposit was minimal. Significantly, there was no palmar-plantar hyperkeratosis.
      General examination showed normal data except for the increase of the
      immunoglobulin concentrations. In neutrophil function tests chemotaxis was
      depressed, although phagocytosis, random migration and superoxide production were
      within normal limits. Histologically, neutrophils were seen in the gingival
      tissue and other findings were also similar to those of adult periodontitis. In
      immunohistological examination, IgG-bearing cells which mostly consisted of
      plasma cells predominated in the lesion. Considering the past history, the
      immunodeficiency and the absence of palmar-plantar hyperkeratosis, the case was
      diagnosed as prepubertal periodontitis.

PMID- 2420959
TI  - An investigation of demethylation in the metabolism of methoxytryptamine and
      methoxytryptophol.
AB  - Though melatonin is primarily metabolised to 6-hydroxy-melatonin, we have
      recently shown that it can also be demethylated to form N-acetyl-serotonin. The
      question therefore arises as to whether demethylation is a general metabolic
      pathway that can apply to other pineal methoxyindoles. To investigate this
      possibility we administered deuterated methoxy-tryptophol (dML) and deuterated
      methoxy-tryptamine (dMT) to rats and analysed the urine for the presence of
      deuterated methoxyindole acetic acid (dMIAA) and deuterated hydroxyindole acetic
      acid (dHIAA). The method of analysis was gas chromatography mass spectrometry
      (GCMS), where the relevant molecular ion and fragment ions were monitored. The
      results showed that the major metabolite in all cases was dMIAA. There was no
      evidence to suggest that the compounds had been demethylated to form dHIAA. The
      study therefore indicates that the demethylation of melatonin is a specific
      metabolic pathway that does not apply to other methoxyindoles.

PMID- 2420958
TI  - The effect of treatment on Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in localized
      juvenile periodontitis.
AB  - Three treatment regimens including local tetracycline delivery, systemic
      doxycycline and surgery plus systemic doxycycline were investigated in a
      localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) population. Of the investigated treatments
      only surgery plus systemic doxycycline for 14 days was effective in eliminating
      or suppressing Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, an organism strongly
      associated with LJP lesions. While surgery plus antibiotics was the superior
      treatment, it appears that the possibility of reinfection or incomplete
      elimination of the organism exists. Careful long-term follow-up, including
      clinical and microbiological monitoring, is highly recommended in this
      periodontal population.

PMID- 2420960
TI  - Evidence for modulation of melatonin secretion in men with benign and malignant
      tumors of the prostate: relationship with the pituitary hormones.
AB  - The serum levels of the pineal hormone melatonin were determined by
      radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 4-h intervals throughout a 24-h period in elderly men
      with different types of prostate tumors: benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, n =
      13), incidental carcinoma (PCi, n = 5), and nonmetastasizing carcinoma (PC, n =
      9), as well as in young men (YM, n = 10). Simultaneously, the pituitary hormones
      prolactin, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
      were measured by RIA. All subjects were untreated and free of serious complaints,
      and they stayed in the same environment. The data were analyzed by the population
      mean-cosinor method, and linear correlation coefficients between the five
      hormones were calculated for each group. Melatonin showed significant circadian
      rhythms in young men and patients with BPH and PCi but not in patients with PC.
      Twenty-four-hour mean concentration (mesor) and amplitude were significantly
      increased in patients with PCi as compared to patients with PC. Prolactin showed
      significant circadian rhythms in young men and in patients with BPH, whereas
      patients with PCi and PC appeared to have ultradian variations. Growth hormone
      did not show significant rhythms in any of the groups; the mesors were elevated
      in all tumor groups as compared to young men. Gonadotropin mesors were elevated
      in all tumor patients as compared to young men; rhythms were not detected.
      Carcinoma patients showed different interhormonal correlations than all other
      groups. These results indicate that modulation of melatonin secretion,
      accompanied by changes in the pituitary hormone levels, may be related to
      development and growth of prostate cancer.

PMID- 2420961
TI  - Inhibition of serum melatonin concentration and synthesis of brain
      indolealkylamines by monofluoromethyldopa in the rat.
AB  - The simultaneous effect of alpha-monofluoromethyldopa (MFMD) on the synthesis of
      rat brain indolealkylamines has been investigated both in the daytime and in the
      dark phase. The effect on serum melatonin concentration has also been determined
      in the dark period. MFMD inhibits 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase in the pineal
      gland, hypothalamus, and the cerebral cortex. Simultaneous measurement of 5
      hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic
      acid (5-HIAA) levels in the three brain areas revealed that MFMD caused large
      increases in pineal 5-HTP concentrations and substantial decreases in pineal 5-HT
      and 5-HIAA both in the light and dark phases; a significant decrease in daytime
      hypothalamic 5-HT content after 7-h pretreatment; and a large increase in dark
      phase cortical 5-HT concentration after 4-h pretreatment. Serum melatonin levels
      were also reduced by the action of MFMD in the dark period. The evidence suggests
      that differences occur in the rate-limiting steps in the indolealkylamine
      biosynthesis in the three brain areas.

PMID- 2420962
TI  - Temporal effects of norepinephrine on pineal serotonin in vitro.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the temporal effects of norepinephrine
      (NE) stimulation on pineal serotonin (5HT) in vitro. Rat pineal glands were
      individually incubated in nutrient media for 6 h. After a 2-h preincubation, the
      glands were exposed to tryptophan (TRYP) or TRYP + norepinephrine (10(-4)M each)
      for 4 additional h. Media and pineals were then analyzed for 5HT and 5HIAA
      content. Initial exposure to TRYP increased 5HT levels in the media.
      Norepinephrine increased media 5HT concentrations further and also caused 5HIAA
      levels to rise significantly. These findings suggest that 5HT secretion and/or
      oxidation is an early response to stimulation of the pineal gland by NE.
      Following prolonged NE exposure, media 5HT declined to control values while 5HIAA
      remained high. Similarly, intrapineal levels of 5HT fell after prolonged
      stimulation with NE. Thus, pineal responses to initial and continued stimulation
      with NE are differentiable as early and late effects upon 5HT. Early effects may
      include secretion and/or oxidation of 5HT followed later by utilization of 5HT in
      N-acetylation pathways such as that leading to melatonin synthesis. The finding
      that 5HT is secreted in response to NE suggests that the indoleamine may be a
      hormone of the pineal gland. Based upon its known influence on physiologic
      rhythms, daily secretion of 5HT from the pineal may be an important part of the
      gland's time-keeping function.

PMID- 2420963
TI  - Effect of some vasodilators on cat femoral arteries.
AB  - Adenosine, cyclic-AMP (cAMP), papaverine and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (MIX)
      evoked dose-dependent vasodilatation in cat femoral arteries precontracted with
      75 mM K+. The vasodilator response induced at maximal concentration used was:
      papaverine greater than MIX greater than adenosine = cAMP. With regard to the
      potency of relaxant effects (IC10) the order was MIX = cAMP = papaverine greater
      than adenosine. The dilatation elicited by papaverine, adenosine and cAMP was
      increased by MIX. Preincubation with adenosine enhanced the relaxation induced by
      MIX and reduced that produced by cAMP. These results indicate that the effects of
      adenosine and cAMP seem not to be mediated by specific surface receptors but by a
      cAMP-dependent mechanism. The interference between adenosine and cAMP could be
      due to competition for a similar site and/or mechanism.

PMID- 2420964
TI  - Effect of a selected suppression of the reticuloendothelial system on the
      distribution of model carrier particles.
AB  - The distribution of small labeled latex test particles has been studied after
      intravenous administration to the rabbit using the noninvasive technique of gamma
      scintigraphy. The reticuloendothelial system was suppressed using polystyrene
      latex particles and dextran sulfate as blocking agents. Both materials gave rise
      to significant uptake of particles in the lungs of the order of 60% of the
      administered dose. The effect seen with suppression with latex particles remained
      unaltered over an 8-d period, while for suppression with dextran sulfate the
      effect was transient, and particles that were initially deposited in the lungs
      were subsequently redistributed to the liver. The results are discussed in terms
      of previous studies on reticuloendothelial suppression using different agents,
      test colloids, and animal models.

PMID- 2420965
TI  - Bronchodilator activity of a nonxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; 2,4-diamino
      5-cyano-6-bromopyridine (compound I).
AB  - The ability of 2,4-diamino-5-cyano-6-bromopyridine (compound 1) to inhibit
      bronchiolar smooth muscle constriction was examined in isolated rings of rabbit
      primary bronchi and intrapulmonary bronchioles. After carbachol-induced
      constriction these tissue were significantly relaxed by either compound I or 1
      methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (MIX) in a similar dose-dependent manner with 50 to 80%
      relaxation occurring at 100 microM of either compound. Compound I also attenuated
      the constrictor response of bronchial rings to histamine and significantly
      reduced the tension generated by horseradish peroxidase in sensitized tissues
      responding to this antigen. In addition, both compound I and MIX were found to
      inhibit the soluble cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity of rabbit bronchioles.
      Finally, both compound I and MIX caused a nearly 2-fold, time-dependent increase
      in cyclic AMP levels in isolated rabbit intrapulmonary bronchioles. The
      similarities of both the in vitro tissue responses to these compounds and the
      phosphodiesterase inhibitory properties suggest that the ability of compound I to
      reduce constrictor-induced tension generation in bronchial smooth muscle is
      related to the inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and the
      consequent elevation of cyclic AMP.

PMID- 2420966
TI  - Actions of phencyclidine on the action potential and membrane currents of single
      guinea-pig myocytes.
AB  - The direct actions of phencyclidine (PCP) on mammalian sarcolemma were examined
      by determination of the drug's effects on the action potentials of isolated
      guinea-pig ventricular cells, and on the underlying ionic currents. PCP (10(-6)
      to 10(-4) M) did not alter the resting membrane potential but produced a dose
      dependent prolongation of the duration of the action potential, and a reduction
      of the rate of depolarization of phase 0 (Vmax) of the action potential. Voltage
      clamp experiments revealed that PCP blocks both myocardial Ca++ channels and
      myocardial time-dependent K+ channels. The K+ channel blockade was shown to
      exhibit an apparent voltage-dependence. The effects of PCP on these ionic
      channels could explain previous reports of it prolonging myocardial action
      potentials and conflicting reports of positive and negative inotropism.

PMID- 2420967
TI  - Adenosine and muscarinic cholinergic receptors attenuate cyclic AMP accumulation
      by different mechanisms in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells.
AB  - An adenosine receptor has been characterized to unambiguously demonstrate that
      the inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein, Gi, of 1321N1 human
      astrocytoma cells is fully capable of functionally coupling to adenylate cyclase.
      Adenosine receptor agonists attenuated cyclic AMP accumulation by 35 to 75% with
      the order of potency of N6(R-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine greater than adenosine =
      2-chloroadenosine greater than N6-methyladenosine = N6-benzyladenosine. 3
      Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine competitively antagonized the effect of adenosine
      receptor agonists. Adenylate cyclase activity measured in cell-free preparations
      from 1321N1 cells was inhibited by N6(R-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine. Pretreatment
      of 1321N1 cells with pertussis toxin blocked both adenosine receptor-mediated
      inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity and attenuation of cyclic AMP
      accumulation. In contrast to the effects on responses to adenosine receptor
      agonists, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine noncompetitively antagonized muscarinic
      receptor-mediated attenuation of cyclic AMP accumulation and pertussis toxin had
      no effect. These data are consistent with the ideas that Gi is fully functional
      in 1321N1 cells and links inhibitory adenosine receptors to adenylate cyclase,
      and that the muscarinic receptor of these cells couples to the phosphoinositide
      response system, but is incapable of functionally coupling through Gi to inhibit
      adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2420968
TI  - Effect of DL-2-mercaptomethyl-3-guanidinoethylthiopropanoic acid on the blood
      pressure response to vasoactive substances.
AB  - The importance of kininase I (carboxypeptidase N) in the catabolism of
      circulating kinins is not known. DL-2-Mercaptomethyl-3
      guanidinoethylthiopropanoic acid (MGTA) has been reported to be an inhibitor of
      kininase I both in vitro and in vivo. In order to evaluate the possible role of
      kininase I in the in vivo inactivation of bradykinin, the authors studied the
      blood pressure responses of pentobarbital-anesthetized rats to bradykinin before
      and after the i.v. administration of MGTA (a 10-mg/kg bolus followed by 1
      mg/kg/min continuous infusion). MGTA potentiated bradykinin-induced hypotension.
      The specificity of MGTA for kininase I was tested using other peptide and
      nonpeptide vasoactive substances. MGTA potentiated the hypertension due to
      angiotensin I, angiotensin II and vasopressin, but it did not affect the response
      to phenylephrine. On the other hand, MGTA did not potentiate the hypotensive
      action of acetylcholine, but it did potentiate that of sodium nitroprusside. The
      potentiation of bradykinin-induced hypotension is compatible with inhibition of
      kininase I by MGTA. The data suggest, however, that MGTA is not selective for any
      enzyme that inactivates kinins, inasmuch as other peptides and nonpeptide
      vasoactive substances are also potentiated.

PMID- 2420969
TI  - Spinal release of immunoreactive Met-enkephalin by intraventricular beta
      endorphin and its analogs in anesthetized rats.
AB  - We have reported previously that i.v.t. beta-endorphin increases the release of
      immunoreactive Met-enkephalin but not Leuenkephalin or dynorphins from the spinal
      cord. To determine if the effect is specific to beta-endorphin, the present
      investigation tested i.v.t. beta-endorphin, its analogs and other opiate agonists
      with different opioid receptor activities for their ability to release Met
      enkephalin using an intrathecal perfusion technique. Human beta-endorphin and its
      analogs, human beta-endorphin-(1-30), -(1-29) and -(1-28) which have an identical
      amino acid sequence in the NH2-terminus showed reduced stepwise potencies in
      releasing Met-enkephalin. The results correlated well with their analgesic
      potencies. Des-Met5-camel beta-endorphin (64 micrograms i.v.t.) which does not
      have a complete sequence of Met-enkephalin in its NH2-terminus but still retains
      20% of camel beta-endorphin analgesic potency caused the spinal release of Met
      enkephalin. Morphine (mu opioid receptor agonist, 40 micrograms), D-Ala2-D-Leu5
      enkephalin (delta opioid receptor agonist, 80 micrograms) and U-50488H (kappa
      opioid receptor agonist, 160 micrograms) injected i.v.t. were unable to cause any
      release of Met-enkephalin. High-performance liquid chromatography after Sephadex
      G-50 gel chromatography indicated that the immunoreactive Met-enkephalin in the
      spinal perfusate released by i.v.t. beta-endorphin had a retention time identical
      to authentic Met-enkephalin. Intraventricular injection of Met-enkephalin, 4 nmol
      (2.3 micrograms), caused little increase of Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity in
      the spinal perfusate, whereas 4 nmol of i.v.t. beta-endorphin caused a marked
      increase of Met-enkephalin in the spinal perfusate. Inhibition of peptidase by
      i.v.t. aprotinin and bacitracin does not prevent the spinal release of Met
      enkephalin induced by i.v.t. beta-endorphin. It is concluded that the release of
      Met-enkephalin was specific to beta-endorphin and the results were not due to
      cross-immunoreactivity of beta-endorphin or its metabolites.

PMID- 2420970
TI  - Bepridil block of cardiac calcium and sodium channels.
AB  - The effects of bepridil, a new Ca channel blocking agent with reported
      antiarrhythmic action, were examined in single isolated ventricular cells using
      whole-cell patch clamp techniques. Ca currents were studied in guinea-pig
      ventricular cells and Na currents were studied in cultured ventricular cells from
      neonatal rat, a preparation which is more suitable for Na current measurements
      than guinea pig. At low frequencies (0.1 Hz) and negative holding potentials (-50
      mV for Ca currents and -100 mV for Na currents), bepridil produced a
      concentration-dependent decrease in both Ca and Na currents without any
      significant change in the current-voltage relations. Concentration-response
      curves for block of Ca and Na channels were fitted by a one-to-one drug-receptor
      occupancy model. Half-blocking concentrations (IC50) of bepridil were 5 x 10(-7)
      M for Ca currents and 3 X 10(-5) M for Na currents. Bepridil had no effect on the
      inwardly rectifying K current and the time-dependent outward current. The effects
      of bepridil on Ca and Na currents depend upon the holding potential. Inactivation
      curves of the Ca and Na currents were shifted to more negative potentials by the
      drug. The recovery of both the Ca and Na currents from inactivation was always
      prolonged by bepridil and the repriming of both currents usually displayed an
      added exponential component, attributed to slow release of the drug from the
      channels. The results indicate that bepridil, by inhibiting both Ca and Na
      currents, may have clinical usefulness in the treatment of certain ischemia
      induced ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 2420971
TI  - Effects of calcium channel entry blockers, nifedipine and nilvadipine, on colonic
      motor activity.
AB  - The effects of the dihydropyridine calcium channel entry blockers nifedipine and
      nilvadipine on colonic contractions were determined in vitro and in vivo. In
      circular muscle strips prepared from the canine proximal colon, cumulative
      concentration-response curves were generated to potassium chloride (KCl),
      acetylcholine (ACh) and substance P, and the effects of electrical field
      stimulation were determined. Responses to KCl and ACh were examined in circular
      muscle strips prepared from the monkey proximal and distal colon. Nifedipine (10(
      8) - 10(-6) M) significantly decreased KCl-induced contractions, whereas
      equimolar concentrations of nilvadipine were less effective at modifying these
      responses. Both calcium channel entry blockers produced similar significant
      decreases in ACh, substance P and electrical field stimulation contractions. In
      anesthetized dogs, strain gauge force transducers were oriented to record
      proximal colonic circular muscle contractions. Colonic contractions to i.a.
      infusions of ACh, cholecystokinin-(26-33) and substance P were produced in a
      small segment of the proximal colon. Nifedipine and nilvadipine (200
      micrograms/kg i.v.) significantly decreased maximal ACh contractions. Nilvadipine
      also decreased maximum cholecystokinin-(26-33) and substance P contractions. Both
      calcium channel entry blockers decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure
      significantly at 100 micrograms/kg i.v. These results indicate that nifedipine
      and nilvadipine are equieffective at reducing colonic contractile activity to a
      variety of colonic stimulants and illustrate the importance of extracellular
      calcium in the mediation of colonic motility

PMID- 2420972
TI  - A fast-activated inward calcium current in twitch muscle fibres of the frog (Rana
      montezume).
AB  - Voltage-clamp experiments were performed at 18 degrees C in intact twitch muscle
      fibres of the frog using the three micro-electrode technique. Membrane currents
      were recorded in the presence of 120 mM-tetraethylammonium-methanesulphonate and
      10 mM-Ca2+. The recording solution was made hypertonic by adding 350 mM-sucrose
      to avoid contraction. Two components of inward current in the absence of external
      Na+ were observed. Depolarization induced a fast-activated inward current of
      small amplitude in addition to the well-known slow, transient Ca2+ current
      (ICa,s). Both components of inward current persisted in the presence of
      tetrodotoxin. They practically disappeared on replacing external Ca2+ with Mg2+
      and were blocked by millimolar additions of Cd2+ to the bath. Thus, the fast
      activated component of inward current was also carried by Ca2+ (ICa,f). Neither
      ICa,f nor ICa,s were reduced by 5 microM-diltiazem. During 400 ms depolarizations
      ICa,f was detected at approximately -60 mV, 30 mV more negative than the membrane
      potentials at which ICa,s appeared. At about 0 mV the time constant for
      activation was 5 ms for ICa and 150 ms for ICa,s. ICa,f did not significantly
      decline during depolarizations up to 2s in duration at membrane potentials
      between -60 and -30 mV. ICa,f tended to disappear as a function of time on
      exposure to the hypertonic recording solution. Its maximum amplitude decreased
      from about -25 microA/cm2 during the first 5 min to about -5 microA/cm2 after 25
      min while ICa.s remained practically unchanged (maximum peak amplitude of about 
      60 microA/cm2). These results indicate the existence of two types of voltage
      dependent CA2+ channels in intact muscle fibres. The kinetic properties of fast
      activated Ca2+ channels suggest that they significantly activate during a single
      twitch.

PMID- 2420973
TI  - The role of sensory fibres in the rat splanchnic nerve in the regulation of
      adrenal medullary secretion during stress.
AB  - We have studied the involvement of sensory nerves containing substance P (SP) in
      the modulation of stress-induced catecholamine (CA) secretion from the
      sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla. Adrenaline and noradrenaline (NA)
      levels were measured in blood samples withdrawn from the inferior vena cava
      (i.v.c.) at 5 or 15 min intervals for periods of up to 60 min, in adult rats
      during stress induced by insulin or cold. Insulin stress caused a biphasic
      elevation of plasma CA. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that the
      first phase lasting 30 min is neurogenic, and the second phase from 30 to 60 min
      is non-neurogenic in mechanism. In control adult rats (with normal levels of SP
      in their splanchnic nerve), insulin stress caused a slow and progressive
      secretion of adrenaline into the circulation for the first 30 min (neurogenic
      phase). In the period 30-60 min (non-neurogenic phase) plasma adrenaline and NA
      levels rose at a much higher rate. In capsaicin-pre-treated rats (in which SP
      levels in the splanchnic nerve were depleted by 68%) insulin stress produced a
      steady increase in plasma adrenaline levels for up to 5 min similar to that in
      insulin-stressed control animals; however, by 10 min the plasma adrenaline levels
      had fallen to basal and remained low up to 30 min. From 30 to 60 min, plasma
      adrenaline and NA levels rose steeply as seen with control animals. We conclude
      that capsaicin pre-treatment affected the neurogenic phase but did not affect the
      non-neurogenic phase. Cold stress increased the plasma adrenaline levels by a
      neurogenic mechanism over 30 min in control rats. In contrast, in capsaicin-pre
      treated, cold-stressed rats, plasma adrenaline did not increase significantly.
      Plasma NA levels were also significantly lowered in capsaicin-pre-treated, cold
      stressed rats during the neurogenic phase but NA increases were not dependent on
      an intact adrenal innervation. The results using both insulin stress and cold
      stress suggest that capsaicin-sensitive (sensory) nerve fibres in the adrenal
      medulla and in sympathetic ganglia are capable of modifying the secretory
      responses of these tissues to stress. Results from our previous in vitro work are
      compatible with the view that SP may be the neuromodulator released from such
      sensory nerves to produce these effects. This suggests that the previously
      reported ability of SP to modulate nicotinic receptor function in vitro by either
      inhibiting the nicotinic response or protecting against nicotinic desensitization
      may be more than a mere pharmacological curiosity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2420974
TI  - Electrical properties of the nexal membrane studied in rat ventricular cell
      pairs.
AB  - Cell pairs isolated from adult rat ventricles were used to characterize the
      electrical properties of the nexal membrane located between the cells. Each cell
      of a cell pair was connected to a suction pipette so as to enable whole-cell
      recordings. A double voltage-clamp method was employed which allowed the voltage
      gradient across the nexal membrane to be controlled. The current-voltage
      relationship of the nexal membrane was found to be linear over a broad range of
      transnexal voltages ( +/- 50 mV). The measurements revealed a mean value for the
      apparent nexal membrane resistance, rn(app), of 3.4 M omega. Taking into account
      the contribution of an uncompensated series resistance (access resistance), the
      effective nexal resistance, rn(eff), amounts to 1.7 M omega, approximately. The
      nexal membrane resistance was found to be insensitive to the sarcolemmal membrane
      potential, Vm (voltage range tested: -90 mV to +30 mV). The nexal membrane showed
      no rectifying property, i.e. it allows impulse transmission in both directions
      equally well. The connexons of the nexal membrane exhibited no time-dependent
      gating behaviour (time range investigated: 0.1-10 s).

PMID- 2420975
TI  - Effects of thallium on membrane currents at diastolic potentials in canine
      cardiac Purkinje strands.
AB  - A two-micro-electrode voltage-clamp technique was used to record membrane
      currents from canine cardiac Purkinje strands during hyperpolarizing steps to
      potentials between -70 and -150 mV in Tyrode solutions containing K+ and/or Tl+.
      Complete replacement of external K+ by equimolar Tl+ increases the instantaneous
      inwardly rectifying current. The inwardly rectifying region of the instantaneous
      I-V relation is shifted to more positive potentials and its slope is increased.
      The diastolic time-dependent current is reduced or reversed. Partial substitution
      of equimolar Tl+ for K+ reduces the diastolic time-dependent current. The
      instantaneous I-V relation is shifted inward for molar fractions of Tl+ (YTl)
      greater than 0.5, and is slightly more inward or unchanged for YTl less than or
      equal to 0.5. Addition of small amounts of Tl+ shifts the instantaneous I-V
      relation inward and reduces the diastolic time-dependent current. Addition of Tl+
      in solutions containing Ba2+ to block the background inward rectifier has no
      effect on the instantaneous I-V relation; the diastolic time-dependent (pace
      maker) current is reduced. Block of the pace-maker current by Tl+ is largely
      independent of potential in Ba2+ Tyrode solution. Since Tl+ has opposite effects
      on the pace-maker current and the inward rectifier, these findings support other
      evidence that the pace-maker current is not part of the background inward
      rectifier.

PMID- 2420976
TI  - Relationship between the transient inward current and slow inward currents in the
      sino-atrial node of the rabbit.
AB  - In low K+ (0.3 mM) solutions rabbit sinus node preparations show the oscillatory
      transient inward current, iTI, already recorded in these conditions in Purkinje
      and ventricular preparations. The time course of iTI closely resembles that of
      the slow component of the slow inward current (isi) previously reported by us
      (Brown, Kimura, Noble, Noble & Taupignon, 1984a) in rabbit sinus node, when
      recorded near its threshold (-40 mV). When the duration of voltage-clamp steps is
      varied there is a strong correlation between the 'envelope' of isi amplitudes on
      depolarization and the time course of iTI on hyperpolarization. Although
      oscillations of iTI become smaller near 0 mV, there is no potential at which the
      current records are completely flat, suggesting that there is no simple reversal
      potential. 75% substitution of Na+ by Li+ greatly reduces both iTI and slow isi
      in about the same proportion. Reducing the activity of the Na-K exchange pump by
      the amount expected in 0.3 mM-K+ solutions is sufficient to induce oscillatory
      iTI in a computer model of the sino-atrial node (Noble & Noble, 1984). The model
      reproduces the current as variations in the Na-Ca exchange current dependent on
      intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([ Ca]i). The model was also used to test the
      alternative hypothesis that the slow inward currents might be generated by [Ca]i
      activated non-specific cation channels. It is shown that this would distort the
      shape of the repolarization phase of the action potential. It is concluded that
      the experiments and computations are consistent with the hypothesis that a large
      fraction of iTI and the slow component of isi could both be generated by Na-Ca
      exchange and that only a relatively small fraction might be generated by non
      specific channels.

PMID- 2420977
TI  - Acetylcholine receptor activation by a site-selective ligand: nature of brief
      open and closed states in BC3H-1 cells.
AB  - Single-channel currents were recorded through acetylcholine receptor channels of
      clonal BC3H-1 muscle cells activated by the curare-like compound, DMT binds
      selectively to the two alpha-neurotoxin-binding sites on these receptors, with
      apparent dissociation constants differing by about 1000-fold (Sine & Taylor,
      1981). Receptor channels do not open with DMT bound only to the high-affinity
      site, but only at DMT concentrations at which both high- and low-affinity sites
      are occupied. Open-duration histograms are not single exponentials, but are
      described by the sums of two (or three) exponentials. Both brief- and long
      duration openings are observed in the presence of 3 microM-DMT, and are seen at
      the same relative frequency up to 80 microM-DMT. Long-duration openings are
      interrupted by brief closures with a mean duration of 50 microseconds and which
      occur at a frequency of 50-60 per second of open time. These temporal
      characteristics closely parallel those of the brief closures observed with the
      full agonists, acetylcholine, carbamylcholine, and suberyldicholine. Raised
      concentrations of DMT apparently block open channels in a voltage-dependent
      fashion. It is concluded that both brief- and long-duration openings arise from
      receptors with two molecules of DMT bound. Furthermore, brief closures in general
      do not appear to reflect receptor activation processes. Instead, they seem to
      arise through entry to a closed state with properties independent of the agonist,
      but characteristic of open channels.

PMID- 2420978
TI  - Dynamics of strychnine block of single sodium channels in bovine chromaffin
      cells.
AB  - The kinetics of strychnine block of single Na channels in bovine chromaffin cells
      were studied using the gigohm seal, patch-clamp technique, under the condition in
      which the Na current inactivation had been eliminated by treatment with N
      bromoacetamide (NBA). Strychnine, applied to the cytoplasmic face of Na channels
      at concentrations ranging from 25 to 100 microM, caused repetitive rapid
      transitions (flickering) between open and blocked states within single openings
      of Na channels, without affecting the amplitude of the single-channel current.
      Average currents in the presence of strychnine accompanied 'hooked' tail currents
      upon repolarization. The histograms for blocked times and the histograms for open
      times could be fitted with a single-exponential function. The mean open time (to)
      became shorter as the drug concentration was increased, while the mean blocked
      time (tb) was concentration independent. The association (blocking) rate
      constant, k, calculated from the slope of the curve relating the reciprocal mean
      open time to strychnine concentration was 7.6 X 10(6) M-1 S-1 at -40 mV in a
      typical experiment. to-1 and tb-1 had opposite voltage dependences: tb-1 became
      larger as the membrane was hyperpolarized whereas to-1 became smaller. The
      voltage dependence suggests that a first-order blocking site is located 35% of
      the way through the membrane electric field from the cytoplasmic surface. An
      increase in the external Na+ concentration greatly decreased to-1 without
      affecting tb-1. The voltage dependence of both to-1 and tb-1 did not change when
      the external Na concentration was changed. It is suggested that the strychnine
      block of single Na channels is not 'current-dependent'. All of the features of
      strychnine block of single Na channels are compatible with the sequential model,
      in which strychnine molecules block open Na channels, and the blocked channels
      could not close until strychnine molecules had left the blocking site in the
      channels.

PMID- 2420979
TI  - Ion-selective micro-electrode studies of the electrochemical potentials in trout
      urinary bladder.
AB  - Intracellular micro-electrode techniques were used to measure the electrical
      resistances of the cell membranes and the shunt pathway and intracellular ionic
      activities in trout urinary bladder when the tissue was incubated in Ringer
      solution and in the presence of the polyene antibiotic ionophore amphotericin B.
      In control conditions the transepithelial potential was zero and the
      intracellular potential was -56 mV. The intracellular ionic activities measured
      with single- and double-barrel ion-sensitive micro-electrodes for the first time
      in a fish bladder (aiNa = 16 mM, aiK = 87 mM, and aiCl = 21 mM) indicate an
      active accumulation of K and Cl ions and an active extrusion of Na ions by the
      cell. The maintenance of intracellular Cl activity above its equilibrium value
      depended on the presence of Na ions in the mucosal medium, but was independent of
      the presence of K ions. Flat cable analysis yielded values for transepithelial,
      apical, basolateral and shunt resistances of 197, 2790, 1986 and 205 omega cm-2
      respectively. Equivalent circuit analysis using amphotericin B yielded similar
      values for shunt resistance. The paracellular pathway accounts for 96% of
      transepithelial current flow and this epithelium may be classified as 'leaky'.
      The cells are electrically coupled with a space constant of 354 micron.
      Amphotericin B when added to the mucosal solution induced an immediate serosa
      positive transepithelial potential of about 9 mV and a short-circuit current of
      64 microA cm-2. The Vt was ouabain sensitive and dependent on mucosal Na
      concentration. The origin of the antibiotic induced transepithelial potential was
      an increase in the sum of the cell membrane electromotive forces. The apical
      membrane potential depolarized to -7 mV and its resistance fell to 433 omega cm
      2. During the first 10 min of exposure aiNa increased to 80 mM and aiK decreased
      to 7 mM with only a small change in aiCl. The changes in cellular Na+ and K+
      activities were in accordance with their passive redistribution down their
      electrochemical gradients.

PMID- 2420980
TI  - Intracellular factors for the maintenance of calcium currents in perfused
      neurones from the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.
AB  - Isolated nerve cell bodies from Lymnaea stagnalis were internally perfused and
      voltage-clamped. The magnitude of the Ca2+ current was monitored while perfusing
      with various intracellular solutions. When the intracellular perfusate was
      unenriched (containing only inorganic ions, 100 mM-HEPES and 5 mM-EGTA), the Ca2+
      current was found to 'wash out', falling to half of its maximum value
      approximately 30-40 min from the beginning of perfusion. Stopping the flow of the
      perfusing solution increased this half-time to more than 50 min. The current
      voltage relationship changed only slightly during wash-out. The addition of 2 mM
      ATP and 1 mM-Mg2+ to the internal perfusate prevented, and even reversed, wash
      out of the Ca2+ current. Both ATP and Mg2+ were necessary for maximal effect.
      Such current loss as occurred in the presence of ATP and Mg2+ was associated with
      a decrease in the capacitance of the cell and probably resulted from membrane
      being pulled into the pipette. The rate of inactivation of the Ca2+ current
      increased during perfusion with an unenriched internal solution, but decreased to
      initial values when ATP and Mg2+ were added to the internal perfusate. Although
      intracellular Mg2+ was necessary for the prevention of wash-out, levels higher
      than 1 mM had a blocking effect on the Ca2+ current. Certain factors that promote
      cyclic AMP-dependent protein phosphorylation (internal: cyclic AMP, theophylline
      and catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase; external: dibutyryl
      cyclic AMP, 8-bromo cyclic AMP and forskolin) had no effect on the magnitude of
      the Ca2+ current in cells perfused with ATP and Mg2+. Externally applied
      theophylline blocked the Ca2+ current. The mechanism through which ATP and Mg2+
      act to prevent wash-out of the Ca2+ current may be to enhance the ability of the
      cell to lower the Ca2+ concentration near the inner surface of the plasma
      membrane. This would prevent both the reversible block of Ca2+ current by
      intracellular Ca2+ and an irreversible loss of current due to high levels of
      intracellular Ca2+.

PMID- 2420981
TI  - Adenosine agonists reduce voltage-dependent calcium conductance of mouse sensory
      neurones in cell culture.
AB  - Adenosine and several of its analogues produced a concentration-dependent
      shortening of calcium-dependent action potential (c.a.p.) duration of mouse
      dorsal root ganglion (d.r.g.) neurones in dissociated cell culture. The following
      rank order of potency was obtained: N6-(L-phenylisopropyl)adenosine greater than
      N6-(D-phenylisopropyl)adenosine greater than N6-cyclohexyladenosine greater than
      2-chloroadenosine much greater than 1-methylisoguanosine greater than adenosine.
      Effects of adenosine agonists on c.a.p. duration were blocked by methylxanthine
      adenosine antagonists. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and cyclic AMP shortened
      c.a.p.s in d.r.g. neurones, while ATP also depolarized cells. Voltage-clamp
      analysis revealed that the effect arose from reduction of a voltage-dependent
      calcium conductance. Adenosine agonists reduced depolarization-evoked inward
      currents but did not alter membrane conductance following blockade of calcium
      channels by cadmium. Additionally, adenosine reduced the instantaneous current
      voltage slope (chord conductance) during step commands that produced maximal
      activation of voltage-dependent calcium conductance. If effects of adenosine on
      neuronal somata and synaptic terminals are similar, adenosine agonists may
      inhibit neurotransmitter release in the central nervous system by inhibiting a
      voltage-dependent calcium conductance. Since effects of adenosine agonists did
      not correspond with their relative potencies as modulators of adenylate cyclase
      activity or inhibitors of neurotransmitter release in peripheral tissues, a novel
      adenosine receptor may be involved in regulation of this conductance.

PMID- 2420982
TI  - The effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors and lanthanum ions on the light
      sensitive current of toad retinal rods.
AB  - The light-sensitive current of isolated toad rods was recorded using the method
      of Yau, McNaughton & Hodgkin (1981) and the effects of the phosphodiesterase
      inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) and of La ions were examined. IBMX
      caused an increase in the light-sensitive current and a prolongation of the time
      course of the response. A small inward current which may reflect the operation of
      an Na-Ca exchange pump was also increased in IBMX. With low doses of IBMX the
      time course of the dim flash response could be mapped onto that in Ringer
      solution by a linear transformation of the time scale. Light adaptation had
      opposite effects to those of IBMX on the time course of the dim flash response,
      and a steady background light could exactly neutralize the effects of IBMX on the
      time course. Light adaptation had the additional effect of strongly reducing the
      amplitude of the dim flash response. La ions caused a rapid inhibition (t1/2 less
      than 1 s) followed by slow inhibition (t1/2 approximately equal to 30 s) of the
      light-sensitive current. In low [Ca] the rapid inhibition became more prominent,
      perhaps because of a competition between La and Ca for a blocking site near the
      light-sensitive channel. The time constants of the falling phases of responses to
      both bright and dim flashes were slowed by La. The dim flash response could be
      fitted by a model in which a single time constant in the chain underlying the
      flash response is slowed by La. La reduced the rate of activation of light
      sensitive current in response to a reduction of external [Ca]. A concentration of
      La sufficient to block the activation of current in low [Ca] did not prevent the
      activation of current in IBMX. Light-sensitive currents carried by Mn, Ca or Mg
      in the absence of Na and in the presence of IBMX were inhibited by La. An outward
      current observed in the absence of permeable ions was inhibited by La. The
      effects of La on the time course of the response and on the rate of activation of
      current when [Ca] is reduced are consistent with an inhibition of the Ca pump. La
      ions also have a high affinity for the light-sensitive channel and can block
      current carried by another ion.

PMID- 2420983
TI  - The use of visual and tactile sensory aids in speech production training: a
      preliminary report.

PMID- 2420984
TI  - Speech communication for the deaf: visual, tactile, and cochlear-implant.
AB  - A review is given of current research and development on electronic devices to
      aid speech communication for the deaf. Visual and tactile displays are compared
      with stimulation of hearing via electrodes implanted in the cochlea. Specific
      comparative performance data are given for cochlear electrical implants versus
      tactile aids.

PMID- 2420985
TI  - Poly(A)-containing RNA from the spleens of mice with Chagas' disease triggers in
      vitro macrophage resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - Mouse peritoneal macrophages exposed to the RNA from the spleens of mice infected
      with Trypanosoma cruzi (iRNA) exhibit enhanced resistance to this parasite. The
      poly(A)-containing iRNA was found to be the active fraction. No such activity was
      observed in macrophages incubated with RNA from normal mice (nRNA) or with
      synthetic poly A.

PMID- 2420986
TI  - The diagnostic value of fine needle aspiration cytology in the head and neck.

PMID- 2420987
TI  - Cell surface antigen expression in cultured lymphocytes derived from healthy HTLV
      I carriers.
AB  - We studied cell surface antigens on fresh and cultured peripheral blood
      lymphocytes (PBL) of healthy HTLV-I carriers. OKT4, OKT8 and OKIa1-positive cells
      were found to be within the normal range as compared with controls both in fresh
      and in cultured PBL. The percentage of Tac positive cells in HTLV-I carriers was
      shown to be higher in fresh PBL than that of controls. Furthermore the value
      increased significantly during cell culture in vitro and large blastoid cells
      appeared. The results suggested that HTLV-I proliferation in infected lymphocytes
      is activated in a serum-free environment and that small resting lymphocytes are
      transformed into Tac-positive large blastoid cells.

PMID- 2420988
TI  - Diacylglycerol downregulates junctional membrane permeability. TMB-8 blocks this
      effect.
AB  - We tested the question whether junctional cell-to-cell communication is regulated
      by the diacylglycerol branch of the phosphoinositide transmembrane signal
      pathway. Cultured epithelial rat liver cells were treated with the synthetic
      diacylglycerol 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl glycerol, while their junctional permeability
      was probed with the microinjected 443-dalton fluorescent tracer Lucifer Yellow.
      The treatment reduced junctional permeability (without affecting Lucifer
      permeability of nonjunctional cell membrane). The effect was dose dependent, with
      a threshold of about 25 micrograms diacylglycerol/ml in sparse cultures and about
      50 micrograms/ml in confluent cultures. The reduction of junctional permeability
      began within 3 min of diacylglycerol application, peaked within 20 min, and
      reversed spontaneously within 90 min. The phorbol ester TPA mimicked the
      diacylglycerol effect, but the (spontaneous) reversal was slower. We propose that
      cell-to-cell communication is under dual physiological control: an up-regulatory
      one, as exerted by the cyclic AMP signal route (Loewenstein, W.R., 1985, Biochem.
      Soc. Symp. London, 50: 43-58), and a downregulatory one, by the diacylglycerol
      signal route. TMB-8 (54-70 microM)--a blocker of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization-
      impeded the diacylglycerol action on junctional permeability. It prevented the
      effect of low diacylglycerol doses completely and it markedly reduced the effect
      of high doses. (It also counteracted the effect of TPA.) Ca2+ thus emerges as a
      possible candidate for a role in the junctional downregulation by the
      diacylglycerol signal route. We tentatively advance two models. In one, leaning
      closely on the Calcium Hypothesis of cell-to-cell channel regulation
      (Loewenstein, W.R., 1966, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 137:441-472), Ca2+ mediates the
      action of the route on the channel. In the other, Ca2+ acts farther removed from
      the channel, on protein kinase C. Calmidazolium (5-10 microM)--an inhibitor of
      calmodulinactivated proteins--did not prevent the diacylglycerol-induced
      reduction of junctional permeability. Nor did sodium orthovanadate (25 or 50
      microM)--an inhibitor of tyrosyl phosphatase--prevent the reversal of
      diacylglycerol-induced (or TPA-induced) reduction of junctional permeability.

PMID- 2420989
TI  - Ca2+ buffer sites in intact bovine rod outer segments: introduction to a novel
      optical probe to measure ionic permeabilities in suspensions of small particles.
AB  - The nature of the Ca2+ buffer sites in intact rod outer segments isolated from
      bovine retinas (ROS) was investigated. The predominant Ca2+ buffer in intact ROS
      was found to be negatively charged groups confined to the surface of the disk
      membranes. Accordingly, Ca2+ buffering in ROS was strongly influenced by the
      electrostatic surface potential. The concentration of Ca2+ buffer sites was about
      30 mM, 80% of which were located at the membrane surface in the intradiskal
      space. A comparison with observations in model systems suggests that
      phosphatidylserine is the major Ca2+ buffer site in ROS. Protons and alkali
      cations could replace Ca2+ as mobile counterions for the fixed negatively charged
      groups. At physiological ionic strength, the total number of these diffusible,
      but osmotically inactive, counterions was as large as the number of osmotically
      active cations in ROS. The surface potential is dependent on the concentration of
      cations in ROS and can be measured with the optical dye neutral red. Addition of
      cations to the external solution led to the release of the internally bound dye
      as the cations crossed the outer membrane. The chemical and spectral properties
      of the dye enable its use as a real-time indicator of cation transport across the
      outer envelope of small particles in suspension. In this study, the dye method is
      illustrated by the use of well-defined ionophores in intact ROS and in liposomes.
      In the companion paper this method is used to describe the cation permeabilities
      native to ROS.

PMID- 2420991
TI  - Ba2+-sensitive potassium permeability of the apical membrane in newt kidney
      proximal tubule.
AB  - The apical membrane K+ permeability of the newt proximal tubular cells was
      examined in the doubly perfused isolated kidney by measuring the apical membrane
      potential change (Va change) during alteration of luminal K+ concentration and
      resultant voltage deflections caused by current pulse injection into the lumen.
      Va change/decade for K+ was 50 mV at K+ concentration higher than 25 mM, and the
      resistance of the apical membrane decreased by 58% of control when luminal K+
      concentration was increased from 2.5 to 25 mM. Ba2+ (1 mM in the lumen) reduced
      Va change/decade to 24 mV and increased the apical membrane resistance by 70%.
      These data support the view that Ba2+-sensitive K+ conductance exists in the
      apical membrane of the newt proximal tubule. Furthermore, intracellular K+
      activity measured by K+-selective electrode was 82.4 +/- 3.6 meq/liter, which was
      higher than that predicted from the Nernst equation for K+ across both cell
      membranes. Thus, it is concluded that cell K+ passively diffuses, at least in
      part, through the K+ conductive pathway of the apical membrane.

PMID- 2420990
TI  - Ionic permeabilities of the plasma membrane of isolated intact bovine rod outer
      segments as studied with a novel optical probe.
AB  - The permeability properties of the plasma membrane of intact rod outer segments
      purified from bovine retinas (ROS) were studied with the aid of the optical probe
      neutral red as described in the companion paper. The following observations were
      made: Electrical shunting of ROS membranes greatly stimulated Na+ and K+
      transport, suggesting that this transport reflects Na+ and K+ currents,
      respectively. The dissipation of a Na+ gradient across the plasma membrane
      occurred with a half-time of 30 sec at 25 degrees C. The Na+ permeability was
      progressively inhibited when the external Ca2+ concentration was raised from 1
      microM to 20 mM. A similar Ca2+ dependence was observed for H+ and Li+ transport.
      The Na+ permeability was not affected when the total internal Ca2+ content of ROS
      was varied between 0.1 mol Ca2+/mol rhodopsin and 7 mol Ca2+/mol rhodopsin, or
      when the free internal Ca2+ concentration was varied between 0.1 and 50 microM.
      The K+ permeability was progressively stimulated when the external Ca2+
      concentration was raised from 0.001 to 1 microM, whereas a further increase to 20
      mM was without effect. A similar Ca2+ dependence was observed for Rb+ and Cs+
      transport. At an external Ca2+ concentration in the micromolar range the rate of
      transport decreased in the order: Na+ greater than K+ = H+ greater than Cs+
      greater than Li+. Na+ fluxes depended in a sigmoidal way on the external Na+
      concentration, suggesting that sodium ions move in pairs. The concentration
      dependence of uniport Na+ transport and that of Na+-stimulated Ca2+ efflux
      (exchange or antiport transport) were very similar.

PMID- 2420992
TI  - Potassium-39 NMR of K+ interaction with the gramicidin channel and NMR-derived
      conductance ratios for Na+, K+ and Rb+.
AB  - A potassium-39 NMR study of potassium ion interaction with the gramicidin
      transmembrane channel in phospholipid bilayers at high ion activity is reported
      which allows determination of a weak binding constant, Kwb approximately equal to
      8.3/M, and an off-rate constant for the weak site, kwoff approximately equal to
      2.6 X 10(7)/sec. These values are interpreted with the aid of additional NMR data
      as the binding constant for formation of the doubly occupied channel state and
      the rate constant for an ion leaving the doubly occupied state. Considering the
      singly occupied channel state for the potassium ion to be "electrically silent"
      at 1 molar ion activity, as with the sodium ion, the single-channel conductance
      for 100 mV and 30 degrees C calculated to be 29 pS, and using the same
      approximation with previous NMR results on the sodium and rubidium ions,
      reasonable conductance ratios were calculated. Further experimental estimates of
      the other three constants with the experimental location of binding sites and
      Eyring rate theory to introduce voltage dependence allowed a more complete
      calculation of the two-site channel. The single-channel conductance for potassium
      ion is calculated to be 24 pS at 1 M activity and 26 pS at 0.6 M activity, which
      compares for diphytanoyl phosphatidylcholine membranes to an experimental most
      probable single-channel conductance of 25 pS and a mean channel conductance of 20
      pS. The calculated conductance ratios using NMR-derived constants were gamma
      (K)/gamma (Na) = 2.0 and gamma (Rb)/gamma (Na) = 4.3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2420993
TI  - Temperature-jump and voltage-jump experiments at planar lipid membranes support
      an aggregational (micellar) model of the gramicidin A ion channel.
AB  - The kinetics of formation and dissociation of channels formed by gramicidin A and
      two analogues in planar lipid membranes was studied using a laser temperature
      jump technique developed earlier [Brock, W., Stark, G., Jordan, P.C. (1981),
      Biophys. Chem. 13:329-348]. The time course of the electric current was found to
      agree with a single exponential term plus a linear drift. In case of gramicidin A
      the relaxation time was identical to that reported for V-jump experiments
      [Bamberg, E., Lauger, P. (1973), J. Membrane Biol. 11:177-194], which were
      interpreted on the basis of a dimerization reaction. The same results were
      obtained for gramicidin A and for chemically dimerized malonyl-bis
      desformylgramicidin. It is therefore suggested that the dimerization represents a
      parallel association of two dimers to a tetramer. There is evidence that the
      tetramer, contrary to the presently favored dimer hypothesis, is the smallest
      conductance unit of an active gramicidin channel. An additional V-jump-induced
      relaxation process of considerably larger time constant is interpreted as a
      further aggregation of gramicidin dimers.

PMID- 2420994
TI  - Calcium-dependent anion channel in the water mold, Blastocladiella emersonii.
AB  - Injection of depolarizing current into vegetative cells of the water mold
      Blastocladiella emersonii elicits a regenerative response that has the electrical
      characteristics of an action potential. Once they have been taken past a
      threshold of about -40 mV, cells abruptly depolarize to +20 mV or above; after an
      interval ranging from several hundred milliseconds to a few seconds, the cells
      spontaneously return to their resting potential near -100 mV. When the action
      potential was analyzed with voltage-clamp recording, it proved to be biphasic.
      The initial phase reflects an influx of calcium ions through voltage-sensitive
      channels that also carry Sr2+ ions. The delayed, and more extended, phase of
      inward current results from the efflux of chloride and other anions. The anion
      channels are broadly selective, passing chloride, nitrate, phosphate, acetate,
      succinate and even PIPES. The anion channels open in response to the entry of
      calcium ions, but do not recognize Sr2+. Calcium channels, anion channels and
      calcium-specific receptors that link the two channels appear to form an ensemble
      whose physiological function is not known. Action potentials rarely occur
      spontaneously but can be elicited by osmotic downshock, suggesting that the ion
      channels may be involved in the regulation of turgor.

PMID- 2420995
TI  - Transcription initiation in vitro and in vivo at a highly conserved promoter
      within a 16 S ribosomal RNA gene.
AB  - Transcription initiation has been shown to occur in vitro at several sites within
      a cloned Caulobacter crescentus ribosomal RNA gene cluster that lacks the major
      promoter region 5' to the 16 S rRNA gene. The predominant transcription start
      site in vitro was located near the 3' end of the 16 S rRNA gene. Transcription
      initiation from this region was also detected in vivo, when the cloned rRNA gene
      cluster was present on a multi-copy plasmid. The transcription start sites in
      vitro and in vivo were shown to be identical by S1 nuclease mapping and were
      found to be located approximately 300 nucleotides upstream from the 3' end of the
      16 S rRNA gene. The transcript synthesized in vitro was shown to be cleaved by C.
      crescentus RNase III and to release the transfer RNA genes from the downstream 16
      S/23 S intergenic spacer region. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence near the
      internal 16 S rRNA transcription start site revealed the presence of a consensus
      promoter sequence followed by the beginning of an open reading frame
      approximately 90 nucleotides downstream. Examination of the 16 S rRNA genes from
      other bacterial species and chloroplasts and 18 S rRNA genes from Xenopus and
      yeast revealed that the nucleotide sequence of this internal 16 S rRNA promoter
      region was highly conserved. Although the length of these 16 S and 18 S rRNA
      genes is slightly variable, the distance of the conserved promoter sequence from
      the 3' end of these genes has been conserved.

PMID- 2420997
TI  - Amiloride: effects on myocardial force of contraction, sodium pump and Na+/Ca2+
      exchange.
AB  - The direct effects of amiloride on myocardial contractility were examined in
      electrically stimulated left atrial muscle of guinea-pig heart. Amiloride (0.3 to
      1.5 mM) produced a positive inotropic effect which, at higher concentrations, was
      followed by a decline in developed tension. These effects were not accompanied by
      contracture or arrhythmia and were not affected by a combination of phentolamine,
      nadolol, cimetidine, tripelennamine and atropine. The above concentrations of
      amiloride prolonged the action potential duration during the development of the
      positive inotropic effect; however, no further change in the action potential
      duration was observed during the decline in developed tension caused by high
      concentrations of amiloride. Myocardial membrane Na,K-ATPase, ouabain-sensitive
      86Rb+ uptake and Na+-dependent Ca2+ efflux from sarcolemmal membrane vesicles
      were all inhibited by amiloride. The positive inotropic effect of the agent is
      reduced and the negative inotropic action is enhanced in low Na+ solutions, i.e.,
      under conditions likely to favor Ca2+ influx via Na+/Ca2+ exchange. These results
      suggest that amiloride, under the present conditions, has a complex interaction
      with cardiac muscle fibers. Amiloride may produce its inotropic effects in guinea
      pig atrial muscle by several mechanisms including sodium pump inhibition,
      Na+/Ca2+ exchange inhibition, prolongation of the action potential duration,
      and/or actions such as Na+/H+ exchange inhibition which were not directly
      addressed in this study.

PMID- 2420996
TI  - Developmentally regulated expression of Drosophila chorion genes introduced at
      diverse chromosomal positions.
AB  - Drosophila chorion genes are organized into two clusters that are selectively
      amplified in the ovarian follicle cells. During oogenesis the transcription of
      individual genes is temporally regulated, resulting in distinct, stage-specific
      profiles of chorion mRNA accumulation. P element-mediated gene transfer was used
      to study the regulation of genes encoding the major chorion proteins s15-1 and
      s38-1. Transformed chorion genes integrated at diverse chromosomal locations
      exhibited proper tissue-specific and stage-specific expression, despite
      separation from the gene clusters. Qualitatively normal expression was not
      dependent on the ability of the inserted DNA to undergo amplification. However,
      chromosome position quantitatively influenced the RNA produced by the transformed
      genes. The level of RNA per gene copy produced by individual transformed genes
      varied approximately tenfold, after correction for differences in gene dosage due
      to the amplification of some inserted sequences. Transformation experiments with
      an s38-1-lacZ fusion gene demonstrated that cis-regulatory sequences sufficient
      for the stage-specific program of s38-1 expression were confined to a 1.3 X 10(3)
      base-pair segment between -748 and +573 relative to the s38-1 initiation site.
      Finally, egg chamber-specific amplification was induced at the site of two s38-1
      insertions, suggesting that an amplification control element resides near this
      gene.

PMID- 2420998
TI  - Pathways for the movements of ions during calcium-free perfusion and the
      induction of the 'calcium paradox'.
AB  - The intracellular sodium content of cardiac cells in fish and amphibia, measured
      with either an isotope technique or with sodium-sensitive micro-electrodes, rises
      steeply from around 15 mmol/l in calcium-containing solution to as much as 70
      mmol/l, during exposure to a Ca2+-free solution. This increase is associated with
      the development of spontaneous and prolonged action potentials so that the
      membrane may stabilise around -20 mV. On reperfusion with calcium-containing
      medium the membrane repolarises before a strong contracture develops. Inhibition
      of the Na-pump increases both the sodium gain and the subsequent calcium re
      admission tension. A number of agents e.g. divalent cations, anti-arrhythmic
      drugs, local anaesthetics and Ca-channel blockers are able to prevent the
      development of the contracture but only if they are present during the calcium
      free perfusion. They also inhibit the development of spontaneous electrical
      activity and the rise in Nai. The calcium re-admission contracture can be blocked
      in amphibian preparations voltage clamped around the resting potential during low
      calcium perfusion. From the known pharmacological action of these agents and the
      voltage and time dependence of the calcium channel, it is concluded that during
      calcium depletion, the prolongation of the action potentials is associated with a
      sustained entry of Na+ via the Ca-channels which leads to the rise in Nai. Once
      Nai has risen, these agents with the exception of Mn2+, a known inhibitor of the
      Na/Ca exchange, are unable to prevent the development of the contracture. This
      suggests that the re-admission contracture follows calcium uptake by way of the
      Na/Ca exchange.

PMID- 2420999
TI  - Characterization of a unique aldo-keto reductase responsible for the reduction of
      chlordecone in the liver of the gerbil and man.
AB  - It has been established that the major metabolic pathway for chlordecone (CD)
      (Kepone) both in humans and in the Mongolian gerbil is bioreduction of this
      organochlorine pesticide to chlordecone alcohol (CDOH) in the liver. In the
      present study we developed a gas-liquid chromatography assay to measure the
      enzymatic reduction of CD to CDOH in vitro and characterized "CD reductase"
      activity in gerbil liver cytosol. CD reductase is a cytosolic enzyme readily
      detectable in liver samples prepared from humans, rabbits, and gerbils, the only
      species of many tested that convert CD to CDOH in vivo. Gerbil CD reductase
      exhibited a Km of 2.6 microM, a Vmax of 0.14 nmol/min, and a pH optimum of 6.5.
      The enzyme activity required NADPH, was sensitive to thiol reagents, and was
      distributed in all tissues with the highest activities found in the liver,
      intestine, and kidneys. These results are consistent with CD reductase belonging
      to the family of enzymes referred to as the "aldo-keto reductases." However,
      unlike previously described reductases, CD reductase was undetectable in rats,
      mice, hamsters, or guinea pigs and was insensitive to the model aldehyde and
      ketone reductase inhibitors, phenobarbital and quercetin, respectively. In
      addition, CD reductase activity in liver was increased by 38% (p less than 0.01)
      following treatment of gerbils with CD. We conclude that CD reductase is a novel
      aldo-keto reductase that is uniquely inducible by its substrate.

PMID- 2421000
TI  - Comparison of the inhibition of biliary excretion produced by certain inducing
      agents including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
AB  - Rats were treated with chlordecone, mirex, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
      (TCDD), and respective solvent vehicle. Under urethane or pentobarbital
      anesthesia, the bile duct was cannulated and radioactive morphine, imipramine, or
      ouabain was given by segmented retrograde intrabiliary injection. The spectrum of
      inhibition of biliary excretion by chlordecone and mirex were similar in that
      morphine glucuronide and in part polar imipramine metabolite recoveries in bile
      were decreased; ouabain recovery was unaffected. TCDD was different in that it
      markedly decreased the recovery of ouabain. Thus, it appears that chlordecone,
      mirex, and TCDD inhibit the canalicular transport of the glucuronide metabolites
      of morphine and imipramine into bile, and TCDD affects in addition the
      canalicular transport of ouabain into bile.

PMID- 2421001
TI  - Laminin supports short-term survival of rat septal neurons in low-density, serum
      free cultures.
AB  - Septal neurons from embryonic rats do not survive for 24 hr when dissociated and
      cultured at low density in a serum-free medium. Laminin at 5-40 micrograms/ml
      acts as a survival-promoting agent in the presence of 1 mM pyruvate. Laminin is
      effective in promoting survival only if it is added before or during cell
      plating; it does not support survival if added after cell attachment. Variations
      in laminin concentration do not effect the total number of cells attaching to the
      culture plate. The percentage of septal cells with neurites is increased in a
      dose-dependent manner by laminin as early as 45 min after cell plating,
      suggesting an effect of laminin on the rate of neurite initiation. Neurite
      extension at 24 hr is also dependent on laminin concentration. This study
      suggests that some interaction between cells and the substrate, independent of
      cell attachment, has a profound effect on cell physiology, increasing both cell
      survival and the rate of neurite extension. This study also defines the survival
      requirements of septal neurons in a chemically defined environment in a low
      density situation where cellular interactions are at a minimum.

PMID- 2421002
TI  - Synthesis of a myelin-like membrane by oligodendrocytes in culture.
AB  - We have prepared highly purified cultures of rat oligodendrocytes by a
      modification of the procedure of McCarthy and de Vellis [1980]. By utilizing a
      substratum derived from lysed glia and a calf serum-containing medium with a high
      concentration of transferrin, the oligodendrocyte cultures display a high degree
      of purity, the ability to survive several months of culture, and a striking
      ability to produce a myelin-like membrane. We have examined the production of
      this myelin-like membrane using immunocytochemical and biochemical probes as well
      as an extensive morphological examination at the electron microscopic level. The
      membrane appears to be produced in a similar developmental pattern to that
      observed in vivo and it has the structural characteristics of loosely packed
      central nervous system myelin.

PMID- 2421004
TI  - Acidic lipids enhance cathepsin D cleavage of the myelin basic protein.
AB  - Some acidic lipids including sulfatide and phosphatidylinositol were found to
      increase greatly the rate of cathepsin D cleavage of the myelin basic protein.
      Since a similar effect was seen when the substrate was changed to cytochrome C,
      but not when the enzyme was changed to pepsin, these acidic lipids seem to be
      acting on cathepsin D rather than on myelin basic protein itself. Even so,
      chemical modification studies suggest that this phenomenon is only seen when the
      myelin basic protein is in its native conformation. Succinylation of MBP
      increases its rate of cleavage by cathepsin D by at least tenfold and, in
      addition, with this modified and presumably denatured MBP as substrate,
      activation of cathepsin D is no longer seen with acidic lipids. These findings
      suggest that the native conformation of MBP is both an important determinant of
      its rate of cleavage by cathepsin D and is also essential for observing
      activation of this reaction by acidic lipids. The acidic lipids seem to alter the
      "extended active site" of cathepsin D in such a way as to enable this enzyme
      better to utilize the native myelin basic protein as a substrate. Cathepsin D has
      previously been implicated as the protease responsible for the release into
      cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis patients of an encephalitogenic
      fragment derived from myelin basic protein. It is possible that the elevated
      levels of cathepsin D and sulfatide that have previously been found associated
      with multiple sclerosis plaques in vivo act in concert to bring about the rapid
      cleavage and subsequent loss of the myelin basic protein from these localized
      regions in the myelin sheath.

PMID- 2421003
TI  - The role of charge microheterogeneity of basic protein in the formation and
      maintenance of the multilayered structure of myelin: a possible role in multiple
      sclerosis.
AB  - Isolation of several of the charge isomers from both normal and multiple
      sclerosis (MS) myelin basic protein (MBP) was achieved on CM-52 columns at pH
      10.6. In liquid x-ray diffraction and aggregation experiments, corresponding
      charge isomers were equally effective in the formation of multilayers,
      demonstrating the dominant role of overall net positive charge. These studies
      demonstrated that the change in overall charge of MBP of one net positive charge
      was sufficient to produce large changes in aggregation and in multilayer
      formation. The x-ray diffraction experiments showed that component 1 was twice as
      effective as component 2 although they differed in charge by a single positive
      charge. Component 3 was less effective than component 2 and component "8" was not
      effective at all. Vesicle aggregation also showed a dependence on net positive
      charge. In order of decreasing effectiveness, component 1 greater than component
      2 greater than component 3 greater than component "8". Since overall charge on
      MBP is determined by contributions from the various charge isomers, the relative
      proportions of these charge isomers favoring the less cationic components could
      explain the observation that MBP from MS victims was less effective than MBP from
      normal brain in vesicle aggregation and multilayer formation. The isolation of
      myelin-containing white matter fractions from both normal and MS tissue in which
      the loss of some of the most cationic charge isomers was correlated with presence
      of less compact myelin supports this hypothesis.

PMID- 2421005
TI  - Characterization of antibodies against major fish CNS myelin proteins: immunoblot
      analysis and immunohistochemical localization of 36K and IP2 proteins in trout
      nerve tissue.
AB  - Antisera against the trout CNS myelin proteins 36K and IP2 were prepared in
      rabbits and characterized by immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The
      anti-36K antiserum exclusively stained its corresponding antigen from trout CNS
      myelin but failed to recognize any myelin polypeptide from either trout PNS or
      mammalian CNS and PNS. Antibodies against the IP2 glycoprotein specifically cross
      reacted with related intermediate proteins (IP) of both CNS and PNS myelin from
      trout but only faintly labeled the PO protein of mouse peripheral nerve.
      Immunohistochemical localization of both antigens in the CNS of young trout was
      confined to the myelin sheath, except that anti-36K antiserum also stained
      oligodendrocytes. Nodes of Ranvier, neuronal cell bodies, and dendrites, as well
      as other glial elements, were negative. Specificity of the immunofluorescent
      reaction was established by crossed immunoadsorption experiments. Whereas on
      adjacent sections through trout brain both antigens exhibited a nearly identical
      distribution pattern, immunostaining in peripheral nerves was seen only with anti
      IP2 antibodies.

PMID- 2421006
TI  - Gangliosides inhibit phospholipid-sensitive Ca2+-dependent kinase phosphorylation
      of rat myelin basic proteins.
AB  - Gangliosides inhibit the phosphorylation of both small and large rat myelin basic
      proteins (SMBP, LMBP) by an endogenous phospholipid-sensitive Ca2+-dependent
      protein kinase (C-kinase). Using a rat brain myelin preparation in an in vitro
      phosphorylation assay system, we determined the inhibition constants (IC50's) of
      the gangliosides GM1, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b to be approximately 160 microM, 65
      microM, 65 microM, and 40 microM, respectively. Asialoganglioside GA1, ceramide,
      and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA, sialic acid) failed to produce similar
      inhibition, suggesting that both the lipid and the sialic acid moieties are
      necessary, but neither alone is sufficient to produce inhibition. The results
      indicate that gangliosides may regulate protein kinase C activities in the
      nervous system.

PMID- 2421007
TI  - Abnormal visual cortex development in the kitten associated with maternal dietary
      taurine deprivation.
AB  - We have examined the visual cortex of newborn and 8-week-old kittens born to
      mothers consuming a taurine-supplemented or taurine-free diet using the rapid
      Golgi technique. Kittens from taurine-supplemented mothers exhibited normal
      development of the visual cortex. Kittens from taurine-depleted mothers showed
      striking differences. In newborn kittens, neuroblasts are aggregated both at the
      ventricular and pial zones, having failed to migrate and differentiate normally.
      Eight weeks after birth, only few pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons are found.
      Those present have heavily spined dendritic processes indicative of poor
      arborization. Protoplasmic astrocytes are represented by undifferentiated
      cellular masses. The taurine concentration in the cortex of such kittens is four-
      to fivefold smaller than in kittens from taurine-supplemented mothers. These
      results suggest that normal concentrations of taurine in visual cortex, as well
      as cerebellum, are required for normal ontogeny of neurons. Once such deficits
      are established in the prenatal and immediate postnatal period, they result in
      permanent abnormalities. These findings have clear implications for vegetarian
      women who intend to have children, since virtually no taurine is present in
      plants and vegetables.

PMID- 2421008
TI  - Post-traumatic pancreatic sequestrum: recognition and treatment.
AB  - Midline pancreatic injury from blunt trauma can be very subtle. Although
      nonoperative management usually results in early complications, chronic symptoms
      may develop 2 months to 2 years after injury. Four patients with pancreatic
      sequestrum demonstrated the need for ERCP in patients with epigastric pain
      developing late after injury, emphasizing the importance of early operation and
      complete exploration of pancreatic injuries.

PMID- 2421009
TI  - Ultrastructural and cytochemical study of the pinealocyte nucleolus in rats.
AB  - The pinealocyte nucleolus has practically not been studied, although many studies
      have been carried out on this particular cell. In order to study the pinealocyte
      nucleolus, we have used conventional electron microscopy techniques, as well as
      cytochemical methods: silver nitrate, phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and
      ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The pinealocyte nucleolus shows a
      reticular structure formed by a dense fibrillar component and closely packed
      granules (granular component), as well as electron lucent spaces which contain
      nucleoplasm. There are also places of light fibrillar material (fibrillar
      centers). Using the Ag-staining we have observed spherical aggregates of
      argyrophylic granules densely packed (fibrillar centers) and other granules
      loosely packed in its periphery (dense fibrillar component). PTA stains
      preferentially the fibrillar centers. We have identified as heterochromatin a
      dense granular aggregate that appears associated to the nucleolus. We present the
      pinealocyte nucleolus as an excellent model for the study of the functional
      meaning of nucleolar components.

PMID- 2421011
TI  - An abbreviated method of the double lead stain technique.
AB  - An enhanced staining of cellular organelles and cytoplasmic matrix is observed
      when ultrathin sections for electron microscopy are stained for 1-5 min in fresh
      Reynolds' lead citrate, rinsed in distilled water and dried prior to staining
      with a saturated solution of uranyl acetate (40 min) and Reynolds' lead citrate
      (20 min), Daddow (1983). The above procedure was recommended for tissues with
      poor staining qualities either from prolonged fixation or inadequacies of the
      buffer or the embedding medium used. Using an abbreviated method of the above
      (i.e., 30 sec lead citrate, 60 sec saturated uranyl acetate and 30 sec lead
      citrate), overfixed or normally fixed tissues show enhanced contrast. Sodium
      hydroxide (0.02 M), substituted for the initial lead stain, increases contrast to
      a lesser extent.

PMID- 2421010
TI  - Comparative ultrastructure of cancerous and normal human breast cells:
      demonstration of cytoskeleton by TEM.
AB  - A technique for the study of the cytoskeleton by transmission electron microscopy
      is described. It preserves cytoplasmic and nuclear ultrastructural details as
      well as cytoskeletal elements enabling a correlated study. There are no
      significant differences in organization and distribution of intermediate
      filaments between cancerous and normal breast cells. Close association between
      cytokeratin filaments and cell structures has been established from stereotilted
      images. Cytokeratin filaments in contact with cell structures are in the form of
      bundles; in the free 'space' of cytoplasm meshworks are organized. The
      intermediate filament system could possibly be organized for participation in
      diverse functions in a cell.

PMID- 2421012
TI  - Denial and split identity: timely issues in the psychoanalytic psychotherapy of
      compulsive drug users.
AB  - Quite generally, psychotherapy and psychoanalysis are under great pressure today
      to account for what they are doing, to prove their scientific validity and their
      therapeutic efficacy. Those of us who use clinical experience in conducting their
      practice in ways which seem optimal, as judged both by them and by their
      patients, are increasingly challenged to respond to a canon of scientific method
      and validity that claims its brief for truth. What I am going to say will not
      live up to such high standards of proof, but will simply reflect my clinical
      experience: what helps and what fails with most patients that come to me, often
      after a string of previous treatment failures. What I am going to say claims
      practical usefulness, not ultimate scientific truth. I would like to highlight a
      number of issues that have proven themselves as of special importance for the
      long term treatment of substance abuse dependent patients. The first is the role
      various forms of denial play and how these might best be approached. Multiple
      layers of denial entail usually some form of split identity--rapid alternations
      from one part identity to the other. Then I shall briefly study the role of
      impulsivity and of various forms of impulsive action. These topics of denial,
      split identity and impulsive action dictate some reflexions on attitude and
      technique necessary for the long term psychotherapy of patients with prominent
      problems of substance abuse and impulsivity. I shall conclude with some more
      general recommendations for the future of psychotherapy with substance abusers.

PMID- 2421013
TI  - Placental chorioangioma: a rare cause of elevated amniotic fluid alpha
      fetoprotein.

PMID- 2421015
TI  - Ultrasound versus digitally directed prostatic needle biopsy.
AB  - During an 8-month period 55 patients with suspected but unproved prostatic
      carcinoma were entered randomly into a study designed to evaluate the
      effectiveness of ultrasound-directed transperineal needle biopsy of the prostate.
      Each patient was biopsied with and without ultrasound assistance; the method used
      first was determined randomly. Of the 15 patients diagnosed as having
      adenocarcinoma only 9 were proved by conventional transperineal biopsy, whereas
      ultrasound-guided biopsy was accurate in all 15 patients (p less than 0.005).
      Transrectal ultrasound guidance significantly improves the yield of transperineal
      needle biopsy when it is performed for suspected malignancy.

PMID- 2421014
TI  - Intracavernous drug-induced erections in the management of male erectile
      dysfunction: experience with 100 patients.
AB  - A total of 100 men with organic impotence underwent a trial of intracavernous
      drug-induced erections with a mixture of papaverine (25 mg./ml.) and phentolamine
      (0.8 mg./ml.). The response rates, that is functional erections, were 100 per
      cent in patients with neurogenic impotence, 65.7 per cent in those with
      vasculogenic impotence, 90 per cent in the undetermined group and 64.7 per cent
      in the neurogenic/vascular impotence group. Of the responders 79.5 per cent
      elected to practice self-injection as a method to restore erectile function. The
      dose required to obtain functional erections in the purely neurogenic impotence
      group was significantly lower than that required in other groups. Complications
      were few and included 4 patients with sustained erections that required
      intervention. Intracavernous injection of vasoactive drugs appears to have
      promising value in the treatment and differential diagnosis of erectile
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2421017
TI  - Misconceptions and source of errors in interpretation of cellular and serum
      markers in testicular cancer.

PMID- 2421016
TI  - Clinical evaluation of patients with prostatic obstruction: correlation of flow
      rates with voided, residual or total bladder volume.
AB  - Previous investigators reported that accurate estimation of average or maximum
      urinary flow rates required correlation with total bladder volume (voided plus
      residual volumes). To test this requirement we performed uroflowmetry studies on
      124 patients before and 77 patients after prostatectomy. Of the patients 20 were
      tested on multiple preoperative and postoperative occasions to comprise paired
      observations. Observations were made on age, voided and residual volumes, voiding
      duration, and average, maximum and adjusted maximum flow rates. Prostatectomy
      resulted in significant increases in all flow rates and significant decreases in
      voiding duration. The procedure had significant effects on reducing residual
      volume but voided volumes increased and total volume decreased only slightly
      postoperatively. Preoperative average, maximum and adjusted peak urinary flow
      rates correlated negatively with residual volume (increasing residual volume
      correlates with decreasing flow rate). Maximum flow rates correlated positively
      with voided volume. Whether measured preoperatively or postoperatively no
      significant correlation was found among average, peak or adjusted flow rates and
      total bladder volume. The only consistent significant correlation found among
      voided, residual and total volumes, and other measurements was voiding duration,
      which increased as any of the aforementioned volumes increased. Comparison of the
      random total and paired populations revealed no significant difference. Use of
      voided rather than total volume seems preferred in correlations with maximum
      urinary flow rates. Determination of residual urine remains necessary as an
      estimation of emptying failure but it is not required information for
      determination of flow rates.

PMID- 2421018
TI  - Alpha 2 adrenergic receptors in hyperplastic human prostate: identification and
      characterization using [3H] rauwolscine.
AB  - [3H]Rauwolscine ([3H]Ra), a selective ligand for the alpha 2 adrenergic receptor,
      was used to identify and characterize alpha 2 adrenergic receptors in prostate
      glands of men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Specific binding of [3H]Ra to
      prostatic tissue homogenates was rapid and readily reversible by addition of
      excess unlabelled phentolamine. Scatchard analysis of saturation experiments
      demonstrates a single, saturable class of high affinity binding sites (Bmax =
      0.31 +/- 0.04 fmol./microgram. DNA, Kd = 0.9 +/- 0.11 nM.). The relative potency
      of alpha adrenergic drugs (clonidine, alpha-methylnorepinephrine and prazosin) in
      competing for [3H]Ra binding sites was consistent with the order predicted for an
      alpha 2 subtype. The role of alpha 2 adrenergic receptors in normal prostatic
      function and in men with bladder outlet obstruction secondary to BPH requires
      further investigation.

PMID- 2421019
TI  - Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the gubernaculum during testicular descent in the
      fetus.
AB  - The role of the gubernaculum during testicular descent was investigated in 115
      male pig fetuses ranging from 68 to 109 days of gestation. Descent of the testis
      through the inguinal canal occurred between 77 and 94 days. There was a marked
      increase in the total and relative wet mass as well as the wet/dry mass ratio of
      the gubernaculum, denoting an increase in the water content of this structure
      during descent of the testis. Similar changes were not seen in other fetal
      tissues. Asymmetrical descent of the testes occurred in seven of the 40 fetuses
      between 81 and 92 days of gestation. Descended testes had gubernacula with a
      greater relative wet mass than the gubernacula of undescended testes. These
      findings indicate that the increase in mass of the gubernaculum plays an
      important part in testicular descent. An increase in both the DNA content
      (hyperplasia) and the RNA/DNA ratio (hypertrophy) was noted in the gubernaculum
      during descent of the testis. Hyperplasia in the gubernaculum occurred at a rapid
      rate initially and ceased after the completion of descent. Hyperplasia was also
      seen in the testis and epididymis, but occurred at a slower rate initially, with
      a rapid acceleration after the completion of descent. Cellular hypertrophy was
      not noted in the testis and epididymis, but did occur in umbilical cord tissue.
      If gonadotropins acting via androgen secretion by the testis provide the stimulus
      for these changes, the observed difference in response between the gubernaculum
      and testis could be due to a difference in end-organ sensitivity. However, it is
      also possible that some unidentified non-androgenic gubernaculotropin, possibly
      secreted by the fetal testis, provides the stimulus for gubernacular growth.

PMID- 2421020
TI  - Cytological atypia in the prostate gland: frequency, distribution and possible
      relevance to carcinoma.
AB  - Frequency and distribution of atypical prostatic hyperplasia were assessed in 51
      total prostatectomy specimens for cancer and the data were compared to similar
      data obtained from analysis of 51 autopsy specimens. Enlargement of columnar cell
      nuclei in conjunction with preservation of basal cells was chosen as the only
      criterion for atypia. Depending on the degree of nuclear enlargement, atypia was
      divided into mild and severe degrees. The evaluation of nuclear atypia was
      applied to areas of carcinoma as well as to atypical prostatic hyperplasia. There
      were 3 major findings. 1) Atypical prostatic hyperplasia was found more
      frequently in prostatectomy specimens (48 of 51 cases) than in autopsy specimens
      (14 of 37 cases after exclusion of cancer-associated cases) and the difference
      was significant (p less than 0.001). In addition, atypical prostatic hyperplasia
      found in prostatectomy specimens was more frequently of severe degree than that
      in the autopsy specimens (42 of 48 versus 3 of 14 cases, p less than 0.001). 2)
      The distribution of atypical prostatic hyperplasia and carcinoma in prostatectomy
      specimens was similar. 3) In a majority of prostatectomy specimens atypical
      prostatic hyperplasia, when found, was located at sites separate from carcinoma
      as well as in contiguous areas. Based on these data it is suggested that the
      presence of a severe degree of nuclear atypia in specimens removed for benign
      conditions or in prostatic needle biopsies may signify an increased incidence of
      coexisting carcinoma elsewhere in the prostate or of carcinoma developing in the
      future. Close followup of these patients may be indicated.

PMID- 2421022
TI  - [Treatment results of carcinoma of the lower gum with radiation therapy combined
      with bleomycin].
AB  - One hundred six patients with carcinoma of the lower gum were treated with
      radiation (30 Gy/three weeks) and bleomycin (90 mg/three weeks), and the results
      were analyzed. Of these, 66 (62%) patients experienced a complete clinical
      response (CR), and 47 were observed with no further treatment. The local control
      rate of these patients was 31/47 (66%) at two years. Higher CR and local control
      rates of 43/61 (70%) and 24/33 (73%), respectively, were obtained in patients
      with small (T1, T2) tumors than in those with large (T3, T4) tumors [23/45 (51%)
      and 7/14 (50%), respectively].

PMID- 2421021
TI  - Effect of dietary nucleotides on response to bacterial infections.
AB  - A nucleotide-free diet (NFD) suppresses cellular immunity including suppression
      of both murine allograft rejection and murine graft-vs-host disease in H2
      mismatched marrow recipients. To explore the effect of this diet upon response to
      a bacterial challenge, BALB/c mice were placed upon one of four diets: NFD, NFD
      supplemented with 0.25% RNA (NFR) and NFD reconstituted with either 0.06% adenine
      (NFA) or 0.06% uracil (NFU). After 8 weeks on the diets, which supported normal
      growth in all groups, each dietary group of 10 mice was challenged with an
      intravenous injection of 1 X 10(7) live Staphylococcus aureus (Strain ATCC
      25923). By 120 hr postinoculation all mice in the NFD group had died; mortality
      was only 56% in the NFR group (p less than 0.05). Addition of uracil resulted in
      mortality similar to that of the NFR group. Addition of adenine resulted in
      mortality close to that of the NFD group. Thus, dietary nucleotide restriction
      increases the mortality from staphylococcal sepsis. Addition of certain dietary
      nucleotides appears to decrease this susceptibility to bacterial challenge.

PMID- 2421023
TI  - [Evaluation of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in patients with head and
      neck cancer: correlation with tissue CEA staining].
AB  - Forty-five patients with head and neck cancer were the subjects of the study. In
      most cases, plasma CEA was low and could not provide a significant clinical
      monitor. Two patients with poorly differentiated epidermoid carcinoma had low
      plasma CEA levels at the pretreatment stage, but after treatment, the levels
      tended to be higher because of distant metastasis. Tow other cases exhibiting
      undifferentiated carcinoma of the maxillary sinus at the pretreatment stage had
      abnormally high plasma CEA levels of 160 ng/ml and 46 ng/ml. These two patients
      proved the value of the correlation with cancer therapy and recurrence.

PMID- 2421024
TI  - [Malignant paraganglioma of the peri-iliac artery].
AB  - A malignant nonfunctioning paraganglioma of the pelvic retroperitoneum (left
      external iliac artery) with metastases to the femoral lymph nodes was found in a
      68-year-old woman at exploratory laparotomy. Light microscopy showed a typical
      alveolar pattern with fine vascular stroma. The tumor cells had finely granular
      eosinophilic cytoplasm and oval to round nuclei with pleomorphism and mitotic
      figures, Grimelius stain showed no argyrophilic granules, but S 100 protein was
      demonstrated in the cytoplasm by the PAP method of Sternberger. Formaling fixed
      tissues were examination by electron microscopy, and dense core granules
      consistent with neurosecretory granules were found in the cytoplasm of some tumor
      cells.

PMID- 2421026
TI  - [Tumor-derived growth factors--tumor angiogenic factor].

PMID- 2421025
TI  - [Steroid substances--androgens].

PMID- 2421027
TI  - [Protein and polypeptide growth factors--T lymphocyte growth factor and
      interleukins].

PMID- 2421028
TI  - [Marked hyperamylasemia--its incidence and clinicopathological observations,
      especially on postoperative transient hyperamylasemia].

PMID- 2421029
TI  - [Fundamental and clinical evaluation of "ELSA AFP RIA kit" for radioimmunoassay
      of alpha-fetoprotein].

PMID- 2421030
TI  - Endothelial wound-healing in penetrating corneal graft for experimental bullous
      keratopathy in rabbit.
AB  - Persistent bullous keratopathy was produced in one eye of a rabbit by anterior
      chamber irrigation with benzalkonium chloride solution (BAK). Corneal grafts were
      made from both eyes of another rabbit and they were transplanted to the eye with
      bullous keratopathy and the normal fellow eye, which served as the control.
      Subsequently, at intervals flat preparations of the endothelium of both eyes
      stained with silver nitrate were made. On panoramic photographs of the
      endothelium along one meridian of the cornea, the endothelial cell sizes were
      determined on both sides of the host-graft junction and at every 1 mm from the
      junction. In the control eyes the cell sizes increased, in the early
      postoperative period, near the host-graft junction both in the graft and in the
      host, and this increase gradually diminished by the end of the 6-month
      observation period. However, even after 6 months the mean cell size in both graft
      and host was slightly larger than the normal cell size. In the eye with bullous
      keratopathy, the cell size in the graft center increased rapidly and
      progressively. After 3 months the endothelial cells were seen in the host cornea
      and the cell sizes were considerably larger than those in the control cornea.
      After 6 months the cells were seen even in the periphery of the host cornea. In
      three sets of experiments, bullous keratopathy was produced in one eye of a male
      rabbit and the graft from a female rabbit was transplanted. Four months later,
      the detection frequency of the sex chromatin stained with acetic orcein was
      similar between the cells in the graft and in the host bullous cornea, indicating
      that the cells in the host had migrated from the graft.

PMID- 2421031
TI  - Smooth muscle excitatory substances from Remak nerve of the chicken and a
      comparison of their pharmacological and chemical properties with substance P.
AB  - Active substances extracted from the Remak nerve of the chicken were subjected to
      chromatographic and electrophoretic separation followed by bioassay of
      contracting activities on the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig ileum (LMGPI)
      and on the isolated whole chick rectum (WCR). Gel filtration profiles on a
      Sephadex G-50 column showed two peaks of LMGPI-contracting activity and of WCR
      contracting activity. No difference was seen in the enzymatic destruction between
      the LMGPI-contracting activity and substance P. Their similarities were also
      indicated by the parallelism of their elution curves in the gel chromatography on
      Sephadex G-25, their equal stability in acid solutions, and comparable antagonism
      and inhibition of the contractile effects on LMGPI by substance P antagonists and
      after desensitization of substance P receptors. Ion exchange chromatography
      revealed the existence of two main substances responsible for the LMGPI
      contracting activity. One of them eluted at the same position as that for
      substance P, but differed in immunoreactivity and electrophoretic mobility from
      substance P. The WCR-contracting activity differed from the LMGPI-contracting
      activity in that it was pepsin-resistant and carboxypeptidase A-susceptible, and
      it eluted at a different position during ion exchange chromatography. It seems
      likely that the LMGPI-contracting activity in the extracts is attributed to a
      substance P-family of peptides, but the WCR-contracting activity is due to
      another substance of a peptide nature.

PMID- 2421032
TI  - Effects of noxious stimuli and anesthetic agents on substance P content in rat
      central nervous system.
AB  - Effects of noxious electrical tooth stimulations and intraarterial administration
      of bradykinin or inhalation of volatile anesthetics on substance P content in the
      diencephalon-mesencephalon, pons-medulla and the spinal cord were examined in the
      rat. Noxious stimulation by electrical long duration stimulation (type 2) of
      tooth pulp caused an increase of substance P content in the ponsmedulla.
      Inhalation of volatile anesthetics such as methoxyflurane and diethylether
      produced an increase of substance P content in the spinal cord; and in addition,
      methoxyflurane produced a decrease of substance P content in ponsmedulla.
      However, halothane did not produce any changes in substance P content in any
      parts of the central nervous system (CNS). These results suggest that volatile
      anesthetics such as diethyl-ether and methoxyflurane act on the substance P
      neuron and may modulate pain transmission through the action of substance P in
      the pons-medulla or the spinal cord.

PMID- 2421033
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of procaine in rabbit sino-atrial node cells.
AB  - Effects of procaine (50-500 micrograms/ml) on membrane potential and currents
      were investigated using a two microelectrode-voltage clamp technique. Procaine
      reduced the action potential amplitude (APA), the maximum diastolic potential and
      the maximum rate of depolarization (Vmax) in a dose-dependent manner. At the same
      time, the action potential duration and the cycle length were prolonged. In
      voltage clamp experiments, procaine (50 micrograms/ml) did not affect the slow
      inward current (Isi), but reduced the time-dependent outward current (Ik). At
      concentrations higher than 100 micrograms/ml, procaine reduced both currents and
      the inward current activated by hyperpolarization in a dose-dependent manner. In
      7 of 20 specimens, a low concentration of procaine (50 or 100 micrograms/ml)
      increased Isi which enhanced the Vmax and APA, but did not increase Ik. Procaine
      did not affect the steady-state inactivation of Isi (f infinity) and the
      activation of Ik (p infinity). The results suggest that the depressions of
      currents induced by procaine are due to a reduction in conductances of the
      current systems.

PMID- 2421034
TI  - Serum alpha-fetoprotein subfractions in hepatic malignancies identified by
      different reactivities with concanavalin A, lentil lectin or phytohemagglutinin
      E.
AB  - Using a modified method of concanavalin A (Con A), lentil lectin (LCH) or
      phytohemagglutinin-E (PHA-E) affinity crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis (ACIE),
      we studied alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) subfractions in 69 sera, including 58 from
      patients with primary liver cancer and 11 from patients with hepatic metastasis
      of gastric cancer. We found that Con A non-reactive subfraction (type b) or LCH
      weakly-reactive subfraction (type B) was more frequently detected in metastatic
      liver cancer, as compared with liver cancer hepatoma. The amount of Con A non
      reactive subfraction (type b) or of PHA-E reactive subfraction (type X) was
      significantly higher in case of metastatic liver cancer than in primary liver
      cancer. Since different affinities between AFP and lectins are due to the
      microheterogeneity in AFP sugar chain, our findings suggest that AFP in primary
      liver cancer and metastatic liver cancer is glycosylated in a different manner.
      It is also indicated that different patterns of AFP subfractions identified by
      the combination of Con A, LCH or PHA-E ACIE facilitate a differential diagnosis
      of these hepatic malignancies.

PMID- 2421035
TI  - Significance of measurement of a carbohydrate antigenic determinant 19-9 (CA 19
      9) for monitoring colorectal cancer patients.
AB  - The significance of measurement of serum CA 19-9 levels and the correlation
      between the serum levels of CA 19-9 and CEA in 61 patients with colorectal cancer
      were investigated. CA 19-9 levels above 37 U/ml were found in 24.6 per cent,
      while CEA levels above 5 ng/ml were observed in 34.4 per cent. Elevation of one
      or both of two antigens was found in 44.3 per cent. In patients with elevated CA
      19-9 levels, the CA 19-9 levels returned to normal after curative resections,
      whereas patients with normal levels of this antigen showed only slight or no
      differences after curative resections. Measurements of this antigen were useful
      for the evaluation of the effect of surgery, especially in patients with normal
      CEA levels and elevated CA 19-9 levels. Combination assays of these antigens may
      be more useful than CEA alone for monitoring colorectal cancer patients.

PMID- 2421036
TI  - [The effect of vagus nerve stimulation and various drugs on chemical mediator
      release in anesthetized dogs].

PMID- 2421038
TI  - Determinants of gastroesophageal reflux.

PMID- 2421037
TI  - Heterogenicity in electrical properties of longitudinal and circular muscle cells
      and regional differences in the guinea-pig ileum.

PMID- 2421039
TI  - Histochemical changes in livers from portacaval-shunted rats.
AB  - Portacaval shunt (PCS) operations were performed on male inbred SD rats. The
      activity of liver gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) increased a few days after
      the operation and remained high after several months. However, the activity was
      only present in periportal areas of liver lobules and was mainly restricted to
      the endothelial lining cells of periportal blood vessels. Phenobarbital sodium
      (CAS: 57-03-7) administration did not change the distribution of GGT. The
      activity of liver glucose-6-phosphatase disappeared in the centrilobular areas a
      few days after the operation but was present in the periportal areas. The
      distribution of this activity returned to normal after several months. The
      capacity of liver cells to store glycogen was significantly decreased following
      the PCS operation. Morphologic changes in hepatocytes observed after the PCS
      operation did not show similarities to those seen in preneoplastic livers. The
      nuclei of the small compact hepatocytes found in the animals with PCS were
      irregular in shape and stained intensively with hematoxylin and eosin. The large
      pale-staining cells in the periphery of liver lobes were GGT negative and their
      nuclei had a normal morphology. Neither morphologic nor histochemical changes
      consistent with preneoplastic and/or neoplastic stage were observed after 10
      months in the liver when the PCS operation was performed on rats having received
      an ip dose (10 mg/kg) of diethylnitrosamine (CAS: 55-18-5) 2 weeks prior to the
      operation.

PMID- 2421040
TI  - [Kaposi's sarcoma--alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid].

PMID- 2421041
TI  - Structure, function and regulation of Na,K-ATPase in the kidney.

PMID- 2421042
TI  - Lymphocyte transformation and acid labile interferon production in response to
      mumps virus.

PMID- 2421043
TI  - [The hazard of surgical interventions after allergic reactions to polyglucin].

PMID- 2421044
TI  - [Remote results of palliative operations in children with extrahepatic block of
      the portal circulation].

PMID- 2421046
TI  - [Pathogenesis, clinical picture and treatment of subretinal vascular
      proliferation in the light of our observations].

PMID- 2421045
TI  - [Vitrectomy and subsequent photocoagulation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy
      with vitreous hemorrhage].
AB  - Forty eyes in 39 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, vitreal
      hemorrhage and progressive neovascularization in at least 3 fundus quadrants were
      treated with panretinal xenon photocoagulation immediately after pars plana
      vitrectomy. Lens extraction was performed on 7 eyes and 2 eyes were aphakic. Six
      months after treatment, 68% of the eyes showed an improvement in vision, 25% had
      vitreal rebleeding and 11% developed rubeosis iridis. While treatment had no
      effect on peripheral rubeosis iridis in 5 eyes, all 7 eyes with pupillary
      rubeosis iridis showed complete regression. The results indicate the clinical
      value of combining, pars plana vitrectomy with panretinal xenon photocoagulation
      in selected patients.

PMID- 2421047
TI  - [Clinical aspects and therapy of bronchial carcinoma].

PMID- 2421048
TI  - [Expediency of using Amido Black 10B and Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 for
      staining disk electrophoregrams of blood serum].

PMID- 2421049
TI  - [Control samples for different methods of diagnosing hepatitis B surface
      antigen].

PMID- 2421050
TI  - [Evaluation of the cellular component of hypersensitivity to fungi using the
      specific rosette formation reaction].

PMID- 2421051
TI  - [Rapid method of determining bacterial infection of purulent wounds].

PMID- 2421052
TI  - [Isolation of atypical strains of Candida albicans from patients with heart
      diseases].

PMID- 2421053
TI  - [Use of the aggregate hemagglutination reaction for detecting brucellosis antigen
      in the sera of infected animals and patients with brucellosis].

PMID- 2421054
TI  - [Modified apparatus for determining erythrocyte aggregation].

PMID- 2421055
TI  - [Correlation between the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the leukocyte count
      in childhood infections].

PMID- 2421056
TI  - [Comparative characteristics of the protein spectrum of the blood serum and the
      soluble proteins of the skin on polyacrylamide gel].

PMID- 2421057
TI  - [Semiautomated system for transferring protein samples from the centrifuge to the
      electrophoresis chamber].

PMID- 2421058
TI  - [Determination of tryptophan in protein hydrolysates using ion exchange
      chromatography].

PMID- 2421059
TI  - [Isolation of immunocompetent cells from the synovial membrane].

PMID- 2421060
TI  - [Enzyme test for wound infection].

PMID- 2421061
TI  - [Requirements of the population for laboratory diagnostic services during the
      transition to outpatient care of the total population].

PMID- 2421062
TI  - [Experience with the work of an interregional centralized biochemical
      laboratory].

PMID- 2421063
TI  - [Significance of pathognomonic symptoms in the diagnosis of tuberculosis].

PMID- 2421064
TI  - [Status of and outlook for the development of clinical laboratory diagnosis at
      the present stage].

PMID- 2421065
TI  - [Platelet factor 4. Properties and clinical significance of its determination
      (review of the literature)].

PMID- 2421066
TI  - [Differential cytologic diagnosis of serous and mucinous ovarian tumors].

PMID- 2421067
TI  - [Cytologic analysis of the cellular composition of normal tracheal and bronchial
      mucosa in children].

PMID- 2421068
TI  - [Cytologic analysis of the cellular composition of normal tracheal and bronchial
      mucosa in children].

PMID- 2421069
TI  - [Morphometric characteristics of the cellular component of osteogenic sarcoma].

PMID- 2421070
TI  - [Use of quantitative criteria in the cytologic diagnosis of hyperplastic
      processes in the thyroid gland].

PMID- 2421071
TI  - [The nucleolar index as an indicator of the sensitivity of tumor cells to
      cytostatic drugs].

PMID- 2421072
TI  - [Cytological diagnosis of malignant nonepithelial tumors of the gastrointestinal
      system].

PMID- 2421073
TI  - [New methodologic approach to evaluating the functional state of neutrophils].

PMID- 2421074
TI  - [Effect of plasmapheresis on the content of peptide middle molecules in severe
      pyo-septic complications].

PMID- 2421075
TI  - [Study of the blood level of sulfhydryl groups in patients with erysipelas as a
      test characterizing the probability of the development of recurrences].

PMID- 2421076
TI  - [Use of the Hemalog D automatic blood analyzer for the differential diagnosis of
      acute nonlymphoblastic leukemias].

PMID- 2421077
TI  - [Determination of the functional activity of an erythrocyte population under
      various hypoxic conditions].

PMID- 2421078
TI  - [Alcohol-euphyllin test meal for studying gastric secretion].

PMID- 2421079
TI  - [The hemolysate aggregation test].

PMID- 2421080
TI  - [Use of the determination of the blood serum levels of middle molecules for
      screening azotemia].

PMID- 2421081
TI  - [Blood myoglobin in the diagnosis and prognosis of acute myocardial infarct].

PMID- 2421082
TI  - [Determination of leucine aminotransferase activity in biological matter].

PMID- 2421083
TI  - [Dynamics of blood glycogen phosphorylase during acute myocardial infarct].

PMID- 2421084
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with
      closed brain injuries].

PMID- 2421085
TI  - [Correlations of immune system indices in patients with myelomatosis].

PMID- 2421086
TI  - [The circulating immune complexes in erysipelas: diagnostic and prognostic
      significance].

PMID- 2421087
TI  - [Determination of the concentration and molecular mass of circulating immune
      complexes. I. Determination of the concentration and molecular mass of model
      immune complexes].

PMID- 2421088
TI  - [Effect of streptolysin O on the functional activity of human blood leukocytes].

PMID- 2421089
TI  - [Radial hemolysis reaction for the rapid titration of antirabies serum].

PMID- 2421090
TI  - [A method of preserving erythrocytic immunoglobulin diagnostic agents].

PMID- 2421091
TI  - [Use of the passive hemagglutination test for determining immunity to the measles
      virus].

PMID- 2421092
TI  - [Use of ionometric and flame photometric methods for determining the content of
      sodium, potassium, calcium and chlorine in microbiological nutrient media].

PMID- 2421093
TI  - [A device for the turbidimetric determination of the concentration of bacterial
      suspensions].

PMID- 2421094
TI  - [Modification of Copley's apparatus for determining blood viscosity and
      adhesiveness].

PMID- 2421095
TI  - [Comparability criteria for the quality control of laboratory studies].

PMID- 2421096
TI  - [Improving the work of the laboratory service in Novosibirsk].

PMID- 2421097
TI  - [Use of pathognomic, specific and nonspecific symptoms for diagnosing ulcers and
      other stomach diseases].

PMID- 2421098
TI  - [Clinical assessment of distal acidification of urine: effect of proteinuria and
      new study possibilities].

PMID- 2421099
TI  - [A micromethod of determining recalcification time and plasma tolerance to
      heparin using the H344 coagulograph].

PMID- 2421100
TI  - [Change in the coagulogram of patients with active rheumatism during treatment
      with anabolic steroids].

PMID- 2421101
TI  - [Middle molecular blood peptides in patients with psychic disorders of vascular
      etiology].

PMID- 2421102
TI  - Secondary degeneration of oligodendrocytes in canine distemper virus infection in
      vitro.
AB  - To study the pathogenesis of demyelination in canine distemper virus (CDV)
      infection, primary canine brain cell cultures were infected with CDV to examine
      specific virus-induced glial cell changes. Cultures were harvested at regular
      intervals after inoculation and were immunostained for the specific demonstration
      of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and CDV antigen. The infection spread slowly
      with moderate cytolysis and cell fusion. Soon after inoculation, infection of
      astrocytes was found by means of double immunofluorescent labeling. One week
      after inoculation, CDV-induced astrocytic fusion and rearrangement of astroglial
      fibrils became apparent. The astrocytic changes progressed during the observation
      period. Double immunofluorescent labeling failed to show oligodendroglial
      infection. Despite clear absence of viral replication within oligodendrocytes at
      all stages of the experiment, these cells exhibited marked pathologic changes
      starting at about 20 days after inoculation and progressed to complete cytolysis
      within 10 days. The degeneration of the oligodendrocytes was thought to be
      secondary to CDV-induced changes in other cell types of the culture probably
      through the release of toxic factors in the tissue culture medium. Since little
      evidence has been found for oligodendroglial infection in demyelinating lesions
      in canine distemper in vivo, the present tissue culture findings suggest that
      demyelination in vivo could be the result of indirect oligodendroglial damage
      caused by CDV-induced changes in other cell types such as astrocytes.

PMID- 2421103
TI  - Effect of in vivo carcinogen exposure on colony formation and growth of hamster
      buccal pouch keratinocytes in culture.
AB  - The effect of in vivo carcinogen exposure on colony formation and growth of
      hamster buccal pouch keratinocytes in culture was evaluated at various times
      after exposing the mucosal surfaces of buccal pouches to initiating regimens of
      7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) or N-methyl-N-benzylnitrosamine (MBN).
      Keratinocytes were isolated by enzymatic dissociation of intact sheets of buccal
      pouch epithelium (HBPE) and separated into five fractions of varying buoyant
      density by isopycnic centrifugation through Percoll. The number of keratinocyte
      colonies which formed in cultures of unfractionated and fractionated HBPE was
      evaluated at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 weeks after treatment with DMBA and its control
      vehicle, paraffin oil, and at 6, 8, and 10 weeks after treatment with MBN and its
      control vehicle, propylene glycol. The rate of colony growth expressed as
      population doublings per day was determined at these same time periods in
      unfractionated cultures of carcinogen and control treated HBPE. Unfractionated
      control (paraffin oil and propylene glycol) cultures gave rise to a uniform
      number of keratinocyte colonies with a growth rate of approximately 1 population
      doubling per day at each time period examined. Control cultures of fractionated
      HBPE exhibited considerable variation in their capacity to form keratinocyte
      colonies. Fraction 5 cultures which were composed almost exclusively of basaloid
      cells failed to form colonies. Cultures of unfractionated and fractionated DMBA
      and MBN-treated HBPE exhibited a marked and persistent suppression in the number
      and growth of keratinocyte colonies. In addition we observed the development of a
      morphologically unique type of keratinocyte colony that first emerged in the high
      density, basaloid-rich fraction 5 cultures, and which subsequently developed in
      all fractionated and unfractionated HBPE cultures. These unique keratinocyte
      colonies were never observed in control cultures. These results demonstrate that
      in vivo exposure of HBPE to DMBA or MBN causes a marked and prolonged suppression
      in the number and growth of keratinocytes colonies in culture. Furthermore the
      treatment regimens appeared to induce or select for a population of keratinocytes
      which persisted in vivo and which exhibited a unique colony morphology when grown
      in surface culture.

PMID- 2421104
TI  - Multiple phenotypes of prostatic glandular cells in castrated dogs after
      individual or combined treatment with androgen and estrogen. Morphometric,
      ultrastructural, and cytochemical distinctions.
AB  - To demonstrate a potential for multidirectional differentiation in mature
      prostatic epithelium, 17 beta-estradiol 17-cyclopentylpropionate (ECP) and 5
      alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol dipropionate (3 alpha-diol DP) were
      administered individually and in combination to castrated dogs. Quantitative
      ultrastructural and cytochemical methods were used to distinguish phenotypes of
      glandular cells in the various hormonal environments. Castration-induced
      glandular cell regression was accompanied by an increased nuclear to cytoplasmic
      ratio; by enhanced keratin positivity, expressed as dispersed immunolabeled
      tonofilaments; and by an absence of peanut agglutinin (PNA) binding sites on
      luminal membranes. Administration of ECP resulted in squamous metaplasia as well
      as hypertrophy of the glandular epithelium. The hypertrophied estrogen-modified
      glandular (EMG) cells were characterized by a new population of small (0.29
      micron in diameter) secretory granules, bundles of tonofilaments, and PNA
      positive luminal membranes. Treatment of castrated dogs with 3 alpha-diol DP
      produced a greater epithelial hypertrophy than ECP. These cells were
      characterized by larger (0.49 micron in diameter) secretory granules, dispersed
      tonofilaments, and no detectable PNA receptors. Joint administration of ECP and 3
      alpha-diol DP caused a florid response including squamous metaplasia and
      hypertrophy of the glandular epithelium which was associated with the emergence
      of a novel phenotype in androgen-estrogen modified glandular (A-EMG) cells. In A
      EMG cells, secretory granules were similar in size to those found in 3 alpha-diol
      DP-dominated epithelium whereas tonofilaments often appeared in bundles and
      luminal membranes were PNA positive, i.e., features found in EMG cells. Our
      results indicate that atrophic canine prostatic glandular cells possess
      pluripotentiality of response to sex hormones.

PMID- 2421105
TI  - Isomorphism on a physical system of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations for sodium
      conductance: toxin allosteric effects and gating currents.
AB  - An isomorphism on a physical system of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations for sodium
      ion conductance in the nerve membrane is derived. The physical system consists of
      8 states. It shows that the voltage dependence of the sodium conductance arises
      from a change in ionization of the molecule that provides the ion-selective
      conductance channels. It associates reversibly with singly charged (H+?) and
      doubly charged (Ca++?) ions. The inactivation process is the result of the
      associating of an ionized particle by half of the states. The effect of toxins
      and narcotics in blocking or inactivating sodium conductance can be understood as
      an enzyme or allosteric change of the standard free energy difference of the
      molecule that provides the sodium channels. The effect of changing pH and Ca++
      substrate concentration on the sodium conductance is predicted. The gating charge
      current is predicted. The time constant predicted is in agreement with
      experiment.

PMID- 2421106
TI  - An induced fit hypothesis for antigen recognition by T lymphocytes: a role for
      specific antigen retention structures on antigen-presenting cells.
AB  - The nature of T lymphocyte recognition of foreign antigens is not known, despite
      recent advances in elucidating the cellular structures that may be involved in
      the specific interactions. The central difficulty in this process is that T cells
      respond to foreign antigen only in the context of major histocompatibility
      complex (MHC) antigens expressed by another antigen-presenting cell. In addition,
      T cells that interact with class II MHC antigens do not bind foreign protein
      antigens in their native form, but seem to recognize only proteolytic peptide
      fragments as the relevant antigen. The simplest explanation for these
      observations is that the class II MHC antigens themselves bind antigenic peptides
      to form the appropriate determinant that interacts with the antigen-specific T
      cell receptor. However, to date no such antigenic complex has been found with MHC
      antigens despite rigorous attempts at their demonstration. One alternative
      explanation described here is that there is no preexisting foreign antigen-MHC
      antigen complex prior to interaction with T cells, and it is the T cells that
      cause the two moieties to become associated for recognition by a single antigen
      specific T cell receptor. Central to this mechanism is that foreign antigenic
      peptides must be associated with specific antigen retention structures (SARS)
      expressed by antigen-presenting cells which retain and protect the peptide on the
      cell surface. These SARS, upon interaction with T cell membrane moieties, would
      subsequently associate with MHC antigens. A hypothesis to describe this mechanism
      is developed to account for published observations of antigen processing by
      antigen-presenting cells and T cell antigen recognition, and makes several
      predictions that are experimentally testable. This mechanism is also generally
      applicable to other cellular interactions in which soluble peptide mediators may
      become associated with surface components of one cell type, and this newly formed
      complex is in turn recognized by a receptor on a second cell type to deliver
      functional signals.

PMID- 2421107
TI  - Electrostatic effect of trypsin binding on the hydrogen exchange rate of bovine
      pancreatic trypsin inhibitor beta-sheet NH's.
AB  - The changes of H-D exchange rates upon protein-protein interactions are generally
      interpreted as a result of the changes of the dynamic properties of the proteins.
      The effect of trypsin binding on the H-D exchange kinetics of some trypsin
      inhibitor amide H's was reported (Simon et al., 1984). In this paper the
      electrostatic potential originating from the trypsin molecule is calculated at
      the positions of the studied amide H's in the trypsin-trypsin inhibitor complex.
      We conclude that the observed decrease of the exchange rates is mainly due to the
      electrostatic field of the trypsin molecule.

PMID- 2421108
TI  - Effects of Rauscher murine leukemia virus on hemopoietic organ-derived clonogenic
      fibroblasts.
AB  - Fibroblast colony-forming units (CFU-F) in bone marrow and spleen were
      investigated after infection of BALB/c mice with the Rauscher leukemia virus
      complex (RLV) or with cellularly cloned helper virus (R-MuLV). Both viral
      preparations induced a transient suppression of CFU-F prior to the development of
      leukemia. A second CFU-F decrease was observed in the terminal phase of R-MuLV
      induced chronic lymphoid or myeloid leukemias, but not in mice with a RLV-induced
      acute erythroleukemia, which are highly viremic. When a number of Rauscher virus
      transformed leukemic cell lines were injected intravenously an erythroid and a T
      cell line suppressed CFU-F values, but a third non-virus producing B-cell line
      did not. In contrast to the in-vitro situation, in-vitro inhibition of CFU-F was
      only observed in conditioned medium of an erythroid cell line with undetectable
      reverse transcriptase activity, whereas conditioned medium of lymphoid and
      myeloid cell lines were not inhibitory irrespective of reverse transcriptase
      activity. Together these results indicate that murine leukemia viruses can
      suppress the numbers of detectable CFU-F in vivo in an early phase of the disease
      and that leukemic cells may inhibit CFU-F proliferation by a mechanism which is
      not related to viremic state of the animal or the production of virus by these
      cells.

PMID- 2421109
TI  - Semi-micro adaptation of a 4-day differential staining cytotoxicity (DiSC) assay
      for determining the in-vitro chemosensitivity of haematological malignancies.
AB  - A semi-micro differential staining cytotoxicity (micro-DiSC) assay has been
      developed to determine the in-vitro chemosensitivity of haematological cancers.
      The method comprised isolation of leukocytes from blood or bone marrow, drug
      exposure and culture for 4 days in 1 ml tubes arranged in the microtitre format.
      Drug-induced tumour cell kill was determined by differential staining of live and
      dead cells, such that the former could be morphologically identified. Tumour cell
      viability was calculated by reference to an internal standard of fixed duck red
      blood cells. Up to 15 drugs at 5-6 concentrations each could be set up at a time
      in the assay within one hour of receipt of a sample, using only 10(7) viable
      cells. A result was obtained in 38 of 40 samples received. The assay is of
      potential use for the routine prediction of clinical response to cytotoxic drugs
      in haematological cancers and warrants wider investigation.

PMID- 2421110
TI  - Labeling of cutaneous sensory nerve endings with axonally transported horseradish
      peroxidase and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate: a
      methodological study in the rat.
AB  - Practical aspects on the use of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and wheat germ
      agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) to trace peripheral
      cutaneous nerve endings have been studied. The parameters studied included
      application site of the tracer, post-application survival time, tracer
      concentration and tracer volume. These parameters were examined in the glabrous
      skin of the rat hindpaw. The best results were obtained with injections of 1
      microliter WGA-HRP (20 micrograms/microliter) in dorsal root ganglia innervating
      the examined cutaneous region and a postinjection survival time of 18-36 h. With
      this approach extensive and heavy labeling was achieved of epidermal nerve
      endings, nerve endings in Merkel cell-neurite complexes and Meissner corpuscles.
      Useful, but less extensive labeling of these types of peripheral nerve endings,
      was obtained with injections of HRP in the lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn.

PMID- 2421111
TI  - In vivo application of HRP crystals: a new and efficient method for tracing
      neural connections in insects.
AB  - Solid HRP pellets prepared with a 2.5% Triton X-100 aqueous solution were
      implanted either into corpora allata or applied onto neurohemal organs of a
      cricket. The method presents two advantages: it allows one to perform "in vivo"
      instead of "in vitro" experiments, and detergent HRP pellets are easy to
      manipulate. Thus, this method combines simplicity with accuracy and appears to be
      very useful in tracing neural connections in the insect nervous system.

PMID- 2421112
TI  - Extracellular calcium in the hippocampus of unanesthetized rabbits monitored with
      dialysis-perfusion.
AB  - Extracellular levels of Ca2+ in the rabbit hippocampus were investigated in vivo
      with perfusion-dialysis. A thin semipermeable tubing was implanted and perfused
      at a constant rate with a Ca2+-free medium. Ca2+ levels in the dialysate were
      measured with an ion-specific electrode or as radioactivity after labeling of the
      endogenous pool with 45CaCl2. The system was characterized with model studies.
      The usefulness of the method is demonstrated for studies of, for example
      chemically evoked changes in Ca2+ concentrations extracellularly in CNS regions
      of non-anesthetized, freely moving rabbits. Moreover, measurements of Ca2+
      changes are easily correlated with neurotransmitter levels in the same samples.

PMID- 2421113
TI  - Long-lasting marks of extracellularly recorded sites by carbon fiber glass
      micropipettes in the frontal cortex of chronic monkeys.
AB  - Extracellularly recorded sites were successfully marked by means of carbon fiber
      containing glass micropipettes in the frontal cortex of chronically behaving
      monkeys. A DC current was passed through the tip of the micropipette (typically,
      anodal, 10 microA, 10 s). The marks were observed as brown spots with sizes of
      about 100 microns, and lasted for at least 4 months in vivo. Further, during
      physiological recording sessions, unmarked recording sites along the electrode
      track could be estimated with 10% error by measuring the distances between the
      marked sites, or between the marked site and the cortical surface.

PMID- 2421114
TI  - On the use of horseradish peroxidase to study cerebral angioarchitecture.

PMID- 2421115
TI  - Histological and histochemical changes of myocardium in rats receiving low
      magnesium diet and submitted to periodical cold stresses.

PMID- 2421116
TI  - [The value of Gram staining of the urine in acute extrahospital pyelonephritis].

PMID- 2421117
TI  - [Occurrence and level of antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica O antigens
      detected in select human groups by the passive hemagglutination test].

PMID- 2421118
TI  - Aggressive treatment of inoperable lung cancer--how much benefit for the patient?

PMID- 2421119
TI  - Pemoline and the prostate.

PMID- 2421120
TI  - Lower risk of thromboembolic disease after total hip replacement with non
      cemented than with cemented prostheses.
AB  - During the course of a prospective, randomised trial comparing dextran 40 with
      antithrombin III plus heparin as prophylaxis against thrombosis after total hip
      replacement, an unexpectedly low incidence of postoperative thromboembolic
      disease was found in patients receiving non-cemented (0 of 23) rather than
      cemented prostheses (4 of 13, 31%). Despite the small number of patients, the
      difference was significant and necessitated modification of the protocol. These
      preliminary findings suggest that the type of hip replacement used was more
      important than the type of antithrombotic medication in preventing venous
      thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

PMID- 2421121
TI  - Culture crafts of keratinocytes: a growth industry?

PMID- 2421122
TI  - Beta-blockers induce class II MHC antigens on psoriatic keratinocytes.

PMID- 2421123
TI  - Fucosylation of alpha-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinomas.

PMID- 2421124
TI  - [Slides and their use in lectures].

PMID- 2421125
TI  - Improved erythrocyte sedimentation and leucocyte recovery with Dextran T500.

PMID- 2421126
TI  - Improved immunoperoxidase staining on semi-thin sections of epoxy-embedded
      tissues.

PMID- 2421127
TI  - [Late results of treating thyrotoxicosis with 131I and post-therapeutic
      hypothyroidism].
AB  - A total of 1587 patients with thyrotoxicosis (1387 women and 266 men) were
      examined over time after 131I therapy. The radioactive drug was given once to 808
      patients, two times to 337 patients, 3 times to 198 and 4 times to 82 patients.
      669 patients received 74-185 MBq of (131)1,649 patients 222-370 MBq, 128 patients
      407-555 MBq and 94 patients 592-740 MBq. The other 47 patients received 131I of
      higher activity. Post-therapeutic hypothyrosis was revealed in 5.4% of the cases.
      In half of the patients hypothyrosis developed after a single administration of
      131I. In developing hypothyrosis the level of thyroxine and triiodothyronine was
      lowered in 29% of the patients only, however in 60% of the patients the level of
      thyroxine in the blood was lowered with the normal concentration of
      triiodothyronine. In all the patients with post-therapeutic hypothyrosis. i.v.
      administration of thyroliberin resulted in a significant rise of the thyrotropin
      level indicating to great importance of this test. A follow up of such patients
      is necessary as hypothyrosis can develop at different time after treatment of
      thyrotoxicosis patients with 131I.

PMID- 2421128
TI  - Preparing for a poster session--some practical suggestions.

PMID- 2421129
TI  - Use of computer-videodisc system to train medical students in developmental
      disabilities.

PMID- 2421130
TI  - How to make and use video in teaching.

PMID- 2421131
TI  - Differentiation of parenchymal lung disorders with in vitro proton nuclear
      magnetic resonance.
AB  - We investigated in vitro NMR properties of bleomycin-induced alveolitis and
      pulmonary fibrosis in 18 Lewis rats (6 controls). When alveolitis or fibrosis had
      developed, animal lungs were excised and examined histologically and
      gravimetrically and their T1 and T2 were determined by a NMR spectrometer at 10.7
      MHz and 37 degrees C. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed histologically in each
      case. The NMR signal intensities were significantly elevated in both disease
      states (P less than 0.001). Both T1 and T2 values of alveolitic lungs were about
      the same as in controls, but were significantly decreased in fibrotic lungs (P
      less than 0.01). Changes in T1 and T2 correlated well (P less than 0.001) with
      changes in water content of diseased lungs.

PMID- 2421132
TI  - Direct costs of institutional care in the United States.

PMID- 2421133
TI  - The effects of different total parenteral nutrition fuel mixes on skeletal muscle
      composition of infant miniature pigs.
AB  - Two groups of 10-day-old miniature pigs were maintained on isocaloric and
      isonitrogenous total parenteral nutrition (TPN) regimens for nine days. One group
      received nonprotein energy as glucose, whereas the second group received a
      mixture of fat and glucose. The administration of the amino acid/glucose fuel mix
      resulted in higher plasma insulin but lower glucagon concentrations compared to
      the amino acid/glucose/fat mix. Differences also were observed in the composition
      of skeletal muscle, which contained higher concentrations of alkali-soluble (AS)
      proteins (chiefly cellular protein) and DNA, when glucose was the only source of
      nonprotein energy. Intracellular sodium and water content and nonalkali-soluble
      proteins (largely extracellular proteins) were lower in the skeletal muscle of
      the amino acid/glucose group than in that of the group receiving the fat regimen.
      No differences in RNA concentration, RNA/AS protein, or AS protein/DNA ratios
      were observed. These data suggest that conditions of high insulin production in
      the postnatal growth period favored increased DNA replication and accretion of AS
      protein. The differences in water and electrolyte composition indicate that the
      rate of chemical maturation of skeletal muscle was slower in the piglets
      receiving amino acids/glucose/fat than in those on the glucose regimen. This
      study has demonstrated that the source of nonprotein energy can influence
      skeletal muscle maturation in the postnatal period.

PMID- 2421134
TI  - Insulin-like growth factors in patients with nonislet cell tumors and
      hypoglycemia.
AB  - Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) in serum from 3 patients with nonislet cell
      tumors and hypoglycemia were measured by radioimmunoassay and by means of a rat
      liver membrane assay (specific for IGF II). The concentration of IGF II by
      receptor assay was greater than normal when the samples were initially assayed,
      but subsequently decreased 48% to 80% over the next 8 to 15 weeks. In the same
      serum samples, concentrations of both IGF I and IGF II by radioimmunoassay were
      consistently less than normal. In all 3 patients growth hormone (GH) responses to
      intravenous arginine were depressed and in 2 of the 3 patients, a GH-dependent
      150 K serum protein carrier of IGF was absent. None of these abnormalities were
      seen in 7 patients with insulinomas and chronic hypoglycemia. The data suggest
      that some patients with nonislet cell tumors and hypoglycemia produce a receptor
      active, nonimmunoreactive IGF-II-like material. This material appears (a) more
      labile than normal IGF II and (b) capable of inhibiting GH secretion. The latter
      effect may decrease immunoreactive IGF I and II, as well as decrease the GH
      dependent 150 K protein carrier of these factors. The extreme lability of the IGF
      II-like material produced by tumors probably explains the previous contradictory
      reports on this topic.

PMID- 2421135
TI  - A sodium-pump defect in diabetic peripheral nerve corrected by sorbinil
      administration: relationship to myo-inositol metabolism and nerve conduction
      slowing.
AB  - Nerve conduction slowing, a hallmark of both experimental and human diabetic
      neuropathy, is improved or corrected by aldose reductase inhibitors such as
      sorbinil. Recent animal experiments attribute acutely reversible nerve conduction
      slowing in diabetes to a myo-inositol (MI)-related defect in the nerve Na-K
      ATPase (which generates the transmembrane sodium and potassium potentials
      necessary for nerve impulse conduction and the sodium gradient necessary for
      sodium-dependent uptake of substrates). This MI-related abnormality in Na-K
      ATPase function is currently viewed as a cyclic, metabolic defect involving
      sequential alteration of Na-dependent MI uptake, MI content, MI incorporation
      into membrane phospholipids, and phospholipid-dependent Na-K-ATPase function in
      peripheral nerve. Aldose reductase inhibitors have been shown to normalize both
      nerve MI content and nerve Na-K-ATPase activity. These observations suggest that
      the acute effects of aldose reductase inhibitors on nerve conduction in both
      diabetic animals and patients may be mediated by correction of an underlying MI
      related nerve Na-K-ATPase defect. Furthermore, this sorbinil-corrected Na-K
      ATPase defect in diabetic nerve may contribute to other biochemical, functional,
      and structural abnormalities present in patients with diabetic peripheral
      neuropathy.

PMID- 2421136
TI  - Studies of sorbinil on axonal transport in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.
AB  - Deficits of axonal transport in short-term experimental diabetes may be a
      consequence of increased sorbitol pathway flux and may contribute to the
      development of degenerative neuropathies. Therefore, we studied the effect of the
      aldose reductase inhibitor sorbinil on the axonal transport of choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the cholinergic neurons of the sciatic nerve of rats
      with short-term streptozotocin diabetes. In addition, to examine the extent of
      axonal transport deficits, we studied the axonal transport of choline containing
      lipids in sensory neurons of the sciatic nerve of similarly diabetic rats and the
      effects of sorbinil thereon. In experimentally diabetic animals, sorbinil both
      prevented and reversed deficits of the axonal transport of ChAT and prevented a
      deficit in the axonal transport of choline containing lipids.

PMID- 2421137
TI  - Structural support for RNA synthesis in the cell nucleus.

PMID- 2421138
TI  - Structural organization of the nucleolus in mammalian cells.

PMID- 2421139
TI  - Quantitation of neovascularization in flat preparations of the cornea.

PMID- 2421140
TI  - Segmental differences of microvascular permeability for FITC-dextrans measured in
      the hamster cheek pouch.
AB  - An intravital microscopic method for quantitative measurement of interstitial
      concentrations of fluorescent tracers has been applied to the investigation of
      microvascular permeability in the hamster cheek pouch. Some nanoliters of FITC
      dextran mean mol wt (Mw) 20,000, 3000, or sodium fluorescein (Mw 376) were
      injected into an arteriole of the exposed cheek pouch via micropipet. The
      extravasation of fluorochromes was measured by a photodensitometric method
      including two sets of calibration procedures (in vitro and in vivo).
      Postcapillary and collecting venules exhibited the highest absolute increase of
      fluorochrome concentration in the tissue for all tracer molecules tested when
      compared to arterioles or capillaries. The permeability of the vascular wall was
      quantified, assuming that diffusion processes play the main role for the
      transport of the investigated molecules under the experimental conditions of a
      high concentration gradient across the membrane. Permeability coefficients P
      (cm/sec) and apparent diffusion coefficients D' (cm2/sec) of the microvascular
      wall were calculated using a mathematical model for one-dimensional diffusion in
      composite media. The analysis is based on measured data of interstitial diffusion
      coefficients of the tracers used. For all tracer molecules tested, the wall of
      the capillaries and postcapillary venules was significantly more permeable than
      the arteriolar wall. For the largest test molecule (FITC-dextran Mw 20,000), the
      permeability coefficient of the vessel wall showed a maximum in the postcapillary
      venules. These findings support the concept of a "gradient of permeability" with
      a nonuniform distribution of exchange capacity only for the precapillary
      microvessels. A marked preponderance of venular over capillary permeability
      could, if at all, only be detected for FITC-dextran Mw 20,000. The present study
      characterizes the vessel wall by apparent diffusion coefficients which are, for
      FITC-dextran Mw 3000, and free fluorescein, roughly three orders of magnitude
      lower than the apparent diffusion coefficients in connective tissue.

PMID- 2421141
TI  - Treatment of cancer by alteration of a cancer specific surface membrane epitope.
AB  - Since cancer is essentially a cell surface problem with loss of contact
      inhibition, effort might be directed to restoring such inhibition by interfering
      with activity of new determinants on the cancer cell surface associated with the
      contact inhibition loss.

PMID- 2421142
TI  - Palliative care for cancer patients.
AB  - To improve the quality of palliative care, we recommend the establishment, in
      larger hospitals, of regionalized units with medical directors. The current
      concept that the acute hospital is not appropriate for the admission of the
      terminally ill is rejected as is the need for the establishment of further free
      standing hospices.

PMID- 2421143
TI  - Palliative care for cancer patients.

PMID- 2421144
TI  - [Effectiveness of the joint use of regulators of insect development with
      insecticides and bacterial preparations for controlling the larvae of blood
      sucking mosquitoes in the field].

PMID- 2421145
TI  - Expression of differentiated functions in kidney epithelial cell lines.
AB  - The expression of differentiated functions in long-term cell lines MDCK and LLC
      PK1 derived from renal epithelia is briefly summarized. Topics include
      differentiated transport properties and enzymatic functions expressed by these
      cell lines, modulation of a differentiated phenotype by exogenous inducers,
      substratum and cell-cell contact, and possible mechanisms of inducer action.

PMID- 2421146
TI  - Sodium cotransport processes in renal epithelial cell lines.
AB  - Cell growth and synchronization, gene expression and regulation, maintenance of
      epithelial cell polarization are major functional aspects of the nephron which
      have been difficult to approach with conventional preparations. Certainly,
      without the introduction of tissue culture techniques, the opportunity to analyze
      these issues could not have been afforded. Several renal epithelial cell lines
      with differentiated characteristics of proximal and distal segments of the
      nephron are already available. LLC-PK1, derived from a normal Hampshire pig
      kidney, shows multiple differentiated characteristics of in vivo epithelia.
      Specifically, this cell line has Na+-dependent sugar, amino acid, and phosphate
      cotransport systems with similar characteristics as those present in the renal
      proximal tubule. The expression of the Na+-dependent sugar transport system in
      LLC-PK1 cells depends on the growing conditions of the cells. For instance,
      isolated cells obtained by trypsin-EDTA treatment of confluent monolayers or
      exponentially growing cells do not express the Na+-dependent sugar transport
      system. Full expression occurs after the monolayer reaches confluency. Expression
      of the transporter can also be modified by agents that affect the differentiation
      of other cellular systems, such as the Friend erythroleukemia cells. The
      expression of the Na-sugar cotransport system is also regulated by the
      concentration of glucose in the growth medium. Low glucose concentration
      increases the sugar influx through the Na+-coupled apical membrane transporter by
      increasing the number rather than the affinity of the transporter. This effect
      appears to be mediated through the sugar metabolism of the cell. The expression
      of the Na+-amino acid cotransport system in LLC-PK1 cells and the epithelial cell
      line MDCK derived from a normal dog kidney also responds to regulatory signals
      associated with cell growth or amino acid deprivation. LLC-PK1 cells and the cell
      line OK derived from an opposum kidney, shows a Na+-dependent phosphate
      cotransport system modulated by parathyroid hormone and cyclic nucleotides that
      will prove to be an excellent model not only to study the mechanisms of the
      action of the hormone, but to study the mechanisms involved in the expression and
      modulation of the Na+-dependent phosphate cotransport system.

PMID- 2421147
TI  - Sodium entry pathways in renal epithelial cell lines.
AB  - Na+ entry into kidney epithelial cells occurs by a multiplicity of pathways.
      Established cell lines such as the A6 cells, derived from the collecting duct of
      the kidney of Xenopus laevis, MDCK cells, from the distal tubule of a dog kidney,
      and the LLC-PK1 cells, originating from the proximal tubule of a pig kidney,
      provide excellent model cell systems for the detailed characterization and
      isolation of the proteins which comprise these entry pathways. Major pathways of
      Na+ entry include the amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel, the amiloride-sensitive
      Na+/H+ antiporter, and the loop diuretic-sensitive NaCl/KCl symporter. While the
      former two systems have been shown to exhibit an apical location in epithelial
      cells so far examined, the last system may be localized to either the basolateral
      or apical surface, depending on the transport function of the cell. Nutrient/Na+
      symporters such as the glucose, phosphate, and p-aminohippurate symporters may
      all be localized to the apical surfaces of proximal tubular cells, but other
      systems, including those specific for neutral amino acids, may predominate in the
      basolateral surface or be distributed between the two membranes. Studies
      concerned with the catalytic, structural, and regulatory properties of these
      transport systems serve not only to characterize the individual translocators in
      established cell lines, but also to suggest their physiological functions in
      intact kidney tissues.

PMID- 2421148
TI  - Proximal tubular cells in primary culture.
AB  - Primary cultures of mammalian proximal tubules (PT) can be established in serum
      free, hormone-supplemented media. These cells attain confluence, demonstrate
      morphological polarity and exhibit vectorial fluid transport. Primary cultures of
      rabbit PT cells retain the transport properties of the parent cells and exhibit
      Na+-H+ exchange, Na+-Ca2+ exchange and Na-glucose co-transport, the latter
      process having kinetic properties comparable to those described for the late
      proximal tubule. Glucose which enters the cell via the luminal Na-glucose co
      transport system undergoes metabolism to CO2; it is not clear whether this
      glucose oxidation, which is minimal in PT cells under physiological conditions,
      is due to selection of a specific cell type or to the nature of the culture
      conditions. Confluent, quiescent PT cells in culture can be induced to
      hypertrophy by addition of supraphysiological concentrations of insulin, PGE, and
      hypertonic NaCl; each stimulus also leads to an early increase in Na+-H+ antiport
      suggesting that this transport process may be causally related to the process of
      cell growth. The primary culture thus represents a promising model for future
      studies on the cellular events which govern the process of cell hypertrophy.

PMID- 2421149
TI  - [Hormonal modulation of the cytotoxicity mediated by NK effectors (natural
      killer)].

PMID- 2421150
TI  - [Human chorionic gonadotropin-like substance (hCGLS) in male patients with
      gastrointestinal cancer].
AB  - Human chorionic gonadotropin-like substance and beta-subunit hCG were measured by
      a double antibody radioimmunoassay in blood and cancer tissue from male patients
      with gastrointestinal cancer Elevated serum hCGLS levels were observed in 6/8
      (75%) of male patients with early gastric cancer, 14/22 (63.7%) with resectable,
      4/10 (40%) with unresectable gastric cancer and 10/13 (76.7%) with resectable
      colorectal cancer. In benign diseases none had an elevated level in serum hCGLS.
      Serum hCGLS levels showed a declining tendency with progress of disease as well
      as with low histologic differentiation. HCGLS levels in gastric and colorectal
      cancer tissues were significantly higher than those in normal mucosal tissue.
      There were no correlation between hCGLS and beta-subunit hCGLS tissue levels and
      tumor size was observed in colorectal cancer, while not in gastric cancer. Thus,
      hCGLS may be of practical value in complementary diagnosis of male
      gastrointestinal cancer.

PMID- 2421151
TI  - Isolation and fractionation of CHO chromosomes in aqueous two phase systems using
      charged polymers and base specific macroligands.
AB  - Chromosomes were isolated in a preparative scale by synchronisation of CHO cells
      with a double Thymidine block followed by an arrest in the metaphase by addition
      of Colcemid. Under proper cultivation conditions a mitotic index of 77% total
      cells could be routinely achieved. Bulk chromosome preparations free of nuclei
      and other subcellular particles have been obtained by low speed centrifugation
      followed by a 60 transfer countercurrent distribution using aqueous two phase
      systems composed of polyethylenglycol and dextran. The partition of CHO
      chromosomes previously purified in aqueous two phase systems were studied further
      to develop a protocol for the separation and isolation of individual chromosomes.
      Partition experiments with chromosomes changing the electrostatic phase potential
      by addition of charged PEG-derivatives suggest the existence of relatively highly
      charged chromosome groups. Most promising results with regard to separation were
      obtained using two PEG-derivatives, which interact specifically with the bases in
      DNA. For this affinity partitioning a GC- and AT-specific macroligand were
      employed. Comparing CCD's using each of these ligands information on the GC and
      AT content of exposed DNA in the chromosomes groups could be derived,
      demonstrating that specific sequences of DNA are accessible at the surface of
      metaphase chromosomes.

PMID- 2421153
TI  - Effect of carrier on the immunogenic capacity of synthetic cholera vaccine.
AB  - In the design of the synthetic antigens and synthetic vaccines, primary
      consideration should be given to the choice of the carrier. Since small peptides
      which are being used as the relevant antigenic determinants are likely to be poor
      immunogens as such, the augmentation of their immunogenic capacity by the carrier
      or any other means is crucial for the induction of immunity. In the present
      study, we explored several approaches for the enhancement of the immune response
      towards synthetic peptides derived from the B-subunit of cholera toxin. The
      results indicate that the use of tetanus toxoid as a macromolecular carrier,
      polymerization of the peptide without any external carrier and the conjugation of
      dipalmityl side chain had comparable effects in enhancing the immune response to
      several synthetic peptides. This effect was manifested both at the level of
      antibodies produced and in their capacity to neutralize the biological activity
      of the cholera toxin. Prior exposure to the carrier resulted in a dose-dependent
      suppression against the synthetic epitope attached to it.

PMID- 2421152
TI  - Bidirectional effect of met-enkephalin on macrophage effector functions.
AB  - Met-enkephalin (ME) exerts a bimodal effect on functional activities of rat
      peritoneal macrophages (PM); in a range of low concentration (10(-9)-10(-7)M)
      antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was markedly stimulated with a
      simultaneous decrease of Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R) medicated phagocytosis
      while the opposite was observed at 10(-6)-10(-5)M concentrations. Studying the
      possible underlying mechanism(s) the followings were recorded: (1) ME in all
      applied concentrations induced an early Na+ influx which was followed by a Ca2+
      efflux in the range of low concentrations. In the range of high concentrations
      Na+ influx was accompanied by a Ca2+ influx. (2) ME at 10(-8) M concentration
      induced a rise in cGMP level with a plateau in the 60-120th min of incubation.
      This effect was prevented by 10(-5) M of naloxone. At 10(-6) M concentration a
      transient rise of cAMP level was recorded which was not affected by naloxone. (3)
      Verapamil in 10(-6) M abolished both the Ca2+ influx and the rise in cAMP level
      induced by 10(-6)-10(-5) M ME but not the rise in cGMP level induced by lower ME
      concentrations. (4) cAMP elevation by high ME concentrations was abolished by
      enkephalinase inhibitory puromycin. (5) PM-enkephalinase as assessed by the
      cleavage of fluorogenic substrate L-alanine beta naphthylamide (ABNA), was
      inhibited by 10(-6)-10(-5) M of ME. This inhibition was abolished by verapamil,
      but not affected by naloxone. In the range of low concentrations ME appears to
      act on specific delta opioid receptors and its action is positively coupled to
      guanylate cyclase. In relatively higher concentrations ME-action is not mediated
      by specific delta opioid receptors and it appears to involve Ca2+ influx,
      adenylate cyclase activation as well as the processing of hormone by PM
      enkephalinase.

PMID- 2421154
TI  - Conformation dependence of a monoclonal antibody defined epitope on free human
      kappa chains.
AB  - Chemically and enzymatically modified kappa chains were tested by inhibition
      radioimmunoassay for their ability to block the binding of antibody K-1-21 with
      native kappa chains. Complete reduction and carboxymethylation of intrachain
      disulphide bonds destroyed the free kappa-chain epitope, a result confirmed by
      Western blotting of unreduced and reduced kappa monomers and dimers. Purified V
      kappa fragments failed to block the homologous interaction while inhibition was
      obtained with a pepsin digest yielding predominantly the C kappa region. Dimeric
      kappa chains were less effective than monomers in the inhibition assay, although
      HPLC analysis of immune complexes demonstrated the binding of two antibody
      molecules per molecule of dimer. Thus, the epitope on free kappa chains
      recognized by K-1-21 is dependent upon conformational integrity of the C kappa
      domain, the decreased binding activity of dimeric chains possibly being due to
      minor conformational changes induced by C-domain interactions.

PMID- 2421155
TI  - Immune response, tolerance circumvention and autoantibodies in aging MRL/Mp-lpr
      and MRL/Mp-+ mice.
AB  - Isotype distribution was analyzed, as a function of age in MRL/Mp-lpr and MRL/Mp
      + mice. The mice were tested for: (1) "spontaneous" response to nucleic acid (2)
      induced response to alum-precipitated phosphorylcholine-rabbit gamma globulin (PC
      RGG) (immunized animals) and (3) induced response to alum-precipitated PC-RGG
      after pretreatment with aggregate-free RGG (tolerized-immunized animals).
      "spontaneous" nucleic acid antibodies of isotypes, other than IgM, increased as
      animals became older. The quantity of RGG antibody declined as a function of the
      age at which animals were immunized. Young tolerized-immunized animals made less
      antibody of all isotypes than did immunized animals. In later life, resistance
      against tolerance induction developed. Aggregate-free RGG sensitized older
      animals and, thus, augmented the response to alum-precipitated PC-RGG. Up to the
      age of 20 weeks, spontaneous antibody and antibody of tolerized-immunized animals
      showed striking similarities in age- and strain-dependent changes of IgG2b and
      IgA isotypes. Results were discussed in terms of: (1) a defect in down regulation
      of immune responsiveness, which contributes to the initiation of autoimmunity and
      age-dependent resistance to tolerance induction; (2) regulatory mechanisms for
      isotype switching, which contribute to resistance to tolerance induction, whether
      naturally occurring or experimentally induced; and (3) age-related immunological
      changes which are inherent in the MRL/Mp genome, the mutant gene, lpr/lpr,
      accelerating the changes.

PMID- 2421157
TI  - The rad2 mutation affects the molecular nature of UV and acridine-mustard-induced
      mutations in the ADE2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - We have studied the molecular nature of ade2 mutations induced by UV light and
      bifunctional acridine-mustard (BAM) in wild-type (RAD) and in excision-deficient
      (rad2) strains of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the RAD strain, UV
      causes 45% GC----AT transitions among all mutations; in the rad2 strain this
      value is 77%. BAM was shown to be highly specific for frameshift mutagenesis: 60%
      frameshifts in the RAD strain, and as many as 84% frameshifts in the rad2 strain
      were induced. Therefore, the rad2 mutation affects the specificity of UV- and BAM
      induced mutagenesis in yeast. Experimental data agree with the view that the
      majority of mutations in the RAD strain are induced by a prereplicative
      mechanism, whereas mutations in the RAD strain are induced by a prereplicative
      mechanism, whereas mutations in the rad2 strain are predominantly postreplicative
      events. Our results also suggest that: cytosine-containing photoproducts are the
      substances responsible for major premutational damage to cytosine-containing
      photoproducts are the substances responsible for major premutational damage to
      DNA; a fraction of the mutations may arise in the course of excision repair of UV
      photoproducts.

PMID- 2421156
TI  - Steroid-protein interactions II.

PMID- 2421158
TI  - Studies of mutagenicity and clastogenicity of 5-azacytidine in human lymphoblasts
      and Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - 5-Azacytidine (5-AzaC) induced mutation in the TK+/- human lymphoblastoid line,
      TK6, at both the thymidine kinase (tk) locus as measured by resistance to
      trifluorothymidine (F3TdR), and the hypoxanthine-guanine
      phosphoribosyltransferase (hgprt) locus, as measured by resistance to 6
      thioguanine (6TG). F3TdRR and 6TGR mutant fractions induced by 5-AzaC were
      observed after a normal phenotypic expression time and remained stable.
      Interestingly, 5-AzaC was 5-10 times more mutagenic at the tk locus than the
      hgprt locus. However, F3TdRR colonies from 5-AzaC-treated cultures behaved like
      TK-deficient mutants induced by other chemical mutagens. The TK or HGPRT
      phenotype had no effect on the toxicity of 5-AzaC, thus eliminating differential
      toxicity as a potential cause for the observed higher mutability at the tk locus.
      5-AzaC did not induce F3TdRR cells in the parental TK+/+ lymphoblastoid line,
      indicating that 5-AzaC-induced F3TdRR variants were not due to a dominant
      alteration in gene expression. 5-AzaC did not induce chromosomal aberrations in
      TK6 cells, eliminating clastogenic events as a potential cause for the higher
      mutability at the tk locus. 5-AzaC was also found to be mutagenic in a forward
      mutation assay to 8-azaguanine resistance in Salmonella typhimurium.

PMID- 2421160
TI  - On the differential staining of yeast ascospores.

PMID- 2421159
TI  - International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and
      Carcinogens. ICPEMC Meeting Report No. 2. Approaches to determining mutation
      rates in human DNA.

PMID- 2421161
TI  - A rhoptry antigen of Plasmodium falciparum contains conserved and variable
      epitopes recognized by inhibitory monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Four monoclonal antibodies produced against Plasmodium falciparum recognize an
      antigen in merozoites that is localized in rhoptries, as judged by a punctate,
      double dot fluorescence pattern. All four antibodies bound to the same affinity
      purified antigen in a two site immunoradiometric assay. Immunoprecipitation of
      antigen by monoclonal antibody followed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis yielded protein bands of 80, 66 and 42 kDa. Western blotting
      gave bands of 80 and 66 kDa only with three of the antibodies: the fourth did not
      blot. Based on protease inhibitor data the 66 kDa band is considered to be a
      cleavage product of the 80 kDa band, but the 42 kDa band does not appear to
      derive from the latter and may be a coprecipitation product. This group of
      antigens labels with both [35S]methionine and [3H]histidine. Two of the
      monoclonal antibodies inhibited merozoite invasion of erythrocytes. One of these
      inhibitors recognizes a variable epitope, whereas the second recognizes a highly
      conserved epitope present in all 106 primary isolates of P. falciparum tested
      from Brazil, Thailand and Papua New Guinea.

PMID- 2421162
TI  - Studies on the substrate specificity of alpha- and beta-amylase of Entamoeba
      histolytica.
AB  - From the supernatant fraction of cell homogenates of Entamoeba histolytica alpha
      amylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) and beta-amylase (1,4
      alpha-D-glucan maltohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.2) were separated and purified by gel
      filtration and isoelectric focusing, followed by DEAE- and CM-chromatography,
      respectively. Both enzymes catalyzed the degradation of amylose, amylopectin and
      glycogen. Hydrolysis of polysaccharides by alpha-amylase yielded as reaction
      products maltose, maltotriose, maltopentaose and maltohexaose, but no free
      glucose. beta-Amylase produced as main degradation product of
      glucopolysaccharides maltose and to a minor extend maltotriose, but no glucose.
      alpha- and beta-amylase were able to hydrolyze 4-nitrophenyl-alpha-D
      glucooligosaccharides (Gn-pNP) containing more than two glucose units per
      molecule. Under identical conditions G6-pNP was cleaved at highest velocity by
      alpha-amylase, while beta-amylase exhibited the highest activity with G4-pNP as
      substrate. alpha-Amylase hydrolyzed G4-pNP, G5-pNP and G6-pNP yielding as main
      reaction product G2-pNP, but also the formation of G1-pNP and G3-pNP from G4-pNP,
      of G1-pNP, G3-pNP and G4-pNP from G5-pNP, of G1-pNP, G3-pNP, G4-pNP and G5-pNP
      from G6-pNP was observed. alpha-Amylase as endo-glucohydrolase attacked all
      glycosidic bonds in G6-pNP, G5-pNP and G4-pNP, while beta-amylase successively
      removed maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the glycosides.

PMID- 2421163
TI  - Characterization and in vitro translation of Toxoplasma gondii ribonucleic acid.
AB  - RNA was extracted from purified tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii (RH strain) by
      sequential centrifugation in guanidine hydrochloride, urea, and lithium chloride.
      The subunits of the RNA were characterized by denaturing and non-denaturing
      electrophoresis in agarose gels. Poly(A)+-RNA, purified by oligo(dT)-cellulose
      affinity chromatography, was translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate assay and
      the products were immunoprecipitated with an experimentally infected mouse serum
      and a naturally infected human serum. After sodium dodecyl sulphate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, fluorography of the polypeptides confirmed
      that the mRNA translated specific parasite antigens.

PMID- 2421164
TI  - Transfer of specificity by murine alpha and beta T-cell receptor genes.
AB  - T-cell receptor alpha- and beta-chain genes were isolated from a class I major
      histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxic T-cell clone and transferred by
      protoplast fusion into another cytolytic T-cell clone of different specificity.
      Expression of the transfected alpha and beta genes endowed the recipient cell
      with the specificity of the donor cell.

PMID- 2421165
TI  - Structural alteration of viral homologue of receptor proto-oncogene fms at
      carboxyl terminus.
AB  - A role for proto-oncogenes in the regulation and modulation of cell proliferation
      has been suggested by the findings that the B-chain of platelet-derived growth
      factor (PDGF) is encoded by the proto-oncogene sis and that the erb-B oncogene
      product is a truncated form of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor.
      Furthermore, the product of the proto-oncogene fms (c-fms) may be related or
      identical to the receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1). v-fms
      is the transforming gene of the McDonough strain of feline sarcoma virus (SM
      FeSV) and belongs to the family of src-related oncogenes which have tyrosine
      specific kinase activity. Furthermore, nucleotide sequence analysis of the v-fms
      gene product revealed topological properties of a cell-surface receptor protein.
      To elucidate the features involved in the conversion of a normal cell-surface
      receptor gene into an oncogenic one, we have now determined the complete
      nucleotide sequence of a human c-fms complementary DNA. The 972-amino-acid c-fms
      protein has an extracellular domain, a membrane-spanning region, and a
      cytoplasmic tyrosine protein kinase domain. Comparison of the feline v-fms and
      human c-fms sequences reveals that the proteins share extensive homology but have
      different carboxyl termini.

PMID- 2421166
TI  - Origin of anti-parallelism in beta-keratin.

PMID- 2421167
TI  - Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum is mediated by a guanine nucleotide
      regulatory mechanism.
AB  - Ca2+ accumulation and release from intracellular organelles is important for Ca2+
      signalling events within cells. In a variety of cell types, the active Ca2+
      pumping properties of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) have been directly studied using
      chemically permeabilized cells. The same preparations have been extensively used
      to study Ca2+ release from ER, in particular, release mediated by the
      intracellular messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3). So far, these
      studies and others using microsomal membrane fractions have revealed few
      mechanistic details of Ca2+ release from ER, although a recent report indicated
      that InsP3-mediated Ca2+ release from liver microsomes may be dependent on GTP.
      In contrast to the latter report, we describe here the direct activation of a
      specific and sensitive guanine nucleotide regulatory mechanism mediating a
      substantial release of Ca2+ from the ER of cells of the neuronal cell line N1E
      115. These data indicate the operation of a major new Ca2+ gating mechanism in ER
      which is specifically activated by GTP, deactivated by GDP, and which appears to
      involve a GTP hydrolytic cycle.

PMID- 2421168
TI  - It's raining pesticides in Hokkaido.

PMID- 2421169
TI  - [Treatment of patients with carcinoma of the pancreas head].

PMID- 2421170
TI  - [A misjudged cause of pain in the arm].

PMID- 2421171
TI  - [Electroregulated sodium channels of the somatic membrane of sympathetic
      neurons].
AB  - Electrically-operated sodium channels in the somatic membrane of isolated neurons
      from the rat superior cervical ganglion have been studied by means of
      intracellular dialysis technique under voltage clamp conditions. It was shown
      that in this preparation sodium currents can be carried by two independent
      systems of sodium channels. The mathematical analysis of voltage-dependent TTX
      sensitive fast sodium currents was performed by the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism;
      their kinetic properties were compared with those described in other objects. TTX
      sensitive sodium channels in the somatic membrane of sympathetic neurons were
      found to be highly selective for Na+ ions. Kinetic and voltage-dependent
      characteristics of slow TTX-resistant sodium current were also described. This
      component of the sodium current was observed only in a few neurons (not more than
      2%).

PMID- 2421172
TI  - Pleiomorphous histiocytic sarcoma arising in a patient with histiocytosis X.
AB  - An adult woman was followed up for the occurrence of multiple successive
      cutaneous and mucosal tumors of small size and classical histiocytosis X
      structure (histiocytoeosinophilic granuloma). In the second phase of the
      patient's clinical history there were successively appearing nodular or
      infiltrative cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors histologically resembling
      polymorphocellular sarcoma close either to malignant lymphogranuloma or to
      recently described "regressing atypical histiocytosis". Despite the marked
      cellular atypia and polymorphism the tumors exhibited a relatively favorable
      clinical course. Beside clearly sarcomatous structures, some of them displayed
      also transitional structures to histiocytosis X. Immunohistologically the
      atypical cells showed features of both the Langerhans' line and non-specific
      histiocytes. Ia-like antigen was positive in most of the elements. Quite
      occasional cells contained detectable amount of S-100 protein. Electronmicroscopy
      revealed quite sporadic structures resembling Langerhans granules.

PMID- 2421173
TI  - Mechanism of action of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-azacytosine and its effects in
      L1210 mouse leukemia cells.
AB  - Ara-5AC depresses the growth of L1210 cells in vivo in a manner that is schedule
      independent and at the dose levels which are similar to those of ara-C. The 50%
      inhibitory concentration for ara-5AC in L1210 system is about 0.75 microM. In
      distinction to ara-C the drug does not elicit the proliferation of
      proerythroblasts in the mouse bone marrow. It is phosphorylated by dCyd kinase,
      and the respective Km value is 70 microM. Ara-5AC is incorporated into DNA and
      almost completely blocks the incorporation of thymidine at a concentration of 10
      microM.

PMID- 2421174
TI  - Haptoglobin and proteinase inhibitors in the blood serum of women with
      inflammatory, benign and neoplastic lesions of the ovary.
AB  - Blood sera of women with myomas of the uterus, benign or malignant neoplasms of
      the ovary and with inflammatory conditions were examined by determining the
      haptoglobin concentration and functional activities of: alpha 2-macroglobulin,
      alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor and alpha-cysteine proteinase inhibitor. In the
      women with ovarian cancer, as compared with the control group, a significant
      increase of haptoglobin, alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor and alpha-cysteine
      proteinase inhibitor was found (p less than 0.001). On the contrary bioactivity
      of alpha 2-macroglobulin was depressed (p = 0.01). The observed increase of alpha
      cysteine proteinase inhibitor activity in the groups with ovarian tumors and
      ovarian cysts was not related to the inflammatory state as estimated by the
      haptoglobin concentration.

PMID- 2421175
TI  - [Overload histiocytosis in 2 hemodialyzed patients. Possible role of dextran 40].
AB  - The authors report two cases of singular overloading histiocytosis, observed in
      patients treated with regular dialysis and undergoing feverish cachectic disease.
      The observations of the two patients show a same histiocytosis infiltration of
      ganglions, liver, muscles, lung, pleura and pericardium, consisting in an
      accumulation of PAS positive intracytoplasmic substance, refringent at
      polarisation, microcrystalline on electron microscopy and on ionic analysis.
      Clinical likeness appears with PVP thesaurismosis but the histochemical findings
      are different. A favorable issue occurred with corticosteroid treatment. Nature
      of PAS positive substance is uncertain. An exogenous origin is undoubted, and
      some elements call for the responsibility of dextran 40.

PMID- 2421176
TI  - Effects of emotional stress on E1-mouse convulsions, and their biochemical
      background.
AB  - Emotional stress markedly inhibited E1 mouse convulsions. Norepinephrine and
      dopamine levels in E1 mouse brain were hardly affected by stress, though a marked
      decrease in norepinephrine and dopamine levels was observed in the ddY mouse
      brain. The serotonin levels decreased in the E1 mouse brain in the same degree as
      in the ddY mouse brain. These findings suggest that the serotonergic system is
      involved in the inhibition of E1 mouse convulsions, through an enhanced serotonin
      release in the brain brought on by the emotional stress. Noradrenergic and
      dopaminergic systems may also be involved.

PMID- 2421177
TI  - Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate derivatives of substance P: preparation, spasmogenic
      activity, and degradation by human plasma.
AB  - Two fluorescent derivatives of substance P (SP) (Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe
      Gly-Leu-Met-NH2) were prepared by chemical modification of the native peptide by
      pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (pyridoxal-P). The formation of both pyridoxal-P
      derivatives of SP is the result of one modification procedure. The determination
      of the amino acid composition showed that in one of the derivatives the epsilon
      amino group of the Lys residue [epsilon-(P-pxy)-SP] and in the other the epsilon
      amino group of the Lys residue and also the N-terminal amino group [alpha,
      epsilon-di-(P-pxy)-SP] of SP had been substituted by pyridoxal-P. epsilon-(P-pxy)
      SP and alpha, epsilon-di-(P-pxy)-SP have spasmogenic activity with ED50 of 1.8 X
      10(-9) and 4 X 10(-9) M, respectively, tested on isolated guinea pig ileum. The
      fluorescence of P-pxy residues permits detection of as little as 1 pmol/ml of
      epsilon-(P-pxy)-SP and 0.5 pmol/ml of alpha, epsilon-di-(P-pxy)-SP. Both
      analogues of SP obtained are degraded by human plasma more slowly than the native
      peptide.

PMID- 2421178
TI  - [Anatomical study of the torcular herophili].

PMID- 2421179
TI  - [Enzyme cytochemistry of ventricular choroid plexus. Ultrastructural localization
      of Na+, K+-adenosinetriphosphatase by immunocytochemical technique].

PMID- 2421180
TI  - [Cytocidal effect of bromocriptine on human pituitary adenoma cells. Light and
      electron microscopical studies in vitro].

PMID- 2421181
TI  - [Experimental study on the effect of intracranial use of ultrasonic surgical
      aspirator with electric striction transducer].

PMID- 2421182
TI  - [Re-evaluation of radioisotope angiography as a screening test in ischemic
      cerebral diseases].

PMID- 2421183
TI  - [Angiographic study on infundibular dilatation of the posterior communicating
      artery].

PMID- 2421184
TI  - [Surgical approach in carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm].

PMID- 2421185
TI  - [Efficacy of percutaneous lumboperitoneal shunt in management of cerebrospinal
      fluid leakage. Report of Three cases].

PMID- 2421186
TI  - [Incidental meningioma. Autopsy study].

PMID- 2421187
TI  - [Epithelial cyst of the fourth ventricle. With special reference to the
      histogenesis--case report].

PMID- 2421188
TI  - [Traumatic brain stem contusion due to direct injury by tentorium cerebelli. Case
      report].

PMID- 2421189
TI  - [Iatrogenic traumatic intracranial aneurysm. Case report].

PMID- 2421190
TI  - [Treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome by the method of fractionated plasma
      exchange with controlled hemodilution].
AB  - Plasma exchange under controlled haemodilution was tried in 9 patients with
      Guillain-Barre syndrome repeating the procedure at 24-hour intervals for from 7
      to 17 times with a total exchange of plasma ranging from 2.0 to 4.9 litres. All
      patients had significant paresis or paralysis of all four extremities, and 3 had
      additionally respiratory failure. The criteria accepted for performing
      plasmapheresis included a very severe form of the disease and a steady
      progression of signs despite treatment with corticosteroids. Already after the
      first exchange of plasma arrest of disease progression was observed in all cases,
      and after the 2nd or 3rd exchange a progressing improvement began. Six patients
      regained the ability of walking within 4 to 8 weeks, all were discharged walking
      unaided. The obtained results suggest the conclusion that the therapeutic method
      used is a very effective way of treating severe cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome
      and should be used in these patients.

PMID- 2421191
TI  - [Drug-induced dyskinesia during the treatment of Parkinson disease--biochemical
      studies].
AB  - The concentrations of homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were
      determined in the cerebrospinal fluid in 17 patients with Parkinson's disease and
      10 controls. The patients with Parkinson's disease were on long-term treatment
      with L-DOPA preparations. In 9 of them drug-induced dyskineses were observed. The
      HVA/5-HIAA ratio was determined in the cerebrospinal fluid separately in cases
      with dyskineses, in cases without dyskineses and in controls. It was found that
      this ratio was significantly higher in patients with drug-induced dyskineses as
      compared to patients without dyskineses, and especially to controls. It is
      suggested that this may mean that in cases of drug-induced dyskineses
      disturbances exist in the equilibrium between the dopaminergic and serotoninergic
      systems in favour of the former, which may be one of the causes of involuntary
      movements.

PMID- 2421192
TI  - [Favorable results of the treatment of the hyperkalemic form of periodic
      paralysis with salbutamol].
AB  - Two cases of hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis with myotonic symptoms were treated
      successfully with salbutamol. The methods of managing the hyperkalaemic form of
      periodic paralysis are discussed in brief.

PMID- 2421193
TI  - Klinefelter's syndrome, cerebral germinoma, Chiari malformation, and syrinx: a
      case report.
AB  - A case of Klinefelter's syndrome associated with intracranial germinoma and
      Chiari malformation is described. The case is discussed in view of the literature
      linking Klinefelter's syndrome with skeletal defects and germinoma.

PMID- 2421194
TI  - Intraoperative chemical hemostasis in neurosurgery.
AB  - Of the various electrical, mechanical, and chemical methods used in neurosurgical
      hemostasis, the chemical methods are the least well understood. In this review,
      data concerning seven modern chemical hemostatic agents are presented and special
      emphasis is placed on their neurosurgical applications. Overall, the general lack
      of fundamental knowledge concerning these agents at both the scientific and the
      clinical level was revealed by a relatively small number of publications over the
      past 4 decades. Several conclusions have been formulated to assist the
      neurosurgeon in the proper selection and use of these chemical agents. It is our
      belief that the use of chemical hemostatics in neurosurgery should be based on a
      thorough knowledge of their mechanism of action and should be supported by
      continuing laboratory and clinical research.

PMID- 2421195
TI  - Pathophysiology of cerebrospinal fluid in head injury: Part 1. Pathological
      changes in cerebrospinal fluid solute composition after traumatic injury.
AB  - After head injury, many complex neurochemical events occur locally, at the site
      of initial injury, and globally, as a result of secondary phenomena.
      Neurochemical alterations in the cerebrospinal fluid after injury can be utilized
      to reflect these events. The authors review the role of the cerebrospinal fluid
      in the treatment of head injury as it relates to the diagnosis, prognosis, and
      further elucidation of the pathophysiological manifestations of head injury at
      the cellular and biochemical level.

PMID- 2421197
TI  - Channel-blocking mechanism ensures specific blockade of synaptic transmission.

PMID- 2421196
TI  - A psychopharmacological perspective of cognitive functions. II. Specific
      pharmacologic agents.
AB  - In this article we review the effects of specific drugs or neurotransmitter
      systems on cognitive functions. While much of what we know about drugs' effects
      on memory is derived from animal experiments, this review focuses on studies
      relevant to human clinical conditions. We conclude with a speculative analysis or
      taxonomy of the pharmacology of memory which broadly highlights the utility of
      viewing memory as being comprised of several differentiated processes.

PMID- 2421198
TI  - In vivo biosynthesis and transport of oxytocin, vasopressin and neurophysin from
      the hypothalamus to the spinal cord.
AB  - The biosynthesis of oxytocin, vasopressin and their associated neurophysins were
      studied in the projection from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to
      the spinal cord in individual freely-moving adult male rats. Neuropeptide
      biosynthesis was studied in vivo by the delivery of [35S]cysteine through
      stereotaxically implanted indwelling cannulae using an osmotic minipump delivery
      system. Following the appropriate chase times, the neural lobe and spinal cord
      segments T1-T4 and T12-L2 were removed from fresh tissue; in addition, the
      nucleus of the solitary tract was punched from frozen coronal sections. The
      radiolabeled peptides were purified from the tissue homogenates by sequential
      linear and exponential gradient elution from reverse-phase high performance
      liquid chromatography columns. This approach has allowed us to purify
      radiolabeled oxytocin and vasopressin from both the upper and lower spinal cord.
      However, the kinetics of oxytocin and vasopressin biosynthesis appeared to be
      remarkably different, as judged by their differential labeling with different
      pulse and chase times. Additionally, the use of different chase periods following
      the pulse of radiolabel has allowed us to determine that oxytocin reaches the
      spinal cord via the fast component of axonal transport (greater than 8 mm h-1).
      Using immunoprecipitation and purification by high performance liquid
      chromatography, we were also able to purify radiolabeled neurophysins from spinal
      cord tissue homogenates. These results lend further support to a role for
      oxytocin and vasopressin in the modulation of autonomic nervous system function
      and to the role of the paraventricular nucleus as an integration center for
      endocrine and autonomic function.

PMID- 2421199
TI  - Inputs to motoneurones in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat: light and electron
      microscopic immunocytochemistry for choline acetyltransferase, substance P and
      enkephalins using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Light and electron microscopic peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry has
      been used to localize choline acetyltransferase, substance P and enkephalin in
      the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat. Choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity
      was observed in motoneurone cell bodies and proximal dendrites, in large
      varicosities in the surrounding neuropil and in nerve terminals in synaptic
      contact with immunostained motoneurones. Most choline acetyltransferase
      immunostained terminals which made synaptic contact with motoneurone cell bodies
      and proximal dendrites possessed prominent subsynaptic cisterns and belong to the
      terminal type referred to in the literature as C or L. Substance P and enkephalin
      immunoreactivity did not occur in motoneurones but was seen in fibres and
      synaptic terminals. Substance P immunoreactive fibres made multiple axosomatic
      contacts while enkephalin immunoreactive terminals made synaptic contact mainly
      with large and small dendrites. C terminals were not stained for either substance
      P or enkephalin. This study provides immunocytochemical support for the classic
      identification of hypoglossal motoneurones as cholinergic and in addition shows
      that these neurones are innervated by a number of morphologically and chemically
      distinct terminal types. C terminals have previously been shown to contain
      cholinesterase and our demonstration that these terminals contain choline
      acetyltransferase thus provides additional evidence for their cholinergic nature
      and for a cholinergic innervation of hypoglossal motoneurones. The origin of the
      immunoreactive terminals was not identified in this study but possible candidates
      include the raphe nuclei for substance P. and propriobulbar interneurones for
      choline acetyltransferase.

PMID- 2421200
TI  - NK cell function in a patient with IgM monoclonal antibody against myelin
      associated glycoprotein.
AB  - Anti-Leu 7 antibody reacts with determinants on a subset of natural killer (NK)
      cells and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). In a patient patient with
      peripheral neuropathy and IgM autoantibodies against MAG, we found the
      distribution and functions of NK cells to be normal.

PMID- 2421201
TI  - [Intracranial pressure and cerebral edema during normovolemic hemodilution].

PMID- 2421202
TI  - Blockade of [3H]lysine-tetrodotoxin binding to sodium channel proteins by
      conotoxin GIII.
AB  - Conotoxin GIII from Conus geographus inhibited the binding of [3H]lysine
      tetrodotoxin (4 nM) to electroplax membranes from Electrophorus electricus and to
      the rat brain P2 fraction with IC50 values of 13 nM and 7.9 microM, respectively.
      This inhibition observed with electroplax membranes was irreversible. These and
      physiological findings (Life Sci., 21 (1977) 1759-1770 suggest that conotoxin
      GIII inhibits Na channel activation by its interaction with the tetrodotoxin
      binding site of the Na channel. The differences in structures related to the
      activation of Na channels between the eel electroplax and the rat brain are
      indicated.

PMID- 2421203
TI  - Sexual differences in the distribution of substance P immunoreactive fibers in
      the ventral horn of the rat lumbar spinal cord.
AB  - The distribution of substance P (SP) in the rat spinal cord was investigated by
      peroxidase-anti-peroxidase immunocytochemistry combined with retrograde
      horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeling via the cremaster muscle. In the male rats,
      a dense network of SP immunoreactive (SP-IR) fibers and terminals was detected in
      the ventral column of the L1 and L2 segments (Vent L1-2) with a different density
      and extent from the other segmental levels. These fibers and terminals were
      accumulated within and around the nucleus centromedialis lumbaris (CM) of the L1
      and L2 segments. However, in the female rats, SP-IR fibers and terminals were
      sparse in the Vent L1-2 without particular segmental differences. HRP-positive
      motoneurons were located in the CM and surrounded by SP-IR fibers and terminals.
      These results indicate that the Vent L1-2 of the rat spinal cord shows sexual
      dimorphism with respect to the regional distribution of SP-IR fibers and
      terminals, and that motoneurons that innervate the cremaster muscle are
      innervated by dense SP-IR fibers and terminals.

PMID- 2421204
TI  - Neuropeptide immunoreactivity of pericellular baskets in the guinea pig
      trigeminal ganglion.
AB  - Using immunohistochemical techniques, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance
      P and cholecystokinin localize to baskets of fine nerve fibers that completely
      surround occasional neurons in the guinea pig trigeminal ganglion. These
      observations, viewed with prior neuroanatomical studies indicating an intrinsic
      origin for these structures, raise again the possibility of intraganglionic
      communication within the trigeminal ganglion.

PMID- 2421205
TI  - Axonal transport of Na+,K+-ATPase identified as a ouabain binding site in rat
      sciatic nerve.
AB  - Na+,K+-ATPase levels were measured in different segments of rat sciatic nerves by
      in vitro binding of [3H]ouabain. Binding sites were found to accumulate on both
      sides of a ligature tied on the sciatic nerve, indicating an anterograde and
      retrograde axoplasmic transport of Na+,K+-ATPase. Accumulation of Na+,K+-ATPase
      at the ligature was time dependent and appeared to occur through fast axoplasmic
      transport mechanisms. This accumulation on both sides of the ligature was also
      visualized by autoradiographic studies in longitudinal section of sciatic nerves
      using [3H]ouabain.

PMID- 2421206
TI  - Changes in extracellular pH during electrical stimulation of isolated rat vagus
      nerve.
AB  - Double-barrelled pH-sensitive micro-electrodes were used to record changes of
      extracellular pH during repetitive stimulation of isolated rat vagus nerves. It
      was found that a small initial alkaline shift was followed by a prolonged
      acidification. The acidification was correlated in time with the poststimulus
      undershoot of the extracellular K+ activity and with the recovery phase of the
      nerve conduction velocity. In the presence of ouabain, the acid component of the
      pH change was completely abolished (indicating a metabolic origin), whereas the
      alkaline component remained unaltered. These pH changes were too small to make a
      significant contribution to the activity-related changes in conduction velocity
      of the vagal C-fibres.

PMID- 2421207
TI  - Single voltage-dependent K+-channels in cultured astrocytes.
AB  - The open-occupation time of about 35% of the K+ channels in astrocytes increases
      strongly with depolarization. The kinetics of one of three different types of
      voltage-dependent channels (present in about 10% of all records) have been
      studied in detail. Openings can be fitted with one exponential, while a sum of
      three exponentials is necessary to fit the distributions of closures. A reaction
      scheme of one open and three closed states is necessary to describe the kinetic
      reactions of this channel. Voltage dependence is expressed by a strong increase
      of burst duration with depolarization. At resting potential (-70 mV), the channel
      contributes little to the resting membrane potential. Its steady-state open
      probability (P0) is 0.058. When the cell is depolarized, P0 can increase up to
      0.96. Functionally, such channels could contribute to the potassium clearance by
      enhancing the effect of 'spatial buffering'.

PMID- 2421208
TI  - Reaction of Lewy bodies with antibodies to phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated
      neurofilaments.
AB  - The reaction of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra and the sympathetic ganglia
      was studied in 10 cases of Parkinson's disease and other Lewy body-related
      conditions, using monoclonal antibodies to non-phosphorylated (02-40) and
      phosphorylated (03-44 and 07-5) neurofilaments. Although many Lewy bodies were
      unstained, a peripheral ring of positive immunoreactivity was frequently
      observed. This reaction was more common and more intense with antibodies to
      phosphorylated neurofilaments, suggesting a posttranslational phosphorylation of
      elements in the Lewy body. Although Lewy bodies appear to have some antigenic
      sites in common with neurofilaments, certain differences between neurofilaments
      and Lewy body filaments are emphasized.

PMID- 2421209
TI  - Serotonin-immunoreactive projections to the hippocampus from the interpeduncular
      nucleus in the rat.
AB  - The possibility of a serotonergic projection from the interpeduncular nucleus
      (IPN) to the hippocampus was examined using a combined immunohistochemical
      fluorescence retrograde tracing technique. About one third of the cells in the
      apical subnucleus of the IPN which projected to the hippocampus could be shown to
      contain serotonin immunoreactivity, whereas double-labeled cells were only rarely
      encountered in the lateral subnuclei. These findings suggest that the IPN sends
      both serotonergic and non-serotonergic projections to the hippocampus and that
      the serotonergic projections arise primarily from the apical subnucleus.

PMID- 2421210
TI  - Lucifer Yellow labeling of embryonic chick retinal amacrine cells in vitro.
AB  - Lucifer Yellow (LY) selectively labels embryonic chick amacrine cells from days
      11 until 14 in vivo. Its usefulness as an in vitro marker was investigated. In
      vivo labeling and subsequent culturing was not possible due to dye leakage.
      Neurons, however, could be labeled at various times in vitro. The number of
      neurons labeled with LY in vitro was consistent with the number of neurons
      expected to be labeled and increased when selected areas of the retina known to
      be rich in LY-labeled neurons were used in culturing. Neurons plated at times
      when labeling was not found in vivo (Embryonic day 8, E8) began to label only at
      times that were equivalent to times when labeling was found in vivo (E10-E11).
      This suggests that the selectivity of labeling is preserved in vitro and that LY
      can be used as an in vitro marker for retinal amacrine cells.

PMID- 2421211
TI  - Glutamate and kainate are not directly toxic to developing amacrine cells:
      analysis in a Lucifer Yellow-labeled population.
AB  - Lucifer Yellow (LY)-labeled retinal amacrine cells were examined for toxin
      sensitivity to glutamate (Glu) or kainate (KA) and for high-affinity uptake (HAU)
      of Glu. In vitro, a 24-h exposure to either toxin caused a 50% loss of neurons
      with no loss of LY neurons. A 1-h exposure of intact retina to the toxins
      resulted in a two-fold increase in non-viable cells with no change in LY neurons.
      While histological damage within the retina was seen following toxin exposure,
      the LY population appeared unaffected. HAU in vitro was found in 5% of neurons
      but never colocalized with LY neurons. These studies show that Glu and KA do not
      directly affect the LY-labeled amacrine cells and support the hypothesis that
      their eventual loss may be an indirect consequence of toxin exposure.

PMID- 2421212
TI  - Behavioral and neurochemical changes after intracisternal capsaicin treatment of
      the guinea pig.
AB  - Guinea pigs were treated with 125-150 micrograms capsaicin intracisternally
      (i.c.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.). Tested up to one week later, i.c.-treated
      animals showed reduced behavioral responses to the irritating effects of
      capsaicin applied to the eye or nose, to ether vapor, cigarette smoke and to hot
      water (50 degrees C) applied to the forepaw or ear. The concentrations of
      substance P (SP)- and neurokinin-immunoreactivity were decreased in the medulla
      oblongata but not in the trigeminal root of i.c.-treated animals as compared to
      controls or i.p.-treated guinea pigs. These results suggest that i.c. capsaicin
      causes a degeneration of the central terminals of chemo- and thermonociceptive
      afferent neurons, some of which contain the putative neurotransmitters SP and
      neurokinin A.

PMID- 2421213
TI  - 4-Aminopyridine and dendrotoxin induce repetitive firing in rat visceral sensory
      neurones by blocking a slowly inactivating outward current.
AB  - In a subpopulation of rat visceral afferent neurones we have identified a
      potassium (K) current which is novel to mammalian neurones. It activates rapidly
      at potentials positive to - 70 mV but shows only slow and incomplete inactivation
      and is inhibited by 1-30 microM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) or 3-10 nM dendrotoxin
      (DTX). Inhibition of this slowly inactivating current suppresses spike adaptation
      and leads to pronounced repetitive firing. In contrast, other visceral afferent
      neurones possessing the normal transient A-current were insensitive to 4-AP at
      concentrations below 100 microM. We suggest that inhibition of the slowly
      inactivating current may contribute to the convulsant actions of 4-AP and DTX.

PMID- 2421214
TI  - The localization of fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP) in the pelvic
      nerves and sacral spinal cord of rats.
AB  - The enzyme fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP) is present in many small
      diameter cutaneous but not muscle afferent nerve fibres, in the rat. Here it is
      shown that it is also present in many afferent nerve fibres in a visceral nerve.
      The depletion of the enzyme from the central terminals of fibres that are cut
      peripherally provides a means of mapping the main projection areas of FRAP
      containing afferents within the central nervous system. It was found that pelvic
      afferents containing FRAP have a major projection lateral to the neck of the
      dorsal horn and the area of the intermediolateral cell column in spinal cord
      segments L6 and S1, in contrast to the main projection of cutaneous FRAP
      afferents whose terminations form a horizontal band in the superficial dorsal
      horn.

PMID- 2421215
TI  - Correlation of mitochondrial swelling after capsaicin treatment and substance P
      and somatostatin immunoreactivity in small neurons of dorsal root ganglion in the
      rat.
AB  - Capsaicin injections into adult rats produced swelling of mitochondria in a
      population of small neurons of the dorsal root ganglia. Large neurons did not
      show the mitochondrial change. The mitochondrial swelling was confirmed to be a
      specific change produced by capsaicin treatment by the examination of different
      fixation conditions in both control and capsaicin-treated materials. Whether or
      not these mitochondrial changes occur in a subpopulation of small neurons which
      contain particular neurotransmitters was examined. The swelling of mitochondria
      was found in most substance P- or somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons and also in
      some non-immunoreactive small neurons. The present results indicate that the
      swelling of mitochondria is a specific change which may correlate with long
      lasting desensitization of nociceptive neurons in the dorsal root ganglion after
      capsaicin treatment.

PMID- 2421216
TI  - Visual responses of neurons in the avian nucleus isthmi.
AB  - Electrophysiological responses of neurons to visual and auditory stimulation are
      extracellularly recorded from the pigeon isthmic area. Cobalt sulfide markings
      show that only visual units are localized within the nucleus isthmi pars
      parvocellularis (Ipc) and pars magnocellularis (Imc), while visual-auditory
      bimodal units are localized outside. Visual units respond to black or white
      targets moving through their receptive fields (RFs). The RF centers are mainly
      distributed in the contralaterally lower visual field. The rostral Ipc and Imc
      receive information from the nasal visual field, and the caudal part of the Ipc
      and Imc corresponds to the temporal field. Therefore, both Ipc and Imc are visual
      centers instead of auditory centers as described before.

PMID- 2421218
TI  - A people job.

PMID- 2421217
TI  - Evaluating printed materials.

PMID- 2421219
TI  - Single photon emission computed tomography study of human cancer: utilization of
      57Co-labelled bleomycin.
AB  - The sensitivity and specificity of single photon emission tomography with 57Co
      labelled bleomycin (57Co-BLM) for the detection of cancer was determined from a
      prospective study involving a large group of patients selected to investigate
      roentgenographic abnormalities. Eighty-four of the 104 patients studied had
      malignant disease, of whom 76 had a positive scintigram. Eighteen of the 20
      patients with benign disorders had a negative scintigram. The sensitivity and
      specificity was therefore 90.5 and 90% respectively. For the subset of patients
      who underwent investigation below the diaphragm, the sensitivity was 85.7%, while
      for investigation above the diaphragm, it reached 95.2% (this excluded
      reconstructions on the bladder level, because it produced large artifacts). This
      study leads to the conclusion that SPECT can be used specifically to investigate
      unidentified X-ray abnormality and diagnose malignancy using 57Co-BLM. In
      addition, we propose further investigation to evaluate the usefulness of this
      method in staging cancer.

PMID- 2421220
TI  - Urinary conduits in gynecologic oncology.
AB  - Over an 11-year period (1971 to 1981), 212 urinary conduit surgeries were
      performed by the Department of Gynecology at the University of Texas, M. D.
      Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston. The urinary diversions were
      performed as part of the pelvic exenteration operation in 154 patients, for
      radiation injury in 48 patients, and for palliation of disease recurrence in ten
      patients. Ninety-three percent had prior pelvic radiotherapy. Various segments of
      the gastrointestinal tract were used, including the ileum (102), sigmoid colon
      (99), transverse colon (four), jejunum (four), and others (three). Fifty percent
      of abnormal preoperative intravenous pyelograms reverted to normal after urinary
      diversion. Revision of the stoma was required in 6%. Other complications included
      infection (18%), renal loss (17%), and urinary leaks and fistulae (3%). The
      overall perioperative mortality was 7%, decreasing from 11% in the first five
      years to 3% during the last six years. Ureteral stents were routinely used. When
      selecting a segment of bowel for a urinary conduit, both tissue quality and
      mobility are important. Mortality and morbidity of urinary conduit surgery
      continues to decrease with experience.

PMID- 2421221
TI  - Diagnosis and management of ocular complications of sickle hemoglobinopaties:
      Part III.

PMID- 2421223
TI  - The first step.

PMID- 2421222
TI  - Medical treatment of chronic otitis media with effusion (secretory otitis media).
AB  - To determine whether antimicrobial therapy is of value in the treatment of
      chronic otitis media with effusion (secretory otitis media), we treated 1,429 4-
      to 8-year-old children--2224 affected ears--with a fixed regimen of an antibiotic
      mixture (Pediazole) for 10 days and a decongestant (Novafed) for 30 days. We
      observed the children monthly to determine the rate of clearance. Validity of
      diagnosis was greater than 90% with an algorithm of pneumatic otoscopy and
      tympanometry. Medication compliance was not measured. At 1 month, 45% of the
      children (48% of the ears) had cleared and at 2 months, 60% of the children (63%
      of the ears) had cleared. Factors such as sex and prior treatment in the
      preceding 3 months were no different in the cured vs. the uncured groups. Age
      significantly influenced the cure rate (P less than 0.0001); the older the child,
      the higher the clearance rate. Tympanograms type 5, 8, and 12-14 were
      significantly more prevalent in the uncleared group (P = 0.0001). The clear rate
      for unilateral cases was 76% and for bilateral cases, 47% (P less than 0.0001).
      Children with chronic otitis media with effusion are most likely to be cured by
      medical therapy/time if they are older, have unilateral disease, or a peaked
      tympanogram. Surgery should be withheld in these children for 2 or more months to
      permit the highest rate of spontaneous resolution.

PMID- 2421224
TI  - Natural resistance to African trypanosomiasis.
AB  - Glossina infected with African trypanosomes infest 10(7) Km2 of intertropical
      Africa. Ten thousand cases of human sleeping sickness are officially recorded
      each year and 35 X 10(6) human beings are at risk. Animal trypanosomiasis impedes
      the use of 7 X 10(6) Km2 of land adequate for cattle raising and constitutes a
      major constraint to increasing protein production in Africa. Several approaches
      are used to combat trypanosomiasis (a) vector eradication has been successful in
      certain defined situations but cannot be realistically extended to the whole area
      at risk, (b) prophylactic drugs, which are too toxic for humans, are widely used
      to protect cattle. This practice has led to field resistance to many drugs used
      in the past (reviewed in Holmes & Scott 1982) and the appearance of resistance to
      the last available prophylactic drug, isometamidium, is being reported (Bourn &
      Scott 1978, Kupper & Wolters 1983, Pinder & Authie 1984), (c) the hope for a
      vaccine has been largely abandoned, in the present state of knowledge, due to the
      considerable extent of antigenic diversity in trypanosomes (reviewed in Doyle
      1977, Turner 1982, Roelants & Pinder 1984), (d) consequently, the possible use of
      certain West African breeds of cattle, which appear resistant to trypanosomiasis,
      has been emphasized as a solution to this problem in domestic animals. The
      analysis of this natural resistance is the subject of the present essay.

PMID- 2421225
TI  - Antigenic diversity and size diversity of Plasmodium falciparum antigens in
      isolates from Gambian patients. I. S-antigens.
AB  - Ring-stage asexual parasites of P. falciparum were collected from six Gambian
      children and the S-antigens radiolabelled by 3H-glycine uptake during in vitro
      culture up to rupture of infected cells and merozoite release. Ouchterlony double
      diffusion of boiled culture supernatants against a panel of adult Gambian sera
      identified one S-antigen precipitin arc for five isolates and two precipitin arcs
      for one isolate. Five of the six isolates were serologically distinct. Analysis
      of S-antigens by comparison of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of
      heat-treated soluble proteins revealed a more complex pattern of 3H-labelled S
      antigens that was different for each isolate. There were between two and six
      different 3H-labelled bands for each isolate in the size range of molecular
      weight 137 000 to 285 000. This result confirms the large size range of S
      antigens identified with culture adapted P. falciparum. Several bands were
      relatively weakly labelled with 3H-glycine, suggesting that natural isolates
      contain one or two predominant S-antigen phenotypes and several other S-antigen
      phenotypes expressed by minor parasite subpopulations. Immunoprecipitation was
      performed using a panel of sera from Gambian adults, or, acute and 3 week
      convalescent sera from the same patients used for S-antigen radiolabelling. Adult
      sera generally immunoprecipitated some of the S-antigens in each isolate,
      including antigens that must represent extremely minor parasite subpopulations
      since they could not be seen in the patterns of non-immunoprecipitated heat
      stable proteins. Sera from convalescent children were generally negative on
      immunoprecipitation, even with the homologous isolate. In one case we observed
      the acquisition of specific immunoprecipitating antibody to one of the homologous
      S-antigens during the convalescent period. The antigenic and structural
      complexity of S-antigens in natural isolates that have not been submitted to the
      selection pressure of adaptation for in vitro culture is clearly greater than for
      culture adapted P. falciparum.

PMID- 2421226
TI  - Antigenic diversity and size diversity of P. falciparum antigens in isolates from
      Gambian patients. II. the schizont surface glycoprotein of molecular weight
      approximately 200 000.
AB  - A panel of monoclonal antibodies has been shown previously to identify both
      serologically diverse and serologically conserved epitopes on a major polymorphic
      surface protein of P. falciparum schizonts from culture-adapted isolates. The
      molecular nature of the antigen recognized by eight of these monoclonal
      antibodies was studied with three isolates analyzed directly from patients in The
      Gambia. Malarial (glyco) proteins were labelled by biosynthetic uptake of 3H
      glucosamine or 3H-leucine during culture of ring-stage parasites from infected
      blood to the late-trophozoite/early-schizont stage (26-30 h). Those monoclonal
      antibodies which reacted positively with an isolate by indirect
      immunofluorescence also immunoprecipitated a single 3H-leucine or 3H-glucosamine
      labelled antigen of mol. wt approximately 200 000 from Triton X-100 extracts of
      the same isolate. Monoclonal antibodies which did not react by indirect
      immunofluorescence failed to immunoprecipitate this antigen. Although each of the
      three isolates studied in detail was very similar serologically with the panel of
      monoclonal antibodies specific for this mol. wt approximately 200 000 antigen,
      this protein could be distinguished with each isolate on the basis of its
      apparent size on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specifically
      immunoprecipitated antigen had a mol. wt of 204 000, 197 000 or 202 000,
      depending on the isolate. Size diversity of this malarial glycoprotein was also
      detected with seven other Gambian P. falciparum isolates. We conclude that
      natural isolates of P. falciparum express a major 3H-glucosamine labelled
      glycoprotein of mol. wt Mr approximately 200 000 which exhibits size diversity
      and expresses antigenically conserved as well as diverse epitopes as defined by
      the panel of monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2421227
TI  - Identification of infection-associated antigens in Theileria annulata transformed
      cells.
AB  - The protozoan parasite Theileria annulata causes a severe disease of cattle in
      tropical countries; one stage in the parasite life cycle involves the
      transformation of bovine lymphocytes leading to rapid lymphoproliferation.
      Immunity to this disease is largely cell mediated and directed against the
      infected lymphocyte. In this paper we report the identification of three classes
      of infection specific antigen (using monoclonal antibodies) one of which is found
      on the surface of the lymphocyte. Such antigens can be used in parasite strain
      typing, in providing an understanding of the molecules involved in immunity and
      in providing the basis for a vaccine.

PMID- 2421228
TI  - Evidence that the reduced surface antigenicity of developing Schistosoma mansoni
      schistosomula is due to antigen shedding rather than host molecule acquisition.
AB  - Antibody and lectin binding characteristics of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula
      maturing in vivo and in vitro were quantitatively assessed and compared in order
      to investigate the basis of the reduced surface antigenicity of host derived
      larval schistosomes. Quantitative indirect immunofluorescence assays showed that
      schistosomula recovered from mice at 24 h and 5-10 days post infection bound low
      or insignificant amounts of a variety of anti-schistosome antibodies including
      those from chronically infected and radiation attenuated cercariae-vaccinated
      mice, a vaccinated rabbit and rabbits hyper-immunized with non-living larval and
      adult schistosome antigen preparations. In contrast, parasites maturing in vitro
      continued to bind highly significant levels of each of these antibody
      preparations until at least 10 days post transformation. To investigate the basis
      of the decreased surface antigenicity of parasites maturing in vivo, 6-day
      cultured parasites were injected intravenously into mice and recovered from the
      lungs at various times thereafter and examined for their ability to bind both
      anti-parasite and anti-host antibodies. After 30 min in vivo, cultured
      schistosomula exhibited a significantly decreased capacity to bind anti-parasite
      antibodies and concanavalin A (Con A), and by 16 h had lost their binding sites
      for fucose binding protein (FBP) as well. That this reduction in antigenicity was
      due to shedding of surface antigens was suggested by the observation that the
      reduced ability of these parasites to bind anti-parasite antibodies coincided
      closely with the loss of 125I-labelled surface proteins. Furthermore unlike 6 day
      schistosomula which had developed wholly in vivo, 6-day-cultured parasites
      recovered after 30 min in vivo failed to bind anti-host antibodies suggesting
      that in these organisms parasite antigens were not masked by host molecules.
      These data argue that surface antigen shedding may explain the reduced surface
      antigenicity of schistosomula developing in vivo. While this surface modulation
      apparently occurs independently of host antigen uptake, it is dependent upon an
      as yet unidentified host factor.

PMID- 2421229
TI  - Molecular identity of a major antigen of Schistosoma mansoni which cross-reacts
      with Trichinella spiralis and Fasciola hepatica.
AB  - A glycoprotein cross-reactive among Schistosoma mansoni, Trichinella spiralis and
      Fasciola hepatica was identified and characterized by use of monoclonal
      antibodies prepared against S. mansoni glycoproteins. Four monoclonal antibodies
      recognized the same antigen which was one of the major S. mansoni glycoproteins
      precipitated by sera of hosts infected with either S. mansoni or T. spiralis.
      This antigen was expressed in S. mansoni cercariae, adult male and female worms,
      and eggs, and in S. haematobium but not in S. japonicum. Radio
      immunoprecipitation and partial proteolytic digest mapping showed that the
      monoclonal antibodies each recognized a unique epitope. These epitopes were heat
      labile, sensitive to chaotropic agents, but resistant to reduction and alkylation
      or digestion with glycosidases, indicating that the recognition sites were amino
      acids and not carbohydrates. Epitopes recognized by the four monoclonal
      antibodies were expressed in F. hepatica, whereas only two were expressed in T.
      spiralis. Analysis by immunofluorescence microscopy showed that the antigen was
      expressed in S. mansoni in the parenchymal tissue and on the surface of the
      dorsal tubercles; in mature F. hepatica in the parenchymal tissue, vitelline
      glands and eggs; in immature F. hepatica only in the parenchymal tissue and in
      larval T. spiralis in the hypodermis.

PMID- 2421230
TI  - Antigenic variation during Trypanosoma vivax infections of different host
      species.
AB  - The sequence of appearance of specific lytic activity against more than 20
      variable antigen types (VATs) of Trypanosoma vivax in the serum of 27 animals
      belonging to 5 species has been examined. For each host species there was a
      characteristic course of infection, with differences in height and duration of
      parasitaemia and in pathogenicity. The sequence of antigenic variation was
      similar in all host species, with some VATs consistently eliciting response more
      rapidly than others. The predominant group, comprising VATs which apparently
      developed within the first 3 weeks, varied in size according to the total number
      of trypanosomes in the bloodstream within that period, suggesting there is a
      spectrum, rather than discrete groupings, in the hierarchy of VAT expression.
      There was very little evidence for differences in appearance of VATs between host
      species; the only clear example was one VAT which apparently did not develop in
      one host species. The sequence of antigenic variation in T. vivax seems to be
      determined by the parasite rather than the host species.

PMID- 2421231
TI  - Benzyl alcohol toxicity: impact on neurologic handicaps among surviving very low
      birth weight infants.
AB  - Benzyl alcohol preservative in solutions used to flush intravascular catheters
      has been linked with increased mortality and incidence of intraventricular
      hemorrhage in small preterm infants. This study evaluated the outcome of
      surviving very low birth weight infants exposed to benzyl alcohol while in our
      neonatal intensive care unit. Surviving infants, less than 1,250 g birth weight,
      admitted during the 12 months prior to discontinuation of benzyl alcohol (period
      I), were compared with those infants admitted during the 12 months after
      discontinuation of benzyl alcohol (period II). Survivors were enrolled in a
      follow-up program. Results of the study demonstrated that infants from period II
      had fewer neurologic handicaps. The incidence of cerebral palsy decreased from
      50% to 2.4% (P less than .001), and the presence of cerebral palsy and
      developmental delay combined decreased from 53.9% to 11.9% (P less than .001).
      Several factors other than benzyl alcohol exposure were examined for their
      importance on outcome but were found not to be related to it. It is concluded
      that the dramatic improvement in outcome could be the result of discontinuation
      of benzyl alcohol.

PMID- 2421232
TI  - Outcome in infants born to mothers with unexplained elevations of maternal serum
      alpha-fetoprotein.
AB  - The outcome in infants without fetal neural tube defect born to mothers with
      elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein was studied. Elevated maternal serum
      alpha-fetoprotein with normal amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein was found to be
      associated with an increased incidence of intrauterine growth retardation and
      nonneural tube congenital anomalies. There was no increased incidence of
      developmental disabilities in infants born to mothers with elevated maternal
      serum alpha-fetoprotein. It is speculated that adverse events occurring early in
      gestation may simultaneously result in congenital anomalies and subsequently
      elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, perhaps through disruption of the
      normal placental barrier between the fetal and maternal circulations.

PMID- 2421233
TI  - Early intervention programming: correlates of progress.

PMID- 2421234
TI  - Effects of dopamine and noradrenaline on Ca channels of cultured sensory and
      sympathetic neurons of chick.
AB  - The effects of noradrenaline and dopamine on voltage-dependent Ca currents were
      investigated in cultured dorsal root and sympathetic ganglion neurons from chick
      embryos. At concentrations of 1 to 10 microM, bath application of the
      neurotransmitters caused a general depression of inward Ca currents. Above -20 mV
      the decrease of the current amplitude was reversible and accompanied by a 2-10
      fold prolongation of the activation time course. Below -20 mV, where a low
      voltage-activated Ca component is turned on, the size of the currents was reduced
      by 40% with little effect on the time course. Despite extensive wash-out, little
      sign of reversibility was observed in this case. Single-channel current recording
      in outside-out membrane patches revealed that at low membrane potentials dopamine
      and noradrenaline reversibly reduced single Ca-channel activity. This finding
      supports the view that in sensory and sympathetic neurons, both neurotransmitters
      affect the membrane conductance by modulating Ca permeability and not by
      activating catecholamine-specific channels able to carry transient outward
      currents. The probability of Ca channel opening is strongly reduced by addition
      of 10 microM of either catecholamine to the bath. The possible involvement of a
      voltage-dependent block of Ca channels by the neurotransmitters is discussed.

PMID- 2421235
TI  - Neurotransmitter release and its facilitation in crayfish. VII. Another voltage
      dependent process beside Ca entry controls the time course of phasic release.
AB  - Quantal synaptic currents were recorded at nerve terminations on the opener
      muscle of crayfish using a macro-patch-clamp electrode, and the release was
      elicited by depolarizing current pulses applied to the terminal through the same
      electrode. After 2 ms depolarization pulses at low temperature, release started
      with about 2 ms delay after the onset of depolarization, and the maximum rate of
      release occurred at about 4 ms delay. Large variations in Ca inflow during the
      pulses were concluded from the facilitation of test EPSCs. The time course of
      release proved to be remarkably invariant in spite of large changes in release.
      If a conditioning train of depolarization pulses preceded the test pulse, release
      due to the test pulse was facilitated up to 60-fold, but the shapes of
      distributions of quantal delays were practically not affected by this
      facilitation. Facilitation by the conditioning trains must have raised the [Ca]i
      level at the onset of the test pulse. The invariance of the time course of
      release with respect to the level of [Ca]i cannot be explained by theories in
      which [Ca]i alone controls the time course of release. The time courses of
      reactions controlling release were explored by mathematical analysis and
      simulation. A reaction scheme in which the activation of "release sites" directly
      by depolarization had rate limiting control on the release reactions, in which
      rise of [Ca]i only was a promoting cofactor, and in which a cooperative reaction
      involving the complex of release sites and Cai, (SCai) was one of the final steps
      eliciting release, was able to predict the delayed onset of release and the
      substantial latency between the end of the depolarization pulse and the maximum
      of the rate of release. Reaction schemes in which the direct effect of
      depolarization on release occurred at one or more steps following the entry of Ca
      could be excluded generally by showing conflict with the experimental findings.

PMID- 2421236
TI  - A newly identified Ca2+ dependent K+ channel in the smooth muscle membrane of
      single cells dispersed from the rabbit portal vein.
AB  - We found a new type of Ca2+-dependent K+ channel in smooth muscle cell membranes
      of single cells of the rabbit portal vein. A slope conductance of the current was
      180 pS when 142 mM K+ solution was exposed to both sides of the membrane (this
      channel was named the KM channel, in comparison to the known KL and KS channels
      from the same membrane patch; Inoue et al. 1985). This KM channel was less
      sensitive to the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]i, but was sensitive to
      the extracellular Ca2+, [Ca2+]o, e. g. in the outside-out membrane patch,
      lowering the [Ca2+]o in the bath markedly reduced the open probability of this
      channel, and also in cell-attached configuration, lowering of the [Ca2+]o using
      the internally perfused patch clamp electrode device reduced the opening of KM
      channel. TEA+ (1-10 mM) reduced the amplitude of the elementary current through
      the KM channel applied from each side of the membrane, but this agent inhibited
      the KM channel to a greater extent when applied to the inner than to the outer
      surface of the membrane. Furthermore, this KM channel had a weak voltage
      dependency, and the open probability of the channel remained much the same within
      a wide range of potential (from -60 mV to +60 mV). Whereas most Ca2+-dependent K+
      channels are regulated mainly by [Ca2+]i and possess a voltage dependency, these
      properties of the KM channel differed from other Ca2+-dependent K+
      channels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2421237
TI  - Voltage-dependent channels of human muscle cultures.
AB  - Cultures were grown from satellite cells obtained from biopsies of normal
      children and of boys having Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Patch-clamp
      recordings were obtained from mononucleated cells and from young myotubes
      containing up to five nuclei. Four current types were distinguished. Na currents
      had a maximum amplitude near -10 mV and a half inactivation point near -60 mV.
      Single channel currents observed in isolated patches had a main unit size of 1.8
      pA at -30 mV. Voltage dependent outward K currents were blocked by applying
      tetraethylammonium to the bath solution. In some cells, outward currents had a
      rather slow activation and did not inactivate. In other cells, activation was
      faster, and the currents inactivated. At large positive potentials, another K
      current was activated. The corresponding channels displayed large unit steps in
      isolated patches. Hyperpolarizing voltage pulses elicited in about one third of
      the cells inward rectifier currents. All currents types were found with similar
      characteristics in normal and DMD cultures. Whole cell results were very
      variable. Cells displayed various combinations of the four kinds of currents. To
      understand the origin of this diversity, clonal cultures were investigated.
      Clones displayed more homogeneous electrical properties than standard cultures,
      suggesting the presence of various types of stem cells in the non-clonal
      cultures.

PMID- 2421238
TI  - Two different presynaptic calcium currents in mouse motor nerve terminals.
AB  - Extracellular recordings of potential changes under the perineural sheath of
      nerve bundles close to some of the nerve terminals were performed using the M.
      triangularis sterni of the mouse. The nerve signals consisted of a predominant
      double-peaked negativity which was often preceded by a small positive deflection.
      While the first negative peak is related to the propagating nerve action
      potential, the second negative deflection can be attributed to a potassium
      conductance since it was selectively blocked by tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 3,4
      diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP). Combined application of TEA and 3,4-DAP gave rise to a
      prolonged positive-going wave which was blocked by Cd2+, thus, indicating its
      underlying cause to be a Ca current. Ionophoretic application of TEA and Cd2+ to
      the endplates affected potassium and calcium components of the subendothelial
      signals, respectively, thus indicating their presynaptic origin. This finding is
      supported by the decrease of the amplitude of these components with increasing
      distance from the endplate region. Maximal effects on K conductance attainable
      with 3,4-DAP could still be potentiated by TEA, indicating the presence of at
      least two distinct sets of K channels. The prolonged positive potential induced
      by TEA and 3,4-DAP consisted of a fast and slow component, both of which can be
      attributed to Ca conductances with different characteristics. The fast positive
      signal component is attributed to the voltage-dependent Ca channel, responsible
      for the initiation of transmitter release. Its amplitude and duration depend on
      extracellular Ca2+ -concentration. The fast component is still present when Ca2+
      is substituted by Sr2+ or Ba2+.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2421239
TI  - Na+ selective channels in the apical membrane of rabbit late proximal tubules
      (pars recta).
AB  - Using the patch-clamp technique, Na+ selective channels were observed in the
      luminal membrane of rabbit straight proximal tubule segments. In the cell
      attached configuration (NaCl-Ringers in pipette and bath) influx of Na+ ions from
      the pipette into the cell through fluctuating channels was observed. The current
      voltage curve of these Na+ channels yielded a zero-current potential of 84.3 +/-
      30.9 mV (n = 10), reflecting the electrochemical driving force for Na+ influx
      under resting conditions. The single channel conductance was 12.0 +/- 2.1 pS (n =
      13). In inside-out oriented cell-excised patches the single channel conductance
      was not significantly different with NaCl-Ringers on both sides. At clamp
      potentials ranging from +50 mV to -50 mV the single channel current was ohmic and
      channel kinetics were independent of the voltage. With KCl-Ringers on the bath
      side (corresponding to cell interior), the zero current potential was 62 +/- 19
      mV (n = 4), indicating a high selectivity of Na+ over K+ ions. Addition of 10(-5)
      mol/l amiloride to the bathing solution decreased the mean channel open time
      slightly. This effect was more pronounced with 10(-4) mol/l amiloride, whereas
      the single channel conductance was unaffected by the diuretic. 10(-3) mol/l
      amiloride caused a complete block of the channel. It is concluded that amiloride
      sensitive Na+ channels, with similar properties to those observed in tight
      epithelia, contribute to Na+ reabsorbtion in the straight portion of proximal
      tubules.

PMID- 2421240
TI  - Inhibition of a voltage-dependent Ca current by concanavalin A.
AB  - Incubation of the hypotrichous ciliate Stylonychia mytilus in fluorescein-labeled
      concanavalin A (Con A, 0.1-0.5 microgram/ml) produced a strong fluorescence of
      its membranelles, but comparatively weak fluorescence of the other compound cilia
      and of the somatic membrane. Compared to untreated cells, the frequency of
      spontaneous backward movements was reduced in the presence of 0.5 microgram/ml
      ConA. In electrophysiological experiments Con A altered the excitability of the
      cell membrane. The two-peak action potential lost its second component which is
      associated with voltage-dependent Ca channels in the membranelles. The
      corresponding Ca current (Ca current I) was inhibited by low concentrations of
      Con A (0.2-0.5 microgram/ml). A second voltage-dependent Ca current (Ca current
      II) was not affected. Reducing the K outward current by intracellular Cs and/or
      extracellular tetraethylammonium, or changing the holding potential, did not
      restore the Con A-sensitive Ca current I. Con A also inhibited this current when
      Ca was replaced by Ba. The inhibitory effect of Con A on the voltage-dependent Ca
      current I was prevented by 10-30 mM alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, and the lectin
      wheat germ agglutinin (20 micrograms/ml) did not affect the Ca currents,
      indicating that the Con A effect was mediated by binding to specific sugar
      residues on the excitable membrane. The succinylated dimeric derivative of Con A
      did not inhibit Ca current I up to concentrations of 5 micrograms/ml. It is
      concluded that the two voltage-dependent Ca currents in Stylonychia can be
      chemically isolated due to their different sensitivity to Con A, which appears to
      bind preferentially to sites near or at the Ca channel in the membranellar
      membrane.

PMID- 2421241
TI  - Fast and slow gating behaviour of single calcium channels in cardiac cells.
      Relation to activation and inactivation of calcium-channel current.
AB  - The Ca-channel gating behaviour during steady and stepwise depolarization was
      examined in recordings of single Ca-channel activity from cell-attached membrane
      patches of single ventricular cells isolated enzymatically from hearts of adult
      guinea pigs. The single-channel recordings were performed by means of the
      improved patch-clamp technique (Hamill et al. 1981) with 90 mM Ba in the
      pipettes. Upon step depolarization, two types of current records were regularly
      observed in the ensembles: (1) traces with Ca-channel activity (in the form of
      closely-spaced brief pulses of inward current with a unitary amplitude) of
      various length, and (2) blank sweeps without any detectable single-channel
      opening. The records with Ca-channel activity show a distinct tendency for
      openings to occur towards the beginning of the clamp pulse, followed by long
      periods of silence. The blank sweeps seem to reflect a condition or conditions
      where the Ca channel is unavailable for opening. The corresponding ensemble mean
      current I(t) displayed a rapid rising phase to its peak followed by a slow decay.
      During steady depolarization, kinetic analysis of the distributions of all open
      and shut lifetimes revealed a monoexponential probability density distribution
      function of all open times. By contrast, more than two exponential terms were
      required for an accurate description of the frequency distribution of all shut
      lifetimes. Corresponding to the two well-separated fast closed time components,
      individual Ca-channel openings were grouped into bursts of openings. The bursting
      behaviour reflected fast gating transitions and was related to the fluctuations
      of the Ca channel between two short-lived closed states and one open state. This
      fast gating was terminated by the entrance of the Ca channel into at least one
      long-lived closed state, exit from which was slow in comparison to the rapid
      cycling. As consequence, bursts of openings were further grouped together in
      clusters of bursts, the cluster behaviour being related to slow gating
      transitions in the kinetics of the Ca channel. The biphasic frequency
      distribution of the first latencies (resulting from the transit through the two
      short-lived shut states, before the open state is entered) superimposed on the
      first time derivative of the rising phase of the ensemble mean current, I(t),
      upon step depolarization. The time constant of the monoexponential distribution
      function of all cluster lifetimes matched the declining phase of I(t) during
      maintained depolarization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2421242
TI  - Ca2+-channel current and its modification by the dihydropyridine agonist BAY k
      8644 in isolated smooth muscle cells.
AB  - The electrophysiological properties of single smooth muscle cells isolated from
      the longitudinal layer of the guinea-pig ileum were studied with the whole-cell
      patch-clamp technique. The finding of resting potentials between -45 and -50 mV
      and the occurrence of spontaneous electrical activity when K+ was the predominant
      intracellular cation indicated that the cells were not leaky or hyperpermeable.
      The existence of an inward Ca2+ current overlapping in time with an outward
      rectifying K+ current was demonstrated. The latter could be selectively blocked
      by replacing internal K+ with Cs+ and external Ca2+ with Ba2+. Depolarizations to
      potentials between -40 and +50 mV evoked time-dependent inward currents, with a
      maximum peak value between -20 and 0 mV. For depolarizations beyond +50 mV time
      dependent outward currents appeared. These currents were inhibited by 0.1 mM
      CdCl2. The activation of the inward current showed a sigmoidal time course, and
      the rate of onset of the current increased at more positive potentials.
      Inactivation could be described by two exponentials. The threshold for activation
      was about -40 mV, and full activation was reached at 0 mV. Inactivation was
      complete near 0 mV, whereas the channels were fully available at -80 mV. The
      fully-activated Ca2+-channel current was strongly voltage dependent. The
      conductance decreased for potentials close to the reversal potential, and showed
      rectification for hyperpolarizing potentials. The Ca2+ agonist BAY k 8644
      enhanced the Ca2+-channel current without a significant effect on its kinetics.
      The fully-activated current and the steady-state activation were enhanced in a
      rather voltage-independent way.

PMID- 2421243
TI  - Permselectivity for cations over anions in the upper portion of descending limbs
      of Henle's loop of long-loop nephron isolated from hamsters.
AB  - The permselectivity of the upper portion of long descending limb of Henle (LDLu)
      was investigated with electrophysiological methods in the isolated perfused
      tubule preparation of hamster kidney. The diffusion potential (Vt) was determined
      in three different protocols. In protocol 1, the tubules were initially perfused
      with modified Krebs Ringer's solution on both sides of the epithelium. Then the
      bath solution was exchanged consecutively with another solution in which 50
      mmol/l NaCl replaced by 50 mmol/l KCl, RbCl, NH4Cl, CsCl, LiCl, NaBr, NaNO3, NaI,
      Na acetate or 75 mmol/l NaCl replaced by mannitol. The permeabilities for these
      ions relative to chloride were calculated by Goldman's constant field equation.
      The segment was found to be cation selective, with all cations being 5-9 times
      more permeable than all anions. The sequence of permeability was K+ greater than
      Rb+ greater than Li+ greater than NH+4 = Cs+ greater than or equal to Na+ much
      greater than Cl- greater than or equal to Br- greater than or equal to NO3-
      greater than or equal to I- greater than Acetate-. In protocol 2, pure 150 mM
      NaCl was used for the basal solution to avoid interference by other ions. The
      bathing solution was exchanged by other solutions which contained 150 mmol/l KCl,
      NH4Cl, CsCl, RbCl, LiCl, NaI, NaBr, NaNO3, Na acetate or 75 mmol/l NaCl with
      mannitol. Thus simple biionic substitution was performed. Again, the segment was
      found to be cation selective, with all cations being 4-10 times more permeable
      than all anions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2421244
TI  - Effects of lysophosphatidylcholine on resting potassium conductance of isolated
      guinea pig ventricular cells.
AB  - We studied the effects of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a toxic metabolite of
      ischemia, on the inward rectifier potassium channel current in isolated guinea
      pig ventricular cells. LPC (10-50 microM) added to the external solution
      decreased the resting membrane potential and occasionally induced repetitive
      action potential discharges, with or without loss of repolarization. In voltage
      clamp studies, LPC (20 microM) decreased the conductance at the levels of resting
      potentials (approximately equal to -80 mV) from 26 +/- 8 nS to 16 +/- 3 nS (mean
      and SD, n = 4) within 10 min. Prolonged application of LPC (greater than 12 min)
      produced transient inward currents after depolarizing clamp pulses, thereby
      suggesting that the LPC elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. The effect of
      LPC on the single inward rectifier K channel current was examined using the patch
      clamp technique in a cell-attached mode. LPC decreased the single channel
      conductance, depending on the concentration (5-100 microM). The slope conductance
      in the presence of 150 mM K+ in the pipette decreased from 45 +/- 7 pS (control)
      to 32 +/- 17, 20 +/- 19, and 14 +/- 10 pS for 5, 20 and 100 microM LPC,
      respectively. LPC induced little change with regard to probability of the channel
      opening. These results suggest that LPC depolarizes membrane by decreasing single
      channel conductance of the inward rectifier K channel. This reduction partially
      contributes to the alleged LPC-induced abnormal automaticities and conduction
      disturbances in the heart.

PMID- 2421245
TI  - A dual effect of cardiac glycosides on Ca current in single cells of frog heart.
AB  - The effects of cardiac glycosides (1 microM ouabain, 50 microM dihydrooubain, 1
      microM strophanthidin) on Ca current (ICa) were investigated on Cs-loaded single
      frog ventricular cells using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique (9). Cardiac
      glycosides exert both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on ICa in 20 Cs Ringer
      solution, but have only a stimulatory effect in 0 Cs, when the Na,K pump is
      blocked. The inhibitory response seems related to the inhibition of the Na,K pump
      by glycosides. The stimulatory effect on ICa may contribute to the positive
      inotropic effect of cardiac glycosides.

PMID- 2421246
TI  - Footprinting reveals that nogalamycin and actinomycin shuffle between DNA binding
      sites.
AB  - The hypothesis that sequence-selective DNA-binding antibiotics locate their
      preferred binding sites by a process involving migration from nonspecific sites
      has been tested by footprinting with DNAase I. Footprinting patterns on the tyrT
      DNA fragment produced by nogalamycin and actinomycin change with time after
      mixing the antibiotic with the DNA. Sites of protection as well as enhanced
      cleavage are seen to develop in a fashion which is both temperature and
      concentration-dependent. At certain sites cutting is transiently enhanced, then
      blocked. Limited evidence for slow reaction with echinomycin and mithramycin is
      presented, but the kinetics of footprinting with daunomycin and distamycin appear
      instantaneous. The feasibility of adducing direct evidence for shuffling by
      footprinting seems to be governed by slow dissociation of the antibiotic-DNA
      complex. It may also be dependent upon the mode of binding, be it intercalative
      or non-intercalative in character.

PMID- 2421247
TI  - Dissection of promoter sequences involved in transcriptional activation of the
      Escherichia coli replication origin.
AB  - The replication frequency of oriC plasmids in vivo is positively affected by
      specific transcripts running into oriC. These transcripts that activate oriC are
      initiated at a promoter of a gene coding for a 16kD protein. Genetic evidence is
      presented for binding of the initiation factor dnaA to a specific sequence (dnaA
      box) upstream of this promoter. Binding of the dnaA protein to this dnaA box
      regulates transcription initiation negatively. It was also demonstrated that
      binding of dnaA protein to the 16kD promoter region is essential to accomplish
      the actual activation event within the origin. Replication and incompatibility
      experiments suggest that dnaA protein is present within the activating
      transcription complex. The function of dnaA in this replication control mechanism
      is discussed.

PMID- 2421248
TI  - Polymerase-defective mutant of the Bryan high-titer strain of Rous sarcoma virus.
AB  - A mutant of the Bryan high-titer strain of Rous sarcoma virus defective in
      reverse transcriptase is known as type alpha (BH-RSV alpha). BH-RSV alpha virion
      particles do not contain any polymerase-related proteins but they direct the
      synthesis of a normal sized Pr180 gag-pol polyprotein precursor in infected
      cells. Using a bioassay for polymerase gene function that is based on the
      requirement of viral replication for transformation of transfected chicken cells,
      we have localized the defect to the 2.5 kb EcoRI-KpnI DNA fragment containing
      more than 90% of the polymerase gene by comparison with the corresponding DNA
      fragment from the wild-type polymerase-positive BH-RSV, called type beta. In
      vitro recombination experiments with the polymerase gene of Schmidt-Ruppin RSV
      allowed us to map the defect to the 0.86 kb XbaI-BglII DNA fragment of the BH-RSV
      alpha polymerase. DNA sequence analysis of the entire polymerase gene of BH-RSV
      alpha and beta has revealed one point mutation that maps within that XbaI-BglII
      fragment and substitutes leucine in BH-RSV alpha for glutamine in the wild-type
      BH-RSV beta.

PMID- 2421249
TI  - Transcription signals for stable RNA genes in Methanococcus.
AB  - A previous survey of upstream sequences of tRNA genes from the archaebacterium
      Methanococcus vannielii has revealed that there are two boxes of sequence
      homology: A box "A" of about 20 conserved nucleotides at a distance of 30 to 49
      basepairs upstream from the gene and a box "B" 18 to 19 nucleotides downstream
      from box "A" (Wich, G., Sibold, L., and Bock, A. (1985) System. Appl. Microbiol.
      (in press). Nuclease S1 mapping experiments were carried out with two of these
      tRNA transcriptional units and with a ribosomal RNA operon, to determine whether
      these consensus sequences have a function in the initiation of transcription. Use
      was made of the fact that cells from Methanococcus accumulate primary transcript
      and processing intermediates of ribosomal RNA under conditions of protein
      synthesis inhibition. The following results were obtained: (i) Transcription in
      all three systems starts at the G within the conserved trinucleotide TGC of box
      "B". Since the box "B" motif, 5'TGCaagT3', also occurs at the site of
      transcription initiation of protein encoding genes, both in methanogenic and
      halophilic organisms, it appears to constitute a frequently used transcription
      start signal within these archaebacterial groups. (ii) The box "A" motif occurs
      with constant spacing, relative to box "B", in all 10 tRNA and ribosomal RNA
      transcriptional units investigated from Methanococcus. Since it is not present in
      the leader region of genes coding for proteins, it seems to function as a
      specific element which is required for the expression of genes for stable RNA.
      (iii) Termination of transcription of the ribosomal RNA operon from Methanococcus
      occurs at a distinct T within an oligo-T stretch immediately downstream from the
      3'-terminal 5S RNA gene. This signal occurs in all 3'-flanking regions of
      transcriptional units for stable RNA from the Methanococcus strains studied.
      Termination signals for stable RNA genes in Methanococcus appear to be similar
      with those of stable RNA genes in eukaryotes. (iv) By nuclease S1 mapping a
      recognition site was identified for a processing enzyme involved in the
      maturation of preribosomal RNA.

PMID- 2421250
TI  - Structural analysis of an RNA molecule involved in replication control of plasmid
      R1.
AB  - The replication control circuit of the FII plasmids R1, R100 and R6-5 involves a
      small untranslated RNA molecule of about 93 nucleotides. This RNA, designated
      CopA RNA in plasmid R1, acts in vivo as a post-transcriptional inhibitor of the
      expression of the RepA protein whose synthesis is required for each round of
      plasmid replication. We have studied the structure of CopA RNA in solution by
      probing with single-strand- as well as double-strand-specific nucleases. Our data
      show that CopA RNA has two stem-loop structures connected by a long spacer region
      and a single-stranded 3'-tail. Enzyme reactions were performed under buffer
      conditions where we find strong and specific binding of CopA RNA to its target
      RNA (to be published elsewhere), and the patterns were compared to digests in two
      other buffer systems. All partial cleavages supported the proposed secondary
      structure. We also analyzed the stem-loop regions of CopA RNAs from two R1 copy
      number mutants. The data show that both RNAs have altered loop structures. The
      implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2421251
TI  - The promoters of the genes for colicin production, release and immunity in the
      ColA plasmid: effects of convergent transcription and Lex A protein.
AB  - The initiation sites of transcription in vivo for the three genes caa, cai and
      cal encoding respectively colicin A (Caa), the immunity protein (Cai) and the
      pColA lysis protein (Cal) have been analysed by nuclease S1 mapping. This
      analysis demonstrates that caa and cal form an operon. cai is located between
      these two genes and transcribed in the opposite direction from its own promoter.
      The start sites for caa and cai have also been determined in vitro. For caa, the
      same start site was found in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, for cai the most
      efficient start site in vitro was not used in vivo. LexA protein strongly
      repressed the in vivo and in vitro transcription of the caa-cal operon. As
      determined by DNase 1 protection experiments, LexA protein binds with a high
      affinity to an approximately 40 bp long sequence just downstream of the Pribnow
      box. The sequence of the binding site is composed of two overlapped "SOS boxes".
      Two transcripts of the caa-cal operon were detected by blot hybridization. The
      longer mRNA can direct the synthesis of both Caa and Cal while the shorter one is
      terminated at the end of caa. When the transcription of the caa-cal operon is
      induced, there is a strong interference with cai transcription.

PMID- 2421252
TI  - Examination of the internal promoter, PE, in the ilvGMEDA operon of E. coli K-12.
AB  - The ilvGMEDA operon of Escherichia coli K-12 contains an internal promoter, PE,
      in the distal portion of the ilvM gene immediately upstream from the ilvE gene.
      The location of this promoter was determined using S1 nuclease protection
      analyses of in vivo and in vitro transcripts. The transcriptional activity of the
      internal promoter was compared to the transcriptional activity of the operon
      proximal promoter P1P2 using transcriptional fusion vectors and plasmid copy
      number determinations. These measurements showed that the P1P2 promoter is 52
      fold stronger than the internal PE promoter. Estimates of the transcriptional
      role of the internal promoter on ilvE gene expression during growth conditions in
      excess and limiting branch chain amino acids is presented.

PMID- 2421253
TI  - Nuclear activity from F9 embryonal carcinoma cells binding specifically to the
      enhancers of wild-type polyoma virus and PyEC mutant DNAs.
AB  - Although wild-type polyoma virus does not productively infect murine embryonal
      carcinoma (EC) cells, a number of mutants (PyEC mutants) that do infect
      undifferentiated EC cells have been isolated. All PyEC mutants have DNA sequence
      alterations within the enhancer region of the viral genome. This report describes
      an activity present in nuclear extracts of F9 EC cells which, by "footprint"
      analyses, binds specifically to a small region of about 20 base pairs
      (nucleotides 5180-5200) within the subregion of the polyoma enhancer designated
      as the B or beta element. While no difference in binding of factor was detected
      between wild-type polyoma enhancer and the enhancers of the PyEC mutants, PyF111
      and PyF441, which had been selected for productive infection of F9 cells,
      definite differences between wild-type and mutants were observed in the digestion
      patterns of their naked DNAs with either DNAase I or exonuclease III. This
      difference was restricted to the region around the point mutation (nucleotide
      5258) common to these mutant DNAs.

PMID- 2421254
TI  - Characterization of diverse forms of myosin heavy chain expressed in adult human
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - In an attempt to define myosin heavy chain (MHC) gene organization and expression
      in adult human skeletal muscle, we have isolated and characterized genomic
      sequences corresponding to different human sarcomeric MHC genes (1). In this
      report, we present the complete DNA sequence of two different adult human
      skeletal muscle MHC cDNA clones, one of which encodes the entire light meromyosin
      (LMM) segment of MHC and represents the longest described MHC cDNA sequence.
      Additionally, both clones provide new sequence data from a 228 amino acid segment
      of the MHC tail for which no protein or DNA sequence has been previously
      available. One clone encodes a "fast" form of skeletal muscle MHC while the other
      clone most closely resembles a MHC form described in rat cardiac ventricles. We
      show that the 3' untranslated region of skeletal MHC cDNAs are homologous from
      widely separated species as are cardiac MHC cDNAs. However, there is no homology
      between the 3' untranslated region of cardiac and skeletal muscle MHCs. Isotype
      specific preservation of MHC 3' untranslated sequences during evolution suggests
      a functional role for these regions.

PMID- 2421255
TI  - Identification of genes for reverse transcriptase-like enzymes in two Drosophila
      retrotransposons, 412 and gypsy; a rapid detection method of reverse
      transcriptase genes using YXDD box probes.
AB  - Using synthetic oligonucleotides corresponding to the amino acid sequences best
      conserved among retroviral reverse transcriptases, we developed a rapid method to
      detect cloned DNA fragments with the genes for reverse transcriptases. By this
      technique followed by nucleotide sequence determination, nucleotide sequences
      coding for reverse transcriptase-like enzymes were identified in two Drosophila
      retrotransposons, gypsy and 412. Our sequence analysis suggested that there are
      at least two major groups of retrotransposons in Drosophila with respect to
      putative reverse transcriptases and both gypsy and 412 belong to a category of
      retrotransposons which have putative reverse transcriptases very similar in amino
      acid sequence to the counterpart of Moloney murine leukaemia virus, a typical
      mammalian retrovirus.

PMID- 2421256
TI  - Identification and nucleotide sequence determination of a potential primer tRNA
      for reverse transcription of a Drosophila retrotransposon, 297.
AB  - Drosophila retrotransposons have been shown to have genes for enzymes similar to
      the reverse transcriptase of retroviruse. They may possibly be involved in genome
      replication on translocation (15). Identification was made of a primer tRNA for
      the putative reverse transcription of a Drosophila retrotransposon, 297, and its
      genomic counterparts using a homology to the putative primer binding site of 297.
      Our nucleotide sequence analysis indicated a species of Drosophila serine tRNA to
      have two distinct properties similar to those characteristic of retroviral primer
      tRNA: its 3'terminal 18 nucleotides are exactly complementary to the putative
      primer binding site of 297 and its 19th base from the 3' end is modified. These
      results appear to support the notion stated above and suggest this serine tRNA to
      be the most likely candidate for a potential primer tRNA of 297.

PMID- 2421258
TI  - Right coracoid process transfer.

PMID- 2421259
TI  - Drains, drainage and suctions in a surgical ward.

PMID- 2421257
TI  - An asparagine-rich protein from blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum shares
      determinants with sporozoites.
AB  - We describe a cDNA clone derived from mRNA of asexual blood-stages of the malaria
      parasite Plasmodium falciparum. This clone, designated Ag319, expresses a
      P.falciparum antigen fused to beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli. Human
      antibodies from Papua New Guinea were affinity-purified by adsorption to extracts
      of Ag319 immobilized on CNBr-Sepharose. The antibodies reacted predominantly with
      P. falciparum polypeptides of Mr 220,000 and 160,000, and a number of ill-defined
      lower molecular weight species. Antibodies reacted in indirect immunofluorescence
      with all asexual blood-stages although the antigen appeared to be most abundance
      in the schizont. Surprizingly the antibodies also reacted with sporozoites. The
      amino acid sequence predicted from the complete nucleotide sequence of this clone
      is remarkable because 40% of the residues are Asn, and so the antigen has been
      termed the Asparagine-Rich Protein (ARP). Like other P. falciparum antigens, ARP
      contains tandemly repetitive sequences, based on the tetrapeptide Asn-Asn-Asn-Met
      and we have confirmed that these represent natural epitopes by reaction of the
      corresponding synthetic peptides with human antibodies. Surprisingly, ARP is also
      rich in Asn outside the tandem repeats.

PMID- 2421260
TI  - Water intake modifications induced by tachykinins, bombesins and opioid peptides.
AB  - Nonmammalian peptides of the tachykinin, bombesin and opioid families, injected
      into the brain ventricles, potently and specifically affect drinking behaviour of
      rats and pigeons. These peptides, or at least their counterparts, have been found
      in the brain of mammals and birds. It has been hypothesized that these endogenous
      brain peptides belong to a "brain peptidergic system" which participates in the
      control of water intake and body fluid homeostasis.

PMID- 2421261
TI  - Characterization of substance P-like immunoreactivity in submammalian species by
      high performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) as measured by RIA was found to be
      present in a variety of submammalian species and invertebrates. We analyzed this
      SP-LI in extracts from submammalian species by high performance liquid
      chromatography. The following species were investigated for the presence of SP-LI
      (RIA) which was further characterized by subsequent HPLC (investigated areas in
      parentheses): Hagfish (brain plus spinal cord), (brain, intestine, skin), frog
      (brain, intestine), turtle (brain, intestine), lizard (brain, intestine, skin)
      and mouse (spinal cord). RIA alone was performed in extracts from branchiostoma
      and cricket. The concentrations of SP-LI in brain, spinal cord and intestine of
      different submammalian species except branchiostoma brain and intestine and
      turtle brain, were in a similar range (2.1-5.3 fmol/mg in the brain, 0.2-2.0
      fmol/mg in the spinal cord, 0.3-4.2 fmol/mg in the intestine). In the turtle
      brain, extremely high SP-LI concentrations (210 fmol/mg) were found, whereas
      brain and intestine of branchiostoma contained very little SP-LI (0.1 fmol/mg).
      In the skin of different species, SP-LI concentrations varied from 0.04 fmol/mg
      (trout) to 2.0 fmol/mg (lizard). In the cricket, high SP-LI concentrations were
      found in the cerebral ganglion (15 fmol/mg protein) and in the subesophageal
      ganglion (27 fmol/mg protein). HPLC analysis of extracts showed that all tissues
      investigated contained a substance which co-eluted with synthetic SP, and in most
      tissues a peak was present which co-eluted with SP sulfoxide. Only in mouse
      spinal cord, trout brain and hagfish brain were these the only peaks.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2421262
TI  - "Kassinin" in mammals: the newest tachykinins.
AB  - Until recently, substance P was widely believed to be the only mammalian
      representative of the tachykinin peptide family. In 1983, however, four
      independent groups using three different approaches reported that mammalian
      tissues also contain two novel tachykinins which resemble the amphibian
      tachykinin kassinin in both C-terminal sequence and pharmacology. Thus, the
      discovery of an active peptide in anuran skin has once again preceded the
      discovery of its mammalian analogs. While the discovery of the new peptides,
      substance K and neuromedin K, has clarified some issues in substance P research,
      it has raised some questions about others. With hindsight, it is clear that some
      of the activities once thought to be mediated by substance P may in fact be
      mediated by another mammalian tachykinin. Current knowledge of tachykinins and
      their receptors in mammals represents only a lower limit on the complexity of the
      system. This review summarizes recent progress in a rapidly developing field.

PMID- 2421263
TI  - Structural and biochemical alterations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
      caused by peripheral nerve lesions.
AB  - Substance P and Met-enkephalin were detected by radioimmunoassay and
      immunocytochemistry in the rat lumbar spinal cord. The sciatic nerve was lesioned
      by resecting a piece and the proximal stump was either ligated, for limiting
      neurite outgrowth, or intraperitoneally sutured, allowing the formation of a
      large neuroma. Ten days post lesioning both peptide levels dropped approximately
      50% and the punctate immunoreactivity decreased in the dorsal horn. Lesioning
      both sciatic nerves did not accelerate nor increase the extent of peptide loss
      compared to monolateral lesions. Immunocytochemistry showed that after bilateral
      lesioning also the punctate immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn decreased less
      drastically. However, FRAP staining of the dorsal horn decreased according to the
      lesion paradigms, mono- and bilaterally with the same intensity. Therefore nerve
      lesions trigger the process, but the peptidergic loss seems intraspinally
      regulated. In addition, both kinds of abnormal neurite outgrowth similarly
      altered peptide levels and distribution in the spinal cord. Our data suggest that
      pain states related to peripheral nerve lesions may be due to opiate peptide loss
      rather than to neuroma.

PMID- 2421264
TI  - Neuropeptide functions in the fish gut.
AB  - Several neuropeptides, more or less related to their mammalian counterparts, are
      present in the enteric nervous system in fish, and may function as
      neurotransmitters, cotransmitters or neuromodulators in this system. Excitatory
      effects on fish gut smooth muscle are found with bombesin, substance P and
      neurotensin. VIP and bombesin are inhibitory in some preparations and
      metenkephalin and somatostatin give varying responses. Of the more closely
      studied neuropeptides, a bombesin-like peptide may be involved in a cofunction
      with acetylcholine in the excitation of gut motility. One or more tachykinins may
      be involved in different mechanisms controlling the gut motility, directly or
      indirectly via, e.g., serotonergic neurons. Bombesin, a tachykinin and VIP may
      control gastric secretion, and VIP may have vasodilatory functions as well as
      inhibitory functions on gut motility at least in some species.

PMID- 2421265
TI  - Amino acid sequence of bumblebee MCD peptide: a new mast cell degranulating
      peptide from the venom of the bumblebee Megabombus pennsylvanicus.
AB  - A new 28 amino acid peptide, we recently isolated from the venom of the bumblebee
      Megabombus pennsylvanicus. has been characterized. The peptide, Met-Cys-Ile-Cys
      Lys-Asn-Gly-Lys-Pro-Leu-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ile-Gly-Lys-Ile-Cys- Arg-Lys-Ile-Cys-Met-Met
      Gln-Gln-Thr-His(NH2), has been named bumblebee mast cell degranulating (MCD)
      peptide due to its ability to degranulate rat peritoneal mast cells, and its
      resemblance to the bee venom MCD peptide. Bumblebee MCD peptide, unlike
      bombolitins, the other mast cell degranulating heptadecapeptides of bumblebee
      venom, is not lytic and releases histamine at a dose as low as 0.05 micrograms/ml
      (1.6 X 10(-8) M).

PMID- 2421266
TI  - The molecular basis of the neuro-endocrine control of egg-laying behaviour in
      Lymnaea.
AB  - The biosynthesis, axonal transport and release of multiple peptides by the egg
      laying controlling caudodorsal cells (CDC) of Lymnaea stagnalis were studied.
      High performance gel permeation chromatography was used to resolve newly
      synthesized peptides after pulse-chase experiments with radioactive amino acids.
      The precursor is a 35 kd polypeptide which is produced in the CDC somata. It
      gives rise to intermediate products (20 kd, 10 kd and 7 kd) and a number of end
      products which include a approximately 4.5 kd (the ovulation hormone, CDCH), a
      1.5 kd peptide (the autotransmitter) and other peptides (6 kd, 3.5 kd and 2 kd).
      The end products are transported in neurosecretory granules to the CDC axon
      terminals in the cerebral commissure where they are released into the medium
      during electrical discharges of the CDC system. A cDNA clone encoding part of the
      CDCH precursor was isolated from a Lymnaea CNS cDNA library by differential
      hybridisation and use of synthetic oligonucleotide probes. Examination of the
      deduced amino acid sequence indicates that the precursor contains additional
      peptides, besides CDCH.

PMID- 2421267
TI  - Neuropeptides in a microturbellarian--whole mount immunocytochemistry.
AB  - A whole mount immunofluorescence method was used for the localization of
      immunoreactivity (IR) to four regulatory peptides and the bioamine serotonin in
      the nervous system of Stenostomum leucops (Turbellaria, Platyhelminthes). The
      flatworm S. leucops belongs to the taxon Catenulida which, according to the new
      phylogenetic system by Ax [2], forms a key group between the coelenterates and
      more advanced flatworm species. Positive IR was obtained using antisera against
      FMRF-amide, beta-endorphin, growth hormone releasing factor (GRF), substance P,
      and serotonin. The distribution patterns of these neuropeptide-like
      immunoreactivities differ significantly from each other. Antisera against Leu
      enkephalin, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), bombesin, cholecystokinin (CCK
      8), neurotensin, somatostatin, growth hormone (GH), secretin, and neurophysin II
      gave negative results. This primitive flatworm shows similarities with hydra in
      the lack of IR to anti-somatostatin, anti-Leu-enkephalin, and anti-BPP. These
      antisera give positive IR in more advanced flatworm species, indicating a later
      convergent evolution of vertebrate-like peptides within the phylum
      Platyhelminthes.

PMID- 2421268
TI  - Combined effect of chronic bombesin and secretin or cholecystokinin on the rat
      pancreas.
AB  - This work investigates the pancreatico-trophic action of bombesin, a peptide
      stimulating pancreatic secretion in vivo and in vitro and examines whether this
      effect is altered by CCK or secretin. Rats were injected three times daily for 5
      days either with saline, bombesin (1 or 10 micrograms/kg), CCK (20 I.D.U./kg),
      secretin (20 C.U./kg) or a combination of bombesin and CCK or secretin. Bombesin
      alone induced growth of the pancreas beginning with the dose of 10 micrograms/kg.
      This growth was characterized by an increase of pancreatic weight, its protein,
      RNA and enzyme content, but not of its DNA content. The ratios of the three
      former parameters to DNA increased, suggesting cellular hypertrophy.
      Cholecystokinin alone exhibited a similar trophic action on the pancreas as
      bombesin. Secretin alone had no effect on pancreatic size and composition.
      Cholecystokinin and secretin did not modify the pancreatico-trophic response of
      bombesin. These findings suggest that bombesin, administered for 5 days in the
      rat, induces pancreatic growth due to cellular hypertrophy. Cholecystokinin has
      the same effect. However the mode of action, at the cellular level, of bombesin
      appears to be different from that of cholecystokinin.

PMID- 2421269
TI  - Trophic effect of bombesin on the rat pancreas: is it mediated by the release of
      gastrin or cholecystokinin?
AB  - This work investigates the effect, on the rat pancreas, of a chronic
      administration of bombesin in function of the dose and duration of treatment and
      examines whether this effect may be mediated by the release of endogenous gastrin
      or cholecystokinin. Bombesin, administered three times daily for 5 or 15 days,
      induced a marked increase in pancreatic weight, its protein, RNA and enzyme
      contents with the dose of 10 micrograms/kg body weight; the ratios of pancreatic
      weight, protein and RNA contents to DNA contents increased significantly after a
      5 day treatment, suggesting cellular hypertrophy. Pancreatic DNA content was
      markedly enhanced after a 15 day treatment, suggesting cellular hyperplasia.
      Antrectomy decreased plasma gastrin levels, but did not alter the pancreatico
      trophic action of a 10 micrograms/kg bombesin treatment for 5 days. Proglumide,
      an inhibitor of cholecystokinin and gastrin in the pancreas, did not affect the
      growth of the pancreas induced by a 10 micrograms/kg bombesin treatment for 5
      days. It is concluded that chronic bombesin induces, in the rat pancreas,
      cellular hypertrophy or hyperplasia depending on the duration of treatment.
      Pancreatic hypertrophy is not mediated by the release of endogenous gastrin or
      cholecystokinin.

PMID- 2421270
TI  - Postmortem neurochemistry in schizophrenia.
AB  - The renaissance in postmortem studies in schizophrenia is in full bloom. Although
      there is no shortage of findings, there have been significant problems with
      replications and interpretations. Regardless, the postmortem approach remains a
      valid and promising one. Thus far, it has allowed for the testing of a number of
      hypotheses involving catecholamines, indoleamines, and neuropeptides in
      schizophrenia. It is hoped that new approaches, such as autoradiography and
      automated cell counting, will add new dimensions to postmortem studies of
      schizophrenia. If these studies can be coupled with premortem exams of patients,
      perhaps new inroads can be made in the understanding and treatment of the
      schizophrenic syndrome.

PMID- 2421271
TI  - Depression, attempted suicide, and suicide in patients with chronic
      schizophrenia.
AB  - Depression and suicidal behavior are commonly found among schizophrenic patients
      and schizophrenia is associated with an increased risk of suicide; the reasons
      for this are reviewed.

PMID- 2421272
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid studies of monoamine metabolism in schizophrenia.
AB  - The authors review the studies of spinal fluid monoamines and their metabolites
      with and without probenecid and during drug-free and medicated conditions.
      Although technical knowhow and understanding of the variable that influence the
      actual levels measured has dramatically increased over the last 20 years, many
      questions still remain. Despite or rather because of advances such as CT, PET,
      and MRI, CSF studies still carry great promise for understanding the illness,
      predicting drug response, and behavioral change following drug withdrawal.

PMID- 2421273
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics and preliminary evaluation of the anti-arrhythmic effectiveness
      of N-acetylprocainamide in ventricular disorders of cardiac rhythm].

PMID- 2421274
TI  - [Withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation of beta-adrenolytic drugs].

PMID- 2421275
TI  - [Calcium channel blockers in the treatment of arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2421276
TI  - Alterations in the expression of two epidermal differentiation antigens in human
      epidermal disorders.
AB  - The expression of an epidermal keratin subunit and a specific antigen of the
      keratinocyte membrane, two differentiation antigens in normal human epidermis,
      was studied in benign and malignant epidermal lesions by use of monoclonal
      antibodies KL1 (anti 55-57 Kd keratins) and KL3 (anti keratinocyte membrane
      antigen). In normal human epidermis, KL1 labelled all keratinocytes from the
      suprabasal layers, KL3 stained the intercellular spaces in all epidermal layers
      with a fluorescence intensity increasing from the basal to the more upper layers
      and recognized a keratinocyte membrane antigen as demonstrated in electron
      microscopy. Frozen or deparaffinized sections of basal cell carcinomas (BCC),
      squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) malignant melanomas, warts, and skin biopsies from
      benign lesions (psoriasis, lichen planus, bullous pemphigoid, lupus
      erythematodes, pemphigus, vasculitis) were tested with either KL1 or KL3 by
      indirect immunofluorescence and/or immunoperoxidase. Benign and malignant lesions
      in which modifications of the keratinization process and cell differentiation are
      known to occur (BCC, SCC, warts, psoriasis) showed the most severe alterations as
      compared to normal epidermis. With KL1 we observed an irregular staining of basal
      cells; a reorganization of keratin filaments and variable staining intensities
      within tumoral cells which did not express high MW keratins. With KL3 drastic
      alterations in the epidermal intercellular patterns and loss of reactivity of
      tumoral cells were noted. Conversely, the positivity of epidermal basal cells
      with KL1, in some cases, was the only modification noted in other skin lesions.

PMID- 2421277
TI  - What's new in proliferation and differentiation in malignant tumours?
AB  - The volume of a tumour is the difference between the integrals of cell production
      and cell loss. Cell production depends on mitosis. Cells are lost by detachment
      from external surface, loss into blood vessels and lymphatics and into body
      cavities. Immunological lysis, macrophagia and apoptosis take place, and there is
      necrosis due to hypoxia. Cell birth can be measured, cell loss must be
      calculated. Tumour cells differentiate and mature to varying degrees. An inverse
      relationship between maturation and proliferation exists. DNA synthesis
      inhibitors often also induce differentiation. Retrodifferentiation does not take
      place. Immature tumours are undifferentiated because of a population change, not
      because of retrodifferentiation. The oncogene theory assumes that proto-oncogenes
      are part of the normal genome. They can be activated to oncogenes by mutation or
      by loss of regulatory factors. Oncogenes code for important membrane proteins:
      growth factors or receptors. It has been proposed that anti-oncogenes also exist,
      coding for inhibitory growth factors like chalones. Much attention has hitherto
      been directed to attempts at arresting the birth rate of cells by cytostatic
      drugs. There is a trend in modern research to find substances that can force the
      cells into maturation. Lithium, DMSO, vitamin-analogues, human post-endotoxin
      serum, TPA, 4 NQO, hormones and acetamide have been shown to induce maturation in
      experimental systems. This area of research is presently gaining considerable
      impetus.

PMID- 2421278
TI  - The effect of insulin on the central serotonergic system of the rat.
AB  - Single administration of insulin (1-3 U/kg) caused an increased response of rats
      to 5-methoxytryptamine (head shakes), 4 but not 16 h after the injection.
      Multiple insulin injections caused a dose and time-related increase in the number
      of head shakes. The effect was observed up to 24 h after the last insulin dose.
      Insulin (2 U/kg given for 3-14 days) caused an increase in the cerebral
      concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and accelerated the cerebral
      serotonin (5-HT) turnover. The 5-HIAA concentration was approx. twice as high as
      in the controls, regardless of the duration of the treatment; the degree of 5-HT
      turnover acceleration did not depend on the duration of the treatment, either,
      and was observed up to 14 days after cessation of insulin administration.

PMID- 2421279
TI  - [Antigen-specific suppressor factors--serology, structure and function].

PMID- 2421280
TI  - [Bacteriophage typing of Klebsiella. I. Role of Klebsiella surface structures in
      bacteriophage binding].

PMID- 2421281
TI  - [What is the role of the alpha-subunit of glycoprotein hormones?].
AB  - The alpha-subunit of anterior pituitary glycoprotein hormones is present in its
      free form both in normal men and in pre- and post-menopausal women. Serum levels
      may vary under the influence of hypothalamic hormones such as TRH or LHRH. The
      alpha-subunit originates in the pituitary gland where it can be found at an early
      stage of foetal life. Serum levels may rise substantially in several pathological
      conditions, including pituitary adenoma, and may respond to different factors.
      The alpha-subunit has also been demonstrated in rats and bovines. Recently, a
      role has been discovered for it in the rat: it seems to induce anterior pituitary
      lactotrope differentiation during foetal life. Its possible role in man during
      foetal life and during the development of pituitary adenoma is envisaged in
      relation to currently known data.

PMID- 2421282
TI  - [Pentosan polysulfate, adjuvant treatment in transluminal angioplasty of arteries
      of the legs].

PMID- 2421283
TI  - [Information value of various biochemical tests in assessing the activity of
      tuberculous changes in the lungs].

PMID- 2421284
TI  - [Extrinsic allergic alveolitis due to adiurecrine].

PMID- 2421285
TI  - Human endothelial cells in culture. Characterization of surface and matrix
      glycoproteins, protein translocation and cytoskeletal organization.

PMID- 2421286
TI  - Interorganelle transfer and glycosylation of yeast invertase in vitro.
AB  - Core glycosylated proteins formed in the yeast endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are
      transported to the Golgi body, where oligosaccharides are elongated by addition
      of outer-chain carbohydrate. The transport process is blocked in a temperature
      sensitive secretion mutant (sec18) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which accumulates
      core glycosylated invertase (product of SUC2; EC 3.2.1.26) in the ER. To approach
      the molecular mechanism of this transport process, we have devised a reaction in
      which core glycosylated invertase, accumulated in sec18 cells, is transferred to
      the Golgi body in vitro. For this purpose, membranes from sec18, SUC2 cells that
      are also defective in an outer chain alpha-1----3-mannosyltransferase (mnnl) are
      mixed with membranes from a strain that contains the transferase but is deficient
      in invertase (MNNl, delta SUC2). Transfer is detected by the acquisition of outer
      chain alpha-1----3-linked mannose residues dependent on both donor and recipient
      membranes. The reaction is temperature and detergent sensitive and requires ATP,
      GDP-mannose, Mg2+, and Mn2+, and the product invertase remains associated with
      sedimentable membranes. Treatment of donor, but not acceptor, membranes with N
      ethylmaleimide or trypsin inactivates transfer competence. These characteristics
      suggest that the ER, or a vesicle derived from the ER, contributes invertase to a
      chemically distinct compartment where mannosyl modification is executed.

PMID- 2421287
TI  - Two large glycosylated polypeptides found in myelinating oligodendrocytes but not
      in myelin.
AB  - Previous work has shown that high molecular weight polypeptides sharing epitopes
      with myelin-associated glycoprotein are transiently expressed in developing human
      central nervous system. We describe here the isolation of two of these
      polypeptides (150 and 225 kDa), their biochemical characterization, and their
      immunochemical localization. They are both glycosylated and 15 kDa of the
      apparent molecular mass of both polypeptides is contributed by N-linked
      carbohydrate moiety(ies). Both have multimeric forms held together by disulfide
      bonds. Immunochemical and immunohistochemical studies failed to show these
      polypeptides in myelin. However, in developing human central nervous system, one
      or both of them are present in the perikaryal cytoplasm and processes of cells
      with morphology consistent with actively myelinating oligodendrocytes.

PMID- 2421288
TI  - A 54-kDa normal cellular protein may be the precursor of the scrapie agent
      protease-resistant protein.
AB  - Scrapie is the best understood of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
      These neurologic disorders include the human diseases kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob
      disease and are caused by pathogens with unique biological and molecular
      properties. One major protein, protease-resistant protein (PrP)-27-30, is present
      in fractions isolated from scrapie-infected hamster brain that contain highly
      purified scrapie agent. PrP-27-30 appears to be the major protein component of
      the hamster scrapie agent. An antiserum generated to electrophoretically purified
      hamster scrapie PrP-27-30 identified higher molecular weight proteins in
      immunoblots of homogenates of uninfected hamster and mouse brains. Antibodies to
      hamster and mouse scrapie agent proteins were obtained by immunoaffinity
      purification of this antiserum. These antibodies to hamster and mouse PrPs
      recognized a 54-kDa protein present in uninfected brain homogenates. Antibodies
      immunoaffinity purified from this antiserum using whole immunoblots of normal
      brain antigens also identified the 54-kDa protein and PrPs. Our findings
      demonstrate that scrapie agent proteins share epitopes with normal proteins and
      suggest that the 54-kDa protein is the normal protein precursor of the scrapie
      agent PrPs.

PMID- 2421289
TI  - Potassium channel blockade: A mechanism for suppressing ventricular fibrillation.
AB  - The suppression of ventricular fibrillation by antidysrhythmic drugs is well
      correlated with their ability to block potassium channels in nerve and cardiac
      membranes. Blockade of potassium channels reduces electrical inhomogeneities in
      action potential and conduction parameters that lead to ventricular fibrillation.
      These actions tend to effectively decrease the electrical size of the heart,
      which suggests a mechanism for antifibrillatory drug action. The receptor sites
      for antifibrillatory drug action (IK blockade) appear to be on the outside of the
      cardiac membrane whereas receptors for antiarrhythmic drug action (INa blockade)
      appear to be on the inside of the cardiac membrane.

PMID- 2421290
TI  - Nerve growth factor modulates the drug sensitivity of neurotransmitter release
      from PC-12 cells.
AB  - The release of catecholamines from adrenal chromaffin cells is known to be
      blocked by dihydropyridines, such as nitrendipine, and enhanced by others, such
      as BAY K8644. On the other hand, release from sympathetic neurons is
      predominantly insensitive to these agents. Release of [3H]norepinephrine from
      undifferentiated PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells resembles that from chromaffin
      cells in that it is extremely sensitive to dihydropyridines. Following
      differentiation, however, release of catecholamine becomes predominantly
      insensitive to both nitrendipine and BAY K8644. Under both growth conditions,
      release remains completely blocked by 3 mM Co2+ or by removal of Ca2+ from the
      release media. Dose-response curves to K+ show that following differentiation,
      cells become more sensitive, releasing transmitter at lower K+ concentrations. In
      contrast, depolarization-induced uptake of 45Ca2+ remains sensitive to
      dihydropyridines and shows similar sensitivity to K+ stimulation in both growth
      conditions. These results can be explained by invoking a model involving
      dihydropyridine-sensitive and -insensitive types of voltage-sensitive calcium
      channels.

PMID- 2421291
TI  - Selective expression of endogenous lactose-binding lectins and lactoseries
      glycoconjugates in subsets of rat sensory neurons.
AB  - Cell-surface glycoconjugates and endogenous lectins have been implicated in
      cellular interactions that contribute to embryonic development. Functional
      subsets of primary sensory neurons in mammalian dorsal root ganglia (DRG) have
      been shown recently to express specific cell-surface oligosaccharide structures.
      We report here that endogenous lectins with affinity for sensory neuron
      glycoconjugates are also synthesized by subsets of DRG neurons and are present in
      the dorsal horn of the developing spinal cord. The distribution of two endogenous
      lactose-binding lectins, RL-14.5 and RL-29 (subunit Mrs of 14,500 and 29,000,
      respectively), was examined by immunoblotting and by immunocytochemistry in
      embryonic and postnatal rat DRG and spinal cord. The two lectins appear soon
      after the formation of the DRG and are present in the cell bodies and terminals
      of subsets of DRG neurons that also express cytoplasmic and cell-surface
      lactoseries glycoconjugates. RL-14.5 and RL-29 are present in overlapping, but
      not coincident, subsets of DRG neurons that project to the superficial dorsal
      horn of the spinal cord. In addition, RL-14.5, but not RL-29, is expressed in
      spinal motoneurons from embryonic day 14. The preferential localization of
      lactoseries glycoconjugates and lactose-binding lectins in the DRG and the dorsal
      horn of the spinal cord suggests that these complementary molecules contribute to
      the development and function of primary sensory neurons.

PMID- 2421292
TI  - Ion channels in rabbit cultured fibroblasts.
AB  - Large outward currents are recorded with the whole-cell patch-clamp technique on
      depolarization of rabbit cultured fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that these
      outward currents consist of two voltage-dependent components, one of which also
      depends on cytoplasmic calcium concentration. Total replacement of external Cl-
      by the large anion ascorbate does not affect the amplitude of the currents,
      indicating that both components must be carried by K+. Consistent with these
      findings with whole-cell currents, in single channel recordings from fibroblasts
      we found that most patches contain high-conductance potassium-selective channels
      whose activation depends on both membrane potential and the calcium concentration
      at the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. In a smaller number of patches, a
      second population of high-conductance calcium-independent potassium channels is
      observed having different voltage-dependence. The calcium- and voltage-dependence
      suggest that these two channels correspond with the two components of outward
      current seen in the whole-cell recordings. The single channel conductance of both
      channels in symmetrical KCl (150 mM) is 260-270 pS. Both channels are highly
      selective for K+ over both Na+ and Cl-. The conductance of the channels when
      outward current is carried by Rb+ is considerably smaller than when it is carried
      by K+. Some evidence is adduced to support the hypothesis that these potassium
      channel populations may be involved in the control of cell proliferation.

PMID- 2421293
TI  - Stochastic modelling of a single ion channel: interdependence of burst length and
      number of openings per burst.
AB  - Previous modelling of single channel behaviour based on Markov processes has been
      concerned mainly with means and marginal distributions of particular quantities.
      The present study derives the joint distribution, conditional distributions, and
      associated mean values for the burst length (T) and the number (N) of openings
      per burst in two simple three-state models in which bursting is possible, one for
      an agonist-only and one for a channel blocking mechanism. In both models the
      conditional mean burst length (E(T/N = r)) increases linearly as a function of
      the number of openings per burst, while the conditional mean number of openings
      per burst (E(N/T = x)) is a nonlinear strictly increasing function of burst
      length, which is asymptotically linear for large burst length. The asymptotic
      intercept for each model is shown to be less than, equal to, or greater than
      unity according as mean channel closed-time is less than, equal to, or greater
      than mean open-time. For parameter values typical of the nicotinic receptor, this
      intercept is less than unity for the agonist-only model and greater than unity
      for the blocking model. As a result of the dependence between the number of
      openings per burst and burst length, it is shown that experimental estimates of
      the unconditional mean number of openings per burst may be biased if bursts of
      only short duration are collected.

PMID- 2421295
TI  - The 2-5A system. Molecular and clinical aspects of the interferon-regulated
      pathway. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium of the Research
      Institute, Hospital for Sick Children. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 305, 1985.

PMID- 2421294
TI  - Phorbol myristate acetate stimulates RNA and casein synthesis in cultured mouse
      mammary gland tissues.
AB  - Prolactin and phorbol myristate acetate (TPA) stimulate the rate of [3H]uridine
      incorporation in cultured mouse mammary gland explants in a similar fashion. Both
      the time-courses and magnitude of responses were the same; in addition, maximum
      stimulatory concentrations of TPA and prolactin elicited a nonadditive response
      when tested together. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a lipoxygenase inhibitor,
      abolished both the TPA and prolactin effects on [3H]uridine incorporation. TPA
      also effected an enhanced rate of [3H]leucine incorporation into a casein-rich
      phosphoprotein fraction, but only if the explants were also cultured with
      spermidine.

PMID- 2421296
TI  - Polyclonal antibody directed against 2-5A-dependent RNase.

PMID- 2421297
TI  - Immunological approach of intracellular 2'-5' linked adenyladenosine
      oligonucleotides.

PMID- 2421298
TI  - The human (2'-5') oligo A synthetase gene, structure of its two enzyme products
      and quick cell blot for clinical monitoring of its activation by interferons.

PMID- 2421299
TI  - Characterization of the small 2-5A synthetase gene in human and mouse cells.

PMID- 2421300
TI  - Analysis of interferon actions using partially resistant cell variants.

PMID- 2421301
TI  - Molecular cloning of two genes induced by alpha-interferon in human cells.

PMID- 2421302
TI  - Levels of 2',5'-oligoadenylates in the tissues of pathogen-free mice.
AB  - 2',5'-Oligoadenylate (2-5A) has been reported to exist in a variety of cells and
      tissues. Since it has been suggested that these compounds play a role in normal
      cell metabolism as well as in the interferon response, we sought to determine the
      levels of 2-5A in healthy mouse tissue. Methodology developed to recover 2-5A
      from tissue included TCA extraction, fractionation on silica and and C18
      cartridges and HPLC. The 2-5A content in HPLC fractions was determined by an
      enzyme-linked immunoassay. This protocol gave high recovery of 2-5A and allowed
      detection of less than 10 fmole per fraction. Pathogen-free NIH Swiss mice were
      injected intravenously with saline, poly(I).poly(C) or encephalomyocarditis virus
      (EMCV) and examined for 2-5A content, 2-5A synthetase levels and circulating
      interferon. Levels of 2-5A were determined to be 400-800 fmole/g in spleen,
      liver, kidney and brain of the saline-treated mice. Mice that were treated with
      poly(I).poly(C) and EMCV showed substantially higher amounts of 2-5A (3-16
      pmole/g). Cores represented up to 98% of the total 2-5A recovered from
      poly(I).poly(C)-injected mice. The levels of synthetase also markedly increased
      in mice infected with EMCV or injected with poly(I).poly(C). However, the levels
      of 2-5A did not correlate directly with the increase in enzyme levels. Tissues
      having similar amounts of synthetase had substantially different levels of 2-5A,
      implying that factors other than enzyme content influence the intracellular
      concentration of 2-5A.

PMID- 2421303
TI  - Reduction of c-myc expression by IFN: further analysis of the sensitive and the
      resistant phenotype of cells.

PMID- 2421304
TI  - Studies on interferon-sensitive cells derived from the interferon-resistant NIH
      3T3 clone 1 line.
AB  - From the NIH 3T3 clone 1 line which is normally unprotected by interferon (IFN)
      against lytic virus infection we have selected subclones which show high
      sensitivity to IFN. The selection procedure was based on encephalomyocarditis
      virus (EMCV) as selection agent. In the IFN-sensitive subclones thus obtained
      EMCV replication was inhibited by IFN to a similar degree as observed in L929
      cells. Like in the original NIH 3T3 clone 1 line, however, replication of
      vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and cell multiplication were only marginally
      affected by IFN. We measured the levels of known IFN-induced enzymes (2-5A
      synthetase, dsRNA protein kinase and 2-5A-dependent RNase) in a number of
      subclones and found no consistent differences to the original population. Thus,
      the newly acquired IFN-dependent protection against EMCV may be mediated by a
      different antiviral mechanism.

PMID- 2421305
TI  - Characterization of the interferon-induced double-stranded RNA-dependent protein
      kinase and its possible role in the antiviral action of interferon.

PMID- 2421306
TI  - The 2-5A system and vaccinia virus.

PMID- 2421307
TI  - Selection and characterization of monoclonal antibodies developed to interferon
      induced dsRNA-binding proteins.

PMID- 2421308
TI  - Interferon induced inhibition of enveloped viruses.

PMID- 2421309
TI  - The 2-5A system in control and interferon-treated K/BALB cells infected with
      encephalomyocarditis virus.

PMID- 2421310
TI  - Mechanism of growth inhibition of DNA containing viruses by interferon: role of 2
      5A.

PMID- 2421311
TI  - Induction of anti-viral activity and specific enzymes in cell-lines derived from
      interferon-resistant, thymidine kinase deficient mouse L-929 cells.

PMID- 2421312
TI  - The 2'5'A synthetase in the bovine system: preliminary characterization.

PMID- 2421313
TI  - Analysis of the (2'-5') oligoadenylate system by characterization of cells
      deficient in their response to interferon.

PMID- 2421314
TI  - Effects of interferon on calcium.

PMID- 2421315
TI  - Interferons do not signal cells through rapid alterations in
      phosphatidylinositide hydrolysis, cytoplasmic free calcium, or cytoplasmic
      alkalinization.

PMID- 2421316
TI  - Immunochemistry, physical chemistry and biology of 2',5'-oligoadenylates.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies directed against 2-5A were developed and characterized.
      2',5'-Oligoadenylate-protein complexes possess at least three distinct antigenic
      surfaces defined primarily by the ribose-phosphate backbone. A schematic model
      for the three epitopes is presented. Antibodies directed against 2-5A, in
      conjunction with other techniques, were employed to quantify 2-5A in various
      tissues of pathogen-free mice. Levels of 2-5A were in the range of 400-800
      fmole/gm. Mice injected with poly(I).poly(c) or encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)
      showed elevated levels of 2-5A. Administration of poly(I).poly(C) or EMCV
      increased the level of 2-5A in different tissues to different extents. Raman
      spectroscopy was employed to explore the conformation of 2-5A. Distinct
      differences were observed in bands arising from the backbone portion of 2-5A
      relative to those of 3-5A. The most striking finding was the appearance of a
      strong, sharp band at 1460 cm-1 in spectra of 5'-monophosphorylated 2-5A's. This
      band was barely detectable in core and triphosphorylated 2-5A. Its presence
      suggests that 5'-monophosphorylated 2-5A's possess a unique conformational
      feature that distinguish them from cores and 5'-triphosphorylated forms.

PMID- 2421317
TI  - Cell viability and the (2',5')oligo(A)-RNase L pathway in human colon carcinoma
      cells treated with human interferons and double-stranded RNA.

PMID- 2421318
TI  - Inhibitory effect of human placenta extract on interferon-induced 2'5' A
      synthetase activity in murine L929 cells.

PMID- 2421319
TI  - Interferon and 2-5A synthetase in patients with immune diseases.

PMID- 2421320
TI  - Double stranded RNA and the nuclear matrix--implications for the 2-5A system.
AB  - RNA species present on rat liver nuclear matrices were investigated. Nuclear
      matrices prepared by extensive digestion of isolated nucleii with DNase and
      RNaseA followed by low and high (2M NaC1) salt washes were labelled in vitro with
      T4 RNA ligase and [5'-32P]pCp and the labelled RNA analysed by gel
      electrophoresis. Despite the extensive RNaseA treatment, a prominent RNA species
      migrating as a heterodisperse band of 220-300 nucleotides (termed MX220-300), was
      observed--only minor amounts of other RNA molecules were seen. A comparison of
      RNA isolated from in-vitro labelled nuclear matrices with isolated matrix RNA
      that was subsequently labelled, indicated that part of MX220-300 was
      preferentially exposed on the nuclear matrix structure. Analysis of MX220-300
      indicated that it was composed of a polyadenylic acid moiety hydrogen bonded to a
      smaller molecule of polyuridylic acid. No evidence was found for the presence of
      guanosine or cytosine residues. Control experiments in which labelled
      polyuridylic acid was added to nucleii prior to the preparation of MX220-300,
      virtually excluded the possibility that the partial double stranded RNA structure
      was an artefact of matrix preparation. An analysis of proteins in the nuclear
      matrix structure that interact with double stranded (ds)RNA showed at least 2
      proteins having molecular weights of 62K and 66K daltons that recognized and
      bound polyadenylic/polyuridylic acid. Competition experiments with unlabelled
      polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid indicated that these proteins specifically
      recognized the dsRNA structure. The 62K and 66K dalton matrix proteins that
      specifically bound dsRNA were observed in nuclear matrices prepared from HeLa,
      Ehrlich ascites tumor and rat liver cells. It is not known whether these matrix
      located dsRNA binding proteins have 2-5A synthetase activity. The relevance of
      the above findings to the 2-5A system will be discussed.

PMID- 2421321
TI  - Heat-shock induced regulation of 2'5' oligoadenylate synthetase.

PMID- 2421322
TI  - beta-HCG producing seminoma.

PMID- 2421323
TI  - Diagnostic value of markers AFP, HCG and LDH in advanced germ cell tumors before
      and after cytostasis resp.

PMID- 2421324
TI  - Spermatic blood beta HCG levels in testicular tumors and in varicocele.

PMID- 2421325
TI  - Pre-, per- and post-chemotherapy tumour markers in very advanced testicular
      cancer.

PMID- 2421326
TI  - Radioimmunodetection of primary and secondary germ cell tumors.

PMID- 2421327
TI  - Immunohistochemistry of germ cell tumors of the testis. Study of beta HCG and
      AFP.

PMID- 2421328
TI  - Tumor markers in testicular cancer--an update.

PMID- 2421329
TI  - A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in advanced stage of non
      seminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis (NSGCTT).

PMID- 2421330
TI  - Prognostic factors in nonseminomatous testicular cancer.

PMID- 2421331
TI  - High versus low-dose cisplatin combined with vinblastine and bleomycin and
      selective surgical resection of residual disease in patients with disseminated
      testicular cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group Study.

PMID- 2421332
TI  - Bleomycin in germ cell testicular tumors (GCTT).

PMID- 2421333
TI  - VP-16-213 (etoposide) in the management of germinal testis tumors.

PMID- 2421334
TI  - Chemotherapy of advanced testicular cancer.

PMID- 2421335
TI  - The chemotherapy of disseminated testicular non-seminomatous germ cell tumors and
      the clinical research of the EORTC Genitourinary Group.

PMID- 2421336
TI  - Experience with PVB in non seminomatous germ-cell cancer of the testis.

PMID- 2421337
TI  - Our experience in regard to the relationship between the size of retroperitoneal
      lymph node metastases and the effect of chemotherapy in non seminomatous germ
      cell tumors.

PMID- 2421338
TI  - Surgery of disseminated testicular cancer after intensive chemotherapy.

PMID- 2421339
TI  - Histological change ostensibly induced by therapy in the metastasis of germ cell
      tumors of testis.

PMID- 2421340
TI  - Treatment of seminoma: does a positive HCG influence prognosis?

PMID- 2421341
TI  - Surveillance following orchiectomy for clinical stage I testicular germ-cell
      malignancy.

PMID- 2421342
TI  - Primary systemic treatment of stage II non-seminomatous testicular cancer. A
      study by the Danish Testicular Cancer Study Group.

PMID- 2421343
TI  - Treatment of nonseminomatous testicular tumor with minimal retroperitoneal lymph
      node involvement.

PMID- 2421344
TI  - Selected use of aggressive adjuvant chemotherapy in resected stage II
      nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis.

PMID- 2421345
TI  - Treatment alternatives in advanced testicular cancer.
AB  - Advanced testicular cancer is best treated with combination platinum based
      chemotherapy as primary therapy. If there is only moderate tumor bulk at
      presentation, many patients will achieve a complete remission and have no
      evidence of disease thereafter. Those with more bulky tumor who obtain a partial
      remission should then have residual tumor completely resected by surgery. This
      effectively re-stages the patient, provides therapeutic benefit to many and
      determines the need for additional chemotherapy. If carcinoma is found in the
      resected specimen, further "salvage" chemotherapy is required. If the resection
      is grossly complete even this group can obtain survival in the majority of cases.

PMID- 2421346
TI  - Tumour markers in testicular tumours.

PMID- 2421347
TI  - The predictive value of pre-orchidectomy serum tumor markers in non seminomatous
      germ cell tumors of the testis (N.S.G.C.T.T.).
AB  - A.F.P. and B.H.C.G. serum levels were measured using a radio-immunoassay in 22
      patients with a N.S.G.C.T.T. before and 15 days after orchidectomy. The results
      were confronted to the stage of the disease as determined by R.P.L.N.D. in the
      absence of gross metastatic disease. 4 of 6 patients with normal tumor markers
      had stage II or III disease, and 2 of 7 in whom the markers returned to normal
      were stage II. Pre-orchidectomy A.F.P. levels over 100 ng/ml are consistent with
      metastatic disease as well as vascular and/or cord involvement irrespective of
      the markers status. These results should be born in mind when deciding a simple
      surveillance policy in clinical stage I N.S.G.C.T.T. Serum tumor markers, alfa
      foetoprotein (A.F.P.) and the B fraction of human choriogonadotropin (B.H.C.G)
      are commonly used to monitor surveillance as well as therapeutic response in
      patients with N.S.G.C.T.T. It is however well known that 30% of the patients with
      stage IIa, IIb, N.S.G.C.T.T. have normal post-orchidectomy serum markers
      (SKINNER). These false negative which may proceed from absence or undetectable
      tumor markers secretion by the metastases, question the safety of the wait and
      see policy based on serial serum markers determination as well as abdominal and
      thoracic C.T. Scan. Nevertheless, the level of pre-orchidectomy serum tumor
      markers as well as their evolution after orchidectomy may be more meaningful.

PMID- 2421348
TI  - Role of circulating human mammary epithelial antigens (HME-Ags) as serum markers
      for breast cancer.

PMID- 2421349
TI  - The fundamental and diagnostic role of T and Tn antigens in breast carcinoma at
      the earliest histologic stage and throughout.

PMID- 2421350
TI  - Monoclonal antibody characterization of a tumor-associated breast cancer antigen.

PMID- 2421351
TI  - Flow cytometry of acridine orange stained sperm is a rapid and practical method
      for monitoring occupational exposure to genotoxicants.

PMID- 2421352
TI  - A quantitative cancer risk assessment methodology using short-term genetic
      bioassays: the comparative potency method.

PMID- 2421353
TI  - A vibrating probe analysis of light-dependent transcellular currents in
      Acetabularia.

PMID- 2421354
TI  - A steady electric current at the rat neuromuscular synapse.

PMID- 2421355
TI  - Ionic current in Xenopus embryos during neurulation and wound healing.

PMID- 2421356
TI  - Transmembrane Ca2+ fluxes in the forward and reversed galvanotaxis of fish
      epidermal cells.

PMID- 2421357
TI  - Ion currents in development: an overview.

PMID- 2421358
TI  - Transcellular ion currents in tip-growing organisms: where are they taking us?

PMID- 2421359
TI  - Intracellular potential recording as a means to investigate the transhyphal
      current in Achlya.

PMID- 2421360
TI  - Cell-cell interactions in erythropoiesis.

PMID- 2421361
TI  - [Lipoxygenase catalyzation of arachidonic acid metabolism and the effect of its
      inhibition on anaphylactic reactions].

PMID- 2421362
TI  - Gene conversions and their relation to homologous chromosome pairing.
AB  - Gene conversion is the non-reciprocal transfer of DNA sequences from one gene to
      a related gene elsewhere in the genome. Molecular evidence for its occurrence in
      higher eukaryotes was first described by our laboratory in 1980 in the two linked
      human foetal gamma-globin genes. Over a kilobase of DNA was converted in this
      initial example. Other investigators have since described more examples of gene
      conversion including some in which the sequence that was transferred is much
      shorter. We have now accumulated evidence for a series of such small gene
      conversions in the human foetal globin gene pair. The number of small gene
      conversions that we have been able to detect leads us to suggest that gene
      conversions are the consequence of a general mechanism whereby DNA strand
      invasions enable chromosomes to find their homologues during meiosis.

PMID- 2421363
TI  - Scoring sheet for the Infant Neurological International Battery (INFANIB).
      Suggestion from the field.

PMID- 2421364
TI  - Genetics of ion channels.

PMID- 2421365
TI  - Sequential and parallel regulation of immune system reactivity.
AB  - The essential feature of the immune system (IS) is the recognition of antigens
      (Ags), both self and nonself. The key stage of the IS function is that in which
      its functional way is oriented toward either the helper or the suppressor line.
      The regulation of this helper-suppressor assembly is obtained by complex
      mechanisms, which have led to two working hypotheses in the attempt to explain
      many immune phenomena (self-tolerance, defense of organism, and destruction of
      nonself). These theories are: a. the clonal balance theory, or the theory of
      functional ratio between helper and suppressor clones, and b. the sequential
      theory, or the theory of immune network between idiotypes and antiidiotypes.

PMID- 2421366
TI  - Nursing implications related to chemotherapy for head and neck cancer.

PMID- 2421367
TI  - [Cornelia de Lange syndrome (I) with analgesia].
AB  - The case of a boy, observed from 9-17 years of age, with de Lange syndrome is
      described. The typical symptoms of the de Lange syndrome (brachymicrocephalie,
      characteristic face, hypertrichosis, typical form of the hand, debility and
      proportioned shortening) were combined with intensivity to pain and psychomotoric
      epilepsy. He showed a strikingly aggressive behaviour and simultaneous masochism
      with self-mutilation as it is typical for analgesia congenita. The autopsy showed
      cortical heterotopias of the brain and slight microgyria.

PMID- 2421368
TI  - Psychosexual symbolism in the handwriting of male homosexuals.

PMID- 2421369
TI  - 6-Hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex fail to influence
      intravenous self-administration of cocaine.
AB  - It has been suggested that the initiation and maintenance of cocaine self
      administration (SA) is critically dependent on the dopaminergic (DA) projection
      to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Evidence for this hypothesis has been
      obtained from intracranial SA of cocaine, but a role of the mPFC in IV cocaine SA
      has not been established. The present experiment investigated the effect of
      destruction of DA-containing terminals in the mPFC on the rate and pattern of IV
      cocaine SA. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine during daily 3-h
      sessions. After stable response patterns were obtained, the rats received either
      bilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the mPFC, or sham
      operations. The lesions did not affect either the rate or pattern of IV cocaine
      SA, despite producing substantial DA depletions in the mPFC. Thus, the mPFC does
      not appear to be a critical substrate for the maintenance of IV cocaine SA. The 6
      OHDA lesions of the mPFC resulted in an apparent increase in DA turnover in both
      the striatum and the nucleus accumbens, suggesting that DA terminals in the mPFC
      may have an inhibitory influence on the activity of subcortical DA projections.

PMID- 2421370
TI  - Abdominal abscess drainage under radiologic guidance: causes of failure.
AB  - The results of percutaneous drainage of abdominal abscesses in 136 patients are
      analyzed, revealing a failure rate of 23% (31 patients). The mortality rate was
      1.4% (two patients); the rate of serious complications was 5% (seven patients).
      Failure rate was lowest in critically ill patients having palliative drainage
      only (12%), emphasizing the importance of immediate drainage to stabilize such
      patients. The low mortality rate is also attributed to prompt palliative
      drainage. Technical errors were most commonly responsible for failure of
      procedures (14%), especially failure to recognize and respond to loculation or
      subseptation, premature withdrawal of drains (12 patients), and inappropriate
      approach to the abscess (nine patients). Assignment of patients to a clinical
      interventional radiology service for the duration of this treatment may greatly
      facilitate management.

PMID- 2421371
TI  - Incorporation and distribution of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid,
      and eicosapentaenoic acid in cultured human keratinocytes.
AB  - Human keratinocytes in culture were labelled with 14C-dihomo-gamma-linolenic
      acid, 14C-arachidonic acid or 14C-eicosapentaenoic acid. All three eicosanoid
      precursor fatty acids were effectively incorporated into the cells. In
      phospholipids most of the radioactivity was recovered, in neutral lipids a
      substantial amount, and as free unesterified fatty acids only a minor amount. The
      most of the radioactivity was found in phosphatidylethanolamine which was also
      the major phospholipid as measured by phosphorous assay. The incorporation of
      dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid into lipid subfractions was
      essentially similar. Eicosapentaenoic acid was, however, much less effectively
      incorporated into phosphatidylinositol + phosphatidylserine and, correspondingly,
      more effectively into triacylglycerols as compared to the two other precursor
      fatty acids. Once incorporated, the distribution of all three precursor fatty
      acids was relatively stable, and only minor amounts of fatty acids were released
      into the culture medium during short term culture (two days). Our study
      demonstrates that eicosanoid precursor fatty acids are avidly taken up by human
      keratinocytes and esterified into membrane lipids. The clinical implication of
      this finding is that dietary manipulations might be employed to cause changes in
      the fatty acid composition of keratinocytes.

PMID- 2421372
TI  - [Bilateral pleural hyalo-serositis simulating a tumor].

PMID- 2421373
TI  - [Chemotherapeutic effectiveness in malignant testicular tumors at advanced
      stages. Preliminary results of the VAB VI program].

PMID- 2421374
TI  - [Experiences with preoperative and palliative percutaneous transhepatic cholangio
      drainage].
AB  - In obstructive jaundice PTCD plays an important role as a preoperative or a
      palliative therapeutic method inspite of the availability of biliary
      endoprostheses. This study was carried out to assess complications following
      PTCD, the effect on liver function (serum parameters) and the relationship
      between duration of preoperative drainage and postoperative complication rate.
      The results demonstrate that 11-hole pigtail-catheters are useful for
      intrahepatic location and 32-hole ringcatheters for extrahepatic location due to
      reduced dislocation rates. The effect of biliary drainage after 7 rsp. 25 days on
      liver function was significant (p less than 0.05). As a main complication fever
      episodes could be observed associated with pathologic bile-/bloodcultures in most
      cases; other complications were similar to those presented in the literature. A
      prophylactic antibiotic therapy following PTCD seems to be useful, a preoperative
      biliary drainage is recommended until serum bilirubin levels become constant or
      at least for 2 weeks.

PMID- 2421375
TI  - [Early stimulation and parent guidance in genetically-induced developmental
      disorders--guidelines and recommendations].
AB  - When genetically based impairments cannot be prevented by early-enough genetic
      counselling, parent guidance and early services are urgently needed.
      Understanding the parents' psychoemotional situation, tactfulness, and easily
      understood language are important premises in such counselling. For early
      provision of services to be effective, close cooperation needs to be ensured
      between physicians, therapists, educators and social workers. Their common
      objective is to reduce the extent of disability as much as possible, and to
      achieve conditions conducive to integration. In progressive conditions, the aim
      is to put off the onset of complete helplessness and to maintain the child's
      quality of life at as high a level as possible.

PMID- 2421376
TI  - Epithelial cell volume regulation illustrated by experiments in frog skin.
AB  - The volume control of the syncytium of principal cells (as opposed to the
      mitochondria-rich cells) is largely confined to the movement of ions and water
      through the basolateral membrane. The apical membrane is nearly tight to water
      and ions except sodium. The basolateral membrane is normally tight to chloride,
      but its chloride channels open if the cells swell osmotically or if the membrane
      is depolarized. If the epithelium has lost KCl during osmotic swelling, it is
      recovered by a basolateral cotransport of KNaCl2.

PMID- 2421377
TI  - A high performance liquid chromatographic assay for tocainide with alternate
      application for the determination of lidocaine, procainamide, and N
      acetylprocainamide.
AB  - We describe a simple, isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method
      for measuring the oral antiarrhythmic agent tocainide in serum. The extraction
      requires 200 microliters of serum, is performed on a reverse-phase column, and
      utilizes the drug mepivacaine as the internal standard. This analytical method
      can also be used to assay procainamide, n-acetylprocainamide, or lidocaine with
      minor modifications to either the extraction protocol or the wavelength used to
      monitor column eluant.

PMID- 2421378
TI  - Response of isolated guinea pig myocardium to insulin therapy during normothermia
      and graded hypothermia.
AB  - The discovery of insulin in 1922 aroused immediate clinical interest in its use
      in heart disease. In severe heart failure, insulin release is suppressed by the
      combined effect of poor pancreatic perfusion and by increased sympathetic
      activity. In these circumstances, myocardial metabolism of glucose may break down
      through the deficiency of insulin. Because of this, glucose, insulin and
      potassium solution (GIK solution) has been used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
      However, its mechanism is not yet fully known. This study was designed to
      determine the effect of insulin on cardiac muscle at various temperatures. The
      mechanical response of papillary muscle isolated from guinea pig ventricle was
      observed under various thermal conditions (23-37 degrees C). Twitch tension was
      increased by the administration of 0.2 I.U./ml insulin under each thermal
      condition. In all circumstances, the increase in contractile force was noted
      about 2 min after the administration of insulin. The effect of insulin on 20
      preparations demonstrated the mean maximum contractile force was 226% ( +/- 34
      S.D., n = 5) in 37 degrees C, 194% ( +/- 36 S.D., n = 5) in 30 degrees C, 190% (
      +/- 30 S.D., n = 5) in 27 degrees C and 200% ( +/- 36 S.D., n = 5) in in 23
      degrees C. The differences between different temperatures was not significant.
      The effect of insulin during depression Na-K pump by high concentration of
      ouabain (g-strophanthin, 10(-5) M) was also observed. Insulin (0.2 I.U./ml) was
      administered when the papillary muscle showed no response to electrical
      stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2421379
TI  - Specific coagulation and fibrinolysis tests as biochemical markers in traumatic
      induced adult respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - There is a great demand for more specific methods for assaying individual
      components of coagulation and fibrinolysis, with the chief aim being to use them
      as biochemical markers of the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) induced
      by severe trauma. This prospective study was undertaken on 18 severely
      traumatized patients in various stages of shock admitted to the Intensive Care
      Unit of the University Hospital in Uppsala, Sweden. After haemodynamic
      restitution, during which surgery was often required as an intervening procedure,
      the patients were carefully studied regarding pulmonary function, coagulation and
      fibrinolysis. Eight patients developed ARDS according to our criteria, and one
      patient died from this condition. It was found that patients who developed ARDS
      had significantly lower levels of antithrombin-III, higher levels of von
      Willebrand factor levels, higher levels of tissue plasminogen activator
      inhibitors and lower levels of plasminogen as compared with those who did not
      develop this condition. We believe that these coagulation and fibrinolysis
      variables can be used along with appropriate pulmonary function tests as specific
      biochemical markers to disclose the development of traumatic-induced ARDS.

PMID- 2421380
TI  - [Current developments in the surgical treatment of hyperthyroidism].

PMID- 2421382
TI  - [Objectives of a study residence in the operating area].

PMID- 2421381
TI  - [More about bedsores].

PMID- 2421383
TI  - [Nursing care in cervico-facial surgery].

PMID- 2421384
TI  - [Cervicofacial oncology. Case report].

PMID- 2421385
TI  - [Hairy cell leukemia: clinical course, prognostic factors and therapy].

PMID- 2421386
TI  - Immunopathology associated with human lymphotropic retroviruses.
AB  - The human lymphocytotropic retroviruses, despite the fact that their
      immunopathology varies from acute immunodeficiency to leukemia, have several
      features in common: they are exogenous viruses isolated from mature T cells,
      especially T4+ T-cells; they preferentially infect mature T4+ T cells in vitro,
      although other kinds of cells can be infected (no pathologic effects have been
      associated with infection of nonlymphoid cells); they possess a reverse
      transcriptase with similar size and preference for Mg++; they have a unique pX
      sequence in their genome which codes for a protein which is responsible for trans
      activation of viral and possibly cellular genes, and in vitro infection of some T
      cells induces either continuous proliferation or cytotoxicity which mimic the in
      vivo manifestations of the virus.

PMID- 2421387
TI  - Senescent cell antigen: a terminal differentiation antigen.
AB  - Investigations into mechanisms by which macrophages distinguish mature from
      senescent self cells revealed that a approximately 62,000 Mr glycoprotein, the
      senescent cell antigen, a terminal differentiation antigen, appears on the
      surface of senescent and damaged cells. It is recognized by the antigen-binding
      Fab region of a specific IgG autoantibody in serum which attaches to cells
      carrying the senescent cell antigen and initiates their removal by macrophages.
      The senescent cell antigen was first observed on the surface of senescent human
      erythrocytes, but has since been demonstrated on the surface of lymphocytes,
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes, platelets, embryonic kidney cells and adult liver
      cells.

PMID- 2421388
TI  - Molecular aspects of band 3 protein-mediated anion transport across the red blood
      cell membrane.

PMID- 2421389
TI  - [The relationship between amylase and creatinine clearance is useful in the
      evaluation of acute pancreatitis, but it is not specific].

PMID- 2421390
TI  - [Osteotomy of the infantile pelvis: nursing care].

PMID- 2421391
TI  - Anaphylaxis with Schistosoma mansoni extracts in normal and infected mice.

PMID- 2421392
TI  - [Immune thrombocytopenic purpura and pregnancy].

PMID- 2421393
TI  - [Alpha adrenergic blocking agents in disorders of the bladder sphincter].

PMID- 2421394
TI  - [Papilloma viruses: group-specific antigens within lesions of the oral mucosa].
AB  - The present study was undertaken with purpose to investigate the relationships
      between intraepithelial proliferations of malpighian mucosa and the presence of
      group specific papilloma virus antigens. The investigations allowing to give
      viral types or subtypes, the hybridization technics, are very heavy and not
      disponible in routine practice. The detection of widely distributed genus
      specific HPV antigen using PAP immunohistochemical labeling in different lesions
      and their association with displastic or neoplastic processes is presented. Only
      few studies were performed on oral mucosal proliferations, showing the
      association of these viral proteins with papillomatous or condylomatous lesions.
      Our work is directed towards the identification of the HPV antigens in more
      advanced lesions and in the mucosal epithelium surrounding and perhaps
      preexistent with the buccal cancer.

PMID- 2421395
TI  - Biological studies of schizophrenia in Europe.
AB  - The main achievements in the field of genetics, biochemistry, and immunology of
      schizophrenia in the laboratories of European research centers are surveyed.
      Despite the rapid development of scientific research techniques and methodology,
      the abundant hypotheses on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia are riddled with so
      many contradictory facts that it is impossible to formulate any concrete model of
      the disease. One factor impeding the progress of biological research in
      schizophrenia is the inadequate development of standardized clinical
      descriptions. This is an obstacle to the study of clinical-biological correlates,
      which are among the principal criteria used to verify the importance of
      biological parameters chosen for study in the pathogenesis of the disease. A
      current strategy in the biology of schizophrenia, which may obviate some of those
      problems, is the discovery and study of biological markers.

PMID- 2421396
TI  - [Effects of acid precipitation].

PMID- 2421397
TI  - [Public health evaluation of air pollutants--effect of some primary (CO, NO) and
      secondary products (NO2, O3) from automobile emissions].

PMID- 2421398
TI  - Muscle biopsy in primary fibromyalgia. Light-microscopical and histochemical
      findings.
AB  - Seventy-seven muscle biopsies from 57 patients with primary fibromyalgia and 17
      biopsies from 9 healthy controls were examined by routine histopathological and
      histochemical methods. All patients fulfilled strict diagnostic criteria. 42
      biopsies from patients were deemed normal or borderline, while 35 showed discrete
      pathological changes (degeneration, regeneration, inflammatory infiltrates,
      ragged red fibres, and 'moth-eaten' fibres in muscles other than m. trapezius).
      Biopsies from controls were normal or borderline in 14 and showed mild focal
      abnormalites in 3 cases. 'Moth-eaten' fibres were found in 35 of 41 trapezius
      biopsies taken from patients and in 9 of 10 trapezius biopsies from controls.
      Ragged red fibres were found in 15 of 41 trapezius biopsies taken from patients.
      In the deltoid muscle, 'moth-eaten' fibres were found in 3 and ragged red fibres
      in 2 of 9 biopsies from patients. Frequency of type I and type II fibres and the
      area of muscle fibres were the same in patients as in controls. Capillary density
      was the same in both groups. These changes, although not sufficient to constitute
      a diagnostic test for PF, indicate that this condition has an organic basis.

PMID- 2421399
TI  - Subsets of autoantibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) as assayed by
      ELISA correlate with specific clinical abnormalities in SLE.
AB  - A clinicopathological study of antinuclear antibodies was performed in 43
      patients with SLE. Autoantibodies to double-stranded DNA, measured by RIA, were
      found in 56% of subjects and were associated with the presence of
      mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, Raynaud's phenomenon and
      cryoglobulinaemia. Antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (ENA), when assayed
      by ELISA, were found in 81% of subjects and were associated with photosensitivity
      and thrombocytopaenia. Antibodies to RNA-ase-resistant ENA were found in 42% and
      were associated with cryoglobulinaemia and sclerodactyly, while antibodies to RNA
      ase sensitive ENA which had a 49% prevalence were associated with haemolysis and
      neutropaenia. RNP antibodies (detected by immunodiffusion in 40%) were also
      associated with photosensitivity. RNP antibody positive and negative sera
      differed from each other by virtue of their relationship with other
      autoantibodies, and because RNP-positive sera had significantly higher ENA
      antibody titres and affinities than did RNP-negative sera. We therefore concluded
      that various combinations of antinuclear antibodies may predispose to the
      development of specific clinicopathological lesions in SLE.

PMID- 2421400
TI  - IgG subclass distribution of autoantibodies against ribonucleoproteins.
AB  - The IgG subclass distribution of anti-RNP antibodies was determined in sera from
      34 patients. The antibodies were mainly of the complement-fixing IgG1 subclass
      with minor contributions of IgG3 and IgG4 antibodies. Selected sera contained
      IgG2 (non-complement fixing) anti-RNP antibodies and may possibly identify a
      subgroup of patients.

PMID- 2421401
TI  - [Interstitial pneumopathy and amiodarone].
AB  - The case of a patient who developed interstitial pneumopathy after 4 1/2 years of
      treatment with a normal dose of amiodarone is reported. Drug interruption and
      additional steroid therapy normalized the pulmonary picture and lung function
      within 4 months. During this period serum iodine, amiodarone, its metabolite
      desethyl-amiodarone and urinary iodides were measured and the results compared
      with the improvement of the clinical and radiological situation. Possible
      interrelationships between the drug and the pneumopathy, and hypotheses regarding
      pathogenesis are discussed. During long-term amiodarone therapy radiological
      checks at regular intervals are important.

PMID- 2421402
TI  - [Comparison of prostate sonography and the corresponding large-area histological
      section].
AB  - The present paper reports on a systematic, comparative sonographic and histologic
      study of 50 fresh cadaver prostates from current autopsy material. Following
      removal of the performed. Transverse sections of sonographic interest were marked
      on the specimen using a laterally introduced needle under sonographic control.
      After appropriate preparation a large-area section from this marked plane was
      made and compared with the sonogram. With a number of diseases and with regard to
      the shape and size of the organ sections the correlation between histologic and
      sonographic findings was generally good.

PMID- 2421403
TI  - [Results of ultrasonically-guided biopsy of the prostate].
AB  - This article reports on ultrasonically guided needle biopsies of the prostate
      gland. The biopsies were performed in 140 cases because of a suspicious palpation
      or a suspicious scan of the prostate. Statistical comparison of the sonographical
      and histological findings revealed good correlation.

PMID- 2421404
TI  - [Echomorphology of the prostate].
AB  - The echogenic structures of 1983 transrectal sonographies of the prostate were
      analysed. In addition, 93 dissected prostates were investigated in waterbath in
      order to correlate sonographic and morphological structures. Compared to the
      normal gland, hyperplastic nodules are of the same density or slightly
      echodenser, rarely also with a poorer echo. In about 60% the inner gland can be
      delineated. Although 52% of the carcinomas show the same echodensity as diffuse
      hyperplasia, diagnosis is still possible by further criteria. In only 13% no
      carcinomas were detectable. 18% of the carcinomas were differentiated by poor
      echogenicity. The diagnostic value is discussed.

PMID- 2421405
TI  - The determination of tetraalkyl lead in air by a denuder diffusion technique.
AB  - A diffusion method for the selective determination of tetraalkyl lead (TAL) in
      air is proposed. Separation from inorganic lead takes place on an ICl-coated
      annular denuder, where only TAL is removed during sampling. A differential
      technique making use of two denuders in series prevents any interference from
      particulate lead. Analysis of denuder acid extracts by flameless atomic
      absorption spectrometry provides a direct measure of organic lead thus avoiding a
      complex solvent extraction procedure.

PMID- 2421406
TI  - Neoplastic conversion of human keratinocytes by adenovirus 12-SV40 virus and
      chemical carcinogens.
AB  - Efforts to investigate the progression of events that lead human cells of
      epithelial origin to become neoplastic in response to carcinogenic agents have
      been aided by the development of tissue culture systems for propagation of
      epithelial cells. In the present study, nontumorigenic human epidermal
      keratinocytes immortalized by adenovirus 12 and simian virus 40 (Ad 12-SV40) were
      transformed by treatment with the chemical carcinogens N-methyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidine or 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. Such transformants showed
      morphological alterations and induced carcinomas when transplanted into nude
      mice, whereas primary human epidermal keratinocytes treated with these chemical
      carcinogens failed to show any evidence of transformation. This in vitro system
      may be useful in assessing environmental carcinogens for human epithelial cells
      and in detecting new human oncogenes.

PMID- 2421407
TI  - Existence of high abundance antiproliferative mRNA's in senescent human diploid
      fibroblasts.
AB  - Polyadenylated RNA isolated from senescent human diploid fibroblasts (HDF)
      inhibited DNA synthesis in proliferation-competent cells after microinjection,
      whereas polyadenylated RNA from young HDF had no inhibitory effect.
      Polyadenylated RNA from young cells made quiescent by removal of serum growth
      factors had a slight inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis. The abundance level of
      inhibitor messenger RNA (mRNA) from senescent cells was estimated at 0.8 and that
      of quiescent cells at 0.005 percent. These results demonstrate the existence of
      one or more antiproliferative mRNA's in nonproliferating normal human cells;
      these RNA's code for factors that either work antagonistically to initiators of
      DNA synthesis or regulate the expression of the initiators in some way. The
      abundance level of the inhibitory mRNA in senescent cells indicates the
      feasibility of developing a complementary DNA probe that will be useful in
      studying cell cycle control mechanisms.

PMID- 2421409
TI  - Potential metal-binding domains in nucleic acid binding proteins.
AB  - A systematic search for sequences that potentially could form metal-binding
      domains in proteins has been performed. Five classes of proteins involved in
      nucleic acid binding or gene regulation were found to contain such sequences.
      These observations suggest numerous experiments aimed at determining whether
      metal-binding domains are present in these proteins and, if present, what roles
      such domains play in the processes of nucleic acid binding and gene regulation.

PMID- 2421408
TI  - Design of sequence-specific DNA-binding molecules.
AB  - Base sequence information can be stored in the local structure of right-handed
      double-helical DNA (B-DNA). The question arises as to whether a set of rules for
      the three-dimensional readout of the B-DNA helix can be developed. This would
      allow the design of synthetic molecules that bind DNA of any specific sequence
      and site size. There are four stages of development for each new synthetic
      sequence-specific DNA-binding molecule: design, synthesis, testing for sequence
      specificity, and reevaluation of the design. This approach has produced
      bis(distamycin)fumaramide, a synthetic, crescent-shaped oligopeptide that binds
      nine contiguous adenine-thymine base pairs in the minor groove of double-helical
      DNA.

PMID- 2421410
TI  - Restoration by calmodulin of a Ca2+-dependent K+ current missing in a mutant of
      Paramecium.
AB  - A combination of genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics was used to show that
      calmodulin is involved in the regulation of an ion channel. Calmodulin restored
      the Ca2+-dependent K+ current in pantophobiac, a mutant in Paramecium that lacks
      this current. The restoration of the current occurred within 2 hours after the
      injection of 1 picogram of wild-type calmodulin into the mutant. The current
      remained for approximately 30 hours before the mutant phenotype returned. The
      injection of calmodulin isolated from pantophobiac had no effect. These results
      imply that calmodulin is required for the function or regulation of the Ca2+
      dependent K+ current in Paramecium.

PMID- 2421411
TI  - Amplification and expression of genes associated with multidrug resistance in
      mammalian cells.
AB  - In multidrug resistance, which is observed clinically and in tissue culture,
      cells that are challenged with certain cytotoxic drugs develop resistance not
      only to the selective agent but also to other, seemingly unrelated, agents. The
      multidrug-resistant phenotype is associated with DNA sequence amplification and
      with the overproduction of a number of cytosolic and membrane glycoproteins. The
      differential amplification and altered expression of at least two related genes,
      termed multidrug-resistant associated genes has been shown in multidrug-resistant
      Chinese hamster cells. In multidrug-resistant mouse and human cells, genes
      homologous to those in Chinese hamster cells are also amplified. The level of
      expression of these genes varied and did not correlate with their copy number.
      Furthermore, in Chinese hamster cells, the development of resistance to a single
      drug and multidrug resistance were closely related, but uncoupled, events. The
      overexpression of the multidrug-resistant genes was better correlated with the
      degree of resistance to the selective agent than it was with the extent of
      multidrug resistance.

PMID- 2421412
TI  - Whipple disease.

PMID- 2421413
TI  - [Computerized tomography in Sudeck's syndrome].

PMID- 2421414
TI  - Approach to multiple congenital anomaly syndromes.

PMID- 2421415
TI  - The angiographic response of osteosarcoma following pre-operative chemotherapy.
AB  - The prognosis of osteosarcoma has improved significantly with recent advances in
      chemotherapy. Evaluation of the effect of chemotherapy is important for optimal
      timing of surgery, for selecting an alternative drug regimen in instances of poor
      response to chemotherapy and for testing combinations of new drugs. The purpose
      of this paper is to define the value of plain radiographs and angiography in
      assessing tumor response to chemotherapy. Studies were obtained before and after
      chemotherapy. The radiographic results were correlated with histologic evaluation
      of the resected specimen. Patients with less than 10% residual viable tumor in
      the resected bone were designated "responders" and patients with more than 10% of
      remaining viable tumor were "nonresponders". Angiographic appearances correctly
      separated 15 patients with good response to chemotherapy from seven patients who
      were not responsive. Conversely, comparison of plain radiographs obtained before
      and after chemotherapy did not allow a reliable differentiation between patients
      with good, poor, or no response to chemotherapy. The current role of angiography
      in the management of patients with osteosarcoma is discussed. It is concluded
      that - in contrast to plain film radiography - angiography is an accurate method
      for assessing the response of osteosarcoma to chemotherapy.

PMID- 2421416
TI  - [Radioimmunologic methods in the diagnosis and evaluation of the efficacy of
      treating cancer of the stomach].

PMID- 2421417
TI  - [Histamine release from basophils in Behcet's syndrome].

PMID- 2421418
TI  - Emergency surgery and refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura. A case report.
AB  - A 35-year-old woman with post-splenectomy refractory immune thrombocytopenia
      presented with an acute abdominal emergency requiring laparotomy. Her platelet
      count was raised from 10 to 96 X 10(9)/l using a combination of high-dose
      methylprednisolone, plasma exchange against fresh-frozen plasma, infusion of
      gammaglobulin and a single mega-unit of platelets. The surgical procedure was
      uneventful, and with no further therapy the platelet count rose to a peak of 244
      X 10(9)/l, but over the following 7 days fell back slowly to 10 X 10(9)/l, at
      which time the patient was discharged well.

PMID- 2421419
TI  - Raised maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels not associated with fetal
      malformations. A case report.
AB  - A pregnant black woman was found to have extremely high serum alpha-fetoprotein
      (AFP) concentrations on several occasions between 18 and 28 weeks of gestation;
      the amniotic fluid total AFP level was borderline at 22 weeks, and the
      concanavalin-A non-reactive fraction was below normal. At this stage termination
      of pregnancy was considered, but qualitative acetylcholinesterase electrophoresis
      was negative and repeated echographic examinations revealed no fetal defect. The
      pregnancy was allowed to continue, and a normal premature female infant was
      delivered at 36 weeks. Possible explanations and the potentially serious
      implications of the results of laboratory tests in a case such as this are
      discussed.

PMID- 2421420
TI  - Organophosphate alert.

PMID- 2421421
TI  - [The treatment of cancer patients].
AB  - Advances in the field of medical oncology were spurred by the development of
      cytostatic drugs, and cancer is today one of the most treatable (and most
      curable) of the chronic diseases. Because of the diversity of neoplastic
      diseases, classification, staging and the important individual patient
      discriminants must be taken into account more than ever before because of the
      availability of drugs that can cure or palliate many forms of cancer. The results
      obtained in advanced disease acted as an impetus to start chemotherapy at an
      earlier stage. In highly malignant neoplasms and especially in children with
      cancer, drug treatment has become of increasing importance, and when given
      appropriately complements surgery and radiotherapy.

PMID- 2421422
TI  - Routine intraoperative cholangiogram.
AB  - The value of a routine intraoperative cholangiogram is controversial. We reviewed
      352 consecutive instances of cholecystectomy for nonmalignant disease during a
      period of three years to assess the diagnostic accuracy and additional cost of
      the roentgenographic technique. Intraoperative cholangiogram was done in all
      except 11 patients. Forty-nine of 341 patients underwent exploration of the
      common bile duct. The diagnosis was determined by the cholangiogram and was
      correct in 46 patients with three false-positive results. The other 292 patients
      did well without exploration of the common bile duct. The cholangiocatheter and a
      special cholangioclamp made the procedure easy and minimized additional operation
      time (five minutes with no mortality and negligible morbidity). Clinical
      indications for exploration of the common bile duct correlated poorly with
      abnormal findings in the bile duct. Unsuspected common duct stones were detected
      by cholangiogram in 17 (5 per cent) patients. Possible iatrogenic trauma to the
      common duct was prevented when significant abnormal findings were demonstrated by
      cholangiogram. The results of this study indicate that routine intraoperative
      cholangiogram is: accurate for diagnosis of common bile duct stones; useful in
      identification of bile duct anomalies and, thus, aids in preventing injury to the
      common bile duct; safe with negligible risk, and neither expensive nor time
      consuming if done correctly as a routine procedure.

PMID- 2421423
TI  - Intestinalization of pancreatic fragments in dogs.
AB  - A new operative procedure for the preservation of pancreatic fragments is
      introduced ("intestinalization") in which vascularized fragments are placed
      inside a jejunal pouch. This step is done to manage all secretions, lymph and
      potential debris coming from the pancreas; to maintain the primary portal
      drainage of insulin; to avoid vascular operations, and to keep the fragment in a
      denervated state and still preserve its endocrine function to prevent diabetes.
      The procedure was compared with conventional end to end pancreaticojejunostomy.
      Sixteen dogs were studied. Group 1 consisted of four dogs that had
      intestinalization of the pancreatic tail. Group 2 is made up of eight dogs that
      had complete resection of the remaining duodenal portion of the gland as well as
      intestinalization of the pancreatic tail. Group 3 consisted of four dogs that had
      end to end pancreaticojejunostomy to the isolated tail and complete resection of
      the duodenal portion of the gland as those dogs in group 2. No dog became
      diabetic during the time of observation (up to one year)--fasting glucose levels
      and K values in glucose tolerance tests remained normal. Insulin peak values at
      ten minutes were lower postoperatively. However, return to fasting levels
      occurred equally fast postoperatively. There was no difference among the groups.
      The most important morphologic finding in the intestinalized fragments was a firm
      capsule surrounding the tissue after two weeks. Exocrine atrophy was present in
      both groups 2 and 3 after one year. No reinnervation of intestinalized pancreas
      was seen. Intestinalization may offer an alternative to pancreatic resection
      especially when heterotopic autotransplantation is considered.

PMID- 2421424
TI  - Anticoagulants and the formation of lymphocysts after pelvic lymphadenectomy in
      gynecologic and oncologic operations.
AB  - The incidence of lymphocysts was compared in two groups of patients treated by
      simple or radical hysterectomy including pelvic lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of
      the cervix and endometrium. Promoting factors for the formation of lymphocysts
      and the relation with thrombosis and prophylaxis are discussed.

PMID- 2421425
TI  - Intra-arterial chemotherapy given preoperatively in the management of carcinoma
      of the stomach.
AB  - Intra-arterial chemotherapy has been used preoperatively in treating patients
      with carcinoma of the stomach. The chemotherapy was given continuously for about
      one month with gastrectomy planned for three to four weeks after completion of
      chemotherapy. The agents used were 5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin (doxorubicin
      hydrochloride) and mitomycin C. The objective was to reduce the size and extent
      of the disease prior to subsequent surgical resection. Most of the patients had a
      partial response to the chemotherapy infusion. Two patients had an apparent
      complete response. For 16 patients who presented with the most advanced lesions,
      initially considered to be incurable, some palliation was achieved but long term
      results were not significantly changed. For 17 patients with locally invasive
      disease which would normally have been treated by gastrectomy alone, with an
      expectation of about 10 per cent five year survival time, long term results
      appear to have been significantly improved.

PMID- 2421426
TI  - Germ cell tumor in the basal ganglia: immunohistochemical demonstration of alpha
      fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and carcinoembryonic antigen.
AB  - A case of germ cell tumor in the basal ganglia and its vicinity was successfully
      treated surgically and by radiation. alpha-Fetoprotein, human chorionic
      gonadotropin, and carcinoembryonic antigen were found in the tumor tissue, using
      the immunoperoxidase method. The presence of three immunohistochemically
      demonstrated tumor markers in a single germ cell tumor is extremely unusual.
      These results strongly suggest a cell differentiation or transformation in germ
      cell tumors.

PMID- 2421427
TI  - [Early load tests after myocardial infarct].

PMID- 2421428
TI  - [Hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin. Mechanisms and diagnostic elements].

PMID- 2421429
TI  - [Diagnosis and management of food allergy].

PMID- 2421430
TI  - [Mediators of the immune response and inflammation].

PMID- 2421431
TI  - Assay characteristics and fibrin affinity of plasminogen activators of the
      intrinsic fibrinolytic system.
AB  - Plasminogen activators (PA) in the euglobulin fraction of dextran sulfate
      activated plasma (DS-EF) were assayed on fibrin plates. Activity related to
      tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) or urokinase (u-PA) was quantified by
      antiserum inhibition. The DS-EF contained 30% t-PA, 30% u-PA and 40-50% activity
      unrelated to t-PA or u-PA. The latter was completely inhibited by 1.7 mumol/1 C1
      inhibitor (C1INH), the two former were less sensitive. Addition of flufenamate to
      the DS-EF (DS-EF/Fluf) from normal and two factor XII (F XII)-deficient plasmas
      increased their activities to the same high level. More than 50% of the activity
      was unrelated to t-PA or u-PA, 30-40% was u-PA and 5-10% t-PA related. After
      addition of fibrinogen to DS-EF/Fluf and clotting with thrombin, the remaining
      solution contained only about 30% of the total activity, including less than 10%
      u-PA. The epsilon-aminocaproic acid inhibition pattern obtained with the DS-EF
      was uniform, and thus different from the biphasic pattern obtained with the low
      fibrin affinity PA, two-chain urokinase. Thus, both the plasma u-PA and the major
      unidentified PA in plasma have affinity for fibrin.

PMID- 2421432
TI  - Effects of CV-3988, an antagonist of platelet-activating factor (PAF), on washed
      rabbit platelets.
AB  - Platelet-activating factor (1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine or
      AGEPC) is a small, extremely potent phospholipid mediator. CV-3988, a unique
      structural analogue of AGEPC, has recently been introduced as a selective
      antagonist of AGEPC-induced in vitro platelet activation and in vivo systemic
      hypotension. At concentrations greater than 5 X 10(-5) M, CV-3988 itself induced
      aggregation and secretion responses in washed rabbit platelets. CV-3988 inhibited
      AGEPC-induced platelet activation at concentrations as low as 10(-8) M, but also
      blocked platelet activation induced by collagen and calcium ionophore A23187 at
      concentrations between 10(-6) M and 10(-5) M. The mechanism of inhibition,
      however, did not depend on increased levels of intracellular 3',5'-cyclic
      adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). In fact, CV-3988, like AGEPC itself, appeared to
      lower cAMP levels in washed rabbit platelets.

PMID- 2421433
TI  - Pentosan polysulphate: activation of heparin cofactor II or antithrombin III
      according to molecular weight fractionation.
AB  - The relative potency of pentosan polysulphate in activation of heparin cofactor
      II/thrombin interaction has been compared to heparin and dermatan sulphate and
      found to be within the same order. A skewed distribution of molecular weight
      forms was observed upon gel filtration of pentosan polysulphate with an average
      molecular weight of 4500 daltons. Two peaks of activity were observed in
      activation of heparin cofactor II. The greatest activity was observed in high
      molecular weight fractions (5-fold greater than that of average molecular weight)
      and a concentration-dependent profile indicated a template mechanism of action. A
      lower peak of activity was observed at average molecular weight and the effect of
      increasing concentrations of this material on activity indicated a mechanism
      involving binding to proteinase inhibitor or proteinase alone. Potentiation of
      antithrombin III/thrombin interaction was observed only in fractions greater than
      the average molecular weight. Concentration-dependent profiles indicated binding
      to antithrombin III and thrombin was a requisite of activation. A fraction of low
      molecular weight showed no property of activation of antithrombin III or heparin
      cofactor II/thrombin interaction. Three fractions of high, average and low
      molecular weights tested in clotting assays showed relative potencies
      corresponding to those observed in the purified systems.

PMID- 2421434
TI  - Interaction of SK-human plasmin, SK-dog plasmin complexes with alpha 2
      antiplasmin and alpha 2-macroglobulin.
AB  - In patients treated with streptokinase there is a rapid and significant decrease
      in the level of fibrinogen in the circulation. In dogs given streptokinase there
      is no such change in circulating fibrinogen. To find an explanation for this
      species difference in response to streptokinase, the inhibition of SK-human
      plasmin and SK-dog plasmin by soybean trypsin inhibitor, alpha 2-antiplasmin and
      alpha2-macroglobulin were compared in this study. Soybean trypsin inhibitor
      completely blocked the hydrolysis of S-2251 substrate (D-val-L-leu-lys-p
      nitroanilide) by SK-dog plasmin and had no effect on SK-human plasmin. Alpha 2
      Antiplasmin, the physiologically important regulator of fibrinolysis, inhibited S
      2251 hydrolysis by SK-dog plasmin but not the activity of SK-human plasmin. alpha
      2-Macroglobulin showed 100% inhibition of proteolytic activity and 50% inhibition
      of S-2251 activity of SK-dog plasmin, and had no effect on SK-human plasmin.
      Studies with fresh human and dog plasma also showed that the SK-dog plasmin is
      rapidly inactivated by the alpha 2-antiplasmin present in the plasma. The
      inactivation of SK-dog plasmin and not SK-human plasmin by plasma inhibitors
      explains the differences in the response of dog and humans to the administration
      of streptokinase.

PMID- 2421435
TI  - Arginyl-binding sites of human plasminogen.
AB  - Localization and specific features of lysine- and arginyl-binding sites in Lys
      plasminogen, its fragments and domains have been investigated by affinity
      chromatography on the sorbents containing arginine-like ligands. Lysine-binding
      sites of Lys-plasminogen, heavy chain and fragment K1-3 interact with the
      guanidyl-carboxyl pair on homoarginine-agarose. Lysine-binding site in domain K4,
      interacting with the amine-carboxyl pair on lysine-agarose, does not interact
      with that of guanidyl-carboxyl. It has been found that plasminogen contained
      three arginyl-binding sites interacting with guanidyl group in homoarginine
      agarose. Two of them correspond to two benzamidine-binding sites in domain K5 and
      to the plasmin light chain while the third (unknown before) is located in
      fragment K1-3 and does not interact with benzamidine-agarose.

PMID- 2421436
TI  - Release of plasminogen activator by pentosan polysulphate.

PMID- 2421437
TI  - [The Ramm-White operation. Castration for prostatic hyperplasia].

PMID- 2421438
TI  - [Opiates--histamine release and blood pressure reduction].

PMID- 2421439
TI  - Intracoronary thrombolysis and early bypass surgery for acute myocardial infarct:
      five years' experience.
AB  - During the five-year period between March 1980 and February 1985 selective
      intracoronary thrombolysis with streptokinase was performed in 469 patients with
      clinical and ECG signs of acute transmural myocardial infarct. Coronary
      arteriography prior to thrombolysis showed the infarct related vessel still or
      again patent in 21% of the patients. Among 372 patients with complete occlusion
      streptokinase infusion was successful in 87%, but failed in 13%. Due to the high
      risk of reocclusion, early bypass surgery was performed in 69 patients (18.5%) of
      the successfully reperfused group. Indication was based primarily on an ischemic
      time interval of less than 4 hours between the acute onset of clinical symptoms
      and reperfusion. Early mortality was 1.5% in this surgically treated group and
      actuarial survival was 92% at 5 years with all but 3 patients in functional class
      I or II. Marked but non-fatal early congestive heart failure was more significant
      when patients underwent operation within the first 2 days after thrombolysis than
      thereafter. Late recatheterization studies in 29 patients showed a slight but
      statistically insignificantly higher occlusion rate for vein grafts to the
      infarct vessel (14%) than to concomitantly grafted arteries (6%). No correlation
      was found between the initial ischemic time interval and graft patency. Late left
      ventricular function was excellent or minimally impaired in 52% of these patients
      while 48% had significantly reduced LV function. Again, no correlation was found
      between the ischemic time interval and late LV function. LV aneurysm, however,
      occurred only in patients with an ischemia of more than 3 hours. Thrombolysis
      combined with early bypass surgery represents the optimal therapy for acute
      myocardial infarct.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2421440
TI  - Reoperation for prosthetic heart valve replacement.
AB  - From 1974 to 1984, 847 heart valve replacement operations were performed with
      1005 prosthetic valves. Thirty-nine (4.6%) were reoperations with 43 prosthetic
      valve replacements (PVR), on 38 patients. Thirty-three patients had received
      their initial valve replacement in our hospital and 5 elsewhere. Twenty
      additional cardiac procedures were required, concomitantly with the prosthesis
      replacement. Twenty-three patients underwent replacement of a mechanical
      prosthesis (61%) an average of 4.3 years after initial implantation and 15
      patients a bioprosthesis (39%) after 2.8 years. Indications for PVR were
      endocarditis in 15 patients (39%), prosthesis failure in 13 (34%), periprosthetic
      leak in 7 (18%), thrombosis in 2 (5%), and a left ventricle subannular aneurysm
      in 1 (3%). Preoperatively 4 patients were in NYHA functional class II (11%), 15
      in class III (39%) and 19 in class IV (50%). Six patients died early
      postoperatively (15.8%) Various risk factors were analyzed. The early mortality
      rate was 22% for mechanical prosthesis replacement and 7% for bioprosthesis; 11%
      for aortic position, 13% for mitral position and 50% to 100% for double valve
      replacement; 23% for non-elective and 6% for elective operations; 10% for
      patients with only an initial valve replacement and 43% with additional previous
      valve operations; 18% for active endocarditis, 15% for prosthesis failure, 14%
      for periprosthetic leak, 0% for thrombosis and 100% for subannular aneurysm; 0%
      for patients in class II, 7% in class III and 26% in class IV; 6% in patients
      with an aortic cross-clamp time less than 2 hours and 24% with more; 27% prior to
      1981 and 9% during the last 4 years; and finally 50% in patients over the age of
      60.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2421441
TI  - Triple valve procedures: an analysis of early and late results.
AB  - This study summarizes the results in 107 patients with triple valve procedures
      (TVP) performed between 1972 and 1983. Forty-five patients underwent double valve
      replacement with tricuspid annuloplasty, and 62 simultaneous triple valve
      replacement. The hospital mortality was 19.6% (21 patients) and was influenced
      by: the preoperative functional class: 4.7% (1 of 22 patients) in class II, 13.7%
      (7 of 51) in class III and 37.2% (13 of 35) in class IV (p less than 0.05). the
      urgency of operation: 13.2% in elective operations (11 of 83 patients) and 41.6%
      for emergencies (10 of 24) (p less than 0.02) the type of tricuspid procedure:
      15.5% for annuloplasty (7 of 45 patients), 21.1% for bioprosthetic replacement
      (11 of 52) and 30% for mechanical valve replacement (3 of 10) (p less than 0.05).
      Other factors such as patient age, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and
      type of myocardial protection had no significant influence. The late mortality
      was 9% per patient-year (18 patients, 9 of whom died in the first year), the
      majority related to cardiac causes. The 5-year survival rate was 53%. It appears
      that the survival rate is higher if the patient is in preoperative functional
      class II (55%), the right ventricular pressure is below 60 mmHg (67%), and if the
      operation is performed electively (57%). The findings suggest that surgery should
      continue to be offered to such patients.

PMID- 2421442
TI  - Cardiac rhythm and conduction after two-stage anatomic correction of simple
      transposition of the great arteries.
AB  - To assess postoperative arrhythmias and AV-conduction defects associated with
      anatomic correction of simple transposition of the great arteries, 207 standard
      12-lead surface and 43 24-hour electrocardiograms of all 17 patients followed
      after anatomic correction for up to 6.5 years were reviewed. No dysrhythmias or
      AV-conduction delays definitely attributable to anatomic correction were
      observed. One patient with a severe complex supraventricular tachyarrhythmia
      after a Blalock-Hanlon procedure has improved markedly, exhibiting respiratory AV
      dissociation and 5 premature atrial complexes/minute 5 years after anatomic
      correction.

PMID- 2421443
TI  - Oral beta-blockade with hypothermic potassium cardioplegia in cardiac surgery: is
      there an additive protective effect?
AB  - The possible myocardial protective effect of oral propranolol in combination with
      potassium cardioplegia and hypothermia was investigated in 30 greyhounds, divided
      into 2 sub-groups, by determining the changes in myocardial ATP and CP levels,
      ultrastructural changes and the changes in hemodynamics after a 2-hour period of
      myocardial ischemia. In group 1, in animals with multiple doses of cardioplegia
      during the 2-hour ischemic period, preoperative treatment with propranolol did
      not have a significant myocardial protective effect. In group 2, in animals with
      a single dose of cardioplegia, during the 2-hour ischemic period, propranolol
      resulted in a trend of improved survival, although the myocardial ATP and CP
      levels were the same in both sub-groups. In addition, the multiple doses of
      cardioplegia in group 1 caused increased subcellular edema in the myocardium.
      This study suggests that oral propranolol treatment may provide additional
      myocardial protection during ischemic periods when used with potassium
      cardioplegia and hypothermia. The mechanism of this effect is not established,
      but could relate to reduced transmembrane calcium influx.

PMID- 2421444
TI  - Spinal cord injury following surgery for acute traumatic rupture of the thoracic
      aorta.
AB  - From 1970 to 1985, 49 patients were operated for traumatic aortic rupture (TAR)
      in 2 university hospitals. Protection of distal ischemia was performed 31 times
      with a left heart bypass (LHB), 5 times with a heparin coated shunt and, 13 times
      using simple aortic cross-clamping combined with pharmacological vasodilatation.
      Total mortality was 17 out of 49, 5 during and 12 after the operation, 2 of them
      being directly related to systemic heparinization during LHB. In the LHB and
      shunt groups there was one postoperative paraplegia out of 35 patients, while 4
      from the 13 patients operated without a shunt developed paraplegia. If risk
      factors such as long cross-clamping time, hypotension, extensive laceration of
      the inner curvature of the aorta, or cross-clamping of the aortic arch at a high
      level are anticipated, LHB or the shunt technique must be considered to avoid
      paraplegia. A repair without a shunting procedure should be limited to those
      cases in which the individual surgeon believes that he can do the operation
      within 30 minutes aortic cross-clamping time.

PMID- 2421445
TI  - Equine pericardial xenograft in orthotopic position: early results.
AB  - Glutaraldehyde-preserved pericardium was used to close the pericardial sac after
      open heart surgery in 100 patients. The indication for implantation of a
      xenologous pericardial patch was always the lack of autologous pericardium to
      close the pericardial sac without significant tension. This was mainly due to
      previous use of an autologous pericardial patch or implant of an extracardiac
      conduit for the repair of congenital cardiac disease (n = 82) and reoperation
      after primarily open pericardium (n = 10). In this series with a mean follow-up
      of 3.1 months (range 1 to 12 months) no infection of the xenologous equine
      pericardial implant and no mediastinitis occurred. Even in cases of early
      reoperation (n = 6) for bleeding or tamponade there was no patch infection
      (implants left in situ). At medium-term reoperation in 3 cases, after a mean
      interval of 115 days, adhesions between the epicardium and the xenologous equine
      pericardial patch were graded mean 1 (blunt adhesions) on a scale of six (minimum
      = 0, maximum = 5). In another series of re-dos for coronary bypass surgery with
      pericardium primarily left open, the mean grade of adhesions formed in the
      anterior epicardial space was 2.7 (severe). The histology of explanted equine
      pericardium showed no new vessels and no in-dwelling organization. Although the
      follow-up is relatively short, this material appears to offer a valid non
      adherent substitute to separate the posterior sternal surface and the cardiac
      cavities. Its application improves the safety at resternotomy.

PMID- 2421446
TI  - Surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy for small cell carcinoma.
AB  - Poor long-term results following the surgical management of small cell carcinoma
      have contributed to the opinion that small cell carcinoma is a non-surgical
      disease; polychemotherapy is generally given preference. As nowadays adequate
      therapy (chemotherapy) achieves control of local tumor growth as well as of
      extended metastases, surgical resections should be discussed from a different
      viewpoint: "Does surgery profit from modern chemotherapy?" In our clinic, 1332
      patients have been operated on for bronchogenic carcinoma from 1973 to 1983: 170
      (12.8%) suffered from small cell carcinoma. The indications for surgery were
      either non-histologically classified tumors (e.g. peripheral coin lesions) or
      small cell carcinomas stage I, and only in rare cases for palliative reasons.
      Lobectomy, including bronchoplastic and arterioplastic resections (n = 108), was
      the most common procedure. The postoperative mortality was 15%, the average
      survival 341 days, the latter having improved significantly since 1979 when a
      postoperative polychemotherapy (ACO) was instigated. Recent results of surgical
      resection after primary chemotherapy are encouraging. Nevertheless, this new
      concept is reserved for the few cases of strictly limited disease and must be
      controlled by future studies.

PMID- 2421447
TI  - Morphology of healing in vascular prostheses.
AB  - Vascular grafts differ in shape and size, material, mode of construction, and
      porosity. The latter was found to be of great importance with respect to tissue
      response of the host to the graft. The first reaction of the host after
      implantation represents the phase of exsudation. An aggregate of platelets and
      fibrin will cover most of the luminal and external surface of the graft, which is
      also seen between the interstices. The following phase of resorption develops
      within 2 weeks. It is characterized by replacement of the fibrinous material on
      the outer surface and between the interstices by capillaries, histiocytes, and
      myofibroblasts. Organisation of the outer capsule will then occur, and is also
      seen inside the transprosthetic bridges within one month. However, organization
      of the luminal lining remains very slow and is almost never completed. Healing
      depends on blood flow and local hemodynamic factors, and a mismatch in mechanical
      properties between the graft and host vessel may be important. Sources of
      endothelium in graft healing are anastomotic sites, pluripotent cells growing
      through the graft wall or deposition of pluripotent cells from the blood. Early
      failure of a prosthetic vascular graft occurs mainly as a result of separation at
      its sites of attachment. Late complications may be the result of mechanical
      failure (anastomotic sites or within the graft), kinking, inadequate or
      incomplete healing, and infection. The incidence of infectious complications
      varies from 0.25% to 6.0%, usually associated with high mortality rates.

PMID- 2421448
TI  - Reduction of thrombogenicity in small-diameter vascular prostheses seeded with
      autologous endothelial cells.
AB  - In a canine model small-diameter vascular grafts of knitted Dacron were seeded
      with autologous endothelial cells. Four weeks after surgery the grafts were
      removed. Seeded grafts showed a pseudo-intima covered by a monolayer, whereas
      control grafts showed a cellular lining only at the anastomoses. Graft
      pretreatment with either fibrin glue or autologous blood in combination with
      endothelial cell seeding promoted the neointima formation.

PMID- 2421449
TI  - Measures of prevention and technical problems during reoperations in cardiac
      surgery.
AB  - Reoperations after cardiac valve replacement are unavoidable: their frequency
      depends on surgical technique, type of valve used, and the anatomical situation.
      Erlangen, almost 300 such procedures were required among 3500 valve replacements,
      while 19 out of 700 bioprostheses had to be exchanged. Statistically relevant
      complications occurring with variable frequency are paravalvular leakage,
      thrombosis and degeneration of the bioprostheses which have to be corrected for
      hemodynamic reasons. Other indications are thromboembolism and endocarditis. Rare
      complications are: rupture of the posterior wall of the ventricle or aortic root
      with subsequent development of aneurysm, entrapment of the occluder due to long
      sutures, pannus, muscle chordae, strut fracture (Bjork) or wear of the occluder
      (Wada, Starr, Edwards, Beall). Some complications as dehiscence, entrapment,
      rupture and aneurysm of the posterior wall of the ventricle and aortic root can
      largely be avoided by good surgical techniques. Reoperative mortality rate is
      slightly higher due to greater possibilities of injury and bleeding. Emergency
      procedures in grade IV NYHA have the highest rate (50%), elective procedures for
      leakage, calcified or regurgitant bioprostheses the lowest. The most frequent
      indication for re-operation is perivalvular leakage. Dehiscence requires surgery
      to deal with hemolysis or for hemodynamic reasons. Dehiscence is more common in
      aortic than in mitral position; the latter can be closed by felt-padded stitches
      in 80%. This technique is the most reliable in preventing leakage, although
      thrombosis is more likely. Causes of dehiscence are endocarditis, suture-line
      tearing, calcium in the annulus. The incidence of valve thrombosis is related to
      valve type, usually associated with inadequate or abruptly terminated
      anticoagulation therapy (rebound). Disc valve are at particular risk.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2421450
TI  - Experimental and clinical experiences with double-velour woven Dacron prostheses.
AB  - Double-velour woven Dacron prostheses were investigated both experimentally and
      clinically. In 6 mongrel dogs, a tandem conduit between the right ventricle and
      the pulmonary artery was implanted, consisting of a plain woven and a double
      velour woven graft. Following explanation after 2, 4, and 6 months, superior
      healing properties of the double-velour woven prostheses could be assessed by
      microscopy, as represented by an increase of tissue ingrowth, as well as by a
      thin and densely adherent inner healing capsule. Double-velour woven grafts were
      implanted in 50 patients undergoing open heart surgery. All grafts were presealed
      with fibrin glue and no bleeding could be detected at the time of implantation,
      even under the adverse influence of full heparinization and extracorporeal
      circulation.

PMID- 2421451
TI  - Clinical experience with a new collagen-coated Dacron double-velour prosthesis.
AB  - Vascular grafts with primary zero porosity are desirable in surgery for aortic
      aneurysms with intraoperative partial or total systemic heparinization of the
      patient. The present study describes the clinical application and results of a
      new knitted Dacron double-velour prosthesis (primary porosity: 1,400 cc/min/cm2),
      coated with cross-linked bovine collagen; the resulting porosity for implantation
      is O cc/min/cm2. Such grafts were implanted in 111 patients between 12/83 and
      11/84: for replacement of the infrarenal aorta in 74 aneurysms, for replacement
      of the thoraco-abdominal aorta in 4 instances, and for replacement of 13
      aneurysms of the descending aorta. In 20 patients with arterial occlusive
      disease, the prosthesis was employed as bifurcation graft. In 43 cases (38%) the
      underlying disease was a ruptured (26) or symptomatic aortic aneurysm requiring
      emergency operation. There was no leakage from any of the implanted grafts
      regardless of whether partial (100 units/kg BW) or total (300 units/kg BW)
      systemic heparinization was administered. The overall mortality rate was 11.7%
      (13/111). For cases of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm the mortality rate was
      22.7% (5/22). There was no graft-related complication either in the early
      postoperative course or during the follow-up period (1 to 10 months, mean: 6.2
      months). It is concluded that this new type of graft combines the advantages of
      knitted Dacron prostheses in respect to healing and incorporation with primary
      zero porosity, and is therefore the graft of choice in surgery for ruptured
      aortic aneurysm.

PMID- 2421452
TI  - Extra-intracranial bypass procedure with saphenous vein grafts.
AB  - This study reports on 13 cases of extra-intracranial bypass procedures using
      saphenous vein grafts. Ten patients had arteriosclerotic occlusive vascular
      disease, one patient had a giant aneurysm of the internal carotid artery, another
      2 females, 18 and 28 years of age, respectively, suffered from Takayasu's
      disease. Preoperatively all patients had severe neurological symptoms. To keep
      the venous graft as short as possible, as a first choice the carotid artery, in
      case of occlusive disease of the latter as a second choice the ipsilateral
      subclavian artery, or as a third choice the ascending aorta, were used as donor
      vessels. Perioperatively, one patient sustained an intracerebral/intraventricular
      hemorrhage and, despite immediate reoperation, died in a vegetative state early
      postoperatively. Another patient had a minor perioperative cerebral stroke with
      complete recovery. None of the other patients had any additional neurological
      deficit perioperatively, and they had complete relief from ischemic attacks
      postoperatively. There was one early occlusion due to high competitive collateral
      flow, and one late occlusion due to technical problems. The overall patency rate
      of surviving patients was 83.3% (follow-up 3 to 23 months).

PMID- 2421453
TI  - Laser-induced vascular lesions by cw-NdYAG or pulsed UV lasers during
      angioplastic procedures.
AB  - Conventional (NdYAG, Argon and CO2 lasers) laser and pulsed far ultraviolet laser
      radiation are able to remove arteriosclerotic tissue of the arterial wall.
      However, there is a striking difference between both systems: The continuous wave
      of conventional wave-length laser-radiation produces considerable thermal injury
      to the surrounding tissue, whereas the effect of pulsed far ultraviolet radiation
      induces less or no thermal damage despite an easily assessable tissue-removing
      effect. In the following study the potential of far UV laser-radiation for
      recanalization of occluded vessels is demonstrated in in-vitro experiments on
      fresh and well preserved atherosclerotic human vessels.

PMID- 2421454
TI  - Closed pericardial drainage for relief of pericardial tamponade.
AB  - The method of continuous catheter drainage for pericardial tamponade as used in
      108 patients is described. The efficacy of this procedure in relieving tamponade
      resulting from a variety of diseases is demonstrated. Blood clot in the
      pericardium probably constitutes a contraindication to catheter drainage.

PMID- 2421455
TI  - Malfunction of a Lillehei-Kaster aortic valve presenting as loss of the normal
      valve click.
AB  - We report a patient with a malfunctioning Lillehei-Kaster aortic valve which
      presented only as loss of the normal valve click, 7 months after temporary
      interruption of anticoagulation at the time of abdominal surgery. Loss of a
      normal prosthetic valve click may be the only sign of prosthetic valve
      malfunction, and it is a surgical emergency. Patients with prosthetic heart
      valves, who undergo non-cardiac surgery, should not receive vitamin K1, and
      anticoagulation should be restarted promptly after surgery with intravenous
      heparin as well as warfarin.

PMID- 2421456
TI  - Leukocyte diapedesis and plasma extravasation after leukotriene B4: lack of
      structural injury to the endothelium.
AB  - Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a derivative of arachidonic acid which causes neutrophil
      diapedesis, endothelial swelling and increased permeability of post-capillary
      venules. To detect whether these effects are accompanied by degranulation of
      leukocytes and visible injury to the microvessels, the vasculature of rabbit
      skeletal muscle (tenuissimus) was exposed to LTB4 (10-20 nM). Some preparations
      were pre-treated with prostaglandin E1, (PGE1). When leukocytes started to adhere
      markers of plasma leakage were infused. Ultrastructural examination of leakage
      areas revealed that neutrophils and eosinophils appeared structurally intact, but
      many basophils and mast cells had been partially degranulated which indicated
      that vasoactive substances may have been liberated. However, endothelial gaps,
      such as may form in response to histamine released during degranulation, were not
      observed and there was no obvious injury to the endothelial cells. The apparent
      swelling observed by light microscopy was due to pseudopods of migrating
      leukocytes. Electron dense markers occurred in some endothelial vesicles and in
      the vicinity of neutrophils which had reached the abluminal side. These particles
      are interpreted to have escaped concurrent with leukocyte migration. After
      treatment with both PGE1 and LTB4 a few post-capillary venules showed endothelial
      gaps. However, leakage of markers was insignificant where the basement membrane
      persisted. It is concluded that exposure to LTB4 per se and the resulting
      leukocyte diapedesis are not structurally damaging to the vasculature.

PMID- 2421457
TI  - Effect of chlordecone on carbon tetrachloride-induced increase in calcium uptake
      in isolated perfused rat liver.
AB  - Intracellular accumulation of Ca2+ can occur in the livers of animals poisoned
      with a toxic dose of CCl4. We have reported even greater accumulation of
      cytosolic Ca2+ in animals treated with an ordinarily nontoxic dose of CCl4 in
      combination with prior exposure to chlordecone (CD). Present studies were
      designed to examine if intact perfused livers obtained from animals receiving
      either CCl4 (100 microliter/kg, ip) alone or in combination with prior dietary
      exposure to 10 ppm CD for 15 days accumulated 45Ca from the perfusate. Livers
      obtained at 0, 1, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 36 hr after a single CCl4 injection were
      perfused with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing erythrocytes, bovine
      serum albumin, and dextrose. After a 15-min equilibration, 45Ca was added to the
      perfusate, and the perfusion was continued for 30 min. Hepatic 45Ca accumulation
      in CCl4-treated animals in the whole liver or in the subcellular organelles
      obtained from perfused liver was not significantly different from corn oil
      controls. In the CD + CCl4 combination treatment, 45Ca accumulation followed a
      biphasic pattern with the first increase at 1 hr and then a progressive rise
      starting at 12 hr after CCl4 administration. Mitochondrial, microsomal, and
      cytosolic fractions from perfused liver showed a progressive rise in 45Ca at late
      time periods, which is indicative of unregulated and irreversible influx of
      extracellular Ca2+ into these livers. These studies demonstrate that cytosolic
      Ca2+ progressively increases as a result of the unregulated entry of
      extracellular Ca2+.

PMID- 2421458
TI  - Effect of lindane on clutch size and level of egg yolk protein in domestic duck.
AB  - Lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane) was administered to laying ducks (Anas
      platyrhynchos domesticus) in 3 doses viz. (1) 20 mg/kg body weight daily, (2) 20
      mg/kg body weight thrice weekly and (3) 20 mg/kg body weight twice weekly for 8
      weeks. Egg laying was immediately stopped for 3 weeks in the first 2 groups and
      when resumed it became highly irregular with clutch size drastically reduced (1
      against 7 of control ducks). The initial delay was absent in the 3rd group and
      reduction in clutch size was also marginal (5 against 7). Laying frequencies were
      8.3%, 11.7% and 40% in Groups 1, 2 and 3 birds respectively against 50% frequency
      of the normal ducks. Hepatic, plasma and ovarian vitellogenin levels were
      substantially reduced in the first 2 groups. At the same time liver RNA level was
      markedly reduced. Ovary of such birds lack mature vitellogenic follicles and the
      thecal layer of moderately differentiated oocytes became highly atrophic.
      Stilbestrol (50 mg/kg body wt--single injection) administration to lindane fed
      pauci-layer ducks restored egg laying within 24 h, with return of a normal level
      of plasma vitellogenin and hepatic RNA. The results suggest that lindane induced
      estradiol insufficiency causes inhibition of hepatic RNA and yolk protein
      synthesis, thereby preventing transformation of moderately differentiated oocytes
      to mature vitellogenic follicles, delaying ovulation and thus drastically
      reducing clutch size.

PMID- 2421459
TI  - [The question of polychemotherapy of oral tumors with curative and palliative
      objectives].

PMID- 2421460
TI  - Vasodilator proteins: role in delayed cerebral vasospasm.
AB  - Blood proteins could play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cerebral
      vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) as agonists and as antagonists of
      vasoconstriction. The present study was designed primarily to quantify the
      inhibition produced by antithrombin III of the phasic responses elicited by
      cumulative doses of KCl, serotonin (5-HT), uridine triphosphate (UTP), and
      thrombin in isolated canine basilar arteries, and to ascertain whether other
      proteins might act similarly. Antithrombin III (1 unit/ml and 3 units/ml) given 2
      min beforehand inhibited all agonists. The inhibition was not dependent on a
      functional endothelium nor due to stimulation of the electrogenic sodium pump.
      Alpha2-macroglobulin (0.1 mg/ml and 0.4 mg/ml) inhibited the contractile
      responses to high K+, 5-HT and thrombin. Kallikrein (1 and 4 units/ml) did not
      inhibit UTP but inhibited high K+ and 5-HT through an effect on the endothelium.
      Kallikrein (1 unit/ml) irreversibly blocked the responses to thrombin. Globulins
      (3 mg/ml) and fibrinogen (0.3 mg/ml) were not inhibitory. The results demonstrate
      that anticoagulant proteins are very effective nonspecific inhibitors of the
      vasoconstriction, whereas the serine protease kallikrein selectively blocks
      thrombin. The remarkable potency of antithrombin III suggests that it may protect
      cerebral arteries from exhibiting vasospasm in SAH.

PMID- 2421461
TI  - Hemodilution in acute stroke.

PMID- 2421462
TI  - [Determination of alpha-fetoprotein in blood stains].

PMID- 2421463
TI  - Development of retinal neovascularisation in vascular occlusive disease.
AB  - Retinal neovascularisation in 80 non-diabetic patients with occlusive retinal
      vascular disease appeared to be related at least as frequently to arterial as to
      venous occlusive disease. Intraretinal, preretinal and prepapillary
      neovascularisation had developed in 76 per cent, 47 per cent and 49 per cent
      respectively of the specimens. Neovascularisation in the adult retina is thought
      to develop in the following sequence of histopathologic features: plasmatic
      insudation and transudation of the vessel walls (100 per cent of the specimens),
      endothelial cell proliferation (97 per cent) and capillary formation (76 per
      cent). Intramural newly-formed capillaries in thickened hyalinized vessels were
      observed in 68 per cent of the specimens. Not only retinal vein occlusion but
      also slowly progressive arterial and arteriolar occlusive diseases may produce
      retinal neovascularisation, originating from arterioles, venules and capillaries
      which are involved in a hypoxic degenerative endothelial process which gives rise
      to endothelial proliferation.

PMID- 2421464
TI  - Temporal relationships on macromolecular synthesis during the asexual cell cycle
      of Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - The over-all synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein was studied during the asexual
      cell cycle of Plasmodium falciparum. A method for stringent synchronization of
      the culture was developed. Rates of synthesis of the three macromolecules were
      determined every four hours by labelling the parasites with radioactive
      precursors during 30 min pulses. There was a peak of synthesis of DNA at 44
      hours. Between 33 and 45 hours the rate of synthesis of DNA was exponential.
      Maximum RNA synthesis was reached at 36 hours. For proteins there were two peaks,
      one at 24 and the other at 40 hours. Partial degradation of the RNA synthesized
      by schizonts was detected.

PMID- 2421465
TI  - The regulation of expression of major histocompatibility complex products.

PMID- 2421466
TI  - Comparison of monoclonal antibodies used for immunological monitoring of renal
      transplant recipients.
AB  - To investigate the comparability of the OKT and Leu monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)
      used for immunological monitoring, T cell subpopulations in 360 blood samples
      from 35 renal allograft recipients were studied by flow cytometry using both
      series of mAbs. To identify the activated cells in the different subpopulations,
      those labeled with the Leu mAbs were double-labeled with an anti-HLA-DR mAb. The
      percentages of T cells that stained with the Leu3a and Leu2a mAb using a direct
      immunofluorescence technique were significantly lower than the percentages of
      cells that stained with the OKT4 and OKT8 mAb using an indirect
      immunofluorescence technique (47.6 +/- 12.8% and 14.5 +/- 9.1% [mean +/- SD]
      versus 50.5 +/- 11.2% and 18.3 +/- 8.0%, respectively; P less than 0.0001). Since
      the difference between the Leu2a+ and OKT8+ cells was relatively greater (21%)
      than that between the Leu3a+ and OKT4+ cells (6%), the mean Leu3a/2a ratio was
      significantly higher than the mean OKT4/8 ratio (6.64 +/- 9.7 versus 3.60 +/-
      2.82; P less than 0.0001). The difference between the Leu2a+ and OKT8+ cells were
      not attributable to a difference in the sensitivity of the direct and indirect
      immunofluorescence technique. A large difference between the Leu2a+ and OKT8+
      cells correlated with a high percentage of DR+ cells within the Leu2a population
      (P less than 0.001). No correlation was found for the difference between the
      OKT4+ and Leu3a+ cells and the DR expression in the Leu3a+ cell population. These
      observations suggest that activation of some T cells of the "cytotoxic
      suppressor" phenotype leads to antigen modulation in which the OKT8 epitope is
      not affected but the Leu2a epitope disappears or cannot be detected with the
      present method.

PMID- 2421467
TI  - Comparison of the immunogenicity of purified and unpurified murine islet
      allografts.

PMID- 2421468
TI  - Definition, diagnosis, and treatment of acute kidney rejection--the first 30
      days.

PMID- 2421469
TI  - [Alpha fetoprotein: its nature, physiological levels and clinical value].

PMID- 2421470
TI  - Ultrastructural effects of recombinant gamma-interferon on cultured human
      keratinocytes.
AB  - To extend our initial observations that recombinant gamma-interferon (r gamma
      IFN) influences the growth and differentiation of normal cultured human
      keratinocytes, we studied the electron microscopic changes induced by r gamma
      IFN. Treatment of cultured human keratinocytes with 10(3) units/ml (7.1 nM) of r
      gamma IFN produced a shift toward an increasing percentage of attached cells that
      had a mature-type, differentiated appearance rather than a basal type of
      proliferating cell, as observed in control, untreated cultures. This report
      extends the number of cell types that can be influenced by r gamma IFN at the
      ultrastructural level and supports the notion that r gamma IFN can influence both
      growth and maturation of normal cultured human keratinocytes.

PMID- 2421471
TI  - Fluorescence study of renal cell carcinoma with antibodies to renal tubular
      antigens, intermediate filaments, and lectins.
AB  - A fluorescence study was performed in 16 renal cell carcinomas using antibodies
      to renal tubular antigens (RTA), two intermediate filaments, cytokeratin and
      vimentin, and two lectins, soybean agglutinin (SBA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA).
      We observed the presence of RTA, cytokeratin, and vimentin in all of our
      specimens. The expression of vimentin, the cytoskeletal protein of mesenchymal
      cells, was considered to be very interesting feature of the tumor. Binding sites
      of SBA, normally present in glomeruli, proximal and distal tubules, were
      detectable in the neoplastic cells in only 37.5% of our specimens. PNA did not
      react with the tumor except for the small area of 2 specimens. Lectins may be
      useful for estimating the characteristics or renal cell carcinoma including its
      malignant potentials, and antibodies to RTA and intermediate filaments seem to be
      available for the diagnosis of the tumor in metastatic lesions.

PMID- 2421472
TI  - [Role of radiotherapy in malignant testicular tumors].
AB  - Early stages of seminoma are well treated by radiotherapy alone. In advanced
      stages modern combination chemotherapy allows to achieve improved results. In
      embryonal carcinomas and teratomas the management by radiotherapy is
      controversial. For the primary treatment of lymphomas of the testis, radiotherapy
      should be restricted to early stages.

PMID- 2421473
TI  - [Corpus cavernosum autoinjection therapy: initial experiences in erectile
      dysfunction].
AB  - The cause of erectile dysfunction was evaluated by a multidisciplinary approach
      in 120 impotent patients. Out of these, the CCAT was proposed to 20 patients with
      vasculogenic erectile dysfunction, 19 of them accepted this therapy. The dosage
      of phentolamine mesylate-papaverin hydrochloride injection required was
      determined in each patient individually. Usually we injected initially 1 cc in
      one corpus cavernosum. Eighteen patients followed the regimen successfully at
      home. In 2 patients prolonged erections were observed, which were successfully
      relieved by simple corpus puncture, however, discontinuation of therapy was not
      necessary. CCAT failed in 1/19 patients with a severe venous leak. Follow up was
      carried out weekly.

PMID- 2421474
TI  - Trans-spectral organic dye laser photocoagulation.
AB  - Clinical research utilizing the yellow, orange, and red wavelengths of the dye
      laser (Rhodamine 6G and MD-631) appears to have considerable promise and may
      demonstrate that the liquid organic dye laser is the laser of choice for
      photocoagulation of many types of ocular defects. The effectiveness of the dye
      laser as a photocoagulation source is due to the trans-spectral availability of
      relatively high output power wavelengths. Therefore, a target tissue can be
      selectively coagulated with minimal laser energy transmitted through the
      refractive media and minimal damage to nearby normal tissues. The dye laser, as a
      photocoagulation system, should prove valuable in the therapy of many ocular
      diseases.

PMID- 2421475
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the transfusions of autologous and allogeneic blood in
      patients with kidney and urinary tract diseases].

PMID- 2421476
TI  - [Prognosis of the course of acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 2421477
TI  - Cytochemical characterization of feline leukemic cells.
AB  - Hematopoietic cells in blood and/or bone marrow from 23 leukemic cats and ten
      control cats were characterized using a battery of cytochemical enzyme stains.
      The results of cytochemical staining led to modification of diagnosis based on
      clinical, hematologic and histopathologic findings in four (17%) of the
      leukemias. Sudan black-B and chloroacetate esterase served as granulocytic
      markers in both the control and leukemic groups. Peroxidase activity was seen in
      the granulocytes and monocytes of control animals but not in the blasts of
      leukemic cats. Diffuse alpha naphthyl butyrate esterase staining marked monocytes
      in both control and leukemic animals. Cytochemical staining was found to be a
      valuable aid in the classification of leukemias in the cat.

PMID- 2421478
TI  - Bovine T lymphocyte response to bovine herpesvirus-1: cell phenotypes, viral
      recognition and acid-labile interferon production.
AB  - The phenotype of bovine cells that proliferate to bovine herpesvirus (BHV-1) were
      identified by peanut agglutinin (PNA) and monoclonal antibodies with specificity
      for Pan T cells (B29), a T cell subset (B24), and an MHC class II (Ia-like)
      antigen (R-1). PNA+ cells but not PNA- cells separated by fluorescent activated
      cell sorting responded to BHV-1. Virally-activated T cells expressed MHC class II
      antigens, and possibly antigen specific receptors for virus. Binding of
      radiolabeled virus increased six-fold beyond the expected value for activated
      cells suggesting specificity of the lymphocytes for the virus. Finally, cells
      that responded to BHV-1 produced high levels of acid sensitive interferon. Taken
      together these results characterize the phenotypes of bovine lymphocytes that
      interact with BHV-1.

PMID- 2421479
TI  - Topographical analysis of epitope relationships on the envelope glycoprotein of
      yellow fever 17D vaccine and the wild type Asibi parent virus.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MCA), with defined molecular specificity, were used in a
      competition binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to locate the
      relative positions of the epitopes on the envelope glycoprotein of yellow fever
      17D vaccine virus and its wild type parent virus, Asibi (AS). Five
      topographically distinct antigenic domains were defined on the E glycoprotein of
      the 17D vaccine. Three of these (A, B, and C) were represented by one MCA each, a
      fourth (D) was represented by two MCA, and a fifth domain (E) comprised a major
      cluster of at least five overlapping epitopes. Asibi virus also possessed domain
      E which is proposed to be a conserved antigenic region within the envelope
      glycoprotein of all flaviviruses. Domains A and C were not represented on Asibi
      virus and one epitope, situated proximal to the E domain, showed structural
      alterations in physical overlap. Functional activities were assigned to
      physically mapped epitopes by haemagglutination inhibition (HAI), virus
      neutralisation (N), and passive protection in mice. The HAI and N functions were
      not necessarily linked but only MCA with N activity were able to protect mice
      passively against lethal infection. All domains demonstrated a heterogeneous
      range of biological properties dependent upon the virus strain rather than the
      epitope.

PMID- 2421480
TI  - Friend murine leukemia virus and spleen focus-forming virus expression in highly
      malignant interferon-sensitive and interferon-resistant Friend leukemia cells.
AB  - Analysis of expression of the Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) and of the
      spleen focus forming virus (SFFV) has been undertaken in highly malignant
      interferon (IFN)-sensitive (745) and IFN-resistant (3Cl-8) Friend leukemia cells
      (FLC), serially passaged intraperitoneally in DBA/2 mice. In vivo passaged 745
      cells, as well as the clones derived thereof, did not release Friend virus (FV).
      Western blot analysis of the plasma membrane fractions of the virus nonproducer
      745 cells revealed the lack of gp69/70 glycoprotein expression. At least 10
      intraperitoneal passages of virus producer in vitro passaged of virus producer in
      vitro passaged 745 cells were necessary to obtain the selection of the virus
      nonproducer phenotype. In contrast in vivo passaged 3Cl-8 cells continued to
      produce FV even after 100 in vivo passages and expressed gp69/70 antigens to a
      similar extent as the original in vitro passaged FLC. The expression of F-MuLV
      and SFFV RNAs in virus producer and virus nonproducer FLC clones has been
      investigated by means of Northern blot technique using probes specific for either
      F-MuLV or SFFV. No F-MuLV specific RNA sequences were detected in virus
      nonproducer 745 clones. SFFV specific RNA transcripts and gp52/55 glycoprotein
      production could be revealed in all the FLC tested. Southern blot analysis showed
      the presence of F-MuLV specific sequences in the cellular DNA of virus
      nonproducer 745 clones. As both in vivo passaged F-MuLV producer 3Cl-8 and F-MuLV
      nonproducer 745 cells were equally barely immunogenic and highly malignant when
      injected into syngeneic DBA/2 mice, these results indicate that F-MuLV expression
      does not result per se in a high immunogenic potential of tumor cells. For the
      time being, as a specific property of 3Cl-8 versus 745 cells is the interferon
      resistant phenotype, it is tempting to speculate that the selection of virus
      nonproducer cell variants after in vivo passages of interferon-sensitive 745
      cells could depend on the presence of low levels of endogenous interferon in
      normal young mice.

PMID- 2421481
TI  - Synthesis of herpes simplex virus proteins and nucleic acids in interferon
      treated macrophages.
AB  - Mouse macrophages grown from spleen cells were found to be very sensitive to the
      interferon (IFN) activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Therefore
      we have used these cells to investigate the level at which IFN blocks the
      replication of HSV-1. IFN treatment resulted in a strong inhibition of the
      induction of HSV DNA polymerase and other beta proteins. RNA hybridization
      experiments revealed that the amount of mRNA for the beta protein thymidine
      kinase was strongly reduced in IFN treated HSV-1 infected cells. Analysis of the
      effect of IFN on expression of the alpha genes indicated a strong inhibition of
      alpha protein synthesis. In contrast the synthesis of mRNA of the alpha protein
      ICP 4 was only moderately inhibited. The results indicate that IFN primarily acts
      on the translation of HSV alpha proteins.

PMID- 2421482
TI  - The cap structure of simian hemorrhagic fever virion RNA.
AB  - The molecular weight of simian hemorrhagic fever virus RNA is 4.19 +/- 0.53 X
      10(6) as determined by electron microscopy. Its base composition is 19.5 +/- 0.3
      A, 33.3 +/- 0.3 U, 26.7 +/- 0.9 G, and 19.7 +/- 0.3 C per 100 nucleotides. The
      RNA of simian hemorrhagic fever virus contains a single type I cap per molecule,
      in the form m7G(5')ppp(5')Am.

PMID- 2421483
TI  - Phosphotyrosine-containing 120,000-dalton protein coimmunoprecipitated with pp60v
      src from Rous sarcoma virus-transformed mammalian cells.
AB  - Serum from rabbits bearing tumors (TBR serum) induced by the Rous sarcoma virus
      (RSV) was originally developed to identify the RSV src gene protein-pp60v-src. It
      is also capable of directly or indirectly immunoprecipitating a number of
      proteins besides pp60v-src from lysates of RSV-transformed cells. This report
      describes a highly phosphorylated protein of approximately 120,000 Da (pp120)
      which is specifically immunoprecipitated from RSV-transformed mammalian cells by
      TBR sera and monospecific antibodies against pp60v-src. However, it was not
      immunoprecipitated by TBR serum from RSV-transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts.
      Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that pp120 contains phosphoserine and
      phosphotyrosine in relative amounts similar to that found in pp60v-src. Various
      experimental results indicate that pp120 is not structurally related to RSV
      virion proteins or to the putative pp60v-src substrate-vinculin. Furthermore,
      proteolytic peptide mapping and immunoblotting experiments indicate that although
      pp120 is immunoprecipitated by various anti-pp60v-src antibodies, it does not
      appear to be related to the RSV transforming protein. These results suggest that
      pp120 is distinct from previously reported substrates of pp60v-src and may exist
      in association with the transforming protein in mammalian cell lysates.

PMID- 2421484
TI  - Comparisons of pooled polyclonal rabbit anti-human C3d with four monoclonal mouse
      anti-human C3ds. II. Quantitation of RBC-bound C3d, and characterization of
      antiglobulin agglutination reactions against RBC from 27 patients with autoimmune
      hemolytic anemia.
AB  - Labelled polyclonal IgG anti-C3d and monoclonal IgM and IgG anti-C3d antibodies
      (MAs) were employed at increasing antibody excess to measure the number of C3d
      molecules on human red blood cells (RBC) coated by complement in vitro and in
      vivo. Values for the number of C3d sites per cell determined with polyclonal anti
      C3d were at least 4-fold higher than when MAs were used. The results suggest that
      the molar combining ratio for polyclonal anti-C3d with a single RBC-bound C3d
      fragment is more likely greater than 4.0 than 1.0 as previously assumed.
      Antiglobulin agglutination studies compared polyclonal and monoclonal anti-C3d
      antibodies against C3d-coated RBC from 27 patients with autoimmune hemolytic
      anemia. All four MAs showed striking prozones, requiring their use over a 25-fold
      higher range of dilutions than polyclonal anti-C3d. Polyclonal anti-C3d produced
      stronger agglutination reactions than any of the IgG MAs. Only the IgM MA
      produced agglutination as strong as, or stronger than, polyclonal anti-C3d. While
      IgM MA always gave the strongest MA agglutination reactions, no consistent
      ranking of the three IgG MAs was observed. Agglutination was not enhanced when
      all IgG MAs were combined; addition of IgG MAs to IGM MA reduced the strength of
      agglutination seen with IgM alone, suggesting blocking of IgM binding by
      competing IgG anti-C3d.

PMID- 2421485
TI  - [Antiviral action of antibiotics].

PMID- 2421486
TI  - [Action of interferons on the reproduction of herpes simplex viruses in in vitro
      experiments].
AB  - Tests of various interferon preparations (alpha, alpha2, alpha-beta, beta, and
      swine leukocyte) in human diploid fibroblast culture for the presence or absence
      of cytopathic effect of herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2)
      demonstrated antiviral effect of all interferons with the exception of
      lymphoblastoid one. Preparations of alpha and swine leukocyte interferons were
      the most effective for inhibition of HSV-1 reproduction. Recombinant interferon
      was 10-fold and fibroblast interferon 100-fold less active for HSV-1 than alpha-
      and swine leukocyte interferons. All the interferons under study (alpha-beta)
      were similarly active in their antiviral effect on HSV-2 reproduction.

PMID- 2421487
TI  - Anaphylaxis--everyone's problem.

PMID- 2421488
TI  - [Prostaglandins and the phenomenon of cytoprotection in the digestive tract].

PMID- 2421489
TI  - [Inhibitors of serum proteinases].

PMID- 2421490
TI  - [Transrectal and intravesical sonography. Method and value in modern urology].
AB  - The sonographic evaluation of the prostate following rectal palpation is highly
      valuable and for the first time allows for a comparable documentation. The
      determination of prostatic size and the staging of prostate and bladder tumors
      can be realized endosonographically with high accuracy. The transrectal
      clarification of suspect palpationfindings with possibly following ultrasonically
      guided biopsy enables for safer diagnosis. The reaction to a therapeutic measure
      or the behavior in course of the carcinoma of the prostate can be observed and
      also well documented.

PMID- 2421491
TI  - [Thrombocytic alloantigens and methods for their determination (significance of
      blood group serology)].
AB  - An overview is given of thrombocytic antigens, antibodies and the methods for
      their detection. Their clinical significance in cases of immune cytopenia and for
      the serology of blood transfusion is commented and the usefulness of thrombocyte
      specific antigens in paternity testing discussed.

PMID- 2421492
TI  - [Stomach cancer--detection, treatment, after care].

PMID- 2421493
TI  - [Evaluation of automobile emissions as a basis for emission limit values].

PMID- 2421494
TI  - [Value of biochemical and imaging procedures for the diagnosis and prognosis of
      acute pancreatitis--results of a prospective clinical study].
AB  - For a period of 14 days we carried out measurements for alpha-1-protease
      inhibitor, alpha-2-macroglobulin, complement C 3, complement C 4, and C-reactive
      protein in two different groups of patients with acute pancreatitis. Group I
      consisted of 13 patients with edematous-interstitial pancreatitis and group II of
      22 patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was
      established by clinical signs and symptoms, by specific pancreatic enzymes
      determined in the serum, by imaging procedures, and by laparotomy in 24 cases.
      The overall detection rate for pancreatic necrosis was 90% for the contrast
      enhanced CT and 33% for ultrasonography respectively. There were significant
      differences as to all measured serum parameters between the two morphologically
      defined pancreatitis groups. The necrosis detection rate was 95% for CRP and 85%
      for alpha-2-macroglobulin. The combined determination of CRP and alpha-2
      macroglobulin is recommended in patients with acute pancreatitis to stage the
      severity of the disease and to probably replace the CT investigation.

PMID- 2421495
TI  - [Bile duct surgery in the light of modern endoscopic and radiologic technics].
AB  - Biliary surgery and interventional endoscopy and radiology are not competitors
      but supplement and enlarge their capacities mutually. This holds true for
      improved diagnostic capabilities and differentiated indication settings as well
      as for therapeutic splitting by combining surgical and non-surgical methods.
      Promising reports from the newer literature and increasing own experiences in
      favour of these concepts form the basis of this topical review.

PMID- 2421496
TI  - A disappearance of a 24-kDa acid-soluble protein from liver chromatin of normal
      and starved hens following D-galactosamine administration.
AB  - Normal and starved adult chickens were injected intraperitoneally with D
      galactosamine hydrochloride (0.5 g/kg body weight) and 6 h later liver chromatin
      acid-soluble proteins were isolated. These proteins were resolved by a two
      dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of non-ionic
      detergent, Triton X-100, in the first dimension and anionic detergent, sodium
      dodecyl sulfate, in the second dimension. Although spotting patterns of acid
      soluble chromatin proteins were remarkably similar between normal and starved
      control birds and those receiving D-galactosamine, a disappearance of a 24-kDa
      protein after administration of this agent was found. Moreover, it was shown that
      this protein was also completely absent in the chicken erythrocyte chromatin
      which was known to be inactive in RNA synthesis. It seems that the disappearance
      of the 24-kDa chromatin protein may be associated with inhibiting of
      transcription in hen liver after D-galactosamine administration and during hen
      erythrocyte maturation.

PMID- 2421497
TI  - Antibodies to a synthetic peptide from the preS 120-145 region of the hepatitis B
      virus envelope are virus neutralizing.
AB  - Studies with synthetic peptides have provided evidence for the presence of preS
      coded sequences in the envelope (env) proteins of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and
      indicated that these sequences are involved in the specific attachment of HBV to
      liver cells. Scanning of the preS sequence for immunodominant continuous epitopes
      identifies the sequence within residues preS (120-145) as the most immunogenic in
      eliciting antibodies recognizing HBV and as the most efficiently binding
      antibodies from sera of rabbits and humans immunized with HBV env proteins. To
      assess the potential of preS (120-145) as a synthetic vaccine against hepatitis
      B, in vitro neutralization of the virus by rabbit antiserum to the peptide was
      assayed in chimpanzees. The animals, subsequently proven to be susceptible to HBV
      infection, did not develop hepatitis B as judged by negative serological tests
      for HBV-associated antigens and antibodies and by normal serum alanine
      aminotransferase levels and normal liver biopsies. These results establish the
      role of preS domains in the process of virus neutralization and the potential of
      synthetic preS analogues for hepatitis B vaccination.

PMID- 2421498
TI  - Comparison between heparin and a heparin analogue (sodium pentosan polysulphate)
      in the initial treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Preliminary communication.

PMID- 2421499
TI  - [Method of performing the examination in dermatology and venereology].

PMID- 2421500
TI  - [Antiallergic immunoglobulin in the therapy of patients with allergic
      dermatoses].

PMID- 2421501
TI  - [Perspectives of atmospheric pollution].
AB  - We describe briefly a new method for the analysis and forecast of energy
      consumption and apply this method to estimate the future emissions of the
      atmospheric pollutants SO2 and NOx. Our results show that the level of SO2
      emissions will quickly go down to 1960 levels, but that the NOx emissions remain
      disturbingly high for the foreseeable future.

PMID- 2421502
TI  - [Air pollution and lung cancer].
AB  - This review on air pollution and lung cancer recapitulates the main issues in
      this field (urban-rural-gradients; experimental data and occupational
      epidemiology of exposure to PAH; smoking and occupation as confounders). Definite
      risk increases have been observed in the vicinity of point emission sources.
      Within Switzerland lung cancer shows an urban/rural gradient in both sexes. The
      geographical distribution of the male cases can hardly be explained only by the
      patterns of smoking alone.

PMID- 2421503
TI  - [Ultrastructure of the synaptic junctions between spinal motor neurons in the
      frog Rana ridibunda].
AB  - By means of light and electron microscopic observations, it has been demonstrated
      that on spinal motoneurones in the segments IX-X, in addition to synapses
      described earlier, there are electrotonic synaptic junctions of somato-somatic
      type and dendrosomatic gap junctions of circular type. The described synaptic
      junctions are considered as a structural base for electrical interaction between
      spinal motoneurones in the frog.

PMID- 2421504
TI  - [Use of an artificial antigen simulating the Salmonella O-determinant 4 for
      determining antibodies to Salmonella group B O-antigen in immunoenzyme analysis].
AB  - The use of the artificial antigen abequosylmannoside copolymer with acrylamide in
      the enzyme immunoassay for the determination of antibodies in the sera of
      salmonellosis patients has enhanced the specificity of the serological diagnosis
      of group B salmonellosis in comparison with the use of the natural antiren, S.
      typhimurium lipopolysaccharide.

PMID- 2421505
TI  - [Considerations on a case of the dislocation of Celestin's endoscopic esophageal
      prosthesis into the ileum].
AB  - Palliative endoscopic oesophageal intubation for obstructive tumor is an on-going
      procedure. Among the commonest complications is dislocation (proximal or distal)
      of the prosthesis; however it is a rare event to found the prosthesis distal to
      the stomach. We report a case of an 83 years old man whose prosthesis,
      endoscopically placed in the distal third of the oesophagus, was dislocated in
      the distal ileum causing abdominal pain and mechanical obstruction, thus
      requiring a surgical removal. The authors discuss the possible causes of this
      complication and its treatment together with a review of the literature.

PMID- 2421506
TI  - Pharmacologic prevention of graft occlusion.

PMID- 2421507
TI  - Intranuclear inclusions in urinary cytology.
AB  - Twenty-one urinary cytology specimens from 16 patients showed red intranuclear
      inclusion bodies. The literature pertinent to these inclusions mainly suggests
      that lead poisoning is a cause for such inclusions. Histories were reviewed for
      possible causes, particularly lead poisoning, associated medications, associated
      illness or relationship to neoplasia. The only consistent associations found were
      that all the patients were women over the age of 50 and that all inclusions were
      found in voided urine specimens. Four slides containing inclusions were stained
      by acid-fast methods, with negative results. The origin of these inclusions
      remains unknown.

PMID- 2421508
TI  - The immunogold staining technique for the measurement of lymphocyte
      subpopulations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
AB  - The immunogold staining technique was evaluated for use in the identification of
      lymphocyte subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The results obtained compared
      favorably to the identification of lymphocytes by the E-rosette method, the acid
      alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase (ANAE) stain and immunofluorescence microscopy.
      The main advantages of the immunogold staining method include improved cellular
      detail and the attainment of permanent preparations, allowing for reassessment,
      intralaboratory comparison and the performance of further histochemical
      techniques if desired.

PMID- 2421509
TI  - Pseudomyxoma peritonei and malignant mucocele of the appendix. A case report.
AB  - A case of pseudomyxoma peritonei originating in a malignant mucocele of the
      appendix, a very rare clinical entity, is presented. The cytologic findings in
      the gelatinous ascitic fluid of epithelial clusters with minimal nuclear atypia
      suggested a diagnosis of pseudomyxoma peritonei. Both routine stains and special
      stains for mucus assisted in making the cytologic diagnosis. Histologic
      examination of the laparotomy specimen confirmed the presence of a well
      differentiated mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, with an apparent appendiceal origin.
      The origins and relationships of appendiceal mucocele and pseudomyxoma peritonei
      are discussed.

PMID- 2421510
TI  - Hansen's disease (leprosy). Diagnosis by aspiration biopsy of lymph nodes.
AB  - A 61-year-old male native of Mexico presented with generalized enlargement of
      lymph nodes. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy established lepromatous leprosy
      as the cause of the lymphadenopathy. The cytologic findings included abundant,
      frequently multinucleated histiocytes (globus cells), the cytoplasm of which
      showed multiple vacuoles; cytoplasmic membrane-bound vacuoles were seen free in
      the background. The vacuoles contained large numbers of acid-fast bacilli. Globus
      cells, while characteristic, are not specific for Mycobacterium leprae infection
      and are seen in certain atypical mycobacterioses in immunodeficient patients.
      This appears to be the first report of lymphadenopathy due to lepromatous leprosy
      in which the diagnosis was made by FNA biopsy. The immunologic spectrum of
      leprosy is correlated with clinical and pathologic findings, and the need to
      remember infectious processes in evaluating lymphadenopathy and the value of
      reserving air-dried and alcohol-fixed smears for special stains are emphasized.

PMID- 2421511
TI  - Effect of oestrogen or cyproterone acetate treatment on adrenocortical function
      in prostate carcinoma patients.
AB  - The antiandrogen cyproterone acetate (CA), as well as oestrogens have been
      reported to influence pituitary-adrenal function in prostate cancer patients, but
      the clinical relevance of these findings is unknown. We therefore investigated
      serum cortisol (F), dehydro-epiandrosterone sulphate (DS), testosterone (T) and
      prolactin (Prl) levels in patients treated with CA or oestradiol undecylate for
      at least 6 months. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function was further assessed
      by analysis of diurnal hormone variation and by ACTH stimulation and
      dexamethasone suppression tests. To differentiate between direct CA or oestrogen
      effects and secondary effects resulting from therapy-induced hypogonadism, we
      performed similar tests in untreated normogonadal and hypogonadal patients. CA
      treatment effected a significant decrease in serum F (-40%), DS (-73%) and T (
      58%) levels and an increase in serum Prl (+118%). Oestrogen treatment resulted in
      markedly lowered T levels (-89%), slightly elevated serum F (+24%) and
      significantly increased serum Prl (+192%). Corresponding changes of F, DS and Prl
      could not be found in the untreated hypogonadal controls, thus indicating a
      direct drug-related effect. Neither diurnal rhythmicity of serum F nor adrenal
      response to ACTH stimulation or sensitivity to dexamethasone suppression
      significantly changed under CA or oestrogen treatment. We conclude that, although
      serum F levels may decrease under CA or increase slightly under oestrogen therapy
      for prostate carcinoma, these findings do not justify specific treatment, since
      neither clinical side effects nor an impairment of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
      feedback occurs.

PMID- 2421512
TI  - Evaluation of localization and intensity of the reactions of succinic
      dehydrogenase, NADH tetrazole reductase and lactate dehydrogenase in developing
      rat testis. I. Physiological conditions.
AB  - The localization, intensity, and character of the enzymatic reactions of the
      following enzymes responsible for the oxygenic and nonoxygenic respiration were
      under examination: succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), NADH tetrazole reductase (NADH
      R), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The features of the enzymatic reactions
      enumerated above were tested in male gonads of the rats on their 1st, 4th, 7th,
      15th, 30th, 45th, 60th, 90th d and 1.5 year of post-fetal life. It was estimated
      on the examined reactions that their metabolic maturity in the gonad was reached
      on the 45th d of the rat's life.

PMID- 2421513
TI  - Detection of cytokeratin(s) in epithelium of human plexus choroideus by
      monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2421514
TI  - Localizations of ruthenium red positive material in rabbit peripheral nerves.
AB  - The penetration and distribution of ruthenium red in the axon-myelin-Schwann cell
      complex of developing rabbit peripheral nerve fibers are investigated. Ruthenium
      red positive material is established in the axoplasm, axolemma, periaxonal space,
      major dense lines and intraperiod lines of the compact myelin, mesaxons, split
      peripheral myelin lamellae, Schmidt-Lanterman and longitudinal incisures,
      paranodal loops and axo-glial contacts, Schwann cell cytoplasm and basal lamina,
      nodal extracellular matrix, desmosome-like structures, endoneural collagen. Some
      features of the distribution of the contrast material in the developing myelin
      sheath are described. Regional differences of the axolemma and of the Schwann
      cell cytoplasm and plasmalemma are established. The prevalence of glycoproteins
      or glycolipids in the ruthenium red stained material in its different
      localizations is discussed on the basis of trypsin and hyaluronidase digestion
      performed.

PMID- 2421515
TI  - Comparison of lectin binding patterns in salivary glands of mice and rats with
      special reference to different fixatives used.
AB  - Lectin binding patterns in the salivary glands of mice and rats were compared
      among specimens treated with 9 kinds of fixatives and then individually subjected
      to 10 kinds of lectin staining. Formalin-fixed sections showed positive lectin
      binding with fine granular materials in the GCT cells, and alcohol- or acetone
      fixed sections revealed vacuolated patterns of irregular lectin binding with
      insufficient morphologic detail. Bouin's, Helly's, and Zamboni's fixatives
      displayed an adequate distribution of lectin binding which corresponded to the
      histological aspects. Different lectins gave different characteristic binding
      patterns in SMGs of mice; i.e., PNA and SBA binding was positive in female GCT
      cells, but absent in the male. On the contrary these lectins gave positive
      binding in the male acinar cells but negative in the female. These contradictory
      results were obtained for PNA and SBA binding between the GCT cells and acinar
      compartments of the mouse SMGs. The GCT and acinar cells in the SMGs of mice and
      rats also gave contradictory results; i.e., mice GCT cells displayed positive Con
      A staining but negative PA/Con A staining, whereas mice acinar cells were stained
      weakly by the Con A and staining strongly by the PA/Con A methods. Rats GCT cells
      indicated negative Con A, and strong PA/Con A staining; whereas rats acinar cells
      gave a positive Con A and negative PA/Con A reaction.

PMID- 2421516
TI  - Lectin binding patterns in salivary glands treated with amylase.
AB  - Lectin binding patterns of ConA (Glc, Man), PNA and SBA (Gal, GalNAc), RCA-I
      (Gal) DBA (GalNAc), WGA (GlcNAc), and UEA-I (Fuc) in the major salivary glands of
      mice, rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs were reported using paraffin sections
      subjected to alpha-amylase treatment at 1, 3, and 6 h digestions. Lectin staining
      following treatment with amylase was generally enhanced in acinar, duct, and GCT
      cells. However, increasingly different reactions were obtained depending upon the
      lectins used, the various salivary glands from different specimens treated, and
      the different properties of the serous, mucous, and sero-mucous cells in the
      histologic sections. The lectins that demonstrated rather markedly increased
      staining were ConA, PNA, SBA, WGA, and UEA-I, whereas RCA-I and DBA increased
      little in comparison, or actually decreased. It appears from these findings that
      complex carbohydrates within murine salivary glands contained large amount of
      glucose, mannose, galactose, and N-acetyl galactosamine residues. The basement
      membranes of glandular cells in salivary glands demonstrated markedly positive
      ConA staining following alpha-amylase digestion.

PMID- 2421517
TI  - The thiol-proteindisulfide oxidoreductase in human mononuclear cells of blood and
      bone marrow.
AB  - The in vivo function of the thiol-proteindisulfide oxidoreductase (TPO, EC
      1.8.4.2; proteindisulfide isomerase, EC 5.3.4.1) in biosynthesis of
      immunoglobulin was investigated by studying the enzyme content in human lymphoid
      and other cells by an immunocytochemical method. In contrast to peripheral blood,
      B lymphocytes which showed no or no demonstrable TPO, normal as well as malignant
      bone marrow plasma cells (all Ig classes) were found to contain abundant amounts
      of this enzyme. TPO containing plasma cells were identified by double-staining
      techniques. This finding suggests that TPO is involved in the terminal step of B
      cell differentiation and immunoglobulin biosynthesis. Besides plasma cells,
      approximately 10% of mononuclear marrow cells as yet unidentified medium-sized
      and large cells, exhibited also strong anti-TPO reactivity. Furthermore, using
      surface-cytoplasmic double staining methods, monocytes from human peripheral
      blood could be identified to represent the only cytoplasmic TPO-containing normal
      mononuclear blood cells.

PMID- 2421518
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroxine (T4), and
      triiodothyronine (T3) in thyroid diseases.
AB  - Thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) were detected by
      the immunoperoxidase method in 51 cases of the following thyroid diseases:
      euthyroid goiter, Basedow's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, folliculo-papillary
      carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, and medullary carcinoma.
      Tg, T3, and T4 are present in most of the examined disorders, excepting
      anaplastic and medullary carcinoma. The pattern of Tg, T3, and T4 distribution
      between the cases of a benign lesion is rather similar; Tg and T4 are localized
      both in the epithelium and the colloid; T3 is disposed especially in the
      follicular cells. The pattern of Tg, T3, and T4 distribution in differentiated
      carcinomas is more heterogeneous. In half of the cases, T3 distribution resembled
      that of Tg. In 2 cases, a predominance of T4 was noted. In the other specimens,
      T3 and T4 showed a weak or a negative immunostaining.

PMID- 2421519
TI  - [Relation between chemical structure and histochemical qualities of tetrazolium
      salts].
AB  - For ascertaining correlations between the chemical structure of tetrazolium salts
      and their histochemical qualities, 97 of these indicators (72 monotetrazolium
      salts and 25 ditetrazolium salts) were used to demonstrate histochemically the
      succinic dehydrogenase activity in organs of rat. The nitro-derivatives of
      tetrazolium salts are of special value for histochemical use.

PMID- 2421520
TI  - Lectin-binding affinities of the epithelium in the respiratory tract. A light
      microscopical study of ciliated epithelium in rat, guinea pig, and hamster.
AB  - Complex carbohydrate components of surface coat and secretory granules were
      investigated in the laryngo-tracheo-bronchial epithelium of 3 laboratory animals
      (rat, guinea pig, and Syrian hamster). 2 groups of epithelial cells were
      distinguished in the light microscope: ciliated cells and non-ciliated cells. The
      latter mainly represent secretory cells and are subdivided into serous and mucous
      secretory cells. Apical glycocalix: In the rat, ciliated cells possess a
      significant number of Con A, RCA I, and WGA receptors, and a smaller number of
      UEA I binding sites. In hamsters and in guinea pigs additional binding sites for
      HPA could be demonstrated. The apical glycocalix of the non-ciliated cells in the
      rat evince marked staining with RCA I, WGA, and HPA, and less intensive binding
      of UEA I. In guinea pigs and in hamsters, the presence of additional Con A
      receptors was noted. Basolateral glycocalix: The basolateral surface coat of
      ciliated and non-ciliated cells shows identical lectin binding affinities. In the
      rat, the basolateral glycocalix binds RCA I; in the guinea pig, in addition,
      positive staining with UEA I and HPA is observed; in the hamster, the basolateral
      surface coat is outlined by RCA I and HPA receptors. Secretory products:
      Secretory granules of mucous cells in the rat react with Con A, UEA I and HPA
      lectins. In guinea pigs, these substances also bind RCA I and WGA lectins. Mucous
      granules in the secretory cells of the hamster are positive for Con A, RCA I, and
      HPA lectins. Granules of non-ciliated serous cells of rats bind Con A, UEA I, and
      HPA lectins. In the guinea pig, this reaction is weaker for UEA I lectin but
      comparable for Con A and HPA binding. A positive reaction with RCA I lectin only
      is found in the serous secretory granules of the hamster.

PMID- 2421521
TI  - The issue of transsexual surgery.

PMID- 2421522
TI  - [Fiber connections of the thalamus].

PMID- 2421523
TI  - Binding specificity of two monoclonal antiglioma antibodies: immunocytochemical
      studies using a new tissue embedding technique.
AB  - The binding specificities of two monoclonal antiglioma antibodies (MAB) derived
      from hybrids GE2 and BF7 (Schnegg et al. 1981) were tested by indirect
      immunofluorescence (IF) and two immunoperoxidase (IP) methods. Studies were done
      on biopsies from 33 human CNS tumors, human derived glioma cells, and N
      ethylnitrosourea-induced neurogenic rat cells in culture. The immunohistochemical
      reactions of MAB were investigated in snap-frozen tumor material, conventionally
      paraffin-embedded material, and tumors embedded in formol sucrose/gum
      sucrose/paraffin (FSGSP) by the new tissue processing technique of Bolton and
      Mesnard (1982), which preserves and enhances the antigenicity of tissues. The
      FSGSP processing offered a better immunocytochemical staining with MAB as
      compared to cryostat material, while the conventionally embedded paraffin
      sections of tumors did not stain at all. The binding of MAB revealed an affinity
      to both glial tumor cells and normal astrocytes. The techniques described are
      suitable for the identification of an astrocytic subpopulation within gliomas,
      and may improve the understaining of antigen expression in various stages of
      astrocytic dedifferentiation.

PMID- 2421524
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of conjoined twins (diprosopus) with myelomeningocele.
AB  - Conjoined twins (diprosopus) with a neural tube defect were diagnosed by
      ultrasound, alphafetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase in the 18th week of
      gestation.

PMID- 2421525
TI  - Human retinal pigment epithelium in long term explant culture.
AB  - Explants of human retinal pigment epithelium were maintained in culture in
      various types of media, and examined by light and transmission electron
      microscopy. After one month in vitro, the central areas showed a monolayered
      configuration with distinct polarity and presence of ruthenium red stainable
      material on the apical surface. On the peripheral areas of Bruch's membrane,
      multilayered lesions were observed to develop and to extend from the monolayered
      epithelium and past the cut edge in Bruch's membrane. Cells in these lesions
      contained little melanin and generally lacked an apico-basal polarity. Ruthenium
      red staining revealed the presence of electron dense material on the apical
      surface of the lesions as well as in the extracellular space between cells in the
      various layers. Development of multilayered lesions with deposition of
      extracellular material are seen in various chorio-retinal disorders, including
      senile macular degenerations and also subsequent to laser and cryo-therapy. The
      findings in the present study point to the explant culture system as a valuable
      tool in the study of important aspects of chorio-retinal pathology.

PMID- 2421526
TI  - Bradykinin accelerates mucociliary activity in rabbit maxillary sinus.
AB  - The in vivo effect of bradykinin on mucociliary (m.c.) activity in the rabbit
      maxillary sinus was investigated by administering the substance (0.01-10.0
      micrograms/kg) via arteria maxillaris and recording the responses with a non
      invasive photoelectric technique. Bradykinin accelerated the m.c. activity in a
      dose-dependent manner in the dose range 0.05-10.0 micrograms/kg. While the action
      of bradykinin was resistant to pretreatment with indomethacin 10.0 mg/kg, it was
      considerably weakened by the substance P antagonist [D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]SP 1 mg/kg.
      The initial effect of bradykinin was also suppressed by atropine, suggesting that
      bradykinin accelerates m.c. activity by a dual mechanism comprising both SP and
      acetylcholine. Bradykinin probably stimulates a reflex arc in the airways
      involving afferent SP neurons and efferent post-ganglionic parasympathetic
      neurons.

PMID- 2421527
TI  - Phenotyping of mononuclear cells from tonsils and corresponding biopsies using a
      cytofluorimeter. A comparative study.
AB  - A series of B, T, natural killer cell (NK) and monocyte-specific monoclonal
      antibodies was used to determine the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations in
      cell suspensions obtained from whole tonsils as well as their corresponding
      biopsies. The majority of the mononuclear cells stained with OKB-7 and anti-Dr. A
      consistent lower percentage of the B lymphocytes stained with OKB-2. The T
      lymphocytes were composed of a majority of OKT4+ lymphocytes. Only a minority of
      the lymphocytes stained with Leu-7, whereas Leu-llb+ lymphocytes were virtually
      absent. A significant proportion of the mononuclear cells stained with OKM-1.
      There was a highly significant correlation between the distribution of the cells
      stained with the different monoclonal antibodies obtained from the whole tonsil
      and the corresponding biopsy (r2 = 0.95). This study shows that biopsies offer a
      reliable source to study the lymphocyte subsets in tonsils and that
      cytofluorimetry can be applied to study the lymphocyte distribution in this
      organ.

PMID- 2421528
TI  - Sorrento studies of birthweight. Case for international reference data.
AB  - There is little doubt that the mother's state of protein-energy nutrition affects
      birthweight and intra-uterine growth generally. The state of nutritional balance
      (i.e. intake minus expenditure) during the second trimester is probably more
      important than dietary intake alone. Not all mothers producing poorly grown
      babies are undernourished, however, so that preventative and therapeutic measures
      should be aimed only at those who require them. As with many other aspects of
      medical practice, unnecessary treatment can have adverse effects. The effect of
      maternal nutrition on intra-uterine growth is one more reason against adopting a
      plethora of local intra-uterine growth standards. Just as for postnatal growth,
      international reference data of weight (and other measurements) for gestational
      age should be established and accepted, against which the growth of all babies
      irrespective of geographical, ethnic or economic background, may be compared.
      These international reference data should allow for sex of the baby, parity and
      maternal height. They should not allow for smoking, weight, diet, physical
      activity. "FIGOFeGS" (Federation Internationale de Gynecologie et d'Obstetrique
      Fetal Growth Standard) is proposed.

PMID- 2421529
TI  - Carcinosarcoma of the esophagus. An immunohistochemical and electron microscopic
      study.
AB  - Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic examinations were made of a
      carcinosarcoma of the esophagus in an 80-year-old man. An immunohistochemical
      examination showed that sarcomatous spindle cells were vimentin-positive, whereas
      squamous carcinoma cells were keratin-positive. No coexistence of vimentin and
      keratin in a single tumor cell was found. Electron microscopically, the
      sarcomatous spindle cells were characterized by well-developed rough endoplasmic
      reticulum, abundant intermediate filaments, and the occasional presence of
      peripheral aggregates of microfilaments. No definite desmosomes were identified
      among these cells. These results appear to indicate that most of the spindle
      shaped tumor cells assume fibroblastic cellular features and synthesize the
      intermediate filament protein usually expressed in mesenchymal cells, even though
      such tumor cells could be epithelial in origin.

PMID- 2421530
TI  - A human vitelline component in embryonal carcinoma of the testis.
AB  - The correlation between increased serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and a human
      vitelline component of 5 testicular embryonal carcinomas (1 was one histological
      type, 4 were more than one histological type) with no histological features
      specific for yolk sac tumor (YST) or endodermal sinus tumor (EST) was presented.
      In all 5 cases, distinct cells simulating the human yolk sac endodermal cell
      (HYSEC) with eosinophilic-granular or clear-vacuolated cytoplasm were found.
      These cells contained PAS positive, diastase resistant eosinophilic hyaline
      globules (EHG) which were positive for AFP. In the embryoid body, the same cells
      with positive AFP as the HYSEC were also seen. Electron microscopic investigation
      of these cells revealed basement membrane-like materials which were observed in
      organoid structure of YST. Positive AFP in these cells showed no binding to
      Concanavalin A (Con A), which was similar to AFP in YST. It was suggested that
      testicular embryonal carcinoma with higher serum AFP showing no histological
      features specific for YST had a vitelline component simulating the HYSEC and
      produced an increased serum AFP. Immunohistochemical staining for AFP of
      embryonal carcinoma with higher serum AFP is useful for detecting a human
      vitelline component and is important to guess the survival for the patient.

PMID- 2421531
TI  - Characteristic and specific histological findings in rheumatoid pleurisy.
AB  - The histological findings in rheumatoid pleuritis (RP), as seen in
      thoracoscopical biopsies, are found to be: A slightly inflamed stroma with a wave
      like surface due to vessel-containing flattened papillae. The surface is covered
      by layers of pseudostratified epithelioid cells and scattered multinucleated
      giant cells, layers that easily detach as membranes, leaving the stroma surface
      "naked". These findings, in combination with the absence of mesothelial cell
      covering, are viewed as characteristic and specific, as based on a blind review
      of 17 pleural biopsies from RP patients and 14 biopsies from a control group.

PMID- 2421532
TI  - Evaluation of commercial immunoperoxidase kits for prostatic specific antigen and
      prostatic specific acid phosphatase.
AB  - The practical application of commercially available immunoperoxidase kits for
      prostatic specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PSPH)
      were blindly evaluated on routinely formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue
      from 95 consecutive cases of prostatic carcinoma, 10 cases of metastases from
      prostatic carcinoma and 90 cases of primary or metastatic non prostatic
      carcinoma. Both Kits showed a diagnostic specificity of 100%. The diagnostic
      sensitivities were 94% (PSA) and 90% (PSPH) respectively, but concomitantly
      staining for PSA and PSPH improved the diagnostic sensitivity to 99%. Using the
      histologic grading system of Gleason both markers showed a tendency to less
      extensive staining in low differentiated prostatic carcinomas. It is concluded
      that both Kits are highly specific and highly sensitive, but negative reaction in
      medium or low differentiated adenocarcinomas does not rule out the possibility of
      prostatic carcinoma.

PMID- 2421533
TI  - Effects of hypothyroidism and undernourishment on nuclear-cytoplasmic transport
      "in vitro" of cerebral RNA.
AB  - Neonatal thyroidectomy impairs, at 10 days of age, the "in vivo" specific
      activity of brain "rapidly-labeled" RNA, both in nuclei and microsomes. The
      labeling of ribosomal RNA, whose nuclear synthesis is not affected by
      hypothyroidism, appears diminished at the microsomal level, indicating an
      impairment of transport across the nuclear membranes. "Rapidly-labeled" RNA
      values did not change under the same conditions. Underfeeding causes the same
      changes as thyroidectomy on the labeling and transport of cerebral RNA, with the
      only exception of the nuclear mRNA release, which is diminished by
      undernourishment. The alterations of cytosolic factors cause the impairment of
      cerebral ribosomal RNA release in hypothyroid rats, while changes in unknown
      intranuclear mechanisms are responsible for the decreased transport of ribosomal
      RNA in undernourished rats.

PMID- 2421534
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of substance P and VIP in the denervated rat parotid
      gland.
AB  - The effects of SP and VIP were studied in vitro in normal and denervated parotid
      glands of the rat using electrophysiological techniques. After sympathetic, and
      especially after parasympathetic, denervation the number of cells responding to
      peptides increased significantly. Furthermore, sub-threshold doses for control
      glands induced membrane potential changes after denervation. It seems reasonable
      to correlate these findings to the development of supersensitivity. The
      underlying mechanisms, however, require further investigation.

PMID- 2421535
TI  - Stimulation of acid formation by histamine, carbachol and pentagastrin in
      isolated pig parietal cells.
AB  - Free cells were obtained by sequential incubations of pig gastric mucosa with
      pronase and collagenase. Approximately 10-15% of the cell population represented
      parietal cells. Accumulation of aminopyrine (AP) in the acid compartments of
      parietal cells was used as an index of their acid production. Histamine,
      carbachol and pentagastrin each independently stimulated aminopyrine
      accumulation. The initial rate of aminopyrine accumulation, observed after
      addition of 10(-4) M carbachol or 10(-6) M pentagastrin, were 32% and 10%,
      respectively, of that observed with 10(-4) M histamine. Steady-state aminopyrine
      accumulation in the presence of 10(-4) M histamine, 10(-4) M carbachol or 10(-6)
      M pentagastrin were 6.2 +/- 3.3, 2.6 +/- 0.6 and 3.0 +/- 1.5 pmol AP per 10(4)
      parietal cells, respectively (mean +/- SD, n = 5). The EC50 value for histamine
      was 3.4 +/- 1.4 X 10(-7) M, and for pentagastrin 5.9 +/- 4.2 X 10(-8) M (mean +/-
      SD, n = 5). The dose-response curve for carbachol was biphasic. A plateau was
      reached at 10(-5)-10(-4) M carbachol, and for this phase an apparent EC50 of 2.1
      +/- 1.4 X 10(-6) M carbachol was calculated (mean +/- SD, n = 5). A further
      increase to 10(-3) M carbachol increased the aminopyrine accumulation. Atropine
      (10(-6) M) inhibited the response to concentrations up to 10(-4) M carbachol, but
      was without effect on the histamine- and pentagastrin-stimulation. The H2
      receptor antagonist, cimetidine, right-shifted the dose--response curve for
      histamine. Also, the pentagastrin-stimulated aminopyrine accumulation was
      inhibited by cimetidine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2421536
TI  - Augmentation of natural killer activity by neuraminidase treatment of lymphocytes
      from tumor-bearing mice.
AB  - Spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice showed decreased natural killer (NK)
      activity and decreased binding to target cells with progression of the tumor.
      Treatment of spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice with vibrio cholerae
      neuraminidase (VCN) increased the cytotoxicity to a level twice or more as high
      as that of untreated cells, but the same treatment of spleen cells from normal
      mice had no or little effect. On the other hand, neither in spleen cells from
      tumor-bearing mice nor in those from normal mice, the VCN treatment had no effect
      on their binding to M-HeLa cells. The suppression of NK activity by preincubation
      with serum from tumor-bearing mice or prostaglandin E2 was completely abolished
      by VCN treatment. The above results indicate that VCN treatment of lymphocytes
      might augment NK activity by an antagonistic effect against an immune suppressive
      factor.

PMID- 2421537
TI  - Mn2+ dependent transformation of Bacillus subtilis.
AB  - The present study shows that transformation of Bacillus subtilis can proceed in
      the presence of Mn2+ instead of Mg2+ with equal efficiency. The crucial condition
      seems to be the Mn2+ concentration which should not exceed 0.025 mM. Binding,
      uptake and breakdown of donor DNA as well as its physicochemical fate in Mn2+
      dependent transformation was investigated. No changes as compared to the standard
      procedure with Mg2+ were noticed. The possible source of errors in this kind of
      experiments is discussed.

PMID- 2421538
TI  - Peptide maps of T mutant of influenza virus.
AB  - Peptide maps were prepared by high-voltage electrophoresis and chromatography for
      t 30 degrees C mutant and the original strain A Port Chalmers 1/73 H3N2 of
      influenza virus. Clear differences in the distribution and number of spots
      between the mutant and the original strain were found. The differences are due
      presumably to changes in the amino-acid sequences.

PMID- 2421539
TI  - Catalase T deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - A method for the isolation of catalase T deficient mutants of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae is described. Ten mutants lacking catalase T and belonging to 5
      complementation groups were isolated. CTT1 locus was identified as the structural
      gene for catalase T. It is under the control of CTT2, CTT3 and CTT4 loci.

PMID- 2421540
TI  - The role of respiratory chain in paraquat toxicity in yeast.
AB  - Yeast respiratory deficient mutants are resistant to paraquat. Similar resistance
      is caused by lowering the respiration by physiological mechanisms, as well as by
      some inhibitors of electron transfer chain of mitochondria. Presented results
      suggest that the major contribution of mitochondria to overall toxicity of
      paraquat in yeast is a consequence of very low level of cytochrome P-450, and
      presumably its presumably its reductase in aerobic yeast cells. In mammalian
      cells this enzyme is considered as the most important factor involved in paraquat
      toxicity. Mitochondrial cytochromes seem to be the first targets of damaging
      effects of paraquat.

PMID- 2421541
TI  - Isolation of cellulolytic mutants of thermotolerant fungus Chaetomium
      cellulolyticum ATCC 32319.
AB  - Spores of Chaetomium cellulolyticum were treated with 200 micrograms/ml of N
      methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and seven mutants producing clear zones around
      their colonies on modified Vogels medium were isolated. Mutant NG7 showed altered
      morphological characteristics and produced more cellulases (CMCase--15 units, FPA
      -6.5 units, CDA--0.80 units and cellobiase--4.7 units/ml) than its parental
      strain (CMCase--10 units, FPA--4.5 units, CDA--0.36 units and cellobiase--2.7
      units/ml). Cellulase preparation was used to saccharify rice straw, wheat straw,
      bagasse and sawdust, pretreated with 1% sodium hydroxide.

PMID- 2421542
TI  - Acid hydrolysis of beech sawdust hemicellulose and ethanol fermentation of
      hydrolysates by Fusarium sp. 27.
AB  - Beech sawdust was subjected to autohydrolysis (200 degrees C) and acid hydrolysis
      in the presence of HCl and AlCl3. HCl-catalyzed hydrolysis was favourable method
      to hydrolysis beech sawdust hemicellulose. The crude and pretreated hydrolysates
      were tested as substrates for ethanol production by Fusarium sp. 27. Reducing
      sugars were fermented to ethanol by the strain Fusarium sp. 27 in yield 0.22 g
      ethanol per gram reducing sugars consumed.

PMID- 2421543
TI  - Oxidation of thiosulphate and sulphite by Thiobacillus neapolitanus.
AB  - Different bacterial cell fractions of Thiobacillus neapolitanus were examined in
      order to localize the active sites for thiosulphate and sulphite oxidation.
      Difference spectra of the fractions were made to determine the level at which
      electrons from sulphite and thiosulphate enter the respiratory chain. Active
      sites for thiosulphate are probably strictly connected with cell membranes.
      Thiosulphate and sulphite reduced cytochome b and c in bacterial cell extracts.
      It has been found that thiosulphate oxidation is accompanied by production of
      tetrathionate and trithionate.

PMID- 2421544
TI  - Bacterial microflora in Stichococcus bacillaris culture in nitrogenous-organic
      wastewaters.
AB  - The quantitative and qualitative composition of the population of heterotrophic
      bacteria accompanying Stichococcus bacillaris in culture in non-sterile
      nitrogenous-organic wastewater was examined. During 5 days of incubation the
      total number of bacteria did not show any marked changes and averaged 4 X 10(6)
      cells per ml. Twenty per cent of the isolated bacterial strains were gram
      positive. Gram-negative rods were dominated by Enterobacteriaceae (40%) and
      Pseudomonas (17%).

PMID- 2421545
TI  - Bioindication of mutagenic and carcinogenic pollutants in waters of the Olawa
      River.
AB  - Samples of raw waters from the Olawa River, chlorinated raw water, raw water
      filtered through activated charcoal and treated and chlorinated water before and
      after ozonization were examined with the use of the Ames test for potential
      carcinogenic activity. Positive results were obtained for raw water with
      Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 1535 and for chlorinated raw water
      with strain TA 1537.

PMID- 2421546
TI  - Quantitative selection of denitrifying bacteria in continuous cultures and
      requirement for organic carbon. II. Maltose.
AB  - A mixed population of bacteria from industrial nitrogen wastewaters was incubated
      in continuous culture in medium containing 1000-1300 mg nitrate nitrogen per
      litre and maltose as a source of organic carbon. Maximal efficiency of
      denitrification was 8.6 mg N/1/h. The participation of denitrifying bacteria in
      the culture varied from 0% to about 80%, depending on the ratio of maltose
      concentration (CM) to nitrogen concentration (CN) in the medium. The optimal
      CM/CN ratio ensuring the greatest selection of denitrifying bacteria was 5.0,
      which calculated per organic carbon (CC/CN) gave the value of 2.1. The amount of
      maltose needed to denitrify a defined amount of nitrogens was negatively
      correlated (rxy = -0.95) with the frequency of denitrifying bacteria (XD) in the
      culture and was: CM = (4.20-0.026XD)CN. The denitrifying bacteria isolated from
      the studied continuous culture were dominated by Alcaligenes faecalis and
      Pseudomonas mendocina.

PMID- 2421547
TI  - Production of organic acids by bacteria isolated from soil, rhizosphere and
      mycorrhizosphere of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.).
AB  - The bacteria studied released into the medium ten to eleven organic acids. Soil
      organisms excreted mainly pyruvic and alpha-ketoglutaric acids, while strains
      from the root zone--gluconic acid and unidentified uronic acid (y2). Mean indices
      of total production of the organic acids by bacteria were in the following order:
      rhizosphere less than soil less than mycorrizosphere. Bacteria from the root zone
      released into the medium very large amounts of pyruvic, gluconic, and uronic (y2)
      acids--in some instances several times higher than bacterial dry mass.

PMID- 2421548
TI  - Cadmium toxicity to green alga Stichococcus bacillaris.

PMID- 2421549
TI  - Multifocal spinal angiosarcoma after chordotomy.
AB  - A male aged 60 is reported who, 5 years after chordotomy at the Th 2/3 level,
      developed acute paraplegia of the legs and a sensory transverse lesion due to an
      extradural tumour of the Th 1-4 level. Neuropathology revealed transverse
      necrosis of the thoracic spinal cord (Th 1-4) due to an intradural tumour at the
      upper thoracic and lumbar spinal levels, the thoracic malignancy arising at the
      site of the previous chordotomy, with a suture being observed within the tumour
      mass. Histology, positive immunostaining of tumour cells with Factor VIII
      antigen, a specific marker of endothelial cells and the ultrastructural
      demonstration of Weibel-Palade bodies in endothelial cells of the tumour vessels
      suggested a malignant mesenchymal tumour of angiosarcoma type presumably arising
      from the spinal meninges, and broadly invading the spinal cord. The usual
      relation of this extremely rare intraspinal vasoformative malignancy to previous
      chordotomy is discussed.

PMID- 2421550
TI  - [Urinary diversion in anuria of tumor origin].

PMID- 2421551
TI  - Adaptation of muscle capillarity.

PMID- 2421552
TI  - The behaviour of the tissue pO2 in transparent chambers of rats with and without
      tumour implantations.
AB  - Changes of tissue pO2 levels in chronic subcutis wounds with and without
      heteroplastic tumour spheroid implants in thoraco-lumbal rat skinfolds covered by
      transparent chambers were followed in crosscut analysis by pO2 surface electrodes
      as a function of post-operative age using constant normoxic, hypoxic, post
      hypoxic breathing conditions and intervals for each measured area. The tissue pO2
      showed significantly higher values in the edematous phase of wound healing than
      in the granulation and differentiation phase. Tumour implantations induced even
      higher pO2 values in the edematic phase. This difference vanished in later
      phases. The hypoxic reactivity of non-tumour and tumour tissue improved with post
      operative age indicating a sufficient vessel outgrowth.

PMID- 2421553
TI  - New antiviral compounds.
AB  - Several potent and selective antiviral agents against herpes virus infections
      have been developed. However, the majority of compounds against other viral
      diseases has not yet reached such high standard. Based on progress in molecular
      virology it can, however, be anticipated that similar concepts of selective
      inhibition will also be developed for other virus groups. In addition to virus
      induced enzymes, viral proteins other than enzymes with specific activities will
      be identified. The identification of active sites will lead to the design of new
      and specific inhibitors. Moreover, studies on the mode of action of the huge
      number of known antiviral compounds may provide the basis for new and potent
      approaches to specific virus chemotherapy. New inhibitors of viral replication
      may also be derived from 2'-5'A and other mediators of the interferon induced
      antiviral state. However, since 2'-5'A does not enter cells, is rapidly degraded
      by phosphodiesterases, and affects viral and cellular protein synthesis, only
      analogs which do not have these disadvantages may qualify as antiviral drugs. In
      addition to refinements at the molecular level quantitative assays for a better
      evaluation of antiviral agents for clinical use are required. For clinical
      trials, rapid diagnosis, early initiation of treatment, and quantitative
      evaluation of the antiviral effects of a drug need to be developed. Moreover, new
      methods of drug delivery and/or drug targeting will improve potency and
      selectivity of antiviral compounds. Drug carriers have already successfully been
      used in cancer therapy (Poste and Fidler, 1981) they should be also applicable to
      virus chemotherapy. Finally, a better understanding of the pathogenesis and the
      natural course of viral diseases will contribute to the development of more
      effective and safe antiviral agents.

PMID- 2421554
TI  - Circadian rhythms of heart rate and premature ventricular beats in the aged.
AB  - The chronobiological analysis by means of the cosinor method on the dynamic
      electrocardiographic tracings of 30 subjects aged over 65 years with no clinical
      or instrumental signs of heart disease revealed a significant circadian rhythm of
      heart rate with acrophase in the early afternoon. When compared with a group of
      30 young adult subjects, the elderly exhibited only a non-significant reduction
      of the rhythm amplitude. Elderly patients with heart disease exhibited a similar
      chronobiological pattern of heart rate. Premature ventricular beats (PVBs) were
      present in all subjects and occurred mostly during the day. A significant
      circadian rhythm was present only in elderly heart patients with 30-150 PVBs/h.
      The circadian distribution of PVBs showed significant interindividual differences
      with nocturnal acrophase in about one third of the patients. The chronobiological
      analysis can represent the basis for a more appropriate therapeutic approach to
      the elderly with PVBs.

PMID- 2421555
TI  - [Choroidal microcirculatory disturbance in vivo after laser photocoagulation. II.
      Recovery of choriocapillary blood flow studied by high speed microcinematography
      and corrosion casts].

PMID- 2421556
TI  - [Studies on staining test for keratoconjunctivitis sicca. I. Quantization of
      fluorescein test by image analysis].

PMID- 2421557
TI  - [A new light microscopic observing method by embedding the vitreous body in
      polyacrylamid-gelfilm].

PMID- 2421558
TI  - [Use of urinary hydroxyproline excretion as a marker of bone metastases in
      prostatic cancer (1)].
AB  - Twenty-four hour urinary hydroxyproline and urinary hydroxyproline creatinine
      ratio was measured without prior dietary restriction in 24 patients with
      prostatic cancer and 16 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Both were
      elevated in patients with prostatic cancer with active bone metastases compared
      to the values of prostatic cancer without bone metastasis and benign prostatic
      hypertrophy. In these cases, the values of urinary hydroxyproline creatinine
      ratio were more reliable. The results show that urinary hydroxyproline creatinine
      ratio is a very sensitive indicator of active bone metastases of prostatic cancer
      without dietary restriction.

PMID- 2421559
TI  - [Liposarcoma arising from the renal capsule].
AB  - Liposarcoma is one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas, but liposarcoma
      arising from the renal capsule is rare. We report a case of liposarcoma arising
      from the renal capsule. Preoperative diagnosis was achieved by computerized
      tomography and and selective renal angiography. The tumor resected with he left
      kidney which weighed 4,370 g. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with
      cyclophosphamide, bleomycin, actinomycin D, adriamycin and vinblastine was
      carried out. Although the patient's general conditions was fine, local recurrence
      occurred after 24 months postoperatively. Five cases of liposarcoma arising from
      the renal capsule including our case have been reported in Japan.

PMID- 2421560
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of Cernilton in benign prostatic hypertrophy].
AB  - Twenty patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy were treated with Cernilton, 6
      tablets a day for an average of 13.2 weeks. Subjective effectiveness was observed
      in the improvement of sense of residual urine (92%), retardation (86%), night
      frequency (85%), strain on urination (56%), protraction (53%) and forceless
      urinary stream (53%). The overall subjective effectiveness was 80% of patients,
      and the overall objective effectiveness was 54% of patients. Night frequency,
      residual urine volume and tidal urine volume were improved significantly. The
      overall effectiveness was 80%. No side effects were observed.

PMID- 2421561
TI  - [Assessment of prostatic weight by means of computed tomography and
      urethroscopy].
AB  - Preoperative determination of prostatic weight in patients with prostatic
      hyperplasia is important in determining the choice of the surgical technique
      used. Prostatic volume determination with CT scans, using the ellipsoid formula,
      appears to be quite accurate. CT scanning of the prostate gland was performed in
      34 patients with prostatic hyperplasia (2 cases with cancer). All scans were
      performed with a Toshiba TCT-60A-30 scanner, and were made for 10 mm slices as
      follows. From the CT image the maximum transverse diameter (a) sagittal diameter
      (b), and the maximum transverse area (S) were easily determined. The long axis
      was calculated from the bladder neck to the distal edge of the vermontanum by
      urethroscopy (Fig.1). A rough calculation was given by formula V1 or V2. V1 = pi
      abc/6 or V2 = 2/3 Sc. Calculated volumes of the prostate were compared with the
      weight of surgical specimens (TUR-P 27 cases, open surgery 7 cases). A good
      correlation was obtained by this method, i.e., regression equation V1: y = 1.21x
      + 9.68 (gamma = 0.9376); V2: y = 1.31x + 10.58 (gamma = 0.9471). This method is
      considered valuable for preoperative measurement of prostatic size, and is useful
      when evaluating changes in prostatic volume during non-surgical treatment.

PMID- 2421562
TI  - CT features of intraabdominal abscesses: prediction of successful percutaneous
      drainage.
AB  - Fifty-three patients with 71 intraabdominal abscesses identified on computed
      tomography (CT) and treated with percutaneous abscess drainage were evaluated for
      the possible predictive value of any particular CT feature in relation to the
      outcome of percutaneous drainage. Features analyzed included the presence of a
      "rind," sharp exterior margin, air-fluid level, scattered internal gas bubbles,
      and internal septations, as well as size, site, and the presence or absence of
      fistulas as determined by sinography. Statistical analysis revealed that only
      site has predictive value; liver and subphrenic abscesses were more likely to
      have a successful outcome than abscesses in other locations (84% vs 47% complete
      cure). The presence of a long air-fluid level denoted communication with the
      gastrointestinal tract, which led to significantly longer drainage times and
      larger drainage volumes. Since there are no CT features that can strongly predict
      a poor outcome, all intraabdominal abscesses should be considered candidates for
      percutaneous drainage.

PMID- 2421563
TI  - The inhibitory effect of ketotifen on in vitro histamine release in allergic
      patients.
AB  - Since the discovery of ketotifen as a protective drug of hypersensitivity
      reactions against an antigen, there have been numerous works that have
      demonstrated this action both in food and inhalant allergies. In this work we
      studied the inhibitory capacity of this substance in vitro on the membrane of the
      basophils of individuals sensitized with positive histamine release test in whole
      blood against the allergen in question. This was compared with the effect
      obtained with other drugs (ASA, betamethasone, clemastine, DSCG, oxatomide).
      Forty-five patients were studied: 30 pollen allergies and 15 with house dust
      allergy. The results obtained showed the clear action of ketotifen as an
      inhibitor of histamine released on stimulated basophils with any of the antigens
      studied. The rest of the substances tested did not demonstrate any significant
      changes on the histamine released.

PMID- 2421564
TI  - Penicillin allergy: in vivo and in vitro diagnostic methods.
AB  - Hypersensitivity to beta lactams, especially that mediated by IgE or IgG4, is the
      most frequent complaint of adverse drug reactions. There are multiple studies
      dedicated at establishing a method that can permit us to arrive at an accurate
      diagnosis, but from these studies one deduces that the difficulty lies in the
      lack of a test with a 100% reliability. In the present study we evaluate the
      correlation between the different methods. For this we selected 16 children,
      composed of 8 males and 8 females, whose ages ranged between 2 years 7 months and
      9 years 8 months, and who had a reaction to penicillin G via parenteral. The
      following tests were done on them: Skin tests with a major determinant antigen
      (constant composition and molecular weight), with minor determinants. Human
      basophil degranulation test (modified Leynadier technique). Mathov's progressive
      controlled provocation test, which we considered the most reliable. Only in eight
      cases a diagnosis of penicillin allergy was arrived at. The correlation between
      the different tests were: Mathov - HBDT 93.75%; Mathov - PPL 93.75% and PPL -
      HBDT 87.5%.

PMID- 2421565
TI  - Immunoregulation with methisoprinol in Sjogren's syndrome.
AB  - In this work, we studied the therapeutic clinical efficacy and the
      immunoregulating effect of methisoprinol in 4 cases of primary SS and one case of
      secondary SS. After 12 weeks of treatment, no significant clinical improvement
      was detected in the glandular histology, in Schirmer's test and sialography. On
      the other hand, we have observed the following alterations: immunological changes
      characterized by an increase in the total population of T-lymphocytes (OKT3), a
      normalization and thereby a diminution in IgM, an increase in T-helper
      subpopulation (OKT4) in four cases and in T-suppressor subpopulation in one case.
      A noticeable fact was the best immunological response of the patient showing a
      negative histology, a functional alteration of the parotid and a short evolution
      of the syndrome. These findings support the hypothesis that methisoprinol can be
      an efficient coadjuvant in the treatment of primary Sjogren's syndrome in early
      stages when there is only functional alteration but no glandular atrophy.

PMID- 2421566
TI  - [Adverse reactions to food preservatives].
AB  - We relate our experiences about the number of exacerbations that certain food
      preservatives such as sorbic acid, benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, metabisulfite
      and sodium nitrate can provoke in 62 patients affected with ASA-triad in steroid
      dependent intrinsic asthma with nasal polyps and acute bronchospasm caused by
      aspirin ingestion, and in 80 patients with chronic urticaria (C.U.) as well as
      the first assays of the possible usefulness of the HRT (Histamine release test
      automatized using whole blood) for the etiologic diagnosis process. In the cases
      of ASA-triad, and after the ingestion of aspirin (alternating with lactose in
      identical capsule), we consider the result as positive when the reduction of FEV1
      is superior to 20% from its baseline value. Regarding the cases of C.U., the
      symptoms always exacerbate twice as much with the same substance within 24 hours
      of its administration. We have performed the HRT on 59 patients (14 with ASA
      triad, 11 with steroid dependent intrinsic asthma; 20 with C.U. were negative to
      oral intake of analgesics/additives and 14 with C.U. showed positive results).
      Successive dilutions were incubated for 30 minutes using: pyrazolones,
      acetylsalicylate of lysine, sodium salicylate, sodium benzoate and 4
      hydroxybenzoic acid which did not produce liberation of histamine in 100
      controlled individuals. All the determinations were done in duplicate,
      considering positive those superior to 20% of the difference between total and
      basal histamine. We have not observed any significant descent of the FEV1 with
      benzoate and salicylate in our group of 62 patients with ASA-triad, nor any
      manifestations presented with sodium metabisulfite, sodium nitrate and sorbic
      acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2421567
TI  - Adverse reactions produced by iodinated contrast media.
AB  - Given the wide utilization of iodide contrast media for the visualization of the
      different apparatus of the human being and in the view of the presence of adverse
      reactions in 50% of the explored patients, we thought it interesting to write
      this review. In it we intend to show, in a clear and concise way, the different
      mechanisms implicated in the type of reactions. We also comment on the various
      actual and future methods that could be useful at the time of detecting and
      preventing such reactions.

PMID- 2421568
TI  - Common skin conditions in humans and animals.
AB  - A variety of fungal, bacterial and parasitic infections may affect the skin of
      both humans and animals. Streptococcal and staphylococcal infections may be
      transmitted from animals to man. Although lice are host-specific, fleas may leave
      the preferred animal host and cause local allergic reactions when they bite
      humans. Ticks and mites commonly infest both humans and animals. A canine variety
      of Sarcoptes may occasionally cause human scabies.

PMID- 2421569
TI  - Adjuvant drug therapy for pain.

PMID- 2421570
TI  - Why not extrasystoles?

PMID- 2421571
TI  - Ethmozine for ventricular premature complexes.
AB  - Twenty patients with an average of more than 30 ventricular premature complexes
      (VPCs) per hour were treated with ethmozine. Eighteen had either not responded or
      had adverse reactions to at least 1 other antiarrhythmic drug. Patients were
      treated with 200 to 300 mg 3 times daily (8.25 to 11.7 mg/kg) and were followed
      for up to 6 months. Three patients were withdrawn from ethmozine therapy because
      of unwanted effects before evaluation of efficacy. One of these patients had
      sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) after a loading dose of ethmozine. Eleven
      of the remaining 17 patients (65%) experienced more than a 75% reduction in
      ventricular ectopic activity. Six patients had a smaller or no decrease in VPC
      frequency. Eleven of 16 patients (68%) with paired VPCs had a more than 90%
      reduction in paired VPC frequency. Eleven of 13 patients (84%) with VT events of
      3 beats or more had more than a 90% reduction in VT events. Of the 11 patients in
      whom a more than 75% reduction in VPC frequency occurred, 1 patient died suddenly
      after 133 days of effective drug therapy. Three patients discontinued ethmozine
      therapy for reasons not related to the drug. Of the 6 patients in whom there was
      less than a 75% reduction in VPC frequency, 2 patients discontinued treatment, 1
      patient because of hyperanxiety and 1 because of drug-related left anterior
      hemiblock. Ethmozine lengthened PR and QRS intervals but not the JT interval.
      Thus, ethmozine is effective and clinically useful for suppression of frequency
      VPCs in 50% (10 of 20 patients) of a selected population.

PMID- 2421572
TI  - Hyperamylasemia with an abnormal isoamylase distribution in patients with liver
      diseases.
AB  - Isoenzymes of amylase were studied in sera from 95 patients with various liver
      diseases and 82 controls. Twenty-two patients and two controls had
      hyperamylasemia. Four different zymograms were obtained by isoelectric focusing-
      normal, pancreatic, salivary/pancreatic, and double pancreatic. The prevalence of
      these zymograms was similar in controls and in patients with normal values of
      serum amylase, normal being the prevalent zymogram. Patients with hyperamylasemia
      had as predominant the salivary/pancreatic zymogram, corresponding to isoenzymes
      of similar isoelectric point common to both salivary and pancreatic secretions.
      The inhibitory assay revealed a predominant increase of pancreatic type
      isoamylase and showed a poor correlation with isoelectric focusing. Our findings
      indicate that hyperamylasemia occurs frequently in liver diseases and in most
      cases is associated with an abnormal electrophoretic pattern.

PMID- 2421573
TI  - The endocrine control of growth in children with chronic renal failure.

PMID- 2421574
TI  - Midforceps deliveries: long-term outcome of infants.
AB  - Infants delivered by midforceps between 1976 and 1982 were evaluated for evidence
      of developmental delay or neurological deficit by chart review. The 110 infants
      who were followed for at least 2 years were compared to a matched group of
      infants delivered by cesarean section. The cesarean section group was matched for
      the immediate indication for delivery (dystocia or fetal distress), birth weight,
      gestational age, sex, and race. There was no significant difference in abnormal
      outcomes in the two groups.

PMID- 2421575
TI  - Incorporation of labeled ribonucleic acid precursors into maternal and fetal rat
      tissues during pregnancy.
AB  - Tritium-labeled ribonucleic acid precursors, including cytidine, uridine, and
      orotic acid, were injected into rats with dated pregnancies (14 to 21 days) and
      virgin rats. The acid-insoluble counts indicating incorporation into fetal and
      placental tissues showed that the highest incorporation occurred with cytidine,
      particularly earlier in pregnancy. In contrast, uridine demonstrated a minor
      degree of incorporation but displayed facile and enhanced transplacental passage
      with duration of pregnancy as represented by acid-soluble counts. Orotic acid was
      minimally used by both fetal and placental tissues. The incorporation of labeled
      precursors into maternal liver, heart, and kidney demonstrated varying responses
      during the course of pregnancy.

PMID- 2421576
TI  - Brief or new: a three-dimensional aid for teaching wheelchair maintenance.
AB  - For the 2 past years, the visual aid described here has been incorporated into a
      wheelchair maintenance class attended by 50 patients and 15 families. The aid has
      helped to decrease patients' and family members' apprehension in performing
      wheelchair care and has been a useful learning and training tool in the
      acquisition of new skills.

PMID- 2421578
TI  - Recombinant tumor necrosis factor and immune interferon act singly and in
      combination to reorganize human vascular endothelial cell monolayers.
AB  - Human endothelial cells (HECs) in confluent primary culture reproduce the
      epithelioid organization of the vascular lining in situ. The addition of greater
      than or equal to 20 U/ml recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rTNF) or greater than
      or equal to 16 U/ml recombinant immune interferon (rIFN-gamma) causes HECs 1) to
      become elongated, 2) to overlap, 3) to rearrange their actin filaments, and 4) to
      lose their stainable fibronectin matrix. These changes develop over 72-96 hours
      and are reversible upon withdrawal of the mediator. In serially passaged HECs
      similar morphologic changes develop. Furthermore, rTNF and rIFN-gamma are each
      cytostatic for subconfluent passaged cultures. When added in combination, low
      concentrations of rTNF and rIFN-gamma act synergistically, whereas higher
      concentrations (eg, 100 U/ml rTNF and 200 U/ml rIFN-gamma) produce unique
      morphologic changes. Doubly treated primary HECs extend many long, overlapping,
      spinelike processes and expose the substratum. Doubly treated passaged HECs
      become extremely elongated and then shed in large numbers. These in vitro changes
      in endothelial cell morphology and behavior may underlie immunologically mediated
      vascular responses in vivo.

PMID- 2421577
TI  - Calcification of bovine pericardium used in cardiac valve bioprostheses.
      Implications for the mechanisms of bioprosthetic tissue mineralization.
AB  - Calcification of bioprosthetic heart valves fabricated from glutaraldehyde
      pretreated bovine pericardium has not been investigated. The objectives of this
      study were to characterize pericardium before and after glutaraldehyde
      pretreatment and to study the pathophysiology of mineralization of glutaraldehyde
      preserved pericardium. Pericardial protein was approximately 90% collagen,
      predominantly Type I. Glutaraldehyde incorporation was complete following 24
      hours' incubation (151 X 10(-9) mol/mg). Bovine pericardium pretreated in
      buffered 0.6% glutaraldehyde, implanted subcutaneously in young rats for 24 hours
      to 112 days, was analyzed chemically (calcium and phosphorus) and
      morphologically. Mineralization, detected at 48 hours' implantation, was
      initially associated with pericardial connective tissue cells and later also
      collagen. Mean calcium content was 114 micrograms/mg at 21 days and 199
      micrograms/mg at 112 days. The morphologic features and the kinetics and degree
      of mineral accumulation in glutaraldehyde-pretreated bovine pericardium were
      strikingly similar to those previously determined for porcine aortic valve. These
      results predict that calcification will critically limit the late durability of
      clinical pericardial bioprostheses and suggest generalized mechanisms of
      bioprosthetic tissue mineralization which are probably dependent on modification
      of implant microstructure by glutaraldehyde pretreatment.

PMID- 2421579
TI  - Quantitative electron microscopy in the early diagnosis of cutaneous T-cell
      lymphomas. A long-term follow-up study of 77 patients.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that quantitative analysis of nuclear
      convolution of lymphoid cells in electron micrographs is a valuable method of
      differentiation between well-established cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and
      chronic benign skin disease. The usefulness of these methods in the diagnosis of
      early and controversial cases of CTCL has, however, not been fully established.
      In the present study the authors compared the diagnostic accuracy of two
      different quantitative ultrastructural methods on a group of 77 patients
      suspected of having early CTCL. These methods included measurements of the
      nuclear contour index (NCI) as well as a simple counting of the number of sharply
      angled nuclear indentations of at least 75 lymphoid cells present on electron
      micrographs. The results were correlated with the final diagnosis after a follow
      up period of 1 to more than 10 years. Measurement of the NCI proved to be a much
      more sensitive method than determination of the percentage of cells having no
      sharply angled nuclear indentations (sensitivity, 96% and 62%, respectively).
      None of these two methods produced false-positive diagnoses. It is concluded that
      quantitative ultrastructural methods, in particular, NCI measurements, are an
      important adjunct in the diagnosis of CTCL, even in early and controversial
      cases.

PMID- 2421580
TI  - In situ hybridization analysis of HPV 16 DNA sequences in early cervical
      neoplasia.
AB  - The authors examined 18 cervical intraepithelial neoplasms (CIN) for the presence
      of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA sequences by Southern blot hybridization and
      DNA-DNA in situ hybridizations for HPV DNA sequences and compared the epithelial
      distribution of HPV 16 DNA sequences with HPV 6/11 sequences in selected
      condylomas. Fifteen of the 18 CIN lesions contained HPV 16 DNA as determined by
      Southern blot hybridization. With the use of biotinylated HPV 16 DNA probes, 10
      of the 18 were positive by in situ hybridization, 9 of which were also positive
      by Southern blot hybridization. In situ hybridization to HPV 16 probes was found
      primarily in areas of CIN which contained either maturation or koilocytotic
      atypia, although in two cases hybridizing sequences were detected in superficial
      cells from epithelium with no discernible maturation. Staining in both condylomas
      and CIN lesions varied in distribution and intensity. However, in some CIN
      lesions staining from cell to cell varied considerably. This greater variability
      in staining appeared to correlate with greater morphologic variations which
      characterize CIN, and which may influence greater variation in HPV DNA
      replication. Thus, some differences in patterns of hybridization for HPV DNA
      between CIN and condylomas may be explained by morphologic differences in the two
      classes of lesions. Differences in viral gene expression between condylomas and
      CIN and their relationship to morphologic findings remain to be clarified.

PMID- 2421581
TI  - Glomerular injury and proteinuria in rats after intrarenal injection of cobra
      venom factor. Evidence for the role of neutrophil-derived oxygen free radicals.
AB  - The purpose of these studies was to determine how intravascular complement
      activation could lead to glomerular injury. Cobra venom factor (CVF) infused into
      the renal artery of rats resulted in increased excretion of protein in urine,
      which was maximal over the first 24 hours (51.2 +/- 6.0 mg/24 hours in CVF versus
      14.1 +/- 0.9 mg/24 hours in saline-treated animals; P less than 0.001). Depletion
      of circulating neutrophils with anti-neutrophil serum significantly reduced the
      CVF-induced proteinuria in the first 24 hours (neutrophil depleted rats 22.7 +/-
      2.8 mg/24 hours versus 63.4 +/- 9.9 mg/24 hours in neutrophil intact rats; P less
      than 0.005). Morphologic abnormalities (which were quantitated morphometrically)
      included accumulation of neutrophils in glomerular capillary loops, blebbing of
      endothelial cells, and epithelial cell foot process fusion. The increased protein
      excretion was reduced by 70% by simultaneous administration of catalase (23 +/-
      4.3 mg/24 hours in CVF plus catalase versus 52.1 +/- 10 mg/24 hours in CVF alone;
      P less than 0.05). Catalase reduced glomerular endothelial cell blebbing and
      epithelial cell foot process fusion but not neutrophil accumulation in glomeruli
      as assessed by morphometry. In similar experiments superoxide dismutase, dimethyl
      sulfoxide, and deferoxamine did not prevent CVF-induced proteinuria. These
      studies, therefore, suggest that intravascular activation of complement in the
      rat causes glomerular injury and proteinuria which is dependent on neutrophils
      and upon the generation of hydrogen peroxide and/or its metabolites.

PMID- 2421582
TI  - Double immunoenzymatic labeling of lymphomatous tissues for both immunologic
      phenotype and a malignancy-associated nucleolar antigen.
AB  - Defining cell lineage in the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) is challenging for the
      immunopathologist. Cell surface marker techniques have made a major contribution
      to the understanding of the biology and classification of lymphoproliferative
      disorders by permitting the determination of the lymphoid (B- or T-cell) or
      monocytic lineage of the tumors. Because lymphoma cells often simulate the
      morphologic features and cell surface phenotype of their normal lymphocytic
      counterparts, it is difficult to discriminate normal from neoplastic lymphocytes.
      The authors have used representative monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to cell surface
      antigens to assess tumor cell surface antigens associated with various
      lymphoreticular cell lineages. Heteroantisera to the human malignancy-associated
      nucleolar antigen (HMNA) was utilized as a marker for neoplastic lymphoid cells
      as previously described. The use of double immunoenzymatic staining with both
      peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase allow us simultaneously to determine lymphoid
      lineage and malignancy on human lymphoma cells. In 101 cases of various cell
      types of NHL, the anti-HMNA antiserum reacted with nucleoli in the
      morphologically neoplastic lymphoma cells, but not with normal-appearing lymphoid
      and other cell types present in the lesions. Control specimens from normal and
      hyperplastic lymphoid tissue also failed to react with anti-HMNA antibodies.

PMID- 2421583
TI  - Evidence for separate cellular origins of sodium and acid-base transport in the
      turtle bladder.
AB  - Transmembrane electrical parameters of the epithelial cells in short-circuited
      turtle bladders were measured to determine whether those cells participating in
      Na reabsorption also participate in electrogenic transepithelial acidification
      and alkalinization. Amiloride-induced increases in intracellular potential
      (Vsca), apical fractional resistance (FRa), and concomitant decreases in short
      circuit current (Isc) denote the participation of the impaled cells in Na
      reabsorption. In bladders from postabsorptive turtles, amiloride increased Vsca
      by -45 mV, increased FRa by 37%, and decreased Isc from 36 to -10 microA/cm2. In
      bladders from NaHCO3-loaded turtles, amiloride increased Vsca by -21 mV, FRa by
      21%, and decreased Isc from 22 to 0 microA/cm2. Neither the subsequent inhibition
      of the negative acidification current in postabsorptive bladders, nor stimulation
      of positive alkalinization current in bladders from NaHCO3-loaded turtles was
      associated with any transmembrane electrical change that could be attributed to
      changes in those transport processes. It is concluded that the electrogenic
      luminal acidification and alkalinization processes of the turtle bladder are not
      produced by, or electrically coupled to, those cells that are involved in Na
      reabsorption.

PMID- 2421584
TI  - Action of cholecystokinin analogues on exocrine and endocrine rat pancreas.
AB  - In the present study we have examined the abilities of cholecystokinin-(26-33)
      amide [CCK-(26-33)-NH2, CCK-8], nonsulfated CCK-(26-33)-NH2 (desulfated CCK-8),
      CCK-(30-33)-NH2 (CCK-4), CCK-(26-33)-OH (deamidated CCK-8), and succinyl CCK-(27
      31)-NH2 (Suc-Des-Asp6,Phe7-CCK-7) to stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion from
      both isolated pancreatic acini and isolated perfused pancreas. We have also
      compared this action with their ability to cause insulin release. The
      modification of either the N- or C-terminal amino acid residues of CCK-8
      decreased in potency, but the magnitude of the stimulation of enzyme secretion
      caused by a maximally effective peptide concentration was the same. The minimal
      effective concentration of CCK-8, desulfated CCK-8, and CCK-4 for insulin release
      from the isolated rat pancreas in the presence of 8.3 mM glucose was the same as
      that for pancreatic exocrine secretion. In contrast, the concentrations of
      deamidated CCK-8 and Suc-Des-Asp6,Phe7-CCK-7 required to produce insulin release
      were 5-10 times higher than those required to cause stimulation of pancreatic
      enzyme and juice secretion. It is concluded therefore that the N-terminal 4-amino
      acid residues or the C-terminal 2-amino acid residues of CCK-8 are not essential
      for biological activity but do contribute to its potency. In addition, the C
      terminal 2-amino acid residues and an amide group in the C-terminal phenylalanine
      residue of CCK-8 appear to be important determinants of the insulin-releasing
      activity of the CCK peptides.

PMID- 2421585
TI  - Pancreatic acinar cells in monolayer culture: direct trophic effects of caerulein
      in vitro.
AB  - Adult mouse pancreatic acinar cells were cultured as monolayers on collagen gels.
      Cells plated in medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), epidermal growth
      factor (1 nM), carbachol (1 microM), insulin (1 microM), and corticosterone (10
      nM) showed adaptive and growth responses. An adaptive phase occurred over the
      first 4-5 days, during which there was an approximately 50% decrease in the
      content of protein and DNA in the cultures, and the remaining attached cells
      showed reduced contents of zymogen granules. Subsequently, the cells spread out,
      divided, and formed confluent monolayers by days 11-14. Cell division was
      indicated by a doubling of the content of protein and DNA between days 5 and 9
      and a 13-fold increase in thymidine incorporation. Microscopic examination of 14
      day cultures revealed monolayers of cuboidal cells with morphological features of
      pancreatic acinar cells. To determine the direct effects of cholecystokinin on
      pancreatic acinar cell growth, cells were cultivated in media lacking added
      hormones and containing only 2.5% FBS with or without caerulein, a
      cholecystokinin analogue. Caerulein led to a 152% increase in DNA and an 89%
      increase in protein at day 9. By use of a preincubation [3H]thymidine
      incorporation assay, caerulein induced a dose-dependent increase in [3H]thymidine
      incorporation and nuclear labeling index, which was detectable at 0.1 nM, one
      half maximal at 1 nM, and a maximal threefold increase occurred at 10 nM
      concentration. The results demonstrate a direct effect of caerulein on the
      pancreas to induce cell growth.

PMID- 2421586
TI  - Seasonal fluctuations in pepsinogen secretion from frog esophageal peptic glands.
AB  - The seasonal activity of pepsinogen secretion in the Rana catesbeiana was studied
      by use of peptic gland bearing esophageal mucosa mounted in a perfused double
      chamber. The amount of the basal pepsinogen secretion during hibernation (winter)
      and breeding (spring) periods was approximately 25 and 55% of basal secretion
      during the active (summer) period. The circumannual variation of basal secretion
      was highly correlated (r = 0.88, n = 37) with the pepsinogen content of the
      mucosa. The fractional rate of basal secretion (approximately 2% of content per
      hour) remained essentially constant, and pepsinogen as a fraction of total
      protein remained at between 20 and 25%. The results indicate that the decrease in
      absolute basal secretion from frog peptic glands during winter is a consequence
      of decreased content and hence synthesis of protein, including pepsinogen, by the
      mucosa. In addition, stimulated secretory responses to both bethanechol and
      bombesin, as a multiple of basal rate, were reduced during both hibernation and
      breeding periods, whereas the response to isoproterenol was entirely abolished
      during the hibernation period. By contrast, the secretory response to
      isobutylmethylxanthine remained constant (approximately 200% of basal) through
      all seasons, suggesting that mechanisms responsible for enzyme translocation and
      secretion remained intact. Reduced basal and secretagogue-stimulated secretion
      during hibernation and breeding seasons is thus likely due to a combination of
      reduced protein synthesis and decreased number or function of agonist receptors
      in peptic cells of the frog.

PMID- 2421587
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor antagonist [4Cl-D-Phe6, Leu17] VIP.
AB  - From structure-activity relationship studies of rat growth hormone-releasing
      factor (rGFR) on the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor in an in vitro
      preparation of exocrine pancreas, we predicted that [4Cl-D-Phe6, Leu17]VIP would
      be a competitive antagonist for the action of VIP. Micromolar concentrations of
      synthetic [4Cl-D-Phe6, Leu17]VIP competitively antagonized VIP-stimulated amylase
      release in the pancreatic preparation and VIP-stimulated short-circuit current
      changes in a colonic tumor cell line. In addition, [4Cl-D-Phe6, Leu17]VIP
      inhibited amylase release stimulated by rGRF, high concentrations of secretin
      (agents that act through the VIP receptor), and peptide contaminants in a
      preparation of natural glucagon. Finally, [4Cl-D-Phe6, Leu17]VIP did not inhibit
      the action of agonists for the secretin, GRF, or glucagon receptors.

PMID- 2421588
TI  - Neural not tubular dopamine increases glomerular filtration rate in perfused rat
      kidneys.
AB  - We examined the effect of endogenous neural and tubular dopamine production on
      renal function in isolated perfused kidneys. Nerves and proximal tubules in
      perfused kidneys produce dopamine from endogenous substrates. Surgical
      denervation 5-14 days before perfusion removed neural dopamine production and
      decreased dopamine excretion 32% (P less than 0.05), inulin clearance 7% (P less
      than 0.05), and sodium excretion 57% (P less than 0.01). Carbidopa, which
      abolished neural and tubular dopamine production, produced similar functional
      effects. Haloperidol, Sch 23390, and (+)butaclamol, but not (-)butaclamol, added
      during perfusion increased renovascular resistance 4-5% (P less than 0.001) and
      decreased inulin clearance 20% (P less than 0.001). Sch 23390 reduced fractional
      sodium excretion (P less than 0.01), but haloperidol and butaclamol did not.
      Chronic denervation or carbidopa blocked the reduction of inulin clearance by
      haloperidol, but alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonists did not. Fractional
      sodium excretion increased after adding haloperidol to denervated or adrenergic
      blocked kidneys. Denervation blocked the effect of Sch 23390 on inulin clearance
      but not on sodium excretion. Haloperidol inhibited dopamine excretion. Thus
      dopamine released from acutely severed nerves in perfused kidneys increases
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Dopamine produced by tubules of chronically
      denervated kidneys did not influence GFR but stimulated sodium excretion by an
      Sch 23390-sensitive mechanism.

PMID- 2421589
TI  - Two calcium currents in a smooth muscle cell line.
AB  - Membrane currents in small cells of a smooth muscle cell line (A10) derived from
      embryonic rat thoracic aorta were monitored by the patch electrode whole-cell
      voltage clamp technique. Three currents, two divalent cation currents, and a Ca2+
      activated K+ current have been observed. The latter is readily abolished
      pharmacologically, allowing the characterization of the divalent cation currents.
      With a holding potential of -50 mV, a single divalent current, which inactivates
      slowly, is elicited on depolarization of the membrane potential to values
      positive to ca. -10 mV. The second divalent cation current is only observed when
      the holding potential is negative to -55 mV and the membrane is pulsed to values
      positive to ca. -35 mV. This current is rapidly inactivating, peaking in
      approximately 5 ms and decaying with a t1/2 of ca. 15 ms at 0 mV when conveyed by
      Ba2+. The rapidly inactivating divalent cation current is depressed by
      substitution of Ba2+ for Ca2+ in the bathing solution and is highly insensitive
      to organic Ca2+ channel blockers. The slowly inactivating channel has more
      typical characteristics of Ca2+ channels; it is more permeable to Ba2+ than to
      Ca2+ and is sensitive to modulation by dihydropyridines. These data demonstrate
      the presence of two distinctly different Ca2+ channels in A10 cells.

PMID- 2421590
TI  - The preoperative liver scan and surgical decision-making in patients with
      colorectal cancer.
AB  - The influence of preoperative liver scans and liver function tests on surgical
      decision-making was analyzed in 196 patients who underwent surgical therapy for
      colorectal cancer. One hundred and thirteen patients who had preoperative liver
      scans were compared with 83 patients who did not. No statistically significant
      difference existed between the liver scan group and the nonscan group in terms of
      when surgical decision-making occurred. Likewise, the results of the liver scan
      did not influence when operative decisions were made. The majority of decision
      making occurred intraoperatively when ultimate confirmation of the presence or
      absence of hepatic metastases was made. Presumptive surgical decisions were made
      preoperatively, but final decisions occurred intraoperatively when all relevant
      patient data could be correlated. Liver scanning has limited usefulness in the
      preoperative evaluation of patients with colon cancer as it does not affect
      decision-making and is much more costly than liver function testing.

PMID- 2421591
TI  - Osseous metastases from colorectal carcinoma.
AB  - In a 10 year (1970 to 1980) retrospective study of 66 patients with primary
      colorectal adenocarcinoma and osseous metastases, there were 47 patients who had
      bone and other distant metastases whereas 19 patients had osseous metastases
      only. The median disease-free interval was 21 months. The overall median survival
      time from diagnosis of osseous metastases was 7 months. Bone scanning is probably
      more sensitive for diagnosing bone metastases that radiography. Radiotherapy
      seems to be the most effective treatment for symptomatic osseous metastases.

PMID- 2421592
TI  - Hepatoportal sclerosis in childhood.
AB  - The clinical, angiographic, and pathologic features of hepatoportal sclerosis in
      five children are presented. Hepatosplenomegaly with preservation of liver
      function and esophageal varices were demonstrated. Histologically, portal
      alterations were consistent and prominent and included subintimal sclerosis of
      the intrahepatic venous branches and telangiectases. Angiographic patterns were
      variable, but all exhibited intrahepatic portal venous obstruction. In three
      patients, there was an association with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction at
      different sites. Our data suggest that intrahepatic portal vein thrombosis could
      be the primary disorder in hepatoportal sclerosis, which may vary in extent and
      site, involving the intrahepatic branches of the portal vein with or without the
      involvement of the portal trunk. Combined clinical, angiographic, and pathologic
      data can contribute to a better understanding of hepatoportal sclerosis in
      children.

PMID- 2421593
TI  - Stapled cholecystojejunostomy and gastrojejunostomy for the palliation of
      unresectable pancreatic carcinoma.
AB  - This technique of combined gastrojejunostomy and cholecystojejunostomy utilizing
      gastrointestinal staplers provides a quick, simple, safe, and effective means for
      palliation of biliary and duodenal obstruction occurring in patients with
      unresectable carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Use of a common loop of
      jejunum for both biliary and gastric bypass avoids the complexities of other
      reported methods.

PMID- 2421594
TI  - Characteristics of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. A study of nine cases
      and a review of the literature.
AB  - Clinical and laboratory data for nine patients with hepatocellular fibrolamellar
      carcinoma treated at our institution have been summarized with emphasis on the
      relevance of plasma neurotensin levels as a tumor marker. The mean age of the
      patients was 22 years. Seven underwent hepatic resection, and two of these had
      later surgical removal of recurrent disease. Plasma neurotensin levels were
      initially elevated in five of the seven patients in whom it was measured.
      Neurotensin levels were within normal limits in three of four patients with
      recurrent disease, but were elevated in one patient who also had elevated plasma
      neurotensin levels preoperatively. In addition, a review of 80 patients reported
      since 1980 was performed. The mean age of these patients was 23 years, and only 6
      percent were older than 50. The male to female ratio was 3:4. Eight percent were
      positive for hepatitis B antigen and 11 percent had elevated alpha-fetoprotein
      levels. Four percent had cirrhosis of the liver. The resectability rate was 58
      percent. Five year survival for patients who underwent hepatic resection was 56
      percent. Patients treated nonsurgically had a median survival of 13 months, and
      none of these patients lived for 5 years. Fibrolamellar hepatoma seems to be a
      distinct clinical entity that mainly occurs in young patients. The prognosis in
      patients treated with a curative resection is good. Plasma neurotensin levels may
      be of value as a tumor marker, but further studies are necessary to substantiate
      this theory.

PMID- 2421595
TI  - [Specific proteins of pregnancy in the diagnosis of feto-placental
      insufficiency].

PMID- 2421596
TI  - [Effect of terfenadine on cutaneous histamine liberation].

PMID- 2421597
TI  - [The role of histamine in the immune response].

PMID- 2421598
TI  - Is there a functional heterogeneity among IgE-type mast-cell-sensitizing
      antibodies?
AB  - It has recently been established that mast cells display functional
      heterogeneity. The question then arises whether the IgE-type of antibody, which
      avidly binds to and thereby sensitizes mast cells and basophils for allergen
      induced release of mediators, also expresses functional heterogeneity. In the
      present article we bring together several experimental observations, mainly from
      the rat system, which are difficult to explain unless one postulates that mast
      cell/basophil-sensitizing antibodies of the IgE-type are heterogeneous in their
      cell-binding properties.

PMID- 2421599
TI  - Diagnosis and immunotherapy of mould allergy. III. Diagnosis of Cladosporium
      allergy by means of symptom score, bronchial provocation test, skin prick test,
      RAST, CRIE and histamine release.
AB  - Thirty-three adult asthmatic patients suspected of mould allergy were
      investigated by in vivo and in vitro tests in order to establish a specific
      diagnosis of asthma caused by the mould species Cladosporium. The patients were
      evaluated by daily symptom scores in the peak Cladosporium season, bronchial
      provocation test (BPT), skin prick test (SPT), RAST, histamine release from
      basophil granulocytes (HIST), and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), and
      the results were scored as negative (score 0), equivocal (score 1) or positive
      (score 2). Based on daily symptom scores and the result of BPT the patients were
      classified as being manifest allergic (asthma) to Cladosporium (positive
      allergy), inconclusive or negative. Positive allergy was defined as asthma
      symptoms oscillating with the spore concentration and a BPT score 2 (positive at
      allergen concentration less than 10,000 BU). Negative allergy was defined as no
      asthma symptoms and a negative BPT (score 0) and inconclusive in the case of
      symptoms and BPT sum of score 1-3. According to the classification a final
      diagnosis (positive or negative) could be established in 85% of the patients.
      "False positive" tests were found: for BPT in 27%, SPT 18%, RAST 0%, HIST 18%,
      and CRIE 0%. The corresponding figures for "false negative" were: BPT 0%, SPT 0%,
      RAST 27%, HIST 18%, and CRIE 23%. The relative risk of being allergic in spite of
      a negative test result was 0% for BPT and SPT, and 25-30% with RAST, HIST, and
      CRIE. In the case of positive test the risk was 90-100%. Excluding BPT, SPT was
      found to be the optimal single test to predict/rule out clinical allergy. A
      stepwise combination of positive SPT and positive RAST was found exclusively in
      patients clinically evaluated as positive, and does not call for an additional
      BPT. Using a potent allergenic extract a negative SPT excluded clinically
      important allergy. The primary conclusion of the study, however, is that the
      final diagnosis of Cladosporium asthma could not be based on a positive BPT alone
      (due to "false positive"), but only on a combination of clinical symptoms during
      the spore season and a positive BPT.

PMID- 2421600
TI  - Histopathological support of antagonism of allergen-induced mast cell mediator
      release in human skin by a beta-2-agonist.
AB  - The site of antagonistic action on allergen-induced early skin reactions by the
      beta 2-agonist terbutaline was studied by light microscopy in 10 atopic subjects.
      Pretreatment with 1 microgram terbutaline intradermally 5 min prior to challenge
      with horse dander allergen produced an approximate inhibition of 85 and 55% of
      flare and wheal responses respectively (P less than 0.001). Biopsy specimens
      obtained from skin sites injected with allergen alone showed a reduced number of
      remaining stainable mast cells as compared to sites injected with terbutaline
      prior to allergen (P less than 0.05, Sign test). The data support the concept of
      in vivo inhibition of the mast cell mediator release reaction in atopic skin by
      terbutaline.

PMID- 2421601
TI  - Acceleration of nucleic acid hybridization rate by polyethylene glycol.
AB  - The addition of polyethylene glycol to filter-bound nucleic acid hybridization
      greatly increases the hybridization rate. With single-stranded probes, the
      increase obtained with polyethylene glycol is significantly greater than that
      obtained with dextran sulfate. Additionally, polyethylene glycol is easier to
      manipulate and less expensive than dextran sulfate.

PMID- 2421602
TI  - Advantages of picrate fixation for staining polypeptides in polyacrylamide gels.
AB  - When acetic acid-urea polyacrylamide gels with or without Triton X-100 were
      immersed in 0.1 M Na picrate, pH 7, to which 1/4 vol Coomassie blue staining
      solution (0.2% in 45% methanol, 10% acetic acid, 45% water) was added, proteins
      stained rapidly (within a few minutes in gels without Triton and within an hour
      in gels with Triton) with little or no background staining. Thus protein bands
      could be observed in a single step with no destaining. The picrate-Coomassie blue
      method fixed and stained a small peptide (bradykinin, nine amino acids) that was
      not observed in gels stained with fast green, silver, or Coomassie blue following
      fixation in 50% trichloroacetic acid. The picrate-Coomassie blue method gave high
      contrast bands suitable for densitometry. Gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate
      were also stained by the picrate-Coomassie blue method if they were first washed
      briefly (1 h) in 45% methanol, 10% acetic acid, 45% water, presumably to remove
      the detergent. These gels also stained rapidly with almost no background.

PMID- 2421603
TI  - The use of antibody immobilized on supports coated with polyglycidyl methacrylate
      in saturation analysis.
AB  - A new procedure for separation of free and bound ligand in saturation analysis
      (e.g., radioimmunoassay, competitive protein binding analysis) is presented. The
      antibody was immobilized on different carriers (glass rods, aluminium or
      polyethylene strips) covered with a thin layer of polyglycidyl methacrylate. The
      surface of the polymer had been activated by reaction with either ethylene
      diamine and glutaraldehyde or sulfuric acid and sodium periodate. The antibody
      was immobilized on this activated polymer by a covalent bond. The advantages of
      the presented separation methods are rapidity, simplicity, and conservation of
      the free and bound ligand equilibrium. A comparison with other separation
      techniques is carried out.

PMID- 2421604
TI  - Measurement of the kinetics of inhibition of activated coagulation factor X in
      human plasma: the effect of plasma and inhibitor concentration.
AB  - A method has been developed for detailed kinetic studies of the inhibition of
      factor Xa in human plasma. Radiolabeled enzyme is not required, and the method
      can be used at initial factor Xa levels of 1 nM. The method is discontinuous and
      based on the removal of samples into an amidolytic assay done in the presence of
      1% Lubrol-PX detergent. This permits the study of inhibition in mixtures
      containing phospholipid, platelets, or thromboplastin. The method can be used at
      inhibition rates in excess of 1 min-1, and by suitable analysis can be used to
      estimate the contribution of inhibition by alpha 2-macroglobulin, which does not
      itself inhibit amidolytic activity. The method is at present limited to cases
      where thrombin is not generated in large excess. Factor Xa inhibition has been
      studied in citrated plasma as a function of total plasma concentration, and--by
      the use of antithrombin-depleted plasma--as a function of the antithrombin
      concentration of the plasma. In all situations inhibition is characterized by
      second-order behavior: (i) total inhibition rate is proportional to plasma
      concentration up to 95%, giving a maximum rate in the absence of calcium of 1 min
      1; (ii) inhibition in depleted plasma reconstituted with antithrombin shows
      inhibition rate to remain linearly related to antithrombin concentration; and
      (iii) the estimated rate due to alpha 2-macroglobulin is proportional to plasma
      concentration. It is thus confirmed that, as in pure systems, inhibition of
      factor Xa in whole plasma is linearly related to the concentration of each class
      of inhibitor.

PMID- 2421605
TI  - A sensitive staining technique for the detection of phosphohydrolase activities
      after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
AB  - A sensitive colorimetric method for the determination of Pi in the range 0.5-10
      nmol has been adapted for detection of several phosphohydrolase activities in
      polyacrylamide gels. This procedure, which leads to the formation of a malachite
      green-phosphomolybdate complex, may be used with many commonly studied enzymes,
      such as acid and alkaline phosphatases, nucleotidases, and ATPases. Since
      detergents do not interfere with color development, this assay is useful for
      monitoring the activity of detergent-solubilized membrane enzymes as well as
      normally soluble enzymes.

PMID- 2421606
TI  - Improved simple chromatographic method for the fractionation of major classes of
      mammalian nucleic acids.
AB  - CL-Sepharose 4B column chromatography has been used for the separation of four
      major classes of mammalian nucleic acids in a single chromatographic run. Gel
      filtration at 2.5 M NaCl separated DNAs (containing RNA hybrids) from tRNAs. The
      18 S RNA (containing 3-5 wt% of small 5 S RNA and RNA degradative products) was
      eluted at 0.7 M NaCl, and 28 S RNA (containing hnRNAs) was eluted at 0.1 M NaCl.
      Poly(A)+ mRNAs were detected in both 18 and 28 S RNA fractions. The present
      procedure is suitable for both analytical and preparative work and may serve as
      an initial step for the further isolation of ultrapure nucleic acid preparations.

PMID- 2421607
TI  - FerriDye: colloidal iron binding followed by Perls' reaction for the staining of
      proteins transferred from sodium dodecyl sulfate gels to nitrocellulose and
      positively charged nylon membranes.
AB  - A staining method for proteins on (positively charged) nylon and nitrocellulose
      membranes is described. The two-step method uses cationic cacodylate iron colloid
      which is substituted with Tween 20 at an OD460 nm = 0.5, followed by Perls'
      reaction with acid potassium ferrocyanide. It stains transferred proteins deep
      blue with low background. The sensitivity is intermediate between that of
      conventional stains and AuroDye, the colloidal gold stain. This is the first
      sensitive staining method for proteins transferred on (positively charged) nylon
      membranes. These membranes have documented advantages in immunoblotting. It will
      therefore be a useful tool for correlating the position of bands or spots of
      proteins detected with overlay assays with the complete electropherogram in a
      duplicate protein blot.

PMID- 2421608
TI  - Sensitive photothermal densitometer for quantitation of Coomassie Brilliant Blue
      stained proteins in polyacrylamide gels.

PMID- 2421609
TI  - Neocortical layers I and II of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). I. Intrinsic
      organization.
AB  - The intrinsic organization and interlaminar connections in neocortical layers I
      and II have been studied in adult hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) using the Golgi
      method. Layer I contains a dense plexus of horizontal fibers, the terminal
      dendritic bouquets of pyramidal cells of layer II and of underlying layers, and
      varieties of intrinsic neurons. Four main types of cells were found in layer I.
      Small horizontal cells represent most probably persisting foetal horizontal cells
      described for other mammals. Large horizontal cells, tufted cells, and spinous
      horizontal cells were also found in this layer. Layer II contains primitive
      pyramidal cells representing the most outstanding feature of the neocortex of the
      hedgehog. Most pyramidal cells in layer II have two, three or more apical
      dendrites, richly covered by spines predominating over the basal dendrites. These
      cells resemble pyramidal cells found in the piriform cortex, hippocampus and
      other olfactory areas. It is suggested that the presence of these neurons
      reflects the retention of a primitive character in neocortical evolution. Cells
      with intrinsic axons were found among pyramidal cells in layer II. These have
      smooth dendrites penetrating layer I and local axons forming extremely complex
      terminal arborizations around the bodies and proximal dendritic portions of
      pyramidal cells. They most probably effect numerous axo-somatic contacts
      resembling basket cells. The similarity of some axonal terminals with the
      chandelier type of axonal arborization is discussed. Other varieties of cells
      located in deep cortical layers and having ascending axons for layers I and II
      were also studied. It is concluded that the two first neocortical layers
      represent a level of important integration in this primitive mammal.

PMID- 2421610
TI  - Thiopental and epinephrine-induced dysrhythmias in dogs anesthetized with
      enflurane or isoflurane.
AB  - Epinephrine-induced dysrhythmias were studied in 19 dogs anesthetized with 1.25
      MAC enflurane or isoflurane, or the same preceded by thiopental (20 mg/kg). In 11
      (group 1) dogs, thiopental reduced the dose of epinephrine required for
      production of ventricular ectopy, bigeminy and tachycardia with enflurane, and
      only ventricular tachycardia with isoflurane (P less than 0.05). Thiopental
      potentiation of epinephrine-induced dysrhythmias with enflurane lasted 4 hr after
      induction. In eight (group 2) dogs, the arrhythmic dose (ADE in microgram/ml) and
      plasma level of epinephrine (PLE in ng/ml) for four or more ventricular
      extrasystoles in 15 sec were determined in the same animal under each of the four
      test conditions. ADE and PLE values (X +/- SEM) were, respectively, enflurane,
      9.1 +/- 1.0 and 141 +/- 24 (8/8 dogs); enflurane-thiopental, 5.0 +/- 0.6 and 63
      +/- 16 (8/8 dogs); isoflurane, 28.3 and 330 (1/7 dogs); and isoflurane
      thiopental, 15.2 +/- 2.8 and 265 +/- 59 (5/7 dogs). In addition, thiopental had
      no effect on plasma epinephrine levels reached during epinephrine infusions with
      1.0 (enflurane only), 2.0 (enflurane, isoflurane) and 4.0 micrograms X kg-1 X min
      1 (isoflurane only). Nor were epinephrine levels reached during enflurane or
      enflurane-thiopental different from those reached during isoflurane or isoflurane
      thiopental. It is concluded that thiopental potentiates several types of
      epinephrine-induced ventricular dysrhythmias with enflurane, but only ventricular
      tachycardia with isoflurane. Furthermore, isoflurane or isoflurane-thiopental
      were less sensitizing than enflurane or enflurane-thiopental. Finally, neither
      thiopental nor the anesthetic agents affected plasma epinephrine levels reached
      during epinephrine infusions lasting 3 min.

PMID- 2421611
TI  - Epidural morphine analgesia by means of a subcutaneously tunneled catheter in
      patients with gynecologic cancer.

PMID- 2421612
TI  - Halothane inhibits the cholinergic-receptor-mediated influx of calcium in primary
      culture of bovine adrenal medulla cells.
AB  - Adrenal medulla cells are cholinoceptive cells. Stimulation of the acetylcholine
      receptor causes the influx of Ca to the cells, and Ca acts as the coupler of the
      stimulus-secretion coupling. In this study, the authors investigated the effects
      of halothane on the receptor-mediated influx of 45Ca using cultured bovine
      adrenal medulla cells. Halothane at clinical concentrations (0.5-2%) inhibited
      the influx of 45Ca caused by carbachol, with simultaneous inhibition of
      catecholamine secretion. The influx of 45Ca and the secretion of catecholamines
      caused by K depolarization were inhibited by a large concentration of Mg, which
      competes with Ca at Ca channels, but not inhibited by halothane. Inhibition of
      the 45Ca influx by halothane was not overcome by increase in the carbachol
      concentration. Inhibition of the 45Ca influx by halothane was examined in
      comparison with that caused by a large concentration of Mg by the application of
      Scatchard analysis as the function of the external Ca concentration. Halothane
      decreased the maximal influx of 45Ca without altering the apparent kinetic
      constant of Ca to Ca channels. On the contrary, a large concentration of Mg
      increased the apparent kinetic constant without altering the maximal influx of
      45Ca. Based on these findings, the authors suggest that inhibition of the 45Ca
      influx by halothane was not due to the direct competitive inhibition of Ca
      channels, nor to the competitive antagonism of agonist-receptor interaction. As a
      possibility, halothane seems to inhibit the receptor-mediated activation of Ca
      channels through the interference of coupling between the receptor and Ca
      channels.

PMID- 2421613
TI  - Intravenous bleomycin does not alter the toxic effects of hyperoxia in rabbits.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that bleomycin
      administration enhances the toxic effects of oxygen on the respiratory system.
      Twenty-one rabbits, with no evidence of respiratory disease, received intravenous
      injections of 45 units of bleomycin (Blenoxane), twice a week, for a total dose
      of 300 units. Fifteen rabbits received an equal volume of saline and served as
      controls. Treatment with bleomycin resulted in failure to thrive, weight loss,
      and 30% mortality from nonpulmonary causes, as indicated by the lack of
      respiratory distress or cyanosis, during or shortly after the injection period.
      The remainder of the animals were allowed to recover for 21 days following the
      last injection. At that time, no differences were found between the experimental
      and the control groups with respect to arterial blood gases, total lung capacity,
      compliance, and hydroxyproline content. Histologic examination of lung tissue
      revealed normal lung architecture. When exposed to 100% O2, bleomycin-treated
      rabbits developed arterial hypoxemia and died from respiratory failure at the
      same rate as the controls. It was concluded that pretreatment of healthy rabbits
      with 300 units of intravenous bleomycin did not result in the development of
      significant amounts of lung fibrosis or enhance the toxic effects of oxygen on
      the respiratory system.

PMID- 2421614
TI  - Differential depression of myocardial contractility by halothane and isoflurane
      in vitro.
AB  - Depressant effects of halothane and isoflurane on isolated right ventricular
      guinea pig papillary muscle bathed in Tyrode's solution at 37 degrees C were
      examined. Contractions were elicited by stimulation through external field
      electrodes while tension was recorded continuously and the intracellular cardiac
      action potential (AP) was monitored simultaneously by microelectrodes. The time
      differential of tension (dT/dt) and of membrane potential (V) was determined
      electronically and recorded also. Contractions after rest and at stimulation
      rates of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 Hz were studied. With normal APs, isoflurane
      (1.3 and 2.5%) depressed peak tension significantly less at high frequencies than
      did equivalent doses of halothane (0.75 or 1.5%). Isoflurane depressed dT/dt max
      less than halothane at all frequencies. At 0.3 Hz stimulation, isoflurane (1-4%)
      significantly increased the normal AP duration by 7-11%. Slow calcium-dependent
      APs and accompanying contractions were studied in partially depolarized muscles (
      40 to -45 mV resting potential in 26 mM K+ Tyrode's solution) stimulated with 0.1
      microM isoproterenol. Following rest and at 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 Hz, both
      isoflurane (1.3% or 2.5%) and enflurane (1.7% or 3.5%) markedly depressed the
      late-peaking slow AP contraction observed with low-frequency stimulation.
      Halothane (0.75% or 1.5%) caused a similar contractile depression (40-60%) at all
      frequencies. In contrast, isoflurane depressed early peaking tension and the
      dT/dt max at frequencies greater than 1 Hz significantly less than did halothane
      or enflurane. At 0.3 Hz, 2% and 4% isoflurane caused 9% and 17% depression of
      slow AP maximum rate of depolarization (Vmax), but significantly prolonged the AP
      duration. Isoflurane altered the pattern of tension development in a different
      manner than halothane, suggesting differing mechanisms of myocardial depression
      by these anesthetics.

PMID- 2421615
TI  - The halothane sensitivity locus and its linkage relationships.

PMID- 2421616
TI  - The position of the epistatic S locus in the halothane linkage group in pigs.
AB  - The linkage of the Phi, Pgd, Po2, S, H and halothane sensitivity loci was
      followed in a Belgian Landrace family, heterozygous for these systems over 6
      generations. Recombination next to the S locus occurred mainly in pigs belonging
      to this particular family. From this investigation the position of the S locus is
      proved to be outwith the Phi-Pgd region, next to Phi. Therefore the gene sequence
      S - Phi - Hal - H - Po2 - Pgd is proposed. Higher recombination rates were
      observed in the female parental line of the multiheterozygous family when
      compared to the male parental line. Additional data from animals, unrelated to
      this strain, confirm the evidence of close linkage of the S system to the nearest
      marker loci.

PMID- 2421617
TI  - Associations between marker genotypes, halothane reaction, creatine kinase
      activity and meat quality characters in a sample of German Landrace pigs.
AB  - Routine blood typing of German Landrace pedigree populations and an earlier study
      revealed very low frequencies of the favourable alleles at the marker loci Phi,
      Pgd and H. The hypothesis was that in this population the whole linkage group of
      favourable alleles at the halothane and neighbouring marker loci may have been
      lost as a consequence of intense selection for leanness and type. The present
      study of 1050 German Landrace pigs at the Relliehausen experimental station,
      where some effort has been made to maintain a higher frequency of the favourable
      alleles PhiA (0.48), H- (0.43) and PgdA (0.70) gave quite different results. The
      frequency of halothane-positive pigs found by using a severe test was only 30%.
      Only 5.4%, 8.8%, 13.4% and 13.9% of animals with PhiA/A, H-/-, PgdA/A and PhiA/B
      genotypes respecitively were halothane-positive. Forty to sixty per cent of pigs
      with these marker genotypes could therefore be expected to be homozygous
      halothane-negative (N/N) animals. Creatine kinase activity and three selected
      meat quality characters showed highly significant differences between the A/A and
      the B/B genotypes for the marker loci Phi and Pgd, with the heterozygotes being
      intermediate. These differences are greater than those observed between halothane
      negative and halothane-positive phenotypes. The only other consistently superior
      marker genotype in this population was the H blood group genotype H-/-. In
      contrast to findings from Sweden and Switzerland, the postalbumin locus Po2 and
      the suppressor locus S for the A-O blood groups did not exhibit useful marker
      qualities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2421618
TI  - Types of myofibers parasitized in experimentally induced infections with
      Sarcocystis cruzi and Sarcocystis capracanis.
AB  - Eighteen calves were orally inoculated with either 200,000 or 225,000 sporocysts
      of Sarcocystis cruzi. Eight goats were orally inoculated with 20,000 sporocysts
      of S capracanis. Calves and goats were euthanatized at various times after
      inoculation, and portions of their right and left biceps femoris, right and left
      longissimus dorsi, myocardium, and tongue were frozen at -150 C in precooled
      isopentane and stored at -70 C. Frozen sections of these muscles were stained
      with hematoxylin and eosin, modified Gomori's trichrome, nonspecific esterase,
      diphosphopyridine nucleotide tetrazolium reductase, and adenosinetriphosphatase
      at pH 10.4 and 4.6. Muscle from the same locations was fixed in 10% neutral
      buffered formalin, processed for paraffin embedding, sectioned, and stained with
      hematoxylin and eosin. Microscopic examination of both calf and goat tissue
      indicated that both type I and type II muscle fibers were equally infected and
      that infected myofibers showed no apparent damage other than displacement by
      sarcocysts. Occasionally, muscle fibers within the muscle spindles contained
      sarcocysts.

PMID- 2421619
TI  - In vitro study of polymorphonuclear leukocyte damage to mammary tissues of
      lactating cows.
AB  - Effects of polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes (PMN) on mammary tissue of
      lactating cows were studied in vitro. The PMN were isolated from mammary glands
      of nulliparous heifers given an injection of 5 micrograms of Escherichia coli
      endotoxin. Mammary tissue was obtained from noninfected quarters of 5 lactating
      Holstein cows and was cultured in supplemented medium 199. Mammary explants were
      treated by addition of intact or lysed PMN (10(5), 10(6), 10(7)/ml) or PMN
      (10(5), 10(7)/ml) which were allowed to phagocytose opsonized zymosan. Controls
      included cultures of mammary tissue alone, PMN alone, and mammary tissue plus
      zymosan. Cultures were incubated at 37 C for 3, 8, or 24 hours. Tissue from 1
      randomly selected culture/treatment was weighed and processed for microscopy.
      Tissue from remaining cultures was incubated with [3H]amino acids or [14C]acetate
      to determine rates of protein and fatty acid synthesis. Media from all cultures
      were assayed for activity of the lysosomal enzyme, N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase. An increase (P less than 0.02) in the activity of this enzyme
      was detected in the medium of explant cultures treated with 10(7) phagocytosing
      PMN/ml at 3 and 8 hours and with 10(7) intact or lysed PMN/ml at 8 hours.
      Treatment did not inhibit (P greater than 0.05) rates of protein or fatty acid
      synthesis. Microscopic examination indicated that epithelial cell damage resulted
      from treatment with 10(6) and 10(7) intact, lysed, or phagocytosing PMN/ml.
      Greatest morphologic damage resulted from treatment with phagocytosing PMN.

PMID- 2421620
TI  - In vitro interference between equine herpesvirus types 1 and 2.
AB  - Interference between equine herpesvirus types 1 (EHV-1) and 2 (EHV-2) was studied
      in equine dermis (ED) monolayer cell cultures and equine lymphocyte cultures.
      Cell cultures were infected with EHV-2, and after a short incubation period, the
      cultures were superinfected with EHV-1. At various intervals, different
      measurements of EHV-1 expression in dually infected cultures, compared with those
      in cultures infected with EHV-1 alone, were studied. In dually infected ED cell
      cultures, the EHV-1 cytopathic effect, EHV-1 titer, and EHV-1 enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay antigen titer were maximally reduced to values of 40%, 58.5%,
      and 54.9%, respectively, at postsuperinfection hour (PSIH) 36. Values of these
      EHV-1 expressions were subsequently increased at PSIH 48. However, thymidine
      kinase activity was reduced to a maximum of 67.3% reduction at PSIH 48. In dually
      infected lymphocyte cultures, the EHV-1 titer, EHV-1 infective centers, EHV-1
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antigen titer, and thymidine kinase activity
      were maximally reduced to values of 77.4%, 78.7%, 98.3%, and 72.9%, respectively,
      at PSIH 24. These reductions of EHV-1 expressions were completely abrogated at
      PSIH 48 to 72. In both cell culture systems, a marked interference of EHV-1 by
      EHV-2 was observed; this was transient in the lymphocyte cultures, but was more
      prolonged in ED cell cultures. This interference appeared not to be interferon
      mediated. The multiplication of EHV-2 in the dually infected ED cell cultures
      appeared unaffected.

PMID- 2421621
TI  - Cloacal papillomas in psittacines.
AB  - Papilloma-like masses affecting the cloaca of 19 Amazons, 16 macaws, 3 parrots, 1
      conure, and 1 parakeet were examined. Papillomatous lesions were characterized by
      proliferation of the lining epithelium on thin fibrovascular stalks. Carcinoma in
      situ was diagnosed in the cloaca of a macaw in addition to the other 16 macaws
      with papillomas. Papillomavirus group-specific antigens were not detected in any
      of the 41 lesions, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. The DNA
      extracts from 6 different frozen papillomas did not contain papillomavirus
      genomes detectable by Southern blot hybridization, using an African gray parrot
      cutaneous papillomavirus as a probe. Evidence of an infective agent was not found
      by electron microscopic examination of 8 of the papillomas. Inoculations of
      partially purified homogenates of a cloacal papilloma from a yellow-crowned
      Amazon did not induce lesion formation on cloacal mucosa of an adult yellow
      crowned Amazon, green and yellow macaw, sulphur-crested cockatoo, or mollucan
      cockatoo.

PMID- 2421622
TI  - Effect of chlormadinone acetate on ventilatory control in patients with chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - Twelve patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were studied to
      determine the effect of ventilatory stimulation with chlormadinone acetate (CMA),
      a potent synthetic progesterone, on chemical and neuromechanical respiratory
      controls and pulmonary gas exchange. Using a randomized, double-blind, cross-over
      trial, 1 wk of CMA therapy caused a significant reduction in arterial CO2 tension
      (Paco2) by 4.6 +/- 0.6 (SE) mmHg. This Paco2 fall was associated with increased
      minute ventilation (Vl), tidal volume (VT), and mean inspiratory flow (VT/Tl).
      During CMA administration, occlusion pressure response to CO2 with and without
      inspiratory flow-resistive loading increased significantly (p less than 0.01)
      over that during placebo administration, whereas ventilatory response to CO2 did
      not. In addition, normocapnic ventilatory and occlusion pressure response to
      hypoxia were significantly elevated (p less than 0.01) during CMA therapy.
      Furthermore, the degree of load compensation, which was assessed by the ratio of
      the loaded to unloaded slope in the occlusion pressure response to CO2, increased
      in all subjects after CMA administration. These results indicate that CMA
      augments not only the respiratory neuromuscular response to hypercapnia and
      hypoxia, but also flow-resistive load compensation in patients with COPD, and it
      may provide support for the use of CMA in patients who are able to decrease their
      Paco2 with this agent.

PMID- 2421623
TI  - [Environmental pollution due to lead and cadmium: data from air sampling].

PMID- 2421624
TI  - [Administrative and legislative measures relative to environmental pollution by
      toxic metals].

PMID- 2421625
TI  - [A case of congenital insensitivity to pain with destructive arthropathies of the
      limbs and spine. Discussion on nosology and physiopathology of the disease].
AB  - A seventeen year old boy presented with destructive arthropathy of the lower
      limbs and discovertebral spaces. Past history yielded recurrent episodes of
      indolent fractures and progressive knee and ankle deterioration. The patient
      denied any pain sensation in the past and at examination. Other neurological
      tests were normal. Beta-endorphin level was elevated in the CSF. Response to the
      cold pressor test was modified after injection of Naloxone. The nosology and
      physiopathology of congenital insensitivity to pain are discussed.

PMID- 2421626
TI  - [Suicide and biology].

PMID- 2421627
TI  - Collagen synthesis in virus-transformed cells.

PMID- 2421628
TI  - Structure and biology of the globular domain of basement membrane type IV
      collagen.
AB  - A procedure was developed for purifying the globular domain NC1 of basement
      membrane collagen from collagenase digests of a variety of tissues. The globule
      (Mr = 170,000) is a hexameric structure originating from two collagen IV
      molecules that are cross-linked at their COOH-terminal ends. Dissociation into
      subunits derived from alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) chains occurs at a pH below 4
      and after denaturation (8 M urea). The subunits obtained include monomers (Mr =
      28,000) and two different dimers (Da,Db) which are connected by disulfide bonds
      (Db) and/or nonreducible bonds (Da). Almost perfect reconstitution to hexamers is
      obtained in neutral buffer with mixtures of the subunits or purified dimers but
      not with purified monomers. Stabilization by dimer formation and other physical
      data suggest conformationally distinct segments within the subunits, which is
      also supported by a repeating subdomain structure deduced from cDNA sequences.
      Monocline crystals of NC1 give a sufficiently detailed X-ray diffraction pattern
      that should permit elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of the hexamer.
      Antibodies raised against the globular domain react with all subunits and mainly
      recognize epitopes stabilized by internal disulfide bridges and/or the hexameric
      assembly. Immunoprecipitation tests with these antibodies demonstrated a slightly
      larger subunit size of NC1 in PYS-2 cell culture and the rapid release of
      precursor-specific segments prior to secretion from the cells. Autoantibodies
      against mouse tumor NC1 were produced in mice and were detected both in the blood
      and as tissue-bound forms (kidney, lung). The autoantibody response is
      accompanied by certain pathological alterations mimicking Goodpasture's syndrome.
      The possible relationship between the two diseases is substantiated by reaction
      of Goodpasture antisera with the globular domain obtained from various tissue
      sources.

PMID- 2421629
TI  - [Urbach-Wiethe disease. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - The Urbach-Wiethe disease is a rare condition, where a hyaline substance of an
      unknown biochemical nature is accumulated in both teguments and mucous membranes.
      It has an autosomic and recessive genetic transmission. Cutaneous and mucous
      lesions (especially on the upper digestive tract) are described, insisting about
      the laryngeal location and the neurological troubles (with their main symptom:
      intracranial calcifications). The association of the disease with congenital
      indifference to pain is to be noted. Two particular cases are reported.

PMID- 2421630
TI  - Lysozyme producers in nasal mucosa. An immunocytochemical study.
AB  - The question of whether or not goblet cells in the nasal mucosa are lysozyme
      producers has yet to be examined. In the present study, lysozyme was localized by
      the protein A-gold technique in human nasal mucosa with special attention to
      goblet cells. Both light and electron microscopic immunostaining revealed
      lysozyme in the secretory granules of the goblet cells, although far less than
      the amount present in the serous cells of the nasal glands. We concluded that the
      nasal glands were the main producer and goblet cells the subsidiary producer of
      lysozyme in nasal mucosa.

PMID- 2421631
TI  - [Comparison between amiodarone and disopyramide in the treatment of ventricular
      extrasystoles].
AB  - The authors have compared the anti-arrhythmic activity and tolerance of
      disopyramide and amiodarone in the treatment of ventricular extrasystoles (VES)
      by using two quantitative methods of assessment. The stability of the rhythmic
      disorder was confirmed by two control Holter recordings in 20 patients without
      treatment, 16 of whom were bearers of an organic cardiopathy. The ventricular
      extrasystole was greater than 90 VES/hour in 18 patients. After the first
      control, Holter recording, each patient was treated successively with 400 mg of
      disopyramide/day in 4 doses for average period of 31 days, then a second Holter
      control recording without treatment, then 600 mg/day of amiodarone for 8 days
      followed by a maintenance dose varying from 200 to 400 mg/day: this second period
      of treatment lasted for an average of 38 days. The reduction of the number of VES
      was greater than 65 percent (SAMI criterion) in 2 of the 20 patients treated with
      disopyramide and in 13 of the 20 patients treated with amiodarone. Using the
      method of variance analysis, disopyramide was found to be efficacious in 5 cases
      out of 20 and amiodarone in 15 cases out of 20. Both methods indicate that the
      greater efficacy of amiodarone is statistically significant (p less than 0.01).
      All of those who did not respond to amiodarone were also non-responders to
      disopyramide.

PMID- 2421632
TI  - Rapid adaptation of pancreatic enzyme secretion in the conscious rat. I.
      Influence of endogenous and exogenous stimulation.
AB  - Pancreatic protein composition in basal and stimulated pancreatic juice was
      studied in conscious rats with cannulated pancreatic ducts. The animals were fed
      with 3 different diets for 14 days. Secretion rate was stimulated by acute
      derivation of the juice, intravenous infusion of cerulein and intraduodenal
      infusions of either amino acids, fat or carbohydrate. In the juice the amount of
      secretory proteins was measured. The various secretory stimuli did not lead to
      any rapid change of composition of the secreted enzymes. A so-called 'nonparallel
      secretion' of pancreatic enzymes could not be found in the conscious rat.

PMID- 2421633
TI  - Protein and RNA turnover in preterm infants and adults: a comparison based on
      urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine and of modified one-way RNA catabolites.
AB  - Urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine in preterm infants (n = 42; 1,712 +/- 408
      g, 4-91 days old) was 24.2 +/- 6 mumol/mmol creatinine or 2.26 +/- 0.56 mumol/kg
      body weight X day. In adults (n = 6; 66 +/- 10 kg, 17-50 years), the
      corresponding values were 10.5 +/- 1.1 mumol/mmol creatinine and 2.21 +/- 0.23
      mumol/kg body weight X day. For both collectives, the breakdown per kg body
      weight of 3-methylhistidine-containing protein (i.e. actin and myosin) was
      similar, at approximately 0.7 g/kg X day (preterm infants 0.84, adults 0.60).
      Since the preterm infants studied contain approximately 21% muscle instead of the
      43% found in adults, the 3-methylhistidine excretion in preterm infants probably
      indicates muscle (and intestinal) protein turnover to be about 3 times higher
      than in adults, a figure in accord with data on whole-body protein turnover in
      preterm infants and adults (approximately 15 g/kg X day and approximately 4 g/kg
      X day, respectively). Urinary excretion of pseudouridine (psi), 7-methylguanine
      (m7Gua) and N2, N2-dimethylguanosine (m2(2)G) can be used to estimate the
      turnover of rRNA, mRNA and tRNA, respectively. The values obtained (in mumol/mmol
      creatinine) in preterm infants are for psi: 164 +/- 32; for m7Gua: 39.1 +/- 9;
      and for m2(2)G: 10.6 +/- 2.1. In adults, the values are for psi: 25.3 +/- 3.1;
      for m7Gua: 4.8 +/- 0.89; and for m2(2)G: 1.53 +/- 0.38. This yields 3-4 times
      higher turnover rates in preterm infants than in adults for all 3 RNA classes:
      rRNA, 0.1 versus 0.038; tRNA, 1.87 versus 0.66; mRNA 2.35 versus 0.64 mumol/kg X
      day.

PMID- 2421634
TI  - Idiotypic networks: a noisy background or a breakthrough in immunological
      thinking? The broken mirror hypothesis.

PMID- 2421635
TI  - Functional role of autoantiidiotypic antibodies in the regulation of the immune
      response to dextran.
AB  - Autoantiidiotypic antibodies to anti-dextran antibodies did not influence the
      kinetics of the immune response, but profoundly affected the secondary response
      and caused a more or less complete inability to produce anti-dextran antibodies
      after a primary immune response.

PMID- 2421637
TI  - Intrathecal interferon in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
AB  - Five patients with clinically advanced subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
      were given human leukocyte interferon (IFN) by the lumbar route, 1 million IU
      every other day for a total of 30 days. Intrathecal IFN produced a meningeal
      inflammatory reaction in all patients and was associated with transient
      hemiparesis in 1. It persisted in the cerebrospinal fluid at measurable levels
      for 48 hours after a single injection. Although improvement was temporally
      related to intrathecal IFN in 1 patient, it is not clear whether this was induced
      by IFN or a spontaneous remission. A randomized controlled trial would be
      necessary to evaluate IFN critically as a therapy for SSPE.

PMID- 2421636
TI  - Glutamate and the pathophysiology of hypoxic--ischemic brain damage.
AB  - Information obtained over the past 25 years indicates that the amino acid
      glutamate functions as a fast excitatory transmitter in the mammalian brain.
      Studies completed during the last 15 years have also demonstrated that glutamate
      is a powerful neurotoxin, capable of killing neurons in the central nervous
      system when its extracellular concentration is sufficiently high. Recent
      experiments in a variety of preparations have shown that either blockade of
      synaptic transmission or the specific antagonism of postsynaptic glutamate
      receptors greatly diminishes the sensitivity of central neurons to hypoxia and
      ischemia. These experiments suggest that glutamate plays a key role in ischemic
      brain damage, and that drugs which decrease the accumulation of glutamate or
      block its postsynaptic effects may be a rational therapy for stroke.

PMID- 2421638
TI  - Understanding the cellular basis of memory and learning.

PMID- 2421639
TI  - [Drug preparations of immobilized enzymes with enhanced affinity for the site of
      action].
AB  - Several approaches to development of systems for directed transport of drugs are
      illustrated by an example of thrombolytic therapy. Preparation and properties of
      enzyme derivatives with increased tropism to the thrombus material due to
      modification of enzymes by fibrinogen or specific antibodies are discussed. The
      data on directed transport of drugs under the action of the magnetic field and on
      the selective action of drugs on culture cells are also presented.

PMID- 2421640
TI  - The interferon system as an integral part of the defense system against
      infections.

PMID- 2421641
TI  - Mouse alpha 1-protease inhibitor is not an acute phase reactant.
AB  - Mouse plasma contains two major protease inhibitors, alpha 1-protease inhibitor
      (alpha 1-PI) and contrapsin, which have high affinity for bovine trypsin.
      Systemic injury, such as turpentine-induced inflammation, did not change the
      plasma concentration of alpha 1-PI, but increased that of contrapsin by 50%. The
      concentration of hepatic alpha 1-PI mRNA was determined by Northern blot
      hybridization and was not significantly affected by the acute phase reaction.
      J.M. Frazer, S.A. Nathoo, J. Katz, T.L. Genetta, and T.H. Finley [1985) Arch.
      Biochem. Biophys. 239, 112-119) have reported a threefold increase of mRNA for
      the elastase specific alpha 1-PI but this increase was not demonstrated by the
      present study. The mRNAs for known mouse acute phase plasma proteins were,
      however, stimulated severalfold by the same treatment. These results indicate
      that in the mouse, as opposed to human, alpha 1-PI is not an acute phase
      reactant.

PMID- 2421642
TI  - [Modification of suppressor activity and effector activity of tumor-bearing hosts
      by bleomycin].
AB  - We investigated the immunological role of an antitumor antibiotic, bleomycin
      (BLM) in its therapeutic effects. BLM was found to be one of unique antitumor
      agents which can augment the antitumor immune responses in the tumor-bearing
      hosts. The evidence was provided by the following experimental results. The
      therapeutic effect of BLM on a transplanted rat tumor is host-mediated and
      administration timing-dependent. BLM eliminates suppressor cell activity induced
      in tumor-bearing rats and augments tumor-neutralizing activity and responsiveness
      of spleen cells to tumor associated antigen. BLM also activates tumoricidal
      activity of peritoneal macrophages of rats. Thus, it is suggested that the
      antitumor immune response augmented by BLM plays an important role in the
      therapeutic effects of BLM.

PMID- 2421643
TI  - [Production of enzymes and enzyme inhibitors in neoplastic tissues].
AB  - The mechanisms of ectopic enzyme and enzyme inhibitor-production in neoplastic
      tissues were investigated. No evidence was obtained to suggest any difference in
      the structural genes of amylase-producing tumors and normal lymphocytes. mRNA
      sequence coding for amylase precursor in tumor tissues was identical to that of
      salivary amylase, suggesting that the amylase in amylase-producing tumors was
      identical to, or closely resembled the amylase in salivary gland. High incidence
      of elevation of serum pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) was observed
      in patients with various malignant tumors. PSTI-positive malignant cells were
      also frequently found in malignant tissues. A comparison of human PSTI mRNA
      sequence with mouse epidermal growth factor (EGF) mRNA sequence showed that they
      were 46% homologous. Human PSTI stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA
      in human fibroblasts at concentrations present in human serum.

PMID- 2421644
TI  - [Biochemistry of melanoma-associated ganglioside antigens].
AB  - A new method for determination of epitopes defined by monoclonal antibodies has
      been developed using thin layer chromatography/enzyme-immunostaining. Using this
      method, monoclonal antibody recognizing the species-interspecies cross-reactive
      melanoma antigenic determinants widely shared by various mammalian species was
      shown to react with N-acetyl neuraminic acid containing GM3 ganglioside. We have
      found the presence of gangliosides containing N-glycolylneuraminic acid in human
      melanoma tissues. These molecular species were determined to be GM3 (NeuGc), GM2
      (NeuGc) and GD3 gangliosides, which have never been detected in normal human
      tissues and are expected to be strong immunogens. Thus, sialic-acid containing
      glycoconjugates play important roles in tumor-associated cell surface antigens.

PMID- 2421645
TI  - [Therapeutic response of interferon-beta in malignant melanoma].
AB  - Therapeutic responses to systemic administration of interferon-beta (IFN-beta)
      were studied in 13 patients with malignant melanoma. Of 4 patients with stage IV
      malignant melanoma receiving systemic IFN-beta therapy alone, none showed any
      effective result (1MR, 3NC). Treatment with IFN-beta combined with chemotherapy,
      e.g. DTIC, produced a clinical improvement in 2 of 5 patients with malignant
      melanoma (1CR, 1PR, 2NC and 1PD). IFN-beta therapy has been performed by
      intravenous drip infusion concomitantly with chemotherapy before or after
      surgery, for prevention of metastasis in 4 cases of malignant melanoma (stage Ib,
      1 case; stage II, 2 cases; stage III, 1 case). Three patients with stage Ib to II
      have been progressing favorably without metastasis over the past 3 years and 2
      months. Patients receiving indomethacin suppositories for fever associated with
      IFN-beta therapy were examined for plasma and urinary IFN-beta activity levels.
      No significant difference was observed whether indomethacin was administered or
      not. Indomethacin is therefore considered to have no appreciable influence on IFN
      beta therapy.

PMID- 2421646
TI  - Developmental tests and scales.

PMID- 2421647
TI  - Chromosome abnormalities in pupils attending ESN/M schools.
AB  - One hundred and sixty six children attending educationally subnormal/mild (ESN/M)
      schools were karyotyped as part of a project investigating the aetiology of mild
      mental retardation. Nine had significant chromosome abnormalities. Five of six
      children identified during the survey had no dysmorphic features--47,XXY (two),
      48,XXYY, 46,XX 15q-, and 46,XX,t(X;19). One dysmorphic boy had a balanced
      translocation--46,XY,t(3;15). Three were already known--47,XX+21 (two) and 46,XY,
      14q+. We suggest that routine karyotyping of children with mild mental
      retardation be considered.

PMID- 2421648
TI  - In vitro production of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) by
      trophoblastic cells.
AB  - Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) a high molecular weight
      glycoprotein, is found in high concentration in the maternal circulation during
      pregnancy. Immunohistochemically, PAPP-A can be localized in the trophoblast and
      in the decidua. Short term cultures of trophoblastic and decidual explants
      produce PAPP-A in vitro. It was thus of interest to see if long term cultures of
      primary monolayers of human trophoblast cells were capable of producing PAPP-A.
      Under our in vitro conditions, trophoblastic monolayers were producing both PAPP
      A and beta hCG. During the first 3 days of culture PAPP-A levels increased in the
      medium whereas beta hCG levels decreased. The production of both proteins could
      be inhibited by cycloheximide. These results strongly suggest that the
      trophoblast is a source of PAPP-A in vivo.

PMID- 2421649
TI  - Peptidergic innervation of the human and guinea pig uterus.
AB  - The peptidergic innervation of the human and guinea pig uterus was studied using
      immunohistochemical methods. Antibodies against several peptides were applied for
      the PAP-technique to stain peptidergic nerves specifically. These are located in
      the adventitia of large uterine vessels in the myometrium and smaller vessels of
      the myometrium and endometrium. A differential distribution of the individual
      peptides was observed for VIP-IR (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      immunoreactivity), NPY-IR (neuropeptide Y), SP-IR (substance P), SOM-IR
      (somatostatin) and NT-IR (neurotensin) nerve fibers. Specific functional
      implications for these neuropeptides can be derived from their histochemical
      location.

PMID- 2421650
TI  - Serum concentration of pregnancy specific and pregnancy-associated proteins in
      early gestation.
AB  - PAPP-A, SP1, hCG and alpha 2-PAG were determined in the serum of 17 patients at
      weekly intervals between 3 and 12 weeks from the last menstrual period;
      progesterone and 17 beta-oestradiol concentrations were also measured in the same
      samples. SP1 and hCG concentrations were consistently found to rise steeply from
      the first time the proteins were detected. PAPP-A, though detectable in early
      samples from 9 of the patients, started to rise sharply in all cases between 6
      and 10 weeks after LMP. Alpha 2-PAG, which was detected in all serum samples,
      showed no consistent behaviour with advancing pregnancy. In 3 patients, alpha 2
      PAG was elevated as early as 3 weeks after LMP, while in others it remained at
      low levels during the entire interval observed. The correlation between these
      proteins (except between SP1 and hCG) is therefore poor; and their synthesis or
      secretion seems to be independently controlled.

PMID- 2421651
TI  - [Value of prostate-specific antigen in urologic pathology. Preliminary results].

PMID- 2421652
TI  - [Avoidable complications during and after transurethral resections].

PMID- 2421653
TI  - Tools for educating transcultural patients.

PMID- 2421654
TI  - The influence of denier and porosity on performance of a warp-knit Dacron
      arterial prosthesis.
AB  - The study objective was to determine the optimal water porosity for a warp-knit,
      externally veloured Dacron arterial prosthesis. Preclotting efficiency, surgical
      handling characteristics, thrombogenicity, and 56-day healing in the descending
      thoracic aorta of mongrel dogs were measured for seven different arterial
      prostheses of the same basic design constructed to test the influence of
      decreased porosity produced by increased yarn denier at a constant needle
      density. The six prototypes tested were 160, 180, 200, 220, 240, and 280 denier.
      The 140 denier prosthesis (Bionit, C. R. Bard, Inc., Billerica, MA) served as the
      control. The water porosity of these prostheses varied from 2036 ml/cm2/min at
      120 mmHg for the control to 286 for the 280 prototype. The preclotting efficiency
      increased with decreased water porosity and with increased outer-wall
      filamentousness. Desirability of surgical handling characteristics decreased with
      lowered water porosity, while the degree of outer-wall filamentousness had little
      influence. All the prostheses showed excellent through-wall healing at 56 days,
      including endothelialization. The 160 prototype represented an optimal blend of
      high preclotting efficiency, desirable surgical handling characteristics, and
      excellent 56-day healing. These studies are pertinent to the future development
      of porous, warp-knit Dacron arterial prostheses.

PMID- 2421655
TI  - Effects of steel mutation on spermatogenesis stimulated by fetuin.
AB  - The effect of the steel mutation on spermatogenesis was investigated using organ
      culture. Cultured cryptorchid testes from WB-+/+ mice showed an effective
      differentiation of type A spermatogonia in response to Pedersen type III fetuin.
      In contrast, the cryptorchid testes from WB-S1/+ showed neither differentiation
      nor division of type A spermatogonia. The findings reported here are the first
      demonstration of retarded response of steel mutation on a well-known agent,
      fetuin.

PMID- 2421656
TI  - Dementias, psychological tests, and neurotransmitters.
AB  - A preliminary investigation was made of data of intelligence quotient, dementia
      quotients, objective profile analysis of MAWI (Hungarian standardized version of
      WAIS) in patients suffering from multi infarct, primary degenerative and
      alcoholic dementia (MID, PDD, Alc. D). Homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5
      hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) from patients with presenile dementia and senile dementia of Alzheimer's
      type (PDAT and SDAT) and multi infarct dementia. They were compared to controls
      and to each other. Alcoholic dementia can be differentiated from other types of
      dementia mainly by the values of verbal and practical quotients (VQ/PQ), Hewson
      Index 5 and by the objective profile analysis. MID can hardly be differentiated
      from PDD, but the objective profile analysis can help, mainly subtests 1 and 3 of
      MAWI. No decrease was found in the concentrations of HVA and 5-HIAA in lumbar CSF
      of demented patients compared to controls, but there was an elevation in 5-HIAA
      concentration.

PMID- 2421657
TI  - Neurochemical effects of buspirone in rat hippocampus: evidence for selective
      activation of 5HT neurons.
AB  - The effect of buspirone on neurotransmitter systems in rat hippocampus has been
      evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro buspirone does not affect the specific
      binding of 3H-flunitrazepam, 3H-GABA, 3H-dexetimide, but displaces 3H-5HT binding
      with nanomolar affinity. Oral administration of buspirone does not modify the
      hippocampal concentrations of GABA, acetylcholine, choline and of 3H
      flunitrazepam specifically bound in vivo, but results in a dose-dependent
      reduction of 5HIAA and noradrenaline concentrations. While the effect on
      noradrenaline is also obtained in striatum of buspirone-treated animals, the
      effect on 5HIAA shows a regional specificity. The in vitro and in vivo data
      suggest that buspirone specifically activates 5HT neurons in hippocampus, and are
      compared with those obtained with diazepam.

PMID- 2421658
TI  - Mechanism of the antifibrillatory action of Chinoin-103, a new antiarrhythmic
      drug.
AB  - The studies deal with the relationship between antifibrillatory and
      electrophysiological effects of Chinoin-103 (CH-103) on right ventricular
      myocardium of cats. In experiments carried out on right ventricles of open
      chested cats, CH-103 markedly increased the fibrillation threshold in a dose
      dependent manner. In electrophysiological experiments performed on isolated,
      electrically driven right ventricular papillary muscles of cats, the drug, at the
      concentrations needed to increase the fibrillation threshold, decreased the
      maximum rate of rise of action potential (Vmax) without changing the resting
      membrane potential. The reduction of Vmax was found to be voltage- and use
      dependent. Steady state inactivation of Vmax, an index of the fast inward Na
      current, was shifted to more negative potentials by CH-103. During a train of
      stimuli applied after a long resting period, the amplitude of Vmax decreased
      gradually and reached a new steady state within 8-10 action potentials, thus
      suggesting that CH-103 inhibited the rate of recovery from inactivation of the
      fast inward Na+ current. It is concluded that the antifibrillatory effect of CH
      103 may be due to a use-dependent block of fast inward Na+ current, which can
      suppress extrasystoles and tachycardias.

PMID- 2421659
TI  - Patient-controlled analgesia for severe cancer pain.
AB  - Concern with the suboptimal management of pain in hospitalized patients has led
      to the development of a patient-controlled analgesia system. In this system, a
      preset amount of narcotic is delivered intravenously when the patient activates
      the demand button. We tested the safety and efficacy of this mode of treatment in
      eight patients with cancer suffering from severe pain. Respiratory rates, mental
      status, and pain relief were recorded at baseline and during the study period.
      Morphine sulfate doses ranged from 1 to 5 mg, and lockout intervals from 15 to 90
      minutes. Patients had a higher analgesic demand, ie, self-administered more
      doses, during the first four hours than during the remaining time of treatment.
      Respiratory rates decreased during the first four hours of treatment, but no
      cases of significant respiratory depression were encountered during this period
      or thereafter in the study. Significant pain relief was produced in all patients
      without causing undue sedation. Patient acceptance of this mode of therapy was
      excellent, and the majority of patients preferred this type of analgesia to other
      forms of pain treatment. In conclusion, patient-controlled analgesic is effective
      and safe therapy for cancer pain.

PMID- 2421660
TI  - Palliation and symptomatic relief.
AB  - Any given pathological lesion produces somatic symptoms whose intensity varies
      widely among different patients, and in the same patient at different times.
      There is clinical and experimental evidence that a patient's level of symptomatic
      distress is amplified by four factors as follows: the thoughts he has about his
      symptom, the degree to which he pays attention to it, his mood, and the
      situational context. These factors can be used therapeutically in maximizing
      palliation and symptomatic relief for patients with chronic medical diseases.
      Discussing the causes of the patient's symptoms can be helpful, as can strategies
      to maximize distraction and focus the patient's attention away from his body.
      Aggressive treatment of anxiety and depression is indicated in chronically
      symptomatic patients, and behavioral interventions to alter the family's response
      to the patient's symptoms can also be palliative.

PMID- 2421661
TI  - [Effect of nicotine on auditory functions in the rat, studied by
      electrocochleography and auditory evoked potentials of the brain stem].
AB  - The role of nicotine (100 micrograms/kg) on brainstem auditory evoked responses
      (FFP) and electrocochleography (EcoG) in rats anaesthetized with pentobarbital
      has been studied. Each component of FFP and EcoG was analysed in terms of its
      latency and amplitude. Nicotine failed to produce any significant changes in the
      latencies of the FFP and EcoG components. Nicotine after 30 min increases
      significantly the amplitude I, I', II and III, of the FFP components, and
      decreases no significantly IV and V components. These finding suggests the
      presence of muscarinic and nicotinic effect of nicotine, in the mediation of the
      brainstem auditory pathway.

PMID- 2421662
TI  - Iloprost (ZK 36374) modulates the responses to beta-adrenoceptor agonists in
      guinea-pig airways and pulmonary vasculature.
AB  - The effect of iloprost on airway smooth muscles and its influence on the actions
      of beta-agonists and histamine were studied in the isolated perfused lung and
      isolated tracheal strips from guinea-pigs. Bolus injection of iloprost into the
      pulmonary artery elicited a concentration-dependent decrease in pulmonary
      perfusion pressure and an increase in airway resistance. These effects are not
      mediated through cholinergic, serotoninergic and histaminergic receptors. A rapid
      tachyphylaxis affected the effect of iloprost in airway resistance but not in
      pulmonary perfusion pressure. Iloprost did not induce a response in the isolated
      tracheal strips and did not alter the effect of histamine in both tracheal strips
      and airway resistance. This compound, however, caused an inhibition in the airway
      resistance-reducing effect of adrenaline and isoprenaline in the isolated
      perfused lung and a potentiation in the perfusion pressure-increasing effect of
      adrenaline. Iloprost also inhibited the relaxing effect of adrenaline and
      isoprenaline in the isolated tracheal strips precontracted with histamine and
      potentiated the inhibitory effect of propranolol against adrenaline and
      isoprenaline. From these results it was concluded that: Iloprost, a stable
      analogue of prostacyclin, modulates the beta-adrenoceptor blocking effect of
      propranolol in both airway smooth muscles and pulmonary vasculature.

PMID- 2421663
TI  - Effects of delta sleep inducing peptide on sleep cycle of cats deprived of
      paradoxical sleep.
AB  - The effect of synthetic delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) on sleep was
      investigated in cat. DSIP (7 nmol/kg was administered intracerebroventricularly
      to cats deprived of paradoxical sleep (PS) for 72 h and immediately after
      termination of PS deprivation an injection of either Ringer or DSIP solution was
      given. Eight h of recovery sleep was then recorded. DSIP failed to affect the
      duration of slow-wave sleep, PS and total sleep time. There was, however,
      significant decrease of wakefulness and light slow-wave sleep (S1) while deep
      slow-wave sleep (S2) was significantly increased. There was also no change in the
      latency to the first episode of S2 sleep and PS. Thus, we conclude that DSIP
      altered the relative amounts of S1 and S2 sleep, causing more S2 (delta) sleep at
      the time when pressure for sleep was at its highest due to prior sleep
      deprivation.

PMID- 2421664
TI  - The effect of food and water deprivation on post-stress analgesia in mice and
      levels of beta-endorphin and dynorphin in blood plasma and hypothalamus.
AB  - Pain sensitivity of food and/or water-deprived male mice was tested on a
      hotplate. The most pronounced analgesia ensued in animals given no food and
      water, and no food but water ad libitum, the least one in water-deprived mice.
      The magnitude of the rise in pain threshold depended on the duration of
      deprivation and was correlated with the increase in the blood plasma beta
      endorphin level. In the hypothalamus beta-endorphin level increased after 72-h
      food deprivation only. The level of dynorphin remained unchanged. Naloxone (10
      mg/kg) almost completely reversed food or water-deprivation induced analgesia.

PMID- 2421665
TI  - delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in erythrocytes of diabetic
      patients.
AB  - Erythrocytes delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity was assayed in 41
      diabetic patients and 33 normal controls. It was found that in diabetic patients
      the erythrocyte ALA-D activity was lower than in controls, and the difference of
      the mean values was statistically highly significant (P less than 0.001). We
      found a significant negative correlation (r = - 0.846, P less than 0.001) between
      ALA-D activity and blood glucose levels. For this reason, using normal adult
      human whole blood haemolysates, it was investigated the effects in vitro of
      glucose and insulin on normal erythrocytic ALA-D. No significant difference in
      ALA-D activity was found in the presence of insulin. On the other hand, there was
      considerable decrease in the enzyme activity in the blood samples after glucose
      addition.

PMID- 2421666
TI  - Tolerance to heat of rats treated by beta-blocker. Role of submaxillary salivary
      glands.
AB  - Effect of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on the changes in rectal temperature (RT),
      heat production (HP) and noradrenaline (NA) concentration in the submaxillary
      salivary glands (SMSG) of rats exposed to heat (45 degrees C) was studied.
      Propranolol (P) (15 mg/kg i.p.) decreased the tolerance to heat. The survival
      time of propranolol-treated (PT) rats was 30 min shorter. The temperature curve
      of control rats exposed to heat can be divided into three phases: a rapid rise in
      RT; a plateau (TP) and a prelethal increase. In PT animals, under identical
      conditions, TP disappears and RT further rises accelerating death. In the initial
      phase of heat exposure, HP was markedly decreased to the same extent in both
      experimental groups; but after 20 min HP increases in PT rats. The content of NA
      from SMSG both in the initial phase and in the TP phase is modified in PT rats.

PMID- 2421667
TI  - Distal blockade in experimental glomerulonephritis: the role of the diluting
      segment in sodium retention.
AB  - In the light of accumulating evidence implicating the diluting segment as the
      site of final regulation of sodium excretion by the nephron, we produced in this
      experiment distal blockade in anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM)
      glomerulonephritic (GN) rats by the administration of furosemide and
      polythiazide. This allowed to dissociate the sodium reabsorption that occurs in
      the proximal tubule from the one that occurs more distally and permitted an
      appreciation of the role played by the diluting segment in the sodium retention
      of anti GBM GN. In a previous experiment we showed that GN conscious or
      anaesthetized rats presented an increase in Na tubular reabsorption and failed to
      raise their fractional and absolute excretion of sodium as normal one did after
      rapid volume expansion. In this study distal blockade corrected almost completely
      the difference in sodium excretion that existed between GN and normal groups
      before the administration of diuretics, pointing to the important role played by
      the diluting segment in the sodium retention of experimental GN.

PMID- 2421668
TI  - Displacement of sulphobromophthalein from albumin and fatty-acid-binding protein
      by oleic acid.
AB  - The absorption of sulphobromophthalein changes upon addition of bovine serum
      albumin or fatty-acid-binding protein at pH 8.4. The sulphobromophthalein
      spectrum is changed most drastically after the addition of albumin than in the
      presence of fatty-acid-binding protein isolated from rat liver, suggesting as a
      first approximation that binding capacity of albumin is much higher than that of
      fatty-acid-binding protein. When both soluble proteins are saturated with oleic
      acid it is observed a decrease in the binding of sulphobromophthalein which
      suggests that the presence of fatty acids in those soluble proteins may affect
      the binding of other ligands.

PMID- 2421669
TI  - Free fatty-acid uptake by isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - In isolated rat hepatocytes, the rate of palmitic acid binding and uptake is
      directly related to the concentration of free fatty acid (FFA) in the medium.
      After their entry into the cell, FFA are immediately incorporated into cellular
      phospholipids and triglycerides and no accumulation of free fatty acids can be
      demonstrated inside the cell. The rate of free fatty-acid uptake remains
      unchanged after incubation in a 2 mM KCN containing medium, indicating that in
      the range of fatty-acid concentrations used in this study, this phenomenon does
      not require energy.

PMID- 2421670
TI  - Electrical stimulation of glossopharyngeal nerve and oesophageal EMG response in
      the pigeon.
AB  - The effects of the efferent glossopharyngeal nerve stimulation, on EMG activity
      of the pigeon cervical oesophagus, were studied. In control animals, stimulation
      caused a biphasic response characterized by an intra-stimulus excitatory
      component followed by a post-stimulus inhibitory one. The EMG response to
      glossopharyngeal stimulation appeared simultaneously throughout the cervical
      oesophagus. A bell-shaped mechanical wave was detected relating to the electrical
      excitatory component. Atropine administration antagonized the excitatory
      component, while the inhibitory one persisted. It occurs intra-stimulus, and its
      duration is increased, compared to control ones. A reduction in the oesophageal
      resting pressure was observed relating to the electrical inhibitory component.
      Hexamethonium caused complete disappearance of any EMG response to
      glossopharyngeal stimulation, as well as suppression of mechanical responses. The
      comparison between the EMG responses to swallow and to efferent glossopharyngeal
      stimulation suggests that in pigeon cervical oesophagus: primary peristalsis is
      central in origin; a dual system of glossopharyngeal fibres, excitatory and
      inhibitory, carries the central control for oesophageal motility; these
      excitatory and inhibitory fibres supply the oesophageal muscle via intramural
      neurons; the synaptic arrangement of the inhibitory pathway is more complex than
      the excitatory one.

PMID- 2421671
TI  - Myocardial hypertrophy in rats exposed to simulated high altitude.
AB  - Myocardial hypertrophy in Sprague-Dawley adult rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia
      (0.40 atmosphere of air/18 h daily for 7 days) in a hypobaric chamber was
      investigated. Changes in the myocardial mass were evaluated on the basis of the
      dry heart weight and expressed as mg/100 g of total body weight (mean +/- SEM).
      Data are presented indicating that: chronic hypobaric hypoxia causes a
      significant degree of myocardial hypertrophy in rats; hypertrophic process
      involves both ventricles (the right more than the left); removal of the hypoxic
      stimulus leads to the disappearance of hypertrophy when evaluated as an increase
      in dry heart weight; hypoxia affects the synthesis of a significant amount of
      connective tissue in the left ventricle, which is not exposed to pressure load.
      The role of neurohumoral factors (i.e., adrenergic stimulation and
      catecholamines) in the development of the ventricular hypertrophy is suggested.

PMID- 2421672
TI  - Uptake and metabolism of catecholamines in the awake dog.
AB  - The contributions of uptake, metabolism and excretion to the removal of
      circulating dopamine (D) have been studied in comparison to those of adrenaline
      (A) and noradrenaline (NA). In two experiments radioactive catecholamines were
      infused during 80 min in an awake dog. In the first experiment [14C]D and D, L
      [3H]A was used and in the second experiment these catecholamines were infused
      together with D, L-[14C]NA. Renal excretion of 14C-radioactivity was almost equal
      in both experiments, as was the case with the accumulation of 14C-components in
      plasma, demonstrating that the uptake of D was comparable to that of NA. The
      removal of [14C]D, [14C]NA and [3H]A, by uptake was 50, 50 and 13.5% respectively
      after 1 h. The conversion by metabolism was 46, 46 and 81%. Renal excretion was
      3.5, 2 and 0.5%. Thus only 0.5, 2 and 5% was left in the extracellular fluid
      (ECF). In a report on similar experiments in anaesthetized dogs much higher
      levels of unchanged NA in plasma were measured. Probably this is due to
      anaesthesia inhibiting uptake. In the pulmonary circulation 14C-radioactivity was
      extracted at a constant rate during infusion which can mainly be attributed to
      extraneuronal uptake of [14C]D and to neuronal uptake of [14C]NA. Besides
      extraneuronal uptake of [3H]A in the lung expiration of [3H]water may contribute
      to the pulmonary extraction.

PMID- 2421673
TI  - [Biosynthesis of carcinine (beta-alanyl-histamine) in vivo].
AB  - Carcinine was biosynthesized by Carcinus maenas from [14C]beta-alanine, [14C]
      histidine and [14C] histamine. Since carnosine (beta-alanyl-histidine) could not
      be detected in crab tissues, biosynthesis of carcinine could only be effected by
      direct coupling of beta-alanine and histamine resulting from histidine
      decarboxylation. Biosynthesis of carcinine was weak when [14C]beta-alanine and
      [14C] histidine were used as precursors. On the contrary when [14C] histamine was
      used, synthesis was important. Thus carcinine appears to be a product of
      histamine catabolism. After injecting [14C] histamine, radioactive carcinine was
      concentrated mainly in the heart and nervous system; nonmetabolized [14C]
      histamine was recovered mainly in the latter. The nervous system might therefore
      be the seat of carcinine biosynthesis and thus the site of action of histamine.

PMID- 2421674
TI  - [12th Young Scientists Forum. Liege, 3-6 September 1985. Abstracts].

PMID- 2421675
TI  - Mycoplasma detection in cell cultures.

PMID- 2421676
TI  - [Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmia in children. Apropos of 24 cases].
AB  - The severity and prognosis of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias in childhood
      were studied in 24 patients (12 boys, 12 girls) with an average age of 8 years at
      the time of diagnosis of the arrhythmia. Investigations included clinical
      assessment and analysis of basal ECG (morphology of the arrhythmias) and dynamic
      recordings (Holter and exercise stress testing). The clinical course was followed
      for an average of 3.8 years. The patients were classified in two groups:
      monomorphic arrhythmias (Group I) and polymorphic arrhythmias (Group II). Group I
      was divided into 4 subgroups: isolated ventricular extrasystoles (IA), 11
      patients; ventricular extrasystoles with bursts of ventricular tachycardia (IB),
      6 patients; sustained ventricular tachycardia without intercritical extrasystoles
      (IC), 1 patient; accelerated idioventricular rhythm (ID), 2 patients. Subgroups
      IA, IB and ID were characterised by the absence of symptoms, the disappearance of
      the arrhythmia on exercise, the decreased efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs and an
      excellent prognosis. Therapeutic abstention was the rule in these patients.
      Patients in Group IC were characterised by the variability of their symptoms, the
      absence of exercise induced arrhythmias, the need for treatment in most cases and
      a good long-term prognosis. Group II was divided into 2 subgroups: adrenergic
      polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (IIA), 2 patients, and non-adrenergic
      polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (IIB), 2 patients. Patients in Subgroup IIA
      were characterised by syncope on exercise or emotion, the need for betablocker
      therapy which considerably improved the patients symptoms but which did not
      usually prevent sudden death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2421677
TI  - [In vitro electrophysiological effects of sodium dantrolene on isolated
      preparations of Purkinje fibers and ventricular myocardium of sheep].
AB  - Dantrolene sodium is a drug used in the treatment of spasticity and malignant
      hyperthermia. It is known to have a myorelaxant effect related to inhibition of
      the "release" of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum of striated skeletal
      muscle. A direct cardiac effect which has only recently been suspected was
      demonstrated in vitro on isolated preparations of sheep Purkinje fibres and
      ventricular myocardium. Dantrolene caused a spectacular lengthening of the
      duration of the action potential of Purkinje fibres. This could be due either to
      an action on the slow calcium current or to stimulation of an ingoing sodium
      current sensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX). This effect on the cardiac action
      potentials could explain the antiarrhythmic properties of dantrolene sodium
      during attacks of malignant hyperthermia.

PMID- 2421678
TI  - [Cellular electrophysiology of abnormal automaticity foci].
AB  - Foci of abnormal automaticity are the result of either 1) an abnormal pacemaker
      discharging spontaneously in the absence of an initiating stimulation usually
      arising in the midst of depolarised myocardial fibres but also from zones of
      physiological subsidiary automaticity normally inhibited during sinus rhythm, or
      2) automatic activity triggered by an initiating stimulus related to oscillating
      after-depolarisation or early after-depolarisation. Oscillating after
      depolarisation, the clinical expression of which was thought initially to be
      limited to digitalis toxicity, can arise in any experimental situation associated
      with calcium overload of the cell. Early after-depolarisation which often occurs
      during the terminal phase of the action potential of the Purkinje fibres, arises
      under different experimental conditions to those giving rise to oscillating after
      depolarisation. Cellular electrophysiological techniques demonstrate the
      mechanism responsible for abnormal automaticity and the sites of action of
      antiarrhythmic drugs. Close collaboration between cellular electrophysiologists
      and clinicians is necessary to establish the responsibility of mechanisms
      demonstrated in vitro in the genesis of clinical arrhythmias.

PMID- 2421679
TI  - [Fluorescent dye demonstration of Mycoplasma in cell cultures using olivomycin].

PMID- 2421680
TI  - [What is the prognosis for premature infants? Outcome until school age (2)].

PMID- 2421681
TI  - [Levels of tumor markers (orosomucoid, pregnancy-associated alpha 2-glycoprotein,
      pregnancy protein-1, placental specific-tissue protein 10, placental specific
      tissue protein 12, alpha 1-fetoprotein) in the serum of patients with bronchial
      carcinoma].
AB  - Concentration of orosomucoid, pregnancy associated alpha 2-glycoprotein (alpha 2
      PAG), Schwangerschaftsprotein 1 (SP1), placental specific-tissue protein 10
      (PP10), placental specific-tissue protein 12 (PP12), alpha 1-Fetoprotein (AFP)
      were estimated in serum samples of 83 patients with lung cancer of stages II-IV.
      The proteins were determined by means of the single radial immunodiffusion, the
      rocket immunoelectrophoresis, the radioimmunoassay and the enzymeimmunoassay.
      Orosomucoid, PP12 and AFP serum concentrations of the cancer group compared with
      those of the control group, were increased significantly. Orosomucoid (control
      group: means = 0.828 g/l; s = 0.301; tumour group: mean = 2.16 g/l; s = 0.862);
      PP12 (control group: mean = 54.08 micrograms/l; s = 61.70; tumour group: mean =
      122.52 micrograms/l; s = 131.16); AFP (control group: mean = 3.05 micrograms/l; s
      = 3.76; Tumour group: means = 8.29 micrograms/l; s = 17.75). alpha 2-PAG was
      found only in 37 cases of the tumour group; SP1 in 22 cases. PP10 (control group:
      mean = 2.25 micrograms/l; s = 0.866; tumour group: mean = 2.503 micrograms/l, s =
      1.508). On condition that 2 tested parameters at least were estimated in the
      pathological range the sensitivity amounted to 0.64 and the specificity to 0.92.

PMID- 2421682
TI  - Immunohistochemical analysis of the localization of neuropeptides in the adrenal
      gland.
AB  - Recent advances in immunohistochemical studies have revolutionalized our
      understanding of the adrenal gland with the discovery that many neuropeptides
      exist in the chromaffin cells and intraadrenal neuronal components. The
      coexistence of peptides and catecholamines is a constant feature of the
      chromaffin cells. The coexistene of multiple peptides is also seen in some
      chromaffin cells. This indicates that there are several subpopulations among the
      chromaffin cells in terms of bioactive substances contained. Diverging from the
      traditional view that intraadrenal nerves are predominantly preganglionic
      cholinergic ones innervating the chromaffin cells, the nerves are revealed to
      consist of heterogeneous populations containing various different neuropeptides.
      These are presumed to be of several different origins. The nerves innervate not
      only the chromaffin cells but partially the cortical cells, too, and are further
      associated with intraadrenal blood vessels. Several possible courses of action
      for the neuropeptides in the adrenal gland have been proposed based on
      immunohistochemical findings. The adrenal gland should be regarded as an
      endocrine organ, secreting not only catecholamines but also various
      neuropeptides; it likely plays more important and varied roles than previously
      believed for the maintainance of the internal environment of the body.

PMID- 2421683
TI  - Nerve fibers in the urethral mucosa of canine penis are immunoreactive for both
      substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide.
AB  - The urethral mucosa in the canine penis was immunostained by use of antibodies
      against substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Numerous nerve fibers
      immunoreactive for both peptides were found to invade the epithelium from the
      tunica propria; here they ran various courses with occasional branchings and
      conspicuous varicosities. Some looped to return into the tunica propria, while
      others ended on the epithelial surface. These findings confirm and extend our
      knowledge on the sensory innervation of the urethra which has previously been
      based on silver impregnation techniques.

PMID- 2421684
TI  - The influence of isoprinosine (ISO) on some cell immunity parameters in mice
      infected with influenza viruses and in mixed viral-bacterial infections. I. The
      release of the migration inhibiting factor from spleen leukocytes.
AB  - The influence of ISO, the antiviral drug of immunomodulating activity, on the
      course of experimental influenza infections and mixed, viral-bacterial infections
      was studied. Spleen leukocytes migration inhibition test, performed in vitro in
      the presence of specific antigens stimulating influence of the drug administered
      to the infected animals was observed.

PMID- 2421685
TI  - The influence of isoprinosine (ISO) on some cell immunity parameters in mice
      infected with influenza viruses and in mixed viral-bacterial infections. II.
      Phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of granulocytes.
AB  - The influence of ISO on some stages of the phagocytosis was examined. Namely, the
      capacity for absorbing and intracellular killing of bacteria in animals infected
      with influenza viruses and with mixed, viral-bacterial infections was considered.
      The stimulative influence of the drug was observed. It was particularly visible
      with the viruses adapted to mice. The influence of the drug is probably in some
      way specific.

PMID- 2421686
TI  - Behavior of haptoglobin in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in chickens.
AB  - Concentration of haptoglobin (Hpc) in serum of chickens with inflammation and
      allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was determined. Chickens with aseptic
      inflammatory state revealed 2.5 times higher concentration of Hpc while in the
      course of EAE only small increase was observed. Administration of immunomodulator
      -isoprinosine, resulted in elevation of Hpc level as compared to nontreated
      chickens.

PMID- 2421687
TI  - Modulation of immunological reactivity in the course of allergic
      encephalomyelitis by isoprinosine.
AB  - It was observed that in the course of allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in
      chickens. Isoprinosine reduced the production of the specific IgA and IgM
      antibodies against encephalic antigen. Its influence on IgG production was
      slight. It was also found that isoprinosine reduced the antitrypsine activity in
      EAE. Its effect upon the level of antibodies and biochemical indices of
      inflammation was particularly pronounced on days 28-35 after immunization, i.e.
      at the time of the most intensive microscopic inflammatory changes in the brain.
      Histological analysis revealed an inhibition of plasmatic cells reproduction in
      the spleens of chickens receiving isoprinosine. No effect of the drug on the GvH
      reaction in chickens was found.

PMID- 2421688
TI  - The effect of experimental hyperlipidemia on the angiogenic activity of rabbit
      peripheral blood lymphocytes.
AB  - Peripheral blood lymphocytes from young rabbits with experimentally evoked
      hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis express enhanced angiogeneic activity. It
      seems that angiogenesis-enhancing factor in the sera of cholesterol fed rabbits
      is not present.

PMID- 2421689
TI  - Trichomonas vaginalis in the prostate gland.
AB  - Although the prostate gland is believed to serve as a parasite reservoir in
      trichomoniasis in men, and clinical association of trichomonads with prostatitis
      is common, there has been, to our knowledge, no unequivocal demonstration of
      Trichomonas vaginalis within the prostate gland. Using established
      immunoperoxidase procedures, we have positively identified trichomonads in the
      prostatic urethra, glandular lumina, submucosa, and stroma. Foci of nonspecific
      acute and chronic inflammation, as well as intraepithelial vacuolization, were
      associated with the infection. The finding of trichomonads within and beneath
      glandular epithelium necessitates reevaluation of the traditional view of T
      vaginalis as a strictly surface-dwelling organism.

PMID- 2421690
TI  - Immunohistologic identification of fungi in systemic and cutaneous mycoses.
AB  - Using specific antibodies and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, we were
      able to demonstrate a variety of fungal organisms in smears and sections of
      formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. The procedure is simple, fast, and
      accurate and may be used as an alternative to, or in conjunction with, cultural
      methods to identify fungi specifically.

PMID- 2421691
TI  - [Ultrastructural changes in the myocardium in immune damage to the heart].
AB  - Ultrastructural changes of cardiomyocytes were studied 1 hour after a local
      treatment of a dog heart with an anticardiac cytotoxic serum. It is shown that
      the immune treatment results in the destruction of glycocalix and formation of
      defects in the cardiomyocytes sarcolemma revealed by means of an electron
      microscopic tracer-colloid lanthanum. Preliminary block of calcium channels by
      verapamil decreases the degree of ischemic myocardium damage. However the use of
      verapamil does not prevent the defect formation in sarcolemma and, consequently,
      the disturbance of intracellular ion homeostasis, the morphological proof of this
      being the destructive changes in the myocardium characteristic of the "calcium
      type" damage.

PMID- 2421692
TI  - [Laser flow cytofluorometry as a supplementary method of determining the degree
      of tumor differentiation in breast cancer patients].
AB  - Content of cell DNA and RNA was studied by method of laser flowing cytophotometry
      in 21 cases of pretumorous conditions and 64 tumours of mammary gland. A clear
      cut difference in DNA and RNA histograms is shown in non-proliferative and
      proliferative forms of mastopathy, in mastopathy and infiltrating mammary gland
      carcinoma. Likewise, a clear-cut correlation between the degree of malignancy and
      a nucleic acid content in the carcinoma cells is established.

PMID- 2421693
TI  - [Electron microscopic characteristics of carcinoid tumors of varying localization
      and degree of differentiation].
AB  - Results of an electron-microscopic study of 15 carcinoid tumours of different
      sites were compared to those of histological and histochemical investigation.
      Highly differentiated tumours (6 observation had pronounced tissue and organ
      specific features, contained a high number of argentaffin and/or argyrophilic
      endocrine granules in all cells. Moderately differentiated tumours (3
      observations) showed a typical structure and abundance of secretory granules in
      the cytoplasm; when the chromatin of their nuclei became coarse, consisting of
      large clumps, karyolemma invaginations and bulging appeared, this being a sign of
      malignization. These nuclei changes progressed in the poorly differentiated
      tumours, number of secretory granules decreased (they were absent in 50% of
      cells). Argentaffin carcinoid of the appendix, intestine and cecum contained
      mainly serotonin granules (diameter 200-350 nm) and small number of polypeptide
      hormones granules (diameter less than 200 nm). The inverse correlation between
      the granules was observed in the bronchial carcinoid.

PMID- 2421694
TI  - Marginal protein deficiency in pregnant rats. Changes in offspring body
      composition.
AB  - The influence of protein on some biochemical parameters in the liver, brain and
      plasma of rats at weaning was studied. The tissue parameters studied were the
      amounts of DNA, RNA and protein in the liver and brain. For the plasma, the
      parameters studied were the total amount of protein and the ratio of non
      essential to essential amino acids (ratio NE/E). During the gestation and
      lactation period, the rats were divided into three groups according to the diet
      received: group 1, 20% casein; group 2, 8% casein; and group 3, 8% corn. As a
      result we can assert that groups 2 and 3, fed on hypoprotein diets, were
      seriously compromised in body weight and in the biochemical parameters and these
      alteration were enhanced by the corn diet. These results suggest that the
      alterations depend on the duration and intensity of the malnourishment and that
      the quality of the protein is an important factor to be considered.

PMID- 2421695
TI  - The distribution and origin of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the rat molar
      pulp and periodontal tissues.
AB  - Rat mandibles were fixed in Zamboni fixative and demineralized in a mixture of
      EDTA and fixative. Substance P-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated by indirect
      immunofluorescence in molar pulp, periodontal ligament and gingiva. Substance P
      (SP) containing nerve fibres with varicosities were observed in the pulp horn and
      root pulp in general located around blood vessels. Some SP-containing fibres
      penetrated into the predentine and dentine. In the periodontal ligament, SP
      fibres were localized along the blood vessels in the middle and apical regions.
      Many SP-containing fibres were associated with the blood vessels in the lamina
      propria of gingiva. After inferior alveolar nerve section, SP-positive nerve
      fibres in the pulp and periodontal ligament disappeared completely. In gingiva
      the number of SP fibres decreased but not all fibres disappeared. Removal of the
      superior cervical ganglion did not affect the distribution of SP-containing nerve
      fibres.

PMID- 2421696
TI  - Binding in vitro of vasoactive intestinal peptide on isolated acini of rat
      parotid glands.
AB  - Binding of 125I-labelled vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) to rat parotid acini
      was saturable, temperature-dependent and reversible, and reflected interaction
      with a single class of binding sites. Parotid glands possessed approx. 400 fmol
      binding sites per mg protein and binding of the tracer to these sites could be
      inhibited by VIP [concentration for half-maximal effect (KD), 24 nM], by the
      peptide histidine isoleucine (KD, 140 nM), by secretin (KD, 470 nM) and by the
      human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor (hpGRF; KD, 3200 nM). In the
      same acini preparation, 10 microM VIP also stimulated amylase release 4-fold and
      increased cyclic AMP 11-fold. Thus, VIP might be a neurotransmitter in the rat
      parotid gland.

PMID- 2421697
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to different epitopes in amelogenins from fetal bovine
      teeth recognize high-molecular-weight components.
AB  - Enamel proteins were extracted and partitioned into amelogenin and enamelin
      fractions. Although several attempts were made to raise monoclonal antibodies to
      each protein fraction, monoclonal antibodies were only obtained against the
      amelogenin fraction. Six monoclonal antibodies were generated, and these could be
      classified into three groups recognizing different epitopes by a competitive
      enzyme-linked immuno-absorbent assay. A model for the arrangement of the epitopes
      is proposed. In Western-blotting experiments, all six monoclonal antibodies
      recognized amelogenin components of approx. 45,000 and 60,000 daltons as well as
      lower molecular-weight components of 10,000 to 30,000. It is proposed that the
      45,000 and 60,000 dalton components are precursors of the lower molecular-weight
      components.

PMID- 2421698
TI  - [Oncologic and related topics].

PMID- 2421699
TI  - [The middle ear and the external ear].

PMID- 2421700
TI  - [The salivary glands].

PMID- 2421701
TI  - Heterogeneous expression of antigenic determinants by rat lymphocytes.
AB  - Exposure of lymphocytes from F2 hybrid and backcross rats of the PVG and DA
      strains to inter-parental strain alloantisera and complement frequently and
      unexpectedly revealed incomplete susceptibility within a population of cells.
      This heterogeneity did not appear to result from variable susceptibility to
      cytotoxic mechanisms. A more likely explanation was that variation occurred in
      the expression of the target determinants within the lymphocyte population. A
      similar heterogeneity was also demonstrable in populations of lymphocytes from
      rats of the inbred DA strain, provided appropriate alloantisera were used.
      Antisera raised in PVG rats against individual (PVG X F1) backcross rats
      frequently effected intermediate levels of DA cell destruction in the presence of
      complement, although exposure of DA lymphocytes to PVG anti-DA serum plus
      complement resulted in their uniform destruction. The nature of the target
      antigens that were subject to variable expression was not established, but it
      seemed likely that they were related to histocompatibility determinants.

PMID- 2421702
TI  - The relationship of the antigenic determinants expressed by rat lymphoid cells to
      their participation in graft-versus-host reactions.
AB  - The relationship between the graft-versus-host reactivity of lymphocytes from F2
      hybrid and backcross rats and their susceptibility to inter-parental strain
      alloantisera has been investigated. Apart from associations between the
      immunological responsiveness of individual rats and the extent of alloantiserum
      susceptibility of their lymphocytes, selective reactivity of groups of
      lymphocytes that were separable from the general population by means of their
      alloantiserum susceptibility was observed. Those host lymphocytes which expressed
      a preponderance of DA-derived determinants were preferentially implicated in
      graft-versus-host reactions elicited by PVG lymphocytes in (PVG X DA)F2 hybrid
      rats. The anti-(PVG X DA)F1 hybrid reactivity of some (PVG X F1) backcross rats
      was selectively concentrated in that fraction of the lymphocyte population which
      expressed the highest levels of PVG-derived determinants. It is proposed that
      heterogeneously expressed MHS determinants may have a role in regulating
      selective participation by subpopulations of lymphocytes in allogeneic reactions.

PMID- 2421703
TI  - Choledochal cyst presenting as acute pancreatitis.
AB  - A case of a 2 year old boy who presented with pancreatitis in association with
      choledochal cyst is reported. The pathogenesis, clinical presentation and
      surgical management are discussed.

PMID- 2421704
TI  - Specificity of scolex and oncosphere antigens for the serological diagnosis of
      taeniid cestode infections in dogs.
AB  - Groups of dogs raised free of helminths were monospecifically infected with the
      common nematodes Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis. Serums
      from these dogs, and a group of dogs of unknown history but infected with
      Dirofilaria immitis and Dipylidium caninum, had levels of antibody to their
      homologous nematode antigens readily detectable by ELISA. No cross-reactions were
      apparent when these serums were tested by ELISA using oncosphere antigens of
      Taenia hydatigena, T. pisiformis and T. ovis, scolex excretory/secretory antigens
      of T. hydatigena, T. pisiformis and Echinococcus granulosus or protoscolex
      antigen of E. granulosus.

PMID- 2421705
TI  - Absence of a role for selenium deficiency in the runting syndrome of broiler
      chickens in Australia.
AB  - The role of selenium deficiency in the etiology of the runting-stunting syndrome
      (RSS) of broiler chickens in Australia was investigated. Commercial broiler
      chickens maintained on selenium-deficient developed signs consistent with
      selenium deficiency of exudative diathesis and markedly reduced plasma
      glutathione peroxidase activity, but they did not develop pancreatic atrophy and
      fibrosis or elevated plasma amylase activity, which are the other lesions
      associated with RSS. Supplementation of the diets of birds from a RSS-susceptible
      flock with a mixture of selenium, vitamin E, cysteine, and sulfate had no effect
      on the incidence of runting in the treated birds. In field outbreaks of RSS there
      were no observable differences between affected and unaffected birds in the
      concentration of selenium in tissue samples. Furthermore, evidence is presented
      which suggests that in cases of RSS, pancreatic atrophy and elevations in plasma
      amylase precede reductions in plasma glutathione peroxidase activity.

PMID- 2421706
TI  - From Humpty-Dumpty to Rapunzel: theoretical formulations concerning borderline
      personality disorder.
AB  - A brief review of the development of the concept of Borderline Personality
      Disorder is given, together with a more detailed consideration of theorists who
      have made significant contributions to its psychodynamic understanding. Examples
      of the extreme limits of this diagnostic category are illustrated, using the
      symbolism of Humpty-Dumpty and Rapunzel. The theories of Winnicott and Kohut,
      which both elaborate on the concept of a developmental defect, are compared and
      contrasted. Some implications for therapy are considered.

PMID- 2421707
TI  - Intracellular calcium overload: a new principle of disease.

PMID- 2421708
TI  - Substance P facilitation of memory: effects in an appetitively motivated learning
      task.
AB  - Food deprived, heterogeneous strain (HS/IBG) mice were trained on two different
      discrimination tasks for food reinforcement. In one experiment animals were
      trained to make spatial discriminations in a T maze. Immediately after training
      they were given subcutaneous injections of either substance P (1 ng/g) or
      vehicle. Twenty-four hours later the animals were given reversal training in the
      same maze. The results showed that substance P-treated animals took significantly
      longer to acquire the reversal habit than did control mice. In a second
      experiment, animals were trained to make visual discriminations in a T maze.
      Immediately after reaching acquisition criterion animals were injected with
      either substance P (1 ng/g) or vehicle. Different groups of mice were retrained
      on the same task either 1, 2, 3, or 7 days after original learning. Savings
      scores were calculated and, at every interval, substance P-treated mice retained
      the task better than control animals. One interpretation of these data is that
      substance P-treated mice remembered the original task significantly better than
      vehicle-injected control animals.

PMID- 2421709
TI  - Characterization of an individual specific small cell lung carcinoma associated
      antigen.
AB  - The specificity of the murine monoclonal antibody (moab) BW 278/97 of IgG1
      isotype is determined on the cellular and tissue level. Additionally, the antigen
      carrying the epitope recognized by moab BW 278/97 is defined as a 72 KD protein,
      uniquely expressed on a single small cell lung carcinoma.

PMID- 2421710
TI  - Differences between the levels of G gamma chain in the fetal hemoglobin in two
      types of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin are linked with a variation
      in the DNA sequence.

PMID- 2421711
TI  - Regulatory systems for the cytoplasmic calcium concentration in smooth muscle.
AB  - Changes of the intracellular Ca concentrations play a predominant though not
      unique role in the regulation of the force development of smooth muscle cells.
      Contraction is initiated by an influx of Ca2+ through the cell membrane or by the
      release of Ca2+ from intracellular storage sites. Ca influx occurs via voltage
      operated channels and receptor operated channels. The intracellular Ca release
      induced by agonists probably originates from the endoplasmic reticulum. The
      removal of Ca2+ from the cytoplasm occurs by extrusion across the plasmalemma and
      by reaccumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum. These active Ca2+ transport
      systems are catalysed by (Ca2+ +Mg2+) ATPases. Na-Ca exchange across the
      sarcolemma of smooth muscle is probably of minor importance since the (Ca2+
      +Mg2+)ATPase activity of plasma membranes is higher than the activity of the
      Na+K+ ATPase, the ultimate energy source for Na+-dependent Ca2+ extrusion. The
      (Ca2+ +Mg2+)ATPase of the plasmalemma has a Mr of 130.000 and it is stimulated by
      calmodulin. It resembles the Ca2+ transport ATPase of erythrocyte membranes,
      including immunological cross-reactivity. The Ca2+ transport enzyme of the
      endoplasmic reticulum has a Mr of 100.000, is insensitive to calmodulin and
      resembles the Ca2+ pump of sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle. However,
      antibodies against the Ca2+ pump of skeletal muscle do not cross react with the
      enzyme of smooth muscle. Subcellular fractionation of pig stomach smooth muscle
      indicates that in this tissue the large fraction of the (Ca2+ +Mg2+)ATPase
      activity is present in the plasma membrane while less activity is found in the
      endoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 2421712
TI  - Slow inactivation of sodium current and voltage-dependent block by tetrodotoxin
      in rabbit cardiac Purkinje fibers.
AB  - The two-microelectrode voltage clamp technique was applied to rabbit cardiac
      Purkinje fibers in order to study slow inactivation and voltage-dependent block
      by tetrodotoxin (TTX) of the Na current. The results demonstrate the existence of
      a slowly inactivating Na current and describe its kinetics and voltage
      dependence. TTX blocks the slow current in a voltage dependent way: activated and
      inactivated channels are more sensitive to the toxin. The time course of block of
      activated channels is dependent on TTX concentration, but in general rather slow.
      These characteristics illustrate the difference between Na channels in heart and
      other excitable tissues.

PMID- 2421713
TI  - A novel type of cardiac calcium channel in ventricular cells.

PMID- 2421714
TI  - Effects of potassium channel blockers on the restitution of calcium mediated
      action potentials in the ventricular myocardium.

PMID- 2421715
TI  - How do the ATPases in cardiac cell membranes work?
AB  - The paper briefly reviews some recent ideas about the principles of activation by
      cations of the membrane bound ATPases in cardiac muscle, from the aspect of their
      physiological role.

PMID- 2421716
TI  - Putative Ca2+ channels in cardiac membranes. Subcellular distribution of
      [3H]nitrendipine receptors.
AB  - The binding of Ca2+ channel blocking drug nitrendipine was studied in purified
      sarcolemma (SL), fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), and crude membranes
      isolated from porcine left ventricle. The density of specific [3H]nitrendipine
      binding sites was compared to Na+/Ca2+ exchange and (Na+, K+)ATPase activities of
      each membrane preparation. Enrichment of [3H]nitrendipine binding sites in
      purified SL correlates excellently with the purification of the two studied
      sarcolemmal marker activities. The results suggest that high affinity
      nitrendipine receptors are solely localized in cardiac SL.

PMID- 2421717
TI  - Sodium current and gating current experiments on the node of Ranvier.
AB  - Sodium tail currents of the frog node of Ranvier were recorded at different
      postpulse potentials. Inactivation was inhibited with chloramine-T. At E greater
      than -60 mV the tail currents decayed with two time constants, tau 1 and tau 2,
      reflecting presumably the turning-off and the inactivation of the sodium
      permeability. In the potential range -42 to -12 mV tau 1 (thought to equal tau m
      off) was not significantly different from the time constant of the turning-on of
      sodium activation m, tau m on. Similarly, no significant difference between tau
      on and tau off of the gating current was found if both were measured at the same
      potential.

PMID- 2421718
TI  - Effects of free fatty acids on the muscle cell membrane and their possible
      relations to the depression of contraction.
AB  - High concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) depolarize the resting muscle cell
      membrane and decrease the membrane resistance. In contrast, low concentrations
      have a "membrane stabilizing effect" which decreases action potential (AP) and
      voltage-dependent ionic currents. The changes of AP may result in a decrease of
      excitation-induced Ca++ release from cellular stores. This may be a causal factor
      for depression of contraction by FFA.

PMID- 2421719
TI  - The dynamic sodium current of human skeletal muscle.
AB  - The dynamic sodium current (INa) was investigated in intact external intercostal
      muscle bundles dissected from 5 volunteers. Only fibres with a resting membrane
      potential negative to -80 mV were used. Stepwise changes were imposed on the
      membrane potential using the "loose-patch" clamp technique. The following results
      concerning INa are means +/- SD obtained from 27 fibres: threshold at -42.7 +/-
      5.2 mV; maximal amplitude of 9.7 +/- 7.8 mA/cm2 at -1 +/- 13 mV. Inactivation:
      starting from the resting potential, maximally 90% of INa max could be activated;
      50% of INa max were inactivated at Eh = -66.2 +/- 5.8 mV; the slope of the
      inactivation (h infinity -) curve at this potential was kh = 7.1 +/- 1.6 mV.

PMID- 2421720
TI  - Expression of c-myc oncogene during differentiation of human burst-forming unit,
      erythroid (BFU-E).
AB  - We investigated the serial expression of c-myc oncogene during differentiation of
      normal human burst-forming unit, erythroid (BFU-E), in vitro, together with the
      replating efficiency and the expression of transferrin receptors. We found that
      the c-myc oncogene was expressed in the early progeny of BFU-E and that this
      expression decreased during erythroid differentiation. This change of the c-myc
      expression was well correlated to changes in the replating efficiency and the
      expression of transferrin receptors. These observations indicate that the c-myc
      oncogene probably has a physiological role in normal human hematopoiesis as well
      as leukemic hematopoiesis.

PMID- 2421721
TI  - Rapid purification of protein kinase C by high performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Protein kinase C was purified from rat brain cytosol by using a high performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC), Pharmacia FPLC system. This procedure employed a
      column chromatography on DE-52, followed by three steps of HPLC procedures with
      threonine-Sepharose (prepared as described in this report), TSK gel Phenyl-5PW
      (Toyo Soda), and TSK gel G3000SW (Toyo Soda) columns. Starting from about 30 g of
      rat brain, approximately 200 micrograms of pure enzyme was obtained. The
      procedure was very simple and highly reproducible. The enzyme thus obtained was
      nearly pure by silver staining after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. In the presence of 10% (w/v) glycerol and 0.05% (w/v) Triton X
      100, the enzyme could be stored at -80 degrees C for several months.

PMID- 2421722
TI  - D-aspartic acid in purified myelin and myelin basic protein.
AB  - The presence of the biologically uncommon D-isomer of aspartic acid in the white
      matter of human brains has been reported previously from this laboratory (1). We
      now report that the level of D-aspartate in human brains is higher in purified
      myelin than in white matter and is even higher in the myelin basic protein
      fraction. There also appears to be a difference in the level of D-aspartate found
      in human brain as compared to bovine brain, possibly a species or age-related
      difference.

PMID- 2421723
TI  - alpha-Fetoprotein synthesis in transformed fetal rat liver cells.
AB  - We have reported that transformed fetal liver cells produced a variant alpha
      fetoprotein of 65K that differed from the mature alpha-fetoprotein of 69K and 73K
      in the polypeptide backbone. In the present study, we demonstrated that the
      biosynthetic pathway of the variant alpha-fetoprotein differed from that of the
      mature alpha-fetoprotein. The 65K variant was synthesized first as a preprotein
      of 49.5K which was processed to a polypeptide of 59K in the presence of
      microsomal membranes. The latter was the precursor of the variant alpha
      fetoprotein found in cells and medium of transformed fetal liver cells. The 65K
      alpha-fetoprotein was encoded by a mRNA of 16S while mature AFP was encoded by a
      mRNA of 20S.

PMID- 2421724
TI  - Expression of extracellular and intracellular human IFN-gamma in mouse L cells
      transformed with the human IFN-gamma cDNA gene.
AB  - Cotransformation with a plasmid containing a thymidine kinase gene (pTK2) and a
      plasmid encoding human IFN-gamma (pTG11) has been used to establish murine L cell
      lines expressing human IFN-gamma. The HuIFN-gamma gene was present in 30% of the
      tk+ cell lines and some of these secreted low levels of IFN into the culture
      medium. Two of the clones obtained after transformation were selected for
      detailed analysis. Clone 1-12 constitutively secreted very low levels of HuIFN
      gamma in the culture medium. This antiviral activity was characterized by its
      species specificity and antigenicity as authentic human IFN-gamma In contrast,
      clone 3-47 produced a HuIFN-gamma activity which could only be detected
      intracellularly. This clone was resistant to infection both by Vesicular
      stomatitis (VSV) and Mengo viruses and contained increased levels of enzymes
      known to be induced by interferon. Our results suggest that clone 3-47 produces a
      non-secreted HuIFN-gamma like molecule which is able to trigger an antiviral
      state in the murine cell independent of the interaction with a specific IFN-gamma
      surface receptor.

PMID- 2421725
TI  - A calmodulin dependent Ca2+-activated K+ channel in the adipocyte plasma
      membrane.
AB  - Increased membrane permeability (conductance) that is specific for K+ and
      directly activated by Ca2+ ions, has been identified in isolated adipocyte plasma
      membranes using the K+ analogue, 86Rb+. Activation of these K+ conductance
      pathways (channels) by free Ca2+ was concentration dependent with a half-maximal
      effect occurring at 32 +/- 4 nM free Ca2+ (n = 7). Addition of calmodulin further
      enhanced the Ca2+ activating effect on 86Rb+ uptake (K+ channel activity). Ca2+
      dependent 86Rb+ uptake was inhibited by tetraethylammonium ion and low pH. It is
      concluded that the adipocyte plasma membrane possesses K+ channels that are
      activated by Ca2+ and amplified by calmodulin.

PMID- 2421726
TI  - Covalent change of major intrinsic polypeptide (MIP26K) of lens membrane during
      human senile cataractogenesis.
AB  - Polyclonal antisera have been made against synthetic peptides corresponding to
      the C-terminal octapeptide and N-terminal nonapeptide of bovine MIP26K. Western
      blot analysis demonstrated significant binding of the C-terminal antiserum to
      MIP26K of both normal and cataractous human lens. In contrast, the N-terminal
      antiserum bound to MIP26K of normal lenses, but failed to bind to MIP26K of 7 out
      of 10 cataractous lenses studied. These results demonstrate for the first time, a
      covalent change in MIP26K during human cataractogenesis, and strongly suggest
      that the location of this change is in the N-terminal region of the polypeptide.

PMID- 2421727
TI  - A surprising increase in the affinity of estrogen for rat alpha-fetoprotein after
      it is treated with N-ethylmaleimide.
AB  - Incubation of rat alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) with mM concentrations of N
      ethylmaleimide (MalNEt) at 22 degrees, pH7.8 for several hours yields a form of
      AFP with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 0.1 nM for estrone. This
      affinity for estrone is about 10 fold higher than that for untreated rat AFP.
      MalNEt-treated AFP still binds inhibitors and substrates of serine proteases
      suggesting that the binding of these compounds to AFP does not involve an
      interaction with a thiol group. MalNEt-treated AFP may be useful for studying the
      mechanism of estrogen action in vitro and in vivo, estrogen-protein interactions,
      and the functioning of AFP.

PMID- 2421728
TI  - Effects of several newer cardiotonic drugs on cardiac cyclic AMP metabolism.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible roles of selective
      inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) isozymes, adenylate
      cyclase activation, and tissue cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP)
      elevation in the positive inotropic action of five new cardiotonic drugs. Three
      PDE isozymes (PDE I, II and III), homogenates, and slices of guinea pig
      ventricles were used. The inotropics amrinone, milrinone, AR-L 115BS, MDL 17,043,
      and RMI 82,249 all inhibited cyclic AMP hydrolysis by PDE III in a concentration
      dependent manner, as did the PDE inhibitors aminophylline and 1-methyl-3
      isobutylxanthine (MIX). All drugs except for AR-L 115BS inhibited PDE III at
      concentrations lower than those producing a standard inotropic response. A
      significant correlation (r = 0.80, P less than 0.05) was observed between PDE III
      inhibition and inotropic activity for six of the drugs. Only aminophylline and
      MIX, but none of the cardiotonic drugs, inhibited cyclic AMP hydrolysis by PDE I
      and II and cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP) hydrolysis (amrinone
      not tested) by PDE I. Further, none of the cardiotonic drugs inhibited the
      calmodulin-stimulated cyclic AMP hydrolysis by PDE I, indicating their lack of
      calmodulin antagonist activity. These drugs also did not stimulate adenylate
      cyclase activity but all increased net cyclic AMP formation from ATP in guinea
      pig ventricular homogenates through inhibition of cyclic AMP breakdown. Amrinone,
      milrinone, MDL 17,043 and RMI 82,249, but not AR-L 115BS, raised cyclic AMP
      levels significantly (P less than 0.05) in guinea pig ventricular slices. Also,
      amrinone, MDL 17,043 and RMI 82,249, but not AR-L 115BS, potentiated forskolin
      induced cyclic AMP increase. These data taken together suggest that the specific
      inhibition of cyclic AMP PDE III isozyme and the consequent elevation of tissue
      cyclic AMP levels in cardiac tissue are an important mechanism of action of
      amrinone, milrinone, MDL 17,043 and RMI 82,249. Because AR-L 115BS did not
      increase cyclic AMP levels, it is likely that another mechanism may participate
      in the inotropic response to AR-L 115BS.

PMID- 2421729
TI  - Mechanisms of toxicity of naphthoquinones to isolated hepatocytes.
AB  - The possible mechanisms of naphthoquinone-induced toxicity to isolated
      hepatocytes were investigated using three structurally-related naphthoquinones,
      1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ), 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (2-Me-1,4-NQ) and 2,3
      dimethyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone (2,3-diMe-1,4-NQ). 1,4-NQ was more toxic than 2-Me
      1,4-NQ whereas 2,3-diMe-1,4-NQ did not cause cell death at the solubility-limited
      concentrations used. All three naphthoquinones extensively depleted intracellular
      glutathione (GSH). However, the depletion of GSH induced by 1,4-NQ and 2-Me-1,4
      NQ prior to cell death was more rapid and extensive than that induced by the
      nontoxic 2,3-diMe-1,4-NQ. Further studies demonstrated that 2,3-diMe-1,4-NQ was
      cytotoxic in the presence of dicoumarol, a compound which also potentiates the
      cytotoxicity of 1,4-NQ and 2-Me-1,4-NQ. To investigate the differential
      cytotoxicity of these three naphthoquinones, their relative capacities to redox
      cycle and to bind covalently to cellular nucleophiles were assessed. Redox
      cycling was investigated using rat liver microsomes where the order of potency
      for quinone-stimulated redox cycling was 1,4-NQ approximately 2-Me-1,4-NQ much
      greater than 2,3-diMe-1,4-NQ as indicated by nonstoichiometric amounts of NADPH
      oxidation and O2 consumption. NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase was implicated as
      the enzyme primarily responsible for naphthoquinone-stimulated redox cycling. The
      reactivity of the naphthoquinones with glutathione and, by implication, with
      other cellular nucleophiles was 1,4-NQ greater than 2-Me-1,4-NQ much greater than
      greater than 2,3-diMe-1,4-NQ. Overall, these studies indicate that 2,3-diMe-1,4
      NQ is not cytotoxic (except in the presence of dicoumarol) and this lack of
      toxicity may be related either to its lesser capacity to redox cycle and/or its
      inability to react directly with cellular nucleophiles.

PMID- 2421730
TI  - Induction of UDP-glucuronyl transferase mRNA in embryonic chick livers by
      phenobarbital.
AB  - Administration of phenobarbital to chick embryos increased hepatic microsomal UDP
      glucuroyltransferase activity some 25-fold. The large phenobarbital-induced
      increase of UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity was correlated to an equivalent
      increase of immunochemically measurable UDP-glucuronyltransferase protein.
      Poly(A+) RNA isolated from the livers of chick embryos treated with either
      phenobarbital or saline was translated in vitro. Immunochemical analysis of the
      translation products indicated that phenobarbital induced a 30-fold increase in
      UDP-GT mRNA. Fractionation of hepatic poly(A+) RNA from phenobarbital-treated
      chick embryos by sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the size
      of the UDP-GT mRNA was 21S. These data show that phenobarbital induction of chick
      embryo liver UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity correlates with a similar large
      increase in the level of translatable mRNA for this enzyme.

PMID- 2421731
TI  - Increased tryptophan hydroxylase activity in serotonergic nerve terminals spared
      by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine.
AB  - Adult rats received intraventricular injections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7
      DHT) to destroy serotonin (5-HT)-containing nerve terminals throughout the brain.
      When the animals were killed 3 or 21 days later, we observed a marked decrease in
      5-HT content in septum and hippocampus and a parallel decline in in vitro high
      affinity 5-HT uptake. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations also
      were reduced but by a much smaller extent, resulting in significant increases in
      the ratio of 5-HIAA to 5-HT. These changes were accompanied by similar increases
      in the ratio of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity to 5-HT content. The
      relative increases in TPH activity resulted from two temporally distinct
      processes, the first of which appeared to be an activation that could be mimicked
      in vitro by Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation. We conclude that, after partial
      damage to 5-HT neurons, there is a compensatory increase in the synthesis and
      release of 5-HT from those terminals that remain.

PMID- 2421732
TI  - Hydroxylation of 4-amino-antifolates by partially purified aldehyde oxidase from
      rabbit liver.
AB  - This paper explores the interaction between 4-amino-antifolates and aldehyde
      oxidase (aldehyde: O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1) that was purified 60- to 120
      fold from rabbit liver with yields of 5-15%. The purification procedure consisted
      of one heat and two ammonium sulfate precipitations followed by chromatography on
      hydroxylapatite and then Sephacryl S-200. Analysis of initial rates of
      hydroxylation of methotrexate, aminopterin and dichloromethotrexate indicated an
      order of affinities of dichloromethotrexate (10 microM) greater than methotrexate
      (35 microM) greater than aminopterin (272 microM). There was no difference in the
      Vmax of methotrexate and dichloromethotrexate (248 and 231 nmoles/min/mg protein
      respectively); aminopterin (130 nmoles/min/mg protein) was less than that of the
      other two. The Vmax/Km ratios were 24.1, 7.20 and 0.48 for dichloromethotrexate,
      methotrexate and aminopterin respectively. This enzyme preparation also mediated
      the hydroxylation of methotrexate polyglutamyl derivatives with a decrease in the
      rates of hydroxylation, as the total number of glutamyl residues was increased to
      four, a consequence of a marked increase in Km values and/or decrease in Vmax;
      the ratios of the Vmax/Km for the di-, tri-, and tetraglutamates were 0.94, 0.31
      and 0.21 respectively. This low activity of the polyglutamyl derivatives of
      methotrexate for aldehyde oxidase is consistent with the observations that the
      predominant forms of 4-amino-antifolate polyglutamates found in human liver after
      administration of methotrexate are the polyglutamyl derivatives of the parent
      compound. Finally, substrate inhibition for methotrexate and dichloromethotrexate
      was observed at concentrations in excess of 150 and 30 microM, respectively,
      about 5- and 3-fold higher than their respective Km values. Hence, while
      dichloromethotrexate had the lowest Km for aldehyde oxidase amongst the 4-amino
      antifolates studied, the actual rates of hydroxylation depended upon the
      concentration employed because of substrate inhibition. Aminopterin was a very
      poor substrate for this enzyme at low and saturating concentrations. These
      properties of the hydroxylation of 4-amino-antifolates may be of importance in
      the design of clinical regimens with these agents--in particular, regimens that
      employ infusion of these drugs into the hepatic artery. However, the relevance of
      these observations to the hydroxylation of 4-amino-antifolates by human liver
      remains to be established.

PMID- 2421733
TI  - The effect of adenosine and its analogues on cyclic AMP changes and histamine
      secretion from rat peritoneal mast cells stimulated by various ligands.
AB  - In keeping with previous reports, immunological activation of purified rat
      peritoneal mast cells induced a transient elevation in the intracellular
      concentration of cyclic AMP which preceded or accompanied the release of
      histamine. Enhancement or suppression of this rise by appropriate adenosine
      analogues produced parallel changes in histamine secretion. However, the
      purinoceptor antagonist theophylline prevented the augmented rise in cyclic AMP
      induced by adenosine analogues but did not affect the enhancement of histamine
      release. In addition, pharmacological activation of the cell with a number of
      diverse ligands induced histamine release without any accompanying changes in
      cyclic AMP. This release was modulated by adenosine analogues in identical
      fashion to IgE-directed ligands but again without affecting cyclic AMP levels.
      These data clearly show that adenosine can augment histamine release
      independently of adenylate cyclase and seriously question the significance of the
      early rise in cyclic AMP as a causal event in immunological secretion of the
      amine.

PMID- 2421734
TI  - [Preparation and characteristics of monoclonal antibodies against GTP-binding
      protein from the bovine retina].
AB  - Five monoclonal antibodies against the native GTP-binding protein (transducin)
      from bovine retina have been prepared. By immunoblotting and immunoenzymatic
      analysis of the isolated alpha- and gamma-subunits of transducin and the beta
      gamma-subunit complex it was determined that two monoclonal antibodies A3G7 and
      A3C10 recognize linear antigenic determinants on the alpha-subunit, two other,
      A3E4 and 3B3, bound specifically to the gamma-subunit, and monoclonal antibodies
      1C3 interact only with native transducin. Both antibodies against the alpha
      subunit inhibited transducin GTPase activity, whereas antibodies A3E4, 3B3 and
      1C3 did not affect it.

PMID- 2421735
TI  - [Localization of antigenic determinants using monoclonal antibodies and alpha-NH2
      terminal labeling of polypeptide chains].
AB  - A method for localization of antigenic determinants in a polypeptide chain of
      unknown primary structure was proposed. A protein is modified at NH2-terminal and
      epsilon-NH2-groups of lysine residues with maleic anhydride and then is subjected
      to partial enzymatic cleavage. Newly formed NH2-terminal groups are tagged with
      radioiodinated Bolton--Hunter's reagent. The labeled fragments of the antigen are
      then demaleylated. Comparison of the two longest labeled fragments, only one of
      which still binds monoclonal antibody, makes it possible to define the location
      of the antigenic determinant along the polypeptide chain. The method was tested
      on the bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase using earlier prepared monoclonal
      antibodies against this enzyme.

PMID- 2421736
TI  - [Primary structure of the DNA copy of the protein VP1 gene of the foot-and-mouth
      disease virus A22].
AB  - The DNA-copy of the major antigen (VP1) coding region of the FMDV A22 sero-type
      has been cloned and sequenced. A comparison of the respective amino acid sequence
      with those of other VP1 of A-serotype revealed considerable differences in the
      structure of antigenic determinants.

PMID- 2421737
TI  - Alpha 2-macroglobulin-proteinase complexes as correlated with alpha 1-proteinase
      inhibitor-elastase complexes in synovial fluids of rheumatoid arthritis patients.
AB  - The levels of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor-elastase and alpha 2-macroglobulin
      (alpha 2M)-proteinase complexes were measured in synovial fluids from arthritis
      patients by use of specific immunosorbent assays. Both types of proteinase
      inhibitor-proteinase complexes were significantly correlated with each other as
      well as with the total neutrophil count in synovial fluids of rheumatoid
      arthritis patients but were discordant in synovial fluids of patients with
      osteoarthritis. One synovial fluid sample showed active (inhibitory) alpha 2M as
      well as active collagenase. We purified alpha 2M from pooled synovial fluids
      obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This alpha 2M retained
      approximately 90% of its proteinase binding (inhibiting) capacity, compared with
      that of normal plasma alpha 2M. We found no evidence that alpha 2M was
      inactivated by means other than proteinases.

PMID- 2421738
TI  - Immunoglobulin from systemic lupus erythematosus serum induces interferon release
      by normal mononuclear cells.
AB  - Ig fractions from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were tested
      with cultured normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells for induction of
      interferon release. Lymphocyte eluates, euglobulins containing IgG and IgM, and
      IgG or IgM from DEAE or sucrose gradients all induced interferon production.
      Lymphocytotoxic antibody in SLE sera showed a high correlation with capacity of
      isolated Ig fractions to induce interferon. Most interferon produced was of the
      gamma type. Monoclonal SLE IgM antilymphocyte antibody induced interferon
      synthesis.

PMID- 2421739
TI  - Anti-HLA-B27 antibodies in sera from patients with gram-negative bacterial
      infections.
AB  - Several forms of seronegative polyarthritis are strongly associated with HLA-B27,
      and a number of microorganisms have been implicated in the etiology of these
      diseases. To explain the association between HLA-B27 and arthritis initiated by
      infection with these organisms, it has been proposed that there is immunologic
      cross-reactivity between the B27 molecule and 1 or more microbial antigens, and
      that this cross-reactivity leads to tolerance to such infection and/or to the
      production of anti-HLA-B27 cross-reactive antibodies. Such cross-reactive
      antibodies were detected in the sera of only 2 of 63 patients recently infected
      with Shigella flexneri, Campylobacter jejuni, or Yersinia enterocolitica who had
      highly significant antibody levels against the infecting bacterial species. Most
      striking was the absence of anti-HLA-B27 antibody in the serum of 16 of 17
      patients who developed reactive arthritis following Yersinia infection.

PMID- 2421740
TI  - Normal anti-Klebsiella lymphocytotoxicity in ankylosing spondylitis.
AB  - We compared in vitro lymphocytotoxicity (LCT) of peripheral blood lymphocytes
      (PBL), obtained from patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and normal
      controls (NC). Assays were performed with antibacterial antisera prepared from AS
      and NC-derived Klebsiella and coliforms Escherichia coli. LCT assessed by eosin
      staining was not significantly different in PBL of 12 AS patients and 28 controls
      when reacted with 3 Klebsiella and 1 E coli antisera. LCT assessed by 51Cr
      release was not significantly different for PBL of 20 age- and sex-matched pairs
      of AS patients and NC when reacted with 3 Klebsiella and 1 E coli antisera.
      Similarly, LCT-51Cr of PBL of 15 matched AS and NC pairs was not significantly
      different for anti-K21, a serotype putatively implicated in Klebsiella-HLA-B27
      antigenic cross-reactivity. Our results do not support the notion of molecular
      mimicry between Klebsiella and B27 in the pathogenesis of primary AS.

PMID- 2421741
TI  - Characterization of the antibody response in mice with type II collagen-induced
      arthritis, using monoclonal anti-type II collagen antibodies.
AB  - Twenty monoclonal antibodies reactive with type II collagen were characterized as
      to their determinant specificity and their reactivity with cartilage-derived
      components. The monoclonal antibodies reacted with 7 different epitopes on the
      native type II collagen triple helical structure. Antibodies defining 3 of these
      epitopes occurred more frequently in sera from arthritic mice than in sera from
      nonarthritic mice. In vivo injection of some selected autoreactive antibodies
      caused synovitis, but in no case did it give rise to full-blown arthritis.

PMID- 2421742
TI  - [Medical and commercial aspects of human interferon].
AB  - High expectations placed in the importance of the interferons for viral and
      cancer therapy caused the pharmaceutical industry at an early stage to accelerate
      interferon research with considerable financial effort. As a matter of fact, the
      interferons as yet exhibited effects mainly with indications which represent an
      outstanding ethical provocation indeed, but do not allow to expect a relevant
      market due to low case numbers. Of the approx. 70 companies temporarily involved
      in interferon projects only some 10 participate in this research with the
      necessary commitment. However, their market expectancies also are met only if the
      indications for interferons can be extended by further study programmes and the
      therapeutic use does not fail due to bureaucratic obstacles.

PMID- 2421743
TI  - [Contribution of toxicology to the attainment of the goal of health for all in
      the year 2000].

PMID- 2421744
TI  - [Psychological profile of the high-risk child in follow-up].

PMID- 2421745
TI  - "In vitro" action of intact gamma-globulin on granulopoiesis: modulation of GM
      CSA production.

PMID- 2421746
TI  - The visual outcome in cases of neovascular glaucoma.
AB  - The visual outcome of cases of neovascular glaucoma treated by draining implants
      has improved from 12% to 32% of eyes achieving a vision of 6/60 or better. The
      main factor responsible for this improvement has been the recognition that, in
      neovascular glaucoma, the retinal blood vessels are not capable of autoregulation
      of calibre in response to changes in intraocular pressure and ophthalmic artery
      perfusion pressure. The consequences of this situation are discussed and the
      importance of early treatment of neovascular glaucoma by a combination of
      photocoagulation, insertion of a draining implant and medical measures to improve
      the circulation where possible is emphasized.

PMID- 2421747
TI  - [Imaging technics in neuropsychological localization].

PMID- 2421748
TI  - [Aphasiological approach to dementia].

PMID- 2421749
TI  - [An ultrastructural study on squamous cell nests of the human pituitary].
AB  - The squamous cell nests which appear to have developed in the base of pars
      tuberalis are studied electron microscopically. A fresh pituitary was obtained
      from a 59-year-old white woman, who underwent hypophysectomy to reduce the pain
      due to the breast cancer. Each squamous cell nest was completely enclosed by the
      basal lamina, consisted of squamous cells, and sometimes contained
      adenohypophyseal parenchymal cells. The squamous cells were classified into cells
      in the basal layer and those in the spinous layer with intercellular bridges.
      Most of the former cells (B cells) possessed a nuclear membrane of strong
      interdigitation, well-developed desmosomes and tonofibrils. Adjacent to the
      squamous cell nests, there were acini which consisted of adenohypophyseal
      parenchymal cells, a few agranulated stellate cells, follicular cells in rare
      cases. As no transitional types between the B cells and the adenohypophyseal
      parenchymal cells were observed, B cells may not be said that they have been
      formed through the direct metaplasia of existing adenohypophyseal parenchymal
      cells. In view of the morphological similarities of the earliest B cells to the
      stellate cells, of the close positional relationship between the squamous cell
      nests and the acini and between the adenohypophyseal parenchymal cells and the
      squamous cells, and of the past reports that squamous cell nests increase in
      number with aging, B cells appear to originate from the stellate cells.

PMID- 2421750
TI  - [Effects of idebenone on monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of
      patients with cerebrovascular dementia].
AB  - Elucidation of the alterations of intracerebral neurotransmitters in
      cerebrovascular dementia is of prime importance not only in revealing patho
      physiological mechanism but also in developing the therapy for the disease. We
      measured monoamine metabolites and norepinephrine (NE) in cerebrospinal fluid of
      patients with cerebrovascular dementia, to study the effects of administration of
      6-(10-hydroxydecyl)-2, 3-dimethoxy-5-metyl-1,4-benzoquinone (idebenone, CV-2619).
      Six patients with cerebral infarction and 1 with cerebral hemorrhage, at the mean
      age of 65.4 years, were enrolled as subjects. All patients had mental and
      intelligent impairment, and the Hasegawa's Dementia Rating (DR) Scale was
      performed. The patients were medicated with 90 mg daily dose of CV-2619 for 1 to
      2 months, and homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), 3
      methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylenglycol (MHPG), NE in cerebrospinal fluid were
      determined by high-performance liquid chromatography before and also after the
      medication. Before the medication, HVA was 21.7 +/- 1.4 ng/ml (mean +/- SE),
      which was significantly low (p less than 0.01), compared with controls at a
      similar age: 5-HIAA was 18.5 +/- 2.7 ng/ml, and MHPG, 9.5 +/- 0.7 ng/ml, both of
      which were not significantly low, but tended to be low, compared with the
      controls. NE was similar to the control value. With the administration of CV
      2619, HVA measured 27.1 +/- 3.2 ng/ml, showing a tendency to increase; 5-HIAA was
      26.7 +/- 2.3 ng/ml, and MHPG, 10.7 +/- 0.6 ng/ml, both of which increased
      significantly (p less than 0.05), compared with the respective premedication
      values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2421751
TI  - The cardiovascular effects of xamoterol, a beta 1-adrenoceptor partial agonist,
      in healthy volunteers at rest.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects of three single intravenous doses of a beta 1
      adrenoceptor partial agonist, xamoterol (0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg kg-1) and placebo
      were studied in six healthy volunteers at rest using a single-blind design. In
      addition to heart rate and blood pressure measurements, cardiac contractility was
      measured by means of M-mode echocardiography and systolic time intervals.
      Ambulatory 24 h Holter-monitoring of the electrocardiogram was performed. Plasma
      concentrations of xamoterol were measured. Compared to baseline, xamoterol (0.025
      mg kg-1) increased heart rate (61 +/- 3-68 +/- 3 beats min-1, means and SEM) and
      systolic blood pressure (119 +/- 3-138 +/- 5 mm Hg) but decreased pre-ejection
      period (100 +/- 4-76 +/- 5 msec). Stroke volume (88 +/- 6-104 +/- 10 ml), cardiac
      output (4.8 +/- 0.4-6.6 +/- 0.61 min-1), velocity of circumferential fibre
      shortening (1.15 +/- 0.06-1.50 +/- 0.06 circ s-1) were increased by xamoterol. No
      significant changes were produced by placebo. No dose-dependent effects were seen
      and maximum effects were produced by 0.025 mg kg-1 xamoterol. Significant effects
      were observed for 2 h. The areas under the plasma concentration curves (AUC0-12)
      showed a linear dose response. No adverse effects attributable to xamoterol were
      seen in haematological, biochemical, urinalysis or electrocardiographic tests.
      Four volunteers were aware of a more forceful heart beat after xamoterol, but
      this was mild and transient. It is concluded that xamoterol has a positive
      inotropic action.

PMID- 2421752
TI  - Interferon and cell differentiation.

PMID- 2421753
TI  - Are blood group isoantigens lost from malignant prostatic epithelium?
      Immunohistochemical support for the preservation of the H isoantigen.
AB  - Previous studies while demonstrating the presence of blood group isoantigens on
      normal prostatic epithelium have failed to identify such antigens on malignant
      prostatic tissue. Using a series of blood group specific monoclonal antibodies
      directed towards the A, B, H and Y antigens we have reinvestigated blood group
      isoantigen expression in both benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostatic
      adenocarcinoma. Results obtained from areas of benign prostatic hypertrophy are
      in broad agreement with those published however though we were unable to detect
      either A or B blood group isoantigens Type 2H and Y isoantigens were identified
      in 10 of the 12 tumours. These findings, while differing from previously reported
      results, lend support to the suggested connection between ontogenesis,
      oncogenesis and blood group isoantigen expression and also support the proposed
      link between Type 2 structures and malignant transformation.

PMID- 2421754
TI  - Joint meeting of the British & Irish Associations for Cancer Research. November
      28-29, 1985, London. Abstracts.

PMID- 2421755
TI  - Topical PUVA treatment increases epidermal beta-adrenergic adenylate cyclase
      responsiveness.
AB  - The effects of topical PUVA treatment on the epidermal cyclic AMP system were
      investigated. 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), 0.3% in ethanol was applied to the backs
      of pigs which were then irradiated with UVA. A significant increase in the
      epidermal beta-adrenergic adenylate cyclase response was observed 24 h after low
      (1.1 J/cm2) and moderate (2.1 J/cm2) dose irradiation. There was no significant
      change in the adenosine- or histamine-mediated adenylate cyclase responses. 8-MOP
      application or UVA irradiation alone had no effect on the beta-adrenergic
      adenylate cyclase response. PUVA treatment with a higher irradiation dose (4.2
      J/cm2) produced no increase in the beta-adrenergic response and adenosine- and
      histamine-mediated adenylate cyclase responses were decreased. Cyclic AMP
      phosphodiesterase activity was decreased by PUVA treatments using UVA doses of
      1.1 and 2.1 J/cm2; however, the change was not statistically significant. The
      increased beta-adrenergic response was also observed in the presence of the
      cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, isobutylmethylxanthine. These results
      indicate that epidermal adenylate cyclase responsiveness is affected by topical
      PUVA treatment in vivo.

PMID- 2421756
TI  - HLA-DR expression on keratinocytes is a common feature of diseased skin.
AB  - Biopsy specimens from 185 patients with 52 different skin disorders were
      investigated by indirect immunofluorescence staining for the presence of HLA-DR
      bearing keratinocytes and their association with an underlying inflammatory
      infiltrate and in particular with activated (HLA-DR-positive, Leu-4-positive) T
      lymphocytes. HLA-DR expression on keratinocytes was demonstrated in 38
      dermatoses, including lymphocytic vasculitis, lupus erythematosus, morphea,
      vitiligo, lichen planus, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, various infectious
      dermatoses, allergic contact dermatitis, granulomatous dermatoses, Sweet's
      syndrome, lichen sclerosus and erythema nodosum. In 27 of these this had not
      previously been reported. Occurrence of HLA-DR on keratinocytes was invariably
      linked to the presence of a lymphocytic infiltrate containing numerous activated
      T-cells (Leu-4 +, HLA-DR +) whereas such infiltrates were not accompanied by HLA
      DR expression on keratinocytes in all the dermatoses investigated, as in
      pseudolymphoma and erythema anulare centrifugum. However, HLA-DR positive
      keratinocytes were consistently absent in skin disorders lacking any significant
      lymphocytic infiltration (e.g. leukocytoclastic vasculitis, bullous autoimmune
      dermatoses, genodermatoses and mastocytosis). Although it has been suggested that
      HLA-DR-positive keratinocytes are involved in various immune responses of the
      skin, their exact functional significance is, as yet, unknown.

PMID- 2421757
TI  - The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: studies of platelets, basophils and
      polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
AB  - Platelets, basophils and neutrophils from a patient with the Wiskott-Aldrich
      syndrome (WAS) were exposed to stimuli that activate specific membrane receptor
      or directly initiate biochemical events (e.g. the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 and
      ionomycin or arachidonic acid). Platelets from this patient did not aggregate in
      response to ADP, collagen, thrombin or adrenaline, which activate specific
      membrane receptors. Platelet aggregation, however, was normal in response to
      compound A23187, ionomycin or exogenous arachidonic acid. Histamine release from
      basophils of the WAS patient was normal in response to anti-IgE, a formylated
      peptide (f-met peptide), and to A23187. Similarly, the release of the lysosomal
      enzymes, beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme, from neutrophils of the WAS patient in
      response to serum treated zymosan (Zx), f-met peptide, and A23187 was not
      significantly different from that of his parents and 13 normal donors. These
      results suggest that the primary defect in WAS is selectively present in
      platelets and is located in a biochemical step between receptor activation and
      Ca2+ influx and/or initiation of arachidonate metabolism.

PMID- 2421758
TI  - The carcinoid syndrome and multiple hormone secretion associated with a carcinoid
      tumour of the uterine cervix. Case report.

PMID- 2421759
TI  - Cord serum alpha-fetoprotein and Down's syndrome.

PMID- 2421760
TI  - Fluorescein angiography of the iris in anterior segment pigment dispersal
      syndrome.
AB  - The results are presented of fluorescein angiography of the iris in 11 patients
      with anterior segment pigment dispersal syndrome. These show a general
      hypovascularity of the iris with fine neovascularisation at the pupil margin and
      the peripupillary area. Hypoplasia of the iris stroma was also present in many
      cases. When the condition was virtually unilateral, the vascular changes were
      present though less marked in the relatively unaffected eye. It is postulated
      that the anterior segment pigment dispersal syndrome is secondary to a congenital
      mesodermal deficiency of the iris stroma with hypovascularity of the iris, which
      forms a poor support tissue for the pigment epithelium of the iris, resulting in
      shedding of pigment granules particularly in the region of the attachment of the
      dilator muscle to the pigment epithelium. The condition may be hereditary.
      Because of the hypovascularity the mesodermal hypoplasia may be progressive, but
      pigment release may diminish in later life with treatment, with consequent
      diminution of pupil activity.

PMID- 2421761
TI  - Fibroblast radiosensitivity and intraocular fibrovascular proliferation following
      radiotherapy for bilateral retinoblastoma.
AB  - A 5-day-old female patient was found to have large hereditary retinoblastomas in
      the posterior pole of each eye. The patient received radiation treatment over a
      39-day period, with each retina receiving 4600 rad. Two weeks after the complete
      treatment the tumours had regressed to approximately one-quarter of their
      original size. By 14 weeks following completion of radiotherapy the patient had
      developed in each eye extensive iris neovascularisation with progressive closure
      of the filtration angles, secondary glaucoma, and retinal detachments resulting
      from fibrovascular proliferation on the retinal surface. Radiosensitivity studies
      were from separate conjunctival biopsies obtained before and after radiation.
      These showed a D0 (calculated survival curve parameters, defined in the Methods
      section) in the exponential growth phase of 110 prior to radiation and a
      postirradiation exponential growth phase D0 of 70. Karotype studies showed
      several chromosomal abnormalities following radiotherapy. The clinical course and
      pathology findings are thought to represent an unusually severe orbital and
      ocular response to radiation therapy. These findings are consistent with our
      hypothesis that some patients with hereditary retinoblastoma may have a defect in
      the accumulation repair of x-irradiation induced DNA damage.

PMID- 2421762
TI  - Amino acid sequence of bovine brain derived class 1 heparin-binding growth
      factor.
AB  - The major class 1 heparin-binding growth factor from bovine brain is a single
      chain polypeptide of 140 amino acids with a molecular weight of 15 877. It has
      the amino acid sequence Phe1-Asn-Leu-Pro-Leu-Gly-Asn-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Pro-Lys-Leu-Leu-
      Tyr15-Cys-Ser- Asn-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Phe-Leu-Arg-Ile-Leu-Pro-Asp-Gly-Thr30-Val-Asp-Gly-
      Thr-Lys-Asp-Arg- Ser-Asp-Gln-His-Ile-Gln-Leu-Gln45-Leu-Cys-Ala-Glu-Ser-Ile-Gly-
      Glu-Val-Tyr-Ile- Lys-Ser-Thr-Glu60-Thr-Gly-Gln-Phe-Leu-Ala-Met-Asp-Thr-Asp-Gly-
      Leu-Leu-Tyr-Gly75- Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Asn-Glu-Glu-Cys-Leu-Phe-Leu-Glu-Arg-Leu- Glu90
      Glu-Asn-His-Tyr- Asn-Thr-Tyr-Ile-Ser-Lys-Lys-His-Ala-Glu-Lys105-His-Trp-Phe-Val 
      Gly-Leu-Lys-Lys- Asn-Gly-Arg-Ser-Lys-Leu-Gly120-Pro-Arg-Thr-His-Phe-Gly-Gln-Lys 
      Ala-Ile-Leu-Phe-Leu-Pro-Leu135-Pro-Val-Ser-Ser-Asp140-OH. The mitogen is
      homologous to the class 2 heparin-binding growth factor pituitary fibroblast
      growth factor with about 50% of the amino acids being identical between the two
      mitogens.

PMID- 2421763
TI  - Multiplicity of glutathione S-transferase genes in the rat and association with a
      type 2 Alu repetitive element.
AB  - Southern blot analysis of rat genomic DNA using glutathione S-transferase Ya and
      Yc cDNA probes was employed to estimate the size of the Ya/Yc multigene family. A
      minimum of five to seven Ya/Yc genes were detected; at least two of these are Yc
      genes. The presence of multiple genes was further supported by the isolation of
      three nonoverlapping genomic clones from a rat EcoRI library that hybridized to a
      Ya cDNA clone, pGTB38. However, not all EcoRI bands seen in genomic blots were
      represented in the clones, suggesting that not all Ya/Yc genes have been
      isolated. The organization of a Ya gene in one of these EcoRI genomic clones,
      lambda GTB38-3, and an overlapping clone, lambda GTB45-1, isolated from a HaeIII
      library, was investigated with 5' and 3' probes prepared from Ya and Yc cDNA
      clones. Restriction endonuclease mapping and hybridization studies revealed that
      the gene spans over 10 kilobases and contains at least three introns. Sequences
      upstream from the 5' untranslated region of the gene, and within an intron in the
      5' coding region, were found to contain sequences homologous to a type 2 Alu
      repetitive element from the rat growth hormone gene [Page, G.S., Smith, S., &
      Goodman, H.M. (1981) Nucleic Acids Res. 9, 2087-2104]. The repetitive sequences
      in lambda GTB38-3 were identified by hybridization to a novel Ya cDNA clone,
      pGTB45. This cDNA clone was isolated from a cDNA library previously described
      [Telakowski-Hopkins, C.A., Rodkey, J.A., Bennett, C.D., Lu, A.Y.H., & Pickett,
      C.B. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 5820-5825] with nick-translated intron sequences
      as probes. pGTB45 is virtually identical with pGTR261 [Tu, C.-P.D., Lai, H.-C.J.,
      Li, N.-Q., Weiss, M.J., & Reddy, C.C. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 9434-9439],
      except that the 3' untranslated region extends 231 base pairs beyond the
      polyadenylation signal of pGTR261. This elongated 3' untranslated sequence is
      unique in that it contains a full-length type 2 Alu repetitive element, which
      includes two additional, overlapping polyadenylation signals.

PMID- 2421764
TI  - M1 RNA, the RNA subunit of Escherichia coli ribonuclease P, can undergo a pH
      sensitive conformational change.
AB  - After purification from extracts of whole cells, M1 RNA, the catalytic subunit of
      ribonuclease P from Escherichia coli, apparently must undergo a change in
      conformation before it can function catalytically. The rate of this
      conformational change is dependent upon the duration of incubation at various
      temperatures and pH. delta E of the transition at pH 7.5 is approximately 36
      kcal/mol. The change in conformation is not sensitive to Mg2+ concentration
      between 10 and 100 mM. A decrease in A260 of M1 RNA in solution has been observed
      during the incubation period that potentiates the conformational change at 30
      degrees C, but no direct correlation can yet be made to specific structural
      rearrangements.

PMID- 2421765
TI  - Mapping surface structures of the human insulin receptor with monoclonal
      antibodies: localization of main immunogenic regions to the receptor kinase
      domain.
AB  - A panel of 37 monoclonal antibodies to the human insulin receptor has been used
      to characterize the receptor's major antigenic regions and their relationship to
      receptor functions. Three antibodies recognized extracellular surface structures,
      including the insulin binding site and a region not associated with insulin
      binding. The remaining 34 monoclonal antibodies were directed against the
      cytoplasmic domain of the receptor beta subunit. Competitive binding studies
      demonstrated that four antigenic regions (beta 1, beta 2, beta 3, and beta 4) are
      found on this domain. Sixteen of the antibodies were found to be directed against
      beta 1, nine against beta 2, seven against beta 3, and two against beta 4.
      Antibodies to all four regions inhibited the receptor-associated protein kinase
      activity to some extent, although antibodies directed against the beta 2 region
      completely inhibited the kinase activity of the receptor both in the
      autophosphorylation reaction and in the phosphorylation of an exogenous
      substrate, histone. Antibodies to the beta 2 region also did not recognize
      autophosphorylated receptor. In addition, antibodies to this same region
      recognized the receptor for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) as well as the
      insulin receptor. In contrast, antibodies to other cytoplasmic regions did not
      recognize the IGF-I receptor as well as the insulin receptor. These results
      indicate that the major immunogenic regions of the insulin receptor are located
      on the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor beta subunit and are associated with
      the tyrosine-specific kinase activity of the receptor. In addition, these results
      suggest that a portion of the insulin receptor is highly homologous to that of
      the IGF-I receptor.

PMID- 2421766
TI  - Transcriptional switch from albumin to alpha-fetoprotein and changes in
      transcription of other genes during carbon tetrachloride induced liver
      regeneration.
AB  - During liver regeneration induced by CCl4 administration to rats, changes in the
      relative transcription rates of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein genes have been
      measured in conjunction with other liver-specific and general cellular function
      genes. Within 24 h following CCl4 administration, albumin gene transcription
      decreases by 85%, whereas alpha-fetoprotein transcription increases from
      undetectable levels to 50% of that observed for albumin. These changes precede
      maximal [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA which peaks at 48 h. Other genes
      related to liver-specific functions, such as ligandin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and
      cytochrome P-450's, as well as general cellular genes pro alpha 1- and pro alpha
      2-collagen, beta-actin, and alpha-tubulin, respond in kinetic patterns often
      distinct from each other and from albumin and alpha-fetoprotein. Changes in the
      steady-state levels of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein mRNA correlate with changes
      in transcription, but there is a lag in alpha-fetoprotein mRNA accumulation,
      which peaks at 72 h following CCl4 administration. These studies indicate that
      reciprocal changes in albumin and alpha-fetoprotein gene transcription occur
      during CCl4-induced liver regeneration, leading to changes in the level of these
      specific mRNAs. These changes precede DNA synthesis and would appear to represent
      an alteration in differentiated function of hepatocytes in conjunction with the
      liver regenerative process.

PMID- 2421767
TI  - Structural basis for the species selectivity of a fibrin-specific monoclonal
      antibody.
AB  - The structural determinant underlying the species specificity of a monoclonal
      anti-fibrin antibody (59D8) is the leucyl residue at position 5 in beta-chains of
      human fibrin. Anti-fibrin antibody 59D8 which had been elicited by immunization
      with human beta(1-7) peptide, Gly-His-Arg-Pro-Leu-Asp-Lys, binds to human and
      canine fibrins but not to bovine, ovine, or porcine fibrins. A comparison of the
      available amino acid sequence data suggested that the ability of anti-fibrin
      antibody 59D8 to discriminate among various fibrin beta-chains might be due to
      the amino acid at position 5. This was confirmed by competitive inhibition
      studies using synthetic fibrin-like peptides and determination of the amino acid
      sequences of the N-termini of ovine and porcine fibrin beta-chains. Edman
      degradation employing o-phthalaldehyde blocking permitted use of fibrin monomer
      rather than its separated constituent polypeptide chains. The same sequencing
      strategy was used to obtain partial sequence data for the alpha-chains of bovine,
      ovine, and porcine fibrin.

PMID- 2421768
TI  - Uncoupler-inhibitor titrations of ATP-driven reverse electron transfer in bovine
      submitochondrial particles provide evidence for direct interaction between ATPase
      and NADH:Q oxidoreductase.
AB  - From the chemiosmotic hypothesis it follows that no change is expected in potency
      of an uncoupler to inhibit an energy-driven reaction in an energy-transducing
      membrane if the energy-requiring part of the reaction, the so-called secondary
      proton pump, is partially inhibited by a specific, tightly bound inhibitor. An
      increase in potency upon inhibition of the primary pump may be expected, due to a
      lower rate of the total proton flow that can be used by the secondary pump and
      dissipated by the uncoupler. Contrary to this prediction several uncouplers (S13,
      SF6847, 2,4-dinitrophenol, valinomycin + nigericin) show an increase in
      uncoupling efficiency in ATP-driven reverse electron transfer (reversal) upon
      inhibition of the secondary pump in this reaction, the NADH:Q oxidoreductase, by
      rotenone. The increase in uncoupling efficiency is proportional to the decrease
      in the rate of reversal, that is to the decrease in concentration of active
      secondary pump. Similarly, upon inhibition of the primary pump, the ATPase, with
      oligomycin, an increase in uncoupling efficiency was found, also proportional to
      the decrease in the rate of reversal. When the pore-forming uncoupler gramicidin
      was used, no change in uncoupling potency was found upon inhibition of NADH:Q
      oxidoreductase. Inhibition of the ATPase, however, resulted in a proportionally
      lower uncoupling titre for gramicidin, just as was found for S13 in the presence
      of oligomycin. A difference was also found in the relative concentrations of S13
      and gramicidin required to stimulate ATP hydrolysis or to inhibit reversal. The
      amount of S13 needed to stimulate ATP hydrolysis was clearly higher than the
      amount needed to inhibit reversal. On the contrary, the titre of gramicidin for
      both actions was about the same. To explain these results we propose that
      gramicidin uncouples via dissipation of the bulk delta mu H+, whereas the carrier
      type uncouplers preferentially interfere with the direct energy transduction
      between the ATPase and redox enzymes. This is in accordance with the recently
      developed collision hypothesis.

PMID- 2421769
TI  - The nature of DT-diaphorase (EC 1.6.99.2) activity in plasma membrane of
      astrocytes in primary cultures.
AB  - This is the confirmation of an earlier indication (Mersel, M., Malviya, A.N.,
      Hindelang, C. and Mandel, P. (1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 778, 144-154) that the
      plasma membrane of astrocytes in primary cultures is endowed with DT-diaphorase
      (EC 1.6.99.2) activity. It is observed that the NADPH-2,6-dichloroindophenol
      diaphorase activity found in the isolated plasma membrane is not inhibited by
      dicoumarol. DT-diaphorase-type activity is also observed on the cell surface
      employing dichloroindophenol as external electron acceptor and it is found to be
      a dicoumarol-sensitive NADH dehydrogenase.

PMID- 2421770
TI  - The effect of gossypol on fast axonal transport and microtubule assembly.
AB  - Gossypol at micromolar concentrations (2 microM) was found to inhibit axonal
      transport and a microsomal ATPase activity in the frog sciatic nerve, although
      axonal microtubules and the neuronal content of AMP, ADP and ATP were not
      affected. At slightly higher concentrations (30-40 microM), gossypol also
      inhibited microtubule assembly and neuronal energy metabolism. Gossypol
      accumulated in the nerve and the results indicate that gossypol may act as a
      potent neurotoxin.

PMID- 2421771
TI  - Inhibition by divalent cations and sulphydryl reagents of the passive Ca2+
      transport in human red blood cells observed in the presence of vanadate.
AB  - The uptake of 45Ca2+ by human red blood cells induced by vanadate was found to be
      inhibited by a number of divalent cations. The following order of potencies was
      determined (in parentheses, IC50 in mmol/l): Cu2+ (0.006), Zn2+ (0.014), Cd2+
      (0.030), Co2+ (0.20), Ni2+ (0.25), Mn2+ (8.0), Ba2+ (9.0), Sr2+ (14.0). The
      effects of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ were biphasic--over a critical concentration their
      inhibitory potencies decreased, and finally, were lost. Besides Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
      and Mn2+ were also taken up, but only Ca2+ and Sr2+ were capable of eliciting the
      Gardos effect. Ni2+ was not taken up. Several HS reagents also inhibited 45Ca2+
      uptake. The following order of potencies was determined (in parentheses, IC50 in
      mmol/l): mersalyl (0.0025), 5,5'-dithiobis(2,2'-dinitrobenzoic acid) (0.011), p
      chloromercuric acid (0.042), N-ethylmaleimide (2.0). The effects of all HS
      reagents except N-ethylmaleimide were biphasic. The biphasicity of the actions of
      the indicated agents was caused by the opening of a new pathway for 45Ca2+ entry
      which is different from that observed in the presence of vanadate alone, and is
      inhibited by low concentrations of these agents. The modified form of the anion
      channel seems to be identical with the former pathway. The last one is mediated
      by a transport protein which has an ionic specificity similar to Ca2+ channels in
      excitable tissues, and contains an HS group which is essential for the transport
      function.

PMID- 2421772
TI  - Halothane-induced changes in acetylcholine receptor channel kinetics are
      attenuated by cholesterol.
AB  - The single-channel recording technique was used to investigate the role of
      membrane lipids in the action of general anesthetics on ion channels. We examined
      the effects of halothane on acetylcholine receptor channels in Xenopus laevis
      myocytes in which the plasma membrane cholesterol level had been changed by
      pretreatment with cholesterol-rich or cholesterol-free liposomes. We found that
      the alteration in acetylcholine receptor channel kinetics, elicited in the
      presence of clinically-relevant concentrations of halothane, is attenuated when
      membrane cholesterol is increased and enhanced when membrane cholesterol
      concentration is decreased. These findings support the idea that general
      anesthetics interact with synaptic receptor channels indirectly through the lipid
      domains in which these synaptic proteins are embedded.

PMID- 2421773
TI  - Brief closures of gramicidin A channels in lipid bilayer membranes.
AB  - Brief closures, so called flickers, gramicidin A channels were observed for
      glycerol monooleate/n-decane membranes for cesium chloride and hydrochloric acid
      solutions. The flickers, similar in nature to the flickers observed for
      physiological channels, were of the order of 1 ms and the interval between
      flickers was of the order of 50 ms. The flicker-duration and interval between
      flickers both decrease with voltage. The field dependence of the flickers is
      consistent with the hypothesis that the membrane forms a dimple when accomodating
      a dimer in the membrane and that the monomers, on breaking up, are associated
      over displacements of the order of 2 nm. For similar measurements for glycerol
      monoleate/hexadecane membranes only rare occurrences of flickers were observed.
      It is suggested that the flicker phenomenon is governed by the physical and
      chemical properties of the membrane and the influence of membrane thickness and
      interfacial free energy is emphasized.

PMID- 2421774
TI  - Direct action of cGMP on the conductance of retinal rod plasma membrane.
AB  - In order to identify the intracellular transmitter in the phototransduction
      process in the retinal rod, the action of cGMP, 2',3'cGMP, cAMP, GMP and Ca2+ on
      the isolated inside-out patches of the plasma membrane of retinal rods of the
      frog (Rana temporaria) was studied. cGMP applied at the intracellular membrane
      surface markedly increased the conductance of patches. The action of cGMP took
      place in the absence of nucleoside triphosphates and, hence, was not mediated by
      protein phosphorylation. The dependence of cGMP-induced component of conductance
      on cGMP concentration was S-shaped, with half-saturation within 10-30 microM and
      a Hill coefficient of about 1.7-1.8. cAMP, 2',3'cGMP, GMP (1 mM) did not exhibit
      any action on the membrane. Ca2+ did not affect the patch conductance in the
      absence of cGMP. In the presence of cGMP, lowering Ca2+ concentration from 10(-3)
      to 10(-8) M decreased the cGMP-dependent component of conductance by 20-30%. The
      approximate value of the elementary event underlying the cGMP-induced conductance
      estimated from the magnitude of the variance of the cGMP-induced current is
      within 100-250 fS. We suppose that the cGMP-activated channels found by us
      provide the light-sensitive conductance of the rod plasma membrane in vivo and
      that cGMP is the intracellular transmitter acting in the phototransduction
      process.

PMID- 2421775
TI  - Gramicidin-induced hexagonal HII phase formation in negatively charged
      phospholipids and the effect of N- and C-terminal modification of gramicidin on
      its interaction with zwitterionic phospholipids.
AB  - The effect of gramicidin on macroscopic structure of the negatively charged
      membrane phospholipids cardiolipin, dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol and
      dioleoylphosphatidylserine in aqueous dispersions was investigated and compared
      with the effect of gramicidin on dioleoylphosphatidylcholine. It was shown by
      small-angle X-ray diffraction, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance and freeze-fracture
      electron microscopy that in all these lipid systems gramicidin is able to induce
      the formation of a hexagonal HII phase. 31P-NMR measurements indicated that the
      extent of HII phase formation in the various lipids ranged from about 40% to 60%
      upon gramicidin incorporation in a molar ratio of peptide to lipid of 1 : 10.
      Next, the following charged analogues of gramicidin were prepared:
      desformylgramicidin, N-succinylgramicidin and O-succinylgramicidin. The synthesis
      was verified with 13C-NMR and the effect of these analogues on lipid structure
      was investigated. It was shown that, as with gramicidin itself, the analogues
      induce HII phase formation in dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, lower and broaden the
      bilayer-to-HII phase transition in dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine and form
      lamellar structures upon codispersion with palmitoyllysophosphatidylcholine.
      Differential scanning calorimetry measurements indicated that, again like
      gramicidin, in phosphatidylethanolamine the energy content of the gel-to-liquid
      crystalline phase transition is not affected by incorporation of the analogues,
      whereas in phosphatidylcholine a reduction of the transition enthalpy is found.
      These observations were explained in terms of a similar tendency to self
      associate for gramicidin and its charged analogues. The results are discussed in
      the light of the various factors which have been suggested to be of importance
      for the modulation of lipid structure by gramicidin.

PMID- 2421776
TI  - Anomalous permeability and stability characteristics of erythrocytes in non
      electrolyte media.
AB  - The permeability characteristics of the erythrocyte membrane were critically
      evaluated in electrolyte and non-electrolyte (sucrose) media by ion-selective
      electrodes and radioactive polyol fluxes as well as by the novel technique of
      osmometry. K+ efflux demonstrated a linear osmotic susceptibility distinct from
      Na+ influx upon incubation in NaCl media of various tonicities. In non
      electrolyte media, acidification of the medium, large fluxes of K+, sucrose and
      even haemoglobin (as manifest by hypertonic disruption) were consistent with
      enhanced porosity of the bilayer due to the field created by surface charge
      density leading to density fluctuations in the bilayer.

PMID- 2421777
TI  - The microsecond rotational motions of eosin-labelled fatty acids in multilamellar
      vesicles.
AB  - The rotational properties of two eosin-labelled fatty acids of different alkyl
      chain length have been studied in large multilamellar
      dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles. The location of the probes at the
      surface region were ascertained by quenching experiments using a hydrophilic
      divalent cation solubilized in the aqueous phase (Cu2+) and a hydrophobic
      aromatic aniline (N,N-dimethylaniline) associated with the lipid. Phosphorescence
      anisotropy measurements reveal that above the phospholipid phase transition the
      polarization of eosin luminescence decays monoexponentially in the micro-to
      millisecond time range, while below the phase transition a biexponential decay is
      observed. A model is proposed which attributes the time constants to two separate
      motions, discrete jumps or 'flipping' of the eosin moiety within restricted
      boundaries and long-axis rotation. The value of the time-independent term changes
      with probe position and temperature and reflects orientational constraints
      imposed by lipid-chromophore interactions. The implications of these results for
      the study of protein rotations in membranes are discussed.

PMID- 2421778
TI  - Stabilization of insulin receptor subunit structure by glutathione-insulin
      transhydrogenase.
AB  - A partially purified insulin receptor preparation from rat liver was incubated at
      37 degrees C with and without the protein-disulfide interchange enzyme,
      glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (thiol: protein-disulfide
      oxidoreductase/isomerase, EC 1.8.4.2/5.3.4.1). Insulin-binding activity was then
      assessed by crosslinking receptor-125I-insulin complexes and subjecting them to
      electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels in the absence and presence of
      reductant followed by autoradiography. Prior incubation of the receptor at 37
      degrees C in the absence of the enzyme markedly decreased the subsequent binding
      of 125I-insulin to the holoreceptor (Mr 350 000) and to its subunits (Mr 180 000
      and 130 000), while addition of the enzyme to the preincubation medium served to
      substantially prevent this decrease. The loss in binding at 37 degrees C was not
      restored by subsequent addition of the enzyme, nor was the loss prevented by any
      of the several known inhibitors of proteolysis. The apparent stabilization of
      receptor by transhydrogenase, as evidenced by the increase in binding above
      control levels, was proportional to both the enzyme concentration and the
      duration of incubation. These effects seem to be specific for transhydrogenase,
      since several other disulfide-containing proteins were found to be ineffective.
      These data suggest that the stabilization of the subunit structure of the insulin
      receptor at physiological temperatures may take place via a disulfide interchange
      reaction catalyzed by glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase.

PMID- 2421779
TI  - Progesterone-binding protein in the corpus luteum, blood and lymph of sheep.
AB  - A protein which binds progesterone but not cortisol was found in luteal cytosol,
      utero-ovarian venous plasma, ovarian lymph and jugular venous plasma of sheep.
      The protein was isolated from other steroid-binding activities present in luteal
      cytosol and plasma by de-adsorption from hydroxyapatite with 40 mM phosphate. In
      all cases, it bound progesterone at 4 degrees C with an equilibrium affinity
      constant of the order of 10(6) l/mol, but did not bind cortisol. After
      chromatography on hydroxyapatite and Sephadex G-200, the protein obtained from
      utero-ovarian venous plasma had lost much of its steroid-binding activity, but
      migrated as a monomer of molecular weight 64 000 in polyacrylamide gel. Bovine
      luteal cytosol is reported to contain two proteins which bind progesterone
      similarly. In ruminants, these proteins may participate in the biosynthesis and
      secretion of progesterone from luteal cells and its transport in blood.

PMID- 2421780
TI  - The stimulation of human synovial fibroblast plasminogen activator activity.
      Involvement of cyclic AMP and cyclooxygenase products.
AB  - The plasminogen activator activity of human synovial fibroblasts is raised by a
      monocyte-derived polypeptide, synovial activator and also by all-trans retinoic
      acid. The elevation of the synovial cell plasminogen activator activity by the
      two stimuli is potentiated both by agents which can raise cellular cyclic AMP
      levels, namely prostaglandin E2, cholera toxin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine,
      and also by exogenous 8-bromocyclic AMP. These findings suggest that there might
      be a substrate, which is phosphorylated by a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase
      and which is important in the modulation of the synovial cell plasminogen
      activator activity by the two stimuli. Prostanoids can be important in the
      stimulation of the synovial fibroblast plasminogen activator activity by
      mononuclear cell supernatants, since indomethacin can inhibit the increase in
      proteinase activity.

PMID- 2421781
TI  - [Electric activity of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum associated with the
      organic phase-water interface].
AB  - Electric activity of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) in the model system
      organic phase-water was investigated by dynamic capacity method. FSR induced Mg
      ATP, Ca2+-dependent change of border volt-potential only when phospholipids were
      present in the organic phase. It is suggested that FSR electric activity at the
      interface lipid-water is conditioned by functioning Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase.

PMID- 2421782
TI  - [Effect of electromagnetic radiation in a decimeter wave-length range on the
      calcium current of molluscan neurons].
AB  - Microwave effect on calcium current of the dialysed snail neurons was
      investigated. Isolated neurons were irradiated by unmodulated and modulated
      microwaves (900 MHz) with modulation frequency 0,5 divided by 1000 Hz and SAR =
      0,1 divided by 20 W/kg. Calcium current increase was shown to be induced by
      microwave heating. The current increments were proportional to SAR. Microwave
      effects on the charge distribution of the cell membrane surface and other non
      thermal special microwave effects were not detected.

PMID- 2421783
TI  - [The effect of ultrasound on the antigenic activity of human erythrocytes].
AB  - The effect of ultrasound (frequency 0.88 MHz, intensity from 0.05 to 1 W/cm2) on
      alterations in antigenic activity has been investigated in vitro using ABO
      antigens of human erythrocytes. The existence of threshold doses of ultrasound
      influence has been found. These doses are shown to be independent of ultrasound
      intensity. The dependence of the effect on erythrocyte concentration has been
      established. Individual and group differences in the antigenic resistance to
      ultrasonic exposure in donors of groups A and B have been revealed. A drop in
      antigenic activity equal to 97% has been obtained.

PMID- 2421784
TI  - [The rate of outflow of penetrating cations does not depend on the energy state
      of mitochondria].
AB  - Inhibiton of respiration at 0 degrees C believed to decrease the membrane
      potential in mitochondria did not lead to a substantial acceleration of the
      efflux of penetrating cations (triphenylmethylphosphonium, Cs- valinomycin). On
      the contrary the energy-dependent influx of the cations was rapidly inhibited
      indicating that there was no prolonged delay in the membrane deenergization. Low
      sensitivity of the cation efflux to respiration inhibition suggests under the
      conditions studied the metabolic component of the membrane potential to be rather
      small.

PMID- 2421785
TI  - [Immunochemical characteristics of the ovine polymeric haptoglobin HpC].
AB  - It was found that haptoglobins of camel, cattle, horse, pig, rat, guinea pig and
      man form upon immunoelectrophoresis precipitation arcs with antibodies against
      polymeric sheep haptoglobin C, corresponding to alpha 2-globulins. The
      immunocrossreactivity of haptoglobins of man and various animal species towards
      antibody to sheep haptoglobin (100, 88.0, 75.2, 72.1, 56.3, 51.0, 41.3 and 28.0%
      for haptoglobin of sheep, camel, pig, cattle, man, rat, guinea pig and horse,
      respectively) was determined. The intensity of crossreactions between sheep
      haptoglobin and the proteins under study towards antibody to haptoglobin C
      reflects the similarity of their primary structure and, consequently, the immune
      homology of their molecules. Using quantitative titration, the antigenic valency
      values for human (6), sheep (5), cattle (4) and horse (3) haptoglobins were
      determined.

PMID- 2421786
TI  - [Collagen proteins of human hyaline cartilage in normal states and in various
      bone dysplasias].
AB  - Using SDS electrophoresis and subsequent densitometry, isolated collagen proteins
      of infantile rib and knee joint hyaline cartilage were characterized. Both the
      normal samples and hyaline cartilages of children with osteochondrodysplasias
      were shown to contain collagens type I and II as well as collagen proteins with
      Mr 160 (A), 150 (B), 140 (C), 120 (D), 110 (E) and 39 kD (F), whose content in
      normal samples varied, depending on the donor age. An analysis of normal and
      pathological samples revealed the following biochemical markers of intensive
      chondrocyte proliferation: an increased content of collagen proteins A--F and a
      decreased number of intramolecular cross-links of collagen type II. Conversely,
      the increased number of intramolecular cross-links in collagen type II and the
      elevation of the relative content of collagen type I in lethal forms of
      osteochondrodysplasias and funnel chest may testify to chondrocyte
      dedifferentiation. It was assumed that collagen proteins D and E correspond to
      proteins 1 alpha and 2 alpha, whereas proteins A, B, C and F are the products of
      hydrolysis by pepsin type M of collagen detected previously only in animal
      cartilages. Mapping of collagen type II CNBr-peptides and electron microscopic
      analysis of its SLS-form were carried out. The experimental results are
      suggestive of the involvement of collagen proteins in the pathogenesis of human
      osteochondridysplasias as well as of the pronounced biochemical heterogeneity of
      the disease.

PMID- 2421787
TI  - Lithium mechanisms in bipolar illness and altered intracellular calcium
      functions.
AB  - Calcium functions as an intracellular second messenger, transducing a variety of
      hormonal, electrical, and mechanical stimuli by activating a wide range of
      enzymes. There is evidence, ranging from definitive to strongly presumptive in
      quality, that lithium can alter many calcium-dependent processes. The list of
      enzyme systems dependent on calcium and altered by lithium includes adenylate
      cyclase, glycogen synthase, inositol-1-phosphatase, and calcium adenosine
      triphosphatase (ATPase). Lithium also interferes with calcium regulation of
      receptor sensitivity, parathyroid hormone release, microtubule structure, and
      other systems. All of the neural mechanisms that are hypothesized to explain
      various psychopharmacological treatments of bipolar illness involve functions
      that are critically controlled by calcium. Moreover, in every instance, a known
      action of lithium on calcium function could account for lithium's therapeutic or
      prophylactic results. From these considerations the dual hypotheses emerge that
      bipolar illnesses arise from disorders in calcium-regulated functions and that
      lithium acts by reversing or counterbalancing the effects of these calcium
      dysfunctions.

PMID- 2421788
TI  - Regulation of bovine sperm motility and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate by
      adenosine and its analogues.
AB  - Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) is known to mediate mammalian sperm
      function. Progress in understanding the mechanism of the control of cAMP levels
      in mammalian sperm has been hampered, however, by an inability to identify a
      physiological regulator of adenylate cyclase. In this report we provide evidence
      that adenosine, 2'-deoxyadenosine, and a number of other adenosine analogues that
      activate adenylate cyclase in other tissues stimulate bovine caudal sperm
      motility, and we suggest that they do so through elevation of cAMP levels. We
      have demonstrated that these compounds elevate cAMP levels in and stimulate the
      motility of mature bovine caudal sperm in the same concentration range (20-300
      microM). In addition, we report that these same nucleosides, under appropriate
      conditions, elevate cAMP levels and initiate motility in immature caput sperm.
      Adenosine analogue structure-activity relationships carried out with caudal sperm
      indicate that substitution at position 2 in the purine ring in the adenosine
      molecule leads to enhanced activity, while substitution at the N-6 amino group
      reduces potency. Nucleosides that do not stimulate motility in caudal sperm do
      not elevate cAMP levels. We postulate that adenosine is a physiological regulator
      of sperm motility and suggest that it and its analogues owe their action to
      elevation of cAMP levels.

PMID- 2421789
TI  - Regulation of ovine pituitary glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit mRNA by 17 beta
      estradiol in cell culture.
AB  - Messenger RNA (mRNA) activity for the alpha glycoprotein subunit in ovine
      pituitary cell cultures was quantified using a wheat germ translation assay.
      [35S] Cysteine alpha translation product normally accounted for 0.3-0.9% of total
      35S-product in translations of total culture RNA. Treatment of cultures with 1 nM
      17 beta-estradiol (E2) decreased alpha mRNA activity by 50% and 92% after 1.8 and
      8 days, respectively. Alpha mRNA activity decreased by 1/2 in 51 h, which is
      about three times slower than the rate of decrease reported for follicle
      stimulating hormone (FSH) beta mRNA activity in similarly treated cultures
      (Alexander and Miller, 1982). The effective dose (ED50) for E2 in vitro was 30 pM
      (8 pg/ml), which is within the physiological range for ewes. These results
      indicate that E2 can act directly on the ovine pituitary to decrease alpha mRNA
      activity coordinately with mRNA activity for FSH beta.

PMID- 2421790
TI  - [Blood compatibility in an extracorporeal perfusion system for newborn infants-
      an animal experiment study].

PMID- 2421791
TI  - Ion-channel entrances influence permeation. Net charge, size, shape, and binding
      considerations.
AB  - Many ion channels have wide entrances that serve as transition zones to the more
      selective narrow region of the pore. Here some physical features of these
      vestibules are explored. They are considered to have a defined size, funnel
      shape, and net-negative charge. Ion size, ionic screening of the negatively
      charged residues, cation binding, and blockage of current are analyzed to
      determine how the vestibules influence transport. These properties are coupled to
      an Eyring rate theory model for the narrow length of the pore. The results
      include the following: Wide vestibules allow the pore to have a short narrow
      region. Therefore, ions encounter a shorter length of restricted diffusion, and
      the channel conductance can be greater. The potential produced by the net
      negative charge in the vestibules attracts cations into the pore. Since this
      potential varies with electrolyte concentration, the conductance measured at low
      electrolyte concentrations is larger than expected from measurements at high
      concentrations. Net charge inside the vestibules creates a local potential that
      confers some cation vs. anion, and divalent vs. monovalent selectivity. Large
      cations are less effective at screening (diminishing) the net-charge potential
      because they cannot enter the pore as well as small cations. Therefore, at an
      equivalent bulk concentration the attractive negative potential is larger, which
      causes large cations to saturate sites in the pore at lower concentrations. Small
      amounts of large or divalent cations can lead to misinterpretation of the
      permeation properties of a small monovalent cation.

PMID- 2421792
TI  - Saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin. Electrostatic effects on sodium channel gating
      current in crayfish axons.
AB  - The effects of extracellular saxitoxin (STX) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) on gating
      current (IgON) were studied in voltage clamped crayfish giant axons. At a holding
      potential (VH) of -90 mV, integrated gating charge (QON) was found to be 56%
      suppressed when 200 nM STX was added to the external solution, and 75% suppressed
      following the addition of 200 nM TTX. These concentrations of toxin are
      sufficiently high to block greater than 99% of sodium channels. A smaller
      suppression of IgON was observed when 1 nM STX was used (KD = 1-2 nM STX). The
      suppression of IgON by external toxin was found to be hold potential dependent,
      with only minimal suppression observed at the most hyperpolarized hold
      potentials, -140 to -120 mV. The maximal effect of these toxins on IgON was
      observed at hold potentials where the QON vs. VH plot was found to be steepest, 
      100 to -80 mV. The suppression of IgON induced by TTX is partially relieved
      following the removal of fast inactivation by intracellular treatment with N
      bromoacetamide (NBA). The effect of STX and TTX on IgON is equivalent to a
      hyperpolarizing shift in the steady state inactivation curve, with 200 nM STX and
      200 nM TTX inducing shifts of 4.9 +/- 1.7 mV and 10.0 +/- 2.1 mV, respectively.
      Our results are consistent with a model where the binding of toxin displaces a
      divalent cation from a negatively charged site near the external opening of the
      sodium channel, thereby producing a voltage offset sensed by the channel gating
      apparatus.

PMID- 2421793
TI  - Kinetics of unliganded acetylcholine receptor channel gating.
AB  - Open- and closed-state lifetimes of unliganded acetylcholine receptor channel
      activity were analyzed by the method of likelihood maximazation. For both open
      times and closed times, the best-fitting density is most often a sum of two
      exponentials. These multiple open states cannot depend on the number of receptor
      binding sites occupied since they are observed in the absence of ligand. The rate
      of spontaneous opening and the faster decay constant of closing increased as the
      membrane was hyperpolarized. The voltage dependence of the rate of spontaneous
      opening is stronger than that for curare-liganded channels. Evidence that the
      acetylcholine receptor channel can open spontaneously in the absence of ligand
      has been presented previously (Sanchez et al, 1983; Brehm et al, 1984; Jackson,
      1984). To add to this evidence, alpha-bungarotoxin was added to the patch
      electrode, causing the frequency of openings to decay with time. The rate
      constant determined from this decay is similar to rate constants reported for the
      binding of iodinated alpha-bungarotoxin to the acetylcholine receptor. The
      frequency of unliganded channel opening has been estimated as 2 X 10(-3) s-1 per
      receptor. A comparison of carbamylcholine-liganded and spontaneous gating
      transition rates suggests that ligand binding increases the rate of opening by a
      factor of 1.4 X 10(7). Carbamylcholine binding increases the mean open time by a
      factor of 5. Thus, a cholinergic agonist activates the acetylcholine receptor by
      destabilizing the closed state. The liganded and unliganded channel gating rates
      were used to analyze the energetics of ligand activation of the acetylcholine
      receptor channel, and to relate the open channel dissociation constant to the
      closed channel dissociation constant.

PMID- 2421794
TI  - Single-channel studies on linear gramicidins with altered amino acid side chains.
      Effects of altering the polarity of the side chain at position 1 in gramicidin A.
AB  - The modulation of gramicidin A single-channel characteristics by the amino acid
      side chains was investigated using gramicidin A analogues in which the NH2
      terminal valine was chemically replaced by other amino acids. The replacements
      were chosen such that pairs of analogues would have essentially isosteric side
      chains of different polarities at position 1 (valine vs. trifluorovaline or
      hexafluorovaline; norvaline vs. S-methyl-cysteine; and norleucine vs.
      methionine). Even though the side chains are not in direct contact with the
      permeating ions, the single-channel conductances for Na+ and Cs+ are markedly
      affected by the changes in the physico-chemical characteristics of the side
      chains. The maximum single-channel conductance for Na+ is decreased by as much as
      10-fold in channels formed by analogues with polar side chains at position 1
      compared with their counterparts with nonpolar side chains, while the Na+
      affinity is fairly insensitive to these changes. The relative conductance changes
      seen with Cs+ were less than those seen with Na+; the ion selectivity of the
      channels with polar side chains at position 1 was increased. Hybrid channels
      could form between compounds with a polar side chain at position 1 and either
      valine gramicidin A or their counterparts with a nonpolar side chain at position
      1. The structure of channels formed by the modified gramicidins is thus
      essentially identical to the structure of channels formed by valine gramicidin A.
      The polarity of the side chain at position 1 is an important determinant of the
      permeability characteristics of the gramicidin A channel. We discuss the
      importance of having structural information when interpreting the functional
      consequences of site-directed amino acid modifications.

PMID- 2421795
TI  - Sidedness of reconstituted calcium channels from muscle transverse tubules as
      determined by D600 and D890 blockade.
AB  - The verapamil-type calcium antagonist, D600, and its charged quaternary
      derivative, D890, were used to assess the sidedness of blockade in single calcium
      channels reconstituted from purified transverse tubules of skeletal muscle.
      Spontaneous single channel openings were induced with the agonist Bay-K8644 and
      recordings were made in a two-chamber planar bilayer setup so that drugs could be
      delivered to either side of the channel. Micromolar drug addition resulted in a
      greater than 10-fold decrease in probability of open channel events (po) without
      a significant change in single channel currents. Changes in po occurred in
      parallel with changes in mean open time and both parameters could be titrated
      with a similar IC50. At pH 7.2, cis or trans D600 blocked with an IC50 of 5
      microM but for D890 the IC50 was cis 3 microM and trans greater than 75 microM
      (cis is the intracellular-equivalent side as defined by the voltage-dependent
      activation). The asymmetry of D890 blockade indicates that the drug can readily
      gain access to the blocking site from the aqueous phase adjacent to the inner but
      not extracellular end of the channel.

PMID- 2421796
TI  - Opentime heterogeneity during bursting of sodium channels in frog skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - Single voltage-activated Na+ channel currents were obtained from membrane patches
      on internally dialyzed skeletal muscle segments of adult frogs. The high channel
      density in these membranes permitted frequent observation of the "bursting mode"
      of individual Na+ channels during 400-ms records. We examined the opentimes
      within and between bursts on individual membrane patches. We used a new
      nonparametric statistical procedure to test for heterogeneity in the opentime
      distributions. We found that although 80% of all bursts consisted of opentimes
      drawn from a single distribution, the opentime distribution varied significantly
      from burst to burst. Significant heterogeneity was also detected within the
      remaining 20% of individual bursts. Our results indicate that the gating kinetics
      of individual Na+ channels are heterogeneous, and that they may occasionally
      change in a single channel.

PMID- 2421797
TI  - Saxitoxin blocks batrachotoxin-modified sodium channels in the node of Ranvier in
      a voltage-dependent manner.
AB  - The inhibition by saxitoxin (STX) of single Na channels incorporated into planar
      lipid bilayers and modified by batrachotoxin (BTX) previously has been shown to
      be voltage dependent (Krueger, B.K.,J.F. Worley, and R. J. French, 1983, Nature
      [Lond.], 303:172-175; Moczydlowski, E., S. Hall, S. S. Garber, G. S. Strichartz,
      and C. Miller, 1984, J. Gen. Physiol., 84:687-704). We tested for such a voltage
      dependence of STX block of the Na current in voltage-clamped frog nodes of
      Ranvier. The block by STX of normal Na channels showed no modulation in response
      to maintained (20 s) changes of the membrane potential or to a train of brief
      pulses to potentials more positive than the holding potential. However, when the
      nodal channels were modified by BTX, the train of pulses produced a modulation of
      the block of the Na current by STX. The modulation of STX block depended on the
      voltage of the conditioning pulses and this voltage dependence agreed well with
      that predicted from the single channel studies over the membrane potential range
      used in those studies. In addition, we found that the voltage dependence of STX
      block was manifest only at potentials equal to or more positive than required to
      activate the channels. Most of the apparent differences among data from single
      channels in bilayers, equilibrium binding studies of STX, and the experiments
      described here are resolved by the hypotheses that (a) STX binding to open
      channels is voltage dependent, and (b) the affinities of STX for closed and
      inactivated channels are independent of voltage, equal, and less than the open
      channel affinity at potentials less than 0 mV. Whether these hypotheses apply to
      the STX block of all Na channels or just of BTX-modified channels remains to be
      determined.

PMID- 2421798
TI  - Effect of gamma-globulin preparations on phagocytic function of whole blood.
AB  - Effect of gamma globulin preparations on opsonic activity in whole blood from non
      immunodeficiency was studied using chemiluminescence as the parameter of
      phagocytic function of granulocytes. Poly (ethylene) glycol treated, Fc-intact
      preparation clearly enhanced chemiluminescence (luminol-dependent) of blood cells
      phagocytosing zymosan, Escherichia coli (E. coli), or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.
      aeruginosa), but pepsin-treated preparation showed no effect. Whole blood added
      with intact preparation at the final concentration of 4 mg/ml showed enhanced CL
      induced by E. coli and P. aeruginosa in many individuals, especially in infancy,
      although in adult age suppressive effect was often observed. In six patients with
      pediatric malignancy and three newborns with suspected septicemia, CL induced by
      E. coli or P. aeruginosa was measured after the administration of 150 mg/kg of
      intact preparations, and 4/6 of malignancy showed increased CL by E. coli, and
      all infants showed increased CL by E. coli and P. aeruginosa. These results
      suggest that intact gamma globulin preparation can increase phagocytic ability of
      whole blood in non-immunodeficiency via its opsonins, and may justify the
      administration of intact gamma globulins in non-immunodeficiency for the purpose
      of treating bacterial infections in some selected cases.

PMID- 2421799
TI  - A new "marker" protein for astrocytes.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (Mab J1-31) has been produced by using human brain
      homogenate as immunogen in mouse. Double-label immunofluorescence microscopy on
      cryostat sections of human, rabbit and rat brain, reveals staining of cells that
      are also stained with antiserum to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, a
      commonly used marker protein for astrocytes). However, there is no decrease in
      staining due to Mab J1-31 in sections incubated in antiserum to GFAP prior to
      incubation with the J1-31 ascites fluid. Immunoprecipitation of aqueous and
      detergent extracts of brain homogenate gives a single band at 30K by SDS-PAGE
      followed by autoradiography. Immunoelectron microscopy shows that the J1-31
      antigen is associated with the cytoskeleton. Thus, the Mab J1-31 recognizes a new
      protein present in GFAP positive cells (astrocytes) in the brain.

PMID- 2421800
TI  - Immunological detection of cDNA clones encoding the uncoupling protein of brown
      adipose tissue: evidence for an antigenic determinant within the C-terminal
      eleven amino acids.
AB  - Poly(A)+RNA was isolated from brown adipose tissue of cold acclimated rats and a
      fraction enriched for uncoupling protein mRNA was used to generate a cDNA library
      in pBR 322. Immunological screening of 1,500 colonies with an affinity-purified
      antiserum against the uncoupling protein yielded five positive clones, pUCPrat1
      5. Clone pUCPrat2 encoded the C-terminal 54 amino acids of rat uncoupling protein
      and exhibited 90% amino acid homology with the hamster protein. Clones pUCPrat3-5
      encoded only the C-terminal 11 amino acids suggesting that an antigenic
      determinant lies within this sequence.

PMID- 2421801
TI  - Two stages of the differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by 1 alpha,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D3; commitment by 1 alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and promotion
      by DMSO.
AB  - The differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by 1 alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 was
      found to be separated into two stages, i.e. commitment and promotion. Most of the
      HL-60 cells were committed to monocyte/macrophage lineage by pretreatment with 1
      alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (5-50 ng/ml) for 18-24 hr. The promotion in the
      second stage was inducer and lineage independent; treatment with 1.25% DMSO for 2
      or 3 days promoted the differentiation of the committed HL-60 cells by 1 alpha,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D3 into monocyte/macrophage lineage, but not granulocyte
      lineage.

PMID- 2421802
TI  - [Electron microscopic cytochemical and morphometric study of the cerebral cortex
      synapses in postmortem autolysis].
AB  - Brain tissue staining with phosphotungstic acid was performed to assay
      neurofilament accumulations in synapses in the molecular layer of the rat
      cerebral cortex at different intervals after the animals' death. It was found
      that autolysis began in the dense projections of presynaptic grid. Within 30 min
      autolysis developed in mature and very young (immature) synapses. By the 90th min
      autolysis in asymmetric synapses was considerably enhanced. 6 hours later
      autolysis involved mature and indefinite synapses.

PMID- 2421803
TI  - [Direct fluorimetric determination of the DNA content in human leukocyte
      homogenates].
AB  - A simple and highly sensitive method was suggested for fluorometric determination
      of DNA content in human blood leukocytes. The method is based on the ability of
      fluorochrome bisbenzimide to bind specifically to DNA of cell homogenates in the
      presence of 2.5 M NaCl. This method makes it possible to do without preliminary
      treatment of cell homogenates aimed at the destruction of RNA and proteins,
      having a strong effect on the fluorescence of DNA complexes with other specific
      dyes. The technique was used to determine DNA amount in human blood leukocytes of
      15 healthy people 23 to 47 years old (8 women and 7 men). DNA content averaged
      7.4 +/- 0.35 pg/cell. The minimum detectable DNA concentration was 0.02
      micrograms/ml.

PMID- 2421804
TI  - A chromosomal breakage syndrome with profound immunodeficiency.
AB  - The chromosomal breakage syndromes--ataxia-telangiectasia, Fanconi's anemia, and
      Bloom's syndrome--are associated with growth failure, neurologic abnormalities,
      immunodeficiency, and an increased incidence of malignancy. The relationship
      between these features is unknown. We recently evaluated a 21-year-old female
      with more severe chromosomal breakage, immunodeficiency, and growth failure than
      in any of the mentioned disorders. As of November 1985, the patient remains
      clinically free of malignancy. At age 18, the patient's weight was 22.6 kg (50th
      percentile for seven years), height was 129 cm (50th percentile for eight years),
      and head circumference was 42 cm (50th percentile for six months). Laboratory
      studies demonstrated a marked decrease in both B and T cell number and function.
      The peripheral blood contained 400 to 900 lymphocytes/microL with 32% T11 cells,
      17% T4 cells, and 21% T8 cells. The proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin
      (PHA), pokeweed mitogen, and concanavalin A were less than 10% of control. There
      were 1% surface IgM positive cells, and serum IgG was 185 mg/dL, IgM 7 mg/dL, IgA
      5 mg/dL. In lymphocyte cultures stimulated with the T cell mitogens PHA, phorbol
      ester, and interleukin 2, 55% of the banded metaphases demonstrated breaks or
      rearrangements. The majority of the breaks involved four fragile sites on
      chromosomes 7 and 14, 7p13, 7q35, 14q11, and 14q32. These are the sites of the
      genes for the T cell-antigen receptor and the immunoglobulin heavy chain and are
      sites of gene rearrangement in lymphocyte differentiation. Epstein-Barr virus
      stimulated B cells and fibroblast cultures also demonstrated a high incidence of
      breaks, but the sites were less selective. These findings suggest that the sites
      of chromosomal fragility in the chromosomal breakage syndromes may be informative
      and that factors other than the severity of the immunodeficiency or the high
      incidence of chromosomal damage may contribute to the occurrence of malignancy in
      the chromosomal breakage syndromes.

PMID- 2421805
TI  - Proteolytic cleavage of human von Willebrand factor induced by enzyme(s) released
      from polymorphonuclear cells.
AB  - In vivo fragmentation of the von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag) molecule has
      been demonstrated on radiocrossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) in the plasma from
      patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation, in factor VIII
      concentrates, and in normal serum. Experiments reported here show that
      polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells contain a non-calcium-dependent protease(s) that
      when released and incubated with vWF:Ag results in an additional vWF:Ag peak on
      radio-CIE. Production of fragments of vWF:Ag by incubation with PMN cells
      occurred in a time-dependent manner. The protease(s) responsible was inhibited by
      diisopropyl fluorophosphate, soybean trypsin inhibitor, and aprotinin, but not by
      benzamidine, azide, epicron, or hirudin. Citrate, EDTA, and leupeptin also had no
      effect on the PMN cell enzyme's activity, indicating that the enzyme(s) is not
      calcium dependent. The PMN cell enzyme responsible for vWF:Ag fragmentation is
      located intracellularly and released by freezethaw lysis or cell activation by
      calcium or the calcium ionophore A23187.

PMID- 2421806
TI  - Proteoglycans in human long-term bone marrow cultures: biochemical and
      ultrastructural analyses.
AB  - Proteoglycans within the extracellular matrix of human bone marrow have been
      implicated in the process of hematopoiesis, but little is known about the
      structure and composition of these macromolecules in this tissue.
      Hematopoietically active human long-term bone marrow cultures were incubated with
      medium containing 35S-sulfate and 3H-glucosamine as labeling precursors.
      Proteoglycans present in the medium and cell layer were extracted with 4 mol/L
      guanidine HCI and purified by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-Sephacel ion exchange and
      molecular sieve chromatography. Both culture compartments contain a large
      chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MI, CI) that eluted in the void volume of a
      Sepharose CL-4B column and contained glycosaminoglycan chains of molecular weight
      (mol wt) approximately 38,000. A second population of sulfate-labeled material
      was identified as a broad heterogenous peak (MII, CII) that was included on
      Sepharose CL-4B at Kav = 0.31. This material when chromatographed on Sepharose CL
      6B could be further separated into a void peak (MIIa, CIIa) and an included peak
      eluting at Kav = 0.39 (MIIb, CIIb). The void peaks (MIIa, CIIa) were susceptible
      to chondroitinase ABC digestion (99%) but slightly less susceptible to
      chondroitinase AC digestion (90%). Papain digestion of these peaks revealed them
      to be proteoglycans with glycosaminoglycan chains of mol wt approximately 38,000.
      The included peaks on Sepharose CL-6B (MIIb, CIIb) from both medium and cell
      layer compartments resisted digestion with papain, indicating the presence of
      glycosaminoglycan chains of mol wt approximately 38,000 either free or attached
      to a small peptide. Although this material was susceptible to chondroitinase ABC
      (98%), it was considerably less susceptible to chondrotinase AC (approximately
      60%), indicating that it contained dermatan sulfate. A small amount of heparan
      sulfate proteoglycan was also identified but constituted only approximately 10%
      of the total sulfated proteoglycan extracted from these cultures. Additionally,
      approximately 40% of the incorporated 3H-activity radioactivity was present as
      hyaluronic acid. Electron microscopy revealed a layer of adherent cells covered
      by a mat containing ruthenium red-positive granules that were connected by thin
      filaments. The extracellular matrix layer above the adherent cells contained a
      mixture of hematopoietic cells. Chondroitinase ABC treatment of the cultures
      completely removed the ruthenium red-positive granules overlying the cells and
      resulted in a loss of approximately 70% of the 35S-sulfate-labeled material from
      the cell layer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2421807
TI  - Antigenic determinant in human coagulation factor IX: immunological screening and
      DNA sequence analysis of recombinant phage map a monoclonal antibody to residues
      111 through 132 of the zymogen.
AB  - As an approach to the study of structure-function relationships in the normal and
      defective forms of human coagulation factor IX, we have begun to develop a series
      of monoclonal antibodies against specific sites on the protein. Zymogen and
      activated forms of normal factor IX were used initially as antigen for the
      preparation of monoclonal antibodies. Recombinant phage were prepared by cloning
      small (50- to 500-nucleotide) random DNA fragments from the coding region of a
      factor IX cDNA clone into the expression vector lambda gt11. Immunological
      screening of these recombinants with mixtures of monoclonal antibodies identified
      several immunoreactive phage. Further analysis showed that the monoclonal
      antibody designated IX-30 was generating the positive signals at a frequency of
      approximately 1/2,500 recombinants. Subcloning and sequence analysis of the
      inserted DNA in the immunoreactive phage revealed overlapping in-frame
      insertions, from which it could be inferred that the site in factor IX recognized
      by IX-30 is confined to residues 111 through 132 in the light chain. Similar
      mapping with other monoclonal antibodies should provide additional probes for the
      protein structure of human factor IX.

PMID- 2421809
TI  - [Behavior of nucleoli during mitosis in chick and quail embryo myoblasts cultured
      in vitro].
AB  - Mitoses of heart-myoblasts of Chicken and Quail embryos were studied in primary
      hanging-drop cultures. Some differences of nucleolar behavior were observed:
      Quail nucleoli, unlike Chicken nucleoli, disappear early in prophase. In
      telophase nucleoli reappear early and more quickly in Chicken than in Quail.
      Differences between the cells of Chicken and Quail were noted also with the Ag
      NOR staining method, particularly during telophase.

PMID- 2421808
TI  - High fetal hemoglobin production in sickle cell anemia in the eastern province of
      Saudi Arabia is genetically determined.
AB  - Homozygous sickle cell disease in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia is
      clinically mild. Circulating fetal hemoglobin levels of 16.0 +/- 7.4% were found
      in these anemic patients, but only 1.09 +/- 0.97% in their sickle trait parents.
      To determine whether these sickle cell anemia patients inherit an increased
      capacity to synthesize fetal hemoglobin, a radioimmunoassay of fetal and adult
      hemoglobin was performed on erythroid progenitor (BFU-E)-derived erythroblasts
      from Saudi Arabian sickle cell patients and their parents. Mean fetal hemoglobin
      content per BFU-E-derived erythroblast from Saudi Arabian sickle cell patients
      was 6.2 +/- 2.4 pg/cell or 30.4 +/- 8.6% fetal hemoglobin (normal 1.1 +/- 0.7
      pg/cell and 5.1 +/- 1.8%). Linear regression analysis of % HbF in peripheral
      blood versus % HbF per BFU-E-derived cell showed a positive correlation with an r
      of 0.65. The variance of the intrinsic capacity to produce HbF may account for
      almost 40% (r2) of the variance of circulating fetal hemoglobin but other
      factors, particularly selective survival of F cells, must also contribute
      significantly. Despite virtually normal HbF levels in sickle trait parents of
      these Saudi patients, mean fetal hemoglobin production per BFU-E-derived
      erythroblast in these individuals was elevated to 3.42 +/- 1.79 pg/cell or 16.1
      +/- 6.4% fetal hemoglobin, and the magnitude of fetal hemoglobin production found
      in parents correlated with that of the patients. These data indicate that the
      high fetal hemoglobin in Saudi sickle cell disease is genetically determined but
      expressed only during accelerated erythropoiesis. Further evidence of such
      genetic determination was provided by analysis of DNA polymorphisms within the
      beta-globin gene cluster on chromosome 11. This revealed a distinctive 5' globin
      haplotype (+ + - + +) on at least one chromosome 11 in all high F SS and AS
      tested. The precise relationship of this haplotype to HbF production in this
      population remains to be defined.

PMID- 2421810
TI  - Distribution and elimination of lindane in goats.

PMID- 2421811
TI  - Effect of three insecticides on growth rates of soil fungi.

PMID- 2421812
TI  - [Mechanisms of complement-induced histamine release from human basophils: effect
      of C5a on cells desensitized to IgE-mediated reactions].

PMID- 2421813
TI  - [Endocrine-exocrine relations in the pancreas. 1. Measurement of insulin-like
      substance (ILS) in human pancreatic juice].

PMID- 2421814
TI  - Revascularisation of free full thickness skin grafts in rabbits: a scanning
      electron microscope study of microvascular casts.
AB  - Casts of the vasculature of free full thickness skin grafts from rabbits' thighs
      and of the graft beds prepared on their ears, were obtained by microvascular
      injection of "Mercox", a methacrylate preparation. After transplantation, similar
      casts were made of the grafted area. All the casts were examined in a scanning
      electron microscope. Partial filling of the graft vasculature was observed 3 days
      after grafting and complete filling 5 to 7 days afterwards. These results confirm
      that vascularisation of free full thickness skin grafts is accomplished through
      early anastomoses between the original small vessels of the graft and the bed.

PMID- 2421815
TI  - Hypertrophic scars: a vascular disorder leading to an increased formation of
      fibrotic tissue.

PMID- 2421816
TI  - Trophoblastic metaplasia in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
AB  - Trophoblastic differentiation in bladder carcinoma is reported in four patients.
      Plasma gonadotrophin (beta subunit of HCG), measured in three patients, was
      elevated. In one patient treated with cisplatin, vinblastine and bleomycin, the
      beta HCG level fell significantly but progression of malignant disease was not
      arrested.

PMID- 2421817
TI  - Prostatic commissurotomy. A simple technique for the treatment of benign
      prostatic hypertrophy.
AB  - Division of the anterior prostatic commissure and the bladder neck (but sparing
      the mucosa) achieves "urethral decompression". This simple technique for the
      treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy was performed in 68 poor risk patients.
      The results were very satisfactory, especially in large prostates with lateral
      lobe enlargement. No patient required blood transfusion. Immediate and late post
      operative complications were not encountered and the hospital stay was short. The
      obstructive manifestations and the maximal urinary flow rate improved in 91% of
      patients. Failures were due to incomplete prostatic commissurotomy.

PMID- 2421818
TI  - Antiviral treatment in chronic infection with hepatitis B virus.

PMID- 2421819
TI  - Hairy cell leukemia: 1986.

PMID- 2421820
TI  - Terminal care at home: perspective from general practice.
AB  - A survey of general practitioners in north west London was undertaken by
      questionnaire to elicit information about problems that they had had in looking
      after patients at home who were terminally ill and about their perceived needs
      for both training and support services. The response rate was 73% (196 of 268
      doctors). Thirty two per cent of respondents frequently or always had problems in
      controlling pain in such patients, and 45% frequently or always had difficulties
      in coping with the emotional distress of patients or relatives, or both. Between
      20 and 30% of respondents often had problems with inadequate support services,
      poor communication with support services and hospital specialists, and difficulty
      in admitting patients who were terminally ill. Roughly half of the respondents
      thought that more training in managing pain and other symptoms that are
      associated with terminal illness would be of great help, and a similar response
      was noted for bereavement counselling. About 40% of respondents indicated that
      training in communicating with dying patients would be a great help in improving
      care and three quarters that more home nursing support was necessary.

PMID- 2421821
TI  - Adenosine-mediated regulation of cyclic AMP levels in isolated incubated retinas.
AB  - The effect of adenosine on the modulation of retinal cAMP levels was assessed in
      several mammalian species including mouse, rat, guinea pig and rabbit. Adenosine
      had no effect when added to incubated rat, mouse and guinea pig retinas. However,
      levels of cAMP were elevated in dose-dependent manner by adenosine in both light-
      and dark-adapted incubated rabbit retinas. Isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) blocked
      the elevation elicited by adenosine. Norepinephrine and dopamine also elevated
      cAMP in incubated rabbit retinas and these effects were not blocked by IBMX. The
      elevations of cyclic AMP levels produced by adenosine were additive with the
      effects of dopamine or norepinephrine. These results indicate that an adenosine
      sensitive cAMP system exists in rabbit retina, and it is probably distinct from
      the dopamine and norepinephrine regulated cyclic AMP systems.

PMID- 2421822
TI  - Calcium-dependent action potentials and associated inward currents in guinea-pig
      neocortical neurons in vitro.
AB  - Calcium-dependent potential changes and inward currents were studied in guinea
      pig neocortical neurons maintained in vitro. Under conditions of reduced outward
      potassium current, induced by external application of tetraethylammonium ions or
      internal application of caesium ions, regenerative Ca2+-dependent action
      potentials could be elicited. Strontium and barium ions could substitute for
      calcium as the charge carrier but not magnesium; cadmium blocked the calcium
      spikes. In caesium-loaded neurons, in the presence of tetrodotoxin and
      tetraethylammonium, inward currents were recorded when the membrane potential was
      step-depolarized to potentials more positive than -50 mV. These currents were
      blocked by cadmium. It is concluded that guinea-pig neocortical neurons are
      capable of generating a calcium action potential via the activation of a slow
      inward current.

PMID- 2421823
TI  - Colocalization of immunoreactive substance P and neurotensin in amacrine cells of
      the goldfish retina.
AB  - Using an immunohistochemical double-label technique, neurotensin and substance P
      immunoreactivity were localized to amacrine cells in the goldfish retina. Both
      peptides were found in a single population of unistratified amacrine cells
      branching in sublamina 3 of the inner plexiform layer. A monostratified amacrine
      cell branching in sublamina 1 contained only substance P immunoreactivity and a
      bistratified cell branching in sublaminae 1 and 3 contained only neurotensin
      immunoreactivity.

PMID- 2421824
TI  - Treatment with GM1 ganglioside increases rat spinal cord indole content.
AB  - Chronic treatment with GM1 ganglioside apparently increases serotonin metabolism
      in the spinal cord of control and hemitransected rats. Dopamine metabolism is
      stimulated below a hemitransection with GM1 treatment. These observations are
      consistent with reports that GM1 promotes regrowth of neurons after experimental
      lesions of brain.

PMID- 2421825
TI  - Dihydroavermectin B1: actions on cultured neurones from the insect central
      nervous system.
AB  - The physiological effects of dihydroavermectin B1 on insect central neurones have
      been investigated using a culture system derived from the brains of embryonic
      cockroaches. In these neuronal cultures 60% of the cells respond to the
      application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) with a conductance increase; these
      responses are blocked by picrotoxin but not by bicuculline. Dihydroavermectin B1,
      a representative of a potentially new class of insecticide, also produces a slow
      conductance increase which is blocked by picrotoxin and inverted by the injection
      of chloride ions. Qualitatively similar responses are also evoked by
      dihydroavermectin B1 in some neurones unaffected by GABA and in neurones exposed
      to elevated Mg2+ concentrations to inhibit synaptic release mechanisms. In a
      subpopulation of neurones dihydroavermectin B1 evokes a transient, initial
      excitation prior to the apparent chloride conductance increase.

PMID- 2421826
TI  - Sympathetic nerve fibers in rat orofacial and cerebral tissues as revealed by the
      HRP-WGA tracing technique: a light and electron microscopic study.
AB  - Horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin injected into the superior cervical
      ganglion is taken up by the neuronal perikarya and transported anterogradely in
      large quantities into peripheral fibers and axonal terminals in a variety of
      orofacial and cerebral tissues, including the iris, cornea, pineal gland, facial
      skin and the adventia of cerebral and facial blood vessels. Subsequent
      histochemical processing according to the tetramethylbenzidine procedure produces
      a unique, highly visible intraaxonal marker that makes the identification and 3
      dimensional tracing of the sympathetic nerve fibers clear and unambiguous at both
      the light and electron microscopic levels.

PMID- 2421827
TI  - Calcitonin-induced anorexia in rats: evidence for its inhibitory action on
      lateral hypothalamic chemosensitive neurons.
AB  - Effects of a synthetic derivative of eel calcitonin, [Asu1,7]ECT on feeding
      behavior, and its direct action on the neuronal activity of lateral hypothalamic
      area (LHA) were studied in rats. Food intake was significantly reduced in a dose
      dependent manner after intra-third ventricular injection of [Asu1,7]ECT (0.2-1.0
      U/rat). The neuronal activity of LHA neurons, especially the glucose-sensitive
      neurons, was inhibited by electrophoretic application of [Asu1,7]ECT. The
      inhibition was accompanied by a hyperpolarization of the membrane by about 5-7 mV
      with an increase in the membrane resistance (5.0-8.7%). This effect was also
      shown to be independent of noradrenergic or serotonergic mechanisms.
      Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, such as 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and papaverine
      augmented the inhibitory response, whereas nicotinic acid blocked it. These
      results suggest that the anorexia caused by [Asu1,7]ECT is mediated through a
      direct inhibition of chemosensitive neuronal activity in the LHA, caused by an
      increase in the intracellular level of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate.

PMID- 2421828
TI  - Retrograde axonal transport of asialoglycoproteins in mouse trigeminal neurons in
      vivo and in rat dorsal root ganglia neurons in vitro.
AB  - Different terminal sugars of the glycoprotein orosomucoid were exposed by
      sequential glycosidase digestions. The orosomucoid and its different derivatives
      were conjugated to horseradish peroxidase by a two-step glutaraldehyde coupling
      procedure, injected into the snout of 12-day-old mice or exposed to dorsal root
      ganglia neurons from embryonic rats, cultivated in a two chamber system. A marked
      increase in transport of the conjugates in the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia
      neurons was observed histochemically after removal of sialic acid, exposing
      galactose as the terminal sugar. Quantitative hydrolysis of galactose residues
      resulted in reduced uptake. The data suggest the presence of a galactose
      recognition molecule in the axon-terminal membrane, involved in retrograde axonal
      transport.

PMID- 2421829
TI  - Pharmacological characterization of the receptor mediating the adrenergic
      inhibition of responses to substance P in the cingulate cortex.
AB  - The excitatory responses of neurones in the anterior cingulate cortex of the rat
      to iontophoretically applied substance P (SP) are reduced by noradrenaline (NA)
      applied iontophoretically or released from noradrenergic pathways. In order to
      determine the receptor involved in this inhibitory effect we have studied the
      effects of a number of receptor-specific adrenergic agonists and antagonists on
      responses of cingulate neurones to SP in rats anaesthetized with chloral hydrate.
      Low iontophoretic currents (0-15 nA) of NA, adrenaline and the beta-agonist,
      clenbuterol, all strongly reduced responses to SP. Isoprenaline was also
      effective but less consistently so, although problems were experienced with its
      iontophoretic release from micropipettes. The alpha 1-agonists, phenylephrine and
      methoxamine were also able to reduce responses to SP. However, this reduction
      required higher iontophoretic currents (15-60 nA) and was associated with
      depressant effects on baseline firing rate. The alpha 2-agonist clonidine was
      only weakly active at high currents and this too was associated with depression
      of baseline firing. Similar weak effects were noted with dopamine. The inhibitory
      effects of NA on SP responses were convincingly blocked or reversed by the beta
      antagonist, practolol, but not by the alpha 1-antagonist, prazosin. The reduction
      of SP responses by phenylephrine was also blocked by practolol but unaffected by
      prazosin. Finally, reduction of SP excitations by activation of the
      coeruleocortical pathway was also blocked by practolol applied iontophoretically
      to the cortical cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the
      effect of NA on SP responsiveness in the cingulate cortex is mediated by beta
      adrenoreceptors.

PMID- 2421830
TI  - Adhesion properties of a neuronal epitope recognized by the monoclonal antibody
      HNK-1.
AB  - A carbohydrate epitope on adhesion proteins of the developing nervous system, and
      on myelin-associated glycoprotein, is recognized by the monoclonal antibody HNK
      1. The HNK-1 epitope bearing proteins and the monoclonal antibody alter, in a
      dose-dependent manner, the interaction between neurons and neurite-promoting
      substrate-attached materials released from cultured neural cells.

PMID- 2421831
TI  - Autoreceptor-mediated changes in dopaminergic terminal excitability: effects of
      potassium channel blockers.
AB  - The effects of the potassium channel blockers, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and
      tetraethylammonium (TEA), on autoreceptor-mediated changes in dopaminergic
      terminal excitability were examined in urethane-anesthetized rats. Local
      infusions of 4-AP or TEA into neostriatal terminal fields of nigral dopaminergic
      neurons led to marked decreases in terminal excitability, as measured by the
      increase in stimulating current required to activate the neurons antidromically
      from the site of the infusion. The decreased excitability resulting from 4-AP
      could be reversed by subsequent i.v. injection of haloperidol, and was blocked in
      rats that had been depleted of endogenous dopamine by prior treatment with alpha
      methyl-p-tyrosine (AMpT). Thus, the decrease in excitability elicited by the
      potassium channel-blockers was indirect, and apparently due to increased
      autoreceptor stimulation resulting from enhanced transmitter release. In
      addition, co-infusion of 4-AP and apomorphine in AMpT-treated animals led to
      decreased terminal excitability that did not differ from the effects of
      apomorphine alone, indicating that 4-AP did not block the effects of exogenous
      autoreceptor agonist administration. These results provide in situ
      electrophysiological evidence that autoreceptor-mediated processes occurring at
      dopaminergic terminals are not mediated by 4-AP- or TEA-sensitive potassium
      channels. Furthermore, our findings suggest that, as in other types of
      presynaptic terminals, blockade of voltage-sensitive potassium channels in
      dopamine terminals leads to enhanced release of transmitter.

PMID- 2421832
TI  - Topographical distribution of amines and major amine metabolites in the rat
      striatum.
AB  - The topographical distribution of the proposed amine transmitters dopamine (DA),
      serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline and histamine (HA) and of the
      metabolites of DA and 5-HT has been investigated in the neostriatum of the rat.
      DA and, less pronounced, its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid,
      homovanillic acid and 3-methoxytyramine exhibited gradients with highest levels
      in dorso-rostral areas and the lowest content in the ventro-caudal part of the
      striatum. In contrast to this 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid, and NA exhibited
      levels which increased from frontal and dorsal areas to the ventro-caudal part of
      the striatum. The rostral nucleus accumbens and the pallidum were low in DA and
      high in 5-HT and NA when compared with the dorsal striatum. The turnover rates of
      DA and 5-HT as judged by the metabolite/amine ratios followed a distribution
      which was opposite to the respective amine levels. Adrenaline was evenly low in
      the striatum and only slightly higher in the n. accumbens and pallidum. The
      levels of HA were considerably lower than those of the other amines. Although HA
      was also unevenly distributed within the striatum, no clear pattern was found.
      The topographical distribution of the amines suggests a preferential role of DA
      in the dorsal striatum and of 5-HT and NA in the ventral part of the striatum
      including the n. accumbens and the pallidum.

PMID- 2421833
TI  - The osmium-ethyl gallate procedure is superior to silver impregnations for
      mapping neuronal pathways.
AB  - Ganglia processed through the osmium-ethyl gallate procedure (OEG)19 retain more
      structural integrity than those processed through various silver impregnation
      methods. However, the OEG method continues to be neglected by most
      neuroanatomists. Both types of procedures have been used to trace large neuronal
      tracts, but during silver impregnation the neuropils lose many of their
      identifying characteristics. We demonstrate here the advantages of the OEG
      procedure by comparing it with two silver techniques, Rowell's and Holmes's. The
      OEG method yields consistent and reliable results and is easier to carry out than
      silver protocols. Most importantly, the better preservation of the neuropils has
      led to the discovery and study of regional specializations that were previously
      undetected from silver preparations.

PMID- 2421834
TI  - Axonal transport and the movement of 45Ca inside the giant axon of squid.
AB  - 45Ca was microinjected directly into the giant axon of squid, and the
      radioisotope profile along the axon was determined after 2-12 h. Our results
      indicated that the intracellular Ca ions at the axon, unlike those at the cell
      body, were not axonally transported at a fast rate. The implication of this
      finding on the involvement of Ca in the axonal transport system is discussed.

PMID- 2421835
TI  - Calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide enhance calcium-dependent
      potentials.
AB  - Recent data suggests that calcitonin (CT) and/or calcitonin gene-related peptide
      (CGRP) may be potential transmitters or modulators in the nervous system. The
      present study analyzed the effect of CT and CGRP on the neuronal membranes of cat
      parasympathetic ganglia of the urinary bladder. The related peptides prolonged
      the duration of the afterhyperpolarization of the action potential but had no
      effect on resting potential or input resistance. CT and CGRP enhanced the
      duration of a calcium spike recorded in the presence of agents blocking Na and K
      channels while under similar conditions forskolin, an activator of adenylate
      cyclase, did not affect the calcium spike. These data suggest that the neural
      mechanism of action of CT and CGRP is to prolong a calcium conductance and that
      these effects are not mediated through cyclic AMP.

PMID- 2421836
TI  - Changes in the serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic levels in the brain
      of scrapie-infected rats.
AB  - Levels of serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA),
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (DHPG)
      were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography in different brain
      areas of scrapie-infected rats, 8.5 months after intracerebral inoculation of a
      rat-adapted strain from mice brain (C 506). At this time, rats developed early
      clinical signs of the disease. Scrapie-infected rats showed a reduction in the
      levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA (frontal cortex, hippocampus, mesolimbic structure).
      Concentrations of DHPG decreased in the frontal and parietal cortices but
      remained unchanged in the hippocampus. DOPAC levels decreased in the striatum but
      not in the mesolimbic structure. These results confirm that the serotonergic,
      noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems are altered in the brain of scrapie
      infected rats. They can partly account for clinical signs of scrapie and are in
      agreement with the scarce data provided by the postmortem analysis of Creutzfeldt
      Jakob disease brains.

PMID- 2421837
TI  - Brain serotonin and catecholamine responses to repeated stress in rats.
AB  - This study was designed to compare the effects of single and repeated
      administration of a discrete 2-min restraint stress on serotonin (5-HT) and
      catecholamine neuron activity in various regions of rat brain. A single 2-min
      restraint stress significantly increased the 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
      and 5-HT responses in hypothalamus and cerebral cortex and the 5-HIAA response in
      brainstem. A second 2-min restraint stress applied 90 min after the initial
      stress did not appreciably alter the steady-state concentrations of 5-HIAA and 5
      HT nor did it produce any further changes in the 5-HIAA and 5-HT responses
      compared to those seen following a single stress in these 3 brain regions. In
      addition, the synthesis rate of 5-HT in anterior hypothalamus, posterior
      hypothalamus, hippocampus and brainstem was not altered by a second stress
      applied 90 min after the initial stress. In contrast, a second 2-min restraint
      stress applied 30 or 60 min after the initial stress significantly increased the
      5-HIAA concentration in hypothalamus, cerebral cortex and brainstem. Also, the
      synthesis rate of 5-HT was greater following application of a second stress at 30
      min than following either a single stress or a second stress applied at 90 min.
      Following application of a single 2-min restraint stress the hypothalamic
      concentration of norepinephrine (NE) was significantly decreased at 5 min after
      onset of the stress and returned to prestress levels by 15 min; the hypothalamic
      dopamine (DA) concentration was significantly increased at 30 min after the onset
      of the stress, while the hypothalamic epinephrine (EPI) concentration remained
      unchanged. A second 2-min restraint stress applied at 30 min markedly lowered NE
      concentrations in whole and mediobasal hypothalamus but not in laterobasal
      hypothalamus, and the NE concentrations remained decreased for a period lasting
      at least 60 min; there was a significant decrease in the hypothalamic EPI
      concentration 60 min after application of the second stress at 30 min. In
      addition, the synthesis rate of catecholamines was significantly greater in
      anterior but not in posterior hypothalamus after application of a second stress
      30 min after the initial stress than following either a single stress or a second
      stress applied at 90 min. Negative correlations were demonstrated between
      increased synthesis rates of both hypothalamic 5-HT and anterior hypothalamic
      catecholamines and decreased corticosterone response to single and repeated
      stress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2421838
TI  - Manganese neurotoxicity: effects of L-DOPA and pargyline treatments.
AB  - Single, monolateral injection into rat substantia nigra of manganese chloride
      produced within two weeks from its administration a loss of dopamine in the
      striatum ipsilateral to the injected side. The effect was dose-dependent and was
      not extended to serotoninergic terminals present in this brain area, whose
      content in serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was not affected. When L-DOPA
      + carbidopa or pargyline were given to these animals the decrease of striatal
      dopamine was more marked. Moreover, rats treated two weeks before with a dose of
      manganese chloride that produced a 70-80% drop in striatal dopamine
      concentrations, rotated ipsilaterally to the dopamine-depleted striatum when
      injected with apomorphine, suggesting that in these animals the stimulatory
      effects of apomorphine were more relevant in striatum where presynaptic
      dopaminergic neurons were not affected by manganese chloride. These data indicate
      that the alterations of dopaminergic postsynaptic receptors may be different in
      parkinsonian and in manganese-intoxicated patients and that current therapy used
      for Parkinson's disease could be a hazard in treating manganese poisoning.

PMID- 2421839
TI  - A transmembrane sodium cycle in astrocytes.
AB  - This study demonstrates that the Na+-K+ pump of mouse astrocytes in primary
      cultures is stimulated by increases of intracellular Na+. The data presented show
      that the coupling ratio of the pump varies as a function of intracellular Na+ but
      not of extracellular K+. A furosemide-sensitive K+ net uptake activated by
      increased external K+ was partly ouabain-sensitive and found to be dependent upon
      the Na+ driving force. These findings and those of other authors indicating that
      an increase of intracellular K+ of glial cells did not involve a concomitant
      decrease in intracellular Na+ are explained by a transmembrane Na+ cycle. Na+
      would enter the cells by providing the driving force for the KCl carrier and
      would be pumped out by the Na+-K+ pump. The proposed Na+ cycle would function as
      a coupler and synchronizer of the Na+-K+ and KCl pump under conditions of
      physiologically elevated external K+.

PMID- 2421840
TI  - The commissural interconnections of the inferior colliculus in the albino mouse.
AB  - In the inferior colliculus of the mouse, 4 cell types project across the
      collicular commissure: small to medium sized spiny cells, small to medium sized
      spineless cells, medium sized sparsely spinous neurons and large cells. The axons
      of large cells give rise to a great number of ipsi- and contralateral collaterals
      terminating in nests of fine varicose fibers. The anterograde transport of HRP
      revealed that following injections into the central nucleus, the axonal terminals
      are arranged in a fixed, ipsi- and contralateral banding pattern across the
      central, pericentral and external nucleus irrespective of the location of the
      injection. On the contrary, the position of projecting cells varies with the
      location of the injection, though the area emitting commissural fibers is not
      completely homotopic to the injection site but subordinated to the axonal banding
      pattern.

PMID- 2421841
TI  - Serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibers of the rat pituitary: effects of
      anticatecholamine and antiserotonin drugs on staining patterns.
AB  - Serotonin-immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) nerve fibers observed in the pars intermedia
      and pars nervosa of the rat pituitary gland were examined after treatment of
      animals with antiserotonergic or anti-catecholaminergic drugs. p
      Chlorophenylalanine, (PCPA), an inhibitor of 5-HT synthesis, eliminated staining
      in both areas of pituitary gland. p-Chloroamphetamine (PCA), a serotonin
      neurotoxin, did not produce a significant change in 5-HT-IR from control tissue.
      Unexpectedly, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a catecholamine neurotoxin, eliminated
      5-HT staining in the pars intermedia, but not in the pars nervosa. These
      observations suggest that 5-HT present in fibers innervating the intermediate and
      neural lobes is synthesized in axons locally, or is taken up into fibers from
      extrinsic sources. In addition, catecholamines and 5-HT may co-exist in nerve
      terminals of both lobes of the pituitary gland.

PMID- 2421842
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to ciliary glycoproteins of frog olfactory neurons.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were produced against isolated frog olfactory cilia, a
      preparation enriched in dendritic extensions of the chemosensory neurons. Two
      antibodies, 18.1 and 35.6, were found to react against specific glycoproteins of
      the sensory organelles. These glycoproteins were identified by their differential
      binding to the lectins wheat germ agglutinin and Concanavalin A. The antibodies
      fluorescently labeled isolated olfactory cilia, as well as the ciliary surface
      layer of olfactory epithelium, whose extent was defined by anti-tubulin and anti
      keratin antibodies. Respiratory epithelium (or other tissues) as well as isolated
      respiratory cilia were not labeled by antibodies 18.1 and 35.6, indicating tissue
      specificity. The olfactory-specific antibodies can be used as markers of the
      sensory epithelium and of the sensory regions of olfactory dendritic membranes.
      Antibody 18.1 recognized gp95, a specific and major integral membrane
      glycoprotein of frog olfactory cilia. Since gp95 has been suggested as candidate
      olfactory receptor protein (Chen, Z. and Lancet, D., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
      U.S.A., 81 (1984) 1859-1863), antibody 18.1 could also be useful for functional
      studies.

PMID- 2421843
TI  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid immunoreactivity in mouse barrel field: a light
      microscopical study.
AB  - The barrel field of the mouse somatosensory cortex (SmI) was investigated
      immunocytochemically using an antiserum against the inhibitory neurotransmitter
      gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA-immunopositive cells and processes are
      grouped largely in the barrel side, whereas the barrel hollow is only weakly
      immunostained. The GABA-immunopositive cells have an ellipsoidal appearance
      similar to that of non-pyramidal class II barrel neurones described previously in
      Golgi impregnation studies of the mouse and rat barrel field.

PMID- 2421844
TI  - Immunoelectron microscopic study of substance P-containing fibers in feline
      cerebral arteries.
AB  - The ultrastructure of substance P-containing fibers in feline cerebral arteries
      was examined by combining substance P immunohistochemistry and electron
      microscopy. At the light and electron microscopic level, positive fibers were
      observed in the adventitia and at the border between the adventitia and media,
      but not within the media or the endothelium. The substance P-containing fibers
      were unmyelinated with diameters consistent with C-fiber caliber. Positive axons
      were in close contact with Schwann cell processes. Positive axons contained 24 nm
      microtubules, 10 nm neurofilaments, clear vesicles and scattered mitochondria.
      The number of mitochondria and organelles resembling vesicles appeared to
      increase in presumptive axon terminals. No synaptic membrane specializations were
      observed.

PMID- 2421845
TI  - Origins and distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing nerves in
      the wall of the cerebral arteries of the guinea pig with special reference to the
      coexistence with substance P.
AB  - The origins and overall distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like
      immunoreactivity (CGRPI) in the wall of the cerebral arteries were investigated
      in the guinea pig by using whole-mounts. Two types of CGRPI fibers were seen; one
      forming dense fiber bands, located among the periadventitial nerves, and the
      other forming a meshwork. CGRPI fibers in the periadventitial nerves often leave
      these nerves to form a meshwork, of a density that varies according to the
      diameter or location of the blood vessel. The present study showed that CGRPI
      fibers in the walls of the carotid arterial system originated from the trigeminal
      ganglion, and those in the vertebrobasilar arterial system from other origins
      besides the trigeminal ganglion. We also examined the coexistence of this peptide
      with substance P-like immunoreactive (SPI) structures in a single neuron system.
      Double staining immunocytochemistry showed that the patterns of the running of
      CGRPI and SPI fibers in the wall of the cerebral arteries were similar, and this
      method also demonstrated the presence of neurons containing both CGRPI and SPI
      structures in single cells of the trigeminal ganglion, which is the major origin
      of these fibers in the cerebral arteries.

PMID- 2421846
TI  - Immunocytochemical evidence for synaptic regulation of paraventricular
      vasopressin-containing neurons by substance P.
AB  - Employing a combination of pre-embedding peroxidase-antiperoxidase-labeling for
      substance P (SP) and postembedding immunogold labeling with protein A-colloidal
      gold-anti-arginine vasopressin (AVP) complex, we demonstrated immunoreactive SP
      containing nerve fibers, which terminate synaptically on the perikarya, contained
      gold-labeled secretory granules in the magnocellular paraventricular nucleus of
      rats. The perikarya were also synapsed with unlabeled nerve fibers. It is
      concluded that SP plays a role as an axosomatic neurotransmitter in diverse
      synaptic controls of vasopressinergic neurons.

PMID- 2421847
TI  - Distribution of substance K (neurokinin A) in the brain and peripheral tissues of
      rats.
AB  - The regional distribution of substance P (SP) and substance K (SK) in the central
      nervous system and peripheral tissues of rats was studied. High levels of SK-like
      immunoreactivity (SK-LI) and of SP-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) were found in
      the substantia nigra, nucleus tractus solitarius and nucleus habenula. Neonatal
      treatment of rats with capsaicin caused a significant decrease in the SK-LI
      content in the submaxillary gland, but capsaicin had no effect on SK-LI content
      in any area of the brain. These observations suggest that SK in the brain and
      peripheral tissues may have significant physiological roles.

PMID- 2421848
TI  - On the mechanism of enhanced release of [14C]glutamate in hippocampal long-term
      potentiation.
AB  - K+-induced release of [14C]glutamate was studied in slices of dentate gyrus
      prepared from control rats and rats in which long-term potentiation (LTP) had
      been induced in vivo. At all concentrations of Ca2+ studied, release from
      potentiated slices was greater than from control slices. In the same preparations
      both Ruthenium Red and caffeine enhanced basal release but in potentiated tissue
      the Ruthenium Red-induced release was significantly greater than in control
      tissue. These results are discussed in the light of our recent finding that
      enhanced transmitter release is associated with LTP.

PMID- 2421849
TI  - Single inward rectifier channels in horizontal cells.
AB  - The ion channels responsible for inward rectification in horizontal cells were
      studied using the patch clamp technique applied to isolated cells from goldfish
      retina. Inward currents recorded from these cells were identified as due to the
      opening of inward rectifier channels based on their ion selectivity, channel
      gating behavior, and the effects of external blocking ions. The single channel
      conductance was 20 pS in 125 mM external K+. The null current potential shifted
      with changes in the K+ concentration as expected for a channel permeable to K+,
      and the channel appeared to have little permeability to Na+. The probability of a
      channel being in an open state increased as the membrane was hyperpolarized from
      the K+ equilibrium potential (0 to -10 mV) over potentials ranging to -80 mV, in
      the presence of external Na+. The closing rate was insensitive to membrane
      potential in the presence of external Na+. The opening rate of the channel
      increased as the membrane was hyperpolarized. The increase in the probability of
      a channel being open at negative potentials was therefore caused by the voltage
      sensitivity of the rate of channel opening.

PMID- 2421850
TI  - The role of microtubules in axoplasmic transport in vivo.
AB  - To verify whether microtubules are involved in the mechanism of axoplasmic
      transport in vivo, [3H]leucine was injected into ventral horns of rats, and 3 h
      later Ca2+ or other drugs injected into sciatic nerves. The injection of 50-200
      mM Ca2+, raising intra-axoplasmic Ca2+ levels, blocked transport above the
      intraneural injecting site and decreased microtubular density. Conversely,
      injection of 10 mM EGTA lowering the intra-axoplasmic Ca2+ induced the same
      changes. By combining the injection of 50 mM colchicine with 25 mM Ca2+ or 5 mM
      EGTA, the effects were additive in that transport was weakened further or even
      blocked and microtubules disappeared. Therefore, microtubules seemed to be a
      mediator between the injected drug and the blockade of transport and Ca2+ to be a
      regulator of axoplasmic transport in vivo. Tubulin, a subunit of microtubules,
      contains SH groups and Cd2+ is a chelate of them. By injection of 50-100 mM Cd2+,
      transport was weakened or blocked. The sulfhydryl inhibitor, N-ethylmaleimide
      increased, but the sulfhydryl donor, dimercaptosuccinate, abolished the effect of
      Cd2+ on transport. N-ethylmaleimide also amplified the Cd2+ effect on decreasing
      SH group content of sciatic nerve homogenate. There were 8.7 SH groups per
      tubulin monomer isolated from rabbit brain. The SH groups of tubulin in vitro and
      microtubular density in vivo were decreased with the increase of Cd2+
      concentration. All these results indicated that microtubules play a role in the
      mechanism of axoplasmic transport.

PMID- 2421851
TI  - Calcineurin as a neuronal marker of human brain tumors.
AB  - Calcineurin is one of the calmodulin binding proteins and a Ca2+-dependent and
      calmodulin-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphatase. We used antisera to the
      calcineurin as a cell-type-specific marker in order to identify neuronal cells in
      the rat brain and human neoplasms. In normal rat brain slices, basal ganglia were
      stained macroscopically, and other areas such as cerebral cortex, corpus
      callosum, cerebellar cortex, granular layer and pyramidal tract of the spinal
      cord were lightly identified as well. Under the light microscope, it was found
      that only the neuronal cells were stained, and astrocytes, oligodendrocytes,
      ependymal cells and vessels were not. Intracellular distribution of the staining
      showed various patterns and staining intensity of varying degree. Using the PAP
      method, localization of the calcineurin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded
      tissues were studied in 65 human intracranial neoplasms, and in 11 human
      extracranial neoplasms. The neuronal elements of neuroblastoma, ganglioglioma,
      ganglioneuroma and retinoblastoma were clearly stained. In contrast,
      glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, meningioma, neurinoma,
      pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma, hemangioblastoma, hamartoma, lymphoma and
      mesenchymal tumor were all negative. Two cases out of 5 medulloblastomas were
      stained, but others were not. Although positive tumors disclosed various staining
      patterns and intensities, these results indicated that calcineurin could be a new
      neuronal marker in human brain tumors.

PMID- 2421852
TI  - Immunohistochemical investigation of regional cerebral ischemia in the gerbil:
      occlusion of the posterior communicating artery.
AB  - Evolution, progression and recovery of neural damage during and following
      cerebral ischemia were investigated in the gerbil after occlusion of a posterior
      communicating artery and by using the immunohistochemical reaction for tubulin
      and creatine kinase BB-isoenzyme which are enriched in the neuronal structure and
      the reaction for astroprotein which is specific for astrocytes. The transcardiac
      perfusion study with India ink revealed marked hypoperfusion diffusely in the
      hippocampus and moderately in the thalamus on the occluded side. The earliest
      immunohistochemical lesion, manifested as loss of the reaction for tubulin and
      creatine kinase BB-isoenzyme in dendrites and nerve cell bodies, was found in the
      CA1 and CA2 region of the hippocampus after ischemia for 4 min, while it took 10
      min before the earliest lesion became visible in the ventral nucleus of the
      thalamus and it took over 1 h before scattered lesions evolved in granular cells
      of the dentate gyrus. The staining with hematoxylin-eosin was much less sensitive
      in detection of early ischemic lesions. After re-establishment of blood flow to
      the posterior communicating artery, the ischemic lesions which were visualized
      with the reaction for tubulin or creatine kinase BB-isoenzyme disappeared or
      reduced the size, if the ischemic period was brief. Beyond a certain ischemic
      period, the lesion expanded further during the early postischemic period. The
      reaction for astroprotein visualized reactive astrocytes even in the area without
      any abnormalities with other reactions, an evidence of subtle ischemic insults.

PMID- 2421853
TI  - Selective uptake of neuroactive amino acids by both oligodendrocytes and
      astrocytes in primary dissociated culture: a possible role for oligodendrocytes
      in neurotransmitter metabolism.
AB  - CNS glia may be involved in the modulation of neuronal excitability through their
      capacity to accumulate and metabolize neuroactive amino acids. To investigate the
      possible role of oligodendrocytes in amino acid neurotransmitter metabolism, we
      have used light microscopic autoradiography, following the uptake of 3H-labelled
      amino acids by dissociated cultures of neonatal mouse brain, characterized
      immunocytochemically using cell-type specific markers. Oligodendrocytes,
      recognized by their characteristic galactocerebroside membrane staining, rapidly
      accumulated [3H] gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), becoming intensely labelled over
      cell body and processes after short incubations. In contrast, oligodendrocytes
      became only lightly labelled with [3H]L-glutamate and aspartate, which
      preferentially labelled astrocytes. [3H]D-aspartate, a non-metabolized analogue
      of L-glutamate, was avidly accumulated by oligodendrocytes, labelling cell bodies
      and processes after short incubations, to a similar extent as GABA. Thus,
      oligodendrocytes possess a transport mechanism for these excitatory amino acids,
      but rapidly metabolize them and release the metabolites. Not only the GC-positive
      cells but also the GC-negative undifferentiated oligodendrocyte precursors
      accumulated both GABA and D-aspartate, suggesting that this may be a function
      expressed early in the differentiation of oligodendrocytes. Net uptake of [3H]
      beta-alanine and [3H]glycine by oligodendrocytes was not observed under any
      conditions tested. A small number of oligodendrocytes were labelled with
      [3H]taurine after longer incubations. The uptake of certain neuroactive amino
      acids is thus a property shared by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, the latter
      acting in a protective fashion around neuronal perikarya and axons.

PMID- 2421854
TI  - The effect of neonatal anoxia on brain cholecystokinin-8-like immunoreactivity
      and monoamine levels of mature rats.
AB  - The effect of neonatal anoxia upon cholecystokinin-8-like immunoreactivity (CCK-8
      I) concentrations was investigated in different brain areas of mature rats.
      Anoxia within 24 h after birth resulted in significantly lower CCK-8-I levels in
      the cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala and hypothalamus of 10-week-old rats. In
      contrast, no change was observed in the monoamine levels of these brain areas.
      The data suggest that neonatal anoxia selectively affects CCK-containing neurons.

PMID- 2421855
TI  - Factors affecting the ultrastructural pattern of anterograde labeling in axon
      terminals with HRP.
AB  - Comparisons of anterograde labeling of axon terminals originating from short and
      long projection neurons were made in the hypoglossal nucleus. Injections of
      dilute and concentrated horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ-agglutinin
      horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were made via a glass micropipette into the
      nucleus reticularis parvocellularis (RPc = short projection neurons) and the
      Spinal V trigeminal complex (Sp. V = long projection neurons). Axon terminals in
      the hypoglossal nucleus, a common projection site of the two efferent systems,
      were evaluated ultrastructurally using diaminobenzidine (DAB) as the chromogen
      for the cobalt-glucose oxidase (CO-GOD) method of HRP labeling. Labeled axon
      terminals from these two sources demonstrated different distribution patterns of
      the reaction product. For the short pathway, high concentrations of the tracers
      resulted in diffuse, agranular labeling in the majority of axon terminals. Dilute
      concentrations of the tracers were associated with membrane-bound, granular type
      of labeling. All anterograde labeling of terminals of long projection neurons
      (Sp. V) was membrane-bound and granular irrespective of the tracer concentration.
      The length of the pathway and the concentration of the enzyme tracers are factors
      that affect the pattern of anterograde label in axon terminals of hypoglossal
      afferents.

PMID- 2421856
TI  - [Axon flow of the optic nerve].

PMID- 2421857
TI  - [In vitro translation of RNA from lizard epididymis and identification of poly A
      RNA coding for a major androgen-dependent protein].
AB  - During the reproductive period (spring) the lizard epididymis secretes a soluble
      protein of an apparent molecular weight (MW) of 19,000, the protein L. This
      androgen dependent protein disappears during post-nuptial atrophy of the
      epididymis (summer). At two time intervals (spring and summer) total RNA were
      extracted and poly (A) RNA were prepared. The RNA were translated in a cell-free
      system (rabbit reticulocyte lysate) in the presence of 35S methionine. Labelled
      translation products were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under
      denaturing conditions. Electrophoresis were preceded or not by
      immunoprecipitation with an antiserum raised against protein L. RNA extracted
      during spring coded for several unique bands including five immunoprecipitated
      proteins with close-related MW (21,000 to 25,000). When RNA were translated in
      the presence of dog microsomes, the five previously detected protein bands
      disappear although a 19,000 MW immunoprecipitated protein was clearly
      demonstrated. These proteins were not detected when RNA extracted in summer were
      used. The protein L appears to be synthesized as preprotein(s). Its (unique or
      several?) messenger is of poly A type; it is present in spring and absent or
      undetectable in these experimental conditions in summer.

PMID- 2421858
TI  - [Immunocytochemical study of the spinal distribution of substance P, enkephalins,
      cholecystokinin and serotonin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis].
AB  - Using immunocytochemical methods, a severe loss of substance P, but not of
      enkephalin, cholecystokinin and serotonin containing fibers was observed in
      lamina IX of the spinal cords from 4 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases.
      Substance P-fibers were decreased before degeneration of motoneurons. They were
      normal in the remaining spinal gray matter.

PMID- 2421859
TI  - [Effect of interferons on the activity of human tumor degeneration factor (TDF)].
AB  - KB cells were cultivated in the well with tumor-degenerating factor (TDF) and the
      natural and recombinant interferons. TDF alone induced the degenerative changes
      of the KB cells and formed the cell-free area, but the interferons alone did not
      induce the changes and did not form the cell-free area. When KB cells were
      cultivated with TDF and natural interferons (HuIFN-alpha, -beta and -gamma), the
      cell-free area was enlarged. Particularly, HuIFN-gamma enhanced the TDF activity
      most strongly. The recombinant interferons (HuIFN-alpha, -beta and -gamma) also
      augmented in the same ways as the natural interferons.

PMID- 2421860
TI  - Immunovirological studies on human respiratory syncytial virus structural
      proteins.
AB  - Immunovirological studies suggest that human respiratory syncytial virus may well
      be composed of five structural proteins as are other members of the
      Paramyxoviridae family: the two external membrane glycoproteins H (90 000) and Fo
      (F1, 49 000; F2, 20 000; disulfide linked), the internal membrane protein M (34
      000), the nucleoprotein N (42 000), and a protein (78 000) designated P that
      could be the equivalent of the polymerase of the morbillivirus and paramyxovirus
      genus. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies showed, by immunoprecipitation and
      immunoblotting, that the fusion protein carries neutralizing epitopes. One
      monoclonal antibody, which shows a high neutralizing titer, immunoblotted
      directly with the F1 fragment (49 000) of the fusion protein. Analysis in mice of
      the immunogenicity of the structural proteins separated on sodium dodecyl
      sulphate gels indicated that, under our conditions, only the fusion protein dimer
      Fo and its F1 fragment were capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies.

PMID- 2421861
TI  - Changes in host cell membrane activities in response to adhesion of Neisseria
      gonorrhoeae.
AB  - Physiological changes in host cell model membranes (intact human erythrocytes and
      ghosts) as a consequence of bacterial adhesion were studied with special
      reference to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Membrane activities examined were transport
      of K+, Cl- ions, pyruvate kinase, Na-K-dependent ATPase, and cAMP. We found that
      K+ and Cl- transport were affected, more so in membranes with attached pilated
      (P+) organisms than in those with apilated (P-) isogenic strains. In N.
      gonorrhoeae and in several other species of gram-negative bacteria studied,
      hemagglutination titres were directly correlated with effects on anion transport,
      suggesting that perturbations in anion transport are an immediate result of
      adhesion. Of three P+ gonococcus strains tested, two depressed Na-K-ATPase
      activity in the membrane, indicating a possible effect on the Na-K pump. Pyruvate
      kinase activity associated with the membrane appeared to be stimulated by
      attached gonococci, again by P+ strains to higher levels than P- organisms.
      Clearly, some enzyme properties of host membranes are intrinsically affected by
      bacterial adhesion. Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils were also investigated,
      and with some exceptions, changes observed in leukocyte enzyme activities tended
      to parallel those in erythrocytes. Since hypochlorous acid production is
      considered to be an important microbicidal mechanism in neutrophils, interference
      with Cl- transport could jeopardize their role in host defense.

PMID- 2421862
TI  - Clinical applications of assays for thyrotropin-receptor antibodies in Graves'
      disease.
AB  - Graves' disease is characterized by hyperthyroidism, diffuse goitre, infiltrative
      ophthalmopathy and, rarely, pretibial myxedema. In 1956 a substance capable of
      prolonged thyroid stimulation was discovered in the serum of some patients with
      Graves' disease and termed long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS). It was shown to
      be an antibody that could interact with the receptor for thyroid-stimulating
      hormone (TSH). The term LATS is usually reserved for the activity measured in a
      laborious in-vivo bioassay in mice. Today the activity of TSH-receptor antibodies
      (TSH-R Ab) can be measured by in-vitro bioassays or by radioreceptor assays.
      These assays are now becoming commercially available. TSH-R Ab assays may be
      useful in predicting the response to therapy for Graves' disease, investigating
      euthyroid ophthalmopathy and predicting the likelihood of neonatal
      hyperthyroidism.

PMID- 2421864
TI  - Successful management of metastatic and primary germ cell tumors in the brain.
AB  - Nine men and one woman with brain metastases from nonseminomatous germ cell
      tumors have been treated between 1977 and 1984. All the men had lung metastases.
      Nine patients had elevated serum values of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG),
      the level was greater than 40,000 IU/l in seven. They were treated with
      sequential combination chemotherapy either POMB/ACE or EP/OMB in which the
      methotrexate was given at a dose of 1 g/m2 and intrathecal methotrexate was given
      during courses not containing intravenous methotrexate. Eight of ten patients are
      alive, off treatment with no evidence of active disease, of whom five have been
      in remission and off treatment for more than 18 months. Two patients with primary
      intracranial nonseminomatous germ cell tumors were treated in a similar fashion.
      One patient died from enlargement of differentiated teratoma; the other is alive
      9+ months off treatment with no evidence of disease. These results, which are
      better than any previously reported, indicate that chemotherapy is the preferred
      treatment of primary or metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the brain
      and that only rarely will these patients benefit from surgery or radiotherapy.

PMID- 2421863
TI  - Insulin allergy.
AB  - While immunologic responses to insulin such as cutaneous reactivity and antibody
      against insulin are common significant clinical problems related to those
      immunologic reactions are uncommon. Immunologic responses that have been
      described included Gell and Coombs type I, II, and IV. The antigen may be the
      result of any of several factors: insulin as a heterologous protein, altered
      tertiary structure of insulin, presence of non-insulin protein contaminants, or
      pharmaceutical formulation additives. IgE mediated local reactions are the most
      common and almost always subside spontaneously. IgE mediated anaphylaxis is the
      most important immunologic problem; it can be managed safely and successfully by
      temporary reduction in dose or by insulin desensitization. Other systemic
      immunologic reactions, insulin resistance and serum sickness, are extremely rare
      and respond to corticosteroid therapy.

PMID- 2421865
TI  - Successful treatment of good-risk disseminated testicular cancer with cisplatin,
      bleomycin, and reduced-dose vinblastine.
AB  - Cisplatin, vinblastine and bleomycin (PVB) is very effective therapy in
      disseminated testicular cancer, but toxicity is severe. A further reduction of
      vinblastine might reduce the acute toxicity of PVB without compromising the
      response rate in good-risk patients. Starting in March 1982, 42 consecutive
      patients with minimal or intermediate advanced disease (lymph node metastases
      less than 10 cm, lung nodules less than 5 cm) began a 0.2-mg/kg vinblastine PVB
      regimen, provided that serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were not greater than
      1000 ng/ml and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) values were not greater than
      50,000 mIU/ml. Only 9 patients (21.4%) had leukocyte counts less than 1000/mm3, 6
      (14%) had infections, but none had documented sepsis. Gastrointestinal and
      neuromuscular toxicities were mild. Of the 42 patients, 41 (97.6%) entered
      complete remission (CR), 8 with surgery. After a median follow-up period of 26
      months (range, 19-40 months), 35 patients (83.3%) are continuously disease-free.
      Of the 6 patients with AFP levels greater than 400 ng/ml and/or HCG values
      greater than 1000 mIU/ml, only 2 (33.3%) entered continuous CR, versus 33 (91.6%)
      of the 36 patients with normal or less elevated markers (P less than 0.01). PVB
      with a 0.2-mg/kg vinblastine dosage is very effective and well-tolerated therapy
      in selected good-risk patients with disseminated germinal testis cancer.

PMID- 2421866
TI  - Teratoid hepatoblastoma. The nosologic dilemma of solid embryonic neoplasms of
      childhood.
AB  - The presence of divergent tissue, such as bone or osteoid, is a well recognized
      occurrence in the hepatoblastoma. However, multiple lines of tissue
      differentiation in a hepatic tumor that had the overall features of
      hepatoblastoma have recently been observed. During the brief and eventually fatal
      clinical course in this case, the tumor initially displayed the features of
      conventional hepatoblastoma, but evolved into a neoplasm with teratoid features,
      terminally assuming a hepatoma-like appearance. Immunohistochemistry and
      ultrastructural studies confirmed the various lines of divergent differentiation
      in this tumor, which the authors chose to designate as a teratoid hepatoblastoma.

PMID- 2421867
TI  - Laser photocoagulation in the palliation of colorectal malignancies.
AB  - Besides surgical intervention, there are virtually no palliative treatment
      modalities available for bleeding and/or obstructing colorectal malignancy. The
      usefulness and safety of laser photocoagulation was prospectively investigated in
      63 patients with colorectal cancer. The merits were evaluated in the treatment of
      obstruction (16 patients), bleeding (32 patients), and combined hemorrhage and
      obstruction (15 patients). Luminal patency could be restored in 15 (94%),
      hemostasis was achieved in 28 (88%), and treatment was effective in 13 (87%)
      patients with bleeding and obstructing tumors. In the 56 evaluable and initially
      responding patients, no beneficial long-term results were achieved in six
      patients, as major complications of (re)stenosis, necessitating colostomy,
      occurred in three, posttreatment hemorrhage with need for blood transfusion in
      two, and a pararectal abscess formation was seen in one patient. Except probably
      for this pararectal abscess, there was no treatment-related death. Transient
      stenosis and laser-induced bleeding, as minor complications present in 12 (19%),
      responded favorably upon reinstitution of laser photocoagulation. The beneficial
      effect of laser photocoagulation was, in general, evident after 2 to 3 sessions.
      Forty-six patients could be discharged from the hospital and their treatment
      could be continued in the outpatient clinic. Further hospital admission could be
      avoided in 39. Laser treatment for palliation of obstructing and/or bleeding
      colorectal cancer proved to be an efficacious, safe, and rapidly effective
      therapy. Laser photocoagulation can be considered as a valuable alternative to
      aggressive surgical intervention in the absence of other conservative treatment
      modalities in palliation.

PMID- 2421868
TI  - Androgen receptors in cancer of the prostate. Correlation with the stage and
      grade of the tumor.
AB  - The authors have measured the androgen receptor concentrations in the cytosol and
      nucleus of 13 carcinoma of the prostate (CaP) patients and compared these values
      to those in an age-matched group of 23 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia
      (BPH). Histologic classification of the tumors was carried out and the receptor
      content was correlated to the grade and stage of the disease. The mean +/- SEM
      receptor values for BPH (cytosol: 115 +/- 18 fmol/g tissue; nucleus: 140 +/- 34
      fmol/g tissue) were not significantly different from those measured in CaP
      (cytosol: 105 +/- 23 fmol/g tissue; nucleus: 83 +/- 23 fmol/g tissue). There was
      a positive correlation between nuclear and cytosolic receptors in both BPH and
      CaP. Our data revealed, however, the absence of any correlation between
      histologic grade in CaP and receptor content. If, however, the tumors were
      classified according to the stage of the cancer using the TNM system, "early
      disease" tumors maintained significantly lower Gleason score (4.4 +/- 0.61) and
      receptor levels (cytosol: 63.8 +/- 31.2 fmol/g tissue; nucleus: 46.2 +/- 26.5
      fmol/g tissue) than those measured in the "late disease" (Gleason score: 7.0 +/-
      0.56; cytosol receptor: 146.2 +/- 20.5; nuclear receptor: 117.2 +/- 31.6) (P less
      than 0.05); therefore the staging of the disease bears a great impact on the
      capacity of the tumor to specifically bind androgens.

PMID- 2421869
TI  - Establishment of a high production system for AIDS retroviruses with a human T
      leukemic cell line Molt-4.
AB  - A cell culture system was developed for the continuous and efficient production
      of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) retrovirus. After infection of a
      human T-cell line Molt-4 with HTLV-III and LAV the cells grow permanently and
      produce large amounts of virus continuously. The yields of production of virus
      were assessed either with reverse transcriptase activity or a newly established
      biological quantitation assay of active virus. The amounts of virus with this
      cell system were much higher than those of the H9 cell system. This procedure
      enabled us first to compare the two viral isolates HTLV-III and LAV directly in
      the same cell line. Establishment of the culture system, allowing efficient
      production of AIDS retroviruses, provides a useful tool for the isolation of the
      virus from patients with AIDS and for more basic research, such as the mechanisms
      of immune destruction caused by the virus leading to the occurrence of various
      malignancies.

PMID- 2421870
TI  - The potentiation of radiation response on murine tumor by fludarabine phosphate.
AB  - Fludarabine phosphate is a synthetic analog of beta-arabinofuranosyl adenine
      (beta-ara-A), an anti-viral agent. Since beta-ara-A has been shown to be an
      effective inhibitor of potentially lethal damage (PLD) repair in cell culture
      system but ineffective in in vivo tumors, we carried out experiments to determine
      whether fludarabine phosphate which is not inactivated by adenosine deaminase
      potentiates the radiation effects on in vivo murine tumor. The combined effects
      of single acute fludarabine phosphate (600 mg/kg) and single dose of X
      irradiation (20 Gy) on Meth-A fibrosarcomas in BALB/c mice produced more than 90%
      tumor control, while the radiation alone resulted in less than 10% tumor control.
      The radiosensitizing effect by fludarabine phosphate was higher when the drug was
      administered immediately prior to X-irradiation. The dose modifying factor of
      fludarabine phosphate is estimated to be 1.6 at 400 mg/kg. Experiments with
      fractionated irradiation and fludarabine phosphate similarly showed a high rate
      of tumor control. The present study suggests that inhibitors of PLD repair
      including several antiviral agents may have potential utility in the treatment of
      some radioresistant human tumors by radiotherapy.

PMID- 2421871
TI  - Degradation of insulin and glucagon by a factor associated with Walker 256
      carcinosarcoma cells.
AB  - Earlier studies from this laboratory reported that, in rats bearing the Walker
      256 carcinosarcoma, circulating insulin levels were significantly reduced
      relative to non-tumor-bearing rats. The present study extends this observation to
      include a significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced plasma level of glucagon in
      rats bearing the tumor for both 7 and 10 days. In order to determine if the tumor
      itself somehow plays a role in the degradation of these protein hormones, either
      cultured Walker 256 tumor cells (in the case of the insulin studies) or cells
      from freshly excised tumor (for the glucagon studies) were incubated with 125I
      labeled insulin or glucagon. Following the incubation period, the amount of TCA
      precipitable radio-label remaining in the incubation medium was markedly reduced
      after exposure to cells. This suggests that the tumor cells have the capability
      of degrading both insulin and glucagon. In a separate series of experiments, it
      was found that medium, in which freshly excised tumor cells had been incubated
      previously and then discarded, retained a substance which degraded 125I-labeled
      glucagon and that this degradation of glucagon could be blocked by co-incubation
      with aprotinin, a protease inhibitor.

PMID- 2421872
TI  - Hydrolytic cleavage of methotrexate gamma-polyglutamates by folylpolyglutamyl
      hydrolase derived from various tumors and normal tissues of the mouse.
AB  - Folylpolyglutamate hydrolase (folyl hydrolase) activity derived from murine
      tumors and various normal tissues was measured by means of high performance
      liquid chromatography using methotrexate polyglutamates as substrate. Enzyme
      mediated hydrolysis was considerably greater (10-20-fold) on a specific activity
      basis in extracts from all normal mouse tissues (kidney greater than bone marrow
      greater than small intestine approximately equal to liver) than from tumor cells
      (Sarcoma 180 greater than Ehrlich approximately equal to L1210 cells). Enzyme
      preparations from purified absorptive and crypt cell epithelium from mouse small
      intestine exhibited comparable levels of specific activity and were greater than
      that derived from the total organ. Folyl hydrolase from mouse kidney showed mixed
      endo- and exopeptidase activity while that derived from all other normal tissues
      and tumor cells was consistent with endopeptidase activity. Levels of cell-free
      folyl hydrolase activity derived from tumor cells varied substantially with the
      phase of growth in vivo. Also, levels were appreciably lower from the same cells
      grown in vitro. Hydrolysis by crude or partially purified enzyme preparations
      from mouse small intestine or tumor cells conformed to Michaelis-Menten kinetics
      (single saturable component). Rates of hydrolysis and Km values were proportional
      to gamma-glutamyl chain length in the case of L1210 cell-derived enzyme but not
      for enzyme derived from small intestine. Km values derived for 4-amino-10
      methylpteroyldiglutamate were the same [Km = 80.4 +/- 9 (SE) microM] for small
      intestine and L1210 cells. However, with 4-amino-10-methylpteroyltetraglutamate
      Km values were 3-fold lower for tumor cell preparations and 8-fold lower for
      preparations derived from small intestine. Fourfold lower Km values for 4-amino
      10-methylpteroyldiglutamate were obtained with enzyme derived from Sarcoma 180
      cells as compared to the enzyme from L1210 or intestinal cells. Varying levels of
      folyl hydrolase activity for methotrexate polyglutamates in cell-free
      preparations from different tumor cells appeared to reflect differences in in
      situ hydrolytic activity shown for the same substrate when internalized. The
      relevance of these results to antifolate pharmacology and, specifically, to a
      role for polyglutamates of 4-aminofolate compounds in determining cytotoxicity
      and selective antitumor activity of these agents is discussed.

PMID- 2421873
TI  - Increased lethality of calmodulin antagonists and bleomycin to human bone marrow
      and bleomycin-resistant malignant cells.
AB  - The effect of bleomycin and calmodulin antagonists on human cells was studied
      using a clonogenic assay. A 1-h exposure to nontoxic concentrations of the
      calmodulin antagonists melittin (0.5 microM), pimozide (5 microM), and
      chlorpromazine (20 microM) increased the lethality of bleomycin to human ovarian
      carcinoma cells (SK-OV). No increase was seen with chlorpromazine sulfoxide,
      which lacks calmodulin antagonistic activity. Maximum enhancement of bleomycin
      lethality by calmodulin antagonists was seen when the antagonist was present
      simultaneously with bleomycin rather than before or after bleomycin. The
      cytotoxicity of bleomycin to A-253 head and neck squamous carcinoma cells, which
      were 10-fold more sensitive to bleomycin alone compared to SK-OV cells, was not
      markedly altered by the presence of 20 microM chlorpromazine. Chlorpromazine,
      melittin, or pimozide also increased the toxicity of bleomycin to human
      granulocyte/macrophage and erythroid stem cell colonies. These results
      demonstrate that calmodulin antagonists can significantly increase the lethality
      of bleomycin to some but not all human tumor cells and that nonmalignant
      hematological human cells may also be affected by this combination.

PMID- 2421874
TI  - Progression of tumor histiotype during mouse hepatocarcinogenesis associated with
      the viable yellow (Avy) gene.
AB  - Increasing attention has been focused recently upon those factors in
      carcinogenesis that are responsible for the proliferation of initiated cells and
      the increasingly aberrant phenotype that they progressively manifest. The agouti
      locus allele Avy (viable yellow) has been shown to be associated with conditions
      which favor promotion of cells that have been initiated by a wide variety of
      causes, in many organs, but has not been previously associated with tumor
      progression in those systems. In the current study, the presence of the Avy gene
      in a strain of mice not normally predisposed to hepatocarcinogenesis, C57BL/6N
      was, for the first time, associated not only with much earlier appearance, but
      with progression of the histiotype of hepatic tumors, following neonatal
      administration of diethylnitrosamine. At 52 weeks, 28 C57BL/6N mice demonstrated
      7 mouse liver tumors 0.5 cm or greater in diameter, all of more benign
      histiotype, without associated metastasis. The 31 C57BL/6N-Avy demonstrated 194
      mouse liver tumors at that time, 22% of which were of malignant histiotype, 19%
      of which were associated with metastasis. This system would appear to offer the
      possibility of identifying the underlying mechanisms for components of the
      carcinogenic process. In addition, the C57BL/6N-Avy mouse appears to offer
      advantages as a test animal in bioassay procedures that use the liver as a target
      organ. Thus, it represents a mouse with little or no spontaneous predisposition
      to hepatocarcinogenesis, with a predicted short lag period toward response to
      hepatocarcinogens.

PMID- 2421875
TI  - Cytotoxicity of hyperthermia combined with bleomycin or cis-platinum in cultured
      RIF cells: modification by thermotolerance and by polyhydroxy compounds.
AB  - The effect of thermotolerance and of polyhydroxy compounds on the cytotoxicity of
      bleomycin and cis-platinum was studied in cultured RIF tumor cells. Cell survival
      in response to drug-heat treatments was compared in cells not previously exposed
      to hyperthermia and in preheated cells that had developed thermotolerance. Since
      cellular accumulation of polyhydroxy compounds is a potential mechanistic basis
      of thermotolerance, we also compared cell survival of thermotolerant cells and
      chemically heat-protected cells. The cytotoxicity of bleomycin and cis-platinum
      in control cells treated with drug plus heat (43 degrees C, 1 h) was increased
      synergistically over the cytotoxicity of drug and heat alone. In thermotolerant
      cells, the synergistic interaction was largely reversed with the bleomycin-heat
      combination but retained with cis-platinum at 43 degrees C. In the absence of
      heat, bleomycin and cis-platinum showed similar cytotoxicity in control and
      thermotolerant cells. The addition of heat protectors (erythritol or galactose)
      modified the drug-heat cytotoxicity similar to thermotolerance. The synergistic
      interaction of bleomycin-43 degrees C, but not cis-platinum-43 degrees C, was
      reversed by the polyhydroxy compounds.

PMID- 2421876
TI  - Systematic optimization of the clonal growth of human primary breast carcinoma
      cells.
AB  - Human breast carcinomas have been one of the most difficult tumor types to
      culture in agar-based clonogenic assays. This fact has limited their clinical
      applicability. We have used statistically motivated experimental designs to
      systematically improve the clonal culture of enzymatically monodispersed primary
      human carcinoma cells in an anchorage-independent agar system. Based upon an
      initial comparison of two basal media, we selected one which gave the best colony
      growth and then sought to optimize the individual additives in the medium.
      Hydrocortisone, fetal bovine serum, and red blood cells all improved both plating
      efficiency and median size of colonies derived from breast carcinoma cells. Next,
      the concentrations of these three components were simultaneously idealized using
      response surface methodology. By these methods, it was found that the optimal
      concentration of hydrocortisone was 0.35 microgram/ml, fetal bovine serum was
      6.5%, and red blood cells was 2.1 X 10(7) cells/ml. Using these culture
      conditions, we have achieved plating efficiencies of 0.39% and 0.19% for colonies
      with diameters greater than 50 (50 cells) or 70 (130 cells) micron, respectively.

PMID- 2421877
TI  - Effects of cytotoxicity of 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine and 2-bromo-2'
      deoxyadenosine on cell growth, clonogenicity, DNA synthesis, and cell cycle
      kinetics.
AB  - The cytotoxic effects of the adenosine deaminase resistant analogues 2-bromo-2'
      deoxyadenosine (2-BrdAdo) and 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (2-CldAdo) have been
      compared with those of deoxyadenosine (dAdo). Like 2-CldAdo, 2-BrdAdo is highly
      effective in inhibiting the growth of many T-lymphoblastoid, B-lymphoblastoid,
      and myeloid cell lines in culture. Concentrations required to inhibit growth of
      CCRF-CEM human T-lymphoblastoid cells by 50% (IC50) are: 2-CldAdo, 0.045 microM;
      2-BrdAdo, 0.068 microM; dAdo, 0.9 microM in the presence of 5 microM erythro-9-(2
      hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine. Like dAdo, 2-BrdAdo causes a much greater decrease in
      DNA synthesis than in RNA and protein synthesis. For each of the nucleosides the
      concentration required to cause 50% inhibition of DNA synthesis (as measured by
      thymidine incorporation) in an 18-h exposure is very similar to the IC50 for
      growth and to the concentration required to decrease viability (clonogenicity)
      over 18 h by 50% (EC50). A fraction of CCRF-CEM cells (approximately equal to
      30%) is resistant to killing by exposure to 2-BrdAdo or 2-CldAdo for 4 h at
      concentrations 100 times the EC50, but 3% of cells are resistant to exposure for
      4 h to a concentration of dAdo 3 times the EC50. Each of the three nucleosides
      causes accumulation of cells in S phase, the accumulation becoming more marked
      with longer periods of exposure and with higher concentrations of nucleoside.
      During exposures for 18-24 h at a concentration of nucleoside near the EC50 most
      cells accumulate in S, with most in early S, whereas exposure to concentrations
      greater than EC95 accumulates cells at the G1/S border. This suggests that loss
      of viability is associated with a blockade of some process specifically occurring
      at the initiation of S phase. At an optimum dosage schedule, 2-BrdAdo and 2
      CldAdo have similar therapeutic effects against L1210 in vivo, both producing
      over 99% cell kill, but the optimum dosage of 2-CldAdo is lower.

PMID- 2421878
TI  - Marker evolution during the development of the rat mammary gland: stem cells
      identified by markers and the role of myoepithelial cells.
AB  - Using monoclonal antibodies and other immunological reagents we have identified
      characteristic markers for various epithelial cell types within the rat mammary
      gland. We have followed the evolution of cell types from the emergence of mammary
      ducts from the epidermis in the fetus to adulthood. Throughout mammary
      development some cells retain a group of markers which characterize the early
      stages of development. We have previously suggested that these cells are the stem
      cells for mammary development. In the adult, these cells are present in end buds
      and in the myoepithelial layer of ducts. We suggest that the myoepithelial layer,
      which we propose should be called the "basal" layer, contains several cell types,
      of which two are pluripotent. It contains the stem cells for mammary development,
      which also are present in end buds, and a precursor of ductules and alveoli. In
      the ducts, basal cells are probably also the precursor of luminal cells. We
      propose a scheme of mammary development.

PMID- 2421879
TI  - Complement-mediated lysis of K562 human leukemic cells by antibodies to
      phosphotyrosine and identification of cell surface proteins phosphorylated on
      tyrosine.
AB  - Intact K562 human leukemic cells showed bright membrane immunofluorescence after
      staining with monoclonal antibody to O-phosphotyrosine (PTyr). Up to 60% of the
      cells were lysed with mouse, rabbit, or human antibodies to PTyr by a complement
      mediated mechanism. A new method has been developed for identifying proteins that
      have PTyr residues on the outside of cell membrane, and at least two species of
      PTyr-containing proteins with the molecular weights of 45,000 and 36,000 were
      identified as the most probable candidates of the antigens responsible for the
      membrane fluorescence and cell lysis.

PMID- 2421880
TI  - Estrogen- and tamoxifen-induced rearrangement of cytoskeletal and adhesion
      structures in breast cancer MCF-7 cells.
AB  - The cytoskeleton, the shape, and the adhesion complexes of MCF-7 breast carcinoma
      cells have been studied by fluorescence, phase contrast, and interference
      reflection microscopy. Cells have been grown in media containing different
      concentrations of estrogen and with or without the addition of the antiestrogen
      tamoxifen. The pattern of actin microfilaments and keratin intermediate filaments
      (tonofilaments) and the distribution of adhesion areas change as a function of
      the estrogen concentration. When cells are cultured in estrogen-deprived medium,
      they appear roundish and flattened and adhere firmly to the substratum, with
      multiple vinculin-positive adhesion plaques at their ventral surface. Upon
      stimulation with estrogen, these cells display pseudopodial cytoplasmic
      protrusions and ruffling membranes; in interference reflection microscopy the
      adhesion areas are mostly localized in these projections. A rearrangement of
      microfilaments and of tonofilaments in the cell projections and the formation of
      a dense network of keratin fibers takes place. Tamoxifen affects cellular shape
      and cytoskeletal arrangement in a way similar to that induced by estrogen. An
      effect of estrogen-receptor stimulation on the adhesion structures and on the
      rearrangement of intermediate and actin filaments (and accordingly of the shape
      and internal structure of breast cancer cells) can be suggested. Such an effect
      might be direct or mediated through unknown mechanisms; it seems, however, to be
      independent of the well known estrogenic effect on cell proliferation.

PMID- 2421881
TI  - Anthracycline-induced inhibition of a calcium action potential in differentiated
      murine neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - The effects of some anthracyclines on a Ca2+ -dependent action potential have
      been studied in differentiated murine neuroblastoma cells (N1E-115 clone). The
      differentiated neuroblastoma cell possesses characteristics of an electrically
      excitable cell and can generate propagated potential spikes in which Ca2+ is the
      inward charge carrier. This was shown by the fact that action potentials recorded
      from differentiated neuroblastoma cells in the presence of 10(-7) g of
      tetrodotoxin per ml, which inhibits active Na+ channels, had a spike amplitude
      that depended upon the extracellular Ca2+ concentration in a manner close to that
      predicted by the Nernst equation. The peak potential changed 28.9 mV/decade
      change in extracellular Ca2+. Local application to a cell of 10(-8) M doxorubicin
      produced inhibition of this Ca2+ -dependent action potential within 5 s of drug
      application and a maximum inhibition of 13% 60 s after drug application. There
      was almost complete recovery to the initial spike amplitude value within 10 min
      after removing drug. The same concentration of doxorubicin also produced complete
      inhibition, without recovery, of a Ca2+ -dependent after-discharge which followed
      the initial action potential in about half the cells studied. Increasing
      concentrations of doxorubicin produced dose-dependent inhibition of the initial
      Ca2+ -dependent action potential. Cells exposed to 10(-5) M doxorubicin showed
      88% inhibition of the Ca2+ -dependent action potential with no recovery even 10
      min after removing the drug. Daunomycin, 10(-6) M, produced 90% inhibition of the
      Ca2+ -dependent action potential. Daunomycin aglycone (10(-6) M), which lacks
      antitumor activity, had no significant effect on the Ca2+ -dependent action
      potential. The rapid onset of the drug-induced response together with the low
      concentrations of anthracyclines needed to inhibit voltage-dependent Ca2+
      channels in the neuroblastoma cells suggest a direct effect of anthracyclines on
      the cell surface membrane. The findings are discussed in light of the possible
      role of Ca2+ in cancer cells.

PMID- 2421882
TI  - Quantitative differences in host cell reactivation of ultraviolet-damaged virus
      in human skin fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes cultured from the same
      foreskin biopsy.
AB  - Repair efficiency of cultured cells may be estimated by measuring the ability of
      a particular cell type to support virus damaged by an appropriate agent. In this
      study we have compared the inactivation of ultraviolet (254 nm)-damaged herpes
      simplex virus in human fibroblast and epidermal keratinocyte cell lines derived
      from the same foreskin biopsy and found the epithelial cells to be a factor of 3
      times less efficient in supporting the damaged virus. The two different cell
      types show comparable ultraviolet inactivation of clone-forming ability,
      indicating that the difference is specific to viral host cell reactivation. This
      study required the development of a quantitative infectious centers assay for the
      measurement of viral titer in human epithelial cells, a system which may be of
      more general application in studies of potential human carcinogens.

PMID- 2421883
TI  - Shape-dependent regulation of proliferation in normal and malignant human cells
      and its alteration by interferon.
AB  - The relationship between cell morphology, proliferation, and contact inhibition
      was studied in normal and malignant human cells which varied in their sensitivity
      to contact inhibition. Their ability to proliferate was examined under conditions
      where the cells were constrained into different shapes by plating onto plastic
      surfaces coated with poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). Poly(2-hydroxyethyl
      methacrylate) can precisely vary the shape of cells without toxicity. Cell
      proliferation was quantitated by cell counts and labeling indices were determined
      by autoradiography. The normal JHU-1 foreskin fibroblasts and IMR-90 lung
      fibroblasts exhibited contact-inhibited growth with a saturation density of 2.9 X
      10(5) and 2.0 X 10(5) cells/cm2, respectively. These cells also exhibited
      stringent dependency on cell shape with a mitotic index of less than 3% at poly(2
      hydroxyethyl methacrylate) concentrations at which the cells were rounded versus
      a labeling index of 75-90% when the cells were flat. The malignant bladder
      carcinoma line RT-4 exhibited partial contact-inhibited growth. Its dependency on
      cell shape was less stringent than that of normal cells with a mitotic index of
      37-40% when rounded and 79% when flat. The malignant fibrosarcoma line, HT1080,
      was not contact inhibited and was entirely shape independent with a mitotic index
      of 70-90% regardless of cell shape. Treatment of HT1080 cells with low
      concentration of human fibroblast interferon (less than 40 units/ml) restored
      shape-dependent proliferation while having little effect on normal cells.
      Subantiproliferative doses of interferon were also shown to restore contact
      inhibited proliferation control to malignant cells previously lacking it. The
      concordant restoration of contact inhibition and shape-dependent proliferation in
      malignant cells by interferon suggest that these two types of proliferation
      controls represent a manifestation of common regulatory mechanisms. However,
      since these effects occurred at interferon concentrations below that required to
      produce an antiproliferative effect, these actions of interferon may be distinct
      from the antiproliferative action.

PMID- 2421884
TI  - Characterization and modulation of human lymphokine (interleukin 2) activated
      killer cell induction.
AB  - Culture of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with purified interleukin 2
      (IL-2) results in the induction of a cytotoxic population of cells capable of
      lysing autologous tumor cells and natural killer (NK) cell resistant tumor cell
      lines. The current study was undertaken to characterize biological agents which
      might modulate the induction of lymphokine (IL-2) activated killer (LAK) cells
      and to optimize culture conditions for LAK cell induction. Preliminary studies
      were undertaken to characterize optimal time and IL-2 concentration for induction
      of LAK cell activity. Subsequently, we demonstrated that: (a) LAK cell induction
      is inhibited at high (2.5 X 10(6)/ml) cell concentrations and this phenomenon is
      due to the presence of monocytes; (b) depletion of monocytes allows LAK cell
      induction at 5-10-fold higher cell concentrations without altering the extent or
      range of LAK-cell activity; (c) interleukin 1 enhances and alpha- and beta
      interferons inhibit IL-2 induced proliferation, without altering LAK cell
      induction; and (d) gamma-interferon alters neither IL-2 induction of
      proliferation nor LAK cell activity.

PMID- 2421885
TI  - Selective modulation of glutathione levels in human normal versus tumor cells and
      subsequent differential response to chemotherapy drugs.
AB  - Cellular glutathione (GSH) levels were found to be 7-fold higher in a human lung
      adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) than in a normal human lung fibroblast line (CCL
      210). Differential modulation of cellular GSH was explored in these cell lines by
      (a) stimulation of GSH synthesis by oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate (OTZ) and (b)
      inhibition of GSH synthesis by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). In the tumor cell
      line, OTZ treatment had no effect; however, GSH levels of 140-170% of control
      were achieved in the normal fibroblast line. With BSO, the normal cell line was
      depleted of GSH at a faster relative rate than with the tumor line. Within 7 h,
      5% GSH remained in the CCL-210 line while approximately 40% GSH remained in the
      A549 line. Survival response of normal versus tumor cell lines to selected
      chemotherapy drugs was compared following modulation of GSH levels. OTZ
      pretreatment of the A549 line provided no protection to a 1-h exposure to
      melphalan, cisplatin, or bleomycin; however, OTZ pretreatment of CCL-210 elevated
      GSH and provided protection to melphalan, cisplatin, and bleomycin (protection
      ratios at 5% survival of 1.2, 1.4, and 1.4, respectively). Neocarzinostatin
      toxicity in the normal CCL-210 line pretreated with BSO was greatly reduced
      (protection ratio at 50% survival = 5.0). The same BSO treatment to A549 cells
      (40% GSH remaining) yielded a similar survival curve to control cells. These
      studies demonstrate that selective differential chemotherapy responses of normal
      versus tumor cells is possible by manipulating the GSH synthetic cycle. Should
      basic phenotypic differences with regard to reductive capacity exist in vivo,
      such manipulation in GSH levels might yield a therapeutic gain for carefully
      selected chemotherapy drugs.

PMID- 2421886
TI  - 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of interferon-induced alterations of
      phospholipid metabolites in interferon-sensitive and interferon-resistant Friend
      leukemia cell tumors in mice.
AB  - Adult DBA/2 mice were given injections s.c. with either interferon-sensitive
      (745) or -resistant (3Cl-8) Friend erythroleukemia cells (FLC). After tumor
      nodules had developed, mouse interferon-alpha/beta was injected daily into the
      tumor. 31P-Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy examinations were
      undertaken on freshly dissected tumors at different days of treatment with either
      interferon or control preparations. Analysis of 745 FLC tumors in untreated mice
      at different days of tumor growth (day 8 to 13 after tumor implantation) showed
      marked increases in the levels of phosphorylcholine (PCho),
      glycerophosphorylethanolamine (GroPEtn) and glycerophosphorylcholine (GroPCho).
      In contrast high levels of PCho, GroPEtn and GroPCho were already detectable in
      the 3Cl-8 FLC tumors on day 8, and no significant changes were observed during
      subsequent tumor growth. The intracellular pH value remained practically constant
      in both FLC tumors. Daily intratumoral administration of either partially
      purified (10(7) IU/mg of protein) or highly purified (10(9) IU/mg of protein)
      mouse interferon-alpha/beta to both cell tumors resulted in decreases in the
      levels of PCho, GroPEtn and GroPCho and in increases in the intracellular pH with
      respect to tumors treated with control preparations or left untreated. Two days
      of daily treatment of mice with interferon sufficed to induce these metabolic
      changes which preceded the appearance of necrosis in the tumors. Treatment of FLC
      tumors with X-rays on day 12 of tumor growth did not result in any comparable
      metabolic changes 2 days after irradiation. Changes in the levels of phospholipid
      metabolites were not observed when 745 or 3Cl-8 cells were cultivated in the
      presence of interferon. As interferon induced these changes in both interferon
      sensitive and -resistant tumors we conclude that interferon treatment results in
      host-mediated effects on the biosynthesis and/or catabolism of tumor cell
      phospholipids.

PMID- 2421887
TI  - Effects of mutagens on the immunogenicity of tumor cells: comparison of cell
      surface changes induced by 5-azacytidine and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidine.
AB  - The reduced tumorigenicity of mutagenized cells appears to be due to the
      induction or alteration of cellular determinants leading to a more effective
      immune recognition. We previously reported that clones of the murine T-lymphoma
      Eb obtained after N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) treatment (Eb-MNNG)
      show a moderate to strong decrease in tumorigenicity and in addition altered
      expression of several cell surface proteins. We report here that treatment of Eb
      cells with 5-azacytidine (5-Aza) induces cell surface changes that are very
      similar to those seen in MNNG clones; likewise, Eb-5-Aza clones were decreased in
      tumorigenicity and increased in immunogenicity. Regressor mice that had been
      inoculated with Eb-5-Aza or Eb-MNNG cells could be shown to be protected against
      a subsequent challenge of Eb cells but not against the syngeneic mastocytoma P
      815. Analysis of cytosine methylation of Eb-MNNG and Eb-5-Aza clones by high
      pressure liquid chromatography revealed decreased levels of methylcytosine
      content in several clones. Because of these similarities and because both drugs
      are DNA hypomethylating and gene inducing agents we assume that hypomethylation
      is involved in causing amplified protein expression. The possible role of
      amplified proteins in increased immunogenicity is discussed.

PMID- 2421888
TI  - Comparative effects of growth inhibitors on DNA replication, DNA repair, and
      protein synthesis in human epidermal keratinocytes.
AB  - Cultured human epidermal keratinocytes were used as a model system for testing
      compounds with potential therapeutic effect against hyperproliferative skin
      disorders. We have investigated whether each test compound caused direct damage
      to the DNA or inhibited DNA repair and/or seminconservative replication of DNA,
      as well as its effect on the overall rate of protein synthesis and on expression
      of specific keratin genes. The following compounds were studied: (a) inhibitors
      of DNA polymerase alpha [aphidicolin and its derivative aphidicolin glycine], (b)
      inhibitors of topoisomerases [novobiocin, nalidixic acid, teniposide, etoposide,
      and 4'-(9-acridylamine) methanesulfon-m-anisidide], (c) modifiers of chromatin
      structure [sodium butyrate, 3-aminobenzamide, and nicotinamide], (d) inhibitors
      of calmodulin activation and protein kinase C [chlorpromazine and
      trifluoperazine]; and (e) drugs used in clinical dermatology [anthralin,
      fluocinolone acetonide, ketoconazole, and hydroxyurea]. The compounds were tested
      at concentrations at which they were known from the literature to be effective in
      their respective actions. Among the groups of compounds studied, the
      topoisomerase inhibitors were particularly interesting since they caused no
      detectable damage to DNA but exhibited maximal inhibitory effect on replication
      combined with minimal inhibition of DNA repair. In addition most of the
      topoisomerase inhibitors, particularly novobiocin, changed the pattern of gene
      expression by inhibiting the synthesis of certain keratins and inducing a Mr
      67,000 protein in the prekeratin fraction. These properties combined with minimal
      systemic side effects may encourage the clinical exploration of some
      topoisomerase inhibitors for antiproliferative therapy of skin disorders.

PMID- 2421889
TI  - Immunocytochemical evaluation of human esophageal neoplasms and preneoplastic
      lesions for beta-chorionic gonadotropin, placental lactogen, alpha-fetoprotein,
      carcinoembryonic antigen, and nonspecific cross-reacting antigen.
AB  - Human esophageal neoplasms were studied in comparison to normal, uninvolved, and
      preneoplastic human esophageal epithelium for the presence of human chorionic
      gonadotropin (HCG), human placental lactogen (HPL), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP),
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA)
      using the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. HCG
      immunoreactivity was identified in 10 of 33 squamous cell carcinomas (33%), in 1
      of 6 adenocarcinomas (17%), and 1 of 6 preneoplastic esophageal lesions (17%);
      while 9 of 33 squamous cell carcinomas (33%) and 1 of 6 adenocarcinomas (17%)
      contained immunoreactive AFP. Immunoreactive HPL was detected in 6 of 33 squamous
      cell carcinomas (20%), but in none of the adenocarcinomas. Neither AFP nor HPL
      immunoreactivity was identified in the 6 hyperplastic lesions which were studied.
      When stained with an antiserum that was able to detect both CEA and NCA, 27 of 33
      squamous cell tumors (82%) and 6 of 6 adenocarcinomas (100%) showed positive
      immunostaining reactions. Of these, 8 squamous cell carcinomas and 1
      adenocarcinoma were subsequently shown to contain only NCA immunoreactivity,
      while 19 squamous cell carcinomas and 5 adenocarcinomas contained both NCA and
      CEA immunoreactivity. NCA immunoreactivity alone was identified in 3 of 6
      preneoplastic lesions and NCA and CEA immunoreactivity in 1 of 6 preneoplastic
      lesions. None of the markers was detected in 8 specimens of normal esophageal
      epithelium which were studied as controls, nor in 6 specimens of uninvolved
      esophageal epithelium obtained from patients with esophageal cancer. Most tumors
      expressed 2 or 3 markers, and some tumors were identified which expressed up to 4
      of the 5 markers investigated. Only 3 tumors failed to express any of the markers
      studied. No association was found between the degree of tumor differentiation and
      presence or absence of HCG immunoreactivity. However, HPL immunoreactivity was
      more common in poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. In contrast,
      immunoreactive AFP was more common in well-differentiated squamous cell
      carcinomas than in other tumor types. Similarly, both CEA and NCA were more
      frequently expressed in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas,
      adenosquamous carcinomas, and adenocarcinomas than in less differentiated tumors.
      Our results suggest that HCG, HPL, AFP, CEA, and NCA are tumor-associated
      antigens in esophageal cancer. Therefore, they could be of value in screening
      tests for esophageal neoplasms and could be useful in subclassification of
      esophageal neoplasms.

PMID- 2421890
TI  - Ultrastructural characterization of the retrovirus particles (Sm-MTV) liberated
      from the mammary tumor cell line (Sm-MT) of a house musk shrew, Suncus murinus
      (Insectivora).
AB  - Detailed ultrastructure of a new type of retrovirus (Sm-MTV) released by cultured
      cells (Sm-MT) of a spontaneous mammary tumor from a house musk shrew Suncus
      murinus, Insectivora, is described. The virus particles were revealed as three
      forms: intracellular; budding; and extracellular. The intracellular type A
      particles were similar in profile to those associated with mouse mammary tumor
      cells and tended to form a small cluster of several particles in the cytoplasm.
      In addition, horseshoe-shaped particles as well as smaller particles in clusters,
      with doughnut-shaped morphology similar in structure to type A particles, were
      identified near the clusters of type A particles, although in smaller numbers.
      The budding particles contained a doughnut-shaped nucleoid, although the
      nucleoids decreased in size as compared with intracytoplasmic type A particles.
      The extracellular virions consisted of an envelope and a centrally located
      nucleoid. In routinely fixed specimens, the former was covered with irregularly
      distributed fuzzy materials in its surface, and the latter was further composed
      of a small electron dense core surrounded by an intermediate layer. Tannic acid
      treatment of cells resulted in the visualization of surface projections on the
      envelope of virions. Similar projections were also detected exclusively on the
      plasma membrane where virus budding took place, and not on the normal plasma
      membrane. The presence of surface projections on the viral envelope was further
      confirmed by the whole-cell-mounting technique. Together with our previous
      results of biochemical and immunological investigations, we concluded that Sm-MTV
      seemed to have closer phylogenetic relatedness with type D viruses of primates
      than with murine mammary tumor virus.

PMID- 2421891
TI  - Detection of N-myc oncogene expression in human neuroblastoma by in situ
      hybridization and blot analysis: relationship to clinical outcome.
AB  - We studied N-myc oncogene expression in 13 human neuroectodermal tumors and one
      teratoma by in situ hybridization. In four of six neuroblastomas, there was
      increased N-myc expression (15 to 49% of the cells). Many of the primitive
      neuroblastic cells had an increase of N-myc RNA not observed in the larger, more
      differentiated cells. Two neuroblastomas matured to ganglioneuromas; no biopsies
      performed during this progression expressed increased N-myc RNA. Three
      ganglioneuroblastomas, two tumors presenting as ganglioneuromas, a cerebral
      neuroectodermal tumor, a neurofibrosarcoma, and the teratoma did not have
      increased N-myc expression. The data obtained by in situ hybridization correlated
      well with data obtained by blot analysis. Neuroblastomas/ganglioneuroblastomas
      with a favorable course did not have appreciable elevation of N-myc expression
      over 10 to 77 mo of follow-up; thus N-myc may not be involved in the maintenance
      of the neoplastic state. However, such tumors with a fatal outcome 2 to 14 mo
      after diagnosis usually had elevated N-myc expression. These findings suggest a
      relationship between elevated levels of N-myc RNA and poor prognosis.

PMID- 2421892
TI  - Long-term follow-up of cardiac function in patients with Hodgkin's disease
      treated with mediastinal irradiation and combination chemotherapy including
      doxorubicin.
AB  - Among 41 evaluable patients whose first treatment for advanced Hodgkin's disease
      had consisted of alternating cycles of mechlorethamine, vincristine, prednisone,
      and procarbazine (MOPP), and doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine
      (ABVD), in addition to low-dose mediastinal irradiation, 19 underwent
      retrospective cardiac evaluation by routine posteroanterior and lateral chest x
      ray, 12-lead ECG, M-mode echocardiogram, and ECG-gated left ventricular blood
      pool scan at rest and during exercise. Fifteen patients had unequivocally normal
      left ventricular function by all these parameters. Two patients had minimally
      reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at rest with a normal increment
      with exercise. In two other patients with high normal resting LVEF and subnormal
      increment with exercise, the elevated resting values implied initial measurement
      in a nonbasal state. A twentieth patient (the oldest; one of two with active
      Hodgkin's disease at the time of evaluation and the stimulus for this study) had
      markedly reduced LVEF as determined by radionuclide cardiac angiography and had
      developed clinical congestive heart failure shortly before evaluation. Despite
      this patient, the study indicates that treatment with MOPP/ABVD and low-dose
      mediastinal irradiation entails low risk for cardiac complications.

PMID- 2421893
TI  - Pharmacologic analysis of the ip administration of fludarabine phosphate in the
      swine.
AB  - Fludarabine phosphate, an investigational water-soluble adenosine analog, was
      administered ip to five miniature swine at doses of 10, 16, and 25 mg/m2. Blood
      and peritoneal fluid samples were collected for 4 hours following drug
      administration and were submitted to high-performance liquid chromatographic
      analysis for the concentrations of the dephosphorylated derivative, 2-fluoro-ara
      A. Peak peritoneal fluid concentrations of 2-fluoro-ara-A ranged from 7.72 to
      18.01 micrograms/ml at the doses tested; peritoneal fluid areas-under-the-curve
      (AUCs) ranged from 19.23 to 47.33 micrograms X hour/ml. The peak serum
      concentrations of 2-fluoro-ara-A ranged from 0.15 to 0.46 micrograms/ml; serum
      AUCs ranged from 0.51 to 1.2 micrograms X hour/ml. The ip administration of
      fludarabine phosphate results in a 28-62-fold peak peritoneal concentration
      advantage over peak serum concentrations and a 20-53-fold advantage for
      peritoneal over serum AUCs. Comparison of data generated in this swine study to
      data from pilot studies of the ip administration of fludarabine phosphate in
      humans will be of interest.

PMID- 2421894
TI  - Combination of bleomycin and mitomycin after failure of cisplatin and alkylating
      agent therapy in epithelial ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2421895
TI  - Hemorrhagic cystitis after i.v. bleomycin, vinblastine, cisplatin, and etoposide
      for testicular cancer.

PMID- 2421896
TI  - Interferon in the treatment of multiple myeloma and the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

PMID- 2421897
TI  - Therapeutic approaches including interferon to carcinoma in situ of the bladder.
AB  - The management of CIS of the bladder consists of two complementary but separate
      therapeutic goals: treatment of existing disease and the prevention of
      recurrence. At present the biological behavior and prognosis of CIS remains to be
      completely defined. To date, the majority of experience with the medical
      management of CIS of the bladder is with chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin and
      the immunotherapeutic agent BCG. Other agents such as mitomycin and interferon
      appear promising. The efficacy of these drugs will have to be evaluated in
      prospective randomized trials. At that time a number of questions should be
      answered concerning the treatment of CIS of the bladder: what is the effect of
      these agents on morbidity and survival, what is the optimal dose, schedule, and
      duration of therapy for these drugs, and will the biology of the disease, e.g.
      extravesical recurrences mandate systemic therapy?

PMID- 2421898
TI  - Drug localisation and growth inhibition studies of vindesine-monoclonal anti-CEA
      conjugates in a human tumour xenograft.
AB  - The distribution of tritiated vindesine (3H-VDS) was studied in the tissues and
      tumours of athymic mice bearing a human colorectal tumour xenograft. Selective
      tumour localisation was obtained when 3H-VDS was injected as a conjugate with a
      monoclonal anti-CEA antibody (11.285.14) but not as a conjugate with a non
      binding monoclonal IgGl (Ag8) or as free succinoyl-VDS. The amounts of VDS that
      localised in the tumour following injections of 3H-VDS-11.285.14 increased in
      proportion to the amount injected, over a wide dose range. Conjugates prepared
      using the Fab fragments of 11.285.14 showed no evidence of selective tumour
      uptake in comparison with normal tissues. Various dose levels of VDS-11.285.14
      conjugate and free VDS were studied for effects on the growth of the tumour
      xenograft. A growth inhibition of 50% was obtained at 1.5 mg/kg with free VDS and
      at 2.5 mg/kg with conjugated VDS. The conjugate was, however, considerably less
      toxic.

PMID- 2421899
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against human ovarian tumor associated antigen NB/70K:
      preparation and use in a radioimmunoassay for measuring NB/70K in serum.
AB  - Murine monoclonal antibodies (MCAs) against human ovarian tumor associated
      antigen NB/70K have been prepared. One of these MCAs, NB12123, was chosen for the
      development of a radioimmunoassay for measuring serum NB/70K levels. In this
      assay, the average NB/70K level in 75 normal, healthy controls was 11.9 activity
      units (AU) with an SD of 14.9 AU. The normal cut off value for this assay was set
      at 45 AU (mean +2 SD). 24 of 46 (52%) ovarian cancer patients, 7 of 18 (39%)
      patients with benign ovarian cysts or tumors and 3 of 85 (4%) control samples had
      elevated serum NB/70K levels. Comparison of NB/70K levels measured in the NB12123
      assay with levels measured in an assay using a polyclonal antiNB/70K previously
      developed in our laboratory [13] indicated that although both assays had
      approximately the same percentage of positive ovarian cancer patient samples,
      there appeared to be no correlation between the absolute NB/70K levels measured
      by the two assays. The rank of ovarian cancer patient samples was also different
      for the two assays. Also, almost 40% of patients with benign ovarian cysts and
      tumors had elevated serum NB/70K levels as measured by the NB12123 assay as
      compared to 0% for the polyclonal assay. Reciprocal cross-blocking experiments,
      absorption studies, and immune precipitate analysis indicated that both the
      monoclonal NB12123 assay and the polyclonal antiNB/70K assay measured the same
      population of NB/70K molecules. However, the polyclonal antibody recognizes
      epitopes in addition to that recognized by NB12123. Taken together, these results
      suggest that the epitope recognized by NB12123 is not as specific for malignant
      ovarian tumors as the epitope(s) recognized by polyclonal antiNB/70K and/or that
      more than the one epitope detected by the MCA is responsible for the specificity
      for ovarian cancer of the polyclonal NB/70K assay. In spite of this, the greater
      sensitivity and range of the monoclonal NB12123 assay make it possible to monitor
      serum NB/70K levels in ovarian cancer patients. In four patients examined, the
      fluctuating serum NB/70K levels appeared to correlate well with clinical status.

PMID- 2421900
TI  - [Mechanism of action of calcium-antagonists on the smooth vascular muscles].

PMID- 2421901
TI  - Identification of patients at risk for arrhythmic death: role of Holter ECG
      recording.

PMID- 2421902
TI  - Beta-adrenergic blockers in the prevention of sudden death.

PMID- 2421903
TI  - The role of antiarrhythmic drugs in prevention of sudden cardiac death.

PMID- 2421904
TI  - Influence of federal and state regulations on the acquisition and operation by
      hospitals of magnetic resonance imaging scanners.
AB  - The article introduces key health planning issues considered in the initial
      introduction of an emerging medical technology. Health planning is defined in
      historical perspective with an emphasis on Certificate of Need (CoN) legislation
      at the state and broader health planning legislation at the federal level. The
      article explains how the CoN process attempts to deal with the issues outlined
      earlier. In conclusion the article points to the limited effect the CoN process
      has had as a regulatory measure, suggesting that the future role of legislated
      health planning in connection with the new medical technology remains an
      unanswered issue for the future.

PMID- 2421905
TI  - Immunomodulation of neutrophil chemotaxis in rheumatoid arthritis using
      levamisole and methisoprinol.
AB  - The inflammatory process of rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by an
      alteration in neutrophil function and an accompanying increase in the number of
      these cells within the joint space. Both inhibition of peripheral neutrophil
      chemotaxis and the paradoxic and concomitant deleterious effects of overreactive
      synovial neutrophils are expressions of an imbalance within the immune system.
      Levamisole and methisoprinol have been found to improve the alterations in
      cellular function and immune response. We studied the in vitro effect of these
      drugs on neutrophil function in four patients with rheumatoid arthritis whose
      basal chemotaxis was seriously inhibited. Levamisole and methisoprinol improved
      neutrophil chemotaxis by inducing, in monocytes incubated with these drugs, the
      production of an important chemotactic factor effective on the altered
      neutrophils. We suggest that the use of these drugs is beneficial in the
      treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2421906
TI  - Consequences of chemosensory phenomena for leukocyte chemotactic orientation.
AB  - The stochastic nature of cell surface receptor-ligand binding is known to limit
      the accuracy of detection of chemoattractant gradients by leukocytes, thus
      limiting the orientation ability that is crucial to the chemotactic response in
      host defense. The probabilistic cell orientation model of Lauffenburger is
      extended here to assess the consequences of recently discovered receptor
      phenomena: "down-regulation" of total surface receptor number, spatial asymmetry
      of surface receptors, and existence of a higher-affinity receptor subpopulation.
      In general, a reduction in orientation accuracy is predicted by inclusion of
      these phenomena. An orientation signal based on a simple model of chemosensory
      adaptation (i.e., a spatial difference in relative receptor occupancy) is found
      to be functionally different from the signal suggested by an experimental
      correlation (i.e., a spatial difference in absolute receptor occupancy). However,
      in the context of receptor "signal noise," the signal based on adaptation yields
      predictions in better qualitative agreement with the experimental orientation
      data of Zigmond. From this cell orientation model we can estimate the effective
      time-averaging period required for noise diminution to a level allowing
      orientation predictions to match observed levels. This time-averaging period
      presumably reflects the time constant for receptor signal transduction and
      locomotory response.

PMID- 2421907
TI  - Circadian communication between unicells? Effects on period by cell-conditioning
      of medium.
AB  - Populations of Gonyaulax polyedra, in two different phases, about 11 h apart,
      were mixed, and the intensity of their spontaneous bioluminescence glow recorded
      for about 2 wk under conditions of constant dim (35 +/- 3 microE/m2/s) white
      light and constant temperature (19.0 +/- 0.3 degrees C). The phases and
      amplitudes of glow signals recorded from mixed cultures were compared with those
      obtained from the arithmetic sum of the intensity data from two control vials.
      Peaks in control cultures generally remained separate, but there was a
      spontaneous increase in the period beginning 6-11 d after the onset of constant
      conditions. This did not occur in cultures in which the medium was exchanged with
      fresh medium every 2 d. In the actual mixes of two cultures there was a merging
      of the two subpeaks in the signal, which did not occur when the medium was
      exchanged. The results indicate that conditioning of the medium by cells may
      affect the period of the circadian rhythm and that this might result in a type of
      communication.

PMID- 2421908
TI  - Does Gonyaulax polyedra measure a week?
AB  - Cell communication was investigated in Gonyaulax polyedra by mixing two cultures
      grown on opposite lighting regimens, as reported in a companion paper. Herein,
      using the same data, 7-d (circaseptan) rhythms are also shown to characterize the
      luminescence of this cellular organism. A fraction of a culture of G. polyedra,
      grown in 12 h of light (L), alternating with 12 h of darkness (D), was exposed
      for 3 d to an LD-shift by 11 h. The circadian glow rhythm was compared under free
      running conditions (LL) for cultures previously kept on the two differing LD
      regimens and for mixed cultures. A circaseptan modulation of the circadian
      amplitude is detected in cultures that had not undergone an LD shift and in some
      of the mixed cultures, but not in the shifted cultures. A statistically
      significantly lower circaseptan amplitude (less than 50%) and acrophase advance
      of over 120 degrees or 56 h (p less than 0.001) characterizes the mixed cultures,
      as compared to the original unshifted cultures, a finding that could mean that G.
      polyedra communicates along a circaseptan frequency. Whether a prior phase-shift
      known to affect circaseptan behavior in another unicell, Acetabularia
      mediterranea, led to an alteration of the time structure of G. polyedra remains
      an interesting subject for further study in this model, a model attractive to
      students of unicellular rhythms and underlying mechanisms that henceforth should
      be studied at multiple circadian and circaseptan frequencies. Circadian and
      circaseptan interrelations can both serve as markers for mechanisms of
      intercellular communication.

PMID- 2421909
TI  - Critical nuclear DNA size and distribution associated with S phase initiation.
      Peripheral location of initiation and termination sites.
AB  - Using HeLa S-3 cells synchronized by selective detachment, in this paper we
      report a parallel study of nuclear morphology and autoradiography grain patterns
      between middle G1 and middle S phases. Our results show two distinct [3H]
      thymidine labeling patterns. The first "peripheral" labeling pattern has a
      characteristic nuclear size distribution, in contrast to the heterogeneous and
      varying size distributions of Feulgen-stained nuclei, and apparently is
      characteristic of very early S phase. The sizes of the second labeling pattern-
      homogeneous or inhomogeneous grain distribution throughout the nucleus--are equal
      or larger than the first and vary with S phase progression. Together, the
      corresponding nuclear sizes of the labeled nuclei represent the larger extreme of
      nuclear areas, and the labeling index closely parallels the fraction of nuclei
      with areas larger than the minimum size of the labeled nuclei. These results
      suggest a characteristic nuclear size (reflecting unique intranuclear DNA
      distribution) as a necessary, if not sufficient, requirement for S phase
      initiation. Parallel experimentation with rat liver cells-synchronized in vivo by
      partial hepatectomy and analyzed by thin section autoradiography--confirms the
      existence of a peripheral labeling pattern in both the very early part and the
      very late part of S phase, which reconciles our data with previous results and
      points to the fact that both initiation and termination sites for DNA replication
      are near the nuclear periphery.

PMID- 2421910
TI  - Poiseuille flow method for measuring cell-to-cell adhesion.
AB  - A theoretical description of the cell aggregation process in the Poisseuille flow
      is presented, the capture efficiency being used as the measure of cell
      adhesiveness. The value of this coefficient is determined both for nonspecific
      and specific (i.e., mediated by molecules) cell-to-cell interactions. Regarding
      the cell adhesion described by the DLVO theory, it is possible to determine the
      conditions under which cell adhesion is maximal. The dependence of capture
      efficiency on parameters such as shear rate, size of cell, surface potential of
      cell, the Hamaker constant of substances constituting the cell membrane, and
      composition of the medium is analyzed. In the case of specific cell adhesion
      during flow, the change of suspension concentration is related to the number of
      free and occupied receptor sites, the diffusion constant of the receptors in the
      cell membrane, the force of a single bond, and the conditions of flow. It is
      possible to determine the diffusion constant from cell aggregation measurement
      when the force of a single bond and the number of free and occupied receptor
      sites are known.

PMID- 2421911
TI  - Specific cell-to-cell adhesion under flow conditions.
AB  - An experimental method of measuring intercellular adhesion based on cell
      interactions in Poiseuille flow is presented. Hydrodynamic conditions of
      suspension flow, concentration of the suspension, and the size of cells allows
      determination of the capture efficiency, which is a measure of cell adhesiveness.
      The measurements of cell aggregation were performed with thymus cells and lectin
      from Ricinus communis. On the ground of theoretical description of the process of
      cell aggregation, it was possible to estimate the diffusion constant of the
      receptors in the cell membrane, which is equal to 5.6 X 10(-11) cm2/s. This value
      is in good agreement with the results of direct measurements of the diffusion
      constant of the lectin receptor. In the case of formalin-treated cells, the
      diffusion constant of the lectin receptors is equal to 6.8 X 10(-12) cm2/s. The
      total number of the receptor sites on the thymus cell surface for lectin R.
      communis and the affinity constant were also estimated.

PMID- 2421912
TI  - Determination of binding strength and kinetics of binding initiation. A model
      study made on the adhesive properties of P388D1 macrophage-like cells.
AB  - The adhesive properties of the mouse P388D1 macrophage-like line were explored.
      Cells were deposited in glass capillary tubes, and the kinetics of adhesion and
      spreading were studied. Binding involved the cell metabolism since it was
      decreased by cold, azide, or a divalent cation chelator. Glass-adherent cells
      were subjected to calibrated laminar shear flows with a highly viscous dextran
      solution. A tangential force of about 5 X 10(-3) dyn/cell was required to achieve
      substantial detachment. The duration of application of the shearing force
      strongly influenced cell-substrate separation when this was varied from 1-10 s.
      Further, this treatment resulted in marked cell deformation, with the appearance
      of an elongated shape. Hence, cell-substrate separation is a progressive process,
      and binding strength is expected to be influenced by cell deformability. The
      minimum time required for adhesion was also investigated by making cells adhere
      under flow conditions. The maximum flow rate compatible with adhesion was about
      1000-fold lower than that required to detach glass-bound cells. A simple model
      was devised to provide a quantitative interpretation for the experimental results
      of kinetic studies. It is concluded that cell-to-glass adhesion required a cell
      substrate contact longer than a few seconds. This first step of adhesion was
      rapidly followed by a large (about 1000-fold) increase of adhesion strength. It
      is therefore emphasized that adhesion is heavily dependent on the duration of
      cell-to-cell encounter, as well as the force used to remove so-called unbound
      cells.

PMID- 2421913
TI  - Red blood cell dielectrophoresis in axisymmetric fields.
AB  - Dielectrophoretic velocities of human red blood cells in an axisymmetric field
      were measured as a function of the applied voltage and the distance from the axis
      of symmetry. The voltage of the alternating electric field (frequency 2 MHz),
      applied between two concentric cylindrical metal electrodes (outer and inner
      radii 0.24 and 1 mm, respectively), was varied up to 19 V. Two kinds of mediums
      were used: (a) 90% of 2.1% glycine solution and 10% of 5.5% glucose solution and
      (b) 5.4% sorbitol solution. The results have shown that in both mediums the cell
      velocities are proportional to the square of the applied voltage and inversely
      proportional to the cube of the distance from the axis of symmetry, as predicted
      by the theory. The coefficient of proportionality (dielectrophoretic coefficient)
      is on the order of 10(-25) A2S4kg-1. It depends on the donor of red blood cells
      and might be used for diagnostic purposes. These results will be used in future
      investigations of membrane adhesion, stability and fusion.

PMID- 2421914
TI  - The transverse tubular system of cat intrafusal muscle fibres.
AB  - A modified staining technique for transverse tubular and sarcoplasmic reticular
      systems was used to investigate their occurrence in different types of intrafusal
      muscle fibres in cat tail spindles. Intrafusal muscle fibres can be divided into
      three basic regions, namely, the periaxial space (A-region), intracapsular area
      (B-region) and the extracapsular area (C-region); the components of these systems
      were seen to vary in structure and distribution. The occurrence of these systems
      also varied among the different types of intrafusal muscle fibres, namely, the
      bag1, bag2 and chain fibres. In bag1 fibres components were sparse in the A
      region, increased slightly in the B-region, but were most developed in the C
      region; triads were consistently located at the border between A- and I-bands. In
      bag2 fibres membrane components were noted in the A-region but were more abundant
      in the B-region where some tubular components showed transverse and longitudinal
      branches linked together in the form of a network; membrane systems diminished
      towards the C-region. The majority of triads were located within the A-bands. In
      chain fibres the membrane systems occurred more commonly in the A-region, while
      in the B- and C-regions, the transverse tubular system possessed numerous
      transverse and longitudinal branches forming irregularly distributed tubular
      networks. Some tubular branches were dilated, while other branches terminated as
      sacs among arrays of the sarcoplasmic reticular system in I-bands. Some
      transverse tubules bifurcated into two branches with numbers of dilated
      sarcoplasmic reticular cisternae lying on either side, or between, the branches.
      Triads sometimes occurred between A- and I-bands, but, generally, were situated
      well within A-bands.

PMID- 2421915
TI  - A possible differentiation of anterior pituitary cells in collagen gels into
      neurons.
AB  - Dispersed cells from anterior pituitary glands of male rats were cultured
      embedded in collagen gels or on a plastic surface. After 6 or more days in
      culture, cells in collagen produced more prolactin than those on plastic. The
      cultures in collagen had fewer fibroblasts than those on plastic. Many cells
      cultured in collagen developed processes, and a few cells in every culture had
      long extended processes that sometimes branched and resembled those of neurons.
      About 60% of the cells in culture including cells with well developed processes
      bound the monoclonal antibody A2B5, an antibody that binds to neuronal cells in
      culture. Fibroblasts did not have detectable binding of A2B5. Some cells with
      short processes reacted with antiserum to prolactin or ACTH, but the cells with
      neuronlike processes did not. Collagen gels may provide a matrix in which cells
      from the anterior pituitary gland can differentiate into neuronlike cells.

PMID- 2421916
TI  - Role of conserved sequence elements 9L and 2 in self-splicing of the Tetrahymena
      ribosomal RNA precursor.
AB  - Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis has been used to alter highly conserved
      sequences within the intervening sequence (IVS) of the Tetrahymena large
      ribosomal RNA precursor. Mutations within either sequence element 9L or element 2
      eliminate splicing activity under standard in vitro splicing conditions. A double
      mutant with compensatory base changes in elements 9L and 2 has accurate splicing
      activity restored. Thus, the targeted nucleotides of elements 9L and 2 base-pair
      with one another in the IVS RNA, and pairing is important for self-splicing.
      Mutant splicing activities are restored by increased magnesium ion
      concentrations, supporting the conclusion that the role of the targeted bases in
      splicing is primarily structural. Based on the temperature dependence, we propose
      that a conformational switch involving pairing and unpairing of elements 9L and 2
      is required for splicing.

PMID- 2421917
TI  - M1 RNA with large terminal deletions retains its catalytic activity.
AB  - Truncated transcripts of the rnpB gene from E. coli, coding for M1 RNA, the
      catalytic subunit of RNAase P, and fragments of M1 RNA generated by nuclease
      treatment have been prepared, and their ability to function catalytically in
      vitro has been determined. Molecules missing as many as 122 nucleotides at the 3'
      terminus retain catalytic activity, although at a much lower level than M1 RNA
      itself. No activity is observed with an RNA that is missing 70 nucleotides at the
      5' terminus. The removal of even a small number of nucleotides from both termini
      eliminates all catalytic function. The preservation of one intact terminus may be
      essential for the tertiary and quaternary interactions required to generate the
      conformation of an active RNA species.

PMID- 2421918
TI  - RNA splicing is interrupted by heat shock and is rescued by heat shock protein
      synthesis.
AB  - The transcripts of most eukaryotic genes contain intervening sequences and must
      be spliced to yield functional messenger RNA. We report that a brief severe heat
      shock blocks the processing of intervening sequences in Drosophila cells and that
      this block persists for at least 2 hr after cells are returned to normal
      temperatures. If a mild heat shock, which induces the synthesis of heat shock
      proteins, is administered prior to the severe heat shock, processing occurs under
      otherwise restrictive conditions. When heat shock protein synthesis is inhibited,
      this protection is not observed. We suggest that the disruption of intron
      processing contributes to heat-induced lethality and developmental abnormalities
      and that one function of the heat shock proteins is to protect processing from
      heat-induced disruption.

PMID- 2421919
TI  - The IIb-IIIa glycoprotein complex that mediates platelet aggregation is directly
      implicated in leukocyte adhesion.
AB  - Evidence is presented that the IIb-IIIa glycoprotein complex, which functions as
      the receptor for fibrinogen on platelets and is central to platelet aggregation,
      is expressed on the surface of leukocytes where it may function as a receptor for
      fibronectin. F(ab')2 fragments of a monoclonal antibody, 25E11, raised against
      activated large granular lymphocytes, inhibited killing by natural killer cells,
      blocked the binding of fibronectin-coated particles by monocytes, and stimulated
      neutrophils to exhibit increased antibody-dependent killing. Immunoprecipitation
      studies of leukocytes and platelets, and the ability of 25E11 to inhibit platelet
      aggregation, identified the antigen as an epitope on the IIb-IIIa complex. This
      glycoprotein thus constitutes the first example of a receptor mediating both
      platelet aggregation and leukocyte adhesion.

PMID- 2421920
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus: an immunosuppressive D-type
      retrovirus.
AB  - The genetic structure of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV), a D-type retrovirus,
      has been determined. In addition to the viral gag, pol, and env genes is an ORF
      overlapping both gag and pol and that encodes the viral protease. Surprisingly,
      the MPMV env protein is highly homologous to that of the avian C-type virus,
      reticuloendotheliosis associated virus REV-A. The env sequence encodes an
      immunosuppressive peptide, which suggests that MPMV, like REV-A, may transiently
      induce a T-suppressor cell population. The different phylogenies of the MPMV pol
      and env genes indicate a recombinatorial origin for the D-type viruses. Sequence
      comparisons show that SRV-1, an MPMV-like virus etiologically linked to simian
      AIDS (SAIDS), is in fact a variant of MPMV. While MPMV-like viruses cannot be
      used as direct models for the AIDS/SAIDS associated with lentiviruses, they
      provide an important system for studying the molecular basis of immunosuppressive
      diseases in primates.

PMID- 2421921
TI  - A protein of 175,000 daltons associated with striated rootlets in ciliated
      epithelia, as revealed by a monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Basal bodies from laying quail oviduct were semipurified and used as immunogen to
      produce monoclonal antibodies. On 38 clones obtained and among those staining the
      apical pole of the ciliated cell, CC-310 was chosen because it labeled the apical
      region with a punctuated aspect, suggesting a staining of basal bodies or of
      basal body-associated structures; the basal pole was also labeled. The
      ultrastructural localization performed by the immunogold technique showed that
      the labeling was mainly associated with the striated rootlets. The basal feet,
      the side of the basal bodies, and the basal poles of the demembranated cells were
      also decorated. The identification of the antigen performed by immunoblots of
      deciliated cortices revealed two proteins of 175,000 and 40,000, whereas
      immunoblots of basal bodies showed only the 175,000-mw protein. The possibility
      of these two proteins sharing the same epitope, located at both poles of the
      cell, is discussed. Immunofluorescence ascertained that CC-310 decorated the
      striated rootlets in ciliated epithelia from other species: mussel, frog, and
      human tissue. Finally, when tested on cultured cell lines, CC-310 labeled the
      centrosome and its associated rootlets on PtK2 during interphase. During mitosis
      the poles of the mitotic spindle were stained without any apparent rootlet-like
      structure.

PMID- 2421922
TI  - Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of some edible mushrooms.

PMID- 2421923
TI  - Studies of platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists from microbial products.
      I. Bisdethiobis(methylthio)gliotoxin and its derivatives.

PMID- 2421924
TI  - Studies of platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists from microbial products.
      II. Pharmacological studies of FR-49175 in animal models.

PMID- 2421925
TI  - [An in vitro study of qing yi decoction No. I on pancreatic enzyme activity and
      release].

PMID- 2421926
TI  - [Application of ELISA for screening McAb against type III polioviruses and its
      antigenic analysis].

PMID- 2421927
TI  - [Studies on monoclonal antibodies against the hepatitis B surface antigen].

PMID- 2421928
TI  - [Clinical application of hemostasis with Lasiosphaera fenzlii powder in
      prostatectomy].

PMID- 2421929
TI  - [Study of the effect of pulling and massage on analgesia regulation and changes
      of serotonin content and the like].

PMID- 2421930
TI  - [Treatment of premature ventricular beat by traditional Chinese medicine: a
      clinical study of 403 cases].

PMID- 2421931
TI  - [Deficiency of kidney yang and activity of the sodium pump in human red cells].

PMID- 2421932
TI  - Gramicidin induced aggregation and size increase of phosphatidylcholine vesicles.
AB  - To investigate the role of membrane proteins in the fusion process, linear
      hydrophobic polypeptide gramicidin was used as fusogenic agent in small
      unilamellar vesicles (SUV) constituted of saturated lecithins. It was found that
      gramicidin, externally added to a suspension of vesicles, induces a reversible
      vesicles aggregation. When incorporated into the bilayer, gramicidin induces
      increase in vesicle size. The vesicle size increase was monitored by column
      chromatography and transmission electron microscopy. The process of vesicle size
      increase occurs only when the lipid membrane is in the gel state. A maximum is
      observed in the kinetics at a temperature of approx. 25 degrees C lower than the
      phase transition temperature of lipids. Higher rates of vesicle size increase are
      obtained as the lipid chain length increases. The process is accompanied by a
      release of internal vesicle content and by membrane lipid mixing.

PMID- 2421933
TI  - [Retrolental fibroplasia: physiopathologic concepts in 1984].

PMID- 2421934
TI  - A radioimmunoassay procedure for tallysomycin S10b in human plasma and urine.
AB  - A simple and sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure was developed and
      validated for the analysis of tallysomycin S10b in human plasma and urine. The
      assay utilized antisera developed in rabbits, 125I-tallysomycin as the
      radioligand, and dextran-coated charcoal to separate free and bound antigen. The
      antibody was specific in that it did not cross-react with either tallysomycin A
      or bleomycin. The lower limit of quantification was 5 ng per ml plasma or urine,
      and the linear range of the assay was 5-320 ng tallysomycin S10b base per ml
      plasma or urine. The within-day assay variability (%RSD) for plasma and urine was
      11% at a concentration of 50 ng per ml, and 3% and 7% for plasma and urine,
      respectively at 200 ng per ml. Within-day accuracy ranged from 100% to 108% of
      the theoretical value. Tallysomycin S10b was stable in human plasma and urine at
      concentrations of 20 and 160 ng per ml for at least 7 months when stored at -20
      degrees C. The method was applied to the analysis of plasma and urine samples
      from a patient given tallysomycin S10b as part of a phase I study.

PMID- 2421935
TI  - Cellular pharmacology and antitumor activity of N-(p-azidobenzoyl)-daunorubicin,
      a photoactive anthracycline analogue.
AB  - We have previously utilized N-(p-azidobenzoyl)daunorubicin (NABD), a photoactive
      analogue of daunorubicin (DNR), to identify unique anthracycline-binding
      polypeptides in rodent tissues and in tumor cells. Using cultured P388 tumor
      cells, we have now compared the cellular pharmacology and antitumor activity of
      NABD with that of DNR. Although rapidly accumulated by cells, the intracellular
      concentration of NABD was less than 20% that of DNR at steady-state levels. The
      cellular uptake of both drugs by P388 cells was dependent on extracellular drug
      concentration in the medium and on temperature. The rapid efflux of NABD and DNR
      from P388 cells in drug-free medium was reduced at lowered temperature (0 degrees
      C). Cytofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that NABD was predominantly
      localized in the cytoplasm, in contrast to the nuclear localization of DNR. NABD
      produced dose-dependent inhibition of [3H]thymidine (IC50 = 10.0 microM) and
      [3H]uridine (IC50 = 1.60 microM) incorporation in P388 cells to a lesser degree
      than DNR ([3H]thymidine, IC50 = 0.15 microM and [3H]uridine, IC50 = 0.70 microM).
      Continuous exposure to NABD inhibited P388 cell proliferation with an IC50 of
      0.27 microM, compared with an IC50 of 0.017 microM for DNR. NABD is a
      pharmacologically active, photoactive analogue of DNR, which possesses properties
      different from those of the parent drug but similar to those of other
      anthracycline analogues. Photoaffinity labeling studies with NABD may identify
      important cytoplasmic constituents which interact with this type of anthracycline
      and perhaps with the anthracycline antibiotics in general.

PMID- 2421937
TI  - Transformation of human keratinocytes by SV40 virus alters their response to the
      tumor promoter TPA.
AB  - Recently, we have shown that transformation of human keratinocytes by SV40 virus
      induces the re-expression of characters found in fetal epidermis and
      monostratified epithelia. In the present study, TPA was found to alter some
      features of the human keratinocyte phenotype in a similar manner to SV40
      transformation. Indeed, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate (TPA) treatment
      induced the expression of cytokeratin no. 8, recognized by the monoclonal
      antibody TROMA-1, which is present in fetal epidermis and/or monostratified
      epithelia only, and fibronectin expression. However, TPA and SV40 transformation
      had specific non-overlapping effects. For example, TPA did not prevent terminal
      differentiation and stratification, as SV40-transformation did, but stimulated
      these processes. Moreover, TPA was found to induce additional changes in SV40
      transformed keratinocytes. In particular it provoked the individualization of
      cells within the colonies. This effect was seen as little as 1 h after treatment
      and was reversible. This cellular alteration was accompanied by the
      reorganization of actin and by a decrease in the number of desmosomes; these
      changes were not observed after treatment of normal keratinocytes with TPA. These
      observations lead to the conclusion that TPA is able to trigger cellular
      responses which cannot be induced by SV40 products alone, but that TPA and some
      SV40 products can cooperate to elicit new responses, which could reflect a higher
      state of malignancy.

PMID- 2421936
TI  - Stability of solutions of antineoplastic agents during preparation and storage
      for in vitro assays. II. Assay methods, adriamycin and the other antitumour
      antibiotics.
AB  - The methods used to test drug stability are discussed in the light of two recent
      publications using biological assays. It is concluded that, as far as possible,
      stability-indicating assays should be used so that possible false results do not
      lead to erroneous conclusions. Many of the results of the stability studies with
      adriamycin were found to be at variance with each other, with a 20-fold
      difference in stability being reported in one case by different groups from
      virtually identical experiments. Definitive statements about adriamycin stability
      are therefore impossible, but it is clear that it is sensitive to light, adsorbs
      to membrane filters and containers (except polypropylene and siliconised glass),
      chelates metal ions and probably degrades rapidly in medium. Adriamycin's
      analogues may well have the same spectrum of sensitivity. Bleomycin, actinomycin
      D and neocarzinostatin were found to be stable for greater than or equal to 2
      weeks at room temperature. All the other antitumour antibiotics investigated
      (except rubidazone) are stable for greater than or equal to 24 h at room
      temperature and longer at 5 degrees C. Almost all of them are sensitive to light
      and are most stable in neutral or slightly acid media, and many of them adsorb to
      membrane filters. They can probably all be stored frozen in solution.

PMID- 2421938
TI  - Induction of morphological changes in the urothelium of cultured adult rat
      bladder by sodium saccharin and sodium cyclamate.
AB  - The direct effects of sodium saccharin and sodium cyclamate on the morphology of
      organ cultures of normal rat bladder have been studied by histology and scanning
      electron microscopy (SEM). Untreated cultures retained histologically normal
      urothelia up to 89 days with cell surface features characteristic of mature,
      fully differentiated superficial cells and maturing intermediate cells.
      Continuous treatment with either sodium saccharin (6 or 12 mM) or sodium
      cyclamate (12 or 24 mM) induced progressive abnormalities in the cultured
      urothelium. Acute toxicity was not seen but focal necrosis was observed with the
      higher dose of each compound and histological abnormalities were more severe with
      the higher doses. Sodium saccharin induced mild hyperplasia of the urothelium on
      the surface of the culture and foci of altered epithelial polarity from 14 days;
      abnormal nuclear staining plus changes in the basal lamina were evident from 28
      days and were pronounced from 56 days onwards. Hyperplasia of the urothelium over
      the explants was mild but there were extensive epithelial outgrowths onto the
      culture support. In general, sodium cyclamate induced more severe changes than
      did sodium saccharin, with alterations in epithelial cell polarity plus basal
      cell changes from 14 days and focal nodular urothelial hyperplasia over the
      explant and gross hyperplasia between the explant and culture support and in the
      outgrowth from 28 days. The severe and rapid surface changes, evident by SEM,
      were similar both in saccharin-treated and in cyclamate-treated cultures. There
      was some early loss of superficial cells to reveal underlying immature cells
      which, together with the remaining mature cells, developed abnormal blebs and
      processes. From 14 days small immature cells were located at the culture surface
      between the mature cells. These were covered by a variety of membrane protrusions
      including long pleomorphic microvilli. Sodium cyclamate-treated cultures mostly
      had fewer small membrane protrusions than sodium saccharin-treated cultures but
      more pleomorphic microvilli. These morphological changes induced in the rat
      urothelium in vitro by direct treatment with sodium saccharin and sodium
      cyclamate are thus similar to those described previously in association with in
      vivo long-term feeding studies of sodium saccharin to rats and with both in vivo
      and in vitro treatment of the rat urothelium with the bladder carcinogen N-methyl
      N-nitrosourea (MNU).

PMID- 2421939
TI  - The pulmonary lesion of smoke inhalation in an ovine model.
AB  - Inhalation injury was induced in chronically instrumented sheep (n = 9) by
      insufflating them with smoke from burning cotton cloth. Sham animals (n = 9) were
      insufflated with air. There were no temporal changes in any measured parameter of
      the sham animals. Smoke induced a depression in PaO2. There was a threefold
      elevation in protein-rich pulmonary lymph which was sustained for over 48 hours.
      The lymph-to-plasma oncotic pressure ratio was increased. The cardiac index, left
      atrial pressure, and pulmonary arterial pressure remained unchanged in both
      groups. After smoke inhalation, the interstitial levels of neutrophils increased
      while interstitial antiprotease activity was depressed. The lung lymph
      concentration of 6-keto prostaglandin F1a, the major metabolite of prostacyclin,
      was increased. These data suggest that the pulmonary injury following smoke
      inhalation is the result of an increase in lung microvascular permeability to
      protein with resultant pulmonary edema. The mechanisms responsible for these
      changes appear to be related to direct injury to the tracheobronchial tree by
      cytotoxic agents in the smoke; polymorphonuclear leukocytes; and, possibly,
      eicosanoids.

PMID- 2421940
TI  - A phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance study of the metabolic, contractile,
      and ionic consequences of induced calcium alterations in the isovolumic rat
      heart.
AB  - Isolated adult rat hearts perfused in an isovolumic mode were used to study the
      effects of sodium-potassium pump inhibition and sodium-calcium exchange
      alterations on the tissue content of adenosine triphosphate, phosphocreatine,
      inorganic phosphate, and intracellular pH, all measured by phosphorus-31 nuclear
      magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Rates of oxygen consumption, contractile
      function, and the cell contents of calcium, sodium, and potassium also were
      determined. The inhibition of sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase, either
      by the reduction in perfusate potassium from 5.9 to 1 millimolar or less, or by
      the addition of 10(-4) molar ouabain, transiently increased systolic pressure.
      This was followed by a decrease in systolic pressure, an increase in diastolic
      pressure, and eventual inexcitability. This contractile profile was accompanied
      by a persistent increase in oxygen consumption, a monotonic decline in cellular
      adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine content, the development of marked
      intracellular acidosis, a gain in cell sodium and calcium content, and a
      reduction in cell potassium. Quite similar metabolic changes were also observed
      when cell calcium was increased after a reduction in perfusate sodium. These
      metabolic and contractile effects could be prevented or reversed by decreasing
      perfusate calcium. The results emphasize the profound role of calcium in
      modulating cell oxygen consumption, energy balance, pH, excitability, and force
      production. These data are discussed in light of changes in the myocardial energy
      supply/demand balance, as well as from the viewpoint of the known competition
      between mechanisms for mitochondrial calcium transport vs. high-energy phosphate
      production.

PMID- 2421941
TI  - A different cleavage site for high molecular weight kininogen in vivo following
      intravenous injection of dextran sulfate in the rabbit.
AB  - Purified radiolabeled rabbit Hageman factor, prekallikrein, and high molecular
      weight kininogen were used to examine Hageman factor system molecular dynamics
      after the intravenous injection of heparin-like dextran sulfate polymer in the
      rabbit. Hageman factor system proteins rapidly disappeared from the circulation
      following dextran sulfate injection, as measured by radial immunodiffusion, by
      kaolin-releasable kinin formation, and by measuring circulating levels of
      radiolabeled Hageman factor, prekallikrein, and high molecular weight kininogen.
      125I-Hageman factor was distributed mainly to lung, liver, and spleen following
      dextran sulfate injection. Proteolysis of circulating 125I-Hageman factor
      occurred at a site within a disulfide loop into fragments of 50,000 and 30,000
      molecular weight. Proteolysis of 125I-prekallikrein also occurred with
      visualization of a 50,000 molecular weight fragment. Although extensive
      proteolysis of 131I-high molecular weight kininogen was observed, the cleavage
      fragments were not the same as those generated during contact activation in
      vitro. The major fragment of high molecular weight kininogen observed in vivo was
      at 80,000 molecular weight, in contrast to the 65,000 molecular weight fragment
      generated by kallikrein in vitro. These results indicate that high molecular
      weight kininogen can undergo proteolysis in vivo into fragments not known to be
      associated with kinin release.

PMID- 2421942
TI  - Drug use in the neonate: interrelationships of pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and
      biochemical maturity.
AB  - With advances in technology, increasing numbers of premature and very ill
      neonates are surviving and being referred for treatment to neonatal intensive
      care units. A major feature of the treatment they receive is therapy with drugs.
      However, because of relatively limited information available in the area of
      neonatal pharmacokinetics, the few drugs that currently can be monitored
      directly, and the lack of an effective mechanism for measuring the biochemical
      and functional maturity of the neonate, especially as it relates to drug
      clearance, therapy of neonates with drugs is certainly more hazardous and
      possibly less effective than in adult patients. Toxic reactions of neonates to
      drug therapy can usually be related to the unique pharmacokinetic processes seen
      in this group, particularly to the maturity of clearance mechanisms. This is the
      basis for a link between maturity and drug efficacy or toxicity. In this usage,
      maturity refers to the functional capacity of organs and biochemical pathways. Of
      particular concern in this regard is kidney function and the activity of drug
      metabolizing enzyme systems. Because direct assessment of these functions in the
      neonate is difficult, other types of maturity markers that can be easily measured
      and which relate to drug clearance need to be identified. Such markers could
      serve as a guide to the physician who is planning drug therapy for a neonatal
      patient. Several studies looking for a gestational age marker have provided some
      indication that biochemical maturity markers do exist and simply await discovery,
      thus affording an integration of pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology to achieve
      a more rational and effective therapeutic approach.

PMID- 2421943
TI  - Luminometric assays of seven acute-phase proteins in minimal volumes of serum,
      plasma, sputum, and bronchioalveolar lavage.
AB  - We describe immunoluminometric assays for seven acute-phase proteins, which can
      be determined in minimal volumes of plasma, serum, sputum, and bronchioalveolar
      lavage. The theoretical volume of serum or plasma required to measure all seven
      analytes in duplicate is 130 nL, although in practice the smallest volume of
      sample was enough to fill a hematocrit tube (about 25 microL of blood), collected
      from neonates by the heel-prick method. The assays could be performed with 10
      microL of sputum or with 100 microL of bronchioalveolar lavage. We measured alpha
      1-antitrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, thyroxin-binding
      prealbumin, C-reactive protein, and total and secretory immunoglobulin A. The
      assays are rapid enough for all results to be returned to the ward on the same
      day and are suitable for monitoring neonatal sepsis. All coefficients of
      variation, derived from compound precision profiles, were less than 7% for
      clinically relevant analyte concentrations. Correlation with commercially
      available nephelometric assays was good.

PMID- 2421944
TI  - Reducing the artifacts produced by impure antisera in immunoblots of low
      molecular-mass proteins in urine.
AB  - Immunoblots of several urinary low-molecular-mass proteins can be very useful in
      investigations of pathological proteinuria. However, use of certain commercial
      antisera in such procedures leads to artifacts corresponding to nonspecific
      bands; e.g., immunoglobulins from nonimmunized rabbit serum may bind to human
      urinary proteins, and this binding is not inhibited by Triton X-100. We have
      developed a procedure to improve the specificity of detection of urinary low-Mr
      proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
      by immunoblotting with commercial antisera: we treat the protein blot with a
      mixture of mercaptoethanol and sodium dodecyl sulfate before incubation with the
      first antiserum. This allows direct use of commercial antisera without prior
      absorption of contaminating antibodies.

PMID- 2421945
TI  - Evaluation of the dual-precipitation method for determination of cholesterol in
      high-density lipoprotein subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 in serum.
AB  - We compared the dual-precipitation method for measurement of cholesterol in high
      density lipoprotein subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 (Gidez et al., J Lipid Res
      1982;23:1206-33) with density-gradient ultracentrifugation in a swinging-bucket
      rotor (Demacker et al., Clin Chem 1983;29:656-63). The concentration of dextran
      sulfate 15,000 (DS) needed for optimal accuracy of the HDL2-chol and HDL3-chol
      values was established empirically. At a DS concentration of 0.87 g/L, the values
      for HDL2-chol as well as for HDL3-chol in 88 sera did not differ significantly
      from those obtained by ultracentrifugation. The precision of the method was
      satisfactory and was related to the concentration. Nevertheless, the dual
      precipitation method lacks specificity inasmuch as it produces no fractions that
      contain only one HDL subfraction. HDL2 and HDL3 each contained an equivalent
      amount of cholesterol from the other. At increasing DS concentrations, some
      radiolabeled HDL3 appeared to have precipitated prior to complete precipitation
      of HDL2. This lack of specificity can be tolerated in large-scale epidemiological
      studies for screening, but not in small-scale intervention studies or in assay of
      clinical samples, where better accuracy is needed and ultracentrifugation is
      preferred.

PMID- 2421946
TI  - Urinary serotonin in the diagnosis of carcinoid tumors.
AB  - To determine whether measurement of serotonin in urine would give useful
      complementary information to the usual measurement of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      (5-HIAA) in urine and platelet serotonin in platelets, I measured these analytes
      in 75 consecutive patients with carcinoid tumors, and found that 75% had above
      normal urinary 5-HIAA excretion, 64% had above-normal serotonin excretion, and
      64% had above-normal platelet serotonin concentration. Six patients had increased
      urinary serotonin, but 5-HIAA excretion and platelet serotonin concentration were
      normal. Only two of a further 50 patients with solid noncarcinoid tumors--and
      none of 55 patients with flushing or diarrhea, who did not prove to have a
      carcinoid tumor--had increased urinary serotonin. Ingestion of four bananas (a
      food rich in serotonin) increased urinary 5-HIAA but not urinary serotonin
      excretion of seven normal subjects. Evidently, measurement of urinary serotonin
      excretion is helpful in the evaluation of patients with suspected carcinoid
      tumors.

PMID- 2421947
TI  - Concentration of myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid in prognosis of
      multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2421948
TI  - Effects of a fibrin-sealant wound dressing on the healing of full-thickness
      wounds of the hard palate: preliminary report.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of a fibrin
      sealant (Tisseel) on wound healing. The sealant tested is produced from human
      plasma. This study involved 12 adult beagle dogs, all of which underwent creation
      of full-thickness palatal wounds. Six animals received immediate application of a
      fibrin sealant as a wound dressing. Polaroid photographs were taken immediately
      after creation of the palatal wounds and at regular intervals during the healing
      period. Six measurements were obtained from these photographs. Longitudinal
      comparisons of the profile of the mean curves for the relative changes during the
      38-day study period indicated that the six parameters investigated have similar
      curve profiles in both the fibrin-sealant treated wounds and the untreated
      control wounds. The overall direction of healing was not significantly different
      in the two groups. However, comparisons of the curve magnitudes indicated that
      there was a significantly greater reduction in wound size in the fibrin sealant
      treated group. Cross-sectional comparisons (analysis of variance General Linear
      Models procedure) indicated that in the first 2 weeks there was a relatively
      greater reduction in wound width in the fibrin sealant treated group of animals.
      No significant differences were present at the end of the experimental period.
      The findings of this study indicated that the fibrin sealant when used as a
      dressing on palatal wounds of adult beagle dogs resulted in greater wound
      contraction in the early stages of wound healing.

PMID- 2421949
TI  - Determination in human cerebrospinal fluid of glial fibrillary acidic protein, S
      100 and myelin basic protein as indices of non-specific or specific central
      nervous tissue pathology.
AB  - The nervous system specific proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp), S
      100 and myelin basic protein (MBP) were determined in 535 human cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) samples. The level of all three proteins was increased in CSF of
      patients with nonselective destructive central nervous tissue disease such as
      encephalitis, cerebrovascular disease or tumoural compression. The increases in
      GFAp were more constant, making it a better marker of CNS pathology. Increases in
      MBP in CSF of patients with acute demyelinating disease were confirmed. S-100 did
      not seem to give more information as GFAp. Isolated increases of GFAp could be
      demonstrated in patients with dementia (Alzheimer type or multi-infarct dementia)
      or syringomyelia. Since CNS of these patients is very rich in fibrillary
      astrocytes, containing large amounts of GFAp, it is suggested that GFAp is to be
      considered as a specific marker of fibrillary gliosis in CSF and can be used as a
      diagnostic tool in dementia and syringomyelia.

PMID- 2421950
TI  - Determination of cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase in amniotic fluid. Uses
      in prenatal diagnosis and quality control.
AB  - The determination of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been shown to be as specific
      as alphafetoprotein (AFP) for the prenatal detection of open neural tube defects
      although AFP remains the method of choice. This paper describes a semi-automated
      technique for the analysis of acetylcholinesterase in amniotic fluid that: A)
      reduces the cost of the procedure; B) allows for a larger number of samples to be
      run at a time; and C) provides for more accurate and reproducible procedures and
      results. Six fetuses with neural tube defects (2 with gastroschisis and 3 where
      one twin was dead) were detected and found to have elevated AChE, TChE and 2
      bands by electrophoresis. Quality control procedures using both pure enzyme and
      amniotic fluid with low and high levels of the enzyme are described. The analysis
      of 340 amniotic fluids of normal pregnancies indicates that the normal value for
      AChE is 5.17 +/- 2.63 mU/ml (97% confidence interval for the mean 4.84-5.49
      mU/ml. A group of 27 abnormal pregnancies provides evidence that fetal vomiting
      and regurgitation, fetal demise, multiple cysts syndrome, idiopathic IUGR,
      arthrogryposis multiplex, hydrocephaly (stenosis of aqueductus), trisomy 21,
      trisomy 18, hydronephrosis, pyloric stenosis, heart malformation, ectopia cordis
      and multiple gestation produce elevated levels of pseudocholinesterase (PChE) in
      amniotic fluid. The use of pseudocholinesterase levels in amniotic fluid for
      prenatal diagnosis is proposed and discussed in view of its elevated levels in
      abnormal pregnancies where AChE is normal. The normal values for PChE are 23.86
      mU/ml (mean) and 5.83 for standard deviation. Electrophoretic analysis was
      performed on all samples with values higher than one standard deviation above the
      mean.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2421951
TI  - Localization of interferons and interleukin 2 in polymyositis and muscular
      dystrophy.
AB  - Muscle biopsies from nine patients with polymyositis, six with muscular
      dystrophy, six with other muscle diseases and three controls have been studied
      with a panel of 10 monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) identifying T lymphocytes, HLA
      class I antigens, alpha, beta and gamma interferons and interleukin 2 (IL-2). The
      result confirm that the staining of the sarcolemma with anti-HLA class I antibody
      is weak or negative, except in areas adjacent to infiltrating leucocytes or where
      muscle fibre damage is evident. The very similar tissue distribution of alpha,
      beta and gamma interferons in the polymyositis biopsies supports the hypothesis
      that interferons are released by the inflammatory infiltrate and induce the class
      I antigen expression. In contrast, little interferon was demonstrated in the
      dystrophic muscle implying that class I expression in these disorders must occur
      by a different mechanism. Little IL-2 was demonstrated in any of the biopsies
      though some unexplained small dense accumulations were identified by one of the
      anti IL-2 MoAb.

PMID- 2421952
TI  - Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocytes from patients with bullous diseases
      produce autoantibodies to cytokeratins.
AB  - Human cell lines obtained after Epstein-Barr virus transformation of lymphocytes
      from seven patients with bullous diseases (Bullous pemphigoid, Pemphigus) and
      five controls were screened for the production of autoantibodies against skin
      antigens. In five out of seven patients, the culture supernatants tested by
      indirect immunofluorescence on frozen sections of normal human skin and rabbit
      lip showed the production of autoantibodies with different specificities: basal
      epidermal cells, whole epidermis, Merkel cells, fibroblasts endothelial cells,
      etc. All autoantibodies were of IgM class and reacted with intracellular
      structures. Some of them were further tested by immunoblotting against epidermal
      keratins and were found to react with the main human epidermal keratins (56 to 67
      kDa). In contrast, even when patients had circulating autoantibodies, no
      supernatant showed any reactivity against the antigens usually involved in these
      diseases, i.e., the dermoepidermal junction or the intercellular spaces of
      epidermis. Supernatants from controls did not show any reactivity by
      immunofluorescence. The results demonstrated that human lymphoid cell lines
      obtained from patients with bullous diseases elicited the production of anti
      intermediate filament autoantibodies known to occur spontaneously in normal
      patients. It is suggested that this phenomenon may be linked to the blistering
      conditions that provoke tissue destruction.

PMID- 2421953
TI  - Gastrointestinal regulatory peptides modulate in vitro immune reactions of mouse
      lymphoid cells.
AB  - The effects of six gastrointestinal regulatory peptides (beta-endorphin,
      substance P, metenkephalin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, bombesin, and
      somatostatin) on mouse lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A,
      lipopolysaccharide, phytohemagglutinin, or alloantigens were evaluated.
      Lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro and the influences of exogenously adding
      varying concentrations of neuropeptides (10(-6)-10(-11) M) on the incorporation
      of [methyl-3H-]thymidine were determined. The roles of cell density and antigen
      concentration on neuropeptide induced immunomodulation were also assessed. We
      observed that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) would significantly inhibit the
      response of B10 lymphocytes to concanavalin A (54%) and phytohemagglutinin (56%)
      but not to lipopolysaccharide (16%). The VIP-induced inhibition was progressively
      diminished as the neuropeptide concentration was reduced to 10(-11) M. By 24 hr
      after stimulation the lymph node cells were refractory to the inhibitory effects
      of VIP. In addition, VIP would not inhibit B10 lymph node cells from responding
      to B10. K spleen cells in mixed, one-way lymphocyte cultures. The other five
      peptides did not influence the in vitro responses. The potential role of
      neuropeptides in the pathophysiology of immunologic-based disorders is discussed.

PMID- 2421954
TI  - Activation of cytotoxic T cells and effector cells in experimental autoimmune
      thyroiditis by shared determinants of mouse and human thyroglobulins.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that T cells from genetically susceptible mice
      developing experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) proliferate in response to
      restimulation with mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) in vitro and differentiate into
      cells cytotoxic for syngeneic thyroid monolayers. To examine further the effector
      cells involved in pathogenesis and the determinants on MTg responsible for their
      activation, spleen cells (SC) and lymph node cells (LNC) from mice immunized with
      MTg or human (H) Tg, and adjuvant (complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS] were cultured in vitro with MTg or HTg. Control cultures
      were incubated with concanavalin A (Con A) or purified protein derivative (PPD).
      The in vitro-activated cells which proliferated in response to MTg, HTg, or Con A
      adoptively transferred thyroiditis to normal recipients, whereas cells
      transferred directly without in vitro culture were very ineffective. The capacity
      to transfer EAT was abrogated by irradiation (1500 R), and SC from CFA-immunized
      control mice which responded in vitro to PPD stimulation did not transfer
      thyroiditis. The serum titers of MTg autoantibodies were uniformly low and were
      not correlated with severity of disease. The localization of EAT-effector
      (precursor) cells depended upon the site of immunization; they were found in the
      spleens after inguinal (subcutaneous) or systemic (intravenous) immunizations,
      but were present in the popliteal lymph nodes after hind footpad injections. Both
      homologous MTg and heterologous HTg functioned as in vivo sensitizing antigen and
      in vitro activating antigen for each other; such cultured cells transferred
      thyroiditis in vivo and became cytotoxic for thyroid monolayers in vitro. These
      findings show that shared determinants are autoantigenic and thyroiditogenic, and
      support the hypothesis that EAT-effector cells responsible for initiating thyroid
      damage include cytotoxic cells.

PMID- 2421955
TI  - Pharmacological purging of bone marrow with reference to autografting.

PMID- 2421956
TI  - Fibronectin is an acute phase reactant in mice.
AB  - Tissue injury and inflammation are potent stimuli for the immediate increased
      synthesis of several plasma proteins collectively known as acute phase phase
      reactants. This dramatic phenomenon is thought to play an important role in
      inflammation and tissue repair. Plasma fibronectin is a normal plasma
      glycoprotein and a major non-specific opsonin apparently involved in maintaining
      the integrity of the mononuclear phagocytic system. Because of its ability to
      mediate clearance of intravascular particulate matter, increased production
      following tissue injury could be of benefit to the organism. We now report that
      plasma fibronectin is a significant acute phase reactant in mice with levels
      increasing from a baseline mean value of 257 ug/ml to 595 ug/ml by 24 hours (p
      less than 0.01) after a subcutaneous injection of silver nitrate. Similar
      findings were observed when subcutaneous casein was used as the acute phase
      stimulus. This data provides further circumstantial evidence that plasma
      fibronectin is involved in host defence and tissue repair.

PMID- 2421957
TI  - Acquired epileptic aphasia. Diagnostic aspects of progressive language loss in
      preschool children.
AB  - A case of acquired epileptic aphasia presenting as language delay and
      hyperactivity is presented and clinical aspects reviewed. Acquired epileptic
      aphasia is a diffuse neurologic process of unknown etiology that presents in
      preschool children. Although progressive language loss and seizures are the major
      manifestations, deficits in attention and socialization may be noted. The
      electroencephalogram is usually diagnostic. While almost all (80%) children
      develop seizures, approximately half present as language delay without seizures.
      Recognition of the progressive and global nature of the language dysfunction may
      permit earlier diagnosis and intervention.

PMID- 2421958
TI  - Pharmacodynamics of midodrine, an antihypotensive agent.
AB  - Midodrine is an orally active adrenergic agonist useful in the treatment of
      hypotension. We have investigated the pharmacodynamics of its active metabolite
      after oral midodrine therapy in nine patients with severe orthostatic
      hypotension. Peak plasma levels of the metabolite were reached in 60 to 90
      minutes and ranged from 25 to 56 ng/ml. The mean values for distribution volume,
      plasma clearance, and t1/2 were 4.0 L/kg, 23 ml/min/kg, and 2.1 hours,
      respectively. Heart rate increased after 5 to 10 mg doses and the increases were
      statistically significant (P less than 0.05) at 120 minutes. An apparent increase
      in blood pressure was not statistically significant. The patients said that they
      felt better.

PMID- 2421959
TI  - Pancreatitis-associated protein in bile acid-induced pancreatitis of the rat.
AB  - Experimental pancreatitis was induced in rats by intraductal injection of 0-4% Na
      taurocholate. After 0-21 days the glands were removed and amylase, trypsin and
      chymotrypsin were measured in pancreatic homogenates. The enzyme activities
      decreased within 48 h to 5-20% of the control values. When 0-1% Na-taurocholate
      was used, the values tended to increase after 10-21 days. In pancreatic tissue,
      12 h after induction of pancreatitis a 'pancreatitis-associated protein' (PAP)
      was found, which persisted for 4-7 days. A correlation could be found between the
      severity of pancreatitis and the amount of PAP in pancreatic homogenates.

PMID- 2421960
TI  - Changes in ribonuclease in the central nervous system of mice during morphine
      dependence development, withdrawal and naloxone administration.
AB  - Ribonuclease has been studied in the whole brain homogenate of mice after a
      single dose of morphine (10 mg/kg), during the development of tolerance and
      dependence, during the course of withdrawal and naloxone administration. The
      enzyme increased dose dependently following the administration of morphine.
      Withdrawal caused a sudden fall in the enzyme with partial recovery by the 6th
      day of abstinence. Naloxone injections in normal, tolerant, dependent and
      deprived animals caused a reduction in the enzyme level. The morphine-induced
      increase in enzyme activity is suggested to be in direct correlation with a
      reduction in protein synthesis which can be ascribed to a disturbance of the
      translation processes.

PMID- 2421961
TI  - [Value of NMR tomography in the diagnosis and staging of prostatic neoplasms].
AB  - MR imaging (MRI) possesses good sensitivity in diagnosis of carcinoma of the
      prostate. It is often not possible to distinguish clearly between carcinoma of
      the prostate and prostate hypertrophy. MRI can assess the local extension of a
      prostate carcinoma with a high degree of accuracy (85%); this applies in
      particular to periprostatic infiltration. MRI possesses only moderate sensitivity
      in diagnosis of regional lymph node metastases in the minor pelvis.

PMID- 2421962
TI  - Urogastrone-epidermal growth factor concentrations in prostatic fluid of normal
      individuals and patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy.
AB  - High concentrations (272 +/- 33 ng/ml) of urogastrone-epidermal growth factor
      were measured in prostatic fluid from normal males by a specific
      radioimmunoassay. Significantly lower concentrations (155 +/- 24 ng/ml) were
      observed in the prostatic fluid of patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy
      than in the age-matched normal controls (2P less than 0.01). The growth factor
      content of seminal fluid was accounted for by the contribution of prostatic
      fluid. Immunochemical studies failed to show evidence of synthesis within the
      gland nor could high affinity receptors for the protein be demonstrated in
      membrane preparations of the gland.

PMID- 2421963
TI  - Release of adenosine and its metabolites from activated human leucocytes.
AB  - Human leucocytes whose adenine nucleotide pool was prelabelled with [3H]adenine
      were investigated for their capacity to release adenosine and its metabolites and
      histamine when activated with the calcium ionophore A23187, anti-immunoglobulin E
      and the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (f-MLP).
      Sixty-nine per cent of the 3H-label assimilated by the cells was incorporated
      into their adenine nucleotide pool in the ratio adenosine 5'-phosphate
      (AMP):adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate (ADP):adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), 3:1:1.
      Spontaneous release of label from leucocytes plateaued at 5 min at 22.1 +/- 4.2%
      of the total radiolabel incorporated and mainly consisted of hypoxanthine,
      inosine and adenosine. Activation of cells with the calcium ionophore A23187 (1.0
      mumol/l) caused a net increase in [3H]purine release above baseline of 27.9 +/-
      4.6% accompanied by a net basophil histamine release of 46.6 +/- 9.4%. A23187
      (1.0-3.0 mumol/l) caused a parallel concentration-dependent release of labelled
      purines and histamine. Purified mononuclear cells and granulocytes exhibited a
      similar ionophore-dependent capacity to release [3H]purines. The distribution of
      label did not significantly differ between supernatants of activated and non
      activated cells. Preincubation of cells with dipyridamole (10 mumol/l) and
      erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3)-nonyladenine (EHNA) (10 mumol/l) to inhibit uptake and
      catabolism of adenosine respectively, produced an increase in adenosine at the
      expense of hypoxanthine recovered from the supernatant of both ionophore
      stimulated and resting cells. Activation of leucocytes with f-MLP (1.0 mumol/l)
      caused a net increase in release of basophil histamine, but was associated with
      only a transient net increase in release of [3H]purine in four of five
      experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2421964
TI  - Axonal transport in experimental diabetes.

PMID- 2421965
TI  - Peripheral nerve biochemistry in diabetes.

PMID- 2421966
TI  - Nerve morphology in experimental diabetes.

PMID- 2421967
TI  - [Clinical pharmacology of DEAE-dextran. Metabolic and secondary effects in long
      term treatment].

PMID- 2421968
TI  - Role of screening tests in rapid testing.
AB  - Screening tests have had a major role in the diagnostic microbiology laboratory
      during recent years. Many factors have contributed to the increased use of these
      methods. The primary factor is the need for rapid detection and identification of
      the etiologic agent in life-threatening infections, which include bacterial
      meningitis, infective endocarditis and septicemia, and pneumonia. Various direct
      screening methods are also available for eliminating negative specimens rapidly.
      These methods have had an impact on laboratory work flow and the outpatient
      population by eliminating the possibility of bacterial infections of the urinary,
      upper respiratory, and gastrointestinal tracts. Screening methods have also been
      applied to isolated colonies for the rapid differentiation and identification of
      certain groups of organisms. Finally, many of these screening methods have
      contributed to cost-savings for both the laboratory and the patient. In this era
      of prospective pricing, and until the entrance of biotechnology into the
      diagnostic microbiology laboratory, the microbiologist must rely upon these
      rapid, inexpensive screening procedures. The role of these screening tests in the
      diagnostic microbiology laboratory and their impact on patient care and cost are
      reviewed herein.

PMID- 2421969
TI  - Antigen detection for the rapid diagnosis of mycoplasma and Legionella pneumonia.
AB  - Immunologic attempts to detect mycoplasma antigens in fluids of infected patients
      have been rare and largely unsuccessful. Nucleic acid hybridization procedures
      appear promising on the basis of successes in detecting mycoplasmal contamination
      of tissue culture cells; results of attempts to apply these techniques to human
      infections have not been reported. Antigens can be detected in the urine of about
      80% of patients with serogroup 1 Legionella pneumophila pneumonia and of some
      patients with serogroup 4 Legionella pneumophila and Legionella dumoffii
      pneumonia. The specificity of these assays is greater than 99%. In a test
      population in which the prevalence of Legionella pneumophila was 4%, the
      posterior probabilities of positive and negative results of tests for antigen
      were 86.5% and 99.3%, respectively. Antigen is detectable within the first 3 days
      of illness approximately as often as at later periods, and antigen may remain
      detectable for a few days to 1 yr after successful therapy. Antigen is detectable
      in serum, but the concentrations are considerably lower than in urine. Combining
      urinary antigen detection with direct fluorescent antibody examination of
      secretions increases the rapid diagnostic yield by 10%-20%. Monoclonal antibody
      studies demonstrate that subgroup specificities are present among the serogroup 1
      urinary antigens. Radiometric and enzyme immunoassays detect antigen in equal
      proportions of patients. Latex agglutination results are positive in about 80% of
      those cases positive by the other methods.

PMID- 2421970
TI  - Physicochemical and immunological studies of the renatured alpha 1(II) chains and
      isolated cyanogen bromide peptides of type II collagen.
AB  - The alpha 1(II) and cyanogen bromide (CB)1-generated peptides of chick type II
      collagen were isolated, purified, renatured and examined for their
      physicochemical and immunological properties. The alpha 1(II) chains and peptides
      CB-6 through CB-12 (3,000 to 40,000 daltons) formed renatured thermostable
      products as determined by measurements of reduced viscosity, optical rotation and
      Stokes radius. Moreover, renatured alpha 1 (II) chains and CB-10 were observed to
      form segment-long-spacing (SLS) crystallites under appropriate conditions. When
      examined for immunoreactivity with defined rat polyclonal and mouse monoclonal
      antibodies to chick type II collagen, conformation-dependent epitopes were
      detected on renatured alpha 1(II) chains and renatured peptides, CB-8, CB-10 and
      CB-11. Conformation-independent epitopes were also detected on all CB-peptides in
      their denatured form. These studies demonstrate that the alpha 1 (II) chains and
      CB-peptides of chick type II collagen can be efficiently renatured and that the
      renatured products retain some conformation-dependent epitopes present on the
      naive molecule.

PMID- 2421971
TI  - Proteoglycan histochemistry--a valuable tool for connective tissue biochemists.
AB  - The histochemistry of connective tissue proteoglycans (PGs) poses two major
      requirements, 1. for the specific demonstration of a given PG and, 2. at the
      ultrastructural level, for the examination of the shape of the PG, and its
      interactions with other molecules and tissue elements. Techniques for the
      localisation and identification of PGs are discussed, according to the principles
      behind their application. The strengths and weaknesses of antibody stains are
      compared with those of mini-molecular reagents, based on resolution, sensitivity,
      stoichiometry and tissue penetration. The concept of specificity is analysed in
      this context. The polyanionic characteristics of PGs are exploited to allow very
      sensitive detection and localisation by cationic probes, both macro- and mini
      molecular. Complex formation by heavy metal cations, basic dyestuffs and
      polycations with PGs is a simple ion-exchange process (basophilia), which can be
      manipulated to give considerable specificity, e.g. using the critical electrolyte
      concentration (CEC) concept. The fundamental physical chemical unity of the
      phenomena of basophilia, CEC and biochemical fractionations of tissue polyanions
      by anion-exchange is discussed. This unity allows direct quantitative and
      qualitative comparisons to be made between histochemical and biochemical results
      at all levels from the tissue sample to the single molecule of PG in situ. The
      great value of the partnership between microscopy and analytical biochemistry is
      emphasised. The expanded solution domain of PGs collapses during formation and
      processing of the 'stained' complex, obscuring molecular detail and possibly
      resulting in translocation of the PG. Approaches aimed at restoring the initial
      situation, and their application to electron microscopy of PGs in tissues are
      outlined. Complexes of PG with ambient polycations may form, either as artefacts
      during processing or as an integral part of in vivo ultrastructure. Uptake of
      stain may be partly or totally blocked, in consequence. Ways of investigating,
      avoiding, or making use of this phenomenon are described. Application of
      integrated approaches to the study of PG--collagen and PG--elastin interactions
      in tissues are discussed. Specific interactions and stoichiometric relationship,
      particularly of dermatan sulphate proteoglycans with type I collagen have been
      observed, in skin, tendon, and other non-calcifying tissue, but not in bone.

PMID- 2421972
TI  - Digestive enzyme complement of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus).
AB  - Digestive processes of 250-day-old white sturgeon were analyzed for enzyme
      concentrations, protein content and pH. Digestion is initiated in the gastric
      region by secretion of acid and pepsin; however, diversity of digestive enzymes
      is highest in the post-gastric alimentary canal with the greatest proteolytic
      activity in the spiral valve. Domination of the enzyme complement by proteases is
      consistent with this species carnivorous feeding habits.

PMID- 2421973
TI  - Delayed-type hypersensitivity induced by bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan in
      guinea pigs.

PMID- 2421974
TI  - Identification of dentin phosphophoryn localization by histochemical stainings.
AB  - Phosphophoryn, the most abundant of the dentin non-collagenous proteins, has been
      considered to be related in function to the mineralization process. In the
      present study, identification of dentin phosphophoryn localization was attempted
      using newly developed, precautionary histological methods by which phosphophoryn
      was retained in the sections during the specimen preparation and stained
      selectively in situ. Phosphophoryn was found to be present widely in all of the
      calcified dentin except the mantle dentin, the external, first-formed portion of
      dentin, but was not found in the predentin, the inner, uncalcified layer of
      dentin. These results indicate that phosphophoryn is apparently related to the
      mineral phase of calcified dentin and that the mineralization process of mantle
      dentin, which is formed before the odontoblasts are fully differentiated, may be
      different from that of circumpulpal dentin.

PMID- 2421975
TI  - Pseudogenes.
AB  - Pseudogenes are DNA sequences that bear significant homology to functional genes,
      yet they lack promoter sequences for their transcription or contain other
      mutations that preclude formation of a functional product. They appear to be a
      common feature of many eukaryotic genomes. Pseudogenes were first described among
      the 5S RNA genes of Xenopus; subsequently, they have been found for a wide range
      of genes, including globins, snRNAs, immunoglobulins, tubulins, and
      metallothionein. Some pseudogenes, like those of the beta-globins, lie within the
      gene cluster of their functional counterparts; they may simply have arisen by
      accumulation of mutations in a duplicated nonselected gene. Other pseudogenes
      appear to have arisen by a very different process. Characteristically, they are
      dispersed in the genome, lack introns, and have oligoA tracts at their 3' ends.
      Their structure suggests an origin from mRNAs through reverse transcription and
      integration into the genome. Pseudogenes have no known function. They may
      represent dead-end byproducts of normal cellular and evolutionary processes, yet
      they are also potential starting points from which new genes might evolve.

PMID- 2421976
TI  - Effectiveness of dextran 70 versus Ringer's acetate in traumatic shock and adult
      respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - During a 3-yr period, 31 adult victims of severe traumatic shock were enrolled in
      a prospective randomized investigation of the relative effectiveness of dextran
      70 vs. Ringer's acetate to treat shock and protect against trauma-induced adult
      respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Fourteen patients were given dextran 70 and
      Ringer's acetate to compensate for interstitial fluid loss, and whole blood as
      required; the remaining 17 patients received three to four times the total fluid
      volume of Ringer's acetate given in the former group, and whole blood as
      required. Hemodynamics improved significantly more rapidly in the dextran group.
      In the 7 to 8-day post-trauma period, no patient in the dextran group developed
      ARDS, compared to five cases of ARDS in the Ringer's acetate group. Also, the
      cardiac index of dextran patients was significantly higher, and patients
      challenged with 0.5 L of dextran 70 showed a significantly higher increase in
      cardiac index than those challenged with 2 L of Ringer's acetate. It is concluded
      that in the severely traumatized patient, a fluid program based on dextran 70 is
      superior to Ringer's acetate alone. Furthermore, patients should continue on a
      fluid program containing dextran 70 to counteract unrecognized hypovolemia. Our
      results support the assumption that early aggressive shock treatment with dextran
      70, followed by continued dextran administration in the post-trauma period might
      prevent complications such as ARDS.

PMID- 2421977
TI  - The meaning of menopause in a Newfoundland fishing village.
AB  - A comparison of etic and emic options for climacteric research shows that the
      emic option is best suited to the study of the meaning of menopause in the
      Southwest coast Newfoundland outport fishing village of Grey Rock Harbour.
      Standard menopause survey instruments, as the Neugarten Attitudes Toward
      Menopause checklist (1963) and the Datan et al. Sociocultural Patterns and the
      Involutional Crisis interview schedule (1981) were administered to 38 women and
      found to be of limited utility because they assume the following: that
      respondents can rank stimuli along linearly constructed continuums, that the
      questionnaire items contain sufficient contextual information for Harbour women
      to make psychosocial judgements such as agree and disagree, and that respondents
      are capable of and experience no difficulty in making public pronouncements based
      on insightful self-evaluations. More qualitative ethnographic description and
      emic analysis address, yet go beyond, the popular semantics of menopause to
      explore the meaning of middle-aging in the symbolic, moral and institutional
      spheres of Harbour life. For more suitable context for understanding the role
      that sociocultural factors can play in shaping women's experience of middle
      aging, in depth analyses of the following are offered: the continued importance
      of the fishery and the idealized social image of outport Newfoundlanders as a
      "tough race"; the expectation that women should endure hardship and solve
      problems rather than create them; and the strict enforcement of an egalitarian
      ethic throughout the community.

PMID- 2421978
TI  - Effect of cyclic AMP on collagen production by corneal fibroblasts.
AB  - Subcultured bovine corneal fibroblasts accumulated cyclic AMP intracellularly and
      in the culture media in response to incubation with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine,
      isoproterenol, cholera toxin or forskolin. The duration of the intracellular
      cyclic AMP effect was rather short using isoproterenol (less than three hours)
      but cholera toxin and forskolin maintained cyclic AMP stimulations for 24 hours
      at greater than 3-fold and 27-fold over control, respectively. Agents which
      stimulated adenylate cyclase by different mechanisms or mimicked the action of
      cyclic AMP decreased collagen secretion by these cells. In general, the degree of
      inhibition of collagen production was consistent with the magnitude and duration
      of each drug's cyclic AMP response.

PMID- 2421979
TI  - Sympathomimetic protein secretion by young and aged lacrimal gland.
AB  - The diminished basal tear flow in aged individuals is associated with lymphocytic
      infiltrations and atrophy of the lacrimal ducts and acini. We have investigated
      the age-related physiological changes to sympathomimetic stimulation of lacrimal
      tissue from F344 rats to determine if the responses are uniformly diminished as
      would be expected by glandular atrophy. The quantitative and temporal pattern of
      protein and peroxidase secretion by lacrimal gland fragments from young (4 month)
      and aged (24 month) F344 male rats was examined in a perifusion system. Upon
      stimulation of tissue from young animals with 0.01 mM phenylephrine for 40 min,
      secretion above baseline levels of protein was 570.8 micrograms/g tissue and of
      peroxidase was 45.2 delta A X min-1/g tissue. The response of the aged tissue to
      phenylephrine was not significantly different from that of the young tissue. beta
      adrenergic stimulation by isoproterenol (0.01 mM) evoked only a modest secretion
      of protein and no consistently measurable peroxidase from young tissue. IBMX
      alone and in combination with isoproterenol (0.1 mM and 0.01 mM respectively)
      evoked a large secretion of protein, 1345.7 micrograms/g tissue, and a modest
      secretion of peroxidase, 9.5 delta A X min-1/g tissue by young tissue. The aged
      tissue, upon stimulation with the combination of IBMX and isoproterenol, secreted
      significantly less protein and peroxidase than the young tissue. In separate
      experiments, the production of cAMP was measured. In young tissue, isoproterenol
      did not cause a measurable increase of intracellular cAMP. IBMX caused a 2-3 fold
      increase in cellular cAMP which was not increased further by addition of
      isoproterenol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2421980
TI  - On the antigenic relationship between the alpha A and alpha B subunits of alpha
      crystallin in bovine lens.
AB  - The immunochemical reactivities of the alpha A and alpha B subunits from bovine
      alpha-crystallin have been compared using 5 monoclonal antibodies and 2
      polyvalent antisera. Each subunit bound the same maximum amount of antibody,
      regardless of its source, and each subunit was able to completely displace alpha
      crystallin from its antibodies. One monoclonal antibody (463-12.2) and mouse anti
      alpha B polyclonal antiserum bound equally well to the two subunits; with the
      other monoclonal antibodies and an anti alpha-crystallin antiserum, the
      affinities for the alpha A chains were about 10(3) fold higher than those for the
      alpha beta chains. These observations indicate that the alpha A and alpha B
      subunits of bovine alpha-crystallin share several similar, but not necessarily
      identical, cross-reacting antigenic determinants. The reasons for the differences
      between these observations and those of other investigators are discussed.

PMID- 2421981
TI  - Response of nude mouse pancreas and gastrointestinal tract to graded doses of
      exogenous cholecystokinin.

PMID- 2421982
TI  - The biochemistry of platelet-specific alloantigens.

PMID- 2421983
TI  - Antibodies against cryptantigens of platelets. Characterization and significance
      for the serologist.

PMID- 2421984
TI  - Anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Medical therapy.
AB  - Anomalous pulmonary venous connection is a congenital defect which may first be
      diagnosed in the adult who has developed lung disease or pulmonary vascular
      obstructive disease. Surgical repair may be inadvisable in such a case. To date,
      little attention has been paid in the literature to medical management. A case is
      presented in which medical palliation with nitrate therapy was successful.

PMID- 2421985
TI  - Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism. An overview.

PMID- 2421986
TI  - Acupuncture effects upon alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase staining patterns of
      circulating lymphocytes and E-rosette forming cells.

PMID- 2421987
TI  - Effect of somatostatin on amylase secretion from in vivo and in vitro rat
      pancreas.
AB  - In the present study the effect of somatostatin on amylase secretion was
      determined using in vivo cannulation and isolated acini from rat pancreas. In
      vivo somatostatin-14 inhibited amylase secretion in basal state and that
      stimulated with CCK8 and acetylcholine. Somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28
      failed to inhibit amylase secretion from isolated acini in basal state and that
      stimulated with CCK8 and bethanechol. Somatostatin-14 did not increase 45Ca
      uptake or efflux of label from acini preloaded with 45Ca. Cellular cyclic AMP
      levels were not significantly increased. Somatostatin-14 did not alter the
      synthesis of proteins in vitro, as judged by incorporation of a mixture of
      fifteen 14C-labeled amino acids. Somatostatin-14 stimulated phosphoprotein
      phosphatase in higher doses, whereas no effect was observed at lower doses.
      Inhibition of secretion in vivo and lack of stimulation of amylase secretion in
      isolated acini suggest that the somatostatin effect in vivo is mediated by an
      indirect effect similar to other peptides, for example, opiates and neurotensin.
      Stimulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase suggests that somatostatin may bind to
      the acinar cells and affect functions other than secretion and synthesis of
      enzymes.

PMID- 2421988
TI  - Endorphins and amylase secretion.

PMID- 2421989
TI  - [The extracellular level of calmodulin inhibitors determines the stimulation or
      inhibition of the calcium current in snail neurons].

PMID- 2421990
TI  - [The role of HMG-proteins in the structural-functional state of chromatin].

PMID- 2421991
TI  - 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 5-hydroxytryptophol levels in rat brain: effects
      of ethanol, pyrazole, cyanamide and disulfiram treatment.
AB  - The two serotonin metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) and 5
      hydroxytryptophol (5HTOL) were measured in two regions of rat brain (pons medulla
      and diencephalon) using a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method.
      Acute ethanol intoxication effected an elevation of 5-hydroxytryptophol levels,
      while 1 week of treatment with ethanol appeared to have no effect on either
      metabolite when measured 24 h after the last dose. Disulfiram and cyanamide
      treatment produced an approximately 2-fold increase in 5-hydroxytryptophol and a
      slight reduction in 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid. Pyrazole treatment produced an
      increase in both metabolites. This effect was, however, counteracted by the
      simultaneous administration of ethanol.

PMID- 2421992
TI  - Mexiletine: a new type I antiarrhythmic agent.
AB  - Mexiletine is a type I antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally similar to
      lidocaine. Mexiletine has considerable potential for causing neurologic, cardiac,
      or gastrointestinal side effects. However, mexiletine does not undergo clinically
      significant first-pass metabolism and, thus, has good oral bioavailability.
      Mexiletine has a large and variable volume of distribution and an elimination
      half-life ranging from 6 to 12 hours. Mexiletine disposition is probably altered
      in patients with heart failure, liver disease, and severe renal dysfunction.
      Efficacy and toxicity are not well correlated with mexiletine serum
      concentrations. Mexiletine is as effective as traditional antiarrhythmics in the
      treatment of premature ventricular contractions. However, in patients with drug
      refractory inducible ventricular tachycardia, mexiletine is usually ineffective
      when used alone. When mexiletine is combined with other antiarrhythmic agents, a
      significantly higher percentage of patients with this difficult arrhythmia have a
      good response. Mexiletine is a potentially important addition to the existing
      antiarrhythmic drugs currently available, but its place in the clinical setting
      and in therapeutic drug monitoring is not well defined at this time.

PMID- 2421993
TI  - Patient-controlled analgesia in the terminally ill cancer patient.
AB  - Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a relatively new therapeutic modality which
      has allowed postsurgical patients to safely and effectively self-administer doses
      of intravenous narcotics via a syringe pump and sequencing device. A pilot study
      was designed to evaluate PCA's safety and effectiveness in the terminally ill
      cancer patient. Eight patients whose chronic pain was not adequately controlled
      by oral narcotics were permitted to use PCA for a minimum of 48 hours.
      Respiratory rates, sedation rankings, and pain rankings indicated these patients
      achieved satisfactory analgesia with a minimum of sedation and experienced no
      respiratory depression. Three patients were switched to oral regimens using PCA
      dosing as a guide. Pain and sedation rankings were similar to those registered
      while exclusively on PCA. This self-dosing technique was judged to be safe,
      effective, and able to accommodate wide fluctuations in analgesic need when
      treating pain in the terminally ill cancer patient. The results obtained in these
      patients support further trials using PCA to individualize oral analgesic
      regimens.

PMID- 2421994
TI  - [New methods in the radiotherapy of bronchial carcinoma. Endobronchial small
      field irradiation using the iridium-129 high-dose afterloading technic in
      combination with the neodymium-YAG laser].
AB  - 106 patients with inoperable malignant tumours constricting the central bronchial
      tree underwent endobronchial small-field radiotherapy with iridium-192 at high
      dose between June 1983 and September 1985. Treatment was performed using the
      computer-guided after-loading technique and a flexible bronchoscope under local
      anaesthesia. In complete occlusion of a bronchus by the tumour, a neodymium YAG
      laser was applied (57 patients) to allow insertion of the after-loading probe.
      Endoscopy showed tumour regression in 75% of the patients, accompanied by
      clinical improvement. Pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gas analyses and
      pulmonary perfusion scans yielded a highly significant improvement of data after
      treatment. The procedure also proved effective upon exhaustion of external
      radiation. Apart from its positive palliation, endobronchial small-field
      radiotherapy using high doses of iridium-192 also has a curative effect, thus
      opening up a new approach to the therapy of advanced bronchial carcinoma.

PMID- 2421995
TI  - [Therapy of soft-tissue sarcomas].

PMID- 2421996
TI  - [Clinical problems in tuberous sclerosis].

PMID- 2421997
TI  - [Healing of artificially induced skin wounds against a background of preliminary
      chronic exposure to intense noise].

PMID- 2421998
TI  - [Nature of the endogenous retrovirus-like particles of the rat liver].
AB  - Previously virus-like particles (VLP) with properties resembling retroviruses
      were isolated from the liver of Wistar rats. Molecular hybridization and CRIA
      test were used for further analysis of the VLP. The CRIA method showed that VLP
      preparation lacked antigenic determinants of the major internal protein of C-type
      virus. By the dot hybridization technique no homology was detected between VLP
      and Mo-MuLV DNA, however VLP RNA was found to be homologous to IAP (interstitial
      A particles) DNA of mice. VLP proviral DNA was detected in the rat genome by the
      blot hybridization technique. Thus, it was concluded that VLP resemble IAP. A
      possible role of rat IAP expression is discussed.

PMID- 2421999
TI  - [Characteristics of the carbohydrate structure of alpha 2-macroglobulin in
      stomach cancer].
AB  - A comparative study was made for alpha 2M preparations obtained from plasma of
      patients with gastric carcinoma and healthy individuals. No significant
      differences were found in trypsin-binding activity of alpha 2M, in isoelectric
      focusing microheterogeneity and in binding with lectins of Limulus polyphemus
      hemolymph. The study of alpha 2M-phytohemagglutinin (PHA) binding in sera of
      patients with gastrointestinal carcinoma and healthy people revealed highly
      significant differences. The alpha 2M preparations from the gastric carcinoma
      patients had less affinity for PHA. The data suggest the existence of an abnormal
      carbohydrate structure of alpha 2M in gastric carcinoma patients.

PMID- 2422000
TI  - Interictal spike-wave complexes in the human medial temporal lobe: typical
      topography and comparisons with cognitive potentials.
AB  - Ten of 16 patients with complex partial epilepsy displayed an interictal spike
      slow wave sequence with characteristic morphology and depth voltage topography.
      This 'typical slow wave' (TSW) lasted 300-600 msec, was usually largest and
      negative in the anterior hippocampus, and positive in the amygdala. Simultaneous
      recordings from ipsilateral cingulate, supplementary motor, orbitofrontal, and
      lateral temporal cortices, as well as from the contralateral medial temporal lobe
      (MTL), revealed only small, apparently volume-conducted, wave forms.
      Simultaneously recorded multiunit activity within the focal MTL was profoundly
      inhibited during the TSW. The TSW propagated to the scalp, producing a large
      widespread positivity. A large endogenous potential with similar latency range
      and task correlates as the scalp-P3 was recorded from the MTL to infrequent tones
      in a simple discrimination task. This 'depth-P3' had very similar polarity and
      relative amplitude across MTL sites, as was observed for the TSW at the same
      electrode contacts. However, at more superficial intracranial sites, the TSW was
      relatively smaller than the P3. Similarly, from MTL to surface, the P3 was found
      to decrement about half as much as the TSW decrements. This evidence suggests
      that the surface P3 is generated, but in part only, by the MTL.

PMID- 2422001
TI  - EEG characteristics of epileptic pattern sensitivity and their relation to the
      nature of pattern stimulation and the effects of sodium valproate.
AB  - Seven patients with pattern-sensitive epilepsy were examined repeatedly over a
      period of 4-12 months during which the dose of sodium valproate was adjusted.
      Patterns were presented in series in which the size of successive patterns was
      progressively increased until paroxysmal activity appeared, or until the largest
      pattern (radius 24 degrees visual angle) had been presented. As valproate dose
      increased, paroxysmal activity was less likely to occur. When it did occur it was
      less likely to include a spike; it had a lower voltage, involved fewer
      electrodes, and lasted a shorter time. The size of the pattern just sufficient to
      induce paroxysmal activity showed relatively little change with valproate dose.
      The degree to which the various electrodes were involved in the discharges showed
      considerable stability. The paroxysmal response to patterns presented in one
      visual half-field was almost invariably maximal over the contralateral posterior
      quadrant, usually at the posterior temporal electrode.

PMID- 2422002
TI  - Sleep spindles in normal elderly: comparison with young adult patterns and
      relation to nocturnal awakening, cognitive function and brain atrophy.
AB  - Visual measurements of sleep spindles were carried out in 48 elderly and 20 young
      normal adults. Computed tomography brain scans and psychometric testing were also
      performed. Earlier findings of reduced spindle abundance, amplitude and duration
      in the elderly were confirmed. In addition, we demonstrated a linear increase in
      spindle density and duration across NREMPs in young adults that was absent in the
      elderly, indicating that age affects the temporal pattern as well as the quantity
      of spindles. Contrary to what seemed a highly plausible hypothesis, the amount of
      waking in the elderly was not inversely correlated with spindle abundance,
      confirming earlier observations (Feinberg et al. 1967) but in a much larger
      group. This finding suggests that spindle abundance does not reflect the
      integrity of the systems that maintain the brain in NREM sleep. We also were
      unable to show any clear evidence that relative preservation of spindles in the
      elderly is associated with relative preservation of cognitive skills:
      psychometric performance and spindle measures were, in most instances, not
      significantly correlated. However, the test of this hypothesis was limited by the
      high level of function and the narrow range of impairment of these Ss. One
      intriguing positive finding was the significant inverse relation between ratings
      of sulcal atrophy and spindle amplitude. This observation suggests an etiology
      for the reduced amplitude of the sleep EEG in old age. This change is one of the
      most striking effects of age on brain electrophysiology.

PMID- 2422003
TI  - The EEG in the normal elderly: a contribution to the interpretation of aging and
      dementia.
AB  - Forty-seven normal elderly, 16 normal subjects ranging from 40 to 60 years of age
      and 14 patients affected by primary dementia are studied. The EEG is recorded
      from different brain areas and analysed by FFT algorithm. Main results are: There
      is persistence of the regional distribution of the alpha frequency which is
      higher in occipital than in frontal leads in the normal elderly. Spectral
      composition in the same group keeps its typical profile with age. Alpha-dominant
      tracings form 68%. Values collected from the two hemispheres are similar.
      Therefore, no evidence is detected for a selective age effect on one side, either
      right or left. In the elderly group, a sex-linked difference is found. Women have
      less delta and more beta frequency. The opposite holds true in men. EEG slowing
      is typical of old age. However, in occipital leads the alpha frequency has an
      average of 9.46 Hz. Statistical comparison between the normal groups (middle aged
      vs. elderly) gives no significant results. Significant differences are seen when
      the normal elderly are compared with demented subjects. The data do not support
      the hypothesis of a continuum from aging to mental deterioration.

PMID- 2422004
TI  - Does an ACTH derivative (Org 2766) prevent deterioration of EEG in Alzheimer's
      disease?
AB  - Seventy-seven patients with Alzheimer's disease were submitted to a double-blind
      no cross-over study of the effect of a synthetic ACTH4-9 analog (Org 2766) on the
      EEG. The quantitative EEG power spectrum analysis with 22 Org 2766 and 22 placebo
      treated patients showed no improvement which could be related to the Org 2766
      medication (6 months, 40 mg daily), either comparing the successive EEG sessions
      or comparing the drug treated group with the placebo treated group. The placebo
      treated group showed a decrease of power in the beta band after 4 and 6 months
      and an increase of theta after 6 months, which is regarded as a sign of
      deterioration of the EEG in advancing disease. These changes did not occur in the
      Org 2766 treated group. However, a subgroup analysis of 9 Org 2766 treated
      patients and 9 placebo treated patients without other CNS drugs during the study
      did not reveal consistent differences between the groups after 4 and 6 months of
      therapy. We believe that Org 2766 does not have a long-term protecting effect on
      the EEG.

PMID- 2422005
TI  - Event-related potentials in patients with Huntington's disease and relatives at
      risk in relation to detailed psychometry.
AB  - Event-related potentials (ERPs) were studied in patients with Huntington's
      disease (HD) and their offspring at risk in a simple auditory oddball paradigm
      requiring the counting of the rarer of two stimulus categories. Group statistical
      analysis revealed prolongation of latencies of components P2, N2 and especially
      P3 in HD patients and to a lesser extent in at-risks. In a large population of
      normals the age-latency relationship for component P3 showed a non-linear shape
      with increasing slope and scatter in the older age groups. A bipartate linear
      regression analysis splitting the normal population at age 50 was used for
      detection of abnormalities of P3 latency in individual cases. Abnormal P3
      latencies were present in the majority of HD patients and also in 25% of
      clinically normal at-risks. Correlation analysis of ERP components with detailed
      psychometry revealed a particularly high association of P3 latencies with
      measurements requiring speeded information processing in non-verbal tasks. P3
      amplitude did not covary with performance scores but unlike P3 latency showed
      association with depression and psychosis scores. From the results it appears
      that analysis of ERPs is a useful electrophysiological tool for an objective
      assessment of cognition both in clinically definite and subclinical stages.

PMID- 2422006
TI  - Slow brain potentials and psychomotor retardation in depression.
AB  - Event-related cortical potentials were recorded in 11 patients with primary
      depression and 11 healthy control subjects during a serial choice reaction task.
      Each new trial was voluntarily initiated when the subject pressed a microswitch;
      an acoustic go or no-go signal followed after a fixed interval. This elicited a
      Bereitschaftspotential (BP), a contingent negative variation (CNV), acoustically
      evoked potentials (N1, P2, P3), and a post-imperative negative variation (PINV)
      in direct succession. These were evaluated conventionally and by principal
      component analysis (PCA). Patients exhibited significantly longer reaction times
      and more negative PINVs. BP and CNV did not differ between groups. In
      conventional amplitude measurement small P3 amplitudes in depressives may be
      feigned by markedly negative PINVs.

PMID- 2422007
TI  - Electrical stimulation over the human vertebral column: which neural elements are
      excited?
AB  - Supramaximal percutaneous electrical stimuli applied over the human cervical
      vertebral column produce maximal compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) in
      abductor digiti minimi. It is important to know which neural elements are excited
      by these stimuli and experiments were performed to answer this question. With
      stimulating electrodes placed progressively lateral to the midline, submaximal
      CMAPs with the same latency are produced. With shocks over the cervical vertebrae
      in the midline, the threshold for excitation of arm muscles is much lower than
      for excitation of leg muscles. Comparison of conduction time from the cervical
      column to more distal sites on the ulnar nerve by direct measurement and by F
      wave latency determination shows that the latter exceeds the former by 1.6 msec.
      Collision experiments in which paired shocks were given at the wrist and Erb's
      point or the wrist and cervical column showed that recovery from blocking as
      interstimulus interval lengthened was similar for the two sites, and that it was
      possible to detect F waves from the proximal stimulus. The latency of CMAPs
      evoked from midline surface stimuli was identical to that from a needle stimulus
      near the C8 root. It is concluded that electrical stimuli applied over the
      cervical vertebrae in the midline excite the motor roots at their exit from the
      spinal canal. This finding has implications for clinical studies of pyramidal
      tract and proximal peripheral nerve conduction.

PMID- 2422008
TI  - The propagation of single motor unit action potentials detected by a surface
      electrode array.
AB  - Propagation of single motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) was detected by
      surface electromyography. Sixteen EMG signals were simultaneously recorded by a
      linear bipolar electrode array placed along the longitudinal axis of the biceps
      brachii. EMGs were obtained from 8 healthy adults at 10-40% of the maximum
      contraction. Single MUAPs were extracted by superimposing and averaging the EMG
      signals at the timing of potential peaks. Most MUAPs were triphasic and
      propagated symmetrically in opposite directions from the middle length of the
      muscle to the tendons. Some MUAPs showed more than 5 phases and asymmetrical wave
      forms on the proximal and distal recording sites. The asymmetrical wave forms
      were assumed to be caused by the scatter of myoneural junctions and by the time
      delay of the excitation at the junctions. The position of the myoneural junctions
      on muscle fibers was estimated from the source of propagation. The innervation
      zone of individual motor unit was found to spread up to 14 mm in the muscle fiber
      directions.

PMID- 2422009
TI  - Plant pigments as natural food colours.

PMID- 2422010
TI  - Historical role of endemic goiter in elucidating the importance of iodine
      nutrition, the function and control of thyroid gland, the structure of thyroid
      hormone, and the use of antithyroid drugs in thyrotoxicosis.

PMID- 2422011
TI  - Amylase.
AB  - The laboratory determination of serum and urine amylase activity is commonly
      requested by the Emergency physician. While depressed levels are occasionally
      seen, they are almost always secondary to chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic
      destruction. The typical abnormality is an elevation that may represent a normal
      physiologic process, a benign inflammation, the concomitance of ongoing disease,
      or an emergent problem. The differential diagnosis of hyperamylasemia is
      difficult, but most high levels are caused by pancreatitis and biliary tract
      disease. Serial determinations of amylase levels, as well as simultaneous
      assessments of urine and serum amylase, may be useful in determining the source
      of the problem. The laboratory methods for measurement are many and varied,
      reflecting the lack of a perfect test. Because of the different procedures,
      confusion has ensued over the units of description and the normal or reference
      ranges. Any standard equipped medical laboratory should be able to determine
      amylase activity in both serum and urine in a timely fashion. The average cost
      per amylase determination is $17.75. The actual time to perform the test in the
      laboratory is approximately 7.5 minutes, though turnaround times usually exceed 1
      hour. The fractionation of amylase into isoenzymes is a sophisticated procedure
      requiring equipment not routinely found in a typical hospital laboratory.

PMID- 2422012
TI  - Insulin-like growth factor carrier proteins in neonatal and adult rat serum are
      immunologically different: demonstration using a new radioimmunoassay for the
      carrier protein from BRL-3A rat liver cells.
AB  - A carrier protein for insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) has been purified from
      serum-free medium conditioned by the Buffalo rat liver (BRL)-3A cell line and
      used to immunize rabbits. Purified carrier protein was 125I labeled and affinity
      purified on IGF-Sepharose. The major labeled protein had a mol wt of about 33,000
      on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (appropriate for the
      IGF carrier protein subunit) and gave a single predominant peak of radioactivity
      on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and acid-urea gel
      electrophoresis that was immunoprecipitated by immune serum and comigrated with
      unlabeled proteins that bind [125I] IGF. A RIA was developed using affinity
      purified [125I]carrier protein and immune serum. Tracer binding was inhibited
      only by preparations containing IGF carrier proteins, but not by unrelated
      proteins or by the IGFs themselves. Carrier proteins from BRL-3A cells gave
      equivalent strong reactivity either after dissociation of endogenous IGF or as an
      IGF-carrier protein complex. The antiserum effectively recognized the
      approximately 40,000 mol wt (Mr approximately 40,000) carrier protein from
      neonatal rat serum, both as a native complex and after acid stripping. It did not
      effectively recognize the Mr approximately 150,000 carrier protein from adult rat
      serum either as endogenous complex or after acid stripping. These results suggest
      that the Mr approximately 40,000 carrier protein of neonatal rat serum and the Mr
      approximately 40,000 binding subunit of the Mr approximately 150,000 carrier
      protein in adult rat serum are immunologically distinct. These antisera to the
      BRL-3A carrier protein should be useful tools with which to dissect the
      relationships between different carrier protein species and to study the
      regulation of IGF carrier protein gene expression.

PMID- 2422013
TI  - Antagonism to estradiol in the mouse: reduced entry of receptors complexed with 4
      hydroxytamoxifen into a Mg2+-soluble chromatin fraction.
AB  - Antagonism to estradiol has been examined in murine uteri. When tamoxifen was
      administered simultaneously with estradiol (0.05 microgram/mouse), it was able to
      act as an antagonist over the dosage range 0.05-50 micrograms/mouse. The
      metabolite 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OH-tamoxifen) had high affinity for estrogen
      receptors and was a slightly better antagonist over the dosage range 0.005-1
      microgram/mouse. After uteri were exposed to either [3H] estradiol or [3H]4OH
      tamoxifen, receptors complexed with [3H] estradiol penetrated a chromatin region,
      which was released as the Mg2+-soluble chromatin fraction after DNAase I
      treatment more readily than receptors complexed with [3H]4OH-tamoxifen. [3H]4OH
      tamoxifen-receptor complexes could not be driven into the Mg2+-soluble chromatin
      fraction by increasing the ligand concentration during translocation. Relative to
      [3H]estradiol, significantly more [3H]4OH-tamoxifen was observed to associate
      with uterine cells and to penetrate the nucleus so that neither restricted entry
      nor extranuclear partitioning could explain the failure of [3H]4OH-tamoxifen
      receptor complexes to enter the Mg2+-soluble chromatin. Bleomycin, an agent that
      interrupts DNA continuity, did not interfere with the appearance of estrogen
      receptor activity in the Mg2+-soluble chromatin fraction. Preincubation of intact
      uteri in the presence of molybdate (20 mM) did inhibit the appearance of receptor
      activity in this chromatin fraction; however, this effect did not occur through
      inhibition of receptor activation, but, rather, through the lowering of receptor
      activity in all chromatin fractions. In the studies reported here, the chromatin
      positioning of estrogen receptors complexed with estradiol appeared to be
      distinct from the positioning of receptors complexed with 4OH-tamoxifen. These
      observations suggest an additional basis from which the mechanisms separating the
      actions of estrogen agonists and antagonists can be approached.

PMID- 2422014
TI  - Parathyroid hormone stimulates phosphate efflux through an apparently adenosine
      3',5'-monophosphate-independent process in rat parotid cell aggregates.
AB  - The effects of PTH on phosphate fluxes and cAMP and protein secretion in rat
      parotid cell aggregates were studied. PTH-(1-34) as well as PTH-(1-84) stimulated
      phosphate efflux in a dose-dependent [5 X 10(-7) to 7 X 10(-6) M for human (h)
      PTH-(1-34), 2 X 10(-7) to 5 X 10(-6) M for bovine (b) PTH-(1-34), and 3.8-114
      U/ml for bPTH-(1-84)] and time-dependent [detectable by 15-30 min after
      incubation with N-terminal PTH and 30-45 min after incubation with bPTH-(1-84)]
      manner. The effect of PTH on phosphate efflux was saturable, with maximal
      stimulation at 10(-6) M above for N-terminal PTH and at 57.8 U/ml and above for
      bPTH-(1-84). Half-maximal stimulation of phosphate efflux by hPTH-(1-34), bPTH-(1
      34), and bPTH-(1-84) was achieved at 5.7 X 10(-7) M, 10(-7) M, and 40 U/ml,
      respectively. Neither bPTH-(1-34) nor bPTH-(1-84) had any effect on phosphate
      uptake by parotid cell aggregates at the concentrations examined. bPTH-(1-34) and
      bPTH-(1-84) also stimulated amylase secretion, with a significant increase in
      cAMP production (70-90% over basal). However, (BU)2cAMP did not stimulate
      phosphate efflux. Isoproterenol (10(-5) M) markedly stimulated cAMP production
      and amylase secretion without causing a significant increase in phosphate efflux.
      Oxidized bPTH-(1-84) and the C-terminal fragment of hPTH had no stimulating
      effect on phosphate efflux. The present results suggest, therefore, that PTH may
      play an important role in regulating rat parotid cell phosphate metabolism
      through an apparently cAMP-independent process.

PMID- 2422015
TI  - Cytodifferentiation of granulosa cells induced by gonadotropin-releasing hormone
      promotes fibronectin secretion.
AB  - An analysis of the hormonal regulation of fibronectin production by granulosa
      cells showed that GnRH stimulated fibronectin secretion. GnRH increased
      fibronectin production 2.5- to 5-fold over that of control untreated cultures and
      greater than 20-fold over that of FSH-treated cultures. The GnRH concentration
      required for a minimal response was 10(-10) M, and that required for a maximal
      response was 10(-8) M. In contrast to the effects of GnRH, FSH suppressed
      fibronectin production to low or undetectable levels. In addition, FSH abolished
      the actions of GnRH on fibronectin production. Treatment of cultured granulosa
      cells with either (Bu)2cAMP or methylisobutylxanthine to influence cellular cAMP
      levels mimicked the actions of FSH on fibronectin secretion. Similar to FSH, both
      (Bu)2cAMP and methylisobutylxanthine abolished the actions of GnRH on fibronectin
      production. These results indicated that an increase in cAMP levels resulted in
      suppression of fibronectin secretion by granulosa cells and inhibition of the
      actions of GnRH. Insulin treatment of granulosa cells also suppressed fibronectin
      secretion, but to a lesser extent than FSH. In addition, insulin inhibited the
      actions of GnRH on fibronectin production by approximately 40-50% of stimulated
      levels. GnRH promoted a state of cytodifferentiation of the granulosa cell which
      had a high level of fibronectin production and, as shown previously, a low level
      of steroidogenesis. In contrast, FSH promoted a state of cytodifferentiation
      which had a low level of fibronectin production and a high level of
      steroidogenesis Both fibronectin and steroidogenic enzymes (e.g. aromatase)
      provide useful markers for an analysis of the cytodifferentiation of granulosa
      cells between these two distinct differentiated states. Results are discussed in
      relation to the possible mechanisms controlling granulosa cell
      cytodifferentiation and the possible functions of fibronectin in the ovary.

PMID- 2422016
TI  - The role of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in the ovulatory process of the
      in vitro perfused rabbit ovary.
AB  - LH alters ovarian steroidogenesis via adenylate cyclase (AC) activation and cAMP
      production. Although LH also initiates ovarian follicle rupture, evidence is
      lacking for involvement of cAMP in this process. This work explores the
      involvement of cAMP in the ovulation of in vitro perfused rabbit ovaries by
      comparing LH stimulation of ovaries with that of LH plus 3-isobutyl-1-methyl
      xanthine (IBMX), (an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase) and of forskolin (a
      nonreceptor-specific activator of AC). Venous perfusates were analyzed for cAMP,
      progesterone, 17 beta-estradiol, and testosterone, ovaries were analyzed for
      cAMP, and ovulations were noted. LH, LH plus IBMX, and forskolin all increased
      tissue cAMP levels significantly after 0.5 h, the perfusate levels increasing
      rapidly thereafter reaching plateau levels, while tissue levels returned to
      control levels after 2.4 h. LH plus IBMX and forskolin significantly increased
      cAMP release over LH controls, LH plus IBMX increasing and forskolin decreasing
      the number of ovulations. Forskolin significantly increased progesterone release
      over LH controls and, although no other significant steroid differences were
      seen, strong tendencies existed. Although forskolin could induce ovulations and
      could induce significantly higher release of cAMP than LH, it resulted in a lower
      ovulation rate than receptor-specific LH. LH plus IBMX also induced significantly
      higher cAMP release than LH, as did forskolin, and resulted in a higher ovulation
      rate than both LH and forskolin. These findings suggest, not only that cAMP
      production alone is sufficient for ovulation, but also that the receptor
      specificity of the cAMP production is important for the number of ovulations.
      Since tissue levels of cAMP peak several hours before ovulation, the cAMP is
      probably inducing a metabolic pathway leading to ovulation.

PMID- 2422017
TI  - Regulation of gonadotropin receptors on cultured porcine Leydig and Sertoli
      cells: effect of potassium depletion.
AB  - We have examined the role of the NaK-ATPase pump activity on the ligand-induced
      down-regulation of gonadotropin receptors in cultured porcine Leydig and Sertoli
      cells. In both cells, inhibition of the NaK pump by ouabain produced a depletion
      of intracellular K+ levels (ID50, 10(-7) M) after a lag period of about 8 h. In
      the absence of ligand, the number of FSH receptors in ouabain-treated Sertoli
      cells was unaffected or slightly reduced, whereas a 2-fold increase in the number
      of human CG (hCG)/LH receptors with small changes in the binding affinity was
      observed in Leydig cells treated by ouabain. The effect of ouabain was dose
      dependent. Differences were also observed in the down-regulation process of
      gonadotropin receptors in ouabain-treated cells. The hCG-induced receptor loss in
      Leydig cells was completely reversed by ouabain whereas the drug had no effect on
      ligand-induced loss of FSH receptors in Sertoli cells. Similar results were
      observed when the cells were incubated in K+-free medium. Kinetics studies with
      labeled hCG have shown that ouabain treatment slows down significantly the rate
      of [125I]iodo-hCG internalization (t 1/2, 18 h; control cells, t 1/2, 6 h), but
      had no effect on the degradation of internalized hormone. The internalization of
      receptor-bound [125I]iodo-hCG was also reduced when Leydig cells were incubated
      in K+-free medium, but was restored when this medium was supplemented with
      rubidium. The influence of the NaK pump on the receptor regulation of a ligand
      common to both types of cells, such as epidermal growth factor, was studied under
      the same experimental conditions. Neither ouabain nor K+-free medium were able to
      prevent the epidermal growth factor-induced reduction of receptor levels in
      Leydig and Sertoli cells. Thus, it appears that modulation of ligand-induced
      receptor loss by depletion of cellular K+ levels is not dependent on the cell
      type, but on the ligand-receptor complex. The data also show a striking
      difference in the dynamics of gonadotropin-receptor interaction of two
      structurally related hormones.

PMID- 2422018
TI  - Avidin induction by theophylline in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Avidin induction in chick tissues in vivo and in vitro was studied by a
      phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline, and compared to progesterone-dependent
      induction. Theophylline (100 mg/kg, ip) caused a significant increase in avidin
      content only in the oviduct of diethylstilbestrol-treated chicks, but not in the
      lung, muscle, intestine, plasma, or in the bursa of Fabricius. Diethylstilbestrol
      priming was necessary for oviductal avidin induction in vivo by theophylline. In
      the oviduct culture, theophylline at a concentration between 100 and 500
      micrograms/ml caused a dose-dependent increase in avidin production. Effects of
      theophylline and progesterone on avidin synthesis in oviduct culture were
      synergistic. Avidin production was dependent on protein and RNA synthesis, since
      induction was inhibited by cycloheximide and actinomycin D. Avidin induction by
      theophylline resembled progesterone-dependent induction, beginning 9 h after the
      injection in vivo and 12 h after administration of these drugs in vitro. Avidin
      induced by theophylline showed heat-induced biotin exchange identical to that of
      progesterone-induced avidin, indicating close similarity of these proteins. The
      results suggest that theophylline can mimic the action of progesterone on avidin
      production, and that cyclic nucleotides may have a role in the regulation of
      avidin synthesis.

PMID- 2422019
TI  - Expression and regulation of proopiomelanocortin-like gene in the ovary and
      placenta: comparison with the testis.
AB  - Proopiomelanocortin (POMC), a precursor protein for ACTH, beta-endorphin, and the
      MSHs, has been identified in the reproductive tracts of both male and female.
      With rat pituitary POMC complementary DNA (cDNA) as a hybridization probe, POMC
      like messenger RNA (mRNA) was identified in the ovaries of rat, mouse, and
      monkey. The molecular size of POMC-like mRNA in the ovary was 150-200 bases
      smaller than in the pituitary and hypothalamus but identical to that in the
      testis and epididymis. The size heterogeneity of POMC mRNA observed in various
      tissues is not due to differences in the lengths of the poly(A) tail, as measured
      by RNase H digestion. S1 nuclease mapping analysis revealed that POMC mRNAs
      isolated from pituitary, testis, or ovary share the nucleotide sequences coding
      for ACTH, beta-lipotropin, and the 3'-untranslated region. The regulation of
      ovarian POMC-like mRNA was also investigated. Treatment of 25-day-old immature
      female rats with PMSG resulted in profound increases in the ovarian content of
      total RNA, poly(A) RNA, and POMC-like mRNA. The concentration of ovarian POMC
      like mRNA during pregnancy increased increased to 3-4 times that in immature or
      normally cycling animals. POMC-derived peptides are present in the human placenta
      and are synthesized de novo in cultured placental cells. In this report we also
      demonstrate POMC-like mRNA in the placenta of rat, mouse, and human. The size of
      POMC-like mRNA in the placenta was similar to that observed in the testis,
      epididymis, and ovary and different from that found in the pituitary or
      hypothalamus. The concentration of placental POMC-like mRNA did not change
      throughout pregnancy. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that 1) POMC-like mRNA
      is present in the ovary and placenta of rodents and primates; 2) the size of POMC
      like mRNA in the ovary and placenta, like that in the testis and epididymis, is
      smaller than that in the pituitary and hypothalamus, probably owing to a
      shortening of the 5'-ends; and 3) the expression of this gene is regulated by
      gonadotropins in the ovary but probably not in the placenta.

PMID- 2422020
TI  - Regulation of overgrowth and expression of prostatic binding protein in rat
      chimeric prostate gland.
AB  - Enlargement of the chimeric ventral prostate gland (VP) was induced by directly
      implanting either fetal urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGM) or intact fetal
      urogenital sinus (UGS) into the VP of intact adult rats. The macromolecular
      content in the chimeric prostate increased from 40-100% (UGM implants) to 200
      300% (UGS implants) above control levels. The enlargement of the prostate gland
      was the result of growth from both the donor tissue and the host gland. Growth of
      the donor fetal UGS within the host prostate gland may account for the difference
      observed between the growth induced by fetal UGS and fetal UGM implants. Because
      fetal UGM regressed when implanted and grown under the renal capsules, the
      observation of growth in the adult rat VP induced by fetal UGM, either by
      implanting UGM in situ or forming tissue recombinants of UGM and the adult VP,
      suggests that fetal UGM requires close association with the VP for the induction
      of growth to occur. The concentration of an epithelial androgen-dependent
      protein, the prostatic binding protein (PBP), expressed by the enlarged lobe of
      the rat VP was similar to that of the control lobe of rat VP. The adult host
      gland, rather than donor implants, appeared to determine the levels of expression
      of PBP within the chimeric prostate gland. Immunofluorescence data indicated that
      PBP was distributed evenly throughout most of the prostatic acini. PBP also
      accumulated in the lumen of the prostatic acini. Positive immunofluorescence,
      although less intense, was detected in the UGS remnant, suggesting that fetal UGS
      was induced by the intact adult VP environment to express PBP. We observed a
      developmental restriction in the ability of donor prostatic tissues to induce
      enlargement of the host prostate gland. Fetal UGS was the most effective inducer,
      whereas neonatal prostatic tissue was marginally effective, and adult prostatic
      tissue or stromal cells derived from adult VP were completely ineffective.

PMID- 2422021
TI  - Regulation of release of somatotropin from in vitro cultures of bovine and
      porcine pituitary cells.
AB  - Bovine and human GH releasing factors (GHRF), in concentrations ranging from 10
      pM to 10 nM, stimulated GH release from cultured bovine and porcine anterior
      pituitary cells. Agents that increase intracellular cAMP levels (e.g.
      isobutylmethylxanthine and 8-bromo-cAMP) also stimulated bovine and porcine GH
      release. Somatostatin, in doses ranging from 1-100 nM, inhibited both basal and
      GHRF-stimulated GH release from the bovine pituitary cultures, and 100 nM
      somatostatin inhibited GHRF-stimulated release of porcine GH. Addition of
      exogenous bovine GH suppressed basal, but not GHRF-stimulated, release of bovine
      GH. Human insulin-like growth factor I did not suppress basal or GHRF-stimulated
      release of bovine GH from bovine pituitary cells, although it has been confirmed
      in this report that insulin-like growth factor I suppresses stimulated release of
      GH from rat cells. Furthermore, the GH release peptides described by Momany et
      al. stimulated little or no GH release from bovine or porcine pituitary cell
      cultures, in contrast to their activity in rat cells. The results show that
      whereas some regulatory features of GH release from bovine, porcine, and rat
      pituitary cell cultures are similar, others differ significantly.

PMID- 2422023
TI  - Production of antisera to growth hormone-releasing factor: usefulness in
      radioimmunoassay and passive immunization.
AB  - We have produced two antisera (R-1 & R-2) to human growth hormone-releasing
      factor (GRF) [1-44] NH2. Both antisera can be used for human GRF radioimmunoassay
      (RIA) at a final dilution of 1:50000. The antiserum R-2 was specific for the C
      terminal amidated sequence of human GRF-44 and selectively recognized GRF [1-44]
      NH2 but not GRF [1-44] OH or GRF [1-40] OH. The antiserum R-1 also significantly
      bound 125I-rat GRF [1-43] OH at a final dilution of 1:5000 and enabled us to
      establish RIA for rat GRF. In both RIA systems, intra- and inter-assay
      coefficients of variation at 50% inhibition were 8 and 12%, respectively. A
      median effective dose was 90-120 pg in human GRF RIA and 250-300 pg in rat GRF
      RIA. Utilizing the RIA, we demonstrated that the hypothalamic GRF content in rats
      which received monosodium glutamate during the neonatal period was less than 20%
      of that of controls. However, the hypothalamic GRF content was not altered in
      rats made hypothyroid by methimazole administration, another condition known to
      greatly impair GH secretion. An iv administration of the antiserum R-1
      significantly suppressed GH release following the injection of antisomatostatin
      serum. Thus, these antisera can be a useful tool in examining the physiological
      and/or pathophysiological roles of GRF in human and rat.

PMID- 2422022
TI  - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate synergistically
      promote differentiation of a monocytic cell line.

PMID- 2422024
TI  - Beta-adrenergic stimulation of anterior pituitary cyclic AMP is enhanced by tumor
      promoters.
AB  - Beta-adrenergic stimulation of cellular cyclic AMP accumulation was characterized
      in normal anterior pituitary cells in vitro. In the presence of
      isobutylmethylxanthine, the order of potency of catecholamine agonists, as well
      as the antagonism by propranolol and not phentolamine, aided in classifying the
      receptor as beta-adrenergic. Furthermore, this agonist effect was rapidly
      desensitized. Tumor promoters, which directly activate protein kinase C, enhanced
      the cyclic AMP levels achieved with beta-adrenergic agonists (1.5-fold average at
      10 min). This acute effect occurred over 10-1000 nM phorbol dibutyrate or phorbol
      myristate acetate. Finally, 3H-phorbol dibutyrate binding to unstimulated
      anterior pituitary cells was predominantly associated with the cytosol (79%)
      versus membrane (21%) fractions. Thus, an acute role for protein kinase C in
      promoting beta-adrenergic receptor activation of adenylate cyclase activity is
      suggested for anterior pituitary cells.

PMID- 2422025
TI  - Galanin-induced hyperglycemia: effect on insulin and glucagon.
AB  - Synthetic galanin, infused at a rate of 4 micrograms/kg body weight/h for 30 min,
      elicited a mild but significant hyperglycemia in conscious dogs and a fall in
      plasma insulin. Pancreatic glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol and
      growth hormone levels were not affected significantly. The mild hyperglycemic
      action of galanin seems to be due to an inhibition of insulin production. Thus
      galanin appears to be involved in glucose homeostasis.

PMID- 2422026
TI  - Erythrocyte cations and Na+,K+-ATPase pump activity in athletes and sedentary
      subjects.
AB  - The chronic effect of training on intraerythrocyte cationic concentrations and on
      red cell Na+,K+-ATPase pump activity was studied by comparing well-trained
      athletes with sedentary subjects at rest. Also the acute effect of a 50-min cross
      country run on these erythrocyte measurements was studied in the athletes. At
      rest the intraerythrocyte potassium concentration was increased (P less than
      0.01) in the athletes compared to that of the control subjects. The
      intraerythrocyte concentrations of sodium and magnesium and red cell Na+,K+
      ATPase pump activity were, however, similar in the trained and the untrained
      subjects. As compared with the resting condition, the intraerythrocyte potassium
      concentration was decreased (P less than 0.05) after exercise in the athletes,
      and this was accompanied by a minor increase in the intraerythrocyte sodium
      concentration. Red cell Na+,K+-ATPase pump activity was slightly increased (P
      less than 0.05) after exercise.

PMID- 2422027
TI  - The sodium pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase from Acidaminococcus fermentans.
      Specific cleavage by n-alkanols.
AB  - Glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase from Acidaminococcus fermentans was inactivated by
      incubation with n-alkanols at 37 degrees C. The concentration of the alcohol
      required for complete inactivation decreased with increasing chain length; e.g. 2
      M ethanol was as potent as 2 mM hexanol or 0.5 mM decanol. The data indicate a
      binding of the alcohol to the enzyme with an energy of about 4 kJ/methylene
      group. Sodium ions prevented the inactivation (50% at 30 mM NaCl). K+, NH4+, Cs+
      and Mg2+ had no influence, whereas Li+ was ten times less effective than Na+. The
      enzyme was cleaved during the inactivation into a soluble part, consisting of the
      alpha (Mr 120,000) and beta polypeptide chains (60,000), whereas the hydrophobic
      gamma chain (30,000) precipitated. The soluble part catalysed the sodium-ion
      independent but avidin-sensitive glutaconyl-CoA/crotonyl-CoA exchange as measured
      with the substrates [3-3H]crotonyl-CoA and unlabelled glutaconate and with
      glutaconate CoA-transferase as auxiliary enzyme. In the presence of free biotin
      or its methyl ester the soluble part catalysed the formation of crotonyl-CoA from
      glutaconyl-CoA (apparent Km for biotin 40 mM, Vmax 1% of the native
      decarboxylation reaction). This apparent reactivation was most likely caused by
      the carboxylation of free biotin. Based on these and other observations the
      following functions may be assigned to the different polypeptide chains of
      glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase: biotin carrier (alpha), carboxytransferase (beta)
      and carboxylase, the actual sodium pump (gamma).

PMID- 2422028
TI  - Substrate stereochemistry of the biotin-dependent sodium pump glutaconyl-CoA
      decarboxylase from Acidaminococcus fermentans.
AB  - The steric course of the decarboxylation of glutaconyl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA,
      catalysed by the biotin-dependent sodium pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase from
      Acidaminococcus fermentans, was elucidated using the sequence: chiral acetate---
      citrate----glutamate----glutaconyl-CoA----crotonyl-CoA ----chiral acetate. Since
      glutaconyl-CoA or glutaconate labeled at C-4 was subjected to rapid chemical or
      enzymatic exchanges, glutamate was fermented to acetate by growing cells of A.
      fermentans. The analysis of the final chiral acetates gave following deviations
      from 50% in the fumarase exchange: + 13.8% starting with (R)-acetate and - 13.9%
      starting with (S)-acetate. The results demonstrated a retention of configuration
      during the decarboxylation. Thus glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase adds to the list of
      biotin enzymes in which exclusive retention of configuration was observed.
      Glutaconate CoA-transferase from A. fermentans catalysed a 3H exchange of [2,4,4
      3H]glutaconate with water when acetyl-CoA was present. At low concentration of
      acetyl-CoA (20 microM) the exchange ceased after exactly one atom 3H was released
      into the water, at high concentrations (1 mM) the exchange proceeded further. The
      apparent Km of acetyl-CoA in the exchange (1.1 microM) was 150 times smaller than
      that of the complete CoA transfer. It was concluded that either a mixed
      anhydride, between a carboxyl group of the enzyme and [2,4,4-3H]glutaconate, or
      enzyme-bound glutaconyl-CoA was the exchanging species.

PMID- 2422029
TI  - Phosphorylation of lens intrinsic membrane proteins by protein kinase C.
AB  - Two intrinsic proteins of bovine lens membranes with apparent relative molecular
      masses (Mr, app) of 26,000 and 18,000 were phosphorylated in intact membranes by
      protein kinase C prepared from either bovine brain or lens. The kinase
      preparations exhibited histone H1 phosphorylation dependent on calcium and
      phospholipid but not on cAMP. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis of the lens membranes showed a major band at Mr, app = 26,000
      (identified as MP26, the main intrinsic protein of lens fiber cells), an
      intermediate band at Mr, app = 18,000 and several minor bands. Autoradiography of
      complete assay mixture containing protein kinase C, calcium, magnesium and [gamma
      32P]ATP showed major bands at Mr, app = 18,000 and 26,000. Several lines of
      evidence indicated that the label at Mr, app = 26,000 was associated with MP26, a
      protein which has been found in lens junctions and which may form cell-cell
      channels. Treatment of the phosphorylated membranes with chymotrypsin and V8
      protease cleaved the major band at Mr, app = 26,000 to fragments of Mr, app .=
      22,000 and 24,000. Label was not detected in the resulting Mr, app = 22,000
      peptide, but the Mr, app = 24,000 peptide was found to be labeled. Phosphoamino
      acid analysis of MP26 indicated that approximately 75% of the label was on
      phosphoserine and 25% was on phosphothreonine. No label was found on
      phosphotyrosine. These results differ from those reported for cAMP-dependent
      phosphorylation of lens proteins. Phosphorylation by protein kinase C may account
      for some of the labeling of MP26 detected in vivo.

PMID- 2422030
TI  - Structural studies on O-specific polysaccharides of lipopolysaccharides from
      Yersinia enterocolitica serovars O:5 and O:5,27.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharides of Yersinia enterocolitica serovars O:5 and O:5,27 were shown
      to have a similar sugar composition, consisting of L-rhamnose, D-glucose, D
      galactose, D- and L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, 2
      acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose, 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate and D-threo-pent-2
      ulose (D-xylulose). Partial hydrolysis of lipopolysaccharides with acetic acid
      produced rhamnans with the following repeating unit: ----3)-L-Rha rho(alpha 1---
      3)-L-Rha rho(alpha 1----3)-L-Rha rho(beta 1----. 13C-NMR and methylation studies
      of the lipopolysaccharides gave the following structure for the repeating unit of
      the two O-specific polysaccharides: ----3)-L-Rha rho(alpha 1----3)-L-Rha
      rho(alpha 1----3)-L-Rha rho(beta 1----. (formula; see text)

PMID- 2422031
TI  - Haem localization in haemoproteins by spin and triplet tools.
AB  - The rate constants of efficient exchange interaction (kex) of spin-labelled
      lysozyme and the triplet probes perylene, eosine and anthracene butanoic acid
      with the haemoproteins were measured in microsomes and in solution by electron
      paramagnetic resonance and by the registration of delayed annihilation
      fluorescence. Constants of efficient exchange interactions with the haem groups
      of myoglobin, haemoglobin, cytochrome c and b5 are 3-22 X 10(7) M-1 s-1 in
      solution. The experiments with membrane-bound cytochrome P-450 revealed no
      exchange interactions with the probes located in solution or in the membrane.
      These results can be accounted for by the deeper incorporation of cytochrome P
      450 haem into the protein globule as compared to the other haemoprotein haems
      studied.

PMID- 2422032
TI  - Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide of
      Serratia marcescens O8.
AB  - Structural studies have been carried out on the O-specific polysaccharide from
      the lipopolysaccharide of the reference strain (CDC 1604-55) for serogroup O8 of
      Serratia marcescens. The polymer has a branched, tetrasaccharide repeating unit
      of D-galactose(Gal),D-glucose(Glc), and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose(GlcNAc)
      with the following structure: (Formula: see text). The anomeric configuration
      assigned to the glucose residue differs from that (beta) previously proposed
      [Tarcsay, L., Wang, C. S., Li, S.-C. and Alaupovic, P. (1973) Biochemistry 12,
      1948-1955]. The structure of the O8 polymer is identical with that of one of two
      polymers present in the cell envelope of a strain (CDC 1783-57) of S. marcescens
      O14.

PMID- 2422033
TI  - Differential distribution of tubulin epitopes in human spermatozoa.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies (16 D3 and 24 E3) were used to map tubulin domains in
      human spermatozoa by indirect immunofluorescence. Their specificity to tubulin in
      these cells was established by Western blotting. Whereas 16 D3 uniformly stained
      the principal piece of the flagellum, the staining provided by 24 E3 decreased
      along the tail to become very weak 30 micron further away from the midpiece. This
      latter antibody also reacted with the proximal centriole as well as the midpiece,
      but not all spermatozoa stained identically at this level indicating
      heterogeneity within the population of sperm cells from a given donor. 16 D3
      reacted weakly with the head, and the staining was interrupted after a bright
      spot in the neck. The study of a pathological case (the short tail spermatozoon)
      with an abnormal arrangement of dense fibers was consistent with a correlation
      between the distribution of the epitope defined by 24 E3 and that of peri
      axenomal structures. The existence of tubulin domains interacting with these
      structures is postulated.

PMID- 2422034
TI  - Erythroid differentiation and the Na+,K+-pump in ouabain-sensitive and ouabain
      resistant Friend erythroleukemia cell lines.
AB  - The selection and biochemical characterization of ouabain-resistant
      erythroleukemia cell lines are described. Treatment of ouabain-resistant Friend
      erythroleukemia cell (FLC) lines with 1 mM ouabain demonstrated a reduced ouabain
      sensitive 86Rb+-uptake after Na+-preloading in comparison with ouabain-sensitive
      cells. The ouabain- and diuretic (piretanide)-insensitive component of the 86Rb+
      uptake (residual influx) was significantly enhanced in the ouabain-resistant FLC
      clones. Measurements of the Na+,K+-ATPase activity (E.C. 3.6.1.3) in plasma
      membrane preparations of the ouabain-resistant FLC clone B6/2 indicated that a
      ouabain-resistant Na+,K+-ATPase activity of about 20% of the total enzyme
      activity existed in the presence of 1 mM ouabain. Further experiments showed that
      the Na+,K+-ion-gradient in ouabain-resistant B6/2 cells was unaffected by ouabain
      exposure whereas the gradient collapsed in wild type 12 N cells. Another property
      of the ouabain-resistant cell lines was a decrease of the 86Rb+-uptake due to the
      Na+,K+, 2Cl(-)-cotransport system measured as piretanide-sensitive 86Rb+-uptake.
      The data on ion transport mechanisms in QuaR and QuaS FLC are discussed with
      respect to mutagen-induced and spontaneous cellular ouabain resistance. In
      addition, the role of altered ion transport mechanisms is considered for induced
      erythroid differentiation.

PMID- 2422035
TI  - The acute-phase induction of alpha 2-macroglobulin in rat hepatocyte primary
      cultures: action of a hepatocyte-stimulating factor, triiodothyronine and
      dexamethasone.
AB  - During inflammation a number of liver-derived plasma proteins increases in
      concentration. In the rat these so-called acute-phase proteins are mainly
      proteinase inhibitors, such as alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, alpha 1-acute-phase
      globulin and alpha 2-macroglobulin. At present, the mechanisms responsible for
      the enhanced synthesis of acute-phase proteins are poorly understood. Therefore,
      we have studied the induction of alpha 2-macroglobulin synthesis in rat
      hepatocyte primary cultures. Adrenaline, triiodothyronine, estradiol and
      progesterone were tested for their ability to stimulate alpha 2-macroglobulin
      synthesis. Only triiodothyronine induced alpha 2-macroglobulin synthesis
      markedly. However, the presence of dexamethasone was a prerequisite for alpha 2
      macroglobulin induction indicating a permissive action of glucocorticoids.
      Besides glucocorticoids and triiodothyronine a non-dialyzable factor (HSF)
      derived from rat Kupffer cells or human peripheral blood monocytes was found to
      be able to stimulate alpha 2-macroglobulin synthesis in hepatocytes. Equal
      amounts of HSF activity were found in conditioned media from lipopolysaccharide
      stimulated and unstimulated rat Kupffer cells as well as in human monocytes.
      Since the supernatants of unstimulated rat Kupffer cells or human monocytes did
      not exhibit interleukin 1 activity, HSF activity distinct from interleukin 1 must
      exist. No HSF activity was found in media conditioned by rat Kupffer cells which
      had been treated with dexamethasone. Hepatocyte primary cultures were incubated
      with [35S]methionine-labeled proteins secreted by rat Kupffer cells. A 30 kDa
      polypeptide was found to be bound to or internalized by rat hepatocytes.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422036
TI  - Structure and function of the sino-atrial node: a review.

PMID- 2422037
TI  - Periventricular metastases of a primary intracranial alpha-fetoprotein-producing
      germ cell tumor.
AB  - Periventricular subependymal lesions were found on CT scan in a young man with
      growth failure, diabetes insipidus, mental deterioration, and hypogonadism with
      delayed puberty. An initial very good response to radiotherapy was followed a few
      months later by a relapse, presenting as a very large tumor in the base of the
      frontal lobes. Serum alpha-fetoprotein at the time of the relapse was very
      elevated suggesting that the tumor was largely composed of an endodermal sinus
      tumor component, which was confirmed at autopsy. The purpose of this report is to
      stress the importance of the use of tumor markers in a particular clinical and
      neuroradiological setting.

PMID- 2422038
TI  - Effects of human recombinant interferons-alpha 2, -beta and -gamma on growth and
      survival of human cancer nodules maintained in continuous organotypic culture.
AB  - Alveolar II pulmonary tumor cells (A549 cells) maintained in continuous
      tridimensional organotypic culture were used to test the effects of recombinant
      human interferons -alpha 2, -beta and -gamma on growth inhibition and survival of
      the tumor nodules. The organotypic culture method has several advantages: the
      three-dimensional structures of the cells as well as some cell differentiation
      are maintained and the extremely low traumatizing culture conditions offer
      injured cells the maximum chance of survival. A continuous treatment lasting 65
      days (three weekly interferon changes) with 10, 10(2), 10(3) and 10(4) U/ml doses
      of the three interferons led to growth inhibition and necrosis only in the
      presence of the two highest doses (10(3) and 10(4) U/ml) of IFN-alpha 2 and 
      gamma. IFN-beta had no inhibitory effect. Some nodules, especially at the lower
      dose levels (10(2) U/ml), showed enhanced growth in presence of the three types
      of interferons. After stopping the treatments, all the necrotic and
      disintegrating nodules resumed growth. Growth of the recovered nodules was
      followed in the absence of interferon for another period of 70 days. The growth
      rate of IFN-beta and -gamma-treated nodules was similar to that of the controls,
      but was slowed down for the regenerated IFN-alpha 2-treated nodules. Hence, in
      A549 organotypic cancer nodules and under our experimental conditions, only high
      doses of IFN-alpha 2 and -gamma appeared to have a partial cytolytic, but finally
      no tumoricidal action; IFN-beta was inactive. At the lower doses growth
      stimulation was found during the treatments with the three interferons.

PMID- 2422039
TI  - Combination chemotherapy only for stage II non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - Twenty-six previously untreated patients with clinical stage (CS) II B non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were treated with systemic chemotherapy only. Patients
      received bleomycin, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone
      (BACOP). All patients had intermediate- or high-grade lymphoma. Objective
      response was demonstrated in 25 patients (96%), with 21 patients (81%) achieving
      complete remission (CR). Two of CR patients developed unsalvageable relapse, the
      remaining 19 patients are still alive and disease-free. The median duration of CR
      has not been reached. Of four patients (15%) with documented partial remission
      (PR), three were salvaged using second-line therapy. Over a median follow-up of
      12 months (range, 3-30), 22 patients (85%) are alive and disease-free, of whom 16
      (62%) have survived more than 1 yr. Bulky disease or gastrointestinal tract (GIT)
      involvement did not influence the CR rate. Our results compared favorably with
      radiation therapy for stage II NHL; however, a larger controlled and randomized
      study is warranted.

PMID- 2422040
TI  - Antigen presentation by human monocytes: effects of modifying major
      histocompatibility complex class II antigen expression and interleukin 1
      production by using recombinant interferons and corticosteroids.
AB  - Lymphocyte proliferation in response to monocytes pulsed with an antigenic
      extract of Candida albicans was measured in vitro and the effects of modifying
      major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen expression at the surface
      of the antigen-presenting cells was investigated. The study shows that no simple
      correlation exists between changes in MHC class II antigen expression and changes
      in the effectiveness of antigen presentation. Recombinant interferon-alpha 1
      (rIFN-alpha 1), rIFN-gamma and hydrocortisone were found to increase the
      expression of monocyte class II MHC antigens. In contrast, rIFN-alpha 2 did not
      increase class II antigen expression although it did increase MHC class I
      expression. Treatment of monocytes with rIFN-alpha 1, rIFN-alpha 2 or
      corticosteroids during antigen pulsing resulted in a reduction in the subsequent
      proliferative lymphocyte response. In all cases this inhibitory effect was
      restricted to antigen-specific proliferative responses since the polyclonal
      lymphocyte response to pokeweed mitogen-pulsed monocytes remained unaffected.
      Only rIFN-gamma treatment of antigen-pulsed monocytes resulted in enhancement of
      the subsequent specific lymphocyte proliferative response. The suppressive
      effects of hydrocortisone could not be attributed to its well documented
      inhibitory effects on arachidonic acid metabolism. The effect of C. albicans
      antigen, IFN and corticosteroids on interleukin 1 (IL 1) production by monocytes
      was also investigated. C. albicans antigen alone induced IL 1 production. So too
      did IFN-alpha 1 and IFN-gamma. IFN-alpha 2 did not induce IL 1 production.
      Addition of interferons together with C. albicans, however, resulted in the same
      level of IL 1 productions as with C. albicans antigen alone. Neither antigen nor
      IFN had any effect on IL 1 action in the thymocyte assay. Corticosteroids did not
      affect IL 1 production by monocytes but were potent antagonists of IL 1 in the
      thymocyte proliferation assay. Mitogen-induced thymocyte proliferation was also
      inhibited by corticosteroids. Pretreatment of monocytes with hydrocortisone
      followed by washing did not markedly affect their subsequent ability to produce
      IL 1 neither was it possible to reverse the inhibitory effects of hydrocortisone
      on antigen presentation by addition of exogenous IL 1. Thus, signals which alter
      class II MHC antigen expression influence the antigen-presenting capacity of
      monocytes by a mechanism independent of IL 1. No simple correlation exists
      between class II expression and antigen-presenting capacity.

PMID- 2422041
TI  - Selective elimination through a cytolytic mechanism of bovine serum albumin
      specific T helper lymphocytes by T suppressor cells with the same antigen
      specificity.
AB  - An antigen-specific T suppressor cell clone isolated from a CBA/J mouse tolerized
      to low doses of bovine serum albumin (BSA) has previously been analyzed with
      regard to its effector functions. The T suppressor cell clone HF1 specifically
      inhibits T helper cell responses to the antigen. It also has characteristic
      cytolytic activity which can neither be classified as cytotoxic T cell nor as
      natural killer cell activity. Since this lytic capacity might be of relevance in
      immunoregulation, it has now been studied in more detail. For that purpose BSA
      specific T cell lines have been isolated from immune CBA/J mice in order to test
      them in 51Cr-release assays as possible targets for HF1 T suppressor cells. Two T
      cell lines, both BSA specific and restricted to recognition of I-Ek major
      histocompatibility complex determinants, have been selected for the studies
      because one is a helper cell (83/1), the other a suppressor cell type (83/2). HF1
      T cells are able to lyse cells of line 83/1 but not those of line 83/2. Control
      experiments show that 83/1 cells are not a natural killer cell target and that on
      the other hand 83/2 cells are susceptible to lysis in an alloreactive BALB/c anti
      CBA/J cytotoxic T cell response. The extent of lysis of 83/1 T cells by HF1 T
      cells changes with time after antigenic stimulation. The lysis is based on direct
      effector: target cell interaction and not caused by soluble mediators. The data
      are discussed with regard to the effector function of a type of T suppressor
      cells which expresses I-A and I-E molecules and whose proliferation is restricted
      to the recognition of I-A or I-E determinants.

PMID- 2422042
TI  - Effects of pyocyanine, a blue pigment from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, on separate
      steps of T cell activation: interleukin 2 (IL 2) production, IL 2 receptor
      formation, proliferation and induction of cytolytic activity.
AB  - Pyocyanine was isolated by chloroform extraction of cultures of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, and purified by thin layer chromatography. The effects of pyocyanine
      on the various stages of T cell activation were studied with concanavalin A
      stimulated CBA/J mouse splenocytes. At 12.5 microM concentration pyocyanine
      totally inhibited Con A-dependent proliferation and development of cytotoxic
      effector cells. Protein and RNA synthesis was only 50% inhibited at this
      concentration. Inhibitory doses of pyocyanine were nontoxic, in that cell
      viability was maintained, and the inhibitory effects were reversible after
      removal of the drug. Pyocyanine did not interfere with interleukin 2 synthesis,
      nor did it affect the lytic stage of cytotoxic effector T cells. However, T
      blasts generated by Con A in the presence of pyocyanine did not grow in response
      to IL2 even in the absence of pyocyanine, and IL2 receptors, detected by indirect
      immunofluorescence with the receptor-specific monoclonal antibody AMT-13, were
      diminished in pyocyanine-treated cells. Pyocyanine also inhibited IL2-dependent
      proliferation of T blasts with fully developed IL2 receptors. The substance thus
      interferes with several discrete stages of T cell activation.

PMID- 2422043
TI  - Epithelial cell heterogeneity in the guinea pig thymus: immunohistochemical
      characterization of four thymic epithelial subsets defined by monoclonal anti
      keratin antibodies.
AB  - Keratins are a family of related polypeptides constitutive of the cytoskeleton of
      epithelial cells and are never found in nonepithelial tissues. Thymic epithelial
      cells (TEC), known to induce T cell differentiation, are the keratin-containing
      cells within the thymus. Using four monoclonal anti-keratin antibodies (KL1, KL4,
      AE2, AE3) directed against keratins of different molecular weight, we have
      investigated the guinea pig thymic epithelium. The immunohistochemical analysis
      of thymic cryostatic sections revealed that the keratin expression of TEC varied
      according to their location in the thymic lobula; the thymic cortex was
      specifically stained by AE3 whereas the thymic medulla and the subcapsular cortex
      were recognized by KL4. In addition, KL1 and AE2 exclusively labeled Hassall's
      corpuscles. The biochemical analysis of keratins extracted from the thymus showed
      that each TEC subset was characterized by an unique pattern of keratin
      polypeptides. This study extends the concept of thymic epithelium heterogeneity
      and suggests that anti-keratin antibodies which allow the typing of TEC subsets
      may be valuable tools for studying the differentiation of thymic epithelium and
      its in vitro function on T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2422044
TI  - Interleukin 2 receptors are released by cells in vitro and in vivo. I. Detection
      of soluble IL 2 receptors in cell culture supernatants and in the serum of mice
      by an immunoradiometric assay.
AB  - An immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) detecting nanogram amounts of soluble mouse
      interleukin 2 receptors (IL 2R) is described. The IRMA is based on the finding
      that the two monoclonal antibodies AMT-13 and 7D4 react with two different
      epitopes of the mouse IL 2R molecule. As detected by IRMA, T lymphoblasts and IL
      2R+ leukemic cells when incubated release IL 2R in soluble form into the culture
      medium. In the serum of mice inoculated with syngeneic IL 2R+ leukemic cells,
      growing as a solid tumor, IL 2R were detectable. The results raise the question
      whether circulating IL 2R are involved in down-regulation of immune responses.

PMID- 2422045
TI  - Isotype restriction of idiotopes associated with human anti-streptococcal A
      carbohydrate antibodies.
AB  - Sharing of idiotopes between IgG and IgM antibodies has been described with
      antibodies of various specificities in the literature. However, this does not
      seem to be the rule for human IgG and IgM antibodies with specificity to
      streptococcal A carbohydrate. Six idiotopes were described which are associated
      either with IgM or with IgG antibodies to one of the two major epitopes of
      streptococcal A carbohydrate: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or alpha(1,2), alpha(1,3)
      linked rhamnose oligomers. Some of the idiotopes are widely cross-reactive with
      antibodies of the corresponding specificity in other individuals. They were
      constantly found to be restricted to either IgM or IgG in all individuals tested
      so far. We discuss several alternatives to explain this finding and conclude that
      switching from IgM to IgG is either a very rare event in human B cells of this
      specificity, or leads to loss and gain of idiotopes and/or specificity due to
      frequent somatic mutations. The phenomenon of idiotope restriction to certain
      isotypes might be important if anti-idiotopic monoclonal antibodies are
      considered for use in therapeutical approaches aimed at the manipulation of
      antibody production.

PMID- 2422046
TI  - Is the antibody response specific?
AB  - Introduction of heterologous immunoglobulin (Ig) or red blood cells into mice
      results in an increased production of Ig and immunogen-reactive antibody. Since
      the increase in both total Ig and specific antibody is similar, it is concluded
      that the antibody response is specific. This result, which contrasts with those
      of previous studies in which the production of large amounts of nonspecific Ig
      was reported, suggests that in vivo T-dependent B cell activation and
      differentiation to plasma cells requires the presence of immunogen and linked
      recognition.

PMID- 2422047
TI  - The effects of desipramine, zimelidine, electroconvulsive treatment and lithium
      on rat brain biogenic amines: a comparison with peripheral changes.
AB  - The effects of 4 common treatments for affective disorders on total body
      norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) turnover and metabolism were evaluated in
      rats. The treatments were chronic desipramine (DMI), zimelidine (ZMI),
      electroconvulsion (ECT) and lithium (Li). The central effects of ECT and Li were
      also assessed in the brain. The results obtained were compared with the effects
      of these 4 treatments on total NE (Sum NE) and DA (Sum DA) turnover in depressed
      patients. We have also evaluated central and/or peripheral effects of these
      treatments on phenylethylamine, p-tyramine and serotonin metabolism. The urinary
      changes in Sum NE and DA observed after DMI, ZMI and Li in the rat were similar
      to those found in depressed patients; Sum NE was significantly reduced. In
      contrast to its effects on depressed patients, chronic ECT significantly
      increased Sum NE. Similar to depressed patients, ECT reduced the fraction of NE
      escaping re-uptake in the rat. Sum DA was not affected by DMI, ZMI or ECT, but
      was significantly reduced by chronic Li treatment. All 4 treatments significantly
      reduced serotonin metabolism as indicated by reduced 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      excretion rates. DMI, ZMI and Li treatments significantly reduced
      phenylethylamine urinary but not p-tyramine urinary outputs. The opposite effect
      was observed after ECT. Consistent with their effects on Sum NE, Li reduced while
      ECT increased hypothalamic NE turnover as deduced from the changes in 3-methoxy-4
      hydroxyphenylglycol's rate of formation. As for Sum DA, Li had no effect on 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid or homovanillic acid's rates of formation in the
      caudate nucleus. Chronic ECT produced a small, but significant increase in
      homovanillic acid's rate of formation in the caudate nucleus.

PMID- 2422048
TI  - The effect of hypoxia on the number of amine-containing cells in the lung of the
      adult rat.
AB  - Adult rats of Wistar and Sprague Dawley strains were exposed to a 21-day period
      of hypoxia (10% O2). At the end of this period, the hypoxic animals and paired
      controls were anaesthetised, dissected and tissues were taken for light
      microscopy. All the hypoxic animals had an increased haematocrit, right ventricle
      weight and carotid body size when compared with controls. The Grimelius method
      was used to demonstrate argyrophil structures in the lung. This method stained
      the amine-containing cells of the epithelium, mast cells and nerves. Mast cells
      associated with the pulmonary vasculature were increased in number in the hypoxic
      animals. Single epithelial argyrophil cells were more frequent than those in
      groups. In control animals the groups of cells only rarely contained more than 5
      cells. In the Wistar strain there was no significant difference in the number of
      argyrophil cells between the control animals and those exposed to chronic
      hypoxia. However, in the Sprague Dawley rats, the numbers of cells, both single
      and in groups, were significantly increased following 3 weeks chronic hypoxia.
      The cell groups were also larger in the hypoxic animals, with up to 12 cells per
      section.

PMID- 2422049
TI  - Capsaicin stimulates mucociliary activity by releasing substance P and
      acetylcholine.
AB  - Intraarterial injection of the neuropeptide substance P (SP) accelerates
      mucociliary (MC) activity. The physiological significance of this finding was
      investigated using capsaicin, which is known to release SP from unmyelinated C
      fibers in sensory nerves. Capsaicin (3.0-150.0 micrograms/kg) stimulated MC
      activity in the rabbit maxillary sinus in vivo, recorded with a photoelectric
      technique. This effect was resistant to pretreatment with the adrenergic blocker
      guanethidine, and to a combination of propranolol and phentolamine. Pretreatment
      with an SP antagonist (D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9)SP totally inhibited the effect of
      capsaicin. The muscarinic antagonist atropine suppressed the initial phase of the
      response to capsaicin, whereas the response was uniformly suppressed by the
      ganglionic blocker hexamethonium. These results suggest that capsaicin activates
      a reflex, via afferent C-fibers containing SP and efferent parasympathetic
      cholinergic neurons. The final response of the MC system reflects the local
      release of both SP and acetylcholine.

PMID- 2422050
TI  - Increased serum levels of alpha-2-macroglobulin in severe chronic airflow
      obstruction.
AB  - Serum levels of alpha-2-macroglobulin, the major proteinase inhibitor besides
      alpha-1-antitrypsin, were investigated in 20 patients with severe Chronic Airflow
      Obstruction (CAO), as compared to 20 age- and sex-matched controls. Alpha-2
      macroglobulin was assessed by rocket immuno-electrophoresis, and alpha-1
      antitrypsin by a laser-nephelometric method. All patients had spirometric values
      determined, including diffusing capacity. The reversibility test for isoprenalin
      was performed. Alpha-2-macroglobulin levels were found to be significantly
      elevated in patients with CAO, even when two patients with alpha-1-antitrypsin
      deficiency were omitted from the statistical evaluation. Except for these two
      patients, there was no difference in alpha-1-antitrypsin level between the
      patients and the control group. It is concluded that elevated levels of alpha-2
      macroglobulin are associated with the development of severe CAO and emphysematous
      lesions, also in the absence of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.

PMID- 2422051
TI  - Normal and abnormal aspects of proteinuria. Part I: Mechanisms, characteristics
      and analyses of urinary protein. Part II: Clinical considerations.
AB  - Part I highlights the mechanisms of glomerular filtration and tubular
      reabsorption of plasma proteins, selected characteristics of urinary proteins
      based upon electrophoretic properties and recent advances in clinical laboratory
      analysis of proteinuria. Both structural characteristic of the glomerular
      capillary wall and molecular properties of plasma proteins are important
      determinants of glomerular filtration. Proteins filtered by the glomerulus
      subsequently appear in urine only after escaping the efficient mechanisms of
      tubular reabsorption. Albumin is one such protein and constitutes the major
      protein in normal urine although trace amounts of alpha, beta, and gamma
      globulins are also detectable. Several techniques of protein analysis have thus
      been developed to specifically measure albumin as well as other plasma proteins.
      Other methods have been adapted to measure total urinary protein content enabling
      the clinician to readily monitor renal function in health and disease. The second
      part of this review will consider conditions associated with proteinuria in both
      asymptomatic individuals and patients with renal disease. Asymptomatic
      proteinuria encompasses states of excess protein excretion during conditions of
      orthostasis, exercise, travel to high altitude of fever. Proteinuria during renal
      disease has received considerable interest as a means to monitor kidney function.
      It is therefore classified according to the type of damage incurred: (1)
      glomerular-type where large molecular weight proteins are excreted (2) tubular
      type where small molecular weight proteins are excreted and (3) mixed-type
      characterized by both large and small molecular weight proteinuria.

PMID- 2422052
TI  - Experimental leptospirosis (L. interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae) of the
      guinea pig: leptospiral antigen, gamma globulin and complement C3 detection in
      the kidney.
AB  - Morphofunctional and immunofluorescent studies were done in guinea pigs
      experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae
      to determine the role of leptospiral antigen, gamma-globulin, and complement C3
      deposits in the pathogenesis of the renal lesions. A sharp increase in
      leptospiral antigen deposits was observed in the late phase of the experimental
      infection. Immunoglobulin and complement C3 were small compared with the heavy
      leptospiral antigen deposits. Moreover, leptospiral antigen was observed mainly
      in the interstitium whereas immunoglobulin and complement C3 deposits were seen
      in glomeruli and small blood vessel walls. In our experimental model bacterial
      migration and local liberation of factors causing virulence seems more likely to
      determine the renal damage.

PMID- 2422053
TI  - The pyruvate branchpoint in the anaerobic energy metabolism of the jumping cockle
      Cardium tuberculatum L.: D-lactate formation during environmental anaerobiosis
      versus octopine formation during exercise.
AB  - The cockle Cardium tuberculatum responds with a typical escape movement (jumping
      by foot contractions) when touched by a starfish. In addition, this species can
      survive anoxic conditions for up to 20 h at 22 degrees C. The maximum activities
      of various enzymes involved in energy metabolism were determined in foot,
      adductor muscle and gills. Three enzymes with pyruvate reductase activity
      (lactate-, octopine-, alanopine/strombine dehydrogenase) can possibly serve as
      the terminal step of anaerobic glycolysis. On the whole the activities of enzymes
      involved in aerobic metabolism are low. In whole specimens of C. tuberculatum the
      metabolic response to anoxic incubation, exercise and exercise following anoxia
      were investigated. During 15 h of incubation in oxygen-free sea water no
      significant change in the energy charge is observed. The levels of arginine
      phosphate fall to 50% of the value in resting animals with a concomitant increase
      in arginine concentration, but virtually no formation of octopine occurs. D
      lactate and alanine are the main end products of anaerobic glycolysis and
      accumulate to a similar extent during anoxic incubation. While D-lactate levels
      increase linearly with time, L-alanine exhibits a 2-h delay before concentrations
      begin to rise. There is little formation of succinate and no formation of
      propionate and acetate. Despite the remarkably high activities of the enzymes
      alanopine and strombine dehydrogenase only negligible amounts of alanopine are
      found after anoxia and no production of strombine occurs. Exercise results in a
      depletion of the arginine-phosphate stores, liberation of arginine and formation
      of octopine. In whole animals as well as in foot muscle these changes are closely
      correlated to the number of jumps performed. No accumulation of D-lactate,
      alanine and succinate was detected. Exercise after an anoxic preincubation period
      of 6 h results in a further depletion of the already diminished arginine
      phosphate stores and formation of octopine as the only end product. During anoxia
      the contribution of glycolysis to the required energy is enhanced from 44% (after
      2 h) to 86% (after 15 h). During exercise glycolysis contributes 36% of the
      energy demand but only 16% during exercise after anaerobic preincubation. Thus
      the direction taken at the pyruvate branchpoint can be predicted on the basis of
      the glycolytic flux. Octopine formation only occurs when the glycolytic flux is
      enhanced (during exercise at least 40-fold). At low glycolytic flux (60%
      reduction during anoxia) pyruvate is channelled to form D-lactate and alanine.

PMID- 2422054
TI  - Intimal thickening and the distribution of vasomotor nerves in the mechanically
      injured dog coronary artery.
AB  - Intimal injury and atherosclerotic change seem to be causative factors linked to
      spasm of the coronary artery. Intimal thickening was produced by mechanical
      injury to the endothelium of the canine coronary artery and we investigated the
      distribution of adrenergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic nerves in the coronary
      arteries. Although adrenergic and cholinergic nerves were not altered in density,
      neuron specific enolase positive nerve fibers were increased in number in dogs
      killed 1 and 3 months after injury. Substance P-containing fibers were also
      increased at 3 months after the induced injury.

PMID- 2422055
TI  - The membrane-anchoring systems of vertebrate acetylcholinesterase and variant
      surface glycoproteins of African trypanosomes share a common antigenic
      determinant.
AB  - Amphiphilic detergent-soluble acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from Torpedo is
      converted to a hydrophilic form by digestion with phospholipase C from
      Trypanosoma brucei or from Bacillus cereus. This lipase digestion uncovers an
      immunological determinant which crossreacts with a complex carbohydrate structure
      present in the hydrophilic form of all variant surface glycoproteins (VSG) of T.
      brucei. This crossreacting determinant is also detected in human erythrocyte AChE
      after digestion with T. brucei lipase. From these results we conclude that the
      glycophospholipid anchors of protozoan VSG and of AChE of the two vertebrates
      share common structural features, suggesting that this novel type of membrane
      anchor has been conserved during evolution.

PMID- 2422056
TI  - Homology with hemopexin suggests a possible scavenging function for S
      protein/vitronectin.
AB  - S-protein is an abundant plasma protein which has recently been shown to be
      identical to vitronectin and serum spreading factor [(1985) EMBO J. 4, 3153
      3157]. It therefore has multiple binding sites for terminal complement complexes,
      thrombin-antithrombin III, heparin, and a specific cell receptor. In this report
      a structural and sequence homology with hemopexin is described which suggests
      that the principle function of S-protein could be as a scavenging molecule,
      clearing spent complement and coagulation complexes from the circulation.

PMID- 2422057
TI  - Interaction of a macromolecular polyanion, dextran sulfate, with human
      hemoglobin.
AB  - Interactions of dextran sulfate with amino groups of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin
      were followed by both potentiometric measurements between pH 6 and 7.3 and oxygen
      binding studies. The uptake of protons observed upon addition of dextran sulfate
      to hemoglobin shows that the interaction with the deoxy form is strong and that
      the main site is probably located in the phosphate-binding beta-cavity, whereas
      the interaction with the oxy form is more diffuse, probably with a great number
      of relatively weak binding sites. The influence of dextran sulfate on the oxygen
      dissociation curve of hemoglobin confirms these findings, as the effect of the
      polymer is to lower hemoglobin affinity for oxygen to a great extent, which
      proves that it stabilizes the deoxy form more strongly than the oxy one.

PMID- 2422058
TI  - Scyliorhinin I and II: two novel tachykinins from dogfish gut.
AB  - Two peptides with tachykinin-like ability to contract longitudinal muscle from
      the guinea pig ileum were isolated from the intestine of the common dogfish,
      Scyliorhinus caniculus. The amino acid sequence of scyliorhinin I was established
      as Ala-Lys-Phe-Asp-Lys-Phe-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 and this peptide cross-reacted
      with antisera directed against the C-terminal region fo substance P. The amino
      acid sequence of scyliorhinin II was established as Ser-Pro-Ser-Asn-Ser-Lys-Cys
      Pro-Asp-Gly-Pro-Asp-Cys-Phe-Val-Gly-Leu-Met- NH2 and this peptide cross-reacted
      with antisera directed against the C-terminal region of neurokinin A. The
      mammalian peptides substance P and neurokinin A were absent from the dogfish
      intestinal tissue.

PMID- 2422059
TI  - Synthesis of cell-impermeable inhibitor of phospholipase A2.
AB  - Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in the cell surface membrane is considered a regulator of
      cellular secretion. The distinction between the role of the cell surface and the
      intracellular PLA2 is not clear, since it has not been possible to differentiate
      unequivocally the activity of the enzymes in the various organelles. The use of
      an extracellular inhibitor of PLA2 can greatly contribute to the understanding of
      cell surface PLA2 function. In this paper, the preparation of a cell-impermeable
      inhibitor of PLA2 is presented. This substance incorporates into lipid membranes
      and is capable of blocking the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids by snake
      venom as well as by cell membrane PLA2.

PMID- 2422060
TI  - Modulation of K+ conductance by intracellular pH in pancreatic beta-cells.
AB  - Measurements of the effects of NH3/NH4+ on glucose-induced electrical activity in
      beta-cells from microdissected mouse islets of Langerhans and on intracellular pH
      in single collagenase-isolated islets pre-loaded with a fluorescent pH probe were
      performed and are reported here. Application of NH3/NH4+ (15 mM) in the presence
      of glucose (11 mM) promptly hyperpolarized the beta-cell membrane, reduced input
      resistance by 60% and blocked electrical activity. These changes were paralleled
      by an increase in islet fluorescence indicative of a cytosolic pH increase.
      Removal of NH4Cl initially stimulated electrical activity, which returned to
      resting level with a time constant of 51 s. Concomitant with the removal of NH4Cl
      there was a drop in pHi followed by a slow return to resting level with a time
      constant of 83 s. The results suggest that the [Ca2+]-dependent K+ channel in the
      beta-cell membrane is activated by a rise in cytosolic pH.

PMID- 2422061
TI  - Enhancement in anti-Semliki Forest virus activity of ds RNA by a muramyl
      dipeptide.
AB  - Antiviral activity of an interferon-inducing mycoviral ds RNA against Semliki
      Forest virus infection was considerably enhanced by N-palmitoylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D
      isoglutamine (PMDP), a new muramyl dipeptide. This enhancement in activity was
      not due to increased production of interferon, but resulted probably from a PMDP
      induced increase in nonspecific resistance to infection. These results indicate
      that a combined treatment with an interferon inducer and muramyl dipeptide may
      prove highly useful to control effectively viral infections.

PMID- 2422062
TI  - Immunohistochemical identification of prolactin and 24K protein in secretory
      endometrium.
AB  - Inadequate endometrial differentiation is a cause of infertility and recurrent
      pregnancy loss. Diagnostic histologic dating criteria may be supplemented by the
      immunohistochemical identification of protein markers in late secretory
      endometrium. Late secretory endometrium has been shown to contain prolactin. The
      authors report the immunohistochemical localization of prolactin and 24K protein
      in late secretory endometrium using monoclonal antisera and the dinitrophenyl
      hapten sandwich-staining technique. The appearance of these proteins in
      decidualized stromal cells of late secretory endometrium may provide a more
      specific indicator of endometrial development and differentiation, if their late
      appearance or absence can be correlated with pregnancy wastage.

PMID- 2422063
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against human leucocyte antigens. I. Antibodies against
      beta-2-microglobulin, immunoglobulin kappa light chains, HLA-DR-like antigens, T8
      antigen, T1 antigen, a monocyte antigen, and a pan-leucocyte antigen.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies against several human leucocyte cell surface antigens were
      prepared and characterized: B2M-02, a non-cytotoxic antibody against beta-2
      microglobulin; MEM-09 and MEM-40, against immunoglobulin kappa-type light chains;
      MEM-12, MEM-24G and MEM-32B, all against a monomorphic determinant in MHC class
      II antigens, presumably HLA-DR, dependent on the association of alpha and beta
      chains; MEM-15 and MEM-18, against a monocyte antigen of 55 kDa; MEM-28, against
      a 200 kDa antigen expressed on all leucocytes; MEM-31, against the T8 antigen of
      the cytotoxic/suppressor T-lymphocyte subpopulation; MEM-32, against the T1
      antigen of T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2422064
TI  - Effects of actinomycin D on mouse thymus in vivo chromatin degradation to
      nucleosomes and inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis.
AB  - The administration of actinomycin D in toxic doses (4 mg/kg i.p.) to mice induces
      a progressive degradation of thymus chromatin. The course of this damage is
      slower than the radiation-induced chromatin degradation; it starts at 6-8h and
      culminates at 24 h after actinomycin D injection, when already most of the
      treated mice are dying. The inhibition of the [2-14C] orotic acid incorporation
      into rapidly labelled RNA by actinomycin D is substantially less expressed in the
      thymus than in the liver. The course of chromatin degradation correlates with the
      onset of the inhibition of protein synthesis in the thymuses of actinomycin D
      treated mice. This demonstrates that, starting from the 6th h after actinomycin D
      administration, irreversible changes appear in the thymocytes that lead to
      chromatin degradation and cellular death. Contrary to the action of
      cycloheximide, the treatment with actinomycin D aggravates the chromatin
      degradation induced by irradiation. A comparative electrophoretic analysis of the
      DNA fragments (in native state and denatured) isolated from thymus chromatin of
      mice treated with actinomycin D (and/or irradiated) demonstrated that the
      chromatin DNA is degraded only in the internucleosomal segments yielding DNA
      fragments of nucleosomal size. Similarly to the effect of other agents leading to
      chromatin damage in vivo, the actinomycin D-induced degradation does not affect
      the DNA in the nucleosomal segments of chromatin.

PMID- 2422065
TI  - [Biological effect of interferons and their possible therapeutic use].

PMID- 2422066
TI  - [A simple procedure for the isolation, separation and culture of human
      keratinocytes].

PMID- 2422067
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma with hypercalcemia and leukocytosis.
AB  - Squamous cell carcinoma with hypercalcemia and leukocytosis arising from burn
      scars in a 45-year-old man is reported. Hypercalcemia and leukocytosis improved
      with pepleomycin treatment and worsened with recurrence of the tumor. Serum
      levels of parathyroid hormone, prostaglandin E and 25-OH-Vitamin D were within
      normal limits. Autopsy did not disclose any bone metastases or abnormalities of
      the parathyroid glands. It is suggested that hypercalcemia and leukocytosis were
      due to factors produced by the squamous cell carcinoma. This is the fifth
      reported case of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma associated with hypercalcemia
      in the absence of bone metastasis or parathyroid gland abnormalities.

PMID- 2422068
TI  - Regional specificity in estradiol effects on [3H]uridine incorporation in rat
      brain.
AB  - In this study, the effects of 15 days of estradiol (E2) on tritiated-uridine
      incorporation were autoradiographically examined, on a cell-by-cell basis, in 4
      E2-concentrating regions of the female rat brain. These areas included the
      ventromedial hypothalamus and medial amygdala nucleus, 2 regions involved in the
      behavioral components of reproduction, and the medial preoptic area and arcuate
      nucleus of the hypothalamus, 2 regions involved in the endocrine components of
      reproduction. Chronic E2 caused a 50% and 52% increase in tritiated-uridine
      incorporation in the arcuate nucleus and medial preoptic area, but was without
      effect in the ventromedial hypothalamus and medial amygdala nucleus. Somal area
      was also increased with E2 in the arcuate nucleus and medial preoptic area (16%
      and 43%, respectively) but not in the ventromedial hypothalamus and medial
      amygdala nucleus. The results indicate that the effects of estradiol on levels of
      newly synthesized RNA vary in a functionally and regionally specific manner
      within the brain.

PMID- 2422069
TI  - Nucleologenesis in the human embryo developing in vitro: ultrastructural and
      autoradiographic analysis.
AB  - Nucleolar development during cleavage of human embryos in vitro was analyzed
      using combined autoradiographic and ultrastructural approaches. Human 2- to 4
      cell embryos lack functionally active nucleoli. They possess nucleolus-like
      bodies formed by a homogeneous mass composed of densely packed fine fibrils. The
      nucleolus-like bodies contain no recently replicated embryonic DNA and do not
      show any detectable RNA synthesis. Their transformation into nucleoli is a
      relatively rapid process characterized by progressive infiltration of these
      bodies by adjacent chromatin, followed by the beginning of RNA synthesis and
      processing reflected by the appearance of the first nucleolar granules. These
      changes take place in 6- to 8-cell embryos, probably starting after the third
      cleavage division. Finally, most frequently in 10- to 12-cell embryos, typical
      nucleolar structure is established as a result of intranucleolar differentiation
      giving rise to distinct fibrillar and granular components as well as to nucleolar
      interstices. It is suggested that this pattern of nucleologenesis, different from
      that pertinent to mouse embryos (M. Geuskens and H. Alexandre (1984). Cell
      Differ. 14, 125-134), might be related to the relatively late activation of
      embryonic rRNA genes transcription and to the expressed rapidity of this process.

PMID- 2422070
TI  - Myosin heavy chain expression in embryonic cardiac cell cultures.
AB  - Chick embryonic heart cell isolates and monolayer cultures were prepared from
      atria and ventricles at selected stages of cardiac development. The cardiac
      myocytes were assayed for myosin heavy chain (MHC) content using monoclonal
      antibodies (McAbs) specific in the heart for atrial (B-1), ventricular (ALD-19),
      or conductive system (ALD-58) isoforms. Using immunofluorescence microscopy or
      radioimmunoassay, MHC accumulation was measured before plating and at 48 hr or 7
      days in culture. Reproducible changes in MHC antigenicity were observed by 7 days
      in both atrial and ventricular cultures. The changes were stage dependent and
      tissue specific but generally resulted in a decreased reactivity with the tissue
      specific MHC McAbs. In addition, the isoform recognized by ALD-58, characteristic
      of the conductive system cells in vivo, was never present in cultured myocytes.
      These results indicate that MHC isoforms produced in vivo may be replaced in
      monolayer cultures by an isoform(s) not recognized by our tissue specific MHC
      McAbs. This suggests that the intrinsic program of cardiac myogenesis, within
      cardiac myocytes, may not be sufficient to establish and maintain differential
      expression of tissue specific MHC in monolayer cell culture.

PMID- 2422071
TI  - Calcium deficiency induces expression of cartilage-like phenotype in chick
      embryonic calvaria.
AB  - A detailed histological study of the chick embryonic calvarium was carried out to
      characterize the effect of calcium deficiency on cell differentiation during
      embryonic bone formation. Calcium deficiency on cell differentiation during
      embryonic bone formation. Calcium deficient chick embryos, produced by means of
      long-term shell-less (SL) culture, developed skeletal anomalies. In addition to
      reduced mineralization as detected by alizarin staining, significant changes were
      also observed in the extracellular matrix of the embryonic bones. First, the
      undermineralized matrix of the calvaria of SL embryos appeared to be more acidic
      as shown by more intense hematoxylin staining of the trabecular regions compared
      to controls. Secondly, the presence of sulfated proteoglycans was suggested by
      specific Alcian blue staining of the calvaria of Day 14 SL embryos. In addition,
      indirect fluorescence immunohistochemistry confirmed the developmental appearance
      of type II collagen in calcium-deficient calvaria, and localized it to
      undermineralized regions of the bone. These observations demonstrate the
      emergence of a chondrogenic phenotype in a typically osteogenic tissue during,
      and perhaps in response to, severe systemic calcium deficiency in the developing
      chick embryo.

PMID- 2422072
TI  - Acetylcholine receptor clusters are associated with nuclei in rat myotubes.
AB  - Clustered and diffuse acetylcholine receptors are present in cultured myotubes.
      These clustered AChRs represent regions of myotube membrane containing high
      receptor density. We have studied the distribution of the AChR clusters and
      nuclei to determine whether there is an association in the distribution of nuclei
      beneath AChR clusters. AChR clusters were visualized with alpha-bungarotoxin
      conjugated to tetramethylrhodamine (alpha BTX-TMR) and the nuclei were stained
      with bisbenzimide which binds specifically to DNA. This double label procedure,
      and the computerized analysis of the data allowed us to determine the
      distribution of nuclei and AChR clusters in the same myotube. During early stages
      of myotube development the nuclei formed aggregates which were comprised of 4 to
      10 nuclei in close apposition to one another. This association of AChR clusters
      with nuclear aggregates was greatest at Day 4 after plating. As the number of
      nuclear aggregates associated with clusters decreased the number of nuclei in the
      aggregates also decreased and the AChR clusters decreased in size as well as
      number. At all time points examined, the concentration of myotube nuclei in the
      cells was 3 to 12 times higher beneath areas of AChR clusters than away from
      clusters. Our computerized analysis shows that there is an association of the
      AChR clusters with the nuclear region during myotube development.

PMID- 2422073
TI  - Identification and redistribution of lamins during nuclear differentiation in
      mouse spermatogenesis.
AB  - Chromatin may be attached to the nuclear envelope through interaction of the
      nuclear membrane lamins A, B, and C. Such a hypothesis requires that these
      proteins are present in all cells with chromatin attachment to the nuclear
      envelope. We have investigated the distribution of the lamins during
      spermatogenesis in mouse, which exhibits extremes in nuclear envelope structural
      changes. By immunohistochemical techniques using human auto-antibodies and
      monoclonal antibodies against these molecules, we found that the lamins persist
      through all stages of spermatogenesis, though in highly variable amounts. They
      are also present during meiotic prophase (pachytene) when chromosomes are only
      locally attached to the nuclear envelope, analogous to the early prophase of
      somatic cells. Restructuring of the early spermatid nuclear envelope is
      accompanied by the appearance of a new lamin at the acrosomal fossa. In the
      epididymal spermatozoon the distribution of different lamins varies markedly over
      the nucleus suggesting special structural functions. The presence of lamins
      throughout spermatogenesis supports the concept that they are a general feature
      of the nuclear envelope structure, even where a lamina is not recognizable
      ultrastructurally.

PMID- 2422074
TI  - Synthesis of plasma proteins in fetal, adult, and neoplastic human brain tissue.
AB  - The synthesis of plasma proteins directed by mRNA from human brain tissues was
      studied by combining in vitro or in ovo translation of mRNAs with crossed
      immunoelectrophoresis of the mRNA-directed labeled polypeptides, followed by
      autoradiography of the washed plates. Poly(A)-containing mRNA was prepared from
      different developmental stages of fetal and postnatal human brain and also from
      primary glioblastomas and meningiomas. Several plasma protein-like polypeptides
      were identified in the autoradiographs by their migration coordinates in the two
      dimensional gels, compared with immunoprecipitates formed by mature, unlabeled,
      stainable proteins. These included polypeptides migrating like Gc globulin,
      haptoglobin, fibrinogen, alpha-fetoprotein, transferrin, cholinesterase, and
      alpha 2-macroglobulin; other, yet unidentified plasma proteins, were also
      observed. In general, the synthesis of these plasma proteins appeared to be more
      pronounced in fetal and neoplastic brain tissues than in postnatal tissues.
      However, clear immunoprecipitates for some of these plasma proteins could also be
      detected in products directed by mRNA from particular regions of mature, normal
      brains, indicating that some synthesis of plasma proteins takes place in the
      human brain even as late as 40 years of age. mRNAs for several proteins were also
      identified in samples of neoplastic brain. mRNA for transferrin was identified in
      normal fetal and adult brain but not in either the glioblastomas or meningiomas
      studied. Microinjected Xenopus oocytes, in which post-translational processing
      occurs as well, were also used to translate fetal brain mRNA. Several plasma
      proteins could be detected in the translation products which were induced and
      stored in the oocytes. These included hemopexin, which could not be detected in
      the in vitro system. Others, such as cholinesterase, were found to be secreted by
      the oocytes. These findings indicate that different cell types in the human brain
      may produce and either store or secrete particular plasma proteins at defined
      stages in their development.

PMID- 2422075
TI  - Aspects of simplified methods for serodiagnostic use in field work.

PMID- 2422076
TI  - Preparation and standardization of antigens useful in the diagnosis of swine
      trichinellosis.

PMID- 2422077
TI  - Standardization of serological assays for parasitic diseases with schistosomiasis
      and toxocariasis as prototypes.
AB  - A standardized microtest plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was
      developed using the microsomal fraction of adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni
      (MAMA) as antigen. A standard reference serum pool was prepared and arbitrarily
      designated as having 100 activity units per microliter. The precision of the
      test, the suitability as a standard of the reference serum pool, and the J index
      as a method of determining the significant level of reactivity were evaluated.
      The predictability of the assay for patients with S. mansoni infections and for
      non-schistosomiasis patients was 95%. Preliminary studies with the truly
      quantitative microtest plate kinetic ELISA indicate that this assay is suitable
      for standardization for schistosomiasis and toxoplasmosis. The need for WHO
      International Reference Sera with designated International Units and for well
      defined batteries of sera for evaluating the specificity and sensitivity of
      assays was emphasized.

PMID- 2422078
TI  - Serodiagnosis of mansonian schistosomiasis with CEF6, a cationic antigen fraction
      of Schistosoma mansoni eggs.
AB  - Studies of the host-parasite relationship of Schistosoma mansoni in mice revealed
      that the parasite's eggs were toxic to liver cells of immunosuppressed hosts.
      Attempts to identify the toxic egg constituent led to the isolation of a fraction
      CEF6 from crude egg homogenate by cation exchange chromatography. CEF6 contains
      two cationic antigens, omega 1 and alpha 1, the former being recognized as the
      putative hepatotoxin. In an initial assessment of its serodiagnostic potential in
      enzyme immunoassay (ELISA), CEF6 yielded an enhanced degree of sensitivity and
      specificity when compared with crude egg homogenate, and a subsequent 'blind'
      inter-laboratory collaborative study confirmed that in certain circumstances the
      use of a purified fraction such as CEF6 may be advantageous. We here review the
      experimental work leading up to the isolation of CEF6, and summarize the results
      so far obtained from its use as a diagnostic aid in human schistosomiasis.

PMID- 2422079
TI  - Potential vaccine antigens of the asexual blood-stages of Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - We have constructed a cDNA clone library that contains many natural immunogens of
      the asexual blood-stages of Plasmodium falciparum. The corresponding parasite
      antigens have been identified with antisera raised against the antigens expressed
      in Escherichia coli or with monospecific human antibodies purified on adsorbents
      prepared from various clones. Sequencing studies on the clones have revealed that
      many malaria antigens contain extensive sequence repeats. These repeats encode
      antigenic epitopes that in several proteins have been shown to be immunodominant.
      One candidate vaccine molecule, the Ring-infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen
      (RESA), which is transferred from inside merozoites to the erythrocyte surface at
      about the time of merozoite invasion, contains two blocks of antigenically cross
      reactive repeats. The structures of other antigens containing extensive repeats
      are described and their possible significance to the host-parasite relationship
      is discussed.

PMID- 2422080
TI  - Plasmodium falciparum transmission blocking monoclonal antibodies recognize
      monovalently expressed epitopes.
AB  - Target proteins of transmission blocking monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) are
      present on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum macrogametes with Mr of 48,000
      and 45,000 and on the surface of developing ookinetes with Mr of 25,000. Other
      MoAbs directed against the same proteins were not able to reduce the number of
      oocysts in mosquitoes. A combination of a blocking MoAb with a non-blocking one
      potentiated the transmission blocking effect. This implies that at least two
      different epitopes are present on the target antigens. This was confirmed using a
      sandwich immunoradiometric assay. The results demonstrated that on the 48/45 kD
      proteins as well as on the 25 kD protein a "blocking" and a "non-blocking"
      epitope exist which are not repeated anywhere else in the molecule.

PMID- 2422081
TI  - Effects of nerve compression on fast axonal transport in streptozotocin-induced
      diabetes mellitus. An experimental study in the sciatic nerve of rats.
AB  - The hypothesis that nerves in diabetes mellitus exhibit an increased
      susceptibility to compression was experimentally tested. Inhibition of fast
      axonal transport was induced by local compression in sciatic nerves of rats with
      streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Fast anterograde axonal transport was
      measured after application of 3H-leucine to the motor neurone cell bodies in the
      spinal cord. The sciatic nerve was subjected to local, graded compression in vivo
      by a small compression chamber. The amount of accumulation of proteins was
      quantified by calculation of a transport block ratio. Compression at 30 mm Hg for
      3 h induced a significantly greater (p less than 0.05) accumulation of axonally
      transported proteins at the site of compression in nerves of diabetic animals
      (transport block ratio: 1.01 +/- 0.35; n = 7) than in nerves of controls (0.67 +/
      0.16; n = 7). Accumulation was significantly higher in ligature experiments of
      both control (1.34 +/- 0.44; n = 8; p less than 0.01) and diabetic animals (1.45
      +/- 0.30; n = 8; p less than 0.05), indicating that the block of transport in
      compressed nerves was incomplete. Neither sham compressed diabetic (0.50 +/-
      0.09; n = 6) nor control (0.49 +/- 0.11; n = 6) nerves showed any block of axonal
      transport. The possible causes of the increased inhibition of fast axonal
      transport in diabetic rats are discussed. The results indicate that diabetes may
      lead to an increased susceptibility of peripheral nerves to compression.

PMID- 2422082
TI  - Aprotinin on insulin absorption and subcutaneous blood flow.

PMID- 2422083
TI  - Cytokeratin expression in simple epithelia. I. Identification of mRNA coding for
      human cytokeratin no. 18 by a cDNA clone.
AB  - To study the regulation of the expression of cytokeratins characteristic of
      simple epithelia, i.e., human cytokeratins nos. 7, 8, 18, and 19, we prepared
      several cDNA clones coding for these proteins and their bovine counterparts. In
      the present study, we describe a cDNA clone of the mRNA coding for human
      cytokeratin no. 18, which was isolated from an expression library using the
      monoclonal antibody, KG 8.13. This clone (756 nucleotides, excluding the polyA
      portion), encodes approximately one-half of the mRNA (approximately 1.4 kb),
      identifies one mRNA band in Northern-hybridization blots, and specifically
      selects one mRNA species coding for cytokeratin no. 18, as demonstrated by
      translation in vitro. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence--confirmed by
      direct amino-acid-sequence analyses of some polypeptide fragments produced by
      cleavage with cyanogen bromide--indicated that cytokeratin no. 18 is a member of
      the acidic (type I) subfamily of cytokeratins. It has only limited sequence
      homologies in common with other intermediate-sized filament proteins, and these
      are essentially restricted to certain domains of the alpha-helical rod portion.
      The carboxyterminal tail sequence does not contain glycine-rich elements, thus
      distinguishing this cytokeratin from those acidic (type I) cytokeratins that are
      characterized by this feature. The similarities and differences between
      cytokeratin no. 18 and previously described epidermal cytokeratins are discussed
      in relation to the differences in the stability of the complexes which this
      cytokeratin forms with basic (type II) cytokeratins, as well as in relation to
      possible functional differences of cytokeratins in simple and stratified
      epithelia.

PMID- 2422084
TI  - Cytokeratin expression in simple epithelia. II. cDNA cloning and sequence
      characteristics of bovine cytokeratin A (no. 8).
AB  - Cytokeratin A (no. 8) is a cytoskeletal protein (Mr, approximately 53,000 in
      bovine cells) which is typical of all simple epithelia, is widespread in all
      cultured epithelial cells, and together with its partner cytokeratin D, is the
      first cytokeratin expressed during embryogenesis (synonyms for this protein are
      Endo A and TROMA-1 antigen). We isolated a clone (pKB8(1] from a pUC8 cDNA
      library prepared from poly(A)+-RNA of bovine bladder urothelium which contains
      the 3' nontranslated portion and the sequence coding for the carboxyterminal tail
      and almost the whole of the alpha-helical rod (369 amino acids). Northern-blot
      analysis showed that the mRNA coding for this cytokeratin is specifically
      synthesized in various epithelial tissues and in epithelial cell culture lines.
      The amino acid sequence of this cytokeratin, when compared with the sequences of
      other intermediate filament (IF) proteins, exhibits a high and specific homology
      with other cytokeratins of the basic (type II) subfamily; this homology is,
      however, restricted to the rod portion. The tail region, which is rich in hydroxy
      amino acids (approximately 35%), is unique among the type-II cytokeratins in that
      it does not exhibit subdivision in three domains, specifically lacking the
      glycine-rich middle domain. Sequence comparison with a partial sequence of the
      corresponding cytokeratin of the amphibian species, Xenopus laevis, indicated
      high evolutionary conservation. The high sequence homology of bovine cytokeratin
      A with published sequences of human tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), a soluble
      serum component used as tumor marker in clinical oncology, supports the view that
      TPA is a proteolytically solubilized fragment containing the rod portion of human
      cytokeratin no. 8. Our analysis of clone pKB8(1) made possible the first
      comparison of a simple epithelial cytokeratin with epidermal keratins and other
      IF proteins. This showed that, in some important molecular features, cytokeratin
      A (no. 8) differs drastically from the epidermal members of the same cytokeratin
      subfamily, probably reflecting different cellular functions of the tail region in
      stratified and simple epithelia.

PMID- 2422085
TI  - The role of pharmacokinetics and metabolism in species sensitivity to neurotoxic
      agents.
AB  - Attempts have been made to review the role of pharmacokinetics and metabolism in
      species and age sensitivity as well as the development of various toxic
      conditions of some neurotoxic chemicals. The route of administration may play a
      prominent role in the development of various toxic effects of some
      organophosphorus compounds such as DEF. Such variation was attributed to the
      differential metabolism which was found to be highly dependent on the route of
      administration. It is obvious from the data presented here that animals that are
      sensitive to OPIDN are less active in the metabolism and elimination of the
      neurotoxic chemical and/or its metabolite(s). So, a compound may stay for a
      longer period in the body of the sensitive animals resulting in greater
      accessibility of target tissues to the deleterious effects of the neurotoxic
      compounds. However, many of these neurotoxic chemicals require metabolic
      activation to exert their effect. While the insensitive species may convert the
      compound to its active metabolite faster than that of the insensitive species,
      this is circumvented by the far greater capability of the insensitive animals to
      metabolize the active metabolite and/or the parent compound to less toxic, more
      polar, excretable metabolites. However, it must be stressed that these studies
      are far from complete, and caution should be exercised in interpreting and
      correlating many of these results. It is difficult, and sometimes misleading to
      compare data from various studies due to differences in dosage, the number of
      animals used, route of administration, experimental protocols, etc. With respect
      to hexacarbons, species sensitivity is obvious, but not as extensively
      investigated as OPIDN. To our knowledge, no studies are available addressing
      species difference in pharmacokinetics and metabolism of these chemicals. The
      data presented in this review suggest that metabolism and pharmacokinetics may
      play an important role in the development of OPIDN. However, this does not rule
      out the influence of other factors such as target sensitivity. This necessitates
      further qualitative and quantitative metabolic studies which are carefully
      planned to address these issues.

PMID- 2422086
TI  - The biochemical evaluation of neurotoxic damage.
AB  - The specific problems related to the study of chemicals that damage the nervous
      system are discussed. Such damage may be direct or may occur by a series of
      sequential events. Such a series of events may involve other organs and
      biochemical targets not confined to nerve tissue. The complexity of investigation
      of the mode of action of rather nonspecific toxic agents requires that a
      circumscribed objective be defined and examples of such goals are given. One of
      these is to attempt to determine which neuronal circuits are damaged by a given
      toxic agent and how this might cause alterations of behavior. Acrylamide and
      triethyl lead are used to exemplify the application of neurotransmitter receptor
      analysis to correlation of deranged nerve activity patterns with modulation of
      behavior. Such evaluation can set the stage for more detailed biochemical studies
      of neurotoxic mechanisms.

PMID- 2422087
TI  - [Occurrence of increased alpha-fetoprotein in non-neoplastic hepatopathies of
      alcoholic or non-alcoholic origin].
AB  - In order to improve the evaluation of the frequency of alpha-fetoprotein
      reappearance in non-neoplastic liver disease, we assayed serum alpha-fetoprotein
      in 251 patients: 134 chronic alcoholics including 7 HBs Ag positive patients, 113
      of whom had cirrhosis and 117 patients with chronic active hepatitis, 56 of whom
      were HBs Ag positive. None of these patients had any signs of hepatocellular
      carcinoma. Alpha-fetoprotein values above the upper normal limit (much greater
      than 20 ng/ml) were compared with the type of the liver disease, the serum
      aminotransferase activity, the usual hepatitis B-virus markers assayed by
      standard radioimmunology and, in 70 patients, with the results of the HBV-DNA
      hybridization in the liver. Abnormal alpha-fetoprotein levels were found in only
      6.3 p. 100 of patients with HBs Ag negative alcoholic disease and in 17 p. 100 of
      patients with chronic active hepatitis, without any statistical difference
      concerning the presence of HBs Ag or not. Alpha-fetoprotein was more often
      abnormal in subjects who had hypertransaminasemia. For given values of
      transaminases no statistical relationship between serum alpha-fetoprotein levels
      and the presence of HBs Ag was observed.

PMID- 2422088
TI  - Receptors and mechanisms of action of prostacyclin in preserving non-mucosal cell
      integrity.

PMID- 2422089
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy of Barrett's epithelium and its correlation with
      light microscopy and mucin stains.
AB  - The surface epithelial cells of Barrett's esophagus were characterized using
      quantitative scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy with mucin
      histochemical stains. Fifty-one biopsy specimens of Barrett's esophagus from 15
      patients and 31 control specimens of the stomach and intestines from 9 patients
      were examined. Three distinct surface cell types, in addition to the goblet cell,
      were recognized in Barrett's epithelium: the gastric-like cell in 31% of
      specimens, which was similar to the normal gastric surface cell by quantitative
      scanning electron microscopy; the intestinal-like cell in 41%, which was most
      similar to the normal small intestinal surface cell; and the variant cell in 80%,
      which had a range of surface features. By light microscopy, all specimens with
      variant and intestinal-like cells were classified as specialized columnar
      epithelium. The surface mucous cells in Barrett's epithelium displayed a variety
      of mucin staining patterns with acid nonsulfated (small intestinal-like) mucin
      present in 90% of specimens and acid sulfated (colonic-like) mucin in 43% of
      specimens. Quantitative scanning electron microscopy and mucin histochemical
      stains reveal a striking cellular heterogeneity not apparent by routine light
      microscopy.

PMID- 2422090
TI  - RNA splicing and in vivo expression of the intron-containing td gene of
      bacteriophage T4.
AB  - The splice junction sequence of td mRNA from T4-infected cells has been
      determined (5'....GGU-CUA....3') and shown to be identical to that of the RNA
      ligation product encoded by the cloned gene [Belfort et al. Cell 41 (1985) 375
      382]. The RNA processing functions, T4 RNA ligase, T4 polynucleotide kinase, and
      the host prr gene product appear not to be essential for exon ligation; neither
      are the host endoribonucleases RNase III, RNase P and RNase E required for intron
      excision. While these results are consistent with the autocatalytic splicing
      mechanism demonstrated in vitro [Chu et al. J. Biol. Chem. 260 (1985) 10680
      10688], they leave unanswered the question of which protein(s), if any, might
      stimulate the in vivo reaction. Analysis of the products of the cloned td gene
      has led to identification of two td-encoded polypeptides, namely a polypeptide
      corresponding to the exon-I-coding sequence (NH2-TS), and the catalytically
      active thymidylate synthase (TS). Kinetic and nucleotide sequence data provide
      evidence that NH2-TS is the product of the primary transcript and that TS is
      encoded by spliced mRNA. These results suggest that splicing may provide a switch
      controlling the relative expression of NH2-TS and TS, two proteins with markedly
      different temporal appearances despite their identical transcriptional and
      translational start sites.

PMID- 2422091
TI  - [Fetal echocardiography. 6. Ultrasonic evaluation of fetal arrhythmia].

PMID- 2422092
TI  - [Methods for the closure of systemic-pulmonary anastomoses during radical
      correction of tetralogy of Fallot].

PMID- 2422093
TI  - Substance P-induced intestinal secretion of water and electrolytes.
AB  - This study was initiated to determine if raised (carcinoid) plasma concentrations
      of substance P induced jejunal secretion of water and electrolytes. Five dogs had
      isolated and cannulated 25 cm jejunal segments perfused at 2 ml/min with a
      neutral, isotonic perfusate. Saline, 1.0 ml, was infused intravenously during
      basal and recovery periods, while substance P was administered intravenously at
      75 ng/kg/min (55 pmol/kg/min) during the four 15 minute experimental periods.
      Infusion increased plasma SP concentrations from basal (5.8 +/- 1.3 pg/ml) to a
      mean plateau level of 121.2 +/- 25.2 pg/ml (mean +/- SEM). During SP infusion,
      intestinal secretion of water, Na+, and Cl- were documented (H2O basal +102 +/-
      60 to SP -275 +/- 60; microliter/min; Na+ basal +19.8 +/- 7.2 to SP -23.2 +/- 7.5
      microEq/min; Cl- basal 21.7 +/- 7.5 to SP -16.5 +/- 5.6 microEq/min). Under basal
      conditions, there was minimal secretion of potassium (-0.264 +/- 0.282
      microEq/min); during SP infusion, K+ flux was altered to significant secretion (
      1.784 +/- 0.271 microEq/min). Serum concentrations of Na and Cl were unchanged
      during SP infusion, but serum potassium concentrations fell from 4.64 +/- 0.12 to
      3.85 +/- 0.40 mEq/l. The data demonstrate that substance P at levels noted in the
      carcinoid syndrome induces significant jejunal secretion of water and
      electrolytes in the dog.

PMID- 2422094
TI  - Etoposide, methotrexate, and bleomycin in drug-resistant gestational
      trophoblastic disease.
AB  - Nine patients with gestational trophoblastic disease resistant to multiagent
      chemotherapy, CHAMOCA, received methotrexate, bleomycin, and etoposide (VP 16
      213) combination therapy. Eight patients achieved complete remission. There was
      no drug-related death. The importance of vigilant search and prevention of sepsis
      was emphasized. Alternative combination chemotherapy for drug-resistant
      choriocarinoma was discussed.

PMID- 2422095
TI  - Platelet function studies during and after infusions of ZK 36374, a stable
      prostacyclin analogue, to healthy volunteers.
AB  - ZK 36374 (Iloprost), a stable prostacyclin analogue, was administered to 6
      healthy volunteers for 2-hour periods, with dose rates increasing from 0.5 to 2
      ng/kg/min within that time. At these doses, which did not give troublesome side
      effects clinically, there was significant inhibition of ex vivo platelet
      aggregation responses to ADP and collagen. There was some rebound platelet
      hyperaggregability in all subjects, occurring between 1 and 2 h after termination
      of the infusion; this was of minor degree and was not associated with any
      clinical problems.

PMID- 2422096
TI  - Spasticity: kinetic versus static synergias in the reeducation of hemiparetics by
      EMG biofeedback.

PMID- 2422097
TI  - [Comparison of experimental diabetes induced by streptozotocin and
      cyproheptadine].
AB  - It is generally accepted that Diabetes mellitus is caused by the endocrinological
      functional disturbance of the pancreas, decreasing available insulin for
      carbohydrate metabolisms. Diabetes mellitus is not necessarily related to
      hypoinsulinemia, and some senile subjects show diabetic symptoms although the
      insulin levels in their blood are within the normal range. Therefore, in order to
      examine the cause of Diabetes mellitus, the glucose tolerance test is usually
      given as a routine laboratory method to monitor the pancreatic endocrine
      functions. The pattern of decreasing glucose level in blood will tell us what is
      the cause of the disease. In testing the effects of anti-diabetic drugs,
      experimental diabetic conditions have been prepared by various methods, and
      recently streptozotocin (STZ) and cyproheptadine (CPH) have been successfully
      used to induce diabetic conditions of various degrees. In the present study,
      degree of disturbance of the pancreatic functions by STZ and CPH were compared,
      and in addition, disturbance of organs other than the pancreas was also examined
      biochemically. When a high dose of STZ was given, irreversible disfunction of
      glucose level normalizing and insulin secreting abilities was observed. Serum
      GOT, GPT, lysosomal enzyme activities and lysosomal enzyme activity in the liver
      and pancreas decreased in high dose STZ administered rats. Low dose STZ disturbed
      the pancreatic endocrine function less than that in high dose STZ, and the blood
      glucose level normalizing function was reversibly disturbed. Insulin secretion
      decreased, and normalized on discontinuation of low dose STZ administration. Low
      dose STZ also disturbed organs other than the pancreas as in high dose
      STZ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422098
TI  - [Incidence of extrasystoles in endoscopies. Ventricular Lown grade I to IV
      extrasystoles in gastroscopies, rectosigmoidoscopies and laparoscopies].

PMID- 2422099
TI  - [Target cardioprotection. Calcium can lead to cell death].

PMID- 2422100
TI  - [How does calcium antagonism work?].

PMID- 2422101
TI  - [Foreign bodies of unknown origin found in a serosal hematoma between the stomach
      and the pancreas of a patient].
AB  - An autopsy of a 55-year-old man who had died suddenly revealed extensive intra
      abdominal bleeding and a serosal hematoma between the stomach and the pancreas,
      in which numerous foreign bodies were found. They were located just adjacent to
      pancreatic tissue which had undergone changes of acute necrotizing pancreatitis.
      It was assumed that they had been shaped by a pathological mechanism contributing
      much to the sudden death of the patient. The nature of the foreign bodies was
      investigated by comparing their microscopic sections with those of various living
      organisms and by testing their chemical character with some histochemical
      methods. However, they had no similarities to known foreign bodies of animal or
      plant origin found in pathological sections of human tissues and no conclusive
      evidence on their chemical nature could be obtained either. Our unified opinion
      is that the foreign bodies might have been formed in human tissues in situ as a
      result of the pathological tissue changes. The morphological features of the
      bodies are described in detail and their significance is discussed.

PMID- 2422102
TI  - Thyroid hormones stimulate the release of hepatic lipase from cultured rat
      hepatocytes.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) on
      the heparin-stimulated release of hepatic lipase (HL) activity from cultured rat
      hepatocytes. Addition of T4 (1-10 nmol/l) to the culture medium for 24 h
      stimulated HL release from cells derived from normal and hypothyroid rats,
      whereas T3 (0.1-10 nmol/l) was active (at the highest concentration) only in
      hepatocytes from hypothyroid animals. The effects of T4 could largely be
      abolished by 5-iodo-2-thiouracil (0.1 mmol/l), an inhibitor of T4-5'-deiodinase.
      This indicates that the effects of T4 treatment are exerted by T3, formed by
      deiodination in the hepatocytes.

PMID- 2422103
TI  - Twenty-four hour blood glucose profiles during insulin and insulin plus aprotinin
      subcutaneous administration in type I diabetes.
AB  - Twenty-four hour glucose levels were measured in nineteen insulin treated type I
      diabetics both during insulin plus aprotinin treatments and insulin by itself.
      Aprotinin--a proteinase inhibitor agent--administered together with insulin
      (10.000 KIU for every 10 U.I. insulin) did not influence the effect of insulin on
      blood glucose levels. These findings do not support the hypothesis that the
      administration of aprotinin together with insulin can be clinically useful in
      conventional insulin treated diabetic patients.

PMID- 2422104
TI  - Comparison of Ulex europaeus I lectin binding and factor VIII-related antigen as
      markers of vascular endothelium in follicular carcinoma of the thyroid.
AB  - Factor VIII-related antigen (F VIII-RAg), a well established marker for
      endothelial cells, and the lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-1), a newly
      described marker, were used in immunoperoxidase techniques to demonstrate
      endothelial cells in 30 follicular neoplasms of the thyroid and so to assist in
      detection of vascular invasion. Both endothelial cell markers made visible a
      greater number of instances of vascular invasion than were detected on routine
      elastic stains, but UEA-1 lectin gave more reliable staining of endothelium
      lining large capsular veins and of blood vessels within the tumour than did F
      VIII-RAg. In vessels completely occluded by tumour, examples of endothelial
      staining by UEA-1 in the absence of F VIII-RAg staining were found, but some such
      vessels appeared to lack surviving endothelial cells and in these no staining
      occurred. It is concluded that UEA-1 lectin is a more reliable endothelial marker
      in this setting than F VIII-RAg and may assist the demonstration of vascular
      invasion in these tumours.

PMID- 2422105
TI  - Demonstration of vascular endothelium in thyroid carcinomas using Ulex europaeus
      I agglutinin.
AB  - The usefulness of using peroxidase-labelled Ulex europaeus agglutinin I for the
      staining of small vessels and capillaries in the capsule of thyroid tumours is
      demonstrated. With this procedure the scanning for small tumour deposits in those
      vessels and, consequently, the diagnosis of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid
      is facilitated.

PMID- 2422106
TI  - Microwave-stimulated diffusion for fast processing of tissue: reduced
      dehydrating, clearing, and impregnating times.
AB  - In this paper we describe a method of preparing tissue blocks for paraffin
      sections within 30 min. The method is based on microwave-stimulated diffusion
      reducing the dehydrating, clearing, and impregnating times by a factor of 48. The
      developed technique was inspired by the experimentally observed sizable
      temperature-dependence of viscosity and other transport properties of liquids. It
      is clear that, by considering the theoretical aspects of diffusion and by
      analysis of the influence of the used chemicals in different tissue depths,
      histotechnical results can be optimized. The histotechnical microwave results are
      light-microscopically excellent and indistinguishable from those of the well
      performed 'classical' method. The nuclear size of several cell types hardly
      differs in both methods. The new method is valuable in particular for individual
      cases in which a fast diagnosis is asked for, and in which a frozen-section
      diagnosis is thought to be too unreliable. In addition, this method can be used
      in small research laboratories processing small quantities of histological
      material. The only equipment needed to prepare tissue blocks of optimal quality
      is the microwave oven.

PMID- 2422107
TI  - Aggressive oncocytic neuroendocrine tumour ('oncocytic paraganglioma') of the
      cauda equina.
AB  - An oncocytic neuroendocrine tumour ('oncocytic paraganglioma') of the cauda
      equina is reported. The tumour was predominantly intradural, with extension into
      and destruction of surrounding vertebral bone. The tumour had an organoid
      pattern, and the tumour cells had abundant non-argyrophilic eosinophilic
      cytoplasm. Immunocytochemical stains for neurone-specific enolase, S-100 protein,
      keratin and carcinoembryonic antigen were positive, but stains for glial
      fibrillary acidic protein were negative. On ultrastructural examination, there
      were numerous mitochondria and scattered 200 nm dense-core membrane-bound
      granules, that rarely clustered in small aggregates. Intermediate filaments were
      focally arranged in long compact bundles. The histogenesis of tumours reported as
      cauda equina paragangliomas is discussed.

PMID- 2422108
TI  - Use of a monoclonal antibody (B72.3) as a novel immunohistochemical adjunct for
      the diagnosis of carcinomas in fine needle aspiration biopsy specimens.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody B72.3 has been shown to be reactive with a high-molecular
      weight glycoprotein complex termed TAG(tumor-associated glycoprotein)-72. By the
      avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method, fine needle aspirates and corresponding
      surgically excised tumor tissues from both malignant and benign tissues were
      analyzed for TAG-72 expression. Staining (range, 1 to 100 per cent of tumor
      cells) with monoclonal antibody B72.3 was observed in needle aspirates from 18 of
      18 adenocarcinomas and adenosquamous carcinomas of the lung, 17 of 21
      adenocarcinomas of the breast, and six of six adenocarcinomas of the colon, as
      well as adenocarcinomas from other body sites. In contrast, small cell carcinomas
      of the lung, malignant melanomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas did not stain with the
      antibody. Benign lesions from the breast, lung, pancreas, parotid, and thyroid
      also failed to stain. In 66 patients, tumor-bearing tissue had also been resected
      and was available for comparative examination with monoclonal antibody B72.3. In
      62 of these 66 patients, the staining patterns in the aspirates were found to be
      predictive of the patterns of antibody reactivity in the comparable surgically
      resected tissues. From these studies it is concluded that monoclonal antibody
      B72.3 defines a tumor-associated antigen that is expressed in neoplastic cells
      but not in benign cells and is most selectively expressed in adenocarcinomas.
      This monoclonal antibody may be used as a novel adjunct for the diagnosis of
      carcinoma in fine needle aspiration biopsy specimens.

PMID- 2422109
TI  - Keratin and epithelial membrane antigen immunoreactivity in nonneoplastic fibrous
      pleural lesions: implications for the diagnosis of desmoplastic mesothelioma.
AB  - The histologic distinction between desmoplastic mesothelioma and reactive
      fibrosis and between biphasic desmoplastic mesothelioma and pleural metastases
      with desmoplasia can be difficult. The presence of such epithelial markers as
      keratin and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) within the fibrous areas of a
      pleural lesion might be construed as evidence in support of the diagnosis of
      desmoplastic mesothelioma. To test this hypothesis ten desmoplastic mesotheliomas
      were studied with monoclonal antisera to keratin and EMA and compared with ten
      hyaline pleural plaques, 11 pleural scars, five benign localized fibrous
      mesotheliomas, and eight desmoplastic pleural metastases. Although the hyalinized
      fibrous areas within the desmoplastic mesotheliomas stained with keratin (ten of
      ten) and EMA (five of ten), the following reactive fibrous pleural lesions were
      also positive: plaques (four of ten keratin-positive, five of ten EMA-positive);
      scars (six of 11 keratin-positive, four of 11 EMA-positive); and fibrosis induced
      by metastases (six of eight keratin-positive, one of eight EMA-positive). Benign
      localized fibrous mesotheliomas were keratin- and EMA-negative. This study
      suggests that both benign and malignant fibrous pleural lesions may be of
      mesothelial origin and demonstrates the need to determine by histologic criteria
      whether the spindle cell component is benign or malignant before assessing the
      significance of its keratin or EMA immunoreactivity. The lack of keratin and EMA
      staining in benign localized fibrous mesotheliomas might be of use in
      distinguishing benign localized cellular fibrous mesotheliomas from sarcomatous
      mesotheliomas.

PMID- 2422110
TI  - Maternal-child care in Nacirema.

PMID- 2422111
TI  - Epibody: the image of the network created by a single antibody.

PMID- 2422112
TI  - Towards a unified theory of immunoglobulin structure-function relations.

PMID- 2422113
TI  - From Jenner to Jerne: towards idiotype vaccines.

PMID- 2422114
TI  - Induction of early biochemical events on hexachlorocyclohexane treatment on mice
      liver.

PMID- 2422115
TI  - Interrelationships of the "Ly-6 complex" antigens.
AB  - Competitive binding studies and immunoprecipitation experiments define at least
      five distinct epitopes encoded by Ly-6-linked genes--Ly-6A.2, Ly-6B.2, Ly-6C.2,
      Ly-6D.2, and ThB. Ly-6A.2, a 33 kd protein, and Ly-6D.2 are closely overlapping
      epitopes that can be distinguished by their unique thymus reactions of 10-20% or
      greater than 90%, respectively. Similarly, the Ly-6C.2 antigen present on a 14 kd
      moiety loosely overlaps the Ly-6B.2 antigen. Ly-6C.2 and Ly-6B.2 antigens are
      distinct from Ly-6A.2 and Ly-6D.2, however. ThB is a 16-18 kd antigen which is
      not associated on the cell surface with any other "Ly-6" antigens. In addition,
      independently derived antibodies made to the Ly-6C.2 antigen detect an identical
      epitope, as do antibodies to Ly-6A.2 and Ly-6B.2. These results imply the
      existence of a single antigenic site on each of these molecules.

PMID- 2422117
TI  - Transfection of murine LMTK- cells with purified HLA class I genes. VII.
      Association of allele- and locus-specific serological reactivities with
      respectively the first and second domains of the HLA-B7 molecule.
AB  - The individual contributions of the first two external domains of the HLA-B7
      heavy chain to the expression of allele-specific (B7) and locus-specific (B and
      C) antigenic determinants were investigated using hybrid class I genes. Hybrid
      genes were constructed in vitro by exon shuffling between the parent genes HLA
      B7, HLA-Cw3, HLA-A3, and H-2Kd, and their expression was monitored following
      transfection into mouse L cells. The results show that most allele-specific
      antigenic determinants are associated with the first external domain of the B7
      heavy chain, whereas all the locus-specific antigenic determinants tested map to
      the second external domain.

PMID- 2422116
TI  - Viral sequences are associated with many histocompatibility genes.
AB  - A C57BL/6By 5.5 kb Pvu II polymorphic restriction fragment which hybridizes with
      a spleen focus-forming env probe and maps in the H-30 region has been cloned, and
      a 358 bp subfragment subcloned. Hybridization and sequencing studies show that
      the 358 bp fragment is encoded by the region of the pol gene of murine retrovirus
      which codes for an endonuclease critical for viral integration. Hybridizations of
      digested murine genomic DNAs with the 358 bp probe generate 31 restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs); 16 of these can be placed near the
      following 15 minor histocompatability (H) loci: H-3, H-4, H-7, H-13, H-15, H-16,
      H-17, H-19, H-22, H-24, H-27, H-30, H-34, H-36, and H-38. We suggest that the
      proximity of viral sequences to H loci is probably evolutionarily and
      functionally significant and that the closeness of viral sequences and minor H
      loci can probably be utilized to facilitate the cloning of minor H genes. During
      the course of these studies, it has become possible to tentatively assign H-17, H
      34, and H-38 to chromosome 12. In addition, it was observed that several H-2
      congenic strains retain portions of chromosome 12 from the parental donor strains
      used in their derivation.

PMID- 2422118
TI  - H-2 class I and Gt (H-2) antigens are identical: evidence from H-2 mutant mice.

PMID- 2422119
TI  - Prognostic markers in acute pancreatitis--a prospective study.

PMID- 2422120
TI  - Effect of envenomation on human serum alpha-2 macroglobulin & total antitryptic
      activity.

PMID- 2422121
TI  - Contamination of hexachlorocyclohexane residues: a possible factor for the
      altered levels of electrolytes and trace elements in the cerebrospinal fluid of
      epileptic.

PMID- 2422122
TI  - Polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis: modifications. Part--IV.

PMID- 2422123
TI  - Pompe's disease.

PMID- 2422124
TI  - Normal anatomic variants in the newborn.

PMID- 2422125
TI  - Recombination near the antibiotic resistance locus penB results in antigenic
      variation of gonococcal outer membrane protein I.
AB  - In gonococci, the nonspecific antimicrobial resistance locus penB is known to be
      closely linked to loci designated nmp that alter the Mr and antigenicity of the
      outer membrane porin protein I (P.I). We report that after selection for the
      linked donor penB locus, occasional recombinants expressed P.I with some epitopes
      from each parent. These hybrid P.I antigens were stable on subculture and were
      transformed at a locus closely linked to penB. The hybrid P.I antigens were
      detected with monoclonal antibodies in both coagglutination and Western blot
      assays. The alterations of P.I antigenicity may have resulted from recombination
      between structural genes for P.I that are closely linked to penB.

PMID- 2422126
TI  - Strains of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus attach to different
      pellicle receptors.
AB  - We compared the levels of adsorption of Streptococcus mutans JBP and
      Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 to experimental pellicles formed from unsupplemented
      and glucosyltransferase (GTF)-supplemented saliva. Pellicles formed on
      hydroxyapatite beads from GTF or from saliva-GTF mixtures possessed detectable
      GTF activity. Low levels of GTF activity were also detected in clarified whole
      human saliva, but not in samples of submandibular saliva. The adsorptive behavior
      of S. mutans JBP to pellicles formed from saliva or saliva-GTF mixtures was
      strikingly different from that of S. sobrinus 6715. S. mutans JBP adsorbed in
      higher numbers to pellicles formed from whole or submandibular saliva than to
      buffer-treated hydroxyapatite under the assay conditions used, in which blocking
      with albumin was used. In contrast, S. sobrinus 6715 attached in lower numbers
      and did not show enhanced adsorption to pellicles prepared from saliva. Pellicles
      prepared from the high-molecular-weight mucin fraction of submandibular saliva
      effectively promoted adsorption of S. mutans JBP, but none of the saliva
      fractions tested enhanced the attachment of S. sobrinus 6715 above the levels of
      buffer controls. Exposure of pellicles which contained GTF to sucrose to permit
      in situ synthesis of glucan markedly enhanced attachment of S. sobrinus 6715 but
      not attachment of S. mutans JBP. Also, the presence of sucrose throughout the
      adsorption period did not enhance attachment of S. mutans JBP. Both organisms
      possessed cell-associated GTF, and GTF preparations derived from S. sobrinus 6715
      and Streptococcus sanguis FC-1 behaved like GTF derived from S. mutans JBP. S.
      sobrinus 6715 attached in high numbers to dextran-treated hydroxyapatite, whereas
      S. mutans JBP did not. These observations suggest that S. mutans JBP cells
      possess an adhesin which binds to salivary components in the pellicles. In
      contrast, S. sobrinus 6715 cells appear to possess an adhesin which binds to
      glucan in the pellicles. Four additional strains of S. mutans and four additional
      strains of S. sobrinus behaved qualitatively like strains JBP and 6715,
      respectively, and thus the differences observed appear to be representative of
      these species. Collectively, our data indicate that S. mutans and S. sobrinus
      attach to different receptors in experimental pellicles.

PMID- 2422127
TI  - Cellular sodium transport in arterial wall--summary of studies by digital
      computer simulation.
AB  - The distribution of electrolytes between extracellular and intracellular
      compartments is of greater functional significance in biological tissues than the
      total amount. A method commonly employed for the study of a substance
      distribution among different spaces is the continuous outflow and radioisotope
      counting of a fragment of tissue previously incubated with a radioactive tracer
      (here 22Na+). The experimental data can be analyzed within the frame of a
      compartmental analysis system which is defined by transport rate constants (kij)
      and solved when all kij are numerically determined. In practical applications the
      direct solution requires measurements in different compartments or knowledge of
      the initial condition for each compartment, but this is not possible in most
      biological tissues where the experimentally observable data represent the
      summation of tracer in all compartments at each point in time. The availability
      of the SAAM (Simulation, Analysis And Modelling) computer program allows for a
      powerful simulation procedure to arrive at values for kij. Experimental data and
      specifications for a chosen model are entered in the SAAM format. A simulated
      'inflow' experiment is made by the computer by assigning to kij some estimate
      values. All initial conditions are now zero, since at the beginning there is no
      radioactive tracer in any compartment. After a time equivalent in the
      experimental realm to achieving constant specific activity, a 'time change'
      programmed into the computer takes place so that the outflow part of the
      experiment is developed with the same kij as for the inflow part, the final
      conditions for the inflow before the time change being the initial conditions for
      the outflow. An iterative procedure modifies the initial estimates of kij to seek
      the best fit. By coupling a powerful simulation procedure to an advanced
      radionuclide tracer biological methodology, we have been able to find effects of
      the hormone aldosterone and of experimental hypertension on Na+ distribution in
      arterial wall years before such effects were demonstrated by purely conventional
      experimental techniques. This computer simulation procedure may be suited to
      other experimental situations in which outflow data are the only available.

PMID- 2422128
TI  - Physicochemical purification and immunological characteristics of ductal
      carcinoma antigen.
AB  - Ductal carcinoma antigen (DCA), as recognized by monoclonal antibody (MAb)
      F36/22, was purified in high yield and to homogeneity from malignant effusions by
      means of physicochemical techniques. Fractionation procedures were monitored by
      immunoenzymometric assays. Preparations purified over 2,000-fold were obtained
      through acid-extraction, lectin-chromatographies and gel filtration steps.
      Purified antigen demonstrated a single component upon electrophoretic
      examination. This material had a high molecular weight and high immunoreactivity.
      Neuraminidase treatments failed to perturb the antigenicity of the component,
      indicating an absence of sialic acid residues at the antibody-combining site.
      Further, extensive proteolytic digestion effected the release of heterogeneous
      glycopeptides which retained immunologic activity, suggesting the presence of
      carbohydrate at the active site. Immunologically, DCA was compared with other
      tumor-associated mucin-like glycoproteins which have been detected in the
      circulation of patients. Results indicated no cross-reactivity between DCA and
      other mucins, including CA19-9 and CA-125. Further, no antigenic relationship was
      noted for purified carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), also a heavily-glycosylated
      structure. These data thus suggest that immunological monitoring of disease may
      be approached using a selected panel of antigenically distinct reagents.

PMID- 2422129
TI  - Interaction of recombinant interferons with recombinant interleukin-2:
      differential effects on natural killer cell activity and interleukin-2-activated
      killer cells.
AB  - The ability of recombinant interferons (IFNs) to modulate recombinant interleukin
      2 (rIL-2) augmentation of natural killer (NK)-cell activity and to modulate the
      generation of activated killer (AK) cells was examined. Incubation of murine
      spleen cells for 18 hr with either human rIL-2 or a human hybrid recombinant IFN
      alpha, rHuIFN-alpha A/D, which is active on murine cells, resulted in a dose
      dependent increase in NK activity; however, recombinant murine IFN gamma, rMuIFN
      gamma, had little activity. A more than additive augmentation of cytotoxicity was
      obtained when spleen cells were incubated with the combination of rIL-2 and
      rHuIFN-alpha A/D. Incubation of murine spleen cells with rIL-2 for 3 days
      resulted in a dose-dependent induction of AK cells which were cytotoxic to an NK
      resistant tumor target cell. In contrast to the results observed on NK activity,
      incubation of spleen cells with rHuIFN-alpha A/D and rIL-2 inhibited AK-cell
      activity. Partially purified murine IFN-alpha had inhibitory activity comparable
      to that of rHuIFN-alpha A/D. The addition of rHuIFN-alpha A/D at the initiation
      of culture of spleen cells with rIL-2 (day 0) resulted in maximal inhibition of
      cytotoxicity; inhibition was reduced or absent if rHuIFN-alpha A/D was added on
      day 1 or 2 of culture. The proliferation of spleen cells incubated with rIL-2 was
      also inhibited by rHuIFN-alpha A/D. Addition of rMuIFN-gamma to spleen-cells and
      rIL-2 increased the cytolytic activity of AK cells and did not inhibit rIL-2
      induced proliferation of spleen cells. Similar data were also obtained with human
      peripheral blood lymphocytes and recombinant cytokines. Incubation of human
      peripheral blood lymphocytes with rIL-2 and recombinant human IFN-alpha A (rHuIFN
      alpha A) or recombinant human IFN-gamma (rHuIFN-gamma) resulted in a more than
      additive increase in NK activity. Human AK-cell cytotoxicity was inhibited by
      rHuIFN-alpha A but enhanced by rHuIFN-gamma. Thus recombinant IFNs have
      differential effects on rIL-2-induced cytotoxic cells, resulting in augmentation
      or inhibition of activity, which is dependent on both the type of IFN and the
      cytotoxic activity examined. These results may have important implications for
      the potential therapeutic use of combinations of these cytokines.

PMID- 2422130
TI  - The Tzanck smear. Viable and valuable in the diagnosis of herpes simplex, zoster,
      and varicella.

PMID- 2422131
TI  - Quantitative studies on Theileria parva in the salivary glands of Rhipicephalus
      appendiculatus adults: quantitation and prediction of infection.

PMID- 2422132
TI  - Denervation-induced collateral sprouting: no case for tracing methods.
AB  - Sprouting of axonal collaterals is assumed to represent a major feature of the
      regenerative capacity of the CNS. Following the denervation of a brain region,
      synaptic contact sites become free and are replaced by sprouted collaterals of
      intact afferents of this area. During the last three years, numerous studies have
      been published which have used anatomical tracing methods to demonstrate this
      morphological consequence of lesions. This paper criticizes the use of tracing
      methods in this research field because of the striking problems in quantifying
      the altered connectivity of a denervated structure. This critique is illustrated
      by summarizing the studies on the lesion-induced morphological effects within the
      nigro-striatal system which has become a paradigmatic neuronal circuit for the
      study of neuronal and functional reorganization. It is concluded that anatomical
      tracing methods seem to be inappropriate in studying denervation-induced
      collateral sprouting.

PMID- 2422133
TI  - Cooperation of heparin with other angiogenetic effectors.
AB  - The heterogeneous variety of factors involved in the induction of vessels to
      proliferate is briefly reviewed in connection with the possible cooperative role
      of heparin, a compound indicated by many kinds of evidence to be basically
      involved in angiogenesis.

PMID- 2422134
TI  - Serological cross-reactions between Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica
      0:9.
AB  - Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) 0:9 is an organism of great significance in
      veterinary medicine largely as a result of its cross-reaction with Brucella
      abortus (Ba). Boty Ye 0:9 and Ba possess somatic antigens in common; as a result
      of which animals exposed to Ye 0:9 have an immune response which is
      distinguishable only with difficulty from that induced by Ba. Cattle were exposed
      to Ye 0:9 by the oral or intramammary routes. Oral exposure failed to generate
      significant serologic response. In contrast, intramammary inoculation produced a
      marked response. Serum antibodies provoked in this manner reacted strongly with
      Ba. The anti-Brucella response provoked by inoculation of Yersinia was sufficient
      to render milk and serum Brucella-seropositive as measured by the standard milk
      ring and serum agglutination tests. While both Ba and Ye 0:9 have 9 antigens in
      common, they differ significantly with respect to motility. Thus Ba is always non
      motile while Ye is motile when grown at room temperature. The presence of
      Yersinia H agglutinins in serum were shown to be evidence of previous exposure to
      Ye. The H agglutinins were not generated by Brucella infection. A rapid H
      agglutination test was shown to provide this differentiation without interference
      from cross-reacting O antigens. Results of Ba O and Ye O and OH antigens used in
      the agglutination test were found useful to differentiate antibodies against Ba
      from those induced by Ye 0:9 in cattle sera. The existence of enterobacterial
      common antigen (ECA) in Ye and its absence in Ba were utilized in an attempt to
      provide a method to distinguish Brucella infections from those with cross
      reacting Yersinia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422135
TI  - Ocular angiogenesis.

PMID- 2422136
TI  - Acute pancreatitis in a low alcohol-consuming community.
AB  - The case records 50 patients with abdominal pain and hyperamylasemia were studied
      in detail. Ten cases of gallstone induced hyperamylasemia, in which no evidence
      of pancreatitis was found at operation, were excluded. The etiological factors in
      the remaining group of forty cases of acute pancreatitis, in a community
      practicing alcohol abstinence, were reviewed. Both alcoholic and idiopathic
      pancreatitis were insignificant factors in the etiology of acute pancreatitis.
      Eighty percent of cases of acute pancreatitis were due to biliary tract disease.
      A younger age-group and female preponderance, as well as biochemical evidence of
      cholestasis, was observed in this group. An inverse relationship between
      preoperative serum amylase levels and the severity of the disease was noted. A
      more aggressive diagnostic work-up is, however, warranted to identify these
      cases, for which early surgery is advocated. There was no mortality in operated
      cases of biliary pancreatitis.

PMID- 2422137
TI  - 3-Deazauridine (NSC 126849): an interesting modulator of biochemical response.
AB  - 3-Deazauridine (NSC 126849) is a structural analog of uridine that inhibits the
      biosynthesis of Cytidine-5'-Triphosphate by competitive inhibition of Cytidine
      Triphosphate synthetase which is considered to be the primary mode of action of
      this nucleoside analog. Despite a paucity of clinical attention given to this
      drug as a single agent, it has generated much enthusiasm as a biological response
      modulator because of its synergistic effect with a number of antitumor agents
      including Cytosine Arabinoside, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, 5-azacytidine, thymidine
      and D-galactosamine, although only the cytosine arabinoside/3-Deazauridine
      combination has been explored clinically. In this paper, the current status of
      the drug and future perspectives will be discussed.

PMID- 2422138
TI  - Partial copurification of scrapie-associated fibrils and scrapie infectivity.
AB  - The association between scrapie infectivity and scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF)
      during a partial purification procedure for infectivity was investigated. Scrapie
      infectivity and SAF can be separated from most membrane components by subcellular
      fractionation of infected mouse brain to obtain a synaptosomal fraction, followed
      by detergent treatment and density gradient centrifugation. After different
      detergent treatments, with either octyl glucoside or sodium N-lauroyl
      sarcosinate, SAF showed differing sedimentation characteristics but nevertheless
      cosedimented with scrapie infectivity in both cases. Copurification under two
      different conditions provides more evidence that SAF may be a form of the
      infectious agent of scrapie.

PMID- 2422139
TI  - IgG vs IgE: mediators of antigen-induced guinea pig lung parenchymal contraction.
AB  - The present studies were conducted to determine whether different mediators are
      responsible for antigen-induced contraction of guinea pig lung parenchymal strips
      sensitized with either IgG or IgE. Passive sensitization was employed using IgG-
      or IgE-type antibody to ovalbumin which had been separated using Protein A
      Sepharose as previously described (Regal, 1984a). Such a system ensures the
      presence of only one type of cytophilic antibody to mediate antigen-induced
      contraction of the isolated lung parenchymal strip. Pyrilamine, an H1 antagonist,
      caused a very slight delay in the onset of the antigen-induced contractions in
      both IgG- and IgE-sensitized strips, suggesting a very minor role for endogenous
      histamine in both systems. A combination of the leukotriene antagonist, FPL
      55712, and pyrilamine caused a significant reduction in the antigen-induced
      contraction in IgG- but not IgE-sensitized lung parenchymal strips. Histamine
      release was detected on antigen challenge of both IgG- and IgE-sensitized lung.
      Using bioassay techniques, leukotriene release was primarily detected from IgG
      sensitized lung and only minimally from IgE-sensitized lung. Thus, our studies
      have demonstrated a differential antagonism of IgG- and IgE-mediated airway
      contraction and suggest that leukotrienes are important mediators of antigen
      induced lung parenchymal contraction in IgG- but not IgE-sensitized tissues.

PMID- 2422140
TI  - [Acute exanthematous eruption of multiple Kaposi sarcomas of the AIDS type in a
      female drug-addict. Successful chemotherapy with vincristine, bleomycin and
      dactinomycin].
AB  - In a 30-year-old German women who appeared to be in good general health, numerous
      Kaposi sarcomas of the AIDS type appeared on her face and trunk within a few
      days. Her arms, legs and oral mucosa were also affected. The patient has been a
      prostitute for more than 10 years and an i.v. drug addict for 5 years. Her face
      and upper trunk were densely covered with livid red tumors that were up to the
      size of coffee beans, with a longitudinal axis that followed the relaxed skin
      tension lines. HTLV III antibodies were present. No severe cellular immune defect
      could be demonstrated (OKT4 + to OKT8 + cell ratio 1.15; later control = 2.4).
      Recall antigens were negative. Since no severe immune defect was present,
      cytostatic therapy with vincristine, bleomycin and dactinomycin was carried out.
      Infiltrates began to regress after just one cycle. After four cycles, the facial
      lesions had completely disappeared. On the chest slight erythemas remained, but
      there were no histological signs of Kaposi sarcoma. On the legs there were still
      some solitary brown infiltrates. It was shown that the AIDS type of Kaposi
      sarcoma responds to combined chemotherapy.

PMID- 2422141
TI  - Post-embedding localization of glycoconjugates by means of lectins on thin
      sections of tissues embedded in LR white.
AB  - A simple post-embedding technique for the electron microscopical detection of
      lectin-binding sites using thin sections of tissues embedded in the resin LR
      White is described. With this technique, no prior etching of the sections is
      necessary. The cellular fine structure is well preserved and permits close
      correlation of the labelling to distinct cellular compartments. After mild
      aldehyde fixation (4% formaldehyde and 0.5% glutaraldehyde for 30 min),
      enterocyte brush border, vesicles and lysosomes as well as goblet cell Golgi
      apparatus and mucin are intensely stained after 30-60 min. The hydrophilia and
      penetrability of LR White is shown by the formation of oxidized diaminobenzidine
      reaction product arising from horseradish peroxidase-conjugated lectins. The
      precipitate not only covers the surface of the sections but is also formed within
      the resin, as is revealed on cross-sections through thin and semithin sections.
      The addition of 0.2 M solutions of the appropriate inhibitory sugars prevented
      staining, which indicates a specific binding. Examples are given of the binding
      of gold-, ferritin- and peroxidase-conjugated lectins for the purpose of
      detecting glycoconjugates in various intracellular compartments.

PMID- 2422142
TI  - [Current status of detection and treatment of malignant nasal and paranasal sinus
      tumors. 2. Therapy and results of treatment].

PMID- 2422143
TI  - The interaction between gamma-type endorphins and HLA class I antigens.
AB  - The clinical response of schizophrenic patients to treatment with gamma-type
      endorphins was found to be associated with certain HLA class I antigens (Bw22,
      B15, B13). Moreover, pretreatment of lymphocytes from healthy donors with des
      Tyr1-gamma-endorphin (DT gamma E) inhibits the complement-dependent cytotoxicity
      between alloantisera and those HLA antigens, of which the frequency was increased
      among schizophrenic patients, who respond well to the gamma-endorphin therapy.
      Also for the opiate antagonist, naloxon interactions with HLA class I antigens
      could be demonstrated. Using the inhibition assay with DT gamma E it was possible
      to detect a subtype of HLA-A2, which, until now, was only defined by cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes and biochemistry. These data suggest an interaction between the HLA
      class I antigens and the receptor(s) for DT gamma E and naloxon, which may
      support the hypothesis that HLA class I antigens play a role in many recognition
      processes. Their role in immunological recognition would then be only a
      specialized form of a more general function.

PMID- 2422144
TI  - Prognostic indicators in diffuse large-cell (histiocytic) lymphoma.
AB  - Identification of prognostic groups among patients with diffuse large-cell
      (histiocytic) lymphoma (DHL) would help to select specific therapy for individual
      patients and allow comparisons among combination chemotherapy clinical trials.
      The Ann Arbor staging system is of limited value in predicting outcome in diffuse
      histiocytic lymphoma. Prognostic factors have been examined by various groups
      without a consensus of reliable prognostic indicators. This study was undertaken
      to examine the validity of a predictive model for response to treatment and
      survival in DHL. Eighty-six patients with the diagnosis of DHL treated with
      combination chemotherapy between the years 1976 and 1982 were examined for
      prognostic variables influencing response to treatment and survival. The
      variables examined included: age, sex, presence or absence of systemic symptoms,
      serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), sites of disease involvement, bulk of disease,
      prior therapy, stage of disease, according to the Ann Arbor classification, and
      pathological criteria, according to the Lukes Collins classification. Factors
      achieving a p-value in the 0 to 0.05 range with univariate analysis for
      predicting response were age and systemic symptoms. Factors significant for
      overall survival were age and bone marrow involvement. These factors have been
      found to influence survival in previous studies, but there has not been a
      consistency regarding the importance of these factors. Large numbers of patients
      must be examined for various factors in order to allow identification of
      prognostic groups among patients with DHL.

PMID- 2422145
TI  - Inhibitory effects of polyprenoic acid (E5166) on production and secretion of
      alpha-fetoprotein and on cell kinetics in human hepatoma cells.
AB  - We investigated the effects of polyprenoic acid, E5166, on the production and
      secretion of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and on cell kinetics in a human hepatoma
      cell line (HuH-7). The cellular AFP content, measured flow cytometrically for
      cells stained by an indirect immunofluorescence method, was decreased by
      treatment with E5166. AFP in the culture medium decreased exponentially during
      exposure of cells to the drug. These changes were dose-dependent. The growth of
      HuH-7 cells in vitro was clearly suppressed in the presence of E5166. The
      inhibition of growth depended on the concentration of the agent. The fraction of
      S phase cells decreased relatively in the cells treated with a high concentration
      of the drug, whereas it increased in the cells treated with lower doses.

PMID- 2422146
TI  - Inhibition by sakyomicin A of avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase
      and proliferation of AIDS-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV).
AB  - In the course of screening for inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, we have
      isolated an inhibitor from a strain of Nocardia and identified it as sakyomicin
      A. The antibiotic blocks avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase
      reaction: IC50 was ca. 30 micrograms/ml by the method employed. The drug affects
      proliferation of HTLV-III/LAV in HTLV-I-carrying MT-4 cells: ca. 60% inhibition
      was observed at an antibiotic concentration of 1.0 microgram/ml and ca. 20%
      inhibition at 0.1 microgram/ml, and there was no significant cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2422147
TI  - Priming effect of interferons and interleukin 2 on endogenous production of tumor
      necrosis factor in mice.
AB  - The effects of interferons (IFNs) and interleukin 2 (IL 2) on endogenous
      production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were investigated in mice. Production
      of serum TNF was triggered by iv injection of OK-432 and tested by in vitro
      cytotoxicity assay. Injection of recombinant IFN-gamma with OK-432 and tested by
      in vitro cytotoxicity assay. Injection of recombinant IFN-gamma with OK-432 or of
      IFN-alpha/beta, recombinant IFN-beta, recombinant IFN-alpha A/D or recombinant IL
      2 six hours before OK-432 enhanced TNF production about 10-fold, which indicated
      priming actions of these compounds in TNF production. These findings suggest that
      these compounds could also be used as priming agents for endogenous production of
      TNF in cancer patients.

PMID- 2422148
TI  - A nonlinear model for transduction in hair cells.
AB  - Based on the experimental observations of the mechano-electrical transduction in
      hair cells, we formulate a model of the receptor potential utilizing a simple
      model circuit and ideas of stretch activation that have been developed for other
      mechanoreceptors. The stereociliary displacement-response relation is developed
      based on the cilia crosslinking, thus incorporating notions of bidirectional
      sensitivity, asymmetry, saturation, and adaptation into the model. We then give
      some simulation results involving periodic stimuli to the hair bundle as well as
      current stimuli of study latency behavior and other qualitative properties of the
      model.

PMID- 2422149
TI  - A comparative study of the rod and coccoid forms of Campylobacter jejuni ATCC
      29428.
AB  - Coccoid forms in cultures of a strain of the enteric pathogen Campylobacter
      jejuni were investigated. A culture containing 100% coccoid forms was non-viable.
      Coccoid forms had a lesser content of cytoplasmic components and nucleic acids
      than rods of C. jejuni. During the conversion to coccoid forms nucleotides leaked
      from the cells. The results of treatments with ionic and non-ionic detergents,
      and lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid indicated a changed cell wall in
      coccoid forms compared with rods. Using rate-zonal centrifugation coccoid forms
      were found to be less dense than rods. The results of this study indicate that
      the coccoid form of C. jejuni ATCC 29428 is a degenerate cell form which is
      undergoing cellular degradation.

PMID- 2422150
TI  - Comparative adhesion of seven species of streptococci isolated from the blood of
      patients with sub-acute bacterial endocarditis to fibrin-platelet clots in vitro.
AB  - The adhesion to fibrin-platelet clots in vitro of 21 strains of streptococci
      isolated from the blood of patients with sub-acute bacterial endocarditis (SABE)
      was measured. The species, in order of greatest adhesion, were Streptococcus
      faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus milleri, Streptococcus sanguis,
      dextran-positive Streptococcus mitior, dextran-negative Streptococcus mitior and
      Streptococcus salivarius. Individual strains within species, however, cannot be
      assumed to be representative of their species and may exhibit unusually high or
      low adhesion. Adhesion depended upon both bacterial concentration and period of
      contact. There was no simple relationship between ability to adhere and liability
      to cause endocarditis. Formation of dextran did not increase adhesion. The
      streptococci were more adhesive than strains of Escherichia coli and Neisseria
      sicca and less adhesive than strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
      pyogenes.

PMID- 2422151
TI  - Biophysical studies of mechanoreceptors.
AB  - Mechanoreception can be viewed as a series of sequential mechanical and ionic
      processes that take place in mechanosensitive end organs and in the terminals of
      the nerves that innervate them. Stimuli act on a transducer after being
      transmitted through some material having a combination of elastic and
      viscoelastic properties. Channels that open under membrane loading have recently
      been described in muscle cells and are presented as a model for transduction.
      When open these channels are cation specific. Ions passing through transducer
      channels depolarize a spike-initiating zone on the cell. These currents may also
      activate other conductances in the cell, so that the total generator current may
      have many components. In many mechanoreceptors, action potential initiation
      results in activation of an electrogenic Na+ pump at the spike-initiation zone,
      which modifies the threshold for subsequent action potentials. Action potentials
      initiated in the many branches of a single sensory axon interact at the branching
      point of the axon. The rules governing this interaction are complex. The above
      factors, together or separately, are responsible for the dynamic responses and
      adaptation observed in mechanoreceptors.

PMID- 2422152
TI  - Vitamin A deficiency and keratin biosynthesis in cultured hamster trachea.
AB  - Tracheas from vitamin A-deficient hamsters in organ culture in vitamin A-free
      medium developed squamous metaplasia. Addition of retinyl acetate to the medium
      prevented squamous metaplasia and a mucociliary epithelium was maintained.
      Indirect immunofluorescent staining with antikeratin antibodies AE1 and AE3
      indicated positive reactions with epithelium of tracheas either cultured in
      vitamin A-free or retinyl acetate (RAc)-containing medium. The "stratum corneum"
      like squames in metaplastic tracheas were strongly stained by AE3.
      Immunoprecipitation of cytoskeletal extracts from [35S]methionine labeled
      tracheas with a multivalent keratin antiserum indicated that the concentration of
      keratins synthesized in tracheas cultured in vitamin A-free medium was greater
      than that observed in tracheas cultured in the presence of RAc. In addition, new
      species of keratin were expressed in tracheas cultured in RAc-free medium.
      Alterations in the program of keratin synthesis were clearly detectable after 1 d
      in vitamin A-free medium, even though squamous metaplasia was not yet obvious.
      Squamous tracheas were shown by immunoblot analysis to contain keratins of 50,
      48, 46.5, and 45 kilodalton (kd) detected with AE1; and 58, 56, and 52 kd
      detected with AE3. Immunoblot analysis with monospecific antimouse keratin sera
      also demonstrated the presence of 60, 55, and 50 kd keratins in the metaplastic
      tracheas. All these various species of keratins were either absent or present in
      much reduced quantity in mucociliary tracheas in RAc-containing medium.
      Interestingly, the induction of squamous metaplasia in tracheal epithelium did
      not result in the expression of the 59 and 67 kd keratins which are
      characteristically expressed in the differentiated layers of the epidermis.
      Therefore, this study shows that squamous metaplasia of tracheas due to vitamin A
      free cultivation is accompanied by an increase in keratin synthesis as well as by
      the appearance of keratin species not normally present in mucociliary tracheal
      epithelium.

PMID- 2422153
TI  - Role of ribosome degradation in the death of starved Escherichia coli cells.
AB  - In Escherichia coli cultures limited for phosphate, the number of ribosomal
      particles was reduced to a small percentage of its earlier peak value by the time
      the viable cell count began to drop; the 30S subunits decreased more than the 50S
      subunits. Moreover, the ribosomal activity was reduced even more: these cells no
      longer synthesized protein, and their extracts could not translate phage RNA
      unless ribosomes were added. The translation initiation factors also disappeared,
      suggesting that they become less stable when released from their normal
      attachment to 30S subunits. In contrast, elongation factors, aminoacyl-tRNA
      synthetases, and tRNA persisted. During further incubation, until viability was
      reduced to 10(-5), the ribosomal particles disappeared altogether, while tRNA
      continued to be preserved. These results suggest that an excessive loss of
      ribosomes (and of initiation factors) may be a major cause of cell death during
      prolonged phosphate starvation.

PMID- 2422154
TI  - Variation in the structural subunit and basal protein antigens of Bacteroides
      nodosus fimbriae.
AB  - The fimbriae of Bacteroides nodosus play a major role in protective immunity
      against ovine footrot and are an important determinant in the serological
      classification system that divides field isolates into at least eight serogroups
      and 16 serotypes. Purified fimbriae contain two polypeptide antigens, the
      structural subunit of the fimbrial strand (molecular weight about 17,000) and a
      basal protein (molecular weight about 80,000), both of which exhibit structural
      variation. Fimbriae were prepared from all prototype strains, as well as from a
      number of other isolates representative of each of the B. nodosus serotypes, and
      analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
      Substantial variation was observed in the electrophoretic mobility of the
      fimbrial subunits from the prototypes of each of the eight serogroups. With the
      exception of serogroup H, which is an unusual case, the apparent molecular
      weights of the fimbrial subunits ranged from about 16,500 in serogroup D to
      19,000 in serogroup F (serotype 1); in serogroup A, B, C and E, the apparent
      molecular weights were clustered in the range of 17,000 to 17,500, whereas
      serogroup G was about 18,500. Serogroup H fimbriae appeared to consist of two
      smaller polypeptides, which in the prototype (H1) had apparent molecular weights
      of about 6,000 and 10,000 and which seem to have arisen as a consequence of an
      internal proteolytic nick in the original subunit. Electrophoretic variation in
      the fimbrial subunit was also observed between different serotypes, although with
      the exceptions of serogroups F and H, this was not as pronounced as between the
      serogroups. Examination of a number of isolates classified within the same
      serotypes showed that some variation, although minor, also occurred at this
      level. The basal antigen exhibited significant variation at all levels of the
      serotypic hierarchy in a manner apparently unrelated to the classification
      system. Among the range of isolates examined, the apparent molecular weight of
      this antigen varied from about 77,000 to 88,000.

PMID- 2422155
TI  - Novel form of transcription attenuation regulates expression the Bacillus
      subtilis tryptophan operon.
AB  - Transcription of the trp operon of Bacillus subtilis is regulated in response to
      the availability of tryptophan. The first structural gene of the operon is
      preceded by a 204-base-pair transcribed leader region that contains a segment
      with the features of a procaryotic termination site. Transcription of the leader
      region was analyzed in vivo and in vitro to determine whether this putative
      termination site was used to regulate operon expression. When RNA was isolated
      from wild-type cells grown in the presence of excess tryptophan, transcripts of
      the operon ended at the putative termination site. In contrast, RNA isolated from
      cells grown in the absence of tryptophan or from a mutant strain which is
      constitutive for trp operon expression contained trp transcripts that extended
      beyond the termination site into the structural genes. To assess termination
      quantitatively in vivo, a trpE-lacZ fusion was constructed in which the trp
      promoter and leader region controls hybrid beta-galactosidase formation. The
      effects on hybrid beta-galactosidase levels of point mutations and deletions
      introduced into this leader region were determined. The results obtained
      establish that transcription of the trp operon structural genes is regulated in
      the leader region. This regulation appears to be mediated by the formation of
      alternative secondary structures of the leader transcript. In vitro transcription
      studies with wild-type and mutant templates provided additional evidence that the
      identified alternative RNA secondary structures regulate transcription
      termination. We hypothesize that binding of a tryptophan-activated regulatory
      protein to a specific segment of the nascent leader transcript prevents formation
      of one of the alternative secondary structures, thereby directing RNA polymerase
      to terminate transcription.

PMID- 2422156
TI  - Polyadenylated RNA isolated from the archaebacterium Halobacterium halobium.
AB  - Polyadenylated [poly(A)+] RNA has been isolated from the halophilic
      archaebacterium Halobacterium halobium by binding, at 4 degrees C, to oligo(dT)
      cellulose. H. halobium contains approximately 12 times more poly(A) per unit of
      RNA than does the methanogenic archaebacterium Methanococcus vannielii. The 3'
      poly(A) tracts in poly(A)+ RNA molecules are approximately twice as long (average
      length of 20 nucleotides) in H. halobium as in M. vannielii. In both
      archaebacterial species, poly(A)+ RNAs are unstable.

PMID- 2422157
TI  - Proton transport catalyzed by the sodium pump. Ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity
      and the phosphorylation of Na,K-ATPase in the absence of sodium ions.
AB  - The possibility that H+ might substitute for Na+ at Na+ sites of Na+,K+-ATPase
      was studied. Na+,K+-ATPase purified from pig kidney showed ouabain-sensitive K+
      dependent ATPase activity in the absence of Na+ at acid pH (H+,K+-ATPase). The
      specific activity was 1.1 mumol Pi/mg/min at pH 5.7, whereas the specific
      activity of Na+,K+-ATPase was 14 mumol Pi/mg/min at pH 7.5. The enzyme was
      phosphorylated from ATP in the absence of Na+ at the acid pH. The initial rate of
      the phosphorylation was also accelerated at the acid pH in the absence of Na+,
      and the maximal rate obtained at pH 5.5 without Na+ was 9% of the rate at pH 7.0
      with Na+. The phosphoenzyme was sensitive to K+ but almost insensitive to ADP.
      The phosphoenzyme was sensitive to hydroxylamine treatment and the alpha-subunit
      of the enzyme was found to be phosphorylated. H+,K+-ATPase was inhibited as
      effectively as Na+,K+-ATPase by N-ethylmaleimide but was less inhibited by
      oligomycin or dimethyl sulfoxide. These results indicate that protons have an Na+
      like effect on the Na+ sites of Na+,K+-ATPase and suggest that protons can be
      transported by the sodium pump in place of Na+.

PMID- 2422158
TI  - Is the cytochrome b-c1 complex a proton pump? Probably yes.

PMID- 2422159
TI  - Is there sufficient experimental evidence to consider the mitochondrial
      cytochrome bc1 complex a proton pump? Probably no.
AB  - The electron flow through the cytochrome bc1 complex of the mitochondrial
      respiratory chain is accompanied by vectorial proton translocation, though the
      mechanism of the latter phenomenon has not yet been clarified. Several proposed
      hypotheses are briefly presented and discussed here. Recently, a number of papers
      have appeared claiming the existence of a proton pump in the enzyme mainly on the
      basis of the interaction of the complex with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. These
      data are reviewed here with the aim of showing their ability to fit multiple
      interpretations. This together with some other arguments leads to the conclusion
      that a proton pump in the mitochondrial bc1 complex has not yet been
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2422160
TI  - Models of localized energy coupling.
AB  - It is proven that any model of localized protonmotive energy coupling that relies
      upon properties of a homogeneous surface phase must, when operated in the steady
      state, lead to bulk phase electrochemical potentials for protons that are as
      large as those required by the delocalized chemiosmotic theory. To obtain models
      consistent with experiments supporting localized energy coupling requires some
      kind of surface heterogeneity for the proton conducting pathways. Two general
      classes of heterogeneous surface models are mentioned. One class involves phase
      separated lipid domains. The second class involves hydrogen-bonded chains in
      proteins that traverse the membrane laterally.

PMID- 2422161
TI  - [Morphometric analysis of human pulp myelinated fibers during aging].
AB  - In view of the considerable variations in contour shapes noted in transverse
      sections of myelinated axons from dental pulps a morphometric method involving
      image analysis (TAS Leitz) was used to calculate directly the surfaces of the
      nerves in sections of human root pulp using the Bodian stain. The sample studies
      consisted of 26 patients aged 10.5 to 72 years. The variation in numbers of
      myelinated pulpal nerves was analysed by age. Of 3606 myelinated fibres measured,
      95% had a diameter less than 5 microns (A delta fibres) and about 0.5% had a
      diameter greater that 7 microns (A beta fibres). The mean diameter of these
      myelinated fibres was 2.90 microns. The statistical analysis clearly showed a
      difference in distribution between these fibres in young and very old subjects.
      The total number of pulpar myelinated fibres decreased with age particularly at
      the expense of a A delta fibres. The A beta fibres remained constant. This
      decrease of A delta fibres with age may be related to a reduced sensitivity to
      the perception of dental pain transmitted by these fast-conducting A delta
      fibres.

PMID- 2422162
TI  - Control of stimulus-secretion coupling in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells by
      microfilament-specific macromolecules.
AB  - We have incorporated the myosin fragment heavy meromyosin (HMM), which is known
      to interact mechanochemically and enzymatically with actin filaments, into intact
      chromaffin cells of the bovine adrenal medulla, in order to study the possible
      involvement of actin and myosin in stimulus-secretion coupling. HMM was found to
      stimulate secretion of catecholamines, to cause depolarization of the plasma
      membrane, and to enhance 22Na+ uptake. HMM-stimulated catecholamine secretion was
      dependent on the presence of extracellular Na+. The Na+ uptake caused by HMM was
      inhibited by 10 microM amiloride. Acetylcholine-stimulated catecholamine
      secretion and 22Na+ uptake were both enhanced by HMM incorporation. A Na+/H+
      antiporter, activated by the interaction of HMM with the cells' microfilaments,
      seems to be involved in HMM action and could possibly also be a component of
      stimulus-secretion coupling in chromaffin cells, induced by regular agonists.

PMID- 2422163
TI  - A map of the hCG beta-LH beta gene cluster.
AB  - The beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG beta) is reportedly encoded
      by as many as seven non-allelic genes or pseudogenes. Previous studies have
      identified a cluster of three hCG beta gene copies and the single-copy lutropin
      beta subunit (LH beta) gene, but overlap of this cluster with two additional
      pairs of hCG beta genes has not been demonstrated, despite the isolation of 18
      genomic clones. To define the number and organization of non-allelic hCG beta
      gene copies, genomic Southern blot analyses were performed using hCG beta cDNA
      and gene-flanking unique-sequence probes. The data show the linear arrangement of
      six genes (or pseudogenes) and show that the hCG beta-IH beta gene cluster is
      present in a single 58-kilobase EcoRI fragment. Our map of the cluster indicates
      which of the cloned hCG beta genes reflect somatic genotypes rather than
      recombinant artifacts and will thus permit investigation of factors regulating
      expression during gestation.

PMID- 2422164
TI  - Specific inhibition of [3H] saxitoxin binding to skeletal muscle sodium channels
      by geographutoxin II, a polypeptide channel blocker.
AB  - Geographutoxin II (GTX II), a peptide toxin isolated from Conus geographus,
      inhibited [3H]saxitoxin binding to receptor sites associated with voltage
      sensitive Na channels in rat skeletal muscle homogenates and rabbit T-tubular
      membranes with K0.5 values of 60 nM for homogenates and 35 nM for T-tubular
      membranes in close agreement with concentrations that block muscle contraction.
      Scatchard analysis of [3H]saxitoxin binding to T-tubular membranes gave values of
      KD = 9.3 nM and Bmax = 300 fmol/mg of protein and revealed a primarily
      competitive mode of inhibition of saxitoxin binding by GTX II. The calculated KD
      values for GTX II were 24 nM for T-tubules and 35 nM for homogenates,
      respectively. In rat brain synaptosomes, GTX II caused a similar inhibitory
      effect on [3H]saxitoxin binding at substantially higher concentrations (K0.5 = 2
      microM). In contrast, binding of [3H]batrachotoxin A 20-alpha-benzoate and 125I
      labeled scorpion toxin to receptor sites associated with Na channels in
      synaptosomes was not affected by GTX II at concentrations up to 10 microM.
      Furthermore, [3H]saxitoxin binding to membranes of rat superior cervical ganglion
      was only blocked 10% by GTX II at 10 microM. These results indicate that GTX II
      interacts competitively with saxitoxin in binding at neurotoxin receptor site 1
      on the sodium channel in a highly tissue-specific manner. GTX II is the first
      polypeptide ligand for this receptor site and the first to discriminate between
      this site on nerve and adult muscle sodium channels.

PMID- 2422165
TI  - Ryanodine activation and inhibition of the Ca2+ release channel of sarcoplasmic
      reticulum.
AB  - The effect of the plant alkaloid ryanodine on the skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic
      reticulum Ca2+ release channel was studied by determining the Ca2+ permeability
      of "heavy" vesicles passively loaded with 45Ca2+ in the presence or absence of
      ryanodine. Depending on the experimental conditions, ryanodine either stimulated
      or inhibited Ca2+ efflux. Vesicles were rendered permeable to 45Ca2+ at a
      ryanodine concentration of 0.01 microM when diluted into a medium containing the
      two Ca2+ release channel inhibitors Mg2+ and ruthenium red. At ryanodine
      concentrations greater than 10 microM, 45Ca2+ efflux was inhibited in channel
      activating (5 microM Ca2+) or -inhibiting (10 mM Mg2+ plus 10 microM ruthenium
      red) media. An optimal stimulatory effect was observed when vesicles were
      incubated with ryanodine at 37 degrees C and in media that caused partial opening
      of the channel. Similar results to those described above were obtained using
      cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles that were capable of rapid 45Ca2+ efflux.
      Use of the slowly permeating molecule L-[3H]glucose allowed measurement of
      channel-mediated efflux rates from vesicles in the presence and absence of
      ryanodine. At low activating concentrations, ryanodine did not appreciably change
      the regulation of L-glucose efflux rates by external Ca2+, Mg2+, and adenine
      nucleotide. These results suggested two possible modes of action of ryanodine: 1)
      a change in the gating mechanism of the channel which is not readily detected
      using the slowly permeating molecule L-glucose or 2) a change in channel
      structure which prevents its complete closing.

PMID- 2422166
TI  - Microsomal enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis from lanosterol. Solubilization
      and purification of steroid 8-isomerase.
AB  - Steroid-8-ene isomerase that catalyzes isomerization of delta 8- to delta 7
      sterols has been solubilized from rat liver microsomes with a mixture of two
      detergents, octylglucoside and sodium taurodeoxycholic acid. During a 40-fold
      enrichment of the solubilized enzyme, other enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis,
      endogenous lipids, and electron carriers are removed. A comparison of properties
      of the solubilized and partially purified isomerase with the membrane-bound
      enzyme shows they are essentially identical with respect to pH profile, effect of
      inhibitors and cofactors, substrate specificity, and Km values. Addition of
      phospholipid to the partially purified enzyme stimulates activity as much as 1.8
      fold over control rates. Although the relative rate of isomerization of cholesta
      8,24-dien-3 beta-ol is six times that observed with cholest-8-en-3 beta-ol, the
      delta 8 to delta 7 ratio at equilibrium is approximately equal. The reversibility
      of the reaction has been demonstrated by the direct conversion of cholest-7-en-3
      beta-ol to cholest-8-en-3 beta-ol; at equilibrium the delta 7-isomer is
      predominant (19/1). The purified enzyme does not catalyze isomerization of
      cholesta-8,14-dien-3 beta-ol and cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol under conditions that
      result in equilibrium mixtures of isomers from cholest-8(9)-en-3 beta-ol. These
      results are consistent with the earlier suggestion that delta 8(14)-sterols are
      neither formed nor metabolized by the same microsomal enzymes that catalyze
      transformation of lanosterol to cholesterol.

PMID- 2422167
TI  - Separation of cardiac plasmalemma into cell surface and T-tubular components.
      Distribution of saxitoxin- and nitrendipine-binding sites.
AB  - To compare surface sarcolemmal with T-tubular distributions of [3H]saxitoxin
      (STX)- and [3H]nitrendipine (NTD)-binding sites, we centrifuged membrane vesicles
      from sheep and bovine ventricles on a 10-40% linear sucrose gradient from which
      fractions were assayed for STX and NTD binding; for markers of surface sarcolemma
      (ouabain-sensitive Na,K-ATPase activity, [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding);
      and for markers of junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum known to be preferentially
      associated with T-tubules (ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ uptake, calsequestrin, an Mr
      300,000 putative phosphorylatable "foot" protein, and electron microscopically
      visible junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum-plasmalemma complexes). We identified
      three distinct peaks in the sucrose gradient, each characterized by significant
      high and low affinity STX- and high affinity NTD-binding: Peak I (approximately
      19% sucrose), highly enriched in surface sarcolemma; Peak III (approximately 36%
      sucrose), enriched in junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum markers and hence in
      junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum complexes with T-tubule; and Peak II
      (approximately 27% sucrose), showing greatest specific STX binding and only
      moderate NTD binding, enriched in T-tubular membrane, unassociated with
      junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum. For ventricular myocytes, the ratio NTD
      sites/STX sites was 2.5 for surface sarcolemma, but only approximately 1.0 for T
      tubules. Unlike data published for mammalian skeletal muscle, sheep and beef
      cardiac NTD receptors were not significantly more concentrated in T-tubular than
      in surface plasmalemma.

PMID- 2422168
TI  - Dopamine antagonist haloperidol decreases substance P, substance K, and
      preprotachykinin mRNAs in rat striatonigral neurons.
AB  - Rat genomic clones were used to quantitate preprotachykinin mRNAs in the rat
      basal ganglia, while the tachykinin peptide products substance P and substance K
      were measured by radioimmunoassay. Administration of the dopamine antagonist
      (antipsychotic) drug haloperidol significantly decreased substance P, substance
      K, and both alpha (substance P encoding) and beta (substance P/substance K
      encoding) preprotachykinin mRNAs, suggesting a drug-induced decrease in
      striatonigral tachykinin biosynthesis. The time course for decreased
      preprotachykinin mRNAs and tachykinins apparently parallels the period of maximum
      risk for the development of certain antipsychotic drug-induced extrapyramidal
      side effects seen clinically. Tachykinin interaction with dopamine neurons may
      play an important role in the modulation of basal ganglia function.

PMID- 2422169
TI  - Evidence of the activity of tyrosine kinase(s) and of the presence of
      phosphotyrosine proteins in pea plantlets.
AB  - Homogenate fractions from etiolated pea plantlets showed tyrosine kinase activity
      when incubated with [32P]ATP and substrates like polyamino acid polymer (Glu-Ala
      Tyr)n or [Val5]angiotensin II. When these tyrosine kinase substrates were
      recovered by high voltage electrophoresis, and analyzed by high pressure liquid
      chromatography after alkaline hydrolysis, yielded radioactive phosphotyrosine.
      The same product was obtained after acid hydrolysis of either endogenous or
      exogenous substrates. Phosphorylated polypeptides were extracted after sodium
      dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of a pellet fraction incubated with [32P]ATP.
      After acid hydrolysis and high voltage electrophoresis, [32P]phosphotyrosine was
      found in gel bands with polypeptides of about 92 and 57 kDa. These results
      suggest that tyrosine kinase(s) and phosphotyrosine proteins are also present in
      higher plants.

PMID- 2422170
TI  - Peptide-specific antibodies identify the alpha 2 chain as the proteoglycan
      subunit of type IX collagen.
AB  - Type IX collagen is a recently characterized product of chondrocytes. The
      molecules of this collagen are heterotrimers of three genetically distinct
      polypeptide chains. One of the three chains contains chondroitin and/or dermatan
      sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains, giving the molecule a proteoglycan character.
      In fact, Type IX collagen has been identified with the proteoglycan Lt (PG-Lt),
      first isolated by Noro, A., Kimata, K., Oike, Y., Shinomura, T., Maeda, N., Yano,
      S., Takahashi, N., and Suzuki, S. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 9323-9331 from chick
      embryonic tibia and femur. Based on amino acid sequences predicted from the
      nucleotide sequences of cDNA and genomic clones specific for two of the chains of
      Type IX collagen, we have synthesized oligopeptides representing portions of the
      two chains. In addition, an oligopeptide has been made based on a partial amino
      acid sequence of the third chain. Antibodies against the synthetic peptides have
      been generated in rabbits, and the polyclonal sera have allowed identification of
      the three genetically distinct polypeptide subunits of Type IX collagen. In
      addition, labeling with [35S]sulfate and treatment with chondroitinase ABC
      demonstrates that glycosaminoglycan chains are present on the subunit that has
      been given the designation alpha 2(IX).

PMID- 2422171
TI  - Topography of glycosylation reactions in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
      membrane.
AB  - The translocation of UDP-glucose and GDP-mannose from an external to a luminal
      compartment has been examined in rat liver vesicles derived from the rough
      endoplasmic reticulum (RER). RER vesicles with the same topographical orientation
      as in vivo were incubated with a mixture of [3H]UDP-glucose and UDP-[14C]glucose
      to demonstrate that the intact sugar nucleotide was translocated into the lumen
      of the vesicles. The translocation of UDP-glucose was dependent on temperature
      and was saturable at high concentrations of the sugar nucleotide. The transfer of
      glucose to endogenous acceptors was dependent on the translocation of UDP-glucose
      into the lumen of the RER since leaky vesicles resulted in both a decrease in
      transport and transfer of glucose to endogenous acceptors. Preliminary results
      suggest that the mechanism of UDP-glucose transport into RER-derived vesicles is
      via a coupled exchange with luminal UMP. Using the same experimental approach to
      detect translocation of UDP-glucose into the lumen of RER vesicles, we were
      unable to detect transport of GDP-mannose. Incubation of leaky vesicles with GDP
      mannose resulted in stimulation of the amount of mannose transferred to
      endogenous acceptors, in marked contrast to that observed for UDP-glucose and UDP
      N-acetylglucosamine. These results suggest that whereas UDP-glucose is
      translocated across the RER membrane in vitro, GDP-mannose is not transported. In
      addition, these results tentatively suggest that there is asymmetric synthesis of
      the lipid-linked oligosaccharides within the membrane of the RER.

PMID- 2422172
TI  - The selective release of one of the two L7/L12 dimers from the Escherichia coli
      ribosome induced by a monoclonal antibody to the NH2-terminal region.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies against different epitopes in Escherichia coli
      ribosomal protein L7/L12 were prepared and characterized as reported previously
      (Sommer, A., Etchison, J.R., Gavino, G., Zecherle, N., Casiano, C., and Traud,
      R.R. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 6522-6527). Both antibodies strongly inhibited
      polyuridylic acid-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis, ribosome-dependent GTPase
      activity, and the binding of elongation factor G to the ribosome at mole ratios
      over ribosomes of 4:1 or less. One epitope was shown to be within residues 1-73
      (Ab 1-73) and the other within 74-120 (Ab 74-120). Incubation of 50 S ribosomal
      subunits or 70 S ribosomes with Ab 1-73, but not with Ab 74-120, leads to a
      partial loss of L7/L12 from the particle with no loss of any other protein. The
      experiment was repeated with ribosomes reconstituted with pure radioactive L7/L12
      of determined specific activity in order to quantify the L7/L12 in the antibody
      treated particle. The protein-deficient core particles isolated by sucrose
      gradient centrifugation after incubation with Ab 1-73 were found to contain, on
      average, two copies of L7/L12 and one Ab 1-73. The constancy of this
      stoichiometry in many experiments and the demonstration of Ab 1-73 on all
      particles indicate the presence of a homogeneous population of ribosomes, each
      with only one of the two L7/L12 dimers originally present. The results show a
      difference in the interactions of the two dimers with the ribosome and present a
      means of preparing ribosomes with one dimer in a specific binding site. The
      accompanying paper (Olson, H.M., Sommer, A., Tewari, D. S., Traut, R.R., and
      Glitz, D.G. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 6924-6932) shows by immune electron
      microscopy the location of the two antibody-binding sites and the effect of Ab 1
      73 on structure.

PMID- 2422173
TI  - Localization of two epitopes of protein L7/L12 to both the body and stalk of the
      large ribosomal subunit. Immune electron microscopy using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Four molecules of ribosomal protein L7/L12 are found as two dimers on the
      Escherichia coli 50 S ribosomal subunit. Immune electron microscopy using
      monoclonal antibodies directed against two epitopes of protein L7/L12 has allowed
      placement of elements of each dimer. One monoclonal antibody, directed against a
      determinant in the COOH-terminal domain, allows localization of two identical
      determinants at or near the end of the subunit stalk. The same antibody was used
      to place two additional determinants at the periphery of stalkless subunits, in
      an area from which a stalk might be expected to project. A second antibody,
      directed against an epitope in the amino-terminal portion of L7/L12, caused loss
      of stalks from the 50 S subunits. The micrographs showed symmetrical oligometric
      complexes of the dissociated dimeric protein with bivalent antibody. Antibodies
      were also seen to bind to the body of stalkless subunits, in a region near the
      COOH-terminal sites. The results are explained by a model in which one dimer of
      protein L7/L12 exists in a folded conformation on the subunit body and the second
      dimer occurs in an extended conformation in the subunit stalk.

PMID- 2422174
TI  - The epitopes of two complex-specific monoclonal antibodies, related to the
      receptor recognition site, map to the COOH-terminal end of human alpha 2
      macroglobulin.
AB  - The elucidation of the molecular structure of the receptor recognition site of
      human alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) was approached by mapping the epitopes of
      two monoclonal antibodies (F2B2 and F12A3). These antibodies were shown to be
      complex-specific, defining neo-antigenic sites not detectable on native alpha 2M
      and thereby mimicking the specificity of the receptor expressed on macrophages
      and fibroblasts. The antibodies inhibited binding of alpha 2M-trypsin complexes
      to the receptor. The epitopes of both monoclonal antibodies are shown here to be
      located on the Mr 60,000 heat-induced fragment of partially reduced alpha 2M.
      Limited proteolysis of alpha 2M-methylamine with lysine-specific bacterial
      endoproteinase was examined by rate electrophoresis and by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to correlate the loss of the epitopes with the
      generation of defined fragments. 14C-Labeled alpha 2M-methylamine was used as an
      internal marker for the position of the thioesters. Finally, the epitopes were
      protected toward proteolysis by subjecting immune complexes of alpha 2M
      methylamine with the monoclonal antibodies to proteolysis under the same
      conditions as uncomplexed alpha 2M-methylamine. The results obtained allowed us
      to map the epitopes of both the monoclonal antibodies to within a distance of
      about Mr 20,000 from the COOH-terminal end of human alpha 2M.

PMID- 2422175
TI  - Studies of the DNA helicase-RNA primase unit from bacteriophage T4. A
      trinucleotide sequence on the DNA template starts RNA primer synthesis.
AB  - The purified DNA replication proteins encoded by genes 41 and 61 of bacteriophage
      T4 catalyze efficient RNA primer synthesis on a single-stranded DNA template. In
      the presence of additional T4 replication proteins, we demonstrate that the
      template sequences 5'-GTT-3' and 5'-GCT-3' serve as necessary and sufficient
      signals for RNA primer-dependent initiation of new DNA chains. These chains start
      with primers that have the sequences pppApCpNpNpN and pppGpCpNpNpN, where N can
      be any one of the four ribonucleotides. Each primer is initiated from the T (A
      start primers) or C (G-start primers) in the center of the recognized template
      sequence. A subset of the DNA chain starts is observed when one of the four
      ribonucleoside triphosphates used as the substrates for primer synthesis is
      omitted; the starts observed reveal that both pentaribonucleotide and
      tetraribonucleotide primers can be used for efficient initiation of new DNA
      chains, whereas primers that are only 3 nucleotides long are inactive. It was
      known previously that, when 61 protein is present in catalytic amounts, the 41
      and 61 proteins are both required for observing RNA primer synthesis. However, by
      raising the concentration of the 61 protein to a much higher level, a substantial
      amount of RNA-primed DNA synthesis is obtained in the absence of 41 protein. The
      DNA chains made are initiated by primers that seem to be identical to those made
      when both 41 and 61 proteins are present; however, only those template sites
      containing the 5'-GCT-3' sequence are utilized. The 61 protein is, therefore, the
      RNA primase, whereas the 41 protein should be viewed as a DNA helicase that is
      required (presumably via a 41/61 complex) for efficient primase recognition of
      both the 5'-GCT-3' and 5'-GTT-3' DNA template sequences.

PMID- 2422176
TI  - Bronchial angiography: a report of 21 patients.
AB  - Angiographic studies of the bronchial and other systemic thoracic arteries were
      requested by referring physicians in 21 patients, in 18 cases because of
      hemoptysis. Selective catheterization was carried out in 18 of the 21, and in an
      additional two patients the bronchial arteries were identified by thoracic
      aortography. Five examples of effective therapeutic embolization are discussed.
      Bronchial angiography and embolization appear to be of value in the diagnosis and
      treatment of hemoptysis.

PMID- 2422177
TI  - Ultrasonically guided fine-needle biopsy in focal intrahepatic lesions: six
      years' experience.
AB  - We report the results of 322 ultrasonically guided percutaneous fine-needle
      biopsies of focal intrahepatic lesions. The technique is original in several
      respects; it is an aspiration of both the lesion and normal-looking liver, and it
      includes both cytology and histology when the tiny cores are obtained. Cytology
      included Papanicolaou and Giemsa staining and other special staining when
      necessary. Sensitivity was 88.6% and specificity was 100% in the diagnosis of
      malignancy. Out of 141 metastases, 14 false negatives, 5 misclassifications, and
      122 correct diagnoses were obtained. Out of 69 hepatomas the correct diagnosis of
      malignancy was made in 63 patients and of these the correct classification in 49.
      Complications occurred in six patients and marked hemorrhage in four. This
      technique is a simple, accurate, safe method for the diagnosis of focal
      intrahepatic lesions.

PMID- 2422178
TI  - Immunolocalization of the gamma isoform of nonmuscle actin in cultured cells.
AB  - In many vertebrate nonmuscle cells, the microfilament subunit protein, actin,
      exists as two isoforms, called beta and gamma, whose sequences differ only in
      their amino-terminal regions. We have prepared a peptide antibody specifically
      reactive with the amino-terminal sequence of gamma actin. This antibody reacted
      with nonmuscle actin as determined by Western blots of SDS gels, and reacted with
      the gamma, but not the beta, nonmuscle actin isoform as shown by Western blots of
      isoelectric focusing gels. In immunofluorescence experiments, the gamma peptide
      antibody stained microfilament bundles, ruffled edges, and the contractile ring
      of a variety of cultured cells, including mouse L cells, which have previously
      been reported to contain only the beta actin isoform (Sakiyama, S., S. Fujimura,
      and H. Sakiyama, 1981, J. Biol. Chem., 256:31-33). Double immunofluorescence
      experiments using the gamma peptide antibody and an antibody reactive with all
      actin isoforms revealed no differences in isoform localization. Thus, at the
      level of resolution of light microscopy, we have detected the gamma actin isoform
      in all microfilament-containing structures in cultured cells, and have observed
      no subcellular sorting of the nonmuscle actin isoforms.

PMID- 2422179
TI  - The role of keratin subfamilies and keratin pairs in the formation of human
      epidermal intermediate filaments.
AB  - The four major keratins of normal human epidermis (molecular mass 50, 56.5, 58,
      and 65-67 kD) can be subdivided on the basis of charge into two subfamilies
      (acidic 50-kD and 56.5-kD keratins vs. relatively basic 58-kD and 65-67-kD
      keratins) or subdivided on the basis of co-expression into two "pairs" (50-kD/58
      kD keratin pair synthesized by basal cells vs. 56.5-kD/65-67-kD keratin pair
      expressed in suprabasal cells). Acidic and basic subfamilies were separated by
      ion exchange chromatography in 8.5 M urea and tested for their ability to
      reassemble into 10-nm filaments in vitro. The two keratins in either subfamily
      did not reassemble into 10-nm filaments unless combined with members of the other
      subfamily. While electron microscopy of acidic and basic keratins equilibrated in
      4.5 M urea showed that keratins within each subfamily formed distinct oligomeric
      structures, possibly representing precursors in filament assembly, chemical cross
      linking followed by gel analysis revealed dimers and larger oligomers only when
      subfamilies were combined. In addition, among the four major keratins, the acidic
      50-kD and basic 58-kD keratins showed preferential association even in 8.5 M
      urea, enabling us to isolate a 50-kD/58-kD keratin complex by gel filtration.
      This isolated 50-kD/58-kD keratin pair readily formed 10-nm filaments in vitro.
      These results demonstrate that in tissues containing multiple keratins, two
      keratins are sufficient for filament assembly, but one keratin from each
      subfamily is required. More importantly, these data provide the first evidence
      for the structural significance of specific co-expressed acidic/basic keratin
      pairs in the formation of epithelial 10-nm filaments.

PMID- 2422180
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies that recognize a polypeptide antigenic determinant shared
      by multiple Caenorhabditis elegans sperm-specific proteins.
AB  - Four monoclonal antibodies that are directed against antigens present in sperm
      and absent from other worm tissues were characterized. Antibody TR20 is directed
      against the major sperm proteins, a family of small, abundant, cytoplasmic
      proteins that have been previously described (Klass, M. R., and D. Hirsh, 1981,
      Dev. Biol., 84:299-312; Burke, D. J., and S. Ward, 1983, J. Mol. Biol., 171:1
      29). Three other antibodies, SP56, SP150, and TR11, are all directed against the
      same set of minor sperm polypeptides that range in size from 29 to 215 kD. More
      than eight different sperm polypeptides are antigenic by both immunotransfer and
      immunoprecipitation assays. The three antibodies are different immunoglobulin
      subclasses, yet they compete with each other for antigen binding so they are
      directed against the same antigenic determinant on the multiple sperm proteins.
      This antigenic determinant is sensitive to any of six different proteases, is
      insensitive to periodate oxidation or N-glycanase digestion, and is detectable on
      a polypeptide synthesized in vitro. Therefore, the antigenic determinant resides
      in the polypeptide chain. However, peptide fragments of the proteins are not
      antigenic, thus the determinant is likely to be dependent on polypeptide
      conformation. The antigenic determinant shared by these proteins could represent
      a common structural feature of importance to the localization or cellular
      specificity of these proteins.

PMID- 2422181
TI  - Site-restricted expression of cytotactin during development of the chicken
      embryo.
AB  - The sequential appearance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, cytotactin,
      was examined during development of the chicken embryo by immunohistochemical
      techniques. Although cytotactin was identified as a molecule that mediates glia
      neuron interactions, preliminary immunohistochemical localization of the molecule
      suggested that it was an ECM protein with a widespread but nonetheless more
      restricted distribution than either fibronectin or laminin. In the present study,
      it was found that cytotactin is first present in the gastrulating chicken embryo.
      It appears later in the basement membrane of the developing neural tube and
      notochord in a temporal sequence beginning in the cephalic regions and proceeding
      caudally. Between 2 and 3 d of development, the molecule is present at high
      levels in the early neural crest pathways (surrounding the neural tube and
      somites) but, in contrast to fibronectin and laminin, is not found in the lateral
      plate mesoderm or ectoderm. At later times, cytotactin is expressed extensively
      in the central nervous system, in lesser amounts in the peripheral nervous
      system, and in a number of nonneural sites, most prominently in all smooth
      muscles and in basement membranes of lung and kidney. Cytotactin appears in adult
      tissues with distributions that are similar to those seen in embryonic tissues.
      The findings raise the possibility that certain ECM proteins contribute to
      pattern formation in embryogenesis as a result of their restricted expression in
      a spatiotemporally regulated fashion at some sites but not at others.

PMID- 2422182
TI  - Regulation of the terminal event in cellular differentiation: biological
      mechanisms of the loss of proliferative potential.
AB  - Human plasma has been demonstrated to contain factors that induce the sequential
      expression of nonterminal and terminal adipocyte differentiation in 3T3 T
      mesenchymal stem cells. We now report the development of methods for the
      isolation of purified populations of nonterminally differentiated cells and
      terminally differentiated cells, and we show that it is possible to
      experimentally induce transition from the nonterminal to the terminal state of
      differentiation. With this model system it is therefore now possible to examine
      the biological and molecular processes associated with the terminal event in
      differentiation, i.e., the irreversible loss of proliferative potential. In this
      regard, we demonstrate that transition from the nonterminal to terminal state of
      differentiation is a complex metabolic process that consists of at least two
      steps and that this process can be triggered by pulse exposure to an inducer for
      approximately 12 h but that approximately 24-48 h is required for the process to
      be completed. The data also establish that induction of the terminal event in
      differentiation requires protein synthesis but not RNA and DNA synthesis. These
      and additional results suggest that loss of proliferative potential associated
      with the terminal event in cellular differentiation is a distinct regulatory
      process, and we suggest that defects in this regulatory process may be of
      etiological significance in the pathogenesis of specific human diseases,
      especially cancer.

PMID- 2422183
TI  - Phenotypic heterogeneity in lymphoblastic cell lines.
AB  - Four T-cell and two B-cell lines from patients with lymphoblastic leukemia were
      examined with a panel of monoclonal antibodies for a variety of lineage and
      differentiation stage-associated antigens during growth in liquid suspension. In
      five of the lines, markers normally associated with the granulopoietic lineage
      were found and the level of expression of these markers varied during culture.
      The sixth line, MOLT-3, was examined in more detail. Using clonal selection it
      was found that phenotypic heterogeneity could readily be obtained and that
      subclones could be acquired that expressed a wide range of markers, typically in
      reproducible kinetic patterns, that were not detected on the parent clone.
      Previous results were confirmed showing that treatment with the drug 5
      azacytidine (5-aza) prior to selection promoted the expression of the
      granulopoietic lineage associated antigen 80H.5 on MOLT-3 subclones; however,
      treatment with 5-aza appeared to inhibit substantially the expression of other
      novel markers by subclones following a second selection compared to untreated
      controls. It appears that the expression of markers normally associated with
      other lineages on leukemic lymphoblasts (lineage infidelity) may be
      characteristic of such lines and that phenotypically variant subclones expressing
      lineage infidelity can readily be obtained by clonal selection.

PMID- 2422184
TI  - Heparin potentiation of 3T3-adipocyte stimulated angiogenesis: mechanisms of
      action on endothelial cells.
AB  - We have examined the cellular mechanisms by which heparin potentiates the ability
      of 3T3-adipocytes to stimulate the formation of new blood vessels. Both
      anticoagulant and non-anticoagulant heparin species enhanced the angiogenic
      activity of adipocyte-secreted products in the chick chorioallantoic membrane
      assay, indicating that the angiotropic effect of this glycosaminoglycan is
      independent of its effect on the coagulation cascade. Heparin alone was unable to
      produce a neovascular response. The ability of heparin to modulate three
      endothelial functions in vitro thought to be related to angiogenesis were
      examined: protease activity, motility, and mitogenesis. Heparin caused a 100%
      increase in the adipocyte-induced stimulation of endothelial cell plasminogen
      activator activity and motility, but had no effect on proliferation. The
      enhancement of plasminogen activator and chemoattractant activities had a similar
      ED50 (1-2 micrograms/ml) and optimum dose (10-30 micrograms/ml). When we examined
      the direct effect of heparin on the activity of two distinct plasminogen
      activator enzymes--urokinase and tissue-type--a dual action of heparin was
      observed: tissue-type enzyme activity was stimulated 100% by heparin at 10
      micrograms/ml, whereas urokinase activity was inhibited by 77% at this dose.
      These data suggest that heparin potentiates angiogenesis in vivo by stimulating
      endothelial cell plasminogen activator, motility, or both. Our results further
      suggest that for adipocyte-induced blood vessel formation, in contrast to other
      angiogenesis systems, heparin does not appear to affect the mitogenic activity.

PMID- 2422185
TI  - Molecular mechanisms of cytolysis by complement and by cytolytic lymphocytes.

PMID- 2422186
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of nucleolar material by a simple silver staining
      technique devised for plant cells.
AB  - A simple silver staining technique for use at the electron microscopic level,
      consisting only of treatment with aqueous silver nitrate at high temperature for
      a prolonged time, was applied to thin sections of root tip meristems of Vicia
      faba. This technique contrasted the fibrillar component and the granular
      component in interphase nucleoli as a reflection of the degree of packing. In
      contrast, silver impregnation was scarcely discerned in chromosomes. A comparison
      of silver staining and conventional double staining showed that the fibrillar
      centres did not always respond positively to silver. During the course from
      metaphase to late anaphase the nucleolus organizing secondary constriction was
      always seen as a heavily impregnated region and the electron density of the
      cytoplasm increased, probably due to dispersed nucleolar material. An
      argyrophilic substance began to accumulate on chromosomes in late anaphase. In
      the beginning of telophase a uniformly impregnated nucleolus was formed at the
      secondary constriction. It is concluded from these results that argyrophilic
      substance is associated with RNA-containing structures rather than DNA-containing
      structures. The silver staining technique presented here is very convenient and
      favourable, especially for plant cells, to detect specifically the nucleolus
      organizing region and to survey the nucleolar material during mitosis at the
      electron microscopic level.

PMID- 2422187
TI  - Characterization of rat mammary cell types in primary culture: lectins and
      antisera to basement membrane and intermediate filament proteins as indicators of
      cellular heterogeneity.
AB  - Three morphologically distinct major cell types were observed in primary cultures
      obtained from the mammary parenchyma of glands from virgin rats. These cell types
      consisted of small cuboidal epithelial cells, larger epithelioid cells and
      elongated cells. We have investigated the distribution of the basement membrane
      proteins laminin and type IV collagen, and the intermediate filament proteins
      vimentin and prekeratin, in these three cell types using immunofluorescence
      techniques. Antisera to the basement membrane proteins stain the large
      epithelioid cells and the elongated cells, but do not stain the small cuboidal
      cells. Polyclonal antiserum to keratin stains all the small cuboidal and large
      epithelioid cells, but only a small subpopulation of the elongated cells.
      However, a monoclonal antibody to keratin, LP34, stains only the large cuboidal
      and a proportion of the elongated cells. Vimentin antiserum fails to stain the
      small cuboidal cells but stains all the large epithelioid and elongated cells. In
      addition, peanut lectin, which binds only to ductal lining epithelial cells in
      the virgin rat mammary gland in vivo after their treatment with neuraminidase,
      binds to the small cuboidal cells after neuraminidase treatment but not to the
      other cell types. However, Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin I, which
      specifically stains myoepithelial cells in vivo, binds to the large epithelioid
      and elongated cells but not to the small cuboidal cells. These results suggest
      that the small cuboidal cells are related to mammary ductal epithelial cells
      whereas the large epithelial and elongated cells have some characteristics of
      myoepithelial cells.

PMID- 2422188
TI  - Role of particle electrostatic charge in adhesion and ingestion in Dictyostelium
      discoideum amoeboid cells.
AB  - The use of colloid iron hydroxide, Alcian Blue and enzymic treatments confirmed
      that the negative charges of Dictyostelium discoideum cell surface are mostly due
      to carboxylic groups. The role of electrostatic charges in adhesion and ingestion
      was determined by exposing cells to untreated latex beads, polylysine or
      polyglutamic-acid-coated beads, or carboxylated beads. This study showed that
      negatively charged beads presented a weaker adhesion strength than positively
      charged ones and that adhesion was strongest with untreated beads. This shows
      that hydrophobic forces are stronger than those induced by opposite electric
      charges between particle and cell surface. The ingestion rate was not directly
      related to adhesion because negatively charged beads presented the highest
      phagocytic rate, polylysine-coated beads had the lowest and neutral beads an
      intermediate one. The treatment of cells with polylysine or polyglutamic acid
      before neutral bead addition generally enhanced the ingestion rate. Electron
      microscopic observations made on polylysine-treated cells showed, however, that
      this stimulating effect was not due to the presence of the polymer on the cell
      surface but to a membrane clearance phenomenon occurring during polymer
      elimination. All these observations have led to the conclusion that the electric
      charges of the particle do not play a major role in D. discoideum phagocytic
      ability. Hydrophobic forces and probably other unknown parameters related to the
      cell surface properties are more important.

PMID- 2422189
TI  - Determination of the antileukemia agents cytarabine and azacitidine and their
      respective degradation products by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system was
      developed for the determination of the antineoplastic agents cytarabine and
      azacitidine. Separations were performed on an octadecylsilane column with a
      mobile phase of methanol-phosphate buffer pH 7.0 (5:95). The assay methods are
      suitable for bulk drugs and sterile powder formulations of the agents.
      Specificity in the presence of analogues and decomposition products was
      demonstrated. UV spectra of the components of interest were obtained in the HPLC
      effluent, and appropriate wavelengths were employed for the various analytes.
      Samples of azacitidine in various solutions were analyzed as a function of time
      by HPLC to determine the three first-order constants associated with its
      decomposition.

PMID- 2422190
TI  - Analysis of eumelanin-related indolic compounds in urine by high-performance
      liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection.

PMID- 2422191
TI  - Determination of N-formimidoylthienamycin concentration in sera from pediatric
      patients by high-performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2422192
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunoassay of pre-S gene-coded sequences in hepatitis B vaccines.
AB  - Pre-S gene coded domains of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope protein are
      highly immunogenic in experimental animals and humans. Their presence in HBV and
      hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) particles leads to production of anti-pre-S
      specific antibodies during the course of HBV infection. Since antibodies specific
      for pre-S domains are capable of preventing the attachment of HBV to hepatocytes
      and are virus neutralizing, it would seem desirable to produce HBV vaccines with
      a standardized level of pre-S determinants to ensure their potential for
      eliciting the same repertoire of protective antibodies as found after recovery
      from natural infection. However, a test with appropriate sensitivity for
      detecting pre-S determinants to ensure their potential for eliciting the same
      repertoire of protective antibodies as found after (ELISA) for detecting pre-S
      determinants in vaccines containing less than or equal to 20 micrograms of HBsAg.
      The components of this assay are (1) antibodies to a synthetic peptide pre-S (120
      145) adsorbed to polystyrene beads, and (2) beta-lactamase-labelled antibodies
      purified from anti-HBV serum on the basis of their affinity for a pre-S (120-174)
      beta-galactosidase fusion protein produced in Escherichia coli. Results of an
      evaluation of the pre-S content of HBV vaccines from two different commercial
      sources are discussed.

PMID- 2422193
TI  - Lymphocyte proliferation and IgG production with herpesvirus antigens in solid
      phase.
AB  - A technique for simultaneous specific lymphocyte proliferation and IgG production
      with herpesvirus antigens in solid phase was developed. The cell mediated immune
      response was highly specific. Stronger cellular responses were found after
      stimulation with nucleocapsid antigens than with membrane antigens. Varicella
      zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) specific antibody production in
      vitro were found in almost 100% of seropositive individuals, while
      cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibody production was detectable in 70%. A higher
      specific IgG production was found after stimulation with CMV and VZV membrane
      antigens than with CMV nucleocapsid and VZV cell antigens. No differences in IgG
      production were found with the two types of HSV antigens. A method for viral IgG
      subclass determination in vitro was also developed. These methods may be used for
      monitoring immunosuppressed patients for immunological responsiveness to
      herpesvirus infections.

PMID- 2422194
TI  - E1 glycoprotein of rubella virus carries an epitope that binds a neutralizing
      antibody.
AB  - We identified by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis, using a
      monoclonal antibody that neutralizes rubella virus, that E1 glycoprotein carries
      an epitope linked with neutralization. Glycosidase treatment of virus does not
      prevent blotting of this monoclonal antibody with the E1 glycoprotein,
      dissociating this epitope from the hemagglutination epitope which is linked with
      the oligosaccharide side chains. We also investigated by Western blot analysis
      human serum reactivity toward E1 glycoprotein and the two other structural
      proteins of rubella virus, E2 and C: all positive sera detected E1 and C,
      irrespective of their titers, indicating the importance of glycoprotein E1 in
      immunity. Frequent lack of reactivity against E2 might suggest that this
      glycoprotein is either less exposed or less immunogenic.

PMID- 2422195
TI  - Expression of chorionic gonadotropin-beta-like messenger ribonucleic acid in an
      alpha-subunit-secreting pituitary adenoma.
AB  - The mRNA and protein products produced by an alpha-subunit-secreting pituitary
      tumor were studied to further characterize the early steps in glycoprotein
      hormone biosynthesis. alpha-Subunit mRNA was readily detected by RNA blot
      hybridization to alpha-subunit cDNA and was qualitatively normal, with a length
      of about 800 bases. Although only excess free alpha-subunit was secreted by the
      tumor, abundant beta-subunit mRNA hybridized to a cDNA which recognized both LH
      beta and CG beta sequences. Surprisingly, the beta-subunit mRNA in the pituitary
      tumor was characteristic of CG beta mRNA. The beta-subunit mRNA migrated in
      parallel with placental CG beta mRNA (approximately 1000 bases) and was easily
      resolved from LH beta mRNA (approximately 700 bases). Using site-specific
      hybridization and oligonucleotide-primed extension, the beta-subunit mRNA in
      pituitary tumor was found to have an extended 5'-untranslated tract (366 bases)
      characteristic of CG beta gene transcripts rather than LH beta gene transcripts,
      in which the 5'-untranslated tract is only 9 bases. Activation of the CG beta
      like promoter rather than the LH beta promoter indicates that the cellular
      mechanisms regulating tissue-specific expression of the beta-subunit gene were
      altered by the neoplastic changes in the pituitary tumor. Protein analysis of
      tumor homogenate demonstrated large amounts of alpha-subunit in the form of
      intact FSH and small amounts of intact LH and free alpha-subunit. Despite the
      presence of abundant CG beta-like mRNA in the tumor, intact hCG or hCG beta was
      not detected. The uncoupling of beta-subunit gene expression and protein
      biosynthesis in the setting of ongoing alpha-subunit biosynthesis provides a
      potential mechanism for unbalanced synthesis and secretion of free alpha-subunit.

PMID- 2422196
TI  - Vibrio cincinnatiensis sp. nov., a new human pathogen.
AB  - A halophilic gram-negative rod was isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid
      collected from a 70-year-old male having no known contact with seafood or salt
      water. Positive biochemical tests included oxidase, sensitivity to 0/129, O
      nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, lysine decarboxylase and fermentation of
      glucose, salicin, n-inositol, sucrose, L-mannose, L-arabinose, and arbutin.
      Negative tests included indole, ornithine decarboxylase, arginine dihydrolase
      fermentation of lactose, and production of gelatinase and urease. The DNA base
      composition was 45.0 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Numerical taxonomy indicated 70%
      similarity with known reference Vibrio sp. strains. The 5S rRNA sequence for this
      strain has been determined: 5'-U G C C U G G C G A C C A U A G C G U U U U G G A
      C C C A C C U G A U U C C A U G C C G A A C U C A G U A G U G A A A C G A A A C A
      G C G U C G A U G G U A G U G U G G G G U C U C C C C A U G U G A G A G U A G A A
      C A U C G C C A G G C A U-3'. Based on the phenetic, molecular genetic, and
      nucleic acid sequencing data, it is concluded that Vibrio cincinnatiensis
      represents a new species of the genus Vibrio sensu strictu (as defined by 5S rRNA
      sequencing results). On a basis of 5S rRNA comparative sequence analysis, the
      organism appears to share a recent common ancestor with V. gazogenes (98%
      homology) and close ancestry with V. mimicus, V. fluvialis, and V. metschnikovii.

PMID- 2422197
TI  - Techniques for examining Pneumocystis carinii in fresh specimens.
AB  - Pneumocystis carinii was examined in fresh preparations of infected rat lung
      homogenates and tissue culture supernatants by a variety of light microscope
      techniques, vital dyes, and histologic stains. Phase-contrast microscopy,
      Nomarski interference-contrast microscopy, and bright-field microscopy with
      oblique illumination provided excellent views of P. carinii. Erythrosin B, and to
      a lesser extent trypan blue, were helpful in assessing organism viability. The
      use of Triton X-100-Giemsa stain permitted differentiation of the developmental
      stages in the P. carinii life cycle. The techniques developed here are easily
      adaptable to the microbiology laboratory and thus should have important clinical
      and research applications.

PMID- 2422198
TI  - Immunoblot analyses of Candida albicans-associated antigens and antibodies in
      human sera.
AB  - We tested 10 patient sera for the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies
      to Candida albicans and for C. albicans antigens by immunoblot analysis (i.e.,
      electrotransfer blot radioimmunoassay) (G. E. Smith and M. D. Summers, J. Virol.
      39:125-137, 1981). We evaluated sera from two patients at risk for candidiasis,
      five patients with systemic candidiasis documented by culture, and two patients
      who had experienced transient candidemia. Both the specificity and the relative
      amount of IgG antibodies to C. albicans in each serum sample were readily
      visualized by this technique, as was the absence of antibody from serum of
      neonatal and immunocompromised patients. No antibody species appeared to be
      uniquely associated with candidiasis patients (i.e., each antibody species
      present in the candidiasis patient was also present in sera of normal individuals
      or "at-risk" patients). IgG from rabbits immunized with whole cells or with a
      cytoplasmic fraction of C. albicans was used to detect C. albicans antigens in
      patient sera. Although several antigens were detected in the sera from patients
      with candidiasis, the same antigens were also detected in sera from patients at
      risk and in normal human serum. No antigens were detected in human serum when
      preimmune rabbit sera were used. These results suggest that the antigens detected
      by the rabbit antisera were human serum proteins that cross-reacted with C.
      albicans antigens. These findings may have important implications in studies of
      both the pathobiology of C. albicans and the serodiagnosis of candidiasis.

PMID- 2422199
TI  - Evaluation of a commercial gene probe for identification of Legionella cultures.
AB  - Confirmation of a culture as Legionella when it is unreactive with available
      serologic reagents involves tests that are impractical in most clinical
      laboratories. A nucleic acid probe that hybridizes only to members of the genus
      Legionella was recently prepared for marketing by Gen-Probe, Inc., San Diego,
      Calif. We tested 215 Legionella strains, representing 22 species, and 84 non
      Legionella strains, representing 17 bacterial genera, with the Gen-Probe kit. All
      but four Legionella strains (L. bozemanii, less than 2% of total) and no
      heterologous strains gave positive test results. We conclude that the Legionella
      gene probe is a valuable addition to existing diagnostic tests for Legionella
      organisms.

PMID- 2422200
TI  - Diagnostic assessment of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human and
      canine blastomycosis.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for blastomycosis was evaluated with
      65 human sera from culturally or histologically proven cases of blastomycosis, 53
      sera from humans with heterologous infections, and 115 sera from apparently
      normal people. The diagnostic value of the ELISA was compared with that of the
      widely used complement fixation (CF) and immunodiffusion (ID) tests. The assay
      gave a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 98% with a minimal positive titer
      of 1:16. In contrast, the CF and ID tests demonstrated sensitivities of only 40
      and 65%, respectively, and both were 100% specific. It was concluded that ELISA
      titers of 1:32 or greater are indicative of active blastomycosis, whereas lower
      titers, which might represent cross-reactions, were considered suggestive of the
      disease. The specificity of low titers should be confirmed by immunodiffusion
      tests or from the study of serial serum specimens. Preliminary studies with sera
      from 6 dogs with active blastomycosis and 31 asymptomatic dogs revealed an ELISA
      sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97% when a 1:8 cutoff titer was used.
      Although a wide range of titers was obtained in both human and canine specimens,
      no single titer could be relied on to reflect the clinical form of disease.
      However, a four-fold-or-greater reduction in titer for serial specimens appeared
      indicative of a favorable prognosis.

PMID- 2422201
TI  - Indirect alkaline phosphatase immunoenzymatic staining for the detection of
      antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus-induced virus capsid antigens and early
      antigens.
AB  - An indirect alkaline phosphatase immunoenzymatic staining technique was developed
      for the detection of antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus-induced virus capsid
      antigens and early antigens in cell smears. The presence of antibodies against
      Epstein-Barr virus-induced virus capsid antigens and early antigens was revealed
      by a dark blue staining of cells expressing the antigens. The alkaline
      phosphatase assay gave a permanent record of the reaction that could be
      visualized under an ordinary light microscope. The titers obtained with this
      assay on 91 serum samples were significantly correlated with the titers obtained
      with an immunofluorescence technique.

PMID- 2422202
TI  - Serovar determination of Chlamydia trachomatis isolates by using type-specific
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - A panel of 15 monoclonal antibodies was prepared that could distinguish among the
      15 serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis. Twelve of these antibodies were specific
      for a single serovar (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L1, and L2) and three were
      specific for two serovars (B/Ba, C/J, and C/L3). Ten of the serovar-specific and
      two of the bispecific antibodies were shown by immunoblotting to recognize
      epitopes on the major outer membrane protein. These data provide evidence that
      such epitopes are closely correlated with and may be partly responsible for the
      antigenic variations detected by microimmunofluorescence that distinguish the
      currently recognized serovars. When used in a radioimmunoassay, these antibodies
      correctly identified the serovar of 17 strains that had been serotyped by the
      microimmunofluorescence test. In addition, we found that the chlamydial antigen
      derived from 1.0 cm2 of an infected HeLa cell monolayer was sufficient to allow
      serotyping with these antibodies. Thus, these monoclonal antibodies may provide a
      rapid and reliable alternative to mouse immunization and microimmunofluorescence
      for serotyping of clinical isolates.

PMID- 2422203
TI  - Specific and common antigenic determinants of Candida albicans isolates detected
      by monoclonal antibody.
AB  - We isolated a hybridoma cell line which produced monoclonal antibody to one
      determinant of an exoantigen of Candida albicans. The immunoglobulin G antibody
      product was characterized by using a Western blot technique and was used for a
      serological analysis of numerous homologous and heterologous yeast isolates.
      Based on specific immunologic determinants, C. albicans strains were identified
      and clustered into five groups. The monoclonal antibodies were effective reagents
      for identifying and serotyping our C. albicans isolates; they have potential
      application in the epidemiology of yeast infections.

PMID- 2422204
TI  - Human antibody response to herpes simplex virus-specific polypeptides after
      primary and recurrent infection.
AB  - Human antibody responses to specific polypeptides of herpes simplex virus types 1
      and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively) were assessed in serial serum specimens
      from 18 infected patients by immunoblot technology. Nine patients had HSV-1
      infections (six genital and three oral) and nine had HSV-2 genital infections.
      Antibodies to homologous and heterologous HSV antigens were studied and
      correlated with total microneutralization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      antibodies as well as correlated directly to purified glycoproteins. The data
      indicated a sequential appearance of antibodies to specific polypeptides,
      according to virus type and site of infection. After HSV-1 infection, the initial
      response was to glycoprotein B, but the same was not true for HSV-2 infection,
      where the initial response appeared to be to the type-specific glycoprotein G. A
      difference in sequential appearance of antibodies for the two viruses indicated
      greater reactivity to lower-molecular-weight polypeptides after genital
      infection, irrespective of type, in contrast to nongenital HSV-1 infections. The
      antibody responses for selected sera to purified glycoproteins B and D were
      verified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody determinations.

PMID- 2422205
TI  - Continuous production of a cytopathic human T-lymphotropic virus in a permissive
      neoplastic T-cell line.
AB  - We developed cloned populations from the commonly available, well-characterized
      cell line HUT-78. These cloned cells grow permanently after infection with
      isolates of human T-lymphotropic virus type III, also called lymphadenopathy
      virus (HTLV-III/LAV), from patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and
      related syndromes. In contrast, activated human T cells are lysed after HTLV
      III/LAV infection. The infected cloned cells have been in culture continuously
      for 6 months and have produced high levels of extracellular reverse transcriptase
      (400,000 cpm/ml). This level is comparable to that of similarly infected normal
      human T cells. Three weeks after infection with HTLV-III/LAV, more than 90% of
      the cloned HUT-78 cells lysed; the remaining cells continued to grow.
      Approximately 80% of these cells expressed HTLV-III/LAV antigens by
      immunofluorescence. The extracellular virus of the chronically infected cell line
      was shown to be similar to other HTLV-III/LAV isolates by competition
      radioimmunoassay, by reactivity with human serum, and by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This HTLV-III/LAV-infected immortalized cell
      line enables the continuous production of large amounts of virus.

PMID- 2422206
TI  - Biology of the human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) system and a
      hypothesis regarding the generation of autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 2422207
TI  - Enkephalins increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate content, calcium uptake, and
      contractile state in cultured chick embryo heart cells.
AB  - Peripheral vascular effects of opioid peptides are well known, but direct
      myocardial effects have not been established. We studied the inotropic response
      of spontaneously beating cultured chick embryo ventricular cells to the
      enkephalin analogue [D-Ala2]-enkephalin. Amplitude of cell motion increased in a
      concentration-dependent manner with 0.53 microM [D-Ala2]-enkephalin producing
      half-maximal response. The mechanism of this positive inotropic effect was
      investigated by examining alterations in 45Ca influx, cyclic AMP accumulation and
      adenylate cyclase activity in response to [D-Ala2]-enkephalin. At maximally
      inotropic concentrations, the 45Ca influx rate increased 39%, adenylate cyclase
      was stimulated by 30%, and cyclic AMP content rose more than twofold. Thus, in
      contrast to neural tissue, receptors for enkephalin in cultured heart cells are
      coupled to adenylate cyclase in a stimulatory manner. Occupancy of these
      receptors produces an increase in cyclic AMP levels and exerts a positive
      inotropic effect via a verapamil-sensitive enhancement of Ca influx.

PMID- 2422208
TI  - Differential effect of cyclosporin A on activation signaling in human T cell
      lines.
AB  - Different T cell lines, which can be induced to secrete interleukin 2 (IL-2) in
      vitro, were used to dissect the effect of cyclosporin A (CsA). The T leukemia
      cell Jurkat requires an increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration ([Ca++]i)
      and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) for the induction of IL-2 production, which
      is completely blocked by CsA. Another T cell line, HUT 78, also produces IL-2 in
      response to a rise in [Ca++]i and PMA; however, in HUT 78, PMA alone induces low
      levels of IL-2 production that is not blocked by CsA. After treatment with 5
      azacytidine, HUT 78 cells produced maximal levels of IL-2 in response to PMA
      alone without requiring [Ca++]i increasing stimuli. In these cells no inhibitory
      effect of CsA on PMA-induced activation could be demonstrated. In addition, CsA
      does not inhibit PMA-induced translocation of protein kinase C. These data
      suggest that CsA does not globally inhibit IL-2 gene expression, but rather
      interferes with signaling events of T cell activation.

PMID- 2422209
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis synovial membrane contains a 62,000-molecular-weight protein
      that shares an antigenic epitope with the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded associated
      nuclear antigen.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody, selected for reactivity with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
      encoded antigen EBNA-1, exhibited strong reactivity with the synovial lining
      cells in joint biopsies from 10 of 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and
      adherent cells eluted from these tissues. No staining of RA synovial membrane
      frozen tissue sections or eluted synovial-lining cells was obtained with
      monoclonal antibodies directed against other EBV-encoded antigens (anti-p160,
      anti-gp200/350) or with monoclonal antibodies directed against antigens encoded
      by cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex viruses, or human T cell leukemia virus type
      I. Among 12 osteoarthritis and normal synovial biopsies only rare reactive cells
      were noted. Characterization of the antigen(s) in RA synovium by the Western
      immunoblotting technique revealed a 62,000-molecular-weight (mol-wt) protein, in
      contrast to the 70,000-85,000-mol-wt EBNA-1 antigen found in EBV-transformed
      cells. The structural basis for the cross-reactivity of the RA synovial membrane
      62,000-mol-wt protein and the EBNA-1 antigen appears to reside in the glycine
      alanine rich region of these molecules. A rabbit antibody directed against a
      synthetic peptide (IR3-VI-2) derived from the glycine-alanine-rich region of EBNA
      1 reacted with the 70,000-85,000-mol-wt EBNA-1 antigen in EBV-infected cells and
      with the 62,000-mol-wt molecule in RA synovial membrane extracts. Since strong
      antibody responses to EBNA-1 are known to exist in RA patients, these results
      suggest that immune responses to a cross-reactive antigen may play a role in the
      pathogenesis of RA.

PMID- 2422210
TI  - Cultured fibroblast monolayers secrete a protein that alters the cellular binding
      of somatomedin-C/insulinlike growth factor I.
AB  - We studied somatomedin-C/insulinlike growth factor (Sm-C/IGF-I) binding to human
      fibroblasts in both adherent monolayers and in suspension cultures. The addition
      of Sm-C/IGF-I in concentrations between 0.5 and 10 ng/ml to monolayers cultures
      resulted in a paradoxical increase in 125I-Sm-C/IGF-I binding and concentrations
      between 25 and 300 ng/ml were required to displace the labeled peptide. The
      addition of unlabeled insulin resulted in no displacement of labeled Sm-C/IGF-I
      from the adherent cells. When fibroblast suspensions were used Sm-C/IGF-I
      concentrations between 1 and 10 ng/ml caused displacement, the paradoxical
      increase in 125I-Sm-C/IGF-I binding was not detected, and insulin displaced 60%
      of the labeled peptide. Affinity cross-linking to fibroblast monolayers revealed
      a 43,000-mol wt 125I-Sm-C-binding-protein complex that was not detected after
      cross-linking to suspended cells. The 43,000-mol wt complex was not detected
      after cross-linking to smooth muscle cell monolayers, and binding studies showed
      that 125I-Sm-C/IGF-I was displaced greater than 90% by Sm-C/IGF-I using
      concentrations between 0.5 and 10 ng/ml. Because fibroblast-conditioned medium
      contains the 43,000-mol wt complex, smooth muscle cells were incubated with
      conditioned medium for 24 h prior to initiation of the binding studies. 125I-Sm
      C/IGF-I-binding increased 1.6-fold compared to control cultures and after cross
      linking the 43,000-mol wt complex could be detected on the smooth muscle cell
      surface. Human fibroblast monolayers secrete a protein that binds 125I-Sm-C/IGF-I
      which can be transferred to the smooth muscle cell surface and alters 125I-Sm
      C/IGF-I binding.

PMID- 2422211
TI  - High molecular weight kininogen is an inhibitor of platelet calpain.
AB  - Recent studies from our laboratory indicate that a high concentration of platelet
      derived calcium-activated cysteine protease (calpain) can cleave high molecular
      weight kininogen (HMWK). On immunodiffusion and immunoblot, antiserum directed to
      the heavy chain of HMWK showed immunochemical identity with alpha-cysteine
      protease inhibitor--a major plasma inhibitor of tissue calpains. Studies were
      then initiated to determine whether purified or plasma HMWK was also an inhibitor
      of platelet calpain. Purified alpha-cysteine protease inhibitor, alpha-2
      macroglobulin, as well as purified heavy chain of HMWK or HMWK itself inhibited
      purified platelet calpain. Kinetic analysis revealed that HMWK inhibited platelet
      calpain noncompetitively (Ki approximately equal to 5 nM). Incubation of platelet
      calpain with HMWK, alpha-2-macroglobulin, purified heavy chain of HMWK, or
      purified alpha-cysteine protease inhibitor under similar conditions resulted in
      an IC50 of 36, 500, 700, and 1,700 nM, respectively. The contribution of these
      proteins in plasma towards the inhibition of platelet calpain was investigated
      next. Normal plasma contained a protein that conferred a five to sixfold greater
      IC50 of purified platelet calpain than plasma deficient in either HMWK or total
      kininogen. Reconstitution of total kininogen deficient plasma with purified HMWK
      to normal levels (0.67 microM) completely corrected the subnormal inhibitory
      activity. However, reconstitution of HMWK deficient plasma to normal levels of
      low molecular weight kininogen (2.4 microM) did not fully correct the subnormal
      calpain inhibitory capacity of this plasma. These studies indicate that HMWK is a
      potent inhibitor as well as a substrate of platelet calpain and that the plasma
      and cellular kininogens may function as regulators of cytosolic, calcium
      activated cysteine proteases.

PMID- 2422213
TI  - Infection of monocyte/macrophages by human T lymphotropic virus type III.
AB  - Normal blood-derived monocyte/macrophages were found to be susceptible to
      infection in vitro by human T lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III), the
      etiologic agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In addition, HTLV-III
      was recovered from monocyte/macrophages of patients infected with this virus. The
      above findings raise the possibility that HTLV-III-infected monocyte/macrophages
      may serve as a vehicle for the dissemination of virus to target organs and as a
      reservoir for viral persistence, as has been shown for other lentiviruses
      including visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus.

PMID- 2422214
TI  - The Rose Bengal assay for monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens:
      comparisons with common hybridoma screening methods.
AB  - An automated colorimetric procedure for detection of antibodies specific for cell
      surface antigens (1) has been compared for specificity and sensitivity to other
      methods of hybridoma supernatant screening. The Rose Bengal colorimetric assay
      (RBA) compared favourably in these respects with whole cell radioimmunoassay and
      indirect immunofluorescence with manual or flow cytometric analysis (FACS). A
      major advantage of the method is that it allows a large number of samples to be
      screened in a comparatively short time. Unlike other semi-automated colorimetric
      assays, such as ELISA, the procedure does not require cell fixation, which can
      destroy some antigenic determinants. The original assay of O'Neill and Parish (1)
      has been modified to give increased sensitivity and also to enable the detection
      of erythrocyte specific antibodies by elimination of the dye staining step and
      direct measurement of haemoglobin by spectrophotometry. The RBA allows detection
      of monoclonal antibodies (MoAb's) binding to only a proportion of the cells in a
      sample, which is an important feature when hybridoma supernatants are screened
      for reactivity to a minor cell population, for example against leukaemic cell
      samples with low percentages of blast cells.

PMID- 2422212
TI  - Diminished agonist-stimulated inositol trisphosphate generation blocks stimulus
      secretion coupling in mouse pancreatic acini during diet-induced experimental
      pancreatitis.
AB  - Young female mice fed a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet
      rapidly develop acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. We have observed that pancreatic
      acini prepared from these mice are unable to secrete amylase in response to
      addition of the cholinergic agonist carbachol, although they retain the ability
      to secrete amylase in response to the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. The CDE diet does
      not alter the binding characteristics (Kd or the maximal number of binding sites)
      for muscarinic cholinergic receptors as tested using the antagonist [3H]N
      methylscopolamine nor the competition for this binding by carbachol. Addition of
      carbachol to acini prepared from mice fed the CDE diet does not result in as
      marked an increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ levels as that noted in control samples
      (evaluated using quin2 fluorescence). These observations indicate that the CDE
      diet interferes with stimulus-secretion coupling in mouse pancreatic acini at a
      step subsequent to hormone-receptor binding and prior to Ca2+ release. This
      conclusion is confirmed by our finding that the hormone-stimulated generation of
      [3H]inositol phosphates (inositol trisphosphate, inositol bisphosphate, and
      inositol monophosphate) from acini labeled with [3H]myoinositol is markedly
      reduced in acini prepared from mice fed the CDE diet. This reduction is not due
      to a decrease in phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. This communication
      represents the first report of a system in which a blockade of inositol phosphate
      generation can be related to a physiologic defect and pathologic lesion.

PMID- 2422215
TI  - Enzyme immunoassay: binding of Salmonella antigens to activated microtiter
      plates.
AB  - A heat extract prepared from radiolabeled Salmonella cells was used to determine
      if covalent binding to activated surface of polystyrene plates would improve
      antigen retention thus contributing to increase sensitivity in an enzyme
      immunoassay for Salmonella antigen. The effect of treatment with
      ethylchloroformate on the retention of antigens passively absorbed to
      polyvinylchloride and polystyrene plates was also investigated. Chemically
      modified plates retained more radiolabeled antigens after washing than did
      untreated plates in which the antigens had been physically adsorbed. However,
      improvement of assay sensitivity depended on the type of plate used for covalent
      binding of antigen. N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP), was
      found to be potentially useful for mediation of covalent binding of antigens to
      activated plates.

PMID- 2422216
TI  - Effectiveness of the Denver Developmental Screening Test with biologically
      vulnerable infants.
AB  - The Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) was initially developed
      specifically to identify children with mental retardation. However, its use in
      screening low birth weight and other biologically at-risk infants for motor
      problems is widespread. In view of the absence of biologically vulnerable
      children in the DDST standardization sample, and the limited validational support
      available for its use with children under 30 months of age, the purpose of this
      study was to investigate the effectiveness of the DDST in screening 62 Neonatal
      Intensive Care Unit graduates during infancy. Categorical results (Normal,
      Questionable, Abnormal), obtained in the home setting by DDST, were compared with
      results of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Follow-up Clinic evaluations. There was a
      marked underselection of the DDST's categorical results in identifying those
      infants with suspect or abnormal findings on the more detailed clinic
      evaluations. However, the effectiveness of the screeners' clinical impression
      ratings (based on observations made during administration of the DDST) in
      identifying infants with positive criterion results was encouraging. These
      findings suggest that, although the DDST's categorical results may be of limited
      value in screening biologically vulnerable infants, administration of the DDST
      may provide a useful framework for more systematically observing and documenting
      significant qualitative aspects of an infant's developmental status, particularly
      for the screener who is less experienced in neuromotor assessment. These
      observations need to be defined further, and validated.

PMID- 2422217
TI  - Children with autistic behavior in a self-contained unit in the public schools.
AB  - The diagnosis of "autism" has been used to encompass a heterogeneous group of
      children who may differ in etiology, clinical manifestations, prognosis, and
      needed treatment. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive evaluation,
      using strict diagnostic criteria, of 33 children comprising the entire population
      of a self-contained unit for "autistic" children in the public school system of
      Hillsborough County, Florida. Only five of the children fit the criteria for
      early infantile autism. Six were diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia, two
      as atypical developmental disorders. Twelve of the 33 showed evidence of
      neurological or recognized genetic abnormality, five had specific developmental
      language disorders, and three were severely retarded, cause unknown. Of the 12
      children with evidence of neurological disease, five had chromosome abnormalities
      evident on cytogenetic study, two had high serum Cux++, one had histidinemia, one
      had maternal rubella, and three had dyskinesis of unknown origin. The
      heterogeneous nature of this group underlines the need for comprehensive
      evaluation of the autistic syndrome.

PMID- 2422218
TI  - Minor neurological indicators and developmental function in preschool children.
AB  - An attempt was made to determine whether neuromaturational indicators (soft
      neurological signs) were associated consistently with specific areas of
      developmental function in 5-year-old children. Fifty-eight children were assessed
      over two diagnostic sessions. One involved administration of the Pediatric Exam
      of Educational Readiness (PEER) by pediatric fellows; the other consisted of
      administration of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA) by trained
      psychoeducational specialists. Data indicate that children who exhibited a
      greater number of minor neurological indicators had a high likelihood of
      experiencing difficulty with visual-perceptual, fine motor, and gross motor tasks
      of the PEER and the MSCA. What is more important, no relationship was found
      between aggregates of minor neurological indicators and performance on
      linguistic, memory, sequencing, quantitative, verbal, or preacademic sections of
      these diagnostic instruments. This information suggests that physicians should
      limit their interpretation of such signs when evaluating young children with
      academic difficulties. Additional data must be accumulated before the role of
      neuromaturational signs can be fully understood.

PMID- 2422219
TI  - Monoclonal antibody (UCHL1) that recognises normal and neoplastic T cells in
      routinely fixed tissues.
AB  - UCHL1 is a murine monoclonal antibody that recognises a 180-185 kD determinant on
      CD4 (72%) and CD8 (36%) positive T cells. This antibody is effective in formalin
      fixed and paraffin embedded tissues, using the immunoperoxidase method. One
      hundred and forty three cases of malignant lymphoma were examined. Neoplastic
      cells in 100% of cases of Mycosis fungoides (n = 10), 83% of cases of peripheral
      T cell lymphoma (n = 25), and 78% of cases of (T-ALL) T acute lymphoblastic
      lymphoma (n = 9) were stained by this antibody. In addition, staining was seen in
      100% of cases of malignant histiocytosis of the intestine (n = 13), a condition
      now thought to be a T cell lymphoma. Two cases of true histiocytic lymphoma were
      also positive. This antibody stained neither the neoplastic cells in a wide range
      of B cell lymphomas (n = 62) nor Reed-Sternberg cells in 16 cases of Hodgkin's
      disease. UCHL1 also stained neoplastic cells in four cases of granulocytic
      sarcoma. A panel of normal tissues was similarly studied. Staining was seen in
      normal T cells and mucosal intraepithelial lymphocytes, macrophages, mature
      myeloid cells, and endometrial stromal granulocytes. UCHL1 is a monoclonal
      antibody that identifies T cells in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues, and
      should prove useful for diagnosing T cell lymphomas, especially when only
      formalin fixed tissue is available for diagnosis.

PMID- 2422220
TI  - Epithelial membrane antigen and cytokeratin expression by meningiomas: an
      immunohistological study.
AB  - Thirteen meningiomas of varying light microscopic features were studied
      immunohistologically using a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against
      epithelial, mesenchymal, and neural components. All 13 meningiomas showed
      expression of epithelial membrane antigen, vimentin, and S100 protein, as did
      normal meninges. Five of the 13 meningiomas also showed focal expression of
      cytokeratins, with double labelling showing expression of cytokeratins and
      vimentin by different cells. The cytokeratin expression was especially noticeable
      in cells surrounding the hyaline bodies of meningiomas. These results provide
      further evidence that meningiomas have features of both mesenchymal and
      epithelial tissues.

PMID- 2422221
TI  - Peritoneal cystic mesothelioma: an electron microscopic and immunohistochemical
      study of two male patients.
AB  - The clinical, pathological, and ultrastructural features of two cases of
      peritoneal cystic mesothelioma occurring in men were studied. The results of
      immunohistochemical staining for CAM 5.2, epithelial membrane antigen,
      carcinoembryonic antigen, and Factor VIII related antigen are reported for the
      first time and compared with the staining results of two peritoneal cystic
      lymphangiomas. Although resembling cystic lymphangioma by light microscopy,
      cystic mesothelioma may have a greater tendency for local recurrence. Staining
      for CAM 5.2 or epithelial membrane antigen may facilitate the differentiation of
      these two entities.

PMID- 2422222
TI  - Serum isoamylases and liver diseases.

PMID- 2422223
TI  - Evaluation of a television-tape demonstration for the reinforcement of oral
      hygiene instruction.
AB  - The effect of using a television-tape demonstration in order to reinforce the
      advice given in a self-teaching oral hygiene program was evaluated in the present
      study. The teeth of 24 periodontal patients were scaled and 2 weeks later oral
      hygiene instruction was given by handling out a self-teaching manual. The
      patients were divided into 2 groups, matched with regard to the initial status of
      oral cleanliness. An experimental group (TV) comprising 12 patients who, 1 week
      after the instruction, were shown a demonstration of proper oral hygiene
      technique on closed circuit television and a control group of 12 patients who did
      not receive this reinforcement. The presence or absence of dento-gingival plaque
      and gingival bleeding by gentle probing was recorded initially and after 8 weeks
      on 4 surfaces of all teeth. In addition, plaque scores were recorded at 2 and 3
      weeks to assess the effect of the oral hygiene self-instruction. At the final
      examination after 8 weeks, the patients with plaque on more than 20% of the tooth
      surfaces were subjected to a tooth cleaning test including a subsequent scoring
      of remaining plaque. The patients in the experimental group (TV) were asked their
      opinion regarding the television-tape demonstration. Although the patients in the
      experimental group expressed a positive opinion about viewing the television-tape
      demonstration, the improvement in the plaque and gingival bleeding scores
      recorded at the 8-week examination showed no difference between the 2 groups of
      patients. Similarly, the scoring of plaque after the tooth cleaning test showed
      no difference between the 2 groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422224
TI  - Connections of the pigeon dorsomedial forebrain studied with WGA-HRP and 3H
      proline.
AB  - The afferent-efferent connections of the pigeon dorsomedial forebrain, which is
      composed of the "hippocampus" (Hp) and "parahippocampus" (APH), presumed
      homologues of the mammalian hippocampal complex, were studied. Afferent
      projections were identified by wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish
      peroxidase (WGA-HRP) and efferent projections were identified by 3H-proline and
      WGA-HRP. In addition to identified intrinsic connections within Hp and APH, both
      Hp and APH were found to be in receipt of ipsilateral forebrain afferents from
      each other, the hyperstriatum accessorium, nucleus of the diagonal band, nucleus
      taeniae, and area corticoidea dorsolateralis. Only Hp received input from the
      contralateral Hp while only APH received input from the ipsilateral hyperstriatum
      dorsale and archistriatum, pars ventralis. Both Hp and APH received ipsilateral
      diencephalic afferents from the nucleus mamillaris lateralis, stratum cellulare
      internum, nucleus lateralis hypothalami, and nucleus paramedianus internus
      thalami. Only APH received bilateral input from the nucleus superficialis
      parvicellularis (this nucleus may send a small projection to Hp) and nucleus
      dorsolateralis anterior thalami, pars medialis, and an ipsilateral projection
      from the nucleus subrotundus. Brainstem afferents to Hp and APH included
      ipsilateral projections from the area ventralis (Tsai) nucleus reticularis pontis
      oralis, nucleus raphes, nucleus subceruleus dorsalis, and nucleus centralis
      superior of Bechterew, and bilateral projections from the nucleus linearis
      caudalis and locus ceruleus, of which the nucleus subceruleus dorsalis, nucleus
      centralis superior of Bechterew, and locus ceruleus projected to APH only.
      Forebrain efferents from both Hp and APH were found to project ipsilaterally to
      the septum, the area of the fasciculus diagonalis Brocae, nucleus taeniae, and
      area corticoidea dorsolateralis. Only Hp appeared to send efferents to the
      contralateral septum and Hp, while only APH sent efferents to the hyperstriatum
      dorsale and the archistriatum. A hypothalamic projection from Hp and APH was
      found to partially terminate near the nucleus mamillaris lateralis. At the level
      of pathway connections, the results demonstrate a striking similarity between the
      avian dorsomedial forebrain and the dorsomedial cortex of reptiles and the
      mammalian hippocampus.

PMID- 2422225
TI  - The innervation of tandem muscle spindles in the cat neck.
AB  - Patterns of innervation were examined in tandem muscle spindles teased from
      silver-stained muscles of the cat neck. Each tandem spindle was composed of two
      or more encapsulated receptors linked in series by a shared bag2 fiber. In most
      tandem spindles, two different types of encapsulation were identified according
      to differences in their intrafusal fiber content. One type, the b1b2c unit,
      contained typical bag1, bag2, and chain fibers and was structurally similar to
      single spindles described in other cat muscles. Each b1b2c unit contained a
      single primary sensory ending and 1-6 secondary endings. Fusimotor innervation
      was supplied by many axons. Some fusimotor axons ended in trail ramifications on
      bag2 and chain fibers, others ended in plates on the bag1 or long chain fiber.
      The other type of tandem encapsulation, the b2c unit, had only bag2 and chain
      fibers in its intrafusal fiber bundle. The b2c unit was usually supplied by only
      one sensory axon that ended on the nucleated part of the intrafusal fiber bundle.
      This single ending had a more variable terminal morphology than the primary
      ending in b1b2c units. A few b2c units (3/49) were also supplied by a secondary
      ending. The fusimotor innervation of the b2c unit was relatively simple. A single
      pole of the b2c unit was usually supplied by only one to three axons, all ending
      in trail ramifications. No plate endings were found in b2c units. These
      morphological specializations suggest that b1b2c and b2c units in tandem spindles
      differ in both their transductive and fusimotor mechanisms. Thus, the tandem
      spindle is a specialized structure that may provide additional proprioceptive
      information beyond that available from single muscle spindles.

PMID- 2422226
TI  - The overlap of spinothalamic and dorsal column nuclei projections in the
      ventrobasal complex of the rat thalamus: a double anterograde labeling study
      using light microscopy analysis.
AB  - Projections from the spinal cord and the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) to the
      ventrobasal complex of the thalamus (VB) were studied in the rat by using double
      anterograde labeling strategy. This strategy was based on the injection of 3H
      leucine into the DCN and of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish
      peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the spinal cord and their subsequent transport.
      Adjacent 30-micron-thick sections were then processed differentially for
      autoradiography or for HRP by using tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) as a chromogen.
      Similar areas of the ventrobasal complex were labeled, in adjacent sections,
      after a large injection of 3H-leucine into the DCN and when wheat germ agglutinin
      HRP had been injected in any part of the spinal cord. If, however, a small
      injection of the radioactive tracer was centered in the gracile nucleus and
      compared with an injection of WGA-HRP placed in the lumbar enlargement of the
      cord, the rostral and dorsal portions of the lateral VB were labeled from both
      sources. On the other hand, if tritiated leucine was injected into the cuneate
      nucleus, and WGA-HRP placed in the cervical enlargement, then the caudal and
      ventral portions of the lateral VB demonstrated overlap of both labels. The
      present results show that, in the rat, areas of termination of both the
      spinothalamic tract and the lemniscal pathway originating from the DCN overlap in
      the lateral VB. This overlap is somatotopically organized, thus indicating that
      the same area of the VB receives somatic inputs from one particular part of the
      body through both pathways. These results are discussed in comparison to those of
      comparable studies performed in the cat and in the monkey and with reference to
      the electrophysiological data that have demonstrated that, in the rat VB, neurons
      responding to noxious stimulation are intermingled with neurons exclusively
      responding to non-noxious stimulation.

PMID- 2422227
TI  - Ultrastructure of spinal efferents to the lateral reticular nucleus: an EM study
      using anterograde transport of WGA-HRP complex.
AB  - Anterograde transport of lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase and subsequent
      incubation with tetramethylbenzidine were employed to label the spinal terminals
      within the feline lateral reticular nucleus (NRL) for ultrastructural
      identification. Quantitative studies demonstrated that compared to the unlabelled
      terminals the spinal boutons were more than twice as large and contained fewer
      synaptic vesicles. Most of the synaptic contacts of the labelled terminals were
      located on dendritic shafts but contacts on dendritic spines as well as perikarya
      were also present. In four cases (all with cervical injections), the postsynaptic
      cells could be studied in the transversal sections of the medulla in the nuclear
      plane. The neurons were large and elongated with longest and shortest diameters
      of about 60 X 30 microns, belonging to the largest category of cells within the
      NRL. The observations were discussed and related to the findings made in other
      studies of the NRL.

PMID- 2422228
TI  - Neurotransmitter specificity of cells and fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus:
      an immunohistochemical study in the rat.
AB  - The medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) is a sexually dimorphic complex with three
      major subdivisions. The cell-dense central (MPNc) and medial (MPNm) subdivisions
      are larger in male rats, while the cell-sparse lateral subdivision (MPNl)
      occupies a majority of the nucleus in females. In the present study we evaluated
      the distribution of possible monoaminergic and peptidergic cells and fibers
      within the MPN, as well as in adjacent regions of the medial preoptic area of the
      adult male rat. For this, we used an indirect immunohistochemical method with
      antisera to serotonin (5HT), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), corticotropin
      releasing factor (CRF), luteotropin-releasing hormone (LRH), somatostatin (SS),
      thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), oxytocin (OXY), vasopressin (VAS),
      adrenocorticotropic hormone (1-24; ACTH), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
      (alpha-MSH), leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK), and calcitonin gene-related peptide
      (CGRP). The results suggest that cell bodies and/or fibers crossreacting with all
      of these putative neurotransmitters are differentially distributed within the
      MPN. Within the MPNm, the densest plexuses of fibers were stained with antisera
      to SP and NPY, while moderate densities of fibers were stained with anti-DBH, SS,
      CCK, CGRP, ACTH, and alpha-MSH, and only a few fibers were stained with anti-5HT,
      TH, NT, VAS, and L-ENK. Moderate numbers of SP- and L-ENK-immunoreactive cell
      bodies, and a few SS-, NT-, CRF-, and TRH-stained cell bodies were also found
      within the MPNm. The MPNc contained a dense plexus of CCK-immunoreactive fibers,
      as well as a few CRF-immunoreactive fibers. Both fiber types were localized
      almost exclusively to this subdivision, while most of the others studied here
      appeared to avoid it selectively. This suggests that there are relatively few
      inputs to the MPNc, and that they tend to avoid other parts of the nucleus,
      although moderate densities of DBH- and NPY-immunoreactive fibers were found in
      both the MPNm and MPNc. The MPNc contained several CCK-immunoreactive cell bodies
      as well as a moderate number of TRH-stained cell bodies. Both cell types were
      nearly completely localized to the MPNc. The major inputs to the MPNl studied
      here appear to be stained with antisera to 5HT and L-ENK, although moderate
      numbers of NT- and CRF- immunoreactive fibers were also found in this part of the
      nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2422229
TI  - Projections from the parabigeminal nucleus to the dorsal lateral geniculate
      nucleus in the tree shrew Tupaia glis.
AB  - The parabigeminal nucleus receives its major input from the superficial layers of
      the superior colliculus via the tectoparabigeminal projection. An extensive
      reciprocal parabigeminotectal pathway has also been observed. This close
      connectional association between the superficial gray and the parabigeminal
      nucleus is reflected in the collicularlike response characteristics of
      parabigeminal neurons (see Sherk: Brain Res. 145:375-379, '78, J. Neurophysiol.
      42:1640-1655, 1656-1668, '79a,b, for review). Further documentation of the
      connectional relationship between the superior colliculus and the parabigeminal
      nucleus comes from the present data. Thus, our retrograde and anterograde
      transport findings reveal an extensive projection from the parabigeminal nucleus
      to layers 3 and 6 and several interlaminar zones of the contralateral dorsal
      lateral geniculate nucleus. These same layers and interlaminar zones receive
      tectogeniculate axons and have been shown to contain small cells that project to
      layers 1 and 3 of area 17. In addition to the distribution of parabigeminal axons
      to tectally innervated, small-celled zones, considerable parabigeminal input also
      reaches layers 1 and 5 of the tree shrew lateral geniculate nucleus. Each of
      these layers is the ipsilaterally (i.e., retinal) innervated component of a
      matched pair (layers 1 and 2 are considered magnocellular, while 4 and 5 are
      parvicellular), and it has been shown that layer 1 projects to lamina IVa of area
      17, while layer 5 projects to lamina IVB. When the total distribution of
      parabigeminogeniculate axons is considered, it is apparent that the cells of
      origin of each of the major (small-celled, parvi- and magnocellular)
      geniculocortical channels receives parabigeminal input. Such an extensive
      distribution of parabigeminal axons within the lateral geniculate nucleus
      suggests that the information they convey might play an important role in
      geniculocortical function(s).

PMID- 2422230
TI  - Retrograde transport of fluorescent tracers reveals extensive ipsi- and
      contralateral claustrocortical connections in the rat.
AB  - The projections from the claustrum to the cerebral cortex in the rat were
      examined by means of retrogradely transported fluorescent tracers Fast Blue (FB)
      and Diamidino Yellow dihydrochloride (DY), injected in the prefrontal, motor,
      somatosensory, auditory, and visual fields. In all cases, substantial numbers of
      retrogradely labeled neurons were observed in the ipsilateral and moderate to
      scant numbers in the contralateral claustrum insulare. Symmetrical bilateral
      injections of FB and DY as well as simultaneous injections of the tracers in the
      motor and visual cortex of the same hemisphere revealed no double-labeled neurons
      in the claustrum. The following conclusions may be drawn: The claustral
      projections to the motor, somatosensory, and visual cortex are prominent. The
      projection to the prefrontal cortex is less substantial and that to the auditory
      cortex is relatively modest. The claustrocortical connections lack the clear-cut
      topographic pattern of the thalamic nuclei but are, to some degree,
      preferentially arranged, albeit with considerable overlapping of the
      subpopulations of corticopetal neurons, a coarse anteroposterior topographic
      distribution appears to exist also in rodents. Neurons contributing to the
      claustrocortical connection project either ipsilaterally or contralaterally but
      not bilaterally. Projections to different cortical fields of one hemisphere also
      originate from separate claustral neurons.

PMID- 2422231
TI  - Neuronal architecture in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala: a cytological,
      hodological, and immunocytochemical study.
AB  - The organization of neurons in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) has
      been examined by using Nissl stain and immunocytochemical and retrograde tracing
      techniques. Four main subdivisions were identified on the basis of quantitative
      analyses of Nissl-stained material: medial (CM), lateral (CL), lateral capsular
      (CLC), and ventral (CV). An intermediate subdivision (CI), previously described
      by McDonald ('82), was apparent only in animals that had HRP-WGA injected into
      the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Large populations of neurotensin-,
      corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-, and enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons were
      present within the lateral divisions (mainly CL), although they were also seen
      within CM. Somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons were distributed mainly within CL
      and CM. Within CL, neurotensin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons were more
      numerous laterally whereas CRF- and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons were more
      numerous medially. Substance P-immunoreactive neurons were almost exclusively
      confined to CM. Only a few cholecystokinin- and vasoactive-polypeptide
      immunoreactive neurons were seen in the CNA, and they were observed within CL,
      CV, and CM. The majority of neurons projecting to the dorsal medulla,
      hypothalamus, and ventral tegmental area were located within CM, although a
      significant number of cells were also seen within CL. Efferent projections to the
      bed nucleus of the stria terminalis were found to arise from neurons located
      within all subdivisions of the CNA. Thus, the distributional patterns of
      peptidergic and efferent neurons were not confined to individual
      cytoarchitectonically- defined subdivisions of the CNA. Rather, the results
      suggest overlapping medial to the lateral trends. Comparisons with the results of
      previous studies indicate that peptidergic and afferent terminal distribution
      patterns are more restricted to individual cytoarchitectonically defined
      subregions of the CNA. These observations suggest that the detailed
      cytoarchitecture of the CNA more likely reflects the functional integration of
      afferents rather than the organization of the CNA output neurons.

PMID- 2422232
TI  - Origins of afferents to visual suprageniculate nucleus of the cat.
AB  - Small iontophoretic ejections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made from
      recording-multibarrel micropipette assemblies in areas of the cat's
      suprageniculate nucleus (SGn) that contained visually responsive neurones. The
      sources of afferents of the SGn were determined by locating the labeled cell
      bodies of neurones that were presumed to send their axons to the area of the SGn
      containing the light-sensitive cells. The greatest concentration of labeled cell
      bodies was found in the granular insular cortex and the adjacent area of
      agranular insula. Most cells projecting to SGn from these areas were distributed
      in the middle and lower laminae. A second intensely labeled region was found in
      stratum opticum and stratum griseum intermediate of the superior colliculus.
      Other areas containing labeled cells that were distributed with intermediate
      density included the ventral thalamic nuclear complex (basal, medial, and lateral
      divisions), periaqueductal gray (PAG), zona incerta, and pretectal nuclei
      (posterior, medial, and anterior divisions). Sparsely labeled sites included the
      fields of Forel, substantia nigra (pars reticulata), peri-insular cortex,
      superior colliculus (profundum), lateral suprasylvian cortex (posterolateral
      lateral suprasylvian, PLLS and posteromedial lateral suprasylvian, PMLS),
      anterior ectosylvian cortex, thalamic reticular complex, nucleus of the optic
      tract, basal part of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, and the pontine
      reticular nucleus (oralis) and adjacent reticular formation. Together with
      previous electrophysiological and neuroanatomical studies, the findings suggest
      that the SGn provides an integrating link between limbic structures and certain
      modalities of sensory information.

PMID- 2422233
TI  - Organization of spinal inputs to the perihypoglossal complex in the cat.
AB  - First- and second-order spinal afferents to the perihypoglossal complex were
      sought by using axonal transport of WGA-HRP. Injections in C1, 2, and 3 dorsal
      root ganglia resulted in axonal labeling in the nucleus intercalatus and the
      external cuneate nucleus, with a number of retrogradely labeled cells seen as
      well in the latter. A similar pattern of axonal labeling in the nucleus
      intercalatus as well as several retrogradely labeled cells were found after
      spinal cord injections at levels C1, 2, and 3. A prominent field of labeled axons
      was also present in the rostral main cuneate nucleus. No labeling was seen in the
      perihypoglossal nuclei after injections in the spinal cord or dorsal root ganglia
      at levels caudal to C3. After injections of HRP into the perihypoglossal nucleus
      we were able to identify labeled neurons within Rexed's laminae V-VIII and the
      central cervical nucleus. Anterograde labeling in the main cuneate nucleus was
      observed after C1 to C5 ganglion and C1 to C6 cord injections. The pattern and
      extent of labeling in the perihypoglossal nuclei and adjacent structures seen
      after cerebellar injections into lobules V and VI were comparable to those
      previously reported and permitted evaluation of the relay from dorsal root
      ganglia through the intercalatus to the vermis. Topography of the cervical
      projections to the nucleus intercalatus is considered with respect to that of the
      perihypoglossal-collicular projection. A discussion is offered of the apparent
      importance of nucleus intercalatus as a relay of cervical and vestibular afferent
      information to premotor structures involved in neck motor control. The
      perihypoglossal complex is viewed as being organized in such a fashion as to
      allow the nuclei intercalatus and prepositus hypoglossi to function as key
      structures in the integration of inputs related to neck and ocular motor control,
      respectively.

PMID- 2422234
TI  - Pilomatrix carcinoma: an immunohistochemical comparison with benign pilomatrixoma
      and other benign cutaneous lesions of pilar origin.
AB  - Two new cases of pilomatrix carcinoma are reported. They were studied
      immunohistochemically for the presence of high and low-molecular weight
      cytokeratins, beta-2-microglobulin, S-100 protein, carcinoembryonic antigen,
      epithelial membrane antigen, blood group isoantigens, and peanut agglutinin
      binding. Results of these studies were compared with those obtained in
      immunohistologic analysis of 13 typical pilomatrixomas, and 4 other benign
      lesions with hair follicle differentiation. An attempt was made to correlate
      antigenic expression with malignant transformation; however, there were no
      consistent differences between the 2 groups. It would seem that
      immunocytochemistry is of no assistance in differential diagnosis between benign
      and malignant hair matrical tumors. Hence, the pathologist must rely on
      morphological criteria alone to make a diagnosis of pilomatrix carcinoma.

PMID- 2422235
TI  - Intermediate filaments in Merkel cell tumor.

PMID- 2422236
TI  - Calmodulin is required for a full activation of the calcium slow channels in
      heart cells.
AB  - The role of calmodulin in regulating the functioning of the calcium slow channels
      in cultured heart cell reaggregates was determined by using the liposome method
      for intracellular delivery of calmodulin, calmidazolium (calmodulin inhibitor),
      inhibitor of adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein
      kinase (PrK), and the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The
      cells exhibited a naturally-occurring slowly-rising action potential (APs) having
      a maximum rate of rise (+Vmax) of less than 25 V/s. Injection of calmodulin
      inhibitor (calmidazolium) blocked the spontaneously occurring slow APs and
      depolarized the membrane. Simultaneous injections of calmidazolium and the
      inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase further depolarized the membrane.
      Injection of calmodulin did not restore the slow APs, but a subsequent injection
      of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase did. If the catalytic
      subunit of cAMP-PrK was injected before the injection of calmodulin, the slow APs
      recovered only partially; full recovery of the slow APs required a subsequent
      injection of calmodulin. These findings suggest a potentiating effect of
      calmodulin in the regulation of myocardial slow calcium APs and thus suggest that
      the myocardial slow channels protein or an associated regulatory protein(s) must
      be phosphorylated by the Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and the
      catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in order to make the
      channel fully available for voltage activation.

PMID- 2422237
TI  - Pancreatic amylase, plasma glucose, and insulin responses to propionate or
      monensin in sheep.
AB  - Yearling wethers fitted with reentrant bile-pancreatic duct cannulae were in a
      two-part study of effects of duodenal propionate infusions or increased ruminal
      propionate caused by dietary monensin on pancreatic alpha-amylase secretion and
      glucose and insulin in blood plasma. Continuous duodenal infusion of propionate
      increased concentrations of glucose and insulin in blood plasma of wethers fed
      alfalfa. Results supported a direct response of insulin secretion to propionate.
      Amylase secretion was not affected. Addition of monensin (22 ppm) to an 80% corn
      diet reduced the ratio of acetate:propionate in rumen, but bile-pancreatic flow
      and amylase activity were unaffected. Monensin supplementation had little
      influence on glucose and insulin in blood plasma. Pancreatic alpha-amylase
      secretion of ruminants seems to be a complex phenomenon that is not regulated
      strictly by fluctuations of glucose or insulin.

PMID- 2422238
TI  - A comparison of some of the permeability characteristics of intact and tape
      stripped hamster cheek pouches in vitro.
AB  - Cheek pouches were removed from anesthetized hamsters and were either tape
      stripped or left intact and then mounted in Ussing chambers, where they were
      bathed in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate saline. A potential difference could be
      measured across all pouches and was stable for over an hour across the unstripped
      pouches. The electrical resistance across the unstripped pouches was high (8960
      omega.cm2), whereas the resistance across the tape-stripped pouches was
      significantly lower (p less than 0.01), suggesting that these pouches are likely
      to be more permeable than the unstripped pouches. Reflection coefficients of
      urea, ethanol, and glycerol were derived by means of streaming potentials. Values
      for intact pouches were all close to 1 and for tape-stripped pouches were 0.938,
      0.822, and 0.509, respectively. Permeability coefficients for urea and ethanol
      across intact and tape-stripped pouches were, respectively, 12.5 X 10(-9)cm/min;
      27.6 X 10(-9) cm/min; 2325 X 10(-9)cm/min; and 28471 X 10(-9) cm/min. The hamster
      cheek pouch has a high electrical resistance; it is an impermeable structure in
      which the keratin layer appears to provide a major barrier to the passage of
      water, ions, and certain solutes.

PMID- 2422239
TI  - Abnormal responses to aspirin of leukocyte oxygenation of arachidonic acid in
      adults with aspirin intolerance.
AB  - The effect of 1 microM and 5 microM aspirin on oxygenation of arachidonic acid in
      vitro by basophils stimulated with anti-IgE was assessed with basophil-enriched
      suspensions of mononuclear leukocytes from five patients with asthma and
      hypertrophic allergic rhinitis and one patient with rhinitis alone who had recent
      adverse pulmonary reactions to aspirin, four aspirin-tolerant patients with
      asthma receiving therapy similar to that of the aspirin-sensitive patients, and
      eight normal subjects who resembled the patients with respect to sex and age. As
      quantified by the combined application of high-performance liquid chromatography
      and radioimmunoassays, the generation of the principal products prostaglandin E2
      (PGE2) and leukotriene D4 was modified differently by aspirin but not sodium
      salicylate in the aspirin-sensitive patients. The alterations of PGE2 generation
      and of the ratio of leukotriene D4 to PGE2 generation by aspirin were much
      greater for basophil-containing leukocytes of aspirin-sensitive patients than
      those of the two control groups. Although the basic mechanism and relevance to
      pulmonary reactions of the observed effects of aspirin were not elucidated,
      aspirin clearly modifies the leukocyte oxygenation of arachidonic acid
      differently in aspirin-sensitive patients.

PMID- 2422240
TI  - IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in human heart tissue: histamine release and
      functional changes.
AB  - In experiments described herein, it was observed that IgE-mediated
      hypersensitivity can result in significant histamine and thromboxane release from
      human myocardium, suggesting that the human heart may participate as a target
      organ in allergic reactions. Muscle units (pectinate muscles) were isolated from
      human atrial appendages, removed routinely during corrective cardiac surgery, and
      were allowed to beat spontaneously in a tissue bath. Remnants of each atrial
      specimen were chopped and added to the tissue bath. Challenge of the atrial
      tissue with goat antiserum to human myeloma IgE caused histamine and thromboxane
      B2 release and marked increases in contractility and spontaneous rate. In
      contrast, challenge with nonspecific goat antiserum or with antiserum from which
      anti-IgE antibodies had been removed caused neither mediator release nor changes
      in rate or contractility. The histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine
      inhibited the inotropic and chronotropic changes but not the histamine release.

PMID- 2422241
TI  - Preschool psychiatric disorders: diagnostic classification and symptom patterns.

PMID- 2422242
TI  - Intramural neurons of the guinea-pig urinary bladder: histochemical localization
      of putative neurotransmitters in cultures and newborn animals.
AB  - Histochemical methods have been used to study the distribution of putative
      neurotransmitters in the urinary bladder of newborn guinea-pigs and in cultures
      of intramural ganglia. Following the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)
      diaphorase reaction which specifically labels nerve cell bodies, up to 66 ganglia
      were observed in stretch preparations of the newborn urinary bladder. Each
      ganglion contained 2-50 nerve cell bodies. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was
      localized in a few nerve cell bodies of intramural ganglia both in in situ and
      culture preparations. In the in situ preparations it was widely distributed in
      nerve fibres to the muscle, being most dense at the base of the bladder, and in
      some mucosal epithelial cells. Somatostatin was contained in numerous neuronal
      cell bodies in the detrusor muscle both in situ and in culture. Extensively
      distributed varicose fibres were found in culture and in the muscle, submucous
      and mucosal layers in situ. Substance P immunofluorescence was demonstrated in a
      few neuronal cell bodies in ganglia both in situ and in vitro, particularly in
      those of the mucosa at the base of the bladder. In the in situ preparations
      varicose nerve fibres containing substance P were seen in the muscle coats with
      greatest density in the bladder base. Met-enkephalin-immunoreactive nerve cell
      bodies were not seen either in situ or in culture. Nerve fibres in in situ
      preparations were found largely enveloping neuronal cell bodies within the
      ganglia. Neither serotonin-immunoreactive nor catecholamine-containing neuronal
      cell bodies were seen in the in situ bladder preparation. However, some nerve
      cell bodies in culture showed positive staining, possibly as a result of
      selective uptake of serotonin and catecholamine known to be contained in foetal
      calf serum in the culture medium or possibly as the result of increased synthetic
      activity in certain neurones in the culture situation. In whole-mount stretch
      preparations, no serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibres were seen, but
      catecholamine-containing small intensely fluorescent cells and nerve fibres were
      observed. Acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve cell bodies and nerve fibres were
      observed both in in situ and culture preparations of the bladder. Quinacrine
      positive nerve cell bodies (as an indicator of purinergic neurones) were found in
      numerous intramural neurones examined. in situ; however, under the culture
      conditions used, non-selective staining of all cell types occurred.

PMID- 2422243
TI  - Laservision-disk and computer-assisted medical learning.

PMID- 2422244
TI  - [Surgical occlusion of 2 vortex veins in the treatment of decompensated senile
      macular degeneration. A longer-term evaluation].
AB  - Microsurgical occlusion of two vortex veins was carried out on seventeen eyes of
      16 patients affected with senile pigment epithelial detachment. Ten eyes had
      avascular pigment epithelium detachment and 7 eyes had pigment epithelium
      detachment associated with choroidal new vessels. Regression or stabilisation of
      the fundus lesions occurred in one of the eyes affected with vascular pigment
      epithelium detachment. On the other hand 3 months postoperatively, the pigment
      epithelium detachment had flattened with significant improvement of the visual
      acuity, in 4 of the 10 eyes affected with avascular pigment epithelium
      detachment. However the results were not as satisfactory after a longer follow
      up. The improved visual acuities noted at 3 months, gradually deteriorated after
      6-12 months in most patients and 4 eyes showed subsequent clinical evidence of
      active disease. The results of the present study lead to conclude that the
      surgical occlusion of 2 vortex veins does not provide a satisfactory answer to
      the treatment of senile pigment epithelial detachment.

PMID- 2422246
TI  - [Non-specific immunological depression in pregnancy].
AB  - The inhibitory effect of maternal plasma on in vitro lymphocyte responses shows
      that non specific inhibitory factors appear in early pregnancy. During the last
      decade the surge of interest in pregnancy proteins accompagnied by the
      advancement in immunological methodology has led to the isolation and
      characterization of these inhibitory factors. These pregnancy associated proteins
      play an important role in survival of the foetal allograft. It is significant
      that low plasma levels of inhibitory factors in early pregnancy are detected in
      women in whom spontaneous abortion occur.

PMID- 2422245
TI  - Changes in thyrotropin binding inhibiting immunoglobulins (TBII) in sera of
      patients with Graves' disease at the time of relapse or exacerbation.
AB  - Thyrotropin Binding Inhibiting Immunoglobulins (TBII) were measured in sera of
      240 patients with Graves' disease who were followed 0-25 yr as a cross-sectioned
      study (21 untreated, 189 under therapy and 30 T3-suppressible and drug
      discontinued patients) by using solubilized porcine thyroid TSH receptor. Assays
      were performed by using 50 microliter of serum. All untreated 21 patients showed
      positive TBII. Frequency of positive patients decreased yearly with treatment
      although 36% of patients remained positive after 6 yr of therapy. After that time
      TBII were positive in 61% of follow-up patients and in 16 positive patients who
      have been treated for more than 10 yr, drug therapy could not be stopped because
      of recurrence. TBII were positive in 6 of 30 T3-suppressible patients. As a
      longitudinal study changes in TBII were studied in 10 patients at the time of
      relapse or exacerbation. TBII increased in parallel with increases in thyroid
      hormone concentrations in 3 of 10 patients. Six of the others showed earlier or
      later TBII increases than those in thyroid hormones. One patient did not show any
      change in TBII, albeit thyroid hormone concentrations were found to be increased.
      Our observations suggest that abnormal IgGs detected as TBII in sera of patients
      with Graves' disease by the present method do not explain the occurrence of
      hyperthyroidism.

PMID- 2422247
TI  - Modification of the protein A-gold immunocytochemical technique for the
      enhancement of its efficiency.
AB  - A modification in the protein A-gold immunocytochemical technique has been
      introduced for amplification of the labeling. This modification consists of
      performing additional incubation steps with an anti-protein A antibody and the
      protein A-gold complex. The original antigen-antibody-protein A-gold complex was
      further incubated with an antibody directed against protein A and then, in a
      fourth step, again with protein A-gold. This multiple-step protocol results in
      significant enhancement of the original signal. The modified technique can be
      applied to either light or electron microscopy protein A-gold
      immunocytochemistry. The advantage of such an approach is double: it allows for
      either amplification of the labeling when the original signal is of low intensity
      or use of highly diluted antibody solutions. The modification introduced was thus
      found to significantly enhance the efficiency of the technique.

PMID- 2422248
TI  - Immunogold labeling of keratin filaments in normal human epidermal cells with two
      anti-keratin monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - We report on application of the highly sensitive and specific immunogold labeling
      method for ultrastructural investigation of keratin intermediate filament
      antigens in human epidermal cell suspensions. Triton X-100 pretreated cells
      proved accessible to the colloidal gold conjugate, thus enabling keratin filament
      bundles to be labeled. Anti-keratin KL1 and KL2 monoclonal antibodies were raised
      in mice after immunization with either human stratum corneum-isolated keratins or
      keratins extracted from human epidermal cells suspensions, respectively.
      Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase
      results of epidermal keratinocyte staining, and revealed two different antibody
      reactivity patterns: KL2 reacted with keratin filaments in keratinocytes of all
      epidermal layers, whereas antigen to KL1 was detected only on keratin of the
      suprabasal layers, not on the basal keratinocyte tonofilaments. The monoclonal
      antibody-recognized epitopes were specific for the keratin filaments. Vimentin
      rich cells (melanocytes) were not stained in the same epidermal cell suspensions.
      Additionally, two distinct ultrastructural patterns of keratin filament epitope
      labeling were observed. KL1 and KL2 monoclonal antibodies react with two
      different antigenic determinants, depending on the stage of keratinocyte
      differentiation, and may therefore be used for immunohistochemical studies of
      various keratin-containing cells in normal and pathologic conditions.

PMID- 2422249
TI  - Detection of insulin synthesis in mammalian anterior pituitary cells by
      immunohistochemistry and demonstration of insulin-related transcripts by in situ
      RNA-DNA hybridization.
AB  - Insulin or highly homologous transcripts is shown to be synthesized in cultures
      of mammalian anterior pituitary cells using cloned insulin-specific cDNA probes
      and nucleic acid cytochemistry. The insulin-hybridizing cells are less abundant
      than the growth hormone-producing cells, occurring in the cultures at
      approximately one tenth the frequency. Immunocytochemistry demonstrates that
      insulin or insulin-like proteins is also synthesized by the cultured pituitary
      cells and that the insulin immunoreactivity is contained within secretory
      granules. It appears that many of these secretory granules are concentrated
      around the periphery of the cell, unlike the insulin-containing granules in
      pancreatic B-cells.

PMID- 2422250
TI  - Immunoblotting of keratin polypeptides extracted from tissues preserved in
      standard histologic fixatives.
AB  - Cytoskeletal polypeptides from fresh placental tissue, tissue stored at -30
      degrees C, and tissue fixed in 10% buffered formalin, Bouin's solution, and
      Carnoy's solution were extracted, separated by electrophoresis, and immunoblotted
      using monoclonal antibodies immunoreactive with keratin polypeptides. Storage of
      the placental tissue at -30 degrees C, or fixation in Carnoy's solution did not
      alter the extractability, migration pattern, or immunoreactivity of the keratin
      polypeptides. Keratin polypeptides could not be adequately demonstrated in
      extracts prepared from formalin- or Bouin's solution-fixed tissues. Several
      unmasking procedures used on tissues before extraction and on nitrocellulose
      blots before application of primary antibodies failed to unmask keratin
      polypeptides, either in Coomassie blue-stained gels or in immunoblots reacted
      with anti-keratin antibodies. These data indicate that Carnoy's solution is the
      fixative of choice for tissues in which electrophoretic and immunoblotting
      analyses of keratin polypeptides might be required.

PMID- 2422251
TI  - Autoradiographic detection of [125I]-secondary antiserum: a sensitive light and
      electron microscopic labeling method compatible with peroxidase
      immunocytochemistry for dual localization of neuronal antigens.
AB  - We examined whether autoradiographic localization of [125I]-antirabbit
      immunoglobulin (IgG) was suitable for light and electron microscopic detection of
      a rabbit antiserum to the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH), and whether autoradiographic and peroxidase labeling could be combined for
      simultaneous immunocytochemical identification of TH and neuropeptides in brain.
      Adult rat brains were fixed by aortic arch perfusion with acrolein and
      paraformaldehyde. Vibratome sections of the fixed tissues were incubated with
      various dilutions of TH antiserum followed by [125I]-secondary IgG. These
      sections were then directly processed for autoradiography or were incubated with
      rabbit antiserum to substance P (SP) or methionine [Met5]-enkephalin (ME). These
      latter sections were then processed by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) or
      conjugated peroxidase methods followed by autoradiography. Exposure periods of 12
      20 days for light microscopy or 90 days for electron microscopy yielded
      substantial accumulations of silver grains even at the highest (1:30,000)
      dilution of TH antiserum. At this dilution, immunoreactivity for TH was virtually
      nondetectable by PAP and conjugated peroxidase methods. The differential
      sensitivities of the autoradiographic versus peroxidase methods provided a means
      for separable identification of rabbit antiserum to TH and to SP or ME.
      Ultrastructural analysis of the catecholaminergic neurons in the medial nuclei of
      the solitary tract (NTS) showed selective cytoplasmic localization of silver
      grains for [125I]-labeling of TH in perikarya, dendrites, and terminals. Within
      single thin sections prepared for dual labeling, the peroxidase marker for SP and
      for ME was differentially localized with respect to autoradiographic labeling of
      TH.

PMID- 2422252
TI  - Inter- and intracellular relationship of substance P-containing neurons with
      serotonin and GABA in the dorsal raphe nucleus: combination of autoradiographic
      and immunocytochemical techniques.
AB  - Double-labeling experiments were performed at the electron microscopic level in
      the dorsal raphe nucleus of rat, in order to study the inter- and intracellular
      relationship of substance P with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin.
      Autoradiography for either [3H]serotonin or [3H]GABA was coupled, on the same
      tissue section, with peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry for substance
      P in colchicine-treated animals. Intercellular relationships were represented by
      synaptic contacts made by [3H]serotonin-labeled terminals on substance P
      containing somata and dendrites, and by substance P-containing terminals on
      [3H]GABA-labeled cells. Intracellular relationships were suggested by the
      occurrence of the peptide within [3H]serotonin-containing and [3H]GABA-containing
      cell bodies and fibers. Doubly labeled varicosities of the two kinds were also
      observed in the supraependymal plexus adjacent to the dorsal raphe nucleus. The
      results demonstrated that, in addition to reciprocal synaptic interactions made
      by substance P with serotonin and GABA, the dorsal raphe nucleus is the site of
      intracellular relationships between the peptide and either the amine or the amino
      acid.

PMID- 2422253
TI  - Direct measurement of femtogram amounts of DNA in cells and chloroplasts by
      quantitative microspectrofluorometry.
AB  - Absolute DNA amounts of individual chloroplasts were determined by measuring the
      fluorescence intensity of chloroplasts stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
      (DAPI) relative to that of the bacterium Pediococcus damnosus (cerevisiae)
      smeared on the same slide. An absolute DNA content of 7.7 X 10(15) g for a
      standard P. damnosus cell type was calculated by comparing the relative
      fluorescence values and frequency of each stage of cellular development in a
      culture to the average DNA content of all cell types determined by chemical
      methods. Chlorophyll was extracted from the chloroplasts during fixation so that
      chlorophyll autofluorescence was not present when DAPI fluorescence was measured.
      Absolute amounts of DNA could then be determined for single chloroplasts, either
      within cells that were individually selected from a mixed cell population or in
      small preparations of isolated chloroplasts. The DNA amounts of chloroplasts from
      mesophyll cells determined in this way were similar to the values previously
      determined by bulk averaging methods. Chloroplast DNA amounts from different cell
      types of the leaf could be measured by microspectrofluorometry, and it was found
      that chloroplasts from spinach epidermal cells contained about half as much DNA
      as chloroplasts from adjacent mesophyll cells.

PMID- 2422254
TI  - Murine endodermal cytokeratins Endo A and Endo B are localized in the same
      intermediate filament.
AB  - The intracellular distribution of extra-embryonic endodermal, cytoskeletal
      proteins A (Endo A) and B (Endo B) was investigated by double-label
      immunofluorescent microscopy and double-label immunoelectron microscopy. In
      parietal endodermal cells, the immunofluorescent distribution of Endo B was
      always coincident with that of Endo A and could be distinguished from vimentin,
      particularly at the periphery of the cell. At the electron microscopic level,
      antibodies against both Endo A and Endo B recognized both bundles and individual
      intermediate filaments. Double-label immunoelectron microscopy was achieved by
      use of two sizes of colloidal gold particles (5 nm and 20 nm) that were
      stabilized with secondary antibodies. These results show that Endo A and B are
      found in the same intermediate filament and probably co-polymerize to form such
      structures.

PMID- 2422255
TI  - Expression of sialic acid on the alveolar surface of adult and fetal human lungs.
AB  - Lung alveoli are coated by a thin layer of extracellular material rich in anionic
      charges. The nature of this acid layer and its relationship to the phospholipid
      surfactant are not known. We investigated the possible presence of sialic acid
      groups by light and electron microscopy in tissues from normal fetal and adult
      lungs, using neuraminidase treatment followed by staining with the galactose
      binding lectin from peanut, labeled with peroxidase. Our results showed that
      adult lung does not bear peanut lectin-reactive sites but that a very thin and
      distinct reactive layer becomes evident after neuraminidase treatment, especially
      on type II pneumocytes. In fetal lung, the entire surface of the developing
      respiratory tree is outlined by a strongly peanut lectin-reactive layer even if
      neuraminidase digestion is not performed. We conclude that the acid coat of the
      alveolar lining is in part composed of sialic acid residues and that sialic acid
      is added to the fetal lung as the alveoli mature.

PMID- 2422256
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies directed against the flagella of Campylobacter jejuni:
      production, characterization and lack of effect on the colonization of infant
      mice.
AB  - Eight monoclonal antibodies have been derived from Balb/c mice hyperimmunized
      with the purified flagella from Campylobacter jejuni strain 81116. These
      monoclonal antibodies are directed against flagella as demonstrated by reaction
      in ELISA against flagellate and aflagellate antigens, radio-immunoprecipitation
      and electro-immunoblotting techniques. Some of the antibodies react with a 60K
      minor protein as well as the 62K flagella protein. This protein may be related to
      an antigen expressed on the surface of the organism and detectable by immunogold
      labelling with one of the monoclonal antibodies. None of the antibodies causes
      the aggregation of bacteria or inhibits bacterial motility, unlike polyclonal
      anti-flagella antiserum. Moreover, none of the antibodies tested protected infant
      mice from colonization with C. jejuni strain 81116 even though partial protection
      (28%) was observed with syngeneic anti-flagella anti-serum. Absence of protection
      is probably due to the cryptic nature of the flagella epitopes investigated or
      lack of antibody activity in the gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2422257
TI  - A requirement for physical linkage between determinants recognized by helper
      molecules and cytotoxic T cell precursors in the induction of cytotoxic T cell
      responses.
AB  - It has long been understood that both antibody and delayed-type hypersensitivity
      responses are induced through collaborative events in which the determinants
      recognized by the precursor cells must be physically linked to the determinants
      recognized by the helper. Although it is clear that the generation of memory
      cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp) involves linked recognition of
      determinants, the induction of CTL responses has been viewed as being dependent
      upon interleukin 2 (IL 2), which could be provided by a helper cell, but
      independent of requirements for antigen bridging. In this work, we have designed
      a system that lacks exogenous IL 2 by using as our source of help, antigen
      specific helper molecules derived from helper T cells. These soluble helper
      molecules are uncontaminated by IL 2 and unlike a helper cell, are unable to
      produce IL 2. Helper molecules specific for chicken red blood cells (Crbc) and
      for a synthetic polypeptide, poly 18, were tested. Thymocyte responders require a
      source of help to respond to alloantigens intrinsically expressed on the surface
      of adherent stimulator cells. To analyze the mechanism whereby the helper
      molecules acted, we used a system involving recognition of haptenic and carrier
      determinants that were physically linked by virtue of being located on the same
      cell surface (intra-structural linkage). Adherent stimulator cells were pulsed
      with Crbc or poly 18 so that the alloantigens recognized by the thymocyte CTLp
      (intrinsically expressed class I) were either linked or unlinked to the carrier
      determinants (Crbc or poly 18) presented by the adherent cells and recognized by
      the helper molecules. Both types of helper molecule were shown to be antigen
      specific in crisscross experiments. The helper molecules specific for Crbc were
      able to induce the thymocyte CTLp only when both hapten and carrier were present
      on the same stimulator cell surface. Because we were not able to detect a
      requirement for H-2-restricted recognition of carrier antigen, this inductive
      event must be viewed as requiring linked associative recognition of determinants,
      but being noncognate. In contrast, the helper molecules recognizing poly 18
      showed a requirement for both physical linkage of determinants and for H-2
      restricted recognition, indicating that the mechanism of induction was cognate in
      nature. Therefore, we have shown that interactions between CTLp and soluble,
      antigen-specific, helper cell-derived inductive molecules are similar in nature
      to those of other T cell precursors and of B cells in the stringent requirement
      for close physical proximity achieved by linked or cognate recognition of
      determinants across an antigen bridge.

PMID- 2422258
TI  - Rapid changes in the regulatory potential of autologous anti-idiotopic T cells
      during an antigen-driven primary response.
AB  - The antibody response of C57BL/6 strain mice to Streptococcus pneumoniae R36a
      (Pn) is dominated by the T15 idiotype, but the responding cells appear to be
      idiotypically heterogeneous, in that individual antibody plaque-forming cells
      (PFC) may express some but not all idiotopes (Id) of the T15 complex. The
      presence of these distinct Id on the PFC was detected by a plaque-inhibition
      assay with three different monoclonal anti-Id antibodies, designated AB1-2, MaId5
      4, and B36-82. A periodic change in the expression of AB1-2 and MaId5-4 Id was
      observed during primary (IgM) antibody response to Pn in the spleen. Those two Id
      were poorly expressed in the log phase of the response between day 2 and day 4
      after immunization (few PFC in the spleen bore the Id), but they became
      detectable on the majority of PFC at the peak of the response, day 5 to day 7.
      The proportion of the Id-(AB1-2 or MaId5-4) positive PFC declined, again at day
      10 after immunization. In contrast, the B36-82 Id was expressed on greater than
      or equal to 80% PFC throughout the entire primary response. The possibility that
      the apparent changes in the Pn-reactive cell populations are regulated by
      autologous anti-Id T cells was tested in vitro. Normal, unimmunized B cells were
      cultured with Pn, either alone or in the presence of syngeneic T cells isolated
      from the spleen of mice at the appropriate intervals after immunization: day 2
      (T2), day 5 (T5), and days 10 to 14 (T10 to T14); T cells from unimmunized donors
      (T0) served as a control. The specific response after 4 days in culture was
      determined in regard to the total PFC as well as the proportion of PFC expressing
      the Id. Pn-stimulated B cells, alone or with the control T0 cells, produced
      moderate, variable levels of AB1-2+ and MaId5-4+ PFC. The expression of these two
      Id in the assay cultures was suppressed by addition of either T2 cells or T10-14
      cells, but it was enhanced if T5 cells were added. However, these various T cell
      populations did not differ in their effect on the total PFC response. Also, the
      proportion of PFC bearing the third Id, B36-82 was high, and it was not
      consistently influenced by the added T cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2422259
TI  - Analysis of effector mechanisms against HTLV-I- and HTLV-III/LAV-infected
      lymphoid cells.
AB  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is associated with a viral (HTLV-III/LAV)
      mediated progressive depletion of a helper/inducer T4+ T cell subset, whereas
      acute T cell leukemia is associated with a viral (HTLV-I)-mediated growth of the
      same T cell subset. Because large granular lymphocytes (LGL) with natural killer
      (NK) activity have been shown to spontaneously lyse several virus-infected target
      cells, the ability of NK cells to lyse both HTLV-I- and HTLV-III/LAV-infected
      lymphoid cell lines and fresh lymphocytes was explored. Normal lymphocytes (T
      cells and LGL), with and without pretreatment with recombinant interleukin 2 (IL
      2), as well as monocytes, with and without pretreatment with interferon-gamma
      were employed as effectors. Both IL 2-activated T cells and NK cells were
      cytolytic for HTLV-I-infected targets. However, only LGL demonstrated significant
      spontaneous activity against HTLV-I-infected targets. Similarly, LGL showed
      spontaneous cytolytic activity against HTLV-III/LAV-infected targets, and this
      cytotoxicity was considerably augmented by IL 2. In contrast, T cells and
      monocytes were unable to lyse HTLV-III/LAV targets, and only minimal activity was
      induced by activation. LGL cells, B cells, and monocytes were infectible in vitro
      by high titers of HTLV-III/LAV. However, levels of reverse transcriptase found in
      these cultures were significantly lower than the levels in T cell cultures. In
      contrast, only T cells were susceptible to infection by HTLV-I. Experiments with
      the use of cell cocultures showed that LGL afforded T cells protection from
      infection by HTLV-I (as indicated by lack of transformation and viral protein
      expression) but not from infection by HTLV-III/LAV. Collectively, these results
      indicate that NK cells may play a role in protecting cells against HTLV
      infection.

PMID- 2422260
TI  - Epitopes, structural domains, and asymmetry of amino acid residues in SS-B/La
      nuclear protein.
AB  - SS-B/La is a conserved cellular phosphoprotein of 46 to 48 KD that is the target
      antigen of autoantibodies in sera of patients with Sjogren's syndrome and
      systemic lupus erythematosus. SS-B/La is also known to be associated with certain
      small cellular and viral RNA, including adenovirus VAI and VAII RNA. Two
      relatively protease-resistant domains (X and Y) were defined in SS-B from HeLa
      cells by using human autoantibodies as reagents. Domain X, a methionine
      containing nonphosphorylated 28 KD polypeptide, was found to be resistant to
      partial digestion with six different proteases. Similar domains were also found
      in calf and rabbit SS-B. Domain Y, a 23 KD polypeptide, was detected after
      limited digestion with S. aureus V8 and trypsin. This domain contained little if
      any methionine, but all the detectable phosphorylated amino acids. Among 16 anti
      SS-B sera tested by immunoblotting, 11 (69%) were reactive with both domains,
      three (19%) only with domain X, and two (13%) only with domain Y. These results
      showed that there are at least two distinct antigenic epitopes on the 46 to 48 KD
      SS-B/La protein, each located on a separate structural domain. The asymmetric
      distribution of methionine and phosphorylated amino acid residues in SS-B/La show
      striking similarity to the two reported domains of the adenovirus 72 KD DNA
      binding protein, and raises questions concerning functional similarities that
      await investigation.

PMID- 2422261
TI  - Identification of 5 topographic domains of the mouse LFA-1 molecule: subunit
      assignment and functional involvement in lymphoid cell interactions.
AB  - We have evaluated the serologic and T cell function inhibiting properties of 10
      rat mAb reactive with the mouse LFA-1 molecule. Binding inhibition studies
      revealed that these mAb identified five topographic domains on LFA-1, including
      an immunodominant epitope region (A) defined by 6 mAb (H35-89, H68-96, H85-326,
      H129-37, H154-595, and H155-141) and four other spatially separate epitopes each
      defined by a single mAb (i.e., B, H154-266; C, H129-296; D, H154-163; and E, H155
      78). Immunoprecipitation studies carried out with T cell hybridoma detergent
      lysate containing native or dissociated alpha and beta LFA-1 subunits permitted
      assignment of the epitopes A, C, and D to the alpha-chain, while expression of
      the epitopes B and E required homologous pairing of the alpha and beta LFA-1
      subunits. These anti-LFA-1 mAb did not bind to the Mac-1 positive P388D1 cells.
      All the six mAb directed at epitope A inhibited, in the range of 50 to 95%, the
      proliferative responses of alloantigen- or soluble-antigen GAT-specific T cell
      clones and the cytolytic activity of I-Ak-specific CTL clones. MAb reactive with
      the epitopes C and D also blocked these T cell responses, although to a lesser
      extent. No inhibition was observed with mAb specific to epitope B, whereas the
      epitope E-specific mAb H155-78 potentiated control T cell responses by 20 to 40%.
      Suboptimal amounts of anti-L3T4 mAb H129-19 were found to synergistically enhance
      the T cell function inhibiting properties of mAb to LFA-1 epitopes A, C, and D.
      These studies reveal an unexpected diversification of LFA-1 between mouse and rat
      species and further the functional dissection of this molecule.

PMID- 2422262
TI  - Monoclonal T cell responses to two epitopes on a single immunogen controlled by
      two distinct genes.
AB  - The fine specificities of immune T cells were studied in a system in which the
      response to the antigen can involve two immune response (Ir) genes and two
      epitopes on a single synthetic polypeptide immunogen. The (BALB/c X SJL)F1 (H-2d
      X H-2s) mice can respond to the random terpolymer poly(Glu55, Lys36, Phe9)
      (GLPhe) through the H-2d-linked Ir gene (Ir-d) or through the complementing Ir
      gene (Ir-dxs), which controls the immune response to poly(Glu, Phe), epitopes
      that are present in GLPhe. Nine groups of monoclonal T cells were obtained from
      (H-2d X H-2s)F1 mice immunized with GLPhe. These groups were delineated by the
      differences in major histocompatibility (MHC) restriction on antigen-presenting
      cells (APC) and the cross-reactions with GPhe or GLT. A unique T cell line was
      discovered that can react to the three polymers (GLPhe, GLT, GPhe) even though
      GLT and GPhe immune T cells do not normally show reciprocal cross-reactions. The
      monoclonal T cells retain helper activities in the Mishell-Dutton culture.
      Although the activation of T cells is antigen specific and MHC restricted, the
      subsequent B cell response is nonspecific.

PMID- 2422263
TI  - Source of the arachidonic acid released on stimulation of rat basophilic leukemia
      cells.
AB  - Triggering of rat basophilic leukemia cells for histamine secretion is
      accompanied by arachidonic acid release. We studied the source of this
      arachidonic acid released after IgE or calcium ionophore A23187 stimulation. The
      48-hr culture of the cells with [14C]arachidonic acid resulted in labeling of the
      phospholipids to constant specific activity. After IgE stimulation, 8.8% of the
      cellular [14C]arachidonate was released; this was predominantly from
      phosphatidylinositol (PI)/phosphatidylserine (PS) (66.3%), less from
      phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (25.9%), and minimally from phosphatidylcholine
      (PC). In contrast, after ionophore stimulation the cells released 16.4% of
      cellular [14C]arachidonate, most of this was from PE (55.4%) followed by about
      equal amounts from PS/PI and PC (24% and 20%, respectively). Therefore, the
      source of the released arachidonic acid depends on the stimulus. In contrast, the
      results are different when the cells are cultured for only 2 hr with
      [14C]arachidonic acid. The label in phospholipids was in PC (44%), PE (38%), and
      PI/PS (20%); the stimulation of the cells with IgE or ionophore resulted in the
      release of the [14C]arachidonate from PC (81% and 96%, respectively). This
      suggests the presence of several pools of phospholipids that are labeled at
      different rates and have variable proximity and/or accessibility to the
      phospholipase(s) enzyme(s) activated during cell secretion.

PMID- 2422264
TI  - Substance P: binding properties and studies on cellular responses in guinea pig
      macrophages.
AB  - The neuropeptide Substance P (SP) has been recognized to modulate functional
      activities of inflammatory cells. We have previously shown that it mediates
      macrophage activation. In this study we examined binding characteristics of SP
      and searched for additional evidence of heightened metabolic activity of guinea
      pig peritoneal macrophages upon challenge with this peptide. Radioligand studies
      indicated the existence of a homogeneous class of specific binding sites with
      high affinity for SP on macrophages. Scatchard analysis yielded an apparent KD of
      1.9 +/- 0.4 X 10(-8) M (range: 1.4 to 2.4 X 10(-8) M), which was confirmed by
      kinetic studies. Binding was dose related, saturable, reversible, and could be
      inhibited by the SP antagonist (D-Pro2,D-Phe7,D-Trp9)-SP. Examination of peptide
      structural requirements revealed that both the COOH- and NH2-terminus contribute
      to receptor-ligand interaction. Other members of the tachykinin group of peptides
      were devoid of stimulatory action on macrophages. Cellular responses after
      engagement of the receptor sites by SP included downregulation of the membrane
      associated enzyme 5'-nucleotidase and stimulation of synthesis and release of
      arachidonic acid metabolites, as well as of the lysosomal enzyme ADGase. These
      actions were specific as evidenced by immunoabsorption experiments. Our findings
      demonstrate that macrophage activation afforded by SP is effected through a
      receptor-mediated mechanism. Liberation of proinflammatory and immunomodulating
      substances in response to SP may be relevant to the pathogenesis of
      neuroinflammatory disease.

PMID- 2422265
TI  - Role of L3T4 and Ia in the heteroclitic response of T cells to cytochrome c.
AB  - The activation of helper T lymphocytes has been proposed to result from the sum
      of low-affinity interactions between the specific immune receptor, as well as
      nonpolymorphic receptors such as L3T4 on the T cell surface, and nominal antigen
      and Ia displayed in a multivalent array on the antigen-presenting cell surface.
      The present work takes advantage of a T cell hybridoma specific for pigeon
      cytochrome c in the context of I-Ek, which responds to tobacco hornworm moth
      cytochrome c at one hundredth the concentration of the homologous antigen, to
      determine if the T cell's requirement for L3T4 and Ia is directly related to its
      functional affinity for antigen. The results demonstrate that the T cell's
      activation by pigeon cytochrome c was blocked by antibodies directed to L3T4 and
      to I-Ek, even at antigen concentrations twofold to fourfold above those required
      for maximal responses. In contrast, the response to tobacco hornworm moth
      cytochrome c was not as affected by these antibodies under equivalent
      superoptimal conditions. The same phenomenon was observed for the T cell's
      activation by the carboxyl-terminal peptide fragments of the two cytochromes c,
      which do not require processing, indicating that the differences were not due to
      the relative efficiency of processing and/or presentation of the antigens.
      Although both I-Ek- and L3T4-specific antibodies blocked the T cell response to
      pigeon cytochrome, antibodies to I-Ak had no effect, even though I-Ak had been
      considered to be a ligand for L3T4. Thus, either Ia does not bind L3T4 or, if it
      does, I-Ek must be a sufficient ligand for L3T4 for T cells that recognize their
      antigen in the context of I-Ek. These studies provide more definitive evidence
      that the T cell's requirement for the functions of Ia and of L3T4 is dependent on
      the T cell's functional affinity for its antigenic determinant. This data is
      consistent with a model of T cell activation in which, given a high enough
      affinity of the T cell receptor for the processed antigen, the requirement for
      other components of a stimulatory complex, such as Ia and L3T4, may diminish to
      undetectable levels.

PMID- 2422266
TI  - An influenza A virus-specific and HLA-DRw8-restricted T cell clone cross-reacting
      with a transcomplementation product of the HLA-DR2 and DR4 haplotypes.
AB  - The clone TA10 is a T3+ T4+ T8- proliferative and cytolytic human T cell clone.
      This clone has been shown to be specific for the hemagglutinin of influenza A
      Texas virus and restricted by an HLA class II molecule associated with the DRw8
      Dw8.1 phenotype. Here we show that TA10 and all of its subclones can also react
      with eight HLA-DRw8 negative, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed cell lines or
      phytohemagglutinin blasts in the absence of influenza antigens. All of these cell
      lines are HLA-DR2/DR4 with a classic DR2 long haplotype. The only nonreactive HLA
      DR2/DR4 cell line observed bears a DR2 short haplotype. Only heterozygous HLA
      DR2/DR4 but not parental DR2 or DR4 EBV-transformed cell lines can be recognized
      by TA10, indicating that the cross-reacting determinant is a transcomplementation
      product between HLA-DR2 and HLA-DR4 haplotypes. DR-specific, but not DQ- or DP
      specific monoclonal antibodies, inhibit in the proliferation assay and in the
      chromium release test both the DRw8-Dw8.1-restricted and the anti-DR2/DR4
      reactions. These results show that HLA-DR-restricted, anti-viral human T cell
      clone can evidence cross-reactivity for allospecific class II molecules of the
      major histocompatibility complex, and human CTL can recognize
      transcomplementation products of class II HLA genes. In addition, the results
      suggest that a beta-chain coded for by an HLA-DR gene and associated with an
      alpha-chain coded for by a still unidentified but possibly HLA-DQ gene constitute
      this functional transcomplementation product.

PMID- 2422267
TI  - The origin of strain-specific differences in the specificity repertoires of
      murine cytolytic T lymphocytes.
AB  - Previous studies, in which fine specificity analysis of CTL clones specific for
      the H-2Kb alloantigen was used to identify and distinguish the receptor of each
      clone, demonstrated that the composition of the CTL repertoire is influenced by
      at least two polymorphic genetic regions, the MHC and the IgH. By using double
      parent radiation chimeras of the type A + B----(A X B)F1, in which A and B differ
      at the MHC, it was found that the specificity repertoires of A and B, which
      normally differ in conventional mice of these strains, were very similar when
      CTLp were obtained from double parent chimeras. Therefore, the influence of MHC
      on repertoire was attributable to the environment in which the T cell developed
      rather than to an intracellular event. In the current study, this same strategy
      was used to determine whether IgH exerts its influence on the CTL repertoire at
      the environmental level as well. Double parent chimeras where constructed by
      using stem cells of BALB/c and B10.BR origin. Not only do these cells differ at
      the MHC, they also differ polymorphically at a large number of genetic regions
      including IgH and possibly T alpha structural genes. The results indicated that
      despite these genetic differences, the specificity repertoires of CTLp
      representative of the two different genotypes in the chimeras were very similar.
      Therefore, T cell repertoire differences that arise due to IgH polymorphism are
      determined by the developing environment. Additionally, these results suggest
      further that any genetic polymorphism which may exist within the T alpha gene
      complexes of these strains does not result in differences that can be detected
      within the CTL response to the Kb alloantigen.

PMID- 2422268
TI  - Polyclonal activation of rat B cells. I. A single mitogenic signal can stimulate
      proliferation, but three signals are required for differentiation.
AB  - A water-soluble, proteinaceous preparation derived from the cell walls of
      Salmonella typhimurium Re mutants has recently been tested in our laboratory for
      its ability to act as a mitogen for rat lymphocytes. We have found this
      preparation (STM) to be a potent stimulator of B lymphocyte proliferation, as
      measured both by 3H-TdR incorporation and by cell cycle analysis performed with
      flow cytofluorometry. STM stimulates approximately 50% of rat B cells to enter
      cycle. Previous investigations by others have shown that at least two sets of
      signals are required for B cell differentiation; a) proliferation signals that
      may consist of both a stimulator of B cell conversion from G0 to G1 and growth
      factors, and b) differentiation signals that probably include at least two B cell
      differentiation factors (BCDF). When STM was tested in a differentiation system
      it did not drive purified B cells to differentiate to PFC, either alone or when
      supplemented with a supernatant from concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells
      (CAS). However, when both CAS and dextran sulfate (DXS) were supplied to the STM
      stimulated cells, a large number of PFC resulted. DXS does not act by stimulating
      an additional, CAS-responsive B cell subset, since it has only a marginal effect
      upon 3H-TdR uptake and does not increase the number of B cells in cycle when used
      together with STM. We postulate that the two agents may be acting sequentially:
      STM stimulates the B cells to proliferate, and DXS drives the proliferating cells
      to become responsive to CAS. This suggests that the signals for B cell
      differentiation must consist of at least three activities: a trigger to stimulate
      the cells to proliferate, a factor to drive the cells to a BCDF-responsive state,
      and a BCDF that can drive the cells to secrete antibody.

PMID- 2422269
TI  - Lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA-1) is involved in B cell activation.
AB  - Human LFA-1 is a widely expressed leukocyte antigen present on cells of myeloid
      and lymphoid lineage. Monoclonal antibodies to LFA-1 have been shown to inhibit
      in vitro T cell immune functions. However, a role for LFA-1 in B cell activation
      has not been documented. To investigate this possibility, we examined the
      distribution of LFA-1 on normal, neoplastic, and EBV-transformed B cells as well
      as the ability of a monoclonal anti-LFA-1 antibody (NB-107) to inhibit B cell
      mitogenesis. NB-107 immunoprecipitates a noncovalently linked heterodimer of
      approximately 170,000 and 95,000 daltons. Sequential immunoprecipitation and
      cross-blocking studies showed that NB-107 identified a distinct epitope on the
      LFA-1 molecule. NB-107-defined LFA-1 was present on peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells (PBMC) from all normal individuals (N = 27) and on EBV-transformed cell
      lines (N = 9), but was absent from four of seven neoplastic B lymphoma lines. NB
      107 was observed to profoundly inhibit the response of PBMC to the B cell
      mitogens anti-IgM (mean 71% inhibition) and lipopolysaccharide (mean 80%
      inhibition). In order to investigate the mechanism of inhibition, B cells were
      sequentially purified from PBMC by using a combination of E rosette depletion of
      T cells, monocyte removal by glass adherence, and finally cell sorting. These
      extensively enriched populations of B cells, although still responding to anti
      mu, showed no evidence of inhibition by NB-107. Growth of EBV-transformed cell
      lines, cultured in the presence of NB-107, also was not inhibited by this
      antibody. When tested in assays for T cell function, NB-107 was shown to inhibit
      the mixed lymphocyte response, but had no effect on phytohemagglutinin
      stimulation of PBMC nor on the clonal growth and differentiation of
      granulopoietic, erythropoietic, and pluripotent progenitor cells. We conclude
      that anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibody inhibits B cell mitogens via indirect effects
      on monocytes and/or T cells, rather than by a direct antiproliferative effect on
      B cells.

PMID- 2422270
TI  - Delineation and characterization of human B cell subpopulations at various stages
      of activation by using a B cell-specific monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Human tonsillar B cells were separated into three distinct subpopulations, Ba
      /IgD+, Ba+/IgD+, and Ba+/IgD-, by using a B cell-specific monoclonal antibody
      (anti-Ba) that recognizes only activated B cells, and anti-IgD antibody.
      Stimulation of Ba-/IgD+ cells with anti-mu plus PHA-conditioned culture
      supernatant (PHA-sup) or TPA induced Ba+/IgD+ cells, which reverted to Ba-/IgD+
      phenotype in the absence of continuous stimulation. Further stimulation of
      Ba+/IgD+ cells with several B cell activators, such as TPA plus anti-mu or PWM
      plus T cells, resulted in the loss of IgD expression. Three-color FACS analysis
      showed that the expression of transferrin receptor (TFR) was at its maximum in
      Ba+/IgD- cells, and the intensity of this expression was proportional to that of
      Ba expression in Ba+/IgD+ cells. PHA-sup induced maximum proliferation in Ba+/IgD
      cells, and the degree of response was a function of the intensity of Ba
      expression in Ba+/IgD+ cells. PHA-sup or purified BCDF (BSF-2) induced Ig
      secretion preferentially in Ba+/IgD- cells. Taken together, these results show
      that resting B cells (Ba-/IgD+) are activated into Ba+/IgD+ cells, and then into
      Ba+/IgD- cells, under mitogenic stimulation, and BCDF induces the final
      maturation of Ba+/IgD- cells into Ig-secreting cells. Ba+/IgD- cells, which
      maximally expressed TFR as well as Ba and displayed maximum proliferative
      response to PHA-sup, did not express any Tac antigen. On the other hand, in vitro
      activated B cells expressed Ba and TFR as well as Tac antigen.

PMID- 2422271
TI  - Susceptibility of normal human lymphocytes to infection with HTLV-III/LAV.
AB  - Normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were tested for their susceptibility to
      infection with retroviruses isolated from patients with the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex. Of 10 normal
      individuals tested, lymphocytes from all subjects became infected and produced
      virus as detected by assay for Mg+2-dependent reverse transcriptase. Lymphocytes
      from different individuals were demonstrated to be either high or low producers
      of reverse transcriptase after infection. The kinetics of virus production were
      similar in cells from both high- and low-producing individuals. A significant
      correlation was observed between high and low viral-producing lymphocytes and
      expression of the Leu-3/T4 (CD4) surface molecule. Mitogen-stimulated peripheral
      blood lymphocytes exposed to HTLV-III/LAV manifested productive viral infection,
      as reflected by the appearance of early syncytia, followed by reverse
      transcriptase. Unstimulated peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures displayed late
      syncytia but no detectable reverse transcriptase upon exposure to virus. The
      addition of anti-human interferon-alpha did not appear to have an appreciable
      effect on viral production in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to the
      virus.

PMID- 2422272
TI  - Monoclonal antibody analysis of MHC expression in human brain biopsies: tissue
      ranging from "histologically normal" to that showing different levels of glial
      tumor involvement.
AB  - The expression of class I and class II MHC products in human brain was studied.
      Radioimmunoassay confirmed weak expression of HLA-A,B,C and beta 2-microglobulin
      (beta 2-m) in brain extract. Quantitative inhibition assay showed brain had 1/70
      as much activity as spleen, per microgram of extract protein. Immunoblot assay
      confirmed that HLA chains and beta 2-m were present in the brain extract. Class
      II was not detected. Microscopic analysis was performed on eight brain biopsies.
      The histologic appearance ranged from "apparently normal," to the presence of
      reactive astrocytes, to the presence of glial tumor. In every case, HLA-A,B,C and
      beta 2-m activity was concentrated at blood vessel walls. Small and medium-sized
      vessels were uniformly stained. Cell body staining was not seen in neurons, glia,
      oligodendrocytes, microglia, reactive astrocytes, or the majority of glial tumor
      cells. Class II activity was seen in occasional cell bodies in both grey matter
      and white matter in the microscopic assays. These cells had the morphologic
      appearance of microglia or reactive astrocytes. Occasional blood vessels also
      showed class II activity. Unlike the class I activity, the class II blood vessel
      stain was often discontinuous. More class II+ cell bodies were seen in tumor
      associated tissue.

PMID- 2422273
TI  - Suppression of antigen-specific interleukin 2 production in the MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr
      mouse.
AB  - Several murine strains with spontaneously occurring systemic lupus erythematosus
      like disease demonstrate defects in immunoregulation. The MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr (MRL-1)
      strain develops a severe age-progressive defect in interleukin 2 (IL 2)
      production in response to mitogen or antigen. In this study, we demonstrate in
      vitro the presence of suppressor cells in the lymph nodes of naive mice of the
      MRL background. Suppression by MRL-1 lymph node cells was partially reversed by
      treatment with anti-Lyt-1.2 monoclonal antibody and complement and was moderately
      radiosensitive. Suppression by lymph node cells from the congenic MRL/MpJ-+/+
      (MRL-+) mouse was somewhat more resistant to treatment with anti-Lyt-1.2 and
      complement, or radiation. Lymph node cells from the H-2-syngeneic mouse strain,
      C3H/HeJ, failed to suppress. Thus, lymph nodes from mice of the MRL background
      contain cells capable of suppressing in vitro IL 2 responses. We next performed
      cell transfers to determine whether suppressor cells contribute in vivo to the IL
      2 defect. Lymph node cells, but not spleen cells, from MRL-1 mice by 5 to 6 mo of
      age suppressed antigen-specific IL 2, CTL, and DTH responses when transferred
      into young MRL-+ recipients. Transfer of identical numbers of lymph node cells
      from age-matched MRL-+ mice failed to suppress IL 2 production. Transfer of
      suppression was sensitive to treatment with monoclonal anti-Lyt-2.1 and
      complement, and to 250 rad of radiation. Thus, this study suggests a role for
      active suppression of IL 2 production in the establishment of the IL 2 defect in
      the MRL-1 mouse. Further, suppression may involve phenotypically distinct T
      lymphocyte subpopulations.

PMID- 2422274
TI  - A human monoclonal antibody directed to blood group i antigen: heterohybridoma
      between human lymphocytes from regional lymph nodes of a lung cancer patient and
      mouse myeloma.
AB  - A fusion of human lymphocytes released from regional lymph nodes of papillary
      adenocarcinoma of lung cancer with mouse myeloma P3-X63-Ag8-U1 cells resulted in
      a stable hybridoma-secreting human IgM antibody (NCC-1004) that reacts with a
      large proportion of squamous cell carcinomas of lung and esophagus as well as
      carcinoma of thyroid glands. However, the antibody also reacts with normal red
      blood cells, B lymphocytes, and a few other limited loci in normal tissues such
      as the basal cells of bronchial epithelium and the basal cell layer of stratified
      squamous epithelium, as well as endothelium and alveolar lining epithelium. The
      antigen defined by NCC-1004 has been characterized as blood group i antigen on
      the basis of the following results. The antibody preferentially agglutinates cord
      erythrocytes in contrast to adult erythrocytes. The agglutination was obvious at
      4 degrees C, but diminished greatly at 37 degrees C, and was enhanced after
      sialidase treatment. The antibody specifically reacts with lacto
      norhexaosylceramide (nLc6) and sialosyllacto-norhexaosylceramide (IV3NeuAcnLc6),
      but does not react with lacto-neotetraosylceramide (nLc4), sialosyllacto
      neotetraosylceramide (IV3NeuAcnLc4), lacto-isooctaosylceramide (IV6Gal beta 1---
      4GlcNAcnLc6; I antigen), and other standard glycolipids so far tested. The
      properties of the antibody and its antigen are identical to those previously
      described for the i blood group system. Inasmuch as the hybridoma was established
      by hybridization of lymphocytes derived from regional lymph nodes of lung cancer,
      and the antigen was found in the patient's lung cancer tissue, the i antigen in
      lung cancer is probably recognized as a tumor-associated antigen by the host's
      immune cell system.

PMID- 2422275
TI  - Novel human light chain V kappa segment: serologic and structural analyses of the
      kappa III-like Bence Jones protein and IgG kappa light chain REE.
AB  - Immunochemical and sequence analyses of kappa light chain REE (Bence Jones
      protein REE and the light chain isolated from IgG kappa myeloma protein REE)
      revealed antigenic and structural features not previously described for human
      kappa-chains. Although closely related to proteins of the V kappa III subgroup,
      light chain REE is readily distinguished from light chains classified
      serologically as members of the kappa IIIa or kappa IIIb sub-subgroups. Light
      chains REE (Bence Jones protein REE and light chain REE) are identical in
      sequence and differ from kappa III proteins by at least 10 uncommon amino acid
      substitutions in the first three framework regions. Further, kappa-chain REE is
      unique by virtue of a four-residue deletion in the third complementarity
      determining region. The deletion encompasses the three carboxyl-terminal residues
      in the V kappa-encoded segment and the first residue at the site of V-J
      recombination. Urine specimens from patient REE also contained a light chain
      fragment that lacked the first (amino-terminal) 85 residues of the native light
      chain but otherwise was identical in sequence to the light chain REE. The
      extensive amino acid differences and unique length of the V kappa segment in
      light chain REE indicate that this kappa-chain is the product of an unusual V
      kappa III gene or, alternatively, represents a rarely expressed and novel human V
      kappa gene.

PMID- 2422276
TI  - Phorbol esters and calcium ionophore can prime murine peritoneal macrophages for
      tumor cell destruction.
AB  - Murine macrophages from sites of inflammation develop toward tumoricidal
      competence by exposure to a macrophage-activating factor such as interferon-gamma
      (IFN-gamma). To explore the biochemical transductional events initiated by IFN
      gamma, peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6J mice elicited by various sterile
      irritants were treated in vitro with two pharmacologic agents that mimic the
      action of certain second messengers. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and the
      ionophore A23187 cooperatively reproduced the ability of IFN-gamma to prime
      macrophages for tumoricidal function. Neither agent alone was able to prime
      macrophages. The two agents acted on the macrophages, and target susceptibility
      to kill was not altered by PMA and A23187. Only active phorbol esters, which are
      known to bind and stimulate protein kinase C, were able to cooperate with A23187
      to induce priming. A cell-permeable synthetic diacylglycerol (sn-1,2-dioctanoyl
      glycerol) could also prime for cytolysis. In the presence of PMA, A23187, and
      EGTA, addition of Ca++ was sufficient for priming, whereas the addition of Mg++
      was much less efficient. Priming by IFN-gamma, however, was not blocked by EGTA.
      Efflux of 45Ca++ from preloaded cells was significantly increased by A23187 and
      by IFN-gamma. Quin-2/AM, an intracellular chelator of Ca++, blocked priming by
      IFN-gamma. In summary, the data suggest that priming of macrophages for
      tumoricidal function by IFN-gamma involves, at least in part, alterations in
      protein kinase C and in levels of intracellular Ca++.

PMID- 2422277
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against avian reticuloendotheliosis virus: identification
      of strain-specific and strain-common epitopes.
AB  - We report the generation and partial characterization of a panel of 11 monoclonal
      antibodies (MCA) made against the nondefective strain T reticuloendotheliosis
      virus (REV). In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), nine MCA cross
      reacted with both homologous strain T and heterologous strain chick syncytial
      virus (CS), whereas two MCA were strain specific and reacted with strain T but
      not with CS. Competitive antibody inhibitory ELISA tests demonstrated that the
      nine MCA recognized at least two distinct type-common epitopes. By using MCA
      mediated immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, we
      identified a 62,000 dalton glycoprotein that may contain both type-common
      epitopes and a 21,000 dalton glycoprotein that contains one of these epitopes.
      The competitive antibody inhibitory ELISA tests confirmed that the remaining two
      MCA recognize a strain T-specific epitope. We identified a 54,000 to 72,000
      dalton glycoprotein that contains the type-specific epitope. All of the MCA
      reacted in an ELISA assay with cell-free virus preparations, suggesting that the
      polypeptides we identified are virion envelope glycoproteins. To identify the
      nonglycosylated precursor proteins, we treated infected cells with tunicamycin.
      We found a 48,000 polypeptide that was the nonglycosylated precursor to the
      54,000 to 72,000 glycoprotein, and 48,000 and 20,000 dalton proteins that were
      the nonglycosylated precursors to the 62,000 and 21,000 dalton glycoproteins,
      respectively. These MCA may be of value in the field. They were able to
      distinguish in preliminary tests in ELISA between strains T and CS, which were
      otherwise undistinguishable in assays that made use of conventional polyvalent
      serum.

PMID- 2422278
TI  - M. leprae and PPD-triggered T cell lines in tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy.
AB  - Proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to
      Mycobacterium leprae and bacillus Calmette Guerin-derived purified protein
      derivative (PPD) were studied in the presence or absence of interleukin 2 (IL 2)
      in high M. leprae responders (tuberculoid leprosy patients and healthy subjects)
      and low M. leprae responders (lepromatous leprosy patients). High responders in
      most cases developed a strong proliferative response to both antigens in the
      absence of IL 2. Additional IL 2 and restimulation with antigen plus autologous
      antigen-presenting cells (APC) allowed the derivation of antigen-specific T cell
      lines. The lines were assayed for proliferative responses to several
      mycobacterial antigens. Both PPD and M. leprae-triggered T cell lines exhibited a
      good proliferative response to either antigen and showed in addition a broad
      cross-reactivity with other mycobacteria, suggesting a preferential T cell
      response to epitopes shared by several mycobacterial species. Within the
      lepromatous group, 50% of the patients studied could mount a proliferative
      response to PPD antigen in the absence of IL 2, but none of them was able to do
      so with M. leprae antigen. The addition of IL 2 increased the number of positive
      responders to PPD in this group, and in some patients IL 2 was able to restore M.
      leprae reactivity as well, suggesting that IL 2 had overcome a suppressor
      mechanism. PPD and M. leprae-triggered T cell lines were obtained from these
      subjects (with IL 2 added from the beginning of the culture when required). M.
      leprae lines exhibited variable and unstable pattern of specificity, most lines
      exhibiting, at least transiently, a cross-reactive response to other
      mycobacteria, but some displaying only M. leprae-specific response. In contrast,
      PPD lines from these subjects consistently exhibited a good response to PPD, a
      lesser response to various other mycobacteria and no response to M. leprae, a
      pattern differing from that obtained with PPD lines of high M. leprae responders.
      Co-cultures of irradiated lepromatous PPD triggered T cell lines with fresh
      autologous PBMC non-specifically reduced the proliferative response of the latter
      to PPD, as well as to unrelated antigens. A similar suppression was also observed
      when PPD lines from one of the tuberculoid patients were assayed. PPD and M.
      leprae T cell lines from both high and low responders initially exhibited the
      same CD4+ CD8- phenotype. In all cases, antigenic specificity declined and could
      not be maintained after 5 to 8 wk of continuous culture, a change associated with
      the progressive appearance of CD8+ and Leu8+ cells.

PMID- 2422279
TI  - Identification of Schistosoma mansoni glycolipids that share immunogenic
      carbohydrate epitopes with glycoproteins.
AB  - The immunoreactivity of sera of infected hosts against glycolipids derived from
      Schistosoma mansoni eggs, adult male worms, and cercariae was analyzed by
      immunostaining of glycolipids resolved by high-performance thin-layer
      chromatography. Eggs contained the greatest number of immunogenic glycolipids and
      bound the largest proportion of serum antibodies. Virtually all of the
      immunogenic egg glycolipids were neutrally charged and contained oligosaccharide
      chains larger in size than five sugar residues. The glycolipids of each
      developmental stage were shown by use of five monoclonal antibodies to share
      schistosome-specific carbohydrate epitopes that were also present on
      glycoproteins. Several of the carbohydrate epitopes were expressed throughout the
      life cycle, yet the overall structures of the glycolipids were not conserved.
      Quantitative analyses by solid-phase binding assays indicated that the
      carbohydrate epitopes were differentially expressed between the glycolipids and
      glycoproteins of developmental stages. Sera from infected humans and mice both
      contained very high levels of anti-carbohydrate antibodies that were reactive
      with the glycolipids, irrespective of the stage or intensity of disease. Mice
      harboring unisexual infections of either male or female worms also recognized the
      egg glycolipids in a pattern indistinguishable from that of patently infected
      mice. A greater proportion of the humoral response against egg antigens in
      infected humans was directed against protein determinants, as compared with
      infected mice.

PMID- 2422280
TI  - Requirement for recognition of class II molecules and processed tumor antigen for
      optimal generation of syngeneic tumor-specific class I-restricted CTL.
AB  - The roles of Class II-restricted L3T4+ T cells and of accessory cells (AC) during
      the in vitro generation of Class I-restricted Lyt-2+ cytotoxic T cells (CTL)
      specific for a Class II-negative syngeneic tumor cell line, FBL, was examined.
      Treatment of responder FBL-immune spleen cells with alpha L3T4 plus complement
      before culture, as well as the direct addition of alpha L3T4 to cultures,
      diminished the generation of FBL-specific CTL. The contribution of L3T4+ cells
      could be completely replaced by the addition of exogenous cytokines. The data
      demonstrate that the optimal generation of FBL-specific Lyt-2+ CTL requires the
      presence of L3T4+ cells, presumably to provide necessary lymphokines. FBL
      specific CTL could not be generated from purified FBL-immune T cells in the
      absence of AC. Syngeneic Ia+ macrophages (M phi), added at the initiation of
      culture, restored the response of purified T cells. Pretreatment of M phi with
      ammonium chloride or chloroquine, or the addition of monoclonal alpha I-Ab
      antibody at the initiation of culture, inhibited the ability of M phi to
      reconstitute the CTL response. Finally, the addition of exogenous helper factors
      could replace M phi and reconstitute the FBL-specific response of AC-depleted
      immune T cells. These results suggest that during the generation of Lyt-2+ CTL to
      a syngeneic tumor expressing only Class I MHC antigens, Ia+ AC are required to
      biochemically process antigen released from the tumor cells and present this
      modified antigen to Class II-restricted T helper cells.

PMID- 2422281
TI  - Mechanisms of tumor cell capture by activated macrophages: evidence for
      involvement of lymphocyte function-associated (LFA)-1 antigen.
AB  - The lymphocyte function-associated (LFA)-1 molecule is expressed on certain
      populations of macrophages that have an augmented capacity to capture tumor
      cells. Accordingly, we analyzed the role of LFA-1 in the establishment of such
      cell-cell interactions. F(ab')2 fragments of the M17/4, anti-LFA-1 monoclonal
      antibody (MAb) inhibited the interaction between activated macrophages and tumor
      cells by up to 80% in a dose-dependent manner. The anti-LFA-1 MAb reduced
      (between 55 to 79%) the number of P815, LSTRA, or EL-4 tumor cells bound to
      trypsin-sensitive structures on bacillus Calmette Guerin activated macrophages.
      The inhibition appeared selective, because a F(ab')2 fragment of anti-Mac-1 did
      not inhibit such binding. Inhibition of tumor cell capture could be observed as
      soon as 15 min after the onset of the cell-cell interaction between activated
      macrophages and tumor cells. Optimal inhibition occurred when both tumor targets
      and macrophages were precoated with the MAb. Although P815, LSTRA, EL-4, and
      BW5147 tumor cells all expressed LFA-1, only the first three but not BW5147 cells
      were bound by activated macrophages. Furthermore, endotoxin-pulsed macrophages
      elicited by thioglycollate broth expressed the LFA-1 antigen but did not exhibit
      selective tumor cell capture. Finally, anti-LFA-1 inhibited the development of
      weak into strong binding. Taken together, the results suggest that LFA-1
      molecules can participate in the interaction between activated macrophages and
      neoplastic cells.

PMID- 2422282
TI  - Characterization of monoclonal antibody to DNA.RNA and its application to
      immunodetection of hybrids.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were raised to a DNA.RNA heteropolymer duplex prepared by
      transcription of phi X174 single-stranded DNA with DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
      A monoclonal antibody with the highest affinity and specificity was selected.
      This antibody bound the DNA.RNA heteropolymer and poly(I).poly(dC) equally but
      100-fold higher levels of poly(A).poly(dT) were required to achieve a similar
      degree of binding in competitive binding assays using DNA.[3H]RNA. Single
      stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA and RNA, and ribosomal RNA were not bound by
      the antibody. The observed association constant for the antibody and DNA.[3H]RNA,
      determined by Scatchard analysis, was 8.5 X 10(10) l/mol assuming independent
      antibody binding sites. The antibody and an alkaline phosphatase-labeled second
      antibody were used in an immunodetection method for measurement of hybrids formed
      between immobilized DNA probes of various lengths and 23 S ribosomal RNA. The
      colorimetric response of this assay increased linearly with the amount of hybrid
      formed.

PMID- 2422283
TI  - The isolation of anti-gum arabic antibodies by affinity chromatography.
AB  - Antibodies directed at gum arabic have been induced in rabbits immunized with gum
      arabic in Freund's complete adjuvant. These antibodies have been isolated in pure
      form by affinity chromatography on AH-Sepharose 4B containing gum arabic ligands.
      Oxidation of the susceptable carbohydrate residues of gum arabic with periodate
      or reduction of the glucuronic acid moieties with carbodiimide and borohydride
      converted the polysaccharide to products which no longer yielded precipitin
      reactions with the antibodies. The antibodies are therefore anti-carbohydrate
      antibodies with specificity for certain carbohydrate units of the gum arabic.
      Results of chemical modification and inhibition experiments indicate that 4-alpha
      L-arabinofuranosyl-D-glucuronic acid units of the polysaccharide are the major
      immunodeterminant groups.

PMID- 2422284
TI  - Allergenicity and cross-reactivity of rye grass pollen extracts revealed by
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Using monoclonal antibodies the immunogenic and allergenic characteristics of rye
      Group I were redefined by SDS-PAGE analysis and immunoblotting. The purified rye
      Group I from NIH possesses a major component of approximately 34000 Da against
      which most of the sera from grass-sensitive patients and none from non-atopic
      volunteers contain specific IgE antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies to rye Group I
      were raised and used to purify the antigen and to verify the cross-reactivity
      between grass extracts. The 3 monoclonal antibodies studied recognized different
      components of timothy grass and 2 of them recognized kentucky june grass but none
      recognized components of ragweed extracts.

PMID- 2422285
TI  - Sequential immunostaining (gold/silver) and complete protein staining (AuroDye)
      on Western blots.
AB  - A double staining method is described which combines immunodetection with
      sensitive staining of the complete electropherogram on the same membrane. The
      method is based on the use of Tween 20 as blocking agent, and uses
      immunogold/silver staining of specific antigens and gold staining of the overall
      protein pattern with AuroDye. This double staining makes possible the exact
      location of an immunodetected band within a complex protein pattern.

PMID- 2422286
TI  - Preparation and properties of antibodies doubly labeled with tritium and
      fluorescein.
AB  - A method was developed to prepare doubly labeled antibodies whereby fluorescein
      labeled antibodies were reacted with N-[ethyl-2-3H]ethylmaleimide. This tritiated
      conjugate exhibited the same immunoreactivity as the non-derivatized fluorescein
      labeled antibody. This method provides a marker for immunocytochemical studies
      which takes advantage of the rapidity of fluorescent tracing combined with the
      stability and precision of the radioautography technique.

PMID- 2422287
TI  - The influence of antibody affinity on the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and in
      vitro histamine release. Studies with hapten-specific monoclonal IgE antibodies.
AB  - Four murine monoclonal IgE antibodies specific for the hapten, 4-hydroxy-3
      nitrophenylacetyl (NP), had been previously found to be heteroclitic in nature in
      that they bound the crossreacting hapten, 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetyl
      (NIP), with greater affinity than NP. The influence of antibody affinity on the
      results of two commonly used assays for IgE, namely the radioallergosorbent test
      (RAST) and histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells, was studied using
      these antibodies. In general, in agreement with previous reports, it was found
      that affinity influences both RAST and histamine release; however, the affinity
      constants deduced from equilibrium dialysis measurements for the reactions with
      monovalent haptens were not directly related to the activities of the antibodies
      as reflected in assays using multivalent hapten protein conjugates.

PMID- 2422288
TI  - Estimation of epithelial changes in buccal leukoplakia.

PMID- 2422289
TI  - Characterization of a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a determinant unique to
      human haemoglobin beta-chain.
AB  - Methodologies are described for the production and characterization of monoclonal
      antibodies to human haemoglobin. Three monoclonal antibodies are described, two
      of which recognize distinct determinants on the alpha-chain subunit. A third
      monoclonal antibody, Hb-2d, recognizes a determinant expressed on human beta
      chain. The Hb-2d determinant is shared by human and baboon haemoglobins, but is
      not expressed by haemoglobins from beef, goose, pig, rabbit, sheep, dog, rat or
      mouse. Monoclonal antibody Hb-2d will bind to haemoglobin A2 but not to foetal
      haemoglobin suggesting that delta-but not gamma-chain also expresses the Hb-2d
      determinant. The results of testing a limited panel of human haemoglobin variants
      is presented.

PMID- 2422290
TI  - Female popliteal lymph node responses to H-Y antigen on male thymocytes in mice.
      II. H-2 restriction of secondary responses.
AB  - C57BL/10 (abbreviation B10) female mice give a high primary popliteal lymph node
      (PLN) response to syngeneic male thymocytes. The PLN response to the H-Y antigen
      is suppressed if B10 females are primed by an intraperitoneal injection of
      syngeneic male cells. Suppression of the response can be induced by priming with
      not only syngeneic B10 male thymocytes but also allogeneic thymocytes which share
      the H-2D locus of the H-2b haplotype with the responder (Db restriction). On the
      other hand, B10.D2, B10.A, and HTO female mice, giving a low primary PLN response
      to H-Y, give high secondary PLN responses when primed intraperitoneally with
      syngeneic male thymocytes. A high secondary response can also be obtained by
      priming with allogeneic male thymocytes which share the K end loci (K, A beta, A
      alpha, E beta, and E alpha) of the H-2 complex with the responder. Apparently the
      male thymocytes used for priming must share class I (and possibly class II) H-2
      loci with the female recipients to enable the recognition of the H-Y antigen and
      subsequent development of the genetically determined type (suppression or
      amplification) of the secondary PLN response.

PMID- 2422291
TI  - Evidence from capping experiments for independence of the RT7 alloantigen and the
      leucocyte common antigen in the rat.
AB  - Experiments reported here demonstrate that the RT7 alloantigen and the L-C
      antigen are separate and distinct structures on the surface of rat lymphocytes.
      The distribution of the antigens in different rat strains, including the mutant
      WF/fz, clearly establish the RT7 antigenic system as a polymorphic diallelic
      system, whereas the recognized L-C antigenic determinant is monomorphic and
      present on the lymphocytes of all rat strains tested. These data were obtained
      using monoclonal antibodies to the antigens in indirect immunofluorescence
      experiments. The two antigens were shown to redistribute (cap) independently of
      one another on the surface of rat thymocytes. Cells that had been exposed to anti
      L-C antibody and FITC-conjugated anti-Ig followed by anti-RT7.1 antibody and RITC
      conjugated anti-Ig demonstrated FITC caps and RITC rings.

PMID- 2422292
TI  - The cell surface phenotype of mouse neutrophils.
AB  - Using monoclonal antibodies, mouse peritoneal neutrophils were typed for the
      presence of 23 cell surface alloantigens, the expression of which was quantitated
      by flow cytofluorometry and compared with that of lymphocytes. The H-2K and H-2D
      alloantigens and beta 2-microglobulin were present on all neutrophils, but Ia and
      Qa antigens were not detected. It was found that Ly-5.1, Ly-15.2, Ly-21.2, Ly
      24.2 (Pgp-1) and Ly-25.1 were present on greater than 90% of neutropils; Ly-6.2
      and Ly-27.2 were absent, but Ly-28.2 (encoded by an Ly-6 linked gene), was
      present on greater than 90% of neutrophils. As expected, the lymphocyte-specific
      antigens Ly-1.1, Ly-2.2, Ly-3.1, Ly-7.2, Ly-12.1 and Thy-1.2 were absent from the
      neutrophils. When compared with lymphocytes, marked differences in alloantigen
      expression on neutrophils were seen for Ly-5.1, Ly-24.2 and Ly-28.2. These
      studies should be of value in the study of neutrophil structure and function.

PMID- 2422293
TI  - Failure to detect association of isolated cleft palate with HLA antigens.
AB  - HLA antigen frequencies have been determined in 282 controls and in 33
      individuals with isolated cleft palate or the related birth defect velopharyngeal
      incompetence. No association of particular HLA antigens with this birth defect
      was found. A previously reported association of HLA A2 with cleft palate, in
      males, was not confirmed.

PMID- 2422294
TI  - Scrapie and cellular prion proteins share polypeptide epitopes.
AB  - Purified preparations of scrapie prions contain one major protein, PrP 27-30, and
      aggregates of rod-shaped structures. On the basis of the NH2-terminal amino acid
      sequence of PrP 27-30, a synthetic peptide (PrP-P1) was constructed. Monospecific
      rabbit antisera to PrP-P1 were found by immunoblotting to react with PrP 27-30
      and its precursor (PrP 33-35Sc), as well as with a related protease-sensitive
      cellular homologue (PrP 33-35C). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that
      rabbit antiserum to PrP 27-30 was more reactive with PrP 27-30 than with PrP-P1;
      conversely, antiserum to PrP-P1 was more reactive with the peptide than with the
      prion proteins. In addition, antibodies to PrP-P1 decorate purified prion rods
      and stain amyloid plaques in scrapie-infected hamster brain. The peptide epitopes
      shared by PrP 27-30, PrP 33-35Sc, and PrP 33-35C clearly establish a relationship
      among these three proteins.

PMID- 2422295
TI  - In vivo and in vitro effects of a novel enterotoxin, STb, produced by Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - Escherichia coli may produce a heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) or two heat-stable
      enterotoxins (STa, STb). STb consistently causes secretion in vivo in 5-hr weaned
      pig intestinal loops (P less than .0001). In Ussing chambers in vitro, crude
      culture filtrates of STb initiate a prompt increase in short circuit current
      (SCC; P less than or equal to .0001) and potential difference (P less than or
      equal to .0001) when compared with nontoxigenic culture filtrates. In
      bidirectional in vitro studies of ion flux (22Na and 36Cl), STb did not alter
      22Na or 36Cl unidirectional or net fluxes. The calculated residual ion flux
      increased significantly (P less than .03), however, in tissues treated with STb
      and fully accounted for the STb-induced increase in SCC. Measurement of the
      electrolyte content of ligated intestinal segments in vivo further suggested that
      STb stimulated bicarbonate secretion. Relative to controls, significant
      accumulation of Na and Cl also occurred intraluminally in vivo. These data
      indicate that STb is a unique enterotoxin that causes net secretion in pig
      jejunum in vivo. In vitro and in vivo studies show that STb stimulates active
      secretion of nonchloride anion. We postulate that STb causes active bicarbonate
      secretion in weaned-piglet jejunum.

PMID- 2422296
TI  - Suppression of natural killer cell activity and T cell proliferation by fresh
      isolates of human cytomegalovirus.
AB  - Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections are commonly associated with
      immunosuppression. A direct effect of this virus on lymphocyte functions in
      vitro, however, has not been shown. We have been investigating the effects of low
      passage, fresh isolates of HCMV (cell-free and cell-associated) on natural killer
      cell (NK) activity and T cell proliferation. Cell-associated, low-passage
      isolates of HCMV markedly depressed NK activity. Suppression of NK activity was
      clearly manifested only after seven days of culture and could not be correlated
      with titer of virus or cell viability. Addition of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha)
      but not interleukin-2 (IL-2) partially reconstituted the response, whereas
      depletion of infected monocytes prevented inhibition of NK-mediated lysis. The
      effects of cell-free and cell-associated isolates of HCMV on T cell proliferation
      differed in several respects from suppression of NK activity. Both cell
      associated and cell-free isolates of HCMV completely abrogated antigen-specific
      and mitogen responses. This effect was apparent after only three days of culture
      with virus and was not reversed by either IFN or IL-2. Cell-associated strain
      AD169 also induced suppression but to a lesser extent. From observations reported
      here and other data, we suggest that HCMV can cause direct suppression of
      lymphocyte functions.

PMID- 2422297
TI  - M cell transport of Vibrio cholerae from the intestinal lumen into Peyer's
      patches: a mechanism for antigen sampling and for microbial transepithelial
      migration.
AB  - Viable Vibrio cholerae O1 were inoculated into the intestinal lumen of nonimmune
      rabbits. The vibrios were phagocytosed by M cells over Peyer's patch lymphoid
      follicles, carried in vesicles through the epithelium, and discharged among
      underlying lymphocytes and macrophages. Autoradiography of V. cholerae labeled
      with [2-3H]adenine confirmed transport. Indigenous bacteria with and without
      capsules were also taken up from control loops and carried through M cells into
      Peyer's patches. V. cholerae killed by acidification, formalin, heat, or UV
      irradiation were not taken up, a result that may have relevance for development
      of oral vaccines. Ruthenium red stain revealed gaps in the layer of mucus over M
      cells, glycocalyx bridging the space between vibrios and M cell microvilli, and
      knobby projections over membranes of M cell microvilli; these projections were
      not found over absorptive cells. M cells thus convey viable enteric microbes,
      including V. cholerae that are not otherwise invasive, into intestinal lymphoid
      tissue, where mucosal immune responses are initiated. Uptake and transport by M
      cells may also assist certain pathogenic bacteria in traversing the mucosal
      barrier and initiating systemic infection.

PMID- 2422298
TI  - Effect of 5-azacytidine on the differentiation of human leukemia K-562 cells.
AB  - The treatment of K-562 cells with 10(-5) M to 10(-7) M 5-azacytidine induced a
      marked increase in benzidine-positive cells. Similarly, the exposure of K-562
      cells to 2 X 10(-3) M butyric acid or 5 X 10(-7) M 1-beta
      arabinofuranosylcytosine or 1 X 10(-3) M hydroxyurea induced an erythroid
      differentiation of K-562 cells. The activity of DNA-methyltransferase and the
      level of methylcytosine in newly synthesized DNA were significantly decreased
      when the cells were treated with 5-azacytidine or butyric acid, while 1-beta
      arabinofuranosylcytosine or hydroxyurea had no inhibitory effect on DNA
      methylation of K-562 cells. These results suggest that the inhibition of DNA
      methylation is not necessarily a specific phenomenon for erythroid
      differentiation of K-562 cells.

PMID- 2422299
TI  - Analysis of the interferons induced in mice in vivo and in macrophages in vitro
      by Newcastle disease virus and by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid.
AB  - C57BL/6 mice or pure cultures of their macrophages were inoculated with Newcastle
      disease virus (NDV) or poly(I).poly(C) to induce interferons (IFNs) that were
      separated on CH-Sepharose 4B columns. The elution profiles of different activity
      peaks were compared. All preparations induced in vivo showed the same pattern but
      the relative proportions of the IFN activities varied. In vitro poly(I).poly(C)
      induced IFN showed two peaks after separation by the column, and three peaks were
      found when NDV-induced IFNs were separated. When IFN induced by NDV in vitro was
      used to determine the molecular weight, activities were observed in three
      molecular weight ranges. The smallest one with 18,000 daltons was neutralized by
      anti-IFN-alpha and represented about 7% of the total activity. The activities of
      molecular weights 24,000 daltons and 29,000-31,000 daltons were neutralized by
      anti-IFN-beta. Poly(I).poly(C)-induced IFN in vitro showed two molecular weight
      ranges, 26,000 daltons and 40,000 daltons, and both were neutralized by anti-IFN
      beta. IFN induced in serum by NDV at 3 h had molecular weights of 18,000 daltons
      neutralized by anti-IFN-alpha and 26,000-30,000 daltons neutralized by anti-IFN
      beta. Both IFN subtypes were represented at equal quantities. Serum IFN found in
      the serum after 8 h had three molecular weight ranges: 18,500-19,500 daltons
      neutralized by anti-IFN-alpha containing 80% of the total IFN amount, 26,000
      27,000 daltons, and 38,000 daltons both neutralized by anti-IFN-beta and
      containing 20% of the IFN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422300
TI  - A new type of human interferon produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      treated with inhibitors of transcription.
AB  - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human normal donors treated with
      inhibitors of transcription produce a protein with the properties of interferon
      (IFN) [activity against a broad range of viruses, species specificity, lack of
      blockade of virus attachment, capability to induce in cells durable antiviral
      state, establishment of antiviral state requiring ongoing protein and RNA
      synthesis, capability to induce 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase]. This IFN-like
      protein has a molecular weight of approximately 7000 daltons and is not
      neutralized by antibody to alpha-, beta-, and gamma-IFNs tested singularly or in
      a pooled fashion. Taken together the data suggest that this IFN-like protein may
      indeed be a new type of human IFN.

PMID- 2422301
TI  - Assignment of two mouse genes coinduced with interferon to chromosomes 12 and X.
AB  - Two murine cDNAs (pMIF20/11 and pMIF3/10) coinduced with interferon in mouse
      cells infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were identified previously. By
      genomic Southern blot analysis of hamster/mouse somatic cell hybrids, the gene
      hybridizing with pMIF20/11 has been localized on chromosome 12 and the gene
      hybridizing with pMIF3/10 on chromosome X.

PMID- 2422303
TI  - [RNA enzymes].

PMID- 2422302
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to human beta-interferon produced by adoptive transfer in
      irradiated mice.
AB  - Three murine anti-human beta-interferon (IFN-beta) monoclonal antibodies have
      been isolated following adoptive transfer of immune spleen cells. Adoptive
      transfer was used to increase the specific efficiency of the fusion. These
      antibodies have been used to define two epitopes on IFN-beta; the antiviral,
      antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory effects of IFN-beta are associated with
      one of these epitopes.

PMID- 2422304
TI  - Growth and function of the placenta--with special reference to various enzymes
      involved in the biosynthesis of steroids in the human placenta.
AB  - To study the function of the placenta from the viewpoint of placental aging, we
      measured the activity of various enzymes, sulfatase, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid
      dehydrogenase + isomerase (3 beta-HSD) and aromatizing enzyme, which are involved
      in the synthesis of estrogen in the placenta, as well as placental RNA and DNA
      levels during gestation. Our results are as follow; Enzymes involved in estrogen
      synthesis in human placental villi. Sulfatase activity (n mole/flask/10 min) in
      each trimester was not significantly different (4.10 +/- 0.10 in the first, 3.40
      +/- 0.49 in the second and 4.33 +/- 0.67 in the third). 3 beta-HSD activity (n
      mole/flask/10 min) in each trimester was not significantly different (2.57 +/-
      0.55 in the first, 2.70 +/- 0.30 in the second and 2.90 +/- 0.53 in the third).
      Aromatizing enzyme activity (n mole/flask/30 min) in cytosome fraction in each
      trimester was not significantly different (1.80 +/- 0.28 in the first, 1.60 +/-
      0.28 in the second and 2.40 +/- 0.28 in the third). However, in the total
      homogenate, it was significantly higher in the third trimester (6.27 +/- 0.25)
      than in the first (3.83 +/- 0.85) or second (3.40 +/- 0.14). RNA and DNA
      concentrations in human placental villi. The RNA concentration (mg/g tissue) in
      each trimester was insignificantly different (2.48 +/- 0.20 in the first, 2.57 +/
      0.58 in the second and 2.63 +/- 0.42 in the third). However, the DNA
      concentration was significantly higher in the second (2.49 +/- 0.34) and third
      (2.42 +/- 0.45) trimesters than in the first (1.62 +/- 0.32).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422305
TI  - Effective separation of human chorionic gonadotropin subunits by high performance
      gel permeation chromatography.
AB  - Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was effectively separated into alpha and beta
      subunits by treating with 8 M guanidine hydrochloride, followed by high
      performance gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on a 2.5 X 60 cm TSK G 3000 SW
      column in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. Their molecular weights estimated by GPC
      were about 29,000 daltons for the beta subunit and 19,000 daltons for the alpha
      subunit. Both subunits were examined for SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
      amino acid analyses and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Neither subunit showed
      significant binding to the hCG-receptor fraction of rat Leydig cell in vitro.
      However, the separated subunits easily recombined and recovered about 90% of
      receptor binding activity of intact hCG. The present results indicate that the
      GPC technique is an effective, simple and non-denaturing method for the
      separation of hCG into alpha and beta subunits.

PMID- 2422306
TI  - [Clinical studies of B-M therapy in oral cancer with multidisciplinary
      treatment].

PMID- 2422307
TI  - [PPA (cis-platinum), peplomycin and adriamycin) combination chemotherapy in
      transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract--pilot study].

PMID- 2422308
TI  - Diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 2422309
TI  - Effect of anterior hypothalamic deafferentation and continuous growth hormone
      infusion on the hepatic synthesis of alpha 2u-globulin in the male rat.
AB  - Anterior hypothalamic deafferentation and infusion of human GH (hGH) in the
      normal male rat caused a marked reduction in the hepatic concentration of alpha
      2u-globulin, an androgen-dependent protein. Although s.c. injections of hGH
      (twice-daily) resulted in more than a 50% reduction in the hepatic level of alpha
      2u-globulin, the same dose of hGH when administered continuously through osmotic
      minipumps caused a threefold greater inhibition. The decreased hepatic
      concentration of alpha 2u-globulin after hGH administration was associated with
      corresponding changes in the hepatic level of translatable alpha 2u-globulin
      messenger RNA. Continuous infusion of hGH through osmotic minipumps and removal
      of the anterior hypothalamic influence on GH secretion by deafferentation also
      caused a marked reduction in the cytoplasmic androgen-binding activity of the rat
      liver. These results suggest that alterations in the level and pattern of GH
      secretion may influence hepatic androgen-binding activity and alpha 2u-globulin
      synthesis.

PMID- 2422310
TI  - The differentiation of germ cells and gonads during development of carp (Cyprinus
      carpio L.). A study with anti-carp sperm monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Gonadal development, germ cell differentiation and the appearance of membrane
      antigenic determinants, specific for male and female germ cells during
      gonadogenesis, was studied in larval and juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) until
      25 weeks after fertilization. Indirect immunofluorescence studies with four
      monoclonal antibodies raised against carp spermatozoa revealed that monoclonal
      antibody WCS 29 stained the outer membranes of primordial germ cells in larvae
      from 3 days after fertilization. The monoclonal antibodies WCS 3 and 17 reacted
      with the outer membranes of germ cells from 7 weeks after fertilization onwards,
      simultaneously with the onset of germ cell proliferation. With monoclonal
      antibody WCS 28 germ cell membranes were clearly stained from 18 weeks after
      fertilization. Similar reactions were observed in both sexes, however, female
      germ cells reacted at an earlier developmental stage with the monoclonal antibody
      WCS 28 than male germ cells. In the developing testis the monoclonal antibodies
      stained all types of spermatogenic cells. In the ovary, however, only oogonia and
      early prophase oocytes showed a positive reaction with the four monoclonal
      antibodies. The results indicate that germline-specific antigens are present on
      the outer membranes of primordial germ cells and their male and female
      descendants, with the exception of elderly oogenic stages. It is assumed that the
      appearance and disappearance of these membrane antigens reflect differentiation
      steps of germ cells during gonadogenesis.

PMID- 2422311
TI  - A monoclonal antibody against mouse oocyte cytoskeleton recognizing cytokeratin
      type filaments.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were raised to detergent-extracted cytoskeleton
      preparations of mouse oocytes. In immunofluorescence microscopy, one of the
      antibodies, OCS-1, localizes exclusively to epithelial cells in frozen tissue
      sections, including various simple and stratified epithelia. The antibody
      decorates a keratin-type of fibrillar, vinblastine-resistant network in various
      cultured, epithelial-type cells, but not in myoid or fibroblastoid cells. In
      mouse oocytes and cleavage-stage embryos, the OCS-1 antibody gives a diffuse,
      spotty staining pattern. In blastocyst-stage embryos, the antibody reveals a
      keratin-type filamentous organization in the trophectoderm cells. In
      immunoelectron microscopy, the OCS-1 antibody decorates 10 nm-thick filaments,
      often identifiable as desmosome-attached tonofilaments, in detergent-treated
      trophectoderm cells. The antigen(s) recognized by the OCS-1 antibody is
      apparently present in, or closely associated with, cytokeratin filaments. In
      addition to mouse oocytes and early embryos, a wide variety of epithelial cells
      in various species seem to share this antigen(s). The present results suggest
      that at the early stages, the cytokeratin-related antigen(s) defined by the OCS-1
      antibody are stored in a non-fibrillar form which is then converted into a
      fibrillar network at the blastocyst stage. A pre-existing supply of cytokeratin
      related protein may be essential for the development of the blastocyst.

PMID- 2422312
TI  - Isolation, characterization and localization of a lectin within the vitelline
      membrane of the hen's egg.
AB  - A lectin with an affinity for certain sulphated polysaccharides, such as fucoidin
      and dextran sulphate, has been isolated from the vitelline membrane of hens' eggs
      and purified to homogeneity as assessed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
      Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have been raised to the lectin and used in
      indirect immunofluorescence microscopy to localize the agglutinin in the outer
      layer of the vitelline membrane, where the lectin persists prior to the breakdown
      of the vitelline membrane. The quantity of lectin extracted from the two layers
      of the membrane, which have been separated by the method of Bellairs, Harkness &
      Harkness (1963), correlated well with the results of immunofluorescence
      microscopy. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the two
      layers of the membrane indicates that each layer has a distinctive polypeptide
      composition, the outer layer containing in particular lysozyme and avidin. The
      evidence obtained in this study indicates that the lectin is not involved in
      adhesion of the blastoderm to the vitelline membrane; neither is it involved in
      the expression of the blastoderm nor in maintaining the strength of the membrane.
      The possible roles in promoting transport of solutes across the membrane as well
      as providing bactericidal properties to the egg are discussed.

PMID- 2422313
TI  - Release of decay-accelerating factor (DAF) from the cell membrane by
      phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PIPLC). Selective modification of
      a complement regulatory protein.
AB  - Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) is a 70,000 Mr membrane protein that inhibits
      amplification of the complement cascade on the cell surface, and protects cells
      from damage. Purified DAF can be reincorporated into the membrane of red cells
      and is functional. DAF is deficient in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH),
      a disease characterized by increased sensitivity of erythrocytes to complement
      lysis. We show here that DAF is part of a newly described family of membrane
      proteins anchored to the lipid bilayer by means of phosphatidylinositol (PI).
      Treatment with PI-specific phospholipase C (PIPLC) releases 70-80, 60, and 10% of
      cell surface DAF from mononuclear cells, neutrophils, and erythrocytes,
      respectively. The PIPLC-released DAF (DAF-S) is slightly smaller (67,000 Mr) than
      the membrane form. DAF and DAF-S cannot be distinguished antigenically.
      Furthermore, DAF-S has lost its ability to significantly inhibit the C3
      convertase, as well as its ability to incorporate into cell membranes. Since DAF
      can only inhibit C3-convertase endogenously, i.e., within the membrane of the
      same cell, it is likely that the loss of activity of DAF-S is causally related to
      its inability to reincorporate in the lipid bilayer. As shown by others, the
      complement-sensitive red cells from PNH patients lack acetylcholinesterase, which
      is also anchored to the membrane by PI (9). Thus it is possible that the
      molecular defect in PNH lies in the biosynthetic pathways leading to the
      attachment of PI to the polypeptide chains, in the transport of these proteins to
      the surface, or in their release by the action of endogenous phospholipases. From
      a practical standpoint the specific release of DAF by PIPLC could facilitate
      killing of tumor cells by amplifying the effects of the complement cascade on the
      surface of antibody-sensitized cells.

PMID- 2422314
TI  - Localization of protective epitopes of the amino terminus of type 5 streptococcal
      M protein.
AB  - We have used a set of overlapping chemically synthesized peptides representing
      the amino terminus of type 5 streptococcal M protein to localize protective, as
      opposed to nonprotective and tissue-crossreactive epitopes that might be
      appropriate for vaccine formulations. Rabbit antisera raised against SM5(1-35)
      reacted in high titer with pep M5 by ELISA and opsonized type 5 streptococci.
      None of the antisera crossreacted with human heart tissue or myosin. Antisera
      against SM5(26-35) reacted with SM5(1-35) and pep M5 but failed to opsonize type
      5 streptococci. Particle-phase ELISA indicated that SM5(26-35) antibodies were
      directed against nonprotective determinants of pep M5 that were not exposed on
      the surface of viable organisms. Opsonization and ELISA inhibition assays showed
      that, of the SM5(1-35) antibodies that reacted with M5, all were inhibited by
      SM5(14-35), whereas none was inhibited by SM5(26-35), suggesting that the
      protective epitopes of SM5(1-35) resided between residues 14 and 26. This was
      confirmed by subsequent chemical synthesis of this region; SM5(14-26) totally
      inhibited SM5(1-35) antibodies that reacted with pep M5 in ELISA, and completely
      inhibited opsonization of type 5 streptococci by SM5(1-35) antibodies. SM5(14-26)
      evoked high titers of type-specific, opsonic antibodies against type 5
      streptococci, confirming the protective immunogenicity of this 13-residue peptide
      of type 5 M protein.

PMID- 2422315
TI  - Probable adrenal suppression from intranasal beclomethasone.

PMID- 2422317
TI  - Protection of mice from lethal influenza: evidence that defective interfering
      virus modulates the immune response and not virus multiplication.
AB  - Intranasal administration of defective interfering (DI) influenza virus (A/WSN)
      ensured the survival of 80% of C3H mice otherwise lethally infected with WSN by
      the intranasal route, whereas a control group which received beta-propiolactone
      inactivated DI virus in place of DI virus died at 7.4 days post-infection. DI
      virus-treated mice developed significantly less lung consolidation than controls
      although qualitatively the cellular pathology in the two groups was
      indistinguishable. Surprisingly, in view of the accepted mode of action of DI
      virus interference, multiplication of infectious virus in the lung, production of
      viral haemagglutinin (HA) antigen and neuraminidase, and the distribution and
      amount of viral antigen in cells as shown by immune labelling were unaffected by
      the presence of active DI virus. Furthermore, assays of lung extracts showed that
      DI virus was not stimulating significantly greater amounts of interferon than the
      control inactivated DI virus. An alternative explanation arises from the fact
      that the pathology of influenza in inbred mice is immune (T lymphocyte)-mediated.
      Thus, since there is no evidence that DI virus affects virus multiplication we
      suggest that DI virus is responsible for ameliorating the damaging host
      responses. Another aspect of the immune response modulated by DI virus was the
      enhancement of local haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody in the lung, with
      peak increases of up to 10-fold over the relevant controls being demonstrated at
      5 days after infection. This antibody was presumably complexed to HA antigen in
      the lung as activity was only demonstrated after elution at low pH. It had no
      detectable neutralizing activity (less than 10% HI: neutralization ratio of
      convalescent serum) which accounts for the coexistence of local antibody and
      virus infectivity. Mice infected with virus alone or which received beta
      propiolactone-inactivated DI virus in addition to a lethal dose of WSN did not
      develop significant amounts of lung antibody. No differences were seen in serum
      HI titres. The increased level of antibody could not be attributed to the
      presence of greater amounts of HA antigen in lungs of mice treated with DI virus,
      as ELISA showed no significant difference from control preparations. The
      possibility that the two modulated immune responses are linked through HI
      antibody blocking access of T cells to cell membrane-borne HA antigen is
      discussed.

PMID- 2422316
TI  - Decline of electrogenic Na+/K+ pump activity in rod photoreceptors during
      maintained illumination.
AB  - Light-evoked changes in membrane voltage were recorded intracellularly from rod
      photoreceptors in the isolated retina preparation of the toad, Bufo marinus,
      during superfusion with a solution containing pharmacological agents that blocked
      voltage-dependent conductances. Under these conditions, the amplitude of the
      hyperpolarizing photoresponse became much greater than under control conditions.
      The results of several experiments support the conclusion that this increase in
      photoresponse amplitude was due primarily to a voltage that was produced when the
      electrogenic current from the rods' Na+/K+ pump flowed across an increased
      membrane resistance (Torre, V. 1982. Journal of Physiology. 333:315). At the
      onset of a period of continuous illumination, the rod membrane first
      hyperpolarized and then began to repolarize, and after 180 s of illumination, the
      membrane voltage had recovered by 60-72% of its initial hyperpolarization. There
      did not appear to be any significant decrease in rod membrane resistance
      associated with this repolarization. Both the enhanced hyperpolarization at light
      onset and the slow repolarization during maintained illumination were blocked by
      superfusion with 10.0 microM strophanthidin. These data support the hypothesis
      that the activity of the rods' Na+/K+ pump declines progressively during
      maintained illumination. It is likely that the decline in pump activity produces
      significant changes in [K+]o in the subretinal space during maintained
      illumination.

PMID- 2422318
TI  - In vitro transcriptase deficiency of temperature-dependent host range mutants of
      Chandipura virus.
AB  - Ten of 12 Chandipura virus tdCE mutants, which exhibit temperature-dependent
      restriction of growth in chick embryo (CE) cells but not in BS-C-1 cells, showed
      deficient transcriptase activity in vitro at 39 degrees C relative to wild-type
      virus. A gradation in transcriptional activity at 39 degrees C in vitro was
      observed. Reversion of the tdCE phenotype to unrestricted growth in CE cells at
      39 degrees C was accompanied by partial restoration of normal transcriptase
      activity at 39 degrees C, suggesting that reversion was mediated by either
      extragenic or intragenic suppression. Viral protein synthesis was reduced or
      absent in CE cells at 39 degrees C indicating that transcription was also
      defective in vivo under these conditions. Induction of heat-shock proteins in CE
      cells at 39 degrees C occurred normally in tdCE mutant-infected cells and RNA
      methylation in vitro was unaffected.

PMID- 2422319
TI  - Typing and subtyping of herpes simplex isolates by monoclonal fluorescence.
AB  - The type specificity of 16 herpes simplex monoclonal antibodies was tested on 50
      isolates previously typed by endonuclease restriction. A panel of antibodies was
      selected and used to type isolates from 50 primary and 50 recurrent genital
      infections. Sixty-four isolates from 18 patients followed up for six months were
      subtyped by using a larger panel of monoclonal antibodies and predominant HSV1
      and HSV2 subtypes were demonstrated. In addition to confirming recurrences, four
      possible reinfections were identified. Type-specific differences in the location
      of viral antigens in infected cells were noted and a possible association of this
      finding with the type-specific differences in rates of recurrence of genital
      infections discussed.

PMID- 2422320
TI  - Antigenic homogeneity of adenovirus types 1, 2, 5, and 6.
AB  - One hundred twenty strains of adenovirus types 1, 2, 5, and 6 (subgenus C),
      isolated at various times and places, were tested by neutralization and
      hemagglutination inhibition with two antisera of each type. Except for one type 5
      strain they reacted largely type-specifically in both tests and neither
      qualitative nor quantitative differences were observed. Serologically
      intermediate strains were not found. The antigenic homogeneity is in contrast to
      the heterogeneity of the genomes of subgenus C adenoviruses.

PMID- 2422322
TI  - Role of adenylate cyclase in presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptor- and mu-opioid
      receptor-mediated inhibition of [3H]noradrenaline release from rat brain cortex
      slices.
AB  - Rat brain cortex slices, prelabelled with [3H]noradrenaline, were superfused and
      exposed to electrical biphasic block pulses (1 Hz; 12 mA, 4 ms) or to the Ca2+
      ionophore A 23187 (10 microM) in the presence of 1.2 mM Ca2+. Forskolin (10
      microM), 8-bromo-cyclic AMP (300 microM), and dibutyryl-cyclic AMP (300 microM)
      facilitated both the electrically evoked and A 23187-induced [3H]noradrenaline
      release, whereas the phosphodiesterase inhibitors 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
      (IBMX, 300 microM) and 4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-pyrrolidone (ZK
      62771, 30 microM) enhanced the electrically evoked release only. The inhibitory
      effects of clonidine (1 nM-1 microM) and the facilitatory effect of phentolamine
      (0.01-10 microM) on the electrically evoked [3H]noradrenaline release were
      strongly reduced in the presence of 8-bromo-cyclic AMP. Clonidine (1 microM)
      reduced and phentolamine (3 microM) enhanced A 23187-induced [3H]noradrenaline
      release, provided that the slices were simultaneously exposed to forskolin. The
      inhibitory effects of morphine (1 microM) and [D-Ala2-D-Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE,
      0.3 microM), like that of the Ca2+ antagonist Cd2+ (15 microM), on the
      electrically evoked release of [3H]noradrenaline were not affected by 8-bromo
      cyclic AMP. Moreover, morphine and DADLE did not inhibit A 23187-induced release
      in the absence or presence of forskolin. These data strongly suggest that in
      contrast to presynaptic mu-opioid receptors, alpha 2-adrenoceptors on
      noradrenergic nerve terminals are negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase and may
      thus reduce neurotransmitter release by inhibiting the feed-forward action of
      cyclic AMP on the secretion process.

PMID- 2422321
TI  - Identification of a dominant immunogenic epitope of the nucleocapsid (HBc) of the
      hepatitis B virus.
AB  - Four monoclonal antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen are described. The
      antibodies bind to the same or a very closely related epitope. Antibodies to this
      dominant epitope are present in the sera of patients with either acute or chronic
      hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. A high percentage of inhibition of the binding
      of these antibodies to the core antigen by these four monoclonal antibodies
      suggests that the core antigen has a restricted antigenicity in man. Radiolabeled
      or peroxidase labeled forms of these monoclonal antibodies can be used to assay
      IgM and total anticore in serum.

PMID- 2422324
TI  - Activation of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel by a beta-scorpion toxin in
      rat brain nerve-ending particles.
AB  - Neurotoxins purified from scorpion venoms previously had been divided into two
      classes according to their binding properties in rat brain synaptosomes. However,
      the pharmacological action of beta-scorpion toxin (beta-ScTx) on this preparation
      has not yet been described. In this report we show that a beta-ScTx induced an
      increase in 22Na+ uptake through synaptosomal voltage-sensitive sodium channels
      since this stimulation was abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX). The increase was
      smaller than with veratridine and no synergy was observed between beta-ScTx and
      veratridine, as is the case for alpha-scorpion toxin (alpha-ScTx) and
      veratridine. The effects of alpha- and beta-ScTx were additive and the
      concentration-effect curves for each type of toxin were not modified by the
      other, suggesting that these two types of toxins act through distinct and
      noninteracting receptor sites. This was confirmed by the absence of mutual
      modification of the equilibrium and kinetic binding properties. beta-ScTx was
      shown to inhibit the uptake and to stimulate the release of [3H]gamma
      aminobutyric acid. These effects were blocked by TTX, and no synergy was observed
      with veratridine. It was concluded that all these effects are mediated by the
      activation of voltage-sensitive sodium channels induced by the binding of beta
      ScTx to a receptor site (site 4) distinct from those for other neurotoxins acting
      on sodium channels.

PMID- 2422323
TI  - Regional distribution of immunoreactive-thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and
      substance P, and indoleamines in human spinal cord.
AB  - The regional distributions of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and substance
      P in postmortem human spinal cord were determined by radioimmunoassay in fresh
      tissue taken from 22 patients who died without known neurological disease.
      Dorsal, ventral, and intermediolateral spinal cord regions were obtained from
      different segmental levels (lumbar L1, 2, 3, and 4; thoracic groups T1-3, T4-6,
      T7-9, and T10-12) together with selective regions of grey matter of lumbar spinal
      cord. The effects on peptide levels of the age of the patient, the postmortem
      time interval, and freezing the tissue samples prior to assay were assessed.
      Levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were
      determined in regional lumbar and thoracic tissue using HPLC with electrochemical
      detection. Substance P was found in the highest concentration in the dorsal
      spinal cord, with no significant segmental differences. In contrast, TRH was
      present in higher levels in the ventral rather than the dorsal spinal cord, with
      segmental differences. There was a significant difference in the 5-HT/5-HIAA
      ratio between dorsal and ventral spinal cord, with the highest ratio in the
      ventral spinal cord. There were no significant differences in substance P, TRH,
      or 5-HT levels in spinal cords between 5 and 20 h postmortem or from patients
      aged between 65 and 90 years. Freezing the tissue (-80 degrees C for 24 h) prior
      to assay significantly reduced TRH and substance P levels compared to samples
      assayed immediately without prior freezing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422325
TI  - A semiautomated analysis method for catecholamines, indoleamines, and some
      prominent metabolites in microdissected regions of the nervous system: an
      isocratic HPLC technique employing coulometric detection and minimal sample
      preparation.
AB  - The application of a commercially available coulometric electrochemical detector
      to the automated HPLC analysis of some monoamines and their metabolites in
      microdissected areas of the rat nervous system is described. Apart from the
      stability and high sensitivity of the system, other appealing features of the
      technique are the facile sample preparation and long-term sample storage
      characteristics which show minimal analyte degradation. Basal values of some
      regional monoamine and metabolite concentration are listed together with a brief
      appendix that serves as a user's guide to the operation and maintenance of the
      detection system.

PMID- 2422326
TI  - Putative cholinergic-specific gangliosides in guinea pig forebrain.
AB  - The nature of the cholinergic-specific antigen Chol-1 recognized by an antiserum
      raised against Torpedo cholinergic electromotor synaptosomal plasma membranes was
      investigated in guinea pig forebrain to establish whether it has a gangliosidic
      nature in guinea pig as in Torpedo. Gangliosides extracted from guinea pig
      forebrain and extensively purified to eliminate peptide contaminants were
      effective in inhibiting the selective lysis of the cholinergic subpopulation of
      cortical synaptosomes induced by the antiserum. Neuraminidase, protease, alkali,
      and heat treatment did not impair the inhibitory activity of gangliosides.
      Whereas the antiserum recognized many gangliosides from Torpedo electric organ,
      the immunostaining of guinea pig forebrain gangliosides separated on TLC showed
      only two immunopositive bands migrating close to GT1b and GQ. After affinity
      purification on Torpedo electric organ gangliosides the activity of the antiserum
      in inducing complement-mediated lysis was increased and it still recognized the
      two ganglioside bands on TLC. These results strongly suggest the existence of two
      polysialogangliosides bearing antigenic determinants specific for the cholinergic
      neurons.

PMID- 2422327
TI  - Hypokinetic-rigid extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptics: the relationship
      of the silent period in EMG and HVA and 5-HIAA in CSF.
AB  - The relationship between cerebrospinal fluid levels of HVA and 5-HIAA and the
      hypokinetic-rigid symptoms that occurred during oral administration of
      haloperidol in twenty schizophrenic patients was investigated. Measurement of the
      silent period in the EMG was used for evaluation of these symptoms. The results
      support the hypothesis of a positive correlation between the CSF HVA and the
      hypokinetic-rigid side effect and a negative correlation between the
      pretherapeutic dopamine turnover and the risk of neuroleptic Parkinsonism.

PMID- 2422328
TI  - Chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Circulating autoantibodies
      bind predominantly determinants expressed by complexes of basic protein and
      lipids of myelin.
AB  - Chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CREAE) was induced
      by immunising juvenile strain 13 guinea pigs with homologous spinal cord tissue
      in adjuvant. Thirteen animals were killed in the early chronic (5-12 weeks post
      immunisation) and 8 in the late chronic phase (after 15 weeks pi). Plasma titres
      of antibodies to an isolated myelin preparation were determined by enzyme linked
      immunoassay. Elevated titres of these antibodies were detected between 5-26 weeks
      pi, varied by 10-fold between different individuals, and had no direct
      relationship to clinical status or time pi. Of 20 CREAE plasma with anti-myelin
      immunoglobulins (Igs), only 3 contained substantial amounts of antibodies to
      myelin lipid and these were all from animals in the late chronic phase. By
      contrast 15/20 of the samples contained antibodies which appeared to require
      lipid-protein interactions for optimal binding to antigens in isolated myelin.
      There was a close correlation between plasma titres of antibodies to isolated
      myelin and to purified myelin basic protein (MBP). Even in samples with a
      moderately high lipid requirement for binding to isolated myelin, purified MBP
      could inhibit at least 50% of the binding. These observations suggest that MBP
      lipid complexes are dominant immunogens in CREAE. Gross inflammation and myelin
      loss in spinal cords from these CREAE guinea pigs were determined by light
      microscopy. Substantial inflammation was apparent in some animals between 7 and
      26 weeks pi. The most severe myelin loss was observed in late chronic phase
      animals having plasma anti-myelin Igs with a variety of specificities. The data
      suggest that circulating antibodies to myelin lipids or MBP-lipid complexes could
      contribute to demyelination in CREAE but their titres do not correlate with the
      extent of this process.

PMID- 2422329
TI  - Axonal transport of monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies against rat brain synaptosomes, produced by
      conventional hybridoma techniques, were screened for their ability to undergo
      uptake and axonal transport in vivo. Injections of ascitic fluid or of purified
      immunoglobulin G (IgG) were made into the vitreal chamber of the eye in
      anesthetized rats to test for anterograde transport in retinal afferents to the
      contralateral superior colliculus. Retrograde transport by facial nucleus
      motoneurons was evaluated after injections of antibody into the mystatial
      vibrissal skin and musculature. Transported immunoglobulins were localized in
      tissue sections using a modification of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique.
      One monoclonal antibody, S-2C10, was found to undergo anterograde transport in
      retinal ganglion cells and retrograde axonal transport in facial motoneurons.
      Transported immunoglobulins were detectable even after injections of dilute
      antibody solution (0.01-0.05% IgG), and the uptake-transport process for this
      antibody appeared saturable. Two other antibodies tested, S-4E9 and S-1G10,
      exhibited the ability to undergo retrograde transport, but only after injections
      at relatively high antibody concentrations (greater than or equal to 1.0% IgG).
      Neither of these antibodies was shown to undergo anterograde transport. Following
      retrograde transport in motoneurons, the S-2C10 antibody was localized in
      neuronal perikarya, proximal dendrites, and the adjacent neuropil of the facial
      motor nucleus. In contrast, the S-4E9 and S-1G10 antibodies were localized in
      punctate granules within neuronal cell somata following transport. The findings
      suggest that the uptake-transport process for the S-2C10 antibody is mediated by
      adsorptive endocytosis following binding of the antibody to a plasma membrane
      component (or components) present in somadendritic and nerve terminal
      membranes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422330
TI  - Cholinergic modulation of an acetylcholine receptor-like antigen on the surface
      of chick ciliary ganglion neurons in cell culture.
AB  - Chick ciliary ganglion neurons have a membrane component that shares an antigenic
      determinant with the "main immunogenic region" of the alpha subunits in nicotinic
      ACh receptors from skeletal muscle and electric organ. Ultrastructural studies on
      antibody binding in the ganglion have shown that the cross-reacting antigen on
      the neuron surface is located predominantly in synaptic membrane. Biochemical
      studies have shown that the cross-reacting component has a number of other
      properties expected for the ganglionic nicotonic ACh receptor and that it is
      distinct from the alpha-bungarotoxin binding component in the tissue. Here we
      show that ciliary ganglion neurons grown in dissociated cell culture express a
      similar component that cross-reacts with monoclonal antibodies to ACh receptors,
      and that the number of antibody-binding sites on the neurons can be modulated by
      exposure to cholinergic agonists and a protein neurotoxin that reversibly
      inhibits ACh receptors on the neurons. In most, though not all, cases, levels of
      ACh sensitivity associated with the neurons are specifically comodulated in
      parallel with the changes in number of antibody binding sites. The results
      suggest that at least a portion of the cross-reacting sites on the surface of
      ciliary ganglion neurons is likely to represent nicotinic ACh receptors. The fact
      that in some instances levels of ACh sensitivity can be altered without changing
      the number of cross-reacting sites, however, leaves open the possibility that not
      all of the sites are associated with receptors or that the neurons can alter the
      proportion of receptors that is functional.

PMID- 2422331
TI  - Expression and regulation of catecholaminergic traits in primary sensory neurons:
      relationship to target innervation in vivo.
AB  - Catecholaminergic (CA) phenotypic characteristics have recently been detected in
      adult sensory neurons, demonstrating that CA expression in the periphery extends
      beyond the sympathoadrenal axis. Consequently, we may now determine whether
      common principles underlie CA phenotypic organization in functionally and
      embryologically diverse populations of peripheral neurons. To begin defining
      sensory transmitter regulation, the present study examined the relationship of CA
      expression to sensory target innervation in cranial nerve ganglion cells of the
      adult rat. Retrograde labeling combined with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
      immunocytochemistry indicated that 80-90% of CA sensory neurons in the
      glossopharyngeal petrosal ganglion project peripherally in the carotid sinus
      nerve (CSN). Most of these cells innervate a single target, the carotid body,
      revealing a striking correlation between CA expression and the pattern of sensory
      target innervation. Furthermore, CSN transection resulted in a transient marked
      decrease in TH catalytic activity and immunoreactivity within 1 week. Activities
      returned to normal by 3 weeks. Thus, axotomy reversibly decreased sensory TH,
      reproducing effects observed with central CA neurons (Ross et al., 1975), but
      differing in certain aspects from observations with sympathetic CA neurons (Cheah
      and Geffen, 1973; Kessler and Black, 1979). To determine whether disruption of
      axonal transport itself decreased TH in petrosal neurons, colchicine cuffs were
      placed around the intact CSN. Colchicine blockade reproduced the effects of
      axotomy, suggesting that deranged transport, and not axonal damage per se,
      altered TH. Finally, we studied the role of sensory projections to the CNS by
      examining petrosal TH after glossopharyngeal nerve rhizotomy. In contrast to
      sequelae of peripheral axotomy, rhizotomy did not alter TH, suggesting that
      projections to the periphery predominate in regulation of sensory TH.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422332
TI  - Continuous intrathecal hydromorphone and clonidine for intractable cancer pain.
AB  - The use of hydromorphone and clonidine, delivered intrathecally by an implanted
      infusion pump, is described in a patient with intractable cancer pain. The
      patient was a 48-year-old woman with uterine cervical cancer-related pain that
      was poorly responsive to conventional oral narcotics. Hydromorphone was used
      because of the patient's history of morphine intolerance. When progressive
      intrathecal hydromorphone dosages were required, intrathecal clonidine (an alpha
      2 adrenergic agonist) was infused concomitantly. Intrathecal hydromorphone and
      clonidine successfully controlled this patient's pain without the necessity to
      resort to destructive neurosurgery.

PMID- 2422333
TI  - Adaptive response of rat pancreatic lipase to dietary fat: effects of amount and
      type of fat.
AB  - Pancreatic lipase adapts to changes in dietary fat by parallel changes in
      synthesis. The adaptation to changes in type of dietary fat (saturation or chain
      length) is unclear. The effects of changes in amount and type of dietary fat were
      examined in weanling rats fed for 1 wk diets low in fat (LF) with 10% kcal as
      corn oil, moderate in fat (MF) with 40% kcal as fat (corn oil, lard, safflower
      oil, butter, olive oil or coconut oil), or high in fat (HF) with 67% kcal as fat
      (as for MF). Growth was comparable among rats fed these diets. Pancreatic lipase
      activity increased in all HF diets (180%) compared to the LF diet. In MF diets,
      only the highly unsaturated safflower oil increased pancreatic lipase (162%)
      compared to the LF diet. Food consumption varied, but was not related to the
      response of pancreatic lipase. When weanling rats were fed diets with 11, 40, 47,
      54, 67 and 75% kcal as corn oil, pancreatic lipase activity was not stimulated at
      or below 47% kcal fat, but was maximally stimulated (twofold) by 54 or 67% fat.
      These findings suggest that pancreatic lipase activity adapts primarily to the
      amount of dietary fat and responds to the type of fat only below the threshold
      level of dietary fat (47% kcal).

PMID- 2422334
TI  - Chondrogenesis in peripheral fibromas of the gingiva. Histochemical demonstration
      of oxytalan fibers and mucopolysaccharides.
AB  - Five lesions were studied to elucidate the histogenesis of cartilage in
      peripheral fibromas. Cytological features suggested direct transformation from
      fibroblast-like cells to chondrocytes (cartilaginous metaplasia). Supportive
      evidence for such differentiation was the presence of neutral and acid
      mucopolysaccharides in the loose stroma of the lesions as well as in the ground
      substance of the cartilaginous centers. In one instance, the metaplastic
      cartilage showed bone formation. An increased number of oxytalan fibers could be
      demonstrated in the fibroma and in the cartilage.

PMID- 2422336
TI  - [Colored scanning electron microscopy of human nasal mucosa: three-dimensional
      histocytochemical study].

PMID- 2422335
TI  - Detection of herpes simplex virus proteins in cultured cells by monoclonal
      antibodies and the avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase complex method.
AB  - The distribution of 5 proteins of herpes simplex virus Type 1 was observed in
      cells that had been infected for various periods. The cells were stained with
      monoclonal antibodies to ICP4, ICP5, ICP6, ICP8, and gB, using the avidin-biotin
      peroxidase complex (ABC) method. Each protein had a characteristic pattern of
      time of appearance and translocation by which it could be distinguished from the
      others. The sensitivity of the ABC technique, its ease of use, and the permanence
      of the preparations make this method well suited for the study of viral proteins.

PMID- 2422337
TI  - Splenic arteriolar hyalin in children.
AB  - Sections from 447 children's spleens were examined for arteriolar hyalin. Hyalin
      is not found in the first year of life, but by the fifth year of life 60 per cent
      of cases show it. The positive cases include a wide variety of pathological
      conditions. The development of arteriolar hyalin in the spleen is age dependent,
      occurs early in life, and is not a pointer to any particular pathological
      condition.

PMID- 2422338
TI  - Anorexia and altered serotonin metabolism in a patient with argininosuccinic
      aciduria.
AB  - We studied serotonin metabolism in a metabolically stable 7-year-old girl with
      argininosuccinic aciduria who had severe anorexia. The CSF concentration of 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (HIAA), the metabolite of serotonin, was markedly
      elevated at 79 ng/ml (normal 33 +/- 11 ng/ml). Altered serotonin metabolism was
      also reflected in the sleep EEG, which showed decreased REM sleep. Reducing her
      intake of tryptophan, the precursor of serotonin, from 35 mg/kg/day to 7
      mg/kg/day resulted in a decrease in CSF concentration of HIAA to 20 ng/ml and the
      onset of spontaneous eating for the first time in 4 1/2 years. REM sleep
      increased from 3% to 9.5% of total sleep time. Two days after increasing
      tryptophan intake to 25 mg/kg/day, spontaneous feeding stopped, associated with a
      rise in CSF HIAA to 45 ng/ml. Caloric/carbohydrate intake was found to affect CSF
      HIAA levels and food intake in an additive manner with tryptophan intake. These
      observations suggest that altered serotonin metabolism affected feeding behavior
      in this child, and that this effect could be modified by changing tryptophan or
      carbohydrate intake.

PMID- 2422339
TI  - What is an antibiotic?
AB  - Potential sites of action are innumerable for selective toxicity of antibiotics
      to bacterial cells and not to host cells. Available antibiotics are effective by
      inhibiting synthesis of cell walls, protein, RNA, DNA, or folic acid. Both
      selective toxicity of antibiotics and resistance to antibiotics depend on the
      site of action and delivery to the site of action in adequate concentrations.
      Critical mechanisms for the transport of antibiotics through bacterial barriers
      and important pharmacokinetic attributes in humans are involved. Adverse effects
      of antibiotics may be immunologic or nonimmunologic. Nonimmunologic adverse
      effects of antibiotics are rarely related to slippage in the selectivity of
      toxicity but are usually the result of unrelated biochemical effects associated
      with other undesired actions of all drugs. Such undesired side effects can be
      avoided in drug development only if we understand the biochemical basis of these
      actions.

PMID- 2422340
TI  - Peptidergic innervation in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
AB  - The gastrointestinal tract harbors several populations of peptide containing
      nerve fibers. Among the gut neuropeptides are vasoactive intestinal peptide
      (VIP), substance P, enkephalin, and gastrin releasing peptide (GRP). We have
      examined specimens from five patients with pyloric stenosis and from five
      controls immunocytochemically with respect to the density of nerve fibers
      containing VIP, substance P, enkephalin, or GRP. In the control specimens VIP and
      enkephalin fibers were fairly numerous, whereas substance P and GRP fibers were
      few. In the pyloric stenosis patients the density of VIP fibers and enkephalin
      fibers was reduced in the smooth muscle. In the myenteric ganglia there was no
      such reduction. Substance P and GRP fibers were rare as in controls. The results
      indicate a reduction of VIP and enkephalin fibers in smooth muscle in pyloric
      stenosis patients and may be interpreted to support the view that an impaired
      neuronal function is involved in the pathophysiology of pyloric stenosis.

PMID- 2422341
TI  - Management of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in the preterm infant.
AB  - We studied the use of a subcutaneous ventricular catheter reservoir in 19 preterm
      infants with birth posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. These infants were a poor risk
      for insertion of ventriculoperitoneal shunt due to their small size and
      hemorrhagic ventricular fluid at the time of diagnosis. The age at reservoir
      insertion was 29 +/- 9 days and the weight was 1,217 +/- 414 g. The reservoir was
      kept in place for 51 +/- 29 days with the removal of 527 +/- 421 mL of fluid by
      57 +/- 42 taps. All infants tolerated the procedure well. Only two infants
      developed infection despite multiple reservoir taps. One infant expired due to
      unrelated causes. Three infants did not require a permanent shunt, while 15
      infants had a ventriculoperitoneal shunt inserted prior to discharge at 3 to 4
      months of age. We conclude that ventricular catheter reservoir is a safe and
      effective palliative procedure in the management of post hemorrhagic
      hydrocephalus in small preterm infants.

PMID- 2422342
TI  - Simultaneous investigations of maternal cardiac output and fetal blood flow
      during hypervolemic hemodilution in preeclampsia--preliminary observations.
AB  - In pre-eclampsia hemodynamic alterations are characterized by a lack of plasma
      volume expansion and a raised peripheral vascular resistance. For the
      compensation of plasma volume deficit and to restitute blood fluidity the
      therapeutic use of plasma volume expanders (f.e. low molecular dextran) is
      recommended. Several groups (Goodlin et al., Cloeren et al., Heilmann et al.,
      Seghal et al., Schrock) have demonstrated benefitial effects on fetal status and
      development in the course of hypervolemic hemodilution in preeclampsia. This
      therapeutic procedure presumes the continuous surveillance of maternal
      hemodynamics to early recognize heart insufficiency or fluid overload in the
      lungs. We use the noninvasive thoracic impedance cardiography for continuous
      monitoring of maternal heart performance. The effect of hypervolemic hemodilution
      on fetal circulation has not been quantitatively investigated yet. Meanwhile
      pulsed doppler ultrasonography offers the possibility of estimating quantitative
      changes on fetal blood flow. We used both noninvasive techniques--thoracic
      impedance cardiography and pulsed doppler imaging system--for the simultaneous
      evaluation of maternal and fetal hemodynamic parameters during hypervolemic
      hemodilution. This preliminary report summarizes the investigations in 5 patients
      with pre-eclampsia (mean arterial blood pressure greater than or equal to 103.3
      mm Hg, hemoconcentration with elevated hematocrit levels greater than or equal to
      38%). The patients received an infusion of 500 ml dextran 40 over a period of
      exactly 60 minutes. The simultaneous measurements of maternal and fetal
      cardiovascular parameters were performed in 15-minutes intervals during dextran
      application and 15 minutes (p 15), 30 minutes (p 30) and 60 minutes (p 60) after
      the end of infusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422343
TI  - Antagonism of the final common pathway of mast cell histamine secretion by
      arylalkylamines.
AB  - The antagonism of histamine secretion from rat peritoneal mast cells by a range
      of drugs (e.g., antihistamines, local anesthetics, tranquilizers,
      antidepressants, adrenergics and antiadrenergics) and arylalkylamines was
      studied. Simple arylalkylamines, those without quaternary ammonium, phenolic or
      anionic groups, uniformly inhibited histamine secretion induced via three major
      secretory pathways of mast cells (compound 48/80, A23187 and concanavalin A).
      That is, each simple arylalkylamine nonselectively inhibited all three
      secretagogues at about the same concentration (avg. range = 2.2). This
      nonselective inhibition was rapid in onset (seconds), readily reversible by
      washing and not related to a decrease in ATP. It is likely that these agents act
      nonspecifically at a step in the final common pathway in the cell membrane,
      possibly to inhibit fusion of the secretory granules with the plasma membrane.
      Other, more complex arylalkylamines were selective in their antagonism of
      histamine secretion. Quaternary arylalkylammonium compounds selectively
      antagonized polyamine secretagogues (48/80 and polymyxin B), whereas
      arylalkylamines, with other hydrophilic groups, selectively inhibited one or
      another of the secretory pathways. These complex arylalkylamines must act before
      the final common pathway because of their selective inhibition. At higher
      concentrations most of the arylalkylamines caused disruption of the mast cells
      and liberated histamine.

PMID- 2422344
TI  - Phosphodiesterase inhibitors induce endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat and
      rabbit aorta by potentiating the effects of spontaneously released endothelium
      derived relaxing factor.
AB  - The selective cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor M&B 22948 and the less
      selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors papaverine and isobutylmethylxanthine
      (IBMX) each induced a component of relaxation of rat aortic rings that was
      endothelium-dependent. The most selective agent at inducing endothelium-dependent
      relaxation was M&B 22948, which caused little relaxation of endothelium-denuded
      rings at concentrations that produced almost complete relaxation of endothelium
      containing rings. Although endothelium-dependent components of relaxation induced
      by papaverine and IBMX were clearly present, they were less well separated from
      the endothelium-independent components of relaxation. In the aorta of the rabbit,
      M&B 22948 and papaverine were less affective at inducing an endothelium-dependent
      component of relaxation than in the aorta of the rat, and IBMX produced no
      discernible endothelium-dependent component. The endothelium-dependent components
      of relaxation induced by M&B 22948, papaverine and IBMX on rat and rabbit aorta
      were probably dependent on endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), because
      they were associated with concomitant endothelium-dependent rises in cyclic GMP,
      and these components of relaxation as well as the rises in cyclic GMP were
      completely blocked by the EDRF-blocking agent hemoglobin. The action of
      hemoglobin was entirely specific, as none of the endothelium-independent
      components of relaxation induced by any of the phosphodiesterase inhibitors was
      affected by this hemoprotein. It is likely that the phosphodiesterase inhibitors
      induce their endothelium-dependent components of relaxation by inhibiting the
      hydrolysis of cyclic GMP formed in response to EDRF released spontaneously from
      endothelial cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422345
TI  - Effects of secretagogues on ATP levels and protein carboxyl methylation in rat
      brain synaptosomes.
AB  - The influence of various substances which are known to alter free intracellular
      calcium concentrations on protein carboxyl methyltransferase (PCM) activity was
      investigated in rat brain synaptosomes. The synaptosomes were labeled with L
      [3H]methionine and the 3H-methyl esters of proteins were formed from the methyl
      donor S-[3H]adenosyl-L-methionine ([3H]AdoMet). The calcium ionophore A23187 and
      ouabain decreased PCM activity and the decrease produced by A23187 was
      antagonized by ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid
      and MnCl2. On the other hand, ruthenium red, an inhibitor of calcium uptake,
      stimulated PCM activity. These data suggest that PCM activity is inversely
      related to the free cytoplasmic calcium concentration. Veratridine, A23187 and
      elevated potassium ions decreased the levels of ATP and [3H]AdoMet. The A23187
      mediated decrease in ATP levels and the reduced [3H]AdoMet formation was
      antagonized by ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid
      and MnCl2. Inhibition of metabolic activity of the synaptosomes by NaCN led to:
      decreased ATP levels; inhibition of [3H]AdoMet formation; and inhibition of PCM
      activity. These data suggest that the decrease in protein methylation produced by
      secretagogues is associated with an increase in the concentration of free
      intracellular calcium which results in a decrease in the metabolically active
      pool of ATP. This leads to a decreased rate of AdoMet formation, a cosubstrate
      for PCM and a resultant decrease in PCM activity.

PMID- 2422346
TI  - Electrical properties of the light-sensitive conductance of rods of the
      salamander Ambystoma tigrinum.
AB  - The light-sensitive conductance of isolated rods from the retina of the tiger
      salamander was studied using a voltage-clamp method. The membrane current of the
      outer segment was collected with a suction electrode while the internal voltage
      was measured and controlled with a pair of intracellular electrodes. Saturating
      light blocked the outer segment current at all potentials, the residual
      conductance usually becoming less than 20 pS. This suggests that light-sensitive
      channels comprise the main ionic conductance in the surface membrane of the outer
      segment. Current-voltage relations determined 10-40 ms after changing the voltage
      showed outward-going rectification, the outward current increasing e-fold for a
      depolarization of 11-14 mV. The reversal potential of the light-sensitive current
      was estimated as 5 +/- 4 mV. This is consistent with other evidence indicating
      that the channel is not exclusively permeable to Na. Applying steady light,
      lowering external Ca, or changing the intracellular voltage to a new steady level
      scaled the light-sensitive current without altering the reversal potential or the
      form of the rectification. This suggests that all three manipulations change the
      number of channels in the conducting state without changing the ionic
      concentration gradients or the mechanism of permeation through an 'open' channel.
      Hyperpolarizing voltage steps slowly increased the light-sensitive current and
      depolarizing steps reduced it. A gating variable Y expressing the fractional
      activation of the light-sensitive conductance in the steady state was derived
      from the ratio of the instantaneous and steady-state currents. Y declined at
      voltages positive to -100 mV and usually reached a minimum near 0 mV, with a
      secondary rise positive to 0 mV. Around the dark voltage Y changed e-fold in
      roughly 25 mV. The voltage-dependent gating in (6). appeared to involve two
      delays similar in magnitude to those of the four principal delays in the rod's
      response to a dim flash. Steady background light shortened the time-scale of
      gating and flash responses to a similar degree. Clamping the voltage at the dark
      level had little effect on the photocurrent evoked by a flash. The small, delayed
      effect actually observed is explained by the slow voltage-dependent gating of the
      light-sensitive conductance. Hyperpolarization had little effect on the kinetics
      of the response to a flash, but depolarization slowed the response, causing it to
      reach a larger, later peak. Depolarization also prolonged the blockage of the
      light-sensitive current after a saturating flash.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2422347
TI  - Changes by acetylcholine of membrane currents in rabbit cardiac Purkinje fibres.
AB  - The ionic mechanisms underlying the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on
      electrophysiological properties of rabbit cardiac Purkinje fibres have been
      analysed using the two-micro-electrode voltage-clamp technique on short
      preparations. In normal Tyrode solution, ACh shifted the membrane currents in the
      outward direction at potentials positive to the K+ equilibrium potential, EK, and
      in the inward direction at potentials negative to EK. When ACh effects were
      studied in various [K+]o the reversal potential for the ACh-induced current was
      changed in a way expected for a pure K+ electrode. The results indicate an
      increase of an inward-rectifying K+ conductance by ACh. ACh also decreased the
      magnitude of the late outward current (ix). The activation curve for this current
      was not modified, but the fully activated current was decreased. The effect of
      ACh on ix was more pronounced in the presence of catecholamines. The slow inward
      current (isi) was not changed by ACh in control conditions. However, the increase
      produced by beta-adrenergic stimulation in this current was suppressed by ACh in
      a concentration-dependent way.

PMID- 2422348
TI  - Characterization of the acetylcholine-induced potassium current in rabbit cardiac
      Purkinje fibres.
AB  - Acetylcholine (ACh) induces a K+ current in rabbit cardiac Purkinje fibres. The
      question was studied whether ACh produces this effect by modifying the properties
      of K+ channels pre-existing in the absence of the neurotransmitter or whether it
      induces the formation of a different type of K+ channels. The relaxation
      properties of the ACh-induced current and its blockade by Cs+ and Ba2+ have been
      investigated using voltage clamp. During hyperpolarizing or depolarizing voltage
      pulses of moderate amplitude, the ACh-induced current is time independent. For
      large voltage pulses, time-dependent changes of the ACh-induced current are
      observed. These latter changes can be explained by intracellular K+
      accumulation/depletion phenomena or by the effects of ACh on time-dependent
      currents (e.g. the late outward current, ix). Cs+ and Ba2+ block the ACh-induced
      current. The block produced by 20 mM-Cs+ is instantaneous and increases with
      hyperpolarization, i.e. it is voltage dependent. The block produced by Ba2+ at
      high concentrations (greater than 1 mM) is also instantaneous but complete at all
      potentials studied, and thus voltage independent. At these concentrations, either
      ion also blocks the background inward rectifier (iK1) current in a similar way.
      Low [Ba2+] (less than 0.1 mM) cause a block of the ACh-induced current which is
      instantaneous and little voltage dependent. The block of iK1 in contrast is time
      and voltage dependent for the same concentrations. These results indicate that
      the ACh-induced K+ current is different from the background iK1 current.

PMID- 2422349
TI  - Desensitization of the acetylcholine-induced increase of potassium conductance in
      rabbit cardiac Purkinje fibres.
AB  - In rabbit cardiac Purkinje fibres, acetylcholine (ACh) changes membrane
      electrophysiological properties in a biphasic time course. On wash-out of ACh a
      rebound phenomenon is observed (Mubagwa & Carmeliet, 1983). The underlying
      mechanisms have been studied by the voltage-clamp technique. The ACh-induced
      increase in K+ current follows a biphasic time course during exposure to ACh.
      This time course is not due to intercellular accumulation or depletion of K+, but
      results from a desensitization process. On wash-out a rebound is obtained, i.e.
      the membrane K+ conductance transiently decreases below the control value. In
      contrast, the inhibition of ACh of the catecholamine-induced increase of slow
      inward current follows a monophasic time course. The desensitization process or
      secondary decrease of ACh-induced change in K+ current follows a mono- or a
      biexponential time course. The extent and rate of desensitization depend on ACh
      concentration. The rate of desensitization is not influenced by membrane
      potential but its extent seems to be increased by depolarization. Recovery from
      desensitization is relatively rapid and has a half-time of about 2 min. Different
      existing models for desensitization are discussed, no one of which accounts for
      all results in rabbit Purkinje fibres. Therefore, a three-state receptor model is
      proposed to explain the results. The model assumes that the K+ channel is
      directly associated with the muscarinic receptor and that the channel-receptor
      complex may be in closed, open or desensitized state, in the presence as well as
      in the absence of agonist.

PMID- 2422350
TI  - The action potential and underlying ionic currents in proximal rat middle
      cerebral arterioles.
AB  - The active and passive electrical properties of isolated segments (length 120-220
      microns, diameter 60-150 micron) of proximal rat middle cerebral arterioles (less
      than 1 mm from parent artery) were analysed using a single-electrode current or
      voltage clamp. The voltage response to a current step exhibited an exponential
      time course. The mean resistance and time constant was 102 M omega and 265 ms
      corresponding to approximate specific resistance and capacitance of 60 k omega/cm
      and 4 micro F/cm2. Membrane resistance was constant in the range -55 to -80 mV.
      At potentials more negative than -80 mV there was a decrease in membrane
      resistance resulting in activation of an inward rectifier. At membrane potentials
      less negative than -50 mV the membrane resistance decreased; larger
      depolarizations (greater than -40 mV) initiated small regenerative responses.
      External application of tetraethylammonium chloride caused membrane
      depolarization (10-15 mV), spontaneous discharge of action potentials and
      rhythmic arteriolar constriction. Action potentials studied with the membrane
      held at -60 mV had a large rapid depolarizing component, an after-depolarization
      and a small slower after-hyperpolarization. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) had no effect on
      the action potential. However, both the fast and slow components of the action
      potential were suppressed by extracellular removal of calcium ions and/or
      addition of cobalt ions, nifedipine or verapamil. Voltage-clamp studies
      demonstrated an inward rectifying current at membrane potentials more negative
      than -80 mV. At depolarized potentials at least four separate currents were
      activated; two separate calcium currents and two outward currents.

PMID- 2422351
TI  - The release of histamine by parasympathetic stimulation in guinea-pig auricle and
      rat ileum.
AB  - Two preparations, a segment of rat ileum and the vagally innerved guinea-pig
      auricles, have been used in an analysis of the responses to vagal or to
      electrical field stimulation. The responses to parasympathetic stimulation were
      depressed by atropine and by tetrodotoxin, and potentiated by eserine.
      Supramaximal stimulation (10-20 Hz) resulted in increased release of
      acetylcholine and histamine, both in rat ileum and guinea-pig auricles. The
      release of histamine after parasympathetic stimulation did not exhibit
      tachyphylaxis, and it was not reproduced by non-parasympathetic stimuli. In both
      preparations, atropine produced a significant, dose-related reduction of
      histamine measured in the bath fluid after stimulation, while eserine increased
      histamine output. A significant diminution of mast cell granules metachromasia
      was observed in guinea-pig auricles and in rat intestine after parasympathetic
      stimulation. The possibility is discussed that acetylcholine released by
      parasympathetic stimulation would in turn evoke the secretion of histamine from
      tissue mast cells.

PMID- 2422352
TI  - Dose-response of acetylcholine receptor channels opened by a flash-activated
      agonist in voltage-clamped rat myoballs.
AB  - Whole-cell or single-channel currents through acetylcholine (ACh) receptor
      channels were studied in voltage-clamped rat myoballs or in excised membrane
      patches from myoballs. The recording pipette contained CsCl to suppress outward
      currents, and tetrodotoxin was used to help suppress Na+ currents. To minimize
      problems associated with bath applied agonists, myoballs were bathed in a
      solution containing the inactive (cis) isomer of the photo-isomerizable
      azobenzene derivative, Bis-Q. Calibrated light flashes of varying intensity were
      presented to produce concentration jumps of agonist, trans-Bis-Q. The resulting
      whole-cell current relaxations through ACh channels approach a steady state along
      an exponential time course, then decline as the newly created agonist diffuses
      away over the next few seconds. The dose-response relationship was inferred from
      Hill (double-log) plots for myoballs bathed in 500 nM-cis-Bis-Q at three membrane
      potentials. At low agonist concentrations (less than 300 nM-trans-Bis-Q), the
      slope of the Hill plot averaged 1.62 at -150 mV, 1.89 at -100 mV, and 2.05 at +80
      mV. These results are consistent with an apparent agonist affinity constant that
      decreases with membrane depolarization and shifts the responses further down on
      the dose-response curve. When the myoballs were bathed in higher concentrations
      of cis-Bis-Q (1.5-20 microM), the slope of the Hill plot was reduced at all
      membrane potentials, although it was still closer to two at positive potentials.
      This is expected from the known sigmoid shape of the dose-response relation. The
      shallow dependence of the Hill slope on agonist concentration suggests the
      presence of negative cooperativity in the over-all binding of agonist molecules.
      Following treatment of the membrane with dithiothreitol to reduce disulphide
      groups, the Hill slope for the reversibly bound agonist, trans-Bis-Q, remained
      near two. The kinetics of currents at hyperpolarized membrane potentials became
      complicated at higher agonist concentrations in a manner that was consistent with
      open-channel block by trans-Bis-Q; the currents showed a slow secondary increase
      in conductance. Averaged single-channel recordings at higher agonist
      concentrations resemble macroscopic relaxations under comparable conditions.
      Furthermore, those recordings also suggested that open channels are blocked by
      trans-Bis-Q at concentrations greater than 2 microM; the block depends strongly
      on membrane potential and increases with hyperpolarization. Currents at positive
      membrane potentials showed no evidence of open-channel block.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2422353
TI  - Calcium-activated potassium channels in single smooth muscle cells of rabbit
      jejunum and guinea-pig mesenteric artery.
AB  - Single-channel studies were made using the patch-clamp technique of K channels in
      dispersed single smooth muscle cells from rabbit longitudinal jejunal muscle and
      guinea-pig small (less than 0.2 mm o.d.) mesenteric arteries. In isolated inside
      out patches from these two types of smooth muscle cell there was a population of
      K channels which had single-channel conductances of about 100 pS in near
      physiological K gradients and about 200 pS with symmetrical 126 mM-K solutions.
      Their conductance and other properties distinguish them from a K channel of
      smaller conductance which we have previously described in these cells. The
      relative permeability of the channel with respect to K was 1.4 Tl:1.0 K:0.7 Rb:
      less than 0.05 Na: less than 0.05 Cs. Cs (1 mM applied to the outside of the
      membrane) interfered with inward K movement when the membrane was hyperpolarized.
      Rb conductance of the channel when both sides of the membrane were exposed to 126
      mM-Rb was 30 pS. When the Ca concentration on the inside of the membrane ([Ca]i)
      was about 10(-9) M, K channel opening was rarely observed and then only at
      strongly positive potentials. At [Ca]i between 10(-9) M and 10(-7) M mean channel
      open time increased and the probability of channel opening increased steeply;
      both were further increased by increasing membrane positivity. At [Ca]i between
      10(-6) M and 2.5 mM the channel was mainly in the open state and the probability
      of channel conducting state often declined with increasing membrane positivity.
      The effects of varying [Ca]i from 10(-7) M to 2.5 mM on the kinetic activity of a
      single channel was studied largely in mesenteric artery patches containing one
      active channel. The distribution of open times could be fitted by a single
      exponential at low (less than 10(-6) M) [Ca]i but a component of fast openings
      (to less than 1.0 ms) was observed at all potentials at [Ca]i 2.5 mM. Closed time
      distribution required the sum of three exponentials to fit it all [Ca]i greater
      than 10(-7) M; at [Ca]i 10(-6) M or greater evidence of a fourth component,
      probably caused by Ca block of open channels, was obtained. Raising [Ca]i
      increased the mean duration of the (long) open state and decreased or had no
      effect on the duration of short, intermediate, and long mean closed states.

PMID- 2422354
TI  - On the role of proteases, their inhibitors and the extracellular matrix in
      promoting neurite outgrowth.
AB  - Using a novel method, a monoclonal antibody was produced which can directly block
      the activity of an extracellular matrix-associated neurite outgrowth promoting
      complex (Matthew and Patterson, 1983). Presumably binding at or near the active
      site, this antibody recognizes a determinant consisting of heparan sulfate and a
      larger molecule which is likely to be laminin (Matthew et al., in preparation).
      The antibody has been further used to localize this determinant in adult tissues
      in vivo. Extracellular binding is seen at sites known to promote axon
      regeneration in the peripheral nervous system and is not seen in the central
      nervous system (Matthew et al., in preparation). In investigating how neurons may
      modify their environment as they grow processes, we have recently found that
      sensory and sympathetic neurons spontaneously release a collagenase and a
      plasminogen activator from their distal processes and/or growth cones (Pittman,
      1985). A 43 kD irreversible inhibitor of the plasminogen activator is secreted by
      cardiac myocytes and is found on the surfaces of cultured neurons (Pittman,
      1984). This inhibitor is also released by nonneuronal cell cultures from
      peripheral, but not central, nerves (Pittman, unpublished). Of interest in
      relation to the proteoglycan neurite outgrowth promoting complex is the finding
      that the 43 kD inhibitor preparation binds heparin tightly and can displace
      laminin from its heparin binding site (Patterson and Pittman, unpublished). Thus
      it is possible that the protease/inhibitor system could affect outgrowth via
      interaction with the neurite outgrowth promoting complex in the extracellular
      matrix.

PMID- 2422355
TI  - Neuropeptide effects on brain development.
AB  - Peptides which act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the adult nervous
      system exert influences on brain development. Altering the levels of neuropeptide
      to which a developing animal is exposed produces a wide variety of physiological
      and behavioral effects which are apparent in adulthood. Many of the developmental
      effects involve neural systems in which the neuropeptide plays a role in the
      adult.

PMID- 2422356
TI  - Development of ion channels in the flight muscles of Drosophila.
AB  - An entire picture of developing membrane electrical properties can be observed in
      the flight muscles (DLM) of Drosophila. The developmental history of membrane
      electrogenesis begins in the mid-pupal period and extends into the second day of
      adult life. Of five prominent extra-junctional ion currents which can be
      observed, only two are clearly mature before the adult ecloses from the pupal
      case. These are the two voltage-activated potassium currents, a fast transient
      current, and a slowly activating current. A fast transient calcium current
      rapidly develops around the time of adult eclosion. Suprisingly, two more ion
      currents develop in the adult stage: a fast transient Ca2+-activated potassium
      current develops during the first few hours of adult life, and a slow
      noninactivating inward current develops during the following two days. Both the
      earlier and later developing potassium currents of the transient type function in
      the role of fast spike repolarization in the adult. However, the later developing
      current appears to largely supplant the earlier developing current in this role.
      Thus, Shaker mutants which specifically lack the earlier developing K+ current,
      nevertheless, have normal appearing action potentials in mature muscle cells.

PMID- 2422357
TI  - A model of inward and outward membrane currents in cultured embryonic amphibian
      spinal neurons and reconstruction of the action potential.
AB  - A model of the membrane currents in embryonic amphibian neurons has been
      developed in order to investigate the ionic mechanisms underlying developmental
      changes in excitability. Differentiating amphibian neurons both in situ and in
      vitro show a gradual change in the ionic sensitivity of their action potential
      from Ca- to Na-dependent, with an intermediate period in which the action
      potential shows a mixed ionic sensitivity. The model developed incorporates
      quantitative descriptions of Na, Ca and voltage-dependent K currents recorded
      (using whole-cell gigaohm-seal recording techniques) from presumptive neurons
      isolated from neural plate stage embryos of the axolotl Amblystoma during their
      in vitro differentiation. The kinetic descriptions of the currents were developed
      using the form of those of Hodgkin and Huxley. Na and K currents were modeled as
      voltage-dependent conductances showing m3h and n4 kinetics, respectively. Ca
      current was modeled (using the constant field relation) as a voltage-dependent
      permeability with s2 activation kinetics. Ca currents in whole-cell recordings
      were non-inactivating, and no inactivation mechanism was specified in the model.
      When modeled current amplitudes and kinetics were scaled as appropriate for a
      cell at an intermediate stage of differentiation (when the action potential
      recorded with microelectrodes shows a mixed Na- and Ca-dependence), the action
      potential predicted by the model showed a similar waveform and ionic dependence.
      The utility of this model lies in its ability to indicate the activity of each
      ionic current during an action potential at any developmental stage, and to
      unambiguously test the effects on neuronal excitability of alterations in the
      magnitude and/or kinetics of any of the ionic currents present in the
      membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422358
TI  - Ionic channel distribution in regenerating mouse motor endings.
AB  - One of the nerves supplying the Triangularis sterni muscle of the adult mouse was
      crushed and focal extracellular recordings were made from the regenerating motor
      nerve terminals. Stimulation of the nerve elicited 4 types of signals depending
      upon the position of the electrode along the newly formed terminal branches.
      Specific ionic channel blockers were applied in the bath or iontophoretically to
      identify the nature of the different signal components. Sodium and potassium
      channels appeared to be located along most of the length of the newly formed
      terminals. This overlapping distribution differs considerably from their
      segregated localization previously described for mature endings. During
      maturation of regenerating endings, potassium channels disappear from the
      heminodal area and the density of sodium channels is greatly reduced along the
      remainder of the branches. Presynaptic evidence for polyneuronal reinnervation of
      single endplates is presented.

PMID- 2422359
TI  - Development of ionic channels during mouse neuronal differentiation.
AB  - Using a mouse embryonal teratocarcinoma (E.C.) cell line, it was possible to
      follow the sequence of development of ionic channels during neuronal
      differentiation, with patch-clamp techniques. 1003 E.C. cells were induced to
      differentiate into neurons by culturing them in defined medium without foetal
      calf serum (DARMON et al., 1981). Non-differentiated cells were not excitable and
      presented mainly 2 types of K+ channels: a Ca2+ activated K+ channel (220 pS in
      symmetrical K+) and a delayed rectifier (30 pS in symmetrical K+). When the cells
      start to grow neurites, a low threshold calcium current can be recorded, only if
      the cell is held at hyperpolarized potentials (-70 to -80 mV). Fully
      differentiated cells with long neurites presented a complete repertoire of ionic
      channels: voltage dependent Na+ and Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ activated K+ channel and
      K+ delayed rectifier.

PMID- 2422360
TI  - Postanesthesia care of the ophthalmic patient.

PMID- 2422361
TI  - Another dimension in postanesthesia nursing.

PMID- 2422362
TI  - Preparing senior nursing students through experiences in the postanesthesia care
      unit.

PMID- 2422363
TI  - A postanesthesia care unit patient classification system based on indicators of
      nursing care.

PMID- 2422364
TI  - What certification means for the postanesthesia nurse.

PMID- 2422365
TI  - Membership: the key to involvement.

PMID- 2422366
TI  - Prostatic fungal granuloma mimicking benign hypertrophy (a case report).

PMID- 2422367
TI  - Enhancement of the cytotoxic effects of pepleomycin by dibucain.

PMID- 2422368
TI  - Circulating progesterone, progesterone-binding proteins and oestradiol-17 beta
      concentrations in the pregnant Cape porcupine, Hystrix africaeaustralis.
AB  - Circulating concentrations of progesterone, progesterone-binding plasma proteins
      (PBPP) and oestradiol-17 beta in pregnant porcupines remained relatively low
      until Days 25-30 post coitum. Progesterone values peaked (102-180 ng/ml; N = 3)
      42-60 days post coitum and the rapid increase in oestradiol-17 beta
      concentrations approximated that of progesterone with peak values (170-210 pg/ml)
      being attained 60-85 days post coitum. The pattern of PBPP synthesis, as
      suggested by circulating concentrations, was closely related to that of plasma
      progesterone, with values remaining low (less than 20 pmol/ml) until Day 31 post
      coitum, reaching peak levels at Days 50-56 and Days 73-77 post coitum. The
      production of PBPP during pregnancy is, as in related New World hystricomorph
      species, considered to be a mechanism which facilitates a reduction in the rate
      of progesterone metabolism during pregnancy.

PMID- 2422369
TI  - The identification of candidate antigens for the development of birth control
      vaccines. An international multi-centre study on antibodies to reproductive tract
      antigens, using clinically defined sera.
AB  - In an attempt to identify appropriate antigens for birth control vaccines, the
      Task Force on Immunological Methods for Fertility Regulation under WHO's Special
      Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction
      carried out an investigation of naturally occurring immune responses to
      reproductive tract antigens which were consistently associated with infertility.
      Large volumes of sera from subjects satisfying the criteria for one of 16
      different clinical categories (listed in Table 1) were collected and samples were
      subsequently assessed, under code, by investigators with experience in the
      detection of antibodies to antigens involved in the reproductive process. Sera
      from 329 persons were included in the study and 20 laboratories examined the sera
      for antibodies to sperm, zona pellucida, and trophoblast or trophoblast products.
      In addition, antibodies to certain microbial antigens and to various leucocyte
      and organ antigens were investigated. The results of these studies are presented
      in the following papers.

PMID- 2422370
TI  - Antibodies to spermatozoa and seminal plasma antigens detected by various enzyme
      linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays.
AB  - Various ELISA methods have been applied by different research centers to test the
      efficiency of this approach for the diagnosis of sperm-immune infertility cases.
      The antigens used were either whole spermatozoa or solubilized spermatozoal
      membrane preparations and were immobilized on microtiter plates, except in one
      case where plastic beads were employed. Polyvalent second antibodies or protein-A
      labelled with enzymes served as tracers. A high frequency of positive sera was
      found in all groups including fertile controls with tests using whole spermatozoa
      as antigen. The methods using solubilized antigen preparations showed fewer
      positives on the whole and correlated better with the various clinical categories
      of the WHO sera. Whilst there was some agreement in the results between the
      various laboratories on a few sera, most of the positive sera found by one
      laboratory were reported as negative by others. More investigative work is needed
      to improve reproducibility between different laboratories and to reduce non
      specific reactions with normal controls. A more precise definition of the proper
      cut-off levels for positives and negatives is also needed. Despite these short
      comings, the development of an ELISA for the diagnosis of sperm-immune
      infertility cases seems to be justified in the long term.

PMID- 2422371
TI  - Detection of anti-spermatozoal antibodies by a 125I-protein-A radioimmunobinding
      assay.
AB  - A newly developed solid-phase radioimmunobinding assay (RIBA) using detergent
      solubilized sperm antigen has been used to evaluate anti-sperm antibodies.
      Results showed that none of the fertile females and males were positive in the
      RIBA, whereas approximately 6% of the females and 3% of the males with
      unexplained infertility were positive. These results are similar to those
      obtained using a chemically synthesized spermatozoal decapeptide antigen. The
      RIBA is simple to perform, requires no vital or intact spermatozoa, and large
      numbers of sera (up to 400) can be processed in one day with a total incubation
      time of 90 min.

PMID- 2422372
TI  - Blot-immunobinding test for the detection of anti-sperm antibodies.
AB  - A blot-immunobinding test was used to detect anti-sperm antibodies in human sera
      and to identify the corresponding auto- or iso-antigens on human sperm. A high
      proportion of sera at a 1:100 dilution from fertile persons, as well as infertile
      patients, contains antibodies reactive with sperm. This phenomenon might be
      physiological. At 1:2,000 dilution, a higher binding capacity was detected in the
      sera from infertile groups, but a few fertile persons were also positive.
      Antibodies to a single antigenic determinant with Mr of approximately 14,000 were
      found in a significantly higher proportion among males with unexplained
      infertility.

PMID- 2422373
TI  - Antibody reactivity against trophoblast and trophoblast products.
AB  - Sensitive immunoassays have been applied to WHO reference bank sera from fertile
      and infertile women in order to assess any naturally occurring antibody reactive
      with isolated human placental trophoblast membranes or two separate trophoblast
      protein products (hCG and SP1). A very low incidence of antibody reactive with
      solubilised trophoblast membrane was detected, and no significant antibody to
      either hCG or SP1 could be detected. Infertile states represented within this
      serum bank appear unlikely to involve adverse immune reactions to trophoblast.

PMID- 2422374
TI  - An overview of the WHO international multi-centre study on antibodies to
      reproductive tract antigens in clinically defined sera.

PMID- 2422375
TI  - Detection of neural tube defects with alpha-fetoprotein measurement in amniotic
      fluid. A protocol for managing elevated values.
AB  - The clinical efficacy of rocket immunoelectrophoresis (RIE) and radioimmunoassay
      (RIA) methods for the measurement of amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were
      compared in separate series of over 1,000 pregnancies each. Using a mean +3 SD
      limit, 21 of 1,414 pregnancies monitored with RIE and 21 of 1,006 monitored with
      RIA were interpreted as having borderline elevated values. Five of the elevated
      AFP values in each series represented abnormal fetuses. No neural tube defects
      went undetected, although one was recognized only with ultrasound. Only two of
      seven abnormal fetuses had a family history of neural tube defects, indicating
      that maternal serum AFP measurement is an important preventive measure in
      pregnancies that are not recognized as at high risk. The data support the use of
      commercially available RIA kits for amniotic fluid AFP measurement and suggest a
      protocol for management of elevated values.

PMID- 2422376
TI  - Interferon and HLA-DR positive cells in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2422377
TI  - Isohelical analysis of DNA groove-binding drugs.
AB  - Many antitumor drugs, and many carcinogens, act by binding within the minor
      groove of double-helical DNA, interfering with both replication and
      transcription. Several of these, including netropsin and distamycin, are quite
      base specific, recognizing and binding only to certain base sequences. The
      repeating pyrrole-amide unit of netropsin, and the repeated benzimidazole unit of
      the DNA stain and carcinogen Hoechst 33258, both are approximately 20% too long
      for synchronous meshing with base pairs along the floor of the minor groove in B
      DNA. We have carried out a systematic computer search for possible repeating drug
      backbones that are isohelical with DNA and that also provide chemical groups
      capable of reading and differentiating between A X T and G X C base pairs. These
      isohelical sequence-reading drug polymers or "isolexins" should offer the
      possibility of targeting synthetic drug analogues specifically against one region
      of a genome rather than another, or against neoplastic cells in preference to
      normal cells.

PMID- 2422378
TI  - Antigen binding characteristics of thyroid microsomal autoantibodies studied with
      ELISA methods.
AB  - A competitive fluorometric ELISA was developed which enabled pair-wise
      comparisons of the antigen-binding characteristics of thyroid microsomal
      autoantibodies (TMaab) and their antigen-binding fragments from different
      individuals. Antibodies rendered undetectable to the protein-A-enzyme conjugate
      by removal of their Fc-regions (F(ab')2's) were tested for their ability to
      inhibit the antigen-binding of intact thyroid microsomal autoantibodies (TMaab).
      Only F(ab')2's derived from TMaab-containing sera were capable of displacing
      TMaab, some being capable of complete displacement of allogeneic TMaab. The
      antigen-binding of Tgaab was unaffected, except by F(ab')2's derived from Tgaab
      containing sera. The high degree of overlap observed in the specificity of TMaab
      suggests that different sera recognize the same epitopes. In this respect the
      autoimmune response to the microsomal antigen was shown to resemble that to
      thyroglobulin, which involves few epitopes. Cross-tolerance is postulated to be
      the mechanism underlying the tissue-specificity and epitope-restriction of
      thyroid autoantibodies.

PMID- 2422379
TI  - Species cross-reactivity of anti-LSP antibodies in acute viral hepatitis.
AB  - Previous reports have suggested that circulating antibodies reacting with species
      cross-reactive determinants in the liver-specific membrane lipoprotein (LSP)
      complex are rare in acute viral hepatitis (AVH) and that their high frequency in
      chronic active hepatitis (CAH) indicates a fundamental change in antigen
      specificity of anti-LSP autoantibodies associated with progression to chronic
      liver disease. In the present study, sera from 20 patients with uncomplicated AVH
      (10 with virus A and 10 with virus B infection) were examined by radioimmunoassay
      for antibodies reacting with human, rabbit and rat LSP. All 20 patients were
      found to be seropositive for antibodies against all 3 LSP preparations. Titres of
      anti-human and anti-rat LSP were significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than
      those of anti-rabbit LSP but a strong linear correlation (p less than 0.005) was
      found between titres of antibodies against the 3 LSP preparations. Cross
      inhibition experiments with sera from 10 patients (5 with AVH-A and 5 with AVH-B)
      failed to reveal any major differences in antigen specificity between anti-rabbit
      and anti-rat LSP in 8 but results with the remaining 2 patients suggested that
      their anti-LSP antibodies were not reacting with the same antigens in the 2 LSP
      preparations. The results indicate that antibodies reacting with species cross
      reactive LSP determinants are a normal occurrence in AVH and suggest that, if
      anti-LSP antibodies are involved in progression to (and/or development of) CAH,
      this is more likely to be related to a defect in the control of autoreactivity
      than to inherent differences in target antigen specificities of these
      autoantibodies in acute and chronic liver diseases, although the latter
      possibility cannot be totally excluded.

PMID- 2422380
TI  - Elicited antibody nature of human monoclonal protein with anti-streptolysin O
      activity--analysis with monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody.
AB  - Sera from 7 patients with multiple myeloma having antistreptolysin O (ASO)
      activity in high titers were detected by a streptolysin O (SLO) inhibition assay.
      However, activity was in low titer when assayed by a passive agglutination assay.
      The discrepancy between these 2 assays raised some doubts as to whether these
      monoclonal proteins (M.protein) bond to SLO in the same manner as elicited
      antibodies. Immunochemical analysis and idiotope analysis using monoclonal
      antibody to one of these M.proteins strongly suggest that M.protein with ASO
      activity bind to SLO in a manner similar to elicited antibody. The discrepancy
      between the 2 assays might be due to differences in the antigenic structure of
      different forms of the SLO molecule.

PMID- 2422381
TI  - Sheep red blood cell receptor and the epitope detected by Leu-5 monoclonal
      antibody in primates.
AB  - The expression of the epitope detected by the monoclonal antibody Leu-5 and the
      rosette formation with sheep red blood cells was examined for the mononuclear
      cells of 25 primate species including human subject. The plot of rosette-forming
      cells against Leu-5-positive cells enabled us to classify these species into
      three large groups: hominoids--Old World monkeys (Leu-5-positive cells greater
      than or equal to rosette-forming cells), New World monkeys (Leu-5-positive cells
      less than rosette-forming cells), and prosimians (Leu-5-positive cells less than
      5%, some of them with both Leu-5-positive cells and rosette-forming cells less
      than 5%).

PMID- 2422382
TI  - Modification of single cardiac Na+ channels by DPI 201-106.
AB  - In inside-out patches from cultured neonatal rat heart cells, single Na+ channel
      currents were analyzed under the influence of the cardiotonic compound DPI 201
      106 (DPI), a putative novel channel modifier. In absence of DPI, normal cardiac
      single Na+ channels studied at -30 mV have one open state which is rapidly left
      with a rate constant of 826.5 sec -1 at 20 degrees C during sustained
      depolarization. Reconstructed macroscopic currents relax completely with 7 to 10
      msec. The current decay fits a single exponential. A considerable percentage of
      openings may occur during relaxation of the macroscopic current. In patches
      treated with 3 X 10(-6) m DPI in the pipette solution, stepping to -30 mV results
      in drastically prolonged and usually repetitive openings. This channel activity
      mostly persists over the whole depolarization (usually 160 msec in duration) but
      is abruptly terminated on clamping back the patch to the holding potential.
      Besides these modified events, apparently normal openings occur. The open time
      distribution of DPI-treated Na+ channels is the sum of two exponentials
      characterized by time constants of 0.85 msec (which is close to the time constant
      found in the control patches, 1.21 msec) and 12 msec. Moreover, DPI-modified Na+
      channels exhibit a sustained high, time-independent open probability. Similar to
      normal Na+ channels, is voltage-dependent and increases on shifting the holding
      potential in the hyperpolarizing direction. These kinetic changes suggest an
      elimination of Na+ channel inactivation as it may follow from an interaction of
      DPI with Na+ channels.

PMID- 2422383
TI  - Mechanism of anion-cation selectivity of amphotericin B channels.
AB  - Zero current potential and conductance of ionic channels formed by polyene
      antibiotic amphotericin B in a lipid bilayer were studied in various electrolyte
      solutions. Nonpermeant magnesium and sulphate ions were used to independently
      vary the concentration of monovalent anions and cations as well as to maintain
      the high ionic strength of the two solutions separated by the membrane. Under
      certain conditions the channels select very strongly for anions over cations.
      They are permeable to small inorganic anions. However, in the absence of these
      anions the channels are practically impermeable to any cation. In the presence of
      a permeant anion the contribution of monovalent cations to channel conductance
      grows with an increase in the anion concentration. The ratio of cation-to-anion
      permeability coefficients is independent of the membrane potential and cation
      concentration, but it does depend linearly on the sum of concentrations of a
      permeant anion in the two solutions. These results are accounted for on the
      assumption that a cation can enter only an anion-occupied channel to form an
      ionic pair at the center of the channel. The cation is also assumed to slip past
      the anion and then to leave the channel for the opposite solution. This model
      with only few parameters can quantitatively describe the concentration
      dependences of conductance and zero current potential under various conditions.

PMID- 2422384
TI  - Apparent loss of calcium-activated potassium current in internally perfused snail
      neurons is due to accumulation of free intracellular calcium.
AB  - Internal perfusion of Helix neurons with a solution containing potassium
      aspartate, MgCl2, ATP, and HEPES causes the calcium-activated potassium current
      (IK(Ca)) evoked by depolarizing voltage steps to decrease with time. When
      internal free Ca++ is strongly buffered to 10(-7) M by including 0.5 mM EGTA and
      0.225 mM CaCl2 in the internal solution, IK(Ca) remains constant for up to 3
      hours of perfusion. In cells where IK(Ca) is small at the start of perfusion,
      perfusion with the strongly buffered 10(-7) M free Ca++ solution produces
      increases in IK(Ca) which ultimately saturate. In cells perfused with solutions
      buffered to 10(-6) M free Ca++, IK(Ca) is low and does not change with perfusion.
      These results lead us to conclude that IK(Ca) is stable in perfused Helix neurons
      and that the apparent loss of IK(Ca) seen initially with perfusion is due to
      accumulation of cytoplasmic calcium. Since the calcium current (ICa) provides the
      Ca++ which activates IK(Ca) during a depolarizing pulse, ICa is also stable in
      perfused cells when free intracellular Ca++ is buffered. Perfusion with 1 microM
      calmodulin (CaM) produces no effect on IK(Ca) with either 10(-7) or 10(-6) M free
      internal calcium. Inhibiting endogenous CaM by including 50 microM
      trifluoperazine (TFP) in both the bath and the internal perfusion solution also
      produces no effect on IK(Ca) with 10(-7) M free internal calcium. It is concluded
      that CaM plays no role in IK(Ca) activation.

PMID- 2422385
TI  - Generalized kinetic analysis of ion-driven cotransport systems: II. Random ligand
      binding as a simple explanation for non-michaelian kinetics.
AB  - Solute uptake in many cells is characterized by a series of additive Michaelis
      Menten functions. Several explanations for these kinetics have been advanced:
      unstirred layers, transport across more than one membrane, effects of solute
      concentration on membrane potential, numerous carrier systems. Although each of
      these explanations might suffice for individual cases, none provides a
      comprehensive basis for interpretation of the kinetics. The most common mechanism
      of solute absorption involves cotransport of solute with a driver ion. A model is
      developed in which solute and driver ion bind randomly to a membrane-bound
      carrier which provides a single transmembrane pathway for transport. The kinetic
      properties of the model are explored with particular reference to its capacity to
      generate additive Michaelian functions for initial rate measurements of isotopic
      solute influx. In accord with previous analysis of ordered binding models
      (Sanders, D., Hansen, U.-P., Gradmann, D., Slayman, C.L. (1984) J. Membrane Biol.
      77:123), the conventional assumption that transmembrane transit rate-limits
      transport has not been applied. Random binding carriers can exhibit single or
      multiple Michaelian kinetics in response to changing substrate concentration.
      These kinetics include high affinity/low velocity and low affinity/high velocity
      phases (so-called "dual isotherms") which are commonly observed in plant cells.
      Other combinations of the Michaelis parameters can result in cis-(substrate)
      inhibition. Despite the generality of the random binding scheme and the
      complexity of the underlying rate equation, a number of predictive and testable
      features emerge. If external driver ion concentration is saturating, single
      Michaelian functions always result and increasing internal substrate
      concentration causes uncompetitive inhibition of transport. Numerical analysis of
      the model in conditions thought to resemble those in many experiments
      demonstrates that small relative differences in a few key component rate
      constants of the carrier reaction cycle are instrumental in generation of dual
      isotherms. The random binding model makes the important prediction that the
      contributions of the two isotherms show opposing dependence on external
      concentration of driver ion as this approaches saturation. In the one case in
      which this dependence has been examined experimentally, the model provides a good
      description of the data. Charge translocation characteristics of the carrier can
      be determined from steady-state kinetic data on the basis of the response of
      substrate flux to modulation of internal driver ion concentration.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2422386
TI  - Rapid chemical probing of conformation in 16 S ribosomal RNA and 30 S ribosomal
      subunits using primer extension.
AB  - We have investigated in detail the higher-order structure of 16 S ribosomal RNA,
      both in its naked form and in 30 S ribosomal subunits. Each base in the 16 S rRNA
      chain has been probed using kethoxal (which reacts with guanine at N1 and N2),
      dimethylsulfate (which reacts with adenine at N1 and cytosine at N3) and 1
      cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)-carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate (which
      reacts with uracil at N3 and guanine at N1). The sites of reaction were
      identified by primer extension with reverse transcriptase using synthetic
      oligodeoxynucleotide primers. These results provide a detailed and rigorous
      experimental test of a model for 16 S rRNA secondary structure, which was derived
      mainly from comparative sequence analysis. Our data also provide information
      relevant to tertiary and quaternary structure of 16 S rRNA. Data obtained with
      naked 16 S rRNA show reasonably close agreement with the proposed model, and data
      obtained with 30 S subunits show nearly complete agreement. Apart from an
      apparent overall "tightening" of the structure (in which many weakly reactive
      bases become unreactive), assembly of the proteins with 16 S rRNA to form 30 S
      subunits brings about numerous local structural rearrangements, resulting in
      specific enhancements as well as protections. In many instances, the ribosomal
      proteins appear to "tune" the 16 S rRNA structure to bring it into accordance
      with the phylogenetically predicted model, even though the RNA on its own often
      seems to prefer a different structure in certain regions of the molecule.
      Extensive protection of conserved, unpaired adenines upon formation of 30 S
      subunits suggests that they play a special role in the assembly process, possibly
      providing signals for protein recognition.

PMID- 2422387
TI  - A molecular, genetic and immunological approach to the functioning of colicin A,
      a pore-forming protein.
AB  - We have constructed, by recombinant DNA techniques, one hybrid protein, colicin A
      beta-lactamase (P24), and two modified colicin As, one (P44) lacking a large
      central domain and the other (PX-345) with a different C-terminal region. The
      regulation of synthesis, the release into the medium and the properties of these
      proteins were studied. Only P44 was released into the medium. This suggests that
      both ends of the colicin A polypeptide chain might be required for colicin
      release. None of the three proteins was active on sensitive cells in an assay in
      vivo. However, P44 was able to form voltage-dependent channels in phospholipid
      planar bilayers. Its lack of activity in vivo is therefore probably caused by the
      inability to bind to the receptor in the outer membrane. PX-345 is a colicin in
      which the last 43 amino acids of colicin A have been replaced by 27 amino acids
      encoded by another reading frame in the same region of the colicin A structural
      gene; it was totally unable to form pores in planar bilayers at neutral pH but
      showed a very slight activity at acidic pH. These results confirm that the C
      terminal domain of colicin A is involved in pore formation and indicate that at
      least the 43 C-terminal amino acid residues of this domain play a significant
      role in pore formation or pore function. Fifteen monoclonal antibodies directed
      against colicin A have been isolated by using conventional techniques. Five out
      of the 15 monoclonal antibodies could preferentially recognize wild-type colicin
      A. In addition, the altered forms of the colicin A polypeptide were used to map
      the epitopes of ten monoclonal antibodies reacting specifically with colicin A.
      Some of the antibodies did not bind to colicin A when it was pre-incubated at
      acidic pH suggesting that colicin A undergoes conformational change at about pH
      4. The effects of monoclonal antibodies on activity in vivo of colicin A were
      investigated. The degree of inhibition observed was related to the location of
      the epitopes, with monoclonal antibodies reacting with the N terminus giving
      greater inhibition. The monoclonal antibodies directed against the C-terminal
      region promoted an apparent activation of colicin activity in vivo.

PMID- 2422388
TI  - Egg capsules of a parasitic turbellarian flatworm: ultrastructure of hatching
      sutures.
AB  - Egg capsules of Syndisyrinx franciscanus, an intestinal parasite of sea urchins
      (Strongylocentrotus spp.), consist of a bulb, which contains the embryos, and a
      stalk-like filament. The wall of the bulb is about 12 microns thick and is
      composed of sclerotized proteins. The end of the bulb opposite the attachment of
      the filament bears a reticulum of hatching sutures. Transmission electron
      microscopy discloses that hatching sutures traverse the entire thickness of the
      capsule wall. The inner 9-10 microns of sutures are a uniform 20 nm in width and
      contain a trilaminar cementum. The outer 2-3 microns of sutures are 15 nm to more
      than 500 nm in width and contain an electron-lucent cementum. The latter may
      contain an irregular, median, electron-dense layer or, more commonly, electron
      dense granules. The outside of some capsules is partially covered by a thin,
      electron-dense material. A previous study showed that sutures in intact capsules
      of Syndisyrinx franciscanus are not affected by host digestive fluids, but are
      severely weakened immediately prior to hatching owing to activities of the
      embryos. The hypothesis that the embryos secrete a hatching enzyme is supported
      by findings that sutures of intact capsules are not affected by externally
      applied trypsin, but become weakened when capsules are cut open and then
      incubated in trypsin. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the outer parts
      of sutures often remain intact after hatching. We hypothesize that the ability of
      sutures to resist enzymatic attack from the outside, but not the inside, results
      from differences in the chemical properties of the cementums in outer and inner
      parts of sutures.

PMID- 2422389
TI  - Purification of L-glutamate decarboxylase from rabbit brain and preparation of a
      monospecific antiserum.
AB  - L-Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of
      gamma-aminobutyric acid, has been purified from rabbit brain and used for the
      production of a monospecific rabbit antiserum. The enzyme was purified
      approximately 500-fold by a combination of ion exchange, hydrophobic,
      hydroxyapatite, and gel filtration column chromatography, and preparative
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The preparation thus obtained was injected
      into a rabbit, producing a polyspecific antiserum. This first antiserum was used
      for the preparation of an immunoprecipitate containing GAD; injections of the
      immunoprecipitate into a second rabbit led to the production of a second,
      monospecific anti-GAD serum. The specificity of the antiserum for GAD has been
      demonstrated by enzyme precipitation, immunodiffusion, line
      immunoelectrophoresis, gel filtration chromatography of GAD/anti-GAD immune
      complexes, and immunocytochemistry in the rat cerebellum.

PMID- 2422390
TI  - Antigen-specific adherence of antibody-producing hybridoma cells: application to
      neural and nonneural antigens.
AB  - Antibody-producing hybridoma cells specifically bind to microgram quantities of
      antigen molecules adsorbed onto the surface of plastic microtiter plates. The
      binding of hybridoma cells to nonantigen is optimally below 5%, similar binding
      of non-antibody-producing cells is 4-7%, compared to the binding of the
      hybridomas to their antigen. There is a difference in the kinetics of binding
      hybridomas to antigen compared to nonantigen. The number of bound cells depends
      on the amount, i.e., the surface density, of the antigen molecules and shows
      typical saturation effects. Preincubation of hybridomas with excess free antigen
      and saturation of the antibody binding site on the surface with the hybridoma
      produced antibody reduces binding of the hybridoma cells to the antigen.
      Treatment of cells with trypsin reduces binding to antigen-coated plastic
      surfaces. Drugs such as sodium azide, cytochalasin B, colchicine, vinpocetine,
      and vincristine sulfate reduce binding to the antigen. Hybridoma cells adhering
      to the antigen produce more antibody than nonadhering cells. The results reported
      in this paper show that antigen molecules adsorbed to include a plastic surface
      and hybridoma cells interact specifically. This system forms a suitable model to
      study the interaction of antigen with antigen-specific cells and may be useful as
      a separation method for specific antibody-producing cells.

PMID- 2422391
TI  - 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate stimulates phosphorylation of the 58,000-Mr
      form of polyomavirus middle T antigen in vivo: implications for a possible role
      of protein kinase C in middle T function.
AB  - The 58,000-Mr form (58K form) of the polyomavirus middle T antigen (mT) is a
      minor species distinguished by its phosphorylation in vivo on serine and by its
      efficient phosphorylation on tyrosine in immune complexes (B.S. Schaffhausen and
      T.L. Benjamin, J. Virol. 40:184-196, 1981). Here we report that the tumor
      promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an activator of protein
      kinase C, rapidly stimulates phosphorylation of this mT species when added to
      cultures of wild-type polyomavirus-infected or polyomavirus-transformed 3T3
      cells. Incubation with TPA leads to an accumulation of the 58K mT species to
      levels 1.5- to 5-fold higher than that in untreated cells within 15 min. TPA
      specifically stimulates phosphorylation of the 58K mT species without affecting
      that of the 56K species. Mapping by partial proteolysis shows that TPA-stimulated
      phosphorylation occurs at or near the site in 58K mT that is normally
      phosphorylated in the absence of TPA. A synthetic diacyl glycerol, 1-oleoyl-2
      acetyl-glycerol, also specifically stimulates phosphorylation of 58K mT in vivo,
      while an inactive phorbol analog does not. TPA fails to induce phosphorylation of
      a 58K mT species encoded by certain nontransforming virus mutants with altered mT
      proteins that normally fail to undergo phosphorylation at the 58K site. These
      results indicate that the 58K form of mT is phosphorylated by or through the
      action of protein kinase C. TPA treatment of infected cells also leads to
      increased levels of 58K mT as measured in the immune complex kinase reaction, in
      which mT becomes phosphorylated on tyrosine by pp60c-src. These results are
      discussed in terms of a possible role for protein kinase C in activating mT
      function(s), including the formation of stable complexes with pp60c-src.

PMID- 2422392
TI  - Use of bacterial expression cloning to define the amino acid sequences of
      antigenic determinants on the G2 glycoprotein of Rift Valley fever virus.
AB  - Four distinct antigenic determinants along the G2 glycoprotein encoded by the M
      segment RNA of the Phlebovirus Rift Valley fever virus were localized. These
      epitopes were defined by four monoclonal antibodies, three of which were capable
      of neutralizing virus infectivity; one was nonneutralizing. Immunoprecipitation
      by these monoclonal antibodies of either denatured or native antigen
      characterized the epitopes as having linear or higher order structure. Molecular
      cloning of G2 glycoprotein-coding sequences into a bacterial expression plasmid
      utilizing a beta-galactosidase fusion protein system was employed for epitope
      localization. A nuclease BAL 31 plasmid expression library, in which processive
      regions of the 3' end of the G2 glycoprotein coding sequences were deleted,
      allowed for approximation of the carboxy-terminal limit of the antigenic
      determinants. Further subcloning of limited G2 polypeptide sequences into the
      bacterial expression vector permitted more refined localization of the epitopes.
      The characteristics of the immunoreactivity of these small peptide regions
      (between 11 and 34 amino acids) produced in bacteria as G2-beta-galactosidase
      fusion proteins were similar to those of the authentic Rift Valley fever virus G2
      glycoprotein. These defined antigenic determinants and their importance in virus
      infectivity are discussed.

PMID- 2422393
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies of African swine fever virus: antigenic differences among
      field virus isolates and viruses passaged in cell culture.
AB  - An analysis of the binding properties of a collection of monoclonal antibodies to
      African swine fever virus particles showed that virus field isolates passaged in
      porcine macrophages changed antigenically more than a strain of a cell-adapted
      virus passaged in Vero cells. From seven clones isolated from the spleen of a
      field-infected pig, we found four clones that had the same antigenic properties,
      one clone that had large changes in proteins p150 and p27 and small changes in
      proteins p37 and p14, and two clones that had minor changes in proteins p150 and
      p27, respectively. An analysis of the binding properties of the monoclonal
      antibodies to 23 field isolates from Africa, Europe, and America showed that the
      African isolates differed among themselves more than the European and the
      American isolates; in this study we found changes in 8 of the 10 virus proteins
      tested. The most variable proteins in the African isolates were p150, p27, p14,
      and p12. In contrast to the African isolates, protein p12 from the non-African
      viruses did not change. The clustering of the field virus isolates in six
      antigenic homology groups indicated the existence of a complex variety of African
      swine fever virus serotypes.

PMID- 2422394
TI  - Mechanism of in vitro synthesis of covalently linked dimeric RNA molecules by the
      poliovirus replicase.
AB  - Four RNA fragments of approximately 1,000 to 1,200 nucleotides, representing both
      the 5' and 3' termini of poliovirus plus- and minus-strand RNAs, were generated
      by transcription of poliovirus cDNA by using bacteriophage SP6 RNA polymerase.
      The copying of these templates by the poliovirus replicase invariably produced
      RNA products approximately twice the size of the templates. In experiments with
      templates uniformly labeled with 32P it was shown that some of the apparently
      double-length products were generated by extension from an internal site of the
      template. Filter hybridization of the labeled in vitro-synthesized products with
      various unlabeled templates suggested a second mechanism by which double-length
      molecules could be synthesized; the results can be best explained by de novo
      synthesis of the first strand by copying of the template RNA, followed by snap
      back of the newly synthesized RNA, generating a template-primer structure for the
      synthesis of the second strand. Highly purified poliovirus replicase was able to
      support the synthesis of double-length RNA products in response to these
      templates. These reactions did not require host factor. In contrast, synthesis of
      genome-length copies of poliovirion RNA by the same replicase was absolutely
      dependent on added host factor. The synthesis of double-length RNA products did
      not require either the 3'-terminal poly(A) of plus RNA or sequences within the 3'
      termini of both plus- and minus-strand RNAs.

PMID- 2422395
TI  - Persistent infection of a temperature-sensitive G31 vesicular stomatitis virus
      mutant in neural and nonneural cells: biological and virological characteristics.
AB  - Mouse L-929 cells (L cells), human oligodendroglioma cells, and rat glioma cells
      were persistently infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) mutant tsG31 and
      maintained for at least 4 years at 37 degrees C. The striking observation in this
      study was that there is a marked difference in neurovirulence among the
      persistent infections (PIs) derived from the three cell lines. tsG31 VSV derived
      from persistently infected L cells and oligodendroglioma cells remained highly
      virulent as assayed by intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation into 3-week-old Swiss
      mice. In contrast, tsG31 VSV isolated from glioma cells lost neurovirulence by
      passage 20. Persistently infected glioma cells were carried through more than 180
      passages without reemergence of neurovirulent virus. Importantly, glioma PI virus
      neurovirulence was restored quickly by i.c. passage in mice and more slowly by
      passage through normal L cells. In contrast, the neurovirulence of L-cell PI
      virus was enhanced by i.c. passage in mice and slowly reduced by passage through
      normal glioma cells. Furthermore, no alteration in neurovirulence was observed in
      the case of oligodendroglioma PI virus. Although the mechanism(s) underlying the
      loss of virulence in glioma cells is unclear, our studies suggest that either
      strict temperature sensitivity or the presence of a heat-labile transcriptase or
      both play a major role in this phenomenon.

PMID- 2422396
TI  - RNA-binding proteins of bovine rotavirus.
AB  - Two major bovine rotavirus proteins have RNA-binding activity as shown by an RNA
      overlay-protein blot assay. Of the six proteins in purified virions, only one
      showed RNA-binding activity. This 92,000-molecular-weight (92K) protein was
      present in both single- and double-shelled particles. Its RNA-binding activity
      was blocked by preincubation with monospecific antibody to VP2. Thus, the 92K RNA
      binding protein in rotavirus virions is VP2, the second most abundant protein in
      single-shelled particles. In infected cell extracts, numerous cellular RNA
      binding proteins and two virus-specific RNA-binding proteins were detected, VP2
      and a 31K nonstructural (NS31) protein. VP2 bound single-stranded RNA in
      preference to double-stranded RNA, whereas NS31 bound both single- and double
      stranded RNA equally well. Binding did not appear to be nucleotide sequence
      specific, because RNA from uninfected cells and an unrelated RNA virus bound to
      VP2 and to NS31 as did rotavirus RNA. This technique showed that both cellular
      and rotavirus RNA-binding proteins also bound DNA. VP2 interacted with rotavirus
      RNA over a broad pH range, with an optimum at pH 6.4 to 6.8, and at NaCl
      concentrations between 0 and 100 mM. The RNA-binding activity of NS31 exhibited
      similar pH and NaCl dependency. Sequence-specific nucleic acid binding could be
      detected by this method. When labeled synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides
      corresponding to the 3' and 5' plus-sense terminal sequences of rotavirus gene
      segments were used as probes, the 3' synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide bound to
      one 48K protein in control and infected cells. This suggests that there may be a
      specific functional interaction between the 48K cellular protein and this 3'
      terminal noncoding region of the rotavirus genome or mRNA. These data show that
      the RNA overlay-protein blot assay is a useful test to identify some cellular and
      viral proteins with RNA-binding activity. For bovine rotavirus, the evidence
      suggests that, of all the virus-specific proteins, VP2 and NS31 are most likely
      to interact with RNA during transcription and replication or virus assembly or
      both.

PMID- 2422397
TI  - Free and viral chromosome-bound simian virus 40 T antigen: changes in reactivity
      of specific antigenic determinants during lytic infection.
AB  - Simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen (TAg), both free and bound to mature 70S
      and replicating 90S SV40 chromosomes, was prepared from lytically infected cells.
      The relative reactivity of the different TAg-containing fractions toward 10
      monoclonal antibodies directed against three different regions in SV40 TAg and
      toward an antibody against the p53 protein was measured. The results for free TAg
      indicated that all of the determinants in both the amino-terminal (0.65 to 0.62
      map units) and carboxy-terminal (0.28 to 0.17 map units) regions were highly
      reactive, whereas all five determinants located between 0.43 and 0.28 map units
      in the midregion of TAg were poorly reactive. For TAg bound to replicating
      chromosomes, all but one of the antibodies specific for TAg were highly reactive.
      Thus, antigenic sites in the middle of TAg, the region important for nucleotide
      binding and ATP hydrolysis (an activity required for viral DNA replication), were
      more accessible in TAg-replicating DNA complexes. As replicating molecules
      matured into 70S chromosomes, three or more determinants at different locations
      in TAg bound to chromatin became two- to fivefold less reactive, indicating other
      changes in TAg structure. Overall, at least nine different antigenic determinants
      in the TAg molecule were identified. Anti-p53 was reactive with about 10% of the
      free TAg and the same amount of SV40 chromosomes of all ages, suggesting that p53
      TAg complexes are not preferentially associated with either replicating or mature
      viral chromosomes. When the reactivity of both mature and replicating labeled
      SV40 chromosomes with polyclonal tumor anti-T was measured as a function of time
      after purification, TAg bound to mature chromosomes appeared to dissociate about
      fourfold faster than that bound to replicating chromosomes. The relative amount
      of TAg in various subcellular fractions was measured by an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. Approximately 1.3% of the total TAg was estimated to be
      associated with SV40 chromosomes in infected cells. Based on the relative amounts
      of TAg and viral DNA in the 70S and 90S fractions, replicating chromosome-TAg
      complexes were estimated to bind 4.8 times more TAg per DNA molecule, on the
      average, than mature chromosome-TAg complexes. Together, these results are
      consistent with major differences in TAg structure when free and associated with
      replicating and nonreplicating SV40 chromosomes.

PMID- 2422398
TI  - Passive protection against rotavirus-induced diarrhea by monoclonal antibodies to
      surface proteins vp3 and vp7.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies directed against two rotavirus surface proteins (vp3 and
      vp7) as well as a rotavirus inner capsid protein (vp6) were tested for their
      ability to protect suckling mice against virulent rotavirus challenge. Monoclonal
      antibodies to two distinct epitopes of vp7 of simian rotavirus strain RRV
      neutralized RRV in vitro and passively protected suckling mice against RRV
      challenge. A monoclonal antibody directed against vp3 of porcine rotavirus strain
      OSU neutralized three distinct serotypes in vitro (OSU, RRV, and UK) and
      passively protected suckling mice against OSU, RRV, and UK virus-induced
      diarrhea. The role of vp3 in eliciting protection against heterotypic rotavirus
      challenge should be considered when developing a vaccine with cloned rotavirus
      genes. Alternatively, immunization with a reassortant rotavirus containing vp3
      and vp7 from two antigenically distinct rotavirus parents might protect against
      diarrhea induced by two or more rotavirus serotypes.

PMID- 2422399
TI  - Purification of the Epstein-Barr virus/C3d complement receptor of human B
      lymphocytes: antigenic and functional properties of the purified protein.
AB  - The Epstein-Barr virus/C3d receptor (CR2) of human B lymphocytes was purified to
      homogeneity from Raji cells by immunoaffinity chromatography. The average yield
      of the 145-kilodalton receptor was 400 pmol (50 micrograms) per 10(10) cells,
      representing an approximate 75% recovery. The isolated 145-kilodalton protein was
      antigenically and functionally intact as it reacted with several anti-CR2
      monoclonal antibodies and bound purified Epstein-Barr virus and C3d,g. These
      findings with the purified molecule provide an unequivocal demonstration of the
      dual receptor functions of this protein.

PMID- 2422400
TI  - Interferon structural genes do not participate in quantitative regulation of
      interferon production by If loci as shown in C57BL/6 mice that are congenic with
      BALB/c mice at the alpha interferon gene cluster.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that serum interferon (IFN) production in mice is
      quantitatively influenced by If loci, whose alleles determine high or low
      production. Although different loci influence IFN production in response to
      different inducers, such as Newcastle disease virus, Sendai virus, herpes simplex
      virus type 1, and polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid, BALB/c mice are in
      every instance low producers. It was therefore possible that, in addition to If
      loci, some feature of the BALB/c structural IFN genes contributed to low
      production. This was examined in the present work, in which IFN production was
      measured in two strains of C57BL/6 mice congenic with BALB/c at the murine alpha
      IFN (IFN-alpha) gene cluster on chromosome 4. One line, HW13 (B6.C-H-15c-H-16c-H
      20c-H-21c/By) has a BALB/c fragment on chromosome 4 of at least 35 centimorgans
      which includes the BALB/c IFN-alpha gene cluster and four loci of the brown
      histocompatibility complex; the other line, HW13J (B6.C-H-15c/By), has a much
      shorter fragment (about 15 centimorgans), but it also comprises the BALB/c IFN
      alpha gene cluster. We show that these mice, carrying the BALB/c IFN-alpha
      structural genes on a C57BL/6 background, are high IFN producers when stimulated
      by Newcastle disease virus, Sendai virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, or
      polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid. Thus, the low IFN production of BALB/c
      mice is not directly due to some feature of the IFN-alpha structural genes but is
      mainly the result of different alleles at If loci.

PMID- 2422401
TI  - Characterization of the restricted component of Epstein-Barr virus early antigens
      as a cytoplasmic filamentous protein.
AB  - Four monoclonal antibodies produced against the restricted component of the
      Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early antigen (EA-R) precipitated a polypeptide with an
      approximate molecular weight of 85,000. Three of these antibodies prepared
      against the native 85,000-molecular-weight protein (85K protein) reacted by
      immunofluorescence with acetone-fixed smears but not methanol-fixed smears of EBV
      producing cells activated with tumor-promoting agent and sodium butyrate. The
      fourth monoclonal antibody which was produced against the denatured 85K protein
      reacted with both acetone-fixed cells and methanol-fixed cells. Blocking of
      direct immunofluorescence by the different monoclonal antibodies established that
      these monoclonal antibodies were directed against three different epitopes
      expressed on the 85K protein. The cytoplasmic staining pattern produced by each
      antibody was granular during the first 24 to 28 h after induction, developed into
      filamentous structures about 36 h after induction, and then began to aggregate
      after 48 h. Similar structures were observed in human placental cells transfected
      by EBV DNA and stained with three of the monoclonal antibodies. These results
      suggest that the EA-R polypeptide is assembled into filaments during the EBV
      lytic cycle. The significance of this in regards to replication has yet to be
      determined. Biochemical characterization of this major EA-R component did not
      reveal any major differences in this protein isolated from different cell lines.

PMID- 2422402
TI  - Mapping regions of the matrix protein of vesicular stomatitis virus which bind to
      ribonucleocapsids, liposomes, and monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The matrix (M) protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) appears to function as
      a bridge between the ribonucleocapsid (RNP) core and the envelope in assembly of
      the virion. Two such properties would necessitate at least one site for
      interaction with the nucleocapsid and one with the envelope. In this study M
      protein was found to mediate the in vitro binding to RNP cores of phospholipid
      vesicles, representing membrane structures. The M protein could bind initially to
      either the vesicles or the RNP cores to promote RNP-vesicle association. A
      trypsin-resistant fragment (MT) of M protein, missing the initial 43 amino acids
      from its amino terminus, reconstituted with acidic phospholipid vesicles with the
      same binding efficiency as did whole M protein, suggesting that the carboxy
      terminal 81% retained those regions of the M protein which interact with a lipid
      bilayer. The MT protein, however, was considerably less efficient than intact M
      protein as an inhibitor of in vitro virus transcription; almost 2.5-fold more MT
      protein than intact M protein was required for 50% inhibition of VSV
      transcription, indicating that a site for interaction with the RNP core may have
      been lost. A monoclonal antibody which is able to reverse the in vitro inhibition
      of transcription by M protein did not react by immunoblotting with MT protein.
      Partial tryptic digests of the M protein probed with this monoclonal antibody
      indicated that epitope 1 lies between amino acid residues 18 and 43. This region
      appears to be a site that promotes interaction of the M protein with the RNP core
      of VSV. Monoclonal antibodies to epitopes 2 and 3, which exhibit some overlap in
      binding to M protein but do not reverse transcription inhibition, were mapped by
      cleavage with N-chlorosuccinimide at regions in a carboxy direction from epitope
      1.

PMID- 2422403
TI  - Interferon-regulated influenza virus resistance gene Mx is localized on mouse
      chromosome 16.
AB  - Genomic Southern blots of mouse-hamster somatic cell hybrids were analyzed with a
      probe prepared from a cDNA encoding murine Mx protein, the product of the
      interferon-regulated influenza virus resistance allele Mx+. Results of this
      analysis indicate that the Mx gene is located on mouse chromosome 16. In
      appropriate backcross mice, no linkage was observed between Mx and md, a marker
      previously mapped close to the centromere of chromosome 16, suggesting a more
      distal localization of Mx.

PMID- 2422404
TI  - Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. Results and complications in 81
      patients.
AB  - Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage is usually used for preoperative
      decompression and for palliation in obstructive jaundice, but little attention
      has been focused on catheter complications. We retrospectively reviewed our
      experience with percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage in 81 consecutive
      patients. There was a 10.0% failure rate and an 8.6% mortality rate. Four
      patients (4.9%) required emergency operations for complications and an additional
      ten patients (12.3%) required transfusions. The overall sepsis rate was 34.6%;
      prophylactic antibiotics decreased the sepsis rate. Thirty-eight patients (47.0%)
      required 68 manipulation procedures for catheter malfunctions. No distinguishing
      characteristics could be found to identify the subgroups having complications or
      mortalities. The efficacy of preoperative percutaneous transhepatic biliary
      drainage has not been proved, and the indications for palliation are not clearly
      defined. Further trials are needed to define the role of percutaneous
      transhepatic biliary drainage in patients with obstructive jaundice.

PMID- 2422405
TI  - 'Do not resuscitate' orders.

PMID- 2422406
TI  - [Effect of intrathecal beta-endorphin and electrical tooth pulp stimulation on
      endocrine and cardiovascular functions].

PMID- 2422407
TI  - [Patterns of relapse in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after complete remission induced
      by combination chemotherapy].

PMID- 2422408
TI  - [Changes in the glycoprotein sugar chain in neoplastic cells].

PMID- 2422409
TI  - [Antineoplastic effects of interferons].

PMID- 2422410
TI  - The localization of human keratin proteins at cytological and histological levels
      in carcinomatous and sarcomatous lesions.
AB  - Immunoperoxidase staining for human keratin proteins was performed cytologically
      on samples from 90 patients with malignant tumors, and histologically on samples
      from 164 patients with malignant tumors. At the cytological level, almost all
      tumor cells not only in squamous cell carcinoma but also in nonsquamous cell
      carcinoma were positive for keratin proteins, in contrast with the apparent
      abscence of keratin proteins in sarcoma. At the histological level, almost all
      neoplastic cells of squamous cell carcinoma were positive for keratin proteins,
      the same as at the cytological level. In contrast, among cases of nonsquamous
      cell carcinoma, the frequency of appearance of keratin proteins varied according
      to the organ; it tended to be low in tumors with relatively good prognosis, such
      as carcinomas in the digestive system or thyroid cancer, and to be high in tumor
      with poor prognosis, such as pulmonary cancer, gallbladder cancer and endometrial
      cancer. However, there was a marked difference between the frequency of
      appearance of keratin proteins at the cytological level and that at the
      histological level, particularly in the cases of gastric cancer.

PMID- 2422411
TI  - [Vaccine: its application and development].

PMID- 2422412
TI  - [How to produce monoclonal antibody].

PMID- 2422413
TI  - [Identification of the site of origin of ventricular parasystole by body surface
      mapping].

PMID- 2422414
TI  - [An overview of tumor markers].

PMID- 2422415
TI  - [Fine structure and function of keratinocytes].

PMID- 2422416
TI  - [Drugs inhibiting chemical mediator release as remedies for allergy-related
      diseases].

PMID- 2422417
TI  - [In vivo origin of the hematoxylin positive of newborn rat epidermis].

PMID- 2422418
TI  - [Effects of mast cell degranulation induced by compound 48/80 on the colonic
      mucosal microcirculation in the rat and suppressive action of tranilast].

PMID- 2422419
TI  - [Indices on accumulation of pollutants in human body from forensic autopsy
      materials].

PMID- 2422420
TI  - Production of the modified form of human plasminogen by alpha 2-macroglobulin
      plasmin complexes.
AB  - It has been speculated that the modified form of plasminogen, a precursor of
      proteolytic enzyme plasmin in plasma, plays an important role in fibrinolysis in
      the blood. The present study was undertaken to examine the production by alpha 2
      macroglobulin-plasmin complexes. alpha 2-Macroglobulin-plasmin complexes were
      purified from urokinase-activated plasma by affinity chromatography on lysine
      Sepharose and gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA 22. The plasmin complex converted
      native plasminogen into the modified form more easily in the presence of epsilon
      aminocaproic acid. The modification of native plasminogen by alpha 2
      macroglobulin-bound plasmin was completely inhibited by aprotinin, and partly by
      soybean trypsin inhibitor. alpha 2-macroglobulin-bound plasmin produced modified
      plasminogen in human plasma where potent plasmin inhibitors exist, though the
      degree of production was small. The present results support the speculation of
      the important role of the modified form in vivo.

PMID- 2422421
TI  - Calcium channel currents in isolated guinea-pig ventricular cells superfused with
      Ca-free EGTA solution.
AB  - Changes in membrane currents seen in Ca-free, EGTA (1 mM)-containing Tyrode
      solution (EGTA Tyrode), were studied in isolated guinea-pig ventricular cells,
      under the voltage clamp performed with a "G omega seal" patch electrode.
      Application of the EGTA Tyrode (calculated [Ca]0 = 1.3 X 10(-9) M) first
      eliminated the usual calcium current, but induced an extra inward current within
      2 min. The reversal potential of this current, as judged by the direction of the
      current change, was about +25 mV (without correction of a liquid junction
      potential of -12 mV), but above this voltage a decaying outward current was
      observed. The decay of these inward and outward currents during depolarization
      was slow, but a large, nearly time-independent component was evident. These
      currents, regardless of their polarity and time course, were reduced by
      application of verapamil (10(-5) M) and Mg (5 mM), and were inactivated by pre
      depolarizations. In Na-free EGTA Tyrode, the inward current disappeared but the
      outward current persisted at high voltages. These results suggest that in
      ventricular cells, reduction of external Ca concentrations to a nanomolar range
      induces a Ca channel current composed of an inward current carried by Na, and an
      outward current, presumably carried by K ions. Because of the persistence of the
      apparently non-inactivating Ca channel current, the net membrane current evoked
      at voltages around 0 mV remained close to zero, or even inward, after the decay
      of the time-dependent component, which was completed within a few hundreds ms.
      This characteristic I-V relation was considered to be linked to the development
      of the long-lasting action potentials, with a plateau maintained at around 0 mV,
      in EGTA Tyrode.

PMID- 2422422
TI  - Influences of pressure-injected cyclic AMP on the membrane current and
      characteristics of an identified neuron of Aplysia kurodai.
AB  - The ionic mechanism of the effect of intracellularly injected adenosine 3',5'
      cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) on the membrane of identified neuron L5 of Aplysia
      kurodai was investigated with conventional voltage-clamp and ion-substitution
      techniques. The intracellular elevation of cAMP caused an inward current (IcAMP),
      which was not accompanied by a significant change in membrane conductance at
      potentials more hyperpolarized than -60 mV. The current increased over the
      voltage range (-50 to -30 mV) associated with a conductance decrease and
      decreased at potentials more hyperpolarized than -60 mV. Elevated intracellular
      cAMP was found to enhance a region of negative slope resistance in steady-state I
      V relations. Duration of the IcAMP was greatly prolonged by bath-applied
      isobutylmethylxanthine (50 microM), but imidazole (10 mM) had an opposite effect
      on the IcAMP. Tolbutamide (5 mM), a protein kinase inhibitor, reduced the IcAMP.
      The current was not affected by the presence of bath-applied TTX (50 microM),
      ouabain (50 microM), or triaminopyrimidine (5 mM). Reduction of [Na+]0 reversibly
      decreased the IcAMP. Li+ could largely substitute for Na+. Alterations of [K+]0,
      and bath application of 4-AP (5 mM) and TEA (30 mM) did not affect the IcAMP. In
      the presence of Na+, Cl-, and divalent cations such as Ca2+ and Ba2+ inhibited
      the IcAMP. These results suggest that fast elevation of intracellular cAMP
      induces a TTX-resistant slow Na+ inward current, and the current might be due to
      activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

PMID- 2422423
TI  - Antidiuretic effects of dibutyryl-cyclic AMP microinjected into the hypothalamic
      paraventricular nucleus in a water-loaded and ethanol-anesthetized rat.
AB  - Effects of dibutyryl-cyclic AMP (db-cAMP) and cyclic AMP (cAMP) when
      microinjected into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in a water
      loaded and ethanol-anesthetized rat on the rate of urine outflow, urine osmotic
      pressure and other visceral functions were investigated. The microinjection of db
      cAMP decreased the rate of urine outflow with concomitant increase in the urine
      osmotic pressure, but did not change mean blood pressure, heart rate, respiration
      rate and rectal temperature. The antidiuretic effect of db-cAMP was more potent
      than the effect of cAMP, the median effective doses (ED50) being approx. 40 nmol
      for db-cAMP and more than 300 nmol for cAMP, respectively. The time-courses for
      the antidiuretic effects and for the increase in the urine osmotic pressure
      showed a similar pattern, with the maximal effect at approx. 30 to 40 min and the
      duration of approx. one hour or longer. The effect of db-cAMP was potentiated by
      pretreatment with methylxanthines and inhibited by pretreatment with atropine. A
      second microinjection of db-cAMP induced a less potent antidiuretic effect than
      the first microinjection (tachyphylaxis). The results indicated the antidiuretic
      effects of microinjection of db-cAMP and cAMP into the PVN, and a possible
      mechanism for this was discussed.

PMID- 2422424
TI  - Suppressive effects of tritoqualine on cell growth and collagen secretion in
      fibroblasts.
AB  - The effects of tritoqualine (TRQ) on established cell lines of fibroblasts,
      Balb/3T3 and 3T6, were investigated with respect to growth and collagen
      secretion. TRQ suppressed growth rate in the log phase and inhibited collagen
      secretion in the stationary phase of both cell lines. However, TRQ was not
      cytotoxic because of lack of influence on cell maintenance in the stationary
      phase. These effects of TRQ are thought to be very important as a mechanism of
      inhibitory action against liver fibrosis in chronic liver injury in rats.

PMID- 2422425
TI  - [Experimental and clinical analysis of the adjuvant chemotherapy of lung cancer
      via lymphatic route during operation].

PMID- 2422426
TI  - Multiple markers for lung cancer diagnosis: validation of models for advanced
      lung cancer.
AB  - Sera from 171 patients with advanced lung cancer, from 110 normals, and from 123
      subjects with benign respiratory diseases were analyzed for 10 substances to
      detect lung cancer: ferritin, lipid-bound sialic acid, total sialic acid, beta 2
      microglobulin, lipotropin, the alpha and beta subunits of human chorionic
      gonadotropin, calcitonin (two assays), parathyroid hormone, and carcinoembryonic
      antigen. Individual markers were studied, and optimal combinations of markers
      were sought for discriminating lung cancer patients from normals and from
      patients with benign lung disease. Numerous methods for combining the markers
      were examined, but the methods of logistic regression and recursive partitioning
      were finally adopted. The best discrimination rules we could find used only
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and total sialic acid (TSA). The performance of
      these rules was validated on an independent serum panel containing sera from 68
      patients with advanced lung cancer, from 40 normals, and from 52 patients with
      benign respiratory disease. The combination rules based on TSA and CEA performed
      better than a rule based on CEA alone. Logistic discrimination rules with TSA and
      CEA that were designed to have 95% specificity achieved 54% sensitivity for
      discriminating advanced lung cancer from normal controls and 52% sensitivity for
      discriminating advanced lung cancer from controls with benign disease. Some
      aspects of clinical applicability are discussed, including planned studies for
      localized lung cancer and the requirement for further testing in specific
      clinical settings.

PMID- 2422428
TI  - Conservation of epithelial cell phenotypes during hematogenous metastasis from
      mammary carcinomas.
AB  - The phenotypic heterogeneity of epithelial cells during hematogenous metastasis
      from primary mammary carcinomas of BALB/cfC3H mice was examined. Antisera to
      keratins were used in immunofluorescence assays to identify epithelial and
      myoepithelial cells. Both cell types were located in frozen sections of not only
      the primary lesions but also pulmonary metastases. Tumor cells disseminating to
      the lungs were recovered from the bloodstream of tumor-bearing mice with the use
      of a quantitative density gradient centrifugation procedure. Carcinoma cells were
      detected in the circulation of 62% of mice at the time of assay, but all tumors
      examined had released cells into the circulation at some point in their history.
      Epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells were detected simultaneously in 21% of
      mice, whereas other mice had only epithelial cells (16%) or myoepithelial cells
      (25%) in their circulation at the time of assay. Single cells and multicellular
      emboli of each cell type were disseminated, together with similar numbers of
      heterogeneous emboli containing both epithelial and myoepithelial cells. The
      evidence shows that the presence of both mammary epithelial and myoepithelial
      cells in pulmonary metastases from mouse mammary carcinomas can be accounted for
      by their hematogenous delivery as differentiated cells.

PMID- 2422427
TI  - Kinetics of depression and recovery of murine hepatic cytochrome P-450 levels
      after treatment with the interferon inducer polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic
      acid.
AB  - In vivo treatment of randombred Swiss Webster mice with polyriboinosinic
      polyribocytidylic acid (poly l X poly C) inhibited the induction of cytochrome P
      450's by both 3-methylcholanthrene [(MCA) CAS: 56-49-5] and phenobarbitol [(PB)
      CAS: 50-06-6]. Concomitant treatments with poly l X poly C and a single dose of
      MCA inhibited the induction of P-450's for 24 hours and delayed the obtainment of
      the MCA-induced P-450 levels for approximately 48-72 hours. When cytochrome P-450
      levels were induced by four successive daily treatments of MCA or PB and when
      poly l X poly C was given on only the 1st day, induction of P-450's was
      completely suppressed for 24 hours and obtainment of the maximal P-450 level was
      delayed by 72-96 hours. Treatment with poly l X poly C of animals preinduced for
      P-450's by four successive daily treatments with either PB or MCA decreased the P
      450 content to the noninduced basal level within 24 hours. The effect was
      temporary in the MCA-treated mice since P-450 content recovered to the MCA
      preinduced levels within 72 hours. PB-dependent P-450 induction was short lived,
      and no recovery occurred after poly l X poly C treatment of PB-preinduced mice.
      Reduced hepatic cytochrome P-450 contents correlated with decreased abilities of
      liver homogenates to metabolically activate benzo [a]pyrene (CAS: 50-32-8) and N
      acetyl-2-aminofluorene (CAS: 53-96-3), as scored in an Ames Salmonella
      typhimurium revertant assay.

PMID- 2422429
TI  - [Diagnostic significance of indices of kininogenesis in infectious-allergic
      myocarditis].
AB  - Three patterns of kininogenetic changes: enhanced (50% of patients), depressed
      (40%) and qualitatively-different (10%) kininogenesis, were identified through 3
      measurements of blood kallikrein-kinin (BKK) activity by kininogenase techniques
      in patients with infectious allergic myocarditis and myocarditic cardiosclerosis.
      The intensity of individual phases of kininogenesis is conditioned by the
      activity of total plasma kallikrein, its conformation and the level of kallikrein
      inhibitors. During the activated kininogenesis phase, a direct relation can be
      seen between changes in the activity of the above-mentioned parameters and
      clinical severity of the disease. The measurement of total kallikrein activity,
      kaolin adsorption of this enzyme, and kallikrein inhibitors may be useful as an
      additional diagnostic test. The pattern of changes in BKK activity parameters may
      be indicative of persisting or progressing myocardial inflammatory allergic
      process in patients with myocarditic cardiosclerosis. The treatment for
      myocarditis with conventional anti-inflammatory agents, leaving out the drugs
      controlling kininogenetic changes, fails to produce complete recovery and the
      normalization of BKK activity.

PMID- 2422430
TI  - [Clinical and cardiohemodynamic effects of the new long-acting beta-blocker
      tobanum].
AB  - The effects of long-acting beta-adrenoblocker tobanum on the frequency and
      severity of anginal attacks, bicycle ergometry, echocardiographic parameters of
      intracardiac hemodynamics, pulse rate, arterial blood pressure were studied in
      comparison with the respective effects of the short-acting beta-adrenoblocker
      anaprilin and the long-acting beta-blocker corgard in 45 coronary patients with
      stable angina of functional classes I through IV. Tobanum produced antianginal
      effect in 82.2% of cases, and was well tolerated. The effect of one 5 mg pill set
      on later, as compared to anaprilin, and lasted longer (averaging 12 hours).

PMID- 2422431
TI  - Captopril enhances aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in potassium-depleted rats.
AB  - We demonstrated that potassium depletion significantly increased gentamicin
      nephrotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats (100 mg X kg-1 X day-1). To determine
      whether this enhanced toxicity was mediated by renin secretion, we evaluated the
      effect of a converting enzyme inhibitor in this model. When we administered the
      combination of captopril (100 mg X kg-1 X day-1) and gentamicin in potassium
      depleted rats, we observed a surprising and significant adverse effect of this
      combination on the clearances of inulin (CIn) and PAH (CPAH) and renal blood flow
      (RBF). Pretreatment with indomethacin significantly improved CIn and CPAH, and
      potassium repletion abolished this effect entirely. In potassium-depleted animals
      that received both gentamicin and captopril, the intra-arterial administration of
      imidazole, a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, significantly reduced urinary TXB2
      excretion and significantly improved RBF and CIn in vivo. In the same group of
      animals, administration of the kallikrein antagonist aprotinin also significantly
      increased both RBF and CIn. To measure total renal thromboxane B2 production
      (TXB2), we perfused kidneys ex vivo with cell-free perfusate. Three groups of
      animals were studied: potassium-repleted control animals, potassium-depleted
      control animals, and potassium-depleted animals treated with gentamicin alone,
      captopril alone, or the combination of gentamicin and captopril. We measured TXB2
      in renal venous effluent by radioimmunoassay. Ex vivo perfused kidneys from
      potassium-depleted control animals produced significantly more TXB2 than
      potassium-repleted controls. Kidneys from potassium-depleted animals that
      received both gentamicin and captopril produced significantly greater amounts of
      TXB2 than did kidneys from potassium-depleted animals treated with captopril
      alone, gentamicin alone, or control potassium-depleted kidneys. The
      administration of imidazole ex vivo at a rate equivalent to in vivo
      administration (10 microM/min) reduced TXB2 production by potassium-depleted
      kidneys that received the combination of gentamicin and captopril to that of
      potassium-repleted control kidneys. These results suggest that the deleterious
      effect of captopril in potassium-depleted rats that received gentamicin is due at
      least in part to kinin-stimulated renal TXB2 production.

PMID- 2422432
TI  - The biology of renal hypertrophy.

PMID- 2422433
TI  - Regulation of renal cellular cAMP levels by prostaglandins and alpha 2
      adrenoceptors: microdissection studies.
AB  - Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      activation reversed arachidonic acid induced diuresis in the rat. However, the
      site of action was not elucidated. Since prostaglandin E2 is the predominant
      prostaglandin metabolite of arachidonic acid, we studied the effect of renal
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor stimulation on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induced cAMP
      formation. The study was done in intact single nephron segments and glomeruli.
      All incubations were done in the presence of 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
      (phosphodiesterase inhibitor) and propranolol at 37 degrees C for two minutes.
      PGE2 increased cellular cAMP levels in the thin descending limb of Henle (tDL),
      cortical collecting tubule (CCT) and glomerulus. Alpha 2-adrenoceptors were
      activated with varying concentrations of epinephrine (E). In the tDL, alpha 2
      adrenoceptor activation with E (5 X 10(-6)M to 5 X 10(-5)M) suppressed (p less
      than 0.05) PGE2 stimulated cAMP production by 35%. This suppression by E was
      inhibited by 5 X 10(-6)M yohimbine but not by 5 X 10(-6)M prazosin confirming
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediation of the effects of E. Conversely, in the CCT and
      glomerulus, E had no effect on PGE2-stimulated increases in cellular cAMP levels.
      Thus, the capacity of alpha 2-adrenoceptors to inhibit PGE2-stimulated adenylate
      cyclase is anatomic site-specific. This effect of alpha 2-adrenoceptors on cAMP
      in the tDL may explain, at least in part, the effect of alpha 2-adrenoceptors on
      arachidonic acid induced diuresis in the rat.

PMID- 2422434
TI  - [Bilateral ligation of the internal iliac arteries in the surgery of the organs
      of the small pelvis].

PMID- 2422435
TI  - [Pain and its treatment in patients with tumors].

PMID- 2422436
TI  - Asbestos bodies in rat lung following intratracheal instillation of chrysotile.
AB  - Asbestos bodies in rat lung have rarely been reported, and just one previous
      record of their formation from chrysotile fibres in the rat is known. This paper
      illustrates the production of numerous true asbestos bodies in the lungs of
      Lister hooded rats after a single small intratracheal dose of lightly milled
      chrysotile. The demonstration of these bodies is particularly useful because
      uncoated chrysotile fibres in lung tissue cannot normally be visualized by light
      microscopy; the detection of asbestos bodies, and therefore of asbestos fibres,
      provides a means of directly relating asbestos exposure to observed tissue
      lesions. The asbestos bodies detected in the present study were nearly always
      associated with small pulmonary fibrotic lesions. The bodies ranged in length
      from 5 to 80 micron and were up to 5 micron in diameter. Small spheres, rods and
      bodies the shape of a comma were common; larger beaded structures were somewhat
      rarer. The bodies were visible in tissue sections stained routinely with modified
      Azan stain and with haematoxylin and eosin, but their detection and localization
      was enhanced by the use of Perls' Prussian blue stain in association with a pale
      eosin counterstain.

PMID- 2422437
TI  - Genetic resistance to lethal Sendai virus pneumonia: virus replication and
      interferon production in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice.
AB  - Resistant C57BL/6J and susceptible DBA/2J mice were exposed to aerosols of Sendai
      virus and killed at intervals to 12 days. Lungs were removed and assayed for
      infectious virus and interferon. Mean virus titers were 6 to 400 times higher in
      DBA/2J mice than in C57BL/6J mice 3 to 10 days after exposure. Mean interferon
      titers were 10 to 140 times higher in DBA/2J mice than in C57BL/6J mice 4 to 7
      days after exposure. These results suggest that genetic resistance to the lethal
      effects of Sendai virus is expressed through control of viral replication within
      the first 72 hours of infection and that early expression of inherited resistance
      is not regulated by interferon.

PMID- 2422438
TI  - Change of cytokeratin organization during development of Mallory bodies as
      revealed by a monoclonal antibody.
AB  - A monoclonal murine antibody (KM 54-5) was produced against Mallory body (MB)
      material isolated from liver tissue of griseofulvin treated mice. The antigen was
      identified by positive immunofluroescence microscopy of MBs and by the
      immunoblotting technique on polypeptides separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In immunoblotting experiments, antibody KM 54
      5 reacted with cytokeratins A (human no. 8) and D (human no. 18) of murine,
      bovine, and human hepatocytes as well as with cytokeratin A (no. 8) and its
      degradation products present in isolated murine MB. In immunofluorescence
      microscopy the antibody did not react with cytokeratin filaments of normal liver
      but showed a positive reaction with MBs after a certain stage in MB development
      had been reached. In a dot blot assay, using individual cytokeratin polypeptides
      isolated from murine liver and purified by ion exchange chromatography in pH 8
      buffer containing 8 M urea, the antibody reacted with the individual polypeptides
      A (no. 8) and D (no. 18) but not with the heterotypic tetramer (A2D2)
      reconstituted from these polypeptides in 4 M urea. These findings confirm the
      cytokeratin nature of MB filaments. In addition, they show that the pathologic
      process of MB formation involves changes in cytokeratin organization and
      conformation, resulting in the accessibility of a specific antigenic determinant
      which is inaccessible ("masked") in the heterotypic tetramer subunit and in the
      cytokeratin filaments of normal cells. Hence this study presents an example of a
      pathological change of cytokeratin filaments and illustrates the value of
      monoclonal antibodies in the detection of such changes.

PMID- 2422439
TI  - An application of exploratory statistical methods to language pathology: analysis
      of the Western Aphasia Battery's Cortical Quotient in acute stroke patients.
      Research note.
AB  - Two simple exploratory statistical techniques, stem and leaf displays and box
      plots, are described and applied to the analysis of Western Aphasia Battery
      Cortical Quotient scores for 111 acute stroke patients. A stem and leaf display
      highlights the shape of a distribution of data and is useful for quickly ordering
      and displaying data in the form of a frequency distribution; box plots focus
      special attention on the tails of a distribution and are valuable for
      summarizing, analyzing, and comparing group data. These methods were used to
      determine an internal Cortical Quotient cutoff score to distinguish between
      normal and cognitively impaired patients. The utility of this Cortical Quotient
      cutoff score and the relevance of these statistical techniques to other research
      in communicative disorders are discussed.

PMID- 2422440
TI  - Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits amylase release by rat pancreatic acini.
AB  - Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), a mammalian islet cell peptide, is released after a
      meal. Exogenously administered PP in physiologic doses inhibits cholecystokinin
      and secretin-stimulated pancreatic secretion in vivo. Whether PP acts directly on
      exocrine pancreatic cells is unknown. We studied the effects of PP on dispersed
      acini prepared from rat pancreas. Amylase release was determined after 30-min
      incubations of pancreatic acini with octapeptide of cholecystokinin (OP-CCK),
      secretin, and PP. The response to OP-CCK was augmented by secretin. PP decreased
      optimal amylase release evoked by OP-CCK and OP-CCK plus secretin. These
      observations demonstrate that PP acts directly on pancreatic cells to reduce
      acinar cell amylase release evoked by potent secretagogues.

PMID- 2422441
TI  - Effect of chronically administered somatostatin on the nude mouse.
AB  - We investigated the impact of chronically administered synthetic cyclic
      somatostatin-14 on the nude mouse. Four groups of seven animals each received
      intraperitoneal injections twice daily for 14 days with diluent or 5, 50, or 500
      mcg/kg somatostatin in hydrolyzed gelatin. Overall health and body weight were
      unaffected by this treatment. Among the seven organs examined at necropsy, kidney
      alone showed a dose-related gain in weight with increasing somatostatin dose.
      Renal RNA content also increased in response to somatostatin treatment, but liver
      DNA content and small bowel DNA content and protein content decreased. This work
      indicates that somatostatin affects metabolism of gastrointestinal tissues and
      provides evidence that renal growth can be regulated by somatostatin. Whether
      similar effects occur at a physiological somatostatin level is unknown, but the
      current findings suggest new therapeutic possibilities for this hormone.

PMID- 2422442
TI  - Proton pump inhibition--the ultimate control of acid secretion?
AB  - The cellular mechanisms of acid secretion by the parietal cell (PC) include
      stimulation of membrane receptors, increases in cytosolic cyclic AMP levels, and
      activation of protein kinase systems. These events culminate in stimulation of a
      membrane-based proton pump. This consists of a non-electrogenic H+-K+-ATPase
      which transports H+ ions into the secretory canaliculus of the PC in exchange for
      the cation K+. It has been proposed that blockade of this proton pump would
      result in inhibition of acid secretion by all classes of acid secretagogues.
      Thus, the effects of membrane receptor agonists as well as any agents which
      augment cellular cAMP levels should be inhibited. Substituted benzimidazoles are
      weak bases which prevent acid secretion by blocking the H+-K+-ATPase system. In
      order to test the above hypothesis, we investigated the effects of the
      substituted benzimidazole H168/68 and cimetidine (C) on histamine (H) and 8B
      stimulated acid secretion. The rabbit isolated gastric gland (IGG) model was used
      and acid secretion assessed by the accumulation of 14C-labeled weak base
      aminopyrine (AP) within the IGG in response to secretagogue stimulation. H168/68
      and C both inhibited H (5 X 10(-5) M)-stimulated [14C]AP accumulation in a
      concentration-dependent manner (P less than 0.05). H168/68 inhibited both H- and
      8B-stimulated [14C]AP accumulation (P less than 0.05), while C inhibited only H
      stimulated [14C]AP accumulation (P less than 0.05). H168/68 suppressed [14C]AP
      below even unstimulated levels of [14C]AP accumulation. These results support the
      hypothesis that H168/68 inhibits the PC distal to cAMP stimulation.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422443
TI  - Dextran 40 reduces heparin-mediated platelet aggregation.
AB  - Using platelet aggregometry, we investigated the in vitro efficacy of dextran,
      mean MW 40,000, in reducing the heparin-mediated platelet aggregation seen with
      the syndrome of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia (HAT). Six patients with the
      clinical syndrome of HAT were studied who had a plasma factor which induced
      aggregation of normal platelets in the presence of heparin. At a final
      concentration of 2% (20 mg/ml) Dextran 40 reduced heparin-stimulated aggregation
      by 60.5 +/- 36% (SD) in mixtures of normal platelet-rich plasma/HAT patient
      plasma. In contrast, the same dextran concentration reduced ADP-stimulated
      aggregation of normal platelet-rich plasma by only 18.6 +/- 12%. This selective
      inhibition of heparin-mediated aggregation by dextran was highly significant (P
      less than 0.005, Wilcoxon rank sum). Whereas protamine abolished heparin's
      anticoagulant and platelet aggregating activity, dextran had no effect on
      heparin's anticoagulant properties. These data show that Dextran 40 selectively
      blocks heparin-mediated aggregation in vitro, perhaps by blocking heparin binding
      to the platelet membrane. This study suggests that dextran may be a clinically
      useful adjunct in the treatment of HAT, and describes a simple method for testing
      the efficacy of drugs in the treatment of HAT.

PMID- 2422444
TI  - Steroid regulation of transfected genes in mouse mammary tumour cells.
AB  - The regulation of mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) RNA by glucocorticoid
      hormones is well-established and has provided much information on how steroid
      hormones work. However, we have shown that androgens can also control MMTV RNA
      accumulation in S115 mouse mammary tumour cells. This novel androgen action could
      be explained on the basis that the MMTV long terminal repeat (LTR) can respond to
      several classes of steroid if appropriate receptors are present in the cells. We
      have used transfection experiments to demonstrate that androgens can act directly
      on the LTR in S115 cells. Hormonal regulation of transfected chimaeric genes into
      these cells was effected by androgen and glucocorticoid but not by oestrogen or
      progesterone, corresponding to the receptor status of the cells. Furthermore,
      hormonal control was also conferred by the LTR on expression of an independent
      cotransfected adjacent gene under its own separate promoter, suggesting that
      effects of an LTR can stretch to neighbouring genes in a type of hormone-enhancer
      insertion mechanism.

PMID- 2422445
TI  - Expression of an estrogen-regulated protein in rat testis Leydig cells.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that the induction of an estrogen-regulated
      protein precedes the desensitization of microsomal enzymes after in vitro
      treatment of Leydig cells with hCG or estradiol (E2). This protein is recognized
      by a monoclonal antibody against an estrogen-dependent protein of mol. wt 28,000
      from MCF-7 cells [Science 226 (1984) 445]. In the present study, this antibody
      was used to investigate the ontogenesis of this protein, to analyze its
      regulation after hormonal treatments under in vitro conditions and to determine
      its subcellular localization. The study was performed at light and EM levels
      using immunocytochemical techniques. The estrogen-regulated protein was
      detectable with low reactivity in the fetal testis and was undetectable from
      birth to 20 days. During the latter period, Leydig cell are in a quiescent phase
      of their maturation, with low aromatase activity and low estrogen and
      testosterone production. Thereafter, increasing immunostaining from 20 to 60 days
      was observed concurrent with Leydig cell maturation. Reactivity was constant
      throughout adulthood. The in vitro studies demonstrated that the synthesis of the
      protein in culture of adult Leydig cells is stimulated by hCG via the action of
      endogenous estrogen and is prevented by pretreatment with tamoxifen. The presence
      of the specific immunoreactive protein in E2-treated Leydig cells and uterine
      cells from E2-treated animals was also demonstrated by Western blot analysis.
      This is a long-lived protein, and 3 h of E2 stimulation are required to produce
      an immunocytochemical change. Pretreatment with cycloheximide prevented the
      increase in synthesis induced by E2. At the EM level (specific antibody/protein A
      gold), the protein was detected in moderate amount mainly in the cycloplasmic
      matrix and close to the cisternae of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
      Unlike the MCF-7 cell protein, it is not associated with secretion granules. The
      low reactivity observed in fetal cells is attributable to maternal estrogen
      affecting a small pool of estrogen receptors that is not sufficient to mediate
      the regulation observed in adult rats. Assessment of the estrogen-regulated
      protein by immunocellular techniques provides a sensitive index of estrogen
      receptor mediated action. This protein could be involved in intracellular
      modulatory function(s) in the Leydig cell.

PMID- 2422446
TI  - Characterization of androgen receptors after photoaffinity labelling with
      [3H]methyltrienolone (R1881).
AB  - The synthetic androgen 17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-[3H]methyl-4,9,11-estratrien-3
      one (R1881) has been used as photoaffinity label to characterize androgen
      receptors in rat prostate, in a human transplantable prostatic adenocarcinoma (PC
      82) and in calf uterus. Androgen receptors preparations were partially purified
      either via differential chromatography on 2',5'-ADP-Sepharose (rat prostate), via
      anion exchange fast protein liquid chromatography (rat prostate and PC-82) or via
      DNA-cellulose chromatography (calf uterus). Purification factors obtained with
      the three different methods were: 245, 75 and 40 respectively. Photolabelling of
      receptor preparations was performed via irradiation with a high pressure mercury
      lamp either before or after partial purification. Polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis under denaturing conditions showed that the DNA-binding form of
      the androgen receptor in calf uterus cytosol is a protein with a molecular mass
      of approx 95 kD. The covalent attachment of [3H]R1881 to the 95 kD protein could
      be completely suppressed by a 200-fold molar excess of dihydrotestosterone. In
      rat prostate cytosol an androgen receptor with a molecular mass of approx 50 kD
      could be photoaffinity labelled with R1881. A similar size was found for the
      androgen receptor in the human prostatic adenocarcinoma. Our results show that
      photoaffinity labelling of androgen receptors with [3H]R1881 as ligand can be
      applied for characterization of partial purified androgen receptor preparations.

PMID- 2422447
TI  - Steroid regulation of receptor concentration and oncogene expression.
AB  - The DDT1MF-2 cell line was derived from an estrogen/androgen-induced tumor of the
      hamster ductus deferens. This cell line contains receptors for both androgens and
      glucocorticoids and its proliferation is differentially sensitive to these
      classes of steroids. Androgens stimulate cell growth dramatically and augment
      intracellular androgen receptors, whereas glucocorticoids inhibit growth and
      prevent androgen receptor augmentation. Androgen receptor augmentation occurs by
      an androgen-dependent increase in receptor half-life and an increase in the rate
      of synthesis. Glucocorticoids, in the presence of androgens, reduce both the half
      life and the rate of synthesis of androgen receptors. For comparison purposes, a
      glucocorticoid-resistant mutant (DDT1MF-2-GR) of this cell line has been
      developed. Unlike the wild type, in this variant glucocorticoids neither arrest
      cell growth nor inhibit androgen receptor augmentation. Glucocorticoids block
      growth of the wild type in the G1-phase of the cell cycle. This event can be
      overcome either by addition of exogenous platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or
      by the addition of concentrated conditioned medium from nonglucocorticoid-treated
      cells, however, androgen receptor augmentation remains inhibited. The reduced
      production of PDGF-like growth factors in the presence of glucocorticoids appears
      to be the result of a decrease in production of mature mRNA with homology to v
      sis (the viral oncogene coding for PDGF-like proteins). The level of regulation
      appears to be posttranscriptional and does not occur in the DDT1MF-2-GR cells.
      Thus glucocorticoids regulate the autocrine growth of the DDT1MF-2 cells by a
      mechanism that can be uncoupled from the regulation of androgen receptor
      augmentation.

PMID- 2422448
TI  - Influence of hydrophobic interactions on the structure and steroid-binding
      properties of glucocorticoid receptors.
AB  - Glucocorticoid-receptor complexes in rat thymus cytosol were characterized by gel
      filtration and ion-exchange chromatography and by other procedures. Two forms of
      non-transformed complex were identified at low ionic strength in the presence of
      molybdate, with Stokes radii of approx. 8 and 6 nm. The 8 nm molybdate-stabilized
      form could be converted to the 6 nm form by chromatography on Sephacryl S-300 or
      Lipidex 1000 or by incubation with charcoal or phospholipase C, but not by
      chromatography on Sephadex G-25. The dissociation rate of the complex was reduced
      by treatment with charcoal or Lipidex 1000, but none of the treatments caused
      transformation to a DNA-binding form. Transformation of the complex, by exposure
      to elevated temperature or ionic strength in the absence of molybdate, resulted
      in the appearance of a different 6 nm form, distinguished by an increased
      affinity for DNA-cellulose and a reduced affinity for DEAE-cellulose. These
      results suggest that receptor transformation is preceded by structural changes
      associated with the loss of a lipid factor from the complex. Non-polar steroid
      antagonists, and lipophilic compounds such as phenothiazines, were found to bind
      to secondary, hydrophobic sites on the receptor and to exert allosteric effects
      on the primary steroid-binding site; these and other observations emphasize the
      importance of hydrophobic interactions as determinants of the structure and
      properties of glucocorticoid receptors.

PMID- 2422449
TI  - Cloning of the human oestrogen receptor cDNA.
AB  - Poly A+ RNA isolated from the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was
      fractionated by sucrose gradient centrifugation and those fractions enriched in
      oestrogen receptor (ER) mRNA were used to prepare randomly primed cDNA libraries
      in the lambda gt11 vectors. Clones corresponding to the ER were isolated from
      both libraries after screening with either ER monoclonal antibodies (lambda gt11)
      or synthetic oligonucleotide probes designed from two peptide sequences of
      purified ER (lambda gt10). Five cDNA clones were isolated by antibody screening
      and five after screening with synthetic oligonucleotides. The two largest ER cDNA
      clones, lambda OR3 (1.3 kbase) and lambda OR8 (2.1 kbase), isolated using
      antibodies and oligonucleotides, respectively, were able to enrich selectively
      for ER mRNA by hybrid-selection. Furthermore, lambda OR8 contains DNA sequences
      which cross-hybridize with each of the other ER cDNA clones. These results
      demonstrate that the clones isolated correspond to the ER mRNA sequence. Using
      lambda OR8 as a hybridization probe revealed a single poly A+ RNA band of approx.
      6.2 kbase in the ER containing human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and T47D. In
      contrast, no hybridization was seen in the human ER-cell line HeLa. The same
      probe hybridizes to a chicken gene which is expressed in oviduct tissue as a 7.5
      kbase poly A+ RNA.

PMID- 2422450
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of estrogen receptor in rat brain, pituitary and
      uterus with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Localization of estrogen receptor (ER) in rat brain, pituitary and uterus is
      shown by the avidin-biotin complex technique using a monoclonal antibody,
      JS34/32. Immunostaining is observed in nuclei of certain neurons in the preoptic
      septal region, hypothalamus and amygdala, and in cells of the anterior pituitary
      and uterus after estradiol stimulation. Staining is specific since preadsorbed
      JS34/32 antibody with purified cytoplasmic ER as well as a control monoclonal
      antibody do not show positive immunoreaction. In the brain, neither cytoplasmic
      nor nuclear staining is seen in the absence of estradiol stimulation, nor with
      the progesterone and dihydrotestosterone treatments. The distribution of ER
      containing neurons in specific areas of the brain overlaps with the distribution
      of estrogen target neurons demonstrated by autoradiography. The results
      demonstrate the usefulness of the monoclonal antibody for the detection of ER in
      target tissues.

PMID- 2422451
TI  - Ribonuclease-induced transformation of progesterone receptor from rabbit uterus.
AB  - The effect of RNase on the transformation of progesterone receptor from rabbit
      uterus was studied by density-gradient centrifugation and DNA-cellulose binding
      assay. The 7S form of the receptor in crude cytosol was RNase sensitive, and
      converted to the 4S form after RNase treatment. This reaction was prevented by an
      RNase inhibitor and reversed by the addition of ribosomal RNA. RNase treatment
      also caused a two-fold increase in the DNA binding of cytosolic receptor, and
      reduced the time required for heat-induced transformation. However, sucrose
      gradient-purified progesterone receptor (7S) did not undergo transformation by
      warming unless exogenous RNase was added, thereby suggesting that a cytosolic
      factor, which might be endogenous RNase, is necessary for the heat-induced
      transformation of progesterone receptor. Furthermore, degradation of the
      receptors which occurred after prolonged warming at 25 degrees C in the presence
      of RNase could be prevented by the addition of DNA-cellulose to the reaction
      mixture. These results indicate that RNA is associated with the 7S form of
      progesterone receptor, and that its hydrolysis by RNase might be involved in the
      transformation of this receptor.

PMID- 2422452
TI  - A method for the determination of estrogen receptor concentration in calf uterus
      and other tissues using an aqueous two-phase system.
AB  - An assay for the cytoplasmic estrogen receptor in calf, human and rat uterus has
      been developed. The method is based on partial separation of free and bound
      estradiol (E2) by means of an aqueous two-phase system containing dextran and
      poly(ethylene glycol), respectively, in the two phases. Low-speed supernatant
      from uterus homogenate is equilibrated with E2 and [3H]E2. A two-phase mixture is
      then added and bound E2 will partition into the lower phase while free E2 is
      distributed in both phases according to its partition coefficient. The amounts of
      bound and free E2 are calculated and the receptor concentration and association
      constant are obtained from a Scatchard plot. No dissociation of bound E2 in the
      phase system could be demonstrated at 4 degrees C. The interassay coefficient of
      variation for receptor concentration at 4 degrees C was 20 and 14% for calf and
      human uterus, respectively. The intraassay variation for receptor concentration
      in calf uterus determined at 4 degrees C and 23 degrees C was 7.1 and 4.1%,
      respectively. The influence of freezing the tissue and supernatant preparation
      was examined and results from supernatant preparations obtained with different
      centrifugations were compared. The method is simple and rapid, permitting large
      numbers of samples to be handled efficiently by a single technician.

PMID- 2422453
TI  - Analysis of monomeric-dimeric states of the estrogen receptor with monoclonal
      antiestrophilins.
AB  - We studied the antibody-combining properties of 3 forms of the estrogen receptor
      found in buffers of high ionic strength. Shifts to a faster sedimenting peak on
      sucrose gradients or a faster eluting peak on a gel filtration column with
      antibody addition allowed us to determine whether a given form contained one, two
      or more antibody-binding sites. The monomeric cytosolic estrogen receptor, ERC,
      contained one antibody binding site for each of 2 monoclonal antiestrophilins
      (H222 and H165, provided by Abbott Laboratories). Both the heat-transformed
      cytosolic estrogen receptor, ERC*, and a major fraction of the estrogen receptor
      extracted from nuclei, ERN, contained two sites for H165, but only one for H222.
      A minor fraction of ERN had only one site for each antibody. The kinetics of
      transformation of ERC to a species with two H165 binding sites were appropriate
      to a dimerization of ERC*. Addition of H222, but not H165, before the onset of
      the heat-induced transformation blocked the formation of ERC to ERC. These data
      suggest that ERC* and a major form of ERN are comprised of two immunologically
      similar subunits identical to ERC. Also, the antigenic determinant for H222, but
      not H165, appears to be located close to the dimerization domain. The minor form
      of ERN appears to contain an altered or dissimilar subunit.

PMID- 2422454
TI  - Affinity chromatography of rat alpha-fetoprotein on estradiol-agarose columns.
AB  - The use of 17 beta-estradiol-17-hemisuccinate coupled to agarose beads is shown
      to be a rapid and simple procedure for the isolation of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
      from amniotic fluid. The elution profile of the affinity column shows that AFP is
      sufficiently retarded by the gel to perform the purification of the protein
      without specific elution with high-affinity AFP ligands. Rat AFP appeared as a
      single symmetric peak, a profile that is in good agreement with the existence of
      a single population of AFP molecules having estrogen-binding properties.

PMID- 2422455
TI  - Role of calcium in stimulus-secretion coupling on isolated frog interrenal gland.
AB  - The influence of extracellular calcium concentration on the steroidogenic
      response to ACTH and to the angiotensin II analogue [Sar1-Val5]AII has been
      studied in the frog, using a perfusion system technique. The release of
      corticosterone and aldosterone in the effluent medium was measured by specific
      radioimmunoassays. In calcium-free medium the stimulatory effect of ACTH (10(-9)
      M) was completely abolished whereas the response to dbcAMP (5 mM) was unchanged
      indicating that the role of calcium takes place before the formation of cAMP.
      Conversely, in the absence of calcium, angiotensin II (10(-7) M) was still able
      to stimulate corticosterone and aldosterone production. Addition of Co2+ (4 mM),
      a calcium antagonist, to the perfusion medium, inhibited partially the response
      of adrenal tissue to ACTH, dbcAMP and angiotensin. The voltage-dependent calcium
      channel blocker verapamil (10(-6) induced a dose-related inhibition of the
      corticotropic effect of ACTH. At the higher dose (10(-4) M), verapamil totally
      inhibited the stimulation of corticosterone and aldosterone production induced by
      ACTH. By contrast, at the same dose it did not alter the stimulatory effect of
      forskolin (2.4 X 10(-7)M) on corticosterone output, but significantly diminished
      forskolin-induced aldosterone response. Similarly, angiotensin-stimulated
      corticosterone production was slightly inhibited by 10(-4) M verapamil, whereas
      aldosterone response to angiotensin was totally abolished, indicating that
      verapamil may act intracellularly to block the conversion of corticosterone to
      aldosterone. Taken together, these results indicate that, in amphibians
      extracellular calcium is essential for the action of ACTH, either for the binding
      of the hormone to its receptor and/or for the transduction of the information
      from hormone-receptor complex to the adenylate cyclase moiety and that the
      mechanism of action of angiotensin does not involve calcium uptake by
      adrenocortical cells.

PMID- 2422456
TI  - Regulation of cultured rat vaginal epithelial cells by 17 beta-estradiol and
      progesterone.
AB  - We have previously described a technique to obtain short-term cultures of
      epithelial cells from Wistar rat vaginae. In order to improve the efficiency and
      life span of these cultures, in the present study we have cultured the vaginal
      cells with lethally irradiated 3T3 cell feeder layers. Under this condition,
      cells can grow for several weeks while retaining epithelial characteristics and
      can eventually be subcultured. The proliferative effect of the ovarian hormones
      in these cultures was studied using two different approaches, [Methyl
      3H]Thymidine (3HTdr) incorporation and increase in cell number. Both assays
      indicated a proliferative effect of 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone at
      physiological concentrations. This proliferative effect was also shown in feeder
      layer-free cultures, ruling out an indirect effect through the mesodermal cells.
      The capacity of the hormones to modify terminal differentiation in the culture
      was also studied, using colony stratification as an indicator of differentiation.
      Progesterone and fetal calf serum had an inhibitory effect on terminal
      differentiation, whereas 17 beta-estradiol induced a stimulatory action. This
      culture model allowed us to show a direct effect of the ovarian hormones on
      vaginal cells in vitro and seems to be a useful model to study hormone-cell
      interactions in vitro.

PMID- 2422457
TI  - Stereoselectivity at the calcium channel: different profiles of hemodynamic
      activity of the enantiomers of the dihydropyridine derivative PN 200-110.
AB  - The enantiomers of PN 200-110 (PN), a highly potent calcium antagonist, were
      synthesized by a stereoselective synthesis. Cross-contamination was less than
      0.2% for the (S)-enantiomer and 0.5% for the (R)-enantiomer. Both isomers
      inhibited depolarization-induced contraction of rabbit aorta, the (S)-enantiomer
      being much more active: The pD'2 values were 9.1 and 6.9 for the (S)- and the (R)
      enantiomer, respectively. This activity of (R)-PN on potential-operated channels
      can be attributed to the contamination with 0.5% of (S)-PN. In anesthetized cats,
      the (S)-enantiomer lowered blood pressure and heart rate dose-dependently (0.3-10
      micrograms/kg i.v.). The (R)-enantiomer had almost no effect on heart rate (HR)
      and blood pressure (BP) at doses up to 300 micrograms/kg. However, both
      enantiomers increased cardiac output and blood flow to the heart and the brain.
      The effects on regional blood flow were tissue-dependent, the (R)-enantiomer
      being surprisingly potent in the subendocardium of the left ventricle. The
      qualitative and quantitative differences between the activities of the two
      enantiomers suggest that the results obtained cannot merely be explained by
      traces of the more active enantiomer contaminating the less active enantiomer.
      These results, together with those found with the enantiomers of a nitro
      substituted dihydropyridine, suggest that calcium channels appear to be able not
      only to discriminate between enantiomers but also to respond differently to them.

PMID- 2422458
TI  - Electrophysiological and cardiovascular effects of pirmenol, a new class 1
      antiarrhythmic drug.
AB  - Pirmenol, a new antiarrhythmic agent, has been studied in the pithed rat and in
      the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrium, atrioventricular (AV) node, Purkinje cells, and
      ventricular muscle of the isolated rabbit heart. It resembles disopyramide
      chemically and in its electrophysiologic effects. Pirmenol decreased the maximum
      rate of depolarization (MRD) and overshoot potential in isolated rabbit atrium,
      Purkinje cells, and ventricle. Pirmenol caused bradycardia in pithed rats and
      isolated rabbit SA nodes. In the latter, repolarization was delayed, but there
      was little change in MRD or in the slope of the slow diastolic depolarization.
      Like disopyramide, but unlike lidocaine, pirmenol lengthened APD in all cardiac
      tissues studied. The above effects were dose-related and were reversed on
      washout. Pirmenol did not lengthen conduction time within the AV node. Unlike
      disopyramide, pirmenol had no negative inotropic action, and did not alter the
      relation between contractile force and extracellular calcium concentration. This
      suggests, as does the absence of effect on sinoatrial MRD or AV conduction, that
      pirmenol does not block calcium channels.

PMID- 2422459
TI  - Defibrotide, an antithrombotic substance that preserves postsynaptic alpha- and
      beta-adrenergic function in post acute infarcted rabbit hearts.
AB  - Defibrotide, a simple strand polydeoxyribonucleotide of mammalian origin with a
      molecular weight of 20,000 daltons, given intravenously to the rabbit before and
      after production of left ventricular infarction, prevents the alteration of the
      contractile response to postsynaptic adrenergic stimulation tested in isolated
      perfused heart preparations 3 days after coronary artery occlusion. According to
      the dose-response curves for isoproterenol and tyramine, left ventricular
      dP/dtmax was significantly depressed in infarcted hearts, whereas the dose
      response curve for the inotropic effect of phenylephrine was markedly enhanced.
      These alterations were prevented by pretreatment of the rabbits with defibrotide
      (32 mg/kg/h i.v. for 6 h). In fact the potency ratios, calculated from the dose
      response curves related to dP/dtmax of isoproterenol, tyramine, and phenylephrine
      in infarcted and control hearts excised from defibrotide treated and shamoperated
      rabbits, are nearly 1. The observed alterations in myocardial contractility in
      infarcted hearts seem to be specific for postsynaptic alpha and beta
      adrenoceptors since the dose-response curve of left ventricular dP/dtmax for
      histamine is not different from control. The results obtained with defibrotide
      reflect the ability of this substance to protect the myocardial tissue from
      ischemic damage: this is also supported by the capacity of defibrotide (8 mg/kg/h
      i.v. for 6.5 h) to prevent the reduction of CPK-activity in the infarcted
      ventricle. Finally, we suggest that the observed beneficial effect of defibrotide
      in rabbit heart may also be explained by the antithrombotic effect of this
      substance, which is based on its profibrinolytic activity and PGI2-release.

PMID- 2422460
TI  - Effects of intravenous diltiazem on cardiocirculatory dynamics and cardiac output
      distribution in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The effects of the calcium channel blocker, diltiazem hydrochloride (DZ), on
      conscious, resting spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were evaluated and
      compared with results from parallel studies on Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. DZ
      was administered as a continuous, cumulative infusion at rates equal to 0.40,
      2.00, and 10.00 mg/kg/h (each dose was administered for 15 min). Parallel volume
      infusion (saline) controls were simultaneously conducted using volume infusion
      rates identical to those used in DZ studies (0.015, 0.100, and 0.500 ml/min).
      Three hours prior to study, animals were instrumented under halothane anesthesia
      for measurement of left ventricular, arterial, and central venous pressures;
      heart rate and arterial blood gases; and for injection of radioactive
      microspheres and subsequent determination of cardiac output, regional blood
      flows, and cardiac output distribution. All data were collected at control (C)
      before initiation of infusion, and at the end of each 15-min infusion period in
      each animal. At C and compared with WKY, SHR had increased heart rate (392 vs.
      280 beats/min), mean arterial pressure (155 vs. 100 mm Hg), left ventricular peak
      systolic pressure (200 vs. 132 mm Hg), and systemic vascular resistance (0.3 vs.
      0.2 mm Hg/ml/min/kg), and reduced stroke volume (1.8 vs. 2.2 ml/beat/kg); but no
      difference in cardiac output, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, or central
      venous pressure was found. At C, SHR tended to have increased blood flow and
      reduced vascular resistance in the coronary circulation and increased vascular
      resistance in the cutaneous, renal, bronchial arterial, hepatic arterial,
      testicular, and cerebral circulations. Infusion of DZ increased cardiac output
      and stroke volume and decreased heart rate, left ventricular and arterial
      pressures, and systemic vascular resistance in SHR. Similar changes of
      substantially smaller magnitude were observed in WKY. DZ increased flow and
      reduced resistance in the coronary and skeletal muscle circulations of SHR to a
      greater extent than in WKY. DZ also normalized vascular resistance in previously
      elevated regions. These results suggest that acute intravenous infusion of DZ at
      doses ranging between 2 and 5 mg/kg is capable of normalizing cardiovascular
      hemodynamics and regional blood flow distribution in SHR.

PMID- 2422461
TI  - A comparison of amiodarone and digoxin in the treatment of atrial fibrillation
      complicating suspected acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Thirty-four patients with atrial fibrillation complicating suspected acute
      myocardial infarction were randomised to treatment with intravenous amiodarone (n
      = 18) or intravenous digoxin (n = 16). After 24 h, similar proportions of
      patients in each group had reverted to sinus rhythm. However, there was a
      tendency towards earlier reversion with amiodarone. At 4 h, 72% of the amiodarone
      group had reverted to sinus rhythm, compared with 31% of the digoxin group (p
      less than 0.1). This tendency was more marked in patients with definite
      infarction (at 4 h, amiodarone 75% reversion, digoxin 10% reversion). Neither
      drug had a significant effect on blood pressure. Atrial fibrillation may cause
      serious haemodynamic deterioration in acute myocardial infarction. In comparison
      with digoxin, amiodarone offers more rapid control of the ventricular response
      rate and may, in addition, restore sinus rhythm more rapidly.

PMID- 2422462
TI  - Perfused rabbit heart: endothelium-derived relaxing factor in coronary arteries.
AB  - The study was performed to demonstrate the presence of the endothelium-derived
      relaxing factor (EDRF), previously found to be active in isolated artery
      preparations in vitro, in the coronary arteries of rabbits remaining in contact
      with the beating perfused heart. This was accomplished by following the response
      of the preconstricted obtuse marginal coronary artery to topically administered
      acetylcholine (ACH). Both intact arteries and arteries in which the endothelium
      had been removed were studied. Preconstriction of the obtuse marginal coronary
      artery was accomplished by topical application (spray) of histamine (10 microM),
      in 2 ml Krebs-Henseleit (KH) solution. This resulted in a decrease in internal
      diameter of the coronary artery, a decline in coronary flow, and an increase in
      total coronary vascular resistance. The principal difference between intact
      coronary arteries and those in which the endothelium had been removed was in the
      response to ACH. In arteries with intact endothelium preconstricted with
      histamine, topical administration (spray) of ACH (0.6 mM in 2 ml KH solution)
      caused, as compared with histamine, an increase in coronary flow, a significant
      decrease in total coronary vascular resistance, and a rise in internal vascular
      diameter. Arteries in which the vascular endothelium had been removed, as
      compared to those pretreated with histamine, responded to topical administration
      of ACH (0.6 mM in 2 ml KH solution) with a decrease in coronary flow, coronary
      vascular resistance, and internal vascular diameter. No change in the dose
      response curve to histamine between the two preparations was noted. The results
      demonstrate that coronary vascular endothelium exerts a protective effect in
      coronary arteries remaining in contact with the perfused beating heart.

PMID- 2422463
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of nifedipine in acute myocardial infarction with
      observations on infarct size.
AB  - To assess the safety of the slow calcium-channel blocker nifedipine in patients
      with acutely evolving myocardial infarction, hemodynamic effects of the drug were
      studied in 12 patients and infarct size was determined by enzymatic method in 14
      patients presenting within 12 h of onset of pain. Nifedipine (3 doses of 20 mg
      given sublingually at 8-h intervals) produced a significant increase in heart
      rate and cardiac output accompanied by a fall in systemic arterial pressure and
      vascular resistance. These effects were sustained for a 24-h period of study.
      Despite an increase in heart rate and cardiac output, there was no worsening of
      symptoms or electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia. Assessment of
      infarct size did not reveal any differences between the control group and the
      patients who received nifedipine. We conclude that nifedipine may be safely given
      to patients with acute myocardial infarction. The drug may be usefully employed
      in patients with acute myocardial infarction accompanied by angina or
      hypertension.

PMID- 2422464
TI  - The renal response to acute hypervolemia is caused by atrial natriuretic
      peptides.
AB  - In anesthetized rats, synthetic rat atriopeptin II produced an increase in
      urinary volume and sodium excretion as well as a decrease in arterial blood
      pressure. Both the natriuretic and hypotensive effects were blocked by monoclonal
      antibodies directed against atriopeptin II. The diuresis and natriuresis caused
      by furosemide was not inhibited by these antibodies. Thus, the monoclonal
      antibodies provide a specific inhibitor for atriopeptin-mediated responses in
      vivo and can be used to investigate the role of atriopeptin in volume regulation.
      Volume expansion with 20 ml/kg i.v. homologous blood induced strong diuresis and
      natriuresis in the anaesthetized rat. This response was also blocked by the
      described monoclonal antibodies. A radioimmunoassay for the determination of
      atriopeptin-like immunoreactivity (ANP-IR) is described. The plasma levels of ANP
      IR 8 min after blood injection were 3-4 times higher than in control rats. Thus,
      the strong diuresis observed after volume expansion is due to an increase in
      circulating atrial natriuretic peptides that obviously exert a regulative
      function in fluid volume control.

PMID- 2422465
TI  - Antihypertensive action of the converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril (S9490-3)
      in spontaneously hypertensive rats: comparison with enalapril (MK421) and
      ramipril (Hoe498).
AB  - The novel prodrug-converting-enzyme (CE) inhibitor perindopril (S9490-3) diacid
      was found to be as potent as ramipril (Hoe498) diacid and more potent than
      enalapril (MK421) diacid and captopril against rat plasma CE in vitro (IC50
      values were 3 X 10(-9), 2 X 10(-9), 1 X 10(-8), and 6 X 10(-8) mol/L,
      respectively). Four-week oral treatment with perindopril (0.1, 1, 3, and 10
      mg/kg/day) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) lowered blood pressure (BP)
      dose-dependently with a threshold dose of 0.1 mg/kg/day and normalization of BP
      following doses between 1-3 mg/kg/day. Plasma CE was inhibited, angiogensinogen
      lowered, plasma renin concentration (PRC) and angiotensin I (ANGI) increased, all
      dose-dependently. CE was also inhibited in kidney, aortic wall, heart, lung,
      hypophysis, and brain cortex. Upon drug withdrawal, the BP depressant effect
      outlasted the effects on the plasma renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by more than a
      week. Perindopril, ramipril (both 1 mg/kg/day), and enalapril (30 mg/kg/day)
      showed equal antihypertensive actions in SHRSP, although their effects on
      parameters of the RAS in plasma were different. Our data reveal perindopril to be
      a potent antihypertensive drug. The findings are consistent with the view that
      the antihypertensive actions of CE inhibitors cannot be directly related to
      inhibition of the RAS in the plasma. Local interference with the RAS in tissue
      appears to be an additional factor involved.

PMID- 2422466
TI  - Do alterations in prostanoid or catecholamine release influence the
      antiarrhythmic activity of nicergoline?
AB  - We examined the effects of nicergoline, an alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drug and
      an inhibitor of platelet phospholipase, on haemodynamics, blood gases, cardiac
      arrhythmias, and prostanoid and catecholamine release in anaesthetised greyhounds
      before, during, and after a 40-min occlusion of the left anterior descending
      coronary artery. Twenty-five minutes after commencing the intravenous infusion of
      nicergoline (50 micrograms kg-1 min-1) there were significant reductions in heart
      rate, arterial blood pressure, left ventricular dP/dtmax, and cardiac output.
      Nicergoline also increased the 0(2) extraction by the myocardium both before and
      during coronary artery occlusion. In contrast to control animals, heart rate
      decreased but there were no further reductions in arterial blood pressure during
      the occlusion period. Nicergoline improved survival (from 17 in control dogs to
      50%) following the combined period of myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion and
      appeared to suppress the phase 1b occlusion-induced arrhythmias. The release of
      thromboxane B2 from the ischaemic myocardium was partially suppressed by
      nicergoline, and the ratio of 6-keto PGF1 alpha/thromboxane B2 (the stable
      breakdown products of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2, respectively) was
      increased. The washout of noradrenaline and adrenaline from the ischaemic
      myocardium following release of the occlusion was slightly enhanced by
      nicergoline. It is concluded that the beneficial metabolic and prostacyclin
      promoting properties of nicergoline may be opposed by its action on noradrenaline
      washout, thus limiting its antiarrhythmic effectiveness.

PMID- 2422467
TI  - Comparative acute effects of the calcium channel blockers tiapamil, nisoldipine,
      and nifedipine on blood pressure and some regulatory factors in normal and
      hypertensive subjects.
AB  - To clarify the pharmacological profile of the two new calcium channel blockers
      tiapamil and nisoldipine in humans, their acute effects as compared with those of
      the reference agent nifedipine were assessed in 10 normal subjects and 10
      patients with essential hypertension. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR),
      plasma and urinary catecholamine, sodium and potassium, plasma renin and
      aldosterone levels, and urinary prostaglandin E2 and F2 excretion rates were
      determined before and up to 4 or 5 h (urine values) after intravenous injection
      of placebo (20 ml 0.9% NaCl), tiapamil 1 mg/kg body weight, nisoldipine 6
      micrograms/kg, or nifedipine 15 micrograms/kg. The four studies were performed at
      weekly intervals according to Latin square design. All three calcium channel
      blockers significantly (p less than 0.05 or lower) lowered BP and distinctly
      increased sodium excretion in hypertensive patients, but had only little
      influence on these parameters in normal subjects. HR was increased in both
      groups. Changes in BP and HR were maximal at 5 min and largely dissipated 3 h
      after drug injection. Effects on BP and HR, as well as concomitant mild increases
      in plasma norepinephrine and renin levels that occurred in both groups, tended to
      be more pronounced (about double) following nisoldipine than following tiapamil
      or nifedipine at the dosages given. Plasma aldosterone, epinephrine levels, and
      prostaglandin excretion rates were not consistently modified. These findings
      demonstrate that tiapamil and nisoldipine possess distinct antihypertensive
      properties in humans. Different chronotropic and renin-activating effects of
      different calcium channel blockers may be determined, at least in part, by a
      different influence on sympathetic activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422469
TI  - Digoxin-desethylamiodarone interaction in the rat: comparison with the effects of
      amiodarone.
AB  - We have shown that there is a pharmacokinetic interaction between amiodarone and
      digoxin that results in an increase in steady-state serum and tissue
      concentrations of digoxin in rats. There is a linear correlation between serum
      levels of amiodarone, as well as desethylamiodarone, and steady-state serum
      digoxin levels in rats treated with amiodarone. Since desethylamiodarone is
      formed in amounts equal to that of the parent compound during chronic amiodarone
      therapy, we investigated the possibility of desethylamiodarone directly
      interacting with digoxin in rats. Rats that received digoxin alone showed a serum
      level of 0.32 +/- 0.08 ng/ml, whereas those that received combination therapies
      showed a serum level of 3.25 +/- 1.06 ng/ml (p less than 0.001) with
      desethylamiodarone administration, and 3.00 +/- 0.87 ng/ml with amiodarone
      administration. Concomitant administration of desethylamiodarone and digoxin
      increased digoxin concentration in the myocardium by 110% (p less than 0.001), in
      the skeletal muscle by 208% (p less than 0.001) and in the brain by 110% (p less
      than 0.001). The corresponding figures for amiodarone-digoxin administration were
      94% (p less than 0.001), 172% (p less than 0.001) and 80% (p less than 0.001).
      The tissue/serum ratios of digoxin concentrations in the myocardium, skeletal
      muscle, and brain were decreased in the rats that received combination therapies,
      indicating reduced tissue binding of digoxin. The data indicate that
      desethylamiodarone interacts with digoxin in a manner similar to that of the
      parent compound.

PMID- 2422468
TI  - Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of dopamine and insulin during acute left
      ventricular failure in dogs.
AB  - Acute ischemic heart failure was induced in eight dogs by coronary embolization.
      Severe depression of the left ventricular (LV) performance was evidenced. At 15
      min after the embolization procedure, dopamine was infused at a dosage sufficient
      to increase the maximum rate of LV pressure rise (LVdP/dtmax) by approximately
      50%. The significant improvement in cardiac performance was obtained at unaltered
      myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2). Dopamine infusion was concluded, and after
      a stabilization period 300 IU of insulin was injected. This was followed by the
      infusion of glucose and potassium to maintain levels. Insulin significantly
      improved the performance of the failing left ventricle at unaltered MVo2, but to
      a lesser extent than did dopamine. Additional dopamine infusion further
      significantly improved cardiac performance. The net effect of insulin and
      dopamine in combination as compared with dopamine alone was a significantly
      greater increase in stroke volume and cardiac output due to a more pronounced
      decrease in total peripheral resistance. Dopamine increased arterial
      concentrations and myocardial uptake of free fatty acids (FFA). The net metabolic
      effect of insulin and dopamine in combination as compared with dopamine alone was
      a shift in myocardial substrate uptake from FFA to carbohydrates.

PMID- 2422470
TI  - Cardiovascular actions of xamoterol (ICI 118,587) in anaesthetized cats, rats,
      and guinea pigs.
AB  - The maximal increases in heart rate produced by intravenous xamoterol in
      anaesthetized cats and rats are less than that of (-)-isoprenaline. In cats,
      blood pressure was slightly raised, while in rats, supramaximal cardiac-stimulant
      doses produced reductions in blood pressure. In anaesthetized guinea pigs,
      cardiac-stimulant effects of xamoterol were evident only after treatment with
      hexamethonium. In all three species cardiovascular responses to xamoterol were
      antagonized by beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. Thus, xamoterol is a partial
      agonist which displays beta 1-adrenoceptor selectivity. In cats, infusions of
      xamoterol elicited beta-adrenoceptor-mediated increases in heart rate, blood
      pressure, and cardiac output, while calculated total peripheral resistance was
      little affected and, unexpectedly, stroke volume was reduced. These
      cardiovascular effects were unaffected by hexamethonium or captopril. Both
      xamoterol and (-)-isoprenaline elevated left ventricular dP/dtmax and reduced
      central venous pressure. When cat heart rate was paced over a range (175-250
      beats/min) corresponding to the beta-receptor-mediated chronotropic effects, an
      inverse relationship between rate and stroke volume was observed. The rate
      induced reduction in stroke volume offers the best explanation for the decrease
      in stroke volume produced by xamoterol. In general, the effects of beta
      adrenoceptor agonists on stroke volume in the anaesthetized cat appear to
      represent a balance between a rate-related reduction and a drug-induced elevation
      of this parameter.

PMID- 2422471
TI  - Positive inotropic response to alpha-adrenergic stimulation in an electrically
      driven rat left atrium: the role of extracellular calcium.
AB  - We studied the positive inotropic response induced by alpha-adrenergic receptor
      stimulation in an electrically driven rat left atrium. alpha-Adrenergic
      stimulation resulted in a prolonged positive inotropic response that reached its
      maximum within 5-7 min. The kinetics of the onset of the positive inotropic
      response were different for pure alpha-adrenergic, pure beta-adrenergic, and
      mixed adrenergic stimulation. The positive inotropic responses to alpha- and beta
      adrenergic agonists were not additive. The relative inotropic response to alpha
      adrenergic stimulation decreased when external calcium concentration was
      increased and disappeared when external calcium concentration was raised to 7.0
      mM. The divalent cation ionophore A23187 (1 microM) produced a threefold increase
      of the contractility of the atrial preparation at 1.0 mM extracellular calcium,
      and no further alpha-adrenergic response was observed in its presence. Calcium
      channel antagonists verapamil and nifedipine markedly inhibited the response to
      alpha-adrenergic stimulation, with little effect on the beta-adrenergic
      stimulation, at a calcium concentration of 0.5 mM. The inhibitory effect of
      calcium channel antagonists could be fully reversed by increasing the
      extracellular calcium concentration. Our data suggest that the alpha-adrenergic
      contractile response in the rat atrium involves the mobilization of extracellular
      calcium through verapamil-sensitive calcium channels in a mechanism different
      from that for the beta-adrenergic response.

PMID- 2422472
TI  - Unpredictability of blood pressures recorded outside the clinic in the treated
      hypertensive patient.
AB  - Ambulatory blood pressure profiles were obtained with the Remler M2000, a
      portable semiautomatic blood pressure recorder, in 38 chronically treated
      hypertensive patients who continued to have blood pressures measured by their
      physician greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and greater than 89 mm Hg diastolic. On
      the average, ambulatory recorded blood pressures were significantly lower (151/94
      +/- 26/13 mm Hg; mean +/- SD) than those determined at the clinic not only by a
      physician (179/109 +/- 22/11 mm Hg), but by a nurse (163/101 +/- 24/10 mm Hg).
      Individual mean recorded ambulatory blood pressures could be predicted neither
      from office readings obtained by a physician nor from those measured by a nurse.
      Because of this unpredictability of blood pressures prevailing outside the
      clinic, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring seems to be very useful, if not
      necessary, in assessing the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs. By this
      technique, it may be possible to select patients who do not need a change of
      treatment although their blood pressure levels remain persistently elevated in
      the physician's office.

PMID- 2422473
TI  - Importance of interaction with adrenergic neurons for antifibrillatory action of
      bretylium in the dog.
AB  - The present study was designed to investigate whether or not interaction with the
      adrenergic neurons is important for the antifibrillatory effect of bretylium. The
      direct action of bretylium on cardiac electrophysiological properties, as
      indicated by effective refractory period prolongation, was also assessed. In
      pentobarbital-anesthetized, open-chest dogs, bretylium, 5 mg/kg i.v., increased
      ventricular fibrillation threshold rapidly and markedly. The effect peaked in 1 h
      and was sustained for at least 3 h. Complete adrenergic neuronal blockade also
      occurred within 30 min. Effective refractory period lengthening was minimal and
      variable. When bretylium's access to the adrenergic neurons was prevented either
      by antagonism of the presynaptic amine transport pump with desipramine or by
      chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine, the antifibrillatory effect was
      absent. Furthermore, when blockade of adrenergic neurotransmission by bretylium
      was reversed by the administration of d-amphetamine, ventricular fibrillation
      threshold also decreased. Data from all groups of experiments revealed that
      changes in effective refractory period did not correlate, in either magnitude or
      direction, with changes in ventricular fibrillation threshold. Thus, it can be
      concluded that interaction with adrenergic neurons is important for bretylium's
      antifibrillatory action and that absence of sympathetic neurotransmission
      contributes to the elevation of ventricular fibrillation threshold.

PMID- 2422474
TI  - Perindopril, a new converting enzyme inhibitor: systemic and regional
      hemodynamics and sympathoinhibitory effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The effects of a new converting enzyme inhibitor, perindopril (5 mg/kg p.o. q.d.
      for 8 days), on systemic and regional hemodynamics, as well as its interferences
      with the sympathetic nervous system at the cardiovascular level, were
      investigated in nonbinephrectomized and in binephrectomized spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHRs). Perindopril abolished plasma converting enzyme activity
      and lowered arterial blood pressure (BP) without affecting heart rate. Cardiac
      index (microspheres) was not drug affected; thus, the reduction in BP was due to
      a decrease in total peripheral resistance which was shown to be homogenous, since
      all investigated vascular resistances were reduced to the same extent. In
      nonbinephrectomized, pithed SHRs, perindopril decreased BP and renal and hindlimb
      vascular resistances (pulsed Doppler). In addition, perindopril exerted a
      sympathoinhibitory effect as evidenced by (a) a reduction in the systemic
      vasopressor and regional vasoconstrictor responses to the alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      agonist, cirazoline, and especially to the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist UK
      14.304; and (b) a decrease in the systemic pressor and in the hindlimb
      vasoconstrictor responses to spinal cord stimulation. In binephrectomized, pithed
      SHRs, perindopril no longer decreased BP; however, whereas its sympathoinhibitory
      effect versus alpha-adrenoceptor agonists was abolished, that versus spinal cord
      stimulation persisted. These results indicate that (a) perindopril lowers BP in
      SHRs by a renal-dependent mechanism; (b) perindopril exerts in SHRs a
      sympathoinhibitory effect versus alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and spinal cord
      stimulation; (c) the sympathoinhibitory effect of perindopril versus alpha
      adrenoceptor agonists is postjunctional and kidney dependent; and (d) the
      sympathoinhibitory effect of perindopril versus spinal cord stimulation is
      possibly prejunctional in its mechanism and does not require the presence of the
      kidneys.

PMID- 2422475
TI  - Use- and voltage-dependent depression by ethmozine (moricizine) of the rapid
      inward sodium current in single rat ventricular muscle cells.
AB  - Effects of ethmozine (moricizine) on the rapid inward sodium current (INa) were
      studied in freshly isolated single cells of rat ventricular myocardium. INa was
      measured by means of a patch clamp method for observing integral ionic currents.
      Ethmozine was applied extracellularly to a small cell membrane patch at
      concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 microM. At a stimulation frequency of 0.1 Hz the
      drug decreased the peak INa without producing a shift of the current-voltage
      curve, but shifted the V0.5 of the steady-state inactivation curve by -6 mV. At
      frequencies of 2-5 Hz the ethmozine-induced block exhibited a prominent use
      dependence, with trains of depolarizing clamp pulses 5-50 ms in duration
      eliciting maximal INa from holding potentials at which the steady-state
      inactivation variable h infinity was close to 1. The use-dependent inhibition of
      INa became more pronounced with an increase in both stimulation rate and pulse
      duration. In contrast to what has been observed in the node of Ranvier of the
      frog, the present results indicate that ethmozine binds to both inactivated and
      open Na+ channels, but that the contribution of the open channel block to the
      overall block at depolarizing clamp step durations of several hundred
      milliseconds is small in comparison with the contribution of the block of
      inactivated channels.

PMID- 2422476
TI  - Separation of antihypertensive from ganglioplegic effects of felodipine in the
      cat.
AB  - The effects of felodipine on sympathetic ganglionic transmission and on the
      effector responses of two muscle models were studied. In anesthetized cats we
      established what injected dose and plasma levels of this selectively vasodilating
      dihydropyridine were necessary for the neural and for the primary hypotensive
      effects on arterial blood pressure in vivo. Felodipine in cats reduced mean
      arterial pressure at a dose of 0.010 mumol/kg i.v., corresponding to a plasma
      concentration of 10 nmol/L. A 15-25-fold higher dose, or plasma concentration,
      was required to produce a significant reduction in the amplitude of the
      sympathetic postganglionic action potential (PAP). The latencies of the PAPs
      remained constant. Felodipine in vitro did not attenuate the neurogenic response
      of the nictitating membrane. However, the spontaneous activity, as well as the
      neurogenic response of the portal vein, was inhibited by felodipine in nanomolar
      concentrations. Felodipine at the highest dose caused a small but significant
      attenuation of the postganglionic nictitating membrane response in vivo. This
      reduction was of insufficient magnitude to account alone for the diminution of
      the response to preganglionic stimulation. We conclude that felodipine in low
      concentrations reduces blood pressure by a direct relaxation of vascular smooth
      muscle, while, in addition, at high concentrations a partial ganglionic blockade
      may be induced.

PMID- 2422477
TI  - Age-related reduction of baroreflex tachycardia without loss of beta-adrenoceptor
      mediated tachycardia in Sprague-Dawley rats.
AB  - We examined baroreflex function and cardiac responsiveness in young (3-7 months)
      and old (21-24 months) Sprague-Dawley rats. Nitroprusside was more effective in
      lowering diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in old than in young conscious animals,
      but there was no such difference in anaesthetised animals. In conscious animals,
      the slope of the regression line for the fall in DBP produced by nitroprusside
      against the resultant tachycardia was significantly steeper for young animals, so
      that a given fall in DBP produced a greater rise in heart rate in young animals.
      In anaesthetised or pithed animals, the tachycardia produced by isoprenaline,
      noradrenaline, and single-pulse electrical stimulation did not differ between
      young and old animals. Hence, we have evidence that baroreflex sensitivity is
      reduced in aged rats, but that this is not due to a decreased responsiveness of
      the heart.

PMID- 2422478
TI  - Midline B3 serotonin nerves in rat medulla are involved in hypotensive effect of
      methyldopa.
AB  - Previous experiments in this laboratory have shown that microinjection of
      methyldopa onto the ventrolateral cells of the B3 serotonin neurons in the
      medulla elicits a hypotensive response mediated by a projection descending into
      the spinal cord. The present experiments were designed to investigate the role of
      the midline cells of the B3 serotonin neurons in the medulla, coinciding with the
      raphe magnus. In spontaneously hypertensive, stroke-prone rats, microinjection of
      methyldopa into the area of the midline B3 serotonin cell group in the ventral
      medulla caused a potent hypotension of 30-40 mm Hg, which was maximal 2-3 h after
      administration and was abolished by the serotonin neurotoxin 5,7
      dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) injected intracerebroventricularly. However,
      intraspinal injection of 5,7-DHT to produce a more selective lesion of only
      descending serotonin projections in the spinal cord did not affect this
      hypotension. Further, 5,7-DHT lesion of serotonin nerves travelling in the median
      forebrain bundle, one of the main ascending pathways from the B3 serotonin cells,
      did not affect the fall in blood pressure associated with a midline B3 serotonin
      methyldopa injection. It is concluded therefore that, unlike the ventrolateral B3
      cells which mediate a methyldopa-induced hypotension via descending projections,
      the midline serotonin B3 cells in the medulla contribute to the hypotensive
      action of methyldopa, either by way of an ascending projection which does not
      pass through the median forebrain bundle, or through a projection restricted to
      the caudal brainstem.

PMID- 2422479
TI  - Impairment of renal function due to sulphinpyrazone after coronary artery bypass
      surgery: a prospective double-blind study.
AB  - In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial the renal function was
      studied in 60 patients recovering from coronary artery bypass surgery treated
      with a daily dose of 800 mg sulphinpyrazone (SP) or 880 mg acetylsalicylic acid
      (ASA) or placebo. Serum creatinine level increased (p less than 0.05) during the
      first 2 days of SP treatment, but returned to its baseline level within 4 days
      under maintained therapy; during ASA and placebo therapy no significant changes
      occurred. Serum urea levels decreased (p less than 0.01) during ASA and placebo
      treatments as time from surgery subsided; the decrease of serum urea level was
      delayed in the SP group compared with the ASA and placebo groups. Urinary
      excretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was significantly decreased (p less than
      0.01) during ASA treatment; in the SP group, urinary PGE2 excretion tended also
      to decrease during the first days of treatment, the decrease being significant
      only on the 4th day (p less than 0.01). The urinary excretion of kallikrein
      decreased significantly only in the SP group (p less than 0.01), while the
      changes in the ASA and placebo group were not significant. We suggest that the
      rapidly reversible acute renal impairment during SP therapy was probably due to a
      transient renal ischemia caused by a drug-related decrease in urinary kallikrein
      excretion rather than by renal prostaglandin inhibition.

PMID- 2422480
TI  - Sodium pentobarbital effects on cardiac function and response to dobutamine.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine if sodium pentobarbital had persistent
      effects on isolated working rat heart function that altered the response of the
      heart to subsequently administered dobutamine. The effects of in vitro sodium
      pentobarbital treatment were studied using isolated working hearts from rats that
      were killed after pentobarbital anesthesia or by cervical fracture. Hemodynamic
      and contractile functions of the isolated hearts were significantly depressed in
      the presence of 0.4 mM sodium pentobarbital in vitro. After the pentobarbital was
      washed out of the preparation, all indices of cardiac function recovered fully
      except for -dP/dtmax, which remained depressed by approximately 7%. The
      subsequent inotropic response of the hearts to 5 X 10(-8) M dobutamine was
      minimally affected by the prior exposure to pentobarbital in vitro. The data
      confirmed that hearts from rats killed by cervical fracture exhibited a smaller
      inotropic response to dobutamine than hearts from pentobarbital-anesthetized
      rats. In addition, hearts excised from ventilated animals had significantly
      higher left ventricular peak systolic pressure, peak aortic flow rate, and peak
      power than hearts from nonventilated animals, indicating the importance of
      ventilating the animal during cardiac excision in order to obtain optimum
      isolated heart function.

PMID- 2422481
TI  - Inotropic responsiveness in hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy: impaired
      inotropic response to glucagon and vasoactive intestinal peptide in renal
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy in renal
      hypertensive rats (RHR) is associated with reduced responsiveness to beta
      adrenergic stimulation (isoproterenol) but not to calcium or cardiac glycosides.
      To determine whether this impairment is restricted to beta-receptor agonists or
      extended to include other stimulants of the adenylate cyclase system, inotropic
      responses to glucagon and to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were determined
      in isolated paced hearts (Langendorff preparation) from RHR and strictly matched
      sham-operated controls. The response (delta peak LV +dP/dt) to both agonists was
      significantly reduced in RHR, whether expressed in absolute value or in percent
      of baseline. It averaged 59.3 +/- 19.3 (SE) mm Hg X s-1 in RHR at the highest
      dose of VIP (15 micrograms) and a perfusion pressure (PP) of 50 mm Hg as compared
      with 255 +/- 68.4 in controls (p less than 0.01). The responses to glucagon were
      determined at two levels of perfusion pressure--50 and 80 mm Hg--to determine the
      influence, if any, of possible alterations in myocardial perfusion on differences
      between the normal and hypertrophied hearts. At both PP levels the LV +dP/dt
      response was significantly lower in RHR--+ 374 +/- 103 vs. + 1,026 +/- 166 mm Hg
      X s-1 (p less than 0.005) or + 120 +/- 5 vs. + 143 +/- 7% of baseline value (p
      less than 0.02) for PP of 50 mm Hg; and 392 +/- 154 vs. + 1,732 +/- 251 mm Hg X s
      1 (p less than 0.01) or + 112 +/- 4 vs. + 160 +/- 2% (p less than 0.001) for PP
      of 80 mm Hg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422482
TI  - Integrative nature and time course of cardiovascular alterations in the diabetic
      rat.
AB  - Time-dependent alterations in integrated cardiovascular function were assessed in
      the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. Hemodynamic measurements in the intact,
      anesthetized animal revealed significant and progressive reduction in heart rate
      after 2, 4, and 8 weeks of diabetes. Myocardial contractility (+ dP/dt) and rate
      of relaxation (-dP/dt) were preserved at 2 weeks, but progressively declined
      thereafter. Integrative mechanisms maintained mean arterial blood pressure within
      normal limits at all time points. Pressure was regulated by minimizing cardiac
      output reduction via slight increases in stroke volume (Starling mechanism) and
      concomitant small increases in total peripheral resistance. In response to graded
      isoproterenol infusion and brief, total aortic occlusion, percent increase of
      heart rate and + dP/dt was maintained despite decrements in absolute values.
      Reduced peripheral vasodilation resulted in elevated sensitivity of the heart
      rate-blood pressure relationship during isoproterenol challenge. The -dP/dt was
      uniformly impaired in diabetic rats during isoproterenol infusion. When given a
      rapid saline infusion, diabetic hearts appropriately augmented volume output via
      the Starling mechanism. Initial hemodynamic abnormalities observed in the intact,
      diabetic rat are consistent with known defects in cardiac adrenergic receptor
      density, contractile protein ATPase activity, and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium
      uptake. However, many cellular and subcellular defects are compensated by
      integrative hemodynamic mechanisms while latent alterations are observed only in
      the intact cardiovascular system.

PMID- 2422483
TI  - Pharmacologic analysis of ketamine-induced cardiac actions in isolated, blood
      perfused canine atria.
AB  - Effects of ketamine were investigated on atrial rate and contractile force in the
      isolated, blood-perfused canine atrium. When a relatively small dose (3
      micrograms) of ketamine was injected into the sinus node artery, positive
      chronotropic and inotropic responses were consistently observed. With doses of 10
      300 micrograms i.a., biphasic (i.e., negative followed by positive) chronotropic
      and inotropic responses were induced. An extremely large dose of ketamine
      frequently produced biphasic chronotropic and only negative inotropic responses.
      The negative effects of ketamine were not affected by atropine pretreatment.
      After treatment with propranolol or imipramine, the positive effects were
      significantly suppressed. The effects were not influenced by tetrodotoxin. These
      results suggest that ketamine has (a) indirect cardioexcitatory properties
      mediated by a release of catecholamines which is due to a tyramine-like action,
      and (b) direct cardioinhibitory properties by which high doses depress the
      contractility rather than the pacemaker activity.

PMID- 2422484
TI  - Hydralazine and its metabolites: in vitro and in vivo activity in the rat.
AB  - The vasodilator, hypotensive, and antihypertensive effects of hydralazine and its
      known and putative metabolites were compared in vitro, in the isolated, perfused
      mesenteric arterial bed of the rat, and in vivo, in the urethane-anesthetized
      normotensive rat (NR) and in the conscious renal hypertensive rat (RHR). In the
      mesenteric bed, hydralazine produced inhibition of noradrenaline (NA)-induced
      vasoconstriction (IC50-NA = 0.4 micrograms/ml). All the metabolites were five to
      greater than 250 times less potent than the parent compound. Hydralazine
      inhibited potassium-induced vasoconstriction at concentrations (IC50-K+ = 700
      micrograms/ml) above those required to inhibit NA. Two metabolites, 9-hydroxy-3
      methyl-s-triazolo-(3.4-a)phthalazine and the acetone hydrazone (HP-AH), were more
      potent (five- and 10-fold, respectively) than hydralazine in inhibiting potassium
      induced vasoconstriction. The other metabolites produced less than 50% inhibition
      at the highest concentration tested. In in vivo studies, blood pressure in NR or
      RHR was reduced by hydralazine, following doses of 0.1 or 0.25 mg/kg i.v. and
      above. HP-AH was sixfold less active than hydralazine in NR and 10-fold less
      active in RHR, while the pyruvic acid hydrazone was 33- and 14-fold 1 s active,
      respectively. The other metabolites tested were practically inactive in
      concentrations up to the limits of solubility. Although several hydralazine
      metabolites show some vasodilator and blood pressure-lowering activity, it seems
      unlikely that the formation of metabolites is a major factor in the
      antihypertensive effect of hydralazine or is responsible for its long duration of
      action.

PMID- 2422486
TI  - Converting enzyme inhibition in hypertension and congestive heart failure.
      Rotterdam, The Netherlands, March 16, 1985.

PMID- 2422485
TI  - Hemodynamic and electrophysiological effects of a novel positive inotropic drug,
      OPC-8212, in normal and "failing" guinea pig heart preparations.
AB  - OPC-8212, 3,4-dihydro-6-[4-(3,4-dimethoxy-benzoyl)-1-piperazinyl]-2 (1H)
      quinolinone, significantly decreased heart rate and increased contractility (+
      dP/dt) and coronary flow in isolated, perfused guinea pig Langendorff and work
      performing heart preparations. The effect on contractility, but not on coronary
      flow, was significantly greater when the negative chronotropic effect was
      prevented by pacing. In guinea pig hearts made incompetent by aortic stenosis,
      OPC-8212 produced a significant increase in contractility and coronary flow and
      greater negative chronotropic effects than in control hearts. OPC-8212 improved
      the work performance of normal and "failing" isolated work-performing guinea pig
      hearts during pressure load and during volume load. In electrophysiological
      studies, OPC-8212 enhance Vmax, amplitude, and duration of fast action potentials
      (APs) in guinea pig papillary muscles. Tetraethylammonium (TEA)-induced slow APs
      were also potentiated with respect to Vmax, amplitude, and duration. OPC-8212 in
      the absence of TEA also lowered the voltage threshold for inducing the slow APs.
      Positive inotropic effects, but not the slow APs, of guinea pig papillary muscles
      were greatly enhanced by OPC-8212 at higher frequencies of stimulation (2-3 Hz),
      indicating an important mechanism of action that may be at least in part
      independent of Isi.

PMID- 2422487
TI  - Enalapril in experimental hypertension and acute heart failure: comparison with
      calcium channel blockers.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of enalaprilat (MK-422) and lisinopril (MK-521) were
      compared with the calcium channel blocker felodipine in dogs with ischemic left
      ventricular (LV) failure. The combination of nitrendipine plus enalapril was also
      examined in ischemic failure and in rats with spontaneous hypertension. In
      anesthetized dogs coronary embolization with 50 micron plastic microspheres
      reduced cardiac output and LV dP/dt max by approximately 40%, and LV end
      diastolic pressure increased to greater than 13 mm Hg. Enalaprilat and lisinopril
      reduced mean arterial pressure by a maximum of 20 mm Hg and total peripheral
      resistance by approximately 30%. Left ventricular dP/dt:LVP, which was
      substantially decreased by embolization, was slightly increased by both
      angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. The calcium entry blockers
      felodipine and nitrendipine qualitatively produced many of the same hemodynamic
      effects as the ACE inhibitors, but, in addition, they markedly reduced coronary
      resistance, increased myocardial blood flow, and did not alter cardiac
      contractility (LV dP/dt max). In spontaneously hypertensive rats single doses of
      nitrendipine (1.25 to 5.0 mg/kg per os) and enalapril (0.3 and 3.0 mg/kg per os)
      reduced mean arterial pressure, but differences were observed in the onset
      (enalapril 2 h versus nitrendipine 0.5 h), the duration of action, and magnitude
      of effect. In terms of blood pressure lowering, nitrendipine, 5.0 mg/kg per os,
      was clearly additive to 3.0 mg/kg per os of enalapril, but other combinations
      (enalapril, 3 mg/kg per os plus 0.625 mg/kg of nitrendipine or enalapril, 0.3
      mg/kg per os plus 0.625 mg/kg nitrendipine) were not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2422488
TI  - Circulatory basis for the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in
      hypertension and cardiac failure.
AB  - The renin-angiotensin system has a range of physiological actions concerned with
      the control of the circulation. Angiotensin II has both an immediate and a
      delayed pressor effect; it stimulates the secretion of aldosterone and
      antidiuretic hormone, promotes thirst, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system
      at various sites while inhibiting vagal tone, and has a range of direct effects
      on the kidney. Several aspects of this range of actions can become deranged in a
      number of forms of hypertension as well as in congestive cardiac failure. Hence
      much effort has been directed in recent years to the development of agents
      designed to interfere with the renin-angiotensin system and to apply these
      clinically in the treatment of hypertension and congestive cardiac failure.
      Orally active converting enzyme inhibitors are of proven benefit not only in
      renovascular hypertension, but also, when combined with loop diuretics, in the
      treatment of intractable hypertension as well as, both alone and in combination
      with thiazide diuretics, in the treatment of essential hypertension. In
      congestive cardiac failure controlled trials have shown that converting enzyme
      inhibitors can improve exercise tolerance while diminishing lassitude, correct
      potassium deficiency, and limit ventricular arrhythmias. Energetic efforts are
      being made to develop orally active inhibitors of the enzyme renin itself, since
      these should be more specific in action than the presently available and very
      successful converting enzyme inhibitors.

PMID- 2422489
TI  - Chronic treatment of hypertensive patients with converting enzyme inhibitors.
AB  - It is widely accepted that pharmacologic reduction of the blood pressure of
      hypertensive patients reduces the risk of at least some of the major
      cardiovascular complications (1-5). All major studies were carried out before
      orally active converting enzyme inhibitors had become available. In other words,
      very effective antihypertensive drugs have been around for quite some time and
      have already proven their efficacy. Therefore, the considerable enthusiasm that
      has developed during the very recent years for the new converting enzyme
      inhibitors should be evaluated in the light of previously available
      antihypertensive drugs, the more so, as drugs cheaper than converting enzyme
      inhibiting agents are presently available. Thus, the increased expense when using
      this new class of antihypertensive compounds should be justified by a therapeutic
      gain. When evaluating a class of antihypertensive drugs such as converting enzyme
      inhibitors, there are basically three main considerations: What is their efficacy
      in long-term use? This includes the effect on blood pressure, on heart, on
      hemodynamics, and on blood flow distribution. What are the metabolic effects?
      What is the effect on sodium and potassium excretion? How are the serum lipids
      affected by its use? Are there any untoward effects related either to the
      chemical structure of the compound per se or rather to the approach? In
      particular, are there any central effects of the drug which can cause discomfort
      to the patient? The following discussion has the principal aim to review these
      aspects with chronic use of oral converting enzyme inhibiting agents without,
      however, even attempting to provide an exhaustive review of the subject.

PMID- 2422490
TI  - Changes in the pathophysiologic profile of blood pressure determinants during
      short-term enalapril administration.
AB  - To assess dose-related effects of enalapril, we treated eight hospitalized
      hypertensive patients receiving constant sodium intake with incremental doses of
      this new angiotensin converting-enzyme blocking drug. After a few days of placebo
      treatment, enalapril was given in single daily doses, starting with 1.25 mg and
      increasing dosage until blood pressure was adequately controlled. At the lowest
      dose, converting enzyme activity was reduced by 50%, but angiotensin II and blood
      pressure did not change significantly. There were, however, significant increases
      in norepinephrine, renin, and aldosterone. With higher doses there was a more
      pronounced reduction in converting enzyme activity, whereas angiotensin II,
      aldosterone, and blood pressure all fell significantly. Renin levels rose, but
      norepinephrine and epinephrine were reduced. In a second study 20 hypertensive
      subjects were studied before and after 10 days of continued treatment with
      enalapril. Again, systolic and diastolic pressure were significantly reduced.
      Tachycardia or orthostatic hypotension did not occur. Endocrine changes were
      similar to those after a single effective dose of enalapril. In addition, we
      found renal vasodilation and enhanced natriuresis together with a 1.2 kg
      decrement in body weight. Concurrently, plasma volume rose but renal blood flow
      remained unchanged. The data indicate that enalapril effectively lowers blood
      pressure, and it does so by converting enzyme inhibition; sodium loss and a
      decrease in sympathetic activity are associated features. Since plasma volume
      increased despite enhanced natriuresis, the drug may act both at the arteriolar
      and at the venular level.

PMID- 2422491
TI  - Enalapril and the kidney: renal vasodilation and natriuresis due to the
      inhibition of angiotensin II formation.
AB  - Essential hypertension is characterized by increased renal vascular resistance,
      which also has definite implications for renal sodium handling. We studied the
      possibility of correcting these abnormalities by inhibiting angiotensin
      converting enzyme with enalapril. Enalaprilic acid produced renal vasodilation.
      This, particularly postglomerular, vasodilation was accompanied with an increase
      in sodium excretion. The natriuresis was positively correlated to initial plasma
      renin activity. During continuous treatment with enalapril up to 12 weeks, this
      vasodilation persisted in 22 patients with essential hypertension. We also showed
      that orally administered enalapril induces natriuresis, both during a 50-mmol and
      during a 200-mmol sodium intake a day. This natriuresis caused a net negative
      sodium balance of approximately 120-140 mmol Na after 1 week of enalapril
      therapy. This was accompanied with a fall in body weight. We conclude that
      enalapril in essential hypertension alleviates the angiotensin-II-mediated
      abnormalities in renal hemodynamics and sodium excretion.

PMID- 2422492
TI  - Congestive heart failure--pathophysiology and medical treatment.
AB  - Although the etiology of congestive heart failure is complex, a disturbance of
      myocardial function due to ischemic heart disease or various forms of
      cardiomyopathy is by far the leading causative factor. In the early stages of
      failure various cardiac compensating mechanisms, such as hypertrophy, an increase
      in contractility and the Frank-Starling mechanism, prevent a major reduction in
      function. With ongoing failure, myocardial muscle function further deteriorates
      because of a disturbance in myocardial energy utilization, abnormalities in
      sympathetic neurotransmitter metabolism, a reduction in beta-receptor density,
      and, more importantly, a derangement of intracellular calcium transport. The
      subsequent reduction in cardiac output leads to activation of peripheral
      neurohumoral mechanisms, including sympathetic stimulation, an increase in
      circulating norepinephrine, stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
      system (RAAS), and increased arginine vasopressin production, which result in
      arterial and venous vasoconstriction, redistribution of tissue blood flow, and an
      increase in circulating blood volume. The adjustments, however, lead to a vicious
      circle, where heart function is further depressed by the increase in afterload,
      whereas the changes in the venous bed and the increase in circulating volume
      ultimately result in congestion. At this point, digitalis and diuretics alone are
      no longer sufficiently effective and vasodilators are indicated, possibly
      combined, in the later stages of failure, with positive inotropic drugs. The
      angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibiting agents seem particularly useful in this
      context, presumably because of their complex mode of action, interfering with the
      neurohumoral systems and peripheral vasculature at multiple sites. Particularly
      with these agents, a remarkable improvement in clinical condition and exercise
      capacity has been observed. Even so, the long-term prognosis in patients with
      severe congestive heart failure is still extremely poor with one-year mortality
      rates in New York Heart Association class III and IV patients ranging from 34% to
      48%. In this article, the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure and the
      potential of drug therapy are further discussed.

PMID- 2422493
TI  - Restoration of cardiac function and structure by converting enzyme inhibition
      possibilities and limitations of long-term treatment in hypertension and heart
      failure.
AB  - There is no doubt that cardiac function can be restored to a great degree in
      congestive heart failure treated with converting-enzyme inhibitors, but the
      mechanism of improvement involves the correction of peripheral abnormalities
      rather than a direct cardiac effect of the drug. There is some evidence that
      deterioration of cardiac function and progressive cardiac dilation following
      myocardial infarction can be prevented by treatment with converting-enzyme
      inhibitors. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) has been obtained by
      converting-enzyme inhibitors, both in man and in experimental animals. In animal
      studies, this regression of LVH was associated with restoration of contractile
      reserve and of coronary flow reserve to normal. The final significance of this
      restoration of structure and its functional aspects still needs further studies.

PMID- 2422494
TI  - Conceptual and therapeutic approaches to inhibition of the renin-angiotensin
      system in chronic heart failure.
AB  - The renin-angiotensin system is activated in the majority of patients with
      chronic congestive heart failure. This may be part of the pathophysiology of the
      disease, a secondary phenomenon, or the result of intense diuretic therapy.
      Irrespective of the mechanism of renin-angiotensin activation, converting enzyme
      inhibitors are an effective form of therapy as well as a means to evaluate
      pathophysiologic mechanisms of congestive heart failure. Because of the
      activation of the renin-angiotensin system, angiotensin-mediated vasoconstriction
      and aldosterone-mediated sodium retention can be suppressed and, in some
      individuals, completely blocked by converting enzyme inhibitors. Improved forward
      cardiac flow and reduction of pulmonary congestion occur with reversal of
      vasoconstriction, so that relief of edema, due to enhanced sodium and water
      excretion, will occur. While it is easy to identify a close correlation between
      markers of renin-angiotensin activity and the initial response to converting
      enzyme inhibitors, it is more difficult to identify this response long-term. This
      may be due to changes in dietary sodium intake, intensity of diuretic therapy, or
      alteration in renal blood flow and function. Clinically, however, the response to
      converting enzyme inhibitors is favorable in the majority of people.

PMID- 2422495
TI  - Evaluation of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the pharmacokinetics and
      pharmacodynamics of ACE inhibitors.
AB  - The increasing number of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors means
      that compounds with different enzyme kinetics, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability,
      and pharmacodynamics will appear. They will, however, all inhibit ACE, and their
      hypotensive effect will be a consequence of this action. Enalapril (MK-421) is an
      esterified prodrug, which in man is converted by the liver to the bioactive
      potent ACE inhibitor enalaprilate (enalaprilic acid, MK-422). This probably
      accounts for the slower plasma appearance of MK-422 and the longer duration of
      action of enalapril. The clinical significance of deesterification by the liver
      needs further study but minor abnormalities of liver function, such as occur in
      congestive heart failure, do not affect the rate of deesterification and hence
      the plasma enalaprilat levels. A close relationship between the plasma drug
      level, degree of ACE inhibition, and the hormonal and hypotensive effect can be
      demonstrated after both acute and chronic enalapril administration to
      hypertensive patients. Chronic therapy with enalapril leads to induction of ACE
      but in humans this is not sufficient to lead to resistance or tolerance to the
      drug. Enalapril offers an exciting new approach to the treatment of hypertension
      with some distinct advantages over conventional antihypertensive therapy.

PMID- 2422496
TI  - Large-section cryomicrotomy for in vitro receptor autoradiography.
AB  - A method for processing human postmortem material for application of
      autoradiography to large cryosections is described. Whole organ or tissue slices
      5 mm thick are frozen between copper plates cooled with liquid nitrogen. They are
      subsequently embedded in carboxymethyl-cellulose, and 40- to 80-microns sections
      are taken up on adhesive tape and paper and transferred to gelatinized glass
      plates. Two procedures for incubation of large sections are described. The method
      is exemplified by autoradiographs of human brain hemisphere ([
      3H]quinuclidinylbenzilate) and whole biceps muscle ([ 3H]alpha-bungarotoxin).

PMID- 2422497
TI  - 15th annual UCLA symposia. March 30-April 12, 1986. Abstracts.

PMID- 2422498
TI  - 15th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Interferons as cell growth inhibitors and
      antitumor factors.

PMID- 2422499
TI  - Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) as a separation method for
      neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - We have developed a fluorescence cell sorting (FACS) method for the separation of
      neurofibrillary tangles from post-mortem brain from cases of Alzheimer's disease
      and Down's syndrome. Neurofibrillary tangles in brain homogenate were selectively
      labelled with the fluorescent dye congo red. Using FACS the tangles were
      separated from other tissue components on the basis of fluorescence and forward
      angle light scatter to give a fraction highly enriched in tangles, which were
      identified by light and crossed polarisation microscopy. Tangles were not
      observed in a comparison fraction, collected at the same time, of weakly
      fluorescent particles of similar size to the tangles. Thus FACS provides a non
      denaturing method for obtaining preparations of neurofibrillary tangles for
      purposes of further analysis.

PMID- 2422500
TI  - The use of whole-mount preparations of nerves labelled with axonally transported
      radioactive proteins to study regeneration.
AB  - A method for studying the process of regeneration in the frog sciatic nerve is
      presented. The outgrowth of sensory axons was determined by assaying the
      distribution of axonally transported radioactive proteins by fluorography of
      whole-mount nerve preparations. After labelling, the nerves were fixed at their
      in vivo lengths, impregnated with a fluorographic reagent and whole-mounted on a
      glass-slide before exposure to an X-ray film. In this way the rate of axon
      elongation after nerve crush lesions could be accurately determined. Nerve
      regeneration preceded by a conditioning lesion will be described. After the
      outgrowth has been measured the method enables subsequent analysis of, for
      instance, the protein composition in selected parts of the same nerve. The
      technique should be broadly applicable for studying nerve regeneration.

PMID- 2422501
TI  - Quantitative histochemistry of acetylcholinesterase in rat and human brain
      postmortem.
AB  - A quantitative analysis of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in
      histochemically stained sections of rat and human brain can be achieved through
      the use of internal standards and computerized image analysis. Tissue standards
      containing known amounts of a highly purified AChE preparation are sectioned and
      incubated under the same conditions as experimental sections. A computerized
      image analyzer is used to convert the optical density of the stain to units of
      enzyme content via the standard curve. The method generates reliable and
      reproducible quantitative values from very small brain regions and nuclei,
      combining the quantitative character of a radiometric assay with the superior
      anatomical resolution of histochemistry.

PMID- 2422502
TI  - Sensitive double-labeling technique of retrograde biotinized tracer (biotin-WGA)
      and immunocytochemistry: light and electron microscopic analysis.
AB  - We developed a simple method to identify fiber projections that contain bioactive
      substances using biotinized wheat-germ agglutinin. Tracer that accumulated
      retrogradely in the soma was made visible under the light microscope by linking
      it with streptavidin-Texas red, which has a red fluorescence, while antigen was
      demonstrated in the same section by indirect immunofluorescence using fluorescein
      isothiocyanate with green fluorescence as a marker. Under the electron
      microscope, the tracer was identified using streptavidin-colloidal gold
      particles, while the antigen was demonstrated in the same ultrathin section using
      the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. This method makes it possible to
      demonstrate the locations of both the biotinized retrograde tracer and the
      antigen in the soma of the same neuron at both light and electron microscopic
      levels.

PMID- 2422503
TI  - [Efficacy and limits of magnesium therapy in extrasystole].
AB  - This study was carried out on a group of 19 patients with extrasystolic
      arrhythmia, the origin of which was atrial and/or ventricular. Its mean value was
      at least one extrasystole per minute. The patients were monitored by Holter for
      24 h. In this population, we found a plasmatic and/or erythrocytic hypomagnesemia
      in two thirds of the patients. The simultaneous finding of an extrasystolic
      arrhythmia and of a lowering of magnesium values might be a mere coincidence.
      Treatment with intravenous magnesium salts did not significantly reduce the
      frequency of extrasystolic beats in any of our patients, utilizing the criteria
      of Morganroth, which are rather stringent. However, our treatment was beneficial
      in some cases; we noticed an average decrease of 20% in the extrasystolic beats
      during the 24-hour period. This response to magnesium treatment is somewhat
      irregular; some patients do not react at all. On the other hand, 3 patients
      reacted to our treatment during this period of 24 h with a decrease of 80% in
      their extrasystolic beats. We did not determine whether this effect remains after
      these first 24 h. It might be interesting to follow up these arrhythmias for
      several weeks after magnesium intake treatment, especially in patients having a
      proven deficiency at the beginning of this treatment. It seems beneficial, a
      priori, to remedy a magnesium-deficient state in any patient who has a persistent
      extrasystolic arrhythmia.

PMID- 2422504
TI  - Treatment of metastatic sweat gland carcinoma by a four drug combination
      chemotherapy: response in two cases.
AB  - Two patients with metastatic sweat gland carcinoma were treated with a
      combination chemotherapy consisting of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine
      and bleomycin. In one patient, a complete remission of two years' duration, and
      in the other a partial remission (4 + months) were achieved. A review of the
      literature about chemotherapy in metastatic sweat gland carcinoma is given.

PMID- 2422505
TI  - [Pancreatic ascites: apropos of 2 cases].

PMID- 2422506
TI  - [Basocellular epithelioma. Considerations on its histogenesis].
AB  - Twenty-nine cases of basal cell carcinoma were studied with immunoperoxidase
      techniques for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen. Results presented in
      the text would indicate that a high percentage of basal cell carcinomas have
      sweat gland histogenetic origins and that this is independent of its morphologic
      features. The use of immunohistochemical techniques in the detection of
      biological markers demonstrates once again their value not only in identifying a
      disease but also in determining its histogenetic origins.

PMID- 2422507
TI  - Inosiplex treatment of acquired immunodeficiencies: a clinical model for
      effective immunomodulation.
AB  - Patients with various conditions associated with immunologic deficiency (cancer,
      radiotherapy, surgery, burns, aging, prodromal Acquired Immunodeficiency
      Syndrome, were treated with inosiplex (INPX) at a dose of 3-4 g/day for periods
      of time ranging from 1 week to several months. Patients were evaluated
      clinically, and immunologically with the following assays; natural killer (NK)
      cytotoxicity, T-lymphocyte count, mitogen-induced proliferation, E rosettes, and
      skin test reactivity. The data resulting from this large and varied population
      were quite consistent and reproducible, and indicated that INPX treatment was
      effective in simultaneously reducing the incidence of complications, infections
      and mortality while enhancing the immune status of the patient. It has therefore
      been concluded that an immunopharmacologically active agent such as INPX can
      elicit important clinical benefits in patients with disorders of diverse
      etiology, perhaps through modulation of an immunologic defect that is common to a
      variety of seemingly unrelated conditions.

PMID- 2422508
TI  - [An extended urinary bladder is necessary when using the suprapubic bladder
      catheter].

PMID- 2422509
TI  - Developmental surveillance.

PMID- 2422510
TI  - Failure of the Kleihauer test to direct fetal red blood cells in some amniotic
      fluids.

PMID- 2422511
TI  - Spinal opioids.

PMID- 2422512
TI  - A major role for viruses in acute childhood encephalopathy.
AB  - 29 children and 3 adults with acute depression of conscious level or acute onset
      of focal neurological signs were studied prospectively. 3 were found to have a
      non-infectious cause for their illness. The presence of interferon or specific
      antibodies in the serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid provided evidence of active
      virus infection in 25 of the remaining 29 patients. There was laboratory evidence
      that a virus had invaded the central nervous system in 11 patients. Early
      investigation gave the highest diagnostic yield. Since several common viruses
      were identified, it appears that the nature of the illness is due more to the
      host response than to the nature of the infective agent.

PMID- 2422513
TI  - Use of cultured epidermal autografts and dermal allografts as skin replacement
      after burn injury.
AB  - An adult with burns over 55% of body surface area (80% of which were third
      degree) was treated with cadaver skin allografts. The allografts were later
      abraded to remove allogeneic epidermis and resurfaced with autogenous
      keratinocyte cultures. Complete reconstitution of skin, consisting of epidermal
      autograft and dermal allograft, was achieved.

PMID- 2422514
TI  - Prospective evaluation of urinary amylase test strip.

PMID- 2422515
TI  - Elimination of human immunodeficiency virus from immunoglobulin preparations.

PMID- 2422516
TI  - Staining of surgical specimens with toluidine blue prior to frozen section
      examination.

PMID- 2422517
TI  - Ethionamide, prothionamide and thiacetazone self-administration. Studies of
      patient compliance using isoniazid-marked formulations.

PMID- 2422518
TI  - 5-Carboxamidotryptamine: a potent agonist mediating relaxation and elevation of
      cyclic AMP in the isolated neonatal porcine vena cava.
AB  - 5-Carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT) caused concentration dependent relaxation of
      isolated rings from the porcine vena cava contracted with either prostaglandin F2
      alpha, histamine or alpha-methyl 5-hydroxytryptamine. Relaxation was not
      inhibited by propranolol (l microM), atropine (1 microM), indomethacin (3
      microM), mepyramine (1 microM), cimetidine (1 microM), or cocaine (10 microM).
      Methysergide, but not cyproheptadine, was a competitive antagonist of the
      relaxant effect of 5-CT with a pA2 value of 7.88. 5-Carboxamidotryptamine also
      increased the intracellular levels of cyclic AMP, an effect which was antagonised
      by methysergide (apparent pA2: 7.95) but not cyproheptadine. The alpha-methyl
      analogue of 5-hydroxytryptamine did not cause relaxation or elevate cyclic AMP.
      These results suggest that 5-CT causes relaxation and elevation of cyclic AMP by
      interaction with a specific 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor which is '5-HT1-like'.

PMID- 2422519
TI  - Using the overhead projector to present patient management problems to groups.

PMID- 2422520
TI  - Availability and accessibility of family support services.

PMID- 2422521
TI  - Skill requirements for interactive video instruction of persons with mental
      retardation.

PMID- 2422522
TI  - Identification of folylpoly(gamma-glutamate) chain length by cleavage to and
      separation of p-aminobenzoylpoly(gamma-glutamates).

PMID- 2422523
TI  - Detection of p-aminobenzoylpoly(gamma-glutamates) using fluorescamine.

PMID- 2422524
TI  - Analysis of methotrexate polyglutamate derivatives in vivo.

PMID- 2422525
TI  - Egg and embryonic extracellular coats: isolation and purification.

PMID- 2422526
TI  - Nuclei and chromosomal proteins.

PMID- 2422527
TI  - Cytology and immunocytochemistry.

PMID- 2422528
TI  - Cytological techniques for the study of larval echinoids with notes on methods
      for inducing metamorphosis.

PMID- 2422529
TI  - Embryo dissociation, cell isolation, and cell reassociation.
AB  - In resolving the role of cell recognition events in the process of morphogenesis
      it is necessary to focus on single events against a background of many complex
      interactions. This article presents a series of approaches that are designed to
      do just that. It should be noted that with simplification there is a danger of
      oversight. Nevertheless, in learning about mechanisms of cellular movement at
      gastrulation we have found that cell separation techniques, simplified adhesion
      assays, and predictable antibody activities are helpful for approaching the
      complex mechanisms of morphogenesis.

PMID- 2422530
TI  - Manipulative methods for analyzing embryogenesis.

PMID- 2422531
TI  - Effect of N-beta-phenyl ethyl anthranilic acid on macromolecular synthesis during
      outgrowth of Bacillus subtilis hcr-9 spores.
AB  - The rate of protein, RNA and DNA synthesis was measured during the outgrowth of
      Bacillus subtilis hcr-9 spores in the presence of N-beta-phenyl ethyl anthranilic
      acid (NBPEA). The rate of incorporation of 14C-amino acids into proteins, 3H
      uridine into RNA and methyl 3H-thymidine into DNA was totally inhibited in the
      presence of concentrations of NBPEA greater than 4.0 mM in the growth medium,
      resulting in cessation of spore growth.

PMID- 2422532
TI  - Disturbed hypothalamic control of Na,K-ATPase: a cause of somatic symptoms of
      depression.
AB  - Current theories of the causes of somatic symptoms in depression neglect evidence
      for a general inhibition of Na,K-ATPase. Experimentally, sodium pump inhibition
      is associated with depolarization of electrically active tissue: the threshold of
      peripheral nerves is decreased and smooth muscle function altered. Symptoms
      compatible with these changes are found both in depression and intoxication with
      digoxin, which inhibits Na,K-ATPase. The hypothalamus contains inhibitors of Na,K
      ATPase which are capable of producing depolarization. In depression, changes in
      hypothalamic activity may increase endogenous inhibition and contribute to the
      somatic symptoms.

PMID- 2422533
TI  - Mechanism of action of a polypeptide neurotoxin from the coral Goniopora on
      sodium channels in mouse neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - Goniopora toxin (GPT), a polypeptide toxin of 9700 Da isolated from coral,
      markedly slows inactivation of sodium currents recorded under voltage clamp in
      mouse neuroblastoma cells. The voltage dependence of sodium channel activation is
      shifted to more negative membrane potentials by 9.8 +/- 2.1 mV, and the voltage
      dependence of channel inactivation is shifted to more positive membrane potential
      by 6.0 +/- 2.5 mV. These actions of GPT are voltage dependent with an e-fold
      increase in K0.5 for toxin action for each 48.3-mV depolarization between -80 and
      +40 mV. GPT requires Na+ or another alkali metal cation in the extracellular
      medium for its effect on sodium channels. The relative effectiveness of the
      different cations tested is Na+ greater than K+ greater than Rb+ greater than Li+
      greater than Cs+ much greater than choline+. Like other polypeptide neurotoxins
      that slow inactivation of sodium channels, GPT enhances persistent activation of
      sodium channels by veratridine. However, GPT does not block the binding of 125I
      labeled Leiurus scorpion toxin to neurotoxin receptor site 3 on sodium channels
      at concentrations which effectively slow channel inactivation. Therefore, our
      results define a new site on the sodium channel at which specific effects on
      inactivation can occur.

PMID- 2422534
TI  - Mechanisms of action of inhibitors of prolactin secretion in GH3 pituitary cells.
      II. Blockade of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels.
AB  - Pharmacologic agents reported to inhibit prolactin secretion by GH3 pituitary
      cells were observed to inhibit protein synthesis by these cells in a Ca2+
      dependent manner. The possibility that these substances exert their effects on
      protein synthesis by restricting intracellular Ca2+ availability was explored.
      Trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine at concentrations that inhibit amino acid
      incorporation reduced uptake of 45Ca2+ by intact cells approximately 30% under
      nondepolarizing conditions. Increased extracellular K+ (30 mM), which depolarizes
      the membrane and opens the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel of GH3 cells, produced
      a 2-fold increase in 45Ca2+ uptake; phenothiazines fully suppressed this effect
      of K+. Nifedipine, verapamil, ergotamine, bromocriptine, (+)- and (-)-butaclamol,
      and calmidazolium were also effective in inhibiting 45Ca2+ uptake under
      depolarizing and nondepolarizing conditions. The membrane potential of either
      depolarized or nondepolarized cells, as determined by [3H]tetraphenylphosphonium+
      distribution, was not affected significantly by secretory inhibitors. Increased
      extracellular K+ altered protein synthesis by GH3 cells in a biphasic manner.
      Amino acid incorporation by cells incubated at low extracellular Ca2+
      concentrations was stimulated by K+, whereas incorporation by cells in high Ca2+
      medium was inhibited by K+. Trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, nifedipine, and
      bromocriptine suppressed both effects of K+ on protein synthesis. It is proposed
      that these antagonists of secretion inhibit protein synthesis by GH3 cells
      through blockade of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels.

PMID- 2422535
TI  - Identification of the phosphodiesterase regulated by muscarinic cholinergic
      receptors of 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells.
AB  - Agonist occupation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors of 1321N1 human
      astrocytoma cells results in an activation of phosphodiesterase and a resultant
      50-75% attenuation of isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation. The
      effects of a series of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on muscarinic receptor
      mediated inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation and on the activities of partially
      purified, soluble phosphodiesterase have been compared to determine which form of
      phosphodiesterase activity is regulated by muscarinic receptors. The
      phosphodiesterase inhibitors (50 microM) 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (MIX), 1
      methyl-3-isobutyl-7-benzylxanthine (7-BzMIX), 1-methyl-3-isobutyl-8
      methoxymethylxanthine (8-MeOMeMIX), and 2-O-propoxyphenyl-8-azapurin-6-one (MB
      22948) blocked the effect of muscarinic receptor activation. However, 1-isoamyl-3
      isobutylxanthine (IIX) and 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone (Ro 20
      1724) did not block muscarinic receptor-mediated effects but enhanced
      isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation. Three forms of soluble
      phosphodiesterase activity were resolved by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and
      sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A calmodulin-stimulated
      phosphodiesterase activity was inhibited by MIX, 7-BzMIX, 8-MeOMeMIX, and MB
      22948 (IC50 values = 1-10 microM) but was not inhibited by IIX and Ro 20-1724.
      The similar relative capacities of the phosphodiesterase inhibitors for blocking
      both the muscarinic receptor-mediated attenuation of cyclic AMP accumulation and
      the calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase activity in vitro suggest that it is
      this form of enzyme that is regulated by muscarinic receptor stimulation.

PMID- 2422536
TI  - The interaction between the activator agents batrachotoxin and veratridine and
      the gating processes of neuronal sodium channels.
AB  - The depolarization of frog sciatic nerves by the Na channel-activating toxins,
      batrachotoxin and veratridine, was studied using the sucrose-gap technique. To
      study the interaction between the activators and the gating processes of Na
      channels, we measured the depolarizations of unstimulated nerves, of nerves
      during repetitive stimulation, and of nerves whose Na channel inactivation
      process had been pharmacologically modified. Stimulation enhanced the rates of
      depolarization by the activators but did not effect the steady state
      depolarization values. Of the three inhibitors of Na channel inactivation that
      were tested (Leiurus alpha-scorpion toxin, chloramine T, and Ni2+), only Leiurus
      toxin enhanced the potencies of the activators. Neither chloramine T nor Ni2+ had
      any effect on the steady state level of depolarization produced by either
      activator. Both chloramine T and Ni2+, however, enhanced the rate of
      batrachotoxin action, although neither affected the rate of veratridine action.
      Leiurus toxin also potentiated the effects of the activators in chloramine T
      treated nerves. We tested the interaction between the Na channel activators and a
      class of agents, local anesthetics, that stabilize a non-conducting state of the
      Na channel. The presence of lidocaine inhibited the depolarization produced by
      addition of either activator, although the addition of lidocaine subsequent to
      the development of batrachotoxin-induced depolarization produced repolarization
      very weakly and slowly. We also found that the lidocaine homologue, RAC 109I, was
      about 3 times as potent as its stereoisomer, RAC 109II, in its ability both to
      reduce the compound action potential amplitude and to inhibit the veratridine
      induced depolarization.

PMID- 2422537
TI  - Effect of N-hydroxyparacetamol on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and chromatin
      structure.
AB  - N-Hydroxyparacetamol treatment of lymphoblastoid cells gave rise to a dose
      dependent decrease in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. Inhibition of DNA
      synthesis was less marked in medium at pH 6.5 than at pH 9.0. N
      Hydroxyparacetamol appeared to inhibit DNA synthesis at least in part through
      alterations to chromatin structure. This compound produced a dose-dependent and
      time-dependent loss in the superhelix density of DNA as determined by nucleoid
      sedimentation analysis. Alkaline elution data as well as sucrose gradient
      analysis revealed that this decrease in sedimentation did not arise through
      single strand breakage to DNA. The structural alterations to chromatin caused by
      N-hydroxyparacetamol appeared to have been repaired after 6 hr. However,
      sedimentation of "repaired" nucleoids in the presence of ethidium bromide was
      markedly different from sedimentation of untreated nucleoids. These results
      suggested that some N-hydroxyparacetamol remained associated with nucleo-protein,
      thus interfering with the binding of ethidium. Furthermore, both RNA and protein
      synthesis were markedly inhibited by N-hydroxyparacetamol, demonstrating a major
      effect on cell function. The widespread effects of N-hydroxyparacetamol could be
      accounted for by changes to chromatin structure or by a more general effect on
      cellular metabolism. Either of these effects could account for the dramatic
      cytotoxicity of this compound. A concentration of 2.5 mM reduced cell viability
      by 96% after 3 days.

PMID- 2422538
TI  - Structural and functional characterization of guanyl nucleotide-binding proteins
      using monoclonal antibodies to the alpha-subunit of transducin.
AB  - Transducin, the GTP-binding protein of the retinal light-sensitive
      phosphodiesterase system, and Gs and Gi, regulatory proteins of the hormone
      sensitive adenylate cyclase, are members of a family of guanyl nucleotide-binding
      proteins termed G proteins that are important in signal transduction. To probe
      relationships within this family of G proteins, monoclonal antibodies were
      prepared against the alpha-subunit of bovine transducin (T alpha). Three of four
      monoclonal antibodies were specific for T alpha and did not cross-react with
      other G proteins. One, MAB1, cross-reacted strongly with the alpha-subunit of Gi
      (Gi alpha) purified from rabbit liver and, to a lesser extent, with the alpha
      subunit of Go (Go alpha) purified from bovine brain and the proto-oncogene
      product H-ras p21. All four monoclonal antibodies recognized epitopes on a 23-kDa
      tryptic peptide fragment of T alpha which is derived from the N-proximal region.
      The three monoclonal antibodies that recognized only T alpha inhibited rhodopsin
      stimulated GTP binding and hydrolysis by transducin, whereas MAB1 had no
      significant effect in these assays. These studies demonstrate that, within the 23
      kDa tryptic peptide of T alpha, there is a domain(s) unique to T alpha that is
      involved in GTP binding and hydrolysis and another domain which is highly
      conserved in T alpha and to a lesser extent in other G proteins. Prior studies
      have identified regions involved in nucleotide binding and hydrolysis that are
      homologous in all G proteins. The observations reported here are consistent with
      the conclusion that the G proteins may have in addition unique regions involved
      in these functions.

PMID- 2422540
TI  - [The nature of amino acid substitution in antigenic drift of hemagglutinin N3 and
      neuraminidase N2 from the influenza virus].
AB  - The nature of amino acid replacements in 16 drift variants of hemagglutinin H3
      subtype and 5 drift variants of neuraminidase N2 subtype of the influenza A virus
      were studied. The dependences of relative replacement frequencies and relative
      quantities of frequent replacements upon differences of properties of substituted
      residues are plotted. In contrast to most of the known proteins, amino acid
      replacements in hemagglutinin and neuraminidase depend weakly on the physico
      chemical parameters of amino acids. For the antigenic determinants studied the
      replacement frequencies were compared to those calculated according to two
      models: one for conservative replacements and the other for accidental mutation
      of the genetic code. The differences in the nature of amino acid replacements are
      found in four antigenic determinants of hemagglutinin. The replacements in
      experimentally selected proteins are shown to go beyond limitations of natural
      variants. The explanations of the reasons of low epidemicity of some strains and
      ineffective attempt to imitate the natural antigenic drift of viruses by using
      experimental selection are proposed. The causes of time-limited circulation of
      H3N2 influenza virus subtype are discussed.

PMID- 2422539
TI  - [The role of the beta-subunit of RNA-polymerase in specific recognition of
      promoters].
AB  - The complex formation of T7 DNA with RNA polymerase from E. coli B/r WU-36-10-11
      12 (E. coli W12) and its rifampicin resistant mutant with highly pleiotropic
      effect--rpoB409 was studied. As shown earlier rpoB409 RNA polymerase differs from
      the normal enzyme by the selection of RNA synthesis from early promoters of DNA
      from T7 and T4 phages. The change in the RNA specificity synthesis due to rpoB409
      mutation was shown to occur at the stage of RNA polymerase interaction with DNA
      before open promoter complex formation. The data obtained together with the fact
      of highly pleiotropic effect of the rpoB409 mutation indicate that RNA polymerase
      beta-subunit takes part in specific recognition of promoters.

PMID- 2422541
TI  - Partial characterization of an antigenic site of high molecular weight basic
      antigen, a ryegrass pollen allergen, using a monoclonal antibody.
AB  - We have previously reported on the production of murine monoclonal antibodies
      (Mabs) to the retentate fraction of the aqueous extract of Kentucky bluegrass
      pollen (KBG-R) [Kisil et al. (1980) Fedn Proc. 39, 3479]. In the present study,
      the ability of one of these Mabs (Mab 12) to recognize various antigenic
      components present in KBG-R and the corresponding fraction of ryegrass (rye-R)
      was evaluated by the Western and immunoblot methods. Thus, KBG-R and rye-R were
      resolved electrophoretically into a large number of components. Remarkably, the
      concurrent immunoblot analysis with Mab 12 detected only a single antigenic
      component in each of the retentate fractions. The position of the antigenic
      component observed on these immunoblots was identical to that obtained with the
      rye allergen high mol. wt basic antigen (mol. wt 56,800). To characterize the
      antigenic site recognized by the Mab, the size of HMBA was reduced by cleavage
      with CNBr, the resulting fragments separated by high-performance liquid
      chromatography on a reverse-phase column and their antigenic activity analyzed by
      immunoblot. Two peptides, CB-1 (mol. wt = 17,400) and CB-2 (mol. wt = 22,000),
      retained the capacity to react with Mab 12 and also IgE antibodies present in a
      pool of sera from grass allergic individuals.

PMID- 2422542
TI  - Heteroclitic behaviour of some monoclonal antibodies against bovine growth
      hormone.
AB  - Five monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) prepared against bovine growth hormone (bGH)
      were found to be directed against an immunodominant antigenic domain in bGH. MAbs
      D8 and H3 reacted equally well with bGH and ovine growth hormone and to a lesser
      extent with equine (eGH) or porcine (pGH) growth hormones while MAbs H1, H2 and
      C12 behaved as heteroclitic antibodies, i.e. they bound better a cross-reacting
      antigen (eGH on pGH) than the immunogen. The reactivity of bGH with the
      heteroclitic MAbs increased proportionally to the time that the native protein
      was kept frozen. Deamidation of bGH by treatment with alkali also increased its
      reactivity. Circular dichroism measurements indicated the occurrence of changes
      in the conformation of the bGH molecule by these treatments which presumably
      uncover normally buried or non-accesible epitopes. bGH shares epitopes with eGH
      and pGH which are immunologically expressed by bGH only when its native
      conformation is modified.

PMID- 2422543
TI  - JH1 peptide induces antibodies to a common immunoglobulin determinant as detected
      by cell-binding analysis.
AB  - In order to more accurately determine the distribution of antigenic determinants
      detected by antisera to hypervariable-region and JH1 peptides, we measured the
      frequency of lymphocytes stained with these sera by flow cytometry. None of the
      sera specific for HV1, HV2 or HV3 peptides stained significant numbers of
      lymphocytes, but those specific for JH1 reacted with nearly all B-cells.

PMID- 2422544
TI  - Monoclonal anti-human C4b antibodies: stabilization and inhibition of the
      classical-pathway C3 convertase.
AB  - Two IgG mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), Abs 242 and 463, were prepared by
      fusion of spleen cells from mice immunized with human C4b with a myeloma cell
      line, P3/ X 63-Ag 8.653. They were assessed for their effect on the activation
      and stability of the cell-bound classical-pathway C3 convertase, EAC14b2a and on
      the binding of C2 and C4bp to EC4b. Ab 242 recognized a conformational neoantigen
      which appeared upon activation of C4 with C-1s and disappeared after chain
      separation of C4b, while Ab 463 recognized a linear epitope in the beta-chain of
      C4b. Ab 242 was found to be a C4bp-like MAb: it accelerates the decay
      dissociation of C3 convertase and interferes with the binding of C2 to C4b. It
      also interfered with the binding of C4bp to C4b. These results suggest that Ab
      242 recognizes an epitope which is closely related to the C2- and C4bp-binding
      sites in C4b. Ab 463, on the other hand, was found to be a nephritic factor like
      MAb: it prolongs the half-life of C3 convertase from 8 to 30 min at 37 degrees C.

PMID- 2422545
TI  - Human melanoma-associated antigens: analysis of antigenic heterogeneity by
      molecular, serologic and flow-cytometric approaches.
AB  - The relationship of antigenic heterogeneity to the epitope recognized by an
      antibody was examined with monoclonal antibodies to human melanoma-associated
      antigens. Expression of the human melanoma-associated antigens, 250-Kd
      glycoprotein/proteoglycan and p97, was examined quantitatively by flow cytometry
      on fresh cell suspensions of human melanoma. Percent positive cells and mean
      fluorescence intensity were consistently higher with antibody 9.2.27 to the 250
      Kd glycoprotein/proteoglycan than with antibody to p97. In addition, assessment
      of percent positive cells in multiple skin lesions biopsied from individual
      patients indicated that in 26 of 30 lesions, greater than 90% of the cells
      stained positively with 9.2.27. This relative lack of antigenic heterogeneity
      with antibody 9.2.27 contrasted with previous reports which showed considerable
      antigenic heterogeneity with other antibodies to the 250-Kd
      glycoprotein/proteoglycan. The explanation for this distinction was sought by
      quantitative flow cytometric and sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) techniques. Comparison by flow cytometry and
      immunoperoxidase of three antibodies, which recognized distinct epitopes of the
      250-Kd glycoprotein/proteoglycan, indicated that 9.2.27 reacted more intensely
      with cultured cells and tissue sections than other antibodies to the same
      antigen. Examination by SDS-PAGE indicated that 9.2.27 could immunoprecipitate a
      larger proportion of 250-Kd glycoprotein molecules than other antibodies. In
      addition, immunodepletion experiments in gels indicated that the 9.2.27
      determinant was present on a higher proportion of 250-Kd glycoprotein molecules
      than PG-2 antibody to a separate determinant. It is likely that 9.2.27 antibody
      displays less antigenic heterogeneity because its epitope is represented on a
      higher proportion of the antigen molecules. Thus, not only the nature of the
      antigen but also the epitope recognized by an antibody influences the degree of
      antigenic heterogeneity.

PMID- 2422546
TI  - Lectin binding affinities of human milk fat globule (HMFG) membrane antigens.
AB  - Six biotinylated lectins with differing specificities and two monoclonal
      antibodies (III D 5 and III H 2) were used to characterize the sugar-residues in
      human milk fat globule (HMFG) membrane antigens. Immunoblotting analysis revealed
      that most of the antigens contain several sugars. However, the molecules
      exclusively reacting with anti-HMFG III D 5, a monoclonal antibody previously
      shown to detect antigen(s) positively correlating with the expression of estrogen
      receptors in mammary and gynaecological carcinomas, could only be stained with
      peanut agglutinin and Ricinus communis-lectins. One of these antigens, a 42-57
      kDa molecule, was shown to have a complexed quaternary structure with galactose
      determining the antigenic specificity. It is suggested that the production of
      this glycoprotein in estrogen sensitive tissues results from activation of
      galactosyl-transferase-enzyme at the same time as the expression of estrogen
      receptors.

PMID- 2422547
TI  - Structural relationship of epipolythiodioxopiperazines and their immunomodulating
      activity.
AB  - Epipolythiodioxopiperazines were tested for their immunoregulatory activity in
      vitro. Using the macrophage adherence test as a measure of inhibition of
      phagocytosis, their effect on stimulator cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures and
      their ability to inhibit mitogen stimulation of T lymphocytes, a hierarchy of
      activity was observed, with sporidesmin being the most active, followed by
      gliotoxin and 1,4-dimethyl-3,6-epidithio-2,5-dioxopiperazine. Derivatives of
      gliotoxin such as dehydro-, trisulfide and tetrasulfide gliotoxin have activities
      comparable to gliotoxin. The dimethylthioether derivative of gliotoxin was devoid
      of activity. The presence of reducing agents abrogated the activity of
      epipolythiodioxopiperazines. This suggests that the bridged disulfide moiety is
      the single most important chemical entity for their activity. The differential
      activities of the active compounds may be attributable to their variations in
      lipophilic properties.

PMID- 2422548
TI  - [Immunotherapy in virus diseases].
AB  - The number of effective anti-viral agents is still limited. Therefore
      immunotherapy remains of importance in the treatment of viral infections.
      Immunoglobulins and interferons as well as a variety of immune stimulators or
      immune modulators are available. The efficacy of such therapy strongly depends on
      the kind of the virus causing the infection as well as the time of initiation of
      the treatment. The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of immunoglobulin
      preparations are well documented, whereas the efficacy of interferons and
      especially of immune stimulators awaits further evaluation.

PMID- 2422549
TI  - Characterization of interferon induced in murine macrophage cultures by 10
      carboxymethyl-9-acridanone.
AB  - Pure murine macrophages were induced by 10-carboxymethyl-9-acridanone to produce
      interferon. The supernatants were partially purified by a three-column procedure
      including a DEAE-Biogel A, a CM-Biogel A, and a CH-Sepharose 4B column. The
      specific activity achieved was about 10(5) IU/mg. Two different activities were
      detected after the third step and designated activity 1 and activity 2. The
      determination of the molecular weight was in the range of 24,000-27,000 dalton
      for activity 1 and in the range of 32,000-34,000 dalton for activity 2. Both were
      neutralized by antibodies against mouse interferon-beta, indicating that two
      different moieties were produced both representing interferon-beta. When
      macrophages were induced in the presence of tunicamycin, only one activity of a
      molecular weight of about 19,000 dalton was found which again was neutralized by
      anti-interferon-beta.

PMID- 2422550
TI  - Effect of somatic mutation on antibody affinity and specificity.

PMID- 2422551
TI  - An immunochemical and molecular analysis of monoclonal antibodies bearing the A48
      regulatory idiotype.

PMID- 2422552
TI  - Surface receptors involved in human T lymphocyte activation.

PMID- 2422553
TI  - Enhancement of two apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease activities from normal but
      not xeroderma pigmentosum lymphoblastoid cells by nucleosome structure.
AB  - The influence of nucleosomes on the activity of two chromatin-associated
      apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) DNA endonuclease activities, pIs 9.2 and 9.8, from
      normal and xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group A (XPA), lymphoblastoid
      cells was examined. These AP endonuclease activities were studied on non
      nucleosomal and nucleosomal plasmid pWT830/pBR322 DNA which had been
      reconstituted with core (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) or total (core plus H1) histones from
      normal or XPA cells. Both nucleosomal and non-nucleosomal DNA was rendered
      partially AP by alkylation with 12.5 mM methyl methanesulfonate, followed by
      heating it at 70 degrees C, to produce approximately three AP sites per DNA
      molecule. The activities of both normal lymphoblastoid AP endonuclease activities
      on nucleosomal AP DNA, reconstituted with core histones, was approximately 2.5
      times greater than that on non-nucleosomal AP DNA. When histone H1 was added to
      the system, this increase was reduced. XPA AP endonuclease activities, on the
      other hand, did not show any increase in activity on nucleosomal AP DNA
      reconstituted with core histones. These differences between normal and XPA
      endonuclease activities on AP nucleosomal DNA were the same regardless of whether
      histones from normal or XPA cells were used in the reconstituted system.

PMID- 2422554
TI  - Prenatal screening for Down's syndrome.

PMID- 2422555
TI  - Poster presenter's thumb.

PMID- 2422556
TI  - A consensus amino-acid sequence repeat in Torpedo and mammalian Ca2+-dependent
      membrane-binding proteins.
AB  - A group of calcium-binding proteins which bind to biomembranes has recently been
      identified in widely different cells and tissues (refs 1-7, reviewed in ref. 8).
      Three of these proteins (p70, p36 and p32.5) cross-react with antiserum to
      calelectrin, a Ca2+-binding protein (relative molecular mass 34,000 (34K] from
      the ray Torpedo marmorata, giving rise to their designation as calelectrin
      related proteins. We now report that calelectrin, p36 and p32.5 contain a 17
      amino-acid consensus sequence which is conserved and present in multiple copies.
      We suggest that this sequence may be common to other members of this new group of
      Ca2+-binding proteins and may underlie their unusual mode of combination with
      biomembranes.

PMID- 2422557
TI  - Fluorescently labelled Na+ channels are localized and immobilized to synapses of
      innervated muscle fibres.
AB  - Segregation of voltage-dependent sodium channels to the hillock of motoneurones
      and nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons is crucial for conduction of the nerve
      impulse. Much less is known, however, about the distribution of voltage-dependent
      Na+ channels on muscle fibres. Recently, Beam et al. have shown that Na+ channels
      are concentrated near the neuromuscular junction. To determine the topography and
      mechanisms governing the distribution of voltage-dependent Na+ channels on
      muscle, microfluorimetry and fluorescence photobleach recovery (FPR) have now
      been used to measure the density and lateral mobility of fluorescently labelled
      Na+ channels on uninnervated and innervated muscle fibres. On uninnervated
      myotubes, Na+ channels are diffusely distributed and freely mobile, whereas after
      innervation the channels concentrate at neuronal contact sites. These channels
      are immobile and co-localize with acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). At
      extrajunctional regions the Na+ channel density is lower and the channels more
      mobile. The results suggest that the nerve induces Na+ channels to redistribute,
      immobilize and co-localize with AChRs at sites of neuronal contact.

PMID- 2422558
TI  - Single cyclic GMP-activated channel activity in excised patches of rod outer
      segment membrane.
AB  - The plasma membrane of retinal rod outer segments contains a cyclic GMP-activated
      conductance which appears to be the light-sensitive conductance involved in
      phototransduction. Recently, it has been found that this conductance is partially
      blocked by Mg2+ and Ca2+ at physiological concentrations, thus possibly
      accounting for the absence of observable single-channel activity in excised
      membrane patches and for the unusually small apparent unit conductance deduced
      from noise measurements on intact cells. We now report that, as expected from
      this idea, single cGMP-activated channel activity can be detected from an excised
      rod membrane patch in the absence of divalent cations. The most prominent unitary
      current had a mean conductance of approximately 25 pS. Both individual channel
      openings (mean open time approximately 1 ms) and short bursts of openings (mean
      burst duration of about a few milliseconds) were observed. In addition, there
      were smaller events which probably represented other states of the conductance.
      The mean current increased with the third power of cGMP concentration, suggesting
      that there are at least three cGMP-binding sites on the channel molecule. With
      0.2 mM Mg2+ in the cGMP-containing solution, a flickering block of the open
      channel was observed; the effect of Ca2+ was similar. The results resolve a
      puzzle about the light-sensitive conductance by demonstrating that it is an
      aqueous pore rather than a carrier.

PMID- 2422559
TI  - Cyclic GMP-sensitive conductance of retinal rods consists of aqueous pores.
AB  - The surface membrane of retinal rod and cone outer segments contains a cation
      selective conductance which is activated by 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate
      (cGMP). Reduction of this conductance by a light-induced decrease in the
      cytoplasmic concentration of cGMP appears to generate the electrical response to
      light, but little is known about the molecular nature of the conductance. The
      estimated unitary conductance is so small that ion transport might occur via
      either a carrier or a pore mechanism. Here we report recordings of cGMP-activated
      single-channel currents from excised rod outer segment patches bathed in
      solutions low in divalent cations. Two elementary conductances, of approximately
      24 and 8 pS, were observed. These conductances are too large to be accounted for
      by carrier transport, indicating that the cGMP-activated conductance consists of
      aqueous pores. The dependence of the channel activation on the concentration of
      cGMP suggests that opening of the pore is triggered by cooperative binding of at
      least three cGMP molecules.

PMID- 2422560
TI  - Template-free RNA synthesis by Q beta replicase.
AB  - In the absence of extraneously added template, standard preparations of Q beta
      replicase spontaneously synthesize RNA in vitro, possibly as a result of RNA
      contamination. Using special enzyme purifications, Sumper and Luce presented
      evidence that self-replicating RNA not present ab initio can grow out of
      'template-free' incorporation mixtures. In contrast to DNA polymerase I and RNA
      polymerase, which also show de novo synthesis, the products synthesized 'de novo'
      by Q beta replicase are RNA species containing nonrepetitive sequences of defined
      lengths which differ between experiments, even when synthesized under identical
      conditions, in fingerprints, chain lengths and kinetic parameters. Kinetic
      analysis of the de novo processes distinguished it from template-instructed
      synthesis and excluded an assumption of self-replicating RNA contamination. These
      conclusions were questioned recently by Hill and Blumenthal, who claimed to show
      that highly purified Q beta replicase preparations cannot produce RNA de novo. We
      now present evidence that, under the conditions required for de novo synthesis, Q
      beta replicase prepared according to their method is also capable of de novo
      synthesis. Furthermore, we show that Q beta replicase condenses nucleoside
      triphosphates to more or less random oligonucleotides.

PMID- 2422561
TI  - Replication of the neurochemical characteristics of Huntington's disease by
      quinolinic acid.
AB  - Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurological disorder
      characterized by progressive chorea, cognitive impairment and emotional
      disturbance. The disease usually occurs in midlife and symptoms progress
      inexorably to mental and physical incapacitation. It has been postulated that an
      excitotoxin is involved in the pathogenesis of HD. Schwarcz and colleagues have
      shown that quinolinic acid (QA) can produce axon-sparing lesions similar to those
      observed in HD. The lesions result in a depletion of neurotransmitters contained
      within striatal spiny neurones, for example gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), while
      dopamine is unaffected. Recently, we and others have demonstrated that in HD
      striatum there is a paradoxical 3-5-fold increase in both somatostatin and
      neuropeptide Y which is attributable to selective preservation of a subclass of
      striatal aspiny neurones in which these peptides are co-localized. In the present
      study we demonstrate that lesions due to quinolinic acid closely resemble those
      of HD as they result in marked depletions of both GABA and substance P, with
      selective sparing of somatostatin/neuropeptide Y neurones. Lesions produced by
      kainic acid (KA), ibotenic acid (IA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (MeAsp) were unlike
      those produced by QA, as they affected all cell types without sparing
      somatostatin/neuropeptide Y neurones. These results suggest that QA or a similar
      compound could be responsible for neuronal degeneration in HD.

PMID- 2422562
TI  - Channel properties of an insect neuronal acetylcholine receptor protein
      reconstituted in planar lipid bilayers.
AB  - A pentameric membrane protein composed of four types of polypeptide has been
      identified as the minimal structural unit responsible for the electrogenic action
      of acetylcholine on electrocytes and muscle cells. Because many populations of
      central and peripheral neurons also have nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
      (AChRs), considerable effort has recently gone into identifying the neuronal
      receptor. The central nervous tissue of insects contains very high concentrations
      of nicotinic AChRs, and we have recently purified an alpha-toxin binding protein,
      a putative AChR, from neuronal membranes of locusts. It is a component of high
      relative molecular mass, clearly composed of identical subunits, a structure
      predicted for an ancestral AChR protein. To verify that the purified polypeptides
      not only represent ligand binding sites but that they are indeed functional
      receptors, we have now reconstituted the isolated protein in a planar lipid
      bilayer. We show that in this system cholinergic agonists activate functional ion
      channels, that have properties comparable to those exhibited by the peripheral
      AChRs in vertebrates; thus, for the first time a functional acetylcholine
      receptor channel has been identified in nerve cells.

PMID- 2422563
TI  - Negative inotropic effects of tetrodotoxin and seven class 1 antiarrhythmic drugs
      in relation to sodium channel blockade.
AB  - The negative inotropic effect and the effect on action potential configuration
      were investigated for TTX and 7 class 1 antiarrhythmic drugs (aprindine, AR-LH
      31, CCI 22277, disopyramide, mexiletine, quinidine and sparteine) in the isolated
      guinea-pig papillary muscle contracting at 1 Hz. The ratio of the molar
      concentration producing 50% reduction of Vmax to that reducing force of
      contraction by 50% ranged from 0.23 (sparteine) to 2.2 (disopyramide) showing
      that some of the drugs were more potent Na channel blockers than negative
      inotropic agents, while the reverse was true for others. With the exceptions of
      sparteine and AR-LH 31, all the drugs produced a larger negative inotropic effect
      than TTX at concentrations equieffective in reducing Vmax. Thus, blockade of Na
      channels can account for only part of the negative inotropic effect of aprindine,
      CCI 22277, disopyramide, mexiletine and quinidine. Even sparteine and AR-LH 31
      showed a negative inotropic property independent of Na channel blockade because,
      unlike TTX and like all other agents, they retained their negative inotropic
      activity after inactivation of Na channels by elevated extracellular K
      concentration (24 mmol/l). Relative negative inotropic effects of lorcainide, Org
      6001 and propafenone were similar at 5.9 and 24 mmol/l (K)o. In contrast, the 
      log molar IC50(Fc) of flecainide, prajmalium bitartrate and tocainide was
      significantly decreased (by 0.35 to 0.81 log units) if Na channels were
      inactivated by K depolarization. Ouabain-sensitive Na,K-ATPase was not inhibited
      by sparteine, while mexiletine and AR-LH 31 produced partial inhibition (each at
      1 mmol/l). We conclude that the negative inotropic effect of class 1
      antiarrhythmic drugs represents the sum of their Na channel blocking and
      additional drug-dependent inotropic properties. Quinidine, aprindine and
      mexiletine appear to be combined Na channel and Ca channel inhibiting agents thus
      causing a larger negative inotropic effect than TTX. However, a superimposed
      positive inotropic mechanism may also be operative in some antiarrhythmic drugs
      (sparteine, AR-LH 31, high concentrations of mexiletine).

PMID- 2422564
TI  - Ethanol neurotoxicity. 1. Direct effects on replicating astrocytes.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to investigate the direct effects of ethanol on the
      DNA, RNA and protein content of rapidly growing astroglia. Astrocyte progenitor
      cells obtained from the neopallia of newborn mice were grown for 6 days in
      primary culture and then exposed continuously to ethanol (0.0, 0.06, 0.12 or 0.24
      g/dl) for 11 days. The in vitro exposure period corresponds to the period of peak
      astroglial replication and growth in the mouse brain growth spurt in situ
      (postnatal days 6 to 17). DNA, RNA and protein contents were all significantly
      different in ethanol-exposed astroglial cultures compared to controls (p less
      than 0.0005) and there was an unexpected, but highly consistent, concentration
      related pattern to this effect, namely, an increased content relative to controls
      at the lowest ethanol concentration, and a progressive decrease in content with
      increasing ethanol concentrations. Our data indicate that different cell
      processes contributing to growth are more vulnerable to ethanol's toxicity than
      others. RNA and protein contents are reduced to a greater degree and at lower
      ethanol concentrations than is DNA content. The "growth-promoting" effect seen in
      these in vitro studies emphasizes the fact that factors which are secondary to
      alcohol consumption contribute significantly to the alcohol-related brain growth
      deficits which are seen in vivo. Ethanol acting alone appears to exert a "growth
      impairing" effect only at high concentrations.

PMID- 2422565
TI  - Variations of brain histamine levels in germ-free and nephrectomized rats.
AB  - The influence of nephrectomy on brain and peripheral tissue histamine and on
      brain norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was
      studied in germ-free and conventionally housed rats. The conventional controls
      had higher levels of histamine in the hypothalamus than the germ-free control
      animals, but no differences existed for histamine in whole brain minus the
      hypothalamus or in peripheral tissues. Nephrectomy increased brain histamine and
      5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in both germ-free and conventional rats, but
      had no effect on norepinephrine, dopamine or serotonin. In contrast, the
      histamine level in the heart of the nephrectomized germ-free animals was lower
      than that for germ-free controls. There were no changes in the heart or liver
      histamine levels of the conventional nephrectomized rats.

PMID- 2422566
TI  - Appearance and phosphorylation of the 210 kDalton neurofilament protein in
      newborn rat brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve.
AB  - The appearance and in vivo phosphorylation of the 210 kDalton (kD) neurofilament
      protein (NF210K) in newborn rat brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve were
      investigated. Electron microscopic examination of neurofilaments isolated from
      newborn rat brain and spinal cord demonstrated morphologically distinct filaments
      which contained cross-bridging side arms. Neurofilament proteins, phosphorylated
      in vivo, were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate slab gel electrophoresis and
      were transferred from acrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets. The
      nitrocellulose sheets were treated with antiserum to the 70 kD, 145 kD and 210 kD
      neurofilament proteins by the immunoblot technique. The three neurofilament
      proteins were found to be present in newborn brain, spinal cord and sciatic
      nerve. The presence of NF210K in newborn rat brain was further confirmed by 2
      dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by identification of this protein by the
      immunoblot technique. Exposure of the immunostained nitrocellulose sheets to x
      ray film revealed that the NF210K, NF145K, and NF70K proteins were phosphorylated
      in filaments prepared from newborn rat central and peripheral nervous systems.
      These results suggest that the synthesis and posttranslational modification of
      the neurofilament proteins may be synchronized or developmentally regulated. It
      is feasible that phosphorylation of the NF210K subunit may be a prerequisite for
      the formation of neurofilament cross-bridging elements which are necessary for
      radial growth of axons.

PMID- 2422567
TI  - Immunochemical evidence of phosphorylation of a new 23K basic protein in rat
      brain myelin.
AB  - Myelin from developing rat brain (8-44 day-old rat) was incubated in vitro with
      [gamma-32P]ATP to determine how many basic proteins were phosphorylated. Myelin
      proteins were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to
      nitrocellulose sheets. The nitrocellulose sheets were stained with antisera to
      human basic protein by the immunoblot technique. Five basic proteins with
      molecular weights of 23K, 21.5K, 18.5K, 17K, and 14K were distinctly
      immunostained. These basic proteins were found to be phosphorylated when the same
      nitrocellulose sheets were exposed to x-ray film. The in vitro phosphorylation of
      23K and 21.5K basic proteins appear to decrease with maturation of the brain. The
      result of this study suggests that intense phosphorylation of various forms of
      basic proteins, in particular 23K and 21.5K basic proteins, during the initial
      stages of myelin formation, may play a pivotal role in the compaction of myelin
      membrane.

PMID- 2422568
TI  - [Morphological analysis of recurrence of glioma].

PMID- 2422569
TI  - [Treatment of large pituitary adenoma].

PMID- 2422570
TI  - [Primary melanomas in the central nervous system with peritoneal dissemination
      through ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. Report of an autopsy case].

PMID- 2422571
TI  - [Extracranial metastasis of pineal tumor. Case report and review of the
      literature].

PMID- 2422572
TI  - [Large osteoma of the skull. Report of a case associated with nasopharyngeal
      angiofibroma].

PMID- 2422573
TI  - [Preoperative catheter embolization using Ivalon powder for carotid body tumor.
      Case report].

PMID- 2422574
TI  - [Treatment of brain abscess. Clinical analysis of 41 cases].

PMID- 2422575
TI  - [Cerebral circulation in pediatric patients with moyamoya disease. Tomographic
      cerebral blood flow map obtained by xenon-enhanced computerized tomography].

PMID- 2422576
TI  - [Child with moyamoya disease after bypass surgery. Report of an autopsy case].

PMID- 2422577
TI  - [Postoperative distribution of blood flow via the superficial temporal artery
      middle cerebral artery anastomosis. Single anastomosis or double?].

PMID- 2422578
TI  - [Intrathecal irrigation with urokinase in ruptured cerebral aneurysm cases. Basic
      study and clinical application].

PMID- 2422579
TI  - [The origin of chronic subdural hematoma considered on the basis of hematoma
      membrane findings and contained fluid findings].

PMID- 2422580
TI  - A comparative study of modified Bielschowsky, Bodian and thioflavin S stains on
      Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles.
AB  - Serial sections of the brains of two cases with Alzheimer's disease were stained
      with the standard Bodian, modified Bielschowsky (reformed Gros-Schultze's
      modification) and thioflavin S methods. The numbers of demonstrated Alzheimer's
      neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) were different between the two silver stains: from
      15 to 75% more NFTs were shown and more distinctly with the modified Bielschowsky
      stain than with the Bodian stain. Many of the NFTs in both cases were of
      eosinophilic and less argentophilic type. Although the NFTs were not counted, the
      thioflavin S stain seemed to have no apparent advantage over the modified
      Bielschowsky stain in the demonstration of NFTs.

PMID- 2422581
TI  - Influence of the amino acids of substance P in the recognition of its receptor:
      affinities of synthesized SP analogues for the specific 125I-BHSP binding site on
      rat brain synaptosomes.
AB  - Substance P analogues have been synthesized, by solid-phase methodology, in order
      to get a better knowledge of the structural requirements for the 125I-BHSP
      binding on rat brain synaptosomes. Assuming that the core of SP exists in an
      alpha-helicoidal structure three major points should be underlined: the SP
      receptor recognizes probably the side of the helix bearing the two side chains of
      Phe and Phe; the arginine guanidinium interacts with either a carboxylate or a
      phosphate function of the binding site; the C-terminal tripeptide undergoes a
      conformational change allowing the interactions of the C-terminal amide with a
      carboxylate and that of the sulfur atom with an electrophile of the binding site.
      The specificity of these peptides have been further estimated by comparing their
      binding potencies to those observed for the 125I-BHE specific binding on rat
      cortical synaptosomes and their bioactivities on guinea-pig ileum.

PMID- 2422582
TI  - The description and interpretation of aphasic language disorder.
AB  - The nature of aphasic impairment is reviewed from four viewpoints: (1) the
      construction of behavioural classifications that predict the locus of brain
      damage; (2) the initial assessment of a range of psycholinguistic functions
      sufficiently wide to detect the main outlines of deficit and preservation; (3)
      the elucidation of change in functional status, including both spontaneous and
      therapy-aided recovery; (4) the relationship between models of normal linguistic
      performance and the structure of pathological disorder. Arguments are provided
      against studies of aphasia based upon clinical (or other) taxonomies; arguments
      are given for the closer integration of analyses of normal and aphasic language.

PMID- 2422583
TI  - Infantile sudanophilic leukodystrophy: computed tomography demonstration.

PMID- 2422584
TI  - Influence of adenohypophyseal tissue on the development of the rat fascia dentata
      in vitro.
AB  - In hippocampal slice cultures, the mossy fibers from the dentate granule cells
      were previously shown by Timm staining to retain their normal connections to CA4
      and CA3 pyramidal cells. While the granule cells of the suprapyramidal (hidden)
      blade remained in a distinct layer, the granule cells of the infrapyramidal
      (free) blade of the fascia dentata, however, often spread. This aberrant trait
      was strikingly enhanced in the presence of a co-cultured adenohypophyseal
      explant. This infrapyramidal blade of the fascia dentata largely disappeared as a
      cell layer; granule cell-like neurons, displaying a monopolar dendritic structure
      directed towards the pituitary, would migrate toward the hypophyseal explant,
      whilst their axons still functionally innervated CA3 pyramidal cells. Axon
      collaterals projected in the opposite direction and presumably terminated on
      dendrites, thus giving rise to the intense black labelling which was observed in
      Timm-stained preparations as a bridge connecting the two explants. The
      morphological alterations induced in the fascia dentata by co-cultured
      adenohypophysis were tissue-specific since co-cultured neurohypophysis, pineal
      gland and cerebellum failed to produce similar effects. These results suggest
      that cultured adenohypophyseal tissue is capable of releasing yet unidentified
      factors which apparently enhance neuronal migration.

PMID- 2422585
TI  - Effects of alpha-difluoromethylornithine, a specific irreversible inhibitor of
      ornithine decarboxylase, on nucleic acids and proteins in developing rat brain:
      critical perinatal periods for regional selectivity.
AB  - Ornithine decarboxylase and its metabolic products, the polyamines, are known to
      coordinate macromolecule synthesis in developing neural tissues; consequently,
      inhibition of this enzyme by alpha-difluoromethylornithine interferes with
      cellular replication and differentiation. We examined the regional selectivity of
      the effect of alpha-difluoromethylornithine administered either postnatally (days
      1-19) or during gestation (days 15-17), in order to determine whether specific
      phases of maturation are particularly sensitive to polyamine depletion. In the
      cerebellum, which undergoes major phases of replication and differentiation after
      birth, postnatal alpha-difluoromethylornithine administration caused a profound
      and progressive deficit in tissue weight gain as well as in DNA, RNA and protein
      content. Although regions which develop earlier (cerebral cortex, midbrain +
      brain stem) also showed adverse effects of postnatal alpha
      difluoromethylornithine, the deficits were of much smaller magnitude and were
      comparable to the effect of the drug on general body growth. Despite these
      regional differences, inhibition of DNA synthesis ([3H]thymidine incorporation)
      was similar in cerebellum and in midbrain + brain stem, indicating that the
      direct impact of alpha-difluoromethylornithine-induced polyamine depletion is
      exerted in both; DNA synthesis in cerebral cortex was spared relative to the
      other two regions. These data suggested that the impact of alpha
      difluoromethylornithine on development depends, in part, upon the relative degree
      of maturation of each brain region at the time of drug exposure. In confirmation
      of this hypothesis, prenatal alpha-difluoromethylornithine given on gestational
      days 15-17 resulted in loss of the specificity toward cerebellar development and
      enhancement of effects on cerebral cortex, the region which had displayed the
      least sensitivity to postnatal alpha-difluoromethylornithine.

PMID- 2422586
TI  - Destruction of meningeal cells over the newborn hamster cerebellum with 6
      hydroxydopamine prevents foliation and lamination in the rostral cerebellum.
AB  - Intracisternal injection of 30 micrograms 6-hydroxydopamine was used to destroy
      meningeal cells in the newborn hamster. After 20 or 30 days the cerebella of
      treated animals showed severe morphological alterations including: an absence of
      distinct folia anterior to the primary fissure; a disruption of lamination in the
      same region by the displacement of both Purkinje cells and cerebellar
      interneurons; a reduction in size and frequency of branching of the medullary
      tree with anomalous anterobasal branches and splaying; reductions in the area of
      the molecular layer, the total area occupied by granule cells, the length of the
      pial surface and the length of the Purkinje cell layer of 29, 21, 57 and 27%,
      respectively; disorganization of the radially organized glial scaffold by
      outgrowth of Bergmann glial fibers and displacement of their cell bodies, the
      Golgi epithelial cells, and anomalous orientation, polarity, size and branching
      frequency of Purkinje cell dendritic trees. These findings support our earlier
      hypothesis that the initial destruction of meningeal cells destabilizes the
      cerebellar surface (basal lamina and glia limitans superficialis) and
      disorganizes the glial scaffold, while the neuronal cerebellar malformations are
      secondary to this glial defect.

PMID- 2422587
TI  - The annual cycle of Erinaceus europaeus L. as a model for a further study of
      cytochemical heterogeneity in Purkinje neuron nuclei.
AB  - The cytochemical heterogeneity of nuclei in Purkinje cells, which reflects
      differences in metabolic states within the population, has been studied by
      comparing cerebellar hemispheres of the hedgehog during periods of activity and
      hibernation. Cerebellar granule cells and hepatocytes served as controls for
      diploid cells. Three different cytochemical stains (Feulgen reaction, Propidium
      iodide and Hoechst 33342 fluorochromes) were used in order to evaluate by
      microdensitometry and microfluorometry how much the heterogeneity is dependent on
      the variations in DNA content and degree of chromatin compaction. In the active
      period, Feulgen-DNA values of Purkinje cells were more widely dispersed than in
      control cells. Some values (18-40% of the population) exceeded (hyperdiploid) the
      diploid value. With Propidium iodide and Hoechst 33342 (under conditions for
      quantitative evaluation of DNA), a few values also exceeded the maximum value for
      control cells. We conclude that there is nuclear heterogeneity (diploid
      hyperdiploid) in the Purkinje neuron population during normal activity. The
      percentage of hyperdiploid nuclei changes according to the technique used; in
      particular, the comparison of the different stains indicates that a different
      chromatin compaction is mainly responsible for hyperdiploid Feulgen-DNA values,
      but in a few hyperdiploid cells there is an actual surplus of DNA. In view of the
      modalities of detection of DNA by the different cytochemical approaches utilized,
      this may be mainly single-stranded DNA. During hibernation nuclear heterogeneity
      is still present in Purkinje neurons, but with a shift of the distribution
      towards lower values; hyperdiploid nuclei were not detected with all the
      procedures used. Moreover, when Propidium iodide is used at the concentration
      suitable for qualitative studies, the dye intercalation is lower than during
      activity. Data suggest that both decreased DNA and increased chromatin compaction
      occur in Purkinje cells, thus pointing to a lower metabolic activity of these
      neurons in hibernating animals. The changes in diploid granule cells were always
      less than those in Purkinje neurons and could be ascribed to a further increase
      in chromatin compaction only, not requiring changes in DNA content.

PMID- 2422588
TI  - The transneuronal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the visual system of the
      frog, Rana pipiens.
AB  - During the course of experiments designed to study synaptic relationships between
      the terminals of retinal axons and the various cell populations in the optic
      tectum of the frog, Rana pipiens, we found that neurons in many of the
      retinorecipient nuclei, including the tectum, are labeled transneuronally
      following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the optic nerve. In the optic
      tectum, particular cell groups are labeled to the extent that their dendrites as
      well as their somas are filled with reaction product while other cell types,
      which, on the basis of the location of their somas or dendrites, seem equally
      likely to receive direct retinal projections, remain free of label. Electron
      microscopic investigation of the optic tectum reveals that the label is confined
      to pre- and postsynaptic processes. These results suggest that the transneuronal
      transport depends on a transfer of horseradish peroxidase from presynaptic
      terminals to postsynaptic cells rather than on a widespread diffusion of the
      enzyme through the neuropil followed by a selective uptake by particular cell
      groups. These results also suggest that only some of the tectal cell groups which
      receive direct retinal projections may be transneuronally labeled. The
      transneuronal transport of horseradish peroxidase is useful since it reveals the
      morphology as well as the location of at least some of the retinorecipient cells.
      Moreover, the robust nature of this phenomenon makes the frog a good choice for
      future studies of the mechanism of transneuronal transport.

PMID- 2422589
TI  - N-methylaspartate-activated calcium channels in rat brain cortex slices. Effect
      of calcium channel blockers and of inhibitory and depressant substances.
AB  - N-Methyl-DL-aspartate, L-glutamate, kainate and DL-homocysteate were found to
      increase the initial rate and the maximal uptake of 45Ca into the non-inulin
      space of rat brain cortex slices incubated in vitro. The N-methylaspartate
      stimulated calcium uptake was blocked by cadmium and cobalt ions, but not by the
      organic calcium channel blocker nifedipine or by tetrodotoxin, both of which
      stimulated the N-methylaspartate-independent calcium influx. gamma-Aminobutyrate
      increased the spontaneous calcium influx, and also reduced that stimulated by N
      methylaspartate to the same level, as found with gamma-aminobutyrate alone.
      Adenosine (1-100 microM), ethanol (0.1 M), pentobarbital (10-100 microM) and
      morphine (0.2 mM), were unable to inhibit the N-methylaspartate-activated calcium
      influx. Ethanol (0.1 M), had no effect on the glutamate- or kainate-activated
      calcium influx. These findings suggest that the excitatory amino acids, because
      of their neuronal depolarizing action in brain cortex, lead to the opening of
      voltage-sensitive calcium channels, which may be blocked by cadmium, but not by
      the organic calcium channel antagonist, nifedipine. The activation of calcium
      channels by the excitatory amino acid N-methylaspartate, was entirely unaffected
      by the depressants ethanol, pentobarbital or morphine, or by the endogenous
      inhibitory substance, adenosine, thus suggesting that their inhibitory or
      depressant effects occur through interference with a neuronal mechanism unrelated
      to the one studied here. gamma-Aminobutyrate, on the other hand, considerably
      inhibited N-methylaspartate-induced calcium uptake, an effect interpreted as due
      to a gamma-aminobutyrate-induced increase in chloride conductance, that "clamps"
      the membrane potential and does not allow further depolarization by N
      methylaspartate.

PMID- 2422590
TI  - Striatal neurons expressing somatostatin-like immunoreactivity: evidence for a
      peptidergic interneuronal system in the cat.
AB  - Neurons expressing immunoreactivity to antisera against somatostatin 14 and other
      somatostatin-related peptides were identified in the striatum of cats and
      nonhuman primates. In each species, immunoreactive neurons were distributed
      singly and in small groups in the caudate nucleus, putamen and ventral striatum.
      A detailed study was made of somatostatin-positive neurons and neuropil in the
      caudate nucleus of the cat. First, the mean diameters and surface areas of
      neurons expressing immunoreactivity to somatostatin 14 were made from peroxidase
      antiperoxidase stained material. Second, fluorescence immunohistochemistry was
      combined with retrograde labeling of striatal neurons to determine whether such
      somatostatin 14-positive neurons emit axons projecting out of the striatum.
      Third, the distributions of neurons and neuropil expressing immunoreactivity to
      somatostatin 14 or somatostatin 28 (1-12) were plotted in relation to the
      locations of acetylcholinesterase-poor zones ("striosomes") visible in adjoining
      sections. The morphometric analysis suggested that somatostatin 14-positive
      neurons in the caudate nucleus form a single population of medium to medium-large
      neurons having mean diameters of 20 micron and mean surface areas of 154 micron2.
      The retrograde tracer study suggested that these somatostatin 14-positive neurons
      are interneurons. Injections of fast blue into all of the known targets of
      striatofugal fiber projections failed to label somatostatin 14-positive neurons
      save in a few instances (less than 0.3% of more than 4000 neurons) in each of
      which labeling was equivocal. Analysis of the distribution of somatostatin
      positive neurons and neuropil in the striatum demonstrated that both observe
      striosomal ordering. Somatostatin immunoreactive neuropil was dense outside and
      weak inside identified striosomes, and most immunoreactive neurons lay outside.
      Often somatostatin-positive neurons lay beside, and sometimes striosomes partly
      rimmed them. The processes of such neurons tended to run along the borders of the
      striosomes without crossing them, but occasionally single processes and rarely
      entire dendritic trees crossed from one compartment to the other. These results
      suggest that, in the striatum of the cat, somatostatin is present: (1) in fibers
      organized according to the compartmental distribution already recognized for
      other neurochemical compounds in the striatum as well as for its afferent and
      efferent systems, and (2) in interneurons, mostly present in the extrastriosomal
      matrix, but also located near striosomes, where they could serve as interfaces
      between the striosomes and extrastriosomal matrix.

PMID- 2422591
TI  - Gamma-aminobutyrate, gastrin releasing peptide, serotonin, somatostatin, and
      vasopressin: ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization in presynaptic axons
      in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
AB  - An ultrastructural immunocytochemical study was undertaken to identify
      neuroactive substances contained in presynaptic boutons in the hypothalamic
      suprachiasmatic nucleus. Axonal boutons containing immunoreactive gamma
      aminobutyrate, glutamate decarboxylase, neurophysin/vasopressin, gastrin
      releasing peptide/bombesin, somatostatin and serotonin were localized within the
      hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus with pre-embedding peroxidase
      immunostaining. Synaptic contacts were found between boutons containing each of
      these substances and postsynaptic structures. While some variation in synaptic
      morphology existed, most of the immunoreactive contacts were of the symmetrical
      type. Previous work has indicated that neuroactive peptides may be found in
      highest concentrations in dense-core vesicles, to examine the subcellular
      localization of the amino acid inhibitory transmitter gamma-aminobutyrate,
      ultrastructural immunocytochemistry with pre-embedding peroxidase was compared
      with post-embedding immunocytochemistry with colloidal gold. Ultracryothin
      sections were also used for ultrastructural localization of gamma-aminobutyrate
      and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity. Both gamma-aminobutyrate and
      glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity were found throughout the cytoplasm of
      immunoreactive boutons when pre-embedding peroxidase was used; with post
      embedding colloidal gold immunostaining, label was found over areas containing
      small clear vesicles, and over mitochondria of immunoreactive axons. At the
      dilutions used in this study, strongly immunoreactive gamma-aminobutyrate
      dendrites, boutons forming asymmetrical synapses, and cell bodies were not found.
      Differences between pre-embedding and post-embedding immunostaining may be due to
      antigen and label diffusion caused by mild fixation and membrane damage necessary
      for antisera penetration during pre-embedding immunostaining. These results
      suggest that gamma-aminobutyrate, gastrin releasing peptide, somatostatin and
      vasopressin are contained in axons making contact with neurons of the
      suprachiasmatic nucleus, and may function as neurotransmitters here. Since all of
      these substances can also be localized in perikarya within the suprachiasmatic
      nucleus, there is a strong possibility that at least some of the axons containing
      immunoreactivity for each of these substances may be involved in local circuit
      interactions between neurons within the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

PMID- 2422592
TI  - Structural plasticity in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus at lactation affects
      oxytocin-, but not vasopressin-secreting neurones.
AB  - Magnocellular neurones in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus are usually
      separated by neuropil and glial elements. In lactating animals, however, the
      surface membranes of many neurosecretory somata and dendrites are frequently in
      direct apposition, without any glial interposition. A significant number of such
      neurones are also bridged by the same presynaptic terminal ("double synapses").
      As the supraoptic nucleus is composed of two types of neurosecretory cell,
      secreting either oxytocin or vasopressin, we carried out comparative quantitative
      analyses on identified supraoptic neurones of virgin and lactating rats to
      determine which neurones were affected by the structural changes and to what
      extent. The neurones were identified in: (i) normal and Brattleboro homozygote
      rats by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry (pre- and post-embedding
      procedures) using antisera raised against oxytocin, vasopressin and oxytocin
      related neurophysin I, and (ii) in homozygous Brattleboro rats by their neuronal
      content of approximately 170 nm neurosecretory granules. We report here that, in
      virgin animals under normal conditions, a small proportion of both types of
      neurone show neuronal appositions. At lactation, neuronal appositions are far
      more numerous and extensive, as are "double synapses". These changes affect
      exclusively the oxytocinergic neurones. The increased appositions cannot result
      solely from glial retraction because the hypertrophied oxytocin cells have a
      greater absolute, though smaller proportional, coverage by glial processes than
      cells in the control animals. From the present observations, and those obtained
      in chronically dehydrated animals (see accompanying article), it is clear that
      the plastic changes in the supraoptic nucleus are closely related to the activity
      of its oxytocinergic neurones. During lactation, these structural modifications
      may serve to facilitate and maintain the characteristic synchronized electrical
      activity of these neurones at milk ejection. On a few occasions, we also found
      appositions between one oxytocinergic and one vasopressinergic neurone, which may
      account for the rare cases of electrophysiological interactions between the two
      types of cell.

PMID- 2422593
TI  - Osmotic stimulation causes structural plasticity of neurone-glia relationships of
      the oxytocin but not vasopressin secreting neurones in the hypothalamic
      supraoptic nucleus.
AB  - A comparative quantitative analysis was carried out on identified supraoptic
      neurones of male and female Wistar and Long Evans rats under normal conditions
      and after chronic osmotic stimulation, and in homozygous Brattleboro rats
      suffering from diabetes insipidus. The neurones were identified by
      immunocytochemical or morphological means. Osmotic stimulation resulted in
      significant increases in the number and extent of direct neuronal appositions and
      in the number of presynaptic terminals contacting two neurosecretory cells
      simultaneously ("double" synapses). In the supraoptic nuclei of both sexes these
      increases were restricted to the oxytocin secreting neurones. In Brattleboro
      homozygous rats treated with vasopressin, the proportion of oxytocinergic
      neurones in apposition was not modified, but the number of appositions per soma
      profile decreased as did the incidence of "double" synapses. In nuclei of
      osmotically stimulated rats, increase in cell volume affected both types of
      neurosecretory cell and was accompanied by an increase of the absolute extent of
      glial coverage. However, the extent of glial coverage of the oxytocinergic
      neurones did not match the hypertrophy of the cells, resulting in a decrease in
      their relative glial coverage, compared to normal hydrated animals. The increased
      neuronal appositions, therefore, cannot result simply from a retraction of glial
      processes. The structural reorganization of the oxytocinergic system observed
      during chronic osmotic stimulation was as extensive as that observed at
      lactation. Moreover, the changes were as extensive in Wistar as in Brattleboro
      lactating rats, although the latter have an added osmotic stimulus. This implies
      that lactation and osmotic stimulation do not produce additive effects.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422594
TI  - Ultrastructural localization and afferent sources of substance P in the rat
      parabrachial region.
AB  - The ultrastructural morphology and afferent sources of terminals containing
      substance P-like immunoreactivity were examined in the rat parabrachial region.
      In the first portion of the study, a polyclonal antiserum to substance P was
      localized in the ventrolateral parabrachial region using the peroxidase
      antiperoxidase labeling technique combined with electron microscopy. The
      antiserum was tested for cross-reaction with substance P, physalaemin, substance
      K and neuromedins B, C and K. Cross-reactivity was most intense with substance P.
      However, substance K, neuromedin K and physalaemin also exhibited limited cross
      reactions with the antiserum. In the ventrolateral parabrachial region of
      untreated adult animals, substance P-like immunoreactivity was localized in axon
      terminals containing numerous small (40-60 nm) clear vesicle and 1-3 large (90
      120 nm) dense-core vesicles. At least 54% of the labeled terminals formed
      asymmetric synapses with unlabeled dendrites; and at least 30% of the recipient
      dendrites received more than one labeled axon terminal. In addition, the labeled
      terminals were associated less frequently with other unlabeled soma, axon
      terminals and blood vessels. In the second part of the study, we examined whether
      or not perikarya in various extrinsic regions contributed to the substance P-like
      immunoreactivity in axon terminals in the parabrachial region. Wheat-germ
      agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase was injected unilaterally into the
      parabrachial region of adult rats two days prior to being killed and one day
      prior to intraventricular injection of colchicine (100 micrograms in 7.5
      microliter saline) which enhanced the detection of immunoreactivity in perikarya.
      Sections were first processed by a tetramethylbenzidine reaction stabilized with
      cobalt-diaminobenzidine for demonstration of the transported peroxidase then were
      immunocytochemically labeled for substance P. Perikarya containing both the black
      granular retrograde labeling and brown peroxidase-immunoreactivity were found in
      the nuclei of the solitary tracts, the caudal ventrolateral reticular formation,
      the lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus and the paraventricular, dorsomedial and
      lateral hypothalamic nuclei. The projections were largely, but not exclusively,
      from perikarya located on the same side as the parabrachial injection. We
      conclude that substance P, or a closely related tachykinin, is a putative
      transmitter or modulator within a number of pathways to the parabrachial region
      and that these afferents act primarily through axodendritic synapses with
      intrinsic neurons.

PMID- 2422595
TI  - Substance P in the human brain.
AB  - The distribution of substance P immunoreactive sites was investigated by
      immunoenzymatic methods in a large series of paraffin embedded human brain
      sections from the collection assembled by Oscar and Cecile Vogt several decades
      ago, as well as from more recent post-mortem material. These studies demonstrated
      that substance P immunoreactivity was preserved in archival material permitting a
      detailed account of the localization of immunoreactive cell bodies, fibre
      networks and tracts in the human brain. Previous observations made on
      experimental animals and man were confirmed and extended. Additionally, substance
      P immunoreactive cell bodies were seen in most cortical areas and novel features
      were noted in the distribution of substance P-containing elements in the tuberal
      region, corpus striatum, substantia nigra (particularly in relationship to blood
      vessels) and in association with melanin-containing cells. Reconstruction of some
      substance P pathways was attempted by the analysis of semi-serial sections in
      more than one plane. Immunocytochemistry, in combination with image analysis,
      enabled some measurements of the differential concentrations of substance P
      immunoreactive material to be made and allowed a close correlation of this with
      defined anatomical landmarks or enkephalin immunoreactive sites.

PMID- 2422596
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of glutamate, glutaminase and aspartate
      aminotransferase in neurons of the pontine nuclei of the rat.
AB  - The pontine nuclei form the key relay nuclei in the cerebropontocerebellar
      pathway. Although a great deal of information is available regarding the anatomy
      of this region, the identity of the neurotransmitter(s) contained in the neurons
      of the pontine gray are not known. The aim of the present investigation is to
      utilize immunohistochemical techniques to determine whether glutamate, a putative
      excitatory transmitter, and the enzymes responsible for its metabolism, are found
      in pontine neurons. Both glutaminase, an enzyme which converts glutamine to
      glutamate, and aspartate aminotransferase, an enzyme which is involved in the
      interconversion between glutamate and aspartate, have been proposed to be markers
      of neurons which use excitatory amino acids as neurotransmitters. The present
      study utilizes a monoclonal antibody against carbodiimide-fixed glutamate and
      polyclonal antisera against glutaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in
      conjunction with the indirect peroxidase technique or the peroxidase-labeled
      biotin-avidin procedure to localize glutamatergic neurons in the pontine nuclei
      of the rat. Numerous neurons in all subdivisions of the pontine nuclei were found
      to contain carbodiimide-fixed glutamate-like immunoreactivity, glutaminase-like
      immunoreactivity or aspartate aminotransferase-like immunoreactivity. Horseradish
      peroxidase was injected into the cerebellum of four rats for use with a combined
      retrograde transport-immunohistochemical procedure. Double-labeled neurons were
      observed in all subdivisions of the pontine nuclei, indicating that pontine
      neurons which contain glutamate-like immunoreactivity project to the cerebellum.
      Based on the hypothesis that increased levels of glutamate, glutaminase and
      aspartate aminotransferase reflect a transmitter role for glutamate, the present
      data raise the possibility that glutamate may be a major neurotransmitter of
      pontocerebellar fibers.

PMID- 2422597
TI  - Benzodiazepine receptors in the human spinal cord: a detailed anatomical and
      pharmacological study.
AB  - The anatomical distribution and pharmacological characteristics of benzodiazepine
      receptors in the human spinal cord were examined in four cases aged 20-41 years
      using in vitro autoradiography and biochemical assays of [3H]flunitrazepam
      binding. In all cases, the autoradiograms demonstrated that benzodiazepine
      receptors were distributed in a consistently similar fashion in the gray matter
      of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions of the human spinal cord. At
      all levels, the highest densities of benzodiazepine receptors were found to be
      localized within lamina II of the dorsal horn as defined on cytoarchitectonic,
      myeloarchitectonic and substance P immunocytochemical criteria. Within this
      lamina the receptors were concentrated mainly in its deeper, inner portion which
      lies immediately adjacent to lamina III, with some overlap dorsally into the
      outer segment of lamina II and ventrally into the adjacent region of lamina III.
      The lowest density of receptors was found in regions of laminae I, IV, VII and X;
      in particular, in lamina VII the lowest concentration of receptors was found in
      the dorsal nucleus of Clarke and the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. The
      remaining laminae of the spinal gray (laminae, V, VI, VIII and IX) showed a
      moderate density of receptors. Biochemical assays of membranes prepared from the
      lumbosacral cord indicated that these [3H]flunitrazepam binding sites have high
      affinity and have the pharmacological characteristics of the "central" Type II
      benzodiazepine receptor. These results show a high concentration of Type II
      benzodiazepine receptors in the substantia gelatinosa of the human spinal cord
      and suggest a possible role for these receptors in spinal sensory functions.

PMID- 2422598
TI  - Migration of host astrocytes into superior cervical sympathetic ganglia
      autografted into the septal nuclei or choroid fissure of adult rats.
AB  - Adult astrocytes and their processes, identified by glial fibrillary acidic
      protein immunohistochemistry and by electron microscopy, migrate into superior
      cervical ganglia auto-transplanted into the choroid fissure or septal nuclei of
      adult rats. Migration routes were along the blood vessels, and along the Schwann
      cell bundles of the transplant. Ultrastructurally, astrocytic processes could be
      seen to lie in direct contact with Schwann cell processes within the basal lamina
      enwrapping the Schwann cell and its associated axons. Around the region of the
      host/transplant interface, the astrocytes were transformed into flattened cells
      with many short, irregular, fringe-like processes, but within the depths of the
      transplant mass they resumed a more stellate configuration. Glial fibrillary
      acidic protein immunoreactivity was present within the intrinsic satellite and
      Schwann cells of the grafted ganglia, but at a much lower level than in the host
      astrocytes. It is concluded that reactive astrocytes from adult host central
      nervous system migrate into peripheral ganglionic transplants, where they
      differentiate and establish organized arrangements with the ganglionic elements.

PMID- 2422599
TI  - Immunohistochemical co-localization of S-100b and the glial fibrillary acidic
      protein in rat brain.
AB  - A rabbit antiserum against purified bovine brain S-100b protein was produced and
      characterized by immunoassay and immunoblot analysis of electrophoretically
      resolved soluble brain proteins. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry was conducted
      in order to determine the cellular localization of the S-100b immunoreactivity.
      Double immunohistofluorescent experiments on adult rat brain tissue sections with
      the rabbit antiserum to S-100b and a rat monoclonal antibody to the glial
      fibrillary acidic protein resulted in immunolabelling of the same cells. This
      finding determines a strict astroglial localization of the S-100b
      immunoreactivity. In addition, the immunolabelling of astrocyte perikarya and
      processes by the S-100b immunohistochemistry is consistent with a cytoplasmic
      location of S-100b. In contrast, the glial fibrillary acidic protein
      immunohistochemistry predominantly labeled the fine fibrillary processes of the
      cells. The present report suggests that S-100b immunohistochemistry is of use for
      the specific identification and morphological description of astrocytes in the
      rat brain.

PMID- 2422600
TI  - Effects of intrathecal interferon therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

PMID- 2422601
TI  - [Treatment of acute pancreatitis. Our experience in the use of aprotinin by a
      parenteral approach].

PMID- 2422602
TI  - [Retrosternal gastric bypass in the treatment of inoperable neoplasms of the
      esophagus].

PMID- 2422603
TI  - [Endoprosthesis in the therapy of inoperable esophageal cancer. Our experience in
      58 cases].

PMID- 2422604
TI  - [CEA, TPA and APP as a guide in the surgical therapy and follow-up of pancreatic
      cancer].

PMID- 2422605
TI  - [New prospective diagnostic serum markers in prostatic cancer].

PMID- 2422606
TI  - [Histological picture of rabbit hepatic parenchyma following pranotherapy
      prepared in standard hematoxylin-eosin staining].

PMID- 2422607
TI  - Substance P-immunoreactive neurons in the neocortex of the rat: a subset of the
      glutamic acid decarboxylase-immunoreactive neurons.
AB  - Substance P-immunoreactive (SP-IR) neurons are found throughout the layers of the
      rat neocortex. Within the somatosensory (SI) cortex these cells make up about 2%
      of all neurons and within area 17 about 3%. Colocalization studies reveal that
      the SP-IR neurons are a subset of the population immunoreactive for glutamic acid
      decarboxylase.

PMID- 2422609
TI  - A Golgi study on the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in the mouse.
AB  - The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DLL) in the mouse was studied using
      the rapid Golgi method. Three types of neurons were observed in the DLL. Type I
      neurons had a piriform or triangular cell body with a mean diameter of 14 by 19
      micron, and emitted 3-5 primary dendrites. The cell bodies of type II neurons
      were either spindle or piriform in shape and were, on the average, 17 by 26
      micron in diameter with 2-4 primary dendrites. Type III neurons had polygonal or
      triangular cell bodies which were 24 by 31 micron in average diameter and there
      were 4-6 primary dendrites. The axons of the DLL neurons most frequently traveled
      medially or ventromedially, and only a few could be followed dorsally among the
      fibers composing the lateral lemniscus (LL). The afferent fibers of the DLL were
      separated into three groups: ascending afferents, descending afferents and
      afferents from the medial aspect. The ascending afferents were collaterals of the
      LL fibers distributed mainly in the inferior colliculus. The descending afferents
      were also collaterals arising from the descending LL fibers. The afferents from
      the medial aspect ran across the tegmental area to distribute in the DLL. In
      addition, numerous LL fibers gave off terminal collaterals to the DLL. The
      ascending or descending nature of these LL fibers was not determined. Thus, the
      DLL is considered to be one of the commissural relay nuclei in the auditory
      system.

PMID- 2422608
TI  - Intrathecal FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) induces excessive grooming behavior
      in mice.
AB  - The molluscan neuropeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) was administered
      intrathecally (i.t.) to mice and their behavior was monitored for 30 min.
      FMRFamide induced a dramatic and dose-related (5-12 micrograms) increase in
      grooming-related activities compared to saline-treated controls. The grooming
      behavior produced by 8 micrograms FMRFamide was not blocked by simultaneous i.t.
      administration of 10 micrograms of the following antagonists: atropine,
      phentolamine, methysergide, naloxone or spantide; peripheral administration of
      naloxone (3.5 mg/kg, s.c.) also failed to antagonize FMRFamide grooming. These
      data constitute the first report that FMRFamide produces behavioral changes in
      mammals.

PMID- 2422610
TI  - Postsynaptic density visualized by whole mount electron microscopy.
AB  - Detergent-unextractable structures of synaptic plasma membrane of rat cerebrum
      were observed by whole mount electron microscopy. The globular structures were
      identified as postsynaptic densities (PSDs) from several criteria and appeared to
      consist of folded strings, to which a number of other molecules might be
      attached. Some of the globular structures were attached with subsynaptic webs.
      The structures contained a number of finely striated small strips (10-20 nm wide,
      60-100 nm long), parts of which were peeled off from PSD cytoskeletal base by N
      lauroyl sarcosinate.

PMID- 2422611
TI  - Axonal transport of substance P-hydrolyzing peptidase in rat sciatic nerves.
AB  - The axonal transport of substance P-hydrolyzing peptidase was studied both 2 and
      10 days after the ligation of rat sciatic nerves. A peptidase(s) hydrolyzing
      substance P at the bonds of Phe7-Phe8 and Phe8-Gly9 was found to have accumulated
      to about 2 times the normal amount in the proximal segment 10 days after
      ligation. This enzyme activity was inhibited by ethylenediamine tetraacetate or
      dithiothreitol. These results suggest that this is a metalloendopeptidase which
      is slowly transported to inactivate neuropeptides in the nerve terminals.

PMID- 2422612
TI  - Quickly flickering inwardly rectifying K channels in goldfish hair cell membrane.
AB  - The kinetics of the quickly flickering inwardly rectifying K channel were studied
      with the cell-attached patch clamp method in goldfish hair cells. The activity of
      the channel was very unique in repeating continuously open and closed events at
      an ultrafast rate. Moreover, open-close events of the channel showed a marked
      dependence on membrane potential; a shift toward hyperpolarized levels brought
      about an elongation of closed events resulting in a decrease in the open state
      probability, although no marked change was produced in open event duration
      itself. The unitary conductance of the channel was 109 pS as 123 mM KCl solution
      was used.

PMID- 2422613
TI  - Magnesium deficiency and cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 2422614
TI  - Neurodevelopmental outcome for infants of very low birthweight admitted to a
      regional neonatal unit, 1979-1983.
AB  - From January 1979 to December 1983, 178 infants with birthweight 501-1500 g were
      admitted to the neonatal unit at Christchurch Women's Hospital. One hundred and
      twenty-nine (72.5%) survived to discharge from the unit. Six infants died post
      discharge by 12 months of age. Fifty-six percent of surviving infants for whom
      records were available were admitted to hospital in the first year of life.
      Thirty infants could not be traced for follow-up. Ninety-three infants were
      assessed for functional abnormalities utilising medical records, neurological
      examination and developmental assessment. Thirteen infants (14%) had handicap: 7
      (7.5%) with mild or moderate and 6 (6.5%) with major dysfunction. It is essential
      that neonatologists know the long term outcome for their neonatal intensive care
      practices and provision must be made for comprehensive follow-up of surviving
      very low birthweight infants.

PMID- 2422615
TI  - Production of tumor-associated antigen, TA-4, by the CaSki cervical carcinoma
      cell line.
AB  - Previous Japanese studies described the purification of TA-4 from homogenates of
      tumor tissues excised from squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix, and
      the development of a radioimmunoassay to detect TA-4 in sera of patients with
      this disease. The aim of the present investigation was to determine if TA-4 was
      produced by the CaSki cell line, established in culture ten years ago from
      epidermoid carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The radioimmunoassay detected the TA
      4 antigen in the CaSki cells, but not in cell lines derived from either
      choriocarcinoma or breast carcinoma. The TA-4 concentration in the CaSki cell
      lysate exceeded that in the CaSki culture fluid by more than twentyfold, and
      exceeded the concentration of human chorionic gonadotropin beta-like
      immunoreactive material by nearly two orders of magnitude. Antiserum to TA-4 was
      used to immunoprecipitate biosynthetically labeled TA-4 from CaSki cultures that
      had been incubated with [3H]leucine. After electrophoresis and autoradiography,
      the immunoprecipitated material showed a major band corresponding in apparent
      molecular weight (48,000 daltons) to TA-4 originally isolated from squamous cell
      carcinoma tumors. It is concluded that the CaSki cell line constitutes an ideal
      model with which to investigate the biosynthesis and regulation of TA-4, and a
      source for large-scale production of TA-4 for characterization studies as well as
      development of clinical diagnostic reagents.

PMID- 2422616
TI  - [Ultrastructure and carbohydrate histochemistry of the lingual glands of the bull
      frog].

PMID- 2422617
TI  - Penetration of 14C-methisoprinol into rabbit eyes with experimentally induced
      herpetic keratitis.
AB  - The authors studied the penetration of 14C-labelled methisoprinol into ocular
      tissues (cornea, aqueous humour and iris) in rabbits, in which herpetic keratitis
      had been experimentally induced. It has been demonstrated that the methisoprinol
      crosses the corneal barrier. The maximum concentration of the drug in the tissues
      examined was measured 30 min after the instillation of the drug into the
      conjunctival sac, and persisted for 60 min, although at a slightly lower level.

PMID- 2422618
TI  - Relative afferent pupillary defect in central retinal vein occlusion.
AB  - In a prospective study, 120 patients with unilateral central retinal vein
      occlusion (CRVO) were investigated to determine the role of the relative afferent
      pupillary defect (RAPD) in differentiating ischemic from nonischemic CRVO. In 87
      patients with nonischemic CRVO, 90% had a RAPD 0.3 log units or less and none had
      a RAPD larger than 0.9 log units. In contrast, in 33 patients with ischemic CRVO
      91% had a RAPD of 1.2 log units or more, and none had a RAPD smaller than 0.6 log
      units. Thus, this simple, quick, and inexpensive test has proved to be a highly
      sensitive and reliable indicator in the differential diagnosis of the two types
      of CRVO.

PMID- 2422619
TI  - The clinical examination. Limitation and over-utilization of angiographic
      services.
AB  - Fluorescein angiography has increased our understanding of the pathophysiology
      and appearance of most fundus disorders. Increased experience with the
      stereoscopic slit-lamp examination of the fundus has made it easier to predict
      what subsequent angiograms will demonstrate, and fluorescein studies are
      currently usually not required to make an appropriate diagnosis. Most cases of
      age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy can be managed without
      angiography, since most of the former are associated only with drusen and modest
      and progressive visual acuity loss and most cases of diabetic retinopathy are not
      associated with loss of visual acuity or with proliferative lesions. Angiography
      is an invaluable tool in evaluating newly symptomatic patients with the
      possibility of choroidal neovascularization, and it is also of great value in
      evaluating causes of visual acuity loss in diabetics as well as in the
      documentation of nonperfusion of their peripheral retinas.

PMID- 2422620
TI  - Extranodal oral lymphoma. Part I. A morphologic and immunoperoxidase study of 34
      cases.
AB  - Thirty-four cases of oral lymphoma were classified by the Lukes-Collins system on
      the basis of morphology and immunoperoxidase staining. Ninety-seven percent of
      these were morphologically identified as B-cell neoplasms: 6% SCFCC, 9% LCFCC,
      26% SNCFCC, 24% LNCFCC, 12% IBS, and 18% malignant plasma cell proliferations.
      Monoclonal immunoperoxidase staining for cytoplasmic immunoglobulin was positive
      in 41% of the cases overall, but 100% of the cases of immunoblastic sarcoma and
      malignant plasma cell lesions stained positively.

PMID- 2422621
TI  - Membrane potential and ion channels in isolated outer hair cells of guinea pig
      cochlea.
AB  - Single outer hair cells from guinea pig cochlea were prepared by microdissection
      and cultured for several hours in a modified Hanks' medium. Cells, which were
      viable, judged by morphological criteria, were investigated with the patch-clamp
      technique. Membrane potentials up to -70 mV could be measured in the cultured
      cells. Ion channels were found in the basolateral membrane and in the cuticular
      region of the hair cells. These ion channels could play an important role in
      transducing sound-induced sterociliary motion into membrane depolarizations,
      thereby regulating the contractile state of the outer hair cells and in turn the
      resonance properties of the cochlear amplifier.

PMID- 2422622
TI  - [Physiopathologic significance of the radioimmunologic determination of human
      kininogens].
AB  - We quantify total and high molecular weight kininogens by radioimmunoassay. The
      main characteristic of these molecules is the release of kinins. In this paper we
      would compare the antigenicity of kininogens with their pharmacological property.

PMID- 2422623
TI  - [Electrophoresis of urinary proteins on SDS-polyacrylamide gel, without
      preliminary concentration].
AB  - We described a rapid and sensitive method for urinary proteins disc
      electrophoresis on unconcentrated urine, by using polyacrylamide-SDS gel in
      discontinuous gradient. Correlation with a conventional polyacrylamide agarose
      slab electrophoresis on concentrated urine is good, our technique being more
      sensitive when proteinuria is low. It had proved to be useful for routine
      detection of renal failures in clinical laboratories.

PMID- 2422624
TI  - [Tumor angiogenesis].
AB  - Tumor angiogenesis is a very important process for growth and proliferation of
      most solid tumors. It insures the delivery of feeding molecules as well as the
      elimination of degradation products and allows tumoral cells to escape from the
      primary tumor site and the further establishment of metastases. Tumor
      neovascularisation is the result of a cascade of events primarily related to the
      properties of endothelial cells of capillaries. The main steps are: a)
      degradation of capillary basal lamina and destruction of the surrounding tissues,
      b) endothelial cell proliferation and c) endothelial cell migration towards the
      tumor site. A number of substances either synthetic or of natural origin are
      known to stimulate one of the above mentioned steps and/or to induce the
      production of factors which, in turn, stimulate one or several steps of the
      cascade. Such molecules can also be synthesized by tumoral cells; indeed they
      have often been evidenced in the fluids surrounding the tumor site. Many factors
      remain to be identified and their mechanism of action wait to be elucidated.
      However, it is already clear that several molecules are involved in the various
      steps of tumor angiogenesis. They display a coordinated sequential action and
      their synthesis is induced and controlled by the tumor itself. Amongst others,
      the following molecules play a role in tumor angiogenesis: degradative enzymes, E
      prostaglandins, specific oligopeptides, fibronectin and heparin. Furthermore,
      several metal cations are also involved in tumor angiogenesis.

PMID- 2422625
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amine metabolites in children during treatment for
      acute lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - To learn more about the impact of intrathecal methotrexate and cytosine
      arabinoside therapy on neuronal metabolism, we measured serial cerebrospinal
      fluid concentrations of homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, major
      metabolites of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, in children with
      acute lymphocytic leukemia. Multiple sequential cerebrospinal fluids were
      obtained from 30 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia evaluated prospectively
      from the time of diagnosis. We focused on the period of induction and
      intensification when children received weekly intrathecal chemotherapy. Paired
      cerebrospinal fluid specimens were also obtained at 3-month intervals from 60
      children with acute lymphocytic leukemia in remission. Homovanillic acid and 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid were measured using high performance liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection. We found that pretreatment
      metabolite values were no different from those in age-matched subjects in
      remission. In the first 5 wk of treatment, there were no significant changes in
      metabolite levels in patients treated exclusively with methotrexate. There was a
      transient decrease in homovanillic acid (-28 +/- 10%, p less than 0.001,
      Student's t test) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (-28 +/- 12%, p less than 0.05)
      in five of six patients after a single intrathecal dose of cytosine arabinoside.
      In the next 4 wk there was a gradual rise in levels of homovanillic acid (p =
      0.001, by analysis of variance) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (p = 0.029,
      analysis of variance); this pattern did not correlate with administration of
      cranial irradiation. In children in remission, there were no significant changes
      in metabolite levels over a 3-month period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422626
TI  - Staining of eosinophils with nitroblue tetrazolium in patients with chronic
      granulomatous disease.
AB  - The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test is the primary screening test for chronic
      granulomatous disease (CGD). Neutrophils and other phagocytic cells readily
      reduce NBT to blue formazan after oxidative stimulation whereas CGD cells remain
      colorless. In the present study purified eosinophil populations were obtained
      from CGD patients and normals by exposing peripheral blood to the peptide N
      formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and then centrifuged over a discontinuous
      Percoll gradient. The eosinophils were then incubated in 0.1% NBT (37 degrees C,
      15 min) with either phorbol myristate acetate or buffer alone (HEPES with calcium
      and magnesium). Blue staining characteristic of NBT reduction occurred in the
      phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated eosinophils of half (4/8) of the CGD
      patients tested. The staining was most intense between the nuclear lobes of the
      eosinophil with little staining near the cell periphery. The staining pattern was
      present in 75.5 +/- 5.3% of the purified eosinophils in those patients in which
      the phenomenon occurred and was reproducible in the same patients over a 6-month
      period. Eosinophils from normal individuals tested with NBT and phorbol myristate
      acetate showed intense staining over the entire cell cytoplasm as did normal
      neutrophils. Purified CGD eosinophils that did show the staining pattern were not
      able to produce superoxide (as measured by cytochrome C reduction) when
      stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate indicating the staining was probably not
      related to superoxide production. Patients with CGD have a mild eosinophilia (4.6
      +/- 0.7% in 11 patients at the National Institutes of Health) and eosinophil
      staining may account for the small number of positive NBT cells reported in some
      patients.

PMID- 2422627
TI  - Abnormal truncal muscle tone as a useful early marker for developmental delay in
      low birth weight infants.
AB  - Thirty-four outborn premature infants of appropriate gestational ages with birth
      weights less than 1,750 g were seen in follow-up at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months,
      corrected age to assess the incidence of abnormalities of muscle tone and the
      relationship of the site of early abnormalities to 18-month developmental status.
      The incidence of abnormal tone was most common at 3 months and declined with
      increasing age. The percentages of infants with abnormal tone at 3, 6, 12, and 18
      months, respectively, were: increased lower extremity tone--62%, 71%, 38%, 9%;
      decreased lower extremity tone--3%, 3%, 6%, 9%; increased truncal tone--41%, 15%,
      6%, 0%; decreased truncal tone--21%, 18%, 15%, 6%. Infants with truncal
      hypertonicity at 3 months had significantly lower Bayley motor and mental scores
      at 18 months when compared with infants with normal truncal tone (P less than
      .05). However, infants with lower extremity hypertonicity at 3 months were no
      different developmentally at 18 months from infants with normal tone. Infants
      with truncal or lower extremity hypotonicity fared the worst developmentally (P
      less than .05). We conclude that there is a high incidence of abnormal muscle
      tone in premature infants up to 18 months of age and that early truncal tone
      abnormalities are associated with a worse developmental outcome.

PMID- 2422628
TI  - Pneumocystis carinii Delanoe & Delanoe, 1912 found in lungs of freeliving animals
      in Denmark at autopsy.
AB  - Stained imprints made from autopsy lung biopsies from hares, foxes, badgers,
      stone martens, one hedgehog, roe deer from Denmark and from caribou from
      Greenland were examined microscopically for Pneumocystis carinii. Pneumocysts
      were found in the lungs of 3 out of 28 hares, 3 out of 18 foxes and 1 out of 6
      roe deer. This is the first report of Pneumocystis carinii in hares, foxes, and
      roe deer in Denmark. It seems to be the first report of Pneumocystis carinii in
      roe deer.

PMID- 2422629
TI  - Anti-sense regions in satellite RNA of cucumber mosaic virus form stable
      complexes with the viral coat protein gene.
AB  - The interaction in vitro of the RNA of the Q-strain of cucumber mosaic virus
      (CMV) with its satellite RNA (sat-RNA) has been studied. In hybridisation
      reactions containing 30% formamide at 45 degrees, sat-RNA binds to CMV RNA 3 and
      4 but not to CMV RNA 1 and 2 or RNA from tobacco mosaic virus and alfalfa mosaic
      virus. The viral coat protein gene present in RNA 3 and 4 contains the site of
      binding but this region does not contain complementary sequences of any
      significant length to the sat-RNA sequence. However, the optimum alignment of
      short complementary sequences present in these regions revealed a stable
      structure in which it is proposed that sat-RNA twists around the coat protein
      gene so that two separate blocks of nucleotides in sat-RNA base pair in opposite
      directions with two adjacent blocks in the coat protein gene to form a knot-like
      structure. The binding site is a region of 33 nucleotides within the coding
      region of the coat protein gene which base pairs with residues 98-113 and 134-152
      of sat-RNA. The possibility of the binding region of sat-RNA functioning as an
      "anti-sense" sequence in regulation of the viral coat protein synthesis is
      discussed.

PMID- 2422630
TI  - Collection of published 5S, 5.8S and 4.5S ribosomal RNA sequences.

PMID- 2422631
TI  - Compilation of small RNA sequences.

PMID- 2422632
TI  - The rat submaxillary gland contains predominantly P-type tachykinin binding
      sites.
AB  - The specific binding of the 125I-Bolton-Hunter labeled tachykinins substance K
      (BHSK), eledoisin (BHE), and substance P (BHSP) was examined in crude membrane
      suspensions and by autoradiography in rat submaxillary gland. All three ligands
      at 0.1 nM concentrations exhibited binding that was inhibited by tachykinins in a
      potency rank order of substance P greater than physalaemin greater than substance
      K greater than eledoisin greater than kassinin greater than neuromedin K with
      slope factors essentially equal to unity. All tachykinins were 5 to 10 times more
      potent in inhibiting BHSK and BHE binding compared to BHSP binding.
      Autoradiographic visualization of BHSK and BHSP binding sites in the gland
      revealed extensive labeling of mucous and serous acini. The intensity of labeling
      was much less for BHSK than for BHSP. The results indicate that the rat
      submaxillary gland contains predominantly P-type tachykinin binding sites.

PMID- 2422633
TI  - Brain motilin-like peptides are localized within the cell nucleus.
AB  - The subcellular localization of motilin-like immunoreactive (MLIP) peptides in
      comparison to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide histidine
      isoleucine amide-27-like peptide (PLP) was investigated in rat brain applying
      different subcellular fractionation techniques. Unlike VIP or PLP, motilin-like
      peptides were not located in synaptosomes, but in the cell nucleus. This is the
      first report of a non-vesicular localization of this neuropeptide and is
      suggestive of a possible non-neurotransmitter role of MLIP. Previous
      developmental studies point to a possible role for motilin-like peptides as
      trophic or developmental factors. These results open the possibility that brain
      motilin-like peptides may operate by binding to chromatin and regulating gene
      expression.

PMID- 2422634
TI  - Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on neuropeptides in the rat female genitourinary
      tract.
AB  - The occurrence and distribution of neuropeptide Y has been determined in the rat
      female genitourinary tract by radioimmunoassay and chromatographic analysis.
      Within the bladder, higher concentrations of neuropeptide Y were found in the
      trigone (48.8 +/- 5.2 pmol/g) than in the dome (36.0 +/- 2.1 pmol/g). In the
      genital tract, highest concentrations were identified in the vagina (41.4 +/- 2.1
      pmol/g). Treatment of rats with 6-hydroxydopamine resulted in significant
      depletion of neuropeptide Y concentrations in both parts of the bladder, together
      with vagina, uterine horn and fallopian tube. No change was observed in the
      cervix, uterine body and ovary. Concentrations of vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide were unaffected by treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine except in the
      area of the cervix where concentrations rose from 64.1 +/- 5.7 pmol/g to 133.6 +/
      15.1 pmol/g (p less than 0.05). There was a generalised, but statistically
      insignificant rise in substance P concentrations.

PMID- 2422635
TI  - Effects of somatostatin and a somatostatin agonist on diet-induced pancreatitis
      in mice.
AB  - We examined the effects of somatostatin-14 and the potent somatostatin agonist (N
      acetyl-[Des(Ala1,Gly2),p-Cl-Phe6,D-Trp8]-somatostatin amide) on choline
      deficient, ethionine enriched diet (CDED)-induced acute pancreatitis in mice.
      Serum amylase determinations were performed, and specimens from the pancreas were
      examined by light and electron microscopy. No significant beneficial effects of
      somatostatin or its agonist were found in this model of acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 2422636
TI  - Cytologic diagnosis of lung cancer. Principles and problems.
AB  - This diagnostic seminar discusses the current status of the principles and
      problems of cytology as it is applied to the diagnosis of lung cancer. This
      discussion is divided into four major parts. Part I presents a discussion of
      cytopreparatory techniques and cytology of the lung in the absence of cancer. The
      cytology of benign proliferations which may mimic cancer is emphasized. The role
      of cytology in the diagnosis of pulmonary infectious organisms is noted. Part II
      discusses lung cancer as manifested in specimens of sputum, bronchial washings,
      and bronchial brushings. Part III presents some data on the validity of cytology
      with respect to role of specimen number and type in lung cancer diagnosis and
      cell typing in lung cancer. The continued usefulness and importance of multiple
      specimens of sputum for lung cancer diagnosis are documented. Part IV presents a
      brief synopsis of fine needle aspiration biopsy of lung cancer.

PMID- 2422637
TI  - Combined immunoreaction and Papanicolaou's stain on cytological smears.
AB  - The method described below combines an immunoreaction with Papanicolaou's stain
      on cytological smears. For the immunoreaction, the avidin-biotin-complex (ABC)
      method was used. The method was tested on various cytological material with the
      monoclonal antibody lu-5 and two polyclonal antibodies (anti-keratin and anti
      chymotrypsin). Wet fixation of the smears with a modified Delaunay's solution is
      recommended. Drying of the material impairs immunoreactivity. The main advantages
      of the technique are the clear-cut permanent immunostaining and the preservation
      of the nuclear structure, permitting a combined immuncytological characterization
      of cellular products and conventional cyto-diagnosis.

PMID- 2422638
TI  - Characterization of steroid receptors in human prostate using mibolerone.
AB  - Accurate quantitation of androgen receptors requires a radioactive ligand which
      has affinity and specificity for the receptor and which is stable to metabolic
      enzymes. In this report, we have characterized the properties of 7 alpha,17 alpha
      dimethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4-estren-3-one (mibolerone) in human benign hyperplastic
      prostate cytosol and compared them to those of 17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-methyl
      estra-4,9,11-trien-3-one (R1881). Mibolerone was found to have an affinity (Kd =
      1.5 nM) greater than R1881. (Kd = 2.3 nM) for the androgen receptor in human
      prostate tissue. Surprisingly, mibolerone was found to bind with high affinity to
      the progesterone receptor in both human prostate (Kd = 5.9 nM) and rabbit uterus
      (Kd = 1.1 nM). However, binding to this receptor in both species could be blocked
      with a 500-fold excess of triamcinolone acetonide. [3H]Mibolerone binding to the
      androgen receptor was competed effectively with unlabeled dihydrotestosterone,
      R1881, and mibolerone but not by progesterone, diethylstilbestrol or R5020, in
      the presence of triamcinolone acetonide. Interestingly, mibolerone was more
      resistant to metabolism than R1881 in prostate cytosol when exposed to elevated
      temperatures (30 degrees C) for extended periods of time. However, when exposed
      to high-intensity ultraviolet irradiation, both compounds lost 50% of their
      binding ability in about 30 minutes. Mibolerone was found to have a very low
      affinity (Ki = 540 nM) for human sex steroid binding protein. These studies
      demonstrate that mibolerone is a useful ligand for androgen receptor assays. They
      also emphasize the need for including competitors of progesterone receptor
      binding in assays utilizing this steroid for androgen receptor measurements.

PMID- 2422639
TI  - Clinical evaluation of gamma-seminoprotein in prostate cancer.
AB  - Gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm), a potential new marker for prostate cancer, has
      been evaluated with a sandwich-type enzyme immunoassay (EIA). This assay system
      has been confirmed to have a sensitivity and detectable range of 3.0 and 3.0-100
      ng/ml, respectively, with a high reproducibility (approximately equal to 6%
      coefficient of variation between assays). A total of 256 serum samples were drawn
      from normal Japanese subjects for detection of gamma-Sm. Serum gamma-Sm was
      undetectable (less than 3.0 ng/ml) in 26 samples from 26 females. In 230 male
      cases, serum gamma-Sm levels ranged from less than 3.0 to 4.0 ng/ml. These values
      were not related to age. An upper normal limit of 3.6 ng/ml was calculated for 99
      percentile Japanese males (n = 103) over 50 years of age. Serum gamma-Sm was
      detected in 192 untreated male patients with urological diseases. Gamma Sm levels
      (mean +/- SD) in each disease were as follows: prostate cancer (n = 64) 11.0 +/-
      17.9 ng/ml; benign prostatic hypertrophy (n = 50), 3.02 +/- 0.113; bladder cancer
      (n = 58), 3.13 +/- 0.514; and renal adenocarcinoma (n = 30), 3.26 +/- 1.01. Serum
      gamma-Sm levels were statistically higher (p less than 0.05) in the prostate
      cancer group, however, there was no statistical difference in gamma-Sm levels
      among clinical stages or histopathologic grades. Furthermore, serum gamma-Sm
      values showed no correlation (r = 0.3870) with prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP),
      but were slightly correlated to prostate antigen (PA) levels (r = 0.6980) in
      patients with prostate cancer. These results suggest that gamma-Sm is a potential
      tumor marker of prostate cancer and that serially detected serum gamma-Sm levels
      could be used to monitor the disease.

PMID- 2422640
TI  - [Role of metabolites of arachidonic acid (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) in
      allergic reactions].

PMID- 2422641
TI  - Transabdominal chorionic villi sampling for first trimester fetal diagnosis.
      First 26 pregnancies followed to term.
AB  - A consecutive series of 26 women followed to term after first trimester
      transabdominal chorionic villi sampling is presented. The clinical application of
      transabdominal chorionic villi sampling (TA-CVS) seems to have certain
      advantages, especially from the patients' point of view, but also in regard to
      successful sampling and to the complication ratio. The results in this clinical
      trial revealed no cases of abortions, no signs of placental damage and no cases
      of vaginal bleeding or infections.

PMID- 2422642
TI  - Justification of maternal serum alphafetoprotein screening in a population with
      low incidence of neural tube defects.
AB  - A prospective study of maternal serum alphafetoprotein (alpha-FP) screening of
      9838 women in an area with low prevalence of neural tube defects and predominance
      of anencephalics revealed that an intervention point of single serum alpha-FP
      level above 2.8 times the median was appropriate for this population. Ninety per
      cent of anencephalics and all fetuses with anterior abdominal wall defects were
      detected. There was no spina bifida among the population screened. Two per cent
      of the population screened had serum alpha-FP level above this cut-off level.
      Thirty-two per cent of twin pregnancies, 7 per cent of small-for-gestational age
      infants and 9 per cent of pregnancies which ended in either abortion or perinatal
      death in the population screened also had one serum alpha-FP level above this
      intervention point. The false positive rate was 66 per cent. This false positive
      rate was only reduced to 63 per cent if instead of one, two serum alpha-FP level
      above this intervention point was considered abnormal. Using this strategy there
      was no significant reduction in the detection rate of fetal anomalies and other
      pregnancy complications. Because of the predominance of anencephalics in this
      population the diagnosis of fetal anomaly in women with abnormal serum alpha-FP
      level was made by ultrasound examination alone. The reason amniocentesis was not
      performed in these patients was to avoid unnecessary loss of normal pregnancies
      which may result from this procedure.

PMID- 2422643
TI  - A novel method for the preparation of substrate-free cytochrome P-450(11) beta.
AB  - A new method for the removal of the stabilizing substrate, deoxycorticosterone,
      from adrenal cytochrome P-450(11) beta, has been developed. Dextran coated
      charcoal is used for the adsorption of the steroid and the adsorbed steroid is
      separated from the cytochrome P-450-preparation by low speed centrifugation. The
      substrate-free enzyme, obtained in this manner, has all the characteristic
      spectral properties of low-spin cytochrome P-450(11) beta and may be converted to
      the high-spin form by the addition of deoxycorticosterone. The dextran coated
      charcoal method has the following advantages over the previously used method of
      substrate removal. It does not require the addition of the cofactors for
      cytochrome P-450-dependant hydroxylation of deoxycorticosterone, small amounts of
      enzyme may be prepared in a short time and the enzyme preparation is not diluted
      to any great extent during the process.

PMID- 2422644
TI  - Differentiation and secretory activities of cultured human placental
      cytotrophoblast.
AB  - Ultrastructural, autoradiographic, immunofluorescent and biochemical techniques
      were used to characterize primary cultures of term placental cytotrophoblast in
      order to gain insight into the differentiation and secretory capacities of the
      cellular component of human trophoblast. Trypsin treatment of placental villi
      allowed isolation of a predominantly cytotrophoblast cell population that
      maintained viability up to 13 weeks in monolayer culture. Autoradiographic
      studies of tritiated thymidine incorporation identified a smaller diameter
      mononucleated cell population that was mitotically active and developed into
      larger diameter mononucleated cells and into multinucleated cells during culture.
      Ultrastructurally, cultured cells formed desmosomes, had an extensive network of
      cytoplasmic microfilaments and contained the organelles for hormone synthesis and
      secretion. These cells secreted steroid hormones, secreted Schwangerschafts
      protein I, actively incorporated tritiated glycoprotein precursors and expressed
      surface immunoreactivity for the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin
      (hCG). However, medium concentrations of hCG and human placental lactogen dropped
      rapidly to undetectable levels after 14 days in primary culture. Cells grown
      beyond confluence differentiated into 1 to 2 mm structures with a villus-like
      histology. Our studies indicate that cytotrophoblast can secrete steroids,
      cytotrophoblast differentiation occurs in vitro in the absence of maternal
      tissues, hCG synthesis occurs in cultured cytotrophoblast and medium
      concentrations of placental protein hormones are not the best indicators of cell
      viability for cultures of cytotrophoblast.

PMID- 2422645
TI  - [The effect of various chemical compounds and storage conditions on the rate of
      non-enzymatic deamidation of protein preparations].
AB  - The effect of different substances partly used as preservatives for the blood
      storage and at different stages of manufacturing of human blood preparations on
      the dynamics of nonenzymatic deamidation of commercial protein preparations and
      on their heat stability was being studied. Albumin and gamma-globulin
      preparations in the solutions of 60% glycerol, 60% ethylene glycol, 40% beta
      alanine, aspartic and glutamic acids in physiological concentrations, 40% glucose
      and 40% sucrose after 2-hour thermal denaturation (100 degrees) were incubated
      under (or close to) physiological conditions (pH 7, 37 degrees) for 0.7; 14, 21,
      28 and 90 days. The protein preparations in the saline were used as control.
      After precipitation of protein with TCA, the contents of free ammonia and TCA
      soluble products were measured by the Lowry technique. The precipitate washed by
      organic solvents was used to determine the amide fractions. No reliable
      difference in increasing the TCA-soluble Folin-positive products was observed.
      All substances studied but glycerol sped up the deamidation of albumin and gamma
      globulin preparations both during thermal denaturation and incubation. On the
      contrary, glycerol slowed down the deamidation of proteins. Possible reasons of
      the observed phenomena are discussed.

PMID- 2422646
TI  - Stable accumulation of a rat truncated repeat transcript in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - To define potential mechanisms of expression of middle-repetitive DNA, Xenopus
      oocytes were employed to examine the rat type 2 and truncated repeat (TR)
      elements contained in an intron and in the 3'-flanking region of the rat growth
      hormone gene. These repeats contain significant sequence and structural homology
      to tRNA genes and, thus, may represent tRNA pseudogenes. Transcripts from the
      type 2 elements do not accumulate in the cytosol and are found predominantly in
      the nucleus, whereas those from TR DNA are expressed in the cytosol of neural and
      pituitary tissues. In HeLa cell extracts, the rat growth hormone type 2 sequences
      initiate RNA polymerase III transcription resulting in multiple transcripts of
      175-970 nucleotides; some of these also contain TR sequences that are present
      only as downstream structures since the rat growth hormone-TR DNA lacks promoter
      activity. In Xenopus oocytes the same template also results in multiple
      transcripts, but with time a single, homogeneous 73-base RNA preferentially
      accumulates. This RNA probably arises from larger repetitive DNA transcripts as
      assessed by the kinetics of its formation, its 5' terminus, and the injection of
      transcripts generated in HeLa cell-free extracts into the oocytes. Sequence
      analysis of the 73-base RNA suggests that it is a TR transcripts derived from the
      TR region with tRNA homology. Stable type 2 transcripts were not detected. Thus,
      type 2 elements are transcribed in the oocytes, but RNAs from them are degraded
      whereas discrete TR DNA transcripts can be derived from larger RNA molecules and
      can accumulate in the cytosol due to their preferential stability. These findings
      indicate that posttranscriptional control mechanisms can operate to direct
      differential expression of closely related repetitive DNAs and suggest that
      structures similar to tRNA contained within the TR sequences may allow them to
      accumulate preferentially in the cytoplasm.

PMID- 2422647
TI  - Human prostate-specific antigen: structural and functional similarity with serine
      proteases.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of the prostate-specific antigen (PA) from human
      seminal plasma has been determined from analyses of the peptides generated by
      cyanogen bromide, hydroxylamine, endoproteinases Arg-C and Lys-C. The single
      polypeptide chain of PA contains 240-amino acid residues and has a calculated Mr
      of 26,496. An N-linked carbohydrate side chain is predicted at asparagine-45, and
      O-linked carbohydrate side chains are possibly attached to serine-69, threonine
      70, and serine-71. The primary structure of PA shows a high degree of sequence
      homology with other serine proteases of the kallikrein family. The active site
      residues of histidine, aspartic acid, and serine comprising the charge-relay
      system of typical serine proteases were found in similar positions in PA
      (histidine-41, aspartic acid-96, and serine-192). At pH 7.8, PA hydrolyzed
      insulin A and B chains, recombinant interleukin 2, and--to a lesser extent-
      gelatin, myoglobin, ovalbumin, and fibrinogen. The cleavage sites of these
      proteins by PA were chemically analyzed as the alpha-carboxyl side of some
      hydrophobic residues, tyrosine, leucine, valine, and phenylalanine, and of basic
      residues histidine, lysine, and arginine. The chymotrypsin-like activity of PA
      exhibited with the chromogenic substrate N-succinyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-prolyl-L
      phenylalanine p-nitroanilide yielded a specific activity of 9.21 microM per min
      per mg of PA and Km and kcat values of 15.3 mM and 0.075s-1, respectively.
      "Trypsin-like" activity of PA was also detected with N alpha-benzoyl-DL-arginine
      p-nitroanilide and gave a specific activity of 1.98 microM per min per mg of PA.
      Protease inhibitors such as phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, diisopropyl
      fluorophosphate, L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone, aprotinin,
      leupeptin, soybean trypsin inhibitor as well as Zn2+ and spermidine were
      effective inhibitors of PA enzymatic activity.

PMID- 2422648
TI  - Kinetic diagram and free energy diagram for kinesin in microtubule-related
      motility.
AB  - The theoretical formalism that shows how biochemistry (ATPase activity) is
      related to mechanics in muscle contraction can be extended to the role of kinesin
      in microtubule-related motility. The main features added are the freedom of
      kinesin molecules to come and go from the motility complex and the small number
      of operative kinesin molecules in some systems. The starting points for this kind
      of approach are the kinetic diagram of biochemical states and the corresponding
      free energy diagram for these states. These topics are introduced and discussed
      here in relation to those systems that are presumed to use kinesin.

PMID- 2422649
TI  - Self and non-self discrimination by "restriction proteases".
AB  - I propose that an organism possesses a set of specific enzymes ("restriction
      proteases") that cleave self proteins at defined amino acid sequences unless
      these sequences are rendered inaccessible by glycosylation. Intracellular
      proteins are degraded by restriction proteases when cells die. In this way,
      intracellular proteins remain undetected by the immune system. I propose that
      some autoimmune diseases are caused by the absence of a specific restriction
      protease.

PMID- 2422651
TI  - Location of the major antigenic sites involved in rotavirus serotype-specific
      neutralization.
AB  - Antigenic sites on the rotavirus major outershell glycoprotein were identified by
      using mutant viruses selected for resistance to neutralizing (serotype-specific)
      monoclonal antibodies. The glycoprotein genes from these mutants were sequenced
      to determine the position and nature of the resultant amino acid substitutions in
      the protein. Three regions (A, B, and C) were identified (amino acids 87-96, 145
      150, and 211-223, respectively), of which region C appears to be the most
      important. A mutation in region C caused a 10-fold increase in resistance to
      neutralization by polyclonal antiviral antiserum. The results of this study,
      together with other data, indicate that the three-dimensional folding of the
      native protein is such that regions A and C are in close proximity.

PMID- 2422650
TI  - Lectin activity as a marker for Hodgkin disease cells.
AB  - Treatment of cultured Hodgkin disease (HD) cells with neuraminidase results in
      decreased reactivity of monoclonal antibody VIM-D5 with its antigen, the X
      hapten, a fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine. The other feature characteristic of HD
      cells is the expression of high levels of ectosialyltransferase activity. We
      present evidence for a cause-effect relationship between these two findings in
      that VIM-D5 antigenicity can be restored on neuraminidase-treated HD cells by
      modulating transferase activity. This can be interpreted in terms of a lectin
      activity of the ectosialyltransferase that binds the X hapten's desialylated
      galactosyl residues, thereby preventing antigen recognition by VIM-D5 antibody.
      This proposed mechanism is indistinguishable from the autoinhibition phenomenon
      described for another galactophilic binding protein, the hepatic binding protein
      (HBP), which binds its own terminal galactosyl residues following neuraminidase
      treatment. We establish a close relationship between the HD galactophilic binding
      site and HBP in that antiserum to HBP (i) inhibits the neuraminidase-induced loss
      of VIM-D5 antigenicity, (ii) blocks the binding of asialoglycoprotein to
      hepatocytes after being absorbed by and eluted from HD cells, and (iii)
      recognizes a single HD protein, which in its high level of expression is unique
      to HD cells. The presence of lectin activity in its classic sense on the surface
      of HD cells is confirmed by the erythrocyte-agglutinating ability of these cells.
      This lectin activity, which appears to be related to an ectosialyltransferase on
      the surface of HD cells, may serve as a marker for the abnormal cells
      characteristic of HD.

PMID- 2422652
TI  - Brain-specific hyaluronate-binding protein: an immunohistological study with
      monoclonal antibodies of human and bovine central nervous system.
AB  - Hyaluronectin is a protein isolated from acid extracts of human brain by affinity
      chromatography on immobilized hyaluronate. With polyclonal antibodies, it was
      immunohistologically localized in the rat at the nodes of Ranvier of central and
      peripheral myelinated fibers and in mesenchymal tissues. Compared to adult rat,
      hyaluronectin-immunoreactive material was more abundant in embryonal rat brain
      and mesenchyma. We report a different localization in human and bovine tissues
      with monoclonal antibodies reacting with human hyaluronectin by NaDodSO4/PAGE and
      immunoblotting but not staining rat tissues by immunohistology. In human and calf
      the antigen reacting with hyaluronectin monoclonal antibodies was brain specific,
      while several peripheral tissues were stained by the polyclonal antibodies. In
      human and bovine central nervous system monoclonal antibodies stained white
      matter and tissues formed predominantly by glial fibers (e.g., subependymal
      glia). In white matter hyaluronectin-immunoreactive material formed a delicate
      mesh surrounding individual myelinated fibers, a pattern compatible with the
      distribution of fine astroglial processes in this location. Gray matter did not
      stain with monoclonal antibodies, the granular layer of the cerebellum excepted.
      The findings suggest that human hyaluronectin is heterogeneous and comprises at
      least two fractions. The main fraction is a brain-specific protein, probably
      produced by white matter astrocytes. Another fraction cross-reacting with rat is
      more abundant in embryonal tissues, including mesenchyma and brain.

PMID- 2422653
TI  - Voltage- and time-dependent effects of phencyclidines on the endplate current
      arise from open and closed channel blockade.
AB  - The actions of phencyclidine [1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine, PCP] and its
      morpholine analog [1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)morpholine, PCM] on ionic currents of
      nicotinic acetylcholine receptors were studied at the neuromuscular junction of
      frog skeletal muscle and on embryonic rat muscle cells in tissue culture. PCP and
      PCM reduced the peak amplitude and the decay time constant of the endplate
      current (EPC). PCP produced a voltage-dependent curvature and a time-dependent
      hysteresis loop at negative potentials (at potentials from -50 to -150 mV). In
      contrast, PCM caused a depression of EPC peak amplitude, but the current-voltage
      relationship (+60 to -150 mV) remained linear. When PCP-modified EPCs were
      elicited in trains at hyperpolarized potentials the amplitudes of successive
      events were progressively decreased and the magnitude of the decrease was
      dependent on the level of hyperpolarization. At positive potentials the process
      was reversed; the amplitude increased with successive stimulations. The EPC
      decayed exponentially in the presence of PCP and PCM, with a shortened time
      constant of decay that was less dependent on membrane potential than control. PCP
      and PCM caused only a 20% decrease of the amplitude of the iontophoretically
      evoked acetylcholine potential, which was significantly different from that
      induced by the desensitizing alkaloid perhydrohistrionicotoxin. Both PCP and PCM
      reduced by 50% the mean channel open time obtained from rat myoballs, giving a
      potency ratio for PCP to PCM of 2.5. This relative potency was correlated with
      that obtained for the reduction in the decay time constant of the EPC (ratio =
      2.2). The effects of PCP on the peak amplitude of the EPC seem to be related to a
      conformational change of the acetylcholine receptor occurring before channel
      activation and not to a receptor desensitization.

PMID- 2422654
TI  - Isolated plasma membranes regulate neurotransmitter expression and facilitate
      effects of a soluble brain cholinergic factor.
AB  - The choice of which transmitter will be expressed by a neuron is influenced by
      diffusible differentiating factors produced by a variety of nonneuronal cells. In
      this study we show that human, bovine, and rat brains contain a soluble heparin
      binding factor that stimulates cholinergic and peptidergic expression. We also
      show that neuronal contact with other cell membranes influences neurotransmitter
      development and acts synergistically with the effects of the soluble brain
      factor. Exposure of cultured sympathetic neurons to purified plasma membranes
      derived either from cultured Schwann cells or from cultured sympathetic neurons
      promoted expression of choline acetyltransferase (CAT), a cholinergic trait, and
      of substance P (SP). CAT activity and SP were also stimulated by a 50-kDa soluble
      protein that was purified 14,000-fold from human, calf, and rat brain by heparin
      Sepharose affinity chromatography. CAT activity after concurrent treatment with
      plasma membranes and the soluble factor far exceeded the sum of the enzyme
      activities after the individual treatments, suggesting that membrane molecules
      and the factor facilitated each other. Thus, cell-surface molecules, which have
      been shown previously to influence neuronal morphogenesis and neurite elongation,
      may also help determine the transmitter phenotype of the neuron. Moreover, cell
      surface molecules may modulate the effects of diffusible differentiating factors.

PMID- 2422655
TI  - Immunological identification of the genes encoding the four myosin heavy chain
      isoforms of Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans produces four distinct myosin heavy chain
      (MHC) isoforms, A, B, C, and D. The MHC A and MHC B proteins are coordinately
      expressed in the body wall muscle and are incorporated into different regions of
      a single kind of thick filament. MHC C and MHC D are exclusively produced in the
      pharyngeal muscle. Previous studies of mutations that affect MHC B have shown
      that this isoform is encoded by the unc-54 gene. Three other MHC genes, myo-1,
      myo-2, and myo-3, were isolated from a C. elegans genomic library by
      hybridization with fragments of the unc-54 gene. We have now established the MHC
      isoform encoded by each gene. Restriction fragments from each of these genes were
      cloned in the plasmid expression vector pUR288, producing fusion proteins between
      Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase and portions of the MHC rod domains of each
      gene. The hybrid proteins were screened with a panel of 18 isoform-specific
      monoclonal antibodies. The results demonstrate that myo-1 encodes MHC D, myo-2
      encodes MHC C, and myo-3 encodes MHC A.

PMID- 2422656
TI  - Evolutionary origin of autoreactive determinants (autogens).
AB  - The question addressed in this report focuses on the autoantigenicity of self
      antigens, principally cytochrome c and lysozyme. Of interest is whether the
      immune system produces autoantibodies to its host proteins reacting randomly with
      all potential antigen sites or is autoreactively selective for certain
      determinants. Based on experimental evidence from autoantibodies against
      cytochromes c, Jemmerson and Margoliash [Jemmerson, R. & Margoliash, E. (1979)
      Nature (London) 282, 468-471] have described a striking correlation between
      autoreactive sequence regions and evolutionary instability. While their analysis
      of evolutionary variation was based on simple sequence variability plots, we
      present here a refined approach that takes into account the distinction between
      evolutionary substitutions that induce a change in the protein surface from those
      that do not (surface-neutral substitutions). A quantitative aspect of surface
      variation (surface consensus) is included in the algorithm that produces a ranked
      order for autoantigenic determinants. The final plot, called surface variability,
      indicates sequence regions having a preference for autoimmune reaction. We
      propose the term "autogen" to designate such protein determinants.

PMID- 2422657
TI  - The T11 glycoprotein is functionally linked to a calcium channel in precursor and
      mature T-lineage cells.
AB  - Human T lymphocytes are activated through either the antigen/major
      histocompatibility complex receptor (T3-Ti) or the T11 sheep erythrocyte-binding
      protein. Spectrofluorimetry and multiparameter flow cytometric techniques were
      utilized to examine the relationship of activation to alterations in cytoplasmic
      free calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i. T3-Ti receptor-triggered elevation in
      [Ca2+]i was found to be dependent in large part (approximately equal to 80%) on
      extracellular Ca2+ and to a much smaller extent (approximately equal to 20%) on
      mobilization of internal Ca2+ pools. Furthermore, T11-mediated increases in
      [Ca2+]i were entirely dependent on extracellular Ca2+. Though the kinetics of
      [Ca2+]i changes induced by monoclonal antibodies to T3-Ti and T11 differed, both
      pathways were otherwise similar, particularly with regard to effects on or
      mediated by the plasma membrane potential. Importantly, the T11 pathway was found
      to be functional in precursor T-lineage cells lacking the surface T3-Ti complex.
      These findings suggest that there may be a plasma membrane Ca2+ channel
      functionally or physically linked to the T11 structure or, alternatively, that
      there is a set of related T11- and T3-Ti-associated Ca2+ channels.

PMID- 2422658
TI  - T-lymphocyte differentiation and the extracellular matrix: identification of a
      thymocyte subset that attaches specifically to fibronectin.
AB  - A population of murine thymocytes adheres specifically to fibronectin but not to
      vitronectin, laminin, or collagen type I. The interaction of these thymocytes
      with fibronectin could be inhibited by the synthetic peptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser
      Pro, which comprises the previously identified cell-attachment determinant of the
      molecule, suggesting that the cell attachment site on fibronectin is recognized
      by these cells. A similar peptide, in which the aspartate residue had been
      replaced with glutamate, had no effect on this adhesion. The fibronectin-adherent
      thymocytes were found to be cortisone-sensitive; to bind peanut agglutinin; to
      have a Thy-1.2+, Ia- surface phenotype; and to express H-2 antigen only weakly on
      their surface. In addition, approximately 80% of the fibronectin-adherent cells
      expressed L3T4 and 80% expressed Ly-1 on their surface, whereas greater than 95%
      were positive for Ly-2. The data suggest that these cells, which constitute 10%
      of all thymic lymphocytes, are cortical thymocytes. We propose that their
      adhesion to fibronectin may be important for their differentiation. The binding
      to fibronectin provides a means to selectively isolate these cells for study.

PMID- 2422659
TI  - Human monoclonal antibody directed against an envelope glycoprotein of human T
      cell leukemia virus type I.
AB  - We report the production and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody
      reactive against the major envelope glycoprotein of human T-cell leukemia virus
      type I (HTLV-I), a virus linked to the etiology of adult T-cell leukemia. We
      exposed lymph-node cells derived from a patient with adult T-cell leukemia to the
      Epstein-Barr virus in vitro and obtained a B-cell clone (designated 0.5 alpha) by
      a limiting dilution technique. The secreted product of 0.5 alpha is a monoclonal
      antibody (also designated 0.5 alpha; that is IgG1 and has kappa light chains)
      that binds to the cell membrane of T-cells infected with HTLV-I and lyses them in
      the presence of complement. The antibody does not react with HTLV-I-negative T
      cells. In electroblot assays, the monoclonal antibody detects a 46-kDa
      glycoprotein in disrupted HTLV-I virions and a 34-kDa product following digestion
      of the viral protein with endoglycosidase F. These molecules have been reported
      to represent the HTLV-I env gene products. The antibody does not react with HTLV
      II and HTLV-III virions. Glycoproteins of 61 and 68 kDa, which are known to be
      encoded at least in part by the env gene of HTLV-I, are precipitated by the
      antibody from endogenously radiolabeled HTLV-I-infected HUT 102-B2 and MT-2
      cells, respectively. These results suggest that this human monoclonal antibody
      reacts with an env-encoded glycoprotein of HTLV-I. By using a competition assay
      with a biotin-labeled 0.5 alpha antibody, we observed that 15 out of 15 patients
      with adult T-cell leukemia had antibodies that block binding of the 0.5 alpha
      antibody to HTLV-I virions. This suggests that the antigen detected by 0.5 alpha
      antibody is a common epitope recognized in HTLV-I-infected individuals in vivo.
      This antibody, as well as the general strategy for making human monoclonal
      antibodies reactive against pathogenic retroviruses, may have diagnostic or
      therapeutic application.

PMID- 2422660
TI  - Potassium conductance of the squid giant axon is modulated by ATP.
AB  - This communication reports a modulating effect of intracellular ATP on the steady
      state and kinetic properties of the delayed rectifier of the giant axon of the
      squid. When internally dialyzed or perfused giant axons from Loligo plei or
      Loligo pealei are voltage clamped at -60 mV and washed free of ATP, the potassium
      current at 0 mV is decreased, and the time course of the potassium current is
      faster. Upon readmitting ATP, the potassium current for pulses to potentials more
      positive than -30 mV is increased by a factor of up to 2.5, while for pulses to
      potentials more negative than -30 mV, it is decreased. In the presence of ATP the
      turn-on of the time course of the potassium current is slower, but the turn-off
      of the time course is faster. The effect of ATP is only observed when magnesium
      ions are present in the internal medium; ADP or the nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue
      adenosine 5'-[beta, gamma-methylene]-triphosphate has no effect. When the holding
      potential is -70 mV, the conductance-voltage curve is shifted to more positive
      potentials by ATP, but the maximum conductance is only slightly increased. Most
      of the effects of ATP may be explained by a phosphorylation step that alters the
      voltage sensor of the activation and inactivation gates of the potassium channels
      shifting the voltage dependence of both processes to more depolarized potentials.

PMID- 2422661
TI  - Amiloride-sensitive Na channels from the apical membrane of the rat cortical
      collecting tubule.
AB  - Currents through individual Na channels in the apical membrane of the rat
      cortical collecting tubule were resolved by using the patch-clamp technique. In
      cell-attached patches, the channels had a conductance of 5 pS with 140 mM NaCl in
      the pipet. The conductance was a saturable function of external Na, with a
      maximal value of about 8 pS and a half saturation at about 75 mM Na. In excised
      inside-out patches, the selectivity of the channels for Na over K was estimated
      from reversal potentials to be at least 10:1. The channels underwent spontaneous
      transitions between open and closed states. Both states had mean lifetimes of 3-4
      sec. Amiloride (0.5 microM) added to the pipet induced more frequent closures and
      openings of the channels and a reduction in the mean open time. These channels
      are presumed to mediate Na reabsorption by this nephron segment in vivo.

PMID- 2422662
TI  - Epitope map and processing scheme for the 195,000-dalton surface glycoprotein of
      Plasmodium falciparum merozoites deduced from cloned overlapping segments of the
      gene.
AB  - DNA fragments from human malaria parasites were cloned into lambda gt11 to
      produce a genomic DNA expression library. A pool of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)
      recognizing three domains of the 195-kDa major merozoite surface glycoprotein
      (gp195) reacted with seven clones expressing malaria antigens. mAbs recognizing
      the 83-kDa product of gp195 reacted with the clones, but mAbs recognizing a
      glycosylated 45-kDa and a nonglycosylated 45-kDa domain did not. Restriction
      enzyme mapping revealed that the clones contained overlapping segments encoding
      about 70% of the gene beginning at the 5' end and ending at an EcoRI restriction
      enzyme site 3.3 kilobase pairs downstream. The mAbs recognizing the 83-kDa domain
      reacted differently with the clones, allowing the mapping of three epitopes, one
      of which was repetitive. Affinity-purified antibodies were selected from immune
      monkey serum with recombinant expression proteins adsorbed to nitrocellulose
      filters. When used to probe electrophoretic immunoblots of parasite extracts,
      these antigen-selected antibodies reacted with specific sets of processed
      products of gp195, including those associated with the 83- and the
      nonglycosylated 45-kDa domains. This information, combined with the mAb epitope
      map, allowed a tentative scheme for processing gp195 from the Camp strain to be
      proposed.

PMID- 2422663
TI  - Tree squirrel hepatitis B virus: antigenic and structural characterization.
AB  - Tree squirrel hepatitis B virus (THBV)-associated particles isolated from the
      livers of naturally infected animals share one or more antigenic determinants
      with hepatitis B surface antigen in solid-phase immunoassays. Characterization of
      THBV-associated polypeptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis reproducibly demonstrated major components with apparent sizes of
      15.5 and 17 kDa. Peptide mapping of these components shows that they are related
      to the peptide maps of the major surface antigen polypeptides associated with
      hepatitis B virus and like viruses. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel
      analysis also demonstrated discrete bands at 14.5, 19, 20, and 35 kDa. Upon
      blotting of THBV-associated polypeptides with sera containing antibodies to
      hepatitis B core antigen or hepatitis B X antigen, only the 35-kDa band became
      detectable, suggesting that this component is core related. These results
      establish the presence of both surface and core antigen-related polypeptides
      associated with purified THBV and better define the relationship of THBV to the
      family of hepatitis B virus and like viruses.

PMID- 2422664
TI  - Regulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover in brain synaptoneurosomes:
      stimulatory effects of agents that enhance influx of sodium ions.
AB  - Norepinephrine and carbamoylcholine stimulate accumulation of [3H]inositol
      phosphates from [3H]inositol-labeled guinea pig cerebral cortical
      synaptoneurosomes through interaction with alpha 1-adrenergic and muscarinic
      receptors, respectively. In addition to such agonist, a variety of natural
      products that affect voltage-dependent sodium channels can markedly stimulate
      accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphates. These include alkaloids that activate
      sodium channels, such as batrachotoxin, veratridine, and aconitine; peptide
      toxins that alter activation or slow inactivation of sodium channels, such as
      various scorpion toxins from Leiurus, Centruroides, and Tityus species; and
      agents that cause repetitive firing of sodium channel-dependent action
      potentials, such as pyrethroids and pumiliotoxin B. Ouabain, and agent that will
      increase accumulation of internal sodium by inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase, also
      stimulates formation of [3H]inositol phosphates, as does monensin, a sodium
      ionophore. Tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin, specific blockers of voltage-dependent
      sodium channels, prevent or reduce the stimulatory effects of sodium channel
      agents and ouabain on phosphatidylinositol turnover, while having lesser or no
      effect, respectively, on receptor-mediated or monensin-mediated stimulation.
      Removal of extracellular sodium ions markedly reduces stimulatory effects of
      sodium channel agents, while removal of extracellular calcium ions with EGTA
      blocks both receptor-mediated and sodium channel agent-mediated
      phosphatidylinositol turnover. The results provide evidence for a hitherto
      unsuspected messenger role for sodium ions in excitable tissue, whereby neuronal
      activity and the resultant influx of sodium will cause activation of
      phospholipase systems involved in hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositols, thereby
      generating two second messengers, the inositol phosphates, which mobilize calcium
      from internal stores, and the diacylglycerols, which activate protein kinase C.

PMID- 2422665
TI  - Egg-laying hormone of Aplysia induces a voltage-dependent slow inward current
      carried by Na+ in an identified motoneuron.
AB  - This report presents studies on ionic currents in Aplysia motoneuron B16 that are
      modulated by the neuropeptide egg-laying hormone (ELH) of Aplysia. ELH induces an
      inward current that persists in the presence of the peptide and that decays
      slowly after ELH is removed from the bath. The effect is not due to a decrease in
      the delayed potassium current, the calcium-activated potassium current, or the
      transient potassium current. Current-voltage measurements indicate that ELH
      produces increased inward currents from -80 mV to approximately equal to 0 mV.
      The effect is particularly enhanced in the region from -40 mV to -25 mV where a
      negative slope conductance due to voltage-dependent slow inward current is
      observed. The slow inward current and the response to ELH persist in saline
      solutions in which Ca2+ is replaced with Co2+ but are eliminated when Na+ is
      replaced with equimolar concentrations of either Tris or N-methyl-D-glucamine.
      The response to ELH is unaffected by replacing chloride with equimolar acetate;
      by increasing the potassium concentration; or by adding tetraethylammonium
      chloride, CsCl, 4-amino-pyridine, or tetrodotoxin to the saline bath. In
      addition, the reversal potentials for the ELH response (range, -28 to +46 mV),
      obtained from difference current-voltage relationships, are consistent with an
      increase in the Na+-dependent slow inward current. We conclude that at least one
      of the effects of ELH on B16 is to increase a slow inward current carried by Na+.

PMID- 2422666
TI  - Relationship between transmitter release and presynaptic calcium influx when
      calcium enters through discrete channels.
AB  - We have used a three-dimensional diffusion model of calcium entering the
      presynaptic nerve terminal through discrete channels to simulate experiments
      relating transmitter release to presynaptic calcium current. The relationship
      will be less than linear, or will curve downward, if calcium channels are well
      separated. It will resemble a power-law function with exponent less than the
      cooperativity of calcium action if channels are clustered closer together. Large
      presynaptic depolarizations elicit more release than small depolarizations
      admitting the same calcium influx. This occurs because large pulses open more
      channels near each other, with the result that the calcium concentration near
      release sites is greater, due to overlap of calcium diffusing from adjacent
      channels.

PMID- 2422667
TI  - Limitation of myocardial unperfused area and necrotic zone 24 hours and 7 days
      after coronary artery ligation in rats by the stable prostacyclin analogue
      iloprost.
AB  - Protective effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) and Iloprost in experimental cardiac
      ischemia are reported by several authors. However, the effects of continuous
      administration on the final outcome of myocardial infarction are not yet known.
      We investigated the effects of Iloprost on cardiac unperfused area (UA) and
      necrotic zone (NZ) as assessed by Evans blue perfusion and extraction and
      nitrobluetetrazolium staining, respectively, using osmotic minipumps for
      continuous intravenous drug administration. Starting 3-4 hours after left
      descending coronary artery-ligation (LAD-L) Iloprost was infused at doses of 0.1
      microgram and 0.5 microgram X kg-1 X min-1. While the lower dose is below
      pharmacological effect level, the higher dose in rats slightly lowered blood
      pressure and effectively inhibited platelet aggregation. LAD-L in control rats
      resulted in UA and NZ extending to 34.2 and 16.9%, respectively, of total
      ventricular mass (VM) after 24 hours and 28.3 and 21.3% of VM, respectively,
      after 7 days. At the dose of 0.1 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 Iloprost was
      ineffective in reducing UA 24 hours after LAD-L. However, at 0.5 microgram X kg-1
      X min-1 Iloprost with UA and NZ of 16.3 and 8.4% of VM, respectively, after 24
      hours and 8.5 and 5.2% of VM, respectively, after 7 days reduced the extension of
      myocardial infarction by approximately 50% after 24 hours and 70% after 7 days,
      as compared to controls. As assessed in unperfused ventricular tissue after LAD-L
      and normal myocardium of sham-operated rats following 24 hours of Iloprost
      infusion, myocardial tissue concentrations of Iloprost amount to approximately
      half of the plasma levels irrespective of LAD-L.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422668
TI  - Effects of elevated calcium on learned helplessness and brain serotonin
      metabolism in rats.
AB  - The effects of elevated calcium on learned helplessness in rats was tested by
      maintaining animals on either distilled water or water containing 2.5% calcium.
      Animals that were maintained on drinking water containing high calcium showed
      elevated levels of brain and serum calcium. Rats that were maintained on high
      calcium drinking water showed significantly longer escape latencies than their
      non-calcium counterparts after they were pretreated with inescapable electric
      shocks. Lower levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) were found in the
      forebrain and brainstem of animals maintained on high calcium drinking water.
      There was no significant correlation between blood or brain calcium or 5HIAA
      levels and latency of escape. We conclude that elevated levels of calcium enhance
      learned helplessness and decrease brain serotonin turnover. The relationship
      between depressive states and calcium homeostasis is worthy of further
      investigation.

PMID- 2422669
TI  - Effect of 6-OHDA injected into the locus coeruleus on apomorphine-induced
      aggression.
AB  - Bilateral microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the nuclei loci
      coerulei (LC) of male Wistar rats resulted in significant depletion of
      mesencephalic and striatal norepinephrine, accompanied by a small reduction in
      dopamine content only in the striatum. Apomorphine (2.5 mg/kg IP) induced marked
      aggression consisting of prolonged posturing, vocalization and attacks only in 6
      OHDA lesioned animals. Biochemical analysis revealed that 6-OHDA antagonized the
      ability of apomorphine to raise the serotonin concentration in the striatum. It
      is concluded that the LC neurons play an inhibitory role in apomorphine-induced
      aggressiveness and the involvement of serotonergic neurons is suggested.

PMID- 2422671
TI  - Effect of seven days of spaceflight on hindlimb muscle protein, RNA and DNA in
      adult rats.

PMID- 2422672
TI  - HG (II)-induced changes in some biochemical parameters in the freshwater fish
      Clarias batrachus.
AB  - The data on the effect of Hg(II) on changes of biochemical parameters in the
      freshwater fish, Clarias batrachus L. showed an increased protein content in the
      liver, kidney, stomach, intestine, testis and ovary, and a decreased content of
      it in the muscle over control data. A decrease in DNA, RNA and dry weight and an
      increase in free amino acids, tissue permeability and the activities of protease
      and RNase were recorded in all the organs by the treatment with Hg(II). In
      general, the effect of Hg(II) was maximum in the liver and kidney, followed by
      the intestine, stomach, muscle, testis and ovary of this species.

PMID- 2422670
TI  - [Sudden death in venous diseases].
AB  - We have studied 286 cases of sudden death due to massive pulmonary embolism. In
      155 women and 131 men, we made a statistical analysis of the average age, the
      presence of thrombosis, varices, atherosclerosis, and other complications, and
      also dietary considerations. We present a detailed observation of a thirty-two
      year old woman, who died following massive pulmonary embolism, the source of
      which was thrombosis of the ovarian and pelvic veins. We learned that this woman,
      who did not smoke, and whose liver was slightly affected, had, for three years,
      been taking an uninterrupted course of the contraceptive pill Non-Ovlon.

PMID- 2422673
TI  - Gastric mucosal protection during restraint stress: histologically identifiable
      gastric mucosal glycosaminoglycan content in albino rats.
AB  - Male albino rats were subjected to restraint stress for 20 h following 24 h
      fasting. Tissues from oxyntic and pyloric gland areas of the stomach were
      processed and stained by the PAS technique to assess the glycosaminoglycan
      content of the gastric mucosa. The result was compared with that of control rats.
      A significant reduction in PAS positive materials in both oxyntic and pyloric
      gland areas of gastric mucosa was observed following 20 h restraint stress. The
      study indicates the significant role of gastric mucosal glycosaminoglycans in the
      protection of gastric mucosa against ulcers that develop under restraint stress.

PMID- 2422674
TI  - A clinical and laboratory study of benign multiple sclerosis.
AB  - In a hospital-based study of 400 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), 42 per
      cent of patients who had had MS for 10 years or more had benign disease. Early
      age of onset and a long first remission were significantly associated with a good
      prognosis. There was a suggestion that initial presentation with paraesthesiae
      and possibly optic neuritis were associated with a benign prognosis, but the only
      significant finding was the association between limb weakness and a poor outcome
      (p less than 0.05). Fewer patients with benign disease had a progressive element
      to their disease than those in the more disabled group (p less than 0.001). The
      only laboratory test which was associated with a benign prognosis was the absence
      of CSF myelin basic protein in remission. Abnormalities of visual evoked
      response, CSF IgG and peripheral blood T lymphocytes appeared to have no value in
      assessing prognosis in the patients studied.

PMID- 2422675
TI  - Role of RNA and protein synthesis and turnover in the heat-induced increase in
      nuclear protein.
AB  - The proteins which become associated with nuclei during hyperthermic exposure
      were characterized by labeled amino acid incorporation. Actinomycin-D (Act-D) or
      cycloheximide (CHM) pretreatment was used to determine whether concurrent RNA or
      protein synthesis is required for hyperthermia to induce the increase in nuclear
      protein content. Prior to heat exposure exponentially growing HeLa cells were (i)
      pulse labeled for 1 h, (ii) labeled for 36 h, or (iii) labeled for 24 h followed
      by 17 h chase. The nuclear specific activity (CPM/microgram protein) of
      [3H]lysine-labeled proteins did not change under any of the labeling conditions,
      whereas that of [3H]leucine-containing proteins increased significantly with (i)
      but not with (ii) or (iii), while that of [3H]tryptophan-labeled protein
      increased significantly with (i) and (ii) but not with (iii). Act-D treatment 1 h
      prior to and during heating did not affect nuclear protein increase, while CHM
      treated cells showed generally less nuclear protein content (70% of control at 60
      min) but nevertheless significant nuclear protein increase upon heating (60%
      increase at 60 min from 0 min). These results suggest that those proteins
      associated with nuclei following heat exposure are nonhistones with a high
      turnover rate, and the process dose not require the synthesis of RNA or proteins.

PMID- 2422676
TI  - [Radiosensitizing effect of interferon synthesis inducers].
AB  - The preinjection of inductors of leukocytic interferon synthesis of rapid (poly
      I.poly C, dextransulfate) and slow (tyloron) types to mice bearing inoculated
      solid sarcoma 37 considerably increases the efficiency of X-irradiation of
      tumors: the coefficient of tumor growth inhibition (kappa *) exceeds 1.0, and the
      number of animals with the completely regressed tumors increases. The
      effectiveness of the procedure depends on the time of the injection of the
      preparations and modes of irradiation.

PMID- 2422677
TI  - Biliary drainage endoprostheses: experience with 201 placements.
AB  - Two hundred one biliary endoprostheses were inserted transhepatically with a two
      step procedure in 162 patients. Teflon endoprostheses were inserted in the
      initial 95 patients and polyethylene in seven others. Because in vitro
      experiments and clinical experience have revealed a lower incrustation rate with
      Percuflex and polyurethane, endoprostheses made of these materials were used in
      the last 60 patients. The mortality rate directly related to the procedure was
      3.7%, and postprocedural complications occurred in 9% of the patients. Delayed
      complications included cholangitis in 20%, obstruction in 6%, and dislocation in
      3% of the cases. The mean survival time of all 162 patients was 20 weeks. It is
      concluded that endoprostheses offer effective palliative treatment of obstructive
      jaundice caused by malignancy.

PMID- 2422678
TI  - Small hepatocellular carcinomas in chronic liver disease: detection with SPECT.
AB  - Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) performed using a rotating
      gamma camera was compared with alpha 1-fetoprotein (AFP) assay, conventional
      liver scintigraphy, ultrasound (US) imaging, computed tomography (CT), and
      selective celiac angiography in 40 patients with a total of 50 small
      hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs; less than 5 cm). The detection rates of US and
      CT were determined on an initial screening study and on a second, more precisely
      focused study. The detection rate of small HCCs by the various modalities was as
      follows: AFP, 13%; liver scintigraphy, 36%; SPECT, 72%; initial screening US,
      80%; second, more precise US studies, 94%; initial screening CT, 64%; second,
      more precise CT study, 82%; angiography, 88%. Although SPECT was inferior to the
      initial screening US examination in detecting HCCs less than 2 cm in size, its
      sensitivity was identical to that of the initial screening US study for detecting
      HCCs of 2-5 cm. The combination of SPECT and US was an excellent method for the
      early detection of HCCs, yielding a detection rate of 94%.

PMID- 2422679
TI  - Diaminobenzidine histochemistry in the rat limb bud.
AB  - Diaminobenzidine (DAB) histochemistry was used to determine enzymatic or non
      enzymatic peroxidase activity in the rat limb bud on days 12 and 13 of gestation.
      The optimal technical conditions were determined. Light microscopy revealed the
      presence of positive intracellular granules in the apical ectodermal ridge
      (A.E.R.) and in the condensed mesoderm. Their distribution in the A.E.R. shows a
      caudo-cephalic gradient. Electron microscopy, red oil red, and supravital Nile
      blue staining suggest the lipidic nature of these granules. The hypothesis of an
      endogenous pseudo- or peroxidase activity are discussed.

PMID- 2422680
TI  - Binding of various lectins during chondrogenesis in mouse limb buds.
AB  - The binding of six different FITC-labelled lectins to cells and matrix was
      investigated during chondrogenesis in mouse limb buds from day 10 to 13 of
      development. In undifferentiated mesenchyme, concanavalin A and wheat germ
      agglutinin bound very strongly, whereas at later stages binding was decreased in
      the peripheral mesenchyme, but very strong in blastemata and cartilage. Phaseolus
      vulgaris lectin showed the same properties, but the decrease in the peripheral
      mesenchyme was less pronounced. Fucose-specific lotus A lectin showed no binding
      at all. Ricinus communis lectin bound preferentially to the blastemata, and the
      galactose-specific peanut lectin exhibited binding exclusively to the blastemata.
      Electron microscopic investigations of the binding of peroxidase-labelled peanut
      lectin revealed reaction product in the matrix and at cellular membranes only at
      later stages. Early blastemal cell condensations were negative. In vitro
      experiments on chondrogenesis in high density cultures showed no pronounced
      influence of beta-D-galactosides on cell differentiation and matrix production.

PMID- 2422681
TI  - Origin and development of avian limb muscles.

PMID- 2422682
TI  - Aspects of vascular differentiation in the developing chick wing.

PMID- 2422683
TI  - Vital staining for cell death in chick limb buds: a histochemical technique in
      the analysis of control of limb development.

PMID- 2422684
TI  - Species and tissue characteristic carboxyesterases (CE) pattern of chimaeric
      embryos.

PMID- 2422685
TI  - Studies on the fetal and postnatal development of rat Leydig cells employing 3
      beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity.

PMID- 2422686
TI  - Automated deposition of cellular material on glass slides: Cytopress.
AB  - The present paper describes an automated apparatus called Cytopress that collects
      cells or cellular material e.g. nuclei out of suspension on a membrane film by
      filtration. In a second step this material is transferred on to a glass slide by
      means of standardized pressure-fixation. Thus slides of high quality are made
      rapidly and easily that are suited for a variety of stainings.

PMID- 2422687
TI  - A visible DNA-protein stain: Feulgen-Pararosanilin(SO2) Light Green.
AB  - Feulgen-Pararosanilin(SO2) Light Green, a DNA-protein stain, is described that is
      suited both for visual analysis and quantitative cytochemical measurement. The
      stain has been applied on cervical cells and quantitative aspects have been
      studied on chicken erythrocyte and rat liver nuclei. In comparison to single
      staining, the Feulgen-Pararosanilin(SO2) DNA content of the nuclei remains
      unaltered after application of the combined staining. The Light Green protein
      content is reduced considerably, however, dependent on the degree of chromatin
      condensation in the nucleus.

PMID- 2422688
TI  - A new combined quantitative cytophotometric method for estimating sulphydryl
      groups or disulphide bonds, and total protein in liver sections; applied to rats
      chronically exposed to cadmium.
AB  - A detailed procedure is described for a new combined quantitative cytophotometric
      method for estimating sulphydryl groups or (and) disulphide bonds as well as
      total protein. When applied to livers of cadmium treated rats and appropriate
      controls a dose response effect was demonstrated for the quantity disulphide
      bonds per unit protein.

PMID- 2422689
TI  - Light and electron microscopic localization of sialic acid residues with the
      Limax flavus lectin-fetuin-gold procedure.

PMID- 2422690
TI  - Differences between rat kidney tubular epithelial cells as demonstrated with the
      cerium-based method for plasma membrane phosphatases.

PMID- 2422691
TI  - Avidin-peroxidase. A new mast cell staining method.

PMID- 2422692
TI  - Oxidized p-phenylenediamine: observations on the staining reaction in epoxy
      embedded tissues.
AB  - p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is easily oxidized to brown compounds which stain acidic
      substrates. On account of the spontaneous oxidation process, the colour of PPD
      increases and becomes ochre-brown in a few days, showing an absorption peak at
      lambda = 510 nm with shoulder at about 440 to 460 nm. Studies on the application
      of oxidized PPD as a stain for semi-thin sections revealed that some tissue
      components could be clearly visualized. After glutaraldehyde fixation, semi-thin
      and thin sections of animal tissues were treated with 0.5% aqueous PPD solutions
      which were aged for variable times at room temperature. Microvilli, goblet cell
      mucin, mast cell granules, cartilage matrix, collagen, elastin, keratohyalin
      granules, acrosomes, cytoplasmic granules of Drosophila hydei salivary glands and
      chromatin showed positive staining reactions after treatment of semi-thin
      sections with oxidized PPD (7-10 days aged) for 20-30 minutes.
      Microspectrophotometric studies revealed an absorption peak at lambda = 520-530
      nm and a shoulder at lambda = 440-460 nm in goblet cell mucin stained by oxidized
      PPD. In the presence of anionic macromolecules, the main peak of oxidized PPD
      solutions showed a strong hyperchromism. Thin sections stained by oxidized PPD
      did not appear contrasted, but the treatment with 0.125% gold chloride (AuCl3)
      induced massive gold deposits in structures stained by oxidized PPD. Hyperchromic
      shifts were also produced in oxidized PPD solutions after the addition of small
      amounts of AuCl3. This procedure can be used as a simple and rapid staining
      method for epoxy sections, giving selective contrast for some tissue components.

PMID- 2422693
TI  - The ontogeny of the spinocerebellar projection in the chicken. A study using WGA
      HRP as a tracer.
AB  - This study investigates the ontogeny of the spinocerebellar projection and
      especially focuses on the relation between temporary longitudinal patterns in the
      cytoarchitecture of the developing cerebellum of the chicken and the emergence of
      longitudinal patterning in the spinocerebellar projection, WGA-HRP was injected
      into the spinal cord of chicken embryos at different stages of development. It
      was found that spinocerebellar fibers arrive in the cerebellar "anlage" before
      any longitudinal cytoarchitectonic pattern can be discerned. Thereafter the
      organization of the spinocerebellar projection seems to develop related to the
      two temporary cytoarchitectonic longitudinal patterns present in the chick
      cerebellum. In both stages the development of the spinocerebellar projection
      displays a rostro-caudal gradient.

PMID- 2422694
TI  - The development of longitudinal patterns in the rabbit cerebellum.
AB  - Reconstruction of several AChE series (from day E 18 after conception till after
      birth and in maturity) demonstrate that reaction products are localized in
      alternating positive and negative longitudinal strips. Till day E 26 the AChE
      activity is topographically related to certain Purkinje cell (P-cell) clusters
      and located around P-cells. At day E 24 till day E 26 AChE activity shirts into
      the marginal layer. At day E 28 AChE activity is present at the P-cell layer,
      around P-Cell somata and their dendrites. The longitudinal band pattern is still
      present at this age. Around birth AChE activity shifts into the granular layer,
      constituting a longitudinal AChE pattern. The changes in the localization of AChE
      are first observed in the anterior lobe and occur later in the posterior lobe
      vermis and hemispheres. At maturity the longitudinal AChE activity has
      disappeared from the P-cell layer, but a longitudinal pattern remains present in
      the granular layer of lobules VIII, IX, X. High AChE activity is found in the
      granular layer of flocculus and paraflocculus. Within the molecular layer AChE
      positive Golgi-cells can be demonstrated.

PMID- 2422695
TI  - [Histochemical, fluorescent autoradiographic study of paraganglion cells in the
      superior cervical ganglion of the newborn rat following maternal stress].
AB  - Catecholamine storing paraganglionic cells in the neonatal rat superior cervical
      ganglion were investigated after maternal stress exposure. Paraganglionic cells
      as fluorescence-microscopically identified were significantly increased in number
      when compared with controls. The autoradiographically recorded labelling index of
      these cells, however, was unaltered. Fluorescent cell clusters were apparently
      composed of different cell types. The results support the suggestion that the
      stress-dependent increase in the number of catecholamine storing cells is due to
      differentiation of premature cell forms rather than to enhanced mitotic activity.

PMID- 2422696
TI  - Some aspects of the peripheral nervous system in the human fetus as revealed by
      the acetylcholinesterase in toto staining method.
AB  - By means of the AChE in toto staining method (Baljet and Drukker 1975) the
      peripheral nervous system in several human fetuses has been investigated.
      Especially concerning the peripheral autonomic nervous system some striking
      results were found. In the human fetus there exists a large variability in number
      and diameter of the communicating rami. Many ganglia in the sympathetic trunks
      are fused. The major splanchnic nerve arises at various levels from the thoracic
      sympathetic trunks as well as many smaller thoracic sympathetic nerves.
      Furthermore various visceral nerves and nerve related elements are presented in
      this study.

PMID- 2422697
TI  - Nonintercalating DNA-binding ligands: specificity of the interaction and their
      use as tools in biophysical, biochemical and biological investigations of the
      genetic material.

PMID- 2422698
TI  - The neural control of luteinizing hormone release.

PMID- 2422699
TI  - [Studies on the recognition factors for the splice junction in mRNA precursor].

PMID- 2422700
TI  - [Alternative RNA processing events in kininogen gene expression].

PMID- 2422701
TI  - [An approach to regulatory mechanisms of transcriptional termination in
      eukaryotic cells on reference to bacterial systems].

PMID- 2422702
TI  - [Ribonuclease T1].

PMID- 2422703
TI  - Childhood exposure to lead in surface dust and soil: a community health problem.

PMID- 2422704
TI  - Carcinoma of the esophagus: treatment results.
AB  - Of the 172 patients with carcinoma of the esophagus or the gastro-esophageal
      junction seen between January 1978 and January 1981, 69 patients had combined
      treatment, radiotherapy and resection, and 38 had curative radiotherapy. The
      remaining 65 were treated palliatively. The 4-year actuarial survival of the
      first two treatment groups was respectively 40% and 4%. The resectability rate of
      the operated patients was 84% with a post-operative mortality of 20%. The tumor
      size and sex were two important prognostic factors. Patients with combined
      treatment and a tumor size of less than two corresponding underlying vertebrae,
      had a 4-year actuarial survival of 60%.

PMID- 2422705
TI  - Effect of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs on radiation-induced lung damage in mice.
AB  - The effect of adriamycin (ADM), bleomycin (BLM), cyclophosphamide (CTX), 5
      fluorouracil (5-FU), methotrexate (MTX), mitomycin C (MM-C) and cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) on the radiation-induced lung damage in
      mice was assessed by the ventilation rate (VR) and the lethality. Single drug
      doses were administered 15 min before graded single doses of irradiation and at
      different intervals from 28 days before to 28 days after fixed radiation doses.
      ADM, BLM and CTX administered 15 min before irradiation enhanced the radiation
      response with dose effect factors (DEF) of 1.46, 1.56 and 2.35, respectively. The
      effect of MM-C presented a complex picture. The drug had no effect at
      administration 15 min before 14-20 Gy, but enhanced the radiation response if
      given 15 min before 6-12 Gy (DEF = 1.57). The radiation-modifying effect of ADM,
      BLM, CTX and MM-C was most pronounced when the drugs were given 15 min before
      irradiation. The effect of ADM was present when administered from 7 days before
      to 7 days after irradiation. BLM and CTX enhanced the radiation response at
      administration from 24 h before to 3 days after irradiation, and the effect of MM
      C was observed when the drug was given from 24 h before to 24 h after
      irradiation. 5-FU, MTX and cis-DDP had no effect on the radiation response at any
      of the investigated intervals.

PMID- 2422706
TI  - Tachykinin multiplicity in rat central nervous system as studied using antisera
      raised against substance P and neurokinin A.
AB  - Antisera were raised in rabbits against the tachykinins neurokinin A (NKA) and
      substance P (SP). All NKA-antisera tested cross-reacted markedly with NKB,
      kassinin and eledoisin in radioimmunoassay (RIA), but virtually not with SP and
      physalaemin. Also when used for immunohistochemistry, one of the NKA-antisera was
      found to be virtually without cross-reactivity with SP. The most specific SP
      antiserum did not cross-react with NKA but to some extent with NKB at the
      immunohistochemical level. Using these two antisera, the same distribution
      pattern of immunoreactivity was seen in both the rat substantia nigra and dorsal
      spinal cord. In neutral extracts of the substantia nigra, all NKA-antisera used
      for RIA detected a major component which eluted at the position of NKA in reverse
      phase high performance liquid chromatography, while no or only little
      immunoreactivity was detected at the position of NKB. A major component of
      substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) co-eluting with SP and one or two minor
      SPLI-components were also detected in these extracts. An SP-antiserum, which
      cross-reacted markedly with physalaemin, detected an additional rather prominent
      component. In neutral water extracts of dorsal spinal cord the component detected
      with the NKA-antisera at the position of NKB, as well as one of the SPLI
      components not eluting in the position of SP, were much more prominent than in
      the corresponding extracts of substantia nigra. In acetic acid extracts of both
      tissues, only one major SPLI-component co-eluting with SP could be detected,
      while only very small amounts of immunoreactivity eluting at the position of NKA
      and NKB (dorsal spinal cord only) could be detected using the NKA-antisera. The
      present results illustrate the importance of the extraction method used in
      immunochemical studies and demonstrate that the relative proportions of various
      tachykinins are markedly different in the rat substantia nigra and dorsal spinal
      cord.

PMID- 2422707
TI  - Effects of VIP, PHM and substance P on blood vessels and secretory elements of
      the human submandibular gland.
AB  - The effects of the neuropeptides VIP, PHM and substance P (SP) on vascular smooth
      muscle tone, K+ secretion from exocrine elements and tissue content of cyclic AMP
      (cAMP) in the human submandibular gland were studied in vitro. All three peptides
      caused relaxation of noradrenaline contracted human submandibular arteries at nM
      concentrations. SP was slightly more active than VIP and PHM which had a similar
      potency as vasodilators. Only carbachol but not VIP, PHM or SP stimulated K+
      secretion from exocrine elements of the human submandibular gland. Principally
      similar in vitro effects on K+ secretion were obtained on the cat submandibular
      gland, but in the rat not only carbachol but also SP stimulated K+ secretion. VIP
      and PHM increased cAMP production of exocrine elements in the human submandibular
      gland in nM concentrations. VIP was about 5-fold more potent than PHM with
      regards to cAMP production. In conclusion, VIP, PHM and SP relaxed human
      submandibular arteries in vitro. Both VIP and PHM stimulated cAMP production in
      glandular tissue but none of the three peptides induced K+ secretion from human
      submandibular gland tissue. This suggests that, in contrast to the situation in
      the rat, SP does not cause watery salivation in man, while VIP and PHM may
      modulate protein e.g. amylase content of the saliva.

PMID- 2422708
TI  - [Retroperitoneal perforation in a case of transurethral resection].

PMID- 2422709
TI  - [Evaluation of various parameters of platelet function in subjects with type II
      diabetes mellitus. Methodologic study of the changes in PF4 and beta-TG].

PMID- 2422710
TI  - [5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) cardiotoxicity. Evaluation by dynamic ECG].

PMID- 2422711
TI  - [Prognostic use of the determination of serum AFP in acute hepatic insufficiency
      caused by the blockade of hepatocyte RNA polymerase II].

PMID- 2422712
TI  - [Growth yield and active biomass in anaerobic biotopes].
AB  - The molecular growth yield of anaerobic bacteria has been examined in different
      growth conditions. The influence of kinetics on energy coupling has been
      discussed.

PMID- 2422713
TI  - Histochemical study of the anulus fibrosus in normal canine caudal cervical
      intervertebral discs.
AB  - A qualitative assessment of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the non
      chondrodystrophoid canine cervical anulus fibrosus was performed using the Alcian
      blue/critical electrolyte concentration staining technique. Estimates of GAG
      concentration were deduced for two groups of dogs (average age four and eight
      years) by determining the hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphates and keratan
      sulphate 'alcianophilic indices'. Keratan sulphate was the predominant GAG in the
      four-year-old group of dogs. The concentration of keratan sulphate was equal to
      that of chondroitin sulphates in the eight-year-old group and the total GAG
      concentration was decreased. This qualitative assessment indicated that the
      concentrations of keratan sulphate decreased and chondroitin sulphates increased
      between four and eight years of age. Similar conclusions have not been reported
      for anuli in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the canine spine.

PMID- 2422714
TI  - [Aprindine in the treatment of chronic premature ventricular contractions.
      Evaluations based on the two-way analysis of variance and linear regression
      analysis].

PMID- 2422715
TI  - [Effects of coenzyme Q10 on ischemic myocardium during coronary artery occlusion-
      evaluation of the time needed to change irreversible myocardium].
AB  - We studied the irreversible change of myocardium on coronary artery occlusion
      using mongrel dogs. These dogs were divided into 2 groups. One group was
      administered CoQ10 before and after coronary artery occlusion and the other
      received placebo. Results are summarized as follows. 1) In both groups the
      hemodynamic change showed no significant change. 2) In the biochemical studies
      there was no significant difference between both groups, but in the infarction
      group, serum GPT and pyruvic acid in a sampling of blood taken from the coronary
      sinus were significantly higher than in the non-infarction group (P less than
      0.05, 0.025). 3) By the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) technique for the
      myocardial infarction, infarction did not appear in the CoQ10 group until 90
      minutes after coronary occlusion but in the placebo group infarction appeared as
      early as 60 minutes. 4) In the ultrastructural studies of myocardium the electron
      microscopy detected irreversible change of mitochondrias when the TTC technique
      identified infarction. In conclusion, the administration of CoQ10 has a
      protective effect for the irreversible change of ischemic myocardium.

PMID- 2422716
TI  - Monoamine interactions in narcolepsy and hypersomnia: a preliminary report.
AB  - Principal component analysis was performed on data obtained for the
      concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-methoxy-4
      hydroxyphenylethylene glycol, homovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid from a group of normal volunteers (n = 40),
      hypersomniac patients (n = 13), and narcoleptic patients (n = 8). All four
      compounds were shown to be highly intercorrelated in the normal volunteers. In
      the hypersomniac patients, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol did not
      appear to be correlated with the other three compounds. In the narcoleptic
      patients, homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid appeared not to be
      correlated with the other two metabolites. The results provide tentative support
      for a neurochemical distinction between narcolepsy and hypersomnia and suggest
      that attention should be given to a possible malfunction of the dopamine system
      in narcolepsy and norepinephrine in hypersomnia.

PMID- 2422717
TI  - [Bronchial disobstruction in the treatment of cancer of the bronchi].
AB  - The progression of bronchial cancer results in death due to local complications
      in more than one third of cases and systemic treatment often needs to be
      completed by disobstruction procedures which restore the continuity of the
      bronchial lumen and palliate the severe complications, in particular respiratory
      failure and bronchial infections. The techniques are described in detail:
      bronchoscopy, endoscopic resection with various types of forceps, diathermy loops
      and, most importantly, laser. A series of 99 disobstruction procedures performed
      in 47 patients is presented.

PMID- 2422718
TI  - [Value of Debrisan-paste at the cleansing stage of leg ulcers].

PMID- 2422720
TI  - Trypsin/creatinine clearance ratio and serum immunoreactive trypsin in digestive
      and pancreatic diseases.
AB  - The behavior of trypsin/creatinine clearance ratio (Ctr/Ccr) and serum
      immunoreactive trypsin (IRT) was evaluated in a total of 168 subjects with
      pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis and non-pancreatic digestive diseases.
      Amylase/creatinine clearance ratio (Cam/Ccr) and serum amylase levels were also
      evaluated in order to establish their possible relationship with Ctr/Ccr and IRT
      values. Elevated Ctr/Ccr and IRT values were observed in several patients with
      pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. Abnormal IRT and Ctr/Ccr values were
      found in 28.2 and 4% of non-pancreatic digestive diseases, respectively. IRT and
      amylase serum levels showed consensual modifications, while Ctr/Ccr showed a
      behavior different from that of Cam/Ccr. Liver damage seems to play a role in
      increasing serum IRT levels of patients without pancreatic involvement, while the
      increased Ctr/Ccr seems to depend on other factors, for instance renal tubular
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2422719
TI  - Dialysis leukopenia and hypoxemia in a patient without measurable complement
      activity.
AB  - We have studied complement activity, total leukocyte counts, PO2 and acid-base
      balance during a single hemodialysis with cuprophan membranes in a patient with
      hereditary angioedema and C3NeF-positive chronic membranoproliferative
      glomerulonephritis. Before, during and after the dialytic procedure plasma
      complement activity (total hemolytic complement, classical and alternative
      pathway activities) was not detectable and no C3-conversion occurred, while
      profound leukopenia (from 8,500 to 1,800 leukocytes/microliter) and hypoxemia
      (from 101.8 to 86 mmHg PO2) were found within 20 min from the initiation of
      hemodialysis. Similar results were obtained by studying the same parameters
      during two additional hemodialytic procedures. In vitro experiments showed that
      the patient's C3 could not be converted, either by cuprophan or zymosan, a
      specific and potent complement activator, even under optimal experimental
      conditions. Our data demonstrate that complement activation is not the only
      possible mechanism responsible for early leukopenia (as well as hypoxemia) during
      dialysis with cuprophan membranes.

PMID- 2422721
TI  - Orally induced adjuvant-like arthritis in the rat.
AB  - Adjuvant-like arthritis was produced in Sprague-Dawley rats during 14 days of
      oral administration of 2-amino-5-bromo-6-(3-fluorophenyl)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone.
      Inflammatory changes about and in the hindlimb joints were similar to those
      described by Pearson for adjuvant-induced polyarthritis. Lymphoid hyperplasia,
      elevation of serum IgG levels, and localization of fluorescein-labeled globulin
      in disseminated inflammatory lesions implicate an immunologic effect. Rats
      treated twice weekly for 64 days developed lymphocytic thyroiditis and showed
      less inflammation in the joints.

PMID- 2422722
TI  - The covalent binding of bromobenzene with nucleic acids.
AB  - The hepatotoxic compound bromobenzene binds to DNA, RNA, and proteins of rat and
      mouse liver in vivo. Binding to a significant extent is also detected in mouse
      kidney. The covalent binding index (CBI) of bromobenzene is comparable to CBI
      values of moderately oncogenic substances. The enzyme-mediated in vitro
      interaction of bromobenzene with calf thyumus DNA and synthetic
      polyribonucleotides is effected only by microsomes, especially those from mouse
      and rat liver. Microsomes from mouse lung are also efficient in bioactivating
      bromobenzene to interact with DNA. Among polyribonucleotides, poly(G) and poly(A)
      are the most labeled substrates. The suppression of binding to DNA by SKF 525-A
      and the induction of microsomal activity by a pretreatment with phenobarbitone in
      vivo confirm that bromobenzene is bioactivated by a P-450 dependent-microsomal
      mixed function oxidase system. The covalent binding can be the main event to
      determine the possible carcinogenicity by genotoxic mechanisms. Bromobenzene is
      photoactivated by ultraviolet light (lambda = 254 nm) to forms capable of
      interacting with DNA in vitro; the binding is linear up to time.

PMID- 2422723
TI  - Morphologic and cytochemical properties of mouse liver neoplasms induced by
      diethylnitrosamine and promoted by 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane,
      chlordane, or heptachlor.
AB  - The relationships between the gross appearance, histologic types, and
      cytochemical characteristics of hepatocellular neoplasms were studied in B6C3F1
      mice given the liver carcinogen diethylnitrosamine either alone or followed by
      the organochlorine pesticides, 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, chlordane,
      or heptachlor as promoting agents. Hepatocellular neoplasms were categorized
      according to their cytoplasmic staining properties with hematoxylin and eosin.
      Acidophilic neoplasms more often displayed increased activity of alkaline
      phosphatase than did basophilic neoplasms. The activities of glucose-6
      phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase were decreased in both acidophilic and
      basophilic neoplasms. There was no difference in the activities of these enzymes
      or gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase between adenomas and carcinomas, although most
      neoplasms did not display gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. Chlordane or heptachlor
      exposure increased the alkaline phosphatase activity in neoplastic cells, but not
      that of other enzymes. The majority of neoplasms displayed a deficiency of iron
      accumulation. The macroscopic appearance of neoplasms was closely related to
      their cytoplasmic staining properties and cytochemical characteristics.

PMID- 2422724
TI  - Variations in the histologic distribution of rat bone marrow cells with respect
      to age and anatomic site.
AB  - Bone marrow cellularity in untreated Fischer 344/N rats was subjectively
      evaluated in hematoxylin and eosin (H & E)-stained histologic sections from
      femur, tibia, humerus, sternum, lumbar vertebrae, ribs, pelvis, and skull of 2-,
      4-, 7-, 16-, and 24-month-old males. Marrow cellularity varied with age of the
      rat and bone site sampled. Hematopoietic cellularity was consistently higher in
      rats less than 4 months of age and less consistently higher in 24-month-old rats
      versus intermediate age groups examined. The 24-month-old rats had the greatest
      animal-to-animal variation in cellularity. Site differences in bone marrow
      cellularity were present and similar at 4, 7, and 16 months. Mean percentage of
      marrow space occupied by hematopoietic cells ranged from 33-75%. Categories for
      histologic grading of bone marrow cellularity are presented. Sternum, femur, and
      humerus are recommended sites for histologic evaluation of bone marrow
      cellularity from conventional H & E-stained sections. Definitive evaluation and
      assessment of hematopoietic perturbations should not be solely based on
      subjective evaluation of routine histologic sections.

PMID- 2422725
TI  - Lack of immunological analogy between the beta-subunits of cholera toxin and
      human choriogonadotropin.
AB  - A chemical relatedness has been described between the beta-subunit of cholera
      toxin and that of the four dimeric glycoprotein hormones (hCG, hLH, hFSH and
      hTSH). However, antibodies induced by cholera toxin did not crossreact, when
      tested by labeled hCG binding and immunocytochemistry, with the beta-subunit of
      hCG. It appears that differences in the tertiary structures, as shown in this
      study, account for distinct epitopes. Similarities in biological activity between
      these two compounds, such as induction of adenyl cyclase or a protective effect
      against some tumors, are not based on immunological mechanisms.

PMID- 2422726
TI  - Change of alpha-fetoprotein content during cell cycle of human hepatoma cells in
      vitro: flow cytometric analysis.
AB  - The relationship between alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) content and phases of the cell
      cycle was investigated by simultaneous flow cytometric analysis of cellular DNA
      and AFP, using an AFP producing human hepatoma cell line (HuH-7). AFP content was
      evaluated by measuring fluorescence intensity of FITC after staining the cells
      with an indirect immunofluorescent method, and DNA content by fluorescence
      intensity of propidium iodide. The amount of intracellular AFP was highly
      variable but flow cytometric analysis produced a distinct profile. AFP content
      increased linearly with progression of the cell cycle, except for a modest dip in
      the early S phase. This suggests that AFP production and secretion are closely
      linked to the cell cycle.

PMID- 2422727
TI  - An immunochemical study of trophoblast-specific beta 1-glycoprotein and its
      fragments.
AB  - Trophoblast-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (TSG, SP-1) has been isolated from
      retroplacental blood serum by the usual techniques. Together with the purified
      TSG, an antigen (TSGfs) possessing partial immunochemical identity with TSG, has
      been isolated. This antigen, with molecular mass 25 KD, contains virtually no
      fucose nor neuraminic acid and differs from TSG in a lower content of arginine,
      tyrosine and aspartic acid. In addition, a low-molecular weight fragment of the
      TSG molecule (TSGhs), partially identical immunochemically with TSG and fully
      identical immunochemically with TSGfs, has been obtained by partial acid
      hydrolysis of TSG. The partial acid hydrolysis of TSG yields TSGhs and high
      molecular weight fragments with molecular masses greater than 160 KD which also
      exhibit a partial identity with TSG. The results provide evidence for the
      occurrence of a labile linkage bonding the two parts of the TSG molecule which
      carry different immunochemical determinants.

PMID- 2422728
TI  - Is that funny-looking bet dangerous?

PMID- 2422729
TI  - [What is terminal palliative care?].

PMID- 2422730
TI  - [Physical pain. Total pain in the terminal phase of cancer].

PMID- 2422731
TI  - [Palliative care at home].

PMID- 2422732
TI  - Hypervolemic treatment of the chronic obliterative arteriopathies of extremities.
AB  - The efficacy of dextran therapy in forty patients with chronic occlusive arterial
      disease (twelve with Buerger's disease and twenty-eight with atherosclerosis
      obliterans) was studied by repeated measurements of the following hemodynamic
      parameters;: the relative walking distance (RWD), the absolute walking distance
      (AWD), the oscillometric index (OI), the perfusion pressure of the affected limb
      (PP) and the Doppler index (DI) - the last two being determined by using an
      ultrasound technique. The hemodynamic improvements secondary to dextran therapy
      were demonstrated by the increase of RWD (from 115.3 m to 235.0 m), of AWD (from
      170.4 m to 339.0 m), of PP (from 64.6 +/- 12.4 mmHg to 97.6 +/- 13.3 mmHg) and of
      DI (from 0.38 to 0.65). These results constitute strong arguments for the wider
      application of dextran therapy in the comprehensive management of chronic
      occlusive arterial disease.

PMID- 2422733
TI  - Staining patterns of rodent squamous epithelia by monoclonal anti-keratin
      antibodies.
AB  - Anti-keratin staining patterns were examined by immunofluorescence in the
      epidermis, oral mucosa and forestomach of rats and mice by monoclonal antibodies
      AE1 and AE2. In contrast to human tissues enzymatic pretreatment of sections was
      necessary even when fresh-frozen tissue was used, suggesting masking of the
      antigens in vivo. AE1 stained the cytoplasm of spinous cells in most epithelia,
      whereas basal cell staining varied. AE2 showed suprabasal cytoplasmic staining in
      epidermis, forestomach and palate, whereas the other epithelia were stained only
      in keratohyalin granules and membranes of cornified cells. In some epithelia a
      small number of irregularly distributed basal cells stained positive with AE2,
      indicating heterogeneity in the basal cell compartment. Thus, the anti-keratin
      staining pattern varies both regionally and, as earlier shown in human
      epithelium, with the stage of maturation of cells within a given epithelium. The
      present study provides a basis for further studies of epithelial differentiation
      during normal and pathologic development.

PMID- 2422734
TI  - Megakaryoblastic transformation of myelofibrosis with expression of the c-sis
      oncogene.
AB  - We describe a case of primary myelofibrosis which terminated in an acute
      megakaryoblastic leukaemia with massive marrow fibrosis and osteosclerosis. The
      megakaryocyte lineage of the terminal phase was confirmed by ultrastructural and
      surface marker studies of the blast cells. The leukaemic phase was associated
      with the presence of large numbers of progressively more immature megakaryocyte
      progenitors in the peripheral blood. The expression of c-sis mRNA in these blast
      cells was significantly higher than in normal mononuclear cells. Activation of
      the c-sis protooncogene leading to increased production of platelet-derived
      growth factor could be related to the progressive fibrosis observed.

PMID- 2422735
TI  - HTLV-III seropositivity in symptom-free Italian haemophiliacs. Correlation with
      consumption of commercial concentrate and abnormalities of T and B lymphocytes.
AB  - Various immunological parameters exploring both T- and B-cell functions were
      determined in a group of 74 symptom-free Italian haemophiliacs treated with
      commercial concentrate imported from the USA and were correlated with the
      presence in their serum of antibody to HTLV-III. There was a strong correlation
      between HTLV-III seropositivity and the amount of concentrate consumed. A
      significant correlation between HTLV-III seropositivity and T-cell alterations,
      such as T4/T8 ratio less than 1 and reduction in the absolute number of T4+
      lymphocytes, or B-cell alterations such as hypergammaglobulinaemia and enhanced
      spontaneous IgG synthesis in vitro, was also observed.

PMID- 2422736
TI  - Splenic function in sickle cell disease.

PMID- 2422737
TI  - HLA class-II-restricted Mycobacterium leprae-reactive T-cell clones from leprosy
      patients established with a minimal requirement for autologous mononuclear cells.
AB  - This report describes an effective method for the cloning of Mycobacterium leprae
      reactive T lymphocytes with Epstein-Barr-virus transformed autologous B cells as
      antigen-presenting cells. The two advantages of this method are that it
      drastically reduces the number of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      (less than 10(7) cells) needed to obtain and propagate these T-cell clones (TLC),
      and that it enables us to expand individual TLC to large numbers of cells
      (greater than 10(8)). Thus the major obstacles for the cloning of T lymphocytes-
      especially important with regard to patients--are bypassed. Thus far, TLC from
      three leprosy patients have been established. These TLC are HLA class II
      restricted in their M. leprae-directed response. A marked enhancement in antigen
      responsiveness was observed after further expansion of several TLC, some of which
      turned from nonresponder into responder TLC. Four tested TLC display strikingly
      different antigen recognition patterns when tested against a number of other
      mycobacterial antigens; one TLC so far recognizes only M. leprae antigens.

PMID- 2422738
TI  - Trans-stimulation of T cells: characterization of targets and involvement in loss
      of alloreactivity.
AB  - The rapid loss of alloreactivity within populations of antigen-primed, in vitro
      propagated T cells cannot be explained by the appearance of suppressor cells nor
      by the dilution effect of the proliferative antigen-specific T cells alone. The
      involvement of trans-stimulation in loss of alloreactivity, i.e. the recruitment
      of non-antigen-specific T cells into proliferation in an antigen-dependent and
      specific fashion, was assessed. Susceptibility to trans-stimulation was found to
      correlate directly with state of activation at the outset of assay. Large T cells
      (low buoyant density) but not small T cells (high buoyant density) are
      susceptible to trans-stimulation. Moreover, in vitro pre-activation of small T
      cells by mitogen confers susceptibility to trans-stimulation. Analysis of the
      alloreactivity in Percoll fractions of antigen-primed lymph node T cells revealed
      activity in both large- and small-T-cell fractions with some enrichment in the
      latter. The small T cells, refractive to trans-stimulation, are diluted out of
      the population within the early weeks of antigen-mediated in vitro propagation,
      accounting for a rapid loss of considerable alloreactivity. The loss of all
      detectable alloreactivity within antigen-selected populations suggests that the
      state of activation conferring sensitivity to trans-stimulation must be
      maintained, and that neither the antigen nor the culture conditions employed met
      this requirement.

PMID- 2422739
TI  - Further characterization of internal image-bearing anti-idiotypic antibodies:
      specific binding to immunoglobulin receptors on murine hybridoma cells secreting
      antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen.
AB  - The further characterization of internal image anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti
      Id) that represent a potential alternative vaccine candidate for type B viral
      hepatitis is described. The anti-Id preparation contains an internal image
      component or related epitope that mimics hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and
      binds to murine hybridoma cells that secrete antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs). This
      binding to anti-HBs-secreting hybridomas was partially inhibited by intact HBsAg
      particles and was associated with the expression of an interspecies idiotype.
      Immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that the anti-Id bound to immunoglobulin
      molecules expressed on the surface of the hybridoma cells. These data suggest
      that internal image anti-Id, which induces an in vivo antibody response by
      antigenic mimicry in the absence of HBsAg, binds to anti-HBs molecules on the
      surface of cells actively secreting anti-HBs. The possible mechanism for internal
      image anti-Id-based antibody vaccines that mimic the overall conformation of
      antigens associated with infectious agents is discussed.

PMID- 2422740
TI  - Human anti-F(ab')2 antibodies and pepsin agglutinators react with Fv
      determinants.
AB  - Affinity-purified human IgG anti-tetanus antibody was subjected to papain and
      then pepsin digestion, and residual fragments retaining antibody activity were re
      isolated by adsorption and elution from Sepharose-tetanus toxoid columns. Both
      Fab' and Fv fragments isolated by gel filtration showed strong reactivity with
      anti-F(ab')2 antibodies. Failure of tetanus toxoid to completely block reactivity
      of anti-F(ab')2 antibody with anti-tetanus Fv fragments indicates that these
      antibodies react with framework antigens within variable antibody regions.

PMID- 2422741
TI  - Characterization of human mononuclear cells after positive selection with
      immunomagnetic particles.
AB  - We have investigated the possibility to employing magnetic monodisperse polymer
      particles for positive selection of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell
      populations. By carefully titrating the ratio between particles and cells we
      succeeded in isolating a number of cell populations that could be cultivated
      subsequently in vitro for functional studies. The success of the procedure is
      partly dependent on the properties of the monoclonal antibodies used to sensitize
      the cells. Provided these antibodies do not react with membrane structures
      involved in the transduction of activating signals, highly purified, quiescent
      cell populations can be recovered in a single fractionation step. In most
      instances particles will detach from the isolated cells by overnight culture, and
      the particles can then be removed from the system by a suitable magnet. T
      lymphocytes, subpopulations of T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes have been
      isolated in this way and studied in a variety of functional assay systems.
      Comparison with cells obtained after negative selection clearly demonstrates the
      usefulness of this technique, especially if the membrane marker selected for it
      is not directly engaged in the activation processes.

PMID- 2422742
TI  - Long term results of transurethral and transvesical prostatectomy. A randomized
      study.
AB  - The long term result of transurethral (TURP) versus transvesical (TVP)
      prostatectomy was evaluated in a randomized study of 75 patients with clinically
      benign, medium sized, obstructive prostatic hyperplasia. Follow-up investigation
      including evaluation of symptoms and urinary flow rate was undertaken every 6
      months the first 2 years as well as 5 years postoperatively. Thirteen patients
      died during follow-up. However, the remaining 64 patients were representative for
      the total series of patients. More than 90% in both groups had a satisfactory
      subjective result throughout follow-up. A significant and persistent relief in
      obstructive and irritative symptoms were seen in both groups. Nocturia was the
      predominant follow-up symptom being present in more than 50% of the patients 5
      years postoperatively. During observation a slight decrease in sexual activity
      and retrograde ejaculation was reported by TVP and TURP patients. About 25% of
      the patients in both groups with benign histology had secondary operations during
      follow-up. Maximum as well as average flow rate values remained stable throughout
      the period of observation with small differences between the two groups. The
      incidence of urinary tract infections was reduced significantly by the surgical
      procedures. Only minor and clinically insignificant differences were observed
      between the results of the two operative procedures.

PMID- 2422743
TI  - Sorbitol concentrations in plasma in connection with transurethral resection of
      the prostate using sorbitol solution as an irrigating fluid.
AB  - 20 patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) using 5%
      sorbitol (N = 13) or Cytosol (N = 7) (5% sorbitol and 0.25% acetic acid) as an
      irrigating fluid were studied. The sorbitol concentration was determined in serum
      (plasma), as were sodium, prostatic acid phosphatase protein (PAP) and
      osmolality, as possible indicators of absorption of irrigating fluid. The plasma
      level of sorbitol immediately postoperatively, the increase in serum PAP and the
      decrease in serum sodium all reflect the amount of irrigating fluid absorbed
      during TURP. The three variables are intercorrelated. The plasma osmolality was
      not significantly changed. The maximum sorbitol concentration immediately
      postoperatively in any patient was 6.0 g/l (33.5 mmol/l). The mean for the series
      was 1.2 g/l (6.8 mmol/l). The mean serum PAP increase was 31 micrograms/l. The
      serum sodium decrease ranged between 0 and 14 mmol/l, mean 5.0 mmol/l. The mean
      half-life of sorbitol in plasma was short: 35 min, reflecting rapid metabolism.
      An estimate of the volume of fluid absorbed was made from the plasma sorbitol
      levels observed. A fluid absorption up to 2.3 l (mean 0.6 l) was found. A marked
      diuretic effect up to 14.1 ml/min (mean 7.8 ml/min) was observed in some cases
      when irrigation with sorbitol was combined with intravenous furosemide given
      postoperatively.

PMID- 2422744
TI  - Aprotinin does not add protective effect to cold cardioplegia during coronary
      artery bypass surgery.
AB  - The effect of aprotinin on intraoperative and postoperative CK-MB and left
      ventricular contractility in terms of dp/dt response to atrial pacing up to 150
      beats/min was studied in 20 patients randomized before aortocoronary bypass
      surgery to either aprotinin or placebo administration. Cold cardioplegia and
      topical deep hypothermia were used in both groups. No difference could be
      demonstrated between the aprotinin and the placebo group, and the authors
      therefore concluded that aprotinin does not add substantially to the protective
      effect of cold cardioplegia and deep topical hypothermia during aortocoronary
      bypass surgery.

PMID- 2422745
TI  - Substance P- and leu-enkephalin-immunoreactive nerves before and after myocardial
      ischaemia, hypothermic chemical cardioplegia and reperfusion injury during open
      heart surgery.
AB  - During open-heart surgery, myocardial biopsies were obtained before the start of
      extracorporeal circulation (from the right auricular appendage) and after weaning
      from the pump (from the right atrium), and processed for immunocytochemical
      demonstration of substance P- and leu-enkephalin-immunoreactive nerve fibres and
      for electron microscopy. Substance P-immunoreactive nerves were seen around blood
      vessels, between myocardial cells and forming large glomerulus-like loops, but
      were not numerous. Leu-enkephalin-immunoreactive nerves were very sparse. We
      therefore believe that both nerve types primarily are modulatory axons. In the
      post-weaning specimens, nerves of both types were more numerous (attributable to
      the different site of biopsy), and no change was seen in the immunofluorescence
      reaction. The ultrastructure (all types) of nerve terminals was well preserved,
      although myocardial damage was obvious in many specimens. Cardiac nerves,
      including peptidergic nerves, thus seem to be relatively resistant to ischaemia,
      hypothermic chemical cardioplegia and reperfusion injury.

PMID- 2422746
TI  - [Odontogenic keratocyst--a retrospective study of its clinical picture,
      radiology, pathohistology and therapy].

PMID- 2422747
TI  - [Olivo-ponto-cerebellar and striato-nigral atrophy. 3 anatomo-clinical cases.
      Review of the literature].
AB  - AOPC is frequently associated with degeneration in other systems, the striato
      nigral in particular. Three anatomical-clinical cases of AOPC complicated by
      striato-nigral degeneration of varying gravity are described. Case 1 had a
      complex history: rigidity with axial predominance, plus signs in neurovegetative
      system, ocular palsy, myoclonia and fasciculation and a massive atrophy of the
      olivo-ponto-cerebellar and striato-nigral systems. Case 2 presented as a static
      and kinetic cerebellar syndrome; the anatomical confirmation of the AOPC
      involvement showing a patchy nigro-striatal degeneration but without clinical
      signs. Case 3 evolved as a Parkinson-type syndrome differentiated from true
      Parkinson's disease by signs affecting the pyramidal system and the relative
      importance of static signs, the lesions then involving namely the striato-nigral
      system. 69 allied cases in the literature are referred to and commented upon
      demonstrating the great clinical and anatomical variation in presentation of
      AOPC. The concept of "multiple system atrophy" allows most cases to be grouped
      under a general heading. The degenerative diseases of the CNS, in so far as their
      etiology remains obscure, make up a "waiting list".

PMID- 2422748
TI  - [Ultrasonic studies and indications for angiography. Comparative study of 547
      carotid arteries].
AB  - A correlation between continuous-wave Doppler sonography of 547 extracranial
      internal carotid arteries and angiography was established. Results were similar
      to those published until now: occlusions and high-grade stenoses (greater than
      50%) were detected in more than 90% of the cases, whereas low-grade stenoses
      (less than 50%) and atheromatous plaques were detected only in 48% of the cases.
      In a few cases, it was difficult to distinguish total occlusion from
      subocclusion. As for small lesions, the results should be improved with the use
      of Doppler signal spectrum analysis. 87 internal carotid arteries were also
      examined with high resolution real-time B-mode imaging combined with pulsed
      Doppler (duplex system). With the exception of 10 bad quality examinations
      (11,4%), duplex was a very good method for the detection of every extracranial
      atheromatous pathology, above all for atheromatous plaques. The complementarity
      of conventional continuous-wave Doppler and duplex is emphasized. Whether it is
      possible to detect carotid artery ulcerations with real-time B-mode imaging is
      still a subject of controversy. Comparison between B-mode imaging and
      anatomopathology is discussed, with the hope that it will perhaps become possible
      to distinguish dangerous, embolising plaques. Ultrasound techniques are the best
      non-invasive ones to follow endarterectomised patients. Stenosis recurrency is
      probably more frequent than was thought before. Finally, the authors expose their
      own attitude as for the role of ultrasound in the investigation of
      cerebrovascular disease.

PMID- 2422749
TI  - The activating effect of sleep EEGs in epileptic patients with epileptic activity
      in their waking EEGs.
AB  - A sleep EEG was recorded in 44 patients whose waking EEG showed epileptic
      activity. The time in seconds in which one epileptic discharge occurred was
      determined. Considering the waking and sleep EEGs together one epileptic
      discharge occurred every 7.8 seconds. Focal epileptic activity was recorded
      nearly twice as frequently (1 paroxysm every 4.6 sec.), as generalized activity
      (1 paroxysm every 9.8 sec.) or generalized activity with lateral emphasis (1
      paroxysm every 8.8 sec.). Considering the sleep and waking EEGs separately it was
      found that on average more epileptic activity occurred in sleep than in the
      waking EEG (6.4 vs. 10.8 sec.). There was no difference between generalized (8.9
      vs. 13.5 sec.), generalized activity with lateral emphasis (7.7 vs. 12.9 sec.)
      and focal activity (3.9 vs. 7.6 sec.). Comparing, however, the frequency of
      epileptic activity in each individual patient during wakefulness and sleep it was
      seen that during sleep more activity was found in only 56.8% of the patients. If
      a difference of 3 seconds is considered to be due to chance, then more epileptic
      activity was found in 34.1% of the patients during sleep and in 24.5% during
      wakefulness. Thus, the sleep EEG by no means always activates epileptic activity.

PMID- 2422751
TI  - [A new rating for the detection of dyskinesias. Clinical and metric problems].
AB  - In context with a study on tardive dyskinesia in a psychiatric clinic, two ward
      psychiatrists rated patients with respect to extrapyramidal dyskinetic reactions.
      (Age, sex, type of neuroleptic treatment and diagnosis were taken into account.)
      Few multiple dyskinesias have been found. When they occur at all then
      predominantly in the area of head and limbs; dyskinesia of the eyes and joints of
      knee and elbow are rare. Although three factors can be extracted by a factor
      analysis (head, trunk, and limbs) the insufficient reliability of single
      subscales becomes evident. In spite of these metric problems the use of the
      rating in the existing version is justified for clinical and educational reasons.
      It is recommended to secure statistical reliability mainly with the total score
      which provides a good interrater reliability (.88 and .82) and a sufficient
      internal consistency (.70). For analyses of the course we suggest a data
      screening at the level of single items or subscales.

PMID- 2422750
TI  - [Dyskinesias in a clinical population. Results of a comparative follow-up].
AB  - 646 patients of a psychiatric clinic (272 m, 374 f) have been examined for
      tardive dyskinesia by two physicians, a neurologist and a psychiatrist. 192
      patients exhibited some dyskinetic disturbances (32%). Thus the prevalence in
      this sample is rather high. The applied rating scale has proved successful
      (interrater reliability of .88). A year later the same sample of 192 patients
      (shrunk by 63 patients due to releases from the clinic and cases of death, non
      availability) was reexamined by the same physicians. The following results are
      noteworthy: Age exercises the strongest influence on the severity of tardive
      dyskinesia; women are more heavily affected than men; the clinical differential
      diagnosis has little influence on the degree of the disturbance; the same holds
      true for duration of therapy and dose. In the reexamination (computed as a
      dependent sample on the basis of 129 complete cases) a reduction of the intensity
      of dyskinesias has been observed. The results are discussed thoroughly from a
      clinical and methodological point of view.

PMID- 2422752
TI  - Ion channels and fluid secretion in exocrine glands.

PMID- 2422753
TI  - Mechanism of interferon action--the discovery of the pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A receptor.
AB  - In this paper it is demonstrated that (3H)2'-5'P3A3 can bind to the peritoneal
      macrophages from Wistar rat. This binding is strongly inhibited by cold 2'
      5'P3A3, while the inhibiting capacity of 2'-5'P3I3 and 2'-5'A3 is very small,
      showing that this binding is highly specific. And the binding of (3H)2'-5'P3A3 is
      reversible, saturable and with high affinity. A Scatchard analysis of the binding
      data gives a linear plot, an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) about 1.3 X 10(
      7) M and binding sites per cell about 2.1 X 10(7). The above evidence shows the
      existence of the 2'-5'P3A3 receptor, a fact which, to our knowledge, has not been
      reported before.

PMID- 2422754
TI  - Mechanism of interferon action--structural requirement of ligand and cellular
      specificity.
AB  - We had reported the existence of 2'-5'P3A3 receptor on the peritoneal macrophages
      from Wistar rat. In this paper data are given to demonstrate that the ligand, for
      binding with 2'-5'P3A3 receptor and enhancing the phagocytosis of macrophages,
      must have a three-phosphate radical on its 5'-terminus and at least three
      adenylate residues in 2'-5'oligoadenylate. (3H)-2'-5'P3A3 can also bind on
      macrophages from other animals; and the binding of (3H)-2'-5'P3A3 on Hepatoma
      cell line 7402 is lower than that on macrophages; whereas it is very low (binding
      ratio less than 1%) on erythrocytes (from rabbit, rat and mouse) or human embryo
      lung fibroblast cells. The binding conditions of the ligand with 2'-5'P3A3
      receptor have also been investigated.

PMID- 2422755
TI  - Cloning of a cDNA for a T cell-specific serine protease from a cytotoxic T
      lymphocyte.
AB  - A new serine protease was encoded by a clone isolated from a murine cytotoxic T
      lymphocyte complementary DNA library by an RNA-hybridization competition
      protocol. Complementary transcripts were detected in cytotoxic T lymphocytes,
      spleen cells from nude mice, a rat natural killer cell leukemia, and in two of
      eight T-helper clones (both cytotoxic), but not in normal mouse kidney, liver,
      spleen, or thymus, nor in several tested T- and B-cell tumors. T-cell activation
      with concanavalin A plus interleukin-2 induced spleen cells to express this gene
      with kinetics correlating with the acquisition of cytolytic capacity. The
      nucleotide sequence of this gene encoded an amino acid sequence of approximately
      25,700 daltons, with 25 to 35 percent identity to members of the serine protease
      family. The active site "charge-relay" residues (His57, Asp102, and Ser195 of the
      chymotrypsin numbering system) are conserved, as well as the trypsin-specific Asp
      (position 189 in trypsin). A Southern blot analysis indicated that this gene is
      conserved in humans, mouse, and chicken. This serine protease may have a role in
      lymphocyte lysis and a "lytic cascade."

PMID- 2422756
TI  - Pancreatic zymogen granules differ markedly in protein composition.
AB  - The activities of both chymotrypsin and amylase in individual zymogen granules of
      rat pancreas were measured by means of micromanipulation and microfluorometric
      methods. The enzyme content and the ratio of amylase to chymotrypsin varied
      widely among granules taken from the same animal. These results are compatible
      with short-term nonparallel bulk secretion of the two enzymes through exocytosis.
      The distribution of each enzyme activity in a population of granules suggests
      quantal packaging of amylase and chymotrypsinogen into the granules.

PMID- 2422757
TI  - Mapping epitopes on a protein antigen by the proteolysis of antigen-antibody
      complexes.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody bound to a protein antigen decreases the rate of
      proteolytic cleavage of the antigen, having the greatest effect on those regions
      involved in antibody contact. Thus, an epitope can be identified by the ability
      of the antibody to protect one region of the antigen more than others from
      proteolysis. By means of this approach, two distinct epitopes, both
      conformationally well-ordered, were characterized on horse cytochrome c.

PMID- 2422758
TI  - Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABA receptor.
AB  - Two metabolites of the steroid hormones progesterone and deoxycorticosterone, 3
      alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone and 3 alpha, 5 alpha
      tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, are potent barbiturate-like ligands of the gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-chloride ion channel complex. At concentrations
      between 10(-7) and 10(-5)M both steroids inhibited binding of the convulsant t
      butylbicyclophosphorothionate to the GABA-receptor complex and increased the
      binding of the benzodiazepine flunitrazepam; they also stimulated chloride uptake
      (as measured by uptake of 36Cl-) into isolated brain vesicles, and potentiated
      the inhibitory actions of GABA in cultured rat hippocampal and spinal cord
      neurons. These data may explain the ability of certain steroid hormones to
      rapidly alter neuronal excitability and may provide a mechanism for the
      anesthetic and hypnotic actions of naturally occurring and synthetic anesthetic
      steroids.

PMID- 2422759
TI  - Transforming growth factor-alpha: a more potent angiogenic mediator than
      epidermal growth factor.
AB  - Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) and epidermal growth factor (EGF)
      are structurally related peptides. Purified human TGF-alpha produced in
      Escherichia coli and pure natural mouse EGF were compared for their ability to
      bind to target cells in vitro and to promote angiogenesis in the hamster cheek
      pouch bioassay. Both polypeptides were found to bind in vitro to several target
      cells, including endothelial cells, and to stimulate their DNA synthesis in an
      equipotent fashion. In vivo, however, TGF-alpha was more potent than EGF in
      promoting angiogenesis and, because TGF-alpha is known to be secreted by a
      variety of human tumors, it is suggested that this growth factor may contribute
      to tumor-induced angiogenesis.

PMID- 2422760
TI  - Caffeine-induced uncoupling of mitosis from the completion of DNA replication in
      mammalian cells.
AB  - Caffeine was shown to induce mitotic events in mammalian cells before DNA
      replication (S phase) was completed. Synchronized BHK cells that were arrested in
      early S phase underwent premature chromosome condensation, nuclear envelope
      breakdown, morphological "rounding up," and mitosis-specific phosphoprotein
      synthesis when they were exposed to caffeine. These mitotic responses occurred
      only after the cells had entered S phase and only while DNA synthesis was
      inhibited by more than 70 percent. Inhibitors of protein synthesis blocked these
      caffeine-induced events, while inhibitors of RNA synthesis had little effect.
      These results suggest that caffeine induces the translation or stabilizes the
      protein product (or products) of mitosis-related RNA that accumulates in S-phase
      cells when DNA replication is suppressed. The ability to chemically manipulate
      the onset of mitosis should be useful for studying the regulation of this event
      in mammalian cells.

PMID- 2422761
TI  - [Therapy of algodystrophy (Sudeck disease) with naftidrofuryl hydrogen oxalate
      (NH)].

PMID- 2422762
TI  - The innate resistance of thalassaemia to malaria: a review of the evidence and
      possible mechanisms.

PMID- 2422763
TI  - Doors and thresholds: Jeddi's approach to psychiatric disorders.
AB  - Professor Essedik Jeddi and his team have introduced a most significant
      institutional and therapeutic innovation at the Ibn Rochd and Pinel section of
      the Razi university long-term mental hospital in Tunis (Tunisia). The innovation
      focuses upon the ambiguity of doors and boundaries in the mental asylum. Doors
      and walls influence the rhythm of activity and the nature of contact between
      patients, therapists and the wider society and culture. If they are very rigid,
      they may disjoin the patient from him- or herself, from his/her body, social
      network and culture. On the other hand, if such boundaries are completely
      neglected they may merge these related dimensions as undifferentiated entities.
      Jeddi's innovation is primarily concerned with placing the spatio-temporal
      experience of the body and the intimate interpersonal interaction at the centre
      of treatment. It aims at establishing creative modes of expression, interaction
      and exchange such as tea-sessions, dancing, singing, verbal communication, clay
      modelling, figurative or plastic expression, agricultural works. These
      relationships mediate and differentiate at the same time between the patient,
      his/her body-self, and his/her social and cultural world, thus avoiding both the
      disjunction and the merging. It would seem that the activities concerned with the
      distinction between 'inside' and 'outside', peasant and urban, self and other
      (e.g. dancing and singing) are of paramount importance in bringing about such
      mediating and differentiating relationships. In the present study we limit
      ourselves to one particularly revealing therapeutic activity, namely dancing to
      live music. Jeddi's innovation is a unique blend of current developments in
      psychiatry and psychotherapy with Arabo-Islamic science and philosophy.

PMID- 2422764
TI  - [Contribution of Debrisan paste in the local treatment of leg ulcers].

PMID- 2422765
TI  - [Treatment of renal lithiasis using external shock waves].

PMID- 2422766
TI  - Bowen's disease, Paget's disease, and malignant melanoma in situ.
AB  - The histologic differential diagnosis of skin lesions characterized by large,
      atypical, clear cells in the epidermis includes Bowen's disease, Paget's disease
      (mammary and extramammary), malignant melanoma in situ (pagetoid precancerous
      melanosis), mycosis fungoides, Spitz nevus, and artifact. Our experience with
      these lesions indicates that these diseases can be differentiated
      immunohistologically by the standard peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, using
      antibodies directed against keratin (KER), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and S
      100 protein (S-100). Based on a study of 11 cases of Bowen's disease, eight cases
      of Paget's disease, and nine cases of malignant melanoma in situ, we conclude
      that the atypical clear cells of Bowen's disease stain only with antibodies to
      KER; those of Paget's disease, exclusively with antibodies to CEA; and those of
      malignant melanoma in situ, with antibodies to S-100. Additionally, we report a
      case in which clinical and histologic findings suggested Bowen's disease, but
      immunohistologic findings supported the diagnosis of Paget's disease.

PMID- 2422767
TI  - [Acute-phase proteins in the diagnosis of the extent of the pathological process
      in stomach cancer].

PMID- 2422768
TI  - Physical, psychologic, and social function in chronic pain patients after
      epidural spinal electrical stimulation.
AB  - The overall function, pain, and mood disturbance of 54 patients with benign
      chronic pain were studied as to their response to epidural spinal electrical
      stimulation (ESES) more than 12 months after the implantation of ESES electrodes.
      Both responder (n = 23) and nonresponder (n = 31) pain patients demonstrated
      extensively worse physical and psychosocial function on the Sickness Impact
      Profile (SIP) and worse self-rated mood disturbance on the Mood Adjective Check
      List (MACL) than a control population sample. Responders to ESES were
      insignificantly less impaired in physical functions of daily life than
      nonresponders, but clearly less inhibited in the social pattern of contact. Self
      rated pain sensation differed 36% between responders and nonresponders, and the
      pain measures of all pain patients correlated with total mood disturbance on the
      MACL and with its dimensions for depression and fatigue. Social characteristics,
      sex, diagnoses, comorbidity, and duration of pain did not discriminate. In a
      supplementary prospective short-term study, pain ratings had improved by 30% 3
      weeks after implantations. The night sleep and general psychic balance (SIP
      category emotional behavior) were then also significantly improved. A shortened
      SIP version of 8 items optimizing responder-nonresponder differences and 12 items
      of mood disturbance are suggested to supplement pain ratings for overall
      assessment of chronic pain patients. A wider usage of ESES is recommended for
      pain patients who can comply to the regimen, because the surgical technique is
      now simple and safe.

PMID- 2422769
TI  - [Myocardial hypoxia during assisted circulation with hemodilution].

PMID- 2422770
TI  - Intubation v. dilatation plus bleomycin in the treatment of advanced oesophageal
      cancer. The results of a prospective randomized trial.

PMID- 2422771
TI  - Elevated sister chromatid exchange in prostatic carcinoma.

PMID- 2422772
TI  - [Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: use of the F.A.B. group score and analysis of the
      prognostic value of the bone marrow morphology examination in 92 patients].

PMID- 2422773
TI  - [Effect of preparations of placental albumin on serum alpha-fetoprotein levels].
AB  - Unlike donor's albumin, placental albumin preparations contain an appreciable
      amount of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) which is likely to make difficult the
      differential diagnosis of AFP-producing tumors. On the other hand, AFP may play
      the role of the protein blank sample of albumin administered to the patient.

PMID- 2422774
TI  - [Results of the treatment of lymphogranulomatosis].

PMID- 2422775
TI  - [Treatment of chronic gastritis patients with sodium nucleinate].
AB  - The efficacy of sodium nucleinate was studied and compared with routine agents
      and prednisolone in the treatment of patients afflicted with chronic gastritis.
      Three similar groups of 30 patients were entered into the study. The treatment
      with sodium nucleinate permitted the attainment of a remission in the majority of
      the patients. In 93.3% of the patients the remission lasted over 3 months and was
      marked by a significant rise of basal and stimulated gastric secretion as well as
      by the immunomodulating effects in the form of an augmentation of the number of T
      suppressors and a decrease in the number of T lymphocytes capable of inhibiting
      leukocyte migration on interaction with the gastric antigen.

PMID- 2422776
TI  - Bronchoalveolar mast cells in sarcoidosis: increased numbers and accentuation of
      mediator release.
AB  - Bronchoalveolar lavage was carried out in 36 subjects with sarcoidosis and 20
      control subjects undergoing bronchoscopy for routine diagnostic purposes. The
      proportion of mast cells in the lavage fluid of subjects with sarcoidosis (mean
      (SE) 0.84% 0.09%; p less than 0.01) when compared with that of controls (mean
      0.32% (0.05%); p less than 0.01). This increase was greatest in subjects with
      positive gallium scans but was not correlated with the percentage recovery of
      lymphocytes or radiographic stage. Anti-IgE induced histamine release from the
      bronchoalveolar cells of 15 subjects with sarcoidosis was significantly increased
      at all effective doses of anti-IgE. This accentuation of histamine release was
      significantly greater in patients with positive gallium scans and correlated
      directly with the percentage recovery of lymphocytes (r = 0.7, p less than
      0.005). The dose-response curve of anti-IgE induced histamine release from
      bronchoalveolar cells of subjects with more than 20% of lymphocytes in the lavage
      cell population was significantly greater than the dose-response curves of
      subjects with fewer than 20% of lymphocytes and of controls.

PMID- 2422777
TI  - Urine beta-thromboglobulin concentration or beta-thromboglobulin/creatinine ratio
      in single voided urine samples cannot be reliably used to estimate quantitative
      beta-thromboglobulin excretion.
AB  - Different procedures are currently used in the urine beta-thromboglobulin (BTG)
      assay. We investigated the reliability of limited urine collections and of
      different expressions of urine BTG results (concentration, urine BTG/creatinine
      ratio) for the measurement of hourly or daily BTG excretion rates. BTG was
      measured by a sensitive RIA method in various urine collections of normal
      subjects (n.80) and patients (n.120) with miscellaneous diseases where an
      enhanced in-vivo platelet activation could be expected. The BTG concentration in
      a 6-hour urine collection appeared to change in relation to the urine flow rate
      (r = -0.53 in normals, r = 0.27 in patients, p less than 0.01) and urine
      osmolality (r = 0.46 in normals, r = 0.31 in patients, p less than 0.01). In both
      normals and patients not a very good correlation was observed between the urine
      BTG/creatinine ratio and the BTG excretion rate (r = 0.54 and r = 0.48; p less
      than 0.001, respectively). Variable coefficients of correlation (r = 0.83-0.34)
      were observed between the BTG excretion rate of single voidings of the morning,
      afternoon-evening and night and the daily BTG excretion both in normals and
      patients. Reliable measurements of the BTG in urine should be expressed as the
      hourly excretion rate in a given period of the day for limited urine collections
      or as the daily excretion for 24-hour urine collections.

PMID- 2422778
TI  - Tolerance and biological activity of pentosan polysulfate after intramuscular or
      subcutaneous administration for ten days in human volunteers.
AB  - This study reports on the tolerance and the pharmacological activity of pentosan
      polysulfate (PPS) administered to healthy volunteers for 10 days. Three groups of
      10 subjects received either one daily injections of 100 mg of PPS by I. M. route
      (group I), or two daily injection of 50 mg of PPS by I. M. or S. C. route (groups
      II and III, respectively). In each group two random subjects received a placebo
      for the 10 days; on day 0, each subject was injected by a placebo. Clinical
      tolerance was checked by a daily physical examination; biological tolerance was
      assessed comparing the results of the main biochemical and haematological
      constants measured before starting the treatment (day 0) and 12 or 24 h after the
      end of the treatment (day 11). The pharmacological activity was measured on
      serial samples taken before treatment and between 1 and 6 h after the drug
      injection on days 1, 3 and 10; the results were compared to those obtained on day
      0. Clinical tolerance was good. The biological side effects concern the
      transaminase levels and the platelet counts. An increase above the upper normal
      limit was observed in 18/24 and 3/24 for alanine and aspartic transaminase
      respectively. The mean platelet reduction ranged between 24 and 34% according to
      the groups. The drug injection induced a slight Quick time (PT) prolongation, no
      significant alteration of factors II, VII-X, V levels and of thrombin clotting
      time. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was significantly
      prolonged and there was a weak but significant circulating anti-Xa
      activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422779
TI  - Salivary beta-thromboglobulin: a possible marker for deep vein thrombosis
      following elective hip surgery.
AB  - The concentration of the platelet specific protein B-thromboglobulin, (BTG) was
      measured in salivary samples obtained pre and postoperatively from 30 patients
      without evidence of renal disease and having total hip replacement arthroplasty.
      When postoperative deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) was detected using percutaneous
      ascending phlebography there was total correlation with elevated salivary BTG
      levels taking 0.33 micrograms/1 or greater on 2 consecutive occasions or more as
      indicating a deep venous thrombus. Eight of nine patients with a positive
      diagnosis of DVT on urokinase scanning would have been diagnosed using the same
      criterion. However BTG was elevated in a further 5 patients in whom labelled
      urokinase failed to demonstrate a DVT. These may have been localised in the calf
      and thus missed by, or lysed prior to, the scanning technique.

PMID- 2422780
TI  - Effect of NaC1 on inactivation of bovine thrombin by antithrombin III in the
      presence of low affinity-heparin or dextran sulfate.
AB  - Heparin with low affinity (LA-heparin) to antithrombin III (AT III) enhanced the
      rate of inactivation of thrombin by AT III. The enhancement of the rate was
      saturable with AT III and was proportional to the LA-heparin concentration.
      Although the rate-enhancement in the presence of LA-heparin decreased with
      increase in NaC1 concentration, it was comparable with that in the presence of
      high affinity-heparin (HA-heparin) in the absence of NaC1. Inactivation of
      thrombin by AT III in the presence of dextran sulfate (DS) was also sensitive to
      NaC1 concentration. These findings indicate that free AT III is favorable for
      binding to the complexes of thrombin and highly sulfated polysaccharides having
      low affinities to AT III in the absence of NaC1.

PMID- 2422781
TI  - A delaying influence of cryoglobulins in the assessment of euglobulin
      fibrinolytic activity.
AB  - The presence of cryoglobulin in plasma was found to interfere with the assessment
      of euglobulin fibrinolytic activity. Cryoglobulins co-precipitate with the
      isoelectrically precipitated euglobulins thereby giving rise to erroneous
      determinations of components of the extrinsic and intrinsic fibrinolytic systems.
      Cold-promoted activation of the F XII-dependent part of the intrinsic
      proactivator system was related to the presence of cryoglobulins. Strictly
      optimized procedures for the preparation of euglobulin solutions are essential in
      the accurate determination of euglobulin fibrinolytic activity. Resuspended
      euglobulins should be kept for at least 30 min at 0 degree C followed by at least
      2 min at 37 degrees C in order to secure conditions yielding accurate and
      reproducible assays of activity in samples of patient plasma.

PMID- 2422782
TI  - Release of B beta peptides from fibrinogen or fibrin in the presence of alpha 2
      antiplasmin.
AB  - When Glu-plasminogen (plg) was activated by urokinase (UK) in the presence of
      fibrinogen or fibrin, B beta peptides (B beta 1-42) were released faster from
      fibrinogen than from fibrin (B beta 15-42). These results were contrary to faster
      release of B beta 15-42 from fibrin in the UK-activated clotted plasma in
      comparison to the release of B beta 1-42 from UK-activated plasma. The addition
      of plasma or lysine-Sepharose pass through fraction to the above system resulted
      in faster release of B beta peptides from fibrin than fibrinogen. The addition of
      alpha 2 antiplasmin (alpha 2AP) to the mixture of Glu-pig, UK and fibrinogen or
      fibrin resulted in faster release of B beta peptides from fibrin than from
      fibrinogen. These results indicate that fibrin protected plasmin from
      inactivation by alpha 2AP, leading to cleavage of Arg(42)-Ala(43) bond in beta
      chain of fibrin which seems to be less susceptible to plasmin than the same bond
      in fibrinogen.

PMID- 2422783
TI  - Calcium-modulated desmosome formation and sodium-regulated keratinization in frog
      skin cultures.
AB  - The processes of desmosome formation and keratinization were studied in isolated
      frog skins cultured in a two-compartment (mucosal and serosal) chamber. Before
      culture, the skin fragments were trypsinized (stratum corneum together with some
      parts of stratum granulosum and spinosum were scraped off with forceps) allowing
      the stratum germinativum to remain on the dermis. When both the mucosal and the
      serosal culture media contained 1.5 mM calcium and 86 mM sodium concentrations,
      fully developed desmosomes were differentiated and no keratinization occurred.
      When the mucosal medium was lowered in two steps to a final calcium concentration
      of 0.5 mM by dilution with tridistilled sterile water, poorly developed
      desmosomes were formed, keratinocytes interdigitated and the keratinization was
      strongly enhanced. The calcium-dependent desmosome formation was affected by the
      salt gradient established across the skin. These two effects, modulated desmosome
      formation (calcium) and increased keratinization (sodium), were concomitant with
      but did not complement one another.

PMID- 2422784
TI  - [Electrocardiography in the horse. (2). Disorders of impulse formation and
      impulse conduction].
AB  - The cardiac arrhythmias, classified in disturbances of impulse formation and
      conduction disturbances, their genesis and clinical significance are described
      and illustrated with electrocardiograms, registered with the bipolar chest leads.

PMID- 2422785
TI  - Effect of diquat on cell growth and macromolecule synthesis in cultured
      pneumocytes.
AB  - The effects of diquat (DQ) on cell growth and macromolecule synthesis were
      investigated in cultured rat, feline and human. pneumocytes. DQ at 10(-3) M and
      10 (-5) M showed time- and dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth for 7 days.
      The incorporation of 3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine and 14C-leucine into DNA, RNA and
      protein was reduced to 0-47% by 10(-3) M of DQ, and that of 14C-leucine into
      protein of A-549 cells was reduced to 67% by 10(-5) M of DQ. Among the cells
      examined, A-549 cells derived from human lung were the most resistant to the
      inhibitory effects of DQ on cell growth and macromolecule synthesis. On the other
      hand, human lung embryonic fibroblast cells and L-2 cells derived from rat lung
      were the most sensitive to the toxicity of DQ. These results indicate that the
      inhibitory effects of DQ on cell growth and on macromolecule synthesis are
      dependent on the concentrations of DQ administrated, and that species differences
      in the sensitivity to DQ toxicity may exist.

PMID- 2422786
TI  - Accumulation and efflux of nickel from cultured pneumocytes.
AB  - The accumulation and efflux of nickel from three kinds of cultured pneumocytes
      were studied. Nickel rapidly penetrated the cells examined. The concentration of
      nickel in the cells was related to the volume of cytoplasm and surface area of
      the cells. Some metabolic inhibitors (NaN3, NaCN, NaAsO2) reduced the
      accumulation of nickel by up to 74%. Extracellular calcium regulated the
      accumulation of nickel into the cells. CaCl2 at 10 mM inhibited partially the
      accumulation of nickel, while nickel accumulation was enhanced in calcium free
      medium. From the efflux experiment, nickel was shown to be distributed to three
      different compartments in the cells, i.e., cell membrane, cytoplasm and
      intracellular constituents. Three rate constants were determined as k1 = 1.67
      5.33, k2 = 0.031-0.037 and k3 = 0.002-0.007 min-1. These results suggest that
      cell membrane is readily permeable to nickel and that saturable nickel-binding
      sites might exist in the pneumocytes examined.

PMID- 2422787
TI  - Effects of paraquat on macromolecule synthesis in cultured pneumocytes.
AB  - The effects of paraquat (PQ) on cell growth, DNA, RNA and protein synthesis and
      on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were investigated in cultured pneumocytes
      of type II cell origin and human embryonic fibroblast cells of the lung. The
      incorporation of 3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine and 14C-leucine into DNA, RNA and
      protein, respectively, were all reduced to 25%-70% of the control by PQ at 10(-3)
      M, but not at 10(-5) M nor 10(-7) M. The activity of SOD in the cells was
      increased to 130%-270% by 10(-3) M of PQ. Among the cells studied, A-549 cells,
      which were most resistant to the inhibitory effect of PQ on cell growth and the
      synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein had the highest induction of SOD activity by
      PQ. In contrast, L-2 cells in which the cell growth and the synthesis of nucleic
      acids and protein were most inhibited had the lowest induction of SOD activity by
      PQ. These results indicate that nucleic acids and protein synthesis are possible
      targets for lethal effects of PQ in the pulmonary cells, and that the specificity
      of PQ toxicity in pulmonary cell lines might be related to the ability of
      induction of SOD by PQ.

PMID- 2422788
TI  - Modifications in rat hepatobiliary function following treatment with acetone, 2
      butanone, 2-hexanone, mirex, or chlordecone and subsequently exposed to
      chloroform.
AB  - Potentiation of haloalkane hepatonecrosis by various ketones is a well-documented
      observation. The present study investigates the hepatobiliary effects of such
      treatments. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with acetone (A), 2-butanone
      (MEK), 2-hexanone (MBK), 15 mmol/kg (po), or chlordecone (CD) and its nonketonic
      analog, mirex (M), 50 mg/kg (po). Following the pretreatment at various time
      intervals ranging from 10 to 96 hr, groups of animals received a challenging
      dosage of CHCl3 (0.5 ml/kg, po). In a collateral experiment, groups of animals
      were pretreated with vehicle and 18 hr later received either 0.50, 0.75, or 1.00
      ml/kg CHCl3 (po). In each case hepatobiliary function was evaluated 24 hr later
      using bile flow rate and plasma bilirubin concentration. The results showed (1)
      that the ketones alone had no effect; mirex alone increased bile flow; (2) CHCl3
      alone had no effect on bile flow but slightly increased plasma bilirubin; (3) all
      pretreatments potentiated the effect of CHCl3 on plasma bilirubin; (4)
      combinations of A, MBK, or CD plus CHCl3 were cholestatic within a restricted
      time frame. A study of biliary tree permeability by the segmented retrograde
      intrabiliary injection technique, using mannitol and inulin as marker compounds,
      suggested that cholestasis may result from potentiation of CHCl3-induced
      alterations in canalicular membrane permeability.

PMID- 2422789
TI  - Effects of chitin synthesis inhibitors on incorporation of nucleosides into DNA
      and RNA in a cell line from Manduca sexta (L).
AB  - Five putative chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI) were tested to determine if they
      inhibited nucleoside incorporation into acid precipitable material in a cell line
      from Manduca sexta (L.). The results varied. Diflubenzuron (DFB) (100 micron)
      inhibited cytidine incorporation by 38%; EL-494 (100 micron) inhibited adenosine
      incorporation by 43%; Bay Sir 8514 (100 micron) inhibited uridine incorporation
      by 24%. Superdiflubenzuron (100 micron) was the worst inhibitor overall (18-22%)
      for the benzoylphenyl urea CSI. The triazine CSI, CGA 19255, was the best
      inhibitor tested with 60% inhibition for cytidine and 49% for adenosine
      incorporation into DNA and RNA. Examination of cells incubated with diflubenzuron
      by scanning electron microscopy revealed distinct external morphological changes.
      Transmission electron microscopy showed that crystalline structures accumulated
      in the cytoplasm of cells treated with DFB. The crystalline structures were
      assumed to be diflubenzuron and they persisted even after diflubenzuron was
      removed from the medium.

PMID- 2422790
TI  - Effect of ethanol on the in vivo covalent binding and in vitro metabolism of
      aflatoxin B1 in rats.
AB  - The binding of [3H]aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to the DNA, RNA and protein of liver after
      i.p. administration to rats with and without ethanol pretreatment was studied.
      The quantities of AFB1 binding to DNA and RNA were significantly increased by
      ethanol pretreatment but the formation of protein adducts was not affected. AFB1
      metabolism by hepatic microsomes from ethanol-treated rats to aflatoxins M1
      (AFM1) and Q1 (AFQ1) was increased when compared to those of control microsomes.
      These results suggest that an increase in AFB1 binding to liver nucleic acids and
      AFB1 metabolism after pretreatment of ethanol resulted from an increase in
      hepatic mixed-function oxidases and a possible decrease in hepatic glutathione
      (GSH) content which subsequently lead to an increase in hepatotoxicity of AFB1.

PMID- 2422791
TI  - Dominant lethal assay of chlordecone and its distribution in the male
      reproductive tissues of the rat.
AB  - Male rats received 3.6 or 11.4 mg/kg/day of chlordecone orally for 5 days. Some
      statistically significant events were seen in the reproductive data of females
      mated to males receiving chlordecone. However, these events did not follow a
      consistent pattern and do not suggest the conclusion that chlordecone causes
      dominant lethal effects. Male rats received a single oral dose (40 mg/kg) of
      chlordecone and were killed at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14 or 21 days. Chlordecone was
      distributed throughout the reproductive tract. The descending order of
      concentration was seminal vesicular fluid greater than prostate greater than vas
      deferens greater than seminal vesicle greater than unwashed sperm greater than
      washed sperm. It is concluded that chlordecone is well distributed throughout the
      reproductive tract of the male rat, appears in the ejaculate, and does not appear
      to produce dominant lethal effects.

PMID- 2422792
TI  - Interactions of chlordecone (kepone) and mirex with the nicotinic acetylcholine
      receptor--ion channel complex.
AB  - Interactions of chlordecone (kepone) and mirex with nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh)
      receptor complexes from Torpedo californica electric organs were studied using
      biochemical probes for ACh and ion-channel binding sites. Neither compound
      inhibited the binding of [125I] alpha-bungarotoxin (BGT) to the receptor;
      chlordecone, however, enhanced carbamylcholine affinity for the receptor 5-fold.
      Chlordecone, but not mirex, also inhibited the binding of
      [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin and [3H]phencyclidine to sites associated with the
      receptor-gated ion channel. Ion-channel inhibition by chlordecone was enhanced in
      the presence of carbamylcholine. These results indicate that chlordecone, but not
      mirex, interacts with the ion-translocation mechanism associated with nicotinic
      ACh receptors, where it may sterically block ion flux as well as stabilize a
      desensitized conformation of the receptor complex.

PMID- 2422793
TI  - Some influences of bacteria on immune cells.

PMID- 2422794
TI  - A potent cold autoagglutinin that recognizes type 2H determinant on red cells.
AB  - An example of an IgM (lambda) cold autoagglutinin against a Type 2H determinant
      of the ABO blood group system is described. The direct antiglobulin test was
      positive due to C3d on the patient's red cells. The antibody in the patient's
      serum was active at 37 degrees C, and the degree of agglutination was almost the
      same at 37 and 4 degrees C. It agglutinated group O red cells preferentially, but
      not Bombay (Oh) red cells. The specificity was determined by adsorption with
      synthetic oligosaccharide immunoadsorbent.

PMID- 2422795
TI  - A multicenter trial to document the efficacy and safety of a rapidly excreted
      analog of hydroxyethyl starch for leukapheresis with a note on steroid
      stimulation of granulocyte donors.
AB  - Currently, the frequency of granulocyte donation is limited by the prolonged
      circulation of hydroxyethyl starch (HES). We conducted a Phase I, uncontrolled,
      multicenter trial to evaluate both the efficacy and safety of a rapidly excreted
      low-molecular-weight analog of HES (LMW-HES). Seventy-five donors underwent 179
      centrifugation leukapheresis procedures using LMW-HES as the red-cell-sedimenting
      agent. The efficacy of LMW-HES was established by harvesting adequate numbers of
      leukocytes. Most granulocyte concentrates contained at least 20 X 10(9)
      neutrophils when 8 l of blood was processed from donors optimally stimulated with
      steroids. The safety of LMW-HES was documented by the detection of almost no
      clinically significant adverse effects. In only 1.7 percent of procedures did
      donors require special attention, and only 1 of 179 procedures (0.6%) was
      permanently discontinued. Results of laboratory studies were usually normal or
      their values decreased transiently (approximately 15-25%) as a consequence of
      plasma volume expansion (dilution). Based on previous experience with HES, LMW
      HES and HES perform comparably during leukapheresis. When commercially available,
      use of this new, rapidly excreted analog should permit more frequent
      leukapheresis donation.

PMID- 2422796
TI  - Effects on immunity of multiple leukapheresis using a rapidly excreted analog of
      hydroxyethyl starch.
AB  - Immunologic studies were performed immediately before and after leukapheresis in
      five subjects undergoing four granulocyte donations (separated by 3- to 4-week
      intervals) using continuous-flow centrifugation leukapheresis with a rapidly
      excreted investigational analog of hydroxyethyl starch. Postleukapheresis donor
      blood lymphocyte counts and serum immunoglobulin levels decreased transiently,
      but significantly, during each procedure when compared with preleukapheresis
      values due simply to plasma volume expansion (acute effects of dilution).
      Possible long-term effects of repeated procedures were investigated by comparing
      preleukapheresis values before the first and fourth procedures. Total lymphocyte,
      total T-lymphocyte, and T4-lymphocyte counts, as well as serum immunoglobulin
      values and anti-A and B titers measured before the fourth procedure remained
      unchanged when compared with values obtained before beginning the series of
      procedures. In contrast, the B-lymphocyte count was decreased, the T8-lymphocyte
      count was increased, and the T4:T8 ratio was decreased due to the increase in the
      T8-lymphocyte count. Although statistically significant (p less than 0.05), all
      changes were slight, and clinically significant effects on donor humoral immunity
      could not be detected. The mechanisms involved, however, may be of biologic and
      therapeutic interest.

PMID- 2422797
TI  - Specificity and clinical significance of anti-Lex.

PMID- 2422798
TI  - Positive direct antiglobulin tests associated with intravenous gamma globulin use
      in bone marrow transplant recipients.

PMID- 2422799
TI  - [C-polymorphism of chromosomes 1, 9, 16 and Y in newborn infants of various
      gestational ages].
AB  - Comparative evaluation of absolute C-segment lengths of chromosomes 1, 9, 16 and
      Y in new-born children of different gestational age has revealed no significant
      differences in their value between individuals with unfinished intrauterine
      development and those born in time.

PMID- 2422800
TI  - [Results of the study of the activity of bone marrow nucleolar organizers in
      patients with multiple myeloma].
AB  - Data obtained from karyotyping and estimation of nucleolar organizer (NO)
      activity in bone marrow cells from 9 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and from
      8 donors are presented. Chromosomes of the 14th and 1st pairs in patients with MM
      are confirmed to be more frequently involved in rearrangements. It is proved that
      activity of NO in myeloma cells is rather high as compared to that of erythroid
      and granulocyte cells, that is associated with their participation in paraprotein
      synthesis.

PMID- 2422801
TI  - Thyroid function in gestational trophoblastic tumors.
AB  - Thyroid function was assessed in a total of 15 cases, 7 of whom had
      choriocarcinoma and 8 hydatidiform mole, by measuring free T3, free T4, thyroxin
      binding globulin (TBG), basal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and after the
      thyrotropin-releasing hormone test (delta TSH). Free T3, free T4 and TBG were
      investigated in the same number of healthy women within the first three months of
      pregnancy. Only 13.4% of the cases presented elevated levels of free T3 and T4
      and TBG; TSH and delta TSH were within normal limits. Both thyroid hormones and
      TBG returned to within normal limits when beta-human chorionic gonadotropin
      became undetectable. One patient was found to be hypothyroid. Comparison with the
      control group showed no significant differences except in TBG levels, which were
      higher in controls. A significant, direct correlation was found between levels of
      free T3 and T4 and TBG and the pattern of human chorionic gonadotropin.

PMID- 2422802
TI  - [Treatment of testicular hydrocele with fibrin adhesive].

PMID- 2422803
TI  - Detection of tumor angiogenesis factor in adenocarcinoma of kidney.
AB  - Implantation of human renal adenocarcinoma in the rabbit cornea has resulted in
      new vascular growth from the limbus toward the tumor implant. This suggests that
      renal adenocarcinoma elaborates tumor angiogenesis factor (TAF) which stimulates
      endothelial cell growth. Such a substance could conceivably be responsible for
      the luxuriant vascularity of most renal adenocarcinomas. Conversely, absence or
      diminished secretion of TAF may be responsible for the hypovascular papillary
      renal adenocarcinomas and their recognized relatively benign clinical behavior.

PMID- 2422804
TI  - [Experience with the palliative surgical treatment of Dupytren's contracture].
AB  - The article describes indications, preparing and operative technique of partial
      aponeuroectomy with dissection of the zone of higher afferent innervation of
      palmar aponeurosis and postoperative treatment of the patients. Two hundred
      operations were performed under conditions of the out-patient clinic. The I and
      II degree contractures were successfully treated in 96.7% of the cases.
      Satisfactory results were obtained in patients with the IIId degree of the
      disease.

PMID- 2422805
TI  - Ixodid-host immune interaction. Identification and characterization of relevant
      antigens and tick-induced host immunosuppression.
AB  - Ixodid ticks are the most important vectors of pathogens to domestic and wild
      animals. It is established that cattle and laboratory animal species acquire
      resistance to tick infestation; acquired resistance has an immunological basis
      consisting of cell-mediated, antibody-mediated and complement-dependent effector
      mechanisms. Even though acquired resistance to tick feeding is expressed, host
      immune competence is possibly impaired during the course of tick feeding. Ixodid
      induced transient immunosuppression could possibly facilitate the transmission of
      vector-borne pathogens and/or enhance tick feeding capabilities in the presence
      of a host immune response to the hematophagous arthropod. Tick tissue extracts
      have been used to artificially induce resistance to ixodid feeding, and this has
      become an area of increasing interest as a possible strategy for tick control. It
      is essential to have defined antigenic molecules for analysis of host responses
      to infestation, characterization of immunopathologic processes and for vaccine
      development. This report focuses on attempts to identify, characterize and
      isolate tick immunogens. Protein immunoblotting, utilizing sera from animals of
      different genetic composition and infestation patterns, was used to detect a
      number of tick polypeptides which are reactive with sera of infested hosts. It is
      clear that infestation with one ixodid species stimulates antibodies reactive
      with molecules derived from the sensitizing species and/or tick species in the
      same genus or different genera. This approach is used to identify molecules that
      are good candidates for use in immunization studies and for analysis of
      mechanisms involved in acquisition and expression of resistance to tick feeding.

PMID- 2422806
TI  - Biotechnology in the development of vaccines for animal parasites.
AB  - Attempts to develop vaccines for protozoan and helminth parasites of livestock
      have been generally unproductive. Difficulties have been encountered in
      identifying antigens which induce protective immune responses and in obtaining
      sufficient quantities of antigens for vaccine trials. Use of monoclonal antibody
      and genetic engineering technologies provides the necessary tools to overcome
      these problems. Application of these technologies in animal parasitology should
      provide for significant breakthroughs in vaccine development.

PMID- 2422807
TI  - Cellular morphology of Clostridium spiroforme.
AB  - The helically-coiled bacterium, Clostridium spiroforme, has been shown to consist
      of an ordered aggregation of numerous individual semi-circular cells joined end
      to end.

PMID- 2422808
TI  - The role of interferon in spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity in pigs.
AB  - Specific release of 51Cr and the production of interferon (IFN) increased in
      parallel in a spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) assay in which
      uninfected PK-15 cells or PK-15 cells persistently infected with transmissible
      gastroenteritis virus (PK-15-TGE cells) were used as targets, and peripheral
      blood lymphocytes (PBL) from a young adult pig were used as effector cells.
      Higher levels of both specific 51Cr release and IFN were obtained in the assays
      containing PK-15-TGE cells. Co-cultivation of PBL from newborn piglets with PK-15
      TGE cells yielded similar levels of IFN to those produced by co-cultivation of
      adult PBL and PK-15-TGE cells, but lower levels of IFN were produced by co
      cultivation with uninfected PK-15 cells. Pretreatment of adult PBL with IFN
      augmented their SCMC effector activity for both PK-15 and PK-15-TGE cells in the
      51Cr release assay. Pretreatment of the PK-15-TGE target cells with IFN did not
      affect their release of 51Cr in the SCMC reaction, while IFN pretreatment of PK
      15 targets protected them against SCMC. In a single cell cytotoxicity assay the
      effects of IFN pretreatment on the effector adult PBL and on the PK-15 and PK-15
      TGE target cells were confirmed, and SCMC incompetent PBL from neonatal piglets
      were rendered cytotoxic by pretreatment with IFN. PBL from newborn piglets bound
      to either target cell with the same frequency as PBL from SCMC competent adult
      pigs, and IFN pretreatment of either effector or target cells had no effect on
      target-binding frequency.

PMID- 2422809
TI  - Epimyoepithelial' islands in lymphoepithelial lesions. An immunocytochemical
      study.
AB  - A panel of antibodies has been used in an immunoenzyme study in an attempt to
      characterize the cell types found in the 'epimyoepithelial' islands of
      lymphoepithelial lesions. Myoepithelial cells, which can be specifically stained
      with an anti-smooth muscle antibody were not found. The majority of cells stained
      with anti-prekeratin, suggesting a duct cell differentiation. A subpopulation of
      duct cells stainable with a monoclonal antikeratin (16a), previously described as
      occupying a basal location in normal salivary gland ducts, was clearly
      demonstrated. It is suggested that these cells may be important in the epithelial
      proliferation in these islands. The hyaline material within and surrounding the
      epithelial islands was positive for type IV collagen and therefore consists of
      basement membrane material.

PMID- 2422810
TI  - Malignant mixed tumour. A salivary gland tumour showing both carcinomatous and
      sarcomatous features.
AB  - Two malignant mixed tumours, in which both carcinomatous and sarcomatous features
      were present, are described. They arose in the palate in patients who had
      undergone surgery and irradiation for a pleomorphic adenoma at the same site 30
      and 36 years previously. The histological differential diagnoses of recurrent
      benign pleomorphic adenoma, pleomorphic adenoma resembling mesenchymal tumour,
      and carcinoma in (ex) pleomorphic adenoma are discussed. On the basis of their
      positive reaction for keratin with specific monoclonal antibodies it is suggested
      that the myoepithelial cells are of epithelial origin. Immunohistochemical
      studies together with the histological appearance of the neoplasms indicate that
      the carcinomatous as well as the sarcomatous elements were derived from modified
      myoepithelial tumour cells. Irradiation may have been responsible for inducing a
      true malignant mixed tumour as distinct from the more common malignancy which may
      arise in pleomorphic adenoma, this being a simple carcinoma.

PMID- 2422811
TI  - Inhibition of 2',5'-oligo(A)-dependent endoribonuclease by 2',5'-oligo(A)
      degradation products.
AB  - Addition of extract of interferon (IFN)-treated HeLa cells to transcription
      reactions containing activated reovirion cores decreases the yield of viral mRNA
      (C. Baglioni, A. De Benedetti, and G. J. Williams, 1984, J. Virol. 52, 865-871).
      The 2'5'-oligo(A) (2-5A)-dependent endonuclease (RNase L) cleaves specifically
      viral mRNA, but little 5'-triphosphate 2-5A is recovered from these reactions by
      DEAE-cellulose chromatography. However, in the present study we detected microM
      concentrations of 2-5A derivatives by binding to RNase L. Similar results were
      obtained when the synthetic double-stranded RNA poly(I) X poly(C) was incubated
      with extract from IFN-treated cells: microM concentrations of 2-5A were detected
      by the binding assay, but little rRNA was degraded by RNase L. 2-5A derivatives
      which inhibited the activation of RNase L by authentic 2-5A were eluted from DEAE
      cellulose with 90 mM KCl. These inhibitors were also formed by incubating
      purified 2-5A with HeLa cell extract. These results indicated that 2-5A was
      synthesized in the incubations with reovirion cores or poly(I) X poly(C), but
      that it was in large part degraded to compounds inhibitory for RNase L. IFN
      treated HeLa cells were incubated with poly(I X C), but little rRNA degradation
      was detected in spite of the presence of high concentrations of 2-5A in these
      cells. Most of this 2-5A was eluted with 90 mM KCl from DEAE-cellulose and was
      inhibitory for RNase L. This indicated that 2-5A was degraded to inhibitory
      derivatives also in intact cells. The structure of the degradation products of 2
      5A has not been established, but they contain free terminal phosphate(s), since
      their binding to RNase L and the inhibition of this enzyme is abolished by
      digestion with phosphatase.

PMID- 2422812
TI  - Characterization of the monomeric and complex-associated forms of the gag-onc
      fusion proteins of three isolates of feline sarcoma virus: phosphorylation,
      kinase activity, acylation, and kinetics of complex formation.
AB  - The gag-onc fusion proteins of three isolates of feline sarcoma virus (ST-FeSV,
      GA-FeSV, TP1-FeSV) from a stable noncovalent complex with two cellular
      phosphoproteins, pp90 and pp50. These two phosphoproteins are the same
      phosphoproteins which have been shown to complex with the transforming proteins
      of Rous sarcoma virus, Fujinami sarcoma virus, Yamaguchi 73 virus (Lipsich et
      al., 1982), and PRCII avian sarcoma virus (Adkins et al., 1982). Both the
      monomeric and complex-associated gag-onc fusion proteins are phosphorylated on
      serine, threonine, and tyrosine; however, quantitative and/or qualitative
      differences in phosphorylation of the two species were apparent. Only the
      monomeric form of the gag-onc proteins was able to undergo tyrosine specific
      autophosphorylation in an in vitro kinase reaction. Both the monomeric and
      complex-associated forms of the proteins were acylated, the complex-associated
      molecules to a greater degree. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that newly
      synthesized gag-onc molecules become rapidly incorporated into the complex and
      that a significant amount of these molecules remained associated with the complex
      for more than 20 hr.

PMID- 2422813
TI  - Characterization of glycoproteins of viruses causing hemorrhagic fever with renal
      syndrome (HFRS) using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Viruses causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) encode two
      glycoproteins, G1 and G2. For determination of the biological functions of these
      glycoproteins, we isolated 15 hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies directed
      against the glycoproteins of the B-1 and Hantaan viruses (HV). From results of
      neutralizing and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests, and studies on the
      antigenic reactivities of the antibodies with other HV-related viruses by
      immunofluorescence, we classified these hybridoma clones into two groups
      producing antibodies to the G1 proteins of the B-1 virus, six groups producing
      antibodies to G2 proteins of the B-1 virus, and four groups producing antibodies
      to the G2 protein of HV. Of the antibodies to G2 produced by 12 clones, groups A
      and B had high HI activity with HV-related virus cross-reactivity and moderate
      neutralizing activity, group C had moderate HI activity with virus specificity
      but low neutralizing activity, group G had high neutralizing activity and low HI
      activity, and five other groups had little or no HI or neutralizing activity.
      Group A reacting with G1 protein had low level of both neutralizing and HI
      activity, while group B had no HI activity. One clone of monoclonal antibody had
      high neutralizing activity and no HI activity, but it did not react with either
      polypeptide by immunoprecipitation followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or by the immunoblotting method. These data
      suggest that both glycoproteins are the targets of neutralizing antibodies.
      Furthermore, the results indicate that the antigenic determinants with
      hemagglutination activity are mainly on the G2 protein, and that the domains
      related to neutralizing activity and to HI activity are separate.

PMID- 2422814
TI  - [Respiratory syncytial virus infection, with special reference to recent
      findings].

PMID- 2422815
TI  - [Approaches to the control of lymphogenic metastatic spread of tumors].
AB  - Lymphopoiesis stimulating drugs were injected into the blood of rabbits bearing
      Brown-Pearce transplantable tumor. It was found that treatment with mannitol
      targeted on osmoregulation mechanisms and terrilytin--on blood and lymph
      coagulation intensified the lymphogenic migration of tumor cells. When used in an
      experimental series involving endolymphic transplantation of tumor cells, the
      said drugs promoted tumor cell passage from lymph to blood, which resulted in an
      increased number of metastasis-bearing animals. It was also found that the
      promoting effect may be counteracted by preliminary endolymphic injection of a
      fat-soluble antitumor preparation. Lymphopoiesis and lymph flow stimulation in
      conjunction with thoracic duct draining may be used for removal of tumor cells
      from the lymphatics.

PMID- 2422816
TI  - [Effect of the intake of food and of biologically active substances on the
      capacity of the blood serum to inhibit proteolytic activity].
AB  - In experiments on rats it has been shown that the blood serum inhibiting capacity
      alters under the effect of biologically active substances and during digestion.
      Taking food, pancreozymin, serotonin and pilocarpine reduce, while vitamins
      (riboflavin, tocopherol and vitamin B1) elevate the level of proteolytic enzyme
      inhibitors in the blood serum. The capacity of vitamins to raise the blood
      inhibiting activity can be used in the pancreatitis management.

PMID- 2422817
TI  - [Hygienic characteristics of exposure of the body to magnesium and aluminum
      magnide dust and to the aerosol formed during the welding of an aluminum
      magnesium alloy].

PMID- 2422818
TI  - [Geometry of the "true self" (Winnicott). On a psychoanalytic Leibniz study by F.
      Eckstein in 1931].
AB  - A psychoanalytical study of Leibniz by F. Eckstein from the year 1931 serves as
      starting point to confront the theory of monad with the concept of self of
      Winnicott. The theory of monad has given a new structure to the concepts of unity
      and multiplicity in the history of European philosophy. Freud's "third step in
      the theory of instincts" may be understood as a variation of the philosophy unity
      and multiplicity and may be newly interpreted in context with the philosophy of
      Leibniz.

PMID- 2422819
TI  - [New statistical criteria for validation of the antiarrhythmic effects by acute
      oral testing].
AB  - There are no reliable criteria for the evaluation of acute effects after oral
      application of a high single dose of an antiarrhythmic agent from the analysis of
      data of 46 patients with frequent complex VPBs suffering from severe organic
      heart disease (19 CHD, 27 COCM), we developed a new statistical model. Our
      calculations were based on nine 10 h Holter ECGs (2 controls, 1 placebo test, 6
      class 1 antiarrhythmic agent tests) and two 24 h Holter ECGs (1 control, 1 while
      on chronic treatment) recorded in each patient. Usually reductions in VPB
      frequency caused by the medication occurred within 1 hour after application and
      lasted greater than or equal to 4 hours. The VPB reduction in the course of time
      was assessed by the parameters r and R (r = VPB reduction of the 4 h interval in
      comparison to the last hour before application, R = VPB reduction of the 4 h
      interval in comparison with an analogous interval of a control day). Values of r
      and R greater than or equal to -50% were never observed simultaneously. In
      contrast, the majority of all patients developed r and R values greater than or
      equal to -50% after application of an antiarrhythmic agent, and were classified
      as responders. As shown at a Holter control after 1 week of chronic treatment,
      the predictive value of a positive test result was good.

PMID- 2422820
TI  - Studies on the sequence of variable antigen types in ponies infected with a clone
      of Trypanosoma evansi.
AB  - The sequential appearance of variable antigen types (VATs) of a clone of
      Trypanosoma evansi was studied in four ponies. Using luminol-dependent
      chemiluminescence, VAT populations which had been isolated from parasitemic peaks
      of single ponies, were tested for specificity with serum samples collected from
      other ponies. When antibody activity was demonstrated in a combination of
      trypanosomes and serum, it was concluded that a major VAT appeared in common. In
      the serum of all animals antibody activity was demonstrated to all VAT
      populations isolated from the other ponies during the first 4 weeks of infection,
      indicating that up to this moment in all four animals the same major VATs
      developed. The sequence of major VATs was very similar in all ponies. Several
      parasitemic waves consisted of more than one major VAT, and in another pony a
      certain major VAT developed either in the same or in a neighbouring wave of the
      parasitemia.

PMID- 2422822
TI  - [Progress in gastroenterology 1985].

PMID- 2422821
TI  - Microscopic and flow cytophotometric analysis of parasitemia in cultures of
      Plasmodium falciparum vitally stained with Hoechst 33342--application to studies
      of antimalarial agents.
AB  - Conditions for rapid vital staining of Plasmodium falciparum infected human
      erythrocytes were 1 microgram/ml of the dye Hoechst 33342 for 15 min in the
      standard culture medium at 37 degrees C. Fixed and stained cultures were analyzed
      by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytophotometry. The usefulness of this type
      of analysis for in vitro studies of antimalarial agents was demonstrated using
      three such agents--cyclosporin A, chloroquine, and pyrimethamine.

PMID- 2422823
TI  - [Opening speech at the 40th annual meeting of the German Society for Digestive
      and Metabolic Diseases, Freiburg, 19-21 September 1985].

PMID- 2422824
TI  - [Imaging procedures in acute pancreatitis. Initial results of a prospective
      study].

PMID- 2422825
TI  - [Acute pancreatitis--surgical therapy].

PMID- 2422826
TI  - [Trends in gastroenterologic intensive care medicine: suppurative cholangitis-
      surgery].

PMID- 2422827
TI  - [Nutritional therapy in gastroenterologic intensive care medicine].

PMID- 2422828
TI  - [Transport processes in the gastric mucosa and their pharmacologic modification].

PMID- 2422829
TI  - [Transport processes in the small intestine and their pharmacologic
      modification].

PMID- 2422830
TI  - [Substance transport in the colon and its pharmacologic modification].

PMID- 2422831
TI  - [The hepatorenal syndrome].

PMID- 2422832
TI  - [Absorptive processes of the liver].

PMID- 2422833
TI  - [Transport processes of bile secretion and its pharmacologic modification].

PMID- 2422834
TI  - [Control of pancreatic function].

PMID- 2422835
TI  - [Liver transplantation: current status and perspectives].

PMID- 2422836
TI  - [Systemic manifestations of liver cirrhosis. Heart, circulation, lung].

PMID- 2422837
TI  - [Systemic diseases affecting the skeletal system].

PMID- 2422838
TI  - [Extrahepatic complications in chronic liver diseases: endocrine system].

PMID- 2422839
TI  - [Hepatic encephalopathy].

PMID- 2422840
TI  - [Molecular biology of the hepatitis B virus: what is important for clinical
      medicine?].

PMID- 2422841
TI  - [Trends in gastroenterologic intensive care medicine (internal medicine,
      radiologic, surgical aspects)].

PMID- 2422842
TI  - [Roentgen diagnosis in acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage].

PMID- 2422843
TI  - [Surgery of intestinal hemorrhage].

PMID- 2422844
TI  - [Occlusive and nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia. Anamnestic and clinical
      findings].

PMID- 2422845
TI  - [Complications in chronic liver diseases of the gastrointestinal tract].

PMID- 2422846
TI  - [Occlusive and nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia: radiologic aspects].

PMID- 2422848
TI  - [Acute pancreatitis--viewpoint of the internist].

PMID- 2422847
TI  - [Occlusive and nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia].

PMID- 2422849
TI  - [Pancreatopathy in diabetes mellitus].
AB  - In a comparative histopathologic autopsy study, 100 patients with diabetes
      mellitus were compared to 100 without this condition with respect to the presence
      of chronic pancreatopathy. No qualitative differences in specific alterations
      could be identified. In diabetic patients, however, intralobular and interacinar
      fibrosis, lipomatosis and atrophy of the parenchyma occurred more frequently and
      tended to be more severe. These alterations were also associated with the
      duration and severity of the diabetic condition and with the age of the patient
      and the degree of arteriosclerosis. On the other hand alterations of the ductal
      system and the presence of periductal fibrosis appeared to be less frequent in
      the diabetic group. The more marked pancreatopathic changes which were observed
      in the diabetics may be interpreted as resulting from a decreased regenerative
      ability of the parenchyma in higher age especially in the face of
      arteriosclerotic circulatory deficits in diabetes. Hormonal-metabolic regulatory
      disturbances in the function of the acinar pancreatic parenchyma due to the
      insulin deficit in the capillary net may also play a role.

PMID- 2422850
TI  - [Importance of immunohistochemistry for neuro-oncology. II. Localization of
      factor VIII-associated proteins and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in
      angiomatous and sarcomatous tumors].
AB  - Immunhistochemical methods utilizing specific antibodies against Factor VIII
      related antigen and glial fibrillary acidic protein were employed in studies of
      48 intracranial and intraspinal tumors. Factor VIII-related antigen occurred only
      in endothelial cells of the vascular wall and is therefore not of importance for
      the differential diagnosis of CNS tumors. Isolated Factor VIII positive cells in
      the stroma of hemangioblastomas turned out to be mast cells which may also
      normally contain this substance. The GFAP positive cells in hemangioblastomas are
      believed to all be of astrocytic lineage. Many of the multinuclear giant cells
      present in monstrocellular sarcomas contained GFAP but were Factor VIII negative.
      Genuine fibroxanthoma of the meninges can apparently exist next to pleomorphic
      xanthoastrocytomas. As demonstrated by one of our cases, the demonstration of
      GFAP alone can successfully distinguish between them.

PMID- 2422851
TI  - Generation of monoclonal antibodies to characterize antigens of the nematode
      Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.
AB  - Hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
      antigens were generated by fusion of NSI mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells
      from Balb/c mice which had been immunized either with killed third stage larvae
      or killed adult worms of N. brasiliensis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with
      worm or larvae fragments as antigens revealed that thirteen hybrids produced
      parasite-specific antibodies. The antibodies reacted with either both worms and
      larvae or exclusively recognized worm antigens. No antibody was found which
      solely reacted with larval antigens. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that
      most antibodies homogeneously stained the cuticle of 80-90% of the adult worms
      and 10-20% of the third stage larvae. The antibodies were further characterized
      by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays specific for worm or larvae homogenates and
      secretions or for acetylcholinesterase from electric eel and bovine erythrocytes.
      Investigations of the epitope specificity by the inhibition of binding to worm
      fragments in the presence of various glycosides, N-acetylneuraminic acid and
      phosphorylcholine revealed that six antibodies reacted with N-acetylneuraminic
      acid. All antibodies displayed a low affinity to phosphorylcholine.

PMID- 2422852
TI  - [Antigenic and pathogenic properties of 3 isolates of infectious bronchitis virus
      recovered from inoculated birds].

PMID- 2422853
TI  - [Comparison of the diagnostic value of methods for determining antibodies against
      the Salmonella group-B O-antigen].
AB  - The analysis of serum samples from 124 patients with the bacteriologically
      confirmed diagnosis of group B salmonellosis has revealed that the specific
      neutralization variant of the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) makes it possible to
      detect IgA, IgG and IgM more effectively than the indirect EIA variant and the
      passive hemagglutination test.

PMID- 2422854
TI  - [Escherichia coli neuraminidase].
AB  - The intracellular form of neuraminidase has been detected in E. coli and Proteus
      vulgaris. Neuraminidase has been isolated from E. coli HB 101 cells and purified
      118-fold. Some physico-chemical properties of this enzyme have been studied.

PMID- 2422855
TI  - [Effect of levamisole immunocorrective therapy on the dynamics of infectious O
      antigenemia and the clinical manifestations in dysentery patients].
AB  - The immunocorrecting agent levamisole decreases the duration of infectious O
      antigenemia, determined in the O-aggregate hemagglutination test and in the
      enzyme immunoassay, essentially accelerates the progress of convalescence and
      considerably decreases the possibility of the prolonged relapsing course of the
      disease in comparison with common methods of treatment.

PMID- 2422856
TI  - [Features of the relation between preclinical dysontogeny, the Kanner syndrome of
      early infantile autism and early childhood schizophrenia (according to the
      results of catamnestic examinations)].
AB  - The article is devoted to the correlation between manifestations of congenital
      dysontogenesis, the syndrome of Kanner's early infantile autism and early
      infantile schizophrenia. The article is largely based on the materials of a
      follow-up study of a cohort of schizophrenics (n = 268) and patients with
      Kanner's early infantile autism (n = 32). The authors established developmental
      deviations in the form of a stigmatized, distorted, retarded type in the
      premanifest premorbid period in patients with early infantile schizophrenia (in
      78% of cases). It has been shown that Kanner's early infantile autism is
      characterized by disorders in the hierarchy of the development of functional
      systems and their underdevelopment, which allows some authors to refer it to
      unprogressive dysontogenesis, while others may refer it to congenital apsychotic
      schizophrenia.

PMID- 2422857
TI  - [Various psychological problems of cancer of the breast (a review)].

PMID- 2422858
TI  - [Effect of sodium butyrate on cell proliferation and alphafetoprotein synthesis
      of rat hepatoma cells (CBRH-7919) in vitro].

PMID- 2422859
TI  - Calcium efflux changes in neutrophils from patients with severe atopic
      dermatitis.
AB  - In seven patients with severe atopic dermatitis (AD) we investigated the 45Ca
      efflux responses from prelabelled neutrophils stimulated with the chemotactic
      peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (F-Met-Leu-Phe) and catecholamines.
      We found no difference between the burst in 45Ca-efflux induced by F-Met-leu-Phe
      in AD patients when comparing with controls. Alpha 1-receptor responses are
      believed to be mediated by a calcium mechanism and like normal cells the 45Ca
      efflux rate in AD neutrophils was unchanged both after stimulation with alpha-
      and beta-receptor agonists. Whereas the cAMP-hyporesponsiveness of beta
      adrenergic receptors is known in atopic disease our present study might indicate
      a normal alpha-adrenergic response in AD neutrophils.

PMID- 2422860
TI  - Paired determination of thyroid-stimulating and TSH-binding inhibitory activities
      in patients with Graves' disease during antithyroid drug treatment.
AB  - Sequential changes in thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb) and TSH-binding
      inhibitor immunoglobulins (TBII) during antithyroid drug treatment were studied
      in 17 patients with Graves' disease. Before treatment, TSAb and TBII were
      detected in 17 (100%) and 13 (76.5%) patients, respectively, with a significant
      correlation between the two activities (r = 0.600, n = 17, P less than 0.02). In
      9 patients who became euthyroid as early as after 1-4 months of treatment, the
      TSAb and TBII activities both gradually decreased, and there was a good
      correlation between the changes of these activities during treatment. Among the 7
      patients in whom small changes in TSAb and TBII activities were observed, 4
      showed poor control of the thyrotoxicosis during the whole observation period (7
      months-2 years). One patient who showed a marked dissociation between the changes
      in TSAb and TBII activities developed hypothyroidism, when his TBII became
      remarkably high. These potent TBII inhibited cAMP production induced by bTSH.
      These findings indicate that 1) changes in TSAb and TBII activities reflect the
      clinical course of hyperthyroidism in most patients with Graves' disease, and 2)
      development of a blocking-type of TBII may induce hypothyroidism in some patients
      after the treatment.

PMID- 2422861
TI  - Antigenic determinants on thyroglobulin recognized by T cells in patients with
      chronic thyroiditis.
AB  - It was found that the proliferating cells to thyroglobulin (Tg) in patients with
      chronic thyroiditis are confined to a T cell subpopulation. Then, we attempted to
      characterize the antigenic determinants of Tg recognized by T cells from patients
      with chronic thyroiditis by Tg-induced DNA-synthetic response. T cells from
      patients could respond to Tgs from whales, pigs and chickens as well as to human
      Tg. These findings indicated that epitopes on Tg recognized by T cells were
      shared by Tgs from various species. In addition, the T cells from different
      individuals varied in specificity.

PMID- 2422862
TI  - Cytochemical investigation of skin window response in patients with chronic
      neutropenia.

PMID- 2422863
TI  - Immunohistochemical study on the presence of immunoglobulins in globule
      leucocytes in the tracheal epithelium of rats.
AB  - In the present study, the presence of immunoglobulins was immunohistochemically
      investigated in globule leucocytes in the tracheal respiratory epithelium of
      conventional rats, athymic nude rats and a germ-free rat. It was not possible to
      demonstrate any immunoglobulins in tracheal globule leucocytes. This and other
      dissimilarities with intestinal globule leucocytes are briefly discussed. On the
      other hand, peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining revealed the presence of surface
      immunoglobulins on the membrane of subepithelial mast cells. The previously
      postulated mast cell origin of the tracheal globule leucocytes is doubted, and
      the possibility that globule leucocytes should belong to the group of natural
      killer cells is discussed.

PMID- 2422864
TI  - Morphology and histochemistry of the ferret prostate.
AB  - The gross anatomy, histology and histochemistry of the ferret prostate is
      described. The structure and course of the prostatic urethra and the ductus
      deferentes are also described. The prostate is the only accessory reproductive
      gland present in the ferret. The prostate consists of tubuloalveolar glands
      surrounded by fibromuscular connective tissue. Histochemical studies showed that
      the glandular parenchyma contained large amounts of sialidase-labile sialomucin
      as well as acid phosphatase and small quantities of alkaline phosphatase and
      proteins. The findings in this study are discussed in relation to similar studies
      in other animals and man.

PMID- 2422865
TI  - Encephalitogenic peptide and platelet aggregation in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Platelet aggregation (PA) stimulated by encephalitogenic peptide (EP) and PA
      induced by ADP were measured in 83 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 70
      control subjects with other neurological diseases (OND). EP-stimulated PA was
      significantly increased in MS patients as compared with the controls. There was
      no significant difference in ADP-induced PA between patients with MS and OND. The
      results are discussed in terms of EP-stimulated platelets playing a role in the
      pathogenesis of MS by affecting the venular permeability of the brain.

PMID- 2422866
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid levels of myelin basic protein and creatin kinase BB as index
      of active demyelination.
AB  - Radioimmunoassay-determined myelin basic protein (MBP) shed to CSF during active
      demyelination, has been found to be a useful but non-specific test for MS. CSF
      creatin kinase BB (CK-BB), as measured by radioimmunoassay, is increased in a
      variety of neurological diseases, and has been considered a useful indication of
      brain damage but not of demyelinating diseases. Taking into account that the mean
      concentration of CSF CK-BB should not be increased in patients during the acute
      phase of MS, we suggest that the CSF MBP/CK-BB ratio could be a more specific
      index to demyelination than CSF-MBP alone. We also defined a laboratory
      demyelination pattern (CSF MBP greater than mean control MBP + 2 S.D. and CK-BB
      less than MBP). CSF levels of MBP and CSF levels of CK-BB were determined by
      radioimmunoassay in 232 patients with several neurological disorders and 33
      control subjects. Patients diagnosed as having MS with clinical exacerbation had
      significantly higher values of CSF-MBP/CSF-BB ratio than control subjects. Our
      study showed a significant presence of demyelination pattern in CSF of patients
      with MS. We conclude that the CSF MBP/CK-BB ratio and the CSF demyelination
      pattern may be new and reliable tests for the diagnosis of MS.

PMID- 2422867
TI  - Agarose isoelectric focusing, antiserum immunofixation and silver staining for
      detection of oligoclonal bands in unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - Unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and corresponding serum from 30 patients
      with multiple sclerosis (MS), 30 with other neurological disease and 30 controls
      suffering from tension headache or psychoneurosis, were examined for oligoclonal
      IgG bands by initial separation employing agarose isoelectric focusing (AIF)
      followed by a modified procedure of immunofixation with monospecific antiserum
      and silver staining. This method is specific for demonstration of IgG and has a
      limit for detection of 0.4 microgram of IgG. Comparing the results with those
      obtained by AIF followed by capillary blotting to nitrocellulose membrane, double
      antibody peroxidase labeling and avidin-biotin amplification, both methods
      revealed similar frequencies of positive findings for oligoclonal IgG bands in
      the three patient groups. AIF followed by antiserum immunofixation and silver
      staining is a simple, sensitive and specific method for detection of oligoclonal
      IgG in unconcentrated CSF.

PMID- 2422868
TI  - Influence of trypsin on the regeneration of hyaline articular cartilage.
AB  - A purely chondral lesion was inflicted at the medial or lateral femoral condyle
      of the knee joints of 54 adult male rabbits in order to study hyaline cartilage
      regeneration. The experimental group was given a sequential intraarticular
      instillation of trypsin and autologous blood, the control groups were given
      trypsin or blood or nothing. Only the experimental group (trypsin and autologous
      blood) showed hyaline cartilage regeneration in 2/3 of the cases examined.
      Apparently neither the healthy cartilage nor the synovial membrane suffered
      damage from the trypsin injection. A possible mechanism of cartilage regrowth may
      be the inhibition of chalones by the fermentative effect of trypsin, which
      stimulates the aggregation of thrombocytes and fibrin from the injected blood on
      the chondral lesion, thus initiating the regeneration of hyaline cartilage.

PMID- 2422869
TI  - Pedicled scapular apophysis transplantation. Growing grafts studied in dogs.
AB  - Twenty-eight immature dogs, divided into three groups, have been studied to
      determine the possibilities of pedicled epiphyseal transplantation from a rarely
      used donor site area, the scapula. One group of 8 immature dogs were studied
      anatomically using India ink and Batson's compound injection methods. We
      identified the vascular pattern of the diaphyseal portion of the graft,
      consisting of the lateral crest or border of the scapula. In two groups of 10
      immature dogs, this area was used as a pedicled island graft to rebuild the
      semiresected or totally resected proximal humerus. There were marked differences
      between these two groups on the basis of morphologic, histologic, histochemical
      and electron microscopic aspects of the samples. Preservation of normal growth
      appeared to be directly related to the compressive forces applied to the graft.
      Preservation of the cartilage was also related to the biomechanical situation;
      fibrocartilage and signs of arthrosis were noted 1 year after the operation in
      several animals whose humeri had been fully subjected to normal stresses. Both
      the diaphyseal and epiphyseal areas had increased one- to fivefold in volume, but
      longitudinal growth was markedly deficient.

PMID- 2422870
TI  - Whole-body autoradiography of [3H]dihydrostreptomycin in guinea pigs and rats:
      the labelling of the inner ear in relation to other tissues.
AB  - [3H]Dihydrostreptomycin was given intramuscularly to young pigmented guinea pigs
      and rats. Whole-body autoradiography, combined with densitometric measurement of
      the blackening of the autoradiograms, and liquid scintillation counting were used
      to determine the levels of radioactivity in the inner ear in relation to blood
      and other tissues. It was found that there was an accumulation of radioactivity
      in the perilymph of both the cochlear and vestibular parts of the labyrinth. The
      labelling of the endolymph was weak. The levels of radioactivity in the
      membranous linings of the labyrinth including the areas covered with the
      neuroepithelial structures, were about the same as in the perilymph. The general
      distribution pictures were characterized by a localization of radioactivity in
      extracellular tissues, such as cartilages and connective tissues and by strong
      labelling of the kidney cortex. The preferential uptake in the perilymph
      indicates a route by which the inner ear hair cells can be exposed to high levels
      of aminoglycoside antibiotics.

PMID- 2422871
TI  - Lysosomal thiol proteases (cathepsin B-like proteases) in serous middle ear
      effusions from adult patients.
AB  - Hydrolytic activity of cathepsins B, H and trypsin-like proteases was measured in
      38 serous middle ear effusion (MEE) samples. The concentrations of (alpha 1-AT)
      and alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-M) were also quantitated. The mean value of
      cathepsin B activity was 25.0 +/- 20.7 RFU and that of cathepsin H was 14.3 +/-
      3.0--both significantly higher than those in plasma (1.8 +/- 0.4 RFU, 1.2 +/- 0.3
      RFU, p less than 0.005). Very low trypsin-like protease activity could be
      observed. The mean concentrations of alpha 1-AT and alpha 2-M were 368 +/- 94.8
      mg/dl and 57.5 +/- 57.3 mg/dl. The bulk of alpha 1-AT in MEEs was occupied by
      free alpha 1-AT, which can saturate exogenous trypsin. Due to the very low molar
      concentration of alpha 2-M in MEEs, thiol proteases (mainly cathepsin B) could be
      a possible major factor inflicting proteolytic injury on the middle ear mucosa
      and reflecting the severity of the inflammatory process.

PMID- 2422872
TI  - An ink impregnation study of the migratory skin in the external auditory canal of
      the guinea-pig.
AB  - If the tympanic membrane or attic skin is wounded with a fine needle dipped in
      ink, ink particles are introduced into the epidermis and underlying tissue. These
      particles are subsequently taken up by cells in the epidermis and dermis. In this
      experiment the distribution of ink within the skin of ear canal was studied in
      nineteen guinea-pigs, one to ten days after wounding. Examination of the intact
      canal reveals that ink becomes distributed along a precise line from the wound to
      the point of desquamation. On sectioned tissue, the ink in this line is found to
      be mainly intracellular, initially in the epidermis, and subsequently in the
      upper dermis. When considered with other evidence, these results indicate that
      migration probably occurs in the deeper layers of the epidermis, and that it
      stops at the junction of the deep and superficial parts of the ear canal.

PMID- 2422873
TI  - In situ localization of F-actin in the normal and injured guinea-pig tympanic
      membrane.
AB  - Although cell migration is an important function of the epithelial cells of the
      tympanic membrane (TM), little is known about the distribution of the F-actin
      cytoskeleton, a contractile protein important in cell motility. The purpose of
      this experiment was to study the in situ localization of F-actin in the
      epithelial cells of the TM. F-actin, localized using Rhodamine-phalloidin, was
      present as a thin cortical band at the margin of both the mucosal cells on the
      inner side of the drum, and the suprabasal cells of the epidermis. The basal
      cells showed diffuse circumferential F-actin staining sometimes appearing as
      short microfilaments. Following a full thickness injury, changes in the
      distribution of F-actin could be observed with in situ localization. While the
      diffuse F-actin staining of the basal cells was reduced, both long F-actin
      microfilament bundles extending parallel to the long axis of the cell and focal
      aggregates of F-actin were prominent. The suprabasal cells became elongated, and
      while the F-actin remained localized to the cell margin, faint central F-actin
      microfilaments were observed. The staining of the mucosal cells remained
      unchanged. This study showed that the guinea pig TM is a useful model to study
      the distribution of epithelial F-actin in situ under normal and repair
      conditions, and that the basal cell layer may be important in regulating
      migration in the epidermis.

PMID- 2422874
TI  - The fate of homologous nasal septal cartilages in tympanoplasty.
AB  - We have used homologous nasal septal cartilage for tympanoplasty for the last 8
      years and obtained satisfactory results. In order to demonstrate the fate of
      homograft cartilage implanted into the middle ear, mucopolysaccharides have been
      studied by means of enzyme digestion. The matrix of normal septal cartilage was
      divided into three regions: 1) pericellular region; chondroitin sulfate B, 2)
      distal interstitial region; hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfates, 3)
      peripheral interstitial region; collagen. In preserved cartilage, chondroitin
      sulfate B was lacked out, but hyaluronic acid and collagen remained intact though
      the amount of mucopolysaccharides diminished slightly when compared with normal
      septal cartilage. Homograft cartilages evidenced depletion of
      mucopolysaccharides. Homograft cartilages should be used for the purposes
      mentioned, though not as material for columella, nor for reconstruction of large
      bone defect.

PMID- 2422875
TI  - The morphological basis for the effect of substance P on mucociliary activity in
      rabbit maxillary sinus.
AB  - The mucociliary (m.c.) activity in rabbit maxillary sinus is accelerated by the
      neuropeptide substance P (SP). The morphological basis for this mechanism was
      investigated by immunocytochemistry using monoclonal antibodies directed against
      SP. SP-like immunoreactivity was found in nerve fibres in the subepithelial layer
      of the sinus mucosa, in the maxillary nerve, and in nerve endings close to nerve
      cell bodies in the sphenopalatine ganglion. Thus, there is morphological evidence
      in the rabbit that SP plays a role in the regulation of m.c. activity. The
      results also support the view that the rabbit maxillary sinus is a suitable
      experimental model for studying SP effects in the airway mucosa.

PMID- 2422876
TI  - Behaviour of basement membrane antigens in gastric and colorectal cancer.
      Immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Eighty gastric and colorectal lesions including cases of dysplasia and carcinoma
      were studied by immunohistochemical techniques to investigate the behaviour of
      laminin, type IV collagen and fibronectin. Their distribution was examined on
      frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples. In the same lesions,
      interruption, fragmentation and absence of basement membrane (BM) antigen
      staining were observed. Carcinomas with well differentiated glandular structures
      were always surrounded by a well defined BM as in normal, non-pathological
      tissues. On the contrary, undifferentiated areas arranged in nests or sheets were
      usually negative for laminin and type IV collagen. Anomalous BM staining was
      strictly related to the degree of differentiation of tumor tissue, while no
      correlation existed between carcinoma staging and BM antigen presence, either in
      gastric or colorectal neoplasms. Immunostaining with antibody against type IV
      collagenase showed a massive positivity in the early gastric carcinomas examined,
      while in colorectal cancer only granulocytes showed it.

PMID- 2422877
TI  - A morphological study on the effects of collagen gel matrix on regeneration of
      severed rat sciatic nerve in silicone tubes.
AB  - The present study is a chronological morphological examination on the effects of
      collagen gel matrix on regeneration of severed sciatic nerves. The nerves (5 mm
      length) were resected, and both the distal and proximal stumps were inserted into
      a silicone tube with 5 mm gap in between. In the test side, the gap in the tube
      was then injected with liquid collagen which gels in the tissue when
      reconstructed with a certain buffer solution. The gap space in the tube of the
      control side was left empty. In a chronological examination of the tissue in the
      tube, considerably more rapid growth of sprouting axons toward the distal stump
      in the test side was revealed in comparison with the control side. The cells,
      including both fibroblasts and larger Schwann cells, were less in number. More
      orderly directions were observed in the collagen matrix than in the control tube.
      The result indicates that regeneration of the peripheral nerves in the silicone
      tube can be improved, by using appropriate exogenous fine materials, collagen
      matrix.

PMID- 2422878
TI  - Effects of vasopressin and prostaglandin synthesis inhibition on cyclic AMP
      accumulation in the dog renal inner medulla.
AB  - The interaction of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and endogenous prostaglandins on
      cAMP production was investigated in the dog. Cyclic AMP content of dog inner
      medullary tissue slices exposed to different concentrations of AVP in the
      presence and absence of various prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors was
      determined. If the slices were incubated in isotonic media with 95% O2 and 5% CO2
      gas phase, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis decreased cAMP accumulation. A
      significant correlation was found between the decrements in cAMP content and
      basal cAMP levels. AVP-induced increments in cAMP accumulation was, however,
      unaffected by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors. If incubation was performed in
      a hypertonic medium and at low O2 concentration, basal cAMP content was
      significantly reduced and it was not altered by inhibition of prostaglandin
      synthesis. The cAMP response to AVP was practically identical in the presence and
      absence of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors. In conscious dogs AVP and
      indomethacin in itself had no effect on urinary cAMP excretion, but there was a
      significant decrease if the two compounds were combined. These results fail to
      lend support the hypothesis that endogenous prostaglandins modulate AVP-induced
      cAMP accumulation in the inner medulla.

PMID- 2422879
TI  - Central and peripheral motor effects of morphine on the rat urinary bladder.
AB  - Intravesical pressure recordings were performed in anaesthetized rats, and the
      effect of morphine on urinary bladder function was studied. The action of
      morphine was registered as its influence on bladder hyperactivity induced by
      central catecholaminergic stimulation with 1-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)
      after peripheral decarboxylase inhibition, and as its action on the response to
      regional injection of receptor agonists (acetylcholine (ACh), substance P (SP))
      and peripheral motor nerve stimulation (PNS). The bladder response to L-DOPA was
      inhibited by intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v., fourth ventricle, 10 micrograms),
      as well as by systemically administered (1-5 mg kg-1 i.p.), morphine. Intravenous
      and i.c.v. naloxone antagonised the inhibitory actions of i.v. and i.c.v.
      morphine, respectively. Regional intra-arterial administration of morphine (0.01
      5 mg) induced a weak bladder contraction per se, with a subsequent slight
      depression of bladder reactivity to ACh, SP and PNS. It is suggested that the
      inhibitory effect of morphine on bladder motility in the rat, is mainly mediated
      by central opioid-receptors. The direct peripheral effects on the detrusor muscle
      are weak, with an initial contraction followed by slight depression of the
      reactivity.

PMID- 2422880
TI  - [Preliminary evaluation of the anti-arrhythmia effect of 4-acylamino-N[2
      diethylaminoethyl]benzamides (N-acyl derivatives of procainamide)].

PMID- 2422881
TI  - Amylase, pancreatic isoamylase and lipase in serum before and after endoscopic
      pancreatography.
AB  - Serum amylase, isoamylase and lipase were determined in 17 patients with
      pancreatic or biliary diseases before and after endoscopic retrograde
      pancreatography (ERP). Within 1/2-2 hours after cannulation of the pancreatic
      duct, serum lipase was increased to approximately 4 times the upper reference
      level and normalized almost completely at 24 hours. A much smaller increase was
      found in amylase and isoamylase. The elevation in enzyme activities was less in
      patients with abnormal than with normal ERP. The results suggest that lipase is a
      more sensitive indicator of pancreatic injury than amylase and isoamylase.

PMID- 2422882
TI  - [Duration of the cultivation of cell cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts in the
      presence of isoprinosine].

PMID- 2422883
TI  - A recurrent DNA sequence at sites of protein interaction.
AB  - Variation in the observed spin lattice relaxation rate (Robs) interpreted as
      proton exchange dominated in sequences corresponding to part of promoters where
      RNA polymerase initiates mRNA synthesis has been observed by both Patel et al.
      and Reid and co-workers. A higher Robs was also seen in the TA pair of the
      GTG/CAC in the sequence corresponding to the lambda phage cro repressor binding
      site by Kyogoku et al. As we pointed out in the introduction, the one case where
      a three-dimensional structure for a turn of a helix is known shows clear
      structural heterogeneity which has led to detailed consideration of geometry of
      regulatory regions. Nussinov and collaborators have generalized the details of
      the Dickerson dodecomer to note potential similarities in operators including the
      lac system and the enhancer sequences described above. Like the steric
      considerations of Calladine and Dickerson and nearest neighbor structure analysis
      of Bubienko et al., the focus is on the geometry of a sequence leading to base
      tilt angles and potential overlap since they are measurable parameters. With the
      observation that the DNA molecule is both structurally and dynamically flexible,
      there will no doubt be many new variables that can be made as a function of DNA
      sequence. Biophysical chemists in some ways are like the intoxicated person
      searching for a lost key at a site different from where it was lost because that
      is where the light is best. Thus, each physical method has its most convenient
      observable. It is hoped that the above discussion illustrates that a very large
      and diverse set of biochemical results are awaiting detailed explanation in
      molecular terms using the illumination of high resolution physical techniques.

PMID- 2422884
TI  - Backbone geometry of oriented DNA fibers as revealed by 31P chemical shielding
      anisotropy.
AB  - Since the 31P solid state NMR is concerned only with information on the
      phosphodiester orientations of DNA, the data from DNA fibers do not provide
      information about helical parameters such as the pitch and axial rise/residue.
      However, the method is extremely useful to elucidate the backbone conformations
      of DNA, especially under hydrated conditions where the X-ray fiber diffraction
      method cannot reveal much about structural details like multiplicity of the
      backbone conformations. It was shown that the conformation of the A family of DNA
      is rather restricted within a limited range, whereas multiple conformations
      generally exist in the B family of DNA fibers. The appearance of the structural
      multiplicity in DNA fibers under hydrated conditions suggests the important roles
      of the structure of DNA in gene regulation.

PMID- 2422885
TI  - Platelet membranes, eicosanoid biosynthesis and putative endogenous calcium
      ionophores.

PMID- 2422886
TI  - Role of paf-acether and related ether-lipid metabolism in platelets.

PMID- 2422887
TI  - Mechanisms of inhibition of platelet coagulant activity.
AB  - The plasma proteinase inhibitors are relatively ineffective in the inhibition of
      the activity of the platelet prothrombinase complex, due to the low rates of
      inhibition, and possibly due to the indirect protection from the potentiating
      effect of the vascular endothelium. The plasma proteinase inhibitors are more
      effective at inhibiting thrombin, thereby preventing the feedback activation of
      platelets and factor V and subsequent prothrombinase complex development. This
      may constitute a mechanism for the control of the development of the
      prothrombinase complex on the platelet surface. The protein C-thrombomodulin
      mechanism for the destruction of factor Va activity probably constitutes a major
      inhibitory mechanism for the prothrombinase complex in vivo.

PMID- 2422888
TI  - Molecular mechanism of platelet adhesion.

PMID- 2422889
TI  - Voltage-dependent currents of vertebrate neurons and their role in membrane
      excitability.
AB  - This chapter reviews what is known of the voltage-dependent conductances of three
      classes of vertebrate nerve cell, as assessed by somatic voltage clamping. These
      classes are: (1) bullfrog paravertebral sympathetic ganglion cells; (2) rodent
      superior cervical sympathetic ganglion cells; and (3) rodent hippocampal
      pyramidal cells. Of these, bullfrog neurons are the most thoroughly
      characterized. They possess at least seven distinct voltage-activated
      conductances. Two of these, called GNa and GCa, carry inward, depolarizing
      current. They both activate rapidly, and can, under appropriate conditions,
      generate action potentials. The remaining five conductances are all potassium
      mediated, and can thus in principle produce hyperpolarizations or repolarize the
      action potential. However, because each of these potassium conductances have
      different sizes, speeds, and voltage thresholds, they play a variety of
      hyperpolarizing, stabilizing, or braking roles. IC is large, fast, and voltage
      dependent. Action potentials trigger calcium influx, which rapidly turns on IC.
      This repolarizes the action potential and turns off IC. However another Ca
      dependent current, IAHP, remains active even at negative potentials and leads to
      a prolonged hyperpolarization. If IC is blocked, spike repolarization slows
      somewhat, allowing the Hodgkin-Huxley delayed rectifier current IK to develop.
      This is also large enough to repolarize the spike rapidly, although it is
      normally preempted by IC. IA and IM are other small potassium currents that
      activate at more negative potentials than do IC, IK, and IAHP. IA is a transient
      outward current that mainly influences voltage trajectories following
      hyperpolarizing current pulses. IM activates progressively during prolonged
      depolarizing current pulses, and, together with IAHP, explains most of the
      adaptation seen in these cells. The harmonious counterpoint of this septet of
      currents explains most of the electrical excitability properties of these cells.
      However, several of the currents are also synaptically regulated, as a result of
      transmitters acting on muscarinic or peptide receptors. These slow synaptic
      actions can lead to dramatic changes in the electrical behavior of the cells.
      These currents all appear to be present in rat sympathetic ganglion cells also,
      although detailed analysis here has been hampered by the more complex geometry of
      these neurons. Furthermore, the roles of the various currents have not been
      completely defined. It seems possible that IA can contribute to spike
      repolarization, and clean separation of IC and IAHP has not yet been
      achieved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2422890
TI  - Toward a mechanism of gating of chemically activated channels.
AB  - Chemically activated channels are membrane proteins that have various functions,
      including the generation of postsynaptic responses. Receptor activation of
      channels produces excitation, inhibition, or modulation of the responsiveness of
      a neuron. Synaptic transmission can be altered by many drugs that act on
      receptors or channels, and many such drugs are important to epilepsy research and
      treatment. The analysis of channel-gating mechanisms proceeds by the
      identification of conformations of the receptor channel complex with high or low
      conductance. These "open" and "closed" states are correlated with the state of
      occupancy of the receptor binding sites. The patch-clamp technique is ideally
      suited for the study of channel gating, since it permits the detection of
      different conductance states of a single channel. Analysis of single-channel
      current data yields information about the number of such conformations available
      to channels. Single-channel current analysis of the nicotinic acetylcholine (Ach)
      receptor of skeletal muscle has shown that there are several different open and
      closed states. Two of the closed states open very rapidly and are probably
      activated closed states with bound agonists. The ACh receptor channel can open
      spontaneously at a very low rate in the absence of bound agonist. Work with other
      chemically activated channels offers hope that channels activated by
      neurotransmitters in the mammalian central nervous system can be understood.
      Glutamate-activated channels can be studied in arthropod muscle and GABA
      activated channels can be studied in mammalian spinal cord and hippocampus. In
      addition, the action of serotonin can be studied in molluscan neurons. One goal
      of such studies is to understand the mechanisms of responses to neurotransmitters
      well enough to test for the normal and defective activity of receptor channels as
      hypotheses for epilepsy. Another goal is to understand the molecular mechanism of
      action of drugs that are relevant to epilepsy.

PMID- 2422891
TI  - Conducting sites in excitable membranes.
AB  - Electrical activity of conducting membranes is produced by transient changes in
      membrane conductance to Na and K ions. These time- and voltage-dependent
      conductance changes are controlled by intrinsic proteins that span the membrane
      and provide a pathway for ion movement. Several lines of evidence indicate that
      the membrane conducting sites are indeed largely or entirely protein structures.
      Proteolytic enzymes, when applied on unmyelinated axonal membrane such as the gar
      olfactory nerve or on eel electroplax, completely destroyed tetrodotoxin (TTX)
      binding. Treatment of the internal face of the giant axon of the squid with
      proteases resulted in the loss of the inactivation mechanism of the increased
      sodium conductance. The binding site of the TTX component in membrane isolated
      from eel electroplax, estimated by the method of irradiation inactivation,
      revealed MWs in the range of 230-240 kd. Moreover, this membrane component
      undergoes a cycle of phosphorylation-dephosphorylation that is affected by
      electrical activity and various neurotropic compounds and has also been shown to
      be a protein by the use of proteolytic enzymes. The membrane conducting sites
      through which ions are flowing are generally called "channels," and the activated
      "channels" are thought to form "pores" through which ions diffuse according to
      their electrochemical potential. The channel behaves as though it exists in open
      or closed permeability or "gating" states. The gating is generally assumed to be
      solely controlled by the voltage gradient across the membrane. Hence, the
      denominations of "gating proteins" are often attributed to the specific protein
      forming the membrane conducting sites. These proteins are intrinsic membrane
      proteins whose conformational changes, driven by the electric field in the
      membrane, are responsible for the ion fluxes generating the electrical activity
      in excitable cells. Electrical excitation of conducting cells involves transient
      permeability increases to Na+, K+, and Ca+ ions. In some specific cases, Cl-ions
      may also be involved. These ionic permeabilities are voltage-dependent and can be
      modified selectively and independently by a variety of compounds, thus leading to
      the idea that specific entities are spatially separated in the membrane and are
      acting independently. However, some data of patch-clamp analysis are best
      interpreted if one assumes that the activation of a specific entity may control
      the activation of another entity, thereby suggesting a kind of cooperation among
      some specific ionic sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2422892
TI  - Modulators acting on sodium and calcium channels: patch-clamp analysis.
AB  - Certain antiepileptic drugs are known to block sodium and calcium channels of
      excitable membranes. These channels are responsible for generation of action
      potentials. Various natural toxins, chemicals, and therapeutic drugs have been
      found to modify the gating kinetics of the sodium and/or calcium channels,
      thereby altering the excitation. Studies of such chemical modulations of the
      sodium and calcium channel gating provide the basis for understanding the
      mechanisms underlying epilepsies and the actions of antiepileptic drugs.
      Tetrodotoxin blocks the sodium channels, whereas batrachotoxin (BTX),
      grayanotoxin (GTX), and pyrethroids modify a population of the sodium channels to
      give rise to an extremely slow opening and/or closing. Patch-clamp techniques
      developed during the past few years permit measurements of opening and closing of
      individual ionic channels. When a membrane patch isolated from a neuroblastoma
      cell is depolarized, square inward currents of about 1 pA in amplitude and 2 msec
      in duration are observed at 10 degrees C. After exposure of the membrane to BTX,
      the open time is prolonged, the single-current amplitude is reduced, and channel
      opening is observed at large negative potentials at which no opening is expected
      to occur in normal preparations. In the BTX-poisoned membrane, there are two
      separate groups of the sodium channels, one exhibiting the normal characteristics
      and the other exhibiting a prolonged opening and reduced amplitude. Tetramethrin
      also modifies the single sodium channel in a similar manner to BTX, but fails to
      affect the amplitude of single-channel current. Neuroblastoma cells are also
      endowed with calcium channels, which undergo inactivation in a manner dependent
      upon membrane potential.

PMID- 2422893
TI  - Role of persistent inward and outward membrane currents in epileptiform bursting
      in mammalian neurons.
AB  - During the last five years, work in many laboratories has extended our knowledge
      of the ionic mechanisms of action potential generation in normal cells of the
      mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Here we review some of the important
      voltage-dependent currents present in mammalian CNS neurons. We discuss their
      possible role in epileptogenesis and normal behavior. We also emphasize the
      importance of these recent findings in relation to general models of neuronal
      behavior.

PMID- 2422894
TI  - Membrane currents underlying bursting pacemaker activity and spike frequency
      adaptation in invertebrates.
AB  - Invertebrate systems have proved to be quite useful for the development of an
      understanding of some processes in the central nervous system (CNS). An
      understanding of the basic mechanisms of epilepsy will result from understanding
      not only how populations of neurons interact but also how the physiological
      processes in individual neurons are altered in epileptogenesis. Because
      invertebrate neurons have been so accessible to experimentation, it has been
      possible to explore in detail the basic mechanisms controlling neuronal
      excitability using these cells and to make some useful predictions about
      electrophysiological mechanisms that may be present in central neurons. This
      chapter deals with two electrophysiological processes that have been observed in
      invertebrate neurons and that may have some relevance to understanding the basic
      mechanisms of epilepsy. We review first the past and current studies of
      invertebrate burst firing neurons. It appears that the electrophysiological
      mechanisms producing burst firing may be present in CNS neurons participating in
      epileptogenesis. With caution, the information gleaned from invertebrate studies
      may be applicable to higher systems. The second process we consider is the
      phenomenon of spike frequency adaptation seen in invertebrates. Spike frequency
      adaptation is the process by which the firing rate of the neuron declines despite
      the maintenance of a constant stimulus. This process is not so thoroughly studied
      as burst firing, but it appears to represent a cellular mechanism designed to
      suppress prolonged periods of repetitive firing. Clearly, the suppression of such
      a process would produce excessive neuronal excitability, while its enhancement
      might have some anticonvulsant effects. The extreme sensitivity of spike
      frequency adaptation to barbiturates suggests such a possibility. These two
      electrophysiological processes are interesting in themselves and also because
      they may underlie the genesis or control of seizures. However, the greater
      significance is that, to understand the basic mechanisms of epilepsy, we may be
      well advised to examine neuronal processes in systems not considered to have
      seizure susceptibility.

PMID- 2422895
TI  - Na+,K+-ATPase: structure, function, and interactions with drugs.
AB  - Na+,K+-ATPase is a key element for homeostasis of sodium, potassium, and calcium
      ions in the nervous system and may also play a role in neurotransmitter release.
      Transitory changes in Na+,K+-ATPase activity occur in epileptic tissue, but this
      may be due to secondary compensatory processes rather than to primary events
      leading to epilepsy. A special role for the Na+,K+-ATPase in glial cells for
      controlling the concentration of extracellular potassium in normal and epileptic
      states remains controversial. Studies that have utilized immunocytochemical and
      histochemical techniques generally do not support localization of high
      concentrations of Na+,K+-ATPase in glial cells. A precise delineation of the
      structure and conformations of the Na+,K+-ATPase and sites of interaction with
      drugs is an important major goal of current research. Studies with fluorescent
      probes indicate that phenytoin exerts a major fluidizing effect on lipids of
      membranes, and this effect may be related in part to association of the drug with
      intrinsic membrane proteins.

PMID- 2422896
TI  - Brain protein metabolism in epilepsy.
AB  - Both generalized and focal seizures dissociate brain polyribosomes and severely
      inhibit brain protein synthesis. This effect is found in freely convulsing
      animals and in animals that have been paralyzed and oxygen-ventilated in order to
      prevent hypoxemia, cerebral hypoxia, and other systemic changes associated with
      convulsions. Recent autoradiographic studies have shown that generalized seizures
      can result in striking focal inhibition of brain protein synthesis in adult rats
      and newborn marmoset monkeys. Local cerebral glucose metabolism and local
      cerebral blood flow were also studied in newborn marmosets by autoradiography.
      Although flow and metabolism are closely matched in control marmosets, seizures
      result in large local increases in 2-deoxyglucose metabolism, with lesser or no
      increases in local cerebral blood flow resulting in a relative mismatch. Those
      regions in which protein synthesis was most severely inhibited were those in
      which the relative mismatch between blood flow and metabolism was most marked.
      The molecular mechanisms regulating protein biosynthesis are not known.
      Translational regulation during seizures appears to be exerted, in large part, at
      the initiation step. A likely mechanism is the inhibition of ternary complex
      formation, one of the early steps in the initiation process, by increases in the
      intracellular ratio of [GDP]:[GTP]. This ratio is related to the cells' energy
      charge. Reduced levels of ATP during seizures can lead to an increased ratio of
      [GDP]:[GTP] via of the enzyme nucleoside diphosphate kinase (E.C. 2.7.4.6) and to
      inhibition of protein synthesis initiation. Regulation of protein biosynthesis
      during seizures is likely to be complex and exerted at many sites; some of these
      possibilities are discussed.

PMID- 2422897
TI  - Immunological adjuvants of natural origin and their adverse effects.

PMID- 2422898
TI  - Heterogeneity of calcium channels in mast cells and basophils and the possible
      relevance to pathophysiology of lung diseases: a review.
AB  - Calcium plays a critical role in the formation and secretion of a wide variety of
      chemical mediators. Calcium slow-channel blockers, e.g. nifedipine and verapamil,
      have been shown to inhibit the synthesis of SRS (SRS-A, leukotrienes) in human
      and guinea pig lung tissue, thromboxane A2 formation in rat lung and platelet
      activating factor in human neutrophils. Verapamil and nifedipine also prevent the
      release of lysosomal enzymes from rabbit and human polymorphonuclear neutrophils.
      Calcium-channel blockers produce variable inhibitory effects on allergic and
      nonallergic histamine secretion. Ca++-entry blockers also inhibit the Ca++ uptake
      (influx) into mast cells. Many of these inhibitory effects of Ca++ antagonists
      are antagonized by an increased extracellular Ca++ ion concentration. The
      magnitude of the inhibitory influences of Ca++-channel blockers on allergic and
      nonallergic release of chemical mediators appears to depend on the cell source,
      species, nature and the concentration of the secretory stimuli as well as on the
      composition and pH of buffers and the concentration of Ca++-entry blockers used.
      The data summarized in this review suggest the existence of a functional
      heterogeneity of Ca++ channels in leukocytes, mast cells and basophils.
      Interference with the Ca++-dependent steps involved in the formation and/or
      release of chemical mediators appears to be the primary mode of action for Ca++
      channel blockers in these cells. The differential effects of Ca++ antagonists on
      Ca++-dependent activation of phospholipase A2,5-lipoxygenase, and calmodulin (or
      other intracellular Ca++-binding proteins) in different cell types (mast cells,
      basophils, leukocytes, lung tissue, etc.) may explain the variation of their
      effectiveness in inhibiting the synthesis/release of chemical mediators and
      antagonizing bronchoconstriction in response to diverse stimuli. During the
      process of hypersensitization and in immediate hypersensitivity diseases, Ca++
      homeostasis (uptake, mobilization, distribution, relocation, etc.) may be altered
      in leukocytes (mast cells, basophils) and lung tissues. The altered Ca++
      homeostasis could be responsible for the induction of airway hyperreactivity in
      asthmatics and for hyperreleasability of chemical mediators from leukocytes, mast
      cells and other cell types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422899
TI  - Interaction of monoclonal antibodies with the IgE-receptor on rat mast cells and
      rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells.
AB  - The close relation between rat mast cells and rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells
      with regard to the presence of receptors for IgE and Fc gamma led us to generate
      monoclonal antibodies directed against cell surface antigens. Hybridomas were
      obtained by the fusion of NS1 mouse myeloma cells with murine spleen and lymph
      node cells. The culture supernatants were assayed by two ELISA techniques: a) for
      the production of mouse immunoglobulin in general and b) for antibodies directed
      against surface antigens of RBL cells. For this purpose RBL cells were attached
      to polyvinyl chloride microtitre plates. Eight hybrids produced antibodies
      directed against surface antigens on RBL cells. Hybrids were cloned and
      characterized with regard to their isotype and light chains. All eight clones
      secreted IgM with K light chains. Immunofluorescence studies performed with RBL
      cells revealed that all eight antibodies were able to show a specific
      fluorescence. Furthermore, four of these eight antibodies also showed a specific
      fluorescence with purified rat mast cells. These four antibodies were analyzed as
      to their ability of interacting with the IgE-receptor on RBL cells and purified
      rat mast cells. They reduced the binding rate of radiolabelled rat IgE to RBL and
      rat mast cells. A mutual inhibition of the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA)
      reaction in the rat by either mixing mouse reaginic serum directed against 2,4
      dinitrophenol bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) or by mixing monoclonal mouse anti
      DNP IgE with the monoclonal mouse anti-cell surface (rat basophilic leukemia, rat
      mast cell) IgM was determined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422900
TI  - Effect of calmidazolium (R24571) on histamine release from isolated rat mast
      cells.
AB  - The effects of selected calmodulin-antagonists, i.e. calmidazolium (R24571),
      trifluoperazine, cis- and transflupenthixol, chlorpromazine, and imipramine, on
      rat mast cells and on mast cell histamine release were investigated. The drugs
      induced histamine release, apparently by cytotoxic effects, with a rank order of
      potency in accordance with their lipid solubility and with maximal release at
      calmidazolium (5 mumol/l), trifluoperazine (40 mumol/l), cis- and trans
      flupenthixol (50 mumol/l), chlorpromazine (100 mumol/l), and imipramine (500
      mumol/l). Inhibition of the histamine release induced by antigen, compound 48/80,
      and the ionophore A23187 was only observed with some of the drugs tested, with
      maximal inhibition at calmidazolium (2 mumol/l), chlorpromazine (25-50 mumol/l),
      and imipramine (100-250 mumol/l). The concentration-response curve for histamine
      release induced by calmidazolium was significantly shifted to the right by
      antigen (i.e. horse serum) in the medium and the addition of antigen was capable
      of immediately stopping the release induced by calmidazolium, indicating binding
      of calmidazolium by antigen. Similar effects on the actions of calmidazolium were
      observed with phosphatidylserine. The inhibition by calmidazolium of the
      histamine release induced by antigen, compound 48/80, and the ionophore A23187
      was significantly counteracted by glucose in the medium. The findings do not
      confirm an involvement of calmodulin in the histamine release process in rat mast
      cells. The ability of calmidazolium to bind to proteins and phospholipids in the
      medium indicates multiple cellular targets for calmidazolium, and the
      observations with glucose suggest an impaired mitochondrial function to be of
      major significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422901
TI  - Acute hemodynamic effects of an antitumoral agent: elliptinium. Involvement of
      histamine release.
AB  - This work reports a study of cardiovascular effects of elliptinium, a recently
      acquired antitumoral agent, acutely administered i.v. in the dog. Its hemodynamic
      effects (10 parameters) are detailed, and their mechanism of action is
      investigated by antagonist administration and determination of blood and plasma
      histamine levels. Elliptinium induces vasodilation and tachycardia. The former is
      mainly due to histamine release, and a brief and slight release of
      prostaglandins; the latter is due to a reflex to hypotension and release of
      catecholamines. These results agree with others using various compounds of the
      ellipticine family and anthracycline antitumoral agents. They suggest treatment
      to prevent anaphylactoid side effects observed with this drug in man and they
      raise the question of the usefulness, in antitumoral agent, of histamine
      releasing properties.

PMID- 2422903
TI  - [Movement of granules in neurites of cultured retinal ganglion cells was analyzed
      in vitro with Allen video-enhanced contrast, differential interference contrast
      microscopy].

PMID- 2422902
TI  - The effects of drugs on leucocyte changes following the injection of antigen into
      the peritoneal cavities of actively sensitised rats.
AB  - The injection of antigen into the peritoneal cavities of actively sensitised rats
      produced an immediate reaction characterised by an increase in concentrations in
      the peritoneal fluids, collected 5 min later, of extravasated dye labelled plasma
      proteins, histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). Changes
      were also produced in the numbers of leucocytes in the blood and peritoneal
      cavity. 5 min after antigen challenge there was a reduction in the number of
      cells that could be washed from the peritoneal cavity. 4 h after antigen there
      was an increase in numbers of neutrophils both in the blood and peritoneal
      washings and these fell to the levels in control rats at 24 h. 24 h after
      antigen, and continuing for 72 h, there was an increase in numbers of eosinophils
      and mononuclear cells in the peritoneal washings. The rats were injected
      intravenously with sephadex particles to produce a blood eosinophilia at the time
      of antigen challenge, this increased the numbers of eosinophils migrating into
      the peritoneal cavity but had no effect on antibody levels, the numbers of other
      leucocytes or on the immediate reaction. An inhibitor of lipoxygenase and cyclo
      oxygenase metabolism of arachidonic acid, phenidone, at 100 mg/kg p.o., inhibited
      SRS-A release to control levels, in the immediate reaction, but had no effect on
      the leucocyte changes. The glucocorticosteroid, dexamethasone, at doses of 0.1
      and 1 mg/kg p.o., produced little inhibition of SRS-A release but significantly
      inhibited neutrophil, eosinophil and mononuclear cell infiltration into the
      peritoneal cavity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422904
TI  - [The effect of elevated intraocular pressure on slow axonal transport in the
      adult albino rabbit optic pathway].

PMID- 2422905
TI  - [Immunohistological study of cultured cells from proliferative
      vitreoretinopathy].

PMID- 2422906
TI  - [Morphological types of ganglion cells of the monkey retina].

PMID- 2422907
TI  - MRI of the Budd-Chiari syndrome.
AB  - Five of six patients with angiographically proved Budd-Chiari syndrome (hepatic
      venous outflow obstruction) showed multiple specific MRI abnormalities: striking
      reduction in caliber or complete absence of the hepatic veins, "comma-shaped"
      intrahepatic collateral vessels, and/or marked constriction of the intrahepatic
      inferior vena cava. The sixth patient had angiographically proven sinusoidal
      hepatic venous obstruction and patent central hepatic veins; MRI showed ascites
      but revealed no specific features of the Budd-Chiari syndrome. Patients with end
      stage cirrhosis also showed compressed, distorted hepatic veins; however, these
      cirrhotic livers were distinguished by their small size, nodular surface, and
      extrahepatic collateral varices. In patients without cirrhosis or the Budd-Chiari
      syndrome, normal hepatic, portal, and inferior caval veins were routinely seen
      when technically adequate MRI examinations were obtained (94 of 100 cases). Four
      of the six patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome had been treated surgically. In
      three, MRI identified patent portocaval shunts. In the fourth, angiographically
      confirmed shunt stenosis was demonstrated by MRI.

PMID- 2422908
TI  - Malignant pleural effusion: a complication of transhepatic biliary drainage.

PMID- 2422909
TI  - Transrectal sonography of benign and malignant prostatic lesions.
AB  - Using linear-array transrectal prostate sonography, malignant lesions in 43
      patients and benign lesions in 74 patients were evaluated. Prostate sonography
      was sensitive to textural changes produced by both benign and malignant diseases.
      However, there was considerable overlap in the sonographic appearances of benign
      and malignant lesions, and there were no sonographic features that reliably
      predicted malignancy. Hyperechoic areas were present in 58% of the carcinomas,
      while 19% were purely hypoechoic. Lesions containing hypoechoic foci that were
      posterior or posterolateral had a high incidence of cancer. The results confirm
      the need to biopsy all suspicious palpable lesions of the prostate.

PMID- 2422910
TI  - Radiologic-pathologic correlation conference: SUNY Upstate Medical Center.
      Germinal-cell tumor of the pineal gland.

PMID- 2422911
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty as palliation for patients
      considered poor surgical candidates.
AB  - Thirty-one patients with angina inadequately controlled by medical therapy, but
      who were poor surgical candidates because of advanced age and poor general
      condition, or because of depressed left ventricular function, had percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). These high-risk patients were
      identified prospectively, and coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS) was planned
      only in the event of arterial occlusion and chest pain. PTCA was successful in 11
      of 17 (65%) high-risk geriatric patients, in 11 of 12 (92%) patients with left
      ventricular ejection fraction less than 40%, and in two additional patients
      having PTCA without surgical stand-by because of technically difficult vascular
      anatomy for CABS. There were no PTCA-related deaths; three of the 31 high-risk
      patients had emergency surgery because of arterial occlusion, and the remaining
      four patients with PTCA failure remain on medical therapy for angina. The
      clinical course of the 31 high-risk patients was similar to that of 155 patients
      having PTCA during the study period who were considered good candidates for
      either PTCA or CABS. PTCA may thus be considered an intermediate, palliative
      procedure for patients with inadequate control of ischemic symptoms who are poor
      surgical candidates.

PMID- 2422912
TI  - Programmed electrical stimulation to determine the need for antiarrhythmic
      therapy in patients with complex ventricular ectopic activity.
AB  - Patients with complex ventricular ectopy (greater than or equal to Lown grade
      III) and organic heart disease (OHD) are at increased risk for sudden cardiac
      death. Despite this fact, many such patients will remain free of symptomatic
      ventricular arrhythmia and thus are unnecessarily exposed to antiarrhythmic drug
      toxicity and arrhythmic potentiation. Programmed stimulation (PS) was used to
      direct therapy in 88 patients with asymptomatic ventricular ectopy complicating
      OHD. Thirty-three had inducible ventricular tachycardia (VT) and underwent
      treatment. The 55 patients without inducible VT (less than or equal to 6
      repetitive ventricular responses) are the focus of this study. Three patients
      required treatment for persistent cardiac awareness. The remaining 52 have been
      followed for 22 months off antiarrhythmic drugs and all have remained free of
      subsequent major arrhythmic events. Therefore, in patients with complex
      ventricular ectopy, OHD, and absence of prior symptomatic ventricular arrhythmia,
      PS identifies patients at low risk for future disabling or life-threatening
      arrhythmic episodes and patients with absence of inducible VT can usually be
      managed without antiarrhythmic drugs.

PMID- 2422913
TI  - Increased cardiac calcium channels in hamster cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2422914
TI  - Immunocytochemistry: its evolution and criteria for its application in the study
      of epon-embedded cells and tissue.
AB  - The word immunocytochemistry is currently used to describe a number of methods
      that can be employed to localize antigens within cells by means of antigen
      specific antibodies. In this article we will review a number of these methods,
      including immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase, avidin-biotin, and colloidal-gold
      techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of the various methods are
      discussed, special attention being focused upon immunocytochemical staining of
      plastic-embedded tissue. Studies on the light microscope level show that
      embedding tissue in plastic prior to immunoperoxidase staining not only improves
      visualization of antigen-specific staining but also provides an accurate and
      efficient means of prescreening tissue for antigen prior to immunocytochemical
      staining on the electron microscope level. Varying section thickness between 1
      and 3 microns does not significantly influence staining, whereas the fixative
      used to preserve the tissue under study does. On the electron microscope level,
      the colloidal gold technique appears superior to immunoperoxidase staining. It is
      both esthetically more pleasing and highly sensitive. Of five different colloidal
      gold methods tested, the most sensitive is the two-step technique that employs an
      antigen-specific primary antibody followed by a gold-labeled secondary antibody.
      Throughout this article, special emphasis is placed on the use of proper
      controls, both on the light and electron microscope levels. Where possible, such
      controls should include substitution of specific antiserum with normal serum; the
      use of antigen-adsorbed antiserum; the use of antisera with specificities for
      antigens not present in the tissue being studied; the use of tissue previously
      shown to be stainable for the antigen; and if cultured cells are being studied,
      the use of a number of cell types that do not contain the antigen.

PMID- 2422915
TI  - Use of immunoperoxidase and immunogold methods in studying prolactin secretion
      and application of immunogold labelling for pituitary hormones and neuropeptides.
AB  - Two immunocytochemical methods, immunoperoxidase and immunogold (IG), were used
      in an attempt to study the dynamic process of prolactin release from stimulated
      rat pituitary mammotrophs. The immunogold method was also used to localize other
      pituitary hormones including growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone,
      luteinizing hormone, and the neuropeptides substance P, neuropeptide tyrosine,
      leu-enkephalin, and atrial natriuretic factor in peripheral nerves. Light
      microscopic immunoperoxidase staining of prolactin revealed a unique distribution
      of immunoreactive mammotrophs. Two groups of cells were seen, one centrally
      located and one forming a narrow peripheral rim on the gland. The two groups were
      separated by a zone of nonimmunoreactive cells. In addition, the distribution of
      immunoperoxidase-stained material was not uniform in all mammotrophs. In some,
      prolactin immunoreactive material was clumped near the nucleus (in the Golgi
      cisternae); in others it was more diffused within the cytoplasm (but immediately
      surrounding the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum). After stimulation of
      mammotrophs, via suckling, prolactin-immunoreactive material was visualized in
      extracellular spaces. With immunogold methods, prolactin labelling was seen
      mainly in secretory granules; but some labelling of Golgi cisternae and rough
      endoplasmic reticulum also occurred. Immunogold labelling revealed that material
      immunoreactive for leu-enkephalin and atrial natriuretic factor was present in
      nerve terminals in the rat paracervical ganglion. Material immunoreactive for
      substance P and neuropeptide tyrosine was present in nerve terminals in the
      guinea pig heart. Thus, in some situations the immunoperoxidase technique was
      useful and helped to visualize "grossly" the presence of specific antigens, but
      it was inadequate for fine ultrastructural localization of these antigens. The
      immunogold technique was excellent for precise localization of antigens and
      especially for the detection of colocalization of different antigens. This method
      can be used in very different structures, such as the adenohypophysis and
      peripheral nervous tissue, without any modification except for the nature of the
      antibodies.

PMID- 2422916
TI  - Two-color immunoperoxidase staining: visualization of anatomic relationships
      between immunoreactive neural elements.
AB  - A method for differentially staining for two antigens in single sections is
      described. Paraffin-embedded or Vibratome sections are incubated in two sequences
      of immunoperoxidase (PAP) reagents using a diaminobenzidine (DAB)-nickel ammonium
      sulfate solution to localize the first antigen, and DAB alone to localize the
      second antigen. With these chromagens, black and amber-colored reaction products
      are generated at the locations of the first and second antigens, respectively.
      The reaction products are stable and provide excellent color contrast. With this
      technique, the anatomical relationships between two sets of immunoreactive
      elements can be studied in individual sections. Intimate spatial associations
      that would probably not be detected by an examination of adjacent sections
      stained for each antigen can be visualized with this two-color immunoperoxidase
      method.

PMID- 2422917
TI  - A review of the study of protein secretion applying the protein A-gold
      immunocytochemical approach.
AB  - Exocrine and endocrine types of secretion were investigated in various cells by
      applying the protein A-gold immunocytochemical approach. Several proteins
      secreted by rat pancreatic and parotid acinar cells, mouse ameloblasts, rat
      pancreatic B cells and lymph-node plasma cells, and frog hepatocytes were studied
      using specific antibodies. While light microscope immunohistochemistry has
      allowed for good topographical identification of positive cells in tissues, the
      protein A-gold approach used at the electron microscope level has demonstrated
      the presence of specific antigenic sites in particular cellular compartments. All
      secretory proteins studied were detected in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the
      Golgi apparatus, and the secretory granules of the corresponding secreting cells.
      In addition, some of the proteins were also found in lysosome-like structures.
      When good ultrastructural preservation of the cellular organelles was achieved,
      the labeling was revealed with very high resolution and precise localization. In
      such cases, we found labeling over transitional elements of the endoplasmic
      reticulum and in smooth vesicles in the Golgi area. The Golgi apparatus was
      subdivided into three compartments according to differences in labeling: the
      cisternae on the cisside, those of the trans-side and the trans-most rigid one.
      Quantitative evaluations of the intensities of labeling have allowed for 1)
      demonstration of the high specificity of the different labelings; 2) revelation
      of the existence of a gradient of increasing intensity that follows precisely the
      progress of the proteins along their secretory pathway; and 3) identification of
      intracellular sites where increments of protein antigenicity occur. Furthermore,
      they have revealed the existence of alterations in protein processing that
      occurred under experimental and pathological conditions. Double-labeling
      approaches were performed to demonstrate two different antigenic sites on the
      same tissue section by applying protein A-gold complexes formed by gold particles
      of different sizes. Protein A-gold immunocytochemistry has also been combined
      with cytochemical and radioautographic techniques. This review thus demonstrates
      that high-resolution quantitative immunocytochemistry can contribute
      significantly to the investigation of the intracellular processing of secretory
      proteins. It also illustrates the potential and versatility of the protein A-gold
      technique, which in combination with other procedures constitutes a powerful
      method in cell biology.

PMID- 2422918
TI  - Unaltered glucose-induced thermogenesis in Graves' disease.
AB  - The thermogenic response to a 100-g oral glucose challenge was studied in 12
      patients with Graves' disease using continuous indirect calorimetry. Seven
      hyperthyroid patients were reinvestigated under the same experimental conditions
      after medical therapy. The mean net increase in energy expenditure (delta EE)
      following the glucose challenge was the same in hyperthyroid patients as compared
      to a control group (delta EE = +0.15 +/- 0.02 and 0.15 +/- 0.01 kcal/min,
      respectively) and the treated patients (delta EE = +0.11 +/- 0.03 kcal/min ns).
      When expressed as a percentage of the energy content of the glucose challenge,
      the mean glucose induced thermogenesis was similar in all three groups: 7.0 +/-
      1.0%, 7.4 +/- 0.5%, and 5.5 +/- 1.3% in hyperthyroid, control subjects, and
      treated patients, respectively. It is concluded that the high energy requirement
      of hyperthyroid patients is due primarily to an elevated resting energy
      expenditure. The postprandial thermogenesis in itself does not contribute to the
      elevated fuel utilization in Graves' disease.

PMID- 2422919
TI  - Palliative half-body irradiation. Single and fractionated doses.
AB  - Systemic half-body irradiation (HBI) has been used extensively for the palliation
      of cancer pain. It has also been tried as an adjuvant therapy in patients with
      advanced locoregional tumors with a high propensity to disseminate and as
      consolidation therapy after primary systemic treatment. The limitations and
      toxicity of this technique have been studied extensively. Single doses of 600 rad
      to the upper half-body (UHB) and 800 rad to the lower half-body (LBH) have been
      found to achieve excellent palliative responses with an acceptable rate of
      complications. In order to determine the feasibility of increasing the dose of
      radiation delivered, a pilot study was conducted at the University of Maryland.
      Forty-four patients received palliative HBI. Of these, the first 36 patients
      received single doses to the UHB, mid-body (MB), or LHB using doses of 600 rad to
      the UHB and 800 rad to MB and LHB. The last consecutive eight patients received
      two fractions of 400 rad each, given 2-3 weeks apart. The pain response achieved
      by each group is similar; single dose achieved 84% complete and partial responses
      vs. the fractionated group, which achieved 87% complete and partial responses.
      The main difference between the two groups was the time necessary to achieve a
      response. The single dose group achieved improvement of their symptoms in 24-48
      hours in approximately 70% of the patients who responded. The fractionated group
      achieved symptomatic response after the second dose of irradiation was given. The
      toxicity of both groups was similar. The acute radiation syndrome after half-body
      irradiation was controlled with a premedication program. Hematological toxicity
      was similar in both groups, and no cases of fatal radiation pneumonitis were
      seen. At the present time, it seems feasible to proceed with other fractionation
      schemes in order to try to increase the total dose delivered.

PMID- 2422920
TI  - Effect of treatment on fertility and sexual function in males with metastatic
      nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of testis.
AB  - The effects of therapy on the sexual ability and fertility of sixty-seven
      patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis were analyzed. Ten
      of 38 patients had subfertile sperm counts before therapy. Normal ejaculation was
      preserved in only 7/61 patients who underwent retroperitoneal lymph node
      dissection. In five of these patients, sperm analysis was done after
      chemotherapy; all had complete azoospermia. An effort to restore ejaculation with
      imipramine yielded only minimal response in 4/9 patients who received this drug.
      No major long-term effects on the libido were observed.

PMID- 2422921
TI  - Detection of cell surface antigens in cryostat sections with immunogold-silver
      staining.
AB  - Immunogold-silver staining was used for the detection of lymphocyte cell surface
      antigens in cryostat sections of lymphoid tissues. The sections were incubated
      with monoclonal mouse antibodies and then with colloidal gold-labeled goat anti
      mouse antibodies. They were then immersed in a physical developer,
      counterstained, and mounted. In light microscopy, the tissue architecture was
      well preserved, and a dark labeling was seen on the positive cells. Optimal
      labeling conditions were determined. The distribution of the lymphocyte subsets,
      as defined by a panel of monoclonal antibodies in tonsil and reactive lymph
      nodes, was similar to that found with a biotin-avidin-horseradish peroxidase
      method. The monoclonality of the neoplastic cells in lymph nodes of B-cell non
      Hodgkin's lymphomas clearly could be demonstrated. The sensitivity of the technic
      was comparable with that of the biotin-avidin-horseradish peroxidase labeling
      method. In addition, immunogold-silver labeling was combined with acid
      phosphatase cytochemistry.

PMID- 2422922
TI  - A method for analysis of cell morphology, banded karyotype, and immunoperoxidase
      identification of lymphocyte subset on the same cell.
AB  - The authors describe a method that allows three staining procedures to be applied
      to the same mitotic cell, namely Giemsa staining for morphology, immunoperoxidase
      staining for surface markers, and banding of the chromosomes for karyotype. After
      culturing of the blood lymphocytes, colchicine was added to arrest the cells in
      mitosis. After mild hypotonic treatment, the cells were cytocentrifuged to glass
      slides. The mitotic cells of different lymphatic cell subsets were identified
      with monoclonal anti-sera against T-helper-, T-suppressor-, and B-cells using the
      immunoperoxidase technic. The cells were counterstained with Giemsa for
      morphologic identification. After removal of Giemsa stain and peroxidase, the
      chromosomes were G-banded.

PMID- 2422923
TI  - Newborn screening for hemoglobin abnormalities. A comparison of methods.
AB  - Peripheral blood from 1,000 newborn infants of black (641) and Southeast Asian
      (359) ancestry were screened for hemoglobin variants. Results obtained from the
      combination of cellulose acetate (CAC) and citrate agar (CAG) electrophoresis
      were compared with isoelectric focusing (IEF) electrophoresis. There was complete
      agreement between the two methods on assignment of Hb S trait, Hb C trait, Hb E
      trait, and homozygous Hb E. IEF identified small amounts of Hb A in two newborn
      infants with Hb S-beta + thalassemia; the CAC and CAG electrophoretic patterns
      were indistinguishable from sickle cell anemia. One hundred twenty newborn
      infants with Hb Bart's were detected by IEF; 51 of these were found on CAC.
      Although IEF was more sensitive in detecting small amounts of hemoglobin, it is
      not clear if the improvement in detection warrants adopting this form of
      electrophoresis for routine screening of newborn infants.

PMID- 2422924
TI  - Histochemical evidence for tubule segmentation in a case of Wilms' tumor.
AB  - A lectin histochemical and immunohistochemical approach was used to compare the
      different histologic elements of an unusual case of Wilms' tumor with normal
      kidneys. This case was stained with ten lectin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates;
      immuno-stained for Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, epidermal keratin, and vimentin;
      and compared with 19 control kidneys. The morphologic and cytochemical properties
      of various tumor elements in this specimen served to identify them as tumor
      analogs of all segments of the normal kidney tubules except distal tubules.
      Evidence for Wilms' tumor differentiation is provided by this case, whose
      epithelium histochemically resembles normal human epithelial cells.

PMID- 2422925
TI  - Narcotic withdrawal syndrome in young adults after the therapeutic use of
      opiates.
AB  - Five young adults with malignant neoplasms developed symptoms of narcotic
      withdrawal six to 48 hours after the abrupt discontinuation of narcotic therapy
      that had been administered for six to 21 days. The symptoms, which included
      agitation, irritability, muscular jerks, abdominal pain, diarrhea, burning
      sensations, "gooseflesh," and itching, rapidly resolved when narcotic therapy was
      reinstituted. Four patients were then successfully weaned from opiates without
      recurrence of their withdrawal symptoms; the fifth patient continues to receive
      methadone hydrochloride treatment for continuing pain.

PMID- 2422926
TI  - Clinical value of routine isoamylase analysis of hyperamylasemia.
AB  - To study incidence and cause of hyperamylasemia in various diseases, serum
      amylase was determined in 1371 consecutive patients and subsequent isoamylase
      analysis was carried out in 91 hyperamylasemic sera. Hyperamylasemia was observed
      in various diseases: acute pancreatitis (5/5), chronic pancreatitis (0/3), mumps
      (3/3), cerebrovascular diseases (2/39), respiratory diseases (6/69), heart
      diseases (5/89), liver diseases (16/101), cholelithiasis (0/13), diabetes
      mellitus (2/66), peptic ulcer (0/46), other digestive diseases (0/33), malignant
      tumor (9/249), renal failure (21/25), intraabdominal surgery (9/35),
      extraabdominal surgery (2/20), trauma (1/23), and miscellaneous (10/552).
      Salivary type hyperamylasemia due to dominant increase of salivary type
      isoamylase occurred in over half of the hyperamylasemic patients. Knowledge of
      hyperamylasemia in various diseases and routine isoamylase analysis of
      hyperamylasemic sera would enhance diagnostic accuracy and exclude unnecessary
      treatment of pancreatitis solely because of the presence of hyperamylasemia.

PMID- 2422927
TI  - Effect of perioperative somatostatin administration of sphincteroplasty-induced
      increase of amylase.
AB  - Twenty patients undergoing sphincteroplasty for cholelithiasis were randomly
      divided into two groups of 10. The former (T) were treated with a 4-h
      somatostatin intravenous drip (250 micrograms/h), started at the beginning of
      operation, while the latter (C) made up the control group. Serum and urine
      amylase, amylase creatinine clearance ratio, and liver function tests were
      assessed for 2 days before surgery, after the operation and for a period of 5
      postoperative days. Homogeneity between the two series was verified in
      experimental conditions. Statistical differences occurred postoperatively in
      amylase creatinine clearance ratio, which proved higher in C group, and gamma-GT,
      which was higher in T group. Short-term somatostatin administration proved
      effective in reducing the postoperative amylase creatinine clearance ratio,
      although more evident results are reported after long-term administration.
      Cholestasis or any serious impairment in liver function did not occur, suggesting
      the suitability of somatostatin use even in patients with jaundice. Since a
      relationship between postoperative amylase levels and risk of pancreatitis has
      not yet been proved, the value of somatostatin in the prevention of postoperative
      pancreatitis after sphincteroplasty needs to be further verified.

PMID- 2422928
TI  - Pancreatic abscess complicating periarteritis nodosa.

PMID- 2422929
TI  - Changes in platelet beta-thromboglobulin, fibrinogen, albumin, 5
      hydroxytryptamine, ATP, and ADP during and after surgery with extracorporeal
      circulation in man.
AB  - Surgery with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) is associated with transient
      alterations of platelet function whose pathogenic mechanisms are not completely
      understood. To define further the platelet abnormalities, we determined the
      changes in platelet content of several granule-associated substances during and
      after ECC in patients subjected to aortocoronary bypass surgery. Platelet beta
      thromboglobulin (beta-TG) decreased to 79.8% of the preoperative level at the end
      of ECC (p less than 0.01) and, as expected, did not recover 1 hr after the end of
      surgery. Platelet fibrinogen and albumin decreased to 67.9% (p less than 0.01)
      and to 29.8% (p less than 0.01) of baseline, respectively. However, 1 hr after
      surgery, platelet fibrinogen rose to 92% and albumin to 55.5% of baseline,
      denoting that during the recovery from ECC, platelets incorporate some plasma
      proteins. During ECC, platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and total ATP and ADP
      decreased to 50.8% (p less than 0.01), 63.2% (p less than 0.01), and 69.9% (p
      less than 0.01) of their respective preoperative values, indicating dense body
      release. One hour after surgery, ATP recovered to 83.8%, suggesting that previous
      depletion compromised also the metabolic pool of adenine nucleotides. In summary,
      Our results confirm and extend previous observations demonstrating alpha-granule
      release during ECC. Platelets undergoing ECC can incorporate plasma proteins as
      evidenced by the rapid increase of platelet fibrinogen and albumin after bypass.
      Although the mechanisms of this increase and site of storage of the exogenous
      substances are unknown, this observation justifies further studies to determine
      if internalization of plasma proteins, especially fibrinogen, may take place in
      physiological conditions. Dense body depletion with transient storage pool
      deficiency appears to be a component of the reduced platelet function during ECC.
      Consumption of metabolic ATP with alteration of platelet energy metabolism may
      further impair platelet function, contributing to the bleeding episodes observed
      during surgery with ECC.

PMID- 2422930
TI  - Microbial and host factors that influence adherence of Escherichia coli to kidney
      epithelium.
AB  - The adherence of Escherichia coli 06K13H1 to punch biopsy specimens of rabbit
      renal pelvic tissue and isolated epithelial cells was examined quantitatively.
      Organisms with pili adhered readily to kidney tissue, whereas organisms without
      pili (nonpiliated or grown in glucose-containing media) had significantly less
      adherence. Adherence was inhibited by antibody to pili antigen but not by mannose
      (a determinant of adherence to buccal mucosal cells). Studies were done to
      evaluate adherence under conditions operative in the renal medulla. The
      combination of hypertonic salt or urea solutions in acid pH interfered with
      adherence of the mannose-resistant strain. In additional studies of kidneys from
      humans, a similar effect of antipili serum and mannose was seen. These studies
      provide further evidence that pili are important in the initiation of upper
      urinary tract infection and define host factors that may inhibit initiation of
      infection.

PMID- 2422931
TI  - The human 18S ribosomal RNA gene: evolution and stability.
AB  - We report the 1,870-base-pair primary sequence of a human 18S rRNA gene and
      propose a secondary structure based on this sequence and the general mammalian
      structure. A basic secondary structure for the small subunit rRNA has been
      preserved throughout evolution by compensatory and neutral base changes in double
      stranded regions. The molecule contains eight regions that can vary in structure
      and that comprise 432 bases, while 1,438 bases belong to regions of conserved
      structure among all species tested. The conserved regions show a remarkably low
      sequence divergence rate of 0.1% between the human and mouse genes over the
      approximately 80 million years since the mammalian radiation. This value may make
      the small subunit rDNA the most highly conserved sequence known. Sequence
      conservation in higher eukaryotes with multiple copies of the gene is probably
      achieved by the combination of strong selection and the correction of tandem
      genes by unequal homologous exchange.

PMID- 2422932
TI  - Routine amniotic fluid alphafetoprotein assay: experience with 40,000
      pregnancies.
AB  - Of 40,000 initial amniotic fluid samples, 0.7% had an alphafetoprotein (AFP)
      level greater than or equal to +3 standard deviations above the mean. The risk of
      an open neural tube defect (NTD) or other serious fetal abnormality was 61% when
      AFP levels measured greater than or equal to +3 and 87% for levels greater than
      or equal to 5 standard deviations. If the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was
      positive, this risk was 84% and 95% for AFP levels of greater than or equal to +3
      and greater than or equal to +5 SD, respectively, and 29% and 62% for the same
      levels if the AChE was negative. If the second amniocentesis AFP was also greater
      than or equal to +3, the risk of an abnormality was 96%. In this series, there
      were 93 open neural tube defects, and all were identified. The true false
      positive rate was 1 per 13,000 of the cases screened. The recurrence risk for an
      NTD was 1.8%, and the incidence of NTDs in women having amniocentesis only for
      maternal age was 1.5 per 1,000.

PMID- 2422933
TI  - Heterogeneity of beta thalassemia.

PMID- 2422934
TI  - Loss of glomerular polyanion in vitro induced by mononuclear blood cells from
      patients with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - Peripheral mononuclear blood cells isolated from nephrotic subjects with minimal
      change nephrotic syndrome (selective proteinuria greater than 3.5 g/24 h) or
      various other forms of glomerulonephritis (non-selective proteinuria greater than
      3.5 g/24 h) were stimulated with concanavalin A and cultured for 20 h in the
      presence of kidney tissue under standard conditions. Identical cultures were
      developed with phosphate-buffered saline from normal control donors. Triplicate
      cultures of each subject (3 X 10(6) cells/ml) were incubated with or without 5,
      10, or 20 micrograms/ml concanavalin A per milliliter serum-free tissue culture
      medium upon cryostat sections from normal rat kidney. The cells were subsequently
      removed, and the tissue sections were washed and stained for sialoprotein using
      the colloidal iron method and evaluated for stainability of glomerular polyanion
      using light microscopy. The results show that peripheral mononuclear blood cells
      from subjects with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome had affected glomerular
      polyanion in vitro during incubation with kidney tissue in a significantly (p
      less than or equal to 0.005) higher number of cases (15/17) as compared with the
      number of glomerulonephritis patients who scored positive in 4 out of 14 cases,
      whereas this was the case in 3 out of 18 cases of the normal donors. It is
      concluded that stimulated cellular immune reactivity of peripheral mononuclear
      blood cells from subjects with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome in vitro is
      associated with the potential impairment in vitro of an important part of the
      glomerular filtration barrier. Since this cellular activity occurred to a
      significant lesser extent in other nephrotic subjects, this response is not
      related to the nephrotic state per se.

PMID- 2422935
TI  - Lethal accumulation of procainamide metabolite in severe renal insufficiency.
AB  - Four patients, 64-80 years of age, with severe renal dysfunction and heart
      disease received conventional doses of procainamide as treatment for cardiac
      arrhythmias. Serum procainamide concentrations at these times ranged from 6.2 to
      13.3 micrograms/ml and were within the recently expanded therapeutic range for
      resistant ventricular arrhythmias. All 4 patients demonstrated marked and delayed
      accumulation of the active metabolite N-acetylprocainamide, with highest observed
      serum concentrations ranging from 42.0 to 59.4 micrograms/ml. Cardiotoxicity
      associated with these levels included progressive widening of the QRS and
      corrected Q-T intervals, induction of polymorphic non-sustained ventricular
      tachycardia (torsades de pointes), and severe depression of left ventricular
      function which appeared to be important factors in the deaths of these patients.
      The use of lower procainamide doses and careful anticipatory monitoring of serum
      concentrations of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide are essential in this
      high-risk group.

PMID- 2422936
TI  - Elevated concentrations of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin and
      testosterone in the amniotic fluid of gestations of diabetic mothers.
AB  - Hyperplasia of testicular Leydig cells and ovarian theca-lutein cells is a common
      histologic finding in infants of diabetic mothers. The functional correlates of
      this histologic finding were investigated by measurement of the beta-subunit of
      human chorionic gonadotropin, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione,
      estradiol, and estrone in the amniotic fluid compartment of gestations with male
      and female fetuses in diabetic mothers (N = 34) and control women (N = 34) at
      term. When compared with those of control subjects, gestations of diabetic
      mothers had significantly higher amniotic fluid concentrations of the beta
      subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. Gestations with either male or female
      fetuses in diabetic mothers had significantly higher amniotic fluid testosterone
      and dihydrotestosterone levels when compared with those of their respective
      gender controls. In gestations with male fetuses in diabetic mothers there was a
      significant positive correlation between the beta-subunit of human chorionic
      gonadotropin and testosterone. There was no significant difference in amniotic
      fluid androstenedione, estradiol, or estrone levels between the gestations of
      diabetic mothers and those of control women. These results suggest that the
      testicular Leydig cell and ovarian theca-lutein cell hyperplasia seen in infants
      of diabetic mothers is due, in part, to elevated levels of human chorionic
      gonadotropin and is associated with elevated testosterone and dihydrotestosterone
      concentrations in the amniotic fluid.

PMID- 2422937
TI  - The tumor marker CA 125 is a common constituent of normal cervical mucus.
AB  - The presence of the tumor marker CA 125 was studied in the cervices of healthy
      women. Immunohistochemical staining of normal cervical tissue demonstrated the
      presence of CA 125 in the tall columnar cells of the endocervical epithelium but
      not in the ectocervical squamous epithelium. We measured very high levels of CA
      125 in liquefied cervical mucus from women with regular menstrual cycles. At
      midcycle, levels ranged from 14,200 to 153,000 U/ml (n = 13) in cervical mucus,
      while normal levels less than 35 U/ml were found in the corresponding serum
      samples. Levels of CA 125 in cervical mucus are comparable to the high levels
      found in cyst fluids from ovarian tumors (median 24,600 U/ml, n = 25). When
      secretion of cervical mucus was stimulated by ethinyl estradiol, equally high
      levels were found (7900 to 138,000 U/ml, n = 10). We conclude that the tumor
      marker CA 125 is synthesized and secreted by normal endocervical cells.
      Apparently an effective barrier exists between the endocervical mucosa and the
      circulation.

PMID- 2422938
TI  - Fetal microcirculation of abnormal human placenta. I. Scanning electron
      microscopy of placental vascular casts from small for gestational age fetus.
AB  - The latex injection-corrosion cast technique coupled with scanning electron
      microscopy was applied to the study of small for gestational age placentas. The
      main ultrastructural changes observed in the fetal vasculature of small for
      gestational age placentas were less branching of arteries and veins, capillaries
      with variable diameters, and many capillary bud projections; also numerous "H"
      shaped anastomoses were present in the capillary network. The corrosion/cast
      technique approach enabled us to visualize the three-dimensional distribution of
      arteries, veins, and capillary network as well as the ultrastructural alterations
      among the various-sized vessels in the abnormal placenta. Light microscopic
      examination of these placentas revealed numerous syncytial knots and fibrinoid
      deposits pressing on arteriolar and capillary vessels at different locations. We
      suggest that the numerous capillary buds and anastomoses are characteristics of
      neovascularization and may be a compensatory phenomenon of the capillary network.
      This information could shed new light on alterations of physiologic functions of
      the pathologic placenta.

PMID- 2422939
TI  - Fetal microcirculation of abnormal human placenta. II. Scanning electron
      microscopy of placental vascular casts from fetus with severe erythroblastosis
      fetalis.
AB  - The latex injection-corrosion cast technique coupled with scanning electron
      microscopy was applied to the study of severe Rh sensitization of the placenta.
      The main observed ultrastructural changes in fetal vasculature in this type of
      placenta were very similar to those of the small for gestational age placenta;
      large-sized vessels exhibited less branching than those of the normal placenta,
      and the capillary network showed numerous vascular buds and "H"-shaped
      anastomoses. In addition, in Rh-sensitized placentas, the capillary network was
      remarkably sparse, and the cast also revealed smooth-surfaced veins with distinct
      U shapes undulating through the placental stroma. These U-shaped veins may be the
      result of umbilical flow impedance with subsequent umbilical venous hypertension,
      which stretches the veins into undulating form.

PMID- 2422940
TI  - Optic disk and iris neovascularization after surgical interruption of the retinal
      circulation.

PMID- 2422941
TI  - Effects of salicylate and steroid on neutrophil migration and corneal blood
      vessel growth.
AB  - Cauterization of the cornea results in emigration of neutrophils from the limbal
      blood vessels into the corneal tissue. Blood vessel proliferation follows, the
      stimulus for which is unknown. In this study, 0.1 M sodium salicylate drops
      administered topically to cauterized rat corneas over a 48-h period had an
      inhibitory effect on the migration of neutrophils from the limbal vessels 6 h
      after injury, but this was not maintained at 48 h. After 6 days of treatment, the
      salicylate had no effect on vessel growth into the cauterized rat cornea.
      Application of prednisolone disodium phosphate ointment to cauterized corneas
      also inhibited neutrophil migration at 6 h, but increased the extravascular
      neutrophils at 48 h. After 6 days of treatment, corneal blood vessel growth was
      significantly reduced. It was concluded that there is no consistent relation
      between the number of extravascular neutrophils at the corneal limbus and the
      extent of corneal blood vessel growth.

PMID- 2422942
TI  - Antigenic phenotype of malignant mesotheliomas and pulmonary adenocarcinomas. An
      immunohistologic analysis demonstrating the value of Leu M1 antigen.
AB  - To evaluate the usefulness of an immunohistologic approach to the differential
      diagnosis of mesothelioma and pulmonary adenocarcinoma, the authors studied
      paraffin-embedded, fixed tissue sections from 50 primary adenocarcinomas of the
      lung and 28 mesotheliomas of the pleura by using a panel of monoclonal
      antikeratin, antihuman milk fat globule (HMFG-2), anti-Leu M1, and monoclonal
      anticarcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody; we also used a conventional
      heterologous anti-CEA antiserum with and without prior absorption with spleen
      powder to remove antibodies to nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA). Keratin
      was present in both mesotheliomas and adenocarcinomas and did not help in
      distinguishing between these two neoplasms. HMFG-2 was detected in 48 (96%), and
      Leu M1 was positive in 47 (94%) of the adenocarcinomas, but not in any of the
      mesotheliomas. By using conventional rabbit antiserum, the authors detected CEA
      in the majority of adenocarcinomas (96%), but also in two cases of mesothelioma.
      When the anti-CEA antiserum was absorbed with NCA, the number of positively
      reacting adenocarcinomas decreased considerably to 76%; however, after this
      treatment, none of the mesotheliomas gave positive reactions. The monoclonal anti
      CEA antibody was reactive in 36 of the adenocarcinomas (72%), but in none of the
      mesotheliomas. Our results indicate that, in addition to HMFG-2 and CEA, the
      expression of Leu M1 antigen by most primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma (94%) and
      its absence in mesothelioma could be used as a valuable marker for primary
      adenocarcinoma of the lung that involves the pleura and permits its
      differentiation from mesothelioma.

PMID- 2422943
TI  - Intermediate filament proteins in choroid plexus and ependyma and their tumors.
AB  - The intermediate filament protein types of normal choroid plexus and ependymal
      tissue and their putative tumors were investigated. In normal human choroid
      plexus tissue, but not in ependyma, keratin could be demonstrated
      immunohistochemically. By immunoblotting, keratins 8, 18, and 19 were found, but
      glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was absent. In mouse and rat, choroid
      plexus epithelium and ependymal lining cells were keratin-positive. In addition,
      many ependymal cells were vimentin-positive. Keratin was immunohistochemically
      found in three of four choroid plexus papillomas, two of two choroid plexus
      carcinomas, and the lining cells of three neuroepithelial cysts. GFAP-positive
      cells were present in some choroid plexus tumors. In contrast, none of the eight
      ependymomas contained keratin, but all were strongly positive for GFAP. The
      results show that choroid plexus lining cells and choroid plexus tumors have true
      epithelial characteristics in their cytoskeleton, in contrast to ependymomas,
      which do not show keratin positivity but show glial filaments, as would be seen
      in astrocytic tumors.

PMID- 2422944
TI  - Expression of HLA class I antigens on hepatocytes in liver disease.
AB  - Recent studies have demonstrated aberrant expression and topographical
      heterogeneity of HLA Class I and Class II antigens in tissues of patients with
      certain immunologic or neoplastic diseases. Current information about the
      expression of HLA antigens by normal and diseased hepatocytes is controversial.
      We analyzed the HLA antigenic profile of 4 normal fetal livers, 5 normal adult
      livers, 7 cases of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, 14 cases of
      cirrhosis of various etiologies, 11 hepatic neoplasms, and 5 continuous cell
      lines derived from hepatic tumors. The specimens were tested by the indirect
      fluorescent antibody method with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to distinct
      monomorphic determinants of HLA Class I and Class II antigens and to beta 2
      microglobulin. HLA Cells I antigens were not detected on normal fetal and adult
      hepatocytes, but were displayed on the plasma membrane of hepatocytes in the
      majority of all hepatic diseases tested and of the 5 hepatic tumor cell lines.
      There was a significant correlation between the expression of HLA Class I
      antigens on hepatocytes and the intensity of intralobular inflammation. Double
      immunofluorescent staining of livers infected with hepatitis B virus demonstrated
      simultaneous expression of HLA Class I antigens and HBsAg or HBcAg only in a
      small percentage of hepatocytes, suggesting lack of a specific association
      between HLA Class I and these viral antigens. HLA Class II antigens were not
      detected on hepatocytes from any of the liver diseases tested but were expressed
      by one of the 5 liver carcinoma cell lines analyzed. These findings confirm that
      HLA Class I antigens are not detectable within the limits of several
      immunohistochemical methods on normal hepatocytes and suggest that injury by a
      variety of factors directly or indirectly leads to induction of these antigens on
      the plasma membrane of hepatocytes.

PMID- 2422945
TI  - Immunoultrastructural and morphometric analysis of B lymphocytes in human
      germinal centers. Evidence for alternate pathways of follicular transformation.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies to B-cell differentiation antigens B1, B2, C3b, and Ia were
      used for ultrastructural characterization of B lymphocytes undergoing follicular
      transformation in human germinal centers. Morphologic alterations and
      morphometric parameters including form factor (FF) and nuclear contour index
      (NCI) were evaluated. Antibodies to B1, Ia, and C3b revealed uninterrupted linear
      surface membrane staining in B cells at various stages of transformation, while
      staining for B2 appeared as aggregates of gold particles localized to sites of
      antigen expression along the cell membrane. B cells with highly irregular or
      convoluted nuclei (NCI greater than 6.5) formed 3% of follicular lymphocytes and
      may explain the derivation of rare follicular center cell lymphomas with marked
      nuclear irregularity which mimic T-cell lymphomas histologically. Cleaved cells
      (NCI greater than or equal to 4.5) comprised 48% of the cellular population and
      were present at all stages of transformation. Results of morphometric studies
      suggest that small cleaved cells (centrocytes) and noncleaved cells transform to
      large lymphoid cells (centroblasts) along parallel lines, and without following
      the sequential differentiation pathway suggested by Lukes and Collins.

PMID- 2422946
TI  - Increased aerobic glucose oxidation by cAMP in cultured regenerated skeletal
      myotubes.
AB  - Previous studies of embryonic rat skeletal muscle cultures suggested that there
      was a correlation between intracellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate
      (cAMP) concentration and activities of enzymes of oxidative energy metabolism. We
      investigated the ability of agents that elevate intracellular cAMP by three
      different mechanisms (activation of adenylate cyclase, inhibition of
      phosphodiesterase, and analogues) to alter not only the activities of 11
      glycolytic and mitochondrial enzymes but also the rate of flux through aerobic
      glucose oxidation in intact myotubes derived from regenerating rat muscle
      satellite cells. The enzyme activities were not consistently altered when cAMP
      was elevated, with the exception of the electron transport enzyme, NADH
      cytochrome c reductase, whose activity was elevated by exposure of the myotubes
      to cholera toxin (110% of control), 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (112%), caffeine
      (119%), and 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (120%). The rate of flux
      of aerobic glucose oxidation was elevated by all agents (116-157% of control)
      except cholera toxin. This study allowed us to compare the metabolic
      characteristics of myotube cultures derived from satellite cells with those from
      embryonic muscle, from a previous study. Despite differences between these two
      models, together, the data present strong evidence that an increase in
      intracellular cAMP can cause an increase in oxidative capacity.

PMID- 2422947
TI  - Amiloride analogues inhibit proximal tubule metabolism.
AB  - The effects of two amiloride analogues, ethylisopropylamiloride and
      methylisopropylamiloride, were tested on active Na+ transport and oxidative
      metabolism of a rabbit proximal renal tubule suspension. These two analogues have
      been recently reported to inhibit Na+-H+ antiport activity of various tissues
      with greater potency than amiloride. In proximal tubules, no effects were
      detected at concentrations less than 10(-4) M. At concentrations greater than 10(
      4) M, both of these compounds inhibited the ouabain-sensitive O2 consumption (a
      direct measure of Na+ pump activity) with a greater potency than amiloride.
      Investigations into possible metabolic effects revealed that both amiloride
      analogues inhibited mitochondrial production of ATP at these concentrations,
      whereas amiloride did not directly affect metabolism. The amiloride analogues
      inhibited the nystatin-stimulated O2 consumption (which measures Na+-K+-ATPase
      activity in the intact cells) as well as the ATP content. These results suggest
      that the primary effects of these analogues on rabbit proximal tubules are to
      inhibit both the Na+-K+-ATPase and oxidative metabolism.

PMID- 2422948
TI  - Serotonin uptake by bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells in culture. II.
      Stimulation by hypoxia.
AB  - Exposure of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells to 3% O2 resulted in
      approximately twofold stimulation of serotonin (5-HT) uptake after 24-48 h when
      compared with cells exposed to 20% O2. The enhanced uptake was reversed after 48
      h when cells were again placed in 20% O2. The stimulation was not observed after
      0.5 or 2 h of exposure to hypoxia. The stimulation was present when iproniazid
      blocked conversion of 5-HT to 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, indicating that
      enhanced uptake did not occur through augmentation of monoamine oxidase activity.
      Stimulation of uptake by hypoxia occurred at low concentrations of 5-HT (up to
      10(-6) M) but not at high 5-HT concentrations (greater than 10(-5) M) and was
      blocked by imipramine or absence of sodium from the medium, indicating that high
      affinity transport and not diffusion of 5-HT was stimulated. Furthermore,
      exposure of cells to hypoxia did not produce morphological evidence of injury or
      change in protein content or trypan blue exclusion. The cell number of 3% O2
      exposed cells was slightly reduced when compared with controls after 48 h. There
      was no change in cellular ATP or increase in lactate dehydrogenase in medium of
      cells exposed to 3% O2. Thus exposure of endothelial cells in culture to hypoxia
      stimulates the membrane activity of 5-HT accumulation with no evidence of injury
      to the cell.

PMID- 2422949
TI  - Multiple neuropeptides exert a direct effect on the same isolated single smooth
      muscle cell.
AB  - The contractile effect of various neuropeptides was examined by pressure ejecting
      these agents from a pipette onto single smooth muscle cells freshly dissociated
      from the stomach of Bufo marinus. Substance P, cholecystokinin-octapeptide, and
      bombesin caused contraction, whereas vasoactive intestinal peptide, secretin, and
      dopamine inhibited acetylcholine-induced contractions. Acetylcholine and the
      three peptides which produced contraction were found in some instances to act on
      the same cell, suggesting that receptors for these agents exist on one and the
      same cell.

PMID- 2422950
TI  - In vitro exhaustion of pancreatic beta-cells.
AB  - To learn more about possible limited beta-cell secretory capacity and factors
      essential for insulin release, a perifusion system was applied that allowed the
      in vitro study of insulin secretion from isolated pancreatic islets for more than
      6 h. Islets isolated from rats were stimulated with various glucose
      concentrations (7.5, 16.7, and 30 mM), alpha-ketoisocaproate (30 mM), and 30 mM
      glucose plus 1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine for several hours in Krebs-Ringer
      bicarbonate buffer (KRB) or RPMI 1640. Islets showed "exhaustion" with all
      stimulatory conditions used when KRB was the perifusion medium. This was not
      prevented by addition of amino acids, phosphate, myo-inositol or arachidonic
      acid. With RPMI 1640 as the basal medium, exhaustion was not seen at 7.5 mM but
      was readily approached at higher glucose concentrations. It is possible that the
      exhaustion phenomenon observed here is due to a depletion of a readily releasable
      insulin pool.

PMID- 2422951
TI  - Maturation of cholecystokinin receptors in pancreatic acini of rats.
AB  - Amylase secretion by fetal and newborn rat pancreata was shown not to respond to
      cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulation. Binding of 125I-Bolton-Hunter (125I-BH)-CCK-8
      to dispersed pancreatic acini from rats at various perinatal ages was measured
      and compared with adults. Binding occurred maximally at 30 min at 37 degrees C at
      all ages. Maximal binding increased with age. The capacity and affinity of the
      CCK-receptor binding system was analyzed by Scatchard's method. The results
      revealed that the capacity of the high-affinity component gradually increases
      with age, whereas that of the low-affinity component remains relatively constant.
      Amylase secretion due to CCK stimulation also increases with age, suggesting that
      the lack of responsiveness of pancreata of pups to secretagogue is due to a low
      binding capacity of the high-affinity component of the receptors.

PMID- 2422952
TI  - Morphological and biochemical changes of the pancreas in rats treated with
      acetaldehyde.
AB  - Daily intraperitoneal injections of acetaldehyde for 10 days to adult rats
      produced distinct morphological and biochemical changes in the exocrine pancreas,
      without affecting the body weight, pancreatic weight, and DNA, RNA, and protein
      content of the pancreas. By electronmicroscopy, although the number and size of
      the acinar zymogen granules appeared to be the same between the saline- and
      acetaldehyde-treated rats, the zymogen granules of the latter group showed
      decreased osmiophilia. Acinar mitochondria of the acetaldehyde-treated rats were
      found to be slightly swollen with dense granules, and plasma membrane fragments
      were often seen in the acinar lumen. Administration of acetaldehyde significantly
      decreased immunoreactive cationic trypsin (ogen) and total amylase activity in
      the pancreas, but not in the serum, where amylase activity was markedly
      increased. Basal secretion of amylase, trypsinogen, and chymotrypsinogen from
      isolated dispersed pancreatic acini of acetaldehyde-treated rats was increased by
      40-50%. Nicotine (5-25 mM) induced a profound increase in secretion of the same
      enzymes from isolated acini of both saline- and acetaldehyde-treated rats, but in
      the latter group there was a concomitant rise in LDH release. Furthermore, CCK-8
      (1 nM), secretin (1 microM), and carbachol (10 microM) either alone or in
      combination with nicotine (12.5 mM) produced a profound stimulation in amylase,
      trypsinogen, and chymotrypsinogen secretion from acini of both groups of rats. On
      the other hand, secretion of 3H-pulse-labeled proteins from isolated acini of
      acetaldehyde-treated rats by nicotine was decreased by approximately 50% compared
      with the controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422953
TI  - Prostaglandin interaction with histamine release and parietal cell activity in
      isolated gastric glands.
AB  - The effects of different prostanoids on parietal cell activity and glandular
      histamine (Hi) release were examined in isolated rabbit gastric glands.
      [14C]aminopyrine accumulation and glandular oxygen consumption were used as
      indices of parietal cell activity, and Hi was determined fluorophotometrically in
      the supernatant of the glandular suspensions. Both prostaglandins (PG) E2 and E1
      dose dependently (10(-8) and 10(-6) M) increased the release of endogenous Hi.
      Carbacyclin was less effective and PGF2 alpha was almost without effect. Hi
      release induced by acetylcholine (Ach) and pentagastrin (Pg) was markedly
      potentiated in the presence of PGE2 (10(-8) to 10(-5) M). The Ach-induced sti
      ulation of Hi release was also potentiated by arachidonic acid (10(-5) M), an
      effect that was inhibitable by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor meclofenamate (3 X
      10(-5) M). Somatostatin partially inhibited the response to Pg (3 X 10(-9) M) in
      combination with PGE2 (10(-5) M). Atropine (10(-5) M) strongly reduced the
      response elicited by Ach (3 X 10(-6) M) combined with PGE2 (10(-6) M). All
      prostanoids inhibited Hi (10(-4) M)-induced parietal cell activity in a dose
      dependent manner (60-70%) but displayed different potency. The stimulatory
      response to Ach (3 X 10(-6) M) or Pg (3 X 10(-9) M) in combination with
      isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX, 10(-5) M) was inhibited by PGE2 in a dose-dependent
      fashion. PGE2 (10(-6) M) was considerably more effective than cimetidine (10(-5)
      M) in inhibiting IBMX (10(-4) M)-stimulated oxygen consumption, and the remaining
      IBMX-PGE2 response (approximately 40%) was dose dependently (10(-8) to 10(-5) M)
      inhibited by cimetidine. Addition of Hi (10(-7) to 4 X 10(-7) M) or Pg (3 X 10(
      10) to 3 X 10(-9) M) counteracted the PGE2 inhibition of the IBMX response. In
      addition, IBMX (10(-4) M) combined with PGE2 (10(-6) M) gave rise to a threefold
      increase in Hi release. These results suggest that prostaglandins have two
      opposing effects, i.e., liberation of endogenous Hi and inhibition of the action
      of Hi on the parietal cell.

PMID- 2422954
TI  - Does corticosterone affect gastric mucosal cell growth during development?
AB  - The effect of corticosterone on the growth of the gastric mucosa was investigated
      during development. The weight of the mucosa and DNA, RNA, and protein content
      were used as parameters of growth. The pepsinogen content of the oxyntic gland
      was examined as an indicator of the biological action of corticosterone on
      development. Corticosterone-treated animals had lower body weights than control
      animals on days 10-20. This difference was not seen on day 25. Corticosterone
      administration during the first and second postnatal weeks induced the precocious
      appearance of pepsinogen in the oxyntic gland mucosa and increased basal acid
      output. These effects disappeared by day 25. The weight of the mucosa and DNA,
      RNA, and protein content of the oxyntic gland and antrum increased with age, but
      corticosterone had no effect on any of these parameters. We conclude that the
      induction of precocious development of the gastric mucosa by corticosterone is
      not due to the stimulation of growth.

PMID- 2422955
TI  - Ca2+-, phorbol ester-, and cAMP-stimulated enzyme secretion from permeabilized
      rat pancreatic acini.
AB  - Enzyme secretion from the exocrine pancreas is stimulated by receptor-activated
      breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and consequent rise of both
      inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol, which leads to Ca2+
      release and to activation of protein kinase C, respectively. Another way involves
      receptor-mediated stimulation of adenylate cyclase and consequent rise of cAMP
      and activation of protein kinase A. In the present work we have studied direct
      stimulation, inhibition, and mutual interaction of these pathways on enzyme
      secretion from isolated rat pancreatic acini that had been permeabilized by
      treatment with saponin or digitonin. The data were compared with those obtained
      in isolated intact acini. The data show that with increasing free Ca2+
      concentrations greater than 10(-6) M protein release increases in "leaky" but not
      in "intact" cells and is maximal at approximately 10(-3) M, increasing about
      twofold compared with that in the absence of Ca2+. In the presence of the
      acetylcholine analogue carbachol, this effect of Ca2+ is enhanced by about
      threefold in leaky cells and is also present in intact cells to a similar extent.
      cAMP and its analogues, dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) and 8-bromo-cAMP stimulate
      protein release by about twofold in the presence of Ca2+ in leaky cells. In
      intact acini cAMP has no effect, and cAMP analogues stimulate enzyme secretion by
      about twofold in some but not all experiments. Similarly, forskolin, an activator
      of adenylate cyclases and inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide-dependent
      phosphodiesterases, such as 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) and R0 201724,
      stimulate protein release in permeabilized acini. The Ca2+-binding protein
      calmodulin has no effect on enzyme secretion, whereas the calmodulin antagonist
      trifluoperazine dihydrochloride stimulates protein release in leaky but not in
      intact acini. The activator of protein kinase C, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13
      acetate (TPA) stimulates protein release in a Ca2+-dependent manner and enhances
      cAMP-induced secretion. The effects of carbachol, TPA, cAMP, and a combination of
      both TPA and cAMP are inhibited by the polyamine spermine in permeabilized cells.
      Spermine has no effect on carbachol-induced enzyme secretion in intact cells. The
      data suggest that enzyme secretion from pancreatic acinar cells is mediated by
      cAMP protein kinase A and by Ca2+ phospholipid protein kinase C in a Ca2+
      dependent way and that interaction occurs between both pathways.

PMID- 2422957
TI  - Osmolality, vasopressin-stimulated cAMP, and PGE2 synthesis in rat collecting
      tubule cells.
AB  - Using rat renal papillary collecting tubule (RPCT) cells in culture, we examined
      the interactions of extracellular osmolality, vasopressin-stimulated cAMP, and
      prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis. Hypertonic solutions composed of equiosmolar
      amounts of urea and sodium chloride, 900-2,400 mosM, potentiated the increases of
      intracellular cAMP after vasopressin stimulation. Sodium chloride, rather than
      urea, was the important solute. The mechanism of this augmented cAMP response was
      complex, probably involving increased synthesis, decreased degradation, and
      reduced efflux of cAMP from the RPCT cells. The potentiating actions of
      hypertonic sodium chloride were specific for vasopressin-stimulated cAMP and were
      not observed for forskolin or PGE2-stimulated cAMP. Hypertonic solutions
      inhibited RPCT cell PGE2 production, and sodium chloride, rather than urea, was
      again the important solute. The enzymatic site of sodium chloride inhibition of
      PGE2 synthesis was apparently on the phospholipase enzymes, assessed by calcium
      ionophore and bradykinin stimulation, and not on cyclooxygenase, measured by
      arachidonic acid responsiveness. Reductions of osmolality, from 1,800 to 300
      mosM, acutely increased PGE2 release, possibly through a calcium-dependent
      stimulation of phospholipase. We conclude that conditions that prevail in vivo
      during antidiuresis, namely hypertonicity of the papillary interstitium, may
      augment vasopressin responsiveness through increments of collecting tubule cAMP
      and reductions of PGE2 which could, in concert, maximize water reabsorption in
      the collecting tubule.

PMID- 2422956
TI  - Angiotensin-receptor signaling in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Functional receptors for angiotensin II (ANG II) are present in smooth muscle
      cells cultured from rat aorta. These cells are especially suitable for
      investigating transmembrane signaling events, since ANG II-receptor function is
      consistently expressed for many population doublings in culture. Cytoplasmic free
      Ca, measured with quin 2 or fura-2, transiently increases after receptor
      stimulation. ANG II releases Ca that is sequestered intracellularly, since the
      removal of extracellular Ca does not prevent the hormone from increasing
      intracellular free Ca. Angiotensin provokes both polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis
      and phosphatidate-phosphoinositide synthesis. Purified inositol trisphosphate
      (IP3) releases Ca from a nonmitochondrial organelle, presumably the sarcoplasmic
      reticulum or a specialized region therein. IP3 probably opens an intracellular Ca
      channel by a ligand-binding reaction rather than a metabolic reaction. The
      accumulation of IP3 in intact cells in response to ANG II seems fast enough to
      cause Ca mobilization. ANG II increases a fast and a slow component of 45Ca2+
      efflux from the intact cells. The rapid stimulation of Ca2+ efflux from the cell
      via a Na-Ca antiporter probably accounts at least in part for the short duration
      of the increase in cytoplasmic free Ca elicited by angiotensin. ANG II has no
      effect on a fast component of 45Ca2+ influx but does increase a slow component of
      45Ca2+ influx; that increase would help to sustain the elevation in free Ca and
      the refilling of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, ANG II-receptor
      stimulation depolarizes the cell membrane and increases the specific activities
      of the Na-K pump, the Na-H antiporter, the Na-Ca antiporter, and the Na-K-Cl
      cotransporter. Ca and/or 1,2-diacylglycerol, the lipophilic activator of protein
      kinase C, which is concomitantly produced along with IP3, may mediate the effects
      of ANG II on Na and K transport. Investigations of cultured vascular smooth
      muscle support the inositol-signaling hypothesis of hormone action.

PMID- 2422958
TI  - Characteristics of the proton pump in rat renal cortical endocytotic vesicles.
AB  - The characteristics of the H+ pump in isolated rat renal endocytotic vesicles
      were studied by the delta pH-sensitive dye acridine orange, the voltage-sensitive
      dye 3,3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide, and by a coupled optical ATPase
      assay. Intravesicular acidification depended on ATP and Mg2+ concentrations with
      half-maximal activations at 73 and 77 microM, respectively. CTP, GTP, UTP, and
      ITP partially supported acidification, but ADP and AMP did not. Ouabain,
      ethoxzolamide, levamisole, and vanadate did not inhibit H+ uptake into
      endocytotic vesicles. Oligomycin inhibited partially. Depending on concentration
      and preincubation time, Dio-9, filipin, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), and
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) inhibited H+ uptake completely. Filipin and,
      partially, DCCD acted nonspecifically by dissipating pH gradients. A specific
      cation was not required for the H+ pump; Zn2+ inhibited. Compared with mannitol,
      ATP-driven H+ uptake was stimulated by SCN- greater than Cl- greater than Br-
      greater than I- much greater than HPO4(2-) = gluconate = HCO3- = F-, but not by
      SO4(2-), NO3-, CH3COO-, S2O3(2-), and S4O6(2-). Chloride stimulated H+ uptake
      from the outside of the vesicles with an apparent Km of 27 mM. In the absence of
      Cl-, ATP-driven proton uptake was increased by intravesicular K+ and valinomycin,
      suggesting that the pump is electrogenic. The electrogenicity, however, could not
      be demonstrated with voltage-sensitive dyes. The vesicle membrane contains no
      significant K+ and Cl- conductances; only a conductance for H+ was found. The
      vesicles exhibited an ouabain-, oligomycin-, and vanadate-insensitive ATPase
      activity that was inhibited by DCCD and NEM. Our data indicate the presence of an
      electrogenic H+ pump in endocytotic vesicles from rat renal proximal tubules with
      similar characteristics as H+ pumps present in various intracellular
      (nonmitochondrial) membranes.

PMID- 2422960
TI  - The construction of therapeutic allegories.

PMID- 2422959
TI  - Na+-K+ pump stoichiometry and basolateral membrane permeability of frog corneal
      epithelium.
AB  - The Na+-K+ pump flux ratio and the Na+ and K+ permeability of the basolateral
      membrane of the isolated frog corneal epithelium were studied with the aid of
      microelectrodes by analyzing the effects of ouabain, Ba2+, and amphotericin B.
      The experiments were done in Cl(-)-free solutions, a situation that approximates
      that of static head. Ouabain produced a quick depolarization of the potential
      difference across the basolateral membrane (PDb) from -72 to -62 mV without a
      change in resistance. Ba2+ (3 mM) rapidly lowered PDb from -74 to -57 mV and
      decreased the apical-to-basolateral resistance ratio. The effects of ouabain and
      Ba2+ were additive. The Na+-K+ flux ratio at the pump was calculated to be 1.78,
      substantially less than when the tissue is in a level flow condition, suggesting
      a variable stoichiometry. The K+ and Na+ resistances of the basolateral membrane
      were 15.7 and 5.5 k omega X cm2, respectively, allowing K+ and Na+ currents that
      approximately matched those produced by the Na+-K+ pump. The resistance of the
      basolateral membrane (4.0 k omega X cm2) was double that reported in Cl(-)-rich
      solutions, suggesting that Cl- contributes to the conductance of this membrane.

PMID- 2422961
TI  - In vitro release of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) by human
      endometrial cells.
AB  - Evidence has now accumulated to sustain the idea that pregnancy-associated plasma
      protein-A (PAPP-A) is not pregnancy specific: it can be localized
      immunohistochemically in nonpregnant human endometrium. Thus, it was of interest
      to see if a primary cell culture of human endometrial cells was capable of
      producing PAPP-A. Immunoreactive PAPP-A-like material was detected in the culture
      medium of glandular as well as stromal cells. The presence of PAPP-A in
      endometrial culture medium was specific and could not be attributed to a
      nonspecific protease effect on the tracer used in radioimmunoassay. The
      production rate of PAPP-A by stromal cells could be enhanced by the addition of
      medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). Estradiol (E2) alone or in combination with
      MPA did not modify the production rate of PAPP-A. The production rate of PAPP-A
      by glandular cells remained unchanged after treatment with MPA and/or E2. These
      results confirm that in nonpregnant women PAPP-A is a progesterone-dependent
      protein produced by the endometrium.

PMID- 2422962
TI  - Cat scratch disease. Identification of bacteria in seven cases of lymphadenitis.
AB  - A retrospective study of lymph node biopsy specimens from nine patients with the
      clinical findings and histologic features of cat scratch disease was undertaken
      to determine whether the recent report by Wear et al. that pleomorphic bacteria
      are present in the lymph nodes of cat scratch disease could be confirmed. In
      seven of our nine cases, pleomorphic bacteria were demonstrated with the Warthin
      Starry (WS) silver stain. These were gram-negative with the Brown-Hopps tissue
      Gram stain and were almost at the limit of microscopic resolution. Lymph node
      specimens from 13 additional patients with nonspecific lymphadenitis who had
      neither clinical nor histologic findings of cat scratch disease were studied
      similarly; in none of these were bacteria demonstrated with the WS silver stain.
      After examining the distribution of the organisms and the related morphologic
      features in cat scratch disease, we conclude that demonstration of pleomorphic,
      gram-negative, WS-positive bacteria in the appropriate clinical and histologic
      setting can firmly establish the diagnosis of cat scratch disease.

PMID- 2422963
TI  - Diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis using fluorescein-labeled antitoxoplasma
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The direct immunofluorescence technique using monoclonal antitoxoplasma
      antibodies was used to detect Toxoplasma organisms in 13 brain touch preparations
      and six smears of cerebrospinal fluid. For comparison, Giemsa-stained smears and
      histologic sections of the same cases were also studied. Positive results were
      obtained from two cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with all
      three methods. Toxoplasma cysts, pseudocysts, and tachyzoites were easily
      identified by the immunofluorescence technique, and no false-positive results
      were encountered in nine cases of AIDS with different kinds of encephalitides. It
      was difficult to identify tachyzoites in histologic sections and time-consuming
      to search for pseudocysts and cysts. The parasite was even more difficult to
      recognize in Giemsa-stained brain touch preparations due to the easy distortion
      of the organisms. In the present study, immunofluorescence technique was more
      sensitive than hematoxylin--eosin or Giemsa staining in terms of the number and
      range of forms demonstrated in tissue. Therefore, immunofluorescence technique
      using monoclonal antibodies appears to be the preferred method for a rapid
      diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis as compared to Giemsa staining and histology.

PMID- 2422964
TI  - Duodenal carcinoids in patients with and without neurofibromatosis. A comparative
      study.
AB  - Nine duodenal carcinoids from patients with von Recklinghausen's
      neurofibromatosis (VRNF) were investigated for their morphologic,
      immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics, and were compared with
      seven similar tumors from patients without VRNF. Strong similarities were found
      between tumors in each group. Irrespective of their association with VRNF,
      duodenal carcinoids arose in adults and usually produced jaundice, upper
      intestinal bleeding, or obstruction. Tumors larger than 2.0 cm had already
      metastasized when first detected. All tumors showed a mixed architectural
      pattern; five tumors associated with VRNF were of the psammomatous type, as
      opposed to two of those without VRNF. While no tumors showed argentaffinity,
      stray argyrophil cells were present only in the three tumors not associated with
      VRNF. All of the tumors showed immunocytochemical evidence of somatostatinomas,
      and only one VRNF-associated tumor showed immunoreactivity for an additional
      regulatory substance, as opposed to three of those not associated with VRNF.
      Thus, while VRNF-associated duodenal carcinoids are not otherwise distinctive,
      they tend to be pure somatostatinomas (eight of nine cases), whereas similar
      tumors unassociated with VRNF are frequently multihormonal (three of seven
      cases). While many more duodenal carcinoids need to be investigated
      systematically for their immunocytochemical profile, detection of a pure
      somatostatinoma in the duodenum should alert one to the possibility of coexistent
      VRNF.

PMID- 2422965
TI  - Identification of Plasmodium vivax sporozoites in mosquitoes using an enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for identifying Plasmodium
      vivax sporozoites in mosquitoes is described. Monoclonal antibodies produced
      against Thailand P. vivax sporozoites were used in an ELISA to detect and
      identify homologous sporozoites of Southeast Asian, Mexican and North Korean
      origin in extracts of frozen or dried infected mosquitoes. The assay was
      sensitive enough to detect 1 infected mosquito in a pool of 20 insects or 125-250
      sporozoites per 30 microliter of mosquito extract. The use of a nonionic
      detergent and a single freeze-thaw to disrupt the circumsporozoite antigen
      significantly increased the sensitivity of the method.

PMID- 2422966
TI  - Subcellular and taxonomic specificity of monoclonal antibodies to New World
      Leishmania.
AB  - Murine monoclonal antibodies to flagellar, surface membrane and cytoplasmic
      antigens of New World Leishmania were assessed for their taxonomic specificity in
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with three genera of the family
      Trypanosomatidae and three species and seven subspecies of the genus Leishmania.
      Antibodies exhibiting exclusive reactivity with either the flagellum, flagellar
      pocket, kinetoplast, or nucleus lacked specificity at all phylogenetic levels
      and, in fact, recognized epitopes common to cultured mammalian cells. Monoclonals
      to intracellular antigens were capable of distinguishing Leishmania from
      Trypanosoma and Endotrypanum. Antibodies reactive at the surface membrane could
      separate six isolates of L. braziliensis from three isolates of L. mexicana but
      the differences in antigen expression were frequently quantitative rather than
      qualitative. Antigenic variability within species and/or subspecies often
      exceeded that which was observed between species and/or subspecies. At least one
      monoclonal antibody was specific for a surface antigen peculiar to a
      subpopulation of promastigotes of an L. braziliensis panamensis isolate.

PMID- 2422967
TI  - Identification of strain-specific and group-reactive antigenic determinants on
      the Karp, Gilliam and Kato strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi.
AB  - Hybridoma antibodies (Hab) were prepared against the Karp, Gilliam and Kato
      strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and were examined for homologous and
      heterologous reactivity using an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Strain
      specific Hab demonstrated homologous IFA titers ranging from 1/320 to 1/1,280 and
      did not react (less than 1/10) with the heterologous strains. The cross-reactive
      Hab generally reacted equally with all three strains in the scrub typhus group;
      however, there were some Hab that reacted with only one of the two heterologous
      strains tested. The Hab also were examined in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
      with scrub typhus antigens eluted from SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Most Hab reacted
      with either one or several of the six eluted antigens detected with a polyclonal
      immune serum. It was also observed that strain-specific and cross-reactive Hab
      sometimes reacted with the same antigen, suggesting the existence of multiple
      antigenic determinants in one electrophoretic peak. The data suggest that strain
      specific Hab can be used in the indirect immunofluorescence assay to identify
      isolates of R. tsutsugamushi without the cross-reactions usually observed with
      polyclonal antisera, and that they are useful probes for detection and analysis
      of rickettsial antigens.

PMID- 2422968
TI  - Characteristics of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (Xinjiang strain) in
      China.
AB  - Virus strains isolated from blood of patients during a hemorrhagic fever outbreak
      in 1968 in southern Xinjiang, China, from Hyalomma asiaticum and from sheep, were
      found to be identical or closely related to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (C
      CHF) virus by complement fixation and indirect immunofluorescence tests with
      convalescent sera of patients and with C-CHF reference antibody. The virus was
      inactivated by ether and acid. Viral synthesis was not suppressed by 5
      iododeoxyuridine suggesting an RNA-containing genome. The buoyant density in
      sucrose was 1.16-1.18 g/cm3. The particle weight was estimated at 3.26 +/- 0.46 X
      10(8). The diameter of the virus particles was 85-105 nm.

PMID- 2422969
TI  - Further studies on the antigenic diversity of the circumsporozoite proteins of
      the Plasmodium cynomolgi complex.
AB  - The circumsporozoite (CS) proteins of strains of the Plasmodium cynomolgi complex
      have been examined using antisporozoite monoclonal antibodies (Mab) in various
      immunologic assays. We found extensive antigenic diversity in the repeating
      immunodominant epitope of the CS proteins of the various strains. Based on the
      antigenicity and the electrophoretic mobility of their CS protein, the 11 strains
      that we examined can be placed in 7 distinct groups. Our data also indicate
      homology between the immunodominant repetitive epitopes of the CS proteins of the
      Berok strain of P. cynomolgi and the human malaria parasite P. vivax.

PMID- 2422970
TI  - Cellular immune responses of chagasic patients to antigens derived from different
      Trypanosoma cruzi strains and clones.
AB  - The reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMN) from 62 chagasic
      patients to antigens prepared with different Trypanosoma cruzi strains and clones
      belonging to different zymodemes was evaluated by the incorporation of 3H
      thymidine into DNA. Standardization of experimental conditions was carried out by
      establishing the proper antigen concentration (15-20 micrograms protein), the
      adequate period of time (5-6 days) and the best cell concentration
      (300,000/well). Individual analysis of 62 patients showed 2 distinct patterns of
      cellular response. One group of patients (32%) had low cellular responses to all
      antigens tested while the remaining patients had high response to at least 1 of
      the antigens. No relationship of the immune responsiveness to the patients'
      clinical forms could be established. In addition, the PBMN response to different
      strain and clone antigens was not statistically significant. Thus, it appears
      that the cellular response induced by any particular clone or strain represents
      an expression of the stimulation of their common antigenic make-up.

PMID- 2422971
TI  - Preparation of mouse monoclonal antibodies and evidence for a host immune
      response to the preacetabular gland proteinase of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae.
AB  - Forty-six monoclonal antibodies were produced against the preacetabular gland
      secretions of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae by two different immunization
      protocols. These antibodies were of both the IgG and the IgM classes. One IgM
      monoclonal antibody (Ia4D6) was further characterized. It was specific to the
      cercarial stage by ELISA and showed specific binding to the 30,000 Mr proteinase
      in crude cercarial secretions by Western blot analysis. Preincubation of this
      antibody with purified cercarial proteinase resulted in inhibition of proteolytic
      activity, and it mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity to cercariae in
      vitro. Immunoperoxidase staining of cercariae localized this antibody to vesicles
      visible within the preacetabular glands and their secretory ducts, and to
      secreted material. ELISA and Western blot analysis also showed that sera from
      infected mice and patients with schistosomiasis reacted with the cercarial
      proteinase. These studies demonstrate that a proteinase secreted into the host by
      invading cercariae is immunogenic and provide a monoclonal antibody probe for
      further characterization of its structure and function.

PMID- 2422972
TI  - Operative therapy for pancreatic carcinoma.
AB  - The prognosis for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains dismal. The
      operative management of 116 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated over
      a 15 year period was reviewed. Biliary bypass was associated with a high
      operative mortality (33 percent). Cholecystojejunostomy was associated with a 27
      percent incidence of recurrent obstructive jaundice before death. Therefore, it
      is recommended that when feasible, a choledochojejunostomy be performed. A 25
      percent incidence of duodenal obstruction was observed in patients who did not
      routinely undergo prophylactic gastroenterostomy. Survival was short in all
      patients whether or not a resection was performed: the mean survival after
      biliary bypass was 5.6 months. A significant problem was observed in patients who
      underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. Tumor was present at the line of transection
      of the pancreas in the majority of patients. Thus, it is strongly recommended
      that frozen section examination of the margin of the pancreas be carried out
      routinely if a partial pancreatectomy is performed. Newer techniques of
      palliation for patients with pancreatic carcinoma such as fine needle aspiration
      biopsy guided by computerized axial tomography and internal or external biliary
      stenting are encouraged due to the high operative mortality and short survival of
      all patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. There were no long-term survivors
      after radical pancreaticoduodenectomy in this series.

PMID- 2422973
TI  - Specific diagnosis of exogenous bronchial asthma in children.
AB  - Twenty-six children with exogenous asthma were studied by case history (CH), skin
      tests (ST), allergen-specific serum IgE (RAST), basophil histamine release (HR),
      and bronchial provocation tests (BPT). Nine standardized allergens were used from
      the following groups: house dust mite, animal dander, pollen, and mould fungi.
      For each allergen, the same batch was used throughout for all in vivo and in
      vitro studies, and the tests were carried out in a controlled, double-blinded
      manner, independent of each other. Different allergen concentrations were used
      and the results graded on a semi-quantitative scale. Approximately 120 comparable
      investigations, using in vivo and in vitro tests were carried out, followed by
      calculations of the sensitivity and specificity for each test alone, as well as
      for various combinations of tests, at various allergen-concentrations, and
      compared with the result of BPT, i.e. the true diagnosis. In this way the results
      could be used to directly compare the diagnostic value of each test, and
      combinations of tests. In general, a careful CH combined with ST gave the most
      reliable results. RAST was the most unreliable single analysis. When pollen or
      mite allergy was suspected, a combination of ST with either RAST or HR gave a
      further diagnostic reliability. HR as a single analysis did not seem to offer
      advantages over existing methods. None of the tests, or combinations of tests
      offered 100% sensitivity and specificity. By altering the concentration of
      allergen, the sensitivity, or specificity could be increased, but only at the
      expense of a decrease in the other. BPT is still necessary in many instances when
      a specific diagnosis is required.

PMID- 2422974
TI  - Influence of bacterial endotoxins on basophil histamine release. Potentiation of
      antigen- and bacteria-induced histamine release.
AB  - The histamine-releasing capability of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was examined in
      human leukocyte suspensions. LPS alone did not release histamine, but was found
      to enhance the histamine release caused by anti-IgE. Also the IgE-mediated
      histamine release caused by specific antigens (allergens or bacteria) in
      sensitized individuals was enhanced by LPS. The potentiating effect of LPS was
      observed in grass pollen and dog dander allergic patients as well as in patients
      sensitized to E. coli or Staph. aureus bacteria. No potentiation was obtained by
      exposure to unspecific allergens or bacteria to which the persons were not
      sensitized. Bacteria can release histamine by immunological or nonimmunological
      mechanisms, and only the immunological histamine release was found to be
      potentiated by LPS. It is speculated that endotoxins reinforce release of
      histamine caused by allergens in allergic patients or by bacteria in persons
      sensitized to these microorganisms.

PMID- 2422975
TI  - Influence of neuraminidase and N-acetylneuraminic acid on basophil histamine
      release in vitro.
AB  - Since N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) in cell membrane glucocalyx mediates or
      modulates a variety of actions, such as mediator release, we examined a possible
      modulating role of this amino sugar in histamine release from human basophil
      leukocytes. Removal of NANA from the cell membrane by the enzyme neuraminidase
      caused a dose-dependent histamine release. Removal of smaller amounts of NANA
      enhanced histamine release induced by anti-IgE, Concanavalin A and the calcium
      ionophore A23187, and reduced the interval between addition of antigen and
      initiation of histamine release. Pretreatment with free NANA had the opposite
      effects, i.e. a diminished and delayed maximal histamine release. The hypothesis
      that NANA in the cell membrane modulates the cellular response to stimulation was
      further substantiated by demonstrating that the altered response was reflected by
      a change in the sensitivity of the cell to extracellular calcium. NANA in the
      cell membrane glucocalyx thus seems to modulate the basophil response to
      stimulation by modulating transmembraneous calcium transport.

PMID- 2422976
TI  - [Pressoreceptors of the respiratory nasal mucosa].

PMID- 2422977
TI  - Anaesthesia for congenital analgesia. A case report.
AB  - Bilateral amputations were performed without analgesia on a patient with
      congenital insensitivity to pain (congenital analgesia). Positioning, vasomotor
      control and possible sensitivity to anaesthetic drugs are discussed.

PMID- 2422978
TI  - A biological assay for epidermal growth factor/urogastrone and related
      polypeptides.
AB  - A bioassay for epidermal growth factor (EFG) which is rapid, specific, and
      extremely sensitive is described. As the bioassay detects as little as 25 pg of
      EGF, this assay is more sensitive than commonly used radioreceptor assays and
      nearly as sensitive as radioimmunoassays. This bioassay involves only the
      measurement of the proliferation of cultures of an EGF-requiring cell line and
      can be carried out in a quantitative manner over a 40-fold range of EGF
      concentrations.

PMID- 2422979
TI  - A micromethod for measuring the molar concentration of polyadenylated RNA in the
      presence of ribosomal RNA.
AB  - A method has been developed for measuring the molar concentration of RNA and the
      mole fraction of polyadenylated RNA. Using known mixtures of globin mRNA and rRNA
      composed of 20 to 85% rRNA, the molar concentration of globin mRNA, a
      polyadenylated species, was determined in 45 min, with the consumption of less
      than 100 ng of total RNA. The technique is particularly well suited for
      determining the molar concentration of poly(A)+ RNA after chromatographic
      enrichment in columns of oligo(dT)-cellulose or poly(U)-Sepharose. The method
      makes possible the adoption of a molar standard.

PMID- 2422980
TI  - Bioluminescent immunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein.
AB  - A bioluminescent immunoassay of alpha-fetoprotein is described. It uses
      monoclonal antibodies labeled with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and
      polyclonal antibodies coimmobilized on Sepharose with bioluminescent enzymes from
      marine bacteria. The bioluminescent reaction which occurs in the immunosorbent is
      proportional to the amount of alpha-fetoprotein in the assay. The protocol is
      simple and rapid, and no separation step is required to remove the excess labeled
      antibodies. The assay can be performed directly on 25 microliters serum and it is
      as sensitive as other immunometric assays.

PMID- 2422981
TI  - Analysis of serum insulin-like growth factor binding proteins using western
      blotting: use of the method for titration of the binding proteins and competitive
      binding studies.
AB  - A nitrocellulose gel transfer technique has been adapted to study the insulin
      like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins of human serum. Normal and
      hypopituitary sera were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, followed by electroblotting to nitrocellulose or nylon membrane.
      Nonidet-P40 (3%) and Tween 20 (0.1%) were required for quenching and to allow
      detection of the IGF binding proteins by autoradiography after overlay with
      either 125I-labeled IGF I or IGF II. Several forms of IGF binding protein have
      been identified with molecular weights of 41,500, 38,500, 34,000, 30,000, and
      24,000. Titration and competitive binding studies with IGF were performed on the
      transferred IGF binding proteins, indicating that binding proteins isolated by
      this technique can be characterized.

PMID- 2422982
TI  - An enzymatic method for the measurement of nicotinamide mononucleotide
      pyrophosphorylase in cells and tissues.
AB  - A simple enzymatic method is described for the measurement of NMN
      pyrophosphorylase in tissue homogenates at levels as low as 10(-12) to 10(-9)
      mol. The product, nicotinamide mononucleotide, is converted to NAD using NAD
      pyrophosphorylase and the NAD is quantified in an enzymatic cycling assay. The
      enzyme described here is stimulated more at low concentrations of Mn2+ than Mg2+.
      ATP is not required for NMN pyrophosphorylase activity; the reaction is neither
      stimulated nor inhibited by ATP concentrations as high as 3 mM. The enzyme is
      totally dependent on phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. The method is highly
      reproducible in all tissues examined. Various cell lines and tissues from mouse
      were analyzed for NMN pyrophosphorylase.

PMID- 2422983
TI  - Late postnatal changes in rat somatosensory cortex. Temporal and spatial
      relationships of GABA-T and AChE histochemical reactivity.
AB  - Temporal and spatial developmental relationships between AChE and GABA-T
      reactivity in the sensory-motor cortex of rat were evaluated histochemically.
      Special attention was given to the barrels in layer IV of SmI that stain
      intensely for both enzymes. In the first and second postnatal weeks very low
      levels of diffuse GABA-T reactivity are seen in cortex, although cells and
      neuropil in the neostriatum are already clearly positive neonatally. There is
      little change until 16-18 days postnatal (dpn), when a steady increase in overall
      cortical reactivity for GABA-T has begun. In layer IV of SmI cortex, relatively
      intense foci of GABA-T staining begin to appear then, that overlap the barrel
      centers. GABA-T reactive non-pyramidal neurons at the periphery of these stained
      foci have distinctly stained processes that may enter the barrel centers. The
      intensity of GABA-T staining increases until 28 dpn when adult levels were
      reached. In contrast, AChE staining in cortex begins to appear at 2-3 dpn with
      prominent barrel staining seen by 6 dpn. When adult AChE reactivity levels are
      being achieved throughout all regions of neocortex, between 16-19 dpn, the barrel
      centers progressively lose demonstrable AChE-staining of their fiber plexus.
      Hence, the onset of GABA-T staining in the barrels during the third week
      postnatally coincides with the initiation of the progressive reduction in
      intensity of AChE staining in the same cortical zones. These observations on GABA
      T correlate well with biochemical information on the time course of the
      maturation of the cortical GABAergic system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422984
TI  - Immunocytochemistry of human brain tissue with a polyclonal antiserum against
      neuropeptide Y.
AB  - NPY-containing neuronal structures in the cerebral cortex of surgical tissue
      samples were compared to those in postmortem material by immunocytochemical
      methods. However, the quality of preservation of individual neurons and axonal
      and dendritic plexuses in the neuropil is unusually fine in the surgical
      specimens. This result is most likely attributable to the excellent fixation that
      can be regularly achieved by rapid and careful handling of tissue during and
      after surgical removal. The tissue is suitable for both light and electron
      microscopy, and the superior preservation also leads to intense, reliable
      antibody reactions. Postmortem tissue samples can provide good specimens for
      immunocytochemistry when properly handled as previously described. However the
      postmortem delays prior to fixation disrupt neuronal integrity in the
      immunostained structures. Nevertheless, postmortem material from carefully
      studied subjects of neurological diseases compared with age matched controls can
      provide valuable information.

PMID- 2422985
TI  - Non-pyramidal neurons in the guinea pig hippocampus. A combined Golgi-electron
      microscope study.
AB  - Morphological characteristics of non-pyramidal neurons in the guinea pig
      hippocampus (regions CA1 and CA3) were analyzed by a correlated light and
      electron microscopic approach. Following Golgi impregnation, the cells were first
      studied under the light microscope and classified according to the location of
      their cell bodies and the distribution of their dendrites in the different
      hippocampal layers. Next, the Golgi impregnated non-pyramidal neurons were gold
      toned and deimpregnated, allowing an electron microscopic analysis of the
      identified structures. With regard to cell body location and dendritic pattern,
      non-pyramidal cells are a rather heterogeneous group of neurons. Their perikarya
      were found in all hippocampal layers and their dendrites had a less regular
      orientation when compared to pyramidal neurons and granule cells. Two basic
      types, i.e., "vertical" and "horizontal" non-pyramidal neurons are described.
      Many cells were of an intermediate type with dendrites extending in all
      directions. Non-pyramidal cell dendrites were mostly devoid of spines but
      exhibited numerous varicosities. Non-pyramidal cell axons could sometimes be seen
      extending towards the pyramidal cell layer. A surprising uniformity was observed
      when the impregnated, identified non-pyramidal neurons were studied in the
      electron microscope. Their perikarya exhibited a well-developed endoplasmic
      reticulum and indented nuclei. Both the cell bodies and the varicose dendrites
      were densely covered with synaptic boutons which mainly formed asymmetric
      synaptic contacts. Only occasionally were symmetric synaptic contacts observed.
      Non-pyramidal cell dendrites extending into the stratum lucidum of CA3 were found
      to be contacted by the giant boutons of mossy fiber axons. In addition to
      synaptic contacts, the dendrites of gold-toned non-pyramidal neurons formed gap
      junctions with neighboring dendrites. The results are discussed in relation to
      recent immunocytochemical studies which have shown non-pyramidal neurons in the
      hippocampus to contain gamma-aminobutyric acid and/or various neuropeptides.

PMID- 2422986
TI  - Genesis and regression of the figures of Eberth and occurrence of cytokeratin
      aggregates in the epidermis of anuran larvae.
AB  - In tadpoles of Rana temporaria, Bufo bufo and Xenopus laevis the development of
      the massive skeins of tonofilaments (cytokeratin intermediate filaments) that
      form the figures of Eberth follows a similar sequence in all species studied.
      Increase in the number of filaments is preceded by increase in polyribosomes and
      rER in the basal layer cells of the epidermis. A filamentous zone develops
      proximally in the cells concurrently with hemidesmosomes, which assume the
      typical larval bobbin form as the skeins occupy more of the cytoplasm. The
      figures of Eberth are at maximum development throughout mid-larval life. The
      first signs of regression appear before the climax stages, when aggregates of
      cytokeratin material are found among the filaments of the skeins. Such
      cytokeratin aggregates have previously been reported only from mitotic mammalian
      cultured or tumour cells, or in experimental situations. At metamorphic climax
      they are numerous in the basal layer cells and in some other cells of the
      epidermis, even when not dividing. This condition persists into the
      postmetamorphic stage when the figures of Eberth and the bobbin-type
      hemidesmosomes have gone. The formation of cytokeratin aggregates can be enhanced
      by chilling the animals before fixation, but does not depend on a drop in
      temperature, and takes place even if fixation is carried out at room temperature.

PMID- 2422987
TI  - Colocalization of luteinizing hormone and serotonin in secretory granules of
      mammalian gonadotrophs.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated the uptake of exogenous and storage of
      endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in parenchymal cells of the anterior
      pituitary. The present experiments were undertaken to test the hypothesis that
      the endogenous 5-HT of the anterior lobe of the pituitary is costored with beta
      luteinizing hormone (beta-LH) within the same secretory granules of gonadotrophs.
      Electron microscope immunocytochemistry was used to detect 5-HT and beta-LH
      immunoreactivities in the anterior pituitary glands of mice and bats. Primary
      antisera generated in different species of animals to these two antigens were
      localized with appropriate species-specific secondary antisera coupled to
      colloidal gold particles of different sizes. This enabled 5-HT and beta-LH
      immunoreactivities to be demonstrated simultaneously on ultrathin sections of
      fixed anterior lobe tissue mounted on electron microscope (EM) grids. In both
      bats and mice 5-HT immunoreactivity, identified by immunostaining of beta-LH, was
      found in gonadotrophs, and in no other cell type. Within gonadotrophs about 25%
      of the secretory granules were labeled by antisera to both 5-HT and beta-LH,
      although 100% of granules reacted with the antiserum to B-LH. No secretory
      granules were found that were immunostained only by the antiserum to 5-HT. It is
      concluded that endogenous 5-HT may be a normal constituent of mammalian
      gonadotrophs and that it is colocalized with beta-LH in at least a subset of the
      secretory granules of these cells. It cannot yet be concluded that gonadotrophs
      synthesize 5-HT as well as taking it up from the ambient medium.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2422988
TI  - Depression of myocardial contractility in vitro by bupivacaine, etidocaine, and
      lidocaine.
AB  - The effects of local anesthetics in depressing myocardial contractility were
      studied in isolated guinea pig right ventricular papillary muscles. Bupivacaine
      and etidocaine, 4 and 10 microM, showed reverse frequency-dependent depression of
      contractility, that is, less significant depression of contractility at higher
      stimulation frequencies (2-3 Hz) than at lesser frequencies (less than 1 Hz).
      Lidocaine, 40 microM, demonstrated a similar trend. In contrast, the normal
      action potential maximum rate of depolarization (Vmax), a measure of sodium
      channel conductance, was significantly more depressed at 2-3 Hz by bupivacaine
      and etidocaine than by lidocaine. Consequently, contractile depression could be
      overcome only at higher stimulation frequencies, at which conduction was
      depressed. To explore the mechanism of the contractile depression, local
      anesthetic effects were studied on slow (calcium channel-mediated) action
      potentials in partially depolarized papillary muscles. Etidocaine and
      bupivacaine, 4 and 10 microM, and lidocaine, 40 and 100 microM, caused a marked
      depression of the late-peaking contractile responses, attributed to Ca2+ release
      from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, only 10 microM bupivacaine caused
      any significant depression of the slow action potential rate of depolarization
      (to 89% of control), consistent with a possible small depression of Ca2+ entry.

PMID- 2422989
TI  - Chronic diarrhea and weight loss in a patient with common variable
      immunodeficiency.

PMID- 2422990
TI  - Anti-IgA antibody associated reactions to intravenous gammaglobulin in a patient
      who tolerated intramuscular gammaglobulin.
AB  - A patient with common variable immunodeficiency syndrome tolerated intramuscular
      IgG (which contains IgA) and an initial infusion with intravenous (IV) IgG, but
      developed reactions to subsequent IV IgG. High-titre, class-specific anti-IgA
      antibodies were detected suggesting immunization by the IgA-contaminated IV
      immunoglobulin. Subsequent IgG replacement was achieved with IgA-deficient plasma
      infusions. Patients who tolerate intramuscular IgG may not tolerate the IV
      preparations.

PMID- 2422991
TI  - [Interaction between electrocautery and a pacemaker].
AB  - Following a new case of inhibition of a sentinel pacemaker by the cutting current
      of an electrocoagulator during endoscopic urologic surgery, the mechanism of this
      complication is recalled. The non-selectivity of the pacemaker detector circuit
      is responsible for interpreting the electrical disturbances due to the
      electrocoagulator as cardiac activity. The problems seen with other types of
      stimulators are discussed, especially programmable stimulation where the use of a
      magnet can lead to variations in the stimulator frequency. The stimulating wire
      can also be responsible for accidents, such as myocardial burns, and rhythm
      disturbances. The safety rules for the use of the electrocoagulator in patients
      with a non programmable sentinel pacemaker.

PMID- 2422992
TI  - Comparative studies of mediator release from guinea pig lung mast cells and
      basophils.
AB  - Guinea pig lung mast cells and blood basophils were isolated and purified and
      their mediator release characteristics were compared. Upon stimulation with the
      antigen ovalbumin (OA) of cells passively sensitized with antiovalbumin (anti-OA)
      antibody, both cell types released histamine. The sensitivity and maximal
      response (20 to 25% histamine release) to OA was similar for both cells and was
      unaffected by cell purification. Antigen-induced histamine release (HR) was
      dependent upon added calcium to a similar extent (1 mM Ca++ maximal release) in
      both cell types; OA stimulation of passively sensitized mast cells also released
      leukotriene bioactivity (maximal release, 52 +/- 7 units/10(6) mast cells). There
      was no correlation between OA-induced leukotriene release and mast cell purity.
      No leukotriene bioactivity was detected in actively (sheep blood sensitization)
      or passively (anti-OA) sensitized basophils. Both lung mast cells and blood
      basophils released histamine in response to the secretagogues calcium ionophore
      A23187 and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA); TPA-induced HR from mast
      cells was independent of added calcium. In basophils, TPA-induced HR was only
      partially independent of added calcium. While both cell types were poorly
      responsive to the secretagogue 48/80, only the lung mast cell demonstrated
      inconsistent HR to concanavalin A (Con-A). Phosphatidylserine had no effect on HR
      provoked by antigen, Con-A, or compound 48/80. These observations demonstrate
      similarities and differences in mediator release characteristics between guinea
      pig lung mast cells and blood basophils that are similar to those observed with
      human lung mast cells and basophils. These observations also suggest a lack of
      influence on mediator release by other cell types present in dispersed lung cell
      and mixed leukocyte preparations.

PMID- 2422993
TI  - Comparison of muscle spindle concentrations in large and small human epaxial
      muscles acting in parallel combinations.
AB  - A small short muscle acting across a joint in parallel with vastly larger and
      longer muscles is clearly unable to play more than a minimal mechanical role in
      such a "parallel muscle combination" (PMC). This research investigates a feed
      back role for the small muscles of PMCs, proposing a significantly higher muscle
      spindle concentration therein to be consistent with this role. Epaxial PMCs
      (semispinalis and multifidus versus rotatores brevis) from the C5-C6, T6-T7, and
      L4-L5 regions of three 36-week-old male fetuses and two adult cadavers were
      removed and fixed in Carnoy's fluid. Tissue samples were embedded in paraffin,
      cut into 10 microns thick sections perpendicular to the muscle's longitudinal
      axis and stained by Harris' hematoxylin and eosin. Representative tissue sections
      were projected onto a sterological grid and the percentage volume of spindles
      determined. Data were analyzed with Student's unpaired t test. In all PMCs,
      rotators brevis spindle percentage volumes ranged from 4.58 to 7.30 times higher
      than those of multifidus and semispinalis. Differences in mean spindle percentage
      volumes between large and small members of all PMCs were significant (P less than
      .0001). Our findings are consistent with the notion of a "kinesiological monitor"
      or feedback role for rotatores brevis.

PMID- 2422994
TI  - Alternating non-cross-resistant combination chemotherapy or MOPP in stage IV
      Hodgkin's disease. A report of 8-year results.
AB  - In patients with stage IV Hodgkin's disease mechlorethamine, vincristine,
      procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) was randomly tested against MOPP alternated
      monthly with doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD). All 88
      evaluable patients had not received chemotherapy and 25 had had a relapse after
      primary irradiation. The complete remission rate with MOPP/ABVD was 88.9% (40 of
      45 patients), and with MOPP, 74.4% (32 of 43 patients). The 8-year results show
      that MOPP/ABVD was superior to MOPP in terms of freedom from progression (64.6%
      compared to 35.9%; p less than 0.005), relapse-free survival (72.6% compared to
      45.1%; p less than 0.01), total survival (83.9% compared to 63.9%; p less than
      0.06), and survival of complete responders (94.8% compared to 77.1%; p = 0.04).
      The delivery of MOPP/ABVD was not associated with an increased incidence of major
      toxicity. The early sequential rotation of two equally effective and non-cross
      resistant drug combinations can substantially improve the likelihood of cure in
      patients with Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2422995
TI  - Identification of major prognostic subgroups of patients with large-cell lymphoma
      treated with m-BACOD or M-BACOD.
AB  - One hundred twenty-one patients with diffuse large-cell lymphoma treated with m-
      or M-BACOD (methotrexate, bleomycin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine,
      and dexamethasone) were evaluated for pretreatment characteristics predictive for
      response and survival. Two characteristics, poor performance status and massive
      bulky disease, were negatively associated with response rate in a multivariate
      analysis. These two characteristics were also negatively associated with survival
      in multivariate analysis, as was another factor, an increased number of
      extranodal sites of disease. These three pretreatment characteristics were used
      to construct a model containing 12 categories of patients at increasing risk for
      relapse and shortened survival. These categories divided naturally into three
      broad groups of patients with respective 5-year survival rates of 68%, 55%, and
      24%.

PMID- 2422996
TI  - The postextrasystolic murmur response to gradient in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Fourteen patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 40 with aortic stenosis, and
      4 with discrete subaortic stenosis had phonocardiograms during left heart
      catheterization that showed changes in the magnitude of the murmur in response to
      increases in the postextrasystolic gradient. All patients showed increases in the
      gradient of the left ventricular outflow tract during the postextrasystolic beat.
      Of the 44 patients with aortic stenosis and discrete subaortic stenosis, 42 (95%)
      had increases in murmur magnitude, in contrast to 9 (64%) of 14 patients with
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Only 2 of 7 patients with hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy and resting gradients of more than 25 mm Hg had murmur increases.
      Our study shows that the systolic murmur in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, unlike
      the outflow tract murmur in aortic stenosis or discrete subaortic stenosis, does
      not track consistently with the magnitude of the outflow tract gradient.

PMID- 2422997
TI  - Urgent treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura with single-dose
      gammaglobulin infusion followed by platelet transfusion.

PMID- 2422998
TI  - MOPP/ABVD chemotherapy for advanced Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2422999
TI  - The circumsporozoite antigen: the gene and the antigen.

PMID- 2423000
TI  - Cytofluorimetric analysis of DNA content in different life stages of Plasmodium
      yoelii.

PMID- 2423001
TI  - Interactions of drugs and electroshock treatment on cerebral monoaminergic
      systems.
AB  - The interaction of EST and drugs on the CSF levels of several monoamine
      metabolites was studied with four drugs that have been used in the treatment of
      psychiatric disorders, namely, lithium, carbamazepine, imipramine, and
      haloperidol. EST-drug interactions were observed with each of these drugs on one
      or more monoaminergic systems. All interactions were antagonistic in nature.
      Changes in the CSF levels of monoamine metabolites did not always reflect
      corresponding changes in the monoamine turnover; the increase in 5HIAA seen after
      chronic Li was due to slower removal of this metabolite from the CSF. However,
      the changes in the CSF levels of DA and 5HT metabolites following chronic HLDL
      reflected changes in the turnover of the parent amine in the brain. The effects
      of both HLDL and EST on DA metabolism in the intact brain could be related to
      alterations by these treatments of the responsiveness of DA presynaptic
      receptors. Similarly, the effect of HLDL on 5HT turnover and the antagonistic
      interaction of EST on this HLDL-induced effect were associated with changes in 3H
      IMI binding sites that label the 5HT transporter in serotonergic presynaptic
      terminals. The results are discussed with the aid of a model that depicts
      possible relationships between pre- and postsynaptic variables and their
      influence on each other. According to this model an increase in the
      neurotransmitter turnover is associated with "down regulation" of both pre- and
      postsynaptic receptors whereas a decrease in turnover is associated with receptor
      "up regulation." However, "up regulation" of receptors is not necessarily
      associated with augmented postsynaptic response. Analysis of the model variables
      by the "binding equation" which obeys the Clark occupancy principle revealed that
      receptor "up regulation" which is associated with decreased turnover may result
      in either an augmented or a depressed postsynaptic response (related to the
      number of occupied receptors). The direction of the response depends on the ratio
      between the rate of receptor "up regulation" and the rate of decrease in
      neurotransmitter turnover.

PMID- 2423002
TI  - [Induction chemotherapy in cancers of the respiratory and digestive tracts by
      continuous infusions combining cisplatinum (C), fluorouracil (F), bleomycin (B)
      or C and F].
AB  - A series of 344 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (oropharynx, larynx,
      hypopharynx, or buccal cavity) were treated between November 1982 and January
      1985 by chemotherapy. This involved either cisplatinum (C) on day 1 followed by
      continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil (F) and bleomycin (B) from day 1 to day 4
      or C combined with F as continuous infusion from day 1 to day 4. Tumoral response
      was 61% and nodal response 61%. Among the 234 patients operated upon, 31 (13%)
      were free from tumoral cells in the specimen and 25 (48%) with residual tumor.
      Toxicity of cancer chemotherapy was markedly minimized with the second regimen
      involving continuous administration of Cisplatin over 24 hours for a period of 4
      days. Tolerance was improved mainly in the digestive and renal spheres:
      cardiovascular complications related to essential hyperhydration during
      administration of single-dose Cisplatin on day 1 were non-existent with this new
      continuous mode of administration. This new procedure should optimize results and
      improve the comfort of patients.

PMID- 2423003
TI  - [Survival in cancers of the piriform sinus after induction chemotherapy].
AB  - 285 cases of primary squamous cell carcinoma of pyriform sinus were treated by
      initial surgery completed by radiation. 242 patients received neo-adjuvant
      chemotherapy: Bleomycin as single agent (n = 95), Vincristine-Methotrexate
      Bleomycin or Endoxan: 3 courses (n = 98), CDDP-Bleomycin, 5 FU or Methotrexate: 3
      courses (n = 40). Chemotherapy was not administrated to 43 patients. Actuarial
      survival at 3 years without chemotherapy was 30%, after Bleomycin: 31%, VMB-VME:
      47%, CMB-CFB: 61%. The 5-year survival without chemotherapy was 17%, with
      Bleomycin: 28%, with VMB-VME: 32%. Actuarial survival at 5-year including only
      deaths due to cancer was 13% without chemotherapy, 29% with Bleomycin and 39%
      with VMB-VME. This increasing of survival was directly related to improvement of
      locoregional prognosis.

PMID- 2423004
TI  - Interactions between retinal ganglion cells during the development of the
      mammalian visual system.

PMID- 2423005
TI  - Genetics and molecular biology of ionic channels in Drosophila.

PMID- 2423006
TI  - Neurotransmitter receptor mapping by autoradiography and other methods.

PMID- 2423007
TI  - Vertebrate olfactory reception.

PMID- 2423008
TI  - The molecular neurobiology of the acetylcholine receptor.

PMID- 2423009
TI  - Inactivation and metabolism of neuropeptides.

PMID- 2423010
TI  - Invertebrate learning and memory: from behavior to molecules.

PMID- 2423011
TI  - Cyclic GMP cascade of vision.
AB  - Cyclic GMP is central to visual excitation in vertebrate retinal rod cells.
      Sodium channels in the plasma membrane of the outer segment are kept open in the
      dark by a high level of cGMP. Light closes these channels by activating an
      enzymatic cascade that leads to the rapid hydrolysis of cGMP. Photoexcited
      rhodopsin triggers transducin by catalyzing the exchange of GTP for bound GDP.
      The activated GTP-form of transducin then switches on the phosphodiesterase by
      overcoming an inhibitory constraint. The overall gain of this cascade is about
      10(5). The cascade is turned off by the GTPase activity of transducin and by the
      action of rhodopsin kinase and arrestin. One of the challenges now is to
      delineate the interplay of cGMP, calcium ion, and phosphoinositides in excitation
      and adaptation. Transducin belongs to a family of signal-coupling proteins that
      includes the G proteins of the hormone-regulated adenylate cyclase cascade. The
      initial events in visual excitation in molluscs and arthropods are probably
      similar to those of vertebrates. The triggering of transducin by photoexcited
      rhodopsin is a recurring motif in visual transduction. The coming together of
      electrophysiology, biochemistry, and molecular genetics affords new opportunities
      in unraveling the molecular mechanism of visual transduction.

PMID- 2423012
TI  - Considerations on the mechanism of the angiogenic response.
AB  - The principal objective of our work is to sufficiently understand the mechanism
      of angiogenesis in the adult organism to allow interference with the process on a
      rational basis. It is apparent that several "factors" can trigger angiogenesis.
      To test these, we used the rabbit cornea mostly because it is avascular (i.e.,
      the background is zero) and transparent (i.e., the newly formed capillaries that
      invade the cornea are easily visible in the unanaesthetized animal). Under these
      conditions, it was found that the cornea ready to be colonized by capillaries
      under the action of an angiogenesis effector becomes rich in copper ions and
      sialic acid. Motility of bovine capillary endothelium was utilized to analyze the
      angiogenesis process on the ground that mobilization of capillary endothelium is
      the first morphological event observed during angiogenesis in vivo and the
      methods to measure cell motility are reasonably accurate. With this approach it
      was found that heparin, fibronectin, and gangliosides are involved in the
      mobilization of capillary endothelium. The precise interaction among these three
      components is not yet clear.

PMID- 2423013
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against carcinoma cells of the human urinary bladder:
      immunohistochemical staining of tissues.
AB  - We have previously described the generation of mouse monoclonal antibodies (Mabs)
      directed to cell surface antigens of human bladder carcinoma. Based on
      experiments with cultured cells and a limited number of freshly isolated tissues,
      four distinct antigens were identified as being associated with this disease. In
      the present investigation, comprising the immunostaining of tissues of normal,
      malignant, and fetal origin, we have confirmed and extended the close association
      of these antigens with bladder cancer. Antibodies to all four antigens could
      clearly discriminate between malignant and normal uroepithelium. Two of the
      antibodies, SK4H-12 and 4E8, showed no additional reaction when tested with
      various adult tissues of normal or malignant origin. Antibodies to the remaining
      two antigens gave a positive staining of a few other tissue types.

PMID- 2423014
TI  - Tumor angiogenesis inhibition by prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors.
AB  - The release of prostaglandins from tumor cells seems to play an important role in
      tumor angiogenesis, in which platelet-derived factors may be also included.
      Administration of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors reduces the growth of both
      experimental and human malignant tumors. One explanation may be reduced tumor
      vascularization, as observed in microangiographic studies of experimental
      transplantable tumors. A similar effect was observed after induced
      thrombocytopenia. A number of angiogenesis stimulating factors have been isolated
      from tumors during recent years. Factors released from host cells in the tumor
      area (e.g., mast cells, macrophages) with similar properties may also contribute
      to tumor vascularization. This seems to make stimulation of tumor angiogenesis to
      a rather complicated cascade of events, about which more must be learned before
      efficient inhibition of tumor vascularization can be attained. The target cell
      for angiogenesis stimulation, the endothelial cell, seems increasingly important
      as an object for future studies.

PMID- 2423015
TI  - Blood group antigen expression and prognosis in squamous cell carcinoma of the
      uterine cervix.
AB  - Immunohistochemical staining of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine
      cervix, stage IB to IV, with monoclonal antibodies against blood group antigens
      shows retained expression of the antigen in two thirds of the patients,
      regardless of stage. The over-all 5 year survival of the 115 patients was 60%,
      71% in the antigen positive group, 37% in the antigen negative group. The loss of
      blood group antigen expression thus implies a worse prognosis in all stages of
      cervical carcinoma and could be used as a predictive marker.

PMID- 2423016
TI  - [Advanced non-seminoma germinal tumors of the testicle. Therapeutic strategy and
      method of action of chemotherapy].
AB  - Among 39 patients with advanced non-seminoma germinal cell tumors of the testicle
      treated between 1978 and 1985 at the Val de Grace Army Hospital, 27 previously
      untreated patients had chemotherapy followed in every case by surgical removal of
      residual growths; 23 of these patients (85%) are in complete remission; the
      remaining four had progression of their disease, with a fatal outcome in three.
      The subsequent therapy depends upon the results of histologic examination of the
      residual growths: simple monitoring, or a second course of chemotherapy, the
      modalities of which are controversial. In addition, on the basis of evidence
      found upon histologic studies, one can speculate as to the part played by
      chemotherapy in the histologic transformation of residual growths.

PMID- 2423017
TI  - Isolation of P2 protein--reactive T-cell lines from human blood.
AB  - Human T-cell lines reactive with the peripheral nerve myelin protein, P2 protein,
      were isolated from the peripheral blood of 4 normal persons and 1 patient with
      Guillain-Barre syndrome. These predominantly helper phenotype T-cell lines were
      isolated and maintained in vitro by antigen stimulation followed by culture with
      interleukin 2. Myelin basic protein-reactive T cells were also isolated in
      parallel from the same subjects as antigen specificity controls. T cells
      recognizing myelin basic protein did not respond to P2 protein, nor did P2
      reactive cells respond to myelin basic protein. These findings suggest that a
      potential for autoimmune reactivity with peripheral nervous system myelin
      antigens may exist for both normal persons and some patients with neurological
      disease.

PMID- 2423018
TI  - The clinical pathophysiology of sickle cell disease.
AB  - Polymerization of deoxyhemoglobin S within sickle erythrocytes is of cardinal
      importance to each of the clinical complications of sickle cell anemia. Sickle
      gene expression, however, is modulated by a number of pathophysiological
      mechanisms that generate vast clinical diversity among sickle cell patients.
      These processes include genotypic variations, modifications of polymerization,
      abnormal erythrocyte hydration, membrane defects, and rheologic factors. In many
      cases it is possible to relate specific pathophysiological mechanisms to
      particular disease features or to possibilities for therapeutic intervention.

PMID- 2423019
TI  - Receptors and cell activation associated with pancreatic enzyme secretion.

PMID- 2423020
TI  - Regulation of transepithelial H+ transport by exocytosis and endocytosis.

PMID- 2423021
TI  - Osmotic swelling of vesicles: its role in the fusion of vesicles with planar
      phospholipid bilayer membranes and its possible role in exocytosis.
AB  - In order for either lipid bilayer membranes or biological membranes to undergo
      fusion, stresses must somehow be generated in the region of membrane contact. In
      the fusion of phospholipid vesicles with planar bilayer membranes, the stress can
      be produced by osmotic swelling of vesicles contacting the planar membrane. On
      the other hand, fully swollen vesicles may be sufficiently stretched that the
      additional stress experienced from their adhesion to the planar membrane may in
      itself suffice to produce fusion (see also Rand & Parsegian, this volume). There
      is considerable circumstantial evidence that osmotic swelling of vesicles may
      also be a driving force in exocytosis. This evidence centers both on experiments
      demonstrating inhibition of exocytosis when vesicles are in a hyperosmotic
      medium, and on observations of vesicle swelling during the secretory process.
      This article has not reviewed all of the examples in the literature supporting an
      osmotic mechanism for fusion, but has attempted to suggest the diversity of cell
      types from which the examples are drawn and to indicate that the evidence is not
      conclusive. The unambiguous establishment of vesicle swelling prior to fusion
      would go far in establishing an osmotic mechanism of exocytosis. We must also be
      prepared to find that osmotic swelling may not be the only biological mechanism
      of stressing vesicle membranes contacting plasma membranes. The viral membrane
      fusion proteins provide the precedent for agents that can apparently sufficiently
      perturb membranes to cause fusion without any additionally imposed stresses, and
      even direct membrane mechanical stretching may act biologically as a fusogenic
      stress.

PMID- 2423022
TI  - Electrical regulation of sperm-egg fusion.

PMID- 2423023
TI  - Role of membrane fusion in hormonal regulation of epithelial transport.
AB  - Fusion of cytoplasmic vesicles with the plasma membrane represents an important
      mechanism whereby additional transport proteins can be introduced into the cell
      membrane. Although it is apparent that some epithelial hormone responses, such as
      the vasopressin-induced change in water permeability, utilize this mechanism, the
      mechanism of some other responses remains uncertain. In addition, many details
      concerning the intracellular systems responsible for controlling vesicle
      translocation and membrane fusion in epithelial hormone responses remain to be
      elucidated.

PMID- 2423024
TI  - Regulation of membrane fusion in secretory exocytosis.

PMID- 2423025
TI  - Substance P and neurotensin: their roles in the regulation of anterior pituitary
      function.

PMID- 2423026
TI  - The response of the lung to foreign compounds that produce free radicals.

PMID- 2423027
TI  - Characterization of receptors regulating secretory function in the fundic mucosa.
AB  - A model for a present view of the major pathways and receptors mediating function
      in the canine fundic mucosa is depicted in Figure 1. Gastrin has direct actions
      on the parietal cell and on the somatostatin cell; action on the parietal cell,
      but not somatostatin cell, is potentiated by histamine. In contrast, gastrin
      action on the somatostatin cell is potentiated by beta-adrenergic agonists. The
      potency of H2 blockers against gastrin may reflect blockage by these inhibitors
      of the stimulatory (parietal cell), but not the inhibitory (somatostatin cell),
      component of gastrin action, thus shifting the balance of gastrin effects toward
      the inhibitory side. The profound effects of H2 antagonists on gastrin action may
      also reflect an effect mediated by histamine release, but this possibility awaits
      direct confirmation. Cholinergic pathways also have at least dual sites of
      action: stimulation of the parietal cell, and blockage of the release of the
      inhibitory transmitter somatostatin. Anticholinergic agents may therefore have a
      dual acid inhibitory effect by reducing direct parietal cell stimulation and
      enhancing somatostatin release. There is little doubt that this model will
      rapidly evolve, but the concept that the pathways mediating acid secretion both
      converge in parallel at the parietal cell, and act in series to cause the release
      of paracrine transmitters, is attractive and likely to persist.

PMID- 2423028
TI  - High-pressure liquid chromatographic methods for determining arabinosyladenine-5'
      monophosphate, arabinosyladenine, and arabinosylhypoxanthine in plasma and urine.
AB  - New high-pressure liquid chromatographic methods for determining concentrations
      of arabinosyladenine (Ara-A), its 5'-monophosphate (Ara-AMP), and
      arabinosylhypoxanthine (Ara-H) in plasma and urine are presented. A fluorescence
      detector is used for Ara-A and Ara-AMP, which are first converted to highly
      fluorescent derivatives with chloroacetaldehyde. This increases sensitivity
      greatly over previous methods. The sensitivities of the methods (in micrograms
      per milliliter) are as follows: in plasma, Ara-AMP, 0.002; Ara-A, 0.0015; and Ara
      H, 0.35; and in urine, 9 times these values, respectively. Drug concentration
      data are also presented, which were obtained after doses of Ara-AMP were given
      intramuscularly to two patients treated with this drug for severe herpes zoster.
      One patient was given 13 mg of Ara-AMP per kg of body weight once daily, and the
      other was given 6.5 mg/kg twice daily. Peak Ara-AMP and Ara-A levels in plasma
      occurred within 1 h after the doses, and neither exceeded 2 micrograms/ml. Ara
      AMP and Ara-A concentrations in plasma fell to less than 0.01 micrograms/ml in
      both patients by 4 to 6 h after the doses. Peak Ara-H concentrations in plasma
      occurred within 1 to 2 h after doses and were 21 micrograms/ml in patient 1 and
      2. The highest concentration of Ara-AMP in urine was 0.09 micrograms/ml. The
      highest Ara-A concentration in urine was 62 micrograms/ml, and the highest Ara-H
      concentration in urine was 1,080 micrograms/ml. An interfering substance of
      unknown nature, cochromatographing with Ara-H, was encountered sporadically in
      urine samples. An algorithm based on differential spectrophotometry to identify
      and correct for this problem is described. Estimates of the renal clearances of
      Ara-AMP, Ara-A, and Ara-H are also given.

PMID- 2423029
TI  - Modulation of the interferon antiviral activity by adriamycin in human cells in
      culture.
AB  - The antiviral activity of exogenously applied HuIFN-alpha was significantly
      reduced in cells pretreated with non-toxic concentrations of adriamycin. With low
      concentrations of adriamycin (up to 0.125 micrograms/ml) the effect was
      reversible in all cells tested. In human foreskin (BG-9) cells, that are more
      resistant to adriamycin toxicity, higher nontoxic concentrations of adriamycin
      (0.625 micrograms/ml) caused an irreversible decrease in sensitivity to HuIFN
      alpha. Under these conditions, adriamycin pretreatment irreversibly inhibited the
      rate of cellular protein synthesis in BG-9 cells by about 30%. In contrast,
      cellular RNA synthesis was inhibited by 80% in 4 h after exposure to the drug,
      but was restored to almost normal levels (97% of control) at day 4 after removal
      of the drug. These results suggest that the loss of sensitivity of adriamycin
      treated BG-9 cells to HuIFN-alpha may be related to the inhibition of cellular
      protein synthesis.

PMID- 2423030
TI  - Synthesis and properties of adenosine-5'-triphosphoro-gamma-1-(5-sulfonic
      acid)naphthyl ethylamidate: a fluorescent nucleotide substrate for DNA-dependent
      RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli.
AB  - A new fluorescent ATP analog, adenosine-5'-triphosphoro-gamma-1-(5-sulfonic
      acid)naphthyl ethylamidate (gamma-1,5-EDANS)ATP, containing the fluorophore N
      (aminoethyl)-5-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid attached via a gamma-phosphoamidate
      bond was synthesized in good yield. It has absorption maxima at 255 and 344 nm
      and a fluorescence emission maximum at 490 nm. These spectral characteristics
      permit its uses as an energy acceptor for energy transfer from the intrinsic
      protein fluorophores and as an energy donor for the energy transfer to the
      intrinsic Co of Co-substituted RNA polymerases. This analog is a good substrate
      for Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and can be used to initiate the RNA chain.
      Incorporation of this analog into the total RNA synthesized was about 60% of that
      observed for ATP, independent of the templates used. Its Km values (22 and 118
      microM) are twofold higher and its Vmax values (45 and 59 nmol/min/mg of enzyme)
      are 40% lower than those for ATP using calf thymus DNA and poly[d(A-T)],
      respectively, as template. For abortive initiation reaction using pAR1435 plasmid
      DNA as template, the Km and Vmax values of this analog are 2.7 times higher and 7
      times lower, respectively, than those of ATP. With its desirable spectroscopic
      properties, (gamma-1,5-EDANS)ATP is a good probe for the studies of nucleotide
      protein interactions, active site mapping of RNA polymerase, and other ATP
      utilizing biological systems.

PMID- 2423031
TI  - Proteoglycan synthesis in suspension cultures of Swarm rat chondrosarcoma
      chondrocytes and inhibition by exogenous hyaluronate.
AB  - Conditions were established for short-term primary suspension culture of
      chondrocytes from the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma. Proteoglycan and hyaluronate
      synthesis on Day 0 to Day 2 in culture was investigated and compared with that
      for plated cultures. Incorporation of [35S]sulfate into proteoglycans was the
      same for both suspension and plated cultures. 35S-Proteoglycan synthesis
      decreased by about 80% between Days 0 and 1 irrespective of culture conditions.
      Suspension culture chondrocytes synthesized proteoglycans which were very similar
      to those made in plated cultures, with respect to hydrodynamic size,
      glycosaminoglycan, chain length, and composition. [3H]Hyaluronate synthesis
      accounted for 18 and 23% of the total 3H-glycosaminoglycans synthesized from
      [3H]glucosamine by suspension and plated cultures, respectively. Suspension
      culture chondrocytes responded to exogenous hyaluronate (1 mg/ml) by reducing
      their 35S-proteoglycan synthesis by about 50%. [3H]Hyaluronate synthesis was
      inhibited by 13% under these conditions. The inhibition was dependent on the
      concentration of exogenous hyaluronate and reached a plateau level within 2 h.
      Plated chondrocyte cultures showed little or no response to hyaluronate.
      Suspension cultures of chondrocytes were prelabeled with [3H]lysine and lysed,
      and a heavy membrane fraction (12,000g) was extracted with the detergent 3-[(3
      cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate. A Sepharose-hyaluronate
      affinity gel was used to show that the extract contained hyaluronate binding 3H
      labeled proteins and evidence was obtained suggesting that these came from the
      external face of the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2423032
TI  - Immunochemistry of the Lewis blood-group system: isolation and structures of
      Lewis-c active and related glycosphingolipids from the plasma of blood-group O
      Le(a-b-) nonsecretors.
AB  - Five different glycosphingolipid fractions (GL-3, 285 micrograms; GL-5, 1090
      micrograms; GL-6, 615 micrograms; GL-7, 555 micrograms; and GL-8, 155 micrograms)
      have been isolated from 25 liters of plasma of O Le(a-b-) nonsecretors by means
      of ethanol extraction, several steps of Folch distribution, and reversed-phase,
      silicic acid, and ion-exchange column chromatography of native or peracetylated
      substances. Final purification, accomplished by preparative silica gel high
      performance thin-layer chromatography, led to chromatographic homogeneity of GL-3
      and GL-6. In the hemagglutination inhibition as well as quantitative passive
      hemagglutination techniques two of these substances (GL-3, GL-5) exhibited
      distinct, and the other three (GL-6-GL-8) very strong, Lec blood-group activities
      when tested against two different Lec antisera of human or goat origin. The
      fragments' structures were elucidated by fast atom bombardment and electron
      impact mass spectrometry of permethylated derivatives in order to determine
      molecular weight, sugar sequence, position of branching points, and type of
      oligosaccharide chains, as well as fatty acid and sphingosine patterns of the
      ceramide residue. Combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of
      partially methylated alditol acetates identified sugar composition and glycosidic
      linkages. Thus, the following structures could be established: (formula; see
      text) In contrast to the structurally homogeneous GL-3, minor amounts of 4-O
      substituted GlcNAc pointed to a small contamination of GL-6 by branched type 2
      ceramide nonasaccharide analogs. Glycolipids containing hepta- or nonasaccharides
      as in GL-3 or GL-6 could also be identified in fractions GL-5 (ceramide
      heptasaccharide) and GL-7 and GL-8 (ceramide nonasaccharide). These latter
      fractions revealed, however, distinct heterogeneity due to the presence of a
      small amount of either a type 2 analog of GL-3 (GL-5) or linear, mainly type 2,
      ceramide hexa- (GL-5, GL-7) or octasaccharides (GL-8). In addition to previous
      immunochemical communications the presented Lec active structures of GL-3 and GL
      6 provide evidence that 3-fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine in combination with a type
      1 based oligosaccharide sequence and a 3,6-galactosyl branching point are
      essential parts of the Lec antigenic determinant (as marked in the formula of GL
      6).

PMID- 2423033
TI  - Yeast class III gene transcription factors and homologous RNA polymerase III form
      ternary transcription complexes stable to disruption by N-lauroyl-sarcosine
      (sarcosyl).
AB  - Yeast Class III gene transcription factors and RNA polymerase III were used to
      form ternary transcription complexes on a tRNASer gene in vitro under UTP
      limiting transcription conditions. These ternary transcription complexes were
      composed of template DNA, proteins, and RNA. We have shown that the RNAs
      contained in these complexes represented specifically initiated nascent pre
      tRNASer transcripts. These nascent RNAs could be very efficiently elongated to
      full-length pre-tRNASer molecules, even in the presence of the ionic detergent
      sarcosyl. Partial purification (greater than 100-fold) of these sarcosyl
      resistant ternary transcription complexes could be achieved in a single step via
      sucrose gradient sedimentation. Comparable sarcosyl-resistant ternary
      transcription complexes could not be formed using purified yeast RNA polymerase
      III as the only protein component of the complex.

PMID- 2423034
TI  - Voltage-dependent increase in ionized cytoplasmic calcium in the L6H9 muscle cell
      line detected with quin2.
AB  - The concentration of free Ca2+ ions in the cytoplasm ([Ca2+]i) is a key parameter
      in the function of muscle cells. This study describes the effect of membrane
      depolarization on [Ca2+]i in differentiating cells of the L6H9 line of rat
      skeletal muscle. [Ca2+]i was assessed using the fluorescent indicator quin2. In
      the presence of 1 mM extracellular Ca2+, [Ca2+]i averaged 250 nM. Replacement of
      extracellular Na+ with K+ resulted in cellular depolarization from -64 to -20 mV,
      measured with a fluorescent oxonol indicator. Depolarized cells showed a
      significant increase in [Ca2+]i, from 250 to 390 nM. The increase was prevented
      by nifedipine (5 microM) and was in great part dependent on the presence of
      extracellular Ca2+. A residual significant increase in [Ca2+]i was observed upon
      depolarization in Ca2+-free medium; this rise may be attributed to Ca2+ release
      from intracellular organelles. In the presence of extracellular Ca2+, replacement
      of extracellular Na+ by N-methylglucamine+ did not depolarize the cells, yet
      resulted in a significant increase in [Ca2+]i. This rise may be ascribed to
      inhibition or reversal of Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity due to the absence of
      extracellular Na+. The data are consistent with the presence of voltage-sensitive
      Ca2+ channels and Na+/Ca2+ antiporters at the cell surface, and of mechanisms of
      voltage-sensitive Ca2+ release from intracellular organelles.

PMID- 2423035
TI  - Protein transport in intact, purified pea etioplasts.
AB  - We have developed a method to isolate intact, purified pea etioplasts. These
      etioplasts were capable of recognizing, transporting, and processing the
      precursor form of the small subunit of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase,
      a protein which is not detectable at this developmental stage. Transport of
      proteins was completely dependent on ATP and could not be substituted for or
      stimulated by light. The transported precursor protein was processed to its
      proper molecular weight. The mature form of the small subunit was assembled with
      the large subunit of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase already present at
      this stage to form an oligomer. Protein transport was completely abolished using
      the phosphatase inhibitor sodium fluoride. This is the first time protein
      transport has been demonstrated in isolated, purified etioplasts.

PMID- 2423037
TI  - Identification of myeloperoxidase in human colostrum.
AB  - The properties of a peroxidase in human colostrum were studied using antiserum
      against human myeloperoxidase. The peroxidase in human colostrum gave a single
      precipitin line against the antiserum on double immunodiffusion, and this
      precipitin line fused completely with the precipitin line formed between
      myeloperoxidase and the antiserum. The peroxidase activity in human colostrum was
      precipitated completely with anti-myeloperoxidase IgG, like myeloperoxidase
      activity. The peroxidase of colostral whey was purified to homogeneity. The
      purified enzyme consisted of two subunits of Mr 59,000 and 15,000, corresponding
      in size to the two subunits of myeloperoxidase. Immunostaining of a protein blot
      from a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel also showed that
      the peroxidase in the whey extract consisted of the same two subunits as
      myeloperoxidase. These results indicate that the peroxidase of human colostrum is
      identical with myeloperoxidase.

PMID- 2423036
TI  - Modulation by basic polypeptides of ATP-induced activation of tyrosine
      hydroxylase prepared from bovine adrenal medulla.
AB  - The effects of basic polypeptides on the activation of adrenal tyrosine
      hydroxylase by ATP were investigated to show a possible involvement of
      macromolecular cell components in the regulation of the enzyme activity. Basic
      polypeptides caused an enhancement of the activation of tyrosine hydroxylase by
      low concentrations of ATP, and the potentiating effects of these polypeptides
      were observed to be dependent on their concentrations. Kinetic studies showed
      that basic polypeptides caused an increase in the Vmax of the ATP-activated
      enzyme for the cofactor without any change in the Km. These results suggest that
      basic polypeptides convert the enzyme from a nonsusceptible form to a form
      susceptible to ATP, thus resulting in the potentiation of the ATP-induced
      activation. Furthermore, the activation by ATP of tyrosine hydroxylase was not
      observed after treatment of the enzyme preparation with CM-cellulose, and the
      responsiveness of the enzyme treated with CM-cellulose to ATP was partially
      restored by addition of basic polypeptides. These observations suggest the
      possibility that macromolecular cell components, presumably basic proteins, may
      be involved in the regulation of the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase through
      their modulating effects on the sensitivity of the enzyme to ATP within the cell.

PMID- 2423038
TI  - [A study of the antineoplastic activity of K18].
AB  - K18 is a new drug produced by a combination of Melphalan and human
      immunoglobulin. K18 produced an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of human
      gastric and colon cancer transplanted in to nude mice. Also, combination effects
      of K18 with MMC and 5-FU were recognized in the same system. In a study of
      distribution after K18 administration, the accumulation and retention of this
      drug in the tumor region were observed. In the case of Melphalan administration,
      these phenomena were not observed. The antitumor activity of tumor homogenate was
      evaluated using a colony-forming assay with KB cells. As to the Melphalan-treated
      group, a four-hour homogenate reduced the number of colonies but a 48-h one did
      not. In the K18-treated group, the four-hour homogenate decreased the number
      slightly and the decrease became obvious with 48-h homogenate. In cell cycle
      analysis using K18 or Melphalan administration, gathering of S-phase cells was
      observed, but these changes appeared later with K18 than with Melphalan. This
      result showed that the effect of K18 was produced by the alkylating activity of
      Melphalan which was combined with immunoglobulin. For clinical application, K18
      was administered to cancer patients at a dose of 60-90 mg every day. Two cases of
      good response were achieved. No side effect was observed. This remarkable
      efficacy and low degree of side effects in clinical application is probably due
      to the higher affinity and accumulation of K18 in the tumor region. K18 is a
      useful new drug for clinical application alone, or in combination with other
      chemotherapeutic drugs.

PMID- 2423039
TI  - Cytokeratins--promiscuous molecules.

PMID- 2423040
TI  - Neurodevelopmental assessment after congenital cytomegalovirus infection.
AB  - The neurodevelopmental state of 41 children with congenital cytomegalovirus
      infection and their controls was assessed at 2 years using the Griffiths scale.
      The scores achieved by children with congenital cytomegalovirus but with no
      associated neurological abnormality (asymptomatic) were similar to those of the
      control children, whereas the mean score of the five children with congenital
      infection and neurological impairment (symptomatic) was significantly lower. This
      study, which has the statistical power to detect differences in developmental
      quotient as small as five points, gave no evidence that at 2 years
      cytomegalovirus infection was associated with mental retardation in the absence
      of other neurological impairment. Thus 90% of children with congenital
      cytomegalovirus infection at 2 years are neurologically and developmentally
      normal.

PMID- 2423041
TI  - Antikeratin antibody in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis.

PMID- 2423042
TI  - Management of panesophageal cancer by blunt resection without thoracotomy and
      reconstruction with stomach.
AB  - Encouraged by their experience since 1978 with blunt esophagectomy and gastric
      reconstruction in the management of pharyngolaryngeal malignancy, the authors
      have extended their use of this technique to the management of thoracic
      esophageal cancer. A study of 43 blunt esophageal resections is presented; 23
      were performed in the management of pharyngolaryngeal cancer, and 20 were
      performed (22 attempted) for the resection of intrathoracic esophageal cancer. In
      the first group, two deaths occurred secondary to liver failure in cirrhotic
      patients with moist ascites. One death occurred due to anastomotic leak in the
      neck of a patient with laryngeal cancer treated with extended mediastinal
      dissection and tracheal resection for surgical and radiation failure. Two
      tracheal injuries occurred; one could be managed through the neck, and one
      required thoractomy for repair. In the 20 resections performed for intrathoracic
      cancer, there were no deaths, no tracheal injuries, and one chest was explored
      for bleeding in the splenic bed, which decompressed itself into the right chest.
      The overall mortality was 7.5%. The evaluation emphasizes: The applicability of
      this technique for the management of esophageal problems at all levels. The
      safety of the technique, particularly in the typical population with advanced
      aged and severe underlying medical illness. Good functional results with
      palliation and/or cure. The benefit of intact mediastinal pleura in avoiding
      certain thoracic complications. The authors conclude that blunt esophagectomy is
      a safe resection procedure with limited morbidity and mortality, and that gastric
      reconstruction is reliable and affords excellent functional results. They are
      encouraged to continue management of panesophageal cancer with this technique.

PMID- 2423043
TI  - A new approach to the management of malignant esophageal obstruction and
      esophagorespiratory fistula.
AB  - Successful palliation of 6 patients with total or nearly total malignant
      esophageal obstruction is reported. In 5 of the patients, laser vaporization,
      dilation, and placement of an endoesophageal prosthesis resulted in an esophageal
      lumen that allowed adequate swallowing of soft food. In 1 patient with an
      esophagorespiratory fistula, the prosthesis successfully occluded the fistula and
      prevented aspiration or pulmonary infection until the patient's death. This
      rapidly achieved endoscopic palliation represents a major advance in the
      management of a serious medical problem.

PMID- 2423044
TI  - [Chronic poisoning by wood-protective agents in living quarters].

PMID- 2423045
TI  - [Double heterozygous Hb O Arab/beta-thalassemia in a Tunisian child].
AB  - A study realized in a Tunisian family of 22 persons has revealed a double
      heterozygoty Hb O Arab/beta(0) thalassemia in a child of 16 years old. The father
      of this child presents a beta thalassemia and his mother is haemoglobine O Arab
      homozygote.

PMID- 2423046
TI  - [Long-term course after palliative surgery in children with a single ventricle].
AB  - Single ventricle or univentricular heart is a rare congenital malformation (1/10
      000) which has a very poor prognosis. The cases of 68 children with single
      ventricles who had palliative surgery between January 1964 and December 1982 were
      studied. The average age of the patients at surgery was 4.41 +/- 5.8 years; 36%
      of the children were under 1 year of age. Surgery consisted in 48 systemico
      pulmonary anastomoses and 20 pulmonary artery bandings. The global mortality was
      22% (16% in the anastomosis group and 35% in the banding group). Age seemed to be
      an important factor: 25% mortality in children under the age of 1; 2.4% in
      children over 1 year (p less than 0.05). The 15 year survival rate was 43 +/- 23%
      overall; 56 +/- 28% in children with anastomoses and 20 +/- 28% at 8 years in
      children with banding. Although surgery did not appear to improve survival it
      probably did improve survival it probably did improve the quality of life; 73% of
      the survivors has satisfactory functional results and the efforts of everyday
      life were well tolerated. However, the evolution was complicated in 10% of cases
      by infection and neurological complications, and atrioventricular regurgitation
      was observed in 7 patients, requiring valve replacement in 2 cases. Our results
      are globally comparable with those of similar previously reported studies. The
      best published results of physiological correction of single ventricle (Fontan,
      septation) are relatively unsatisfactory with a mortality rate of about 35%.
      Therefore, palliative surgery still appears justified in these cases.

PMID- 2423047
TI  - [Prevalence, significance and prognosis of ventricular arrhythmia in 236 cases of
      dilated myocardiopathy].
AB  - The prevalence on ECG, Holter monitoring and stress testing and the prognosis of
      ventricular arrhythmias were assessed in 236 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
      (DCM). This diagnosis was confirmed by haemodynamic and coronary angiographic
      criteria in 218 cases. Analysis of ECG recordings confirmed the high incidence of
      ventricular extrasystoles (VES) which were observed in 56% of cases, with
      doublets in 28% and salvoes in 5% of cases. Sustained VT was observed in 5 cases
      before the diagnosis was established and in 9 cases during follow-up. Ventricular
      fibrillation was documented in 8 patients without overt cardiac failure. Holter
      monitoring over 24 hours (N = 76) showed less than 30 VES per hour in 32% of
      cases, greater than 100 per hour in 36% of cases, predominantly diurnal in 36% of
      cases, doublets in 40% of cases and salvoes in 15% of cases. A significant
      correlation was observed (p less than 0.01) between repetitive activity and the
      frequency of VES. Exercise stress testing (N = 113) showed aggravation of the
      ventricular arrhythmia in 28% cases. Of the 72 clinical and paraclinical
      variables that were analysed, the group of patients with VES and doublets on ECG
      had lower left ventricular ejection fractions and higher pulmonary pressures.
      Eighty patients died of cardiac causes during follow-up of 38.8 +/- 27 months.
      Taking into account the haemodynamic differences, the presence of doublets on the
      ECG was a poor prognostic factor in subjects with ejection fractions greater than
      40% (p less than 0.06); this was even more significant when greater than 50% (p
      less than 0.027).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423048
TI  - [Ventricular arrhythmia in ischemic cardiopathy].
AB  - The authors undertook a retrospective study of 200 cases of documented ischaemic
      heart disease. Seven variables were considered in a statistical analysis: age,
      sex, localisation of myocardial lesions, left ventricular function, ventricular
      arrhythmias in density and grade, and death due to cardiac or other causes. The
      statistical analysis using the Chi squared test showed no correlation between
      death and the variables: age, sex and localisation of the infarct. However,
      statistically significant relationship was observed between death, in particular
      when due to cardiac causes, and: left ventricular function, especially when the
      ejection fraction was less than 0.40, ventricular arrhythmias, especially with a
      density of between 10 and 50% and when repetitive were observed. Analysis of
      correspondences confirmed these results. Log-linear analysis of the variables or
      combinations of variables which allows prediction of the prevalence of death
      showed ventricular arrhythmias to be more important than left ventricular
      function when these two variables were considered singly. When the association of
      two variables was considered, the best predictive association was ventricular
      arrhythmias with repetitive ectopic rhythms; the second best predictive
      association was ventricular arrhythmias with abnormal ventricular function. These
      results should be interpreted taking into consideration the patient group
      studied, the criteria of selection and the limitations of 24 h ECG monitoring; in
      addition, some arrhythmias may have added importance (e.g. ventricular
      parasystole).

PMID- 2423050
TI  - Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in brains of suicide victims. Comparison
      in chronic schizophrenic patients with suicide as cause of death.
AB  - Serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations were determined in
      various brain areas of nonschizophrenic suicide victims, chronic schizophrenic
      patients with or without suicide as the cause of death, and normal control
      subjects without psychiatric or neurologic disorders. Serotonin concentrations in
      the basal ganglia were significantly elevated in suicide victims and chronic
      schizophrenic patients, as were 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations in the
      occipital cortex. These differences were not specific to either patient group and
      may have been caused by neuroleptic or antidepressant treatment. A decreased 5-HT
      concentration was found in the hypothalamus of nonschizophrenic suicide victims.
      Among the chronic schizophrenic patients, there was no significant difference in
      the hypothalamic 5-HT content between the suicide victims and others, indicating
      that low 5-HT levels in the hypothalamus are not characteristic of schizophrenic
      patients who died of suicide.

PMID- 2423049
TI  - Skin conductance habituation and cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      in suicidal patients.
AB  - The concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) and psychophysiologic variables, such as habituation of the skin
      conductance response, were measured in 35 drug-free, suicidal inpatients. Twenty
      four patients were hospitalized after a suicide attempt, and another 11 had
      suicidal ideation. The suicide attempters were classified into nonviolent (drug
      overdoses taken orally, or a single wrist cut) and violent (all other methods).
      As in previous studies, the suicide attempters had significantly lower CSF
      concentrations of 5-HIAA compared with healthy, matched controls. The
      distribution of habituation rate was bimodal (slow and fast habituators). All
      violent attempters were fast habituators, as were all four patients who in a one
      year follow-up were found to have completed a suicide (all by violent methods).
      The lowest frequency of fast habituators was found in the group of patients with
      suicidal ideation. There was no correlation between CSF 5-HIAA and habituation
      rate. A combination of these two variables yielded a highly significant
      correlation with type of suicide behavior, both retrospectively and
      prospectively.

PMID- 2423051
TI  - [Experimental research following intratumor bleomycin use in the nude mouse model
      of oral mucosa cancer and the clinical pilot study].
AB  - Experiments concerning the kinetics and bio-distribution of 57Co-Bleomycin in
      three different lines of the squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity in a nude
      mouse model yielded a more than tenfold higher concentration after a single
      intratumoral (i.t.) application of an aqueous solution of 57Co-labelled Bleomycin
      in spite of a remarkable radioactivity-wash in the tumor up to 48 hours post
      applicationem, compared to the intravenous (i.v.) injection. For the
      investigation of the radiopharmacon within the tumor we used the macro
      autoradiographic method. The xenografts have been removed and cut (5 micrograms)
      1;5; 24, and 48 hours after the Bleomycin administration, respectively. These
      preparations have been covered with an autoradiographic film and exposed for
      about three weeks. After this an inhomogenous distribution of the radioactive
      nuclide was produced within the tumor, and a particularly high activity
      concentration could be demonstrated in the necrotic tumor areas. The results
      obtained from the animal experiments have been corroborated by a pilot-study
      consisting of i.t. Bleomycin application in nine patients with a carcinoma of the
      oral mucosa.

PMID- 2423052
TI  - The desensitization of rat mast cells sensitized under various conditions.
AB  - Rat peritoneal and pleural mast cells in vitro sensitized with an excess of mouse
      IgE antibodies were tested for desensitization by preincubation with antigen in
      calcium-free conditions. It was found that 30 min preincubation in these
      conditions induced complete desensitization of pleural and peritoneal cells to
      subsequent action of specific antigen in calcium-containing medium. The extent of
      desensitization to the action of anti-rat IgE (nonspecific desensitization)
      depended on: the origin of the cells (pleural mast cells were more sensitive to
      desensitization), time of incubation of the cells with mouse IgE (longer time of
      sensitization resulted in higher extent of desensitization), anti-IgE dilutions
      used to rechallenge histamine release (higher extent of desensitization to higher
      dilutions of anti-IgE). The results suggest, that nonspecific desensitization
      occurs in mast cells with higher level of sensitization with mouse IgE. Some
      functional differences between pleural and peritoneal mast cells are also
      suggested.

PMID- 2423053
TI  - Lectin inhibition system for determination of concanavalin A glycoprotein
      complexes dissociation constants in agarose affinity electrophoresis.
AB  - A new system for lectin-glycoprotein complexes dissociation constants (K)
      determination is presented. The system is based on agarose affinity
      electrophoresis where equal lectin (Con A) concentrations are inhibited by
      variable specific sugar (alpha-methyl-mannoside) amounts. Moreover, the system
      allows lectin-sugar inhibition constants (Ki) studies. For determination of
      mechanisms as well as K and Ki values calculations mathematical equations are
      developed. Values of K for two variants of alpha 1 acid-glycoprotein, two
      variants of alpha 1-antitrypsin, one variant of alphafetoprotein and Ki for Con A
      alpha-MM are calculated according to the introduced equations and compared in a
      computed system. Moreover, the influence of sugar on lectin-glycoproteins
      interaction is demonstrated and discussed.

PMID- 2423054
TI  - An unusual central nervous system infection in a young immunocompromised host.
AB  - A 13-year-old girl with a ten-year history of lymphoblastic leukemia and several
      central nervous system (CNS) relapses developed a bone marrow relapse and
      accelerated CNS leukemia. Following treatment with CNS radiation and intravenous
      chemotherapy, she developed fever, pancytopenia, headache, and vomiting. Her
      neurological function deteriorated and she died on the 20th hospital day.
      Multiple CSF examinations failed to disclose either leukemic cells or organisms.
      Blood cultures obtained from a Broviac catheter yielded Micrococcus species.
      Postmortem examination showed meningoependymitis with intracellular coccal
      organisms. The pathology of this infection resembles intracranial Whipple's
      disease. Intracranial intracellular bacterial infection should be excluded in the
      infectious complications in the immunocompromised host.

PMID- 2423055
TI  - The effect of sympathomimetic drugs on bone capillaries.
AB  - Mineral transport to bone is dependent on an adequate blood supply. Thus, the
      role of vasoactive agents merits orthopaedic interest. This paper outlines the
      morphology of osteons and capillaries in cortical bone and discusses the possible
      morphological effects of systemic phenylephrine on mice tibiae. The frequency of
      dilated capillaries on histological serial sections did not significantly change.
      Hence, a postcapillary mechanism is likely to explain previous EM findings: i.e.,
      an adrenaline-induced increase of the lumen diameter and perivascular cell edema.

PMID- 2423056
TI  - Analysis of antigenic determinants on internal and external proteins of influenza
      virus and identification of antigenic subpopulations of virions in recent field
      isolates using monoclonal antibodies and immunogold labelling.
AB  - An electron microscopic immunogold labelling technique employing monoclonal
      antibodies has been applied to the antigenic analysis of influenza A and B
      viruses. Reassortant influenza A H3N2 viruses containing haemagglutinin molecules
      from viruses isolated between 1968 and 1982 were analysed with a panel of
      monoclonal antibodies raised against viruses which appeared over the same period.
      The immunogold labelling technique clearly demonstrated the antigenic drift in
      the haemagglutinin molecule that occurred between 1968 and 1982. When the
      technique was applied to the examination of viruses from a more geographically
      restricted influenza epidemic in a semi-closed community, antigenic variants were
      found. Furthermore the technique enabled the identification of distinct antigenic
      variant subpopulations within a single clinical isolate. Analysis of the HA of
      MDCK cell or egg grown virus by this procedure provided data to support the
      hypothesis that the host cell exerts selective pressure on subpopulations of
      virus resulting in the emergence of antigenic variants.

PMID- 2423058
TI  - [The sensory neuropile of the nerve chain of Eurygaster integriceps P].
AB  - Structure of the sensory neuropil of the abdominal nervous chain has been studied
      in the Eurygaster integriceps P. by means of methylene blue and paraldehyde
      fuchsin with phloxin staining. The sensory neuropil consists of three parts: 1)
      main sensory neuropil, including terminal, T-shaped, antero- and posterconnective
      fibers; 2) lateral sensory neuropils of the extremities, that in the insect
      studied, as in the dragon-fly larva, have the form of the overturned eight; 3)
      system of thick T-shaped fibers getting into the first thoracic ganglion and
      running along the second nerves, as well as along the thoracic neuromeres of the
      synganglion, giving collateralies into the nuclei of the extremities and into the
      main neuropil and coming into both the abdominal and cranial parts. In the
      neuropil of the extremities certain fibers are revealed; they form collateralies
      in the nucleus itself and terminate in the main neuropil. Of all the insects
      investigated it is the Eurygaster integriceps P. that possesses the most
      developed sensitive nuclei in the extremities and the least developed nuclei in
      the wings.

PMID- 2423057
TI  - Effects of antibodies and interferon on mumps virus persistently infected L929
      cells. Generation of variant viruses in the cells during incubation with
      monoclonal antibodies and interferon.
AB  - We studied the effect of antibodies and interferon (IFN) on L929 cells
      persistently infected with mumps virus (MuV). The persistent infection was
      maintained by horizontal transmission of the virus within the culture but was
      regulated by endogenously produced IFN (8). The maintenance of the persistently
      infected cells in the continuous presence of anti-MuV serum suppressed the
      production of infectious virus. No virus antigen-positive cells were detected
      beyond 14 passages. Once antiserum was removed from the seemingly "cured
      cultures", however, a small number of antigen-positive cells appeared and the
      release of infectious virus into the culture fluid resumed. Even after 67
      passages (200 days) of culture in the presence of anti-serum, the virus
      reappeared in the culture. At least 0.01 per cent of L929 cells in cultures
      maintained under antiserum harbored the virus without expression of virus
      antigen. The virus recovered from such cells was temperature sensitive. The
      infection of fresh L929 cells with the variant led to noncytocidal persistent
      infection which was maintained by propagation of virus-infected cells. MuV
      carrier cultures could be cured by serial cultivation in medium containing the
      mixture of antiserum and IFN. When L-MuV cells were subcultured with medium
      containing neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), antibody-resistant variant
      viruses were rapidly generated and selected. In the presence of IFN variant
      viruses resistant to IFN were generated. In view of the small amount of virus
      produced from persistently infected cells, variant viruses appeared to be
      generated in an unusually high frequency in carrier cultures. Thus, this
      experimental system may offer a useful in vitro model for studying antigenic
      variation and generation of various variant viruses.

PMID- 2423059
TI  - [Improved method of supravital staining of nerve tissue cultures with methylene
      blue].

PMID- 2423060
TI  - [Pathologic and adaptive changes in the hemomicrocirculatory system].
AB  - General principles of the description and functional evaluation of the
      morphological changes developing in the hemomicrocirculatory bed under
      pathological conditions are given. A necessity of dividing vascular, intra- and
      extravascular (stromal) changes into pathological and adaptive is underlined. A
      conclusion is made that such an approach to the characteristics of morphological
      transformations in the microcirculation system will provide a more deep insight
      into mechanisms of compensation of the terminal hemodynamics disorders and into
      the causes of a collapse of function of the local adaptive apparatus.

PMID- 2423061
TI  - Argon laser photocoagulation for neovascular maculopathy. Three-year results from
      randomized clinical trials. Macular Photocoagulation Study Group.
AB  - The Macular Photocoagulation Study randomized controlled clinical trials designed
      to determine whether argon laser photocoagulation is effective for preventing or
      delaying severe visual loss in eyes with an extrafoveal choroidal neovascular
      membrane secondary to senile macular degeneration (Senile Macular Degeneration
      Study [SMDS]), ocular histoplasmosis (Ocular Histoplasmosis Study [OHS]), or
      idiopathic neovascularization (Idiopathic Neovascularization Study [INVS]).
      Eligible patients were assigned randomly to a "treatment" group or to a "no
      treatment" group until recruitment was terminated in 1982 (SMDS) and 1983 (OHS
      and INVS) because of demonstrated short-term treatment benefit. As of Aug 31,
      1985, three or more years of scheduled follow-up examinations had been completed
      for 208 (88%) of 236 eyes in the SMDS, 203 (77%) of 262 eyes in the OHS, and 51
      (76%) of 67 eyes in the INVS. The relative risk of experiencing severe loss of
      vision after three years in eyes initially assigned to the no treatment group in
      comparison with eyes assigned to the argon laser photocoagulation group was 1.4
      in the SMDS (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1 to 1.9), 5.5 in the OHS (95% CI:
      3.9 to 10.8), and 2.3 in the INVS (95% CI: 0.8 to 6.5). The beneficial effects of
      argon laser treatment have persisted in all three studies in spite of the fact
      that some eyes in the "no treatment" groups were treated later in their clinical
      course as a result of the evidence of early benefit. Follow-up of all patients
      continues so that treatment effectiveness over a five-year period can be
      assessed.

PMID- 2423062
TI  - Subfoveal choroidal neovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration.
      Visual prognosis in eyes with relatively good initial visual acuity.
AB  - We determined the visual prognosis of 94 eyes in 92 patients having age-related
      macular degeneration, a discrete choroidal neovascular membrane directly under
      the center of the foveal avascular zone (subfoveal), and an initial visual acuity
      of 20/100 or better. Of the patients who were reexamined 24 months following
      their initial presentation, 77% had lost at least four lines of vision and 64%
      had lost at least six lines. Estimation of visual loss using a conservative
      assessment procedure showed four-line visual loss in 65% of the patients and six
      line loss in 50%. In general, the better the visual acuity at the initial
      examination, the more likely the patient was to have a smaller choroidal
      neovascular membrane. These results suggest that it may be reasonable to consider
      a randomized clinical trial of laser photocoagulation for this group of patients
      with a relatively poor visual prognosis.

PMID- 2423063
TI  - Neovascular glaucoma following neodymium-YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.
AB  - Iris neovascularization and neovascular glaucoma were diagnosed in three diabetic
      patients following neodymium-YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Each of the
      patients had previously undergone an uncomplicated extracapsular cataract
      extraction with insertion of a posterior chamber lens implant. These occurrences
      are consistent with the hypothesis that the posterior lens capsule may serve as a
      protective barrier to a diffusible vasoproliferative factor from the vitreous or
      retina. Both the beneficial optical effects and the potential adverse effects
      should be carefully considered prior to performing neodymium-YAG laser posterior
      capsulotomy in diabetic patients or other patients with ischemia in the fundus.
      Following neodymium-YAG laser posterior capsulotomy, these eyes should be closely
      followed up for signs of neovascularization and possible panretinal
      photocoagulation.

PMID- 2423064
TI  - Immunocytochemical detection of peptides in the guinea pig cochlea.
AB  - The cochleae of juvenile guinea pigs were investigated for the presence of
      several neuropeptides. Glucagon, insulin, CCK and beta-endorphin immunoreactive
      neurons and nerve fibers as well as hair cells were demonstrated by the
      peroxidase antiperoxidase technique. Small amounts of substance P were also found
      in different sites in the inner ear. In contrast, prolactin-like material could
      not be found at all. These findings have significance with regard to the putative
      role of neuropeptides in neuromodulation.

PMID- 2423065
TI  - Whipple's disease in an HLA-B27 positive female.
AB  - The first reported case of Whipple's disease in a female who was HLA-B27 positive
      and had asymptomatic sacroiliitis is discussed. She presented great difficulty in
      diagnosis as she had multi-system involvement without diarrhea. This case
      supports the hypothesis that Whipple's disease is a disorder related to HLA-B27.

PMID- 2423066
TI  - Outcome for the very low birth-weight (500-1,499g) singleton breech: benefit of
      caesarean section.
AB  - Between January 1, 1977 and March 31, 1982, 84 of 131 (64.1%) consecutive
      liveborn very low birth-weight (VLBW) singletons delivered after breech
      presentation were discharged home alive. Of babies delivered by Caesarean section
      40 of 47 (85.1%) survived, versus 44 of 84 (52.4%) delivered vaginally (X2 =
      12.6, p less than 0.0005). When differences in birthweight and antenatal steroid
      therapy were adjusted by multiple regression analysis, after excluding a lethally
      malformed baby who was diagnosed antenatally and babies who were not treated
      aggressively because they were thought to be too immature (n = 19), those
      delivered by Caesarean section were still more likely to survive (p = 0.038). In
      survivors completely assessed at 2 years of corrected age, there was a
      statistically significant association between Caesarean section and reduced
      handicap (p = 0.019). For the VLBW singleton breech, there is good evidence that
      delivery by Caesarean section is beneficial.

PMID- 2423067
TI  - Second trimester maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein as an indicator of fetal risk.
AB  - Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels were raised to 2.0 or more times the median for
      gestation in 30 of 507 singleton pregnancies after excluding pregnancies
      complicated by fetal neural tube defects. The serum alpha-fetoprotein levels were
      significantly more often elevated in pregnancies complicated by prematurity,
      fetal heart rate abnormalities, delivery of a small for dates infant, a perinatal
      death and admission of the baby to the neonatal unit. While the predictive value
      of an elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein was 76% for abnormal outcomes in general
      it ranged between only 16% and 46% for specific abnormalities. The usefulness of
      this assay relates only to its ability to predict an abnormal outcome when
      performed during the second trimester.

PMID- 2423068
TI  - Somatic mutations in the variable region of the lambda 2 chain of M315
      suppression of antibodies to the idiotype of M315.
AB  - BALB/c mice immunized with purified BALB/c myeloma protein M315 (alpha, lambda 2)
      produce anti-idiotypic antibody directed predominantly to a combinational (VH-315
      + VL-315) determinant(s) of the M315 paratope (Sirisinha and Eisen, 1971;
      Tungkanak and Sirisinha, 1976). We examined whether the unique B cell response is
      influenced by pretreatment of mice with fragments or chains derived from M315
      before immunization with M315. Intravenous (i.v.) injection of the Fv-315
      fragment (VH-315 + VL-315) into normal BALB/c mice seven days before immunization
      with M315 resulted in marked suppression of anti-M315 idiotype antibodies.
      Studies on the structural requirement for suppression indicated that VL-315, but
      not VH-315, is involved. Structural comparison with a defined lambda 2 light (L)
      chain suggested that three contiguous amino acid residues in the third
      hypervariable loop of the variable (V) domain of the L chain of M315 are
      important for down-regulation of production of antibodies to the M315 idiotype.

PMID- 2423069
TI  - A study of the kinetics of the reaction of ligands with the liganded states of
      mouse embryonic haemoglobins.
AB  - The reactivities of the liganded states of the embryonic haemoglobins of the
      mouse with both O2 and CO were measured and compared with the reactivities of the
      adult protein. Laser-photolysis experiments on the recombination of O2 with the
      partially oxygenated proteins indicates chain heterogeneity in the adult and
      embryonic EII and EIII species, with the difference in subunit reactivity being
      greatest in the embryonic species. Haemoglobin EI shows chain equivalence in
      these experiments. The homogeneous time courses observed for the O2-dissociation
      reactions are consistent with chain equivalence within all the proteins with
      regard to this reaction. The specific values obtained for the respective rate
      constants from each of these studies indicates that the high O2 affinity
      previously reported for haemoglobin EI is, in greatest part, due to its low O2
      dissociation rate. Flash-photolysis studies on the binding of CO with the
      partially liganded forms of the proteins show the same patterns of chain
      heterogeneity as seen in O2-binding studies.

PMID- 2423070
TI  - Purification and characterization of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase I2 from human
      liver.
AB  - beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidase I2 was purified from human liver by a combination of
      concanavalin A chromatography, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, gel filtration and
      affinity chromatography on 2-acetamido-N-(6-aminohexanoyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D
      glucopyranosylamine coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. Its specific activity
      was 130 mumol/min per mg of protein compared with values of 150 and 320
      mumol/min/mg of protein for beta-N-acetylhexosaminidases A and B purified from
      the same tissue. Km values for I2, A and B were 1.0 mM, 0.8 mM and 0.74 mM
      respectively. On gradient gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions,
      hexosaminidase I2 behaved similarly to A and appeared to have an Mr between 100
      000 and 110 000. beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidase I2 was resolved into two major
      polypeptides, of Mr 56 000 and 29 000, on SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis
      under denaturing conditions. Immunoblotting with anti-(hexosaminidase alpha
      subunit) serum confirmed that the 56 000-Mr component was the alpha-subunit and
      anti-(hexosaminidase B) serum reacted with the 29 000 Mr component. beta-N
      Acetylhexosaminidase I2 more closely resembles form A than B, but the features of
      its structure that allow it to be separated from A on the basis of net charge
      have not yet been found.

PMID- 2423071
TI  - Antigen-stimulated metabolism of inositol phospholipids in the cloned murine mast
      cell line MC9.
AB  - Cells of the murine mast-cell clone MC9 grown in suspension culture were
      sensitized with an anti-DNP (dinitrophenol) IgE and subsequently prelabelled by
      incubating with [32P]Pi. Stimulation of these cells with DNP-BSA (bovine serum
      albumin) caused marked decreases in [32P]polyphosphoinositides (but not
      [32P]phosphatidylinositol) with concomitant appearance of [32P]phosphatidic acid.
      Whereas phosphatidylinositol monophosphate levels returned to baseline values
      after prolonged stimulation, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate levels remained
      depressed. Stimulation of sensitized MC9 cells with DNP-BSA increased rates of
      incorporation of [32P]Pi into other phospholipids in the order:
      phosphatidylcholine greater than phosphatidylinositol greater than
      phosphatidylethanolamine. In sensitized cells prelabelled with [3H]inositol,
      release of inositol monophosphate, inositol bisphosphate and inositol
      trisphosphate, was observed after stimulation with DNP-BSA. When Li+ was added to
      inhibit the phosphatase activity that hydrolysed the phosphomonoester bonds in
      the sugar phosphates, greater increases were observed in all three inositol
      phosphates, particularly in inositol trisphosphate. The IgE-stimulated release of
      inositol trisphosphate was independent of the presence of extracellular Ca2+. In
      addition, the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 caused neither the decrease in
      [32P]polyphosphoinositides nor the stimulation of the release of inositol
      phosphates. These results demonstrate that stimulation of the MC9 cell via its
      receptor for IgE causes increased phospholipid turnover, with effects on
      polyphosphoinositides predominating. These data support the hypothesis that
      hapten cross-bridging of IgE receptors stimulates phospholipase C activity, which
      may be an early event in stimulus-secretion coupling of mast cells. The results
      with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 indicate that an increase in intracellular Ca2+
      alone is not sufficient for activation of this enzyme.

PMID- 2423073
TI  - Comparison of the binding of poly(ethylene glycol)-bound fatty acids to human
      albumin and alpha-fetoprotein studied by affinity phase partitioning.
AB  - The interaction of human serum albumin and of alpha-fetoprotein to poly(ethylene
      glycol)-bound fatty acids is compared using the method of affinity partitioning
      in an aqueous two-phase system composed of dextran, poly(ethylene glycol) and
      esters of different fatty acids with poly(ethylene glycol). Albumin was found to
      be bound to the fatty acid derivatives with higher affinity than alpha
      fetoprotein. For both proteins binding occurred in dependence on the chain length
      of the fatty acids with a maximum for the C14-derivative.

PMID- 2423072
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to different protein-related epitopes of human articular
      cartilage proteoglycans.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies produced against chondroitinase-treated human adult
      cartilage proteoglycans were selected for their ability to recognize epitopes on
      native proteoglycans. Binding analyses revealed that four of these monoclonal
      antibodies (BCD-4, BCD-7, EFG-4 and KPC-190) each recognized a different epitope
      on the same proteoglycan molecule which represents a subpopulation of a high
      buoyant density (D1) fraction of human articular cartilage proteoglycans (10, 30,
      50 and 60% in fetal-newborn, 1.5 years old, 15 years old and 52-56 years old
      cartilages, respectively). Analysis of epitope specificities revealed that BCD-7
      and EFG-4 monoclonal antibodies recognized epitopes on proteoglycan monomer which
      are associated with the protein structure in that they are sensitive to cleavage
      by Pronase, papain and alkali treatment and do not include keratan sulphate,
      chondroitin sulphate or oligosaccharides. The BCD-4 and KPC-190 epitopes also
      proved to be sensitive to Pronase or papain digestion or to alkali treatment, but
      keratanase or endo-beta-galactosidase also reduced the immunoreactivity of these
      epitopes. These observations indicate that the BCD-4 and KPC-190 epitopes
      represent peptides substituted with keratan sulphate or keratan sulphate-like
      structures. The BCD-4 epitope is, however, absent from a keratan sulphate-rich
      fragment of human adult proteoglycan, while the other three epitopes were
      detected in this fragment. None of these four epitopes were detected in the link
      proteins of human cartilage, in the hyaluronic acid-binding region of human
      newborn cartilage proteoglycan, in Swarm rat chondrosarcoma proteoglycan, in
      chicken limb bud proteoglycan monomer and in the small dermatan sulphate
      proteoglycan of bovine costal cartilage. EFG-4 and KPC-190 epitopes were not
      detected in human fetal cartilage proteoglycans, although fetal molecules
      contained trace amounts of epitopes reactive with BCD-4 and BCD-7 antibodies.

PMID- 2423074
TI  - Evaluation of the effects of forskolin and the antilipolytic agents insulin and
      nicotinic acid on cyclic AMP levels in rat epididymal adipocytes.
AB  - The effects of forskolin and the antilipolytic agents nicotinic acid and insulin
      on cAMP accumulation in rat epididymal adipocytes were evaluated. Forskolin
      markedly stimulated cAMP accumulation in adipocytes of the rat. Addition of
      epinephrine to cells treated with forskolin acted synergistically to increase the
      cAMP accumulation 4-fold when compared with cells treated with forskolin alone.
      Analysis of the forskolin dose-response kinetics indicated a dose-dependent
      increase in the accumulation of cAMP. The presence of 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
      caused a shift in the forskolin dose-response to lower concentrations. In
      contrast, addition of nicotinic acid to cells treated with 1-methyl-3
      isobutylxanthine caused a shift in the forskolin dose-response to higher
      concentrations. Preincubation of cells with adenosine deaminase did not alter the
      forskolin dose-response curve but potentiated its effect. Forskolin stimulation
      of cAMP accumulation in adipocytes was inhibited by the antilipolytic agents
      nicotinic acid and insulin.

PMID- 2423075
TI  - In vitro translation of chicken type X collagen in the presence of pancreas
      microsomes.
AB  - Total RNA from epiphysis of 17-day-old chick embryo tibiae was used to direct
      protein synthesis in a wheat germ cell free system. The type X collagen chain,
      identified on the basis of its electrophoretic migration and of peptides obtained
      by S. aureus V8 protease digestion, was the major translation product. The newly
      synthesized chain included a signal sequence that was removed when dog pancreas
      membranes were added at the time of the protein synthesis.

PMID- 2423076
TI  - Affinity chromatography with amniotic fluid somatomedin binding protein in the
      purification of insulin-like growth factor I.
AB  - A simplified procedure has been developed for the isolation of insulin-like
      growth factor I from human plasma by use of affinity chromatography with the
      somatomedin binding protein. After acidification of human plasma and separation
      of insulin-like growth factor I and endogenous binding protein by cation exchange
      chromatography on SP-Sephadex the material was passed through a column packed
      with pure human amniotic fluid binding protein covalently coupled to Sepharose.
      The bound insulin-like growth factors I and II were eluted by 1M acetic acid and
      separated on a Mono S cation exchange column by use of a salt gradient. The 30
      micrograms insulin-like growth factor I and 18 micrograms insulin-like growth
      factor II recovered from 1 liter plasma gave an overall recovery of 30% for
      insulin-like growth factor I but only 2.5% for insulin-like growth factor II.

PMID- 2423077
TI  - The use of monoclonal antibody to study the functional properties of RNA
      polymerase II subunits.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were raised in mouse against purified calf thymus RNA
      polymerase II. Three stable hybridoma lines were identified and found to secrete
      IgM type antibodies. The antibody produced by one clone was found to be directed
      against the large subunits (IIb and IIc) of the enzyme. In an immuno-blot of
      electrophoretically separated subunits the monoclonal antibody recognised
      antigenic determinant on the largest polypeptides of several eukaryotic RNA
      polymerases II tested. In an in vitro transcription system, this antibody is
      found to inhibit the specific transcription from the adenovirus major late
      promoter only when the extract is preincubated with the antibody in the absence
      of DNA.

PMID- 2423078
TI  - Sequence of human DNA polymerase beta mRNA obtained through cDNA cloning.
AB  - A cDNA library from polyA+ RNA of a human teratocarcinoma cell line in phage
      lambda gt11 was screened with a fragment of the rat beta-polymerase cDNA, lambda
      pol beta-10, as probe. Five positive phage were identified and plaque purified.
      The cDNA of one positive clone selected for detailed study was 1257 bp. This
      insert was sequenced and found to contain the coding region for beta-polymerase,
      as well as 163 bp and 137 bp from the 5' and 3' untranslated regions,
      respectively. The primary structure of human beta-polymerase (318 amino acids, Mr
      = 36, 133) deduced from the cDNA was similar to rat beta-polymerase (95% matched
      residues). The greatest difference between the sequences of the human and rat
      cDNAs was in the 3' untranslated regions (64% matched base residues). These
      results provide necessary sequence information for study of the human beta
      polymerase gene.

PMID- 2423079
TI  - Cell-free synthesis and characterization of human adrenocortical pro-adrenodoxin.
AB  - Poly(A+)-RNAs were extracted from human hyperplasic adrenocortical tissue and
      translated in a wheat germ cell-free system in the presence of [35S]-methionine.
      Labeled immuno-reactive adrenodoxin (ADX)-like material was immunoisolated and
      examined following mono and bi-dimensional electrophoretic analysis. Bovine mRNA
      translation products were analysed under similar conditions. While it was
      confirmed that bovine ADX was synthesized as a precursor of Mr 21 kDa, human pro
      ADX was characterized for the first time as a somewhat larger moiety (24 kDa). On
      the other hand, both human and bovine mature mitochondrial ADX showed a Mr of 12
      kDa. Electrophoretic study disclosed that the human, as well as the bovine pro
      ADX could be resolved into several components differing by their pHi (6.5 and 6.9
      for h-proADX and 5.9, 6.1 and 6.2 for b-proADX, respectively). This molecular
      heterogeneity might be explained by discrete disparity in the pro-adrenodoxin
      amino acid contents.

PMID- 2423080
TI  - Ultraviolet light-induced crosslinking of two major phosphoproteins and
      poly(A)+RNA from free polyribosomes; changes in phosphorylation by inhibitors of
      transcription and translation.
AB  - Polyribosomes were isolated without the use of detergents, irradiated with
      ultraviolet light and labelled in the presence of (gamma-32P) adenosine 5'
      triphosphate. Poly(A)+RNA-protein structures separated by chromatography on oligo
      (dT)-cellulose contained up to 1o crosslinked proteins as shown by SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These included a 71 kDa poly(A)-bound species
      and two major phosphoproteins of 66 and 13o kDa. Pretreatment of rats with
      inhibitors of transcription and translation caused different and significant
      alterations in the labelling of the two phosphoproteins, suggesting that
      phosphorylation of proteins closely associated with mRNA may be involved in the
      regulation of the stability of this RNA or its binding to structural elements in
      the cell.

PMID- 2423081
TI  - Covalent linkage of phosphoinositides to myelin basic protein: in vivo occurrence
      and in vitro studies with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.
AB  - We have previously reported the covalent attachment of phosphoinositides to
      myelin basic protein (MBP) in vitro. In this study, in vivo phosphoinositidation
      of MBP was observed to occur after intracerebral injection with [32p]HPO4(2-). In
      the in vitro study of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, a four-fold
      increase in phosphoinositidation of MBP was observed in the myelin from the
      guinea pigs sacrificed during the development of motor dysfunction, as compared
      to the control group. A decrease (40%) was observed among most of the animals
      sacrificed before the onset of motor dysfunction.

PMID- 2423082
TI  - Synthesis and secretion of nerve growth factor by mouse astroglial cells in
      culture.
AB  - Astroglial cells cultured from the mouse brain have been found to synthesize and
      secrete a material(s) with nerve growth factor-like immunoreactivity (NGF-LI)
      into their culture medium. A material(s) with NGF-LI showed identical properties
      to those of beta NGF purified from the mouse submaxillary gland in
      immunoreactivity, molecular weight, isoelectric point, and neurite outgrowth
      stimulatory activity. These results indicate that astroglial cells cultured from
      mouse brain are able to synthesize and secrete beta NGF in culture.

PMID- 2423083
TI  - The interaction of myelin basic protein with tubulin and the inhibition of
      tubulin carboxypeptidase activity.
AB  - Tubulin carboxypeptidase was found to be inhibited by myelin basic protein in a
      concentration dependent manner. The inhibition was produced by the interaction
      between myelin basic protein with the substrate. As a consequence of this
      interaction, turbid insoluble aggregates were formed at either 5 degrees or 37
      degrees C. The turbidity increased by increasing the myelin basic protein
      concentration and it reached a plateau at a molar ratio of myelin basic protein
      to tubulin dimer of about 6. At plateau, the molar ration in the insoluble
      aggregates was about 6. When tubulin was in excess, the formation of the
      insoluble aggregates was diminished. However, if the excess of tubulin was added
      after the formation of the aggregates, the turbidity was not significantly
      affected. Turbidity was diminished by increasing the ionic strength.

PMID- 2423085
TI  - Resorufin inhibits the in vitro metabolism and mutagenesis of benzo(a)pyrene.
AB  - 7-Hydroxyphenoxazin-3-one, commonly known as resorufin, strongly inhibits
      benzo(a)pyrene-induced mutation in the Ames bacterial reversion assay. The
      antimutagenic mechanism is due in part to redox cycling of resorufin with the
      concommitant transfer of reducing equivalents from NADPH to molecular oxygen. The
      diversion of electrons from cytochrome P-450 enzymes results in a large decrease
      in the percent of benzo(a)pyrene metabolized by rat liver microsomes as measured
      by HPLC. Resorufin stimulated a non-stoichiometric consumption of NADPH and was
      reduced in S-9 or microsomal solutions. These processes were sensitive to
      dicumarol and NADP inhibition to different degrees in each liver fraction. This
      suggests two pathways are involved in resorufin redox cycling, one involving DT
      diaphorase and the other with NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase. Oxygen was shown
      to be an electron acceptor for S-9 mediated resorufin redox cycling, but was not
      consumed by a microsomal solution in the presence of resorufin and NADPH.

PMID- 2423086
TI  - alpha-L-fucosidase from aspergillus niger: demonstration of a novel alpha-L-(1---
      6)-fucosidase acting on glycopeptides.
AB  - An alpha-L-fucosidase which hydrolyzes fucose from alpha-(1----6)-linkage to N
      acetylglucosamine was found in Aspergillus niger. The enzyme was purified by
      affinity chromatography with bovine IgG glycopeptide-Sepharose 4B. The enzyme
      preparation released fucose from bovine IgG glycopeptide and fucosylated
      asialoagalactofetuin, but failed to cleave 1----2, 1----3 or 1----4 linkages of
      alpha-L-fucosides.

PMID- 2423084
TI  - Differences in the cellular location of substances endocytosed by rat liver as
      observed from the distribution patterns obtained after isopycnic centrifugation
      in a sucrose gradient.
AB  - We have investigated the distribution of several substances endocytosed by rat
      liver, after isopycnic centrifugation in a sucrose gradient of the MLP fractions
      (de Duve, Pressman, Gianetto, Wattiaux and Appelmans (1955) Biochem.J. 63, 604
      617) isolated at increasing times after injection. It has been observed that
      there are changes in the distribution pattern with time depending on whether the
      substance is taken up by parenchymal or sinusoidal cells. The results suggest
      that centrifugation experiments can be informative with respect to the cellular
      location of a molecule endocytosed by the liver.

PMID- 2423087
TI  - The role of thioredoxin reductase in the reduction of free radicals at the
      surface of the epidermis.
AB  - A study of guinea pig and human skin in vivo has revealed that keratinocytes
      contain a thioenzyme which reduces radicals. This enzyme has been purified by
      affinity column chromatography and identified as thioredoxin reductase. In vivo
      and in vitro bioassays were performed by using a spin-labelled surfactant as the
      radical substrate, because it can diffuse through the stratum corneum and react
      by surface complexation with the epidermis and also on the outer plasma membrane
      of keratinocytes from cell cultures. Thioredoxin, the native substrate for
      thioredoxin reductase effectively competes for electrons with radical substrates.
      Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is the electron donating
      coenzyme in both the reduction of radicals and thioredoxin. Reduced thioredoxin
      has been shown to be an inhibitor of tyrosinase, whereas oxidized thioredoxin has
      no effect on this enzyme activity. Taken together these results indicate that the
      thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase system plays an important role in preventing
      cell damage from UV-generated free radicals on the skin.

PMID- 2423088
TI  - Influence of voltage and ATP on ion-channel of (Na,K)ATPase incorporated into
      solvent-free phospholipid planar bilayers.
AB  - Purified (Na,K)ATPase was incorporated into solvent free phospholipid bilayers
      made on patch-clamp pipettes. In the absence of ATP, the incorporated enzyme
      acted as an ion-channel which underwent opening and closing (switching) upon
      application of transmembrane potential gradient of more than 40 mV. The minimum
      conductance was about 40 pS. It was inhibited by ouabain from one side. ATP added
      to the opposite side shifted the threshold potential for switching of the channel
      to 80 mV. Furthermore the magnitude of minimum conductance decreased to 6-10 pS
      in the presence of ATP.

PMID- 2423089
TI  - Selective inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases of human, bovine and
      rat aorta.
AB  - Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity from the 105,000 g supernatant
      of human, bovine and rat aorta smooth muscle cells was resolved by DEAE-trisacryl
      chromatography into three major forms showing similar properties in each species.
      In addition to the two PDE forms previously characterized in vascular tissues (a
      cAMP-PDE and a calmodulin-dependent PDE), a cGMP-PDE, insensitive to calmodulin,
      was isolated and characterized in the aorta of the three species. Each isolated
      PDE form was differently inhibited by various chemical compounds, and these
      compounds produced effects on cyclic nucleotide levels in isolated rat aorta
      which could be expected from their inhibitory effect on isolated PDE forms. At
      concentrations non-selectively inhibiting the three isolated PDE forms (including
      the calmodulin-dependent one), IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine) and trequinsin
      markedly and dose-dependently increased both cAMP and cGMP aorta levels (up to 7
      fold, in presence of 500 microM IBMX). By contrast selective inhibitors of cGMP
      PDE or cAMP-PDE could only induce a moderate elevation (by 1.5-3-fold) in cGMP or
      cAMP levels, respectively. In the case of M&B 22,948, a highly specific and
      potent inhibitor of cGMP-PDE, a concentration-dependent increase in tissue cGMP
      levels was produced by concentrations (in the microM range) active in inhibiting
      the isolated enzyme. In the case of selective cAMP-PDE inhibitors (rolipram and
      Ro 20-1724), however, a significant increase in aorta cAMP content was induced
      only in the presence of drug concentrations which were much higher (200 and 500
      microM, respectively) than those inhibiting the isolated enzyme (IC50:5 and 18
      microM, respectively). Inhibitors of both cGMP-PDE and cAMP-PDE (dipyridamole,
      cilostamide and its derivative AAL 05) produced the same moderate effects as did
      the combination of a selective cGMP-PDE inhibitor and a selective cAMP-PDE
      inhibitor on the levels of both cGMP and cAMP. These results show that the three
      forms of PDE isolated from aortic smooth muscle retain properties that they
      exhibit in the tissue and which are similar in the three species examined,
      including man. They suggest that each form participates in a specific manner to
      the regulation of cAMP and cGMP concentrations in aorta smooth muscle cells.

PMID- 2423090
TI  - Kupffer cell factor mediated depression of hepatic parenchymal cell cytochrome P
      450.
AB  - Following the administration of latex particles (0.46 micron), cytochrome P-450
      dependent monooxygenase system was depressed in the livers of mice. These
      particles were taken up exclusively by Kupffer cells in the liver, and no
      particles were found in the hepatocytes which contain most of the monooxygenase
      capacity in that organ. Cytochrome P-450 was also depressed in isolated
      hepatocytes incubated with phagocytosing Kupffer cells or the cell free filtrate
      from an incubation mixture of Kupffer cells and latex particles. Kupffer cells
      and hepatocytes were then incubated in a double-chambered vessel in which the two
      cell types were separated by a semi-permeable membrane. When latex particles were
      added to the chamber containing Kupffer cells, a factor was released which
      crossed the semi-permeable membrane and depressed cytochrome P-450 and
      benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase in hepatocytes contained in the other chamber. It is
      concluded that, during the process of phagocytosis (in vivo or in vitro) by
      Kupffer cells in the liver, the levels of cytochrome P-450 and related drug
      biotransformation were depressed in the adjacent parenchymal cells.

PMID- 2423091
TI  - Stimulation of neovascularization by human rheumatoid synovial tissue
      macrophages.
AB  - Synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis was enzymatically
      dissociated, and single cell suspensions were fractionated into subpopulations by
      centrifugation on continuous Percoll gradients. Five fractions (F1-F5) with
      densities of 0.991-0.998 gm/ml, 0.998-1.042 gm/ml, 1.042-1.062 gm/ml, 1.062-1.082
      gm/ml, and 1.082-1.180 gm/ml, respectively, were prepared. F3 consistently
      contained the highest number of macrophages, while F2 and F4 contained
      substantially fewer macrophages. Macrophages present in F2, F3, and F4 were
      enriched by differential adherence to fibronectin-coated collagen gels. These
      macrophage-enriched cell preparations were found to be Fc and C3 positive,
      esterase positive, and peroxidase negative, to stain positively with anti-HLA-DR,
      anti-Leu-M3, OKM1, and OKM5 monoclonal antibodies, and to show characteristic
      features of macrophages by electron microscopy. Macrophages from F3 consistently
      induced neovascularization in rat corneas, while equal numbers of macrophages
      from F2 and F4 did not. Fibroblastic synovial cells and cells that did not adhere
      to fibronectin-coated collagen gels did not induce neovascularization. Within the
      rheumatoid synovium, there appears to be a major subpopulation of macrophages
      capable of inducing neovascularization, a process vital to the development of the
      rheumatoid synovial pannus.

PMID- 2423092
TI  - [Malaria prevention. Chemotherapy and immune prophylaxis. 3. Immune response of
      infected organism. Perspectives of Malaria prevention].

PMID- 2423093
TI  - Prevention by a new synthetic stable analog of prostacyclin of the gastric
      lesions due to restraint-cold stress.
AB  - A new synthetic stable analog of prostacyclin (ZK 36 374, Iloprost) has been
      shown to inhibit gastric lesions due to restraint-cold stress in rats in a dose
      dependent manner. Therefore substitution of the decreased prostacyclin in the
      gastric mucosa may play an important role in the prevention or treatment of
      gastric ulcers.

PMID- 2423094
TI  - Inhibition of immunological and non-immunological histamine release from human
      basophils and lung mast cells by formoterol.
AB  - 3-Formylamino-4-hydroxy-alpha(N-1-methyl-2-p-methoxyphenethyl-a min
      omethyl)benzylalcohol hemifumarate (formoterol fumarate, BD40 A, CGP 25 827 A-E)
      inhibited both allergic (anti-IgE) and non-allergic histamine release (calcium
      ionophore and human complement component C5a) from human basophils. The degree
      and efficacy of inhibition was comparable to that of ketotifen, equal to or
      better than fenoterol and ten times more potent than isoprenaline (beta 2
      stimulator). Salbutamol, another beta 2-stimulator was practically ineffective in
      these models. Similarly the anti-IgE, calcium ionophore and complement component
      C5a induced release of histamine from human lung mast cells could be blocked by
      formoterol, its potency being again comparable to that of ketotifen. The above
      degranulation inhibition effect taken together with the pronounced bronchodilator
      property would confirm formoterol as a drug of choice in asthma with more
      efficient action than the other beta 2-stimulators such as fenoterol, salbutamol
      or isoprenaline.

PMID- 2423095
TI  - Interferons and antiviral activity.
AB  - Interferons are endogenous antiviral agents which mediate the early defense of
      the organism against virus infection. The target of interferons is the cell
      rather than the virus itself. Through binding to specific receptors on the cell
      surface and subsequent activation of specific genes interferons induce an
      antiviral state which makes cells less permissive for virus replication. The
      antiviral state is composed of various antiviral mechanisms which seem to act
      independently and show some specificity for different viruses. Translational
      control affecting viral protein synthesis may be the most common mechanism
      through which virus is inhibited. There is evidence that antiviral and antigrowth
      activities of interferons share similar mechanisms.

PMID- 2423096
TI  - Comparison of selectivity of LDL removal by double filtration and dextran-sulfate
      cellulose column plasmapheresis.
AB  - The possibility of selective removal of VLDL, IDL and LDL by double filtration
      (DF) and dextran-sulfate cellulose (DSC) column plasmapheresis was investigated
      in hypercholesterolemia. Two and a half liters of plasma were treated. Sixty six
      percent of TC and 68% of LDL-C were removed by DF plasmapheresis. The removal
      rate of HDL-C was 50% which was significantly lower than that of LDL-C. The
      removal rate of apoprotein A-I and A-II was also significantly lower than that of
      apoprotein B. Sixty percent of LDL-C and 61% of apoprotein B were removed by DSC
      column plasmapheresis while the decrease of HDL-C, apoprotein A-I and A-II was
      minimal. Therefore, DSC column plasmapheresis could remove atherogenic
      lipoproteins more selectively than DF plasmapheresis.

PMID- 2423097
TI  - Separation and characterization of four different amylases of Entamoeba
      histolytica. I. Purification and properties.
AB  - Cell homogenate of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites was investigated for
      amylolytic activity against various biogenic and synthetic substrates. After gel
      filtration of the cell homogenate on Sephadex G-150, six partly separated
      amylases (I to VI) differing in their substrate specificities were detected using
      maltose, amylose, amylopectin, 4-nitrophenyl alpha-glucoside and 4-nitrophenyl
      alpha-maltotetraoside. All enzymes are able to degrade amylose, amylopectin,
      glycogen and biogenic malto-oligosaccharides. Since amylase I and II, which
      accepted maltose as substrate, were found in fresh (cell-free) medium containing
      calf serum, the possibility cannot be excluded that these enzymes originate from
      the medium and therefore are not associated with E. histolytica trophozoites.
      Amylases III to VI, which were not found in fresh medium, were further purified
      by isoelectric focusing and chromatographic procedures using DEAE, CM ion
      exchange materials and Con A Sepharose 4B. pH, temperature optima and relative
      molecular masses were determined.

PMID- 2423098
TI  - Separation and characterization of four different amylases of Entamoeba
      histolytica. II. Characterization of amylases.
AB  - Purified E. histolytica amylases III to VI were characterized by their hydrolytic
      behaviour towards 4-nitrophenyl alpha-malto-oligosaccharides, malto
      oligosaccharides, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen and Y-cyclodextrin. The
      influence of specific inhibitors on the amylase activity of E. histolytica was
      examined and compared with typical alpha- and beta-amylases. Amylases III and IV
      showed alpha-glucosidase and glucosyltransferase activity by cleaving terminal
      non-reducing glucose from pNPG1 (III, IV) and pNPG2 to pNPG7 (III). Both enzymes
      were able to cleave malto-oligosaccharides and glucopolysaccharides to a large
      number of malto-oligosaccharides. Also transglucosidation reactions were
      observed, but maltose was not hydrolysed. Amylase V showed exoamylase-like
      properties by preferentially cleaving maltose units from the non-reducing end of
      synthetic and biogenic malto-oligosaccharides by a multiple-attack mechanism.
      Amylase VI was characterized as an alpha-amylase, showing great similarities with
      porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase in the hydrolysis pattern of 4-nitrophenyl alpha
      malto-oligosaccharides and glucopolysaccharides. With biogenic malto
      oligosaccharides amylase VI showed a transglucosidation reaction.

PMID- 2423099
TI  - Structural correlates of idiotopes.

PMID- 2423100
TI  - Idiotypic mimicry of biological receptors.

PMID- 2423101
TI  - Mechanism of RNA redistribution of the 17,000g postmitochondrial supernatant
      after incubation at 37 degrees C and its impact on other related biochemical
      investigations.
AB  - Evidence for stripping of ribosomes from RER in the 17,000g PMS of the liver of
      the cancer patient was obtained in the 1.35 M region which is the region between
      the SER and RER. RNA/protein ratios for the SER, 1.35 M region, and RER of 0.001,
      0.083, and 0.235, respectively, for this liver are consistent with the
      degranulation of RER compared with RNA/protein ratios for SER and RER from normal
      livers of 0.025 +/- 0.003, and 0.35 + 0.030, respectively. A RNA/protein ratio of
      0.235 was obtained for the RER region of the cancer patient. The EM revealed that
      the region of the RER in the cancer liver was ribosomal and not at all RER. This
      ribosomal material is reminiscent of the ribosomes banding in the 1.35- to 2 M
      domain of the RER isolated from the reconstitution experiments (SER +
      polyribosomes + supernatant). It was suggested that the ribosomal material
      isolated from the cancer liver could therefore be indicative of polyribosomal
      lesion or degradation. The 0.25-1.35 M interface (SER), 1.35 M region, and 1.35-2
      M interface (RER) characteristics are therefore exploitable for diagnostic
      potential and further understanding of the molecular basis of cancer.

PMID- 2423102
TI  - [Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: serial CT studies and magnetic resonance
      imaging].

PMID- 2423103
TI  - Histamine release and atracurium.

PMID- 2423104
TI  - Atracurium: an overview.

PMID- 2423105
TI  - Haemodynamic effects of atracurium in the presence of potent inhalation agents.

PMID- 2423106
TI  - Studies on immunocytochemical localization of inhibin-like material in human
      prostatic tissue: comparison of its distribution in normal, benign and malignant
      prostates.
AB  - A specific antiserum has been generated against inhibin-like material (ILM) of
      prostatic origin. Using the immunoperoxidase technique, localization of ILM has
      been examined in a total of 114 prostates including normal (4 specimens),
      malignant (46) and hyperplastic (55) tissues. ILM positive immunocytochemical
      reactions were confined to the cytoplasm and not the nucleus of the prostatic
      acinar cells in the three categories of prostate, whereas the stroma showed
      negative reactions. The intensity of positive reactions decreased in the
      following order: Hyperplasia, incidental and moderately differentiated
      carcinomas, poorly differentiated carcinomas, whereas metaplasia and
      granulomatous prostatitis gave negative reactions for ILM. Using this
      experimental protocol, 200 non-prostatic tissue were found to be completely
      negative, demonstrating the specificity of the test for prostatic epithelium.
      These findings indicate a potential use of ILM as a marker of prostatic tissue.

PMID- 2423107
TI  - The effect of transfer factor on lymph node morphology in murine toxoplasmosis.
AB  - Mice were infected intraperitoneally with a low virulence strain of Toxoplasma
      gondii (TO) and transfer factor (TF) was prepared from the spleens of infected
      (TFT) and uninfected control mice (TFC). Three experimental groups of 12 mice
      were given either saline, TFC or TFT, by intraperitoneal injection. After 24 h
      half of each group of these animals were infected by intraperitoneal injection of
      TO cysts. In three separate experiments animals were killed at 11, 28 and 35 days
      and the flank and axillary nodes removed for histological examination. There was
      generalized lymph node enlargement with cortical and paracortical expansion. In
      most animals there was diffuse infiltration of the nodes by clusters of
      histiocytes. Administration of TFC alone led to a mild increase in node size at
      11 and 28 days. Administration of TFT alone had a moderate stimulatory effect on
      the mouse lymph nodes with a significant increase in size at 11 days due
      predominantly to expansion of the paracortex. Administration of TFT and TFC
      followed by inoculation of TO led to an increased and more consistent histiocyte
      response and an increased number of paracortical T blasts compared with animals
      given TO alone. TFT and TFC had no demonstrable protective effect in experimental
      murine toxoplasmosis as assessed by quantitation of toxoplasma brain cysts. The
      effect of transfer factor was not antigen specific in this system.

PMID- 2423108
TI  - Stimulation of particle-induced chemiluminescence in human granulocytes by
      various Escherichia coli strains.
AB  - The patterns of neutrophil chemiluminescence stimulated by groups of E. coli
      strains opsonized with pooled normal human serum were compared. All strains of E.
      coli were obtained from patients with chronic pyelonephritis. 'O' serovars which
      lacked capsular (K) antigen produced significantly higher chemiluminescence than
      strains possessing a variety of K antigens. Chemiluminescence produced by a range
      'O' serovars bearing the K1 antigen did not differ significantly from those
      containing other K antigens. The lowest chemiluminescence values were obtained
      with a group of O2:K1 strains. Rough strains containing K1 antigen were also poor
      stimulators of chemiluminescence.

PMID- 2423109
TI  - G gamma A gamma(delta beta)zero-thalassaemia and a new form of gamma globin gene
      triplication identified in the Yugoslavian population.
AB  - Among several hundred apparently healthy Yugoslavian adults with slightly
      elevated levels of fetal haemoglobin, we have identified two distinct
      abnormalities. (a) A G gamma A gamma(delta beta)0-thalassaemia heterozygosity
      with an approximately 15 kb deletion which involves part of the delta globin gene
      and the beta globin gene. This deletion is probably the same as that seen among
      Italians (Ottolenghi et al, 1982; Care et al, 1984). (b) A nondeletion form of
      hereditary persistence of Hb F which is caused by a gamma globin gene
      triplication of the (+)G gamma.(+)G gamma.A gamma type. It is characterized by
      the presence of some 5% Hb F in the heterozygote containing nearly 100% G gamma
      chains. The C----T mutation at position--158 5' to the G gamma chain [(+)G
      gamma], identified through analyses of Xmn I digests, was present at both G gamma
      globin genes. This mutation is known to be associated with increased G gamma
      chain production (Gilman & Huisman, 1985), and thus is responsible for the
      increased G gamma chain production in these heterozygotes. The condition is
      different from the (+)G gamma.(+)G gamma nondeletion type of HPFH which has been
      observed in heterozygotes of two Black families, and is associated with the
      presence of 3-4% Hb F (with mainly G gamma chains) in heterozygotes.

PMID- 2423110
TI  - A murine monoclonal IgM antibody specific for blood group P antigen (globoside)
AB  - A murine monoclonal IgM erythrocyte antibody appeared to have anti-P (anti
      globoside) specificity. The antibody was a relatively weak cold agglutinin, but a
      strong haemolysin and its reactivity with red cells was markedly enhanced by
      enzyme treatment. This antibody was used to study the cell and tissue
      distribution of globoside. Globoside was not only detectable on red cells and
      erythroblasts, but also on endothelial cells and on subsets of platelets,
      megakaryocytes and fibroblasts. It was not detectable on granulocytes, monocytes
      and most peripheral blood lymphocytes. Neither was it present on erythroblast
      precursors (CFU-E, BFU-E), pro-erythroblasts or on the cells of the pro
      erythroblastic cell lines K562 and HEL. However, K562 cells expressed globoside
      when induced to mature into erythroblasts by sodium butyrate. Cells of patients
      with various leukaemias were also tested. A significant number of positively
      reacting cells was frequently (six out of 18) seen in cases with a CML blast
      crisis (CML-BC) and rarely in AML (four out of 37 cases). In CML-BC the P
      positive cells were probably erythroblasts and/or megakaryoblasts. Thus,
      globoside appeared to be an interesting marker in CML-BC of the erythroblastic or
      mixed erythroblastic-megakaryoblastic type.

PMID- 2423111
TI  - Influence of DNA-binding drugs on chromatin condensation.
AB  - We have used transient electric dichroism to study the ability of DNA-binding
      drugs to affect the folding of chromatin from the 10- to the 30-nm fiber, either
      by themselves or in conjunction with multivalent cations. Variables considered
      include the cationic charge of the drug, the comparative influence of
      intercalation and groove binding as modes of interaction, and the effect of bis
      intercalation compared to mono-intercalation. In parallel with our findings with
      other cations, we observe that a drug must have a charge of 3+ or greater in
      order to condense chromatin at concentrations substantially lower than the
      concentration of chromatin, measured in base pairs. Drugs of low charge, whether
      groove binders or mono-or bis-intercalators, are unable to condense chromatin on
      their own. Bis-intercalators of high charge, however, are extremely efficient
      condensers, being able to cross-link chromatin with greater efficiency than
      polyamines of corresponding charge. When Mg2+ is used in combination with bis
      intercalators of high charge, the order of addition of the two determines whether
      compaction or cross-linking is favored. Finally, the antibiotics actinomycin D,
      daunomycin, and distamycin, despite varied modes of binding to DNA, all inhibit
      the compaction of chromatin beyond a critical point in a remarkably similar
      manner.

PMID- 2423112
TI  - Metal ion requirements and other aspects of the reaction catalyzed by M1 RNA, the
      RNA subunit of ribonuclease P from Escherichia coli.
AB  - M1 RNA, the RNA subunit of ribonuclease P from Escherichia coli, can under
      certain conditions catalytically cleave precursors to tRNA in the absence of C5,
      the protein moiety of RNase P. M1 RNA itself is not cleaved during the reaction,
      nor does it form any covalent bonds with its substrate. Only magnesium and, to a
      lesser extent, manganese ions can function at the catalytic center of M1 RNA.
      Several other ions either inhibit the binding of magnesium ion at the active site
      or function as structural counterions. The reaction rate of cleavage of
      precursors to tRNAs by M1 RNA is enhanced in the presence of poly-(ethylene
      glycol) or 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol. Many aspects of the reaction catalyzed by M1
      RNA are compatible with a mechanism in which phosphodiester bond cleavage is
      mediated by metal ion.

PMID- 2423113
TI  - Cell-free synthesis of tumor-type poly(A) polymerase.
AB  - Previous studies in this laboratory suggested that in adult liver, either the
      gene for the tumor-type poly(A) polymerase is poorly transcribed or the mRNA for
      this enzyme is largely not expressed. To test these possibilities, total RNA from
      rat liver and Morris hepatoma 3924A RNA were isolated by using a guanidine
      thiocyanate method; poly(A+) RNA and poly(A-) RNA were separated by oligo(dT)
      cellulose chromatography and used for translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate
      system. After in vitro translation, the products were immunoprecipitated with
      either purified anti-tumor poly(A) polymerase antibodies or control
      immunoglobulins. When the polypeptides translated from poly(A+) or poly(A-)
      hepatoma RNA were precipitated with immune sera, a unique [35S]methionine-labeled
      35-kilodalton (kDa) protein was observed. This band was not apparent when control
      serum was used for the immunoprecipitation. The radiolabeled 35-kDa polypeptide
      was not evident when the products were incubated with highly purified tumor
      nuclear poly(A) polymerase prior to immunoprecipitation. Prior incubation of the
      translation products with bovine serum albumin instead of poly(A) polymerase had
      no effect on the immunoprecipitation. This 35-kDa protein was not apparent when
      liver poly(A+) RNA was used to direct translation. These data demonstrate that
      (a) the tumor enzyme is not synthesized as a precursor, (b) tumor mRNA, but not
      normal liver mRNA, contains detectable sequences coding for tumor-type poly(A)
      polymerase, and (c) poly(A) polymerase mRNA also exists as a poly(A-) population.

PMID- 2423114
TI  - Neonatal human foreskin keratinocytes produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
AB  - Primary cultures of neonatal human foreskin keratinocytes converted 25
      hydroxyvitamin D in high yield to a metabolite with the chromatographic behavior
      of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The identity of this metabolite as 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D3 was confirmed both by its potency in displacing 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the chick cytosol receptor assay and by mass spectral
      analysis. These results suggest that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 may be formed in
      the epidermis to regulate vitamin D production by the epidermis and to provide an
      alternative to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production by the kidneys.

PMID- 2423115
TI  - Fatty acid uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - Free fatty acids (FFA) are known to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in
      mitochondria. However, their mechanism of action has not been elucidated as yet.
      In this study we have investigated in detail the patterns of uncoupling by the
      FFA oleate and palmitate in rat liver mitochondria and submitochondrial
      particles. The patterns of uncoupling by FFA were compared to uncoupling induced
      by the ionophores valinomycin (in the presence of K+) and gramicidin (in the
      presence of Na+) and the proton translocator carbonyl cyanide m
      chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). The most striking difference in the pattern of
      uncoupling relates to the effect on the proton electrochemical potential
      gradient, delta mu H. Uncoupling by ionophores, particularly valinomycin, is
      associated with and most likely caused by a major reduction of delta mu H. In
      contrast, uncoupling by FFA is not associated with a significant reduction of
      delta mu H, indicating another mechanism of uncoupling. We suggest the use of the
      term decouplers for uncoupling agents such as FFA and general anesthetics that do
      not collapse the delta mu H [Rottenberg, H. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
      80, 3313-3317]. The protonophore CCCP and to some extent the ionophore gramicidin
      indicate a mixed mode of uncoupling since their effect on delta mu H is moderate
      when compared to that of valinomycin. Another distinguishing feature of
      uncouplers that collapse the delta mu H is their ability to stimulate ADP
      stimulated respiration (state 3) further. Decouplers such as FFA and general
      anesthetics do not stimulate state 3 respiration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2423116
TI  - Cocaine, phencyclidine, and procaine inhibition of the acetylcholine receptor:
      characterization of the binding site by stopped-flow measurements of receptor
      controlled ion flux in membrane vesicles.
AB  - Noncompetitive inhibition of acetylcholine receptor-controlled ion translocation
      was studied in membrane vesicles prepared from both Torpedo californica and
      Electrophorus electricus electroplax. Ion flux was measured in the millisecond
      time region by using a spectrophotometric stopped-flow method, based on
      fluorescence quenching of entrapped anthracene-1,5-disulfonic acid by Cs+, and a
      quench-flow technique using 86Rb+. The rate coefficient of ion flux prior to
      receptor inactivation (desensitization), JA, was measured at different
      acetylcholine and inhibitor concentrations, in order to assess which active
      (nondesensitized) receptor forms bind noncompetitive inhibitors. The degree of
      inhibition of JA by the inhibitors studied (cocaine, procaine, and phencyclidine)
      was found to be independent of acetylcholine concentration. The results are
      consistent with a mechanism in which each compound inhibits by binding to a
      single site that exists with equal affinity on all active receptor forms.
      Mechanisms in which the inhibitors bind exclusively to the open-channel form of
      the receptor are excluded by the data. The same conclusions were reached in
      cocaine experiments at 0-mV and procaine experiments at -25-mV transmembrane
      voltage in T. californica vesicles. It had been previously shown that
      phencyclidine, in addition to decreasing JA (by binding to active receptors),
      also increases the rate of rapid receptor inactivation (desensitization) and
      changes the equilibrium between active and inactive receptors (by binding better
      to inactivated receptor than to active receptor in the closed or open
      conformations). These effects were not observed with cocaine or procaine. Here it
      is shown that despite these differential effects on inactivation, cocaine and
      phencyclidine bind to the same inhibitory site on active receptors (in E.
      electricus vesicles).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423117
TI  - Acetylcholine receptor inhibition by d-tubocurarine involves both a competitive
      and a noncompetitive binding site as determined by stopped-flow measurements of
      receptor-controlled ion flux in membrane vesicles.
AB  - The issue of whether d-tubocurarine, the classical acetylcholine receptor
      inhibitor, inhibits the receptor by a competitive or noncompetitive mechanism has
      long been controversial. d-Tubocurarine, in this study, has been found to be both
      a competitive (KC = 120 nM) and a noncompetitive (KNC = 4 microM) inhibitor of
      receptor-mediated ion flux at zero transmembrane voltage in membrane vesicles
      prepared from Electrophorus electricus electroplax. A spectrophotometric stopped
      flow method, based on fluorescence quenching of entrapped anthracene-1,5
      disulfonic acid by Cs+, was used to measure both the rate coefficient of ion flux
      prior to receptor inactivation (desensitization) and the rate coefficient of the
      rapid inactivation process. Inhibition by d-tubocurarine of the initial rate of
      ion flux decreased with increasing acetylcholine concentration, consistent with
      competitive inhibition, but the inhibition by micromolar concentrations of d
      tubocurarine could not be overcome with saturating concentrations of
      acetylcholine, consistent with noncompetitive inhibition. A minimum mechanism is
      proposed in which d-tubocurarine competes for one of the two acetylcholine
      activating sites and also binds to a noncompetitive site. The present data do not
      distinguish between one or two competitive sites, although one successfully
      accounts for all of the data. By variation of the acetylcholine concentration,
      the two types of sites could be studied in isolation. Binding of d-tubocurarine
      to the noncompetitive site does not change the rate of rapid receptor
      inactivation, whereas binding of d-tubocurarine to the competitive site decreases
      the rate of rapid inactivation by displacing acetylcholine, in agreement with the
      observation that d-tubocurarine does not inactivate (desensitize) the E.
      electricus receptor by itself.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423118
TI  - Chemical kinetic measurements of the effect of trans- and cis-3,3'
      Bis[(trimethylammonio)methyl]azobenzene bromide on acetylcholine receptor
      mediated ion translocation in Electrophorus electricus and Torpedo californica.
AB  - A quench-flow technique was used to study the effect of trans- and cis-3,3'
      bis[(trimethylammonio)methyl]azobenzene bromide (trans- and cis-Bis-Q),
      photoisomerizable ligands, on the acetylcholine receptor in vesicles prepared
      from the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus and of Torpedo californica.
      In E. electricus, two rate coefficients of the receptor-mediated translocation of
      86Rb+ induced with trans-Bis-Q were measured: JA, the rate coefficient for ion
      flux, and alpha, the rate coefficient for receptor inactivation
      (desensitization). Both rate coefficients increase with increasing concentrations
      of Bis-Q up to 50 microM. At higher concentrations JA decreases in a
      concentration-dependent manner while alpha remains unchanged. This effect was
      previously observed with suberyldicholine [Pasquale, E. B., Takeyasu, K.,
      Udgaonkar, J., Cash, D.J., Severski, M.C., & Hess, G. P. (1983) Biochemistry 22,
      5967-5973] and with acetylcholine [Takeyasu, K., Udgaonkar, J., & Hess, G. P.
      (1983) Biochemistry 22, 5973-5978] and was analyzed in terms of a minimum
      mechanism that accounts for the properties of activation, desensitization, and
      inhibition of the receptor. Two molecules of trans-Bis-Q must be bound for the
      channel to open, but at concentrations greater than 50 microM the population of
      open channels decreases because of the additional binding of one molecule of
      trans-Bis-Q to a regulatory inhibitory site, independent of the activating sites.
      cis-Bis-Q does not induce transmembrane ion flux, but it does inhibit the
      response of the receptor to acetylcholine and induces inactivation
      (desensitization) in the micromolar range.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423119
TI  - Characterization of human platelet basic protein, a precursor form of low
      affinity platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin.
AB  - Platelet basic protein (PBP) was purified from the supernatant of thrombin
      stimulated, washed human platelets by ion-exchange, affinity, molecular sieve,
      and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The NH2-terminal amino acid
      sequence was determined by automated Edman degradation, revealing 9 unique
      residues followed by 10 residues of the established low-affinity platelet factor
      4/beta-thromboglobulin (LA-PF4/beta TG) sequence. Among the nine were three basic
      residues, accounting for the high isoelectric point of PBP. Additional evidence
      for precursor status includes the immunological cross-reactivity of all three
      species and the ability of plasmin and trypsin to produce from PBP a species
      resembling beta TG in charge, hydrophobicity, and size. Tryptic peptide maps of
      PBP and LA-PF4 obtained by reverse-phase HPLC were very similar, and from each
      protein, a peptide was isolated which showed the amino acid composition predicted
      for the COOH-terminal tryptic peptide of beta TG. Normal platelets contained
      predominantly LA-PF4, with PBP ranging from 10% to 30% of total beta TG antigen.
      This was true even when fresh platelets were lysed with trichloroacetic acid in
      order to provide the most complete and rapid inhibition of proteolytic activity.
      beta TG itself was never detected in this situation or in the release supernatant
      of stimulated platelets, and only rarely in unprotected lysates. In agreement
      with earlier results, crude preparations of PBP were mitogenic for 3T3 cells, but
      highly purified preparations of PBP and LA-PF4 were free of this activity.

PMID- 2423120
TI  - A fluorescent hydrophobic probe used for monitoring the kinetics of exocytosis
      phenomena.
AB  - A fluorescence method is presented for quantitatively analyzing exocytosis
      phenomena and monitoring their kinetics. The method is based on the particular
      properties of a hydrophobic fluorescent probe, 1-[4-(trimethylammonio)phenyl]-6
      phenylhexa-1,3,5-triene (TMA-DPH) [Prendergast, F.G., Haugland, R.P., & Callahan,
      P.J. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 7333-7338; Kuhry, J.G., Fonteneau, P., Duportail,
      G., Maechling, C., & Laustriat, G. (1983) Cell Biophys. 5, 129-140; Kuhry, J.G.,
      Duportail, G., Bronner, C., & Laustriat, G. (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 845, 60
      67]. When this probe is interacted with intact resting cells in aqueous
      suspensions, it labels solely the membranes that are in contact with the external
      medium and is incorporated into them according to a partition equilibrium; i.e.,
      the amount of the probe incorporated is proportional to the available membrane
      surface. TMA-DPH is highly fluorescent in membranes and not at all in water.
      Thus, a measurement of the TMA-DPH fluorescence intensity provides a signal
      proportional to the membrane surface. In secretory cells, the membrane surface
      available for the probe is increased upon fusion of the membrane of the secretory
      granules with the cell plasma membranes, directly or via intergranule fusion.
      Thus, when these cells are stimulated, more TMA-DPH is incorporated than in
      resting cells since the probe is allowed to also interact with the granule
      membranes now connected with the external medium by pores. This process results
      in a proportional increase in the TMA-DPH fluorescence intensity. The response
      was found to be very rapid and able to follow accurately the exocytosis
      kinetics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423121
TI  - Fluorescence assay for neurotoxin-modulated ion transport by the reconstituted
      voltage-activated sodium channel isolated from eel electric organ.
AB  - A fluorescence assay for measuring Na channel activation in liposomes containing
      voltage-sensitive Na channels isolated from Electrophorus electricus is
      described. The assay is based on transport of a heavy-metal cation, T1+, through
      the activated channel to quench fluorescence of an internalized, water-soluble
      chromophore. The channel is "locked" in a chronically opened configuration with
      alkaloid neurotoxins such as veratridine or batrachotoxin. Diffusion potentials
      are used to amplify the signal, and enlarged liposomes (greater than 8000 A)
      result in time courses extended to the range of seconds. Analysis of the kinetics
      of quenching yields parameters that behave as linear functions of channel
      activation and reflect vesicle size and channel abundance. The k1/2's for
      activation by veratridine and batrachotoxin were 5 microM and 169 nM,
      respectively, and that for tetrodotoxin blockade was 4 nM. Externally applied QX
      222 and tetrodotoxin each acted to partially block the stimulated signal, as
      expected for compounds that act on oppositely oriented channels in the membrane.
      Single-channel conductances estimated with either veratridine or batrachotoxin
      ranged between 0.6 and 40.7 pS, corresponding to transport numbers of (1.2 X
      10(5)) to (8.1 X 10(6)) ions s-1 channel-1 under the conditions of assay. The
      assay is approximately 100-fold more sensitive than radiotracer influx assays,
      requiring 1 fmol of protein per time course.

PMID- 2423122
TI  - Mechanism of action of a mammalian DNA repair endonuclease.
AB  - The mechanism of action of a DNA repair endonuclease isolated from calf thymus
      was determined. The calf thymus endonuclease possesses a substrate specificity
      nearly identical with that of Escherichia coli endonuclease III following DNA
      damage by high doses of UV light, osmium tetroxide, and other oxidizing agents.
      The calf thymus enzyme incises damaged DNA at sites of pyrimidines. A cytosine
      photoproduct was found to be the primary monobasic UV adduct. The calf thymus
      endonuclease and E. coli endonuclease III were found to possess similar, but not
      identical, DNA incision mechanisms. The mechanism of action of the calf thymus
      endonuclease was deduced by analysis of the 3' and 5' termini of the enzyme
      generated DNA scission products with DNA sequencing methodologies and HPLC
      analysis of the material released by the enzyme following DNA damage. The calf
      thymus endonuclease removes UV light and osmium tetroxide damaged bases via an N
      glycosylase activity followed by a 3' apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease
      activity. The calf thymus endonuclease also possesses a novel 5' AP endonuclease
      activity not possessed by endonuclease III. The product of this three-step
      mechanism is a nucleoside-free site flanked by 3'-and 5'-terminal phosphate
      groups. These results indicate the conservation of both substrate specificity and
      mechanism of action in the enzymatic removal of oxidative base damage between
      prokaryotes and eukaryotes. We propose the name redoxy endonucleases for this
      group of enzymes.

PMID- 2423124
TI  - In vitro transformation of human epithelial cells.

PMID- 2423123
TI  - Direct measurement of the energetics of association between myelin basic protein
      and phosphatidylserine vesicles.
AB  - A newly designed high-sensitivity isothermal reaction calorimetry system has been
      used to investigate the thermodynamics of the association between myelin basic
      protein and phosphatidylserine vesicles. This instrument has allowed us to
      measure directly the energetics of the protein-lipid interaction under various
      conditions. Above the phospholipid phase transition temperature the enthalpy of
      association is highly exothermic amounting to -160 kcal/mol of protein. Below the
      phospholipid phase transition temperature the enthalpy of association is
      exothermic at protein/lipid ratios smaller than 1/50 and endothermic at higher
      protein/lipid ratios. These studies indicate that the association of myelin basic
      protein to phosphatidylserine vesicles consists of at least two stages involving
      different types of binding. The first stage, at low protein/lipid ratios,
      involves a strong exothermic association of the protein to the membrane and the
      second, at high protein/lipid ratios, a weaker association probably involving
      attachment of the protein to the membrane surface only. In the gel phase the
      second binding stage is endothermic and appears to be correlated with the
      formation of large vesicle aggregates. This vesicle aggregation is a reversible
      process dependent upon the physical state of the membrane. The isothermal
      titration studies have been complemented with high-sensitivity differential
      scanning calorimetry experiments. It is shown that the dependence of the
      phospholipid transition enthalpy on the protein/lipid molar ratio can be
      expressed in terms of the different protein-membrane association enthalpies in
      the gel and fluid phases of the membrane.

PMID- 2423125
TI  - Role of alveolar macrophages in pulmonary neoplasias.

PMID- 2423126
TI  - Characterization of epitopes of the yeast mitochondrial H+-ATPase complex
      recognized by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Nine monoclonal antibodies which react with the beta subunit of the yeast
      mitochondrial H+-ATPase and three which react with a 25 kDa subunit of the enzyme
      complex (P25) have been characterized. Competitive binding studies indicated the
      presence of at least four antigenic regions on the beta subunit of the enzyme
      complex. One antigenic region of the beta subunit is recognized by two monoclonal
      antibodies RH 57.1 and RH 45.5 which inhibit the ATPase activity to different
      degrees. Antibody RH 48.6 appears to bind to a second region on the beta subunit
      and has no effect on the ATPase activity. A third region of the beta subunit is
      recognized by antibodies RH 51.4 and RH 72.1. RH 51.4 has no effect on the ATPase
      activity, whereas RH 72.1 stimulates ATPase activity. Antibody RH 32.4 which has
      no effect on the ATPase activity appears to bind to the fourth epitope of the
      beta subunit. All three monoclonal anti-P25 antibodies, RH 66.3, RH 41.2 and RH
      37.0, apparently bind to the same antigenic region on this subunit. Two of the
      monoclonal anti-beta antibodies RH 48.6 and RH 51.4 were found to be very
      effective in immunoprecipitating the whole H+-ATPase complex in a solid phase
      system. However, the other monoclonal antibodies (and also a polyclonal
      antiserum) appear to induce the dissociation of one or more of the H+-ATPase
      subunits by their binding to the epitopes on the beta or the P25 subunits.

PMID- 2423127
TI  - t-Butylhydroperoxide-induced Ca2+ efflux from liver mitochondria in the presence
      of physiological concentrations of Mg2+ and ATP.
AB  - Isolated rat liver mitochondria, energized either by succinate oxidation or by
      ATP hydrolysis, present a transient increase in the rate of Ca2+ efflux
      concomitant to NAD(P)H oxidation by hydroperoxides when suspended in a medium
      containing 3 mM ATP, 4 mM Mg2+ and acetate as permeant anion. This is paralleled
      by an increase in the steady-state concentration of extramitochondrial Ca2+, a
      small decrease in delta psi and an increase in the rate of respiration and
      mitochondrial swelling. With the exception of mitochondrial swelling all other
      events were found to be reversible. If Ca2+ cycling was prevented by ruthenium
      red, the changes in delta psi, the rate of respiration and the extent of
      mitochondrial swelling were significantly diminished. In addition, there was no
      significant decrease in the content of mitochondrial pyridine nucleotides.
      Mitochondrial coupling was preserved after a cycle of Ca2+ release and re-uptake
      under these experimental conditions. It is concluded that hydroperoxide-induced
      Ca2+ efflux from intact mitochondria is related to the redox state of pyridine
      nucleotides.

PMID- 2423128
TI  - Inhibition of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels by lead in one-step inside-out vesicles
      from human red cell membranes.
AB  - Pb2+ modified the apparent threshold sensitivity to Ca2+ of individual K+
      channels with a biphasic time-course. At first, the sensitivity to Ca2+ was
      lowered with the result of a decrease of the fraction of activated vesicles at a
      given Ca2+ concentration. Later, Pb2+ increased the sensitivity to Ca2+ and the
      fraction of activated vesicles. The increase of Pb2+ concentration increased the
      extent of the initial inhibition but decreased its duration. The inhibitory
      effect was not observed when the addition of Ca2+ preceded the addition of Pb2+.
      The presence of Mg2+ in the incubation medium was also required. In the absence
      of Mg2+, Pb2+ decreased the rate of uptake of 86Rb, but no decrease in the
      fraction of activated vesicles could be demonstrated.

PMID- 2423129
TI  - Amino acid residues complexed with eosin 5-isothiocyanate in band 3 protein of
      the human erythrocyte.
AB  - The amino-acid residues of band 3 protein taking part in the ionic interaction
      with an anion-transport inhibitor, eosin 5-isothiocyanate (EITC), were determined
      by pH titration. The plots of the absorbance of EITC-ghost system against pH
      reveal five equilibria, at pH 3.7, 6.4, 8.0, 11.0 and 13.1. Since the three
      equilibria, 3.7, 8.0 and 11.0, are representative of the EITC molecule, the
      others, 6.4 and 13.1, may be due to the interaction of EITC molecules with
      histidine and arginine residues, respectively. The same experiment using a
      reconstituted system of band 3-lipid vesicles gave results in good agreement with
      the EITC-ghost system. The intensity of the induced CD band at 530 nm of EITC
      molecules bound to ghosts was decreased by preincubation with arginine-specific
      reagents, phenylglyoxal and 1,2-cyclohexanedione, or histidine-specific reagents,
      diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) and p-diazobenzene sulfonate. The repression effects
      by these chemical modifiers were evaluated by measuring the concentrations which
      elicit 50% reduction. The histidine-specific reagents repressed the CD of EITC
      more effectively than the arginine-specific reagents. Furthermore, it was found
      that DEPC effectively inhibited the sulfate efflux from intact erythrocytes.
      These results suggest that the histidine residues participate in the anion
      transport system of human red cells.

PMID- 2423130
TI  - Effect of gamma radiation on sodium channels in different conformations in
      neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - We studied the dose-response relationship between gamma radiation and
      batrachotoxin-stimulated sodium influx in neuroblastoma cells in tissue culture.
      We also tested the hypothesis that changes in sodium channel conformation may
      alter the radiosensitivity of the channel. We found that gamma radiation
      inhibited toxin-stimulated 22Na uptake at doses beyond a threshold of 200-300 Gy.
      No effects were seen following doses below 100 Gy. This inhibition of sodium
      permeability was seen when the cells were irradiated with sodium channels in the
      closed or inactivated, nonconducting states. However, when the channels were in
      the toxin-opened, conducting state, gamma radiation had no effect at doses up to
      2000 Gy. Our results support earlier electrophysiological studies that showed
      that high doses of ionizing radiation are required to produce a measurable
      decrease in sodium permeability. In addition, our data suggest that by changing
      the sodium channel conformation, batrachotoxin appears to alter radiosensitive
      chemical bonds in the gating or ion-conducting portion of the channel.

PMID- 2423131
TI  - Relaxation spectra of gramicidin dimerization in a lipid bilayer membrane.
AB  - The kinetics of formation and dissociation of gramicidin dimers in a lipid
      bilayer membrane have been studied by pressure-jump and electric field-jump
      methods. The traditional AC-coupled pressure-jump apparatus has been modified so
      that a known DC-voltage drop is maintained across a Teflon cell divided by a
      septum with a hole for membrane formation. From the response of the amplified
      output voltage after the pressure release, information about the kinetics of
      channel (dimer) formation is obtained. In addition, using the same apparatus,
      electric field-jump measurements were performed on the gramicidin/membrane
      system. In asolectin/7-dehydrocholesterol (5:1) membranes at 25 +/- 0.1 degrees
      C, the best fit to the pressure-jump data gives a dimer dissociation rate
      constant of 0.5 +/- 0.3 s-1. The standard volume change for dimerization
      determined from the amplitude of the pressure-jump experiments is -66 +/- 35
      cm3/mol. Rate data determined by the electric field-jump method are consistent
      with the pressure-jump values; results obtained with either technique are
      compatible with other determinations of the kinetics of dimerization on
      gramicidin/membrane systems.

PMID- 2423132
TI  - NMR studies of myelin basic protein. XIII. Assignment of histidine residues in
      rabbit, bovine and porcine proteins.
AB  - Myelin basic protein from three species (rabbit, cow and pig) and peptides from
      enzymatic digests or cleavage of the proteins have been examined in aqueous
      solutions by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at 400 MHz. The epsilon 1-CH
      and delta 2-CH resonances of all the histidine residues in the three proteins
      have been assigned and the pK values have been measured. The heterogeneity of
      chemical shifts among these resonances can be variously ascribed to persistent
      localized secondary structures and to effects arising from charged side-chains,
      particularly those of aspartic acid residues, and from side-chains of aromatic
      moieties.

PMID- 2423133
TI  - Complete amino acid sequence of human vitamin D-binding protein (group-specific
      component): evidence of a three-fold internal homology as in serum albumin and
      alpha-fetoprotein.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence (458 amino acid residues) of human group
      specific component 2 (Gc2) protein was determined. Computer analyses established
      a three-fold internal homology of Gc2 protein as well as an extensive homology
      between the overall structures of Gc2 protein, human serum albumin and human
      alpha-fetoprotein.

PMID- 2423134
TI  - Characterization of the phosphorylatable myosin light chain in rat uterus.
AB  - The 20 kDa myosin light chain of 32P-labeled rat uterus exhibited four spots on
      two-dimensional gel electrophoretograms; the corresponding autoradiograms
      revealed that three spots were radioactive. Completely dephosphorylated light
      chain exhibited three spots on electrophoretograms. Serine and threonine residues
      of the light chain were found to be phosphorylated in the uterus at a ratio of 6
      to 1. During contraction, the amount of each phosphoamino acid increased
      proportionally to the increase in the total phosphate content of the light chain.

PMID- 2423135
TI  - Superactivity of human phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase due to altered
      regulation by nucleotide inhibitors and inorganic phosphate.
AB  - Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PPRibP) synthetase activity was studied in cultured
      fibroblasts and lymphoblasts from a male child (patient 2-A) in whom inherited
      purine nucleotide and uric acid overproduction are accompanied by neurological
      deficits. Chromatographed or partially purified preparations of the child's
      enzyme showed 5-6-fold increased inhibitory constants (I0.5) for the
      noncompetitive inhibitors GDP and 6-methylthioinosine monophosphate but normal
      responsiveness to the competitive inhibitors ADP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.
      Activation of the PPRibP synthetase of patient 2-A by Pi was also abnormal with 3
      4-fold reduced apparent KD values for Pi. Superactivity of the PPRibP synthetase
      of this child thus appeared to result from a combination of regulatory defects;
      selective resistance to noncompetitive inhibitors and increased responsiveness to
      Pi activation. Selective growth of the patient's fibroblasts in medium containing
      6-methylthioinosine confirmed the functional significance of the in vitro
      inhibitor resistance of the aberrant enzyme. Fibroblasts and lymphoblasts derived
      from patient 2-A showed increased concentrations and rates of generation of
      PPRibP as well as increased rates of the pathways of purine base salvage and
      purine nucleotide synthesis de novo. The magnitudes of these increases in the
      child's cells exceeded those in cells with catalytically superactive PPRibP
      synthetases. These alterations as well as the in vitro kinetic abnormalities in
      the patient 2-A enzyme were expressed to a reduced degree in fibroblasts from the
      child's affected mother, supporting the proposal that this woman is a
      heterozygous carrier for X-linked enzyme superactivity.

PMID- 2423136
TI  - Na+-H+ exchange in the process of glucose-induced insulin release from the
      pancreatic B-cell. Effects of amiloride on 86Rb, 45Ca fluxes and insulin release.
AB  - The effect of amiloride, an inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange, on intracellular pH
      (pHi), 86Rb outflow, 45Ca outflow and insulin release from pancreatic rat islets
      was examined. In the 0.1-1 mM range, amiloride transiently reduced pHi of glucose
      deprived islets and allowed glucose to induce a sustained decrease in pHi of the
      islet cells. Amiloride reproduced the effect of glucose to decrease 86Rb and 45Ca
      outflow. In the presence of glucose (5.6 mM or more), amiloride (100 microM)
      acted synergistically with the sugar to reduce K+ outflow, and to stimulate 40Ca
      inflow and insulin release from perifused islets. These results add strong
      support to the view that the generation of protons through the metabolism of
      glucose represents an important step in the process of glucose-induced release.
      The stimulation by glucose of Na+-H+ exchange apparently masks and even overcomes
      the glucose-induced decrease in pHi otherwise expected from the increase in
      catabolic fluxes.

PMID- 2423137
TI  - Does cyclic AMP mobilize Ca2+ for amylase secretion from rat parotid cells?
AB  - Both dibutyryl cAMP and carbachol stimulated amylase released from rat parotid
      cells incubated in Ca2+-free medium containing 1 mM EGTA. Cells preincubated with
      10 microM carbachol in Ca2+-free, 1 mM EGTA medium for 15 min lost responsiveness
      to carbachol, but maintained responsiveness to dibutyryl cAMP. Dibutyryl cAMP
      still evoked amylase release from cells preincubated with 1 microM ionophore
      A23187 and 1 mM EGTA for 20 min. Although carbachol stimulated net efflux of 45Ca
      from cells preequilibrated with 45Ca for 30 min, dibutyryl cAMP did not elicit
      any apparent changes in the cellular 45Ca level. Inositol trisphosphate, but not
      cAMP, evoked 45Ca release from saponin-permeabilized cells. These results suggest
      that cAMP does not mobilize calcium for amylase release from rat parotid cells.

PMID- 2423138
TI  - Regulation of RNA metabolism in relation to insulin production and oxidative
      metabolism in mouse pancreatic islets in vitro.
AB  - This study was undertaken to investigate the long-term effects of different
      substrates, in particular glucose, on the regulation of islet RNA metabolism and
      the relationship of this regulation to the metabolism and insulin production of
      the islet B-cell. For this purpose collagenase-isolated mouse islets were used
      either in the fresh state or after culture for 2 or 5 days in RPMI 1640 plus 10%
      calf serum supplemented with various test compounds. Islets cultured with 16.7 mM
      glucose contained more RNA than those cultured with 3.3 mM glucose. Culture of
      islets in glucose at low concentrations inhibited glucose-stimulated RNA
      synthesis and this inhibitory effect was reversed by prolonged exposure to high
      glucose concentrations. Culture with 10 mM leucine and 3.3 mM glucose or with 10
      mM 2-ketoisocaproate and 3.3 mM glucose increased the total RNA content of islets
      as compared to that of islets cultured with 3.3 mM glucose alone. Islets cultured
      with 5 mM theophylline maintained a high RNA content in the presence of 3.3 mM
      glucose. Theophylline also increased the islet RNA content when added together
      with 16.7 mM glucose, as compared to 16.7 mM glucose alone. Theophylline probably
      exerted this effect by decreasing the rate of RNA degradation. Changes in islet
      RNA metabolism showed a close correlation to changes in islet total protein
      biosynthesis, whereas islet (pro)insulin biosynthesis and insulin release
      exhibited different glucose-dependency patterns. The response of islet oxygen
      uptake to glucose was similar to that of islet RNA and protein biosynthesis. It
      is concluded that the RNA content of the pancreatic islets is controlled at the
      levels of both synthesis and degradation. Glucose stimulates the RNA synthesis
      and inhibits its degradation. Moreover, the results suggest that regulation of
      RNA synthesis may be mediated through islet metabolic fluxes and the cAMP system.

PMID- 2423139
TI  - Synergistic stimulation of histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells by 12
      O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-type and non-TPA-type tumor promoters.
AB  - Thapsigargin, a non-TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate)-type tumor
      promoter, provoked histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells at
      concentrations above 30 ng/ml, but not at 10 ng/ml. TPA-type tumor promoters such
      as TPA, teleocidin and aplysiatoxin released very little, if any, histamine even
      at 100 ng/ml. When mast cells were incubated in medium containing thapsigargin at
      10 ng/ml and varying concentrations of TPA-type tumor promoters, histamine
      release was increased synergistically. Maximum synergistic effects were observed
      at 10 ng/ml of each TPA-type tumor promoter. Palytoxin, another non-TPA-type
      tumor promoter, having no effect on histamine release at up to 10 pg/ml, also
      induced histamine release in the presence of 10 ng/ml of each TPA-type tumor
      promoter. However, no synergistic effect on histamine release was observed when
      mast cells were incubated in medium containing two different non-TPA-type tumor
      promoters, e.g., 10 ng/ml thapsigargin and 10 pg/ml palytoxin, or in medium
      containing two different TPA-type tumor promoters, e.g., TPA and teleocidin, TPA
      and aplysiatoxin, or teleocidin and aplysiatoxin (all at 10 ng/ml). These results
      suggest that the release of histamine from mast cells is stimulated
      synergistically under the mutual influence of TPA-type tumor promoters and non
      TPA-type tumor promoters.

PMID- 2423140
TI  - [Effect of menadione and vicasol on mitochondrial energy during inhibition of
      initiation sites of the respiration chain].
AB  - Menadione and vicasol completely restore the respiration rate of rat liver
      mitochondria after its inhibition by rotenone. Under the same conditions these
      compounds stimulate oxygen consumption by rabbit heart mitochondria up to 40% of
      the maximal uncoupled respiration rate in the presence of 5 mM glutamate and up
      to 30% of the maximal uncoupled respiration rate in a lymphocyte suspension
      containing glucose. Cyanide and dicumarol, specific inhibitors of DT-diaforase,
      completely suppress the stimulating effect of menadione and vicasol in isolated
      mitochondria and by 50% in lymphocyte suspensions. The DiS-C3-(5) fluorescence in
      lymphocyte suspensions suggests that the menadione and vicasol-induced
      respiration is capable of supporting the mitochondrial transmembrane potential in
      lymphocytes. Thus, in different tissues menadione and vicasol can restore oxygen
      consumption in mitochondria, in which the first and second energy coupling sites
      are inhibited.

PMID- 2423141
TI  - [Immunoglobulins acquire the ability to interact with DNA after chromatography on
      QAE-Sephadex].
AB  - The composition of IgG isolated from normal human serum includes a significant
      amount of antibodies interacting with native DNA. This ability of antibodies is
      revealed only after anion-exchange chromatography, resulting in the division of
      IgG into two fractions, i.e., acid and alkaline immunoglobulins. The
      peculiarities of interaction of the both fractions with DNA and the specificity
      of this reaction were investigated. The IgG tested were shown to interact with
      native and denaturated DNA, dextran sulfate, poly-G and poly-I. The possibility
      of interaction of antibodies with the charged structures of the cell and their
      significance under normal and pathological conditions are discussed.

PMID- 2423142
TI  - [Release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscles after
      treatment with caffeine].
AB  - Using a Ca2+-selective electrode and Quin 2 and chlortetracycline fluorescence
      spectra, a comparative study of caffeine- and Ca2+-induced release of Ca2+ from
      the terminal cisterns of rabbit fast skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum was
      carried out. It was shown that the caffeine-induced release of Ca2+ depends on
      Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration in the medium; Mg2+ inhibit, while Ca2+ stimulate
      this process. The caffeine-induced transport of Ca2+ is blocked by ruthenium red,
      tetracaine and dimethylsulfoxide. The Ca2+ release induced by Ca2+ was shown to
      occur in two ways, i. e., via Mg2+-dependent (inhibited by Mg2+ and caffeine
      blockers) and Mg2+-independent (insensitive to caffeine inhibitors, including
      Mg2+) routes. It was assumed that caffeine stimulates the Mg2+-dependent, Ca2+
      induced release of Ca2+. The sensitivity of Ca2+ transport to caffeine testifies
      to the fact that about 80% of the total Ca2+ transport activity of fast skeletal
      muscle homogenates belongs to terminal cisterns. The total amount of sarcoplasmic
      reticulum membranes in the muscle makes up to 15-20 mg of protein/g of tissue.

PMID- 2423143
TI  - [The nature of glycogen complexing with iodine in the presence of CaCl2].
AB  - The absorption and dichroism of muscle glycogen--iodine complexes depending on
      CaCl2 concentration were studied. It was shown that besides intensification of
      glycogen staining with iodine, high concentrations of CaCl2 cause destabilization
      of the alpha-glucan helix as well as disturbances in the formation of a specific
      chromophore of the iodine-glycogen complex which manifest themselves as a loss of
      dichroism. The stained chromophore formed by a simultaneous decrease in the
      dichroic absorption seems to be generated in the non-helical regions of the
      glycogen molecule and is thus nonspecific. This nonspecific chromophore is a
      potential source of errors in spetrophotometrical assays of glycogen structure.
      Study of rabbit skeletal muscle and liver glycogens by the Krisman method based
      on the use of concentrated solutions of CaCl2 failed to reveal any differences in
      glycogen structure that are normally detectable at low concentrations of CaCl2.
      The unfavourable effect of high concentrations of CaCl2 on helix formation should
      be taken into consideration when studying the stoichiometry of iodine interaction
      with alpha-glucan.

PMID- 2423144
TI  - Developmental variations in CSF monoamine metabolites during childhood.
AB  - Cerebrospinal (CSF) fluid content of the stable metabolites homovanillic acid, 3
      methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were measured in 19
      children without neurological disease known to alter CSF monoamine metabolites.
      The CSF levels of all three metabolites were found to be up 6 times higher in
      early infancy compared to the values during adolescence. The levels decreased in
      a logarithmic fashion, and adult values (approx. 25-50 ng/ml) were reached at 3-5
      years of age. Two different interpretations of the findings are discussed: (1) a
      higher release or turnover of central serotonin and catecholamine metabolites
      during early postnatal age, or (2) lower clearance of the stable acid metabolites
      from CSF during infancy due to relatively immature active transport mechanisms.

PMID- 2423145
TI  - Serum alpha-fetoprotein subfractions in pregnant women identified by the modified
      method of lectin affinity crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis.
AB  - Using a modified method of lectin affinity crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis, we
      studied the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) subfractions in sera from 12 pregnant
      Japanese women, at 22 and 42 weeks of gestation. The method involves the first
      dimension electrophoresis in agarose gel containing concanavalin A (Con A) or
      lentil lectin (LCH), the second dimension immunoelectrophoresis in agarose gel
      containing polyclonal antibody against AFP, reaction with peroxidase-conjugated
      Protein A and staining with 4-methoxy-1-naphthol. We found that type a of Con A
      or type C of LCH was the only subfraction present in maternal circulation at the
      second or third trimester. These AFP subfractions were assumed to be of fetal
      liver-origin. The minimum concentration which yielded an immunoprecipitation peak
      was approximately 100 ng/ml, being twenty times more sensitive than the
      conventional lectin affinity crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis.

PMID- 2423146
TI  - Characterization of protein adsorption on soft contact lenses. IV. Comparison of
      in vivo spoilage with the in vitro adsorption of tear proteins.
AB  - Tear protein and gamma-globulin mixtures were adsorbed on soft contact lenses of
      different chemical composition, surface quality and water content. The adsorption
      process was followed by Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance
      spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). It was found that gamma-globulin underwent a
      conformational and orientational change after its adsorption and the extent of
      structural change appeared to be proportional to the binding strength of the
      protein with the hydrogel surface. Electrostatic interactions play a major role
      in the protein adsorption on lenses containing methacrylic acid. Lysozyme is
      selectively adsorbed on all of the high water content hydrogels and mucin is the
      major protein component for the pure PHEMA type of lenses. Studies on in vivo
      spoiled PHEMA and PVP/MMA lenses indicate that lysozyme is the major adsorbed
      deposit. Papain cleaning of in vivo spoiled lenses shows that although a portion
      of the deposits is desorbed, the enzyme itself becomes irreversibly adsorbed to
      the contact lens which may cause harmful effects to the eye.

PMID- 2423147
TI  - Use of video enhanced contrast microscopy to study axonal transport in-vivo.

PMID- 2423148
TI  - Open channel noise. II. A test for coupling between current fluctuations and
      conformational transitions in the acetylcholine receptor.
AB  - The first paper of this series demonstrated that the open-channel currents in the
      acetylcholine receptors in cultured rat muscle show fluctuations on a time scale
      of approximately 1 ms. In this paper the hypothesis is tested that these
      fluctuations are coupled to the gating mechanism that opens and closes the
      channel. Such a coupling could arise if the channel current and the energy
      barrier for gating transitions both showed fluctuations having a common origin
      such as a motion of part of the receptor molecule. A test for coupled
      fluctuations is made by averaging approximately 1,000 channel opening or closing
      transitions to search for the small relaxation in the current that is predicted.
      At a resolution of approximately 1% of the single-channel current amplitude, no
      such relaxation is observed. It is concluded that any coupled fluctuations are
      small; fluctuations in the energy barrier for the open-closed conformational
      transition must be smaller than about 0.3 kT.

PMID- 2423149
TI  - Conformation of sequential polypeptide poly(Leu-Leu-D-Phe-Pro) and formation of
      ion channel across bilayer lipid membrane.
AB  - Sequential polypeptide, poly(Leu-Leu-D-Phe-Pro), containing a part of beta-turn
      sequence in gramicidin S, was synthesized and investigated as a model for ion
      channels. Sequential peptides, Boc-(Leu-Leu-D-Phe-Pro)n-OBzl1 (n = 1-4), were
      also synthesized to acquire conformational information about this polypeptide.
      From the analyses by NMR, CD, and IR measurements, intramolecular hydrogen bonds
      were found in the sequential peptides with n larger than two and Boc-(Leu-Leu-D
      Phe-Pro)3-OBzl was deduced to adopt a 3(10)-helical conformation. Poly(Leu-Leu-D
      Phe-Pro) was also suggested to have this conformation. With the addition of this
      polymer to oxidized cholesterol membrane, current-voltage response across the
      membrane was observed. Stepwise fluctuation of current was recorded under a
      positive electric field to support the channel formation. This polymer might form
      bundles of 3(10)-helices across the bilayer lipid membrane to pass through the
      ion.

PMID- 2423150
TI  - Comments on "Some unexpected consequences of a simple physical mechanism for
      voltage-dependent gating in biological membranes".

PMID- 2423151
TI  - Correcting single channel data for missed events.
AB  - Interpretation of currents recorded from single ion channels in cellular
      membranes or lipid bilayers is complicated by the necessarily limited time
      resolution of the recording and detection systems. All intervals less than a
      certain duration, depending on the frequency response of the system, are not
      detected. Such missed events produce increases in the durations of observed open
      and shut intervals. In order to obtain the true kinetic scheme and rate constants
      underlying the observed activity, it is necessary to take into account missed
      events. We develop methods to correct for missed events for models with two or
      more states, including models with multiple open and shut states, compound
      states, and loops. Our methods can be used in a forward direction to predict
      observed distributions of open and shut intervals for a given kinetic scheme and
      time resolution. They can also be used in a backwards direction with iterative
      methods to determine rate constants consistent with the observed distributions.
      While a given kinetic scheme with rate constants predicts unique observed
      distributions of open and shut intervals, rate constants determined from observed
      distributions are not necessarily unique. Using these correction methods, we
      examine the effects of missed events for a five-state model consistent with some
      properties of large conductance Ca-activated K channels.

PMID- 2423152
TI  - [Morpho-functional study of the brain of animals with different types of
      individual resistance to hypoxia].
AB  - The experiments on white rats have shown that animals with distinct tolerance to
      hypoxia were characterized by individual metabolic changes in phylogenetically
      different brain structures. Adaptation to hypoxia in animals with high tolerance
      was associated with metabolic changes in the reticular formation and in animals
      with low tolerance with changes in the cerebral cortex. The experiments have
      shown that white rats with distinct individual tolerance to hypoxia are
      characterized by an inherent level of plastic metabolism in different brain
      structures. A correlation between brain tissue metabolism and individual
      tolerance of animals to hypoxia is suggested.

PMID- 2423153
TI  - [Frequency-dependent blockade of sodium channels in isolated rat myocardial cells
      by the anti-arrhythmia agent ethmozine].
AB  - A patch-clamp method was used to study the effects of the phenotiazine
      antiarrhythmic drug ethmozine (E) on the fast sodium inward current (INa) in
      freshly isolated heart muscle cells of adult rats. At a concentration of 10(-5) M
      E caused INa inhibition that could be enhanced by increasing the frequency of
      depolarization. This inhibition was reversible. After the termination of
      repetitive depolarization the amplitude of INa recovered with a time constant of
      about 10 sec. These findings may help to explain the therapeutic efficiency of E
      in high frequency cardiac rhythm disturbances.

PMID- 2423154
TI  - [Inhibition by alpha-D-galactose of heterophilic antibodies against the antigens
      of the interstitial connective tissue of the myocardium].
AB  - The reaction of heterophile antibodies with interstitial connective tissue cells
      of bovine myocardium was inhibited with alpha-D-galactose. D-glucose, D-mannose,
      L-fucose, N-acetylgalactosamine and other monosaccharides demonstrated the lack
      of inhibitory activity. Disaccharide melibiose and trisaccharide raffinose
      containing terminal alpha-galactose also had an inhibitory effect on the reaction
      of sera with bovine myocardium. The results show that heterophile antibodies to
      heterophile bovine antigen revealed in rheumatic patients' sera differ from
      antibodies to I and i antigens and T-antibodies, whose specificity is associated
      with terminal beta-galactose. They also differ from other heterophile antibodies
      described earlier.

PMID- 2423155
TI  - [Transplacental carcinogenic effect of the serotonin derivative 5
      methoxyindoleacetic acid].
AB  - Transplacental administration of serotonin metabolite 5-methoxyindole-3-acetic
      acid possessing blastomogenic activity induced the development of malignant and
      benign neoplasms (lymphosarcomas, adenomas, hepatomas and other tumours) in 84%
      of C57BL/6 mouse progeny. The number of neoplasms was significantly higher, than
      in the control, they appeared earlier and were more malignant.

PMID- 2423156
TI  - Thrombolytic therapy in the eighties.

PMID- 2423157
TI  - Establishment and characterization of a human plasma cell myeloma culture having
      a rearranged cellular myc proto-oncogene.
AB  - Using a serum-free defined medium, we have established a human cell line, NCI
      H929, from a malignant effusion occurring in a patient with IgAk myeloma. The
      cultured cells have the morphologic, ultrastructural, biochemical, immunologic,
      and cytochemical features of plasma cells. The cells have rearranged alpha and
      kappa genes and synthesize and secrete high amounts of IgAk (greater than 80
      micrograms/10(6) cells per 24 hours). The cells express surface immunoglobulin
      (alpha and kappa), the plasma cell antigen PCA-1, the transferrin receptor (T9)
      and T10 but lack antigens associated with earlier stages of B cell development
      (HLA-DR, B1, B2, B4, CALLA), as well as other leukocyte-macrophage antigens and
      Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen. Although molecular studies confirm that
      both the tumor and cultured cells are derived from the same clone of malignant B
      cells, the tumor cells were predominantly near-diploid, whereas the cultured
      cells are predominantly near-tetraploid with six copies of chromosome 8, four to
      six of which have an 8q + abnormality. However, both the tumor and the cultured
      cells have a rearrangement of the cellular c-myc proto-oncogene (located at 8q24)
      and express c-myc RNA. Although a modest number of human "plasmacytoid" cell
      lines have been established, most are lymphoblastoid lines lacking plasma cell
      features, while others appear to be early secretory cells. In contrast, NCI-H929
      is a differentiated, highly secretory human plasma cell line.

PMID- 2423158
TI  - Chromosomes with one, two, three, and four fetal globin genes: molecular and
      hematologic analysis.
AB  - Analysis of DNA from 852 Island Melanesians has revealed a high frequency of
      single- and triple-gamma-globin genes in this population. Homozygotes for triple-
      and single-gamma genes have normal hematologic findings, normal hemoglobin F
      (HbF) levels, and when there is coexisting alpha thalassemia, appropriate levels
      of Bart's Hb (gamma 4) at birth. In addition, we have identified an individual
      with a quadruple-gamma gene chromosome who also has a normal HbF level. All
      single-gamma genes were A gamma, all triple-gamma genes G gamma G gamma A gamma,
      and the quadruple-gamma gene G gamma G gamma G gamma A gamma. Analysis of G
      gamma:A gamma ratios in cord bloods and HbF levels in adults showed that these
      additional gamma genes are expressed and are down regulated appropriately by the
      fetal to adult Hb switch. Analysis of the restriction enzyme haplotypes of these
      various chromosomes indicates that intrachromosomal cross-overs are more likely
      to have produced these variants than interchromosomal recombination events.

PMID- 2423159
TI  - Biology of human megakaryocyte factor V.
AB  - To learn more about human megakaryocyte coagulation cofactor V (FV), we studied
      the expression of this protein in normal bone marrow megakaryocytes and in
      megakaryocytes cloned from their colony-forming unit in FV-depleted plasma clot
      cultures. Mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against either the light chain or
      an activation peptide of human FV and a rabbit polyclonal, monospecific FV
      antiserum were used as probes for these experiments in conjunction with a variety
      of immunochemical detection techniques. All morphologically recognizable
      megakaryocytes were shown to contain FV. The origin of this protein appeared to
      be both from FV bound to the cell as well as from endogenous FV in the majority
      of cells examined. The existence of a population of small bone marrow mononuclear
      cells that simultaneously expressed platelet glycoproteins and FV was also noted.
      Such cells represented approximately 70% of all small cells positive for platelet
      glycoproteins. In contrast, only about 40% of megakaryocyte colonies cloned in FV
      deficient medium contained cells with immunochemically detectable FV. FV
      expression was most clearly demonstrated in large cells in the colonies, whereas
      smaller, presumably less mature cells labeled weakly or not at all. Synthesis of
      FV by human megakaryocytes was documented using elutriation-enriched cells
      incubated in 35S-methionine-containing medium. Megakaryocyte lysates and medium
      conditioned by these cells were subjected to immunoaffinity column purification.
      Column eluates analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and autoradiography revealed radioactive bands comigrating with
      the heavy and light chains of thrombin-activated FV. These studies suggest that
      human megakaryocytes both bind and synthesize FV. Expression of these traits
      appears to be related to cell maturation, with binding ability appearing earlier
      than the ability to synthesize this protein. Finally, although the ability to
      bind FV appears to be universal among megakaryocytes, our culture data suggest
      that synthesis may be a restricted, or constitutively expressed property of these
      cells.

PMID- 2423160
TI  - Chinese A gamma fetal hemoglobin: C to T substitution at position-196 of the A
      gamma gene promoter.
AB  - The molecular basis for the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH)
      phenotype was studied in a Chinese individual who was heterozygous for a
      nondeletion form of A gamma-HPFH. Both allelic A gamma-globin genes were isolated
      by molecular cloning and subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis. One A gamma
      gene promoter showed a cytosine to thymine transition at position -196, whereas
      the other promoter was normal. This mutation at position -196 has now ben found
      in unrelated individuals with the A gamma-HPFH phenotype from Italy, Sardinia,
      and China, suggesting that it may have arisen independently. The implications of
      this mutation for models of fetal globin gene switching are discussed.

PMID- 2423161
TI  - Pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in human adipose tissue from
      Northeast Louisiana.

PMID- 2423163
TI  - Water and ion transports in epithelia. Proceedings of an international meeting.
      Paris, May, 19-21, 1985.

PMID- 2423162
TI  - Organochlorine residues in British otters.

PMID- 2423164
TI  - Regulation of transport in cultured epithelia.

PMID- 2423165
TI  - Cellular volume and cytoplasmic gel.

PMID- 2423166
TI  - The role of mitochondria-rich cells in the chloride current conductance across
      toad skin.
AB  - In early studies of salt transport across frog and toad skin, it was assumed that
      chloride movement is extracellular. However, later studies suggested that
      chloride movement is largely transcellular. Chloride transport across toad skin
      is greatly diminished in skins of salt-acclimated toads (Bufo viridis) and was
      correlated with the number of mitochondria-rich (m.r.) cells in the epithelium.
      The activated chloride conductance could be recovered upon in vitro incubation
      with theophylline. It was found that the short-circuit current (Isc) and the
      chloride conductance (Gcl) in toad skin could be separated experimentally by
      selective use of synthetic oxytocin (Syntocinon) or theophylline, and by
      substituting impermeable anions for chloride. With the use of the vibrating probe
      we demonstrated directly that chloride-dependent peak currents are localized only
      over m.r. cells, under hyperpolarized (V = -100 mV) conditions. It is concluded
      that the m.r. cells form the principal site for passive chloride movement across
      amphibian skin. This cellular pathway is regulated through a cyclic AMP-mediated
      process. It is suggested that the spatial separation of the sodium and chloride
      channels is essential to maintain the granulosum cells which are engaged in
      sodium transport hyperpolarized, and thus providing the driving force for the
      sodium entry into the cells.

PMID- 2423167
TI  - Possible role of Ca2+-binding sites in the regulation of Na+ transport in toad
      urinary bladder.
AB  - La3+ was used to assess the role of membrane-bound Ca2+ in the regulation of
      basal and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-induced Na+ transport by the isolated toad
      urinary bladder. Na+ transport was monitored by means of a short-circuit current
      (Isc) device. Mucosal La3+ (0.5-5 mM) increased Isc, while serosal La3+ (5 mM)
      produced a biphasic response (stimulation followed by inhibition). The
      stimulatory effects of La3+ were additive when present on both sides and were
      suppressed by mucosal amiloride or serosal ouabain. The action of mucosal La+ was
      reversible but the inhibition produced by serosal La3+ was not. In the presence
      of serosal La3+ the natriferic effect of ADH was abolished, but Theophylline,
      dibutyryl-cAMP, Amphotericin B, mucosal La3+, mucosal low pH, and phospho(enol)
      pyruvate, were able to increase Isc. These results suggest that Ca2+ binding
      sites in apical and basolateral membranes may play a key role in the modulation
      of both basal and ADH-induced Na+ transport. Serosal La3+ apparently inactivates
      the hormone-receptor interaction and/or the link between the ADH-receptor complex
      and the activation of adenylate cyclase, but does not interfere with the
      operation of the Na+ "pump", the basal activity of adenylate cyclase or any of
      the intracellular events that mediate the effect of ADH on Na+ transport.

PMID- 2423168
TI  - Mechanism of inhibition by lithium of sodium transport in the toad bladder.
AB  - Lithium transport across the urinary bladder of Bufo marinus has been studied by
      means of the short-circuit current technique, as well as unidirectional ion flux
      measurements. Exposure to lithium of the epithelial (mucosal) surface of this
      preparation led to a slow, progressive decrease of ion transport, with increasing
      discrepancy between short-circuit current and lithium influx; in fact there was
      still an appreciable lithium influx across bladder exposed to amiloride even
      though short-circuit current was suppressed. Ohmic conductance and sodium efflux
      barely increased under these circumstances. Upon replacement of lithium by sodium
      on the epithelial side, the preparations recovered slowly indeed, and residual
      lithium could be detected in bladder tissue for more than 2 hr while the rate of
      sodium extrusion at the basal-lateral cell border was slowed down. Recovery from
      exposure to lithium was accelerated by vasopressin and amphotericin, both of
      which facilitate sodium entry at the apical border of the epithelium. Thus the
      lasting deleterious influence of lithium on sodium transport might result from
      the fact that this ion, once trapped in the cytoplasm, closes the sodium
      channels.

PMID- 2423169
TI  - Active Ca2+ transport in plasma membranes of branchial epithelium of the North
      American eel, Anguilla rostrata LeSueur.
AB  - A branchial epithelial membrane fraction, more than 20-fold enriched in Na+/K+
      ATPase activity when compared with the crude homogenate of the tissue, was
      obtained from adult freshwater American eels. In a membrane vesicle preparation
      that consisted of 33% inside-out, 23% right-side-out and 44% leaky vesicles, the
      accumulation of 45Ca2+ was stimulated by ATP, but not by ADP. Accumulation of
      45Ca2+ was prevented when vesicles were pretreated with detergent or the Ca2+
      ionophore A23187; Ca2+ efflux was observed when the ionophore was added to
      actively 45Ca2+-loading vesicles. Oxalate did not affect Ca2+ accumulation in
      these vesicles. Kinetic analysis of the Ca2+-transport process by an Eadie
      Hofstee plot revealed that the process is homogeneous; its kinetic parameters are
      a K0.5 for Ca2+ of 0.053 microM and a Vmax of 2.25 nmol Ca2+/min.mg protein (at
      37 degrees C). The calmodulin dependency of this Ca2+ transporting process was
      shown by the inhibitory action of calmodulin antagonists and by the stimulatory
      effect of calmodulin repletion after EGTA treatment of the membranes. We conclude
      that an ATP-energized Ca2+ pump is present in the plasma membranes of branchial
      epithelium, that resembles the Ca2+ pumps of e.g. mammalian intestinal or renal
      plasma membranes, and propose its involvement in branchial Ca2+-uptake from the
      water.

PMID- 2423170
TI  - Endothelial-dependent relaxant actions of carbachol and substance P in arterial
      smooth muscle.
AB  - In helical strips cut from the small mesenteric artery of guinea-pig (GPSMA) (0.3
      0.6 mm o.d.) relaxations induced by substance P were more susceptible to damage
      of the endothelium by rubbing than were relaxations evoked by carbachol.
      Relaxations induced by 2-nicotin-amidoethyl nitrate (SG75) were unaffected by
      this procedure. Relaxations evoked by the calcium ionophore A23187 persisted when
      those to substance P had been abolished by rubbing the endothelium in GPSMA,
      rabbit mesenteric and rabbit ear arteries. In guinea-pig pulmonary artery and
      aorta relaxations to A23187 were lost after this treatment. Carbachol and SG75
      were more effective in inhibiting phasic than tonic tension induced by
      noradrenaline in GPSMA, but substance P was more effective against tonic tension.
      In the GPSMA, carbachol and substance P inhibited tension produced by
      noradrenaline to similar extents. However, carbachol was less, and substance P
      much less effective in inhibiting tension evoked by high-potassium solution than
      by noradrenaline. Susceptibility of relaxations to blockade by haemoglobin in
      GPSMA was: substance P greater than carbachol greater than ATP greater than SG75.
      The membrane potential of smooth muscle cells in the media of the GPSMA was
      recorded by microelectrode. Carbachol, but not substance P, hyperpolarized the
      cells both in the presence and absence of noradrenaline at concentrations which
      relaxed the muscle. These results suggest a heterogeneity in the mechanisms of
      endothelial-dependent relaxations induced by various vascular relaxants.

PMID- 2423171
TI  - Effect of apamin on responses to BRL 34915, nicorandil and other relaxants in the
      guinea-pig taenia caeci.
AB  - BRL 34915 (4-64 X 10(-7) M), isoprenaline (0.5-32 X 10(-8) M) and nicorandil (4
      64 X 10(-6) M) produced a slowly-developing relaxation of spontaneous tone of the
      guinea-pig taenia caeci; with no after-contraction on washout. These inhibitory
      responses were unaffected by apamin (10(-7) M). Adenosine triphosphate (0.06-2 X
      10(-3) M) and noradrenaline (1-16 X 10(-7) M) produced a rapid inhibition of
      spontaneous tone with a prominent after-contraction, especially on washout. Both
      the inhibitory effect and the rebound contraction were abolished by apamin (10(
      7) M). Exposure to both BRL 34915 (64 X 10(-7) M) and to nicorandil (64 X 10(-6)
      M) produced an increase in the 86Rb efflux rate coefficient which was unaffected
      by apamin (10(-7) M). Exposure to isoprenaline (32 X 10(-8) M) had no effect on
      the 86Rb efflux rate coefficient. Exposure to noradrenaline (16 X 10(-7) M)
      produced an increase in the 86Rb efflux rate coefficient which was abolished by
      apamin (10(-7) M). The results confirm that both BRL 34915 and nicorandil are
      capable of opening potassium channels in smooth muscle but show that the channel
      is not apamin-sensitive.

PMID- 2423172
TI  - The effects of BRL 34915 and nicorandil on electrical and mechanical activity and
      on 86Rb efflux in rat blood vessels.
AB  - The effects of the antihypertensive agent BRL 34915 on a variety of responses of
      the aorta and portal vein of the rat have been compared with those of nicorandil.
      On portal vein, BRL 34915 (0.01-50 X 10(-6) M) and nicorandil (0.1-500 X 10(-6)
      M) abolished spontaneous mechanical activity and reduced mechanical responses to
      noradrenaline (0.1-100 X 10(-6) M) and K+ (5-20 X 10(-3) M) but had little
      inhibitory effect on responses to K+ (40-80 X 10(-3) M). The onset of the reduced
      responses to noradrenaline was delayed by both agents. On portal vein, BRL 34915
      (0.1-50 X 10(-6) M) and nicorandil (0.5-500 X 10(-6) M) abolished spontaneous
      electrical and mechanical activity, hyperpolarized the smooth muscle cells to a
      value close to their calculated potassium equilibrium potential and increased the
      86Rb efflux rate coefficient. On aorta, BRL 34915 (0.2-0.8 X 10(-6) M) and
      nicorandil (8-32 X 10(-6) M) reduced mechanical responses to noradrenaline (0.001
      1 X 10(-6) M) and K+ (5-20 X 10(-3) M) but had little inhibitory effect on
      responses to K+ (40-80 X 10(-3) M). On aorta, BRL 34915 (0.2-0.8 X 10(-6) M)
      increased the 86Rb efflux rate coefficient whereas nicorandil (8-32 X 10(-6) M)
      was without effect. It is concluded that the inhibitory actions of BRL 34915 on
      both aorta and portal vein result from the opening of membrane potassium
      channels. The resulting membrane shunt inhibits the effects of excitatory agents.
      The inhibitory effects of nicorandil result from a combination of the opening of
      potassium channels together with an additional, undefined action.

PMID- 2423173
TI  - Inhibition of calcium currents in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurones by (
      )-baclofen.
AB  - Voltage-dependent inward calcium currents (ICa) activated in cultured rat dorsal
      root ganglion neurones were reversibly reduced in a dose-dependent manner by (-)
      baclofen (10 microM to 100 microM). Baclofen (100 microM) reduced the calcium
      dependent slow outward potassium current (IK(Ca)). This current was abolished in
      calcium-free medium and by 300 microM cadmium chloride. The action of baclofen on
      IK(Ca) was reduced when the calcium concentration in the medium was increased
      from 5 mM to 30 mM. The calcium independent fast transient voltage-dependent
      outward current (IK(Vt] was also reduced by baclofen; this effect remained
      present when Ca2+-free medium was used to prevent contamination by IK(Ca). 4
      Aminopyridine (500 microM) reduced IK(Vt) and induced a small increase in ICa.
      The action of baclofen on ICa was partially antagonized by 4-aminopyridine. GABAB
      receptor-mediated inhibition of ICa in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurones
      involves a direct mechanism rather than resulting indirectly from an increase in
      the residual outward potassium currents activated by depolarization. The
      reduction in ICa by baclofen was variable and dependent on the amplitude of
      control ICa, larger currents being more resistant to the baclofen-induced
      inhibition.

PMID- 2423174
TI  - Effects of Bay K 8644 and nifedipine on femoral arteries of spontaneously
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - Vasoconstrictor effects of Bay K 8644 (an agonist known to increase Ca2+ influx
      through the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels) on femoral arteries of 6 week old
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were investigated, and data compared with
      findings in age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The addition of Bay
      K 8644 (1 X 10(-10)-3 X 10(-7) M) elicited a dose-dependent contraction in SHR
      femoral artery in the absence of any contractile agent. Maximum contraction
      induced by this agonist was the same as the maximum induced by either K+
      depolarization or alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation. Bay K 8644 was less effective
      in eliciting a contraction in the WKY femoral artery. Increased sensitivity to K+
      was also observed in the SHR femoral artery. In contrast, contractions in
      response to alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation were the same in the SHR as those in
      the WKY. The addition of nifedipine, a Ca2+ channel antagonist, to an
      unstimulated preparation produced a dose-dependent relaxation in femoral arteries
      from SHR, but not from WKY. When the arteries were contracted with 60 mM K+,
      nifedipine produced similar relaxations in the SHR as those in the WKY,
      suggesting that the Ca2+ channels in the SHR femoral arteries are more activated
      than those in the WKY femoral arteries. Contractile responses to SHR femoral
      arteries to Bay K 8644 were antagonized competitively by nifedipine. Contractile
      responses to Ca2+ determined in K+-depolarized strips were also antagonized
      competitively by nifedipine. However, Schild plot analysis demonstrated a
      different pA2 value for nifedipine, suggesting that there may be a difference in
      the state of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in SHR femoral artery between the
      stimulation with Bay K 8644 and K+-depolarization.

PMID- 2423175
TI  - The effect of chronic neostigmine treatment on channel properties at the rat
      skeletal neuromuscular junction.
AB  - We have studied the effects of chronic neostigmine treatment on single channel
      properties at the rat skeletal neuromuscular junction. Rats received 0.86 mg kg-1
      neostigmine (s.c.) daily for 9-11 days. Microelectrode recordings were then made
      from the extensor digitorum longus muscle. The amplitude of miniature endplate
      potentials was significantly reduced in muscles from neostigmine-treated rats as
      compared with controls. Acetylcholine (2-5 microM) applied in the bath produced a
      depolarization and associated channel opening frequency (from voltage noise
      analysis) which were significantly reduced in neostigmine-treated muscles with
      respect to controls. The depolarization resulting from the opening of a single
      channel (from voltage noise analysis) and single channel open time and
      conductance (from current noise analysis) were not significantly changed by
      chronic neostigmine treatment. It is concluded that chronic neostigmine treatment
      causes an adaptive reduction in the number of functional acetylcholine receptors
      at the endplate without otherwise affecting single channel properties themselves.

PMID- 2423176
TI  - Effects of Bay K 8644 on contraction of the human isolated bronchus and guinea
      pig isolated trachea.
AB  - The effects of Bay K 8644, a dihydropyridine which increases calcium flux through
      the potential-operated channels were studied on the contractions induced by
      histamine, acetylcholine, KCl and Ca2+ on human isolated bronchial strips and the
      results were compared to those obtained on guinea-pig isolated tracheal spirals.
      Subsequently the contractant effects of Bay K 8644 in K+-enriched medium and in
      the presence of Ca2+ 0.03 mM were investigated. In Krebs normal calcium medium,
      Bay K 8644 did not significantly modify the EC50 of acetylcholine or histamine on
      the human bronchus, but in concentrations of 10(-7)-10(-6)M it potentiated the
      effects of KCl on that preparation. It did not modify the EC50 of acetylcholine,
      histamine or KCl on the guinea-pig trachea. In Ca2+-free Krebs medium with
      additional K+ (30 mM), Ca2+ concentration-response curves were displaced to the
      left by Bay K 8644 in the two preparations. Shifts were 0.52 +/- 0.11 and 0.72 +/
      0.16 log units respectively with Bay K 8644 10(-8) and 10(-7) M on human
      bronchus (n = 4) and 0.67 +/- 0.16 and 1.06 +/- 0.19 log units respectively with
      Bay K 8644 10(-7) and 10(-6) M on the guinea-pig trachea (n = 5). In Krebs medium
      with Ca2+ 0.03 mM and K+ 30 mM, Bay K 8644 (10(-8) to 10(-6) M) contracted both
      the human bronchus and the guinea-pig isolated trachea. This effect was
      competitively antagonized by nicardipine. 5 These results demonstrate the
      presence of dihydropyridine sites of action on human bronchus and confirm the
      minor role played by Ca2+ influx through potential-operated channels in the
      contractile effects of acetylcholine or histamine. They also demonstrate the
      similar reactivity of human bronchus and guinea-pig isolated trachea to Bay K
      8644.

PMID- 2423177
TI  - Lack of correlation between clinical disease activity and erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate, acute phase proteins or protease inhibitors in ankylosing
      spondylitis.
AB  - Disease activity was assessed clinically and erythrocyte sedimentation rate
      (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), orosomucoid, alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) and
      alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) were measured in 65 patients with ankylosing
      spondylitis (AS). Positive correlations were found between ESR and the acute
      phase proteins (APP), CRP, orosomucoid and alpha 1AT, but none of these variables
      correlated with the clinical assessment of activity. No relationship was
      demonstrated between the protease inhibitor, alpha 2M and clinical activity, ESR
      or any of the APP. While the treatment of AS remains predominantly symptomatic,
      routine management of patients should continue to be founded on the clinical
      assessment of disease activity rather than on laboratory indices of inflammation.

PMID- 2423178
TI  - The regionalization of [3H]dihydrotetrabenazine binding sites in the mouse brain
      and its relationship to the distribution of monoamines and their metabolites.
AB  - [3H]Dihydrotetrabenazine binding was measured in 8 areas of the mouse brain. In
      all areas, binding occurred on a homogeneous class of sites (Kd approximately
      equal to 2.6 nM). The density of [3H]dihydrotetrabenazine binding sites strongly
      varied between the different brain structures; it was compared to endogenous
      levels of biogenic monoamines and their metabolites: the density is independent
      of the nature of the monoamine and of neuronal activity, but is highly correlated
      to the total amount of monoamines present in each structure.

PMID- 2423179
TI  - Neurophysiology of limbic system pathways in the rat: projections from the
      amygdala to the entorhinal cortex.
AB  - We studied the responses of rat entorhinal neurons to electrical stimulation of
      the amygdala. Four main results were obtained: (1) excitatory postsynaptic
      potentials were recorded in entorhinal neurons in response to electrical
      stimulation of the amygdala. Cells in layers II, III and V of the entorhinal
      cortex were responsive. (2) Excitatory responses were followed by inhibitory
      postsynaptic potentials. (3) Frequency potentiation of both excitatory and
      inhibitory responses was observed when 10/s stimulation was used. (4) Three
      amygdala neurons were antidromically activated by entorhinal stimulation; and two
      layer II entorhinal cells that were excited by amygdala stimulation were also
      antidromically activated by dentate gyrus stimulation. These results provide
      evidence for a monosynaptic, excitatory projection from the amygdala to the
      entorhinal cortex. In addition, the data indicate that amygdala neurons are only
      one synapse removed from the excitation of dentate gyrus granule cells.

PMID- 2423180
TI  - Intragranular colocalization of CRF and Met-Enk-8 in nerve terminals in the rat
      median eminence.
AB  - The ultrastructural localizations of rat corticoliberin (rCRF) and methionine
      enkephalin octapeptide (Met-Enk-8) in the external layer of the rat median
      eminence were examined by double-immunogold labeling with anti-rCRF and anti-Met
      Enk-8 sera labeled with small-sized (Gs) and medium-sized (Gm) gold particles,
      respectively. Two types of immunolabeled terminals were distinguished: one type
      with small granules (70 nm) labeled with Gs, and the other with large granules
      (100 nm) labeled with Gm. In both types, however, some granules were labeled with
      both Gs and Gm.

PMID- 2423181
TI  - Increased density of substance P binding sites in specific brainstem nuclei of
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Substance P binding sites were quantitated in 16-week-old spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats by
      incubation of brain sections with 125I-Bolton-Hunter substance P, autoradiography
      and microdensitometry. The maximum binding capacity (Bmax) was significantly
      increased in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, in the hypoglossal, ambiguus
      and inferior olivary nuclei, and in lobes 9 and 10 of the vermis cerebelli of
      SHR.

PMID- 2423182
TI  - Bay K 8644 stimulation of calcium entry and endogenous dopamine release in rat
      striatal synaptosomes antagonized by nimodipine.
AB  - The calcium channel agonist Bay K 8644 (0.1-100 nM) significantly increased the
      fast-phase entry of calcium and release of endogenous dopamine from rat striatal
      synaptosomes partially depolarized with 15 mM KCl. This increase was completely
      blocked by 10 nM nimodipine which had no inhibitory effect on calcium influx and
      dopamine release in the absence of Bay K 8644. Bay K 8644's agonist effect was
      attenuated with higher KCl concentrations. These findings suggest that Bay K
      8644, in combination with partial KCl depolarization, may expose brain
      synaptosomal calcium channels which are sensitive to nanomolar concentrations of
      dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers.

PMID- 2423184
TI  - The localization and characterization of substance P and substance K in
      striatonigral neurons.
AB  - Specific substance P and substance K radioimmunoassays coupled to high
      performance liquid chromatography were used to characterize striatal and nigral
      tachykinin immunoreactivity. Using these assays, authentic substance P and
      substance K accounted for nearly all substance P and substance K
      immunoreactivity, respectively. A series of coronal knife cuts of the striatum
      caused parallel depletions in nigral substance P and substance K, consistent with
      the possible colocalization of these tachykinins in striatonigral neurons.

PMID- 2423185
TI  - The co-occurrence of substance P-like immunoreactivity and dynorphin-like
      immunoreactivity in striatopallidal and striatonigral projection neurons in birds
      and reptiles.
AB  - Using an immunofluorescence procedure that allows the simultaneous labeling of
      tissue for two different antigens, substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) and
      dynorphin-like immunoreactivity (DLI) were observed to co-occur extensively in
      striatal neurons of the avian and reptilian basal ganglia and in fibers and
      terminals in the projection targets of the avian and reptilian striata. Thus,
      SPLI and DLI apparently co-occur extensively in striatopallidal and striatonigral
      projection neurons of the avian and reptilian basal ganglia. Since basal ganglia
      organization is fundamentally similar among amniotes, the present results suggest
      that SPLI and DLI may also co-occur extensively in striatal neurons in mammals.

PMID- 2423183
TI  - Serotonin innervation of physiologically identified lamina I projection neurons.
AB  - Physiologically characterized lamina I projection neurons, including
      antidromically activated spinomesencephalic and spinothalamic tract cells, were
      intracellularly stained with HRP and then processed and examined for serotonin
      immunoreactive contacts. We observed cells with both high and low densities of
      contacts from serotonergic axons. Serotonin contacts were found on both
      nociceptive-specific and wide-dynamic-range projection neurons. The density of
      contacts did not appear to correlate with any physiological characteristic.

PMID- 2423186
TI  - Ionic channels in the node of Ranvier are not modulated by cyclic adenosine
      monophosphate.
AB  - The effect of a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) analogue on myelinated
      axons was studied. The lipophilic dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) was applied to isolated
      frog axons under voltage clamp conditions. No effect on the ionic currents was
      observed for either external or internal application of dbcAMP. Nor was any
      effect of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor theophylline found. These results
      suggest that cAMP does not play an essential role for nerve impulse conduction in
      axons. This conclusion deviates from those of other studies.

PMID- 2423187
TI  - 125I-LSD autoradiography confirms the preferential localization of caudate
      putamen S2 receptors to the caudal (peripallidal) region.
AB  - The in vitro binding of 125I-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to horizontal
      sections of rat brain was quantified with computer-assisted autoradiography.
      Specific binding of 125I-LSD to D2 and S2 sites, defined with 5 microM (+)
      butaclamol, was 65-94% of the total binding. Identification of S2 sites with 50
      nM ketanserin showed that over 90% of the butaclamol-displaced 125I-LSD binding
      in the frontal, cingulate and parietal neocortex was to S2 sites (22-55 fmol/mg
      protein). 125I-LSD also labeled a dense population of S2 sites (16 fmol/mg
      protein) in the caudal caudate-putamen at the level of the globus pallidus which
      exceeded by 5-fold the concentration of S2 sites (3 fmol/mg protein) in more
      rostral portions of the caudate-putamen. The peripallidal distribution of S2
      sites was identical to that observed previously with the less selective S2 label,
      [3H]spiperone. The dense concentration of S2 sites in the caudal caudate-putamen
      and their overlap with D2 binding sites indicates that the peripallidal
      neostriatum may play an important role in interactions between dopamine and
      serotonin.

PMID- 2423188
TI  - Transplantation of bulk-separated oligodendrocytes into the brains of shiverer
      mutant mice: immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies on the
      myelination.
AB  - Normal oligodendrocytes were separated from 7-day-old mouse (BALB/c) brains by
      the Percoll gradient method. Immunohistochemical staining with an anti
      galactocerebroside serum revealed that about 85% of the separated cells were
      oligodendrocytes. The oligodendrocytes were transplanted into the corpus striatum
      of 4-week-old shiverer mutant mice which are characterized by the lack of myelin
      basic protein (MBP). Myelination by the implanted oligodendrocytes was
      investigated immunohistochemically and electron microscopically 6 weeks after the
      operation. Certain areas in the corpus striatum were intensely stained with
      antiserum to MBP. Electron microscopic examination showed that some axons were
      surrounded by normal type myelin sheaths with major dense lines. These results
      clearly indicate that matured oligodendrocytes are able to survive and myelinate
      the host axons even in the adult brain.

PMID- 2423189
TI  - Substance P and somatostatin modulate spinal cord excitability via
      physiologically different sensory pathways.
AB  - The effect of intrathecally injected substance P and somatostatin on spinal
      flexion reflex excitability was examined in decerebrate, spinalized,
      unanaesthetized rats. Substance P increased the excitability of the spinal cord
      to mechanical and thermal stimuli suprathreshold for C-afferents. Somatostatin
      had a similar effect with thermal, but not with mechanical stimuli. It is
      suggested that both peptides are released in association with C-afferent
      activation. Substance P may be released by polymodal nociceptors whereas
      somatostatin may be released by thermosensitive C-afferents.

PMID- 2423190
TI  - Strain differences in distribution of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
      activity from rat brain and adrenal gland.
AB  - Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activity was measured in adrenal
      glands and medulla oblongata from 4 inbred rat strains, Fischer 344, Buffalo,
      Lewis and Sprague-Dawley rats. Adrenal enzyme activity was markedly different
      among the strains with the highest in Fischer, followed by Sprague-Dawley, Lewis
      and Buffalo rats in decreasing order. In medulla oblongata, the PNMT activity of
      Buffalo rat was the lowest being about one half of that of the other strains.
      Despite differences in the enzymes activity, immunotitration results indicate
      that there is no immunochemical difference between adrenal or medulla oblongata
      PNMT among the strains. Furthermore, the strain differences in the activity are
      not due to presence of an inactive enzyme, but to the amount of the enzyme. Our
      preliminary findings by dot blot hybridization, using a 32P-labeled cDNA probe
      for PNMT suggest that differences in adrenal and medulla oblongata PNMT activity
      between Fischer and Buffalo rats are partially due to differences in the amount
      of PNMT mRNA present.

PMID- 2423191
TI  - Ion permeation and selectivity of squid axon sodium channels modified by
      tetramethrin.
AB  - The pyrethroid tetramethrin greatly prolongs the sodium current during step
      depolarization and the sodium tail current associated with step repolarization of
      the squid axon membrane. Non-linear current-voltage relationships for the sodium
      tail current were analyzed to assess the open sodium channel properties which
      included the permeation of various cations, calcium block and cation selectivity.
      Tetramethrin had no effect on any of these properties. It was concluded that
      tetramethrin modifies the sodium channel gating machinery without affecting the
      pore properties.

PMID- 2423192
TI  - Growth of medial forebrain bundle axons into peripheral nerve grafts in the rat.
AB  - In rats, we intercepted medial forebrain bundle axons just lateral to the
      hypothalamus with peripheral nerve grafts which terminated extracranially. The
      neurons which grew into the nerve grafts were labeled with retrogradely
      transported fluorescent dyes. Catecholamines were labeled with glyoxylic acid
      histofluorescence. Most nuclei, particularly the raphe complex and locus
      coeruleus, which project rostrally into the medial forebrain bundle were labeled.
      Many catecholamine fibers were observed in the graft even after removal of the
      superior cervical ganglions. Thus, monoaminergic neurons which were located
      relatively remotely from the implant site exhibited rather selective regrowth
      into the nerve grafts.

PMID- 2423193
TI  - GABA-like immunoreactivity in the squirrel monkey organ of Corti.
AB  - The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-like immunoreactivity in the
      squirrel monkey organ of Corti was determined using an antiserum against GABA
      conjugated to bovine serum albumin. Immunoreactive labeling was seen in the
      region of the inner spiral bundle, the synaptic region below inner hair cells, in
      terminals contacting the basal part of outer hair cells, and in tunnel spiral
      fibers. Examples of each of these immunoreactive components could be observed in
      all cochlear turns. In the region of inner hair cells, immunoreactive labeling
      took the form of numerous small puncta randomly distributed below the base of the
      cells. In the region of outer hair cells, large globular immunoreactive
      structures reminiscent of terminal endings at the subnuclear level were observed.
      Since similar structures were seen at the base of outer hair cells in other
      cochleas processed for AChE, we conclude that GABA-like immunoreactivity was
      contained in efferent terminals which synapse on outer hair cells. These results
      strengthen previous evidence for the presence of GABA in the olivocochlear system
      of the mammalian cochlea.

PMID- 2423194
TI  - A new potent channel blocker: effects on glutamate responses at the crayfish
      neuromuscular junction.
AB  - The glutamate blocking action of 5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-(3-piperidinopropylamino)
      hexane-1-ol (MLV-5860) was studied at the crayfish neuromuscular junction using
      electrophysiological techniques. The opener muscle of the dactyl in the first leg
      of the crayfish was used to examine the action of the drug on the glutamate
      response. MLV-5860 reduced the amplitude of repetitively-induced glutamate
      potentials in a dose-dependent manner at the crayfish neuromuscular junction and
      this reduction was time- and activity-dependent. The minimum effective
      concentration of MLV-5860 to reduce the glutamate response was estimated to be
      lower than 50 nM, and therefore MLV-5860 is the most powerful glutamate blocker
      known at the crayfish neuromuscular junction. Pretreatment of the muscle fiber
      with concanavalin A did not affect the action of MLV-5860. MLV-5860 reduced the
      amplitude of excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) and increased the decay rate
      of extracellularly-recorded EJPs in a dose-dependent manner. Quisqualate
      responses were also reduced by this drug but the conductance increase of the
      muscle membrane induced by GABA was not affected. MLV-5860 did not cause a
      significant change in the input resistance of the opener muscle fiber at
      concentrations less than 10 microM. The action of the drug is possibly explained
      in part by the open channel block of the glutamate-activated ion channels. The
      forward rate constant for channel blockade was estimated from the difference
      between the decay rate constants of extracellular EJPs in the absence and
      presence of the drug and the estimated value was 6.5 +/- 1.4 X 10(7) M-1 s-1.

PMID- 2423195
TI  - Localization of aromatase and 5 alpha-reductase to neuronal and non-neuronal
      cells in the fetal rat hypothalamus.
AB  - Experiments were designed to identify the neural cell type(s) responsible for the
      aromatization and 5 alpha-reduction of androgens in the rat hypothalamus. Primary
      cultures of fetal rat hypothalamic cells, which had enhanced neuronal morphology,
      were treated at various times after plating with kainic acid (KA), a neurotoxic
      agent which selectively destroys neuronal cells. Neuronal morphology was
      disrupted in a time (0-6 days)- and dose (10(-4)-10(-2) M)-dependent fashion
      after KA treatment, with no apparent change in the appearance of the flattened,
      underlying non-neuronal cells. KA treatment for 4 days decreased aromatization by
      94% in a dose-dependent fashion (10(-4)-10(-2) M KA), while 5 alpha-reduction
      declined by no more than 25%. A 6-day time course with 10(-3) M KA showed a
      dramatic decline in aromatization and no alteration in 5 alpha-reduction. In
      control experiments, substance P, a neuronal peptide, declined after KA treatment
      while the activity of glutamine synthetase, a glial enzyme, did not change. We
      conclude from these results that aromatase is localized primarily to neuronal
      cells in the hypothalamus while 5 alpha-reductase is confined primarily to non
      neuronal cells.

PMID- 2423196
TI  - Effects of pre- and postnatal administration of antibodies to nerve growth factor
      on the morphological and biochemical development of the rat adrenal medulla: a
      reinvestigation.
AB  - Whether or not adrenal medullary (chromaffin) cells which respond to nerve growth
      factor (NGF) both in vitro and in vivo require NGF for their normal development
      is controversial. Systemic deprivation of endogenous NGF by injection of anti-NGF
      antibodies into rat fetuses or by transfer of anti-NGF to the offspring of
      autoimmunized mothers has provided conflicting results. We have reinvestigated
      the effects of a specific antiserum to NGF on the morphology, catecholamine (CA)
      and neuropeptide (Met-enkephalin, Met-ENK; substance P, SP) content, and choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity of the rat adrenal medulla. Fetuses were
      injected with anti-NGF antibodies on day 17 of gestation and postnatally at daily
      intervals for 7 days. The histological appearance of adrenal medullae of anti-NGF
      injected animals was not altered as compared to controls. Ultrastructurally, no
      degenerative changes or developmental retardation of chromaffin cells could be
      detected. However, numbers of chromaffin granules per micron 2 of cytoplasmic
      area were greater and the mean diameters of the cores of adrenaline storage
      granules were smaller in antibody-treated than in control animals. CA and SP
      content, ratios of adrenaline to noradrenaline and ChAT activities were identical
      in anti-NGF-treated and control animals. Anti-NGF antibodies caused a reduction
      of adrenal Met-ENK by 40% as compared to controls. Superior cervical ganglia from
      the same animals were used to document immunosympathectomy induced by the
      antiserum. They displayed the well-established structural alterations and a
      marked reduction of the CA content. We conclude that administration of anti-NGF
      antibodies to embryonic and early postnatal rats induces only subtle changes in
      the ultramorphology of chromaffin cells without altering the development of
      normal CA levels. The small, yet significant effects of anti-NGF antibodies on
      adrenal Met-ENK, however, may suggest a role for endogenous NGF in the regulation
      of opioid peptide metabolism in developing chromaffin cells.

PMID- 2423197
TI  - Lucifer Yellow stains a subpopulation of chicken retinoblasts preferentially 3 h
      after their last round of DNA synthesis.
AB  - Observations of histological preparations of E4-E6 retinae suggested to us that
      Lucifer Yellow (LY) uptake occurs during a specific phase of the mitotic cell
      cycle. We examined this phenomenon more closely in intact E6 retinae. If we first
      exposed the tissues to a 20-min pulse of tritiated thymidine followed by LY
      staining at different intervals, a distinct peak of double-labelled cells was
      found 3 h after exposure of the tissue to thymidine. In contrast, if staining
      with LY is followed by thymidine pulses, only few double-labelled cells are
      found. We conclude that a subpopulation of young neurons takes up LY specifically
      after their last round of DNA-synthesis.

PMID- 2423198
TI  - Myelin-associated glycoprotein immunoreactive material: an early neuronal marker
      of dorsal root ganglion cells during chick development.
AB  - Immunostaining of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) was performed in chick
      dorsal root ganglia (DRG) during development. The MAG-immunoreactive material
      appeared first around 7 days of incubation in immature neurons of DRG.
      Immunoprecipitates first confined to one pole of nucleus were gradually
      redistributed in the perinuclear Golgi apparatus of small DRG cells. Thus MAG may
      be used in the chick embryo as an early marker of primary sensory neurons of
      class B.

PMID- 2423199
TI  - Attempts to immunoprecipitate the LHRH precursor synthesized in cell free
      systems.
AB  - In order to determine the molecular weight of the Luteinizing Hormone Releasing
      Hormone (LHRH) precursor, poly(A)-RNA from rat hypothalami and human placenta
      were translated in two mRNA dependent cell free translation systems. Total
      translation products were immunoprecipitated with two antisera that recognized
      LHRH high molecular weight forms. After SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel
      electrophoretic analysis of the immunoprecipitated material and fluorography, we
      detected in both tissues a protein of 50,000 daltons with the No. 1076 antiserum.
      This peptide was not immunoprecipitated by the No. 743 anti-LHRH antiserum or by
      non-immune rabbit serum. However, this protein was not displaced by excess LHRH
      added during the immunoprecipitation and seemed to be present in species where
      LHRH has not been reported. These data demonstrated that the LHRH mRNA is present
      in very low amounts in hypothalamus or placenta and that the sensitivity of the
      assay is not high enough to recognize it.

PMID- 2423200
TI  - Cysteamine effects on somatostatin, catecholamines, pineal NAT and melatonin in
      rats.
AB  - The thiol reagent cysteamine was administered to adult male rats with the aim of
      investigating its effect on different neural and pineal components. As expected,
      immunoreactive somatostatin decreased in the median eminence (ME) (p less than
      0.05) and gastric antrum (p less than 0.05) after cysteamine; however, no
      significant change was observed in the pineal IRS content after drug treatment. A
      decrease in norepinephrine was observed in the ME (p less than 0.001),
      hypothalamus (p less than 0.001) and pineal gland (p less than 0.05), together
      with a rise in ME (p less than 0.005) and hypothalamic dopamine (p less than
      0.005) content; these results are consistent with a dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
      inhibiting effect of cysteamine. No effect was observed on hypothalamic serotonin
      and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid content. Pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT)
      activity was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) after cysteamine than after
      saline, but no statistically significant effect was observed on pineal melatonin
      content. The mechanism involved in the NAT rise is presumably not related to the
      known stimulatory effect of norepinephrine, which fell after cysteamine. It is
      suggested that cysteamine may act at an intracellular level, inhibiting NAT
      degradation, an effect demonstrated in vitro and thought to be related to a
      thiol:disulfide exchange mechanism.

PMID- 2423201
TI  - Intranasal vasotocin decreases cerebrospinal fluid 5-HIAA levels in man.
AB  - A single dose (10 ng/kg) of the nonapeptide arginine vasotocin (AVT) administered
      intranasally to healthy young men, significantly decreased 5-HIAA levels in the
      lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 8 hr after its administration. So far, this
      represents the smallest amount of an active substance able to alter CSF 5-HIAA
      levels in man. It is suggested that the decrease of CSF 5-HIAA levels after AVT
      administration reflects an AVT-induced reduction of the brain 5-HT turnover.

PMID- 2423202
TI  - Nucleic acids in the spermatozoa of pure and strain crosses of White Leghorn
      cockerels.
AB  - Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) were estimated in the spermatozoa of three pure
      strains (M, N and P) and three strain crosses (N X P, M X N and P X M) of White
      Leghorn cockerels. The average DNA content was 2.31 +/- 0.06 X 10(-9)mg/sperm.
      Most was found in the P X M strain cross and least in the P strain. The DNA
      content of the P strain was significantly lower than that in the other strains
      and it also had the lowest fertility and hatchability of all the strains. The
      average RNA content in poultry spermatozoa was 0.0522 +/- 0.0038 X 10(
      9)mg/sperm. Again, most RNA was found in the P X M strain cross and least in the
      P strain. The P X M strain cross had a significantly higher RNA content than the
      rest of the strains. Thus, the P X M strain contained the most DNA and RNA
      whereas the P strain had least.

PMID- 2423203
TI  - Effect of non-lethal scalding on the amount of DNA and RNA in rat liver.
AB  - The quantities of DNA and RNA were measured in rat liver homogenate, supernatant
      and nuclei after scalding. Maximal increases of nuclear DNA and RNA were found 12
      h after thermal injury. The RNA content in the rat liver supernatant and
      homogenate reached its maximum at 24 and 48 h, respectively. The results obtained
      in this study show that the thermal injury resulted in an activation of the
      genetic apparatus in rat liver cells. These findings correspond well with a
      significant role of the liver in post-traumatic metabolism.

PMID- 2423204
TI  - The effects of administration of drugs influencing haemostasis during treatment
      of patients with burns.
AB  - The administration of drugs influencing disordered haemostasis (heparin,
      nicotinic acid, thrental, phytin and alpha-tocopherol) to patients with burn
      injuries caused a 43 per cent shortening of the period of treatment. Necrotic
      eschar separated 7-9 days earlier and the periods necessary to prepare the burn
      wounds for surgical repair were shortened by 5 days. The success of skin grafting
      was enhanced with an increased percentage of attachment of the grafts. Necrotic
      changes of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract were found in 35 per cent of
      patients treated with the drugs as compared with 60 per cent of patients treated
      by the usual methods.

PMID- 2423205
TI  - Immediate ascites conversion of mammary tumors induced in NYLR/Nya mice by 7,12
      dimethylbenz-[a] anthracene and urethane feeding and by forced breeding.
AB  - Intragastric feeding of dimethylbenz-[a]anthracene in corn oil together with
      urethane in the drinking water and forced breeding were successful in rapidly
      inducing (2-4 months) mammary tumors (adenoacanthomas) in inbred NYLR/Nya mice,
      which have a low incidence of spontaneous breast tumors and of other tumors. The
      tumors could be quickly and permanently transformed to an ascites form by
      intraperitoneal inoculation of enzyme-dissociated cells and subsequent serial
      passage of free cells. Only 10 (3 in some cases) serial passages were required,
      thus conveniently providing multiple isogeneic carcinoma cell lines in this
      strain of mice. Some tumor cell lines proliferated strongly in the abdominal
      cavity even on the first passage.

PMID- 2423206
TI  - [Effect of alpha-fetoprotein on isolated mouse oocytes].
AB  - Data are presented which indicate a possible action of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) on
      female germinal cells. The in vitro maturation of mature mice oocytes was
      significantly inhibited when mouse AFP replaced albumin in the culture medium. In
      addition, the degenerative aspect of oocytes cultured with AFP seemed to indicate
      that this meiotic inhibition was caused by a premature degeneration of oocytes
      rather than by a blockage at a specific stage of maturation. Thus AFP, perhaps
      through its ligands, may play a role in the reduction of germinal cells during
      fetal and immediate post-natal life rather than in the arrest of meiosis at the
      diplotene stage.

PMID- 2423207
TI  - [Flow cytometry: principles and main applications].

PMID- 2423208
TI  - [Effect of hypothyroidism on mitochondrial energy metabolism and nuclear
      synthesis of RNA in the liver of Cynomolgus monkeys].
AB  - The effects of hypothyroidism and of replacement therapy with T4 or T3 were
      studied on the enzymatic activities of liver subcellular fractions isolated from
      Cynomolgus monkeys. Animals were sacrificed 20 days after thyroidectomy. In
      mitochondria, thyroidectomy decreased significantly the respiratory chain
      activity (succinate cytochrome c-reductase), the transfer of cytosolic reducing
      equivalents (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and the phosphorylating capacity
      (oligomycin-sensitive ATPase and state 3 respiratory rate). The activity of
      nucleolar and nucleoplasmic RNA polymerases dropped by about 50% in hypothyroid
      monkeys. In T4 (2.5 micrograms/kg/d) or T3 (1 microgram/kg/d) treated
      thyroidectomized animals, the iodothyronine concentrations and the activity of
      mitochondria and nuclei enzymes were halfway between normal and hypothyroid
      values. Thus, the mitochondrial effects of thyroidectomy in monkey are, as in
      rat, at least partly secondary to a decrease in nucleocytoplasmic protein
      synthesis.

PMID- 2423209
TI  - Altered parathyroid hormone- or calcitonin-stimulated adenosine 3', 5'
      monophosphate release by isolated perfused bone from glucocorticoid-treated rats.
AB  - The present studies were designed to examine in vivo effects of glucocorticoid on
      PTH-or calcitonin (CT)-stimulated adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) release
      from the isolated perfused bone of rat and to test whether the duration of
      glucocorticoid administration influenced such effects. We assessed the ability of
      acute (24 hour) or chronic (2 week) dexamethasone administration to modulate the
      cAMP response to 5 micrograms human PTH-(1-34) or 1 micrograms eel CT. Acute
      treatment with dexamethasone (1 mg/100 g body wt) increased the cAMP response to
      PTH, but decreased the response to CT. This enhanced effect on PTH-stimulated
      cAMP release was not apparent in the presence of phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3
      isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX, ImM). In contrast, chronic dexamethasone
      treatment (0.2 mg daily for 2 weeks) led to a decrease in both PTH- and CT
      stimulated cAMP release. Such impaired response of the dexamethasone-treated
      bones to PTH was also found in rats that underwent parathyroidectomy 24 hours
      before sacrifice. These data indicate that 1) the duration of glucocorticoid
      administration may influence the effect of PTH on bone and 2) glucocorticoid may
      decrease cAMP-mediated CT function, regardless of the duration of treatment.

PMID- 2423210
TI  - Coronary capillaries during normal and pathological growth.
AB  - The adaptive capacity of the myocardium with respect to its capillary
      concentration and distribution has been measured morphometrically during the
      hypertrophic growth occurring physologically after birth and as a result of
      induced overload in the adult. In particular, the growth of the capillary network
      of the left ventricle was examined in rats from one to 150 days of age and in
      rats with spontaneous hypertension, aortic stenosis, two-kidney one-clip renal
      hypertension and myocardial infarction. The following quantitative structural
      parameters of the capillary microvasculature were analyzed: 1. Capillary luminal
      volume density; 2. Capillary luminal surface density; 3. The average diffusion
      distance for oxygen; and 4. The aggregate capillary length in the whole
      ventricle. The major conclusions of the present study are: 1. The postnatal
      growth of the heart is characterized by lengthening of the whole capillary
      network that is linearly related to the aging process; 2. The rate of capillary
      proliferation, measured by changes in capillary density, is greater in the first
      month of age; 3. In contrast to postnatal development, lengthening of the
      capillary microvasculature is not a consistent adaptive mechanism of induced
      cardiac hypertrophy; 4. Capillary luminal volume and surface densities and the
      diffusion distance for oxygen are essentially maintained in spontaneous,
      mechanical and renal hypertension; and 5. Cardiac hypertrophy in acute and healed
      myocardial infarction results in alterations of the capillary properties
      implicated in tissue oxygenation that may constitute the morphological
      counterpart of the greater vulnerability to ischemic episodes of the
      hypertrophied myocardium after infarction.

PMID- 2423211
TI  - Capillary and pre-capillary coronary vascular growth during left ventricular
      hypertrophy.
AB  - An inadequate vascular growth during pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy
      involves both pre-capillary and capillary vessels. With the development of
      hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) coronary reserve declines as
      indicated by increases in minimal coronary vascular resistance (MCVR). Capillary
      numerical density, surface density, and volume density also decline. However,
      after hypertrophy becomes stabilized late in life these parameters return to
      normal. That elevated blood pressure plays a major role in the decrement in
      coronary reserve was demonstrated by treating prehypertensive SHR with
      hydralazine which prevented hypertension but not cardiac hypertrophy. In these
      animals capillary density remained depressed but coronary reserve was normal.
      Capillary growth in SHR was, however, stimulated by exercise training even though
      blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy were unaffected. Studies on thyroxine
      induced cardiac hypertrophy provided evidence of a substantial angiogenesis. In
      this model coronary reserve is normal or slightly elevated, while capillary
      density is increased. These studies suggest that angiogenesis is effected by the
      stimulus evoking cardiac enlargement and that a variety of factors may influence
      the growth of precapillary and capillary coronary vessels.

PMID- 2423212
TI  - Angiogenesis in the heart and skeletal muscle.
AB  - Capillary growth was induced in rabbits's hearts by long-term transvenous
      bradycardial pacing for 24h/day without any hypertrophy. Capillary density was up
      to 70% higher than in hearts of comparable size from control rabbits when pacing
      was applied for at least 14 days. When applied for a month to hearts made
      hypertrophic by aortic valve lesion, capillary density was higher by 62 +/- 17%
      than in hearts of control animals of similar body weight. Capillary growth was
      also induced in skeletal muscles by long-term electrical stimulation (8h/d) at 10
      Hz after only 4 days, and after 7 days by stimulation with intermittent tetanic
      contractions. As the former type increased blood flow more than the latter we
      tried to find out whether mechanical factors connected with increased flow can
      stimulate capillary growth. Long-term administration of adenosine and xanthine
      derivative (HWA 285, Hoechst, Werk Albert, Wiesbaden) increased blood flow in the
      heart and skeletal muscles and induced capillary growth in both. Prazosin
      increased flow in muscles but not in the heart and induced capillary growth in
      muscles only. Limitation of flow to contracting muscles prevented growth of
      capillaries. Extracts of stimulated muscles had no angiogenic factor while
      extracts of paced hearts did. Thus capillary growth in skeletal muscle may be due
      to mechanical factors connected with increased blood flow while the presence of
      AF may be more important in the heart.

PMID- 2423213
TI  - A new look into the microscope: proliferation and regression of myocardial
      capillaries.
AB  - The key to understanding the mechanics of capillary proliferation probably lies
      in comprehension of the normal capillary growth during the early postnatal period
      when most of the terminal vessels in mammalian hearts are being formed.
      Similarly, stimulated cardiac growth is accompanied mainly, but not exclusively,
      by capillary proliferation if it takes place in the young, growing organism. The
      opposite situation, decreased capillarization of the heart, is commonly found in
      several experimental and clinical situations. The cause of lower capillary
      density is more often due to the growth of capillaries which is slower than the
      rate of growth of the remaining tissue, rather than to a disappearance of the
      existing capillaries. This brief review is followed by the discussion of how to
      evaluate the myocardial capillary supply based on the theoretical analysis of the
      effect of alterations in capillary surface density on myocardial PO2. The final
      part deals with confusing teminology in the field, with the following terms
      discussed in depth: diffusion distance, maximal diffusion distance and hexagonal
      array.

PMID- 2423214
TI  - Myocardial capillaries and tissue oxygenation.
AB  - The classical tissue model of August Krogh remains the cornerstone in the
      modeling of tissue PO2. However, heterogeneities of O2 determinants can
      profoundly affect the calculated oxygen fields. One of them is the heterogeneity
      in capillary spacing. At the present time there are two methods available for the
      estimation of capillary spacing: the method of capillary domains and the closest
      individual method. The former estimates the distribution of the surface areas
      surrounding each capillary while the latter derives the distribution of distances
      of tissue points to the nearest capillary. Both can be transformed into the
      distribution of the radii of tissue cylinders according to the model of Krogh.
      Their distribution is approximately lognormal and is characterized by the mean
      (or median) value and the logarithmic standard deviation (log SD), which serves
      as the heterogeneity index. When applied to the same photomicrographs, both
      methods give similar values of the mean but the domain method yields a smaller
      log SD than does the closest-individual method. Subsequently, the calculated
      tissue PO2 histograms are also more uniform with the domain method. This
      difference is caused by the asymmetry of the domains. The shape of the domains is
      not circular and the capillary is not situated in the center as suggested by the
      model of Krogh. The method of capillary domains, however, is more direct and less
      time-consuming and thus more suitable for routine work. Nevertheless, the goal of
      future research is to develop a method that would characterize not only the
      distribution of the surface area of the domains but also their asymmetry.

PMID- 2423215
TI  - An unusual presentation of branch retinal artery obstruction in association with
      ocular neovascularization.
AB  - A 61-year-old woman presented with a superior papillary branch artery obstruction
      occurring secondary to an intra-arterial embolus. Thirteen months later she
      developed neovascularization of the optic disc and retina in the same eye.
      Although the situation is unusual, this case suggests that retinal branch artery
      obstruction may rarely predispose to ocular neovascularization.

PMID- 2423216
TI  - Inhibitory actions of a series of Ca2+ channel antagonists against agonist and K+
      depolarization induced responses in smooth muscle: an assessment of selectivity
      of action.
AB  - The inhibitory effects of the Ca2+ channel antagonists D-600, diltiazem,
      nifedipine and seven 1,4-dihydropyridine analogs of nifedipine against 80 mM K+
      depolarization induced responses in guinea pig trachea, parenchyma, and pulmonary
      artery and rat renal and mesenteric artery preparations were determined. Together
      with similar data previously obtained for guinea pig ileum and bladder, these
      data permitted an assessment of tissue selectivity of action in smooth muscles of
      a series of Ca2+ channel antagonists under constant conditions (saline
      composition) and an identical challenge (K+ depolarization). Very similar rank
      orders of activity were expressed in all tissues suggesting that the same basic
      structure-activity relationship operates. However, the series of antagonists were
      significantly less active in respiratory smooth muscle than in other visceral or
      vascular smooth muscles. pA2 values for a series of 1,4-dihydropyridine
      antagonists measured in guinea pig taenia coli against Ca2+-induced responses in
      K+-depolarizing media correlated with mean inhibitory concentration values
      against K+-induced responses, suggesting that the latter were an appropriate
      measure of antagonist potency. pA2 values measured for nifedipine, D-600, and
      diltiazem against Ca2+-induced responses in taenia coli in the presence of a
      depolarizing K+ saline, or methylfurmethide, histamine, or 5-hydroxytryptamine
      did not differ, suggesting that the same channels were activated regardless of
      stimulant.

PMID- 2423217
TI  - Nonparallel secretion of enzymes by the rabbit pancreas.
AB  - Since nonparallel secretion of enzymes by the exocrine pancreas has been
      demonstrated with several experimental models, we were interested in verifying a
      recent claim that enzyme secretion remained strictly proportional (parallel) upon
      stimulation of the in vivo rabbit pancreas. Pancreatic juice was collected by
      extraduodenal cannulation of the pancreatic duct, in two different protocols. In
      the first protocol the administration of pentobarbital induces a mild anesthesia.
      Under this condition, amylase and chymotrypsin secretion remained parallel after
      cholecystokinin stimulation. In a second protocol, a deeper and constant
      anesthesia was attained with Fluothane resulting in a lower basal protein output
      than in the first protocol. Pancreatic secretion was collected under intravenous
      secretin perfusion (4.5 clinical units X kg-1 X h-1). After stabilization and
      basal collection periods, pancreatic secretion was stimulated with an i.v. bolus
      injection of either cholecystokinin (2 Ivy dog units/kg), caerulein (0.1
      micrograms/kg), or carbachol (6 micrograms/kg). Upon stimulation of the pancreas,
      protein output increased an average of 30-fold and there was a concomitant 20-25%
      decrease in the ratio of the specific activities of amylase to chymotrypsin which
      resulted from a greater increase in the specific activity of chymotrypsin in
      pancreatic juice after stimulation of secretion. Thus, under appropriate
      conditions, nonparallel secretion of enzymes by the exocrine pancreas can be
      demonstrated in yet another experimental model. Furthermore, the proportion of
      amylase and chymotrypsin activities in pancreatic juice are once more shown to be
      dependent, up to a threshold, upon the rate of protein output by this exocrine
      gland.

PMID- 2423218
TI  - Multiple conductance states of the acetylcholine receptor channel complex.
AB  - The acetylcholine-activated channel of vertebrate skeletal muscle, as manifested
      in cultured, developing cells, is able to adopt more than one conductance state.
      This paper briefly reviews the evidence for such multiple conductance channels
      and presents results showing that the amplitude of subconductance states does not
      depend on agonist size and (or) valence. This seems to rule out the possibility
      that subconductances occur during partial occlusion of the channel (by agonist
      molecules) and supports the idea that subconductances represent discrete,
      allosterically activated channel conformations.

PMID- 2423219
TI  - Studies on in vivo inactivation of gramicidin S synthetase and its retardation.
AB  - The oxygen-dependent in vivo inactivation of gramicidin S synthetase was
      investigated in Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999. Inhibitors of energy metabolism and of
      protein synthesis added to aerated cell suspensions did not provide any
      protection against inactivation, thus indicating that the process does not depend
      on energy-yielding metabolism nor on de novo protein synthesis. Organic thiols
      added to anaerobic long-term incubations retarded synthetase inactivation for
      several hours, whereas in short-term incubations of previously air-exposed cells
      they resulted in partial restoration of activity. The in vivo inactivation of the
      enzyme was found to be accompanied by a parallel drop in intracellular thiols.
      These results implicate enzyme SH oxidation as a mechanism of in vivo
      inactivation. Retardation of inactivation was achieved upon addition of
      utilizable carbon sources (glycerol, fructose, inositol) to aerated cell
      suspensions in buffer, the degree of stabilization being proportional to the ease
      of uptake and to the concentration of C source. This effect involves actual
      consumption of the exogenous C source and is accompanied by lower dissolved
      oxygen levels in the cell suspension. Pulsed additions of C source could retard
      inactivation but could not restore partly or fully lost activity. The C-source
      effect was blocked by the uncoupler dinitrophenol, while dissolved oxygen levels
      in the suspension remained low. C-source-supplemented cell suspensions incubated
      under air had a decreased intracellular redox state, as revealed by intracellular
      SH concentration.

PMID- 2423220
TI  - Hepatoid adenocarcinomas of the stomach. An analysis of seven cases.
AB  - Hepatoid adenocarcinomas of the stomach are gastric carcinomas with both
      adenocarcinomatous and hepatocellular differentiations. They usually produce
      large amounts of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) with a Concanavalin A-binding property
      of hepatic type. In this study, these carcinomas occurred in older persons, with
      the antrum being a common site. Observed grossly, growth of the tumors was
      nodular and massive. Prognosis was poor because of frequent liver metastases. In
      the cytoplasms of tumor cells, various serum proteins were identified, including
      AFP, alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), alpha-1 antichymotrypsin (ACT), albumin, and
      prealbumin. Localizations of ferritin, prothrombin, and transferrin were
      demonstrated with less frequency. Adenocarcinomatous foci were composed of well
      differentiated, intestinal-type epithelial cells and often contained
      carcinoembryonic antigen. These adenocarcinomatous and hepatoid areas were often
      intermingled with each other. There were extensive venous involvements by tumor
      cells. The poor prognosis of the tumors may be attributed to these involvements
      as well as to production of AFP and presence of AAT/ACT, which have
      immunosuppressive and protease-inhibitory properties, respectively.

PMID- 2423221
TI  - The value of serum concentrations of tissue polypeptide antigen in the diagnosis
      of hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) is a polypeptide isolated from malignant cells
      and found in high concentration in the serum of patients with various tumors. No
      information is available with respect to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Serum
      TPA concentrations were measured in 290 patients with HCC, 85 healthy controls,
      33 patients with amebic hepatic abscesses, 43 with chronic hepatitis or
      cirrhosis, and 39 with acute hepatitis. Raised values were found in 96% of the
      HCC patients, but also in 61% of patients with amebic abscesses, 86% with chronic
      hepatic parenchymal disease, and 90% with acute hepatitis. If a cut-off level of
      500 IU/L was used, this reduced the sensitivity of TPA in HCC to 46%, but still
      left 46% of patients with acute hepatitis with raised values. TPA is comparable
      in sensitivity with alpha-fetoprotein as a marker for HCC, but its lack of
      specificity severely limits its clinical usefulness.

PMID- 2423222
TI  - Prostatic acid phosphatase activity in carcinoid tumors.
AB  - In a study of 105 gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, 67% of the rectal carcinoids
      and 15% of the carcinoids at other gastrointestinal sites were positive,
      immunohistochemically, for prostatic acid phosphatase activity. These findings
      are relevant to the differential diagnosis between rectal carcinoids and
      prostatic carcinoma.

PMID- 2423223
TI  - A human testicular germ cell tumor with borderline histology between seminoma and
      embryonal carcinoma secreted beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha
      fetoprotein only as a xenograft.
AB  - Two macroscopically distinguishable components (designated soft and firm) of a
      human testicular germ cell tumor with borderline histology between seminoma,
      embryonal carcinoma and yolk sac tumor, were maintained as xenografts in nude
      mice for over 20 passages. Levels of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG)
      and of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were normal in the patient's serum and were
      undetectable by immunohistochemical studies of the surgical specimen. The
      xenografted soft part, however, with morphologic characteristics of an embryonal
      carcinoma, secreted beta-HCG and AFP during early passages. The firm variant,
      histologically resembling a seminoma, did not produce these markers. Chromosomal
      and flow cytophotometric analyses showed genetic differences between the clonally
      stable variants. A common origin, however, is indicated by two similar marker
      chromosomes present in both variants.

PMID- 2423224
TI  - Breast cancer with skeletal metastases at initial diagnosis. Distinctive clinical
      characteristics and favorable prognosis.
AB  - Fifteen patients with breast cancer who had skeletal metastases already present
      at the time the primary breast lesion was detected, were retrospectively
      identified. The majority were postmenopausal, estrogen receptor-positive, and had
      large (often neglected) primary lesions. Eleven patients were asymptomatic with
      respect to their skeletal metastases, although bone scans and bone roentgenograms
      revealed multiple areas of involvement in all patients. The median survival from
      the time of diagnosis was 33 months (range, 1-74 months); the 5-year actuarial
      survival was 45%. Systemic therapy with hormones or chemotherapy was effective in
      producing subjective responses; radiotherapy to painful bony areas was also an
      effective palliative treatment. Median survival in this group of patients was
      significantly improved when compared to our breast cancer patients who had
      extraskeletal metastases at initial diagnosis (33 versus 9 months, respectively),
      and to previously reported series of breast cancer patients with metastases at
      initial diagnosis. Since patients with Stage IV breast cancer and metastases
      limited to the skeleton often have prolonged survival, complications from bone
      metastases (e.g. pathologic fracture, epidural spinal cord compression) and other
      intercurrent illnesses should be managed aggressively.

PMID- 2423225
TI  - Single-dose half-body irradiation for palliation of multiple bone metastases from
      solid tumors. Final Radiation Therapy Oncology Group report.
AB  - This is the final analysis of Protocol #78-10 which explored increasing single
      doses of half-body irradiation (HBI) in patients with multiple (symptomatic)
      osseous metastases. When given as palliation, HBI was found to relieve pain in
      73% of the patients. In 20% of the patients the pain relief was complete; over
      two thirds of all patients achieved better than 50% pain relief. The HBI pain
      relief was dramatic with nearly 50% of all responding patients doing so within 48
      hours and 80% within one week from HBI treatment. Furthermore, the pain relief
      was long-lasting and continued without need of retreatment for at least 50% of
      the remaining patient's life. These results compare favorably with those obtained
      by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) using several conventional daily
      fractionated schemes on similar patients in a prior study (RTOG #74-02). HBI
      achieves pain relief sooner and with less evidence of pain recurrence in the
      irradiated area than conventionally treated patients. The most effective and
      safest of the HBI doses tested were 600 rad for the upper HBI and 800 rad for the
      lower or mid-HBI. Increasing doses beyond these levels did not increase pain
      relief, duration of relief, or achieved a faster response; however, the increase
      in dose was associated with a definite increase in toxicity. Single-dose HBI was
      well tolerated with no fatalities seen among 168 treated patients. A
      comprehensive premedication program has proven to decrease the acute radiation
      syndrome to very acceptable levels. There were excellent responses found in
      practically all tumors treated, but especially breast and prostate among which
      over 80% of all patients experienced pain relief, 30% in a complete fashion.
      Single-dose HBI emerges as one of the safest, fastest, and more effective
      palliative tools for intractable cancer pain in modern radiation oncology.

PMID- 2423226
TI  - Intracellular immunoglobulin G 'pseudocrystals' in a patient with chronic B-cell
      leukemia.
AB  - A patient with chronic B-cell leukemia in whom the malignant lymphocytes showed
      intracellular inclusions of immunoglobulin (Ig) G kappa molecules is described.
      Electron microscopy revealed filamentous material in the nuclear envelopes and in
      the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. These in vivo surface Ig
      negative, nonexcreting cells could be stimulated in vitro to excrete
      immunoglobulin-free light chain molecules into the supernatant, which were not
      found in the cytoplasm after stimulation.

PMID- 2423227
TI  - The effect of antineoplastic agents on the healing of small intestinal
      anastomoses in the rat.
AB  - The influence of an intravenous 5-day combined chemotherapy with bleomycin (2
      mg/kg/d), 5-fluorouracil (10 mg/kg/d) and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (0.35
      mg/kg/d) on the healing of ileal anastomoses was investigated in rats. Ninety-six
      male Wistar rats were used, divided into four groups. The rats in the control
      group had surgery without administration of cytostatic agents. The other rats
      were operated either 2 days after, 2 days before, or during the 5-day
      chemotherapy course. In each group, rats were killed after 3, 7, and 21 days.
      Anastomotic healing was assessed by measurement of bursting pressures and
      hydroxyproline levels. Intestinal healing appeared to be impaired most if the
      operation was performed in the middle of the antineoplastic chemotherapy course.
      The effects were most pronounced on the seventh postoperative day. Surgery on the
      second day after the chemotherapy course led to a slight and early delay in wound
      healing as measured by the hydroxyproline content. Seven days postoperatively,
      concentrations had returned to preoperative values. Surgery 2 days before
      chemotherapy induced only minor differences with respect to the control group. In
      all groups, bursting pressure and hydroxyproline content at 21 days were similar.
      Thus, antineoplastic agents retard but do not prevent healing of intestinal
      anastomoses. The effects are most pronounced when surgery is performed during
      chemotherapy. If possible, surgery should be performed prior to chemotherapy.
      Increasing the time interval between surgery and chemotherapy may decrease the
      delay in intestinal woundhealing.

PMID- 2423228
TI  - Nasal T-cell lymphoma associated with hemophagocytic syndrome.
AB  - A patient with immunohistochemically confirmed nasal T-cell lymphoma is reported.
      He developed systemic histiocytosis with marked hemophagocytosis, simulating
      malignant histiocytosis. The differential diagnosis from the latter is discussed.

PMID- 2423229
TI  - Semi-automated diagnosis of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia grade 2 by the
      measurement of acid labile DNA in cytologically normal nuclei.
AB  - Cytologically normal and abnormal nuclei in cervical smears from patients with
      cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2 were assessed for their acid
      labile DNA content using the Feulgen technique. Semi-automated measurements were
      performed blind using a Vickers M86 microdensitometer (Vickers Instruments, Ltd.,
      York, UK) interfaced to a Research Machines 380Z microcomputer (Research
      Machines, Ltd., Oxford, UK). They showed that significantly elevated levels of
      rapidly hydrolyzed DNA were present in both abnormal and normal looking cell
      fractions. Although the levels were lower in the nuclei of normal appearance,
      they were still significant over the early part of the hydrolysis profile. It is
      suggested that because these nuclei represent a more accessible fraction in CIN
      grade 2 smears they could prove extremely helpful in the cytodiagnosis of
      cervical neoplasms.

PMID- 2423230
TI  - Concanavalin A-binding histiocytes in Hodgkin's disease. A predictor of early
      relapse.
AB  - Staining with Concanavalin agglutinin (Con A) reveals a far greater number of
      macrophage-histiocytes (M-H) in paraffin sections than any other staining method.
      With Con A staining, the shapes of stromal M-H are clearly visualized, thus
      enabling a study of their morphologic variations. Con A staining patterns were
      also unchanged in specimens left at room temperature for 24 to 28 hours before
      fixation. The appearance of Con A-binding histiocytes was studied in tumors,
      recurrent as well as original, of 18 patients with biopsy-proven early relapse
      (within 26 months of diagnosis), and compared with those of 26 patients who were
      in complete remission (lasting 48 months at the minimum). The early-relapse
      patients were diagnosed from 1977 through 1984, and all received intensive
      combination chemotherapy. The relapse-free patients were treated in various
      manners, and included six patients diagnosed in the 1960s who were treated with
      radiation alone. Three forms of Con A-binding histiocytes were easily recognized:
      medium-sized cells similar to those seen in reactive follicles, characterized by
      uniform nuclei and distinct, abundant cytoplasm (Type A); cells of varying size
      and shape with altered cytoplasm, rarefied and ragged with indistinct cell
      borders, or globular (Type B); and large cells, stellate or spindling (Type C).
      Large numbers of Type A cells were present in all tumors of the relapse-free
      patients but were virtually absent in the original and recurrent tumors of the
      early-relapse group. Conversely, Type B cells were rare in the relapse-free
      group, but were the most common type in the patients with early relapse. Type C
      cells were not seen in the former group, but were present in the latter. These
      observations suggest that the morphologic variations of Con A-binding histiocytes
      in Hodgkin's disease are associated with tumor behavior. Con A staining, which
      can best depict stromal histiocytes in paraffin sections, may be used to identify
      patients at a high risk of early relapse.

PMID- 2423231
TI  - Effects of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate upon glycoprotein and
      carcinoembryonic antigen synthesis and release by human colon cancer cells.
AB  - The role of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) in the regulation of the
      synthesis and release of glycoproteins and of carcinoembryonic antigen by colon
      cancer cells was studied using LS174T cells in vitro. Adenylate cyclase and cAMP
      phosphodiesterase activities were assessed by measuring cellular cAMP in response
      to forskolin and cholera toxin (adenylate cyclase activators) and to 3-isobutyl-1
      methylxanthine (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor). Each agent increased cAMP levels
      significantly. Dibutyryl-cAMP (1 mM) stimulated glycoprotein synthesis and
      release when [3H]fucose was used as a precursor. The synthesis and release of
      carcinoembryonic antigen, a membrane-associated glycoprotein antigen, was also
      significantly increased by these test agents. A close dose-response relationship
      existed for forskolin and for cholera toxin between cAMP generation and
      carcinoembryonic antigen release. cAMP may play a role in regulating the
      synthesis and release of glycoprotein antigens by colon cancer cells.

PMID- 2423232
TI  - Differential effects of selenium on normal and neoplastic canine mammary cells.
AB  - Four different canine mammary tumor (CMT) cell lines and a nonneoplastic primary
      culture of mammary cells were examined for their in vitro responsiveness to
      selenium supplementation. These cell lines were found to vary in their metabolic
      response to increasing concentrations of selenium. Sensitivity to selenium, as
      sodium selenite, increased with increasing concentrations of this trace element
      in all of the neoplastic lines. These data also suggest that increasing the
      plating density of tumor cells further increases the sensitivity to selenium. A
      relatively selenium-sensitive cell line (CMT-13) and relatively insensitive cell
      line (CMT-11) were characterized on the basis of reduced growth resulting from
      selenium supplementation. Increasing the concentration of selenium to 0.75
      microgram/ml depressed the growth of CMT-13 and CMT-11 cells by 75% and 11%,
      respectively, while no inhibition was observed in nonneoplastic cells. These cell
      lines also varied in their sensitivity to different forms of selenium.
      Selenodiglutathione was the most effective form of selenium examined that
      inhibited tumor cell growth. The sensitivity of the neoplastic lines was
      selenodiglutathione much greater than sodium selenite much greater than
      selenocystine greater than selenomethionine. None of the forms of selenium
      examined inhibited the growth of the nonneoplastic mammary cells in culture.
      Supplementation with sodium selenite (1 microgram Se per ml) for 60 min resulted
      in a dramatic depression in RNA biosynthesis in CMT-13, but not CMT-11 or
      nonneoplastic cells.

PMID- 2423233
TI  - Participation of common surface receptor(s) in the activation of murine
      macrophages by Sarcophaga lectin and wheat germ agglutinin.
AB  - Mouse peritoneal macrophage surface proteins which bind Sarcophaga lectin were
      studied. Two major binding proteins with molecular masses of 170 and 110 kDa were
      identified. Sarcophaga lectin and wheat germ agglutinin were found to share
      common binding proteins for activating macrophages, although their hapten sugars
      are different. Antibody raised against the Sarcophaga lectin-binding proteins
      inhibited both the production of tumor-specific cytotoxic protein by the
      macrophage-like cell line J774.1 cells and the lectin-dependent macrophage
      mediated cytotoxic reaction induced by Sarcophaga lectin or wheat germ
      agglutinin. Thus the 170-kDa and/or 110-kDa protein is important in activation of
      macrophages.

PMID- 2423234
TI  - Etiology of Parkinson's disease: current concepts.
AB  - The etiology of Parkinson's disease remains an enigma. Yet substantial progress
      toward its elucidation has been made in recent years. This disease has emerged as
      a particular morbid entity with a characteristic pathology and clinical
      expression. Viral encephalitis and heredity, which have long dominated
      discussions of the possible causes of the disease, appear to have been excluded.
      However, the possibility of a viral or subviral pathogen as the causative factor
      has not been excluded. The discovery of a selective dopaminergic neurotoxin,
      MPTP, which is active via any portal of entry, has raised the question of a toxic
      etiology. Current attention has focused on the search for an environmental agent.
      Recent studies of the Lewy body, the pathologic hallmark of Parkinson's disease,
      point to possible defects in neurofilament synthesis or transport. The finding
      that cultured cells from patients with Parkinson's disease have an abnormal
      radiosensitivity suggests that an acquired defect in DNA repair mechanisms may
      play a role.

PMID- 2423235
TI  - Morbidity of cranial relapse in small cell lung cancer and the impact of
      radiation therapy.
AB  - Thirty-nine of 225 patients with small cell lung cancer developed brain
      metastases after the initiation of chemotherapy. Treatment with high-dose
      dexamethasone in all 39 patients and cranial irradiation in 32 patients resulted
      in a complete neurological recovery in only eight of 39 patients (20%). Twenty
      one of 39 patients (53%) failed to derive lasting benefit from their palliative
      treatment. Thirteen of 24 patients with limited disease with cranial relapse had
      no clinical evidence of other distant metastases prior to death and in these
      patients the CNS disease was an important cause of morbidity. On the basis of
      this study, it appears that palliative treatment of overt cranial metastases is
      relatively unsuccessful and that patients with limited disease represent a group
      with much to gain from effective prophylactic cranial irradiation.

PMID- 2423236
TI  - I.v. infusion of opioids for cancer pain: clinical review and guidelines for use.
AB  - To assess the safety, efficacy, and use of continuous iv infusion (CI) of opioids
      for cancer pain, we reviewed the clinical experience of 36 patients who received
      46 CIs. CI was always preceded by a period of repetitive dosing of opioids.
      Morphine was used in 36 CIs, methadone in four, hydromorphone in four,
      oxymorphone in one, and levorphanol in one. Mean doses during CI were the
      morphine equivalent of 17 mg/hour (range, 0.7-100) at the start, 69 mg/hour
      (range, 4-480) at the maximum, and 52 mg/hour (range, 1-480) at termination. Pain
      relief was acceptable during 28 CIs, unacceptable during 17, and unknown during
      one. There were few toxic effects other than sedation. Twenty-five patients died,
      12 resumed im or oral opioids, six continued CI with a different opioid (yielding
      analgesia in two), and outcome was undetermined in three. This review suggests
      that (a) CI is safe, (b) analgesia may require rapid escalation of infusion
      rates, (c) patient response varies and lack of acceptable analgesia may occur in
      up to one-third, (d) ineffective CI with one drug may be followed by success with
      another, (e) CI should be preceded by a period of repetitive iv boluses with the
      same drug, and (f) guidelines can be developed which incorporate pharmacokinetic
      principles.

PMID- 2423237
TI  - Frequency and diversity of use of statistical techniques in oncology journals.
AB  - We describe the frequency with which various statistical techniques are reported
      in almost 5,000 articles published in five major American oncology journals
      during 1983 and 1984. A reader familiar with about a dozen techniques can expect
      to understand approximately 90% of the quantitative concepts cited in these
      journals. With the exception of survival analysis, these were typically the
      techniques encountered in many introductory statistical texts. Oncology training
      program preceptors concerned about making their graduates more effective
      consumers of the literature can use these findings in structuring exposure to
      quantitative skills. In four of the five journals reviewed, failure to identify
      the statistical methodology was among the ten most commonly encountered
      "techniques." This made it impossible to identify the analytical procedures used
      in many articles, and hence to judge their scientific validity. We encourage more
      editorial boards to adopt guidelines requiring a standardized format for
      presenting results based on a statistical analysis.

PMID- 2423238
TI  - Continuous-infusion doxorubicin in the treatment of primary hepatic malignancies
      of childhood.
AB  - Five children with primary hepatic malignancies were treated with continuous
      infusions of doxorubicin administered as a single agent every 3-4 weeks. Four of
      five children showed positive response to therapy, manifested by decreasing tumor
      size and/or tumor markers; the fifth child had stable disease for 4 months. Side
      effects included mild nausea and vomiting and myelosuppression. No evidence of
      cardiotoxicity was seen with cumulative doses up to 720 mg/m2.

PMID- 2423239
TI  - Lomustine, bleomycin, and cisplatin in patients with metastatic malignant
      melanoma.

PMID- 2423240
TI  - Clonal analysis of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against autologous melanoma.
      Classification based on phenotype, specificity and inhibition by monoclonal
      antibodies to T cell structures.
AB  - This study investigates the nature and specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes
      (CTL) in patients with melanoma which are able to kill autologous melanoma cells.
      Interleukin 2 (IL2)-dependent T cell clones from two melanoma patients and a
      normal subject were generated in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) or mixed
      lymphocyte tumor cell cultures (MLTC) and propagated for prolonged periods in
      tissue culture. Analysis of their phenotype by a wide range of monoclonal
      antibodies (M.Abs) revealed two main phenotypes which depended on whether they
      expressed Fc receptors detected by Leu 11 M.Abs or not. Leu 11- T cells (referred
      to as Type 1) were inhibited by M.Abs to T3, T8, and a common HLA, ABC antigen.
      Conversely Leu 11+ T cells (referred to as Type 2) were inhibited by M.Ab to Leu
      11 but not by M.Ab to T3, T8 and the HLA, ABC antigen. Subtypes among Type 1
      cells were recognized which depended on their specificity. The most restricted
      were CTL [Type 1(a)] clones generated only in MLTC which recognized the
      autologous melanoma cell plus 1 of 11 other melanoma target cells. Type 1(b) CTL
      clones recognized a larger proportion (approximately 50%) of the melanoma cells.
      A third category [Type 1(c)] recognized antigens on melanoma cells shared with
      that on the EBV-transformed B cells used as stimulators in the MLC. Type 2 CTL
      clones had broad specificity to melanoma and nonmelanoma cells, characteristic of
      that described for lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells. The latter were MHC
      unrestricted but further studies are required to clarify whether the Type 1 CTL
      clones are MHC restricted or not. The CTL activity of all clones was inhibited by
      M.Ab to the sheep red blood cell receptor and to the T10 antigens. It is
      suggested that recognition of these different types of CTL clones may assist
      future studies on the immune response against melanoma and the nature of antigens
      recognized by CTL.

PMID- 2423241
TI  - Phase I study of MVE-2 evaluating toxicity and biologic response modification
      capability.
AB  - A total of 21 patients were treated in a phase I trial using the biological
      response modifier MVE-2, a low molecular weight component of pyran copolymer. All
      patients received weekly IV MVE-2 infused over 2 h. Proteinuria, sometimes of
      nephrotic proportions, was the dose limiting toxicity, and was seen with
      increasing incidence as the cumulative dose of MVE-2 exceeded 2500 mg. Other
      toxicity with MVE-2 was minimal. Biologic response modification at tolerable
      doses was inconsistent, although several assays, particularly natural cell
      mediated cytotoxicity, indicated enhanced activity at higher dosages of MVE-2. No
      objective tumor responses were observed. MVE-2 is not useful as a biological
      response modifier using our initial method of administration, since the dose
      limiting toxicity occurred at lower levels than were necessary to induce
      consistent biologic response modification. Following completion of the phase I
      study, we administered MVE-2 by 30-min infusion to 8 additional patients and did
      not detect proteinuria, in spite of large cumulative doses. It is possible that
      alternate schedules of MVE-2 administration could minimize proteinuria and allow
      the administration of dosages necessary for immunologic modification.

PMID- 2423242
TI  - [Functional corrections of congenital cardiopathies].

PMID- 2423243
TI  - Cardiac arrhythmias in the elderly: clinical aspects.
AB  - Abnormal cardiac rhythms appear more normal frequently in the elderly population.
      Studies confirm that the incidence of serious or life-threatening arrhythmias,
      including Mobitz type II atrioventricular block and ventricular tachycardia,
      increases the incidence of cardiac disease in this population group. As age
      progresses, the hemodynamic manifestations are more symptomatic and require
      specific therapy, including cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmic agents.

PMID- 2423244
TI  - Poly-gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate birefringent fiber as a model of form and intrinsic
      birefringences of alpha-helical polypeptides.

PMID- 2423245
TI  - In vitro effect of 18S immune RNA on macrophage resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi.

PMID- 2423246
TI  - [Results of adjuvant and palliative chemotherapy of carcinoma of the large
      intestine and rectum].

PMID- 2423247
TI  - Calcium binding proteins in smooth muscle plasma membrane.
AB  - Rat myometrium plasma membrane showed a number of 45Ca-binding proteins as
      identified by gel electrophoresis. An attempt was made to identify these either
      by studying the inhibition of this binding by several ions or by studying binding
      of these proteins to calmodulin, A9 an antibody against skeletal muscle Ca
      binding proteins and Stains-all. On the basis of the molecular weight, calmodulin
      binding and La-sensitivity of Ca-binding, the Ca-binding protein at 137 +/- 2 kDa
      has been identified as the Ca-pump. This protein as judged from Coomassie blue
      staining forms a very small percentage of the proteins present in the plasma
      membrane.

PMID- 2423248
TI  - Effects of membrane depolarization and divalent cations on anaphylactic histamine
      secretion.
AB  - The effects of membrane depolarization and divalent cations on histamine release
      have been studied in sensitized mast cells. Membrane potential of these cells has
      been measured with intracellular microelectrodes. Our results show that mast
      cells have a large resting potential (-61 +/- 12 mV) however they do not generate
      active membrane electrical responses when are depolarized by passing current
      through the recording microelectrode. High external K+ does not increase
      histamine release. Histamine secretion is supported by alkali-earth divalent
      cations (Ca2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Ba2+) but strongly inhibited by
      transition metals. Ca2+ concentrations above 1 mM inhibit histamine release,
      however, this effect is not mimicked by Sr2+ and Ba2+.

PMID- 2423249
TI  - A small nuclear ribonucleoprotein associates with the AAUAAA polyadenylation
      signal in vitro.
AB  - RNAs containing the polyadenylation sites for adenovirus L3 or E2a mRNA or for
      SV40 early or late mRNA are substrates for cleavage and poly(A) addition in an
      extract of HeLa cell nuclei. When polyadenylation reactions are probed with
      ribonuclease T1 and antibodies directed against either the Sm protein determinant
      or the trimethylguanosine cap structure at the 5' end of U RNAs in small nuclear
      ribonucleoproteins, RNA fragments containing the AAUAAA polyadenylation signal
      are immunoprecipitated. The RNA cleavage step that occurs prior to poly(A)
      addition is inhibited by micrococcal nuclease digestion of the nuclear extract.
      The immunoprecipitation of fragments containing the AAUAAA sequence can be
      altered, but not always abolished, by pretreatment with micrococcal nuclease. We
      discuss the involvement of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins in the cleavage and
      poly(A) addition reactions that form the 3' ends of most eukaryotic mRNAs.

PMID- 2423250
TI  - Identification and characterization of conserved and variable regions in the
      envelope gene of HTLV-III/LAV, the retrovirus of AIDS.
AB  - To determine the extent and nature of genetic variation present in independent
      isolates of HTLV-III/LAV, the nucleotide sequences of the entire envelope gene
      and parts of gag and pol were determined for two AIDS viruses. The results
      indicated that variation throughout the viral genome is extensive and that the
      envelope gene in particular is most highly variable. Within the envelope, changes
      were most prevalent within the extracellular region where clustered nucleotide
      substitutions and deletions/insertions were evident. Based on predicted secondary
      protein structure and hydrophilicity, these hypervariable regions represent
      potential antigenic sites. In contrast to the hypervariable regions, other
      sequences in the extracellular envelope and the overall envelope structure
      (including 18 of 18 cysteine residues), as well as most of the transmembrane
      region, were highly conserved.

PMID- 2423251
TI  - A tissue-specific transcription enhancer from the Drosophila yolk protein 1 gene.
AB  - The yolk protein 1 gene (yp1) of Drosophila melanogaster is expressed only in the
      ovarian follicle cells and the fat bodies of adult females. We have previously
      shown that a different cis-acting DNA region is required for each of these tissue
      specificities. In this paper we use germ line transformation to localize and
      characterized one of these tissue-specific regulatory regions. We demonstrate
      that a 125 bp segment of DNA located 196 bp upstream of the yp1 cap site is
      sufficient to determine the sex-, stage-, and fat body-specific expression of the
      yp1 gene. We also find that this region can confer yp1-specific expression on a
      heterologous Drosophila promoter. This specificity is retained when the region is
      in different orientations and at different distances from the heterologous
      promoter. Thus a small regulatory region acts in vivo as a positive enhancer to
      determine the fat body expression pattern of yp1.

PMID- 2423252
TI  - Mechanism of met oncogene activation.
AB  - The met oncogene activated in vitro by treatment of a human osteogenic sarcoma
      (HOS) cell line with N-methyl-N'-nitronitrosoguanidine (MNNG) is related to the
      tyrosine kinase gene family. Probes from the met oncogene locus recognize two
      distinct transcripts of 9.0 kb and 10.0 kb which are independently expressed in a
      cell-type-specific fashion. While the met proto-oncogene locus expresses the 9.0
      kb RNA and maps to human chromosome 7q21-31, the locus expressing the 10.0 kb
      RNA, (tpr; translocated promoter region) maps to human chromosome 1. Both MNNG
      HOS cells and met NIH 3T3 transformants express a novel 5.0 kb RNA which
      represents a hybrid transcript with 5' sequences derived from tpr and 3'
      sequences from the met proto-oncogene. Treating HOS cells in vitro with MNNG, a
      known clastogenic carcinogen, resulted in fusion of two chromosomally disparate
      loci, met and tpr, generating the active met oncogene.

PMID- 2423253
TI  - Cell interactions during the in vitro neoformation of fetal rat pancreatic
      islets.
AB  - As shown by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and
      membrane labeling analysis, the in vitro neoformation of rat pancreatic islets
      arose from two main processes: a budding from explants containing duct cells, and
      a competition between endocrine monolayers and fibroblasts on the culture
      substratum. The stronger cytoskeleton of fibroblasts and their higher adhesive
      properties, probably related to their more homogeneous distribution of membrane
      charges, may explain the spherization of the islets. The pure endocrine cell
      population of neoformed islets was composed mainly of insulin-secreting cells,
      and the other types of endocrine cells were distributed in the periphery.
      Preformed extracellular matrices of osmotically disrupted fibroblasts enhanced
      the yield of the cultures by increasing the anchorage of endocrine cells and
      slowing down the fibroblastic growth.

PMID- 2423254
TI  - Density-dependent expression of keratins in transformed rat liver cell lines.
AB  - Immunomorphological examination of the distribution of three keratins in cultured
      rat liver-derived epithelial cell lines of the IAR series was performed in order
      to find out the effects of neoplastic evolution on the expression of these
      epithelium-specific markers. Specific monoclonal antibodies were used to reveal
      various intermediate filament proteins: keratins with molecular masses of 55, 49
      or 40 kD (K55, K49 or K40), and vimentin. The expression of keratins was
      negligible in sparse and dense cultures of non-transformed lines, which had
      typical epithelial morphology. The examined keratins were also absent in the
      sparse cultures of transformed lines, which have lost partially or completely the
      morphological features of epithelia. However, cells in dense cultures of most
      transformed lines contained numerous keratin filaments. It is suggested that the
      paradoxical increase of keratin expression after transformation is due to
      increased saturation density of transformed cultures; this high density favours
      the expression. As shown by the experiments with culture wounding, the effects of
      density are local and reversible. While K55 was present in all the cells of dense
      cultures, the expression of the other two keratins was dependent on the cell
      position within these cultures. It is suggested that the expression of the latter
      two keratins, besides high cell density, also requires the presence (K40) or the
      absence (K49) of cell-substratum contacts. Possible mechanisms of the effects of
      cell density on the expression of keratins are discussed.

PMID- 2423255
TI  - Towards a new classification of intracellular particle movements based on
      quantitative analyses.
AB  - A survey study of organelle movements in a variety of cell types of plant and
      animal origin was made with the aid of video-enhanced contrast, differential
      interference contrast (AVEC-DIC) microscopy followed by fine analysis of the
      motile behavior of the individual organelles. We found that there exists besides
      Brownian motion a wide spectrum of active motions in cells, i.e. motion that is
      directionally biased through the expenditure of metabolic energy. The types of
      active motion seen range from a continuous motion (sometimes appearing as
      streaming) in plant cells and neurons to various types of less ordered and less
      well directed motion. We did not see any clear-cut qualitative difference between
      plant and animal cells or between systems presumed to be actin- and microtubule
      based. A preliminary classification of the types of active motion is presented.
      The ongoing research activities, which aim at a more precise definition of the
      different types of motion by a set of quantitative parameters, are described, and
      the progress made so far is reported.

PMID- 2423256
TI  - Inosine pranobex-BAN increases the resistance to the challenge with cells or cell
      free fluid from Yoshida ascites tumor.
AB  - Inosine pranobex-BAN injected intraperitoneally at a daily dose of 500 mg/kg for
      15 days into young Sprague-Dawley rats, beginning 24 hours after the implantation
      of Yoshida ascites tumor cells and the injection of cell-free ascites fluid from
      the same neoplasia, increased the resistance to the tumor in both cases. This
      antitumor activity of the drug was mediated by its action on cellular immunity of
      the host. In our model we considered the role of macrophages.

PMID- 2423257
TI  - Industrial methylated spirits as an alternative cheap dehydrating agent in
      paraffin histopathological sections.

PMID- 2423258
TI  - Studies on peptides. CXXXIII. Synthesis and biological activity of galanin, a
      novel porcine intestinal polypeptide.

PMID- 2423259
TI  - Adsorption characteristics of gamma-globulin on carboxylated microcapsules.

PMID- 2423260
TI  - [Some characteristics of monoclonal antibodies against bovine proinsulin].

PMID- 2423261
TI  - [Nd-YAG laser disobstruction of esophageal endoprostheses occluded by neoplastic
      development in the palliative treatment of esophageal cancer].
AB  - Since August 1984 18 patients suffering from inoperable esophageal cancer have
      been treated by Nd. Yag Laser therapy under endoscopic control in the Verona
      University Institute of Clinical Surgery. Three patients, all males ranging in
      age from 68 to 80 years, had endo-esophageal prostheses which were occluded as a
      result of the neoplasms. Occlusion of the prostheses had been ascertained by both
      x-rays and endoscopy. The symptoms consisted of severe dysphagia of solid foods
      in 2 cases and of solids and liquids in 1 case. The original sites of the tumors
      were the lower 3rd in two cases and the mid 3rd in 1 case. Histologically, the
      tumors were identified as 2 squamous-cell carcinomas and 1 adenocarcinoma. Laser
      treatment was given on average once every 7 days. Patients were admitted to the
      day hospital, thus avoiding negative repercussions in terms of quality of life or
      length of hospital stay. In 2 cases there was an improvement in symptoms with the
      possibility of semi-solid nutrition after a single treatment with 6000-5032
      Joules. In the third case, to obtain the same result, 2 treatments were necessary
      at an interval of 7 days with a total of 9396 J. One patient died of
      cardiorespiratory failure 24 days after the first treatment. A second patient was
      treated a further 3 times with a total of 12356 J and is now on a liquid and
      solid diet 5 months after the first treatment. The third patient was treated 4
      times with a total of 15769 J; this patient was on a liquid and solid diet, but
      died of cardiorespiratory failure 3 months after the first treatment. In the
      light of our experience, Nd. Yag Laser disocclusion of endo-esophageal prostheses
      occluded by neoplasms presented no complications and was an appropriate
      indication in these cases with satisfactory long-term results.

PMID- 2423262
TI  - [Vitrectomy and complications of proliferating diabetic retinopathy].

PMID- 2423263
TI  - Retinoic acid inhibits junctional communication between animal cells.
AB  - Retinoic acid inhibits junctional communication between a variety of vertebrate
      cell types in culture. It reduces the intercellular transfer of 3H-nucleotides
      between Syrian hamster kidney fibroblasts (BHK 21/13), Chinese hamster lung
      fibroblasts (V79), rat liver epithelial cells (BRL), Swiss mouse embryo
      fibroblasts (3T3), rainbow trout gonadal fibroblasts (RTG2) and Xenopus embryo
      fibroblasts (Xen). It also reduces metabolic cooperation between hypoxanthine
      guanine phosphoribosyl transferase deficient mutant and wild-type BHK cells. The
      inhibition is rapid (intercellular transfer of iontophoretically injected Lucifer
      Yellow CH between BRL cells is completely blocked after the cells have been
      exposed to 10(-4) M retinoic acid for 5 min), and is fully reversed when the drug
      is removed. Based on these results and the observation that the amount of gap
      junctional protein isolated from cells grown in the presence of retinoic acid for
      1 h is the same and after 24 h is increased (1.3- to 3.1-fold) compared with the
      amount isolated from untreated cells, we suggest that the inhibitory effect is
      mediated by the reversible closure of junctional channels.

PMID- 2423264
TI  - The effect of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on phospholipid
      metabolism of human epidermal keratinocytes in culture.
AB  - The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulated the
      release of [3H]choline from prelabelled membrane phospholipids of cultured
      keratinocytes obtained from normal human skin. In contrast, TPA in the
      concentration range of 10(-12) to 10(-6) g/ml failed to induce deacylation of
      [3H]arachidonic acid or stimulate [3H]prostaglandin production in prelabelled
      keratinocytes. In addition, TPA did not induce [3H]choline incorporation into the
      membrane phospholipids of these cells. The previously reported inability of TPA
      to stimulate a proliferative response in these cell cultures may be related to
      the resistance of these cells to TPA-induced alterations of arachidonate
      metabolism.

PMID- 2423265
TI  - Heterogeneity of ornithine decarboxylase expression in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol
      13-acetate-treated mouse skin and in epidermal tumors.
AB  - One of the earliest events after treatment of mouse skin with the tumor promoter
      12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is the induction of ornithine
      decarboxylase (ODC). Using an immunoperoxidase technique with a rabbit antiserum
      specific for ODC, the localization of cells containing high levels of ODC
      following TPA treatment was determined. CD-1 female mice treated with multiple
      topical applications of TPA and killed 4.5 h after the last TPA treatment
      exhibited a heterogeneous localization of ODC in this hyperplastic epidermis. The
      cells which exhibited intense immunostaining were found predominantly in the
      suprabasal cells lining the hair follicles. This specific ODC staining in cells
      surrounding hair follicles was inhibited by pretreatment of mice with either
      retinoic acid or cycloheximide 1 h before TPA treatment. The induction of ODC
      specific staining after TPA treatment in hyperplastic mouse skin was transient,
      since no staining was observed 16 or 24 h after TPA treatment. In contrast,
      benign papillomas produced by two-stage tumorigenesis contained some cells
      demonstrating high levels of ODC a week after the last TPA application. These
      results indicate that both normal mouse epidermal cells as well as tumor tissue
      display cellular heterogeneity of ODC expression.

PMID- 2423266
TI  - Epidermoid metaplasias of xenotransplanted human tracheobronchial epithelium.
AB  - Repopulation of rat tracheas of human tracheobronchial epithelial cells obtained
      from intermediate autopsies was achieved by introducing into de-epithelialized
      rat tracheas either pieces of donor tissue containing respiratory mucosa or
      epithelial cells produced by an in vitro amplification of these cells. After
      tracheas were sealed, and transplanted into the subcutaneous tissues of nude
      mice, a newly formed epithelium migrated over the denuded luminal surface. During
      this process, regenerative epidermoid metaplasias, consisting of the growth of
      thin stratified epithelium with keratinization but without atypia was observed.
      Four weeks after xenotransplantation, most of the luminal surface was covered by
      columnar epithelium with occasional patches of epidermoid metaplasia. When this
      epithelium was exposed to 7,12-dimethylbenzo[a]anthracene (DMBA) a thick
      epidermoid metaplasia with mild to moderate atypia was observed. This type of
      epithelium is seen one to three months after insertion of the DMBA-containing
      pellets into the tracheal lumen. Immunohistochemical staining with antikeratin
      monoclonal antibodies AE1 and AE3 revealed increased immunostaining in both
      regenerative and DMBA-induced metaplasias compared with that of untreated normal
      mucociliary epithelium. Although no differences between the two types of
      metaplasias were detected with AE1 and AE3, the use of involucrin immunostain
      showed important differences. Normal respiratory epithelium did not contain
      involucrin, but this protein was seen in the surface layer of regenerative
      epidermoid metaplasias. In DMBA-induced metaplasias, involucrin was found not
      only in the superficial cells but was also present in numerous suprabasal cells.
      The hyperplastic nature of these carcinogen-induced lesions, together with the
      presence of cellular atypia and an altered involucrin distribution pattern,
      suggest a preneoplastic state.

PMID- 2423268
TI  - Mechanics of postextrasystolic potentiation in normal subjects and patients with
      valvular heart disease.
AB  - To determine the relative influence of preload, afterload, and inotropic state on
      postextrasystolic potentiation (PESP) of ventricular performance in man, we
      computed angiographic left ventricular volume and wall stress frame by frame for
      a control and potentiated beat in each of 31 patients. In 10 normal subjects,
      PESP increased ejection fraction by 14%, while left ventricular end-diastolic
      volume increased by 8% (p less than .001) and end-systolic stress fell by 21% (p
      less than .005). Enhanced diastolic filling (+6%, p less than .005) with a small
      decline in end-systolic stress (-8%, p = NS) likewise contributed to potentiation
      of ejection fraction (+14%, p less than .001) in seven patients with aortic
      stenosis. Diastolic filling was not significantly augmented during the
      compensatory pause in six patients with isolated mitral regurgitation, nor in
      eight patients with aortic regurgitation (+2%, p = NS for both). Although
      afterload tended to fall for potentiated beats in patients with aortic (-11%, p =
      NS) and mitral regurgitation (-23%, p = NS), analysis of ejection fraction-end
      systolic stress relationships demonstrated an independent effect of inotropic
      state on potentiated ejection performance. Thus, utilization of preload reserve
      contributed to PESP in normal subjects and patients with aortic stenosis, but not
      in those with volume overload imposed by chronic valvular regurgitation. Enhanced
      inotropic state independent of small changes in afterload was demonstrated in all
      subgroups.

PMID- 2423267
TI  - Effect of amiodarone on Na+-, K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities in rat brain
      synaptosomes.
AB  - Amiodarone hydrochloride is a diiodinated antiarrhythmic agent widely used in the
      treatment of cardiac disorders. With the increasing use of amiodarone, several
      untoward effects have been recognized and neuropathy following amiodarone therapy
      has recently been reported. The present studies were carried out to study the
      effect of amiodarone on rat brain synaptosomal ATPases in an effort to understand
      its mechanism of action. Na+, K+-ATPase and oligomycin sensitive Mg2+ ATPase
      activities were inhibited by amiodarone in a concentration dependent manner with
      IC50 values of 50 microM and 10 microM respectively. [3H]ouabain binding was also
      decreased in a concentration dependent manner with an IC50 value of 12 microM,
      and 50 microM amiodarone totally inhibited [3H]ouabain binding. Kinetics of
      [3H]ouabain binding studies revealed that amiodarone inhibition of [3H]ouabain
      binding is competitive. K+-activated p-nitrophenyl phosphatase activity showed a
      maximum inhibition of 32 per cent at 200 microM amiodarone. Synaptosomal ATPase
      activities did not show any change in rats treated with amiodarone (20 mg kg-1
      day-1) for 6 weeks, when compared to controls. The treatment period may be short,
      since the reported neurological abnormalities in patients were observed during 3
      5 years of treatment. The present results suggest that amiodarone induced
      neuropathy may be due to its interference with sodium dependent phosphorylation
      of Na+, K+-ATPase reaction, thereby affecting active ion transport phenomenon and
      oxidative phosphorylation resulting in low turnover of ATP in the nervous system.

PMID- 2423269
TI  - Balloon dilatation of calcific aortic stenosis in elderly patients: postmortem,
      intraoperative, and percutaneous valvuloplasty studies.
AB  - To assess the safety and efficacy of percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty in
      calcific aortic stenosis, balloon dilatation of critically stenosed, calcified
      aortic valves was performed in five postmortem hearts, in five patients
      intraoperatively before aortic valve replacement, and in two elderly patients
      percutaneously at the time of diagnostic catheterization. The etiology of aortic
      stenosis in the 12 cases was rheumatic in two, congenital bicuspid calcific
      stenosis in one, and senile calcific degenerative stenosis in the remaining nine.
      Prevalvuloplasty examination in the 10 postmortem and intraoperative cases
      revealed rigid valve leaflets with commissural fusion in three valves and
      extensive nodular calcification in seven. Subsequent balloon dilatation with 15
      to 18 mm valvuloplasty balloons resulted in decreased cusp rigidity and increased
      mobility of valve leaflets in all cases, without evidence of tearing of valve
      leaflets, disruption of the valvular ring, or liberation of calcific or valvular
      debris. In the three valve specimens with commissural fusion, balloon dilatation
      resulted in partial or complete separation of leaflets along fused commissures.
      In two cases with extensive nodular calcification, balloon dilatation resulted in
      a fracture of a calcified leaflet that was evident on both gross and radiologic
      examination. After postmortem and intraoperative studies, percutaneous catheter
      valvuloplasty was performed at the time of diagnostic catheterization in two
      elderly patients (93- and 85-year-old women) with long-standing calcific aortic
      stenosis. Balloon dilatation with 12 to 18 mm balloons resulted in significant
      decreases in aortic gradients and significant increases in cardiac index and
      aortic valve area in both patients. Percutaneous valvuloplasty in both patients
      resulted in a mild increase in aortic insufficiency and no evidence of embolic
      phenomena.

PMID- 2423270
TI  - Use-dependent effects of lidocaine on conduction in canine myocardium:
      application of the modulated receptor hypothesis in vivo.
AB  - Lidocaine is a commonly used antiarrhythmic drug that causes use-dependent
      blockade of sodium channels in vitro and reduces conduction velocity in vitro and
      in vivo. According to the modulated receptor hypothesis of antiarrhythmic drug
      action, lidocaine has a low affinity for rested sodium channels but a high
      affinity for open and inactivated channels. In the present experiments, we
      characterized use-dependent conduction slowing and recovery from slowing by
      lidocaine in anesthetized dogs. The His-to-ventricular conduction interval was
      used as the indicator of conduction velocity. We found that prolongation of
      conduction time was greater as the stimulation frequency was increased. Moreover,
      on abruptly changing the stimulation frequency, a new steady-state conduction
      time was approached in two to three depolarizations. On discontinuation of
      stimulation, the conduction time of progressively less premature extrastimuli
      shortened exponentially with a terminal phase time constant of 152 +/- 115 msec.
      These effects by lidocaine were enhanced during acidosis and enhancement was
      reversed by correction of the acidosis. It is concluded that the effects in vivo
      of lidocaine on conduction under several conditions of rate, rhythm, and pH are
      similar to its effects on the maximum upstroke velocity of the action potential
      in vitro. Although these experiments were not designed to validate the modulated
      receptor hypothesis, it appears that the modulated receptor hypothesis can
      predict the effects of lidocaine on conduction in vivo.

PMID- 2423271
TI  - IgE antibody-mediated shock reaction caused by topical application of
      chlorhexidine.
AB  - A case of an anaphylactic shock following topical application of chlorhexidine
      preparation is reported. Specific skin-sensitizing antibodies against
      chlorhexidine were demonstrated in the serum from the patient by a passive
      transfer test. IgE antibodies against chlorhexidine were also detected by
      radioallergosorbent technique (RAST). Paper discs conjugated with chlorhexidine
      HSA (human serum albumin) significantly bound the IgE antibodies. Furthermore,
      all of the sera from seven other patients with shock reactions following the
      topical application of chlorhexidine preparation also showed high RAST counts.
      Both chlorhexidine gluconate and chlorguanide which represents approximately half
      a molecule of chlorhexidine inhibited the reaction in a dose-dependent fashion.
      It is suggested that the shock reactions following topical application of
      chlorhexidine are mediated by IgE antibodies against chlorhexidine and that
      chlorhexidine and chlorguanide share the same antigenic determinant.

PMID- 2423272
TI  - Morphological and secretory properties of bronchoalveolar lavage mast cells in
      respiratory diseases.
AB  - We have studied various functional and morphological characteristics of mast
      cells obtained in bronchoalveolar lavage from fifty-two patients with several
      lung diseases. The percentage of mast cells ranged from 0.04 to 0.6% (bronchial
      carcinoma), 0.05-0.3% (sarcoidosis), 0.06-0.25% (asthma), 0.04-1.8%
      (miscellaneous) and 0.02-0.04% (normals). There were no significant differences
      in the mast cell counts between the disease groups. Lung mast cells exhibited
      heterogeneity of size, shape and intensity of staining. Cells from thirty-seven
      subjects were further studied for total histamine content and histamine release
      using various secretagogues. There was a significant correlation (P less than
      0.001) between the histamine content of the total lavage cell population and mast
      cell counts. The calculated mean histamine content per mast cell was 6.35 pg.
      Histamine was released in a dose-dependent fashion after stimulation with anti
      IgE, calcium ionophore and phorbol myristate acetate with a time course of
      histamine release characteristic of the mast cell. Unlike peripheral blood
      basophils, no release was observed following incubation with f-met-leu-phe (10(
      6)-10(-8) M) and neither cell type released histamine following incubation with
      48/80 (10 micrograms/ml). Inhibition of anti-IgE-induced histamine release was
      obtained following pre-incubation with salbutamol (10(-4)-10(-6) M). These
      studies indicate that bronchoalveolar lavage is a suitable model for the study of
      human lung mast cells.

PMID- 2423273
TI  - A double antibody radioimmunoassay for human alpha 1-microglobulin.
AB  - Using purified alpha 1-microglobulin from urine and specific rabbit antiserum, a
      double antibody radioimmunoassay has been developed. The assay is sensitive to 3
      ng/ml and covers a working range from 25-800 ng/ml. The recovery rates on the
      average were 91.8% in serum and 97.7% in urine. The coefficients of intra-assay
      variation ranged from 3.6-4.5% and those of inter-assay variation from 4.0-8.8%.
      Correlations in serum and urine between the present assay and single radial
      immunodiffusion (r = 0.972; r = 0.978) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (r =
      0.935; r = 0.971) were satisfactory.

PMID- 2423274
TI  - The effects of arginine, dextran and Haemaccel infusions on urinary albumin, beta
      2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase.
AB  - Male volunteers were infused with L-arginine dextran and Haemaccel. Arginine (0.5
      g/kg body weight infused over 30 min) resulted in transient highly significant
      increases in urinary albumin (p less than 0.001), beta 2-microglobulin (p less
      than 0.001) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase [NAG] (p less than 0.001). These
      effects lasted less than 120 min. Dextran 40 and 70 (500 ml infused over 2 h) did
      not affect urinary albumin, beta 2-microglobulin or NAG excretion. Haemaccel (8
      ml/kg body weight infused over 2 h) resulted in significant increases in urinary
      albumin (p less than 0.05) and beta 2-microglobulin (p less than 0.01) during the
      second hour of the infusion. It also caused a biphasic increase in urinary NAG
      excretion, the initial peak (p less than 0.05) coinciding with the peak of
      albumin and beta 2-microglobulin excretion. The second peak which was more
      defined (p less than 0.01) occurred 21-24 h after the beginning of the infusion.
      Neither arginine or Haemaccel have been reported to be nephrotoxic whereas
      dextran infusions are a well recognised cause of acute tubular necrosis. These
      data indicate that increases in urinary beta 2-microglobulin and NAG are not
      always reliable indicators of nephrotoxicity or renal tubular cell damage.

PMID- 2423275
TI  - The role of immunoperoxidase techniques on paraffin embedded tissue in
      determining the histogenesis of undifferentiated thyroid neoplasms.
AB  - Twenty cases of undifferentiated thyroid tumours were reviewed histologically. In
      seven cases the histogenesis was difficult to determine using morphological
      criteria. Immunohistochemical staining with a panel of antibodies to lymphoid and
      epithelial cells, including monoclonal antibodies directed against the leucocyte
      common antigen, cytokeratin, and epithelial membrane antigen confirmed that four
      of these cases were lymphomas and that one was a medullary carcinoma. In the
      remaining two cases immunohistochemistry was unhelpful. In the thirteen
      histologically typical tumours, the immunohistochemical profile was in keeping
      with their histogenesis as determined by morphological criteria.
      Immunohistochemical staining with a panel of selected antibodies allows the
      reliable diagnosis of undifferentiated thyroid neoplasms, when this cannot be
      reached using routine histological techniques.

PMID- 2423276
TI  - Role of renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems in the chronic phase of
      two-kidney, one-clip hypertension in rats.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of the renin-angiotensin
      and the sympathetic nervous systems during the chronic phase (greater than 16
      weeks) of two-kidney, one-clip hypertension in conscious unrestrained rats.
      During this phase, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) (p less than 0.001) and
      plasma angiotensin II (31.9 +/- 1.5 to 125.8 +/- 19.9 pg/ml, p less than 0.005)
      were significantly increased as compared to normotensive group. Converting enzyme
      inhibition by captopril produced a significant decrease of MAP (181.2 +/- 8.2 to
      140.0 +/- 5.5 mmHg, p less than 0.001). This hypotensive response was similar
      when aprotinin (a Kallikrein inhibitor) and captopril were infused
      simultaneously. Alpha 1-adrenergic receptor blockade by phenoxybenzamine (POB)
      significantly decreased but did not normalize MAP (179.8 +/- 12.4 to 135.8 +/-
      10.4 mmHg, p less than 0.001). However, when infused after POB, captopril induced
      a further decrease of MAP to 86.7 +/- 9.4 mmHg (p less than 0.001). This MAP
      level was not different from that found in normotensive rats after infusion of
      the two drugs (83.2 +/- 5.3 mmHg). These results suggest that both the renin
      angiotensin system and the sympathetic nervous system, by activating peripheral
      alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, maintain the high blood pressure during the chronic
      phase (greater than 16 weeks) of two-kidney, one-clip hypertension in conscious
      rats.

PMID- 2423277
TI  - Identification of circulating parasite antigen in patients with bancroftian
      filariasis.
AB  - Because many cases of lymphatic filariasis cannot be diagnosed either clinically
      or by immunodiagnostic test based on antibody detection, recent efforts have been
      more directed towards developing methods for detecting parasite antigen in the
      blood or urine. Using a solid phase (Sepharose 4B) two-site immunoradiometric
      assay (IRMA) employing hyperimmune rabbit antifilarial antisera, we have
      previously shown (Hamilton et al., 1984) that essentially all cases of patent
      (ie. microfilaremic) infection in patients with bancroftian filariasis can be
      detected by this semi-quantitative assay as well as some individuals with
      amicrofilaremic (i.e., 'cryptic') infection. The present communication reports
      the results of studies that identify a prominent circulating antigen detected by
      this IRMA in sera from patients with microfilaremia. The antigen was eluted from
      Sepharose-bound rabbit polyclonal antiserum that had been reacted with known
      antigen positive sera. It was run in SDS-PAGE, blotted to nitrocellulose paper
      and identified autoradiographically using 125I-labelled rabbit antifilarial
      antiserum. Its high molecular weight (approximately 200 kD), stability to acid
      and boiling, and sensitivity to pronase and periodate suggest its being a
      glycoprotein. Isolation of this antigen will permit the development of specific
      reagents (such as monoclonal antibodies) which should enhance both the
      sensitivity and utility of the currently available antigen detection systems.

PMID- 2423278
TI  - The wasted mutant mouse. II. Immunological abnormalities in a mouse described as
      a model of ataxia-telangiectasia.
AB  - Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) is a complex multiparametric disease associating
      oculocutaneous telangiectasias, cerebellar ataxia, elevated chromosomal
      aberration frequency and varied degrees of immunodeficiency. Recently a wasted
      mutant mouse (wst) has been described as an animal model of AT. We have looked in
      the wasted mutants for the presence of immune and endocrine abnormalities
      characteristic of AT. In contrast to the T cell immunodeficiency in AT, wasted
      mutants had a marked hypoplasia of all lymphoid organs, which affected both T and
      B lymphocyte subsets. The marked thymic atrophy appearing at the final stage of
      their disease did not modify the endocrine function of the thymic epithelium
      which produced normal levels of the thymic hormone thymulin. Although in vitro
      interleukin 2 (IL-2) production by splenic T cells in response to Con A was
      markedly diminished, these mice presented normal T and B cell proliferative
      responses to mitogens. Finally, no significant increase in serum alpha
      fetoprotein level (a typical marker of AT) was found throughout the course of the
      disease. Although by many aspects, i.e. neurological disorder, chromosomal
      aberrations and early death, wasted mice presented similarities with human AT,
      major discrepancies in the typical features of immune abnormalities were found
      between the mouse model and the human disease.

PMID- 2423279
TI  - Anti-H1 histone antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: epitope localization
      after immunoblotting of chymotrypsin-digested H1.
AB  - Using micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (micro-ELISA) anti-H1 antibodies
      are most frequently seen in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (61.4% of
      patients). Positive anti-H1 ELISA reactions are rare in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
      (5.8% of cases), melanomas (16.7%), leukaemias (13.6%) and other cancers (5.6%).
      In SLE, the immunoglobulins (Ig) which constitute anti-H1 antibodies are, by
      order of importance, IgM, IgG and IgA. By means of immunoblotting using H1
      solutions digested by alpha-1-chymotrypsin fixed on collagen membranes, we have
      shown that all the SLE sera containing anti-H1 antibodies recognize the
      sequential epitopes that are found on the carboxy terminal tail and, for 28% of
      anti-H1 sera, also the epitopes present on the aminoterminal half. The technique
      used did not make it possible to determine with certainty whether anti-H1
      autoantibodies are also directed against the conformational epitopes of the
      globular part of the molecule.

PMID- 2423280
TI  - Suppression of natural and activated human antitumour cytotoxicity by human
      seminal plasma.
AB  - The influence of human seminal plasma (SP) and whole semen (S) on the expression
      of natural cytotoxicity by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) was
      examined. Marked suppression of natural cytotoxicity against K562 targets was
      observed when effectors were pre-treated for 1 h with SP or S diluted up to
      1:400. Abrogation of cytolytic activity by SP was not the result of direct
      lymphotoxicity, although a reduction of approximately 50% in the number of target
      binding cells was observed. In addition, the cytotoxicity of interferon (alpha
      IFN, beta-IFN, gamma-IFN) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) activated human PBMNC was
      suppressed by components present in human SP, although IL-2 activated human PBMC
      were relatively resistant to suppression compared with other effector
      (spontaneous or activated) populations. Following 1 h exposure to SP, PBMNC
      failed to recover more than 25% of their initial cytotoxic potential upon further
      in vitro incubation (18 h) in the absence of SP. However, both interferon and IL
      2 caused an increase in the cytotoxicity of these populations, in some instances
      to the level obtained with control, IFN or IL-2 activated PBMNC. The biological
      significance of SP as an inhibitor of immune function under experimentally
      defined conditions is discussed in relation to its possible role in vivo.

PMID- 2423281
TI  - Immunological and non-immunological release of leukotrienes and histamine from
      human nasal polyps.
AB  - Nasal polyps were obtained from 22 patients undergoing polyp surgery. They were
      chopped into fragments of approximately 2 mm2, washed free of blood, and
      passively sensitized with serum from timothy allergen sensitive patients (RAST 30
      40%), then, challenged with timothy allergen. Analysis of the incubation medium
      after a 30 min challenge as assessed by reversed phase high performance liquid
      chromatography and bioassay revealed the presence of leukotriene (LT) LTB4, LTC4,
      LTD4 and LTE4 (29 +/- 9, 6.6 +/- 3, 62 +/- 13 & 86 +/- 23 pmol/g tissue wet
      weight, respectively). The human nasal polyps also released histamine which
      reached a maximum after approximately 5 min (2.8 +/- 1.28 nmol/g tissue), as
      measured by radioenzymatic assay. A similar profile of leukotrienes and histamine
      release was observed when the nasal polyps were stimulated with ionophore A23187.
      However, the ionophore stimulated release was greater than that observed for the
      antigen challenge. When human polyps were stimulated with a mixture of the
      ionophore and arachidonic acid, all the above products as well as 5-hydroxy
      eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), 12-HETE, and 15-HETE were detected in the medium.
      These data, taken together, demonstrate that human nasal polyps are able to
      release significant amounts of leukotrienes and histamine upon both immunological
      and non-immunological stimulations and that these responses might significantly
      contribute to the symptoms of allergic rhinitis.

PMID- 2423283
TI  - A Golgi study of cerebellar malformation in 13 trisomy.
AB  - The structure of cerebellar malformations in the brains of two infants with 13
      trisomy has been studied by means of the Golgi method. Poorly organized
      cerebellar dysplasias (heterotaxias) are composed of Purkinje, Golgi and granule
      cells arranged and oriented in a disorderly fashion. The variable orientation and
      organization of the dendritic arbor of Purkinje cells within these cellular
      aggregates is supposed to be related to abnormal distribution of parallel fibers.
      Large ganglion cell heterotopias are not a homogeneous group, but two distinct
      types may be defined. First, Purkinje cell heterotopias which are located in the
      white matter of the cerebellum below the normally formed folia; these are
      composed of large neurons with arrested migration to the cortex. Secondly,
      multipolar cell heterotopias which are located in the deep white matter near the
      dentate and the roof nuclei, formed of neurons belonging to the deep cerebellar
      nuclei.

PMID- 2423282
TI  - Mechanisms of captopril-induced potentiation of the depressor responses to
      arachidonic acid in rats.
AB  - The mechanisms underlying potentiation by captopril of the depressor responses to
      arachidonic acid were studied in chloralose-anaesthetized rats. Captopril, in a
      dose (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) which inhibited the pressor responses to angiotensin I
      (0.03-1 microgram/kg, i.v.), enhanced the depressor responses to bradykinin (3
      300 micrograms/kg, i.v.) and potentiated the hypotensive action of arachidonic
      acid (3 mg/kg, intravenously). This phenomenon was observed not only when
      captopril and arachidonic acid were administered intravenously, but also when
      these compounds were injected directly into the aortic arch. The enhancement of
      arachidonic acid-induced hypotension by captopril was not significantly affected
      by pretreatment with a low dose of aprotinin (3 mg/kg, i.v.), but was abolished
      by bilateral nephrectomy or by pretreatment with a higher dose of aprotinin (6
      mg/kg, i.v.). It is suggested that captopril augments the depressor responses to
      arachidonic acid by inhibiting angiotensin converting enzyme. This results in
      accumulation of bradykinin which in turn increases release of vasodilator
      prostaglandins, originating most probably, from the kidneys. The possibility that
      blockade of angiotensin II formation by captopril may leave the vasodilator
      action of prostaglandin unopposed cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2423284
TI  - Developmental regression as an early manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency.
AB  - Loss of previously attained developmental milestones in an infant is often
      associated with central nervous system tumor, neuromuscular disease, or an inborn
      metabolic error. An infant with developmental regression and involuntary
      movements who was found to be vitamin B12 deficient on the basis of unrecognized
      maternal vitamin B12 deficiency is described. The infant had a dramatic
      neurologic recovery after receiving vitamin B12. The case and a review of similar
      cases is presented.

PMID- 2423285
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the genitourinary tract.
AB  - This is an overview of the current applications of magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI) in the genitourinary tract based on the experience with the 0.5-Tesla MR
      scanner (Gyroscan, Philips) at the Leiden University Hospital and on reports in
      the literature. MRI appears to share some of the limitations of CT. MRI cannot
      reliably differentiate between a malignant and a benign tumor. In the staging of
      ovarian malignancies by means of MRI, bowel preparation would be desirable. On
      the other hand, the soft-tissue contrast resolution of MRI is superior to that of
      CT and images can be obtained in any plane. Thus MRI promises to be an accurate
      method for staging malignancies. The results in the examination of transplant
      kidneys are encouraging. We expect that there will be a place for MRI as a
      complementary technique to ultrasonography in the diagnosis of scrotal disease.

PMID- 2423286
TI  - Histamine release from human leukocytes by anti-IgE antibodies: influence of
      multiple or single epitope recognition.
AB  - Upon comparing several polyclonal anti-IgE antisera (specific for the Fc epsilon
      fragment) for their ability to release histamine, we observed a marked
      heterogeneity of response for the same antiserum in different cell donors as well
      as for different antisera in the same cell donor. Additional studies with
      monoclonal antibodies directed against various epitopes of the D1 and D2 regions
      revealed several possible explanations: broad specificity of the polyclonal
      antisera, lack of availability of some epitopes on the cell-bound IgE (which were
      available on soluble IgE), microheterogeneity among IgE molecules from different
      patients, and failure of some donors' cells to respond to anti-IgE antibodies. We
      conclude that selection of appropriate antisera is an important consideration in
      comparing IgE-mediated histamine release among individuals.

PMID- 2423287
TI  - Binding of glycosaminoglycans to sodium urate and uric acid crystals.
AB  - The binding of heparin, chondroitin sulphate and the low molecular weight heparin
      analogue pentosan polysulphate to sodium urate and uric acid crystals was studied
      by the use of radioactively labelled glycosaminoglycans were used in the binding
      step, and varying amounts of unlabelled glycosaminoglycans for the competition
      experiments. The experiments were carried out in 140 mmol/l NaCl at pH 6, with or
      without 5 mmol/l CaCl2 in the solution. A reversible and almost complete binding
      of heparin and chondroitin sulphate to sodium urate crystals did occur in the
      presence of calcium, whereas pentosan polysulphate bound incompletely. The
      binding was much less pronounced in the calcium-free conditions. Uric acid
      crystals did not bind any of the three inhibitors, not even with calcium present.
      The clinical relevance depends on whether sodium urate microcrystals are present
      in the urine of calcium stone patients, to cause a binding and thereby a masking
      or inactivation of these inhibitors in the urine, which seems to be possible in
      the presence of calcium. However, the potential of pentosan polysulphate for the
      treatment of calcium stone patients does not seem to be at risk from this effect.

PMID- 2423288
TI  - Intestinal uptake and retention of copper in the suckling rat, Rattus rattus--II.
      Copper accumulation in the ileum and distal jejunum.
AB  - High concentrations of copper were demonstrated histochemically in the
      enterocytes lining the ileum and distal jejunum of suckling rats. Copper was not
      detected in cells from the duodenum or proximal jejunum of these rats or from any
      region of the small intestine of rats in which "closure" had taken place. X-Ray
      microanalysis demonstrated copper, in equi-atomic association with sulphur,
      within discrete vesicles in the supranuclear cytoplasm of the enterocytes.
      Despite the high concentrations of these two elements no biochemical evidence was
      found for the presence of significant amounts of copper-binding metallothionein.
      The highest concentrations of copper (226 +/- 48 mg atoms/kg dry wt: +/- SD) were
      found in vesicles adjacent to the nucleus, which did not accumulate particulate
      tracers, or calcium from the lumen of the intestine. These vesicles probably
      result from the coalescence of Golgi-derived primary lysosomes followed by fusion
      with endocytic vacuoles. They may provide a mechanism of copper excretion from
      the neonatal rat.

PMID- 2423289
TI  - Immunochemical evidence for substance P-like peptide in tissues of the earthworm
      Lumbricus terrestris: action on intestinal contraction.
AB  - The presence of a substance P-like peptide in intestinal and body wall tissues,
      ventral nerve fiber and seminal vesicles of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris
      has been demonstrated by means of a radioimmunoassay technique. The greatest
      substance P-like immunoreactivity was measured in intestinal tissues where it
      stimulates the rate of spontaneous contraction. This effect is inhibited by the
      substance P antagonist (D-pro2, D-trp7,9)-SP suggesting a possible involvement of
      receptor mechanisms. Dual localization of substance P-like immunoreactivity in
      earthworm intestinal and nerve tissues follows the pattern observed of peptidal
      hormones in vertebrates which are common to both endocrine and non-endocrine
      tissues.

PMID- 2423290
TI  - Differences in the actions of organic and inorganic Ca2+-antagonists on the
      inactivation of the Ca2+ channel in a molluscan neurone.
AB  - The actions of organic and inorganic Ca2+-antagonists on an inactivation of the
      Ca2+ channel was studied in molluscan neurones using a suction pipette technique.
      Both Ca2+-antagonists decreased the peak amplitude of Ca2+ current (ICa). The
      organic Ca2+-antagonists verapamil and diltiazem hastened the decay of ICa, while
      the inorganic Ca2+-antagonists Co2+ and Cd2+ delayed it. The difference in the
      action of the Ca2+-antagonists on the decay of ICa may result from the different
      effects of the agents on a voltage-dependent inactivation of the Ca2+ channel.

PMID- 2423291
TI  - Esterases in Folsomia candida (Collembola: Isotomidae). Characterization of
      enzymes among parthenogenic strains.
AB  - Esterase enzymes from four strains of Folsomia candida were investigated using
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Up to 12 bands of enzymatic activity were
      present in each strain. Esterase bands were classified as choline esterases or as
      one of two groups of carboxyl esterases, based on mobility, on substrate
      specificity and on activity remaining after inhibition by class-specific
      chemicals. One strain-specific choline esterase was discovered which resisted the
      effects of many organophosphate inhibitors. Organophosphate inhibitor
      concentrations had to be 10 to 100 times greater to reduce the staining activity
      of this resistant choline esterase to the level of comparable esterases in other
      strains.

PMID- 2423292
TI  - Isolation and biochemical characterization of the microsomal fraction from the
      digestive gland of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.
AB  - A procedure to prepare microsomes from the mussel digestive gland is proposed.
      The data concerning the biochemical characterization of this subcellular fraction
      shows a typical RNA:protein ratio, but the presence of hydrolytic enzymes was
      also found; therefore a mixture of hydrolase inhibitors to study the different
      biochemical characteristics was used. The biochemical data demonstrate that
      glucose-6-phosphatase activity (G6Pase), a typical microsomal marker in mammalian
      cells, is not present in mussel digestive gland microsomes but a high non
      specific phosphatase activity was detected. Benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity
      was found to be present although in a minimal amount. The evaluation of the
      molecular weight of the rRNA demonstrates that the larger ribosomal subunit
      contains RNA of Mr 1.40 X 10(-6) (approximately 26S) and the smaller subunit is
      composed of RNA of Mr 0.65 X 10(-6) (18S). The data from mussel digestive gland
      microsomes was compared with that experimentally obtained from rat liver
      microsomes and discussed from a functional or an evolutionary point of view.

PMID- 2423293
TI  - Computer simulation of cardiac rhythm and artificial pacemakers using a ten
      element heart model.
AB  - This paper describes a universal simulation system which enables simulation
      models of cardiac rhythm disturbances and of artificial pacemaker actions to be
      constructed. Three types of heart element are introduced according to the way in
      which excitation impulses are propagated or produced. Cycle rate dependence of
      repolarization periods and of impulse transmission speeds is incorporated. Random
      and predetermined deviations from natural behavior are also allowed for in the
      model. Using the universal system, a model of simple configuration has been
      developed. There are five physiological and five pathological heart components
      joined together by uni- and bidirectional connectors. Additional bidirectional
      channels allow a variety of pacemakers to be "implanted" in the simulated heart.

PMID- 2423294
TI  - Perseveration in aphasia.
AB  - We developed a battery of tests to evaluate the relationship of perseveration to
      aphasia, and tested 44 subjects (18 with aphasia, 13 with right hemispheric
      lesions, 13 normal controls). Several major findings emerged: left hemispheric,
      posteriorly located, aphasia producing lesions also produced abundant
      perseverations, both verbal and non-verbal, which were primarily recurrent in
      type; right hemispheric lesions produced few perseverations, and these were
      primarily of the continuous type; more than half of the verbal recurrent
      perseverations of aphasia on a naming task were semantic in nature. We conclude
      that recurrent perseveration has a special, perhaps integral, link to language
      disorders of aphasia, particularly fluent aphasia associated with posterior
      lesions.

PMID- 2423295
TI  - Slowly progressive visual agnosia or apraxia without dementia.
AB  - Two patients manifested a progressive impairment of visuoperceptive abilities and
      one patient a progressive generalized apraxia, in the absence of dementia and
      oral language disorders. The disease started in the presenium and the follow-up
      was of five, two and half and two years, respectively. The relation of these
      clinical pictures to cases of generalized dementia and to cases with isolated,
      progressive aphasia is discussed.

PMID- 2423296
TI  - Unexpected CT-scan findings in global aphasia.
AB  - The clinical-CT scan correlation was studied in 37 stroke patients with global
      aphasia. The time between stroke and language examination was between 21 and 60
      days; the time between stroke and CT scan was equal to or longer than 21 days. It
      was found that while 22 patients harboured the expected large lesions including
      Broca's and Wernicke's areas, 8 had anterior lesions sparing Wernicke's area, 3
      had posterior lesions sparing Broca's area, and 4 had deep lesions centered on
      the insula and lenticular nucleus. These findings suggest that global aphasia,
      albeit apparently simple from the semeiological viewpoint (also due to its
      severity), does in fact include different clinical entities. However, no clear
      cut correlation was found between either subtype of speech production or
      severity, and locus of the lesion (except that deep lesions were associated with
      somewhat milder forms). An interesting finding, i.e. that all 8 patients with
      anterior lesions were females, while the 3 posterior ones were male, is briefly
      discussed in terms of possible differential organization of language functions in
      the two sexes.

PMID- 2423297
TI  - Aphasia and the lateralization of language.

PMID- 2423298
TI  - Category specific dissociations in naming and recognition by aphasic patients.
AB  - Two studies examined category specific retrieval deficits in aphasic patients.
      The first study tested naming performance of 24 aphasic patients for pictures of
      objects representing 16 semantic categories. Instances of deviantly high and low
      naming scores relative to a patient's general level of naming ability were
      encountered, most notably for letters, body parts and colors. The second study
      compared name production versus name recognition for 117 aphasic patients across
      six stimulus categories. Although a general superiority of name recognition over
      name production was found, thirteen patients, predominantly fluent aphasics,
      accounted for most instances of correct naming in the absence of correct name
      recognition. Letters, body parts and colors were again most notable. Several
      issues in lexical access for name recognition versus name production are
      discussed.

PMID- 2423299
TI  - BSS and BSS-plus: effect on corneal endothelial ionic and non-ionic fluxes.
AB  - Rabbit corneas were mounted in water jacketed chambers and the endothelial
      surface perfused with either BSS (Balanced Salt Solution) or BSS-Plus for 3 hr.
      Unidirectional and net fluxes of sodium were similar in both groups of corneas.
      Bicarbonate fluxes in BSS-Plus were statistically similar to those in Krebs
      Ringer solution. Bicarbonate fluxes could not be determined with BSS because the
      solution does not contain bicarbonate. In addition, there was no statistically
      significant alteration of inulin or dextran permeability when comparing perfusion
      with BSS and BSS-Plus. From this study it appears that BSS and BSS-Plus are
      comparable in their ability to maintain corneal endothelial physiologic function
      during in-vitro perfusion. This is in contrast to previous work which showed that
      BSS-Plus induced less endothelial morphologic change than BSS. It is concluded
      that morphologic alterations may be more sensitive parameters of endothelial
      stress than are fluxes and permeabilities.

PMID- 2423300
TI  - Anti-tubulin immunofluorescence studies of recovery from vinblastine cytotoxicity
      in Chinese hamster cells.
AB  - Antitubulin immunofluorescent staining was used to examine the relationship among
      crystal formation, mitotic arrest, and recovery potential in vinblastine-treated
      Chinese hamster cells. Although vinblastine caused a mitotic block at
      concentrations as low as 5 x 10(-9) M, it induced tubulin crystal formation only
      at concentrations higher than 10(-6) M. At these higher concentrations, cells
      took 48-72 h to recover after return to normal medium. This extended period of
      time was apparently needed for breakdown of the crystals and regeneration of
      normal cytoplasmic microtubules. At concentrations less than 10(-6) M, although
      the mitotic block was still effective, no crystals were present. Possibly because
      of this lack of crystal formation, the cells recovered rapidly, generating
      cytoplasmic microtubules within 30 min, and beginning to undergo mitosis within
      60 min. These findings tend to support biochemical evidence that tubulin binds to
      vinblastine at two types of binding site: a high affinity, low capacity site,
      responsible for tubulin disaggregation; and a low affinity site, responsible for
      protofilament splaying.

PMID- 2423301
TI  - Fetal oxygenation in diabetic pregnancy. With special reference to maternal blood
      oxygen affinity and its effectors.

PMID- 2423302
TI  - Variable intrathoracic upper airway obstruction due to non-small cell lung
      cancer. Palliation using physiologic and mechanical stenting.
AB  - A 48-year-old woman with non-small cell lung cancer involving the mediastinum and
      producing extrinsic tracheal compression is presented. The patient failed to
      respond to all conventional therapy and presented with stridor and respiratory
      distress due to progressive airway obstruction. Continuous positive airway
      pressure (CPAP) by mask was used to physiologically stent the airway until a
      mechanical Silastic stent could be placed by tracheostomy.

PMID- 2423303
TI  - [Ultrastructural and histochemical study of oral lichen planus].

PMID- 2423304
TI  - Testicular dysfunctions in patients after cytostatic treatment of non
      seminomatous testis tumours.
AB  - In recent two years 28 patients were treated by combined cytostatic therapy for
      non-seminomatous testis tumour. Eleven months on the average since finishing
      chemotherapy they underwent andrological examination aimed at the changes of
      testicular function. Influence of cytostatics--bleomycin, cisplatinum and
      vinblastine on spermiogenesis of patient, on contralateral testis unaffected by
      tumour and on potency (data on erection, orgasm, volume of ejaculate and coitus
      frequency) was observed. 20% of patients had diminished contralateral testis.
      Decrease of ejaculate volume was stated by 64% of patients. Spermiogenesis damage
      was established in all patients (86% of patients had azoospermia and 14% had
      difficult oligoasthenospermia). One of the possible solutions of this negative
      effect on male fertility is represented by cryopreservation of semen before
      introduction of chemotherapy.

PMID- 2423305
TI  - The role of tumour markers and lymphography in determining clinical stage of non
      seminomatous testis tumours.
AB  - Findings established by means of tumour markers examination and lymphography were
      compared with histological findings in retroperitoneal lymph nodes removed during
      lymphadenectomy. Overall accuracy of tumour markers was 70.1%, sensitivity was
      71.4% and specificity was 67.9%. Overall accuracy of lymphography was 79.4%,
      sensitivity was 80.7% and specificity was 77.5%. Combined results of tumour
      markers and lymphography showed overall accuracy 73.1%, sensitivity 93% and
      specificity 37.5%. Since neither the results of tumour markers examination, nor
      lymphography are sufficiently sensitive in order to determine exactly the
      presence of metastases in regional lymph nodes, retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy
      must be considered in the present for a method which is not only of therapeutic,
      but also of diagnostic and prognostic importance.

PMID- 2423306
TI  - Binding of Hoechst 33258 to chromatin in situ.
AB  - The binding of Hoechst 33258 to rat thymocytes, human lymphocytes, and NHIK 3025
      tissue culture cells was studied by measuring the fluorescence and light
      scattering of the cells as functions of dye concentration using flow cytometry.
      The results indicated that there were two different modes of binding of Hoechst
      33258 to chromatin in situ at physiological pH. Type 1 binding, which dominated
      at total dye/phosphate ratios below 0.1 (0.15, M), was characterized by a binding
      constant of the order 10(7) M-1 and fluorescence with high quantum yield. Further
      binding of the dye resulted in a reduced blue/green fluorescence ratio,
      indicating that secondary sites were occupied. Binding at secondary sites above a
      certain density (0.1 less than or equal to bound dye/phosphate less than or equal
      to 0.2) induced strong quenching of fluorescence and precipitation of chromatin.
      Precipitation was quantitated by measuring the large-angle (greater than or equal
      to 15 degrees) light scattering of the cells above 400 nm, i.e., outside the
      Hoechst 33258/DNA absorption spectrum, as a function of dye concentration. In
      contrast, the light scattering at 365 nm, i.e., within the absorption spectrum of
      Hoechst 33258/DNA, was independent of the total dye/phosphate ratio. The
      coefficient of variation of the light-scattering (greater than or equal to 400
      nm) histograms decreased with Hoechst 33258 concentration. Type 2 binding to
      histone-depleted chromatin was cooperative (Hill-coefficient approximately 2) and
      the apparent binding constant was 2-3 X 10(5) M-1 as determined from quenching
      and precipitation data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423307
TI  - Characterization of f-Met-Leu-Phe-stimulated fluid pinocytosis in human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes by flow cytometry.
AB  - N-formylated chemotactic peptide stimulation of human neutrophils initiates a
      number of cellular processes, such as lysosomal enzyme release and superoxide
      anion production, that are indicative of the events of neutrophil activation
      during the acute inflammatory response in disease. This study characterizes a
      newly recognized neutrophil activation event, N-formylated chemotactic peptide
      stimulated fluid pinocytosis in human neutrophils, using a novel flow cytometric
      assay for this activity. Fluid pinocytosis was found to be inhibited by acidic pH
      and low temperature but could be enhanced by cytochalasin B treatment or surface
      adherence by neutrophils. The activity measured by this new assay of fluid
      pinocytosis appears to be separate and distinct from lysosomal enzyme release and
      receptor-mediated adsorptive endocytosis in neutrophils. The physiologic
      significance of N-formylated chemotactic peptide-stimulated fluid pinocytosis is
      not known, but a possible relationship to neutrophil locomotion is discussed.

PMID- 2423308
TI  - The diagnosis and management of perforations of esophagus and pharynx sustained
      during intubation of neoplastic esophageal strictures.
AB  - Twenty-six esophageal and eight pharyngeal perforations sustained during
      palliative intubation of esophagogastric neoplasms have been reviewed. The
      majority of the tears were recognized either endoscopically or by the immediate
      development of subcutaneous emphysema. However, 15 perforations were first
      identified by radiology, and 10 of these 15 patients were initially asymptomatic.
      In the years 1976-1979 with conservative management, three patients of eight died
      from the perforation and none had a pneumothorax. From 1980 a more aggressive
      nonsurgical approach was used, and of 26 patients who sustained a perforation,
      there were six deaths before leaving hospital but only four deaths were directly
      related to the perforation and each of these had sustained a pneumothorax.
      Pharyngeal tears invariably did well with conservative management. Our experience
      favors conservative management for instrumental esophageal perforation.

PMID- 2423310
TI  - Rapid RNA sequencing using double-stranded template DNA, SP6 polymerase, and 3'
      deoxynucleotide triphosphates.
AB  - A simple and efficient nucleic acid sequencing method is described in which RNA
      transcription by the SP6 polymerase is specifically terminated using 3'
      deoxynucleotide triphosphates. Initial difficulties in resolving the RNA ladder
      were overcome by replacing guanosine triphosphate by inosine triphosphate in the
      reaction mixture and electrophoresing gels at high temperature (50 degrees C).
      This method presents advantages over current sequencing techniques: Unprocessed
      plasmid DNA is the template and preparation of inserts and/or single-stranded
      templates is unnecessary. Use of the specific promoter for SP6 polymerase removes
      the need for a primer in sequencing reactions.

PMID- 2423309
TI  - Immunohistological characterization of intraepithelial and lamina propria
      lymphocytes in control ileum and colon and in inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Using monoclonal antibodies to T and B lymphocytes, to natural killer cells, and
      to HLA-DR antigen, we characterized the lymphocyte population within the
      epithelial and lamina propria regions in control intestine and colon, and in
      grossly involved and in grossly uninvolved intestine and colon of patients with
      active inflammatory bowel disease. There were significantly more intraepithelial
      T cells in control ileum than in control colon. In comparison to control, there
      was a heterogeneity of alterations in intraepithelial and lamina propria T
      lymphocyte subsets (T11+, T8+, T4+) in inflammatory bowel disease. B lymphocytes
      were not detected within the lamina propria, except when found in and adjacent to
      lymphoid aggregates. Leu 7+ cells were uncommon in the lamina propria of control
      ileum and colon and in diseased tissues. The majority of intraepithelial
      lymphocytes did not express HLA-DR. Epithelial cells of control colon did not
      express HLA-DR while epithelial cells of control ileal tissues and of diseased
      colonic and ileal specimens expressed HLA-DR antigen. Only small numbers of
      lamina propria T cells expressed HLA-DR in both control and disease tissues.
      There was intense expression of HLA-DR by monocytes and modest expression of HLA
      DR by capillary and lymphatic endothelial cells. The induction of HLA-DR
      expression by diseased colonic epithelium and the observation that lymphatic
      endothelium expresses HLA-DR are new observations, and we established that Leu 7+
      cells are present in very small numbers in both normal and diseased intestine and
      colon.

PMID- 2423311
TI  - [Optical signals from the nerve fibers of fresh-water mollusks stained with the
      potential-sensitive dye WW375].

PMID- 2423312
TI  - [Intraoperative radiation treatment of carcinoma of the pancreas. Initial
      clinical results].
AB  - Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) was administered to 13 patients with carcinoma
      of the pancreas, using high-velocity electrons of a LINAC accelerator in a single
      dose of maximally 25 Gy applied directly to the tumour or tumour bed with the
      abdomen open. There were no disorders of wound healing or other serious early
      complications which could be ascribed to the radiation. Stomach and intestines
      were excluded from the radiation field to avoid late radiation damage, such as
      stenoses or ulcers. The method is particularly indicated for locally non
      resectable, non-metastasized pancreatic carcinoma, possibly also as tumour-bed
      radiation during radical surgery. Patients with distant metastases were not given
      radiation. First results point to IORT providing lasting improvement of
      pancreatic pain. It is too early to know whether survival time is favourable
      influenced.

PMID- 2423313
TI  - [Histometric characterization of the horn of claws in swine for slaughter].

PMID- 2423314
TI  - The heterogeneity of gamma chain of foetal haemoglobin in African newborn babies
      in Kenya.

PMID- 2423315
TI  - Practical therapeutics: the use of antithyroid drugs.

PMID- 2423316
TI  - Palliative laser treatment of malignant stenoses in the upper gastrointestinal
      tract.
AB  - The present state of palliative laser therapy of inoperable malignant tumor
      stenoses in the upper gastrointestinal tract is reviewed. Indications,
      contraindications, several different sources of energy and forms of energy
      application, as also the various technical procedures, are discussed. Finally,
      the authors' experience with palliative laser therapy in 62 patients, and the
      results of an international inquiry covering data obtained in 1,359 patients, are
      presented.

PMID- 2423317
TI  - Tumor stenoses of the upper gastrointestinal tract--therapeutic alternatives to
      laser therapy.
AB  - Alternatives to laser treatment of tumor stenoses of upper gastrointestinal tract
      include dilatation, implantation of bridging tubes, radiation therapy and
      chemotherapy. Based on the experience of 170 bridging tubes implanted and laser
      therapy in 70 patients with tumor stenoses (presented elsewhere) "tubes and
      laser" are compared. Complication rate, applicability in very proximal and distal
      stenoses are in favour of laser therapy, costs, hospitalisation time, possibility
      to occlude fistulae and short recurrence time after laser therapy are facts
      speaking for oesophageal bridging tubes. The question "tubes or laser" has to be
      answered by "tubes and laser" already.

PMID- 2423318
TI  - The laser in gastroenterology: malignant tumors in the lower gastrointestinal
      tract--therapeutic alternatives.

PMID- 2423319
TI  - Computer reconstruction of the spread of excitation in nerve terminals with
      inhomogeneous channel distribution.
AB  - A direct numerical integration method, as modified by Du Fort and Frankel (1953),
      has been used to solve the partial differential equation system which describes
      the spread of action potential in a mammalian nerve terminal. Branching of the
      terminal as well as inhomogeneous distributions of Na+ and K+ voltage-dependent
      channels (Brigant and Mallart 1982) have been incorporated in the model. Using
      the channel densities and the kinetic parameters measured in the node of Ranvier,
      the depolarization in the terminal branches has an amplitude of only 60% of the
      action potential in the node. Furthermore, the time courses of the calculated
      membrane currents differ considerably from the ones measured by Brigant and
      Mallart (1982) and by Konishi and Sears (1984). Increasing the Na+ and K+ channel
      densities may considerably increase the terminal depolarization and also
      reproduce qualitatively the current wave-forms observed experimentally. The model
      can also reproduce some of the effects of pharmacological channel blocks. The
      simulation allows a new interpretation of the different components of membrane
      current along the terminal.

PMID- 2423320
TI  - Toxicity of mycotoxins for the rat pulmonary macrophage in vitro.
AB  - The presence of mycotoxins in grains is well documented. Workers in grain
      handling occupations are commonly exposed to grain dust aerosols. Work in our
      laboratory has shown that T-2 toxin is highly toxic to rat alveolar macrophages
      in vitro, causing loss of viability, release of radiolabeled chromium, inhibition
      of macromolecular synthesis, inhibition of phagocytosis, and inhibition of
      macrophage activation. Similarly, patulin caused a significant release of
      radiolabeled chromium, decrease in ATP levels, significant inhibition of protein
      and RNA synthesis, and inhibition of phagocytosis. The data show that both T-2
      toxin and patulin are highly toxic to rat alveolar macrophages in vitro. The data
      further suggest that the presence of these mycotoxins in airborne respirable dust
      might present a hazard to exposed workers.

PMID- 2423321
TI  - Induction of histamine release in vitro from rat peritoneal mast cells by
      extracts of grain dust.
AB  - The ability of extracts of grain dust and wheat to induce histamine release from
      rat peritoneal cells was investigated. Some grain dusts, with a high endotoxin
      content, were found to produce cytotoxic histamine release. Extract of wheat
      dust, with a low endotoxin release, produced noncytotoxic histamine release from
      peritoneal cells but not from purified mast cells. This reaction was dependent on
      the presence of phosphatidyl serine. The agent did not appear to be a lectin
      because histamine release was not enhanced by passive sensitization of mast cells
      with IgE. The activity occurred only over a narrow range of concentrations of the
      extract of wheat. The cause was unclear.

PMID- 2423322
TI  - Coinhibition of viral interferon induction by benzo[a]pyrene and chrysotile
      asbestos.
AB  - Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and its noncarcinogenic analog, benzo[e]pyrene (B[e]P),
      each in combination with chrysotile, were studied for their inhibitory effects on
      interferon (IFN) induction by influenza virus in rhesus monkey kidney (LLC-MK2)
      cell monolayers. B[a]P alone had no adverse effect on IFN induction; however,
      from 60 to 70% inhibition of IFN production occurred when B[a]P was enzymatically
      activated by rat liver S9. Chrysotile's inhibitory effect on the IFN process was
      similar in magnitude to that of activated B[a]P. The combination of activated
      B[a]P with chrysotile resulted in coinhibition of IFN induction which
      significantly exceeded (P less than 0.05) the inhibitory activity of the reagents
      tested alone or in other combinations. B[e]P alone or with S9 neither affected
      IFN induction nor was it capable of further enhancing chrysotile's inhibition of
      IFN synthesis. These findings provide further evidence of enhanced deleterious
      action by the combination of asbestos and activated B[a]P on a biological defense
      mechanism and further support the discriminatory power and credibility of the
      inhibition IFN induction assay for evaluating potential carcinogens.

PMID- 2423323
TI  - Influenza virus-induced alterations of cytochrome P-450 enzyme activities
      following exposure of mice to coal and diesel particulates.
AB  - We have investigated a relationship between two detoxication systems, metabolic
      detoxication through the cytochrome P-450 (P-450) pathway and resistance to
      infection through interferon (IFN), in mice infected with influenza virus
      following exposure to coal dust (CD) and diesel exhaust (DE) particulates. Mice
      were exposed by inhalation to filtered air (FA; control), CD, or DE for 1 month
      and then inoculated intranasally (IN) with influenza virus. During infection, 7
      ethoxycoumarin deethylase (7ECdeEt'ase) and ethylmorphine demethylase
      (EMdeMe'ase) (monooxygenases), and NADPH cytochrome c reductase (NADPH c red'ase)
      were measured in liver microsomes. Temporal patterns of enzyme activities were
      observed with control animals. EMdeMe'ase and NADPH c red'ase exhibited peak
      values at Day 4 postinfection (27.6 and 482 nmole/min/mg protein, respectively),
      compared to initial activities (9.1 and 307 nmole/min/mg protein, respectively).
      7ECdeEt'ase activity decreased between Days 1-3 postvirus infection and
      thereafter returned to the original value (1.7 nmole/min/mg protein). When the
      mice were first exposed to CD or DE particulates for 1 month prior to influenza
      infection, changes in enzyme temporal patterns were observed. The increased
      EMdeMe'ase activity at Day 4 was not observed in mice exposed to CD and was
      reduced in mice exposed to DE. Preexposure to either particulate resulted in the
      abolition of the increased Day 4 activity of NADPH c red'ase. The 7ECdeEt'ase
      postinfection temporal pattern was not affected by a preexposure to either
      particulate. Estimates of the enzyme activities after the 1-month exposure to FA,
      CD, or DE but before virus infection indicated no changes due to particulate
      exposure alone. Under these conditions of particulate exposure and virus
      infection, serum IFN levels in the mice used in this study peaked at Days 4-5 and
      were unaffected by the 1-month preexposure to CD or DE (Hahon et al., (1985). The
      data suggest the relationship that exists between metabolic detoxication and
      resistance to infection in normal mice was altered during a short-term
      preexposure to CD or DE.

PMID- 2423324
TI  - Alzheimer's paired helical filaments share epitopes with neurofilament side arms.
AB  - A panel of monoclonal antibodies to neurofilaments have been investigated with
      regard to the location of their respective epitopes on neurofilament polypeptides
      and their ability to label the neurofibrillary tangles and paired helical
      filaments (PHF) which are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. All of the
      neurofilament monoclonal antibodies that label tangles and PHF are directed
      against epitopes in the side arm domains of the two larger neurofilament
      polypeptides, NF-H and NF-M, and do not recognise the alpha-helical rod domains
      of these proteins. Immuno-electron microscopy demonstrates that the neurofilament
      antibodies label the constituent PHF per se and do not simply stain
      neurofilaments that might be admixed with PHF. These neurofilament epitopes are
      differentially retained by PHF, following isolation. Thus, antibody labelling of
      PHF is not simply due to the presence of normal neurofilament polypeptides. We
      propose that in tangle-bearing neurons, neurofilaments are degraded by proteases
      and that it is fragments of the side arms which contribute to the composition of
      PHF.

PMID- 2423325
TI  - Location of 'continuous' antigenic determinants in the protruding regions of
      proteins.
AB  - A simple method is described to locate 'antigenic' peptides from the alpha-carbon
      co-ordinates of a protein, based on protrusion from the protein's globular
      surface. A good correlation is found between those parts of a protein which
      protrude and the experimentally determined antigenic peptides in myoglobin,
      lysozyme and myohemerythrin. A comparison is made between the use of protrusion
      index, mobility, solvent accessibility and hydrophilicity for predicting the most
      likely antigenic peptides.

PMID- 2423326
TI  - Modelling of the combining sites of three anti-lysozyme monoclonal antibodies and
      of the complex between one of the antibodies and its epitope.
AB  - Models of the antigen combining sites of three monoclonal antibodies, which
      recognise different but overlapping epitopes within the 'loop' region of hen egg
      lysozyme (HEL), have been generated from the cDNA sequences of their Fv regions
      (the VL and VH domains) and the known crystal structures of immunoglobulin
      fragments. The alpha-carbon backbone of the structurally conserved framework
      region has been derived from the IgG myeloma protein NEW, and models for the
      hypervariable loop regions have been selected on the basis of length and maximum
      sequence homology. The model structures have been refined by energy minimisation.
      Both the size and chemical nature of the predicted combining site models
      correlate broadly with the epitope boundaries previously determined by affinity
      studies. A model of the complex formed between one antibody and the corresponding
      lysozyme epitope is described, and contact residues are identified for subsequent
      testing by oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis.

PMID- 2423327
TI  - The chromosomal gene structure and two mRNAs for human granulocyte colony
      stimulating factor.
AB  - Two different cDNAs for human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were
      isolated from a cDNA library constructed with mRNA prepared from human squamous
      carcinoma cells, which produce G-CSF constitutively. The nucleotide sequence
      analysis of both cDNAs indicated that two polypeptides coded by these cDNAs are
      different at one position where three amino acids are deleted/inserted. When the
      two cDNAs were introduced into monkey COS cells under the SV40 early promoter,
      both of them produced proteins having authentic G-CSF activity and some
      difference in the specific activity was suggested. A human gene library was then
      screened with the G-CSF cDNA and the DNA fragment containing the G-CSF
      chromosomal gene was characterized by the nucleotide sequence analysis. The human
      G-CSF gene is interrupted by four introns and a comparison of the structures of
      the two G-CSF cDNAs with that of the chromosomal gene indicated that the two
      mRNAs are generated by alternative use of two 5' splice donor sequences in the
      second intron of the G-CSF gene. When the G-CSF chromosomal gene was expressed in
      monkey COS cells by using the SV40 enhancer two mRNAs were detected by S1 mapping
      analysis.

PMID- 2423329
TI  - The selectivity filter of voltage-dependent channels formed by phosphoporin (PhoE
      protein) from E. coli.
AB  - Phosphoporin, an Escherichia coli outer membrane-spanning protein re-incorporated
      in phospholipid planar bilayers generates aqueous channels similar to those of
      matrix porin. One phosphoporin trimer contains three pores which are induced
      simultaneously but fluctuate separately between open and closed states. Membrane
      potential shifts this two-state equilibrium in favour of closed channels. This
      negative resistance occurs at lower potentials than with matrix porin channels.
      The phosphoporin channel is poorly anion selective for small solutes.
      Polyphosphates and other phosphorylated molecules specifically inhibit
      phosphoporin pore conductance to small ions, a property which is specific to
      phosphoporin. There is an excellent correlation between the effect of such
      solutes measured in planar bilayers and their inhibitory effect on beta-lactam
      antibiotic uptake in vivo by phosphoporin. It is concluded that the phosphoporin
      channel contains a selectivity filter which is only efficient for larger
      molecules, most probably through basic residues.

PMID- 2423328
TI  - Regulated expression of repetitive sequences including the identifier sequence
      during myotube formation in culture.
AB  - We have isolated and characterized a cDNA of 1183 bp, pL6-411, from rat L6 muscle
      cells. This cDNA contains repetitive sequences - including two inverted copies of
      the previously described identifier sequence - as shown by sequence analysis.
      Repetitive sequences from pL6-411 characterize a family of RNAs which is
      specifically induced during L6 myotube formation. Another part of the pL6-411
      sequence, existing at low-copy number per haploid rat genome, hybridized to two
      RNAs of 5 kb and 2 kb from L6 myoblasts as well as from L6 myotubes. A third pL6
      411-related RNA of 150 bases was detected which hybridized with the repetitive
      sequence but did not hybridize with the low-copy number part of pL6-411. It
      appears that the 'identifier' sequence in this population of small RNAs is
      complementary to one of the 'identifier' copies in the pL6-411-related RNA.
      Finally, we identified on cDNA pL6-411 the recognition site for the TGGCA-binding
      protein and in both orientations a total of four putative promoters for RNA
      polymerase III.

PMID- 2423330
TI  - Purification and properties of N-acetylglucosaminide alpha 1----3
      fucosyltransferase from embryonal carcinoma cells.
AB  - A membrane-bound alpha-L-fucosyltransferase, which is involved in the synthesis
      of a developmentally regulated carbohydrate antigen, SSEA-1, was purified about
      2000-fold from F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. The procedures used were
      solubilization with Triton X-100, column chromatography on SP-Sephadex, DEAE
      Sephadex, RCA-agarose and on GDP-agarose. Upon sodium dodecyl sulfate gel
      electrophoresis, the purified preparation gave a protein band with a relative
      molecular mass of 65 000. The optimum pH of the enzyme was between 6.0 and 7.0
      and the Km toward N-acetyllactosamine was 0.55 mM. The enzyme was active with
      asialofetuin, but not with intact fetuin. Susceptibility of the product to alpha
      L-fucosidase I from almond emulsin verified that the enzyme transferred fucose to
      C-3 hydroxyl of N-acetylglucosamine in the N-acetyllactosamine structure.
      Activities of beta-galactoside alpha 1----2-fucosyltransferase and N
      acetylglucosaminide alpha 1----4-fucosyltransferase acting on synthetic
      substrates were not detected in the purified enzyme nor in the crude extract of
      F9 cells. PYS-2 parietal endoderm cells lacked all the fucosyltransferases
      mentioned above.

PMID- 2423331
TI  - Isolation and characterization of sulphated oligosaccharides released from bovine
      corneal keratan sulphate by the action of endo-beta-galactosidase.
AB  - A series of oligosaccharides has been isolated from the keratan sulphate
      peptidoglycan (3 M NaCl fraction) of bovine cornea after digestion with the endo
      beta-galactosidase of Bacteroides fragilis. Structural information on the major
      oligosaccharides was obtained from (a) their susceptibilities to endo-beta
      galactosidase before and after desulphation, (b) their elution positions on a
      column of Bio-Gel P-4 and retention times on a high-performance anion-exchange
      column and (c) negative-ion fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry. More than
      75% of the oligosaccharides were sulphated unbranched poly(N-acetyllactosamine)
      sequences, (-3/4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-)n, and approximately 3% was the
      neutral disaccharide, GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal. The sulphated disaccharide, GlcNAc-SO-3
      beta 1-3Gal, accounted for almost 35% of the oligosaccharide material while 40%
      consisted of four oligosaccharides, unbranched tetra-, hexa-, octa- and
      decasaccharides of poly(N-acetyllactosamine) type, having 3, 5, 7 and 9 sulphate
      residues respectively. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies at 500 MHz
      (Hounsell, E. F., et al. following paper in this journal) have shown that a
      sulphate residue is attached to the C-6 position of each N-acetylglucosamine and
      each internal galactose residue of these four oligosaccharides which express to
      varying degrees the antigenic determinants recognised by three monoclonal
      antibodies to keratan sulphate (Mehmet, H. et al., paper which follows the next
      paper in this journal).

PMID- 2423332
TI  - The antigenic determinants recognized by three monoclonal antibodies to keratan
      sulphate involve sulphated hepta- or larger oligosaccharides of the poly(N
      acetyllactosamine) series.
AB  - The carbohydrate determinants of keratan sulphate recognized by three monoclonal
      antibodies (5-D-4, 1-B-4 and MZ15) have been investigated by solid-phase
      radioimmunoassay using bovine corneal keratan sulphate as the immobilized
      reference antigen. The antibodies appeared highly specific for sulphated poly(N
      acetyllactosamine) sequences, for their binding was strongly inhibited by
      preparations of keratan sulphate, but not by glycoproteins with non-sulphated
      poly(N-acetyllactosamine) sequences of I and i antigen types, a desulphated
      keratan sulphate hexasaccharide, an array of neutral and sulphated mono- and
      disaccharides and other glycosaminoglycans. Inhibition of binding assays using a
      series of structurally characterized sulphated di, tetra-, hexa-, octa- and
      decasaccharides, and partially characterized larger oligosaccharides, isolated
      from bovine corneal keratan sulphate after digestion with endo-beta-galactosidase
      (see preceding two papers in this journal) showed that the smallest
      oligosaccharide reactive with all three antibodies was the linear pentasulphated
      hexasaccharide, E-II although antibody 1-B-4 reacted with a tetrasulphated
      analogue. The heptasulphated octasaccharide, G-III, was more active; among the
      structurally characterized keratan sulphate oligosaccharides the nonasulphated
      decasaccharide, I-IV, was the most active. Thus, the hepta- and octasaccharide
      sequences, indicated by brackets below are proposed as candidate antigenic
      structures recognized by the three monoclonal antibodies. (Formula: see text).
      Antibody 5-D-4 differs from the other two antibodies in reacting relatively
      strongly with a minor oligosaccharide which chromatographs as a hexasulphated
      octasaccharide, G-I, and most strongly with a minor sulphated, linear
      dodecasaccharide, J-II, which has been partially characterized [Tang, P.W.,
      Scudder, P., Mehmet, H., Hounsell, E. F. & Feizi, T., unpublished results] and
      may contain N-sulphated glucosamine residues.

PMID- 2423333
TI  - The effects of metoprolol given early in acute myocardial infarction on
      ventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - The effects of metoprolol, administered in the early stages of acute myocardial
      infarction was studied in 126 patients. Patients were treated in a double-blind
      randomized fashion, with metoprolol -15 mg, intravenously followed by 100 mg
      twice daily for 15 days or placebo, with a mean delay of 8.1 hours from onset of
      symptoms. All patients underwent 24 hour Holter monitoring on days 1, 5 and 15
      after randomization. Although there was no antiarrhythmic effect on day 1,
      metoprolol reduced the number of hours with warning arrhythmias (greater than 30
      ventricular ectopics/hour, any R/T ectopics or ventricular tachycardia) on both
      days 5 (35 +/- 16% vs 8 +/- 11%; P less than 0.05) and day 15 (13 +/- 37% vs 4 +/
      13%; P less than 0.05). Metoprolol also reduced the incidence of ventricular
      fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia requiring cardioversion -6% vs 0%; P =
      0.058. Metoprolol, administered in the early stages of acute myocardial
      infarction, had an antiarrhythmic effect which was evident only in the later
      phase of the study.

PMID- 2423334
TI  - Ambulatory 24-hour continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in 54 patients with
      ankylosing spondylitis.
AB  - Of 54 patients with ankylosing spondylitis 48 were found to be HLA B27 positive.
      Ambulatory 24-hour Holter monitoring revealed electrocardiographic
      'abnormalities' in 12 of the 48 HLA B27 positive patients. To our knowledge this
      is the first ambulatory Holter monitoring of a group of patients with ankylosing
      spondylitis, and the outcome seems to suggest a relationship between the tissue
      type HLA B27 and the occurrence of electrocardiographic 'abnormalities'. The
      frequency of atrioventricular block (types I and III) and atrial tachycardia was
      significantly higher in this group of patients than that found in similar studies
      of healthy adults. The frequency of psoriasis and cardiac murmurs was increased
      among the patients with electrocardiographic 'abnormalities'.

PMID- 2423335
TI  - Plasma proteinases, proteinase inhibitors and other selective plasma proteins
      following aortofemoral bypass operation.
AB  - Monitoring of plasma proteinases, proteinase inhibitors and other selective
      plasma proteins was evaluated in patients undergoing Y-graft aortofemoral bypass
      operation. Fast-reacting acute-phase proteins (C-reactive protein,
      antichymotrypsin, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein) and slow-reacting proteins
      (haptoglobin, alpha 1-antitrypsin) increased significantly 48-120 h after
      operation. By contrast, no significant increase was found between plasma
      ceruloplasmin levels before clamping and after declamping. Activity and
      concentration of alpha 2-macroglobulin decreased postoperatively and remained
      significantly lowered throughout the observation period. Plasma levels of
      granulocyte elastase were elevated significantly 1 h after declamping, whereas
      trypsin-binding capacity decreased immediately after the release of the clamp.
      Aprotinin pretreatment caused higher trypsin-binding capacity of the plasma,
      significantly lower 'unspecific' proteolytic (azocasein-hydrolyzing) activity and
      significantly lower non-TCA precipitable low molecular weight plasma protein
      concentration. Our results confirm the data of several authors that monitoring of
      plasma proteinases, proteinase inhibitors and other selective plasma proteins may
      be helpful in evaluating surgical patients postoperatively.

PMID- 2423336
TI  - The role of delay in stage-III testicular tumors.
AB  - Twenty-eight patients with stage-III testicular tumors seen between 1979 and 1984
      were analyzed for the effect of delay on diagnosis and chemotherapy and
      prognosis. A statistically significant relation was determined between the
      symptom-diagnosis interval and extent of the disease. The complete response (CR)
      rate was 67% for patients treated within 6 months of symptoms, on the contrary
      only 16% of patients with interval longer than 6 months to treatment had CR (p
      less than 0.05). We believe that delay in diagnosis and chemotherapy may affect
      the response to treatment. Health education of the male population for self
      examination of the testes is an important factor for minimizing this delay.

PMID- 2423337
TI  - A double-blind trial of the effect of beta-sitosteryl glucoside (WA184) in the
      treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
AB  - Cholesterol-lowering agents are still used in some countries for the treatment of
      benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). A randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled urodynamic study, carried out on 53 patients with proven outflow
      obstruction, has failed to prove that the drug, beta-sitosteryl beta-D-glucoside
      (WA184), is superior to placebo in the treatment of outflow obstruction due to
      BPH when administered at a dose of 0.3 mg/day. Possible reasons for this include
      an insufficient dose and duration of treatment (this drug is known to have a
      potent effect on cholesterol metabolism in the prostate) and the predominantly
      stromal pathological changes which characterize BPH and which may be unaffected
      by such agents.

PMID- 2423338
TI  - Early stages of the pathogenesis of rat ventral prostate hyperplasia induced by
      citral.
AB  - Typical lesions of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were induced experimentally
      in the ventral prostate of adolescent (6 week old) male rats by citral, a
      nonsteroidal compound. Incipient BPH changes were already observed in the acinar
      glands 10 days after citral administration. A longer period of treatment (1
      month) significantly enhanced epithelial hyperplasia, whereas the stromal
      elements were less reactive. Characteristic BPH lesions involving both prostatic
      compartments were found after 3 months of treatment. Castration prior to citral
      administration prevented such BPH changes; however, citral did not prevent the
      involutive lesions of castration. The mechanism of action of citral is yet
      unknown, various possibilities concerning the induction of BPH in rats are
      presented and discussed. The potential advantage of this model, especially as BPH
      is not necessarily linked to age or exogenous hormones, may offer new alternative
      pathways for understanding the complexity of BPH pathogenesis in animals and
      perhaps even in man.

PMID- 2423339
TI  - Chemotherapy with adriamycin and vincristine alternated with cyclophosphamide and
      actinomycin D in testicular germ cell tumors refractory to cisplatin, vinblastine
      and bleomycin.
AB  - Eighteen patients with testicular cancer refractory to cisplatin, vinblastine and
      bleomycin (PVB) were treated with a non-cross-resistant regimen including
      adriamycin, 60 mg/m2 i.v. on day 1, and vincristine, 1.2 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1 and
      8, alternated q 3 weeks with cyclophosphamide, 600 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1 and 8,
      and actinomycin D, 1 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1 and 8. The median number of
      administered cycles was 8 (range 3-14). The results were analyzed according to
      previous response to PVB. One of two patients relapsing after the first-line
      therapy obtained a transient second complete response (CR) (duration 7 months).
      None of seven patients who showed no response to PVB obtained a CR; in 3/9
      patients with a partial response (PR) after PVB, the achievement of CR could not
      be definitely attributed to salvage therapy. Toxicity was mild; no cardiac
      failure or drug-related deaths were observed. In conclusion, these two
      alternating regimens were well tolerated, but this treatment was not found to be
      useful in patients not responsive to PVB, for whom new and alternative therapies
      are required. The favorable impact on prognosis, evident only in the subgroup of
      patients with PR, was probably attributable to PVB rather than to this salvage
      regimen.

PMID- 2423340
TI  - Chronic gonadal toxicity in patients with testicular cancer after chemotherapy.
AB  - Forty-five patients with disseminated testicular cancer treated with cisplatin,
      vinblastine and bleomycin +/- adriamycin (PVB +/- A) were studied to establish
      the impact of chemotherapy on hormonal and reproductive functions. Data on FSH,
      LH, testosterone, prolactin, semen analyses and sexual functions were obtained
      before, during and 1-6 yr after chemotherapy. Mean LH, testosterone and prolactin
      levels were within normal limits before, during and after chemotherapy. Twenty
      per cent (4/20) of the patients revealed pathologically elevated FSH levels due
      to pretreatment gonadal dysfunction. Germinal aplasia occurred in all patients in
      the first year after chemotherapy, as 100% rendered azoospermic and 95% showed
      statistically significant elevated FSH values (P = 0.001). In the third year
      after chemotherapy 80% (8/10) of the patients showed normalization of FSH levels
      and 100% (7/7) recovery of sperm production but with a high degree of immotile
      sperms. Although these results emphasize the restitution of spermatogenesis in
      the third year after cessation of PVB-regimen, the minority of these patients
      fathered children, probably due to reduced sperm motility.

PMID- 2423341
TI  - The effect of 3-deazauridine and dipyridamole on uridine utilization by mice.
AB  - The inhibition of uridine utilization by 3-deazauridine, an inhibitor of uridine
      kinase, and by dipyridamole, an inhibitor of the facilitated transport of
      nucleosides was examined. 3-Deazauridine (500 mg/kg) markedly inhibited (greater
      than 70%) the formation of uracil nucleotides from uridine in liver, kidney, and
      L1210 tumor cells. The degree of inhibition is greatly reduced by 6 hr after
      administration of the drug. Dipyridamole (100 mg/kg) did not significantly reduce
      salvage of uridine by liver or kidney and produced only small, transient
      reductions in salvage by L1210 tumors. Dipyridamole pretreatment did not alter
      the rate of clearance of uridine from the plasma.

PMID- 2423342
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the prostacyclin analogue iloprost in
      man.
AB  - Plasma levels of the prostacyclin analogue, iloprost, were measured by
      antibody/GC/MS in healthy male volunteers given 1 and 3 ng/kg per min i.v. for 45
      min, and 1 microgram/kg p.o. Following i.v. infusion, the steady-state plasma
      levels of iloprost were strictly dose-dependent (46 +/- 8 pg/ml and 135 +/- 24
      pg/ml). The disposition was biphasic with half-lives of 3-4 min and 0.5 h. After
      oral administration, absorption of the drug was extremely rapid, the maximum
      plasma level of 251 +/- 32 pg/ml being achieved after 10 +/- 6 min. The
      bioavailability was 16 +/- 4%. Platelet aggregation induced by 2 microM ADP was
      reduced by 53% and 68% at the end of the two different infusions, and by 68% 15
      min after p.o. administration. The ex-vivo inhibition of platelet aggregation by
      iloprost was not affected by preceding drug treatment. The cAMP content of
      platelets was increased by a factor of 2.5 at the end of the infusions and to a
      lesser extent 15 min after oral dosing. A slight increase in heart rate occurred
      during the infusion and within 30 min after oral administration; blood pressure
      was virtually unaffected. Except for transient side-effects (facial flush and
      headache) no adverse reactions were observed.

PMID- 2423343
TI  - Influence of slow calcium-channel blockade on the cardiovascular effects of
      coffee.
AB  - An increase in blood pressure after coffee and caffeine has recently been
      reported. A possible pharmacological mechanism for this pressor response is a
      rise in the intracellular calcium concentration, caused by an increase in calcium
      influx due to a direct effect of caffeine. Accordingly, the cardiovascular
      effects of drinking coffee after placebo and verapamil 3 X 80 mg in 1 day in 10
      normotensive volunteers have been examined in a single-blind study. After
      placebo, coffee led to an increase in blood pressure (7/14 mm Hg), and a fall in
      heart rate (-7 beats/min); forearm blood flow did not change. Plasma epinephrine
      rose (257%), plasma norepinephrine did not change and the plasma renin activity
      fell significantly. The haemodynamic and humoral changes after coffee were not
      altered by pretreatment with verapamil. It is concluded that increased
      transmembrane calcium influx after caffeine does not appear to be an important
      pharmacological mechanism for the circulatory effects of coffee.

PMID- 2423344
TI  - Tetrodotoxin-sensitive and tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ channels differ in their
      sensitivity to Cd2+ and Zn2+.
AB  - The sensitivity of Na+ channels to inhibition by Cd2+ and Zn2+ was studied in
      22Na+ uptake experiments after stabilization of an open conformation of the Na+
      channels with different neurotoxins and in voltage clamp experiments. Six
      different cell types of neuronal, cardiac or skeletal muscle origin were
      surveyed. Three cell types possess Na+ channels that are highly sensitive to
      tetrodotoxin (TTX) (Kd = 1-5 nM) and three possess Na+ channels that are
      resistant to TTX (Kd = 0.3-1 microM). The 22Na+ uptake experiments using
      veratridine or batrachotoxin to activate Na+ channels indicated that TTX
      resistant Na+ channels are more sensitive to the inhibitory action of Cd2+
      (IC50(Cd2+) = 0.2 mM) and of Zn2+ (IC50(Zn2+) = 50 microM) than TTX-sensitive Na+
      channels (IC50(Cd2+) = 5 mM, IC50(Zn2+) = 2 mM). Electrophysiological experiments
      showed that high concentrations of Cd2+ (IC50 = 2 mM) are necessary to inhibit
      both TTX-sensitive and TTX-insensitive Na+ channels when the channels are
      activated by voltage steps. The results suggest that Cd2+ acts competitively with
      veratridine or batrachotoxin and that the difference in the effects of Cd2+ and
      Zn2+ on 22Na+ fluxes in TTX-sensitive and TTX-resistant cells is related to
      differences at the site of action of alkaloid neurotoxins.

PMID- 2423345
TI  - Pertussis toxin (IAP) enhances maitotoxin (a putative Ca2+ channel agonist)
      induced Ca2+ entry into synaptosomes.

PMID- 2423346
TI  - Tumor promoter-induced disruption of junctional complexes in cultured epithelial
      cells is followed by the inhibition of cytokeratin and desmoplakin synthesis.
AB  - The organization and synthesis of proteins involved in the formation and
      stabilization of desmosome-type junctions was investigated in cultured epithelial
      cells treated with a tumor promoter (12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA].
      In Madin-Darby bovine (MDBK) and canine (MDCK) kidney cell colonies, TPA induced
      a rapid disruption of desmosomes and marked alterations in cell morphology.
      Within 4-6 h after TPA treatment, cell shape changed from cuboidal to highly
      irregular, with some very long extensions that contained cytokeratin fibrils, and
      many flat lamellar protrusions which were devoid of cytokeratin fibrils. These
      morphological changes in both MDBK and MDCK cells were followed by a dramatic and
      coordinated inhibition in the synthesis of all cytokeratins, 14-24 h after the
      addition of TPA, but without a similar effect on the synthesis of vimentin, which
      is coexpressed in these cells. In contrast, in dense cultures of MDBK and MDCK
      cells the synthesis of cytokeratins and the organization of desmosomal contacts
      were not affected by TPA. In an epithelial cell line derived from the bovine
      mammary gland (BMGE-H) the synthesis of an acidic cytokeratin of 45 kD, which was
      previously shown to be synthesized at high levels only in dense cultures, was
      dramatically inhibited by TPA treatment. Cell-free in vitro translation assays
      with mRNA from control and TPA-treated cells also demonstrated a decrease in the
      synthesis of cytokeratins in response to TPA. The inhibition of cytokeratin
      synthesis after TPA treatment was paralleled by a decrease in the synthesis of a
      high molecular weight (HMW) desmoplakin protein, which was abundant in dense MDBK
      and BMGE-H cells. The results with TPA-treated cells are suggestive of a
      coordinated down-regulation in the synthesis of only those cytokeratins and of a
      desmoplakin which were shown to be regulated by the extent of cell-cell contact.
      Cytokeratin phosphorylation in TPA-treated cells was low and reflected the
      decrease in their total mass, suggesting that it was not altered by TPA
      treatment. The possible linkage between the regulation of synthesis and
      organization of proteins involved in desmosome formation is discussed.

PMID- 2423347
TI  - Heterogeneity in the surface properties of B16 melanoma cells from sublines with
      differing metastatic potential detected via two-polymer aqueous-phase partition.
AB  - When mixed in aqueous solution at low concentrations, the neutral polymers
      dextran and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) rapidly form a two-phase system,
      consisting of a dextran-enriched lower phase and a PEG-enriched upper phase. Two
      B16 mouse melanoma cell lines, B16-F1 (low lung colonizing capability) and B16
      F10 (high lung colonizing capability) were found to partition differentially into
      the upper phase in a variety of two-phase systems. Upper-phase partition depends
      primarily on either hydrophilic (i.e., surface charge density) or hydrophobic
      (i.e., affinity for the hydrocarbon chain of a PEG-fatty acid ester) cell surface
      properties, depending on the system used. In single-step partition studies, cells
      of the B16-F10 subline displayed a greater preference than B16-F1 cells for the
      upper phase in the hydrophilic system and less preference in systems sensitive to
      hydrophobic properties. Countercurrent distribution (CCD) experiments, performed
      with [125I]deoxyuridine DNA-labelled cells, were consistent with single-step
      partition results. These CCD results demonstrated that B16-F10 cells exhibited
      greater DNA synthesis than B16-F1 cells and that considerable heterogeneity, in
      both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface properties, was present in
      subpopulations of cells of both sublines. The data also showed considerable
      enrichment of 125I-specific cell activity in certain sections of the
      distributions, indicating that differences in cellular DNA synthesis are
      reflected in the surface properties to which partition is sensitive.

PMID- 2423348
TI  - Phenotypic analysis of cultured melanoma cells. Expression of cytokeratin-type
      intermediate filaments by the M5 human melanoma cell line.
AB  - Expression of intermediate filament (IF) isotypes was studied in six human and
      two murine melanoma cell lines. With one exception, these lines expressed IFs
      only of the vimentin type; neurofilament peptides, desmin and GFAP were not
      detected. However, the M5 human melanoma line also expressed extensive
      cytokeratin tonofilament arrays, as visualized by immunofluorescence with a panel
      of eleven monoclonal antibodies and hetero-antisera to cytokeratins; only the
      keratin 19-specific antibody BA16 did not react. By 2 D gel electrophoresis, five
      major keratin peptides were detected (keratins 7, 8, 13, 17 and 18), and an
      additional 57 kD peptide was detected on immunoblots with several antikeratin
      antibodies. Also observed in M5 cells was focal collapse of tonofilament arrays
      in mitotic cells. All the melanoma lines tested were positive for S100; M5 and
      two other cell lines were also positive for the 220-240 kD neuroectoderm
      associated cell-surface differentiation antigen defined by monoclonal antibody UJ
      127:11. In all the melanoma cell lines, secretion of extracellular matrix
      proteins (fibronectin, laminin and collagen type IV) was sparse or absent, and
      all were negative for the epithelial cell markers HMG-1 and HMG-2. Co-expression
      of keratin and vimentin by a melanoma cell line is discussed in the light of
      recent controversy concerning expression of cytokeratins by other neoplasms of
      putative neuroectodermal origins.

PMID- 2423349
TI  - Effects of complex extracellular matrices on 5-azacytidine-induced myogenesis.
AB  - Culture dishes coated with extracellular matrix material synthesized by bovine
      endothelial cells, rat smooth muscle cells or human fibroblasts were used to
      study proliferation and myogenesis in C3H/10T1/2 C18 (10T1/2) cells primed to
      differentiate with 5-azacytidine (5-aza-CR). Endothelial and smooth muscle
      matrices were permissive for growth and myogenic differentiation of treated
      10T1/2 cells, whereas the fibroblast matrix was inhibitory. All three types of
      matrix-coated dishes were refractory for myogenesis after brief exposure to
      trypsin. Analysis of the matrix glycosaminoglycans showed that high chondroitin
      sulfate relative to hyaluronic acid (HA) levels were favorable for the myogenic
      response. The ratio between these two glycosaminoglycans therefore had a major
      influence on mesenchymal differentiation. These results using complex
      extracellular matrices produced in vitro may be useful in understanding cell
      matrix interactions during embryogenesis.

PMID- 2423350
TI  - Defect in prereplicative phase of G0-specific ts mutant, tsJT60.
AB  - A temperature-sensitive mutant, tsJT60, grew exponentially at both 34 degrees and
      39.5 degrees C, but when stimulated from the resting state it entered S phase at
      34 degrees but not at 39.5 degrees C. The mutated function appeared to be a
      prerequisite throughout from 0 to 9 h following the stimulation, in order that G0
      arrested cells would enter S phase. When the arrested cells were stimulated with
      serum, the amount of and synthesis of protein increased at 34 degrees but not at
      39.5 degrees C. The amount of polysome fraction was much smaller in stimulated
      and unstimulated cells at 39.5 degrees C than in those stimulated at 34 degrees
      C. Of the events reported to increase shortly after the stimulation, uridine
      transport increased at both temperatures. Mutation in tsJT60 cells may be
      concerned with the function prerequisite to induce protein synthesis following
      serum stimulation, resulting in the blocking of cell cycle progression toward S
      phase at 39.5 degrees C.

PMID- 2423352
TI  - Microtubule-disrupting agents reverse the inhibitory effect of interferon on
      mitogenesis in 3T3 cells.
AB  - Interferon can inhibit the stimulation of DNA synthesis in quiescent 3T3 cells
      exposed to combinations of purified growth factors, but the extent of inhibition
      varies with the number and combination of mitogens used. As the number of growth
      factors used to stimulate the cells is increased from two to three, the
      inhibitory effect of IFN is reduced, and if the third mitogen is a microtubule
      disrupting agent such as colchicine or nocodazole, it is abolished altogether.
      The antagonistic effect of microtubule-disrupting agents on interferon-induced
      inhibition of DNA synthesis suggests that an intact tubulin network is required
      for this action of interferon. Interferon and tubulin disrupting agents also show
      similar kinetics in establishing an effect on DNA synthesis which could imply
      that they have opposite effects on tubulin assembly.

PMID- 2423351
TI  - Cytological characterization of NOR in the bivalent of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - We cytologically characterized the nucleolar organizer region (NOR) on the
      bivalent in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We used staining with 4'-6
      diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), chromomycin A3, and silver nitrate and in situ
      hybridization technique and utilized a video-intensified microscope system with
      an ultra-high-sensitive video camera. The results showed that of 16 bivalents of
      S. cerevisiae, the longest was a recognizable nucleolar chromosome which has an
      annular and synaptonemal complexless NOR in its submedian portion. The NOR was
      comprised of 2.65 X 10(9) D DNA which corresponded to 118 copies per haploid of
      rDNA repeating units. This evidence is discussed in terms of the possible
      participation of the annular NOR in suppressing the meiotic recombination of the
      rDNA gene clusters.

PMID- 2423353
TI  - Cell cycle-dependent expression of nuclear matrix proteins of Ehrlich ascites
      cells studied by in vitro translation.
AB  - A combination of methods was used to study the cell cycle-dependent expression of
      nuclear matrix proteins of Ehrlich ascites cells: Separation of asynchronous
      cells growing in vivo into fractions of G1-, S- and G2- phase cells by
      centrifugal elutriation with less than 10% cross-contamination. Isolation of
      poly(A+) RNA populations from total cytoplasmic RNA by affinity chromatography on
      messenger affinity paper (mAP). In vitro translation of poly(A+) RNA from
      asynchronous and phase synchronous cells. Immunoprecipitation of in vitro
      synthesized nuclear matrix proteins by a monoclonal antibody with anti-lamin
      specificity (PKB8) and by a polyspecific anti-nuclear matrix serum (AMS5)
      followed by analysis of immunoprecipitated materials on SDS-polyacrylamide gels.
      The results indicate that mRNAs for nuclear matrix-associated proteins including
      the lamins B and C are either exclusively or at least predominantly present in
      the cytoplasm of cells in S phase suggesting a high rate of in vivo synthesis of
      these proteins during S phase. This is consistent with an anticipated biological
      function of the nuclear matrix which is considered to organize parental and newly
      synthesized DNA in higher order structures.

PMID- 2423354
TI  - Expression of high molecular weight (67K) keratin in human keratinocytes cultured
      on dead de-epidermized dermis.
AB  - The influence of living dermal tissue upon epidermal differentiation during
      embryonic development as well as in vitro culture has been documented. Living
      dermal tissue contains both cellular and matricial elements. In the present
      study, third-passage subcultured adult human keratinocytes were either seeded on
      plastic dishes or recombined with dead de-epidermized dermis and further cultured
      for 3 weeks. After this time, keratins were extracted and analysed by one- and
      two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The 67K keratin subunit, which is thought to
      be involved in the process of in vivo type skin differentiation, was absent in
      ordinary cultures; however, it was expressed in air-exposed cultures on dead de
      epidermized dermis. Quantitatively, however, it did not reach the in vivo level.
      This suggests that in principle, the induction of the expression of this protein
      does not require the presence of living dermal cells.

PMID- 2423355
TI  - Rhodopsin's amino terminus is a principal antigenic site.
AB  - Antisera and monoclonal antibodies to rhodopsin were examined for their binding
      specificity to rhodopsin by using peptides from the rhodopsin sequence as
      competitors for antibody binding to rhodopsin in an enzyme-linked immunoassay.
      Monoclonal antibodies tested were raised in mice against bovine and rat
      rhodopsin. Antisera tested were raised in sheep against bovine rhodopsin and in
      rabbits against human rhodopsin. Peptides were synthesized from the bovine
      rhodopsin sequences 2-32, 1-12, 13-23, 24-34, 5-11, 231-252 and 331-348 for use
      as competitors in the immunoassay. A mixture of soluble CNBr peptides, and the
      purified CNBr peptide representing the sequence 2-39 were also employed. The
      monoclonal antibodies were all anti-amino-terminal in their binding specificity,
      although each recognized slightly different regions of the amino terminus. Each
      of the three antisera was predominantly directed against rhodopsin's amino
      terminus. We conclude that the amino-terminal 30 or more amino acids, and
      particularly the amino-terminal 15 amino acids, represent a principal antigenic
      region of the rhodopsin molecule.

PMID- 2423356
TI  - Myelin-associated glycoprotein in the developing human retina.
AB  - The immunohistochemical presence of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) in
      Muller cells of the developing human retina was examined with rat monoclonal
      antibodies to MAG and the peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) method of Sternberger.
      Retinas of various developmental stages ranging between 9-31 gestational weeks
      were stained. There was no staining in the retinas of 9-12-week embryos. Between
      13-16 gestational weeks the staining was faint and located mostly in the inner
      and middle portion of the retina, primarily around the optic nerve head. After
      midterm, Muller cells invariably stained through all retinal layers. The staining
      increased gradually up to the twenty-third gestational week, when it reached the
      level found in the retinas of newborn children.

PMID- 2423357
TI  - In vivo evaluation by differential pulse voltammetry of the effect of thyrotropin
      releasing hormone (TRH) on dopaminergic and serotoninergic synaptic activity in
      the striatum and nucleus accumbens of the rat.
AB  - In vivo differential pulse voltammetry was used to determine the effect of
      thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on dopaminergic and serotoninergic synaptic
      activity in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of the rat. Thyrotropin releasing
      hormone (TRH) produces marked stimulatory effects on behaviour, which have been
      attributed to the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Other studies
      indicate a close relationship between the peptide and serotonin in the brain. We
      have thus used an improved differential pulse voltammetry technique to evaluate
      the effects of TRH on the extracellular content of the dopamine and serotonin
      metabolites. Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-Hydroxy-indoleacetic acid
      (5HIAA) in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of the rat in vivo. TRH rapidly
      increased extracellular DOPAC, reaching a maximum after 60 min in the nucleus
      accumbens, and after 40 min in the striatum. There was also a slower increase in
      extracellular 5-HIAA content in both areas, reaching a plateau after 100 min. The
      delayed time course of the increase in 5-HIAA suggested that the increase in 5
      HIAA content might be secondary to the increase in dopamine turnover produced by
      TRH. These results suggest that doses of TRH which produce behavioural
      stimulation increase the release of both dopamine and serotonin in the nucleus
      accumbens and striatum.

PMID- 2423358
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide increases in areas of the dorsal horn of the
      spinal cord from which other neuropeptides are depleted following peripheral
      axotomy.
AB  - Peripheral nerve section or local capsaicin application produces depletion of
      substance P and an enzymatic marker, fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP),
      from circumscribed regions of the terminal areas in the spinal cord. We have made
      use of this phenomenon to map the extent of central termination of subpopulations
      of primary afferent neurons containing substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM),
      cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and FRAP in the
      rat lumbar spinal cord following sciatic nerve section at midthigh level under
      ether anaesthesia. Between 2 days and 1 year postoperatively, the animals were
      perfused transcardially and SP, CCK, VIP and SOM were localised in frozen
      transverse sections of spinal cord segments L1 to S2 and their corresponding
      ganglia using unlabelled antibody immunohistochemistry. FRAP was localised using
      a modified Gomori method. SP, SOM, CCK and FRAP were maximally depleted from
      identical restricted areas of the dorsal horn of the third, fourth and fifth
      lumbar segments fifteen days after nerve section and remained so for a year. In
      contrast, VIP staining increased dramatically in the areas from which the other
      markers were depleted and showed the same time course. Moreover, a large number
      of neurons in the corresponding ganglia showed positive VIP immunoreactivity
      after axotomy but were absent from the unoperated side.

PMID- 2423359
TI  - Cytochrome oxidase staining reveals functional organization of monkey
      somatosensory thalamus.
AB  - Histochemical staining for a mitochondrial enzyme, cytochrome oxidase
      demonstrates elongated, rod-like configurations of probable axon terminals in the
      trigeminal representation of the monkey somatic sensory thalamus. The stained
      rods are colocalized with similar aggregations of immunocytochemically stained
      GABAergic thalamic interneurons. Other data suggest the rods also contain
      clusters of relay neurons projecting to cortical columns, and they are here
      demonstrated as somatotopic units by micro-electrode mapping and the distribution
      of afferent fibers. Similar somatotopic rods can be revealed in the rest of the
      thalamic body representation by the reduction in cytochrome oxidase staining
      ensuing from the cutting of selected peripheral nerves.

PMID- 2423360
TI  - Procedures which increase acute pain sensitivity also increase autotomy.
AB  - Rats typically display self-mutilation (autotomy) of a paw that has been
      denervated by transection of the sciatic and saphenous nerves. The cause of
      autotomy, however, is not known. It may be due to hyperesthesia (comparable to
      that seen in humans after peripheral nerve injury) or anesthesia (as an attempt
      to shed an insensate appendage). The present study tested the assumption that if
      autotomy is produced by pain, then procedures that normally augment the
      expression of pain should enhance autotomy after transection of peripheral
      nerves. Groups of rats were subjected to procedures known to produce an increase
      in pain sensitivity: (i) prior heat injury of either the ipsilateral or
      contralateral paw; (ii) systemic injection of noradrenaline and the monoamine
      oxidase inhibitor, pargyline; and (iii) intrathecal administration of substance
      P. The results showed that each of these procedures produced an increase in the
      level of autotomy. These results strongly suggest that autotomy is due to a
      sensory phenomenon which, in terms of human experience, would be described as
      pain or dysesthesia.

PMID- 2423361
TI  - Ascaris lumbricoides: monoclonal antibodies against the major cuticular collagen.

PMID- 2423362
TI  - Entamoeba histolytica: specific antigen recognized by a monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Specific antigenic determinants on the membrane surface of Entamoeba histolytica
      that distinguish it from other Entamoeba species were demonstrated. Evidence for
      these antigenic determinants was obtained with a monoclonal antibody to E.
      histolytica which showed not only specificity but also sensitivity as
      demonstrated in enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Immunofluorescence microscopy
      showed that the monoclonal antibody recognized an epitope present on the membrane
      surface of E. histolytica trophozoites. The epitope detected by the monoclonal
      antibody was present in three components of different molecular weight. These
      components may have a common precursor or may be the result of enzymatic
      degradation under the conditions tested.

PMID- 2423363
TI  - Schistosoma mansoni: uptake in vitro and incorporation of adenine by adults.
AB  - The rates of adenine uptake and incorporation into nucleic acids by adult male
      and female Schistosoma mansoni were determined during periods of up to 10 days in
      vitro, and comparisons were made between paired and separated worms. Adenine
      uptake by separated males and females exceeded that exhibited by equivalent
      paired worms. The rate of incorporation of adenine into nucleic acids was higher
      in separated females than in paired females. In contrast, the state of pairing
      had little effect on adenine incorporation by male S. mansoni. There was no
      correlation between rates of adenine uptake and incorporation and the
      reproductive activity of S. mansoni adults in vitro. Uptake and incorporation
      rates appeared to reflect the changing somatic requirements of both male and
      female worms.

PMID- 2423364
TI  - [Furosemide interaction with the prostaglandin and kallikrein-kinin systems of
      the kidneys].
AB  - Indomethacin (3 mg/kg, orally for 5 days) prevented the increase of blood flow in
      the internal zone of the renal cortical layer but failed to interfere with the
      increase of diuresis and sodium secretion produced by furosemide (2 mg/kg,
      subcutaneously) in anesthetized rats. Contrykal (6000 ED, subcutaneously) failed
      to alter the character of the hemodynamic changes in the renal cortex but
      enhanced the diuretic and natriuretic effects of furosemide. In unanesthetized
      rats indomethacin prevented creatinine urine excretion but didn't attenuate the
      diuretic and natriuretic effects of furosemide.

PMID- 2423365
TI  - [Effect of trypsin, kallikrein and kontrikal on the enzyme activity and cationic
      protein content of the blood neutrophils].
AB  - It was shown on Wistar rats that trypsin and kallikrein decrease the activity of
      lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, glycogen content and
      increase the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in neutrophils.

PMID- 2423366
TI  - Serological relationship between reverse transcriptases from human T-cell
      lymphotropic viruses defined by monoclonal antibodies. Evidence for two forms of
      reverse transcriptases in the AIDS-associated virus, HTLV-III/LAV.
AB  - The immunological relationship between reverse transcriptases purified from human
      T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV-I, HTLV-II, HTLV-III) was defined using
      monoclonal antibodies specific for HTLV-III reverse transcriptase, secreted by a
      mouse/mouse hybridoma clone (4F8) developed in our laboratory. The viral proteins
      from HTLV-I and HTLV-II do not bear any cross-reactive epitope to antibodies
      secreted by this clone. These antibodies specifically cross-react with HTLV-III
      reverse transcriptase. The antibodies failed to neutralize the catalytic activity
      of reverse transcriptase; however, after immunoprecipitation with a magnetic
      conjugate of goat anti-mouse IgG, the residual activity was completely inhibited.
      This shows that the antibodies are not directed towards the catalytic active
      center of the enzyme. Using an immunoblotting technique (Western blotting), we
      have found two cross-reactive proteins with HTLV-III lysate with molecular masses
      of 53 and 66 kDa. This suggests that HTLV-III possesses two reverse transcriptase
      activities with a common determinant recognized by the same epitope.

PMID- 2423367
TI  - Incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into keratin-related polypeptides in pig
      epidermis.
AB  - Metabolic labelling studies have provided evidence for glycosylated keratins in
      cultured pig epidermis. [3H]Glucosamine was incorporated into five major
      particulate polypeptides of Mr 68 000, 61 000, 57 000, 53,000 and 48,000.
      Radioactivity was present in protein-bound carbohydrate. Non-enzymic glycation
      was excluded. Labelling was largely unaffected by tunicamycin indicating that
      radioactivity was incorporated mainly into O-linked oligosaccharides. These
      [3H]glucosamine-labelled components were closely related to keratins since they
      had a similar electrophoretic mobility to polypeptides of purified pig
      prekeratin, they were immunoprecipitated by anti-prekeratin serum and they were
      incorporated into reconstituted, intermediate-sized, keratin filaments.

PMID- 2423368
TI  - Insulin release has no absolute requirement for extracellular monovalent ions.
AB  - Current chemiosmotic models of exocytosis ascribe an essential role to the influx
      of extracellular monovalent anions or cations into the secretory granules apposed
      to the plasma membrane. These hypotheses were tested by measuring insulin release
      in sucrose media devoid of monovalent ions. A small response to glucose (25% of
      controls) was still observed, which could be potentiated by
      isobutylmethylxanthine and suppressed by cobalt or low temperature. Substitution
      of Ba2+ for Ca2+ triggered a practically normal release of insulin that was
      inhibited by blockers of Ca2+ channels (cobalt or D 600) and abolished by low
      temperature. These results show that insulin release remains possible in the
      absence of extracellular monovalent ions and, therefore, that the chemiosmotic
      models of exocytosis do not entirely apply to insulin release.

PMID- 2423369
TI  - A monoclonal antibody specific for snRNPs U1 and U2.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (D-5) is described which selectively precipitates snRNPs U1
      and U2. The antibody was derived from a mouse immunized with extracts from chick
      embryonic nuclei. By immunoblotting on either total proteins from purified snRNPs
      U1-U6, U2-U6 or U1 only, we could demonstrate that the monoclonal antibody cross
      reacts with the U1 RNP specific polypeptide A and the U2 RNP specific polypeptide
      B", thereby establishing that the two snRNP proteins share at least one epitope.
      D-5 precipitates snRNPs U1 and U2 from a variety of species, including man,
      chicken, mouse, rat kangaroo and Xenopus laevis. It will thus be a useful tool
      for studying structure function relationships of the two snRNP species in
      different cell systems.

PMID- 2423370
TI  - Seminalplasmin and caltrin are the same protein.
AB  - The sequence of seminalplasmin, a basic antimicrobial and transcription
      inhibitory protein from bovine seminal plasma, has been determined using an
      automated sequenator. This sequence is slightly different from that reported
      earlier by Theil and Scheit [(1983) EMBO J. 2, 1159-1163] and identical with that
      of caltrin, a Ca2+-transport-inhibitory protein of bovine seminal plasma. Caltrin
      and seminalplasmin are, therefore, the same protein.

PMID- 2423371
TI  - Pig kidney Na+,K+-ATPase. Primary structure and spatial organization.
AB  - cDNAs complementary to pig kidney mRNAs coding for alpha- and beta-subunits of
      Na+,K+-ATPase were cloned and sequenced. Selective tryptic hydrolysis of the
      alpha-subunit within the membrane-bound enzyme and tryptic hydrolysis of the
      immobilized isolated beta-subunit were also performed. The mature alpha- and beta
      subunits contain 1016 and 302 amino acid residues, respectively. Structural data
      on the peptides from extramembrane regions of the alpha-subunit and on
      glycopeptides of the beta-subunit underlie a model for the transmembrane
      arrangement of Na+,K+-ATPase polypeptide chains.

PMID- 2423372
TI  - Iron promoters of the Fenton reaction and lipid peroxidation can be released from
      haemoglobin by peroxides.
AB  - Hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides react with haemoglobin to release
      iron which can be complexed to apotransferrin, bleomycin and desferrioxamine.
      This released iron promotes deoxyribose degradation by a Fenton reaction, DNA
      degradation in the presence of bleomycin and stimulates lipid peroxidation. It is
      likely that iron released from haemoglobin is the true generator of hydroxyl
      radicals in the Fenton reaction.

PMID- 2423373
TI  - Chromatographic evidence for high-molecular-mass galanin immunoreactivity in pig
      and cat adrenal glands.
AB  - Galanin was measured by radioimmunoassay in extracts of pig, cat and rat adrenals
      using non-C- and mid to C-terminally directed antibodies. The extracts were
      fractioned by gel chromatography and HPLC. The non-C-terminal galanin
      immunoreactivity in pig was 92.8 +/- 11.7 pmol/g, in cat 9.1 +/- 0.9 pmol/g and
      in rat less than 1 pmol/g. Two higher molecular forms of galanin have been
      identified in both pig and cat adrenal. One major large form behaves as if it was
      N-terminally extended (Kav pig 0.58, cat 0.48) and the other, a very high
      molecular-mass form (Kav pig 0.10, 0.24, cat 0.10), as if it had both N- and C
      terminal extensions.

PMID- 2423374
TI  - Length of follow-up in teratomas--results of a modification of Einhorn's regime
      in testicular teratomas.
AB  - A modification of Einhorn's original chemotherapy schedule was used to treat 40
      patients with metastatic testicular teratomas. Each cycle of chemotherapy
      consisted of cisplatin (100 mg/m2), bleomycin (30 mg X 3) and vinblastine (5
      mg/m2 X 2). Four patients failed to achieve a complete response and died with
      advanced disease. There was one treatment death. Only two of 14 patients who had
      residual masses resected still had active tumour. The 2-year actuarial disease
      free survival for patients in first remission was 85%, but this fell to 77% at 5
      years as 3 patients relapsed (34, 36, 37 months). The results are comparable with
      other series but are associated with less toxicity. The need for continued follow
      up is demonstrated in view of relapses occurring after 2 years.

PMID- 2423375
TI  - Effect of hepatic artery ligation on the incorporation of 3H-orotic acid into an
      adenocarcinoma transplanted to rat liver.
AB  - In the model of secondary liver cancer in Wistar rats a study was made of the
      influence of hepatic artery ligation (HAL) on the amount of nucleotides and RNA
      in tumor and liver tissue and on the uptake of 3H-orotic acid into these
      compounds and DNA after labelling for 90 minutes. Ten days after inoculation with
      tumor cells into the central liver lobe, a catheter was placed into the portal
      vein in all rats and in half of them the hepatic artery was ligated. On days one,
      three, five or ten, rats were given 3H-orotic acid through the catheter. On day
      ten 3H-orotic acid was also infused via the femoral vein or intraperitoneally.
      After HAL there was a decrease in the nucleotide and RNA content of the tumor
      cells after one, three and five days. There was no such decrease in the liver
      cells. In all HAL rats there was an increase in the nucleotide and RNA content of
      the tumor cells at day ten compared to day five. The ratio of RNA to acid soluble
      fraction labelling in tumors was also increased on day ten in all groups compared
      to HAL rats at day five. The increased uptake of 3H-orotic acid into tumour RNA
      at day ten after HAL strongly suggests rearterialization. There was no support
      for an increased vascularization of the tumor from the portal vein on day three
      or five. In the liver tissue, HAL had no influence. This experimental study gives
      no support for the use of hepatic dearterialization followed by intraportal
      infusion av cytostatic agents in clinical settings.

PMID- 2423376
TI  - Neuromodulators and transmitters in respiratory control.
AB  - The respiratory control system is influenced by classical neurotransmitters and
      by neuromodulators. The neuromodulators are neuroactive substances that can be
      secreted at a distance from their receptors and must diffuse to their site of
      action. Their function can be nonsynaptic and long lasting, and their effect can
      be direct or indirect via other neuroactive substances. In the central nervous
      system, a variable degree of mismatch exists between sites of neuromodulator
      secretion and reception. The assignment of a natural role for a neuromodulator in
      respiratory control is strengthened by evidence from a variety of experimental
      approaches, including localization of receptor sites in respiratory-related areas
      and evidence for natural binding of neuromodulators to these receptors,
      neurophysiological and respiratory responses to the neuromodulators and their
      antagonists, and, finally, modulation of specific respiratory responses by
      neuromodulator antagonists to document the role of the endogenous modulator in
      eliciting the original response. Neuromodulators that are considered seriously as
      natural participants in respiratory control include dopamine in peripheral
      chemoreception and adenosine, endorphins (including enkephalins), serotonin, and
      substance P in central respiratory regulation.

PMID- 2423377
TI  - CA-125 in patients with endometriosis.

PMID- 2423378
TI  - CA-125 levels in endometriosis.
AB  - CA-125 is a cellular antigen detected in many patients with ovarian cancer, but
      it has also been detected in patients with endometriosis. Preoperative CA-125
      levels were drawn from 113 patients before they underwent laparoscopy. Patients
      were categorized into diagnostic groups on the basis of pathologic findings. CA
      125 levels in patients with evidence of intraabdominal adhesions were not
      statistically different from those in patients with normal pelvic anatomy.
      However, patients with advanced endometriosis had significantly elevated levels
      of CA-125 when compared with patients with normal pelvic anatomy (P less than
      0.05). The clinical and immunologic implications of elevated CA-125 levels in
      patients with advanced endometriosis are discussed.

PMID- 2423379
TI  - [Effect of polyglucin on tissue basophils in rats].

PMID- 2423380
TI  - [Changes in the blood coagulation system in acute hypoxia in rabbits and various
      methods of their correction].

PMID- 2423381
TI  - [Measurement of blood flow in the uterus of the female rabbit by the hydrogen
      clearance method].

PMID- 2423382
TI  - [Absorption of macromolecular fragments of dietary proteins in experimental
      animals].

PMID- 2423383
TI  - [Relation between pancreatic secretion and pressure in its duct system].
AB  - High pressure in the pancreas ducts reduces the secretion contribution to enzyme
      effects of 8-CCK as well as the transport of enzymes from the gland.

PMID- 2423384
TI  - [Role of the gravitation factor in the development of changes in the digestive
      system].
AB  - The functional state of the gastro-intestinal system of rats aboard of "Cosmos
      782", "Cosmos-936" and "Cosmos-1129", was studied. The long-term exposure to zero
      gravity resulted in activation of proteolytic enzymes, decrease of carbohydrases
      and redistribution of lipolytic activities in gastro-intestinal organs. Use of
      artificial gravity during the flights produced a favourable effect on the
      proteolytic enzymes.

PMID- 2423385
TI  - [Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine of growing
      rabbits].

PMID- 2423386
TI  - [A study on the changes with age in thyroid function during infancy, childhood
      and adolescence].
AB  - Serum total thyroxine (t-T4), free thyroxine (f-T4), total triiodothyronine (t
      T3), free triiodothyronine (f-T3), reverse triiodothyronine (r-T3) and thyroxine
      binding globulin (TBG) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in pregnants,
      infants, children and adolescents. The mean t-T4 and TBG concentrations in cord
      blood (9.0 +/- 0.3 micrograms/dl, 24.4 +/- 1.1 micrograms/ml, mean +/- SE) were
      significantly lower than the levels in maternal blood (12.1 +/- 0.6
      micrograms/dl, 40.3 +/- 2.3 micrograms/ml), whereas mean f-T4 concentrations in
      cord blood (1.13 +/- 0.04 micrograms/dl) were significantly higher than the
      values in maternal blood (0.86 +/- 0.03 micrograms/ml). The mean t-T3 and f-T3
      concentrations in cord blood (48 +/- 2 ng/dl, 1.1 +/- 0.1 pg/ml) were much lower
      than the levels in maternal blood (136 +/- 5 ng/dl, 2.6 +/- 0.1 pg/ml). The r-T3
      concentrations in cord blood (192 +/- 4 ng/dl) were markedly higher than the
      maternal levels (46.6 +/- 3.7 ng/dl). These results suggest that in the fetus the
      conversion of T4 to r-T3 was greater than that of T4 to T3 due to a greater ratio
      of activity of 5-monodeiodinase to that of 5'-monodeiodinase. In relation to the
      changes in thyroid function after birth, t-T4 and f-T4 values showed parallel
      changes while t-T3 and f-T3 levels increased rapidly during the first month and t
      T3 levels remained unchanged between 1 and 11 months, whereas f-T3 levels and f
      T3/t-T3 ratio increased gradually during the same time. T-T3 levels in children 1
      to 15 years of age were slightly lower than the levels in infants 1 to 11 months.
      R-T3 values decreased progressively from 5 days to 1 approximately 3 months and
      continued to decline until 4 years of age. Values between 4 and 15 years were not
      changed. T-T3/t-T4 ratio increased markedly 1 approximately 3 months after birth.
      This indicates that the activity of 5'-monodeiodinase was elevated rapidly after
      birth and suggests that the rapid increase of T3 levels after birth was due to
      enhanced enzymatic activity as well as higher TSH levels. R-T3/t-T4 ratio
      decreased rapidly after birth and continued to decrease during years 1
      approximately 3. This indicates that the change of activity of 5-monodeiodinase
      was different from that of 5'-monodeiodinase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2423387
TI  - [Dental histology: histological principles of microscopic technics].

PMID- 2423388
TI  - Inhibition of mitogen and allogeneic stimulated lymphocyte growth by human
      amniotic fluid: lack of correlation between alpha-fetoprotein level and in vitro
      immunosuppression.
AB  - The influence of human amniotic fluid from women at 16-18 wk gestation on the in
      vitro proliferation of human peripheral lymphocytes stimulated with various
      mitogens (PHA, Con A and PWM) and with allogeneic cells in the one- and two-way
      mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was studied. It was seen that amniotic fluid
      inhibits nonspecifically the responsiveness of the various subpopulations of
      cells induced to proliferate. It was also demonstrated that the suppression
      depends on the concentration of the immunosuppressive agent(s), since diluted
      amniotic fluids showed less inhibitory capacity. In order to detect a possible
      immune action for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), the levels of the protein in the
      amniotic fluid supplemented cultures were correlated with the inhibitory
      properties of the fluids. No correlation was encountered, indicating that AFP is
      not mainly responsible for the in vitro immunosuppressive properties of human
      amniotic fluid on the in vitro test of cell-mediated immunity here utilized.

PMID- 2423389
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to human cytokeratins: application to various epithelial
      and mesothelial cells.
AB  - Immunohistological analysis of human tissue using monoclonal antibodies against
      cytokeratins, which are confined to cells of epithelial origin, is a valuable
      technique. Using human epidermal keratins as antigen, we prepared monoclonal
      antibodies against cytokeratins (ZK1, ZK7, ZK61 and ZK99) and against a
      desmosomal protein (ZK31). Immunohistochemical staining of human skin sections
      using these antibodies showed a specific reaction with the epidermis: ZK1 stained
      the entire epidermis, ZK7 only the basal layer, ZK61 and ZK99 the suprabasal
      layers, and ZK31 the cellular interfaces. In order to test for antibody
      specificity, immunoblots with human epidermal and amnion epithelial cytokeratin
      polypeptides, as well as immunofluorescence microscopy of simple epithelia
      (glandular and simple columnar epithelia) were performed. ZK1, ZK61 and ZK99
      reacted preferentially with cytokeratin polypeptides of stratified squamous
      epithelia and ZK7 recognized cytokeratins of stratified and simple epithelia.
      When the ZK antibodies were tested on mesothelial cells in pleural effusions,
      only ZK7 reacted with these cells. Biochemical analysis of cytokeratin
      accumulation in cells of primary and long-term cultures indicated that the
      cytokeratin pattern of mesothelial cells was quite unstable, while that of amnion
      epithelial cells showed only minor quantitative changes. The use of these
      antibodies to determine the epithelial origin of cells present in pleural
      effusions is proposed.

PMID- 2423390
TI  - Cytoskeletal proteins as tissue-specific markers in cytopathology.
AB  - Antibodies to intermediate filament proteins react in a tissue-specific manner
      and can be used to characterize tumor cells present in thin-needle aspirates from
      solid tumors, from palpable lymph nodes and cells present in samples from
      peritoneal and pleural effusions. From our studies so far the following
      conclusions can be drawn: Polyclonal antisera to cytokeratins can identify
      carcinoma metastases in thin-needle aspirates from palpable lymph nodes and
      distinguish them from malignant lymphomas and nonmalignant lesions such as
      chronic lymphadenitis, which show only vimentin-positive cells. Monoclonal
      antibodies to specific cytokeratin polypeptides are able to distinguish between
      different types of epithelial tumor metastases, i.e. metastases from
      adenocarcinomas and metastases from squamous cell carcinomas. Cells present in
      peritoneal and pleural effusions can be partly characterized using intermediate
      filament antisera. We have found that metastatic adenocarcinoma cells from
      breast, ovary, endometrium, cervix, colon and stomach, as well as squamous cell
      carcinomas and malignant mesothelioma stain specifically with antibodies to
      cytokeratin while mesenchymally derived tumors such as malignant lymphomas,
      malignant melanomas, and fibrosarcomas, are positive for vimentin only.
      Metastatic tumor cells of epithelial origin present in aspirates from human
      serous body cavity fluids may coexpress vimentin next to their original
      cytokeratin intermediate filaments. Benign mesothelial cells present in body
      cavity fluids frequently coexpress cytokeratins and vimentin. Tumor cells present
      in thin-needle aspirates from solid tumors such as pleomorphic adenomas of the
      parotid gland can be identified as such because of their typical patterns of
      intermediate filament (co-)expression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423391
TI  - Histochemical detection of ubiquinone in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocyte
      granules.
AB  - Neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes contain a special electron transport
      chain which is involved in the killing of bacteria in these cells. Identified
      components of the chain include NADPH, a flavoprotein dehydrogenase and an
      unusual cytochrome b, but there has been recent disagreement in the biochemical
      literature as to whether or not an ubiquinone is also present. This study has
      looked at this question by using an independent histochemical technique for
      ubiquinones. The results indicate that an ubiquinone is found in association with
      neutrophil granules, and hence may be implicated in the radical generating
      system.

PMID- 2423392
TI  - Intermediates in transcription initiation and propagation.

PMID- 2423393
TI  - A triple complex between transcription factor IIIA, a Xenopus gene for 5S RNA and
      the histone octamer.

PMID- 2423394
TI  - Regulation of cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 gene expression in
      adrenal cells in monolayer culture.
AB  - Utilizing a cDNA probe specific for bovine cytochrome P-450scc and primary
      monolayer cultures of bovine adrenocortical cells and human fetal adrenal cells,
      it has been shown that the chronic action of ACTH on the adrenal cortex includes
      regulation of P-450scc gene expression at the transcriptional level. The bovine P
      450scc cDNA hybridizes strongly to human, pig and rat RNA. Advantage was taken of
      the cross-reactivity of the bovine P-450scc cDNA with human P-450scc RNA to
      examine the regulation of P-450scc gene expression by ACTH in human fetal adrenal
      cells. This process is mediated by cyclic AMP and is inhibited by cycloheximide,
      in a fashion similar to bovine adrenocortical cells, suggestive that a protein
      factor(s) activates the response in both species. Hence, the actions of ACTH to
      regulate P-450scc gene expression in bovine adult adrenocortical cells and human
      fetal adrenal cells appear to proceed by similar mechanisms.

PMID- 2423395
TI  - Androgen-regulated proteins of rat seminal vesicle secretion constitute a
      structurally related family present in the copulatory plug.
AB  - All the major androgen-regulated secretory proteins of rat seminal vesicles have
      been purified in high yield from polyacrylamide gels using electroelution. In the
      process a sixth previously undocumented protein has been identified. Amino acid
      compositions of all the proteins are very similar and highly unusual, being high
      in lysine and arginine, and with 40-50% of the residues accounted for by serine,
      glycine and glutamate/glutamine. N-Terminal amino acid sequences for 3 of the
      proteins show that they are clearly the products of related genes. At least one
      of the other proteins is N-terminally blocked in vivo. Antibodies specific for
      each protein have been raised and provide evidence of structural similarity
      between the proteins. The antibodies were also used in immunofluorescence
      histochemistry with the rat copulatory plug, showing for the first time that all
      the major proteins of seminal vesicle secretion are components of this
      reproductive structure.

PMID- 2423396
TI  - Characterization of Multiplication-Stimulating Activity (MSA) carrier protein.
AB  - A cloned rat liver cell line (BRL-3A) synthesizes and secretes the somatomedin,
      Multiplication-Stimulating Activity (MSA), in association with its specific
      carrier protein (MCP). Affinity-purified MCP is a single-chain polypeptide with a
      molecular weight of 31,500 under non-reducing conditions and 34,000 when fully
      reduced. The formation of a Mr 42,000 complex following chemical crosslinking of
      purified MSA (Mr 8700) and MCP (Mr 34,000) suggests that these components bind in
      a 1:1 molar ratio on the basis of the sum of their combined molecular weights.
      The amino acid composition and the N-terminal amino acid sequence of MCP were
      also determined. Polyclonal MCP-antibody preparations were used to determine if
      MCP could be detected in normal rat sera. MCP could not be detected in adult rat
      serum, but was present at high concentrations in fetal rat serum. These results
      suggest that MCP is a fetal somatomedin carrier protein and that MSA-MCP
      complexes may be important during fetal development. The availability of
      antibodies directed against a purified somatomedin carrier protein will provide
      the opportunity to investigate further the role of carrier proteins in the
      biological activity of the somatomedins.

PMID- 2423397
TI  - Characteristics of the desensitization of growth hormone and cyclic AMP responses
      to growth hormone-releasing factor and prostaglandin E2 in rat anterior pituitary
      cells in culture.
AB  - Upon first exposure, synthetic human growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) and
      prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) cause a rapid and marked stimulation of cyclic AMP
      accumulation and GH release in rat adenohypophysial cells in primary culture.
      However, a marked attenuation of these responses occurs following previous
      incubation with the 2 compounds. A 50% desensitization of the cyclic AMP and GH
      responses is observed after 100 and 150 min of preincubation with 300 nM GRF,
      respectively. After a prior exposure to 3 microM PGE2, a 50% maximal decrease of
      the cyclic AMP and GH responsiveness to a subsequent 3 h incubation with PGE2 is
      obtained at 90 and 120 min, respectively. Following preincubation with GRF, a
      loss of responsiveness of the cyclic AMP and GH responses is also observed after
      heterologous stimulation with PGE2. A similar heterologous desensitization to the
      action of GRF is observed following pretreatment with PGE2. The desensitizing
      action of GRF on the cyclic AMP and GH responses is obtained at respective IC50
      values of 2 and 7 nM for both the homologous and heterologous responses. The
      sensitivity of the desensitizing effect of GRF (7 nM) is thus identical to that
      of its stimulatory action on GH release (6.2 nM). The desensitization to GRF, in
      analogy to that to PGE2, is mainly due to a decrease in the maximal action of
      GRF. Although GH cell content is decreased by previous exposure to GRF and/or
      PGE2, the ability of forskolin, cholera toxin, 8-bromo 3',5'-adenosine cyclic
      monophosphate and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine to stimulate GH release remains
      unchanged in cells pretreated with these compounds, thus indicating that the loss
      of responsiveness to GRF and PGE2 is not due to a depletion of the releasable
      pool of GH. On the other hand, nifedipine, a potent calcium channel antagonist,
      completely abolishes the stimulatory effect of GRF on GH release while not
      affecting basal and GRF- or PGE2-induced cyclic AMP accumulation. Preincubation
      with nifedipine has no influence on the desensitizing effect of GRF or PGE2 on
      either the cyclic AMP or GH responses to the same stimuli. In addition to showing
      the cross-desensitization by GRF and PGE2, the present results strongly suggest
      that the desensitization does not result from a depletion of the GH releasable
      pool but most likely results from a down-regulation and/or an impairment of
      coupling of a component of the adenylate cyclase system independent from calcium
      uptake.

PMID- 2423398
TI  - Molecular structure of the axolemma of developing axons following altered
      gliogenesis in rat optic nerve.
AB  - Axonal and axolemmal development of fibers from rat optic nerves in which
      gliogenesis was severely delayed by systemic injection of 5-azacytidine (5-AZ)
      was examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. In neonatal (0-2 days) rat
      optic nerves, all fibers lack myelin, whereas in the adult, virtually all axons
      are myelinated. The axolemma of neonatal premyelinated fibers is relatively
      undifferentiated. The P-fracture face (P-face) displays a moderate (approximately
      550/micron 2) density of intramembranous particles (IMPs), whereas the E-fracture
      face (E-face) has few IMPs (approximately 125/micron 2) present. By 14 days of
      age, approximately 25% of the axons within control optic nerves are ensheathed or
      myelinated, with the remaining axons premyelinated. The ensheathed and myelinated
      fibers display increased axonal diameter compared to premyelinated axons, and
      these larger caliber fibers exhibit marked axonal membrane differentiation.
      Notably, the P-face IMP density of ensheathed and myelinated fibers is
      substantially increased compared to premyelinated axolemma, and, at nodes of
      Ranvier, the density of E-face particles is moderately high (approximately
      1300/micron 2), in comparison to internodal or premyelinated E-face axolemma. In
      optic nerves from 14-day-old 5-AZ-treated rats, few oligodendrocytes are present,
      and the percentage of myelinated fibers is markedly reduced. Despite delayed
      gliogenesis, some unensheathed axons within 5-AZ-treated optic nerves display an
      increased axonal diameter compared to premyelinated fibers. Most of these large
      caliber fibers also exhibit a substantial increase in P-face IMP density. Small
      (less than 0.4 micron) diameter unensheathed axons within treated optic nerves
      maintain a P-face IMP density similar to that of control premyelinated fibers.
      Regions of increased E-face particle density were not observed. The results
      demonstrate that some aspects of axolemma differentiation continue despite
      delayed gliogenesis and the absence of glial ensheathment, and suggest that
      axolemmal ultrastructure is, at least in part, independent of glial cell
      association.

PMID- 2423399
TI  - Chondrogenesis of limb bud mesenchyme in vitro: stimulation by cations.
AB  - To analyze the nature of cell-cell interactions in chondrogenesis, two cations
      that influence these interactions, calcium and poly-L-lysine (PL), were tested
      for their effects on chondrogenesis in vitro. High density cultures of chick limb
      bud mesenchyme (Hamilton-Hamburger stages 23/24), were exposed to culture media
      containing calcium (0.6-3.3 mM) or PL (1-10 micrograms/ml). Both cations
      stimulated chondrogenesis in a dose-dependent manner, and also promoted cartilage
      formation in normally non-chondrogenic, low cell density cultures. Chondrogenesis
      was assayed based on cartilage nodule number, [35S]sulfate incorporation, and
      expression of type II collagen as detected by immunohistochemistry. The calcium
      effect was not mimicked by other divalent cations (Cd, Co, Ni, Mg, Mn, and Sr).
      The effect of PL was dependent on its Mr (greater than or equal to 14K) and
      charge, and was mimicked by poly-D-lysine but not by lysine or other analogs of
      PL or lysine (epsilon-amino caproic acid, lysozyme, poly-L-arginine, and
      spermidine). Calcium and PL probably act by different mechanisms since their
      effects were additive, and required their presence on different days of culture:
      calcium acted on Day 1, and PL on Day 2. It is proposed that calcium may play a
      role in the cell aggregation phase of chondrogenesis whereas PL, or a naturally
      occurring polypeptide of similar nature, may promote chondrogenesis by
      crosslinking specific anionic components of the cell surface or extracellular
      matrix.

PMID- 2423400
TI  - Analysis of gene expression in rapidly developing mutants of Dictyostelium
      discoideum.
AB  - Developmentally regulated gene expression has been analyzed in the wild-type D.
      discoideum strain NC-4 and a series of temporally deranged mutants. The mutants
      include representatives from each class of rapid development mutation, Fr17(rdeA
      ) and HT506(rdeC-), and strain HIfm-1, which appears to be defective in the
      timing of events early in development. We have monitored four prespore-specific
      genes, three of which show coordinate expression in the wild type. The
      coordination is maintained in each of the mutant strains though the specific
      expression pattern varied from strain to strain. Likewise, a series of prestalk
      specific genes have been analyzed. They also show coordinated expression in the
      wild type and in all of the mutants. The timing of expression, however, is
      different between the prestalk-specific and the prespore-specific with the
      overall pattern of expression being unique for each strain examined. These
      results confirm our previous suggestion that the major classes of prestalk- and
      prespore-specific genes are coordinately regulated and show that a great deal of
      tolerance is allowed in the timing of specific gene expression as it relates to
      terminal differentiation. In addition we have analyzed the expression of actin,
      discoidin I, and I42. These genes, or gene families, are preferentially expressed
      in either vegetatively growing cells or in cells during the early stages of
      development. As with the cell-type-specific genes, the pattern of expression of
      the three early gene classes is unique for each strain examined.

PMID- 2423401
TI  - Dual mechanisms involved in the development of diverse biological activities of
      islet-activating protein, (pertussis toxin) as revealed by chemical modification
      of the toxin molecule.
AB  - Islet-activating protein (IAP) pertussis toxin is composed of an A-protomer and a
      B-oligomer. The B-oligomer binds to the mammalian cell surface via the
      constituent two dimers (D1 and D2). IAP displays several biological effects
      including lymphocytosis-promoting, histamine-sensitizing, adjuvant, vascular
      permeability increasing and mitogenic activities. These activities were markedly
      suppressed by acetamidination or reductive methylation of the lysine residues in
      the D2 molecule. The free amino groups of the lysine residues thus play an
      essential role in the binding of D2 to cells which is responsible for development
      of these biological activities. In sharp contrast, the islet-activating activity
      was not prevented by the same chemical modification of the IAP molecule. This
      activity results from ADP-ribosylation catalyzed by the A-protomer which is
      rendered accessible to the intramembrane substrate protein thanks to the B
      oligomer binding to the cell surface. Free amino groups of the lysine residues
      played no role in this type of binding of the B-oligomer via D1. Thus, at least
      two mechanisms underly the diverse biological activities of pertussis toxin.

PMID- 2423402
TI  - A semi-synthetic glycoconjugate antigen prepared by chemical glycosilation of
      pertussis toxin by a meningococcal group C oligosaccharide hapten.
AB  - The preparation of a hybrid molecule obtained by chemical glycosilation of
      pertussis toxin (PT) is reported, with the purpose of obtaining a semi-synthetic
      glycoprotein antigen with bivalent antigenicity. The chemical glycosilation was
      performed using an oligosaccharide hapten derived from the purified capsular
      polysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis group C. The semi-synthetic molecule was
      investigated by chemico-physical and immunochemical analysis. The oligosaccharide
      haptens appeared exposed on the surface of the carrier protein PT, since the
      glycoprotein inhibited the immunoprecipitate between a specific polyclonal
      antiserum and the native bacterial capsular polysaccharide. By contrast, the main
      antigenic regions recognized in the native protein PT by specific polyclonal
      antibodies appeared lost after the coupling procedure involving PT as the carrier
      protein.

PMID- 2423403
TI  - Early predictors of neurodevelopmental outcome of very low-birthweight infants at
      three years.
AB  - Seventy-nine premature infants weighting less than 1501 g at birth but
      appropriate for gestational age underwent a neurodevelopmental examination at
      one, three, six, nine and 12 months post-term, and a standard neurological
      examination and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale at three to four years of
      age. Children were classified as normal, suspect or abnormal on the three-year
      neurological examination, on the IQ test, and on composite neurodevelopmental
      outcome at age three years. Results showed that items from both the nine- and 12
      month neurodevelopmental examinations correctly classified about 80 per cent of
      the children as to composite outcome at three years. In addition, the 12-month
      examination enabled correct prediction for 89 per cent of the children as to
      neurological outcome and for 82 per cent as to IQ. Neurodevelopmental examination
      of high-risk infants in the last quarter of the first year of life (post-term)
      should assist pediatricians in predicting which children will be normal and which
      will require early intervention.

PMID- 2423404
TI  - Pre-operative patient program lightens nurses' teaching load.

PMID- 2423405
TI  - Impaired axonal transport of acetylcholinesterase in the sciatic nerve of alloxan
      diabetic rats: effect of ganglioside treatment.
AB  - The anterograde and retrograde axonal flow of acetylcholinesterase were studied
      in the sciatic nerve of alloxan-diabetic rats after five weeks of experimental
      diabetes. A slight reduction of the anterograde axonal flow of the enzyme was
      found in alloxan-diabetic compared to control rats. Sedimentation analysis
      revealed a major reduction of anterograde axonal flow of the light globular forms
      of the enzyme (G1 + G2), which are probably conveyed by slow transport. There was
      also a minor reduction of the anterograde flow of the globular form G4, while no
      modification of the axonal flow of the heavy asymmetric form A12 was found. Both
      G4 and A12 molecular forms are conveyed by fast axonal transport. In contrast, no
      abnormality of the retrograde axonal flow of acetylcholinesterase was observed.
      Ganglioside treatment antagonized the decline of the anterograde axonal flow of
      the enzyme in alloxan-diabetic rats. These results are consistent with the view
      that experimental diabetic neuropathy is associated with axonal transport
      defects, and suggest a protective effect of ganglioside treatment against
      neuronal damage(s) related to the diabetic syndrome.

PMID- 2423406
TI  - The subchronic oral toxicity of the beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane in rats.
AB  - The 13-week oral toxicity of beta-HCH, a non-pesticidal isomer of
      hexachlorocyclohexane, was investigated in rats with doses of 0, 2, 10, 50, or
      250 mg/kg feed. Parameters studied comprised clinical signs, growth and food
      intake, biochemistry, hematology, organ weights, and histopathology. In all dose
      groups liver effects comprising increase of organ weight, centrilobular
      hepatocytic hypertrophy, and proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum or
      increased activity of microsomal enzymes, were observed. In the 50 mg/kg group
      the weights of thymus and testes were affected. In the highest dose group,
      progressive clinical signs leading to the unscheduled sacrifice of approximately
      50% of the rats were observed. Moreover, in the males of this group atrophy of
      the testes, characterized by a reduced size of the seminiferous tubules and a
      decreased number of interstitial cells was observed in association with
      spermatogenic arrest. The females in this group showed atrophy of the ovaries
      with impaired oogenesis and focal hyperplasia and metaplastic changes of the
      endometrial epithelium. These effects are discussed with respect to a possible
      estrogenic action of beta-HCH.

PMID- 2423407
TI  - Ultrastructural observation of alpha-fetoprotein producing cells in human
      hepatocellular carcinoma using immunoperoxidase methods--comparison with fetal
      liver.
AB  - The precise sites of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) synthesis and ultrastructural
      features and differences of AFP-producing cells were observed in periodate-lysine
      paraformaldehyde fixed, frozen liver tissues from four human hepatocellular
      carcinoma (HCC) patients and three human fetuses using the direct (horseradish
      peroxidase-labeled Fab' fraction of anti-human AFP) immunoperoxidase method. We
      demonstrated that AFP was located in the membrane and cisternae of rough
      endoplasmic reticulum, membrane-bound ribosomes, perinuclear space and Golgi
      apparatus. The location and intensity of immunoreaction products of AFP in
      hepatoma cells varied from cell to cell and case to case, while these features
      tended to be regular in fetal hepatocytes. We did not observe ultrastructural
      differences between AFP-producing and non-producing cells adjacent to each other.
      These observations indicate that AFP production does not occur in morphologically
      distinct cell populations of hepatoma tissue and that hepatoma tissue is
      functionally much more heterogeneous than fetal liver.

PMID- 2423408
TI  - Effects of decreasing intraluminal amylase activity on starch digestion and
      postprandial gastrointestinal function in humans.
AB  - We used an amylase inhibitor preparation that markedly improves postprandial
      carbohydrate tolerance in humans to investigate the effects of decreased
      intraluminal amylase activity on digestion of starch and postprandial
      gastrointestinal and hormonal responses. Four fasting volunteers were intubated
      with an oroileal tube to obtain duodenal, jejunal, and terminal ileal samples.
      After intubation, subjects ingested 50 g of rice starch given with placebo; on
      the second day, starch was given with the amylase inhibitor. Compared with
      placebo, the amylase inhibitor significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced duodenal,
      jejunal, and ileal intraluminal amylase activity by more than 95% for 1-2 h;
      increased postprandial delivery of total carbohydrate (glucose polymers in
      particular) to the distal small bowel; increased breath hydrogen concentrations;
      decreased intestinal water absorption and increased distal intestinal volume
      delivery to the distal bowel; shortened duodenoileal transit time but doubled
      postprandial gastric emptying time; reduced the early postprandial plasma glucose
      rise by 85% and eliminated the late postprandial glucose fall to below fasting
      levels; and abolished postprandial plasma concentrations of insulin, C-peptide,
      and gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Postprandial trypsin output was not
      influenced. We conclude that more than 95% inhibition of amylase reduces dietary
      starch digestion within the small intestine and uptake of dietary starch from the
      small intestine, markedly decreases postprandial release of insulin and gastric
      inhibitory polypeptide, and may alter postprandial upper gastrointestinal motor
      function.

PMID- 2423409
TI  - [Effect of Biseptol on the state of gastric mucosa in the white rat under
      experimental conditions (after excision of one lobe of the liver or one kidney)].
AB  - The effect of Biseptol on the mucous membrane of the stomach of an unoperated
      white rat was analysed and also the effect after liver lobectomy or unilateral
      nephrectomy. There were performed histochemical reactions to mucopolysaccharides
      and nucleic acids as well as staining with hematoxyline ond eosine. After
      administration of Biseptol in a dose of 270 mg/kg b.w. for 7 consecutive d,
      increased secretion of mucous and inflammation in gastric mucous membrane was
      observed. No intensification of these symptoms was found after administration of
      Biseptol to operated animals. It may be supposed that hepatectomy and nephrectomy
      are not counterindications for the use of Biseptol.

PMID- 2423410
TI  - [Demonstration of polysaccharides by silver impregnation (2)].
AB  - To demonstrate carbohydrate-containing tissue elements becoming argyrophil by
      treatment with chromic acid and periodic acid respectively, the author proposes
      instead of the methenamine-silver nitrate solution the successive application of
      a silver nitrate solution, adjustable to the optimal pH, and of a physical
      developer.

PMID- 2423411
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of the action of dextran
      preparations in the combined therapy of traumatic shock].

PMID- 2423412
TI  - [Histamine-liberating activity of blood plasma proteins after an allogeneic blood
      transfusion].

PMID- 2423413
TI  - [Nomenclature of the HLA system].

PMID- 2423414
TI  - Sequencing studies of ICR-170 mutagenic specificity in the am (NADP-specific
      glutamate dehydrogenase) gene of Neurospora crassa.
AB  - The acridine half-mustard ICR-170-induced reversion of the mutant am15, which has
      a single base-pair deletion, at a frequency of between 9 and 28 X 10(-6). In each
      of three classes of revertants, the mutagen had induced the insertion of a -G- -C
      base pair at a -G-G- -C-C- site. The mutant am6, which has a single base pair
      insertion, is known to be revertible, with UV light, by deletion of a -G- -C-
      base pair at a -G-G-G- -C-C-C- site. This mutant reverted with ICR-170 at a
      frequency of 0.1 X 10(-6). These results show that ICR-170 is able to induce
      addition frameshifts in Neurospora crassa within short, monotonous runs of G:C
      base pairs, but indicate a lack of deletion activity at such sequences.

PMID- 2423415
TI  - Construction and characterization of pBR322-derived plasmids with deletions of
      the RNA I region.
AB  - A region upstream from the origin of replication in ColE1-type plasmids has been
      shown to be necessary for replication. Two RNA transcripts are produced from this
      area, RNA II, which yields the primer for DNA polymerase initiation at the origin
      and RNA I, which is complementary to the 5' end of RNA II and acts to inhibit
      primer formation. We have constructed plasmids which do not possess the
      nucleotide sequence for RNA I, or the normal 5' terminus and promoter of RNA II.
      The RNA II analog, in these plasmids, is believed to be synthesized by the
      readthrough transcription of the upstream trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate
      reductase (DHFR) gene at a level comparable to that produced by the tryptophan
      promoter. These plasmids have a copy number of about tenfold higher than that of
      pBR322 during logarithmic growth and are compatible with other ColE1-type
      plasmids. These plasmids are stably maintained in several strains when selective
      pressure is present and the plasmids are stably maintained during exponential
      growth in W3110 strains without selective pressure. In all strains examined, the
      dimeric form of the plasmid was lost from cells much more rapidly than those
      containing the monomeric form.

PMID- 2423416
TI  - Primary structure of human salivary alpha-amylase gene.
AB  - A recombinant clone which covers the human salivary alpha-amylase gene in a
      single insert has been isolated from a human genomic DNA library using a human
      salivary alpha-amylase cDNA as a probe. Restriction mapping and nucleotide (nt)
      sequence analysis revealed that this gene is approx. 10 kb long and is separated
      into eleven exons by ten introns. Its 5'-flanking region has some sequence
      homology with that of mouse salivary alpha-amylase gene [Schibler et al., J. Mol.
      Biol. 155 (1982) 247-266].

PMID- 2423417
TI  - Analysis of monochromatic green argon-laser treatment for age-related macular
      degeneration.
AB  - A retrospective evaluation of 61 consecutive age-related disciform macular
      degeneration patients who received green argon-laser photocoagulation was done to
      evaluate the visual results and to search for characteristics of the presenting
      lesion that correlated with prognosis. For subretinal new vessels within 200
      micron of the foveal avascular center, average pretreatment visual acuity was
      20/80 and post-treatment 20/200. Twenty-eight percent improved, 36% stabilized,
      and 36% had worse acuity at last follow-up. Where new vessels were more than 200
      micron from the foveal center, 36% improved, 20% stabilized, and 44% had worse
      acuity. The average pre- and post-treatment visual acuity for this group was
      20/80. Overall, 36% required more than one treatment, and associated retinal
      vascular obliteration was noted in 31%. Hemorrhage over part of the
      neovascularization, turbid pigment epithelial detachment, and pigment epithelial
      detachment in the foveal avascular zone were signs that yielded the worst visual
      prognosis.

PMID- 2423418
TI  - Sectorial corneal infiltrates and pannus in herpes zoster ophthalmicus.
AB  - We report four patients with herpes zoster ophthalmicus who developed a dense
      pannus limited to a sector of the superior cornea that advanced to the central
      region of the cornea. The pannus appeared to develop in response to peripheral
      infiltrates in a subepithelial or anterior stromal location and not in
      association with disciform corneal edema, interstitial keratitis, or scleritis.
      The corneal pannus developed insidiously as a late complication without
      associated ulceration and with little or no anterior uveitis or conjunctival
      reaction. Additionally, all four patients developed anterior and mid-stromal
      infiltrates in a punctate or incomplete ring configuration at the leading border
      of the pannus that threatened the visual axis. In the three patients that were
      treated with topical corticosteroids, the infiltrates resolved with preservation
      of visual acuity. The other patient developed central scarring with a permanent
      reduction in vision. Patients with infiltrates and pannus in a sector of the
      cornea should be followed carefully and treated with topical corticosteroids when
      infiltrates appear to prevent progression to the central cornea.

PMID- 2423419
TI  - Pregnancy following treatment of endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary with
      combination chemotherapy, including cis-platinum.
AB  - A 16-year-old woman with endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary underwent
      conservative surgical debulking and combination chemotherapy and had a recurrence
      documented by a rise in alpha-fetoprotein. She had a complete response to a
      second chemotherapy regimen, including cis-platinum. Subsequently, she became
      pregnant. The case emphasizes the management of endodermal sinus tumor, including
      conservative surgery, combination chemotherapy, and monitoring serum alpha
      fetoprotein levels. This is the second report of pregnancy following cis-platinum
      administration.

PMID- 2423420
TI  - A new low molecular weight heparin fragment (PK 10169): in vitro and in vivo
      studies.
AB  - The depolymerized heparin fragment PK 10169 was compared with unfractioned
      mucosal sodium heparin. The inhibition of factors Xa and IXa by heparin and by PK
      10169 was comparable on a weight base, whilst the inhibition of thrombin by PK
      10169 was at least 5 times weaker than by heparin. Subcutaneous injection of PK
      10169 was not followed by an increase of the thrombin time. The activated partial
      thromboplastin time was considerably less prolonged after PK 10169 than after
      heparin. Platelet count and platelet functions were not influenced by PK 10169.
      In vitro, the euglobulin lysis time (ELT) was shortened after addition of heparin
      to plasma but not after addition of PK 10169. After injection however, there was
      an equal shortening of the ELT by both substances. The half-life in circulation
      of PK 10169 was longer than the half-life of heparin. The advantages of PK 10169
      over heparin are therefore the weaker influence on overall coagulation, the
      missing influence on platelet functions and the longer half-life in circulation.

PMID- 2423421
TI  - Laboratory studies on the intravenous and subcutaneous administration of PK 10169
      in man.
AB  - Intravenous and subcutaneous administration of PK 10169 in healthy human
      volunteers were studied utilizing numerous old and new laboratory methods for the
      monitoring of the effects of this agent. In the intravenous studies, individual
      groups of 10 healthy volunteers were administered with 2,500-12,500 anti-Xa units
      (25-125 mg) PK 10169 as a single bolus, and blood samples were drawn at 30 min,
      1, 4 and 24 h after the administration of the drug. In the subcutaneous studies,
      4,000 anti-Xa units (40 mg) b.i.d. of PK 10169 were administered to a group of 10
      healthy individuals for 7 consecutive days, and blood samples were drawn 6 h
      after each dose. Citrated blood samples collected from both studies were
      centrifuged, plasma was frozen at -70 degrees C in aliquots, and various
      laboratory parameters were determined in batches. In the intravenous studies, the
      global clotting assays (activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time)
      were only prolonged at initial stages of treatment, whereas a marked increase in
      the antiprotease and antifibrinopeptide A generation activity titer was observed
      for periods of up to 24 h. In the subcutaneous studies, no significant
      prolongation of the global clotting assays was noted; however, the anti-Xa levels
      were significantly increased throughout the study period (7 days). Only a trace
      of anti-IIa activity was observed. In contrast, a strong antifibrinopeptide A
      generation activity was observed in all samples which persisted after the
      discontinuation of PK 10169. These studies suggest that PK 10169 may exert its
      clinical effects by multiple mechanisms which are only partially assessable by
      routine laboratory methods.

PMID- 2423422
TI  - Clinical evaluation of short-term defibrotide treatment of patients with
      atherosclerosis obliterans of the lower limbs.
AB  - Ten patients with atherosclerosis obliterans of the lower limbs (Fontaine stage
      IV) were studied under basal conditions during and after short-term
      administration of defibrotide (800 mg/day intravenously from day 1 to 10 and then
      400 mg/day intramuscularly from day 11 to 30). The clinical effectiveness of
      defibrotide was evaluated not only clinically (subjective and objective
      symptomatology) but also by Doppler velocimetry (Windsor's Index (WI] and primary
      antiplasmin activity. Seven patients (70%) showed improvement in subjective and
      objective symptomatology. There were increases in WI at the end of intravenous
      treatment in 6 patients (60%). In the remaining 40%, WI did not change from basal
      values. All patients showed normalization of primary antiplasmin activity versus
      basal values (55.62%, 17.75 SD) at the end of both intravenous and intramuscular
      treatment (101.37%, 15.71 SD and 102.5%, 13.86 SD, respectively). Therefore, we
      think that defibrotide may be useful for therapy of atherosclerosis obliterans of
      the lower limbs.

PMID- 2423423
TI  - Growth of Bacillus megaterium in phosphate-limited medium.
AB  - Batch cultures of Bacillus megaterium grown in phosphate-limited media were
      compared with control cultures grown in phosphate-sufficient media. The effects
      of phosphate limitation on growth were determined by viable cells counts.
      Intracellular levels of protein, RNA, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, carbohydrate and
      oxygen uptake were significantly affected by phosphate limitation. Electron
      micrographs of sectioned cells revealed differences in the structure; in
      particular the thick, rigid cell wall was absent from cells grown in phosphate
      limited media, and such cells were larger, pleomorphic, and after 2 d were
      insensitive to lysozyme.

PMID- 2423424
TI  - Visual presentation of the Revised Token Test: some normative data and use in
      modality independence testing.

PMID- 2423425
TI  - [Current status of aphasia therapy].
AB  - Aphasia therapy in adults has been established to a larger extent relatively
      lately in the history of aphasiology, i.e. after its social medical importance
      had been realized and one of the cardinal problems of neurology solved more
      satisfactorily--lesion localization by imaging techniques. In order to evaluate
      the efficiency of aphasia therapy--which is still not quite uncontradicted--it
      was necessary to acquire sufficient knowledge of the spontaneous recovery
      process. It takes place--e.g. after stroke--mainly during the first 3 months,
      coming, as a rule, to a halt during the first year. Longer recovery periods,
      however, have been described. Next to etiology neurological status, overall
      health condition, type and severity of aphasia, and time delay between onset of
      the disease and start of therapy have been ascertained, whereas age and
      handedness seem to be of minor relevance. If syndrome change occurs the boundary
      between Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia is not surpassed; this taken apart almost
      any change from a more severe to a milder form of aphasia is possible. To isolate
      the therapeutic effect from spontaneous recovery in larger groups is difficult.
      There are, however, more recent investigations which suggest, that a correctly
      indicated therapy, which is sufficiently intensive and lasts long enough, will be
      effective. One of the corner-stones of any therapeutic effort ist adequate
      stimulation, oriented toward the patients needs and his aphasic syndrome, and
      taking into account the systemic nature of language and its most important
      linguistic structural components. Furthermore, a phase-specific and
      interdisciplinary approach and integration of closely related persons play an
      important role. We divide the numerous therapeutic techniques into 3 groups:
      direct or stimulation approach, indirect or circumventory approach, compensatory
      or alternative strategies approach. Representatives of all 3 groups are presented
      briefly, e.g. auditory stimulation, divergent semantic intervention, promoting
      aphasics communicative effectiveness, language enrichment therapy, programmed
      instruction; then the deblocking method, melodic intonation therapy, imagery, a
      sample of linguistically oriented methods for the reeducation of syntax,
      semantics, and phonemics along with special methods for the treatment of alexia
      and agraphia; finally compensatory techniques like visual communication, visual
      action therapy, and bliss symbolics. Some particular problems encountered in
      working with aphasics are addressed. A point is made about the feasibility and
      profit of lay therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2423426
TI  - Influence of thyroid function upon "Substance P" induced secretion of saliva by
      submaxillary glands.
AB  - The effects of changes in thyroid function on the action of "Substance P" upon
      the secretion of saliva by the submaxillary glands was studied in male Wistar
      rats, with parasympathetic decentralization on the left side. The dose-response
      curves to increasing doses of "Substance P" showed in hyperthyroid animals
      increased salivary secretion while in hypothyroid animals the dose-response curve
      to the drug was decreased. Every animal showed supersentivity to "Substance P" in
      the decentralized gland. The influence of changes in thyroid function in the
      denervated glands was the same as that in the unoperated side, increased salivary
      secretion in hyperthyroidism and decreased in hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2423427
TI  - HLA class I antigens on the hepatocyte membrane during recovery from acute
      hepatitis B virus infection and during interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis B
      virus infection.
AB  - In a chimpanzee model of acute type B hepatitis, at the time of onset of
      hepatitis B virus replication and before the development of immunity to hepatitis
      B virus, interferon is present in the plasma. This is followed by an increase in
      the display of HLA class I, but not class II proteins, on the hepatocyte
      membrane. In chronic hepatitis B virus infection, there is a low density of HLA
      class I protein display on the infected hepatocyte. Administration of alpha
      interferon enhances HLA display and in many cases is followed by a transaminase
      elevation, seroconversion of HBe antigen to antibody and disappearance of
      hepatitis B virus DNA from serum, changes implying clearance of infected
      hepatocytes. Successful response to interferon therapy may be predicted by a
      rapidly rising serum beta 2-microglobulin, a component of the HLA class I
      molecule, during the first 2 weeks of therapy, before the rise in transaminases.

PMID- 2423428
TI  - Antibody to the receptor for polymerized human serum albumin in acute and
      persistent infection with hepatitis B virus.
AB  - The antibody against the receptor for polymerized human serum albumin was
      determined by radioimmunoassay. The method involved the inhibition by the test
      serum, absorbed with HBsAg particles without the receptor, on the binding of
      polymerized human serum albumin to HBsAg particles with the receptor fixed on a
      solid support. The amount of polymerized human serum albumin captured by the
      receptor on HBsAg was then determined by the radiolabeled monoclonal antibody
      directed to an epitope specific for polymerized human serum albumin. In acute
      infection, the antibody to the receptor for polymerized human serum albumin
      appeared in the early recovery phase while HBs antigenemia and elevated
      transaminase levels were still present, preceding the antibody to HBsAg (anti
      HBs). The antibody was detected in 4 (1%) of 358 sera from asymptomatic carriers
      of HBsAg containing antibody to HBeAg, and in none of 67 sera containing HBeAg.
      Although the antibody was found in as many as 111 (74%) of 150 sera from blood
      donors who had presumably acquired anti-HBs after natural infection, it was not
      detected in any sera from 77 recipients of hepatitis B vaccine who had
      seroconverted for anti-HBs. On the basis of these observations, the determination
      of antibody to the receptor for polymerized human serum albumin helps in further
      understanding the immunity to hepatitis B virus.

PMID- 2423429
TI  - Hepatitis B virus pre-S gene-encoded antigenic specificity and anti-pre-S
      antibody: relationship between anti-pre-S response and recovery.
AB  - A solid-phase radioimmunoassay involving specific antibody was developed for
      determination of the pre-S gene-encoded epitopes of hepatitis B virus and anti
      pre-S antibody in sera of hepatitis B patients. The reaction for pre-S
      determinants associated with HBsAg was quantitatively inhibited by soluble,
      polymerized human serum albumin, and the lower limit of the assay was about 1.6
      ng of HBsAg per ml. Continuous expression of pre-S-coded antigenic sites on HBsAg
      particles in chronic hepatitis B patients seropositive for HBeAg or anti-HBe
      shows that these determinants may be considered as a marker of chronicity during
      hepatitis B virus infection. The anti-pre-S antibody was determined by inhibition
      of the reaction for pre-S determinants. This antibody, different from anti-HBs,
      was detected during HBsAg antigenemia in patients recovering from acute type B
      hepatitis, before anti-HBs response. Kinetics of synthesis of anti-pre-S antibody
      in the course of acute type B hepatitis, followed by elimination of HBsAg and
      recovery, suggest the possible role of this antibody in the immunological
      clearance of infective hepatitis B virus particles.

PMID- 2423430
TI  - Large cell lymphoma of the mediastinum: a B-cell tumour of probable thymic
      origin.
AB  - Fifteen cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the anterior mediastinum are reported.
      In the first group of four, fresh tissue was available and immunohistochemical
      studies demonstrated their B-cell origin, with monotypic immunoglobulin
      production in two. Only fixed tissue was available in the second group of 11
      patients. All stained with antibody to leucocyte common antigen (PD7/26) and
      three showed monotypic immunoglobulin production. If the two groups are combined
      seven of the 15 tumours were clearly of B-cell origin. Classification on
      morphological grounds was difficult, with most tumours showing mixtures of
      centroblasts and large centrocytes, and the original diagnoses had included
      Hodgkin's disease (three), thymoma (one) and undifferentiated carcinoma (two).
      None of the patients had evidence of extra-thoracic disease at presentation and
      when this developed the organs involved were liver (one), kidney (two) and
      thyroid (one). Direct extension within the chest led to infiltration of chest
      wall, sternum, lung, superior vena cava and other structures. The site of origin,
      lack of nodal involvement and, in one case, presence of residual thymus around
      the tumour indicate an origin in thymic B-cells.

PMID- 2423431
TI  - The frequency of false-positive and false-negative results in the detection of Y
      chromosomes in interphase nuclei.
AB  - In blood smears from 527 females and 457 males examined for the presence of Y
      chromosomes in interphase nuclei, 0.6% false-positive results and 11% false
      negative results were found. There was a clear tendency for the false-negative
      results to occur among those with small fluorescent or non-existing bands on the
      Y chromosome. The three false-positive females all had fluorescent chromosomal
      variants. In a comparison between female samples with and without chromosomal
      variants respectively, the former showed significantly higher false Y-body
      counts. There was a decrease in the number of Y-bodies with increasing age. There
      were no significant differences between staining with 0.1% Quinacrine mustard and
      0.1% and 1% Mepacrine. This study provides a more solid basis for the use of Y
      chromosome detection in forensic medicine, for screening purposes etc.

PMID- 2423432
TI  - Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening for neural tube defects and other
      disorders using an ultramicro-ELISA. Collaborative study in Cuba and in the
      German Democratic Republic.
AB  - In Cuba and in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) a total of 24,412 pregnant
      women were tested for maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) at the 16th to
      20th week of gestation. An inexpensive and partly automated ultramicroliter
      enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) with final volumes of 10 microliter was used to
      analyze simultaneously 50 samples. The intraassay coefficient of variation (CV)
      of 5-8% and day/day CVs of 6-10.5% were obtained with a test frequency of 320
      assays/day. A cut-off level of twice the median value (MoM) was chosen. An
      amniocentesis was done in a total of 0.5% (in the GDR) and 0.7% (in Cuba) of the
      screened women. The prevalence of open neural tube defects (ONTD) was calculated
      from the present study and was 1.43% in Cuba and 1.34% in the GDR. Through MSAFP
      screening 88.2% ONTD were detected. There was no therapeutic abortion of a normal
      fetus. The approximate cost for this program was about 2.36 marks-GDR per patient
      screened, or about 2,048 marks per ONTD detected.

PMID- 2423433
TI  - [Therapy of rheumatic diseases with inosiplex].
AB  - 27 patients (13 rheumatoid arthritis, RA; 4 systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE; 5
      systemic sclerosis, PSS; 5 undifferentiated connective tissue disease, UCTD) were
      treated with inosiplex for more than 23 months (7.7 +/- 1.3). Clinical
      improvement was impressive by the end of the first month of therapy in 7 patients
      with moderate active RA (p less than 0.01), and 5 of these patients treated for
      more than 8 months continued to do well (p less than 0.05). In contrast, patients
      with very active RA did not show any clear-cut improvement. In the other diseases
      studied, 5 patients responded rapidly (reduction in arthritis, improvement of
      pulmonary involvement). A concomitant rise in the T4/T8- (helper-/suppressor-)
      cell ratio with increased numbers of T4+-cells was observed in patients with RA
      and PSS. Our data suggest that some patients with rheumatic diseases may benefit
      from long-term treatment with inosiplex.

PMID- 2423434
TI  - Effect of prostaglandins on interferon synthesis in murine macrophage-like cell
      lines.
AB  - Murine macrophage-like cell lines were used to determine whether exogenously
      added prostaglandins and endogenous prostaglandins suppress interferon (IFN)
      synthesis in macrophages. The amount of IFN produced by J774A.1 cells induced
      with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was reduced by 0.1 and 1 microM PGE1 or
      PGE2. These prostaglandins also inhibited Newcastle disease virus (NDV) induced
      IFN production, but only at a concentration of 1 microM. Thromboxane B2 at 0.01
      to 1 microM had no effect on IFN production. Cells treated before, during, or
      before and during IFN synthesis with 0.15 to 4.8 microM indomethacin to inhibit
      prostaglandin synthesis did not increase IFN yields. Indomethacin also had no
      effect on NDV-induced IFN production by P388D1 and PU5-1.8 cells, and these cells
      remained nonresponsive to LPS for IFN production. These results indicate that
      endogenous levels of cyclooxygenase-dependent metabolites of arachidonic acid do
      not regulate IFN synthesis in macrophages.

PMID- 2423435
TI  - Antigen presentation by epithelial cells of the rat small intestine. I. Kinetics,
      antigen specificity and blocking by anti-Ia antisera.
AB  - Columnar epithelial cells (EC), isolated from the proximal small intestine of the
      rat, bind ovalbumin (OVA) by a non-specific, cold-inhibitable mechanism and
      continue to express Ia antigens after 24 hr culture in vitro. Lymph node T cells
      from rats immunized with OVA proliferate following 18 hr coculture with EC and
      OVA. This accessory cell function of EC is antigen-specific and is blocked by
      anti-Ia monoclonal antisera.

PMID- 2423436
TI  - Depression of human polymorphonuclear leucocyte function by anti-malarial drugs.
AB  - The effect of the anti-malarial drugs quinine, chloroquine, pyrimethamine,
      mefloquine and quinacrine on human polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) function was
      examined in vitro. In general, all drugs had their greatest effect on PMN
      iodination reaction and locomotion, intermediate effects on PMN hexose
      monophosphate shunt activity, and least effect on PMN adherence. The most potent
      of these were pyrimethamine and mefloquine. The PMN iodination reaction and
      locomotion were inhibited between 0.5-1 microgram/ml (congruent to 2-4 X 10(-6)
      M) pyrimethamine and 1-4 micrograms/ml (congruent to 0.25-1 X 10(-5) M)
      mefloquine. The study demonstrates that anti-malarial drugs depress PMN functions
      associated with antimicrobial activity of the cell.

PMID- 2423437
TI  - The bursal microenvironment: phenotypic characterization of the epithelial
      component of the bursa of Fabricius with the use of monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were raised against newborn chick bursa of Fabricius, and
      here we describe two antibodies, BEP-1 and BEP-2, which react selectively with
      the epithelial component of the bursa of Fabricius. In previous studies, using
      quail chick chimeric bursas, we have demonstrated that the epithelium of the
      bursal rudiment, presumably of endodermal origin, gives rise to the epithelium
      lining the bursal lumen, the basement membrane-associated epithelium and the
      network of reticular cells of the medulla, while the interfollicular connective
      cells are derived from the mesoderm. When tested in indirect immunofluorescence
      assay on bursa tissue sections or cell suspensions, BEP-1 reacts with a surface
      antigen present on all the epithelial cells of the bursa and could be used as a
      marker for this cell lineage. BEP-2 binds to an intracytoplasmic antigen that is
      present in about 5% of cells, representing the epithelial cells, and which is
      excreted in the medulla. BEP-2 also reacts with the epithelial cells of the
      thymic medulla and with the mucin-secreting goblet cells of the intestinal villi.
      A rabbit antiserum raised against human cytokeratin gives a different pattern of
      reactivity on bursal tissue compared to BEP-1 and BEP-2, tentatively suggesting
      that these two antibodies do not bind to keratin-like molecules. During ontogeny,
      BEP-1 reactivity appears in bursal epithelium from the early stages of bursal
      ontogeny (8 days). BEP-2 reactivity is detected around hatching time. BEP-1 and
      BEP-2 do not show any antigenic heterogeneity among the epithelial cells of the
      bursa.

PMID- 2423438
TI  - Antigen-specific T-cell lines transfer protective immunity against Trichinella
      spiralis in vivo.
AB  - T-cell lines specific for infective muscle larvae antigens of the intestinal
      nematode Trichinella spiralis have been generated in vitro. These antigen
      specific T-cell lines express the L3T4+ Ly2- phenotype and secrete the
      lymphokines IL-2, IL-3 and gamma-IFN. They are stable in culture for up to 15
      weeks and are protective when adoptively transferred into naive recipients. As
      few as 2 x 10(5) T. spiralis-specific tract. In addition, intestinal mastocytosis
      and peripheral blood eosinophilia were accelerated after adoptive transfer of T.
      spiralis-specific T-cell lines.

PMID- 2423439
TI  - Functional subsets of human helper-inducer cells defined by a new monoclonal
      antibody, UCHL1.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody UCHL1 identified an antigen present on most thymocytes, a
      subpopulation of resting T cells within both the CD4 and CD8 subsets, and on
      mature activated T cells. The UCHL1 determinant is also present on cells of the
      myeloid lineage, but not normal B cells or NK cells. Functionally, UCHL1
      identifies a subpopulation of T cells which proliferates maximally to soluble
      antigen and provides maximum help for PWM-stimulated immunoglobulin synthesis. In
      contrast, the UCHL1- cells do not induce immunoglobulin synthesis and do not
      proliferate in the presence of soluble antigen, although both the UCHL1- and the
      UCHL1+ fractions of T cells proliferate well in the presence of PHA. By standard
      immunoprecipitation techniques and SDS page, the antigen recognized by UCHL1 was
      found to have a molecular weight of 180,000-185,000. Preclearing experiments
      using antibodies identifying the leucocyte common antigen, LCA, and the
      lymphocyte function-associated antigen, LFA-1, which have similar molecular
      weights to UCHL1, showed that the UCHL1 determinant is not biochemically related
      to these antigens.

PMID- 2423440
TI  - Lymphocyte recruitment in vaccinia virus-induced cutaneous delayed-type
      hypersensitivity.
AB  - Our goal was to study the small lymphocytes that were recruited to cutaneous DTH
      lesions in order to determine if there existed a subset of small lymphocytes
      which preferentially migrated into cutaneous inflammatory sites rather than into
      lymphoid tissues. Lymphocytes were radiolabelled and injected i.v. into
      sensitized recipient rats on which DTH lesions were induced by the i.d. injection
      of vaccinia virus. Small lymphocytes, from unstimulated and antigen-stimulated
      LNs, migrated in large numbers to LNs but only to a modest extent to the DTH
      lesions. Lymphoblasts, from antigen-stimulated nodes, migrated to DTH lesions
      well, but poorly to normal LNs. The ratio of the radioactivity in the lesions to
      that in LNs was used as an index of the preferential migration of the cells. This
      ratio for small lymphocytes was 0.8:1, while that of lymphoblasts was 34:1.
      Lymphocytes from the blood and spleen were better at entering lesions than the
      small LNCs, and their ratio was higher. Peritoneal exudate lymphocytes induced by
      the i.p. injection of virus migrated very well to the DTH lesions and poorly into
      LNs, and produced a ratio of 130:1. The peritoneal lymphocytes that migrated into
      the lesions were primarily small lymphocytes. Negative selection for either
      surface Ig-, W3/25-, MRC OX-8- or MRC OX-6- cells had little effect on the
      accumulation of the cells within the DTH lesions. In conclusion, it is suggested
      that there exists a subset of small lymphocytes with receptors on their surfaces
      which cause them to migrate selectively to inflammatory sites rather than to LNs.
      An inflammatory exudate is a rich source of this subset of small lymphocytes,
      while only a small proportion of small LNCs being to this subset.

PMID- 2423441
TI  - Antigen presentation by epithelial cells of the rat small intestine. II.
      Selective induction of suppressor T cells.
AB  - Columnar epithelial cells (EC) isolated from the rat small intestine can present
      protein antigen in vitro, inducing proliferation of primed T cells. This system
      was used to examine the immunoregulatory function of T cells activated by
      presentation of ovalbumin (OVA) by EC. Rat lymph node T cells, sensitized to OVA
      in vivo and exposed to EC and OVA in vitro, suppressed the in vitro proliferative
      response of primed T cells to OVA. The suppression mediated by these modulated T
      cells (Tmod) was antigen-specific, was restricted during the induction phase by
      Ia antigens on the EC accessory cells, and was not affected by irradiation of
      Tmod. The generation of suppressor activity in Tmod was accompanied by an
      increase in expression of suppressor phenotype. It is suggested that a possible
      in vivo correlate of this phenomenon may play a role in the induction of
      suppressor T cells mediating systemic tolerance to dietary antigens.

PMID- 2423442
TI  - Heterogeneity of accessory cells interacting with T-helper clones.
AB  - We have investigated the comparative role of dendritic cells and macrophages as
      inducers of proliferative responses in antigen-specific T-helper lines and clones
      grown in serum-free medium. Dendritic cells are the most potent accessory cells
      for both soluble (ovalbumin-specific) and particulate (horse red blood cell
      specific) lines. However, at the clonal level there is heterogeneity. Individual
      clones will respond to antigen presented on either dendritic cells or
      macrophages, respectively. Synergy between the two accessory cell types was not
      demonstrable. Depletion of cells that express Class II antigens from the
      macrophage population abrogated the proliferative response. These findings
      confirm heterogeneity of the accessory cell pool, and support the suggestion that
      this accessory cell heterogeneity may be one of the selective mechanisms that
      determine T-cell responses at the clonal level.

PMID- 2423443
TI  - Investigation of antigen cross-reactivity of Mycobacterium leprae-reactive murine
      T-cell lines and clones.
AB  - Inguinal lymph node lymphocytes from BALB/c mice immunized intradermally with
      10(8) 60Co-irradiated Mycobacterium leprae were cloned by limiting dilution
      culture. In general, cloned T-cell lines exhibited helper type activity producing
      interleukin-2, macrophage activation factor and gamma-interferon and lines were
      further characterized in terms of their cross-reactivities with other species of
      mycobacteria. M. leprae clones derived after a period of in vitro restimulation
      were found to cross-react with other species of mycobacteria probably recognizing
      non-specific or closely related common cell wall associated mycobacterial
      determinants. On the other hand, lines established by cloning directly from
      immune mice appeared more M. leprae-specific, exhibiting antigen-dependent
      lymphokine production and proliferation in vitro.

PMID- 2423444
TI  - Cyclophosphamide and dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide immunopotentiate the
      delayed-type hypersensitivity response to inactivated enveloped viruses.
AB  - Immunization of BALB/c mice with measles virus inactivated with beta
      propiolactone and mixed with 100 micrograms of the cationic surface-active lipid
      dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA) primes for a strong virus-specific
      delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response that peaks 1 week later. Optimal
      immunization and challenge doses were found to be 8 and 4 micrograms/mouse,
      respectively, and pretreatment with 200 mg of cyclophosphamide/kg 2 days prior to
      immunization significantly enhanced the DTH response. When compared to Freund's
      complete and incomplete adjuvants, DDA was superior for induction of DTH to
      inactivated purified measles virus. As DDA could be administered to animals at a
      site different from the measles virus antigens, or 1 day previously, and still
      significantly enhance the DTH response, DDA is probably acting more as an immune
      modulator than as a simple adjuvant. The conditions for an optimal DTH response
      to measles virus were also shown to be applicable to other enveloped viruses, for
      example, a strong DTH response was similarly generated to inactivated purified
      influenza PR8 virus and to herpes simplex virus type I antigens present in plasma
      membranes isolated from infected Vero cells.

PMID- 2423445
TI  - Binding constants of IgE receptors on human blood basophils for IgE.
AB  - The ability to remove receptor-bound IgE but maintain functional integrity of
      human blood basophils allowed measurement of several parameters of binding of
      IgE. Non-specific binding was determined by a modification of the standard
      technique and was found to be only about 10% of specific binding. The number of
      free receptors varied inversely with the serum IgE of the donor. Forward rate
      constants were readily measured at 0 degree but were considerably higher at 37
      degrees, and a rough estimate of the activation energy for binding was calculated
      to be 6700 calories/mol. Saturation of basophil receptors with IgE occurred in 1
      3 h using 3.6 micrograms 125I-IgE/ml at 37 degrees. For seven donors, the forward
      rate constant, k1, ranged from 2.9 to 7.25 X 10(4) M/sec with a mean of 5.2 X
      10(4)/M/sec. This is about one-third the reported value for cultured cord blood
      basophils. The backward rate constant, k-1, ranged from 1.4 to 3.9 X 10(-5)/sec
      with a mean of 2.5 X 10(-5)/sec. This is less than half that of cord blood
      basophils. The equilibrium association constant, Ka, ranged from 1.4 to 2.7 X
      10(9)/M with a mean of 2.1 X 10(9)/M. This is comparable to the high affinity
      binding reported for cord blood and other basophils. There was no great
      difference in binding constants among the four atopic and three non-atopic donors
      studied. The affinity of monoclonal mouse 125I-IgE for IgE receptors on human
      basophils was about four-fold lower than that of human IgE. Sensitization of
      human basophils for histamine release with mouse IgE anti-DNP was confirmed. Non
      specific human IgE but not IgG inhibited sensitization by mouse IgE, indicating
      that the same receptors were involved and that they were specific for IgE.

PMID- 2423446
TI  - Characterization of human thymic dendritic cells in culture.
AB  - Cells with dendritic shape, the so-called dendritic cells (DCs), have been
      described in many tissues. In order to characterize one DCs population, normal
      human thymus specimens were obtained from children undergoing cardiovascular
      surgery. These specimens were either put in culture or fixed for in situ
      ultrastructural, immunocytochemical and cytochemical studies. In culture, DCs
      could be differentiated from other non-lymphoid cell populations. They presented
      long, fine processes and an irregular nucleus. Like interdigitating cells (IDCs)
      in situ, their cytoplasm contained many free ribosomes and mitochondria, and a
      well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. They showed a variable
      number of tubulovesicular structures and membrane-bound dark homogeneous
      granules. They never displayed phagolysosomes, tonofilaments or desmosomes. They
      were Ia+, ATPase+, S-100 protein+, vimentin+, esterase-, lysozyme-, and
      cytokeratin- cells. Macrophages were easily identified by their numerous
      lysosomes and large phagolysosomes. They were esterase+, lysozyme+, vimentin+,
      ATPase +/-, S-100 protein- and cytokeratin-. Although they were Ia+, membrane
      labelling was not as important as on DC's membrane. In situ, S-100 protein
      positive cells had a dendritic shape and were located mainly in medullary regions
      and at the cortico-medullary border. The staining was diffused both in the
      nucleus and in the cytoplasm. Lysozyme-positive cells were randomly distributed
      in the cortex, the medulla and the connective septa. They were round cells and
      the staining was intracytoplasmic. These observations demonstrate that DCs can be
      isolated in human thymic cultures, and they suggest that these cells correspond
      to IDCs in situ. They also provide evidence to suggest that DCs and macrophages
      are two distinct cellular populations.

PMID- 2423447
TI  - Detection and immunohistochemical localization of alpha 1-pregnancy-associated
      protein (alpha 1-PAP) in rats.
AB  - A protein exhibiting immunochemical cross-reactivity with the murine alpha 1
      pregnancy-associated protein (alpha 1-PAP) has been detected in the sera of
      female rats. The protein has an alpha 1-electrophoretic mobility, an estimated
      molecular weight of 150,000 and is readily detectable in the sera of nonpregnant
      female rats of each strain examined. During pregnancy, the serum concentration
      increases up to five-fold, reaching maximal levels at the same gestational stage
      as alpha 1-PAP in the mouse. Immunohistochemical studies revealed a staining
      pattern for the rat protein similar to that seen for alpha 1-PAP in the mouse,
      with positive cells being observed in lumbar lymph nodes, the lamina propria of
      gut mucosa, Peyer's patches, intracellularly in some hepatocytes and, during
      pregnancy, also in the placenta and metrial gland. On the basis of these
      immunochemical, physicochemical and immunohistochemical findings, it is proposed
      that the protein detected in rat sera represents the analogue of the murine alpha
      1-PAP, and that the rat strains examined more closely resemble high endogenous
      alpha 1-PAP-producer mouse strains. It is proposed that alpha 1-PAP, and a number
      of other rodent pregnancy proteins recently described, may be used in functional
      studies of human alpha 2-PAG.

PMID- 2423448
TI  - [Cutaneous angiogenesis induced by an ovarian carcinoma?].

PMID- 2423449
TI  - Characteristics of a T lymphocyte-enhancing Ab-specific monoclonal antibody. I.
      Genetic specificity and preferential enhancement of allogeneic reactions.
AB  - We recently described the production and characterization of an Ab-specific
      monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated K14.83-11, which specifically enhanced the
      alloreactivity of normal T lymphocytes, as well as highly selected Ab-specific T
      cell lines and clones against the appropriate Ab molecule. In the present report,
      we have studied both the binding specificity and immunoenhancing activity of
      K14.83-11 in a number of genetic combinations to better characterize the possible
      modes through which this mAb achieves its T cell-enhancing activity. Results
      reported here (1) confirm and extend previous findings revealing the possible
      importance of the immunoglobulin G3 isotype of K14.83-11 in its immunoenhancing
      activity, and (2) show a distinction in the determinant binding and subsequent
      ability to elicit an enhancing effect. Surprisingly, K14.83-11 proved ineffective
      in enhancing autologous or Ab-restricted reactions. This system, then, may
      provide the means of comparing the functional importance of Ab expression in self
      restricted and allogeneic reactions.

PMID- 2423451
TI  - Purification of antibodies specific to a dinucleotide using the hapten bound to
      DEAE cellulose as an affinity column.
AB  - The dinucleotide dpTpA held electrostatically on DEAE cellulose was used as an
      affinity column for the purification of dpTpA specific antibodies. Chromatography
      of the gamma-globulin fraction from dpTpA specific antisera on this column
      resulted in the retention of dpTpA specific antibodies which were later eluted
      along with the bound dpTpA using 1M NaCl. Dextran coated charcoal was the method
      of choice for the dissociation and removal of dpTpA bound to the antibodies. This
      method may extend itself to the purification of antibodies specific for other
      oligonucleotides.

PMID- 2423450
TI  - Mechanisms of genetic control of immune responses. II. Nonresponsiveness in
      BALB/c GT-specific cell-mediated immune responses does not correlate with the
      absence of functional T cells or the induction of suppressor T cells.
AB  - The mechanisms underlying Ir gene control of CMI were addressed by examining the
      DTH and Tprlf responses specific for the synthetic polymers GT, GAT, and GA. We
      show that BALB/c mice (GAT/GA responders, GT nonresponders) primed with GT fail
      to develop DTH and Tprlf responses specific for GT, GAT, or GA. GAT immunization
      resulted in DTH responses that could be elicited not only with GAT and GA but
      also with GT, demonstrating that GT-specific TDH are present in nonresponder
      mice. GT-specific DTH was transferred with Thy-1+ Lyt-1+2-, H-2 I-restricted,
      nylon wool nonadherent cells. GA-primed BALB/c mice developed GAT- and GA-, but
      not GT-specific DTH responses, indicating that GA and GT do not cross-react at
      the T-cell level. The ability of GAT [but not a mixture of GA plus GT, or GT
      electrostatically complexed to the immunogenic carrier MBSA (GT-MBSA)] to induce
      GT-specific DTH suggested a requirement for covalent linkage of stimulatory 'GA'
      and nonstimulatory 'GT' determinants present on the GAT molecule. Similarly, GT
      specific in vitro Tprlf responses could be demonstrated in GAT-primed mice
      exhibiting significant levels of GT-specific DTH but not in GT- or GT-MBSA-primed
      mice. Tolerization experiments also suggested that GT-specific Th were involved
      in the development of GT-specific DTH in GAT-primed mice. The GT
      nonresponsiveness of BALB/c mice for DTH and Tprlf responses could not be
      reversed by treatments designed to abrogate Ts activity (priming with GT-MBSA and
      CY injection), nor could GT-primed cells be shown to inhibit the development or
      elicitation of GT-specific CMI in GAT-primed mice during the afferent and/or
      efferent stages of DTH. Our results suggest that GT nonresponsiveness does not
      result from the absence of GT-specific T cells or preferential induction of Ts.
      The results are discussed in the context of hole-in-the-repertoire and antigen
      presentation (determinant selection) models of Ir gene control.

PMID- 2423452
TI  - Mycoplasma neurolyticum membranes: a T-independent antigen in the rat.
AB  - Our understanding of the mechanisms involved in B cell activation, proliferation
      and differentiation to immunoglobulin secreting cells has been facilitated by the
      use of T-independent and T-dependent antigens. The majority of these studies have
      used the murine system and only recently, the rat. Because membranes isolated
      from Mycoplasma neurolyticum are potent B cell mitogens in the rat and some T
      independent antigens also activate DNA synthesis in B cells, the in vitro and in
      vivo antibody responses induced by M. neurolyticum membranes in T-deficient rat
      systems were examined. The three groups of rats used, i.e., nude; anti-thymocyte
      serum-treated, neonatally-thymectomized (ATS-Tx); and normal Fischer 344 produced
      a non-polyclonal antibody response against the membranes. Spleen cell cultures
      that were T cell deficient and B cell enriched produced plaque-forming cells
      against the Mycoplasma membranes. Antibody production was depleted upon removal
      of Sephadex G-10 adherent cells. The antibody response is comprised of both
      antigen-specific and polyclonal responses. Lipoglycan, found in the aqueous
      phenol extract of the membranes, is the mitogenic fraction of the membranes, and
      this study suggests that it may also be the T-independent antigenic component of
      the M. neurolyticum membranes.

PMID- 2423453
TI  - Study on the association of HLA with malignant lymphoma.
AB  - The association of HLA with malignant lymphomas in 50 Chinese patients of the HAN
      nationality was investigated. The frequencies of antigens HLA-A and -C and the
      majority of HLA-B phenotypes were not significantly different between the patient
      and control groups, whereas the antigen frequency of HLA-B16 was increased
      significantly (P less than 0.025) in the patient group. The relative risk
      associated with HLA-B16 was 2.5694. The association of this antigen with
      malignant lymphoma might be unique for Oriental patients.

PMID- 2423454
TI  - Disc electrophoresis--(procedure Part-II).

PMID- 2423455
TI  - Comparison of acridine orange and Papanicolaou stains in the diagnosis of
      Trichomonas infection.

PMID- 2423456
TI  - Poly-acrylamide gel disc electrophoresis (PAGDE). Part-III.

PMID- 2423457
TI  - [Reactions of critically ill patients to volume therapy with hydroxyethyl starch
      (6% HES 450/0.7)].
AB  - At 31 critically ill surgical patients who on clinical grounds required fluid
      therapy, hemodynamic and oxygen transport, responses were measured after volume
      expansion with 500 ml 6% HES 450/0,7. There were statistically significant
      increases in cardiac index (CI) from 3,5 +/- 2,1 to maximal values of 4,4 +/- 0,2
      (l/min/m2) and in wedge pressure (WP) from 9,3 +/- 0,7 to maximal values of 13,6
      +/- 0,8 (mm Hg) and a significant reduction of systemic vascular resistance index
      (SVRI) from 2018 +/- 128 to 1641 +/- 102 (dynsec/cm5 m2). There were also
      observed statistically significant maximal increases of left ventricular stroke
      work index (LVSWI) from 41 +/- 3,1 to 53 +/- 3,2 (gm/m2) of oxygen delivery (DO2)
      from 489 +/- 24 to 587 +/- 29 (ml/min/m2) and of oxygen consumption (VO2) from
      111 +/- 6 to 130 +/- 7 (ml/min/m2) which took place at the time of the maximum CI
      increase. Moreover MAP-, CI- and VO2-responses of patients were stratified
      according to clinical conditions like time of operation, age, prognosis, ARDS,
      sepsis, hyperdynamic- and blood volume status.

PMID- 2423458
TI  - Functionally distinct monoclonal antibodies reactive with enzymatically active
      and binding domains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are described which react with two discrete
      structural domains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A and which have two distinct
      functional profiles. The MAbs designated T3-1C7 and T4-1F2 reacted with a 46,000
      dalton peptide similar to the putative B or binding fragment of toxin A. These
      antibodies neutralized the cytotoxic and lethal properties of toxin but had no
      effect on its ADP-ribosyl transferase activity. T4-1F2 interfered with the
      binding of toxin A to membrane receptors on mouse fibroblasts (L cells), although
      the epitope for the antibody appears to be distinct from the actual receptor
      binding site. The MAb designated T2-1H2 reacted with intact toxin A and with a
      cloned, enzymatically active carboxy-terminal polypeptide similar to the toxin A
      fragment. This MAb neutralized the ADP-ribosyl transferase activity of activated
      holotoxin and of the cloned peptide, but inhibited neither binding of toxin to
      membrane receptors nor its cytotoxic and lethal actions. The complementary
      specificity and function of these MAbs confirm the functional specialization of
      discrete structural domains within the toxin A molecule. Our findings suggest the
      greater antitoxic potential of antibodies that block binding, compared with those
      which inhibit the enzymatic activity of toxin A.

PMID- 2423460
TI  - Serum hexachlorocyclohexane residues in workers engaged at a HCH manufacturing
      plant.
AB  - The accumulation of hexachlorocyclohexane, one of the most commonly used
      chlorinated insecticides, was studied in a high-risk group of people who are
      exposed during its manufacturing process. The serum HCH concentration was
      estimated by quantitating its alpha, beta, gamma and delta-isomers with the help
      of GLC analysis. Exposed workers involved in maintenance work were found to have
      3 times higher HCH residues than the controls, while in the plant operators and
      supervisors the levels were 5 times higher. The most severely exposed were the
      handlers who are in direct contact with the insecticide. The level of serum HCH
      residues in them was found to be about 12 times higher than those in the
      controls. The percentage composition of the insecticide, with respect to the
      different isomers, varied up to 20% for the gamma-isomer, up to 30% for alpha
      isomer and had between 60%-100% of the beta-isomer in the samples. The serum
      levels of the insecticides were clearly related to the workers' job-related close
      contact, intensity, frequency, and the duration of their exposure. The total of
      HCH residues in the sera studied were in the range of 0.143-1.152 ppm. The
      importance of these findings and the relevant protective measures are discussed.

PMID- 2423459
TI  - The use of monoclonal antibodies to analyze the structure of Clostridium
      botulinum type E derivative toxin.
AB  - Six monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium botulinum type E derivative toxin
      were prepared. Three of the five binding to the heavy chain neutralized the
      derivative toxin; the other one binding to the light chain did not.
      Immunoblotting analysis with the monoclonal antibodies showed that the fragment
      obtained by tryptic digestion consisted of the light chain and part of the heavy
      chain (H-1 fragment) linked together by a disulfide bond(s) and that the
      antigenic determinants common between type E and F derivative toxins were located
      on both the heavy and light chains. The fragment induced by chymotrypsin
      treatment, like the tryptic fragment, bound to four monoclonal antibodies. The
      mild tryptic treatment and reduction resulted in separation of the chymotryptic
      fragment into two smaller fragments corresponding to the light chain and H-1
      fragment. These results indicate that H-1 fragment contains the amino-terminal
      portion of the heavy chain. The monoclonal antibody neutralizing the toxin and
      probably recognizing the epitope on the carboxyl-terminal portion (H-2 fragment)
      of the heavy chain effectively competed for binding of 125I-labeled derivative
      toxin to synaptosomes. Of the two monoclonal antibodies neutralizing the toxin
      and recognizing the epitopes on H-1 fragment, one partially inhibited binding,
      but the other did not. This suggests that the binding of 125I-labeled derivative
      toxin depends mainly on the carboxyl-terminal region of the heavy chain and that
      interference with binding is not the only means of toxin neutralization.

PMID- 2423461
TI  - Clinical application of epidural and intrathecal opioids for pain management.

PMID- 2423462
TI  - Binding of compound 48/80 by isolated rat mast cells in connection with histamine
      release.
AB  - The binding of compound 48/80 in connection with histamine release from isolated
      rat mast cells was investigated by a two-step incubation procedure. After
      incubation of mast cells with known concentrations of compound 48/80, the
      supernatants were collected and subsequently exposed to fresh mast cells. The
      response in the second incubation step provided a measure of the amount of
      compound 48/80 remaining in the supernatants. At noncytotoxic concentrations of
      the releasing agent, binding capacities for compound 48/80 of up to 4
      micrograms/10(5) mast cells (4% w/v) were observed. The binding of compound 48/80
      was of high affinity, giving mast cell concentrations of the compound exceeding
      that in the incubation medium by four orders of magnitude. The binding occurred
      rapidly with a substantial proportion bound within the first minute. These
      findings indicate that quantitation of exocytotic events by means of basic dyes
      may be compromised by competition for granular binding sites by basic releasing
      agents.

PMID- 2423463
TI  - Are cross-reacting natural antibodies multispecific?
AB  - Human natural antibodies to antigens of Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens
      were studied for cross-reactivity. The organisms were grown on synthetic media
      and extracted at 100 degrees C. The extracts were precipitated three times at 71%
      ethanol concentration and redissolved at the desired concentration. These
      preparations were referred to as Escherichia antigen (Ea) and Serratia antigen
      (Sa). They readily coated red blood cells (RBC), which then could be used for
      passive agglutination tests. Human serum selected for this study had strong
      agglutinins combining with both antigens (cross-reacting antibody) and rather
      weak agglutinins combining with Ea only or Sa only, a property that became
      obvious from absorption experiments. Absorption of the serum with RBC coated by
      Ea removed all activity for Ea and most of the activity for Sa, and the opposite
      effect was noted after absorption of the serum by RBC coated by Sa. The activity
      against both antigens could be recovered by elution of antibodies at 56 degrees C
      from RBC coated by either Ea or Sa. Significantly, inhibition of the serum or the
      eluate with soluble antigens gave strictly specific results in that Ea abolished
      only the reaction with RBC coated by Ea and did not influence the reaction of RBC
      coated by Sa, and the opposite result was obtained upon inhibition of the serum
      with Sa. These results strongly indicated to us that the cross-reacting
      antibodies under study were multispecific, i.e., had different antigen-reactive
      sites (haptophore groups) for Ea and Sa. Further evidence supporting this
      contention was obtained from a study in which the cross-reacting antibody was
      'labelled' by a bacterial antigen. To this end, the tested serum was neutralized
      with Sa and then reacted with RBC coated by Ea. From these RBC, antibodies were
      eluted from which Sa was recovered. A 'mirror image' experiment was also
      conducted in which Ea was recovered from antibodies that were blocked by Ea and
      reacted with RBC coated by Sa.

PMID- 2423464
TI  - Significance of advanced atrioventricular block in acute inferior myocardial
      infarction--a study based on ventricular function and Holter monitoring.
AB  - Eighty-two consecutive patients with a first inferior wall acute myocardial
      infarction were evaluated by radionuclide angiography and 24-hour Holter
      monitoring during their hospital stay. The patients were divided into two groups.
      The first group (n = 28) had advanced atrioventricular block, while the second
      group (n = 54) were without atrioventricular block. The patients with advanced
      block had lower left ventricular (49 +/- 12% vs. 55 +/- 14%, P less than 0.05)
      and right ventricular ejection fraction (26 +/- 10% vs. 43 +/- 11%, P less than
      0.001) than those with normal atrioventricular conduction. The atrioventricular
      block disappeared spontaneously in all of them. The hospital mortality of the
      patients with advanced block and those without advanced block was 10.7 and 5.5%,
      respectively (P = NS). Pre-discharge 24-hour Holter monitoring done in all
      survivors revealed isolated ventricular ectopics (Lown grade I, II, III) in 44%
      of patients who had had advanced block and 43.1% of patients without advanced
      block (P = NS). Complex ventricular ectopics (Lown grade IVa, IVb), however, were
      recorded in significantly more patients with advanced block as compared to
      patients without advanced block (36 vs. 7.8%, P less than 0.01). Most patients
      with complex ventricular ectopics in both groups had impaired left or right
      ventricular function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423465
TI  - Immunoenzyme techniques in dermatopathology.

PMID- 2423466
TI  - A study of the atmospheric lead pollution in Seville, Spain. Influence of
      meteorology and traffic, and relationship with other traffic-generated
      pollutants.
AB  - A study of the atmospheric pollution by suspended particulate lead in the city of
      Seville, Spain, was carried out during the period between March 1983 and February
      1984. The results obtained from seven sampling stations allowed us to study the
      site to site variations; there are two locations with average annual
      concentrations higher than 2 micrograms X m-3. In one station, the meteorological
      and traffic effects and relationship with other traffic-related pollutants, were
      investigated. The regression analyses performed on the average monthly data have
      shown an inverse correlation with wind speed and temperature and a direct
      correlation with carbon monoxide and smoke concentrations, but no significant
      correlation was found with the lead deposition levels.

PMID- 2423467
TI  - Stimulatory and cytotoxic effects of an antiserum to adipocyte plasma membranes
      on adipose tissue metabolism in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Antibodies to rat adipocyte plasma membranes raised in sheep had a dual effect in
      vitro; at low concentrations they mimicked the actions of insulin whilst higher
      concentrations inhibited glucose incorporation into lipid. The insulin-like
      effects of the antibody appeared to be due to direct activation of the glucose
      transport system since the antibodies did not bind to the insulin receptor, as
      judged by their inability to immunoprecipitate the receptor or to inhibit insulin
      binding, and antibodies were able to stimulate glucose transport in cells which
      had had their insulin receptors removed by trypsinization. The inhibitory effects
      of the antiserum were due to cytotoxicity since, in the presence of antiserum,
      adipocytes began to release large quantities of the intracellular enzyme, lactate
      dehydrogenase, and were ultimately lysed. This cytotoxic effect of the antiserum
      was complement-dependent since heat-inactivated antiserum or a crude
      immunoglobulin fraction of the serum possessed only stimulatory effects on lipid
      metabolism. When injected into rats for 4 days the antiserum produced gross
      abnormality of adipose tissue depots. Dissolution of adipocytes and massive
      infiltration by lymphocytes and polymorphs were evident. Preliminary observations
      suggest that such treatment results in long-term reduction of the number of
      adipocytes in internal fat depots.

PMID- 2423468
TI  - Myoepithelioma of the palate in a child.
AB  - Salivary gland myoepitheliomas are rare tumors accounting for less than 1% of
      neoplasms of the salivary glands. We report a myoepithelioma arising in the
      palate of an 8-year-old female, the youngest case in the literature. Electron
      microscopic and immunohistochemical studies support the myoepithelial origin of
      this tumor.

PMID- 2423469
TI  - Vitamin A status affects chromatin structure.
AB  - We have examined RNA synthesis by nuclei isolated from testes of rats of varying
      vitamin A status. Nuclei from retinol-deficient animals showed substantially
      decreased RNA synthesis by polymerase II when compared to nuclei from normal
      animals. Within 4 hours after oral administration of retinyl acetate (as the
      source of retinol) to deficient animals, RNA synthesis by polymerase II had
      significantly increased. Administration of retinoic acid had a similar but lesser
      effect. Nucleoside analysis after alkaline hydrolysis of the RNA synthesized by
      the endogenous polymerase II suggested that the increased activity was due to a
      greater number of actively transcribing polymerase II molecules on the DNA.
      Further, when the template capacity of testicular chromatin isolated from
      deficient and retinyl acetate refed animals was compared, the number of sites
      recognized by E. coli RNA polymerase was increased twofold after retinyl acetate
      administration. We conclude that these retinol-induced changes in transcription
      are due at least in part to changes in chromatin structure.

PMID- 2423470
TI  - Retinopathy of prematurity.

PMID- 2423471
TI  - Age-related macular degeneration.

PMID- 2423472
TI  - Laser treatment of subretinal neovascularization.

PMID- 2423473
TI  - The advantages of palliative resection in squamous cell carcinoma of the
      esophagus.
AB  - A series of 223 resections for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma performed from
      1975 to 1982 (70% were palliative or cleaning resections) is presented.
      Postoperative mortality and morbidity are not significantly different after
      palliative resection from those after curative resection. The long-term results
      are encouraging and clearly superior to those obtained with other medical and
      surgical palliative therapies. These findings lead the authors to support the use
      of palliative resection for esophageal carcinoma, except in cases of cervical
      tumors with a poor prognosis.

PMID- 2423474
TI  - Millin's retropubic prostatectomy: a clinical study.
AB  - Millin's retropubic prostatectomy was carried out in 250 patients in two
      urological centres. The early postoperative complications were analysed and
      compared with results of other authors and with those reported after transvesical
      operations.

PMID- 2423475
TI  - Conjunctivitis in rabbits caused by enterovirus type 70 (EV70).
AB  - A rabbit enterovirus 70 (EV70) model infection that closely mimics human
      enteroviral conjunctivitis was developed. Conjunctivitis occurred 24 hr following
      topical application of EV70. The conjunctivitis was characterized by tearing,
      redness, swelling of the eye lids, follicles in the superior palpebral
      conjunctiva, and dilatation of subconjunctival blood vessels. Histologic
      examination of conjunctival and corneal tissue taken 1 and 2 days after infection
      revealed numerous punctate areas devoid of squamous epithelium on the upper
      palpebral conjunctiva. Also, follicles without germinal centers were observed
      microscopically in the palpebral and tarsal conjunctiva. Fibroblast infiltration
      characteristic of wound healing and a sparse mononuclear infiltration was noted
      by the second day. Peak levels of virus [10(3) to 10(6.2) plaque forming units
      (PFU)/ml] were detected 1 to 2 days after infection and declined to undetectable
      levels after 3 to 5 days. Interestingly, antiserum to parental EV70 was less
      effective (8-10-fold) in neutralizing EV70 adapted to animal and tissue culture
      systems. This finding suggests that an antigenic variant of EV70 arose during
      adaptation. Fibroblast interferon (IFN beta), which is indicative of viral
      infection, was detected in tears from 6 of 16 rabbits and declined to
      undetectable levels 3 days after infection. Serum antibody to EV70 was detectable
      8 to 10 days after infection. However, the level of serum antibody was highly
      variable. The results indicate that the clinical disease, virologic and
      immunologic courses were similar to that of the human infection. Results suggest
      that this animal model provides a system for studying the natural antigenic
      variation of EV70, the natural host defenses of the eye, and antiviral treatments
      against enteroviral conjunctivitis.

PMID- 2423476
TI  - Cortisol at physiological concentrations and prostaglandin E2 are additive
      inhibitors of human natural killer cell activity.
AB  - The effects of cortisol and prostaglandin E2 on preparations of human peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells that mediate natural killer cytotoxicity were evaluated.
      Natural killer cell activity was measured using 51Cr-labelled K562 target cells
      and effector to target cell (E:T) ratios of 50:1, 25:1, 12.5:1 and 6:1. In vitro
      preincubation of mononuclear cell preparations for 20 h with 1 X 10(-8) to 1 X
      10(-5) M cortisol resulted in a significant decrease of natural killer cell
      activity. The magnitude of the suppression was directly related to the steroid
      concentration and inversely related to the E:T ratio. Exposure of cortisol
      treated mononuclear cells to 1 X 10(-6) M prostaglandin E2 resulted in a
      significantly higher level of inhibition than after treatment with the two agents
      singularly. In contrast, the concomitant incubation with 1 X 10(-5) to 1 X 10(-4)
      M theophylline, or with 1 X 10(-6) to 1 X 10(-5) M isobutyl-methylxanthine, two
      widely used phosphodiesterase inhibitors, failed to demonstrate a significant
      enhancement of cortisol-induced suppression. Prostaglandin E2-dependent
      inhibition, on the other hand, was more intense after the inhibition of
      phosphodiesterase activity. Taken together, these results show that cortisol at
      physiological concentrations has the property of depressing human natural killer
      cell activity in vitro and suggest that endogenous glucocorticoids play a role in
      the in vivo regulation of this natural cytotoxicity. Additionally, cortisol and
      prostaglandin E2 are additive inhibitors of natural killer cell activity. Since
      the effect of cortisol in our experiments was not changed by theophylline or
      isobutyl-methylxanthine it is conceivable that the hormone acts at a level
      different from the adenylate cyclase/phosphodiesterase system.

PMID- 2423477
TI  - Immunoelectron microscopic evidence for different compartments in the secretory
      vacuoles of the rat seminal vesicles.
AB  - Immunoelectron microscopy of the rat seminal vesicle was performed using specific
      antibodies to secretory proteins. Proteins were precipitated from rat seminal
      vesicle secretion and were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
      Among the great number of bands the two most prominent bands were selected and
      designated SVS II and IV. Their apparent molecular weights were 48 kDa and 16.5
      kDa respectively. The bands were excised from the gels and used for antibody
      production in rabbits. The respective antisera were used for immunohistochemical
      studies both at the light and electron microscopic levels in the rat seminal
      vesicle and the different prostatic lobes in infantile, adult and castrated
      animals. A positive immunoreaction was observed in seminal vesicle and lateral
      prostatic epithelium of the intact adult rat, while it was lacking in prepubertal
      and castrated animals. The subcellular distribution of both proteins was clearly
      different: SVS II was exclusively confined to the electron dense core of the
      secretory vacuoles, while SVS IV was detected only in the clear halo surrounding
      the central granule. It is suggested that the spatial arrangement of both
      proteins in the seminal vesicle secretion vacuole reflects a particular
      functional significance of each of these proteins. These proteins may serve as a
      tool in the study of regulation of androgen-dependent protein synthesis.

PMID- 2423478
TI  - The compartmentation of glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes in rat kidney and
      liver and its significance to renal and hepatic metabolism.
AB  - An indirect immunoperoxidase procedure has been used to demonstrate sites of
      glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in normal rat kidney and liver. In kidney, the
      gluconeogenic enzyme fructose 1,6-biphosphatase was restricted to the proximal
      tubular epithelium, while the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase predominated in more
      distal segments. Intense staining for the biphosphatase in proximal convoluted
      tubular brush borders suggests that reabsorbed substrates may be used directly at
      this site in renal gluconeogenesis. In view of the high phosphofructokinase and
      pyruvate kinase activities present in collecting ducts, their relatively low
      hexokinase activities and their relatively pale immunostaining for hexokinase
      indicate that glycolytic substrates which feed into the pathway subsequent to the
      initial phosphorylation step, rather than glucose, may be the major energy source
      for the rat renal papilla. Immunostaining in the liver was consistent with the
      metabolic zonation of liver parenchyma, in that glucokinase occurred mainly in
      perivenous regions and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase in periportal areas. The
      presence of such metabolic zonation is difficult to reconcile with the widely
      held view that the majority of hepatic glycogen is derived directly from glucose.
      A model for hepatic glycogen synthesis is proposed which links the concept of
      parenchymal zonal heterogeneity with recent biochemical evidence concerning the
      'glucose paradox' and with microscopical studies on the dynamics of glycogen
      deposition after refeeding.

PMID- 2423479
TI  - Improvement in the staining and in the visualization of the argyrophilic proteins
      of the nucleolar organizer region at the optical level.
AB  - The argyrophilic proteins of the nucleolar organizer region (Ag-NOR proteins)
      were specifically localized at the optical level with a modified one-step silver
      technique performed at 20 degrees C. This method was applied to various materials
      including cells in smears, chromosomes, semi-thin sections of plastic-embedded
      cells and sections of paraffin-embedded human pathological tissues. In order to
      improve the visualization of the silver deposits we tested various modes of
      imaging, including bright-field, Nomarski contrast, reflected light and combined
      Nomarski contrast with reflected light. The use of Nomarski contrast is useful to
      define precisely the phases of mitosis. The use of reflected light, which is
      based on the ability of silver to reflect incident light specifically, gives
      images with an improved resolution compared to bright-field.

PMID- 2423480
TI  - A new hybridocytochemical method based on mercurated nucleic acid probes and
      sulfhydryl-hapten ligands. I. Stability of the mercury-sulfhydryl bond and
      influence of the ligand structure on immunochemical detection of the hapten.
AB  - The mechanisms underlying a new hybridocytochemical method, which is based on
      mercurated nucleic acid probes and their binding to sulfhydryl-hapten ligands,
      have been studied. Furthermore we developed a simple procedure for the
      preparation of mercurated probes at a microgram scale. Nucleic acids immobilized
      on Sephadex beads have been immunochemically detected after hybridization with
      mercurated probes and binding of the sulfhydryl-hapten ligand trinitrophenyl
      glutathione. In this system, the method proved to be specific and sensitive.
      However, the same procedure, when applied in situ, failed to give a positive
      result. ELISA experiments showed that these results cannot be attributed to a
      suboptimal immunochemical detection of the ligand. Chromatographic analysis of
      mercurated polynucleotide-ligand complexes revealed, however, an unexpected
      lability of the mercury-sulfhydryl bond. Under non-equilibrium conditions, as
      present during a cytochemical washing procedure, the mercury-sulfhydryl b ond was
      found to dissociate rapidly. On basis of these results the hypothesis was
      forwarded that the bond between mercurated nucleic acids immobilized on Sephadex
      and the ligand was stabilized by the positive charge of the Sephadex matrix. This
      charge was introduced during the cyanogen bromide activation and inactivation
      necessary for the covalent coupling of nucleic acids to Sephadex. In situ,
      however, no such positive charges are present. By reversing the charge of the
      ligand we expected to stabilize the mercury-sulfhydryl bond. In a subsequent
      paper data are presented that confirm this hypothesis.

PMID- 2423481
TI  - A new hybridocytochemical method based on mercurated nucleic acid probes and
      sulfhydryl-hapten ligands. II. Effects of variations in ligand structure on the
      in situ detection of mercurated probes.
AB  - In the preceding paper, a method to detect specific DNA sequences with mercurated
      nucleic acid probes and sulfhydryl-hapten ligands has been described. Due to the
      instability of the bond between mercury and a negatively charged sulfhydryl
      hapten ligand (trinitrophenyl-glutathione), the in situ formed hybrid could not
      be detected. On basis of model system experiments it was suggested that this
      mercury-sulfhydryl bond could be stabilized by an extra polar interaction between
      ligand and nucleic acid. This was achieved by reversing the net charge of the
      ligand. Such ligands were synthesized by reacting aliphatic diamines to the
      carboxyl groups of Tnp-glutathione using a water soluble carbodiimide. Gel
      chromatographic analysis of mercurated polynucleotide-ligand complexes showed
      that the stability of the mercury-sulfhydryl bond is increased by the reversal of
      the net charge of the ligand. In situ hybridized mercurated mouse satellite DNA
      to mouse liver nuclei and mercurated kinetoplast cRNA hybridized to Crithidia
      fasciculata were immunocytochemically detected after the introduction of these
      positively charged ligands. The described method is applicable for RNA and DNA
      probes. It has a sensitivity comparable to other non-autoradiographic methods, is
      relatively simple to perform and can be carried out with ordinary laboratory
      chemicals.

PMID- 2423482
TI  - Three dimensional observation of the nerve fibers along the cerebral blood
      vessels.
AB  - Three dimensional observation of the nerve fibers along the cerebral blood
      vessels was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Electron probe X-ray
      microanalysis was also performed in the cerebral blood vessels treated with
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemistry intensified by nickel ammonium
      sulfate. Nerve fibers (2-8 microns in diameter) formed a plexus on the outer
      surface of the adventitia. After branching, the nerve fibers penetrated the blood
      vessel adventitia. Substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibers showed a meshwork
      pattern in the outer layer of the adventitia, and vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers revealed a spiral running pattern
      in the inner layer of the adventitia. Taken together with previous studies, these
      findings suggest that substance P nerve fibers in the cerebral arteries may not
      be related to arterial dilatation or constriction, but VIP nerve fibers may be
      vasodilative.

PMID- 2423483
TI  - Nucleic acid staining with the methyl green-pyronin method. A comparison of the
      use of pure dyes and commercially available dyes.
AB  - We compared the staining obtained using commercially available pyronin Y samples
      with that obtained using pure pyronin Y in a standardized methyl green-pyronin
      procedure. In addition, the importance of the dye content of the anhydrous dye
      was investigated by varying the dye content by the addition of pure pyronin Y to
      one of the commercially available pyronin Y samples. We found that, for routine
      histological work, commercially available pyronin Y samples may produce
      acceptable results provided the sample can be shown by spectrophotometry to
      contain at least 43% pyronin Y.

PMID- 2423484
TI  - A new supertypic HLA class II determinant (PL2) differentially expressed with
      DR7, DRw11(5), DRw13(w6), DRw14(w6), DR3, and DR2 and biochemically localized to
      DR7 molecules.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody, PL2, has been produced that reacts with a new supertypic
      determinant expressed on the peripheral blood B lymphocytes and B-leukemic cells
      (B-CLL) from all individuals who are HLA-DR7 and some individuals who are HLA-DR5
      positive. The genetic linkage of the PL2 determinant to the HLA region was
      demonstrated by family segregation studies. When cultured Epstein-Barr virus
      (EBV) transformed B cell lines were examined, PL2 was again found to be expressed
      on all cell lines homozygous for HLA-DR7 and the DRw11(5) subtype of HLA-DR5
      positive cells, while one DRw12(5) cell line was negative, suggesting PL2 may
      distinguish between these DR5 subtypes. In addition, using the panel of EBV
      transformed B-cell lines, PL2 was also found to be weakly expressed on HLA
      DRw14(w6), -DRw13(w6), -DR3, and -DR2 positive cells but was completely absent
      from HLA-DR1 and -DR4 positive cells, and is probably absent also from DRw8- and
      DRw10-positive cells. From titration analysis and quantitative absorption studies
      the PL2 determinant was found to be expressed at quantitatively different levels
      in the following order: DR7 greater than DRw11, DRw14 greater than DRw13 greater
      than DR3 greater than DR2. The molecules carrying the PL2 determinant on DR7
      cells have been characterized biochemically to be a subpopulation of HLA class II
      molecules recognized by the DR specific monoclonal antibody, L243. Furthermore,
      by two-dimensional gel analysis, PL2 immunoprecipitated only two of three beta
      chains associated with the DR-apha chain, which are the same two chains that
      carry the DR7 allodeterminants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423485
TI  - A new polymorphic determinant on HLA-DQ molecules.
AB  - In man, the immune response genes are located within the HLA-D/DR region, and the
      gene products, the Ia antigens, are expressed on B lymphocytes, monocytes, and a
      percentage of null cells and activated T lymphocytes. We recently identified a
      human Ia antigen, K19, which appeared to be limited in its expression to B
      lymphocytes, and to be preferentially expressed on the more mature cells within
      this population. This work was facilitated by a monoclonal antibody. HK-19, which
      recognized a monomorphic determinant of this Ia molecule. We now report the
      characterization of a second monoclonal antibody, HK-13, which recognized the
      same molecule as HK-19, but only on cells from some individuals. The greater
      affinity of HK-13 allowed more complete characterization of the K19/K13 molecule.
      This characterization included cytofluorography, two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis, tryptic peptide mapping, and partial N-terminal amino acid
      sequencing, and indicated that K19 and K13 were epitopes on HLA-DQ (DC)
      molecules. The pattern of reactivity of HK-13 on a panel of typing cells did not
      correlate with any of the known HLA-DQ polymorphic determinants. Thus, HK-13 is a
      new polymorphic determinant of the HLA-DQ series.

PMID- 2423486
TI  - Divergent and invariant HLA class II beta chain isoelectric points.
AB  - Class II molecules were isolated from consanguineous HTCs (DR1-DRw8) by
      sequential immunoprecipitation with the monoclonal antibodies 7.3.19.1 (anti
      DRw52-like), B8.11.2 (anti-DR backbone), and 7.5.10.1 (anti-HLA class II
      backbone). Depending upon the DR-serotype of the cell line used, two or three
      class II antigen families, distinct in molecular weight, could be isolated (see
      Hum Immunol 9:221, 1984). Immunoprecipitated class II molecules were treated with
      NaNase and then analyzed on 1D-IEF gels. Each HLA class II antigen family
      contained two alpha chains conserved in pI. Furthermore, the various haplotypes
      show distinct electrophoretic beta chain patterns. The number of beta chain
      charge configurations detected varies from 2 to 5, depending upon the antigen
      family or haplotype studied. Some of these chains have a pI which is specific for
      a given class II serotype whereas other beta chain pIs are invariant and shared
      among more antigen families or haplotypes.

PMID- 2423487
TI  - Biochemical dissection of DRw6 related epitopes using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Three monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) directed against polymorphic epitopes of Ia
      antigens were used as tools for a serological and biochemical dissection of the
      class II products encoded by the HLA-DRw6 haplotype. MoAb 16.23 defines an
      epitope common to DRw13 and DR3 haplotypes, MoAb S5 defines an epitope common to
      DRw13 and DR2 haplotypes, and MoAb S2 defines an epitope apparently restricted to
      DRw13. Not all DRw13 cells express these epitopes. Analysis of 16 DRw6 homozygous
      typing cells showed that expression of all three epitopes was restricted to those
      DRw13 cells that carried the Dw18 antigen, the DRw13 Dw19 cells being negative.
      The relationships among the molecules bearing these epitopes were investigated
      using sequential immunoprecipitation in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from
      genetically characterized individuals. In both DRw13 and DR2 bearing cells, the
      DR2 + w13 epitope was localized to a population of DQ molecules which also
      carried the DQw1 specificity defined by MoAb Genox 3.53. The S5 epitope is
      therefore a private specificity that distinguishes the DQw1 antigens encoded by
      the DR2 and DRw13 haplotypes from the DQw1 antigens encoded by other haplotypes.
      The DRw13 and the DR3 + w13 epitopes were both shown to be expressed on DR
      molecules that also carried a DRw52-like specificity. In a DRw13 haplotype
      encoding both the S2 and 16.23 epitopes, the epitopes appeared to be located on
      separate molecules. The antibodies described here can distinguish between DRw13
      cells which carry different Dw antigens, identify a private specificity on the
      DQw1 antigen, and define two distinct DR molecules encoded by some DRw13
      haplotypes.

PMID- 2423488
TI  - NO1: an HLA-DQw1-associated determinant present on loss mutants not expressing
      DQw1.
AB  - We have used two monoclonal antibodies, FA and Tu39, and cloned cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes to study the immunogenetic control of an HLA-D region-encoded
      determinant(s) recognized by the Tc other than class I or DR or DQ. The Tc
      recognize a determinant associated with one (the A2) haplotype of LCL721 and are
      lytic to mutants of LCL 721 that have lost expression of all class I as well as
      the serologically defined DR and DQw specificities associated with, and
      presumably identical to, DPw2, the specificity encoded by the sensitizing (A2
      B51) haplotype; these data provide the first evidence that FA recognizes the
      protein dimer presumably expressing the DPw determinant. Those Tc blocked by Tu39
      recognized a determinant, referred to as NO1, that is not associated in the
      population with DPw2, but is found on some, but not all, DQw1-positive cells. We
      propose three possible explanations for these results. (i) There may be a class
      II product other than DP or those expressing the DR or DQ serologically defined
      specificities carrying NO1; such a product could be either as yet undescribed (E.
      Long has obtained information for an expressed and as yet undefined class II beta
      gene, personal communication) or a second expressed dimer of the DQ or DP
      families. (We assume that no DR genes of the A2 haplotype are expressed in these
      mutants. (ii) NO1 and DPw2 may be on the same molecule; to account for the lack
      of association of NO1 and DPw2 in the population, one might propose a mechanism
      such as gene conversion leading to expression of NO1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2423489
TI  - Amplification, transference analysis and the analyst's inner process.

PMID- 2423490
TI  - Unstability of neocarzinostatin-chromophore.
AB  - The unstability of neocarzinostatin (NCS), apo-NCS and NCS-chromophore (NCS-chr)
      has been investigated by using an extra-weak chemiluminescence (CL) analyzer. A
      significantly high emission intensity (10,840 counts/10 seconds) was detected
      from NCS under dark conditions at 20 degrees C, while no significant emission was
      observed in other antitumor antibiotics, such as, mitomycin C and pepleomycin.
      This high emission intensity of NCS was due to NCS-chr I (epoxide form) but not
      apo-NCS. The functional group generating the high extra-weak CL of NCS-chr I is
      probably the epoxide in the molecule, since the emission intensity of NCS-chr I
      (epoxide form) is much higher than that of NCS-chr II (hydrochloride adduct
      form). The extra-weak CL emission of NCS decreased under a nitrogen atmosphere
      and it was greatly enhanced under an oxygen atmosphere. The spectral analysis of
      NCS showed emission peaks around 460 and 570 nm. These observations strongly
      suggest that one of the emission species of NCS-chr may be due to singlet oxygen.

PMID- 2423491
TI  - Role of the naphthoquinone moiety in the biological activities of sakyomicin A.
AB  - The naphthoquinone moiety was proven to be essential to the biological activities
      of sakyomicin A using various naphthoquinone derivatives. Among the
      naphthoquinones tested, juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) which resembles
      the partial structure of sakyomicin A was the most active in cytotoxicity against
      murine lymphosarcoma L5178Y cells, electron acceptor function in the oxidation of
      NADH by Clostridium kluyveri diaphorase or rat liver mitochondria and inhibition
      against avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase. The significantly lower
      cytotoxicity of sakyomicin A as compared with juglone was attributable to its
      poor membrane transport. The inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity may
      result from the interaction between a sulfhydryl group in the active center of
      the enzyme and quinone groups of the naphthoquinones and sakyomicin A.

PMID- 2423492
TI  - In vivo capacitation and acrosome reaction of bovine sperm in estrous and
      diestrous cows.
AB  - A staining procedure which enables distinction between spermatozoa possessing a
      true and false acrosome reaction (AR) was utilized to assess the incidence of
      capacitation and the true AR of bull spermatozoa recovered from the uterine horns
      of estrous and diestrous cows. Results show that at 3 and 6 h post-insemination,
      approximately 14.5 and 31.5%, respectively, of the live spermatozoa recovered had
      undergone a true AR in the uterus of estrous cows. An increasing percentage of
      those spermatozoa recovered from estrous cows with time were categorized as
      undergoing a false AR. This suggests that spermatozoa underwent capacitation, a
      true AR, then died prior to fixation and staining, therefore being grouped as
      false acrosome-reacted. Few spermatozoa were observed to have undergone a true AR
      in diestrous cows. It is apparent from this study that individual spermatozoa
      undergo capacitation and a true AR at different times during incubation in utero
      in estrous cows.

PMID- 2423493
TI  - Influence of body weight and number of inseminations on fertility of progestogen
      treated ewe lambs raised in controlled environments.
AB  - The influence of body weight at breeding on reproductive response to one and two
      artificial inseminations (AI) of fresh extended semen was assessed in 195
      crossbred ewe lambs selected for early breeding and compared with 159 adult ewes,
      all housed indoors in a controlled environment. In six trials, ewe lambs and
      adult ewes in progestogen-induced estrus were inseminated 55 to 57 h after sponge
      removal. One-half of the lambs and one-fourth of the adults received a second
      insemination at 60 h. Resultant reproductive performance of both groups indicated
      no advantage in a double insemination. Overall fertility, litter size and
      fecundity after one and two inseminations were 33%, 1.7 and .6 for ewe lambs and
      68%, 2.4 and 1.6 for adult ewes, respectively. Embryonic mortality after the
      first 2 wk of pregnancy was estimated at 24% for ewe lambs and 9% for adults. The
      influence of body weight was analyzed by grouping the ewe lambs according to body
      weight at breeding. The lambs in group 1 weighed 30 to 35 kg; group 2, 36 to 40
      kg; group 3, 41 to 45 kg and group 4, 46 to 50 kg. The proportion of ewes lambing
      in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 was 16, 34, 39 and 48%, respectively. Corresponding
      litter sizes were 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0. Fecundity increased (P less than 01)
      from .2 in group 1 to 1.0 in group 4. The results indicate that even when ewe
      lambs are bred by AI (eliminating a ram behavioral problem), sheep with heavier
      body weights produce more lambs per ewe bred.

PMID- 2423494
TI  - Starch utilization by the human large intestinal microflora.
AB  - High levels (2-565 units/g) of amylase activity were observed in human faeces.
      Over 92% of amylase activity in faeces obtained from healthy persons was
      extracellular, whereas only about 9% of activity was associated with particulate
      material and washed cells. Bacterial cell-bound amylases were considerably more
      efficient in breaking down starch, however, than were the soluble enzymes which
      occurred in cell-free faecal supernatant fluids. Cell population densities of
      anaerobic starch-hydrolysing bacteria in the stools of ten persons ranged from
      1.1 X 10(10) to 3.3 X 10(12)/g of faeces. Identification of 120 starch
      hydrolysing colonies isolated from the stools of six subjects showed that the
      predominant amylolytic bacteria belonged to the genera Bifidobacterium,
      Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Butyrivibrio. Mixed populations of gut bacteria
      rapidly fermented starch with the production of volatile fatty acids and organic
      acids. Lactate was observed to be a major, though transient intermediate during
      starch fermentation by these cultures. Approximately 60% of starch utilized was
      converted to volatile fatty acids, which in the human colon would be potentially
      available for absorption.

PMID- 2423495
TI  - Exercise conditioning increases rat myocardial calcium uptake.
AB  - To investigate potential mechanisms underlying the enhanced myocardial
      performance consequent to exercise training, the adrenergic receptors of
      myocardial tissue and Ca2+ uptake into sarcoplasmic reticulum-enriched fractions
      from exercise conditioned animals were compared with that of sedentary controls.
      Female Wistar rats were exercised by swimming 30 min (5 days/wk) for 12 wk.
      Exercise conditioning was effective in producing myocardial hypertrophy, as
      reflected by an increase in heart weight (1.179 +/- 0.022 vs. 1.031 +/- 0.020 g,
      P less than 0.001) and heart weight-to-body weight ratio (3.29 +/- 0.06 vs. 2.77
      +/- 0.05 X 10(-3), P less than 0.001) but no difference in body weight. Despite
      the myocardial hypertrophy, neither the affinity nor the density of the alpha 1
      adrenergic receptors or the beta-adrenergic receptors determined by Scatchard
      analysis of the ligands [3H]prazosin and [3H]dihydroalprenolol were significantly
      different between the two groups. The basal Ca2+ uptake into the sarcoplasmic
      reticulum was also similar (9.90 +/- 0.97 vs. 9.04 +/- 0.75 nmol/mg protein/min),
      but the addition of calmodulin produced a significantly greater increment in Ca2+
      uptake into sarcoplasmic reticulum from the exercised-conditioned animals (1.90
      +/- 0.23 vs. 1.21 +/- 0.19 nmol/mg protein/min, P less than 0.03). The adenosine
      triphosphatase (ATPase) activities of the sarcoplasmic reticulum-enriched
      fractions of the two groups were similar. We conclude that exercise conditioning
      produces an enhancement of calmodulin-mediated calcium uptake that is independent
      of any effect on Ca2+-ATPase.

PMID- 2423496
TI  - Effect of 100% O2 on passage of uncharged dextrans from blood to lung lymph.
AB  - Since charge as well as size may influence the passage of plasma proteins from
      blood to lung lymph, we used uncharged dextrans as tracers to study the effects
      of hyperoxic lung injury on the molecular sieving properties of the pulmonary
      microcirculation in unanesthetized sheep. Polydisperse [3H]dextran was infused
      intravenously into five sheep before and after the animals breathed 100% O2 until
      lymph flow increased threefold (66-84 h). Lymph-to-plasma concentration ratios
      (L/P) were determined for [3H]dextran fractions of graded molecular sizes (1.6
      8.4 nm effective radius) from samples obtained during the infusions. Before
      hyperoxia the blood-lymph barrier was highly restrictive to transport of
      [3H]dextrans above 5.0 nm in radius; steady-state L/P for these molecules
      averaged 0.03 or less. After the sheep breathed 100% O2, [3H]dextrans as large as
      8.4 nm radius appeared in the lymph. Posthyperoxia, the L/P were significantly
      increased relative to prehyperoxia base-line values for every [3H]dextran
      fraction larger than 2.0 nm radius (P less than 0.05). In contrast, neither the
      L/P for albumin or total protein changed significantly. At autopsy, electron
      microscopy showed widespread damage to the endothelium of the alveolar
      capillaries with infrequent gaps between endothelial cells. In two control sheep,
      inhalation of compressed air for 96 h had no effect on lymph flow or L/P for the
      [3H]dextrans. We conclude that O2 poisoning reduced the selective sieving of
      uncharged dextrans across the blood-lymph barrier of the lungs and allowed larger
      dextrans to enter the lymph. These larger molecules may have leaked from the
      pulmonary microcirculation via disruptions in the continuity of the endothelial
      lining.

PMID- 2423497
TI  - Induction of endogenous xenotropic retrovirus expression by the tumor promoter 12
      O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
AB  - The tumor promotor 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was examined for
      its ability to induce endogenous retrovirus from a high-passage clone of Kirsten
      sarcoma virus-transformed Balb/c (K-Balb) mouse cells. TPA activated virus in a
      concentration-dependent manner (0.0016 to 4.0 microM). Exposure to 1mM
      actinomycin D inhibited virus induction, suggesting that cellular RNA synthesis
      is required de novo by this inducer. A broad-spectrum neutralizing antibody to
      murine type C virus, gp70, was shown to neutralize the infectivity of the induced
      virus. The activated virus had the host range of the xenotropic Balb virus:2, and
      after removal of the inducer, the activated state decayed rapidly. TPA stimulated
      DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in K-Balb cells, indicating that the mechanism of
      induction may be different from that of previously identified virus inducers. The
      effects observed using the well-defined K-Balb system offer an opportunity to
      study the modulation of retrovirus gene expression by TPA.

PMID- 2423498
TI  - Characterization of a newly established feline lymphoma-derived cell line (BKD)
      lacking T and B cell surface markers.
AB  - A new feline lymphoma-derived cell line, designated BKD, was isolated from an
      anterior mediastinal tumor. Cells of this line were characterized as lymphoid
      based on morphology, the lack of intracellular esterase and peroxidase activity,
      and absence of phagocytic function. In contrast with other established feline
      lymphoma-derived cell lines, cells of the BKD line lack characteristics of both
      feline T-cells and B-cells in that they neither form rosettes with guinea pig
      erythrocytes nor have demonstrable surface or cytoplasmic immunoglobulin.
      Approximately one third of BKD cells form EAC rosettes, a significant number of
      rosette forming cells (p = 0.0001) when compared to background sheep E-rosetting
      activity. In addition, a consistently titratable level of interleukin-2-like
      activity was produced when BKD cells were coincubated with concanavalin A and
      phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. Chromosome analysis showed that a majority of
      BKD cells are diploid. This new cell line has been continuously replicating in
      culture for over one year and produces feline leukemia virus as demonstrated by
      several analyses.

PMID- 2423499
TI  - Conditions affecting the differentiation of F9 teratocarcinoma cells:
      potentiation of response by cyclic AMP.
AB  - F9 cells maintained in culture were shown to have a reduced ability to
      differentiate. The cells produced decreased amounts of alphafetoprotein when
      induced with retinoic acid. We show that consistent responses can be recovered
      after passage of F9 cells as a tumor. In addition, optimal differentiation of F9
      cells to visceral endoderm may be achieved by the addition of very low
      concentrations of dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) to the medium.

PMID- 2423500
TI  - [Radiotherapy of testicular tumors].

PMID- 2423501
TI  - Pleiotropic effects induced by modification deficiency next to the anticodon of
      tRNA from Salmonella typhimurium LT2.
AB  - A strain of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 was isolated, which harbors a mutation
      acting as an antisuppressor toward an amber suppressor derivative, supF30, of
      tRNATyr1. The mutant is deficient in cis-2-methylthioribosylzeatin[N6-(4
      hydroxyisopentenyl)-2-me thylthioadenosine, ms2io6A], which is a modification
      normally present next to the anticodon (position 37) in tRNA reading codons
      starting with uridine. The gene miaA, defective in the mutant, is located close
      to and counterclockwise of the purA gene at 96 min on the chromosomal map of S.
      typhimurium with the gene order mutL miaA purA. Growth rate of the mutant was
      reduced 20 to 50%, and the effect was more pronounced in media supporting fast
      growth. Translational chain elongation rate at 37 degrees C was reduced from 16
      amino acids per s in the wild-type cell to 11 amino acids per s in the miaA1
      mutant in the four different growth media tested. The cellular yield in limiting
      glucose, glycerol, or succinate medium was reduced for the miaAI mutant compared
      with wild-type cells, with 49, 41, and 57% reductions, respectively. The miaAI
      mutation renders the cell more sensitive or resistant toward several amino acid
      analogs, suggesting that the deficiency in ms2io6A influences the regulation of
      several amino acid biosynthetic operons. We suggest that tRNAPhe, lacking
      ms2io6A, translates a UUU codon in the early histidine leader sequence with
      lowered efficiency, leading to repression of the his operon.

PMID- 2423502
TI  - Incompatibility repressor in a RepA-like replicon of the IncFI plasmid ColV2-K94.
AB  - The replication region Rep1 of the IncFI plasmid ColV2-K94 was cloned on self
      replicating restriction fragments. Rep1 was structurally and functionally
      homologous to the RepA replicon of IncFII R plasmids. Despite this close
      relationship, these two replication systems were compatible with each other. The
      nucleotide sequence of the copA incompatibility-replication control gene of Rep1
      was determined and compared with the copA sequence of RepA. Six base changes were
      found in a 24-base-pair span of the copA gene; these may result in the formation
      of a new, more stable, 49-base stem-loop structure in the potential CopA RNA
      repressor molecule. We postulate that these alterations weaken the interaction
      between RNA transcripts of the Rep1 and RepA replicons.

PMID- 2423503
TI  - Transcriptional analysis of beta-lactamase regulation in Bacillus licheniformis.
AB  - The expression of the blaP gene for the beta-lactamase of Bacillus licheniformis
      was examined by transcriptional analyses. Radiolabeled probes containing the blaP
      gene or various regions 3' or 5' to it were used to analyze RNA samples prepared
      from induced and uninduced cultures of wild-type and mutant B. licheniformis
      strains. The level of blaP mRNA was low in uninduced wild-type cells. At 37
      degrees C, blaP mRNA levels reached a maximum 1 h after induction while rising up
      to 180-fold and then declined, but remained severalfold above the uninduced level
      for several hours. The rate of beta-lactamase synthesis was roughly proportional
      to the levels of blaP mRNA in both wild-type and mutant strains, indicating that
      regulation of beta-lactamase formation occurs primarily at the level of
      transcription. Turnover of blaP mRNA in the presence of rifampin was rapid,
      giving a blaP mRNA half-life of about 2 min. Yet, high levels of blaP mRNA were
      maintained for at least 1 h after removal of free inducer. Three blaP mRNAs of
      1.2, 2.9, and 3.4 kilobases were produced from the blaP promoter. The most
      abundant made up about 97% of all blaP transcripts and was also the smallest,
      ending at a transcriptional terminator located about 60 bases 3' to the blaP
      structural gene. Variables such as incubation temperature, cytotoxicity of
      inducer, and type of strain had essentially no effect on the ratio of large blaP
      mRNA to total blaP mRNA. The 2.9- and 3.4-kilobase blaP mRNAs identify potential
      locations of genetically linked regulators of beta-lactamase synthesis.

PMID- 2423504
TI  - Osmoregulation of the maltose regulon in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The maltose regulon consists of four operons that direct the synthesis of
      proteins required for the transport and metabolism of maltose and maltodextrins.
      Expression of the mal genes is induced by maltose and maltodextrins and is
      dependent on a specific positive regulator, the MalT protein, as well as on the
      cyclic AMP-catabolite gene activator protein complex. In the absence of an
      exogenous inducer, expression of the mal regulon was greatly reduced when the
      osmolarity of the growth medium was high; maltose-induced expression was not
      affected, and malTc-dependent expression was only weakly affected. Mutants
      lacking MalK, a cytoplasmic membrane protein required for maltose transport,
      expressed the remaining mal genes at a high level, presumably because an internal
      inducer of the mal system accumulated; this expression was also strongly
      repressed at high osmolarity. The repression of mal regulon expression at high
      osmolarity was not caused by reduced expression of the malT, envZ, or crp gene or
      by changes in cellular cyclic AMP levels. In strains carrying mutations in genes
      encoding amylomaltase (malQ), maltodextrin phosphorylase (malP), amylase (malS),
      or glycogen (glg), malK mutations still led to elevated expression at low
      osmolarity. The repression at high osmolarity no longer occurred in malQ mutants,
      however, provided that glycogen was present.

PMID- 2423505
TI  - Autogenous regulation of the gene for transcription termination factor rho in
      Escherichia coli: localization and function of its attenuators.
AB  - We present evidence that the expression of rho is regulated by rho-dependent
      attenuation of transcription. Gene fusion analysis with nested series of
      deletions of rho indicated that the transcription of rho is attenuated in a rho
      dependent manner in the leader region and that neither a read-through
      transcription from the upstream gene, trxA, nor a modulation of transcription
      initiation of the rho promoter is involved in the self-control of rho. S1 mapping
      and Northern hybridization analyses localized at least six transcription
      attenuation or termination sites in the region ranging from the 3' end of the
      trxA structural gene to the middle of the rho structural gene. Among them, the
      most upstream site overlapping the rho promoter sequence was assigned to the
      terminator for the trxA gene, and the second and third sites, mapping about 80
      and 50 nucleotides upstream from the start codon of rho, were suggested to
      function as the major attenuation sites for regulation of the rho expression.
      Further, the start points of the trxA and rho RNAs were determined in an in vitro
      transcription system to be located 111 nucleotides (U) and 255 nucleotides (G)
      upstream from their respective start codons. These results necessitate revisions
      of previous predictions on the sites of transcriptional signals in the trxA and
      rho genes (S. Brown, B. Albrechtsen, S. Pedersen, and P. Klemm, J. Mol. Biol.
      162:283-298, 1982; C.-J. Lim, D. Geraghty, and J. A. Fuchs, J. Bacteriol. 163:311
      316, 1985; B.J. Wallace and S.R. Kushner, Gene 32:399-408, 1984).

PMID- 2423506
TI  - On the origin of species specificity of fibronectin. Immunological identification
      of a species-specific domain of human fibronectin.
AB  - We have investigated whether species-specific epitopes of human fibronectin are
      localized at a specific domain of fibronectin using rabbit polyclonal antibodies.
      Tryptic fragments of human fibronectin were tested for reactivity with anti-human
      fibronectin antibody, which had been previously absorbed with other animal
      fibronectin to establish species specificity. Human-specific epitopes were found
      to be present on 75,000, 65,000, and 42,000 dalton fragments. The 42,000-dalton
      fragment shares almost all the epitopes with the 75,000 and 65,000 dalton
      fragments. It does not promote BHK cell spreading, whereas the 75,000 and 65,000
      dalton fragments do. The amino acid sequence from the amino terminus of the
      42,000-dalton fragment is Asp/Gly-Gln/Val-?-Ile-Val-, which is almost identical
      to the sequence Asp-Gln-Cys-Ile-Val- located in the carboxyl terminal 1/3 of the
      collagen-binding domain of human fibronectin (Kornblihtt et al. (1985) EMBO J. 4,
      1755-1759). These results suggest that human fibronectin bears human-specific
      epitopes mainly on the amino-terminal half of domain 4 (Hayashi & Yamada (1983)
      J. Biol. Chem. 258, 3332-3340) located between the collagen and cell binding
      domains almost at the center of the fibronectin polypeptide. The domain specific
      for human fibronectin may be a general species-specific domain of animal
      fibronectins.

PMID- 2423507
TI  - Light-induced potential and current across a large bacteriorhodopsin-asolectin
      planar membrane stabilized on a polyacrylamide gel surface.
AB  - A phospholipid bilayer membrane was spread from an organic solvent solution
      between a polyacrylamide gel surface and an aqueous buffer solution. The membrane
      was quite similar to the conventional black lipid membrane, but was of a large
      size and was stable since it was supported on the gel surface. Bacteriorhodopsin,
      impregnated into the membrane, generated membrane potential and current upon
      illumination. The induced current was large, and this was attributed to the large
      area of the present membrane. Remarkable responses of the light-induced potential
      and current were also observed with a thick layer of organic solvent containing
      phospholipids. The effects of applied membrane potential, carbonylcyanide-m
      chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) and gramicidin were examined on these
      photoresponses. Steady-state current, which is due to protons flowing through the
      membrane, was enormously enhanced by applying membrane potential opposite to the
      photopotential or by adding gramicidin to the membrane-forming solution.

PMID- 2423508
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against a beta-galactoside-binding lectin of chick embryo.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies against an endogenous beta-galactoside-binding lectin
      (monomer molecular weight 14,000, 14K lectin) of chick embryo were prepared and
      characterized. The inhibitory activities against hemagglutination, antigenic
      determinants and binding specificities were examined. Monoclonal antibody S1A4-5
      strongly inhibited the hemagglutination activity of this lectin. This antibody
      did not bind to any cyanogen bromide (BrCN) fragment of the lectin. Another
      monoclonal antibody, S1A4-3, bound to one of the BrCN fragments (residues 34-66).
      However, this antibody inhibited hemagglutination only weakly. The bindings to
      isolectins of beta-galactoside-binding lectin, namely 14K lectin (monomer
      molecular weight 16,000) and a third species which is assumed to be a hybrid
      molecule consisting of 14K and 16K lectin subunits, were examined. The antibody
      SIA4-5 bound to 14K lectin but not to 16K lectin. In the case of the third
      species, intermediate binding was observed.

PMID- 2423509
TI  - Reconstitution of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase vesicles lacking ion
      channels and demonstration of electrogenicity of Ca2+-pump.
AB  - Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles were reconstituted by the salting out method
      in the presence of excess phospholipids: the lipid-to-protein ratio ranged from
      10 to 100. It was found that the reconstituted vesicles could be separated by KC1
      density gradient centrifugation into four types: those having both cation and
      anion channels (CASR), those having only cation channels (CSR), those having only
      anion channels (ASR), and those having no ion channels (PSR). From the yield of
      these vesicles, it was estimated that one native SR vesicle contains 19 cation
      channels and 1.4 anion channels on average; the amount of cation channels is 14
      times larger than that of anion channels. Although all vesicles thus prepared are
      considered to contain the Ca2+-ATPase protein, the PSR vesicles alone did not
      take up Ca2+, but they did do so in the presence of valinomycin. This result
      indicates that the Ca2+-ATPase takes up Ca2+ in an electrogenic manner. The
      electromotive force was estimated to be about 50 mV.

PMID- 2423510
TI  - Structure-activity relationship of lipid A: comparison of biological activities
      of natural and synthetic lipid A's with different fatty acid compositions.
AB  - To investigate the structure-activity relationships, various biological
      activities, including pyrogenicity, lethal toxicity, elicitation of Shwartzman
      reaction, mitogenicity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-inducing activity, were
      compared among natural and synthetic lipid A's differing in fatty acid
      composition. In all these tests, natural lipid A's from Escherichia coli and
      Salmonella minnesota and synthetic LA-15-PP, which carries 3-hydroxy- and 3
      acyloxy-tetradecanoyl groups at the 2, 3 and 2', 3' positions, respectively,
      showed the strongest activities among the tested lipid A's. In contrast, LA-16
      PP, in which the amide-bound 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid at position 2 of LA-15
      PP is replaced by 3-hexadecanoyloxytetradecanoic acid, exhibited lower activity
      than LA-15-PP and natural lipid A's. Although LA-16-PP has been assumed to have a
      typical Salmonella lipid A structure (and, in fact, it has a structure
      corresponding to one of the components of Salmonella lipid A), the activity of
      this synthetic compound was not comparable to that of natural Salmonella lipid A.
      LA-17-PP, in which tetradecanoic acid is the sole fatty acid component, exhibited
      relatively strong mitogenicity and TNF-inducing activity, but very low
      pyrogenicity. The activities of LA-18-PP, which has ester-bound tetradecanoic
      acid and amide-bound 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid, were lower than those of LA-17
      PP. The results indicate that the differences in fatty acid composition of lipid
      A's have important influences on the biological activities studied.

PMID- 2423511
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies distinguish between the head portions of two myosin
      isozymes from chicken breast muscle.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies against chicken breast myosin and its subfragment-1(S-1)
      were produced. One antibody, 2G41, reacted with S-1 containing a light chain 3
      (LC3), but not with another S-1 containing a light chain 1 (LC1) or a mixture of
      the light chains. A structural difference can be assumed to exist between the
      head portions of the two myosin isozymes. Antigenicity of S-1 toward 2G41 could
      not be detected after tryptic digestion into three fragments of 50K, 27K, and 20K
      daltons. Another monoclonal antibody, M68, was obtained from mice immunized with
      myosin. M68 preferably recognized the heavy chain from S-1 containing LC3 rather
      than that from that containing LC1 or S-1. M68 reacted with the 27K fragment
      among the three.

PMID- 2423513
TI  - Audiovisual licensing: purchasing is not owning.
AB  - Discusses the use of licensing agreements for health sciences audiovisuals. The
      difference between productions covered by the copyright law vis-a-vis those with
      licensing agreements is explored and representative examples of agreements are
      provided. Health sciences producers have turned to licensing agreements for
      several reasons including the protection of their productions from illegal
      duplication. Whereas these agreements may protect producers, they also may
      unintentionally bar legitimate users from viewing programs and may also create
      additional work for LRCs and libraries.

PMID- 2423512
TI  - One of the antigenic determinants of paired helical filaments is related to tau
      protein.
AB  - Paired helical filaments (PHF) are unusual neuronal fibers which accumulate
      progressively in the brain in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The insolubility of PHF
      in various kinds of solvents enabled us to obtain highly purified PHF, but
      prevented the application of conventional analytical methods to identify their
      components. Here we report that antibodies against purified PHF recognize tau
      protein, a brain-specific microtubule-associated protein, suggesting that a
      portion of PHF is tau protein.

PMID- 2423514
TI  - Picture preferences of thoracic surgeons.
AB  - A mail survey instrument assessed whether thoracic surgeons prefer schematic,
      semi-schematic or realistic surgical illustrations for educational purposes in
      print media. Respondents, active members of the American Association of Thoracic
      Surgeons (N = 292), ranked preferences for the illustration treatments and
      supplied demographic information. Data analysis revealed significant differences
      between preferences for illustration treatments. The schematic treatment was the
      least preferable treatment. Realistic and semi-schematic illustrations were
      preferred about equally.

PMID- 2423515
TI  - Production of native, correctly folded bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor by
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - A gene for bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) was fused to the coding
      sequence for the Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase signal peptide and
      expressed in E. coli under the control of the alkaline phosphatase promoter. When
      induced in phosphate-depleted medium such cells produced a trypsin inhibitor that
      was indistinguishable from native, properly folded BPTI. In particular, the BPTI
      produced by E. coli had three disulfide bonds that appeared to be identical to
      those found in native BPTI, as assayed by sensitivity to iodoacetate,
      dithiothreitol, and urea. This expression/secretion system will make possible the
      production of variant BPTI molecules, thus allowing the perturbing effects of
      amino acid substitutions on BPTI folding, structure, and function to be assessed.

PMID- 2423516
TI  - Isolation of the gene for the testis-specific H1 histone variant H1t.
AB  - H1t is a testis-specific H1 variant found in pachytene spermatocytes and round
      spermatids of mammals. The H1t gene was isolated from the Sargent-Bonner library
      of recombinant lambda bacteriophage containing EcoRI fragments of rat liver DNA
      using a hybridization probe derived from a chicken H1 variant. The rat H1t gene
      encodes a 207-amino acid protein (ignoring the initiating methionine) that
      matches perfectly what is known of the sequence and composition of H1t isolated
      from rat testes. The gene lacks introns and has good matches to all the consensus
      sequences known to lie upstream from a variety of H1 genes from diverse
      organisms. It also has the standard downstream palindromic sequence that
      specifies the 3'-end of most histone messages. Accordingly, the features of the
      gene or its environs that restrict its expression to a particular phase of
      spermatogenesis are not yet evident.

PMID- 2423517
TI  - Regulation of thyroglobulin glycosylation. A comparative study of the
      thyroglobulins from porcine thyroid glands and follicles in serum-free culture.
AB  - Porcine thyroid cells were cultured in serum-free medium and thyrotropin was or
      was not added at day 4 and [3H]glucosamine at day 6 for 24 h. The major
      glycoprotein secreted outside the follicles proved to be thyroglobulin by
      immunoprecipitation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and amino acid
      composition. Thyroglobulin glycopeptides were analyzed by sequential affinity
      chromatography on immobilized lectins and compared to chemically labeled
      carbohydrate chains released from thyroid-derived thyroglobulin by
      hydrazinolysis. 82% and 85% of the glucosamine-labeled oligosaccharides of
      thyroglobulin from control and stimulated cells, respectively, were unretained on
      concanavalin A (ConA)-Sepharose compared to 46% only for in vivo thyroglobulin.
      35-42% and 33-35% of the ConA-unbound glycopeptides were retarded on
      erythrophytohemagglutinin and leukophytohemagglutinin under basal or stimulatory
      conditions, respectively, while none of the triantennary structures of in vivo
      thyroglobulin was. Moreover, binding to Bandieraea-agarose showed that 20% of
      these complex structures contained alpha-linked galactose in thyroglobulin
      secreted by control cells, but only 10% in the molecules derived from thyroid.
      When analyzed on ricin-agarose after neuraminidase treatment, the ConA-unbound
      glycopeptides were retained to an extent of 65% for those from control cells and
      98% for those from stimulated cells. Furthermore, 15% of desialylated ConA
      unbound glycopeptides from cellular origin were also found to bind to wheat germ
      agglutinin. Carbohydrate composition, gel chromatography, and exoglycosidase
      treatment further demonstrated that thyroglobulin carbohydrate chains synthesized
      under serum-free cell culture were essentially composed of heterogeneous
      multiantennary structures instead of usual biantennary and high mannose type
      species. Under thyrotropin stimulation, 85% of the carbohydrate chains of
      thyroglobulin was shown to be sialylated by high performance liquid
      chromatography analysis instead of 65% under basal conditions, suggesting that
      thyrotropin may shift terminal glycosylation of thyroglobulin from alpha
      galactose to sialic acid.

PMID- 2423518
TI  - Structural requirements for cocaine congeners to interact with
      [3H]batrachotoxinin A 20-alpha-benzoate binding sites on sodium channels in mouse
      brain synaptosomes.
AB  - The present study examines the possible role of sodium channels in the behavioral
      effects of cocaine. Cocaine congeners are apparent competitive inhibitors of the
      scorpion toxin-enhanced binding of [3H]batrachotoxinin A 20-alpha-benzoate to
      sodium channels in mouse cerebrocortical synaptosomes. However, in agreement with
      the allosteric model for heterotropic cooperative interactions, the compounds
      produce a concentration-dependent increase in the rate of dissociation of
      binding. Concentrations that give a 2-fold increase of k-1 are close to Ki values
      for inhibiting equilibrium binding of [3H]bactrachotoxinin A 20-alpha-benzoate,
      suggesting that the inhibitory effect on binding results mostly from an increase
      of the apparent dissociation rate constant. The ester linkage between the tropane
      and benzoyl ring of cocaine is not essential for the inhibitory potency, and for
      both the C-2 and C-3 substituents the equatorial position results in a higher
      potency than the axial position. There is reasonable agreement between the rank
      order of potencies in blocking the sodium channel and in inhibiting locomotor
      behavior. The present results do not support a relationship between the
      capability of cocaine congeners in blocking sodium flux and in inhibiting uptake
      of dopamine into striatal synaptosomes. However, peak levels of cocaine in the
      brain of cocaine addicts could be high enough to interfere with sodium channel
      functioning, possibly contributing to some of cocaine's actions.

PMID- 2423519
TI  - Acute effect of 5-fluorouracil on cytoplasmic and nuclear dihydrofolate reductase
      messenger RNA metabolism.
AB  - Studies were completed in C3-L5178Y cells, in which the DNA-coding region for
      dihydrofolate reductase messenger RNA (DHFR-mRNA) is amplified, to determine the
      acute effect of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) on DHFR-mRNA metabolism. There was minimal
      to no effect of 100 microM FUra on total cytoplasmic DHFR-mRNA levels by 6 and 12
      h and only a 25% reduction by 24 h. These results contrasted with the nuclear
      DHFR-mRNA levels which by 6 h following exposure to FUra increased by 80% in a
      dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, some of the increased nuclear DHFR-mRNA was
      found to be in a non-polyadenylated form. Under conditions to examine only RNA
      synthesized during the drug exposure, FUra was found to markedly enhance the
      level of newly synthesized nuclear DHFR-mRNA in a dose-dependent manner, while
      also producing an apparent dose-dependent reduction in the cytoplasmic DHFR-mRNA.
      RNA fractionated by 1.5% agarose-urea gel electrophoresis revealed two major
      cytoplasmic DHFR-mRNA species approximately 1.8 and 0.8 kilobases in size.
      Following a 24-h FUra exposure, a dose-dependent loss of the 0.8-kilobase DHFR
      mRNA was observed. The combined results of these experiments indicate that FUra
      treatment reduces the ability of nascent DHFR-mRNA to relocate to the cytoplasm,
      suggesting either an inhibition of mRNA processing or nuclear-cytoplasmic
      transport.

PMID- 2423520
TI  - Ca2+-induced down-regulation of Na+ channels in toad bladder epithelium.
AB  - Regulation of epithelial Na+ channels was investigated by measuring the amiloride
      blockable 22Na+ fluxes in apical membrane vesicles, derived from cells exposed to
      various treatments. Maximal amiloride-blockable 22Na+ uptake into vesicles was
      obtained if the cells were preincubated at 25 degrees C in a Ca2+-free
      [ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid (EGTA) solution. Including 10(
      5) M Ca2+ in the cell incubating medium blocked nearly all of the amiloride
      sensitive flux in vesicles, even though the Ca2+ was removed before
      homogenization of the cells. This Ca2+-dependent inhibition of Na+ channels could
      be induced in whole cells only; incubating cell homogenates with Ca2+ had no
      effect on the transport in vesicles. The dose-response relationships of this
      effect were measured by equilibrating cell aliquots with various Ca2+-EGTA
      buffers, preparing membrane vesicles (in the absence of Ca2+ ions), and assaying
      them for amiloride-sensitive Na+ permeability. It was found that the Ca2+
      blockage is highly cooperative (Hill coefficient of nearly 4) and is
      characterized by an inhibition constant which varies between 6.4 X 10(-8) to 8.15
      X 10(-6)M Ca2+. Thus, it is likely that the above process is involved in the
      physiological control of Na+ transport. The Ca2+-dependent transport changes were
      not affected by the calmodulin inhibitor trifluoperasine, vanadate (VO3-),
      phorbol ester, colchicine, cytochalasin B, 3-deazaadenosine, and 8-bromo-cAMP.
      Vanadyl (VO2+) ions, on the other hand, produced a "Ca2+-like" inhibition of
      transport.

PMID- 2423521
TI  - The localization of a tcRNA102 gene near the 3' OH terminus of a fast myosin
      heavy chain gene. A comparison between normal and dystrophic chickens.
AB  - Two genomic fragments were isolated from a normal and a dystrophic library
      containing the 3'OH terminus of the fast isoform of myosin heavy chain gene.
      Restriction map analysis confirmed that the genes were similar. The sequences
      coding for myosin were defined and shown to be the same in each genomic fragment.
      However, using a cDNA clone for tcRNA102 and two specific oligomers for tcRNA102
      sequences, we determined that only the genomic fragment from normal chick
      contained homologous sequences to tcRNA102. Dystrophic chick DNA did not contain
      these regions of homology. In addition, the normal genomic fragment transcribes
      tcRNA102 in vitro via RNA polymerase III while the corresponding fragment of DNA
      from dystrophic chick was inactive. These results suggest that there are
      detectable differences between the normal and dystrophic genomes in this regard.

PMID- 2423522
TI  - Analysis of tcRNA102 associated with myosin heavy chain-mRNPs in control and
      dystrophic chick pectoralis muscle.
AB  - Translational control RNA (tcRNA102) is closely associated with nonpolysomal
      myosin heavy chain-mRNA in mRNP particles. The nucleotide sequence of tcRNA102
      has revealed a heterogeneity at the 3' end. This heterogeneity is mostly with
      regard to an ambiguity between adenine and guanine residues. tcRNA102 (obtained
      from pectoralis muscle) runs as a single band on denaturing acrylamide gels. When
      this band is extracted and rerun on a native gel at low voltage, two individual
      bands appear (A the slower moving and B the faster moving). From the partial
      RNase U2 sequence analysis and our previous sequence determinations (McCarthy, T.
      L., Siegel, E., Mrockowski, B., and Heywood, S. M. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 935
      941), we may now assign tcRNA102 (A) the 3'-terminal sequence ... GGUUGGACGG-3'
      and tcRNA102(B) and 3' terminal sequence ... GAUUAAGCAA-3'. Analysis of the
      tcRNA102s indicates that dystrophic pectoralis muscle contains much less tcRNA102
      than a similar preparation from control muscle. The tcRNA102 found in dystrophic
      pectoralis muscle is of the "A" type while normal pectoralis muscle contains
      predominantly the "B" type. In addition, control leg muscle from dystrophic chick
      contains predominantly "B" type. These results suggest that the differences
      observed at the DNA level (see accompanying paper, Zezza, D. J., and Heywood, S.
      M. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 7455-7460) may be reflected in the RNA transcripts.

PMID- 2423523
TI  - Conformations of the alpha 39, alpha 41, and beta.gamma components of brain
      guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. Analysis by limited proteolysis.
AB  - We have recently purified two proteins, alpha 39 and alpha 41, from bovine
      cerebral cortex which are substrates for ADP-ribosylation by pertussis toxin
      (Neer, E. J., Lok, J. M., and Wolf, L. G. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 14222
      14229). Both proteins bind guanine nucleotides and interact with beta.gamma
      units. We have used limited proteolysis by trypsin to probe the structure and the
      conformational states of these proteins. The guanosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate)
      (GTP gamma S)-liganded alpha 41 protein is cleaved into stable 39- and 24/25-kDa
      products which appear at the same rate. In addition, an 18-kDa peptide is seen.
      These products are also formed from GDP- or GTP-liganded alpha 41 but are less
      stable. Cleavage of alpha 39 is different. With GTP gamma S stable 37-kDa product
      predominates while with GTP or GDP the 37-kDa fragment appears transiently,
      followed by 24/25-kDa fragments which are stable in the presence of guanine
      nucleotides but rapidly cleaved without ligand. A 17-kDa peptide is also formed
      with GTP or GDP. The beta.gamma unit is cleaved by trypsin to stable peptides, a
      26/27-kDa doublet and a 14-kDa peptide. Addition of beta.gamma slows tryptic
      cleavage of alpha 41 but not alpha 39. ADP-ribosylation of alpha 39 and alpha 41
      by pertussis toxin affects their conformation in distinct ways which are clearly
      brought out by the GTP-liganded state. In contrast to unmodified alpha 41, ADP
      ribosylated and GTP-liganded alpha 41 is proteolyzed very slowly and without
      formation of a 39-kDa intermediate. GTP gamma S seems to override the effect of
      ADP-ribosylation so that cleavage is more rapid and goes via the 39-kDa product.
      ADP-ribosylation affects alpha 39 more subtly. The GTP-liganded protein is first
      cleaved to the 37-kDa product and then degraded without forming the 24/25-kDa
      fragment. These results suggest that ADP-ribosylation might affect the
      conformation and function of these related proteins differently. The site of
      [32P]ADP-ribosylation is on the 18-kDa product of alpha 41 and on the 17-kDa
      product of alpha 39. We have raised polyclonal antibodies against alpha 39 and
      beta in rabbits and used the antibodies to examine antigenic sites on alpha 39
      and beta. The antigenic determinants of alpha 39 are located over most of the
      native tryptic peptides. Tryptic cleavage of alpha 41 leads to rapid loss of
      cross-reactivity with anti-alpha 39 antibody.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2423524
TI  - Expression of glutathione S-transferases in rat brains.
AB  - The tissue-specific expression of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in rat brains
      has been studied by protein purification, in vitro translation of brain poly(A)
      RNAs, and RNA blot hybridization with cDNA clones of the Ya, Yb, and Yc subunit
      of rat liver GSTs. Four classes of GST subunits are expressed in rat brains at Mr
      28,000 (Yc), Mr 27,000 (Yb), Mr 26,300, and Mr 25,000. The Mr 26,3000 species, or
      Y beta, has an electrophoretic mobility between that of Ya and Yb, similar to the
      liver Yn subunit(s) reported by Hayes (Hayes, J. D. (1984) Biochem. J. 224, 839
      852). RNA blot hybridization of brain poly(A) RNAs with a liver Yb cDNA probe
      revealed two RNA species of approximately 1300 and approximately 1100
      nucleotides. The band at approximately 1300 nucleotides was absent in liver
      poly(A) RNAs. The Mr 25,000 species, or Y delta, can be immunoprecipitated by
      antisera against rat heart and rat testis GSTs, but not by antiserum against rat
      liver GSTs. Therefore, the Y delta subunit may be related to the "Mr 22,000"
      subunit reported by Tu et al. (Tu, C.-P.D., Weiss, M.J., Li, N., and Reddy, C. C.
      (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 4659-4662). The abundant liver GST subunits, Ya, are
      not expressed in rat brains as demonstrated by electrophoresis of purified brain
      GSTs and a lack of isomerase activity toward the Ya-specific substrate, delta 5
      androstene-3,17-dione. This is apparently because of the absence of Ya mRNA
      expression prior to RNA processing. The data on the preferential expression of Yc
      subunits in rat brains, together with the differential phenobarbital inducibility
      of the Ya subunit(s) in rat liver reported by Pickett et al. (Pickett, C. B.,
      Donohue, A. M., Lu, A. Y. H., and Hales, B. F. (1982) Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
      215, 539-543), suggest that the Ya and Yc genes for rat GSTs are two functionally
      distinct gene families even though they share 68% DNA sequence homology. The
      expression of multiple GSTs in rat brains suggests that GSTs may be involved in
      physiological processes other than xenobiotics metabolism.

PMID- 2423525
TI  - The insulin-like growth factor II receptor is phosphorylated by a tyrosine kinase
      in adipocyte plasma membranes.
AB  - Incorporation of 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP into tyrosine residues of the insulin
      like growth factor (IGF)-II receptor was observed in a Triton X-100-insoluble
      fraction of rat adipocyte plasma membranes. IGF-II receptor phosphorylation
      proceeded to a stoichiometry of approximately 0.5 mol of phosphate/IGF-II binding
      site after 10 min of incubation at 4 degrees C. A Km for ATP of 6 microM was
      calculated for this phosphorylation reaction. Addition of IGF-II caused an
      approximately 2-fold increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of the IGF-II receptor
      in this preparation. In contrast, phosphorylation of angiotensin II by the Triton
      X-100 washed membranes was not stimulated by IGF-II. Incubation of purified
      receptor immobilized on IGF-II agarose or of receptor-enriched low density
      microsomal membranes with [gamma-32P]ATP did not result in appreciable
      incorporation of [32P]phosphate into the IGF-II receptor nor into exogenous
      substrates. These data suggest that the IGF-II receptor is not a tyrosine protein
      kinase capable of autophosphorylation but that it is a substrate for a tyrosine
      protein kinase endogenous to the adipocyte plasma membrane. The stimulatory
      effect of IGF-II on the tyrosine phosphorylation of its receptor may be due to a
      conformational change which converts the receptor to a better substrate for this
      tyrosine kinase.

PMID- 2423526
TI  - The RNA component of the Bacillus subtilis RNase P. Sequence, activity, and
      partial secondary structure.
AB  - The gene defining the catalytic RNA component of RNase P in Bacillus subtilis 168
      was cloned into bacteriophage lambda and plasmid vectors. The nucleotide sequence
      of the gene and its surroundings was determined from the cloned DNA and by
      directly sequencing or reverse transcribing the RNase P RNA. The B. subtilis
      RNase P RNA sequence (400-401 nucleotides) is remarkably different from that of
      Escherichia coli (377 nucleotides) (Reed, R. E., Baer, M. F., Guerrier-Takada,
      C., Donis-Keller, H., and Altman, S. (1982) Cell 30, 627-636; Sakamoto, H.,
      Kimura, N., Nagawa, F., and Shimura, Y. (1983) Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 8237-8251).
      At best the two are less than 50% similar in sequence. To verify that the RNase P
      RNA gene was analyzed, a modified, putative gene was cloned adjacent to a
      bacteriophage T7 promoter and various transcripts were tested for RNase P
      activity. The intact gene transcript, but not fragments, showed full activity.
      Full catalytic activity was restored upon mixing the fragments. The extensive
      differences between the B. subtilis and E. coli RNase P RNAs precluded full
      covariance analysis of secondary structure, but phylogenetically consistent
      foldings for portions of both molecules could be derived.

PMID- 2423527
TI  - Structural and enzymological characterization of immunoaffinity-purified DNA
      polymerase alpha.DNA primase complex from KB cells.
AB  - We describe the polypeptide structure and some of the catalytic properties of a
      DNA polymerase alpha.DNA primase complex that can be prepared from KB cells by
      immunoaffinity purification. The procedure is based on monoclonal antibodies that
      were raised against a biochemically purified, catalytically active core protomer
      of the polymerase. In all respects tested, the basic mechanism of substrate
      recognition and binding by the immunoaffinity-purified polymerase is
      qualitatively identical to that of the core protomer. The immunoaffinity-purified
      KB cell polymerase alpha X DNA primase is structurally complex. On the basis of
      extensive immunochemical analyses with five independent monoclonal antibodies,
      three of which are potent neutralizers of polymerase alpha activity, peptide
      mapping studies, and the application of a sensitive immunoassay that permits
      detection of polymerase alpha antigens in crude cell lysates, we have established
      that the principal form of catalytically active DNA polymerase alpha in KB cells
      is a phosphoprotein with a molecular mass of 180 kilodaltons. This protein is
      stable in vivo, with an estimated half-life of greater than or equal to 15 h. In
      contrast, the polypeptide is extremely fragile in vitro and generates partial
      degradation products of p165, p140, and p125 that explain the
      "microheterogeneity" typically exhibited by polymerase alpha peptides in
      denaturing polyacrylamide gels. In addition to the catalytically active
      polymerase alpha polypeptide(s), the immunopurified enzyme fraction typically
      contains three other proteins, p77, p55, and p49, the functions of which have not
      yet been established. These proteins do not display polymerase alpha epitopes and
      have been shown by peptide mapping to be independent species that are unrelated
      either to the large polymerase peptides or to one another. The polypeptide p77 is
      also a phosphoprotein, and in both p180 and p77 the phosphorylated amino acids
      are exclusively serine and threonine.

PMID- 2423528
TI  - Use of concentrated fibrinogen in experimental splenic trauma.
AB  - This study evaluated Fibrin Sealant (FS), a two-component biologic adhesive that
      is effective in establishing hemostasis, in 27 experimentally produced splenic
      injuries in five adult mongrel dogs. Ten small superficial lacerations (2.0 cm in
      length), six large superficial lacerations (3.0-6.0 cm in length), three small
      wedge resections, and eight stab wounds extending into the splenic hilum were
      effectively repaired with FS without suture splenorrhaphy or temporary splenic
      hilar occlusion. Complete hemostasis was achieved in all animals prior to skin
      closure. Dogs were reexplored postoperatively at intervals varying from 4 h to 6
      weeks. When animals were killed, there was no gross evidence of splenic
      disruption or recurrent bleeding; the spleens all had developed well-healed
      capsules. Histologic examination demonstrated a regenerated fibrous capsule
      extending over the injuries without significant inflammatory response. We
      conclude that FS provides adequate hemostatic control of superficial and deep
      splenic injuries; has good systemic and local compatibility; can be applied to
      bleeding parenchymal wounds; organ ischemia is generally not required; avoids the
      use of parenchymal sutures, which may be traumatic; and may promote splenic wound
      healing. Thus, use of FS is an effective technique for splenic preservation after
      trauma.

PMID- 2423529
TI  - Probing the structure of cytoplasm.
AB  - We have used size-fractionated, fluorescent dextrans to probe the structure of
      the cytoplasmic ground substance of living Swiss 3T3 cells by fluorescence
      recovery after photobleaching and video image processing. The data indicate that
      the cytoplasm of living cells has a fluid phase viscosity four times greater than
      water and contains structural barriers that restrict free diffusion of dissolved
      macromolecules in a size-dependent manner. Assuming these structural barriers
      comprise a filamentous meshwork, the combined fluorescence recovery after
      photobleaching and imaging data suggest that the average pore size of the
      meshwork is in the range of 300 to 400 A, but may be as small as 200 A in some
      cytoplasmic domains.

PMID- 2423530
TI  - Myofibrillogenesis in living cells microinjected with fluorescently labeled alpha
      actinin.
AB  - Fluorescently labeled alpha-actinin, isolated from chicken gizzards, breast
      muscle, or calf brains, was microinjected into cultured embryonic myotubes and
      cardiac myocytes where it was incorporated into the Z-bands of myofibrils. The
      localization in injected, living cells was confirmed by reacting permeabilized
      myotubes and cardiac myocytes with fluorescent alpha-actinin. Both living and
      permeabilized cells incorporated the alpha-actinin regardless of whether the
      alpha-actinin was isolated from nonmuscle, skeletal, or smooth muscle, or whether
      it was labeled with different fluorescent dyes. The living muscle cells could
      beat up to 5 d after injection. Rest-length sarcomeres in beating myotubes and
      cardiac myocytes were approximately 1.9-2.4 microns long, as measured by the
      separation of fluorescent bands of alpha-actinin. There were areas in nearly all
      beating cells, however, where narrow bands of alpha-actinin, spaced 0.3-1.5
      micron apart, were arranged in linear arrays giving the appearance of
      minisarcomeres. In myotubes, alpha-actinin was found exclusively in these closely
      spaced arrays for the first 2-3 d in culture. When the myotubes became
      contraction-competent, at approximately day 4 to day 5 in culture, alpha-actinin
      was localized in Z-bands of fully formed sarcomeres, as well as in
      minisarcomeres. Video recordings of injected, spontaneously beating myotubes
      showed contracting myofibrils with 2.3 microns sarcomeres adjacent to
      noncontracting fibers with finely spaced periodicities of alpha-actinin. Time
      sequences of the same living myotube over a 24-h period revealed that the
      spacings between the minisarcomeres increased from 0.9-1.3 to 1.6-2.3 microns.
      Embryonic cardiac myocytes usually contained contractile networks of fully formed
      sarcomeres together with noncontractile minisarcomeres in peripheral areas of the
      cytoplasm. In some cells, individual myofibrils with 1.9-2.3 microns sarcomeres
      were connected in series with minisarcomeres. Double labeling of cardiac myocytes
      and myotubes with alpha-actinin and a monoclonal antibody directed against adult
      chicken skeletal myosin showed that all fibers that contained alpha-actinin also
      contained skeletal muscle myosin. This was true whether alpha-actinin was present
      in Z-bands of fully formed sarcomeres or present in the closely spaced beads of
      minisarcomeres. We propose that the closely spaced beads containing alpha-actinin
      are nascent Z-bands that grow apart and associate laterally with neighboring
      arrays containing alpha-actinin to form sarcomeres during myofibrillogenesis.

PMID- 2423531
TI  - Binding and assembly of actin filaments by plasma membranes from Dictyostelium
      discoideum.
AB  - The binding of native, 125I-Bolton-Hunter-labeled actin to purified Dictyostelium
      discoideum plasma membranes was measured using a sedimentation assay. Binding was
      saturable only in the presence of the actin capping protein, gelsolin. In the
      presence of gelsolin, the amount of actin bound at saturation to three different
      membrane preparations was 80, 120, and 200 micrograms/mg of membrane protein. The
      respective concentrations of actin at half-saturation were 8, 12, and 18
      micrograms/ml. The binding curves were sigmoidal, indicating positive
      cooperativity at low actin concentrations. This cooperativity appeared to be due
      to actin-actin associations during polymerization, since phalloidin converted the
      curve to a hyperbolic shape. In kinetic experiments, actin added as monomers
      bound to membranes at a rate of 0.6 microgram ml-1 min-1, while pre-polymerized
      actin bound at a rate of 3.0 micrograms ml-1 min-1. Even in the absence of
      phalloidin, actin bound to membranes at concentrations well below the normal
      critical concentration. This membrane-bound actin stained with rhodamine
      phalloidin and was cross-linked by m-maleimidobenzoyl succinimide ester, a
      bifunctional cross-linker, into multimers with the same pattern observed for
      cross-linked F-actin. We conclude that D. discoideum plasma membranes bind actin
      specifically and saturably and that these membranes organize actin into filaments
      below the normal critical concentration for polymerization. This interaction
      probably occurs between multiple binding sites on the membrane and the side of
      the actin filament, and may be related to the clustering of membrane proteins.

PMID- 2423532
TI  - Brain-specific expression of MAP2 detected using a cloned cDNA probe.
AB  - We describe the isolation of a set of overlapping cDNAs encoding mouse
      microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2), using an anti-MAP antiserum to screen a
      mouse brain cDNA expression library cloned in bacteriophage lambda gt11. The
      authenticity of these clones was established by the following criteria: (a) three
      non-identical clones each expressing a MAP2 immunoreactive fusion protein were
      independently isolated from the expression library; each of these clones cross
      hybridized at the nucleic acid level; (b) anti-MAP antiserum was affinity
      purified using nitrocellulose-bound fusion protein; these antibodies detected
      only MAP2 in an immunoblot experiment of whole brain microtubule protein; (c) a
      series of cDNA "walking" experiments was done so as to obtain a non-overlapping
      cloned fragment corresponding to a different part of the same mRNA molecule. Upon
      subcloning this non-overlapping fragment into plasmid expression vectors, a
      fusion protein was synthesized that was immunoreactive with an anti-MAP2 specific
      antiserum. Thus, a single contiguous cloned mRNA molecule encodes at least two
      MAP2-specific epitopes; (d) the cloned cDNA probes detect an mRNA species in
      mouse brain that is of a size (approximately 9 kb) consistent with the coding
      capacity required by a 250,000-D protein. The MAP2-specific cloned cDNA probes
      were used in RNA blot transfer experiments to assay for the presence of MAP2 mRNA
      in a variety of mouse tissues. Though brain contained abundant quantities of MAP2
      mRNA, no corresponding sequences were detectable in RNA prepared from liver,
      kidney, spleen, stomach, or thymus. We conclude that the expression of MAP2 is
      brain-specific. Use of the MAP2 specific cDNA probes in genomic Southern blot
      transfer experiments showed the presence of a single gene encoding MAP2 in mouse.
      The microheterogeneity of MAP2 is therefore ascribable either to alternative
      splicing within a single gene, or to posttranslational modification(s), or both.
      Under conditions of low stringency, the mouse MAP2 cDNA probe cross-hybridizes
      with genomic sequences from rat, human, and (weakly) chicken, but not with
      sequences in frog, Drosophila, or sea urchin DNA. Thus, there is significant
      interspecies divergence of MAP2 sequences. The implications of the above
      observations are discussed in relationship to the potential biological function
      of MAP2.

PMID- 2423533
TI  - A cloned cDNA encoding MAP1 detects a single copy gene in mouse and a brain
      abundant RNA whose level decreases during development.
AB  - Screening of a bacteriophage lambda gt11 cDNA expression library with a
      polyclonal anti-microtubule associated protein (MAP) antiserum resulted in the
      isolation of two non-cross-hybridizing sets of cDNA clones. One set was shown to
      encode MAP2 (Lewis, S. A., A. Villasante, P. Sherline, and N. J. Cowan, 1986, J.
      Cell Biol., 102:2098-2105). To determine the specificity of the second set, three
      non-overlapping fragments cloned from the same mRNA molecule via a series of
      "walking" experiments were separately subcloned into inducible plasmid expression
      vectors in the appropriate orientation and reading frame. Upon induction and
      analysis by immunoblotting, two of the fusion proteins synthesized were shown to
      be immunoreactive with an anti-MAP1-specific antibody, but not with an anti-MAP2
      specific antibody. Since these MAP1-specific epitopes are encoded in non
      overlapping cDNAs cloned from a single contiguous mRNA, these clones cannot
      encode polypeptides that contain adventitiously cross-reactive epitopes.
      Furthermore, these cDNA clones detected an abundant mRNA species of greater than
      10 kb in mouse brain, consistent with the coding requirement of a 350,000-D
      polypeptide and the known abundance of MAP1 in that tissue. The MAP1-specific
      cDNA probes were used in blot transfer experiments with RNA prepared from brain,
      liver, kidney, stomach, spleen, and thymus. While detectable quantities of MAP1
      specific mRNA were observed in these tissues, the level of MAP1 expression was
      approximately 500-fold lower than in brain. The levels of both MAP1-specific and
      MAP2-specific mRNAs decline in the postnatal developing brain; the level of MAP1
      specific mRNA also increases slightly in rat PC12 cells upon exposure to nerve
      growth factor. These surprising results contrast sharply with reported dramatic
      developmental increases in the amount of MAP1 in brain and in nerve growth factor
      induced PC12 cells. The cDNA clones encoding MAP1 detect a single copy sequence
      in mouse DNA, even under conditions of low stringency that would allow the
      detection of related but mismatched sequences. The cDNAs cross-hybridize with
      genomic sequences in rat, human, and chicken DNA, but not with DNA from frog,
      Drosophila, or sea urchin. These data are discussed in terms of the evolution and
      possible biological role of MAP1.

PMID- 2423534
TI  - Contact-induced redistribution of specific membrane components: local
      accumulation and development of adhesion.
AB  - We have used a model system to explore the importance of long-range lateral
      diffusion of membrane proteins in specific membrane-membrane adhesion. Single,
      cell-size phospholipid vesicles containing a dinitrophenyl (DNP)-lipid hapten
      were maneuvered into contact with rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells carrying
      fluorescent anti-DNP IgE in their cell-surface Fc epsilon receptors. Upon cell
      vesicle contact the antibody molecules underwent a marked lateral redistribution,
      accumulating at the site of contact and becoming significantly depleted from
      noncontacting membrane. As assayed with a micropipette suction method, there was
      a time-dependent increase in the strength of cell-vesicle adhesion. This
      development of adhesion paralleled the kinetics of accumulation of the adhesion
      mediating antibody molecules at the zone of membrane-membrane contact. Both
      adhesion and redistribution were absolutely dependent upon a specific interaction
      of the IgE with the hapten: No redistribution occurred when vesicles lacking the
      DNP hapten were pushed against IgE-armed RBL cells, and on cells bearing a 1:1
      mixture of nonimmune rat IgE and anti-DNP mouse IgE, only the latter underwent
      redistribution. Vesicles containing DNP-lipids bound to RBL cells carrying anti
      DNP IgE but not to cells carrying nonimmune rat IgE. Measurable nonspecific
      binding did not develop even after 15 min of pushing DNP-bearing vesicles against
      RBL cells sensitized with nonimmune IgE. Neither redistribution nor adhesion was
      blocked by metabolic poisons such as NaN3 and NaF. Both redistribution and
      adhesion occurred in plasma membrane blebs previously shown to lack cytoskeletal
      filaments. The above observations are consistent with contact-induced
      redistribution of the IgE being a result of passive diffusion-mediated trapping
      rather than active cellular responses. Thus, long-range diffusion of specific
      proteins can in some cases contribute to the formation of stable adhesion between
      membranes.

PMID- 2423535
TI  - Calcium uptake and release by isolated cortices and microsomes from the
      unfertilized egg of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis.
AB  - Isolated cortices from unfertilized sea urchin eggs sequester calcium in an ATP
      dependent manner when incubated in a medium containing free calcium levels
      characteristic of the resting cell (approximately 0.1 microM). This ATP-dependent
      calcium uptake activity was measured in the presence of 5 mM Na azide to prevent
      mitochondrial accumulation, was increased by oxalate, and was blocked by 150
      microM quercetin and 50 microM vanadate (known inhibitors of calcium uptake into
      the sarcoplasmic reticulum). Cortical regions preloaded with 45Ca in the presence
      of ATP were shown to dramatically increase their rate of calcium efflux upon the
      addition of (a) the calcium ionophore A23187 (10 microM), (b) trifluoperazine
      (200 microM), (c) concentrations of free calcium that activated cortical granule
      exocytosis, and (d) the calcium mobilizing agent inositol trisphosphate. This
      pool of calcium is most likely sequestered in the portion of the egg's
      endoplasmic reticulum that remains associated with the cortical region during its
      isolation. We have developed a method for obtaining a high yield of purified
      microsomal vesicles from whole eggs. This preparation also demonstrates ATP
      dependent calcium sequestering activity which increases in the presence of
      oxalate and has similar sensitivities to calcium transport inhibitors; however,
      the isolated microsomal vesicles did not show any detectable release of calcium
      when exposed to inositol trisphosphate.

PMID- 2423536
TI  - Early events elicited by bombesin and structurally related peptides in quiescent
      Swiss 3T3 cells. II. Changes in Na+ and Ca2+ fluxes, Na+/K+ pump activity, and
      intracellular pH.
AB  - The amphibian tetradecapeptide, bombesin, and structurally related peptides
      caused a marked increase in ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake (a measure of Na+/K+
      pump activity) in quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells. This effect occurred within seconds
      after the addition of the peptide and appeared to be mediated by an increase in
      Na+ entry into the cells. The effect of bombesin on Na+ entry and Na+/K+ pump
      activity was concentration dependent with half-maximal stimulation occurring at
      0.3-0.4 nM. The structurally related peptides litorin, gastrin-releasing peptide,
      and neuromedin B also stimulated ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake; the relative
      potencies of these peptides in stimulating the Na+/K+ pump were comparable to
      their potencies in increasing DNA synthesis (Zachary, I., and E. Rozengurt, 1985,
      Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 82:7616-7620). Bombesin increased Na+ influx, at
      least in part, through an Na+/H+ antiport. The peptide augmented intracellular pH
      and this effect was abolished in the absence of extracellular Na+. In addition to
      monovalent ion transport, bombesin and the structurally related peptides rapidly
      increased the efflux of 45Ca2+ from quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells. This Ca2+ came
      from an intracellular pool and the efflux was associated with a 50% decrease in
      total intracellular Ca2+. The peptides also caused a rapid increase in cytosolic
      free calcium concentration. Prolonged pretreatment of Swiss 3T3 cells with
      phorbol dibutyrate, which causes a loss of protein kinase C activity (Rodriguez
      Pena, A., and E. Rozengurt, 1984, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 120:1053-1059),
      greatly decreased the stimulation of 86Rb+ uptake and Na+ entry by bombesin
      implicating this phosphotransferase system in the mediation of part of these
      responses to bombesin. Since some activation of monovalent ion transport by
      bombesin was seen in phorbol dibutyrate-pretreated cells, it is likely that the
      peptide also stimulates monovalent ion transport by a second mechanism.

PMID- 2423537
TI  - Astrocytes produce interferon that enhances the expression of H-2 antigens on a
      subpopulation of brain cells.
AB  - Using primary culture methods, we show that purified astrocytes from embryonic
      mouse or rat central nervous system (CNS) can be induced to produce interferon
      (IFN) activity when pretreated with a standard IFN-superinducing regimen of
      polyribonucleotide, cycloheximide, and actinomycin D, whereas IFN activity was
      not inducible in neuronal cultures derived from mouse CNS. Astrocyte IFN displays
      inductive, kinetic, physicochemical, and antigenic properties similar to those of
      IFN-alpha/beta, but is dissimilar to lymphocyte IFN (IFN-gamma). Treatment of
      pure astrocytic cultures or astrocytes cultured with neurons with astrocyte IFN
      or IFN-alpha/beta induced a dramatic increase in the expression of H-2 antigens
      on a subpopulation of astrocytes. Neither neurons nor oligodendroglia expressed
      detectable levels of H-2 antigens when exposed to astrocyte IFN, IFN-alpha/beta,
      or to IFN-beta. Injection of astrocyte IFN or IFN-alpha/beta directly into brains
      of newborn mice indicated that H-2 antigens were also induced in vivo. None of
      the IFNs (astrocyte, alpha/beta, or beta) tested induced Ia antigens on CNS cells
      in vitro or in vivo. Since H-2 antigens have a critical role in immune responses,
      astrocyte IFN may initiate and participate in immune reactions that contribute to
      immunoprotective and immunopathological responses in the CNS.

PMID- 2423539
TI  - Necessity of transferrin for RNA synthesis in chick myotubes.
AB  - Chick transferrin (Tf) is essential not only for growth and differentiation but
      also for the maintenance of chick myotubes in culture. Its removal from the
      culture medium gives rise to degeneration of the myotubes. The analysis of this
      process revealed that the removal resulted in decrease in total and messenger RNA
      content in the myotubes; this was mainly due to a decrease in RNA synthesis.
      Activity of in vitro RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei from myotubes cultured
      without Tf was lower than the activity in nuclei from myotubes cultured with Tf
      and increased with the addition of FeCl3. Although RNA degradation in myotubes
      was also enhanced following Tf removal, the degree was small. The synthesis of
      most proteins was reduced. In contrast to this, a few new proteins of unknown
      nature were synthesised in myotubes cultured in Tf-free medium. The role of Fe
      ion carried into the cells by Tf in promoting myogenic cell growth and
      differentiation and in preventing the myotubes from degeneration can be
      explained, at least in part, on the basis of its effect on RNA synthesis. Since
      we have found that Fe is required for activation of RNA polymerase purified from
      embryonic muscles (Shoji and Ozawa, 1985b), these effects may be ascribed to this
      activating effect.

PMID- 2423538
TI  - Growth cone localization of neural cell adhesion molecule on central nervous
      system neurons in vitro.
AB  - Ultrastructural analysis of colloidal gold immunocytochemical staining and
      immunofluorescence microscopy has been used to study the presence of neural cell
      adhesion molecule (NCAM) on the surface of neuronal growth cones. The studies
      were carried out with cultures of rat hypothalamic and ventral mesencephalic
      cells, using morphology and expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, neurofilaments,
      and glial fibrillary acidic protein as differential markers for neurons and glia.
      NCAM was found on all plasmalemmal surfaces of neurons including perikarya and
      neurites. The density of NCAM varied for different neurons growing in the same
      culture dish, and neurons had at least 25 times more colloidal gold particles on
      their plasmalemmal membranes than astroglia. Of particular interest in the
      present study was a strong labeling for NCAM on all parts of neuritic growth
      cones, including the lamellar and filopodial processes that extend from the tip
      of the axon. The density of NCAM was similar on different filopodia of the same
      growth cone. Therefore, in situations where homophilic (NCAM-NCAM) binding might
      contribute to axon pathfinding, a choice in direction is more likely to reflect
      differences in the NCAM content of the environment, rather than the distribution
      of NCAM within a growth cone. On the other hand, the variation in NCAM levels
      between single neurons in culture was significant and could provide a basis for
      selective responses of growing neurites.

PMID- 2423540
TI  - Endothelial cell injury in vitro is associated with increased secretion of an Mr
      43,000 glycoprotein ligand.
AB  - A novel, serum albumin-binding glycoprotein of molecular weight (mw) 43,000 (43K
      protein) was initially purified from the culture medium of bovine aortic
      endothelial (BAE) cells (Sage, H., Johnson, C., and Bornstein, P., J. Biol. Chem.
      259:3993-4007, 1984). Its secretion by normal mesenchymal cells and by
      transformed cells of both ectodermal and endodermal origin suggested a general
      role in cellular function. To examine the effect of sublethal injury in vitro on
      the biosynthesis of 43K protein, BAE cells were exposed to endotoxin. At
      concentrations which produced minimal cell detachment and lysis, the cells
      secreted 70-100% more protein compared to control cultures, and the relative
      increase in 43K protein over total protein was approximately three-fold. A second
      type of cellular injury, manifested by rapid cellular proliferation and migration
      in response to sparse plating density (a condition that we have termed 'culture
      shock'), was also accompanied by a significant increase in the secretion of 43K
      protein. Pulse-chase studies revealed that the initial product secreted within
      1.5 h was of Mr 38,000, and that between 6 and 21 h this molecule was converted
      to the final form of Mr 43,000. The 43K protein was not associated with RNA or
      glycosaminoglycan, but appeared to be linked to complex oligosaccharides
      containing peripheral sialosyl residues. Treatment with tunicamycin produced
      lower mw forms that displayed reduced affinity for albumin. By immunologic
      criteria, peptide mapping, and amino acid analysis, the 43K protein was shown to
      be structurally distinct from several proteins of Mr 40,000-50,000 associated
      with endothelium or with serum, including tissue factor, a plasminogen anti
      activator, and several apolipoproteins. In addition, the 43K protein was not
      present in the extracellular matrices of endothelial, fibroblastic, or smooth
      muscle cells, nor was it found in plasma, serum, platelet releasate, or alveolar
      lavage fluids. These studies identify a unique Mr 43,000 glycoprotein that is
      associated with cellular stress or injury in vitro. As a secreted but nonmatrix
      macromolecule, this protein may be part of a 'survival kit' used by the
      endothelium to cope with cellular injury.

PMID- 2423541
TI  - Interferon pretreatment lowers the threshold for maximal heat-shock response in
      mouse cells.
AB  - Interferons (IFNs) are proteins which have antiviral and antiproliferative
      properties and are known to affect various immunological processes. Some of these
      activities have been shown to be potentiated by increased temperatures. When
      cells are subjected to a rise in temperature, the synthesis of the heat-shock
      proteins (HSPs) is 'switched on.' In this report we demonstrate a synergistic
      effect of IFN and stress (arsenite treatment or elevated temperature) on the heat
      shock response. On the one hand, IFN pretreatment enhances the accumulation of
      HSP mRNAs and the corresponding protein synthesis after a mild stress and, on the
      other hand, it amplifies the decrease of the total protein synthesis after a
      severe stress. Thus in IFN pretreated cells the range of temperatures leading to
      the heat-shock response is shifted towards common physiological values.

PMID- 2423542
TI  - Fetuin: a serum component associated with rat Sertoli and spermatogenic cells in
      coculture.
AB  - Cocultures of rat Sertoli-spermatogenic cells plated in a culture medium
      supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum for 6-12 h and then maintained in serum
      free, hormone/growth factor-supplemented medium accumulated an acidic
      glycoprotein of molecular weight of 68,000 dalton (68 kD) and isoelectric point
      range of about 4.2-3.5. Anion exchange chromatography has allowed the partial
      purification of this protein, which consists of a major protein band of 68 kD and
      two minor, low molecular weight components. A rabbit antiserum raised against the
      68 kD component also crossreacts with the two low molecular weight components,
      thus suggesting that these two minor components are antigenically related to the
      68 kD protein. The 68 kD protein has been identified as fetuin, the major
      component of fetal bovine serum, based on similar molecular weight, isoelectric
      point, immunoreactivity and trypsin inhibitory activity. Labeling experiments
      with [14C]amino acid mixture show that 68 kD protein is not synthesized by
      cocultured rat Sertoli and spermatogenic cells. Immunocytochemistry and Western
      blot approaches carried out under various experimental conditions support the
      view that the fetuin-68 kD protein is taken up from serum by both Sertoli cells
      and pachytene spermatocytes. Because fetuin 1) behaves as a carrier protein for
      growth factors, 2) has protease inhibitory activity, 3) is preferentially
      internalized by Sertoli cells and pachytene spermatocytes and 4) fetal bovine
      serum-supplemented medium impairs spermatogenic cell viability, there is a need
      to further define appropriate conditions for optimizing long-term viability and
      differentiation of spermatogenic cells in vitro.

PMID- 2423543
TI  - Early response pattern analysis of the mitogenic pathway in lymphocytes and
      fibroblasts.
AB  - The early biochemical responses stimulated by the action of mitogens and growth
      factors on mouse thymocytes and 3T3 fibroblasts are analysed as part of a
      systematic attempt to define the mitogenic pathways from G0 to S phase in these
      cells. Although the primary response to each mitogen can be distinguished by the
      pattern of secondary responses they initiate, there is substantial overlap in
      these responses. The aim is therefore to determine whether there is early
      convergence on a common mitogenic pathway, defined by a sequence of responses
      obligatory for progression from G0 to S phase for different mitogens and cell
      types. The 'dual-signal' hypothesis for the mitogenic stimulation of thymocytes
      is a simple version of a common mitogenic pathway. It proposes that the T-cell
      receptor initiates the pathway via the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)
      bisphosphate to generate a Ca signal (from the release of inositol (1,4,5)
      trisphosphate) and to activate protein kinase C (from the release of
      diacylglycerol). The rationale for this hypothesis lies in the co-mitogenic
      action of the Ca2+-ionophore, A23187, and the phorbol ester, 12-o-tetradecanoyl
      phorbol 13-acetate, which is assumed to activate specifically protein kinase C.
      However, detailed analysis of the coupling between some of the early responses,
      including the Ca and pH signals, phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate
      metabolism, c-myc gene activation and general metabolic stimulation, indicates
      clearly that the hypothesis is inadequate to account for the initiation of the
      normal mitogenic pathway in thymocytes.

PMID- 2423544
TI  - Simultaneous parameter compensation in the replication of programmed temperature
      gas chromatographic retention measurements.
AB  - Tables of relative retention times, retention indices or emergence temperatures
      obtained under one set of chromatographic conditions can be used for the
      tentative identification of unknowns determined under an entirely different set
      of conditions. This can be accomplished for a particular liquid phase if the
      emergence temperature of a reference compound is maintained while one or more
      chromatographic parameters are changed to compensate for the changes in other
      parameters. The advantage of using proximal standards for the determination of
      both relative retention times and emergence temperatures is demonstrated in this
      report.

PMID- 2423545
TI  - Affinity partitioning: a new approach for studying dye-protein interactions.
AB  - Affinity partitioning in an aqueous two-phase system composed of dextran and dye
      liganded polyethylene glycol was applied to the investigation of the affinity of
      phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from baker's yeast, as
      well as of albumin and prealbumin from human serum to diverse reactive dyes. From
      the change in the partition coefficient K of the proteins in the two-phase system
      in the presence and in the absence of the dye-liganded polymer, expressed as
      delta log K, quantitative data for the maximal extraction power and for the
      affinity of the proteins to various reactive dyes were obtained. The affinity
      partitioning effect on prealbumin is markedly increased by an excess of monomeric
      albumin. This points to an interaction of the two proteins in the presence of the
      dye, Remazol Yellow GGL. The competitive effect of various natural ligands on
      binding reactive dyes to proteins can be investigated by means of affinity phase
      partitioning as demonstrated on phosphofructokinase and prealbumin.

PMID- 2423546
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography of biogenic amines and metabolites in
      brain, cerebrospinal fluid, urine and plasma.
AB  - A method for high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and
      electrochemical detection of biogenic amines and metabolites in a variety of
      biological matrices is described. The method employs either homogenization,
      precipitation or dilution followed by direct injection of the samples and permits
      the chromatographic resolution of dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine,
      serotonin (5-HT), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic
      acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in brain; 3-methoxy-4
      hydroxyphenylglycol, DOPAC, 5-HIAA and HVA in cerebrospinal fluid; 5-HIAA, HVA
      and 5-HT in plasma; and 5-HIAA and HVA in urine. Alterations in chromatographic
      conditions, voltammetry and in vivo pharmacological manipulations are employed to
      verify the identity of the putative neurotransmitter and metabolite peaks in the
      biological samples.

PMID- 2423547
TI  - Discordant hypothyroxinemia and hypertriiodothyroninemia in treated patients with
      hyperthyroid Graves' disease.
AB  - Hypothyroxinemia and hypertriiodothyroninemia may occur in the course of
      antithyroid drug or 131I treatment for hyperthyroid Graves' disease. To determine
      the frequency of combined high serum T3 and low serum T4 concentrations during
      such treatment and to assess the clinical significance of its recognition, we
      reviewed 60 patients treated for hyperthyroid Graves' disease with antithyroid
      drugs (n = 43) or radioactive iodine (n = 17). Six of these patients (10%) were
      found to have high serum T3 and low serum T4 concentrations during therapy. Four
      were receiving antithyroid drugs, and 2 had received radioactive iodine. At the
      time this abnormality occurred, 4 patients were euthyroid, 1 was hypothyroid, and
      1 was hyperthyroid. The serum TSH concentration was increased in 2, at the upper
      limit of normal in 1, and undetectable in 3 patients. In 2 clinically euthyroid
      patients, these biochemical findings resolved spontaneously. After
      discontinuation or reduction in the dose of antithyroid drug, clinical and
      chemical euthyroidism was restored in 2 additional patients with previously
      elevated TSH levels. In 2 patients, both of whom previously had undetectable
      serum TSH levels, clinical hyperthyroidism persisted or recurred, and additional
      therapy was required. No patient developed permanent hypothyroidism during the
      period of follow-up (1-22 months). An additional 19 of the 60 patients (32%) had
      an elevated serum T3 level with a normal serum T4 concentration during the course
      of follow-up. Among these 19 patients, the magnitude of serum T3 elevation was
      not different between clinically euthyroid (n = 13) and hyperthyroid (n = 6)
      patients. We conclude that discordance of serum T4 and T3 concentrations is
      frequently encountered in patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease during or
      after therapy. In such patients, the low serum T4 level does not predict
      hypothyroidism, nor does a high serum T3 level predict hyperthyroidism.
      Furthermore, the serum T3 concentration in these patients correlates poorly with
      their clinical thyroid status.

PMID- 2423548
TI  - Ontogenesis of pituitary prolactin in the human fetus.
AB  - To study the ontogenesis of PRL synthesis and secretion in the human fetus, PRL
      mRNA was measured in 12 pituitaries from fetuses of 16-27 weeks of gestation by
      hybridization of cytosol RNA with 125I-labeled single stranded complementary DNA
      (cDNA). Pituitary PRL content and serum PRL concentration were assessed by RIA.
      Pituitary weight increased with fetal age, ranging from 12 mg at 16 weeks of
      gestation to 41 mg at 27 weeks. The increased weight was due to an increase in
      cell number. PRL mRNA content did not change during weeks 16-20 of gestation.
      However, it increased rapidly after 21 weeks, reaching 11.5 times the 16-20 week
      value at 27 weeks. Pituitary PRL content was constant at a low level until 21
      weeks, but thereafter it increased markedly. The increase was greater than that
      in PRL mRNA, and therefore, the PRL to PRL mRNA ratio was 10-fold greater at 27
      weeks of gestation. Serum PRL concentrations also gradually increased after 21
      weeks of gestation. These results indicate that marked increases in fetal
      pituitary PRL synthesis and release occur after 21 weeks of gestation.

PMID- 2423549
TI  - In vitro effects of an aromatase inhibitor on 5 alpha-reductase activity in human
      hypertrophic prostatic tissue.
AB  - To determine the effects of 4-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (4-OH-A) on the in
      vitro conversion of testosterone (T) to 5 alpha-androstan-17 beta-ol-3-one
      (dihydrotestosterone, DHT), 5 alpha-androstan-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol and 5 alpha
      androstan-3 beta, 17 beta-diol (diols), human benign hypertrophic prostatic (BPH)
      tissue was incubated with 4-14C-T as substrate, in the presence of 4-OH-A (10(-8)
      to 10(-6) M); the amounts of the 5 alpha-reduced metabolites formed were
      quantitated. The effects of 4-OH-A were compared with those of 17 beta-N,N
      diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5 alpha-androstan-3-one (4-MA), a known inhibitor
      of the 5 alpha-reductase. In the absence of 4-OH-A and 4-MA, human BPH tissue
      converted T to DHT and the diols readily. Both 4-OH-A and 4-MA induced
      significant and dose-related decreases in the formation of both DHT and the
      diols. The degree of inhibition induced by the different concentrations of 4-OH-A
      and 4-MA were 31, 41, 72% and 57, 87, 97%, respectively. The decreased formation
      of the diols was a consequence of the decreased availability of DHT (the
      immediate precursor of the diols) and was not due to direct effects of the
      inhibitors on the 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases; both 4-OH-A and 4-MA were
      totally unable to modify the conversion of DHT to the diols, when 4-14C-DHT was
      used as substrate. Thus, 4-OH-A inhibits the process of 5 alpha-reduction of T in
      BPH tissue. This molecule might represent a potential new agent for the
      prevention and/or treatment of human BPH.

PMID- 2423550
TI  - [The effects of intracellular acidification on the electrical activity of a
      single ventricular cell].

PMID- 2423551
TI  - Transurethral enucleation of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

PMID- 2423552
TI  - Detection of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III-related antigens and anti
      human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III antibodies by anticomplementary
      immunofluorescence.
AB  - Techniques presently available for detection of human T-cell lymphotropic virus
      type III (HTLV-III) antigens and antibodies are laborious or relatively
      nonsensitive. We adapted anticomplementary immunofluorescence (ACIF) for these
      purposes. In HTLV-III-infected cells, specific ACIF was demonstrated by a diffuse
      speckling pattern that often resulted in a peripheral cellular rim of
      fluorescence. A 97% concordance was demonstrated between the ACIF assay and other
      sensitive tests for HTLV-III antibody detection (Western blot and membrane
      immunofluorescence and fixed-cell immunofluorescence tests). The ACIF assay was
      both more sensitive and more specific when compared with the enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. For detection of HTLV-III antigens, the ACIF assay appeared
      to be as sensitive as the reverse transcriptase assay and more sensitive, with
      less background reactivity, than the conventional immunofluorescence assay. The
      ACIF assay often detected low levels of HTLV-III antigens within 3 days of
      infection in vitro, compared with 5 to 7 days with the indirect
      immunofluorescence assay, and generally paralleled the reverse transcriptase
      assay. The ACIF assay is a simple, sensitive, and specific assay for detection of
      HTLV-III-related antigens and antibodies. It should prove useful in the diagnosis
      of HTLV-III infection, as well as in studies of pathogenesis.

PMID- 2423553
TI  - Inhibition of rat autoimmune T cell activation by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The essential requirement for adoptive transfer of autoimmune diseases such as
      experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) by T lymphoblasts from established
      T cell lines, is a prior activation of these cells by autoantigen or mitogen. We
      have investigated the possibility of modulating this activation process by using
      monoclonal antibodies directed against rat leukocyte differentiation antigens. We
      report here that antigen-driven activation of autoimmune, encephalitogenic T
      cells from established myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific rat T cell lines can
      be inhibited by some, but not all, antibodies against RT1.B Class II restriction
      elements. In addition, monoclonal antibodies with specificity for rat leukocyte
      common antigen (OX-1) and T cell differentiation antigens W3/13 and W3/25 are
      inhibitory, while monoclonal antibody OX-8 with specificity for T
      cytotoxic/suppressor cells has no effect. We also observed that concanavalin A
      induced activation of the T cells is more resistant to the inhibitory effect of
      monoclonal antibodies, and can be blocked effectively only by antibody OX-1. This
      demonstration that autoimmune T cell function can be inhibited by monoclonal
      antibodies points the way in suggesting cellular targets for immunotherapeutic
      purposes.

PMID- 2423554
TI  - Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and antibody responses in rabbits
      immunized with bovine proteolipid apoprotein.
AB  - A chronic form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis can be produced by
      sensitization of rabbits with bovine myelin proteolipid apoprotein (PLP). To
      investigate the humoral immune response in this model, serum PLP antibodies were
      determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent and dot immunobinding assays. In an
      initial experiment, 3 PLP-sensitized rabbits with severe chronic experimental
      allergic encephalomyelitis had a positive antibody response whereas 3 with mild
      disease, or with no visible clinical disease, had no detectable antibodies
      against PLP. In a second experiment, 3 rabbits were preimmunized with PLP in
      incomplete Freund's adjuvant, followed by a single immunization with PLP in
      complete Freund's adjuvant. These animals developed chronic experimental allergic
      encephalomyelitis with different progression rates, although all eventually
      became severely paralyzed. In both experiments the anti-PLP response was maximal
      before or immediately after disease onset and tended to decline during disease
      progression. The degree of the anti-PLP response correlated with clinical and
      histologic disease severity. These data suggest a possible role for humoral
      factors in the modulation of the chronic EAE induced in PLP-immunized rabbits.

PMID- 2423555
TI  - Murine cortical brain cells are autoantigenic from a distinct developmental stage
      onwards.
AB  - The expression of autoantigens on murine cortical brain cells and their first
      appearance during development was studied. Autoreactivity was analyzed by weight
      increase and lymphocyte proliferation in the popliteal lymph node (PLN). Cortical
      brain cells or defined plasma membrane preparations were injected s.c. without
      adjuvant into syngeneic recipients. Weak, but significant T cell-dependent PLN
      enlargement was triggered with brain cells from adult mice. A stronger reaction
      could be elicited with one defined fraction of purified plasma membranes. The
      earliest appearance of the antigenic material in the plasma membrane fraction was
      observed on day 15 after birth. This time point correlates exactly with the
      completion of the blood-brain barrier in large parts of the central nervous
      system.

PMID- 2423556
TI  - An epitope shared by central nervous system myelin and peripheral blood
      macrophages.
AB  - Lewis rats were immunized with a homogenate of human spinal cord. Splenocytes
      from the immunized rats were fused with cells from the SP2/0-Ag14 cell line to
      form hybrids that were subsequently screened immunohistochemically for secretion
      of antibodies against myelin. Thirty hybrids secreting anti-myelin antibodies
      were cloned. One secreted antibody (774) that immunohistochemically stained
      central nervous system (CNS) myelin but not peripheral nervous system (PNS)
      myelin also bound to the surface of peripheral blood macrophages. Hence we have
      identified an epitope that is shared by peripheral blood macrophages and CNS
      myelin.

PMID- 2423557
TI  - Pro-opiomelanocortin messenger ribonucleic acid and posttranslational processing
      of beta endorphin in spleen macrophages.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated low levels of immunoreactive (ir)-beta-endorphin
      (beta-EP) and ir-ACTH in a subpopulation of mouse spleen macrophages, which is
      consistent with an involvement of opioid peptides in modulation of immune
      responses. Gel chromatography studies suggested the presence of an approximately
      3.5,000-molecular weight (mol wt) species, putatively beta-EP, an approximately
      11.5,000-mol-wt species, putatively beta-lipotropin, and a higher molecular
      weight species (putative beta-EP precursor, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). In this
      study we have extended our original findings by demonstrating the presence of
      messenger RNA for POMC by the use of a complementary DNA probe and Northern blot
      analysis of extracts of mouse and rat spleen. In addition, using high performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC), we have shown that the major endorphin species in
      mouse spleen macrophages is beta-EP1-31, and that there are smaller amounts of
      each of the acetylated forms, N-acetyl-beta-EP1-16 (alpha-endorphin), N-acetyl
      beta-EP1-17 (gamma-endorphin), N-acetyl-beta-EP1-27, and N-acetyl-beta-EP1-31. We
      interpret these studies as showing that (a) the spleen is an organ of POMC
      synthesis and that (b) the predominant COOH-terminal product of macrophage POMC
      is the opiate-receptor active species beta-EP1-31.

PMID- 2423558
TI  - Alveolar epithelial damage. A critical difference between high pressure and oleic
      acid-induced low pressure pulmonary edema.
AB  - The present study was designed to compare high pressure pulmonary edema (HPPE)
      and oleic acid-induced low pressure pulmonary edema (OAPE) in dogs when similar
      amounts of extra vascular water were present in the lung. The high pressure edema
      was produced by intravenous fluid overload and by inflating an aortic balloon
      catheter (n = 6). The low pressure edema was produced by the injecting 0.08 mg/kg
      oleic acid suspended in 5 ml saline (n = 6). Comparison of the difference between
      initial control measurements and final measurements in the edematous states
      showed that the animals with OAPE had a greater fall in percent oxygen saturation
      and a greater increase in shunt fractions. The light microscopic studies showed
      that OAPE was associated with greater amounts of alveolar flooding than HPPE
      where the edema fluid was located to a greater extent in the peribronchial
      interstitial space. The electron microscopy studies showed that the alveolar
      flooding in OAPE was associated with epithelial disruption, and tracer studies
      carried out in rabbits showed that dextran (150,000 mol wt) could pass from blood
      to airspace and that dextran (40,000 mol wt) could pass from air-space to blood
      in OAPE. We conclude that epithelial disruption is responsible for the excessive
      alveolar flooding in OAPE and that this results in a greater impairment in gas
      exchange.

PMID- 2423559
TI  - Metabolic reduction of chromium by alveolar macrophages and its relationships to
      cigarette smoke.
AB  - Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM), obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage from 47
      individuals, reduced hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and decreased its mutagenicity.
      Their specific activity--mostly mediated by cytosolic, enzyme-catalyzed
      mechanisms--was significantly higher than in corresponding preparations of mixed
      cell populations from human peripheral lung parenchyma or bronchial tree, or from
      rat lung or liver. At equivalent number of PAM, Cr(VI) reduction, total protein,
      and some oxidoreductase activities were significantly increased in smokers. No
      appreciable variation could be detected between lung cancer and noncancer
      patients. In rats, the Cr(VI)-reducing activity of PAM preparations was induced
      by Aroclor 1254. Thus, alveolar macrophages provide crucial defense mechanisms
      not only by phagocytizing metals, but also by metabolically reducing Cr(VI). The
      epithelial-lining fluid (ELF) also displayed some Cr(VI) reduction. Together with
      already investigated metabolic processes occurring inside lung cells, these
      mechanisms are expected to determine thresholds in the pulmonary carcinogenicity
      of chromium.

PMID- 2423560
TI  - Differential recognition of a protective filarial antigen by antibodies from
      humans with bancroftian filariasis.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to identify filarial antigens which induce
      enhanced clearance of circulating microfilariae and to establish if human
      antibody reactivity with these molecules correlates with the apparent parasite
      burdens of residents of an endemic area of Bancroftian filariasis. Mice immunized
      with an extract of Brugia malayi microfilariae develop IgG antibodies to four
      major filarial antigens with an apparent molecular weight (Mr) of approximately
      112,000, 60,000, 45,000, and 25,000. Animals immunized with gel slices containing
      the approximately 25,000-Mr antigen are resistant to intravenous challenge with
      live microfilariae (78-98% reduction in parasitemia vs. controls, P less than
      0.01). A group of 22 amicrofilaremic humans had a significantly higher (P less
      than 0.025) mean antibody titer to the Mr 25,000-Mr antigen (1: 424) than 16
      microfilaremic individuals (1:95). There were no significant differences between
      the two groups in antibody titers to filarial antigens of Mr approximately
      112,000, 60,000, and 45,000 Mr. These data suggest that a high degree of
      reactivity to the 25,000-Mr antigen in humans with lymphatic filariasis
      correlates with a parasitologic status that is least conducive to transmission of
      infection.

PMID- 2423561
TI  - Comparison of intravenous gamma globulin and a monoclonal anti-Fc receptor
      antibody as inhibitors of immune clearance in vivo in mice.
AB  - Fc-receptor-mediated clearance and nonspecific phagocytic clearance were assessed
      after the infusion of monomeric human IgG, heat-aggregated human IgG, and a
      monoclonal anti-mouse macrophage FcII receptor antibody (2.4G2) into normal mice.
      Each agent blocked Fc-receptor function in vivo, but 2.4G2 was much more potent
      per microgram than the other agents. Monomeric IgG in blocking doses did not
      affect other aspects of immune function. In contrast, aggregated IgG, and to a
      lesser extent, 2.4G2 reduced serum complement levels. In addition, these agents
      also caused moderate reductions in nonspecific phagocytic function. Monoclonal
      anti-mouse macrophage C3bi receptor antibody (Mac-1), another monoclonal antibody
      which binds to macrophage CR3 receptors without interfering with Fc-receptor
      function, also reduced serum complement and inhibited nonspecific phagocytic
      function. Complement depletion alone (produced by infusion of cobra venom factor)
      could not account for the observed changes in Fc receptor or nonspecific
      phagocytic function. We conclude that both monomeric IgG and anti-Fc-receptor
      antibodies can markedly inhibit Fc-receptor function in vivo; however, the
      pattern of physiologic changes produced by these agents differs.

PMID- 2423563
TI  - Thalamostriatal projections from the ventral anterior nucleus in the dog.
AB  - Thalamostriatal projections from the ventral anterior nucleus (VA) were mapped by
      using autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase techniques in the dog.
      Injections of tritiated leucine and proline into the lateral, central, and medial
      parts of VA resulted in anterograde label over the dorsolateral, midlateral, and
      dorsal parts of the head of the caudate nucleus, respectively. The dorsolateral
      and midlateral parts of the caudate contained the heaviest label. No silver
      grains were located over the medial or ventral parts of the caudate. Light to
      moderate label was located over the most dorsal part of the putamen. After
      injections of lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the
      dorsolateral or intermediate areas of the head of the caudate, retrogradely
      labeled cells were present in the lateral and central parts of VA, respectively.
      In cases with dorsolateral caudate injections, labeled cells formed a narrow
      dorsoventrally oriented band located in the lateral part of VA whereas in the
      case with a larger injection into midcaudate, large numbers of labeled neurons
      were scattered throughout the central area of VA. Retrogradely labeled cells were
      also found in the rostral part of the ventral lateral nucleus (VL). Injections of
      WGA-HRP into the medial part of the caudate resulted in only a few labeled cells
      located in the dorsomedial part of VA. Combining these data with those from other
      studies mapping neostriatal afferents from the cerebral cortex in the dog, it is
      apparent that the midlateral part of the caudate receiving input from VA also
      receives afferents from cortical area 6. Furthermore, the dorsolateral part of
      the caudate that receives input from the lateral part of VA also receives
      afferents from cortical area 4. These results indicate that the dorsal and
      lateral parts of the canine caudate nucleus may constitute important links in the
      transmission and integration of information related to complex motor activities.

PMID- 2423562
TI  - Location and connections of visual cortical areas in the cat's suprasylvian
      sulcus.
AB  - The initial aim of the experiments described here was to identify and quantify
      the cortical and thalamic connections of visual cortical areas located in the
      vicinity of the suprasylvian sulcus. Inputs to various sites in this region were
      studied by making small injections of wheat germ agglutinin (conjugated to
      horseradish peroxidase) at physiologically identified locations. Retrogradely
      labeled cells were counted in each identifiable area of cortex and in thalamic
      nuclei. Some injections yielded quantitatively similar distributions of labeled
      cells, and it is suggested that such evidence provides a useful way of dividing
      the cortex into areas. By this criterion, a single, relatively large, cortical
      area was identified that occupied most of the medial bank of the suprasylvian
      sulcus, all or most of its posterior bank, and a small segment of its lateral
      bank. It was referred to as the Clare-Bishop area. Because neighboring visual
      areas were found to lack input from area 17, while the Clare-Bishop area received
      a strong striate input, its boundaries were investigated by labeling afferents
      from area 17. Together with the results of retrograde tracer injections, these
      data suggested that the Clare-Bishop area cuts across several of the visual areas
      defined physiologically by Tusa et al. ('81). As a consequence, its retinotopic
      organization must be relatively complex, with duplications of some parts of the
      visual field. Three other visual areas were tentatively identified on the basis
      of their distinctive connections. One was situated on the lateral bank of the
      suprasylvian sulcus and appeared to border the Clare-Bishop area laterally.
      Another, referred to as area 21, lay adjacent to area 19, and, for part of its
      length, also appeared to bound the Clare-Bishop area. The third, corresponding
      approximately to Heath and Jones's ('71) posterior suprasylvian region, lay
      lateral and anterior to the Clare-Bishop area in the depths of the posterior
      suprasylvian sulcus.

PMID- 2423564
TI  - Telencephalic projections from midbrain and isthmal cell groups in the pigeon. I.
      Locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus.
AB  - Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and amino acid autoradiography were used in pigeon
      to determine the trajectories and projection patterns of neurons within the locus
      coeruleus and subcoeruleus nuclei upon the cerebral hemispheres. The specific
      cell groups investigated include the locus coeruleus (LoC), nucleus subcoeruleus
      dorsalis, and nucleus subcoeruleus ventralis. Efferents from each of these nuclei
      ascend to the telencephalon via the medial and lateral forebrain bundles, ansa
      lenticularis, and the quintofrontal and occipitomesencephalic tracts. A separate
      dorsally situated bundle derived from LoC neurons reaches many dorsal thalamic
      nuclei. The telencephalic projections of the LoC and subcoeruleus nuclei are
      bilateral and symmetrical, although projections to the contralateral hemisphere
      are sparse. Crossing fibers project to contralateral targets primarily via the
      dorsal supraoptic decussation and along the dorsal and ventral margins of the
      anterior commissure. Within the telencephalon, the following neural structures
      receive input from neurons in the LoC and subcoeruleus cell groups: the
      paleostriatal complex including the paleostriatum augmentatum and lobus
      parolfactorius, septal nuclei, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, hippocampus
      and parahippocampal area, nucleus taeniae, dorsal archistriatum, lateral
      neostriatum, hyperstriatum dorsale, hyperstriatum ventrale, and preoptic area.
      Large portions of the cerebral hemispheres including the hyperstriatum
      accessorium, much of the neostriatum and hyperstriatum ventrale, and all but the
      dorsal portion of the archistriatum receive little or no input from either the
      locus coeruleus or subcoeruleus cell groups. This is apparently different from
      the condition in mammals in which virtually all cortical fields receive input
      from neurons within the LoC. Moreover, the pattern of projections of the
      subcoeruleus nuclei upon telencephalic fields described here as well as recent
      histochemical data suggest that these cell groups are comparable to the lateral
      tegmental (A8) cell group of mammals rather than to the mammalian subcoeruleus
      nuclei.

PMID- 2423565
TI  - Telencephalic projections from midbrain and isthmal cell groups in the pigeon.
      II. The nigral complex.
AB  - The trajectories and telencephalic terminal fields of neurons within the area
      ventralis of Tsai (AVT) and nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta
      (TPc) were determined in the pigeon by using amino acid autoradiography and
      horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. Previous histochemical studies have
      considered these cell groups comparable to the A10 and A9 components of the
      mammalian nigral complex. The results show the efferents derived from these cell
      groups ascend to the telencephalon via the medial and lateral forebrain bundles,
      ansa lenticularis, and quintofrontal and occipitomesencephalic tracts. All
      projections are bilateral and symmetrical, although projections to the
      contralateral hemisphere are extremely sparse. Within the telencephalon many cell
      fields receive projections from the AVT and TPc nuclei; however, the most
      substantial projections reach structures within the basal telencephalon,
      especially the paleostriatal complex. Within the paleostriatal complex the
      paleostriatum augmentatum (PA) receives a very heavy projection from the TPc. AVT
      projections reach primarily rostromedial portions of PA as well as the lobus
      parolfactorius. The large-celled portions of the paleostriatum including the
      paleostriatum primitivum and nucleus intrapeduncularis do not appear to receive
      projections from either AVT or TPc neurons. Projections from AVT and TPc neurons
      terminate within other structures of the basal telencephalon including the
      lateral and medial septal nuclei, the olfactory tubercle, the ventral
      paleostriatum and the preoptic area. Pallial derivatives including the
      hyperstriatum dorsale, hyperstriatum ventrale, dorsal archistriatum, and
      hippocampus also receive projections from AVT and TPc neurons, although these
      projections are much sparser than those reaching subpallial structures. Large
      portions of the telencephalon including the hyperstriatum accessorium, most of
      the hyperstriatum ventrale, much of the archistriatum, and much of the
      neostriatum do not receive projections from AVT or TPc neurons. Furthermore,
      there is substantial overlap between the telencephalic projections of TPc and AVT
      neurons, as well as considerable overlap between the projections of both these
      nigral cell groups and the projections of the locus coeruleus complex in the
      pigeon. This high degree of overlap between locus coeruleus and nigral
      telencephalic terminal fields is quite different from the condition in mammals
      and suggests possible functional divergence for some of these pathways in
      contemporary amniote forms.

PMID- 2423566
TI  - Urticating histiocytosis: a mast cell-rich variant of histiocytosis X.
AB  - Histiocytosis X and mastocytosis are proliferative processes that may have
      similar cutaneous manifestations. However, a positive Darier's sign (urtication
      on stroking of the lesion) is thought to reliably distinguish between these two
      diseases. We recently studied a 13-year-old girl with a 2-year history of
      extensive skin lesions and a positive Darier's sign. Routine histopathologic
      studies revealed a polymorphous cutaneous infiltrate composed of histiocytes,
      mast cells, eosinophils, and lymphoid cells. Electron microscopic studies
      demonstrated Langerhans granules in some of the histiocytes, and immunologic
      studies of frozen tissue showed that a significant subpopulation of the
      histiocytes marked as Langerhans cells. Giemsa staining of specimens from eight
      other cases of cutaneous histiocytosis X from our files revealed mast cells in
      all of the lesions, although none showed the abundance of mast cells present in
      the case with urtication. Our studies emphasize the often polymorphous nature of
      the cell population in cutaneous histiocytosis X and demonstrate that confusing
      clinical findings can result when the mast cell population in histiocytosis X
      produces urtication.

PMID- 2423567
TI  - Lichen planus and coexisting lupus erythematosus versus lichen planus-like lupus
      erythematosus. Clinical, histologic, and immunopathologic considerations.
AB  - A middle-aged black woman presented initially with painful cutaneous plaques that
      were located at various sites and that were diagnosed histologically as lichen
      planus. Standard light microscopic examination showed histopathologic variants of
      lichen planus. Direct immunofluorescence of a skin lesion had negative results
      for any of the lupus erythematosus bands but did reveal hyaline bodies in the
      deep cellular layer of the epidermis and the superficial layer of the dermis.
      These findings were compatible with either lichen planus or lupus erythematosus.
      However, both the clinical course of the eruption and the antinuclear antibody
      tests showed that the immunofluorescent antinuclear antibody pattern of large,
      speckle-like threads were consistent with lupus erythematosus. Furthermore, the
      large, speckle-like, thready antinuclear antibody pattern, which has been shown
      to be a marker for a benign subset of lupus erythematosus, is not seen in lichen
      planus. Lichen planus--like lupus erythematosus was therefore the more likely
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2423569
TI  - A computer system for making quick and economical color slides.

PMID- 2423568
TI  - Prevalence of minor udder pathogens after intramammary dry treatment.
AB  - A total of 156 dairy cows was randomly assigned to one of four groups at drying
      off over an 18-mo period: untreated control or intramammary treatment of each
      mammary quarter with either 400 mg novobiocin, 300 mg cephapirin, or 1 g
      dihydrostreptomycin with 1 million units penicillin. Quarter foremilk samples
      were aseptically collected from each cow within 1 mo of drying off and within 1
      mo after parturition for bacteriological analysis. Prior to drying off, 28.7% of
      quarters were positive of which 46.7% were Corynebacterium bovis and 45.5% were
      coagulase-negative staphylococci. Reductions in infection prevalence from drying
      off to postpartum samplings for control, novobiocin, cephapirin, and streptomycin
      penicillin groups were 13.6, 60.5, 74.4, and 35.3% of quarters. Recovery rates
      for C. bovis infections were 47.6, 100, 100, and 94.1%; for coagulase-negative
      staphylococci infections they were 72.7, 86.4, 80.0, and 100%. The cephapirin
      group showed the lowest new infection rate (1.3%) with coagulase-negative
      staphylococci compared with control (6.9%). There were no significant differences
      in lactation milk production among groups following dry period therapy. Results
      suggest that dry treatment reduces the prevalence of infections by the minor
      mastitis pathogens.

PMID- 2423570
TI  - Determinants of the spontaneous ectopic activity in repetitive monomorphic
      idiopathic ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - Twenty-four hour ambulatory electrocardiographic tape recordings of 30 patients
      (16 men and 14 women, mean age 42 +/- 17 years) with repetitive monomorphic
      idiopathic ventricular tachycardia were analyzed using a new computerized system
      designed to study 15 RR cycles and mean heart rate of the 3 minutes preceding any
      defined event. The mean (+/- SD) number of events analyzed per patient in 24
      hours was 610 +/- 483 for single premature ventricular complexes, 622 +/- 490 for
      couplets, 260 +/- 411 for runs of 3 complexes, 186 +/- 476 for runs of 4, 108 +/-
      173 for runs of 5, 82 +/- 129 for runs of 6 to 10 and 83 +/- 116 for runs of more
      than 10 complexes. The heart rate was faster before runs of ventricular
      tachycardia than before isolated extrasystoles (p less than 0.01) and a positive
      linear correlation was observed between the mean preceding heart rate and the
      type of extrasystolic activity, the length of the runs increasing with increasing
      preceding heart rate (r = 0.98, p less than 0.001). A long RR interval just
      before the occurrence of runs was present in 77% of the cases (23 of 30) with or
      without an oscillatory pattern of RR intervals due to bigeminy or trigeminy, and
      the length of the runs correlated positively with the duration of this long
      preceding diastole (r = 0.90, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423571
TI  - The role of antiarrhythmic drugs in sudden cardiac death.
AB  - Antiarrhythmic drugs may either decrease or increase the likelihood of
      ventricular fibrillation. Although reliable data suggest reasonable mechanisms
      for the antiarrhythmic action of several drugs, much less information is
      available to indicate the mechanisms by which drugs are arrhythmogenic.
      Antiarrhythmic action may result from suppression of precipitating events such as
      inappropriately timed premature impulses or runs of excessively rapid impulses
      and from modification of the conditions predisposing to random reentry. Increases
      in the likelihood of fibrillation may result from opposite effects on
      precipitating events or from drug-induced increase in the likelihood of random
      reentry. One factor that very likely is involved in the latter is the presence of
      local differences in the electrical activity of myocardial cells that cause
      significant local differences in the tonic and use-dependent actions of
      antiarrhythmic drugs.

PMID- 2423572
TI  - Relation between ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in patients with
      acute myocardial infarction: the predictors of ventricular fibrillation.
AB  - Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring was recorded in 102 patients during
      the first 48 hours after the onset of myocardial infarction. One hundred forty
      eight episodes of ventricular tachycardia having an ectopic rate of 180/min or
      more and without a background of treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs were
      analyzed; these included 125 cases of ventricular tachycardia that terminated
      spontaneously and 23 cases that deteriorated to ventricular fibrillation.
      Episodes of ventricular tachycardia with a polymorphic configuration were more
      frequent in the group with than in the group without ventricular fibrillation
      (30.4 and 8%, respectively). The incidence of ventricular tachycardia continuing
      for more than 100 QRS complexes was 20 times greater in the group with
      ventricular fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia initiated by and R on T
      ventricular premature beat was recorded three times more often in this group. The
      10 minute pretachycardia interval in both groups showed no significant difference
      in the incidence, complexity, intensity or dynamic pattern of ventricular
      premature contractions. The data provide reason to doubt the significance of
      ventricular premature beats as harbingers of sudden death from ventricular
      fibrillation. Rather, ventricular tachycardia with an ectopic rate of 180/min or
      more, a polymorphic configuration and persistence for more than 100 QRS complexes
      (or initiated by an R on T ventricular premature beat) is a more reliable
      predictor of the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation.

PMID- 2423573
TI  - Clinical features and basic mechanisms of quinidine-induced arrhythmias.
AB  - Quinidine therapy is one of the most common causes of the acquired long QT
      syndrome and the morphologically distinctive tachyarrhythmia torsade de pointes.
      Clinical data from our institution and others have revealed a number of
      characteristic features: quinidine plasma concentrations are generally low,
      marked QRS prolongation is absent, hypokalemia is frequent and abrupt heart rate
      slowing just before the initiation of a paroxysm is almost invariable. The lack
      of correlation between plasma quinidine concentrations and this adverse drug
      effect raises the possibility either that external factors (for example,
      hypokalemia) modulate the response to quinidine in vivo or that one or more
      unmeasured active metabolites play a role. Therefore, the effect of alterations
      in extracellular potassium and stimulation rate on the electrophysiologic effects
      of quinidine were examined in canine Purkinje fibers. It was found that a form of
      triggered automaticity, early afterdepolarizations, is reliably produced in the
      presence of quinidine when extracellular potassium is lowered and the stimulation
      rate is slowed. More recently, the effects of a number of quinidine metabolites,
      as well as the commonly found impurity dihydroquinidine, were characterized in
      canine Purkinje fibers in a similar fashion. Although quinidine was the most
      potent of the substances tested, both dihydroquinidine and 3-hydroxyquinidine
      prolonged action potential and produced early afterdepolarizations as did
      quinidine at long cycle lengths. Quinidine-induced torsade de pointes is a
      potentially lethal adverse drug effect, occurring in 1 to 3% of patients.
      Hypokalemia and slow heart rates are commonly observed in a clinical setting and,
      in the tissue bath, quinidine and several of its metabolites induce abnormal
      automatic behavior when extracellular potassium is lowered and stimulation rate
      is slowed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423574
TI  - Sodium currents in single cardiac Purkinje cells.
AB  - The sodium (Na) channel is the fundamental unit of excitability in heart muscle.
      This channel has been very difficult to study in detail, because the major
      experimental tool, the voltage clamp, has been difficult to use in multicellular
      tissue. In the absence of more direct studies in the heart, it has been assumed
      that the sodium channel in the heart was the same as that in nerve tissue, where
      it could be studied quantitatively. However, the sodium channel is not likely to
      be the same as in nerve, because it responds differently to local anesthetics and
      to other drugs such as tetrodotoxin. It is essential to learn the details of the
      cardiac sodium channel, because it is the membrane process that underlies many
      lethal cardiac arrhythmias, and it is the molecular site of action of the most
      effective antiarrhythmic drugs. Single cardiac Purkinje cells were dialyzed at
      room temperature through a large bore pipette, and their Na+ currents were
      studied under voltage clamp control. The peak currents were 0.5 to 1.0 mA/cm2,
      assuming a 1 mu farad/cm2 membrane. Peak currents near 0 mV were achieved in less
      than 1 ms. The decay of the Na+ current did not correspond to a single
      exponential process. This result and the observation that recovery from
      inactivation occurred with a latency are inconsistent with the original Hodgkin
      Huxley model, but they qualitatively fit a model with two sequential inactivated
      states or a model with two kinetically different types of Na+ channels. The
      steady state inactivation curve shifted in the negative direction after
      initiation of intracellular dialysis, stabilizing with a half-availability
      voltage of -115 mV.

PMID- 2423575
TI  - On the nature of the oceanic experience.
AB  - It is postulated that consciousness is not simply an organ of perception, but
      that it possesses a structure, or organization, despite its enormous fluidity. In
      support of these views, the oceanic experience is explored. It demonstrates the
      impact, on this state of consciousness, of the subject's values and culture. Like
      the oceanic experience, every state of consciousness--what is in awareness at any
      given time--is a complex phenomenon that derives from all aspects of the psyche,
      including the subject's value system and the influences of his culture.

PMID- 2423576
TI  - The child dream and the child transference.
AB  - This paper explores the symbolic meaning of dreams in which children appear with
      special attention to the way children in dreams symbolize the self, particularly
      the dependent and developing self. It is suggested that patients' growth in
      analysis can be monitored by observing what happens to the children in their
      dreams. This paper also explores the vicissitudes of the child transference, in
      which the patient treats the analyst as a child. An analysis is described in
      which the child dream and the child transference played an important role in
      elucidating the patient's neurotic behaviors. The author contends that the child
      dream and the child transference are common and clinically useful phenomena,
      especially important in the analysis of dependency conflicts. An additional
      thesis of this paper is that the child transference is most likely to be found in
      instances where a patient played a parental role with one of their parents during
      childhood.

PMID- 2423577
TI  - Optimization of the determination of RNA nucleotide composition by ultraviolet
      spectral analysis.
AB  - We have optimized the spectrophotometric method for the quantitative analysis of
      a tetranucleotide mixture (for example an RNA hydrolysate) by carefully choosing
      the wavelengths and the pH at which the absorbance measurements were made, and
      estimated the error made on the calculated concentration of each nucleotide. The
      most convenient method involved the measurement of only four absorbances (at 228
      nm at pH 13; 200, 212 and 284 nm at pH 2). If the sensitivity of the
      spectrophotometer is 0.001 unit absorbance, the absolute error made on the
      calculated percentage of each nucleotide is lower than 0.33%.

PMID- 2423578
TI  - The surgical pathology of ainhum (dactylolysis spontanea).
AB  - Ainhum (dactylolysis spontanea) is a poorly understood disease characterized by
      spontaneous autoamputation of the fifth toe. Its incidence is highest among
      blacks and in the tropical and subtropical climates. The present study is the
      first to present certain gross and semimicroscopic findings. Moreover, scanning
      electron microscopic and histochemical data are presented and these reportings
      are believed to be unique. Hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis, together with
      elongation of the epidermal rete pegs and acanthosis, are observed and these
      findings are associated with the presence of numerous fibroblasts and wound
      repair phenomena. The leukocytic infiltrate is identified as being principally of
      T lymphocyte type, suggesting the existence of an unknown immunologic response.
      Relevant intraoperative data, radiographs, and light microscopy, as well as
      transmission electron microscopy, have been reported in this study. The
      spontaneous amputation of the fifth toe, designated as dactylolysis spontanea,
      has no known etiology, and no treatment short of amputation. The worldwide
      incidence of this condition is rare. Two cases have been observed at the
      Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center in the last 5 years. One patient
      is in an early stage of the disease. The present study involves the single
      instance in which amputation was elected as the treatment of choice. Because the
      occurrence of ainhum (dactylolysis spontanea) is rare, discussion of the disease
      is lacking in medical literature. It is the intent of the present study to be the
      definitive analysis of clinical, surgical, and surgical-pathologic data of this
      rare disease. Unique applications of semimicroscopic, histochemical, and light
      microscopic findings, as well as transmission and electron microscopy, will be
      presented. Speculation as to the implications of immunologic and/or wound repair
      responses as implicated in ainhum needs to be explored.

PMID- 2423579
TI  - Characterization of breast carcinomas by two monoclonal antibodies distinguishing
      myoepithelial from luminal epithelial cells.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies, KA 1 and KA 4, raised against human epidermis, were
      biochemically and immunologically characterized and were shown to react with
      specific cytokeratin polypeptides. On frozen sections of human mammary gland,
      these antibodies distinguish between myoepithelial and luminal epithelial cells.
      We present evidence that in these cells KA 1 antibody recognized cytokeratin 5
      and KA 4 antibody cytokeratin 19. In normal mammary tissue, KA 4 antibody
      invariably reacted with the epithelial cells lining the lumina of acini,
      ductules, ducts, and sinus. In contrast, KA 1 antibody decorated only the
      myoepithelial and basal epithelial cells of acini, ducts, and sinus. In ductules,
      however, KA 1 also stained the luminal cells. All 73 invasive lobular and ductal
      carcinomas studied reacted with KA 4 antibody; five of these were also positive,
      apparently in the same tumor cells, with KA 1. The tumor cells of in situ
      carcinomas were also stained in a homogeneous pattern with KA 4 antibody; KA 1
      antibody reacted only with the surrounding myoepithelium. In epithelial
      hyperplasias, the proliferating cells were decorated by KA 1 and KA 4 antibodies
      in a heterogeneous pattern. Other antibodies were used for comparison. The
      results are discussed with respect to epithelial differentiation and pathogenesis
      and to the application of such antibodies for immunohistodiagnosis of mammary
      lesions.

PMID- 2423581
TI  - Specificity of hyaluronectin binding to hyaluronic acid.

PMID- 2423580
TI  - An immunogold-silver staining method for detection of cell-surface antigens in
      light microscopy.
AB  - An immunogold-silver staining technique for detection of cell-surface antigens in
      cell suspensions was developed. Leukocyte cell suspensions were first incubated
      with monoclonal antibodies directed against cell-surface antigens and then with
      colloidal gold-labeled goat anti-mouse antibodies. Cytocentrifuge preparations of
      the cell suspensions were immersed in a physical developer containing silver
      lactate and hydroquinone as reducing substance. The preparations were then
      counterstained and mounted. In light microscopy, cells reacting with the
      monoclonal antibodies showed dark granules on their surface membrane. An optimal
      morphology, as revealed by a May-Grunwald-Giemsa counterstain, permitted accurate
      cell identification. The labeling was influenced by the gold particle diameter
      and the concentration of the gold reagents, by the duration of incubation in the
      physical developer, and by the composition and temperature of this medium. The T
      cell subsets enumerated with this method in the peripheral blood of normal adults
      were identical to those found with other methods. The sensitivity of the
      technique was comparable with that of immunofluorescence microscopy. This
      immunogold-silver staining procedure proved to be a reliable tool for detection
      of cell-surface antigens in light microscopy.

PMID- 2423582
TI  - Structural organization of the optic tectum of Barbus meridionalis Risso. I.
      Inner strata (SPV, SAC and SGC).
AB  - The histological features of the three deepest strata of the Optic Tectum of
      Barbus meridionalis were studied with several staining and impregnation
      techniques. The boundaries between SPV, SAC and SGC were easily established and
      furthermore the myelinization pattern of the SAC is described. Several neuronal
      types were distinguished according to their dendritic and axonal features.
      Pyriform multipolar neurons were found in the SPV; in the SAc, pear-shaped,
      horizontal and multipolar neurons; in the SGC, fusiform, horizontal, multipolar
      and pyriform neurons. Some of the pyriform neurons of the SAC are described with
      axonal characteristics which has allowed us to consider these neurons as a new
      type of efferent tectal neuron.

PMID- 2423583
TI  - Structural organization of the optic tectum of Barbus meridionalis Risso. II.
      Outer strata (SFGS, SO and SM).
AB  - The present work deals with the histological organization of the three outer
      strata of the optic tectum of Barbus meridionalis. As far as general features are
      concerned, of noteworthy interest are the absence of myelin in the SM and the
      ordered pattern of myelinic distribution of the SO. The SFGS shows a more
      irregular appearance than the SM and SO. It was only possible to observe with
      clarity several neuronal types in the SO and SFGS, whereas in the SM no clear
      neuronal types could be seen. The SFGS was seen to contain pyramidal neurons with
      spiny dendrites in the SM, together with fusiform, multipolar and horizontal
      neurons. In this latter type we have described neurons with ascending axons
      emerging from the soma or from the base of a principal dendrite. The SO contains
      neurons whose dendrites are distributed mainly on the horizontal plane, in each
      case showing certain particular features.

PMID- 2423584
TI  - Thalamic projections to the motor and premotor areas in the cat traced with
      horseradish peroxidase.
AB  - The thalamic afferents to cortical areas 4 and 6 in the cat have been studied
      using retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Areas 4 and 6
      receive projections mostly from the ventral lateral (VL) and ventral anterior
      nuclei. Area 4 gamma receives fibers from the central, ventral and ventrolateral
      parts of the VL, area 4 delta from the lateral part, area 4sfu from the dorsal
      and dorsolateral parts, and area 4fu from the dorsal and dorsomedial parts. Area
      6a beta receives fibers from the ventromedial part of the VL, area 6a alpha from
      the medial part, and area 6iffu from the dorsomedial part. Thus, the VL projects
      to areas 4 and 6 in a topical manner. The ventrodorsal axis of the VL is
      projected along the anteroposterior axis of areas 4 and 6. In addition, the VL
      projects topically to these areas also in the mediolateral direction. A
      considerable number of neurons in the ventral anterior nucleus (VA) send axons to
      areas 4 and 6. Area 4 receives fibers from the ventrolateral part of the VA,
      while area 6 receives fibers from its dorsomedial part. These projections are
      organized topically; the ventrodorsal axis of the VA is represented by the
      anteroposterior axis of areas 4 and 6. In addition to the VL and VA, areas 4 and
      6 receive a fair number of fibers from the lateral central nucleus, and a few
      fibers from the paracentral, parafascicular and medial central nuclei and from
      the dorsolateral part of the posteromedial ventral nucleus. Area 4 receives only
      few fibers from the centre median and limitans nuclei. Area 6 receives a few
      fibers from the submedial and ventral medial nuclei.

PMID- 2423585
TI  - A Nissl, Golgi-Kopsch and ultrastructural study of the Gallotia galloti red
      nucleus.
AB  - The object of this study was to understand the different types of morphological
      neurons of the Gallotia galloti red nucleus using quantitative and qualitative
      analysis, under the aspects of optical (Nissl and Golgi-Kopsch) and electronic
      microscopy. The results from this study and considering the size, the
      distribution of NISSL bodies and the dendritic arborization, we have identified
      three neuronal types: ellipsoidal or ovoid (15 microns), triangular (15-35
      microns) and polygonal (20-50 microns). In general the polygonal neurons contain
      a cytoplasm with abundant organelles, well developed Nissl bodies, perinuclear
      Golgi complex, numerous mitochondria, an ovoid nucleus and multiple dendrites.
      The triangular neurons have a similar structure, although the dendritic model is
      less ramified than that of the polygonal and the ellipsoidal neurons contain a
      smaller cytoplasm with less dendritic ramification. The contact with spines is
      not very frequent but can be observed in somas and dendrites. The neuronal
      population is heterogeneous and therefore neither the magnocellular part nor the
      other parvicellular were observed separately, but a mixture of both.

PMID- 2423586
TI  - Possible removal route of osmiophilic material (lipofuscin) from spinal ganglia
      of Torpedo marmorata.
AB  - The spinal ganglia of Torpedo marmorata have been studied in semithin and
      ultrathin sections with the view to study the formation and possible mode of
      removal of lipofuscin. This study suggests that osmiophilic bodies among them
      lipofuscin originate from degenerating mitochondria. These osmiophilic products
      concentrate at the neuronal cell border with the satellite cells. The satellite
      cells have long dense membranous processes which interdigitate, forming a compact
      myelin sheath but also loosely arranged membranes surrounded by vacuolated
      plasma. The perinuclear cytoplasmic portion of the satellite cell however
      contains a rich assemblage of cell organelles well provided for an active
      metabolism. In this active area which invaginates the neuronal cytoplasm,
      osmiophilic granules but smaller can be seen, similar to those in the
      neighbouring neuron. Similar granules are found in cells within the connective
      tissue space and in the capillary wall. Satellite cells appear not only to be
      ensheathing cells, providing a perineuronal myelin cover but also capable of
      removing intra-neuronal debris. It appears that these osmiophilic bodies are
      taken to the capillary wall by detached satellites or 'handed on' to phagocytes
      having penetrated between the ensheathing satellites. These cells could take the
      osmiophilic material to capillaries.

PMID- 2423587
TI  - Laminar organization of the main olfactory bulb of Podarcis hispanica: an
      electron microscopic and Golgi study.
AB  - In this study, the lamination pattern of the main olfactory bulb (MOB) of P.
      hispanica has been described using EM and Golgi-impregnation techniques. Six
      layers could be distinguished from the external surface to the ventricles:
      olfactory nerve layer (ONL), glomerular layer (GL), external plexiform layer
      (EPL), mitral layer (ML), internal plexiform layer (IPL), and granular cell layer
      (GCL). In ONL unmyelinated axonic bundles from the olfactory mucosa are seen. The
      GL is defined by the presence of terminal ramifications of the mitral primary
      dendrites and by axonic terminals of the olfactory nerve. The EPL is a dendritic
      articulation layer between the mitral and granule cells, where a great density of
      dendrodendritic synaptic contacts has been found. The ML is defined by the large
      mitral cell somata, and the IPL by myelinated axonic bundles that run rostro
      caudally. Finally, the GCL is characterized by the presence of granule cells.
      Using the Golgi-impregnation method, five different neuronal types have been
      described. In the glomerular layer, a small cell population is located; these
      neurons seem the periglomerular cells described in mammals. The second type
      corresponds to the mitral cell population and the morphological features of these
      cells resemble to those of mammals. The three remaining types constitute the
      granule cell population; this population is characterized by a great
      morphological heterogeneousness. However, these types have been differentiated
      according to their dendritic tree morphology and location of the cell body. A
      morphological gradient depending on the distance of cell body for each type to
      the ependymal layer, has been observed. In EM, four different types of neuronal
      cell bodies according to their location and ultrastructure have been defined. The
      laminar organization of the MOB of Podarcis is similar to that in all
      vertebrates. The results for the fine structure and dendritic tree morphology
      have revealed a high similarity between these reptiles and mammals.

PMID- 2423588
TI  - Vascular interactions of serotonin and norepinephrine in renal hypertensive
      rabbits.
AB  - Vascular responses to norepinephrine (NE) are potentiated in the presence of
      serotonin (5-HT) and are attenuated by previous exposure to 5-HT. This study was
      designed to determine whether alterations in the interactions of these agonists
      occur in renal hypertension. Helical strips of femoral artery from two-kidney,
      one clip (2K1C) hypertensive and control rabbits were mounted in muscle baths for
      isometric force recording. Arterial strips from 2K1C rabbits were more sensitive
      to 5-HT than were those of control rabbits. The sensitivities of these two groups
      of vessels to NE were not significantly different. The 5-HT potentiation of NE
      was present at lower 5-HT concentrations in vessels from 2K1C rabbits than in
      those from control rabbits. Previous exposure to 5-HT attenuated NE responses of
      arteries from 2K1C less than it did those of control rabbits. Although 5-HT had
      little effect on loading of cellular stores of calcium in the resting muscle,
      previous 5-HT exposure attenuated calcium influx during an NE response, and this
      attenuation was not as great in vascular smooth muscle from the hypertensive
      animal as it was in that from the normotensive control. These results indicate
      that in vascular smooth muscle cells from 2K1C rabbits the potentiating action of
      5-HT is increased, due to the increased sensitivity to this agonist, and the
      attenuating action is decreased due to a greater calcium influx during NE
      stimulation.

PMID- 2423589
TI  - Antibody-mediated regulation of T cell responses. I. Characterization of a
      monoclonal antibody which specifically regulates contact hypersensitivity to DNFB
      in BALB/c mice.
AB  - Contact hypersensitivity (CS) to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) in BALB/c mice
      is regulated by autoanti-idiotypic antibody. This report describes the
      preparation and characterization of a monoclonal antibody, 2-16.1, which has
      characteristics previously described for the serum anti-idiotypic antibodies.
      Monoclonal 2-16.1 was prepared by fusing lymph node (LN) cells from optimally
      sensitized BALB/c mice to the P3X myeloma. The monoclonal product of the cloned
      hybridoma is an IgM (K) immunoglobulin which does not bind to DNP-protein but
      which does bind to other immunoglobulins with anti-DNP specificity, primarily of
      the IgM class. Functionally, 2-16.1 inhibits the efferent limb of the CS reaction
      as measured by passive transfer of immunity. This inhibition is antigen-specific
      and appears to require the presence of a subset of Ia+ T cells in the DNFB-immune
      LN cell population. Suppression of transfer of immunity is strain-specific.
      Finally, suppression occurs only in the absence of complement, indicating that a
      lytic mechanism is not involved and that 2-16.1 does not recognize determinants
      expressed on the effector T cells of the CS reaction. Collectively, these results
      indicate that 2-16.1 is a monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody, and that the
      hybridoma CSDNP 2-16.1 represents a clone of B cells which is stimulated during
      the primary CS response to DNFB and whose antibody product is involved in the
      endogenous, active regulation of this T cell-mediated response.

PMID- 2423590
TI  - Induction of T cell activation by monoclonal anti-Thy-1 antibodies.
AB  - We have analyzed the requirements for T cell activation by monoclonal anti-Thy-1
      antibodies (MAb). A large panel of unselected anti-Thy-1 MAb was capable of
      inducing a strong proliferative response in resting peripheral T cells and a rise
      in cytoplasmic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) in both peripheral T cells and a T cell
      hybridoma. Both of these responses required the interaction of a MAb bound to Thy
      1 with a second layer of anti-Ig antibody. Induction of T cell proliferation also
      required an additional signal, which could be provided by PMA. T cell activation
      in this system was specific for the Thy-1 molecule, independent of the epitope on
      Thy-1 recognized by a given MAb, with the anti-Ig reagent was also independent of
      the type of anti-Ig used, as both polyvalent rabbit anti-rat Ig sera and a mouse
      MAb to rat Ig functioned as effective cross-linkers. All signals provided by the
      interaction of anti-Thy-1 MAb with anti-Ig preparations could also be reproduced
      by the simultaneous binding of two MAb recognizing independent epitopes on Thy-1.
      Although the physiological role of Thy-1 remains unknown, the model system
      described here should prove to be very useful in further analysis of the steps
      involved in the polyclonal activation of murine T cells.

PMID- 2423591
TI  - Characterization of a subset of bovine T lymphocytes that express BoT4 by
      monoclonal antibodies and function: similarity to lymphocytes defined by human T4
      and murine L3T4.
AB  - We report the identification of a subset of bovine T cells by two monoclonal
      antibodies (mAb), IL-A11 and IL-A12, and some functional analyses of these cells.
      Both mAb precipitate two polypeptides, called BoT4, with apparent molecular mass
      of 52 and 55 kilodaltons. The epitopes recognized by these two mAb are different,
      however. BoT4 is found on approximately 70% of thymocytes and 30% of peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells (PBM), is not expressed by monocytes or B cells, and is
      found on cells in the T-dependent areas of lymph nodes. BoT4+ lymphocytes
      purified by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter proliferate in response to
      mitogenic and alloantigenic stimulation without addition of exogenous growth
      factors, whereas BoT4- lymphocytes do not. Monoclonal antibodies IL-A11 and IL
      A12 have no effect on mitogen- (PHA and Con A) or alloantigen-induced
      proliferation of PBM. Monoclonal antibody IL-A12 has no inhibitory effect on the
      cytolytic activity of bulk populations of alloreactive T lymphocytes, and most of
      the cytolytic activity generated in mixed leukocyte culture is ascribable to the
      BoT4- population. Using cloned alloantigen-specific lymphocytes, we found that
      the ability of BoT4+ clones to proliferate to alloantigenic stimuli without
      exogenous growth factors is a characteristic of some clones, as is susceptibility
      to inhibition of proliferation by mAb IL-A12. These results implicate the BoT4
      molecule in antigen recognition but indicate that the requirement for BoT4 is
      variable among clones. Our findings, together with those in the companion paper,
      which provides evidence that BoT4+ lymphocytes are class II restricted, indicate
      that BoT4+ lymphocytes are the bovine equivalent of Leu3/T4+ lymphocytes of
      humans and analogous lymphocytes of other species.

PMID- 2423592
TI  - Alloreactive bovine T lymphocyte clones: an analysis of function, phenotype, and
      specificity.
AB  - A bovine alloreactive cell population was subjected to complement-dependent lysis
      with monoclonal antibody (mAb) IL-A11. The original population and the population
      depleted of cells bearing the determinant recognized by mAb IL-A11 were cloned.
      Parent cultures and 21 clones were examined for cytolytic function and for
      expression of determinants recognized by mAb IL-A11 and two additional mAb, IL
      A12 and IL-A17. Clones could be classified according to maximal achievable levels
      of cytolysis by using Theileria parva-infected bovine lymphoblastoid target
      cells. In this way, three groups were identified--one capable of high level
      cytolysis, one of intermediate levels, and one group comprising apparently
      noncytolytic clones. The clones in the first group reacted with mAb IL-A17; those
      in the second and third groups, with mAb IL-A11 and IL-A12. It was shown that
      cytotoxicity effected by IL-A17+ clones could be inhibited by this mAb and also
      by a mAb directed to MHC class I determinants on target cells. Conversely,
      cytotoxicity effected by IL-A11+/IL-A12+ clones could be inhibited by mAb IL-A11
      and by a mAb directed to MHC class II determinants on target cells. The levels of
      expression of class I and class II determinants on target cells correlated with
      the levels of killing by clones of the IL-A17+ phenotype and clones of the IL
      A11+/IL-A12+ phenotype, respectively. The results indicate that cytotoxic bovine
      T lymphocyte clones specific for class I MHC antigens and both cytotoxic and
      noncytotoxic clones specific for class II MHC antigens can be obtained. Further,
      their specificity for class I or class II antigens can be determined by
      phenotyping with mAb.

PMID- 2423593
TI  - Differentiation from precursors in normal bone marrow of spontaneously cytotoxic
      cells showing anti-self-MHC specificity.
AB  - Colonies containing spontaneously cytotoxic effector cells with specificity for
      target cells carrying self-MHC can be grown from normal mouse bone marrow (BM).
      BM was first depleted of nylon wool-adherent cells and was then cultured at low
      cell number (1 to 300 cells/culture) in multiple replicate microcultures in
      liquid culture medium containing supernatant from EL4 thymoma cells stimulated
      with PMA. Frequency of colony growth followed one-hit limiting dilution kinetics.
      Colonies contained lymphoid, myeloid, or both kinds of cells. About 5% of
      colonies contained self-specific cytotoxic effector cells. Analysis using the X
      chromosome-linked isoenzyme PGK-1 confirmed that colonies containing
      autoreactivity could be clonal. A factor other than IL 2, IL 3, or PMA appears to
      be required for the growth of autoreactive colonies. Similar colonies, both with
      and without autoreactive effector cells, could also be grown from the BM of
      athymic nude mice with frequencies and cytotoxic activities directly comparable
      to those found for normal BM. C.B-17 scid mice lack both B and T cells,
      apparently due to a block in the development of lymphoid stem cells. Colonies
      could be grown with comparable frequency from their BM, but these colonies lacked
      both lymphoid cells and spontaneous cytotoxic activity. Evidence is presented
      against the self-reactive effector cells being NK cells, macrophages, or mature T
      cells. It is speculated that they represent an early stage of the T cell
      differentiation pathway.

PMID- 2423594
TI  - The expression of the sIgD isotype in wild-derived mice.
AB  - IgD and IgM are concomitantly expressed on the surface of most mouse B
      lymphocytes and both molecules serve as receptor for antigen. In this
      communication we report that in contrast to IgM, which is expressed in a constant
      manner on the surface of spleen B lymphocytes of different laboratory and wild
      derived mice, IgD expression is variable among the spleen cells of wild-derived
      mice. SPE, SEI, and SFM mice belonging to the Mus 3 subgroup show a fluorescence
      profile characterized by a marked diminution in the population of B lymphocytes
      expressing the IgD isotype; in addition, these cells have a low sIgD density on
      their membranes. These findings were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the iodinated membrane proteins.
      Polyclonal in vitro activation with lipopolysaccharide increases the frequency of
      surface IgD (sIgD)-bearing spleen cells and sIgD density in the SPE strain but
      decreases both the frequency and the density of IgD bearing cells in the BALB/c
      strain. This result suggests that delta gene expression is regulated differently
      in SPE and BALB/c mice. In addition, genetic analysis of sIgD expression in
      (BALB/c X SPE)F1 hybrids suggests that the proportion of sIgD-bearing cells and
      sIgD density are independently regulated.

PMID- 2423595
TI  - Interaction of antigen-specific T cell factors with unique "receptors" on the
      surface of mast cells: demonstration in vitro by an indirect rosetting technique.
AB  - Picryl (trinitrophenyl) chloride (PCL) contact sensitization of mice induces T
      cells that release an antigen-binding T cell factor (PCLF) that plays an
      important role in the initiation of contact sensitivity responses, in part via
      activation of mast cells. The current study employs an in vitro indirect rosette
      assay to demonstrate that PCLF can interact with the mast cell surface. Sheep red
      blood cells (SRBC) were hapten conjugated with trinitrophenyl (TNP),
      dinitrophenyl (DNP), or oxazolone (OX). When TNP-conjugated SRBC were coated with
      PCLF, monoclonal anti-DNP IgE, or anti-DNP IgG1, they produced 40 to 50% rosettes
      with purified normal mouse peritoneal mast cells. Analogous antigen-binding
      factors, from lymphoid cells of OX and dinitrofluorobenzene contact-sensitized
      mice, gave similar mast cell rosetting levels with OX-SRBC and DNP-SRBC,
      respectively. PCLF demonstrated a high degree of hapten specificity in that it
      formed rosettes with TNP-SRBC but not with DNP-SRBC, unlike IgE and IgG1, or
      DNPF, which formed rosettes with either SRBC type. Similarly, soluble TNP-BSA
      could inhibit PCLF rosette-forming capacity, but soluble DNP-BSA could not. In
      addition to mouse mast cells, PCLF formed rosettes with rat basophil leukemia
      cells, mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages, mouse alveolar macrophages, and J
      774 cultured mouse macrophages; it did not form rosettes with rat mast cells, rat
      alveolar macrophages, or mouse spleen cells. Thus, PCLF-formed rosettes were
      antigen specific, relatively species specific, and mast cell/macrophage specific.
      PCLF-mediated rosette-forming activity could be detected in the presence of
      nanogram quantities of PCLF. More than 10 times greater IgE was needed to produce
      IgE-mediated rosettes. Reduction and alkylation eliminated the rosetting activity
      of IgE, but the rosetting activity of PCLF was not affected. PCLF, but not IgE
      rosette-forming activity, could be removed by and eluted from affinity columns
      linked with a monoclonal antibody specific for T cell-derived antigen-binding
      factors, whereas PCLF rosetting activity was not retained by an anti
      immunoglobulin affinity column. Preincubation of mast cells with rat myeloma IgE
      or mouse monoclonal IgE of various specificities blocked IgE rosettes but not
      PCLF-induced rosettes. Other immunoglobulin isotypes likewise did not block PCLF
      rosettes. However, PCLF rosettes could be blocked by preincubation of mast cells
      with OX factor (OXF),and OXF-mediated rosettes could be blocked similarly by
      PCLF. These results suggest that the antigen-binding T cell factor PCLF interacts
      with a unique receptor on the surface of mouse mast cells.

PMID- 2423596
TI  - Cross-linking of immunoglobulin E-receptor complexes induces their interaction
      with the cytoskeleton of rat basophilic leukemia cells.
AB  - Bridging of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-receptor complexes on rat basophilic leukemia
      cells by polyclonal anti-IgE antibodies induces a detergent-resistant association
      of these complexes with the cellular cytoskeleton. In dose-response curves the
      extent of the cytoskeletal association appears to follow the extent of bridging,
      continuing to increase beyond where stimulated degranulation is maximal. This
      stable association is maintained after the aggregated IgE-receptor complexes have
      been internalized by the cell. Multivalent antigen and trimeric IgE cause less
      extensive receptor cross-linking than anti-IgE and stimulate degranulation; they
      also induce receptor association with the cytoskeleton that is revealed only
      after stabilization by addition of a chemical cross-linking reagent. The ability
      of a membrane impermeant chemical cross-linker to stabilize this association
      suggests that the receptor-cytoskeletal interaction may be mediated by a
      transmembrane protein that is exposed at the cell surface. Monomeric and dimeric
      IgE bound to receptors fail to induce a stable interaction with the cytoskeleton
      even in the presence of chemical cross-linkers and are poor (dimers) or
      insignificant (monomers) stimulators of cellular degranulation. These findings
      are consistent with a possible relationship between receptor attachment to the
      cytoskeleton, receptor immobilization as measured by fluorescence photobleaching
      recovery, and the triggering of cellular degranulation.

PMID- 2423597
TI  - Characterization and isolation of a trypsin-like serine protease from a long-term
      culture cytolytic T cell line and its expression by functionally distinct T
      cells.
AB  - We describe the characterization and purification of a trypsin-like serine
      protease isolated from cloned long-term culture cytolytic T cell line (CTLL AK).
      High amounts of proteolytic activity were isolated from extracts of CTLL AK after
      either nitrogen cavitation or detergent lysis. Trypsin-like protease was detected
      by using either the ester compound N alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine thiobenzyl
      ester or a panel of low molecular amide substrates. The latter compounds were
      preferentially cleaved at the carboxyl termini of lysine and arginine residues.
      The enzyme activity was completely inhibited by two serine esterase inhibitors,
      diisopropylfluorophosphate and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, and by aprotinin
      and meta-aminobenzamidine, which are known to block trypsin-like proteases. The
      pH optimum for CTLL AK-derived protease activity is 8 to 9. Analysis of the
      enzyme by gel filtration revealed that the cell-bound proteolytic activity was
      associated with a complex that could not be dissociated by treatment with Triton
      X-100. The CTLL AK-derived protease activity was found to reside in two proteins
      with relative molecular masses (Mr) of 32,000 and 40,000 daltons as determined by
      affinity labeling with [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate and sodium dodecyl sulfate
      gel electrophoresis. High levels of enzyme activity were found in a panel of H-Y
      specific cloned T cell lines with either cytolytic/suppressor (CTLL) or helper
      potential (THL), indicating a lack of correlation between trypsin-like protease
      activity and a particular T cell function. High enzyme activity was also detected
      in tumorigenic variants of CTLL. Furthermore, it was excluded that the trypsin
      like activity detected was attributable to plasminogen activator activity. In
      contrast to cloned T effector cells and their in vitro or in vivo derived
      variants, considerably less activity was found in normal nonactivated or
      activated lymphocyte populations. The possible role of the trypsin-like serine
      protease in the function of T effector cells is discussed.

PMID- 2423598
TI  - Human cytotoxic T cell clones directed against herpes simplex virus-infected
      cells. IV. Recognition and activation by cloned glycoproteins gB and gD.
AB  - Results of studies in mice and clinical observations in man indicate that T cell
      mediated immunity is important in resistance to herpes simplex virus (HSV)
      infections. This study was undertaken to elucidate the viral antigen specificity
      of human HSV-immune T cells. Purified HSV-1 glycoproteins gB-1 and gD-1, cloned
      and expressed in mammalian cells, were found to stimulate proliferation of, and
      interleukin 2 (IL 2) production by, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of HSV
      seropositive individuals, indicating the presence of memory T cells to gB-1 and
      gD-1 in individuals with serologic evidence of immunity to HSV. Second, T cell
      clones, generated by stimulation of PBL with HSV-1, were found to recognize gB-1
      or gD-1, as evidenced by the ability of the clones to proliferate in response to
      stimulation with gB-1 or gD-1 in the absence of exogenous IL 2. Third, HSV
      specific T cell clones, lytic for HSV-1 or both HSV-1- and HSV-2-infected
      autologous target cells, were generated after stimulation of PBL with purified
      cloned gB-1 or gD-1. Our findings, that human HSV-specific T cells can recognize
      and be activated by HSV subunit antigens gB-1 or gD-1, imply that these
      glycoproteins play a role in human T cell-mediated immunity to HSV and support
      the contention that a gB-1 or gD-1 subunit vaccine may be protective in man.

PMID- 2423599
TI  - Learning from leprosy: a perspective on immunology and the Third World.

PMID- 2423600
TI  - Interferon-gamma induction of LFA-1-mediated homotypic adhesion of human
      monocytes.
AB  - Cell-cell adhesion plays an important role in monocyte function. To investigate
      the molecular basis for monocyte adhesion, we used recombinant interferon-gamma
      to induce the formation of homotypic monocyte adhesions. The induction of
      homotypic adhesions correlated with the increased expression of the LFA-1
      membrane molecule. LFA-1 surface expression was increased twofold, whereas
      expression levels of other monocyte surface molecules including CR3 and p150,95
      were unchanged. The direct involvement of LFA-1 in monocyte adhesion was
      addressed by anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibody inhibition of homotypic adhesions.
      Two monoclonal antibodies to distinct epitopes on the LFA-1 alpha-chain
      completely inhibited homotypic adhesions. Antibodies to a variety of other
      monocyte surface molecules, often present at higher cell surface density than LFA
      1, did not inhibit homotypic adhesion. A panel of monoclonal antibodies that
      recognized different functional epitopes on the LFA-1 alpha-chain inhibited
      homotypic monocyte in a hierarchy identical to that observed in previous studies
      of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that LFA-1 serves an
      adhesive function for human mononuclear phagocytes. In addition to providing a
      molecular basis for homotypic monocyte adhesions, the results suggest a more
      general role for LFA-1 in monocyte adhesion reactions.

PMID- 2423601
TI  - Phenotypic changes induced by interferon in resting T cells: major enhancement of
      Ly-6 antigen expression.
AB  - The murine Ly-6 locus controls multiple cell surface antigenic specificities with
      distinct cellular and tissue distributions. Although the functions of Ly-6
      antigens are unknown, several of these antigens represent interesting markers of
      T cell differentiation and activation. In this work we used a panel of monoclonal
      antibodies (MAb) in conjunction with flow cytofluorometry (FCF) analysis to
      investigate the effect of interferon (IFN) on the surface representation of T
      cell-associated Ly-6 antigens. It was found that in vitro treatment of purified T
      cells from both C57Bl/6 (Ly-6.2) and BALB/c (Ly-6.1) mice with 10 to 10(4) U IFN
      alpha/beta/ml results in a dose-dependent enhancement of Ly-6 antigen expression.
      This effect was already detectable after 12 to 18 hr and culminated after 48 hr
      of incubation. Both frequencies and brightness of Ly-6 bearing cells were
      increased. The most dramatic shifts were observed for the Ly-6A, D, and E
      antigens, which were augmented by eightfold to 20-fold upon exposure to 10(4) U
      IFN alpha/beta/ml. Expression of Ly-6C antigens was enhanced by fourfold to
      sixfold under the same conditions. Immunochemical analyses and use of metabolic
      inhibitors additionally demonstrated that such IFN-alpha/beta-induced phenotypic
      alterations of T cells reflect augmented de novo biosynthesis of Ly-6 molecules.
      Comparison of purified IFN-alpha and IFN-beta revealed that both are equally
      active in influencing Ly-6. IFN-gamma also enhanced Ly-6 expression but less
      efficiently than IFN-alpha/beta. Additional experiments were carried out to
      determine the selectivity of IFN-alpha/beta action on T cell phenotype. These
      studies demonstrated that IFN-induced Ly-6 enhancement occurs without emergence
      of interleukin 2 or transferrin receptors. Expression of H-2 and beta 2m
      antigens, previously known to be sensitive to IFN, was increased but to a much
      lesser extent than Ly-6. Most other cell surface antigens examined were minimally
      affected by IFN-alpha/beta with the exception of Ly-11 and Ly-23. Augmentation of
      these latter markers was lower than for Ly-6 antigens, however. Therefore the Ly
      6 locus appears to be preferentially activated by IFN-alpha/beta in resting T
      cells. Additional exploration of this phenomenon should provide insight into both
      the biological significance of Ly-6 antigens and the mechanism(s) by which IFN
      affect T cell functions.

PMID- 2423602
TI  - Amino acid residues 56 to 69 of HLA-A2 specify an antigenic determinant shared by
      HLA-A2 and HLA-B17.
AB  - The mouse monoclonal antibody MA2.1 was previously used to define an epitope
      shared by native HLA-A2 and HLA-B17 molecules and amino acid sequence comparison
      of nine HLA-A,B,C molecules identified residues 62 to 65 as the region most
      likely to form this epitope. An unabsorbed rabbit antiserum raised against a
      peptide corresponding to residues 56 to 69 of HLA-A2 gives highly specific
      reactions with HLA-A2 and HLA-B17 heavy chains in Western blots. No interactions
      with native HLA-A2 and B17 molecules were detected in a variety of assays.
      Although the topographic relationship between the epitopes recognized by the
      rabbit antiserum and the monoclonal antibody could not be determined, the results
      show that residues 56 to 69 of HLA-A2 can form epitopes with specificity for HLA
      A2 and HLA-B17.

PMID- 2423603
TI  - Mouse L cells express a molecular complex carrying the human epitopes recognized
      by monoclonal antibodies 44D7 and 44H7 after DNA-mediated gene transfer.
AB  - In a previous study, we isolated from the non-T, non-B acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia cell line, HOON, a molecular complex comprised of a minimum of two
      polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds and expressing two distinct
      epitopes, 44D7 and 44H7. The DNA from the HOON cell lines has been co-transfected
      with the herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene into mouse L cells. By using a flow
      cytometer, a stable thymidine kinase-positive cell population expressing both
      44H7 and 44D7 antigens of the human leukemic cells has been generated by repeated
      sorting of cells reactive with monoclonal antibody 44H7. After three sequential
      sorting experiments, cloned cell lines were established, and a subclone
      designated 3D5 has been additionally characterized. Greater than 90% of the 3D5
      cells stained positively with monoclonal antibodies 44H7 and 44D7 and with 4F2,
      which reacts with an epitope identical or spatially related to that seen by 44D7.
      The ratio of antigenic density 4F2:44D7 calculated from the relative fluorescence
      indices was similar on the HOON leukemic cells and on the 3D5 transfectant cells.
      However, 3D5, which was selected with antibody 44H7, expressed a higher ratio of
      44H7:44D7 than did the HOON cells. The molecular complex carrying these epitopes
      was isolated from a 3D5 cell extract on a column of 44D7-IgG-Sepharose and was
      additionally purified by immunoprecipitation. Although several polypeptide chains
      were present in the immunoprecipitates, the major polypeptide band had an
      apparent m.w. of 127,000 under nonreducing conditions. After reduction, three
      bands of apparent m.w. 91,000, 38,000, and 33,000 appeared. The presence of the
      91,000 and 38,000 subunits linked by disulfide bonds was also observed for the
      44D7 antigen isolated from HOON cells, whereas the polypeptide of apparent m.w.
      33,000 was only seen in immunoprecipitates of the transfectant cell extracts.
      Because the antigen expressed in the transfectants is associated with a
      multimeric complex containing disulfide-linked subunits, it is possible that only
      the gene encoding one of the polypeptide chains, namely that carrying the
      epitopes, was in fact transfected. This HOON gene product could be one subunit
      associating with murine subunits encoded by genes of the L cell. Alternatively,
      the antigenic complex may be the product of closely linked genes transfected
      together, or of a single human gene that is modified post-translationally to
      create a disulfide-linked complex.

PMID- 2423604
TI  - Effect of serotonin on murine macrophages: suppression of Ia expression by
      serotonin and its reversal by 5-HT2 serotonergic receptor antagonists.
AB  - Serotonin (5-HT), a mediator released from platelets at sites of inflammation,
      suppressed IFN-gamma-induced Ia expression in mouse bone marrow macrophages
      maintained in vitro. (Mean percent suppression = 63.9% +/- 9.2, n = 40.) This
      suppression was not toxic or endotoxin-related, was concentration-dependent, and
      occurred at the physiologic concentrations of 5-HT present at inflammatory sites.
      The concentration of 5-HT producing the half-maximal effect was 2.5 to 5.5 X 10(
      8) M. Related compounds, dopamine, histamine, and tryptamine, were much less
      potent in suppressing IFN-gamma-induced Ia, with maximally suppressing
      concentrations more than 100-fold higher than the maximally suppressing 5-HT
      concentration. L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), the most potent analog tested, was
      10-fold less potent than 5-HT in suppressing Ia expression. The concentration of
      5-HTP producing the half-maximal effect = 4 X 10(-7) M. 5-HT suppression of IFN
      gamma-induced Ia expression was antagonized by the 5-HT2 type receptor
      antagonists spiperone, ketanserin, and LY53857. Concentrations of these agents
      resulting in 50% inhibition of the serotonin effect were 1.5 X 10(-8) M, 7.5 X
      10(-8) M, and 4.5 X 10(-12) M, respectively. 5-HT was most effective in
      suppressing IFN-gamma-induced Ia when added early in culture simultaneously with
      IFN-gamma. These data provide functional evidence that 5-HT suppression of IFN
      gamma-induced Ia expression is mediated through a 5-HT receptor with some
      characteristics of the 5-HT2 type. 5-HT may play a physiologic role at sites of
      inflammation as a modulator of the effects of IFN-gamma on macrophage function.

PMID- 2423605
TI  - T cell clones specific for IgG2a of the a allotype: direct evidence for
      presentation of endogenous antigen.
AB  - T cell clones specific for IgG2a of the alpha allotype have been isolated from
      C57BL/6J mice. Antigenic determinants recognized by these clones were localized
      by using a panel of hybrid IgG2b-IgG2a myeloma proteins. These experiments
      provide evidence for two distinct antigenic sites, one located in a segment
      encompassing the hinge region and most of the CH2 domain, and the other in a
      segment spanning the CH3 domain and the C-terminal eight residues of the CH2
      domain. As judged by their failure to respond in the presence of B6.C-H-2bm12
      spleen cells, all the clones recognize determinants created, in part, by the I-A
      beta chain. A strong proliferative response was observed in the presence of
      spleen cells from several H-2b strains, including C3H.SW, A.BY, D1.LP, and
      BALB.B. Experiments testing reactivity directed toward spleen cells from
      appropriate allotype-congenic mouse strains demonstrated that this response was
      controlled by Igh-linked genes. These results clearly indicated 1) that Igh-1a
      specific T cell clones are stimulated by endogenously synthesized IgG2a, and 2)
      these T cells recognize shared determinants expressed on IgG2a molecules of
      various strains. These experiments thus provide strong evidence for presentation
      of self antigens under normal physiological conditions.

PMID- 2423606
TI  - Reversible activation of the neutrophil superoxide generating system by
      hexachlorocyclohexane: correlation with effects on a subcellular superoxide
      generating fraction.
AB  - gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane was found to exert profound effects on the
      phosphatidylinositol cycle, cytosolic calcium level, and the respiratory burst of
      human neutrophils. Exposure of neutrophils prelabelled with 32P to 4 X 10(-4) M
      gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane almost tripled radioactivity in phosphatidic acid and
      correspondingly decreased radioactivity in phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate.
      Under similar conditions, gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane evoked the generation of
      superoxide at a rate of over 11 nmol/min/10(6) cells and more than doubled
      cytosolic-free calcium concentration as monitored by Quin-2 fluorescence. Because
      intermediates of the phosphatidylinositol cycle, via increases in available
      calcium levels or activated protein kinase C, are considered potential second
      messengers for activation of the NADPH-dependent O-2-generating system, we
      compared neutrophil responses to gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane with responses to
      phorbol myristate acetate, an activator of protein kinase C with well known
      effects on neutrophils. Like phorbol myristate acetate, gamma
      hexachlorocyclohexane induced neutrophil degranulation but was not an effective
      chemotactic stimulus. The ability of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane to induce a
      pattern of oxidative activation in neutrophil cytoplasts similar to that in
      intact cells indicated that concurrent degranulation was not required for
      sustained O-2 generation in response to this agent. When neutrophils or
      neutrophil cytoplasts exposed to gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane were centrifuged and
      resuspended in stimulus-free medium, O-2 generation ceased entirely but could be
      reinitiated by addition of the same stimulus. This finding was in contrast to the
      continued O-2 production by phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated neutrophils
      similarly washed and resuspended in stimulus-free medium. Unlike subcellular
      fractions of phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated neutrophils, corresponding
      fractions prepared from gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane-stimulated neutrophils
      contained almost no detectable NADPH-dependent O-2-generating activity.
      Subcellular oxidase activity was not recovered when cells and membrane fractions
      were continuously exposed to gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane during disruption and
      fractionation after cell stimulation, nor could it be induced by the addition of
      the stimulus to the subcellular fractions. Thus, the stimulus dependence of
      continuous neutrophil superoxide release evoked by gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane
      does not merely reflect a physical interaction of the agonist with the enzyme
      system involved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2423607
TI  - Immune response to the pre-S(1) region of the hepatitis B surface antigen
      (HBsAg): a pre-S(1)-specific T cell response can bypass nonresponsiveness to the
      pre-S(2) and S regions of HBsAg.
AB  - Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) particles are composed of a major
      polypeptide, p25, and additional polypeptides of higher m.w., namely p33 and p39,
      are variably present. All three polypeptides share the 226 amino acid residues of
      the S region: p33 consists of the p25 sequence plus an NH2-terminal 55 residues
      (pre-S(2], and p39 consists of the p33 sequence plus an NH2-terminal 108-119
      residues (pre-S(1). In previous studies we demonstrated the influence of two Ir
      genes on the humoral and cellular immune responses to the S region and identified
      nonresponder phenotypes (H-2f,s). Subsequent studies showed that the immune
      response to the pre-S(2) region was regulated by H-2-linked genes independently
      of the S region response, such that immunization of S region nonresponder, pre
      (S2) region responder mice (H-2s) with HBsAg/p33 circumvented nonresponse to the
      S region. In the present study, we have extended this analysis to the pre-S(1)
      region of HBsAg, with the following results: 1) and pre-S(1) region is
      immunogenic at the T and B cell levels; 2) anti-pre-S(1) specific antibody
      production is regulated by H-2-linked genes and can be independent of anti-S and
      anti-pre-S(2) antibody production; 3) immunization of H-2f strains with HBsAg/p39
      particles containing the pre-S(1) region can bypass nonresponsiveness to the S
      and pre-S(2) regions in terms of antibody production; 4) two synthetic peptides,
      p32-53 and p94-117, define murine and human antibody binding sites on the pre
      S(1) region, and p1-21 and p12-32 define additional human antibody binding sites;
      5) pre-S(1)-specific T cells can be elicited in S and pre-S(2) region
      nonresponder mice (H-2f) and provide functional T cell help for S-pre-S(2)-, and
      pre-S(1)-specific antibody production; and 6) a T cell recognition site in the
      pre-S(1) region, p12-32 was identified. These results are relevant to HBV vaccine
      development, and possibly to viral clearance mechanisms, since the higher m.w.
      polypeptides are preferentially expressed on intact virions.

PMID- 2423608
TI  - Definition of human cytomegalovirus-specific target antigens recognized by
      cytotoxic T cells generated in vitro by using an autologous lymphocyte system.
AB  - We developed an in vitro system for the generation of human cytomegalovirus (CMV)
      specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) that avoids the necessity of constituting a
      panel of HLA-typed fibroblasts. Autologous donor leucocytes were coated with CMV
      antigens and were used as both stimulator and target cells. With the use of this
      system, CMV-specific effector cells were efficiently generated from seropositive
      but not seronegative donors. These CMV-specific effectors were HLA-restricted and
      had characteristics of T cells. Maximum lymphoproliferation preceded the
      appearance of maximum CTL activity by 3 to 4 days, and a close correlation was
      seen between both activities. Mouse anti-CMV monoclonal antibodies were used in
      blocking experiments in an attempt to define target antigens recognized by CMV
      specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Monoclonal antibodies directed against an early
      CMV membrane antigen, against neutralization epitopes, or against nuclear
      inclusion body protein all specifically inhibited CMV-sensitized effector cell
      activity but did not affect influenza virus-specific lysis. Monoclonal antibodies
      directed against a normal cell determinant or against poliovirus did not affect
      CMV-specific CTL activity. CMV-immune cytotoxic T cells could be consistently and
      specifically inhibited in their lytic activity by pretreating antigen-coated
      target cells with monoclonal antibodies directed against CMV-related proteins.

PMID- 2423609
TI  - Antigen-specific, interleukin 2-propagated T lymphocytes confer resistance to a
      murine malarial parasite, Plasmodium chabaudi adami.
AB  - To explore cell-mediated immune mechanisms in host defense against malaria, we
      utilized a murine model system in which antibody-independent mechanisms of
      immunity are known to play a major role. Splenic T lymphocytes obtained from
      Plasmodium chabaudi adami-immune mice were maintained in vitro by using IL 2
      containing medium and frequent antigenic stimulation. These IL 2-propagated T
      lymphocytes were characterized for their antigen reactivity, surface phenotype,
      and ability to confer protection to P. chabaudi adami in reconstituted mice. IL 2
      dependent T lymphocytes maintained their capacity to proliferate in vitro to
      solubilized parasite preparations of homologous but not heterologous antigens.
      Antigen-specific proliferation was H-2 restricted, requiring antigen-presenting
      cells of the correct haplotype. More importantly, these propagated T lymphocytes
      were effective in adoptively transferring protection to both athymic nude mice
      and sublethally irradiated recipients. The protective response was dose dependent
      and antigen specific, because recipients resisted challenge infection with P.
      chabaudi adami but not with the heterologous parasite Plasmodium yoelii 17X.
      Pretreatment of the IL 2-propagated cells with anti-Thy-1.2 and complement
      abrogated their ability to transfer protection. Collectively, these results
      suggest that T lymphocytes obtained from P. chabaudi adami-immune mice,
      propagated and expanded in vitro, retain antigen specificity and passive
      protective activity in vivo.

PMID- 2423610
TI  - Effect of an inhibitor of DNA methylation on T cells. I. 5-Azacytidine induces T4
      expression on T8+ T cells.
AB  - Maturing thymocytes express a series of cell surface glycoproteins which can be
      identified by monoclonal antibodies. The stage II or common thymocyte expresses
      the phenotype T4+T8+T6+T3-. In response to unknown signals, but presumably
      involving interactions with products of the major histocompatibility complex, the
      thymocyte suppresses either the T8 or T4 gene, becoming committed to the T4+T8-
      or T4-T8+ phenotype. With maturation, the thymocyte also becomes T6-T3+. To study
      whether DNA methylation may be involved in regulating expression of these
      determinants in mature T cells, we treated cloned interleukin 2-dependent T8- and
      T4-bearing T cells with 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), a nucleoside analog which
      inhibits methylation of newly synthesized DNA. In this report, we show that T8+ T
      cells treated with 5-azaC express the phenotype T8+T4+T6-T3+. Treatment of the
      same cells with hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, failed to induce T4
      on T8+ cells. These results suggest that expression of the T4 gene may be
      suppressed by DNA methylation in mature T8+ cells.

PMID- 2423611
TI  - Analysis of a cytostatic lymphokine produced by incubation of lymphocytes with
      tumor cells: relationship to leukoregulin and distinction from recombinant
      lymphotoxin, recombinant tumor necrosis factor, and natural killer cytotoxic
      factor.
AB  - Supernatants from the coculture of peripheral blood lymphocytes and the NK
      susceptible cell line K562 were highly growth inhibitory for a variety of tumor
      cell lines. No correlation was observed between the susceptibility of the target
      cell lines to growth inhibition and to lysis by NK cells. Rather, the spectrum of
      cytostatic activity and the characteristics of the soluble factor were similar to
      those of leukoregulin, a recently described lymphokine. The supernatants of tumor
      lymphocyte cultures contained only low levels of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma, and
      antibodies to interferons did not affect the observed growth inhibition. The
      pattern of target cell susceptibility to growth inhibition by this factor was
      also quite distinct from that seen with purified recombinant LT or TNF.
      Furthermore, monoclonal antibodies to these cytokines also had no effect on the
      cytostasis, arguing against a requirement for, or synergistic interaction with,
      low levels of these cytokines. Some of the targets susceptible to the factor were
      only growth inhibited but not lysed, thereby distinguishing it from NKCF.
      Furthermore, the cytostasis was not inhibited by mannose-6-PO4 or rabbit
      antibodies to granule cytolysin, both of which have been reported to block NKCF.
      Therefore, the results show that a cytostatic factor is released in tumor
      lymphocyte incubation that is quite distinct from interferons, LT, and TNF but
      has characteristics that resemble those of leukoregulin.

PMID- 2423612
TI  - In vitro activation of murine antigen-specific memory B cells by a T-dependent
      antigen.
AB  - A procedure that generates an enriched population (60 to 85%) of memory B cells
      specific for TNP (TNP-MABC) was employed. The activation requirements of TNP-MABC
      for the T-dependent antigen TNP-KLH and carrier-primed helper T (Th) cells were
      compared to those for TNP-binding cells from nonimmune mice (TNP-ABC).
      Proliferation and differentiation of TNP-MABC in response to cognate recognition
      of antigen requires less antigen and fewer carrier-primed Th cells than the
      activation of TNP-ABC. Furthermore, responses of the TNP-MABC were of a greater
      magnitude. Non-cognate activation induces a low level of proliferation of both
      TNP-ABC and TNP-MABC, but induces differentiation of TNP-MABC only. Percoll
      density fractionation of spleen cells prior to enrichment for TNP-MABC suggests
      that the small, dense cell population responds to cognate, but not to non-cognate
      activation. FACS separation of TNP-MABC by surface Ig isotype reveals that
      approximately 80% of the secondary IgG response is derived from cells expressing
      sIgG. Such cells constitute less than 10% of the total number of TNP-MABC.
      Limiting dilution studies with sorted TNP-MABC indicate that sIgG+ TNP-MABC are
      enriched for precursors that give rise to a large clone size. The in vitro
      results indicate the existence of three putative pathways for antigen-specific
      memory B cell activation by a T-dependent antigen: 1) sIgG+ cells differentiating
      into IgG-secreting cells; 2) sIgM+ cells differentiating into IgG-secreting
      cells; and 3) sIgM+ cells differentiating into IgM-secreting cells.

PMID- 2423613
TI  - Establishment of a human B cell line that proliferates in response to B cell
      growth factor.
AB  - A human B cell line which shows a marked dose dependence on B cell growth factor
      (BCGF) when cultured in less than or equal to 2% serum has been established.
      Human B lymphocytes were obtained from peripheral blood of normal donors and
      cultured in the presence of anti-IgM (mu chain specific) and BCGF. Frequent
      refeedings with fresh medium containing BCGF and anti-IgM led to the
      establishment of a long term cultured human B cell line, HAB-40. Phenotyping of
      HAB-40 revealed that the cell population consisted predominantly of IgM-bearing
      (72%) and B1 (100%) positive cells. This B cell line consistently secreted IgM
      and IgG when co-cultured in the presence of PMA, anti-IgM and beta or gamma
      interferon (IFN). Also, it was Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA) positive
      (100%). HAB-40 cells have been successfully maintained in the presence of BCGF
      without anti-IgM for over a year. Removal of BCGF led to the rapid loss of viable
      cells in cultures containing less than 2% serum. HAB-40 cells in microassays
      exhibited a marked dose-dependent incorporation of [3H]thymidine in response to
      BCGF in the absence of any exogenous stimulants such as anti-IgM or
      Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC). Recombinant interleukin 2 (IL-2) failed to
      augment the [3H]thymidine uptake by these B cells despite the low density
      expression of Tac antigen (IL-2 receptor) on their cell surface, or even when the
      cells were stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) to express higher
      density of Tac antigen (48%). HAB-40 cells could be maintained in BCGF which was
      partially purified to deplete it of other contaminating proteins. None of the
      seven well established EBNA-positive human B cell lines nor two chronic B
      lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cell lines that were tested showed BCGF dependence.
      The same BCGF-active chromatographic fractions that were active on HAB-40 cells
      also stimulated BCL1 and normal human B cells stimulated with anti-IgM. In the
      presence of less than or equal to 2% serum proteins this cell line provides a
      simple, reproducible assay for BCGF even in the presence of contaminant IL-2.

PMID- 2423614
TI  - Reversed dot-blotting in hybridoma screening and epitope mapping. A model study
      with human alpha 2-macroglobulin to select complex-specific monoclonal
      antibodies.
AB  - In reversed dot-blotting monoclonal antibodies are immobilized on polyspecific
      anti-Ig antibodies bound to nitrocellulose paper. The paper is then challenged
      with the radiolabeled antigen and processed for autoradiography. We found this
      technique specific and useful in the screening of hybridomas prepared from mice
      immunized with human alpha 2-macroglobulin. Using 125I-labeled alpha 2M and 125I
      labeled alpha 2M-trypsin complexes, antibodies to epitopes expressed only by
      either native alpha 2M or by alpha 2M-trypsin were detected. This procedure
      allowed us to map these epitopes directly in the first screening, thereby saving
      time and materials. The specificities of the selected hybridomas were then easily
      confirmed by rate electrophoresis.

PMID- 2423615
TI  - Antibodies to histamine. Specificity studies and radioimmunological assay.
AB  - Antibodies against conjugated histamine were raised in rabbits. This amine was
      coupled to different protein carriers by a bifunctional agent, hexamethylene
      diisocyanate. The specificity of the antibodies was determined with
      radioimmunological tests in equilibrium dialysis using an iodinated ligand: 125I
      labelled histamine-hexamethylene diisocyanate-glycyl-tyrosine. The latter
      mimicked the antigenic determinant present in immunogens. Competition experiments
      were established between the radiolabelled ligand and conjugated histamine,
      conjugated analogs or unconjugated histamine. Cross-reactivity ratios and
      affinity constants were calculated from displacement curves, thereby allowing the
      antibody site to be characterized. The antibodies were found to be highly
      specific and were used for the assay of histamine in biological samples. For
      this, polystyrene beads coated with purified antiserum were used to establish a
      simple and reproducible test.

PMID- 2423616
TI  - Quantitative measurement of human immunoglobulin E using monoclonal antibodies to
      distinct epitopes.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) which recognize distinct epitopes on human
      immunoglobulin E have been used to develop two-site sandwich radio- and enzyme
      linked immunoassays for the quantitation of human IgE. In the first step, a
      purified anti-IgE MAb coated to polyvinyl or polystyrene microtiter plates
      specifically bound the IgE contained in the samples. In the second step, another
      anti-IgE MAb (either iodinated or conjugated to beta-galactosidase) directed to a
      different antigenic determinant was used to estimate the amount of bound IgE.
      This simple method permitted the determination of IgE concentrations of 10 ng/ml
      and greater in about 3 h. Coefficients of variation on a single day did not
      exceed 7.5% for IgE levels, covering a wide range of the standard curve. The
      values obtained on serum samples showed a good correlation with those obtained
      using the paper radioimmunosorbent test (PRIST).

PMID- 2423617
TI  - A cell-spreading inhibitor exists in serum and in epidermal basal cells.
AB  - A unique monoclonal antibody was obtained by immunizing mice with complement
      inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS). This antibody, named SI-1, stained
      epidermal basal cells of humans, pig, guinea pig, and rat by an indirect
      immunofluorescence technique after pretreatment of cryostat sections with alkali
      buffer (pH 9.6). After dissociating pig epidermal cells by trypsin, the SI-1
      antibody stained exclusively and strongly one type of uniquely shaped cells. They
      were small and hanging-bell or columnar in shape with one convoluted side on the
      base, consisting of less than 2.8% of the dissociated epidermal cell population.
      The antigen contained in FBS was partially purified by affinity chromatography
      using the SI-1 antibody. The affinity-purified antigen inhibited the spreading of
      PAM cells, a spontaneously transformed murine keratinocyte line, in serum-free
      medium in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 10(-5) to 10 ng/ml. The
      antigen also inhibited the spreading of trypsinized pig epidermal cells in the
      range of 10(-2) to 10(3) ng/ml in the presence of 0.05% FBS. Although there have
      been a few reports indicating that serum inhibited both spreading and attachment,
      a specific factor in serum has not been purified before. This is, to our
      knowledge, the first presentation of a cell-spreading inhibitor contained in
      serum.

PMID- 2423618
TI  - Effect of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the morphologic and biochemical
      differentiation of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes grown in serum-free
      conditions.
AB  - The effect of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3] on the
      proliferation and morphologic and biochemical differentiation of cultured human
      epidermal keratinocytes grown under defined, serum-free conditions was studied. 1
      alpha,25-(OH)2-D3 caused a dose-dependent decrease in proliferation and an
      increase in the morphologic differentiation of human cultured keratinocytes. The
      number of attached basal cells decreased when exposed to 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3,
      whereas the number of attached squamous cells, terminally differentiated
      desquamated cells, and cornified cells increased concurrently. In addition, after
      incubation with 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3, there was a shift to cells of lighter
      density. In conjunction with its effect on the basal cells, 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3
      resulted in an inhibition of DNA synthesis. The activity of transglutaminase, the
      enzyme responsible for cross-linking the proteins of the cornified envelope, was
      stimulated by 156% with 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3, but not with 1 beta,25-(OH)2-D3, a
      biologically inert isomer. Therefore it appears that 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3 is a
      potent inhibitor of keratinocyte proliferation as well as a stimulator of
      epidermal terminal differentiation.

PMID- 2423619
TI  - Serum zinc levels during oral glucocorticoid therapy.
AB  - The course of serum zinc (S-Zn), plasma albumin (P-Alb), urinary zinc, serum
      alkaline phosphatase, and plasma alpha 2-macroglobulin levels was monitored in 14
      adult hospitalized patients receiving oral glucocorticoid therapy, about 40-50 mg
      prednisone daily for various skin diseases. Within 3 days S-Zn decreased slightly
      from 12.6 +/- 2.3 mumol/liter (mean +/- SEM) to 11.1 +/- 2.5 mumol/liter. Then
      the level rose to about 14-15 mumol/liter and remained elevated, but within the
      normal range for the next 2 weeks. The P-Alb level showed parallel fluctuations
      although less pronounced. The S-Zn/P-Alb ratio increased from 0.024-0.029. No
      consistent patterns could be seen in the fluctuations occurring in the additional
      parameters studied. The possible role of ACTH on the S-Zn regulation is
      discussed.

PMID- 2423620
TI  - Periodic acid-ethanol gelatin methenamine silver stain for demonstrating M.
      leprae and myelin in peripheral nerve fibers of leprosy patients.
AB  - We have introduced the periodic acid-ethanol gelatin methenamine silver stain for
      the simultaneous demonstration of Mycobacterium leprae and myelin in the
      peripheral nerves of leprosy patients.

PMID- 2423621
TI  - Dietary carbohydrate level determines the effect of long-term ethanol ingestion
      on rat pancreatic amylase content.
AB  - We studied the effects of long-term ethanol feeding on pancreatic amylase content
      in the rat. Because the level of pancreatic amylase depends on the carbohydrate
      content in the diet, the effects of ethanol ingestion were investigated at
      different levels of dietary carbohydrate, with fat providing the balance of
      calories. Animals were maintained on these diets for 3 weeks. In control animals,
      a reduction in carbohydrate from 47% to 11% of total calories lowered pancreatic
      amylase content by 60% (from 76.1 +/- 7 U/mg protein to 30.6 U/mg protein).
      However, in rats that consumed 11% of total calories as carbohydrate, long-term
      ethanol ingestion (36% of total calories) lowered the amylase content by a
      further 60% (from 30.6 U/mg protein to 11.8 U/mg protein). By contrast, when the
      dietary carbohydrate level was maintained at a high (40%) level, long-term
      ethanol ingestion slightly increased pancreatic amylase content. Pancreatic
      lipase was not affected by long-term ethanol ingestion at either low (6%) or high
      (35%) levels of fat. The reduction in the level of amylase caused by ethanol
      feeding with a low dietary carbohydrate intake was not associated with changes in
      the fasting blood levels of glucose, insulin, or glucagon. Long-term ethanol
      ingestion did not lead to morphologic changes in the acini or in the size, shape,
      or number of granules, as observed by light and electron microscopy. These
      results suggest that long-term ethanol ingestion has differential effects on
      pancreatic amylase, depending on the level of carbohydrate in the diet.

PMID- 2423622
TI  - Action psychology: learning as the interiorization of action in early instruction
      of mathematically disabled learners.

PMID- 2423623
TI  - The relationship between intracellular cyclic AMP concentrations and the in vitro
      growth of macrophages.
AB  - The addition of cholera toxin, prostaglandins, or one of a series of xanthine
      phosphodiesterase inhibitors to bone marrow-derived macrophages maintained in
      liquid culture caused a dose-dependent decrease in colony formation measured 7-10
      days following seeding. The growth inhibitory effects of xanthines were in the
      same order of potency (caffeine less than theophylline less than
      isobutylmethylxanthine) as their reported ability to inhibit cyclic AMP
      phosphodiesterase. The relationship between the magnitude of the increases in
      intracellular concentrations of cyclic AMP observed following the addition of the
      drugs and the degree of growth inhibition was complex. Combinations of cholera
      toxin and phosphodiesterase inhibitors caused synergistic elevations in cyclic
      AMP levels after a lag of approximately 3 days. However, the growth rate was
      decreased immediately following the addition of the combination of drugs, and
      thus seemed to be independent of the nucleotide levels. A cyclic AMP-resistant
      variant of a cloned nontransformed macrophage cell line was found to be also
      resistant to the growth inhibitory actions of both cholera toxin and
      prostaglandins. However, resistance to the inhibitory effects of cyclic AMP did
      not render the cells resistant to a xanthine-induced growth inhibition.

PMID- 2423624
TI  - Heterogeneity in chronic granulomatous disease detected with an improved
      nitroblue tetrazolium slide test.
AB  - The microscopic nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) slide test, used to score the ability
      of individual phagocytic leukocytes to produce superoxide, was improved according
      to the following procedure. Purified granulocyte suspensions are incubated with
      NBT and fixed in suspension, thereafter centrifuged on microscope slides and
      stained with nuclear fast red. This method precludes stimulation and selection of
      cells by adherence and washing. The number of formazan grains per cell can be
      judged in a semiquantitative way. In parallel incubations, the cells are stained
      with May-Grunwald/Giemsa, allowing identification of formazan-positive and 
      negative cells. The test discriminates well between cells from normal
      individuals, cells from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), and
      cells from heterozygotes for the X-linked form of CGD. Several patients and
      heterozygotes with an autosomal or variant form of CGD were detected with
      decreased NBT-reducing activity in their neutrophils and/or eosinophils. The
      relation between NBT-reductase activity of the phagocytes and the clinical
      situation is discussed.

PMID- 2423625
TI  - Limitations of premature ventricular complex morphology in the diagnosis of
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - To determine the diagnostic value of Q-waves (greater than or equal to 0.04
      seconds duration) in premature ventricular complexes (PVC's) for the presence of
      myocardial scar, we examined 12-lead electrocardiograms and multiple lead rhythm
      strips obtained before and after exercise at the time of thallium-201 myocardial
      imaging in 970 patients. PVC's were found in 233 patients, 112 of whom had fixed
      thallium-201 perfusion defects indicative of myocardial scar. PVC's occurring
      during exercise were excluded from the analysis. Twenty-one patients had Q-wave
      PVC's in one or more electrocardiographic leads. Of those, 14 patients (67%) had
      myocardial scar in the suggested location. Myocardial scar was more common among
      patients with Q-wave PVC's than in patients without (67% vs. 36%, p less than
      0.01). However, only 6 of 13 patients (46%) with Q-wave PVC's but no diagnostic
      sinus beats actually had myocardial scar. The remaining seven patients had Q-wave
      PVC's, no myocardial scar, and no evidence of myocardial ischemia suggested by
      angina during exercise, exercise electrocardiogram or thallium-201 imaging. We
      conclude that although Q-wave PVC's indicate the presence of myocardial scar in
      67% of patients, they yield little or no additional diagnostic information to
      that obtained from the sinus beats

PMID- 2423626
TI  - Sinus node pacemaker shift: a phenomenon induced by premature atrial stimulation
      in man?
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate whether premature atrial stimulation is
      able to induce a shifting of the sinus node pacemaker. For this purpose we
      compared, in 18 patients, the curve of sinus node function obtained with Strauss'
      method with that resulting from the scanning, with premature atrial stimulation,
      of the first returning cycle following a single premature induced atrial beat. We
      found that the length of the compensatory phase (zone I) evaluated on the curve
      resulting from the scanning of the first returning cycle following the single
      premature induced atrial beat was shorter (15%) than that observed with the
      original Strauss method. In addition, an inverse relationship between the
      shortening of the compensatory zone and the estimated sinoatrial conduction time
      was observed. This result could be accounted for by one of the following
      explanations: 1) a change in the sinoatrial conduction or in the sinus pacemaker
      automaticity; 2) sinus node reentry; 3) sinus node pacemaker shift. Even if there
      is no direct evidence either to prove or to exclude one or more of these
      explanations, sinus node pacemaker shift seems to be the most convincing
      explanation.

PMID- 2423627
TI  - Cardiac cell action potential duration is dependent upon induced changes in free
      Ca2+ activity during pH changes in vitro.
AB  - We examined how changes in solution pH alter myocardial cell action potentials
      (AP) with and without changes in free [Ca2+] caused by pH induced effects on
      calcium binding. Guinea pig ventricular tissue was isolated, superfused either
      with Krebs-Ringer (K-R) bicarbonate, phosphate buffered solution, or with Hepes
      buffered solution, and electrically paced during control (5% CO2 in O2), acidic
      (12% CO2), and alkalotic (0% CO2) conditions. Action potentials were recorded
      with intracellular microelectrodes. Extracellular free [Ca2+] was measured with a
      calcium ion selective electrode and total soluble calcium was measured by
      ultrafiltration and spectrophotometry. With a total [CaCl2] of 2.5 mM in the K-R
      solution, we found a free [Ca2+] of 2.14 mM at pH 7.44 (control), 2.48 mM at pH
      6.97 and 1.60 mM at pH 8.19; total soluble calcium concentration was 2.00 mM at
      pH 8.19. In the Hepes solution, free [Ca2+] was only slightly altered (2.42 to
      2.55 mM) within this pH range. Equivalent acidosis of either K-R or Hepes
      suffusate significantly, and similarly, prolonged the AP and its refractory
      period. Alkalosis of the Hepes suffusate shortened the AP; but equivalent
      alkalosis of the K-R suffusate prolonged the AP as did a reduction of [CaCl2] in
      Hepes suffusate from 3.0 to 1.5 mM at pH 7.43. Our study demonstrates that a
      paradoxical increase in APD occurs because free Ca2+ ion activity falls in K-R
      solution and overrides the effect of alkalosis alone to decrease APD.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423628
TI  - The role of phospholipase in the genesis of reperfusion arrhythmia.
AB  - To clarify the mechanism of reperfusion arrhythmia, the following experiments
      were performed. In vivo study: Using anesthetized mongrel dogs, the left anterior
      descending coronary artery was occluded for 15 min and the ligation was released.
      The dogs were divided into two groups depending on whether the pretreatment was
      with saline or coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), 15 mg/kg, before the ligation, i.e., the
      control and the CoQ10 groups. Each group was further divided into two subgroups
      depending on the presence or the absence of reperfusion arrhythmia. Reperfusion
      arrhythmia was observed in 12 out of 38 dogs in the control, whereas in the CoQ10
      group none developed arrhythmia. Nine species of free fatty acids (FFA) were
      detected in the plasma membrane in each group. In the dogs in the control group
      with arrhythmia, all species of detected FFA increased, and phospholipid content
      in plasma membrane decreased. These changes were not observed in the dogs without
      arrhythmia in both the control and the CoQ10 groups. In vitro study: Incubation
      of myocardial plasma membrane with phospholipase (PLase) A2 increased only
      unsaturated FFA, while PLase C increased all detected FFA. Premedication with
      CoQ10 prevented the increase in FFA caused by PLases. Perfusion with PLase A2 or
      C altered membrane action potential. Premedication with CoQ10 also prevented
      changes in membrane action potential. PLase liberates fatty acids from
      phospholipids, and CoQ10 is known to protect the membrane phospholipids from the
      attack of PLase. These facts and results suggest that activation of PLase
      associated with coronary reperfusion is closely related to the development of
      reperfusion arrhythmia.

PMID- 2423629
TI  - Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia initiated by a swallowing-induced
      premature atrial beat.
AB  - We report a unique patient in whom electrophysiologic studies elucidated the
      mechanism of a rare form of swallowing-induced atrioventricular reentrant
      tachycardia, and for whom successful surgical ablation of an accessory pathway
      abolished intractable episodes of palpitation. A 64-year-old man was
      incapacitated by frequent attacks of palpitation following swallowing.
      Electrocardiograms documented paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias initiated
      by a premature atrial beat or beats following swallowing. During
      electrophysiologic studies swallowing consistently induced premature atrial beats
      which in turn initiated a sustained atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia
      incorporating a retrogradely conducting left-sided concealed accessory pathway.
      The atrial activation sequence related to the premature atrial beats and the
      morphology of the premature P waves suggested that premature atrial beats
      originated in the right atrium. The mechanism of induction of premature atrial
      beats following swallowing remains obscure in our patient. Antiarrythmic drugs
      failed to prevent induction of sustained tachycardias during sequential
      electrophysiologic studies. The patient underwent successful surgical ablation of
      the accessory pathway and is free from palpitation 15 months after the surgery.

PMID- 2423630
TI  - Single channel recordings of potassium currents in an insulin-secreting cell
      line.
AB  - Using the patch-clamp technique we observed three distinct classes of K+ channels
      which were spontaneously active in excised 'inside-out' membrane patches from an
      insulin-secreting rat pancreatic islet cell line (CRI-G1). Two of these occurred
      infrequently, one with a conductance of approximately 7 pS, and the other a
      conductance of 220 pS. The activation of the 220 pS K+ channel was dependent upon
      the membrane voltage and was sensitive to the concentration of calcium ions at
      the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. The third, and by far the most common
      class of K+ channel, was characterized by its sensitivity to ATP. Application of
      ATP to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane reversibly inhibited this K+ channel
      in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect when applied to the external side.
      The properties of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel appear to be indistinguishable
      from those of a channel found in rat neonatal beta cells. Thus this insulin
      secreting cell line should prove valuable in the investigation of the role of K+
      channels in the regulation of insulin secretion.

PMID- 2423631
TI  - Extensive diversity in the recognition of influenza virus hemagglutinin by murine
      T helper clones.
AB  - A panel of H-2k class II-restricted Th clones were established from individual
      CBA mice primed by infection with X31 influenza virus. 27 clones, which showed
      specific recognition of the HA surface glycoprotein, were all H3N2 subtype
      specific, in contrast to a T cell line which was crossreactive and which may have
      other specificities. 20 distinct HA-specific clones recognized a tryptic cleavage
      fragment of X31 consisting of residue 28-328 of HA1 (tops) which includes all the
      Ab-combining regions of the HA molecule. Seven other HA-specific clones failed to
      respond to either tops or to aggregate (the remainder of the virus after tryptic
      cleavage of tops). The specificity of these clones has been mapped, tentatively,
      to a conformational determinant in the interface antibody-binding region of the
      HA trimer. Analysis of the fine specificity of the HA-specific clones against a
      panel of H3N2 natural variant viruses isolated from major virus epidemics from
      1968 to 1984 revealed a hitherto unrecognized diversity in T cell recognition of
      a HA. A total of 12 specificity groupings were evident, and varied from groups of
      clones that recognized all natural variants to one clone that responded only to
      isolates from 1968 to 1972. Six out of eight clones from a major specificity
      group, which failed to recognize variants TX/77, BK/79, or CN/84, responded to
      two overlapping peptides (48-68 and 53-87), corresponding to a region of HA1 that
      includes part of two antibody combining sites. An examination of the amino acid
      sequences of natural variant viruses from this region of HA revealed that
      residues Asn53 and Asn54 and/or Ile62 were critical for recognition by these
      clones. We conclude that recognition of HA by Th cells is not restricted to a
      limited number of epitopes in the conserved regions of the molecule, but is
      extremely diverse and includes specificities that map to variable antibody
      combining regions of the molecule. In addition, the sensitivity of the T cell
      clones to the amino acid substitutions occurring in HA1 of natural variant
      viruses suggests that Th may play a role in the immune pressure for antigenic
      variation in the HA molecule.

PMID- 2423632
TI  - Neopterin as tumour marker serum and urinary neopterin concentrations in
      malignant diseases.
AB  - Serum and urinary neopterin concentrations were measured in 142 patients
      suffering from various malignant diseases. Increased serum and urinary neopterin
      levels were found in 48% and 55% of patients respectively. Neopterin showed
      sufficient sensitivity in the detection of haematological disorders and
      hypernephroma, whereas the sensitivity of neopterin was rather poor in patients
      with other solid tumours. Comparison of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human
      chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) concentrations and serum or urinary neopterin levels
      in testicular cancer patients showed that determination of neopterin provides no
      further information in the management of these patients. In testicular cancer
      patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, a significant increase in serum (p less
      than 0.005) and urinary (p less than 0.0005) neopterin concentrations was
      measured after chemotherapy, reflecting the release of neopterin from macrophages
      during the damage by cytotoxic drugs. In the adjuvant testicular tumour patients,
      known to be tumour free, 1 out of 16 patients showed elevated serum and 3 out of
      15 patients showed false positive urinary neopterin levels. False positive serum
      (24%) and urinary (37%) neopterin values were also obtained in 28 patients with
      various nonmalignant diseases, but no evidence for an inflammatory process. In 23
      patients with inflammatory diseases pathological serum and urinary neopterin
      levels were measured in 55% and 59% respectively. When a RIA was compared with a
      HPLC method, higher urinary neopterin values were obtained with the RIA,
      indicating that non-oxidized pterines are also determined by the RIA method. In
      conclusion, neopterin might be a helpful biological marker in monitoring patients
      with malignant haematological disorders and renal cell carcinoma, but provides no
      additional information in other solid tumours studied.

PMID- 2423634
TI  - Amylase levels in semen and saliva stains.
AB  - Amylase levels were determined for 148 semen samples and 20 saliva samples as
      well as for their corresponding stains. The effect of aging on the detectability
      of amylase activity in these stains was also investigated. The Phadebas amylase
      test was used for the quantitative assay of amylase. High levels of amylase in
      fluid saliva resulted in high levels being detected in saliva stains. Lower
      levels present in most seminal fluids produce little or no detectable amounts of
      amylase in stains. Interpretations are made as to the possible sources of amylase
      activity found in stains from laboratory casework based on both the amylase
      concentration and the elapsed time between collection and analysis. The
      evidential value of the presence or absence of amylase activity in casework
      stains is also discussed.

PMID- 2423633
TI  - Cyclic AMP stimulation of Cl- secretion by the opercular epithelium: the apical
      membrane chloride conductance.
AB  - Chloride secretion (Isc) by the opercular epithelium of the teleost, Fundulus
      heteroclitus, is stimulated by elevations in intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP)
      elicited by beta-adrenergic agonists, such as isoproterenol, and is accompanied
      by a small but significant increase in the transepithelial conductance (Gt).
      Cupric ions (Cu2+) have been shown to block the apical membrane Cl- channels in
      this epithelium, leading to a reduction in both the Isc and Gt (Degnan, '85). In
      the present studies, the effects of Cu2+ on cAMP-elevated and cAMP-depleted
      epithelia were observed to define the actions of cAMP in this stimulatory
      process. At a concentration of 5 X 10(-4) M in the mucosal solution, Cu2+
      inhibited the Isc 79.8% and reduced the Gt 39.2%. Isoproterenol produced an
      attenuated stimulation of the Isc in these tissues compared to untreated
      controls, but had no effect on the Gt. In tissues bathed bilaterally with Cl- 
      free Ringer, the Isc was virtually abolished and the Gt was reduced 37.0%;
      neither Cu2+ nor isoproterenol had any effects on the Isc or Gt under this
      condition. Simultaneous 2 2Na and 3 6 Cl unidirectional flux determinations
      indicated that the only effects of both isoproterenol and Cu2+ were on the active
      Cl- secretory flux. An inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, 2',5' dideoxyadenosine
      (DDA), reduced the Isc and Gt 39.8% and 20.8% respectively. This inhibitor had no
      additional effects in Cu2+ -treated tissues and the action of Cu2+ on the Gt was
      reduced in DDA-treated tissues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423635
TI  - Tolerance to bromodeoxyuridine in a thymidine-requiring strain of Bacillus
      subtilis.
AB  - Mutations which allow tolerance to 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR) in a thymidine
      (TdR)-requiring strain of Bacillus subtilis have been examined. Differences in
      sensitivity to BUdR existed between isogenic strains harbouring the mutations.
      Those mutations originally isolated as BUdR-tolerant also bestowed tolerance to 5
      bromouracil and vice versa. The strain exhibiting the greatest tolerance to BUdR
      maintained a normal rate of replication in the presence of BUdR whereas the
      parent strain did not, but the tolerant strain incorporated less analogue into
      DNA than the parent strain. The basis of the tolerance mutation appeared to lie
      at the point of uptake of the analogue into the cell as the tolerant mutant
      preferentially took up TdR over BUdR into whole cells. DNA polymerase activity
      measured in vitro did not distinguish between TdR and BUdR in either the parent
      or the mutant strain and although TdR kinase activity showed a preference for TdR
      over BUdR as a substrate, the extent of discrimination was similar in both
      strains.

PMID- 2423636
TI  - An analysis of the biological properties of monoclonal antibodies against
      glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus and identification of amino acid
      substitutions that confer resistance to neutralization.
AB  - Four monoclonal antibodies to glycoprotein D (gD) of herpes simplex virus (HSV)
      types 1 and 2 neutralized virus in the presence of complement but exhibited
      diverse activities in its absence. Amino acid substitutions that conferred
      resistance to neutralization by each antibody were identified by deriving the
      nucleotide sequence of the gD gene from resistant mutants. Each antibody selected
      a substitution from different parts of the molecule and mutants resistant to a
      single antibody always arose from the same mutation. One of the antibodies
      reacted with a synthetic oligopeptide corresponding to the region of the molecule
      in which amino acid substitution conferred resistance, but the remaining three
      antibodies failed to react with predicted oligopeptide targets. These antibodies
      may therefore react with 'discontinuous' epitopes, a view supported by the
      observation that two of these three antibodies competed with each other in
      binding assays despite the fact that substitutions conferring resistance to
      neutralization arose nearly 100 residues apart in the primary sequence. The four
      antibodies had very different biological properties. One antibody neutralized
      infectivity but did not inhibit cell fusion, one antibody inhibited cell fusion
      but did not neutralize, while a third antibody had both activities. One antibody
      had neither activity but enhanced the infectivity of HSV-2 in a type-specific
      manner. The ability of antibodies to inhibit cell fusion by syncytial virus
      strains correlated with an ability to prevent plaque enlargement by a non
      syncytial virus strain, implying a role for gD in the intercellular spread of
      virus that is independent of the syncytial phenotype. We found no correlation
      between neutralizing activity and anti-fusion activity suggesting that, while gD
      is involved in cell fusion, it has at least one other function which is required
      for infectivity.

PMID- 2423637
TI  - The purification and characterization of rat gamma interferon by use of two
      monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Two mouse monoclonal antibodies, designated DB-1 and DB-2, were isolated and used
      for the purification and characterization of recombinant rat interferon gamma
      (rRIF-gamma) derived from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The two antibodies
      belong to different classes (DB-1 is an IgG1 and DB-2 an IgA) and display similar
      epitope specificities as shown in competition binding experiments. Both
      antibodies, raised against rRIF-gamma, exhibited high affinity for rat and mouse
      gamma interferon and efficiently neutralized the antiviral activity of both
      animal interferon species. Affinity chromatography analysis showed that a column
      with immobilized DB-1 was capable of complete binding of rat and mouse gamma
      interferon, both natural and recombinant DNA-derived. As visualized by SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis, the purified rRIF
      gamma preparation consisted of at least seven molecular forms with Mr values
      ranging between 14 000 and 25 000, with a relative abundance of a 18 000 Mr
      protein. Gel permeation chromatography of crude rRIF-gamma gave coincident peaks
      of rRIF-gamma proteins (all different forms) and interferon activity
      corresponding to a Mr value of 45 000. The results suggest that the molecular
      heterogeneity was due to differential glycosylation and was not the consequence
      of a proteolytic degradation process.

PMID- 2423638
TI  - Anomalous behaviour of Newcastle disease virus haemagglutinin-neuraminidase
      protein in Western blotting analysis of monoclonal antibody binding sites.
AB  - Previous studies with a particular monoclonal antibody (MAb 445) raised against
      the Ulster strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have shown that this MAb
      immunoprecipitates only the 74,000 mol. wt. (74K) haemagglutinin-neuraminidase
      protein (HN) of both Ulster and Beaudette C strains of NDV. Using the technique
      of Western blotting, it is shown that under certain denaturing conditions virion
      proteins comigrating in SDS-polyacrylamide gels with the faster migrating 67K
      fusion protein and 53K nucleocapsid/nucleocapsid-associated protein, as well as
      the 74K HN, all reacted strongly with MAb 445 and with MAb 14 which is also
      directed against the HN protein. Analysis of this anomalous behaviour using SDS
      polyacrylamide diagonal gel electrophoresis has led to the unexpected conclusion
      that the 74K HN can electrophorese as three immunoreactive species of apparent
      mol. wt. 74K, 67K and 53K. If the Western blotting technique is to be applied to
      proteins which have not been sufficiently denatured (in an attempt to preserve
      epitope integrity) it is important to establish that no additional proteins
      remain associated with the protein bands that react with the MAb.

PMID- 2423639
TI  - Enhancement by carprofen or indomethacin of interferon induction by 10
      carboxymethyl-9-acridanone in murine cell cultures.
AB  - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as carprofen or indomethacin enhanced
      interferon (IFN) production induced by suboptimal concentrations of 10
      carboxymethyl-9-acridanone (CMA) in murine cell cultures. This effect was
      observed in fibroblasts and in different populations of leukocytes as in
      peritoneal exudate and spleen cells, and was most pronounced in bone marrow
      derived macrophages. Carprofen was the most effective compound causing an up to
      500-fold increase of CMA-induced IFN production in pure bone marrow-derived
      macrophages. In these macrophage cultures the potentiating effect on CMA-induced
      IFN production by carprofen and indomethacin did not depend on inhibition of
      cyclooxygenase.

PMID- 2423641
TI  - Detection of cytomegalovirus by ELISA in urine samples is inhibited by beta 2
      microglobulin.
AB  - During development of an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of cytomegalovirus
      (CMV) we previously discovered that virus found naturally in urine specimens
      could not be captured onto the solid phase by CMV-specific monoclonal antibodies,
      whereas these same antibodies could capture CMV from cell culture supernatants.
      We now report that urine from normal CMV-seronegative individuals contains a
      substance of molecular weight 11-12,000 daltons that inhibits the ELISA detection
      of cell culture-grown CMV. The addition of a known urinary protein of this
      molecular weight, beta 2 microglobulin (beta 2m; 11,700 daltons), inhibited the
      detection of cell culture-grown CMV in the ELISA over the concentration range
      found in clinical urine samples. In contrast, another low molecular weight
      urinary protein, lysozyme, had no inhibitory effect. beta 2m caused inhibition
      only when added to the virus preparation and not to the antibody-capture stage.
      We conclude that beta 2m in urine prevents the detection of CMV by ELISA by
      binding to the virus and masking its antigenic determinants and we calculate that
      of the order of 10(5) molecules of beta 2m bind to each particle of cell culture
      grown CMV. We postulate that CMV in fresh urine specimens is similarly coated
      with beta 2m, accounting for the failure to detect it by ELISA.

PMID- 2423640
TI  - Antigenic mapping of an avian H1 influenza virus haemagglutinin and
      interrelationships of H1 viruses from humans, pigs and birds.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies to the haemagglutinin (HA) of the avian H1 influenza virus
      A/duck/Alberta/35/76 were used to construct an operational antigenic map of the
      HA molecule and to study the interrelationships of H1 viruses from different
      hosts. Haemagglutination inhibition tests between the monoclonal antibodies and
      variants selected by them provided evidence of four antigenic regions which
      overlap to varying degrees. Avian H1 influenza viruses displayed a spectrum of
      reactivities to the monoclonal antibody panel. Representatives of the epidemic
      strains of human H1 influenza viruses and early swine influenza viruses showed
      little or no reactivity with the monoclonal antibodies but swine influenza-like
      viruses isolated from pigs and humans in the last decade reacted with 11 of 17
      antibodies. The antigenic similarity of these viruses to many avian isolates
      suggests that there has been a transfer of HA genetic information between
      mammalian and avian H1 influenza viruses.

PMID- 2423642
TI  - ECG of the month. Atrial premature impulses.

PMID- 2423643
TI  - Peripheral and central short-term effects of fusaric acid, a DBH inhibitor, on
      tryptophan and serotonin metabolism in the rat.
AB  - Fusaric acid (FA) administration to the rats promoted one hour later a large
      decrease in plasma total tryptophan (TRP), without affecting either plasma free
      TRP or lipolysis, as measured by plasma non esterified fatty acid concentration.
      The previous change was associated with hypoinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and
      increased plasma corticosterone level. Regression analysis revealed a significant
      correlation between brain TRP and the percentage of plasma TRP which was free
      (i.e. unbound to albumin), both increased by FA injection. The increase in brain
      TRP promoted an increased brain serotonin synthesis, as measured by the enhanced
      brain and CSF 5-HIAA levels. Valine pretreatment, which blocks TRP entry into the
      brain, completely prevented FA-induced brain TRP and brain 5-HIAA increases.
      These results suggest that the increased brain serotonergic turnover following FA
      treatment was due to a peripheral action of the drug upon TRP disposition. The
      latter effect may be caused (i) by in vivo peripheral alterations in
      catecholaminergic metabolism and (ii) by FA chemical structure since in vitro
      experiments revealed that FA was able to displace TRP binding to albumin, thus
      increasing the plasma free TRP pool.

PMID- 2423644
TI  - Production of monoclonal antibody to 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase
      from bovine cerebral white matter.
AB  - Lewis rats were immunized with partially purified 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'
      phosphodiesterase (CNPase) from bovine cerebral white matter and the spleen cells
      were fused with cell of a mouse myeloma cell line (SP-2). The production of
      monoclonal antibody was detected by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay,
      immunohistochemical staining of bovine cerebrum, Western blotting analysis, and
      CNPase binding assay. Monoclonal antibody that specifically binds CNPase
      molecules was obtained. However, the antibody did not suppress the enzyme
      activity. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that the monoclonal antibody
      binds both CNa (Wla) and CNb (Wlb). The monoclonal antibody was identified as
      being of the IgG2c subclass. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that the
      myelin sheath in the CNS was heavily stained with the monoclonal antibody in
      several species (bovine, mouse, rat, and human). In contrast, peripheral nervous
      system myelin was not stained even in bovine tissue. These results suggest that
      the monoclonal antibody obtained in the present study specifically recognizes the
      CNPase molecules in the CNS.

PMID- 2423645
TI  - Exogenous tryptophan increases synthesis, storage, and intraneuronal metabolism
      of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the rat hypothalamus.
AB  - The effects of tryptophan administration on neurochemical estimates of synthesis
      [5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) accumulation following administration of a
      decarboxylase inhibitor], storage [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentrations],
      and metabolism [5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations] of 5-HT in
      selected regions of the hypothalamus were determined using HPLC coupled to an
      electrochemical detector. Tryptophan methyl ester HCl (30-300 mg/kg i.p.)
      produced a dose-dependent increase in the rate of 5-HTP accumulation throughout
      the hypothalamus but had no effect on the rate of accumulation of 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylalanine. Peak 5-HTP levels were attained by 30 min following
      administration of tryptophan (100 mg/kg i.p.) and were maintained for an
      additional 60 min. Tryptophan also produced concomitant dose-dependent increases
      in 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations in these same regions without changes in the 5
      HIAA/5-HT ratio. These results indicate that exogenous tryptophan administration
      selectively increases the synthesis, storage, and metabolism of 5-HT in the
      hypothalamus without altering the synthesis of catecholamines. Inhibition of 5-HT
      uptake with chlorimipramine or fluoxetine produced modest (10-40%) reductions in
      5-HIAA concentrations throughout the hypothalamus, revealing that only a minor
      portion of 5-HIAA is derived from released and recaptured 5-HT, whereas the major
      portion of this metabolite reflects intraneuronal metabolism of unreleased 5-HT.
      In both chlorimipramine- and fluoxetine-treated rats, 5-HIAA concentrations were
      significantly increased by tryptophan administration, indicating that the
      increase in synthesis of 5-HT following precursor loading is accompanied by an
      increase in the intraneuronal metabolism of 5-HT.

PMID- 2423646
TI  - Jimpy mice: quantitation of myelin-associated glycoprotein and other proteins.
AB  - Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'
      phosphodiesterase (CNPase) activity, myelin basic protein (BP), and proteolipid
      protein (PLP) were quantitated in the brains of 20-day-old Jimpy and control
      mice. The levels of MAG, CNPase, and BP in Jimpy brains were 5.3%, 9.7%, and 1.9%
      of those in control brains, respectively. Immunoblotting analysis did not reveal
      an increased apparent Mr for MAG in the Jimpy mouse, as has been observed in some
      other hypomyelinating murine mutants. PLP was reduced more than the other
      proteins, as it was not detected by an immunoblotting technique that was capable
      of detecting 0.5% of the control level.

PMID- 2423647
TI  - Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a nonhistone protein and a possible
      activator of transcription in neurons.
AB  - A single-stranded DNA-binding protein of Mr 35,000 (35K protein) was isolated
      from calf cerebral cortex by affinity chromatography on immobilized double
      stranded and single-stranded DNA. Its localization in the nuclear compartment was
      demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Previous studies had uncovered a homologous
      nonhistone chromosomal protein in the nuclei of rat cerebral cortex neurons,
      cerebellar neurons, oligodendrocytes, and liver cells. The rat protein
      accumulated in the nuclear compartment of neurons in exact temporal coincidence
      with the arrest of cell division and the initiation of terminal differentiation.
      Therefore, in the present work, the 35K protein was tested for an activating role
      in RNA transcription. During the course of this study we became aware that the
      35K protein was identical to a glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
      dehydrogenase (GAPDH, EC 1.2.1.12). When authentic GAPDH from rabbit skeletal
      muscle was injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes, it greatly stimulated RNA
      polymerase II transcription, whereas the 35K protein from calf brain did not.
      This apparent discrepancy was partially resolved by the finding that rabbit
      muscle GAPDH could be fractionated into two components by affinity chromatography
      on single-stranded DNA cellulose. Only 5% of the applied protein was retained on
      the column and could be eluted with a shallow salt gradient identical to the one
      used for the isolation of the 35K protein. This single-stranded DNA-binding
      component of rabbit muscle GAPDH did not stimulate transcription. Apparently, the
      35K protein from calf brain corresponded to this single-stranded DNA-binding
      subfraction, which explained its failure to activate transcription.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423648
TI  - Word deafness: one hundred years later.
AB  - Since its original description the diagnosis of word deafness has been greatly
      expanded. Confusion has arisen with regard to the usage of the related terms pure
      word deafness, auditory agnosia, and cortical deafness. Three new cases of word
      deafness are presented including one case with CT and necropsy correlation. These
      cases are compared with 34 previously reported cases of various cortical auditory
      disorders. Our review establishes that patients with word deafness who have had
      formal testing of linguistic and non-linguistic sound comprehension and musical
      abilities always demonstrated a more pervasive auditory agnosia. Despite the
      spectrum of auditory deficits and associated language abnormalities, patients
      with word deafness share common features including aetiology, pathology, clinical
      presentation and course. These common features justify inclusion of heterogeneous
      cortical auditory disorders under the rubric of word deafness. Despite some
      limitations the term "word deafness" should be retained for this syndrome, since
      inability to comprehend spoken words is the most distinctive clinical deficit.
      Word deafness is most frequently caused by cerebrovascular accidents of presumed
      cardiac embolisation, with bitemporal cortico-subcortical lesions. The sequence
      of cerebral injury is not predictive of resulting auditory deficits. Impairment
      of musical abilities parallels the severity of the auditory disorder.

PMID- 2423649
TI  - Chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Transient presence
      in blood of lymphocytes sensitised to encephalitogen at onset of inflammatory
      relapses.
AB  - Juvenile guinea pigs were immunised with homologous spinal cord and monitored
      daily over a 6-month period for neurological signs of chronic relapsing
      experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CREAE). At various times animals were
      killed, numbers of leucocytes in their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) quantified, and
      in vitro proliferative responses of blood lymphocytes to myelin basic protein
      (MBP) and its encephalitogenic nonapeptide (NP) determined. After recovering from
      initial acute clinical signs, animals suffered at least two major spontaneous
      relapses separated by remission periods of 4-5 weeks mean duration. In the early
      chronic phase, 5-12 weeks post-immunisation (pi), 63% of the animals recovered
      fully from relapses, whereas relatively irreversible neurological deficits
      predominated in the late chronic phase. During the acute and chronic phases,
      there was a highly significant correlation between clinical severity and CSF
      pleocytosis only in animals killed within 24 h of onset of a clinical
      exacerbation associated with more than 100 leucocytes/microliter of CSF. Guinea
      pigs with this degree of CSF pleocytosis were defined as suffering an
      inflammatory relapse. Blood lymphocytes responsive to MBP and NP were detected
      only in animals killed at the onset of clinical signs of either the acute or an
      inflammatory relapse. This dynamic relationship suggests that migration of
      encephalitogen-responsive lymphocytes via the blood to the central nervous system
      could produce certain relapses in CREAE. However, the relative paucity of CSF
      leucocytes in most animals killed during relapses between 15-26 weeks pi suggests
      that other factors may elicit neurological exacerbations in the late chronic
      phase.

PMID- 2423650
TI  - The generation and regeneration of oligodendroglia. A short review.
AB  - During postnatal development of the higher vertebrate CNS, large populations of
      oligodendroglia are generated from precursor cells in a very dependable way. In
      adult lesioned CNS tissues, local populations of oligodendroglia are replenished
      by proliferation of this replenishment varies from one species to another and
      also from one lesion type another. Studies on the developmental generation of
      oligodendroglia are reviewed here, delineating what is known of the early
      relationships between the CNS glial lineages and of what regulates this
      development. Contributions from recent cell biological work are considered
      against the background of morphological and radioautographic results. The
      quiescent condition of extremely slow turnover in the normal adult CNS is noted,
      and the dramatic effects of lesions on the neural cell environment are
      considered. Lesions can trigger proliferation at a much greater rate in the
      mature oligodendroglial population, as observed both in situ and in tissue
      culture; in addition to persisting stem cells, the mature cells participate in
      replenishing the local oligodendroglial population. This regeneration from cells
      already committed to the oligodendroglial lineage may minimise such disturbing
      effects of the lesion environment as might distort replenishment of the
      population from precursor cells.

PMID- 2423651
TI  - The amount of slow axonal transport is proportional to the radial dimensions of
      the axon.
AB  - Axons are fundamentally cylindrical and their geometry is defined by two basic
      parameters, i.e. diameter and length. The average cross-sectional diameter of an
      axon is determined primarily by the number and density of cytoskeletal structures
      (i.e. microtubules and neurofilaments) in the axon. The proteins that constitute
      these structures are synthesized in the nerve cell body and are conveyed through
      the axon by slow axonal transport. In particular, slow component a (SCa) supplies
      all of the axonal neurofilament proteins and most of the microtubule proteins to
      the axon. To study the relationship between slow axonal transport and axonal
      diameter, the slowly transported proteins were radiolabelled in rat dorsal root
      ganglion (DRG) cells. The amount of radiolabelled SCa proteins transported in
      individual unmyelinated and myelinated DRG axons was measured by the electron
      microscopic autoradiographic method. We found that the amount of SCa transported
      in the axons is proportional to axonal cross-sectional area. These results
      indicate that slow axonal transport of microtubules and neurofilaments is a
      primary determinant of axonal diameter.

PMID- 2423653
TI  - Tumor burden assessment and its implication for a prognostic model in advanced
      diffuse large-cell lymphoma.
AB  - Previously untreated adult patients who presented with advanced diffuse large
      cell lymphoma (DLCL) at diagnosis were studied to identify possible prognostic
      factors. One hundred five patients were seen between 1974 and 1981; 45 patients
      were stage III and 60 patients were stage IV. All patients received
      cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, and bleomycin (CHOP
      Bleo). Stage III patients also received radiation therapy alternated with
      chemotherapy. Overall survival was 50% at 5 years and 43% at 8 years. Seventy
      four patients achieved a complete remission (CR) and 37 are alive and disease
      free with a median follow-up of 72 months. There was no difference in clinical
      outcome between stage III and stage IV. However, a proportional hazards model
      identified lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) level and tumor burden, among all clinical
      factors studied, as independent risk factors for survival. These two factors were
      also important for achievement of remission and relapse-free survival. Three
      distinct patient risk groups were identified with 5-year survival rates of 87%,
      48%, and 20%, respectively. The measure of tumor burden proposed herein, along
      with LDH level, can be used for developing treatment programs, and for meaningful
      comparison of different treatment regimens, as well as assessment of prognosis.

PMID- 2423652
TI  - Alternating cycles of combination chemotherapy for patients with recurrent
      Hodgkin's disease following radiotherapy. A prospectively randomized study by the
      Cancer and Leukemia Group B.
AB  - A randomized clinical trial of combination chemotherapy for patients who relapsed
      following primary radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease was conducted from 1975
      to 1981 by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB). One hundred thirteen patients
      were prospectively randomized to receive 12 cycles of either CVPP (CCNU,
      vinblastine, procarbazine, and prednisone), ABOS (bleomycin, vincristine
      [Oncovin; Lilly, Indianapolis], doxorubicin [Adriamycin, Adria Laboratories,
      Columbus, Ohio], and streptozotocin), or alternating cycles of CVPP and ABOS. The
      median length of observation for patients in this report is 4 years. Toxicities
      of the three treatment programs were primarily hematologic. Frequencies of
      complete response were 72% for CVPP, 70% for ABOS, and 82% for CVPP/ABOS (P =
      .37). Females and patients who had nodular sclerosing disease at initial
      diagnosis had significantly higher complete response rates. The 5-year disease
      free survival for the complete responders was 55%; the 5-year overall survival
      was 60%. There were no significant differences among the treatments on disease
      free survival (P = .78) or overall survival (P = .18). Age under 40 years was the
      only significant positive prognostic factor for disease-free survival (P = .095)
      and overall survival (P = .003). This study demonstrates no statistically
      significant advantage for alternating cycles of combination chemotherapy in
      affecting complete response frequency, disease-free survival, or overall survival
      as compared with therapy with CVPP or ABOS alone. However, the power to detect
      differences in these outcome parameters is somewhat limited by the sample
      sizes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423654
TI  - Isolated granulocytic sarcoma: report of a case and review of the literature.
AB  - Granulocytic sarcoma (GS) is an extramedullary tumor composed of granulocytic
      precursor cells. The tumor usually develops during the course of myelogenous
      leukemia or myeloproliferative disorders and may represent the initial
      manifestation of leukemia. Rarely, GS is recognized as an isolated tumor without
      any evidence of leukemia. However, in such cases, leukemia generally develops
      within 1 to 2 years of the diagnosis of GS. We are reporting a case of a 45-year
      old woman who was diagnosed as having an isolated GS of the right breast in
      August 1980. She was treated with a partial mastectomy followed by 1 year of
      combination chemotherapy as used in the cases of acute myeloblastic leukemia and
      has remained free of disease to the present time. That is, she has not developed
      leukemia or recurrence of GS for 64 months. Based on this experience and on the
      review of the literature, we recommend that all cases of GS be treated with
      combination chemotherapy as in cases of acute myeloblastic leukemias.

PMID- 2423655
TI  - Serial levels of CA 19-9 and CEA in colonic cancer.
AB  - The use of serial carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 assays was assessed by
      comparison with serial carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) levels on the plasmas of
      53 patients with colorectal carcinoma. The patients had all undergone resection
      for their primary tumors and in six instances subsequent resections for hepatic
      metastases. Initial CA 19-9 levels were greater than or equal to 37 U/mL in 22 of
      the 53 patients (41%) and in 68% of the patients with metastatic disease. Similar
      trends of serial CA 19-9 and CEA levels were found in 79% of the 53 patients. One
      patient with initially normal CEA levels had elevated CA 19-9 levels from the
      start. In ten of the 53 patients (19%), serial CA 19-9 levels remained low
      despite tumor recurrence or progression, and despite increasing CEA levels above
      5 ng/mL. The increasing serial CEA trends predicted recurrence in 88% and
      increasing CA 19-9 trends in 50% of cases, which was increased to 70% by
      including trends of CA 19-9 levels below 37 U/mL. Following hepatic lobectomy,
      both serial CEA and CA 19-9 levels decreased rapidly. Used alone, serial CA 19-9
      levels did not appear to be as sensitive as standard CEA in this retrospective
      study of selected patients.

PMID- 2423656
TI  - Calmodulin: a potential target for cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
AB  - Calmodulin is a ubiquitous, calcium-binding protein that is responsible for many
      of the intracellular actions of calcium. Recent evidence suggests that calmodulin
      may regulate cellular proliferation and that its function may be altered in
      malignancy. The discovery that drugs such as phenothiazines antagonize the action
      of calmodulin led to the study of these antagonists against tumor cells. It is
      now appreciated that calmodulin antagonists are cytotoxic, can restore the
      sensitivity of resistant cells to drugs such as doxorubicin and vincristine, and
      can augment the cytotoxicity of bleomycin. This report addresses the possibility
      of developing new forms of chemotherapeutic agents that work by disrupting the
      function of this intriguing molecule.

PMID- 2423657
TI  - Molecular specificity of defined types of amacrine synapse in cat retina.
AB  - The inner plexiform layer of cat retina contains synaptic structures belonging to
      50 or more types of "identified" neurons. To learn whether there are antigens
      confined to subsets of these synaptic structures, we raised monoclonal antibodies
      to homogenates of neural retina. Binding patterns of these antibodies were
      visualized by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method and studied in serial,
      ultrathin sections by electron microscopy. Four antibodies stained the synaptic
      varicosities of certain amacrine cells. Many of the stained varicosities formed
      reciprocal synapses with a rod bipolar axon terminal, but only about half of the
      reciprocal synapses associated with a rod bipolar were stained. Other stained
      varicosities formed synapses with cone bipolar axons, ganglion cell dendrites,
      and unstained amacrine processes. The patterns were essentially the same for each
      antibody and were not altered by staining with the antibodies two at a time;
      therefore, it is likely that all four antibodies stain the same subset of
      synaptic structures. These patterns would be accounted for if there were staining
      of all the synaptic varicosities of three of the four types of identified
      amacrine reciprocally connected to the rod bipolar (A6, A8, A13). This
      localization suggests that the antigen responsible for the binding pattern is not
      associated with synaptic transmission. Staining is present in the inner plexiform
      layer during the period of synaptogenesis and consequently the antibodies are
      serving as markers for following the development of identified synapses in an
      identified neural circuit.

PMID- 2423658
TI  - Presynaptic calcium channels in rat cortical synaptosomes: fast-kinetics of
      phasic calcium influx, channel inactivation, and relationship to nitrendipine
      receptors.
AB  - Fast-mixing and rapid-filtration techniques were used to analyze the kinetics of
      potassium-depolarization-dependent (delta K+ = 47.5 mM) influx of 45Ca into
      synaptosomes, in the time range from 50 msec to 5 sec. The results are consistent
      with the presence in synaptosomes of a homogeneous population of voltage
      sensitive Ca channels. With 1 mM Cao in the medium, the delta K+-dependent Ca
      influx has a single-exponential time course with the half-life, t1/2
      approximately 0.5-0.7 sec. Ca influx, measured between 0.1 and 10 mM Cao, shows
      half-saturation (KCa) at 1.5 mM Cao and has the limiting value (JCamax) of 5.9
      nmol/sec/mg protein, or a current of approximately 0.06 pA/micron2 surface area.
      The estimated density of functional Ca channels is 0.6-6 micron-2. Voltage- and
      time-dependent inactivation of Ca channels was measured in synaptosomes
      predepolarized in 52.5 mM Ko+ with Ca omitted from the medium. Channel
      inactivation is a single-exponential process with a half-life of t1/2
      approximately 2.3 sec. Channel recovery in 5 mM Ko+ media is likewise a single
      exponential process with a half-life of t1/2 approximately 4.3 sec. The slower
      rate of voltage-dependent channel inactivation than of decay of Ca influx
      suggests that Ca entry into synaptosomes terminates by a mechanism that depends
      on Ca influx itself. Synaptosomes contain 200 fmol/mg protein, or approximately 6
      micron-2 high-affinity (KD = 0.12 nM) 3H-nitrendipine binding sites; however,
      nitrendipine at concentrations greater than 10(4) X KD is without effect on the
      phasic influx of Ca measured at 215 msec with either 1.0 or 0.1 mM Cao. This
      suggests that Ca channels characterized in this study belong to a class of
      dihydropyridine-insensitive channels.

PMID- 2423659
TI  - Analysis of the carbohydrate composition of axonally transported glycoconjugates
      in sciatic nerve.
AB  - Glycosidase enzyme digestion in combination with postembedding lectin
      cytochemistry was used to study the carbohydrate composition of axonally
      transported glycoproteins. A cold block procedure for the interruption of axonal
      transport was employed to increase selectively the population of anterograde
      moving components on the proximal side of the transport block. Electron
      microscopic observations revealed that a cold block applied to the sciatic nerve
      of an anesthetized rat produced an increase in axonal smooth membrane vesicles at
      a site directly proximal to the cold block. Postembedding lectin cytochemistry of
      the sciatic nerve demonstrated a substantial increase in concanavalin A (Con A),
      wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and succinylated WGA binding sites in axons directly
      proximal to the cold block. Endoglycosidase H (endo H) digestion prior to lectin
      cytochemistry characterized a large population of the axonally transported Con A
      binding sites as polymannose and/or hybrid N-linked oligosaccharides (endo H
      susceptible). A distinct population of neuraminidase-resistant WGA binding sites
      was also found in axons directly proximal to the transport block. The concomitant
      increase in smooth membrane vesicles and lectin binding sites in axons at the
      transport block supports the hypothesis that a system(s) of smooth membrane
      inside the axon is involved in the transport of glycoproteins from the cell soma
      to their cell surface destinations. Results of glycosidase digestions and lectin
      cytochemistry experiments suggest that many of the axonally transported
      glycoprotein carbohydrates are polymannose and/or hybrid N-linked
      oligosaccharides. This observation is especially interesting in relation to our
      previous reports, which indicated that most lectin binding sites on the neuronal
      cell surface are composed of complex oligosaccharides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2423660
TI  - Changes in 3H-substance P receptor binding in the rat brain after kainic acid
      lesion of the corpus striatum.
AB  - Previous studies have indicated that the substantia nigra contains the highest
      concentration of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) in the brain.
      Paradoxically, it also appears to contain one of the lowest concentrations of
      substance P receptors in the brain. One possibility is that the massive amount of
      SPLI blocks the binding of the radioligand to the substance P receptor and/or
      "down-regulates" the number of substance P receptors present in this structure.
      Since greater than 95% of the SPLI within the substantia nigra originates from
      the corpus striatum, we have lesioned this area and measured the changes in
      substance P receptor concentration in the substantia nigra and other corpus
      striatal projection areas. A semiquantitative autoradiographic technique for
      measuring the binding of 3H-substance P to substance P receptors was used in
      conjunction with tritium-sensitive film. 3H-substance P binding was measured in
      both the corpus striatum and its projection areas after kainic acid lesion of the
      corpus striatum. At either 4 or 21 d after the lesion there was approximately a
      90% loss of substance P receptors in the rostral striatum, a 74% loss in the
      globus pallidus, a 57% increase in receptor number in lamina I and II of the
      ipsilateral somatosensory cortex, and no apparent change in the number of
      receptors in the substantia nigra pars reticulata, superior colliculus, and
      central gray. These findings suggest that the low concentration of substance P
      receptors found within the substantia nigra is not due the massive SPLI
      innervation, since removal of greater than 95% of the SPLI had no measurable
      effect on the concentration of substance P receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2423661
TI  - Neuropeptide routing in the bag cells: kinetic differences in the appearance of
      newly labeled peptides in transport and secretion.
AB  - The bag cell neurons of Aplysia synthesize and secrete several peptides. Some of
      these, in addition to the egg-laying hormone (ELH), are strongly implicated in
      the various alterations of central neuronal activity that accompany an electrical
      discharge of the bag cells. Thus, the secreted peptides appear to play a variety
      of roles in the animal's physiology. We have been interested in the intracellular
      mechanisms that precede peptide secretion from the bag cells because of the
      evidence that most, if not all, of these peptides are derived from a common
      precursor. Our objective has been to determine if presumed products of this
      precursor are processed coordinately following their synthesis. We have
      concentrated on two peptides (ELH and the acidic peptide, AP) because they are
      most easily identified in our analytical systems. On pulse-chase radiolabeling of
      the cells in vitro, we found that labeled AP appears before labeled ELH in axonal
      transport. This observation is not easily accounted for by the assumption, taken
      from studies of other peptide-secreting cells, that a precursor to both peptides
      is loaded into secretory granules before further processing ensues. Since the
      initial disproportion in the representation of the peptides in transport is no
      longer detectable at long chase times (18 and 24 hr), we examined the
      possibilities that ELH production is delayed relative to that of AP or that AP is
      degraded more rapidly than ELH. No evidence was found for either process. The
      disproportion between the newly labeled peptides in transport was evident on
      analysis of the medium bathing bag cells depolarized after 24 hr of
      chase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423662
TI  - Diversity in the axonal transport of structural proteins: major differences
      between optic and spinal axons in the rat.
AB  - Investigations of slow axonal transport reveal variation in both protein
      composition and the rate of movement. However, these studies involve a variety of
      nerve preparations in different species, and most lack the resolution needed to
      determine the kinetics of identified proteins. We have compared the axonal
      transport of slow-transported proteins in retinal ganglion cells and spinal motor
      neurons of young rats. Nine proteins that contribute to axonal structures were
      examined: the neurofilament triplet (NFT), alpha and beta tubulin, actin, fodrin,
      calmodulin, and clathrin. Axonally transported proteins were pulse-labeled by
      intraocular or intracord injections of 35S-methionine. After allowing sufficient
      time for labeled slow-component proteins to enter the spinal or optic nerves,
      consecutive 2-3 mm nerve segments were subjected to SDS-PAGE. Fluorographs were
      used as templates for locating the gel regions containing the above polypeptides,
      and the radioactivity in these regions was measured by liquid-scintillation
      spectrometry. In retinal ganglion cells, the peak of tubulin labeling advanced at
      0.36 mm/d in association with the NFT and fodrin. The cotransport of tubulin and
      the NFT identified this complex as the slower subcomponent of slow transport,
      termed slow component a (SCa) and representing the movement of the microtubule
      neurofilament network. The peaks of actin and calmodulin labeling were
      cotransported at 2.3 mm/d in near-register with peaks of fodrin and clathrin
      labeling. These 4 proteins, moving ahead of the NFT, identified this complex as
      SCb--the faster subcomponent of slow transport, which represents the movement of
      the cytoplasmic matrix and microtrabecular lattice. Both subcomponents had the
      same composition and rate as that reported for the optic axons of guinea pigs and
      rabbits, establishing a basic mammalian pattern. In spinal motor axons, the SCa
      tubulin peak advanced at 1.3 mm/d, and the SCb actin and calmodulin peaks were
      cotransported at 3.1 mm/d. Unlike optic axons, SCa in motor axons was more
      heavily labeled than SCb, and included labeled peaks of actin, clathrin, and
      calmodulin moving in register with the SCa tubulin peak. Actin was the most
      heavily labeled of these SCb proteins moving with SCa, and it left a higher
      plateau of radioactivity behind the advancing SCa peak. The SDS-PAGE labeling
      pattern for SCb did not differ from that seen in optic axons, except that some
      tubulin was found to form a peak that advanced in register with the actin and
      calmodulin peaks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2423663
TI  - Consequences of partial axotomy for production of neurotransmitter vesicles and
      routing of rapidly transported membrane glycoproteins in the axonal tree.
AB  - It was found previously that transection of one branch of the bifurcate axon of a
      giant serotonergic neuron of Aplysia causes a proportionate decrease in the
      export of transmitter storage vesicles from the cell body, despite the ability of
      the remaining branch to transport all of the vesicles normally exported (Aletta
      and Goldberg, 1982). We report here evidence that this down-regulation is
      achieved by a decrease in the production of vesicles, rather than a slowing of
      the processing of vesicles for export from the cell body. Counts of serotonergic
      vesicles in the cell body show that the size of the somal pool of vesicles is not
      increased at a time when their rate of export has been halved. Also, transection
      of one or both branches of the axon decreases the amount of 3H-fucose
      incorporated during a short period into a putative vesicle membrane glycoprotein
      but not into other glycoproteins. The results indicate that axotomy should be a
      useful technique for studying the mechanism of regulation of the synthesis of a
      secretory organelle. It was also previously shown that transection of one branch
      of the axon far from the cell body does not impair the ability of the injured
      branch to transport serotonergic vesicles, yet the majority of vesicles that
      would normally enter that branch are nevertheless rerouted into the uninjured
      branch. We have studied quantitatively the partitioning between the 2 branches,
      after one has been transected distally, of 6 fucosyl glycoproteins, including the
      putative vesicle glycoprotein and a glycoprotein whose transport moderately
      increases after transection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423664
TI  - Observations on the perioperative management of aneurysmal subarachnoid
      hemorrhage.
AB  - Thirty-two patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were managed
      according to a protocol based on pain control and hemodynamic manipulation,
      monitored by an arterial line and Swan-Ganz catheter. Hemodynamic parameters were
      adjusted to four clinical situations. 1) For the unoperated patient with no
      neurological deficit, the regimen aims to maintain pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP)
      at 10 to 12 mm Hg, and the cardiac index (CI) and blood pressure (BP) at normal
      levels. 2) For the unoperated patient presenting with or developing neurological
      deficit, the PWP is increased until the deficit is reversed or the CI falls; the
      CI is high, and the BP normal. 3) For the postoperative patient with no
      neurological deficit, the PWP is maintained at 12 to 14 mm Hg, the CI is a high
      normal, and the BP is normal. 4) For the postoperative patient developing
      neurological deficit but showing no surgical complication on the computerized
      tomography scan, the PWP is increased until the deficit is reversed or the CI
      falls; the CI is high and the BP is increased with vasopressors if necessary.
      Fourteen patients developed neurological deficits either preoperatively,
      postoperatively, or both. Neurological deficits were repeatedly reversed by
      increasing the PWP, as measured hourly. In several patients an optimal wedge
      pressure was determined, below which deficits would reappear. In one patient
      whose neurological deficit was reversed on several occasions by increasing the
      PWP, the optimal PWP rose after each episode until it reached 22 mm Hg. Detailed
      event-related analysis of these patients' course illustrates these phenomena
      well. The optimal PWP varied from patient to patient, but ranged most frequently
      from 14 to 16 mm Hg. Meticulous monitoring of the patients' neurological status
      coupled with prompt correction of low PWP (assuming an adequate CI) has proven to
      be an effective way to prevent and reverse neurological deficits following
      aneurysmal SAH.

PMID- 2423665
TI  - Detection of diffuse glomerular lesions in rats: II. Comparison of indium-111
      cationic small macromolecules with technetium-99m DTPA.
AB  - Dextrans with average molecular weights of 5,000, 10,000, and 17,500 and inulin
      were rendered cationic by amination with 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide. After
      limited coupling with DTPA cyclic dianhydride, they were labeled with 111In. A
      good correlation was found between their early renal uptake quantitated by camera
      computer techniques and their renal clearance from multiple plasma samples in
      rats with glomerular damage induced by puromycin aminonucleoside and controls.
      However, there was poor correlation between the early renal uptake of these
      agents and the clearance of simultaneously injected [99mTc]DTPA. The 2-hr organ
      distribution and urinary excretion of these agents were compared with the
      corresponding values of DTPA. The differences in clearance between rats with
      glomerular damage and controls were greater with aminated dextran (mol wt 5,000)
      than with DTPA, confirming previous work with infusions of nonradioactive charged
      dextrans and neutral inulin. The cationic dextrans appear to reflect the presence
      or absence of the normal anionic charge of the glomerular membrane as well as
      changes in filtration rate. Aminated inulin did not differentiate between
      controls and rats with glomerular disease any better than DTPA, probably because
      the number of amino groups conjugated was insufficient to produce the charge
      effect.

PMID- 2423666
TI  - Gram staining: a useful laboratory technique.

PMID- 2423667
TI  - Immunoglobulin therapy for autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

PMID- 2423668
TI  - Childhood common variable immunodeficiency with autoimmune disease.
AB  - Clinical and laboratory findings in eight patients with childhood common variable
      immunodeficiency and autoimmune disease are described. Six of the eight patients
      had initial signs of the disease, persistent secretory diarrhea, recurrent upper
      respiratory tract infections, or both, in the first year of life. Autoimmune
      manifestations included idiopathic thrombocytopenia (4/8), hemolytic anemia
      (3/8), secretory diarrhea (4/8), arthritis (2/8), chronic active hepatitis (2/8),
      parotitis (2/8), and Guillain-Barre syndrome (2/8). In addition to the expected
      sinusitis, otitis, and pneumonia caused by encapsulated bacteria, these patients
      also had severe infections with viruses of the herpes group. Most of these
      patients had lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, growth failure, and failure to
      develop secondary sexual characteristics. Laboratory studies demonstrated a
      significant increase in the ratio of T cells expressing the T helper phenotype
      (OKT4) to T cells expressing the T suppressor-cytotoxic phenotype (OKT8) (T4/T8).
      This increase could be attributed to a decrease in the absolute number of T8
      cells. Additional findings included fluctuating levels of serum immunoglobulins
      and markedly diminished in vitro antibody production by B cells. The clinical
      course was relapsing and remitting, and dominated by the autoimmune
      manifestations of the disease. This group of patients constitutes a distinct
      subset of children with hypogammaglobulinemia, a subset with a complex,
      multisystemic disorder associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2423669
TI  - Hepatoblastoma and hepatocarcinoma in children: analysis of a series of 29 cases.
AB  - Twenty-nine cases of liver malignancies, 26 hepatoblastomas (HB) and 3
      hepatocarcinomas (HC), were treated in a 13-year period. All children were
      submitted to operation but four had nonresectable tumors, even after
      chemotherapy. Surgery in the 25 cases consisted of right lobectomy in 14, a left
      lobectomy in 9, and a tumorectomy in 2; a secondary operation had to be performed
      in 5 cases, either because of histologic doubt on the cut section of the presumed
      normal parenchyma, or for local recurrence. Preoperative chemotherapy, instituted
      on a routine basis since 1982, did appear to facilitate surgery in otherwise
      inoperable tumors. The benefits of preoperative embolization, done for three
      children, were minimal. Ten children died, one in the immediate postoperative
      period, eight others from the disease, and one from a complication of
      chemotherapy. Follow-up for the 18 surviving children, all recurrence and
      metastasis-free, with normal alphafetoprotein (AFP) is less than 2 years for four
      and from 2 to 11 years for 14. One teen-age girl, with a fibrolamellar carcinoma
      has just recently been reoperated because of recurrence three years later. In
      spite of the fact that 6 out of 7 children operated without adjunctive treatment
      are cured, a systematic course of preoperative chemotherapy has been prescribed
      in the more recent cases. Follow-up for these is yet too short.

PMID- 2423670
TI  - Hypersensitivity of acetylcholine receptor in diabetic skeletal muscle to
      neuromuscular blockers: the effect of myotubes cultured with spinal cord or its
      extract.
AB  - The hypersensitivity of the neuromuscular junctions of diabetic mice to
      succinylcholine (SuCh), but not to d-tubocurarine (d-TC), was investigated using
      a cross culture preparation of diabetic skeletal muscle or spinal cord extract
      with normal tissues. Whether the hypersensitivity is due to the muscle cells
      themselves was examined using adult muscle of diabetic KK-CAy, prediabetic KK-CAy
      and normal ddY mice cocultured with embryonic spinal cord of normal ddY mice. The
      cultured neuromuscular junctions between diabetic KK-CAy muscle and normal ddY
      spinal cord was hypersensitive to SuCh, but not to d-TC. In contrast, such
      junctions between prediabetic KK-CAy muscle and normal ddY spinal cord were not
      hypersensitive to either drug. The involvement of neuronal factors in
      hypersensitivity to SuCh in diabetic KK-CAy neuromuscular junctions was examined
      using adult spinal cord extract (SCE) from diabetic KK-CAy and from normal ddY
      mice. We followed the time course of change in sensitivity of the acetylcholine
      (ACh) receptors in normal ddY embryonic myotubes to SuCh and d-TC. Both diabetic
      SCE and normal SCE reduced the sensitivity of myotubes to ACh; the reduction of
      ACh potential amplitudes by the former was less than that by the latter. Myotubes
      cultured with diabetic SCE was hypersensitive to both 1.51 microM SuCh and 0.134
      microM d-TC. These results suggest that the hypersensitivity of the neuromuscular
      junctions in diabetic KK-CAy mice to SuCh but not to d-TC is mainly attributable
      to the diabetic muscle cells themselves.

PMID- 2423671
TI  - Studies on sperm capacitation using monoclonal anti-body--disappearance of an
      antigen from the anterior part of mouse sperm head.
AB  - C57BL/6 mice were immunized with cauda epididymal sperm from syngenic mice. A
      monoclonal antibody (TSC4) was obtained using a hybridization method with myeloma
      (P3U1) cells. The antibody was examined for its reactivity to sperm from
      different regions of the reproductive tract of male mice. The antigen was
      recognized only when the sperm reached the corpus epididymis. The area of antigen
      present on the sperm membrane was topographically restricted to the anterior part
      of sperm head. The antigen remained on the sperm after washing with phosphate
      buffered saline, disappearing, however, when sperm was capacitated.

PMID- 2423672
TI  - Influence of papaverine on cyclic nucleotide level and cellular metabolism in rat
      kidney cortex in terms of its inhibitory effect on p-aminohippurate transport.
AB  - We attempted to determine whether there is a possible link between the effect of
      papaverine on p-aminohippurate (PAH) accumulation, on cyclic nucleotide content
      and on certain other cellular functional parameters in rat kidney cortical slices
      in vitro. Papaverine at a concentration of 0.1 mM almost completely inhibited PAH
      accumulation in the slices. However, cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate
      (cyclic GMP) and cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels in the
      slices were not significantly affected by papaverine at 0.1 mM, though papaverine
      at a concentration of 1 mM increased the cyclic GMP level without affecting the
      cyclic AMP level. Papaverine (0.1 mM) produced a decrease in the sodium gradient
      and in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level in the slices. Calcium uptake by
      mitochondria, isolated from kidney cortex, was apparently decreased in the
      presence of 0.1 mM papaverine. These results suggest that the inhibition of
      phosphodiesterase probably does not explain the action of papaverine on PAH
      accumulation in the slices. The inhibition of PAH accumulation by papaverine is
      partly a reflection of the fall in the sodium gradient in the slices treated with
      papaverine. In addition, a depression of ATP level in the slices and an
      inhibition of mitochondrial calcium uptake may be related to a possible mechanism
      of action of papaverine on PAH accumulation.

PMID- 2423673
TI  - Antitumor activity of derivatives of neplanocin A in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Neplanocin A is a cyclopentenyl analog of adenosine which has been isolated from
      the culture filtrate of Ampullariella reqularis. Antitumor activity of twenty
      three derivatives of neplanocin A was examined against L1210, sarcoma 180 and
      L5178Y. Neplanocin A showed a marked inhibition of growth of L1210 in vivo. Other
      derivatives which had a 2' or 3'-substituted cyclopentene group showed weak
      cytotoxicity against L5178Y cells in vitro. Neplanocin A inhibited the
      biosynthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein, while 6-chloroneplanocin A, a
      new active derivative, showed a specific inhibition of only RNA synthesis. The
      two hydroxy groups in the cyclopentene moiety with a ribose type structure are
      important for marked antitumor activity.

PMID- 2423674
TI  - Heparin-induced leukocyte lysis in vitro.
AB  - An investigation on the effect of heparin on leukocytes in vitro was conducted.
      We have demonstrated that heparin and other mucopolysaccharides destroyed
      leukocytes as judged by macromolecule leakage. The cytotoxicity of heparin was
      suppressed by protamine. A medium which mimics intracellular ionic conditions was
      found to suppress the cytotoxicity of heparin. Macromolecule leakage induced by
      heparin is thought to be facilitated by passive ion flux. Mepacrine, a
      phospholipase inhibitor, suppressed the heparin-induced macromolecule leakage
      from leukocytes. Thus, the activation of phospholipase appears to be involved in
      the cytotoxicity of heparin. These results suggest that activation of
      phospholipase and passive movement of ions may be important steps for the heparin
      induced leukocyte lysis in vitro.

PMID- 2423675
TI  - Soluble asparaginase-dextran conjugates show increased circulatory persistence
      and lowered antigen reactivity.
AB  - Oxidized dextrans of increasing molecular weight were bound covalently to Erwinia
      carotovora asparaginase. The resulting conjugates retained 50% of their enzyme
      activity and showed marked resistance to proteolysis by trypsin and chymotrypsin
      and inactivation by asparaginase-specific antibody. When tested in-vivo, the
      larger molecular weight conjugates showed prolonged circulatory survival in both
      immune and non-immune animals and failed to elicit full type III hypersensitivity
      or anaphylactic reactions when injected into sensitized guinea-pigs. Rabbits
      could tolerate multiple doses of the asparaginase conjugate without developing an
      immunity to the enzyme. A conjugate showing increased circulatory half-life and
      lowered antigen reactivity should have therapeutic potential.

PMID- 2423676
TI  - Evidence that sensory neurons participate in the non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic
      contractile response of the guinea-pig ileum.
AB  - The possible role of non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic (NCNA) nerves in responses
      of the guinea-pig terminal ileum to transmural nerve stimulation (TNS) and that
      of sensory nerves in NCNA responses were investigated. The action of
      acetylcholine was almost abolished in the presence of histamine, whereas the
      contractions elicited by TNS were changed to frequency-dependent contraction
      followed by a secondary relaxation. Guanethidine did not alter the contractions
      or secondary relaxations. Atropine abolished the action of acetylcholine and
      transiently suppressed the responses to low (up to 2 Hz) and attenuated (by about
      50%) those to high (4 to 20 Hz) frequency stimulation. The remaining complex NCNA
      response was the sum of the excitatory and inhibitory responses. During
      desensitization to capsaicin, and in its presence, the NCNA contractions were
      reduced, whereas the relaxations were not significantly enlarged. The present
      results suggest that besides the cholinergic innervation, the excitatory and
      inhibitory NCNA innervation also participates in the responses of the guinea-pig
      ileum to TNS even without suppression of cholinergic and adrenergic transmission,
      and that the sensory nerves are, at least to some extent, involved in the NCNA
      excitatory response.

PMID- 2423677
TI  - Cooling-induced augmentation of the contractile response of the golden hamster
      tracheal muscle to substance P in-vitro.
AB  - The effect of temperature on the substance P-induced contraction of the isolated
      tracheal strip-chain preparation from the golden hamster has been examined. A
      decrease of bath temperature from 37 to 20 degrees C augmented the contractile
      response of the trachea caused by substance P. Similar cooling-induced
      augmentation was observed in the contractile responses to caffeine and carbachol,
      but not to potassium chloride. The increased responsiveness with lowered
      temperature of the trachea to substance P may be due to the acceleration of Ca2+
      release from an intracellular storage site.

PMID- 2423678
TI  - [125I]Spiperone is not a useful ligand for studying the CHAPS solubilized
      dopamine D-2 receptor from rat striatum.
AB  - The interaction of [125I]spiperone and [3H]spiperone with CHAPS solubilized
      preparations of rat striatal tissue has been compared. Only about 15% of
      [125I]spiperone binding was displaced by sulpiride compared with about 67% of
      [3H]spiperone binding. In the presence of (+)-butaclamol the displacement of
      [125I]spiperone was twice that found with sulpiride suggesting an interaction
      with sites other than D-2 receptors. The specific binding of [125I]spiperone was
      not saturable within the maximum concentration range that could be employed and
      its affinity for soluble preparations was far lower than that of [3H]spiperone.
      Despite its very high specific activity [125I]spiperone offers no advantage over
      [3H]spiperone in the identification of dopamine receptors in soluble tissue
      preparations.

PMID- 2423679
TI  - The use of drawings in the assessment and treatment of children of alcoholics.

PMID- 2423680
TI  - Attraction and exchange in continuing and noncontinuing dating relationships.
AB  - Measures enabling one to assess general feelings about a relationship, social
      exchange behaviors, and the particularism and symbolism of resources given to and
      received from another were examined longitudinally in 38 dating couples. These
      variables were first measured shortly after a couple began to date and again
      approximately 4 months later. We found that in contrast to what might be expected
      from prevailing theories of relationship development, the later status of couples
      (still dating or broken up) could be predicted with a high degree of accuracy
      from the initial measures. This finding corroborates and extends previous work
      dealing with same-sex friendships. Couples who were still dating 4 months later
      demonstrated greater love, more relationship-maintaining behaviors, more
      favorable evaluations of the dating relationship, and greater amounts of self
      disclosure at the time of initial contact than did couples who broke up. Over
      time, these differences (as well as others) between couples who did and who did
      not continue dating intensified. In terms of the types of resources subjects gave
      and received from their dating partner, more particularistic and more symbolic
      resources were exchanged in continuing couples only later. Although both
      continuing and noncontinuing couples showed a decrease in the correlation between
      the love that members reported, this was offset in continuing daters by
      increasingly similar reports of reward, equity, and liking. Results are discussed
      in terms of initial versus gradually evolving differences between continuing and
      noncontinuing relationships.

PMID- 2423681
TI  - Effects of prolonged isoproterenol infusion on cardiac and vascular responses to
      adrenoceptor agonists.
AB  - In vitro responses of cardiac and vascular smooth muscle to both adrenoceptor
      agonists and phosphodiesterase inhibitors were studied in tissues from either
      saline- or isoproterenol-infused rats. After chronic isoproterenol infusion the
      sigmoidal relationship between concentration of acutely administered
      isoproterenol and inotropic response of cardiac muscle was shifted to the right;
      the maximum response was decreased by approximately 40%. Inotropic responses were
      attenuated further by the beta adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol. By contrast,
      quantitatively comparable inotropic responses to phenylephrine were not altered
      after isoproterenol infusion. However, they were blocked by the selective alpha
      adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin, but were not affected by propranolol.
      Inotropic effects of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, isobutylmethylxanthine,
      were comparable in tissues from either saline- or isoproterenol-infused rats.
      Similar results were obtained in vascular tissues. Portal veins and aortas from
      isoproterenol-infused rats were less responsive to the acute relaxant properties
      of the beta adrenoceptor agonists, isoproterenol and salbutamol. However, as in
      cardiac muscle, relaxant effects to phosphodiesterase inhibitors
      (isobutylmethylxanthine and papaverine) were not attenuated. In addition,
      contraction to norepinephrine was comparable in tissues from either saline- or
      isoproterenol-infused rats. These data indicate that isoproterenol infusion
      attenuates beta adrenoceptor-mediated responses of vascular and cardiac muscle to
      similar degrees but does not alter responses to either alpha adrenoceptor
      agonists or phosphodiesterase inhibitors.

PMID- 2423682
TI  - Structure-activity relationship of lidocaine homologs producing tonic and
      frequency-dependent impulse blockade in nerve.
AB  - Experiments were done to assess the relationship of the chemical properties of
      local anesthetics to their ability to block neuronal impulse conduction, using a
      series of hitherto unavailable homologs of lidocaine. These molecules varied in
      the number and arrangement of alkyl groups attached to the tertiary amine
      nitrogen. Each compound was applied to desheathed sciatic nerves of frogs (Rana
      pipiens) mounted in a sucrose gap recording chamber. Compound action potentials
      (AP) were recorded at room temperature (20-23 degrees C) and the potency of each
      anesthetic determined from the concentration required to produce a 40% reduction
      in the amplitude of the AP at low-frequency stimulation: 1 min-1. This reduction
      was called Bt. An additional Bt was measured from the further decrease in
      amplitude of the AP during high-frequency stimulation (10 and 40 Hz). Tonic and
      phasic blocking potencies were analyzed as functions of the calculated drug
      partition coefficients, and the known molecular weights, molecular configurations
      and pKa values. Potency for Bt increased with increasing length of n-alkyl groups
      attached to the terminal amine, whereas it decreased as the length of the alkyl
      group connecting the amide bond to the terminal amine was increased. However,
      when considered in terms of their physicochemical properties, the homologs showed
      a potency for Bt that increased uniformly with increasing partition coefficient.
      This analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between tonic potency and
      partitioning into octanol for both neutral and protonated anesthetic species but
      little correlation with molecular weight or pKa. However, Bt did not depend
      uniquely on hydrophobicity, as predicted if lipophilic partitioning alone
      determined potency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423683
TI  - Characterization of substance P-induced contractions of guinea-pig trachea.
AB  - In light of current interest in substance P as a bronchoconstrictor, several
      pharmacologic antagonists of known mediators of anaphylaxis were tested for
      possible activity against this neuropeptide. Concentration-dependent contractions
      of the isolated guinea-pig tracheal strips to substance P (10(-8) to 10(-5) M)
      were elicited. These contractions were inhibited by substance P receptor
      antagonists, D-Arg1-D-Trp7,9-Leu11 and D-Pro2-D-Trp7,9-substance P (10(-6) to 10(
      4) M). Substance P-induced contractions were not inhibited by histamine, alpha
      and beta adrenergic receptor antagonists or by cyclooxygenase inhibition.
      However, atropine enhanced contractions to substance P. Both vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide (10(-7), 10(-6) and 10(-4) M) and isoproterenol (10(-7) M)
      were able to reverse an ongoing substance P (10(-5) M)-induced contraction. Also,
      at a concentration of 10(-5) M, substance P increased cyclic GMP accumulation,
      but had no effect on the concentration of cyclic AMP. A 15-min pretreatment with
      either verapamil or nifedipine (10(-8) M) had no effect on substance P-induced
      contractions, whereas the purported intracellular Ca++ antagonist, 8-[N,N
      diethylamino]-octyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride (10(-4) M) produced a
      rightward shift of a substance P concentration-response curve. A selective
      calmodulin inhibitor, N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalene-sulfonamide (10(-4)
      M) failed to affect the contraction produced by 10(-5) M substance P. When guinea
      pig tracheal strips were washed and allowed to re-equilibrate in 0 Ca++ buffer,
      the initial maximum contractions to substance P (10(-5) M) were equal for both
      regular (1.8 mM) Ca++ and 0 Ca++ buffer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423684
TI  - Inhibitory effects of a synthetic atrial peptide on contractions and 45Ca fluxes
      in vascular smooth muscle.
AB  - The mechanism of a synthetic atrial peptide (APII)-induced inhibition of smooth
      muscle contractility was investigated by studying its effects on tension
      development and 45Ca fluxes in isolated rabbit aorta. APII (10(-9) to 10(-7) M)
      produced a dose-dependent relaxation of contractions produced by alpha
      adrenoceptor activation with norepinephrine (NE; 10(-6) M). APII was a potent
      relaxant of NE contraction with an IC50 = 1.1 X 10(-8) M, with 10(-7) M APII
      causing a 97% relaxation. APII also produced a dose-dependent inhibition of NE
      contraction when added to the resting muscle before the exposure to NE. The
      relaxing effects of APII were found to be endothelium independent. In contrast,
      APII was only marginally effective in relaxing high-K+ contraction, with 10(-7) M
      APII causing only 17% relaxation. Furthermore, when a NE contraction was obtained
      on top of a high-K+ contraction, APII was still capable of relaxing the NE
      component. APII was similarly more effective in inhibiting NE-stimulated 45Ca
      influx than high-K+-stimulated 45Ca influx, indicating selective action of APII
      on the receptor-operated Ca++ channels. This was in contrast to D600, a well
      known Ca++ antagonist, which had a more selective inhibitory effect on the
      potential-operated Ca++ channels. The data presented indicate that APII is a
      potent relaxant of contractions produced by receptor-agonists involving 45Ca
      influx through receptor-operated Ca++ channels. APII may also prove to be a very
      useful tool to further distinguish and define receptor-operated Ca++ channels and
      potential-operated Ca++ channels in vascular smooth muscle.

PMID- 2423685
TI  - Modification of serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmissions by repeated
      administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors: electrophysiological studies in
      the rat central nervous system.
AB  - The net effect of repeated administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)
      on central serotonergic (5-HT) and noradrenergic (NE) neurotransmissions was
      studied by assessing the responsiveness of hippocampal pyramidal neurons to
      microiontophoretically applied 5-HT and NE and the response of these neurons to
      the electrical activation of the 5-HT and NE ascending pathways. Brain monoamine
      oxidase (MAO) activity as well as the levels of 5-HT, NE and their metabolites
      were determined in order to verify the biochemical effects of the drugs
      administered. Twenty-one-day treatments with clorgyline and deprenyl inhibited
      very selectively MAO-A and MAO-B, respectively, whereas a treatment with
      phenelzine inhibited both forms of the enzyme. Whole brain concentrations of 5-HT
      and NE were increased by the antidepressant drugs clorgyline and phenelzine
      whereas deprenyl, an MAOI type B ineffective in endogenous depression, increased
      only NE levels after a 21-day treatment. The responsiveness of hippocampal
      pyramidal neurons to 5-HT was decreased by the long-term clorgyline treatment,
      but not by deprenyl and phenelzine, whereas that to NE was not altered by any of
      the treatments. The suppression of firing of these same neurons induced by the
      stimulation of the 5-HT pathway was increased by clorgyline and phenelzine, but
      not by deprenyl. The effect of the stimulation of the dorsal NE bundle was not
      modified by any of the treatments. These data show that prolonged inhibition of
      MAO-A, but not that of MAO-B, results in an enhanced 5-HT
      neurotransmission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423686
TI  - A comment on recent nursing litigation.

PMID- 2423687
TI  - The certification process.

PMID- 2423688
TI  - Concentrations of monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of twins and
      unrelated individuals--a genetic study.
AB  - The concentrations of the major monoamine metabolites, homovanillic acid (HVA), 3
      methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MOPEG), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5
      HIAA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), of platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) and
      of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH)-activity in serum and CSF were determined in
      pairs of healthy mono- and dizygotic twins, brothers and unrelated individuals.
      Intraclass correlations were calculated for each category of pairs. Of the
      monoamine metabolites, only MOPEG was found to be under any major genetic
      influence. Genetic heritability for MOPEG was 0.74 with no evidence of cultural
      heritability or environment common to twins. For HVA and 5-HIAA, a familial
      influence was found, where the cultural heritability was higher than the genetic.
      As in previous studies of MAO in blood platelets and of DBH activity in serum,
      there was strong evidence for a genetic component. The genetic heritability for
      MAO was 0.78. For DBH in serum the genetic component was 0.98, and for DBH in
      CSF, 0.83. The demonstration of a familial influence on 5-HIAA and HVA in CSF
      requires a more detailed analysis of the character of such environmental and
      genetic influences, using more direct techniques.

PMID- 2423689
TI  - Reactive 5'-substituted thymidine derivatives as potential inhibitors of
      nucleotide biosynthesis.
AB  - Fourteen derivatives of thymidine substituted at the 5'-position with
      haloacetamido (2-4), 2- and 3-bromopropionamido (5 and 6), bromoacetoxy (7), O
      mesylglycolamido (8), bromo- and chloro-N-methylacetamido (10 and 11),
      bromomethanesulfonamido (12), ethyloxamido (13), 4- and 3
      (fluorosulfonyl)benzamido (14 and 15), and (phenoxycarbonyl)amino (16) groups
      have been synthesized and evaluated as potential inhibitors of enzymes that
      metabolize purine and pyrimidine nucleosides. Rates of reaction of these
      nucleosides with mercaptoethanol at pH 7 were compared and related to biological
      activity. Compounds 2, 3, and 7 were cytotoxic to H.Ep.-2 and L1210 cells in
      culture and 5'-(bromo- and iodoacetamido)-5'-deoxythymidine (2 and 3) showed good
      activity against P388 leukemia in mice.

PMID- 2423690
TI  - Syntheses and antifolate activity of 5-methyl-5-deaza analogues of aminopterin,
      methotrexate, folic acid, and N10-methylfolic acid.
AB  - Evidence indicating that modifications at the 5- and 10-positions of classical
      folic acid antimetabolites lead to compounds with favorable differential membrane
      transport in tumor vs. normal proliferative tissue prompted an investigation of 5
      alkyl-5-deaza analogues. 2-Amino-4-methyl-3,5-pyridinedicarbonitrile, prepared by
      hydrogenolysis of its known 6-chloro precursor, was treated with guanidine to
      give 2,4-diamino-5-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carbonitrile which was
      converted via the corresponding aldehyde and hydroxymethyl compound to 6
      (bromomethyl)-2,4-diamino-5-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine. Reductive condensation
      of the nitrile 8 with diethyl N-(4-amino-benzoyl)-L-glutamate followed by ester
      hydrolysis gave 5-methyl-5-deazaaminopterin. Treatment of 12 with formaldehyde
      and Na(CN)BH3 afforded 5-methyl-5-deazamethotrexate, which was also prepared from
      15 and dimethyl N-[(4-methylamino)benzoyl]-L-glutamate followed by ester
      hydrolysis. 5-Methyl-10-ethyl-5-deazaaminopterin was similarly prepared from 15.
      Biological evaluation of the 5-methyl-5-deaza analogues together with previously
      reported 5-deazaaminopterin and 5-deazamethotrexate for inhibition of
      dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) isolated from L1210 cells and for their effect on
      cell growth inhibition, transport characteristics, and net accumulation of
      polyglutamate forms in L1210 cells revealed the analogues to have essentially the
      same properties as the appropriate parent compound, aminopterin or methotrexate
      (MTX), except that 20 and 21 were approximately 10 times more growth inhibitory
      than MTX. In in vivo tests against P388/0 and P388/MTX leukemia in mice, the
      analogues showed activity comparable to that of MTX, with the more potent 20
      producing the same response in the P388/0 test as MTX but at one-fourth the dose;
      none showed activity against P388/MTX. Hydrolytic deamination of 12 and 20
      produced 5-methyl-5-deazafolic acid and 5,10-dimethyl-5-deazafolic acid,
      respectively. In bacterial studies on the 2-amino-4-oxo analogues, 5-deazafolic
      acid proved to be a potent inhibitor of Lactobacillus casei DHFR and also the
      growth of both L. casei ATCC 7469 and Streptococcus faecium ATCC 8043. Its 5
      methyl congener 22 is also inhibitory toward L. casei, but its IC50 for growth
      inhibition is much lower than its IC50 values for inhibition of DHFR or
      thymidylate synthase from L. casei, suggesting an alternate site of action.

PMID- 2423691
TI  - Inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases from pig coronary artery by
      benzo-separated analogues of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine.
AB  - The linear and proximal benzo-separated analogues of 7-benzyl-3-isobutyl-1
      methylxanthine, 3-isobutyl-1,8-dimethylxanthine, 3-isobutyl-8-tert-butyl-1
      methylxanthine, 3-isobutyl-8-(methoxymethyl)-1-methylxanthine , and 1-isoamyl-3
      isobutylxanthine have been prepared and assayed as inhibitors of the peak I and
      peak II forms of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase from pig coronary artery.
      Most of the benzo analogues were less effective inhibitors of these
      phosphodiesterases when compared to 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) even
      though the active sites of both enzyme forms tolerated the stretched-out
      xanthines. Indeed, the linear benzo-separated analogue of 7-benzyl-IBMX was a
      more potent inhibitor of peak I activity than was IBMX.

PMID- 2423692
TI  - Abnormal haemoglobins among pregnant women from Mozambique.
AB  - In a survey of 601 pregnant women in Mozambique, 34 (5.6%) were sickle cell trait
      carriers. Beta thalassaemia trait did not appear to be common. There was a slight
      rise in Hb F values in 49 women of the type reported previously in early
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2423693
TI  - Differential staining of dead and dying embryonic cells with a simple new
      technique.
AB  - A new staining technique with toluidine blue and safranin is described which
      yields satisfactory results in histological sections of chick embryo tissue fixed
      in a mixture of glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde and embedded in Spurr's resin. In
      zones of embryonic cell death, this technique allows the blue-staining of dying
      cell pyknotic nuclei to be clearly distinguished from red-staining healthy cells.
      The possible factors underlying this differential staining of pyknotic nuclei are
      discussed.

PMID- 2423694
TI  - Prosomes. Ubiquity and inter-species structural variation.
AB  - The "prosomes", a novel type of ubiquitous ribonucleoprotein particle of
      extraordinary stability and of defined electron microscopical structure, have
      been characterized in several cell types and species. Identified as a 19 S sub
      component of free mRNA-protein complexes, including globin and other repressed
      mRNA, in the cytoplasm of duck, mouse and HeLa cells, they were previously found
      to inhibit protein synthesis in vitro. In all cells studied, electron microscopy
      shows an identical, seemingly ring-like but rather raspberry-shaped particle of
      12 nm diameter, resistant to EDTA and 1% (w/v) Sarkosyl. Two-dimensional
      electrophoretic analysis of prosomal proteins shows a characteristic pattern in
      the 19,000 to 35,000 Mr range of pI 4 to 7, with an additional 56,000 Mr
      component specific to avian species. The prosomes found in globin mRNA-protein
      complexes contain about 25 protein components, 16 of which have identical
      molecular weight and pI values in duck and mouse, and which are also found in the
      prosomes of the heterogeneous free mRNPs of HeLa cells. Seral and monoclonal
      antibodies raised in mice against the prosomes of duck erythroblasts cross-react
      with some of the proteins of the mouse and HeLa cell particles. Prosomes isolated
      from duck and mouse globin mRNP, both contain small cytoplasmic RNAs of 70 to 90
      nucleotides, which represent about 15% of the particle mass. The molecular weight
      and the 3'-terminal oligonucleotide of each one of these small cytoplasmic RNAs
      are identical in the two animal species; fingerprints of their oligonucleotides
      generated by RNase T1 show that more than 80% of spots are identical. In
      contrast, the prosomes of HeLa cells, associated with a large population of
      repressed mRNA, contain at least 12 small cytoplasmic RNA species. All prosomal
      RNAs tested so far hybridize to mRNA. The data available indicate that prosomes
      constitute a novel class of ubiquitous cellular ribonucleoprotein complexes,
      present in the nucleus and cytoplasm that, in its structural variations shown
      here, reflects function and species.

PMID- 2423695
TI  - Isolation of two active glucosides, braxin A1 and A2, from rhizomes of bracken
      fern.
AB  - Two glucosides to enhance histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells were
      isolated from rhizomes of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) by column
      chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and droplet counter-current chromatography, and
      named braxin A1 and A2. They were beta-glucopyranosides with an aromatic
      structure in the aglycone moiety. They were appreciably unstable in activity and
      chemical structure, and were different from the active glucoside in the young
      fronds. Braxin A1 and A2 may well be identical with the toxic principles
      responsible for the bracken poisoning.

PMID- 2423696
TI  - The Golgi apparatus during epithelial differentiation: a quantitative
      morphological study of maturation compartments in keratinised epithelium from
      hamster cheek pouch mucosa.
AB  - Stereological and other morphometric techniques have been used to investigate the
      quantitative morphological characteristics of the Golgi complex in defined basal,
      spinous and granular layers of hamster cheek pouch epithelium. As the cell
      migrates between basal and granular layers, there are reductions in the
      volumetric, numerical and surface densities of Golgi per unit volume of
      epithelial cell cytoplasm. When these density estimates are related to the
      average cell, the average granular cell has a higher number of Golgi complexes
      with a greater cisternal and associated vesicular volume and membrane surface
      area than the average basal cell. Both the volume and surface area of individual
      Golgi systems are smaller in the average granular cell when compared with the
      average basal cell. We suggest that these structural alterations are associated
      with the increased secretory activity of spinous and granular cells which is
      primarily effected by the production of membrane-coating granules, organelles
      which are probably responsible for producing the intercellular permeability
      barrier. These changes are also accompanied by increases in the amounts of rough
      endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane, supporting the proposition that the
      epithelial cell becomes increasingly metabolically active as it differentiates.

PMID- 2423697
TI  - Atrial septation in the rat. I. A light microscopic and histochemical study.
AB  - Light microscopy and histochemistry consisting of alcian blue staining were
      utilized to study atrial septation in the albino rat heart. Light microscopy
      shows septum primum to develop from the dorsocranial wall of the primitive atrium
      by day 12.50. Foramen secundum rapidly develops in the ventrocranial portion of
      septum primum during day 13.00. A second septum appears to the right of septum
      primum in the rat as the foramen secundum increases in size. The first evidence
      of septum secundum can be noted on histologic preparations as a small rounded
      bulge extending into the right atrium from the ventrocranial wall. This occurs at
      day 14.50. This septum continues to enlarge but does not fuse with the
      endocardial cushions as does septum primum. Alcian blue staining shows the
      presence of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) concentrated heavily in the leading edge of
      the 12.50 day septum primum. GAGs are also present during foramen secundum
      formation in areas where endocardial cells aggregate. As development progresses,
      GAGs diminish in all areas of septum primum. Of particular interest is an area of
      intense alcian blue staining in the wall of the right atrium ventral and caudal
      to septum secundum development. This appears in histologic preparations of 13.50
      and 14.50 day rat hearts.

PMID- 2423698
TI  - Intralobular stromal fibroblasts in the resting human mammary gland:
      ultrastructural properties and intercellular relationships.
AB  - The intralobular stroma of the resting human mammary gland was studied by thin
      sectioning transmission electron microscopy on tissue obtained from reduction
      mammoplasty or adjacent to fibroadenomas. The arrangement of delimiting
      fibroblasts around the epithelium and their possession of contacts as shown by
      earlier studies were confirmed. Observations on other ultrastructural aspects
      show these cells to have abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well developed
      Golgi apparatus and vesicles considered to contain collagen-precursor, and
      conflict with earlier data. The fine structure of those fibroblasts without close
      epithelial proximity has been described for the first time and was similar to
      that of delimiting fibroblasts. Other features applicable to both categories of
      fibroblast included: variation in overall staining intensity, structures
      resembling hemi-desmosomes, simple junctions, and close juxtapositions of cell
      surfaces forming 'contacts' with other fibroblasts as well as with mononuclear
      cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, macrophages). These cell contacts
      have not been documented previously. Contacts were structurally undifferentiated,
      forming spaces 20-50 nm wide which were occluded by lanthanum nitrate.
      Intralobular stromal cells were therefore organised into a kind of reticulum. The
      possible functions of this network are discussed. The concept of the epithelial
      stromal junction is re-assessed in the light of these observations.

PMID- 2423699
TI  - Distribution and ultrastructural characterization of the stroma in scirrhous
      'infiltrating' carcinoma of the human breast.
AB  - A combination of light microscopic, histochemical, immunohistochemical and
      transmission electron microscopic techniques were used to study the distribution
      and ultrastructural characterization of the stroma of Scirrhous 'infiltrating'
      carcinoma of the human breast. Both the light and electron microscopic techniques
      emphasized the presence of regional variations in the distribution of fibrous
      tissue in this type of tumour. Whilst fibronectin and collagen type III appeared
      relatively rich in both periductal and diffused regions, there was a clear
      contrast in the distribution of collagen type I and elastic tissue between the
      two regions. Collagen type I was more numerous in the diffused regions whereas
      elastic tissue was more produced in the periductal regions. The present study
      confirmed the views that Scirrhous carcinoma cells secrete inappropriately the
      majority of collagen, elastic and possibly other fibrillar elements of the
      connective tissue stroma. Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and myoepithelial cells are
      believed to contribute in a minor way to the production of the various connective
      tissue elements. Finally, our findings have been discussed in relation to the
      mechanism of invasiveness of the tumour cells.

PMID- 2423700
TI  - [Inhibitory effect of phenytoin on nerve hyperexcitability induced by low calcium
      in frogs].

PMID- 2423701
TI  - Drastic immunoreactivity changes between the immature and mature forms of the
      Sendai virus HN and F0 glycoproteins.
AB  - The immunoreactivity of the Sendai virus HN and F0 glycoproteins was shown to
      mature before reaching the final form exhibited by the native mature proteins.
      The maturation process differed for the two proteins. The native F0
      immunoreactivity was shown to be defined cotranslationally, and the addition of
      high-mannose sugar residues may represent the final step in defining the
      maturation of immunoreactivity. On the other hand, native HN immunoreactivity was
      slowly fashioned during the hour after the completion of protein synthesis.
      Although addition of high-mannose sugar could constitute a necessary step in this
      slow maturation process, it was shown not to be sufficient. Processing of high
      mannose sugars and HN self-association in homodimers and homotetramers were
      investigated as possible steps involved in the slow maturation of HN
      immunoreactivity. They were found not to play a significant role. On the other
      hand, conformational changes presumably took place during the maturation of HN
      immunoreactivity. Drastic immunoreactivity differences were also demonstrated
      between the native and denatured forms of the glycoproteins. Possible
      implications of these results in defining the pathways of glycoprotein synthesis
      are discussed.

PMID- 2423702
TI  - Antigenic variation (mar mutations) in herpes simplex virus glycoprotein B can
      induce temperature-dependent alterations in gB processing and virus production.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody-resistant (mar) mutants altered in the antigenic structure of
      glycoprotein B (gB) of herpes simplex virus type 1, strain KOS-321, were selected
      by neutralization with each of six independently derived gB-specific monoclonal
      antibodies. Analysis of the reactivity patterns of these mar mutants with a panel
      of 16 virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies identified at least five
      nonoverlapping epitopes on this antigen, designated groups I through V. Multiple
      mar mutations were also introduced into the gB structural gene by recombination
      and sequential antibody selection to produce a set of mar mutants with double,
      triple, and quadruple epitope alterations. Group II (B2) and group III (B4)
      antibodies were used to select the corresponding mutants, mar B2.1 and mar B4.1,
      which in addition to carrying the mar phenotype were temperature sensitive (ts)
      for processing of the major partially glycosylated precursor of gB, pgB (Mr =
      107,000), to mature gB (Mr = 126,000) and showed reduced levels of gB on the cell
      surface at high temperature (39 degrees C). These mutants were not, however, ts
      for production of infectious progeny. A recombinant virus, mar B2/4.1, carrying
      both of these alterations was ts for virus production and failed to produce and
      transport any detectable mature gB to the cell surface at 39 degrees C. Rather,
      pgB accumulated in the infected cell. Revertants of the ts phenotype, isolated
      from virus plaques at 39 degrees C, regained the B2 but not the B4 epitope and
      were phenotypically indistinguishable from the mar B4.1 parent. Finally, it was
      shown that group II (B5) and group III (B4) antibodies failed to
      immunoprecipitate pgB (39 degrees C) produced by ts gB mutants of herpes simplex
      virus type 1 which were not selected with monoclonal antibodies. Taken together,
      our findings indicate that (i) mar mutations can alter antigenic as well as other
      functional domains of gB, namely, the domain(s) involved in processing and
      infectivity, and (ii) group II and group III epitopes lie within an essential
      functional domain of gB which is a target for ts gB mutations.

PMID- 2423703
TI  - Identification of a protein encoded by the trans activator gene tatIII of human T
      cell lymphotropic retrovirus type III.
AB  - The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III/LAV) is a retrovirus
      associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The region on the viral
      genome that is necessary for trans-activation of the HTLV-III/LAV long terminal
      repeat called tatIII has previously been determined to lie between nucleotides
      5365 and 5607. Here we report that a bacterial fusion protein containing amino
      acid sequences specified by the first coding exon of the tatIII gene is
      recognized by some patient antisera. We also demonstrate that lymphoid and
      epithelial cells that express the trans activator function express a 14
      kilodalton (kDa) protein recognized by a patient antiserum that reacts with the
      bacterial tatIII fusion protein. Cells transiently transfected with a deletion
      mutant of the trans activator protein produce a 12-kDa protein rather than the 14
      kDa protein. These observations indicate that the tatIII region contains a
      functional gene and is capable of expressing a protein that migrates with an
      apparent molecular size of 14 kDa in some lymphoid and epithelial cells
      transfected with plasmids containing the tatIII region. We propose that the
      product of the trans activator gene be designated p14tat-III.

PMID- 2423704
TI  - Sequences near the 5' long terminal repeat of avian leukosis viruses determine
      the ability to induce osteopetrosis.
AB  - Avian leukosis virus (ALV)-induced osteopetrosis is associated with the
      accumulation of unintegrated viral DNA in osteoblasts. Viruses constructed from
      the DNAs of an osteopetrosis-inducing ALV (Br21) and a non-osteopetrosis-inducing
      ALV (RAV-0) have been used to test for the role of viral genes in the induction
      of osteopetrosis. Our results map osteopetrotic potential to a 1,400-base-pair
      region near the 5' long terminal repeat. This region contains signals for the
      splicing, translation, and packaging of viral RNAs and coding sequences for the
      gag proteins p19 and p10 and the N terminus of p27.

PMID- 2423707
TI  - Flow cytometry of renal oncocytoma: common occurrence of deoxyribonucleic acid
      polyploidy and aneuploidy.
AB  - Flow cytometry was performed on 51 typical specimens of renal oncocytoma. Nuclei
      were extracted from paraffin-embedded archival material and isolated nuclei were
      stained with propidium iodide. Of the 51 available tissue blocks 86 per cent were
      evaluable and 50 per cent of these samples showed a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
      histogram that was approximately the same as normal renal parenchyma. Of the
      oncocytoma samples 39 per cent showed a marked increase (more than 10 per cent of
      the nuclei) in the tetraploid DNA peak, while 11 per cent showed a distinct DNA
      aneuploid peak. Among 21 evaluable grade 2 oncocytic renal tumors 33 per cent
      showed a normal DNA histogram, 43 per cent showed a marked increase in the DNA
      tetraploid peak and 24 per cent showed a DNA aneuploid peak. The common presence
      of polyploid nuclei containing double quantities of chromosomal DNA may correlate
      with the long-standing pathological observation that oncocytic tumors often
      contain a distinct population of large nuclei. Indeed, 86 per cent concurrence
      was seen between the detection of an abnormal DNA content by flow cytometry and
      the histopathological presence of large abnormal nuclei in these specimens. Since
      renal oncocytomas (grade 1 oncocytic tumors) rarely, if ever, metastasize and are
      relatively noninvasive locally, their markedly abnormal flow cytometry patterns
      are of considerable interest. Moreover, DNA polyploidy has not been identified
      previously in renal tumors. The biological significance and mechanism of DNA
      polyploidy, and the relationship of DNA polyploidy and DNA aneuploidy to the
      pathogenesis of oncocytic renal tumors require further laboratory investigation.
      The clinical use of flow cytometry to classify and to predict the behavior of
      renal tumors will be complicated, since renal oncocytomas commonly have polyploid
      and aneuploid DNA histograms.

PMID- 2423706
TI  - In vitro mutagenesis of the putative membrane-binding domain of polyomavirus
      middle-T antigen.
AB  - Polyomavirus middle-T antigen contains a contiguous sequence of 22 hydrophobic
      amino acids near the carboxyl terminus, which is the putative membrane-binding
      domain of the protein. The DNA encoding this region was mutated to form a series
      of deletions, insertions, and substitutions called RX mutants. The phenotypes of
      these mutants fall into three groups based on the transforming and biochemical
      properties of their encoded proteins. The first group, with deletions outside but
      proximal to the hydrophobic domain, displayed an essentially wild-type phenotype.
      A second group, with extensive deletions within the region encoding the
      hydrophobic domain, expressed middle-T species which did not fractionate with
      cellular membranes or associate with pp60c-src and which were defective in their
      ability to transform. A third group of mutants with more subtle predicted
      alterations in the hydrophobic domain were wild type for the biochemical
      parameters investigated but were unable to transform cultured rodent cells. These
      observations are consistent with previous findings that membrane association
      plays an important role in transformation by middle-T and that, whereas
      association between middle-T and pp60c-src is a necessary correlate of
      transformation, it is not sufficient. A comparison of murine polyomavirus middle
      T and a newly described hamster papovavirus putative middle-T revealed a strong
      homology between their respective hydrophobic-domain amino acid sequences. This
      homology is not observed in the anchorage domains of other model proteins, and
      this may imply that the middle-T hydrophobic domain is important in
      transformation for reasons other than simple membrane association.

PMID- 2423705
TI  - Phosphorylation of the transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus: direct
      demonstration of phosphorylation of serine 17 and identification of an additional
      site of tyrosine phosphorylation in p60v-src of Prague Rous sarcoma virus.
AB  - We provide direct evidence that serine 17 is the major site of serine
      phosphorylation in p60v-src, the transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus, and
      in its cellular homolog, p60c-src. The amino acid composition of the tryptic
      peptide containing the major site of serine phosphorylation in p60v-src was
      deduced by peptide map analysis of the protein labeled biosynthetically with a
      variety of radioactive amino acids. Manual Edman degradation revealed that the
      phosphorylated serine in this peptide was the amino terminal residue. These data
      are consistent only with the phosphorylation of serine 17. The major site of
      serine phosphorylation in chicken p60c-src, the cellular homolog of p60v-src, is
      contained in a tryptic peptide identical to that containing serine 17 in p60v-src
      of Schmidt Ruppin Rous sarcoma virus of subgroup A. Serine 17 is therefore also
      phosphorylated in p60c-src. The p60v-src protein encoded by Prague Rous sarcoma
      virus was found to contain two sites of tyrosine phosphorylation. The previously
      unrecognized site of tyrosine phosphorylation may be tyrosine 205 or possibly
      tyrosine 208. Treatment of Prague Rous sarcoma virus-infected cells with vanadyl
      ions stimulated the protein kinase activity of p60v-src and increased the
      phosphorylation of tyrosine 416 but not the phosphorylation of the additional
      site of tyrosine phosphorylation.

PMID- 2423708
TI  - Teratoma following cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy for nonseminomatous
      germ cell tumors: a clinicopathological correlation.
AB  - From April 1975 through May 1981, 51 patients had teratoma resected from residual
      disease following cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy. All patients had
      normal serum markers before resection of abdominal (25), lung (12), mediastinal
      (5), thoracoabdominal (8) or other (1) disease. Teratoma was classified as mature
      in 29 cases, immature in 15 or immature with nongerm cell elements in 7. Of the
      51 patients 31 (61 per cent) remain free of recurrent disease, while 20 either
      had recurrent carcinoma (10) or teratoma (10) requiring further therapy. Nine
      patients died, including 1 in whom angiosarcoma developed, which was thought to
      be secondary to previous radiation therapy. In 4 patients the initial relapse of
      carcinoma developed beyond 2 years after resection. Univariate factors predicting
      for relapse include tumor burden, immature teratoma with nongerm cell elements
      and site (mediastinum), while only immature teratoma with nongerm cell elements
      and site predicted for survival. Patients with immature teratoma had a comparable
      relapse-free and over-all survival as those with mature teratoma. Using a
      multivariate analysis, primary tumor site at the mediastinum was the most
      significant adverse factor predictive for relapse and survival. This study
      appears to support the various pre-clinical models that demonstrate
      multipotential capabilities of teratoma. Complete surgical excision of teratoma
      remains the most effective treatment with continued close followup recommended
      for high risk patients (immature teratoma with nongerm cell elements, large tumor
      burden and primary mediastinal tumors) with resected teratoma.

PMID- 2423709
TI  - The role of transabdominal ultrasound in the preoperative evaluation of patients
      with benign prostatic hypertrophy.
AB  - We evaluated 59 consecutive patients for obstructive voiding symptoms with
      physical examination, excretory urography, urethrocystoscopy, post-voiding
      residual volumes, uroflowmetry and transabdominal ultrasound of the prostate. Of
      the patients 53 underwent transurethral resection of the prostate and 6 underwent
      open prostatectomy. Followup uroflowmetry was done 4 weeks postoperatively. The
      best predictor of the actual prostatic weight was transabdominal ultrasound (r
      equals 0.975), and with digital rectal examination and urethrocystoscopy there
      was a tendency to overestimate small and underestimate large glands. Symptoms
      such as nocturia do not allow any conclusions about the size of the prostate. The
      correlation between post-void residual and specimen weight also is poor and only
      patients in retention (Foley catheter) have a significantly larger prostate.
      Preoperative uroflowmetry provides limited information about the prostatic size
      but, although the difference between the preoperative and postoperative flow rate
      index is highly significant (p less than 0.001, mean difference test), the
      correlation between specimen weight, and the difference between preoperative and
      postoperative flow rate index is not significant. We recommend transabdominal
      sonography of the prostate, a simple and noninvasive procedure, as a useful
      adjunct in the preoperative evaluation of patients with benign prostatic
      hypertrophy. In addition to the fact that only this method provides reliable and
      reproducible estimations of the weight of the prostate, further information, such
      as measurement of the post-void residual volume, can be obtained without
      additional costs or loss of time.

PMID- 2423710
TI  - Small cell carcinoma of the prostate gland with inappropriate antidiuretic
      hormone secretion: morphological, immunohistochemical and clinical expressions.
AB  - Small cell carcinomas of the prostate gland are rare, and their histogenesis and
      clinical behavior remain poorly defined. We report a case with antidiuretic
      hormone secretion, which demonstrates direct transformation of the adenocarcinoma
      into the small cell component. The adenocarcinoma reacted positively for
      prostatic antigen, and negatively for carcinoembryonic antigen and neuron
      specific enolase, whereas the small cell component was negative for prostatic
      antigen, and positive for carcinoembryonic antigen and neuron specific enolase.
      At biopsy this was interpreted as denoting 2 separate tumors: one of prostatic
      and the other of nonprostatic origin. The clinical course was rapidly fatal but
      otherwise manifested the metastatic pattern of prostatic carcinoma. We caution
      that immunohistochemical reactions may be misleading if not interpreted in the
      context of other findings in the case. This case is labeled as a small cell
      carcinoma rather than a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the ordinary type
      because the tumor exhibited morphological, immunohistochemical and biological
      features typical for that neoplasm.

PMID- 2423711
TI  - The action potential of guinea pig bladder smooth muscle.
AB  - The smooth muscle of the guinea pig bladder demonstrates in vitro spontaneous
      electrical activity in the form of action potentials which are associated with
      contraction. The action potential frequency is highly voltage-sensitive. The
      relative contributions of Na, Ca and K to the action potential elicited by
      depolarizing current have been studied using intracellular microelectrodes. In
      solutions in which NaCl is replaced by sucrose, the membrane hyperpolarizes and
      the rate of rise and after-hyperpolarization of the elicited action potential is
      increased. The amplitude is unaffected. In Ca-deficient solutions, the membrane
      depolarizes, the rate of rise and amplitude of the action potential is reduced,
      and the after-hyperpolarization is decreased. Nifedipine reduces amplitude and
      rate of rise but does not affect after-hyperpolarization. In the presence of the
      K-channel antagonist TEA, the duration of the action potential is prolonged, but
      the amplitude and rate of rise are unaffected. After-hyperpolarization is not
      reduced. It is concluded that the action potential of guinea pig bladder muscle,
      like many other smooth muscles studied, is Ca-based. Repolarization depends on
      changes in K conductance. The after-hyperpolarization is voltage-sensitive.

PMID- 2423712
TI  - Intravesical instillation of a calcium entry blocker and its effects on detrusor
      contractility: in vitro and vivo experiments.
AB  - The effects of intravesical instillation of a Ca2+ entry blocker (verapamil) on
      the contractility of the bladder detrusor muscle of the rabbit were investigated
      in vitro and in vivo. In in vitro experiments, using whole bladder preparations,
      spontaneous contractile activity and contraction induced by direct electric
      stimulation or acetylcholine were monitored. Both activities were inhibited in a
      time-dependent manner after the intravesical instillation of 7.5 mg. verapamil.
      The amplitude of spontaneous contraction 90 minutes after the instillation, was
      reduced to 10 per cent of control (before the instillation), and the response to
      electric stimulation and acetylcholine were inhibited to 16 per cent and 38 per
      cent of controls respectively. The detrusor contractility was still inhibited two
      hours after the removal of verapamil from the bladder. This inhibition of the
      detrusor contractility after removal of verapamil was completely reversed by
      adding four mM Ca2+ intravesically. During in vivo experiments, the changes of
      intravesical pressure elicited by pelvic nerve stimulation and the systemic
      arterial pressure were monitored. Sixty minutes after the intravesical
      instillation of 10 mg. verapamil, the rise of the intravesical pressure following
      the pelvic nerve stimulation was inhibited to 18 per cent of control, while the
      systemic arterial pressure was not affected. It is suggested that the
      intravesical instillation of verapamil can inhibit detrusor contractility without
      affecting cardiovascular status.

PMID- 2423713
TI  - A chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay for the evaluation of the androgen
      responsiveness of prostatic tissue.
AB  - A biological assay using the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chicken egg as
      an in vitro culture system has been developed and standardized in order to assess
      the androgen responsiveness of normal and abnormal prostatic tissue. In this
      assay, test tissue is implanted onto the CAM of chicken eggs in the presence or
      absence of exogenous testosterone treatment, with subsequent serum levels of 45
      ng./dl. and greater than 5,000 ng./dl., respectively. The responsiveness of test
      tissue to low versus high androgen levels was evaluated in this CAM assay using
      both cellular morphology and mitotic index as response criteria. Both androgen
      responsive and unresponsive tissues from the rat were grown on the CAM and
      demonstrated appropriate morphologic and proliferative responses to the presence
      and absence of testosterone supplementation. Human prostatic adenocarcinoma and
      benign hyperplastic tissues were also grown successfully on the CAM.
      Documentation of human tissue survival was performed by immunocytochemical
      analysis for prostate specific antigen and prostate specific acid phosphatase.
      The human prostatic adenocarcinomas studied demonstrated a two to four-fold
      increase in mitotic index with androgen augmentation. In conclusion, the ability
      of this assay to determine androgen responsiveness as measured by morphologic and
      proliferative criteria has been documented in rat tissues. Human prostatic
      adenocarcinoma has been grown consistently on the chick chorioallantoic membrane
      for the first time using newly developed techniques. Therefore, this technique
      shows promise in the clinical application for the determination of the androgen
      responsiveness of human prostatic carcinomas.

PMID- 2423714
TI  - Modifiers of calcium oxalate crystallization found in urine. I. Studies with a
      continuous crystallizer using an artificial urine.
AB  - Various modifiers of the rate of crystallization of calcium oxalate (CaOx) known
      to be present in urine were studied in a continuous crystallizer system under
      conditions approximating those in whole urine. Of the small ions examined,
      magnesium and citrate were only weak inhibitors of the crystal growth rate and
      degree of agglomeration of CaOx within the urinary range of concentration of
      these ions. At and beyond the upper limit of the normal, however, both ions
      became much more active mainly through their ability to complex oxalate and
      calcium ions respectively. Pyrophosphate showed similar characteristics although
      its ability to act as an inhibitor at high concentrations was not due to
      complexation of calcium ions but to adsorption onto the crystal surface of the
      freshly generated CaOx crystals. The polyanionic inhibitors, chondroitin-4
      sulphate, heparin and ribonucleic acid (RNA), also acted as adsorption inhibitors
      of growth and agglomeration. Of all the inhibitors tested RNA was the most active
      within the concentration range found in normal urine. Under the conditions of
      ionic strength employed, it was not possible to measure the effect of Tamm
      Horsfall mucoprotein satisfactorily since it polymerized to form particles
      sufficiently large to interfere with the true crystal counts of CaOx in the test
      system.

PMID- 2423716
TI  - The present role of alpha-adrenergic blockers in the treatment of benign
      prostatic hypertrophy.

PMID- 2423715
TI  - Role of calcium ion antagonists of the bladder detrusor muscle: in vitro and in
      vivo study.
AB  - Calcium (Ca2+) ions play an important role in the contractility of the detrusor.
      Most of the neurotransmitters and modulators act on the detrusor through altering
      the final intracellular concentration of Ca2+. We studied three commonly used
      Ca2+ antagonists on their effect of detrusor contractility in vitro: verapamil,
      nifedipine and segontin. All three inhibited the detrusor-induced contraction in
      a dose-dependent fashion. Verapamil showed noncompetitive inhibition. Segontin
      showed a competitive inhibition on both phasic and tonic contractions of the
      detrusor strips. Nifedipine selectively inhibited the phasic contraction
      noncompetitively but competitively suppressed the tonic contraction. The in vivo
      application of verapamil on the bladder of rabbits with multiple-sclerosis-like
      disease showed a significant increase in bladder capacity. The study shows the
      possibility of the potential use of Ca2+-antagonist to suppress the problem of
      bladder instability.

PMID- 2423717
TI  - The growth of benign prostatic hypertrophy in semisolid agar culture.
AB  - Tissue samples from transurethrally resected benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
      in 29 patients were disaggregated into single cells and cultured in semisolid
      media. In 15 cultured specimens not overgrown with bacteria or fungus, colony
      formation occurred in seven (47 per cent). The median plating efficiency was
      0.036 per cent with a range of 0.0005 to 0.9 per cent. Studies of the cells
      forming the colonies demonstrated histochemical, immunohistologic, morphologic
      and ultrastructural findings characteristic of an epithelial origin. The results
      suggest a potential utility of colony forming assays in the study of benign as
      well as malignant cells. These BPH culture studies were limited by microorganism
      contamination and low yields from the disaggregation technique.

PMID- 2423718
TI  - Assessment of neonatal conjunctivitis with a direct immunofluorescent monoclonal
      antibody stain for Chlamydia.
AB  - Chlamydial conjunctivitis was diagnosed by direct immunofluorescent monoclonal
      antibody staining of conjunctival smears in 46 of 100 consecutive neonates with
      conjunctivitis. The remaining 54 infants had bacterial conjunctivitis most
      commonly caused by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus species. A
      comparison of the direct test with chlamydial cultures demonstrated a sensitivity
      of 100% and a specificity of 94%, whereas Giemsa stain had a sensitivity of 42%
      and a specificity of 98%. Nineteen percent of infants treated with oral
      erythromycin for chlamydial infections in accordance with Centers for Disease
      Control guidelines had clinical and laboratory evidence of persistent chlamydial
      conjunctivitis. We conclude that Chlamydia trachomatis is a major cause of
      neonatal conjunctivitis that can be effectively and rapidly diagnosed by direct
      immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody staining of conjunctival smears. Further
      evaluation of treatment regimens appears to be warranted.

PMID- 2423719
TI  - Lyme disease during pregnancy.
AB  - Lyme disease is an increasingly recognized tick-borne illness caused by a
      spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Because the etiologic agent of Lyme disease is
      a spirochete, there has been concern about the effect of maternal Lyme disease on
      pregnancy outcome. We reviewed cases of Lyme disease in pregnant women who were
      identified before knowledge of the pregnancy outcomes. Nineteen cases were
      identified with onset between 1976 and 1984. Eight of the women were affected
      during the first trimester, seven during the second trimester, and two during the
      third trimester; in two, the trimester of onset was unknown. Thirteen received
      appropriate antibiotic therapy for Lyme disease. Of the 19 pregnancies, five had
      adverse outcomes, including syndactyly, cortical blindness, intrauterine fetal
      death, prematurity, and rash in the newborn. Adverse outcomes occurred in cases
      with infection during each of the trimesters. Although B burgdorferi could not be
      implicated directly in any of the adverse outcomes, the frequency of such
      outcomes warrants further surveillance and studies of pregnant women with Lyme
      disease.

PMID- 2423720
TI  - Review of urine microscopy for bacteriuria.
AB  - Urine microscopy for bacteriuria remains a useful and valid technique for the
      evaluation of urinary tract infection; however, established interpretive criteria
      are not agreed on. Our own data and a review of the literature demonstrate that
      reliable data can be obtained by enumerating the organisms observed in stained or
      unstained centrifuged and stained uncentrifuged urine specimens. Criteria are
      given for the interpretation of urine microscopy for maximum sensitivity and
      specificity for each method reviewed. For clinicians desiring to perform urine
      microscopy, we recommend the use of oil-immersion microscopy of Gram-stained
      centrifuged urine sediment and suggest that observing at least one organism per
      oil-immersion field corresponds with 95% sensitivity and that observing more than
      five organisms corresponds with 95% specificity for bacteriuria at a level of
      10(5) or more colony-forming units per milliliter. Further testing will be
      required on any negative specimen from a symptomatic patient.

PMID- 2423721
TI  - [Sorting of living and dead cells by flow cytometry--staining principle and basic
      experiment].
AB  - Simultaneous staining with fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and propidium iodide (PI)
      is described for use in the identification of living cells and dead cells. FDA
      passes through living cell membranes and is hydrolyzed by intracellular esterase
      to produce fluorescein. Fluorescein accumulates inside the cell and emits green.
      PI passes through dead cell membranes and intercalates with DNA to form a bright
      red fluorescent complex. Living cells and dead cells are easily identified on the
      cytograms by flow cytometry. In cases of normal uterine squamous epithelium,
      white blood cells are viable, while superficial type cells and intermediate type
      cells are dead.

PMID- 2423722
TI  - [A case of fibrous hamartoma of infancy and a review of the Japanese literature].
AB  - A case of fibrous hamartoma of infancy in the left axilla of an 18-month-old boy,
      is reported with some discussion (citations of references). The tumor was
      situated in the subcutaneous fatty tissue, and its border was unclear. It was
      removed easily and found to measure 2.5 X 1.5 X 1.5 cm. Histologically, in
      addition to the three main components, i.e., trabeculae of fibrous tissue,
      immature mesenchymal cells with a mucoid matrix and interspersed mature fat, a
      capillary vasoformative proliferation, peripheral nerve fibers and lymph follicle
      like structures mingling with and transforming into one another were noted
      throughout the tumor. On the basis of these findings, immature mesenchymal cells
      were considered as having very important roles with regard to the histogenesis of
      fibrous hamartoma of infancy.

PMID- 2423723
TI  - [Plasmapheresis therapy in primary macroglobulinemia with liver cirrhosis:
      replacement with dextran 40].

PMID- 2423724
TI  - [Cerebrospinal fluid protein fractionation using a combination of high resolution
      agarose gel electrophoresis and silver staining].

PMID- 2423725
TI  - [Cytodiagnosis of lung cancer. B. Staining methods].

PMID- 2423726
TI  - [Neurotransmitters and degenerative diseases in the central nervous system].

PMID- 2423727
TI  - Acceleration of liver regeneration by malotilate in partially hepatectomized
      rats.
AB  - The effect of malotilate (diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate) on liver
      regeneration was studied by using partially hepatectomized rats. Malotilate
      administration (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) facilitated the weight gain of the liver
      after partial hepatectomy. Protein, RNA and DNA contents of the regenerating
      liver correlated well with the weight gain. The weight gain, RNA and DNA
      contents, and mitotic index were significantly suppressed in the alloxan-diabetic
      rats 24 hr after partial hepatectomy. However, malotilate administration
      significantly improved the delayed recovery of RNA content. Other parameters were
      not significantly improved by malotilate, but tended to increase to a level
      comparable to those of partially hepatectomized control rats. These results show
      that malotilate accelerates cell proliferation, resulting in facilitated liver
      regeneration in rats (as well as in alloxan-diabetic rats).

PMID- 2423728
TI  - Inhibitory action of propranolol on the contractions induced by nerve
      stimulations or calcium in the smooth muscle of rat vas deferens.
AB  - Inhibitory effects of propranolol on the contractions to various treatments were
      investigated in the epididymal half of the rat vas deferens. Reportedly, 10(-5)-3
      X 10(-4) M propranolol inhibited 150 mM K-induced contractions dose-dependently;
      3 X 10(-4) M propranolol abolished the contractions. The present results showed
      that propranolol at concentrations up to 10(-4) M did not inhibit the maximal
      contractions to 10(-3) M norepinephrine (NE) or 10(-2) M methacholine (MCh).
      Propranolol at 3 X 10(-4) M slightly inhibited contractions to NE and MCh by 11%
      and 12%, respectively. In contrast, propranolol inhibited twitch components of
      the contractions induced by nerve stimulations at similar doses to those reported
      for high K contractions. Propranolol also inhibited contractions to Ca in high K
      containing solution and shifted the dose-response curve to the right. Propranolol
      did not affect the depolarizations by high K measured by microelectrodes.
      Propranolol at concentrations of 10(-5)-3 X 10(-5) M diminished the magnitude of
      spikes dose-dependently. Spikes were rarely observed in the presence of 10(-4) M
      propranolol in spite of generation of e.j.p.s with amplitudes that would be
      sufficient to induce spikes in the absence of propranolol. These results suggest
      that propranolol inhibits contractions by decreasing Ca-influx through the
      potential-operated Ca-channels in the smooth muscle cells of rat vas deferens.

PMID- 2423729
TI  - [Effects of antihistamine on acute lung injury caused by activating-complement].

PMID- 2423730
TI  - [A case of renal cell carcinoma in childhood].

PMID- 2423731
TI  - [Therapy of urologic neoplasms by interferons].

PMID- 2423732
TI  - [Kinetics of the prostate and urodynamics].

PMID- 2423733
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of measurement of serum concentration of gamma-seminoprotein
      (gamma-Sm) for diagnosis of prostatic cancer].

PMID- 2423734
TI  - Protective effect of orally administered immunoglobulins against experimental
      calf diarrhea.

PMID- 2423736
TI  - Administration of N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, or N'
      nitrosonornicotine to nursing rats: their interactions with liver and kidney
      nucleic acids from sucklings.
AB  - When nursing Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with [14C]N-nitrosodimethylamine
      [(NDMA) CAS: 62-75-9], N-nitrosopyrrolidine (CAS:930-55-2), or N'
      nitrosonornicotine (CAS: 16543-55-8), the liver and kidney DNA from their 14-day
      old offspring that had been nursed over a 24-hour period became labeled. Upon
      analysis, liver DNA from sucklings whose nursing mothers were treated with
      [14C]NDMA showed N7-methylguanine- and O6-methylguanine-altered bases. The
      results suggest that these nitrosamines, which are present in food, tobacco
      smoke, and in different environmental sources, are a risk not only for lactating
      mothers but also for the nursing infants.

PMID- 2423735
TI  - Hypersensitivity of cultured ataxia-telangiectasia cells to etoposide.
AB  - Fibroblasts from patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) were found to be
      hypersensitive to killing by the antineoplastic agent etoposide. The A-T
      fibroblast strains GM5823, GM367, and GM2052 were twofold to threefold more
      sensitive to killing by etoposide than fibroblasts from normal controls (AG1521,
      AG1522, and IMR90). A simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed, immortal human
      fibroblast line (GM5849) derived from the A-T cell line GM5823 was also studied.
      GM5849 retained the unusual sensitivity of nontransformed A-T fibroblast lines to
      x-irradiation, bleomycin, and neocarzinostatin (zinostatin). GM5849 was also more
      sensitive to etoposide than were SV40-transformed fibroblasts from normal
      controls. M1, and SV40-transformed fibroblast line derived from a patient with
      xeroderma pigmentosum, had the same sensitivity to etoposide as SV40-transformed
      fibroblasts derived from normal controls.

PMID- 2423737
TI  - Properties of mouse mammary epithelial cell lines characterized by in vivo
      transplantation and in vitro immunocytochemical methods.
AB  - Immunocytochemical and in vivo transplantation methods were used to study the
      characteristics of a series of newly developed mammary epithelial cell lines.
      These mouse mammary cell lines were derived from mid-pregnant primiparous BALB/c
      female mice and were routinely grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
      supplemented with 1% fetal bovine serum, insulin, transferrin, epidermal growth
      factor, and selenite. Of the 6 cell lines, 1 cell line, COMMA-D, produced normal
      and preneoplastic mammary outgrowths when it was transplanted into mammary fat
      pads of syngeneic mice. One cell line, MOD, produced only mammary
      adenocarcinomas. The other 4 cell lines, COMMA-F, COMMA-T, MOMA-1, and MOMA-2,
      produced neither normal nor neoplastic outgrowths. Immunocytochemical staining
      with polyclonal antibodies to keratin and vimentin intermediate filament proteins
      revealed that 5 of the 6 cell lines were epithelial. The sixth cell line, MOMA-2,
      was apparently of fibroblastic origin. The COMMA-D cell line was unique compared
      to the other cell lines with respect to several characteristics. The cell line
      was morphologically heterogeneous as determined by phase-contrast microscopy,
      cytologically heterogeneous as determined by immunocytochemical staining, and
      heterogeneous with respect to DNA content. Finally, the full morphogenic
      potential of COMMA-D included not only normal mammary ductal and preneoplastic
      mammary alveolar outgrowths but also adenocarcinomas and fibrosarcomas. The
      expression of this morphogenic potential upon transplantation in vivo was
      drastically diminished after passage 14. The significance of the cellular
      heterogeneity with respect to expression of mammary-specific morphogenesis is not
      understood at this time; however, conceivably, the observed heterogeneity
      reflects an essential requirement for morphogenesis in vivo. The transplantation
      and immunocytochemical characteristics provide the descriptive basis for further
      studies on these cell lines to determine the cell lineages involved in
      morphogenesis and preneoplastic transformation in vivo.

PMID- 2423738
TI  - Chemically induced tumors of rat olfactory epithelium: a model for human
      esthesioneuroepithelioma.
AB  - N-Nitrosopiperidine (CAS: 100-75-4) and 2,6-dimethylnitrosomorpholine induced
      tumors of the olfactory epithelium in white Wistar rats. Some tumors were
      serially transplanted to NMRI nude mice (nu/nu) and passaged up to 16 times in a
      1-year period. Tumor tissues from rats and mice were analyzed by conventional
      pathological stains, by electron microscopy, and by immunofluorescence microscopy
      with the use of antibodies specific for different intermediate filaments. Both
      carcinogens induced tumors built of undifferentiated small, round cells in which
      neuroblastic (Homer-Wright) rosettes and ependymal (Flexner) rosettes were
      visible. In some tumors areas of squamous cell metaplasia could be observed,
      which sometimes differentiated toward squamous cell carcinoma. Electron
      microscopy showed neurosecretory granules in some tumor cells, and biochemical
      studies of plasma showed in some instances elevated ACTH and calcitonin levels.
      Intermediate filament typing showed that in general the undifferentiated tumor
      cells lack intermediate filaments, although in 6 of 29 tumors a few cells that
      stained positively for neurofilaments were found. Flexner rosettes, the areas
      showing squamous cell differentiation, and occasional single tumor cells were
      positive with keratin antibodies. Neurofilament expression was observed in a
      minor population of tumor cells placed in tissue culture. These findings are used
      to argue that the chemically induced rat tumors are a model for human
      esthesioneuroepithelioma and furthermore that the light basal cells of the
      epithelium may be the stem cells of the rat tumors as well as of its rare
      counterparts in humans.

PMID- 2423739
TI  - [The Ca pump and Ca ATPase in the erythrocytes of patients with hypertension:
      disorders detected in cytoskeletal membranes and in solubilized Ca ATPase].
AB  - A study of Ca-ATPase and Ca-pump activity of the erythrocyte membrane's inverted
      vesicles with different cytoskeletal protein status demonstrated that Ca-pump
      activity remained unchanged, and Ca-ATPase activity was increased by 20-40%, as
      compared to erythrocytes from the normotensive controls, in hypertensive patients
      in the absence of exogenous calmodulin. These differences are assumed to be due
      to disorders of erythrocyte membrane structure in primary hypertension resulting
      in less efficient Ca-pump operation in the inverted vesicles. In all types of
      membranes obtained from hypertensive patients' erythrocytes in conditions of iso
      osmotic hemolysis, calmodulin-induced increment of peak Ca-ATPase and Ca-pump
      activity was 2 or 3 times as low as that of normotensive controls. These
      differences remained in evidence after the solubilization of membrane proteins
      with triton X-100. No differences in calmodulin influence on Ca-ATPase affinity
      to Ca2+ could be found. The membranes obtained in iso-osmotic conditions
      demonstrated no calmodulin effect on Ca-ATPase activity which is attributed to
      partial proteolysis of the enzyme's molecule.

PMID- 2423740
TI  - [Clinical study of the effectiveness and characteristics of the action of mexitil
      in the treatment of extrasystole in middle-aged and elderly patients].

PMID- 2423741
TI  - Modulation by verapamil of hormonal action on the Henle's loop of mice.
AB  - In order to know the role of cytosolic calcium in the modulation of the hormone
      action on sodium chloride transport across the thick ascending limbs of Henle's
      loop, we examined whether verapamil, a blocker of cellular calcium entry, can
      modulate the effects of arginine vasopressin (AVP) or glucagon in stimulating
      transepithelial voltage (Vt) and cyclic AMP generation in the mouse medullary
      thick ascending limb (MAL). The pretreatment of the renal tubule with 5 X 10(-5)M
      verapamil reduced the Vt stimulated with 200 microU/mliter AVP from 1.7 +/- 0.3
      mV to 0.4 +/- 0.4 mV (N = 7, P less than 0.05). The changes in Vt were well
      correlated with those of unidirectional Cl flux from the lumen to the bath.
      However, verapamil did not influence the Vt stimulated with 10(-3) M dibutyryl
      cyclic AMP. The pretreatment of the MAL with 10(-5) M verapamil also inhibited
      the cyclic AMP generation in the MAL from 72.1 +/- 17.9 to 50.6 +/- 13.6
      fmoles/mm/7 min (N = 7, P less than 0.05) as well as in the medullary collecting
      tubule from 147.6 +/- 46.6 to 121.2 +/- 41.6 fmoles/mm/7 min (N = 4, P less than
      0.05). The effect of verapamil in inhibiting the AVP-stimulated cAMP was dose
      dependent: the cAMP generation was inhibited by 28.9 +/- 6.8 and 61.1 +/- 9.3%
      with 10(-5) M and 10(-4) M verapamil, respectively. When verapamil was added to
      the medium simultaneously with AVP, the generation of cyclic AMP was
      unaffected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423742
TI  - [Hemosorption using an IGI sorbent coated with fibrin film in the treatment of
      middle-aged and elderly patients with acute surgical diseases].

PMID- 2423743
TI  - [Fluorophotometry as a method for the detection of permeability changes in the
      blood and aqueous humor barrier].
AB  - The increase in permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier after Nd-YAG laser
      iridotomy and the protective effect of locally applied indomethacin were
      investigated in an experimental animal study using a computerized
      fluorophotometer. The permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier was evaluated by
      three different molecules: fluorescein-sodium (molecular weight 330), fluorescein
      labeled dextran 70 000 (molecular weight 70 000) and fluorescein-labeled dextran
      150 000 (molecular weight 150 000). The fluorescein concentration of the anterior
      chamber was measured in 36 eyes (18 rabbits) as well as in a control group of 9
      eyes (9 rabbits) at fixed times after intravenous dye injection. Fluorescein
      leakage occurred, but no leakage of fluorescein-labeled dextrans was visible in
      the control group. Laser iridotomy induced a time-dependent increase in anterior
      segment permeability to fluorescein and fluorescein-labeled dextrans. Disturbance
      of the blood-aqueous barrier was effectively reduced by topical pretreatment with
      indomethacin, which mainly inhibited the leakage of the fluorescein-labeled
      dextrans. The clinical relevance of the laser-induced breakdown of the blood
      aqueous barrier and the protective effect of a prophylactic pharmacotherapy are
      discussed.

PMID- 2423744
TI  - [Proliferative retinopathy in experimental studies].

PMID- 2423745
TI  - [Subretinal neovascularization].

PMID- 2423746
TI  - [Exocrine function of the pancreas in patients with cholelithiasis].

PMID- 2423747
TI  - [Nutrient media for studying anaerobic asporogenic microflora (a review of the
      literature)].

PMID- 2423748
TI  - [Use of different methods of determining the hemolytic activity of Leptospira on
      solid nutrient media].

PMID- 2423749
TI  - [Identification of microbes by using agar test blocks].

PMID- 2423750
TI  - [Cellulose-coccus agglutination reaction and its use for demonstrating
      enterobacteria].

PMID- 2423751
TI  - [Method of studying the adhesive process of microorganisms].

PMID- 2423752
TI  - [Determination of gastric juice acidity].

PMID- 2423753
TI  - [Advantages of a method of isolating cells without heparin compared to the
      routine method for studying leukocyte functional activity].

PMID- 2423754
TI  - [Methodological characteristics of the fluorometric study of thrombocyte
      reversible endocytosis].

PMID- 2423755
TI  - [Determination of human sensitivity to the antiaggregation action of
      acetylsalicylic acid].

PMID- 2423756
TI  - [Chromatographic-mass spectrometric study of hair].

PMID- 2423757
TI  - [Determination of sialic acids in the sputum of bronchial asthma patients].

PMID- 2423758
TI  - [New aspects in the use of polyvinyl alcohol in biochemical laboratory practice].

PMID- 2423759
TI  - [Inverted method of processing electrophoregrams for detecting modified forms of
      albumin].

PMID- 2423760
TI  - [Device for the electrophoretic staining and decolorizing of slab polyacrylamide
      gels].

PMID- 2423761
TI  - [Determination of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes by a method of electrophoresis
      on cellulose acetate membranes].

PMID- 2423762
TI  - [Diagnostic importance of determining alpha 1-antitrypsin in detecting chronic
      nonspecific lung diseases].

PMID- 2423763
TI  - [Enzymatic micromethod of determining glucose in serum, plasma and whole blood].

PMID- 2423764
TI  - [Use of a test to determine the spontaneous migration of neutrophilic
      granulocytes in clinical pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 2423765
TI  - [Use of the Takacsi microtitrator for performing the neutrophil damage index
      test].

PMID- 2423766
TI  - [Rapid micromethod of determining the T- and B-lymphocyte count in human blood].

PMID- 2423767
TI  - [Isolation of highly purified fibronectin from human blood plasma for
      immunological research].

PMID- 2423768
TI  - [Possibility of using seminutrient media in the phage typing of Staphylococcus
      aureus].

PMID- 2423769
TI  - [Cytological characteristics of malignant soft-tissue histiocytoma].

PMID- 2423770
TI  - [Effect of ascorbic acid on the phagocytic activity in vitro of the neutrophilic
      granulocytes of pulmonary tuberculosis patients].

PMID- 2423771
TI  - [Changes in the indices of thrombocytic hemostasis in patients with closed chest
      injury].

PMID- 2423772
TI  - [Gastrin concentration in the blood serum in duodenal peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2423773
TI  - [Colorimetric method of determining glycerin in the blood].

PMID- 2423774
TI  - [Purification of agar for immunological research methods].

PMID- 2423775
TI  - [Improved methods for performing the leukocyte migration inhibition reaction].

PMID- 2423776
TI  - Attachment of microbes to host cells: relevance of Pneumocystis carinii.

PMID- 2423777
TI  - Mechanisms of cholestasis.

PMID- 2423778
TI  - Human mast cells use conservation and condensation mechanisms during recovery
      from degranulation. In vitro studies with mast cells purified from human lungs.
AB  - Human lung mast cells were isolated from enzymatically digested lung fragments
      and partially purified by countercurrent centrifugation elutriation before
      stimulation with anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE). Stimulated cells and control
      preparations were fixed for electron microscopy, and replicate samples were
      obtained for histamine determinations at early times (0 to 20 minutes) after
      stimulation. Other samples of stimulated and control cells were placed in culture
      media and recovered for electron microscopic studies after variable times
      spanning 3 to 48 hours. Two complete kinetic studies of release and recovery were
      studied. The starting purity of mast cells was 59% and 66% and the maximal
      histamine release at 20 minutes poststimulus was 72% and 45%, respectively, for
      these two studies. Mast cells underwent granule swelling and fusion with
      elongation and enlargement of granule chains to form degranulation channels which
      permeated the cytoplasm. Granule patterns became swollen and altered within
      channels which ultimately opened to the exterior through multiple pores. Altered
      granule matrix disappeared from many open channels. Residual granules that did
      not participate in this process did not swell and fuse their membranes. Early
      recovery events included conservation of granule containers (membranes) and
      contents. Degranulation channels became centrally located and developed granule
      shaped domains. Strings of vesicles, lipid bodies, filament-rich cytoplasmic
      invaginations, and membranes were found at constriction points in resolving
      channel-granules. As resolution of channel-granules occurred, condensation of
      channel-granule contents also took place. Progressively dense content developed
      in granule containers within which focal areas of crystallization and content
      organization were noted. Eventually, numerous granules with a crystal pattern
      were found in recovering mast cells. Other granule patterns (scrolls, particles,
      and mixed) were present but in smaller numbers. Human lung mast cells have the
      ability to repackage contents in the same container after stimulation with anti
      IgE. Although this was a prominent recovery pattern in the earlier periods
      examined, this did not constitute the only recovery pattern. Overlap with
      different events at later times was noted. These are currently being further
      investigated. The biochemical composition and physiologic function(s) of human
      mast cell granule membranes are unknown. Our findings suggest that certain
      analogies to other secretory granule membranes may exist. Clearly, containers can
      be reused, nearly in toto.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2423779
TI  - Estrogen receptor protein in bone and soft tissue tumors.
AB  - Thirty-three histologically diverse bone and soft tissue tumors were analyzed
      biochemically for the presence of estrogen receptor protein (ERP) and
      progesterone receptor by means of a conventional, commercially available, steroid
      binding assay (dextran-coated charcoal method) on fresh frozen tissue. These
      results were compared with analysis of ERP by using a specific monoclonal
      antibody both in an enzyme immunoassay and on frozen tissue sections by using
      immunohistochemical procedures. Frozen tissue sections were also examined for the
      presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors using fluorescein-labeled
      steroids. Six of the 33 tumors (18%) contained low levels of ERP ranging from 19
      to 73 fmol/mg as determined by the dextran-coated charcoal method. The remaining
      27 cases contained no (less than 10 fmol/mg) ERP. The ERP-positive group included
      a fibromatosis, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma (2 cases), neural sarcoma, and a
      synovial sarcoma. Four were high grades sarcomas, and two were low grade
      sarcomas. There was excellent agreement between the ERP levels determined by the
      dextran coated charcoal method and those determined by enzyme immunoassay. ERP
      could not be demonstrated immunohistochemically on frozen tissue sections of the
      tumors even though it could be demonstrated in breast carcinomas serving as
      positive controls. The failure of the immunohistochemical technique may be
      related to the low levels of ERP in these tumors and the difficulty of detecting
      antigen at threshold levels. Cytochemical localization of receptor protein
      employing fluoresceinated steroids did not correlate with cytosolic ERP as
      determined by enzyme immunoassay or the dextran coated charcoal method. Moreover,
      the high level of background fluorescence gave rise to a significant amount of
      intraobserver and interobserver variation. Although the clinical significance of
      ERP protein in mesenchymal tumors is still uncertain, the present findings,
      coupled with various clinical observations suggesting hormonal dependency of some
      mesenchymal tumors, indicate that investigation of a larger group of patients
      amenable to statistical analysis is warranted.

PMID- 2423780
TI  - Developments in the use of alpha-receptor antagonism in cardiovascular disease.
      Based upon a symposium held in Cologne, West Germany, September 27-28, 1985.

PMID- 2423781
TI  - Haemodynamic dose-response effects of intravenous indoramin in acute heart
      failure complicating myocardial infarction.
AB  - The haemodynamic dose-response effects of intravenous indoramin were evaluated in
      12 patients with acute heart failure (pulmonary artery occluded pressure of
      greater than 20 mm Hg) complicating a recent myocardial infarction. Following a 1
      h control period with confirmed stable haemodynamics, the effects of three
      intravenous bolus doses of indoramin (0.125, 0.125, and 0.25 mg/kg at 15-min
      intervals) were determined in the 10- to 15-min period following each intravenous
      injection. Plasma drug concentrations rose with the administered dose and were in
      the previously established therapeutic range. Ten patients tolerated all three
      doses of the drug; two patients were withdrawn following the second dose owing to
      clinically evident hypotension (systolic blood pressure of less than 100 mm Hg).
      Indoramin resulted in progressive falls in systolic, diastolic, and mean systemic
      arterial pressures (p less than 0.01) without change in cardiac index. There was
      a dose-related reduction in the heart rate (0.5 mg/kg; -7 beats/min; p less than
      0.01). The left ventricular filling pressure showed a significant and quadratic
      reduction over the dose range (0.5 mg/kg, -5 mm Hg; p less than 0.01). The
      systemic vascular resistance index was reduced (-333 dynes X s X cm-5 X m2; p
      less than 0.001) and the stroke volume index increased (+3 ml/m2; p less than
      0.05) following the maximum cumulative dosage. These data established the
      therapeutic safety of indoramin (0.125-0.5 mg/kg) in acute heart failure
      following myocardial infarction. An improvement in cardiac performance in these
      patients was compatible with circulatory actions on both cardiac preload and
      afterload.

PMID- 2423782
TI  - Acute effects of intravenous indoramin on the hemodynamic adaptation at rest and
      during exercise in chronic congestive heart failure.
AB  - Seven male patients (age 47-70 years) with congestive idiopathic (n = 4) or
      ischemic (n = 3) cardiomyopathy of functional class 2 (n = 5) or 3 (n = 2) were
      investigated. In the control study, cardiac output (Fick principle) and
      intravascular pressures were measured at rest in the supine position and during
      three consecutive bicycle exercise levels of increasing severity in the sitting
      position. One hour later, indoramin (0.09 to 0.17, mean: 0.12 mg/kg) was slowly
      injected over 10 to 20 min in the supine (n = 3) or sitting (n = 4) position and
      the same protocol was repeated 15 min later. After drug injection, one patient
      developed major postural hypotension and exercise data were not collected in this
      patient; data on six patients are thus presented. At rest, indoramin decreased
      mean heart rate from 91 to 77 beats/min, arterial blood pressure from 123/69 to
      102/61 mm Hg, and mean pulmonary arterial pressure from 26 to 22 mm Hg. The
      effects of indoramin were similar during the three levels of exercise (analysis
      of variance). At the highest exercise level, heart rate was unchanged (from 135
      to 138 beats/min) and cardiac output was slightly increased (from 8.6 to 9.6
      L/min); blood pressure (from 166/87 to 155/78 mm Hg); pulmonary arterial pressure
      (from 49 to 42 mm Hg); mean capillary wedge pressure (from 31 to 22 mm Hg);
      systemic vascular resistances (from 1,065 to 863 dynes); and total pulmonary
      resistances (from 523 to 403 dynes) were all significantly lower after indoramin
      administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423783
TI  - Preliminary observations of chronic indoramin therapy in congestive heart
      failure.
AB  - Twenty-one patients with congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association
      functional class III) underwent a double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled,
      randomized trial of indoramin (average dose of 50 mg every 12 h in 11 patients)
      versus placebo (n = 10). The study lasted 2 months and was initiated and
      terminated with the measurement of resting and exercise hemodynamics. Compared
      with baseline values, chronic administration of indoramin caused a mild reduction
      in resting mean systemic blood pressure (mean change of -10 mm Hg), and
      postdosing results included a drop in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances
      and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and a mild increase in stroke volume.
      Compared with baseline responses, chronic indoramin administration (postdosing)
      elicited a mild reduction in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances and
      pulmonary capillary wedge pressure during submaximal exercise. At this dose,
      chronic indoramin administration did not alter hemodynamics at maximal exercise
      or exercise duration to maximal exercise. While certain individual patients
      experienced clinical improvement on chronic indoramin therapy, the overall
      clinical status (symptoms, signs, diuretic requirements) of the indoramin-treated
      group did not change significantly when compared with that of the placebo control
      group.

PMID- 2423784
TI  - Indoramin in severe congestive heart failure.
AB  - The acute and chronic effects of indoramin, a new alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist
      with vasodilating properties, were examined in patients with severe congestive
      heart failure (New York Heart Association class III or IV). In the acute phase,
      indoramin, 0.2-0.4 mg/kg body weight, was given intravenously to 12 patients, and
      systemic peripheral resistance, right and left heart pressures, cardiac output,
      and left ventricular ejection fraction were determined. After indoramin,
      hemodynamic parameters improved significantly without heart rate changes. At peak
      effect (10-20 min), there were significant (p less than 0.001) decreases in mean
      arterial pressure from 105.3 +/- 20.4 to 86.0 +/- 16.8 mm Hg, mean pulmonary
      artery pressure from 39.4 +/- 10.4 to 21.4 +/- 5.8 mm Hg, total systemic
      peripheral resistance from 2,738.5 +/- 660 to 1,294.4 +/- 314 dyn s/cm-5, and
      left ventricular end-diastolic pressure from 35.3 +/- 6.8 to 18.3 +/- 4.7 mm Hg.
      There were increases (p less than 0.001) in cardiac index from 2.1 +/- 0.73 to
      3.3 +/- 0.88 L/min/m2 of body surface area and in left ventricular ejection
      fraction from 29.0 +/- 6.4 to 42.5 +/- 4.6%. The arteriovenous oxygen difference
      fell from 36.1 +/- 6.4 to 25.4 +/- 3.8% (p less than 0.001); heart rate did not
      change significantly (73.3 +/- 5.4 beats/min control; 76.3 +/- 7.9 beats/min
      after indoramin). Eight patients were studied in the chronic phase. There were no
      significant changes in systolic or diastolic blood pressure and heart rate in the
      supine or upright position.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423785
TI  - Current concepts in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
AB  - Attention has been paid to the recognition of patients at risk of sudden cardiac
      death. Whereas the long-term prognosis of healthy subjects with frequent and
      complex ventricular premature complexes is similar to that of the normal
      population, coronary patients with frequent and complex ectopy are at high risk
      of sudden cardiac death; in this group, recent myocardial infarction and impaired
      left ventricular function increase the likelihood for sudden death. In a similar
      way, patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and reduced left ventricular
      function, in whom frequent episodes of ventricular tachycardias or ventricular
      pairs are detected, are at high risk of sudden death. These patient groups with
      left ventricular impairment may potentially be treated with the alpha 1
      antagonist indoramin, which has exhibited antiarrhythmic properties in animal
      experiments. In a therapeutic dose, indoramin prohibited reflex tachycardia but
      did not show any additional electrophysiologic effects. Therefore, no adverse
      effects on sinus node function or on atrioventricular conduction, or
      intraventricular conduction must be expected during therapy with indoramin.

PMID- 2423786
TI  - Experimental evidence for the antiarrhythmic action of indoramin.
AB  - The effects of indoramin on cardiac conduction and its antifibrillatory action
      were investigated and compared with those of mexiletine (class I antiarrhythmic
      agent), sotalol, and prazosin. In isolated guinea pig atria, indoramin 1
      microgram/ml reduced spontaneous rate by 31 +/- 1.0% (mean +/- SE, n = 6) and
      maximal driving frequency by 25 +/- 1.2% (n = 4). Mexiletine 3 micrograms/ml
      reduced maximal driving frequency by 35 +/- 1.4% (n = 4) but reduced spontaneous
      rate by only 13 +/- 2.0% (n = 4). In isolated, perfused, electrically driven (2.5
      Hz) guinea pig hearts, indoramin 1 microgram/ml increased the ST interval by 22
      +/- 1.9% (n = 6) with no effect on the QRS interval. Higher concentrations (3
      micrograms/ml) also increased the QRS interval by 21 +/- 4.0%. In anaesthetized
      cats, indoramin 6 mg/kg i.v. (infused over 30 min) reduced systolic blood
      pressure by 36 +/- 3.6% (n = 6) and heart rate by 35 +/- 2.2%, and increased the
      ST interval by 31 +/- 5.3% and the effective refractory period by 45 +/- 3.2% but
      had little or no effect on the QRS interval (12 +/- 2.9%) and diastolic
      electrical stimulation threshold (7 +/- 6.8%). Indoramin 10 mg/kg increased the
      QRS interval and diastolic electrical stimulation threshold by 20 +/- 2.8 and 23
      +/- 2.5%, respectively. Analogous experiments with mexiletine 15 mg/kg showed
      little changes in cycle length (7 +/- 1.3%), effective refractory period (21 +/-
      2.8%), and the ST interval (6 +/- 2.5%); however, there was a marked increase in
      diastolic threshold (91 +/- 8.9%). Sotalol 15 mg/kg had a cardiac profile similar
      to that of indoramin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423787
TI  - Clinical cardiac electrophysiological assessment of indoramin.
AB  - Indoramin is a selective postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist used for the
      treatment of hypertension. Animal experiments have shown that indoramin has some
      antiarrhythmic activity, but whether this is due to its alpha-blocking effect or
      some other mechanism is not known. Fifteen patients (10 men) underwent
      electrophysiological investigations before and 15 min after intravenous indoramin
      injection (0.20-0.50 mg/kg). The plasma level of indoramin was measured and the
      patients were divided into two groups: group I (eight patients), whose plasma
      level was less than 98 micrograms/ml (average 75 micrograms/ml), and group II
      (seven patients), whose plasma level was greater than 98 micrograms/ml (average
      151 micrograms/ml). In both groups, there was a significant drop in the systolic
      blood pressure after indoramin administration (129 +/- 22 to 111 +/- 23 mm Hg; p
      less than 0.001). There was a marked improvement in the sinus node recovery time
      in group I only (271 +/- 94 to 147 +/- 30 ms; p greater than 0.01). Similarly,
      there was a decrease in the AH interval during fixed-rate atrial pacing (128 +/-
      33 to 100 +/- 37 ms; p less than 0.05) and a significant decrease in the
      Wenckebach cycle length (372 +/- 85 to 347 +/- 74 ms; p less than 0.05) after
      indoramin in group I only. At the atrial level, there were no significant effects
      in either group; however, there was a significant increase in the ventricular
      effective refractory period in group II (231 +/- 35 to 264 +/- 64 ms; p less than
      0.05) but not in group I.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423788
TI  - Antianginal and haemodynamic effects of alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade.
AB  - We studied the effects of alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade with indoramin on
      exercise tolerance in 15 patients with chronic stable angina using a double-blind
      crossover protocol. Thirteen patients had been receiving beta-adrenoceptor
      blocking drugs and nitrates. The therapy of these patients was continued
      unchanged throughout the study. Indoramin, in a dose of 25 mg three times daily,
      prolonged exercise duration by 17% (p less than 0.01) and increased oxygen
      consumption during exercise by 21% (p less than 0.01), while the maximal double
      product was unchanged. This increase in exercise capacity was associated with
      significant attenuation in ST segment depression during exercise. To investigate
      the mechanism of this antianginal effect, we studied the effects of indoramin
      (0.2 mg/kg i.v.) on coronary and systemic haemodynamics in a further 11 male
      patients with chronic stable angina who were receiving beta-adrenoceptor blocking
      drugs. Measurements were obtained during sinus rhythm and during atrial pacing
      from 100 beats/min, incremented by 20 beats/min at intervals of 3 min until the
      onset of angina. Indoramin had no effect on resting heart rate (64 +/- 2 vs. 67
      +/- 2 beats/min), but did prolong pacing time to angina (7.4 +/- 0.7 vs. 5.4 +/-
      0.5 min; p less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423789
TI  - Comparison of the renal effects of indoramin and prazosin.
AB  - Indoramin and prazosin are both potent and selective alpha 1 adrenoceptor
      antagonists. Indoramin has been reported to decrease baroreceptor sensitivity,
      whereas prazosin has been reported to increase it. The current studies examined
      the relative potencies of the two drugs in inhibiting the renal vascular alpha 1
      adrenoceptor and also the renal and cardiovascular effects of these agents. The
      drugs were infused intravenously at rates in which they equally antagonized alpha
      1-receptors. Indoramin decreased blood pressure by as much as 29 mm Hg with the
      doses tested and also significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced heart rate.
      Sodium, potassium, and water excretion, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were
      unchanged. Prazosin tended to reduce blood pressure, but the 11 mm Hg fall was
      not statistically significant. Heart rate increased significantly (p less than
      0.05). Sodium, potassium, and water excretion decreased, with a return toward
      control values of urine flow but not sodium excretion with higher doses. The GFR
      was unchanged. The results of this study indicate that neural and endocrine
      factors modify direct drug effects and that indoramin and prazosin administered
      acutely differ in the recruitment of these reflexes.

PMID- 2423790
TI  - Recent developments in the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of indoramin.
AB  - Some recent studies complementing earlier reports on the pharmacology and
      pharmacokinetics of indoramin are briefly reviewed. Competitive blockade of
      peripheral postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptors is confirmed as the primary
      mechanism for the antihypertensive activity of indoramin. Various reasons have
      been proposed to explain the absence of reflex tachycardia when blood pressure is
      reduced by indoramin. These have included myocardial membrane stabilization and
      selectivity for alpha 1-adrenoceptors. More recently, class III antiarrhythmic
      activity and a reduction in baroreceptor sensitivity have also been proposed, and
      several animal studies have indicated that a central cardioregulatory mechanism
      contributes to the lack of reflex tachycardia. Chronic dosing with indoramin in
      hypercholesterolemic monkeys significantly raises high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol levels. Recent pharmacokinetic and biotransformation studies confirm
      earlier reports that the drug is well absorbed and extensively metabolized and
      has a plasma half-life of approximately 5 h. This is increased in the elderly. 6
      Hydroxyindoramin is a major metabolite; it is pharmacologically very similar to
      indoramin itself, except that it penetrates the central nervous system less
      readily. Plasma levels of this metabolite are about one-third those of indoramin
      during chronic twice-daily dosing. Its formation is not expected to have any
      undesirable clinical consequences.

PMID- 2423791
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of indoramin and its metabolite 6-hydroxyindoramin after single
      and multiple doses to cirrhotic liver patients.
AB  - Pharmacokinetic data obtained after intravenous and single and repeat chronic
      oral dosing of indoramin in nine patients with liver cirrhosis are described.
      Median plasma clearance is 11.2 ml/min/kg. Terminal disposition half-life is
      prolonged after intravenous as well as acute and chronic oral dosing (9.1 versus
      10.7 versus 12.2 h). Median volume of distribution is 11.2 L/kg. Bioavailability
      is increased with a wide range of distribution from 12.2 to 75.4%. There is a
      slight tendency of accumulation during twice daily oral dosing that cannot be
      explained by the degree of prolongation of half-life. The kinetics of the main
      metabolite, 6-hydroxyindoramin, are substantially comparable to the kinetics of
      indoramin with a ratio of 6-hydroxyindoramin/indoramin calculated from the area
      under plasma concentration-time curve of 0.3, which is within the range of
      normal. All data suggest that the changed pharmacokinetics are due to altered
      liver perfusion as would be expected from a substance with a plasma clearance in
      the magnitude of liver perfusion in normal volunteers. It seems likely that, in
      patients with liver cirrhosis, similar alpha 1 blocking effects may be achieved
      with lower doses than in patients with normal liver function.

PMID- 2423792
TI  - The acute and chronic effects of indoramin on renal function, hemodynamics, and
      transport.
AB  - The acute and chronic renal effects of indoramin, an alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonist, were investigated in six normotensive men (mean +/- SEM age, 36 +/- 3
      years). Renal clearance studies were done during steady-state water diuresis
      before administration of indoramin (baseline), 3-4 h after a single 50-mg oral
      dose (acute study), and after 7 days of treatment with 25 mg twice daily (chronic
      study). After a single 50-mg oral dose, mean supine blood pressure decreased from
      117/76 mm Hg at baseline to 109/74 mm Hg (NS), and glomerular filtration rate and
      renal blood flow were unchanged. There were small decreases (0.05 less than p
      less than 0.1) in the fractional excretion of sodium and potassium. After chronic
      administration (7 days) of indoramin, no significant changes in blood pressure,
      renal function, renal hemodynamics, or fluid and electrolyte excretion were
      observed. Mean body weight tended to decrease and fractional sodium excretion
      increased slightly (NS) after 7 days of indoramin. Plasma renin and aldosterone
      concentrations tended to increase (NS) after chronic indoramin administration.
      The results of this study indicate that acute and chronic administration of
      indoramin does not adversely affect renal function, renal hemodynamics, or fluid
      and electrolyte excretion in normotensive subjects.

PMID- 2423793
TI  - Alpha-adrenoreceptors in hypertension.
AB  - The most important central autonomic pathways in the control of arterial blood
      pressure are the baroreceptor reflex pathway and descending pathways from the
      hypothalamus. Central neurotransmitters in these pathways are L-glutamate,
      substance P, norepinephrine (NE), gamma-aminobutyric acid, epinephrine,
      neuropeptide Y, and acetylcholine. At peripheral autonomic neurovascular
      junctions, there are prejunctional alpha 2- and dopamine-2 receptors, which
      inhibit NE release, and beta- and serotonin receptors, which stimulate NE
      release. Postjunctional alpha 1-receptors open sodium channels, open calcium
      channels via phosphoinositol release, and release intracytoplasmic calcium.
      Postjunctional alpha 2-receptors, which are extrasynaptic, inhibit adenylate
      cyclase and also open calcium channels. In animal models of hypertension, changes
      in alpha-receptor density have been reported. In spontaneously hypertensive rats,
      increased renal beta- and alpha 2-receptors, respectively, may enhance renin
      release and cause sodium and water retention. In experimental (renovascular)
      hypertension, vascular postsynaptic (vasoconstrictor) alpha 1- and alpha 2
      receptors are increased. In both models of hypertension, beta-receptors are down
      regulated. Selective alpha 1-antagonists, such as indoramin and prazosin,
      decrease arterial blood pressure by postsynaptic alpha 1-blockade; alpha 2
      receptor inhibition of NE release is unaffected so that there is no beta-receptor
      mediated tachycardia.

PMID- 2423794
TI  - The effect of indoramin on exercise performance in mild hypertension.
AB  - The alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist indoramin is proposed to reduce arterial
      blood pressure without a concomitantly significant increase in heart rate (HR).
      The present study involves assessment of the effect of alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonism in patients with mild hypertension on the HR/oxygen consumption (Vo2)
      relationship, which has previously been shown to indicate improvement in
      cardiorespiratory fitness following exercise training. A total of 16 patients
      with a systolic blood pressure of 140-200 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure of
      95-110 mm Hg were examined. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study design was
      utilized. Following initial observations, the patients were randomized into one
      group (a) of seven patients who were given a placebo, indoramin, and finally
      placebo, and a second group (b) of nine patients who were given the two agents in
      the reverse order, i.e., indoramin, placebo, indoramin; each intervention lasted
      for 2 weeks and indoramin was given in a dose of 75 mg/day. Indoramin caused a
      reduction in the elevation of the computed regression line relating HR to Vo2 (a
      shift to the right), such that at the same HR a greater Vo2 was attained in 11 of
      the 16 patients in comparison with the baseline exercise test. Pooled results
      showed a shift of the HR/Vo2 regression line to the right when indoramin was
      compared with baseline (p less than 0.05) or placebo. In the same patients,
      indoramin caused a decrease in arterial blood pressure during exercise relative
      to baseline or placebo periods, and a decrease in the HR during exercise relative
      to baseline period, but not when compared with placebo periods.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423795
TI  - Potential of alpha blockade in treating human hypertension: a role for indoramin.
AB  - Alpha-adrenergic activity mediated by the autonomic nervous system, consisting of
      the release of norepinephrine and its engagement by the alpha receptors, is a
      recognized pathway for arteriolar vasoconstriction. The pathway is well traveled
      in acute reactions to emotion and stress, but this complicity in chronic
      hypertension other than pheochromocytoma has been more difficult to show. Among
      the reasons for the difficulty is the failure to develop an animal model of
      hypertension mediated through the nervous system. Another reason is the
      uncertainty as to whether or not measurements of plasma norepinephrine really
      reflect what is happening at the synapse. Nevertheless, treating essential
      hypertension with alpha blockade has always been attractive to investigators. The
      potential has remained tantalizing by the occasional clinical success, at least
      in depressor terms, of the early ganglionic blocking agents. However, until quite
      recently that potential has been held out of reach by the unpredictability of
      these drugs, the undiscriminating nature of their gross blockade of the autonomic
      nervous system, and their baggage of disturbing side effects. Now it can be
      reported that a succession of alpha-adrenergic blocking agents, with increasing
      presynaptic specificity, has assembled indirect but persuasive evidence of alpha
      adrenergic participation in definable forms of hypertension. They include
      guanethidine, phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine, prazosin, and now indoramin. In
      mapping autonomic pressor activity as indicated by the response to blockade,
      these pharmacologic probes have made abundantly clear a central fact that we
      always knew but tended sometimes to forget: namely, that hypertension is a
      heterogeneous phenomenon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423796
TI  - Antihypertensive therapy in the Federal Republic of Germany: clinical practice
      experience with indoramin (Wydora).
AB  - The clinical experience of 763 medical practitioners who treated 3,708
      hypertensive patients (51% men) with indoramin, administered alone or in
      combination with diuretics and/or beta-adrenergic antagonists, is reported. All
      patients had baseline diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 95 mm Hg or greater, even
      though most of the patients (62%) already were receiving optimum doses of
      diuretics (20%), beta-adrenergic antagonists (15%), or diuretics and beta
      adrenergic antagonists (27%). After 6 to 10 weeks of indoramin therapy, the DBP
      of 70% of the patients was 90 mm Hg or lower; another 17% had treated DBP between
      91 and 95 mm Hg. Response rates were similar among patients treated with
      indoramin alone and those who received concomitant antihypertensive treatment.
      Indoramin doses of 50 mg/day or less (dose range, 12.5 to 125 mg/day) were
      required in approximately 70% of the patients. Weight gain and reflex tachycardia
      were not observed. The most frequently reported side effects were
      drowsiness/tiredness, dizziness, and dry mouth. Only 6% of the patients
      discontinued indoramin treatment because of side effects. The results of this
      study indicate that indoramin, administered alone or in combination with
      diuretics and/or beta-adrenergic antagonists, is a safe and effective
      antihypertensive agent when used in relatively low doses in clinical practice.

PMID- 2423797
TI  - Antihypertensive therapy with indoramin: risk-benefit profile in clinical
      practice.
AB  - In a multicenter, prospective study of step II antihypertensive therapy with
      indoramin, 1,847 hypertensive patients (773 men and 1,074 women) between the ages
      of 18 and 70 years were treated by 148 general practitioners. Patients whose
      blood pressure was inadequately controlled after 4 weeks of therapy with
      cyclopenthiazide (0.25 to 1.0 mg/day) had indoramin (25 to 200 mg/day) added to
      their treatment regimen. During cyclopenthiazide treatment, mean (+/- SD) blood
      pressure decreased from 176/105 +/- 20/7 mm Hg at baseline to 164/98 +/- 21/9 mm
      Hg (p less than 0.001), and only 447 (24%) patients obtained satisfactory blood
      pressure control. The addition of indoramin produced a further reduction in mean
      blood pressure from 169/102 +/- 18/6 to 152/89 +/- 18/8 mm Hg during the first 3
      months of treatment (p less than 0.001); this response was maintained for up to 2
      years. Satisfactory blood pressure reduction was achieved in 79% of the patients
      who received indoramin (mean dose, 68 mg/day) plus cyclopenthiazide. Only 25
      patients (2%) discontinued indoramin treatment because of nonresponse, and 156
      (12%) withdrew because of adverse effects, the most common being sedation,
      dizziness/giddiness, and headache. These results indicate that indoramin provides
      safe and effective blood pressure control when used as step II treatment for
      hypertensive patients who fail to respond to single-agent diuretic therapy.

PMID- 2423798
TI  - Comparison of the effect of indoramin and prazosin on blood pressure and lipid
      profiles in essential hypertension.
AB  - The antihypertensive effect and the influence on lipid metabolism of the alpha
      receptor blocking drugs indoramin and prazosin given in combination with
      hydrochlorothiazide were investigated in patients with mild to moderate essential
      hypertension. Following treatment with thiazide alone, indoramin or prazosin was
      added in a randomized double-blind fashion. Both indoramin and prazosin reduced
      blood pressure in relatively low doses in a similar magnitude and counteracted
      the unwanted effects of the diuretic on lipid metabolism. Side effects of
      indoramin and prazosin were generally mild and transient. The combination of
      diuretics with alpha-receptor blocking drugs appears to be a promising regimen
      for the treatment of essential hypertension because of its antihypertensive
      efficacy and because of its reduction of the unwanted side effects of the single
      drugs.

PMID- 2423799
TI  - Antihypertensive effects of indoramin and prazosin in combination with
      hydrochlorothiazide.
AB  - The safety and efficacy of indoramin and prazosin added to hydrochlorothiazide
      (HCTZ) were compared in a double-blind trial involving 209 patients with mild to
      moderately severe essential hypertension. Patients whose supine diastolic blood
      pressure (SDBP) did not decrease to less than or equal to 90 mm Hg after 6 weeks
      of HCTZ therapy had indoramin or prazosin added to their regimen. Mean SDBP
      during 6 months of combination therapy with either regimen decreased by
      approximately 10 mm Hg from that at the final evaluation during HCTZ therapy (p
      less than 0.001); differences between the groups were not statistically
      significant. Mean heart rate was unchanged, whereas mean weight increased (p less
      than 0.001) above final HCTZ values by approximately 2 kg in both groups. Mean
      weight increased significantly (p less than 0.01) from baseline values, however,
      only in the prazosin/HCTZ group. Approximately 95% of the patients in each group
      had clinically significant decreases in SDBP. Fatigue or tiredness and dizziness
      were the most commonly reported adverse effects, and their frequencies were not
      significantly different in the two groups. Cardiac arrhythmias occurred only in
      patients in the prazosin/HCTZ group and were significantly (p less than 0.05)
      more frequent than among patients in the indoramin/HCTZ group; less severe
      adverse experiences, i.e., dry mouth, ejaculatory problems, drowsiness, and
      sedation, were significantly (p less than 0.05) more frequent in the
      indoramin/HCTZ group. When added to HCTZ, indoramin and prazosin are equally safe
      and effective in the treatment of hypertension.

PMID- 2423800
TI  - A double-blind comparison of indoramin and pindolol added to hydrochlorothiazide
      for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension.
AB  - Sixty patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension, uncontrolled with
      diuretics alone, were evaluated in a double-blind randomized study that compared
      the effect of indoramin plus hydrochlorothiazide with that of pindolol plus
      hydrochlorothiazide. Following a 2-week period during which the patients were
      treated with 50 mg/day of hydrochlorothiazide, the patients were treated either
      with indoramin, 50-100 mg/day (n = 29), or with pindolol 10-20 mg/day (n = 30),
      in addition to the diuretic for 12 weeks. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures
      were significantly reduced after 2 weeks of treatment with indoramin or pindolol;
      blood pressure reduction was maintained for the 12 weeks of treatment. There were
      no significant differences between the indoramin and pindolol groups with respect
      to the changes in blood pressure. Blood pressure was controlled (less than or
      equal to 90 mm Hg) in 70% of the indoramin-treated patients and in 80% of the
      pindolol-treated patients. The difference was not significant. Heart rate was
      reduced after pindolol but not after indoramin. Side effects occurred in 20
      patients (67%) treated with indoramin and in 14 patients (47%) treated with
      pindolol; the difference between the groups was not significant. Eight patients
      in the indoramin group and 10 patients in the pindolol group withdrew before
      completion of the study. In the indoramin group, four patients withdrew because
      of side effects and four because of lack of efficacy. In the pindolol group, five
      patients withdrew because of side effects and three because of lack of
      efficacy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423801
TI  - The development of new antihypertensive drugs with specific properties for the
      treatment of established hypertension.
AB  - Despite the significant blood pressure reduction achieved in clinical studies of
      antihypertensive therapy, including the Medical Research Council studies, there
      has not been a significant reduction of coronary events. Different hypotheses
      have been proposed to explain the lack of cardioprotection seen in different
      trials, such as alterations of serum potassium and/or plasma lipids. Recent data
      indicate that patients with left ventricular hypertrophy at the start of
      pharmacologic treatment have a worse prognosis than patients with no
      electrocardiographic abnormalities. It is not known, however, whether the
      regression or persistence of left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive
      treatment can influence the incidence of coronary events. According to present
      knowledge, indoramin, an alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drug, does not affect serum
      electrolyte and plasma lipid levels, which are among the characteristics to be
      evaluated in clinical trials designed to evaluate the possibility of better
      cardioprotection.

PMID- 2423802
TI  - Effect of antihypertensive drugs on cellular cholesterol metabolism: a challenge
      for further research.

PMID- 2423803
TI  - Effects of indoramin and metoprolol on plasma lipids and lipoproteins.
AB  - The effects of indoramin (n = 29) and metoprolol (n = 15) on lipid profiles in
      hypertensive patients were compared in a double-blind study. Blood samples were
      taken at baseline, weeks 3 and 4 of placebo administration, and after 4 and 8
      weeks of active treatment. The following assays were performed: total
      cholesterol, total triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol,
      HDL3 cholesterol, and apoproteins A, AI, and B. The following values were
      calculated: HDL2 cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total
      cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio (Castelli risk ratio I), and LDL
      cholesterol/HDL cholesterol (Castelli risk ratio II). The results of an overall
      analysis showed the following significant changes (mean +/- SD) for indoramin:
      LDL cholesterol, from 129.50 +/- 38.29 to 114.00 +/- 32.41 mg/dl (p less than or
      equal to 0.001); apoprotein A, from 169.51 +/- 39.83 to 232.48 +/- 34.08 mg/dl (p
      less than or equal to 0.001); apoprotein AI, from 105.62 +/- 20.70 to 134.68 +/-
      21.58 mg/dl; apoprotein B, from 110.13 +/- 34.88 to 122.34 +/- 32.13 mg/dl (p
      less than or equal to 0.05); and Castelli risk ratio II, from 2.38 to 1.96 (p
      less than or equal to 0.01). The following significant variations occurred for
      metoprolol: total cholesterol, from 201.54 +/- 49.21 to 191.80 +/- 51.88 mg/dl (p
      less than or equal to 0.05); apoprotein A, from 186.78 +/- 62.63 to 227.68 +/-
      44.78 mg/dl (p less than or equal to 0.001); apoprotein AI, from 109.12 +/- 34.72
      to 131.95 +/- 21.79 mg/dl (p less than or equal to 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423804
TI  - The clinical pharmacology of indoramin.

PMID- 2423805
TI  - Indoramin in the hypertensive diabetic patient.
AB  - In 32 hypertensive diabetic patients a study was performed to determine the
      effects of indoramin on blood pressure and blood glucose, plasma insulin, C
      peptide, serum total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. All patients evaluated
      showed a significant fall in blood pressure with daily doses of 50 to 200 mg of
      indoramin. In six insulin-dependent diabetic patients there was no change in
      diabetic control and no effect on the incidence of hypoglycaemia. In 18
      noninsulin-dependent diabetics monitored for 3 months and in 14 followed for 12
      months, there was no significant change in glucose tolerance after a 75 g glucose
      dose; mean plasma C-peptide levels and 2 h insulin levels were increased at 12
      months. Mean weight and mean fasting cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations
      were unchanged. Nine patients withdrew because of side effects, mainly drowsiness
      and lethargy.

PMID- 2423806
TI  - Effect of indoramin on finger circulation in patients with Raynaud disease.
AB  - The effect of indoramin was investigated on finger circulation in 20 patients
      with primary Raynaud disease. After placebo run-in, indoramin (50 mg t.i.d. per
      os) and placebo were given double-blind and in randomized order, each for 6
      (protocol 1) and 3 weeks (protocol 2). No significant changes in blood pressure
      and heart rate were observed. Finger blood flow, measured with venous occlusion
      plethysmograph, increased significantly (p less than 0.025) with indoramin as
      compared with placebo, and local calculated resistance decreased when measured at
      room temperature (protocol 1). In protocol 2 flow was measured at the end of a 6
      min contact with water temperature of 40, 30, 20, 10 and 5 degrees C,
      respectively. It was shown that the difference between indoramin and placebo was
      largest at high temperatures and was clearly decreased at lower temperatures.
      Thus, the present data objectively document that indoramin is capable of
      favorably influencing skin circulation, but this effect is less pronounced at
      lower temperatures.

PMID- 2423807
TI  - Antihypertensive therapy with indoramin in the elderly.
AB  - The antihypertensive efficacy and safety of indoramin, an alpha 1-adrenergic
      antagonist, were evaluated in 215 elderly patients. Data were collected from
      patients aged 60 years and older who were treated under similar protocols with
      indoramin administered alone (n = 58) or in combination with a thiazide diuretic
      (n = 157). After at least 6 months of treatment, the mean daily dosage of
      indoramin was higher among patients who received indoramin alone (122 mg/day)
      than among those who received indoramin plus a diuretic (92 mg/day). Mean supine
      blood pressure decreased (p less than 0.001) from 174/105 to 152/191 mm Hg in
      indoramin-treated patients and from 179/101 to 150/91 mm Hg in patients who were
      treated with indoramin plus a diuretic. Clinically satisfactory blood pressure
      decreases occurred in the majority of the patients who received indoramin, either
      alone (69%) or with a diuretic (75%). Both treatments were well tolerated by
      elderly patients; only 15 patients (7%) discontinued therapy because of adverse
      effects. Drowsiness, fatigue, and dizziness were the most frequently reported
      side effects. The results of this analysis indicate that indoramin, administered
      alone or in combination with a thiazide diuretic, is a safe and effective
      therapeutic regimen for elderly hypertensive patients.

PMID- 2423808
TI  - Indoramin in the hypertensive patient with concomitant disease: clinical
      experience.
AB  - Hypertension has a high prevalence in most countries, so it is to be expected
      that hypertension will be found together with other common diseases in many
      patients. The association between the hypertension and the concomitant disease
      may be causal or casual. The presence of some other disease in the hypertensive
      patient often places severe restraints on the choice of antihypertensive therapy.
      Indoramin, an alpha adrenoreceptor antagonist may be used without ill-effect in
      the therapy of hypertension in patients who also have chronic obstructive airways
      disease, congestive heart failure, mild renal failure, peripheral vascular
      disease, angina pectoris, and diabetes mellitus. In at least some of these
      patients, the use of beta adrenoreceptor blocking drugs or thiazide diuretics
      would be contraindicated. We do not know whether these advantages of indoramin
      are unique or whether they are a general property of all alpha-adrenoreceptor
      antagonists.

PMID- 2423809
TI  - Rationale for alpha-blockade in congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2423810
TI  - Staged surgical repair of pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, and
      hypoplastic, confluent pulmonary arteries.
AB  - In patients with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect, hypoplasia of
      the central pulmonary arteries prevents single-stage complete repair. Over an
      interval of 8 1/2 years, 105 patients underwent establishment of continuity
      between the right ventricle and a hypoplastic central pulmonary arterial
      confluence (first stage). There were 12 hospital deaths (11%) and 11 late deaths
      before second-stage (complete) repair. Twenty-five patients await late
      evaluation. The remaining 57 individuals have had follow-up cardiac
      catheterization a mean of 33 months postoperatively. In 31 of these, final repair
      was deferred because of insufficient pulmonary arterial enlargement (14),
      restricted peripheral arborization (nine), or both (eight). The final 26 patients
      were accepted for second-stage repair, which has been performed in 24. Complete
      repair included ventricular septal defect closure (24), right ventricular outflow
      tract reconstruction (18), relief of central pulmonary arterial stenosis (14),
      and ligation of systemic-pulmonary collateral arteries (10). The mean postrepair
      peak systolic right ventricular-left ventricular pressure ratio was 0.67 (range
      0.32 to 1.0). One of these patients (4%) died in the hospital and there was one
      late death (4%) from sepsis after tricuspid valve replacement. Three patients
      were lost to follow-up; the remaining 19 patients are in functional Class I or
      II. A two-stage surgical approach is highly successful in those patients whose
      pulmonary arteries are too hypoplastic to allow a single-stage repair.

PMID- 2423811
TI  - Expression of the myc gene locus in populations of leukocytes from leukaemia
      patients and normal individuals.
AB  - The relative abundances of c-myc-related RNA in the total cellular RNA of
      peripheral blood leukocytes from 36 patients with leukaemia have been compared
      with those in normal peripheral blood leukocytes and in HL60 cells. Varying
      amounts of c-myc-related RNA were found in RNAs from leukocytes from patients
      with ANLL, CGL and ALL. High concentrations (comparable with that in HL60 cells)
      were found in 13 (36%) of the leukaemias and lower, but still significant,
      concentrations in a further 15 (42%). Low concentrations of c-myc-related RNA,
      comparable to that in normal leukocytes, were found in 2 of 8 CGLs, 1 of 12
      ANLLs, and 5 of 5 CLLs. DNAs from 11 leukaemia patients' leukocytes, in which c
      myc-related RNA concentrations ranged from very high to very low, were examined
      for rearrangements and/or amplification of the c-myc gene. No rearrangements were
      detected, and the small degree of amplification (2- to 4-fold at most) found was
      not correlated with increased levels of c-myc RNA. There was, however, a
      noteworthy (though incomplete) correlation between elevated levels of c-myc
      related RNA and the occurrence of higher proportions of blast cells in leukocyte
      populations from leukaemic patients. It is suggested that high levels of c-myc
      related RNA in a population of peripheral blood leukocytes indicate the presence
      of a high proportion of leukaemic leukocytes that are maturation-arrested at
      early stages of development.

PMID- 2423812
TI  - Effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine on survival and cell cycle progression of L1210
      leukemia cells.
AB  - The in-vitro effects of the antileukemic agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza
      dCyd), on DNA synthesis, growth, cloning in agar, and cell cycle traverse of
      L1210 leukemia cells were studied. 5-Aza-dCyd at 0.1 microgram/ml for 10 hr
      (cytotoxic concentration) did not inhibit DNA synthesis but produced a very
      potent growth inhibition, and changed markedly the DNA flow cytometric
      histograms. A 5-h continuous exposure to the drug at concentrations ranging from
      0.1 to 10 micrograms/ml caused an accumulation of cells in the S portion of the
      DNA histograms indicating a slowing of the progression of cells in the S phase. A
      longer exposure time (10 h) at the same concentrations led to a bimodal DNA
      distribution (peaks at G1 and G2-M) and a depletion of the S phase. When the
      exposure time to 5-aza-dCyd (0.1 microgram/ml) was extended to 15 and 20 h, there
      was a decrease in the G2-M peak and an augmentation of the G1 peak. To determine
      if 5-aza-dCyd produced a block in cell cycle progression, L1210 cells were
      treated for 10 h with colcemid and 5-aza-dCyd simultaneously for 10 h. Colcemid
      alone, or colcemid in combination with 5-aza-dCyd produced an accumulation of
      cells under a single G2-M peak. This indicates that 5-aza-dCyd did not block the
      progression of L1210 cells through S phase, but only produced a slowing down of
      this event. These results, indicating that 5-aza-dCyd does not block cell cycle
      progression and that its cytotoxic action is not self-limiting, are of importance
      for designing future clinical trials.

PMID- 2423813
TI  - Effect of a purified amylase inhibitor on carbohydrate tolerance in normal
      subjects and patients with diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Slowing starch digestion by inhibiting amylase activity in the intestinal lumen
      should improve postprandial carbohydrate tolerance in patients with diabetes
      mellitus. Crude bean-derived amylase inhibitor ("starch blocker") that contains
      only minimal antiamylase activity, however, does not modify carbohydrate
      assimilation. To test the validity of the "starch blockade" concept, we assessed
      the effect of a partially purified bean-derived amylase inhibitor with increased
      antiamylase activity on carbohydrate tolerance in normal subjects and in patients
      with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In comparison with a placebo,
      ingestion of this inhibitor with 50 g of starch substantially reduced
      postprandial increases in plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin in both
      normal subjects and those with diabetes. We conclude that a purified amylase
      inhibitor is effective and potentially beneficial in the treatment of diabetes
      mellitus.

PMID- 2423814
TI  - The relationship between atrial granularity and circulating atrial natriuretic
      peptide in hamsters with congestive heart failure.
AB  - The BIO 14.6 strain of hamster is a model of familial cardiomyopathy complicated
      by congestive heart failure, sodium retention, and edema. In previous studies,
      bioassay techniques have demonstrated that the cardiac content of atrial
      natriuretic peptide (ANP) is reduced in these animals. On the basis of this
      observation, the syndrome of congestive heart failure has been hypothesized to be
      due to a deficiency in ANP. The current study was designed to correlate the
      cardiac content of ANP (determined by immunohistochemical techniques) with plasma
      circulating ANP (determined by radioimmunoassay). alpha-ANP antibodies were used
      for both determinations. The content of ANP in the atria was based on the degree
      of immunoreactive staining present (1 = lowest; 5 = highest), as graded by two
      observers. The mean granularity score of the cardiomyopathic hamsters was
      decreased (2.1 +/- 0.3) in comparison with that of age- and sex-matched control
      animals (3.5 +/- 0.5; P less than 0.05). In contrast, circulating immunoreactive
      ANP was higher in the hamsters with congestive heart failure than in the control
      animals--185.5 +/- 27.2 pg/ml versus 77.7 +/- 10.8 pg/ml (P less than 0.005).
      This study demonstrates that an inverse relationship exists between ANP content
      in the atria and circulating ANP. Furthermore, this study suggests that these
      hamsters with congestive heart failure are not deficient in ANP; rather,
      secretion of ANP is stimulated and storage of the peptide, represented by atrial
      granularity, is reduced.

PMID- 2423815
TI  - Surgical treatment of chronic cluster headache.
AB  - Chronic cluster headache, also known as chronic migrainous neuralgia, is
      frequently unresponsive to medical management. Although neuronal factors may be
      involved in the pathogenesis of this form of recurrent hemicranial pain,
      vasodilatation within the distribution of the trigeminal nerve is believed to be
      important. Attempts to provide relief by surgical means have primarily involved
      interruption of the vasodilator pathways of the greater superficial petrosal
      nerve and the sphenopalatine ganglion. A more direct approach of interrupting the
      pain pathways of the trigeminal nerve has been attempted sporadically for more
      than 50 years. Recent interest in the role of substance P in the production of
      pain in cluster headache suggests that trigeminal ablative procedures might have
      a dual role in the relief of medically intractable cases. Among 26 patients who
      underwent posterior fossa trigeminal sensory rhizotomy or percutaneous radio
      frequency trigeminal gangliorhizolysis at our institution, relief of pain was
      excellent in 14 (54%), fair to good in 4 (15%), and poor in 8 (31%).

PMID- 2423816
TI  - Current techniques for the surgical management of malignant lesions of the
      thoracic esophagus and cardia.
AB  - Cancers of the esophagus and cardia remain serious conditions that cause many
      thousands of deaths every year throughout the world. In North America, cancer of
      the esophagus and gastric cardia is an endemic disease of low order and stable
      incidence. Nevertheless, it is responsible for many deaths and considerable
      suffering. With current methods of treatment, substantial palliation and
      amelioration of patient disability are possible, and some patients gain long-term
      survival with comfort and even cure. A combination of surgical resection and
      reconstruction is the chief modern method of management of such cancers. Herein
      we discuss a variety of standard surgical procedures that are currently available
      and present detailed illustrations of these procedures. The selection of a
      specific operation depends largely on the site of the neoplasm. With all these
      procedures, function is restored and the local and regional neoplastic tissue is
      removed without compromising the potential for cure. Associated operative
      mortality is approximately 7%. The late results of the operations illustrated
      depend primarily on the cell type, grade, and stage of the neoplasm encountered
      at the time of surgical treatment. For patients who have undergone resection, 5
      year survival rates have ranged from 15 to 54%, the results depending on the
      stage of the cancer. Of equal importance is the fact that oral diet can be
      maintained in 93% of patients despite recurrence of the neoplasm.

PMID- 2423817
TI  - The effect of aging on the structure and function of liver messenger RNA.
AB  - The size of the poly(A) segment of poly(A)+RNA extracted from hepatocytes
      isolated from 4- to 30-month-old rats was determined using polyacrylamide-agarose
      gel electrophoresis. The average size of the poly(A) segment isolated from newly
      synthesized poly(A)+RNA was 150 nucleotides, and the average size of the poly(A)
      segment isolated from the steady state pool of cytoplasmic poly(A)+RNA was 70
      nucleotides. No significant age related change in either the size or the
      heterogeneity of the newly synthesized poly(A) segment was found. The
      translational activity of poly(A)+RNA isolated from livers of 4- to 30-month-old
      rats was determined using wheat germ extract and rabbit reticulocyte lysate cell
      free systems. No age-related change in the translational activity of the
      poly(A)+RNA was observed. The effect of aging on the cap structure was also
      studied by measuring the inhibition of cell-free translation by 7-methyl
      guanosine-5'-monophosphate. No age-related change in the sensitivity of the
      poly(A)+RNA preparations to inhibition of translation by 7-methyl guanosine-5'
      monophosphate was observed. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate that
      no major age-related change occurs in the structure of the poly(A) segment, the
      translational activity, or the cap structure of poly(A)+RNA from rat liver.

PMID- 2423818
TI  - Nuclease digestion of DNA and RNA in nuclei from young adult and senescent
      Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda).
AB  - Nuclei prepared from young adult and senescent Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda)
      were subjected to digestion by micrococcal nuclease and DNaseI. The kinetics of
      digestion of nuclei by micrococcal nuclease showed no change with age. There was,
      however, an age-related increase of acid-soluble deoxyribonucleotides released by
      DNaseI, suggesting that subtle alterations of chromatin conformation occur in
      aged nematodes. The ratio of nuclear RNA to DNA decreased and the nuclear RNA
      became more susceptible to enzymatic degradation as the worms grew old. These
      findings appear to indicate that nuclear RNA is less protected by protein in old
      nematodes. The decline of the nuclear RNA/DNA ratio with age is in good agreement
      with the generally accepted idea that there is a reduced level of RNA and protein
      synthesis in old animals.

PMID- 2423819
TI  - [Clinical usefulness of tumor markers in the diagnosis of pleural effusions.
      Carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein and orosomucoid].

PMID- 2423820
TI  - [Toxic syndrome and Whipple's disease].

PMID- 2423821
TI  - [Evaluation of the toxicity of the pertussis component of the Di-Te-Per vaccine].

PMID- 2423822
TI  - In vivo immunopharmacological properties of tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) and some
      analogues.
AB  - Tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) is part of the Fc fragment of a leukophilic IgG and is
      a stimulator of the phagocytic activity of macrophages and polymorphonuclear
      cells (PMN) when cleaved from its carrier molecule. Tuftsin was shown to
      stimulate in vitro all PMN and macrophage functions examined through binding to
      specific cell surface receptors. In the present work, we provide further evidence
      that synthetic tuftsin administered to mice may act as an immunomodulator and
      that its effects on immune functions may result from a primary action on
      macrophages. After i.v. injection at a dosage of 25 micrograms/mouse, tuftsin
      stimulated effector (phagocytosis) and regulatory (IL1 production) functions of
      macrophages and potentiated DTH reaction. Lymphocyte functions (proliferative
      response to mitogens, T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, IL2 and gamma IFN production)
      were depressed at times at which macrophage activities were maximally enhanced,
      suggesting that negative regulatory functions of these latter cells were also
      stimulated. Tuftsin analogues were synthetized representing substitution or
      derivatization of the threonyl residue. The relative potencies of these analogues
      in augmenting phagocytosis-induced chemiluminescence of macrophages were tuftsin
      greater than or equal to (Gly1)-tuftsin greater than for-tuftsin greater than
      (for-Met1)-tuftsin greater than (Met1)-tuftsin. Concerning potentiation of DTH
      reaction the order was (Gly1)-tuftsin greater than or equal to (for-Met1)tuftsin
      greater than tuftsin greater than (Met1)-tuftsin greater than for-tuftsin. In
      contrast to tuftsin, none of the analogues induced depression of spleen cell
      reactivity to mitogens. In addition, (for Met1)-tuftsin administration resulted
      in an increased production of IL2 and IFN by ConA-stimulated spleen
      cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2423823
TI  - Augmentation of autologous tumor killing activity of tumor-associated large
      granular lymphocytes by the streptococcal preparation OK432.
AB  - In vitro overnight exposure to the streptococcal preparation OK432 of blood and
      tumor-associated lymphocytes enhanced their lytic activity against autologous,
      freshly isolated tumor cells from malignant pleural effusions of cancer patients.
      This enhancement was mediated through factors that were distinct from interferon
      (IFN) and interleukin 2 (IL 2). Treatment with IFN-alpha, -beta, or -gamma, or IL
      2 failed to augment autologous tumor killing (ATK) activity, although the
      treatment enhanced natural killer (NK) activity. Intrapleural (i.pl.) injection
      of OK432 induced or enhanced ATK and NK activities of effusion large granular
      lymphocytes (LGL) in patients who showed a reduction or disappearance of effusion
      tumor cells. No such increase in ATK and NK activities was seen with effusion LGL
      of patients who had no clinical benefit from i.pl. OK432 therapy. Blood ATK and
      NK activities were not consistently modified by the therapy. These results
      indicate that i.pl. administration of OK432 induces an augmentation of ATK
      activity of effusion LGL, which may be involved in the elimination of effusion
      tumor cells. The data also suggest that the host immune defense against tumor may
      be better represented by tumor-associated lymphocytes than by blood lymphocytes,
      and that it is important to examine the effect of biological response modifiers
      on ATK activity of tumor-associated effector cells.

PMID- 2423824
TI  - Immunomodulation by some oligopeptides.
AB  - The influence of bradykinin, some of its analogues, substance P and different
      partial sequences on lymphoid cells was studied under in vitro conditions. The
      oligopeptides bradykinin and substance P were found to be able to induce the
      secretion of charge-changing and chemokinetic lymphokines in very low
      concentrations. In each case, bell-shaped dose-response curves were registered in
      a concentration range from 10(-12) to 10(-6) M. An analysis of the lymphokine
      patterns suggests that T cells are the producer cells of charge-changing
      lymphokines. Comparing the structure-activity relationships of the peptides, the
      amino acid sequence Arg-Pro at the N-terminal region of bradykinin and substance
      P or Pro-Arg at the C-terminal part of tuftsin and rigin appear to be responsible
      for the lymphokine secretion.

PMID- 2423825
TI  - A new, sensitive assay to determine immunological adjuvant activity based on the
      immunogenicity of neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocytes.
AB  - A novel, sensitive system to determine immunological adjuvant activity is
      presented. It is based on the direct haemagglutinin response of mice to
      neuraminidase-treated sheep red blood cells (asialo-SRBC) seven days after i.p.
      immunization. For two model adjuvants it is shown that the response is more
      sensitive to stimulation than that to normal SRBC. Optimal stimulatory activity
      was measured at an antigen dose of 3 x 10(6) asialo-SRBC. Using this dose
      stimulation indices up to 100 were observed. The minimal effective dose of
      dextran sulphate, the so far most potent adjuvant in the model, was only 1
      microgram. It is further shown that, in addition to substances with a rather
      general immunostimulatory activity, compounds with adjuvanticity which is
      commonly restricted to cellular responses are also effective in the system. The
      latter and reduced activity of the model adjuvants in nude mice strongly suggest
      that adjuvanticity in the asialo-SRBC model is T cell-dependent. Suppression of
      adjuvant activity in cobra venom factor-pretreated animals may indicate an
      involvement of complement in extrinsic immunostimulatory activity. Results show
      that the asialo-SRBC model is very suitable for evaluation and mechanistic study
      of immunological adjuvant activity.

PMID- 2423826
TI  - Randomised controlled trial of genetic amniocentesis in 4606 low-risk women.
AB  - Outcome of pregnancy after amniocentesis was studied in a randomised controlled
      trial of 4606 women, age-range 25-34 years, without known risk of genetic
      disease. Spontaneous abortion rate was 1.7% in the study group after
      amniocentesis and 0.7% in the control group after ultrasound (relative risk 2.3).
      In the study group, increased levels of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein before
      amniocentesis, perforation of the placenta during amniocentesis, and withdrawal
      of discoloured amniotic fluid were associated with an increased risk of
      spontaneous abortion. In the first six weeks after amniocentesis/ultrasound scan,
      amniotic fluid leakage occurred more often in the study group but there was no
      difference in the rate of vaginal bleeding. Frequency of postural malformations
      in the infants in the two groups was the same. In the study group, respiratory
      distress syndrome was diagnosed more often (relative risk 2.1) and more babies
      were treated for pneumonia (relative risk 2.5).

PMID- 2423827
TI  - New isolates of HFRS virus in Sichuan, China and characterisation of antigenic
      differences by monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2423828
TI  - Place of radioactive iodine in treatment of thyrotoxicosis.
AB  - The effect of treatment of thyrotoxicosis with drugs, radioactive iodine, or
      surgery in different age groups is reviewed. In Graves' disease and toxic
      multinodular goitre the remission rate is about 40-50% after antithyroid drugs,
      but these drugs have little effect in toxic adenoma. Hypothyroidism developed in
      35-49% of patients who had had thyroidectomy, and the risks of operation are
      high. The risk of malignant disease and genetic abnormalities was not
      significantly greater after treatment with radioactive iodine in any age group.
      In general, treatment with radioactive iodine should have priority over
      thyroidectomy at all ages.

PMID- 2423829
TI  - Failure of the Kleihauer test to detect red blood cells in amniotic fluid.

PMID- 2423830
TI  - [Cytokeratin expression in normal and malignant tongue epithelium].
AB  - Patterns of cytokeratin expression in squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue were
      examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of cytoskeletal proteins and by
      immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies specific for certain cytokeratins.
      The results were compared with those obtained from normal tongue mucosa. All
      carcinomas examined synthesized large amounts of cytokeratins as well as of
      desmosomal proteins such as desmoplakin(s) but differed from the normal tissue by
      the specific cytokeratin pattern expressed and by their heterogeneity of
      expression, which in immunofluorescence microscopy resulted in patchy, staining
      patterns. In general, the carcinomas showed a reduction of the amount of certain
      cytokeratins such as Nos. 4 and 13 which are abundant in normal epithelium. On
      the other hand, some other cytokeratins were present in relatively increased
      proportions, and certain subtypes of lingual carcinomas revealed, in addition,
      significant levels of cytokeratins 8 and 19 which are commonly considered to be
      typical of simple epithelial cells and tumours derived therefrom. To explain the
      differences of cytokeratin patterns between these tumours and normal epithelium
      as well as between different forms of squamous cell carcinomas two hypotheses are
      discussed, i.e. clonal selection of certain cells present in the original
      epithelium, probably in the basal layer(s), and different pathways of
      differentiation in the cell progeny derived from the transformed cell(s) of
      origin. The heterogeneity of cytoskeletal protein patterns in different lingual
      carcinomas, which was also noted for oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal and laryngeal
      carcinomas, is discussed in relation to different kinds of response to
      therapeutical treatment.

PMID- 2423831
TI  - [Poorly differentiated laryngeal tumors. An electron microscopy analysis].
AB  - Poorly differentiated laryngeal carcinomas, which light microscopically are made
      up of anisomorphic nuclei, undifferentiated cytoplasm and hardly visible cell
      membranes, show electronmicroscopically a remarquable polymorphism. The tumor
      cells, which form solid or trabecular groups of different sizes often with poorly
      defined borderlines to the stroma, are subdivided according to their
      ultrastructural features in spinosa, secretory and stemcell types. Lymphocytes,
      plasmacells and reticular cells may show distinct focal proliferation or may be
      completely absent. In some cases, there was a transition between tumour tissue
      and metaplastic ciliated and glandular epithelium with concomitant reduction of
      normal glands. By comparison, besides hyperplastic and metaplastic squamous and
      ciliated epithelium, normal mucosal biopsies reveal invaginations of
      pseudostratified ciliated epithelium.

PMID- 2423832
TI  - [Treatment of chronic recurring parotitis with the protease inhibitor aprotinin
      (trasylol)].
AB  - Excessive release of glandular kallikrein into the interstitial space around the
      salivary gland ducts plays a significant role in chronic recurrent parotitis. In
      the present study 26 patients suffering from acute exacerbated chronic recurrent
      parotitis were subjected to treatment with the kallikrein inhibitor aprotinin
      (Trasylol, Bayer AG). During the first hour of treatment 1 mio KIU Aprotinin were
      infused intravenously, followed by 250 000 KIU/h for another 35 h. Within 12 h
      after initiation of therapy in all patients we observed remission of pain.
      Salivary gland function which had been seriously impaired prior to therapy was
      found to be largely normalized within 48 h in most patients treated in this way.
      The success of this therapy schedule underlines the suggestion that glandular
      kallikrein is a trigger enzyme in the pathogenesis of chronic recurrent
      parotitis.

PMID- 2423833
TI  - [Perioperative respiratory problems in patients pretreated with bleomycin].
AB  - We examined the incidence of an acute respiratory insufficiency in a
      retrospective study in 100 patients with carcinomas in the head and neck region
      who had received cytostatic pretreatment with bleomycin. All patients had been
      ventilated intraoperatively with 28% to 33% oxygen under precise control of blood
      gas analysis. In 93% of the patients, there were no respiratory problems in the
      postoperative course. The total lethality was 7%. Extrapulmonary causes were most
      prominent in five patients. In one patient, pre-existing pulmonary silicosis was
      suspected to be the cause of the acute respiratory insufficiency. Only in one
      patient was the acute respiratory insufficiency refractory to therapy very
      probably attributable to the synergistic toxic effect of bleomycin and oxygen on
      the lung parenchyma, as postulated by Goldiner and verified later in animal
      experiments. On the basis of these results, we do not consider that it is
      justifiable to reduce categorically the inspiratory oxygen concentration to 21%
      to 25% oxygen in bleomycin-pretreated patients with tumours in the head and neck
      region, as recommended by Goldiner. Since the majority are elderly patients with
      pre-existing cardiopulmonary stress, we recommend moderately reduced oxygen
      concentrations of 28% to a maximum of 33%. Further recommendations to prevent an
      acute respiratory insufficiency by those patients are discussed.

PMID- 2423834
TI  - Hospices: medical and legal considerations.

PMID- 2423835
TI  - [Prevention of perioperative thromboembolism].

PMID- 2423836
TI  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide: novel neuropeptide.
AB  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37 amino acid peptide encoded in the
      calcitonin gene. Its expression is dependent on tissue-specific alternative RNA
      processing: mRNA for CGRP predominates in the brain, whilst calcitonin (CT) mRNA
      predominates in thyroid C cells. The existence of this hitherto unsuspected
      peptide was predicted by mRNA analysis and demonstrated using antibodies raised
      against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the predicted C-terminal sequence of
      CGRP. The distribution of CGRP in the central and peripheral nervous system and
      its co-localization in some neurons with substance P (SP) or acetylcholine
      suggests several possible roles in autonomic, sensory and motor functions. Its
      actions appear to depend on the existence of specific CGRP receptors in target
      tissues, distinct from the receptors for CT but bearing some resemblance to them.

PMID- 2423837
TI  - Serial transmission of a human non A-non B hepatitis viral strain to HBV
      protected chimpanzees: successive histological and ultrastructural studies.
AB  - A NANB agent of human origin was inoculated in HBV-immunized chimpanzees.
      Infection was proven in two animals and serially passed to two others. The
      absence of anti-HBc in serum and the absence of HBsAg and HbcAg in liver are
      arguments against the HBV nature of the transmitted infection. Moreover, the
      reproducible appearance of the NANBcAg/Ab system at each passage from man to
      chimpanzee and from chimpanzee to chimpanzee, a response not elicited in control
      animals, suggests that this reaction may be a specific immunologic marker for the
      strain. NANB infection was transmitted in all chimpanzees. Distinctive hepatic
      morphologic features were obtained in the liver biopsies of the human donor and
      the inoculated chimpanzees: eosinophilic alterations of hepatocytes and numerous
      inflammatory cells. Inflammation was more prominent than necrosis, appearing
      earlier and lasting longer, but was not topographically close to the eosinophilic
      changes. On electron microscopy, particles characteristic of NANB agent were
      observed in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. No particles were demonstrated in
      the nucleus of these cells.

PMID- 2423838
TI  - NMR studies of combined lanthanide shift and relaxation agents for differential
      characterization of 23Na in a two-compartment model system.
AB  - Spin relaxation and chemical shifts by lanthanide chelate complexes are used to
      distinguish 23Na signals in a simulated two-compartment model. Both effects are
      significant in EDTA, DTPA, and TPP complexes of Gd and in the TPP complex of Dy.
      The simultaneous measurement of these properties is illustrated and represents a
      promising method for monitoring sodium concentrations and fluxes including fast
      transport components.

PMID- 2423839
TI  - [Effect of an electric field of industrial frequency on selected biochemical
      parameters in the guinea pig liver].
AB  - 50 Hz high tension (HT) electric field is not indifferent to the health of human
      beings and living organisms within the range of its effects. The electric field
      effects may be illustrated by man's EEG and blood changes, plants cellular
      structure, or an increase in animals' body weight and some organs. The work has
      been aimed at demonstrating that the electric field of 100 kV/m intensity and 50
      Hz frequency affects selected biochemical parameters of guinea pigs' liver. The
      experiments have shown statistical changes in nucleic acid soluble proteins and
      alanine and asparagine aminotransferases.

PMID- 2423840
TI  - Detection of a high-molecular-weight LHRH precursor by cell-free translation of
      mRNA from human, rat, and mouse hypothalamus.

PMID- 2423841
TI  - Methods for the identification of neuropeptide processing products: somatostatin
      and the tachykinins.

PMID- 2423842
TI  - Transport through the outer membrane of bacteria.

PMID- 2423843
TI  - Isolation and crystallization of bacterial porin.

PMID- 2423844
TI  - Ion extrusion systems in Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2423845
TI  - Isolation of a Tn501 insertion mutant lacking porin protein P of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa.
AB  - In order to demonstrate a role for anion-specific protein P channels in phosphate
      transport in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO, we wished to isolate a transposon
      insertion mutant deficient in protein P. A number of transposon delivery systems
      were tested which yielded, for the most part, whole plasmid inserts. Plasmid
      pMT1000 (Tsuda et al. 1984), a temperature-sensitive R68 plasmid carrying the
      transposon Tn501, was successfully employed in the isolation of a Tn501 insertion
      mutant lacking protein P under normally inducing conditions. To identify the
      mutant deficient in protein P, a protein P-specific polyclonal antiserum was
      used. This mutant, strain H576, was deficient in high-affinity phosphate
      transport exhibiting a Km for uptake (3.60 +/- 0.64 microM) almost ten times
      greater than that of the wild type strain (Km = 0.39 microM). There was, however,
      no change in the Vmax for high-affinity phosphate transport as a result of the
      loss of protein P in this mutant. The protein P-deficiency of the mutant
      correlated with a growth defect in a phosphate-limited medium, resulting in an
      18%-35% decrease in growth when compared with the wild type.

PMID- 2423846
TI  - Effect of the bacterial growth rate on replication control of plasmid pBR322 in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - The concentration of plasmid pBR322, of its replication inhibitor, RNAI, and
      preprimer, RNAII, were observed in E. coli as functions of the bacterial growth
      rate. At growth rates between 0.6 and 2.5 doubling/h, the copy number (number of
      plasmids per genome equivalent of chromosomal DNA) decreased from 32 to 15, the
      number of plasmids per cell increased from 39 to 55, and the plasmid
      concentration decreased from 4.6 to 1.1 X 10(10) plasmids per OD460 unit of cell
      mass. The concentrations of RNAI and RNAII also decreased with increasing growth
      rate, but differently, such that their ratio, RNAI/RNAII, increased. In glycerol
      minimal medium both RNAI and RNAII had the same halflife, 0.55 min, and were
      synthesized at a ratio of about 3 RNAI transcripts per every RNAII transcript.
      These results were interpreted on the basis of the negative control model and
      suggest that the activities of the RNAI and RNAII promoters, and the efficiency
      with which RNAI inhibits plasmid replication, are controlled by the growth rate.

PMID- 2423847
TI  - Effect of relA function on the replication of plasmid pBR322 in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Replication of the plasmid pBR322, and the accumulation and life time of its
      primer transcript, RNAII, and replication inhibitor, RNAI, were measured in an
      isogenic relA+/relA pair of E. coli strains during exponential growth, or
      following amino acid starvation, or during treatment with chloramphenicol. (1)
      The synthesis rates of RNAI and RNAII decreased during inhibition of protein
      synthesis in either strain, i.e. their promoters are not under stringent control;
      (2) during amino acid starvation, RNAI and RNAII lifetimes increased in complex,
      rel-dependent patterns; (3) the changes in RNAI and RNAII synthesis and
      accumulation had no immediate effect on the rate of plasmid replication; (4)
      continued plasmid replication requires a protein which is synthesized during
      amino acid deprivation or treatment with low concentrations of chloramphenicol in
      relA+, but not in relA bacteria.

PMID- 2423848
TI  - Cloning part of the region encoding biosynthetic enzymes for surface antigen (O
      antigen) of Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - The rfb gene cluster of Salmonella typhimurium encodes the enzymes required for
      the biosynthesis of the O-Antigen. A part of it has been cloned in plasmid
      vectors pBR322 and pUC9 using an adjacent, previously cloned, part of the his
      operon (Barnes 1981) as a molecular probe for the first clone. A detailed
      restriction enzyme map of 7.57 kb of rfb DNA is presented and the approximate
      locations of two of the genes, rfbK and rfbM have been defined.

PMID- 2423849
TI  - Cat-2 gene expression. Developmental control of translatable CAT-2 mRNA levels in
      maize scutellum.
AB  - Poly(A)+ RNA was isolated from maize scutella of different stages of post
      germinative development and translated in vitro in a rabbit reticulocyte
      translation system. Immunoprecipitation of the translation products with CAT-2
      specific antibody was used to quantitate the relative levels of translatable CAT
      2 mRNA at each stage. The results show a close correlation between the
      developmental profile of Cat2 gene expression and the profile of CAT-2 mRNA
      levels. Evidence that the levels of CAT-2 mRNA are regulated by a temporal
      regulatory gene (Car1) is presented and the possible mechanism(s) of this
      regulation discussed.

PMID- 2423851
TI  - Antigenic differences between Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis recognized
      by a monoclonal antibody.
AB  - By means of somatic hybridization of spleen cells from BALB/c mice inoculated
      with Brucella abortus and of a line of murine myeloma, a monoclone was obtained
      producing an antibody which specifically recognizes an epitope of Brucella
      abortus by means of the agglutination reaction. This epitope is not only on the
      surface of the homologous strains but on all the Brucella abortus biotype I, on
      the Brucella melitensis biotype II and on the Brucella suis biotype II tested. On
      the contrary it is not present on the Brucella melitensis biotype I and in just
      one of six Brucella melitensis biotype III. Very few strains of the other
      biotypes of Brucella suis were tested: the results are often negative.

PMID- 2423850
TI  - Heme control region of the catalase T gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The 5'-flanking region of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalase T gene (CTT1) and
      the part of the gene coding for the N-terminus of catalase T were sequenced. 5'
      Ends of transcripts of the region were located by S1 nuclease mapping and primer
      extension. To analyse control elements in the upstream region, a CTT1-lacZ gene
      fusion was constructed. Deletion analysis was carried out within a part of the 5'
      flanking region showing homology to the upstream region of the yeast CYC1 gene.
      Like the CTT1 gene, this gene is controlled by heme, oxygen and glucose. The
      results obtained show that the CTT1 gene is positively controlled by heme.
      Tentative evidence has been obtained for the involvement of upstream sequences
      homologous to UAS1 and UAS2 of the CYC1 gene in heme control. Further, a negative
      site has been located between the upstream activator sites and the transcription
      start. Within this negative region a ten base-pair sequence was detected that
      shows high homology to a sequence located within a negative control region of the
      CYC1 gene and some homology to the negative control elements of the S. cerevisiae
      CAR1 and CAR2 genes.

PMID- 2423852
TI  - Antibacterial activity of seminalplasmin, a basic protein from bovine seminal
      plasma.
AB  - Seminalplasmin, a 6,000 dalton antimicrobial protein present in bovine seminal
      plasma, is shown to inhibit growth and/or RNA synthesis in several bacterial
      species. In only one strain out of twenty one belonging to fourteen species, did
      both RNA synthesis and growth appear to be resistant to seminalplasmin. The
      antibacterial activity of seminalplasmin, in the case of E. coli, was also
      studied as a function of its concentration and of time; the minimal concentration
      of the protein required for 100% bactericidal activity was only about twice that
      required for 100% bacteriostatic activity. The killing of E. coli cells proceeded
      in two phases, a slow phase and then a rapid one, and required several hours for
      completion. Several bacterial species tested secreted proteases into the medium
      that destroyed seminalplasmin.

PMID- 2423853
TI  - The radial protein concentration profile in the interstitial space of the rat
      ileal mesentery.
AB  - The radial distribution of the protein concentration in the interstitium between
      arteriolar and venular vessels of the ileal mesentery of the rat was examined.
      Protein mass was determined by means of uv ultramicrospectrophotometry (UMS) and
      the relative volume distribution by means of fluorescence microscopy (FM) using
      the Na fluorescein and FITC-dextran (10,000 mol wt). UMS revealed gradients for
      protein mass from the vessels out into the interstitial space. FM showed a
      uniform distribution of fluorescence in the interstitium between the vessels. A
      gradient for protein mass without a gradient for volume distribution signifies
      the presence of a concentration gradient for protein in the interstitial space.
      The protein concentration across the arteriolar wall drops from 5.4 +/- 0.24 (SD)
      to 2.6 +/- 0.65% and across the venular wall from 5.4 +/- 0.24 to 3.3 +/- 0.43%.
      From the perivascular site the protein concentration declines exponentially
      reaching a minimum average interstitial concentration of 1.6 +/- 0.56%. Minimal
      protein concentration occurred at a point 37 +/- 6.4% of the 295 +/- 37 micron
      distance from the arteriolar to the venular vessels. In view of this
      distribution, it is unlikely that lymph or direct samples of interstitial fluid
      are representative of the perivascular protein concentration.

PMID- 2423854
TI  - Microvascular permeability of normal and neoplastic tissues.
AB  - A novel, noninvasive method was developed for microvascular permeability
      measurements in non-malignant (mature granulation) and neoplastic (VX2 carcinoma)
      tissues grown in the rabbit ear chamber. Dextran of 150,000 molecular weight,
      tagged with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), was used as a representative
      tracer molecule. In vivo plasma concentration of dextran was measured by
      photometric analysis of the plasma layer of microvessels in the ear chamber. The
      plasma concentration in both normal and tumor preparations rose rapidly to a
      steady state with a time constant of 4.06 +/- 0.2 sec, and remained relatively
      constant at that level for the next 2 hr (elimination time constant = 1.77 +/-
      0.9 X 10(5) sec). Extravasation of macromolecules from individual microvessels
      into the extravascular space was measured with the same photometric technique.
      Interstitial diffusion coefficients and microvascular permeability coefficients
      were determined by fitting a one-dimensional permeability-diffusion model to the
      extravasation data. The diffusivity of dextran in tumor interstitium was 2.2 +/-
      1.4 X 10(-8) cm2/sec (n = 6) and in granulation tissue interstitium was 6.7 +/-
      4.4 X 10(-10) cm2/sec (n = 6). Microvascular permeability in tumors was 7.26 +/-
      3.29 X 10(-8) cm/sec (n = 11) and in granulation tissue was 57.24 +/- 39.24 X 10(
      8) cm/sec (n = 10). These results on increased permeability (8-fold; P less than
      0.002) and increased diffusivity (33-fold; P less than 0.001) in tumors provide a
      rational basis for the use of large-molecular-weight agents in the detection and
      treatment of solid tumors.

PMID- 2423855
TI  - Ultrastructure of the immediate, histamine-mediated microvascular response in
      human skin with urticaria pigmentosa.
AB  - The immediate microvascular response in the skin of adults with urticaria
      pigmentosa after activation of mast cells was examined with the electron
      microscope. Mast cell degranulation was activated by gently rubbing the cutaneous
      lesion, and biopsy material was removed 5 to 10 min following stimulation.
      Aspects of mast cell degranulation were found in all the samples. Several
      indications of the effects produced by histamine release upon permeability of the
      small upper dermal venules were evident: (1) Scattered endothelial contraction,
      which resulted in alternation of contracted and dilated portions of the
      endothelial wall. Deep nuclear indentations in the contracted endothelial cells
      occurred in a proportion of 53%. (2) Marked dilation and congestion of some
      venules. (3) Randomly distributed interendothelial gaps, with platelets or red
      blood cells traversing the gap. The open junctions of small diameter were
      numerous, whereas the large gaps were numerically few. (3) The presence of a
      dense material consistent with plasma protein beneath and external to the
      vascular basement membrane. Vessels showing aspects similar to those occurring
      after mild thermal injury were noticed. The possibility exists that several
      mediators and mechanisms superimpose during the early histamine-mediated phase of
      the vascular response in urticaria pigmentosa following activation of mast cells.

PMID- 2423856
TI  - One I region restriction determinant can associate with multiple antigenic
      epitopes.
AB  - Studies presented in this paper show that T cell clones recognizing different
      epitopes of multideterminant antigens can be restricted by the same I-A molecule.
      These data further support the concept that a single I-A restriction site can
      present more than one antigenic epitope. This concept was supported by data on
      the proliferation of T cell clones reactive with either poly(L-Glu60, L-Ala30, L
      Tyr10)n(GAT) or poly(Tyr, Glu)-poly D,L-Ala--poly Lys [(T,G)-A--L] which
      recognized different epitopes on these multideterminant antigens. Two clones
      recognizing different epitopes on the same multideterminant antigen can be
      blocked by the same monoclonal anti-I-A antibody. Additionally, the mutation in
      the Abm12 chain utilized in [B6.C-H-2bm12(bm12) X B10.A(4R)]F1 mice can affect
      the restriction determinant of clones recognizing different antigenic epitopes.
      These results suggest that in the strictest sense, the determinant selection
      theory is not tenable and would support the concept that T cell specificity is
      controlled by the T cell repertoire.

PMID- 2423857
TI  - Is the function of neurofilaments modified by sensory input?

PMID- 2423858
TI  - The group selection of variola minor in the Americas: an anthroponootic analogue
      for the myxomatosis epizootic in Australia.
AB  - It is an axiom of many parasitology texts that host-parasite systems coevolve
      toward a state approximating commensalism. While this hypothesis has an apriori
      intuitive appeal there is little empirical evidence to support it. The only
      documented case of a parasite evolving toward avirulence is the group selection
      of less virulent strains of the myxoma virus in the Australian rabbit population.
      It is hypothesized here that group selection also accounted for the appearance of
      variola minor in the Americas.